Deng Xiaoping

**Dèng Xiǎopíng**  (in English also written Teng Hsiao-p'ing; 22 August 1904 – 19 February 1997) was a Chinese revolutionary, politician and reformer. He was the leader of the Chinese Communist Party. Deng never held office as the head of state or the head of government, but was the _de facto_ leader of the People's Republic of China from 1978 to the early 1990s. Deng has often been described as practical due to his open market policies after the death of Mao, whilst not deviating much from the original socialist elements of the People's Republic of China.

Deng was born in Guang'an, Sichuan. He died of an infection and Parkinson's disease in Beijing, aged 92.

## Early life and family

Deng's father, Deng Wenming, was a middle-level landowner. He had studied at the University of Law and Political Science in Chengdu. His mother, named Dan, died early in Deng's life. Deng had three brothers and three sisters.

Deng's first wife was one of his schoolmates from Moscow. She died at the age of 24 a few days after giving birth to Deng's first child, which was a baby girl. This daughter also died. His second wife was Jin Weiying. Jin left him after Deng was attacked in politics 1933. His third wife Zhuo Lin was the daughter of an industrialist in Yunnan Province. She became a member of the Communist Party in 1938. She and Deng married in 1939 in front of Mao's cave home in Yan'an. They had five children: three daughters (Deng Lin, Deng Nan and Deng Rong) and two sons (Deng Pufang and Deng Zhifang).

### Education and early career

In the summer of 1919, Deng Xiaoping graduated from the Chongqing School. He and 80 schoolmates travelled by ship to France. They were part of a work-study program. About 4,000 Chinese did this program by 1927. Deng was the youngest of all the Chinese students in the group. He was 15 years old. Deng's father strongly supported his son's doing the work-study abroad program. Deng told his father he wanted "to learn knowledge and truth from the West in order to save China." Deng knew that China was suffering. He thought Chinese people must have a modern education to save their country.

In France Deng met many future Chinese leaders: Zhou Enlai, Nie Rongzhen, Cai Hesen, Zhao Shiyan and Li Wenhai. These older Chinese students helped Deng study Marxism. In 1921 he joined the Chinese Communist Youth League in Europe. In 1924, he joined the Chinese Communist Party. He became one of the leaders of the Youth League in Europe. In 1926 Deng travelled to the Soviet Union and studied at Moscow Sun Yat-sen University. One of his classmates was Chiang Ching-kuo, the son of Chiang Kai-shek.

### Return to China

In March 1927, Deng arrived in Xi'an, northwest China from Moscow. He joined the army of Feng Yuxiang. Feng had asked the Soviet Union for help. But at that time, the Soviet Union supported the Communists' alliance with the Nationalists of the Kuomintang. In 1929 Deng led the Baise Uprising in Guangxi province against the Kuomintang government. The uprising failed, and Deng went to the Central Soviet Area in Jiangxi province.

## Political career

Deng went on the Long March with Mao. During the Japanese Occupation of China, he joined the Eighth Route Army commanded by Liu Bocheng. After World War II he was part of peace talks between the Communists and the Kuomintang. These talks failed. On 1 October 1949, Deng was at the proclamation of the People's Republic of China in Beijing. Deng became mayor of Chongqing and stayed there until 1952. From 1952 until the early 1960s Deng had many powerful positions in government in Beijing. But, he became the target of two political purges: the Cultural Revolution and the Criticize Deng campaign in 1976 led by Gang of Four. Deng said that the Cultural Revolution had been bad for China in 1977 and started the "Beijing Spring."

### Leader of China

Deng Xiaoping became the paramount leader of China in 1979 and replaced Hua Guofeng. He reformed the Chinese economy by opening up its trade and reformed its economy in the 1980s. He created Special Economic Zones in Shenzhen and Hainan. This led to a big increase in human development in China and exports. China negotiated with United Kingdom and Portugal to transfer Hong Kong and Macau to China in 1997 and 1999 respectively. The reforms led toTiananmen Square protests in 1989. This led Deng to resign and Jiang Zemin replaced him although Deng makes most of the decision.

### Later years and death

Deng Xiaoping died in February 19 1997 due to lung infection and Parkinson's disease.

## Famous quotations

1. ⎡ 不管黑猫白猫,能捉老鼠就是好猫。⎦ Translation: Don't care about whether it is a black cat or a white cat; as long as it is able to catch the mouse, it is a good cat.
1. ⎡ 摸着石頭過河。⎦Translation: To cross a shallow river, one must follow the rocks under the water.
1. ⎡小朋友不聴話,該打打屁股了。⎦ Translation: It's time to smack the bottom of unruly little children. (When he informed president Jimmy Carter during his visit to the United States, that China was ready to go to war with Vietnam.)

## Other websites

- Life of Deng Xiaoping

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Deng Xiaoping
- **native name lang**: zh-Hans-CN
- **image**: Deng Xiaoping and Jimmy Carter at the arrival ceremony for the Vice Premier of China. - NARA - 183157-restored(cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Deng during a visit to the US in 1979
- **office**: Central Advisory Commission, Chairman of the Central Advisory Commission
- **1namedata**: Hu Yaobang
Zhao Ziyang <small>(Acting)</small>
- **deputy**: Bo Yibo
- **term start**: 13 September 1982
- **term end**: 2 November 1987
- **predecessor**: Position established
- **successor**: Chen Yun
- **office1**: Chairman of the Central Military Commission
- **deputy1**: Ye Jianying
Zhao Ziyang
Yang Shangkun
- **term1**: **Party Commission**:
28 June 1981 – 9 November 1989
 **State Commission**:
18 June 1983 – 19 March 1990
- **predecessor1**: Hua Guofeng
- **successor1**: Jiang Zemin
- **office2**: Chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference
- **term start2**: 8 March 1978
- **term end2**: 17 June 1983
- **predecessor2**: Zhou Enlai
- **successor2**: Deng Yingchao
- **birth place**: Guang'an, Sichuan, Qing Dynasty
- **death place**: Beijing, People's Republic of China
- **nationality**: Chinese
- **party**: Communist Party of China (1933–1997)
Communist Party of the Soviet Union, All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (until 1933)
- **spouse**: Zhang Xiyuan (:zh:张锡瑗, zh) (1928–1929)
Jin Weiying (:zh:金维映, zh) (1931–1939)
Zhuo Lin (1939–1997; his death)
- **children**: Deng Lin
Deng Pufang
Deng Nan
Deng Rong
Deng Zhifang