Ludwig von Mises

**Ludwig Heinrich Edler von Mises** (Galicia, Austro-Hungary, 29 September 1881 – New York City, 10 October 1973) was an Austrian-American economist, philosopher, and classical liberal. He was of Jewish descent and a prominent figure in the Austrian School of economic thought.

Fearing a Nazi take-over of Europe, Mises emigrated to New York in 1940. He published his most famous work _Human action_ in 1949. Mises had a big influence on the libertarian movement that developed in the United States in the mid-20th century. The Mises Caucus is named after him.

## Biography

The family of his father Arthur Edler von Mises had been elevated to the Austrian nobility in the 19th century, and was involved in building and financing railroads.

At the age of twelve Ludwig spoke fluent Yiddish, German, Polish, and French, read Latin, and could understand Ukrainian. Mises was the older brother of the physicist Richard von Mises, a member of the Vienna Circle.

In 1900, he attended the University of Vienna, becoming influenced by the works of Carl Menger. In 1906 Mises was awarded his doctorate from the school of law.

## Career

Economist and political theorist Friedrich Hayek came to know Mises while working as Mises' subordinate at a government office dealing with Austria's post-World War I debt. Hayek wrote, "there I came to know him mainly as a tremendously efficient executive, the kind of man who, as was said of John Stuart Mill, because he does a normal day's work in two hours, always has a clear desk and time to talk about anything. I came to know him as one of the best educated and informed men I have ever known...".<sup>p219</sup> Hayek's development of Mises' theoretical work on the business cycle later earned Hayek the 1974 Nobel Prize in Economics (shared with Swedish economist Gunnar Myrdal).<sup>p68</sup>

In 1934, Mises left Austria for Geneva, Switzerland, where he was a professor at the Institute of International Studies until 1940. Fearing that Germany might take control over Switzerland, in 1940 Mises left Europe and emigrated to New York City. There he became a visiting professor at New York University.  He held this position from 1945 until his retirement in 1969. He was not employed by the university, but funded by businessmen. For part of this period, Mises worked on currency issues. In 1947, Mises became one of the founding members of the Mont Pelerin Society.

Despite fleeing Europe, Mises is credited for having an influential role in the economic reconstruction of Europe after World War II through his professional relationships with Ludwig Erhard, Charles de Gaulle and Luigi Einaudi.

### No compromises

In a 1978 interview, Friedrich Hayek said about Mises' book _Socialism_:
- "At first we all felt he was frightfully exaggerating and even offensive in tone. You see, he hurt all our deepest feelings, but gradually he won us around, although for a long time I had to – I just learned he was usually right in his conclusions, but I was not completely satisfied with his argument".

After his death, his wife quoted a passage that Mises had written about Benjamin Anderson, and said that it best described Mises' own personality: "His most eminent qualities were his inflexible honesty, his unhesitating sincerity. He never yielded. He always freely enunciated [said] what he considered to be true. If he had been prepared to suppress or only to soften his criticisms of popular, but irresponsible, policies, the most influential positions and offices would have been offered him. But he never compromised".

## Most important books

- _The Theory of Money and Credit_ (1912; 1934 in English) Jonathan Cape, London.  hardcover. ) softcover
- _Socialism_ (1922; 1936 in English) Jonathan Cape, London; 1951 Yale, New Haven.
- _Liberalism_ (1927; 1962 in English) Van Nostrad, Princeton; four more reprints.
- _Omnipotent government_ (1944) Yale University Press, New Haven. Libertarian Press 1985
- _Bureaucracy_ (1944) Yale University Press, New Haven.   (cloth),  (paper)
- _Human action_ (1949) Yale University Press, New Haven, and the Ludwig von Mises Institute. Liberty Fund, ; Fox & Wilkes,
- _The anti-capitalistic mentality_ (1956) Van Nostrand and Ludwig von Mises Institute.  (cloth),  (paperback)

## Other websites

- Ludwig von Mises Institute Europe
- Mises.org, Ludwig von Mises Institute USA

## Infobox (philosopher)

- **name**: Ludwig von Mises
- **school tradition**: Austrian School
- **color**: firebrick
- **image**: Ludwig von Mises.jpg
- 300px
- Ludwig von Mises
- **birth place**: Lviv, Lemberg, Galicia, Austria-Hungary (now Lviv, Ukraine)
- **death place**: New York City, New York (state), New York, USA
- **relatives**: Richard von Mises (brother)
Gitta Sereny (step-daughter)
- **main interests**: economics, political economy, philosophy of history, epistemology, rationalism, classical liberalism, libertarianism
- **influences**: Frédéric Bastiat, Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk, Franz Brentano, Edmund Husserl, Carl Menger, Jean-Baptiste Say, Anne Robert Jacques Turgot, Max Weber, Friedrich von Wieser
- **influenced**: Maurice Allais, Benjamin Anderson, Peter Bauer, Walter Block, James M. Buchanan, Milton Friedman, Friedrich von Hayek, Henry Hazlitt, John Hicks, Hans-Hermann Hoppe, William Harold Hutt, Israel Kirzner, Ludwig Lachmann, Oskar Lange, Ron Paul, Ralph Raico, George Reisman, Lionel Robbins, Lew Rockwell, Murray Rothbard, Joseph Salerno, Peter Schiff, Joseph Schumpeter, Alfred Schutz, Hans Sennholz, Henry Calvert Simons, Vernon L. Smith, Jonathan Nebel
- **notable ideas**: praxeology, economic calculation problem, methodological dualism