juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Echizen Province

was an old province of Japan in the area of Fukui Prefecture on the island of Honshū.  Along with Etchū and Echigo Provinces, it was sometimes called .

The ancient capital city of the province was at Echizen.

## History

The boundaries of Echizen were formally established during the reigns of Empress Genshō and Empress Kōken.

Before the boundaries were established, this area including Etchū and Echigo were called Koshi.

In the Edo period, the daimyo of Fukui Domain lived at Fukui.

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  The maps of Japan and Echizen Province were reformed in the 1870s.

## Facilities

_Echizen Provincial office_ was established in Nyū (丹生郡, Nyū-gun).

_Kehi jingū_ was the chief Shinto shrine (_ichinomiya_) of Echizen.

_Ōmushi jinja_ was estublished in Suishin emperor 7. It is written in “Engishiki Jinmyoutyou” and the old status of a Shinto shrine is prefectural shrine.

## Related pages

- Provinces of Japan
- Prefectures of Japan
- List of regions of Japan
- List of islands of Japan

## Other websites

- Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903
Etchū Province

was an old province of Japan in the area of Toyama Prefecture on the island of Honshū. Along with Echizen and Echigo Provinces, it was sometimes called .

The province had borders with Echigo, Shinano, Hida, Kaga, and Noto provinces.

The capital city of the province was Takaoka.

## History

The Noto Peninsula and Noto Province was separated from Etchū during the reign of Empress Genshō.

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  The maps of Japan and Etchū Province were reformed in the 1870s.

## Shrines and Temples

_Takase jinja_, _Keta jinja_ and _Oyama jinja_ were the chief Shinto shrines (_ichinomiya_) of Etchū.

## Related pages

- Provinces of Japan
- Prefectures of Japan
- List of regions of Japan
- List of islands of Japan

## Other websites

- Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903
Kaga Province

was an old province in the area of Ishikawa Prefecture on the island of Honshū.  It was sometimes called .

## History

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  The maps of Japan and Kaga Province were reformed in the 1870s.

## Shrines and Temples

_Shirayamahime jinja_ was the chief Shinto shrine (_ichinomiya_) of Kaga.

## Related pages

- Provinces of Japan
- Prefectures of Japan
- List of regions of Japan
- List of islands of Japan

## Other websites

- Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903
Royal New Zealand Navy

The **Royal New Zealand Navy** is the navy of New Zealand. It is the maritime arm of the **New Zealand Defence Force**. As of 2023, the Navy have nine ships and fly eight naval helicopters from the Royal New Zealand Air Force. The Navy was formed during World War II on 1st October 1941. Prior to that the Royal Navy had protected New Zealand.

## History

_WIP_

## Organisation

The Navy's fleet is grouped into four groups (also called forces).
- **Naval Combat Force**: The Navy's fighting ships (frigates).
- **Naval Patrol Force**: The Navy's patrol boats.
- **Logistics Support Force**: The Navy's support ships (e.g. tankers).
- **Littoral Warfare Support Group**: The Navy's coastal forces.
Air support uses the SH-2G Seasprite helicopter. They are operated by both the Navy and Air Force. They are part of No. 6 Squadron RNZAF. The helicopters mainly serve on HMNZS Canterbury, the frigates and the Offshore Patrol Vessels (OPVs).

### Current Role

- **Defence**: "to secure New Zealand from external threat, to protect our sovereign interests, including in the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and to be able to take action to meet likely contingencies in our strategic area of interest."
- **International Participation**: Supporting peace-keeping and other missions around the globe.
- **Civilian Support**: Helping Government agencies such as customs.

### Bases

The Navy has one base in Auckland Harbour called the **Devonport Naval Base**. It is named after the naval base in Plymouth, Britain. The base includes harbour facilities for the whole fleet. It also includes a dry-dock, once the biggest in the Southern Hemisphere, and the Navy's school.

## Personnel

On 1 July 2007 the RNZN had a total of 2,034 Regular Force personnel, 237 Naval Reserve personnel and 378 civilian employees, totalling 2,699. Around 1800 of that total are based at the Devonport Naval base in Auckland.

On 1 January 2011 the RNZN consisted of 2,135 Regular Force personnel, 332 Naval Reserve personnel and 375 civilian staff.

## Vessels

_This is not a complete list of all Royal Navy vessels. It is a simplified version of only the major units for simplicity._

### Anzac Class Frigate

**HMNZS Te Kaha (F77)** is one of the navy's two frigates. She entered service in 1997. Her name means _strength_ in Maori. She has served in the Persian Gulf and Solomon Islands.

**HMNZS Te Mana (F111)** is one of the navy's two frigates. She entered service in 1999. Her name means _authority_ in Maori. She is regularly sent to the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman on patrol.

### Canterbury Class MRV

**HMNZS Canterbury (L421)** is the navy's flagship. She entered service in 2007. She is named after one of the big cities in New Zealand, Canterbury. The last HMNZS Canterbury was a famous ship in the Navy. She can do a variety of roles to support the Navy and Army. She has responded to all of the major disasters in Australia and New Zealand since her commissioning.
Androidland

**Androidland** is the first Android retail store, opened by the company Telstra on Bourke Street, Melbourne, Australia, in December 2011. Two more Androidland stores opened in India in 2013.

## Related pages

- Google Nexus
- Galaxy Nexus

## Other websites

- Official Telstra Press Release
- News of about the store at the Official Google Australia Blog
- Images of the store
Android store

**Android store** might mean:

- Android Market, the place to get "apps" for an Android system
- Androidland, a "real" shop with Android phones and other Android-related material
Leka, Crown Prince of Albania

**Leka, Crown Prince of Albania** was Albanian (also known as _King Leka I_; 5 April 193930 November 2011), was the only son of King Zog I of Albania. Leka was also called **King Leka of Albania**, but he was never the ruler of the country.

He was born in Tirana in 1939. Two days later, the family was forced to leave Albania after Italy invaded the country. When his father died in exile in 1961, Leka was crowned king in a hotel in Paris. He returned to Albania in 1993, but was not allowed to stay in the country. He made a second visit in 1997. The country held a vote to decide whether they wanted to go back to a monarchy or stay as a republic. The country voted for a republic, but Leka said the vote had been changed. His supporters created demonstrations against the government. Several people were killed in the demonstrations. Leka again had to leave Albania.

In 2002, he made an agreement with the government and came back to Tirana.

## Death

He died on 30 November 2011 in Mother Teresa Hospital, Tirana from heart and lung illnesss. He was buried next to his wife’s and mother’s grave at the public Sharra cemetery in a Tirana suburb. Later he was buried in the royal mausoleum.

## Other sources

- Dedet, Joséphine "Géraldine, reine des Albanais". Paris: Belfond, 2016, published at the occasion of Prince Leka's wedding in Tirana, on October 8, 2016 (Leka being Geraldine's grand-son) ; former editions: Criterion, 1997  and Belfond, 2012, . Biography enriched by the Queen's testimony, by her personal archives and by a huge correspondence with the author, who has benefited of many unpublished sources.
- Dedet, Joséphine, Géraldine, Egy Magyar No Albania Tronjan, Budapest : Europa, 2015, , best-seller in Hungary, translation of Géraldine, reine des Albanais".
- Najbor, Patrice. "Histoire de l'Albanie et de sa Maison Royale" (5 volumes) - JePublie - Paris - 2008
- Rees, Neil. _A Royal Exile – King Zog & Queen Geraldine of Albania including their wartime exile in the Thames Valley and Chilterns_, 2010 ()

## Infobox (royalty)

- **name**: Leka Zogu
- **title**: Crown Prince of Albania
- **succession**: House of Zogu, Head of the House of Zogu
- **reign**: 9 April 1961 – 30 November 2011
- **reign-type**: Period
- **predecessor**: Zog I of Albania
- **successor**: Leka, Crown Prince of Albania (born 1982), Leka II
- **suc-type**: Successor
- **issue**: Leka, Crown Prince of Albania (born 1982), Leka II
- **full name**: Leka Skënder Zogu
- **house**: House of Zogu, Zogu
- **father**: Zog I of Albania
- **mother**: Geraldine of Albania, Countess Géraldine Apponyi de Nagyappony
- **birth place**: Presidential Palace, Tirana, Royal Palace of Tirana, Tirana, Kingdom of Albania (1928–39), Kingdom of Albania
- **death place**: Mother Teresa Hospital (Tirana), Mother Teresa Hospital, Tirana, Albania
- **burial place**: Mausoleum of the Albanian Royal Family
- **religion**: Sunni Islam
Prime Minister of Thailand

The **Prime Minister of Thailand** (; ) is the head of government of Thailand. The Prime Minister is also the chair of the Cabinet of Thailand. The office was created after the Revolution of 1932. This was when the country became a constitutional monarchy.

## Other websites

- Official Website, website for the Royal Thai Government
- History of Thai Prime Ministers , a detailed list of Prime Ministers

## Infobox (official post)

- **post**: Prime Minister
- **body**: the Kingdom of Thailand
- **native name**: นายกรัฐมนตรีแห่งราชอาณาจักรไทย
- **insignia**: Seal of the Office of the Prime Minister of Thailand.svg
- **insigniacaption**: Prime Ministerial Seal
- **flag**: Flag of the Prime Minister of Thailand.svg
- **flagcaption**: Prime Ministerial Standard
- **flagborder**: yes
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **image**: Anutin Charnvirakul - 2023 (52638148766) (cropped).jpg
- **incumbent**: Anutin Charnvirakul
- **incumbentsince**: 7 September 2025
- **type**: Head of government
- **reports to**: National Assembly of Thailand, National Assembly
- **residence**: Phitsanulok Mansion
- **seat**: Government House of Thailand, Government House
- **nominator**: House of Representatives of Thailand, House of Representatives
- **appointer**: Monarchy of Thailand, Monarch by Decree, royal command
- **termlength**: No more than eight years in total
- **constituting instrument**: Constitution of Thailand
- **first**: Phraya Manopakorn Nitithada, Manopakorn Nitithada
- **deputy**: Deputy Prime Minister of Thailand, Deputy Prime Minister
- **salary**: Thai Baht, ฿125,590 per month ($3,676 USD)
Toulouse Tech

**Toulouse Tech**, also known as the **Toulouse Institute of Technology** is one of the collegiate universities in France. It was created in 2007. It gathers 16 of the best French schools, covering engineering science, management, architecture and veterinary, aiming to be of comparable status to the most famous universities of technology around the world.

## Colleges and institutes

- École nationale de l'aviation civile
- École nationale supérieure de formation de l’enseignement agricole
- École nationale d'ingénieurs de Tarbes
- École nationale de la météorologie
- École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Toulouse
- École nationale supérieure en génie des technologies industrielles
- École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux
- École nationale vétérinaire de Toulouse
- École d'ingénieurs de Purpan
- Toulouse Business School
- Institut catholique d'arts et métiers
- École nationale supérieure agronomique de Toulouse
- École nationale supérieure d'électrotechnique, d'électronique, d'informatique, d'hydraulique et des télécommunications
- École nationale supérieure des ingénieurs en arts chimiques et technologiques
- Institut national des sciences appliquées de Toulouse
- Institut supérieur de l'aéronautique et de l'espace

## Facts and Figures

From the official website:

- 850 teachers-researchers
- 14,000 students
- 22 millions of euros in research

## Further reading

- Toulouse Tech
Queen's Gambit Declined

The **Queen's Gambit Declined** is a chess opening which starts with 1.d4 d5 2.c4 e6. It is an old opening, and one of the most important. It is often used in top-class play. In this opening, called QGD for short, the struggle for the centre is the strategy of both players. Unlike the Queen's Gambit Accepted, Black keeps his pawn on d5 protected. A simple example:

- 1.d4 d5
- 2.c4 e6
- 3.Nc3 Nf6
- 4.Bg5 Be7
- 5.e3 0-0
- 6.Nf3 c6
- 7.cxd5 exd5
- 8.Bd3 Nbd7 (Black could play 8...Ne4 here)
- 9.0-0 h6
- 10.Bh4

Here White has more space, and Black has to decide how to develop his pieces. It is easier to play the white pieces in this kind of position. However, overall, black players do as well with this defence as with most others. Best for Black in this position is 10...Ne4 or 10...Re8.
Connie Talbot

**Connie Victoria Elizabeth Talbot** (born 20 November 2000) is an English singer-songwriter. She became famous after competing in _Britain's Got Talent_. She lost at the finals.

## Biography

In _Britain's Got Talent_, she sang "Somewhere Over the Rainbow". This led her to the semi-finals. She then competed in but was defeated at the finals.

After her success, Talbot began posting Youtube videos since 2008. Most of them were videos of her singing. Some gained over 10 million views.

## Discography

Talbot released three albums, with the first one released in 2007, and the second and third ones in 2008 and 2009.

|style="background:#b0c4de;"|Year|style="background:#b0c4de;"|Single/Album|style="background:#b0c4de;"|Name|style="background:#b0c4de;"|Album|style="background:#b0c4de;"|Source(s)|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2007|Album|_Over the Rainbow_||||||||
|2008|Album|_Connie Talbot's Christmas Album||||||||
|2008|Single|_Three Little Birds_|_Over the Rainbow|||||||
|2009|Album|_Connie Talbot's Holiday Magic_||||||||

## Other websites

- Connie Talbot's website

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **embed**: yes
- **years active**: 2007 – 2012
- **background**: solo_singer


## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Connie Talbot
- **image**: Connie2025.jpg
- **caption**: Connie Talbot in 2025
- **birth place**: West Midlands (region), West Midlands,
- **birth name**: Connie Victoria Elizabeth Talbot
Slovene language

**Slovene** (or _Slovenian_) is a language. It is the official language of Slovenia.

Experts estimate that 2.5 million people can understand and speak Slovene. It is a Slavic language, written for more than 1000 years. The earliest written records are the Freising manuscripts.

In 2004, it became an official language of the European Union (there are 24 official languages in total). The standard Slovene alphabet has 25 letters. The letters come from the Latin alphabet. Slovene words are usually pronounced how they are spelled.

## Examples

- **'  is the word for zero.
- **' is the word for one.

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Slovenian
- **altname**: Slovene
- **nativename**: __
- **states**: Slovenia, Italy (in Friuli-Venezia Giulia), Austria (in Carinthia (state), Carinthia and Styria), Hungary (in Vas); emigrant communities in various countries
- **speakers**: 2.5 million
- **date**: 2010
- **familycolor**: Indo-European
- **fam2**: Balto-Slavic languages, Balto-Slavic
- **fam3**: Slavic languages, Slavic
- **fam4**: South Slavic languages, South Slavic
- **fam5**: Western South Slavic
- **dia1**: Prekmurian dialect, Prekmurje dialect
- **dia2**: Resian dialect, Resian
- **dia3**: approx. Slovene dialects, 32 unstandardised dialects
- **script**: Latin script, Latin (Slovene alphabet)
Slovene Braille
- **nation**:

Regional or local official language in
- **agency**: Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts
- **iso1**: sl
- **iso2**: slv
- **iso3**: slv
- **lingua**: 53-AAA-f (51 varieties)
- **map**: Idioma esloveno.png
- **mapcaption**: Slovene-speaking areas
- **notice**: IPA
- **minority**:
Evgeny Tomashevsky

**Evgeny Tomashevsky**, born 1 July 1987 in Saratov, is a Russian chess grandmaster. In 2001 he won the U18 Russian championship in Rybinsk with 9/10 and in 2004 he became second in the U18 World Youth Chess Championship. In 2007 he became second in the Aeroflot Open.

In 2009 Tomashevsky won the 10th European Individual Chess Championship after tie-breaks. The decisive match against Vladimir Malakhov went into armageddon, where Malakhov blundered a rook in a winning position.

He was a member of the gold-medal-winning Russian team at the World Team Chess Championship 2009 in Bursa. In 2011, he tied for 1st-3rd with Nikita Vitiugov and Le Quang Liem in the Aeroflot Open.

Tomashevsky's style of play is described as being mostly positional.

## Other websites

- Final standings of the WYCC2004
- Interview with the European Champion Evgeny Tomashevsky ChessBase.com
- Interview with the European Chess Champion Evgeny Tomashevsky  Chessdom

## Infobox (chess player)

- **playername**: Evgeny Tomashevsky
- **name**: Evgeny Tomashevsky
- **birthname**: Evgeny Tomashevsky
- **image**: Evgeny Tomashevsky 2013.jpg
- **country**: Russia
- **datebirth**: 1 July 1987
- **birth place**: Saratov, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union, USSR
- **title**: Grandmaster (chess), Grandmaster
- **rating**: 2738
<small>(#15 in the May 2012 FIDE World Rankings)</small>
- **peakrating**: 2740 <small>(November 2011)</small>
Institute of Space, its Applications and Technologies

The **Institut au service du spatial, de ses applications et technologies** (**ISSAT**) is the French name for the Institute of Space, its applications and technologies. Supported by French Ministry of Education, the organisation was created in 1995 to develop aerospace activities in Toulouse. It also helps promote the distribution of aerospace expertise in France and Europe.

The ISSAT has 13 members:
- Aerospace Valley
- Centre national d'études spatiales
- EADS Astrium
- École nationale de l'aviation civile
- École nationale supérieure des techniques industrielles et des mines d'Albi-Carmaux
- Institut aéronautique et spatial
- Institut national polytechnique de Toulouse
- Institut national des sciences appliquées de Toulouse
- Institut polytechnique des sciences avancées
- Institut supérieur de l'aéronautique et de l'espace
- Magellium
- Météo-France
- Université Paul Sabatier

## Other websites

- Official website
Super Bowl XXXVIII

**Super Bowl XXXVIII** was the thirty-eighth Super Bowl. The teams in the game were the Carolina Panthers from the NFC and the New England Patriots from the AFC. New England won the game 32-29. The performers at the halftime show were Spirit of Houston, Janet Jackson, Justin Timberlake, OutKast, P. Diddy, Kid Rock, and Nelly. The halftime show created controversy when Janet Jackson's breast was shown by Justin Timberlake to everyone who was watching the show.
Super Bowl XXXIX

**Super Bowl XXXIX** was the thirty-ninth Super Bowl. The teams in the game were the Philadelphia Eagles from the NFC and the New England Patriots from the AFC. New England won the game 24-21. Paul McCartney performed in the halftime show. The game was played to take place on February 6, 2005.
Rhythmite

A **rhythmite** is layers of sediment or sedimentary rock laid down in a repeated pattern. This pattern may be varves, which are an annual pattern, or shorter or longer-term rhymites. Tides in some places have left rhythmites.

## Longer-term rhythmites

Rhythmites can show long-term prehistoric events, such as periodic floods, sea level changes, glaciation changes, earth's orbital variations, and other periodic climate changes.

Many rock formations show repeating patterns of strata. For example, clay layers may alternate with sandstone layers; or carbonate layers alternate with shales. This is usually caused by repeating cycles of climate. In warmer times the sea rises, and carbonate rocks are deposited in shallow subtropical seas. Later, ice builds up at the poles and the sea level drops. Then the same area is close to shore, and gets sand and mud washed down by rivers.

Deposits on land show patterns for similar reasons. A low-lying area will be a lake or a swamp during hot, wet periods, and maybe a desert or a mudflat during dry periods. Erosion takes place during the dry periods, and deposition takes place during the wet periods.

However, temperature and sea-level changes are not the only causes of rhythmites. In volcanic areas a pattern of deposition in lakes may be regularly interrupted by eruptions of volcanic ash, so that in the record of the rocks shales and mudstone alternates with tuff.
Varve

A **varve** is a pattern in sediment which is made by annual processes (deposits which vary during the year). Varves are amongst the smallest-scale events in stratigraphy. They form only in fresh or brackish water. Varves are important in palynology, and can be fossilized as rhythmites.

The classic varve archetype is a light/dark-coloured couplet deposited in a glacial lake. The light layer is usually silt and fine sand deposited when spring meltwater brings sediment into the lake.

During winter, when meltwater and its sediment is reduced and the lake surface freezes, fine clay-size sediment is deposited forming a dark-coloured layer.

Varve formation needs the absence of bioturbation (lake bottom disturbed by animals). Therefore, varves usually form under anoxic conditions.
Punta Gorda, Belize

**Punta Gorda** (called P. G. by the locals) is a city in the southern part of Belize.  It is the capital of the district (state) of Toledo.  About 6,400 people live there.  Punta Gorda has a tiny airport.  Every Saturday, people come to Punta Gorda from all over Toledo District to buy and sell items in an open-air market.

Punta Gorda is a seaport and fishing town on the Caribbean Sea. It was a small fishing village before being settled by a number of Garifuna who came from Honduras in 1823. The town is about fifteen feet above sea level.

Well-known people from Punta Gorda include paranda musician Paul Nabor and Belize's 'Queen of Brukdown', Leela Vernon.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Punta Gorda Town
- **nickname**: P.G.
- **image skyline**: PGTOWNSQUARE.JPG
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **image caption**: Punta Gorda Town Square
- **pushpin mapsize**: 300
- **subdivision type**: List of countries, Country
- **subdivision name**: Belize
- **subdivision type1**: Districts of Belize, District
- **subdivision name1**: Toledo District, Toledo
- **leader title**: Mayor of Punta Gorda
- **leader name**: Floyd Lino
- **established title**: Founded
- **established date**: 1802
- **population as of**: 2005
- **population note**: estimated
- **population total**: 6,400
- **timezone**: Central Time zone, Central
- **utc offset**: -6
- **elevation m**: sea level
- **elevation ft**: 0-50ft above sea level
Deaths in 2012

The following is a list of notable **deaths in 2012**.

## January

- January 1 - Carlos Soria, 62, Argentine politician, shot.
- January 1 - Bob Anderson, 89, English fencer, and movie sword fight choreographer.
- January 1 - Kiro Gligorov, 94, former President of the Republic of Macedonia.
- January 2 - William P. Carey, 81, American investment manager and philanthropist.
- January 3 - Josef Skvorecky, 87, Czech writer and publisher, cancer.
- January 5 - Frederica Sagor Maas, 111, American screenwriter, playwright and writer.
- January 6 - Bob Holness, 83, South African-born British quiz show host.
- January 8 - Alexis Weissenberg, 82, Bulgarian pianist.
- January 9 - Malam Bacai Sanha, 64, President of Guinea-Bissau.
- January 9 - Mae Laborde, 102, American actress, natural causes.
- January 12 - Bill Janklow, 72, American politician and former Governor of South Dakota, cancer.
- January 12 - Reginald Hill, 75, British crime fiction writer.
- January 13 - Rauf Denktaş, 87, 1st President of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, multiple organ failure.
- January 14 - Txillardegi, 82, Basque linguist, writer and politician.
- January 15 - Manuel Fraga Iribarne, 89, Spanish politician and former Prime Minister of Galicia, heart failure.
- January 15 - Ed Derwinski, 85, American politician.
- January 16 - Gustav Leonhardt, 83, Dutch musician, conductor and teacher.
- January 17 - Johnny Otis, 90, American songwriter.
- January 19 - Sarah Burke, 29, Canadian freestyle skier, complications from skiing accident.
- January 20 - Jiri Raska, 70, Czech ski jumper, heart disease.
- January 20 - Etta James, 73, American singer, leukemia.
- January 22 - Joe Paterno, 85, American college football coach, lung cancer.
- January 24 - Theodoros Angelopoulos, 76, Greek movie director and screenwriter, hit by a motorcycle.
- January 24 - James Farentino, 73, American actor.
- January 25 - Veronica Carstens, 88, former First Lady of Germany.
- January 26 - M. O. H. Farook, 74, Indian politician, diplomat and Governor of Kerala.
- January 26 - Colin Tarrant, 59, British actor
- January 29 - Oscar Luigi Scalfaro, 93, 9th President of Italy.
- January 29 - Camilla Williams, 92, American opera singer, complications from cancer.
- January 31 - Anthony Bevilacqua, 88, former Roman Catholic Archbishop of Philadelphia.
- January 31 - Mike Kelley, 57, American artist and musician, suicide, (body found on this date).
- January 31 - Dorothea Tanning, 101, American painter.
Noto Province

was an old province of Japan in the area of Ishikawa Prefecture on the island of Honshū. It was sometimes called .

The province had borders with Etchū and Kaga provinces.

The ancient capital city of the province was Nanao.

## History

Noto Province was created during the reign of Empress Genshō.

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  The maps of Japan and Noto Province were reformed in the 1870s.

## Shrines and Temples

_Keta jinja_ was the chief Shinto shrines (_ichinomiya_) of Noto.

## Related pages

- Provinces of Japan
- Prefectures of Japan
- List of regions of Japan
- List of islands of Japan

## Other websites

- Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903
Sado Province

was an island province of Japan until 1871 when it became a part of Niigata Prefecture on the island of Honshū. It was sometimes called  or .

## History

Sado Province was created during the reign of Empress Genshō.

In 1221, Emperor Juntoku was sent into exile on Sado Island.  The former emperor is sometimes identified as  because his last years were spent at Sado.  Juntoku remained at Sado until his death in 1242.

In the Edo period, Gold was discovered and mined.  The Sado mines were added to the tentative World Heritage List in 2010.

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  The maps of Japan and Sado Province were reformed in the 1870s.

## Geography

Sado is an island in the Sea of Japan.  It was off the coast of Echigo Province.

## Shrines and Temples

_Watatsu-jinja_ was the chief Shinto shrine (_ichinomiya_) of Sado.

## Related pages

- Provinces of Japan
- Prefectures of Japan
- List of regions of Japan
- List of islands of Japan

## Other websites

- Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903
Louise I. Shelley

**Louise I. Shelley** is a professor at George Mason University in Virginia. She is also founder and director of the Terrorism, Transnational Crime and Corruption Center (TraCCC).

She graduated from Cornell University _cum laude_ in Penology and Russian literature in 1972. While there, she co-founded the Risley Residential College. She served on the Cornell Board of Trustees.  She got a M.A. from the University of Pennsylvania in  Criminology in 1973.  In 1973/74, she held a Columbia University, International Research and Exchanges Board (IREX) Fellowship used to study in the Sociology Department, Law School and the Russian Institute. In 1977, Shelley earned a Ph.D. in Sociology at the University of Pennsylvania.

She joined the American University as an Assistant Professor in 1977. She became a full professor in 1986. In 2007, she moved to George Mason University.  Shelley has studied at Moscow State University as a Fulbright-Hayes Fellow.

She studied the prison system of Russia and other nations. She studies how criminals make their money hard to trace (money laundering).

## Books

- _Human Security, Transnational Crime and Human Trafficking_ edited with Shiro Okubo New York and London, Routledge, 2011.
- _Human Trafficking: A Global Perspective_ New York and Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
- _Organised Crime and Corruption in Georgia_ edited with Erik R. Scott and Anthony Latta, London and New York: Routledge, 2007.
- _Human Traffic and Transnational Crime: Eurasian and American Perspectives_ edited with Sally Stoecker Lanham, Md: Rowman and Littlefield, 2004.
- _Izucheniye organizovannoy prestupnosti: rossiisko-amerikanskii dialog, edited with Ninel Kuznetsova and Yu. G. Kozlov, Moscow: Olimp, 1997.
- _Policing Soviet Society: The Evolution of State Control_, London: Routledge, 1996.
- _Social Changes, Crime and the Police_, edited with Jozsef Vigh Reading: Harwood Press, 1995.
- _Crime and Control in Comparative Perspective_, edited with H.G. Heiland and H. Katoh. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1992.
- _Crime and Development_ (edited special issue), International Annals of Criminology, 1986, Vol. 24, Nos. 1 and 2.
- _Lawyers in Soviet Work Life, Law, Crime and Deviance Series_, Rutgers University Press, 1984.
- _Crime and Modernization, The Impact of Industrialization and Urbanization on Crime_, Southern Illinois University Press, first printing, March 1981, second printing, March 1982. Translated into Chinese, published Bejing: Public Publishing House, 1987.
- _Readings in Comparative Criminology_, Southern Illinois University Press, 1981 (edited Collection).
- _History Without Jews_, B'nai B'rith, 1977.

## Other websites

- Official webpage
- Bio at quarterly journal _dispatches''
Wakasa Province

was an old province of Japan in the area of Fukui Prefecture on the island of Honshū. It was also known as  or .

The province had borders with Echizen, Ōmi, Tamba, Tango, and Yamashiro Provinces.

The ancient capital city of the province was Obama.

## History

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  The maps of Japan and Wakasa Province were reformed in the 1870s.

## Shrines and Temples

_Wakasahiko jinja_ was the chief Shinto shrine (_ichinomiya_) of Wakasa.

## Related pages

- Provinces of Japan
- Prefectures of Japan
- List of regions of Japan
- List of islands of Japan

## Other websites

- Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903
Bob Anderson

**Robert James Gilbert Anderson** (15 September 1922 – 1 January 2012) was an English athlete who represented Great Britain in the fencing at the 1952 Summer Olympics. He choreographed the sword fights for many movies including Star Wars and The Lord of the Rings movie trilogy.

He was born in Hampshire on 15 September 1922, and during World War II he was a member of the British Royal Marines. He used his sword fighting skills in many movies starting with _The Master of Ballantrae_, based on the book by Robert Louis Stevenson. During the filming he accidentally stabbed Errol Flynn in the leg. Anderson was the person dressed as Darth Vader in the sword fights in _The Empire Strikes Back_ and _Return of the Jedi_. He also arranged the sword fights in all three of the Lord of the Rings movies. Other movie credits included the James Bond movies, _From Russia With Love_ and _Die Another Day_, _The Princess Bride_, _The Three Musketeers (1993 movie)_, _The Mask of Zorro_, and _The Legend of Zorro_.
Geli Raubal

**Geli Raubal** (June 4, 1908–September 18, 1931), sometimes known as **Angela Raubal** was Adolf Hitler's half-niece. She was born in Linz, Austria-Hungary. She shot herself dead in Hitler's apartment in Munich, Weimar Republic. She is buried in Zentralfriedhof, Vienna, Austria.

## Family

- Father: Leo Raubal
- Mother: Angela Raubal (Hitler's half-sister)
- Boyfriend: Emil Maurice (Hitler's chauffeur)
- Boyfriend: Adolf Hitler (rumored)

## Sources

- http://www.nndb.com/people/144/000087880/
Tamara Toumanova

**Tamara Toumanova** ( March 2, 1919 – May 29, 1996) was an American ballerina and actress of Georgian descent. Toumanova is notable for ballet, and she also acted in several movies.

Tournova became an American citizen in 1943. She married her second husband, Casey Robinson, a Hollywood script writer and producer, in 1944.

## Life

Shortly after the Russian Revolution of 1917, Toumanova's mother, Eugenia Toumanova, left Georgia, Russia looking for her first husband, Konstantin Zakharov. She was pregnant at the time. She gave birth to Toumanova in Siberia. It has been verified that Toumanova is of Georgian ancestry.

Toumanova's parents became separated during the revolution. Toumanova was 18 months old before her parents were found each other. The family went from Russia to Shanghai, China. They lived there for a year. They then moved to Cairo. After living in refugee camps, the family moved to Paris. There was a large Russian émigré community there.

After moving to Paris, Toumanova was given piano lessons and studied ballet with Olga Preobrajenska. Toumanova said she was her "first and only permanent teacher" and an "immortal friend". She made her debut at the Paris Opera at the age of ten in the children's ballet _L'Éventail de Jeanne_. George Balanchine saw her in ballet class and hired her for de Basil's Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo as one of the three "baby ballerinas".

## Other websites

- Australia Dancing — Lutte eternelle
- Tamara Toumanova

## Infobox (artist)

- **name**: Tamara Toumanova
- **image**: Georgian-American Ballerina Tamara Toumanova (Tumanishvili) - 1940s.jpg
- **image size**: 220px
- **caption**: Tamara Toumanova in a promotional portrait
- **birth place**: Siberia
- **death place**: Santa Monica, California, U.S.
- **field**: Ballet
- **patrons**: George Balanchine
Faizal Yusof

**Faizal Yusof** (1979 - 1 January 2011) was a Malaysian actor. He acted in the popular television series _Tiramisu and Manjalara_. He died from heart failure, and was buried in the Batu Mudu Muslim Cemetery in Kuala Lumpur.
Valery Rozhdestvensky

**Valery Ilyich Rozhdestvensky** (February 13, 1939–August 31, 2011) was a USSR cosmonaut.

Rozhdestvensky was born in Leningrad and studied engineering at the Higher Military Engineering School of the Soviet Navy in Pushkin. From 1961 to 1965 he was commander of a deep sea diving unit in the Baltic Sea War Fleet.

He was chosen to be a cosmonaut on October 23, 1965 and flew as Flight Engineer on Soyuz 23 in 1976. After his space flight he continued to work with the space program at the Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center. He retired on June 24, 1986 and worked with Metropolis Industries.

## Infobox (astronaut)

- **image**: Soyuz-23.JPG
- **caption**: Vyacheslav Zudov and Valery Rozhdestvensky (right) on a 1977 Soviet stamp
- **name**: Valery Ilyich Rozhdestvensky
- **type**: Cosmonaut
- **nationality**: Soviet Union, Soviet
- **birth place**: Saint Petersburg, Leningrad, Russian SFSR
- **occupation**: Engineer, Soviet Navy
- **selection**: List of astronauts by selection#1965, 1965
- **time**: 2d 00h 06m
- **mission**: Soyuz 23
Awa Province (Tokushima)

was an old province of Japan in the area of Tokushima Prefecture on the island of Shikoku. It was sometimes called .

Awa had borders with Tosa, Sanuki, and Iyo Provinces.

## History

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  The maps of Japan and Awa Province were reformed in the 1870s.

## Shrines and Temples

_Ōasahiko jinja_ was the chief Shinto shrine (_ichinomiya_) of Awa.

## Related pages

- Provinces of Japan
- Prefectures of Japan
- List of regions of Japan
- List of islands of Japan

## Other websites

- Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903
Teapot Rock

**Teapot Rock** is a rock formation in Natrona County, Wyoming. A nearby oil field is named after the rock. The oil field was the focus of a bribery scandal during the administration of Warren G. Harding, the Teapot Dome scandal. The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.

The eroded sandstone formation is  tall and is about  in circumference.  It is a few hundred yards east of Wyoming Highway 259, about  north of Casper, Wyoming in the Powder River Basin near Teapot Creek.

The outline of the rock once resembled a teapot and gave its name to several man-made and natural features, including a geologic structural uplift known as the Teapot Dome, and an oil field about  east.

In 1915, U.S. Navy was converting its ships to oil-fired boilers. The Navy bought the Teapot Dome Oil Field. It was called "Naval Petroleum Reserve Number Three" as part of a program to ensure that the  Navy would have sufficient fuel reserves in an emergency. It was one of several related fields in the area, the largest of which was the Salt Creek Oil Field. By comparison with the Salt Creek Field's  peak production of  of 1923, the Teapot Dome field had about 64 wells, with few producing more than 150 barrels per day (24 m<sup>3</sup>/d).

## Other websites

- Photographs of Teapot Rock  at the National Park Service's NRHP database
- Teapot Rock  at the Wyoming State Historic Preservation Office
- http://wiki.wyomingplaces.org/w/page/12716496/Teapot-Rock

## Infobox (nrhp)

- **name**: Teapot Rock
- **image**: 2017TeapotRock.jpg
- **caption**: <small>Teapot Rock in 2017, from the west.</small>
- **location**: Natrona County, Wyoming, United States, USA
- **nearest city**: Midwest, Wyoming
- **locmapin**: Wyoming#USA
- **built**: 1922
- **added**: December 30, 1974
- **governing body**: Private
- **refnum**: 74002028
Ghost Adventures

***Ghost Adventures*** is a weekly American paranormal television series that started on October 17, 2008 on the Travel Channel. Produced by MY-Tupelo Entertainment, the program follows and stars ghost hunters Zak Bagans, Nick Groff, and Aaron Goodwin, as they investigate locations that are reported to be haunted. Hosted and narrated by Bagans, the show airs new episodes on Fridays at 9 p.m. Eastern Time on the Travel Channel. Nick Groff of the Ghost Adventures crew confirmed there will be a sixth season that will premier in 2012.
Paranormal television

**Paranormal television** is a genre of popular reality television programming. It is about real investigations of paranormal phenomena, instead of fictional representations found in such shows as _The Ghosts of Motley Hall_ and _Ghostbusters_, or cartoon/children's series such as _Scooby Doo_ and _Rentaghost_.
Awaji Province

was a Japanese island province in the Seto Inland Sea near Hyōgo Prefecture on the island of Honshū.   It was sometimes called  .

Awaji Island is between Honshū and the island of Shikoku. Awaji means literally "Road to Awa". It was the route for traveling to Awa Province from the central part of Japan.

## History

In 764, Emperor Junnin was sent into exile on Awaji.  He died on the island in 765.  The former emperor was known as _Awaji no Haitei._

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  The maps of Japan and Awaji Province were reformed in the 1870s.

## Shrines and Temples

_Izanagi jingu_ was the chief Shinto shrines (_ichinomiya_) of Awaji.

## Related pages

- Provinces of Japan
- Prefectures of Japan
- List of regions of Japan
- List of islands of Japan

## Other websites

- Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903
Broken Sword: The Shadow of the Templars

***Broken Sword: The Shadow of the Templars*** (released as _Circle of Blood_ in the US) is a point-and-click adventure game released to the PC on November 5, 1996. It was released on the PlayStation in December that same year and on the Game Boy Advance March 19, 2002. It has also been released to the Mobile phone, and re-released to the Wii, PC, Mac OS X, Nintendo DS and iOS as a "director's cut". According to Charles Cecil, it sold around a 1,000,000 copies in the mid-1990s. The game follows George Stobbart - a young American patent lawyer, who is a eye witness and victim of a bomb attack on a small Parisian cafe.

## Infobox (video game)

- **title**: Broken Sword: The Shadow of the Templars
- **caption**: European PC version boxart
- **developer**: Revolution Software
Astraware <small>(Mobile)</small>
- **publisher**: Virgin Interactive <small>(PC)</small>
THQ <small>(PlayStation)</small>
BAM! Entertainment <small>(Game Boy Advance)</small>
Astraware <small>(Mobile)</small>
Ubisoft <small>(Wii, Nintendo DS)</small>
Revolution Software <small>(iOS & Mac OS X (Director's Cut))</small>
Kalypso Media <small>(PC (Director's Cut))</small>
- **designer**: Charles Cecil <small>(director)</small>
Barrington Pheloung <small>(composer)</small>
- **engine**: Virtual Theatre
- **released**: **PC**
**PlayStation**
**Game Boy Advance**
**Mobile phone**
**Wii (Director's Cut)**
**Nintendo DS (Director's Cut)**
**iOS**
**PC & Mac (Director's Cut)**

- **genre**: Video game, Point-and-click adventure
- **series**: _Broken Sword_
- **modes**: Single-player
- **platforms**: Personal computer, PC (DOS, Microsoft Windows, Windows), PlayStation, Game Boy Advance, Mobile phone, Wii, Nintendo DS, iOS (Apple), iOS, Mac OS X
Iyo Province

was an old province of Japan in the area of Ehime Prefecture on the island of Shikoku. The province was sometimes called .

Iyo had borders  with Awa, Sanuki, and Tosa Provinces.

The ancient capital city of the province was near modern Imabari.

## History

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  The maps of Japan and Iyo Province were reformed in the 1870s.

## Shrines and Temples

_Ōyamazumi jinja_ was the chief Shinto shrine (_ichinomiya_) of Iyo.

## Related pages

- Provinces of Japan
- Prefectures of Japan
- List of regions of Japan
- List of islands of Japan

## Other websites

- Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903
Much Ado About Nothing

***Much Ado about Nothing*** is a comedy by William Shakespeare. It is set in Messina, Sicily (which is in Italy) and is a comedy/love story about two pairs of lovers, Hero and Claudio and Benedick and Beatrice. This story is one of William Shakespeare's more popular plays.

The villain in this story is called Don John and he convinces Claudio that Hero is cheating on him and then he refuses to marry her whilst Benedick and Beatrice are tricked into confessing their true love for each other.  In the end the Constable accidentally sorts everything out and everyone celebrates both marriages.

Don John (the villain) can't bear anyone else to be happy.  He is an illegitimate child meaning his upbringing has been rocky and he is insecure, leading to his selfish behaviour getting the better of him throughout the play.
Kii Province

, or , was an old province of Japan in the area of Wakayama Prefecture and Mie Prefecture on the island of Honshū.

Kii had borders with Ise, Izumi, Kawachi, Shima, and Yamato Provinces.

## History

During the Edo period, the Kii branch of the Tokugawa clan held the castle at Wakayama.

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  The maps of Japan and Kii Province were reformed in the 1870s.

## Shrines and Temples

_Hinokuma-Kunikakasu jinjū_ was the chief Shinto shrine (_ichinomiya_) of Kii.

## Related pages

- Provinces of Japan
- Prefectures of Japan
- List of regions of Japan
- List of islands of Japan

## Other websites

- Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903
AWA

**AWA** may be an acronym for:
- Amalgamated Wireless Australasia Limited (AWA), Australian manufacturer of radio and communications equipment
    - AWA Tower, Sydney, Australia
- America West Airlines

**Awa** may mean:
- Awa, Tokushima, a town in Japan
- Awa District, Chiba, a modern geographical and administrative area in Japan
- Awa District, Tokushima, a modern geographical and administrative area in Japan
- Awa Province (Chiba), an historical geographical and administrative area in Japan
- Awa Province (Tokushima), an historical geographical and administrative area in Japan
Justus Liebig

**Justus Liebig** (12 May 1803 – 18 April 1873) was a German chemist who made major contributions to agricultural and biological chemistry, and worked on the organization of organic chemistry.

Liebig was one of the greatest chemistry teachers of all time.
At 21 he was appointed professor of chemistry at Giessen, recommended by Alexander von Humboldt. There he established the world's first major school of chemistry. He invented the chemical laboratory, and used it for teaching. He founded and edited the _Annalen der Chemie_, the leading German-language journal of chemistry.

Liebig invented new methods for the analysis of organic materials. He showed that, to grow, plants need (as well as water and sunlight) carbon dioxide, minerals and nitrogen compounds. He discovered that nitrogen was an essential plant nutrient, and invented the first nitrogen-based fertiliser. His Law of the Minimum stated that a plant's development is limited by the one essential mineral that is in the shortest supply. He described the effect of individual nutrients on crops.

Where others thought that organic chemicals were entirely separate fron inorganic ones, Liebig thought diffferently:
- "...the production of all organic substances no longer belongs just to the organism. It must be viewed as not only probable but as certain that we shall produce them in our laboratories. Sugar, salicin (aspirin), and morphine will be artificially produced". Liebig's textbooks were the standard for many years.

In 1835 he invented a process of silvering that greatly improved the quality of mirrors.

Liebig also developed a manufacturing process for beef extracts, and founded a company, Liebig Extract of Meat Company, that later trademarked the Oxo brand beef cube.

Liebig's work was closely followed in Britain, and he was awarded the Royal Society's Copley Medal in 1840. His own country made him a Baron in 1845.

## Related pages

- List of science books#19th century

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Justus von Liebig
- **image**: Justus von Liebig nah.jpg
- **caption**: Justus von Liebig circa, c. 1860
- **birth place**: Darmstadt, Grand Duchy of Hesse
- **death place**: Munich, German Empire
- **nationality**: Hesse, Hessian, then German
- **field**: Chemistry
- **work institutions**: University of Giessen
University of Munich
- **alma mater**: University of Bonn
University of Erlangen
- **known for**: Invention of nitrogen-based fertiliser
Law of the Minimum
Liebig condenser
Awa Province (Chiba)

was an old province of Japan in the area of Chiba Prefecture on the island of Honshū.  It is also known as  or .

The province was on the tip of the Boso Peninsula (房総半島).

## History

Awa Province was created during the reign of Empress Genshō.

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  The maps of Japan and Awa Province were reformed in the 1870s.

## Shrines and Temples

_Awa jinja_ was the chief Shinto shrine (_ichinomiya_) of Awa.

## Related pages

- Provinces of Japan
- Prefectures of Japan
- List of regions of Japan
- List of islands of Japan

## Other websites

- Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903