juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Frölunda HC

**Frölunda HC** is an ice hockey club in the town of Gothenburg in Sweden. It was started in 1944 as the ice hockey team of Västra Frölunda IF. The ice hockey section became an independent club in 1984. It then adopted the name **Västra Frölunda HC**. In 2004 the name was shortened to **Frölunda HC**.

The club adopted the nickname **Indians** in 1995. The nickname refers to the team being nicknamed the _Wild West_ back in the 1960s.

Frölunda HC won the Swedish national championship in the years of 1965, 2003, 2005 and 2016. The team also lost the Swedish national finals in 1966, 1967, 1980, 1996 and 2006.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (pro hockey team)

- **current**: 2013–14 Frölunda HC season
- **text color**: #FFFFFF
- **bg color**: #BF2F38
- **team**: Frölunda HC
- **logosize**: 150px
- **city**: Gothenburg, Sweden
- **league**: Swedish Hockey League
- **founded**: 3 February 1938
- **arena**: Scandinavium
- **colors**: Red, green, gold, white

- **captain**: Joel Lundqvist
- **coach**: Roger Rönnberg
- **gm**: Christian Lechtaler
- **name1**: Västra Frölunda IF
- **dates1**: 1944–1984
- **name2**: Västra Frölunda HC
- **dates2**: 1984–2004
- **name3**: Frölunda HC
- **dates3**: 2004–present
- **le mat trophies**: 1965, 2003, 2005, 2016
Skellefteå AIK

**Skellefteå AIK** is an ice hockey club in the town of Skellefteå in Sweden. It was established on 1 July 1921. The club adopted the game of ice hockey in 1943. It won the Swedish national championship in 1978, 2013, 2014 and 2024. The team also lost the Swedish national finals in 2011, 2012, 2015 and 2018.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (pro hockey team)

- **text color**: #f1c100
- **bg color**: #000000
- **team**: Skellefteå AIK
- **logosize**: 150px
- **city**: Skellefteå, Sweden
- **league**: Swedish Hockey League, SHL
- **founded**: 1 July 1921
- **arena**: Skellefteå Kraft Arena (cap. 6,001)
- **colors**: Black, yellow
- **gm**: Lars Johansson (ice hockey, born 1970), Lars Johansson
- **coach**: Stefan Klockare
Bert Robertsson
Hans Wallson
- **captain**: Jimmie Ericsson
- **le mat trophies**: 1977–78 Elitserien season, 1978, 2012–13 Elitserien season, 2013, 2013–14 SHL season, 2014, 2023–24 SHL season, 2024
Södertälje SK

**Södertälje SK** is an ice hockey club in the town of Södertälje in Sweden. It was established on 22 February 1902 and originally practiced gymnastics, track and field athletics, soccer, tug of war and speed skating. A bandy section was established in 1907. The 1910's and 1920's saw the club scoring successes in competitive cyccling. The club started practicing and playing ice hockey in January and February 1925.

The club won the Swedish national ice hockey championship in the years of 1925, 1931, 1941, 1944, 1953, 1956 and 1995. The club also lost the national finals in the years of 1928, 1929, 1932, 1937, 1942, 1946, 1951 and 1986.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (pro hockey team)

- **text color**: #FFFFFF
- **bg color**: #B71122
- **team**: Södertälje SK
- **logosize**: 150px
- **city**: Södertälje, Sweden
- **league**: Hockeyallsvenskan
- **founded**: 1902
- **arena**: AXA sport center, Scaniarinken
- **colors**: Blue and Yellow
- **gm**: Mikael Samuelsson
- **coach**: Dennis Bozic, Nichlas Falk
- **captain**: -
- **name1**: Södertälje Sportklubb
- **dates1**: 1902-present
- **championships**: 1925
- **le mat trophies**: 1931, 1941, 1944, 1953, 1956, 1985
Djurgårdens IF Hockey

**Djurgårdens IF Hockey** is the ice hockey section of sports club Djurgårdens IF in the town of Stockholm in Sweden. The section was started in 1922. They won the Swedish national championship in the years of 1926, 1950, 1954, 1955, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1983, 1989, 1990, 1991, 2000, 2001 and 2001. The team also lost the Swedish national finals in the years of 1923, 1924, 1927, 1979, 1984, 1985, 1992, 1998 and 2010.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (pro hockey team)

- **current**: 2015–16 Djurgårdens IF Hockey season
- **text color**: #d2b372
- **bg color**: #007fc4
- **team**: Djurgårdens IF Hockey
- **logosize**: 200px
- **city**: Stockholm, Sweden
- **league**: Swedish Hockey League, SHL
- **founded**: 1922
- **arena**: Hovet and Ericsson Globe
- **colors**: Blue, red, yellow

- **gm**: Joakim Eriksson
- **coach**: Hans Särkijärvi
- **captain**: Henrik Eriksson (ice hockey), Henrik Eriksson
- **name1**: Djurgårdens IF
- **dates1**: 1922–1934
- **name2**: Djurgårdens IF
- **dates2**: 1938–present
- **le mat trophies**: 1926, 1950, 1954, 1955, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1983, 1989, 1990, 1991, 2000, 2001
AIK IF

**AIF IF** is the ice hockey section of sports club Allmänna Idrottsklubben in the town of Solna Municipality in Sweden. The section was started in 1921 and won the Swedish national championship in the years of 1934, 1935, 1938, 1946, 1947, 1982 and 1984. They also lost the Swedish national finals in the years of 1930, 1936, 1949, 1978 and 1981.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (pro hockey team)

- **current**: 2013–14 AIK IF season
- **text color**: #FFEE00
- **bg color**: #000000
- **team**: AIK
- **logosize**: 180px
- **city**: Solna Municipality, Sweden
- **league**: Hockeyallsvenskan, Allsvenskan
- **founded**: 1921
- **arena**: Hovet, Stockholm
- **colors**: Black, yellow

- **gm**: Anders Gozzi
- **coach**: Rikard Franzén
- **captain**: Patric Blomdahl
- **name1**: AIK
- **dates1**: 1921–1923
- **name2**: AIK
- **dates2**: 1925–present
- **le mat trophies**: 1934, 1935, 1938, 1946, 1947, 1982, 1984
Leksands IF

**Leksan**
**Leksands IF** is an ice hockey club in Leksand in Sweden. It was established in 1919. The club adopted the game of ice hockey in 1938. It won the Swedish national championship in 1969, 1973, 1974 and 1975. It lost the Swedish national finals in 1959, 1964, 1971, 1972, 1975 and 1989.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (hockey team)

- **team**: Leksands IF
- **city**: Leksand Municipality, Leksand, Sweden
- **league**: Hockeyallsvenskan, Allsvenskan
- **founded**: (1919)
- **arena**: Tegera Arena
- **colours**: White, blue
- **coach**: Andreas Appelgren
- **gm**: Tommy Salo
- **dates1**: Championship wins
- **name1**: 4 (1968–69 Swedish Division I season, 1969, 1972–73 Swedish Division I season, 1973, 1973–74 Swedish Division I season, 1974, 1974–75 Swedish Division I season, 1975)
- **dates2**: Runners-up
- **name2**: 5 (1958–59 Swedish Division I season, 1959, 1963–64 Swedish Division I season, 1964, 1970–71 Swedish Division I season, 1971, 1971–72 Swedish Division I season, 1972, 1988–89 Elitserien season, 1989)
Brynäs IF

**Brynäs IF** is an ice hockey club in the town of Gävle in Sweden. It was established in 1912. The club adopted the game of ice hockey in 1939. The club won the Swedish national ice hockey championship in 1964, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1976, 1977, 1980, 1993, 1999 and 2012. It also lost the Swedish national finals in 1975, 1995 and 2017.

Brynäs IF's men's ice hockey team was relegated from the SHL for first time at the end of the 2022–2023 season. That happened after losing the regulation playout series to the Malmö Redhawks with 1–4.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (pro hockey team)

- **text color**: #FFFFFF
- **bg color**: #000000
- **team**: Brynäs IF
- **city**: Gävle, Sweden
- **league**: Swedish Hockey League, SHL
- **founded**: 1939 (the ice hockey team)
- **arena**: Gavlerinken Arena
- **colors**: Black, Red, Yellow

- **gm**: Stefan Bengtzén
- **coach**: Roger Melin
- **captain**: Jacob Blomqvist
- **le mat trophies**: **(13)** (1964, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1976, 1977, 1980, 1993, 1999, 2012)
Strängnäs

**Strängnäs** is a locality in Sweden. It is  west of Stockholm, and is the seat of Strängnäs Municipality.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Strängnäs
- **image skyline**: Strängnäs Sky View.JPG
- **image caption**: Seen from the south
- **image shield**: Strängnäs vapen.svg
- **pushpin map**: Sweden
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Sweden
- **subdivision type3**: Municipalities of Sweden, Municipality
- **subdivision name3**: Strängnäs Municipality
- **subdivision type2**: Counties of Sweden, County
- **subdivision name2**: Södermanland County
- **subdivision type1**: Provinces of Sweden, Province
- **subdivision name1**: Södermanland
- **area total km2**: 6.53
- **population as of**: 31 December 2010
- **population total**: 12,856
- **population density km2**: 1968
- **timezone**: Central European Time, CET
- **utc offset**: +1
- **timezone dst**: Central European Summer Time, CEST
- **utc offset dst**: +2
Dudley Senanayake

**Dudley Shelton Senanayake** (; 19 June 1911 – 13 April 1973) was a Ceylonese politician. He was the second Prime Minister of Ceylon.

## Infobox (prime minister)

- **honorific-prefix**: The Honourable
- **image**: Dudley Shelton Senanayaka As The Prime Minister of Ceylon.jpg
- **order**: List of Prime Ministers of Sri Lanka, Prime Minister of Ceylon
- **term start**: 26 March 1952
- **term end**: 12 October 1953
- **monarch**: Elizabeth II
- **predecessor**: Don Stephen Senanayake
- **successor**: John Kotelawala
- **term start2**: 21 March 1960
- **term end2**: 21 July 1960
- **monarch2**: Elizabeth II
- **predecessor2**: Wijeyananda Dahanayake
- **successor2**: Sirimavo Bandaranaike
- **term start3**: 27 March 1965
- **term end3**: 29 May 1970
- **monarch3**: Elizabeth II
- **predecessor3**: Sirimavo Bandaranaike
- **successor3**: Sirimavo Bandaranaike
- **birth place**: Ceylon
- **death place**: Colombo, Sri Lanka
- **nationality**: Sri Lankan
- **party**: United National Party
- **profession**: Politician, Barrister
Wijeyananda Dahanayake

**Wijeyananda Dahanayake** (; 22 October 1902 – 4 May 1997) was a Sri Lankan politician. He was the Prime Minister of Ceylon from 1959 to 1960.

## Infobox (prime minister)

- **image**: Wijeyananda Dahanayake portrait.jpg
- **order**: List of Prime Ministers of Sri Lanka, Prime Minister of Sri Lanka
- **term start**: 1959
- **term end**: 1960
- **monarch**: Elizabeth II
- **predecessor**: Solomon Ridgeway Dias Bandaranaike
- **successor**: Dudley Senanayake
- **birth place**: Galle, Sri Lanka
- **nationality**: Sri Lankan
- **death place**: Galle, Sri Lanka
- **alma mater**: Richmond College (Sri Lanka), Richmond College, Galle
- **party**: Sri Lanka Freedom Party
- **profession**: Politician, Teacher
D. S. Senanayake

**Don Stephen Senanayake** (; 20 October 1884 – 22 March 1952) was an independence activist. He was the first Prime Minister of Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) from 1947 to 1952.

## Early life

He was born in the village Botale. He was the son of Mudaliyar Don Spater Senanayake and Dona Catherina Elizabeth Perera Gunasekera Senanayake. Brought up in a Buddhist family, he entered Anglican school S. Thomas' College, Mutwal. Though a smart student, at school Senanayake did not succeed. He witnessed Buck’s famous farewell speech "You have learned the best lessons from STC (St. Thomas’s College)... true manliness and truth, courage, purity and all those things that make a man a gentleman...".

## Infobox (prime minister)

- **honorific-prefix**: The Right Honourable
- **image**: Official Photographic Portrait of Don Stephen Senanayaka (1884-1952).jpg
- **caption**: D.S. Senanayake
- **order**: List of Prime Ministers of Sri Lanka, Prime Minister of Ceylon
- **term start**: 14 October 1947
- **monarch**: George VI
Elizabeth II
- **predecessor**: _None_
- **successor**: Dudley Senanayake
- **birth place**: Botale, Negombo, British Ceylon
- **death place**: Colombo, Dominion of Ceylon
- **nationality**: Ceylonese
- **party**: United National Party
- **spouse**: Molly Dunuwila
Talduwe Somarama

**Talduwe Ratugama Rallage Weris Singho**, better known as **Talduwe Somarama** (1915–1962), shot and killed Solomon Bandaranaike, the Prime Minister of Sri Lanka (then called Ceylon) in 1959. He later converted to Christianity, just weeks before being hanged in the Welikada gallows.

## References

- A.C. Alles, Famous Criminal Cases of Sri Lanka, Volume III: The Assassination of Prime Minister SWRD Bandaranaike (Dec-1979): Published by the author. Hardcover published by Vantage, Inc., N.Y., U.S.A. 1986 as The Assassination of a Prime Minister. .
- Lucian G. Weeramantry, The Assassination of a Prime Minister - The Bandaranaike Murder Case (Hardcover, Geneva, Switzerland, 1969).
- Firoze Sameer, dOSSIEr COREA: A portfolio on crime (Colombo, Sri Lanka, 1999) .
- Seneviratne, H.L: Buddhist monks and ethnic politics. Anthropology Today, April 2001; 17(2): 15-21.
- Weeramantry, L.G: Assassination of a Prime Minister – The Bandaranaike Murder Case, Geneva, 1969.
Mjällby AIF

**Mjällby AIF** is an association football club in Hällevik in Sweden. Mjällby played its first Allsvenskan season in 1980. The club was formed through a merge of the clubs Listers IF and Hälleviks IF. Mjällby plays at their current home stadium Strandvallen with a capacity of 7500 people.

## The fall to Division 1 and the climb back up

At the end of the 2014 season Mjällby was degraded from the top tier Allsvenskan to the second tier Superettan. It didn't go well for Mjällby in Superettan when they came 13th and lost the relegation qualifiers against Örgryte IS.

2017 they got second place and played the promotion qualification against Örgryte again, they won 2-1 at home but lost the second leg 3-1.

2018 was finally the year for Mjällby as they won Division 1 Södra and will be playing Superettan 2019.

Although Mjällby was tipped to finish at the bottom the surprised everyone and got 1st, they went up and are still playing in the Allsvenskan today!

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Mjällby AIF
- **fullname**: Mjällby Allmänna idrottsförening
- **nickname**: MAIF
- **founded**: 1 April 1939
- **ground**: Strandvallen
IF Brommapojkarna

**IF Brommapojkarna** is an association football club in Bromma in Sweden. The club was founded in 1942, and played its first Allsvenskan season in 2007.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: IF Brommapojkarna
- **fullname**: Idrottsföreningen Brommapojkarna
- **nickname**: MAIF
- **founded**: 1942
- **ground**: Grimsta IP
Ängelholms FF

**Ängelholms FF** is an association football club in the town of Ängelholm in Sweden. The club was founded in 1976, and played its first Superettan season in 2002.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Ängelholms FF
- **fullname**: Ängelholms Fotobllförening
- **nickname**: ÄFF
- **founded**: 1976
- **ground**: Ängelholms IP
Falkenbergs FF

**Falkenbergs FF** is an association football club in the town of Falkenberg in Sweden. The club was founded in 1928, and played its first Superettan season in 2003.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Falkenbergs FF
- **fullname**: Falkenbergs Fotobllförening
- **nickname**: FFF
- **founded**: 3 January 1928
- **ground**: Falkenbergs IP
Östersunds FK

**Östersunds FK** is an association football club in the town of Östersund in Sweden. The club was founded in 1996. It played its first Superettan season in 2013. On 27 October 2015, the club qualified for Allsvenskan for first time.

### Cups

- **Svenska cupen:**
    - **Winners (1):** 2017

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Östersunds FK
- **fullname**: Östersunds fotbollsklubb
- **nickname**: ÖFK
- **founded**: 31 October 1996
- **ground**: Jämtkraft Arena
- **league**: Superettan
- **season**: 2023
- **position**: 5th
Crosier

A **crozier** is a shepherd's staff carried by high ranking churchmen such as bishops including the Pope.
Initial public offering

An **initial public offering** (**IPO**) or **stock market launch** is a type of public offering. A public offering is any tradeable asset that is offered to the public. In an initial public offering, shares of stock in a company are sold to the general public, on a securities exchange, for the first time. Through this process, a private company transforms into a public company. Initial public offerings are used by companies to raise money for expansion and to become publicly traded enterprises. A company selling shares is never required to repay the money to the people who buy them.

## Largest IPOs

The IPO of Alibaba, a Chinese technology company, was the largest IPO ever. Now, Saudi ARAMCO's 2019 IPO has become the largest one, by 25.6 billion dollars.

Before 2009, the United States was the leading issuer of IPOs in terms of total value. Since that time, however, China (Shanghai, Shenzhen and Hong Kong) has been the leading issuer. It raised up to US$73 billion until the end of November 2011. This was almost double the amount of money raised on the New York Stock Exchange and NASDAQ combined.

1. Agricultural Bank of China US$22.1 billion (2010)
1. Industrial and Commercial Bank of China US$21.9 billion (2006)
1. American International Assurance US$20.5 billion (2010)
1. Visa Inc. US$19.7 billion (2008)
1. General Motors US$18.15 billion (2010)
1. Meta, Inc. US$16 billion (2012)

## Other websites

- Initial Public Offering (IPO) Definition and Calendar, Wikinvest
- IPO Guide from Wilson Sonsini Goodrich & Rosati
- IPO GMP (Grey Market Premium) To track GMP Trends for Indian IPO's
IPO (disambiguation)

**IPO** may refer to:

- Initial public offering of a corporations' shares to the public
- Intellectual Property Office (disambiguation), a government agency in many nations
- Intellectual Property Owners Association
- International Philosophy Olympiad
- International Progress Organization, an organization dealing with world affairs, based in Vienna
- Instituto Português de Oncologia, in Portugal
- IPO (station), a metro station at the University of Porto, Portugal
- Israel Philharmonic Orchestra
- IPO Model (**I**nput, **P**rocessing, **O**utput), a conceptual model of computer systems
- Interprocedural optimization, a method of optimizing computer programs
- _Instrumentum Pacis Osnabrugensis_ (Treaty of Osnabrück), one of the two treaties of the Peace of Westphalia
- Impersonating a police officer
Sumith Balasuriya

Major General **Sumith Balasuriya**, VSV, USP, ndc, IG, SLA is a Sri Lankan general. He was the former Commandant, Sri Lankan Army Volunteer Force, Vice Chancellor/Commandant, General Sir John Kotelawala Defence University and GOC, 23 Division.

## Infobox (military person)

- **name**: Sumith Balasuriya
- **serviceyears**: 1974-2009
- **rank**: Major General
- **branch**: Sri Lanka Army
- **commands**: Sri Lanka Army Volunteer Force,
General Sir John Kotelawala Defence University,
23 Division (Sri Lanka), 23 Division
- **unit**: Sri Lanka Artillery
- **battles**: Sri Lankan Civil War,
 1987-89 JVP Insurrection (Sri Lanka), Insurrection 1987-89
- **awards**: Vishista Seva Vibhushanaya,
  Uttama Seva Padakkama
- **laterwork**: Director General - Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Asoka Jayawardena

Major General (Rtd) **Asoka K. J. Jayawardena** RWP, RSP, VSV, USP, was a Sri Lankan career army officer. He was also the Provincial Governor of the North Eastern Province.
Rouen Cathedral (Monet)

The ***Rouen Cathedral*** series of oil paintings of the Rouen Cathedral were done by Claude Monet in the 1890s. The paintings in the series each capture the front of the cathedral at different times of the day and year. They each show the changes in the way the cathedral looks under different lighting conditions.

In the middle of winter in 1892, Monet lived in rooms across from Rouen Cathedral. He stayed until spring, painting its façade many times. Most versions were painted as seen here: close up and cropped at the sides. He returned the next winter to paint the cathedral again. He made more than thirty views of it. It was not the Gothic façade that was Monet's subject. It was the atmosphere that surrounded the cathedral. "To me the motif itself is an insignificant factor," Monet said, "What I want to reproduce is what exists between the motif and me."

All of the paintings in the series were made in 1892 and 1893. They were reworked in Monet's studio in 1894. In 1895, he chose what he considered to be the twenty best paintings from the series, and displayed them at his gallery in Paris. Of these twenty, he sold eight before the exhibition was over. Pissarro and Cézanne visited the exhibition and praised the series highly.

## Other websites

- An analysis of Monet's Rouen series
- Essay on Monet's Rouen Cathedral series from the J. Paul Getty Museum

## Infobox (painting)

- **title**: Rouen Cathedral, Full Sunlight
- **image file**: Claude Monet - Rouen Cathedral, West Façade, Sunlight - Google Art Project.jpg
- **painting alignment**: right
- **image size**: 300px
- **medium**: Oil painting, Oil on canvas
- **artist**: Claude Monet
- **height metric**: 107
- **width metric**: 73.5
- **city**: Paris, France
- **museum**: Musée d'Orsay
Qanat

A **qanat** is a series of well-like holes and tunnels dug to reach a natural underground source of water, usually run-off from a mountain. They were (and are) used to provide water in the desert regions of the Middle East. The oldest qanats, found in the region once known as Persia (now known as Iran), are believed to be a couple of thousand years old.
Anuruddha Ratwatte

General **Anuruddha Leuke Ratwatte** (14 July 1938 – 24 November 2011) was a Sri Lankan politician and Cabinet Minister.

## Early life

Ratwatte studied at Trinity College, Kandy. He was a cousin of Sirimavo Bandaranaike.

He is the son of Harris Leuke Ratwatte. He was a member of the State Council in 1936 to 1947 for Kegalle and United National Party Member of Parliament for Mawanella from 1947 to 1952. His eldest son, Lohan Ratwatte is the Member of Parliament representing the Kandy District and second son Mahendra Ratwatte is the current Mayor of Kandy.

## Infobox (mp)

- **honorific-prefix**: General (Sri Lanka), General
- **name**: Anuruddha Ratwatte
- **parliament**: Sri Lankan
- **birth date**: 14 July 1938
- **birth place**: Kandy, Sri Lanka
- **death place**: Kandy, Sri Lanka
- **nationality**: Sri Lankan
- **party**: Sri Lanka Freedom Party
- **occupation**: Politics
- **otherparty**: United National Party
- **spouse**: Carman Ratwatte
(nee Rangala)
- **children**: Lohan , Mahendra, Chanuka
- **alma mater**: Trinity College, Kandy
- **profession**: Politician
- **rank**: General (Sri Lanka), General
- **branch**: Sri Lanka Army Volunteer Force
- **allegiance**: Sri Lanka
Devinda Kalupahana

Major General **Devinda Kalupahana**, RSP, USP, psc, SLAC, is a Sri Lankan general. He was the former General Officer Commanding of 3rd Division, and 2nd Division. He was Director of Operations, General Staff and Commandant, at the Sri Lanka Military Academy.

Kalupahana was educated at Royal College, Colombo. He joined the army in 1966, training to becoming an officer, a Cadet officer training at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst.

## Infobox (military person)

- **name**: Devinda Kalupahana
- **serviceyears**: 1966–1996
- **rank**: Major General
- **branch**: Sri Lanka Army
- **commands**: 3 Division (Sri Lanka), 23 Division,
2 Division (Sri Lanka), 23 Division,
Sri Lanka Military Academy
- **unit**: Sri Lanka Armoured Corps
- **battles**: 1971 JVP Insurrection (Sri Lanka), 1971 Insurrection,
 Sri Lankan Civil War,
 1987-89 JVP Insurrection (Sri Lanka), Insurrection 1987-89
- **awards**: Rana Sura Padakkama,
 Uttama Seva Padakkama
Sepala Attygalle

General **Deshamanya Don Sepala Attygalle**, LVO, ADC, idc, psc, SLAC (1922 — January 2001) was a Sri Lankan military leader, a civil servant and a diplomat. He became the longest-serving Commander of the Sri Lankan Army (1967–1977). He went on to serve as the Permanent secretary to the Ministry of Defense and Sri Lankan High Commissioner to the United Kingdom.

## Infobox (military person)

- **name**: Don Sepala Attygalle
- **honorific suffix**: Royal Victorian Order, LVO, Sri Lanka Armoured Corps, SLAC
- **birth date**: 1922
- **death date**: January 2001
- **allegiance**: Sri Lanka
- **serviceyears**: 1942-1977
- **rank**: General officer, General
- **battles**: awards
- **laterwork**: Permanent Secretary Ministry of Defence (Sri Lanka), Ministry of Defence,
 Sri Lankan High Commissioner to the United Kingdom
Geology of Connecticut

Connecticut is a US state. It is in the north-eastern side of the country. As part of the New England region, Connecticut has undergone much geologic change. It has been shaped by plate tectonics, volcanism, and glacial activity.

## Appalachian Mountains

During the early Triassic Era, the super-continent Pangea was formed as the Iapetus Ocean closed up and the proto-North American continent collided with Avalonia (modern day Africa). This caused great uplift and the creation of the Appalachian Mountains. The erosion of the Appalachian Mountains now exposes and lifts up metamorphic rocks that used to be very deep in the Earth's.

## Eastern Border Fault

About 200 million years after this collision and the formation of Pangea, during the middle of the Mesozoic Era, the Atlantic Ocean floor started spreading. This caused a lot of stress. This caused a geologic fault. Connecticut's famous Eastern Border Fault was created. As a result, the land west of this fault was downset, creating a rift valley and causing the land to tilt an average of 15 to 25 degrees. The fault is currently inactive. The formation of this basin eventually refilled with soft fluvial and alluvial sediments.

## Ice Age

During Ice Ages, glacial activity shaped much of New England's landscape, eroding mountains, leaving glacial till scattered everywhere, and forming glacial lakes. At its greatest extent, one of these glaciers leaves behind a moraine which became Long Island.

One of the biggest glacial lake<nowiki/>s of the time was Glacial Lake Hitchcock. It formed when the Laurentide ice sheet retreated and glacial meltwater began to accumulate at the glacier’s terminal moraine in Rocky Hill, Connecticut and back up into the Connecticut River. The glacial lake left behind a soft, varved landscape, gathering silt and sand in the summertime due to the influx of glacial meltwater and clay in the wintertime as the lake froze until it was later drained.

## River Valley

River Valley has a soft surface. It is also high in nutrients and host the majority of Connecticut's farmland soils. The land on either side of the Connecticut River Valley is less suitable for farmlands. The eastern section holds the shallow Proto-North American Terrane while the western section contains the Iapetos and Avalonian Terranes. These places still holds remnants of glacial till and lack the soft fluvial sediments so prominent in the Connecticut River Valley region.

## Other websites

- Wesleyan University's Connecticut Geology
- Map of Connecticut Bedrock Geology
Animals of Connecticut

Connecticut has a variety of animal species.

- The state bird is the American Robin.
- The state insect is the European Mantis.
- The state animal is the Sperm Whale.
- The state shellfish is the Eastern Oyster.
- The state fish is the American Shad.
- The state fossil is the Eubrontes giganteus.

## Biodiversity

There are 599 Connecticut species listed as endangered, threatened or of special concern. These are 11 species of mammals, 50 species of birds, 11 species of reptiles, 7 species of amphibians, 7 species of fish, and 170 species of invertebrates.

## Ancient life

The Peabody Museum of Natural History and the Dinosaur State Park are two places which preserve the prehistory of Connecticut.

Extinct species that once roamed Connecticut include Coelophysis, Dilophosaurus, and Eubrontes.

## List of native species

Sources appear below.

### Annelids

- Ampharete arctica
- Capitella capitata
- Capitellidae
- Eteone lactea
- Glycera dibranchiata
- Alitta (Nereis) succinea
- Ophelia sp.
- Phyllodoce sp.
- Polydora sp.
- Scoloplos robustus
- Spio setosa
- Spionidae
- Streblospio benedicti
- Syllidae sp.

### Arthropods

- Chiridotea s p p.
- Gammarus sp.
- Neomysis americana
- Sphaeroma quadridentata

### Mollusks

- Acteocina canaliculata
- Gemma gemma
- Nassarius obsoletus
- Mulinia lateralis
- Mya arenaria
- Nucula sp.
- Periploma papyratium
- Retusa canaliculata
- Tellina agillis

## Related pages

- Plants of Connecticut

## More reading

- Aspects of Connecticut's Physical Geography
- Connecticut Audubon Society
- Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection - Natural Diversity Data Base
- Fishes of the Connecticut River
- The Flora and Fauna of Branford
Plants of Connecticut

Connecticut has a variety of plant species. Connecticut belongs to the North American Atlantic Region.

- The state tree is the White Oak; or more specifically, the Charter Oak.
- The state flower is the Mountain Laurel.

## Biodiversity

A complete census of tree species taken in 1885 in Hartford County listed 56 species of trees.

## List of plants

|Scientific name|English name|Status|
| --- | --- | --- |
|_Caltha palustris_|Kingcup or Marsh Marigold||
|_Cephalanthus occidentalis_|Buttonbush, Button-bush, Button-willow or Honey-bells||
|_Clethra alnifolia_|Summersweet or Sweet Pepperbush||
|_Iris versicolor_|Blue Flag Iris or Harlequin Blueflag||
|_Kalmia latifolia_|Mountain Laurel||
|_Quercus alba_|White oak||
|_Ranunculus septentrionalis_|Swamp buttercup||
|_Rhododendron viscosum_|clammy azalea or Swamp azalea||
|_Symplocarpus foetidus_|Eastern Skunk Cabbage||

## Floral regions

Connecticut has a lot of oak-hickory type central hardwood forests. This region historically had a lot of different oaks and chestnuts. However, hickory replaced chestnut with the spread of the chestnut blight.

In the northwestern hills of the state, there are more northern-hardwood type trees.

## Related pages

- Animals of Connecticut
The Star Chamber

***The Star Chamber*** is a 1983 American legal crime drama thriller movie. The story is about law conditions preventing the prosecution of two men who are accused of murdering a 10-year-old boy. A judge named Hardin then tells another judge, Caulfield, of a Star Chamber (judges that identify criminals who fell through the cracks of the judicial system). Sharon Gless plays Emily Hardin, Michael Douglas plays Judge Hardin. This movie was released in August 1983. It received positive reviews from movie critics.
Striking Distance

***Striking Distance*** is an American melodrama thriller movie from 1993. It is about a police Sergeant, Tom Hardy, who rats out his partner for using excessive force on a suspect. The movie is also about abduction. Bruce Willis plays Tom Hardy. Sarah Jessica Parker plays Jo Christman and Emily Harper. This movie was released in September 1993 in United States theaters. The reviews were very bad. _Striking Distance_ barely earned back its own $30 million budget.
The Chamber

***The Chamber*** is an American legal drama movie of 1996. It is about a former white supremacist who is a death row inmate scheduled to be executed soon in the State of Mississippi. Gene Hackman plays Sam Cayhill. Faye Dunaway plays Lee Cayhill Bowen. _The Chamber_ got bad reviews. It performed very poorly in the box office.
Q*bert

***Q*bert*** (also known as ***Qbert***) is an arcade video game released by Gottlieb in 1982. In this game, the player has to change the color of the cubes on a pyramid by having the game's character jump on top of them. On each stage, the player has a color they have to change the cubes to. To complete the stage, the player has to change the cubes to that color. The player has to avoid obstacles and enemies in the way.

_Q*bert_ was one the most popular arcade games of the 1980s. It sold around 25,000 arcade cabinets. It has been released on many video game consoles, including the Atari 2600, ColecoVision, and Commodore 64.

## References

pl:Q*bert
The Birdcage

***The Birdcage*** is a 1996 American comedy movie. The movie is about the son of gay parents who is marrying the daughter of a conservative politician. Robin Williams plays Armand Goldman, Dianne Wiest plays Louise Keeley, Hank Azaria plays Agador, Calista Flockhart plays Barbara Keeley.

_The Birdcage_ was released in March 1996 in the United States. Reviews on this movie were very positive. The movie was very successful at the box office. It was notable for being a happy story about a loving gay couple at a time when most depictions of gay men were tragic or negative, especially because of the AIDS crisis harming the LGBT community at the time.
School Daze

***School Daze*** is a 1988 musical drama movie. Spike Lee plays Darrell, Samuel L. Jackson stars as Leeds. Spike Lee was also director, producer and writer for the movie. The movie is about the lives of black students in Atlanta. _School Daze_ was released in February of 1988. The reviews were very positive.
Final Analysis

***Final Analysis*** is an American 1992 melodrama thriller movie. It is about seduction, lies, manipulation and murders. Uma Thurman stars as Diana Baylor and Kim Basinger stars as Heather Evans. The movie got mixed to negative reviews. _Final Analysis_ was released in February of 1992. The box office performance was very poor. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox.
Percent-encoding

**Percent-encoding**, also known as **URL-encoding**, is the process of preparing characters to be used as parts of URLs on the Internet.

## Related pages

- Uniform Resource Identifier
Epistolary novel

An **epistolary novel** is a novel written as a series of letters or other documents. The word _epistolary_ comes from the Latin form of the Greek word  (_epistolē_), meaning a letter (see epistle). The epistolary form of writing can make the story seem more realistic to the reader. This is because it is more personal, and is more like the workings of real life.

Some examples of modern epistolary novels are:

- _The Tenant of Wildfell Hall_ (1848) by Anne Brontë is written in the form of a letter from the narrator to his friend.
- _Dracula_ (1897) by Bram Stoker uses not only letters and diaries, but also newspaper accounts.
- _The Screwtape Letters_ (1942) by C. S. Lewis
- _Carrie_ (1974) by Stephen King is written in an epistolary structure, through newspaper clippings, magazine articles, letters, and excerpts from books
- _Diary of a Wimpy Kid_ (2007) by Jeff Kinney is written in the form a diary, including hand-written notes and cartoon drawings
Ulavaipu

**Ulavaipu** is a small village in Cherthala, in Alappuzha District of Kerala, India. The Ulavaipu Mahadeva Temple, an ancient Hindu temple, is here. The temple is dedicated to Shiva, a god in Hinduism. The temple is on the banks of Ulavaipu Backwater Lake, which is part of Vembanadu Backwater Lake.
Civil defence

**Civil defence** (or **civil defense**) is a system used to protect the civilians of a state from coming under attack. It involves plans for preparing for and responding to emergency situations, plans for evacuation, and plans for how to recover from attacks. In some countries, civil defence is seen as an important part of military defence. Programmes of this kind were first explored at least as early as the 1920s. They have been used in many countries, especially since the threat of nuclear weapons has become known.

Since the end of the Cold War, the focus of civil defence has become more and more for disasters in general. The new concept is described by a number of terms, each of which has its own specific meaning, such as **crisis management**, **emergency management**, **emergency preparedness**, **emergency services**, and **civil protection**.

## Related pages

- Emergency shelter
Football at the 1936 Summer Olympics

The **1936 Olympic football tournament** was won by Italy. They were the favourites to win, having won the FIFA World Cup in 1934. The host nation, Germany, were also one of the favourites at the start of the competition. They had only lost at home once in three years. However, they were beaten in the quarter-finals. The bronze- and gold-medal games were watched by a combined total of 195,000 people.

## First round

---

---

---

---

---

---

---

## Quarter finals

---

---

---

---
**Replay**

<sup>1</sup> Due to a pitch invasion, the match was declared null and void. It was ordered to be replayed on August 10. Peru did not accept this decision and withdrew from the tournament.

## Semi finals

---

### Bracket

<small><sup>2</sup>Awarded.</small>

## Other websites

- Olympic Football Tournament Berlin 1936 , FIFA.com
- RSSSF Archive

## Infobox (olympic event)

- **event**: Men's football
- **games**: 1936 Summer
- **dates**: Aug 3-15
- **nations**: 16
- **longnames**: yes
- **gold**: Italy national football team
- **goldnoc**: ITA
- **silver**: Austria national football team
- **silvernoc**: AUT
- **bronze**: Norway national football team
- **bronzenoc**: NOR
- **prev**: Football at the 1928 Summer Olympics, 1928
- **next**: Football at the 1948 Summer Olympics, 1948
Suman Sahai

**Suman Sahai** is an Indian activist and the founder of Gene Campaign.

## Career

Sahai got a Ph.D. from the Indian Agricultural Research Institute in 1975. She then worked at the University of Alberta, University of Chicago, and the University of Heidelberg, where she did her habilitation in human genetics. The Web of Science shows that Sahai has published over 40 articles. They are mostly on policy issues dealing with genetically-modified organisms. Her articles have been cited over 150 times and she has an h-index of 7. She is director of the non-governmental organization, Gene Campaign.

## Awards

- Order of the Golden Ark, 2001
- Borlaug Award, 2004
- Padma Shri, 2011

## Scandal

In April 2013 it was shown that Sahai committed plagiarism in her habilitation thesis. She had submitted this thesis to the University of Heidelberg in 1986. She was also accused of presenting herself as being or having been a professor at that University. She never actually had such a position. The University of Heidelberg confirmed on 14 April, 2013, that plagiarism had taken place. The university also said that Sahai has no right to call herself a professor of the University of Heidelberg. Her habilitation has been revoked.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Suman Sahai
- **nationality**: Indian
- **citizenship**: India
- **education**: Ph.D., 1975
- **alma mater**: Indian Agricultural Research Institute
- **occupation**: Founding director
- **organization**: Gene Campaign
- **awards**: Order of the Golden Ark,  Borlaug Award, Padma Shri
Valentin de Boulogne

**Valentin de Boulogne** (baptised 3 January 1591 – died 19 August 1632) was a French painter. He is also known as **Le Valentin**, his real name was **Jean Valentin**. Later in life, Valentin went to Rome to study. In Rome, he was under the influence of Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio and Bartolomeo Manfredi. Valentin's teacher was Simon Vouet.
Anna Q. Nilsson

**Anna Quirentia Nilsson** (March 30, 1888 – February 11, 1974) was a Swedish and American actress. She first achieved success in silent movies. She moved to the United States around 1905. She began acting in silent movies, and then moved into ones with sound. From the 1930s to the 1950s, she played small roles in movies with sound. The most notable one was acting as herself in the movie _Sunset Boulevard_ in 1950. She was also in _The Farmer's Daughter_ in 1947.

Anna Q. Nilsson was the first Swedish actress to receive a star on Hollywood Walk of Fame.

Nilsson was born in Sweden. She died due to heart failure in Sun City, California, at age 85.
Anita Loos

**Anita Loos** (born April 26, 1889 – August 18, 1981) was an American screenwriter, stage actress and author. She wrote several novels. She was best known for her book _Gentlemen Prefer Blondes_. She also wrote its sequel _But Gentlemen Marry Brunettes_. She was a screenwriter of many movies.

Loos was born in Sisson, California. She later moved to New York City. She died there in August 1981 from natural causes at age ninety-two.
Florence La Badie

**Florence La Badie** (27 April 1888 – 13 October 1917) was an American actress. She appeared mostly in silent movies. She played Kate in _The Broken Cross_, a 1911 silent movie. She also acted in the 1912 adaptation of _Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde_.

There is a controversy about where La Badie was born. She died in a traffic accident at the age of 29 in New York.
Austin Butler

**Austin Butler** (born August 17, 1991) is an American actor. His early roles were as _Jake Krandle_ in the TV series _iCarly_ and as _James Garrett_ in _Zoey 101_. He became well known in 2022 for playing Elvis Presley in _Elvis_. The role won him a Golden Globe Award, BAFTA Award and earned him an Academy Award for Best Actor nomination.

## Personal life

Austin Butler was born in Anaheim, California. His parents are Lori Butler and David Butler.

Butler was in a relationship with actress Vanessa Hudgens from 2011 to 2020. He is currently dating model Kaia Gerber since late 2021. They have since broke up and Butler is currently single.

## Career

His first acting job was in a supporting role in the TV Series _Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide_. His older sister also plays in that TV series. From 2007 to 2008 he played in the 4th season of _Zoey 101_ as James Garrett. Other television appearance were _Hannah Montana_, _iCarly_, _Jonas L.A._, _Zeke and Luther_, and _Wizards of Waverly Place_. In 2009, he was in the TV series _Ruby & the Rockits_ as Jordan Gallagher. This series was unsuccessful and ended after 10 episodes.

Later, he played with Ashley Tisdale in the film _Aliens in the Attic_ and in _Sharpay's Fabulous Adventure_. Since 2011, he has been in the ABC-Family-Series _Switched at Birth_.

In July 2019, he appeared in the Quentin Tarantino movie _Once Upon a Time in Hollywood_ as a fictional version of Manson Family member Tex Watson. That same month, Butler was cast as Elvis Presley in _Elvis_, a biographical movie about the singer directed by Baz Luhrmann. In 2024, he portrayed Feyd-Rautha Harkonnen in _Dune: Part Two_, directed by Denis Villenueve and based on the novel by Frank Herbert. In 2025, he portrayed Henry "Hank" Thompson in _Caught Stealing (Film)_.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Austin Butler
- **image**: Austin Butler 2019 by Glenn Francis.jpg
- **caption**: Butler in 2019
- **birthname**: Austin Robert Butler
- **birth place**: Anaheim, California, USA
- **occupation**: Actor
- **years active**: 2005–present
Margaret Rutherford

**Dame Margaret Taylor Rutherford** <small>DBE</small> (May 11, 1892 – May 22, 1972) was a British character actress. She usually played eccentric characters in films. Her first film was in 1936. She became known for playing Madame Arcati in the 1945 film _Blithe Spirit_. Her other films included: _The Happiest Days of Your Life_ and _The Importance of Being Earnest_. She also performed in stage plays in her acting career. In 1961, Rutherford was later declared Officer of the Order of the British Empire. She was named a Dame Commander six years after that.

Margaret Taylor Rutherford was born in the London neighbourhood of Balham on 11 May 1892. She died from Alzheimer's disease in Chalfont St Peter, Buckinghamshire on 22 May 1972 at the age of 80.

## Other websites

- Margaret Rutherford at the Internet Broadway Database
- Performances in Theatre Archive, University of Bristol

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Dame Margaret Rutherford
- **honorific suffix**: <small>Order of the British Empire, DBE</small>
- **birth place**: Balham, London, England
- **death place**: Chalfont St Peter, Buckinghamshire, England
- **birth name**: Margaret Taylor Rutherford
- **occupation**: Actress
- **years active**: 1925–1967
- **spouse**: Stringer Davis (1945–1972) (her death)
The Farmer's Daughter

***The Farmer's Daughter*** is a political based 1947 movie. The movie is about a farmgirl who ends up working as a maid for a Congressman and his very powerful mother. Loretta Young stars as Katie Holstrom. Anna Q. Nillson plays as Mrs. Holstrom. Loretta Young received the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance in this movie. The movie was released in March and April 1947 in the United States.
Ethel Barrymore

**Ethel Barrymore** (or **Ethel Mae Blythe**; 15 August 1879 – 18 June 1959) was an American actress. She was a member of the Barrymore family of actors. She became quite popular in stage and on Broadway.

Barrymore's first appearance was in 1895, in _The Imprudent Young Couple_. She played Nora in the play _A Doll's House_ in 1905. She was also in the critically acclaimed movie _None but the Lonely Heart_. She was in Alfred Hitchcock movies. She was the sister of actors John and Lionel Barrymore and grand-aunt of the actress Drew Barrymore.

Barrymore was born in Philadelphia. She died from Cardiovascular disease in Hollywood, California.
Martha Graham

**Martha Graham** (May 11, 1894 – April 1, 1991) was an American modern dancer and choreographer. Her influences on modern dance are usually compared with the influence Picasso had on the modern visual arts. She was the first dancer to perform at the White House. She got a Presidential Medal of Freedom. She danced and choreographed for more than seventy years.

Graham was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. She died at age ninety-six from pneumonia.

## Gallery

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G. G. Ponnambalam

** Ganapathipillai Gangaser Ponnambalam** (; 8 November 1901 – 9 February 1977), also known as **G. G. Ponnambalam**, was a Sri Lankan Tamil politician, during the British colonial period and the war for independence. He founded the first Sri Lankan Tamil political party, the All Ceylon Tamil Congress.

## Infobox (mp)

- **name**: G.G. Ponnambalam
- **honorific-suffix**: Queen's Counsel, QC
- **office**: Leader of the All Ceylon Tamil Congress
- **term start**: 1944
- **term end**: 1972
- **office2**: Member of the State Council of Ceylon
for Point Pedro
- **term start2**: 1934
- **term end2**: 1947
- **constituency mp3**: Jaffna Electoral District (1947-1989), Jaffna
- **parliament3**: Sri Lanka
- **term start3**: 1947
- **term end3**: 1960
- **successor3**: Alfred Duraiappah, Independent (politician), Ind
- **term start4**: 1965
- **term end4**: 1970
- **predecessor4**: Alfred Duraiappah, Independent (politician), Ind
- **successor4**: C.X. Martyn, Federal Party (Sri Lanka), FP
- **party**: All Ceylon Tamil Congress
- **profession**: Lawyer
- **alma mater**: St. Joseph's College, Colombo, St. Joseph's College
King's College London
Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge
Jeane Dixon

**Jeane Dixon** (born **Lydia Emma Pinckert**, 5 January 1904 – 25 January 1997) was an American psychic and astrologist. She also wrote newspaper columns. She reportedly predicted certain major events of the 20th century. She also wrote many novels.

She was known for working with Nancy Reagan to protect her husband, Ronald Reagan from any danger spiritually.

Dixon was born in Medford, Wisconsin. She died from cardiac arrest at 93.
Mapitigama Buddharakkitha

**Mapitigama Buddharakkitha** (1921−1967) was the person who planned the assassination of the fourth Prime Minister of Ceylon (later Sri Lanka), S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike. He served as the leader of the Kelaniya Raja Maha Vihara, one of the most sacred Buddhist temples in Sri Lanka from 1947 to 1959.
Ratnasiri Wickremanayake

**Ratnasiri Wickremanayake** (, ; 5 May 1933 – 27 December 2016) was a Sri Lankan politician. He was Prime Minister of Sri Lanka two times from 2000 to 2001 and again from 2005 to 2010. He is currently a National List member of the Parliament of Sri Lanka.

Wickremanayake first served as Prime Minister from August 2000 to December 2001. He became minister after Sirimavo Bandaranaike resigned from the position at the age of 84. He is a senior vice-president of the ruling Sri Lanka Freedom Party (SLFP).

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Ratnasiri Wickremanayake
- **honorific-suffix**: Parliament of Sri Lanka, MP
- **image**: Ratnasiri Wickremanayake1.jpg
- **office**: List of Prime Ministers of Sri Lanka, Prime Minister of Sri Lanka
- **president**: Mahinda Rajapaksa
- **term start**: 19 November 2005
- **term end**: 21 April 2010
- **predecessor**: Mahinda Rajapaksa
- **successor**: D. M. Jayaratne
- **president2**: Chandrika Kumaratunga
- **term start2**: 10 August 2000
- **term end2**: 9 December 2001
- **predecessor2**: Sirimavo Bandaranaike
- **successor2**: Ranil Wickremasinghe
- **birth place**: British Ceylon
- **death place**: Colombo, Sri Lanka
- **party**: Sri Lanka Freedom Party, Freedom Party
- **spouse**: Kusum Wickremanayake
- **profession**: Politician