juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Colour vision

**Color vision** is the capacity of an organism to distinguish objects based on the wavelengths (or frequencies) of the light they reflect, emit, or transmit.

Color is a quality made by the visual brain and so it is _not_ a property of objects, despite what children are taught.

The wavelength reflected from an object is the objective fact: it does not depend upon perception. A 'red' apple does not emit red light. Rather, it simply absorbs all the frequencies of visible light shining on it except for a group of frequencies that are reflected. It is these frequencies which are seen or _perceived_ as red.

## Mechanism

The visible light spectrum ranges from about 380 to 740 nanometers. Colors of the spectrum such as red, orange, yellow, green, cyan, blue, and violet are in this range. These spectral colors do not refer to a single wavelength, but rather to a set of wavelengths: red, 625–740 nm; orange, 590–625 nm; yellow, 565–590 nm; green, 500–565 nm; cyan, 485–500 nm; blue, 450–485 nm; violet, 380–450 nm.

The nervous system derives color by comparing the responses to light from the several types of cone photoreceptors in the eye. These cone photoreceptors are sensitive to different portions of the visible spectrum.

For humans, the visible spectrum ranges approximately from 380 to 740 nm, and there are normally three types of cones. The visible range and number of cone types differ between species.

With color, vision gets better (more information) about the things the eye sees. This lets the eye see when fruit or vegetables are ripe, and can see animals hiding from plain sight. The advantage of color vision is mainly in the daytime. At night the main problem is to collect enough light to see in the weak light. This is something rods do better than cones.

## Types of color vision

Color vision is not an all-or-none state. Many groups of animals can distinguish color, but in different ways. In mammals, for instance, some groups have no color vision, and some are dichromats. The dichromats have two kinds of cones, and cannot see ultraviolet, red and orange light.

It is thought that the mammals which survived though the Jurassic period were small nocturnal or burrowing animals with little need to see color. Later, after the extinction of the dinosaurs, many lines adapted to be more active in the daytime. Most developed a form of color vision, which is much more useful in the daytime. Primates developed full (trichromacy) color vision. For them, the ability to distinguish the color of fruit from leaves always was essential.

Many insects have color vision in the ultraviolet range, which humans do not. That is why honey guides on flowers are so noticeable in ultraviolet light photographs.

## Related pages

- Evolution of color vision
- Opsin
- Plant color
Compound eye

**Compound eyes** consist of many photoreceptor units or **ommatidia**. Each 'ommatidium' (singular) is an individual 'eye unit'.

The image perceived is a combination of inputs from ommatidia on a convex surface. Thus they point in slightly different directions.

Compared with simple eyes, compound eyes possess a wide-angle view. They can detect fast movement and, in some cases, the polarization of light.

## The general picture

Eyes with resolving power have come in ten fundamentally different forms, and 96% of animal species possess a complex optical system.  Image-resolving eyes are present in molluscs, chordates and arthropods.

Almost all insects and arachnids use both simple and compound eyes.

## Types of compound eye

Compound eyes fall into two groups: apposition eyes, which form multiple inverted images, and superposition eyes, which form a single erect image. Compound eyes are common in arthropods, and are also present in annelids and some bivalved molluscs.

Compound eyes, in arthropods at least, grow at their margins by the addition of new ommatidia.

## Good fliers

Good fliers like flies or honey bees, or prey-catching insects like praying mantis or dragonflies, have specialized zones of ommatidia organized into a foveal area which gives acute vision. In the acute zone the eyes are flattened and the facets larger. The flattening allows more ommatidia to receive light from a spot and therefore higher resolution.

## Other types

Another version is the pseudofaceted eye, as seen in Scutigera. This type of eye consists of a cluster of numerous ocelli on each side of the head, organized in a way that resembles a true compound eye.

The body of _Ophiocoma wendtii_, a type of brittle star, is covered with ommatidia, turning its whole skin into a compound eye. The same is true of many chitons.
Miyazaki Prefecture

is a prefecture in the Kyūshū region of Japan on the island of Kyushu.  The capital city is Miyazaki.

## History

After the Meiji Restoration, the area of Hyūga Province was renamed Miyazaki Prefecture.

Miyazaki is famous for various foods such as meat and fruit.

## Geography

Miyazaki Prefecture is on the eastern coast of the island of Kyūshū.  The southeast coastline faces the Pacific Ocean. Ōita Prefecture is north of Miyazaki. Kumamoto and Kagoshima Prefectures are to the west.

### National parks

National parks are established in about 12% of the total land area of the prefecture.

### Plants

Miyazaki is one of only two locations on Earth where the fungus _Chorioactis geaster_ lives.

## Shrines and temples

_Tsuno jinja_ is the main Shinto shrine (_ichinomiya_) in the prefecture.

## Related pages

- Provinces of Japan
- Prefectures of Japan
- List of regions of Japan
- List of islands of Japan
- Miyazaki Prefectural Art Museum

## Other websites

- Miyazaki Prefecture  ;  
- JNTO, Miyazaki

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Miyazaki
- **native name**: 宮崎県
- **native name lang**: ja
- **settlement type**: Prefectures of Japan, Prefecture
- **translit lang1**: Japanese
- **translit lang1 type**: Romaji
- **translit lang1 info**: Miyazaki-ken
- **image flag**: Flag of Miyazaki Prefecture.svg
- **image seal**: Symbol of Miyazaki Prefecture.svg
- **seal type**: Symbol
- **image map**: Map of Japan with highlight on 45 Miyazaki prefecture.svg
- **map caption**: Location of Miyazaki in Japan
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Regions of Japan, Region
- **subdivision name1**: Kyūshū region, Kyushu
- **subdivision type2**: Island
- **subdivision name2**: Kyushu
- **seat type**: Capital
- **seat**: Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Miyazaki
- **leader title**: Governor
- **leader name**: Shunji Kono (since 20 January 2011)
- **area total km2**: 6,684.67
- **area rank**: 19th
- **population as of**: December 1, 2010
- **population total**: 1,128,412
- **population rank**: 37th
- **population density km2**: auto
- **iso code**: JP-45
- **blank name sec1**: Prefectural flower
- **blank info sec1**: Hamayu (_Crinum asiaticum_ var. _japonicum_)
- **blank1 name sec1**: Prefectural tree
- **blank1 info sec1**: Phoenix Arecaceae, palm (_Phoenix canariensis_)
- **blank2 name sec1**: Prefectural bird
- **blank2 info sec1**: Ijima copper pheasant (_Phasianus soemmerringii ijimae_)
- **blank3 name sec1**: Prefectural bird
- **blank name sec2**: Number of districts
- **blank info sec2**: 6
- **blank1 name sec2**: Number of municipalities
- **blank1 info sec2**: 26
- **website**: [http://www.pref.miyazaki.lg.jp/ www.pref.miyazaki.lg.jp]
Thundersnow

**Thundersnow**, also known as a **winter thunderstorm**, a **snow thunderstorm** or a **thundersnowstorm**, is a thunderstorm with snow instead of rain.  This rare kind of weather is less rare around the Midwestern United States, the Great Lakes and Rocky Mountains, the Sea of Japan, and Mount Everest.  Thundersnow mostly happens in March.

## How it is made

- A thunderstorm at the front of a wave of cold air or warm air (cold front or warm front)
- The edge of a big ocean storm (or cyclone) where lower warm and higher cold air mix.
- Thunderstorms going over a warm lake while the air is cold (or lake-effect).

Thunder can be heard many miles away, but thundersnow thunder can only be heard a few miles away. The snow stops sounds of thunder more than rain does.
Alachua County, Florida

**Alachua County** is a county in the U.S. state of Florida, and was formed on February 29, 1824. As of 2020, the population is 278,468. Alachua County's seat is Gainesville.

## Other websites

- Official county website

## Infobox (u.s. county)

- **county**: Alachua County
- **state**: Florida
- **type**: List of counties in Florida, County
- **founded year**: 1824
- **founded date**: December 29
- **seat wl**: Gainesville
- **largest city wl**: Gainesville
- **area total sq mi**: 969
- **area land sq mi**: 875
- **area water sq mi**: 94
- **area percentage**: 9.7%
- **census yr**: 2020
- **pop**: 278,468
- **density sq mi**: 290
- **time zone**: Eastern
- **web**: http://www.alachuacounty.us/
- **named for**: _Alachua_ (Timucuan word for "sinkhole")
- **logo**: Seal of Alachua County, Florida.svg
- **flag**: Flag of Alachua County, Florida.png
- **ex image**: Dsg Alachua County Courthouse Family and Civil Justice Center 20050507.jpg
- **ex image cap**: Alachua County Courthouse
Opsin

**Opsins** are the universal photoreceptor molecules of all visual systems in the animal kingdom.

They change from a resting state to a signalling state by absorbing light. This activates the G protein, resulting in a signalling cascade which produces physiological responses.

This process of capturing a photon and transforming it into a physiological response is known as phototransduction.

Five groups of opsins are involved in vision. Another opsin found in the mammalian retina, melanopsin, is involved in circadian rhythms and pupillary reflex, but not in image-forming.

Each opsin allows vision in just a short stretch of wavelength. This is equivalent to seeing in only one color. Two opsins allow vision in two colors, and is usual in mammals. Four opsins allows vision in full color, and is usual in teleost fish, reptiles and birds. In mammals, only Old World monkeys, apes and humans have trichromacy, called full color vision.

It is thought – see evolution of color vision – that mammals lost much of their color vision capability during the long period in the Mesozoic when they lived as mostly nocturnal animals.
- "...two cone opsin gene families appear in contemporary eutherian mammals and, with the exception of some primates, none of these animals [get] more than a single photopigment type from each of their two gene families".
Sinoceratops

***Sinoceratops*** was a very large ceratopsian dinosaur. Its name means 'horned face from China'. The dinosaur used to live in what is now China during the Upper Cretaceous. The head of a full-grown _Sinoceratops_ was probably about  long.

It was the first ceratopsid dinosaur found in China. All other centrosaurines are from fossils found in North America. Sinoceratops is one of the largest known centrosaurines. It is much larger than any other known basal member of the group.

_Sinoceratops_ was a ceratopsian ornithischian, with an estimated length of about , weight of , and height of about .

_Sinoceratops_ is a member of the short-frilled ceratopsids, the Centrosaurinae. The holotype specimen is of a partial skull with most of the skull roof and partial braincase. The skull of _Sinoceratops_ was about  long. It is one of the largest known centrosaur skulls.
Crash Bandicoot

**Crash Bandicoot** may refer to:

- _Crash Bandicoot_ (series), a video game series
    - Crash Bandicoot (character), the protagonist of the series
    - _Crash Bandicoot_ (video game), the first game in the series
Crash Bandicoot 3: Warped

***Crash Bandicoot: Warped*** (known in Europe as ***Crash Bandicoot 3: Warped***) is the third video game for the _Crash Bandicoot_ series. Time trials were a new feature introduced with this game.

### PlayStation

- North America: October 31, 1998
- Europe: November, 1998
- Japan: December 17, 1998
- Australia: October 31, 2000

### PlayStation Network

- Japan: September 27, 2007
- North America: February 7, 2008
- Europe: October 23, 2008

## Infobox (video game)

- **title**: Crash Bandicoot: Warped
- **developer**: Naughty Dog
- **publisher**: Sony Computer Entertainment
- **director**: Jason Rubin
- **producer**: David Bowry
Grady Hunt
Roppyaku Tsurumi
- **designer**: Evan Wells
- **programmer**: Andy Gavin
Stephen White
Greg Omi
Bob Rafei
- **artist**: Charles Zembillas
Erik Panglilinan
- **writer**: Jason Rubin
- **composer**: Josh Mancell
- **series**: _Crash Bandicoot_
- **platforms**: PlayStation (console), PlayStation
- **genre**: Platform game, Platform
- **modes**: Single-player video game, Single-player
Crash Bash

***Crash Bash*** (or ***Crash Bandicoot Carnival*** in Japan) is the fifth video game for the _Crash Bandicoot_ series. In this game, a variety of mini-games are available for the player to play. The warp rooms were brought back here.

### PlayStation

- North America: November 6, 2000
- Europe: December 1, 2000
- Japan: December 14, 2000

### PlayStation Network

- Japan: March 21, 2008
- Australia: October 31, 2009

## Other websites

- Crash Bandicoot's Official website

## Infobox (video game)
Bowery

**Bowery**, (commonly called **The Bowery**) is the name of a street and a small neighborhood in the southern Manhattan. The name comes from the Dutch _bouwerij_, which is an old word for "farm." The neighborhood is surrounded by the East Village to the north, Canal Street and Chinatown to the South, Allen Street and the Lower East Side to the east and Little Italy to the west. The area was home to many Irish immigrants in the early 19th century after the Great Irish Famine.
Five Points, Manhattan

**Five Points** (or **The Five Points**) was a slum (poor neighborhood) named after the five-cornered intersection of Anthony (now Worth St.), Cross (now Mosco), and Orange (now Baxter) in Manhattan it was located on. However, over time, the intersection sometimes had four or six corners. Five Points was the home to a lot of Irish and Italian immigrants, and to the 18th century Five Points Gang.

## Other websites

- What is Five Points?
Magnoliids

**Magnoliids** (or **Magnoliidae** or **Magnolianae**) are a group of flowering plants. They are descendants of the earliest flowering plants: they keep some features which look like those of conifers.

The group include magnolias, nutmeg, bay laurel, cinnamon, avocado, black pepper, tulip tree (_Lyriodendron_) and many others.  They  have three-part flowers, pollen with one pore, and usually branching-veined leaves.

The **magnoliids** are today more than 10,000 species of flowering plants. They are successful despite being "primitive" in structure.

The group has many food crops (such as avocados) and many with psychotropic effects. The famous Polynesian drink kava is prepared from a magnoliad, and nutmeg fruits are a source of the hallucinogen myristicin. Psychotropic effects are usually a defence against herbivory.
Commelinids

The name **commelinids** is a plant taxonomy plural, not capitalised. It is used by the APG II system for a clade in the monocots. They have cell walls which contain ferulic acid.

It forms one of three groups in the monocots. The other two groups are the alismatid monocots and the lilioid monocots.

- order Arecales (palms)
- order Commelinales (spiderwort, water hyacinth)
- order Poales (grasses, rushes, bromeliads)
- order Zingiberales (gingers, banana)
Ford Thunderbird

The **Ford Thunderbird** is an American car manufactured by the Ford Motor Company starting in 1955. The Thunderbird was also known as the **T-Bird**. The car was often used in NASCAR races.

John Denver recorded a song in 1986 called "Along for the Ride", about the 1956 Thunderbird. The words and music were by Danny O'Keefe and Bill Braun. The Beach Boys had a big hit with the song "Fun Fun Fun" which also was about the Thunderbird.
Chevrolet Camaro

The **Chevrolet Camaro** is a car manufactured by Chevrolet. The Camaro was first sold in 1967. It was designed to compete with Ford Mustang, which was a very successful car. The Camaro was discontinued in 2002, but returned again in 2010 as a completely new car. The current generation Camaro's body shell comes from GM Korea formerly known as GM Daewoo.

## History

The Chevrolet Camaro was made to compete with the Ford Mustang. It would eventually become one of the most popular pony cars (picture).

The first-generation Camaro was made from 1967 to 1969. It was designed as a sporty pony car. The first-generation Camaro came with many different engines. There were some inline-6s and some V8s. It was available as a coupé or a convertible. The design inspired the fifth-generation Camaro's design.

The second-generation Camaro was made from 1970 to 1981.

The third-generation Camaro was made from 1982 to 1992.

The fourth-generation Camaro was made from 1993 to 2002.

The fifth-generation Camaro was made from 2010 to 2015.

The sixth and last generation Camaro was made from 2016 to 2024.

The Camaro was discontinued in January 2024.
International Species Information System

The **International Species Information System** (ISIS) is an international non-profit organization that helps zoos and aquariums around the world. ISIS gives its members software to collect and share information about animals. The ISIS database has information on 2.4 million animals of 10,000 species. ISIS members use basic information (age, sex, parents, place of birth, reports of deaths, etc.) collected in the ISIS system to care for and manage their animals.

## Other websites

- Official site
National Wildlife Federation

The **National Wildlife Federation (NWF)** is the United States' largest private, nonprofit conservation education and advocacy organization. It has over four million members and supporters.

NWF seeks to educate people of all ages by publishing a variety of wildlife magazines, including _Wild Animal Baby_, _Your Big Backyard_, _Ranger Rick_, and _National Wildlife Magazine_, and by the _Backyard Habitat_ series on Discovery's Animal Planet along with IMAX films, such as Coral Reef Adventure, India: Kingdom of the Tiger, Bears, Wolves, and Dolphins. It has an online field guide of plants and animals called Enature.com. Also, the NWF offers hands-on training and support for habitat restoration through its Backyard Wildlife Habitat and Schoolyard Habitat programs.

Some of NWF's goals include: solutions to global warming; reducing mercury pollution; strengthening the Endangered Species Act; fighting invasive species; saving the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge from oil drilling; restoring America's waterways; reforming the Army Corps of Engineers; and educating future environmental stewards.

NWF's headquarters is in Reston, Virginia.

## Board members

The following individuals make up NWF's top executive staff:
- **Larry J. Schweiger**, President & Chief Executive Officer
- **Jaime Matyas**, Executive Vice President & Chief Operating Officer
- **Dulce Gomez-Zormelo**, Treasurer, VP for Finance & Chief Financial Officer
- **Cynthia Lewin**, Secretary, Senior VP and General Counsel

## Volunteer programs

The NWF runs a large network of volunteer programs that reaches over 10 million people.

Some of the current programs include:

- Habitat Ambassadors
- Habitat Steward Volunteers
- Habitat Steward Hosts
- The Louisiana Grant Project
- Global Warming Ambassadors
- Wildlife Literacy Ambassador
- Frogwatch USA Volunteer
- Behind the Scenes Volunteers

## Regional offices

Apart from its headquarters, the NWF runs ten regional offices across the United States.

## Other articles

- Sustainability
- Biodiversity
- Global warming
- Ecology
- Earth Science
- Natural environment
- Recycling

## More reading

- Thomas B. Allen, _Guardian of the Wild: The Story of the National Wildlife Federation, 1936-1986_ (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987)

## Other websites

- National Wildlife Federation Website
- NWF Chief Naturalist Craig Tufts Memorial
- Enature.com
- Arizona Wildlife Viewing
- NWF Budget Summary at CharityNavigator.com
- Alaska Youth for Environmental Action Website

## Infobox (non-profit)

- **non-profit name**: National Wildlife Federation
- **founded date**: 1936
- **founder**: Jay Norwood Darling
- **location**: Reston, Virginia, Reston, Virginia, United States
- **area served**: United States
- **focus**: Environmentalism
- **method**: Education, training, research, lobbying
- **revenue**: Dollar, $88,102,000 United States Dollar, USD (2008)
- **num members**: Over 4,000,000
- **non-profit slogan**: "To inspire Americans to protect wildlife for our children's future."
- **homepage**: [http://www.nwf.org/ nwf.org]
Gums

The **gums** are the mucosal tissue that lies over the mandible and maxilla. They are also called **gingiva**. They surround the teeth and provide a seal around them.

### Color

Healthy gums are usually "coral pink."  Other colors like red, white, and blue can mean there is a problem. Red gums mean that the patient has gingivitis, or the inflammation of the gum.

### Shape

Healthy gums fill and fit each space between teeth.

### Texture

Healthy gums are firm and do not move very much.

### Reaction to disturbance

Healthy gums usually have no reaction to normal disturbance such as brushing.

## Related pages

- Gum graft
- Head and neck anatomy
- Periodontitis

## Other websites

- Periodontal disease

## Infobox (anatomy)

- **name**: Gums
- **latin**: Gingiva
- **image**: Blausen_0863_ToothAnatomy_02.png
- **caption**: Cross-section of a tooth with gums labeled
Jacobson's organ

The **Jacobson's organ**, is part of the body that helps an animal smell things. It is found in many animals. It was discovered by Frederik Ruysch and later by Ludwig Jacobson in 1813. It is also called the **vomeronasal organ** or **VNO**.

This body part is mainly used to detect pheromones: chemicals that carry information between individuals of the same species. So, sometimes it is called the "sixth sense."

## Infobox (anatomy)

- **name**: Vomeronasal organ
- **latin**: organum vomeronasale
- **image**: Gray51.png
- **caption**: Frontal section of nasal cavities of a human embryo 28 mm. long (Vomeronasal organ of Jacobson labeled at right)
- **precursor**: Nasal placode
- **lymph**: Node
Los Angeles Zoo

The **Los Angeles Zoo**, founded in 1966, is a  zoo in  Los Angeles, California. The City of Los Angeles owns the entire zoo, its land and buildings, and the animals. Animal care, grounds maintenance, construction, education, public information, and administrative staff are city employees.

## History and overview

The zoo, located in Los Angeles' Griffith Park, is home to 1,100 animals from around the world. The first zoo opened in 1912 and was about two miles (3.2 km) north of its current site until about 1965.

In the 1971 20th Century Fox film _Escape from the Planet of the Apes_, the characters Zira and Cornelius are briefly kept at the Los Angeles Zoo.

The zoo is open from 10am–5pm every day of the year except December 25.

## Botanical Gardens

In 2002, the zoo became a certified Botanical Gardens and the official name of the institution was changed to the Los Angeles Zoo and Botanical Gardens. There are 15 different collections around the zoo. They show over 800 different plant species, with a total of over 7,400 individual plants.

## Gottlieb Animal Health and Conservation Center

The Gottlieb Animal Health and Conservation Center is in a restricted area of the zoo. Among other features, it includes a state-of-the-art intensive care unit, an on-site commissary, a surgical suite with observation area, and research facilities. In 2007 the facility handled 853 medical cases. The smallest patient treated was a spider tortoise (0.08 kg) and the largest was an Asian elephant (4,826 kg). It is named after Robert and Suzanne Gottlieb.

## Infobox (zoo)

- **zoo name**: Los Angeles Zoo
- **image**: LAzoo.jpg
- **image caption**: A summer crowd at the LA Zoo
- **date opened**: 1966
- **location**: Los Angeles, California,
- **num animals**: 1,100
- **num species**: 250+
- **members**: Association of Zoos and Aquariums, AZA, World Association of Zoos and Aquariums, WAZA
- **exhibits**: Campo Gorilla Reserve, Chimpanzees of the Mahale Mountains, Red Ape Rainforest, Sea Life Cliffs, Peninsular Pronghorns
- **website**: http://www.lazoo.org/
Phil Bronstein

**Phil Bronstein** (born October 4, 1950) was the executive vice president and editor of the _San Francisco Chronicle_.

## Career

Bronstein's career began as a reporter with KQED-TV in San Francisco. He later moved to the _San Francisco Examiner_. At the _Examiner_, Bronstein specialized in investigations and was a foreign correspondent for eight years. He has won awards for his writing about the Philippines from the Overseas Press Club, Associated Press, the World Affairs Council and Media Alliance. He was named executive editor of the _Examiner_ in 1991, having previously served as managing editor for news. Under his service, the _Examiner_ circulation declined rapidly, which Bronstein blamed on the afternoon delivery of the paper.

Bronstein was named executive vice president and editor of the _San Francisco Chronicle_ in March 2003. He had been senior vice president and executive editor of the paper when Hearst Corp. bought The Chronicle.

The newspaper had been selling fewer newspapers each year. In late March 2007, Bronstein called an emergency staff meeting and reportedly stated that the news business "is broken, and no one knows how to fix it." This meeting happened after several weeks of articles focused on the influence of the Internet and the blogosphere made front page headlines in the _Chronicle_.

On January 23, 2008, Bronstein announced that he was leaving his job as editor of the Chronicle. He became editor-at-large with Hearst Newspapers.

## Personal life

He was married to actress Sharon Stone from February 1998 until January 2004.  They adopted a son named Roan. Bronstein married again later. He lives in Mill Valley, CA with his wife and three kids.

In June 2001, he was seriously injured by a Komodo dragon. He entered its cage at the Los Angeles Zoo after being invited in by the dragon's keeper.  Bronstein was bitten on his bare foot. He did not wear shoes because the zoo worker had told him to take them off. The shoes were white could have excited the dragon.

## Other websitess

- Bronstein's Official Hearst Corp. biography page
- Transcript: Sharon Stone vs. the Komodo Dragon  from Time.com regarding Bronstein's attack by a Komodo Dragon
Predation

In ecology, **predation** describes a relationship and actions between two creatures. A **predator** catches, attacks, and eats its **prey**. Predators may or may not kill their prey before eating them. But the act of predation always causes the death of its prey and taking in the prey's body parts into the predators body. A true predator can be thought of as one which both kills and eats another animal, but many animals act as both predator and scavenger.

A **predator** is an animal that hunts, catches, and eats other animals. For example, a spider eating a fly caught at its web is a predator, or a pack of lions eating a buffalo. The animals that the predator hunts are called **prey**. Predators mostly do not eat other predators.   It has also been suggested that they know it may transmit disease.  A _top predator_ or _apex predator_ is one that is not the prey of other predators.

Predators are usually carnivores (meat-eaters) or omnivores (eats plants and other animals). Predators will hunt other animals for food. Examples of predators are hawks, eagles, falcons, cats, crocodiles, snakes, raptors, wolves, killer whales, lobsters, lions, and sharks.

## Ambush predator

**Ambush predators** or **sit-and-wait predators** are carnivorous animals or other organisms, such as some carnivorous plants. They capture or trap prey by stealth or strategy (not conscious strategy), rather than just by speed or strength.

These organisms usually hide quiet and wait for prey to come within striking distance. They often are camouflaged, and may be solitary. This may be safer for the predator, because lying in wait exposes it less to its own predators.

When a predator cannot move faster than its preferred prey, ambushing its prey is likely to be more efficient than pursuit. A predator that can move at high speed for a long time can be a pursuit predator, chasing until its prey tires and slows. There are however many intermediate strategies; for example when a pursuit predator is faster than its prey over a short distance, but not in a long chase, then either stalking or ambushing becomes part of the strategy.

## Related pages

- Prey-predator equations
- Hunting
Pink (singer)

**Alecia Beth Moore** (born September 8, 1979), is an American singer, songwriter and actress. She originally performed  R&B music. As of 2012, Alecia Moore sold over 40 million records as well as 70 million singles worldwide. She has won 3 Grammys and 1 Brit Award.

## Early life

Alecia Beth Moore was born in Abington, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania on September 8, 1979, and raised in Doylestown, Pennsylvania, in Bucks County. Alecia Moore's parents divorced when she was three years old. Alecia Moore was a member of the girl group Choice.

## Personal life

In 2006, Pink married motocross racer Carey Hart in Costa Rica, after proposing to him at the X Games in Philadelphia, near her childhood hometown of Doylestown. They have two children together, daughter Willow Sage Hart (born June 2, 2011) and son, Jameson Moon Hart (born December 26, 2016).

### Studio albums

- _Can't Take Me Home_ (2000)
- _Missundaztood_ (2001)
- _Try This_ (2003)
- _I'm Not Dead_ (2006)
- _Funhouse_ (2008)
- _The Truth About Love_ (2012)
- _Beautiful Trauma_ (2017)
- _Hurts 2B Human_ (2019)
- _Trustfall_ (2023)

### Compilations

- _Greatest Hits... So Far!!!_ (2010)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **embed**: yes
- **origin**: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
- **background**: solo_singer


## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Alecia Moore
- **image**: P!nk - V2017 Hylands Park Chelmsford - Saturday 19th August 2017 PinkVFest190817-35 (36356783410) (cropped 2).jpg
- **caption**: Alecia Moore performing in 2017
- **birth name**: Alecia Beth Moore
- **birth place**: Doylestown Township, Pennsylvania, U.S.
- **years active**: 1995–present
- **children**: 2
- **awards**: List of awards and nominations received by Pink, Full list
Jeopardy! theme music

Since the show started in 1964, there were various songs and arrangements that were used as the show's main theme. Most of these were composed by Merv Griffin. The best known theme song is "Think!". It has served as the countdown music for the Final Jeopardy! round since 1964.

Between 1964 and 1975, a jazz tune called "Take Ten", composed by Julann Griffin, served as the main theme. When the series was revived in 1978, "January, February, March" served as the opening theme, and "Frisco Disco" served as the closing theme, both of which were composed by Merv Griffin himself. "January, February, March" was also used in the first pilot of the syndicated version.

Beginning with the Alex Trebek hosted syndicated version in September 1984, a rendition of "Think!" served as the show's main theme. The original version of the main theme consisted of saxophones and synthesizers along with the original recording of "Think!" retained for the final segment.  A swooshing sound effect was added during the show's introduction.

In 1992, the main theme was remixed to include congas. It was used for tournaments in Season 8, and then it was put permanently into use in Season 9. In 1997, both the main theme and "Think!" music were rearranged by Steve Kaplan. They both involved a more piano-driven, orchestral, jazzy sound.  In 2001, the 1997 theme was rearranged, and its tempo increased.  In 2008, Chris Bell Music & Sound Design overhauled the _Jeopardy!_ music package for the show’s 25th anniversary.  And in 2021, Bleeding Fingers Music rearranged the 2008 theme.
Avoca River

The **Avoca River** drains a large area of western and central Victoria, Australia. It is 270 kilometres from its beginnings near Amphitheatre to Lake Bael Bael. It flows through several towns including Avoca, Bealiba, Charlton and Culgoa. It is not a deep river, most of it is less than 2m, but there are some deeper pools near Logan. There are 13 creeks which flow into the Avoca River. The river carries varying amounts of water, and in summer can stop flowing for several months. At other times it can flood. In January 2010 the river flooded and covered about 80% of the town of Charlton. The roads into the town were cut and emergency food supplies had to be brought in by helicopter. The town of Culgoa was also flooded.
Thomas S. Monson

**Thomas Spencer Monson** (August 21, 1927 – January 2, 2018) was an American religious leader and writer. On February 3, 2008, he became the sixteenth President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, after the death of Gordon B. Hinckley. He was appointed on the basis of seniority following the death of the previous president. He was born in Salt Lake City, Utah.

Monson was made an apostle at age 36. He was a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles until he became the President of the Church. As president of the church, Monson is said to be a prophet, seer, and revelator of God's will. Monson spent most of his time engaged in various church leadership positions and in public service.

He received three honorary doctorates. He was Chairman of the Church Boards of Trustees/Education of the Church Educational System. He was appointed by Ronald Reagan to the President's Task Force for Private Sector Initiatives. Monson received the Boy Scouts of America's Silver Buffalo and the World Organization of the Scout Movement's Bronze Wolf—both awards. Both awards are the highest given in each organization.

Monson died in Salt Lake City on January 2, 2018 at the age of 90. He was replaced by Russell M. Nelson.

## Early life

Monson was born on August 21, 1927 in Salt Lake City, Utah. His Father was George Spencer Monson (1901–1979) and his mother was Gladys Condie Monson (1902–1973). Nels Monson was his Swedish grandfather. Nels Monson was born in Torhamn, Sweden and moved to Utah at the age of 16. Thomas S. Monson was the second of six children. He grew up in a close family. Many of his mother's family lived on the same street. Aunts, uncles, and cousins frequently vacationed together. The family's neighborhood had many families from Mexico. Monson said he developed a love for the Mexican people and culture. Monson often spent weekends with family on their farms in Granger (now part of West Valley City).  Monson's father owned a printing business. Monson worked there when he was a teenager.

From 1940 to 1944, Monson attended West High School in Salt Lake City. In 1944, he started going to the University of Utah. While Monson was at school he met his future wife, Frances. Frances's family came from a higher social class on the east side of the city. Her father, Franz Johnson, was excited to meet Thomas. He knew Monson's great uncle, Elias Monson. Elias had baptized Franz into the LDS Church in Sweden.
Manila Sound

**Manila Sound** is a type of music that started in Manila, Philippines, from the last years of the 1960s to the middle of the 1970s. It is commonly known as the "bright side" of the time of President Ferdinand Marcos because of its cheerful words and was often used in protest to his dictatorship.

This music type has affected all modern music types in the country as the beginner of Original Pilipino Music (OPM).

## Music type

Manila Sound was made famous by a folk rock band called Hotdog. Their songs: _"Ikaw Ang Miss Universe Ng Buhay Ko"_ (or "You Are the Miss Universe Of My Life"), _"'Manila'"_, and _"Beh Buti Nga"_; had catchy melody phrases common to the music type. Later, the singer-songwriter, Freddy Aguilar, used the music type with his music to express the suffering of the people. His song, _Bayan Ko_, was popular in protests.

The music type is a mix of Filipino folk music and rock music added with some funk, light jazz, and disco, and is sung in both Tagalog and English languages.

The lyrics are childlike and often humorous caused by the disco fever in that period and in contrast to the oppression by Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos. It is sometimes described as "the marshmallow sound".

### Singers and bands

- APO Hiking Society
- Asin
- Florante
- Hagibis
- Hotdog
- Rey Valera
- Rico J. Puno
- Sharon Cuneta
- Sampaguita
- Soul Jugglers
- The Boyfriends
- VST and Company

### Music companies

- _Alpha Records_
- _Vicor Music Philippines_
- _Blackgold Record_
- _Sunshine Records_
- _Villar Records_

## Songs

- _Manila_
- _Anak_
- _Beh Buti Nga_
- _Ikaw Ang Miss Universe Ng Buhay Ko_
- _Kay Ganda Ng Ating Musika_

## Infobox (music genre)

- **bgcolor**: goldenrod
- **color**: white
- **name**: Manila Sound
- **stylistic origins**: Filipino folk music - Rock and roll - Kundiman - Jazz - Disco - Taglish
- **cultural origins**: Last years of the 1960s to early 1970s Manila
- **instruments**: Singing • acoustic guitar • bass guitar • drum kit, drums • piano
- **popularity**: Very popular in the Philippines during the 1970s and the late 1980s until the early 1990s
 became Original Pilipino Music (OPM) in the middle 1990's
- **other topics**: Folk rock - Original Pilipino Music (OPM)
Imelda Marcos

**Imelda Marcos** (born **Imelda Remedios Visitacion Romualdez** on July 2, 1929) is a Filipino government person and widow of 10th Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos. Her nicknames are _Steel Butterfly_ and _Iron Butterfly_. Her son, Bongbong Marcos, is the President of the Philippines since 2022.

She is remembered both for her husband's presidential time, and because of her collection of 1,060 pairs of shoes. In 2001, Imelda opened the Marikina City Footwear Museum in the shoe-making district of Manila. The museum includes hundreds of her own shoes.

On 9 November 2018, Marcos was convicted and sentenced to 77 years in prison on corruption charges in a court proceeding that lasted twenty-seven years.

## First lady

More than five years after her husband became president, he stopped elections and gained more control. He stopped all that challenged him by scaring them. Imelda also gained power and became a government person up to 1986 when her husband's president time ended after the people removed him from power using peaceful actions.

## Later life

They went to Hawaii and her husband died there. Imelda came back five years later to try to become president but lost. Later, she tried other government jobs and won in two areas as a member representing them in the Philippines law-making building. Imelda has represented three areas (Manila, Leyte, Ilocos Norte) in the Philippines law-making building.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **honorific-prefix**: Her Excellency The Honourable
- **name**: Imelda Marcos
- **image**: Imelda Marcos (1984).jpg
- **caption**: Marcos in 1984
- **office**: Member of the House of Representatives from Ilocos Norte's 2nd district
- **term start**: June 30, 2010
- **term end**: June 30, 2019
- **predecessor**: Ferdinand Marcos Jr.
- **successor**: Eugenio Angelo Barba
- **office2**: Member of the House of Representatives from Leyte's 1st district
- **term start2**: June 30, 1995
- **term end2**: June 30, 1998
- **predecessor2**: Cirilo Roy G. Montejo
- **successor2**: Alfred S. Romuáldez
- **office3**: First Lady or Gentleman of the Philippines, 10th First Lady of the Philippines
- **term start3**: December 30, 1965
- **term end3**: February 25, 1986
- **predecessor3**: Eva Macapagal
- **successor3**: Amelita Ramos
- **office4**: Member of Parliament for Manila, Region IV-A
- **term start4**: June 12, 1978
- **term end4**: June 5, 1984
- **office5**: Governor of Manila
- **term start5**: 1976
- **term end5**: February 25, 1986
- **office6**: Ambassador Plenipotentiary and Extraordinary
- **term start6**: 1978
- **term end6**: 1986
- **office7**: Minister of Human Settlements
- **term start7**: 1978
- **term end7**: 1986
- **birth place**: Manila, Philippines
- **birthname**: Imelda Remedios Visitacion Trinidad Romuáldez
- **nationality**: Philippines, Filipino
- **party**: Nacionalista Party (2009–present)
Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (1978–present)
- **spouse**: Ferdinand Marcos
(m. 1954–1989, his death)
- **children**: Imee Marcos
Ferdinand Marcos Jr.
Irene Marcos-Araneta
Aimee Marcos
- **alma mater**: St. Paul's College
Liver failure

**Liver failure** or **Hepatic failure** is when the liver is no longer able to work. Things the liver does include making proteins. Liver failure can either be acute or chronic.

## Related pages

- Alcoholism
- Paracetamol
Goodbye Lullaby

***Goodbye Lullaby*** is the fourth studio album by Canadian Avril Lavigne. It was released on March 2, 2011 through RCA Records. Her first single off the album was "What the Hell" which was released on January 10, 2011. The second single, "Smile", was released on April 11, 2011. The album is a lot more personal and softer than her three previous albums, _Let Go_, _Under My Skin_ and _The Best Damn Thing_.
Battle of Fort Blair

The **Battle of Fort Blair** (also known as the **Battle of Fort Baxter**) was a Civil War battle. It was fought in Cherokee County, Kansas, on October 6, 1863. The Union lost 103 peoples, while the Confederate States of America only lost three.
Olivenza

**Olivença** (Spanish: Olivenza) is a territory disputed by Portugal and Spain. The territory was under Portuguese rule between 1297 (Treaty of Alcañices) and 1801. Then, it was occupied and ruled by Spain. After the Napoleonic Wars, Spain promised to give Olivença back to Portugal. It still has not done this to this day.

Portugal does not recognize the Spanish rule of the Olivença/Olivenza territory. Therefore, the border between Portugal and Spain in the Olivença/Olivenza region has never been defined.

Olivença/Olivenza territory is 750 Km2 in area.

Besides the town, the territory of Olivença/Olivenza includes seven villages:

- S. Francisco,
- S. Rafael,
- Vila Real / Villareal,
- S. Domingos de Gusmão / Santo Domingo de Guzmán,
- S. Bento da Contenda / San Benito de la Contienda,
- S. Jorge de Alor and
- Táliga.
Lamprey

**Lampreys** are jawless fish, whose adults are characterized by a toothed, funnel-like, sucking mouth. Lampreys belong to the order **Petromyzontiformes**. They live in coastal and fresh waters, and are found in temperate regions around the world.

## Description

Lampreys are eel-like, scaleless animals. They range from about 15 to 100 centimetres (6 to 40 inches) long. They have well-developed eyes, one or two dorsal fins, a tail fin, a single nostril on top of the head, and seven gill openings on each side of the body. Like the hagfish, they lack bones, jaws, and paired fins. The skeleton of a lamprey consists of cartilage; the mouth is a round, sucking hole with sharp teeth.
Nat Turner

**Nathaniel "Nat" Turner** (October 2, 1800 – November 11, 1831) was an enslaved black American and Christian preacher. In 1831 he led a two-day slave rebellion in Southampton County, Virginia. This was "the only effective, sustained slave rebellion ... in U.S. history."

## Rebellion

Turner believed that God gave him visions. When he was 21 years old he escaped from his master, Samuel Turner, and hid in the woods, following in his father's footsteps. Thirty days later he had a vision telling him to "return”.

Turner planned a slave rebellion, believing that an eclipse in February 1831 was a sign from God. Seventy black people, including slaves and free men, took part. They killed Samuel Turner and his family, and took their horses, firearms, hatchets and knives. Then they continued on. They killed at least 55 white men, women, and children in the rebellion.

The Governor of Virginia sent around three thousand militiamen to stop the rebellion. After two days, the soldiers ended the violent rebellion, but Turner escaped. He hid for 6 weeks to avoid being killed.

## Reaction

Turner was found on October 30, 1931. He was executed on November 11 by hanging. After that, he was skinned and his head was decapitated.

Slaves as far away as North Carolina were said to be connected with the rebellion. Many were tried and executed. A few were acquitted, but the State of Virginia executed 55 people. In retaliation for the Turner rebellion, groups of white people killed around 200 black people.

Because of the rebellion, new laws were made in Virginia. They made it illegal to bring together black people to teach them how to read and write.

Many people view Nat Turner as an American hero.
Common Sense (pamphlet)

***Common Sense*** is a pamphlet (or a short book) written by Thomas Paine that was published on January 10, 1776. Paine wrote the pamphlet to change the minds of the Americans who wanted a peaceful settlement of their differences with the British government so that they would fight for independence.

The pamphlet said that the British government and other European monarchies were tyrannical and did not acknowledge the rights of their people. Paine called the pamphlet _Common Sense_ because he thought that it was against common sense for an island to rule a larger nation. Therefore, the American colonies should fight for independence from Britain.

The pamphlet was one of the bestselling 18th-century works in America. Paine wrote in a style that was easy for most people to understand, instead of the difficult writing that was common during the Age of Enlightenment. He also referred to the Bible and used idioms that many of the Protestant colonists would understand.

The document was an important part of the American Revolutionary War. It led to the Declaration of Independence, which the Second Continental Congress wrote and passed later that year. _Common Sense_ helped the revolution by helping to create mass support for it and change peoples minds.
Alexander Calder

**Alexander Calder** (July, 22,1898 – November 11, 1976) was an American sculptor. He lived in Philadelphia, in the United States. He invented the mobile. Mobiles are a kind of sculpture where the pieces are moved by motors or the wind. Mobiles are a kind of kinetic sculpture. He also made sculptures that did not move that were called "stabiles."

## Infobox (artist)

- **name**: Alexander Calder
- **image**: Alexander Calder 1947 - Photo by Carl Van Vechten.jpg
- **alt**: Alexander Calder, by Carl Van Vechten, 1947
- **caption**: Alexander Calder, by Carl Van Vechten, 1947
- **birth place**: Lawnton, Pennsylvania, Lawnton, Pennsylvania, US
- **death place**: New York City
- **nationality**: United States
- **field**: Sculpture
- **training**: Stevens Institute of Technology, Art Students League of New York
- **awards**: Presidential Medal of Freedom
Electron affinity

**Electron affinity** is a phrase used in chemistry.  When an atom that is neutral gets an electron, the energy that is changed in the atom is the electron affinity. Across a period, the electron affinity increases.
Chevrolet Suburban

The **Chevrolet Suburban** is a fully sized SUV from Chevrolet. This vehicle was first produced around 1935, in which 75 were produced. This makes the Suburban the longest running model ever.  It was first made as a station wagon, and was later made as an SUV.  Up until the eleventh generation, the Chevrolet Suburban was based on the Chevrolet Silverado pick-up truck.  For a number of years, the Suburban was the largest SUV made in America. There was also a **GMC Suburban**, although GMC's version was later rebranded the GMC Yukon XL in 2000. From 1998 to 2001 a right-hand drive version was made in Mexico and sold in Australia and New Zealand by Holden using the Suburban name, but was not a best seller and was withdrawn afterwards.

Since its inception, there has been twelve generations of Suburbans, the latest introduced in December 2020 and went on sale in May 2020 as a 2021 model.