juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
War on Drugs

The **War on Drugs** is what people call a government program in the United States. The program was, officially, to end drug use.  It started in the early 1970s and the Reagan Administration gave it a lot of attention in the 1980s. The War on Drugs continued into the 1990s and 2000s. Presidents Richard Nixon, Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush supported it.

The War on Drugs led to the capture of many drug dealers and ended many drug dealers in the United States. The Drug Policy Alliance said that the United States had spent $51 billion every year on the War on Drugs.

The War on Drugs also lead to the creation of the saying "Just Say No" which was created by Ronald Reagan's wife and First Lady Nancy Reagan. It was created to prevent teenagers doing drugs.

## Related pages

- War in Afghanistan
- Mexican drug war
Level set

A **level set** of a function is the set of all the points where the function has a given value. This is a special application of a scalar field.
Cecil D. Andrus

**Cecil Dale Andrus** (August 25, 1931 – August 24, 2017) was an American politician. He was a member of the Democratic Party. He was Governor of Idaho for 14 years. He was governor from 1971 to 1977 and again from 1987 to 1995. He was U.S. Secretary of the Interior from 1977 to 1981, during the Carter administration.

Andrus died on August 24, 2017 in Boise, from complications of lung cancer.

## Further reading

- _Cecil Andrus: Politics Western Style_ (September 1998), Sasquatch Books,

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Cecil D. Andrus
- **image**: Cecil D Andrus.png
- **imagesize**: 170px
- **order**: 42nd United States Secretary of the Interior
- **term start**: January 23, 1977
- **term end**: January 20, 1981
- **president**: Jimmy Carter
- **predecessor**: Thomas S. Kleppe
- **successor**: James G. Watt
- **order2**: 26th & 28th Governor of Idaho
- **term start2**: January 5, 1987
- **term end2**: January 2, 1995
- **lieutenant2**: Butch Otter
- **predecessor2**: John V. Evans
- **successor2**: Phil Batt
- **term start3**: January 4, 1971
- **term end3**: January 23, 1977
- **lieutenant3**: Jack M. Murphy (1971–75)
John V. Evans (1975–77)
- **predecessor3**: Don Samuelson
- **successor3**: John V. Evans
- **birth name**: Cecil Dale Andrus
- **birth place**: Hood River, Oregon, Hood River, Oregon, United States
- **death place**: Boise, Idaho, Boise, Idaho, United States
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
- **spouse**: Carol Mea May
(b. 1932, m. 1949 - 2017)
- **children**: Tanna Lee Andrus
Tracy Sue Andrus
Kelly Kay Anderus
- **residence**: Boise, Idaho, Boise, (Lewiston, Idaho, Lewiston in 1970)
- **alma mater**: Oregon State University, Oregon State College
(1 year)
- **website**: [http://www.andruscenter.org/ andruscenter.org]
- **nationality**: United States
- **branch**: United States Navy, U.S. Navy
- **serviceyears**: 1951-1955
- **unit**: United States Naval Reserve, Reserves, aviation patrol
- **rank**: Petty officer, second class
- **battles**: Korean War, Cold War
Sésamo

***Plaza Sésamo*** is the Spanish version of the _Sesame Street_ television program.  It was first run in Mexico in 1972.

## Infobox (television)

- **genre**: Children's television series
- **creator**: Based on _Sesame Street_, created by Joan Ganz Cooney and Lloyd Morrisett
- **language**: Spanish
- **runtime**: 30 minutes
- **company**: Children's Television Workshop (1972-2000)
Sesame Workshop (2000-present)
- **network**: Venevision (1970's-2003, Venezuela)
Tves (1970's-1980's, 2000's-2016, Venezuela)
Broadcast syndication, Syndication (1970's-present, Latin America)
- **last aired**: present
U. R. Ananthamurthy

**Udupi Rajagopalacharya Ananthamurthy** (; 21 December 1932 - 22 August 2014) was an Indian writer and critic. He wrote in the Kannada language. He was thought to be as one of the pioneers of the Navya movement. In 1998, he received the Padma Bhushan award from the Government of India.

He was the Vice-Chancellor of Mahatma Gandhi University in Kerala during the late 1980s. He was one of the finalists of Man Booker International Prize for the year 2013.

Ananthamurthy died of cardiac arrest caused by renal failure on 22 August 2014 in Bangalore, Karnataka, India, aged 81.

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: U. R. Ananthamurthy
- **image**: U R Ananthamurthy Z1.JPG
- **birth place**: Melige, Tirthahalli taluk, Shimoga District, Kingdom of Mysore, British India
- **death place**: Bangalore, Karnataka, India
- **occupation**: Professor, writer
- **nationality**: Indian
- **genre**: Fiction, literary criticism
- **movement**: Kannada literature#Navya, Navya
Commode

A **commode** is a special piece of furniture. The word comes form the French word and means _convenient_. The commode developed from the chest. Commodes have drawers, so handling them is more convenient than handling a chest. Commodes have been in common usage since the 18th century.
Big Bag

**Big Bag** is a muppet and musical comedy television show produced by Sesame Workshop. It aired on the Cartoon Network between June 2, 1996 and May 11, 1998. Season 1 was released in 1996-1997 and season 2 was released in 1997-1998.
Trading Spouses

**Trading Spouses: Meet Your New Mommy** is a television show that aired in 2004-2007. Season 1 was released in 2004-2005, season 2 was released in 2005-2006, and season 3 was released in 2006-2007. Marguerite "God Warrior" Perrin (mother of Ashley Perrin and wife of Barry Perrin) (where she appeared in The Tyra Banks Show in 2006) (born 1961) appeared in this show.

## Other websites

- Web3 Profiles
Shake It Off (Taylor Swift song)

"**Shake It Off**" is a song by American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift. It is the first single from her fifth studio album, _1989_. It premiered during a Yahoo! live stream on August 18, 2014. The song's music video was released was also released on the same day.  The music video helped the song to debut at number one on the _Billboard_ Hot 100.  It was ranked number 13 in the year-end Hot 100 of 2014. It is in G Mixolydian (the fifth mode of C major).

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Shake It Off
- **cover**: Shake It Off - Taylor Swift.png
- **artist**: Taylor Swift
- **album**: 1989 (Taylor Swift album), 1989
- **written**: Late 2012
- **recorded**: February 2014
- **genre**: Dance-pop
- **length**: 3:39
- **label**: Big Machine Records, Big Machine
- **prev title**: The Last Time (Taylor Swift song), The Last Time
- **prev year**: 2013
- **next title**: Blank Space
- **next year**: 2014
Pedicure

The **pedicure** is a way to improve the appearance of feet and nails. The word _pedicure_ refers to superficial cosmetic treatment of the feet and toenails. Pedicures can help prevent nail disorders and nail problems. They are very popular, especially among women.

Pedicures are not only limited to the nails. Usually, dead skin cells on the bottoms of feet are rubbed off with pumice stones.

People have been pedicuring nails for over four thousand years.
Bruce Boxleitner

**Bruce William Boxleitner** (born May 12, 1950) is an American actor and science fiction and suspense writer. He is known for his leading roles in the television series _How the West Was Won_, _Bring 'Em Back Alive_, _Scarecrow and Mrs. King_ (with Kate Jackson), and _Babylon 5_.

He is also known for his dual role as the characters Alan Bradley and Tron in the 1982 Walt Disney Pictures movie _Tron_, a role which he reprised in the 2010 sequel, _Tron: Legacy_ and the animated series _Tron: Uprising_.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Bruce Boxleitner
- **image**: Bruce Boxleitner by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg
- **caption**: Bruce Boxleitner, May 2011
- **birth name**: Bruce William Boxleitner
- **birth place**: Elgin, Illinois, United States
- **occupation**: Actor
- **known for**: Luke Macahan
Alan Bradley/Tron
Lee Stetson a.k.a. Scarecrow
Captain John Sheridan (Babylon 5), John Sheridan
- **years active**: 1973–present
Deborah Sussman

**Deborah Evelyn Sussman** (May 26, 1931 – August 20, 2014) was an American artist and designer. She was a discoverer in the field of environmental graphic design. Her work put graphic design into architectural and public spaces. She worked on many projects, most notably the architectural landscape of the 1984 Summer Olympics. She was awarded an AIGA medal in 2004.

Sussman was born in Brooklyn borough of New York City, New York. Her father was a skilled commercial artist.

Sussman died from breast cancer on August 20, 2014 in Los Angeles, California. She was 83.
Roscoe Arbuckle

**Roscoe Conkling "Fatty" Arbuckle** (March 24, 1887 – June 29, 1933) was an American silent movie actor, comedian, director, and screenwriter. He helped Charlie Chaplin become an actor. He discovered Buster Keaton and Bob Hope.

Arbuckle was one of the most popular silent stars of the 1910s. He soon became one of the highest paid actors in Hollywood. He once signed a contract in 1921 with Paramount Pictures for US$1 million.

Arbuckle was accused of three counts of rape and for murdering actress Virginia Rappe. Arbuckle was later found not guilty and the jury gave Arbuckle a formal apology.

Arbuckle died in his sleep of a heart attack in 1933 at age 46.

## Other websites

- Crime Library on Roscoe Arbuckle
- Roscoe "Fatty" Arbuckle Photos
- Roscoe "Fatty" Arbuckle website: CallMeFatty.com
- Contemporary press articles pertaining to Arbuckle
- Literature on Roscoe Arbuckle
- Banned Film Resurfaces 90 Years After San Francisco Scandal  at sfgate.com

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Roscoe Arbuckle
- **image**: RoscoeArbuckleRet.jpg
- **birth place**: Smith Center, Kansas, United States
- **death place**: New York City, New York (state), New York, United States
- **death cause**: Myocardial infarction, Heart attack
- **years active**: 1904–1933
- **spouse**:
Tom Snyder

**Thomas James "Tom" Snyder** (May 12, 1936 – July 29, 2007) was an American television personality, news anchor, and radio personality. He was best known for his late night talk shows _The Tomorrow Show_ and _The Late Late Show_. Snyder was also an anchor of the primetime _NBC News Update_.

Snyder died of chronic lymphocytic leukemia in San Francisco, California, aged 71.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Tom Snyder
- **image**: Tom Snyder 1977.JPG
- **caption**: Tom Snyder as host of the TV program _Tomorrow_ in 1977.
- **birth place**: Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.
- **death place**: San Francisco, California, U.S.
- **death cause**: Complications from chronic lymphocytic leukemia
- **years active**: 1959–1999
- **credits**: _The Late Late Show (CBS TV series), The Late Late Show_
 _Tomorrow (TV series), Tomorrow with Tom Snyder_
 _NBC Nightly News_
- **alma mater**: Marquette University
- **spouse**: Mary Ann Bendel (1958–1975)
- **children**: Anne Marie Snyder
James Freeman Gilbert

**J. Freeman Gilbert** (August 9, 1931 – August 15, 2014) was an American geophysicist. He was best known for his work with George E. Backus on inverting geophysical data, and also for his role in establishing an international network of long-period seismometers.

## Early life

Gilbert was born in Vincennes, Indiana. He studied at the University of California, Los Angeles.

## Awards

Gilbert received many honors, including the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1981; the William Bowie Medal in 1999; and the Medal of the Seismological Society of America in 2004.

## Later years and death

In his later years, Gilbert travelled throughout the world with his wife, Sally Gilbert. He died after being injured in a car accident in Southern Oregon on August 15, 2014. He was 83 years old.

## Other websites

- J. Freeman Gilbert Biography
Harry Fielding Reid

**Harry Fielding Reid** (May 18, 1859 – June 18, 1944) was an American geophysicist. He was known for his works to seismology, mostly in his theory of elastic rebound that was about faults to earthquakes.

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Harry Fielding Reid
- **image**: HarryFieldingReid 1933.jpg
- **image size**: 150px
- **caption**: Dr. H.F. Reid in Southeastern Alaska. (USGS photo by Charles Will Wright, 1933)
- **birth date**: May 18, 1859
- **birth place**: Baltimore, Maryland
- **death date**: June 18, 1944 (aged 85)
- **death place**: Baltimore, Maryland
- **nationality**: United States, American
- **field**: Geophysics
- **doctoral advisor**: Henry Augustus Rowland
- **academic advisors**: James Joseph Sylvester
Jason Momoa

**Joseph Jason Namakaeha Momoa** (born August 1, 1979) is an American actor, model, director, writer and producer. He played Ronon Dex in the television series _Stargate: Atlantis_ and as Khal Drogo in the Home Box Office television series _Game of Thrones_. His father is of Native Hawaiian descent, and his mother is of German, Irish and Native American descent.

He also starred in the movie _Conan the Barbarian_. In 2014, he directed his first movie _Road to Paloma_. Momoa played Duncan Idaho in Dune and Aquaman, one of the superheroes in _Batman vs Superman: Dawn of Justice_, _Justice League_ and the 2018 movie of the same name.

Momoa will play Lobo in the upcoming DC Universe (DCU) movie _Supergirl: Woman of Tomorrow_ (2026).

## Other Websites

- https://www.fernsehserien.tv/serien-mit-jason-momoa.shtml

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Jason Momoa
- **image**: Jason Momoa by Gage Skidmore.jpg
- **caption**: Momoa in July 2017
- **birthname**: Joseph Jason Namakaeha Momoa
- **birth place**: Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.
- **yearsactive**: 1998–present
- **children**: 2
- **website**: [http://JasonMomoa.com JasonMomoa.com]
- **signature**: Jason Momoa autograph.svg
Hillsboro, Texas

**Hillsboro** is a city in and the county seat of Hill County in Central Texas. The population was 8,221 at the 2020 census.

## Other websites

- Official city website

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Hillsboro, Texas
- **settlement type**: City
- **image skyline**: City Hall, Hillsboro, TX April 2013.jpg
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **image caption**: Historic City Hall in Hillsboro occupies former fire station
- **pushpin map**: Texas#USA
- **pushpin relief**: yes
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: Texas
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Texas, County
- **subdivision name2**: Hill County, Texas, Hill
- **government type**: Council-manager government
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 28.42
- **area land km2**: 28.15
- **area water km2**: 0.27
- **area total sq mi**: 10.97
- **area land sq mi**: 10.87
- **area water sq mi**: 0.10
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 8221
- **population density km2**: 301.08
- **population density sq mi**: 779.83
- **timezone**: North American Central Time Zone, Central (CST)
- **utc offset**: -6
- **timezone dst**: CDT
- **utc offset dst**: -5
- **elevation m**: 193
- **elevation ft**: 633
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 76645
- **area code**: Area code 254, 254
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 48-34088
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 1337816
Gordon Faber

**Gordon C. Faber** (April 2, 1931 – August 18, 2014) was an American politician and businessman from the U.S. state of Oregon. He was born in Greensburg, Pennsylvania, he grew up in Hillsboro, Oregon.

He joined the U.S. Air Force during the Korean War and was a small business owner before becoming a real estate agent and entering politics. He served on Hillsboro's budget committee and city council before serving two terms as mayor from 1993 to 2001.

Faber died on August 18, 2014, at home in Hillsboro, Oregon at the age of 83 due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

## Infobox (politician)

- **name**: Gordon Faber
- **image**: Gordon Faber at Westside MAX opening 1998.jpg
- **caption**: Faber in 1998
- **office**: List of mayors of Hillsboro, Oregon, Mayor of Hillsboro, Oregon
- **term**: 1993–2001
- **preceded**: Shirley Huffman
- **succeeded**: Tom Hughes (Oregon politician), Tom Hughes
- **office2**: Member of the Hillsboro City Council
- **term2**: 1981–1985
1987–1993
- **birth place**: Greensburg, Pennsylvania
- **death place**: Hillsboro, Oregon
- **nationality**: United States, American
- **spouse**: B. J. Jeddeloh
- **children**: 3
- **residence**: Hillsboro, Oregon
- **alma mater**: Willamette University
Lewis & Clark College
- **occupation**: Retired
Neil Goldschmidt

**Neil Edward Goldschmidt** (June 16, 1940 – June 12, 2024) was an American politician and businessman. He served as Governor of Oregon January 1987 through January 1991.

Goldschmidt also served as United States Secretary of Transportation under President Jimmy Carter from August 1979 through January 1981. He also served as Mayor of Portland, Oregon from January 1973 through January 1979.

He was a member of Democratic Party.

Goldschmidt was born in Eugene, Oregon.

In 2004, it was revealed that when Goldschmidt was mayor of Portland, he had repeatedly raped a 13-year-old girl. It was also revealed the sexual abuse continued when he was governor. The entire abuse was covered up by officials who worked for Goldschmidt.

Goldschmidt died on June 12, 2024, at his home in Portland, Oregon from heart failure, four days before his 84th birthday.

## Other websites

- President Carter greets Secretary Goldschmidt, a photo published November 4, 1980, in _The Oregonian_, from that newspaper's flickr account.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Neil Goldschmidt
- **birth name**: Neil Edward Goldschmidt
- **image**: Neil_Goldschmidt.jpg
- **order1**: List of Governors of Oregon, 33rd Governor of Oregon
- **term start1**: January 12, 1987
- **term end1**: January 14, 1991
- **predecessor1**: Victor G. Atiyeh
- **successor1**: Barbara Roberts
- **order2**: 6th
- **office2**: United States Secretary of Transportation
- **term start2**: August 15, 1979
- **term end2**: January 20, 1981
- **president2**: Jimmy Carter
- **predecessor2**: Brock Adams
- **successor2**: Andrew L. Lewis, Jr.
- **office3**: 45th List of mayors of Portland, Oregon, Mayor of Portland, Oregon
- **term start3**: January 3, 1973
- **term end3**: January 3, 1979
- **predecessor3**: Terry Schrunk
- **successor3**: Connie McCready
- **birth place**: Eugene, Oregon, U.S.
- **death place**: Portland, Oregon, Portland, Oregon, U.S.
- **nationality**: United States
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democrat
- **spouse**:

- **children**: 2
- **alma mater**: University of Oregon (B.A.)
University of California, Berkeley School of Law, U.C. Berkeley Law School (LL.B.)
- **profession**: lawyer, politician
James H. Burnley IV

**James Horace Burnley IV** (born July 30, 1948) is an American politician and lawyer. He served as the United States Secretary of Transportation from 1987 until 1989. He served during the administration of President Ronald Reagan.

## Other websites

- Venable.com profile
- Intercollegiate studies Instititute page
- American Enterprise Institute page mention

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: James H. Burnley IV
- **image**: James burnley IV.jpg
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **order**: 9th
- **office**: United States Secretary of Transportation
- **term start**: December 3, 1987
- **term end**: January 20, 1989
- **president**: Ronald Reagan
- **predecessor**: Elizabeth Dole, Elizabeth H. Dole
- **successor**: Samuel K. Skinner
- **birth place**: High Point, North Carolina, United States
- **nationality**: United States, American
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **children**: Jay, Anne, Alexandra and Christina
- **alma mater**: Yale University
Harvard Law School
- **occupation**: Attorney, Public Official
Rodney E. Slater

**Rodney Earl Slater** (born February 23, 1955) is an American politician. He was the United States Secretary of Transportation under U.S. President Bill Clinton. He is a member of the Democratic Party

Slater was born in Marianna, Arkansas.

Slater graduated from Eastern Michigan University in 1977, and received his Juris Doctor degree from the University of Arkansas School of Law in 1980.

After Clinton was elected president, 1993 Slater became the first African-American Director of the Federal Highway Administration.

In 1997, Slater was appointed to be the Secretary of Transportation. He was the second African American to hold that post.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Rodney Earl Slater
- **image**: slater_rodney.jpg
- **order**: 13th
- **title**: United States Secretary of Transportation
- **term start**: February 14, 1997
- **term end**: January 20, 2001
- **predecessor**: Federico Peña
- **successor**: Norman Mineta
- **birth place**: Marianna, Arkansas, Marianna, Arkansas
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democrat
- **alma mater**: Eastern Michigan University
University of Arkansas
Ray LaHood

**Raymond H. "Ray" LaHood** (born December 6, 1945) is an American politician. He served as United States Secretary of Transportation from 2009 until 2013. He is a member of the Republican Party. LaHood represented Illinois's 18th congressional district in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1995 to 2009. His son is congressman Darin LaHood.

## Other websites

- Secretary Ray LaHood at the United States Department of Transportation
- Ray LaHood on the Daily Show, December 15, 2009
- C-SPAN _Q&A_ interview with LaHood, September 2, 2007
- Profile  at SourceWatch

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Ray LaHood
- **image**: Ray LaHood official DOT portrait.jpg
- **office**: 16th United States Secretary of Transportation
- **president**: Barack Obama
- **deputy**: John Porcari
- **term start**: January 23, 2009
- **term end**: July 2, 2013
- **predecessor**: Mary Peters (Secretary of Transportation), Mary Peters
- **successor**: Anthony Foxx
- **state1**: Illinois
- **term start1**: January 3, 1995
- **term end1**: January 3, 2009
- **predecessor1**: Robert H. Michel, Robert Michel
- **successor1**: Aaron Schock
- **birth place**: Peoria, Illinois, Peoria, Illinois, United States, U.S.
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **alma mater**: Spoon River College
Bradley University
The Game

"**The Game**" is a song by DragonForce. It is the second single and first track from the studio album Maximum Overload. The song has a music video released on June 18 2014 on YouTube. The song featured Matt Heafy.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: The Game
- **artist**: DragonForce
- **album**: Maximum Overload (DragonForce album), Maximum Overload
- **released**: 18 June 2014
- **recorded**: 2014
- **length**: 4:54
- **label**: Metal Blade Records, Metal Blade
- **writer**: Sam Totman, Frédéric Leclercq, Marc Hudson
- **prev title**: Cry Thunder
- **prev year**: 2012
- **next title**: Ring of Fire (song), Ring of Fire
- **next year**: 2014
John Sherman Cooper

**John Sherman Cooper** (August 23, 1901 – February 21, 1991) was an American politician, jurist, and diplomat from the U.S. state of Kentucky. He served three non-consecutive terms in the United States Senate before being elected to two full terms in 1960 and 1966.

He also served as U.S. Ambassador to India from 1955 to 1956 and U.S. Ambassador to East Germany from 1974 to 1976. He was the first Republican to be popularly elected to more than one term as a senator from Kentucky and, in both 1960 and 1966. He set records for the largest victory margin for a Kentucky senatorial candidate from either party.

## Other websites

- Cooper on the cover of _Time_ magazine, July 5, 1954

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: John Sherman Cooper
- **image**: JohnShermanCooper.jpg
- **order**: 2nd
- **ambassador from**: United States
- **country**: East Germany
- **term start**: December 20, 1974
- **term end**: September 28, 1976
- **predecessor**: Brandon Grove
- **successor**: Dave Bolen, David B. Bolen
- **president**: Gerald Ford
- **jr/sr2**: United States Senator
- **state2**: Kentucky
- **term start2**: November 7, 1956
- **term end2**: January 3, 1973
- **predecessor2**: Robert Humphreys
- **successor2**: Walter Dee Huddleston
- **term start3**: November 5, 1952
- **term end3**: January 3, 1955
- **predecessor3**: Thomas R. Underwood
- **successor3**: Alben Barkley
- **term start4**: November 6, 1946
- **term end4**: January 3, 1949
- **predecessor4**: William A. Stanfill
- **successor4**: Virgil Chapman
- **order5**: 5th
- **ambassador from5**: United States
- **country5**: India
- **term start5**: February 4, 1955
- **term end5**: April 9, 1956
- **predecessor5**: George V. Allen
- **successor5**: Ellsworth Bunker
- **president5**: Dwight D. Eisenhower
- **birth place**: Somerset, Kentucky
- **death place**: Washington, D.C.
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **spouse**:

- **alma mater**: Centre College
Yale University
Harvard Law School
- **profession**: Lawyer
- **signature**: John-Sherman-Cooper-sig.jpg
- **signature alt**: John Sherman Cooper
- **branch**: United States Army
- **serviceyears**: 1942–1946
- **rank**: Captain (U.S. Army), Captain
- **unit**: 15th Corps, United States Army Central, U.S. Third Army
- **battles**: World War II
- **awards**: Bronze Star Medal
Tom Poston

**Thomas Gordon "Tom" Poston** (October 17, 1921 – April 30, 2007) was an American television and movie actor. His career began during the 1950s.

According to USA Today Life editor Dennis Moore, Poston appeared in more sitcoms than any other actor. In the 1980s, he played George Utley, opposite Bob Newhart's character on _Newhart_ and Burt Sigurdson in _That '70s Show_.

After a short illness, Poston died of respiratory failure on April 30, 2007, in Los Angeles, California at the age of 85.

## Other websites

- Tom Poston interview at the Archive of American Television

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: Tom Poston.jpg
- **caption**: Poston in 1965.
- **birth name**: Thomas Gordon Poston
- **birth place**: Columbus, Ohio, U.S
- **death place**: Los Angeles, California, U.S.
- **death cause**: Respiratory failure
- **occupation**: Actor
- **years active**: 1950–2006
- **spouse**: Jean Sullivan
<small>(m.1955-1968; divorced)</small>
Kay Hudson
<small>(m.1968-1975; divorced)</small>
Kay Hudson
<small>(m.1980-1998; her death)</small>
Suzanne Pleshette
<small>(m.2001-2007; his death)</small>
Hillsborough, North Carolina

**Hillsborough** is a town and county seat of Orange County, North Carolina. The population was 9,660 in 2020.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Hillsborough, North Carolina
- **settlement type**: Town
- **named for**: Wills Hill, 1st Marquess of Downshire
- **motto**: "Around the Corner, Ahead of the Curve." - Orange County Motto
- **image skyline**: Old Orange County Courthouse, Hillsborough, NC.JPG
- **image caption**: Old Orange County Courthouse
- **image map**: NCMap-doton-Hillsborough.PNG
- **mapsize**: 250x200px
- **map caption**: Location of Hillsborough, North Carolina
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: North Carolina
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in North Carolina, County
- **subdivision name2**: Orange County, North Carolina, Orange
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 14.67
- **area land km2**: 14.49
- **area water km2**: 0.19
- **area total sq mi**: 5.67
- **area land sq mi**: 5.59
- **area water sq mi**: 0.07
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 9660
- **population density km2**: 666.76
- **population density sq mi**: 1726.85
- **timezone**: North American Eastern Time Zone, Eastern (EST)
- **utc offset**: -5
- **timezone dst**: EDT
- **utc offset dst**: -4
- **elevation ft**: 614
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 27278
- **area code**: Area code 919, 919
- **website**: [http://www.ci.hillsborough.nc.us/ www.ci.hillsborough.nc.us]
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standards, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 37-31620
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 2405840
Birgitta Stenberg

**Birgitta Stenberg** (26 April 1932 – 23 August 2014) was a Swedish author, translator and illustrator. She was the 2005 winner of the Selma Lagerlöf Prize.

Stenberg was born in Stockholm in 1932. She was educated in Visby and finally in Paris. She became a Swedish author, translator and illustrator. She lived in Åstol in Sweden. She has won the Swedish Selma Lagerlöf Prize for literature in 2005.

Stenberg died from hepatic cancer (type of liver cancer) on 23 August 2014 in Tiveden, Sweden, aged 82.

## Other websites

- Official website
Golam Mostofa (poet)

**Golam Mostofa** (Bengali: গোলাম মোস্তফা) (1897- 13 October 1964) was a writer and poet. Mostofa wrote the **Tarana-E-Pakistan** the anthem (official song) for the then country of East Pakistan. His country is now called Bangladesh.
John S. Waugh

**John Stewart Waugh** (April 25, 1929 – August 22, 2014) was an American chemist and educator. He was an Institute Professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). He is known for making normal hamiltonian theory and using it to extend NMR spectroscopy, before only limited to liquids, to the solid state. In 1974, he was elected as a member in the Chemistry section of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS). In 1983, he was awarded Wolf Prize in Chemistry with Herbert S. Gutowsky and Harden M. McConnell.

Waugh was born in Willimantic, Connecticut. He was married to Susan and had two children.

Waugh died on August 22, 2014 in Lincoln, Massachusetts, aged 85.

## Other websites

- John S. Waugh  at the Wolf Foundation website
- John S. Waugh  at the MIT Department of Chemistry webpage

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: John S. Waugh
- **image**: John S Waugh.JPG
- **caption**: Waugh in 2008.
- **birth place**: Willimantic, Connecticut, Willimantic, Connecticut, U.S.
- **death place**: Lincoln, Massachusetts, Lincoln, Massachusetts, U.S.
- **nationality**: United States
- **field**: Chemistry
Gremlins 2: The New Batch (video game)

***Gremlins 2: The New Batch*** is a 1990 video game. This video game was based on the movie of the same name. It was developed for the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) and Game Boy. In the NES game, the player controls the character Gizmo through various levels in a building. Gizmo has weapons. The goal is to reach the Gremlin Control Centre to kill all the gremlins inside.
Victor Chang

**Victor Peter Chang**  (born **Chang Yam Him**; 21 November 1936 – 4 July 1991) was an Australian heart surgeon. He has been called a pioneer of modern heart transplantation. He also helped with the development of an artificial heart valve. He worked at St Vincent's Hospital with his team who had high success rates of heart transplants.

Chang was born in Shanghai to Australian-born Chinese parents. He first grew up in Hong Kong before moving to Sydney, New South Wales, in 1951. He studied and trained at the University of Sydney as well as in the United Kingdom and the United States. He was made a Companion of the Order of Australia in 1986. He was married to English-born Ann Simmons. The couple had three children.

Chang was murdered on 4 July 1991 in Mosman, Sydney. He was 54. He was shot in the head twice for turning down the efforts of extortion by two men. The men, Malaysians Chew Seng "Ah Sung" Liew and Choon Tee "Phillip" Lim, first ran their vehicle into Chang's car, making him pull over. After arguing, Chang was shot dead by Liew. The men both later spent time in jail.

## Other websites

- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute
Square One TV

***Square One TV*** is an American children's television series. It was produced by the Children's Television Workshop. The purpose is to teach mathematics to young viewers. It was aired on January 26, 1987 to November 6, 1992.

_Square One_ features a variety of short events all with a mathematical theme, for example _Mathman_, a parody of _Pac-Man_; _Mathnet_, parody of _Dragnet_, and _Late Afternoon with David Numberman_, parody of _Late Night with David Letterman_.
Ganesh Chaturthi

**Ganesha Chaturthi** is the 10 day-long Hindu festival held on the birthday of the Lord Ganesha.  He is the son of Shiva and Parvati. It is celebrated all over India. The festival is held on shukla chaturthi in the Hindu month of Bhaadrapada and ends on Anant chaturdashi. For example in 2022 it will be celebrated on August 31th. It is celebrated widely in Maharashtra. On this occasion people make special _"modaks"_ which are loved by Lord Ganesha. Lalbaug is a place that every year celebrates Ganesh Chaturthi on a large scale.

There are Ganesha's form like Bal Ganesh, Lalbaugchya Raja, Siddhivinayak Maharaj, and Dhagru Sheth. The most popular ones are: Shreemant Dagdusheth Halwai Ganpati Mandir and Lalbaugcha Raja.

## Overview

Ganesh Chaturthi is also called **Vinayaka Chaturthi**, it is a pure Hindu festival, during this festival people pray Lord Ganesha with great devotion. In this occasion people keep their clay idols privately in their homes, or publicly on big pandals (or temporary stages or altars).

It starts with Vedic hymns, prayers, vrata and hindu texts such as Ganesha Upanishad. Offerings of prasada after the prayer and distributing amongst the community people, prasad include sweets, modaka (it is believed to be the favourite sweet of ganesha). This festival starts on the fourth day of Hindu luni-solar calendar month Bhadrapada, which normally falls in the month of August or September. The Ganesha chaturthi ends on the tenth day.

Celebrations include four stages of rituals:

1. Pranapratistha - It involves the positioning of the idol or deity of Lord Ganesha into the pandals. This calls for a big celebration. People pray and sing various folk songs while bringing the deity to the Pandals. They play with colours as well.
1. Shodasopachara - It involves praying to the lord and offering him puja.
1. Uttarpuja. It involves a ceremony after which the deity can be moved from his position. After this ritual, the idol is moved among the public so that they can take his blessings.
Ganpati Visarjan. At this stage, the idol is immersed into the river, sea or ocean. He is believed to go back to Lord Shiva and Goddess Parvati after the immersion.
Cat righting reflex

The **cat righting reflex** is a cat's natural ability to turn itself around as it falls so it will land on its feet. This righting reflex starts to happen at 3–4 weeks of age. The cat has entirely learned how to do this by 6–7 weeks. Cats are able to do this because they have a flexible backbone and a clavicle that does not move. The minimum height needed for this to happen safely in most cats is about 12 inches.

Cats without a tail can also do this. This is because a cat mostly moves its hind legs and does not use much angular momentum to set itself up for landing. So a tail is not really needed for this skill.

Using this righting reflex, cats can often land without injury. But, this is not always true, since cats can still break bones or die from extreme  falls.

In a 1987 study, written in the _Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association_, 132 cats were looked at after having fallen from buildings. The injuries per cat were more, depending on the height fallen; up to seven stories high. Above seven stories, the injuries were less. The study authors think that after falling five stories, the cats reached terminal velocity.  At that time, the cats relaxed and spread their bodies to increase drag.

## How the cat does it

First, cats decide which is up or down, by looking to see or by using senses in the inner ear. Then, cats manage to twist themselves to face downward, without ever changing their angular momentum. They do this in these steps:
1. Bend in the middle so that the front half of their body turns in the opposite direction than the rear half.
1. Tuck their front legs in to reduce the moment of inertia of the front half of their body.
1. Stretch out their rear legs to increase the moment of inertia of the rear half of their body. This happens so that they can turn their front half very far (as much as 90°), while the rear half is turning opposite very much less (as little as 10°).
1. Extend their front legs and tuck their rear legs; so they can turn their rear half quite far, while their front half turns opposite quite a bit less.
If the cat is not flexible enough (able to bend easily), it may need to do steps two and three again in order to completely right itself.

## Terminal velocity

Besides this righting reflex, cats have body features that help keep them safe in a fall. Their small size, light bones, and thick fur decrease their terminal velocity. Also, once righted they may also spread out their body to increase drag and slow how fast they are falling. They also relax as they fall, which protects them some when they land.

## Related pages

- Buttered cat paradox

## Other websites

- Why cats land on their feet
- National Geographic video on the cat righting reflex
- The miracle of the falling cat
- How do cats always land on their feet? Very slow motion video of the African caracal.
Lauren Nelson

**Lauren Nelson** (born November 26, 1986) is an American beauty queen from Lawton, Oklahoma. She was Miss America 2007. Before that, she was Miss Oklahoma 2006.
Buttered cat paradox

The **buttered cat paradox** is a popular joke based on putting two adages (sayings) together to make them funny:

- Cats always land on their feet.
- Buttered toast always lands buttered side down.

The paradox happens when one asks this question: What would happen if one attached a piece of buttered toast (butter side up) to the back of a cat, then dropped the cat from a large height?

## In reality

In reality, cats can turn themselves right side up in mid-air if they should fall upside-down. This is named the cat righting reflex. This reflex lets them land on their feet if dropped from high enough up (about ). Toast, not being alive, does not have the ability to turn itself over. Nor does it want to, since it cannot think.

Toast usually lands on the floor butter-side-down. This is because of how it is dropped from a table. As the toast falls from the table, it rotates or turns. Using the average speed of rotation for a slice of toast as it falls from the table and the usual height of a table, a slice of toast that began butter-side-up on the table will land butter-side-down on the floor 81% of the time. This is because the buttered side is heavier. When an object has a heavy and light side, in most cases it will fall heavy side first.

Domestic cats usually weigh between . A regular slice of bread weighs only one ounce and a pat of butter about one fourth ounce. So attaching a very small piece of toast with butter to a much larger cat would hardly have any effect on how the cat would move.

## Other websites

- Loopholes for the paradox
Annefleur Kalvenhaar

**Annefleur Kalvenhaar** (10 June 1994 – 23 August 2014) was a Dutch cyclist and mountain biker. She won the European Cyclo-cross Championships in 2013. She began her career at the age of 13. She participated for the first time in a World Cup in 2012. In Houffalize and La Bresse she finished second place in the top 10. She was born in Wierden, Netherlands.

Kalvenhaar died in Grenoble, France due to an accident during a XCE race in Meribel, France, aged 20.
Wierden

**Wierden** is a municipality and town in the province of Overijssel, the Netherlands. About 25,000 were living there in 2021. It lies in Twente region.

## References

- Plaatsengids.nl

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Wierden
- **native name**: Wierdn
- **settlement type**: Municipality, town
- **image skyline**: Gemeentehuis Wierden Voorgevel.jpg
- **image caption**: Town hall
- **image flag**: Wierden vlag.svg
- **image shield**: Wierden wapen.svg
- **image map**: Map - NL - Municipality code 0189 (2009).svg
- **map caption**: Location
- **image map1**: Gem-Wierden-OpenTopo.jpg
- **map caption1**: Map
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Netherlands
- **subdivision type1**: Province
- **subdivision name1**: Overijssel
- **subdivision type2**: Region
- **subdivision name2**: Twente
- **established title**: Established
- **elevation m**: 11
Treadmill

A **treadmill** is a device for walking or running, while staying in the same place. Before there was steam power, such treadmills were used to power machines. That way,  the work of animals or people could be used in the machines. Such treadmills were also used as a form of punishment in prisons.
Chapelle royale de Dreux

The **Royal Chapel of Dreux** () is the traditional resting place for members of the royal House of Orléans. It is located in the town of Dreux in France.

The land on which the chapel was built on was owned by the Duke of Penthièvre, whose daughter Marie Adélaïde married the Duke of Orléans in 1769. Following the death of the Duke of Penthièvre his daughter inherited a majority of his vast estates including the land of Dreux. The Orléans family later used the chapel there as their own personal burial place following the reign of Louis Philippe I.
Colombiana

***Colombiana*** is a 2011 French crime drama action movie set in Bogotá and Chicago. Zoe Saldana plays Cataleya, a hired killer whose parents are murdered when she is a child, so she seeks revenge. Cliff Curtis plays Emilio.

This movie got mixed reviews from critics. It made almost $61 million.
Mineral Point, Wisconsin

**Mineral Point** is a city in Iowa County, Wisconsin, United States. The city is located within the Town of Mineral Point. Mineral Point is part of the Madison Metropolitan Statistical Area. This is Wisconsin's third oldest city. Mineral Point was settled in 1827. The population was 2,581 at the 2020 census.

## Other websites

- City of Mineral Point official website

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Mineral Point, Wisconsin
- **settlement type**: City
- **image skyline**: Mineral Point High Street 20100829.jpg
- **image caption**: High Street, Mineral Point
- **image map**: File:Iowa County Wisconsin Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Mineral Point Highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location of Mineral Point in Iowa County, Wisconsin.
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Wisconsin, County
- **subdivision name2**: Iowa County, Wisconsin, Iowa
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **established title**: Settled
- **established date**: 1827
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 7.97
- **area land km2**: 7.97
- **area water km2**: 0.00
- **area total sq mi**: 3.08
- **area land sq mi**: 3.08
- **area water sq mi**: 0.00
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 2581
- **timezone**: North American Central Time Zone, Central (CST)
- **utc offset**: -6
- **timezone dst**: CDT
- **utc offset dst**: -5
- **area code**: Area code 608, 608
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standards, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 55-53100
Arthur Penn

**Arthur Hiller Penn** (September 27, 1922 – September 28, 2010) was an American director and producer for movies and television. He directed many movies that got high marks in the 1960s, such as _The Chase_ and _Bonnie and Clyde_.
He returned to stage and television producing and directing in the 1990s.

Penn was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He died in New York City at age 88 from congestive heart failure.
Paweł Huelle

**Paweł Marek Huelle** (10 September 1957 – 27 November 2023) was a Polish author, critic, journalist and university lecturer.  He was born in Gdańsk, Poland.

## Career

Huelle studied philology (language) at Gdańsk University.  After that, he was the press secretary for Solidarity (Solidarnosc). He also taught various subjects at schools in Gdansk at the same time. Later he worked as the director of the Gdańsk Polish Television Center.

His first novel was _Weiser Dawidek_. It was published in 1987. It made him famous in Poland. It is about five young friends in Gdańsk. Polish literary critics called it a masterpiece and the most important Polish literary work of the decade. "Once one begins reading Weiser Dawidek, the book can hardly be put down. Like _Opowiadania_, it is written with undeniably great talent." Huelle was the Polish winner of the Samuel-Bogumil-Linde-Preis for 2005.

Most of Huelle's stories are set in Gdańsk.  He says that city is "full of all kinds of ghosts. I'm not saying it's beautiful or wonderful in any way – but it's strange." Huelle has also published several short stories

He died in Gdańsk aged 66 on 27 November 2023.

## Publications

- _Weiser Dawidek_ (1987),
- _Opowiadania na czas przeprowadzki_ (1991),
- _Wiersze_ (1994),
- _Pierwsza miłość i inne opowiadania_ (1996),
- _Inne historie_ (1999),
- _Mercedes-Benz. Z listów do Hrabala_ (2001),
- _Byłem samotny i szczęśliwy_ (2002),
- _Castorp_ (2004),
- _Ostatnia Wieczerza_ (2007),
- _Opowieści chłodnego morza_ (2008),
- _Śpiewaj ogrody_ (2014).

## Other websites

- Paul Huelle: Danzig, my love (translated to English)
Revere, Massachusetts

**Revere** is a city in Suffolk County, Massachusetts, near downtown Boston. It is named after Paul Revere, an American Revolutionary War patriot. At 2020 United States Census, 62,186 people lived in Revere.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Revere, Massachusetts
- **image skyline**: RevereMA CityHall.jpg
- **image caption**: City Hall
- **image seal**: RevereMA-seal.png
- **image map**: Suffolk County Massachusetts incorporated and unincorporated areas Revere highlighted.svg
- **map caption**: Location in Suffolk County, Massachusetts, Suffolk County and the state of Massachusetts
- **pushpin map**: USA
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in the United States
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: State
- **subdivision name1**: Massachusetts
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Massachusetts, County
- **subdivision name2**: Suffolk County, Massachusetts, Suffolk
- **settlement type**: City
- **government type**: Mayor–council government, Mayor–Council
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader title1**: City Council President
- **leader title2**: City Councillors (11)
- **established title1**: Settled
- **established date1**: 1630
- **established title2**: Municipal corporation, Incorporated
- **established date2**: March 19, 1846
- **established title3**: Name Change
- **established date3**: March 24, 1871
- **established title4**: City
- **established date4**: November 3, 1914
- **area total km2**: 26.24
- **area total sq mi**: 10.13
- **area land km2**: 14.77
- **area land sq mi**: 5.70
- **area water km2**: 11.47
- **area water sq mi**: 4.43
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 62186
- **population density sq mi**: 10902.17
- **timezone**: Eastern Standard Time Zone, Eastern
- **utc offset**: −5
- **timezone dst**: Eastern Standard Time Zone, Eastern
- **utc offset dst**: −4
- **elevation m**: 6
- **elevation ft**: 20
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 02151
- **area code**: Area code 339, 339 / Area code 781, 781
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 25-56585
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 0612810
- **population density km2**: 4209.46
- **unit pref**: Imperial