juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Aarburg

**Aarburg** is a municipality of the district Zofingen in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Aarburg - homepage

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Aarburg
- **municipality name**: Zofingen
- **municipality type**: city
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Aarburg COA.svg
- **image photo**: Aarburg-Burg-02.jpg
- **image caption**: Aarburg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Aarburg 2007.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Aargau
- **iso-code-region**: CH-AG
- **district**: Zofingen (district), Zofingen
- **postal code**: 4663
- **municipality code**: 4271
- **area**: 4.41
- **elevation**: 412
- **population**: 6465
- **populationof**: December 2003
- **popofyear**: 2003
- **website**: www.aarburg.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Oftringen, Olten (SO), Rothrist, Starrkirch-Wil (SO)
Abtwil, Aargau

**Abtwil** is a municipality in Muri, which is in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Abtwil
- **municipality name**: Abtwil
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Abtwil AG COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Abtwil 2012.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Aargau
- **iso-code-region**: CH-AG
- **district**: Muri (district), Muri
- **postal code**: 5646
- **municipality code**: 4221
- **area**: 4.14
- **elevation**: 536
- **population**: 718
- **populationof**: December 2005
- **popofyear**: 2005
- **website**: www.abtwilag.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Hohenrain (LU), Sins, Switzerland, Sins
Ammerswil

**Ammerswil** is a municipality of the district Lenzburg in canton of Aargau in Switzerland.  It is located 3 km south-east of the town of Lenzburg.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Ammerswil
- **municipality name**: Ammerswil
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Ammerswil COA.svg
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Aargau
- **iso-code-region**: CH-AG
- **district**: Lenzburg (district), Lenzburg
- **postal code**: 5600
- **municipality code**: 4191
- **area**: 3.19
- **elevation**: 452
- **population**: 642
- **populationof**: December 2005
- **popofyear**: 2005
- **website**: www.ammerswil.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Dintikon, Egliswil, Hendschiken, Lenzburg
Edict of Milan

The **Edict of Milan** was a letter signed by the Roman emperors Constantine and Licinius, that proclaimed religious toleration in the Roman Empire. The letter was issued in February, 313 AD and removed the persecution of Christians.

With the Edict of Milan there began a period when Constantine granted favors to the Christian Church and its members. The exact words of the edict are no longer known.

## History

The Edict of Milan was issued in 313 AD, in the names of the Roman Emperors Constantine I, who ruled the western parts of the Empire, and Licinius, who ruled the East. The two emperors were in Milan to celebrate the wedding of Constantine's sister with Licinius.

There had been already an edict of toleration issued by the emperor Galerius in 311. They were granted an indulgence, not favors.

> "Wherefore, for this our indulgence, they ought to pray to their God for our safety, for that of the republic, and for their own, that the commonwealth may continue uninjured on every side, and that they may be able to live securely in their homes."

But by the Edict of Milan the meeting places and other properties which had been taken from the Christians were to be returned:
> "...the same shall be restored to the Christians without payment or any claim of recompense and without any kind of fraud or deception..."

## References

<div class="references-small">

</div>

## Other websites

- Medieval Sourcebook – Galerius and Constantine: Edicts of Toleration 311 and 313
- The Roman Law Library, incl. _Constitutiones Principis_

...
Bible History
Aristau

**Aristau** is a municipality of the district Muri in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Aristau
- **municipality name**: Aristau
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Aristau COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Aristau 2012.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Aargau
- **iso-code-region**: CH-AG
- **district**: Muri (district), Muri
- **postal code**: 5628
- **municipality code**: 4222
- **area**: 8.64
- **elevation**: 401
- **population**: 1276
- **populationof**: December 2005
- **popofyear**: 2005
- **website**: www.aristau.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Besenbüren, Boswil, Jonen, Merenschwand, Muri, Ottenbach (ZH), Rottenschwil
Arni, Aargau

**Arni** is a municipality of the district Bremgarten in the Swiss canton of Aargau.

## Other websites

- Arni website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Arni
- **municipality name**: Arni
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Arni AG COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Arni.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Aargau
- **iso-code-region**: CH-AG
- **district**: Bremgarten (district), Bremgarten
- **postal code**: 8905
- **municipality code**: 4061
- **area**: 3.37
- **elevation**: 568
- **population**: 1518
- **populationof**: December 2004
- **popofyear**: 2004
- **website**: www.arni-ag.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Aesch bei Birmensdorf (ZH), Hedingen (ZH), Islisberg, Jonen, Oberlunkhofen, Oberwil-Lieli, Unterlunkhofen
Religious toleration

**Religious toleration** is people allowing other people to think or practice other religions and beliefs. In a country with a state religion, _toleration_ means that the government allows other religions to be there. Many countries in past centuries allowed other religions but only in privacy. This has become rare. Others allow public religion but practice religious discrimination in other ways. It allow to follow and practice.

## Related pages

- Freedom of religion
- Religious persecution
- Multiculturalism
- Ecumenism
- Islamophobia
- Toleration
- Pluralism

## Other websites

- History of Religious Tolerance
Attelwil

**Attelwil** is a former municipality of the district Zofingen in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland. On 1 January 2019, Attelwil merged into the municipality of Reitnau.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Attelwil
- **municipality name**: Attelwil
- **municipality type**: former
- **imagepath coa**: Wappen Attelwil.svg
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Aargau
- **iso-code-region**: CH-AG
- **district**: Zofingen (district), Zofingen
- **postal code**: 5056
- **municipality code**: 4272
- **area**: 2.19
- **elevation**: 501
- **population**: 310
- **populationof**: December 2005
- **popofyear**: 2005
- **website**: www.attelwil.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Moosleerau, Reitnau, Staffelbach, Wiliberg
Jupiter LXI

**Jupiter LXI**, also known as ****, is a moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers led by Brett J. Gladman, et al. in 2003.

Jupiter LXI is about 2 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 22,709,000 km in 699.125 days, at an inclination of 165° to the ecliptic (164° to Jupiter's equator), with an orbital eccentricity of 0.1961.

It belongs to the Carme group, made up of non-spherical retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at a distance ranging between 23,000,000 and 24,000,000 km and at an inclination of about 165°.
Aigle (district)

**Aigle** is a district of the canton of Vaud, Switzerland.

It contains the following municipalities:

- Aigle
- Bex
- Chessel
- Corbeyrier
- Gryon
- Lavey-Morcles
- Leysin
- Noville
- Ollon
- Ormont-Dessous
- Ormont-Dessus
- Rennaz
- Roche
- Villeneuve
- Yvorne

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Aigle District
- **native name**: District d'Aigle
- **settlement type**: District
- **image map**: Karte Bezirk Aigle 2008.png
- **subdivision type**: Countries of the world, Country
- **subdivision type2**: Cantons of Switzerland, Canton
- **subdivision type3**: Capital
- **subdivision name3**: Aigle
- **area total km2**: 434.99
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone**: Central European Time, CET
- **utc offset**: +1
- **timezone dst**: Central European Summer Time, CEST
- **utc offset dst**: +2
- **blank name sec1**: Municipalities
- **blank info sec1**: 15
Aubonne (district)

**Aubonne** was a district of the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. The capital was Aubonne.

It contained the following municipalities:

- Apples
- Aubonne
- Ballens
- Berolle
- Bière
- Bougy-Villars
- Féchy
- Gimel
- Longirod
- Marchissy
- Mollens
- Montherod
- Pizy
- Saubraz
- Saint-George
- Saint-Livres
- Saint-Oyens
Avenches (district)

**Avenches** was a district of the Canton of Vaud, Switzerland. The capital was the town of Avenches. As of 2006 it is part of the Broye-Vully District.

It contained the following municipalities:

- Avenches
- Bellerive
- Chabrey
- Constantine
- Cudrefin
- Donatyre
- Faoug
- Montmagny
- Mur
- Oleyres
- Vallamand
- Villars-le-Grand
Cossonay (district)

**Cossonay** was a district of the Canton of Vaud, Switzerland. The capital was the town of Cossonay.

|Municipality|Population <small>(2003-12-31)</small>|Area <small>(km²)</small>|
| --- | --- | --- |
|Bettens|287|3.73|
|Bournens|243|3.91|
|Boussens|777|3.14|
|Chavannes-le-Veyron|118|2.58|
|Chevilly|203|3.89|
|Cossonay|2696|8.32|
|Cottens|346|2.36|
|Cuarnens|430|7.17|
|Daillens|634|5.56|
|Dizy|207|3.03|
|Eclépens|915|5.81|
|Ferreyres|234|3.13|
|Gollion|615|5.44|
|Grancy|316|5.65|
|La Chaux (Cossonay)|366|6.73|
|La Sarraz|1739|7.77|
|L'Isle|864|16.25|
|Lussery-Villars|326|3.65|
|Mauraz|37|0.50|
|Mex|537|2.90|
|Moiry|229|6.66|
|Mont-la-Ville|331|19.75|
|Montricher|730|25.94|
|Orny|312|5.55|
|Pampigny|849|11.08|
|Penthalaz|2250|3.87|
|Penthaz|1359|3.91|
|Pompaples|677|4.45|
|Senarclens|335|3.98|
|Sévery|219|2.37|
|Sullens|849|3.84|
|Vufflens-la-Ville|1032|5.29|
Échallens (district)

**Echallens** was a district of the Canton of Vaud, Switzerland. The capital was the town of Echallens. As of 2006 it is part of the Gros-de-Vaud District.

It contained the following municipalities:

- Assens
- Bercher
- Bioley-Orjulaz
- Bottens
- Bretigny-sur-Morrens
- Cugy
- Dommartin
- Echallens
- Eclagnens
- Essertines-sur-Yverdon
- Etagnières
- Fey
- Froideville
- Goumoens-la-Ville
- Goumoens-le-Jux
- Malapalud
- Morrens
- Naz
- Oulens-sous-Echallens
- Pailly
- Penthéréaz
- Poliez-le-Grand
- Poliez-Pittet
- Rueyres
- Saint-Barthélemy
- Sugnens
- Villars-le-Terroir
- Villars-Tiercelin
- Vuarrens
Grandson (district)

**Grandson** was a district of the Canton of Vaud in Switzerland. The capital was the town of Grandson. As of 2006 it is part of the Jura-Nord vaudois District.

The district had the following municipalities:

- Bonvillars
- Bullet
- Champagne
- Concise
- Corcelles-près-Concise
- Fiez
- Fontaines-sur-Grandson
- Fontanezier
- Giez
- Grandevent
- Grandson
- Mauborget
- Mutrux
- Novalles
- Onnens
- Provence
- Romairon
- Sainte-Croix
- Vaugondry
- Villars-Burquin
Theodosius I

**Theodosius I** (11 January 347 – 17 January 395), also called **Theodosius the Great**, was Roman emperor from 379 to 395. He was a general in the Roman army and the son of another general, Theodosius the Elder. When the emperor Valens died in battle fighting the Goths, Valens' nephew, the emperor Gratian, made Theodosius emperor. Theodosius married Gratian's sister. While emperor, Theodosius overcame three civil war<nowiki/>s in the empire. Gratian and his brother the emperor Valentinian II both died young, and Theodosius made his own sons Arcadius and Honorius emperors. Theodosius made Christianity the official state religion of the Roman Empire and made other religions illegal.

### Early life

Where Theodosius () was born is unknown. According to Hydatius and Zosimus, Theodosius was born in what is now Coca, Spain. However, Marcellinus Comes writes that he was from Italica, Hispania (now in Spain). His father was a military officer.

### Death

Theodosius died in Milan on January 17, 395. When he died he was made into a god. Parts of the Christian Church name Theodosius a saint.

## Christianity as religion of Roman Empire

Theodosius made the Nicene Creed the official belief system of the Roman Empire. Prior to that, many different creeds were believed. The Nicene Creed states that Jesus, the Son, is equal to God the Father. Other people, such as Arius, said that Jesus was inferior to the Father. Theodosius affirmed the faith that the Council of Nicea agreed on.

## Other websites

- De Imperatoribus Romanis, Theodosius I

## Infobox (roman emperor)

- **name**: Theodosius I
- **death date**: 17 January 395 (aged 48)
- **birth name**: Flavius Theodosius
- **religion**: Nicene Christianity
- **mother**: Thermantia
- **father**: Count Theodosius
- **dynasty**: Theodosian dynasty, Theodosian
- **death place**: Mediolanum (Milan, Italy)
- **birth place**: Cauca (Coca, Segovia, Coca, Spain)
- **image**: Theodosius1cng11100822obverse.jpg
- **birth date**: 11 January 347
- **reg-type**: Co-emperors
- **regent**: Gratian (379–383)
Valentinian II (379–392)
Magnus Maximus (384–388)
Victor (emperor), Victor (384–388)
Eugenius (392–394)
Arcadius (383–395)
Honorius (emperor), Honorius (393–395)
- **successor**: Arcadius (Eastern Roman Empire, East)
Flavius Augustus Honorius, Honorius (Western Roman Empire, West)
- **predecessor**: Valens
- **reign-type**: _Augustus (title), Augustus_
- **reign**: 19 January 379 –
- **succession**: Roman emperor
- **caption**: _Solidus (coin), Solidus_ depicting Theodosius, marked:

- **alt**: Golden coin depicting man with diadem facing right
- **image size**: 250px
- **burial date**: 8 November 395
- **regnal name**: Imperator Caesar Flavius Theodosius Augustus
Lausanne (district)

**Lausanne** is a district of the canton of Vaud, Switzerland. The capital is the city of Lausanne.

It contains the following municipalities:
- Belmont-sur-Lausanne
- Cheseaux-sur-Lausanne
- Crissier
- Epalinges
- Jouxtens-Mézery
- Lausanne
- Le Mont-sur-Lausanne
- Paudex
- Prilly
- Pully
- Renens
- Romanel-sur-Lausanne
Lavaux (district)

**Lavaux** was a district of the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. The capital was Cully. As of 2006 it is part of the Lavaux-Oron District.

It contains the following municipalities:

- Chexbres
- Cully
- Epesses
- Forel
- Grandvaux
- Lutry
- Puidoux
- Riex
- Rivaz
- Saint-Saphorin
- Savigny
- Treytorrens
- Villette

## Other websites

- Pictures of Lavaux
- Lavaux, pays aux trois soleils
Morges (district)

**Morges** is a district of the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. The capital is the city of Morges. The population (as of December 2015) is 80,095.

These are the municipalities in Morges:

## Geography

The area of the district is 372.99 square kilometers (144.01 sq mi). Of this area, 205.69 km<sup>2</sup> (79.42 sq mi) or 55.1% is used for agricultural purposes, while 126.4 km<sup>2</sup> (48.8 sq mi) or 33.9% is forested.The remaining area, 38.25 km<sup>2</sup> (14.77 sq mi) or 10.3% is settled (buildings or roads) and 2.66 km<sup>2</sup> (1.03 sq mi) or 0.7% is unproductive land.
Anzonico

**Anzonico** is a former municipality of the district of Leventina in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 1 April 2012 the former municipalities of Anzonico, Calpiogna, Campello, Cavagnago, Chironico, Mairengo and Osco merged to form the municipality of Faido.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Anzonico
- **image photo**: Anzonico paese.JPG
- **image caption**: Anzonico
- **municipality name**: Anzonico
- **municipality type**: former
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Anzonico COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Anzonico.png
- **languages**: Italian
- **canton**: Ticino
- **iso-code-region**: CH-TI
- **district**: Leventina (district), Leventina
- **postal code**: 6748
- **municipality code**: 5062
- **area**: 10.6
- **elevation**: 972
- **population**: 105
- **populationof**: December 2004
- **popofyear**: 2004
- **website**: www.anzonico.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Acquarossa, Cavagnago, Chironico, Faido, Giornico
Aquila, Switzerland

**Aquila** is a former municipality of the district of Blenio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 22 October 2006 the former municipalities of Aquila, Campo (Blenio), Ghirone, Olivone and Torre merged into the new municipality of Blenio.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Aquila
- **municipality name**: Aquila
- **municipality type**: former
- **imagepath coa**: Aquila-coat of arms.svg
- **map**: Map Gemeinde Aquila.png
- **languages**: Italian
- **canton**: Ticino
- **iso-code-region**: CH-TI
- **district**: Blenio (district), Blenio
- **postal code**: 6719
- **municipality code**: 5031
- **area**: 63.00
- **elevation**: 782
- **population**: 528
- **populationof**: December 2004
- **popofyear**: 2004
- **neighboring municipalities**: Acquarossa, Ghirone, Hinterrhein, Switzerland, Hinterrhein (GR), Malvaglia, Medel (Lucmagn) (GR), Olivone, Torre, Switzerland, Torre, Vals, Switzerland, Vals (GR), Vrin (GR)
Aranno

**Aranno** is a municipality of the district of Lugano in the canton of Ticino in southern Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official website
- Aranno profile on the Cantonal Administration site

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Aranno
- **municipality name**: Aranno
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: Aranno-coat of arms.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Aranno 2012.png
- **languages**: Italian
- **canton**: Ticino
- **iso-code-region**: CH-TI
- **district**: Lugano (district), Lugano
- **postal code**: 6994
- **municipality code**: 5143
- **area**: 2.6
- **elevation**: 707
- **population**: 284
- **populationof**: December 2002
- **popofyear**: 2002
- **neighboring municipalities**: Alto Malcantone, Bioggio, Cademario, Curio, Switzerland, Curio, Iseo, Switzerland, Iseo, Miglieglia, Novaggio
Basadingen-Schlattingen

**Basadingen-Schlattingen** is a municipality of the district of Frauenfeld in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official website of Basadingen-Schlattingen

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Basadingen-Schlattingen
- **municipality name**: Basadingen-Schlattingen
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **image photo**: Schlattingen Schul- und Gemeindehaus.jpg
- **image caption**: Schlattingen's school house and town hall
- **imagepath coa**: BasadingenSchlattingen-blazon.svg
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Thurgau
- **iso-code-region**: CH-TG
- **district**: Frauenfeld (district), Frauenfeld
- **postal code**: 8254
- **municipality code**: 4536
- **area**: 15.7
- **elevation**: 410
- **population**: 1664
- **populationof**: December 2005
- **popofyear**: 2005
- **website**: www.basadingen.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Diessenhofen, Schlatt bei Diessenhofen, Schlatt, Truttikon (ZH), Unterstammheim (ZH), Waltalingen (ZH)
Berg, Thurgau

**Berg** is a municipality of the district of Weinfelden in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Berg
- **municipality name**: Berg
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: Berg TG-blazon.svg
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Thurgau
- **iso-code-region**: CH-TG
- **district**: Weinfelden (district), Weinfelden
- **postal code**: 8572
- **municipality code**: 4891
- **area**: 13.1
- **elevation**: 540
- **population**: 2958
- **populationof**: December 2005
- **popofyear**: 2005
- **website**: www.berg-tg.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Birwinken, Bürglen, Thurgau, Bürglen, Kemmental, Lengwil, Weinfelden
Berlingen, Switzerland

**Berlingen** is a municipality of the district of Frauenfeld in the canton of Thurgau in  Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Berlingen
- **municipality name**: Berlingen
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: Berlingen Wappen.svg
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Thurgau
- **iso-code-region**: CH-TG
- **district**: Frauenfeld (district), Frauenfeld
- **postal code**: 8267
- **municipality code**: 4801
- **area**: 4.0
- **elevation**: 400
- **population**: 784
- **populationof**: November 2005
- **popofyear**: 2005
- **website**: www.berlingen.ch
- **mayor**: Heinz Kasper
- **neighboring municipalities**: Gaienhofen (DE-BW), Raperswilen, Reichenau (DE-BW), Salenstein, Steckborn
Philophrosyne (moon)

**Philophrosyne** is a moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard, _et al._ in 2003. It was called **** until 2019.

Philophrosyne is about 2 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 22,721,000 km in 699.676 days, at an inclination of 142° to the ecliptic (142° to Jupiter's equator), with an orbital eccentricity of 0.0932.

It is a member of the Pasiphae group, retrograde non-spherical moons which orbit Jupiter between 22,600,000 and  24,300,000 km, at inclinations between 141.5° and 157.3°.
Jupiter LV

**Jupiter LV**, also called ****, is a moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers led by Brett J. Gladman in 2003.

Jupiter LV is about 2 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 19,813,000 km in 569.728 days, at an inclination of 147° to the ecliptic (149° to Jupiter's equator), with an orbital eccentricity of 0.1570.

It belongs to the Ananke group, retrograde non-spherical moons which orbit Jupiter between 19,300,000 and 22,700,000 km, at inclinations of about 150°.
Stanisław Wyspiański

**Stanisław Mateusz Ignacy Wyspiański** (January 15, 1869, Kraków – November 28, 1907, Kraków) was a Polish writer, painter, and architect.
Eustreptospondylus

**Eustreptospondylus** (meaning "well-reversed vertebrae") was a megalosaurid tetanuran theropod (a large, bipedal meat-eater) about 23-30 ft (7-9 m) long, weighing about 440-550 pounds (200 kg to 250 kg), and was 10-12 ft (3-3.7 m) tall. This predator had a large head, long, sharp serrated teeth, short arms and a primitive hip structure. It lived during the mid-Jurassic period, about 165 million years ago. Incomplete fossils have been found in England. Eustreptospondylus was named by Richard Owen in 1841. The type species is _E. oxoniensis_, which was named by C. A. Walker in 1964.
S/2003 J 23

**** is a moon of Jupiter. A team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard _et al._ found it in 2004 in pictures taken in 2003.

is about 2 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 22,740,000 km in 700.538 days, at an inclination of 149° to the ecliptic (149° to Jupiter's equator), with an orbital eccentricity of 0.3931.

It belongs to the Pasiphaë group, non-spherical retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at distances ranging between 22,800,000 and 24,100,000 km, and with inclinations ranging between 144.5° and 158.3°.
Megaraptor

***Megaraptor*** was a large 26 feet (8 m) long late Cretaceous dinosaur. It had two large sickle-like claws on each hand. It was a lightly built biped, with a large head and sharp, serrated teeth in powerful jaws.

The first fossil of _Megaraptor_ to be discovered was one of its claws. As they strongly resembled the claws seen in Dromeosaurs, it was thought that Megaraptor was a large member of that family. Later, a complete hand was discovered, revealing the main claw was on its thumb.

It is now classified either as a allosauroid carnosaur, related to _Neovenator_, or right over on the other side of the Theropoda as a tyrannosauroid coelurosaur.
385571 Otrera

**(385571) Otrera** (also ****) is a Neptune Trojan discovered by Scott S. Sheppard and Chadwick A. Trujillo in 2004. Only five others are known: , , 385695 Clete,  and . They have the same orbital period as Neptune and orbit at the L<sub>4</sub> Lagrangian point about 60 degrees ahead of Neptune.
2005 TN53

**** (also written as **2005 TN53**) is a possible Neptune Trojan discovered by Scott S. Sheppard and Chadwick A. Trujillo in 2005. Only five others are known: , 385571 Otrera, 385695 Clete,  and . They have the same orbital period as Neptune and orbit at the L<sub>4</sub> Lagrangian point about 60 degrees ahead of Neptune.
385695 Clete

**385695 Clete** (also written as **(385695) 2005 TO<sub>74</sub>**) is a possible Neptune Trojan discovered by Scott S. Sheppard and Chadwick A. Trujillo in 2005. Only five others are known: , 385571 OItrera, ,  and . They have the same orbital period as Neptune and orbit at the L<sub>4</sub> Lagrangian point about 60 degrees ahead of Neptune.
2006 RJ103

**** (also written as **2006 RJ103**) is a Neptune Trojan discovered by the SDSS Collaboration in 2006. Only four others are known: , 385571 Oterea,  and 385695 Clete. They have the same orbital period as Neptune and orbit at the L<sub>4</sub> Lagrangian point about 60 degrees ahead of Neptune.

## References

<div class="references-small">

</div>
2007 RW10

**** is a Neptune Trojan discovered in September 2007. Only five others are known: , , ,  and . They have the same orbital period as Neptune and orbit at the L<sub>4</sub> Lagrangian point about 60 degrees ahead of Neptune.

## References

<div class="references-small">

</div>

## Other websites

- Orbital simulation from JPL (Java) / Ephemeris
Radiogenic

A **radiogenic** nuclide is a nuclide that is made by radioactive decay.
Tropopause

The **tropopause** is a boundary region in Earth's atmosphere between the troposphere and the stratosphere. Here the air ceases to cool at -56.5°C (-70°F), and the air becomes almost completely dry.

Most commercial aircraft are flown in the tropopause. To put it into even simpler words, the tropopause is the interferance between the troposphere and the stratosphere.
Gravity wave

- _Do not confuse with gravitational wave_.
In fluid dynamics, **gravity waves** are waves generated in a fluid medium or at the interface between two mediums (e.g. the atmosphere or ocean) which has the restoring force of gravity or buoyancy.

## Other websites

- Gallery of cloud gravity waves over Iowa
- Time-lapse video of gravity waves over Iowa
- Water Waves Wiki
Accretion disk

An **accretion disk** (or **disc**) is an astronomical term. It describes a disc of material being drawn in by gravity to a centre of mass, such as a star or black hole. As the material comes in, it spins round the central body and radiates energy.

The central body is typically either a young star, a protostar, a white dwarf, a neutron star, or a black hole. As the material moves in, gravitational energy released in that process is transformed into heat and rotational movement.

The energy emitted at the disk surface is in form of electromagnetic radiation. The frequency range of that radiation depends on the central object. Accretion discs of young stars and protostars radiate in the infrared, those around neutron stars and black  holes in the X-ray part of the spectrum.

## Other websites

- Professor John F. Hawley homepage
- Nonradiative Black Hole Accretion
- Accretion Discs on Scholarpedia
- Magnetic fields snare black holes' food - New Scientist
Spice (album)

***Spice*** was the first album by English girl group the Spice Girls. It was released in Japan, Canada and the United Kingdom in 1996, and later in the United States in 1997. It was the most successful album by a girl group ever. It sold 23 million copies around the world.

There were five songs that were very successful from this album. The most successful was "Wannabe", which went to No. 1 on many music charts around the world.

|#|Title|
| --- | --- |
|1.|**"Wannabe"**|
|2.|**"Say You'll Be There"**|
|3.|**"2 Become 1"**|
|4.|**"Love Thing"**|
|5.|**"Last Time Lover"**|
|6.|**"Mama"**|
|7.|**"Who Do You Think You Are"**|
|8.|**"Something Kinda Funny"**|
|9.|**"Naked"**|
|10.|**"If U Can't Dance"**|

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Spice
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: Spice Girls
- **recorded**: 1995–1996
- **studio**: * Olympic Studios, Olympic (Barnes, London)
* Strongroom (Shoreditch, London)
- **genre**: * Pop music, Pop
* dance-pop
* teen pop
* Contemporary R&B, R&B
- **length**: 39:56
- **label**: Virgin Records, Virgin
- **producer**: * Absolute
* Matt Rowe
* Richard Stannard
- **next title**: Spiceworld
- **next year**: 1997
Head tie

A **head tie** is a  women’s head scarf which is used a lot in west and southern Africa, and among American Descendants of Slavery (ADOS).

The purpose of the head tie worn by enslaved African women was to protect their hair as they labored (or did heavy work).

The head tie worn by West African women has been worn since the 1960s.

The name of the head tie varies according to region and historical context. These names have included: ***tignon*** (United States), ***dhuku*** (Zimbabwe), ***tukwi*** (Botswana) and ***doek*** (South Africa and Namibia).

## Related pages

- Head scarf
- Hijab
Dupatta

**Dupatta** (, ) is a long scarf that is an important part of many South Asian women's suits. Some "dupatta suits" include the salwar kameez, the trouser suit, and the kurta. The dupatta is also worn over the Hindu outfit of lehenga or ghaghra- choli. The dupatta has long been a symbol of modesty in South Asian dress. It is traditionally worn across both shoulders. However, the dupatta can also be worn like a cape around the entire torso. The material for the dupatta varies according to the suit: cotton, georgette, silk, chiffon, and more. The other names for dupatta are chunri and chunni (sometimes shortened to 'unni' by many Gujaratis).

There are various modes of wearing the unsewn dupatta. When not draped over the head in the traditional style, it is usually worn with the middle portion of the dupatta resting on the chest like a garland with both ends thrown over each respective shoulder. When the dupatta resting is worn along with the salwar-kameez it is casually allowed to flow down the front and back.

The use of the dupatta has definitely undergone a metamorphosis over time. In current fashions, the dupatta is frequently draped over one shoulder, and even over just the arms. Another recent trend is the short dupatta often seen with kurtas and Indo-Western clothing. Essentially, the dupatta is often treated as an accessory in current urban fashion. Nevertheless, the dupatta remains an integral part of Indian clothing and Pakistani clothing. Its nowadays a blend of fashion with the tradionalism.

## Other websites

- Article about Dupatta at indiaprofile.com
Charles XII of Sweden

**Charles XII** (Swedish: **Karl XII**) or **Carolus Rex** was the king of Sweden from 1697 to 1718. He was born on June 27, 1682.

During his time as a king, he tried to expand Sweden's empire. He took part in the Nordic War (1700-1721), in which his enemies were Denmark, Poland and Russia. England and the Netherlands supported him and his armies won over the Danes during a sea battle. He also beat Peter I Russian Tsar.

After these successes, he attacked Poland, where during this time Augustus II the Strong was the king. This war was closed by the peace of Altranstadt.

Charles attacked Russia again in 1707 with the Ukrainian leader, hetman Mazeppa. After more than a 1000 km walk in 1709, the Swedish king suffered a defeat from the Tsar. Charles had to flee to Turkey. He could only return to Sweden in 1714. He tried to compensate for the lost territories by a war against Norway. During the battle he was shot in the head and died in 1718. The wars of Charles XII made Sweden weaker.

## Infobox (royalty)

- **name**: Charles XII
- **image**: Copy Charles XII - Nationalmuseum - 17886.png
- **caption**: Portrait by Hyacinthe Rigaud
- **birth date**: 27 June 1682
- **birth place**: Stockholm
- **succession**: King of Sweden
- **reign**: 5 April 169730 November 1718 (O.S.)
- **predecessor**: Charles XI of Sweden, Charles XI Gustav
- **successor**: Ulrika Eleonora of Sweden, Ulrika Eleonora
- **coronation**: 14 December 1718
- **date of burial**: 26 February 1718
- **place of burial**: Riddarholmen Church, Stockholm
- **death date**: 30 November 1718 (aged 36) (O.S.)
- **father**: Charles XI of Sweden
- **mother**: Ulrika Eleonora of Denmark
- **house**: House of Palatinate-Zweibrücken, Palatinate-Zweibrücken
Izanagi

is a deity of kami who was a child of the seven divine generations in Japanese mythology and Shintoism, and is also referred to in the roughly translated Kojiki as "male who invites", or **Izanagi-no-mikoto**.

He and his wife Izanami created many islands, deities, and forefathers of Japan. When Izanami died while giving birth to a child, Izanagi tried (but failed) to retrieve her from Yomi (the underworld). In the cleansing rite after his return, he created Amaterasu (the sun goddess) from his left eye, Tsukuyomi (the moon god) from his right eye, and Susanoo (tempest or storm god) from his nose.
When Izanagi looks at his wife in Yomi, he sees her monstrous and hellish state and she is ashamed and angry. She chases him in order to kill him. She fails, but promises to kill a thousand of his people every day. Izanagi says that he will create a thousand and five hundred every day.
S/2003 J 12

**** is a moon of Jupiter, and is one of the smallest known. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2003.

is about 1 kilometre in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 17,740,000 km in 482.691 days, at an inclination of 143° to the ecliptic (143° to Jupiter's equator), with an orbital eccentricity of 0.4449.

It is the closest of the farther non-spherical retrograde moons of Jupiter, and does not seem to belong to any group.

## Infobox (planet)

- **name**: S/2003 J 12
- **bgcolour**: #ffc0c0
- **discoverer**: Scott S. Sheppard _et al._
- **discovered**: 2003
- **mean orbit radius**: 17.740 million km
- **period**: 482.691 days
- **inclination**: 143°
- **eccentricity**: 0.4449
- **mean radius**: ~0.5 km
Dia (moon)

**Dia** (S/2000 J 11) ls the second-outermost prograde non-spherical moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2000.

Dia is about 4 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 12,555,000 km in 287 days, at an inclination of 28° (to Jupiter's equator), and with an orbital eccentricity of 0.248.

The moon is included in the Himalia group. After discovery it was lost for ten years because the orbit was poorly known. Recovery allowed much better precision.

## References

1. <li value="5">Ephemeris IAU-MPC NSES
1. Mean orbital parameters NASA JPL

## Other websites

- David Jewitt pages
- Scott Sheppard pages

## Infobox (planet)

- **name**: S/2000 J 11
- **bgcolour**: #ffc0c0
- **discoverer**: Scott S. Sheppard _et al._
- **discovered**: 2000
- **satellite of**: Jupiter (planet), Jupiter
- **mean radius**: ~2 km
- **inclination**: 28°
- **eccentricity**: 0.248
- **mean orbit radius**: 12.555 million km
- **image**: Himalia ring.jpg
- **caption**: 22 Sept 2006
Sinope (moon)

**Sinope** is a non-spherical moon of Jupiter. It was found by Seth Barnes Nicholson at Lick Observatory in 1914, and is named after Sinope of Greek mythology.

Sinope did not get its present name until 1975; before then, it was simply known as ****. It was sometimes called "Hades" between 1955 and 1975.

Sinope was the farthest known moon of Jupiter until the discovery of Megaclite in 2000.  The farthest moon of Jupiter now known is .

## Orbit

Sinope orbits Jupiter on a high eccentricity and high inclination retrograde orbit. The orbital elements are as of January 2000. They are changing a lot due to Solar and planetary perturbations. It is often believed to belong to the Pasiphaë group. However, given its mean inclination and different colour, Sinope could be also an independent object, captured independently, unrelated to the collision and break-up at the origin of the group. The diagram illustrates Sinope's orbital elements in relation to other moons of the group.

## Physical characteristics

Sinope has an estimated diameter of 38 km (assuming an albedo of 0.04) The moon is red unlike Pasiphae which is grey.

Its infrared spectrum is similar to D-type asteroids also  different from Pasiphae. These dissimilarities of the physical parameters suggest a different origin from the core members of the group.

## Other websites

- Sinope Profile  by NASA's Solar System Exploration
- David Jewitt pages
- Scott Sheppard pages

## Infobox (planet)

- **name**: Sinope
- **image**: Sinopé.jpg
- **bgcolour**: #ffc0c0
- **discoverer**: Seth Barnes Nicholson, S. B. Nicholson
- **discovered**: July 21, 1914
- **mean orbit radius**: 23,540,000 km
- **eccentricity**: 0.25
- **periapsis**: 18,237,600 km
- **apoapsis**: 30,191,200 km
- **period**: 724.1 d (1.95 year, a)
- **avg speed**: 2.252 km/s
- **inclination**: 128.11° (to the ecliptic)
153.12° (to Jupiter's equator)
- **satellite of**: Jupiter
- **mean radius**: ~19 km
- **surface area**: ~4500 km<sup>2</sup>
- **volume**: ~28,700 km<sup>3</sup>
- **mass**: 7.5 kilogram, kg
- **density**: 2.6 g/cm<sup>3</sup> (assumed)
- **surface grav**: 0.014 Acceleration, m/s<sup>2</sup> (0.001 g)
- **escape velocity**: ~0.023 km/s
- **albedo**: 0.04 (assumed)
- **single temperature**: ~124 K
Ananke (moon)

**Ananke** is a retrograde non-spherical moon of Jupiter. It was found by Seth Barnes Nicholson at Mount Wilson Observatory in 1951 and is named after the mythological Ananke, the mother of Adrastea by Jupiter. The adjectival form of the name is _Anankean_.

Ananke did not get its old name until 1975; before then, it was simply known as ****. It was sometimes called "Adrastea" between 1955 and 1975. Note that Adrastea is now the name of another moon of Jupiter.

Ananke gives its name to the Ananke group, retrograde non-spherical moons which orbit Jupiter between 19,300,000 and 22,700,000 km, at inclinations of about 150°.

## Orbit

Ananke orbits Jupiter on a high eccentricity and high inclination retrograde orbit. Eight non-spherical moons found since 2000 follow similar orbits. The orbital elements are as of January 2000. They are changing a lot due to Solar and planetary perturbations. The diagram illustrates Ananke's orbit in relation to other retrograde non-spherical moons of Jupiter. The eccentricity of selected orbits is represented by the yellow segments (extending from the pericentre to the apocentre). The farthest spherical moon Callisto is located for reference.

Given these orbital elements and the physical characteristics known so far,  Ananke is thought to be the biggest remnant of an original break-up forming the Ananke group.

## Physical characteristics

In the visible spectrum, Ananke appears grey to light-red.

The infrared spectrum is similar to P-type asteroids but with a possible indication of water.

## References

<div class="references-small">
1. <li value="11"> Ephemeris IAU-MPC NSES
</div>

## Other websites

- Ananke Profile  by NASA's Solar System Exploration
- David Jewitt pages
- Scott Sheppard pages

## Infobox (planet)

- **name**: Ananke
- **bgcolour**: #ffc0c0
- **discoverer**: Seth Barnes Nicholson, S. B. Nicholson
- **discovered**: September 28, 1951
- **mean orbit radius**: 21,280,000 kilometer, km
- **eccentricity**: 0.24
- **periapsis**: 12,567,000 kilometer, km
- **apoapsis**: 29,063,500 kilometer, km
- **period**: 610.45 d (1.680 year, a)
- **avg speed**: 2.367 km/s
- **inclination**: 148.89° (to the ecliptic)
149.9° (to Jupiter's equator)
- **satellite of**: Jupiter (planet), Jupiter
- **mean radius**: 14 km
- **surface area**: ~2500 square kilometer, km²
- **volume**: ~11,500 cubic kilometer, km³
- **mass**: 3.0 kilogram, kg
- **density**: 2.6 g/cm³ (assumed)
- **surface grav**: 0.010 Acceleration, m/s<sup>2</sup> (0.001 g)
- **escape velocity**: ~0.017 km/s
- **albedo**: 0.04 (assumed)
- **single temperature**: ~124 K
Grind

**Grind** might mean:

- The grind of a blade is the cross-section of the blade
- To finely grate something, like coffee beans
- In skateboarding,  a grind is a trick on a skateboard
- grinding your teeth together
Camptosaurus

***Camptosaurus*** (meaning "bent lizard") was a plant-eater from the Upper Jurassic (about 156 to 145 million years ago). It is related to Iguanodon.

It was a heavy ornithischian dinosaur that was about 16-23 feet (5-7 m) long and 3-4 feet (1 m) high at the hips, weighing roughly 2,200 pounds (1000 kg). It had a long snout, hundreds of teeth and a horny beak. Its legs were longer than its arms; it had four-toed feet and five-fingered arms, all with hooves. It could walk on two or four legs, it probably went on all four to graze for low-lying plants.
Carme (moon)

**Carme** is a retrograde non-spherical moon of Jupiter. It was found by Seth Barnes Nicholson at Mount Wilson Observatory in  California in July 1938. It is named after the mythological Carme, mother by Zeus of Britomartis, a Cretan goddess.

Carme did not get its present name until 1975; before then, it was simply known as ****. It was sometimes called "Pan" between 1955 and 1975. Note that Pan is now the name of a moon of Saturn.

It gives its name to the Carme group, made up of non-spherical retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at a distance ranging between 23,000,000 and 24,000,000 km and at an inclination of about 165°. Its orbital elements are as of January 2000. They are changing a lot due to Solar and planetary perturbations.

## Other websites

- Carme Profile  by NASA's Solar System Exploration
- David Jewitt pages
- Scott Sheppard pages

## Infobox (planet)

- **name**: Carme
- **bgcolour**: #ffc0c0
- **discoverer**: Seth Barnes Nicholson, S. B. Nicholson
- **discovered**: July 30, 1938
- **mean orbit radius**: 23,400,000 kilometer, km
- **eccentricity**: 0.25
- **period**: 702.28 d (2.045 year, a)
- **avg speed**: 2.253 km/s
- **inclination**: 164.91° (to the ecliptic)
167.53° (to Jupiter's equator)
- **satellite of**: Jupiter (planet), Jupiter
- **mean radius**: 23 km
- **surface area**: ~6600 square kilometer, km²
- **volume**: ~51,000 cubic kilometer, km³
- **mass**: 1.3 kilogram, kg
- **density**: 2.6 g/cm³ (assumed)
- **surface grav**: ~0.017 Acceleration, m/s<sup>2</sup> (0.0017 _g_)
- **escape velocity**: ~0.028 km/s
- **albedo**: 0.04 (assumed)
- **single temperature**: ~124 K
Leda (moon)

**Leda** or ****, is a moon of Jupiter. Unlike many moons, it is not a sphere. Charles T. Kowal found it working at the Mount Palomar Observatory on September 14, 1974. He took photographs for three nights September 11 through 13. Leda is in all of the photographs. The moon'S name come from Leda in Greek mythology. She was one of Zeus's lovers. Zeus is the Greek equivalent of Jupiter. Zeus came to Leda in the shape of a swan. Kowal suggested the name and the IAU supported it in 1975.

Leda belongs to the Himalia group. They are five moons orbiting between 11,000,000 and 13,000,000 km from Jupiter at an inclination of about 27.5°. The orbital elements given here are as of January 2000, but they are changing a lot because gravity effects from the sun and planets.

## Other websites

- Leda Profile  by NASA's Solar System Exploration
- David Jewitt pages
- Scott Sheppard pages

## Infobox (planet)

- **name**: Leda
- **bgcolour**: #ffc0c0
- **discoverer**: Charles T. Kowal
- **discovered**: September 11, 1974
- **mean orbit radius**: 11,160,000 kilometer, km
- **eccentricity**: 0.16
- **period**: 240.92 d (0.654 year, a)
- **avg speed**: 3.4 km/s
- **inclination**: 27.46° (to the ecliptic)
29.01° (to Jupiter's equator)
- **satellite of**: Jupiter (planet), Jupiter
- **mean radius**: 8 km
- **surface area**: ~1250 square kilometer, km²
- **volume**: ~4200 cubic kilometer, km³
- **mass**: 5.68 kilogram, kg
- **density**: 2.6 g/cm³ (assumed)
- **surface grav**: 5.92 acceleration, m/s<sup>2</sup>
- **escape velocity**: ~0.012 km/s
- **albedo**: 0.04 (assumed)
- **magnitude**: 20.2
- **single temperature**: ~124 K
Lysithea (moon)

**Lysithea** ( ,  ; ) is a prograde non-spherical moon of Jupiter. It was found by Seth Barnes Nicholson in 1938 at Mount Wilson Observatory and is named after the mythological Lysithea, daughter of Oceanus and one of Zeus' lovers.

Lysithea did not get its present name until 1975; before then, it was simply known as ****. It was sometimes called "Demeter" from 1955 to 1975.

It belongs to the Himalia group, five moons orbiting between 11,000,000 and 13,000,000 km from Jupiter at an inclination of about 28.3°. Its orbital elements are as of January 2000. They are changing a lot due to Solar and planetary perturbations.

## Other websites

- Lysithea Profile  by NASA's Solar System Exploration
- David Jewitt pages
- Scott Sheppard pages

## Infobox (planet)

- **name**: Lysithea
- **image**: Lysithea2.jpg
- **background**: #ffc0c0
- **discoverer**: Seth Barnes Nicholson, S. B. Nicholson
- **discovered**: July 6, 1938
- **adjectives**: Lysithean
- **mean orbit radius**: 11,720,000 km
- **eccentricity**: 0.11
- **period**: 259.20 d (0.69 Year, a)
- **avg speed**: 3.29 km/s
- **inclination**:
25.77° (to Jupiter's equator)
- **satellite of**: Jupiter
- **mean radius**: 18 km
- **surface area**: ~4100 km<sup>2</sup>
- **volume**: ~24,400 km<sup>3</sup>
- **mass**: 6.3 Kilogram, kg
- **density**: 2.6 g/cm<sup>3</sup> (assumed)
- **surface grav**: ~0.013 Acceleration, m/s<sup>2</sup> (0.001 g)
- **escape velocity**: ~0.022 km/s
- **albedo**: 0.04 (assumed)
- **single temperature**: ~124 K
Rust Belt

The **Rust Belt** is a term that refers to an area of the northern United States. The area is mostly the states near the Great Lakes, and some of them are considered to be Midwest states. This area was once known for steel production and heavy industry. That industry has greatly decreased since the middle of the 20th century. As the name might imply, the area has sort of turned to "rust", like what happens to old steel. Much of this decrease in industry is because of the United States using manufacturers from other countries. It became an Industrial hub because of its proximity to The Great Lakes, canals, and rivers which companies used to access raw materials and ship out products.

Most Rust Belt cities, for example, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and Youngstown, Ohio, have had a very large decrease in their population since the 1950s and 1960s.

Some "Rust Belt" cities include:

- Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Erie, Pennsylvania
- Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
- Youngstown, Ohio
- Canton, Ohio
- Cleveland, Ohio
- Steubenville, Ohio
- Toledo, Ohio
- Columbus, Ohio
- Gary, Indiana
- Flint, Michigan
- McKeesport, Pennsylvania
- Wheeling, West Virginia
- Detroit, Michigan
- Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Buffalo, New York
- Rock Island, Illinois
- Niagara Falls, New York
- Rochester, New York
- Grand Rapids, Michigan
- South Bend, Indiana
- Chicago, Illinois
- Charleston, West Virginia
- St. Louis, Missouri
- Camden, New Jersey
- Trenton, New Jersey
- Lansing, Michigan
- Newark, New Jersey
- Jersey City, New Jersey
- Fort Wayne, Indiana
- Springfield, Illinois
- Watertown, New York
- Akron, Ohio
- Warren, Ohio
- Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
- Scranton, Pennsylvania
- Anderson, Indiana
Pax Romana

The **Pax Romana** was a period when there was a lot of peace in the Roman Empire. "Pax" means "peace" in the Latin language; "Romana" means "Roman" in Latin.  So, "Pax Romana" means "Roman peace."

the Pax Romana lasted from 27 BC until 180 AD.  It started when Augustus was Emperor (ruler) of the Roman Empire. The Pax Romana is called a good time period because:
1. There were not many wars.
1. There was a lot of trade. ("Trade" means the buying and selling of goods.  Goods are things that can be bought or sold.)

The Emperors of the Pax Romana were:
- Augustus: (27 BC  14 AD) Augustus was the first leader, He was the adopted son and great nephew of Julius Caesar.

- Nerva: (96–98 AD) Nerva changed land laws to help the poor and changed tax rules.
- Trajan: Trajan built many new public works projects such as bath-houses and roads. The empire grew to its biggest size while Trajan was leader.
- Hadrian: Hadrian built Hadrian's Wall in Britain (at the time called Britannia). He also made Roman laws easier to understand.
- Antoninus Pius: Antonius promoted art and science. He also built new public works, and passed laws to help orphans.

The Pax Romana, which in Latin means _Roman Peace_, was a period from about 2000 to about 1800 years ago when the Roman Empire had reached the height of its size and had few military conflicts.  The Pax Romana was not always totally peaceful, as a transition within government could lead to chaos, but is remembered as a golden age for Rome where the empire grew wealthy and no threats challenged Roman dominance in Europe, northern Africa, or the Middle East. During this time period, they grew tremendously in architecture, science, and mathematics.