juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Amanda Donohoe

**Amanda Donohoe** (29 June 1962) is an English television series, movie and stage actress. She has had many notable roles. She starred in _L.A. Law_ in the very early 1990s and in 1997's _Liar Liar_. She was born near London, England.

In February 1991, Donohoe was in the first of the so-called "lesbian kiss episodes" on American television. Her character C.J. Lamb on _L.A. Law_ kissed Abbie Perkins, played by Michele Greene.

Donohoe is of Russian, Swiss and Irish ancestry. Her partner is the multidisciplinary artist Russell Haswell. The couple live in Suffolk.

### Movies

- _Foreign Body_ as Susan Partridge (1986)
- _Castaway_ as Lucy Irvine (1987)
- _The Lair of the White Worm_ as Lady Sylvia Marsh (1988)
- _The Rainbow_ as Winifred Inger (1989)
- _Dark Obsession_ (aka _Diamond Skulls_) as Ginny Bruckton (1989)
- _Paper Mask_ as Christine Taylor (1990)
- _The Substitute_ as Gayle Richardson (1993)
- _A Womans Guide To Adultery_ as Jo Saxon (1994)
- _The Madness of King George_ as Lady Pembroke (1995)
- _Liar Liar_ as Miranda (1997)
- _A Knight in Camelot_ as Queen Guinevere (1998)
- _Circus_ as Gloria (2000)
- _Glory Glory_ as Widow (2000)
- _Mary Higgins Clark Lucky Day_ (2002)
- _Starship Troopers 3_ as Admiral Enolo Phid (2008)

### Television

- _L.A. Law_ as Cara Jean Lamb (1990–92)
- _Screen Two: The Laughter Of God_ as Jane Clemant (1991)
- _Frasier_ as Catherine (1994)
- _Murder Most Horrid_ as Carmela Vezza (1994)
- _The Thorn Birds: The Missing Years_ as Meggie Cleary O'Neill (1996)
- _Ally McBeal_ as Marianne Holt (1997)
- _Batman Beyond_ as The Queen (1999–2001) (Voice)
- _In the Beginning_ as Zuleika (2000)
- _The Legend of Tarzan_ as Lady Waltham (2001) 1 Episode
- _Lucky Day_ as Nora Barkin (2002)
- _Murder City_ as DI Susan Alembic (2004–06)
- _Bad Girls_ as Lou Stoke (2006)
- _Emmerdale_ as Natasha Wylde (2009–10)
- _Loose Women_ as herself (2010) 2 Episodes

### Stage

- _Cymbeline_ as Helen (1984)
- _Great Expectations_ as Estella (1984)
- _The Admirable Crichton_ as Lady Catherine (1984)
- _Uncle Vanya_ as Yelena (1996)
- _Miss Julie_ as Miss Julie (1996)
- _The Graduate_ as Mrs Robinson (2001)
- _Hedda Gabler_ as Hedda Gabler (2005)

## Awards and nominations

Donohoe won a Golden Globe Award for her role in _L.A. Law_.  She was nominated for an Outer Critics Circle Award for her Broadway debut in Uncle Vanya.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Amanda Donohoe
- **image**: Amanda Donohoe.jpg
- **caption**: Donohoe in 1991
- **birth place**: London, England
- **years active**: 1984–present
- **occupation**: Actress
- **partner**: Russell Haswell
Colville Young

**Sir Colville Norbert Young**, GCMG, MBE (born 20 November 1932) is a Belizean politician who was the 2nd Governor General of Belize. He was appointed as Governor General in 1993 by Queen of the United Kingdom, Elizabeth II: she is also Queen of Belize because Belize is a commonwealth realm. In 2021, he retired as Governor General.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **honorific-prefix**: <small>Excellency, His Excellency</small>
- **name**: Colville Young
- **honorific-suffix**:
<small>Order of St Michael and St George, GCMG Order of the British Empire, MBE</small>
- **image**: Colville Young 2013.jpg
- **office**: Governor-General of Belize, Governor General of Belize
- **monarch**: Elizabeth II
- **primeminister**: Manuel Esquivel
Said Musa
Dean Barrow
Johnny Briceño
- **term start**: 17 November 1993
- **term end**: 30 April 2021
- **predecessor**: Elmira Minita Gordon
- **successor**: Froyla Tzalam
- **birth place**: Belize City, Belize
- **party**: United Democratic Party (Belize), United Democratic Party
- **alma mater**: St. Michael's College (Belize), St. Michael's College
University of the West Indies
University of York
Dean Barrow

**Dean Oliver Barrow** (born 2 March 1951) was the fourth Prime Minister of Belize.  He was leader of the United Democratic Party. He started his first term as Prime Minister after victory in the 2008 Belizean general election, started his second term as Prime Minister after victory in the 2012 election and started his third term as Prime Minister after victory in the 2015 elections. Citing health issues, Barrow initially said he would step down as Prime Minister no later than the end of 2019 and hinted he could do so earlier.

Barrow stopped being Prime Minister on November 12, 2020.

## Related pages

- Premiership of Dean Barrow

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **honorific-prefix**: <small>The Right Honourable</small>
- **name**: Dean Barrow
- **image**: Dean Barrow.jpg
- **office**: List of Prime Ministers of Belize, 4th Prime Minister of Belize
- **monarch**: Elizabeth II
- **governor general**: Colville Young
- **deputy**: Gaspar Vega (2008-2016)
Patrick Faber (2016-Present)
- **term start**: 8 February 2008
- **term end**: 12 November 2020
- **predecessor**: Said Musa
- **successor**: Johnny Briceño
- **birth place**: Belize City, Belize
- **party**: United Democratic Party (Belize), United Democratic Party
- **spouse**: Kim Simpliss
- **alma mater**: St. Michael's College (Belize), St Michael's College
University of the West Indies
University of Miami
Governor-General of Belize

The **Governor-General of Belize** is Her Majesty's representative in all matters about Belize.

## Governors-General of Belize, 1981-present

- Dame Elmira Minita Gordon, GCMG, GCVO (21 September 1981–17 November 1993)
- Sir Colville Young, GCMG, MBE (17 November 1993–30 April 2021)
- Froyla Tzalam (since 27 May 2021)
- List of heads of state of Belize

## Other websites

- Georgetown University

## Infobox (official post)

- **post**: Governor-General of Belize
- **flag**: Flag of the Governor-General of Belize.svg
- **flagborder**: yes
- **flagsize**: 150px
- **flagcaption**: Flag of the Governor-General of Belize
- **insignia**: Coat of arms of Belize.svg
- **insigniasize**: 100px
- **insigniacaption**: Coat of arms of Belize
- **incumbent**: Froyla Tzalam
- **incumbentsince**: 27 May 2021
- **department**: Viceroy
- **style**: Her/His Excellency
- **residence**: Government House, Belize (former)
 Belize House, Belmopan (since 1984)
- **appointer qualified**: Monarchy of Belize, The Monarch
 (on advice from the prime minister of Belize)
- **termlength qualified**: At Her Majesty's pleasure
- **formation**: 21 September 1981
- **first**: Elmira Minita Gordon
- **salary**: 52,848 BZD annually
- **website**: http://www.belize.gov.bz/index.php/our-governance/the-executive/governor-general
Cesar Virata

**Cesar Enrique Aguinaldo Virata** (born 12 December 1930) is a Filipino politician. He was Prime Minister of the Philippines from June 30 1981 to February 25 1986 and Finance minister from 1984 to 1986.

## Other websites

- Aquino Abolishes Assembly, Declares Interim Government
Dendrochronology

**Dendrochronology** is **tree-ring dating**. It is a method of dating which uses the patterns of **growth rings** in trees. In many types of wood, the time rings were formed can be dated to the exact calendar year.

Dendrochronology has three main uses:
1. radiocarbon dating, where it is used to calibrate radiocarbon ages.
1. archaeology, where it is used to date old buildings, etc.
1. palaeoecology, where it is used to determine certain aspects of past climates

In some parts of the world, it is possible to date wood back a few thousand years, or even many thousands. The maximum for "fully anchored chronologies" is a little over 11,000 years from present. The term "fully anchored chronology" means the dates are absolutely certain.

## History

Dendrochronology (word derived from Greek , _dendron_, "tree limb"; , _khronos_, "time"; and , _-logia_) was developed during the first half of the 20th century originally by the astronomer A.E. Douglass, who founded the Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research at the University of Arizona. Douglass researched sunspot activity. He expected changes in solar activity would affect climate patterns on Earth. The climate would be recorded by tree-ring growth patterns.

The phenomenon of tree rings and their relationship with wet and dry years had been noticed before Douglass. There is a brief note in one of Leonardo da Vinci's notebooks, and Charles Babbage in 1837 came up with the same idea.

## How it works

Many trees in temperate zones make one growth ring each year, with the newest adjacent to the bark. Through a tree's life, a year-by-year ring pattern is formed which reflects the climatic conditions in which the tree grew. Adequate moisture and a long growing season result in a wide ring. A drought year may result in a very narrow one.

Alternating poor and favorable conditions, such as mid summer droughts, can result in several rings forming in a given year. Problems like this are fixed by comparing one part of the world with another. Missing rings are rare in oak and elm trees: the only recorded instance of a missing ring in oak trees occurred in the year 1816, also known as the Year without a Summer.

Trees from the same region will tend to develop the same patterns of ring widths for a given period. These patterns can be compared and matched ring for ring with trees growing in the same geographical zone and under similar climatic conditions. Following these tree-ring patterns from living trees back through time, chronologies can be built up, both for entire regions, and for sub-regions of the world. Thus wood from ancient structures can be matched to known chronologies (a technique called cross-dating) and the age of the wood determined precisely.

The tree-ring dates can be extended back to 26,000 BP by using other methods. Those other methods use marine sediment layers and growth rings in corals.
Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology

The **Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology** (**RTMP**, and often referred to as the **Royal Tyrrell Museum**) is a popular Canadian tourist attraction. It is a leading centre of palaeontological research which has more than 130,000 fossils.

The museum is  from Drumheller, Alberta and  from Calgary. It is in the middle of the fossil-bearing strata of the Upper Cretaceous Horseshoe Canyon Formation. Its specimens come mainly from Dinosaur Provincial Park and the Devil's Coulee Dinosaur Egg Historic Nest Site.

The Royal Tyrrell Museum's mission is to "collect, preserve, research and interpret palaeontological history with special reference to Alberta’s fossil heritage".

## History

The Museum is named in honour of Joseph Tyrrell, a geologist who discovered the first dinosaur in the Red Deer River Valley in 1884. The Museum opened September 25, 1985 and was given Royal status by Queen Elizabeth II in 1990. In its first year of operation, the Museum attracted over 500,000 visitors. The average annual number of visitors is about 400,000. In 2010 the museum welcomed its 10-millionth visitor, a young boy from Edmonton.

## Collections and exhibits

More than  of the museum's  is dedicated to exhibits. There are chronological galleries celebrating the 3.9 billion year history of life on Earth. One of the most popular is "Dinosaur Hall", with almost 40 mounted dinosaur skeletons, including specimens of _Tyrannosaurus rex_ and _Albertosaurus_. Other exhibits include "Lords of the Land"; "Burgess Shale"; "Devonian Reef", a life-size model of a 375 million year old reef; a "Cretaceous Garden", with over 600 living species of plants; "Age of Mammals"; and "Ice Ages".

"Triassic Giant" is a  long specimen of the largest known marine reptile. The  long ichthyosaur _Shonisaurus sikanniensis_ was recovered from the shores of the Sikanni Chief River in northeastern British Columbia.

A window into the "Preparation Lab" allows visitors to watch technicians as they carefully prepare fossils for research and exhibition. There are also tours of the badlands; the hands-on "Nexen Science Hall" with interactive exhibits; simulated fossil digs, and summer camps for children and families, and much more.

## Infobox (museum)

- **name**: Royal Tyrrell Museum
- **image**: Royal tyrrell entrance.JPG
- **caption**: Entrance
- **established**: September 25, 1985
- **location**: Highway 838
 Midland Provincial Park
 Drumheller, Alberta T0J 0Y0
 Canada
- **type**: paleontology, Palaeontological
- **visitors**: 375,000/year (2010/11)
- **director**: Andrew Neuman
- **website**: [http://www.tyrrellmuseum.com/ www.tyrrellmuseum.com]
Witenagemot

The **Witenagemot**, or **Witan**,was an institution in Anglo-Saxon England, from about the 7th to the 11th centuroes. The name is Old English for "council of the wise men". Originally, _Witan_ was the plural of _wita_ (the wise man); but it was used as a singular. The council was similar to the Germanic assembly, the _Thing_.

The purpose of the Witenagemot was to give an opinion about the administration and the organisation of the kingdom. Its members talked about how law should develop and elected or confirmed the king. The Witenagemot also had the power to depose a king. For example, it deposed Sigeberht of Wessex in 755 and Æthelwald Moll of Northumbria in 765.

Witans were held at least once a year but usually more often. In many respects, they were similar to the modern-day Parliament. Unlike Parliament, they met in different places each time since neither the Witans nor the king had a permanent place to stay.

When the Normans invaded England in 1066, they replaced the Witenagemot with another institution, which was still known as  the _Witan_, or the _Witenagemot_, until the 12th century.
Wheatland, Iowa

**Wheatland** is a city in Clinton County, Iowa, United States.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Wheatland, Iowa
- **settlement type**: City
- **image skyline**: Wheatland_Iowa_20090712_Welcome_Sign.JPG
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **image map**: Clinton_County_Iowa_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Wheatland_Highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location of Wheatland, Iowa
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Iowa, County
- **subdivision name2**: Clinton County, Iowa, Clinton
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 1.49
- **area land km2**: 1.49
- **area water km2**: 0.00
- **area total sq mi**: 0.57
- **area land sq mi**: 0.57
- **area water sq mi**: 0.00
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 775
- **population density km2**: 521.63
- **population density sq mi**: 1350.17
- **timezone**: North American Central Time Zone, Central (CST)
- **utc offset**: -6
- **timezone dst**: CDT
- **utc offset dst**: -5
- **elevation m**: 210
- **elevation ft**: 689
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 52777
- **area code**: Area code 563, 563
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 19-84945
- **blank1 info**: 0462960
- **website**: [http://www.cityofwheatland.org www.cityofwheatland.org]
Chorea

**Chorea** (sometimes called **choreia**) is the name for a set of symptoms caused by some neurological conditions. The term "chorea" comes from Ancient Greek χορεία, where it means "dance". People with chorea move without being able to control those movements. The movements seem to spread from one muscle to the next. Chorea can involve the trunk, neck, face, tongue, and extremities.

Chorea is one of the main symptoms of Huntington's disease.

Some forms of chorea are not linked to neurological conditions, though. Chorea can develop as a complication of pregnancy, and it can be a sign of hyperthyroidism. It can also be caused by drugs taken in the wrong dose. For example, L-Dopa (taken to treat Parkinson's disease), certain forms of birth control, or certain antipsychotics can cause chorea if they are used in the wrong doses.
Vermouth

**Vermouth** is a sweet wine, that has been converted to a spirit. It usually has between 15 and 18 percent of alcohol. Also, certain herbs are added to flavour the wine. Its name is derived from a plant called Artemisia absinthium, which makes it taste slightly bitter. It is often used for cocktails. In its current form, Vermouth was first made in Turin, in 1757. In the 19th century, it was also produced in France. Vermouth is also popular in parts of Spain. Vermouth is sometimes used as a substitute for white wine in cooking.

Vermouth is not the same as the spirit called Absinthe. Absinthe is also based on Artemisia absinthium, but it has 45-50 percent alcohol per volume.

## Related pages

- Fortified wine
National Treasure (movie)

***National Treasure*** is a 2004 American action thriller movie starring Nicolas Cage.  It was made by the Walt Disney Studios under Walt Disney Pictures.

Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released Blu-ray Disc versions of _National Treasure_ and its sequel, _National Treasure 2: Book of Secrets_, on May 20, 2008.

## Cast

- Nicolas Cage as Ben Gates
- Diane Kruger as Abigail Chase
- Justin Bartha as Riley Poole
- Sean Bean as Ian Howe
- Jon Voight as Patrick Gates
- Harvey Keitel as Sadusky
- Christopher Plummer as John Adams Gates
- David Dayan Fisher as Shaw
- Stewart Finlay-McLennan as Powell
- Oleg Taktarov as Shippen
- Stephen Pope as Phil
- Annie Parisse as Agent Dawes
- Mark Pellegrino as Agent Johnson
- Armando Riesco as Agent Hendricks
- Erik King as Agent Colfax
- Don McManus as Dr. Stan Herbert
- Ron Canada as Guard Woodruff
- Hunter Gomez as Young Ben Gates
- Deborah Yates as Rebecca
- Jason Earles as Thomas Gates
- Terrence Currier as Charles Carroll
- Antony Alda as Guard Ferguson
- Sam Schwab as Young Kirby
- John Travis as Guard Mike
Rose Marie

**Rose Marie** (born **Rose Marie Mazzetta**; August 15, 1923 – December 28, 2017) was an American actress and comedienne, with a career spanning nine decades. As a child performer she had a successful singing career as **Baby Rose Marie**. A veteran of vaudeville, her career included film, radio, records, theater, night clubs, and television.

Her best known role was Sally Rogers on _The Dick Van Dyke Show_.  She later portrayed Myrna Gibbons on _The Doris Day Show_ and was also a frequent panelist on _Hollywood Squares_. She was among the first major stars to be known simply by her first names and is the subject of a documentary film _Wait for Your Laugh_ (2017), which features interviews from numerous co-stars, including Carl Reiner, Dick Van Dyke, Peter Marshall, and Tim Conway.

## Early life

Marie was born **Rose Marie Mazetta** in New York City, New York on August 15, 1923.

## Career

At age 3, Marie started performing under the name **Baby Rose Marie**. At age 5, she became a radio star on NBC and made a series of movies.

In her teenage years, she was a nightclub and lounge performer in before becoming a radio comedienne. She was billed then as "The Darling of the Airwaves." According to her autobiography _Hold the Roses_, Marie was assisted in her career by many members of organized crime, including Al Capone and Bugsy Siegel. She performed at the opening night of the Flamingo Hotel which was built by Siegel.

## Personal life

Marie was married to trumpeter Bobby Guy from 1946 until his death in 1964. The couple had one daughter, Georgiana.

Marie was a feminist.

## Death

On December 28, 2017, Marie died in her home in Van Nuys, California of natural causes at age 94.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Rose Marie
- **image**: Rose Marie.jpg
- **caption**: Marie in 2010
- **birth name**: Rose Marie Mazzetta
- **birth place**: Manhattan, New York (state), New York, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Van Nuys, California, U.S.
- **death cause**: Natural causes
- **nationality**: Americans, American
- **other names**: Baby Rose Marie
- **occupation**: Actress, singer, comedienne
- **years active**: 1926–2017
- **children**: 1
Apolinario Mabini

**Apolinario Mabini** (July 23, 1864 — May 13, 1903) was a Philippine resistance activist, lawyer, and journalist. He was the prime minister and foreign minister of the Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Philippines (1898). He was the First Chairman of the Philippine Supreme Court (1898 - 1899).

## Book

- _La revolución filipina_ (1931)

## Other websites

- Apolinario Mabini
- The Philippine Revolution, by Apolinario Mabini at the Austrian-Philippine Page at Institute of Social Anthropology, University of Vienna
- Msc.edu Mabini
- Apolinario Mabini essays  Apolinario Mabini's essays on the 1898 Philippine Provisional Revolution governments

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **honorific-prefix**: His Excellency
- **name**: Apolinario M. Mabini
- **image**: A_mabini.jpg
- **office**: Prime Minister of the Philippines#List of prime ministers, 1st Prime Minister of the Philippines
- **term start**: January 23, 1899
- **term end**: May 7, 1899
- **predecessor**: _Position established_
- **successor**: Pedro Paterno
- **office2**: Department of Foreign Affairs (Philippines), Minister of Foreign Affairs
- **president**: Emilio Aguinaldo
- **term start2**: January 23, 1899
- **term end2**: May 7, 1899
- **predecessor2**: _Position established_
- **successor2**: Felipe Buencamino
- **birth name**: Apolinario Mabini y Maranan
- **birth date**: July 23, 1864
- **birth place**: Barrio Talaga, Tanauan, Batangas, Captaincy General of the Philippines
- **death place**: Manila, Insular Government of the Philippine Islands, Philippine Islands
- **profession**: Politician
- **alma mater**: Colegio de San Juan de LetranUniversity of Santo Tomas
- **signature**: Apolinario Mabini signature.PNG
Raja (1995 movie)

***Raja*** is a 1995 Bollywood action romantic drama movie directed by Indra Kumar. The movie has Sanjay Kapoor and Madhuri Dixit in the title roles. The movie became a hit at the box office.

## Sypnopsis

Madhu and Raja fall in love and decide to get married. However, Madhu's two elder brothers oppose their alliance as Raja does not come from a wealthy family. As the story progresses, the couple discovers that their families share a bitter past.

## Cast

- Sanjay Kapoor as Raja
- Madhuri Dixit as Madhu Garewal
- Paresh Rawal as Brijnath 'Birju' Patangwala
- Mukesh Khanna as Rana Mahednra Pratap Garewal
- Dalip Tahil as Vishwa Garewal
- Rita Bhaduri as Sumitra Garewal

## Soundtrack

The film had songs made by Nadeem-Shravan while lyrics were written by Sameer. All songs were hit that year.

|Track #|Title|Singer(s)|Length|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1|"Phool Mangoo Naa Bahaar"|Udit Narayan, Alka Yagnik|05:21|
|2|"Akhiyaan Milaoon Kabhi"|Udit Narayan, Alka Yagnik|06:16|
|3|"Kisi Din Banoongi Main Raja"|Udit Narayan, Alka Yagnik|07:20|
|4|"Nazrein Mili Dil Dhadka"|Udit Narayan, Alka Yagnik|05:32|
|5|"Ja Sajna Tujhko Bhula"|Udit Narayan, Alka Yagnik|06:15|
|6|"Tumne Agar Pyar Se Dekha"|Alka Yagnik|05:43|
|7|"Tumne Agar Pyar Se Dekha"|Udit Narayan|05:43|
|8|"Aankh Teri Chhalke To"|Udit Narayan, Alka Yagnik|07:10|
|9|"Aankh Milate Darr Lagta"|Udit Narayan, Alka Yagnik|07:20|
|10|"Wada Jo Kiya"|Roop Kumar Rathod|02:10|

## Infobox (film)

- **name**: Raja
- **director**: Indra Kumar
- **producer**: Indra Kumar
Ashok Thakeria
- **writer**: Rajeev Kaul
Tanveer Khan
Naushir Khatau
Praful Parekh
- **starring**: Sanjay Kapoor
Madhuri Dixit
- **music**: Nadeem-Shravan
- **cinematography**: Baba Azmi
- **editing**: Hussain A. Burmawala
- **distributor**: Maruti International
- **released**: 22 June, 1995
- **country**: India
- **language**: Hindi
Natural killer cell

**Natural killer cells** (or **NK cells**) are a type of lymphocyte critical to the innate immune system. NK cells provide a rapid response to cells infected by viruses, or to bacterial cells. The response happens about 3 days after infection. NK cells also respond to tumour formation.

**NK cells** are unique: they have the ability to recognise stressed cells in the absence of antibodies and major histocompatibility complex (MHC). This allows for a much faster immune reaction.

In early experiments in cancer patients and animals, investigators found what was called a "natural" reactivity. That is, a certain population of cells seemed to be able to kill tumour cells without previously being sensitized to them. At first many thought that these observations were artifacts. However, by 1973, 'natural killing' activity was established across a wide variety of species, and the existence of a separate line of cells with this ability was suggested.

## Function

To control their cytotoxic activity, NK cells have two types of surface receptors: activating receptors and inhibitory receptors. When the NK cell is activated, it destroys the cells which have switched it on.

Small granules in their cytoplasm contain proteins and enzymes called granzymes. They are released close to a cell which has triggered their action. A protein _perforin_ forms pores in the cell membrane of the target cell, creating a channel through which enzymes and other molecules can enter. This kills the target cell. The details vary according to whether the target is a virus, a bacterium or a tumour cell.

### Hypothesis

These inhibitory receptors recognize MHC class I molecules, which could explain why NK cells kill cells with low levels of MHC class I molecules. This inhibition is crucial to the role played by NK cells. MHC class I molecules are main way cells display viral or tumor antigens to cytotoxic T-cells. A common evolutionary adaptation to this seen in both intracellular microbes and tumours is a long-term down-regulation of these MHC I molecules. This makes the cells impervious to T-cell action. NK cells may have evolved as an evolutionary response: the loss of MHC would deprive these cells of the inhibitory effect of MHC and make them vulnerable to NK cell attack.

### NK cell function in adaptive response

The _adaptive_ immune response generates memory cells after a primary infection. Then there is a rapid response to later infections by the same antigen. Earlier it was thought that NK cells play no role in the adaptive immune responses, but now it seems they do.
Juan Luna

**Juan Luna de San Pedro y Novicio Ancheta** (; October 23, 1857 – December 7, 1899) was a Filipino nationalist, painter, artist, sculptor and Revolution activist. A prominent artist, he has been called the Philippines' national painter.

## Other websites

- INQUIRER.net: Juan Luna's work
- López Memorial Museum: Juan Luna
Charles Fleischer

**Charles Fleischer** (born August 27, 1950) is an American stand-up comedian, actor, voice artist, and comedian. He is best known as the voice of Roger Rabbit in the _Who Framed Roger Rabbit_ franchise.

From December 2010 to September 2011, Fleischer hosted his own web show called _Fleischer's Universe_ on Ustream.tv.

## Early life

Fleischer was born and raised in Washington, D.C. on August 27, 1950. He attended Southampton College of Long Island University, and studied acting at Chicago's Goodman Theatre.

## Other websites

- Charles Fleischer insists all things are moleeds, TED Conference Video, 18 minutes, 2005
- Charles Fleischer's Webshow _Fleischer's Universe_

## Infobox (comedian)

- **image**: Charles Fleischer.jpg
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **caption**: Fleischer in 2011
- **birth place**: Washington, D.C., United States, U.S.
- **home town**: Washington, D.C.,
(born and raised)
- **nationality**: Americans, American
- **medium**: Stand-up comedy, Stand-up, Movie, film, television
- **notable work**: **Films**:
_Who Framed Roger Rabbit_
- **occupation**: Stand-up comedian, actor, voice artist, comedian
Levant Fair

The **Levant Fair** (; __) was an international trade fair held near Tel Aviv Port in the 1920s and 1930s. It is also the nickname of the site where the fair was held.

## Related pages

- Tel Aviv Port
- Israel Trade Fairs & Convention Center

## Other websites

- Levant Fair - official website
- The Levant Fair in Tel Aviv (1934-6) .
- "City of Work and Prosperity": The Levant Fair.
- Orient Fair posters.
Patrice Rushen

**Patrice Rushen** (September 30, 1954) is an American singer, composer and musician. She has had several hit songs. She is best known for the post disco/new jack swing song "Forget Me Nots". She was born and raised in Los Angeles, California.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Patrice Rushen
- **image**: Patrice Rushen 2010.jpg
- **caption**: Patrice Rushen performing on March 2, 2010
- **landscape**: yes
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Patrice Louise Rushen
- **birth place**: Los Angeles, California, Los Angeles, California, United States
- **genre**: Soul music, Soul, R&B, jazz-funk, post-disco, Urban contemporary, urban, soft rock, new jack swing, New Wave music, new wave, Pop music, Pop
- **instrument**: Singing, Vocals, piano, Keyboard instruments, keyboardist, flute, clarinet, percussion
- **associated acts**: CAB (band), CAB
- **occupation**: Musician, composer, record producer, music director, educator
- **years active**: 1972present
- **label**: Prestige Records, Prestige, Elektra Records, Elektra, Arista Records, Arista, GRP Records, GRP, Aix Entertainment, Discovery
- **website**: [http://www.patricerushen.com/ www.patricerushen.com]
John Joe Nevin

**John Joseph _Joe_ Nevin** (born 7 June, 1989 in Mullingar, County Westmeath) is an Irish boxer. He competed in the 2008 Summer Olympics and the 2012 Summer Olympics and got a silver medal in the 2012 Summer Olympics. He is currently 3rd AIBA World Rankings - Men's 56 kg in the world in his division, the bantamweight. On 6th October, 2012, John Joe Nevin announces to the public on The Saturday Night Show that he is turning professional

## Infobox (boxer)

- **realname**: John Joseph Nevin
- **weight**: Super featherweight
- **nationality**: Irish people, Irish
- **birth place**: Mullingar, Ireland
- **total**: 1
- **wins**: 1
- **losses**: 0
- **draws**: 0
- **ko**: 0
- **updated**: 29 July 2012
The Stolen Eagle

"**The Stolen Eagle**" is the first episode of the HBO/BBC historical drama television series, _Rome_. It first aired on August 28, 2005 in the United States. The episode starred Ciarán Hinds, Kevin McKidd, Ray Stevenson, and Polly Walker.
Institute for Research on Public Policy

The **Institute for Research on Public Policy** (IRPP; ) is Canada's oldest non-partisan public policy think tank.

The IRPP seeks to improve public policy in Canada.  IRPP supports research and debate.

## History

IRPP was founded in 1972 in Montreal.

### Presidents

- Graham Fox (since April 1, 2011)
- Mel Cappe (2006-2011)
- Hugh Segal (1999-2006)
- Monique Jérôme-Forget (1991-98)
- Rod Dobell (1984-91)
- Gordon Robertson (1980-83)
- Michael Kirby (1977-79)
- Fred Carrothers (1974-76)

## Other websites

- http://www.irpp.org/ ; http://www.irpp.org/fr/about/index.php
Hospitality

**Hospitality** is about people welcoming other people into their homes or other places where they work or spend their time.  People who welcome visitors are called **hosts**.  The people they welcome are called **guests**.

The word _hospitality_ comes from the Latin _hospes_, which came from  the word _hostis_, which originally meant "to have power."

Hospitality is all about the art of entertaining or receiving guests.  We talk about "offering hospitality".  There are many different ideas about how to offer hospitality according to the various cultures in the world.  In the past, many societies taught us, that it is always right to offer hospitality to strangers who came to their door in need of food or shelter. This may seem a strange act to many of us today, but it was an important way to survive in many societies, especially in lands (where people travelled long distances, often far away from large towns).

The words hospital, hospice, and hostel also come from the word "hospitality". They are all about giving personal care to people who are away from their homes.

The hospitality industry is service industry that includes hotel and restaurant workers.
Grand Teton National Park

**Grand Teton National Park** is a national park in the United States. It is south of Yellowstone National Park. Both of these parks are in Wyoming.

The park's namesake mountain, Grand Teton, is popular for mountain climbing.

## Other websites

- National Park Service website
Herero and Namaqua genocide

In the **Herero and Namaqua Genocide** (1904-1907), soldiers of the German Empire killed and displaced tens of thousands of Herero and Nama people during the scramble for Africa. This happened in what is today called Namibia. At the time, the area was part of a colony called German South West Africa. The Herero and Nama were ethnic groups that were indigenous to this area.

Historians think this was the first genocide of the 20th century. It is also an example of an ethnic cleansing.

## The genocide

On January 12, 1904, the Herero people, led by Samuel Maharero, rebelled against German colonial rule. They were defeated that August by German general Lothar von Trotha at the Battle of Waterberg.

German soldiers drove the Herero into the desert of Omaheke, and did not allow them to return home. The Herero were now refugees. Most of them died in the desert from thirst (dehydration).

Similar things happened to the Nama people when they rebelled against the Germans in October 1904.

## Deaths

Between 24,000 and 100,000 Herero died in the genocide; so did 10,000 Nama. Many people died from starvation and thirst because people who fled the violence were not allowed to go back to their homes in the Namib Desert.

Some sources claim that the German colonial army regularly poisoned desert wells.

## After the genocide

According to the United Nations' 1985 Whitaker Report, this was an attempt to kill all Herero and Nama people: one of the first genocides in the 20th century.

In 2004 the German government admitted that the Herero and Namaqua genocide happened, and they apologized. However, they did not give any compensation to the victims' relatives.

## Related pages

- Genocide
- Ethnic cleansing
- German Empire
- Colonialism
- Imperialism

## Infobox (civilian attack)

- **title**: Herero and Namaqua genocide
- **partof**: Herero Wars
- **image size**: 230px
- **caption**: Herero people, Herero survivors after an escape through the arid Kalahari desert.
- **location**: German South West Africa, modern day Namibia
- **target**: End Resistance from Bantu peoples, Bantu (Herero) and Khoisan (San and Namaqua) peoples
- **date**: 1904–1908
- **type**: Genocidal massacre, starvation, concentration camps, human experimentation
- **fatalities**: * 24,000 to 100,000 Herero people, Hereros killed
* 10,000 Nama people, Namaqua killed
- **perpetrators**: Lieutenant General Lothar von Trotha and the German colonial forces
- **motive**: white supremacy, collective punishment, German colonial empire, German colonialism, Imperialism#German imperialism, German imperialism
Stubby Kaye

**Stubby Kaye** (November 11, 1918 – December 14, 1997) was an American actor and comedian.

## Early life

Kaye was born **Bernard Kotzin** in New York City, New York on November 11, 1918. He was raised in Far Rockaway, Queens and in The Bronx.

## Infobox (actor)

- **name**: Stubby Kaye
- **image**: My sister eileen 1960.JPG
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **caption**: Kaye with Shirley Bonne in 1960
- **birth name**: Bernard Kotzin
- **birth place**: New York City, New York (state), New York, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Rancho Mirage, California, U.S.
- **death cause**: Lung cancer
- **spouse**: Jeanne Watson
<small>(m.1960-1961; divorced)</small>
Angela Bracewell
<small>(m.? - 1997; his death)</small>
Taraji P. Henson

**Taraji P. Henson** (born September 11, 1970) is an American actress and model. She has been in many movies. She played Shug in the movie _Hustle and Flow_. She later played Queenie in _The Curious Case of Benjamin Button_. She also played Katherine Johnson in the movie _Hidden Figures_.

Henson was born in Washington, D.C..
Bear Grylls

**Edward Michael "Bear" Grylls** (born 7 June 1974) is an English-Irish  adventurer. He has been the Chief Scout since 2009. He climbed Mount Everest when he was 23. He broke the record for the youngest British person to climb the mountain. Grylls has been in many television programmes.

Grylls was born in London and grew up in Donaghadee, County Down and Bembridge, Isle of Wight. He was educated at Eton College and Birkbeck, University of London.

He served in the S.A.S. and is a Christian.

His wife is Shara Cannings Knight and his parents are the late Conservative MP Sir Michael Grylls and Lady Grylls (she is of Irish origin).
Baek A-yeon

**Baek Ah-yeon** (Hangul : 백아연, born on March 11, 1993) is a South Korean solo singer-songwriter who debuted under JYP Entertainment. She is known as the third finalist of South Korea's talent show, _K-Pop Star_.

## Biography

A-yeon was born on March 11, 1993. She was one of a popular talent show contestants, _K-Pop Star_ which the judges were the "big three" (SM, YG, JYP). She studied at the Department of Practical Music at Howon University.

### Extended play

|rowspan="2" style="width:12em;"|Title|rowspan="2" style="width:18em;"|Album details|colspan="1"|Peak positions|rowspan="2" style="width:12em;"|Sales|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|align="left"|_I'm Baek_|* Released: September 10, 2012 * Label: JYP Entertainment * Format: CD, Digital download|11|* KOR: N/A||||
|colspan="14"|"—" denotes releases that did not chart or were not released in that region.|||||||

### Promotional singles

|rowspan="2" style="width:3em;"|Year|rowspan="2" style="width:15em;"|Title|colspan="2"|Peak chart positions|rowspan="2" style="width:15em;"|Album|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|rowspan="5"|2012|align="left"|"느린노래 (Sad Song)"|2|11|align="center" rowspan="5"|_I'm Baek_|
|align="left"|"머물러요(Stay)"|37|47|||||
|align="left"|"Love, Love, Love."|44|—|||||
|align="left"|"Always" <small>(feat. Jun.K of 2PM)</small>|55|—|||||
|align="left"|"니가 떠나간다 (You're Leaving)"|59|—|||||
|colspan="14"|"—" denotes releases that did not chart or were not released in that region.|||||||

### Music video appearance

|Year|Song title|Artist|Role|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2012|"Sad Song"|Herself|Herself|

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Baek A-yeon (백아연)
- **image**: Baek A-yeon at 2015 Summer K-POP Festival.jpg
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Baek A-yeon (백아연)
- **birth place**: South Korea
- **origin**: South Korea
- **occupation**: Singer-songwriter
- **years active**: –present
- **label**: JYP Entertainment (2012–present)
- **website**: [http://www.aq-ent.com/swf/ Baek A-yeon's Official Website]


## Infobox (korean name)

- **color**: khaki
- **title**: Korean name
- **hangul**: 백아연
- **rr**: Baek A-yeon
- **mr**: Paek Ayŏn
Huronian glaciation

The **Huronian glaciation** (or Makganyene glaciation) lasted from 2400 million years ago (mya) to 2100 mya, during the Paleoproterozoic era.

The glaciation was named after evidence recovered from the Lake Huron region in North America. There, three separate horizons of glacial deposits are separated by non-glacial sediment.

This was one of the most severe and longest ice ages in geologic history. It was similar to the Snowball Earth ice ages that happened later, in the Neoproterozoic era.

The glaciations were probably triggered by the Great Oxygenation Event (GOE), which removed atmospheric methane (a greenhouse gas), and eventually supplied free oxygen to the atmosphere. The alternate warm and ice age periods was probably caused by a repeating cycle. Cyanobacteria flourished in the warm periods, producing huge amounts of oxygen. The oxygen removed the free methane, and used up carbon dioxide. This caused the temperature to crash. This slowed down the bacteria. So the temperature rose again.

However, it is also possible that there was a 250 million year lull in volcanic activity, resulting in lower carbon dioxide levels and so reduced greenhouse effect.
Gregoria de Jesús

**Gregoria de Jesús** (9 May 1875 – 15 March 1943) was a Philippine nationalist. She was the second wife of Andres Bonifacio, a Philippine nationalist. She founded Katipunan. She was the first vice president of the Philippine revolutionary government (1896 to 1897).

## Other websites

- GREGORIA DE JESUS
- Gregoria de Jesus: Lakambini of the Katipunan
- National Heroes of the Philippines
- Solidarity Philippines. Australia Network. Retrieved 2006-12-28.
King Moody

**Robert "King" Moody** (December 6, 1929 - February 7, 2001) was an American actor. He was best known for playing Ronald McDonald in McDonald's commercials from 1969 until his retirement from the role in 1985.

## Early life

Moody was born **Robert Moody** in New York City, New York on December 6, 1929.

### Ronald McDonald character

From the 1970s to the 1980s, he played Ronald McDonald for the McDonald's commercials.

After his retirement in 1985, he was replaced by Squire Fridell.

## Death

On February 7, 2001, Moody died at the age of 71.

## Infobox (actor)

- **name**: King Moody
- **image**: King Moody - Teenagers from Outer Space.png
- **image size**: 200px
- **birth name**: Robert Moody
- **birth place**: New York City, New York (state), New York, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Tarzana, Los Angeles, U.S.
- **alias**: Robert Moody
- **occupation**: Actor
- **years active**: 1959–1992
- **spouse**:
Mariano Trías

**Mariano Trías y Closas** (October 12, 1868 – February 22, 1914) was a Philippine politician and resistance activist. He was Vice President in 1897 and Minister of Finance from 1898 to 1899, and Minister for defence of the Philippine revolutionary government (1899)

## Other websites

- Mariano Trías at ovp.50webs.com
- Mariano Trías at cavite.gov
- Mariano Trías Biography
Francisco Carreón

**Francisco Carreón y Marcos** (October 5, 1868 – 1939/41) was a Philippine politicians, resistance activist, and member of Katipunan and Republika ng Katagalugan. He was the Vice President of the Philippine revolutionary government from May 6 1902 to July 14 1906.
Mimi Kennedy

**Mimi Kennedy** (born September 25 1948) is a movie and television program actress. She is especially notable for acting in the situation comedy _Dharma & Greg_. She acted in the movie ''Erin Brockovich.
Wax tablet

A **wax tablet** is what the Roman schools used instead of paper. They used a stylus to write with. The wax melted when warm, but was quite smooth when it set. Wax tablets could also be used for messages, but ink on wood was more permanent (see Vindolanda). The Romans also used ink on manuscripts, and could stitch the manuscripts together to make a codex.

The earliest surviving example of a writing tablet dates to the later Bronze Age, 1400 BC. A boxwood writing tablet with an ivory hinge was found in 1986, in the remains of a shipwreck, the Uluburun Shipwreck, near Kaş, Turkey.
Brian George

**Brian George** (born 1 July 1952) is a Canadian actor. He plays the father of Rajesh Koothrappali on _The Big Bang Theory_. Recently, he voiced Alfred Pennyworth in _Batman: The Killing Joke_ (2016).

George was born in Jerusalem in 1952, moved to London next year and to Canada in 1966.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Brian George
- **image**: File:Annie Awards Brian george.jpg
- **caption**: George and his wife at the red carpet ceremony for the 34th Annie Awards in 2007
- **birth place**: Jerusalem, Israel
- **nationality**: Canadian
- **occupation**: Actor
- **years active**: 1975–present
Bill Dickie

**William Rufus Dickie** (February 20, 1916 — December 23, 1997) was a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender who played for the Chicago Black Hawks in the National Hockey League during the 1941–42 NHL season for one game.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **position**: Goaltender
- **catches**: Right
- **height ft**: 5
- **height in**: 8
- **weight lb**: 185
- **played for**: Chicago Blackhawks, Chicago Black Hawks
- **birth place**: Campbellton, New Brunswick, Campbellton, New Brunswick, NB
- **career start**: 1937
- **career end**: 1942
Doug Jackson

**Douglas Jackson** (December 12, 1924 – April 26, 1980) was a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender for the Chicago Black Hawks of the National Hockey League during the 1947–48 NHL season and played in six games. From 1944 to 1945, Jackson served with the Canadian Army in World War II.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **name**: Doug Jackson
- **position**: Goaltender
- **played for**: Chicago Blackhawks, Chicago Black Hawks
- **shoots**: Left
- **height ft**: 5
- **height in**: 10
- **weight lb**: 150
- **birth place**: Winnipeg, Manitoba, MB, Canada, CAN
- **career start**: 1947
- **career end**: 1948
Jean Marois

**Jean Edouard Alfred Joseph Marois** (November 5, 1924 – January 3, 1996) was a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender who played in the National Hockey League for the Toronto Maple Leafs and Chicago Black Hawks. He played most of his career career with the Quebec Aces of the Quebec Senior Hockey League.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **name**: Jean Marois
- **position**: Goaltender
- **played for**: Toronto Maple Leafs
Chicago Blackhawks, Chicago Black Hawks
- **height ft**: 5
- **height in**: 8
- **weight lb**: 155
- **birth place**: Quebec City, Quebec, QC, Canada, CAN
- **death place**: Saint-Antoine-de-Tilly, Quebec, Saint-Antoine-de-Tilly,  Quebec, QC, Canada, CAN
- **career start**: 1943
- **career end**: 1954
Marcel Pelletier

**Marcel Gerard Pelletier** (December 6, 1927 in Drummondville, Quebec – May 13, 2017 in Cherry Hill, New Jersey) was a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender who in the National Hockey League for the Chicago Black Hawks and the New York Rangers. He played most of his career with the Victoria Cougars of the Western Hockey League.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **name**: Marcel Pelletier
- **image**: Marcel Pelletier.jpg
- **position**: Goaltender
- **played for**: Chicago Blackhawks, Chicago Black Hawks
New York Rangers
- **height ft**: 5
- **height in**: 11
- **weight lb**: 175
- **birth place**: Drummondville, Quebec, QC, Canada, CAN
- **death place**: Cherry Hill, New Jersey, Cherry Hill, New Jersey, NJ, United States, USA
- **career start**: 1950
- **career end**: 1963
Missak Manouchian

**Missak Manouchian** (1 September 1906 – 21 February 1944) was a French-Armenian poet, a militant in the MOI (_Immigrant Workforce Movement_) in the Paris region. He was 37 years old when executed by the Nazis for his Résistance work.

Although Manouchian became well known for his leadership in the French Resistance, he was, above all, an intellectual and a talented poet.

Manouchian was posthumously awarded by the Legion of Honor highest order. In 2009 Robert Guédiguian directed a film, _The Army of Crime_, dedicated to Manouchian and his group.

## Other websites

- "Unveiling of the plaque in memory of Manouchian on the rue Plaisance"
Expo Tel Aviv

**Expo Tel Aviv** (formerly the **Israel Trade Fairs and Convention Center** () and later the **Tel Aviv Convention Center** (), although commonly referred to locally as **Ganei HaTaarucha** (_Exhibition Gardens_,  ) and also as the **Tel Aviv Fairgrounds**) is a fairground and convention center in north Tel Aviv. It was first opened in 1932 as "Yarid HaMizrach" located at the site of the Levant Fair at Tel Aviv Port. The fairgrounds were moved to their present location at 101 Rokach Boulevard (near the Yarkon Park and Tel Aviv University) in 1959.

It is also called ****, meaning: **The Fair Gardens**. In September 2018, it was rebranded as "**EXPO Tel Aviv**".

The location hosts up to 2.5 million visitors and has between 45 and 60 major events annually. The fairground has ten halls and pavilions and a large outdoor space including an amusement park.

## Related pages

- Levant Fair
- Tel Aviv Port

## Other websites

- Israel Trade Fairs & Convention Center

## Infobox (convention center)

- **name**: Expo Tel Aviv
- **image**: PikiWiki Israel 40578 Israel Trade Fairs amp; Convention Center.JPG
- **caption**: Pavilion 1 (Central) in October 2014
- **address**: 101 Rokach Boulevard
- **location**: Tel Aviv, Israel
- **owner**: Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality
- **operator**: The Israel Trade Fairs & Convention Center Ltd.
- **architect**: Aryeh Elhanani
- **renovated**: 2011 <small>(Pavilion 10)</small>
- **expanded**: 1983, 2003 <small>(Pavilion 1)</small>
2015 <small>(Pavilion 2)</small>
- **demolished**: 2010 <small>(1959 pavilion)</small>
- **former names**: Israel Trade Fairs and Convention Center
Tel Aviv Convention Center (2014–18)
- **theatre**: 6,090 (360° stage) <small>(Pavilion 1)</small>
9,628 (360° stage) <small>(Pavilion 2)</small>
- **exhibit**:
 (Pavilion 1)
 (Pavilion 2)
- **parking**: 2,200 spaces
- **publictransit**: Tel Aviv University railway station