juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The Wizard of Oz

***The Wizard of Oz*** is an American musical movie. It was produced by MGM and released by MGM in 1939. The movie is based on the children's book _The Wonderful Wizard of Oz_ by L. Frank Baum. This book was first published in May 1900. The book and movie are about a little girl's adventures in the land called Oz. This is still watched from 1939 to 2025.

The song "Over the Rainbow" won the Academy Award for Best Original Song. The movie was first televised in 1957. It became an annual Thanksgiving television special for many years. The movie was named the most-watched motion picture in history by the Library of Congress.

In 1998, the movie was sixth on the American Film Institute's 100 Years... 100 Movies list. The movie has been chosen for preservation in the United States National Film Registry.

## Story

Dorothy (Judy Garland) lives on a drab Kansas farm with her Auntie Em and Uncle Henry (Clara Blandick and Charlie Grapewin). A powerful storm sweeps her and her house away to the Land of Oz. Upon arriving, she arrives in a town of people called "munchkins". She soon realises that her house has crushed a witch and now the witch's magical ruby slippers belong to her. The good witch, Glinda (Billie Burke), tells her that only the Wizard of Oz (Frank Morgan) can send her back home.

She must go to the Emerald City to see him. She sets off on the Yellow Brick Road wearing the witch's ruby slippers. She makes three friends on the road: a Scarecrow, a Tin Man, and a Cowardly Lion (Ray Bolger, Jack Haley, and Bert Lahr).

On the way to Emerald City, the friends are tormented by The Wicked Witch of the West (Margaret Hamilton). She is the sister of the witch Dorothy killed. She wants the ruby slippers. Dorothy won't give the slippers to the witch. The friends arrive in Emerald City. The Wizard refuses to help them unless they defeat the Wicked Witch. The friends go to the Witch's castle and are captured. The Witch tries to torture the scarecrow with fire so Dorothy throws a bucket of water over the Witch, causing her to melt.

In the Emerald City, the four friends are welcomed as heroes. It is revealed that the Wizard is not actually magic and is instead just an ordinary scientist. The Wizard prepares his hot air balloon to take Dorothy back to Kansas. But the balloon takes off without her. The good witch called Glinda (Billie Burke) tells Dorothy she can go home by just clicking the heels of the ruby slippers together and thinking about home. She does this. She wakes up in her bed. Her adventures have been a dream.

## Main cast

- Judy Garland as Dorothy Gale
- Ray Bolger as the Scarecrow
- Jack Haley as the Tin Man
- Bert Lahr as the Cowardly Lion
- Margaret Hamilton as the Wicked Witch
- Billie Burke as Glinda, the Good Witch
- Frank Morgan as the Wizard of Oz
- Clara Blandick as Aunt Em
- Charlie Grapewin as Uncle Henry

## Other websites

- Greatest Films
- RaveCentral
- The Wizard of Oz tornado  - on the set
- Moria.co.nz Review
Debt

**Debt** is what someone owes to someone else. Usually, debt is in the form of money, but it can also be items, services, favors, or other things. Thus if you make an agreement to give or do something for someone else, you now owe a debt. Unpaid debt can lead to problems such as the Greek government-debt crisis. Debt is used by governments, corporations and individuals to make purchases that they could not normally afford.  Common types of debt owed by households and individuals are mortgage loans, car loans, credit card debt, and income taxes. In the case of individuals, debt is a way to use an anticipated income combined with the future purchasing power at present before earning the same.

On the other hand, corporates have a multitude of options when it comes to debt.  Companies may use debt for their working capital or day-to-day operations.

## Types of debt

Goods, services or money borrowed with the intent of repayment (in kind or not) creates a debt. Debt can be classified as either secured debt, unsecured debt, revolving debt, or a mortgage.

A secured debt uses _collateral_, which is an asset that is promised to the debt-holder until the debt has been repaid. If the repayment is not made in full, the lender gets the collateral asset. For instance, a car loan typically creates a secured debt. If you still owe money on the car loan and do not make timely payments, the note-holder can take back (or repossess) the car and sell it to get the money still due. A home mortgage is similar.

An unsecured debt is more risky to the debt-holder (the lender, also called creditor). In the event of non-payment of the debt, the lender cannot take assets. Credit card debt is typically unsecured. If you charge items to a credit card and do not make the monthly payments, the credit card issuer can report the non-payment to the credit-reporting agencies. That will reduce your credit score so others will not lend you money. But usually they cannot take back whatever you bought with the card.

Revolving debt is a line of credit or an amount that a borrower can continuously borrow from. In other words, the borrower may use funds up to a certain amount, pay it back, and borrow up to that amount again. Revolving credit accounts are open ended, meaning they don’t have an end date. As long as the account remains open and in good standing, borrower can continue to use it.

A mortgage is a debt issued to purchase real estate, such as a house or condo. It is a form of secured debt as the subject real estate is used as collateral against the loan.

## Related pages

- Asset (contrary notion)
- Debt bondage
- Loan
Nightmare

A **nightmare** is a very powerful dream that the sleeper finds disturbing or frightening. Nightmares usually have either physiological causes, like a high fever, or psychological ones, like trauma or stress in the sleeper's life.  Nightmares are common, but nightmares that happen very often can cause problems with sleep. They may cause people to get medical help.

Nightmares usually happen during REM sleep.

## In earlier times

In earlier times, people thought that such nightmares were really the work of demons. They thought people were having nightmares because an Incubus was sitting on the chest of the sleeper. This can also be seen on the image. Sometimes people also thought magic and demonic possession were involved.

In the 19th century, people thought their diet was responsible. When Ebenezer Scrooge sees a ghost in A Christmas Carol, by Charles Dickens, he thinks "_... an undigested bit of beef, a blot of mustard, a crumb of cheese, a fragment of an underdone potato..._" is responsible. Similarly, the _Household Cyclopedia_ (1881) offers this advice about nightmares:

- "Great attention is to be paid to regularity and choice of diet. Intemperance of every kind is hurtful, but nothing is more productive of this disease than drinking bad wine. Of eatables those which are most prejudicial are all fat and greasy meats and pastry... Moderate exercise contributes in a superior degree to promote the digestion of food and prevent flatulence; those, however, who are necessarily confined to a sedentary occupation, should particularly avoid applying themselves to study or bodily labor immediately after eating... Going to bed before the usual hour is a frequent cause of night-mare, as it either occasions the patient to sleep too long or to lie long awake in the night. Passing a whole night or part of a night without rest likewise gives birth to the disease, as it occasions the patient, on the succeeding night, to sleep too soundly. Indulging in sleep too late in the morning, is an almost certain method to bring on the paroxysm, and the more frequently it returns, the greater strength it acquires; the propensity to sleep at this time is almost irresistible."
Melilla

**Melilla** is a city in North Africa, which is separated from Spain by the Mediterranean Sea. It is an exclave that belongs to Spain, and is all surrounded by Morocco, which believes it should belong to them. Ceuta is another such city. Until it became a self-governing city in 1995, it belonged to the Province of Málaga.

Its surface is about 20 square kilometers, and there are almost 70,000 people living there.

## Other websites

- Google Maps entry for Melilla

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Melilla
- **settlement type**: Autonomous cities of Spain, Autonomous city
- **anthem**: "Himno de Melilla"
"Anthem of Melilla"
- **image flag**:
- **flag alt**: Flag of Melilla
- **image shield**:
- **shield alt**: Coat-of-arms of Melilla
- **pushpin map**: Spain
- **pushpin relief**: 1
- **map caption**: Location of Melilla
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Spain
- **leader title**: Mayor-President of Melilla, Mayor-President
- **leader name**: Eduardo de Castro
- **area total km2**: 12.3
- **area rank**: 19th
- **population density km2**: auto
- **population rank**: 19th
- **population blank1 title**: % of Spain
- **population blank1**: 0.16%
- **population demonyms**: Melillan
 _melillense_ (Spanish language, es)
Ceuta

**Ceuta** is a Spanish city in North Africa, at the Strait of Gibraltar which divides it from mainland Spain. It is an exclave of Spain, and is all surrounded by Morocco, which believes it should belong to them. Melilla is another such city. The city area is about 20 square kilometers, and there are over 82,000 people living in the city. The city is surrounded by a border fence, which has been built to keep the Moroccans (and other Africans) from moving there unlawfully. Until it became a self-governing city in 1995, it belonged to the Province of Cádiz.

It was built by the Phoenicians at a strategic position.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Ceuta
- **official name**: Ciudad Autónoma de Ceuta
- **settlement type**: Autonomous communities of Spain#Autonomous cities, Autonomous city
- **image flag**: Flag Ceuta.svg
- **flag size**: 125px
- **image shield**: Escudo de Ceuta.svg
- **shield size**: 100x100px
- **image map**:
- **map caption**: Location of Ceuta within Spain
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Autonomous communities of Spain#Autonomous cities, Autonomous city
- **subdivision name1**: Ceuta
- **founder**: Carthaginians
- **government type**: Autonomous city
- **governing body**: Council of Government
- **leader party**: People's Party (Spain), PP
- **leader title**: Mayor-President
- **leader name**: Juan Jesús Vivas
- **area total km2**: 18.5
- **area land km2**: 18.5
- **elevation m**: 10
- **elevation max m**: 349
- **population density km2**: auto
- **population density sq mi**: auto
- **population demonyms**: Ceutan
 _ceutí_ (Spanish language, es)
- **timezone1**: Central European Time, CET
- **utc offset1**: +1
- **timezone1 dst**: Central European Summer Time, CEST
- **utc offset1 dst**: +2
- **native name**: سَبْتَة
Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo

**Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo** (born 5 June 1942) has been the President of Equatorial Guinea since 1979. Mbasongo did the military academy in Zaragoza, Spain. He came to power in a military coup, deposing the former leader Francisco Macías Nguema. Ngema had ruled the country for the previous decade. He was known to be very cruel. Ngema was sentenced to death and executed by a firing squad. Mbasonga promised to start over and to do a better job at governing the country.

In 1982, a new constitution was made. MBasogo was given the newly created post of president. He was re-elected in 1989, 1996 and 2002. In 1989 he was the only candidate, in the 1996 and 2002, international observers said the election results were false.

Obiang's regime kept clear authoritarian characteristics even after other parties were legalized in 1991.  Most domestic and international observers consider his regime to be one of the most corrupt, ethnocentric, oppressive and undemocratic states in the world. Equatorial Guinea is now essentially a single-party state, dominated by Obiang's Democratic Party of Equatorial Guinea (PDGE). In 2008 American journalist Peter Maass called Obiang Africa's worst dictator, worse than Robert Mugabe of Zimbabwe. The constitution grants Obiang wide powers, including the power to rule by decree.  Nonetheless, Obiang has far less power than Macías. For the most part his rule has been considerably milder.  Notably, there have been none of the atrocities that characterized the Macías era.

All but one member of the 100-seat national parliament belong to the PDGE or are aligned with it. The opposition is severely hampered by the lack of a free press to express  their views. Around 90% of all opposition politicians live in exile, 550 anti-Obiang activists have been jailed unfairly, and several killed since 1979.

In July 2003, state-operated radio declared Obiang to be a god who is "in permanent contact with the Almighty" and "can decide to kill without anyone calling him to account and without going to hell."  He personally made similar comments in 1993.  Despite these comments, he still claims that he is a devout Catholic and was invited to the Vatican by John Paul II and again by Benedict XVI. Macías had also proclaimed himself a god.

In November 2021, Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo was appointed at his party's congress as a candidate for a sixth term in the 2023 election.

## Infobox (president)

- **name**: Teodoro Obiang
- **image**: Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo at the White House in 2014.jpg
- **order**: President of Equatorial Guinea
- **primeminister**: Cristino Seriche Bioko
Silvestre Siale Bileka
Ángel Serafín Seriche Dougan
Cándido Muatetema Rivas
Miguel Abia Biteo Boricó
Ricardo Mangue Obama Nfubea
Ignacio Milam Tang
Vicente Ehate Tomi
- **term start**: 3 August 1979
- **predecessor**: Francisco Macías Nguema
- **birth place**: Acoacán, Spanish Guinea
- **spouse**: Constancia Mangue de Obiang
- **party**: Democratic Party of Equatorial Guinea, PDGE
- **caption**: Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo in 2014
Hugh Capet of France

**Hugh Capet** (French: _Hugues Capet_) (c. 941 – 24 October 996) was King of the Franks from 987 until his death in 996. The Capetian dynasty he started ruled France in an unbroken line for 300 years.

## Early career

Hugh was born in the winter of 941 and was the son of Hugh the Great and Hedwige of Saxony. His grandfather was King Robert I.  His grandmother was Beatrice of Vermandois. She was a Carolingian; a daughter of Herbert I of Vermandois.  By this connection he was the fifth great-grandson of Charlemagne through Pepin of Italy.

While still a young man Hugh got the nickname "capet" from the cape he wore. These were tokens of the lay abbacies he held.

## Elected king of the Franks

When King Louis V died with no heir Adalbero of Reims made a plea for electing Hugh Capet. He proposed the throne was not a hereditary right but that the king should be the best man for the job. The assembly at Senlis agreed and elected Hugh King of the Franks.

Capet is buried in the Saint Denis Basilica. His tomb effigy was destroyed during the French Revolution.

## Family

He married Adelaide of Aquitaine. She was the daughter of William III of Aquitaine. Together they had:

- Hedwig, who married Reginar IV, Count of Hainaut.
- Gisela, who married Hugh I, Count of Ponthieu.
- Robert II 'the Pious', who succeeded Hugh as king.
- Adelaide.

## Infobox (royalty)

- **name**: Hugh Capet
- **image**:
- **caption**: An artist's :en:wikt:depiction, depiction of Hugh Capet
- **succession**: List of French monarchs#Direct Capetians (987–1328), King of the Franks
- **reign**: 1 June 987 – 24 October 996
- **predecessor**: Louis V of France, Louis V
- **successor**: Robert II of France, Robert II
- **coronation**: 1 June 987, Noyon
3 July 987, Paris
- **birth place**: Paris, West Francia
- **death date**: 24 October 996 (aged 55)
- **death place**: Paris, Kingdom of France, France
- **issue**: Hedwig of France, Countess of Mons, Hedwig, Countess of Mons
Gisèle of France, Countess of Ponthieu, Gisèle, Countess of Ponthieu
Robert II of France, Robert II, King of the Franks
- **house**: Robertians, Robertian dynasty
House of Capet, Capet (founder)
- **father**: Hugh the Great
- **mother**: Hedwig of Saxony, Hedwige Liudolfing
- **burial place**: Saint Denis Basilica, Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis, Saint-Denis, France
- **signature**: Signature_Hugues_Capet_Archives_Nationales_AE-II-84.jpg
Milli Vanilli

**Milli Vanilli** was a German R&B music group created and formed in Munich by producer **Frank Farian**. The group members were Fab Morvan (born 1966) and Rob Pilatus (1965-1998). They were popular in the late-1980s. Their 1988 debut album, Girl You Know It's True, sold more than 7 million copies worldwide and won them the Grammy for Best New Artist in 1990. In the same year, people found out that the group never sang anything at all. Even at concerts, they pretended to sing (lip synching) while a recording was played. This created controversy and eventually led to the end of Milli Vanilli in 1990.

German producer Farian was known for using questionable methods. Often his performers were not necessarily the ones singing, as in the cases of _Bobby Farrell_ of Boney M. or Milli Vanilli. This method, which was very common in those years in European pop music, was replicated in the United States by the group _C+C Music Factory_, who used a model in their videos and performances, while the original voice was, in some songs, by singer _Martha Wash_.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Milli Vanilli
- **img**: Milli Vanilli and C. Michael Greene.jpg
- **img capt**: Fab Morvan (left) and Rob Pilatus (right) with NARAS President C. Michael Greene, February 1990.
- **background**: group_or_band
- **alias**: Rob & Fab
- **origin**: Munich, Germany
- **genre**: Dance music, Dance, new jack swing, Pop music, pop, funk, Hip hop music, hip hop
- **years active**: 1988–1990
- **label**: Arista Records, Hansa Records
- **associated acts**: The Real Milli Vanilli
Empire Bizarre
- **past members**: Fab Morvan
Rob Pilatus
1706

## Events

- September 7 – War of Spanish Succession – The armies of Austria and Savoy defeat the French army at the Battle of Turin.

## Births

- January 17 – Benjamin Franklin, American philosopher, founding father and inventor (d. 1790)

## Deaths

- March 3 – Johann Pachelbel, German composer (b. 1653)
- December 9 – King Peter II of Portugal (b. 1648)
Pisa

**Pisa** is a city and a _comune_ in Tuscany, Italy. About 90,000 people live in the city. The city has a very long and turbulent history. The "Leaning Tower of Pisa" is a famous landmark of Pisa.

## Important buildings

- The Leaning Tower, the most famous image of the city.
- Campo dei Miracoli (in English: "Square of Miracles") in the north of the old town center.
- Duomo di Pisa.
- The Baptistry.
- The Camposanto (The monumental cemetery of the city).
- Piazza dei Cavalieri, (the "Knights' Square" in English).
- Church o Santo Steano dei cavalieri,in the "Knights' Square".
- St. Sixtus,a small church.
- The church of St. Francis, designed by Giovanni di Simone, built after 1276. In 1343 new chapels were added and the church was elevated.
- Church of San Frediano, built by 1061.
- Church of San Nicola, built by 1097, was enlarged between 1297 and 1313
- The small church of _Santa Maria della Spina_,
- The church of _San Paolo a Ripa d'Arno_,
- _Lungarno_, the avenues along the river Arno.
- The Medici Palace, a building of the Appiano family, who ruled Pisa in 1392–1398. In 1400 the Medici acquired it, and Lorenzo de' Medici lived here.
- The  is Europe's oldest university botanical garden.
- The  ("Royal Palace").
- , a Gothic building of the 14th century.
- , a Gothic building
- : where there are the original sculptures of Nicola Pisano and Giovanni Pisano.
- : showing the sinopias from the camposanto, the monumental cemetery.
- : exhibiting sculptures and painting from 12th century–15th century,of Giovanni and Andrea Pisano, the Master of San Martino, Simone Martini, Nino Pisano and Masaccio.

## Famous people born in Pisa

- Jason Acuña
- Guglielmo Agnelli
- Christian Amoroso
- Anselm of Capraia
- Gerardo Appiani
- Giovanni di Balduccio
- Iacopo Balestri
- Michele Bartoli
- Ercole Bazicaluve
- Alfredo Biondi
- Alessandro Birindelli
- Bona of Pisa
- Guido Buffarini Guidi
- Philippe Buonarroti
- Ulisse Dini
- Pope Eugene III
- Fibonacci
- Galileo Galilei
- Giovanni Galli
- Orazio Gentileschi
- Ugolino della Gherardesca
- Ignazio Hugford
- Enrico Letta
- Fabio Lione
- Dario Marianelli
- Francesco Marianini
- Giuseppe Melani
- Antonio Pacinotti
- Pandolfo Masca of Pisa
- Andrea Parola
- Giovanni Pisano
- Nino Pisano
- Bruno Pontecorvo
- Gillo Pontecorvo
- Girolamo Riminaldi
- Orazio Riminaldi
- Titta Ruffo
- Rustichello da Pisa
- Paolo Savi
- Sidney Sonnino
- Marco Storari
- Antonio Tabucchi
- Terramagnino da Pisa
- Francesco Traini
- Soozie Tyrell

## Sisters cities

- , Kolding
- , Angers
- , Acre
- , Niles
- , Unna
- , Cagliari
Cheshire

**Cheshire** is a rural county in England. It is the North West part of the country, just south of Manchester. Cheshire covers 905 square miles (2,344 km2) and had a population of around 1.1 million in 2021.

Cheshire's county town is the cathedral city of Chester, while its most populated town is Warrington.

It is most famous for making salt and cheese. Cheshire is made up of lots of little towns including the Borough of Macclesfield, a market town. A main attraction is Kerridge, near one of the western foothills of the Pennines .

## Infobox (english county)

- **official name**: Cheshire
- **image caption**: The Cheshire Plain from Beeston Castle, Eastgate Clock in Chester, and Little Moreton Hall
- **locator map**: File:Cheshire UK locator map 2010.svg
- **map caption**: Cheshire shown within England
- **region**: North West England, North West
- **established date**: Historic counties of England, Ancient
- **mps**: Parliamentary constituencies in Cheshire, 12 MPs
- **police**: Cheshire Constabulary
- **largest town**: Warrington
- **lord lieutenant office**: Lord Lieutenant of Cheshire
- **lord lieutenant name**: Alexis, Lady Redmond
- **high sheriff office**: High Sheriff of Cheshire
- **high sheriff name**: Nicholas Hopkinson
- **districts map**:
- **districts key**: Unitary
- **districts list**: # Cheshire West and Chester
# Borough of Halton, Halton
1167

## Events

- Taira no Kiyomori becomes the first samurai to be appointed _Daijo Daijin_, chief minister of the government of Japan
- Peter of Blois becomes the tutor of William II of Sicily
- Absalon, archbishop of Denmark, leads the first Danish synod at Lund
- Absalon fortifies Copenhagen
- William Marshal, "the greatest knight that ever lived", is knighted
- Afonso I of Portugal is defeated by the Kingdom of León
- Amalric I of Jerusalem unsuccessfully invades Egypt
- William of Tyre becomes archdeacon of Tyre
- May 29 – Battle of Legano, in which The Lombard League defeats Emperor Frederick I
1097

## Events

- Edgar I deposes Donald III to become king of Scotland.
- The First Crusade reaches Constantinople.
- Crusaders besiege Nicaea, win the Battle of Dorylaeum, and capture Latakia from the Seljuk Turks, and begin the siege of Antioch.
1782

## Events

- January 7 – The first American commercial bank opens (Bank of North America).
- January 15 – Superintendent of Finance Robert Morris goes before the United States Congress to recommend establishment of a national mint and decimal coinage
- February 5 – Spanish defeat British forces and capture Minorca.
- March 8 – In Ohio the Gnadenhutten massacre of Native Americans takes place in which 29 men, 27 women, and 34 children were killed by white militiamen in retaliation for raids carried out by another Native American group.
- April 6 – Rama I succeeded King Taksin of Thailand who was overthrown in an coup d'état.
- April 12 – A British fleet under Admiral Sir George Rodney defeats a French fleet under the Comte de Grasse at the Battle of the Saintes in the West Indies.
- June 18 – In Switzerland, Anna Goldi in sentenced to death for witchcraft – the last legal witchcraft sentence
- August 7 – George Washington orders the creation of the Badge of Military Merit to honor soldiers wounded in battle.  It is later renamed to the more poetic "Purple Heart".
- November 30 – American Revolutionary War: In Paris, representatives from the United States and the United Kingdom of Great Britain sign preliminary peace articles (later formalized in the Treaty of Paris).
- London creates Foot Patrol for public security
- Jean-Pierre Blanchard and John Jeffries try to cross the English Channel with a hot-air balloon
- The Parliament of Great Britain extends James Watt's copyright for the steam engine to the year 1800

## Births

March 18 - John C. Calhoun, seventh Vice President of the United States (d. 1850)

December 5 - Martin Van Buren, eighth President of the United States (d. 1862)
1197

## Events

- Amalric II succeeds Henry II of Champagne as King of Jerusalem.
- Theobald III becomes Count of Champagne.
- The town of Arbroath, Angus, Scotland is consecrated, and dedicated to St Thomas Becket.
- Kaloyan becomes tsar of Bulgaria.
- Corfu is occupied by the Genoese.
- Hubert Walter, Archbishop of Canterbury, negotiates a peace with Wales.
- North Crawley is split into Great Crawley and Little Crawley.
- Philip of Swabia marries Irene Angela, daughter of Byzantine emperor Isaac II.

## Births

- October 22 — Emperor Juntoku of Japan (d. 1242)
- Amadeus IV of Savoy (d. 1253)
- Raymond VII of Toulouse (d. 1249)

## Deaths

- January — William Longchamp, Lord Chancellor of England and bishop
- April 28 — Rhys ap Gruffydd, Welsh ruler (b. 1132)
- September 10 — Henry II of Champagne (b. 1166)
- September 28 — Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1165)
- Marguerite of France, daughter of Louis VII of France (b. 1158)
1210

## Events

- End of the reign of Emperor Tsuchimikado, emperor of Japan
- Emperor Juntoku ascends to the throne of Japan.
- Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor excommunicated by Pope Innocent III for invading southern Italy in 1210
- Gottfried von Strassburg writes his epic poem Tristan about 1210
- Beginning of Delhi Sultanate
- Jochi, eldest son of Genghis Khan, leads a Mongol campaign against the Kyrgyz

## Births

- May 5 – King Afonso III of Portugal (died 1279)
- June 24 – Count Floris IV of Holland (died 1234)
- July 22 – Joan of England, Queen consort of Scotland, wife of Alexander II of Scotland (died 1238)
- Ibn Nafis, Persian anatomist (died 1288)

## Deaths

- Lu You, Chinese poet (born 1125)
- Jinul, Korean Buddhist philosopher
- July 17, King Sverker II of Sweden (born in the 1160s), in the Battle of Gestilren
1231

## Births

- March 17 – Emperor Shijō of Japan (died 1242)
- Guo Shoujing, Chinese astronomer and mathematician
- John de Warenne, 7th Earl of Surrey (died 1304)
- Roger Mortimer, 1st Baron Wigmore (died 1282)

## Deaths

- April 6 – William Marshal, 2nd Earl of Pembroke
- June 13 – Anthony of Padua, Portuguese saint (born 1195)
- November 6 – Emperor Tsuchimikado of Japan (born 1196)
- November 17 – Elisabeth of Hungary, daughter of Andrew II of Hungary and saint (born 1207)
- Abd-el-latif, Arab physician and traveller
1242

## Deaths

- February 10 – Emperor Shijō of Japan (born 1231)
- October 7 – Emperor Juntoku of Japan (born 1197)
- William de Forz, 3rd Earl of Albemarle
- Archambaud VIII of Bourbon
- Hojo Yasutoki, regent of Japan (born 1183)
- Richard Mor de Burgh
1183

## Events

- Emperor Go-Toba, reign of 82nd emperor of Japan starts (1183-1198)

## Deaths

- June 11 – Henry the Young King, son of Henry II of England (born 1155)
- Alexius II Comnenus, Byzantine Emperor (born 1167)
- William Fitz Robert, 2nd Earl of Gloucester
- Maria Comnena, the _Porphyrogenita_, Byzantine princess, by poison (born 1149)
- Renier of Montferrat (the Caesar John), Italian husband of Maria Comnena, by poison (born 1162)
1155

## Births

- February 28 – Henry the Young King, son of Henry II of England (died 1183)
- May 17 – Jien, Japanese poet and historian (died 1225)
- November 11 – King Alfonso VIII of Castile (died 1214)
- Saito Musashibo Benkei, Japanese fighting monk
- Kamo no Chomei, Japanese writer (died 1216)
- Shahab-ud-din Suhrawardi, a Sufi saint and mystic of Islam.
1567

**1567** (MDLXVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday in the Julian calendar and a common year starting on Sunday in the proleptic Gregorian calendar.

## Events

- The Duke of Alva arrives in the Netherlands with Spanish forces to suppress unrest there. He replaces Margaret of Parma as Governor of the Netherlands. Prince William of Orange is outlawed, and Count Lamoral of Egmont imprisoned.
- February 10 – Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, husband of Mary, Queen of Scots, is murdered at the Provost's House in Edinburgh.
- May 15 – Mary, Queen of Scots, marries James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell.
- June 15 – Mary, Queen of Scots, is defeated at Carberry Hill by the Scottish nobles. She is imprisoned in Lochleven Castle.
- July 24 – Mary, Queen of Scots, abdicates the throne, succeeded by her son King James VI of Scotland.
- July 25 – The city of _Santiago de León de Caracas_, in Venezuela, is founded by Diego de Losada.
- July 29 – James VI is crowned at Stirling.
- September 9 – At a dinner, the Duke of Alva arrests the Count of Egmont and the Count of Horne for treason.
- September 29 – Beginning of the Second War of Religion in France when the Prince of Condé and Gaspard de Coligny fail in an attempt to capture King Charles IX and his mother at Meaux. The Huguenots do capture several cities (including Orleans), and march on Paris.
- November 10 – Battle of Saint-Denis – Anne de Montmorency, with 16,000 Royalists falls on Condé's 3,500 Huguenots. The Huguenots surprisingly hold on for some hours before being driven off. Montmorency is mortally wounded.
- King Frederick II of Denmark and Norway founds Fredrikstad in Norway.
The Dillinger Escape Plan

**The Dillinger Escape Plan** was an American mathcore band. They formed in New Jersey in 1997. They are generally a heavy group, with punk roots and influences from punk bands like The Bronx and Bad Brains. They formed as a hardcore punk band as known as "Arcane" which later became the Dillinger Escape Plan.

## Albums

- _Calculating Infinity_ (1999)
- _Miss Machine_ (2004)
- _Ire Works_ (2007)
- _Option Paralysis_ (2010)
- _One of Us Is the Killer_ (2013)
- _Dissociation_ (2016)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Dillinger Escape Plan
- **img**: IMG 4170TheDillingerEscapePlan.jpg
- **img capt**: The Dillinger Escape Plan performing in Budapest in 2008.
- **img size**: 240
- **landscape**: yes
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Morris Plains, New Jersey, Morris Plains, New Jersey, U.S.
- **years active**: 1997–present
- **label**: Epitaph Records, Epitaph, Season of Mist, Relapse Records, Relapse, Now or Never
- **associated acts**: Arcane, Coheed and Cambria, Jesuit (band), Jesuit, Starkweather (band), Starkweather, Mike Patton, Stolen Babies, Spylacopa
- **current members**: Ben Weinman
Liam Wilson
Greg Puciato
Jeff Tuttle
Billy Rymer
- **past members**: See The Dillinger Escape Plan band members, former members
Queensrÿche

**Queensrÿche** is an American heavy metal band. They formed in Bellevue, Washington in 1982. They have made 16 studio albums, one extended play (EP), and many DVDs. When the band was made, its members were singer Geoff Tate, guitarist Michael Wilton and Chris DeGarmo, drummer Scott Rockenfield, and  bassist Eddie Jackson.

Queensrÿche has sold over 20 million albums. They were pioneers of power metal and later progressive metal in the 1980s. Many people say that _Operation: Mindcrime_, an album they released in 1988, is one of the best heavy metal concept albums ever made. The band has been nominated for Grammy Awards three times.

## Studio albums

- _The Warning_ (1984)
- _Rage for Order_ (1986)
- _Operation: Mindcrime_ (1988)
- _Empire_ (1990)
- _Promised Land_ (1994)
- _Hear in the Now Frontier_ (1997)
- _Q2K_ (1999)
- _Tribe_ (2003)
- _Operation: Mindcrime II_ (2006)
- _Take Cover_ (2007)
- _American Soldier_ (2009)
- _Dedicated to Chaos_ (2011)
- _Queensrÿche_ (2013)
- _Condition Hüman_ (2015)
- _The Verdict_ (2019)
- _Digital Noise Alliance_ (2022)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Queensrÿche
- **img**: Queensryche-Live-Norway Rock Festival 2010.jpg
- **img capt**: Queensrÿche performing live at Norway Rock Festival 2010
- **img size**: 250
- **landscape**: yes
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Bellevue, Washington, United States
- **years active**: 1981present
- **label**: EMI Records, EMI, Atlantic Records, Atlantic, Atco Records, Atco, Sanctuary Records, Sanctuary, Rhino Entertainment, Rhino, Roadrunner Records, Roadrunner
- **current members**: Todd La Torre
Michael Wilton
Eddie Jackson (musician), Eddie Jackson
Scott Rockenfield
Parker Lundgren
- **past members**: Geoff Tate
Chris DeGarmo
Kelly Gray (musician), Kelly Gray
Mike Stone (musician), Mike Stone
Jon Bon Jovi

**John Francis Bongiovi** (born March 2, 1962 in Perth Amboy, New Jersey) better known as **Jon Bon Jovi**, is an American musician and actor. He is best known as the lead singer of the hard-rock band, Bon Jovi.

## Biography

In 1983, Jon was one of the founding members of Bon Jovi. Earlier he sang in bands _Starz_ and _Atlantic City Expressway_.

In 2006, Jon was ranked in 31st place out of 100 the best vocalist in history.

He starred in 18 films, last time in 2011.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **embed**: yes
- **background**: solo_singer


## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Jon Bon Jovi
- **image**: Jon Bon Jovi at the 2009 Tribeca Film Festival 3.jpg
- **caption**: Jon Bon Jovi at the Tribeca Film Festival in 2009
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **birth name**: John Francis Bongiovi, Jr.
- **birth place**: Perth Amboy, New Jersey, U.S.
- **other names**: Jon Bon Jovi, Jr.
- **education**: St. Joseph High School (Metuchen, New Jersey), St. Joseph's School
Sayreville War Memorial High School
- **years active**: 1975–present
- **parents**: John Francis Bongiovi, Sr.
Carol Sharkey
- **relatives**: Tony Bongiovi
- **party**: Democratic
- **spouse**: Dorothea Hurley
Karate instructor
- **children**: 4
On the Waterfront

***On the Waterfront*** is a 1954 American movie about mob violence among longshoremen (people who unload ships) in New Jersey. Directed by Elia Kazan, it stars Marlon Brando, Eva Marie Saint and Karl Malden.

The movie won eight Academy Awards: for Best Picture, Best Actor (Brando), Best Supporting Actress (Saint), Best Art Direction, Best Director (Kazan), Best Cinematography (Boris Kaufman), Best Film Editing (Gene Milford) and Best Original Screenpaly (Budd Schulberg). The catchphrase, "I could've been a contender", is said by Terry Malloy. In 2005, it ranked third on AFI's list of the one hundred most famous quotes in movie history http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200506/s1398449.htm. Five years earlier, it was the eighth most popular movie on the AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies list.

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: On the Waterfront
- **director**: Elia Kazan
- **producer**: Sam Spiegel
- **writer**: Malcolm Johnson (writings)
Budd Schulberg (story and screenplay)
- **music**: Leonard Bernstein
- **cinematography**: Boris Kaufman
- **editing**: Gene Milford
- **starring**: Marlon Brando
Eva Marie Saint
Karl Malden
Lee J. Cobb
Rod Steiger
- **production companies**: Columbia Pictures
Horizon Pictures
- **distributor**: Columbia Pictures
- **released**: July 28, 1954
- **runtime**: 108
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **budget**: United States dollar, $910,000 (estimated)
Faith No More

**Faith No More** is an alternative metal band. They were formed by bassist Billy Gould, drummer Mike Bordin, and keyboarder Roddy Bottum in San Francisco, California, USA, in 1981 and broke up on April 20, 1998. However, they got back together in 2009 and have continued playing since.

They became successful with singer Mike Patton in the early 1990s. Their biggest hits were "Epic" and the cover song "Easy", originally from Lionel Richie.

## Discography

So far, Faith No More has released six studio albums, which include:
- _We Care a Lot_ (1985)
- _Introduce Yourself_ (1987)
- _The Real Thing_ (1989)
- _Angel Dust_ (1992)
- _King for a Day... Fool for a Lifetime_ (1995)
- _Album of the Year_ (1997)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Faith No More
- **img**: Faith No More @ Brixton 09 1.jpg
- **img capt**: Faith No More performing in Brixton in 2009.
- **img size**: 250
- **landscape**: Yes
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: San Francisco, California, San Francisco, California, United States
- **years active**: 1981–1998, 2009–present
- **genre**: Alternative metal, experimental rock, funk metal, alternative rock, rap metal
- **label**: Slash Records, Slash, London Records, London, Reprise Records, Reprise, Mordam Records, Mordam
- **associated acts**: Imperial Teen, Mr. Bungle, Brujeria (band), Brujeria, Fantômas (band), Fantômas, Tomahawk (band), Tomahawk, Bad Brains
- **url**: [http://www.fnm.com/ www.fnm.com]
- **current members**: Mike Patton
Billy Gould
Roddy Bottum
Mike Bordin
Jon Hudson
The Pretenders

**The Pretenders** are an English rock and punk rock band. They formed in Hereford in 1978.

## Discography

- _Pretenders_ (1980)
- _Pretenders II_ (1981)
- _Learning to Crawl_ (1984)
- _Get Close_ (1986)
- _Packed!_ (1990)
- _Last of the Independents_ (1994)
- _¡Viva El Amor!_ (1999)
- _Loose Screw_ (2002)
- _Break Up the Concrete_ (2008)
- _Alone_ (2016)
- _Hate for Sale_ (2020)
- _Relentless_ (2023)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Pretenders
- **img**: Pretenders_Dec_81.JPG
- **img size**: 250
- **landscape**: Yes
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Hereford, England
- **genre**: Rock music, Rock, New Wave music, new wave, pop rock, alternative rock, punk rock
- **years active**: 1978–Present
- **label**: Rhino Records, Rhino
Sire Records, Sire
Warner Music Group, WEA
- **url**: http://thepretenders.com
- **current members**: Chrissie Hynde
Martin Chambers
Adam Seymour (musician), Adam Seymour
Nick Wilkinson
- **past members**: James Honeyman-Scott
Pete Farndon
Robbie McIntosh
Malcolm Foster
T. M. Stevens
Blair Cunningham
Bernie Worrell
Johnny Marr
Andy Rourke
Andy Hobson
Chlorofluorocarbon

A **chlorofluorocarbon** (CFC) is a gas used for various purposes including solvents, refrigerants, and aerosol sprays. They are organic chemicals and contain carbon, hydrogen, chlorine, and fluorine. They were much used in the middle of the 20th century, replacing chemicals that were toxic or flammable or had other problems.

In 1978, Sweden became the first country that banned CFC products. Later, the US and Canada did the same. Now, CFC products are not allowed in most countries, because they cause ozone depletion. CFCs are greenhouse gases. An alternative to chlorofluorocarbons is hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). These do not destroy the ozone layer or increase global warming.

## Related pages

- Thomas Midgley (American inventor)
- Freon
Singin' in the Rain

***Singin' in the Rain*** is a 1952 American movie musical romantic comedy movie starring Gene Kelly. It was directed by Kelly and Stanley Donen. It is set in Los Angeles, California in 1927. It gives an amusing look at Hollywood's change from silent movies to "talkies".

It is considered to be among the best movie musicals ever made.

Shooting on the movie began on June 18, 1951, and ended on November 21.

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: Singin' in the Rain
- **image**: Singin' in the Rain (1952 poster).jpg
- **caption**: Original poster
- **director**: Stanley Donen,
Gene Kelly
- **producer**: Arthur Freed
- **writer**: Betty Comden,
Adolph Green
- **music**: Roger Edens,
Al Hoffman
- **cinematography**: Harold Rosson
- **editing**: Adrienne Fazon
- **starring**: Gene Kelly,
Donald O'Connor,
Debbie Reynolds,
Jean Hagen,
Donald O'Connor
- **production companies**: Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
- **distributor**: Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
- **released**: March 27, 1952
- **runtime**: 103
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **budget**: $2.5 million
North and South

***North and South*** is a novel by John Jakes. It is the first of three books about two friends who must fight against each other during the American Civil War.

_North and South_ had two sequels. They are called _Love and War_ and _Heaven and Hell_. The books were written in 1982, 1984, and 1987.

There were also TV versions made. Three miniseries were done in 1985, 1986, and 1994. The two main characters were played by James Read and Patrick Swayze (Swayze's character does not appear in the third part).
Apparatus

**Apparatus** can refer to:

- object which can be used for a certain function. Examples of apparatuses include coffee-makers, pencil sharpeners, and computers. These things are also often called tools, machines, or _equipment_.
- process of an activity. For example, a political party or governmental organization can be called an apparatus.
- a set of equipment or tools or a machine that is used for a particular purpose
Internet Movie Database

**IMDb** (or **Internet Movie Database**) is an online database of information (facts) about actors, movies, TV shows, and video games. The IMDb database started in October 1990, moved to the World Wide Web in 1993, and has been owned by Amazon.com since 1998.

## Other websites

- Internet Movie Database (IMDb) website

## Infobox (website)

- **name**: IMDb
- **logo**: IMDB Logo 2016.svg
- **caption**: IMDb homepage on August 21, 2012
- **commercial**: Yes
- **type**: Online database for movies, television, and video games
- **registration**: Optional registration; registered members can write reviews, edit the site, vote on ratings
- **language**: English language, English
- **owner**: Amazon (company), Amazon
- **current status**: Active
- **subsidiaries**: Box Office Mojo
It's a Wonderful Life

***It's a Wonderful Life*** is a 1946 movie directed by Frank Capra. It is inspired by a story similar to _A Christmas Carol_.

## Cast

- James Stewart as George Bailey
- Donna Reed as Mary Hatch
- Lionel Barrymore as Mr. Potter

## Other websites

- Essay on the deeper meaning of the movie
- Excerpts from Ray Carney's analysis of the movie.

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: It's a Wonderful Life
- **image**: It's a Wonderful Life (1946 poster).jpeg
- **director**: Frank Capra
- **producer**: Frank Capra
- **writer**: Frances Goodrich,
Albert Hackett,
 and Frank Capra
Based on _The Greatest Gift_ by Philip Van Doren Stern
- **music**: Dimitri Tiomkin
- **cinematography**: Joseph F. Biroc,
Joseph Walker,
Victor Milner (uncredited)
- **editing**: William Hornbeck
- **starring**: James Stewart,
Donna Reed,
Lionel Barrymore
- **studio**: Liberty Films
- **distributor**: RKO Radio Pictures (original release),
Republic Pictures (video),
Artisan Entertainment (DVD),
Paramount Pictures
- **released**: December 20, 1946
- **runtime**: 130 minutes
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **budget**: United States dollar, $3.18 million (estimated)
Lake Huron

**Lake Huron** is one of North America's five Great Lakes. It is the third one up from the mouth. Like Lake Ontario, Lake Erie, and Lake Superior, it is also part of the boundary between the USA and Canada. The Huronian glaciation, billions of years ago, is named for the lake.

Lake Huron is more than 200 miles (325 km) long and is as much as 750 feet (230 m) deep. Many boats and ships go back and forth on Lake Huron, carrying useful things such as iron ore.

Lake Huron borders the Canadian province of Ontario and the American state of Michigan. There are no large cities on Lake Huron, but there are some small cities such as Sarnia, Ontario and Bay City, Michigan.

The water that flows out of Lake Huron goes through a river that flows past Detroit, Michigan. The water then flows into Lake Erie on its way to the ocean.

On 1996 an hurricane-like storm appeared on Lake Huron, while the National Hurricane Center was not sure to call it a hurricane or not. Because the storm formed over Lake Huron and that it did not get a name from the NHC, many people nicknamed the storm, "Hurricane Huron".
Reunion

**Reunion** could mean:

## Architecture

- Reunion Arena, an indoor arena in the Reunion district of downtown Dallas, Texas
- Reunion Tower, a building located in Dallas, Texas, United States

## Computer science

- Reunion (genealogy software), a genealogy application for the Apple Macintosh

## Movies

- _Reunion_ (movie), a movie directed by Jerry Schatzberg based on a screenplay written by Harold Pinter

## Gaming

- _The Reunion_ (MMOG), a multiplayer online game
- _X³: Reunion_, a computer game produced by Egosoft and released late 2005,
- _Reunion_, a space strategy game developed by Amnesty Design in 1994. The game was released on Amiga and PC (DOS).

## Geography

- Réunion, a French island in the Indian Ocean
- Reunion District, Dallas, Texas, United States

## Literature

- _Force Heretic: Reunion_, the third novel in a three-part story by Sean Williams and Shane Dix
- _Knights of the Old Republic: Reunion_, a two-part story arc in the _Knights of the Old Republic_ series of comic books
- _Reunion_ (_Buffy_ comic), a comic based on the television series _Buffy the Vampire Slayer_ and _Angel_
- _Reunion_ (novel), a science fiction novel by Alan Dean Foster
- _Reunion_ (novella), a novella by Fred Uhlman
- _Reunion_ (play), a play by David Mamet
- _Reunion_ (_The Mediator_), a YA novel by Meg Cabot

## Music

- _Mel Tormé and the Marty Paich Dektette - Reunion_, a 1988 album by the American jazz singer Mel Tormé
- Re-union, a Dutch duo who performed at the Eurovision Song Contest 2004
- _Reunion_ (album), a live album released by metal group Black Sabbath in 1997
- _Réunion_ (album), an electronic music album by The Flashbulb
- Reunion (band), a pop music group best known for their 1974 hit song "Life Is a Rock"
- _Reunion_ (Temptations album), a 1982 album by The Temptations for the Gordy label
- _Reunion: A Decade of Solas_, the reunion album of Irish-American Celtic group, Solas, in 2006
- _Doomed for Live - Reunion 2002_, a live album by Candlemass
- Reunion Records, a Contemporary Christian music label home to artists like Michael W. Smith, Casting Crowns, and Joy Williams
- www.ReunionStudio.org, a netlabel with free electronic music for download
- _The Reunion_, a rap album by Capone-N-Noreaga
- Reunion, an instrumental dedicated to Dana Reeve composed by British musician Nick Hinton

## Television

- _Reunion_ (TV series), a 2005 television series on FOX starring Matthew St. Patrick and Sean Faris
Réunion

**Réunion** () is an island of France. It is also a region of France and an overseas department of France, meaning France owns the island nation. It is in the Indian Ocean east of Madagascar, about 200 km (125 miles) southwest of Mauritius. Its capital is Saint-Denis. The highest point in La Reunion is La piton des neiges. The island is also famous for its black beaches, even though people think that there are white beaches. The island is 63 kilometres (39 mi) long; 45 kilometres (28 mi) wide; and covers 2,512 square kilometres (970 sq mi). It is similar to the island Hawaii as both are above hotspots in the Earth's crust.

The Piton de la Fournaise, a shield volcano on the eastern end of Réunion Island, rises more than 2,631 metres (8,632 ft) above sea level and is sometimes called a sister to Hawaiian volcanoes because of the similarity of climate and volcanic nature. It has erupted more than 100 times since 1640 and is under constant monitoring. It most recently erupted on 2 January 2010. Before that, the most noticeable was during April 2007, when the lava flow was estimated at 3,000,000 cubic metres (3,900,000 cu yd) per day.  The Piton de la Fournaise is created by a hotspot volcano, which also created the Piton des Neiges and the islands of Mauritius and Rodrigues.

The Piton des Neiges volcano, the highest point on the island at 3,070 metres (10,070 ft) above sea level, is northwest of the Piton de la Fournaise. Collapsed calderas and canyons are southwest of the mountain. Like Kohala on the Big Island of Hawaii, the Piton des Neiges is an extinct volcano. Despite its name, snow (French: neige) practically never falls on the summit.

## Other websites

- Facts about Reunion
- Pictures of Reunion Island