juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
William Wilson (short story)

***William Wilson*** is a short story written by Edgar Allan Poe in 1839.

The theme is doppelganger. The narrator is a dying man of "a noble descent"  who choses not to embody a record of his later years of unspeakable misery, and unpardonable crime-he calls himself William Wilson because, although denouncing his profligate past, he does not accept full blame for his actions, saying that "man was never thus ... tempted before". and tells the story of how he "Fell" from "grace":Years before while attending a school in england Another boy at his school looks and acts like himself, and was even born on the same day, January 19th (Poe's actual birth day) 1813. Angered at being given "good" advice William steals into the boy bedroom but is shocked to find his double now resembles himself; he runs away from the school in horror.The first Wilson goes to the bad in life, but is haunted by his good double. After being subject to admonished at Eaton [while preparing to give a profane oath at a drinking party]  and his honor destroyed at Oxford [where he is exposed at trying to cheat at cards], William  is haunted by his double in subsequent years, who thwarts plans described by William as driven by ambition [in Rome], revenge [in Paris], passionate Love [in Naples], and avarice [In Egypt] and even follows him to other cities [Vienna, Berlin, Moscow]. One thing William cannot understand is that while no one knows anything about his double, his double always seems to know everything about William. At Carnival time in Rome William prepares to seduce the not unwilling young wife of a elderly nobleman. When his double appears the enraged William drags his double into a anterooom and challenges him to a sword duel where he kills the double. Distracted for a second he finds instead his double a mirror Reflected at him, he sees "mine own image, but with features all pale and dabbled in blood": apparently the dead double, "but he spoke no longer in a whisper". The narrator feels as if he is pronouncing the words: "You have conquered, and I yield. Yet, henceforward art thou also dead—dead to the World, to Heaven, and to hope! In me didst thou exist—and, in my death, see by this image, which is thine own, how utterly thou hast murdered thyself.

Poe later admitted he had got the idea from a previous story by Washington Irving about a character who kills his double.

## Infobox (short story)

- **name**: William Wilson
- **image**: The gift 1840 cover.jpg
- 220px
- **caption**: _The Gift_, Carey and Hart, Philadelphia, 1840
- **author**: Edgar Allan Poe
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **genre**: Horror
- **published in**: _Burton's Gentleman's Magazine_
- **media type**: Print
- **pub date**: October 1839
Chinese postal romanization

**Chinese postal romanization** was the old way of spelling Chinese place names in the Roman alphabet until the 1980s, when Hanyu Pinyin became the standard way for writing Chinese in the Roman alphabet worldwide. While mainland China uses only Hanyu Pinyin for almost all Chinese place names, Taiwan still uses Chinese postal romanization to spell their cities' names, like Taipei, Taichung, and Kaohsiung. In this system, there are no apostrophes, dashes, or tone markers.
William Goldman

**William Goldman** (August 12, 1931 – November 16, 2018) was an American novelist, playwright, and screenwriter. He was born in Chicago, Illinois. He won two Academy Awards for his screenplays for _Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid_ (1969) and again for _All the President's Men_ (1976).

His other written works include his thriller novel _Marathon Man_ and comedy-fantasy novel _The Princess Bride_, both of which Goldman made into a movie.

Goldman died in New York City on November 16, 2018 from pneumonia complicated by colon cancer, aged 87.
Cristy Lane

**Eleanor Johnston** (born January 8, 1940), known by her stage name **Cristy Lane**, is an American country and gospel singer. She is best known for having major country hit songs in the late 1970s and early 1980s. One of her hits was the cover version of "One Day at a Time" (1979).

Lane's song "One Day at a Time" was her biggest hit. She later had a Top 20 hit in 1981 with her cover of ABBA's "I Have a Dream".

In the late 1980s, Lane revived her career by opening her own theater, The Cristy Lane Theatre, in Branson, Missouri.

Lane was born in Peoria, Illinois.
Zhores Medvedev

**Zhores Aleksandrovich Medvedev** (; 14 November 1925 – 15 November 2018) was a Russian agronomist, biologist, historian and dissident. His twin brother was the historian Roy Medvedev. He was born in Tbilisi, Georgia. Medvedev published about 170 research papers and reviews, about sixty of them during his time in London. In 1973 he was one of the signers of the Humanist Manifesto.

Medvedev exposed the Kyshtym nuclear disaster, which happened at Mayak near Kyshtym, Ozyorsk, Chelyabinsk Oblast in the Urals in 1957. He published the book _The Nuclear Disaster in the Urals_ in 1979. He and his brother Roy were forced to move to London. The two also coauthored _Khrushchev: The Years in Power_ (1978) and several other books, the last one _The Unknown Stalin_ (2007).

Medvedev died in London on 15 November 2018 of a heart attack, one day after his 93rd birthday, with his family by his side.
Roy Medvedev

**Roy Aleksandrovich Medvedev** (; 14 November 1925 – 13 February 2026) was a Russian political writer. He was an author of the dissident history of Stalinism. His best known work, _Let History Judge_ (), first published in English in 1972. Medvedev was born in Tbilisi, Georgia.

His twin brother was biologist and Russian dissident Zhores Medvedev.

Medvedev rejoined the Communist Party in 1989, after Mikhail Gorbachev launched his perestroika and glasnost program. He was elected to the Soviet Union's Congress of People's Deputies and was named as member of the Supreme Soviet.

In November 2025, Medvedev turned 100. He died three months later on 13 February 2026 in Moscow, Russia.
Luigi Rossi di Montelera

**Luigi Rossi di Montelera** (14 May 1946 – 15 November 2018) was an Italian company manager and politician. He was a member of the Christian Democracy. Rossi di Montelera was born in Turin, Italy. He was a member of the Member of the Chamber of Deputies from 1976 to 1992.

He was also a businessman who managed Martini & Rossi, while between 1995 and 2008 he was president of the Bacardi-Martini company.

Rossi di Montelera was kidnapped by a group of bandits of the Corleonesi Mafia clan, led by Luciano Leggio, and held as a prisoner in the bunker of a farmhouse in Treviglio, near Bergamo. He was freed by the agents of the Guardia di Finanza on 14 March 1974.

Rossi di Montelera died of a heart attack on 15 November 2018, at the age of 72, while he was in Aosta, Italy.
Aldyr Schlee

**Aldyr Garcia Schlee** (November 22, 1934 – November 15, 2018) was a Brazilian writer, journalist, translator, illustrator and professor. He was born in Jaguarão, Portugal. In 1953 Schlee designed the world-famous Brazil national football team jersey _Camisa Canarinho_.

He was the author of various short stories and his work has been included in a number of anthologies. Some of his books first appeared in Spanish and were published in Uruguay.

Schlee died on November 15, 2018 in Lisbon at the age of 83.

## Other websites

- IstoÉ Gente online
Korean Air Flight 803

**Korean Airlines Flight 803** On 27 July 1989, a Korean Air DC-10 crashed while attempting to land in Tripoli, Libya. 75 of the 199 passengers and crew on board plus 4 persons on the ground were killed in the crash.

## Accident

Flight 803 was a scheduled International passenger service from Seoul, South Korea to Tripoli, Libya with intermediate stops in Bangkok, Thailand and Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. On the final approach to Tripoli, the aircraft crashed into an orchard about 1.5 miles short of the runway 27. The weather at the time of the crash consisted of heavy fog and visibility was between 100 and 800 feet.

Korean Air Flight 803 was the second aviation disaster involving a DC-10 in less than two weeks. United Airlines Flight 232 had crashed on 19 July 1989 while attempting an emergency landing in Sioux City, Iowa with 111 of the 296 people on board losing their lives.

Daewoo and Donga had multiple employees, working at construction sites of those companies' facilities, on board; they were South Korean citizens.

There were 190 South Koreans, including seven Libyans, and three Japanese nationals.

## Aftermath

After the crash Flight 803's pilot Kim Ho-jung was quoted as saying - "The airport was shrouded in dense fog and visibility was poor when I approached. I lost contact with the control tower for 15 minutes before the crash." Libya's official news agency JANA reported that a Soviet airliner one hour before Flight 803 had rerouted to Malta rather than land in the fog. Also the instrument landing system at Tripoli International Airport wasn't working at the time of the crash.

A Libyan court found the pilot and co-pilot guilty of neglect in December 1990. They were given prison sentences of two years and eighteen months respectively. In the case of the co-pilot the sentence was suspended.

## Cause

The cause of the crash was determined to be crew error in attempting a descent below decision height without the runway environment in sight.

## Infobox (aircraft occurrence)

- **name**: Korean Air Flight 803
- **image**: Korean Air DC-10-30 HL7328.jpg
- **caption**: HL7328, the aircraft involved in the accident
- **occurrence type**: Accident
- **summary**: Pilot error in low visibility leading to Controlled Flight into Terrain
- **site**: On approach to runway 27 at Tripoli International Airport in Tripoli, Libya
- **total fatalities**: 79
- **ground fatalities**: 4
- **aircraft type**: McDonnell Douglas DC-10, McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30
- **operator**: Korean Air
- **iata**: KE803
- **icao**: KAL803
- **callsign**: KOREAN AIR 803
- **tail number**: HL7328
- **origin**: Gimpo International Airport, Seoul-Gimpo International Airport
- **stopover0**: Don Mueang International Airport, Bangkok-Don Mueang International Airport
- **last stopover**: King Abdulaziz International Airport, Jeddah-King Abdulaziz International Airport
- **destination**: Tripoli International Airport
- **occupants**: 199
- **passengers**: 181
- **crew**: 18
- **fatalities**: 75
- **survivors**: 124
Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer

**"Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer"** is a humorous Christmas song. It was originally performed by husband and wife Elmo and Patsy Trigg Shropshire in 1979. It was released again in later years. It sold over 11 million copies.

On the Edison Media Research and Pinnacle Media Worldwide lists, the song was both liked and disliked. The results were reported in 2007.

There have been several parodies and cover versions of this song.

## Story

In the lyrics, a grandmother is celebrating at a Christmas Eve party with her family. Against what everyone tells her, she goes outside into a blizzard while drunk on eggnog after she forgets her medication. She is found the next day, trampled over by Santa Claus and his reindeer.

The family wonder if all the gifts they bought for Grandma should be sent back. The answer is a strong yes.

Grandpa is unaffected by his wife's "death". He drinks beer, watches football and plays cards with Cousin Mel.

## Video

In the music video, Elmo plays both Grandpa and Grandma. Patsy plays Cousin Mel. Grandma survives the attack and comes back through the chimney.

Also in the music video, Grandma says that a driver's license should _never_ be given to a man who drives a sleigh and plays with elves.
St. Francis River

**St. Francis River** is a river that feeds into the Mississippi River. It is about  long, and is located in southeastern Missouri and northeastern Arkansas in the United States.

The river drains a mostly rural area and forms part of the Missouri-Arkansas state line along the western side of the Missouri Bootheel.

## Other websites

- Maps of Former St. Francis Lake in Northeast Arkansas
Tullus Hostilius

**Tullus Hostilius** was the legendary third king of Rome. He succeeded Numa Pompilius. He was one of the six Etruscan kings that ruled Rome. He ruled from 673 to 642 BC. Unlike his predecessor, he was known to be a warlike king. He was the grandson of Hostus Hostilius, who had fought with Romulus and died during the Sabine invasion of Rome. His successor was Ancus Marcius.

## Infobox (monarch)

- **name**: Tullus Hostilius
- **image**: Tulius-Hostilius.jpg
- **caption**: _Tullus Hostilius_, fictional 16th-century depiction published by Guillaume Rouillé
- **succession**: King of Rome
- **reign**: 673–642 BC
- **predecessor**: Numa Pompilius
- **successor**: Ancus Marcius
Plain Dealing, Louisiana

**Plain Dealing** is a town in Bossier Parish, Louisiana. The population was 893 at the 2020 census.

## History

In 1839, George Oglethorpe Gilmer and his son bought 5,000 acres of this land here from the United States government. They called some of this land "Plain Dealing" after the their family's Virginia plantation.  The "Plain Dealing" name became official when the town was founded on April 24, 1890.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Plain Dealing, Louisiana
- **official name**: Town of Plain Dealing
- **settlement type**: Town
- **image skyline**: Revised Leon Sanders Municipal Building, Plain Dealing, LA IMG_6335.jpg
- **imagesize**: 225px
- **image caption**: Leon Sanders, Jr., Municipal Complex
- **image map**: File:Bossier Parish Louisiana Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Plain Dealing Highlighted.svg
- **map caption**: Location of Plain Dealing in Bossier Parish, Louisiana.
- **image map1**: Louisiana in United States (US48).svg
- **map caption1**: Location of Louisiana in the United States
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: State
- **subdivision type2**: Parish
- **subdivision name2**: Bossier Parish, Louisiana, Bossier
- **established title**: Founded
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 4.10
- **area total sq mi**: 1.58
- **area land km2**: 4.09
- **area land sq mi**: 1.58
- **area water km2**: 0.01
- **area water sq mi**: 0.00
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 893
- **population rank**: Bossier Parish, Louisiana#Communities, BO: 4th
- **population density km2**: 218.41
- **population density sq mi**: 565.55
- **timezone1**: North American Central Time Zone, CST
- **utc offset1**: -6
- **timezone1 dst**: North American Central Time Zone, CDT
- **utc offset1 dst**: -5
- **area code**: Area code 318, 318
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standards, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 22-60670
Trevor Howard

**Trevor Wallace Howard-Smith** (29 September 1913 – 7 January 1988) was an English actor. He was born in Cliftonville, Kent. He was known for his roles in _Brief Encounter_ (1945), followed by _The Third Man_ (1949).

Howard was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Actor four times, winning for _The Key_ (1958), and received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actor for his performance in _Sons and Lovers_ (1960). His other notable movie performances include _Golden Salamander_ (1950), _The Clouded Yellow_ (1951), _Mutiny on the Bounty_ (1962), _The Charge of the Light Brigade_ (1968), _Battle of Britain_ (1969), _Lola_ (1969), _Ryan's Daughter_ (1970), _Superman_ (1978), _Gandhi_ (1982), and _White Mischief_ (1987). He was also an Emmy Award recipient, and a three-time Golden Globe nominee.

He studied at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art.

He declined a CBE in 1982. He won a BAFTA Award in 1959 and an Emmy Award in 1963.

Howard died on 7 January 1988 from liver failure complicated by cirrhosis in Arkley, Barnet, aged 74.

## Other websites

- Trevor Howard papers archived at Bristol University
Shane Rimmer

**Shane Rimmer** (born **Shane Lance Deacon**; 28 May 1929 – 29 March 2019) was a Canadian actor and screenwriter. He was known for providing the voice of Scott Tracy in the British television series _Thunderbirds_ (1965–66). His movie appearances include _Dr. Strangelove_ (1964), _Rollerball_ (1975), _The Spy Who Loved Me_ (1977), _Gandhi_ (1982), _Out of Africa_ (1985), _Crusoe_ (1989), _Spy Game_ (2001) and _Batman Begins_ (2005).

## Life and death

Rimmer was born on 28 May 1929 in Toronto, Ontario. He died on 29 March 2019 in Potters Bar, Hertfordshire at the age of 89.

## Other websites

- Shane Rimmer in the _James Bond_ films

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Shane Rimmer
- **birth name**: Shane Lance Deacon
- **birth place**: Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- **death place**: Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, England
- **occupation**: Actor, screenwriter
- **years active**: 1958–2019
- **television**: _Thunderbirds (TV series), Thunderbirds_ (1965–1966)
- **spouse**: Sheila Rimmer
Shriram Lagoo

**Shriram Lagoo** (16 November 1927 – 17 December 2019) was an Indian actor. He was known for his character roles in movies. He acted in over 100 Hindi and Marathi movies. He won the 1978 Filmfare Best Supporting Actor Award for the Hindi movie _Gharaonda_. He also starred in the movie _Gandhi_.

Lagoo died at a hospital in Pune of cardiac arrest on 17 December 2019 at the age of 92.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Shriram Lagoo
- **image**: Sriram Lagoo.jpg
- **caption**: Lagoo in 2010
- **birth place**: Satara district, Satara, Bombay Presidency, British India
- **death place**: Pune, Maharashtra, India
- **othername**: Shreeram Lagoo
- **occupation**: Actor
- **yearsactive**: 1972-2015
- **spouse**: Deepa Lagoo
Terrence Hardiman

**Terrence Hardiman** (6 April 1937 – 8 May 2023) was an English actor. He was best known for playing _The Demon Headmaster_ and also for his role as Luftwaffe Police Major Reinhardt in the 1970s drama series _Secret Army_. He also starred in the movie _Gandhi_. Hardiman was born in Forest Gate, Essex.

Hardiman died on 8 May 2023 at the age of 86.

## Other websites

- Unofficial Terrence Hardiman website
John Briley

**John Richard Briley** (June 25, 1925 – December 14, 2019) was an American screenwriter. He was best known for screenplays of biographical movies. He won the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay at the 1982 Oscars for _Gandhi_.

He died on December 14, 2019, aged 94.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: John Briley
- **birth name**: John Richard Briley
- **birth place**: Kalamazoo, Michigan, U.S.
- **alma mater**: University of Michigan
University of Birmingham
- **occupation**: Screenwriter
Billy Williams (cinematographer)

**Billy Williams** OBE, BSC (3 June 1929 – May 2025) was a British cinematographer. He was born in London.

Williams won the Academy Award for Best Cinematography for his work on the movie _Gandhi_ (1982). He is also known for his works on the movies _Women in Love_ (1969) and _On Golden Pond_ (1981). He worked in the RAF as a photographer. After leaving the RAF, he got a job with British Transport Films (BTF), filming all forms of transportation.

Williams retired on January 1, 1996. He was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2009 Birthday Honours.

Williams died in May 2025 at the age of 95.
Alyque Padamsee

**Alyque Padamsee** (5 March 1928 – 17 November 2018) was an Indian actor. He was born in Gujarat, India. He is probably best known in the English-speaking world for playing Muhammad Ali Jinnah in the movie _Gandhi_. In 2000, he was awarded the Padma Shri.

Padamsee died on 17 November 2018 from a long-illness at the age of 90.
Ju Wenjun

**Ju Wenjun** (; born 31 January 1991) is a Chinese chess grandmaster. She is the current Women's World Chess Champion. She was born in Shanghai.

In December 2004, Ju Wenjun placed third in the Asian Women's Chess Championship in Beirut. This result qualified her to play in her first Women's World Chess Championship in 2006. She competed in this event also in 2008, 2010, 2012, 2015 and 2017.

## Other websites

- Ju Wenjun chess games at 365Chess.com
- Ju Wenjun team chess record at OlimpBase.org
Carrie Nye

**Carolyn Nye McGeoy** (October 14, 1936 – July 14, 2006), known professionally as **Carrie Nye**, was an American actress. She was nominated for a Tony Award in 1965, a Primetime Emmy Award in 1980, and a Drama Desk Award in 1981. She was known for her roles in _The Group_ (1966), _The Seduction of Joe Tynan_ (1979), _Creepshow_ (1982), _Too Scared to Scream_ (1985), and _Hello Again_ (1987).

Nye was born in Greenwood, Mississippi. She studied at Yale University. She was married to Dick Cavett from 1964 until her death in 2006. They had no children.

Nye died on July 14, 2006 in Manhattan, New York from lung cancer at the age of 69.
Chlorella

***Chlorella*** is a genus of single-cell green algae. It is in the division Chlorophyta. It is microscopic in size and round in shape.

_Chlorella_ has in its body two green color substances: "chlorophyll-a" and "chlorophyll b." It uses photosynthesis, similar to plants which also have chlorophyll. It multiplies rapidly, needing only carbon dioxide, water, sunlight, and a small amount of minerals to reproduce.

Many people believe _Chlorella_ can serve as a possible source of food and energy. This is because its photosynthesis process can, in theory, reach 8% efficiency. This is even better than that of other highly efficient crops such as sugar cane, which are already being used for food and energy.

In 1961, Melvin Calvin of the University of California received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his research on the pathways of carbon dioxide assimilation using _Chlorella_.

Chlorella reproduce asexually by aplanospores. A single chlorellon cell produces at least 16 non-motile aplanospores and each one of them matures into an individual unicellular alga (chlorellon) under favourable conditions. There are no any reports of sexual reproduction in Chlorella.
Bully (disambiguation)

**Bully** may refer to:

- Bullying, making fun of someone
- _Bully_ (video game)
Arirang

"**Arirang**" (; )  is a Korean folk song. It is sometimes thought of as the unofficial national anthem of Korea. There are almost 3,600 variations for 60 versions of the song. All of these have a part of the song similar to "Arirang, arirang, arariyo ()". People think that the song is almost 600 years old.

"Arirang" is on the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage list two times. This is because both South Korea and North Korea submitted the song for being included on the list. It was submitted by South Korea in 2012 and then by North Korea in 2014. The South Korean Cultural Heritage Administration added the song to its list of important intangible cultural assets in 2015.

### Origin

People think that "Arirang" came from Jeongseon in the Gangwon Province of South Korea. According to a legend, the song came from the story of a man and a woman who fell in love. This was while they were picking camellia flowers. In one version of the story, the man can't cross the Auraji river because the water is too high. Because of this, they sing a song to show how sorrowful they were. In the second version of the story, the man tries to cross the Auraji and drowns. In that version, he sings the song after he dies.

Another theory says that the song came from Lady Aryeong. It says that "arin" came from the Jurchen word for "hometown" and a Chinese song called "Airang."

## Infobox (intangible heritage)

- **image**:
- **caption**: A man about to depart on a journey through a mountain pass is seen off by a woman in a scene from the Arirang Festival in North Korea.
- **ich**: Arirang in North Korea
- **state party**: North Korea
- **id**: 914
- **region**: APA
- **year**: 2014
- **session**: 9th
- **link**: http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/lists?RL=00914


## Infobox (intangible heritage)

- **image**:
- **caption**: Song So-hee performing "Arirang"
- **ich**: Arirang in South Korea
- **state party**: South Korea
- **id**: 445
- **region**: APA
- **year**: 2012
- **session**: 7th
- **link**: http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/lists?RL=00445


## Infobox (korean name)

- **hangul**: 아리랑
- **rr**: Arirang
- **mr**: Arirang
- **koreanipa**: a.ɾi.ɾaŋ
Time in Morocco

**Morocco** uses Central European Time (CET) (UTC+01:00) all year round since 26 October 2018. The country used to observe daylight saving time (DST).

## Daylight saving time

Morocco first used DST in 1939 and 1940 and again in 1950. It returned in 1967 but was abandoned after that and returned in 1974 and was observed until 1978. After that, Morocco used Western European Time (WET) (UTC+00:00) all year round. In 1984, Morocco changed to Central European Time (CET) (UTC+01:00) and returned to WET in 1986.

In 2008, Morocco once again started using daylight saving time. DST in 2008 started on Sunday 1 June and ended on Monday 1 September. In 2009, it started on Monday 1 June and ended on Friday 21 August. In 2010, DST started on 2 May and ended on 8 August, and in 2011 it started on Sunday 3 April and ended on Sunday 31 July.

In 2012, Morocco changed the rules for DST as it started on the last Sunday in April with a pause during Ramadan, and ending on the last Sunday in September. In 2013, the end of DST shifted to the last Sunday of October and adopted the European daylight saving schedule.

In 2018, Morocco stopped using summer time and moved to Central European Time (CET) (UTC+01:00) all year round. This is the first time Morocco has used CET since 1984.
Waterloo Road

**Waterloo Road** may mean:

## Transportation-related

- Waterloo Road, London, England
- Waterloo Road, Hong Kong, a road joining another road
- Waterloo Road (NSR) railway station, a former railway station of the North Staffordshire Railway
- Waterloo Road, the first name of Blackpool South railway station

## Arts and entertainment

- _Waterloo Road_ (movie), 1945 British movie
- _Waterloo Road_ (TV series), BBC One drama series about a school and its teachers and students
- "Waterloo Road", 1969 British song recorded in French under the name "Les Champs-Élysées"
Xuanwu Lake

**Xuanwu Lake** is a lake in Xuanwu District in Nanjing, China. It is surrounded by a park. Local visitors and foreign tourists often visit the Xuanwu Lake.

The lake's area is about 5.02 square kilometers or 1.94square miles, making it the largest former imperial garden lake in China.

## History

Dating back to the Qin family of rulers, Xuanwu Lake has a history of about 2,300 years. It was one of the emperor's gardens during the Six Dynasties part of China's history and again under the Ming rulers.

## Getting there

The lake and its park are open from 6 to 9. There is a Nanjing Subway station nearby and several bus stops.

## Infobox (lake)

- **name**: Xuanwu Lake
- **image**: Nanjing XuanWuLake Purple and Mountain.jpg
- **caption**: Xuanwu Lake
- **location**: Xuanwu District, Nanjing, Xuanwu District, Nanjing, Jiangsu
- **basin countries**: China
Tree-kangaroo

**Tree-kangaroos** are marsupials who live in trees. They are like kangaroos, but much smaller.
Faunus

**Faunus** ([fau̯nʊs]) was the horned god of the forest, plains, horned animals, and fields in Roman mythology. When he made cattle fertile he was called Inuus. Many of his characteristics are similar to the Greek god Pan.

Faunus was one of the _di indigetes this means he was one of the oldest roman gods and one of the ones with no Greek origin_. Virgil said he was a legendary king of the Latins.

## Nonnus' Dionysiaca

The Greek god of forest in Greek Mythology. He is son of Neptune and Kirke. In Nonnus' Dionysiaca he is one of the rustic deities to accompany Dionysus in his war against the Indians.

## Infobox (deity)

- **type**: Roman
- **name**: Faunus
- **deity of**: God of the forest, plains, and fields
- **member of**: the Di indigetes
- **image**: Nordkirchen 2010-100307-10841-Burgallee-Faunus.jpg
- **caption**: Statue of Faunus at Schloss Nordkirchen
- **other names**: Inuus
- **cult center**: a shrine on the Tiber Island, Insula Tiberina
- **consort**: Flora (mythology), Flora, Marica (mythology), Marica, Fauna (mythology), Fauna
- **parents**: Picus and Canens (mythology), Canens
- **offspring**: Latinus
- **gender**: male
- **greek equivalent**: Pan (god), Pan
- **festivals**: Faunalia (13 February and 5 December)
Sun Yat-sen's Tomb

**Sun Yat-sen's Tomb** is the tomb (place for the dead body) of Sun Yat-sen and a large park around the tomb. It is a scenic spot and historical site in Nanjing, China.A mausoleum is a building used to store the remains of people who have died. Instead of being buried in soil, like in a cemetery, they are placed in chambers behind walls, or in a vault under the floor. The word came from the name of an ancient king.Sun yat sun is a leader of China.You can go to there by bus Route254,324.

## Name

Sun Yat-sen's tomb is so big that it is also called . (A mausoleum is a tomb so big that it is like a palace.)

## History

Sun Yat-sen was a famous leader of China. He changed China's political system. After he died, the Chinese government made him this tomb.
Hongshan Forest Zoo

**Hongshan Forest Zoo** (), “The Red Mount Forest Zoo” is a zoo in Suanwu District, Nanjing. It covers about 1026 acres. It was built in 1998. It is a national AAAA tourist attraction.

85% of the mountain area of the zoo is covered with a forest.

For adults, the price is 40 yuan, but for children, the price is 20 yuan. It is open from 7:30 to 16:30.

## Organisms

The park is divided into areas for  bird<nowiki/>s, animals, herbivores and primates exhibition area, Amphibian and reptile hall and other major animal exhibition spots, gathering more than 3000 rare animals of more than 280 kinds from all over the world. It  has some very rare animals like Elephas maximus, white tiger, mandrill, and some first class nationally protected animals such as  ring-tailed lemurs, chimpanzees, chromotropic pythons,   amur tigers, Yangtze alligators. and penguins. It has government-protected animals: giant and red pandas, golden and black-leafed monkeys, gibbons, red-crowned cranes, manchurian tigers, green peacocks, and alligators. There are also Asian elephants, giraffes, zebras, kangaroos, leopards, and other rare animals. Among the 20 kinds of birds are grey and blue magpies,and parrots.

## Other websites

- Official website
Memorial Hall of the Victims in Nanjing Massacre by Japanese Invaders

The **Memorial Hall of the Victims in Nanjing Massacre by Japanese Invaders** is a museum about the 1937–1938 Nanjing Massacre in Nanjing, China. It is also known as the **Nanjing Massacre Museum**, or the  because it is also a memorial hall to remember the many Chinese people who were killed during the massacre by the Imperial Japanese Army.

The museum covers a total area of 103,000 square meters, with a building area of 57,000 square meters and the exhibition area of 20,000 square meters. It is a "National First-Class Museum" built on the site of the Jiangdong Gate mass murder in the Nanjing Massacre. Since its official opening on August 15, 1985, the museum has received more than 90 million viewers from over 100 countries and regions by the end of 2017.

## History

Nanjing (then spelled "Nanking" in English) was China's capital city during the 1920s and 1930s. At that time, Japan was an empire that included Korea and Taiwan. During the 1930s, Japan started the Second Sino-Japanese War and tried to take over all of China. This became part of World War II, as Japan's friend Germany took over Poland and Italy joined their wars and started some of its own. When the Japanese army got to Nanjing in December 1937 and January 1938, it did not only fight the Chinese army; it also killed many other people who were not fighting at all. It also committed many, many war crimes against the people in the city. It is even hard to count how many people were killed or hurt in all, because the Japanese treated the bodies and the people so badly. The Chinese government says 300,000 people were killed and more were hurt.

To remember the people who were killed and hurt and to fight Japanese people who say nothing very bad happened in Nanjing, the city government built the Nanjing Massacre Museum in 1985. In 1995, with the city growing richer from China's Opening-Up Policy, the museum was made larger and better.

## Grounds

The memorial (place to remember something) consists of three major parts: a museum that shows historical records and other things from the massacre, an outdoor area, and a covered area that holds the bones of many of the people who died in the massacre. The building has about 3,000 square meters or 32,000 square feet of floor space. The rest of the museum covers another 25,000 square meters or 6 acres of land around the building. The memorial uses architecture, sculptures, and videos to show what happened during the Nanjing Massacre.

## Visiting

It is free to enter the Nanjing Massacre Museum. It is open from 8:30 to 4:30 from Tuesday to Sunday. The museum is closed every Monday.

You can go there by taking the underground or by buses.

## Other websites

- Official website
Philip Martin Brown

**Philip Martin Brown** (born 9 July 1956) is an English actor. He is best known for portraying the role of Grantly Budgen in the BBC school-based drama series _Waterloo Road_ (2006–2013); making him the longest-serving cast member in the show's history. In addition to his work on _Waterloo Road_, he has also made appearances in various British television series, including _A Horseman Riding By_, _EastEnders_, _The Bill_, _Wing and a Prayer_, _City Central_, _Cutting It_, _Casualty_, _Doctors_, _Coronation Street_, _Death Comes to Pemberley_, _The Worst Witch_ and _Holby City_.

## Personal life and awards

He attended Barrow-in-Furness Grammar School for Boys where his favourite subject was English. At the end of his fifth year, Brown was asked to leave the school, later stating that he was a "dreadful troublemaker". He lives in Paddock Wood, Kent, with his wife. They have two children.

In 2010, Brown was nominated for the Best Actor prize in the 2010 _TV Choice_ Awards, and won it three years in a row.

He is an ex-epileptic and had to leave the stage until he underwent brain surgery which has left him seizure-free for 22 years. He is an ambassador for the charity Young Epilepsy.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Philip Martin Brown
- **birth place**: Manchester, Lancashire, England
- **nationality**: English people, English
- **occupation**: Actor
- **years active**: 1978–present
- **known for**: Role of Grantly Budgen on _Waterloo Road (TV series), Waterloo Road_ (2006–2013)
- **spouse**: Pip Brown
- **children**: 2
Nanjing Temple of Confucius

The **Nanjing Temple of Confucius** is a temple honoring Confucius in Nanjing, China. It is located on the north bank of the Qinhuai River in Qinhuai District. It is also the largest traditional ancient market in China.

## Infobox (historic site)

- **name**: Nanjing Fuzimiao
- **native name**: 南京夫子庙
- **native language**: Chinese
- **image**: KuiGuangGe of Nanjing Confucian Temple.jpg
- **caption**: Kuiguang/Kuixing Pavilion (魁光阁/魁星阁)
- **location**: 128 Zinyhan Road, Nanjing, China
- **built**: 1034 originally Common Era, A.D.; the current structure was built in the 19th century
Nanjing Presidential Palace

The **Nanjing Presidential Palace** is the palace in Nanjing, China, that was used by China's president when Nanjing was China's capital city in the 1920s and 1930s. Its Chinese name is the _Nánjīng Zǒngtǒngfǔ_ (南京总统府). It is located at 292 Changjiang Road in Nanjing's Xuanwu District.

It includes an office block for the Kuomingtang. It was built in March 1853. On 1 January 1912, Sun Yat-sen became the Provisional President of the Republic of China here. After that, it became the official residence of the Jiangsu military governors. It became the office of the Kuomingtang in 1927. After the occupation of Nanjing by Japanese troops in December 1937, the offices of the Kuomingtang served as the headquarters of the Japanese troops. On 23 April 1949, the People's Liberation Army reached Nanjing. They occupied the Presidential Palace on the next day.

The presidential palace includes the West and East Gardens, two classic Chinese gardens. There are many trees and flowers among the pavilions, bamboo, and two lakes.

Nanjing Presidential Palace is near Dahanggong Station (Line 2) and Zhujiang Road Station (Line 1) on the Nanjing Subway.
Drosophila obscura

***Drosophila obscura***  is a very common European species of fruit fly. It lives in most habitats except coastal areas and open heathland.

Larvae can be found in the sap runs of deciduous trees.

The name covers a whole group of very similar species. They are all in the subgenus _Sophophera_, which includes the common Mediterranean fly _Drosophila subobscura_ and the North American _D. pseudoobscura_. The group is called the _Drosophila obscura_ species group.
Nanjing Museum

Nanjing Museum. Nanjing Museum covers an area of 70,000 square meters. Itis located at the southern foot of the beautiful Purple Gold Moutain, with Zhongshan Gate of the city on its east side and the remains of the imperial palace of the early Ming Dynasty on its west side.

Nanjing Museum , China's first comprehensive state museum,was initiated by Cai Yuanpei and president of the state Central Research Academy. It was originally planned to build three exbition halls including Humanity. Handicraft and Nature halls, but only the hall of Humanity was completed which is the current main building. It imitate the style of Liao-Dynasty architecture, with the roof covered with golden tiles and looking solemn and magnificent.

After 1949, when new China was founded, the museum entered into a new era of development. In March, 1950, it was renamed as Nanjing museum and a number of major excavation activities were conducted in following years.
Nanjing City Wall

The **Nanjing City Wall** is the city wall of Nanjing, China. Most of it was made during the early Ming Dynasty, when Nanjing was the capital of China.

The city wall has a Jingshiying Tianfu four city wall pattern. It consists of four walls: namely, the imperial city, the imperial city, the capital city, and the outer city. Now, the name mainly refers to the well-preserved capital city wall, which is the longest, largest, and best-preserved old city wall in the world, with a total preserved length of 25.1 km.

The city wall you see in Nanjing today was built in 1366 (Yuan to Zheng 26 years) and completed in 1393 (Ming Hongwu 26 years), 27 years in all. Building it used 1 ministry, 3 weis, 5 provinces, 28 prefectures, and 152 prefectures and counties. A total of 280,000 migrant workers made it using about 350 million urban bricks.

Its gates include the Gate of China, the Zhongshan Gate, and the Xuanwu Gate.
Jiming Temple

**Jiming Temple** was first built in the Western Jin Dynasty. It is one of the oldest Buddhist temples in Nanjing. Since the Middle Ages, Jiming Temple has been known as the First Temple of the Southern Dynasties.

The history of Jiming Temple can be traced back to Qixuan Temple in Wu during the Three Kingdoms. At that time, the place where Jiming Temple now sits was a garden around a hilltop. Around the year 300, a temple was built on the hill. After the Eastern Jin Dynasty, it was part of the Tingwei Department. In 527, Emperor Wu of the Liang Dynasty built Tongtai Temple on Jiming Island, which made it a real Buddhist resort. In 1387, the Hongwu Emperor of the Ming Dynasty ordered the demolition of its old houses and a reconstruction and enlargement of its temples. This emperor is the one who named it "Jiming Temple". After the improvements of the Xuande, Chenghua, and Hongzhi Emperors, the courtyard was very large, covering more than 100 mu. Later, the ancient temple was destroyed by a fire in Xianfeng. Although it was rebuilt during the Tongzhi Era and its incense has flourished, the scale of the temple has been greatly reduced.
Purple Mountain

**Purple Mountain** is a mountain in Xuanwu District in Nanjing, China. It is 448.9 meters or 1,472 feet high.

Purple Mountain is a scenic spot and historic site in Nanjing. It is one of the Four Famous Mountains South of the Yangtze River and a national ecological and cultural demonstration site.

Purple Mountain Observatory is on the mountain. Nanjing Museum is just to its south.
Norwegian Air Shuttle

**Norwegian** is one of the largest airlines in the world. It is based in Norway. Its headquarters are at Bærum, near Oslo.

## Fleets

|Aircraft|In service|Orders|Notes|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Boeing 737-800|115|||
|Boeing 737 Max 8|12|98||
|Boeing 787-8|8|||
|Boeing 787-9|22|5||
|A321neo LR||30||

## Other websites

- Norwegian Official website
Alan Watson (legal scholar)

**William Alan J. Watson** (1933 – 7 November 2018) was a Scottish law and legal history expert. He was born in Edinburgh. He was known for his works in Roman law, comparative law, legal history, and law and religion. He is known for creating the term "legal transplants".

Watson worked at Oxford University, before taking the Douglas Chair in Civil Law at the School of Law of his alma mater, the University of Glasgow. He was Distinguished Research Professor at the University of Georgia School of Law at the time of his death.

Watson died on 7 November 2018 at the age of 85.
Harold Basch

**Harold Basch** (; 29 November 1940 – 8 November 2018) was an American-born Israeli chemist and educator. He was born in New York City. He was a Professor of Chemistry who worked in Computational Chemistry. He worked at Bar Ilan University.

In 1970 he joined the Chemistry Department at Bar-Ilan University (BIU) as an Associate Professor and became a full Professor in 1977. During his career, Prof. Basch published more than 180 papers and book chapters.

Basch died in Ramat Gan, Israel on 8 November 2018 at the age of 77.

## Other websites

- Prof. Harold Basch's lecture, given during the conference "The Power to Detect and Create: Ethical Challenges Emerging from DNA Technology and Genetics - The Impact of Genetics on Jewish Living and Jewish Ethics", held jointly by Bar-Ilan University, The Center for Bioethics at Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, the Albert Einstein College of Medicine in New York, and the Touro College of Osteopathic Medicine in New York.
- UM and Israel’s Planned Medical School Begin Collaboration - Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami.
- Harold Basch: Executive Profile & Biography - Bloomberg
Winesap

**Winesap** is a kind of apple. It is a medium sized and dark red. The flesh of the apple is yellow. Winesap apples have a sweet and tart taste. They are grown in Washington, Oregon, Georgia, and Virginia.
D. J. Finney

**David John Finney**  (3 January 1917 – 12 November 2018), was a British statistician
and Professor Emeritus of Statistics at the University of Edinburgh. He was born in Latchford, Warrington.

He was Director of the Agricultural Research Council's Unit of Statistics from 1954 to 1984 and a former President of the Royal Statistical Society and of the Biometric Society. He was known for the development of systematic monitoring of drugs for detection of adverse reactions.

Finney turned 100 in January 2017 and died on 12 November 2018 at the age of 101 following a short illness.
Everett A. Kelly

**Everett A. Kelly** (September 2, 1926 – November 13, 2018) was an American Republican politician. He was born in Foley, Alabama.

## Biography

He was a member of the Florida House of Representatives representing 35th district from 1978 to 1982, the 46th district from 1982 to 1992, and the 42nd district from 1992 until 2000.

Kelly was Speaker Pro Tempore from 1990 to 1992. He died in Tavares, Florida on November 13, 2018 at the age of 92.
Shootsta

**Shootsta** is a business that helps companies make videos, like commercials. Shootsta is known for being successful as a subscription based service. Shootsta has offices in the United Kingdom, the United States, Australia, Hong Kong and Singapore. When Shootsta was getting started, it raised USD$7,000,000. Shootsta is able to do more or less for a customer based on what the customer needs, which is known as "scalable."
Dick DeVos

**Richard Marvin DeVos Jr.** (born October 21, 1955) is an American businessman. In 2006, DeVos ran for Governor of Michigan, but lost to Jennifer Granholm. DeVos is the spouse of Betsy DeVos, the current United States Secretary of Education.
John Bluthal

**John Bluthal** (12 August 1929 – 15 November 2018) was a Polish-born British-Australian actor. He was best known for his comedy work in the United Kingdom with Spike Milligan. He was known for his roles in _Never Mind the Quality, Feel the Width_ and as Frank Pickle in _The Vicar of Dibley_.

His lost role was as Professor Marcuse alongside George Clooney in the Coen Brothers' movie _Hail, Caesar!_ (2016).

Bluthal died on 15 November 2018 at the age of 89.

## Other websites

- John Bluthal  at TV.com

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: John Bluthal
- **image**: John Bluthal, 1993.jpg
- **caption**: Bluthal in 1993
- **birth place**: Galicia (eastern Europe), Galicia, Second Polish Republic, Poland <small>(present-day Ozeryany, Borshchiv Raion, Ukraine)</small>
- **nationality**: Poles, Polish Australian British
- **alma mater**: University of Melbourne
- **occupation**: Actor
- **years active**: 1953 – 2018
Adolf Grünbaum

**Adolf Grünbaum** (; May 15, 1923 – November 15, 2018) was a German-American philosopher and a critic of psychoanalysis. He was the first Andrew Mellon Professor of Philosophy at the University of Pittsburgh from 1960 until his death. He was born in Cologne.

He also was Co-Chairman of its Center for Philosophy of Science from 1978 until his death, Research Professor of Psychiatry since 1979, and Primary Research Professor in the Department of History and Philosophy of Science since 2006.

His works include _Philosophical Problems of Space and Time_ (1963), _The Foundations of Psychoanalysis_ (1984), and _Validation in the Clinical Theory of Psychoanalysis_ (1993).

Grünbaum was Jewish. He died in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania on November 15, 2018 at the age of 95.
Nguyễn Phú Trọng

**Nguyễn Phú Trọng** (14 April 1944 – 19 July 2024) was a Vietnamese politician. He was the General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam from 19 January 2011 until his death on 19 July 2024. Nguyễn was also the President of Vietnam, _de jure_ head of state of Vietnam, in office from 2018 until 2021. Nguyễn Phú Trọng was also Chairman of the National Assembly from 2006 to 2011.

Nguyễn Phú Trọng died on 19 July 2024 in Central Military Hospital 108 in Hanoi from a long-illness at the age of 80.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Nguyễn Phú Trọng
- **image**: Nguyen_Phu_Trong_2013.jpg
- **office1**: General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam
- **term start1**: 19 January 2011
- **term end1**: 19 July 2024
- **predecessor1**: Nông Đức Mạnh
- **successor1**: Tô Lâm
- **office2**: Secretary of the Central Military Commission of the Communist Party of Vietnam, Secretary of the Central Military Commission of the Communist Party
- **term start2**: 19 January 2011
- **term end2**: 19 July 2024
- **deputy2**: Phùng Quang Thanh
Ngô Xuân Lịch
Phan Văn Giang
- **predecessor2**: Nông Đức Mạnh
- **order3**: 10th
- **office3**: President of Vietnam
- **primeminister3**: Nguyễn Xuân Phúc
- **vicepresident3**: Đặng Thị Ngọc Thịnh
- **term start3**: 23 October 2018
- **term end3**: 5 April 2021
- **predecessor3**: Trần Đại Quang
Đặng Thị Ngọc Thịnh (acting)
- **successor3**: Nguyễn Xuân Phúc
- **office5**: Chairman of the National Assembly of Vietnam
- **term start5**: 26 June 2006
- **term end5**: 23 July 2011
- **predecessor5**: Nguyễn Văn An
- **successor5**: Nguyễn Sinh Hùng
- **office6**: Secretary of the Hanoi Party Committee
- **term start6**: January 2000
- **term end6**: 26 June 2006
- **predecessor6**: Lê Xuân Tùng
- **successor6**: Phạm Quang Nghị
- **birth place**: Đông Hội, Đông Anh District, Đông Anh, French Indochina
- **death place**: Hoàn Kiếm, Hanoi, Vietnam
- **party**: Communist Party of Vietnam
- **spouse**: Ngô Thị Mận
- **children**: 2
- **alma mater**: Vietnam National University, Hanoi, University of Hanoi
National Academy of Public Administration (Vietnam), National Academy of Public Administration
Russian Academy of Sciences
- **signature**: Nguyễn Phú Trọng's Signature.svg