Conrad Gessner

**Conrad Gessner** (or Konrad Gessner, 26 March 1516 – 13 December 1565) was a Swiss naturalist and bibliographer. His five-volume _Historiae animalium_ (1551–1558) is a forerunner of modern zoology. The flowering plant genus _Gesneria_ is named after him.

## Career

He studied at Strasbourg, Bourges (1532–1533) and Paris. In 1535, religious unrest drove him back to Zürich, where he made an unwise marriage. His friends came to his aid, enabled him to study at Basel (1536), and in 1537 obtained for him the professorship of Greek at the newly founded academy of Lausanne (then belonging to Berne). Here he had leisure to devote himself to scientific studies, especially botany.

In 1540–1541 he visited the famous medical university of Montpellier, took his degree of doctor of medicine (1541) at Basel, and then settled down to practise at Zürich, where he obtained the post of lecturer in physics at the Carolinum, the precursor of the University of Zürich. There, apart from a few journeys to foreign countries, and annual summer botanical journeys in his native land, he passed the remainder of his life. He devoted himself to preparing works on many subjects of different sorts. He died of the plague, the year after his ennoblement.

## Works

To his contemporaries he was best known as a botanist, though his botanical manuscripts were not published till long after his death (at Nuremberg, 1751–1771, 2 vols. folio), he himself issuing only the _Enchiridion historiae plantarum_ (1541) and the _Catalogus plantarum_ (1542) in four languages.

In 1545 he published his remarkable _Bibliotheca universalis_ (ed. J. Simler 1574), supposedly a catalogue (in Latin, Greek and Hebrew) of all writers who had ever lived, with the titles of their works, etc. A second part, _Pandectarium sive partitionum universalium Conradi Gesneri Ligurini libri xxi_, appeared in 1548; only nineteen books being then concluded. The last, a theological encyclopaedia, was published in 1549, but the last but one, intended to include his medical work, was never finished.

His great zoological work, _Historiae animalium_, appeared in 4 vols. (quadrupeds, birds, fish) folio, 1551–1558, at Zürich, a fifth (snakes) being issued in 1587. This work is the starting-point of modern zoology. Not content with such vast works, Gessner put forth in 1555 his book entitled _Mithridates de differentis linguis_, an account of about 130 known languages, with the _Lord's Prayer_ in twenty-two languages, while in 1556 appeared his edition of the works of Claudius Aelianus.

Gessner's work _On fossil objects_ contains, among much else, a recognition of the true organic nature of some fossils.

To non-scientific readers, Gessner is best known for his love of mountains (below the snow-line) and for his many excursions among them, undertaken partly as a botanist, but also for the sake of exercise and enjoyment of the beauties of nature. In 1541 he prefixed to his _Libellus de lacte et operibus lactariis_ a letter addressed to his friend, J. Vogel, of Glarus, as to the wonders to be found among the mountains, declaring his love for them, and his firm resolve to climb at least one mountain every year, not only to collect flowers, but in order to exercise his body. In 1555 Gessner issued his narrative (_Descriptio Montis Fracti sive Montis Pilati_) of his excursion to the Gnepfstein (1920 m), the lowest point in the Pilatus chain.

Also note:
- Gessner was the first to describe the brown rat in Europe.
- Gessner was partly responsible for _ Insectorum, sive, Minimorum animalium theatrum_ or _Theatre of Insects_, This work was written jointly by Gessner (posthumously), Edward Wotton, Thomas Muffet and Thomas Penny
- Gessner in 1551 was the first to describe adipose tissue.