juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Apricot (color)

**Apricot** is a color that is a representation of the color of the apricot fruit.

_Apricot_ in has been in written use as a color name since 1851.

## Where the name came from

The word "apricot" comes from the Arabic _Al-birquq_, in turn derived from Latin _armeniacus_, i.e., _the fruit from Armenia_.  The ultimate origin of the apricot fruit was from China. It is Kiribata's religious symbol of honour.

## Tones of apricot color comparison chart

|style="background-color: #ffe6e6;"|Pale Italian Apricot (_Albicocca Pallido)_ (Fantetti & Petracchi ) (Hex: #FFE6E6) (RGB: 255, 230, 230)|
| --- | --- |
|style="background-color: #ffd9b2;"|Light Italian Apricot (_Albicocca Chiaro)_ (Fantetti & Petracchi ) (Hex: #FFD9B2) (RGB: 255, 217, 178)|
|style="background-color: #fdd5b1;"|Light Apricot (Crayola: Apricot) (Hex: #FDD5B1) (RGB: 253, 213, 177)|
|style = "background-color: #fbceb1;"|APRICOT (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #FBCEB1) (RGB: 251, 206, 177)|
|style="background-color: #f7cdb9;"|Light Medium Apricot (Apricot Light) (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #F7CDB9) (RGB: 247, 205, 185)|
|style = "background-color: #fad6a5;"|Apricot Ice (Plochere) (Hex: #FAD6A5) (RGB: 250, 214, 165)|
|style = "background-color: #f3e5ab;"|Apricot Cream (Plochere) (Hex: #F3E5AB) (RGB: 243, 229, 171)|
|style="background-color: #fab57f;"|Rich Apricot (Apricot) (Plochere) (Hex: #FAB57F) (RGB: 250, 181, 127)|
|style = "background-color: #f8b878;"|Mellow Apricot (British Standards BS 5252 #06E50) (Hex: #F8B878) (RGB: 248, 184, 120)|
|style="background-color: #ffb280;"|Italian Apricot (_Albicocca)_ (Fantetti & Petracchi ) (Hex: #FFB280) (RGB: 255, 178, 128)|
|style = "background-color: #e3a857;"|Apricot Tan (Plochere) (Hex: #E3A857) (RGB: 227, 168, 87)|
|style="background-color: #eb9373;"|Medium Apricot (Apricot) (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #EB9373) (RGB: 235, 147, 115)|
|style="background-color: #ed872d;"|Deep Apricot (Apricot) (ISCC-NBS  #50) (Hex: #ED872D) (RGB: 237, 135, 45)|
|style="background-color: #e67e30;"|French Apricot (Apricot) (Pourpre.com) (Hex: #E67E30) (RGB: 230, 126, 48)|
|style="background-color: #e18731;"|British Apricot (Apricot) (British Standards BS 381 #568) (Hex: #E18731) (RGB: 225, 135, 49)|
|style = "background-color: #e69966;"|Chinese Apricot (Hex: #E69966) (RGB: 230, 153, 102)|
|style = "background-color: #d99058;"|Apricot Buff (Ridgway) (Hex: #D99058) (RGB: 217, 144, 88)|

## Related pages

- List of colors
- Orange
- Peach (color)
Kallima

***Kallima***, also known as the Oakleaf or Dead leaf butterfly, is a genus of butterflies of the family Nymphalidae. They are found in Asia.

Their common name is a reference to the under surface of their wings, which is various shades of brown. When the wings are held closed, this results in a remarkable similarity to a dead leaf. There are dark dots or patches that look like the effects of fungi and lichen, which are so common on dead leaves.

The camouflage is perfected by the rear wings, which have a little 'tail', which looks like the stalk of a leaf. When at rest in closed position, the 'tail' touches the branch, completing the illusion.

There are two morphs of the common Indian species _Kallima inachus_. Nothing seems to be known about why these morphs exist. There is also variation in the colour of the undersurfaces.
Airfix

**Airfix** is a UK manufacturer of plastic scale model kits. Airfix was founded in 1939 by Nicholas Kove. Airfix is currently owned by Hornby.
During the 1960s and 1970s, the company grew much bigger as the kit modelling hobby became more popular. The range of models expanded at this time too.

## Infobox (company)

- **foundation**: 1939
- **location**: United Kingdom
- **industry**: Hobbies
- **products**: Model kits
- **parent**: Hornby
- **homepage**: http://www.airfix.com/
Puerto Rico at the Olympics

**Puerto Rico at the Olympics** is a history which began in 1900.

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Puerto Rico is PUR.

## History

A team from Puerto Rico was first at the Olympic Games in 1948.  They have been in every Summer Olympic Games since then.  Puerto Rico has also been in the Winter Olympic Games since 1984, but missed the Games of 2006, 2010, and 2014.

Puerto Rican athletes have won a total of twelve medals.  Most are in boxing.

The National Olympic Committee for Puerto Rico was formed in 1948 and recognized by the International Olympic Committee the same year.

In the 2016 Rio Olympics, Puerto Rico won its first gold medal thanks to tenis player, Monica Puig.

In the 2024 Paris Olympics, Jasmine Camacho-Quinn was the first puerto rican to win two Olympic medals.

### Summer Games

|style="width:6em"|Medal|style="width:15em"|Name|style="width:12em"|Games|style="width:12em"|Sport|style="width:12em"|Event|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||Juan Venegas|1948 London|Boxing|Men's bantamweight||||||
||Orlando Maldonado|1976 Montreal|Boxing|Men's light flyweight||||||
||Luis Ortiz|1984 Los Angeles|Boxing|Men's lightweight||||||
||Arístides González|1984 Los Angeles|Boxing|Men's middleweight||||||
||Aníbal Acevedo|1992 Barcelona|Boxing|Men's welterweight||||||
||Daniel Santos|1996 Atlanta|Boxing|Men's welterweight||||||
||Javier Culson|2012 London|Athletics|Men's 400 metres hurdles||||||
||Jaime Espinal|2012 London|Wrestling|Freestyle 84 kg||||||
||Monica Puig|2016 Rio de Janeiro|Tennis|Women's singles||||||
||Jasmine Camacho-Quinn|2020 Tokyo|Athletics|Women's 100 metres hurdles||||||
||Jasmine Camacho-Quinn|2024 Paris|Athletics|Women's 100 metres hurdles||||||
||Sebastian Rivera|2024 Paris|Wrestling|Men's 65kg freestyle||||||

## Related pages

- List of IOC country codes

## Other websites

- Puerto Rico profile at London2012.com

## Infobox (country at games)

- **noc**: PUR
- **games**: Olympics
- **flagcaption**: Flag of Puerto Rico
- **website**:  
- **gold**: 2
- **silver**: 2
- **bronze**: 8
- **nocname**: Puerto Rico Olympic Committee
Vindex

**Gaius Iulius Vindex** was a Roman governor who is famous for rebelling in 67/68AD against the Emperor Nero.

Vindex was the governor of a province in Gaul (modern-day France). He rebelled against Nero's high taxes. In order to become more powerful, he allied with the governor of Hispania (modern-day Spain), Galba (who would become ruler during the "year of the four emperors").

Vindex was killed in battle by Rufus, the governor of Germania (modern-day Germany), however, when Nero killed himself and Galba became emperor (June 68AD), Galba made coins dedicated to Vindex.
Pakistan national field hockey team

The **Pakistan National Field Hockey Team** also known as the **Green Shirts** represent the Pakistan Hockey Federation (PHF) in international field hockey competitions. Field Hockey is the National sport of Pakistan. Pakistan has been one of the most successful teams in international competitions, having won a world record four Hockey World Cup titles.

## Provincial Teams of Pakistan

- Baloch Lions
- Capital Dynamos (Islamabad)
- Frontier Falcons
- Northern Cavaliers (Gilgit Baltistan)
- Shan-e-Punjab
- Sindh Qalanders
Saint Kitts and Nevis at the Olympics

**Saint Kitts and Nevis**  was first at the **Olympic Games** in 1996 and has been in every Summer Olympic Games since. St Kitts and Nevis has never been at the Winter Olympic Games.

Saint Kitts and Nevis has never won a medal. They have only been in the Track and Field events.

## Related pages

- List of IOC country codes

## Other websites

- Saint Kitts and Nevis profile at London2012.com

## Infobox (country at games)

- **noc**: SKN
- **nocname**: St. Kitts and Nevis Olympic Committee
- **games**: Olympics
- **gold**: 0
- **silver**: 0
- **bronze**: 0
Saint Lucia at the Olympics

**Saint Lucia** was first at the **Olympic Games** in 1996.  They have been in every Summer Olympic Games since.  The nation has never been in the Winter Olympic Games.

The National Olympic Committee for Saint Lucia was formed in 1987 and recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1993.

## Related pages

- List of IOC country codes

## Other websites

- Saint Lucia profile at London2012.com

## Infobox (country at games)

- **noc**: LCA
- **nocname**: Saint Lucia Olympic Committee
- **games**: Olympics
- **gold**: 0
- **silver**: 0
- **bronze**: 0
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines at the Olympics

**Saint Vincent and the Grenadines** has been in six Summer Olympic Games. The country has been in the Winter Olympic Games.  As of 2010, no athlete from Saint Vincent and the Grenadines has ever won an Olympic medal.

The St Vincent and the Grenadines National Olympic Committee was formed in 1982 and recognized by the IOC in 1987.

## Related pages

- List of IOC country codes

## Other websites

- St Vincent and the Grenadines National Olympic Committe (SVNOC) website
- Saint Vincent and the Grenadines profile at London2012.com

## Infobox (country at games)

- **noc**: VIN
- **nocname**: Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Olympic Committee
- **games**: Olympics
- **gold**: 0
- **silver**: 0
- **bronze**: 0
Suriname at the Olympics

**Suriname** was first at the **Olympic Games** in 1960.  They have been in most Summer Olympic Games since then.  The nation missed the 1964 Games, and also boycotted the 1980 Summer Olympics.  Suriname has never been in the Winter Olympic Games.

The National Olympic Committee for Suriname was formed in 1959 and recognized by the International Olympic Committee that same year.

## List of medalists

|style="width:6em"|Medal|style="width:8em"|Name|style="width:9em"|Games|style="width:8em"|Sport|Event|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||Anthony Nesty|1988 Seoul|Swimming|Men's 100 metre butterfly|||||
||Anthony Nesty|1992 Barcelona|Swimming|Men's 100 metre butterfly|||||

## Related pages

- List of IOC country codes

## Other websites

- Suriname profile at London2012.com

## Infobox (country at games)

- **noc**: SUR
- **nocname**: Suriname Olympic Committee
- **games**: Olympics
- **gold**: 1
- **silver**: 0
- **bronze**: 1
Trinidad and Tobago at the Olympics

**Trinidad and Tobago** were first in the **Summer Olympic Games** in 1948, before independence from Great Britain. Trinidad and Tobago have been in fourteen Summer Olympics and three Winter Olympics.

### Summer

|style="width:6em"|Medal|style="width:12em"|Name|style="width:10em"|Games|style="width:10em"|Sport|style="width:10em"|Event|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||Rodney Wilkes|1948 London|Weightlifting|Men's featherweight||||||
||Rodney Wilkes|1952 Helsinki|Weightlifting|Men's featherweight||||||
||Lennox Kilgour|1952 Helsinki|Weightlifting|Men's 90 kg class||||||
||Wendell Mottley|1964 Tokyo|Athletics|Men's 400m||||||
||Edwin Roberts|1964 Tokyo|Athletics|Men's 200m||||||
||Wendell Mottley Kent Bernard Edwin Roberts Edwin Skinner || 1964 Tokyo || Athletics || Men's 4x400 relay|||||||||
||Hasely Crawford|1976 Montreal|Athletics|Men's 100m||||||
||Ato Boldon|1996 Atlanta|Athletics|Men's 100m||||||
||Ato Boldon|1996 Atlanta|Athletics|Men's 200m||||||
||Ato Boldon|2000 Sydney|Athletics|Men's 100m||||||
||Ato Boldon|2000 Sydney|Athletics|Men's 200m||||||
||George Bovell|2004 Athens|Swimming|Men's 200m individual medley||||||
||Richard Thompson|2008 Beijing|Athletics|Men's 100m||||||
||Keston Bledman Marc Burns Emmanuel Callender Richard Thompson Aaron Armstrong* || 2008 Beijing || Athletics || Men's 4x100 relay|||||||||
||Lalonde Gordon|2012 London|Athletics|Men's 400m||||||
||Lalonde Gordon, Jarrin Solomon, Renny Quow*, Deon Lendore, Machel Ceodenio*, Ade Aleyne-Forte|2012 London|Athletics|Men's 4x400m||||||
||Marc Burns, Keston Bledman, Emmanuel Callender, Richard Thompson,|2012 London|Athletics|Men's 4x100m||||||
||Keshorn Walcott|2012 London|Athletics|Men's javelin throw||||||

(*)Participation only at Round 1.

## Related pages

- List of IOC country codes

## Other websites

- Trinidad and Tobago National Olympic Committee
- "Trinidad and Tobago at the Olympics" , Trinidad and Tobago government website
- Trinidad and Tobago profile at London2012.com

## Infobox (country at games)

- **noc**: TTO
- **nocname**: Trinidad and Tobago Olympic Committee
- **games**: Olympics
- **gold**: 2
- **silver**: 5
- **bronze**: 11
- **seealso**: (1960)
United States at the Olympics

**United States at the Olympics** is a history which starts in the 1890s.

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for the United States is USA.

## History

The United States has been to every **Olympic Games**, except the boycotted 1980 Summer Olympics.  The United States Olympic Committee (USOC) is the National Olympic Committee for the United States.

Thomas Burke was the first athlete to represent the United States at the Olympics. He took first place in both the 100 meters and the 400 meters of the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece.  US athlete Michael Phelps has won the most medals of any Olympic athlete of any nation.  He has 22 Olympic medals, including 18 golds.

American athletes have won a total of 2400 medals at the Summer Olympic Games and another 253 at the Winter Olympic Games.

## Hosted Games

The United States has hosted the Games eight times, four times each for the Summer and Winter Games:
|Games|Host city|Dates|Nations|Participants|Events|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1904 Summer Olympics|St. Louis, Missouri|July 1 – November 23|12|651|91|
|1932 Winter Olympics|Lake Placid, New York|February 7–15|17|252|14|
|1932 Summer Olympics|Los Angeles, California|July 30 – August 14|37|1332|117|
|1960 Winter Olympics|Squaw Valley, California|February 2–20|30|665|27|
|1980 Winter Olympics|Lake Placid, New York|February 13–24|37|1072|38|
|1984 Summer Olympics|Los Angeles, California|July 20 – August 18|140|6829|221|
|1996 Summer Olympics|Atlanta, Georgia|July 18 – August 4|197|10318|271|
|2002 Winter Olympics|Salt Lake City, Utah|February 8–24|77|2399|78|

## Related pages

- List of IOC country codes

## Other websites

- United States of America profile at London2012.com

## Infobox (country at games)

- **noc**: USA
- **games**: Olympics
- **flagcaption**: Flag of the United States
- **rank**: 1
- **gold**: 1174
- **silver**: 952
- **bronze**: 833
- **seealso**: United States at the 1906 Intercalated Games, 1906 Intercalated Games
Uruguay at the Olympics

**Uruguay** was first at the **Olympic Games** in 1924.  They have been in every Summer Olympic Games since except the boycotted 1980 Summer Olympics.  Uruguay has been in one Winter Olympic Games in 1998.

The National Olympic Committee for Uruguay was formed in 1923, and recognized by the International Olympic Committee that same year.

## List of medalists

|Medal|style="width:12em"|Name|style="width:9em"|Games|style="width:7em"|Sport|style="width:10em"|Event|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||National team|1924 Paris|Football|Men's competition|||||
||National team|1928 Amsterdam|Football|Men's competition|||||
|||1932 Los Angeles|Rowing|Men's single sculls|||||
|||1948 London|Rowing|Men's single sculls|||||
||Juan Rodríguez || 1948 London || Rowing || Men's double sculls||||||||
||National team|1952 Helsinki|Basketball|Men's competition|||||
||Juan Rodríguez || 1952 Helsinki || Rowing || Men's double sculls||||||||
||National team|1956 Melbourne|Basketball|Men's competition|||||
|||1964 Tokyo|Boxing|Men's bantamweight|||||
|||2000 Sydney|Cycling|Men's points race|||||

## Related pages

- List of IOC country codes

## Other websites

- Uruguay profile at London2012.com

## Infobox (country at games)

- **noc**: URU
- **nocname**: Uruguayan Olympic Committee
- **games**: Olympics
- **website**:  
- **gold**: 2
- **silver**: 2
- **bronze**: 6
Venezuela at the Olympics

**Venezuela** was first at the **Olympic Games** in 1948 and has been in every Summer Olympic Games since. Venezuela has also been in the Winter Olympic Games since 1998.

The National Olympic Committee for Venezuela was formed in 1935.

## Medalists

|style="width:6em"|Medal|style="width:12em"|Name|style="width:12em"|Games|style="width:12em"|Sport|style="width:12em"|Event|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|||1952 Helsinki|Athletics|Men's triple jump||||||
|||1960 Rome|Shooting|Men's 50 metre rifle prone||||||
|||1968 Mexico City|Boxing|Men's light flyweight||||||
|||1976 Montreal|Boxing|Men's welterweight||||||
|||1980 Moscow|Boxing|Men's bantamweight||||||
|||1984 Los Angeles|Boxing|Men's light flyweight||||||
|||1984 Los Angeles|Boxing|Men's featherweight||||||
|||1984 Los Angeles|Swimming|Men's 200m butterfly||||||
|||2004 Athens|Taekwondo|Women's heavyweight||||||
|||2004 Athens|Weightlifting|Men's featherweight||||||
||Dalia Contreras|2008 Beijing|Taekwondo|Women −49 kg||||||
||Rubén Limardo|2012 London|Fencing|Men's épée||||||

## Related pages

- List of IOC country codes

## Other websites

- Venezuela profile at London2012.com

## Infobox (country at games)

- **noc**: VEN
- **nocname**: Venezuelan Olympic Committee
- **games**: Olympics
- **website**:  
- **gold**: 2
- **silver**: 3
- **bronze**: 10
Virgin Islands at the Olympics

The United States Virgin Islands has been in 9 Summer Olympic Games. They have also been in the Winter Olympic Games 7 times. Peter Holmberg took second place in sailing at the 1988 Summer Olympics.

The Virgin Islands Olympic Committee was formed in 1967 and recognized by the IOC the same year.

## Olympic Medal table (Summer)

|rowspan=2|Games|colspan=5|Athletes by sport|colspan=3|Medals||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1968 Mexico City|1|-|-|-|-|0|0|0|
|1972 Munich|1|-|-|-|-|0|0|0|
|1976 Montreal|1|-|-|-|-|0|0|0|
|1980 Moscow|_did not compete_||||||||
|1984 Los Angeles|3|-|7|-|-|0|0|0|
|1988 Seoul|3|1|7|1|-|0|1|0|
|1992 Barcelona|4|2|-|-|-|0|0|0|
|1996 Atlanta|2|-|-|-|-|0|0|0|
|2000 Sydney|3|2|1|-|-|0|0|0|
|2004 Athens|2|1|3|-|1|0|0|0|
|2008 Bejiing|2|1|1|-|1|0|0|0|

## Olympic Medal table (Winter)

|rowspan=2|Games|colspan=5|Athletes by sport|colspan=3|Medals||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1984 Sarajevo|1|-|-|0|0|0|
|1988 Calgary|1|-|-|0|0|0|
|1992 Albertville|1|-|-|0|0|0|
|1994 Lillehammer|-|6|2|0|0|0|
|1998 Nagano|-|4|3|0|0|0|
|2002 Salt Lake City|-|4|4|0|0|0|
|2006 Turin|_did not compete_||||||
|2010 Vancouver|_did not compete_||||||

## Related pages

- List of IOC country codes

## Other websites

- Home page
- Virgin Islands, US profile at London2012.com

## Infobox (country at games)

- **noc**: ISV
- **nocname**: Virgin Islands Olympic Committee
- **games**: Olympics
- **flagcaption**: Flag of the United States Virgin Islands
- **gold**: 0
- **silver**: 1
- **bronze**: 0
British West Indies at the Olympics

The **West Indies Federation** were at the **1960 Summer Olympics** in Rome, Italy by the name _Antilles_ (ANT).

## Medalists

|style="width:6em"|Medal|style="width:15em"|Name|style="width:6em"|Sport|style="width:13em"|Event|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|||Athletics|Men's 800 metres|||||
|||Athletics|Men's 4×400 metre relay|||||

### Athletics

|Event|Name|Result||
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Men's 100 metres|Dennis Johnson|Heats: 10.4 _(2nd in heat)_ Quarter-finals: 10.4 _(4th, did not advance)_||
|rowspan=2|Men's 200 metres|Clifton Bertrand|Heats: 21.3 _(3rd in heat)_ Quarter-finals: 21.4 _(6th, did not advance)_|
|Dennis Johnson|Heats: 21.2 _(1st in heat)_ Quarter-finals: 21.1 _(3rd)_ Semi-finals: 21.0 _(5th, did not advance)_|||
|rowspan=2|Men's 400 metres|Malcolm Spence|Heats: 47.6 _(1st in heat)_ Quarter-finals: 46.9 _(3rd)_ Semi-finals: 46.8 _(5th, did not advance)_|
|James Wedderburn|Heats: 47.4 _(2nd in heat)_ Quarter-finals: 47.0 _(4th, did not advance)_|||
|Men's 800 metres|George Kerr|Heats: 1:50.9 _(1st in heat)_ Quarter-finals: 1:49.4 _(1st)_ Semi-final: 1:47.1 _(1st)_ Final: 1:47.1 _(→ )_||
|Men's 4×400 metre relay|George Kerr James Wedderburn Keith Gardner Malcolm Spence|Heats: 3:09.1 _(1st in heat)_ Semi-final: 3:09.2 _(2nd)_ Final: 3:04.0 _(→ )_||
|Men's 110 metre hurdles|Keith Gardner|Heats: 14.3 _(1st in heat)_ Quarter-finals: 14.3 _(2nd)_ Semi-final: 14.2 _(3rd)_ Final: 14.4 _(→ 5th place)_||
|Men's long jump|Paul Foreman|Qualification: 7.42 m Final: 7.26 m _(→ 12th place)_||

### Cycling

|Event|Name|Result|
| --- | --- | --- |
|Sprint|Clyde Rimple|Heats: 2nd of 2 Repechage: 1st of 2 Repechage final: 2nd of 3 Eighth-finals: 3rd of 3 Eighth-finals repechage: 2nd of 3 _(did not advance)_|
|1000 m time trial|Clyde Rimple|1:16.08 _(→ 23rd place)_|

### Sailing

|Event|Name|Result|
| --- | --- | --- |
|Flying Dutchman class|Richard John Bennett Gerald Bird|893 points _(→ 30th place)_|

### Shooting

|Event|Name|Result||
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|rowspan=2|50 m free pistol|Anthony Bridge|Qualification: 319 _(→ 32nd in group, did not advance)_|
|Keith De Casseres|_(retired)_|||

### Weightlifting

|Event|Name|Result|
| --- | --- | --- |
|Bantamweight (57 kg)|Grantley Sobers|Press: 97.5 kg _(7th)_ Snatch: 90.0 kg _(12th)_ Jerk: 120.0 kg _(13th)_ Total: 307.5 kg _(→ 10th place)_|

## Sources

- Official Olympic Reports
- International Olympic Committee results database

## Infobox (country at games)

- **noc**: BWI
- **nocname**: West Indies Olympic Association
- **games**: Summer Olympics
- **year**: 1960
- **flagcaption**: Flag of the West Indies Federation
- **oldcode**: ANT
- **location**: Rome
- **competitors**: 13
- **sports**: 5
- **rank**: 39
- **gold**: 0
- **silver**: 0
- **bronze**: 2
- **seealso**: (1948–1956, 1964–)
 (1948–1956, 1964–)
 (1968–)
Impression management

**Impression management** is a concept in sociology. It describes how everyday people control the way that they appear to others. For example, in each interaction, a person selects certain gestures, speech patterns, or expressions of femininity, masculinity, social class, and cultural interest. This allows a person to show a particular image to others about who they want to be and how they want to be seen.

### Gestures

When gesturing, a person might use reserved and minimal movements in a professional setting, whilst they may smile widely and wave about when with friends.

### Speech

A person might also change their speech pattern in a professional setting in order to sound more educated or refined, and may speak more casually or use swear words when in a casual setting.

Men and women often control how they are perceived in terms of masculinity or femininity. Boys and men might sometimes make their voices sound deeper. They might also speak in short sentences to reflect an old stereotype that males are unfeeling and unconcerned with self-expression. Women, on the other hand, might feel the need to speak in line with the speech patterns of their peers, and this may include tacking on culturally specific phrases like "or whatever" and "that's hot/cute" to indicate they identify with the female gender and traditional interests.

These of course are very simple ideas about what it means to be a man or woman. In contemporary life the border between male and female is sometimes becoming less strict. In Western societies psychologists support that people who show alternative gender expression are still medically normal.

### Cultural choices

People also provide clues about their social class and culture by talking about what kind of music they are interested in, what kind of movies they like to watch, and what kind of places they like to visit.

For example, in contemporary youth culture, young people often listen to and discuss "indie" alternative or independent music as opposed to pop or popular music. A person who wants to portray themselves as cultured might say they like watching highbrow French films or award-winning movies, instead of a mass-media production like a Disney movie.

he:אינטראקציה סימבולית
Killed in action

**Killed in action** (**KIA**) is a military term. It is used to describe a member of the military who was killed during a battle. On Wikipedia articles about battles, leaders who were killed in action have this symbol (†) next to their name.
Phyllobates

***Phyllobates*** is a group of frogs with poison in their skin. They live in Central America and South America, from Nicaragua to Colombia. There are three different Colombian species of _Phyllobates_. They have strong poison.

The most poisonous frog in the world is in _Phyllobates_: The golden poison frog (_P. terribilis_). All the frogs in _Phyllobates_ have bright colors on their skins. This tells other animals not to eat the frog, even though some of them do not have poison. Native South Americans use _Phyllobates_ frogs to put poison on the tools they use to hunt animals for food. The frogs' poison is made of alkaloids molecules, and the frogs make them in glands in their skins. The strongest poison is batrachotoxin.

## Name

_Phyllobates_ is Ancient Greek for "leaf climber."

## Groups

Scientists used to say that _Phyllobates_ had many more frogs, but they moved some of them to  _Ranitomeya_. However, it now just contains those six members within the _Phyllobates bicolor _species group. These are:
|Group|Image|Common name|Scientific name|Distribution|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||Lovely poison frog|_Phyllobates lugubris_ <small>(Schmidt, 1857)</small>|southeastern Nicaragua through Costa Rica to northwestern Panama||
||Golfodulcean poison frog|_Phyllobates vittatus_ <small>(Cope, 1893)</small>|Costa Rica.||
||black-legged poison frog|_Phyllobates bicolor_ <small>(Duméril and Bibron, 1841)</small>|Chocó area in western Colombia||
||Kokoe Poison Frog|_Phyllobates aurotaenia_ <small>(Boulenger, 1913)</small>|Pacific coast of Colombia||
|||_Phyllobates sp. aff. aurotaenia_|||
||Golden poison frog|_Phyllobates terribilis_ <small>(Myers, Daly, and Malkin, 1978)</small>|Pacific coast of Colombia.||

Every species in _Phyllobates_ can be different colors. Frogs can be in the same species and look different. These are called color morphs. For example, _P. terribilis_ frogs come in color morphs called "mint," "yellow," or "orange." _P. vittatus_, another example, always has black skin, but its stripes can be yellow, orange, or red, wide or narrow. Its legs can be blue or green. The bicolor dart frog (_Phyllobates bicolor_) can be yellow to orange, from black legs to green legs. _P. aurotaenia_ can be yellow-banded or orange. They are always smaller than _P. vittatus_, so people tell them apart by which frog is bigger instead of by color.

## Poison

Scientists have only found the batrachotoxin poison in wild frogs. Frogs that live with humans stop making poison. Scientists think the frogs need to eat wild foods to make the poison. Some beetles in Papua New Guinea also have batrachotoxin poison.
José María Antón

**José María "Chema" Antón Samper**  (born 19 March 1989 in  Casas del Señor, Valencian Community, Spain) is a Spanish footballer.

## Career

Antón came to Real Madrid's youth system in 2003, when he was 14 years old. In 2007, he made his professional debut playing with Real Madrid B in the Segunda División B (3rd level of Spain's league system).  Without playing in the team, he sat on the bench in Bernd Schuster's last match as coach of Real Madrid and the first of Juande Ramos. He also played 8 international matches for Spain's Under-19 team in the U19 European Cup.

In 2010 he signed with Real Betis Sevilla playing one season in the second team in the Segunda División B. In 2011 he signed with FC Red Bull Salzburg in the Austrian Bundesliga.

## Other websites

- Players profile on FC Red Bull Salzburg homepage

## Infobox (football biography)

- **playername**: Chema Antón
- **image**: Chema Anton66.jpg
- **fullname**: José María Antón Samper
- **birth place**: Casas del Señor, Spain
- **position**: Defender (association football)#Full-back, Left back
- **youthclubs1**: Kelme CF, Kelme
- **youthyears2**: 2003–2007
- **youthclubs2**: Real Madrid C.F., Real Madrid
- **years1**: 2007–2010
- **clubs1**: Real Madrid Castilla, Real Madrid B
- **caps1**: 55
- **goals1**: 1
- **years2**: 2010–2011
- **clubs2**: Real Betis B, Betis B
- **caps2**: 31
- **goals2**: 0
- **years3**: 2011–2012
- **clubs3**: FC Red Bull Salzburg, Red Bull Salzburg
- **caps3**: 4
- **goals3**: 0
- **years4**: 2012–2014
- **clubs4**: Újpest FC, Újpest
- **caps4**: 44
- **goals4**: 2
- **years5**: 2015
- **clubs5**: UB Conquense, Conquense
- **caps5**: 13
- **goals5**: 2
- **years6**: 2015–2016
- **clubs6**: CD Guijuelo, Guijuelo
- **caps6**: 24
- **goals6**: 0
- **years7**: 2016–2017
- **clubs7**: CD Eldense, Eldense
- **caps7**: 24
- **goals7**: 0
- **years8**: 2017
- **clubs8**: Seinäjoen Jalkapallokerho, SJK
- **caps8**: 12
- **goals8**: 0
- **nationalyears1**: 2008
- **nationalteam1**: Spain national under-19 football team, Spain U19
- **nationalcaps1**: 8
- **nationalgoals1**: 0
- **club-update**: 19 November 2017
Quadrille

The **quadrille** was a type of social dance. It was a sequence dance, a lively dance by four couples arranged in the shape of a square. It became popular in France around 1760. It became popular in England in 1813. American square dancing is a later adaption of the quadrille. In Australia, the bushranger Ned Kelly danced in a quadrille during the siege at Glenrowan, Victoria.
Leonardo Santiago

**Leonardo Vitor Santiago** (born 9 March 1983) is a Brazilian footballer. He plays as a striker for FC Red Bull Salzburg on loan from NAC Breda. He is known as **Leonardo**.

## Career

He started at the Nova Safra football school in Rio de Janeiro. His talent was discovered when he was 11 years old and he went to Europe and played in Feyenoord Rotterdams youth squads at Varkenoord He made his debut on August 19, 2000 in a 2–0 victory over AZ Almaar at the age of 17. This was a problem for Feyenoord and Leonardo because a non EU player is not allowed to play under 18 years. So he had to wait until he was 18. He scored his first goal for the first team  versus SC Heerenveen. In his first two seasons at Feyenoord he played 44 matches and scored four goals, but mainly he gave assists for his teammates to score. He was part of the Feyenoord team that won the 2001–02 UEFA Cup.

After this he suffered sever injuries, so he had only 11 matches in three seasons. After problems with the coaches he decided to left Feyenoord. 2006 he joined NAC Breda. After arguments with the coach he left Breda, after nine goals in 14 matches, to go to Ajax Amsterdam. 2009 he went back to Breda. 2011 he was transferred to Red Bull Salzburg on loan.

## Club statistics

|style="border-bottom:1px solid #AAAAAA"|Season|style="border-bottom:1px solid #AAAAAA"|Club|style="border-bottom:1px solid #AAAAAA"|Competition|style="border-bottom:1px solid #AAAAAA" align="center"|Apps|style="border-bottom:1px solid #AAAAAA" align="center"|Goals|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2000/01|Feyenoord|Eredivisie|23|2||||||
|2001/02|Feyenoord|Eredivisie|21|2||||||
|2002/03|Feyenoord|Eredivisie|3|0||||||
|2003/04|Feyenoord|Eredivisie|3|0||||||
|2004/05|Feyenoord|Eredivisie|4|0||||||
|2005/06|Feyenoord|Eredivisie|1|0||||||
|2005/06|NAC Breda|Eredivisie|14|8||||||
|2006/07|NAC Breda|Eredivisie|17|2||||||
|2006/07|Ajax|Eredivisie|7|1||||||
|2007/08|Ajax|Eredivisie|9|2||||||
|2008/09|Ajax|Eredivisie|24|2||||||
|2009/10|NAC Breda|Eredivisie|17|4||||||
|2010/11|NAC Breda|Eredivisie|25|2||||||
|2011/12|FC Red Bull Salzburg|Bundesliga|17|2||||||

### Club

- **Feyenoord**
    - UEFA Cup 2002
- **Ajax**
    - Dutch Cup 2007
    - Dutch Super Cup 2007

## Infobox (football biography)

- **playername**: Leonardo
- **image**: Leonardo-voetbal.jpg
- **image size**: 220px
- **fullname**: Leonardo Vitor Santiago
- **birth place**: Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- **position**: Striker
- **currentclub**: FC Red Bull Salzburg, Red Bull Salzburg
- **clubnumber**: 30
- **youthclubs1**: Nova Safra
- **youthyears2**: 1995–2000
- **youthclubs2**: Jong Feyenoord, Feyenoord
- **years1**: 2000–2005
- **clubs1**: Feyenoord
- **caps1**: 55
- **goals1**: 4
- **years2**: 2006
- **clubs2**: NAC Breda
- **caps2**: 31
- **goals2**: 10
- **years3**: 2007–2009
- **clubs3**: AFC Ajax, Ajax
- **caps3**: 40
- **goals3**: 5
- **years4**: 2009–
- **clubs4**: NAC Breda
- **caps4**: 42
- **goals4**: 6
- **years5**: 2011–
- **clubs5**: → FC Red Bull Salzburg, Red Bull Salzburg  (loan)
- **caps5**: 17
- **goals5**: 2
- **pcupdate**: 2 June 2010 (UTC)
Valeria Kudryavtseva

**Valeria Lvovna Kudryavtseva**  (born on 19 May 1961) is a Russian television presenter, actress, singer and dancer.

## Personal life

Valeria was married to musician Sergei Linyuk since 1990 until 1992. They has one child, son Zhan Linyuk (b.1990).

She was married to Matvei Morozov since 2004 until 2007.

She in relationship with musician Sergei Lazarev since 2008. She was pregnant from Sergei, but she had a miscarriage in July 2011.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Valeria Kudryavtseva
- **image**: Lera kudr.jpg
- **image size**: 230px
- **caption**: Kudryavtseva in 2010
- **birth name**: Valeria Lvovna Kudryavtseva
- **birth place**: Oskemen, Ust-Kamenogorsk, Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic, Kazakh SSR, USSR
- **nationality**: Russian
- **other names**: Lera Kudryavtseva
- **education**: Kultprosvetuchilische
Russian Academy of Theatre Arts
- **occupation**: Television presenter, acreess, singer, dancer
- **years active**: 1995–present
- **height**: 1.67 m.
- **spouse**: Sergei Linyuk
<small>(m.1990-1992; 1 child)</small>
Matvei Morozov
<small>(m.2004-2007)</small>
- **partner**: Sergei Lazarev
<small>(d.2008-present)</small>
- **children**: Zhan Linyuk (b.1990)
- **parents**: Lev Kudryavtsev
- **relatives**: Oksana Zhukova (sister)
- **website**: [http://www.leratv.ru/ Official website]
Lindsay and Sidney Greenbush

**Lindsay Greenbush** and **Sidney Greenbush** were born on May 25, 1970 in Hollywood, California. They are twins and when they were children, they were actresses. Their most known television series is _Little House on the Prairie_, where they together played Carrie Ingalls. It all happened in the 1970s. Later, they tried to go on acting but finally decided not to.
Brenda and Wendi Turnbaugh

**Brenda Turnbaugh** and **Wendi Turnbaugh** (born August 13, 1977 in Los Angeles, California) are former American actresses. They are identical twins. During the 1970s, they both played the character, Grace Ingalls on the television series _Little House on the Prairie_.
Michele and Jennifer Steffin

**Michelle Steffin** and **Jennifer Steffin** were born on March 23, 1981 in West Covina, California. They are twins. When they were children, they were actresses. On the television series _Little House on the Prairie_ they both played Rose Wilder. It happened in the early 1980s.
May 1985 Jennifer steffin played little girl at the stable on Highway to Heaven.
Michelle played on an episode of Aifwolfe.

Two sets of twins played Rose on Little House on the Prairie.  Sarah Coleman and Jennifer Coleman (Jennifer Donati) played Baby Rose in 17 episodes during Seasons 8 and 9.  Michelle Steffin and Jennifer Steffin (Jennifer Uden) played Rose in three post-season movies.
Aemilianus

**Aemilianus** or **Aemilian** (–253) was Roman emperor for eighty-eight days in 253 AD.

## Early life

Aemilianus was born around 207 or around 214. The _Epitome de Caesaribus_ (a Latin history) and Zonaras (a Greek historian) say that Aemilianus was born at this time and at Djerba, an island in the Mediterranean Sea near Africa, part of the Roman Empire.

Aemilianus was not from the nobility, and may have been from among the Moorish people.

Aemilianus was a senator and was a Roman consul, either in 252 or 253. He was also governor () for the Roman province of Moesia Superior.

## Emperor

The Roman army made Aemilianus emperor in Moesia in July or August 253. The Roman Senate agreed that Aemilianus was emperor after the emperor Trebonianus Gallus died in August 253.

After defeating the Goths (a barbarian tribe) in modern-day Bulgaria, his soldiers proclaimed him as an emperor instead of Trebonianus Gallus, the emperor at the time. After defeating Gallus in battle at Interamna (Northern Italy), he captured the capital city of the empire, Rome.

When the governor of Roman Germany, Valerianus, arrived in Italy bringing troops to help Trebonianus Gallus, Aemilianus's own troops killed Aemilianus. They did not want a civil war and Valerian had a bigger army than Aemilianus.

## Death

Soldiers in Aemilianus's army killed Aemilianus at Spoletum in the Italian Peninsula (Spoleto, Italy).

## Family

Aemilianus's wife was Cornelia Supera. She became _augusta_ (empress) in around August 253. Cornelia Supera may have died in September or October 253, at which time the soldiers killed Aemilianus.
Afghanistan at the Olympics

**Afghanistan at the Olympics** is a history which includes 16 games in 14 countries and 100+ athletes. Since 1936, Afghanistan has contributed to the growth of the "Olympic Movement".

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Afghanistan is AFG.

## History

The Afghanistan National Olympic Committee was formed in 1935.  It was recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1936.

Afghanistan's team first competed at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin.

In 1999, Afghanistan was banned from the Olympics due to its discrimination against women under Taliban rule.

In the 2004 Summer Olympics two women, Robina Muqim Yaar and Friba Razayee, were the first women to compete for Afghanistan at the Olympics.  Mehboba Ahdyar, a woman in the 2008 Summer Olympics had death threats because of her plan to be in the Games.

### Summer games

|style="width:6em"|Medal|style="width:12em"|Name|style="width:10em"|Games|style="width:10em"|Sport|style="width:10em"|Event|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|||2008 Beijing|Taekwondo|Men's 58 kg||||||
|||2012 London|Taekwondo|Men's 68 kg||||||

## Related pages

- List of IOC country codes

## Other websites

- Afghanistan National Olympic Committee
- Afghan Sports History
- Afghanistan profile at London2012.com

## Infobox (country at games)

- **noc**: AFG
- **nocname**: Afghanistan National Olympic Committee
- **games**: Olympics
- **gold**: 0
- **silver**: 0
- **bronze**: 2
- **appearances**: 16
- **app begin year**: 1936
- **seealso**: (1952, 1976)
 (1992)
 (2000)
Hypodermic needle

A **hypodermic needle** is a hollow steel tube that is sharpened into a needle so it can be jabbed (inserted) into somebody's body. After it is in, medicine is pushed through the steel needle. The name "hypodermic" comes from two Greek words meaning "below skin".

## History

The Greeks made early use of injection.
Atrax

**Atrax** is a genus of spiders. They have very strong venom. These spiders aggressively defend their territory and chase off attackers who may scare them by making a threat display. Next they will bite. The fastest death occurred in 1927 when a young boy died within fifteen minutes of being bitten. Thirteen deaths were recorded in the fifty years before antivenom was invented for this spider's bite. In English they are sometimes called Sydney Funnel Web spiders because they come from around that part of Australia.

Under the heading "spiders" (Aranae) there are three main groups. One is so very old that only a few species still live on earth. Another is the group that includes the spiders that can be seen making webs or chasing prey almost everywhere in the world. The third group includes the tarantulas and a few other kinds of spiders. The Atrax spiders belong to this third group.

There are also species called "funnel-web spiders" that belong to the second group mentioned above. So they are not close relatives of Atrax, and they are not dangerous. They just have a similar way of making a funnel-shaped web that leads down to some kind of shelter where the spider hides in wait for some insect to eat. Atrax is a very large and very aggressive spider, and these other spiders are from small to medium size and are extremely timid.
Bahrain at the Olympics

**Bahrain** has been in 6 Summer Olympic Games. They have never been in the Winter Olympic Games.

Bahrain won their first Olympic medal in the 2012 Summer Olympics. Maryam Yusuf Jamal won a bronze in the women's 1500m run.

Rashid Ramzi won the gold medal in the men's 1,500 meters. Because he used drugs, the IOC took the medal away.

## Related pages

- List of IOC country codes

## Other websites

- Bahrain profile at London2012.com

## Infobox (country at games)

- **noc**: BRN
- **nocname**: Bahrain Olympic Committee
- **games**: Olympics
- **gold**: 2
- **silver**: 1
- **bronze**: 0
Bangladesh at the Olympics

**Bangladesh** has been in seven Summer Olympic Games. They have never been in the Winter Olympic Games.

No Bangladeshi competitor has qualified for the Olympics; the country sends representatives to the Games thanks to the wildcard process. Bangladesh is the most populous country in the world to have never won an Olympic medal. They have had 27 participants in 3 sports.

Bangladesh Olympic Association head Wali Ullah says that Bangledesh's weak economy is the reason for its poor results in sports.

## Related pages

- List of IOC country codes

## Other websites

- Bangladesh profile at London2012.com

## Infobox (country at games)

- **noc**: BAN
- **nocname**: Bangladesh Olympic Association
- **games**: Olympics
- **gold**: 0
- **silver**: 0
- **bronze**: 0
- **appearances**: 9
- **app begin year**: 1984
Hot wings

**Hot wings** are pieces of chicken that are fried and cooked, then smothered in sauce.  Hot wings can vary in how hot they are, from being mild to very spicy.  They are sometimes called **Buffalo Wings** because they are thought to have originated from Buffalo, New York.

## Infobox (food)

- **name**: Hot wings
- **image**: Buffalo - Wings at Airport Anchor Bar.jpg
- **caption**: Buffalo wings with blue cheese dressing
- **alternate name**: Buffalo wings
 Buffalo chicken wings
 Chicken wings
 Wings
- **country**: United States
- **region**: Buffalo, New York
- **course**: Appetizer, Main
- **served**: Hot
- **main ingredient**: Chicken wings as food, Chicken wing
 Cayenne pepper hot sauce
 Butter
- **calories**: 80-110
Threat display

A **threat display** is anything that an animal does to scare away other animals. A dog will bare its teeth and growl. A cat will hiss. A snake will coil up, raise its head, and move back and forth to point itself at any big animal that approaches it.

Many animals have threat displays that make them look bigger. A lion's mane will stand up, making it look much larger and more powerful. Humans may raise both hands, spread wide, above their heads. Bears will stand on their hind legs, raise their front legs, and show their teeth while growling.

Some notable animals have no threat display, but do have a defence all the same. A male horse has a terrific kick backwards, no doubt developed as a defence against predators. People who ride horses have to be told not to walk close behind a male horse, even if they have ridden it before.

## Related pages

- Fight or flight response
- Mimicry
- Threat
Bhutan at the Olympics

**Bhutan** has been in the Summer Olympic Games since 1984. They have never been in the Winter Olympic Games.  Prior to 2012, Bhutan only competed in Archery, which is the national sport of Bhutan. They have never won an Olympic Medal.

The Bhutan Olympic Committee was formed in 1983 and recognized by the IOC the same year.

## Related pages

- List of IOC country codes

## Other websites

- Bhutan profile at London2012.com

## Infobox (country at games)

- **noc**: BHU
- **nocname**: Bhutan Olympic Committee
- **games**: Olympics
- **gold**: 0
- **silver**: 0
- **bronze**: 0
Brunei at the Olympics

**Brunei**, as _Brunei Darussalam_, was first at the **Olympic Games** in 1988, with a single official but no athletes. The nation was in the Summer Olympic Games in 1996, 2000 and 2004. Each time it was represented by a single athlete. Brunei has never been in the Winter Olympic Games.  They have never won an Olympic medal.

As of 2010 Brunei, along with Saudi Arabia and Qatar, was one of only three countries to have never sent a female athlete to the Olympic Games. The International Olympic Committee in 2010 announced it would "press" these countries to allow women's participation.

The National Olympic Committee for Brunei was formed in 1984 and recognized by the International Olympic Committee the same year.

## Related pages

- List of IOC country codes

## Other websites

- Brunei Darussalam profile at London2012.com

## Infobox (country at games)

- **noc**: BRU
- **nocname**: Brunei Darussalam National Olympic Council
- **games**: Olympics
- **gold**: 0
- **silver**: 0
- **bronze**: 0
Cambodia at the Olympics

**Cambodia at the Olympics** is a history which includes 8 games in 8 countries and 40+ athletes. Since 1983, athletes of Cambodia have been part of the "Olympic Movement".

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Cambodia is CAM.  In 1964, it was CAB.

## History

The National Olympic Committee of Cambodia was formed in 1983 and recognized by the IOC in 1994.

No competitor from Cambodia has won an Olympic Medal.

## Related pages

- List of IOC country codes

## Other websites

- National Olympic Committee of Cambodia website
- Cambodia profile at London2012.com

## Infobox (country at games)

- **noc**: CAM
- **nocname**: National Olympic Committee of Cambodia
- **games**: Olympics
- **flagcaption**: Flag of Cambodia
- **website**:  
- **gold**: 0
- **silver**: 0
- **bronze**: 0
Antivenom

An **antivenom** is a medicine used to protect against a specific venom. (A venom is a poison released by a snake or insect.) Frequently the venom of some creature such as a cobra will be harvested and a little will be injected using a hypodermic needle into a horse every day for a long time. The horse's body will develop an immunity to the venom, so more and more venom from the snake can be injected every day. After the horse is immune, its blood can be drawn little by little to get the part of the blood that makes the horse immune. That part can then be injected into humans who have been bitten by cobras.

There are antivenoms for the very large and very dangerous funnel-web spiders found in Australia, and for the widow spiders (such as the black widow) found all around the world.
Mutagen

A **mutagen** is a substance or a process that changes the genetic material of an organism. Mutagens also increase the number of mutations that occur. Many mutagens also cause cancer, so they are also carcinogens. Examples of mutagens are ionizing radiation, many bromine compounds, benzene. A test to detect mutagens is the Ames test.