juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Physical constant

In science, a **physical constant** is a number (physical quantity) that does not change. This is different from a mathematical constant, which is not based on a real measurement.

There are many physical constants in science. Some famous ones are the speed of light, Planck's constant, the gravitational constant, and Avogadro's number.

Some scientists think that physical constants may decrease as the universe gets older. There has been no evidence to support this yet.

Constants that do not have units (like length or speed) are called fundamental physical constants.

Some believe that if the physical constants were different, there would be no life in the universe. They say that the universe seems to be fine-tuned for intelligent life.

## Table of physical constants

|Quantity|Symbol|Value|Relative Standard Uncertainty|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|speed of light||299 792 458 m·s<sup>−1</sup>|defined|
|constant of gravity||6.67428(67) × 10<sup>−11</sup>m³·kg<sup>−1</sup>·s<sup>−2</sup>|1.0 × 10<sup>−4</sup>|
|Planck's constant||6.626 068 96(33) × 10<sup>−34</sup> J·s|5.0 × 10<sup>−8</sup>|
|smallest electrical charge||1.602 176 487(40) × 10<sup>−19</sup> C|2.5 × 10<sup>−8</sup>|
|electron mass||9.109 382 15(45) × 10<sup>−31</sup> kg|5.0 × 10<sup>−8</sup>|

## Related pages

- physical law
Cookstown

**Cookstown** is a small town in Northern Ireland which is in the United Kingdom. 10646 people live in the town. The main street in Cookstown is the longest and widest in Ireland.

## Population facts

On 29 April 2001 the United Kingdom government had a census and found out that there were 10,646 people living in Cookstown. They also found that:
- 26.0% of the people were less than 16 years old and 15.6% were over 60 years old
- 49.7% of the people were males and 50.3% were females
- 52.8% were from a Roman Catholic background and 45.1% were from a Protestant background
- 3.9% of people aged from 16 to 74 had no job.

## Infobox (uk place)

- **official name**: Cookstown
- **irish name**: An Chorr Chríochach
- **scots name**: Cookestoun or Cookstoon
- **label position**: left
- **static image width**: 120px
- **static image alt**: Coat of arms with a silver knight's helmet crowned by flames from which arises a firebird. Below the helmet, a shield bears two red right gloves beside a simple castle, above icons of twin bundles of flowers and a gear. A banner with the word FORWARD unfurls below the shield. Leaflike decoration extends from the helmet, as a surround.
- **map type**: Northern Ireland
- **belfast distance**: 45 miles
- **unitary northern ireland**: Cookstown District Council, Cookstown
- **population**: 10,646
- **population ref**: <small>(United Kingdom Census 2001, 2001 Census)</small>
- **irish grid reference**: H8178
- **country**: Northern Ireland
- **post town**: COOKSTOWN
- **postcode area**: BT
- **postcode district**: BT80
- **dial code**: 028
- **constituency westminster**: Mid Ulster (UK Parliament constituency), Mid Ulster
- **constituency ni assembly**: Mid Ulster (Assembly constituency), Mid Ulster
- **lieutenancy northern ireland**: County Tyrone
- **website**: http://www.cookstown.gov.uk
Dungannon

**Dungannon** is a town in County Tyrone, Northern Ireland, in the United Kingdom.

## Population facts

On 29 April 2001 the United Kingdom government had a census and found that were 11,139 people living in Dungannon. Of these:
- 24.0% were under 16 years old and 17.8% were over 60 years old
- 47.4% of the people were male and 52.7% were female
- 57.6% were from a Roman Catholic background and 40.3% were from a Protestant background
- 3.7% of people aged 16-74 had no job.

## Infobox (uk place)

- **official name**: Dungannon
- **irish name**: Dún Geanainn
- **scots name**: Rathgannon
- **static image name**: Dungannon from SE 258959.jpg
- **static image caption**: <small>The south east of the town (Killyman Road, looking towards the town centre). St Patrick's Roman Catholic Chapel in the background.</small>
- **map type**: Ireland
- **unitary northern ireland**: Dungannon and South Tyrone Borough Council, Dungannon
- **population**: 15,889
- **population ref**: <small>(United Kingdom Census 2011, 2011 Census)</small>
- **irish grid reference**: H7962
- **country**: Northern Ireland
- **post town**: DUNGANNON
- **postcode area**: BT
- **postcode district**: BT70
BT71
- **dial code**: 028
- **constituency westminster**: Fermanagh and South Tyrone (UK Parliament constituency), Fermanagh and South Tyrone
- **constituency ni assembly**: Fermanagh and South Tyrone (Assembly constituency), Fermanagh and South Tyrone
- **lieutenancy northern ireland**: County Tyrone
- **website**: [http://www.dungannon.gov.uk]
Coagh

**Coagh** is a village in Northern Ireland, in the United Kingdom.

## Population facts

On 29 April 2001 the United Kingdom government had a census and found that there were 545 people living in Coagh. They also found that:
- 20.9% of people in Coagh were under 16 years old and 20.4% were over 60 years old
- 48.3% were male and 51.7% were female
- 26.4% were from a Roman Catholic background and 72.8% were from a Protestant background
- 2.3% of people aged 16–74 had no job.

## Infobox (uk place)

- **official name**: Coagh
- **irish name**: an Cuach
- **static image**: Tamlaght, Coagh.jpg
- **static image caption**: <small>Looking towards the village, from the County Londonderry side.</small>
- **map type**: Northern Ireland
- **belfast distance**: 45 miles
- **unitary northern ireland**: Cookstown District Council, Cookstown
- **population**: 545
- **population ref**: <small>(United Kingdom Census 2001, 2001 Census)</small>
- **irish grid reference**: H8978
- **country**: Northern Ireland
- **post town**: COOKSTOWN
MAGHERAFELT
- **postcode area**: BT
- **postcode district**: BT80
BT45
- **dial code**: 028
- **constituency westminster**: Mid Ulster (UK Parliament constituency), Mid Ulster
- **constituency ni assembly**: Mid Ulster (Assembly constituency), Mid Ulster
- **lieutenancy northern ireland**: County Tyrone
County Londonderry
- **hide services**: yes
Stewartstown

**Stewartstown** is a village in Northern Ireland, in the United Kingdom. It is 5 miles from Cookstown and 7 miles from Dungannon.

## Population facts

On 29 April 2001 the United Kingdom government had a census and found that there were 608 people living in Stewartstown. They also found that:
- 25.3% of people in Stewartstown were over 16 years old and 14.8% were over 60 years old
- 46.7% were male and 53.3% were female
- 72.9% were from a Roman Catholic background and 26.2% were from a Protestant background
- 5.1% of people aged 16–74 were no job

## Infobox (uk place)

- **official name**: Stewartstown
- **irish name**: An Chraobh
- **static image**: Stewartstown.jpg
- **static image caption**: <small>Looking north towards the main street.</small>
- **map type**: Northern Ireland
- **unitary northern ireland**: Cookstown District Council, Cookstown
- **population**: 608
- **population ref**: <small>(United Kingdom Census 2001, 2001 Census)</small>
- **irish grid reference**: H8570
- **country**: Northern Ireland
- **post town**: DUNGANNON
- **postcode area**: BT
- **postcode district**: BT71
- **dial code**: 028
- **constituency westminster**: Mid Ulster (UK Parliament constituency), Mid Ulster
- **constituency ni assembly**: Mid Ulster (Assembly constituency), Mid Ulster
- **lieutenancy northern ireland**: County Tyrone, Tyrone
Ballymena

**Ballymena** is a town in Northern Ireland, in the United Kingdom. The actor Liam Neeson and the politician and church minister Ian Paisley used to live in the town.

## Population facts

On 29 April 2001 the United Kingdom government had a census and found that there were 28,717 people living in Ballymena. They also found that:
- 21.6% of people living in Ballymena were over 16 years old and 19.6% were over 60 years old
- 47.5% were male and 52.5% were female
- 24.2% were from a Roman Catholic background and 72.2% were from a Protestant background.
- 3.9% of people aged from 16 to 74 had no job.

## Infobox (uk place)

- **official name**: Ballymena
- **irish name**: an Baile Meánach
- **scots name**: Bellamaina, Bellamena
-or- Seiven Tours
- **static image name**: Ballymena town hall.jpg
- **static image caption**: Ballymena town hall
- **map type**: Northern Ireland
- **belfast distance**: Boxing the compass, SE
- **population**: 28,717
- **population ref**: <small>(United Kingdom Census 2001, 2001 Census)</small>
- **irish grid reference**: D1003
- **unitary northern ireland**: Ballymena (borough), Ballymena
- **country**: Northern Ireland
- **post town**: BALLYMENA
- **postcode area**: BT
- **postcode district**: BT42
BT43
BT44
- **dial code**: 028
- **constituency westminster**: North Antrim (UK Parliament constituency), North Antrim
- **constituency ni assembly**: North Antrim (Assembly constituency), North Antrim
- **lieutenancy northern ireland**: County Antrim
- **website**: http://www.ballymena.gov.uk
Society of St. John the Evangelist

The **Society of St. John the Evangelist** is an Anglican order. The monks make a vow: They say they want to live in poverty and that they will not marry anyone. The order was founded by Father Richard Meux Benson, an Anglican priest in 1866. Because they were founded in Cowley, near Oxford in England they are also known as the **Cowley fathers**.

It has two branches, the original one in England, and one in the United States. The house in the United States was founded around the year 1874. The American branch of the society has 2 houses for their monks. Today, there are monasteries in Scotland, India, South Africa, Japan, and Canada.

The monks live under The Rule of the Society of Saint John the Evangelist. The monks spend a lot of time in prayer and they also go on missions. They are one of the first monasteries founded after the Protestant Reformation.

## The Fellowship of Saint John

The fellowship of the Society of St.John the Evangelist is a group of people who want to live there lives in close a relation with the monks at the society. They give money to the society and pray for the monks there. They make a rule of life that is similar to The Rule of the Society of St.John the Evangelist. There are about 1,000 men and woman who are apart of the fellowship. One of the most famous members is Frank Griswold.
Magherafelt

**Magherafelt** is a small town in Northern Ireland, in the United Kingdom.

## Population facts

On 29 April 2001 the United Kingdom government had a census and found that there were 8,372 people living in Magherafelt. They also found that:
- 27.1% of people living in Magherafelt were less than 16 years old and 13.7% were over 60 years old
- 48.7% were male and 51.3% were female
- 56.2% were from a Roman Catholic background and 41.8% were from a Protestant background

## Other websites

ro:Magherafelt

## Infobox (uk place)

- **official name**: Magherafelt
- **irish name**: Machaire Fíolta
- **scots name**: Macherafelt
- **static image name**: Magherafelt Presbyterian Church - geograph.org.uk - 2394776.jpg
- **static image caption**: <small>Magherafelt Presbyterian Church</small>
- **map type**: Northern Ireland
- **label position**: none
- **belfast distance mi**: 35
- **unitary northern ireland**: Magherafelt District Council, Magherafelt
- **population**: 8,372
- **population ref**: (United Kingdom Census 2001, 2001 Census)
- **country**: Northern Ireland
- **post town**: MAGHERAFELT
- **postcode area**: BT
- **postcode district**: BT45
- **dial code**: 028
- **constituency westminster**: Mid Ulster (UK Parliament constituency), Mid Ulster
- **constituency ni assembly**: Mid Ulster (Assembly constituency), Mid Ulster
- **lieutenancy northern ireland**: County Londonderry
Leyton Orient F.C.

**Leyton Orient F.C.** are an English football club.  They started in 1881 and are based in Leyton, London.  Their nickname is "The O's" and they play their home games at a stadium called Brisbane Road.

## Name

- 1881-1946 **Clapton Orient F.C.**
- 1946-1966 **Leyton Orient F.C.**
- 1966-1987 **Orient F.C.**
- 1987-present **Leyton Orient F.C.**

## League position

|Season|League|Position|
| --- | --- | --- |
|2000/01|Third Division|5th|
|2001/02|Third Division|18th|
|2002/03|Third Division|18th|
|2003/04|Third Division|19th|
|2004/05|League Two|11th|
|2005/06|League Two|3rd|
|2006/07|League One|20th|
|2007/08|League One|14th|
|2008/09|League One|14th|

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Leyton Orient F.C.
- **fullname**: Leyton Orient Football Club
- **founded**: 1881
- **ground**: Brisbane Road, Leyton
- **capacity**: 9,271
- **chairman**: Barry Hearn
- **manager**: Geraint Williams
- **league**: Football League One, League One
- **season**: The Football League 2008–09, 2008/09
- **position**: Football League One, League One, 14th
Northampton Town F.C.

**Northampton Town F.C.** is an English football club.  They started in 1897 and are based in Northampton in the county of Northamptonshire.  They play their home games at a stadium called Sixfields Stadium and are nicknamed "The Cobblers".

## League position

|Season|League|Position|
| --- | --- | --- |
|2000/01|Second Division|18th|
|2001/02|Second Division|20th|
|2002/03|Second Division|24th|
|2003/04|Third Division|6th|
|2004/05|League Two|7th|
|2005/06|League Two|2nd|
|2006/07|League One|14th|
|2007/08|League One|9th|
|2008/09|League One|21st|

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Northampton Town F.C.
- **fullname**: Northampton Town Football Club
- **founded**: 1897
- **ground**: Sixfields Stadium
Northampton
- **capacity**: 7,653
- **chairman**: David Cardoza
- **manager**: Stuart Gray
- **league**: Football League Two, League Two
- **season**: The Football League 2008–09, 2008/09
- **position**: Football League One, League One, 21st
Counties of Northern Ireland

There are six counties which make up Northern Ireland. They are County Antrim, County Armagh, County Down, County Fermanagh, County Londonderry and County Tyrone. The six counties in Northern Ireland and the 26 counties in the Republic of Ireland make up the 32 counties of the island of Ireland.

|County|Irish name|County town|
| --- | --- | --- |
|**County Antrim**|_Contae Aontroma_|Antrim|
|**County Armagh**|_Contae Ard Mhacha_|Armagh|
|**County Down**|_Contae An Dúin _|Downpatrick|
|**County Fermanagh**|_Contae Fhear Manach_|Enniskillen|
|**County Londonderry**|_Contae Dhoire_|Derry|
|**County Tyrone**|_Contae Tír Eoghain_|Omagh|
Nottingham Forest F.C.

**Nottingham Forest F.C.** is an English football club.  They are based in Nottingham in the county of Nottinghamshire and started in 1865.  They play their home matches at a stadium called 'City Ground'.  Brian Clough was one of their managers and when he was in charge, Nottingham Forest won two European Cups and four League Cups. Since then they have dropped down to the 3rd division and back up to the Premier League, they have had managers like Gary Megson, Joe Kinnear, David Platt and Frank Clark. Their current manager is Nuno Espírito Santo and their owner is Evangelos Marinakis.

## League position

|Season|League|Position|
| --- | --- | --- |
|2000/01|First Division|11th|
|2001/02|First Division|16th|
|2002/03|First Division|6th|
|2003/04|First Division|14th|
|2004/05|League Championship|23rd|
|2005/06|League One|7th|
|2006/07|League One|4th|
|2007/08|League One|2nd|
|2008/09|League Championship|19th|

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Nottingham Forest F.C.
- **fullname**: Nottingham Forest Football Club
- **founded**: 1865
- **ground**: City Ground
- **capacity**: 30,602
- **chairman**: Evangelos Marinakis
- **league**: Premier League
- **season**: Premier League 2024-25, 2024/25
- **position**: Premier League, 7th
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Brian Clough

**Brian Howard Clough**  ( ; 21 March 1935 – 20 September 2004) was an English footballer turned manager. During his career he was in charge of Hartlepool United, Derby County F.C., Brighton & Hove Albion, Leeds United and most notably Nottingham Forest F.C.  He won a lot of trophies, including the European Cup with Nottingham Forest F.C. in 1979 and 1980.

Clough was an alcoholic. He had a liver transplant in 2003. He died of stomach cancer.

## International career statistics

|-
|1959||2||0
|-
!Total||2||0
|}
Irish national grid reference system

The **Irish national grid reference system** is the system of grid references used in Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. It overlaps the British national grid reference system. In the grid references, Ireland is divided into 20 squares, of 100 kilometres length and 100 kilometres width. Each grid square is given a letter as its name.

## References

- Ordnance Survey Ireland - History and overview of the system
Post town

In the United Kingdom, a **post town** is the town that you must write on a letter if you want it to go to that area. There are around 1500 post towns in the United Kingdom.
Hudson Motor Car Company

The **Hudson Motor Car Company** was an American automobile manufacturer, founded in Detroit, Michigan in 1909. They were well known for producing low-priced cars of good quality. They also pioneered safety features in their cars, like dashboard warning lights for oil pressure and generator power. Hudson's production peak was in 1929, with 300,000 cars built in their factories in America, Belgium and England.

In 1954, Hudson merged with the Nash-Kelvinator Company, to form American Motors Corporation. American Motors (also known as AMC) became famous for their line of Jeep vehicles (a civilian version of military Jeeps), and later Ramblers, Gremlins, and Pacer cars. AMC was finally bought out by the Chrysler Corporation, which still makes Jeep brand vehicles.

## In popular culture

Jack Kerouac's novel _On the Road_ describes road trips made by Kerouac and his friend Neal Cassady, driving a 1949 Hudson automobile. (Cassady ruined his car, driving cross-country at speeds over 100 miles per hour, without giving the car the maintenance it needed.)

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: Hudson Motor Car Company
- **fate**: Merged with Nash-Kelvinator
- **successor**: American Motors, American Motors Corporation (AMC)
- **location**: Detroit, Michigan, United States
- **industry**: Automobile
- **products**: Vehicles
Northern Ireland Fire and Rescue Service

The **Northern Ireland Fire and Rescue Service** **(NIFRS)** is the fire service for Northern Ireland, United Kingdom. 2000 people work for the NIFRS. There are 67 fire stations in Northern Ireland. Sometimes bad people throw stones at the firemen. Some firemen were killed in the Troubles.
BT

**BT** is an abbreviation and can stand for:
- Bhutan, a country in South Asia by ISO code
- The BT postcode area of Belfast in Northern Ireland
- BT Group, now known as British Telecom
- B.T., a Danish newspaper
Northern Ireland Ambulance Service

The **Northern Ireland Ambulance Service (NIAS)** is the ambulance service for Northern Ireland, United Kingdom. It was created on 1 April 1995. Around 1000 people work for the NIAS.

## Related pages

- Emergency medical services in the United Kingdom
Września

**Września** is a small town in Greater Poland Voivodeship in Poland. 30,000 people live in Września and the mayor is Tomasz Kałużny.
Police Service of Northern Ireland

The **Police Service of Northern Ireland** (**PSNI**) () is the police service that covers Northern Ireland. It was started on 4 November 2001. The old police service for Northern Ireland was the Royal Ulster Constabulary. The service is based in Cherryvalley, east Belfast. The current Chief Constable is Simon Byrne. The old Chief Constables were Sir Hugh Orde OBE,Sir Ronnie Flanagan OBE and Colin Cramphorn.

## Support for the police

All the big political parties in Northern Ireland support the PSNI. Earlier, the political party Sinn Féin, who have many supporters, did not support the police. But after the St Andrews Agreement they decided to support them after a  special Ard Fheis about the police on 28 January 2007.
In September 2005 the PSNI started the Historical Enquiries Team to help solve 3,269  murders that happened during the Troubles. The Northern Ireland Policing Board make sure that the PSNI are fair and do a good job. The Police Ombudsman for Northern Ireland investigates complaints about the police. The current Police Ombudsman is Al Hutchinson. The last Ombudsman was Nuala O'Loan. She was the Ombudsman until November 2007.

## Number of Roman Catholics in the PSNI

The PSNI gives 50% of its jobs to Roman Catholics and 50% of its jobs to people who are not Roman Catholic. This is because many people think there are not enough Roman Catholics in the PSNI. By 2006, 20% of PSNI policemen were Roman Catholic. Only 8.3% of policemen in the old Royal Ulster Constabulary were Roman Catholic. About 30% of the force will be Roman Catholics by 2011.

## Uniform and symbols

The colour of the PSNI uniform is green. The PSNI badge has Saint Patrick's saltire on it and six other symbols. They are the scales of justice, the harp, the torch, the olive branch, the shamrock and a crown.
The flag of the PSNI is the badge in the centre of a dark green field.

## Related pages

- Police force statistics for Northern Ireland

## Other websites

- Police Service of Northern Ireland
- Police Ombudsman for Northern Ireland website
- PSNI Roll of Honour
2001 United Kingdom census

On Sunday 29 April 2001 the United Kingdom Government held a census. This was the 19th UK Census. **United Kingdom Census 2001** was started by the Office for National Statistics in England and Wales, the General Register Office for Scotland and the Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency. It was the first census to ask people in England, Scotland and Wales about their religion.

## Other websites

- Census 2001 website (England and Wales)
- Scotland
- Northern Ireland 
- The Census Order 2000 (England and Wales)
Hug

A **hug** is an embrace between two or more people. It is usually a sign of affection or love or sympathy.

In several cases observed by psychologists around the globe, hugs are often used to solidify relationships in both sexual and platonic cases and often lead to further physical encounters.

## Health

A hug is very good for people. Hugging can release a chemical called Oxytocin, which helps make a person feel less stressed. It also helps a person's immune system and makes them feel less pain. Hugs can even help a person stay calm in a stressful situation.

## Related pages

- Kiss
- Nonverbal communication
Polygamy

**Polygamy** is a word that comes from late Greek. It can be translated as _many marriages_. It refers to any form of marriage where a person has _more than one spouse_. There is also a concept called **group marriage**. In group marriage, all the (adult) members of the group are responsible for all the children.

A man being married to more than one woman at the same time is called **polygyny**. A woman being married to more than one man at the same time is called **polyandry**.
- _These terms are used in zoology_. They are under the titles: Polygyny in animals and Polyandry in animals.

Both forms have occurred in humans. Polygyny is much more common, and is practised by millions of people, mostly in Muslim and African countries. According to Muslim
Sharia law, a man can have up to four wives at the same time. In many African Pagan religions, polygamy is a common custom, and there is often no limit to the number of women a man can marry. In most non-Muslim and non-African countries, polygamy is illegal, and a person who has more than one spouse can be prosecuted for bigamy. Some countries, including India, only permit Muslims to be polygamous.

## The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

Polygamy was practiced by early members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (also known as Mormons). There is evidence that the movement's founder, Joseph Smith, was married to as many as 33 women, though many of these were not conventional marriages and some were never consummated. In 1890 the Church officially stopped polygamous marriages. Church members who continue to practice plural marriage are excommunicated from the church, though it is practiced today in some small splinter groups.

## Sethepu/Isithembu

Isithembu (Sethepu) is the African practice of a man being able to have more than one wife at the same time.  A man may marry again if his current wife or wives cannot have children. He keeps his current wife or wives as divorce is not allowed. A man may marry again if his current wife or wives have not produced male children. He can marry again if a wife does not want children. In some places, if a man dies, his wife or wives are married to his brother. This way his family is cared for. The Swazi culture says a man should have many wives. Polygamy (Isithembu) is normal for men. Woman should have children, which is normal for them.
Rickenbach, Solothurn

**Rickenbach** is a municipality in the Olten district in Solothurn canton in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Rickenbach
- **municipality name**: Rickenbach
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: Rickenbach-blason.png
- **map**: Karte_Gemeinde_Rickenbach_SO.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Solothurn
- **iso-code-region**: CH-SO
- **district**: Olten (district), Olten
- **postal code**: 4613
- **municipality code**: 2582
- **area**: 2.80
- **elevation**: 429
- **population**: 861
- **populationof**: December 2005
- **popofyear**: 2005
- **website**: www.rickenbachso.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Hägendorf, Hauenstein-Ifenthal, Kappel, Switzerland, Kappel, Wangen bei Olten
Rickenbach

**Rickenbach** can be the name of any of the following places:

**In Germany**:
- Rickenbach, Baden-Württemberg
- Rickenbach, Bavaria

**In Switzerland**:
- Rickenbach, Basel-Country
- Rickenbach, Lucerne
- Rickenbach, Solothurn
- Rickenbach, Thurgau
- Rickenbach, Zürich
Riedholz

**Riedholz** is a municipality in the district Lebern in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland. In 2011 Niederwil merged into Riedholz.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Riedholz
- **municipality name**: Riedholz
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: Riedholz-blason.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Solothurn
- **iso-code-region**: CH-SO
- **district**: Lebern (district), Lebern
- **postal code**: 4533
- **municipality code**: 2554
- **area**: 4.92
- **elevation**: 471
- **population**: 1607
- **populationof**: December 2005
- **popofyear**: 2005
- **website**: www.riedholz.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Deitingen, Feldbrunnen-St. Niklaus, Flumenthal, Hubersdorf, Luterbach, Niederwil, Solothurn, Niederwil, Rüttenen, Zuchwil
Feldbrunnen-St. Niklaus

**Feldbrunnen-St.Niklaus** is a municipality in the district Lebern in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Feldbrunnen-St. Niklaus
- **image photo**: Feldbrunnen 2012 a.jpg
- **image caption**: View of Feldbrunnen
- **municipality name**: Feldbrunnen-St. Niklaus
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: Feldbrunnen-StNiklaus-blason.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Solothurn
- **iso-code-region**: CH-SO
- **district**: Lebern (district), Lebern
- **postal code**: 4532
- **municipality code**: 2544
- **area**: 2.47
- **elevation**: 452
- **population**: 869
- **populationof**: December 2005
- **website**: www.feldbrunnen.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Riedholz, Rüttenen, Solothurn, Zuchwil
Rodersdorf

**Rodersdorf** is a municipality in the district Dorneck in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland, on the border of Alsace, France.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Rodersdorf
- **image photo**: Rodersdorf, Kirche 1.jpg
- **image caption**: The church of Rodersdorf
- **municipality name**: Rodersdorf
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: Rodersdorf-blason.png
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Rodersdorf.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Solothurn
- **iso-code-region**: CH-SO
- **district**: Dorneck (district), Dorneck
- **postal code**: 4118
- **municipality code**: 2479
- **area**: 5.29
- **elevation**: 391
- **population**: 1315
- **populationof**: December 2005
- **popofyear**: 2005
- **website**: www.rodersdorf.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Biederthal (FR-68), Leymen (FR-68), Liebenswiller (FR-68), Metzerlen-Mariastein, Oltingue (FR-68)
Beat Generation

The **Beat Generation** was a movement of writers, poets, and artists during the 1950s and 1960s, who liked the beat of jazz and bebop music, which became a kind of soundtrack to much of their lives and work. People associated with the movement were called "Beats", or sometimes "Beatniks", a reference to Communism. (A few Beats supported Communism, but most did not.) The term came from novelist Jack Kerouac, who was sometimes called "The King of the Beats". Other Beat writers were William S. Burroughs and Allen Ginsberg.
Brill Building

The **Brill Building** in New York City was a headquarters for many songwriters in the 1950s and 1960s. The building had offices for the writers, and also a small recording studio to make demo recordings. Don Kirshner hired the writers who worked there, and helped promote their works.

The Brill Building writers included many pop stars and future pop stars, including Jeff Barry, Neil Diamond, Carole King, Carole Bayer Sager, and Neil Sedaka. The Monkees recorded a large number of Brill Building songs, but they also wrote songs of their own.
Chris Stewart

**Christopher Stewart** (born 27 March 1951) is an English musician and writer. He was the first drummer for rock band Genesis. He is now a writer and a farmer.

Stewart went to school with Tony Banks, Peter Gabriel, Mike Rutherford, and Anthony Phillips. The five of them formed a band called Anon. This band eventually became Genesis in January 1967. Stewart appears on the band's first two singles, "The Silent Sun"/"That's Me" and "A Winter's Tale"/"One-Eyed Hound".

Stewart was asked to leave the band in the summer of 1968 because he was not skilled enough. He was replaced by John Silver. After traveling and working throughout Europe, Stewart settled and bought a farm named "El Valero" in Andalusia, Spain.

He is now better known for his autobiograpical books: _Driving Over Lemons: An Optimist in Andalucia_ (1999, ) and the sequels, _A Parrot In The Pepper Tree_ () and _The Almond Blossom Appreciation Society_ (2006, ). They are all about his work farming in Spain.

## Other websites

- Official website
- Biography and news
John Silver

**Jonathan "John" Silver** (born 1950) was the second drummer for the English rock band Genesis. He replaced Chris Stewart in the summer of 1968. Silver left the band in August 1969. He was replaced by John Mayhew. Silver appears on the band's first full length album, _From Genesis to Revelation_ and on the _Genesis Archive 1967-75_ box set.

Silver lives in London with his wife, Lucy, and children, Leo, Max, and Libby.
John Mayhew

**John Mayhew** (27 March 1947 – 26 March 2009) was an English musician. He was the third drummer for the progressive rock band Genesis. Mayhew was a part of the band from September 1969 until July 1970.  He replaced John Silver as the drummer for the band in August 1969 .  Mayhew appears on the album _Trespass_ and the _Genesis Archive 1967-75_ box set.  He was replaced in 1970 by Phil Collins.

For many years Mayhew's life after playing for Genesis was a mystery to most fans.  It was said that his _Trespass_ royaltycheque had gone unclaimed. There were rumors that he was dead or missing.  In 1979, he moved to Australia. He eventually found work as a carpenter. He is now an Australian citizen. In 2006, Mayhew attended the Genesis Convention in London along with Anthony Phillips and Steve Hackett. He even played drums for a tribute band's performance of "The Knife" (from _Trespass_). He died a day before his birthday from a heart attack.
Larch

**Larches** are conifers in the genus ***Larix***. They grow on the northern hemisphere. Unlike other conifers, larches lose their leaves during autumn and winter.

## Species

There are 10–14 species, for example the **European Larch**, the **North American Larch** and the **Japanese Larch**. Scientists usually divide them into two main groups, **New World** species (North America) and **Old World** species (Europe and Asia). Inside this one, there are two more groups, **Northern** (Central Europe, Siberia, Japan, north of China) and **Southern** (south of China, Himalaya, Myanmar).

#### Northern

_Larix decidua_ or _Larix europaea_ European Larch.
_Larix sibirica_ Siberian Larch.
_Larix gmelinii_ Dahurian Larch.
_Larix kaempferi_ or _Larix leptolepis_ Japanese Larch.
_Larix principis-rupprechtii_ Prince Ruppretch's larch.

#### Southern

_Larix potaminii_ Chinese Larch.
_Larix himalaica_ Langtang Larch.
_Larix mastersiana_ Masters' Larch.
_Larix speciosa_ Yunnan Larch.
_Larix griffithii_ or _Larix griffithiana_ Himalayan Larch.

### North American

_Larix laricina_ Tamarack Larch or American Larch.
_Larix lyallii_ Subalpine Larch.
_Larix occidentalis_ Western Larch.

There is also a hybrid, the Dunkeld Larch, which is a mix of the European Larch and the Japanese Larch.

## Uses

Larch wood is very valuable because it is resistant and it grows quickly. It is used for boats as well as houses.
Larches are also used in herbal medicine and in bonsai.
The tree appeared in many Monty Python sketches as a joke.
Louise Goodman

**Louise Goodman** is one of two pitlane reporters for ITV's Formula One coverage. Before this she worked in marketing for the Jordan team. She started television broadcast in 1997.

She is said to be the first woman of Formula One live coverage. Louise Goodman has been ITV's roving pitlane reporter since ITV took the broadcast in 1997. She usually does driver interviews, while Ted Kravitz brings news from the teams about technical or tactical matters. She is taller than many F1 drivers, and is known for wearing much jewellery on her arm.

Goodman became the first female to be part of a pit stop when she removed the left rear tire in a Midland pit stop for Tiago Monteiro in 2006 British Grand Prix.

During Q3 in Hungaroring 2006 she interviewed David Coulthard. Coulthard had been knocked out in Q2. She asked him how the cold weather was affecting him. He answered," Ummm...well, it’s a lot nicer to look at you in your tight t-shirts first out." Goodman sounded startled when she replied, " Thank you so much DC. I'll have a word with you later." They then went back to the main commentary team who also sounded rather flustered.

In 2007, she became the presenter of ITV's coverage of the British Touring Car Championship. Her co-presenter was Ted Kravitz.

## Other websites

- Official site
- Louise Goodman  at ITV.com

## Infobox (celebrity)

- **name**: Louise Goodman
- **image**: Louise Goodman.jpg
- **birth date**: 1964
- **birth place**: Alresford, Hampshire
- **occupation**: television presenter
- **website**: [http://www.louisegoodman.com/ Official site]
Second Epistle to the Corinthians

The **Second Epistle to the Corinthians** is one of the books in the New Testament.  It is an epistle (letter) written to the Church at Corinth by the Apostle Paul.

## The Letter

Paul begins by greeting the people in Corinth and reminding them that he is serving the Lord Jesus Christ.  He then spends a lot of time explaining to the people why he is an apostle.  Some of the people are mad at him because in 1st Corinthians he told them to stop doing bad things. He explains that he told them to stop because he loved them. He also teaches them that it is very important to forgive others.

This epistle is said to show Paul's individuality more than any other.
Visby

**Visby** is the only city on the Swedish island of Gotland. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. In 2005, its population is 22,236.

## Infobox (unesco world heritage site)

- **child**: yes
- **official name**: Hanseatic League, Hanseatic Town of Visby
- **id**: 731
- **year**: 1995
- **criteria**: Cultural: iv, v


## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Visby
- **image skyline**: Visby panorama från klinten.jpg
- **image caption**: Visby skyline
- **nickname**: City of roses
- **image shield**: Visby vapen.svg
- **pushpin map**: Sweden Gotland#Sweden
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type3**: Municipalities of Sweden, Municipality
- **subdivision name3**: Gotland Municipality
- **subdivision type2**: Counties of Sweden, County
- **subdivision name2**: Gotland County
- **subdivision type1**: Provinces of Sweden, Province
- **established title3**: Stad (Sweden), Charter
- **established date3**: 1645
- **area total km2**: 12.44
- **population as of**: 31 December 2017
- **population total**: 24330
- **population metro**: 58003
- **population density km2**: 1816
- **timezone**: Central European Time, CET
- **utc offset**: +1
- **timezone dst**: Central European Summer Time, CEST
- **utc offset dst**: +2
- **postal code type**: Postal code
- **postal code**: 621 xx
- **area code**: (+46) 498
Kollam

**Kollam **(Malayalam:കൊല്ലം) (known to the Portuguese as **Quilon**, pronounced _koy-lon_) is a city and a municipal corporation in Kollam district in the Indian state of Kerala. It is  north of the state capital Thiruvananthapuram (Trivandrum). It is also the headquarters of the Kollam District, one among the 14 districts in Kerala. To the south is Thiruvananthapuram district, to the north is Pathanamthitta and Alappuzha, to the east is Tamil Nadu and to the west by the Arabian Sea.
Aiglun, Alpes-Maritimes

**Aiglun** is a town and commune of the Alpes-Maritimes _département_, in southeastern France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Aiglun
- **image coat of arms**: Blason ville fr Aiglun 06.svg
- **arrondissement**: Grasse
- **canton**: Saint-Auban
- **insee**: 06001
- **postal code**: 06910
- **mayor**: Charles Bremond
- **term**: 2008–2014
- **intercommunality**: Monts d'Azur
- **elevation m**: 624
- **elevation min m**: 373
- **elevation max m**: 1541
- **area km2**: 15.37
- **population**: 90
- **population date**: 2008
Communes of France

A ***commune*** is the lowest administrative division in France. It represents all parts of a town or a village under the same name, for example Paris, Bordeaux or Rennes. As of January 1, 2008, there were 36,781 communes in France; 36,569 of them are in metropolitan France and 212 of them are in overseas France.

This is much more than in any other European country. Every commune in France elects a mayor. The French word _commune_ was first used in the 12th century<sup>[_source?_]</sup>, from Medieval Latin _communia_, meaning a small gathering of people sharing a common life, from Latin _communis_, things held in common.<sup>[_source?_]</sup>

## Infobox (subdivision type)

- **name**: Communes of France
- **map**:
- **category**: Municipality
- **territory**: France
- **upper unit**: Departments of France, Departments
- **current number**: 34,965 (Lists of communes of France, List)
- **number date**: January 2021
- **population range**: 0 (Several) – 2,175,601 (Paris)
- **government**: Municipal council (France), Municipal Council
Cantons of France

The **cantons of France** are area divisions of the French Republic's 341 arrondissements and 100 departments.

## Related pages

- Lists of cantons of France
Arrondissements of France

The 101 French departments are divided into 342 ***arrondissements***.  This means ***districts*** in English.  Most departments in France only have 3 or 4 arrondissements, but some may have more or less than this.

## Related pages

- List of arrondissements of France
Cantons of the Ain department

This is a list of the 43 **cantons of the Ain department**, in France, by arrondissement:

## Arrondissement of Belley (9 cantons)

- Ambérieu-en-Bugey
- Belley
- Champagne-en-Valromey
- Hauteville-Lompnes
- Lagnieu
- Lhuis
- Saint-Rambert-en-Bugey
- Seyssel
- Virieu-le-Grand

## Arrondissement of Bourg-en-Bresse (24 cantons)

- Bâgé-le-Châtel
- Bourg-en-Bresse-Est
- Bourg-en-Bresse-Nord-Centre
- Bourg-en-Bresse-Sud
- Ceyzériat
- Chalamont
- Châtillon-sur-Chalaronne
- Coligny
- Meximieux
- Miribel
- Montluel
- Montrevel-en-Bresse
- Péronnas
- Pont-d'Ain
- Pont-de-Vaux
- Pont-de-Veyle
- Reyrieux
- Saint-Trivier-de-Courtes
- Saint-Trivier-sur-Moignans
- Thoissey
- Treffort-Cuisiat
- Trévoux
- Villars-les-Dombes
- Viriat

## Arrondissement of Gex (3 cantons)

- Collonges
- Ferney-Voltaire
- Gex

## Arrondissement of Nantua (7 cantons)

- Bellegarde-sur-Valserine
- Brénod
- Izernore
- Nantua
- Oyonnax-Nord
- Oyonnax-Sud
- Poncin
Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh

**Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh** (born **Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark**; 10 June 1921 – 9 April 2021; )  was the husband of Queen Elizabeth II. He was originally a Prince of Greece and Denmark. He was born on the dining room table in a villa on the Greek island of Corfu, on 10 June 1921. He was the only son and fifth and final child of Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark and Princess Alice of Battenberg.

## Early life

Prince Philip was on active service in the Royal Navy throughout the Second World War. At the end of the war he was on the destroyer _HMS Whelp_ in the Pacific, and was in Tokyo Bay for the Japanese surrender on 2 September 1945.

After he changed his nationality, he became known as Philip Mountbatten. His cousin was Patricia Knatchbull, 2nd Countess Mountbatten of Burma.

On 19 November 1947, he was made a Knight of the Garter, and given the style of "Royal Highness".

## Consort to Queen Elizabeth II

On 20 November 1947, he married Princess Elizabeth, the heiress presumptive to King George VI, he became the Duke of Edinburgh. He was made a Prince of the United Kingdom in 1957.

## Death

In 2021, he was admitted to King Edward VII's Hospital as  a “precautionary measure” after feeling unwell. On 23 February 2021 it was announced that he had an infection.

On 9 April 2021, it was announced by Buckingham Palace that Prince Phillip had died inside his home at Windsor Castle. An official statement by Buckingham Palace was released on Twitter.

> "It is with deep sorrow that Her Majesty The Queen has announced the death of her beloved husband, His Royal Highness The Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. His Royal Highness passed away peacefully this morning at Windsor Castle."

His funeral was held on 17 April 2021 and he was buried at St. George's Chapel at Windsor Castle that same day.

## References

- Notes

## Infobox (military person)

- **embed**: yes
- **serviceyears**: 1939–1952 (active service)
- **battles**: * Second World War
** Battle of Crete
** Battle of Cape Matapan
** Allied invasion of Sicily
** Operation Dragoon
** Operation Robson
** Operation Lentil (Sumatra), Operation Lentil
** Battle of Okinawa


## Infobox (person)

- **embed**: yes


## Infobox (royalty)

- **consort**: yes
- **name**: Prince Philip
- **title**: Duke of Edinburgh (List of titles and honours of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, more)
- **image**: Duke of Edinburgh 33 Allan Warren.jpg
- **alt**: photograph of Prince Philip in his 71st year
- **caption**: Photograph by Allan Warren (1992)
- **succession**: List of British royal consorts, Consort of the British monarch
- **reign**: 6 February 1952 –  ()
- **issue-link**: #Issue
- **father**: Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark
- **mother**: Princess Alice of Battenberg
- **birth name**: Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark
- **birth place**: Mon Repos, Corfu,
- **death place**: Windsor Castle, Windsor, Berkshire, Windsor, Berkshire, England
- **burial date**: 17 April 2021
Cantons of the Aisne department

This is a list of the 42 **cantons of the Aisne department**, in France, by arrondissement:

## Arrondissement of Château-Thierry (5 cantons)

- Charly-sur-Marne
- Château-Thierry
- Condé-en-Brie
- Fère-en-Tardenois
- Neuilly-Saint-Front

## Arrondissement of Laon (13 cantons)

- Anizy-le-Château
- Chauny
- Coucy-le-Château-Auffrique
- Craonne
- Crécy-sur-Serre
- La Fère
- Laon-Nord
- Laon-Sud
- Marle
- Neufchâtel-sur-Aisne
- Rozoy-sur-Serre
- Sissonne
- Tergnier

## Arrondissement of Saint-Quentin (9 cantons)

- Bohain-en-Vermandois
- Le Catelet
- Moÿ-de-l'Aisne
- Ribemont
- Saint-Quentin-Centre
- Saint-Quentin-Nord
- Saint-Quentin-Sud
- Saint-Simon
- Vermand

## Arrondissement of Soissons (7 cantons)

- Braine
- Oulchy-le-Château
- Soissons-Nord
- Soissons-Sud
- Vailly-sur-Aisne
- Vic-sur-Aisne
- Villers-Cotterêts

## Arrondissement of Vervins (8 cantons)

- Aubenton
- La Capelle
- Guise
- Hirson
- Le Nouvion-en-Thiérache
- Sains-Richaumont
- Vervins
- Wassigny
Nice (disambiguation)

**Nice** can be any of the following:

## Places

- Nice (pronounced ), a city found in the south of France
    - Arrondissement of Nice
    - OGC Nice, a French football club found in Nice
    - Treaty of Nice, a treaty taken in Nice by the European Council
- Nicaea (İznik, Turkey), place of the First Council of Nicaea and the Second Council of Nicaea
- Nice, California, a small town in the United States

## In computers

- Nice (programming language), an object-oriented programming language

## Related pages

- NICE (disambiguation)
Energy (society)

The use of **energy** is important to human society for handling problems in the environment. Developed societies use energy resources for agriculture, transportation, garbage collection, information technology and human communication. The use of energy has increased since the Industrial Revolution. This has brought a number of serious problems such as global warming.

Production and use of energy resources is important to the economy of the world. Making sure energy is used well is needed for any society.

Energy is needed for the smooth running of activities in our society which makes it wanted in a high alarming rate and is extremely expensive.

## Related pages

- Energy policy