Metaphor

**Metaphor**  is a term for a figure of speech. It does not use a word in its basic literal sense. Instead, it uses a word in a kind of comparison. We run, and we also say rivers run. We may run into trouble, especially if we run up a bill at the bar.

So a metaphor uses words to make a picture in our mind. It takes a word from its original context, and uses it in another.
- "I beat him with a stick" = literal meaning of 'beat'.
- "I beat him in an argument" = metaphorical meaning of 'beat'.

Metaphors are an essential part of language: it is not possible to speak or write without them. A simple example is the word "run". This has a basic meaning of "moving quickly" or "go with quick steps on alternate feet, never having both feet on the ground at the same time". The _Concise Oxford Dictionary_ then gives
34 other uses as a verb; 21 uses as a noun; about 50 uses in short phrases. All of these are metaphors, although we do not usually notice this.

We use metaphors to make _indirect_ comparisons, but without using 'like' or 'as' – because that would be a simile. A simile is a _direct_ comparison: "Jane is like a child".

A metaphor very often uses the verb 'to be': "love _is_ war", for example, not "love _is like_ war" (that is a simile).
Poetry includes much metaphor, usually more than prose.

Spam is an example that any email user knows about – this word was originally a metaphor, from 'Spam', a type of canned meat. Servers putting unwanted email into somebody's inbox was similar to waiters putting unwanted Spam into food.  This was originally suggested by a Monty Python scene. When we use a metaphor very often and we forget the old meaning, or forget that the two meanings are connected, this is a 'dead metaphor'.

Originally _metaphor_ was a Greek word for 'transfer'. It came from _meta_ ('beyond') and _pherein_ ('carry'). So the word _metaphor_ in English was a metaphor, too. Today in Greek, _metaphor_ is a trolley (a thing that is pushed for carrying shopping or bags).

- Most metaphors are concepts:  see conceptual metaphor.
- Idioms use metaphors, or are metaphors: for example, the English phrase _to kick the bucket_ means _to die_.

### Description

A simple metaphor has a single link between the subject and the metaphoric vehicle. The vehicle thus has a single meaning which is transferred directly to the subject.

### Examples

- Cool down! [cool = calm]
- I'll chew on it. [chew = think]
- It was raining cats and dogs. [cats and dogs = rain]
- Max was an angel. [angel = lovely person]
In the simple metaphor, the effort to understand what the author or speaker intends is relatively low, and hence it may easily be used with a wider and less sophisticated audience.

### Description

A complex metaphor happens where a simple metaphor is based on a secondary metaphoric element. For example, using a metaphor of 'light' for 'understanding' may be complexified by saying 'throwing light' rather than 'shining light'. 'Throwing' is an extra metaphor for how light arrives.

### Examples

That lends weight to the argument.
They stood alone, frozen statues on the plain.
The ball happily danced into the net.

"But at my back I always hear
 Time's wingèd chariot hurrying near
And yonder all before us lie
Deserts of vast eternity."

From 17th century English poet Andrew Marvell's poem _To His Coy Mistress_.

### Description

A compound metaphor is one where there are multiple parts in the metaphor that are used to snag the listener. These parts may be enhancement words such as adverbs, adjectives, etc.

Each part in the compound metaphor may be used to signify an additional item of meaning.

### Examples

- _Awake! for Morning in the Bowl of Night
- _Has flung the stone that puts the stars to flight_.
- _An aged man is but a paltry thing,
- _A tattered coat upon a stick..."
- Thick, primal, blind fog descended before his eyes.
- The car screeched in hated anguish, its flesh laid bare in the raucous collision.

Compound metaphors are like a multiple punch, hitting the listener repeatedly with metaphoric elements. Where the complex metaphor uses stacked layers to enhance the metaphor, the compound metaphor uses sequential words. The compound metaphor is also known as a loose metaphor.

## Live and dead metaphors

A live metaphor is one which a reader notices. A dead metaphor is one no-one notices because it has become so common in the language.

### Examples

Two people walk off a tennis court. Someone asks the loser: "What happened?".
- _"He won"_. Literal truth.
- _"He beat me"_. Obviously a dead metaphor.
- _"He thrashed me"_. This one is slightly alive.
- _The river runs_. Dead, and many variations on this theme.
- _Electricity is a fluid_. Nearly dead.
- _All our efforts are running into the sand''. Live.

## Related pages

- Trope