juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Homerpalooza

"**Homerpalooza**" is the 24th episode of the 7th season of _The Simpsons_. It was first shown on television on May 19, 1996.

In this episode, Otto, the school bus driver, accidentally crashes the bus. Homer starts driving a carpool for the school kids. After Bart complains about his music tastes and a disappointing trip to the music store, Homer decides to try to become more in touch with music by taking the kids to Hullapaloosa. After getting hit by an inflatable pig, Homer is recruited in the freak show to get blasted by cannonballs. After touring for a while successfully, Homer feels sick right before a performance for Springfield. He finds out that he could die if he gets hit by one more cannonball. Homer, determined to perform, decides to do it anyway. However, right before the cannonball hits him, he jumps out of the way. He is booed by the crowd, but his family is happy.

## Infobox (television episode)

- **series**: The Simpsons
- **season**: 7
- **episode**: 24
- **director**: Wes Archer
- **writer**: Brent Forrester
- **production**: 3F21
- **guests**: Peter Frampton as himself
Cypress Hill as themselves
The Smashing Pumpkins as themselves
Sonic Youth as themselves
- **prev**: Much Apu About Nothing
- **next**: Summer of 4 Ft. 2
- **season article**: The Simpsons (season 7)
- **episode list**: List of The Simpsons episodes
United States presidential doctrines

The **United States presidential doctrines** are policy decisions toward other countries made by Presidents.

## Examples of Presidential Doctrines

The first and most important presidential doctrine was the Monroe Doctrine by President James Monroe stated that the United States declared the right to have influence over Latin America and the U.S. threatened war to any European country which interfered.

President Theodore Roosevelt expanded on the Monroe Doctrine with the Roosevelt Corollary.

The Truman Doctrine by President Harry Truman during the Cold War stated that the United States will give aid to Turkey and Greece to help them resist the spread of communism.

The Carter Doctrine by President Jimmy Carter stated that the U.S. would use military force to protect its interests in the Persian Gulf.

The Reagan Doctrine was the name for Reagan's policy of giving weapons and money t who wanted to fight against communism.

President George W. Bush's policy of invading Iraq without being provoked was called the Bush Doctrine.=
Jens Böhrnsen

**Jens Böhrnsen** (born 12 June 1949 in Bremen) is a German politician of the SPD. From 2005 to 2015, he served as the President of the Senate and Mayor of the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen, that is, the head of government of the city-state of Bremen. He became President of the Federal Council in 2009, and as such, he was acting head of state (31 May - 30 June 2010) following the resignation of German President Horst Köhler .

He is a lawyer by profession and served as a judge in Bremen from 1978 to 1995, when he became a full-time politician.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Jens Böhrnsen
- **image**: Jens-Böhrnsen.jpg
- **order**: President of Germany, Acting Head of State of the Federal Republic of Germany
 <small> as President of the German Bundesrat, President of the Federal Council</small>
- **chancellor**: Angela Merkel
- **term start**: 31 May 2010
- **term end**: 30 June 2010
- **predecessor**: Horst Kohler
- **successor**: Christian Wulff
- **birth place**: Bremen (city), Bremen, Germany
- **party**: Social Democratic Party of Germany, Social Democratic Party
- **alma mater**: University of Kiel
University of Hamburg
Moncrabeau

** Moncrabeau ** is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
Claude Bernard

**Claude Bernard** (12 July 1813 – 10 February 1878) was a French physiologist. He has been called "one of the greatest of all men of science". He was one of the first to suggest blind experiments to get scientific observations more free of bias. He was the first to define the term _milieu interieur_, which is now known as homeostasis, a later term coined by Walter Cannon.

Bernard made animal experimentation a part of the standard scientific method. He famously wrote in 1865 that "the science of life is a superb and dazzlingly lit hall which may be reached only by passing through a long and ghastly kitchen".

He was born in 1813 in Saint-Julien near Villefranche-sur-Saône. He wrote comedies and other plays. When he was 21 he went to Paris with his play and went to a critic. But the critic suggested for him to study medicine instead of literature.

In 1845 Bernard married Françoise Marie (Fanny) Martin for her money. Her money helped him in his experiments, but she was firmly against his methods, and founded the first French society for anti-vivisectionists. When he died Bernard was given a public funeral. This was something which had never been given by France to a man of science before.
Vivisection

**Vivisection** (from Latin _vivus_ ("alive") + _sectio_ ("cutting")) is a doing a surgery as an experiment on a living organism, usually animals. It is sometimes used to mean animal testing itself (see animal testing). The word is often used by people or organizations who dislike animal experimentation

## More reading

- Yarri, Donna. The Ethics of Animal Experimentation, Oxford University Press U.S., 2005
Wednesday Morning, 3 AM

***Wednesday Morning, 3 AM*** is the name of the first album by Simon and Garfunkel. It came out in 1964. Some of the songs on the album were written by Paul Simon, but others were written by other people. The songs "Wednesday Morning, 3 AM", "The Sounds of Silence", "Bleecker Street" and Bob Dylan's "The Times They Are a-Changin'" are on the album. The album did not sell well, though the song "The Sounds of Silence" was later released as a successful single in 1966.

## Personnel

- Paul Simon – acoustic guitar, banjo on "Last Night I Had the Strangest Dream", vocals
- Art Garfunkel – vocals
- Barry Kornfeld – acoustic guitar
- Bill Lee – double bass

## Charts

|Chart (1964 and 1966)|Peak position||
| --- | --- | --- |
|UK Albums Chart|style="text-align:center;"|24|
|US Top LPs (_Billboard_)|style="text-align:center;"|30|

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Wednesday Morning, 3 A.M.
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: Simon & Garfunkel
- **released**: October 19, 1964
- **recorded**: March 10–31, 1964
- **studio**: Columbia Studios, New York City
- **genre**: folk music, Folk
- **length**: 31:38
- **label**: Columbia Records, Columbia
- **producer**: Tom Wilson (producer), Tom Wilson
- **next title**: Sounds of Silence
- **next year**: 1966
Three 6 Mafia

**Three 6 Mafia** is a rap group from Memphis, Tennessee. They became a band under the name **Triple 6 Mafia** in 1991 and released their first studio album _Mystic Stylez_ in 1995. They are signed to Sony Music Entertainment, Hypnotize Minds and Columbia Records. Their song "It's Hard out Here for a Pimp" won an Academy Award for Best Original Song in 2006. The song "Somebody's Gonna Get It" is the current entrance theme song of WWE superstar Mark Henry.

## Studio albums

- _Mystic Stylez_ (1995)
- _Chapter 1: The End_ (1996)
- _Chapter 2: World Domination_ (1997)
- _When the Smoke Clears: Sixty 6, Sixty 1_ (2000)
- _Choices: The Album_ (2001)
- _Da Unbreakables_ (2003)
- _Choices II: The Setup_ (2005)
- _Most Known Unknown_ (2005)
- _Last 2 Walk_ (2008)
- _Laws of Power_ (2014)

## Other websites

Three 6 Mafia's Official website

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Three 6 Mafia
- **image**: Three 6 Mafia.jpg
- **caption**: DJ Paul and Juicy J of Three 6 Mafia
- **origin**: Memphis, Tennessee, U.S.
- **years active**: 1991–present
Hotspot (geology)

In geology, a **hotspot** or **hot spot** is a portion of the Earth's surface which is volcanic. This may be caused by a rising **mantle plume** or some other cause. Hotspots may be far from tectonic plate boundaries.

A volcanic hotspot is where magma pushes up from deep in the Earth's crust or mantle, and creates a volcano. The Earth's plates may move along, creating a new volcano above the hotspot while moving the older volcanoes away. This creates a chain of islands, such as in Hawaii.

### Standard account of volcanic activity

Most volcanoes are explained by the collision or splitting apart of continental plates. This explains the long mountain ranges which have many volcanoes, such as the western edge of the Americas. It also explains the huge rift valleys such as the East African Rift Valley. Most Earth scientists accept that the cause of these great features is plate tectonics.

The problem arises with volcanoes which are not at the edges of plates. In the United States, the Yellowstone Caldera is obviously active. It has geysers caused by constant geothermal energy activity, and the floor of the crater moves up and down as much as 50 meters in a few years. The Pacific Ocean has six or seven chains of islands formed by volcanic activity. Most of these cannot be explained simply as being on the edge of two or three plates.

### Hotspot theory

J. Tuzo Wilson suggested in 1963 that volcanic chains like the Hawaiian Islands result from the slow movement of a tectonic plate across a fixed hot spot deep beneath the surface of the planet. Hotspots are thought to be caused by a narrow stream of hot mantle convecting up from the Earth's core–mantle boundary called a mantle plume.

Other geologists think it is not high temperature that causes the volcanism. They think lithospheric extension (stretching of the Earth's crust) allows melted mantle to rise from shallow depths.

Geologists have identified some 40–50 such hotspots around the globe. Those under Hawaii, Réunion, and Yellowstone are the most active at present.
Beautiful Girls (movie)

***Beautiful Girls*** is a 1996 American romantic comedy-drama movie based on the beautiful girl sarvaani . It stars Rosie O'Donnell, Matt Dillon, Mira Sorvino and Natalie Portman. The movie was released in February 1996. It is about a reunion. Ted Demme directed the movie. Also starring are Annabeth Gish, Lauren Holly, Michael Rapaport and Uma Thurman.

## Infobox (film)

- **name**: Beautiful Girls
- **caption**: Theatrical release poster
- **director**: Ted Demme
- **producer**: Cary Woods
- **writer**: Scott Rosenberg
- **music**: David A. Stewart
- **cinematography**: Adam Kimmel
- **editing**: Jeffrey Wolf
- **distributor**: Miramax Films
- **runtime**: 112 minutes
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **gross**: $10.6 million
Teimour Radjabov

**Teimour Radjabov**, born 12 March 1987 in Baku, Azerbaijan, is the leading Azerbaijani chess player.

Radjabov earned the title of Grandmaster in March 2001 at the age of 14, making him the second-youngest grandmaster in history at that time (to Bu Xiangzhi).  Radjabov's playing style has been described as attacking and tactically influenced.

Radjabov came second in the FIDE Grand Prix 2008–2010, qualifying him for the Candidates tournament for the World Chess Championship of 2012.

Radjabov is the youngest player ever to make the FIDE Top 100 Players list.  His rating of 2599 in January 2002 ranked 93rd in the world while he was still 14 years old.

In 2003, Radjabov defeated Garry Kasparov, Viswanathan Anand, and Ruslan Ponomariov with the black pieces.  He is probably the first player ever to beat three former and reigning FIDE World Chess Champions with the black pieces in one year.

Radjabov reached the semi-finals (earning a bronze medal) at the FIDE World Chess Championship 2004.

## Position from Kasparov  Rajabov

In this key position play went:
- **21... Ngxe5!?**
- **22. Qe3 Nd7 **
- **23. Qxe6 Bh4 **
- **24. Qg4 g5 **
- **25. Bd2 Rde8** and Black eventually won.

If Kasparov had taken the knight play would have gone:
- **22. Bxe5 Nxe5**
- **23. dxe5 d4!**
and Black comes through the centre.

## Infobox (chess player)

- **playername**: Teimour Radjabov
- **image**: TRadjabov12.jpg
- **placebirth**: Baku, Azerbaijan, USSR
- **title**: Grandmaster (chess), Grandmaster
- **rating**: 2793
<small>(#4 in the January 2013 FIDE ranking list)</small>
- **peakrating**: 2793 (November 2012)
Peak oil

**Peak oil** is the idea that at some point an oil well, an oil field, a country, or the world, will be producing the most crude oil it can ever produce at one time.  After this point, less oil will be produced and therefore people will have to use less oil because it will cost more money.  Many scientists and governments are concerned about what will happen when there is less oil to go around.

The first person to publish this idea was M.K. Hubbert in the 1950s and 1960s, who said that a graph of oil production looks like a curve (which we now call Hubbert's Curve). Hubbert drew a graph in 1956 that predicted that the United States would reach its peak oil in the early 1970s. The United States did indeed reach its peak oil in the early 1970s.

It is unclear as to when the world's peak oil will happen, though many scientists agree that it was reached in the early 2000s or before 2020. Improvements in drilling and extraction have sometimes caused adjustments. In 2010 the International Energy Agency (IEA) said that peak oil may have happened in 2006.
Corgi

The **corgi** (or **Welsh corgi**) is a small breed of dog. It comes from Wales.

There are two breeds: the Pembroke Welsh corgi and the Cardigan Welsh corgi. Queen Elizabeth II has kept pet Pembroke Welsh corgis since she was seven years old.

Corgis have a long torso and short legs, large bones, and a very short tail. Corgis were originally bred as dogs. They are very active and like exercise. They are intelligent and have good memories.

## Culture

Outside Wales, corgis have been made popular by Queen Elizabeth II. She usually had at least four as pets and once as many as thirteen. Her first corgi was named Susan. She mated Susan and her current dogs are still offspring of that breeding. She now has two corgis who are about twelve years old. Some portraits of Queen Elizabeth II show her holding a corgi or a few around her.

## Infobox (dogbreed)

- **name**: Corgi
- **image**: Pembroke and Cardigan Welsh Corgi.jpg
- **image caption**: Pembroke and Cardigan Welsh corgi
- **altname**: Welsh corgi
- **country**: Wales
- **maleweight**: 27 lbs (12¼ Kg)
- **femaleweight**: 25 lbs (11⅓ Kg)
- **maleheight**: 10-12.5" (25.5-30.5 cm)
- **femaleheight**: 10-12.5" (25.5-30.5 cm)
- **coat**: Short or medium length
- **color**: Any color
- **life span**: 11.7 years
Ace

**Ace**, **Aces**, **ACE** or **ACES** may refer to:
- Flying ace, a military pilot who has shot down five or more enemy aircraft in air combat
- Ace (_Doctor Who_), a character in the _Doctor Who_ television series
- Ace Frehley (born 1951), rock and roll guitarist and former member of the rock band Kiss
- Ace, a slang term for asexuality
- Ace (card), a card in a pack of playing cards.
Dave Bolland

**Dave Bolland** (born June 5, 1986 in Etobicoke, Ontario) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey centre. He played for the Florida Panthers of the National Hockey League (NHL). He has also played for the Chicago Blackhawks and Toronto Maple Leafs.

He began his hockey career when he played for the Queensway Canadiens at Mimico Areana, the local arena in Mimico. He then played minor hockey for the Toronto Red Wings of the Greater Toronto Hockey League from 2000 until 2002. When he played for the Red Wings, they won the OHL All Ontario Bantam Championship.

He was selected eighth overall in the first round of the 2002 Ontario Hockey League (OHL) Priority Selection by the London Knights. He played 4 seasons with the Knight before he was drafted with the 32nd overall pick by the Chicago Blackhawks in the 2004 NHL Entry Draft. He won the Stanley Cup with the Chicago Blackhawks in 2010.

On June 24, 2013, He scored the game-winning goal in the final minute of game 6 of the 2013 Stanley Cup Finals to help the Blackhawks win their fifth cup and the second cup in four years (2010).

During the 2013 NHL Entry draft, the Blackhawks traded Bolland to the Maple Leafs in exchange for the 51st pick, the 117th pick and a fourth-round pick in the 2014 NHL Entry draft.

On June 28, 2014, Bolland was signed as a free agent by the Florida Panthers to a five-year, $27.5 million  contract.

Dave Bolland has yet to play a NHL game since December 16, 2015 due to back injury although he was traded to Arizona Coyotes for a conditional second round pick.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **played for**: Chicago Blackhawks
Toronto Maple Leafs
Florida Panthers
- **league**: National Hockey League, NHL
- **image**: David Bolland.JPG
- **image size**: 200px
- **position**: Centre (ice hockey), Centre
- **shoots**: Right
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 0
- **weight lb**: 181
- **ntl team**: Canada
- **birth place**: Etobicoke, Ontario, ON, Canada, CAN
- **draft**: 32nd overall
- **draft year**: 2004
- **draft team**: Chicago Blackhawks
- **career start**: 2006
- **career end**: 2016
Middlesex

**Middlesex** is one of the historic counties of England and the second smallest by area. The county once contained the rich and politically independent City of London on its southern boundary. The county was affected by the expansion of London in the 18th and 19th centuries. From 1855 the south east was administered as part of London. When county councils were initially introduced in England in 1889 around 20% of the area of Middlesex, and a third of its population, was transferred to the County of London.

In the interwar years urban London further expanded, with the expansion of public transport, and the setting up of new industries outside inner London.

After a Royal Commission on Local Government in Greater London, Middlesex was absorbed by an enlarged Greater London in 1965. Despite its disappearance as an administrative county, Middlesex is still used as an area name. It was kept as a postal county; it is an optional component of postal addresses. It is still regarded by many as a meaningful area, with its own teams in County cricket, rugby and other sports and pastimes.

## Infobox (historic subdivision)

- **name**: Middlesex
- **flag image**:
- **arms image**:
- **hq**: _see text_
- **government**: Middlesex County Council (1889–1965)
- **origin**: Middle Saxons
- **status**: Ceremonial counties of England, Ceremonial county (until 1965)
Administrative counties of England, Administrative county (1889–1965)
- **start**: Historic counties of England, In antiquity
- **code**: MDX
- **codename**: Chapman code
- **replace**: 1889: to County of London
1965: Greater London and
small parts to Surrey and Hertfordshire
- **divisions**: hundred (country subdivision), hundreds (ancient)
- **map**:
_Ancient and 1889 extent of Middlesex_
- **arms**:
_Banner of arms of Middlesex County Council_
- **populationfirst**: 818,129
- **populationfirstyear**: 1801
- **areafirstyear**: 1801/1881
- **densityfirst**: 4.5/acre
- **densityfirstyear**: 1801
- **populationsecond**: 2,920,485
- **populationsecondyear**: 1881
- **densitysecond**: 16.1/acre
- **densitysecondyear**: 1881
- **populationthird**: 1,126,465
- **populationthirdyear**: 1911
- **areathirdyear**: 1911
- **densitythird**: 7.6/acre
- **densitythirdyear**: 1911
- **populationlast**: 2,234,543
- **populationlastyear**: 1961
- **arealastyear**: 1961
- **densitylast**: 15/acre
- **densitylastyear**: 1961
Ernst Heinrich Meier

**Ernst  Heinrich  Meier** (17 May 1813 in Bückeburg – 2 March 1866 in Tübingen) was a German Orientalist. He published an Indian play, _Sakuntala or the Lost Ring_. He also published a collection of German folk songs.
Chico Slimani

**Chico Slimani** (born 2 April 1971) is a Moroccan-Welsh pop singer based in the UK and Morocco. He has been active since 2005 when he reached the quarter-finals of the 2005 UK series of talent show _The X Factor_. He has had 3 hit singles as of 2010, Number 1 hit "It's Chico Time", which was number 3 in Ireland, Number 24 hit "Disco" which was number 39 in Ireland and Number 45 hit "Curvy Cola Bottle Body" which failed to chart in Ireland he charted at number 85 with "It's England Time". He is part of Sony BMG record label. His album is _Lights, Camera, Action_. He is a contestant in the seventh series of _Dancing on Ice_, which began in January 2012. He is also known as Chico.
Recaredo Santos Tornero

**Recaredo Santos Tornero** (October 14, 1842 – July 26, 1902) was a Chilean editor and journalist. He was the director of _El Mercurio de Valparaíso_ and founder of _El Comercio_.

## Biography

Tornero was born in Valparaíso, on October 14, 1842. His parents were Carmen Olmos de Aguilera Orrego, and the Spanish immigrant José Santos Tornero Monteros, who was also the owner of the first public library in Chile. Recaredo Tornero studied at the National Institute of Santiago, and later attended the École Supérieure de Commerce de Paris, in France. He came back to Chile in 1860. In 1866, he succeeded his father as the director of _El Mercurio de Valparaíso_. He married Elena Stuven Olmos, and they had four children: Carmela, Recaredo, Teresa and Enrique.

His father's businesses included the Spanish Library (), the printing house of _El Mercurio_ and the Valparaíso newspaper of the same name. The enterprise remained in the family's possession for 33 years. In 1866, Tornero and his brother Orestes bought the enterprise from their father.

Orestes took care of the library and its other parts, while Recaredo continued running the printing house and the newspaper. Later, they formed the Tornero & Sons Society () with his father, who was living outside Chile.

Tornero was the only editor of _El Mercurio de Valparaíso_ from 1867 to 1870. In 1870, he partnered with Camilo Letelier. Blanco Cuartín became the main editor of the newspaper later and suggested that it focus on culture and literacy

He published _Chile Ilustrado_ in 1872, the first illustrated album of Chile, with a descriptive guide, historic, politic, industrial, social and statistical review of the country and a rich graphic backup, with more than 200 wood engravings and 10 litographs. He was given a prize for this book at the 1876 Philadelphia Exposition.

After running it for nine years, he sold his part of the newspaper to Camilo Letelier. He revisited Europe in 1875, and bought machinery to create the first paper mill in Chile in 1880. At that time, he also started to publish foreign works translated into Spanish.

After his return to Valparaíso, Tornero founded a library and a printing house in Almendral. His brother Orestes died in 1881, and Tornero he took over the Mercurio library, which was mainly focused on editing teaching material and works translated from French.

President José Manuel Balmaceda had a bad relationship with the Chilean press. For this reason, Recaredo started the newspaper _El Comercio_ to support him.

Recaredo died in Santiago on July 26, 1902.

## Infobox (journalist)

- **name**: Recaredo Santos Tornero
- **birth place**: Valparaíso, Chile
- **death place**: Santiago, Chile
- **occupation**: Journalist, Editor and Director of _El Mercurio de Valparaíso_
- **spouse**: Elena Stuven Olmos
- **children**: Carmela, Recaredo, Teresa and Enrique
- **nationality**: Chilean
- **years active**: 1860–1902
Addictive personality

People who have a personality with many traits that make them prone to addiction are said to have an **addictive personality**. An addiction is a physical or psychological dependency that influences the life of that person negatively. Many addicted people use illegal drugs, but this does not have to be the case: many can also be addicted to smoking, gambling, food, exercise, work, video games, pornography or relationships. People with an addictive personality tend to plan their lives around the addiction. Addictive personality is difficult to treat.

## Related pages

- Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
British Film Institute

The **British Film Institute** is a charity which helps to promote movies. They call them films rather than movies. It runs several cinemas including the IMAX, in London. It also runs the annual London Film Festival, which has movies, and the Lesbian and Gay Film Festival, which also has movies. The BFI has a large archive with more than 50,000 fiction movies (though they call them films), over 100,000 non-fiction titles and around 625,000 television programmes.
Leader of the Opposition (New Zealand)

The **Leader of the Opposition** in New Zealand is the politician who leads the MPs that are not in government in the New Zealand Parliament. In the debating chamber the Leader of the Opposition sits directly opposite the Prime Minister. At present, the Leader of the Opposition is Chris Hipkins of Labour since 2023.

## Role

Usually, the Leader of the Opposition is the leader of the largest party of the Opposition.

The Leader of the Opposition does not have a large official role, but there are several ways in which the Leader of the Opposition takes part in affairs of state. Often, these relate to national security matters, which are supposed to go past party politics - the New Zealand Security Intelligence Service, for example, has to talk to the Leader of the Opposition as well as the Prime Minister about certain matters.

The Leader of the Opposition also receives a higher salary than other members of the Opposition, being paid the same amount as a Cabinet Minister.
El Mercurio de Valparaíso

**El Mercurio de Valparaíso** is the oldest newspaper of Chile, and the oldest one in the world in Spanish language that is still being published –the first newspaper in Chile was _La Aurora de Chile_. It is from Valparaíso, and it was founded in 1827 by typographers Thomas G. Wells, Ignacio Silva Medina and Pedro Félix Vicuña. The first edition was published in September 12, 1827.

It is claimed that newspaper _El Peruano_ is the oldest one in Spanish language.

## Other websites

- El Mercurio de Valparaíso homepage
Valparaíso (disambiguation)

**Valparaíso** may refer to:

- Brazil
- Valparaíso - town in the São Paulo state
- Valparaíso - river in the Acre state
- Valparaíso de Goiás - town in the Goiás state
- Valparaíso - neighborhood in Blumenau, Santa Catarina
- Valparaíso - neighborhood in Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro
- Valparaíso - neighborhood São Carlos, São Paulo

- Chile
- Valparaíso - city in Chile
- Greater Valparaíso - a conurbation
- Region of Valparaíso - a region of Chile
- Province of Valparaíso - a province of Chile

- Colombia
- Valparaíso - city in the department of Antioquia
- Valparaíso - city in the department of Caquetá

- Mexico
- Valparaíso, Zacatecas, a town in the state of Zacatecas

- Spain
- Valparaíso, Cáceres, a town in the province of Cáceres, now disappeared, but that originated the most of the American toponyms.
- Valparaíso de Abajo, town in the province of Cuenca.
- Valparaíso de Arriba, town in the province of Cuenca.
- Valparaíso, town in the province of Zamora.

- United States
- Valparaiso - city in the Indiana state
Valparaíso

**Valparaíso** is a city in Chile, in the central coast del Litoral Central. It's also the capital of the province and region, and the legislative capital of the country. The city is part of the Greater Valparaíso conurbation.

The Chilean House of Representatives, the Command in Chief of the Chilean Army, the Fishing Undersecretary, the Fishing National Service, amidst other organizations, are in this city. The historical part of the city was declared _World Heritage Site_ by UNESCO, in 2003.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Valparaíso
- **native name lang**: es
- **image skyline**: Ciudad-Puerto-de-Valparaíso.png
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **image alt**: Valparaíso photomontage
- **image flag**: Flag of Valparaiso, Chile.svg
- **flag alt**: Flag
- **image shield**: Coat of arms of Valparaiso, Chile.svg
- **shield alt**: Coat of arms
- **nickname**: The Jewel of the Pacific Ocean, Pacific
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: Chile
- **subdivision type1**: Regions of Chile, Region
- **subdivision name1**: Region of Valparaíso, Valparaíso
- **subdivision type2**: Provinces of Chile, Province
- **subdivision name2**: Province of Valparaíso, Valparaíso
- **seat type**: Capital (political), Capital
- **seat**: Valparaíso
- **government type**: Municipal council
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Jorge Castro
- **unit pref**: metric
- **area total km2**: 401.6
- **population total**: 275982
- **population as of**: 2002
- **population density km2**: auto
- **population urban**: 275141
- **population blank1 title**: Rural area, Rural
- **population blank1**: 841
- **population density blank1 km2**: auto
- **population density blank1 sq mi**: auto
- **demographics type1**: Sex
- **demographics1 title1**: Male
- **demographics1 info1**: 135,217
- **demographics1 title2**: Female
- **demographics1 info2**: 140,765
- **timezone1**: Time in Chile, CLT
- **utc offset1**: -4
- **timezone1 dst**: Time in Chile, CLT
- **utc offset1 dst**: -3
- **area code**: 32
Azoximer bromide

**Azoximer bromide** is a macromolecular compound with high-molecular weight and not proved immunomodulating activity. It is using in
CIS countries for treatment and prophylaxis of diseases connected with damage of immune system. It is a N-oxidized polyethylene–piperazine derivative. Azoximer bromide is sold under the trade name **Polyoxidonium**.

Polyoxidonium is registered in US Patent-5503830 from 1996, in the Russian Federation from 1996, under registration number 96/302/9, FS 42-3906-00.

## Infobox (drug)

- **image**: Azoximer bromide.svg
- **width**: 250
- **bioavailability**: up to 89%
- **elimination half-life**: 25.4 hours (intravenous routes)
- **cas number**: 892497-01-7
- **atc prefix**: L
- **atc suffix**: 03AX
- **synonyms**: Polyoxidonium, Synpol
- **chemspiderid**: none
- **chemical formula**: C<sub>8</sub>H<sub>15</sub>BrN<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>]<sub>x</sub>[C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>N<sub>2</sub>O]<sub>y</sub>]<sub>n</sub>
- **molecular weight**: 60000–100000 g/mol
Big Boss Man

**Raymond Washington Traylor, Jr.** (May 2, 1963 – September 22, 2004) was an American professional wrestler. He is best known for wrestling with the WWF under the ring name **(The) Big Bossman** and with World Championship Wrestling (WCW) under the many different ring names.

During his time with the WWF, he won the WWF Hardcore Champion<nowiki/>ship four times where his fourth reign is credited as being the longest in WWF/E History. He also won the WWF Tag Team Championship one time with Ken Shamrock. He was one of the first members of The Corporation and served as their bodyguard.

He died of a heart attack in his Acworth, Georgia home on September 22, 2004.

In 2016, Traylor was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame by Slick.

## Other websites

- The Big Boss Man's profile at WWE.com
- Ray Traylor (Big Bossman) at Findagrave.com

## Infobox (wrestler)

- **name**: Big Boss Man
- **image**: Big Boss Man cropped.png
- **image size**: 250px
- **caption**: Big Boss Man at a charity event on board the USS Abraham Lincoln on May 9, 2002
- **names**: Big Boss Man
Big Bubba Rogers
War Machine
The Boss
Guardian Angel
Ray Traylor
Boss Man
- **birth place**: Marietta, Georgia, Marietta, Georgia (U.S. state), Georgia, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Dallas, Georgia, Dallas, Georgia (U.S. state), Georgia, United States, U.S.
- **billed**: The Department of Corrections in Cobb County, Georgia
- **trainer**: Mickey Henry
Ted Allen
- **debut**: 1985
Chilliwack

**Chilliwack** is a city in the Canadian province of British Columbia.

The population of Chilliwack was 93,203 in 2021. The mayor of Chilliwack is Ken Popove.

The Stó:lō people lived in the area between 5,000 and 10,000 years ago. The population grew from 1857 to 1859 when gold was found in the Fraser Canyon. Over 40,000 gold miners had traveled to the goldfields and many of them traveled through the Chilliwack area. Chilliwack was incorporated as a town in 1873 and was the third municipality in British Columbia.

## Other websites

- Official city website

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Chilliwack
- **settlement type**: List of cities in British Columbia, City
- **flag size**: 125px
- **seal size**: 125px
- **blank emblem type**: Logo
- **nickname**: The Wack
- **motto**: "Cor Viride Provinciae"
- **pushpin map**: British Columbia
- **pushpin map caption**: Where Chilliwack is in British Columbia
- **pushpin label position**: none
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Canada
- **subdivision type1**: Province
- **subdivision name1**: British Columbia
- **subdivision type2**: Regional district
- **subdivision name2**: Fraser Valley Regional District, Fraser Valley
- **established title**: Settled
- **established date**: 3,000 BCE
- **established title2**: Incorporated
- **established title3**: Amalgamated
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Ken Popove
- **leader title1**: Governing body
- **leader name1**: Chilliwack City Council
- **area total km2**: 261.34
- **elevation m**: 10
- **population as of**: 2021
- **population total**: 93203
- **population density km2**: 356.6
- **population metro**: 113,767
- **population density metro km2**: 78.8
- **timezone**: Pacific Standard Time Zone, PST
- **utc offset**: −08:00
- **timezone dst**: Pacific Daylight Time, PDT
- **utc offset dst**: −07:00
- **postal code type**: Canadian postal code#Forward sortation areas, Forward sortation area
- **postal code**: List of V postal codes of Canada, V2P - V2R, V4Z
- **area code**: Area code 604, 604, Area code 778, 778, Area code 236, 236, Area code 672, 672
- **blank name**: Highways
- **blank1 name**: Waterways
Whitesnake

**Whitesnake** are an English hard rock band formed in London in 1978. The members of the group are David Coverdale, the only sole-singer and founder of the band, drummer Tommy Aldridge (since 1987; left 2007 but rejoined in 2013), guitarist Reb Beach and Joel Hoekstra, bassist Tanya O'Callaghan, and keyboardist Michelle Luppi and Dino Jelusick.

After Coverdale left Deep Purple, he formed a group named "David Coverdale's Whitesnake". They were first started as a blues rock band in the early days, but explored into a further heavier sound, derived of glam metal. The band went to a major change in 1987, which their best-selling self-titled album sold around twenty-five million copies worldwide. The group disbanded in 1990, but reformed in 2003 and has released multiple albums with moderate success. Coverdale announced his retirement in November 2025, effectively putting an end to Whitesnake.

## Studio albums

- _Snakebite- EP_ (1978)
- _Trouble_ (1978)
- _Lovehunter_ (1979)
- _Ready an' Willing_ (1980)
- _Come an' Get It_ (1981)
- _Saints & Sinners_ (1982)
- Slide It In (1984)
- _Whitesnake_ (1987)
- _Slip of the Tongue_ (1989)
- _Restless Heart_ (1997)
- _Good to Be Bad_ (2008)
- Flesh & Blood (2019)

## Complications

- _The Best of Whitesnake_ (1981)
- _The Greatest Whitesnake_ (1983)
- _Best_ (1991)
- _Whitesnake's Greatest Hits_ (1994)
- _The Best of Whitesnake: The Millennium Collection_ (2000)
- _Here I Go Again: The Whitesnake Collection_ (2002)
- _Best of Whitesnake_ (2003)
- _The Silver Anniversary Collection_ (2003)
- _The Early Years_ (2004)
- _The Definitive Collection_ (2006)
- _Gold_ (2006)
- _Unzipped_ (2018)
- _The ROCK Album_ (2020)
- _Love Songs_ (2020)
- _The Blues Album_ (2021)
- _Greatest Hits: Revisited, Remixed, Remastered_ (2022)
- _Into the Light: The Solo Albums_ (2024)
- _Access All Areas: Live_ (2025)

## Other websites

- Whitesnake's official website

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Whitesnake
- **img**: Whitesnake Helsinki 2022 03.jpg
- **img capt**: Whitesnake performing in Helsinki in 2022
- **landscape**: yes
- **background**: group_or_band
- **genre**: Hard rock, Heavy metal music, heavy metal, blues-rock
- **years active**: 1978–1990, 1994, 1997–1998, 2002–2025
- **origin**: London, England
- **label**: United Artists Records, United Artists, EMI Records, EMI, Geffen Records, Geffen, SPV GmbH, SPV, Steamhammer Records, Steamhammer, Mirage, Frontiers, RHINO
- **current members**: David Coverdale
Tommy Aldridge
Reb Beach
Joel Hoekstra
Michele Luppi
Dino Jelusick
Tanya O'Callaghan
- **url**: [http://www.whitesnake.com www.whitesnake.com]
Printer (publishing)

In publishing, **printers** are the companies that supply printing services and persons who operate directly printing presses.

After the invention of the moveable type printing press by Johannes Gutenberg around 1450, printers were made popular throughout Europe.

Today, printers are found throughout the world. They include:

- Newspaper printers, that are often owned by newspaper publishers
- Magazine printers, that are usually independent of magazine publishers
- Book printers, often not directly connected with book publishers
- Stationery printers
- Packaging printers
- Commercial printers, often offering digital and traditional printing services

An artist that operates a printing press to do their own works, especially by hand, is usually named by the term printmaker.

## Famous printers

- Johannes Gutenberg
- John Baskerville
- Jodocus Badius
- Henry Estienne
- William Caxton
- Benjamin Franklin
- Colard Mansion
- Aldus Manutius
- Francysk Skaryna
- Ottaviano Petrucci
- Christoffel Plantijn
- Johann Froben
- Hieronymus Froben
- Wright Brothers
- Charlotte Guillard
- William Bradford
- Jacob Meghapart
- Grigor Marzuantsi
- Mkhitar Sebastatsi
- Voskan Yerevantsi

diq:Neşırxaney
Kris Aquino

**Kristina Bernadette Cojuangco Aquino** (born February 14, 1971) is a Filipino actress and television host. She is the fourth daughter of Former President Corazon Aquino and Former senator Ninoy Aquino and sister of president Benigno Aquino III.

## Infobox (person)

- **child**: yes
- **years active**: 1986–present


## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Kris Aquino
- **image**: Kris Aquino - 2015 (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Aquino in 2015
- **order**: First Lady of the Philippines
- **term label**: In role
- **term start**: June 30, 2010
- **term end**: June 30, 2016
- **president**: Benigno Aquino III
- **predecessor**: Jose Miguel Arroyo
- **successor**: Honeylet Avanceña
- **birth name**: Kristina Bernadette Cojuangco Aquino
- **birth place**: Quezon City, Philippines
- **children**: 2, including Bimby Aquino Yap
- **father**: Benigno Aquino Jr.
- **mother**: Corazon Aquino, Corazon Cojuangco
Fabiano Caruana

**Fabiano Luigi Caruana**, (born 30 July 1992 in Miami, Florida), is a chess grandmaster. He has dual citizenship of Italy and the United States. Fabiano plays for Italy in team events.

He became a grandmaster at the age of 14 years, 11 months and 20 days, making him the youngest grandmaster in the history of Italy and the United States.  Fabiano won the 2018 Candidates Tournament, which gave him the chance to play Magnus Carlsen for the title of World Chess Champion.
Caruana and Carlsen played 12 games using Classical time controls. All of these games ended in a draw. This is the only time in the history of the world chess championship that all classical games have ended in a draw. On 28 November, rapid chess was used as a tie-breaker; Caruana lost three games in a row, and Carlsen kept his title as World Chess Champion.

## Infobox (chess player)

- **playername**: Fabiano Caruana
- **image**: Fabiano Caruana in 2025.jpg
- **caption**: Fabiano Caruana (2025)
- **birthname**: Fabiano Luigi Caruana
- **placebirth**: Miami, Florida
 USA
- **title**: Grandmaster (chess), Grandmaster
- **rating**: 2822
<small>(World #2 as of July, 2018)</small>
- **peakrating**: 2822 (July 2018)
Twig

A **twig** is a small, thin branch. people can study twigs to identify plants, especially in winter when they have no leaves.
2010 Tour de France

The 97th edition of the **Tour de France** took place from 3 to 25 July. The winner was Andy Schleck, because Alberto Contador was disqualified.
Growth ring

A **Growth ring** is the ring of growth found in some living organisms, such as trees. Some animals such as shells and corals also have annual growth rings.

Counting the growth rings shows how old the organism is, or was when it stopped growing.  For example, the growth rings in furniture, walls and other wooden items can be counted.

## How tree rings are developed

Tree rings grow under the bark, and the bark is pushed out while the tree is growing. The inner part of a growth ring is formed early in the growing season, when growth is fast and is known as early wood. The outer portion is the late wood, and is denser than early wood. Many trees in places with hot summers and cold winters make one growth ring a year.

For the entire life of a tree, a year by year record or ring pattern is formed that reveals the climate conditions in which the tree grew.  If a tree grows in a dry place, you can tell its age better than when it grows in a wet place.  Switching in between bad and good conditions can result in several rings forming in one year.  Tree ring growth patterns are affected by the climate, weather, rain, temperature, soil pH, plant nutrition, carbon dioxide concentration, and sunspots.

Rings happen because of the change in growth speed through winter, spring, summer and fall, so one ring usually marks the passage of one year in the life of the tree. Tree rings are more visible in places where the seasons change between hot and cold. Enough moisture and a long growing season result in a wide ring. A dry year may result in a very narrow ring. Trees from the same area will tend to grow the same pattern of rings.

Tree growth rings can tell us about the ancient climate and growth rings can be used to tell the age of a tree. Growth rings can also be used to date the wood in old buildings, ships and frames for paintings. Tree rings are used to make radiocarbon dating more accurate.

Some perennial herb species form annual growth rings in their roots that basically follow the same principles as growth rings in trees.

## Related pages

- Dendrochronology
Albert Esch

**Albert Esch** (2 April 1883 in Eisgrub, Mähren – 26 September 1954 in Vienna) was an Austrian landscape architect in the 20th century.
José Manuel Balmaceda

**José Manuel Balmaceda** (1838 – 1891) was a Chilean politician, who eventually became President of the Republic of Chile.

## Biography

Balmaceda was born in Bucalemu, in 1838. In 1865, he became one of the representatives of the government of Chile at the South American General Congress at Lima, and after his return, he obtained great distinction as an orator in the national assembly.

He became Minister of Foreign Affairs and of the Interior under the presidency of Domingo Santa Maria. He was elected President in 1886. On January 1, 1891 he claimed his intention to terminate an "intolerable situation", by refusing to convoke the assembly, and he ordered to continue the collection of taxes. This action provoked the Chilean Civil War of 1891, which ended with the overthrow of President Balmaceda, who later committed suicide on September 18, in the anniversary of his elevation to the Presidency.

## References

- Article on 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica
Ozymandias

***Ozymandias***  is a sonnet by Percy Bysshe Shelley. It was published in 1818 in the 11 January issue of _The Examiner_, a journal in London. It is probably Shelley's most famous short poem.

The poem has been noted for its skillful diction, and its powerful themes and imagery. The central theme of _Ozymandias_ is the inevitable (unavoidable) ruin of leaders and empires. The message is that all leaders and the empires they build will always end up as nothing, however mighty they are.

The name _Ozymandias_ comes from a transliteration into Greek of the throne name of Ramesses II. The sonnet paraphrases (copies in different words) the writing on the base of a statue of Ramesses. The statue is called Younger Memnon and it is from Thebes (it is now in the British Museum). The writing on the statue was recorded by Diodorus Siculus in his _Bibliotheca historica_. It reads: "King of Kings am I, Osymandias. If anyone would know how great I am and where I lie, let him surpass one of my works".

## Other websites

- Audiorecording of "Ozymandias" by the BBC.
- LibriVox recording of "Ozymandias", selection 22, read by Leonard Wilson.
- Representative Poetry Online: Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822), "Ozymandias"  _(text of poem with notes)_
Norwich International Airport

**Norwich International Airport**  is an airport in the city of Norwich, United Kingdom.
Norwich has regular flights to Amsterdam Airport Schiphol, ran by KLM, which have been operating for many years. Other services, run both internationally (normally via Schiphol), or within the British isles.

## Infobox (airport)

- **name**: Norwich International Airport
- **image2**: Norwich Airport 25th October 2007.JPG
- **caption2**: The control tower at Norwich International Airport
- **iata**: NWI
- **icao**: EGSH
- **type**: Public
- **owner**: Omniport (80.1%),
Norfolk County Council,
Norwich City Council
- **operator**: Norwich Airport Limited
- **city-served**: Norwich
- **location**: Norwich, Norfolk
- **elevation-f**: 117
- **elevation-m**: 36
- **website**: http://www.norwichairport.co.uk
- **metric-rwy**: Y
- **r1-number**: 09/27
- **r1-length-f**: 6,040
- **r1-length-m**: 1,841
- **r1-surface**: Asphalt/Concrete
- **stat-year**: 2009
- **stat1-header**: Movements
- **stat1-data**: 42,003
- **stat2-header**: Passengers
- **stat2-data**: 430,594
- **footnotes**: Sources: UK Aeronautical Information Publication, AIP at National Air Traffic Services, NATS
Statistics from the Civil Aviation Authority (United Kingdom), UK Civil Aviation Authority
IATA airport code

An **IATA airport code**, is a three-letter code that can be used to identify airports. This removes the need to write the name of the airport in full every time it is needed, instead an IATA code can be used.

An important use of these codes is on baggage tags. They will display the IATA code for the airport which the bags should be heading to, should they get lost.

## References

he:יאט"א#קוד יאט"א
International Civil Aviation Organization airport code

An **ICAO** code is the code used by pilots and air traffic controllers to identify airports simply and easily.

The code is made up of four numbers or letters. These are not the same as IATA codes, which are often simpler, and are made to sound like the airport's name. For example, people who fly from Heathrow airport, are likely to know it best as either Heathrow, or by its IATA code: LHR. They are less likely to know its ICAO code: EGLL.