juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Craig Owens

**Craigery Michael "Craig" Owens** (b. August 26, 1984) is an American musician from Davison, Michigan. He is best known as the former lead vocalist of Chiodos. He has had many side projects such as Cinematic Sunrise, and the supergroup Isles & Glaciers. He is currently lead vocalist for the supergroup Destroy Rebuild Until God Shows.

## Biography

On July 20, 2008, Owens tried to kill himself by overdosing a drug called Xanax. Owens said he had been suffering from depression, bipolar disorder, and anxiety. Owens also said he did not suffer any permanent damage from the incident.

On December 15, 2008, a new side project was announced and was to be called Isles & Glaciers. It would include Owens, Jonny Craig (from Dance Gavin Dance and Emarosa), Vic Fuentes, Nick Martin, Matt Goddard (from Chiodos), Brian Southall, and Mike Fuentes. Owens is also often featured as a guest vocalist. Florida post-hardcore band, Broadway, had Craig Owens and Jonny Craig as guest vocalists on their debut album _Kingdoms_, which was released July 7, 2009. Owens was also featured in the song "The Road to Hell Is Paved With Good Intentions" for the band In Fear and Faith.

## Other websites

- Official Website

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Craig Owens
- **image**: Craig Owens 2009 Warped Tour.jpg
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Craigery Michael Owens
- **origin**: Davison, Michigan, Davison, Michigan, United States, U.S.
- **instrument**: singing, Vocals, guitar, piano, Keyboard instrument, keyboards
- **genre**: Post-hardcore, indie rock, experimental rock, emo, pop rock, screamo, pop punk
- **occupation**: Singer-songwriter, musician, actor
- **years active**: 2001–present
- **label**: Decaydance Records, Decaydance, Sire Records, Sire
- **associated acts**: Chiodos, Destroy Rebuild Until God Shows, Cinematic Sunrise, Isles & Glaciers, The Sound of Animals Fighting
- **url**: [http://iamcraigowens.com www.iamcraigowens.com]
Canada lynx

The **Canada lynx** is a species of lynx which lives on the taiga. It is about twice the size of a domestic cat.

It eats mice, ground squirrels, lemming and young deer. The lynx's favorite food is the snowshoe hare, which makes up 60% to 97% of its diet.

This wild animal is not endangered (except in the southern 48 states of the US). It is of "least concern" (IUCN). Humans hunt them for their beautiful, thick fur.

It has tufts on its ears whose function is probably social signalling.
Douglas J. Mink

**D. Jessica Mink** is an American software developer and a data archivist at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. She was part of the team that discovered the rings around the planet Uranus.

Mink was born in Elgin, Illinois in 1951. She graduated from Dundee Community High School in 1969. Mink earned an S.B. degree (1973) and an S.M. degree (1974) in Planetary Science from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Felicity Kendal

**Felicity Ann Kendal** CBE (born 25 September 1946) is a British actress. She was born in Olton, Warwickshire. She is best known for her role in sitcom _The Good Life_. She was a contestant in the 2010 series of _Strictly Come Dancing_.

## Awards

- 1976 – Most Promising Newcomer - Variety Club
- 1979 – Best Actress - Variety Club
- 1980 – Clarence Derwent Award
- 1981 - Rear of the Year
- 1984 – Woman of the Year - Best Actress - Variety Club
- 1989 – Best Actress - Evening Standard Theatre Awards

## Publication

- _White Cargo_ (memoirs) - 1998

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: Felicity Kendal on Thomas Murphy Presents.jpg
- **caption**: 2016
- **name**: Felicity Kendal
- **birth name**: Felicity Ann Kendal
- **birth place**: Olton, Solihull, Warwickshire, England, UK
- **occupation**: Actor
- **spouse**: Drewe Henley
(m. 1968–1979, divorced)
Michael Rudman
(m. 1983–1990, divorced)
- **parents**: Geoffrey Kendal (deceased)
Laura Liddell (deceased)
- **relatives**: Jennifer Kendal
(sister, deceased)
Determinism

In philosophy, **determinism** is the thesis that there are conditions that make future events happen the way they happen. Today, the term is mostly used in natural philosophy: there are natural laws and causality that govern certain aspects of nature. Some of those laws are not probabilistic, they apply all the time. The opposite position to this idea is called indeterminism. If there are really conditions that cause future events to be uniquely determined in advance, this will cause problems supporting the idea that there is free will.  Other ideas that need the thesis of determinism are called fatalism and predestination.

## Famous people who supported the idea

- Alfred Jules Ayer (1910–1989)
- Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860)
- Georg Büchner (1813–1837)
- Albert Einstein (1879–1955)
- Sigmund Freud (1856–1939)
- Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679)
- Paul Thiry d'Holbach (1723–1789)
- David Hume (1711–1776)
- William James (1842–1910)
- Pierre-Simon Laplace (1749–1827)
- John Locke (1632–1704)
- Marshall McLuhan (1911–1980)
- Julien Offray de La Mettrie (1709–1751)
- John Stuart Mill (1806–1873)
- Max Planck (1858–1947)
- Baruch de Spinoza (1632–1677)

## Related pages

- Deterministic algorithm
- Deterministic chaos
- Deterministic system
- Cultural determinism
U.S. National Geodetic Survey

**National Geodetic Survey**, formerly called the **U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey** (U.S.C.G.S.), is a United States federal agency that defines and manages a national coordinate system. It measures the land and then draws maps. It also measures magnetic fields and tides. Congress started it in 1807 to draw maps of the coasts. It helps transportation and communication; mapping and charting; and many science and engineering uses. Since 1970, it has been part of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), of the United States Department of Commerce.

## Other websites

- National Geodetic Survey website
    - early history of the Coast Survey
    - NOAA Office of Coast Survey
    - U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey Annual Reports, years 1837–1965
- Timeline  at Arlington National Cemetery website
- Explanation of survey monuments
- 1858 map: _Preliminary chart of entrance to Brazos River_ hosted by the Portal to Texas History.
- 1853 map: _Preliminary chart of San Luis Pass, Texas_ hosted by the Portal to Texas History.
- 1854 map: _Preliminary survey of the entrance to the Rio Grande, Texas_ hosted by the Portal to Texas History.
Battle of Arras (1917)

The **Battle of Arras** was a battle of the First World War. The battle was a British attack on the German defences near the French city of Arras on the Western Front. The battle started on 9 April 1917. The British Empire troops went quite far forward but they did not achieve a breakthrough. For the amount of ground gained, the British also lost many soldiers. The battle ended on 16 May 1917 and there was a stalemate.

## Infobox (military conflict)

- **conflict**: Battle of Arras
- **partof**: the Western Front (World War I), Western Front of the First World War
- **image**: File:Battle of Arras, April 1917.PNG
- **image size**: 300px
- **caption**: The Battle of Arras, April 1917
- **date**: 9 April – 16 May 1917
- **place**: Arras, France
- **result**: See Battle of Arras (1917)#Aftermath, Analysis section
- **combatant1**: *
*
*
*
*
*
- **commander1**: Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig, Douglas Haig
 Edmund Allenby, 1st Viscount Allenby, Edmund Allenby
 Hubert Gough
 Henry Horne, 1st Baron Horne, Henry Horne
- **commander2**: Erich Ludendorff
 Ludwig von Falkenhausen
- **strength1**: first day:
14 divisions in the assault
9 divisions in reserve
- **strength2**: first day:
12 divisions in the line
5 divisions in reserve
- **casualties1**: 158,000
- **casualties2**: 120,000–130,000
Amish friendship bread

**Amish friendship bread** is a type of bread or cake made from a sourdough starter that is often shared in a manner similar to a chain letter.  The starter is a replacement for baking yeast. It can be used to make many kinds of yeast-based breads, shared with friends, or frozen for future use.  The sweet, cake-like **Amish cinnamon bread** is a common bread that is made from this starter. It is a simple, stirred quickbread. It includes a large amount of sugar and vegetable oil, with a mild cinnamon flavor.  It has characteristics of both pound cake and coffee cake. The flavor of the finished product can be changed by not using cinnamon.

A common recipe using this starter uses one cup (240 ml) of it to make bread. A second cup is saved to start a new cycle. The remaining two cups are given to friends.  The process of sharing the starter makes it somewhat like a chain letter.  One cup of starter makes one standard loaf of bread.

It can also be called German friendship cake, or "Herman" the German friendship cake.

The starter mix can be made from a recipe of flour, water and yeast. One cup of the mixture is then passed to other people who get instructions on how to keep it alive, usually just saying to give it more ingredients as time passes.
Shimotsuke Province

is an old province of Japan in the area of Tochigi Prefecture on the island of Honshū. It was sometimes called  or .

The ancient capital city of the province was near Tochigi.

Tokugawa Ieyasu's tomb and shrine is at Nikkō, in Shimotsuke.

## History

In the Nara period, Shimotsuke was part of Keno Province.  This was changed in the reforms of the Taihō Code in 701.

Parts of Shimotsuke were held by a several daimyo during the Sengoku period.

### Timeline

- **1150** (_Kyūan 6, 12th month_): Minamoto-no Yoshikane, the head of the Ashikaga clan, was established in Shimotsuke Province.

- **1627** (_Kan'ei 4_): Inaba Masanari took control of Mōka Domain in Shimotsuke.

- **1672** (_Kanbun 12_): Itakura Shigenori was given the fief of Kasuyama Domain in Shimotsuke.

- **1725** (_Kyōhō 10_): A cadet branch of the Ōkubo clan was established in Karasuyama Domain in Shimotsuke, where they stayed until the Meiji Restoration.

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  Maps of Japan and Shimotsuke Province were reformed in the 1870s.

## Shrines and Temples

_Futarasan jinja_ was the chief Shinto shrine (_ichinomiya_) of Shimotsuke.

## Related pages

- Provinces of Japan
- Prefectures of Japan
- List of regions of Japan
- List of islands of Japan

## Other websites

- Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903
Keno Province

, also known as **Kenu**, was a very old province of Japan before the Nara period. Keno was in the area of Tochigi Prefecture and Gunma Prefecture.

## History

Kōzuke Province and Shimotsuke Province were known as Keno before the reforms of the Taihō Code in the early 8th century.

## Related pages

- Provinces of Japan
- Prefectures of Japan
- List of regions of Japan
- List of islands of Japan

## Other websites

- Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903
Suwa Province

is an old province in the area of Nagano Prefecture on the island of Honshū.  The history of the province started in 721 and ended in 731.

## History

Suwa Province was created during the reign of Empress Genshō.

According to _Shoku Nihongi_, Suwa only lasted for ten years after it was established in 721.

## Related pages

- Provinces of Japan
- Prefectures of Japan
- List of regions of Japan
- List of islands of Japan

## Other websites

- Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903
Ugo Province

is an old province of Japan in the area of Akita Prefecture on the island of Honshū. and some parts of Yamagata Prefecture.  Along with Uzen Province, it was sometimes called .  The history of the province started in 1868 and ended in 1872.

## History

During the Edo period and early Meiji period, the Satake clan were daimyo in the area.

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  Maps of Japan and Ugo Province were reformed in the 1870s.

## Related pages

- Provinces of Japan
- Prefectures of Japan
- List of regions of Japan
- List of islands of Japan

## Other websites

- Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903
Uzen Province

is an old province of Japan in the area of Yamagata Prefecture on the island of Honshū.  Along with Ugo Province, it was sometimes called .  The history of the province started in 1868 and ended in 1872.

## History

During the Edo period and early Meiji period, the Uesugi clan were daimyo in the area.

Copper coins were minted in the province in 1861-1863 (_Bunkyu 1-3_).

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  Maps of Japan and Unzen Province were reformed in the 1870s.

## Related pages

- Provinces of Japan
- Prefectures of Japan
- List of regions of Japan
- List of islands of Japan

## Other websites

- Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903
Rikuchū Province

was an old province in the area of Iwate and Akita prefectures on the island of Honshū.  Along with Rikuzen Province and Mutsu Province, it was sometimes called . The history of the province started in 1868 and ended in 1872.

## History

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  Maps of Japan and Rikuchū Province were reformed in the 1870s.

## Related pages

- Provinces of Japan
- Prefectures of Japan
- List of regions of Japan
- List of islands of Japan
- Sanriku

## Other websites

- Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903
Sanriku

is a region of Japan.  It is on the northeastern side of the island of Honshu.  Sanriku combines the area of Aomori, Iwate and parts of Miyagi Prefecture. It was sometimes called .

Sanriku has an irregular coastline with 36 small bays.  Each bay focuses impact power of ocean waves.  This was shown by the damage caused by the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami.

## History

In 1869, the provinces of Mutsu and Dewa were divided.

Mutsu was split into new five provinces: Rikuōku, Rikuchū, Rikuzen, Iwashiro and Iwaki.  The first three of these collectively known as the "Three Riku", or _Sanriku_.

The new provinces were abolished in July 1871; however, the regional name is still in use as the Sanriku Coast from Aomori to the Oshika Peninsula in Miyagi.
Zork I

***Zork: The Great Underground Empire - Part I***, also known as ***Zork I***, is an interactive fiction video game written by Marc Blank, Dave Lebling, Bruce Daniels and Tim Anderson and published by Infocom in 1980. It was the first game in the popular Zork trilogy and was released for a wide range of computer systems, followed by _Zork II_ and _Zork III_. It was Infocom's first game, and sold more than 400,000 copies.

## Plot

The player steps into the role of an "adventurer". The game begins near a white house in a small, self-contained area. Although the player is not given any instructions, the house is point of interest.

When the player enters the house through a window, it yields a number of interesting objects: an ancient brass lantern, an empty trophy case, an intricately engraved sword, etc. Beneath a rug a trap door leads down into a dark cellar. But what appears the cellar is actually one of several entrances to an underground area—the Great Underground Empire. The player soon encounters dangerous creatures, including deadly grues, an axe-wielding troll, a giant cyclops and a nimble-fingered thief.

The goal of _Zork I_ is to collect the Twenty Treasures of Zork and place them in the trophy case. Finding the treasures requires solving a variety of puzzles such as the navigation of two difficult mazes and some precise controls at Flood Control Dam #3.

Placing all of the treasures into the trophy case scores the player 350 points and grants the rank of "Master Adventurer." An ancient map with further instructions then appears in the trophy case. These instructions provide access to a stone barrow. The entrance to the barrow is the end of _Zork I_ and the beginning of _Zork II_.

It is possible to score all 350 points in 223 moves (and win the game completely in 228 moves) by exploiting a bug.

## Other websites

- View Zork 1 packaging  and Play Zork 1  online at the Gallery of Zork.
- Play _Zork I: The Great Underground Empire_ online at iFiction.org
- Infocom-if.org's entry for _Zork I_
- _Zork I_ Technical Info and Screenshot
- _Zork I_ information and overview
- The Infocom Bugs List entry for _Zork I_
- _Zork 1_ Walkthroughs
Zork II

***Zork II: The Wizard of Frobozz*** is an interactive fiction video game published by Infocom in 1981. It was written by Marc Blank, Dave Lebling, Bruce Daniels and Tim Anderson. It was the second game in the popular _Zork_ trilogy. It begins where _Zork I_ left off and leads into _Zork III_. It is Infocom's second game.

## Plot

The player starts in the Barrow from _Zork I_ armed only with the brass lantern and the elvish sword. The purpose of the game is not initially clear.

The Wizard of Frobozz is soon introduced. The wizard was once a good sorcerer, but when his powers began to go away he was exiled by Lord Dimwit Flathead. Now bordering on insanity, the wizard is a force to be reckoned with. Your goal, as you venture into the wizard's area, is to avoid his tricks and learn to control his magic.

Like its predecessor, _Zork II_ is essentially a treasure hunt. Unlike the previous game, the ten treasures are tied together by a crude plot.  Finding the treasures does not end the game, and finding all the treasures is not needed to finish the game. Instead, the adventurer must figure out a way to use the treasures in order to reach the game's finale.

## Other websites

- View Zork II packaging  and Play Zork II  online at the Gallery of Zork.
- _Zork II_ information and overview
- Scans of the _Zork II_ package, documentation and feelies
- Infocom-if.org's entry for _Zork II_
- The Infocom Bugs List entry for _Zork II_
- The Dot Eaters page  featuring a history of the Zork games and Infocom
- Play _Zork II_ online at iFiction.org
Nature versus nurture

The **nature versus nurture** debate is about the causes of differences between people. The phrase 'nature versus nurture' was suggested by the Victorian polymath Francis Galton. He was influenced by Darwin's _On the Origin of Species_. He investigated the influence of heredity and environment on social advancement.

Galton did not oppose nature to nurture as two alternatives. The phrase 'nature vs nurture' has been criticized for its over-simplification. Almost all writers have realised that both play a part in our make-up. Both nature and nurture play interacting roles in development, and many modern psychologists and anthropologists think the contrast is too simple.
Ramin Djawadi

**Ramin Djawadi** (born July 19, 1974) is a German-Iranian composer of orchestral music for movies and television. He was born in Duisburg, Germany to an Iranian father and German mother. Djawadi may be best known for his Grammy-nominated, guitar-driven score for _Iron Man_ and for the TV series _Prison Break_, _Game of Thrones_ and _Person of Interest_.

## Biography

After graduating summa cum laude from Berklee College of Music in 1998, Djawadi got the attention of Hans Zimmer. Zimmer recruited him to Remote Control Productions.  Djawadi moved to Los Angeles and worked as an assistant to Klaus Badelt. He wrote additional music on _The Time Machine_, _Basic_, _The Recruit_ and the blockbuster _Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl_. He then worked with Zimmer on the score for _Thunderbirds_, _Something's Gotta Give (movieething's Gotta Give_ and _Batman Begins_.

Djawadi then went out on his own with _Blade: Trinity_, collaborating with The RZA for director David Goyer. This was the beginning of his relationship with Goyer for both movies and television. Djawadi wrote the score for Goyer's horror thriller _The Unborn_, which was produced by Michael Bay. he also worked with Goyer on the television series _FlashForward_. This earned him his second Emmy nomination. Djawadi also composed the Emmy-nominated theme music for _Prison Break_ and the theme for the related show _Breakout Kings_. Djawadi's score for the movie _Mr. Brooks_ earned him a World Soundtrack Awards “Discovery of the Year” nomination.  His other scores include _Deception_, starring Hugh Jackman and Ewan McGregor, and Robert Towne's _Ask the Dust_.

Djawadi scored the first Sony Animation project, _Open Season_ as well as the sequel _Open Season 2_.  Other animation scores include _The Chubbchubbs Save Xmas_. Djawadi's work in these movies got him noticed by the filmmakers of the Belgium-based NWave. They created one of the first animated movies in 3D, _Fly Me to the Moon_.  Djawadi finished Warner Brothers' _Clash of the Titans_ in 2010.  Djawadi also scored the soundtrack for the 2010 video game _Medal of Honor_ and HBO's fantasy drama _Game of Thrones_.

He is currently composing the music for the new J.J. Abrams TV series, _Person of Interest_.

His usual orchestrators are Stephen Coleman and Tony Blondal

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Ramin Djawadi
- **img**: Ramin Djawadi.jpg
- **background**: non_performing_personnel
- **origin**: Duisburg, Germany
- **instrument**: Piano, Keyboard instrument, Keyboard, Guitar
- **genre**: Film score
- **occupation**: Film composer, Record producer, Executive score producer
- **years active**: 1990–present
- **label**: WaterTower Music, Remote Control Productions
- **url**: http://www.ramindjawadi.com
Feminazi

**Feminazi** is a word used to criticize the feminist movement or its members. The name was created by American talk-show hosts Bob Black and Rush Limbaugh. Black wrote an essay in 1983 called "Feminism as Fascism".

## Related pages

- Nazism
- Sexism
- A Vindication of the Rights of Woman

## Other websites

- Online dictionary
Jessica-Jane Clement

**Jessica-Jane Clement** (born 24 February 1985) is a British glamour model, actress and television presenter. She was born and raised in Sheffield, South Yorkshire. She is best known for her role in _The Real Hustle_ on BBC Three. She was a contestant in the 2011 series of _I'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here!_.

## Other websites

- Official website
Charlotte Church

**Charlotte Church** (born Charlotte Maria Reed, 21 February 1986) is a Welsh singer-songwriter, actress and television presenter. She changed her surname when she was adopted by her stepfather. She sings classical music and pop music.  She hosted a Channel 4 chat show titled _The Charlotte Church Show_. She has two children by rugby player Gavin Henson.

By 2007, she had sold more than ten million records worldwide including over five million in the United States. In 2010 she was reported to be worth as much as £11m (though one 2003 report quoted her worth at £25m). Church released her first album in five years, titled _Back to Scratch_, on 17 October 2010. Church has a mezzo-soprano vocal range.

## Political activities

She has became increasingly outspoken on a number of political issues. In May 2015 she joined a demonstration organised by the People's Assembly Against Austerity in Cardiff.   At the 2015 Glastonbury Festival she chaired a conversation with two members of Russian feminist punk band Pussy Riot.

In September 2015, she supported Jeremy Corbyn's campaign in the Labour Party leadership election, In 2016, Church along with many other celebrities, toured the UK to support Corbyn's bid to become Prime Minister, and in March 2016, performed at a socialist fundraising event in Edinburgh for Corbyn. But by December 2016, she was calling for him to be replaced by a “fresh face” who was more electable. In May 2016, she declared her support for the Welsh nationalist party, Plaid Cymru in the National Assembly for Wales election.

In January 2017, she took part in a protest in Cardiff about Donald Trump's inauguration as US president.

In February 2024, she was recorded singing for Palestine in response to the attacks of Israel on Gaza after the 7 October attacks of Hamas on Israel.

Church is a supporter of Welsh independence.

## Discography

- Studio albums
- _Voice of an Angel_ (1998)
- _Charlotte Church_ (1999)
- _Dream a Dream_ (2000)
- _Enchantment_ (2001)
- _Tissues and Issues_ (2005)
- _Back to Scratch_ (2010)

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **image**: Charlotte Church Victorious 2013.jpg
- **caption**: Church performing 2013
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Charlotte Maria Reed
- **birth place**: Llandaff, Cardiff, Wales
- **instrument**: Vocals
- **genre**: Pop music, Pop, Celtic music, Celtic, European classical music, classical, classical crossover, operatic pop, alternative rock, indie pop
- **occupation**: singer-songwriter, Singer / Songwriter
- **years active**: 1998–present
- **label**: Sony Music Entertainment, Sony Music <small>(1998–2006)</small>
 Power Amp Music <small>(2010–present)</small>
Bako Sahakyan

**Bako Sahakyan** (, sometimes transcribed as _Bako Sahakian_ or _Saakian_, born August 30, 1960) is the fourth president of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic. He replaced Arkadi Ghukasyan, who held the presidential post for two five-year terms.

## Biography

Sahakyan was born in Stepanakert, NKAO, Azerbaijan SSR in 1960. After serving in the Soviet army, he worked for nine years in a Stepanakert factory. In 1990, he joined the Nagorno-Karabakh Defense Army, of which he became a deputy commander. In 1999, he was named interior minister of Nagorno-Karabakh. He also led the Nagorno-Karabakh security service from 2001 to June 2007.

Bako Sahakyan is married and has two children.

## Other websites

- Official website of the President of the Nagorno Karabagh Republic
- High turnout in Nagorno-Karabakh
Arkadi Ghukasyan

**Arkadi Ghukasyan** () was the third President of the self-proclaimed Nagorno-Karabakh Republic. He was elected as the President on September 8, 1997 and re-elected in 2002, until his term ended on July 19, 2007 and was succeeded by Bako Sahakyan.

Born in Stepanakert, in the Nagorno Karabakh Autonomous Republic of the Azerbaijan SSR on June 22, 1957, he graduated in 1979 from Yerevan State University with a degree in linguistics. He started his working career as a correspondent for "Soviet Karabagh" newspaper, becoming its Deputy Editor-in-Chief in 1981.

In 1991 Ghukasyan was elected to the first Parliament of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic.

Ghukasyan has been a member of Nagorno-Karabagk's Security Council since 1993. On July 23, 1993 he became the first Foreign Minister of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic.

He survived an assassination attempt in 2000.

## References

- Regions and territories: Nagorno-Karabakh

## Other websites

- Official website (in Russian and Armenian)
Nina Dobrev

**Nina Dobrev** (born on January 9, 1989 in Sofia, Bulgaria) is a Bulgarian-Canadian actress. She is best known for playing the role of Elena Gilbert and Katherine Pierce on the dramatic television series, _The Vampire Diaries_.

## Biography

Nina Dobrev was born on January 9, 1989 in Sofia, Bulgaria to Bulgarian parents. Her father is a computer scientist, and her mother is an artist. Her family moved to Canada when she was two years old. She was raised in Toronto, Ontario. She was 20 years old when she started her first show.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Nina Dobrev
- **image**: Nina Dobrev during an interview in August 2018 02.png
- **image size**: 230px
- **caption**: Nina Dobrev in 2018
- **birth place**: Sofia, Bulgaria
- **occupation**: Actress
- **years active**: 2006–present
Pharmaceutical chemistry

**Pharmaceutical chemistry**  or **medicinal chemistry** is a discipline of chemistry and pharmacology. Medicinal chemistry is interested in finding out about the chemical properties drugs have, and about the synthesis and production of drugs. In general, medicinal chemistry is seen as a specialization of organic chemistry.

Constantin Zwenger (1814-1885) was the person who founded the field of pharmaceutical chemistry.
Relativism

**Relativism** is the idea that points of view (POV) have no absolute truth or validity. They only have relative, subjective value according to viewpoint and circumstances.

## Examples

Common statements that might be considered relativistic include:

- "That's true for you but not for me."
- "Beauty is in the eye of the beholder."
- "You can't judge other cultures by the standards of your own."

There are many forms of relativism.
The word often refers to _truth relativism_, which is the doctrine that there are no absolute truths, i.e., that truth is always relative to some particular frame of reference, such as a language or a culture (cultural relativism).

## Moral relativism

As _moral relativism_, moral principles apply only in a limited context. In context, principles and ethics do hold; out of context they do not. There are similar ideas in nihilism, scepticism and amoralism.

## Applications

People who agreed with the idea of relativism include Paul Feyerabend, Isaiah Berlin and Richard Rorty. The Roman Catholic Church (RCC), especially under John Paul II and Pope Benedict XVI, has identified relativism as one of the most significant problems for faith and morals today.

## Christian views

The RCC and some philosophers define relativism as the denial of absolute truth. They say that without absolute truth, there can be no moral values. If there are no moral values, there might not be sin, and God may not exist.

In their view, relativism constitutes a denial of the capacity of the human mind and reason to arrive at truth. Truth, according to Catholic theologians and philosophers (following Aristotle and Plato) consists of _adequatio rei et intellectus_, the _correspondence_ of the mind and reality.

Another way of putting it states that the mind has the same form as reality. This means when the form of the computer in front of someone (the type, color, shape, capacity, etc.) is also the form that is in their mind, then what they know is true because their mind corresponds to objective reality.

The denial of an absolute reference, of an _axis mundi,_ denies God, who equates to Absolute Truth, according to these Christian philosophers. They link relativism to secularism, an obstruction of religion in human life.

### Pope Leo XIII

Pope Leo XIII (1810 – 1903) was the first known Pope to use the word relativism in the encyclical Humanum Genus (1884). Leo XIII condemned Freemasonry and claimed that its philosophical and political system was largely based on relativism.

## Related pages

- Cynicism
- Postmodernism
- Holocaust uniqueness debate
Federica De Bortoli

**Federica De Bortoli** (born November 9, 1976 in Rome) is an Italian voice actress. She voices characters in anime, cartoons and movies.

De Bortoli provides the voice of the character Bella Swan in the Italian language version of the Twilight movie series.

She works at LaBibi.it, Dubbing Brothers, Sefit - CDC, and other dubbing studios in Italy.

## Voice work

- Suki in _Avatar: The Last Airbender_
- Nene Romanova in _Bubblegum Crisis_
- Roberta Tubbs in _The Cleveland Show_
- Tails in _Sonic X_
- Padmé Amidala in _Star Wars: Clone Wars_
- Diana in _Pokémon 4Ever_

## Other websites

- _Behind the Voice Actors_

## Infobox (actor)

- **name**: Federica De Bortoli
- **birth place**: Rome, Italy
- **relatives**: Barbara De Bortoli (sister)
Cheese analogue

**Cheese analogues** are substitutes of cheese that are made to imitate the taste and the look of real cheese. Such substitutes replace the dairy milk by other plant-based ingredients. The fat in the milk is replaced by other kinds of fat of animal or plant origin. Sometimes the proteins found in milk are also replaced by proteins from other sources. Cheese analogues are usually used because of health reasons, for example lactose intolerance. They are also used as a personal choice (e.g. veganism, or for religious reasons). In most cases, Cheese analogue is kosher.

Cheese analogue cost less to make than real cheese. By carefully choosing the ingredients in the analogue, other characteristics such as the melting temperature and the taste can be changed. Flavour enhancers can be added to make the product taste similar to Parmesan, feta or Camembert cheese, for example. Food coloring is used to match the color of a cheese product. Real cheese undergoes a ripening process, cheese analogues do not have this: Usually, vegetable oil is heated, and mixed with a premade powder and water. Flavour enhancers are added. After cooling, the product is ready for packaging.

In Europe, cheese analogue is used for gastronomy and in bakeries; In the United States, it is marketed as a replacement for real cheese. The arguments used cater to people who do not want to use real cheese for personal reasons, or that cannot use it for health reasons.
Perla Liberatori

**Perla Liberatori** (born November 10, 1981 in Rome) is an Italian voice actress. She voices characters in anime, cartoons and movies.

Liberatori is well known for providing the voice of both Stella and Chatta in the fantasy animated series _Winx Club_.She also voices Celia Hills in the Italian language version Inazuma Eleven anime series.

She is married to voice actor Gianluca Crisafi. Liberatori is also well known for dubbing over many actresses.

### Anime and animation

- Stella, Chatta, and Zing in _Winx Club_
- Bubbles in _The Powerpuff Girls_
- Bubbles in _The Powerpuff Girls Movie_
- Bubbles in _Powerpuff Girls Z_
- Sarah in _Ed, Edd n Eddy_ and _Ed, Edd n Eddy's Big Picture Show_
- Melody (speaking voice) in _The Little Mermaid II: Return to the Sea_
- Andrina in _The Little Mermaid: Ariel's Beginning_
- Senior Witch in _Kiki's Delivery Service_
- Sophie Casterwill in _Huntik: Secrets & Seekers_
- Jinx (1st voice) in _Teen Titans_
- Yumi Yoshimura in _Hi Hi Puffy AmiYumi_
- Iridessa in _Tinker Bell_
- Iridessa in _Tinker Bell and the Lost Treasure_
- Celia Hills in _Inazuma Eleven_
- Milly Thompson in _Trigun_
- Ferro in _Gunslinger Girl_
- Karin Hanazono in _Kamichama Karin_
- Kaname Chidori in _Full Metal Panic!_ and _Full Metal Panic? Fumoffu_
- Courtney Martin in _Glenn Martin, DDS_
- Yuki Nagato in _The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya_
- Nagisa Misumi/Cure Black in _Pretty Cure_
- Nagisa Misumi/Cure Black in _Futari wa Pretty Cure Max Heart_
- Nagisa Misumi/Cure Black in _Futari wa Pretty Cure Max Heart: The Movie_
- Mindy in _The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie_
- Morgan le Fay in _Ah! My Goddess: The Movie_

### Live action shows and movies

- Lizzie McGuire in _Lizzie McGuire_ and _The Lizzie McGuire Movie_
- Olivia Kendall (2nd voice) in _The Cosby Show_
- Griet in _Girl with a Pearl Earring_
- Charisse Dolittle in _Dr. Dolittle_
- Molly Pruitt in _Home Alone 3_
- Lindsay Gardner in _The O.C._
- Paris Geller (2nd voice) and Janet Billing in _Gilmore Girls_

## Infobox (actor)

- **name**: Perla Liberatori
- **image**: Perla Liberatori 2010.jpg
- **birth place**: Rome, Italy
- **relatives**: Gianluca Crisafi (husband)
Rikuzen Province

is an old province of Japan in the area of Miyagi Prefecture and Iwate Prefecture on the island of Honshū.  Along with Rikuchū and Mutsu Provinces, it was sometimes called .  The history of the province started in 1868 and ended in 1872.

## History

in 1868, Rikuaen was separated from Mutsu.

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  Maps of Japan and Rikuzen Province were reformed in the 1870s.

## Related pages

- Provinces of Japan
- Prefectures of Japan
- List of regions of Japan
- List of islands of Japan
- Sanriku

## Other websites

- Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903
Danger

**Danger** (also **risk** or **peril**) is the possibility of something bad happening. A situation in which there is a risk of something bad happening, is called _dangerous_, _risky_ or _perilous_.

People often take risks, or do things that might hurt them. An example of this is crossing the road without looking carefully. There is a risk that you might get hit by a car.

Anything that involves a risk of injury or to health can be described as dangerous. Smoking is dangerous to health.  Being around some animals is dangerous because they might attack humans.

## Measuring danger

There are a few different ways that danger can be _quantified_ - put into numbers.

### Probability

probability measures how dangerous something is.  It uses a math equation to find the risk that a certain event might happen.  In epidemiology, risk is defined as the number of events that _did_ happen, divided by the number of events that _could have_ happened. For example, if the risk of babies dying after birth in a population is reported as 1/1000, it means that out of every 1000 babies born, 1 is likely to die.

### Risk and prevalence

Prevalence is the number of people in a population that have a certain disease.

Risk is the number of _new_ cases of disease, divided by the number of people who _could_ get the disease.  For example, during an outbreak of the flu, risk would be the number of people who get the flu, divided by the number of people who were exposed to the flu virus.

#### Risk assessment

A risk assessment is a list of things that could go wrong. In many Western countries, when teachers take children on an outing, they may have to fill in a risk assessment form which lists the possible dangers and says what they should do to stop bad things from happening (e.g. accidents or children getting lost).

## Related pages

- Adventure
- Threat
- Safety
Dangerous

**Dangerous** describes something that has danger. It can also mean:

- _Dangerous_ (Michael Jackson album)
    - "Dangerous" (Michael Jackson song)
- "Dangerous" (Kardinal Offishall song)
Cadet

A **cadet** is someone who is training to become an officer in the military, often a person who is a junior trainee. The term comes from the term "cadet" for younger sons of a noble family.
Lime (material)

**Lime** is a general term for various naturally occurring minerals and materials derived from them in which carbonates, oxides and hydroxides of calcium predominate.

These materials are used in large quantities as building and engineering materials (including limestone products, concrete, and mortar), and as chemical feedstocks, among other uses.  The rocks and minerals from which these materials are derived, primarily limestone and chalk, are composed primarily of calcium carbonate.    "Burning" (calcination) converts them into the highly caustic material _quicklime_ (calcium oxide), and, through the addition of water, into the less caustic, but still strongly alkaline _slaked lime_ (calcium hydroxide).

In general writing when the term is used in an agricultural context it probably refers to  Agricultural lime.  Otherwise it most commonly means slaked lime, as the more dangerous form is usually described more specifically as quicklime or _burnt lime_.
Permineralization

**Permineralization** is a process of fossilization in which mineral deposits form internal casts of organisms.

Minerals in water fill the spaces inside organic tissue. The process gives a record of soft tissue as well as hard tissues. Fossils with permineralization are useful in studying internal structures, especially of plants.

Water from the ground, lakes, or oceans seeps into the pores of organic tissue and forms a crystal cast with deposited minerals. Crystals begin to form in the porous cell walls. This process continues on the inner surface of the walls until the central cavity of the cell, the lumen, is completely filled. The cell walls themselves remain intact surrounding the crystals. Permineralization is different from petrification in that the organic material is only filled with minerals and not completely replaced. Permineralization can occur in several ways:

### Silicification

Silicification is the most common type of permineralization.

### Carbonate mineralization

Carbonate mineralization occurs as coal balls. Coal balls are fossilizations of plants and their tissues, usually made when there is seawater or acidic peat.  This type of fossilization gives information about plant life in the Upper Carboniferous (325 to 280 million years ago).

### Pyritization

Organisms are pyritized when they are in marine sediments saturated with iron sulfides.
MTR Corporation

**MTR Corporation Limited** is a public transport operator in Hong Kong.

## Other websites

- MTR Corporate Website
- Press release on Wuhan (Adobe Systems Acrobat PDF format)
- History and Development of the Company , EDGAR Online.
- Transport for London press release

- MTR Properties and MTR Property Management
- Maritime Square Website
- Paradise Mall Website
- Luk Yeung Galleria Website
- Telford Plaza Website
- Residents Portal

- Documentary _MTR Underground Iron - The Building of a Railway_ on YouTube
- Part 1
- Part 2
- Part 3
- Part 4
- Part 5
Txillardegi

**José Luis Álvarez Enparantza** (27 September 1929 – 14 January 2012) was a Basque linguist, politician and writer. When writing he used the pseudonym **Txillardegi**. He was born in Donostia, which is called _San Sebastian_ in Spanish. Even though he did not learn the Basque language until he was 17, he came to be seen as one of the most influential figures in Basque nationalism and culture in the second half of the 20th century.

Together with some friends he started ETA in 1959, and became responsible for their social and cultural activities. He also was a founding member of Herri Batasuna, the Basque nationalist party. As a linguist, he helped shape the structure and orthography of Standard Basque.
Ken Russell

**Henry Kenneth Alfred Russell** (3 July 1927 – 27 November 2011) was a British director, screenwriter, producer and actor. He was born in Southampton, Hampshire. He directed _Women in Love_ and _The Devils_. He was a Roman Catholic.

Russell was a housemate in _Celebrity Big Brother 2007_.
Arkady Ter-Tadevosyan

**Arkady Ivani Ter-Tadevosyan** (; ; May 22, 1939 – March 31, 2021) was an Armenian military leader of the Armenian forces during the Nagorno-Karabakh War. He is best known as the commander of the operation to capture the town of Shushi in May 1992.

He has the rank of major general in the Armenian Army. He attended a military academy in Saint Petersburg and served in the Soviet Army.

Yer-Tadevosyan died on March 31, 2021 in Yerevan at the age of 80.

## More readings

- "Tadevosyan, Arkady" entry in the Encyclopedia of Karabakh Liberation War: 1988-1994. Yerevan, 2004.

## Infobox (military person)

- **name**: Arkady Ter-Tadevosyan
- **native name**: Արկադի Տեր-Թադևոսյան
- **image**: Arkady Ter-Tadevosyan is Shushi 2012.jpg
- **image size**: 270px
- **caption**: Ter-Tadevosyan in Shusha in 2012
- **birth place**: Tbilisi, Soviet Georgia, Soviet Union
- **death place**: Yerevan, Armenia
- **nickname**: Komandos (in Nagorno-Karabakh)
Mountain Fox (in Afghanistan)
- **birth name**: Artush Tadevosyan
- **allegiance**: Soviet Union
 Nagorno-Karabakh Republic
 Armenia
- **branch**:  Soviet Army
Nagorno-Karabakh Defense Army
 Armed Forces of Armenia
- **rank**: Major General (1992)
- **commands**: Nagorno-Karabakh Defense Army
- **battles**: Soviet–Afghan War
First Nagorno-Karabakh War
Capture of Shusha
- **awards**: see Arkady Ter-Tadevosyan#Awards, below
Nigel Hawthorne

**Sir Nigel Barnard Hawthorne** CBE (5 April 1929 - 26 December 2001) was a British actor. He was best known for his role as Sir Humphrey Appleby in sitcom _Yes Minister_ and its sequel _Yes, Prime Minister_. He played the title role as George III in _The Madness of King George_.

## Life and death

Hawthorne was born in Coventry, Warwickshire and raised in South Africa.

He was gay; his long-term partner, until his death, was screenwriter Trevor Bentham.

Hawthorne had pancreatic cancer and died of a heart attack Radwell, Hertfordshire. He was 72 years old.
Sillod

**Sillod** is a city in the Indian state of Maharashtra. It is in the district of Aurangabad. As of the 2001 Indian census, Sillod had a population of 43,859.
Mutsu Province (1868)

, also called  was an old province of Japan in the area of Iwate Prefecture and Aomori Prefecture on the island of Honshū. It was also known as  or . The history of this province started in 1868 and ended in 1872.

## History

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures. Maps of Japan and Mutsu Province were reformed in the 1870s.

## Related pages

- Provinces of Japan
- Prefectures of Japan
- List of regions of Japan
- List of islands of Japan
- Sanriku

## Other websites

- Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903
Mutsu Province

, also known as **Michinoku**,was an old province of Japan in the area of Fukushima, Miyagi, Iwate and Aomori Prefectures on the island of Honshū. It was also known as  or .

## History

The boundaries of Mutsu were formally established during the reigns of Empress Genshō and Empress Kōken.

- **709** (_Wadō 2, 3rd month_):  Fighting against Imperial authority.

- **712** (_Wadō 5_), Mutsu was separated from Dewa Province.

- **801** (_Enryaku 20_): Mutsu was conquered by Sakanoue no Tamuramaro.

- **869** (_Jōgan 10, 5th month_): An earthquake and tsunami caused more than 1,000 deaths.

- **1051** (_Eishō 6_): In Michinoku, the Nine Years War (1051–1062) begins. Minamoto no Yoriyoshi is named governor of Mutsu and he is given the title _chinjufu shōgun._.

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  Maps of Japan and Mutsu Province were reformed in the 1870s.

## Shrines and Temples

_Tsutsukowake jinja_ and _Shiogama jinja_ were the chief Shinto shrines (_ichinomiya_) of Mutsu.

## Related pages

- Mutsu Province (1868)
- Provinces of Japan
- Prefectures of Japan
- List of regions of Japan
- List of islands of Japan
- Sanriku

## Other websites

- Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903
Secrets of the Furious Five

***Kung Fu Panda: Secrets of the Furious Five*** is an Annie Award-winning American animated short. It was made by DreamWorks Animation. The movie is a semi-sequel (or spin-off) to the animated movie _Kung Fu Panda_. It is a part of the original movie's deluxe DVD release. It was later broadcast on NBC on February 26, 2009. The short is now available as a separate DVD as of March 24, 2009. Also, ever since it was released, the short received positive reviews and won the Annie Award for best animated short.

## Other websites

- _Kung Fu Panda_ - Official Website
Kung Fu Panda: Secrets of the Masters

***Kung Fu Panda: Secrets of the Masters*** (also shortened to ***Secrets of the Masters***) is a 2011 computer-animated short movie from DreamWorks Animation. It was released on December 13, 2011 with the _Kung Fu Panda 2_ DVD and Blu-ray.

## Awards

_Secrets of the Masters_ won in 2012 an Annie Award for Best Animated Special Production.

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: Kung Fu Panda:
 Secrets of the Masters
- **director**: Tony Leondis
- **producer**: Karen Foster (producer), Karen Foster
- **writer**: Todd Berger
Paul McEvoy
- **starring**: Jack Black
Angelina Jolie
Randall Duk Kim
Dennis Haysbert
Tony Leondis
Paul Scheer
Sumalee Montano
Dustin Hoffman
- **music**: Lorne Balfe
Hans Zimmer
John Powell
- **editing**: Marcus Taylor
- **studio**: DreamWorks Animation
- **distributor**: Paramount Home Entertainment
- **runtime**: 24 minutes
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
Steve Coogan

**Stephen John Coogan** (born 14 October 1965) is a British actor, comedian, writer and television producer. He has played roles in sitcoms and movies. His best known character is Alan Partridge.

## Life

Coogan was born in Middleton, Lancashire and raised in Alkrington. He lives in East Sussex.

## Other websites

- Chortle
Crow Island School

**Crow Island School** is an elementary school in Winnetka, Illinois. Several architects worked together to design the building. Eero Saarinen worked with the architectural firm of Perkins, Wheeler and Will. The building was finished in 1940. It is different from many other schools because of its design and its ideas about education. Now, kindergarten through fourth grade students go to this school.

The first jungle gym is here. It used to be at the Horace Mann School, but that school building was taken down in 1940. People who ran the school moved this special playground equipment to the Crow Island School then.

The building won the Twenty-five Year Award in 1971. The school was named a National Historic Landmark in 1990.

## Other websites

- List of awards

## Infobox (nrhp)

- **name**: Crow Island School
- **nrhp type**: nhl
- **image**: Crow Island School.jpg
- **location**: 1112 Willow Road
Winnetka, Illinois 60093
- **locmapin**: Illinois#USA
- **built**: 1940
- **architect**: Saarinen, Eliel & Eero; Perkins, Wheeler & Will
- **architecture**: International Style
- **designated nrhp type**: December 14, 1990
- **added**: October 27, 1989
- **governing body**: Local
- **refnum**: 89001730