juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Škoda Yeti

The **Škoda Yeti** is an SUV car produced by Škoda Auto since 2009. It was facelifted in 2013 and its boxy styling received mixed reviews. It has been replaced in late 2017 by a new, normal looking model called the Karoq.

## Engines

- _1.2 TSI_ 77 kW (105 hp)
- _1.8 TSI_ 118 kW (160 hp)
- _2.0 TDI_ 81 kW (110 hp), 103 kW (140 hp) and 125 kW (170 hp)
NBC Symphony Orchestra

The **NBC Symphony Orchestra** was a radio orchestra. It was made by David Sarnoff of the National Broadcasting Company mostly for conductor Arturo Toscanini. The NBC Symphony performed weekly radio concert broadcasts with Toscanini and other conductors. It was the house orchestra for the network. It began November 13, 1937. It ended in 1954.
Gabriel Pierné

**Henri Constant Gabriel Pierné** (16 August 1863–17 July 1937) was a French composer, conductor, and organist.

## Personal Life

Gabriel Pierné was born in Metz in 1863. His family moved to Paris to get away from the Franco-Prussian War. He studied at the Paris Conservatoire. Pierné got first prizes for solfège, piano, organ, counterpoint, and fugue. He won the French Prix de Rome in 1882, with his work _Edith_. His teachers were Antoine François Marmontel, Albert Lavignac, Émile Durand, César Franck (for the organ) and Jules Massenet (for composition).

He succeeded Franck as organist at Saint Clotilde Basilica in Paris from 1890 to 1898. Pierné himself was succeeded by another Franck student. His name was Charles Tournemire. Associated for many years with Édouard Colonne's concert series, the Concerts Colonne, from 1903, Pierné became head conductor of this series in 1910.

His most famous early performance was the world start of Igor Stravinsky's ballet _The Firebird_, at the Ballets Russes, Paris, on 25 June 1910. He remained in the post until 1933.

He died in Ploujean, Finistère, in 1937.
Terry Wogan

**Sir Michael Terence Wogan**  (; 3 August 1938 – 31 January 2016), better known as **Terry Wogan**, was a veteran Irish-British comedian, actor, columnist, radio and television broadcaster, who has worked for the British Broadcasting Corporation in the United Kingdom for most of his career. Before he retired from the weekday breakfast programme _Wake Up to Wogan_ on BBC Radio 2 on 18 December 2009, Wogan had a regular eight million listeners, making him the most listened to radio broadcaster of any European nation. He began his career at Raidió Teilifís Éireann where he presented shows such as _Jackpot_ in the 1960s.

Wogan was a leading media personality in the UK from the late 1960s and is often referred to as a national treasure. He is best known in the United Kingdom for his BBC 1 chat show _Wogan_, the game show Blankety Blank, for his work presenting _Children in Need_, as the host of _Wake Up to Wogan_on BBC Radio 2, and as the BBC's commentator for the _Eurovision Song Contest_ from 1980 to 2008. He was awarded an honorary knighthood in 2005. When he took dual British citizenship later that year, he became entitled to be addressed as "Sir Terry Wogan".

Wogan started a primetime weekend show on Radio 2 from 14 February 2010.

Wogan died on 31 January 2016 in Taplow, Buckinghamshire, England from cancer of unknown primary origin at the age of 77.

## Infobox (person)

- **honorific prefix**: Sir
- **name**: Terry Wogan
- **image**: File:Terry Wogan at Cheltenham Literature Festival.jpg
- **caption**: Wogan at the Cheltenham Literature Festival in 2015
- **birth name**: Michael Terence Wogan
- **birth place**: Limerick, Ireland
- **death place**: Taplow, Buckinghamshire, England
- **years active**: 1956–2015
- **employer**: BBC
- **citizenship**: Republic of Ireland, Ireland • United Kingdom
- **known for**: **Television presenting:**
**Radio presenting:**
- **spouse**: Helen Joyce (m.1965-2016, his death)
- **children**: 4
Wake Up to Wogan

***Wake Up to Wogan*** (WUTW) was the most listened to radio show in the United Kingdom and the flagship breakfast programme broadcast on BBC Radio 2. The show was presented by Sir Terry Wogan who fronted WUTW from 4th January 1993; he had previously presented the breakfast show between 1972 and 1984, but the title WUTW was only added at the start of his second term. On 7 September 2009, Wogan confirmed to his listeners that he would be leaving the show at the end of the year, with Chris Evans taking over the breakfast show from the 11th January 2010. The final show was broadcast on 18 December 2009. Regular stand-in presenter Johnnie Walker would become interim host of the breakfast show for the three week period between Wogan's departure and Evans'.
Attica Correctional Facility

**Attica Correctional Facility** is a prison in Attica, New York. The prison was the site of a riot in 1971, because prisoners wanted better conditions in it.
Happy slapping

**Happy slapping** is a trend in which innocent people are hurt, for no apparent reason. Most of the time, happy slapping is done in groups. One person in the group will hit an innocent person, while another films the onset. In English-speaking countries, the crime is usually deemed assault. In some cases, the victims are beaten to unconsciousness, or even killed. Mostly, the name is used for small acts of violence such as hitting or jumping on the victim, but the media has also used it for more serious crimes such as murder, rape, and sexual assault.

Happy slapping began in South London, particularly the London Borough of Lewisham. The first use was as _Slap Happy TV_, where many people would watch and judge the exploit of a happy slapper.
Germania (painting)

***Germania*** is a painting by Philipp Veit created in March 1848 during the Revolutions of 1848.
Today _Germania_ is in the Germanisches Nationalmuseum in Nuremberg.
Philipp Veit

**Philipp Veit** (13 February 1793 – 18 December 1877) was a German Romantic painter. One of Veit's most important paintings was Germania in 1848.

## Biography

Veit was born in Berlin, Prussia. He was the son of a banker Simon Veit

## Related pages

- List of German painters
Pöcking

**Pöcking** is a municipality in Germany. It is in the district of Starnberg in Bavaria. The Prince of Austria-Hungary, Otto von Habsburg, lived there until his death on July 4, 2011.
BMW Compact

The **BMW Compact** is an automobile made by BMW in two generations from 1994 until 2004. It was replaced by the 1 Series in 2004.

### Engines

- _316i_ 75 kW (102 hp) and 77 kW (105 hp)
- _318ti_ 103 kW (140 hp)
- _323ti_ 125 kW (170 hp)
- _318tds_ 66 kW (90 hp)

### Engines

- _316ti_ 85 kW (115 hp)
- _318ti_ 105 kW (143 hp)
- _325ti_ 141 kW (192 hp)
- _318td_ 85 kW (115 hp)
- _320td_ 110 kW (150 hp)
Volkswagen Jetta Mk2

The **Volkswagen Jetta Mk2** is the second generation of the Volkswagen Jetta. It successed the Mk1 in 1984, and were in 1992 successed by the Vento.

#### Carburetted

- _1.3_ 40 kW (55 hp)
- _1.6_ 51 kW (70 hp), 53 kW (72 hp) and 55 kW (75 hp)
- _1.8_ 62 kW (84 hp) and 66 kW (90 hp)

#### Fuel-injected

- _1.3_ 40 kW (55 hp)
- _1.8_ 66 kW (90 hp)
- _1.8 Syncro_ 72 kW (98 hp)
- _1.8 GT_ 79 kW (107 hp) and 82 kW (112 hp)
- _1.8 GT 16V_ 95 kW (129 hp) and 102 kW (139 hp)
- _2.0 16V_ 100 kW (136 hp)

### Diesel

- _1.6 D_ 40 kW (54 hp)
- _1.6 TD_ 44 kW (60 hp), 51 kW (70 hp) and 59 kW (80 hp)
Alfa Romeo 159

The **Alfa Romeo 159** is a car produced by Alfa Romeo. It succeeded the 156 in 2005. Production ceased in 2011. It was eventually replaced in 2016 with the Giulia.

### Petrol

- _1750 TBi_ 147 kW (200 hp)
- _1.8 MPI_ 103 kW (140 hp)
- _1.9 JTS_ 118 kW (160 hp)
- _2.2 JTS_ 136 kW (185 hp)
- _3.2 JTS_ 191 kW (260 hp)

### Diesel

- _1.9 JTDM 8V_ 88 kW (120 hp)
- _1.9 JTDM 16V_ 110 kW (150 hp)
- _2.0 JTDM 16V_ 100 kW (136 hp) and 125 kW (170 hp)
- _2.4 JTDM 20V_ 147 kW (200 hp) and 154 kW (210 hp)
Damselfly

**Damselflies** are insects in the order Odonata. They are similar to dragonflies, but are in a separate suborder, the Zygoptera. There are 20 families of damselfly. "Demoiselle" is another name for damselflies.

The wings of most damselflies are held along, and parallel to, the body when at rest. There are also damselfly families in which the wings are held open, as in the true dragonflies (Anisoptera).

Damselflies are also usually smaller, weaker fliers than dragonflies.  Their eyes are well separated by more than their own diameter. Another distinction is that their forewings and hindwings look similar; this is not the case in the true dragonflies. Like dragonflies, damselflies cannot walk, but only land. Their life cycle is also similar. They have incomplete metamorphosis, with an aquatic nymph. The nymph is carnivorous, as is the adult.

Damselflies have existed since the later Carboniferous (early forms may be put in the Protozygoptera by some authorities). They are found on every continent except Antarctica. One feature of their life is different from dragonflies. Not only do their nymphs grow in rivers, but the adults usually keep close to the river, and live in colourful little groups. Most damselflies live their lives within a short distance of where they were hatched.

They are often brilliantly coloured, but when they land on a bush, out of direct sunlight, they are not easy to see. They land and close their wings at the same instant. They have eyes which detect movement well, and they fly off if anything moves nearby. Thus, although they are fragile and highly coloured, they are not easily caught by predators.

All damselflies are predatory; both nymphs and adults eat other insects.
Klinefelter syndrome

**Klinefelter syndrome**, **47, XXY,** or **XXY syndrome** is a genetic disorder where people have an extra number of X chromosomes. People who have Klinefelter's Syndrome are often called "XXY Males", or "47, XXY Males".

## Effects

Males who have this condition are almost always infertile. This means that they cannot father babies.

## In other organisms

Any male mammal can have Klinefelter's Syndrome. The mouse is one example.
Tortoiseshell or calico markings on male cats are an indicator of Klinefelter's syndrome. These cats are considered to be the model organism for Klinefelter syndrome, because the gene for a cat's orange/black coat markings is found on the X chromosome.

## Other websites

ro:Cromozomul X#Sindromul Klinefelter (47,XXY sau 48,XXXY)
Rumba

**Rumba** is a music and dance term with two different meanings.

First, it means Cuban event of African style, the rumba genre of Afro-Cuban music. This use of the term 'rumba' is quite different from the Latin ballroom dance.

Second, it refers to one of the Latin ballroom dances. In this sense, the Rumba is the slowest of the five competitive International Latin dances. The Paso doble, the Samba, the Cha-cha-cha and the Jive are the others. This ballroom Rumba was also danced in Cuba to a rhythm they call the _bolero-son_. The international style was derived from studies of dance in Cuba in the pre-revolutionary period.

## Rumba outside Cuba

The _Peanut Vendor_ was the first recording of Cuban music to become an international hit. It was described on the label as a _rumba_, perhaps because the word _son_ would not be understood in English. The label stuck, and a 'rumba craze' developed through the 1930s. This kind of rumba was introduced into dance salons in America and Europe in the 1930s, and was characterized by variable tempo, sometimes nearly twice as fast as the modern ballroom Rumba.

### Ballroom Rumba

The modern style of dancing the Rumba derives from studies made by dance teacher Monsieur Pierre (Pierre Zurcher-Margolle). Pierre, then from London, visited Cuba in 1947, 1951 and 1953 to find out how and what Cubans were dancing at the time.<sup>Intro</sup>

The international ballroom Rumba is a slower dance of about 120 beats per minute which corresponds, both in music and in dance to what the Cubans of an older generation called the _bolero-son_. It is easy to see why, for ease of reference and for marketing, _rumba_ is a better name, however inaccurate. It is the same kind of reason that led later on to the use of salsa as an overall term for popular music of Cuban origin.

All social dances in Cuba involve a hip-sway over the standing leg and, though this is hardly noticeable in fast salsa, it is more pronounced in the slow ballroom rumba. Walter Laird put it like this:
- [After taking a step to the side] "Transfer full weight to this foot allowing the pelvis to move sideways and back so that the weight is felt to be near the heel of the standing foot. The knee of the supporting leg is locked back".<sup>p9</sup>
In general, steps are kept compact and the dance is danced without any rise and fall. This style is authentic, as is the use of free arms in various figures. The basic figures derive from dance moves observed in Havana in the pre-revolutionary period, and have developed their own life since then. Competition figures are often complex, and this is where competition dance separates from social dance. Details can be obtained from the syllabi of dance teaching organizations and from standard texts.

## Other websites

- Basic international Rumba demonstrated by Bryan Watson and Karen Hardy, former World Professional champions. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i1PdSugR6h8
- A more advanced version by the same pair: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OGpvc5QSSXs
The Gadget Show

***Shop Smart, Save Money*** is a British television series which used to be called _The Gadget Show_. It focuses on technology and is shown on Channel 5. It has progressed from 30 minutes to 1 hour long. Each week there are various features and tests, as well as a weekly competition.

The show tries to have enough information but not too much so that it bores people. It has been on television from 7 June 2004 to 14 July 2023.

## Infobox (television)

- **image**: Gadgetshow logo.jpg
- **caption**: The 2010 logo for the program
- **presenter**: Angellica Bell
Jon Bentley
Ortis Deley
- **num series**: 37 (2 other stories)
- **num episodes**: 474
- **channel**: Channel 5 (UK), Channel 5
Bullfighting

**Bullfighting** is an old sport performed in many civilizations. Today it is mostly done in India, Spain, Portugal, and some countries of South America.

The largest bullring is the Plaza México in central Mexico City, which seats 48,000 people, and the oldest is the La Maestranza in Seville, Spain, which was first used for bullfighting in 1765.

The Spanish bullfight (_Corrida de toros_) is a fight to the death. The modern bullfight has a ritual. It has three distinct stages, the start of each being signalled by a trumpet. The bullfighters (_Toreros_) enter the arena in a parade, to Paso doble music. The rules, costumes and traditions were sorted out by Paquiro (Francisco Montes Reina, 13 January 1804  4 April 1851, the greatest matador of his time.

A team of bullfighters is seven men. The leader is the **matador**, and he has six assistants, who play roles in the drama. Bullfighters' costumes are inspired by 18th century Andalusian clothing. _Matadores_ ('those who kill the bull') are easily seen by the gold of their _traje de luces_ ('suit of lights').

At the end comes the _tercio de muerte_ ('the third of death'). The matador re-enters the ring alone with a small red cape, and a sword. The cape called a _muleta_. The matador uses his cape to attract the bull in a series of passes. The _faena_ is the performance with the cape. The _faena_ ends with a final series of passes in which the bullfighter tries to move the bull into position. He then stabs it between the shoulder blades and through the aorta or heart. The act of thrusting in the sword is called an _estocada_.

If the matador makes a mistake, he may be gored by the bull's horns, and killed. This does happen: some very famous matadors have died in the ring. When the great matador Manolete was killed in the ring at the age of 31, three days of official national mourning were held. Bullrings do have an infirmary with an operating room, for the immediate treatment of bullfighters with horn wounds.

There is great opposition to the bullfight from animal welfare organisations. There are also versions of the bullfight in which the animal is unharmed.

## Art

Bullfighting has influenced all forms of art and culture. Ernest Hemingway said of bullfighting: "Bullfighting is the only art in which the artist is in danger of death and in which the degree of brilliance in the performance is left to the fighter's honour". Spanish dance and musical forms such as the paso doble and flamenco are heavily influenced by the spectacle of the bullfight.
Casual sex

**Casual sex** means some types of sexual activity outside of a romantic relationship. The term is not always used the same way: some use it to refer to sex in a casual relationship, and others use the word for one-time encounters, promiscuity, or to refer to sex without strong emotional attachment or love.

### Hookup

A **hookup** is casual sex activity that could consist of masturbation, oral sex, or sexual intercourse. An **extended hookup** sometimes refers to many casual sex interactions with the same person.  This is a situation in which the involved people meet for casual sex multiple times, always without a long-term commitment. This is a casual relationship is usually only for sex and without any emotional meaning.  Also another similar term is "no strings attached" ("NSA") sex.

Other terms used to describe two people engaged in a relationship in which there is no emotional but only sexual involvement are "fuck buddies", "friends with benefits", "booty call", and "ami calin" (the popular French term).

### One-night stand

One-night stand is a single sexual encounter between people, at least one of whom has no desire to start a longer-term sexual or romantic relationship.

### Anonymous sex

Anonymous sex is a form of one-night stand or _casual sex_ between people who have very little or no history with each other, often engaging in sexual activity on the same day of their meeting and usually never seeing each other again after the sex. It is usually homosexual sex between men.

## Commercial sites

There are many specialist online dating services or other internet websites, known as "adult personals" or "adult matching" sites, which cater to people looking for a purely physical relationship, without emotional attachments. These can provide a relatively anonymous forum where people who are geographically close but in totally separate work and social circles can make contact.

## Related pages

- Group sex
- STDs

## References

- Ehrenreich, Barbara, Elizabeth Hess, and Gloria Jacobs. _Re-Making Love: The Feminization of Sex_. Doubleday, 1986 ()
John Deere

**John Deere** (February 7, 1804 – May 17, 1886) was an American blacksmith and inventor. He started Deere & Company, which is a big company that makes farm equipment. In 1837, he invented the first successful steel plow. This worked better with the tough soil of the Midwestern United States.

John Deere was born in Rutland, Vermont, on February 7, 1804. He was the third son of William Rinold Deere and Sarah Yates Deere. In 1805, the family moved to Middlebury, Vermont, John's father worked as a tailor. In 1808, William took a boat to England, because he hoped to claim an inheritance and make a more comfortable life for his family. He was never heard from again, and people think that he must have died at sea. John's mother, Sarah, only had a small amount of money to raise him. John Deere's education was limited to the elementary schools of Vermont. At the age of 17 he learned how to be a blacksmith, which took him to several places in Vermont.

In 1836, John traveled to Grand Detour, Illinois, to make a fresh start. He had gotten married and had nine young children to look after. John was smart and hard working and he easily found work as a blacksmith. There were lots of farmers in Illinois and John had to fix their plows. The new farmers in Illinois struggled to turn heavy, sticky prairie soil with cast iron plows designed for the light, sandy soil of Vermont. John thought about the steel needles he had seen in father's tailor shop. The needles stayed smooth and shiny because they were pulled through rough leather. John Deere came up with the idea for a plow that would work. The plow in his mind was polished and shiny and made of steel just like his father's tailoring needles. It was shaped so that it could scour itself as it cut furrows. In 1837, he created his plow using a broken saw blade.

John sold his first plow to a farmer named Lewis Crandall. Lewis loved the plow told lots of other farmers. By 1841, John was making 100 plows every year. In 1843, he started working with another man named Leonard Andrus to help him keep up! By 1848, John had stopped working with Leonard and moved the business to Moline, Illinois. Moline had water power, coal and cheaper transportation than in Grand Detour. In 1850, John's company made 1600 plows. The company was soon producing other tools to go with the steel plow.

In 1858, John asked his son Charles to be in charge of the company. John stayed on as president of the company, but he also wanted to work on others things. He started a bank in Moline and joined a church. He was also the mayor of the city for two years and the director of the city library! John Deere died on May 17, 1886, at his home in Moline.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: John Deere
- **image**: John Deere portrait.jpg
- **birth place**: Rutland (town), Vermont, Rutland, Vermont, US
- **death place**: Moline, Illinois, US
- **education**: Middlebury College
- **occupation**: Inventor, blacksmith
- **known for**: Deere & Company, steel plow
- **children**: 9
- **signature**: Signature of John Deere (1804–1886).png
Quena

The **quena**, also written as "kena" in English, is the traditional flute of Peru and the Andes. Made of bamboo, it has six finger holes and one thumb hole and is open on both ends. To make a sound, the player closes the top end of the pipe with the flesh between the chin and lower lip, and blows a stream of air downward, over a notch cut into the end. It is normally in the key of G major. G is the lowest note when all the holes are covered. It produces a very breathy or airy tone.

The **quenacho** (also "kenacho" in English) is a bigger, lower sounding type of quena and made the same way. It is in the key of D major, a fourth lower than the quena. In most of Andes' towns "vamos a ir a la quena" (we will go to the quena) was used to threaten little children, because the quena was made of bamboo, a hard material.

Quena is mostly used in traditional Andean music. In the 1960s and 1970s the quena was used by several Nueva Canción musicians. Some groups such as Illapu have used it regularly. In the 1980s and 1990s some post-Nueva Canción rock groups have also used the quena in some of their songs; notably Soda Stereo in _Cuando Pase el Temblor_ and Los Enanitos Verdes in _Lamento Boliviano_. The quena is also relatively common in World music.

## Other flutes

Other Andean flutes include
- The **pinquillo**, also called pinkuyo or pinkiyo, has the same fingering as the quena. It looks and works the same way as a  recorder. It has an air channel, or fipple, to conduct the air;
- The **tarka**, or tharqa, also like a recorder but it is shorter and quite angular in shape. It needs more breath, and has a darker, more penetrating sound;
- The **moseño**, or mohoseño, is a long, two tubed bamboo flute with a deep sound. The extra tube acts as an aeroduct.

## Related pages

- Native American flute

## Other websites

- Quena Music
- Modern Quena models
- How to select a quena
- The sound of the quena Los Koyas
- Quenacho Music Iain Kelso
Fedor Emelianenko

**Fedor Emelianenko** (born September 28, 1976) is a Russian mixed martial artist who was fighting for the strikeforce promotion. from 2003 until 2010. He has an overall record of 35 fights, in which he has won 31, lost 1, and had 1 no contest. He started a political career in 2010,

## Infobox (martial artist)

- **name**: Fedor Emelianenko
- **image**: File:Fedor Emelianenko in a seminar in New Jersey, mid 2006.png
- **nationality**: Russians, Russian
- **height**: 1.83 m
- **weight kg**: 117
Gyeonggi Province

**Gyeonggi-do** () is the province in which the most people live in South Korea. Over 12 million people live in it. Its provincial capital is Suwon. Its name, Gyeonggi, means 'surrounding the capital' and it surrounds Seoul, the capital of South Korea. It is also next to Incheon.

## History

Gyeonggi-do has been important since King Onjo of Baekje (one of the three kingdoms of ancient Korea) built Wiryeseong and founded the government in it. After King Taejo of Goryeo made the capital in Gaegyeong, (now Kaesong), the province became much more important, and since King Hyeonjong's period it has been called Gyeonggi.

## Population

Gyeonggi-do's population increased rapidly after the modernization of South Korea because the capital, Seoul, the economic and cultural center of South Korea, is very close to it. Now the population of Gyeonggi-do is 12,649,894.

## Districts

Gyeonggi province consists of 28 cities and 3 counties.

## Transport

Gyeonggi Province's transport is well-developed because it is very close to Seoul—South Korea's capital—and Incheon, where Korea's biggest international airport is located. It is easy to access the capital and easy to go abroad by plane. Much of Gyeonggi Province is served by the Seoul Metropolitan Subway.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Gyeonggi-do
- **native name lang**: ko
- **settlement type**: Provinces of South Korea, Province
- **translit lang1**: Korean
- **translit lang1 type**: Hangul
- **image flag**: Flag of Gyeonggi Province (2021).svg
- **image blank emblem**: Emblem of Gyeonggi Province (2021).svg
- **blank emblem type**: Logo
- **image map**: Gyeonggi-do in South Korea.svg
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: South Korea
- **subdivision type1**: Region
- **subdivision name1**: Seoul National Capital Area, Seoul Capital
- **seat type**: List of capitals in South Korea, Capital
- **seat**: Suwon
- **parts type**: Subdivisions
- **parts**: 28 cities; 3 counties
- **leader title**: Governor of Gyeonggi Province, Governor
- **leader name**: Kim Dong-yeon
(Democratic Party of Korea, Democratic)
- **area total km2**: 10,184
- **area rank**: 5th
- **population total**: 13,413,459
- **population as of**: Nov. 2020
- **population density km2**: 1170.6
- **population rank**: 1st
- **demographics type1**: Provincial symbols
- **demographics1 title1**: Flower
- **iso code**: KR-41
- **blank name sec1**: Dialect
- **blank info sec1**: Gyeonggi dialect, Gyeonggi
- **blank name sec2**: Blog
- **translit lang1 type1**: Hanja
- **translit lang1 type2**: Revised Romanization
- **translit lang1 info2**: Gyeonggi-do
- **translit lang1 type3**: McCune‑Reischauer
- **translit lang1 info3**: Kyŏnggido
- **demographics1 info1**: Forsythia
- **demographics1 title2**: Tree
- **demographics1 info2**: Ginkgo
- **demographics1 title3**: Bird
- **demographics1 info3**: Dove
- **leader title1**: Legislature
- **leader name1**: Gyeonggi Assembly
Macrophage

**Macrophages** are white blood cells within tissues, produced by the differentiation of monocytes.

Monocytes and macrophages are phagocytes, acting in general immunity. They also trigger specific defense mechanisms (adaptive immunity) of vertebrates.

Their role is to phagocytose (engulf and then digest) cellular debris and pathogens either as stationary or as mobile cells. They also stimulate lymphocytes and other immune cells to respond to the pathogen,

## Life cycle

When a monocyte enters damaged tissue through the wall of a blood vessel it changes to become a macrophage. Monocytes are attracted to a damaged site by chemical substances, triggered by a range of stimuli.  At some sites such as the testis, macrophages have been shown to populate the organ through proliferation.

Unlike short-lived neutrophils, macrophages survive longer in the body, up to several months.
Granulocyte

**Granulocytes** are a category of white blood cells which have granules in their cytoplasm. They are also called **polymorphonuclear leukocytes** because of the shape of the nucleus, which has three segments. The term _polymorphonuclear leukocyte_ often refers just to neutrophils, the most abundant of the granulocytes.

Granulocytes are released from the bone marrow. They operate by phagocytosis and other means.

## Types of granulocytes

There are three types of granulocytes, distinguished by their appearance under Wright's stain:
- Neutrophil granulocytes
- Eosinophil granulocytes
- Basophil granulocytes

Their names are derived from their staining characteristics; for example, the most abundant granulocyte is the neutrophil granulocyte, which has neutrally-staining cytoplasmic granules.

Other white blood cells which are not granulocytes are mainly lymphocytes and monocytes.

## Related pages

- Agranulocytosis (not enough white blood cells in the blood)
To Surveil with Love

"**To Surveil with Love**" is the 20th episode of _The Simpsons_ 21st Season. In this episode, Homer leaves his bag at the train station and after it is thought to be a terrorist attack, cameras are put up around Springfield. Meanwhile, Lisa is bullied at school for being a blonde. It aired on May 2, 2010.

This is the first episode to feature characters without shadows in opening sequence, first time since "He Loves to Fly and He D'ohs" in 2007.

## Infobox (television episode)

- **series**: The Simpsons
- **season**: 21
- **episode**: 20
- **director**: Lance Kramer
- **writer**: Michael Nobori
- **production**: MABF12
- **guests**: Eddie Izzard as Nigel Bakerbutcher
- **prev**: The Squirt and the Whale
- **next**: Moe Letter Blues
- **season article**: The Simpsons (season 21)
- **episode list**: List of The Simpsons episodes
You Kent Always Say What You Want

"**You Kent Always Say What You Want**" is the 400th episode of _The Simpsons_. It is the 22nd episode of the 18th season and the 400th episode of the entire series. In this episode, Kent Brockman loses his job after he says something naughty on TV and stays with the Simpsons. It aired on May 20, 2007, at the same time as 24 Minutes. It is also the last episode to air before The Simpsons Movie.

## Plot

Homer Simpson gets the one-millionth ice cream cone at a local ice cream place and got on Smartline with Kent Brockman. Homer accidentally spills a cup of coffee by Brockman's crotch and he yells "That hurt like a" with the last word muffled. Kent Brockman said an extreme expletive and got demoted to the weekend weatherman.

## Infobox (television episode)

- **series**: The Simpsons
- **season**: 18
- **episode**: 22
- **director**: Matthew Nastuk
- **writer**: Tim Long
- **production**: JABF15
- **guests**: Ludacris as himself
Maurice LaMarche as List of The Simpsons characters, Birch Barlow
- **prev**: 24 Minutes
- **next**: He Loves to Fly and He D'ohs
- **season article**: The Simpsons (season 18)
- **episode list**: List of The Simpsons episodes
Dual carriageway

A **dual carriageway** (British English) or **divided highway** (American English) is a type of road. It is an important route that usually carries long-distance traffic.

A dual carriageway has four lanes (2 lanes each side), and is always separated by a man-made barrier or strip of land.

Dual carriageways have no hard shoulder. A hard shoulder is an area at the side of a road where drivers can stop if there is a serious problem, a breakdown for example.
Sin tax

A **sin tax** is when the government taxes things that are considered to be bad for society.

For example, if the government increases taxes on alcohol and cigarettes, this will make them more expensive. In economics, if a normal good becomes more expensive, its consumption will drop.

Arthur Pigou was a famous economist who supported the sin tax.

Sin taxes also have problems:
- If there is a large price difference between countries this will encourage smuggling, and may create a black market.
- Sin taxes may provide a reliable income for the government. In such a case, some governments encourage "sinful" behavior to get more taxes.
N. Gregory Mankiw

**Nicholas Gregory "Greg" Mankiw** (born February 3, 1958) is a famous economist.  He graduated from Princeton University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology.  He was an economic advisor for President George W. Bush from 2003-2005. In 2006, he became an economic adviser to Mitt Romney.

## Publications

He wrote a widely used college textbook for economics called Principles of Economics, listing 10 principles that all economies run on:
- People Face Tradeoffs (sometimes people have to choose between two things)
- The Cost of Something is What You Give Up to Get It
- Rational People Think at the Margin (people think of the pros and cons before making a purchase)
- People Respond to Incentives (when there is a reward to do something, more people will do it)
- Trade Can Make Everyone Better Off
- Markets Are Usually a Good Way to Organize Economic Activity (the economy usually does well without government interference)
- Governments Can Sometimes Improve Market Outcomes (sometimes it is necessary for the government to help the economy)
- A Country's Standard of Living Depends on Its Ability to Produce Goods and Services
- Prices Go Up When the Government Prints Too Much Money (the more money there is, the less value it has)
- Society Faces a Short-Run Tradeoff Between Inflation and Unemployment

His economic beliefs were influenced by John Maynard Keynes and he believes in Keynesian economics.  He is sometimes labeled as a conservative because he supported George W. Bush's tax cuts and he has criticized the policies of the Obama Administration a few times.  He also was influenced by the economist Arthur Pigou who believed that a high tax on something bad for society (called a sin tax) will result in fewer people buying it.

## Infobox (economist)

- **name**: N. Gregory Mankiw
- **school tradition**: New Keynesian economics
- **image**: GregoryMankiw.jpg
- **image size**: 100px
- **caption**: Mankiw as Chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers.
- **birth place**: Trenton, New Jersey
- **nationality**: United States
- **institution**: Harvard University
- **field**: Macroeconomics
- **alma mater**:

- **awards**: Wolf Balleisen Memorial Prize (1980)
Galbraith Teaching Prize (1991)
- **repec prefix**: e
- **repec id**: pma131
Poznań Fortress

**Poznań Fortress** (in Polish: _Twierdza Poznań_, in German: _Festung Posen_) was a set of fortifications in the city of Poznań in western Poland, built under Prussian rule in the 19th and early 20th centuries. It was one of largest systems of its kind in Europe.
Vesoul

**Vesoul** is a commune. It is the prefecture of the Haute-Saône department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region.

## Geography

The Haute-Saône is a rural department and is based around five towns: Vesoul (the prefecture), Gray, Héricourt, Lure and Luxeuil-les-Bains. The Durgeon and Colombine rivers flow through the commune.

## History

Vesoul is first mentioned in a document dated 899. That document speaks about an elevation with a fortified watchtower. The document speaks about "Castrum Vesulium". Castrum is a fortification, and "Vesulium" has the syllable _ves_ which meant hill or mountain in a language that was spoken before the Celts. Today, there is a castle that forms the centre of the city. The first houses were built inside the walls of the castle. Newcomers who found no place settled outside the city walls, on the flanks of the hill. Growing wine was popular.
In 1814, after the fall of the empire, a buffer state was created, with Vesoul as capital. The principality was that of Free County, of the Vosges and of Porrentruy.

Today, one of the main factories of PSA Peugeot Citroën is near Vesoul.

### Monuments and tourist attractions

- _Vieux Vesoul_ (English:Old Vesoul) (buildings from the 15th, 16th and 18th centuries and _Garret_ Museum)
- Site of Vesoul's Motte
- Site of the Sabot de Frotey
- Vesoul-Vaivre lake
- Vesoul-Vaivre Vélo-rail
- Saint Georges church (18th century)
- Convent of the Ursulines (17th century)

### Library

The first public library of Vesoul opened in 1771. The _abbé_ (abbot) Bardenet, superior of the Saint-Esprit hospital in Besançon, gave his book collection to the town. There were 1772 books. The collections became a lot larger with the Revolution. At that time, the revolutionaries (people who led the French Revolution) took the books from the monasteries of the town (_capucins_) and even of the region (_Luxeuil_ and _Faverney_ monasteries). Around 20,000 books were added to the library this way, including some 11th century manuscripts. The Mayor's office was responsible for keeping the books.

In 1981, the municipality decided to build a new building to encourage the public to read. The library recently got computers. There are around 200 manuscripts and 150 incunables.

## Twin towns

Vesoul is only twinned with one town:
- Gerlingen, Germany, since 1964.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Vesoul
- **image**: Vesoul_-_townhall_-_chapel.jpg
- **image coat of arms**: Blason_Vesoul.svg
- **caption**: Town Hall
- **arrondissement**: Vesoul
- **canton**: Vesoul-Est and Vesoul-Ouest
- **insee**: 70550
- **postal code**: 70000
- **mayor**: Alain Chrétien
- **term**: 2014–2020
- **intercommunality**: Vesoul
- **elevation m**: 220
- **elevation min m**: 213
- **elevation max m**: 375
- **area km2**: 9.07
- **population**: 15637
- **population date**: 2012
Hungaroring

The **Hungaroring** is a Formula One racing circuit in Mogyoród, near Budapest, Hungary where the Hungarian Grand Prix is held. In 1986, it became the location of the first Formula One Grand Prix behind the Iron Curtain. Formula One leader Bernie Ecclestone wanted a race in the USSR, but was not able to make a deal with Moscow. A Hungarian friend of his recommended the city of Budapest. Formula One wanted a street circuit similar to the Circuit de Monaco to be built in the Népliget, Budapest's largest park. The Hungarian government decided to build a new circuit (track) just outside the city near a major highway. Construction work started on October 1, 1985. The circuit was built in eight months, less time than any other Formula One circuit. The first race was held on March 24, 1986 in memory of János Drapál. Drapál was the first Hungarian to win a Grand Prix motorcycle race. A survey by the Hungarian national tourism office ranks Mogyoród third in venues visited by tourists in Hungary.

## Description

The Hungaroring is a circuit in the Formula One Grands Prix calendar. The F1 race is normally held in the middle of a Central European summer. The circuit is generally dusty, which limits traction. This is because the track is not used very much throughout the season and it is built on sandy soil. The track is built in a natural valley. About 80 percent of the racetrack is visible from any viewing location.

The Hungaroring is a twisty style circuit, where passing difficult.

The Hungaroring is the home of Hungarian motorsport. Besides Formula One, there were also DTM, FIA GT Championship races in its history. A public drag race event takes place every month.

## Fans

Most of the foreign fans are from Germany and Austria. The Hungaroring has traditionally seen a large number of Finnish fans as well. With the loss of the Austrian Grand Prix, this is the closest Formula One event for fans from other Central European countries. The  race saw many spectators from Poland due to the debut of the first Polish Formula One driver, Robert Kubica.

The Hungarian Grand Prix has always been more of a promotional event than a profit raising event. The Formula One contract was extended until 2016. Tobacco advertising has been banned since 2007.

## Other websites

- Official Ticket Agency of the Hungarian F1 Grand Prix
- Hungaroring - the technical requirements
- A lap of the Hungaroring with Honda’s Alex Wurz
- Hungaroring Circuit History and Statistics
- Statistics from official F1 site
- BBC's circuit guide
- Satellite picture by Google Maps
- Ciro Pabón's Racetracks 3D views and virtual laps of all F1 circuits, including this one, via Google Earth
Don Drysdale

**Don Drysdale** (July 23, 1936 – July 3, 1993) was an American baseball player. He was a right handed pitcher. He played for the Brooklyn/Los Angeles Dodgers from 1956 to 1969. He played in five World Series. In 1976, he was chosen to be in the Baseball Hall of Fame. His number was retired by the Dodgers.
Building model

A **building model** is either a physical (real) or virtual (computer) model of a building. Very often, the physical model is smaller than the original (scale model).

There are three basic types of building models: architectural, structural and mathematical (virtual).

## Architectural building model

An **architectural model** is a type of a physical model of a structure to study an architectural design or to share design ideas to clients, committees, and the general public.  Architectural models are a tool which may be used for show, presentation, fundraising, getting permits, and sale purposes. Such models are a good tool for three-dimensional understanding of a design, used by architects, interior designers and exhibit designers.

## Structural building model

Engineers who need scale models to test the likely performance of a design at an early stage of development without paying for a full-sized prototype.

## Virtual building model

**Virtual model** is a digital model of the object (typically greatly simplified) that can be used in a computer simulation or virtual reality.

The most common examples of virtual models are those created in 3D for the purpose of _visualisation_ - seeing how the structure looks before it is built. The field of architecture has greatly popularized the use of virtual models to animate fly-throughs of yet-to-be-built buildings.

## Related pages

- Earthquake engineering
- Structural Engineering
Chuck Mangione

**Charles Frank "Chuck" Mangione** (November 29, 1940 – July 22, 2025) was an American flugelhorn player. His best-known hit single was _Feels So Good_. It was the Billboard Easy Listening Singles number-one single on May 13, 1978. It was featured in many movies like _Zombieland_ and _Let's Go to Prison_. Mangione voiced himself in the animated television show _King of the Hill_.

Mangione was born in Rochester, New York. He died at his home in Rochester on July 22, 2025 at the age of 84.

## Other websites

- Chuck Mangione's Official website
The Jazz Singer (1927 movie)

***The Jazz Singer*** is a 1927 movie was released to movie theaters by Warner Bros.. The movie stars Al Jolson and May MacAvoy. It also co-starred Warner Oland. It's considered to be the first talking picture, but was actually not; _Dream Street_ (1921) was the first with a talking introduction by D.W. Griffith.
Love Parade disaster

The **Love Parade disaster** occurred on 24 July 2010, when 21 people were killed during a human crush in Duisburg, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, at the Love Parade electronic music festival. At least another 511 people were injured.

The Love Parade was a popular and free access electronic dance music festival and parade that originated in 1989 in Berlin, Germany. The parade features stages, but is well known for its floats with music, DJs and dancers moving through the audience. This was the first edition of the festival that was organized in a closed-off festival area. Up to  people were reported to be attending the event and 1,200 police were on hand.

The event was one of the program elements of RUHR.2010, whereby cultural events in the Ruhr area were highlighted, because the Ruhr was 2010's European Capital of Culture.

The festival organizer said that there would be no more Love Parades after this. He said, "Out of respect for the victims, their families and friends, we are going to discontinue the event in the future, and that means the end of the Love Parade."

## Other websites

- Media collection from before and after the incident
- Full press conference (in German)
Manhattan Melodrama

***Manhattan Melodrama*** is a 1934 crime melodrama movie directed by W. S. Van Dyke and distributed by the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer company. The film won screenwriter Arthur Caesar an Academy Award for Best Story.

## Cast

- Clark Gable as _Blackie Gallagher_
- William Powell as _Jim Wade_
- Myrna Loy as _Eleanor_
- Mickey Rooney as the _Young Blackie Gallagher_
- Jimmy Butler as the _Young Jim Wade_
Monocyte

**Monocytes** are a type of white blood cell, part of the human body's immune system. They are usually identified in stained smears by their large two-lobed nuclei. They are a kind of reserve cell which turn into macrophages and immune helper cells called dendritic cells.

Monocytes work at two speeds in the immune system:
1. To gradually replenish resident macrophages and dendritic cells under normal conditions, and
1. To move quickly (~ 8-12 hours) to infected tissue in response to inflammation signals. There they divide and differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells to cause an immune response.

Half of all monocytes are stored as a reserve in the spleen; the rest are circulating or in tissues.

## Physiology

Monocytes are produced by the bone marrow from stem cell precursors called _monoblasts_. Monocytes circulate in the bloodstream for about one to three days and then typically move into tissues throughout the body. They make up three to eight percent of the leukocytes in the blood.

Monocytes which migrate from the bloodstream to the tissues will then differentiate into macrophages or dendritic cells, which then stay in the tissue. Macrophages are responsible for protecting tissues from foreign substances. They are cells that possess a large smooth nucleus, a large area of cytoplasm and many internal vesicles for processing foreign material.

Monocytes and their macrophage and dendritic cell progeny serve three main functions in the immune system. These are phagocytosis, antigen presentation and cytokine production.
1. Phagocytosis is the process of uptake of microbes and particles followed by digestion and destruction of this material. Monocytes are also capable of killing infected host cells using antibodies.
1. Microbial fragments that remain after such digestion can serve as antigens. This process is called _antigen presentation_ and it leads to activation of T lymphocytes. These mount a specific immune response against the antigen.
1. Other microbial products can directly activate monocytes and this leads to the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines.