juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Hepatitis B

**Hepatitis B** is a disease of the liver. It is caused by a virus. The virus is not spread by food or casual contact. It can be spread by blood or body fluids from an infected person.  A baby can get it from its mother during childbirth. It can also be spread by sexual contact, reuse of needles, and transfusions of blood with the virus in it.

Infection with hepatitis B can be prevented by vaccination, where an injection is given which makes the body immune to the virus. It is recommended that all people are given a series of three vaccines over a few months when they are babies to ensure good protection against this virus. However, vaccination only provides 90% protection, it does not completely remove the risk of infection.

Some people who are infected are able to beat the virus quickly. Many people are infected for life. Usually they have few or no symptoms. Sometimes the liver is damaged severely, causing liver failure. A common symptom of liver failure is jaundice, where the person's skin and eyes turn yellow due to a build-up of body products which would normally be filtered by the liver. Another problem with hepatitis B is that it can cause cancer of the liver.

Blood tests can find signs that the liver is being damaged. If people have those signs, treatment for hepatitis B can prevent the liver damage caused by the virus. Antiviral medications are given, which prevent the virus from making copies of itself. However, once the virus is in the liver, it is not possible to get rid of the virus completely.
Mir

**Mir** was a space station created by the Soviet Union and later owned and operated by Russia. It existed from 1984 to 23 March 2001. When it was retired, it moved towards the Earth and burned up in its atmosphere. Mir is now replaced with the International Space Station. It was the first space station to be made out of multiple modules, unlike the previous Salyut series of space stations, which were only made out of one module.
Mutual fund

A **mutual fund** is a kind of investment that uses money from investors to invest in stocks, bonds or other types of investment. A fund manager (or "portfolio manager") decides how to invest the money, and for this he is paid a fee, which comes from the money in the fund.

Mutual funds are usually "open ended", meaning that new investors can join into the fund at any time. When this happens, new units, which are like shares, are given to the new investors.

There are thousands of different kinds of mutual funds, specializing in investing in different countries, different types of businesses, and different investment styles. There are even some funds that only invest in other funds.

## Related pages

- Stock
- Bond (finance)

## Related pages

- Foreign Portfolio Investment (FPI)

## References

- <span lang="Malayalam" dir="ltr">US SEC answers about mutual funds</span>
Modular Audio Recognition Framework

**Modular Audio Recognition Framework** (MARF) is a computer program that tries to understand voice, sound, speech, text and human language in general. In MARF, scientists and programmers write algorithms using Java. MARF consists of Lego-like algorithm pieces that can be added or replaced easily. MARF itself can be piece in other computer programs or used for learning, education, and making MARF itself better. A few example programs are provided to show how to use MARF. There is also a lot of documentation of the project. MARF and its programs are published under a BSD-style license.

## Related pages

- Speech recognition
My Dying Bride

**My Dying Bride** is an English doom metal band. They are from West Yorkshire. The band formed in 1990.

## Members

- Aaron Stainthorpe - Vocals (1990–present)
- Hamish Glencross - Guitar (1999–present)
- Andrew Craighan - Guitar (1990–present)
- Lena Abé - Bass (2007–present)
- Shaun MacGowan – violin, keyboards (2009–present)

## Past members

- Rick Miah – drums (1990–1997)
- Martin Powell – violin, keyboards (1991–1998)
- Calvin Robertshaw – guitar (1990–1999)
- Bill Law – drums (1998–1999)
- Yasmin Ahmed – keyboards (1998–2002)
- Shaun Taylor-Steels – drums (1999–2006)
- Adrian Jackson – bass (1991–2007)
- Sarah Stanton - Keyboards (2002-)
- Katie Stone – violin, keyboards (2008–2009)
- Dan Mullins – drums (2007–2012)

## Albums

- _As the Flower Withers_ (1992)
- _Turn Loose the Swans_ (1993)
- _The Angel and the Dark River (1995)
- _Like Gods of the Sun_ (1997)
- _34.788%... Complete_ (1998)
- _The Light at the End of the World (1999)
- _The Dreadful Hours_ (2001)
- _Songs of Darkness, Words of Light_ (2004)
- _A Line of Deathless Kings_ (2006)
- _For Lies I Sire_ (2009)
- _Evinta_ (2011)
- _A Map of All Our Failures_ (2012)
- _Feel the Misery_ (2015)
- _The Ghost of Orion_ (2020)
- _A Mortal Binding_ (2024)

## Other websites

- My Dying Bride's website

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: My Dying Bride
- **img**: My Dying Bride.png
- **img capt**: Four members of My Dying Bride live. Left to right, then clockwise: Aaron Stainthorpe, Andrew Craighan, Sarah Stanton (keyboardist), Sarah Stanton, Hamish Glencross.
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Bradford, West Yorkshire, England
- **genre**: Doom metal, death/doom, gothic metal
- **years active**: 1990–present
- **label**: Peaceville Records
- **url**: [http://www.mydyingbride.org/ www.mydyingbride.org]
- **current members**: Aaron Stainthorpe
Hamish Glencross
Andrew Craighan
Dan Mullins
Lena Abé
Shaun MacGowan
- **past members**: Martin Powell
Yasmin Ahmed
Calvin Robertshaw
Bill Law
Rick Miah
Shaun Steels
Adrian Jackson (musician), Adrian Jackson
Sarah Stanton (musician), Sarah Stanton
Katie Stone
Modular

Something is **modular** when it consists of two or more pieces that are easy to replace. These are usually simple objects. They can be connected together to form more complex objects. For example, Lego pieces are modular. Complex objects may by themselves be modular and used to create even more complex objects by piecing them together.

## Related pages

- Modular Programming
Framework

**Framework** is a term describing established practices in a society, science, software development, or hardware design that can be repeatedly applied to solving problems. The problems are solved uniformly (in the same or very similar way) in a framework.

In computer technology, a **framework** is an API that defines what kind of programs can be built with it. For example, the .NET Framework allows writing programs in C# but not in C.
Documentation

**Documentation** is something that people read for instructions or information on how to
do or use things. Documentation may consist of one or more documents on paper, a web page,
a file, and other media.
Bobby pin

A **bobby pin** (also known as a **kirby grip** or a **hair grip**) is a clip that goes in one's hair to hold individual strands of hair in place.
Pre-production

**Pre-production** is the time before making a movie, play, or other performance when all the things that will be needed to make it are prepared.

In the movie industry, pre-production usually only starts when the script is ready, the studio has agreed to make it and money has been made available.  By this time, a project will almost always have a movie, a producer, cast members and a production team.
Flax

**Flax** (also known as **common flax** or **linseed**) (_Linum usitatissimum_) is a type of  flowering plant.

The fibres of flax are used to make linen. High-quality paper used in banknotes is also made from flax fibres. A Vegetable oil (linseed oil) can be made from the dried ripe flax seeds.
Flax has been used for a long time in such tasks as making bows and candles.

## Toxicity

Flax seed and its oil are nontoxic and are safe for human consumption.

However, like many common foods, flax contains small amounts of cyanogenic glycoside. This is _nontoxic_ when eaten in normal amounts. It may be toxic when eaten in large quantities as with staple foods such as cassava. The small percentage of cyanide can be removed by special processing.
Finite set

In mathematics, a **finite set** is a set that is not infinite. A finite set has a certain number of elements. The elements of the set can be numbered like {1, 2, ..., _n_} and _n_ must either be a natural number or zero. An infinite set is a set with an unlimited number of elements.

Another definition is to say a set is finite if its cardinality (the number of its elements) is a natural number. A set with _n_ elements is called an _n_-set.

A definition that is harder to understand, but which is often used by mathematicians, is to say that a set is finite if there is no strict subset that can be put in 1-to-1 correspondence with the set itself.  (A strict subset of a set is one that is not equal to the set itself).  For example, the set of even numbers can be put in one-to-one correspondence with the set of natural numbers (2_n_ corresponds to _n_), but the set of even numbers is also a strict subset of the natural numbers (there are many numbers which are not in the set of even numbers, but which are natural numbers, for example the number 1).  This means that the set of natural numbers is infinite.
Vikram Samvat

The **Vikram era**, or **Vikram samvat** is a calendar system (mostly followed in Hinduism and Sikhism from people of Indian Subcontinent, while people from Nepal follows it as their main calendar) starting in 57 BC. The Vikram Samvat calendar starts half a century before the Gregorian calendar and works on an Indian calendar cycle.

The calendar starts in the month of Vaishak, which usually falls in the Gregorian month of February/March and ends in Chaitra which falls in March and April.

The date marks the day when the King Vikramāditya beat the Sakas, who had invaded Ujjain. A new calendar was started to honor this achievement.

## The story

The story of this event is told by a sadhu (Jain monk) called **Mahesara Suri**.

The powerful king of Ujjain, called Gardabhilla, kidnapped a sadhvi (Jain nun), who was the sister of the sadhu. The sadhu went to the Saka King to get help, and in the end, the Saka King beat Gardabhilla and captured him and made him a prisoner. But in the end, Gardabhilla was forgiven and run away to a forest, where he was killed by a tiger.

Later on Vikramaditya invaded Ujjain and drove away the Sakas. To commemorate this event he started a new era called the **Vikrama era**.
Cardinality

In mathematics, the **cardinality** of a set means the number of its elements. For example, the set _A_ = {2, 4, 6} contains 3 elements, and therefore _A_ has a cardinality of 3. The cardinality of a set A can also be represented as .

Two sets have the _same_ (or _equal_) cardinality if and only if they have the same number of elements, which is the another way of saying that there is a 1-to-1 correspondence between the two sets. As an example, consider consider the set of all counting numbers, also known as natural numbers  = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5...}, and the set of all even numbers {2, 4, 6, 8, 10...}. Although the set of even numbers is just the set of natural numbers with many of the numbers removed (a proper subset), the two sets actually have the same cardinality, because every natural number can be paired with an even number and vice versa: {1↦2, 2↦4, 3↦6, 4↦8, 5↦10...}. This is a one-to-one correspondence, so the two sets have the same cardinality.

The cardinality of the set _A_ is _less than or equal to_ the cardinality of set _B_ if and only if there is an injective function from _A_ to _B_. The cardinality of the set _B_ is _greater than or equal to_ the cardinality of set _A_ if and only if there is an injective function from _A_ to _B_.

The _cardinality_ of a set is only one way of giving a number to the _size_ of a set. The concept of measure is yet another way.

## Notation

||_A_|| is the cardinality of the set _A_. Single vertical bars can also be placed around a set to mean cardinality, such as |_A_|.

## Finite sets

The cardinality of a finite set is a natural number. The smallest cardinality is 0. The empty set has cardinality 0. If the cardinality of the set _A_ is _n_, then there is a "next larger" set with cardinality _n_+1 (for example, the set _A_ ∪ {_A_}). If ||_A_|| ≤ ||_B_|| ≤ ||_A_ ∪ {_A_}||, then either ||_B_|| = ||_A_|| or ||_B_|| = ||_A_ ∪ {_A_}||.) There is no largest finite cardinality.

## Infinite sets

If the cardinality of a set is not finite, then the cardinality is infinite.

An infinite set is considered countable if they can be listed without missing any (that is, if there is a one-to-one correspondence between it and the set of natural numbers ). Examples include the rational numbers, integers, and natural numbers. Such sets have a cardinality that we call  (pronounced "aleph null", "aleph naught" or "aleph zero"). Sets such as the real numbers are not countable, since given any finite or infinite list of real numbers, it's always possible to find a number that's not on that list. The real numbers have a cardinality of —the cardinality of the continuum.

## Related pages

- Bijection
- Cardinal number
- Cantor's diagonal argument
- Cantor's theorem
- Continuum hypothesis
- Injective function
Mitre

A **mitre** is a tall hat worn by leaders in some Christian churches. In the Roman Catholic church, it is worn by bishops, archbishops or cardinals (higher order). The front and back are the shape of a triangle. It is only worn when the bishop is dressed in his special religious clothes, but is used on a coat of arms to show that the owner is a bishop.

Mitres are also worn by some clergy in the Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholic churches.
Boňkov

**Boňkov** is a small village near Herálec in the Havlíčkův Brod District, Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. 58 people live in Boňkov. Its size is . It was first documented in 1305.

## Other websites

- Boňkov
Utopia (book)

***Utopia*** is the name of a book. Thomas More wrote it in 1516. He wrote it in Latin. Its original title is ***De Optimo Republicae Statu deque Nova Insula Utopia***. This is usually translated to _On the Best State of a Republic and on the New Island of Utopia_.

The book is about an island off the coast of South America with an imagined society. In the book, a visitor to this island tells about his trip there. According to him, Utopia has a system of laws that is perfect. Society there is also perfect. The political system is so good that nothing better can be thought out. Today, the word utopia is used to refer to a society that everyone wants to live in with perfect laws, but which is often hard to make.

## Other websites

- Digitally reconstructed edition of the book
- A newer critical approach as to how to see the book (pdf)
Slavníč

**Slavníč** is a small village in the Havlíčkův Brod District, Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic by Highway D1. 40 people live in Slavníč. It covers 2,13 km². It was first documented in 1305.
Milan Nakonečný

**Milan Nakonečný** (February 8, 1932 – December 4, 2025) was a Czech psychologist (professor of psychology) and historian. During the so-called normalization era in the Czechoslovakia, communists banned him from teaching and publishing books. He was born in Horažďovice, Czechoslovakia.

## Death

Nakonečný died on 4 December 2025 in Tábor, Czech Republic at the age of 93.

## Books (selected)

- _Motivace lidského chování_ (1997)
- _Psychologie osobnosti_ (1998)
- _Encyklopedie obecné psychologie_ (1997)
- _Lexikon magie_ (1993)
- _Lexikon psychologie_ (1995)
- _Novodobý český hermetismus_ (1995)
- _Psychologie osobnosti_ (1995)
- _Základy psychologie osobnosti_ (1993)
- _Úvod do sociální psychologie_
- _Motivace pracovního jednání a její řízení_ (1992)
- _Emoce a motivace_ (1973)
- _Sociální psychologie_ (1970)
- _Martinismus_ (1991)
- _Základní otázky psychologie_ (1968)
- _Sociální psychologie_  (1999)
- _Základy psychologie_ (1998)
- _Průvodce dějinami psychologie_ (1995)
- _Lidské emoce_ (2000)
- _Úvod do psychologie _(2003)
- _Psychologie téměř pro každého_ (2004)
- _Sociální psychologie organizace_ (2005)
- _Vlajka: k historii a ideologii českého nacionalismu_ (2001)
- _Český fašismus_ (2006)
- _Motivace lidského chování_ (1996)
- _Magie v historii, teorii a praxi_ (1999)
- _František Mareš_ (2007)
Skorkov

**Skorkov** is small village near in the Havlíčkův Brod District, Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. It has a population of 77. It covers 6.2 km².
Antonín Klimek

**Antonín Klimek** (January 18, 1937 in Prague – January 9, 2005 in Prague) was a Czech historian. He wrote mainly about the Czechoslovakian First Republic.

## Books

- 1989 – _Diplomacie na křižovatce Evropy_
- 1989 – _Jak se dělal mír roku 1919_
- 1995 – _Československá zahraniční politika 1918-1938 (with Eduard Kubů)_
- 1995 – _Vítěz, který prohrál, generál Radola Gajda (with Petr Hofman)_
- 1996–98 – _Boj o Hrad I, II_
- 1998 – _Říjen 1918_
- 2001 – _Velké dějiny zemí Koruny české - díl XIII. (1918-1929)_
- 2002 – _Velké dějiny zemí Koruny české - díl XIV. (1929-1938)_
- 2003 – _Vítejte v první republice_
Neon Genesis Evangelion

***Neon Genesis Evangelion*** (Japanese: _新世紀エヴァンゲリオン_ Hepburn: _Shin Seiki Evangelion_) is a Japanese anime series directed by Hideaki Anno, and produced by Gainax and Tatsunoko Production. It is set 15 years after a world-wide disaster. The main characters are teenagers that pilot giant robots called "Evangelions" to fight giant monsters called "angels." The imagery is inspired by depression, philosophy, and the religions Christianity and Judaism.

The show was liked by critics, but the ending made many fans angry. The film _End of Evangelion_ was released in 1997. It acts as a different version of the show's ending. Other related media, including several manga, soundtracks, a light novel and the _Rebuild of Evangelion_ film series, were made following the show’s success.

## Related pages

- List of Neon Genesis Evangelion characters

## Infobox (animanga/header)

- **name**: Neon Genesis Evangelion
- **image**: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/72/Evangelion_retouched.png
- **ja kanji**: 新世紀エヴァンゲリオン
- **ja romaji**: Shin Seiki Evangerion


## Infobox (animanga/video)

- **type**: tv series
- **writer**: Hideaki Anno, et al.
- **music**: Shirō Sagisu
- **network**: TV Tokyo
- **first**: October 4, 1995
- **last**: March 27, 1996
- **episodes**: 26
- **episode list**: List of Neon Genesis Evangelion episodes


## Infobox (animanga/other)

- **title**: Manga
- **content**: * _Neon Genesis Evangelion (manga), Neon Genesis Evangelion_ (adaptation)
* _Neon Genesis Evangelion: Angelic Days, Angelic Days_
* _Neon Genesis Evangelion: Shinji Ikari Raising Project, Shinji Ikari Raising Project_
* _Neon Genesis Evangelion: Campus Apocalypse, Campus Apocalypse_
* _Petit Eva: Evangelion@School_


## Infobox (animanga/other)

- **title**: Light novel
- **content**: * _Neon Genesis Evangelion: ANIMA_


## Infobox (animanga/other)

- **title**: Anime films
- **content**: * _Revival of Evangelion_
** _Neon Genesis Evangelion: Death & Rebirth, Death & Rebirth_ (March 1997)
** _The End of Evangelion_ (July 1997)
* _Rebuild of Evangelion_
** _Evangelion: 1.0 You Are (Not) Alone, 1.0 You Are (Not) Alone._ (2007)
** _Evangelion: 2.0 You Can (Not) Advance, 2.0 You Can (Not) Advance._ (2009)
** _Evangelion: 3.0 You Can (Not) Redo, 3.0 You Can (Not) Redo._ (2012)
** _Evangelion: 3.0+1.0 Thrice Upon a Time, 3.0+1.0 Thrice Upon a Time_ (2021)


## Infobox (animanga/footer)
Václav Benda

**Václav Benda** (August 8, 1946 in Prague – June 2, 1999 in Prague) was Czech right-wing and anticommunist politician. During the communist dictatorship in Czechoslovakia he signed Charter 77. He was in prison from 1979 to 1983. After the Velvet Revolution, Benda co-founded the Christian-Democratic Party which later became part of the Civic Democratic Party. His son Marek Benda is also a Czech politician and member of the Civic Democratic Party.
County borough

A **county borough**  was a type of local government district in England until abolished in 1974.

Local government powers were divided between county councils and urban or rural districts.

For example: rural districts may not be able to maintain footpaths or street lighting because of their size.  Urban districts were based in a town and were able handle these jobs.  Schools were the responsibility of county councils because districts were too small to run all types of schools themselves.

A county borough was a town big enough to run all its own local government, so the local county council had no power inside the county borough.
Andie MacDowell

**Andie MacDowell** (born **Rosalie Anderson MacDowell** on April 21, 1958 in Gaffney, South Carolina) is an American movie actress.

## Personal life

From 1986 until 1999 Andie was married to Paul Qualley. They have three children, son Justin Qualley (born 1986) and two daughters Rainey Qualley (born 1989) and Sarah Margaret Qualley (born 1995).

From 2001 until 2004 she was married to Rhett DeCamp Hartzog.

## Movies

- _Mighty Fine_ (2012)
- _Barnyard_ (2006)
- _Tara Road_ (2005)
- _Beauty Shop_ (2005)
- _Dinner with Friends_ (2001)
- _Crush_ (2001)
- _Harrison's Flowers_ (2000)
- _The End of Violence_ (1997)
- _Muppets from Space_ (1999)
- _Multiplicity_ (1996)
- _Michael_ (1996)
- _Unstrung Heroes_ (1995)
- _Bad Girls_ (1994)
- _Four Weddings and a Funeral_ (1994)
- _Short Cuts_ (1993)
- _Groundhog Day_ (1993)
- _The Player_ (1992)
- _The Object of Beauty_ (1991)
- _Hudson Hawk_ (1991)
- _Green Card_ (1990)
- _sex, lies, and videotape_ (1989)
- _St. Elmo's Fire_ (1985)
- _Greystoke: The Legend of Tarzan, Lord of the Apes_ (1984)

## Infobox (actor)

- **name**: Andie MacDowell
- **image**: Andie MacDowell Cannes.jpg
- **birthname**: Rosalie Anderson MacDowell
- **birth place**: Gaffney, South Carolina, United States, U.S.
- **spouse**: Paul Qualley (1986–1999)
Rhett Hartzog (2001–2004)
- **known for**: Acting roles:

*"Anne Mullany" in _sex, lies, and videotape_
*"Carrie" in _Four Weddings and a Funeral_
*"Rita" in _Groundhog Day_
Goths

- _Goth can also stand for a member of the Goth subculture_

The **Goths** (Gothic: , ) were an East Germanic tribe that spoke the Gothic language. Jordanes, a scholar from the 6th century, wrote a summary of a 12-volume work by Cassiodorus about the Goths that is commonly called _Getica_.

Since the original work by Cassiodorius was lost, _Getica_ is the only surviving contemporary account about the Goths. It states that the Goths left Scandinavia via Gotland and settled close to the mouth of the Vistula River, in present-day Poland. In the 3rd and the 4th centuries they settled Scythia, Dacia and parts of Moesia and Asia Minor, fought with the Roman Empire and later adopted Arianism (a form of Christianity).

In the 4th and the 5th centuries, they split into the Visigoths and the Ostrogoths. With that move, they established powerful successor-states to the Roman Empire in Italy and on the Iberian Peninsula (now Spain and Portugal). Traces of Gothic blood can be found in many people .
Arianism

**Arianism** was a doctrine that came from Arius, a 4th-century priest who taught in Alexandria, Egypt. To many Christians, Arianism's teachings were heretical and wrong because they taught that Jesus was not God.

Arianism opposed the dogma of the Holy Trinity. At the First Council of Nicea in 325 AD, Christian leaders said that Arianism was heresy. They created the Nicene Creed to describe their beliefs. It read, in part: "We believe in one Lord Jesus Christ, the _Son of God_... begotten, not made, _consubstantial with_ the Father."

Many have claimed Arianism was a powerful part of Christianity from the 4th to the 7th centuries AD. However, its teachings disagreed with fundamental Christian beliefs. For this reason, its rhetoric was opposed by multiple theologians of the era as well as the early church (later the Catholic Church).

## Beliefs

The main difference between the beliefs of Arianism and other main Christian denominations was that the Arians did not believe in the Holy Trinity, as other Christian churches use to explain God.

Everything historians know about the Arians' beliefs comes from the writings of people who were against Arianism and considered its beliefs to be wrong. Those writings claim that Arianism believed:

- Only God the Father is truly God. He alone is not born and is eternal. He does not change.
- God did not create the world by himself. He had help from something called _Logos_ (Greek for word), which was created to create the world. That is God's "communication" with the world.
- God's communication with the world is known as the "Son of God" or the "Christ". The Son of God existed before he helped his Father make man and is the perfect image of God the Father. There is one exception, however; unlike God the Father, he was created (from nothing) by the will of the Father at the beginning of time. Therefore, he is not eternal. There was a time that he did not exist. In the same way, his power, his wisdom, and his knowledge are limited.

Between the First Council of Nicaea in 325 and the First Council of Constantinople in 381, Arianists used 18 different creeds.

## Antitrinitarianism today

In the 16th century, there was again a movement against the belief in the Holy Trinity. Fausto Sozzini (1539-1604) and Ferenc Dávid (c. 1520-1579) were well known for their opposition. Those movements developed into what is now called Unitarianism. Unitarians believe that there is only one person in God, not the three-in-one ideology known as the Trinity.

Some of the teachings of Jehovah's Witnesses are similar to Arian beliefs. However, the Arians believed the Holy Spirit is a person, while the Jehovah's Witnesses teach that it is not a person but a force that God uses to do his will. That makes Jehovah's Witnesses different from Arians, as they reject many Arian teachings.

Mormons and Oneness Pentecostalism also reject the Holy Trinity, but for different reasons from those of Arianism.
Ripening

**Ripening** is when fruit becomes easier to eat. Some fruits, like the tomato or the mango, will continue to ripen after they have been picked. Other fruits, like the cherry or fig, stop ripening once they have been picked.
HTTP cookie

An **HTTP cookie** (usually just called a **cookie**) is a simple computer file made of text.  The information stored by cookies can be used to personalise the experience when using a website.  A website can use (the information used by) cookies to find out if someone has visited a website before and record information (data) about what they did.

When someone is using a computer to browse a website, a personalised cookie file can be sent from the website’s server to the person’s computer.  The cookie is stored in the web browser on the person’s computer. At some time in the future, the person may browse that website again. The website can send a message to the person’s browser, asking if a cookie from the website is already stored in the browser.

If a cookie is found, then the data that was stored in the cookie before can be used by the website to tell the website about the person’s previous activity.  Some examples where cookies are used include shopping carts, automatic login and remembering which advertisements have already been shown.

Cookies have been a problem for Internet privacy. This is because they can be used to track browsing behavior. Because of this, laws have been made in some countries to protect people's privacy. There are many other options than cookies, but each option has its own problems.

Cookies have often been mistaken for computer programs. But cookies cannot do much on their own. They are simply a piece of data. They are often called spyware or viruses, but they are not either of these.

Most web browsers allow users to choose whether to accept cookies. If the user does not allow cookies, some websites will become unusable. For example, shopping baskets which use cookies do not work if the user does not allow cookies.
Chinese calendar

The **Chinese calendar**, also known as the "agriculture calendar" (農曆/农历), is a lunisolar calendar (_yinyangli_). It was used until 1912 when the Gregorian calendar was adopted. This is a system of organizing days for social, religious, commercial, or administrative purposes.  It was developed in part from a lunar calendar (陰曆 _yinli_) and in part from a solar calendar (陽曆 _yangli_).

## History

The current version of the Chinese calendar was developed for the Chongzhen Emperor in the 17th century.

Today in China the Gregorian calendar is used for most activities. At the same time, the Chinese calendar is still used for traditional Chinese holidays like the Chinese New Year or the Mid-Autumn Festival.

## Related pages

- Sexagenary calendar

## Other websites

- Gregorian-Lunar Calendar Conversion Table
Music for the Royal Fireworks

**Music for the Royal Fireworks** is a group of five pieces for orchestra composed by George Frideric Handel in 1749. He was asked by King George II to write the music because the king wanted some music and fireworks to celebrate the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. This was an agreement between a lot of European countries to end the war they had been fighting.

The king wanted the celebrations to take place in Green Park in London. He wanted the orchestra to have lots of military instruments such as trumpets and drums and "hoped there would be no violins". He wanted the orchestra to have a rehearsal in Vauxhall Gardens to which the public would be able to go. Handel was not very happy with these arrangements, but in the end he agreed.

The rehearsal in Vauxhall Gardens took place on 21 April. This was just for the music, there were no fireworks. There were 12,000 people in the audience. The huge crowds caused a three hour traffic jam on London Bridge. The tickets for entrance cost 2s 6d (two shillings and six pence, worth 12 ½p in modern money).

Six days later the real performance took place in Green Park. The orchestra played in a building which had been specially made. The music was played while the fireworks went off. Unfortunately there was a disaster. The building caught fire when a huge bas relief of the king fell down. However, no one was hurt.

The music has five movements: an overture, a bourrée, a movement called La paix (The Peace), La réjouissance (The Rejoicing), and two minuets.

Handel wrote the music for a large orchestra with 24 oboes, 12 bassoons (including a contrabassoon), nine trumpets, nine horns, three pairs of kettledrums, and a number of side drums. On 27 May Handel conducted the music again at a special concert for the Foundling Hospital. This time he used a normal orchestra with string instruments and wind instruments. This is the way it is usually played today.
Thora Birch

**Thora Birch** (born March 11, 1982) is an American actress. She was one of the most popular child actors of the 1990s in movies, such as _Patriot Games_ (1992), _Hocus Pocus_ (1993), _Clear and Present Danger_ (1994), _Now and Then_ (1995) and _Alaska_ (1996). Since the 1990s she has had more serious roles, with good acting in movies, such as _American Beauty_ (1999) and _Ghost World_ (2001).

## Other websites

- Official Thora Birch Site
- Thora Birch on Tom Green Live
- Thora Birch interviewed by Todd Solondz Interview magazine

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Thora Birch
- **image**: Thora Birch.jpg
- **image size**: 220px
- **caption**: Birch on _Tom Green's House Tonight_ in 2006
- **birth place**: Los Angeles, California, U.S.
- **occupation**: Actress
- **years active**: 1988–present
- **parents**: Carol Connors (actress), Carol Connors
Jack Birch
Sophia Loren

**Sophia Loren** (born 20 September 1934) is a retired Italian actress, one of the best known and most popular of Italian actresses.

## Life and career

Born **Sofia Villani Scicolone** in Rome, Italy, out of wedlock. She grew up in Puzzuoli, near Naples, raised by her single mother in poverty.

In 1950, she entered a beauty contest and was noticed by film producer Carlo Ponti (1912-2007) who took her under his wing. With his help and guidance, she began appearing in bit parts in film, and got her first major role in director Vittorio De Sica's _The Gold of Naples_ in 1954.

Ponti made her learn English and took her to Hollywood. Her first film there was _The Pride and the Passion_ in 1957, opposite Cary Grant and Frank Sinatra. This was followed by _Desire under the Elms_ (1958) with Anthony Perkins, _Houseboat_ (1958) with Cary Grant, _Black Orchid_ (1958) with Anthony Quinn, _It Happened in Naples_ (1960) with Clark Gable, _Heller in Pink Tights_ (1960) with Anthony Quinn, _A Breath of Scandal_ (1960) with John Gavin.

Back in Italy, she was reunited with Vittorio De Sica in _La Ciocara_ (_Two Women_) in 1961, which won her the Academy Award and the BAFTA for best actress.

Thereafter, she pursued her career both in Italy and the United States, appearing in films such as _El Cid_ (1962), _The Fall of the Roman Empire_ (1964), _Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow_ (1964), _Marriage Italian Style_ (1964), _Arabesque_ (1966), _The Countess from Hong Kong_ (1967), _The Man from La Mancha_ (1972), _The Cassandra Crossing_ (1976), etc.

Sophia Loren and Carlo Ponti were first married on 17 September 1957, but Ponti being Catholic his divorce from his first wife was not recognized in Italy and the marriage was declared invalid. Ponti took French citizenship and after being legally divorced, he and Loren were remarried on 9 April 1966, and had two sons; Carlo (b. 1968) and Eduardo (b. 1973). The Italian former model and politician Alessandra Mussolini is her niece.

## Other websites

- Official website
- All Movie Guide biography of Loren

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Sophia Loren
- **image**: Gala de Închidere TIFF 2016 (27490660976) (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Sophia Loren, 2016
- **birthname**: Sofia Villani Scicolone
- **birth place**: Rome, Italy
- **height**: 5' 8½" (1.76 m)
- **othername**: Sofia Lazzaro
Sofia Scicolone
- **homepage**: [http://www.sophialoren.com Sophia Loren]
- **awards**: **Academy Awards**
* Best Actress
:2001 _Two Women_
*Academy Honorary Award
:2001 Lifetime Achievement
**BAFTA Awards**
* Best Actress
:2001 _Two Women_
**César Awards**
* Honorary César
:2001 Lifetime Achievement
**Golden Globe Awards**
* Cecil B. DeMille Award
:2005 Lifetime Achievement
**Grammy Awards**
*Best Spoken Word Album for Children
:1994 _Prokofiev: Peter and the Wolf/Beintus_
- **spouse**: Carlo Ponti
(m. 1966-2007, his death)
- **children**: Carlo Ponti Jr.
Edoardo Ponti
- **yearsactive**: 1950-2000
- **nationality**: Italy, Italian
Jane Seymour (actress)

**Jane Seymour OBE** (born **Joyce Penelope Wilhelmina Frankenberg** on 15 February 1951) is an English actress. Her father was a Jew from England whose family was from Poland. Her mother was a Dutch Protestant. Seymour is known as the co-star of the James Bond movie _Live and Let Die_ and star of the TV series and movie _Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman_.

## Famous movies

- _Live and Let Die_ (1973)
- _Sinbad and the Eye of the Tiger_ (1977)
- _Battlestar Galactica_ (1978)
- _Somewhere in Time_ (1980)
- _The Scarlet Pimpernel_ (1982)
- _Lassiter_ (1983)
- _Head Office_ (1985)
- _War and Remembrance_ (1988)
- _Wedding Crashers_ (2005)

## Other websites

- Official website
- Jane Seymour cast bio on The WB
- Jane Seymour: Actress, Artist, and Heart-Health Activist
- Official _Somewhere In Time_ website
- Official fan website (FriendsOfJane.com)

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Jane Seymour
- **image**: Jane Seymour 2019 by Glenn Francis.jpg
- **imagesize**: 220px
- **caption**: Jane Seymour 2019
- **birth name**: Joyce Penelope Wilhelmina Frankenberg
- **birth place**: Hayes, Hillingdon, Hayes, Middlesex, England
- **homepage**: [http://www.janeseymour.com/ www.janeseymour.com]
- **spouse**: Michael Attenborough (1971–1973)
Geoffrey Planer (1977–1978)
David Flynn (1981–1992)
James Keach (1993–2013)
- **known for**: **Solitaire** in _Live and Let Die_
**Serina** in _Battlestar Galactica_
**Elise McKenna** in _Somewhere in Time_
**Dr. Quinn** in _Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman_
**Kathleen Cleary** in _Wedding Crashers_
- **awards**: **Emmy Awards**
* Outstanding Supporting Actress - Miniseries or a Movie
:1988 _Onassis: The Richest Man in the World_
**Golden Globe Awards**
* Best Actress - Miniseries
:1981 _East of Eden_
*Best TV Actress - Drama Series
:1996 _Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman_
Goldie Hawn

**Goldie Jeanne Hawn** (born November 21, 1945) is an American actress, director and producer. Her mother was an American Jew of Hungarian immigrant parents. One of her early roles was as a cast member of _Laugh-In_, a comedy series on NBC television. She won the Academy Award and the Golden Globe Award in 1969 for her work in _Cactus Flower_. She then left _Laugh-In_ to continue her movie career.

Hawn is famous for her acting in many movie comedies during the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s. Her son, Oliver Hudson, is a television and movie actor. Her daughter is Kate Hudson, who is an actress and has been nominated for an Oscar. Hawn has another son, Wyatt Russell, whose father is actor Kurt Russell, Hawn's longtime partner.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Goldie Hawn
- **image**: Goldie_Hawn_cropped.jpg
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **caption**: Goldie Hawn at the 1989 Academy Award, Oscars
- **birth name**: Goldie Jeanne Hawn
- **birth place**: Washington, D.C., United States
- **height**: 5' 6" (1.68 m)
- **spouse**: Gus Trikonis (1969–1976)
Bill Hudson (1976–1980)
- **children**: Oliver Hudson (b. 1976)
Kate Hudson (b. 1979)
Wyatt Russell (b. 1986)
- **partner**: Kurt Russell (1983–present)
- **relatives**: Erinn Bartlett (daughter-in-law)
- **parents**: Edward Hawn
Laura (née Steinhoff, dead)
- **years active**: 1967–present
- **occupation**: Actress
- **nationality**: United States, American
- **awards**: **Academy Awards**
* Best Supporting Actress
:1969 _Cactus Flower (movie), Cactus Flower_
**Golden Globe Awards**
* Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture
:1969 _Cactus Flower (movie), Cactus Flower_
Meg Ryan

**Meg Ryan** (born November 19, 1961) is an American actress. She has starred in several romantic comedies, but has also worked in other movie genres, including drama and mystery.

## Movies

|Year|Title|Role|class="unsortable"|Notes|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1981|_Rich and Famous_|Debby Blake|||
|1983|_Amityville 3-D_|Lisa|||
|rowspan=2|1986|_Top Gun_|Carole Bradshaw||
|_Armed and Dangerous_|Maggie Cavanaugh||||
|rowspan=2|1987|_Promised Land_|Beverly "Bev" Sykes||
|_Innerspace_|Lydia Maxwell||||
|rowspan=2|1988|_D.O.A._|Sydney Fuller||
|_The Presidio_|Donna Caldwell||||
|1989|_When Harry Met Sally..._|Sally Albright|||
|1990|_Joe Versus the Volcano_|DeDe / Angelica Graynamore/ Patricia Graynamore|||
|1991|_The Doors_|Pamela Courson|||
|1992|_Prelude to a Kiss_|Rita Boyle|||
|rowspan=2|1993|_Sleepless in Seattle_|Annie Reed||
|_Flesh and Bone_|Kay Davies||||
|rowspan=2|1994|_When a Man Loves a Woman_|Alice Green||
|_I.Q._|Catherine Boyd||||
|rowspan=2|1995|_French Kiss_|Kate|Also producer|
|_Restoration_|Katharine||||
|1996|_Courage Under Fire_|CPT Karen Emma Walden|||
|rowspan=2|1997|_Addicted to Love_|Maggie||
|_Anastasia_|Anastasia Romanov (voice role)||||
|rowspan=3|1998|_City of Angels_|Dr. Maggie Rice||
|_Hurlyburly_|Bonnie||||
|_You've Got Mail_|Kathleen Kelly||||
|rowspan=2|2000|_Hanging Up_|Eve Mozell Marks||
|_Proof of Life_|Alice Bowman||||
|2001|_Kate & Leopold_|Kate McKay|||
|2003|_In the Cut_|Frannie Avery|||
|2004|_Against the Ropes_|Jackie Kallen|||
|2007|_In the Land of Women_|Sarah Hardwicke|||
|rowspan=3|2008|_The Deal_|Deidre Heam||
|_My Mom's New Boyfriend_|Martha Durand||||
|_The Women_|Mary Haines||||
|2009|_Serious Moonlight_|Louise "Lou"|||
|2015|_Fan Girl_|Mary Farrow|TV movie||
|2015|_Ithaca_|Mrs. Kate Macauley|Also director/producer||
|2022|_Top Gun: Maverick_|Carole Bradshaw|Archival footage from _Top Gun_||
|2023|_What Happens Later_|Wilhelmina "Willa" Davis|Also director/writer||

## Television work

- _One of the Boys_ (1982) (canceled after 13 episodes)
- _As the World Turns_ (cast member from 1982-1984)
- _Wildside_ (1985) (canceled after 6 episodes)
- _Captain Planet and the Planeteers_ (member from 1990-1991) (voice)
- _The Simpsons_ (Voice of Stacy Swanson)

## Other websites

- Meg Ryan Info
- Parkinson interview part 1
- Parkinson interview part 2

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Meg Ryan
- **image**: Meg Ryan 2009 portrait.jpg
- **caption**: Ryan at the Metropolitan Opera's Season Opening Night - "Das Rheingold" in 2010
- **birth place**: Fairfield, Connecticut, U.S.
- **birth name**: Margaret Mary Emily Anne Hyra
- **alma mater**: University of Connecticut
New York University
- **children**: Daisy True Ryan (adopted b. 2005)
Jack Quaid, Jack Henry Quaid
- **occupation**: Actress
- **years active**: 1981–present
British Academy of Film and Television Arts

**The British Academy of Film and Television Arts** (**BAFTA**) is a British organisation that gives awards at a special show every year, for movies, television, children's movies and television, and media.  The award for movies is called the British Academy Film Awards.

BAFTA was created in 1947 as **The British Film Academy**. In 1958, the Academy joined with **The Guild of Television Producers and Directors** and together they formed **The Society of Film and Television**.  This later became The British Academy of Film and Television Arts in 1976.

BAFTA's main office is on Piccadilly in London, but it also has smaller offices in Northern England, Scotland, Wales, New York City and Los Angeles.

The Academy's awards are in the form of a theatrical mask designed by American sculptor Mitzi Cunliffe, which was ordered by the Guild of Television Producers in 1955.

## Other websites

- BAFTA official site
- BAFTA/LA Britannia Awards site
- BAFTA Cymru site
- BAFTA Scotland site
- Museum of Broadcast Communications: BAFTA
- IMDB: BAFTA
- The most-honored films nominated for BAFTA Best Film
- Up to date news and reviews of BAFTA Films
Essay

An **essay** is a written text. It is usually about the personal point of view of the author who wrote it. The definition of an essay is vague.  Articles and short stories can be quite similar.  Almost all modern essays are written in prose, but works in verse have been called essays (e.g. Alexander Pope's _An Essay on Criticism_ and _An Essay on Man_). People that write essays are called essayists.

Most essays are short. This does not have to be the case. John Locke's _An Essay Concerning Human Understanding_ and Thomas Malthus's _An Essay on the Principle of Population_ are long essays.

Essays can have all sorts of purposes. For example, an essay can be very argumentative, it can talk about points for and against the essay question to give a balanced argument or opinion. Essay must be essential and give some new points about topics. Its must be useful to readers.

Michel de Montaigne, a 16th century philosopher invented the essay.

## Types

- argument led approach. An argumentative essay is a critical piece of writing, aimed at presenting objective view of a subject matter. It is narrowed down to a single topic.
- thesis led approach. A thesis statement based essay follows a thesis which supports a particular case.
- cause and effect,
- problem and solution,
- comparison and contrast,
- description,
- classification,
- analysis,
- argument and evidence,
- procedural sequence,
- chronological ordering.

## Argumentative Essay

The argumentative essay is a genre of writing that requires the student to investigate a topic; collect, generate, and evaluate evidence; and establish a position on the topic in a concise manner. The structure of the argumentative essay is held together by coherence, logical arguments, evidential support, and a conclusion.   Some examples of argument essay topics are 'Is polygamy evil or not?', 'Are US elections always fair?'

## Thesis Essay

This is a genre of essay where a stance is presented in an essay using a thesis statement. A thesis statement is one or more sentence that expresses the main idea of a research paper or essay, such as an expository essay or argumentative essay. It makes a claim, directly answering a question. The thesis statement serves as a guide for the readers throughout the whole entire essay.
Black Beauty

***Black Beauty*** is the name given to a children's book by Anna Sewell.

A horse named Black Beauty is the main character in the book. In this book, the horse tells a story about his own life and experiences.

The story begins with Black Beauty being a comfortable and free young horse living with his mother. When he is old enough, he is sold from farm to farm and is owned by different people. Through his adventures, Black Beauty meets many people, the kind and the cruel. He also makes new friends and experiences many difficulties. The book was published in 1877.

It was banned in South Africa during the Apartheid era because of the title, even though it was about a horse. (The validity of this statement is questionable as the TV series "The adventures of Black Beauty" was aired on SABC television in the 1980's and the book was available in libraries and for purchase)
Matilda

**Matilda** (or **Mathilda**) is a female name. It may refer to:
- Matilda a novel by Roald Dahl.
    - Matilda (1996 movie), based on the novel
- Empress Matilda
Stand-up comedy

**Stand-up comedy** is a style of comedy where the comedian speaks directly to the audience. A person who performs stand-up comedy is known as a **stand-up comic**, **stand-up comedian**, or simply **stand-up**. It is usually done by a single comedian, and with the help of a microphone. The comedian normally speaks quickly many funny stories and short jokes (called _bits_). This is called a _monologue, routine_ or _act_. Some stand-up comedians use music, props, or magic tricks in their acts. Stand-up comedy is usually done in comedy clubs, bars, colleges, and theaters. However, there is no restriction on where it can be done. Many smaller clubs, bars, and restaurants do "open microphone" events where amateur comedians can perform comedy in front of a live audience, offering a way for the performers to become better and possibly become professional comedians.

## Related pages

- List of stand-up comedians
- Rakugo – Japanese verbal entertainment
- Manzai – style of stand-up comedy in Japan
- Open mike – live show where audience members may perform at the microphone
Car wash

A **car wash** is a place to clean the outside, and sometimes the inside, of automobiles.

There are many different types of car washes. These are the three main groups:
- self-service that are usually coin-operated,
- In-Bay Automatics are machines that roll back and forth over an automobile while washing it,
- "tunnel washes" push or pull the automobile through a line of cleaning machines that do not move.

In a modern car wash soaps and other chemicals used are based on milder acids and alkalies. Early car washes often used hydrofluoric acid, a hazardous chemical. Many car washes are now required by law to treat and reuse their water.

There are two types of foam: polish and wax. Polish is cheaper and may be harder to rinse, sometimes becoming solid  in its holding tank. Wax is more expensive, but rinses well and covers the vehicle with a lighter and puffier foam.

## Other websites

- Car Washes at HowStuffWorks
- International Carwash Association
- Car Wash Environmental Reports
- Information on Car Wash Investing
- Self Service Car Wash
Midbrain

The **mesencephalon** or **midbrain** is a part of the brain stem. It is associated with vision, hearing, motor control, sleep/wake, arousal (alertness), and temperature regulation.

In the anatomy of developing animals, the brain forms from the neural tube, which turns into three vesicles. The mesencephalon (midbrain) is the middle vesicle, and becomes part of the brain stem.

The mesencephalon is ancient in origin, meaning its general architecture is shared with the most ancient of vertebrates. Dopamine produced in the _substantia nigra_ plays a role in motivation and habituation of species from humans to insects.

## Infobox (brain)

- **name**: Midbrain
- **latin**: mesencephalon
- **image**: Human brain inferior view description.JPG
- **caption**: Inferior view midbrain (2), above (3)
- **image2**: Human brainstem-thalamus posterior view description.JPG
- **caption2**: Human brainstem midbrain (B)
thalamus (A) pons (C)
medulla oblongata (D)