juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Norman Jay Coleman

**Norman Jay Coleman** (May 16, 1827 – November 3, 1911) was a newspaper publisher and the first United States Secretary of Agriculture.

Coleman was born in Richfield Springs, New York in 1827 to Hamilton and Nancy Coleman. He received a law degree from the University of Louisville Law School in 1849. Coleman then moved to Missouri and went into farming. In 1855 he started the _Valley Farmer_ newspaper. As a result of the newspaper, Coleman became an important person in the Missouri farming community, which helped him become a member of the Missouri House of Representatives. Coleman’s newspaper stopped due to the American Civil War, but three years after the war he started the _Coleman’s Rural World_. His career in politics continued when he was made the Lieutenant Governor of Missouri from 1875 to 1877. During that time he worked to make United States Department of Agriculture a cabinet-level department. Under the administration of President Grover Cleveland, he served as its first Secretary. His position as Secretary of Agriculture was never confirmed by the United States Senate.

He was a member of the Freemasons.

## References

- Grossman, Mark. _Encyclopedia of the United States Cabinet. Vols. 1-3._ (2000) .

## Other websites

- Norman Jay Coleman at Find A Grave

## Infobox (us cabinet official)

- **name**: Norman Jay Coleman
- **image**: NJColman.jpg
- **order**: 1st
- **title**: United States Secretary of Agriculture
- **term start**: February 15, 1889
- **term end**: March 6, 1889
- **predecessor**: _(none)_
- **successor**: Jeremiah McLain Rusk, Jeremiah M. Rusk
- **birth place**: Richfield Springs, New York, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: St. Louis, Missouri, United States, U.S.
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democrat
- **alma mater**: University of Louisville
- **profession**: Politician, Publisher
Interstate 99

**Interstate 99** is an Interstate Highway in the state of Pennsylvania in the United States. It goes from Bedford north to Bellefontaine. The route is  long. It will be extended into South Carolina.

## Infobox (road)

- **state**: PA
- **type**: I
- **route**: 99
- **map notes**: Map of southwestern Pennsylvania and vicinity with I-99 highlighted in red
- **length mi**: 85.6
- **length round**: 1
- **established**: November 6, 1998
- **direction a**: South
- **terminus a**: near Charleston, South Carolina, Charleston
- **junction**: near Cessna, Pennsylvania, Cessna
  near Altoona, Pennsylvania, Altoona
 near State College, Pennsylvania, State College
 near Pleasant Gap, Pennsylvania, Pleasant Gap
- **direction b**: North
- **terminus b**: near Bellefonte, Pennsylvania, Bellefonte
- **previous type**: PA
- **previous route**: 98
- **next type**: PA
- **next route**: 99
2031

**2031** (MMXXXI) will be a common year starting on Wednesday in the Gregorian calendar.  It will also be the first year since 2019 to have all four digits being different numbers.

### January

- January - The International Space Station is scheduled to be deorbited into the pacific around this time

### August

- August 1: 50th anniversary of the cable television channel MTV.

### October

- October 29 – Transit of Venus from Uranus.

### December

- December 12 – Virgin of Guadalupe 500 year anniversary
- December 17 – Transit of Earth from Uranus

### Date unknown

- Researchers and investors in space elevator technology hope to start funding the construction of the first elevator by 2031.

### Books

- In Magic Tree House, Jack and Annie travel to the moon in the year 2031.
In The Hunger Games, The first Annual Hunger Games begins in this year

### Comics

- In Judge Dredd, the  sprawling Mega-City One is founded.

### Computer and video games

- In Deus Ex, Utah announces its intent to secede from the U.S. in this year.
- The events of _MindJack_ take place in this year.
- The events of _Shadowrun_ take place in this year.

### Movies

- In "Heavy Metal", The Harry Canyon segment is set in 2031, beginning on July 3.

### Music

- In the song by Warrant, "April 2031" the band makes reference that nuclear war will have greatly altered the Earth.

### Television

- _Blue Gender_ (1999–2000)
- _Time Trumpet_ (2006–2008)
- In _Race to Mars_, a 2007 miniseries on the first manned mission on Mars, the first humans arrive on the red planet in this year.
Interstate 238

**Interstate 238** is an Interstate Highway in the state of California in the United States. It goes from Interstate 580 in Castro Valley west to Interstate 880 in San Leandro. The route is  long. The route is not like a 3-digit route as there is no Interstate 38. It is called Interstate 238 as it was a part of California State Route 238 and no numbers with "80" at the end were able to be used.

## Infobox (road)

- **state**: CA
- **type**: I
- **route**: 238
- **section**: 538
- **map custom**: yes
- **map notes**: I-238 highlighted in red
- **length mi**: 2.126
- **length round**: 3
- **established**: May 1983 by Federal Highway Administration, FHWA
- **counties**: Alameda County, California, Alameda
- **direction a**: South
- **terminus a**: in Castro Valley, California, Castro Valley
- **direction b**: North
- **terminus b**: in San Leandro, California, San Leandro
- **previous type**: SR
- **previous route**: 237
- **next type**: SR
- **next route**: 238
2032

**2032** (MMXXXII) will be a leap year starting on Thursday in the Gregorian calendar.

### November

- November 13 – Transit of Mercury.

### Date unknown

- 2032 Summer Olympics will be held.
- Projected return to Earth orbit of object J002E3, the discarded S-IVB third stage of the Apollo 12 Saturn V.

### Television

- The final season of the television series _seaQuest DSV_, retitled "seaQuest 2032", takes place in the year 2032.
- Since the episode aired in 1992, the Simpsons episode, Itchy & Scratchy: The Movie, ends likely at this year, stating 40 years later, with Bart in his 50s and as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, watches the repeat of the repeat of the Itchy and Scratchy movie, with his elderly father Homer.
- In Channel Chasers, the son of _Fairly OddParents_ Timmy Turner time travels from the year 2032 back to 2002 to destroy Timmy's remote, and says "You'll thank me for this later".
- Phoebe Buffay from _Friends_ has October 15, 2032 as her predicted death date. Ross Geller says he has shuffleboard that day, to which Phoebe implies that Ross is already dead by then.
- In _Star Trek: Voyager_, a fictional spacecraft named _Ares IV_ (not to be confused with the actual Ares IV rocket) is launched in early 2032 and trapped inside a graviton ellipse, a huge body of subspace energy travelling through the galaxy.

### Computer and video games

- _Baroque_: A world-altering cataclysm called the Blaze takes place on May 14, 2032.
- _Hellgate: London_ (2007)

### Anime and manga

- _Bubblegum Crisis_ (1987–1991)
- _Ghost in the Shell 2: Innocence_ (2004)

### Movies

- Assassination of John Connor on July 4, 2032 by a T-850 series Terminator, in the _Terminator_ movie continuum.
- _Demolition Man_ (1993): Plot takes place in August 2032.
- _Event Horizon_: Commercial mining begins on Mars.
- _Ten year old Lesbians at Oklahoma City_ (2033).

### Books

- In Edmund Cooper's book _A Far Sunset_, the starship _Gloria Mundi_ touches down on the planet Altair Five.
- The plot of _Ultimatum_ by Matthew Glass takes place starting in 2032.

### Music

- Gong album 2032 (released September 2009) describes the year 2032 to be the year that the Planet Gong makes full contact with the planet Earth
Interstate Highways in Alaska

There are **Interstate Highways in Alaska** that get money from the government. Even though these are Interstate Highways, most of them are not grade separated, which means drivers must use a specially made group of ramps to get to the road. They mostly are along roads with two lanes.  Also, there are no signs for these Interstate Highways.

The four Interstate Highways in Alaska are:
- **Interstate A1** goes from Anchorage to the Canada border. It is  long.
- **Interstate A2** goes from Tok to Fairbanks. It is  long.
- **Interstate A3** goes from Anchorage to Soldotna. It is  long.
- **Interstate A4** goes from Palmer to Fairbanks. It is  long.
Jeremiah McLain Rusk

__NOTOC__

**Jeremiah McLain Rusk** (June 17, 1830 – November 21, 1893) was the 15th Governor of the U.S. state of Wisconsin from 1882 to 1889.

## Biography

Rusk was born in Malta, Ohio. He was a member of the Republican Party. He began his life as a farmer, then became an innkeeper and finally became a banker before the Civil War. During the war, he received a brevet appointment as a general and saw action with the 25th Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry.

After the Civil War, he became a congressman in the United States House of Representatives. There, he became chairman of the Committee on Invalid Pensions. He was elected Governor of Wisconsin as a Republican in 1882. His most noted act during his governorship was when he sent the National Guard into Milwaukee to keep the peace during the May Day Labor Strikes of 1886. This led to the Bay View Tragedy, in which a number of workers were killed; Governor Rusk took most of the blame.

In 1889 he resigned his post as governor and accepted the new cabinet position of Secretary of Agriculture in the Benjamin Harrison administration. He lived, died and was buried in Viroqua, Wisconsin.

## Other websites

- Retrieved on 2008-02-12
- Retrieved on 2008-02-12

## Infobox (us cabinet official)

- **name**: Jeremiah McLain Rusk
- **image**: Jeremiah McLain Rusk - Brady-Handy.jpg
- **order**: 2nd
- **title**: United States Secretary of Agriculture
- **term start**: March 6, 1889
- **term end**: March 6, 1893
- **predecessor**: Norman Jay Coleman, Norman J. Coleman
- **successor**: Julius Sterling Morton, Julius S. Morton
- **birth place**: Malta, Ohio, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Viroqua, Wisconsin, United States, U.S.
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **profession**: Politician, Banker, Farmer
- **branch**: Union Army
- **rank**: Lieutenant colonel (United States), Lieutenant Colonel (Brevet (military), brevet General officer, general)
- **unit**: 25th Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment
- **battles**: American Civil War
Na'vi language

The **Na'vi language** is a language that was made for the Na'vi in the 2009 film _Avatar_. It is a constructed language. This means a person created it; no one grows up speaking it.

## History

The first Na'vi words were made by the professor Paul Frommer in 2005 for the film. When the movie was released in 2009, the vocabulary had grown to a thousand words. At first knowing how the grammar worked was limited to the language's creator. Over time more and more people have learned the language. About 2656 words exist in the dictionary, with more sometimes added thanks to Paul Frommer and active language learners.

Websites like _Kelutral.org_ or _Learn Na'vi_ have learning materials and communities to learn with others.

## Related pages

- Avatar (2009 film)
- Constructed language
- Na'vi

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Naʼvi
- **nativename**: _Lìʼfya leNaʼvi_
- **creator**: Paul Frommer
- **created**: 2005
- **setting**: 2009 film _Avatar (2009 film), Avatar_
- **script**: Latin script
- **fam1**: constructed languages
- **fam2**: artistic languages
- **fam3**: fictional languages
- **posteriori**: constructed languages
 a priori (languages), a priori languages
- **iso3**: none
- **linglist**: 08n
- **glotto**: none
- **notice**: IPA
Interstate 76

**Interstate 76** can refer to:
- Interstate 76 (west) in the western United States
- Interstate 76 (east) in the eastern United States
Interstate 84

**Interstate 84** can refer to:
- Interstate 84 (west) in the western United States
- Interstate 84 (east) in the eastern United States
Interstate 86

**Interstate 86** can refer to:
- Interstate 86 (west) in the western United States
- Interstate 86 (east) in the eastern United States
Interstate 88

**Interstate 88** can refer to:
- Interstate 88 (west) in Illinois
- Interstate 88 (east) in New York
Kentrosaurus

***Kentrosaurus*** was a stegosaurian, whose intelligence was low among the dinosaurs. _Kentrosaurus_ fossils have been found in Tendaguru in Tanzania, Africa.

## Life

- Plant eater.
- Very small head with a tiny brain and toothless beak.
- A double row of flat, bony plates halfway along its back, from its neck to the midsection.
- A double row of spikes along its back, from its midsection to the tip of its tail, and a pair of shoulder spikes.
- Walked on four legs, but the back legs were longer than its front legs.

## Description

_Kentrosaurus_ was an herbivorous ornithischian (bird-hipped) dinosaur, belonging to the group Thyreophora and the Stegosauria (four-legged, bulky-bodied dinosaurs with a double row of plates and or spikes, which included _Stegosaurus_, _Tuojiangosaurus_ and others).
Delgadillo's Snow Cap Drive-In

**Delgadillo's Snow Cap Drive-In** is a historic small restaurant and roadside attraction along a part of what used to be Route 66 in Seligman, Arizona USA. The drive-in was built in 1953 by a man who lived in the town, Juan Delgadillo (May 17, 1916 - June 2, 2004).  Delgadillo had very little money, so he built the restaurant mostly from scrap lumber he found at the nearby Santa Fe Railroad yard.

Delgadillo thought of a fun way to bring attention to his new restaurant.  He cut the roof off of a 1936 Chevrolet, put paint, horns and emblems from other cars all over it and placed an artificial Christmas tree in the rear of the car.

Delgadillo's had a sense of humor which could be seen both on his car and on his menu.  That menu still has such choices as a "cheeseburger with cheese" and "dead chicken."  "Juan's Garden" at the rear of the restaurant is just as funny.  That is the place Mr. Delgadillo kept his collection of old cars and other strange things.    Even the building itself has strange and funny things written on it. Hand-painted signs in the parking area warn drivers that they are "parking at their own risk."  A neon sign in the window tells people, "Sorry, we're open."  The door which leads inside has two knobs, one on the right and one on the left.  The knob on the right is fake; the one on the left opens the door.  Delgadillo would have fun with his customers by asking, for example, if they wanted cheese on their cheeseburgers.

While learning about the history of Route 66 for the 2006 Disney/Pixar motion picture _Cars_, John Lasseter met Delgadillo's brother, Seligman barber and Route 66 expert, Angel Delgadillo, who told him how traffic through the town almost completely went away on the day that nearby Interstate 40 opened.

Since Delgadillo's death in 2004, the Snow Cap has been run by his sons John-Michael and Robert.  They both work the counter and play with the customers like their father did.  The walls around the counter area itself are covered with business cards from all over the world.

Author Michael Wallis covers the history of the Snow Cap in his book, _Route 66:  The Mother Road._
Marco Donadel

**Marco Donadel** (born 21 April 1983) is an Italian football player. He plays for Fiorentina.

## Club career statistics

|-
|2000/01||rowspan="2"|Milan||rowspan="2"|Serie A||1||0
|-
|2001/02||0||0
|-
|2002/03||Lecce||Serie B||29||0
|-
|2003/04||Parma||Serie A||23||0
|-
|2004/05||Sampdoria||Serie A||8||0
|-
|2004/05||rowspan="6"|Fiorentina||rowspan="6"|Serie A||14||0
|-
|2005/06||34||1
|-
|2006/07||19||0
|-
|2007/08||31||2
|-
|2008/09||29||0
|-
|2009/10||||
188||3
188||3
|}
Julio dos Santos

**Julio dos Santos** (born 7 May 1983) is a former Paraguayan football player. He played for Paraguay national team.

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Julio dos Santos
- **image**: JulioDosSantos10.jpg
- **image size**: 250px
- **caption**: Julio dos Santos in 2012
- **fullname**: Julio Daniel dos Santos Rodríguez
- **birth place**: Asunción, Paraguay
- **height**: 1.89 m
- **position**: Midfielder#Attacking midfielder, Attacking midfielder, Midfielder#Central midfielder, central midfielder
- **years1**: 2001–2005
- **clubs1**: Cerro Porteño
- **caps1**: 91
- **goals1**: 28
- **years2**: 2006–2008
- **clubs2**: FC Bayern Munich II, Bayern Munich II
- **caps2**: 3
- **goals2**: 2
- **years3**: 2006–2008
- **clubs3**: FC Bayern Munich, Bayern Munich
- **caps3**: 5
- **goals3**: 0
- **years4**: 2007
- **clubs4**: → VfL Wolfsburg (loan)
- **caps4**: 0
- **goals4**: 0
- **years5**: 2007
- **clubs5**: → UD Almería, Almería (loan)
- **caps5**: 0
- **goals5**: 0
- **years6**: 2008
- **clubs6**: → Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense, Grêmio (loan)
- **caps6**: 5
- **goals6**: 0
- **years7**: 2008–2009
- **clubs7**: Clube Atlético Paranaense, Atlético Paranaense
- **caps7**: 21
- **goals7**: 2
- **years8**: 2009–2014
- **clubs8**: Cerro Porteño
- **caps8**: 171
- **goals8**: 41
- **years9**: 2015–2017
- **clubs9**: Club de Regatas Vasco da Gama, Vasco da Gama
- **caps9**: 41
- **goals9**: 0
- **years10**: 2017–2018
- **clubs10**: Sportivo Luqueño
- **caps10**: 31
- **goals10**: 8
- **years11**: 2019–2021
- **clubs11**: Cerro Porteño
- **caps11**: 7
- **goals11**: 0
- **years12**: 2022
- **clubs12**: Club Presidente Hayes, Presidente Hayes
- **caps12**: 0
- **goals12**: 0
- **totalcaps**: 375
- **totalgoals**: 81
- **nationalyears1**: 2003
- **nationalteam1**: Paraguay national under-20 football team, Paraguay U20
- **nationalcaps1**: 4
- **nationalgoals1**: 1
- **nationalyears2**: 2004–2014
- **nationalteam2**: Paraguay national football team, Paraguay
- **nationalcaps2**: 32
- **nationalgoals2**: 3
Kim Sung-kil

**Kim Sung-Kil** (born 8 July 1983) is a South Korean professional athlete.  He is best known as an association football player.

## Club career statistics

|-
|2002||rowspan="2"|Oita Trinita||J. League 2||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|-
|2003||J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0

|-
|2003||Ulsan Hyundai Horang-i||K-League||1||0||||||||||1||0
|-
|2004||rowspan="2"|Gwangju Sangmu||rowspan="2"|K-League||5||0||||||||||5||0
|-
|2005||14||0||||||||||14||0
|-
|2006||rowspan="4"|Gyeongnam||rowspan="4"|K-League||||||||||||||||
|-
|2007||||||||||||||||
|-
|2008||||||||||||||||
|-
|2009||||||||||||||||
|-
|2009||Busan Transportation Corporation||National League||||||||||||||||
0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
20||0||||||||||20||0
20||0||0||0||0||0||20||0
|}

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Kim Sung-Kil
- **fullname**: Kim Sung-Kil
- **birth place**: South Korea
- **position**: Defender (association football)#Full-back, Fullback, Defender (association football)#Wing-back, Wingback, Midfielder
- **years1**: 2002–2003
- **years2**: 2003
- **years3**: 2004–2005
- **years4**: 2006–2009
- **years5**: 2009–2010
- **years6**: 2011
- **clubs1**: Oita Trinita
- **clubs2**: Ulsan Hyundai Horang-i
- **clubs3**: Gwangju Sangmu Bulsajo
- **clubs4**: Gyeongnam FC
- **clubs5**: Busan Transportation Corporation FC, Busan Transportation Corporation
- **clubs6**: Gold Coast United
- **caps1**: 0
- **goals1**: 0
- **caps2**: 1
- **goals2**: 0
- **caps3**: 19
- **goals3**: 0
- **caps4**: 53
- **goals4**: 1
- **caps5**: 9
- **goals5**: 0
- **caps6**: 1
- **goals6**: 0
- **pcupdate**: 4 August 2011
Ziad Tlemcani

**Ziad Tlemcani** (born 10 May 1963) is a former Tunisian football player. He has played for Tunisia national team.

## Club career statistics

|-
|1990/91||rowspan="5"|Vitória SC||rowspan="5"|Portuguese Liga||34||8
|-
|1991/92||32||15
|-
|1992/93||20||5
|-
|1993/94||24||11
|-
|1994/95||9||6
|-
119||45

|-
|1995||rowspan="3"|Vissel Kobe||rowspan="2"|Japan Football League||
|-
|1996||||
|-
|1997||J. League 1||
||
119||45
|}

## International career statistics

|-
|1990||2||0
|-
|1991||3||0
|-
|1992||4||0
|-
|1993||3||1
|-
|1994||2||0
|-
|1995||0||0
|-
|1996||0||0
|-
|1997||0||0
|-
|1998||6||3
|-
!Total||20||4
|}
Hideyuki Ujiie

**Hideyuki Ujiie** (born 23 February 1979) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Tonan Maebashi.

## Club career statistics

|-
|1998||Yokohama Flügels||J. League 1||9||1||0||0||1||0||10||1
|-
|1999||rowspan="6"|Omiya Ardija||rowspan="6"|J. League 2||28||0||3||1||0||0||31||1
|-
|2000||32||0||2||0||2||0||36||0
|-
|2001||37||0||1||0||2||0||40||0
|-
|2002||31||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||33||0
|-
|2003||18||0||3||0||colspan="2"|-||21||0
|-
|2004||17||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||18||0
|-
|2005||Thespa Kusatsu||J. League 2||26||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||27||0
|-
|2006||rowspan="2"|Tonan Gunma||rowspan="2"|Prefectural Leagues||18||12||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||18||12
|-
|2007||||||1||0||colspan="2"|-||1||0
|-
|2008||rowspan="3"|Tonan Maebashi||Prefectural Leagues||||||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||||
|-
|2009||rowspan="2"|Regional Leagues||14||4||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||14||4
|-
|2010||||||||||||||||
230||17||14||1||5||0||249||18
230||17||14||1||5||0||249||18
|}
Matthew Bingley

**Matthew Bingley** (born 16 August 1971) is a former Australian football player. He has played for Australia national team.

## Club statistics

|colspan=3|Club performance|colspan=2|League||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1989–90|St George Saints|National Soccer League|25|5|
|1990–91|12|3|||
|1991–92||2|0||
|1992–93|Marconi Fairfield|National Soccer League|24|2|
|1993–94|25|4|||
|1994–95|14|3|||
|1995–96|32|8|||
|1996–97|22|2|||
|1997|Vissel Kobe|J1 League|14|1|
|1998|10|1|||
|1998|JEF United Ichihara|J1 League|11|0|
|1998–99|Northern Spirit|National Soccer League|10|1|
|1999–00|27|5|||
|2000–01|23|0|||
|2001–02|Newcastle United|National Soccer League|27|1|
|2002–03|28|1|||
|2003–04|Perth Glory|National Soccer League|26|0|
|2004|Pahang|Super League|||
|2005–06|Sydney|A-League|17|1|
|2006–07|8|0|||

## National team statistics

|colspan=3|Australia national team||
| --- | --- | --- |
|1993|1|0|
|1994|0|0|
|1995|2|0|
|1996|3|1|
|1997|8|4|

## Honours

**With Australia:**
- FIFA Confederations Cup: 1997 (Runners-up)
- OFC Nations Cup: 1996
Brachiopod

**Brachiopods** are a phylum of small marine shellfish, sometimes called **lampshells**. They are not common today, but in the Palaeozoic they were one of the most common types. They lived near the shore (littoral zone), but now they have been pushed into deeper water by competition from bivalve molluscs.

At their peak in the Palaeozoic era the brachiopods occupied a number of marine ecological niches. They were among the most abundant filter-feeders and reef-builders. Many sat on the sea floor, but some swam in the jet-propulsion style of scallops. Brachiopod fossils have been useful indicators of climate changes during the Paleozoic era.

They do look rather like bivalves, but their internal organisation is quite different. Their mostly calcium carbonate shells or "valves" have upper and lower surfaces, unlike the left and right arrangement in bivalve molluscs. Brachiopod valves are hinged at the rear end. The front can be opened for feeding or closed for protection.

Two major groups are recognized, **articulate** and **inarticulate**. Articulate brachiopods have toothed hinges and simple opening and closing muscles, while inarticulate brachiopods have untoothed hinges and a more complex system of muscles used to fit the two halves together. In a typical brachiopod a stalk-like pedicle goes from an opening in one of the valves (the pedicle valve). It attaches the animal to the seabed but clear of silt that would block the opening.

Brachiopods have a huge fossil record going back to the Cambrian. They were much reduced by the two main extinction events, the P/Tr and K/T. Bivalve molluscs took over their inshore habitats in the Mesozoic, and since then the brachiopods have been confined to deeper water, except for a handful of species. There are about 100 to 350 species living; the fossil species number 12,000.

_Lingula_, one of the oldest genera of brachiopods, has survived from the earliest Ordovician to the present day. The various species look very similar, and the genus is a good example of a living fossil.

Brachiopod classification is being debated by invertebrate palaeontologists.
Deaths in 2010

The following is a list of notable **deaths in 2010**.

### 1

- Gary Brockette, 67, American actor (_The Last Picture Show_) and assistant director, cancer.
- Chauncey H. Browning, Jr., 75, American politician, West Virginia Attorney General (1969–1985).
- Jean Carroll, 98, American comedian (_The Ed Sullivan Show_).
- Periyasamy Chandrasekaran, 52, Sri Lankan politician, Member of Parliament, after short illness.
- Lhasa de Sela, 37, American singer, breast cancer.
- Michael Dwyer, 58, Irish journalist and film critic, lung cancer.
- Alfredo Mario Espósito Castro, 82, Argentinian Roman Catholic Bishop of Zárate-Campana (1976–1991).
- John Freeman, 93, American animator (_The Smurfs_) and animation director (_My Little Pony and Friends_).
- Bingo Gazingo, 85, American performance poet, struck by car.
- Adrien Gilbert, 78, Canadian Olympic weightlifter
- Richard Kindleberger, 67, American newspaper reporter (_The Boston Globe_), brain tumor.
- John Lyon, 58, British cricketer.
- Jack Middleton, 92, British Olympic swimmer.
- Tetsuo Narikawa, 65, Japanese actor (_Spectreman_) and karate instructor, lung cancer.
- Marlene Neubauer-Woerner, 91, German sculptor.
- Libuše Patočková, 76, Czech Olympic cross-country skier.
- Stanisław Przybylski, 79, Polish modern pentathlete.
- Mohamed Rahmat, 71, Malaysian politician, Information Minister (1978–1982, 1987–1999).
- Faisal Bin Shamlan, 75, Yemeni politician, presidential candidate (2006), cancer.
- Billy Arjan Singh, 92, Indian author.
- Gregory Slay, 40, American rock drummer (Remy Zero), songwriter (_Nip/Tuck_ theme), cystic fibrosis.
- Freya von Moltke, 98, German World War II resistance fighter.
- John Shelton Wilder, 88, American politician, Lieutenant Governor of Tennessee (1971–2007), stroke.
- Vera Zakharova, 89, first Yakut woman to fly a plane
Casey Johnson

**Casey Johnson** (September 24, 1979 - January 4, 2010) was an American socialite, a TV writer and producer. She was a daughter of Woody Johnson. Casey Johnson died of natural causes related to diabetes in 2010.

## Early Life

Casey Johnson was born to Woody Johnson and Nancy Sale Frey Johnson in Florida in 1979 and moved to Manhattan in 1982. She attended the Chapin School, where she befriended Paris Hilton.

Johnson was diagnosed with diabetes at the age of eight. At the age of 14, she co-authored a book with her father.

Johnson briefly attended Brown University but dropped out after her first semester. She briefly interned with publicist Lizzie Grubman and briefly worked as a beauty journalist.

Her parents divorced in 2001, and at this point she moved to Hollywood with hopes of launching a show business career.

## Career

Johnson appeared in the documentary _It Girls_ in 2002 and _Born Rich_ in 2003.

## Personal Life

Johnson adopted a Kazakhstani girl in 2007.

She was openly bisexual. She dated John Dee (the manager of Megadeth) in 2003 and dated Tila Tequila in late 2009.  She is also said to have dated Courtenay Semel, daughter of Terry Semel.

## Death

On January 4, 2010, a housekeeper called 911 and told them Johnson was unconscious at the Mulholland Drive guest house she was living in. Paramedics arrived and pronounced her deceased. Some sources report she had been dead for several days.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Casey Johnson
- **birth name**: Casey Johnson
- **birth place**: Florida
- **death place**: Los Angeles, California, Los Angeles, California, U.S.
- **education**: Brown University
Parides

***Parides*** is a genus of swallowtail butterflies in the family Papilionidae.  They are found in North America, Central America, and South America.

## Related pages

- _Parides alopius_ <small>Godman & Salvin, 1890</small> - White-dotted Cattleheart
- _Parides childrenae_ <small>Gray, 1832</small> - Green-celled Cattleheart
- _Parides erithalion_ <small>Boisduval, 1836</small> - Variable Cattleheart
- _Parides montezuma_ <small>Westwood, 1842</small> - Montezuma's Cattleheart

## References

- Gerardo Lamas (edited by) (2004).  _Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera.  Checklist: Part4A. Hesperioidea-Papilionoidea_.  Scientific Publishers, Inc., Gainesville, FL.
- Jeffrey Glassberg (2007).  _A Swift Guide to the Butterflies of Mexico and Central America_.  Sunstreak Books Inc.
Medical school

A **medical school** is a place where medical students learn medicine. When they graduate from a medical school, they become a physician or a doctor.  Medical Schools grant Doctor of Medicine (MD), Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (DO) and sometimes Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Degrees. Students take classes in human biology and disease then take a license exam to practice medicine.

## Medical student

A medical student or student doctor is a person who has been accepted to a medical school and is studying to become a doctor. Medical students are typically required to learn about basic health, science, technology and the clinical practice of medicine. Medical students learn human anatomy, physiology, diseases, and different drugs.

Medical students are generally considered to be at the earliest stage of the medical career pathway. In some locations they are required to be registered with a government body.

Medical students typically engage in both basic science and practical clinical coursework during their tenure in medical school. Course structure and length vary greatly among countries.

### USA

It might be needless to say that the Ivy League universities have one of the greatest medical schools in the world. Generally, most large-scale American universities (such as Stanford University) have a medical school.

#### UK

In the United Kingdom, Oxford University has made great medical textbooks through the Oxford University Press. Imperial College London is also famous for their medical education.

#### Mainland Europe

Karolinska Institutet is known as one of the greatest medical school in mainland Europe. They are also involved in the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.

#### Singapore

Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine at the National University of Singapore (NUS) and Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine at Nanyang Technological University are famous medical schools with unique names. For graduate level, Duke-NUS Medical School is operated with Duke University.

#### Japan

Some major universities in Japan also includes a high quality medical school:
- Keio University
- Kyoto University
- Nihon University
- Osaka University
- Tokyo Medical and Dental University
- Tokyo Women's Medical University
- University of Tokyo

#### Uzbekistan

- Samarkand State Medical University
Star Trek: The Original Series

***Star Trek*** is a science fiction television series created by Gene Roddenberry that aired from September 8, 1966 to September 2, 1969. Though the original series was just called _Star Trek_, it got the nickname ***Star Trek: The Original Series*** (_ST:TOS_ or _TOS_) to make it different from the spinoffs, and from the _Star Trek_ universe or franchise they take up. Set in the 23rd century, the first _Star Trek_ follows the adventures of the starship USS Enterprise (NCC-1701) and its crew, led by Captain James T. Kirk  (William Shatner), his First Officer Mr. Spock (Leonard Nimoy), and his Chief Medical Officer Leonard McCoy (DeForest Kelley). William Shatner's voice-over introduction during each episode's opening credits stated the starship's purpose:

## Early Years

When _Star Trek_ first came on NBC in 1966, it was not successful to begin; ratings were low and advertising revenue was very little. Even at the end of the first season of _Star Trek_, there were already calls in the network to cancel the series due to its low Nielsen ratings. Bay Area _Creature Features_ host John Stanley in his memoir _I Was a TV Horror Host_ relates how Desilu head Lucille Ball at that time "single handedly" kept _Star Trek_ from being removed from the NBC-TV lineup."

Close to the end of the second season the show was still in danger of being canceled. Its fans succeeded in giving it a third season; but NBC moved the show to the "Friday night death slot" at 10 PM. _Star Trek_ was finally canceled at the end of the third season, making 79 episodes in total. However, this was enough for the show to be stripped in syndication, allowing it to become very popular and gather a large cult following during the 1970s. After the success of the program, five additional television series and eleven movies, including the newest movie _Star Trek_, which came out in May 2009. _Guinness World Records_ lists the original _Star Trek_ as having more spin-offs than any other television show in history.

## Related pages

- Star Trek
- Star Trek: The Next Generation
- Star Trek: Deep Space Nine
- Star Trek: Voyager
Star Trek: The Animated Series

***Star Trek*** is an animated American science fiction television series created by Gene Roddenberry that is based on and contiunes the story of the original series. The animated series was aired under the name ***Star Trek***, but it has become more known under this longer name (or abbreviated as _ST: TAS_ or _TAS_) to make it different from the original live action _Star Trek._ The success of the original live action series and fan pressure for a _Star Trek_ revival led to _The Animated Series_ from 1973-1974, as the source of new adventures of the _Enterprise_ crew, the next being the live-action feature movie 1979's _Star Trek: The Motion Picture_. _TAS_ was the first _Star Trek_ series to win an Emmy Award.

## Related pages

- Star Trek
- Star Trek: The Next Generation
- Star Trek: Deep Space Nine
- Star Trek: Voyager

## References

- _TVClassicsondvd.Com – Complete Series on DVD_
Star Trek: Enterprise

***Enterprise*** (retitled ***Star Trek: Enterprise*** at the start of its third season) is a science fiction television program created by Brannon Braga and Rick Berman.  It is set in the fictional _Star Trek_ universe created by Gene Roddenberry in the 1960s.  It aired from 2001 to 2005.  The series follows the adventures of humanity's first _Warp_ 5 starship, the _Enterprise_, ten years before the United Federation of Planets shown in previous _Star Trek_ series.

## Related pages

- Star Trek
- Star Trek: The Original Series
- Star Trek: The Next Generation
- Star Trek: Deep Space Nine
- Star Trek: Voyager
- Star Trek: The Animated Series

## Infobox (television)

- **alt name**: ***Enterprise***
- **runtime**: 42 minutes
- **opentheme**: "Faith of the Heart" / "Where My Heart Will Take Me"
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **network**: UPN
- **num seasons**: 4
- **num episodes**: 98
- **list episodes**: List of Star Trek: Enterprise episodes
- **related**: Star Trek#Television series, _Star Trek_ TV series
Popularity

**Popularity** is the state of being well-liked or well-known. People, things, and ideas can be popular. Popularity figures are an important part of many people's personal value systems and forms a critical part of success in fields such as management, politics, and the entertainment industry, among others.

Many different varieties of popularity exist, and many ways in which to gain it. General popularity typically involves respect in two ways:
- A popular person is respected by groups of people and will take that respect. This reinforces the idea that the person deserves the popularity.
- Amicability is an important part of popularity, as a person who does not like others is unlikely to be liked by others. This inverse nature of interpersonal popularity is often overlooked by people, particularly the young, who want to become popular:
    - Being loud may be successful in gaining attention, but is unlikely to provide mutual respect desired by most people.

## Related pages

- Influence
Prime mover (locomotive)

In engineering, a **prime mover** is an engine that converts fuel to useful work. In locomotives, the prime mover is thus the source of power for its propulsion. The term is generally used when discussing about any locomotive powered by an internal combustion engine.
Na'vi

The **Na'vi** are a fictional indigenous species that live on the fictional world of Pandora in the movie Avatar. They look like humans. They have two eyes, ears, arms, and legs. They also have a nose, a mouth, and expressions that are similar to humans. The Na'vi are different because all of them have blue skin, pointed ears, huge eyes, and tails.  They are also taller than humans. They have a smaller body frame. At the beginning, the Na'vi were meant to be more alien in their looks. Director James Cameron said that in the first drawing of the main character, "Neytiri", she had fins, gills, and cat-like features. The species was changed to look more like humans. This was so that audiences could relate (feel closer and empathise) to them better. Cameron said that _Avatar_ was more "science fantasy" than true science fiction. He said that he would explain in the novel why the Na'vi look like humans.

According to _Entertainment Weekly_, "The Na'vi can commune with animals on their planet by literally plugging their ponytails into the creatures' nerve systems. To become a warrior, a Na'vi must tame and ride a creature known as Ikran." The Na'vi also use this system to mate with a "life partner". They make a bond that cannot be broken in the Na'vi's lifetime.

The Na'vi language is a constructed language. It was made for the movie to be spoken by the actors when they played Na'vi characters. The Na'vi language was made by linguistics professor Paul Former of the University of Southern California. Frommer made the language so it could be spoken by human actors. It uses syntax and grammar from real languages. The professor made up over 1,000 words for the Na'vi language. He taught the actors who played Na'vi characters to speak it for the movie.

## Related pages

- Avatar
- Na'vi language
- Fictional universe in Avatar
Coconut milk

**Coconut milk** is a sweet, milky white liquid for cooking. It comes from the meat of a mature coconut. The color and rich taste of the milk are because of the high oil content and sugars. It is different from coconut water (coconut juice), which is the natural liquid found inside a coconut. Coconut milk is used in many tropical recipes. There are two kinds of coconut milk: thick and thin.
Kricogonia

***Kricogonia*** is a genus of butterflies.  _Kricogonia_ belongs in the family Pieridae.  The species are found in North America, Central America, and South America.

## Species

- _Kricogonia cabrerai_ <small>Ramsden, 1920</small>
- _Kricogonia lyside_ <small>Godart, 1819</small> - Lyside Sulphur

## References

- Gerardo Lamas (edited by) (2004).  _Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera.  Checklist: Part4A. Hesperioidea-Papilionoidea_.  Scientific Publishers, Inc., Gainesville, FL.
The Othersiders

***The Othersiders*** was an American paranormal television series on Cartoon Network. It is about a group of five teenage friends who like the paranormal and explore haunted places to find any paranormal happenings. The series started on June 17, 2009, as part of the Cartoon Network programming block CN Real. The second season of _The Othersiders_ began October 7, which was said on the Twitter pages of Othersiders KC, Jackie, Zack, and Riley, and on _The Othersiders_'s official website. Instead of just seeing the episode on Wednesdays, the show will start being seen on different days of the week in a pattern starting with "Linda Vista Hospital". The final episodes will be played Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays during the month of October 2009 with the season finale, "Alcatraz", started October 30, 2009.

## Infobox (television)

- **genre**: Paranomal
Reality
- **creator**: Zig Gauthier
- **writer**: Zig Gauthier
- **director**: Casey Brumels
- **num seasons**: 2
- **num episodes**: 23
- **executive producer**: Zig Gauthier
Casey Brumels
Rafael Garcia
Brad Kihlman
- **producer**: Rob Swartz
- **network**: Cartoon Network
Elias Howe

**Elias Howe** (July 9, 1819 – October 3, 1867) was an American inventor. Elias Howe was the inventor of the first American-patented sewing machine.
Mojito

A **mojito** is a kind of cocktail. It is from Cuba originally. It is made of rum, sugar, lime juice, sparkling water and mint. It usually contains about 10 percent alcohol. The combination of sweetness, sour citrus and mint flavour is intended to complement the rum. It is popular drink in hot weather.

When making a mojito, lime juice is added to sugar and mint leaves. The mixture is then gently mashed together. The mint leaves should only be bruised to release the essential oils; they should not be torn apart. Then rum is added. The mixture is then stirred to dissolve the sugar. Finally, ice cubes and sparkling water are added in the top of the drink. Mint leaves and lime wedges are used to garnish the glass.

There are several stories about how the mojito was invented. One story says that it is similar to a 19th-century drink called "El Draque", after Francis Drake. This drink is said to have been given to the crew of Drake's ships when they came to Cuba in the 16th century. Many in the crew were suffering from dysentery and scurvy. They were told that the Native Americans had remedies for various tropical illnesses. They went ashore on Cuba and were given ingredients for a remedy: a kind of rum, lime, sugarcane syrup and mint. While this drink was not called a mojito at this time, it is the same combination of these ingredients.
Star Trek: Phase II

***Star Trek: Phase II*** was a planned television series based on the characters of Gene Roddenberry's _Star Trek_, which had run from 1966 to 1969. It was set to air in early 1978 on a proposed Paramount Television Service (a precursor/forerunner to UPN). The series was to follow the adventures of the _Enterprise_ crew on a second five-year mission, and be a continuation of the _Star Trek_ franchise.

## Related pages

- Star Trek
- Star Trek: The Original Series
- Star Trek: The Next Generation
- Star Trek: Deep Space Nine
- Star Trek: Voyager
- Star Trek: The Animated Series
Pickled cucumber

A **pickled cucumber**, most often simply called a **pickle** in the United States and Canada, is a cucumber that has been processed in a brine or vinegar solution and left to ferment for a period of time. Pickling is also used for many other things, such as onions, cabbage, and herring. One common type of pickle is the dill pickle. It is commonly used as a topping on meat products such as hamburgers, but can also be eaten on its own. It is often  put on hamburgers or in hotdogs.
Cape May Bird Observatory

The **Cape May Bird Observatory** was founded in 1975 in Cape May, New Jersey, United States. The purpose of the Cape May Bird Observatory is to do research, encourage conservation, and create educational and recreational birding activities.  It has two separate centers: the Center for Research and Education in Cape May Court House in the central part of Cape May County, and the Northwood Center in Cape May Point. The current director is Pete Dunne, a well-known birding author.

## Bird migration

Cape May is a great place for bird migration. Every spring and fall, thousands of migrating birds pass through the area. Birders from all over the world have come to Cape May to see the migrations.

## Cape May authors

The Cape May area is home to many birding authors, including Dunne, Kerlinger, Pat and Clay Sutton, Michael O'Brien, Richard Crossley and Kevin Karlson.

The most notable former Cape May birder is author David Allen Sibley. Sibley wrote the field guide _The Sibley Guide to Birds_. He wrote it while he was living and birding in Cape May Point.

## Other websites

- Cape May Bird Observatory
John Willock Noble

**John Willock Noble** (October 26, 1831 – March 22, 1912) was an American lawyer and brevet general in the Civil War. He was the Secretary of the Interior between 1889 and 1893.

Noble was born in Lancaster, Ohio and went to Miami University. In 1851, he graduated from Yale University with honors. After being in the Civil War, he became U.S. Attorney for the Eastern District of Missouri. He was the Secretary of the Interior during the entire time that Benjamin Harrison was President of the United States. He later practiced law in St. Louis and died there in 1912.

## Infobox (us cabinet official)

- **name**: John Willock Noble
- **image**: Interior-Noble.gif
- **order**: 18th
- **title**: United States Secretary of the Interior
- **term start**: March 7, 1889
- **term end**: March 6, 1893
- **predecessor**: William Freeman Vilas
- **successor**: M. Hoke Smith
- **birth place**: Lancaster, Ohio, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: United States, U.S.
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **spouse**: Lizabeth Halsted Noble
- **alma mater**: Miami University
Yale University
- **profession**: Politician, Lawyer
New Castle County, Delaware

**New Castle County** is a county in the state of Delaware in the United States. The county is in the north part of the state. The county seat is Wilmington. New Castle County had 570,719 people in 2020.
Kent County, Delaware

**Kent County** is a county in the state of Delaware in the United States. The county is in the middle part of the state. The county seat is Dover. Kent County had 181,851 people in 2020.
Sussex County, Delaware

**Sussex County** is a county in the state of Delaware in the United States. The county is in the south part of the state. The county seat is Georgetown. Sussex County had 237,378 people in 2020.
Edmontosaurus

**Edmontosaurus** is a basal duck-billed dinosaur from the latest Cretaceous stage. It had short arms, a long, pointed tail, three-toed, hoofed feet, and mitten-like hands. Its head was flat and sloping with a wide, toothless beak, cheek pouches, and hundreds of closely-packed cheek teeth that ground up its food. It is the same animal as_ Anatotitan_. There are two species, and the animal has been called by several other names in the past._

_Edmontosaurus_ was named from a fossil found in the  Horseshoe Canyon Formation, in Alberta, Canada. Many_ Edmontosaurus _fossils have been found, in Alberta, and Alaska, Wyoming, Montana and New Jersey in the USA. Two mummified_ Edmontosaurus _fossils were found in Wyoming._

The distribution of its fossils suggests that it preferred coasts and coastal plains. It could move on two legs and on four. Because it is known from several bone beds, _Edmontosaurus_ is thought to have lived in groups. It may have been migratory.

## Skeleton

Most of the back and tail was lined by bony tendons arranged in a lattice along the neural spines of the vertebrae.  This made the back and part of the tail "ramrod" straight. The ossified tendons strengthened the vertebral column against gravitational stress. It was a large animal with a horizontal vertebral column otherwise supported mostly by the hind legs and hips.

## Feeding

As a hadrosaurid, _Edmontosaurus_ was a large terrestrial herbivore. Its teeth were continually replaced and packed into dental batteries that contained hundreds of teeth, only a relative handful of which were in use at any time.  It used its broad beak to cut loose food, perhaps by cropping, or by closing the jaws in a clamshell-like manner over twigs and branches and then stripping off the more nutritious leaves and shoots. _Edmontosaurus_ and most other ornithischians probably had cheek-like structures, muscular or non-muscular. The function of the cheeks was to keep food in the mouth.  The animal's feeding range would have been from ground level to about  above.
Ornitholestes

***Ornitholestes*** was a carnivorous dinosaur which lived in the Upper Jurassic period about 156145 million years ago. It was about 2 metres long (6.6 feet), half of which was its long tail. Only one specimen of it has ever been found.

It is one of a group of small, fast-running dinosaurs which are classified as early Coelurosaurs. It is known from a partial skeleton found near Medicine Bow, Wyoming, in 1900. It was described by paleontologist Henry F. Osborn in 1903.

## Description

_Ornitholestes_ was a bipedal runner. Its small head suggests it ate small mammals, lizards, frogs, and hatchling dinosaurs. It could grasp prey with both hands. It is likely that all coelurosaurs had feathers.

## Similar dinosaurs

_Coelurus_, _Compsognathus_, _Tanycolagreus_.