juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Domaaki language

**Domaakí** - also known as **Dumaki** or **Domaá** - is a language spoken in the Northern Areas of Pakistan.

It is the traditional tongue of the Dóoma (sg. Dóom), a small ethnic group scattered in extended family units among larger host communities. In former times, Domaaki speakers traditionally worked as blacksmiths and musicians, but nowadays they are also engaged in a variety of other professions.

In almost all places of their present settlement the Dooma, who are all Muslims, have long since given up their original mother tongue in favour of the language of their respective host community. Only in the Nager and Hunza Valleys has Domaaki survived until the present day.

Following its geographic location, Domaaki can be divided into two dialects: Nager-Domaaki and Hunza-Domaaki. Although there are considerable differences between these two varieties, they are not so severe as to prevent mutual intelligibility.

Presently Domaaki counts less than 350 (mostly elderly) speakers – ca. 300
of them related to Hunza; around 40 related to Nager – and is thus to be considered a highly endangered language.

## References

- Weinreich, Matthias. 2008. Two Varieties of Domaakí. _Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft_ 158: 299-316.
- Domaaki. Retrieved June 13, 2006, from _Ethnologue: Languages of the World_, fifteenth edition. SIL International. Online version.

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Domaaki
- **states**: Pakistan
- **region**: Nagar Valley, Nagar, Hunza Valley, Hunza
- **speakers**: 350
- **date**: 2004
- **ethnicity**: Domaá people, Domaá
- **familycolor**: Indo-European
- **fam2**: Indo-Iranian languages, Indo-Iranian
- **fam3**: Indo-Aryan languages, Indo-Aryan
- **iso3**: dmk
- **notice**: Indic
- **ref**: e18
- **altname**: Domaá
Gawar-Bati language

**Gawar-Bati** is known in Chitral as **Aranduyiwar**, because it is spoken in Village Arandu, which is the last village in the bottom of Chitral and is across the Kunar River from Berkot in Afghanistan. Chitral keeps a military base in Arandu to guard against an attack by Afghanistan.

There are 9,000 speakers of Gawar-Bati, but only 1,500 are in Pakistan. The rest are in Afghanistan.

The Gawar-Bati Language has not been given study by serious linguists, except that it is mentioned by George Morgenstierne (1926) and Kendall Decker (1992). It is classified as a Dardic Language but this is more of a geographical classification than a linguistic one.

The Norwegian linguist Georg Morgenstierne wrote that Chitral is the area of the greatest linguistic diversity in the world. Although Khowar is the predominant language of Chitral, more than ten other languages are spoken here. These include Kalasha-mun, Palula, Dameli, Gawar-Bati, Nuristani, Yidgha, Burushaski, Gujar, Wakhi, Kyrgyz, Persian and Pashto. Since many of these languages have no written form, letters are usually written in Urdu or Persian.

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Gawar-Bati
- **altname**: Narsati
- **states**: Pakistan, Afghanistan
- **region**: Chitral, Kunar Province
- **speakers**: 9,500
- **date**: 1992
- **ref**: e14
- **familycolor**: Indo-European
- **fam2**: Indo-Iranian languages, Indo-Iranian
- **fam3**: Indo-Aryan languages, Indo-Aryan
- **fam4**: Dardic languages, Dardic
- **fam5**: Kunar languages, Kunar
- **iso3**: gwt
- **glotto**: gawa1247
- **glottorefname**: Gawar-Bati
Goaria language

**Goaria** is a Marwari Rajasthani language spoken by some 25,000 people in Sindh Province, of Pakistan. Most people using this language are Hindu. They use the Sanskrit language for worship.

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Goaria
- **states**: Pakistan
- **region**: Sindh
- **date**: 2000
- **ref**: e18
- **familycolor**: Indo-European
- **fam2**: Indo-Iranian languages, Indo-Iranian
- **fam3**: Indo-Aryan languages, Indo-Aryan
- **fam4**: Western Indo-Aryan languages, Western
- **fam5**: Rajasthani–Marwari
- **fam6**: Marwari language, Marwari
- **iso3**: gig
- **glotto**: goar1239
- **glottorefname**: Goaria
Gujari language

**Gojri**, also known as **'Gujari**<nowiki/>' is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by the Gurjars, or Gujjars of Northern Pakistan and the Republic of India. It is classified as a form or dialect of Rajasthani by the linguists.

The language is mainly spoken in the Punjab provinces of India and Pakistan and also in Jammu & Kashmir, it is most closely related to Marwari and Gujarati.

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Gujari
- **altname**: Gojri, Gurjari
- **states**: Afghanistan, Pakistan, India
- **region**: Kashmir, southeastern Afghanistan
- **date**: 1992–2000
- **ref**: e18
- **speakers2**: Census results conflate some speakers with Hindi.
- **familycolor**: Indo-European
- **fam2**: Indo-Iranian languages, Indo-Iranian
- **fam3**: Indo-Aryan languages, Indo-Aryan
- **fam4**: Western Indo-Aryan languages, Western
- **fam5**: Rajasthani–Marwari
- **fam6**: Rajasthani language, Rajasthani
- **iso3**: gju
- **glotto**: guja1253
- **glottorefname**: Gujari
Hazaragi

**Hazaragi** () is the native language spoken by the Hazara people in Afghanistan.

## Classification

Hazaragi is a language which is related to Turkish, mongolian and Indo-European  languages. It is easily distinguishable from other Turkic and Mongolic languages spoken in different countries in South Asia. Hazaragi contains some Turkic and Mongolic words.

## Spoken area

Hazaragi is spoken by the Hazara people of central Afghanistan as well as by a large refugee population found in northeastern Iran and in parts of Pakistan, such as Quetta.

## Related pages

- Aimaq dialect
- Hazara people

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Hazāragī
- **image**: Hazaragi.png
- **states**: Afghanistan, Iran, Pakistan
- **speakers**: 1.8  to over 2.2 million
- **familycolor**: Indo-European
- **fam2**: Indo-Iranian languages, Indo-Iranian
- **fam3**: Iranian languages, Iranian
- **fam4**: Western Iranian languages, Western Iranian
- **fam5**: Southwestern Iranian languages, Southwestern Iranian
- **fam6**: Persian language, Persian
- **script**: Persian alphabet
- **iso3**: haz
Hindko

**Hindko** (, ; also spelled as **Hindku** or **Hinko**) is a Northwestern Indo-Aryan language, spoken by about 5 million people in Pakistan. Most of them live in Hazara (now a region of the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa), but there are also speakers in other parts of the province (such as Kohat and Peshawar). There are also speakers in Azad Kashmir and in north-western Punjab.  Hindko is classified by some linguists within the Lahnda group. The Hazari variety is the most widely spoken dialect of Hindko.

There is no proper, formal generic name for these people because they belong to diverse ethnicities and tend to identify themselves by the larger families, castes and tribes. However the people of the largest group in the districts of Haripur, Abbottabad and Mansehra are sometimes recognised collectively as _Hazarawal_, named after the Hazara Division that comprises these districts. In Peshawar city they are referred to as "Kharay" meaning City-dwellers or Hindkowans.

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Hindko
- **nativename**: ਹਿੰਦਕੋ
- **familycolor**: Indo-European
- **states**: Pakistan
- **region**: Punjab (Pakistan), Punjab (Attock District), Hazara, Kohat District, Kohat, Peshawar District, Peshawar
- **speakers**: 5 million
- **date**: 2023
- **ref**: e16
- **fam2**: Indo-Iranian languages, Indo-Iranian
- **fam3**: Indo-Aryan languages, Indo-Aryan
- **fam4**: Northwestern
- **dia1**: Northern Hindko, Hazari (Hazarewal)
- **dia2**: Peshawari
- **dia3**: Kohat
- **dia4**: Chachhi
- **dia5**: Awankari
- **dia6**: Ghebi
- **script**: Shahmukhi
- **iso3**: hnd
- **iso3comment**: (Southern Hindko)
- **notice**: Indic
Malaya

**Malaya** is both a name and word that has different meanings in different places.

Malaya first recorded in the Vayu Purana ( 1 BCE - 7 CE) as _Malayadvipa_ ( 'Malaya island') refers to the Sumatra island. Malaya also mentioned in the Amoghapasa inscription ( 1300s CE) found in the estuary of Batanghari river in West Sumatra, refers to the region in Sumatra.

## Malaysia & Singapore

In the history of Malaysia and Singapore, "Malaya" () can refer to:

- British Malaya, (18th century-1946) a loose collection of British controlled states in the Malay Peninsula, including Singapore
- The Malayan Union, (1946-1948) a post-war British colony consisting of all states in British Malaya, excluding Singapore
- The Federation of Malaya (_Persekutuan Tanah Melayu_) (1948-1963), the successor of the Malayan Union (also excluding Singapore) which gained independence within the Commonwealth of Nations in 1957
- present-day Peninsular Malaysia, the states and territories formerly comprising the Federation of Malaya (1963-present), now also known formally as the States of Malaya (_Negeri-negeri Tanah Melayu_)

## Other uses

- _Malaya_ (movie), a 1949 American film set in Japanese occupied Malaya
- In the Shambhala tradition, the name of a "National Forest" or sacred garden, comparable to the Garden of Eden.
- Oxana Malaya (born 1983), a feral child that lived most of her life in the company of dogs, picking a number of their habits.
- Malay Archipelago, for the macroregion

## Related pages

- Malay (disambiguation)
Seal of Vermont

The **Great Seal of Vermont** is the official seal of the U.S. state of Vermont. It is used to emboss and make official documents real.
Dune universe

The fictional ***Dune_ universe**, or ***Duniverse**_, is the political, scientific, and social place from author Frank Herbert's six-book _Dune_ series of science fiction novels.

### The original series

- _Dune_ (1965)
- _Dune Messiah_ (1969)
- _Children of Dune_ (1976)
- _God Emperor of Dune_ (1981)
- _Heretics of Dune_ (1984)
- _Chapterhouse Dune_ (1985)

## Characters

- **Bene Gesserit** are a group of woman (or sisterhood). They possess many seemingly supernatural abilities obtained through physical and mental training.
East Francia

**Eastern Francia** () was the land of Louis the German after the Treaty of Verdun of 843. That treaty divided Carolingian Empire of the Franks into an East, West, and Middle. Over the centuries it changed into the Holy Roman Empire and modern Germany.Until the beginning of the 12. Century it was known as **Francia Orientalis** or the **Kingdom of the East Franks**. If the beginning of the Holy Roman Empire is thought to have happened at the same time as the rise of the Ottonian dynasty, the kingdom of East Francia lasted from 843  to when Duke Henry I of Saxony became a monarch on in 919; or it could have began in 962, when Otto I the Great became a monarch (_translatio imperii_).

East Francia was divided into four duchies: Swabia (Alamannia), Franconia, Saxony and Bavaria (with Carinthia). And after the death of Lothair II in 869, these were added the eastern parts of Lotharingia.

This division have there until 1268, the end of the Hohenstaufen dynasty.

From the 10th century, East Francia was also known as _Regnum Teutonicum_ ("Teutonic kingdom", "Kingdom of Germany"), a term in Salian times.

## Infobox (former country)

- **native name**: _Regnum Francorum Orientalium_
- **conventional long name**: Kingdom of the East Franks
- **common name**: East Francia
- **continent**: Europe
- **region**: Rhine basin
- **country**: Germany
- **era**: Early Middle Ages
- **government type**: Monarchy
- **today**:

- **year start**: 843
- **year end**: 919
- **event start**: Treaty of Verdun
- **event1**: Treaty of Meerssen
- **date event1**: 8 August 870
- **event end**: Henry the Fowler
elected List of German monarchs, German king
- **p1**: Francia
- **flag p1**: Karl der Große 800.jpg
- **s1**: Kingdom of Germany
- **s2**: Holy Roman Empire
- **flag s2**: Banner of the Holy Roman Emperor with haloes (1430-1806).svg
- **image coat**: Ludwig der Deutsche.jpg
- **symbol type**: Seal of King Louis the German
- **image map**: Partage de l'Empire carolingien au Traité de Verdun en 843.JPG
- **image map caption**: Kingdom of the East Franks (yellow) in 843.
- **capital**: Regensburg, Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt (residences)
- **common languages**: Latin
- **religion**: Roman Catholicism
- **currency**: Solidus (coin), Solidus, triens, denarius, pfennig
- **leader1**: Louis the German
- **leader2**: Conrad I of Germany, Conrad I
- **year leader1**: 843–876 (first)
- **year leader2**: 911–918 (last)
- **title leader**: King of the Franks, King
Colm

**Colm** is a masculine given name. It comes from the Irish word for "dove". There are three ways to pronounce this name. Colm is the short form of the Roman name Columba, which also means "dove". Saint Columba was a 6th-century Irish monk who founded a monastery on the Island of Iona in Scotland. This is a unique name (not in the top 1000 newborn names in the US in 2021).

Famous Colms include television and movie actor Colm Meaney, actor Colm Feore, and novelists Colm Toibin and Colum McCann.

## People

- Colm Brogan (1902-1977), Scottish writer
- Colm Byrne (born 1971), Irish playwright
- Colm Condon (1921-2008), Irish lawyer
- Colm Cooper (born 1983), Irish Gaelic football player
- Colm Coyle, Irish Gaelic football player and manager
- Colm Feore (born 1958), American-born Canadian actor
- Colm Hilliard (1936-2002), Irish politician
- Colm Imbert (born 1957), Trinidad and Tobago politician
- Colm Magner (born 1961), Canadian actor
- Colm Mangan (born 1942), Irish general
- Colm O'Shaughnessy (born 1996), Irish Gaelic football player and rugby player
- Colm Meaney (born 1953), Irish actor
- Colm Ó Cíosóig (born 1964), Irish drummer
- Colm Ó hEocha (1926-1997), Irish scientist
- Colm O'Gorman (born 1966), Irish activist
- Colm Ó Maonlaí (born 1966), Irish actor
- Colm Tóibín (born 1955), Irish novelist

## Infobox (given name)

- **name**: Colm
- **gender**: Male
- **meaning**: Dove
- **origin**: Ireland
- **alternative spelling**: Colum
- **derived**: Columba
RAR (file format)

In computing, **RAR** is a archival file format that allows data compression, error recovery, and file spanning.  It was created by Eugene Roshal (that is why it is named RAR: **R**oshal **AR**chive) and is now licensed to _Win.RAR GmbH_.

## RAR File Archiver Software

The following is an example of file archiver software by platforms. For a comprehensive list see Comparison of file archivers.

### Windows

- Read/Write: WinRAR
- Read-only: 7-Zip, BitZipper, IZArc, PeaZip, RarZilla, Zipeg, free unrar, non-free unrar

### Linux

- Read/Write: RAR
- Read-only: free unrar, non-free unrar, PeaZip, p7zip's rar29.so

### Mac OS X

- Read/Write: RAR (command line), SimplyRAR
- Read-only: RAR Expander, Stuffit Expander, UnRarX, Zipeg, free unrar, non-free unrar

### DOS

- RAR, non-free unrar

### OS/2

- RAR, non-free unrar

### FreeBSD

- Read/Write: rar, Ark (as frontend to rar)
- Read Only: 7-Zip, free unrar, non-free unrar

## Infobox (file format)

- **name**: RAR
- **extension**: <span style="font-family:monospace;">.rar</span>, <span style="font-family:monospace;">.rev</span>, formerly <span style="font-family:monospace;">.r00</span>, <span style="font-family:monospace;">.r01</span>, etc.
- **mime**: <span style="font-family:monospace;>application/x-rar-compressed</span> , <span style="font-family:monospace;>application/octet-stream</span>
- **owner**: Eugene Roshal
- **genre**: Archive format
WinRAR

**WinRAR** (a.k.a. RAR) is a shareware file archiver and data compression program created by Eugene Roshal. Many people think that it is one of the three most used File Archiver for Windows, together with WinZip and 7-Zip. It is one of the few programs that can create RAR archives, because the encoding method is proprietary, meaning they own it and nobody else can use it.

## Developer

The current developer is Eugene Roshal, while his brother Alexander Roshal is helping with the business.

## Other websites

- RARlab WinRAR website (win-rar.com)
- RARlab main website (rarlab.com)
- WinRAR older versions - All of the old versions from version 1.54 to the latest one.

## Infobox (software)

- **name**: WinRAR
- **caption**: WinRAR 3.71 under Windows Vista
- **developer**: Eugene Roshal / Alexander Roshal
- **latest release version**: 6.11
- **programming language**: C++
- **operating system**: Windows 7, Windows 8.0, Windows 8.1, Windows 10, Windows 11, Windows Vista, Vista, macOS x64 macOS ARM, FreeBSD, Linux (Wine (software), Wine required for Graphical user interface, GUI), Android (operating system), Android
- **language**: Multilingual
- **status**: Current
- **genre**: File archiver
- **license**: Commercial software, Commercial proprietary software, proprietary, Shareware
- **website**: Primary: [http://www.rarlab.com/ www.rarlab.com]
Secondary: [http://www.win-rar.com/ www.win-rar.com]
Changthang

**Changthang** means Northern Plateau in Tibetan.  It is a high altitude plateau in western and northern Tibet.  It goes from Ladakh east about 1600km to the Chinese state called Qinghai.  It is a very high land with giant lakes.  It is the home of the Changpa nomads.

The part of Changthang in Ladakh (in India) has a population of 10,089 (2000 WCD). It is found in Jammu and Kashmir, around the Chinese border area of Changthang Region east and southeast of Leh. Changthang is known for its music and dance. It also has many important animals such as sheep (cashmere wool) and goats.
Chilisso language

**Chilisso** is an Indo-European Kohistani language spoken in Pakistan. It is also called Galos or Chiliss.

## Other websites

- Chilisso at the Probert Encyclopaedia

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Chilisso
- **region**: Eastern Kohistan District, Pakistan, Kohistan
- **speakers**: 2,300
- **date**: 1992
- **familycolor**: Indo-European
- **fam2**: Indo-Iranian languages, Indo-Iranian
- **fam3**: Dardic languages, Dardic
- **fam4**: Kohistani languages, Kohistani
- **iso3**: clh
- **image**: چلیسو.svg
- **imagecaption**: Chilisso in Nastaliq
Balochi language

**Balochi** (also called **Baluchi**) is an Iranic language spoken by the Baloch people in an area called Balochistan which encompasses the regions of southeastern Iran, southern Afghanistan and southwestern Pakistan. It is also spoken as a second language by some Brahui. It is one of nine official languages of Pakistan.

## Dialects

Balochi has several dialects. The Ethnologue lists three dialects: Eastern Balochi, Northern Balochi, Southern Balochi and Western Balochi while the Encyclopædia Iranica (from Elfenbein) lists six dialects: Rakhshani (subdialects: Kalati, Panjguri and Sarhaddi), Saravani, Lashari, Kechi, Coastal Dialects, and Eastern Hill Balochi.

Northern Balochi dialects are settled north of Iranian Balochistan and Golestān Province of Iran, north of Nimruz Province in Afghanistan and north Chagai District of Balochistan.

## Related pages

- Languages of Pakistan
- Languages of Iran
- Languages of Afghanistan

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Balochi
- **image**: Balòci.png
- **imagecaption**: _Balòci_ (Balochi) written #Writing system, Balo-Rabi in Nastaliq style.
- **states**: Pakistan, Iran, Afghanistan
- **region**: Balochistan (region), Balochistan
- **ethnicity**: Baloch people, Baloch
- **speakers**: million
- **date**: 20172020
- **familycolor**: Indo-European
- **fam2**: Indo-Iranian languages, Indo-Iranian
- **fam3**: Iranian languages, Iranian
- **fam4**: Western Iranian languages, Western Iranian
- **fam5**: Northwestern Iranian languages, Northwestern
- **nation**: *
- **agency**: Balochi Academy, Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan
Balochi Academy Sarbaz, Sarbaz, Iran
- **iso2**: bal
- **iso3**: bal
- **lc1**: bgp
- **ld1**: Eastern Balochi
- **lc2**: bgn
- **ld2**: Western Balochi
- **lc3**: bcc
- **ld3**: Southern Balochi
- **lingua**: 58-AAB-a > 58-AAB-aa (East Balochi) + 58-AAB-ab (West Balochi) + 58-AAB-ac (South Balochi) + 58-AAB-ad (Bashkardi)
- **glotto**: balo1260
- **glottorefname**: Balochic
- **map**: Idioma baluchi.png
- **mapcaption**: Approximate geographic distribution of Balochi
- **notice**: IPA
- **script**: Balochi Standard Alphabet
Jadgal

The **Jadgal** people are an Indo-Aryan Sindhi community, which live in Pakistan and Iran, they are also found in Oman, UAE where they are called as Al Zadjali. The Jadgal people speak the Jadgali language. The population of Jadgal people living in Pakistan was at about 100,000 in 1998. Jadgal people are Muslims.
Kutchi language

**Kutchi** or **Kachchi** is a language and is spoken in regions such as Kutch, India and Sindh, Pakistan. Over 50,000 people spoke it in 1998.

## Other websites

- Kutchi Language Online
- Ethnologue report on Kutchi
- Gujarāti script, used to write Kutchi

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Kutchi
- **nativename**: કચ્છી / ڪڇي/ کچھی
- **states**: India, Pakistan
Also spoken in Trinidad and Tobago, United Kingdom, United States, USA, Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa, Portugal, United Arab Emirates, UAE, Kenya, Uganda,  Tanzania.Sri Lanka,Bangladesh,Thailand,Singapore,Malaysia,Fiji,France,Germany,Italy,Spain,Switzerland,Mauritius,Madagascar,Zimbabwe,Zambia,Kuwait,Qatar,Bahrain,Saudi Arabia,Australia,Canada,Hong Kong,Angola,Ethiopia,Sudan,Papua New Guinea
- **speakers**: 873,000
- **date**: 2001
- **ethnicity**: Kutchi people, Kutchi
- **ref**: e18
- **familycolor**: Indo-European
- **fam2**: Indo-Iranian languages, Indo-Iranian
- **fam3**: Indo-Aryan languages, Indo-Aryan
- **fam4**: Northwestern Zone
- **fam5**: Sindhic languages, Sindhi
- **script**: Khojiki script, Devanagari script, Gujarati script, Sindhi alphabet
- **iso3**: kfr
- **notice**: Indic
- **glotto**: kach1277
- **glottorefname**: Kachchi
Fatima Jinnah

**Fatima Jinnah** (31 July 1893 – 9 July 1967) was a Pakistani dental surgeon, writer, stateswoman and one of the founders of Pakistan. She was the younger sister of Muhammad Ali Jinnah who became the first Governor General of Pakistan.

She was a strong critic of the British Raj, and a leading member of the All-India Muslim League. She advocated the separation of Pakistan as an independent state when the Raj ended.

After the independence of Pakistan, Jinnah co-founded the All Pakistan Women's Association, which helped settle the migrants in the new country. After the death of her brother, she was a prominent philanthropist, but was not politically active until 1965. Then she took part in the Pakistani presidential election against the  military Dictator Ayub Khan. She lost the primary because of election rigging by the Pakistan Army.

Her legacy is her support for civil rights, her struggle in Pakistan Movement and her devotion to her brother. Many institutions and public spaces have been named in her honour.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Fatima Jinnah
- **honorific-prefix**: "Mother of the Nation"
- **native name lang**: ur
- **office**: Leader of the Opposition (Pakistan), Leader of the Opposition
- **term start**: 1 January 1960
- **term end**: 9 July 1967
- **predecessor**: Position established
- **successor**: Nurul Amin
- **party**: All-India Muslim League <small>(Before 1947)</small>
Muslim League (Pakistan), Muslim League <small>(1947–1958)</small>
Independent (politician), Independent <small>(1960–1967)</small>
- **birth name**: Fatima Ali Jinnah
- **birth place**: Thatta, Sindh, British India
 (now in Pakistan)
- **death place**: Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
- **death cause**: Heart Failure
- **citizenship**: People of Pakistan, Pakistani
- **relations**: See Jinnah family
- **alma mater**: University of Calcutta, Calcutta University (Doctor of Dental Surgery, D.D.S)
- **occupation**: Dentist, dental surgeon
Campeche

**Campeche** is a state in the south-east of Mexico. Its capital is also called Campeche. About 750,000 people live in Campeche.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: State of Campeche
- **image flag**: Flag of Campeche.svg
- **flag size**: 140px
- **image shield**: Coat of arms of Campeche.svg
- **shield size**: 80px
- **image map**: Mexico map, MX-CAM.svg
- **map caption**: Location within Mexico
- **image map1**: CM-Municipalities.svg
- **mapsize1**: 180px
- **map caption1**: Municipalities of Campeche
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Mexico
- **subdivision type1**: Capital
- **subdivision name1**: Campeche, Campeche, Campeche
- **subdivision type2**: Municipalities of Mexico, Municipalities
- **subdivision name2**: #Municipalities, 11
- **subdivision type3**: List of cities in Mexico, Largest City
- **subdivision name3**: San Francisco de Campeche
- **leader title**: List of Mexican state governors, Governor
- **leader name**: Alejandro Moreno Cárdenas (PRI)
- **leader title1**: Chamber of Deputies of Mexico, Federal Deputies
- **leader name1**: Institutional Revolutionary Party, PRI:2
- **leader title2**: Senate of Mexico, Federal Senators
- **leader name2**: PRI:2
PAN:1
- **area footnotes**:
 List of Mexican states by area, Ranked 18th
- **area total km2**: 50812
- **population as of**: 2005
- **population total**: 754,730 (List of Mexican states by population, Ranked 30th)
- **timezone**: Central Standard Time, CST
- **utc offset**: -6
- **timezone dst**: Central Daylight Time, CDT
- **utc offset dst**: -5
- **blank name**: Human Development Index, HDI (2004)
- **blank info**: 0.8189 - <span style="color:#090">high</span>
List of Mexican states by HDI, Ranked 9th
- **blank1 name**: ISO 3166-2
- **blank1 info**: MX-CAM
- **blank2 name**: Postal abbr.
- **blank2 info**: Camps.
- **website**: http://www.campeche.gob.mx
Gentoo

**Gentoo** may mean:
- Gentoo penguin, a species of bird
- Gentoo Linux, a computer operating system distribution
- Gentoo/FreeBSD, a port of Gentoo Linux to the FreeBSD kernel and userland
- gentoo (file manager), a free file manager for Linux and other Unix-like systems
Khetrani language

**Khetrani** also called **Khetranki** is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in northeast Balochistan province of Pakistan mainly in Barkhan district but also in neighbouring districts, it is spoken by the Khetran people. About 200,000 people speak it. Khetrani has grammatical features in common with both Sindhi and with Punjabi, and it sometimes is considered to be mixed language of these both.

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Khetrani
- **states**: Pakistan
- **speakers**: 200,000
- **date**: 2023
- **familycolor**: Indo-European
- **fam2**: Indo-Iranian languages, Indo-Iranian
- **fam3**: Indo-Aryan languages, Indo-Aryan
- **fam4**: Northwestern Zone, Northwestern
- **iso3**: xhe
- **glotto**: khet1238
- **glottorefname**: Khetrani
- **notice**: Indic
- **fam5**: Punjabi[https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/khet1238]
- **image**: کھیترانی.svg
- **dia1**: Jafri/Jafarki [https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/khet1238]
Ladakhi

**Ladakhi** (ལ་དྭགས་སྐད་) is a language spoken by the Ladakhi people in India, Pakistan, and China. Ladakhi is closely related to Balti, a language spoken in the neighboring region of Baltistan in Pakistan. The two major dialects of Ladakhi are Zangskari and Changthang. The Ladakhi language is also locally known as _Bhoti_ or _Bhotia_ and has been known by that by the Indian government. Ladakhi contains many loanwords from Kashmiri and Hindi.  Ladakhi is spoken by 15,000 people in India, 12,000 in China and about 900 in Pakistan.

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Ladakhi
- **states**: India, China, Pakistan
- **region**: Ladakh, Tibet, Baltistan
- **speakers**: 27,000
- **date**: 2011
- **ethnicity**: Ladakhis
- **familycolor**: Sino-Tibetan
- **fam2**: (Tibeto-Burman languages, Tibeto-Burman)
- **fam3**: Tibeto-Kanauri languages, Tibeto-Kanauri
- **fam4**: Bodish languages, Bodish
- **fam5**: Tibetic languages, Tibetic
- **fam6**: Ladakhi–Balti
- **script**: Tibetan script
- **lc1**: lbj
- **ld1**: Ladakhi
- **lc2**: zau
- **ld2**: Zangskari dialect, Zangskari
Norco (medication)

**Norco** is a medicine to help with pain.  It is a mixture of two medicines: hydrocodone and acetaminophen.
OD

**OD** is a two-letter abbreviation and can mean any of the following:
- Order of Distinction, a civil honour of Jamaica
- Object Desktop, a suite of skinning and customization programs by Stardock, or _ObjectDock_, another program by the same company
- Oblivion Dust, a Japanese rock band
- On Demand, when it is available on demand
- Officer of the day
- Old Dragon, former pupil of the Dragon School
- Old Derbeian, a former pupil of Derby School
- Olive Drab, as in OD Green
- Oneness Darkness, a Texas rock band
- OpenDocument, the only ISO acknowledged standard document file format
- One Day Match, a type of shorter match in cricket
- Optical density
- Ordnance Datum, a vertical datum used in Great Britain as the basis for deriving altitudes on maps.
- Doctor of Optometry (O.D.)
- Organization development
- Orphei Drängar, a Swedish male choir
- "Ocular dextra," medical terminology meaning "right eye" ("ocular sinistra" is the term for the left eye). Abbreviated O.D. and O.S. and commonly used in ophthalmology and optometry.
- Outside diameter, a dimension commonly used to specify the size of tubing or pipe
- Od language, a language based in Pakistan.
- Overdose, related to Drugs
- OverDrive CPUs
- Odessa, TX, a small city in West Texas
- On Duty, mostly used in colleges and schools in the attendance sheets to indicate the time the student spent on other extracurricular activities (Cultural Programs etc.)
- Original dance, the second part of an ice dancing competition
- Octavian Droobers, an orienteering club.
- Oringin Destination fare, used for calculating airfares
- O.D. (musician) a founding member of the Finnish industrial band Velcra
- Official Dress in the popular agriculture club: National FFA Organization

Non abbreviated meanings of **OD** are as follows:
- For the Norse god Od, see Óðr
- For the life force Od, see Odic force
- For the Unix program **od**, see od (Unix)
- Od, a replacement for "God" in some minced oaths
Sunspot

A **sunspot** is an area of high magnetic activity, on the surface of the Sun. Sunspots produce bright light, but not as much as the surface around them, so they appear dark by comparison. They are cooler than the rest of the sun. Some are small, and some are ten times bigger than Earth.

A **sunspot cycle** of eleven years has been found, with changes in activity. Every 11 years the number of sunspots increases, and later declines. Sunspots on one cycle are magnetically different from the next, so the total sunspot cycle is 22 years. This cycle has been seen since the 18th century. Before that time, for over a hundred years, there were very few sunspots. Astronomers do not know what caused this "Maunder Minimum".

## History

Chinese astronomers said they could see sunspots. On 17 March 802 the monk Adelmus saw a big sunspot, which he could see for eight days. Adelmus thought that Mercury was going in front of the Sun and making a black spot. When astronomers started using telescopes, most agreed that something was passing in front of the Sun. Galileo Galilei in 1612 guessed that there were actual spots on the Sun and that they showed that the Sun was turning.

The first cyclic changes of sunspots was seen by Heinrich Schwabe, and made Rudolf Wolf study them carefully, starting in 1848. Also in 1848, Joseph Henry showed a picture of the Sun and made sure that sunspots were cooler than the rest of the Sun (they are about 7000 degrees Fahrenheit, 4000 C). They are still very hot, but much cooler than the rest of the Sun's surface.

## Effect on Earth

Sunspots are cooler than the rest of the Sun.  But many scientists think that when there are many sunspots, the Sun actually gets _hotter_.  This affects the weather here on Earth, and also radio reception.  If this is true, then without sunspots, the Earth might become cooler.  In the same way, if there were more sunspots, the Earth might become hotter, and there could be less rain.  This would make more droughts on the Earth.  Droughts are a long time with no rain.  Without rain, crops that people eat would not grow.  Scientists study sunspots and other solar phenomena, so they can know what they do to Earth.  The temperature of a sunspot is 4780°K.  This is cold when compared to other areas on the surface of sun.

## Other websites

- "Sunspots" at Exploratorium
- Sunspot data at NASA Online
Emergency exit

An **emergency exit** in a building is an exit for emergencies, such as a fire.
Emergency exits can be found in a number of places such as buildings, planes, schools, or anywhere else where there may be a large number of people in a small space.

## Other websites

- Information on fire exit signs in Britain
- OSHA definitions of proper emergency exits
Crystal radio

A **crystal radio**, sometimes called a **crystal set**, is a very simple AM (or rarely FM) radio receiver, that does not need batteries to work. A long wire antenna gathers enough of the radio signals from nearby transmitters to power a crystal diode, which demodulates the signals, and plays them as sound through an earphone or small headset.

Crystal radios have come and gone many times in history. They were built in the early days of radio broadcasting by amateurs, and people who could not afford a well-made radio. They became popular again during the Great Depression, when money was scarce. During World War II, American soldiers built "foxhole radios" that used a razor blade and pencil point instead of a crystal. (German and Italian troops had equipment to detect normal superheterodyne radio receivers working, so an alternate choice was a wise one.)

After the war ended, amateurs built more crystal sets, and children began to make them as science and hobby projects. Later during the Vietnam War prisoners of war again built simple radios, and soldiers used Slinky springs as antennas.

Hobby clubs still exist, that give information to persons who want to build a crystal radio or similar radio project.

## Other websites

- Stay Tuned
- Xtal Set Society
- Foxhole Radio article at Bizarre Stuff
Bengali language movement

The **Bengali Language Movement** (also called the **Language Movement**) were protests by people living in Bangladesh, which was part of Pakistan during that time. The people living in Bangladesh  started protesting because they did not like that the government of Pakistan made Urdu the official language, which they did not speak. The government responded to the protests by making meetings outside illegally . At the height of the movement on 21 February 1952, police killed students that were protesting. The Shaheed Minar was a monument built to honor these students.

Bengali did become an official language on 29 February 1956. This day is celebrated by Bangladesh as Language Movement Day.
March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom

The **March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom** was a rally held on the National Mall in Washington, D.C. on 28 August 1963. It was where Martin Luther King, Jr gave his famous I Have a Dream speech. After the march, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the National Voting Rights Act of 1965 were passed. There were over 200,000 people there, both black and white.

## Organization and planning

The march was first planned by A. Philip Randolph, who was the president of the Negro American Labor Council, and vice president of the AFL-CIO. He had planned another civil rights march in 1941, but it never happened. However, the threat of the march was a big reason why President Roosevelt wrote Executive Order 8802. This forced equal opportunity in the defense industry, which meant that all workers had to be treated the same, no matter what their race was.

Other leaders of civil rights movement helped Randolph plan the march and spread the word to their members. Some of the most important were James Farmer, (president of the Congress of Racial Equality), John Lewis (president of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee), Martin Luther King, Jr. (president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference), Roy Wilkins (president of the NAACP), and Whitney Young (president of the National Urban League)..

## Protection

Many people were worried for the marchers' safety.  Black nationalist leader Malcolm X sent an open telegram to George Lincoln Rockwell, the leader of the Nazi Party in the United States.  Malcolm wrote:

The Washington DC Police department looked for black police officers from around the country to protect King during the march and speeches. They thought the presence of black officers would be more calming if trouble broke out.

## Other websites

- Official program for the March on Washington
- Witnesses to History, 50 Years Later
Dolls

**Dolls** are models of human beings, usually toys.

**Dolls** could also mean:

- Dolls (2006 movie) - short British movie directed by Susan Luciani
- _Dolls_ (movie), a 2002 movie by Takeshi Kitano
- _Dolls_ (1987 movie), a 1987 movie directed by Stuart Gordon
- _Dolls_ (Kawahara), a manga series by Yumiko Kawahara
- _Dolls_ (naked ape), a manga series by Naked Ape
- Dollz, pixel art of dolls dressed in various outfits
- _Dolls_ (Street Fighter), video game characters in the Street Fighter series
- "Dolls", a song by Ayumi Hamasaki on the album _Rainbow_
- Colloquially, to any of the following bands:
    - New York Dolls
    - Pussycat Dolls

**The Dolls** could mean:
- _Le bambole_ (translated: _The Dolls_), a 1965 Italian movie
- The Dolls, a working name for Destiny's Child before they settled on their current name
- The Dresden Dolls A Dark Cabaret band based in Boston

## Related pages

- Doll
Doll

A **doll** is a child's toy that looks like a baby or other human being. Dolls have been around since the beginning of human civilization, and have been made from many different types of materials, like stone, clay, wood, bone, cloth and paper, to porcelain, china, rubber and plastic.

While dolls are usually for children, they are also collected by adults, for remembering things from the past, their beauty, their historical importance or their financial value (being worth money). In ancient times, dolls were used as symbols of a deity (god), and played an important role in religious ceremonies and rituals.

Lifelike or anatomically correct dolls are used by health professionals, medical schools, and social workers to train doctors and nurses in different health procedures or to find out about cases of sexual abuse of children. Artists sometimes use jointed mannequins or ball-jointed doll<nowiki/>s in drawing the human body. Action figures are types of dolls that represent superheroes and military people are particularly popular among boys. There are baby dolls, paper dolls, rag dolls, talking dolls, fashion dolls and many others.
Bobcat

The **bobcat** (_Lynx rufus_) is a fierce cat that lives in forests, swamps, mountains, prairie, and deserts in many parts of North America. Bobcats are generally nocturnal (active at night), but can be seen at dawn and dusk. They spend the day in their den (a cave, hollow log or rock crevice). They are very good climbers and swimmers. Bobcats’ lifespan in the wild varies from 5 to 15 years. In captivity, they can live up to 18 years. Bobcats and lynxes are closely related.

## Description

The Bobcat has powerful jaws and long, pointed canine teeth. It has sharp, retractable claws, big short ears, and a spotted coat. Many bobcats have long tufts of hair at the tip of the ears that improve the cat's hearing. The brown eyes have round pupils. These graceful cats are from 24 to 40 inches (60–100 cm) long (including the tail). The stubby tail is only 4 to 7 inches (10–18 cm) long, and looks as though it was cut off (or bobbed). This is what this cat is named for. They are nocturnal (that means active at night) and elusive so they are rarely seen by humans.

## Diet

Bobcats are carnivores (meat-eaters). These fast, solitary hunters eat small mammals (like rabbits, rodents, weasels and even deer), birds, and ducks, turkeys. Bobcats stalk their prey, and then pounce onto it. They can leap up to 10 feet (3 m). They can often kill their prey with one very powerful bite.
Emergency medical technician

**An emergency medical technician** (**EMT**) is someone who works on an ambulance and takes care of sick and hurt people. EMTs used to be called "ambulance drivers," since much of their work is bringing people to an emergency room. Their other main duty is first aid including:
- Doing cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and give electric shocks to a person's chest if their heart is beating in a way that could kill them
- Giving oxygen (or force oxygen into a person's lungs) if they stop breathing or are not breathing well enough to survive
- Inserting an airway adjunct into a persons mouth in the case of unconsciousness
- Stopping hemorrhaging (bleeding so bad that it will kill a person if not stopped)
- Treating burns
- Treat very bad physical trauma (injuries)
- Helping people who are pregnant give birth
- Treating broken bones, dislocated joints, sprains, and wounds

## In the United States

In the United States, each state decides what their EMTs can do. EMTs in every state are allowed to perform first aid. Each state has different rules for exactly what their EMTs can do. These rules are called _treatment protocols_. For example:
- In Massachusetts, EMTs can give medicines to treat heart attacks, breathing emergencies (like asthma attacks), anaphylaxis, very low blood sugar, and overdoses on opiates like heroin and oxycodone.
- In New Hampshire, EMTs are allowed to place a rescue airway in a patient who cannot breathe.  This means they will place a tube down the patient's throat, then force oxygen into the lungs through the tube.

## Related pages

- Emergency medical services in the United Kingdom
- Combat medic
- List of EMS provider credentials

## Other websites

- National EMS Memorial Service
- National Highway Traffic Safety Agency, Office of Emergency Medical Services
- United States National Registry of Emergency Medical Technicians
Kuru (disease)

**Kuru** is a disease caused by cannibalism, formerly thought to be caused by specifically eating human brains, but is actually caused by eating any human meat. It is also known as the "laughing sickness" due to the pathologic bursts of laughter that the patient displays.

Kuru was found in Papua New Guinea, among members of the Fore tribe. The word _kuru_ means "trembling with fear" in the Fore language.

## Infobox (_disease)

- **name**: Kuru
- **diseasesdb**: 31861
- **medlineplus**: 001379
- **emedicinesubj**: med
- **emedicinetopic**: 1248
- **meshid**: D007729
Kuru, Finland

**Kuru** is a former municipality in the Pirkanmaa, Finland. As of 2005, there were 2,774 people living in Kuru.
Tampere is 50 km to the south.

Most of the Seitseminen National Park is in the municipality of Kuru.

In 2009, it is part of the town of Ylöjärvi.

## Other websites

- Parkkuun kylä
It Is Well with My Soul

<div style="float:right; clear:right; border:1px solid gray; padding:1em 1em; margin: 1em 0 1em 1em; text-align:left; background:lightyellow">
**It Is Well with My Soul**

When peace like a river, attendeth my way,

When sorrows like sea billows roll;

Whatever my lot, Thou hast taught me to say,

It is well, it is well, with my soul.

_Refrain:_

It is well, with my soul,

It is well, with my soul,

It is well, it is well, with my soul.

Though Satan should buffet, though trials should come,

Let this blest assurance control,

That Christ has regarded my helpless estate,

And hath shed His own blood for my soul.

My sin, oh, the bliss of this glorious thought!

My sin, not in part but the whole,

Is nailed to the cross, and I bear it no more,

Praise the Lord, praise the Lord, O my soul!

And Lord, haste the day when my faith shall be sight,

The clouds be rolled back as a scroll;

The trump shall resound, and the Lord shall descend,

Even so, it is well with my soul.

_Horatio Spafford_
</div>

**"It Is Well With My Soul"** is a hymn written by hymn-writer Horatio Spafford and composed by Philip Bliss. Spafford wrote the song right after his four daughters died by the sinking of the _S.S. Ville Du Havre_.

## Other websites

- The original Hymn written by Horatio Spafford
Jackson Township, New Jersey

**Jackson Township** is a township in Ocean County, New Jersey, United States.  The Township of Jackson was named after Andrew Jackson.  About 58,000 people lived there as of the year 2020.

## Other websites

- Jackson Township website
- Jackson Township Police
- Jackson Township Fire Co #1
- Jackson Township First Aid Squad
- Cassville Fire Co
- Jackson Mills Fire Co
- Whitesville Fire Company
- Jackson School District
- School Data for the Jackson School District, National Center for Education Statistics
- Jackson Branch of Ocean County Library
- Map of Jackson, NJ
- Jackson, NJ Community Pages

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Jackson Township, New Jersey
- **settlement type**: Township (New Jersey), Township
- **motto**: _A Place for All Seasons_
- **image map**: Jackson twp nj 029.png
- **mapsize**: 250x200px
- **map caption**: Map of Jackson Township in Ocean County
- **map caption1**: <mapframe text="Interactive map of Jackson Township, New Jersey" zoom="8" width="250" height="250">
{
  "type": "ExternalData",
  "service": "geoshape",
  "ids": "Q2713022"
}
</mapframe>
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in New Jersey, County
- **subdivision name2**: Ocean County, New Jersey, Ocean
- **government type**: Mayor–Council (Faulkner Act)
- **governing body**: Township Council
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader title1**: City manager, Administrator
- **leader title2**: Municipal clerk
- **established title**: Municipal corporation, Incorporated
- **established date**: March 6, 1844
- **named for**: Andrew Jackson
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 260.43
- **area land km2**: 256.86
- **area water km2**: 3.57
- **area total sq mi**: 100.55
- **area land sq mi**: 99.17
- **area water sq mi**: 1.38
- **area water percent**: 1.37
- **area rank**: 4th of 565 in state
1st of 33 in county
- **population as of**: 2020 United States census, 2020
- **population total**: 58544
- **population rank**: 29th of 565 in state
4th of 33 in county
- **population density km2**: auto
- **population density sq mi**: 590.3
- **population density rank**: 433rd of 565 in state
26th of 33 in county
- **timezone**: Eastern Time Zone, Eastern (EST)
- **utc offset**: −05:00
- **timezone dst**: Eastern Daylight Time, Eastern (EDT)
- **utc offset dst**: −04:00
- **elevation ft**: 118
- **postal code type**: ZIP Code
- **postal code**: 08527
- **area code**: Area codes 732 and 848, 732
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standards, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 3402934680
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 0882079
Jackson

**Jackson** may refer to:

## Name

- Jackson (name)

### Australia

- Jackson, Queensland

### United States

- Jackson, Alabama
- Jackson, California
- Jackson, Georgia
- Jackson, Kentucky
- Jackson, Louisiana
- Jackson, Maine
- Jackson, Michigan
- Jackson, Minnesota
- Jackson, Mississippi
- Jackson, Missouri
- Jackson, Nebraska
- Jackson, New Hampshire
- Jackson, New Jersey
- Jackson, New York
- Jackson, North Carolina
- Jackson, Ohio
- Jackson, Rhode Island
- Jackson, South Carolina
- Jackson, Tennessee
- Jackson, Wisconsin (disambiguation)
- Jackson, Wyoming

### Train stations

- Jackson (Amtrak station disambiguation)
    - Jackson (CTA disambiguation), Chicago Transit Authority stations

## Others

- "Jackson" (song), about hot times in the city
- United States twenty-dollar bill, nicknamed for Andrew Jackson, who appears on the obverse side

## Related pages

- Jackson Guitars
- Jackson Structured Programming
- _The Jackson Twins_, a comic strip

**Geography**:
- Cities, towns and villages:
    - Jackson Center, Ohio
    - Jackson Center, Pennsylvania
    - Jackson Junction, Iowa
    - Lake Jackson, Texas
    - Mount Jackson, Virginia
- Other geography:
    - Jackson metropolitan area, of Jackson, Mississippi
    - Jackson Township (disambiguation)
    - Jackson County (disambiguation)
    - Jackson Parish, Louisiana