juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Orthodox Judaism

**Orthodox Judaism** is the more traditional form of Judaism in the modern world.

## Overview

Orthodox Judaism holds that both the scripture of the Torah and oral traditions later written down in the Talmud etc., were actually and literally given by God, and that past rabbis handed them over without change and were always faithful in deciding how they applied to reality.

Because of this, Orthodox Judaism is very careful in holding to the tradition of past rabbis, and is very conservative on how current rabbis may decide what the law is in new cases. Orthodox Jews consider themselves as the only truly faithful Jews and reject all the new non-Orthodox forms of Jewish thought, religious or secular, that came to be in the last 250 years, since the Jewish community lost its powers to enforce people, and Jews began to be citizens of the modern state.

Even so, they are a product of new times just like everyone else: Their community organizations were created so they could separate from other Jews because those stopped being religious. The Orthodox also had to make very new ways of thinking and acting to deal with the big changes.

## Today

As of 2001, Orthodox Jews and Jews affiliated with an Orthodox synagogue, accounted for about 50% of British Jews (150,000), 25% of Israeli Jews (1,500,000) and 13% of American Jews (529,000). Among those affiliated to a synagogue body, Orthodox Jews represent 70% of British Jewry and 27% of American Jews. Orthodox Jews usually have to follow these rules:
- Circumcision for men
- Not to commit murder and idolatry
- Observe the _shabbat_ and do not work on the day
- Not to engage in certain sexual practices banned by the Bible
- Eat only certain food. These dietary laws are known as _Kashrut_
- _Taharat Hamishpacha_, the laws of family purity, restricting sexual relations for a prescribed time around menstruation and after childbirth

## Related pages

- Yiddish
- Mizrahi Jews
- Haredi Judaism
- Sephardic Jews
- Ashkenazi Jews
- Ladino language
- Conservative Judaism

## Other websites

- Your Complete Guide to Brochos
- Origins of Orthodox Judaism
- The different Orthodox Jewish groups
- The State of Orthodox Judaism Today
- Orthodox Judaism in Israel
- Orthodox Jewish population growth and political changes
- Information on Orthodox Jewish culture
Seeheim-Jugenheim

**Seeheim-Jugenheim** is a municipality in the Darmstadt-Dieburg district in Hesse, Germany.  It has a population of approximately 17,000.

Seeheim-Jugenheim consists of seven villages:

- Balkhausen (population 693)
- Jugenheim (population 4,448)
- Malchen (population 1,004)
- Ober-Beerbach (population 1,269)
- Seeheim (population 9,060)
- Steigerts (population 81)
- Stettbach (population 144)

The municipality was formed on January 1, 1977.  Before there had been the two municipalities of Seeheim and Jugenheim.  Until January 1, 1978 the municipality was known as Seeheim; after that it became known as Seeheim-Jugenheim.

It is famous for its mountain bike trails to the nearby mountain Melibokus.

Seeheim-Jugenheim has been home to several famous residents, including Tsar Nicholas II of Russia as well as writers Georg Kaiser and Helene Christaller.

Industrial and commercial activity in Seeheim-Jugenheim is close to nonexistent; thus, most of its residents work in the nearby cities of Darmstadt, Frankfurt or Heidelberg.

## Other websites

- www.seeheim-jugenheim.de
2000 AD

***2000 AD*** is a British science fiction comic that was started in 1977 and is still running as of 2022. Its most famous character is Judge Dredd.
Strontium Dog

**Strontium Dog** is a science fiction comic strip that was first published in a British comic called starlord in 1978. The same year it was moved to a comic called 2000 AD. It is set in a future where a war ended long ago and it disfigured people. The main character is one of the disfigured mutants called Johnny Alpha.
In the future where the story is set, there are many mutants, who are discriminated and in order to live, the mutants either must live on the streets, or become a bounty hunter.

Johnny Alpha is a mutant bounty hunter who was given a special gift when he was disfigured. His eyes glow white, and they can let him see through walls, except lead, because radioactive waves cannot pass through lead. They also let him control peoples minds, which helps him in some instances.
Judge Dredd

**Judge Dredd** is a comic book character that first appeared in 2000 AD comics in 1977. The comics are set in a dystopian future where 'judges' control everything. A film based on Judge Dredd was made in 1995, starring Sylvester Stallone. A 2012 film starred Karl Urban.
Island of the Blue Dolphins

***Island of the Blue Dolphins*** is an American book written for children by  Scott O'Dell. It came out in 1960 and that same year won the Newbery Medal (a prize given to books for children). It is based on the true story of Juana Maria, the "Lone Woman of San Nicolas", a Native American woman left alone for 18 years on San Nicolas.

O'Dell wrote a sequel to the story called _Zia_.

## Infobox (book)

- **name**: Island of the Blue Dolphins
- **author**: Scott O'Dell
- **cover artist**: Evaline Ness
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **genre**: Young adult Literature, Children's novel
- **publisher**: Houghton Mifflin
- **release date**: 1960
- **media type**: Print (hardcover & paperback); Audiobook
- **pages**: 194 pp
- **isbn**: 0-395-06962-9
- **oclc**: 225474
- **followed by**: Zia (novel), Zia
San Nicolas Island

**San Nicolas Island** is the  farthest from shore of California's Channel Islands. It is part of Ventura County. The 14,562 acre (58.93 km² or 22.753 sq mi) island is used by the United States Navy for a weapons testing and training. The only people who live on the island are about 200 people with the military. The island has a small airport and a big billboard.

## History

San Nicolas was once the home of the Nicoleño people, who were probably related to the Tongva of the mainland and Santa Catalina Island. It was named for Saint Nicholas by Spanish sailor Sebastián Vizcaíno after he saw the island on the saint's feast day (December 6) in 1602. Vizcaíno reported that there were a lot of people living on the island. By 1800 the number of people on the island had gone down. In 1811 a group of Kodiak men from Alaska were put on to San Nicholas to hunt otters. They fought with the Nicoleños. When the Kodiaks left there were less than 100 of the original population left. By 1835 the population was about 12. The Nicoleños were taken off the island in the 1835 by the members of the California mission system. Within a few years of leaving the island the Nicoleño all died.

### Lone Woman of San Nicolas Island

The most famous person from San Nicolas Island was the "Lone Woman of San Nicolas Island". She was left on the island in 1835 when the rest of the Nicoleños were moved to the missions. She lived on the island alone for 18 years before she was found and brought back to Santa Barbara in 1853. By this time there was no-one left who could speak her language. Her real name was never known, but as she was dying she was named Juana Maria.  She died from dysentery seven weeks later. Her story was used for Scott O'Dell's award winning 1961 novel _Island of the Blue Dolphins_.  Today, a commemorative plaque about her life has been placed on the back of the east bell tower at Mission Santa Barbara. In 2012 scientists rediscovered a buried cave on the island where they believe the woman lived.

### Rocket experiments

From 1957 and 1973, and in 2004, U.S. rockets were launched from San Nicolas Island.

## Plants and animals

There are few kinds of plants and animals on San Nicolas Island. Sheep ate many of the plants before they were taken away in 1943. Even so, there are several plants that can only be found on the island. Three kinds of animals are there and nowhere else: deer mouse, island fox, and island night lizard. The island also has many birds.

## References

- GlobalSecurity.org: San Nicolas Island
- Naval Auxiliary Air Station, San Nicolas Island
- Photo of Juana Maria's Whalebone Hut
Anchises

In Greek mythology, **Anchises** was a son of Capys and Themiste (daughter of Ilus, son of Tros) or Hieromneme, a naiad. He is famous because he was mortal and a lover of the goddess Aphrodite (and in Roman mythology, the lover of Venus).  He was also the father of Aeneas, who is the hero of "The Aeneid."
Anchises, in Greek legend, member of the junior branch of the royal family of Troy: While he was tending his sheep on Mount Ida, the goddess Aphrodite met him and, enamoured of his beauty, bore him Aeneas. For revealing the name of the child's mother, Anchises was killed or struck blind by lightning.

Anchises was the son of Capys and Themiste in Greek mythology, father of Aeneas. He was better known as a lover of the goddess Aphrodite, who appeared in front of him disguised as a Phrygian princess. She then seduced him into lovemaking for two weeks. Aphrodite became pregnant with Aeneas, and she appeared in front of Anchises with the newborn, revealing her true identity. She then told him not to boast of their affair to anyone; he did not listen to her, and Zeus hurled a thunderbolt against him, either scorching him or crippling him. He later married Eriopis, with whom he had at least one daughter, Hippodameia. During Troy's fall at the end of the Trojan War, his son Aeneas helped him escape as he was no longer able to walk after Zeus' punishment.

In later legend and in Virgil's Aeneid, he was conveyed out of Troy on the shoulders of his son Aeneas, whose descendants founded Rome, and he died in Sicily.
The Wall Street Journal

***The Wall Street Journal*** (***WSJ***) is an international newspaper published every day by a company called Dow Jones & Company. It is published in New York City with Asian and European editions. In 2007, more than two million people read it daily, and about 931,000 people read in on its website. In the past, it was the most popular newspaper in the United States (the newspaper that the most people read in the country). However, _USA Today_ became the most popular newspaper in November 2003.

This newspaper has won 37 Pulitzer Prizes, including for reporting in 2019, and to Dorothy Rabinowitz for Commentary in 2001.

In 2015, a report said that up to $700 million was wired from 1MDB, a Malaysian state investment company, to Malaysia Prime Minister Najib Razak's personal accounts. Najib threatened to sue the newspaper. The report was a finalist for the 2016 Pulitzer Prize. This led to an investigation in Malaysia. On July 28, 2020, Najib was found guilty on seven charges in the 1MDB scandal and sentenced to 12 years in prison.

## Infobox (newspaper)

- **name**: The Wall Street Journal
- **logo**: WSJ Logo.svg
- **type**: Daily newspaper
- **format**: Broadsheet
- **owners**: News Corp, News Corp (2013–present) (via Dow Jones & Company)
- **chiefeditor**: Matt Murray (journalist), Matt Murray
- **opeditor**: Paul A. Gigot
- **language**: English
- **headquarters**: 1211 Avenue of the Americas, New York City, U.S.
- **circulation**: 2,475,000 Daily
- **issn**: 0099-9660
- **oclc**: 781541372
- **publishing country**: United States
- **image size**: 250px
- **image alt**: border
- **circulation date**: June 2018
Racing

**Racing** is a kind of competition or contest where winning means doing or finishing something before the other contestants do.

Usually, a race involves people getting from one place to another. Running is a kind of racing where people try to be the first person to run from the where the race started to the goal or finish line. People also race in cars, boats, airplanes and other vehicles, and on animals like horses. Animals and machines can also race without people riding them. Often they race on a race track.

A race can also involve any other type of goal like eating.  An example is a hot dog eating race, where people try to eat more hot dogs than the other contestants.

Some contests are not races. They could involve contestants trying to get the highest score in a particular quiz.
Erie Canal

The **Erie Canal** is a canal in New York State. It runs for 365 miles from the Hudson River to Lake Erie. It connects the Great Lakes with the Atlantic Ocean.

## History

The State authorized it in 1808, and it was built between 1818 and 1825.  It was the first route between the eastern coast of the United States and the Great Lakes. The Canal caused a burst of population in western New York. It also helped New York City become a large port. Today, the Canal is part of the _New York State Canal System_.

## Other websites

- "The Erie Canal"
Coconut crab

The **coconut crab** (_Birgus latro_) is a large edible land crab related to the hermit crab. Coconut crabs are found in the tropical parts of the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Although they are named the Coconut crab, they don't eat coconuts that often. They mainly eat  fruits and nuts. Coconut crabs can climb trees. Coconut crab meat has been considered a local delicacy. Coconut crabs are extremely high priced in the national food market. They can live up to 120 years.

## Description

The coconut crab is the largest terrestrial arthropod, and indeed terrestrial invertebrate, in the world. There are different reports on its size:  most sources give a body length up to , a weight up to , and a leg span more than . Males are generally larger than females. The carapace may reach a length of , and a width up to .

Like with other decapots, the body of the coconut crab is divided into a front section (cephalothorax), which has 10 legs, and an abdomen. The front-most pair of legs has large chelae (claws);  the left claw is larger than the right. The next two pairs, as with other hermit crabs, are large, powerful walking legs with pointed tips. This  allows coconut crabs to climb vertical or overhanging surfaces. The fourth pair of legs is smaller with tweezer-like chelae at the end:  young coconut crabs use it to grip the inside of a shell or coconut husk to carry for protection, adults use this pair for walking and climbing. The last pair of legs is very small and is used by females to tend their eggs, and by the males in mating. This last pair of legs is usually held inside the carapace, in the cavity containing the breathing organs. Some difference in color occurs between the animals found on different islands, ranging from orange-red to purplish blue; in most regions, blue is the predominant color, but in some places, including the Seychelles, most individuals are red.

Although _B. latro_ is a derived type of hermit crab, only the juveniles use salvaged snail shells to protect their soft abdomens, and adolescents sometimes use broken coconut shells for that purpose. Unlike other hermit crabs, the adult coconut crabs do not carry shells, but instead harden their abdominal terga by depositing chitin and chalk. Not being constrained by the physical confines of living in a shell allows this species to grow much larger than other hermit crabs in the family Coenobitidae. Like most true crabs, _Blatro_ bends its tail underneath its body for protection. The hardened abdomen protects the coconut crab and reduces water loss on land, but must be shed yearly. Adults moult annually, and dig a burrow up to  long in which to hide while vulnerable. They remain in the burrow for 3 to 16 weeks, depending on the size of the animal. After shedding, 1 to 3 weeks are needed for the exoskeleton to harden, depending on the animal's size, during which time the animal's body is soft and vulnerable, and it stays hidden for protection.
Plant sap

**Plant sap**, or just **sap**, is fluid transported in xylem tubes or phloem cells of a plant. Xylem cells transport water and inorganic nutrients through the plant; phloem cells transport sugary fluids and other biological molecules.

Latex or resin is not plant sap. They are separately produced with different components and functions.

### Xylem sap

Xylem sap is mainly water, with plant hormones, mineral elements and other nutrients in a dilute solution. Sap in xylem moves from roots towards the leaves.

### Phloem sap

Phloem sap is water, with  manufactured sugars, other biological molecules and mineral elements dissolved in it. It flows from where carbohydrates are produced or stored to where they are used.

A large number of animals, all of the single insect order Hemiptera, feed directly on phloem sap, and make it the primary component of their diet. Phloem sap is "nutrient-rich compared with many other plant products and generally lacking in toxins and feeding deterrents, [but] it is consumed as the sole diet by a very restricted range of animals". Phloem sap is physiologically extreme in terms of animal digestion: it is thought that few animals take direct advantage of this because they lack adaptations to this diet.

Many more consume phloem sap by proxy, feeding on the honeydew (a sweet secretion) of phloem-feeding hemipterans. Honeydew is physiologically less extreme than phloem sap. Others feed on the biomass of insects which have grown on direct ingestion of phloem sap.

Many products are made from plant sap. One of them is maple syrup. Maple syrup is made using sap from sugar maple trees.

Sap colour is different for different plants. For example:
- Banana – colorless
- members of Myristicaceae – red
- members of Anacardiaceae – black
- members of  Gluciaceae – yellow
- _Symphonia globilifera_ – green
Threatened species

**Threatened species** are any species (including animals, plants, and fungi) which may become endangered.

The World Conservation Union (IUCN) are the experts on threatened species. They put threatened species into three groups, each group in more danger than the next:
- Vulnerable
- Endangered
- Critically endangered

One way scientists can work out how threatened a species is, is to measure the birth and death rates. If a species becomes small in numbers, it can get to a critical point. This happens when there are not enough individuals left alive to continue the species (critical depensation).

Species that are not a threatened species, but are still a concern, can be put into groups of Near Threatened, Least Concern, and Conservation Dependent. Conservation dependent is no longer used a group. When the species has not been studied, Not Evaluated, or there is not enough information, Data Deficient, the IUCN does not put them on the threatened species list.

Threatened species are also called "red listed" species, because they are in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

## United States definition

Under the Endangered Species Act in the United States, "threatened" means any species which is likely to become endangered in the near future, in all, or a large part of its range. The Bay checkerspot butterfly (_Euphydryas editha bayensis_) is an example of a threatened species protected by the Endangered Species Act.

## Related pages

- IUCN Red List

## Other websites

- IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria
Three Cheers for Sweet Revenge

***Three Cheers for Sweet Revenge*** is the second studio album by band My Chemical Romance. It was released on June 8, 2004 through Reprise Records. Four singles were released from this album: "Thank You For The Venom", "I'm Not Okay (I Promise)", "Helena" and "The Ghost of You". It has sold over one million copies in the United States.

### Singles

|rowspan="2"|Year|rowspan="2"|Song|colspan="8"|Peak chart positions||||||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|rowspan="2"|2004|"Thank You for the Venom"|align="center"|—|align="center"|—|align="center"|71|align="center"|—|align="center"|—|
|"I'm Not Okay (I Promise)"|align="center"|4|align="center"|—|align="center"|19|align="center"|38|align="center"|65|||
|rowspan="2"|2005|"Helena"|align="center"|11|align="center"|—|align="center"|20|align="center"|27|align="center"|78|
|"The Ghost of You"|align="center"|9|align="center"|38|align="center"|27|align="center"|39|align="center"|—|||

## Notes

The 11th track It's Not a Fashion Statement it's a Deathwish has the word 'fucking' in the title on the CD itself but it is not shown as having that title on the back of the album.

## Staff

**Band**
- Frank Iero — guitar
- Matt Pelissier — drums
- Ray Toro — guitar
- Gerard Way — vocals
- Mikey Way — bass

**Additional Musicians**
- Bert McCracken - Additional vocals on "You Know What They Do to Guys Like Us in Prison"
- Keith Morris - Additional Vocals on "Hang 'Em High"
- Rinat - Additional Vocals on "The Ghost of You"
- Howard Benson - 1958 Hammond B3

**Production**
- Howard Benson - Producer
- Rich Costey - Mixing
- Howard Benson - Mixing
- Mike Plotnikoff - Recording
- Paul Decarlli - Editing
- Eric Miller - Engineering
- Jon Nicholson - Drum Tech
- Keith Nelson - Guitar Tech
- Tom Baker - Mastering

**Design**
- Photography: Justin Borucki - Photography
- Gerard Way - Art
- Mark Holley - Design Assistance

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Three Cheers for Sweet Revenge
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: My Chemical Romance
- **released**: June 8, 2004
- **recorded**: October 2003 – February 2004
- **length**: 39:28
- **label**: Reprise Records, Reprise
- **producer**: Howard Benson
- **prev title**: I Brought You My Bullets, You Brought Me Your Love
- **prev year**: 2002
- **next title**: Life on the Murder Scene
- **next year**: 2006
Paris, Ontario

**Paris** is a populated place in Ontario, Canada. It is where Grand and Nith Rivers come together. It is  west of Toronto. It has a population of around 15,000 people. These people normally work  in the nearby cities such as Kitchener, Brantford and London.

Paris has a strong agricultural background. There are many farms around the center of the town.  Paris used to have large clothing and furniture factories. Most of the manufacturing sector has disappeared in recent year.

The town has a strong community spirit. There are many business association that try to find ways to make the town successful and make people want to live there. Several new building projects have brought hundreds of families to the community to live in a town with a strong school system, sports activities and jobs.

## Other websites

- Paris Downtown
- Paris Historical Society
Plug and play

**Plug and play** is the name for a number of technologies used in computing. Technologies that support plug and play allow to connect new devices to a computer. After a short while, these devices can simply be used. When they are no longer needed, they can be disconnected again. Plug and play does not require the user to load a specific device driver to access the device.

Plug and play is used to refer to both the configuration of devices at boot time, as well as to system that support adding a device later on. Examples for  systems that support plug and play are USB and Firewire.
Orai

**Orai** is small city in Uttar Pradesh (U.P.), India. It is famous for kaalajamun (a special type of Indian sweet).

There are few small scale industries in Orai and a unit of Hindustan Unilever also in Orai. Kanpur and Jhanshi are big cities near **Orai**.
Friedrich-Wilhelm Karl

**Friedrich Wilhelm Karl** (15 September 1911 – 21 August 1970) was a Standartenführer in the Waffen SS during World War II. He was given the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross.

## Early life

Friedrich Wilhelm Karl was born on 15 September 1911 in Frankfurt on Oder, Germany. He was one of the first people to join the SS (SS service number 101 983) and the NSDAP (party number 1591713). He was chosen to be an officer and sent to the SS officer school, the SS-Junkerschule at Bad Tölz, in 1934.

## World War II

In 1940, Karl was given the Iron Cross medal 1st and 2nd level during the Battle of France. He was part of the 13th Company, SS Infantry Regiment called _Germania_. They had small-calibre artillery guns.

The SS Regiment _Germania_ was used as the start of the new SS Division, 11th SS Volunteer Panzergrenadier Division _Nordland_. Karl was given command of the 11th SS Panzer Artillery Regiment. He received the German Cross in Gold in August 1944. He received the Knight's Cross in December 1944.

## After the war

From 1945 to 1955, Karl was a prisoner of the Russians. He died on 21 August 1970 in Dortmund, Germany.

## Further reading

<div class="references-small">
- Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer. _Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939-1945_.  Friedburg, Germany: Podzun-Pallas, 2000. .
- Mitcham, Jr.Samuel, _Retreat to the Reich_, Stackpole books 2007.
- Henschler Henri & Fay Will, _Armor Battles of the Waffen-SS_, 1943-45 Stackpole Books, 2003.
- Mitcham Samuel, _The German Defeat in the East, 1944-45_, Stackpole Books, 2007.
</div>

## Infobox (military person)

- **name**: Friedrich Wilhelm Karl
- **born**: 15 September 1911
- **died**: 21 August 1970
- **placeofbirth**: Frankfurt (Oder), Frankfurt on Oder, Germany
- **placeofdeath**: Dortmund, Germany
- **allegiance**: Nazi Germany
- **branch**: , Waffen SS
- **serviceyears**: 1934–1945
- **rank**: Standartenführer
- **unit**: SS-VT
11 SS, 11th SS Volunteer Panzergrenadier Division _Nordland_
- **battles**: World War II
- **awards**: Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross
Iron Cross I Class
Iron Cross II Class
German Cross in Gold
1985 Atlantic hurricane season

The **1985 Atlantic hurricane season** officially began on June 1, 1985 and ended on November 30, 1985. However storms can form outside these dates for example, Tropical Depression Thirteen formed on December 7. As far as activity goes this was average. This season featured four powerful hurricanes, they include Hurricane Elena, Hurricane Gloria, Hurricane Juan and Hurricane Kate.

## Storms

- Tropical Storm Ana
- Hurricane Bob
- Hurricane Claudette
- Hurricane Danny
- Hurricane Elena
- Tropical Depression Six
- Tropical Storm Fabian
- Hurricane Gloria
- Tropical Storm Henri
- Tropical Storm Isabel
- Hurricane Juan
- Hurricane Kate
- Tropical Depression Thirteen

### Retirement

In the spring of 1986 the names Elena and Gloria were retired and replaced by Erika and Grace in 1991.

## Infobox (hurricane season)

- **basin**: Atl
- **year**: 1985
- **track**: 1985 Atlantic hurricane season map.png
- **first storm formed**: July 15, 1985
- **last storm dissipated**: December 9, 1985
- **strongest storm name**: Hurricane Gloria, Gloria
- **strongest storm pressure**: 919
- **strongest storm winds**: 125
- **average wind speed**: 1
- **total depressions**: 13
- **total storms**: 11
- **total hurricanes**: 7
- **total intense**: 3
- **fatalities**: 232 direct, 9 indirect
- **damages**: 4500
- **inflated**: 1
- **five seasons**: 1983 Atlantic hurricane season, 1983, 1984 Atlantic hurricane season, 1984, **1985**, 1986 Atlantic hurricane season, 1986, 1987 Atlantic hurricane season, 1987
Standartenführer

***Standartenführer*** was a Nazi Party rank that was used in both the S.A. and the S.S..  First started as a rank in 1925, in 1928 the rank became one of the first commissioned Nazi ranks and was given to S.A. and S.S. officers who commanded units known as _Standarten_ which were between three hundred and five hundred men.

In 1929 the rank of Standartenführer was split into two ranks known as _Standartenführer (I)_ and _Standartenführer (II)_.  This idea was given up in 1930 when both the S.A. and S.S. grew their rank systems to allow for more ranks.

By the start of World War II, Standartenführer was widely used as both an SS rank and a rank of the S.A..  In the Waffen-SS, the rank was considered the equivalent of an _Oberst_ (colonel).

The insignia for Standartenführer was of a single oak leaf worn on both collars and was the first of the S.S. and S.A. ranks to be worn on both collars. From 1938, newer SS uniforms featured the shoulder boards of a German Oberst as well as the oak leaf collar patches.

## Related pages

- Standartenführer Stirlitz, alias Colonel Isayev - a hero of a popular Russian book series and one of the most famous characters of Russian jokes
Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross

The **Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross** (German language: _Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes_, often just _Ritterkreuz_) was a level of the Iron Cross.  The Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross was the second highest military order of the Third Reich, second only to the Grand Cross of the Iron Cross.  It was awarded for extreme battlefield bravery or military leadership during World War II.
Junker (SS rank)

**Junker** was a Nazi rank that was used by the SS between the years of 1933 and 1945.  The rank was a special rank held by those wanting to become officers in the armed part of the SS, first known as the _SS-Verfügungstruppe_ and later as the _Waffen-SS_.

The Junkerschule was a officer candidate school in Bad Tölz that trained men to become full SS officers.

## Levels

The rank of SS-Junker was split into four levels, those being _Junker_, _Oberjunker_, _Standartenjunker_, and _Standartenoberjunker_.

The process for a Junker to become an SS officer usually took between 18 to 24 months to complete.

|align="center" rowspan="2"|**SS Officer Candidate Rank**|align="center"|**SS Enlisted Equivalent**|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|align="center"|Standartenoberjunker|align="center"|Hauptscharführer|
|align="center"|Standartenjunker|align="center"|Oberscharführer|
|align="center"|Oberjunker|align="center"|Scharführer|
|align="center"|Junker|align="center"|Unterscharführer|

## Sources

- "Loyalty is My Honor, Personal accounts from the Waffen-SS"
- SS service record of Joachim Peiper (National Archives and Records Administration)
Truls Mørk

**Truls Mørk** (born Bergen, Norway,  25 April 1961) is a Norwegian cellist.

Mørk’s parents were both professional musicians.  His mother began teaching him the piano when he was seven. He also played the violin, but soon changed to the cello, which his father taught him.

When he was 17 Mørk studied with Frans Helmerson, then Heinrich Schiff and the Russian cellist Natalia Schakowskaya.

Mørk won many prizes for his cello playing.  In 1982 he became the first Scandinavian musician to reach the finals of the Tchaikovsky Competition in Moscow and won 6th Prize.  In 1989 he started giving concerts in many countries in Europe, then in 1994 the United States with the Oslo Philharmonic, including debuts at Carnegie Hall and the Kennedy Center.

He has won prizes for his recordings, especially of Bach's Suites for Solo Cello.  He loves chamber music and he started the International Chamber Music Festival of Stavanger.

Mørk is a Professor at the Norwegian Academy of Music, Oslo.

Mørk played a cello  made by Domenico Montagnana in Venice in 1723 for more than 30 years.  The cello’s scroll (the bit at the top) was made by Stradivarius.  A Norwegian bank  loaned it to him. The instrument was recently bought by the Dkfm. Angelika Prokopp Privatstiftung, which loans it to cellist Harriet Krigjh

## Other websites

- Official website
ECW

**ECW** can mean:
- Extreme Championship Wrestling (originally **Eastern Championship Wrestling**), a professional wrestling company that ran from 1992 until 2001.
- ECW (WWE), a brand ran by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). It was based on the original company.
- Electronic counter-warfare, a counter-measurement used by the military.
- English Civil War, multiple different conflicts in England from 1642 to 1651.
Stamp act

A **stamp act** is a law that puts a tax on the transfer of some documents. Those that pay the tax get an official stamp on their documents. Many products have been covered by stamp acts such as playing cards, patent medicines, cheques, mortgages, contracts and newspapers.  The items often have to be physically stamped at approved government offices following payment of the duty, although other methods with annual payment of a fixed sum or purchase of adhesive stamps are more practical and common. Stamp acts have been made common in many countries, like Australia, China, Canada, Ireland, Malaysia, Israel, the United Kingdom and the United States.

The money raised by the tax, called stamp duty, was first used in the Netherlands in 1624 after a public competition to find a new form of tax.  However, it has more been used in Great Britain and its colonies.

The Stamp Act passed by the British Parliament on March 22, 1765 was upsetting to some American colonists.  Colonists had to pay a tax on every piece of printed paper they used - ship's papers, legal documents, licences, newspapers and even playing cards were taxed.  It was one of the causes of the American Revolutionary War.
Sodegaura

is a city that is found in Chiba, Japan.  Sodegaura was created on April 1, 1991. About 59,230 people were living in Sodegaura as of 2003.

## Other websites

- Sodegaura official website  in Japanese
Gigantopithecus

***Gigantopithecus*** was the largest primate that ever existed. It lived during the Pleistocene era (1.8 million to 10,000 years ago) when large mammals ruled the Earth. It is now extinct.

_Gigantopithecus_ lived in what is now southern China and Indochina (mainland Southeast Asia).

## Size

Because the fossils we have are very incomplete, it is difficult for scientists to estimate how large _Gigantopithecus_ was. It may have been up to 7 feet 7 inches tall when standing on its hind legs. One estimate says it weighed roughly 440-660 pounds (200-300kg). Others say it weighed up to 1,110-1,300 (500-600kg).

In comparison, adult male gorillas stand only 5 to 6 feet tall and weigh about 136 to 195 kg (300 to 430 lbs). The largest gorilla ever recorded was 183 centimeters (6 feet) tall and weighed 267 kg (589 lbs). This is still smaller than a large gigantopithecus.

There is fossil evidence that _Gigantopithecus_ displayed sexual dimorphism (males were much bigger than females).

## Diet

Scientists think _Gigantopithecus_ was a herbivore that ate fruits, leaves, and other forest plants. It also ate tubers.

It had a powerful jaw that could chew through hard foods. Its teeth could also withstand abrasive things like dirt from plants (like bamboo) it picked up off the ground to eat. It probably did not eat savanna grasses.

## References

-
Ushanka

An ***ushanka*** () is a Russian fur cap with ear flaps that can be tied up to the crown of the cap, or tied at the chin to protect the ears from the cold. _Ushanka_ means "ear-flaps hat", from "ushi"
(), "ears" in Russian.
Cutout animation

**Cutout animation** is a method for creating animations using flat characters, props and backgrounds cut from materials such as paper, card, stiff fabric or even photographs.
Construction paper

**Construction paper** or **sugar paper** is a type of coarse colored paper usually available in large sizes. The feeling of the paper is a little rough, and the surface is not finished. It is often used for art.
Range of motion

**Range of motion** or (**ROM**) is the measurement of the achievable distance between the flexed position and the extended position of a particular joint or muscle group.
Auburn hair

**Auburn** is a light brown or reddish-brown hair color. About two percent of people have auburn hair.
Leathermouth

**Leathermouth** (also spelled as **LeATHERMØUTH**) is an American hardcore punk band. The band was started in 2007 by My Chemical Romance's guitarist Frank Iero. On January 2009, the band released their first album, _XO_.

## History

Leathermouth started in 2007 by some friends of My Chemical Romance's rhythm guitarist Frank Iero. Iero heard a few demo songs from the band, and wanted to sign the band to his own independent label. He later joined the band after the first lead singer did not write any lyrics to the songs. As a member of Leathermouth, this is the first band where he writes the lyrics and does lead vocals. Iero uses the band as a way to express about the way he sees the world and also to let out his personal problems with depression and anxiety. Leathermouth played their first shows in the summer of 2008 alongside Warship for the Fall 2008 Reggie and the Full Effect "Farewell Tour". Iero hopes to tour with Leathermouth when he is not working with My Chemical Romance.

In October 2008, Leathermouth signed to Epitaph Records, rather than to Frank Iero's label as originally planned. Iero thought that it would be hard to advertise the album himself if it was released through his own label, with his current responsibilities to My Chemical Romance and the other bands signed to his label. Epitaph Records president, Brett Gurewitz, was impressed with the band's "intensity and songwriting of the music." Leathermouth released their first studio album, _XO_ on January 27, 2009 through Epitaph. Even though the album did not become listed on the Billboard 200, it did reach #21 on the Top Heatseekers chart.

## Members

- Frank Iero – Vocals
- Rob Hughes – Guitar
- Ed Auletta - Guitar
- John McGuire - Bass
- James Dewees - Drums

## Discography

- 2009: _XO_

## Other websites

- Leathermouth Official Website
- Leathermouth Official MySpace Page
- FaNATICMOUTH, a LeATHERMOUTH fanpage

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Leathermouth
- **img**: Leathermouth 2013.png
- **img capt**: at skate and surf 2013
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: New Jersey, United States
- **genre**: Hardcore punk, screamo, post hardcore
- **years active**: 2007 – present
- **label**: Epitaph Records
- **associated acts**: My Chemical Romance
- **url**: [http://www.leathermouth.com/ leathermouth.com]
- **current members**: Frank Iero
Rob Hughes
Ed Auletta
John McGuire
James Dewees
Alternative Press

***Alternative Press*** (also abbreviated as **AP**) is an American music magazine based in Cleveland, Ohio.

## Infobox (magazine)

- **logo**: Alternative Press logo.svg
- **logo size**: 200px
Warship (band)

**Warship** is an American rock band that formed in 2008.

## Other websites

- Warship interview on Rockmidgets.com

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Warship
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Long Island, New York City, New York, USA
- **genre**: Rock music, Rock
- **years active**: 2008 - present
- **label**: Vagrant Records
- **associated acts**: From Autumn To Ashes
Biology (band), Biology
- **url**: [http://www.myspace.com/mywarship http://www.myspace.com/mywarship]
- **current members**: Francis Mark
 Rob Lauritsen
 Darren Simoes
 Greg March
Brett Gurewitz

**Brett W. Gurewitz** (born May 12, 1962 in Los Angeles, California), nicknamed **Mr. Brett**, is an American guitarist. He is the guitarist and a songwriter of the punk rock band, Bad Religion. He is also the owner of the music labels Epitaph Records and Empire. He left and returned to Bad Religion twice and is still with the band today.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Brett Gurewitz
- **img**: Brett Gurewitz of Bad Religion.jpg
- **img size**: 320px
- **landscape**: yes
- **background**: solo_singer
- **alias**: Mr. Brett, Brett Religion, The Legendary Starbolt
- **birth name**: Brett W. Gurewitz
- **birth place**: Los Angeles, California
- **instrument**: Guitar, Singing, vocals
- **genre**: Punk rock, hardcore punk, melodic hardcore, digital hardcore
- **occupation**: Musician, guitarist, Record producer, producer, record label owner
- **years active**: 1979–_present_
- **associated acts**: Bad Religion
Daredevils (band), Daredevils
Error (band), Error
XO (Leathermouth album)

***XO*** (also spelled ***XØ***) is the first album released by Leathermouth. The album was released through Epitaph Records on January 27, 2009.

## Other websites

- Leathermouth Official Website
- Leathermouth Official MySpace Page

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: XO
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: Leathermouth
- **recorded**: Late 2008 in basements throughout the New York and New Jersey area
- **genre**: Hardcore punk, screamo, post hardcore
- **label**: Epitaph Records, Epitaph
- **producer**: Steve Oyolla, Leathermouth
Takekazu Suzuki

**Takekazu Suzuki** (born 8 April 1956) is a former Japanese football player.
Antônio Monteiro Dutra

**Antônio Monteiro Dutra** (born 11 August 1973) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Sport Recife.

## Club statistics

|colspan=3|Club performance|colspan=2|League|colspan=2|Cup|colspan=2|League Cup|colspan=2|Continental|colspan=2|Other|colspan=2|Total|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2001|Yokohama F. Marinos|J1 League|12|3|1|0|4|0|-|-|17|3||
|2002|25|1|2|0|5|1|-|-|32|2||||
|2003|28|1|3|1|7|0|-|-|38|2||||
|2004|22|0|1|0|4|1|5|2|6|0|38|3||
|2005|32|1|2|0|4|0|5|1|4|0|47|2||
|2006|28|2|0|0|4|0|-|-|32|2||||
|2012|29|0|2|0|1|0|-|-|32|0||||
|2013|33|1|5|0|9|0|-|-|47|1||||
|2014|4|0|1|0|0|0|2|0|1|0|8|0||

## Honours

- Santos
- Torneio Rio-São Paulo: 1997

- Coritiba
- Campeonato Paranaense: 1999

- Yokohama F. Marinos
- J.League Cup: 2001
- J1 League : 2003, 2004
- Emperor's Cup: 2013

- Sport
- Campeonato Pernambucano: 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010
- Copa do Brasil: 2008

- Santa Cruz
- Campeonato Pernambucano: 2012

### Individual

- J.League Best XI: 2003, 2004

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Dutra
- **fullname**: Antônio Monteiro Dutra
- **height**: 1.70 m
- **birth place**: Duque Bacelar-MA, Brazil
- **position**: Defender (association football)#Full-back, Left Back
- **youthyears1**: 1990–1993
- **youthclubs1**: Bacabal-MA
- **years1**: 1994
- **years2**: 1995–1996
- **years3**: 1997
- **years4**: 1998
- **years5**: 1999
- **years6**: 2000
- **years7**: 2000–2001
- **years8**: 2001–2006
- **years9**: 2007–2011
- **years10**: 2011–2012
- **years11**: 2012–2014
- **clubs1**: Paysandu Sport Club, Paysandu
- **clubs2**: Mogi Mirim Esporte Clube, Mogi Mirim
- **clubs3**: Santos Futebol Clube, Santos
- **clubs4**: América Futebol Clube (MG), América-MG
- **clubs5**: Coritiba Foot Ball Club, Coritiba
- **clubs6**: Santos Futebol Clube, Santos
- **clubs7**: Sport Club do Recife, Sport Recife
- **clubs8**: Yokohama F. Marinos
- **clubs9**: Sport Club do Recife, Sport Recife
- **clubs10**: Santa Cruz Futebol Clube, Santa Cruz
- **clubs11**: Yokohama F. Marinos
- **caps1**: 19
- **goals1**: 0
- **caps3**: 13
- **goals3**: 1
- **caps4**: 20
- **goals4**: 1
- **caps5**: 18
- **goals5**: 1
- **caps7**: 17
- **goals7**: 0
- **caps8**: 147
- **goals8**: 8
- **caps9**: 223
- **goals9**: 8
- **caps10**: 15
- **goals10**: 2
- **caps11**: 66
- **goals11**: 1
- **pcupdate**: 1 July 2014
Kota Yoshihara

is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.

## Biography

Yoshihara was born in Fujiidera on February 2, 1978. After graduating from Hatsushiba Hashimoto High School, he joined Japan Football League club Consadole Sapporo in 1996. The club won the champions in 1997 and was promoted to J1 League. However the club was relegated to new league J2 League in 1999. He moved to his local club Gamba Osaka in 2000. Although he became a regular player from 2001, his opportunity to play decreased from 2003. He moved to Omiya Ardija in 2006. He moved to Mito HollyHock in 2009. He made an announcement to retire on February 2, 2013, on his 35th birthday.

In June 1999, Yoshihara was selected Japan national team for 1999 Copa América. At this competition, on July 2, he debuted against Paraguay.

## Statistics

|-
|1996||rowspan="4"|Consadole Sapporo||rowspan="2"|Football League||24||6||3||1||colspan="2"|-||27||7
|-
|1997||15||8||3||2||2||0||20||10
|-
|1998||J1 League||34||11||3||1||4||1||41||13
|-
|1999||J2 League||32||15||2||0||2||0||36||15
|-
|2000||rowspan="6"|Gamba Osaka||rowspan="6"|J1 League||19||3||3||1||2||0||24||4
|-
|2001||27||11||3||2||2||0||32||13
|-
|2002||27||11||2||1||6||3||35||15
|-
|2003||20||6||2||2||4||1||26||9
|-
|2004||22||5||4||0||5||0||31||5
|-
|2005||19||2||1||0||9||3||29||5
|-
|2006||rowspan="3"|Omiya Ardija||rowspan="3"|J1 League||15||2||1||0||1||0||17||2
|-
|2007||26||5||1||0||5||1||32||6
|-
|2008||19||2||1||0||2||0||22||2
|-
|2009||rowspan="4"|Mito HollyHock||rowspan="4"|J2 League||47||9||1||0||colspan="2"|-||48||9
|-
|2010||24||6||0||0||colspan="2"|-||24||6
|-
|2011||9||2||2||0||colspan="2"|-||11||2
|-
|2012||18||1||1||0||colspan="2"|-||19||1
397||105||33||10||44||9||474||124
397||105||33||10||44||9||474||124
|}

|-
|1999||1||0
|-
!Total||1||0
|}

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Kota Yoshihara
- **fullname**: Kota Yoshihara
- **birth place**: Fujiidera, Osaka, Fujiidera, Osaka Prefecture, Osaka, Japan
- **position**: Forward
- **youthyears1**: 1993–1995
- **youthclubs1**: Hatsushiba Hashimoto High School
- **years1**: 1996–1999
- **clubs1**: Hokkaido Consadole Sapporo, Consadole Sapporo
- **caps1**: 105
- **goals1**: 40
- **years2**: 2000–2005
- **clubs2**: Gamba Osaka
- **caps2**: 134
- **goals2**: 38
- **years3**: 2006–2008
- **clubs3**: Omiya Ardija
- **caps3**: 60
- **goals3**: 9
- **years4**: 2009–2012
- **clubs4**: Mito HollyHock
- **caps4**: 98
- **goals4**: 18
- **totalcaps**: 397
- **totalgoals**: 105
- **nationalyears1**: 1999
- **nationalteam1**: Japan national football team, Japan
- **nationalcaps1**: 1
- **nationalgoals1**: 0
Andy O'Brien

**Andrew James O'Brien** (born 29 June 1979) is a former professional footballer who played as a centre-back. Born in England, he won 26 caps for Republic of Ireland between 2001 and 2006 and was a member of Ireland's 2002 World Cup squad. He retired from international duty in 2006.

### Club

|rowspan="2"|Club|rowspan="2"|Season|colspan="3"|League|colspan="2"|National Cup|colspan="2"|League Cup|colspan="2"|Continental|colspan="2"|Total|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|rowspan="6"|Bradford City|1996–97|First Division|22|2|3|0|0|0|—|25|2||
|1997–98|First Division|26|0|1|0|0|0|—|27|0||||
|1998–99|First Division|30|0|1|0|3|0|—|34|0||||
|1999–2000|Premier League|36|1|2|0|2|0|—|40|1||||
|2000–01|Premier League|18|0|1|0|0|0|4|0|23|0|||
|rowspan="6"|Newcastle United|2000–01|Premier League|9|1|0|0|0|0|—|9|1||
|2001–02|Premier League|34|2|5|1|4|0|1|0|44|3|||
|2002–03|Premier League|26|0|1|0|0|0|12|0|39|0|||
|2003–04|Premier League|28|1|1|0|0|0|13|0|42|1|||
|2004–05|Premier League|23|2|3|0|1|0|11|0|38|2|||
|rowspan="3"|Portsmouth|2005–06|Premier League|29|0|2|0|1|0|—|32|0||
|2006–07|Premier League|3|0|0|0|2|0|—|5|0||||
|rowspan="5"|Bolton Wanderers|2007–08|Premier League|32|0|1|0|1|0|8|0|42|0|
|2008–09|Premier League|34|1|1|0|1|0|—|36|1||||
|2009–10|Premier League|6|0|3|0|0|0|—|9|0||||
|2010–11|Premier League|2|0|0|0|1|0|—|3|0||||
|Leeds United (loan)|rowspan="2"|2010–11|Championship|11|1|0|0|0|0|—|11|1||
|rowspan="3"|Leeds United|Championship|19|1|2|0|0|0|—|21|1|||
|2011–12|Championship|4|0|0|0|2|0|0|0|6|0|||
|rowspan="4"|Vancouver Whitecaps|2012|Major League Soccer|9|0|0|0|—|—|9|0|||
|2013|Major League Soccer|16|0|4|0|—|—|20|0|||||
|2014|Major League Soccer|27|0|0|0|—|—|27|0|||||

### International

|National team|Year|Apps|Goals||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|rowspan="6"|Republic of Ireland|2001|3|0|
|2002|2|0|||
|2003|3|0|||
|2004|9|0|||
|2005|5|1|||
|2006|4|0|||

## Honours

**Bolton Wanderers**
- _The Bolton News_ Readers' player of the season 2007–08

**Bradford City**
- Promotion: Division One (Championship) runners up 1998–99