juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Occupational Safety and Health Administration

The United States **Occupational Safety and Health Administration** (OSHA) is an agency of the United States Department of Labor. It was created by Congress under the Occupational Safety and Health Act and was signed by President Richard M. Nixon, on December 29, 1970. Its mission is to prevent work-related injuries, illnesses, and deaths by making and enforcing rules (called standards) for workplace safety and health.  As of March 2006, the agency is headed by Assistant Secretary of Labor Edwin Foulke.

## Related pages

- Occupational Safety and Health

## References and suggested reading

- American National Standards Institute (1996); “Workshop on International Standardization of Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems: Is there a Need?” Workshop proceedings. Rosemont, Illinois, May 7-8, 1996.
- American National Standards Institute (2005): “American National Standard – Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems.” Draft document.
- Adams, E. (1976) "Accident Causation and the Management System" in Professional Safety, October, pp 26-29.
- Anton, T. (1979) Occupational Safety and Health Management, McGraw Hill, New York.

## Other websites

- OSHA website and public contact website.
- Full text of the OSH Act
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
- OSHA Office of Education and Training
- Current 29 CFR Books in Digital Format
Arsenio Hall

**Arsenio Hall** (born February 12, 1956) is an American actor and comedian. He hosted his own popular television talk show, _The Arsenio Hall Show_, from 1989 to 1994 on the Fox network. He also had his own television sitcom on ABC titled, _Arsenio_.

Hall co-starred with Eddie Murphy in the movies _Coming to America_ and _Harlem Nights_. After his own television series ended, Hall sometimes guest-starred on _The Tonight Show_ with Jay Leno.

Hall was born in Cleveland, Ohio.
Bezenye

**Bezenye** is a village in the north-west of Hungary.  It is very close to the border with Slovakia and only 9 km from the Slovakian capital city Bratislava. The population is about 1600.

Archaeologists  have found things under the ground which show that the first people to lived there were Old Germanic tribes.  Later, Hungarian (Magyar) people lived there.  Then troops from Turkey destroyed a lot of the village and the people fled.  New people came to live in the area: Croatians and Germans.  The Croatians called the village "Bizonja" and the Germans called it "Palersdorf".  "Bezenye" is the Hungarian name.  It comes from a Slav word "baza" meaning an elderberry tree.

After World War II many of the poorer Germans had to go and live in Germany.  New Hungarian families from Slovakia came to live in Bezenye.

Today Bezenye is not a typical Hungarian village.  The people speak a mixture of Hungarian, Croatian, Slovak and German.  The Roman Catholic church of the Blessed Virgin Mary has services in Hungarian and Croatian.

## References

- "The Slovak-Austrian-Hungarian Danubeland", compiled by Daniel Kollár;

## Other websites

- Bezenye.hu
- Street map (Hungarian)
Royal Proclamation of 1763

The **Royal Proclamation of 1763** was issued October 7, 1763, by King George III. Great Britain had gained New France, which had been French territory in North America, after the end of the French and Indian War, part of the Seven Years' War. The Proclamation was to organize the enlarged territory of British North America and to make relations with the Native Americans better and more stable by controlling trade, settlement, and purchases of land on the western frontier. The British also wished to gain the trust from the Natives to be able to place forts there.

The war had brought large new western territories under British control, but the American colonists were angered because the Proclamation stated that they could not settle or buy land west of a line along the Appalachian Mountains. Settlers continued to flow into the Ohio River Valley, and Great Britain was unable to provide adequate protection for them. Also, the Proclamation gave Great Britain a monopoly in land bought from the Native Americans. In 1774, the Quebec Act extended the rights of French-speaking Catholics and further angered the English-speaking Protestant settlers.

### French

- Had very limited boundaries of Quebec.
- Were not permitted to hold office if Catholic.
- Did not think the proposed assembly would represent the views of the population.
- Were concerned about the future of the Roman Catholic Church.
- Could not be involved in the fur trade outside the proclaimed boundaries.

### British

- Opposed the restrictions placed on the fur trade.

- Wanted to continue going west. Many veterans of the war against France had been given land beyond the line, and the Proclamation took it away from the colonists.
- Opposed religious freedom for non-Protestants.
- Were not satisfied by the proposal for an elected assembly and had no say in it Many colonist thought this was tyranny
Inkscape

**Inkscape** is a vector graphics (pictures made from lines instead of dots) drawing program published under the GNU General Public License. Its stated goal is to become a really good drawing tool while being able to fit in with standards for SVG graphics.
Inkscape was first made for Linux, but now it is cross-platform and runs on Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, and other Unix-like operating systems. As of 2007, Inkscape is actively being made better, and new features are added all the time.

## History

Inkscape began in 2003 as a fork (break-off) of the Sodipodi project. Sodipodi, developed since 1999, was itself based on Raph Levien's Gill (Gnome Illustration Application).

## Infobox (software)

- **name**: Inkscape
- **logo**: Inkscape Logo.svg
- **logo size**: 120px
- **screenshot**: Inkscape 1.3 screenshot.png
- **programming language**: C++ with gtkmm, Python (programming language), Python (extensions)
- **operating system**: FreeBSD
Linux
macOS
Microsoft Windows, Windows
- **platform**: IA-32 and x64
- **size**: 81.6 MB
- **language count**: 90
- **genre**: Vector graphics editor
- **license**: GNU General Public License, GPL-3.0-or-later
Land grant

A **land grant**  is a gift of real estate - land or privileges - made by a government or other authority as a reward for services to an individual, especially as rewards for military service. Grants of land are also awarded to individuals and companies to help develop unused land in relatively unpopulated countries.

Roman soldiers were given rewards at the end of their service including cash or land (_praemia_). Augustus fixed the amount in AD 5 at 3000 denarii and by the time of Caracalla it had risen to 5000 denarii.

In old California, the King of Spain frequently gave land to people he liked, or who helped him.
Pope Leo XIII

**Pope Leo XIII** (; , March 2, 1810 — July 20, 1903), born **Vincenzo Gioacchino Raffaele Luigi Pecci**, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 257th Pope from 1878 until his death.

## Monsignore

Pope Gregory XVI granted Pecci the title Monsignore. In 1903, there were Golden Jubilee celebrations which recalled the 50 years since he was named a cardinal.

In 1846, he visited London where he had an audience with Queen Victoria.

## Bishop

Pecci was Bishop of Perugia for thirty-two years, from 1846 to 1878.

## Cardinal

In the consistory of 19 December 1853, Pope Pius IX appointed the then Archbishop-Bishop of Perugia to the college of Cardinals thus, assigning him to the Priestbyterial Title of San Crisogono, Archbishop Pecci was one of the two prelates who at that time were elevated the other one was Abp. Camillo di Pietro (later Dean of the College of Cardinals).

## Pope

In 1878, Cardinal Pecci was elected Pope.

After his election, Pope Leo never went outside the gates of the Vatican.

Pope Leo was in office until the age of 93. He was the oldest pope and had the second longest papal reign before Pope John Paul II. He is known as the "Pope of the Working Man."

At age 93, the pope died from pneumonia and old age.

### After his death

The pope lay in State in St. Peter's Basilica.  His final resting place is the Basilica of St. John Lateran, which is the official seat of the Bishop of Rome.

## Related pages

- List of popes
- List of popes by length of reign

## Other websites

- "Pope Leo XIII" in _Catholic Encyclopedia_, 1913
- "Leo XIII" in _Encyclopædia Britannica_, 1911
- Vatican webpage, Leo XIII
- Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church , Gioacchino Cardinal Pecci
- _Catholic Encyclopedia_, "List of Popes"

## Infobox (christian leader)

- **type**: pope
- **name**: Leo XIII
- **honorific-prefix**: Pope
- **image**: Papa Leone XIII.jpeg
- **motto**: _Lumen in coelo_
- **birth name**: Vincenzo Gioacchino Raffaelle Luigi Pecci
- **term start**: February 20, 1878
- **term end**: July 20, 1903
- **birth date**: March 2, 1810
- **birth place**: Carpineto Romano, département of Rome, French Empire
- **death place**: Apostolic Palace, Vatican City
- **predecessor**: Pope Pius IX
- **successor**: Pope Pius X
- **other**: Leo
Konzum

**Konzum** is Croatia's biggest supermarket chain. Konzum was opened in Zagreb in 1957, and today has 230 stores open in Croatia. Lately, Konzum's popularity has grown a lot in Croatia. In 1994,  Konzum joined the Agrokor group. Konzum supermarkets can also be found in Croatia's neighbouring country, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Konzum has relations with the Bosnian company, Velpro.

## Infobox (company)

- **company name**: Konzum d.d.
- **company type**: Private company, Private subsidiary
- **traded as**: Zagreb Stock Exchange, ZSE: [http://zse.hr/default.aspx?id=17560&dionica=KNZM-R-A KNZM]
- **parent**: Agrokor
- **company logo**: Konzum Logo.svg
- **foundation**: Zagreb, Croatia, 1957
- **location**: Zagreb, Croatia
- **key people**: Ivica Todorić <small>(Chief audit executive, CAE)</small>
Darko Knez <small>(Chief executive officer, CEO)</small>
- **num employees**: 12,737 <small>(December 31 2011)</small>
- **industry**: Retail
- **products**: Grocery, General merchandise
- **homepage**: [http://www.konzum.hr/ www.konzum.hr]
Mother Teresa

**Mother Teresa** (26 August 1910 – 5 September 1997), was an Albanian Roman Catholic nun who started the Missionaries of Charity and won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1979 for her humanitarian work. For over forty years, she cared for poor, sick, orphaned, and dying people in Calcutta (Kolkata), India. She was guided in part by the ideals of Saint Francis of Assisi. She was born in Skopje, Macedonia, and died in Calcutta.

As the Missionaries of Charity grew under her leadership, they expanded their ministry to other countries. By the 1970s Mother Teresa was well known internationally as an advocate for the poor and helpless. This was due in part to a movie and book called _Something Beautiful for God_ by Malcolm Muggeridge.

Mother Teresa strongly opposed abortion. She once said: "The greatest destroyer of peace is abortion because if a mother can kill her child, what is left for me to kill you and you to kill me?".

Following her death, Pope John Paul II first beatified Mother Teresa. Then on 4 September 2016, in a ceremony at Saint Peter's Church in Vatican City, he named her a saint. He also gave her the title **Blessed Teresa of Calcutta**.

Saint Mother Teresa received many awards for her work. These included the Nobel Peace Prize in 1979 and the Bharat Ratna (India's highest civilian award) in 1980.

## Criticism

Both before and after her death, Mother Teresa received criticism, especially in recent years as debate about abortion grew.

In 1995 Christopher Hitchens wrote a very critical book about Mother Teresa called _The Missionary Position_. In the book, he argued that instead of trying to help the poor, Mother Teresa encouraged them to endure pain and continue suffering. He also suggested that she opposed ending poverty and raising women's social status. Later, in a 2003 article for _Slate_, Hitchens wrote: "Mother Teresa was not a friend of the poor. She was a friend of poverty. She said that suffering was a gift from God".

## Related pages

- Tirana International Airport Nënë Tereza, named after her.

## Other websites

- Mother Teresa of Kolkata information
- Speech On Mother Teresa In English : Nobel Peace Prize Speech

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Mother Teresa
- **image**: MotherTeresa 090.jpg
- **caption**: Mother Teresa
- **birth place**: Skopje, Ottoman Empire
- **death place**: Kolkata, Calcutta, India
- **occupation**: Roman Catholic nun, humanitarian
JoJo (singer)

**Joanna Noëlle Levesque** (born December 20, 1990 ), known by her stage name **JoJo**, is an American singer, songwriter, actress and record producer. She was born in Brattleboro, Vermont and raised in Keene, New Hampshire and Foxborough, Massachusetts. She releases music under the R&B, pop, hip hop and soul music genres. She released her first album, _JoJo_, in June 2004. The album's first single "Leave (Get Out)" was number one on the US _Billboard_ Pop Chart.

## Filmography

|Year|Title|Role|class="unsortable"|Notes|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2002|_Developing Sheldon_|Young Elizabeth|||
|2006|_Aquamarine_|Hailey Rogers|||
|2006|_RV_|Cassie Munro|||
|2006|_JoJo: The Pop Princess_|Herself|Documentary||
|2013|_G.B.F._|Soledad Braunstein|||

|Year|Title|Role|class="unsortable"|Notes|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1998|_Kids Say the Darndest Things_|Herself / Contestant|Season 1||
|1999–2000|_Destination Stardom_|Herself / Contestant|November 6, 1999 (Season 1, Episode 12) January 1, 2000 (Season 1, Episode 18)||
|2002|_The Bernie Mac Show_|Michelle Cooper|"Bernie Mac Dance Party" (Season 2, Episode 6)||
|2003|_America's Most Talented Kid_|Herself / Contestant|1 episode||
|2004|_American Dreams_|Linda Ronstadt|"Tidings of Comfort and Joy" (Season 3, Episode 9)||
|2006|_Romeo!_|Herself|"Ro' Trip – Part 2" (Season 3, Episode 13)||
|2007|_Punk'd_|Herself|"8.6" (Season 8, Episode 6)||
|2008|_True Confessions of a Hollywood Starlet_|Morgan Carter / Claudia Miller|Lifetime television film||
|2010|_House of Glam_|Herself|"La La Land" (Season 1, Episode 4)||
|2011|_Hawaii Five-0_|Courtney Russell|"Kai e'e" (Season 1, Episode 15)||
|2011|_The Dance Scene_|Herself|||
|2017|_Shane and Friends_|Herself|Fullscreen Original Series||
|2017|_Lethal Weapon_|Shaye|"Born to Run" (Season 2, Episode 3)||

## Other websites

- Official U.S. website
- MTV interview

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: JoJo
- **image**: Jojo in 2011.jpg
- **caption**: JoJo in 2011
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Joanna Noëlle Levesque
- **birth place**: Brattleboro, Vermont, Brattleboro, Vermont, United States
- **origin**: Foxborough, Massachusetts, Foxborough, Massachusetts, United States
- **years active**: 1999-present
- **url**: [http://www.jojoonline.com JoJoOnline.com]
Angela Aames

**Angela Aames** (February 27, 1956 in Pierre, South Dakota – November 27, 1988 in West Hills, California) was an American actress. She was famous for her role in the movie _Bachelor Party_. She died of heart problems at the age of 32.

## Infobox (actor)

- **name**: Angela Aames
- **birth date**: February 27, 1956
- **birth place**: Pierre, South Dakota
- **death date**: November 27, 1988, aged 32
- **death place**: West Hills, California
- **yearsactive**: 1979-1988
- **spouse**: Mark Haughland
(? - November 27, 1988) (her death)
Willie Aames

**Willie Aames** (born **Albert William Upton** 15 July 1960 in Los Angeles, California), is an actor famous for the roles of Buddy Lembeck on _Charles in Charge_, Tommy Bradford on _Eight is Enough_ and the voice of Hank on _Dungeons & Dragons_, the cartoon. He also hosted a game show _The Krypton Factor_ from 1990–91.
Bruce Abbott

**Bruce Paul Abbott** (born July 28, 1954 in Portland, Oregon) is an American actor. He was in movies such as _Re-Animator_, _Bad Dreams_, _The Prophecy II_, _Out of Time_, _Bride of Re-Animator_ and the television series _Dark Justice_.
Bud Abbott

**William Alexander** "**Bud**" **Abbott** (October 2, 1897 – April 24, 1974) was an American comedian, actor and producer. He was best known as the straight man half of the comedy duo Abbott and Costello.

## Infobox (celebrity)

- **name**: Bud Abbott
- **image**: Abbott and Costello 1950s.JPG
- **caption**: Bud Abbott and Lou Costello as the hosts of the television program The Colgate Comedy Hour.
- **birth date**: October 2, 1897
- **birth place**: Asbury Park, New Jersey, Asbury Park, New Jersey
- **death place**: Woodland Hills, California, Woodland Hills, California
- **spouse**: Betty Smith
- **children**: Bud Abbott, Jr
Vickie Abbott
Betty Aberlin

**Betty Aberlin** (born **Betty Kay Ageloff** December 30, 1942, New York City) is an American actress, poet, and writer. She had a regular role on _The Smothers Brothers Show_. Aberlin worked on many television programs. She played Lady Aberlin on _Mister Rogers' Neighborhood_. Her movie roles include work in _Dogma_ and _Jersey Girl_.

## Infobox (actor)

- **name**: Betty Aberlin
- **image**: Betty Aberlin.jpg
- **birth name**: Betty Kay Ageloff
- **birth place**: New York City, New York, New York, USA
Jake Abel

**Jacob Allen "Jake" Abel** (born November 18, 1987 in Canton, Ohio) is an American actor.

He is best known for his roles in movie _Go Figure_ as Spencer, and in _Threshold_. He also played Kirk in an episode of _The Suite Life of Zack and Cody_.
Baudrecourt, Moselle

**Baudrecourt** is a village in the Grand Est region of France. It is about half way between Metz and Nancy. The TGV high-speed line from Paris to Strasbourg currently ends there. In 1999, 172 people lived there.
Hayden Panettiere

**Hayden Lesley Panettiere** (born August 21, 1989) is an American actress, singer and a Grammy Award nominee.

She first appeared on TV as a baby in commercials, and had her first role at the age of four in the TV show _One Life To Live_. She is also well known for her work in trying to stop whaling. In January 2008, Panettiere spoke at an anti-whaling meeting in Washington D.C., and later spoke to representatives from Norway, Iceland and Japan.

Her brother is actor Jansen Panettiere.

## Some of her acting roles

- 1994–97: _One Life To Live_ (soap opera)
- 1998: _A Bug's Life_ (the voice of Dot)
- 2000: _Remember the Titans_
- 2001: _Joe Somebody_
- 2004: _Raising Helen_
- 2005: _Racing Stripes_ (voice)
- 2006–10: _Heroes_
- 2010: _Alpha and Omega (movie)_ (voice of Kate)
- 2011: _Amanda Knox: Murder on Trial in Italy_ (as Amanda Knox)
- 2011: _Scream 4_
- 2012–2018: _Nashville_
- 2014-2015: _Alpha and Omega 2 (movie)_ (voice of Kate)

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Hayden Panettiere
- **image**: Hayden Panettiere 2009 (Straighten Crop).jpg
- **caption**: Panettiere at The 6th Annual Hollywood Style Awards in Beverly Hills in 2009
- **birth place**: Palisades, New York, U.S.
- **occupation**: Actress, model, singer
- **years active**: 1994–present
Avatar: The Last Airbender

***Avatar Legends: The Last Airbender***, also known as ***Avatar Legends: The Legend of Aang*** or simply  ***Avatar: The Last Airbender***,  ***Avatar: The Legend of Aang***, ***Avatar Legends*** or ***Avatar***, is an American anime-influenced animated television series. The series was created by Michael Dante DiMartino and Bryan Konietzko. It was produced by Nelvana Limited. The series was on Nickelodeon for three seasons. The pilot episode, _The Boy in the Iceberg,_ was first broadcast on February 21, 2005. The last episode, _Sozin's Comet,_ was broadcast on July 19, 2008.

The program is about a world where people can control, or "bend," one of the four elements—water, earth, fire, or air. The main character is Aang. He is the "Avatar". This means he can bend all four elements. In the series, Aang and his friends Katara, Sokka, and later Toph Beifong must save the world by defeating Fire Lord Ozai. Ozai is the ruler of the Fire Nation. Aang and his friends want to end a war between the Fire Nation and the other nations. The war has lasted for one hundred years. At the same time, Zuko tries to capture Aang and defeat him. Zuko used to be the prince of the Fire Nation. The series is based on different parts of Asian culture. The Fire Nation reflects imperial Japan. The Earth Kingdom has many similarities to Chinese culture. The Air Nomads represent Tibetan culture. The Water Tribe matches the Inuk nation and Inuit people. The moves that the characters make when they bend are based on different styles of martial arts. These include kung fu and tai chi. The art style of the series is similar to the style of Japanese anime.

## Infobox (television)

- **image**: Avatar The Last Airbender logo.svg
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **num seasons**: 3
- **num episodes**: 61
- **list episodes**: List of Avatar: The Last Airbender episodes
- **executive producer**: * Scott Dyer
- **animator**: JM Animation (32 episodes)
DR Movie (19 episodes)
Moi Animation (10 episodes)
- **runtime**: 23 minutes
- **company**: Wang Film Productions,  Shzou Hong Ying Animation
- **channel**: Nickelodeon
Toul

**Toul** is a city in the Northeastern part of France. There are about 17,000 people living there. Toul is a fortified town, with a long history. The people who started building the city were the Romans. It was the capital of the Leuci tribe. When the Carolingian Empire was split by the Treaty of Meerssen, in 870, Toul was  given to East Francia. In the early 1800s, the importance of the city diminished, and Nancy took its place.
Blessthefall

**Blessthefall** is an American post-hardcore band from Phoenix, Arizona. The band was formed in 2004 and released the first album _His Last Walk_ in April 2007. The lead vocalist, Craig Mabbitt leaves the band in November 2007, the bassist Jared Warth was lead vocalist/bassist, replacing the Mabbitt place touring. Mabbitt joined Escape the Fate in mid-2008. Beau Bokan joined to the band in September 2008. With Bokan, the band released the second studio album, _Witness_ in October 6, 2009, with Fearless Records. The third studio album, _Awakening_ will released in October 4, 2011.

## Members

- Current members
- Beau Bokan – lead vocals/screams, keyboard (since 2008)
- Eric Lambert – lead guitar, backing vocals (since 2004)
- Jared Warth – bass/screams (since 2004), lead vocals (2004, 2007–2008)
- Matt Traynor – drums (since 2004)
- Elliott Gruenberg – rhythm guitar (since 2011)

- Former members
- Mike Frisby – rhythm guitar (2004–2011)
- Craig Mabbit – lead vocals (2004–2007)
- Miles Bergsma – lead guitar (2004–2005)
- Aiden Louis – bass, backing vocals (2008, Touring member only)

## Discography

- _Black Rose Dying EP_ (2005)
- _Blessthefall EP_ (2006)
- _His Last Walk_ (2007)
- _Black On Black Tour EP_ (2007)
- _Witness_ (2009)
- _Awakening_ (2011)

## Infobox (band)

- **image**: Blessthefall live at Warped Tour 2012.jpg
- **caption**: Blessthefall in 2012
- **years active**: 2004-present
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Phoenix, Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona
- **label**: Fearless, Science
- **current members**: Beau Bokan
Eric Lambert
Jared Warth
Matt Traynor
Elliott Gruenberg
- **past members**: Mike Frisby
Craig Mabbit
Miles Bergsma
Resin

**Resin** is a mixture of organic compound<nowiki/>s secreted by many plants, especially coniferous trees.

Plants evolved many complex chemicals as  defences against herbivores. That may be the origin of these resins, which are certainly not good to eat. Plants secrete resins for their protective benefits in response to injury.

The resin protects the plant from insects and pathogens. Resins confound a wide range of herbivores, insects, and pathogens. The volatile phenolic compounds may attract benefactors, that is, parasitoids or predators of the herbivores which attack the plant.

Humans also value resins for their many uses. They are used in varnishes, adhesives, as raw materials for organic synthesis, or for incense and perfume. Fossilized resins are the source of amber. The term is also used for synthetic substances with similar properties.

Resins contain chemicals composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur.  Synthetic resins are used in laminates, adhesives, flooring, linings, etc.

## Rosin

**Rosin**, (also called 'colophony' or 'Greek pitch') is a solid form of resin. It is got from pines and some other plants, mostly conifers. Heating fresh liquid resin vaporizes light volatiles like terpenes.

Rosin is semi-transparent and yellow to black in colour. The term "colophony" comes from _colophonia resina_ or "resin from the pine trees of Colophon", an ancient Ionic city.

## Uses

Rosin has hundreds of uses, of which only a few can be mentioned here. These uses fall into  groups, such as:
1. Resisting slippages (increasing friction): used on stringed instruments, dancers' shoes, in gymnastics, in rock climbing, and on hands of various types of games players.
1. In manufacturing soap, inks, some paints, paper, varnish, glue, soldering fluxes, and sealing wax.
1. Pharmaceutical products: tablet film and enteric coating, microcapsules and nanoparticles.
1. Copal and amber are natural rosins: the lighter components of tree resin evaporated and left a hardened rosin.

## The exit of the resin from the tree

In each type of wood, the resin comes out in a different way. There are trees in which the resin comes from the "trunk" and there are types of trees in which the resin comes out of the "tree branches".

## Resin Harvesting

Some countries in the world also have wood resin harvesting:

- In Greece there is the picking of a wooden resin Mastic (plant resin) with a "slitting".
- In Sudan there is the picking of Acacia wood resin in the form of resin removal from the tree.
- In Oman there is the picking of Frankincense resin in the form of peeling the tree trunk.

## The Agricultural Research

There is still no extensive agricultural research regarding the tree resins and also, the exact benefit of the resin production by the tree is currently unknown, but some possible hypotheses have been proposed such as plugging holes (scab of wounds), protection against insects that want to penetrate the tree, and preventing the growth of fungi parasites.
Varnish

**Varnish** is a transparent, hard, protective finish or film primarily used in wood finishing but also for other materials. Varnish is traditionally a combination of a drying oil, a resin, and a solvent.

## Resin

Most resin or "gum" varnishes are made of a natural substance dissolved in a solvent. The two main types of natural varnishes are _spirit varnish_ (which uses alcohol as a solvent) and turpentine or petroleum-based varnish. Some resins are soluble in both alcohol and turpentine.

Shellac is a very widely used single component resin varnish that is dissolved in alcohol. It is not used outdoors or where it will touch water several times, such as around a sink or bathtub. insects in South Asia make it.

## References

- Bob Flexner (1993). _Understanding Wood Finishing: How to Select and Apply the Right Finish_. Rodale Press: Emmaus, PA.

## Other websites

- The 17th century varnish of Lorenz Mizler
- Tung and Linseed Oils  by Steven D. Russel
Secretion

**Secretion** is the process of releasing chemicals from a cell, or from a gland.

Eukaryotic cells have a highly evolved process of **secretion**.

## Bibliography

- The Molecular Biology of the Cell 4th edition - Alberts _et al._
- The Physiology and Biochemistry of Prokaryotic 2nd edition – David White
- Article by Kiera moser
Gum

A number of different things are called "**gum**":

- Gums, or gingiva, the soft tissue partly covering teeth

- Chewing gum, a type of confectionery
    - Bubble gum
    - Functional gum
    - Gum base
    - Gum industry

- Vegetable gums, natural gums:
    - Guar gum
    - Gum arabic
    - Xanthan gum

- Postage stamp gum

- Gum Springs, Arkansas, a town

- Trees:
    - Gum tree (_Eucalyptus_; Australia and cultivated in other warm areas)
    - Black gum (Tupelo, _Nyssa_; eastern North America)
    - Sweet-gum (_Liquidambar_; eastern North America and Asia)
    - Log gum

- Astronomy:
    - Gum (crater), on the Moon
    - Gum Nebula, an emission nebula
    - Colin Stanley Gum (1924-1960), Australian astronomer

_See also:_ GUM
Natural gum

**Natural gums** are polysaccharides of natural origin, that can change the viscosity of a material in solution, even at small concentrations.

- Agar (E406), obtained from seaweed
- Alginic acid (E400), from seaweed
- Beta-glucan, from oat or barley bran
- Carrageenan (E407), from seaweed
- Gum arabic, from Acacia
- Mastic gum, a chewing gum from ancient Greece obtained from the mastic tree
- Sodium alginate (E401), from seaweed
- Spruce gum, a chewing gum of American Indians obtained from spruce trees
Mineralization

**Mineralization** may mean:

- In palaeontology: the process where organic material is converted to inorganic substance.  Waterborne minerals replace organic material in the body of an organism that has died and was buried by sediments.  The minerals may be such as calcium carbonate (calcite), iron oxide (hematite or limonite) or silica (quartz).

- In mining geology, the deposition of metals as ore bodies or "lodes" by various processes.  For example, the deposition of metals by hydrothermal vent<nowiki/>s.

- In soil science, the release of organic compounds during decomposition.
Zakarid Armenia

The **Zakarid Armenia** describes territories of **Armenia** given to the **Zakarid-Mxargrzeli** princes as a fief by Tamar, the queen of the Kingdom of Georgia.
Women in Islam

**Muslim women** ( _Muslimāt_, singular مسلمة _Muslimah_) have very different lives in different countries and even inside the same country. This is because of local culture and old customs that started before Islam came to those places. At the same time, all Muslim women follow Islam. This gives them some things in common and a shared identity, even when their cultures are very different. The place and rights of women in Islam come from the Quran (the holy book of Islam), the hadith (stories about what the Prophet Muhammad said and did), agreement of religious scholars (_ijma_), comparing new questions to the Quran and hadith (_qiyas_) and fatwas (answers from religious experts).

In Islam, children have no religious duties. When a person becomes an adult (reaches the age of maturity), the rules for men and women become clear. Many Western countries say men and women must be treated exactly the same by law. Islam says men and women are equal through justice and fairness, not by being exactly the same. Muslim women must do the same main religious duties as men (prayer, fasting, giving to the poor, and – if they can – pilgrimage to Mecca). They do not have to attend Friday prayer at the mosque.
Chador

A **chador** (Persian چادر) is a piece of clothing. It is for Muslim women. In Iran, women wear  a chador in public. The Chador covers all the body except the face. However some religious women, cover their faces with their chador too.

A chador is a full-length semi-circle of fabric open down the front.  It is thrown over the head and held shut in front. A chador has no hand openings or closures but is held shut by the hands or by wrapping the ends around the waist.

## Related page

- Hijab
- Women and Islam
Vortex mixer

A **vortex mixer** is small machine used in laboratories to mix small beakers of liquids.

## What is inside?

Inside, a vortex mixer has an electric motor which turns a pipe facing upwards. This pipe is attached to a small rubber bowl where one can put a beaker of liquid to be mixed up. The rubber bowl turns quickly and creates a **vortex** or a spiral flow inside any liquid which is placed on it and is therefore mixed up. Most vortex mixers have controls which let the user control how fast or slow they want the mixer to turn and can also set it to turn continuously for a certain length of time.

## Where they are used

Vortex mixers are used in bioscience laboratories to mix two different chemicals for a desired effect or to dilute an acid or an alkali by mixing them with water.

## Other websites

- IKA – A vortex mixer manufacturer
- VELP – A vortex mixer manufacturer
- In depth information on the VSM-3 Vortex Mixer
- Talboy – A vortex mixer manufacturer
- In-depth article on vortex mixers
- In-depth article on the structure of a vortex mixer
Niqāb

A **niqab** is a piece of clothing. It is for Muslim women. Women who wear niqab in public are called niqabi. There are many niqabis in Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Qatar, Yemen, and Egypt. A niqab usually covers all her body except the eyes and hands.

## Niqab around the world

In France, Italy, Denmark, Austria, Switzerland, Latvia, Bulgaria, Sri Lanka, Morocco, Tunisia, Luxembourg, Belgium and the Netherlands wearing a niqab (and the burqa) in public is illegal. However in Afghanistan, wearing the niqab and burqa is required by law under the Taliban government.

## Related pages

- Hijab
- Burqa
Hira

**Hira** is a cave. It is on the Arabian Peninsula. Prophet Mohammad lived in this cave for forty days. Muslims believed that God spoke to Mohammad in Hira through angel Gabriel.

## Other websites

- Story about Hira
Ferdowsi

**Hakīm Abul-Qāsim Firdawsī Tūsī** (935-1020) () or **Ferdowsi** is a Persian poet. Ferdowsi was born in Tus. He wrote the _Shāhnāma_. Shahnama is the national epic of Persia.
Abu-Mansur Daqiqi

**Hakim Abu Mansur Muhammad Ibn Ahmad Daqiqi Balkhi** (935/942-976/980) (Persian: حكیم ابومنصور محمد بن احمد دقیقی بلخی) or **Daqiqi** was a Persian poet. He was a Zoroastrian. His slave killed him. He wrote the Goshtaspnama.
Edward VII

**Edward VII** (Albert Edward; 9 November 1841 – 6 May 1910) was Monarchy of the British Empire and Emperor of India from 1901 until his death in 1910.

Edward was born Albert Edward and was the eldest son of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert. He was Prince of Wales and heir apparent for longer than any other person up until that time until surpassed by his great-great grandson King Charles III. In his younger years as Prince of Wales, he was known as a playboy and popularized many trends in fashion and also had many mistresses.

## Biography

Edward VII was the father of George V and grandfather of Edward VIII and George VI. He is also the great-grandfather of the late queen, Elizabeth II and great-great grandfather to Charles III. There are a number of statues of Edward VII around the British Isles and Commonwealth realms.

Edward was given a grand state funeral with the largest gathering of royalty taken place anywhere in the 20th century. It included Wilhelm II, the _Kaiser_ of the German Empire, who would later be at war with Britain and Nicholas II, the _Tsar_ of the Russian Empire, as well as many others. For the first time in royal history, Edward lay in state for the people to pay their last respects, a reflection of his immense popularity.

Edward was king for only nine years but made a lasting impression. He became increasingly popular with his people and was credited as a peacemaker for his work in maintaining world stability at a time when war seemed to be looming. He died at the age of 68 in 1910. Four years later, the peace he worked so hard to keep was broken with the start of World War I (1914–1918).

## Infobox (person)

- **embed**: yes


## Infobox (royalty)

- **image**: File:King-Edward-VII (cropped) (b).jpg
- **alt**: Studio photograph of Edward VII
- **caption**: Portrait by W. & D. Downey, 1900s
- **reign**: 22 January 1901 –
- **coronation**: 9 August 1902
- **cor-type**: Coronation of Edward VII and Alexandra, Coronation
- **coronation1**: 1 January 1903
- **predecessor1**: Queen Victoria, Victoria
- **successor1**: George V
- **birth place**: Buckingham Palace, London, England
- **death place**: Buckingham Palace, London, England
- **burial date**: 20 May 1910
- **issue-link**: #Issue
- **full name**: Albert Edward
- **house**: House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
- **father**: Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
- **mother**: Queen Victoria
- **religion**: Protestantism in the United Kingdom, Protestant
- **signature**: EdwardVII Signature.svg
- **signature alt**: Signature of Edward VII
Adhesive tape

**Adhesive tape** is a tape that is coated with adhesive and used to stick objects together.

Adhesive tape that will stick with application of pressure only (i.e. without activation by water, solvent or heat) is known as **pressure sensitive tape**. It can consist of a wide variety of tape backings and pressure sensitive adhesives.

Single-sided tapes allow joining of two overlapping or adjoining materials, while double-sided tape (adhesive on both sides) allows joining of two items back-to-back.

## Other websites

- Pressure Sensitive Tape Council
- The History of Pressure Sensitive Tape
Tape

**Tape** refers to a strip of long, thin and narrow matter, usually rolled up. It can also refer to any of these.
- Adhesive tape, including:
    - Gaffer tape
    - Duct tape
    - Masking tape
    - Electrical tape
- Videotape
- Cassette Tape, a magnetic data/audio storage device
- Tape measure
- Tape dispenser
- Tape worm
- Tape (movie), a 2001 film
- Twill tape, a narrow, sturdy woven fabric used like string
- Red tape, a colloquialism for heavy or undesirable bureaucratic process
- Optical celluloid tape used in movie projectors (a possible precursor to the compact disc)
- _Tape_ (pr. tah-peh), an alternative spelling of tapai, an Indonesian fermented food.

## Related pages

- Magnetic tape
Watford

**Watford** (pronounced _wot-fud_) is a large town and borough in Hertfordshire in the East of England.

In 2011, it had a population of 131,928 people, making it Hertfordshire's largest settlement. Despite being Hertfordshire's largest town, the county town is Hertford.

Watford is located 15 miles north west of Central London and 16.7 miles (27.02 km) south west of Hertford and is on the banks of the River Colne.

## Transport

Watford is one of the few places that are not in London to have a London Underground station and to be on the _Tube Map_. Watford has four mainline train stations, Watford Junction, Watford High Street, Watford North and Garston, as well as the tube station.

Watford Junction is on the West Coast Main Line between London Euston and Glasgow Central and is also on the London Overground Watford DC line to London Euston. Watford High Street is also on this line. Watford North and Garston are on the Abbey Line to St Albans Abbey. Watford tube station is on the Metropolitan line.

## Sports

Watford has a professional football club, Watford FC, who have played in the Premier League. They play their home matches at Vicarage Road Stadium.

## Twin towns

Watford is twinned with:
- Mainz, Germany
- Nanterre, France
- Pesaro, Italy
- Velikiy Novgorod, Russia
- Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.

## Infobox (uk place)

- **official name**: Watford
- **country**: England
- **region**: East of England
- **static image name**: Watford, Town centre roofscape - geograph.org.uk - 116660.jpg
- **static image caption**: Watford town centre
- **static image 2 name**:
- **static image 2 caption**: Coat of arms
- **population**: 131,982
- **population demonym**: Watfordian
- **map alt**: Map of Hertfordshire, with a red dot showing the position of Watford
- **label position**: right
- **post town**: WATFORD
- **postcode area**: WD
- **postcode district**: WD
- **dial code**: 01923 & 020
- **constituency westminster**: Watford (UK Parliament constituency), Watford
- **london distance**: 3 miles from the London boundary and 15 miles from Central London
- **unitary england**: Borough of Watford
- **lieutenancy england**: Hertfordshire
Hijab

### Origin

The word **hijab** is used in the Qur'an to denote a partition, or a curtain, but in modern usage often refers to a woman's headscarf. This is often done amongst Muslims for females over the age of puberty.

The word , or a derivative, appears eight times in the Qur'an and never connotes any act of piety or headscarf. It appears as an "obstacle" (7:46), a "curtain" (33:53), "hidden" (38:32), a "wall of separation" (41:5, 42:52, 17:45), "hiding" (19:14) and "prevented" or "denied access to God" (83:15).

## Perspectives

For most Muslims, the headscarf, a symbol of hijab, is worn in the presence of adult males outside their immediate family; it is not necessary when females or males are within their immediate family. However, some Muslim scholars and activists maintain that the practice of covering the hair with a hijab is not mandated in Islam.

## Types

The _hijab_ as a headscarf can come in several different types, such as an ordinary veil, which only covers the head, a niqab, a burka also known as an abayah, which covers the entire body, and any form of covering used to veil. There are many styles to wear. The Quran however has no requirement that women cover their faces with a veil, or cover their bodies with the full-body burqa or chador.

## Hijab mandate

The _hijab_ as a headscarf is currently required by law to be worn by women in Iran and Afghanistan. It is no longer required by law in Saudi Arabia since 2018. In Gaza, Palestinian jihadists belonging to the Unified Leadership (UNLU) have rejected a hijab policy for women. They have also targeted those who seek to impose the hijab.

## Hijab ban

Other countries, both in Europe and in the Muslim world, particularly France, have passed laws banning some or all types of hijab in public or in certain types of locales. Austria, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, Denmark, Belgium, Bulgaria, Italy, Spain and Norway have varying levels of hijab ban.

## Related pages

- Veil
- Chador
- Head tie
- Sharia law
- Head scarf
- Women and Islam
- International Purple Hijab Day

## References

la:Gilbab
Scooby-Doo

***Scooby-Doo!*** is an American franchise. It began as a Saturday morning cartoons in many different versions from 1969 until the present. The first series, that was called _Scooby-Doo, Where Are You_, was made for Hanna-Barbera Productions. Hanna-Barbera made many versions like it and other programs like it until everything was made in NBC Television Network. Universal Studios currently makes the program.

Though the program, the characters in it and their ages have changed. These familiar versions of all the show have a dog named Scooby-Doo, and 4 teenagers: Shaggy, Daphne, Velma, and Fred. The franchise includes movies based on the Scooby-Doo franchise just like Scooby-Doo, Scooby-Doo 2: Monsters Unleashed, and Scoob!. There are both live action and animated movies based on the franchise.

## Plot

4 humans and a brown dog named Scooby-Doo solve mysteries in the children's TV show.

## List of Scooby-Doo shows

|style="width:30px;"|Series number|style="width:250px;"|Title|style="width:100px;"|Broadcast run|style="width:150px;"|Original channel|style="width:175px;"|Total # episodes|style="width:30px;"|Total # seasons|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1|_Scooby-Doo, Where Are You!_|1969-1970|rowspan="2"|CBS|25 episodes|2||||||
|2|_The New Scooby-Doo Movies_|1972–73|24 one hour-long episodes|2||||||||
|3|_The Scooby-Doo Show_|1976–78|rowspan="6"|ABC|40 episodes|3||||||
|4|_Scooby-Doo and Scrappy-Doo_|1979–80|16 episodes|1||||||||
|5|_Scooby-Doo and Scrappy-Doo_|1980–82|33 episodes (99 segments)|3||||||||
|6|_The New Scooby and Scrappy-Doo Show_|1983–84|26 episodes (44 segments)|2||||||||
|7|_The 13 Ghosts of Scooby-Doo_|1985|13 episodes|1||||||||
|8|_A Pup Named Scooby-Doo_|1988–91|27 episodes (30 segments)|4||||||||
|9|_What's New, Scooby-Doo?_|2002–06|rowspan="1"|The WB (Kids' WB)|42 episodes|3||||||
|10|_Shaggy & Scooby-Doo Get a Clue!_|2006–08|rowspan="1"|The CW (Kids' WB)|26 episodes|2||||||
|11|_Scooby-Doo! Mystery Incorporated_|2010–13|NBC|52 episodes|2|||||||
|12|_Be Cool, Scooby-Doo!_|2015–18|Cartoon Network / Boomerang|52 episodes (53 segments)|2|||||||
|13|_Scooby-Doo and Guess Who?_|2019–2021|Boomerang / HBO Max|52 episodes|2|||||||
|14|_Velma_|2023–present|HBO Max|10 episodes|1|||||||
|colspan="7"  style="font-size:85%; background:#eee;"|**Notes:**|||||||||||

## Infobox (television)

- **image**: Scooby doo logo.png
- **caption**: Franchise logo since 1997
- **creator**: Joe Ruby, Ken Spears, Iwao Takamoto, William Hanna and Joseph Barbera
- **voices**: Frank Welker, Matthew Lillard, Mindy Cohn and Grey DeLisle
- **starring**: Scooby-Doo, Shaggy, Fred, Velma, and Daphne
- **country**: USA
- **language**: English
- **last aired**: present
Akita (dog)

The **Akita Inu** is a breed of dog from Japan. It is usually  high and weighs . Female Akitas are  lighter. Their coat can be many colors. There are two coat types in the Akita, the standard coat length and the long coat.

Akitas originate from Akita Prefecture, in the north of Japan.
The most famous Akita Hachiko was known for his unusual loyalty to his owner.
To date, only the American Kennel Club, consider American and Japanese  Akitas to be two varieties of the same breed. The United Kennel Club and the Japan Kennel Club consider Japanese and American Akitas as separate breeds.
Nizami Ganjavi

**Nezami** (Hakīm Nizām ad-Dīn Abū Muhammad Ilyās ibn-Yusūf ibn-Zakī ibn-Mu'ayyid Nezāmi Ganjavi (11411209) )  was a Persian poet. Nezāmi was born in Ganja, now Azerbaijan. He wrote five poetry books.

In 1169/1170 the king of Darband sent him the maiden Afaq, and Nizami married her. In 1174 his son Muhammad was born.
Nizami Gencevi wrote five poems. The first of them was "_Makhzan-ol-Asrâr_". The others are "Xosrov ve Shirin", "Leyli ve Mecnun", "Haft paykar" and "Isgendernoma".
Rudaki

**Abu Abdullah Jafar ibn Mohammad ibn Hakim ibn Abdurrahman ibn Adam Rudaki Samarghandi** (859 - c. 941) () or **Rudaki** was a Persian poet. He was born in Panjakent, Tajikistan and lived in Samarghand. Rudaki translated the old Indian fable book Panchatantra into Persian verse. His poems are collected in diwan.

**Reference**

- Cedar of Samarkand(Rudaki Continuous Poems Description),Poopak Niktalab , Printed 2020 , Faradid Publishing
Baba Taher

**Baba Taher** () was a Persian poet. He lived in Hamadan, a city in Iran. Baha Taher songs are read in Pahlavi languages. His tomb is in Hamadan, western Iran.
Amir Khosrow

**Hakīm Abul-Hasan Yamīn al-Dīn Khusrow Balkhi Dehlavi** (1253-1325) () or **Amir Khosrow** was a Persian poet. Amir Khusrow lived in Delhi. His poems are in Persian and Hindi.

Allaudin Khilji (1296 A.D - 1316 A.D) had a court minister named Hazrat Amir Khusro who was said to be highly gifted in music with an exceptionally innovative mind. His contribution to Hindustani classical music was said to be unmatched. It is also said that he created the Sitar (probably inspired by the Veena and other string instruments of Persia). The modification of the Pakhawaj into the Tabla is also credited to him.

It has also been said that Amir Khusro introduced many styles of singing including Khayal, Tarana, Ghazal and Qawali. He is credited for some most popular Ragas like Yaman, Poorya and Poorvi.