juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Burlington Coat Factory

**Burlington Coat Factory** is a coat factory/store/warehouse established in 1924. It was called "Burlington Coat/Fine Clothing Factory Warehouse for the Entire Family" in 1924-1984 and "The Original Burlington Coat Factory" in 1984-2011.

It is an American national off price retailer, with 523 stores in 44 states and Puerto Rico, with its corporate headquarters in Burlington Township, New Jersey.

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: Burlington
- **logo**: Burlington Stores logo.svg
- **logo size**: 200px
- **founded**: 1972
- **founder**: Monroe Milstein
- **hq location**: Burlington Township, New Jersey
- **area served**: Contiguous United States, Puerto Rico
- **key people**: Michael O’Sullivan (Cheif Executive Officer)
Travis Marquette (Chief Operating Officer)
- **num employees**: 40,000 (2018)
- **location country**: United States
- **homepage**: https://www.burlington.com/
Kuwait Airways

**Kuwait Airways** is Kuwait's national airline. It began in 1954. It has grown very fast. It is one of the largest airlines in the Middle East. It flies to 42 cities in different countries.

Kuwait Airways has 22 aircraft (with 4 more on order). The average age of their aircraft is 17.4 years.
Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous (song)

"**Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous**" is the first single off American pop punk band Good Charlotte's second studio album, _The Young and the Hopeless_. The song was released in September 6, 2002.

On the _Billboard_ charts, the song was able to peak at #20 on the Hot 100 and #6 on the Top 40 Mainstream.

In 2003, the song won a MTV Video Music Award for "Viewer's Choice". It was also the winner of a Kerrang! Award for Best Single.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous
- **artist**: Good Charlotte
- **album**: The Young and the Hopeless
- **released**: September 6, 2002
- **recorded**: 2001–2002
- **genre**: Pop punk, punk rock
- **length**: 3:10
- **label**: Epic Records, Epic
- **writer**: Benji Madden, Joel Madden
- **producer**: Eric Valentine
- **prev title**: Festival Song
- **prev year**: 2001
- **next title**: The Anthem
- **next year**: 2003
The Anthem

"**The Anthem**" is the second single off American pop punk band Good Charlotte's second studio album, _The Young and the Hopeless_. The song was released in January 2003.

On the _Billboard_ charts, the song was able to peak at #43 on the Hot 100 and #10 on the Hot Modern Rock Tracks.

In 2004, the song won "Best Rock Video" at the MTV Video Music Awards Japan.

The song has appeared on the soundtracks to the video games _Madden NFL 2003_, _Project Gotham Racing_, _Elite Beat Agents_, and the North American release of _Donkey Konga 2_.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: The Anthem
- **artist**: Good Charlotte
- **album**: The Young and the Hopeless
- **released**: January 2003
- **recorded**: 2001–2002
- **genre**: Pop punk, punk rock
- **length**: 2:55
- **label**: Epic Records, Epic
- **writer**: Benji Madden, Joel Madden, John Feldman
- **producer**: John Feldman
- **prev title**: Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous (song), Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous
- **prev year**: 2001
- **next title**: Girls & Boys (Good Charlotte song), Girls & Boys
- **next year**: 2003
IC 342/Maffei Group

The **IC 342/Maffei Group** (also known as the _IC 342 Group_ or the _Maffei 1 Group_) is the nearest group of galaxies to the Local Group.  The group is basically a binary group. The member galaxies are mostly concentrated around either IC 342 or Maffei 1, which are the brightest galaxies in the group.

The group, and the Local Group, are in the Virgo Supercluster (i.e. the Local Supercluster).
Deltoid muscle

The **deltoid muscle** is the muscle forming the rounded contour of the human shoulder. Electromyography suggests that it is at least seven groups that can be independently coordinated by the central nervous system.
Grass snake

The **grass snake** (_Natrix_) is a non-venomous snake. It is often found near water and feeds almost exclusively on amphibia and lizards.

The grass snake is widely distributed in mainland Europe, from mid Scandinavia to southern Italy. It is also found in Middle East and northwestern Africa.

There is a native species in Great Britain but it is  not _Natrix natrix_. It is _Natrix helvetica_ the barred grass snake. The two subspecies were both called _Natrix natrix_ until recently (2017).

Work by the Senckenberg Research Institute in Germany lead a study into the genetics of over 1,600 grass snakes.
Neville Longbottom

**Neville Longbottom** is a fictional character in J. K. Rowling's _Harry Potter_ book series. He is described as a round-faced Gryffindor student in the central character Harry Potter's year. Throughout the series, Neville is often portrayed as a bumbling and disorganised character, as well as a rather mediocre student— though he is highly gifted at herbology.

However, the character's personality appears to undergo a transition after he joins Dumbledore's Army in _Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince_. The encouragement he receives gives him confidence in his magical abilities, turning him into a more competent wizard. Eventually, Neville becomes the leader of Dumbledore's Army during Harry, Ron and Hermione's absence searching for Horcruxes.

Neville is instrumental in the downfall of Lord Voldemort and eventually destroys the final horcrux, which allows Harry to defeat The Dark Lord once and for all. Neville is portrayed in the movie adaptations by Matthew Lewis. He will be portrayed by Rory Wilmot in the upcoming television series _Harry Potter_ for the streaming service HBO Max.
Smooth snake

The **smooth snake** (_Coronella austriaca_). is found in Britain, where it lives only in southern heathlands.

It is a non-venomous colubrid species found in northern and central Europe, and as far east as northern Iran. In contrast to many other snakes, their scales are flat (not keeled). This gives the snake a smooth texture to the touch, from which it gets its common name.

The smooth snake feeds on smaller animals, especially other reptiles.  It subdues larger prey by constriction, although unlike true constrictors it does not actually kill by this method.  It reproduces by laying eggs, which are buried in sand in a warm place.
Scientific Name: Coronella austriaca

Described by: Josephus Nicolaus Laurenti in 1768

Subspecies: Two are recognized—C. a. austriaca (widespread) and C. a. acutirostris (restricted to Portugal).
Villa Castelli helicopter crash

The **Villa Castelli helicopter crash** occurred on 9 March 2015 when two helicopters collided near Villa Castelli in north-west Argentina. All 10 people on board the two aircraft were killed.

Florence Arthaud, Camille Muffat and Alexis Vastine were passengers.
Lynn Borden

**Lynn Borden** (March 24, 1937 – March 3, 2015) was an American actress. She was best known for her role as "Barbara Baxter" in the final season of the Shirley Booth sitcom _Hazel_, which aired on CBS from 1965 to 1966 though the program began in 1961 on NBC.

Borden was born in Detroit. She died of an illness in Encino, Los Angeles.
Ernest Braun

**Ernest Braun** (9 March 1925 – 3 March 2015) was a British-Austrian scholar. He worked in technology policy and technology assessment.

## Other websites

- E. Braun in the ISBN data base
- E. Braun on Google Scholar

## Infobox (person)

- **honorific prefix**: Professor
- **name**: Ernest Braun
- **image**: Ernest Braun 88.jpg
- **caption**: Braun, on his 88th birthday
- **birth place**: Vienna, Austria
- **death place**: Bruckneudorf, Austria
- **nationality**: British
- **other names**: Ernst Braun
- **occupation**: Academic physicist
Gimme Shelter

"**Gimme Shelter**" is a song by English rock band The Rolling Stones. It is the first song on their 1969 album, _Let It Bleed_. Merry Clayton sang for the song along with Mick Jagger. The song was released on 5 December 1969.

During a 1995 interview with _Rolling Stone_, Jagger said:

> "Well, it's a very rough, very violent era. The Vietnam War. Violence on the screens, pillage and burning. And Vietnam was not war as we knew it in the conventional sense. The thing about Vietnam was that it wasn't like World War II, and it wasn't like Korea, and it wasn't like the Gulf War. It was a real nasty war, and people didn't like it. People objected, and people didn't want to fight it..."  As for the song itself, he concluded, "That's a kind of end-of-the-world song, really. It's apocalypse; the whole record's like that."

In 2004, the song was ranked #38 on "The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time" list by _Rolling Stone_. It has also been ranked at #12 on "The 200 Greatest Songs of the 1960s" list by Pitchfork Media.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Gimme Shelter
- **artist**: The Rolling Stones
- **album**: Let It Bleed
- **released**: 5 December 1969
- **recorded**: 23 February 1969
2 November 1969
- **genre**: Hard rock
- **length**: 4:37
- **label**: Decca Records/ABKCO Records, ABKCO
- **writer**: Jagger/Richards
- **producer**: Jimmy Miller (producer), Jimmy Miller
Dyan Cannon

**Dyan Cannon** (born **Samille Diane Friesen**; January 4, 1937) is an American actress, director, screenwriter, editor, and producer. She was known for her role as Alice in _Bob & Carol & Ted & Alice_.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Dyan Cannon
- **image**: Dyan_Cannon.jpg
- **caption**: Cannon in 1988
- **birth name**: Samile Diane Friesen
- **birth place**: Tacoma, Washington, U.S.
- **years active**: 1958–present
- **spouse**: Cary Grant (m.1965–1968)
Stanley Finberg (m.1985–1991)
- **children**: Jennifer Grant
Ninan Koshy

**Ninan Koshy** (; 1 February 1934 – 4 March 2015) was an Indian political thinker, foreign affairs expert, Christian theologian and social analyst. He was born in 1934 in Thiruvalla. He was a former director of the WCC's Commission of the Churches on International Affairs.

Koshy died in Thiruvananthapuram on 4 March 2015, aged 81.
Vlada Divljan

**Vladimir "Vlada" Divljan** (Serbian Cyrillic: Владимир Дивљан; 10 May 1958 – 4 March 2015), was a Serbian singer and songwriter. He was known as the frontman for the Serbian and former Yugoslav rock band Idoli. He died from appendix cancer.

## Other websites

- http://www.vreme.com/cms/view.php?id=148545  "Ludvig i Steva", interview, Vreme weekly news magazine
- https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Vladimir+Divljan YouTube
- https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=vis+idoli VIS Idoli at YouTube

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Vlada Divljan
- **image**: Vladadivljanffk.jpg
- **caption**: Vlada Divljan performing live in 2010
- **image size**: 250
- **landscape**: yes
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth place**: Belgrade, Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia, FPR Yugoslavia
- **death place**: Vienna, Austria
- **origin**: Belgrade, Serbia
- **genre**: New wave music, New wave, punk rock, Rock music, rock, pop rock, art rock, Electronic music, electronic, Experimental music, experimental
- **occupation**: Singer, songwriter
- **instrument**: singing, vocals
 guitar
piano
- **years active**: 1968 – 2015
- **label**: Izgled, Jugoton, PGP RTB, Zabava miliona, B92#Music and book publishing, B92 Records, Favi, Automatik, Odličan Hrčak
- **associated acts**: Idoli, Apartchiks, Die Tonzentrale
James Molyneaux, Baron Molyneaux of Killead

**James Henry Molyneaux, Baron Molyneaux of Killead**, KBE, PC (27 August 1920 – 9 March 2015) was a Northern Irish Unionist politician. He was leader of the Ulster Unionist Party from 1979 to 1995. He was a leading member and sometime Vice-President of the Conservative Monday Club. An Orangeman, he was also Sovereign Grand Master of the Royal Black Institution from 1971 to 1995.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **honorific-prefix**: The Right Honourable
- **name**: The Lord Molyneaux of Killead
- **honorific-suffix**: Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire, KBE Privy Council of the United Kingdom, PC
- **office**: Leaders of the Ulster Unionist Party, Leader of the Ulster Unionist Party
- **term start**: 7 September 1979
- **term end**: 8 September 1995
- **predecessor**: Harry West
- **successor**: David Trimble, Baron Trimble, David Trimble
- **office2**: Member of Parliament (United Kingdom), Member of Parliament
 for Lagan Valley (UK Parliament constituency), Lagan Valley
- **term start2**: 9 June 1983
- **term end2**: 1 May 1997
- **predecessor2**: _Constituency created_
- **successor2**: Jeffrey Donaldson
- **office3**: Member of Parliament (United Kingdom), Member of Parliament
 for South Antrim (UK Parliament constituency), South Antrim
- **term start3**: 18 June 1970
- **term end3**: 9 June 1983
- **predecessor3**: Knox Cunningham
- **successor3**: Clifford Forsythe
- **office1**: Member of the House of Lords
<small>Lords Temporal, Lord Temporal</small>
- **term start1**: 10 June 1997
- **term end1**: 9 March 2015
<small>Life peer, Life Peerage</small>
- **birth name**: James Henry Molyneaux
- **birth place**: Killead, present day Northern Ireland
- **death place**: Antrim, County Antrim, Antrim, Northern Ireland
- **nationality**: Northern Irish
- **residence**: Killead, County Antrim
- **party**: Ulster Unionist Party
- **branch**: Royal Air Force
- **serviceyears**: 1941–1946
- **rank**: Flying Officer
- **battles**: World War Two
A La Carte Communications

**A La Carte Communications** is a television production company founded in 1990 by Natan Katzman and Geoffrey Drummond. A la Carte produced  Jeff Smith's _The Frugal Gourmet_ cooking show. Other shows produced by the company included _Julia Child: Cooking with Master Chefs_ and _In Julia's Kitchen with Master Chefs_. A La Carte and Maryland Public Television co-produced the Emmy award-winning series _Baking with Julia_.
Born to Be Wild

"**Born to Be Wild**" is the third single off Canadian-American rock group Steppenwolf's self-titled first studio album. The song was released in June 1968.

On the _Billboard_ charts, the song was able to peak at #2 on the Hot 100.

In 2004, the song was ranked #130 on the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time list by _Rolling Stone_. It has also been ranked at #53 on the 100 Hard Rock Songs list by VH1. The song was first featured in the 1969 movie _Easy Rider_ and has since been featured in many movies, trailers, TV shows and commercials. It was ranked #29 on AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs survey of the top songs in American cinema.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Born to Be Wild
- **type**: single
- **artist**: Steppenwolf (band), Steppenwolf
- **album**: Steppenwolf (Steppenwolf album), Steppenwolf
- **b-side**: Everybody's Next One
- **released**: June 1968
- **writer**: Mars Bonfire
- **producer**: Gabriel Mekler
- **prev title**: A Girl I Knew
- **prev year**: 1967
- **next title**: The Pusher
- **next year**: 1968
Edward Egan

**Edward Michael Egan** (April 2, 1932 – March 5, 2015) was an American Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Bishop of Bridgeport from 1988 to 2000, and as Archbishop of New York from 2000 to 2009. He was elevated to the cardinalate in 2001.
Blase J. Cupich

**Blase Joseph Cupich** (born March 19, 1949 in Omaha, Nebraska) is an American prelate of the Catholic Church. He is serving as the ninth Archbishop of the Archdiocese of Chicago.

He was the surprise choice of Pope Francis to succeed Cardinal Francis George as Archbishop of Chicago on September 20, 2014. Cupich had served as the sixth bishop of the Diocese of Spokane.

In August 2024, Cupich delivered the opening invocation at the 2024 Democratic National Convention in Chicago.

## Infobox (christian leader)

- **type**: Cardinal
- **honorific-prefix**: His Eminence
- **name**: Blase J. Cupich
- **image**: Cdl. Cupich (cropped).png
- **caption**: Cupich preaches at a Mass in 2021 at Saint John Vianney Seminary (Minnesota), Saint John Vianney College Seminary in St. Paul, Minnesota.
- **archdiocese**: Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chicago, Chicago
- **appointed**: September 20, 2014
- **enthroned**: November 18, 2014
- **predecessor**: Francis George
- **ordination**: August 16, 1975
- **ordained by**: Daniel E. Sheehan
- **consecration**: September 21, 1998
- **consecrated by**: Harry Joseph Flynn
- **cardinal**: November 19, 2016
- **created cardinal by**: Pope Francis
- **rank**: Cardinal-Priest
- **birth name**: Blase Joseph Cupich
- **birth place**: Omaha, Nebraska, U.S.


## Infobox (cardinal styles)

- **cardinal name**: Blase Joseph Cupich
- **offstyle**: His Eminence, Your Eminence
- **relstyle**: Cardinal (Catholicism), Cardinal
- **see**: Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chicago, Chicago
- **image**: Coat of arms of Blase Joseph Cupich.svg
- **image size**: 200px
Jim McCann (musician)

**James "Jim" McCann** (26 October 1944 – 5 March 2015) was an Irish entertainer and folk musician. Although a solo artist for most of his career, McCann was a member of the folk group the Dubliners from 1974 until 1979.

McCann's death was announced by his family on 5 March 2015. He had been battling throat cancer.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Jim McCann
- **origin**: Dublin, Ireland
- **instrument**: Vocals, guitar
- **genre**: Folk music, Folk
- **occupation**: Musician
- **years active**: 1964–2015
- **associated acts**: The Dubliners, The Ludlows
Abe Pollin

**Abraham Pollin** (December 3, 1923 – November 24, 2009) was the owner of a number of professional sports teams including the Washington Capitals in the National Hockey League (NHL), the Washington Mystics in the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA), and the Washington Wizards in the National Basketball Association (NBA).

## Other websites

- Wizards profile
- AISH profile
- Goldstein, Richard. "Abe Pollin, Team Owner and Philanthropist, Dies at 85," _The New York Times_, Wednesday, November 25, 2009.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Abe Pollin
- **image**: AbePollin.png
- **birth date**: December 3, 1923
- **birth place**: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- **death place**: Washington, D.C.
- **nationality**: United States, American
- **occupation**: Building contractor
Real estate developer
Sports team owner
Philanthropist
- **spouse**: Irene Kercheck
Fred Craddock

**Fred Brenning Craddock, Jr.** (April 30, 1928 – March 6, 2015) was an American priest. He was the Bandy Distinguished Professor of Preaching and New Testament Emeritus in the Candler School of Theology at Emory University. He was an ordained minister of the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) from rural Tennessee. He was the director of the Craddock Center, a non-profit service group which operates in rural Appalachia.
Windell Middlebrooks

**Windell D. Middlebrooks** (January 8, 1979 – March 9, 2015) was an American movie and television actor. He was known for his roles in _Body of Proof_ and _The Suite Life on Deck_.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Windell D. Middlebrooks
- **birth name**: Windell Dwain Middlebrooks, Jr.
- **death place**: San Fernando Valley, California, U.S.
- **death cause**: pulmonary embolism
- **birth place**: Fort Worth, Texas
- **occupation**: Actor
- **yearsactive**: 2005–2015
Ram Sundar Das

**Ram Sundar Das** (; 9 January 1921 – 6 March 2015) was an Indian politician and a former Chief Minister of Bihar state. He was a leader of the Janata Dal (United) political party. He was the Chief Minister of Bihar from 21 April 1979 to 17 February 1980. In 1991, he was elected to the 10th Lok Sabha from Hajipur constituency in Bihar.

## Other websites

- Chhote Saheb was a leader of the masses-former Bihar CM Ram Sundar Das

## Infobox (indian politician)

- **birth place**: Gangajal, Saran district, Bihar, British Raj, British India
- **death place**: Patna, India
- **occupation**: Politician
- **nationality**: Indian
- **party**: Janata Dal (United)
- **otherparty**: Janata Dal, Janata Party
- **spouse**: Savita Devi
- **children**: 2 Sons and 1 daughter
- **office**: 15th List of Chief Ministers of Bihar, Chief Minister of Bihar
- **term**: 21 April 1979 – 17 February 1980
- **predecessor**: Karpuri Thakur
- **successor**: Jagannath Mishra
- **office3**: Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha
- **constituency4**: Hajipur (Lok Sabha constituency), Hajipur ,Bihar
- **predecessor3**: Ram Vilas Paswan
- **successor3**: Ram Vilas Paswan
- **term start3**: 2009
- **term end3**: 2014
- **predecessor4**: Ram Vilas Paswan
- **successor4**: Ram Vilas Paswan
- **term start4**: 1991
- **term end4**: 1996
Vasilios Magginas

**Vasilios Magginas** (; 22 October 1949 – 6 March 2015) was a Greek politician. He was member of the Greek Parliament for the New Democracy for the Aetolia-Acarnania constituency and government minister.

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: MAGGINAS.jpg
- **birth place**: Athens
- **death place**: Athens
Edmond Malinvaud

**Edmond Malinvaud** (25 April 1923 – 7 March 2015) was a French economist. He was the first president of the Pontifical Academy of Social Sciences.

He was elected a member of the Academia Europaea in 1988.

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Edmond Malinvaud
- **image**: Debreu, Balasko, Malinvaud.jpeg
- **caption**: Edmond Malinvaud (right), next to Yves Balasko (center) and Gérard Debreu, in 1977
- **birth place**: Limoges, France
- **death place**: Paris, France
- **nationality**: France
- **workplaces**: Collège de France
- **field**: Macroeconomics
- **alma mater**: École Polytechnique
- **influences**: Léon Walras
Maurice Allais
- **influenced**: Yves Balasko
 Jacques Drèze
Gerardo Sofovich

**Gerardo Andrés Sofovich** (March 18, 1937 – March 8, 2015) was an Argentine businessman, dramaturge, TV host, actor, comedian, scriptwriter, and film director.

He was the producer _Polémica en el bar_ and _La noche del Domingo_, two of the most popular Argentine television programs of the 1970s and '80s. Sofovich also hosted _A la manera de Sofovich_ and _Sin Límite SMS_, broadcast on Canal 9.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Gerardo Andrés Sofovich
- **image**: Gerardo sofovich 1970.jpg
- **caption**: Gerardo Sofovich in 1970
- **birth place**: Buenos Aires, Argentina
- **death place**: Buenos Aires, Argentina
- **partner**: Carmen Morales (1965-1995)
Sofía Oleksak (2009-2011)
- **children**: Gustavo Sofovich (n. 1968)
- **occupation**: Businessman, dramaturge, TV host, actor, comedian, scriptwriter and film director
- **relatives**: Hugo Sofovich (brother)
- **parents**: Manuel Sofovich (father)
Neutral oxide

**Neutral oxides** are oxides which are neither acidic nor basic.  In other words, oxides which neither react with acids or with bases are called neutral. They are different from amphoteric oxides, which can act as both acidic and as basic oxides.

## Examples of neutral oxides

1. Nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O)
1. Nitric oxide (NO)
1. Carbon monoxide (CO)
1. Hydrogen Monooxide(H2O)
Crossbill

The **crossbills** are a genus, _Loxia_, of birds in the finch family (Fringillidae). There are three to five (or possibly many more) species.

These birds have mandibles with crossed tips, which gives the group its English name. Adult males tend to be red or orange in colour, and females green or yellow, but there is much variation.

Crossbills are specialist feeders on conifer cones. The unusual bill shape is an adaptation to get seeds from cones. These birds are typically found in higher northern hemisphere latitudes, where their food sources grow. They move ("erupt") out of the breeding range if the cone crop fails. Crossbills breed very early in the year, often in winter months. This is the time to get the most cones.

They put their beak slightly open between the scales of conifer cones. Then they close their beaks and the tips push the scales apart. This lets them get at the seed (usually two seeds per scale). The point is that, as cones mature, they tend to open when dry and close when wet.
Eventually they fall, and lie on the ground. As they dry the scales naturally open, and any animal can get at the seeds. With their beaks, crossbills can get at the seeds much earlier than any other animal.

## Food preferences

Each species' bill shape is optimised for opening seeds from different species of conifer. Their preferred food sources are:

- Parrot crossbill, _Loxia pytyopsittacus_
    - Scots pine _Pinus sylvestris_
- Scottish crossbill, _Loxia scotica_ (formerly treated as a race of parrot crossbill)
    - Scots pine _Pinus sylvestris_ and Larch _Larix_ species (particularly plantations of _L. decidua_)
- Red crossbill or common crossbill, _Loxia curvirostra_
    - Spruce _Picea_ species; some populations (distinct species?) on various pine _Pinus_ species and (in western North America) Douglas-fir
- Two-barred crossbill or white-winged crossbill, _Loxia leucoptera_
    - Larch _Larix_ species, particularly _L. sibirica, L. gmelinii, L. laricina_ and (in North America) also hemlock _Tsuga_
- Hispaniolan crossbill, _Loxia megaplaga_ (previously treated as a race of two-barred crossbill)
    - Hispaniolan pine _Pinus occidentalis_

The relationships between crossbill species has been much studied.
In-N-Out Burger

**In-N-Out Burger** is an American regional chain of fast food restaurants. The privately held company has 300 locations. These are mostly in the Southwestern United States. In-N-Out encourages customers to customize their orders. They refuse to use microwave ovens or freezers. Also, In-N-Out pays its employees above the minimum wage. Employees start at a wage of $10.50 an hour.

## History

The company was founded by Harry and Esther Snyder in 1948. Their only heir is their granddaughter, Lynsi Martinez Torres. She will gain full ownership over a period of 12 years ending in 2021. In 2012 In-N-Out was worth about $800 million USD.

## Related pages

- Fatburger
- Hamburger
- Fast food
- Burger King
- McDonald's

## Other websites

- In-N-Out home page
- In-N-Out Secret Menu

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: In-N-Out Burgers, Inc.
- **image size**: 200px
- **type**: Private
- **foundation**: <small>Baldwin Park, California, (October 22, 1948)</small>
- **location city**: Irvine, California
- **area served**: California
Arizona
Nevada
Utah
Texas
Idaho
- **industry**: Fast food
- **key people**: Lynsi Torres (President)
Mark Taylor (COO)
Roger Kotch (CFO)
- **revenue**: Estimated US$800 million (2012)
- **locations**: 300
Jerry Ahrlin

**Jerry Ahrlin**, born 15 January 1978 in Östersund, Sweden, is a Swedish cross-country skier.

## Trophies

- Marcialonga winner of 2007, 2009 and 2011
- Tartu Maraton winner of 2007 and 2011
- König Ludwig Lauf winner of 2013

## Other websites

- FIS website
Biskopsgården Church

The **Biskopsgården Church** () is a church building in the southern parts of Biskopsgården on the island of Hisingen in the town of Gothenburg in Sweden. It belongs to the Lundby of the Church of Sweden. It was opened in 1961. It was originally called the **Southern Biskopsgården Church** () until the Northern Biskopsgården Church was taken out of use in 2004.

## Infobox (church)

- **name**: Biskopsgården Church
- **native name**: Biskopsgårdens kyrka
- **native name lang**: Swedish language, Swedish
- **image**: Biskopsgårdens kyrka 1.JPG
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **caption**: Biskopsgården Church in January 2013
- **location**: Gothenburg
- **country**: Sweden
- **denomination**: Church of Sweden
- **former name**: Southern Biskopsgården Church
- **parish**: Lundby Parish, Diocese of Gothenburg, Lundby
- **diocese**: Diocese of Gothenburg, Gothenburg
Northern Biskopsgården Church

The **Northern Biskopsgården Church** () is a church building in the northern parts of Biskopsgården on the island of Hisingen in Gothenburg, Sweden. It earlier belonged to the Lundby of the Church of Sweden, it was inaugurated in 1970 as a parish home. It was taken out of use in 2004 and transferred to the Gothenburg Ecclesiastical Town Mission and the Finnish Parish.

## Infobox (church)

- **name**: Northern Biskopsgården Church
- **native name**: Norra Biskopsgårdens kyrka
- **native name lang**: Swedish language, Swedish
- **location**: Gothenburg
- **country**: Sweden
- **parish**: Lundby Parish, Diocese of Gothenburg, Lundby
- **diocese**: Diocese of Gothenburg, Gothenburg
Martin Luther Church (Halmstad)

The **Martin Luther Church** () is a church building in Nyhem in the town of Halmstad in Sweden. It belongs to the Martin Luther Parish of the Church of Sweden. It was opened on 19 December 1970.

## Infobox (church)

- **name**: Martin Luther Church
- **native name**: Martin Luthers kyrka
- **native name lang**: Swedish language, Swedish
- **image**: Martin Luthers kyrka1.JPG
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **caption**: Martin Luther Church
- **location**: Halmstad
- **country**: Sweden
- **denomination**: Church of Sweden
- **parish**: Martin Luther Parish, Martin Luther
- **diocese**: Diocese of Gothenburg, Gothenburg
Post-production

**Post-production** is part of filmmaking, video production and photography processes. It is a major part in the making of movies, television programs, radio programs, advertising, audio recordings, photography, and digital art. It is a term for all stages of production occurring after the actual end of filming. Along with pre-production and production, it is one of the three phases of creating a movie or program.

## Processes

Typically, the post-production phase of creating a movie or program takes longer than the actual shooting. It can take several months to complete because it is many different processes grouped under one name. These typically include:
- Video editing the picture of a television program
- Writing, re-recording and editing the soundtrack.
- Adding visual Special effects - mainly computer-generated imagery (CGI) and digital copies
- Sound effects, ADR, Foley and Music
- Reshooting scenes as necessary
- Transfer of Photographic film to Video

## Music

In the post-production of music, one of the things done is ****. It is short for combining the best parts of multiple takes into a full single take, timing and pitch correction, and adding effects. This process is mostly called mixing. It can also involve equalization and adjusting the levels of each individual track to provide the perfect sound experience. Opposite to the name, post-production may take place at any point during the recording and production process.

## Related pages

- Pre-production

## Other websites

- Three Stages To Every Project – Pre-Production, Production and Post-Production
- Post Production Glossary
Real Muthaphuckkin G's

"**Real Muthaphuckkin G's**" (also known as "**Real Compton City G's**") is a song off American rapper Eazy-E's second EP, _It's On (~~Dr. Dre~~) 187um Killa_. The song was released on August 26, 1993. The song was a diss song towards former N.W.A member Dr. Dre and his protégé Snoop Doggy Dogg.

On the _Billboard_ charts, the song peaked at #42 on the Hot 100.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Real Muthaphuckkin G's
- **artist**: Eazy-E featuring Dresta and B.G. Knocc Out
- **album**: It's On (Dr. Dre) 187um Killa, It's On (~~Dr. Dre~~) 187um Killa
- **released**: August 26, 1993
- **recorded**: 1993
- **genre**: * G-funk
* gangsta rap
- **length**: 5:32
- **label**: * Ruthless Records, Ruthless
* Relativity Records, Relativity
- **chronology**: Eazy-E singles
- **prev title**: Only If You Want It
- **prev year**: 1992
- **next title**: Any Last Werdz
- **next year**: 1994
Alexis Vastine

**Alexis Vastine** (17 November 1986 – 9 March 2015) was a French boxer. He won a bronze medal at the 2008 Summer Olympics in the Light Welterweight division. He also competed in the 2012 Summer Olympics. He died in the Villa Castelli helicopter crash during the filming of French TV reality show _Dropped_ for the TF1 network.

## Other websites

- 2004 results

## Infobox (sportsperson)

- **name**: Alexis Vastine
- **image**: Alexis Vastine 2008.JPG
- **caption**: Alexis Vastine, 2008
- **birth place**: Pont-Audemer, France
- **death place**: La Rioja, Argentina
- **headercolor**: lightsteelblue
- **show-medals**: yes
Lew Soloff

**Lewis Michael Soloff** (February 20, 1944 – March 8, 2015) was an American jazz trumpeter, composer and actor. Soloff was born in Brooklyn, New York City. He studied trumpet at the Eastman School of Music and the Juilliard School.

He worked with Blood, Sweat & Tears from 1968 until 1973. Prior to this, he worked with Machito, Gil Evans, Tony Scott, Maynard Ferguson and Tito Puente.

He died of a heart attack in New York City.
Germanwings

**Germanwings** was a low-cost airline owned by Lufthansa. It was based in Cologne, Germany. It was founded in 2002. It has more than 81 airplanes which go to 86 airports.

On March 24, 2015, a Germanwings A320 flying from Barcelona to Düsseldorf crashed in the French Alps, killing all 150 people on board and is the worst aircraft accident in the operating history of Germanwings. The crash was caused by murder-suicide by a co-pilot.

## Infobox (airline)

- **airline**: Germanwings
- **logo**: Germanwing's logo.jpg
- **image**: Germanwings_Airbus_A319-132.jpg
- **fleet size**: 33
- **iata**: 4U
- **icao**: GWI
- **callsign**: GERMAN WINGS
- **parent**: Lufthansa, Lufthansa Group
- **founded**: 1997

2002
<small>as a separate company</small>
- **ceased**: 7 April 2020
- **headquarters**: Cologne, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
- **key people**: Executive Board: Michael Knitter, Francesco Sciortino
- **bases**: <div>
*Berlin Tegel Airport
*Cologne Bonn Airport
*Dortmund Airport
*Hamburg Airport
*Hannover Airport
*Munich Airport
*Stuttgart Airport</div>
- **frequent flyer**: <div>
* Boomerang Club
* Miles & More</div>
- **website**: [https://www.eurowings.com/en.html eurowings.com]
Inezita Barroso

**Ignez Magdalena Aranha de Lima "Inezita" Barroso** (4 March 1925 – 8 March 2015), was a Brazilian _sertanejo_ singer, guitarist, actress, TV presenter, librarian, folklorist and teacher.

In 1953 and 1955 she was awarded with Prêmio Saci.

Barroso died of a long illness in São Paulo, Brazil, aged 90.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Inezita Barroso
- **image**: Inezita Barroso.jpg
- **caption**: Inezita Barroso in 2008
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Ignez Magdalena Aranha de Lima
- **birth place**: São Paulo, Brazil
- **death place**: São Paulo, Brazil
- **instrument**: Singing, Vocals, _viola caipira_
- **genre**: _Música sertaneja, Sertanejo_
- **occupation**: Singer, guitarist, Actor, actress, librarian, folklorist, teacher
- **years active**: 1951–2015
- **website**: http://www.inezitabarroso.com.br
LOT Polish Airlines

**LOT Polish Airlines** is the national airline of Poland. It began in 1928 after the merger of all Polish airlines. The airline's main hub is at Warsaw Chopin Airport. LOT is a member of the Star Alliance.

Fleet

|Type|total|orders|options|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Airbus A220-100|0|20|20|
|Airbus A220-300|0|20|24|
|Boeing 737-800|6|||
|Boeing 737-8 MAX|26|5||
|Boeing 787-8 DreamLiner|8|2||
|Boeing 787-9 DreamLiner|7|||
|Embraer 170|4|||
|Embraer 175|13|||
|Embraer 195|15|||
|Embraer 195 E2|3|||
|**Total**|91|47||
Carel Visser

**Carel Nicolaas Visser** (May 3, 1928 - March 1, 2015) was a Dutch sculptor. Visser was born in 1928 in Papendrecht, South Holland. He was known for turning useless pieces of metal and concrete into statues.

Visser died in Le Fousseret, France, aged 86.
South African Airways

**South African Airways** is the flag carrier and largest airline of South Africa. It is based at Johannesburg. It has been flying since 1934 the airline currently files to africa with the only intercontinental destinations being Perth in Australia and Sao Paulo in Brazil. The airline became a member of Star Alliance in 2006

## Current fleet

As of February 2018, South African Airways' fleet consists of the following aircraft:

|rowspan="2" style="width:140px;"|<span style="color:white;">Aircraft</span>|rowspan="2" style="width:50px;"|<span style="color:white;">In service</span>|rowspan="2" style="width:50px;"|<span style="color:white;">Orders</span>|colspan="3" class="unsortable"|<span style="color:white;">Passengers</span>|rowspan="2" style="width:260px;"|<span style="color:white;">Notes</span>|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Airbus A319-100|7|—|25|95|120|||||||
|Airbus A320-200|10|—|24|114|138|||||||
|Airbus A330-200|6|—|36|186|222|||||||
|Airbus A330-300|5|—|46|203|249|||||||
|rowspan="2"|Airbus A340-300|rowspan="2"|7|rowspan="2"|—|rowspan="2"|38|215|253|rowspan="2"|ZS-SXD in _Team South Africa 2012_ livery|
|231|269|||||||||||
|Airbus A340-600|9|—|42|275|317|This fleet was originally ordered by Swissair. ZS-SNC in _Star Alliance_ livery.||||||
|Boeing 737-800|6|—|32|125|157|ZS-SJV in _Star Alliance_ livery.||||||
|Boeing 737-300F|3|—|colspan="3" class="unsortable"|<abbr title="No Seats, Cargo Configuration">Cargo</abbr>|ZS-TGG Leased from Star Air Cargo|||||||
Stuart Wagstaff

**Stuart Wagstaff** (13 February 1925 – 10 March 2015) was an English-born Australian entertainer. He was active in all genres of the industry including television, theatre and stage management.

## Some of his movies

- _The Journalist_ (1979) .... Courtney Lewers
- _Bit Part_ (1978) (TV) .... Uncredited
- _All at Sea_ (1977) (TV) .... Mr. Arthur Pickering
- _The Dick Emery Show in Australia_ (1977) TV Series .... Various Characters
- _Is There Anybody There?_ (1975) (TV) .... Uncredited
- _For Pete's Sake_ (1974) .... Man in Chandelier Store ... aka July Pork Bellies
- _Sunstruck_ (1972) .... Uncredited
- _Seagulls Over Sorrento_ (1960) (TV) .... Uncredited
- _A Night to Remember_ (1958) .... Uncredited

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Stuart Wagstaff
- **birth place**: Durnford, Wiltshire, Great Durnford, Wiltshire, England
- **death place**: , Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- **death cause**: Pulmonary fibrosis
- **nationality**: British, Australian
- **occupation**: Actor
- **years active**: 1951-1990s
Jack Harte (Irish politician)

**John "Jack" Harte** (10 December 1920 – 9 March 2015) was an Irish politician. He served as a Labour Party Senator.

Harte was first elected to the 13th Seanad in the 1973 Seanad elections, on the Labour Panel. He was re-elected six times until his retirement at the 1992 elections.

He served with the British Army in Malta and the Middle East during World War II. He published his memoirs of the Second World War, "To the Limits of Endurance: One Irishman's War". On 9 March 2015, he died at the age of 94.
Karlskrona HK

**Karlskrona HK** is an ice hockey club in the town of Karlskrona in Sweden. It was established in 2001. The club qualified for the Swedish top division in 2015.

## Other websites

- Karlskrona HK

## Infobox (pro hockey team)

- **team**: Karlskrona HK
- **city**: Karlskrona, Sweden
- **league**: Swedish Hockey League, SHL
- **founded**: 2001
- **arena**: Arena Karlskrona
- **colors**: Red, White

- **coach**: Per Hånberg
- **captain**: Tom Linder
- **website**: [http://www.khk.se/ Official website]
Juanita Morrow Nelson

**Juanita Morrow Nelson** (August 17, 1923 – March 9, 2015) was an American activist and war tax resister. She co-founded the group Peacemakers in 1948.  She was the author of _A Matter of Freedom and Other Writings_ (1988).

## Other websites

- Tempered reaction: Tax-resister Juanita Nelson skeptical _Greenfield [Massachusetts] Recorder_ 21 January 2009
Aerolíneas Argentinas

**Aerolineas Argentinas** is the largest airline and the country flag carrier of Argentina. It began in 1950.

## Fleet

The average age of the Aerolíneas Argentinas fleet is 6.7 years (Airlines 6.6 and Austral 6.8, in September 2018)

|width="150" rowspan="2"|<span style="color:#f4f0ec">Aircraft</span>|width="57" rowspan="2"|<span style="color:#f4f0ec">In Fleet</span>|width="33" rowspan="2"|<span style="color:#f4f0ec">Ordered</span>|colspan="3"|<span style="color:#f4f0ec">Seats</span>|rowspan="2"|<span style="color:#f4f0ec">Note</span>||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|rowspan="3"|Airbus A330-200|rowspan="3"|10|rowspan="3"|—|rowspan="3"|24|243|267||
|246|270||||||||||
|248|272||||||||||
|rowspan="2"|Airbus A340-300|rowspan="2"|2|rowspan="2"|—|rowspan="2"|30|255|285|Evaluating change by B787 or A350|
|rowspan="2"|Boeing 737-700|rowspan="2"|8|rowspan="2"|—|12|125|137|||
|8|120|128|They will be removed as they reach the 737 MAX 8. LV-BZA with livery of SkyTeam||||||||
|Boeing 737-800|31|—|8|162|170||||||
|Boeing 737 MAX 8|5|6|8|162|170||||||
|Embraer 190|26|—||||LV–FPS with livery SkyTeam. All operated by Austral líneas Aéreas. Evaluating B737-800 o A320|||||
|**Total**|82|6|||||||||

## Infobox (airline)

- **airline**: Aerolíneas Argentinas
- **image size**: 200
- **alt**: Light blue and gray letters with a stylized light blue condor at the top
- **iata**: AR
- **icao**: ARG
- **callsign**: ARGENTINA
- **hubs**: Aeroparque Jorge Newbery
- **secondary hubs**: Ministro Pistarini International Airport
- **focus cities**: *
*Rosario Islas Malvinas International Airport
- **frequent flyer**: Aerolíneas Plus
- **alliance**: SkyTeam
- **fleet size**: 56
- **destinations**: 58
- **company slogan**: Alta en el cielo

- **parent**: Argentine Government (100%)
- **headquarters**: Aeroparque Jorge Newbery, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- **key people**: Pablo Ceriani,
- **revenue**: United States dollar, US$  billion <small>(FY 2017) </small>
- **net income**: US$ – million <small>(FY 2017) </small>
- **assets**: US$  billion <small>(FY 2017) (incl. all subsidiaries)</small>
- **num employees**: 10,657
Camille Muffat

**Camille Muffat** (; 28 October 1989 – 9 March 2015) was a French swimmer and three-time Olympic medalist. At the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, she won gold in the 400-meter freestyle, silver in the 200-meter freestyle and bronze in the 4×200-meter freestyle relay.

She died in the Villa Castelli helicopter crash during the filming of French TV reality show _Dropped_ for the TF1 network.

## Infobox (sportsperson)

- **name**: Camille Muffat
- **image**: Camille Muffat.jpg
- **fullname**: Camille Muffat
- **strokes**: Freestyle swimming, Freestyle, medley swimming, medley
- **club**: Olympique Nice Natation
- **birth place**: Nice, France
- **death place**: La Rioja Province, Argentina, La Rioja, Argentina
Vannevar Bush

**Vannevar Bush** ( ; March 11, 1890 – June 28, 1974) was an American engineer, inventor and science administrator. He is known in engineering for his work on analog computers, for founding Raytheon, and for the memex.

Bush died of pneumonia in Belmont, Massachusetts, aged 84.

## Other websites

- Vannevar Bush papers, 1901–1974
- Vannevar Bush papers, 1910–1988
- MIT Museum
- 1995 MIT/Brown Vannevar Bush Symposium – Complete Video Archive
- The Vannevar Bush Index at the Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum
- Pictures of Vannevar Bush from the Tufts Digital Library
- National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Vannevar Bush
- **image**: Vannevar Bush portrait.jpg
- **image size**: 300px
- **alt**: A man in a suit poses sitting at a desk, pen in hand. Papers and an ash tray are on the desk.
- **caption**: Vannevar Bush, ca. 1940–44
- **birth place**: Everett, Massachusetts, Everett, Massachusetts, United States
- **death place**: Belmont, Massachusetts, Belmont, Massachusetts, United States
- **nationality**: American
- **alma mater**: Tufts College (B.S., M.S., 1913)
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (D.Eng., 1916)
- **thesis title**: Oscillating-current circuits; an extension of the theory of generalized angular velocities, with applications to the coupled circuit and the artificial transmission line
- **thesis url**: https://archive.org/details/oscillatingcurre00bushrich
- **thesis year**: 1916
- **doctoral advisor**: Dugald C. Jackson
Arthur Edwin Kennelly
- **notable students**: Claude Shannon
Frederick Terman
- **known for**: National Science Foundation
Manhattan Project
Raytheon
Differential analyzer
- **influenced**: Douglas Engelbart
Ted Nelson
- **signature**: Vannevar Bush signature.gif
- **field**: Electrical engineering
- **work institutions**: Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Carnegie Institution of Washington
- **prizes**: Edison Medal (1943)
Hoover Medal (1946)
Medal for Merit (1948)
IRI Medal (1949)
John Fritz Medal (1951)
John J. Carty Award for the Advancement of Science, John J. Carty Award (1953)
National Medal of Science (1963)
Atomic Pioneer Award (1970)
_(more, see below)_
Airport lounge

An **airport lounge** is a members-only rest area usually owned by an airline (or operated by several airlines). Anyone who pays the membership fee can join. Airport lounges are designed mainly for business travelers. Most offer private meeting rooms and other business services and conveniences. They offer comfortable seating, food, beverages (often an open bar) and free Wi-Fi.

Most major airlines have one or more lounges in the major airports they serve. The first airport lounge was owned by American Airlines. It opened in 1939 at LaGuardia Airport.
David B. Frohnmayer

**Dave Frohnmayer** (July 9, 1940 – March 9, 2015) was an American attorney, politician, and university administrator from Oregon. He was the 15th president of the University of Oregon (UO), serving from 1994 to 2009.

On March 9, 2015, Frohnmayer died of prostate cancer in Eugene, Oregon, aged 74.

## Further reading

- "UO's Frohnmayer bows out" , _The Oregonian_, April 30, 2008, by Bill Graves and Janie Har.
- "Frohnmayer: UO report card" , _The Oregonian_, April 30, 2008, by Betsy Hammond and Jeff Smith.
- [AP] "Frohnmayer to retire from University of Oregon", _The Oregonian_, April 29, 2008, by Julia Silverman.
- [Opinion] "Frohnmayer serves University of Oregon well", _Statesman Journal_, April 30, 2008.
- "UO's Frohnmayer to retire in 2009", _The Register-Guard_; by Greg Bolt; April 30, 2008.

## Other websites

- Office of the President Emeritus  - Office of the President Emeritus at the University of Oregon

## Infobox (politician)

- **image**: David B. Frohnmayer.jpg
- **imagesize**: 150px
- **caption**: Frohnmayer in 2009
- **name**: David B. Frohnmayer
- **office**: Oregon Attorney General, Attorney General of Oregon
- **term start**: January 5, 1981
- **term end**: December 31, 1991
- **predecessor**: James M. Brown
- **successor**: Charles S. Crookham
- **office2**: President of the University of Oregon
- **term start2**: July 1, 1994
- **term end2**: June 30, 2009
- **predecessor2**: Myles Brand
- **successor2**: Richard W. Lariviere
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican Party
- **birth date**: July 9, 1940
- **birth place**: Medford, Oregon
- **death place**: Eugene, Oregon
- **profession**: Attorney
Florence Arthaud

**Florence Arthaud** (28 October 1957 – 9 March 2015) was a French sailor. She was from Boulogne-Billancourt. In 1990 Arthaud established a new world record for the fastest solo crossing of the North Atlantic, beating the previous record by two days.

In 2015, Arthaud took part in _Dropped_, a reality television show on TF1 in which sportspeople were transported by helicopters into the wilderness. During filming on 9 March 2015, she died in the Villa Castelli helicopter crash in Argentina along with nine other people, two of whom were fellow contestants.

## Infobox (sportsperson)

- **name**: Florence Arthaud
- **image**: P1080355 - Florence ARTHAUD.jpg
- **caption**: Florence Arthaud in 2009
- **nickname**: "La petite fiancée de l'Atlantique"
- **nationality**: France, French
- **birth place**: Boulogne-Billancourt, France
- **death place**: Villa Castelli, La Rioja Province, Argentina, La Rioja Province, Argentina
- **show-medals**: yes
Greater Valparaíso

**Greater Valparaíso** (_Gran Valparaíso_) is a metropolitan area located in the Valparaíso Region. The name comes from the city of Valparaíso, the most important harbour in Chile. At the 2012 census, the estimated population was 979,127 people.

## Other websites

- Informe del INE, _Chile: Ciudades, Pueblos, Aldeas y Caseríos_. 2005 (PDF; ZIP) (spanish)
- _Proyección de Población 1990-2020 del INE_: Comunas de la Región de Valparaíso (XLS) (spanish)

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Greater Valparaíso
- **native name**: _Gran Valparaíso_
- **settlement type**: Metropolitan area
- **image map**: Gran valparaiso 2012.PNG
- **population total**: 1.066.893
- **subdivision type**: Subdivisions
- **subdivision name**: Valparaíso
Viña del Mar
Placilla de Peñuelas
Reñaca beach, Reñaca
Concón
Quilpué
Villa Alemana