juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Kangbishu

**Kangbishu** or **Kangbisu** () was a warrior of the Heirem community, an influential group in ancient Kangleipak (early Manipur). He is best known for his legendary single combat with Chakha Moiremba of the Khuman clan, an episode recorded in the classical Meitei martial chronicle Chainarol (An Account of Combats). His story shows themes of martial pride, betrayal, divine retribution, and clan rivalry in early Manipur. While he was undoubtedly a skilled and fearsome warrior, his story also warns against dishonourable conduct in combat. His downfall serves as a moral lesson in ancient Meitei literature, showing how violating the unwritten codes of single combat leads to both social disgrace and divine retribution.

## Background

Kangbishu belonged to the Heirem clan, a militarily dominant community located in the southern part of the Manipur valley. By the time of his famed duel, Kangbishu had gained a fearsome reputation and was considered a threat to the safety and dignity of other clans, especially the Khumans.

## Duel with Chakha Moiremba

When no other warrior dared to face Kangbishu, Chakha Moiremba, a brave Khuman fighter, volunteered to meet him in single combat.

The fight followed the customary code of honour typical of Chainarol traditions. The warriors met armed with spears and observed pre-combat formalities. Chakha Moiremba was allowed the first strike. His spear grazed Kangbishu’s foot, but Kangbishu denied being wounded, claiming instead that the blood came from a leech bite, a clear act of deception. Kangbishu then retaliated with full force. His spear struck Chakha Moiremba in the abdomen, fatally wounding him. Despite the dishonourable tactic, Kangbishu accepted the food and drink offered by the dying Khuman and took his head as per martial custom.

## Death

After his apparent victory, Kangbishu returned home with Chakha Moiremba’s head encaged in a wicker basket. However, he soon fell seriously ill, which was interpreted as divine punishment for violating the warrior code by lying about his injury and winning through deceit.

Chakha Moiremba’s widowed wife, Namun Chaobi, sought vengeance for her husband's death. Though her request was rejected by the Khuman king, she eventually found her brother-in-law (Chakha Moiremba's brother) who took it upon himself to avenge Chakha’s death.

In a daring nighttime operation, the avenger entered Kangbishu’s home, killed both him and his guards, and returned with their severed heads.

## Related pages

- Meitei martial arts
- Meitei traditional weapons
- Khuman martial traditions
- Khuman kingdom
- Meitei warriors
Namun Chaobi

**Namun Chaobi** () was a noblewoman of the Khuman clan in ancient Kangleipak (early Manipur), best known from the classical Meitei literary work Chainarol (An Account of Combats). She is remembered for her role as the widow of the Khuman warrior Chakha Moiremba, and for her unwavering pursuit of justice following her husband's death in a ritual combat.

## Background

Namun Chaobi was married to Chakha Moiremba, a brave and honourable warrior of the Khuman clan. Her name is associated with loyalty, courage, and agency in a highly patriarchal warrior society. Though not a combatant herself, her actions deeply influenced the events that followed one of the most iconic duels recorded in the Chainarol.

## Role in the duel aftermath

After Chakha Moiremba was killed in single combat by Kangbishu, a fearsome warrior from the Heirem community, Namun Chaobi mourned his death but did not accept it passively. She initially appealed to the Khuman king, requesting official revenge for her husband’s death on the trickster Heirem warrior.

The Khuman king refused, declaring that Chakha Moiremba had accepted the terms of ritual combat voluntarily and died in honourable fashion, even if his opponent had acted deceitfully.

## Pursuit of justice

Refusing to be silenced, Namun Chaobi sought out her long-separated brother-in-law (husband's brother), and persuaded him to avenge Chakha Moiremba's death. He agreed. In a daring operation conducted at night, the brother-in-law infiltrated the Heirem settlement, where Kangbishu lived. He beheaded Kangbishu as well as the warriors who had stood guard by his side. The decapitated heads were taken back to the Khuman territory, where justice was seen as fulfilled.

## Related pages

- Khuman warrior traditions
- Meitei martial arts
- Meitei traditional weapons
- Khuman kingdom
- Moirang kingdom
- Khuman dynasty
- Khuman Apokpa
- List of Khuman kings
- List of Khuman queens
- Khuman royal necklace incident
- Khuman Kangleirol
- Moirang Kangleirol
- Khuman Puremba
- Khuman Khamba
- Khumanlol
- Khuman language
- Khuman Kwakpa Litonpanba
- Maithingkongaba
Thongbu Wainucha

**Thongbu Wainucha** () was a warrior of the Khuman clan in ancient Kangleipak (early Manipur). He is notably mentioned in the classical Meitei text Chainarol (An Account of Combats), where he is portrayed as a brave fighter whose strength and fame were unmatched in his time. His tragic end, however, is remembered as a cautionary tale of betrayal in battle.

## Background

Thongbu Wainucha lived during a period when clan-based warfare and one-on-one ritual combat were central to the martial culture of ancient Meitei civilisation in Manipur. He belonged to the Khuman kingdom, one of the major clan-dynasty-based kingdoms before the unification of Manipur under the Meitei kings.

Thongbu Wainucha was celebrated for his physical prowess, courage, and invincibility in combat, often traveling with a companion or second to help assert territorial or honour-related claims.

## Encounter at Waya Khong

Thongbu Wainucha’s most notable combat is recorded in the Chainarol, during his journey to annex the region of Waya Khong, a place admired for its beauty and strategic value. Accompanied by his comrade Makpiting Haomiyacha, Thongbu encountered Khoiri Tonjaosu, a warrior of Moirang kingdom, and his companion Khoiri Lamsingba, who had also come to claim the same territory.

At first, the two parties attempted a spear duel, which ended without a clear winner. They then engaged in wrestling, which too proved inconclusive for a long time.

## Betrayal and death

The stalemate was broken when Khoiri Tonjaosu, prompted by his companion, resorted to dishonourable tactics. During the wrestling match, he bit Thongbu Wainucha’s private parts, causing severe injury. Overcome with pain and unable to continue, Thongbu collapsed.

Khoiri Tonjaosu then beheaded the wounded Khuman warrior, placing his head in a basket and returned triumphantly to Moirang. This act, though bringing victory, was seen as a breach of the martial code of honour upheld by the combatants of the time.

## Related pages

- Khuman warrior traditions
- Meitei martial arts
- Meitei traditional weapons
- Khuman dynasty
- Khuman Apokpa
- List of Khuman kings
- List of Khuman queens
- Khuman royal necklace incident
- Khuman Kangleirol
- Moirang Kangleirol
- Khuman Puremba
- Khuman Khamba
- Khumanlol
- Khuman language
- Khuman Kwakpa Litonpanba
- Maithingkongaba
- Chakha Moiremba
Haoba Athouba

**Haoba Athouba** () was a warrior of the Khuman clan in ancient Kangleipak (early Manipur). His story is notably mentioned in the classical Meitei literary work Chainarol (An Account of Combats). His story shows both personal bravery and the challenges faced by warriors who did not emerge victorious in ritual duels. His story is about the harsh realities of the warrior code that governed inter-clan conflicts in early Meitei civilisation.

## Background

Haoba Athouba was a member of the Khuman clan, the principal community of Khuman kingdom. The Khumans were known for their martial prowess and frequent engagements in ritual single combats with warriors from other clans, particularly the Meitei (Ningthouja) (alias Mangang).

## Duel with Wangkhei Khoiya

In the Chainarol, Haoba Athouba is recorded for his fateful combat with Wangkhei Khoiya, a warrior from the Mangang/Ningthouja Meitei community. The duel occurred at an unspecified location and was typical of the era's formalized warrior tradition, personal challenges, mutual respect before combat, and mortal consequences.

Haoba Athouba was severely wounded in the neck during the fight and, unable to continue, fled the battlefield, crying out for assistance from his Khuman kinsmen who were nearby, possibly fishing at the time. His retreat, however, did not prevent the opponent from pursuing and ultimately overpowering him.

Khoiya beheaded Haoba Athouba, a standard ritual conclusion to such duels, and returned home in triumph with the Khuman warrior’s head displayed on a pole.

## Interpretation

Haoba Athouba’s story is often read as an example of valour that met with tragic defeat. Unlike many accounts in the Chainarol that glorify victory through skill and honour, this episode shows the vulnerable side of warfare, the fall of a brave but unfortunate warrior.

His retreat from the battlefield, although understandable given his grave injury, contrasts with the ideal of stoic endurance expected of warriors in ancient Meitei martial tradition. This departure from the code of conduct adds complexity to his character and shows the human limits of heroism.

## Related pages

- Khuman warrior traditions
- Meitei martial arts
- Meitei traditional weapons
- Khuman kingdom
- Moirang kingdom
- Khuman dynasty
- Khuman Apokpa
- List of Khuman kings
- List of Khuman queens
- Khuman royal necklace incident
- Khuman Kangleirol
- Moirang Kangleirol
- Khuman Puremba
- Khuman Khamba
- Khumanlol
- Khuman language
- Khuman Kwakpa Litonpanba
- Maithingkongaba
- Chakha Moiremba
- Thongbu Wainucha
Haokhong Sinaikhu

**Haokhong Sinaikhu** () was a warrior of the Khuman clan in ancient Kangleipak (early Manipur). His story is notably mentioned in the classical Meitei literary work Chainarol (An Account of Combats). He is remembered for his notable duel with the Meitei warrior Tengleimaka Amba. Their combat shows the themes of honour, oath-keeping, and divine justice in Meitei martial tradition.

Sinaikhu’s character shows the importance of oaths and honour in ancient Meitei martial ethics, as well as a rare instance of mercy during combat. There is a belief in divine intervention when justice is denied by human actions. His reputation was restored among his people after the truth came to light, showing the value placed on integrity and spiritual faith.

## Background

Haokhong Sinaikhu belonged to the Khuman clan, the major clan lineage in Khuman kingdom, known for its martial traditions and skilled warriors. During his time, formal one-on-one combats were a common way to settle disputes or prove bravery between warriors from different clans. These fights often followed a shared code of conduct, rooted in ritual and honour.

## Duel with Tengleimaka Amba

The most famous account of Sinaikhu appears in the Chainarol, where he engages in a duel with Tengleimaka Amba, a warrior of the Ningthouja/Mangang clan. In the fight, Haokhong Sinaikhu’s spear was the first to draw blood, which should have confirmed his victory. However, Tengleimaka Amba requested that he be allowed to return home alive, swearing by the infallible spear that he would tell others he had been defeated.

Moved by his opponent’s humble plea and the oath taken, Sinaikhu let him live and returned to the Khuman kingdom, claiming victory.

## Breach of oath and aftermath

Later, a Khuman minstrel traveling to the Ningthouja/Mangang kingdom saw Tengleimaka Amba alive and well, dressed as a noble and heading to court. When asked why he was not dead as believed, Tengleimaka mocked the Khuman claim, denying ever being defeated.

Upon hearing this, Haokhong Sinaikhu felt deep shame for being dishonoured by a false oath. Remembering that the opponent had sworn by the spear, Sinaikhu threw the spear into a fire, calling upon divine justice. Soon afterward, Tengleimaka Amba died suddenly, believed to be the result of breaking his sacred promise.

## Related pages

- Khuman warrior traditions
- Meitei martial arts
- Meitei traditional weapons
- Moirang kingdom
- Khuman dynasty
- Khuman Apokpa
- List of Khuman kings
- List of Khuman queens
- Khuman royal necklace incident
- Khuman Kangleirol
- Moirang Kangleirol
- Khuman Puremba
- Khuman Khamba
- Khumanlol
- Khuman language
- Khuman Kwakpa Litonpanba
- Maithingkongaba
- Thongbu Wainucha
- Chakha Moiremba
- Haoba Athouba
Kangchin (Khuman warrior)

**Kangchin** () was a warrior of the Khuman clan in ancient Kangleipak (early Manipur). He is known for his cunning and bravery during a duel with a Meitei warrior named Chimarangba. His story is notably mentioned in the classical Meitei literary work Chainarol, that documents historic and semi-historic single combats between warriors of various early Meitei clans. Kangchin is celebrated for his presence of mind and bold strategy that turned certain defeat into victory.

Kangchin is remembered for his intelligence overcoming brute force, his quick thinking, composure under pressure, and use of cultural ritual to disarm a deceitful opponent. He faced the tension between honourable combat (or warrior code) and betrayal (or treachery). Unlike other warriors who used brute strength, Kangchin’s victory stemmed from psychological agility. By defeating a dishonourable enemy, Kangchin restores justice and personal dignity.

## Historical context

The period in which Kangchin lived was marked by inter-clan rivalries in ancient Kangleipak (present-day Manipur). The Khuman, Moirang clan, Ningthouja/Mangang, and other clans frequently clashed in contests of honour through ritualized single combat. These duels followed a martial code, showing courage, sportsmanship, and ritual respect, though at times they also revealed treachery and deceit.

## Encounter with opponent

The encounter between Kangchin and Chimarangba, a warrior from the Ningthouja/Mangang clan, took place at a place called Kangamung. Both warriors met each other on the way and laid claim to the same tract of land. Their dispute led to an agreement to resolve the matter through a non-lethal challenge.

## Challenge

Kangchin and Chimarangba decided that the land in dispute would belong to the warrior who could first hoist his pennant on a broad-leafed tree the following morning. According to their pact, both were to appear unarmed to ensure a fair contest.

## Breach of Honour

Kangchin arrived first at the tree, climbed it, and hoisted his flag. However, Chimarangba arrived shortly afterward, armed with a spear and shield, violating their agreement. From below, he declared the land his and prepared to attack Kangchin, who was trapped in the tree.

## Turnaround

Kangchin quickly devised a clever strategy. Pretending to surrender, he requested that they share a final meal, invoking the warrior tradition of consuming food and drink brought by one’s wife before death. Moved by the gesture, Chimarangba disarmed himself.

In a swift and surprising move, Kangchin leapt from the tree, overpowered the unarmed opponent, and beheaded him, claiming both victory and honour.

## Related pages

- Khuman warrior traditions
- Meitei martial arts
- Meitei traditional weapons
- Khuman kingdom
- Moirang kingdom
- Khuman dynasty
- Khuman Apokpa
- List of Khuman kings
- List of Khuman queens
- Khuman royal necklace incident
- Khuman Kangleirol
- Moirang Kangleirol
- Khuman Puremba
- Khuman Khamba
- Khumanlol
- Khuman language
- Khuman Kwakpa Litonpanba
- Maithingkongaba
- Thongbu Wainucha
- Chakha Moiremba
- Haoba Athouba
- Haokhong Sinaikhu
Chimarangba

**Chimarangba** () was a Meitei warrior of Mangang clan in ancient Kangleipak (present-day Manipur). He is notably mentioned in the classical Meitei historical-literary work Chainarol, a collection of narratives centered on one-on-one combats between warriors from different clans. His story is known for his moral complexity and for the dramatic turn it takes during his fateful duel with a Khuman warrior named Kangchin.
He is remembered not only for his violation of the warrior’s code of conduct but also as a caution in how betrayal can lead to one's downfall.

## Background

During the early period of Manipur, warfare among clans such as the Meitei Mangang, Khuman, Moirang clan, and others was often ritualized through structured single combats. These duels, rich in ceremonial and ethical dimensions, were expressions of both personal honour and clan prestige. While the warrior code upheld fairness and integrity, violations of this code, as seen in Chimarangba’s case, sometimes led to disgrace.

### Dispute

Chimarangba and Kangchin met each other at Kangamung, a historic location, each claiming the same plot of land as his own. To avoid open conflict, the two warriors agreed to a peaceful contest. The condition was that the land would belong to the one who hoisted a pennant on a designated tree first at dawn the next day, and importantly, that both would come unarmed.

### Breach of Code

Kangchin arrived early the next morning, climbed the tree, and placed his flag. While he waited above, Chimarangba appeared, violating the agreed rules by bringing weapons. Armed with a spear and shield, Chimarangba declared the land his and demanded Kangchin’s surrender, asserting dominance by force rather than by agreement.

### Turn of events

Feigning surrender, Kangchin appealed to Chimarangba’s warrior sensibility and asked to share food and drink, provisions prepared by his wife, in accordance with customary practice before death. Chimarangba, perhaps out of pride or misplaced trust, laid down his weapons to participate in the final ritual.

In a sudden and decisive act, Kangchin leapt from the tree, attacked the now-disarmed Chimarangba, and beheaded him, thereby claiming victory and justice in a manner both shocking and brilliant.

## Related pages

- Meitei martial arts
- Meitei traditional weapons
- Khuman martial traditions
- Khuman kingdom
- Meitei warriors
Maithingkongaba

**Maithingkongaba ()** was a warrior of the Khuman clan who lived in ancient Kangleipak (early Manipur). He is notably mentioned in the historical classical Meitei text Chainarol, a collection of dramatic real-life duels between warriors from various clans. His encounter with the Meitei warrior named Akangsu is remembered for its ironic twist and serves as an example of both overconfidence and unexpected mercy in the warrior tradition of Manipur. His experience shows that even the most well-prepared warriors can fall if they let their guard down.

## Background

During Maithingkongaba's times, clan-based warrior culture played a central role in maintaining honour, reputation, and social order. Warriors often issued direct challenges to their counterparts, and these duels were often ceremonial, featuring shared meals and a code of conduct even in the face of death.

Maithingkongaba’s tale is one of the many that show the unpredictability of combat, where not just strength, but wit and timing, play decisive roles.

## Encounter at Waisen Pheibok Yi

Maithingkongaba, dressed up in full warrior attire and equipped with sword, spear, and shield, left his home in search of combat. His destination was Waisen Pheibok Yi, a known location for warrior duels.

There, he came across Akangsu, a Meitei man, engaged in fishing. Spotting what seemed to be an easy target, Maithingkongaba challenged Akangsu to a fight. However, Akangsu, being unarmed and focused on his fishing task, politely requested a short delay, stating that he had not yet caught enough fish.
Maithingkongaba, confident and perhaps dismissive, agreed and settled under the shade of a nearby tree. In a moment of carelessness, he fell asleep.

## Turn of events

As Maithingkongaba fell asleep, Akangsu seized the opportunity. Quietly approaching the sleeping Khuman warrior, he overpowered and bound Maithingkongaba’s hands and feet. The situation, which had begun with Maithingkongaba holding the upper hand, had completely reversed.

Fearing for his life, Maithingkongaba pleaded for mercy. He offered his fine warrior garments and weapons as trophies, hoping that Akangsu might spare his life and return home as a victor.
In a surprising act of compassion, Akangsu chose not to kill him. He untied the Khuman warrior and allowed him to live. Akangsu then returned to his people, displaying the captured weapons and garb as symbols of his cunning victory.

## Related pages

- Khuman warrior traditions
- Meitei martial arts
- Meitei traditional weapons
- Khuman kingdom
- Moirang kingdom
- Khuman dynasty
- Khuman Apokpa
- List of Khuman kings
- List of Khuman queens
- Khuman royal necklace incident
- Khuman Kangleirol
- Moirang Kangleirol
- Khuman Puremba
- Khuman Khamba
- Khumanlol
- Khuman language
- Khuman Kwakpa Litonpanba
Akangsu

**Akangsu** () was a Meitei warrior from ancient Kangleipak (early Manipur), whose memorable encounter with a Khuman fighter named Maithingkongaba is notably mentioned in the classical Meitei historic martial text Chainarol. Unlike many warriors chronicled in the text, Akangsu’s story is known not for brute strength or bloody combat, but for cleverness, patience, and unexpected mercy, which stood in contrast to the typical glorification of headhunting and vengeance. Akangsu is remembered as an unconventional hero, as he challenges the typical glorification of violence in the Chainarol and offers a rare example of mercy triumphing over vengeance. It stands out as a lesson in humility, cleverness, and the power of restraint.

## Background

In the martial society of ancient Kangleipak (early Manipur), warriors from various clans upheld personal and clan honour through ritualized single combats, often resulting in the death of one combatant and the taking of his head by the victor. These stories were collected in the Chainarol, a record of 27 duels that reflect the values, ethics, and drama of the warrior class.

Akangsu was a member of the Meitei Mangang clan and is remembered for his surprising victory over a fully armed Khuman warrior using wit and restraint rather than sheer force.

## Duel at Waisen Pheibok Yi

Akangsu’s most famous encounter took place at a location called Waisen Pheibok Yi, where he was peacefully engaged in fishing when he was approached by Maithingkongaba, a Khuman warrior dressed in full battle gear and carrying sword, spear, and shield. Maithingkongaba, spoiling for a fight, challenged Akangsu to a duel.

Not ready for battle and preoccupied with his fishing, Akangsu requested a delay, saying he had not caught enough fish. Maithingkongaba, possibly amused or overconfident, agreed and rested under a tree.

Taking advantage of this moment, Akangsu quietly approached the sleeping warrior, overpowered him, and tied his hands and feet.

## Act of mercy

With the tide turned unexpectedly, Maithingkongaba pleaded for his life and offered Akangsu his weapons and warrior attire as tokens of submission. Rather than killing him, despite having the opportunity and justification under the warrior code, Akangsu chose to spare his life.

He returned home in triumph, not with a head as was customary, but with the symbolic trophies of his opponent, the sword, shield, and attire of a warrior, showing his cleverness and dominance without bloodshed.

## Related pages

- Meitei martial arts
- Meitei traditional weapons
- Khuman martial traditions
- Khuman kingdom
- Meitei warriors
Deborah Norville

**Deborah Anne Norville** (born August 8, 1958) is an American television journalist and businesswoman. Norville worked as anchor of Inside Edition, a syndicated television news magazine. She held the position from March 6, 1995 to May 21, 2025. She markets and sells a line of yarns for knit and crochet enthusiasts, manufactured by Premier Yarns. She was born in Dalton, Georgia. She won her town's local Junior Miss contest, a beauty contest for high school senior girls and represented Georgia in the 1976 America's Junior Miss pageant.
The Raccoons

***The Raccoons*** is a Canadian animated children's television series that ran on CBC Television from November 11, 1985 to March 19, 1991. The series revolves around Bert Raccoon and married couple Ralph and Melissa Raccoon, of whom Bert is a friend and roommate, which conflicts about citizenship and antihero lack of environmentalism.
The Great American Bash (2007)

**The Great American Bash (2007)** was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). It took place on July 22, 2007, at the HP Pavilion in San Jose, California. It was the fourth Great American Bash event held by WWE and the 19th overall.

## Other websites

- Official Great American Bash 2007 website

## Infobox (wrestling event)

- **name**: The Great American Bash (2007)
- **promotion**: WWE, World Wrestling Entertainment
- **brand**: WWE Raw, Raw
SmackDown!
ECW (WWE), ECW
- **date**: July 22, 2007
- **venue**: SAP Center, HP Pavilion
- **city**: San Jose, California
- **lastevent**: Vengeance: Night of Champions
- **nextevent**: SummerSlam (2007)
- **event**: The Great American Bash
- **lastevent2**: The Great American Bash (2006)
- **nextevent2**: The Great American Bash (2008)
Michel Bampély

**Michel Bampély** (born 8 October 1974 in Kyiv, Ukraine) is a French sociologist, poet, singer, and music producer. He is also known by his stage name **Saint-Michel**. His work mixes music, spoken word, and social research.

## Biography

Bampély grew up in Paris, where he discovered hip hop. He studied literature and sociology and earned a PhD from EHESS under Jean-Louis Fabiani.

His grandfather, Michel Mongali, was a youth and sports minister in Congo in the 1960s. His uncle Maxime Mongali was a known Congolese composer.

## Music career

Bampély created the group _La Troupe_ in the late 1990s. His first album, _La fête des fous_, came out in 2000. He later released _Les Rillettes du Mans_ (2011), mixing French song and slam. In 2023, he released _Grand Enfant (Afro-Jazz Vol.1)_ with Universal Music Africa.

## Public life

In 2024, Bampély co-signed a letter with 4,000 scientists in _L’Obs_ magazine, warning against far-right threats to academic freedom.

## Personal life

He married poet Mademoiselle Éférie in 2022. They have two children and perform together as a duo.

## Discography

- _La fête des fous_ (2000)
- _Les Rillettes du Mans_ (2011)
- _Grand Enfant (Afro-Jazz Vol.1)_ (2023)
- _Les Infinis (Soul Jazz Poetry)_ (2025)

## Publications

- 1999: _La fête des fous, songs for voice and piano_. Scorpio Music.
- 2016: _Songs and Costumes in French Legal Tradition_. Éditions L’Épitoge.
- 2025: _In Africa, the Constitutional Order in Question_. Afrique Contemporaine.

## Articles

- 2025: Michel Bampély, “Review of *Cuba and Africa, 1959–1994: Writing an Alternative Atlantic History*”, in _Afrique Contemporaine_, no. 278, vol. 2 (2024).

## Other websites

- Official profile at EHESS
- "Saint-Michel, Afro-Jazz and Congolese Heritage" on Afrik.com
- "Jazz, Love and Africa" on Africultures
- Media related to Michel Bampély at Wikimedia Commons

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **embed**: yes
- **background**: solo_singer
- **associated acts**: La Troupe


## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Michel Bampély
- **image**: Michel Bampély.jpg
- **caption**: Michel Bampély in 2011
- **birth name**: Michel Obouronanga
- **birth place**: Kyiv, Ukraine
- **nationality**: France, French
- **years active**: 1999–present
- **known for**: Combining social science and music
- **spouse**: Mademoiselle Éférie (married 2022)
- **children**: 2
- **website**: [https://www.ehess.fr/fr/personne/michel-bamp%C3%A9ly EHESS profile]
Torbung (Khamba Thoibi)

**Torbung hunting** (), or **Torbung Sadanba** _(also spelled as Satanba, Shadanba, Shatanba)_, or **Puremba-na Kei Phaba** or **Purembana Kei Faba** (), refers to an event in the ancient Moirang kingdom of early Manipur, described in the Moirang Kangleirol tradition of Meitei mythology and Meitei folklore. The story centers on the hero Puremba (also spelled Purenba) of the Khuman dynasty, and his encounter with nine divine tigers sent by the god Thangjing to restore cosmic balance and reward the hero.

The Torbung hunting incident is part of the classical Meitei epic Khamba Thoibi and is also featured in its refined poetic version, Khamba Thoibi Sheireng, written by Hijam Anganghal.

## Background

The event of Torbung hunting is closely linked to the myth of Ngangkha Leima (goddess Arai Leima) and her union with Khuman Puremba.

According to the story, Ngangkha Leima appeared in the Ngangkha Lawai region to request Puremba to take her as his wife.
The king of Moirang, unaware of her divine identity, took her and kept her as his consort.
To correct this injustice and restore the divine order, God Thangjing sent nine divine servants in the form of ferocious tigers to the human world.
The tigers were supernatural and could not be killed by anyone except Puremba, showing the mythological theme of a chosen hero fulfilling a divine purpose.

## Main incident

The tigers caused widespread chaos among the livestock and properties of Moirang. The people appealed to the king to stop them.
The king arranged a grand hunting event at Torbung, a forested grassland region, setting up a high stage with bamboo poles to observe the hunters safely.
The nine tigers appeared in three waves of three tigers each. All other warriors fled in fear.

Puremba’s actions during the hunt:
- First trio: Puremba defeated all three tigers and received rewards from the king.
- Second trio: The king, unable to climb the stage quickly during the attack, witnessed Puremba defeat the next three tigers and rewarded him again.
- Third trio: Puremba defeated the final three tigers. The king had exhausted all material rewards. The only thing left of value was Ngangkha Leima, his consort, who was then given to Puremba.

## Consequences

Following the Torbung hunting, Ngangkha Leima stayed with Puremba, fulfilling her divine promise.
She gave birth to a daughter named Khamnu, biologically the king’s child but born and raised in Puremba’s household, and later a son named Khuman Khamba, who became a central hero in the classical Meitei epic Khamba Thoibi.

## Related pages

- Kabui Salang Maiba (Khamba Thoibi)
- Khoirentak tiger
Lamjel (Khamba Thoibi)

**Lamjel** (), also known as **Mukna Lamjen** (), is a national racing and wrestling championship described in the Khamba Thoibi classical epic of Moirang Kangleirol genre of Meitei mythology and folklore. It took place in the ancient Moirang kingdom and occurred before the Kao (bull) capturing and Ukai Kappa incidents. The event highlights early rivalry between Khuman Khamba and Angom Nongban Kongyamba.

## Background

As Khuman Khamba’s fame increased, Angom Nongban Kongyamba became envious of him. Athletes across the kingdom began preparing for the annual racing and wrestling championships. Each pana (state province) selected its own champions through its officers.

Khamba was chosen as the champion for his pana. He was known for running long distances very fast, keeping his chest low. Kongyamba was chosen for his pana. He ran quickly but held his head high and could not maintain speed over long distances.

## Championship

That year, the organizers made the race longer than in previous years. Both Khamba and Kongyamba became champions of their respective panas in wrestling and running events.

On the night before the race, Kongyamba planned with his followers on how to defeat Khamba. He expressed fear of disgrace if he lost to Khamba. At the same time, Khamba’s elder sister, Khamnu, worried that jealousy might cause harm to her brother.

## Deception and exclusion

On the following day, Kongyamba spread a false message among the people, claiming that it was harmful for the land if a poor man won the race, as it could bring scarcity. This message spread among the public.

Khamba was stopped and told that his name was not on the list of contestants. Believing this, he returned home in sadness and told Khamnu what had happened. The siblings reported the matter to Chaoba Nongthonba. Nongthonba went to the king, who ordered that Khamba should participate if the race had not yet begun.

## Race

Khamba and Nongthonba’s son, Feiroijamba, hurried to the race starting point. The race was about to begin when they arrived. They announced that they carried the king’s order. Khamba immediately joined the race and ran with great speed.

Kongyamba’s men tried to stop Khamba during the race, but he struck them aside. Khamba eventually caught up with Kongyamba, who had become tired and was running slowly. Fifteen horsemen loyal to Kongyamba attempted to block Khamba, but he kicked them away.

Encouraged by Khamnu’s shout to run for their father’s honor, Khamba reached the finish line first. Kongyamba finished second.

## Aftermath

Both Khamba and Kongyamba saluted the king. The king was especially pleased with Khamba and rewarded him with a gold embroidered coat. The queen gifted him fine clothes, and the ministers added many more gifts.

Khamba and his sister Khamnu generously distributed many of these gifts to elderly men and women of the kingdom.

## Related pages

- Meitei traditional games
- Marathon
Een Chingba (Khamba Thoibi)

**Een Chingba** (), also known as **In Chingba** or **En Chingba** (), is an event from the Khamba Thoibi classical epic in Moirang Kangleirol genre of Meitei mythology and folklore. The event centers on a fishing activity at Loktak Lake that was reserved exclusively for women and marks a notable meeting and bonding between Khuman Khamba and Princess Thoibi.

## Fishing at Loktak lake

Princess Thoibi planned a fishing excursion at Loktak Lake and asked Khamnu to accompany her. When King Chingkhu Telheiba learned that the princess and her companions would be on the lake, he ordered that no man was allowed to go there.

Khamnu informed her brother Khamba of the royal order and left him at home the next day.

## Khamba’s dream and arrival at the lake

While Khamba was sleeping, he had a dream in which Goddess Ayangleima, either Panthoibi or Koiren Leima, appeared to him in the form of Khamnu and asked him to go to the lake. After waking, Khamba wondered about the dream. God Thangjing caused him to believe that he had truly seen his sister.

Khamba then rowed a boat onto the lake but went in the wrong direction. God Thangjing covered the hills with clouds, and a sudden storm arose. The storm pushed Khamba’s boat toward the place where Princess Thoibi was fishing.

## Meeting of Khamba and Thoibi

Princess Thoibi saw Khamba standing near her and asked Khamnu if she knew the strange man who had disobeyed the royal order. Khamnu denied knowing him. Hearing his sister’s voice, Khamba moved closer.

Thoibi noticed Khamba’s handsome appearance, strength, and fine form. Khamba was equally amazed by Thoibi’s beauty and charm. It was considered the will of the gods that they should become lovers. Khamnu feared that her brother would be punished for breaking the royal command.

## Discovery of Khamba’s identity

Thoibi noticed that a piece of cloth worn by Khamba matched Khamnu’s cloth. She also saw that Khamba was wearing a bracelet she had previously given to Khamnu. Later, Khamnu revealed the truth about Khamba’s identity.

After learning the truth, Thoibi treated Khamba kindly. She offered him fine food. Before Khamnu returned, Thoibi gave Khamba gifts.

## Oath of love

Khamba and Thoibi bound themselves by an oath before God Khuman Pokpa, the ancestral deity (apokpa) of the Khuman clan. They drank water in which a golden bracelet had been dipped and vowed to remain lovers forever. After the oath, Thoibi addressed Khamnu as her sister.

## Visit to Khamba’s house

In another meeting, Princess Thoibi asked Khamnu to show her their house. They arrived at an old and damaged dwelling. Thoibi sat on a red cloth near the northern pillar. Because the house had many holes, Khamba hid himself inside a mat.

When Thoibi asked about the mat, Khamnu said it was the place of worship for God Khuman Pokpa. Thoibi asked permission to pray to the deity and expressed a wish to worship there daily. Though she knew the truth, she pretended ignorance.

As Thoibi prayed aloud, Khamba heard her voice and laughed. Thoibi then said that the god was speaking.

## Related pages

- Fishing in Meitei culture
Kangjei (Khamba Thoibi)

**Kangjei** () is an event from the Khamba Thoibi classical epic in Moirang Kangleirol genre of Meitei mythology and folklore. The event focuses on traditional wrestling (Mukna Kangjei) and hockey (Khong Kangjei) contests and marks Khuman Khamba’s first public recognition in the Moirang kingdom.

## Entry into the wrestling club

Khamba went among the men of the kingdom and joined the wrestling club. An elderly man noticed Khamba’s great strength and asked him to wrestle. At that time, Angom Nongban Kongyamba was the national wrestling champion of the Moirang kingdom. He invited Khamba to wrestle with him.

To everyone’s surprise, Kongyamba was defeated by Khamba.

## Question of identity

After the match, Minister Chaoba Nongthonba asked Khamba his name. Khamba at first refused to reveal his true identity. He had been warned by his elder sister, Khamnu, not to disclose his background. He also avoided naming his father.

Nongthonba became angry at Khamba’s refusal. Khamba then explained that his father had died when he was an infant and that his sister had raised him. Nongthonba carefully observed Khamba and realized that his appearance closely resembled that of Puremba, his close friend.

## Revelation and acceptance

Nongthonba felt regret for speaking harshly and asked Khamba again about his identity. With Khamnu’s permission, Khamba revealed the truth. Nongthonba expressed sorrow over the loss of Khamba’s father and spoke of how people often forget their own kin.

Nongthonba developed deep affection for Khamba. He informed his wives about the young man and asked them to prepare fine clothes and good food for Khamba and Khamnu. He also remembered the earlier marriage engagement between his son, Feiroijamba, and Khamnu.
Nongthonba and his family went to Khamnu’s house. At first, Khamnu hid herself in the women’s chamber and wept. After hearing their lament, she came out and accepted the gifts they brought.

## Introduction to the royal family

Nongthonba later took Khamba to the marketplace, where Crown Prince Chingkhu Akhuba, the king’s brother, was present. Nongthonba introduced Khamba to him. Khamba was then presented to King Chingkhu Telheiba.

The king treated Khamba kindly and offered him the duty of collecting flowers for God Thangjing.

## Royal recognition

Khamba told Khamnu everything that had happened. The crown prince also showed kindness toward Khamba and spoke publicly about Khamba and his late father. He reminded the people of late Puremba’s high official position, noble birth, and service to the kingdom. Princess Thoibi asked her father to honor Khamba by building him a house.

## Related pages

- Meitei traditional games
- Meitei martial arts
Kabo Loi (Khamba Thoibi)

**Kabo Loi** (), also known as **Thoibi Loi Thaba** (), or **Loi Kumba** (), is an event from the Khamba Thoibi classical epic in Moirang Kangleirol genre of Meitei mythology and folklore. It tells the story of Princess Thoibi’s exile to Kabo (Kabaw), a historical tributary region of the then Moirang kingdom, in what is now western Myanmar. This event follows the conflicts in the Ukai Kappa, Heijing, and Samukhong events.

## Exile decision and order

Princess Thoibi refused her father, Crown Prince Chingkhu Akhuba’s, demand to marry Angom Nongban Kongyamba. Angered by her refusal, the prince said, “I would rather be childless than be the father of this evil girl.” He ordered his minister, Hanjaba, to sell Thoibi to the Kabaw chief for silver and gold and exiled her to the Kabaw region.

Thoibi informed Khamba of her misfortune and pleaded with him not to forget her. On the day of her exile, she wept bitterly. Her cries were so loud they were compared to thunder. The queen and all her maids also wept. Minister Hanjaba escorted her to Kabaw. Along the way, Thoibi met Khamba, and both mourned the pain of their separation. Khamba gave her a staff to lean on during her journey.

## Token of chastity

While traveling, Thoibi planted the staff by the roadside, wishing it to blossom into a leafy tree if she remained faithful to Khamba. She also carved a mark on a roadside stone as a record of her chastity.

## Life in Kabaw

Upon arrival in Kabaw, Chief Tamurakpa took pity on Thoibi and kept her as a guest in his house. She befriended Changning Kanbi, the chief’s daughter. However, jealous women in Kabaw persuaded Changning to treat Thoibi as a servant, sending her to catch fish and gather firewood. Despite these hardships, Thoibi constantly dreamt of Khamba.

God Thangjing, the national deity of Moirang, took pity on her. When Chief Tamurakpa learned of the harsh treatment from his own daughter, he asked all the women to weave a cloth each. Changning called Thoibi a wayward child because she refused to marry Kongyamba, whom Changning considered a worthy match. Angered by his daughter’s words, Tamurakpa intended to punish her, but Thoibi stopped him.

Thoibi and Changning wove their respective cloths. Changning, jealous, tore holes in Thoibi’s cloth at night using a porcupine quill. Thoibi intelligently mended the cloth, making it more beautiful. Tamurakpa admired Thoibi’s cloth and discarded his own daughter’s work.

## Signs of home and return

While working at the loom, Thoibi noticed ashes carried by the wind, reminding her of Moirang. She wept for Khamba and her homeland. God Thangjing softened the hearts of those in power and sent men to bring her back. Meanwhile, Kongyamba was secretly instructed by crown prince to forcibly elope her during the return journey.

Before leaving, Thoibi prayed to the patron deity of Kabaw, thanked Chief Tamurakpa for his hospitality, and paid respect to the stone marking her chastity. She also saw the staff planted earlier, which had blossomed into a leafy tree.

## Related pages

- Meitei princess
CeraVe

**CeraVe** is a company that sells skin care products.

## Products

The company creates multiple skin care products (Mainly moisturizer) mainly used to remove acne, eczema, dry skin, and many more. Some have ceramides in them.

## History

CeraVe was founded in 2005 and was owned by Valeant. Then, in 2017, it has been sold and acquired by L'Oréal with 2 other companies for 1.3 billion dollars.

## Infobox (company)

- **logo**: CeraVe logo.png
- **owner**: L'Oréal
- **website**: https://www.cerave.com/
The Border (2008 TV series)

***The Border*** is a Canadian drama television series made for CBC Television. It starred James McGowan, Grace Park, Graham Abbey, Jonas Chernick, Mark Wilson, Jim Codrington, Athena Karkanis, Catherine Disher, Sofia Milos, Nazneen Contractor, and Ali Kazmi. The show ran from January 7, 2008 until January 14, 2010.

The show is about a team of customs and security agents called Immigration and Customs Security (ICS) and it follows them as they deal with the security of the Canada–United States border and protect the country against terrorism and spys.

The series was nominated for many awards. At the Monte-Carlo Television Festival, James McGowan was nominated for Best Actor and Sofia Milos for Best Actress in 2008. In 2009, the series was nominated for five awards, including Outstanding International Producer in Drama, Outstanding Dramatic Actor, and Outstanding Dramatic Actress. At the 23rd Gemini Awards, _The Border_ was nominated for 9 awards, winning for Best Performance by an Actor in a Featured Supporting Role in a Dramatic Series and Best Picture Editing in a Dramatic Program or Series.

## Infobox (television)

- **creator**: Jeremy Hole
Janet MacLean
Peter Raymont
Lindalee Tracy
- **producer**: Janet MacLean
David Barlow
Brain Dennis
- **executive producer**: Peter Raymont
- **starring**: James McGowan (actor), James McGowan
Grace Park (actress), Grace Park
Graham Abbey
Jonas Chernick
Mark Wilson (comedian), Mark Wilson
Jim Codrington
Athena Karkanis
Catherine Disher
Sofia Milos
Nazneen Contractor
Ali Kazmi
- **composer**: Mark Korven
- **editor**: Christopher Donaldson
- **cinematography**: Gavin Smith
- **country**: Canada
- **language**: English
- **num seasons**: 3
- **num episodes**: 38
- **runtime**: 45 minutes
- **network**: CBC Television
E-ACT

**E-ACT** is a multi-academy trust. It is responsible for 38 academies in England. Over 93% are now rated as “Good” or better by Ofsted.

## Infobox (organization)

- **name**: E-ACT
- **headquarters**: The Orangery
- **location**: 28 Headlands
Kettering
NN15 7HP
- **services**: Education
- **leader title**: Chair of trustees
- **leader name**: Jim Knight
- **leader title2**: Chief executive officer, CEO
- **leader name2**: Tom Campbell
- **staff**: 2,500
- **formerly**: * Edutrust Academies Charitable Trust
(2008–2010)
* Edutrust Academies Trust
<small>(Mar–May 2008)</small>
Multi-academy trust

A **Multi-academy trust (MAT)** or **academy chain** is an trust that manages more than one academy in England. It is funded by the Department of Education and local authorities. In November 2019, there were 1,170 Multi-academy trusts. 598 have five or fewer schools, 259 have 6-11 schools, 85 have between 12-25 schools and 29 have 26 or more schools.
Being Erica

***Being Erica*** is a Canadian comedy drama television series made for CBC Television. It starred Erin Karpluk, Reagan Pasternak, Michael Riley, and Kathleen Laskey. The show ran from January 5, 2009 until December 12, 2011. The series wasn't officially cancelled but creator Jana Sinyor said the show was over.

The show followed 30-year-old Erica Strange as she uses time travel from her therapist Dr. Tom to go back to important times in her life and regrets that she had during it.

Since it's conclusion and success, there have been a few remakes of the show. In 2010, it was announced that American Broadcasting Company was creating a remake of _Being Erica_ with Maggie Friedman working on the series. On December 10, 2020, Allison Williams was announced as the star of an American remake of _Being Erica_ made by Boat Rocker Studios.

## Other websites

- (archive)

## Infobox (television)

- **genre**: Comedy drama
- **creator**: Jana Sinyor
- **starring**: Erin Karpluk
Michael Riley
Tyron Leitso
Vinessa Antoine
Reagan Pasternak
Morgan Kelly
John Boylan (Canadian actor), John Boylan
Kathleen Laskey
Joanna Douglas (Canadian actress), Joanna Douglas
Adam MacDonald
Paula Brancati
Sarah Gadon
Sebastian Pigott
Devon Bostick
Laurence Leboeuf
Adam Fergus
- **opentheme**: "All I Ever Wanted to Be" performed by Lily Frost
- **country**: Canada
- **language**: English
- **num seasons**: 4
- **num episodes**: 49
- **runtime**: 45 minutes
- **company**: Temple Street Productions
- **network**: CBC Television
Music of Hungary

Hungary has made many contributions to the fields of folk, popular and classical music. Hungarian folk music is a prominent part of the national identity and continues to play a major part in Hungarian music. The Busójárás carnival in Mohács is a major folk music event in Hungary, formerly featuring the long-established and well-regarded Bogyiszló orchestra. Instruments traditionally used in Hungarian folk music include the citera, cimbalom, cobza, doromb, duda, kanászkürt, tárogató, tambura, tekero and ütőgardon. Traditional Hungarian music has been found to bear resemblances to the musical traditions of neighbouring Balkan countries and Central Asia.
Sophie (TV series)

***Sophie*** is a Canadian sitcom television series made for CBC Television. It starred Natalie Brown, Sebastian Spence, Amy Lalonde, Jeff Geddis, Mimi Kuzyk, and Sara Botsford. The show ran from January 9, 2008 until March 23, 2009. It was cancelled because of low ratings. The show was also broadcast on ABC Family after they bought the rights to the series.

The show followed Sophie Parker as she deals with balancing motherhood and the workplace. She deals with her boyfriend Rick leaving her and taking her clients to his competing business.

The series was renewed for a second season by CBC but ended afterwards and was not brought back.

## Other websites

- (archive)

## Infobox (television)

- **genre**: Situation comedy, Sitcom
- **creator**: Richard Blaimert
- **executive producer**: Jocelyn Deschênes
- **starring**: Natalie Brown
Sebastian Spence
Amy Lalonde
Jeff Geddis
Mimi Kuzyk
Sara Botsford
Chantelle Chung
Catherine Bérubé
- **country**: Canada
- **language**: English
- **num seasons**: 2
- **num episodes**: 32
- **runtime**: 30 minutes
- **network**: CBC Television