juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Cam Neely

**Cameron Michael Neely** (born June 6, 1965 in Comox, British Columbia, Canada) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey right winger. He played for the Vancouver Canucks for 3 seasons and the Boston Bruins for 10 seasons. Neely was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 2005. He was named President of the Boston Bruins on June 16, 2010. His jersey number #8 was retired by the Boston Bruins.

Neely joined the 50 goals in 50 games club when he scored 50 goals in 44 games in 1993–94.

Both of Neely's parents died of cancer. He set up the _Cam Neely Foundation_. He helps cancer patients live at the "Neely House" while having cancer treatments.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **image**: camneely2013.png
- **caption**: Neely in 2013
- **image size**: 230px
- **position**: Winger (ice hockey), Right Wing
- **played for**: Vancouver Canucks
Boston Bruins
- **shoots**: Right
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 1
- **weight lb**: 218
- **birth place**: Comox, British Columbia, Canada
- **draft**: 9th overall
- **draft year**: 1983
- **draft team**: Vancouver Canucks
- **career start**: 1983
- **career end**: 1996
- **halloffame**: 2005
Notochord

The **notochord** is a flexible, rod-shaped body found in embryos of all chordates. It forms the axis of the embryo. In some chordates, it persists throughout life as the main support down the length of the body. In most vertebrates it is replaced by the vertebral column. The notochord is found ventral (underneath) the neural tube (future spinal cord).

Notochords were the first "backbones" in chordates. Notochords were advantageous to primitive fish-ancestors: they were a rigid structure for muscle attachment, but flexible enough to allow movement. Embryos of vertebrates have notochords, and develop the vertebral column later.
Hurricane Diana

**Hurricane Diana** struck Mexico in August of 1990 Atlantic hurricane season. Although the hurricane had winds speeding at only 100 miles an hour, the storm still killed more than 130 people. This hurricane also caused more than $100 million in damage (1990 USD). The name **Diana** was later retired in Spring of 1991 and then replaced by **Dolly**.

## Related pages

- Hurricane
- 1990
Hurricane Erin (1995)

**Hurricane Erin** struck Florida twice: the eastern side and the Panhandle Region in the 1995 Atlantic hurricane season. The storm also struck Alabama. It was not a very severe storm, though the damage caused by Erin was over $700 million. Despite the damage, the name **Erin** did not get retired.

## Infobox (hurricane)

- **name**: Hurricane Erin
- **basin**: Atl
- **year**: 1995
- **image location**: Erin 1995-08-03 1359Z.png
- **image name**: Hurricane Erin at its peak intensity shortly before landfall in Florida on August 3
- **formed**: July 31, 1995
- **dissipated**: August 6, 1995
- **1-min winds**: 85
- **damagespre**: ≥
- **damages**: 8300
- **pressure**: 923
- **fatalities**: 16 (6 direct, 10 indirect)
- **areas**: Bahamas, Jamaica, Eastern United States, Louisiana, Arkansas, Missouri
- **hurricane season**: 1995 Atlantic hurricane season
Tropical Storm Alberto (1994)

**Tropical Storm Alberto** was a catastrophic storm in the 1994 Atlantic hurricane season. The cyclone was responsible for between 22 and 38 deaths and between $500 million and $1 billion in destruction (1994 USD). The storm struck Northwest Florida, southwest Georgia and Alabama. In spite of the destruction, the name _Alberto_ was not retired.
Menai Strait

The **Menai Strait** (, the "River Menai") is a narrow stretch of water which separates the island of Anglesey from the mainland of Wales.  It is in the northwest corner of Wales.  The straight is about 25km long.  The water is not very deep.  There are two bridges over the strait.  The A5 road (which goes all the way to central London), goes across by the Menai Suspension Bridge.  There is also the Britannia Tubular Bridge.
Zob Ahan Isfahan FC

**Zob Ahan Football Club**  is an Iranian football club based in Esfahan, Iran.

## Season-by-season

The table below chronicles the achievements of Zob Ahan since 1973.

|Season|League|Position|Hazfi Cup|Asian Cup|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1973-1974|Takht Jamshid Cup|10th|_Not held_|rowspan=17|_Did not qualify_||
|1974-1975|Takht Jamshid Cup|11th|_Not held_||||
|1975-1976|Takht Jamshid Cup|9th|1/8 Final||||
|1976-1977|Takht Jamshid Cup|15th|1/16 Final||||
|1977-1978|Takht Jamshid Cup|8th|_Not held_||||
|1978-1979|Takht Jamshid Cup|did not finish|_Not held_||||
|1979-1993|N/A||||||
|1993-1994|Azadegan League|4th|1/8 Final||||
|1994-1995|Azadegan League|8th*|1/16 Final||||
|1995-1996|2nd Division|bgcolor=gold|**1st****|1/8 Final|||
|1996-1997|Azadegan League|10th|1/8 Final||||
|1997-1998|Azadegan League|3rd|_Not held_||||
|1998-1999|Azadegan League|12th|Third Round||||
|1999-2000|Azadegan League|5th|First Round||||
|2000-2001|Azadegan League|4th|bgcolor=silver|Final|||
|2001-2002|Iran Pro League|6th|Quarterfinal||||
|2002-2003|Iran Pro League|8th|bgcolor=gold|**Cup**|||
|2003-2004|Iran Pro League|4th|Semifinal|First Round|||
|2004-2005|Iran Pro League|bgcolor=silver|2nd|1/8 Final|rowspan=5|_Did not qualify_|
|2005-2006|Iran Pro League|6th|1/8 Final||||
|2006-2007|Iran Pro League|8th|1/16 Final||||
|2007-2008|Iran Pro League|6th|1/16 Final||||
|2008-2009|Iran Pro League|bgcolor=silver|2nd|bgcolor=gold|**Cup**||
|2009-2010|Iran Pro League|bgcolor=silver|2nd|Semifinal|_Qualified_||

***** Relegated.

****** Promoted.

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Zob Ahan
 ذوب ‌آهن
- **current**: Zob Ahan F.C. season 2009–10
- **fullname**: Zob Ahan Football Club
- **founded**: 1969
- **ground**: Foolad Shahr Stadium
Fooladshahr
Iran
- **capacity**: 25,000
- **owner**: Esfahan Steel Company
- **chairman**: Asghar Dalili
- **mgrtitle**: Head Coach
- **manager**: Mansour Ebrahimzadeh
- **league**: Iran Pro League, Persian Gulf Cup
- **season**: Persian Gulf Cup 2009-10, 2009-10
- **position**: Persian Gulf Cup, 2nd
- **pattern la1**: _greenborder
- **pattern ra1**: _greenborder
- **leftarm1**: FFFFFF
- **body1**: FFFFFF
- **rightarm1**: FFFFFF
- **shorts1**: FFFFFF
- **socks1**: FFFFFF
- **pattern la2**: _uhlsport_mythos_whitelines
- **pattern b2**: _uhlsport_mythos_whitelines
- **pattern ra2**: _uhlsport_mythos_whitelines
- **leftarm2**: 006600
- **body2**: 006600
- **rightarm2**: 006600
- **shorts2**: 006600
- **socks2**: 006600
Paykan F.C.

**Paykan Football Club** , is a football team based in Qazvin, Iran.

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Paykan
پيکان
- **fullname**: Paykan Qazvin Football Club
- **founded**: 1967
- **ground**: Shahid Rajaei Stadium
Qazvin
Iran
- **capacity**: 5,000
- **chairman**: Kamran Sahebpanah
- **mgrtitle**: Head Coach
- **manager**: Mohammad Ahmadzadeh
- **league**: Persian Gulf Cup
- **season**: 2022/23
- **position**: 11th
- **leftarm1**: 75AADB
- **body1**: 75AADB
- **rightarm1**: 75AADB
- **shorts1**: 75AADB
- **socks1**: 200020
- **leftarm2**: FFFFFF
- **body2**: FFFFFF
- **rightarm2**: FFFFFF
- **shorts21**: FFFFFF
- **socks2**: FFFFFF
Hamish MacCunn

**Hamish MacCunn** (22 March 1868 – 2 August 1916), was a Scottish composer and conductor who lived in the later part of the romantic period.

## Birth

He was born in Greenock.  His father was a shipowner.  He soon showed a great talent for music. In 1883, he got a scholarship to study  at the Royal College of Music, which had only just been founded. His teachers there included Sir Hubert Parry and Sir Charles Villiers Stanford.

## Works

MacCunn became a professor of harmony at the Royal Academy of Music from 1888-1894.  He also taught at the Guildhall School of Music.

MacCunn composed several orchestral works as well as operas,  but he had to spend more and more time conducting in order to earn money.  For a time he conducted the Carl Rosa Opera Company.  He conducted Wagner’s opera _Siegfried_ and the first performance in English of _Tristan and Isolde_.

In 1887, he conducted his overture _The Land of the Mountain and the Flood_ at the Crystal Palace.  This was a very successful piece, and it remains the only composition of his which is still often performed.  The music has a Scottish feeling and sounds quite similar to the music of Mendelssohn.  Although he composed other pieces which were similar in mood, none of them were as successful as this one.

In 1888, he married Alison Pettie, daughter of the painter John Pettie who had painted MacCunn's portrait several times.  They had one son.  John Pettie liked music and helped MacCunn in his career by organizing concerts of his music.

He died aged only 48.

## References

- New Grove Dictionary of Music & Musicians, edited Stanley Sadie, 1980;

## Other websites

- Biography from the British Musical Society

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Hamish MacCunn
- **img**: Hamish MacCunn.JPG
- **img capt**: Portrait of Hamish MacCunn, 1889, by John Pettie
- **background**: non_performing_personnel
- **birth name**: Hamish MacCunn
- **birth date**: 22 March 1868
- **birth place**: Greenock, Scotland
- **death date**: 2 August 1916
- **death place**: London, England
- **genre**: Romantic music, Romantic
- **occupation**: Composer, Conducting, Conductor
The Yogi Bear Show

***Yogi Bear*** is a kids' cartoon TV show made by Hanna-Barbera in the early 1960s.

## Characters

- **Yogi Bear** (voiced by Daws Butler): A greedy and hungry bear. He lives in the fictional Jellystone Park  and tries to steal picnic baskets from tourists.  His catchphrase is "I'm smarter than the average bear". He always wears a green hat and tie. He would then become one of the most iconic animated characters.
- **Boo-Boo Bear** (voiced by Don Messick): A small bear who's Yogi's sidekick and best friend. He always tries to stop Yogi from stealing picnic baskets, but always fails. He wears a blue bow tie.
- **Ranger Smith** (voiced by Don Messick): The ranger of Jellystone National Park. He's Yogi's rival who always stops Yogi from stealing picnic baskets, but Yogi usually finds a way to trick the ranger. The ranger wears a ranger uniform as well as black shoes.
- **Cindy Bear** (voiced by Julie Bennett): A female bear who's Yogi's girlfriend, but Yogi would say that they're just friends. She wears a blue skirt and frequently carries an umbrella.

## Cast

- Daws Butler as Yogi Bear
- Don Messick as Boo-Boo Bear / Ranger Smith / The Narrtor
- Julie Bennett as Cindy Bear

## Infobox (television)

- **creator**: William Hanna
Joseph Barbera
- **director**: William Hanna
Joseph Barbera
- **starring**: Daws Butler
Don Messick
Julie Bennett
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **num seasons**: 2
- **num episodes**: 33 (93 segments)
- **company**: Hanna-Barbera Productions
- **network**: Syndication, First-run syndication
REN21

**REN21**, the Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century, is an organization which provides a forum for international leadership in renewable energy policy, in order to promote the rapid growth of renewable energy technologies in developing countries and industrialised economies.

The network was launched in June 2005 as a result of discussion held the previous year at the International Conference for Renewable Energies in Bonn, Germany.  Its secretariat operates from offices in Paris, France, and is provided by the United Nations Environment Programme and the _Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit_ (German Technical Cooperation), in collaboration with the International Energy Agency.

REN21 has produced a number of internationally recognised reports on renewable energy policy and the development of the renewables marketplace. Since 2005 REN21 has produced an annual _Renewables Global Status Report_, with Eric Martinot and Janet Sawin as lead authors.
Transverse engine

A **transverse engine** is an engine mounted in a vehicle so that the engine's crankshaft is at a right angle (90°) to the vehicle. Many modern front wheel drive vehicles use a transverse engine mounting design. The majority of rear wheel drive vehicles use a longitudinal engine design, where the engine's crankshaft axis is parallel to the vehicle.

## History

The first car known to use such an arrangement was a 1911 front-wheel drive car. It had a clutch at each end of the engine, driving the front wheels directly. The first successful transverse-engine cars were the two-cylinder DKW "Front" series of cars. These first appeared in 1931. After the World War II, SAAB used the configuration in their first model, the Saab 92, in 1947.

## Placement of transverse engines

Engines may be placed in two main positions within the motor car:
- Front engine mounted – for front-wheel drive vehicles
- Rear or mid-engine mounted  – for rear-wheel drive vehicles
Longitudinal engine

A **longitudinal engine** is an engine mounted in a vehicle so that the engine's crankshaft is parallel with the vehicle, front to back. The majority of rear wheel drive vehicles use a longitudinal engine design. where the engine's crankshaft axis is parallel to the vehicle. Many modern front wheel drive vehicles use a transverse engine mounting design.

## Placement of longitudinal engines

Engines may be placed in three main positions within the car:
- front engine mounted - the engine is mounted under the hood, over the front axle
- rear engine mounted - the engine is mounted where the trunk would normally be, over the rear axle
- mid engine mounted - the engine is mounted between the front and rear axles, where the rear seats would be located
Stawki (Toruń)

**Stawki** is a district of Toruń.

## Streets

- Włocławska
- Łodzka
- Kniaziewicza
- Andersa
- Hallera

## Other websites

- Map districts (pl)
Orange County, Florida

**Orange County** is a county in the U.S. state of Florida. It was formed in 1824 when it was originally called _Mosquito County_.  As of 2020, 1,429,908 people lived there.  Its county seat is Orlando.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Orange County
- **settlement type**: List of counties in Florida, County
- **image skyline**: Orlando FL cnty crths01.jpg
- **image caption**: The Orange County Courthouse in Orlando
- **image flag**: Flag of Orange County, FL.png
- **image seal**: Seal of Orange County, Florida.svg
- **image map**: Map of Florida highlighting Orange County.svg
- **pushpin map**: USA
- **pushpin map caption**: Location within the United States
- **pushpin label position**: top
- **established title**: Founded
- **established date**: December 29, 1824 (renamed January 30, 1845)
- **seat type**: County seat
- **seat**: Orlando
- **seat1 type**: Largest city
- **seat1**: Orlando
- **area total sq mi**: 1003
- **area water sq mi**: 100
- **area land sq mi**: 903
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 1429908
- **population rank**: List of the most populous counties in the United States, 28th in the United States
List of counties in Florida, 5th in Florida
- **population density km2**: 621.09
- **population density sq mi**: 1608.78
- **website**: http://www.orangecountyfl.net/
- **timezone**: Eastern Time Zone
- **utc offset**: −5
- **timezone dst**: Eastern Daylight Time
- **utc offset dst**: −4
Monroe County, Florida

**Monroe County** is a county in the U.S. state of Florida. It was formed on July 3, 1823.  As of 2020, the population is 82,874.  Its county seat is Key West.

Monroe County includes a part of the Florida mainland, and many small islands called the Florida Keys. Almost nobody lives in the mainland of the county. It is all wetland, part of the Everglades. Nearly everybody in the county lives on the islands.

## Infobox (u.s. county)

- **county**: Monroe County
- **state**: Florida
- **type**: County (United States), County
- **seal**: Seal of Monroe County, Florida.png
- **flag**: Flag of Monroe County, Florida.png
- **founded year**: 1823
- **founded date**: July 3
- **named for**: James Monroe
- **seat wl**: Key West
- **largest city wl**: Key West
- **area total sq mi**: 3738
- **area land sq mi**: 983
- **area water sq mi**: 2754
- **area percentage**: 73.7%
- **census yr**: 2020
- **pop**: 82874
- **density sq mi**: 22
- **web**: www.monroecounty-fl.gov
- **ex image**: Key West, FL, Courthouse, Monroe County, North Side, 11-22-2010 (15).JPG
- **ex image cap**: The Monroe County Courthouse in Key West
- **time zone**: Eastern
Indian River County, Florida

**Indian River County** is a county in the U.S. state of Florida, and was formed on May 30, 1925. As of 2020, 159,788 people lived there.  Its county seat is Vero Beach.

## Infobox (u.s. county)

- **county**: Indian River County
- **state**: Florida
- **seal**: Seal of Indian River County, Florida.gif
- **seal size**: 100px
- **founded year**: 1925
- **founded date**: May 30
- **largest city wl**: Sebastian
- **seat wl**: Vero Beach
- **area total sq mi**: 617
- **area land sq mi**: 503
- **area water sq mi**: 114
- **area percentage**: 18.5%
- **census yr**: 2020
- **pop**: 159788
- **density sq mi**: 318
- **web**: www.ircgov.com/
- **ex image**: Indian River County (Vero Beach).JPG
- **ex image cap**: Indian River County Courthouse in Vero Beach
- **time zone**: Eastern
- **named for**: Indian River Lagoon
Gilchrist County, Florida

**Gilchrist County** is a county in the U.S. state of Florida. It was formed on December 4, 1925. As of 2020, 17,864 people lived there. Its county seat is Trenton.

## Infobox (u.s. county)

- **county**: Gilchrist County
- **state**: Florida
- **founded year**: 1925
- **founded date**: December 4
- **seat wl**: Trenton
- **largest city wl**: Trenton
- **area total sq mi**: 355
- **area land sq mi**: 350
- **area water sq mi**: 5.6
- **area percentage**: 1.6%
- **census yr**: 2020
- **pop**: 17864
- **density sq mi**: 48
- **web**: gilchrist.fl.us
- **ex image**: Gilchrist Cnty Crths Florida05.jpg
- **ex image cap**: Gilchrist County Courthouse
- **time zone**: Eastern
- **named for**: Albert W. Gilchrist
Santa Rosa County, Florida

**Santa Rosa County** is a county in the U.S. state of Florida, and was formed on February 18, 1842. As of 2020, 188,000 people lived there. Its county seat is Milton.

## Infobox (u.s. county)

- **county**: Santa Rosa County
- **state**: Florida
- **seal**: Seal of Santa Rosa County, Florida.svg
- **seal size**: 100px
- **founded year**: 1842
- **founded date**: February 18
- **seat wl**: Milton
- **largest city wl**: Navarre
- **area total sq mi**: 1174
- **area land sq mi**: 1012
- **area water sq mi**: 162
- **area percentage**: 13.8%
- **population as of**: 2020
- **population total**: 188000
- **density sq mi**: 186
- **web**: http://www.santarosa.fl.gov/
- **ex image**: Milton, FL, Courthouse, Santa Rosa County, 12-16-2010 (1).JPG
- **ex image cap**: Santa Rosa County Courthouse with Christmas decorations
- **time zone**: Central
- **named for**: Saint Rose of Viterbo
Escambia County, Florida

**Escambia County** is a county in the U.S. state of Florida. It was formed on July 21, 1821. As of 2020, 321,905 people lived there. Escambia County's seat is Pensacola.

## Other websites

- Official county website

## Infobox (u.s. county)

- **county**: Escambia County
- **state**: Florida
- **seal**: Seal of Escambia County, Florida.png
- **seal size**: 150px
- **logo size**: 113px
- **founded year**: 1821
- **founded date**: July 21
- **seat wl**: Pensacola
- **leader title**: County Administrator
- **leader name**: Wes Moreno
- **largest city wl**: Pensacola
- **area total sq mi**: 875
- **area land sq mi**: 656
- **area water sq mi**: 218
- **area percentage**: 25.0%
- **census yr**: 2020
- **population total**: 321905
- **density sq mi**: 491
- **named for**: Conecuh River, Escambia River
- **ex image**: Pensacola, FL, Courthouse, Escambia County, 12-16-2010 (2).JPG
- **ex image cap**: Escambia County Courthouse
- **time zone**: Central
- **website**: http://myescambia.com
Kauai County, Hawaii

**Kauai County** is a county in the U.S. state of Hawaii. It was formed in 1905. As of 2020, 73,298 people live there. It's county seat is Lihue.

## Infobox (u.s. county)

- **county**: Kauai County
- **state**: Hawaii
- **ex image**: Captain James Cook statue, Waimea, Kauai, Hawaii.JPG
- **ex image size**: 200px
- **ex image cap**: Captain James Cook statue
- **founded year**: 1905
- **seat wl**: Lihue
- **largest city**: Kapaa, Hawaii, Kapa‘a
- **city type**: community
- **area total sq mi**: 1266
- **area land sq mi**: 620
- **area water sq mi**: 646
- **area percentage**: 51.0
- **census yr**: 2020
- **pop**: 73,298
- **density sq mi**: auto
- **time zone**: Hawaii
- **web**: https://www.kauai.gov/
Dimethylmercury

**Dimethylmercury**, sometimes called **dimethyl mercury**, is a chemical compound. It contains methyl and mercury ions. Its chemical formula is (CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>Hg.

## Properties

It is a colorless liquid. It evaporates very fast. It is a very strong toxin to the nervous system. It doesn't react with water like other similar chemicals. It contains mercury in its +2 oxidation state. It can react with mercury(II) chloride to make a crystalline chemical compound.

## Production

It is made by reacting a sodium amalgam with methyl iodide.

## Uses

It has almost no uses. It is rarely used to test instruments that are used to detect mercury.

## Safety

It is extremely toxic. If just a drip gets placed on human skin, it will poison the person. It gets into the brain easily when it goes through the skin. The poisoning does not happen quickly, though. It sometimes can take months before the poisoning effects show.

## Related pages

- Mercury compounds
- Organic chemistry
- Methane
Ken Watanabe

is a Japanese stage, movie, and television actor. To English-speaking audiences, he is known for playing characters such as General Tadamichi Kuribayashi in _Letters from Iwo Jima_. He played Lord Katsumoto Moritsu in the 2003 movie _The Last Samurai_ and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. Among other awards, he has won the Japan Academy Prize for Best Actor twice, in 2007 for _Memories of Tomorrow_ and in 2010 for _Shizumanu Taiyō_. He is also known for his acting in Christopher Nolan's movies, _Batman Begins_ and _Inception_.

On February 9, 2016, it was revealed Watanabe, a leukemia survivor, had been diagnosed with stomach cancer.

## Infobox (actor)

- **name**: Ken Watanabe
渡辺 謙
- **image**: Ken Watanabe 01.jpg
- **caption**: Ken Watanabe in 2007
- **birth place**: Hirokami, Niigata, Japan
- **occupation**: Actor
- **height**: 184 cm
- **yearsactive**: 1979–present
- **spouse**: Yumiko Watanabe (div. 2005)
Kaho Minami (2005–present)
Methyl group

In chemistry, **methyl** refers to a group of atoms with the formula  - one carbon atom with chemical bonds to three hydrogen atoms. It is a functional group in organic chemistry and ligand in organometallic chemistry. Methyl is the simplest alkyl group.

## In genetics

Methyl groups added to cytosine are the basis of epigenetics. They change the way genes act, and so explain how (for example)  identical twins may turn out differently later in life. Or, they help understand how a mother's nutrition may have long-lasting effects on her offspring.

## Related pages

- Methylation
- Chemical bond
- Chemical reaction
-
Inception

***Inception*** is a 2010 British-American science fiction action heist movie. Christopher Nolan wrote and directed it. He also produced the movie with his wife, Emma Thomas. The movie stars Leonardo DiCaprio as a thief who steals information by going into the subconscious of his targets. A man tells him he will erase his criminal history if he puts an idea into someone's subconscious. The ensemble cast includes Ken Watanabe, Joseph Gordon-Levitt, Marion Cotillard, Elliot Page, Tom Hardy, Dileep Rao, Cillian Murphy, Tom Berenger, and Michael Caine.

Nolan had the idea for _Inception_ over nine years before it was released. But, there is also an anime film just like it called _Paprika_. After making _Insomnia_, Nolan wrote an 80-page story for a horror movie about "dream-stealers". He presented the idea to Warner Bros. based on ideas of lucid dreaming and dream incubation.
He decided he needed more experience before making a movie this complex. Nolan stopped working on it, and worked on _Batman Begins_ (2005), _The Prestige_ (2006), and _The Dark Knight_ (2008). He spent six months working on the script for _Inception_ before Warner Bros. bought it in February 2009. They filmed the movie in six countries. They started in Tokyo on June 19, and ended in Canada on November 22. The movie cost $160 million to make. Warner Bros. and Legendary paid for it. The movie studios spent over $100 million to advertise _Inception_ because _The Dark Knight_ (another movie Nolan made) was very popular.

_Inception_ was first screened in London on July 8, 2010. It was shown in standard and IMAX theatres on July 16, 2010. _Inception_ grossed over $828 million worldwide. It became the fourth-highest-grossing movie of 2010. Many people think it is one of the best movies of the 2010s. Movie critics praised _Inception_ for its screenplay, direction, themes, action sequences, visual effects, musical score, and ensemble cast. It won four Academy Awards (Best Cinematography, Best Sound Editing, Best Sound Mixing, and Best Visual Effects) and was nominated for four more: Best Picture, Best Original Screenplay, Best Art Direction, and Best Original Score.

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: Inception
- **image**: Inception-wordmark.svg
- **director**: Christopher Nolan
- **producer**: Christopher Nolan
Emma Thomas
- **writer**: Christopher Nolan
- **starring**: Leonardo DiCaprio
Ken Watanabe
Joseph Gordon-Levitt
Marion Cotillard
Elliot Page
Tom Hardy
Cillian Murphy
Tom Berenger
Michael Caine
- **music**: Hans Zimmer
- **cinematography**: Wally Pfister
- **editing**: Lee Smith (editor), Lee Smith
- **studio**: Legendary Pictures
Syncopy Films
- **distributor**: Warner Bros., Warner Bros. Pictures
- **runtime**: 148 minutes
- **language**: English
- **budget**: $160,000,000
- **gross**: $659,091,844
Carbon disulfide

**Carbon disulfide**, also known as **carbon bisulfide**, is a chemical compound. It consists of carbon and sulfide ions. It contains carbon in its +4 oxidation state and sulfur in its -2 oxidation state. Its chemical formula is CS<sub>2</sub>.

## Properties

It is similar to carbon dioxide, although much more reactive. Sulfide is a much more powerful reducing agent than oxide. It burns very easily and catches fire at 90°C. It smells sweet but is often contaminated other chemicals that smell bad.

## Preparation

It used to be made by reacting carbon and sulfur at a very high temperature. Now it is made by "burning" methane in sulfur (instead of oxygen). It is much harder to burn methane in sulfur. The waste product (carbon disulfide) is also much more reactive than carbon dioxide, the normal waste product.

## Uses

It is used to make carbon tetrachloride. It is also used in making organic chemicals. It is used to dissolve things like phosphorus and iodine and to kill insects.

## Safety

Carbon disulfide is very flammable and is also toxic in large amounts when breathed in.

## Related pages

- Iron sulfide
Phosphorus triiodide

**Phosphorus triiodide** is a chemical compound. It is made of one phosphorus and three iodine atoms. It contains phosphorus in its +3 oxidation state. Its chemical formula is PI<sub>3</sub>.

## Properties

It is a red solid. It is very unstable and a powerful reducing agent. It reacts violently with water. The reaction with water makes phosphorous acid and hydrogen iodide. It is used in making chemicals. Some think that it is too unstable to be stored, but it can be stored and can be bought.

## Preparation

Phosphorus triiodide is made by reacting iodine with white phosphorus dissolved in carbon disulfide. It is dissolved in carbon disulfide because it does not dissolve in water. It can also be made by reacting phosphorus trichloride with hydrogen iodide or some other iodide.

## Uses

It reacts with alcohols such as methanol to make "alkyl iodides" such as methyl iodide. Many times phosphorus triiodide is made in the reaction. The alkyl iodides are used in many chemical reactions.

## Related pages

- Phosphorus(III) oxide
- Phosphorus compounds
- Potassium iodide
Gilded Age

**The Gilded Age** is a time in the in history of the USA. It lasted from the end of the American Civil War, and up to the late 19th century. It corresponds to the latter part of the British Victorian era.

The name Gilded Age was first used by writer Mark Twain in _The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today_ (1873).  The time saw rapid progress in technology and railroad expansions and industrialization.  Immigrant<nowiki/>s came in the millions.  The intense political partisanship of the day included disputes over currency, tariffs, political corruption and patronage, railroads and business trusts.

## Other websites

- Gilded Age Timeline
Chemiluminescence

**Chemiluminescence** (or **Chemoluminescence**) is a kind of luminescence. It is a process of making light from a chemical reaction. Chemiluminescence in biological systems is called bioluminescence.

The light made in chemiluminiscence is not directly related to heat. A simple two step example of a reaction of A, and B, that produces; C, D, and light.
- [**A**] + [**B**] → [**C<sup>*</sup>**] + [_D_]
- [**C<sup>*</sup>**] → [**C**] + **Light**
**C<sup>*</sup>** is an excited state of **C**.

This reaction is simpler than most chemiluminesence reactions. The excited state happens when electrons are pushed into a  higher orbit by the energy of a chemical  reaction. The excited state is less stable than the ground state. The electrons in the excited state fall to the ground state (lower energy), emitting light.

The amount of measurable light made is called _radiant intensity_: I<sub>CL</sub> (photons emitted per second).

## Analytical applications

The device needed to measure the light made is simple. It needs something to hold the sample, and a photomultiplier tube. There are three ways for this to be used in chemical measurements.
1. sometimes the product wanted makes light when it reacts with another compound,
1. in another type the amount of light made drops when the wanted product is added,
1. sometimes the wanted product when added to a chemiluminescence reaction makes more light(a catalytic reaction).

### Analysis of gases

The method measures small amounts of atmospheric pollutants. A common method measures the amount of nitrogen monoxide by reacting it with ozone. The light made has a wavelength range of 600 to 2800 nm.

### Analysis of liquids

Luminol is the most well known type of compound used for chemiluminescence in liquids.

### Analysis of cell organelles

**Ca<sup>2+</sup>**(calcium) inside of different parts of cells like the mitochondria can make light when it reacts with a protein from jellyfish named aequorin. Nitric oxide(NO) is in cells and is a way for cells to talk to each other, this can be measured with the compound luminol.

## Other examples

- An example of chemiluminescence molecules in nature is firefly luciferin.
- The process is used to make glowsticks.

## References

- Daniel C. Harris. In Quantitative Chemical Analysis Seventh Edition: 2007 by W.H. Freeman and Company.
- Douglas A. Skoog, James F. Holler, Stanley R. Crouch. In Principles of Instrumental Analysis Sixth Edition:2005 by Thomson, Brooks, Cole.
Demonic possession

**Demonic possession** is a term used to describe a situation when a demon (a devil) controls a human being or (sometimes) animal.  In many cultures and religions people often used to believe that a devil could enter the body of a person and control them.  They often thought this was happening when a person seemed to be mad, or when they had a fit, or when they fainted.

## Related pages

- Demon
- Demonology
- Umbrella (song), a song that has been claimed to be about demonic possession.
PAS Hamedan F.C.

**PAS Hamedan Football Club** () is an Iranian football club based in Hamedan, Iran.

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: PAS Hamedan
پاس همدان
- **fullname**: PAS Hamedan Football Club
- **founded**: 9 June 2007
- **ground**: Shahid Mofatteh Stadium
Hamedan
Iran
- **capacity**: 15,000
- **chairman**: Karim Malahi
- **mgrtitle**: Head Coach
- **manager**: Ali Asghar Modir Roosta
- **league**: Iran Pro League, Persian Gulf Cup
- **season**: Persian Gulf Cup 2008-09, 2008-09
- **position**: Persian Gulf Cup, 13th
- **pattern la1**: _green_stripes
- **pattern b1**: _greenstripes
- **pattern ra1**: _green_stripes
- **leftarm1**: FFFFFF
- **body1**: FFFFFF
- **rightarm1**: FFFFFF
- **shorts1**: FFFFFF
- **socks1**: 088A08
- **leftarm2**: 088A08
- **body2**: 088A08
- **rightarm2**: 088A08
- **shorts2**: FFFFFF
- **socks2**: FFFFFF
Malavan F.C.

**Malavan Bandar Anzali Football Club** () is an Iranian football club based in Bandar-e Anzali, Iran.

## Honors

- **Hazfi Cup**
- _Winners (3):_ 1976, 1986, 1990
- _Runner Up (3):_ 1987, 1988, 1991

- **Azadegan League**
- _Runner Up (1):_ 2003

- **Vahdat Cup** _(International Tournament hosted by Iran)_
- _Third Place (1)_: 1981

- **Regional Construction Cup** (International Tournament hosted by Pakistan)
- _Runner Up (1)_: 1973

- **Best non-Tehrani Iranian Football Team**: _4_: 1973, 1976, 1977, 1989

- Iran's representative in **Asian Club Championship**
- _(1)_: 1987

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Malavan
- **fullname**: Malavan Bandar Anzali Football Club
- **nickname**: White Swans ()
- **founded**: 1969
- **ground**: Takhti Stadium (Anzali), Takhti Stadium
Bandar-e Anzali
Iran
- **capacity**: 20,000
- **chairman**: Ardeshir Pournemat
- **mgrtitle**: Head Coach
- **manager**: Farhad Pourgholami
- **league**: Iran Pro League, Persian Gulf Cup
- **season**: 2022/23
- **position**: Persian Gulf Cup, 12th
- **pattern b1**: _Vonwhite
- **leftarm1**: FFFFFF
- **body1**: 0A0AB6
- **rightarm1**: FFFFFF
- **shorts1**: 0A0AB6
- **socks1**: FFFFFF
- **pattern b2**: _whiteV
- **leftarm2**: 0A0AB6
- **body2**: 0A0AB6
- **rightarm2**: 0A0AB6
- **shorts2**: FFFFFF
- **socks2**: 0A0AB6
Cosworth

**Cosworth** is a high performance engineering company. It was founded in London in 1958. It builds engines and electronics for automobile racing, mainstream automotive and defence industries. Cosworth is based in Northampton, England. It has North American facilities in Torrance, California; Indianapolis, Indiana; and Mooresville, North Carolina. It also has a facility in Pune, India.

Cosworth has had a long and well respected career in Formula One, beginning in 1963. Cosworth stepped away from Formula One for three years when no team decided to use their engines for . Cosworth returned to F1 in , suppling engines to Williams, HRT, Lotus, and Virgin. The first Formula One engines shipped in January. Cosworth's 176 wins make it the second most successful engine manufacturers in F1, after Ferrari.

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: Cosworth
- **logo**: Cosworth logo.png
- **type**: Private company
- **foundation**: London, 1958
- **founder**: Mike Costin and
Keith Duckworth
- **location**: Northampton, England
- **area served**: Worldwide
- **industry**: Automotive, Defence, Sports, Energy Generation
- **products**: internal combustion engine, Engines
- **services**: High performance engineering
- **owner**: Gerald Forsythe,
Kevin Kalkhoven
Carbon tetrachloride

**Carbon tetrachloride**, also known as **tetrachloromethane** or **carbon tet** for short, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is CCl<sub>4</sub>. It contains carbon in its +4 oxidation state and chloride ions. It is a colourless heavy liquid.

## Properties

It is a colorless liquid. It smells like chloroform. It evaporates quite quickly. It can dissolve fats and oils as well as other substances including iodine. It does not burn, but it does make phosgene when heated to a very high temperature.

## Preparation

It is made by reacting methane with chlorine. This reaction is similar to the burning of methane (reaction of methane with oxygen). Hydrogen chloride, chloromethane, dichloromethane and chloroform are byproducts (left over substances). It used to be made by reacting carbon disulfide with chlorine. This reaction would produce sulfur(I) chloride.

## Uses

The uses of carbon tetrachloride have diminished lately, because it is known to be damage people's health. People think it might damage the ozone layer. Today, it is rarely used for anything.

Previously, was used in fire extinguishers. It was also used to make freon, used in dry cleaning and as a refrigerant.

## Safety

Carbon tetrachloride is very poisonous to the liver, the kidneys and the nervous system. Carbon tetrachloride converts to phosgene (an extremely poisonous gas) at very high temperatures like fire conditions. In the days when it was used as a fire extinguisher, this problem was very common and caused deaths.

## References in media

- In the episode "Return From The Outer Space" (1965) of the science fiction TV series Lost In Space, a boy is seen buying carbon tetrachloride from a parallel universe.
- Australian YouTuber Tom de Prinse of "Explosions&Fire" and "Extractions&Ire" made videos where he is taking out carbon tetrachloride from an old fire extinguisher and then using it in his videos in 2019, and the chemical has got a fan base on social media. Channel owner Tom later used carbon tetrachloride themed designs in his channel's merchandise.
- In the Ramones song "Carbona Not Glue", the singer says that breathing the vapours of a stain remover containing carbon tetrachloride is better than breathing in glue vapours.

## Related pages

- Chloromethane - methane with 1 hydrogen replaced by chlorine
- Dichloromethane - methane with 2 hydrogens replaced by chlorine
- Chloroform - methane with 3 hydrogens replaced by chlorine

- Carbon dioxide
- Bromide
- Fluoride
Freon

**Freon** is a word for certain chemical compound<nowiki/>s, often used as refrigerants. Thomas Midgley, Jr. invented using Freon as a refrigerant.  "Freon" is a registered trademark of DuPont. Freon was first used to describe chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) refrigerants, but it is now used to describe many other kinds of chemicals used as refrigerant. Refrigerants may contain carbon, chlorine, fluorine and sometimes bromine. For example, Freon 10 is carbon tetrachloride. Many kinds of freon are not toxic to animals. They also are cheap and work well. However, most refrigerants can reduce the amount of ozone from the upper atmosphere. Reducing ozone lets more ultraviolet light to come through. Too much ultraviolet light can cause skin cancer and cataracts, and can kill off plankton in the oceans.

The chlorine part of CFC refrigerants can reduce ozone. Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) can also damage ozone. Newer Hydrofulorocarbon (HFC) refrigerants do not have chlorine in them and do not reduce ozone in the atmosphere. Most refrigerants also increase global warming because they are powerful greenhouse gasses. These refrigerants increase global warming thousands of times more than carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>).

## Related pages

- Methyl
- Methane
- Organic chemistry
Refrigerant

A **refrigerant** is a chemical substance that is found in an air conditioner, a refrigerator, and in other refrigeration equipment.  Air conditioners work by circulating refrigerant through coils, absorbing heat from the air and releasing it outside, cooling the space with chilling efficiency. Refrigerants are chosen for the ease of converting them from liquid to vapor or vice versa, depending on their temperature and pressure. Most refrigerants in their liquid state will evaporate very fast if at atmospheric pressure. They can be classed as CFC, HCFC, HFC, HC, or HFO along with less common types.

In refrigeration equipment, a refrigerant vapor is compressed by a compressor. Compression makes it hot. It enters a condenser, where it condenses into a liquid.  The refrigerant then passes through a part called a metering device, or an expansion device (there are several types of this part) where the pressure is reduced to a point where the liquid begins to boil. At this point, the refrigerant is very cold and it enters an evaporator, where it absorbs heat from the air passing over it. By the time the refrigerant leaves the evaporator, it is all a vapor again, and it goes back to the compressor where the cycle begins again. This is called the refrigeration cycle. This is one example of the use of a refrigerant, in a residential air conditioning system.

## Phase out of chlorine-based refrigerants

Older chlorine and carbon based refrigerants such as Freon R22 have been phased out due to ozone depletion. The chlorine molecule in them was found to be depleting the ozone molecules in the atmosphere.   As a result, the Montreal Protocol  has been adopted. The treaty bans the production of CFCs, halons and other ozone-depleting chemicals such as carbon tetrachloride and trichloroethane.

|Type|Meaning|Atoms in the Molecule|
| --- | --- | --- |
|CFC|Chlorofluorocarbon|Cl, F, C|
|CFO|Chlorofluoroolefin||
|HCFC|Hydrochlorofluorocarbon|H, Cl, F, C|
|HCFO|Hydrochlorofluoroolefin||
|HFC|Hydrofluorocarbon|H, F, C|
|HFO|Hydrofluoroolefin||
|HCC|Hydrochlorocarbon|H, Cl, C|
|HCO|Hydrochloroolefin||
|HC|Hydrocarbon|H, C|
|HO|Hydroolefin (Alkene)||
|PFC|Perfluorocarbon|F, C|
|PFO|Perfluoroolefin||
|PCC|Perchlorocarbon|Cl, C|
|PCO|Perchloroolefin||
|H|Halon/Haloalkane|Br, Cl (in some but not all), F, H (in some but not all), C|

## Related pages

- Freon, an old class of refrigerants
2010 Canterbury earthquake

The **2010 Canterbury earthquake** was a powerful 7.1 magnitude earthquake, which struck the South Island of New Zealand at 4:35 am September 4, 2010 local time (16:35 3 September UTC).
It was centred 40 km west of Christchurch, near the town of Darfield, at a depth of 10 km. Strong aftershocks were reported, including ones of magnitude 5.3.
The main quake was felt widely across the South Island, and in the North Island as far north as New Plymouth.

It caused a lot of damage and cut off power and water supply, mainly in the city of Christchurch. Two people were seriously injured. The quake caused damage to historic buildings in Lyttelton, near Christchurch, including a church and parts of a hotel.  Businesses in the city centre were closed the day of the quake. The total cost of damages may be as high as NZ$2 billion.

A state of emergency was declared by Civil Defence for Christchurch and the Selwyn District.

## Geological background

New Zealand sits on the boundary between the Australian and Pacific plates. In the South Island, these plates mainly slide past each other horizontally, producing earthquakes along fault lines such as the Alpine fault. The 2010 earthquake was centred about 80–90 km to the southeast of the plate boundary through the island, probably on one of a network of smaller faults linked to the main faults that mark the plate boundary itself.

## Infobox (earthquake)

- **title**: 2010 Canterbury earthquake
- **isc-event**: 15155483
- **anss-url**: usp000hk46
- **timestamp**: 2010-09-03 16:35:46
- **local-time**: 04:35 NZST
- **magnitude**: 7.1 moment magnitude scale, M<sub>w</sub>
- **location**:
 near Darfield, New Zealand, Darfield, Canterbury, New Zealand, Canterbury
- **countries affected**: New Zealand
- **aftershocks**: ~17,600 (as of early August 2016)
- **casualties**: 2 seriously injured, approximately 100 total injuries
- **intensity**: Mercalli intensity scale, X (_Extreme_)
- **pga**: 1.26_ peak ground acceleration, g_
William Langland

**William Langland** (c. 1332 – c. 1386) was an English poet. He wrote a long and complicated poem called Piers Plowman. The poem is an allegory about the difficulty of leading a good Christian life when the institution of the Church is often corrupt.

We do not know for sure that this poem was written by Langland. The strongest evidence we have is one manuscript which says that the poem was written by 'Willielmi de Langlond', son of 'Stacy de Rokayle, who died in Shipton-under-Wichwood, a tenant of the Lord Spenser in the county of Oxfordshire'. Other manuscripts also name the author as 'Robert or William langland', or 'Wilhelmus W.' (probably an abbreviation for 'William of Wichwood', since Wychwood is the village he probably came from). Another piece of evidence is within the poem itself. At one stage the narrator says: 'I have lyved in londe...my name is longe wille'. Scholars agree that this is a code for the poet's name: Longe-Land, and Wille meaning Will, short for William. This may seem unlikely, but this method of hiding the poet's name within a poem was used in Roman times, and was quite common in late-medieval literature.
Robin (character)

**Robin** is the alias of several comic book superheroes and is one of Batman's sidekicks. The character appears in American comic books published by DC Comics. There are many characters that became Robin, but the first one was Dick Grayson. The first version of Robin was presented in _Detective Comics_ #38 (April 1940). He was created by Bob Kane, Bill Finger and Jerry Robinson. The team of Batman and Robin is also called "the Dynamic Duo" or "the Caped Crusaders". He is a member of the Teen Titans.

### Dick Grayson

The original Robin was Dick Grayson, a young acrobat orphaned after his parents were murdered and taken in by Bruce Wayne (Batman). Grayson eventually grew to become Nightwing, taking on his own superhero identity.

### Jason Todd

Jason Todd is the second Robin, who was infamously killed by the Joker in the _A Death in the Family_ storyline. He was later resurrected and became the anti-hero **Red Hood**.

### Tim Drake

Tim Drake is the third Robin, who deduced Batman's identity and insisted on becoming Robin to help the Dark Knight. He is known for being highly intelligent and resourceful, later becoming the hero known as **Red Robin**.

### Damian Wayne

The biological son of Bruce Wayne and Talia al Ghul, Damian Wayne became the fourth Robin and is characterized by his association with the League of Assassins and a more brash demeanor.

## Themes

Each of these Robins has played an important role in various storylines, contributing to the rich lore of Batman and his universe. The dynamics between Batman and his Robins often explore themes of mentorship, legacy, and the challenges of growing up in the shadow of a legendary figure.

## Films / Series

- https://www.fernsehserien.tv/robin-hood-2025.shtml

## In other media

The character has appeared in movies, television series, video games, toys, and more.

In the 1943 Batman movie, Douglas Croft played Robin and in the sequel, Johnny Duncan played Robin

In 1966, Burt Ward played Dick Grayson also called Robin while Adam West played Batman

In the 1995 movie _Batman Forever_, Chris O'Donnell played Dick Grayson. O’Donnell also played him in the 1997 sequel _Batman & Robin_.

In 2012's_The Dark Knight Rises_, Joseph Gordon-Levitt played Detective John Blake whose real name is Robin.