juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
RPG Maker

The **RPG Maker** is a video game software which can be used to develop role-playing video games easily even for people that are not experienced in game design and coding. Until 2003, the program has been created by the Japanese company ASCII. From then on Enterbrain continued the development. The RPG Maker has a Graphical User Interface (GUI) which makes operating very simple.

The software contains many options to customize a game. Within every version is a Run Time Package (RTP), contains many different graphics and sounds, although self-created files can be imported into the program as long as they are in the correct format such as size and type of file.

### RPG Maker 2000

- Released on April 2000 in Europe for Microsoft Windows.
- The game resolution is 320x240 (Based on the idea that the games should look like Super Nintendo games).
- Unofficially translated by Don Miguel.
- Many unofficially patches developed by the communities to make the software better.
- Most used version in the Community.

### RPG Maker 2003

- Released in December 2003 in Japan for Microsoft Windows.
- The use of third person-sideview battle system similar to Final Fantasy (Within fights characters and monsters are displayed from the side).
- The maximum limit of displayed pictures at the same time has been set from 20 to 50.

### RPG Maker XP

- Released on July 2004 in English for Microsoft Windows.
- First version which has been fully translated into English by the company itself.
- Resolution of 1240x440.
- Complex Programming has been realized with the language Ruby.

### RPG Maker VX

- Release Dates: Japan December 2007, Worldwide February 2008
- Simple Battle System
- Supports Ruby

### RPG Maker MV

- Released: October 2015
- Supports Android Export
- Supports Java Script

## Notable games

- _Yume Nikki_
- _Lisa: the Painful_

## Infobox (software)
Pine hawk-moth

The **pine hawk-moth** _(Sphinx pinastri)_ is a moth of the family Sphingidae. It is found in Palearctic ecozone and sometimes the Nearctic ecozone. This species has been found in Scotland but is usually found in England. It is amongst the most common moths in many parts of Europe and the Middle East.

The larvae feed on Scots pine, Swiss pine, Siberian pine and Norway spruce.

_Sphinx pinastri's_ wings are gray with black dashes. The wingspan is 2 3/4 - 3 1/2 inches (7–9 cm). The moth flies from April to August depending on the location.

The back of the thorax is grey with two dark bands around both sides.

The females lay their eggs in groups of 2 or 3 along pine or spruce needles.
Implied repeal

**Implied repeal** is a theory on the British constitution that laws can be amended or repealed by an Act of Parliament. If the British Parliament passes two laws about the same subject that state different things, the more recently enacted law states normally what must be done.

The doctrine is expressed in the Latin phrase _leges posteriores priores contrarias abrogant_ ("more recent laws overwrite earlier laws").
John de Menteith

Sir **John de Menteith** (c. 1275 – c. 1323) was a Scottish nobleman. On August 3, 1305, William Wallace was captured at Robroyston, near Glasgow. His captor, Sir John Menteith, the ‘false’ Menteith, has gone down in Scottish legend as the betrayer of Wallace. It is believed he acted as many others would have under the pressure of King Edward II of England. Menteith was no English lackey, and in 1320 he put his seal to the Declaration of Arbroath.

## Other websites

- History of the Earldom of Menteith (Electric Scotland)
Zezë

The **Zezë** is a river in the western part of Albania. The Ishëm River directly arises from it. **Zezë's **river head can be found at the mountains located east of the town **Krujë**.

## Infobox (river)

- **name**: Zezë
- **source1 location**: Krujë District, Albania
- **mouth**: Ishëm River

- **subdivision type1**: Country
- **subdivision name1**: Albania
Masaaki Yanagishita

**Masaaki Yanagishita** (born 1 January 1960) is a former Japanese football player. In 2003, he became a coach for Jubilo Iwata.  His career as a coach continued at Consadole Sapporo and Albirex Niigata.

## Club career statistics

|-
|1983||rowspan="9"|Yamaha Motors||rowspan="9"|JSL Division 1||||||||||||||||
|-
|1984||||||||||||||||
|-
|1985/86||||||||||||||||
|-
|1986/87||||||||||||||||
|-
|1987/88||22||0||||||||||22||0
|-
|1988/89||||||||||||||||
|-
|1989/90||||||||||||||||
|-
|1990/91||18||0||||||2||0||20||0
|-
|1991/92||2||0||||||0||0||2||0
42||0||0||0||2||0||44||0
42||0||0||0||2||0||44||0
|}
Yasutaro Matsuki

is a former Japanese football player and manager. He played for the Japan national team.

## Biography

Matsuki was born in Chuo, Tokyo on November 28, 1957. He joined Japan Soccer League Division 2 club Yomiuri from their youth team in 1973. The club was promoted to Division 1 in 1978. The club won the champions in Japan Soccer League 3 times, JSL Cup 2 times and Emperor's Cup 3 times. From 1983, he also served as captain. He retired in 1990. He played 269 games and scored 9 goals in the league. He was selected  for the Best Eleven 3 times.

In April 1984, Matsuki was selected for the Japan national team for 1984 Summer Olympics qualification. He debuted against Thailand on April 15. He also played at 1986 World Cup qualification and 1986 Asian Games. He played 11 games for Japan from 1984 to 1986.

After retirement, Matsuki started his coaching career at Yomiuri (later _Verdy Kawasaki_, _Tokyo Verdy_) in 1990. In 1993, he became a manager. The club were the champions of the J1 League and J.League Cup and he was selected for the Best Manager awards for 2 years in a row (1993–1994). He resigned at the end of the 1994 season. In 1998, he signed with Cerezo Osaka and managed for one season. In 2001, he returned to Tokyo Verdy in the first year after relocating to Tokyo. However he was sacked in July.

## Statistics

|-
|1973||rowspan="17"|Yomiuri||rowspan="5"|JSL Division 2||0||0||||||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|-
|1974||8||0||||||colspan="2"|-||8||0
|-
|1975||18||0||||||colspan="2"|-||18||0
|-
|1976||17||2||2||0||4||0||23||2
|-
|1977||18||0||3||0||4||0||25||0
|-
|1978||rowspan="12"|JSL Division 1||18||0||2||0||6||0||26||0
|-
|1979||18||0||2||0||4||0||24||0
|-
|1980||17||1||3||1||2||0||22||2
|-
|1981||18||1||5||0||1||0||24||1
|-
|1982||17||0||3||0||1||0||21||0
|-
|1983||18||2||3||0||3||0||24||2
|-
|1984||18||2||5||0||0||0||23||2
|-
|1985–86||22||1||2||0||4||1||28||2
|-
|1986–87||22||0||5||1||1||0||28||1
|-
|1987–88||19||0||4||1||1||0||24||1
|-
|1988–89||21||0||3||0||2||0||26||0
|-
|1989–90||0||0||1||0||3||0||4||0
269||9||43||3||36||1||348||13
269||9||43||3||36||1||348||13
|}

|-
|1984||3||0
|-
|1985||6||0
|-
|1986||2||0
|-
!Total||11||0
|}

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Yasutaro Matsuki
- **fullname**: Yasutaro Matsuki
- **birth place**: Chuo, Tokyo, Chuo, Tokyo Metropolis, Tokyo, Japan
- **position**: Defender (football), Defender
- **youthyears1**: 1968–1972
- **youthclubs1**: Tokyo Verdy, Yomiuri
- **years1**: 1973–1990
- **clubs1**: Tokyo Verdy, Yomiuri
- **caps1**: 269
- **goals1**: 9
- **totalcaps**: 269
- **totalgoals**: 9
- **nationalyears1**: 1984–1986
- **nationalteam1**: Japan national football team, Japan
- **nationalcaps1**: 11
- **nationalgoals1**: 0
- **manageryears1**: 1993–1994
- **managerclubs1**: Tokyo Verdy, Verdy Kawasaki
- **manageryears2**: 1998
- **managerclubs2**: Cerezo Osaka
- **manageryears3**: 2001
- **managerclubs3**: Tokyo Verdy
Takeo Takahashi

(former name; **Takeo Kimura**, 木村 武夫) is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.

## Biography

Takahashi was born in Shinagawa, Tokyo on May 13, 1947. After graduating from Kawaguchi High School, he joined Furukawa Electric in 1966. In 1967 season, he scored 15 goals and became a top scorer. He was 20 years old, this is the youngest top scorer in Japan Soccer League. He left the club in 1973 and entered Tokyo University of Agriculture. After graduating from Tokyo University of Agriculture, he joined Division 2 club Toshiba in 1979. In 1979, the club won the champions in Division 2. He retired in 1982.

In December 1966, Takahashi was selected the Japan national team for 1966 Asian Games. At this competition, on December 17, he debuted against Thailand. He also played at 1970 Asian Games. This competition was his last game for Japan. He played 14 games and scored 4 goals for Japan until 1970.

After retirement, Takahashi became a manager for Toshiba (later _Consadole Sapporo_) in 1987. In 1989, he led the club to won the champions in Division 2 and promoted to Division 1. He managed the club until 1996.

## Statistics

|-
|1966||rowspan="8"|Furukawa Electric||rowspan="8"|JSL Division 1||10||6
|-
|1967||13||15
|-
|1968||12||6
|-
|1969||14||6
|-
|1970||13||6
|-
|1971||14||3
|-
|1972||8||3
|-
|1973||9||2
93||47
93||47
|}

|-
|1966||2||1
|-
|1967||1||0
|-
|1968||2||0
|-
|1969||1||0
|-
|1970||8||3
|-
!Total||14||4
|}

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Takeo Takahashi
- **fullname**: Takeo Takahashi
- **birth place**: Shinagawa, Tokyo, Shinagawa, Tokyo Metropolis, Tokyo, Japan
- **position**: Forward
- **youthyears1**: 1963–1965
- **youthclubs1**: Kawaguchi High School
- **youthyears2**: 1974–1978
- **youthclubs2**: Tokyo University of Agriculture
- **years1**: 1966–1973
- **clubs1**: JEF United Chiba, Furukawa Electric
- **caps1**: 93
- **goals1**: 47
- **years2**: 1979–1982
- **clubs2**: Hokkaido Consadole Sapporo, Toshiba
- **totalcaps**: 93+
- **totalgoals**: 47+
- **nationalyears1**: 1966–1970
- **nationalteam1**: Japan national football team, Japan
- **nationalcaps1**: 14
- **nationalgoals1**: 4
- **manageryears1**: 1987–1996
- **managerclubs1**: Hokkaido Consadole Sapporo, Consadole Sapporo
Hugo Fernández

**Hugo Fernández** (2 February 1945 – 1 August 2022) was an Uruguayan football manager.

Fernández died on 1 August 2022 in Puebla de Zaragoza, Mexico at the age of 77.
Hajime Ishii (footballer)

**Hajime Ishii** (born 26 May 1959) is a former Japanese football player.

## Club career statistics

|-
|1982||rowspan="6"|Nissan Motors||rowspan="6"|JSL Division 1||||||||||||||||
|-
|1983||||||||||||||||
|-
|1984||||||||||||||||
|-
|1985/86||||||||||||||||
|-
|1986/87||||||||||||||||
|-
|1987/88||||||||||||||||
|-
|1988||rowspan="3"|Otsuka Pharmaceuticals||Prefectural Leagues||||||||||||||||
|-
|1989||Regional Leagues||||||||||||||||
|-
|1990/91||JSL Division 2||22||1||colspan="2"|-||1||0||23||1
22||1||0||0||1||0||23||1
22||1||0||0||1||0||23||1
|}
Eiji Ueda

is a former Japanese football player and manager. He managed the Japan women's national team.

## Biography

Ueda was born in Tateyama on December 22, 1953. After graduating from Aoyama Gakuin University, he joined Japan Soccer League club Fujita Industries. He played many matches from 1978. The club won the league champions in 1977, 1979 and 1981. He retired end of the 1982 season.

After the retirement, Ueda became an assistant coach for Fujita Industries (later, _Bellmare Hiratsuka_, _Shonan Bellmare_). In 1999, he became a manager for Bellmare Hiratsuka. But he resigned in July. From 2000, he became a manager for the Macau national team and managed until May 2002. In August 2002, he became a manager for the Japan women's national team. He managed at the 2003 World Cup and the 2004 Summer Olympics. After the 2004 Summer Olympics, he became manager for Shonan Bellmare again. He resigned in June 2006.

## Statistics

|-
|1976||rowspan="7"|Fujita Industries||rowspan="7"|JSL Division 1||5||0
|-
|1977||4||0
|-
|1978||15||4
|-
|1979||18||6
|-
|1980||16||5
|-
|1981||16||5
|-
|1982||14||0
88||20
88||20
|}

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Eiji Ueda
- **image**: 20110708 Ceremony of All-Japan Girls' High School Football Championship.jpg
- **image size**: 200
- **caption**: Ueda (right) with Kuniya Daini in 2011
- **fullname**: Eiji Ueda
- **birth place**: Tateyama, Chiba, Tateyama, Chiba Prefecture, Chiba, Japan
- **position**: Forward
- **youthyears1**: 1969–1971
- **youthclubs1**: Yakuendai High School
- **youthyears2**: 1972–1975
- **youthclubs2**: Aoyama Gakuin University
- **years1**: 1976–1982
- **clubs1**: Shonan Bellmare, Fujita Industries
- **caps1**: 88
- **goals1**: 20
- **totalcaps**: 88
- **totalgoals**: 20
- **manageryears1**: 1999
- **managerclubs1**: Shonan Bellmare, Bellmare Hiratsuka
- **manageryears2**: 2000–2002
- **managerclubs2**: Macau national football team, Macau
- **manageryears3**: 2003–2004
- **managerclubs3**: Japan women's national football team, Japan Women
- **manageryears4**: 2004–2006
- **managerclubs4**: Shonan Bellmare
British Rail 11001

**11001** was one of the first British Railways diesel locomotives. It was built in 1949 at British Railways' Ashford Works. It was designed by O. V. S. Bulleid when he was Chief Mechanical Engineer of the Southern Railway. It was powered by a Paxman RPH Series 1 engine, capable of delivering 500 bhp at 1,250 rpm. It was driven via a Vulcan Sinclair fluid coupling to an SSS (Synchro-Self-Shifting) Powerflow gearbox. The gearbox provided three forward and reverse gears in either high or low range. It gave a top speed ranging from 5 mph (8 km/h) in 1st gear, low range up to 36 mph (58 km/h). It had an 0-6-0 wheel formation.

## Infobox (locomotive)

- **name**: British Rail 11001
- **powertype**: Diesel-mechanical
- **caption**: 11001
- **builder**: British Railways’ Ashford railway works, Ashford Works
- **ordernumber**: 3410
- **builddate**: 1949
- **totalproduction**: 1
- **primemover**: Paxman (engines), Paxman RPH Series 1
- **transmission**: Mechanical, SSS Powerflow 3-speed gearbox
- **whytetype**: 0-6-0 dm
- **uicclass**: C
- **poweroutput**: _Engine:_
- **trainheating**: None
- **axleloadclass**: Route availability
- **retiredate**: August 1959
- **disposition**: Scrapped, December 1959
British Rail 11104

**British Railways' 11104** locomotive was built by F. C. Hibberd & Co Ltd and introduced by British Railways in 1959.

## Infobox (locomotive)

- **name**: British Rail 11104
- **powertype**: Diesel-mechanical
- **builder**: F. C. Hibberd & Co Ltd
- **builddate**: 1950
- **numinclass**: 1
- **primemover**: English National gas-type DA4
- **rpmrange**: 1,250 hp maximum
- **transmission**: Mechanical, spur-type 3-speed geabox with roller chains
- **whytetype**: 0-4-0 dm
- **uicclass**: B
- **trainbrakes**: None
- **locobrakes**: Air
- **poweroutput**: _Engine:_
- **trainheating**: None
- **multipleworking**: Not fitted
- **axleloadclass**: Route Availability 1
- **retiredate**: March 1967
- **disposition**: Scrapped, J. Cashmore, Newport
British Rail 15107

**British Rail 15107** was a locomotive commissioned by the Great Western Railway, but delivered to British Railways after nationalisation. It was a diesel powered locomotive in the pre-TOPS period built by Brush Traction with a Petter 4-cylinder engine.

## Infobox (locomotive)

- **name**: British Rail 15107
- **powertype**: Diesel-electric
- **builder**: Brush Traction
- **builddate**: 1949
- **totalproduction**: 1
- **primemover**: Petter SS4
- **cylindercount**: 4
- **tractionmotors**: Brush, 2 off
- **transmission**: Electric
- **whytetype**: 0-6-0 DE
- **uicclass**: C
- **poweroutput**: _Engine:_
- **trainheating**: None
- **multipleworking**: Not fitted
- **axleloadclass**: Route availability
- **retiredate**: June 1958
- **disposition**: Scrapped, Swindon Works
British Rail Class D1/1

**British Rail Class D1/1** (formerly DY1) was a class of locomotive commissioned by British Rail in England. It was a diesel locomotive in the pre-TOPS period built by the Hunslet Engine Company with a  Gardner 6L3 engine.

## Infobox (locomotive)

- **name**: British Rail Class D1/1
- **powertype**: Diesel-mechanical
- **roadnumber**: 11500–11502; D2950–D2952 from 1957 to 1958
- **builder**: Hunslet Engine Company
- **builddate**: 1954–1955
- **serialnumber**: 4625–4627
- **toalproduction**: 3
- **primemover**: L Gardner and Sons Ltd, Gardner 6L3
- **transmission**: Mechanical, Hunslet four-speed gearbox
- **whytetype**: 0-4-0dm
- **uicclass**: B
- **trainbrakes**: None
- **poweroutput**: _Engine:_
- **trainheating**: None
- **multipleworking**: Not fitted
- **axleloadclass**: Route availability 1
- **railroad**: British Railways
- **retireddate**: 1966–1967
- **disposition**: One sold to industry, two scrapped
- **railroadclass**: DY1; later D1/1; later 1/15. No TOPS class.
British Rail Class D1/3

**British Rail Class D1/3** (formerly DY1) was a locomotive commissioned by British Rail in England. It was a diesel powered locomotive in the pre-TOPS period built by Ruston & Hornsby.

## Infobox (locomotive)

- **name**: British Rail Class D1/3
- **powertype**: Diesel-mechanical
- **roadnumber**: 11507, 11508; D2957, D2958 from 1958
- **builder**: Ruston & Hornsby
- **serialnumber**: 390774, 390777
- **builddate**: 1956
- **totalproduction**: 2
- **primemover**: Ruston 6VPHL
- **transmission**: Mechanical, Ruston gearbox
- **whytetype**: 0-4-0 dm
- **uicclass**: B
- **trainbrakes**: None
- **poweroutput**: _Engine:_
- **trainheating**: None
- **multipleworking**: Not fitted
- **axleloadclass**: Route availability 3
- **railroad**: British Railways
- **railroadclass**: DY5, later D1/3, later 1/16. No TOPS class.
- **retiredate**: 1967–1968
- **disposition**: One sold for industrial use, one scrapped.
British Rail Class D2/1

**British Rail Class D2/1** was a locomotive commissioned by British Rail in England. It was a diesel powered locomotive in the pre-TOPS period built by the North British Locomotive Company with a Paxman engine.

## Infobox (locomotive)

- **name**: British Rail Class D2/1
- **powertype**: Diesel-hydraulic
- **roadnumber**: 11700-11707; D2700–D2707 from 1958 to 1960
- **builder**: North British Locomotive Company
- **serialnumber**: 27100–27102, 27431–27435
- **builddate**: 1953–1956
- **totalproduction**: 8
- **primemover**: Paxman (engines), Paxman 6RPH
- **transmission**: Hydraulic, Voith
- **whytetype**: 0-4-0 DH
- **uicclass**: B
- **trainbrakes**: None
- **trainheating**: None
- **multipleworking**: Not fitted
- **axleloadclass**: Route availability 3
- **railroad**: British Railways
- **railroadclass**: DY11; later D2/1; later 2/4A
- **retiredate**: 1963–1968
British Rail Class D2/5

**British Rail Class D2/5** was a locomotive commissioned by British Rail in England. It was a diesel powered locomotive in the pre-TOPS period built by Andrew Barclay with a Gardner engine.

## Infobox (locomotive)

- **name**: British Rail Class D2/5
- **powertype**: Diesel-mechanical
- **roadnumber**: 11177–11186; D2400–D2409 from 1959 to 1961
- **builder**: Andrew Barclay Sons & Co.
- **serialnumber**: 402–411
- **builddate**: 1956–1957
- **totalproduction**: 10
- **primemover**: L. Gardner and Sons Ltd., Gardner 8L3
- **transmission**: Mechanical, Wilson four-speed gearbox
- **whytetype**: 0-6-0 DM
- **uicclass**: C
- **trainbrakes**: None
- **poweroutput**: _Engine:_
- **trainheating**: None
- **multipleworking**: Not fitted
- **axleloadclass**: Route availability 2
- **railroad**: British Rail
- **railroadclass**: DJ14; later D2/5; later 2/12A
- **retiredate**: 1967–1969
British Rail Class D2/7

**British Rail Class D2/7** was a locomotive commissioned by British Rail in England. It was a diesel powered locomotive in the pre-TOPS period. It was built by Hudswell Clarke with a Gardner engine.  The mechanical transmission, used a scoop control fluid coupling and a three-speed _Power-flow SSS_ (synchro-self-shifting) gearbox. This type of gearbox was a Hudswell Clarke speciality.

External photographs

## Infobox (locomotive)

- **name**: British Rail Class D2/7
- **powertype**: Diesel-mechanical
- **image**: Hudswell D707 at the Rutland Railway 05-09-25 31.jpeg
- **roadnumber**: 11116–11120, 11144–11148; D2500–D2509 from 1958 to 1962
- **builder**: Hudswell Clarke
- **serialnumber**: D898–D902, D938–D942
- **builddate**: 1955–1956
- **primemover**: L. Gardner and Sons Ltd., Gardner 8L3
- **transmission**: Mechanical, SSS Powerflow three-speed gearbox
- **whytetype**: 0-6-0 DM
- **uicclass**: C
- **trainbrakes**: None
- **poweroutput**: _Engine:_
- **trainheating**: None
- **multipleworking**: Not fitted
- **axleloadclass**: Route availability 4
- **railroad**: British Railways
- **railroadclass**: D2/7; later 2/14; no TOPS class
- **retiredate**: 1967
- **disposition**: All scrapped
Bismarck (footballer)

**Bismarck Barreto Faria** (born 17 September 1969) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.

### Club

|rowspan="2"|Club|rowspan="2"|Season|colspan="3"|League|colspan="2"|National Cup|colspan="2"|League Cup|colspan="2"|Total||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|rowspan="7"|Vasco da Gama|1987|rowspan="6"|Série A|1|0|||||1|0|
|1988|24|8|||||24|8|||||
|1989|17|8|||||17|8|||||
|1990|16|5|||||16|5|||||
|1991|7|2|||||7|2|||||
|1992|20|5|||||20|5|||||
|rowspan="5"|Verdy Kawasaki|1993|rowspan="4"|J1 League|17|6|3|2|7|6|27|14|
|1994|42|14|2|1|3|6|47|21|||||
|1995|51|11|3|1|–|54|12||||||
|1996|27|5|5|3|15|4|47|12|||||
|rowspan="6"|Kashima Antlers|1997|rowspan="5"|J1 League|32|11|5|2|11|3|48|16|
|1998|30|6|3|1|3|0|36|7|||||
|1999|23|7|2|1|5|2|30|10|||||
|2000|26|3|4|0|7|2|37|5|||||
|2001|26|6|0|0|6|0|32|6|||||
|Fluminense|2002|Série A|0|0|||||0|0|||
|Goiás|2002|Série A|10|1|||||10|1|||
|Vissel Kobe|2003|J1 League|9|0|0|0|6|0|15|0|||

### International

|National team|Year|Apps|Goals||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|rowspan="2"|Brazil|1989|7|1|
|1990|4|0|||

### Club

**Vasco da Gama**
- Campeonato Carioca: 1987, 1988, 1992, 1993
- Campeonato Brasileiro Série A: 1989

**Verdy Kawasaki
- J1 League: 1993, 1994
- Emperor's Cup: 1996
- J - League Cup: 1993, 1994
- Japanese Super Cup: 1994, 1995

**Kashima Antlers**
- J1 League: 1998, 2000, 2001
- Emperor's Cup: 2000
- J - League Cup: 2000
- Japanese Super Cup: 1998, 1999

### International

**Brazil'''
- Copa América: 1989

### Individual

- J1 League Best Eleven: 1994, 1995, 1997
- FIFA U-20 World Cup Golden Ball: 1989

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Bismarck
- **fullname**: Bismarck Barreto Faria
- **height**: 1.77 m
- **birth place**: São Gonçalo, Rio de Janeiro, São Gonçalo, Brazil
- **position**: Midfielder
- **youthyears1**: 1979–1986
- **youthclubs1**: Club de Regatas Vasco da Gama, Vasco da Gama
- **years1**: 1987–1993
- **clubs1**: Club de Regatas Vasco da Gama, Vasco da Gama
- **caps1**: 85
- **goals1**: 28
- **years2**: 1993–1996
- **clubs2**: Verdy Kawasaki
- **caps2**: 137
- **goals2**: 36
- **years3**: 1997–2001
- **clubs3**: Kashima Antlers
- **caps3**: 137
- **goals3**: 33
- **years4**: 2002
- **clubs4**: Fluminense Football Club, Fluminense
- **years5**: 2002
- **clubs5**: Goiás Esporte Clube, Goiás
- **caps5**: 10
- **goals5**: 1
- **years6**: 2003
- **clubs6**: Vissel Kobe
- **caps6**: 9
- **goals6**: 0
- **nationalyears1**: 1985
- **nationalteam1**: Brazil national under-17 football team, Brazil U17
- **nationalcaps1**: 6
- **nationalgoals1**: 3
- **nationalyears2**: 1987–1989
- **nationalteam2**: Brazil national under-20 football team, Brazil U20
- **nationalcaps2**: 10
- **nationalgoals2**: 3
- **nationalyears3**: 1989–1990
- **nationalteam3**: Brazil national football team, Brazil
- **nationalcaps3**: 13
- **nationalgoals3**: 1
Genoa CFC

**Genoa C.F.C.** is a football club which plays in Italy.

## Name

- 1893–1898 **Genoa C.A.C.**
- 1899–1928 **Genoa C.F.C.**
- 1928–1945 **Genova 1893**
- 1945–present **Genoa C.F.C.**

## League title

- Italian Football Championship / Serie A : 9
    - 1898, 1899, 1900, 1902, 1903, 1904, 1914/15, 1922/23, 1923/24
- Serie B : 6
    - 1934/35, 1952/53, 1961/62, 1972/73, 1975/76, 1988/89
- Serie C / Serie C1 : 1
    - 1970/71

## League position

|Season|League|Position|
| --- | --- | --- |
|2000/01|Serie B|12th|
|2001/02|Serie B|12th|
|2002/03|Serie B|18th|
|2003/04|Serie B|16th|
|2004/05|Serie B|22nd|
|2005/06|Serie C1|2nd / Group A|
|2006/07|Serie B|3rd|
|2007/08|Serie A|10th|
|2008/09|Serie A|5th|

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Genoa C.F.C.
- **fullname**: Genoa Cricket and Football Club SpA
- **ground**: Stadio Luigi Ferraris
- **chairman**: Alberto Zangrillo
- **manager**: Patrick Vieira
- **league**: Serie A
- **season**: 2022-23
- **position**: Serie A, 11th
FC Pro Vercelli 1892

**F.C. Pro Vercelli 1892** is a football club which plays in Vercelli, Italy.

## Name

- 1892-1910 **S.G. Pro Vercelli**
- 1910-2010 **U.S. Pro Vercelli Calcio**
- 2010-present **F.C. Pro Vercelli 1892**

## League title

- Italian Football Championship : 7
    - 1908, 1909, 1910/11, 1911/12, 1912/13, 1920/21, 1921/22
- Serie D: 2
    - 1983/84, 1993/94

## League position

|Season|League|Position|
| --- | --- | --- |
|2000/01|Serie C2|4th / Group A|
|2001/02|Serie C2|7th / Group A|
|2002/03|Serie C2|17th / Group A|
|2003/04|Serie C2|14th / Group A|
|2004/05|Serie C2|17th / Group A|
|2005/06|Serie C2|6th / Group A|
|2006/07|Serie C2|8th / Group A|
|2007/08|Serie C2|7th / Group A|
|2008/09|Lega Pro Seconda Divisione|11th / Group A|
|2009/10|Lega Pro Seconda Divisione|12th / Group A|

### Former position

- 1929/30 : Serie A - 9th
- 1930/31 : Serie A - 10th
- 1931/32 : Serie A - 13th
- 1932/33 : Serie A - 12th
- 1933/34 : Serie A - 7th
- 1934/35 : Serie A - 16th

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: F.C. Pro Vercelli
- **fullname**: Football Club Pro Vercelli 1892 Srl
- **founded**: 1892
- **ground**: Stadio Silvio Piola
 Vercelli, Vercelli, Italy
- **capacity**: 6,165
- **chairman**: Massimo Secondo
- **manager**: Maurizio Braghin
- **league**: Lega Pro Seconda Divisione
- **season**: 2009/10
- **position**: Lega Pro Seconda Divisione, 12th / Group A
Casale FBC

**A.S. Casale Calcio** is a football club which plays in Italy.

## Name

- 1909-1972 **F.B.C. 1909 Monferrato Casale**
- 1972-1979 **Junior Casale A.C.**
- 1979-present **A.S. Casale Calcio**

## League title

- Italian Football Championship : 1
    - 1913/14

## League position

|Season|League|Position|
| --- | --- | --- |
|2000/01|Serie D|8th / Group A|
|2001/02|Serie D|11th / Group A|
|2002/03|Serie D|5th / Group A|
|2003/04|Serie D|1st / Group A|
|2004/05|Serie C2|16th / Group A|
|2005/06|Serie C2|18th / Group A|
|2006/07|Serie D|3rd / Group A|
|2007/08|Serie D|13th / Group A|
|2008/09|Serie D|3rd / Group A|

### Former position

- 1930/31 : Serie A - 16th
- 1931/32 : Serie A - 12th
- 1932/33 : Serie A - 16th
- 1933/34 : Serie A - 18th

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: A.S. Casale Calcio
- **fullname**: Associazione Sportiva Casale Calcio SRL
- **founded**: 1909
- **ground**: Stadio Natale Palli
- **capacity**: 6,035
- **chairman**: Giulio Bertacchi
- **manager**: Franco Lerda
- **league**: Serie D
- **season**: 2008/09
- **position**: Serie D, 3rd / Group A
USD Novese

**U.S.D. Novese** is a football club which plays in Italy.

## League title

- Italian Football Championship : 1
    - 1921/22

## League position

|Season|League|Position|
| --- | --- | --- |
|2005/06|Eccellenza|12th / Piedmont A|
|2006/07|Eccellenza|2nd / Piedmont B|
|2007/08|Serie D|14th / Group A|
|2008/09|Serie D|19th / Group A|

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: U.S.D. Novese
- **fullname**: Unione Sportiva Dilettantistica Novese
- **founded**: 1919
- **ground**: Costante Girardengo
- **capacity**: 3,000
- **league**: Serie D
- **season**: 2008/09
- **position**: Serie D, 19th / Group A
Bologna F.C. 1909

**Bologna F.C. 1909** is an Italian professional football club from Bologna, Italy. It currently plays in Serie A. The club's home stadium is Stadio Renato Dall'Ara, which has a capacity of 38,000. Bologna was part of 75 Serie A seasons, which is the ninth-most in Italian football history.

## League title

- Italian Football Championship / Serie A : 7
    - 1924/25, 1928/29, 1935/36, 1936/37, 1938/39, 1940/41, 1963/64

## League position

|Season|League|Position|
| --- | --- | --- |
|2000/01|Serie A|9th|
|2001/02|Serie A|7th|
|2002/03|Serie A|11th|
|2003/04|Serie A|12th|
|2004/05|Serie A|18th|
|2005/06|Serie B|8th|
|2006/07|Serie B|7th|
|2007/08|Serie B|2nd|
|2008/09|Serie A|17th|

### League

**Serie A**
- **Winners (7):** 1924–25, 1928–29, 1935–36, 1936–37, 1938–39, 1940–41, 1963–64
**Serie B**
- **Winners (2):** 1987–88, 1995–96
**Serie C1**
- **Winners :** 1994–95

### Cups

**Coppa Italia**
- **Winners (2):** 1969–70, 1973–74

### International

**Mitropa Cup**
- **Winners (3):** 1932, 1934, 1961
**UEFA Intertoto Cup**
- **Winners (1):** 1998
**Anglo-Italian League Cup**
- **Winners (1):** 1970

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Bologna F.C. 1909
- **fullname**: Bologna Football Club 1909 SpA
- **founded**: 1909
- **ground**: Stadio Renato Dall'Ara
- **capacity**: 38,000
- **chairman**: Joey Saputo
- **manager**: Siniša Mihajlović
- **captain**: Blerim Dzemaili
- **league**: Serie A
- **season**: 2021-22
- **position**: Serie A, 13th
British Rail Class D2/10

**British Rail Class D2/10** was a locomotive type commissioned by British Rail. It was a diesel-hydraulic shunting locomotive in the pre-TOPS period built by the North British Locomotive Company (NBL). The NBL/MAN engines were built by the North British Locomotive Company in Scotland under licence from the German company MAN.

## Infobox (locomotive)

- **name**: British Rail Class D2/10
- **powertype**: Diesel-hydraulic
- **roadnumber**: (formerly 11708–11719 (D2708–D2719 from 1961 to 1963), D2720–D2780
- **builder**: North British Locomotive Company
- **serialnumber**: 27703–27714, 27815–27839, 27998–29033
- **builddate**: 1957–1961
- **primemover**: NBL/MAN AG, MAN W6V
- **transmission**: Hydraulic, Voith
- **whytetype**: 0-4-0 DH
- **uicclass**: B
- **wheeldiameter**: _D2708–D2719:_ ;
_D2720–D2780:_
- **locoweight**: _D2708–D2719:_ ;
_D2720–D2780:_
- **poweroutput**: _Engine:_
- **tractiveeffort**: _D2708–D2719:_
- **trainheating**: None
- **multipleworking**: Not fitted
- **axleloadclass**: _D2708–D2719:_ Route availability, RA 2;
_D2720–D2780:_ RA 5
- **railroad**: British Railways
- **railroadclass**: DY11; later D2/10; later 2/4 (D2708–D2719), 2/4B (D2720–D2780)
- **retiredate**: 1967–1968
Torino F.C.

**Torino F.C. 1906** is a football club which plays in Italy.

## Names

- 1906–1936: **F.B.C. Torino**
- 1936–1970: **A.C. Torino**
- 1970–2005: **Torino Calcio**
- 2005–present: **Torino F.C. 1906**

## League title

- Italian Football Championship / Serie A : 7
    - 1927/28, 1942/43, 1945/46, 1946/47, 1947/48, 1948/49, 1975/76
- Serie B : 3
    - 1959/60, 1989/90, 2000/01

## League position

|Season|League|Position|
| --- | --- | --- |
|2000/01|Serie B|Champions|
|2001/02|Serie A|11th|
|2002/03|Serie A|18th|
|2003/04|Serie B|12th|
|2004/05|Serie B|2nd|
|2005/06|Serie B|3rd|
|2006/07|Serie A|16th|
|2007/08|Serie A|15th|
|2008/09|Serie A|18th|
|2009/10|Serie B|5th|
|2010/11|Serie B|8th|
|2011/12|Serie B|2nd|
|2012/13|Serie A|16th|
|2013/14|Serie A|7th|
|2014/15|Serie A|9th|
|2015/16|Serie A|12th|
|2016/17|Serie A|9th|
|2017/18|Serie A|9th|
|2018/19|Serie A|7th|
|2019/20|Serie A|16th|
|2020/21|Serie A|17th|
|2021/22|Serie A|10th|
|2022/23|Serie A|10th|
|2023/24|Serie A|9th|
|2024/25|Serie A|11th|

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Torino F.C. 1906
- **current**: Torino F.C. in the season 2025-2026
- **fullname**: Torino Football Club 1906 SpA
- **founded**: 1906
- **ground**: Stadio Olimpico di Torino
- **chairman**: Urbano Cairo
- **manager**: Marco Baroni
- **captain**: Duvan Zapata
- **league**: Serie A
- **season**: Serie A 24-25, 2024-25
- **position**: Serie A, 11th
British Rail Class D2/11

In 1958 Brush Traction Ltd and Beyer Peacock co-operated to produce five prototype diesel-electric shunting locomotives of 0-4-0 wheel arrangement. They were intended to demonstrate a new generation of diesel shunters for industrial and mainline use. Two were loaned to British Railways for trials, and one was subsequently purchased by BR. However no large scale orders resulted from these demonstrators.

## Infobox (locomotive)

- **name**: British Rail Class D2/11
- **powertype**: Diesel-electric
- **image**: File:British Steel No.91, (D2999).jpg
- **caption**: D2999 on display at the Middleton Railway
- **roadnumber**: D2999 (bought); D9998 (loaned)
- **builder**: Brush Traction and Beyer, Peacock & Co.
- **builddate**: 1960
- **serialnumber**: Brush: 99–103;
BP: 7857, 7861, 7858–7860
- **totalproduction**: 5
- **primemover**: Petter-McLaren LE6 or
 National M4AAV6
- **tractionmotors**: Brush
- **whytetype**: 0-4-0 DE
- **trainbrakes**: None
- **poweroutput**: _Engine:_ =  or

- **trainheating**: None
- **multipleworking**: Not fitted
- **axleloadclass**: Route availability 2
- **railroad**: British Railways
- **numinclass**: 1
- **retiredate**: _D2999:_ October 1967
- **disposition**: _D2999_ preserved
_D2998_ scrapped
British Rail Class D2/12

**British Rail Class D2/12** was a locomotive commissioned by British Rail in England. It was a diesel powered locomotive in the pre-TOPS period built by Hudswell Clarke with a Gardner engine.  The mechanical transmission, using a scoop control fluid coupling and four-speed _Power-flow SSS_ (synchro-self-shifting) gearbox, was a Hudswell Clarke speciality.

## Infobox (locomotive)

- **name**: British Railways class D2/12
- **powertype**: Diesel-mechanical
- **roadnumber**: D2510–D2519
- **builder**: Hudswell Clarke
- **serialnumber**: D1201–D1210
- **builddate**: 1961
- **totalproduction**: 10
- **primemover**: L. Gardner and Sons Ltd., Gardner 8L3
- **transmission**: Mechanical, Bostock & Bramley four-speed gearbox
- **whytetype**: 0-6-0 DM
- **poweroutput**: _Engine:_
- **trainheating**: None
- **multipleworking**: Not fitted
- **axleloadclass**: Route availability 4
- **railroad**: British Railways
- **railroadclass**: D2/12; later 2/14A; no TOPS class
- **retiredate**: 1967
- **disposition**: 6 scrapped, 4 sold National Coal Board, NCB (3 scrapped, 1 preserved)
British Rail Class D3/1

**British Rail Class D3/1** was a locomotive commissioned by British Rail in England. It was a diesel powered locomotive in the pre-TOPS period built by the North British Locomotive Company.  The NBL/MAN engines were built by the North British Locomotive Company in Scotland under licence from the German company MAN.

## Infobox (locomotive)

- **name**: British Rail Class D3/1
- **powertype**: Diesel-hydraulic
- **roadnumber**: D2900–D2913
- **builder**: North British Locomotive Company
- **serialnumber**: 27751–27761, 27995–27997
- **builddate**: 1958–1959
- **totalproduction**: 14
- **primemover**: NBL/MAN AG, MAN W6V17.5/22AS (supercharger, supercharged)
- **transmission**: Hydraulic, Voith
- **whytetype**: 0-4-0 DH
- **uicclass**: B
- **poweroutput**: _Engine:_
- **trainheating**: None
- **multipleworking**: Not fitted
- **azleloadclass**: Route availability 5
- **railroad**: British Railways
- **railroadclass**: D3/1; later 3/4; no TOPS class
- **retiredate**: February 1967
- **disposition**: All scrapped
True Cross

The **True Cross** is the name given to parts which are believed to be from the actual cross upon which Jesus was crucified.

Empress Helena (c.250–c.330 AD) was the mother of Constantine, the first Christian Emperor of Rome. Christianity was legalised through the Roman Empire in 312. According to the early writers, like Socrates Scolaticus,  Helena travelled to the Holy Land, founding churches and establishing relief agencies for the poor. She is said to have discovered the resting place  of the three crosses used at the crucifixion of Jesus and the two thieves - Dismas and Gestas - who were executed with him. Through a miracle it was revealed which of the three was the _True Cross_.

Many churches have fragmentary remains which are by tradition alleged to be those of the _True Cross._ Their authenticity is not accepted  by all those of the Christian faith. Many Christians question the accuracy of the reports surrounding the discovery of the _True Cross_.  The acceptance and belief of that part of the tradition that pertains to the Early Christian Church is generally restricted to the Catholic and Orthodox Churches. The Medieval legends where it came from are not the same in Catholic and Orthodox tradition. These churches honour Helena as a saint, as does also the Anglican Communion.

Some Christians believe that wood from the true cross has miraculous healing powers as relic. During the Middle Ages people made pilgrimages to churches and shrines where pieces of the cross were kept, and touched the wood in the hope of being cured of a sickness or infirmity.
British Rail Class 401

The Southern Railway (SR) gave the designation **2Bil** to the DC third rail electric multiple units built during the 1930s to work long-distance semi-fast services on the newly electrified lines from London to Eastbourne, Portsmouth and Reading. This type of unit survived long enough in British Rail ownership to be allocated TOPS **Class 401**.

## Infobox (emu)

- **name**: <span style="color:#FFFFFF">British Rail Class 401</span>
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **background**: #012545
- **manufacturer**: Eastleigh railway works, SR Eastleigh, frames from Lancing Carriage Works, Lancing
- **formation**: power car + driving trailer
- **inservice**: 1935-1969
- **weight**: Total - 74 tons 15cwt
- **maxspeed**: 75mph 121km/h
- **brakes**: Air
- **engine**: 2 x 275 hp traction motors
 total 550 hp (410 kW)
- **operator**: British Rail
British Rail Class 402

The Southern Railway (SR) gave the designation **2Hal** to the electric multiple units built during the late 1930s to work long-distance semi-fast services on the newly electrified lines from London to Maidstone and Gillingham (Kent). This type of unit survived long enough in British Rail ownership to be allocated TOPS **Class 402**.

## Infobox (dmu)

- **background**: darkgreen
- **name**: Southern Railway 2-HAL
British Rail Class 402
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **manufacturer**: Eastleigh railway works, Eastleigh Works, frames from Lancing Carriage Works, Lancing
- **formation**: DMBS-DTCK
- **built**: 100
- **inservice**: 1939-1971
- **weight**: Total - 76 tons
- **maxspeed**: 75mph 121km/h
- **brakes**: Air
- **engine**: 2 x 275 hp traction motors
 total 550 hp (410 kW)
- **operator**: Southern Railway and
 British Railways
British Rail Class 403

The Southern Railway (SR) gave the designation **5BEL** to the 5-car all-Pullman electric multiple units built to work the prestigious **Brighton Belle** trains between London Victoria and Brighton. These units survived long enough in British Rail ownership to be allocated TOPS **Class 403**. Between 1933 and 1935 the units were designated **5PUL** (the 'PUL' code was then used for the 6PUL units).

## Infobox (train)

- **background**: #006600
- **name**: Southern Railway 5-BEL
British Rail Class 403
- **image**: Pullman_284_'Vera'_at_London_Victoria.JPG
- **caption**: Former 5BEL car, 284 _Vera_ at London Victoria on 15th August 2003. This car was previously in unit 3052, and is now owned and operated by Venice Simplon Orient Express, VSOE
- **service**: 1932–1972
- **manufacturer**: Metropolitan Cammell, Metropolitan Cammell Carriage, Wagon and Finance Company
- **yearconstruction**: 1932
- **numberbuilt**: Three sets (15 cars)
- **numberpreserved**: 14 cars
- **numberscrapped**: 1 car
- **formation**: 5 car set: DMBPT-TPFK-TPFK-TPT-DMBPT
- **designation**: Sets 2051–2053 (later 3051–3053);
Cars 279–293
- **capacity**: 40 First, 132 Third
(DMBPT: 48, TPT: 56, TPFK: 20)
- **operator**: Southern Railway (Great Britain), Southern Railway (1933–1941, 1946–1947);
British Railways (1948–1972)
- **lines**: London to Brighton
- **carbody**: All steel
- **weight**: Total - 249 tons
- **traction**: Eight  traction motors
- **voltage**: 660–750 V DC
- **collectionmethod**: Third rail
- **brakes**: Air
British Rail Class 404

The Southern Railway (SR) gave the designations **4Cor**, **4Res**, **4Buf** and **4Gri** to the different types of electric multiple unit built to work the route between London Waterloo and Portsmouth Harbour. The 4Cor type units survived long enough in British Rail ownership to be allocated TOPS **Class 404**. The **Cor** designation had previously been used for the 6Pul units and was reused by them during World War II when the Pullman car was stored, but this stock was different from the 4Cor units.

## Infobox (dmu)

- **background**: darkgreen
- **name**: Southern Railway
4-COR, 4-BUF, 4-RES, 4-GRI
British Rail Class 404
- **image**: 3131_at_National_Railway_Museum.JPG
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **caption**: Class 404 British Rail unit designations, 4Cor, no. 11179 from set 3131, at the National Railway Museum, York on 3rd June 2004.
- **manufacturer**: SR Eastleigh Works
- **formation**: power car + 2 trailer cars + power car
- **built**: Unknown
- **inservice**: 1937-1972
- **weight**: Total - 158 tons 5cwt
- **maxspeed**: 75mph 121km/h
- **brakes**: Air
- **engine**: 4 x 225 hp traction motors
 total 900 hp (671 kW)
- **operator**: Southern Railway and British Railways
SR Class 4Sub

The Southern Railway (SR) gave the designation **Sub** to the wide variety of electric multiple units that were used on inner-suburban workings in the South London area. Originally these units were formed as three-car units, but in the 1940s, all surviving units were increased to four cars by the addition of an 'Augmentation' trailer. New four-car units were also built at this time, and these survived in passenger use until late 1983, by which time British Rail had allocated to them TOPS **Class 405**.

## Infobox (train)

- **background**: darkgreen
- **name**: Southern Railway 4-SUB
British Rail Class 405
- **image**: SR 4-sub 4101.jpg
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **caption**: 4101 (prototype) in 1941
- **service**: 1941-1983
- **manufacturer**: Eastleigh Works
- **yearconstruction**: 1941-1951
- **numberbuilt**: 185 units
- **numberpreserved**: 1 unit
- **formation**: DMBSO-TS-TSO-DMBSO
- **capacity**: 368 - 386 Seats
- **depots**: Wimbledon Traincare Depot (London)
- **traction motors**: Four
- **collectionmethod**: Contact shoe
- **brakes**: Railway airbrake, Air (Westinghouse Brakes, Westinghouse)
British Rail Class 411

The British Rail **Class 411** (or 4 Cep) electric multiple units were built at Eastleigh works from 1956-63 for the newly electrified main lines in Kent. These units were based on the earlier Southern Railway 4Cor design, built in 1937.

## Infobox (emu)

- **name**: <span style="color:#FFFFFF">British Rail Class 411</span>
- **image**: 1586 at London Victoria.jpg
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **caption**: Class 411 4 Cep no. 1586, about to depart London Victoria on 18th March 2003, with a service to Ramsgate. The unit was painted in the old Network SouthEast livery, and was operated by Connex South Eastern (later South Eastern Trains). This was the unit's last train before being withdrawn from traffic later the same day. It has since been scrapped.
- **background**: #012545
- **manufacturer**: Eastleigh railway works, BR Eastleigh
- **operator**: British Rail, South West Trains, Connex South Central, South Eastern
- **formation**: power car + 2 trailer cars + power car
- **built**: 135 trainsets
- **inservice**: 1956-2005
- **weight**: Total - 159.4 tonnes
- **carlength**: 265ft 8 1/2in
- **carwidth**: 9 ft 3 in (2.81m)
- **carheight**: 12 ft 6 in (3.81m)
- **maxspeed**: 90mph (145 km/h)
- **power**: 4 x 250 hp traction motors
 total 1,000 hp (746kW)
- **voltage**: 750V dc third rail
British Rail Class 413

The British Rail **Class 413** (or 4Cap) units were formed in 1982 by permanently coupling two Class 414 2Hap units together. The cabs in the centre of the unit were decommissioned, thus reducing the weight of the units.

## Infobox (dmu)

- **name**: British Rail Class 413
- **image**: BR 4-CEP 413207.jpg
- **caption**: 4-CAP 3207 at Bearsted in 1991
- **background**: #B1004D
- **manufacturer**: Eastleigh railway works, BR Eastleigh
- **formation**: DTCsoL - DMBSO - DMLSO - DTCsoL
- **numberbuilt**: 29 four car units, converted from 58 2 HAP units; built 1957
- **service**: 1982–1995
- **weight**: Total
- **brakes**: Railway airbrake, Air (EP/Auto)
- **operator**: British Rail
Logical disk

A **logical disk** is a concept from computing. Logical disks provide a certain amount of space to store data. Unlike real (called _physical_) hard disks that can be touched, logical disks can take this storage space from different locations.

Common locations where this can be taken from:
- A disk partition on a hard disk
- A logical volume from a logical volume manager
- A combination of hard drives (as in a RAID system, which contains the physical disks)
- A storage area network
- The main memory of a computer (this can be used for temporary files, which can be deleted when the system shuts down)

The disk is described as _logical_ because it does not actually exist as a single physical entity in its own right.

## Why do we need them?

When IBM first released the magnetic disk drive in the 1956 (IBM 305) a single drive would be directly attached to the using system, with each disk managed as a single entity. As the development of drives continued, it became apparent that reliability was a problem and systems using RAID technology evolved. This means that more than one physical disks are _RAID-ed_ together to produce a single **logical disk**.

In a modern home PC environment, disk drives now provide hundreds of gigabytes of storage capacity which can be impractical to use as a single entity. Therefore most systems have their drives partitioned into multiple _logical drives_.

In most modern business IT environments, some form of a Storage area network will exist. Here, many storage devices are connected to many host server devices in a network. A single RAID array may provide some capacity to one server, and some capacity to another. Therefore logical disks are used to partition the available capacity and provide the amount of storage needed by each host from a common pool of logical disks.
British Rail Class 414

The British Rail **Class 414** (or 2Hap) electric multiple units were built between 1956 and 1963.

## Infobox (dmu)

- **name**: <span style="color:#FFFFFF">British Rail Class 414</span>
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **background**: #012545
- **manufacturer**: Eastleigh railway works, BR Eastleigh
- **formation**: power car + trailer car
- **built**: Unknown
- **inservice**: 1956-1984
- **weight**: Total - 72 tons
- **maxspeed**: 75mph 121km/h
- **brakes**: Air (EP/Auto)
- **engine**: 2 x 250 hp traction motors
 total 500 hp (373 kW)
- **operator**: British Rail
British Rail Class 415

**British Rail Class 415** (or **4EPB**) was a suburban 750V DC third rail electric multiple unit commissioned by the Southern Region of British Railways. Built between 1951 and 1957, it became the most numerous class on the region after the withdrawal of the 4Subs. The final trains were withdrawn in the 1990s, replaced by Class 455, 456, 465 and 466

## Infobox (dmu)

- **background**: #012545
- **name**: <span style="color:white;">British Rail Class 415</span>
- **image**: 4EPB set at Wimbledon.jpg
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **caption**: 4EPB set at Wimbledon.
- **manufacturer**: BR Eastleigh
- **formation**: power car + 2 trailer cars + power car
- **built**: Unknown
- **inservice**: 1957-1995
- **maxspeed**: 75 mph (121 km/h)
- **brakes**: Electro Pneumatic Brake (EPB)
- **engine**: 4 x 250 hp traction motors
 total 1,000 hp (746 kW)
- **operator**: British Rail
British Rail Class 416

The British Rail **Class 416** (or 2EPB) electric multiple units were built between 1953 and 1956.  They were intended for inner suburban passenger services on London's Southern Electric network.

## Infobox (emu)

- **name**: <span style="color:#FFFFFF">British Rail Class 416</span>
- **image**: 416 at Dalton Kingsland2.jpg
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **caption**: Class 416 train in Network SouthEast livery calls at Dalston Kingsland railway station, Dalston Kingsland Station, on a North London Line working. The NLL is both 25 kV overhead AC and 750 V third-rail DC electrified at this point.
- **background**: #012545
- **manufacturer**: Ashford Works, Eastleigh works & Lancing works
- **operator**: British Rail
- **formation**: DMBS-DTS or DMBS-DTC
- **inservice**: 1956-1995
- **weight**: DMBS 40 tons DTS 30 tons DTC 30 tons
- **carlength**: 19.50m
- **maxspeed**: 75mph 121 km/h
- **power**: 2 x 250 hp traction motors
 total 500 hp (373 kW)
- **gauge**: standard gauge
- **voltage**: 660-750V dc third rail