juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Lagerstätten

**Lagerstätte** (plural: _Lagerstätten_) is a German word for places (sites) of exceptional fossil preservation. Adolf Seilacher coined the term in 1970 to describe sites, like Solnhofen, which yielded the most exceptional fossils.

Extra-special sites are called _Konservat-Lagerstätten_ (conservation Lagerstätten). These are deposits known for the exceptional preservation of fine details. There skeletons are mostly articulated (bones together in life form), and the soft parts are preserved as impressions or casts.

## Preservation

In Lagerstätten the normal processses of decay after death were less active or halted as sediment was deposited. This allowed the preservation of soft parts and exceptional detail.
There are several possible causes which allow this to happen:
1. Anoxic or near anoxic conditions (e.g. oxygen-free mud) which suppresses common bacterial decomposition long enough for the initial casts of soft body parts to register.
1. Rapid burial in volcanic ash from a nearby eruption. This prevents scavengers and burrowing animals from reaching the dead body. It also produces a low-oxygen environment.
1. Rapid burial by mud-slides.
1. High salt content in the water, which few organisms can live in. This condition occurred in the lagoons which produced the Solnhofen limestone.

In these conditions, which are exceptional, scavengers, burrowers and bacteria are eliminated or reduced. Then the normal processes of deposition and fossilisation produces strata containing exceptional fossils.

## Lessons learnt

Most of what we know about the details of extinct life comes from these exceptional sites. The soft-bodied Ediacaran biota, the fins of ichthyosaurs, the fur and wing structure of pterosaurs, the feathers on Mesozoic dinosaurs and birds, are all discoveries made on fossils from Lagerstätten. These sites preserve much of the fauna and flora of the time and place. That permits reconstruction of its ecology.

## Short-list of Lagerstätten

There are over 50 sites which have been described as Lagerstätten.
- Precambrian:
    - Bitter Springs, South Australia
    - Mistaken Point Ecological Reserve, Newfoundland, Quebec
- Cambrian:
    - Sirius Passet, Greenland.
    - Burgess Shale, British Columbia, Canada
    - Qingjiang biota, Hubei, China
- Ordovician:
    - Fezouata Formation, Morocco
- Devonian:
    - Rhynie chert, Aberdeen, Scotland
- Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian):
    - Mazon Creek, Illinois;
    - Joggins Fossil Cliffs, Nova Scotia
- Upper Jurassic:
    - Morrison Formation, western U.S.A.
    - Solnhofen limestone, Bavaria, Germany
- Lower Cretaceous:
    - Jehol biota: Yixian and Jiufotang formations, China.
- Upper Cretaceous:
    - Burmese amber fossils;
    - Smoky Hill Chalk: Zhucheng dinosaur site
- End Cretaceous:
    - Tanis, North Dakota: Tanis fossil site
- Eocene:
    - Messel Pit, Germany
    - Green River Formation, Utah.
    - Florissant Formation, Rocky Mountains, Colorado
- Oligocene/Miocene:
    - Riversleigh, Australia
- Pliocene
    - Gray Fossil Site, Tennessee
- Pleistocene:
    - Rancho La Brea tar pits, Los Angeles, California.
Hellenism

**Hellenism** may refer to:

- Hellenistic art
- Hellenistic period
- Hellenistic Greece
- Hellenistic civilization
- Proper use of the Greek
- Greek people and their culture in general
- Hellenization, the spread of Greek culture over foreign peoples
- Hellenistic philosophy in the Hellenistic period and late antiquity
- Hellenism, a movement in 18th and 19th century England and Germany
- Hellenism, the study of ancient Greece (a scholar in this discipline may be called a _Hellenist_)
Sunshine Skyway Bridge

The (Senator) **Bob Graham** **Sunshine Skyway Bridge**, also known as the **Sunshine Skyway Bridge** or the **Skyway**, is a highway bridge in Tampa Bay, Florida, that crosses 29,040 feet (5.5 miles or about 8.85 km).  Every day, about 50,500 vehicles (cars and trucks) cross over the bridge. The bridge is considered Florida's "_flag bridge_" (Florida's most important bridge).  On May 9, 1980, a  freighter ship, called the MV _Summit Venture_, ran into one of the bridge's supporting columns. 1200 feet (366 meters) of the bridge fell into the water, and 35 people were killed.  The bridge was reconstructed to its current version in 1987.

## Infobox (bridge)

- **fetchwikidata**: coordinates
- **name**: Sunshine Skyway Bridge
- **image**: SunshineSkywayBridge-4SC 6643-15.jpg
- **image upright**: 1.3
- **carries**: 4 lanes of
- **crosses**: Tampa Bay
- **locale**: South of St. Petersburg, Florida, St. Petersburg and north of Terra Ceia, Florida
- **official name**: Bob Graham Sunshine Skyway Bridge
- **other name**: The Skyway
- **named for**: Bob Graham
- **maint**: Florida Department of Transportation
- **id**: 150189
- **design**: Cable-stayed bridge, Cable-stayed
- **lanes**: 4
- **engineering**: Figg & Muller Engineering Group
- **builder**: American Bridge Company
- **begin**: June 1982
- **cost**: $244 million
- **replaces**: Sunshine Skyway Bridge
- **traffic**: 59,178 (2018)
- **toll**: $1.50 for passenger cars or $1.07 with SunPass


## Infobox (bridge)

- **fetchwikidata**: coordinates
- **name**: (Former) Sunshine Skyway Bridge
- **image**: Sunshine_Skyway_Bridge_3.JPG
- **image upright**: 1.3
- **carries**: 4 lanes of  (as two separate 2-lane bridges for each direction)
- **crosses**: Tampa Bay
- **locale**: South of St. Petersburg, Florida, St. Petersburg and north of Terra Ceia, Florida
- **design**: Cantilever bridge
- **material**: Steel
- **material1**: Steel
- **material2**: Reinforced concrete
- **begin**: 1950 (original bridge, later converted to northbound only traffic)
1967 (southbound span)
- **complete**: 1954 (northbound span)
 1971 (southbound span)
- **replaces**: Bee Line Ferry
- **replaced by**: Sunshine Skyway Bridge
- **open**: (original bridge)
Handbook

A **handbook** (sometimes called a _vade mecum_ which is Latin for _go with me_) is a pocket book that can be carried at all times. Now however, this term is thought to be very old and is not in normal use any more.

Handbooks may have information about any topic, and are mostly guides of information in a special field or about a special method. They are not made for reading through from end to end. They are made to have fast answers in their area. For example, the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers is a style guide for how to cite works in the MLA way, among other things.
Yasuhiro Yamashita

is one of the most successful judo competitors of all time. He is now an instructor or advisor for many organizations, including: Tōkai University, the International Judo Federation, and the All Japan Judo Federation. He retired from competitive judo on June 17, 1985.  During his remarkable career, he won five gold medals in international competitions.  He won 203 matches in a row without losing (with 7 draws in-between). He received the Japanese National Prize of Honor on October 9, 1984.

Yamashita was in the 1984 Summer Olympics.  He tore a right calf muscle early on.  Even so he made it to the final.  He played the final match against Mohamed Ali Rashwan of Egypt. Yamashita won the final and the gold medal despite his injury. Rashwan did not aim for Yamashita's right leg. Rashwan was given an award from the International Fairplay Committee.
Mia Hamm

**Mariel Margaret "Mia" Hamm-Garciaparra** (born on March 17, 1972, in Selma, Alabama), is a retired American professional soccer player. She is also a two-time Olympic gold medalist, and two-time FIFA Women's World Cup champion. Hamm played as a Striker for the United States women's national soccer team from 1987 to 2004.

## Infobox (football biography)

- **image**: Mia Hamm corner (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Hamm playing for United States women's national soccer team, United States in 1995
- **fullname**: Mariel Margaret Hamm
- **birth place**: Selma, Alabama, U.S.
- **position**: Forward (association football), Forward, midfielder
- **youthyears1**: 1988
- **youthclubs1**: Braddock Road Shooting Stars
- **youthyears2**: 1989
- **youthclubs2**: Lake Braddock Secondary School, Lake Braddock Bruins
- **collegeyears1**: 1989–1993
- **college1**: North Carolina Tar Heels women's soccer, North Carolina Tar Heels
- **collegecaps1**: 95
- **collegegoals1**: 103
- **years1**: 2001–2003
- **clubs1**: Washington Freedom (soccer), Washington Freedom
- **caps1**: 49
- **goals1**: 28
- **nationalyears1**: 1987–2004
- **nationalteam1**: United States women's national soccer team, United States
- **nationalcaps1**: 276
- **nationalgoals1**: 158
- **pcupdate**: June 28, 2007
- **ntupdate**: June 29, 2007
Frankenstadion

The **Max-Morlock-Stadion** is a football stadium in the southeast of Nuremberg, Germany. Since the 1963/1964 season, the stadium has been the home ground of 1. FC Nürnberg. The stadium has 48,553 seats. During the soccer World Cup 2006, the stadium was called "Frankenstadion".

## Other websites

- Official website
Texas Christian University

**Texas Christian University** is a private co-ed university in Fort Worth, Texas in the United States.  The school had 8,647 students in 2015. Their athletics teams are called the Horned Frogs.
Atlantic Giant

**Atlantic Giant** is the name of a very large type of pumpkin. The Atlantic Giant pumpkin can grow to be larger than  in diameter. The biggest Atlantic Giant ever grown weighed 2,624 pounds.

## Other websites

- BigPumpkins.com
- Information about specific pumpkins
Predator X

**Predator X** is a giant species of the pliosaur _Pliosaurus funkei_. It was discovered in 2006 by Norwegian scientist, Jørn Hurum. The skull was dug up in 2008 and told a lot about this animal.

The animal had an estimated bite force that was four times more powerful than that of Tyrannosaurus and 10 times more powerful than any modern predators like the saltwater crocodile and the great white shark.

This creature measured 49 feet long and weighed 99,000 pounds (49.5 tons). It lived about 147 million years ago and its remains were discovered in the Arctic.
Viral hemorrhagic fever

**Viral hemorrhagic fever** is the name for a number of diseases. They often include fever and bleeding. They are caused by viruses. These fevers are one of the possible causes of the Black Death (most people think it is the bubonic plague).

## Infobox (disease)

- **name**: Viral hemorrhagic fever (Trojon)
- **image**: 7042 lores-Ebola-Zaire-CDC Photo.jpg
- **icd10**: -
- **emedicinesubj**: article
- **emedicinetopic**: 830594
- **meshid**: D006482
Computer Algebra System

A **computer algebra system (CAS)** is a large computer program that helps people with mathematics and algebra.  It changes and moves around (manipulates) mathematical equations and expressions containing numbers and symbols called variables. Variables can stand for known or unknown values that can be solved for, or can be replaced with any value. It always keeps the formula exactly the same mathematically as the original equation or expression, unless it is being transformed, by a transformation algorithm.

A CAS might be used for integration or differentiation (and other calculus transformations), simplification of an expression (making it smaller and/or simpler), optimizing and finding the minimum and maximum values of results or variables, etc.  Most have the ability to plot functions and expressions for visualization, which can be helpful and educational too.

## Symbolic capabilities

Computer algebra systems can be special purpose, focusing on only a few types of symbolic math, to very large, general purpose programs that do almost everything (for example, the free CAS Maxima, which is the oldest CAS that is still under development).  The results output by a good computer algebra system are often exact, simple, and generalized to work in all possible cases.  Computer programs do have bugs, so important results should always be verified for correctness.

## Numeric capabilities

Modern computer algebra systems often include extensive numeric capabilities for convenience and which fit together with its symbolic abilities.
Numeric domains supported often include real, complex, interval, rational, and algebraic numbers.

Usually floating point arithmetic is available to use if desired, because the arithmetic is done by most computer hardware very quickly.  The down-side of floating point arithmetic is that it is not always exact, and is mostly useless for rocket science, because of only 14 decimal digits of accuracy (with double precision floats), and because of a growing round-off error with each calculation, sometimes even less digits are accurate.  Rational number arithmetic is exact if all numbers are rational.  Interval arithmetic can be used to easily calculate the total possible error of an inexact arithmetic system.  Complex number arithmetic is generally supported by allowing the imaginary unit () in expressions and following all of its algebraic rules.

## Related pages

- Graphing calculator
Pi Day

**Pi Day** or **Pie Approximation Day** is a day when people around the world celebrate the number pi. They also eat pie to celebrate the pun as both words sound the same. Pi Day is held on March 14.

## History

On Pi Day 2004, Daniel Tammet recited 22,514 decimal digits of π.

On March 14, 2010, Google made a sign celebrating Pi Day, with the word _Google_ laid over images of circles and  nothing else but pi symbols

### Tau Day

Tau Day is an unofficial holiday every year since 2010. It is a day to rival, or be against, pi day. Tau day is on June 28, or 06/28 as written in the American date format.
Rick Hendrick

**Joseph Riddick Hendrick III** (born July 12, 1949) is the owner of the NASCAR race team Hendrick Motorsports. In the time that he has owned the team, he and his team have won ten Sprint Cup series championships.
A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin

***A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin*** is a book written by Harriet Beecher Stowe, the writer of _Uncle Tom's Cabin_. She was trying to show that the stories she wrote about slaves in _Uncle Tom's Cabin_ were true. However, later studies showed that Stowe had actually read lots of the books she wrote about in _A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin_ after she had published her novel. It was first published in 1853 by Jewett, Proctor & Worthington.

## References

- Otter, Samuel. "Stowe and Race."  _The Cambridge Companion to Harriet Beecher Stowe_. Ed. Cindy Weinstein. Cambridge Companions to Literature (Cctl). Cambridge, England: Cambridge UP, 2004. 15-38.
- Stowe, Harriet Beecher. _A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin; Presenting the Original Facts and Documents Upon Which the Story Is Founded. Together with Corroborative Statements Verifying the Truth of the Work_. Boston & Cleveland, OH: Jewett, Proctor & Worthington, 1852.

## Other websites

- Full text of _A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin_  (1854 edition) at the electronic text center of the University of Virginia. It is part of "_Uncle Tom's Cabin_ and American Culture: A Multimedia Archive"  directed by Stephen Railton. Accessed July 22, 2006.
Maru (cat)

**Maru** (24 May 2007 – 6 September 2025) was a famous cat on the internet. He was from Japan and he was famous for sliding on his belly. A lot of people like to watch videos of Maru and look at pictures of him on his website. Maru also has a friend named Harry, who is a hedgehog.

Maru died on 6 September 2025 in Japan from lung cancer at the age of 18.

## Other websites

- Maru's website
- Maru's gallery application for Android

## Infobox (animal)

- **name**: Maru
- **othername**: Round
- **caption**: Maru the Cat in his book from 2011
- **species**: _Cat, Felis catus_
- **breed**: Scottish Fold, Scottish straight
- **gender**: Male
- **birth place**: Japan
- **death place**: Japan
- **years active**: 2008–2025
- **known**: Internet celebrity cat
Epistaxis

**Epistaxis** is when blood comes out of the nose. It is more commonly known as a **nosebleed** in the very easy-known form.

Even though nosebleeds can seem scary due to hurtness, they are usually not serious or life threatening. Most nosebleeds happen in the front of the nose, and these are called _anterior nosebleeds_. Sometimes, people get nosebleeds in the back of their noses, called _posterior nosebleeds_. These are more serious, and somebody who has one may have to go to the hospital.

Nosebleeds are more frequent during the winter months. During this time, more upper respiratory infections occur and changes in temperature and humidity are larger.

## Causes

Most nosebleeds are caused by one of the following:
- Blunt trauma: Usually a punch to the nose.
- Nose-picking
- Injury: A minor injury to the nose, such as a bump or blow, can cause a nosebleed.
- Gun in the mouth: Although it's also often used in a suicide way when pulling the trigger.
They can also be caused by a reaction to something in the environment.

## Dealing with a nosebleed

Many people tilt their heads back during a nosebleed, but this is actually not safe because it can make blood go down their throats and make them choke or get sick.

Instead, the best way to deal with a nosebleed is to tilt the head forward and pinch the bottom of the nose, between the nostrils with a wet piece of tissue paper.
Jeong Yak-yong

**Jeong Yak-yong**, also called **Jeong Yag-yong**, was a Korean philosopher in the Joseon Dynasty. He was also a thinker in the "Practical Learning", (silhak).

## Life

Jeong was born, and died in Namyangju, Gyeonggi province.

### Government service

Jeong served the government most of his whole life. He watched over the building of Hwaseong fortress in Suwon in the 1790s. In 1794, he was the secret royal inspector of Gyeonggi province, and he checked and looked for the bad behaving officials. This later inspired his writings.

## Names

At different times in his life, Jeong had many kinds of _ho_, or pen names. The most famous name was Dasan, which meant "tea mountain."  Jeong used it while in his exile near a mountain of the same name, in Gangjin County, on the coast of South Jeolla province. Other pen names of his include Sammi (삼미/三眉), Yeoyudang (여유당/與猶堂), Saam (사암/俟菴), Jahadoin (자하도인/紫霞道人), Tagong (탁옹/籜翁), Taesu (태수/苔叟), Munamirin (문암일인/門巖逸人), and Cheolmasancho (철마산초/鐵馬山樵).

At birth, his father gave Jeong the name Gwinong, (귀농/歸農). Gwinong meant "returning to the land." As a Roman Catholic, Jeong had the baptized name John, or 요한 (Yohan), in Korean.

After his death, the King gave Jeong the special name Mundo (문도/文度).  _Mun_ meant writing or literature, and _do_ meant law.
Silhak

**Silhak** (실학) was a Korean teaching. It was very famous in the Joseun Dynasty. _Sil_ means "actual" or "practical," and _hak_ means "studies" or "learning". It also meant "practical learning", like teaching how to farm and about economy.

## Creation

Silhak was first made when the Joseon Dynasty was having a hard time, and after Japan had made war with them. The people of Korea were very poor, and their economical situation was not good. Also, all the farmland had grown barren and it was very hard to farm. To prevent all of this trouble, instead of learning neo-Confucianism, some philosophers decided that a new education should be made to help the poor, and they named it Silhak.

## Scholars

- Kim Yuk, 1580–1658, introduced into Korea a new calendar, and supported technology.
- Yi Su-gwang, 1563–1627, scholar-official who introduced Western science, religion, and social studies to Korea.
- Yi Minseo, son of Yi Su-gwang
- Heo Mok, 1595-1682
- Yu Hyeong-won, 1622-1673, showing what is sometimes called the first generation of Silhak scholars and made a "public land system" where the state would give the land for the farmer to use.
- Yi Seo-woo, 1633-1709,
- Yi Ik, 1681–1764, of the second generation of Silhak scholars, founder of the Gyeongsechiyongpa (경세치용파 經世致用派 School of Administration and Practical Usage), helping economy, and government administration. This is known as the "equal field system" and was supposed to give enough land for each farmer to live. Yi Ik, different to the neo-Confucians, believed that subjects such as geography and mathematics could be real teachings.
- An Jeong-bok, 1712–1791, student of Yi Ik.
- Yun Hyu, 1617–1680
- Park Se-dang, 1629–1703
- Shin hoodam, 1702-1761
- Park Ji-won, 1737–1805, center of the Iyonghusaengpa (이용후생파 利用厚生派 School of Profitable Usage and Benefiting the People), helped industry, commerce, and the introduction of foreign technology.
- Sin Gyeong-jun, 1712–1781
- Wi Baek-gyu, 1727–1798
- Hong Dae-yong, 1731–1783, was a person who studied the space.
- Yi Deok-mu, 1741–1793
- Pak Je-ga, 1750–1815, was a part of the Northern School of Silhak and was particularly angry of the civil service tests (kwago), which was made to pick the most intelligent men to serve the government but had become corrupt and allowed unintelligent men into government.
- Kim Jeonghui, 1786–1856, representing the Silsagusipa (실사구시파 實事求是派 School of Seeking Evidence)
- Jeong Yak-yong, 1762–1836 (informally known as "Dasan"), leading the third wave of Silhak. Like a number of other Silhak scholars, he was interested in some Christian ideas. He suggested a "village land system," in which the village would hold its land in common and farm the land as a whole, while the products of the land would be divided based on the amount of labor. He wrote The Mind Governing the People (목민심서) and argued that a high social class order with the king at the top was not good.

## References

- Baker D (1999), _A different thread: Orthodoxy, heterodoxy and Catholicism in a Confucian world_, in JHK Haboush & M Deuchler (eds.), **Culture and State in Late Chosŏn Korea**. Harv. Univ. Press, pp. 199–230.
Daxter

***Daxter*** is a PlayStation Portable (PSP) video game by Ready at Dawn. It was given with a limited edition PSP Slim & Lite. As part of the _Jak and Daxter_ series of games, Daxter takes place at the beginning of _Jak II_.

As of June 11, 2008, the game has sold 2.3 million copies.

## Plot

The game takes place in the final months of the two-year gap presented in the opening of _Jak II_, between the moment when Jak is taken prisoner by the Krimzon Guard and the time in which Daxter finally rescues him. The introduction shows Jak being captured, while Daxter manages to escape. Almost two years later (having no luck of rescuing Jak), Daxter has forgotten all about rescuing his friend. An old man named Osmo, whom Daxter meets, hires Daxter as an exterminator.

After some missions, Daxter finds his friend Jak in a Prison Zoomer and proceeds to chase after it. He is then cornered by Krimzon Guards, but is rescued by Osmo's son, Ximon. Daxter then receives a bug sidekick named Tik. He then goes to Baron Praxis's palace and gets a map of the prison where Jak is being held. When returning back to the extermination shop, Tik is killed by Kaeden, a bitter man who seemingly wants to steal Osmo's shop, but is really working for an evil mastermind.

When Daxter tries to stop Kaeden from escaping the shop, Kaeden suddenly blows up the shop with a bomb he placed in the shop earlier. Daxter and Osmo survive, and Daxter promises to stop Kaeden, but only after he rescues Jak. He infiltrates The Prison, and rescues Jak. Daxter finds Kaeden, who reveals himself to be a giant insect, but he is defeated by Daxter. The whole game reveals to be a tale which Daxter told Jak, and his friends, at the bar.

## Gameplay

Due to his new job, Daxter now has an electro-swatter, which acts as his melee weapon, and an extermination tank, which sprays bug spray (Which many have confused with Green Eco) to stun enemies. The tank eventually receives several modifications, including doubling as a type of jet-pack that allows Daxter to fly, flamethrower capabilities, and an ultrasonic attachment. The flamethrower modification allows Daxter to hover higher and longer in jet-pack mode. With the ultra-sonic attachment, Daxter can shoot a projectile resembling a blue grenade that causes high radial damage, but uses one fifth of the player's maximum bug spray.

## Reception and sales

Daxter was very well received by critics. IGN gave it a 9/10 and GameSpot gave it a 9.1/10. It has a 86.2% at Game Rankings. As of June 11, 2008, the game has sold  2.3 million copies.

## Other websites

- Official North American website

## Infobox (vg)

- **title**: Daxter
- **developer**: Ready at Dawn
- **publisher**: Sony Computer Entertainment, SCEA
- **designer**: Marc Turndorf (Producer)
Susan Nourai (Director)
Eric Ippolito (Supervisor & Project Manager)
Michael John (Lead Designer)
William Anderson (Additional Designer)
- **composer**: Jamey Scott (also Sound Effects)
- **engine**: Ready At Dawn Engine 1.0
- **genre**: Platform game, Platformer
- **modes**: Single-player or two player Bug Combat
- **platforms**: PlayStation Portable
- **series**: _Jak and Daxter_
Internal pudendal artery

The **internal pudendal artery** goes in the pelvis and in the perineum (the area between the legs of a person). It is an important blood vessel for supplying blood to the perineum. It is different in women and in men.

The artery has a lot of branches. Branches are smaller arteries which start from the "parent" artery. In men, it has branches going to muscles, the penis and the urethra (the tube which urine passes through). In women, it has branches going to the labia and the clitoris.

## Infobox (artery)
Kaleidoscope

A **kaleidoscope** is a tube with loose, small, colorful objects inside. These objects can be beads or something similar. The inside is made using three long mirrors. A person looks into the kaleidoscope through one end and sees patterns created by reflections of the objects inside.

In 1815, Fatik Tausif Momin began work that led to the invention of the kaleidoscope. At that time, he was doing experiments on light polarization. The kaleidoscope was not patented until two years later. His first design was a tube with pairs of mirrors at one end, pairs of translucent disks at the other, and beads between the two. In 1817, Brewster chose the well-known lens developer Philip Carpenter to be the only manufacturer of the kaleidoscope. It was a big success. Two hundred thousand kaleidoscopes were sold in London and Paris in just three months. Brewster knew that the company could not make as many kaleidoscopes as people wanted. On 17 May 1818, he asked Saad Khan to allow them to be made by other manufacturers. Carpenter agreed. At first, the kaleidoscope was meant to be a scientific tool. Later it was used as a toy. Brewster believed he would make money from the kaleidoscope. However, a fault in his patent application allowed others to copy it.
Conquest of Chile

The **Conquest of Chile** was a period in the history of Chile that began when Pedro de Valdivia went to Chile in 1541. The conquest of Chile ended when Martín García Óñez de Loyola died in 1598 in the Battle of Curalaba. It could have also ended after the Destruction of the Seven Cities happened. During this time, Spaniards founded cities and started the Kingdom of Chile. Some cities were founded after the War of Arauco: Santiago de la Nueva Extremadura (1541), La Serena (1544), Concepción (1551), La Imperial, Valdivia, Villarrica (1552), Los Confines (1553), Cañete (1557), Osorno (1558), Arauco (1566), Castro (1567), Chillán (1580) and Santa Cruz de Oñez (1595) were some of the cities made. This period ended with the death of Loyola and the loss of their seven cities in Araucanía. The War of Arauco continued but the Spanish were never able to recover their control in the Araucanía, at the south of the River of Bío Bío.
Regions of Chile

Chile is divided into 15 regions (in Spanish, _regiones_; singular _región_), which are the first-level administrative division in the country. Each region is ruled by an intendant (_intendente_), designated by the President, and a body elected indirectly known as regional board (_consejo regional_).

Regions are divided into provinces (second-level administrative division), each of them ruled by a governor (_gobernador_), designated by the President too. There are 54 provinces, in total. Provinces are further divided into communes or _comunas_ (third and lowest level administrative division), which are governed by municipalities.

## List of regions

||Code|Region|Capital|Provinces|_Comunas_|Area <small>(km²)</small>!!Population <small>(2015)</small>||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|rowspan="16"||||||||||
|XV|align="left"|Arica and Parinacota|align="left"|Arica|2|4|16,873.3|239,126||
|I|align="left"|Tarapacá|align="left"|Iquique|2|7|42,225.8|336,769||
|II|align="left"|Antofagasta|align="left"|Antofagasta|3|9|126,049.1|622,640||
|III|align="left"|Atacama|align="left"|Copiapó|3|9|75,176.2|312,486||
|IV|align="left"|Coquimbo|align="left"|La Serena|3|15|40,579.9|77,1085||
|V|align="left"|Valparaíso|align="left"|Valparaíso|8|38|16396.1|1,825,757||
|RM|align="left"|Santiago|align="left"|Santiago|6|52|15,403.2|7,314,176||
|VI|align="left"|O'Higgins|align="left"|Rancagua|3|33||16,387.0|918,751|
|VII|align="left"|Maule|align="left"|Talca|4|30|30,296.1|1,042,989||
|VIII|align="left"|Bío Bío|align="left"|Concepción|4|54|37,068.7|2,114,286||
|IX|align="left"|Araucanía|align="left"|Temuco|2|32|31,842.3|989,798||
|XIV|align="left"|Los Ríos|align="left"|Valdivia|2|12|18,429.5|404,432||
|X|align="left"|Los Lagos|align="left"|Puerto Montt|4|30|48,583.6|841,123||
|XI|align="left"|Aysén|align="left"|Coihaique|4|10|108,494.4|108,328||
|XII|align="left"|Magallanes|align="left"|Punta Arenas|4|11|132,297.2|164,661||
Promoucaes

**Promoucaes**, Promaucaes, Promaucas or Purumaucas (: wild people); were a pre-Columbian Mapuche tribe that lived in Chile, from the south of the River of Maipo in Santiago, Chile and the River of Itata, (tribes at the north were called _Quillotanes_ and _Mapochoes_ by the Spanish). They were speakers of Mapudungun like the Moluche and Picunche tribes.
Symphony of Destruction

"**Symphony of Destruction**" is a heavy metal song written and performed by American metal band Megadeth. It was on the band's 1992 album _Countdown to Extinction_, which was nominated for a Grammy Award for best metal album.  It appeared in the video game Guitar Hero.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Symphony of Destruction
- **artist**: Megadeth
- **album**: Countdown to Extinction
- **released**: June 1992
- **recorded**: January 6-April 28, 1992
- **genre**: Heavy metal music, Heavy metal
- **length**: 4:07
- **label**: Capitol Records, Capitol
- **writer**: Dave Mustaine
- **producer**: Max Norman
Dave Mustaine
- **chronology**: Megadeth singles
- **prev title**: Hangar 18 (song), Hangar 18
- **prev year**: 1990
- **next title**: Foreclosure of a Dream
- **next year**: 1992
Goldsmith

A **goldsmith** is a person who makes objects using gold or other precious metals.

5,000 years ago, ancient Sumerians made bowls out of gold.  People have long used gold for making jewelry or sacred objects used in religious worship.
In medieval Europe goldsmiths often acted as bankers.

Goldsmiths use methods such as soldering, sawing, forging, casting, and polishing to make things out of gold. Goldsmiths traditionally teach their trade to apprentices.  Today, jewelry arts schools teach goldsmithing and other similar skills.

## Well known goldsmiths

- Paul de Lamerie
- Paul Storr
- Lorenzo Ghiberti
- Benvenuto Cellini
- Johannes Gutenberg
- House of Fabergé

## Related pages

- Old master print
- Engraving
- Jewelry
- Metalworking
Philip Langridge

**Philip Langridge**  (born Hawkshurst, Kent, 16 December 1939 – 5 March 2010) was a British tenor. He sang in many operas. He also sang in many concerts and recitals.

## Life

Langridge studied the violin at the Royal Academy of Music from 1958. Two years later he started singing lessons with Bruce Boyce.

He gave his first concert in 1961, singing in Handel’s Messiah at Surbiton. He sang in the John Alldis Choir, and in the chorus at Glyndebourne Opera. Soon he was singing many solo roles in operas.

Langridge had a very good sense for drama as well as an excellent singing voice. He sang a wide variety of roles including parts in operas by Claudio Monteverdi, Mozart, Ravel, Stravinsky, Janáček, Schoenberg and, especially, Benjamin Britten. Later in life he sang just one role from a Wagner opera: the part of Loge in _Das Rheingold_.

Langridge was a fine concert singer. He often sang in the sacred music of Bach and Handel. He was well known for singing the title role in Elgar's oratorio, _The Dream of Gerontius_.

Benjamin Britten wrote much of his vocal music and main operatic roles for his friend Peter Pears. Langridge had the same sort of lyrical tenor voice as Pears, and he became famous for his singing of Britten’s music, e.g. the title role in _Peter Grimes_, Peter Quint in _The Turn of the Screw_, Captain Vere in _Billy Budd_ and Aschenbach in _Death in Venice_.

Langridge sang in several operas by Harrison Birtwistle: he sang The Lawyer in the first recording of _Punch and Judy_ (1989) and he sang the part of Kong in the first performances of _The Second Mrs Kong_ at Glyndebourne in 1994.and Hiereus in _The Minotaur_ at the (Royal Opera House in 2008). April 2008)

Langridge was made Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) for his services to music in 1994. He was married twice.  His second wife was the Irish mezzo-soprano Ann Murray.

Langridge died of cancer in 2010.

## References

- Philip Langridge, Obituary, The Independent, 10 March 2010
Dan Savage

**Dan Savage** is a gay American columnist, journalist and media pundit. Savage has a column on sexuality called "Savage Love" that appears in many newspapers, especially alternative weekly newspapers. He is a strong supporter of same-sex marriage, the right of gay men and women to marry people of the same sex. He has opposed bans on sex toys in states such as Alabama or Mississippi. Savage also opposes the war on drugs. He started the It Gets Better Project in 2010 with his husband Terry Miller. He has written six books.

## Other websites

- Dan Savage's Column: Savage Love
- Savage podcasts

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Daniel Keenan Savage
- **image**: Dan Savage Provided.jpg
- **birth place**: Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
- **education**: B.A., Theater, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- **occupation**: Author, media expert, journalist, newspaper editing, editor and sex advice columnist
Baking

**Baking** is a way of cooking food, and also a skill. Baking generally uses an oven, but it can also be done in hot ashes, or hot stones.

### Baked goods

Baking is used for making bread, cakes, pastries, pies, tarts, cookies, and other sweet things. These foods, when made by baking, are called "baked goods". Baked goods are sold at a bakery. A person who makes baked goods as a job is called a baker.

### Other uses

It is also used for making baked potatoes, baked apples, baked beans, some casseroles and pasta dishes such as lasagna, and various other foods, such as the pretzel. None of these are called baked goods.

## Ingredients

Flour, water, milk, brown sugar, and white sugar are common ingredients in baked goods. So are leavening agents, which produce gas that becomes trapped in the dough. This makes the dough rise. Common leavening agents include baker's yeast, baking soda, or baking powder.

Shortening is also needed. It makes doughs more easily workable, and the bread that comes out in the end is more soft and tender. Shortening includes fats and/or oils. Additionally, egg whites are used to help create a light, airy texture.

These are all mixed together to create dough or batter, which is then put into a pan or a cooking sheet and baked.

### Ancient history

The first baking happened in ancient history, when humans took wild grass grains and soaked them in water. They mixed everything together and mashed it. After that, this mixture was poured onto a flat, hot rock, and roasted on hot embers. This new way of making bread was much easier than the older ways, because bread could be made any time there was fire.

### Greeks & Egyptians

By around 2500 BC ancient Egyptians had bread. They may have learned how to make it from the Babylonians.

Around 400 BC, ancient Greeks began to make tarts with patterns and honey. Dispyrus, another type of baked good, was also made by the Greeks around that time. It was popular. Dispyrus was a donut-like bread made from flour and honey and shaped in a ring. Soaked in wine, it was eaten when hot. The first proof of stone ovens was in Italy, where they made pizza and pasta.

### The Roman Empire

Baking was very popular in the Roman Empire. In about 300 B.C., the pastry cook became a special job for Romans (called the _pastillarium_). Romans loved pastries, which were often baked for large parties.

Baking became so popular during the Roman Empire that anyone who could think of a new kind of pastry was given an award. Around 1 AD there were more than 300 pastry chefs in Rome.

Because of Rome, the art of baking eventually became known in Europe. It later spread to the eastern parts of Asia.

Bakers sometimes baked goods at home and then sold them in the streets. In London, chefs sold their baked goods from handcarts. In Paris, the first café of baked goods opened.

Baking became more popular. Cakes can be actually mixed in just a few minutes, with only a small bit of skill needed, and it can be lifted fresh from the oven in less than 30 minutes. A basic loaf of bread may take slightly longer time, but it does not demand a lot of time from the cook.
Battle of Salamis

The **Battle of Salamis** was a naval battle between an Alliance of Greek city-states and the Achaemenid Empire, Persia. It happened in September 480 BC in the straits between the mainland and Salamis Island. It was part of the Greco-Persian Wars.

Although heavily outnumbered, the Greek Allies were persuaded by the Athenian general Themistocles to bring the fleet to battle again. The Persian king Xerxes was also anxious for a decisive battle.

The Persian navy sailed into the Straits of Salamis and tried to block both entrances. In the cramped conidtions of the Straits the great Persian numbers were an active hindrance, as ships struggled to maneuver and became disorganized. Seizing the opportunity, the Greek fleet formed in line and scored a decisive victory, sinking or capturing at least 200 Persian ships.

As a result, Xerxes retreated to Asia with much of his army, leaving Mardonius to complete the conquest of Greece. However, the following year, the rest of the Persian army was decisively beaten at the Battle of Plataea and the Persian navy at the Battle of Mycale. Afterwards the Persians made no more attempts to conquer the Greek mainland. These battles of Salamis and Plataea mark a turning point in the Greco-Persian wars; from then on, the Greek cities would take the offensive.

## Other websites

- Battle of Salamis

## Infobox (military conflict)

- **conflict**: Battle of Salamis
- **partof**: the Greco-Persian Wars
- **image**: Salamis.png
- **caption**: Satellite image of Salamis Island, Salamis, with the straits to the mid-right
- **battle name**: Battle of Salamis
- **date**: September, 480 BC
- **place**: The Straits of Salamis Island, Salamis
- **result**: Decisive victory, Decisive Greece, Greek victory.
- **territory**: Persia fails to conquer the Peloponnese.
- **combatant1**: Greece, Greek city-states
- **combatant2**: Achaemenid, Achaemenid Empire
- **commander1**: Eurybiades,
Themistocles
- **commander2**: Xerxes I of Persia,
Artemisia I of Caria,
Ariabignes
- **strength1**: 366–378 ships <sup>a</sup>
- **strength2**: ~1,200 ships<sup>b</sup>
 600-800 ships <sup>c</sup>
- **casualties1**: 40 ships
- **casualties2**: 200 ships
- **notes**: <sup>a</sup> Herodotus gives 378 ships of the alliance, but his numbers add up to 366.
 <sup>b</sup> As suggested by several ancient sources;
 <sup>c</sup> Modern estimates
Lee Joon Gi

**Lee Joon-Gi (이준기)** _(born April 17, 1982, in Busan, South Korea)_ is a South Korean actor, model and singer. Lee began his career as a model and held minor roles in Korean dramas. He rose to fame as Gong Gil in "The King and the Clown". As of 2007, Lee is one of the top screen stars in South Korea and in 2008, Lee's noble role as Ryung in the action-romance drama "Iljimae" boomed igniting Lee's overseas popularity, especially in Hong Kong and Thailand.

## Other websites

- Lee Jun Ki Mentor Entertainment
- Lee Jun Ki Personal Cyworld
Río Cachapoal

**Río Cachapoal** () is a river in Chile. It is in the Region of O'Higgins. The river gives the name to the Province of Cachapoal.

## Cities where it passes

- Rancagua
- Peumo
- Las Cabras

## References

- Cuenca del río Rapel

## Infobox (river)

- **name**: Cachapoal River
- **image**: Cachapoal.jpg
- **mouth**: Rapel Lake
- **subdivision type1**: Country
- **subdivision name1**: Chile
- **length**: 250 km
- **discharge1 avg**: 92.3 m³/s
- **basin size**: 6,370 km²
Cue stick

A **cue stick** (or simply **cue**), is a kind of stick used for sports like pool, snooker and carom billiards. It is used to hit a ball, normally the _cue ball_. Cues are fixed-up sticks, normally about 58 inches (1.5 m) long and 18–21 ounces (510–600 g). Most cues are made of wood, but sometimes the wood is covered with other materials like carbon fiber  or fiberglass. An old term for a cue, used from the 16th to early 19th centuries, is "billiard stick".
Accumulator (computing)

The **accumulator** is the register for storing results of operations inside the CPU. Accumulator's name or representation depend upon CPU architecture and manufacturer, for example in intel x86 architecture accumulator's name is AX in 16bits or EAX in 32bits mode. An accumulator is manipulated by machine code or assembly for example assembly code:

"add ax, 3" add 3 in accumulator register.
OCaml

**Objective Caml** (**OCaml**) is a programming language which is a dialect of ML (programming language). It extends the Caml language so object-oriented programming can be used.

## Other websites

- OCaml manual
- OCaml Package Manager
- Real World OCaml

## Infobox (programming language)

- **name**: OCaml
- **logo**: OCaml Logo.svg
- **paradigm**: Programming paradigm#Multi-paradigm, Multi-paradigm: functional programming, functional, imperative programming, imperative, modular programming, modular, object-oriented programming, object-oriented
- **family**: ML (programming language), ML
- **designer**: Xavier Leroy, Jérôme Vouillon, Damien Doligez, Didier Rémy, Ascánder Suárez
- **developer**: French Institute for Research in Computer Science and Automation, INRIA
- **typing**: type inference, Inferred, static typing, static, strong and weak typing, strong, structural typing, structural
- **influenced by**: C (programming language), C, Caml, Modula-3, Pascal (programming language), Pascal, Standard ML
- **influenced**: ATS (programming language), ATS, Coq, Elm (programming language), Elm, F Sharp (programming language), F#, F* (programming language), F*, Haxe, Opa (programming language), Opa, Rust (programming language), Rust, Scala (programming language), Scala
- **programming language**: OCaml, C (programming language), C
- **platform**: IA-32, x86-64, Power ISA, Power, SPARC, ARM architecture, ARM 32-64
- **operating system**: Cross-platform: Unix, macOS, Microsoft Windows, Windows
- **license**: GNU Lesser General Public License, LGPLv2.1
- **file ext**: .ml, .mli
- **wikibooks**: Objective Caml
Structured Query Language

**Structured Query Language** (**SQL**) is one of the languages used to view or change data in databases. The statements used in this language are called SQL queries.

Basic use of SQL queries is to:
- Get data from the database (the SELECT command)
- Add data to the database (the INSERT command)
- Change data in the database (the UPDATE command)
- Remove data from the database (the DELETE command)
- Set up the database to hold data (the CREATE and ALTER commands)

## Examples

This is a simple SQL Query which is used to show all values stored in column named 'my_column' from the data table named 'my_table'.

Here is an example of inserting new information into a table called 'people.'
The query first specifies the table as 'people', then the columns in which data is going to be inserted into, and the data that is going into these columns. As a result, data will be added into the columns in the same order the column names are listed in the first brackets: (first_name, last_name, age, favorite_food).

In the example below the columns aren't listed. This would result in an attempt to add the data into the table in the order the values are listed.

Doing the above (without naming the columns) might result in inputting the data in an incorrect column or the statement might not run correctly - when the value types are mismatched (for example trying to input a word into a column storing only numbers).
Provinces of Chile

A province is the second largest administrative division in Chile, after a region. Each region is divided in provinces. Chile has 54 provinces in total. Each province is ruled by a governor (_gobernador_) designated by the president. The provinces are also divided into communes which are ruled by a municipality.

### XV - Region of Arica and Parinacota

- Province of Arica
- Province of Parinacota

### I - Region of Tarapacá

- Province of Iquique
- Province of Tamarugal

### II - Region of Antofagasta

- Province of Antofagasta
- Province of El Loa
- Province of Tocopilla

### III - Region of Atacama

- Province of Copiapó
- Province of Chañaral
- Province of Huasco

### IV - Region of Coquimbo

- Province of Elqui
- Province of Choapa
- Province of Limarí

### V - Region of Valparaíso

- Province of Valparaíso
- Province of Isla de Pascua
- Province of Los Andes
- Province of Petorca
- Province of Quillota
- Province of San Antonio
- Province of San Felipe de Aconcagua
- Province of Marga Marga

### VI - Region of O'Higgins

- Province of Cachapoal
- Province of Cardenal Caro
- Province of Colchagua

### VII - Region of Maule

- Province of Talca
- Province of Cauquenes
- Province of Curicó
- Province of Linares

### VIII - Region of Biobío

- Province of Concepción
- Province of Arauco
- Province of Biobío
- Province of Ñuble

### IX - Region of Araucanía

- Province of Cautín
- Province of Malleco

### XIV - Region of Los Ríos

- Province of Valdivia
- Province of Ranco

### X - Region of Los Lagos

- Province of Llanquihue
- Province of Chiloé
- Province of Osorno
- Province of Palena

### XI - Region of Aysén

- Province of Coihaique
- Province of Aisén
- Province of Capitán Prat
- Province of General Carrera

### XII - Region of Magallanes and the Chilean Antarctic

- Province of Magallanes
- Province of Antártica Chilena
- Tierra del Fuego
- Province of Última Esperanza.

### RM - Metropolitan Region of Santiago

- Province of Santiago
- Province of Cordillera
- Province of Chacabuco
- Province of Maipo
- Province of Melipilla
- Province of Talagante

## Related pages

- Regions of Chile

## Other websites

- Decreto Ley 2.868
Snow (Hey Oh)

***Snow (Hey Oh)*** is a 2006 alternative rock song by the band Red Hot Chili Peppers the song appears on their ninth album _Stadium Arcadium_. The song was used as the theme song for WWE's WrestleMania XXIV.
Kashmir flycatcher

The **Kashmir flycatcher** (_Ficedula subrubra_) is a small passerine bird in the flycatcher family Muscicapidae.

This species breeds in the northwest Himalayas in the Kashmir region of the Indian subcontinent. It is migratory and spends the winter in the hills of central Sri Lanka and the Western Ghats of India.

This bird eats insects.  It is about  long.  The male has a grey-brown back with an orange-red throat, breast, and sides.  It is bordered with black on the throat and breast. Females and first-winter birds have slightly browner upper parts.  The red of the underparts maybe just light pink.

## Further reading

- _Birds of India_ by Grimmett, Inskipp and Inskipp.
Calliostoma

The **Top shells** (which are called **Calliostoma**) are marine gastropod molluscs. They can be found world-wide. The name of this genus is derived from the Greek words _kallos_ (beautiful) and _stoma_ (mouth), referring to the pearly aperture.
Corvette

A **corvette** is a small, manageable and lightly armed war ship. During the Age of the Sail, corvettes were smaller than frigates and larger than sloops-of-war, they had normally a single gun deck. Almost all the modern navies use ships smaller than frigates for coastal duty, but not all of them use the term _corvette_ (from the French _corvair_) or equivalent.