juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Dissolution of the Soviet Union

The **dissolution of the Soviet Union** was a geopolitical and one of the biggest events of the 20th century ever since. It started when Estonia declared independence on 16 November 1988. After that, many Soviet republics followed and eventually all 15 state republics left the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. This marked the end of the long-run Cold War with the United States. With the Soviet Union no longer existed, China became the only major communist, socialist and Marxist-Leninist state following economic reforms, and the U.S. became the world's sole superpower.

With the 1989 revolutions, many European nations left communist ideals. The Soviet Union at the time was struggling with the economy and protests following the withdrawal from Afghanistan (see article Soviet–Afghan War). In August 1991, an attempted self-coup in the Soviet Union occurred to overthrow the Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev failed, leading to the total ban of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. The Belovezha Accords, which recognized every Soviet republic's sovereignty, were signed on 8 December 1991 and creating the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). Kazakhstan was the only Soviet republic at the time until 16 December. On 21 December, every former Soviet republic joined the CIS except Georgia and the Baltic states. Ultimately, on 26 December, Gorbachev resigned, officially dissolved the Soviet Union. Boris Yeltsin became the president of Russia in the same day. The Soviet flag was taken down from the Kremlin and replaced by the Russian flag. Marking the end of the Cold War.
Ted Turner

**Ted Turner** (born November 19, 1938 in Cincinnati, Ohio) is an American businessman who is best known for being the founder of the television networks Turner Broadcasting Station (TBS) and Cable News Network (CNN).  These were the first cable TV networks. He is also famous for being the founder of professional wrestling company World Championship Wrestling (WCW), as well as the Captain Planet and the Planeteers.

## Career

He's made several war epics on the Civil War.  Ted Turner is known for saving MGM's film library, though that forced him to sell his company. At one point, Turner gave a billion dollars to the United Nations.

## Personal life

Ted Turner was once married to Jane Fonda. He was raised in Atlanta, Georgia and in Savannah, Georgia. Turner is the third largest private landowner in the United States a total of 1.75 million acres.

Turner has bipolar disorder.

Turner's biggest ranch is Vermejo Park Ranch in New Mexico. At , it is the largest privately owned, piece of owned land in the United States. Turner supports the Public forum debate of the National Forensic League.

In a television interview with Piers Morgan on May 3, 2012, Turner said he had four girlfriends. He then said that it was complicated but yet easier than being married.

One of Turner's children, Robert Edward "Teddy" Turner IV, announced on January 23, 2013, that he would run in the South Carolina Republican primary for the open Congressional seat. He lost the primary to former Governor Mark Sanford.

In September 2018, Turner announced that he was diagnosed with Lewy body dementia.

## Other websites

- Turner Foundation
- Turner on Oprah Master Class, aired January 29, 2012

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Ted Turner
- **image**: Ted Turner at the LBJ Foundation.jpg
- **caption**: Turner in 2015
- **birth name**: Robert Edward Turner III
- **birth place**: Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.
- **alma mater**: Brown University
- **occupation**: Entrepreneur, television producer, media proprietor, philanthropist
- **spouse**:

- **children**: 5
- **parents**: Robert Edward Turner II (father) Florence Turner (mother)
- **signature**: File:Ted signature.svg
Taco Bell

**Taco Bell** is a fast food restaurant that started in the United States in 1962.  There are restaurants now in certain parts of Canada, Asia, Europe, United Kingdom and Australia. It serves Mexican-style food. It was started by Glen Bell and is a division of Yum! Brands, Inc. Taco Bell's menu has items such as tacos, burritos, quesadillas,  enchiladas, chalupas, gordita, nachos and soft drinks.  There are 7,000 Taco Bells in the United States. Some Taco Bells are merged with KFCs. Taco Bell also introduced a new logo in 2016.

## Clothing line

In 2017, Forever 21 produced a clothing line in partnership with Taco Bell, featuring branded T-shirts and sweatshirts, as well as bodysuits made to look like Border Sauce packets.

In November 2019, Taco Bell announced _Taco Bell's Taco Shop_, an online store with Taco Bell branded merchandise including hoodies and tees, holiday ornaments, inflatable sauce packets, and wedding-related items.

## Other websites

- **Official Taco Bell website**
- **Taco Bell Menu**

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: Taco Bell
- **logo**: Taco Bell (13474225445).jpg
- **image**: Taco Bell, Taos NM.jpg
- **image caption**: A Taco Bell in Taos, New Mexico
- **company name**: Taco Bell
- **company type**: Subsidiary
- **foundation**: March 21, 1962 <small>(Downey, California)</small>
- **location**: Irvine, California, United States
- **key people**: Glen Bell <small>(founder)</small>
Greg Creed <small> (president/CEO)</small>
- **num employees**: 175,000+
- **industry**: Fast Food
- **products**: Tacos, burritos, quesadillas, enchiladas and other Tex-Mex cuisine-related fast food
- **revenue**: $1.8 billion United States dollar, USD <small>(2005)</small>
- **parent**: Yum! Brands
- **homepage**: [http://www.tacobell.com tacobell.com]
Żagań

**Żagań** is a town in the west part of Poland. 26,665 people lived there in 2004.  It is the main town of part of Poland called Żagań County.

It is now part of the in the Lubusz Voivodship (a Voivoidship is part of the way Poland is organised into areas), before it was in Zielona Gora Voivodship (1975-1998). There is a castle called Sagan in the middle of an area that is  also called Sagan. The castle belonged to Wallenstein, a soldier and politician of the Thirty Years' War. Later, the castle belonged to the Bohemian family of Lobkowitz.  In 1786, the Sagan area was bought by Peter Biron, duke of Courland. In 1843, it went to his daughter Dorothea, the wife of Edmond de Talleyrand.

An act of the king of Prussia on January 6, 1845 made her  Duchess of Sagan. Napoleon III did the same in France, for her son Louis.  The double title, both Prussian and French, meant that the duc de Sagan was a neutral party in the Second World War. His house (the Château de Valençay) was a safe place to keep pictures and other things from the Louvre when German soldiers were in France.

In the Second World War, the well-known war prison Stalag Luft III was there.

## Other websites

- The web page of the town.
- A map.
- Some pictures.
Palatine Hill

**Palatine Hill** (Latin: _Palatium_) also named the **Sun Hill** was the hill that Rome was built on. Rome later extended to include the seven hills:

- Palatine
- Aventine
- Capitoline
- Quirinal
- Viminal
- Esquiline
- Caelian

## Etymology

According to Livy (59 BC – 17) the Palatine hill got its name from the Arcadian settlement of Pallantium. The term palace itself stems from _Palatium_.
Chupacabra

**El Chupacabra** (or **El Chupacabras**) is a cryptid said to live in Puerto Rico, Mexico, Chile, Brazil, Anaheim California. Gilbert Arizona.   Texas to Florida, Michigan, Maine and even Oregon. Its name comes from the Spanish translation of "goat sucker", because of its habit of attacking and drinking the blood of livestock, including goats. The legend was started in 1987 when there was a huge, gruesome massacre of livestock all over. All the animals had two puncture wounds on their neck in which the blood had been drained.

The story of the Chupacabra has even made it into a German English textbook (Green Line 4, published by Ernst Klett Verlag) as an example for the kind of not always reliable and unverified information that may be found on the Internet.

## Related pages

- Bigfoot
Hydra (animal)

***Hydra*** are simple invertebrates, with two layers of body cells. They live in fresh water. Their body is radially symmetric. They have a central cavity through which they take in food and expel waste.

As Cnidaria, they have stinging cells on their tentacles. They are hydrozoa, and belong to the same order as other polyps. Most _Hydra_ are microscopic in size. Hydras can be found in almost any unpolluted body of water. Hydras reproduce by budding. In budding, the offspring forms as a lump on the parent and eventually becomes big enough to break off and live by itself. They can move if they need to by a kind of slow somersaulting motion.

Recent research has found they produce an anti microbial protein _hydramacin_, which protects their outer layer from bacterial infection. Hydra are _biologically immortal_: they do not die of old age. If cut they can regenerate half their body in 2 to 3 days.
Clownfish

The **clownfish** or **anemonefish** is a kind of fish. Clownfish habitat is usually a coral reef. Clownfish live in the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean, from northwest Australia to the coast of South East Asia as far north as Japan. Often, they live in  symbiosis with other animals, for instance, the sea anemone. They live in anemones which are like plants under the sea. Anemones eat fish by killing them with their poisonous tentacles. Scientists believe that clownfish are protected from the poison because they are coated in a type of mucus.

Some kinds of clownfish can grow up and reach 18 centimeters (7.1 inches). Sometimes clownfish only grow 10 centimeters (3.9 inches). They can be orange, yellow or they may look a little red.

Clownfish eat small invertebrates that are dangerous to the anemones. That helps the anemones and the clownfish. This is called mutualism.

Many people like having clownfish in their aquarium because they are some of the easiest salt water fish to keep and care for. They became particularly popular after the film _Finding Nemo_. There are 28 species of Clownfish. Clownfish are born male but when they grow older some develop into females.
Jurong

**Jurong** (裕廊) is a town in the western side of Singapore. It used to be a swamp until the 1960s, when Goh Keng Swee, a minister, together with the United Nations, cleared the swamps, making Jurong an industrial estate (a place where industries are built to make goods). Jurong is divided in Jurong East, where houses and shops are built and Jurong West, mainly an industrial estate. Jurong East is under the Jurong Group Representation Constituency or Jurong GRC, while Jurong West is under the West Coast Group Representation Constituency. Jurong is connected to Johor Bahru by the Second-Link at Tuas. Jurong has the Jurong Bird Park and Chinese Gardens.
Olsztyn

**Olsztyn** is a city in northeast Poland, on the Łyna river. Olsztyn is the biggest city and the capital of the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship.

## Geography

The town is near a lake region of forests and plains. There are 13 lakes in the town and many more surrounding it: (Krzywe, Długie, Żbik, Redykajny and others).

## Demographics

|Year|Population|
| --- | --- |
|1772|1,770|
|1846|4,000|
|1875|6,000|
|1885|11,555|
|1890|19,373|
|1895|25,000|
|1939|50,000|
|1941|54,300|
|1946|23,000|
|1950|45,000|
|1972|over 100,000|
|1994|165,000|
|2000|170,000|
|2005 (December 31)|174,950|

### Twin towns – Sister cities

Olsztyn is twinned with:

## Other websites

- Official website
- Olsztyn City Guide

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Olsztyn
- **motto**: Olsztyn – Miasto Młode Duchem…
(Olsztyn – a city young in spirit…)
- **image skyline**: Zamek, skrzydło zachodnie..jpg
- **image caption**: Olsztyn Castle
- **image flag**: POL Olsztyn flag.svg
- **image shield**: POL Olsztyn COA.svg
- **pushpin map**: Poland
- **pushpin label position**: bottom
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Poland
- **subdivision type1**: Voivodeships of Poland, Voivodeship
- **subdivision name1**: Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, Warmian-Masurian
- **subdivision type2**: Powiat, County
- **subdivision name2**: _city county_
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Piotr Grzymowicz
- **established title**: Established
- **established date**: 14th century
- **established title3**: Town rights
- **established date3**: 1353
- **elevation min m**: 88
- **elevation max m**: 154
- **area total km2**: 88.328
- **population as of**: 2011
- **population total**: 175420
- **population density km2**: auto
- **population metro**: 270000
- **timezone**: Central European Time, CET
- **utc offset**: +1
- **timezone dst**: Central European Summer Time, CEST
- **utc offset dst**: +2
- **postal code type**: Postal code
- **postal code**: 10-001 to 11–041
- **area code**: +48 89
- **website**: http://www.olsztyn.eu
- **blank name**: Polish car number plates, Car plates
- **blank info**: NO
Lee Iacocca

**Lido Anthony "Lee" Iacocca** ( ; October 15, 1924 – July 2, 2019) was an American automobile executive and writer. He was born in Allentown, Pennsylvania. Iacocca created the Ford Pinto in 1971 and the Ford Mustang in 1964. He was best known for his time as chairman of the Chrysler Corporation from 1979 until his retirement in 1992. From 1970 to 1978, he was President of the Ford Motor Company.

Iacocca studied at Lehigh University and at Princeton University.

Governor Robert P. Casey wanted to make Iacocca a United States Senator after John Heinz's death, but Iacocca declined. Iacocca was an Independent who supported the presidential bids of George W. Bush, John Kerry, Bill Richardson and Mitt Romney. He considered running for President in 1988, but declined.

_Portfolio_ named Iacocca the 18th-greatest American CEO of all time.

In 1984, he released his autobiography. In 2007, Iacocca released _Where Have All the Leaders Gone?_, a _New York Times_ bestseller.

Iacocca died on July 2, 2019 at his home in Bel Air, Los Angeles, California at the age of 94. The cause was problems from Parkinson's disease.

## Other websites

- Iacocca.com
- Iacocca Foundation
- Iacocca Says "Detroit Is Living in the Past", National Public Radio
Standard

A **standard** is a basis for comparison. Standards are made either by many people that agree on something, or if some organisation makes it so. There are many different standards in many fields of daily life. Standards are important so that correct comparisons can be produced.

Other standards make things work together. For example, rail cars with a standard gauge can run on tracks that follow the same standard. Communication protocols such as Morse code and USB are standards that allow different machines and people to communicate.

## Measurement

The International System of Units is a standard that is agreed on by most countries. In it there is metre (or meter). It measures length.  A rod (made from a special material) is in Paris. The length of the rod said, years ago, how long a meter is. When people wanted to measure something, they compared it to the length of the rod. For practical purposes, the length of the rod was divided by 10 (to get dezimeter), by 10 (to get centimeter), and so on.

The iridium rod as it is called is the original measure of meter. Now new ways of measuring the meter have been utilized such as the measuring the wavelength of radiation from a certain chemical element to determine an exact meter.

## Music

A **standard** in music is a song that remains very popular, and is performed and recorded by many different artists. Such songs include "Sentimental Journey" written by Les Brown and Ben Homer, "Yesterday" and "Something" by members of The Beatles. Many of Hank Williams's songs have become standards in country music.

## Related pages

- International standard
- Standard Model of Cosmology
- Standard temperature and pressure
- Standardization
Ginkgo

The ***ginkgo*** tree is a genus of trees. There is only one living species, _Ginkgo biloba_. All the other known species are fossils.  _Ginkgo biloba_ is native to China. It is the National tree of China.
Detergent

A **detergent** is a chemical that people use in washing things. Many people use washing powder, which is a type of detergent, when they need to clean their clothes. It is also used to clean glasses and other items. Detergent is mostly used in washing machines, to clean dirty clothes. People usually use liquid detergent to wash clothes, but powdered detergent is usable too.

## Method

Detergents clean clothes using a similar method to soap. For liquid detergents, the molecules in detergent are inserted in water beforehand (that's why its liquid) so it doesn't clog the washer like powdered detergent. The molecules in both powdered and liquid detergent have one side that attracts to dirt, grime, oil, and other undesirable things on clothes. The other side attracts to water. When detergent is thoroughly mixed in with clothes, it detaches the dirt and grime and makes it soluble in water.  The used detergent is then rinsed out, normally piped into a sewer or septic tank. The washer then usually spins, to increase the g-force inside and effectively squeeze out the water. Afterwards, the wet (but clean) clothes are loaded into a dryer or hung out to air dry. When powdered detergent is used, the detergent is placed in water and mixed in with clothes very quickly, so there may be powder still on clothes because the detergent didn't have time to mix in with the water.

## Related pages

- Soap

## Other websites

- The ultimate guide to washing powder  by Hudstone
1329

## Events

- February 18 – Amda Seyon I, Emperor of Ethiopia begins his campaigns in the southern Muslim provinces (possibly in 1332).
- Antipope Nicholas V is excommunicated (suspended from the Catholic Church) by Pope John XXII.
- Aimone of Savoy becomes Count of Savoy.
- The cathedral in Frombork, Poland begins construction.
- Amberg, Germany passes to the Wittelsbach family.
- Michael of Cesena is deposed as General of the Franciscans.
- Stefan Dusan defeats the Bosnian ban Stephen II Kotromanić.
- Wiesbaden is granted the right to be depicted on coins by Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor.
- David II becomes King of Scotland.

## Births

- Prince Lazar of Serbia (estimated date) (died 1008)
- Philip II of Taranto (died 1374)

## Deaths

- April 21 – Frederick IV, Duke of Lorraine (born 1282)
- June 7 – Robert the Bruce, King of Scotland (born 1274)
- Michael I of Imereti
- Qutugtu Khan, ruler of the Mongol Empire (born 1300)
- Oshin of Korikos, Armenian head of state (assassinated)
- Emperor Mingzong of Yuan China, and Grand Khan of the Mongol Empire (born 1320)
- Edward of Savoy
Klaus Voormann

**Klaus Voormann** (born April 29, 1938) is a German artist and musician. He was born and raised in Berlin. He was a friend of The Beatles.  He met them when they played in Hamburg, where he was going to art school.

Voormann designed the cover of their _Revolver_ album, and later did cover art for _The Beatles Anthology_ and some of George Harrison's solo records. He also played bass guitar with Manfred Mann, and on records by John Lennon, George Harrison and Ringo Starr, and their friend Harry Nilsson.

He also became a record producer, and produced the band Trio, whose biggest hit was "Da Da Da", which was used later in a Volkswagen television commercial.
Alan White

**Alan White** has been the name of several people, including:

- Alan White (Yes drummer) (1949-2022), drummer with the band Yes.
- Alan White (Oasis drummer), ex-drummer with the band Oasis.
Alan White (Yes drummer)

**Alan White** (14 June 1949 – 26 May 2022) was an English musician, known as the drummer from the band Yes. He also played on records by former Beatles John Lennon and George Harrison.

White was honored into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of Yes in 2017.

White died on 26 May 2022 at his home in Newcastle, Washington from a short-illness, aged 72.

## Discography

Solo:
- _Ramshackled_ (1976)

With White:
- _White_ (2006)

With Yes: _See infobox below_

With The Alan Price Set:
- _A Price on His Head_ (1967)
- _The Amazing Alan Price_ (EP), (1967)
- _This Price is Right_, (1968)

With John Lennon and The Plastic Ono Band:
- _John Lennon/Plastic Ono Band_, 1970
- _Live Peace in Toronto_, September 13th 1969
- _Imagine_, (John Lennon, 1971)
- _Fly_, (Yoko Ono, 1971)

Guest appearances/sessions:
- The Downbeats: "My Bonnie" (single)
- The Blue Chips: "I'm on the Right Side" (single)
- The Blue Chips: "Some Kind of Loving" (single)
- The Blue Chips: "Good Loving Never Hurts" (single)
- The Gamblers: "Dr Goldfoot (and His Bikini Machine)" (single)
- Happy Magazine: "Satisfied Street" (single)
- Happy Magazine: "Who Belongs to You" (single)
- Johnny Almond Music Machine: _Patent Pending_ (1969)
- Johnny Almond: "Solar Machine" (single) (1969)
- Doris Troy: _You Tore Me Up Inside_
- Billy Preston: _Encouraging Words_ (1969)
- George Harrison: _All Things Must Pass_ (2001)
- Gary Wright: _Extraction_ (1970)
- Denny Laine and Balls: "Fight for My Country" (single) (1971)
- Jesse Davis: _Jesse Davis_
- Sky: _Don't Hold Back_ (1971)
- Brian Short: _Anything for a Laugh_ (1971)
- Donovan: "The Music Makers" (1973)
- Chris Squire: _Chris Squire's Swiss Choir_ (2007; re-release of "Run with the Fox")

and work with Rick Wakeman, Steve Howe, Billy Sherwood, Esquire and The Syn

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Alan White
- **img**: Yes en Conferencia de Prensa 2010-11-30 (5252529544) (cropped).jpg
- **background**: non_vocal_instrumentalist
- **birth place**: Pelton, County Durham, Pelton, County Durham, England
- **death place**: Newcastle, Washington, United States, U.S.
- **instrument**: Drum kit, Drums, percussion instrument, percussion, piano
- **genre**: Progressive rock
- **occupation**: Musician
- **years active**: 1967–2022
- **label**: Atlantic Records
- **associated acts**: Yes (band), Yes, Circa:, The Syn, Plastic Ono Band
- **url**: [http://www.alanwhite.net www.alanwhite.net]
Stock market

A stock market is an institution where people and computers buy and sell shares of companies.

## Shares

Shares are small pieces of a company. Shares can be bought by humans, companies, and mutual funds. When buying shares in a company, the buyer owns a small part of that company.  The price of a share can be based on many different things. The main thing that affects the price is the balance between supply and demand. If many buyers want to buy a stock the price goes up. If there are more sellers than buyers, the price goes down.

## Stock brokers

Some buyers trade shares in stocks through a stockbroker. A stockbroker is a person who buys or sells stocks for their customers. A stockbroker can also help customers make choices in stocks. Their advice is based on public information about the companies.

## How the Share Market Works

The interplay of buyers and sellers drives the operation of the stock market. Orders to purchase or sell shares can be placed through brokers or internet trading platforms. These orders are matched on stock exchanges, where supply and demand dynamics determine the price. The stock market works on the supply and demand concept, with prices moving based on a variety of factors such as corporate performance, economic conditions, and investor mood.

## Stock markets in the world

There are dozens of stock markets (or "exchanges") in the world, including 18 of them in the U.S. (as of early 2025). Some of the better known stock exchanges are:
- NYSE (New York Stock Exchange) - USA
- NASDAQ - USA
- London Stock Exchange - UK
- Tokyo Stock Exchange - JP
- Toronto Stock Exchange - CA

## Cultural changes in the stock market

Trading stocks online has become more popular. Stocks can be traded online. There is a fee or commission each time a position is opened.

## References

The SEC's list of licensed exchanges can be found here: https://www.sec.gov/about/divisions-offices/division-trading-markets/national-securities-exchanges Note that some of these exchanges are not stock markets but trade other products, such as options.
Allen Ginsberg

**Irwin Allen Ginsberg** (June 3, 1926 – April 5, 1997) was an American poet and author. He was part of the Beat Generation movement of poets in the 1950s. He was a friend of writers Jack Kerouac and William S. Burroughs, and later made friends with musicians Bob Dylan, Donovan, John Lennon and Yoko Ono, and many other celebrities.

Ginsberg's most famous work was called _Howl._ It was a long poem about the social conditions of the United States in the 1950s. It began with the words "I saw the best minds of my generation destroyed by madness." It went on to describe the frustration felt by many Americans, young people and minorities in particular. There were problems in the country, such as prejudice and intolerance, that needed to be spoken about. Ginsberg published the poem, and also performed it at public poetry readings.

A few people did not like _Howl_, or the graphic language Ginsberg used. They tried to have _Howl_ banned, and they wanted Ginsberg to be prosecuted (given a court trial, then either fined or put in jail). Ginsberg went to trial, and the judge decided _Howl_ was an important work, and told the truth about America at the time. The judge rejected the ban and cleared Ginsberg, who could then continue to publish and perform the poem.

Ginsberg became involved in social causes through his work, and through the famous people he met. He grew up in the Jewish faith, but later became a Buddhist. He was a homosexual, and his longtime partner was another poet, Peter Orlovsky. He also had a long relationship with Neal Cassady, who appeared as "N.C., secret hero of these poems" in _Howl_.

## Death

Ginsberg died in 1997 of liver cancer.

## Related pages

- List of poets from the United States

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Allen Ginsberg
- **image**: Allen Ginsberg 1978.jpg
- **caption**: Allen Ginsberg in 1978
- **birth name**: Irwin Allen Ginsberg
- **birth place**: Newark, New Jersey, United States
- **death place**: New York City, New York (state), New York, United States
- **occupation**: poet, activist, essayist, NAMBLA activist
- **movement**: Beat Generation, Beat, New American Poets, Hippies, Postmodernism
Northwestern University

**Northwestern University** is a university in Evanston, Illinois, and Chicago, Illinois. It is very prestigious and selective. It has many people who learn and also people who teach.

The university is known most for providing a strong education in economics (the study of the economy), linguistics (the study of language), political science (the study of politics), and mathematics (the study of numbers). There is also a Medical school named Feinberg School of Medicine.

## Infobox (university)

- **name**: Northwestern University
- **image**: University Hall Northwestern.jpg
- **motto**: _Quaecumque sunt vera_ (Latin)
__-    Ho logos pleres charitos kai aletheias (Biblical Greek, Greek)
- **mottoeng**: Whatsoever things are true (Epistle to the Philippians, Philippians 4:8 Authorized Version, AV)
The word full of grace and truth (Gospel of John 1:14)
- **established**: 1851
- **type**: Private university, Private
- **endowment**: United States dollar, US $6.3 billion
- **president**: Morton O. Schapiro
- **provost**: Daniel I. Linzer
- **city**: Evanston, Illinois, Evanston and Chicago
- **state**: Illinois
- **country**: U.S.A.
- **campus**: Evanston main campus, Suburban, ;
Chicago campus, Urban area, Urban,
- **undergrad**: 8,425 (10–11)
- **postgrad**: 10,759 (10–11)
- **faculty**: approximately 3,108 full-time faculty
- **colors**: Purple
- **mascot**: Willie the Wildcat (Northwestern), Willie the Wildcat
- **athletics**: National Collegiate Athletic Association, NCAA Division I (NCAA), Division I, Big Ten Conference, Big Ten
Northwestern Wildcats, Wildcats
- **affiliations**: Association of American Universities, The Consortium on Financing Higher Education, COFHE
- **website**: [http://www.northwestern.edu northwestern.edu]
Door god

A **door god** is a painting pasted on a door. These were used by the Chinese as good luck. Door gods can be seen on temples - places of religion - and other buildings. There is a belief that door gods stop evil spirits from going into the building.

Door gods are often in pairs, one for each side of the door. The first door gods may have been made for a Chinese Emperor, more than 1300 years ago. They showed his two best soldiers.
Himno Istmeño

"**Himno Istmeño**" ("Ismithian Hymn") is the anthem of Panama. It was written by Santos Jorge.

## Lyrics

|Spanish original|English translation|
| --- | --- |
|<poem></poem>|<poem> At last we reached victory In the joyous field of the union; 𝄆 With ardent fires of glory A new nation shines bright. 𝄇 **I** It is necessary to cover with a veil The past time of Calvary and cross; Let now the blue skies be adorned with The splendid light of the concord. Progress caresses your path. To the rhythm of a sublime song, You see both your seas roar at your feet Giving you a path to your noble mission. **II** In your soil covered with flowers To the kisses of the warm terrestrial breeze, Warrior roars have ceased; Only fraternal love reigns. Ahead the shovel and pick, At work without any more dilation, and we will be as such at work and gala of this fruitful world of Columbus. </poem>|
Jack Neo

**Jack Neo** (born **Neo Chee Keong** on 24 January 1960) is a Singaporean movie director at MediaCorp, a Singapore media company. He directed _I Not Stupid_, _Money No Enough_, _Ah Boys to Men_ and _Ah Boys to Men 2_, all of which were very popular. Neo was once a comedian.

Neo received the Best Director Award at the Silver Screen Awards in 1998. He was also awarded with the Lifetime Achievement Award in the following year for his contributions to Singapore's media industry. In 2004, Neo became the first moviemaker in Singapore to be honoured with the Public Service Award. He also received the Cultural Medallion on 21 October 2005 together with musician Dick Lee.

In 2008, Neo and Mark Lee bought the Singapore master franchise rights for Old Town White Coffee.  It is a coffee retail store from Ipoh, Malaysia. Their first store at Big Splash opened on 30 March in 2008.

Neo married Irene Kng in 1988 and they have four children. It is his second marriage. He is a Christian and worships at City Harvest Church.

In March 2010, it was revealed Neo had an affair with model Wendy Chong.  Later it was reported that Neo tried to have relations with up to 11 women.

## Filmography

|Year|Title|Role|Notes|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1997|_12 Storeys_|Ah Gu|Actor|
|1998|_Money No Enough_|Chew Wah Keong|Writer, Actor|
|_Hitman in the City_||Writer, Director, Narrator||
|1999|_That One Not Enough_||Writer, Director|
|_Liang Popo: The Movie_|Liang Popo|Writer, Actor||
|2002|_I Not Stupid_|Mr Liu|Writer, Director, Actor|
|2003|_Homerun_|Mr Tan|Writer, Director|
|2004|_The Best Bet_||Writer, Director|
|2005|_I Do I Do_||Director|
|_One More Chance_|Reporter|Writer, Director||
|2006|_I Not Stupid Too_|Mr Yeo (Steven)|Writer, Director, Actor|
|2007|_Just Follow Law_|Doctor|Writer, Director, Narrator|
|2008|_Ah Long Pte Ltd_|Composer|Writer, Director, Actor|
|_Money No Enough 2_|Yang Baoqiang|Writer, Director, Actor||
|2009|_Love Matters_||Writer, Director|
|_Where Got Ghost?_|Yang Baoqiang|Director, Actor||
|2010|_Being Human_|Waiter|Director|
|2011|_Homecoming_|Karen Neo|Actor|
|_The Ghosts Must Be Crazy_||Executive Producer, Writer||
|2012|_We Not Naughty_||Writer, Director, Narrator|
|_Ah Boys to Men_||?||
|2013|_Ah Boys to Men 2_|TBC|Writer, Director|
|_Everyone's Business_|?|?||

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Jack Neo
- **honorific suffix**: Pingat Bakti Masyarakat, PBM
- **image**: Jack Neo January 2013 (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Neo in 2013
- **birth name**: Jack Neo Chee Keong
- **birth place**: Colony of Singapore
- **education**: Tanjong Katong Secondary School
- **nationality**: Singaporean
- **occupation**: Film director, Screenwriter, Film producer, Executive producer, Television presenter, Host, Actor
- **spouse**: Irene Kng
- **children**: 4
Jane Pierce

**Jane Means Appleton Pierce** (March 12, 1806 – December 2, 1863), wife of U.S. President Franklin Pierce, was First Lady of the United States from 1853 to 1857.

## Early life

Her father’s name was Jesse Appleton. When her father died, her mother moved with her to Amherst, New Hampshire.

## Marriage

How she met Pierce, a young lawyer with political ambitions, is unknown, but her brother-in-law Alpheus S. Packard was one of Pierce's instructors at Bowdoin. Franklin, almost 30, married Jane, 28, on November 19, 1834, at the bride's maternal grandparents' home in Amherst, New Hampshire. The Reverend Silas Aiken, Jane's brother-in-law, conducted the small ceremony. The couple honeymooned six days at the boardinghouse of Sophia Southurt near Washington, D.C..

Franklin Pierce was a member of the U.S. House of Representatives by the time they married and became a U.S. Senator in 1837.  Jane hated life in Washington, D.C., and encouraged her husband to resign his Senate seat and return to New Hampshire, which he did in 1842. Service in the Mexican-American War brought him the rank of Brigadier General and local fame as a hero. He returned home safely, and for four more years the Pierces lived quietly at Concord, New Hampshire, in the happiest period of their lives, where they watched their son Benjamin "Benny" grow up.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **image**: JanePierceSeated.jpg
- **birth name**: Jane Means Appleton
- **birth place**: Hampton, Rockingham County, New Hampshire, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Andover, Essex County, Massachusetts, United States, U.S.
- **order**: First Lady of the United States
- **term label**: In role
- **term start**: March 4, 1853
- **term end**: March 4, 1857
- **president**: Franklin Pierce
- **predecessor**: Abigail Fillmore
- **successor**: Harriet Lane
- **spouse**: Franklin Pierce
- **children**: Franklin Pierce, Jr.
 Franklin "Frank" Robert Pierce
 Benjamin Pierce
- **signature**: Jane Pierce Signature.svg
Caroline Harrison

**Caroline Lavinia Scott Harrison** (October 1, 1832 - October 25, 1892) was the wife of Benjamin Harrison. She was the First Lady of the United States from 1889 until her death in 1892.

Her birthplace was Oxford, Ohio. Her parents were Mary Potts Neal and Dr. John W. Scott. She met the young Ben when he was a student at Miami University. They married on October 20, 1853. They had three children. Their first child was Russell Benjamin (1854-1936). Their second child was Mary Scott (1856-1930). Their third child was a daughter, born in 1861. In the same year, their third child died.

When her husband became the President of the United States in 1889, they both moved to the White House. Caroline gave stylish parties. She became sick with tuberculosis. She could not participate in social functions after that. She died of tuberculosis on October 25, 1892.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Caroline Lavinia Scott Harrison
- **image**: Caroline Harrison.jpg
- **image size**: 230px
- **office1**: First Lady of the United States
- **president1**: Benjamin Harrison
- **term start1**: March 4, 1889
- **term end1**: October 25, 1892
- **term label1**: In role
- **predecessor1**: Frances Folsom Cleveland Preston, Frances Cleveland
- **successor1**: Mary Harrison McKee, Mary McKee
- **office2**: President General, National Society Daughters of the American Revolution
- **term start2**: 1890
- **term end2**: 1892
- **predecessor2**: Office Established
- **successor2**: Mary Virginia Ellet Cabell (Vice President Presiding)
- **birth place**: Oxford, Ohio, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Washington, D.C., United States, U.S.
- **occupation**: First Lady of the United States
Helen Herron Taft

**Helen Louise Herron "Nellie" Taft** (June 2, 1861 – May 22, 1943) was the wife of William Howard Taft and First Lady of the United States from 1909 to 1913.

## Early life

Her parents were Harriet Collins and John W. Herron. She was their fourth child. She spent her childhood in Cincinnati, Ohio.

## Marriage

When Herron was 18 years old, she met William Howard Taft. They were married in 1886. William Howard Taft and Helen Herron Taft had three children:
- Robert A. Taft (1889-1953), United States Senator from Ohio
- Helen Taft Manning (1891-1987), Professor at Bryn Mawr College
- Charles Phelps Taft II (1897-1983), mayor of Cincinnati, Ohio.

## First Lady

She was a part of her husband’s rise in administration and politics. When her husband became the president, she gave special attention to the social life at the White House. When she suffered from a stroke, her daughter Helen Taft Manning left college for a year to look after the social life at the White House.

During their stay at the White House, the couple celebrated their silver wedding anniversary in 1911. People celebrate a silver anniversary after 25 years of any occasion. She had also written a book named  _Recollections of Full Years_. The book tells about her work and life. Her husband died in 1930. She continued to live in Washington D.C. after the death of her husband. She died on May 22, 1943.

## Other websites

- Helen Herron Taft  White House biography
- Helen Taft at Find-A-Grave

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Nellie Taft
- **image**: Helen Herron Taft cph.3a02670.jpg
- **office**: First Lady of the United States
- **president**: William Howard Taft, William Taft
- **term start**: March 4, 1909
- **term end**: March 4, 1913
- **term label**: In role
- **predecessor**: Edith Roosevelt
- **successor**: Ellen Axson Wilson, Ellen Wilson
- **birth name**: Helen Louise Herron
- **birth place**: Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.
- **death place**: Washington, D.C., U.S.
- **restingplace**: Arlington National Cemetery
- **children**: Robert A. Taft, Robert
Helen Taft Manning, Helen
Charles Phelps Taft II, Charles
- **education**: University of Cincinnati
- **signature**: Helen Taft Signature.svg
Mary McElroy

**Mary Arthur McElroy** (July 5, 1841 – January 8, 1917) was the sister of the 21st President of the United States, Chester A. Arthur, and served as a hostess for his administration (1881–1885). She assumed the role because Arthur's wife, Ellen Lewis Herndon Arthur, had died only a year and a half earlier.

## Early life

She was born in Greenwich, New York. Her parents were William and Malvina S. Arthur. Her parents had nine children, Mary being the last. In 1880, her brother Chester Arthur, became the Vice President of the United States. In July 1881, after the assassination of the President, James Garfield, Chester A. Arthur became the president of the United States and he requested his sister to become "First Lady" during his term in office.

## First Lady

In November 1880, McElroy's brother Chester Arthur was elected vice president. In July 1881, President James Garfield was fatally wounded and died on September 19, 1881. Arthur succeeded him, and asked McElroy to care for his young daughter Ellen and act as "Mistress of the White House." Because she had her own family in Albany, McElroy lived in Washington, D.C. only during the busy winter social season. Although Arthur never officially granted her the protocol of a formal position, she proved to be a popular and competent hostess. The procedures she and her brother developed for the social functions were used by future First Ladies for decades.

McElroy presided over a number of events and honored former First Ladies Julia Gardiner Tyler and Harriet Lane, James Buchanan's niece and social hostess, by asking them to help her receive guests at the White House. McElroy's oldest daughter May and Arthur's daughter Nell often assisted. Her final reception took place on February 28, 1885, one week before the end of the Arthur administration: 3,000 people attended (including Adolphus Greely) and 48 daughters of officials and of the social elite assisted her.

## Personal life

When her brother retired as the President, Mary went to live in Albany, New York.

## Death

She died on January 8, 1917 at the age of 75 in Albany, New York.

## Other websites

- Mary McElroy

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Mary Arthur McElroy
- **image**: Arthur mcelroy mary.jpg
- **birth place**: Greenwich, New York, U.S.
- **birth name**: Mary Arthur
- **death place**: Albany, New York, U.S.
- **order**: Acting First Lady of the United States
- **president**: Chester A. Arthur
- **term start**: September 19, 1881
- **term end**: March 4, 1885
- **term label**: In role
- **predecessor**: Lucretia Garfield
- **successor**: Rose Cleveland
- **spouse**: John McElroy
- **signature**: Presidents Mary A McElroy signature.png
Frances Folsom Cleveland

**Frances Clara Folsom Cleveland** (July 21, 1864 – October 29, 1947) was the first lady of the United States from 1886 to 1889 and again from 1893 until 1897, as the wife of President Grover Cleveland. She was the first woman to serve two non-consecutive terms as first lady.

### Early life

She was born in Buffalo, New York. Her parents were Emma C. Harmon and Oscar Folsom. Her father later became a law partner of Grover Cleveland. All of her ancestors were from England. Cleveland was a family friend to Oscar's family. After Oscar’s death, Cleveland looked after the family. He arranged for education of Frances Folsom. She studied at Wells College. Cleveland and Frances Folsom sent letters to each other.

### Marriage and family

In 1885, Frances Folsom and her mother came to White House to meet Cleveland. Cleveland and Frances Folsom became close to each other, despite being around 27 years younger than Cleveland. On 2 June 1886, they married. This was the first and only couple to wed in the White House. When Frances Folsom became Mrs. Cleveland, she took the role of the First Lady. She gave two receptions every week. She became very popular.

### Personal life

In 1888, Cleveland lost the election. The couple lived in New York City. There their first child Ruth was born. In 1893 Cleveland again became the president. Frances Folsom again became active as the First Lady. In 1893, she gave birth to a second child, Esther. In 1895, she bore a third child, named Marion. By the time Cleveland had retired, Frances Folsom had become a very popular First Lady.

The couple retired to live in Princeton, New Jersey. During this time, they had two sons. She was by her husband’s side when he died in 1908. In 1913, Frances remarried. Her second husband was Thomas J. Preston, Jr., a professor of archeology.

### Death

Frances Folsom lived until the age of 83, and had become well known in the Princeton University community.
She died at age 83 in New Jersey.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **image**: Frances Folsom Cleveland 2 cropped.jpg
- **caption**: Cleveland c.1886
- **office**: First Lady of the United States
- **president**: Grover Cleveland
- **term start**: March 4, 1893
- **term end**: March 4, 1897
- **term label**: In role
- **predecessor**: Mary Harrison McKee (acting)
- **successor**: Ida Saxton McKinley
- **president1**: Grover Cleveland
- **term start1**: June 2, 1886
- **term end1**: March 4, 1889
- **term label1**: In role
- **predecessor1**: Rose Cleveland (acting)
- **successor1**: Caroline Harrison
- **birth name**: Frances Clara Folsom
- **birth place**: Buffalo, New York, U.S.
- **death place**: Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.
- **restingplace**: Princeton Cemetery
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
- **education**: Wells College (Bachelor of Arts, BA)
- **signature**: Frances Cleveland Signature.svg
- **alt**: A portrait of Frances Cleveland
Lucretia Garfield

**Lucretia Rudolph-Garfield** (April 19, 1832 – March 14, 1918), wife of James A. Garfield, was First Lady of the United States in 1881.

## Early life

She was born in Garrettsville, Ohio. Her father was Zeb Rudolph, a farmer and co-founder of the Eclectic Institute at Hiram, and her mother was Arabella Mason-Rudolph. Lucretia "Crete" Rudolph was a devout member of the Churches of Christ. She was of German, Welsh, English and Irish ancestry. Lucretia Garfield's paternal great-grandfather immigrated to Pennsylvania (in a part that is now Delaware) from Württemberg, Germany.

## Marriage and family

She first met James A. Garfield while both were attending a school. They renewed their friendship in 1851 as students of the Western Reserve Eclectic Institute. They got married on November 11, 1858.

## The First Lady

In 1881, Garfield became the President of the United States. The family moved into the White House. Even at the age of 49, she was slim and looked lovely. She was not very much interested in her role as the First Lady. But, she was a charming lady and hosted parties at the White House. In May 1881, she fell ill and was suffering from malaria. She was resting at Long Branch, New Jersey, and was yet to become fit. At that time, she heard the news that someone had shot President Garfield, her husband.  She rushed to Washington by train. On its way, the train met with an accident. She did not suffer any injury. When she reached Washington, she remained by the side of her husband. He could not remain alive and died after about three months.

## Personal life

After his death, she left for Ohio. There she lived for 36 years, and spent her time arranging and caring for the records of her husband’s career. A part of her home became a presidential library of her husband’s papers.

## Death

She died at her home in South Pasadena, California on March 13, 1918. Her casket was placed above ground beside the coffin of her husband in the lower level crypt of the presidential tomb at Lake View Cemetery in Cleveland, Ohio.

## Other websites

- Find a Grave
- Lucretia Garfield White House biography

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Lucretia Garfield
- **image**: Lucretia Garfield - Brady-Handy.jpg
- **birth place**: Garrettsville, Ohio, U.S.
- **death place**: Pasadena, California, Pasadena, California, U.S.
- **order**: First Lady of the United States
- **president**: James A. Garfield
- **term start**: March 4, 1881
- **term end**: September 19, 1881
- **term label**: In role
- **predecessor**: Lucy Webb Hayes
- **successor**: Mary McElroy
- **spouse**: James Garfield
- **children**: Harry Augustus Garfield
James Rudolph Garfield
Mary Garfield Stanley Brown
Irvin McDowell Garfield
Abram Garfield
- **signature**: Lucretia Garfield Signature.svg
- **alma mater**: Hiram College
Biotechnology

**Biotechnology** is a technology that involves the use of living organisms. Biotechnology is mainly used in agriculture, food science, and medicine. In biotechnology, living organisms are used to make useful chemicals and products or to perform an industrial task.

## Examples

An example of biotechnology is the use of the fermentation reaction in yeast to make beer and other alcoholic drinks. Another example is the use of carbon dioxide produced by yeast to make bread rise.

## Usage

Biotechnology is often used to refer to genetic engineering technology of the 21st century.  The term is used for many ways of modifying biological organisms for the needs of humanity. It started with modifications of native plants into improved food crops through artificial selection and hybridization. Bioengineering is the science upon which all biotechnological applications are based. With the development of new approaches and modern techniques, traditional biotechnology industries are also acquiring new horizons enabling them to improve the quality of their products and increase the productivity of their systems.

Biotechnology has also made cloning (the process duplicating organisms) possible. A lot of people think that this is morally wrong while others think it could solve many diseases.

Biotechnology can be used to solve a great number of problems, ranging from product efficiency to reducing global warming.

## Related pages

- Bioinformatics
- Genetic engineering
- Genetically modified food
- Nanotechnology