juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Conference of European Schools for Advanced Engineering Education and Research

The **Conference of European Schools for Advanced Engineering Education and Research** (**CESAER**) is an association of engineering universities in Europe. CESAER started on the 10th of May 1990, based in Leuven, Belgium.

## Members

|scope="col"|Country|scope="col"|Institution(s)|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|scope="row"||*Graz University of Technology *Vienna University of Technology||
|scope="row"||*Ghent University *Katholieke Universiteit Leuven *Université catholique de Louvain||
|scope="row"||*Brno University of Technology||
|scope="row"||*Aalborg University||
|scope="row"||*Aalto University||
|scope="row"||*Grenoble Alpes University *Institut national des sciences appliquées de Lyon *Paris Institute of Technology *Paris-Saclay University *Polytechnic Institute of Paris||
|scope="row"||*Karlsruhe Institute of Technology *Leibniz University Hannover *RWTH Aachen University *Technical University of Berlin *Technical University of Darmstadt *Technical University of Dresden *Technical University of Braunschweig *University of Stuttgart||
||* National Technical University of Athens|||
|scope="row"||*Budapest University of Technology and Economics||
|scope="row"||*University College Dublin||
|scope="row"||*Technion – Israel Institute of Technology||
|scope="row"||*Politecnico di Milano *Politecnico di Torino *Sapienza University of Rome||
|scope="row"||*Delft University of Technology *University of Twente||
|scope="row"||*Norwegian University of Science and Technology||
|scope="row"||*Gdańsk University of Technology *Poznań University of Technology *Warsaw University of Technology||
|scope="row"||*Instituto Superior Técnico *Universidade NOVA de Lisboa *University of Porto||
|scope="row"||*Politehnica University of Bucharest||
|scope="row"||*University of Belgrade||
||*Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava|||
|scope="row"||*Polytechnic University of Catalonia *Polytechnic University of Madrid *Polytechnic University of Valencia||
|scope="row"||*Chalmers University of Technology *KTH Royal Institute of Technology *Lund University||
|scope="row"||*École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne *ETH Zurich||
|scope="row"||*Istanbul Technical University||
||* National Technical University of Ukraine - Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute|||
|scope="row"||*University of Sheffield *University of Southampton *University of Strathclyde *University of Surrey||

## Further reading

- Official website
Ginger Wikilyiri

**Ginger Nobby Wikilyiri** is an Australian Aboriginal artist from Nyapaṟi, South Australia.

## Life

Wikilyiri was born around 1932, in the desert of north-western South Australia. The place where he was born is Kunamata, a rock hole south of what is now the community of Nyapaṟi. His father had three wives, and Wikilyiri is the son of the second wife. He has an elder sister, Wingu, who was borne to his father's first wife. Wikilyiri and his family, who are Pitjantjatjara, were all born and lived in the bush, living a traditional way of life. After settling at Ernabella, Wikilyiri worked in land management and horticulture. He worked for many years as a ranger for Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park, living at Muṯitjulu.

## Artwork

Wikilyiri paints stories from his Dreaming, the spirituality that defines his kinship with the land. The Dreaming associated with his birth place, Kunumata, carries the __ (a kind of python) as its totem. Wikilyiri's paintings depict sacred legends about his ancestors and how they created the land around Kunumata. He also paints similar stories about Piltati, another rock hole nearby and a sacred site for Pitjantjatjara men. Pink dominates many of Wikilyiri's major paintings, which is an unusual choice of colour for the Western Desert style of art.

His work has been shown in major exhibitions in many cities around Australia and other countries. Examples are held in the National Gallery of Victoria, the Art Gallery of South Australia, the Australian National University, and the National Gallery of Australia. Paintings by Wikilyiri were chosen as finalists for the National Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander Art Awards in 2009, 2010 and 2011.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Ginger Wikilyiri
- **birth date**: Circa, c. 1932
- **birth place**: Kunamata, South Australia
- **nationality**: Australians, Australian
- **occupation**: Painter
- **years active**: 2005 – present
- **organization**: Tjungu Palya
- **style**: Aboriginal art, Western Desert art
- **relatives**: Wingu Tingima (sister)
North Queensland

**North Queensland** or the **Northern Region** is the northern part of the state of Queensland in Australia. It is just south of Far North Queensland. Queensland is a massive state and is larger than many countries. The tropical northern part of it has been historically remote and undeveloped. This has resulted in a regional character and identity that is quite different to the rest of the state.

Townsville is the largest community in North Queensland. It is regarded as an unofficial capital. The region has a population of 231,628 and covers 80,041.5 km².

## Geography

There is no official boundary that separates North Queensland from the rest of the state. Unofficially, its southern border is usually considered to begin south of the Mackay Region. To the north is the Far North Queensland region. The centre of the region is around Cairns. To the west west is the Gulf Country.

North Queensland is a coastal region. Its largest settlement is the city of Townsville, where there is a major seaport.

## State of North Queensland

There have been many groups saying that North Queensland should become its own state.

## Infobox (australian place)

- **type**: region
- **name**: North Queensland
- **state**: qld
- **image**: Qld-regions-map.gif
- **caption**: Queensland's regions
- **pop**: 231628
- **pop year**: 2011
- **area**: 80041.5
- **lga**: Shire of Burdekin, Burdekin, Charters Towers Region, Charters Towers, Shire of Hinchinbrook, Hinchinbrook, Mackay Region, Mackay, Aboriginal Shire of Palm Island, Palm Island, City of Townsville, Townsville, Cairns Region, Cairns
- **stategov**: Electoral district of Whitsunday, Whitsunday, Electoral district of Burdekin, Burdekin, Electoral district of Hinchinbrook, Hinchinbrook, Electoral district of Mackay, Mackay
- **fedgov**: Division of Dawson, Dawson, Division of Kennedy, Kennedy
Payari

**Payari** is a village in Bangladesh. It is in the **Magura** district of the Khulna Division. It is almost  away from **Magura Sadar Upazila**. The Nabaganga river flows nearby the village.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Payari
- **native name**: পয়ারী
- **settlement type**: Village
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Bangladesh, Bangladesh বাংলাদেশ
- **subdivision type1**: Division
- **subdivision name1**: Khulna Division, খুলনা বিভাগ
- **subdivision type2**: District
- **subdivision name2**: **Magura District**, মাগুরা
- **subdivision type3**: Upzilla
- **subdivision name3**: **Magura Sadar Upazila** , মাগুরা সদর
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **population density km2**: auto
Phidippus audax

***Phidippus audax*** is a jumping spider that comes from North America. The spider is often called the **daring jumping spider** or **bold jumping spider** in English. A spider of this species will usually be black with white patterns on its abdomen. In younger spiders, the spots on the abdomen will be a orange, red or yellow colour, which will become white as the spider becomes older. The average size of an adult is between 13 and 20 millimetres and the male is slightly smaller than the female.
Mikio Hasemoto

**Mikio Hasemoto** (July 13, 1916-November 29, 1943)  was a United States Army soldier.  He received the Medal of Honor because of his actions in World War II.

## Early life

Hasemoto was born at Honolulu, Hawaii.  He is the son of immigrants who were born in Japan. He is a _Nisei_, which means that he is a second generation Japanese-American.

## Soldier

Six months before the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Hasemoto joined the US Army in June 1941.

Hasemoto volunteered to be part of the all-_Nisei_ 100th Infantry Battalion.  This army unit was mostly made up of Japanese Americans from Hawaii and the mainland.

For his actions in November 1943, Hasemoto was awarded the Army's second-highest decoration, the Distinguished Service Cross (DSC).  In the 1990s, there was a review of service records of Asian Americans who received the DSC during World War II.  Hasemoto's award was upgraded to the Medal of Honor. In a ceremony at the White House on June 21, 2000, his family was presented with his medal by President Bill Clinton. Twenty-one other Asian Americans also received the medal during the ceremony, but only seven of them were still alive.

## Medal of Honor citation

Hasemoto's Medal of Honor recognized his conduct in frontline fighting in central Italy in 1943.  With his squad leader, he destroyed an enemy force despite having to run through heavy fire twice to retrieve new weapons

The words of Hasemoto's citation explain:
> Private Mikio Hasemoto distinguished himself by extraordinary heroism in action on 29 November 1943, in the vicinity of Cerasuolo, Italy. A force of approximately 40 enemy soldiers, armed with machine guns, machine pistols, rifles, and grenades, attacked the left flank of his platoon. Two enemy soldiers with machine guns advanced forward, firing their weapons. Private Hasemoto, an automatic rifleman, challenged these two machine gunners. After firing four magazines at the approaching enemy, his weapon was shot and damaged. Unhesitatingly, he ran 10 yards to the rear, secured another automatic rifle and continued to fire until his weapon jammed. At this point, Private Hasemoto and his squad leader had killed approximately 20 enemy soldiers. Again, Private Hasemoto ran through a barrage of enemy machine gun fire to pick up an M-1 rifle. Continuing their fire, Private Hasemoto and his squad leader killed 10 more enemy soldiers. With only three enemy soldiers left, he and his squad leader charged courageously forward, killing one, wounding one, and capturing another. The following day, Private Hasemoto continued to repel enemy attacks until he was killed by enemy fire. Private Hasemoto’s extraordinary heroism and devotion to duty are in keeping with the highest traditions of military service and reflect great credit on him, his unit, and the United States Army.

## Related pages

- List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II
- List of Asian American Medal of Honor recipients
- Posthumous recognition

## Other websites

- "Army Secretary Lionizes 22 World War II Heroes" at Defense.gov
Nicholas Marcellus Hentz

**Nicholas Marcellus Hentz** (born July 25, 1797) was a French-American educator and arachnologist. He died November 4, 1856 in Marianna, Florida.

Hentz was born in Versailles, France. He learned the art of miniature painting and studied medicine in Paris. In 1816, he immigrated to the United States. In the United States, he taught the French language and miniature painting in Boston, Philadelphia and many other places.

Hentz is best known for his work in describing 124 spider species. These include the black-footed yellow sac spider and the Southern house spider.
Italian food

**Italian food** is the food created by traditional Italian cooking. It is not any one thing, because it is strongly regionalised. This means that the cooking is different in different parts of Italy.

Naturally there are some basic foods which can be found all over Italy, and now in many other countries. These are pasta, pizza, cannoli pastry desserts, ice cream and red or white wine. Calamari dishes of  fried squid (fried calamari) are often on the menu.

Olives have been grown in Italy for thousands of years. They are eaten, and also are the basis of olive oil. Olive oil and vinaigrette or balsamic vinegar are always on the table or nearby. Italians also make many kinds of breads in a different style from French bread. Their styles of coffee have also become internationally famous. Some of their liqueurs, like limoncello, are very distinctive.

Italian food is one of the most refined and varied in Europe, from the piquant flavours of Naples and Calabria to the pesto dishes of Liguria and the cheese and risotto dishes of the Italian Alps.
Kashima Jingū

, also known as **Kashima-jinja**, is a Japanese Shinto shrine in Kashima, Ibaraki on the island of Honshu.

## History

_Kashima_ was the chief Shinto shrine (_ichinomiya_) of the old Hitachi Province.  It serves today as one of the _ichinomiya_ of Ibaraki Prefecture.
  This place is special to the _kami_ named .

In the modern system of ranked Shinto Shrines, Kashima was listed in the middle range of ranked Imperial shrines or  which included  23 sanctuaries.

## Other websites

- Kashima Jingu website
Friedrich von Wurmb

**Christoph Carl Friedrich von Wurmb** (2 July 1742-March 1781) was a German botanist. His official shorthand is „<span class="Person">Wurmb</span>“. He was a descendant of the noble family von Wurmb. At some point in time, his elder brother Ludwig and he himself fell in love with the same woman. After a long decision process, he decided to emigrate, and leave the woman to his brother. He joined the Dutch East India Company, and emigrated to Amsterdam, and later to Batavia, the modern-day Jakarta. His brother later married this woman, Christiane von Werthern. His sister's brother in law, Friedrich Schiller, wrote a short story about it, _A magnanimous act_ (_Eine Grossmütige Handlung_).

In biology, he is known for his taxonomy of palm trees. and for his writing about a Bornean Oranggutan.

The species Wurmbea in the Colchicaceae is named after him.

Baron von Wurmb was also an important member of the Batavia Society of Arts and Sciences (now National Museum) and the founder of its well-known library, now the National Library. He lived in a house in the old Batavia area, known as the Yellow Lions building, due to the two golden (now faded) lion statues that guard the entrance of the house. Though now slightly run down, the building still stands next to Kali Besar in Jakarta.
Core cities of Japan

is a defined class or category of Japanese cities.  It is a local administrative division created by the national government.  All core cities have a population greater than 300,000.

## History

The core cities were created because of the Local Autonomy Law of Japan.  Each city does many of the things normally done by prefectures.

### List

Core cities were recognized starting in 1996. There are 40+ of these cities, including
- _This list is not finished; you can help Wikipedia by adding to it._

- Akita, 1997
- Amagasaki, 2009
- Aomori, 2006
- Asahikawa, 2000
- Fukuyama, 1998
- Funabashi, 2003
- Gifu, 1996
- Hakodate, 2005
- Higashiōsaka, 2005
- Himeji, 1996
- Iwaki, 1999
- Kagoshima, 1996
- Kanazawa, 1996
- Kashiwa, 2008
- Kawagoe, 2003
- Kōchi, 1998
- Kōriyama, 1997
- Kurashiki, 2002
- Kurume, 2008
- Maebashi, 2009
- Matsuyama, 2000
- Miyazaki, 1998
- Morioka, 2008
- Nagano, 1999
- Nagasaki, 1997
- Naha, 2013
- Nara, 2002
- Nishinomiya, 2008
- Ōita, 1997
- Okazaki, 2003
- Okayama
- Ōtsu, 2009
- Shimonoseki, 2005
- Takamatsu, 1999
- Takasaki, 2011
- Takatsuki, 2003
- Toyama, 1996
- Toyohashi, 1999
- Toyonaka
- Toyota, 1998
- Utsunomiya, 1996
- Wakayama, 1997
- Yokosuka, 2001

## Related pages

- Administrative division
- Urban area
- Municipalities in Japan

## Other websites

- "Large City System of Japan"; graphic shows core cities in context
Oligopsony

In microeconomics an **oligopsony** is a market form where there are few buyers. There may be many sellers, but because there are few buyers, the decision each buyer makes influences the whole market. Therefore this is an example of imperfect competition.

Oligopsony works just like oligopoly involving a few number of sellers. This market has a few big buyers willing to buy a product or service. The number being limited enables the purchasers to have a sense of control over the sellers, and lets them negotiate with product prices.

One example of this is the market for cocoa: Three companies (Cargill, Archer Daniels Midland and Callebaut) buy most of the world production, usually from small farmers. Other examples are that of tobacco or that of bananas. By extension the "market for work" also has this characteristic: there are few companies (employers, "buying work") and many people "offering to work".

## References

- Bhaskar, V., A. Manning and T. To (2002) 'Oligopsony and Monopsonistic Competition in Labor Markets,' _Journal of Economic Perspectives,_ **16,** 155–174.
- Bhaskar, V. and T. To (2004) 'Oligopsony and the Distribution of Wages,' _European Economic Review,_ **47,** 371-399.
Natural monopoly

A **natural monopoly** is a type of monopoly in which a subject is the only seller and producer of a good or service. It is impossible for a new firm to enter the market as there are very high barriers to entry and very high startup costs, similar to that of a normal monopoly. The natural monopoly term is usually used to describe markets with very high fixed costs compared to the marginal costs of selling the good or service, creating economies of scale that are large compared to the size of the market and hence resulting in very high barriers to entry. Examples of natural monopolies include public utilities such as water services and electricity.

A natural monopoly often keeps getting economies of scale as more of a good or service is produced.

## Related pages

- Market failure
Monopsony

A **monopsony** is a market form where there is only one buyer, but many sellers. Much like with the monopoly, this single buyer has a complete influence on the price. In practice, this market form does not occur often. One example may be a healthcare system where there is only one "buyer" of healthcare services; which is usually the state, or a state-run institution. Another example is defense industry, where the state is often the only buyer. Still another is that of public transport: Either the whole public transport is run by one (usually state-owned) company, or the state awards contracts to run a given line for a certain time period.
The Mall, Lahore

**The Mall** is a major avenue or road in the city of Lahore, in Pakistan. It was made during the colonial times of the British Raj, in the 1850s and 1860s

The Mall is still Lahore's main avenue or road, with many important sites and buildings on both sides of it. It is usually divided into two sections, the 'Lower Mall' near the Punjab Government Secretariat, the University of the Punjab, the Government College University, the Lahore Museum and other locations; and the 'Upper Mall' near the Lawrence Gardens (now renamed the _Bagh i Jinnah_), the Lahore Zoo, Aitchison College, the Government House and the Lahore Gymkhana Club.

Smaller roads link up to the Mall on many sides, leading to various other parts of the city.
William Lockhart

General Sir **William Stephen Alexander Lockhart**, commonly known as **William Lockhart** (1841-1900) was a well-known British Indian Army officer. He was born in Inchinnan, Renfrewshire, Scotland.

He served in the 1857-1858 Indian Mutiny (or Rebellion of 1857) and then in the Second Anglo-Afghan War, winning medals for his brave achievements. From 1880 to 1885 he remained Deputy Quartermaster-General of the Intelligence Branch of British India. In 1897 he commanded the famous Tirah expedition against the Afridi tribe of Pashtuns. He was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the British Army in India and died of malaria in Calcutta while still serving in this position.
Xeranthemum

**Xeranthemum** is a flower.  It is found in Southern Europe. It has silvery flower heads with purple tube-like flowers.
Afridi

The **Afridi** are a large Pashtun tribe mostly resident in Tirah, Jamrud and the Khyber Pass areas of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.
Joséphine de Beauharnais

**Joséphine de Beauharnais** (23 June 1763 – 29 May 1814) was the first wife of Napoléon Bonaparte.  This made her the first Empress of the French. Alexandre de Beauharnais was her first husband. When the French people killed their rich nobles, they cut off his head. She married Napoleon later.

She did not have any children with Napoleon, so he divorced her in 1810. Then he married Marie Louise of Austria.

## Infobox (royalty)

- **consort**: yes
- **name**: Joséphine de Beauharnais
- **image**: File:Baron François Gérard - Joséphine in coronation costume - Google Art Project.jpg
- **image size**: 250px
- **succession**: List of French consorts, Empress consort of the French
- **reign**: 18 May 1804 – 29 May 1814
- **coronation**: 2 December 1804
- **succession1**: Queen consort of Italy
- **reign1**: 26 May 1805 – 29 May 1814
- **spouse**: Alexandre de Beauharnais
Napoleon I
- **issue**: Eugène de Beauharnais
Hortense de Beauharnais
- **house**: Tascher de la Pagerie
House of Beauharnais
House of Bonaparte
- **full name**: Marie Josèphe Rose Tascher de La Pagerie
- **father**: Joseph Gaspard Tascher de La Pagerie
- **mother**: Rose Claire des Vergers de Sannois
- **birth place**: Les Trois-Îlets, Martinique
- **death place**: Rueil-Malmaison, Ile-de-France (region), Île-de-France, Bourbon Restoration, France
- **religion**: Roman Catholic
Helichrysum

**Helichrysum** is a type of flower.  It has about 600 species in the sunflower family (Asteraceae). The name Helichrysum comes from two Greek words: _helisso_ means to turn around and _chrysos_ means gold.

It grows in Africa, Madagascar, Australasia and Eurasia.  There are many species in South Africa.
Xerochrysum bicolor

***Xerochrysum bicolor*** is a flowering plant in the family Asteraceae.  It grows in Tasmania, mainly near the coast.

It grows to about 40 cm in height and 50 cm wide. The flowerheads are on stalks.  They have a diameter of 3 to 4 cm.
Abbotsford House

**Abbotsford House** near the town of Melrose in Roxburghshire in Scotland was the house of the writer Sir Walter Scott, where he lived from 1812 to 1832. He wrote a lot of historical adventure stories, many of which have been filmed for the cinema and television.

The house is now a museum dedicated to Scott's life and works. It is a category A listed building.
Walter Savage Landor

**Walter Savage Landor** (1775-1864) also known as **WS Landor**, was an English poet and essayist.

## Early life

He was the son of a doctor. He was sent to the famous Rugby School in 1784, but was removed in 1791, to avoid expulsion. He then went up to study at Trinity College, Oxford University but was also rusticated from there in 1794. After this, he developed some problems with his father, who was very angry at him, so Landor left his home.

## Poetry and writings

In 1794-95, he prepared his first book of poems, published in 1795 as _The Poems of Walter Savage Landor_. This was followed by _Gebir_ (1798), _Poetry_ (1802), _Imaginary Conversations_ (series, 1824-1829) and other works.

## Later life and death

He was also for some time married to Julia Thuillier and settled in France for a short time, then moved to Italy. After fighting with his wife, he left her and returned to England in 1835. In 1853 he published his last book, _Last Fruit off an Old Tree_ and then, in 1858, left England again and went and settled in Europe. He died in 1864.
Thomson–East Coast MRT line

The **Thomson-East Coast Line** (TEL) is the sixth MRT line in Singapore. It is the fourth line to be fully automated and driverless in Singapore. The line will be 43 km (27 mi) long, with 31 stations. The line is colored brown on the MRT Rail map.

The Thomson Line section was announced on 29 August 2012. The Eastern Region Line section was announced on 15 August 2014. Both were put together to form the Thomson-East Coast Line.

The first and second stage of the line opened on 31 January 2020 and August 28, 2021. The third stage opened on November 13, 2022 with the other two stages expected to open from 2024 to 2025. It interchanges with all existing lines. When the first three stages opened, it is expected to serve about 500,000 commuters daily.

## Stations

|colspan=4|Stage 1||
| --- | --- | --- |
|**Station Number**|**Station Name**|**Interchange/Notes**|
||Woodlands North||
||Woodlands||
||Woodlands South||
||Springleaf||
||Lentor||
||Mayflower||
||Bright Hill||
||Upper Thomson||
||Caldecott||
||Mount Pleasant||
||Stevens||
||Napier||
||Orchard Boulevard||
||Orchard||
||Great World||
||Havelock||
||Outram Park||
||Maxwell||
||Shenton Way||
||Marina Bay||
||Marina South||
||Gardens by the Bay||
||Tanjong Rhu||
||Katong Park||
||Tanjong Katong||
||Marine Parade||
||Marine Terrace||
||Siglap||
||Bayshore||
||Bedok South||
||Sungei Bedok||

## Other websites

- Thomson–East Coast Line

## Infobox (rail line)

- **box width**: width:12em;
- **name**:
Thomson–East Coast Line
- **logo**: Thomson-East Coast Line logo.svg
- **logo width**: 250px
- **image**: CT251 train arriving at Woodlands MRT station 160521.jpg
- **image width**: 300px
- **caption**: CT251 train arriving at Woodlands MRT station
- **type**: Rapid transit
- **system**: Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore)
- **status**: Operational (Stage 1-3)
Under construction (Stages 3-5)
Under planning (extension to Changi Airport MRT station, Changi Airport)
- **start**: Woodlands North MRT station, Woodlands North
- **end**: Caldecott MRT station, Caldecott _(till 2022)_
- **stations**: 32 (20 operational, 12 under construction)
- **routes**: 1
- **daily ridership**: 28,517 (July 2020)
- **open**: (Stage 1)
28 August 2021 (Stage 2)
 (Stage 3)
- **planopen**: 2024 (Stage 4)
2025 (Stage 5)
2027 (Founders' Memorial MRT station)
2040 (extension to Changi Airport MRT station, Changi Airport)
- **native name**:

- **owner**: Land Transport Authority
- **operator**: SMRT Trains, SMRT Trains Ltd (SMRT Corporation)
- **character**: Fully Underground
- **stock**: Kawasaki Heavy Industries & CRRC Qingdao Sifang CT251, CT251
- **linelength**: (Operational)
 (_Under construction_)
- **locale**: Singapore
- **electrification**: 750 V Direct current, DC Third Rail
- **map state**: hide
- **depot**: Mandai Depot, Mandai
East Coast Integrated Depot, East Coast (Future)
Subprefectures of Japan

are a Japanese form of self-government which focuses on local issues below the prefectural level.

Each subprefecture is part of the greater administration of the prefecture and the national state.  It is also as part of a self-government system.

## History

Subprefectures were given a definite form in 1878 (_Meiji 11).

The Meiji government established the  as an administrative unit.

In 1888 (_Meiji 21''), the sub-prefecture as a form of self-government was officially recognized as more general than civic corporations like cities, towns and villages.

Some prefectures of Japan include subprefectures. The subprefecture is the jurisdiction surrounding a "branch office" of the prefectural government.

### Current subprefectures

- Hokkaidō, 14  subprefectures
- Kagoshima, 2 subprefectures
- Miyazaki, 1 subprefecture
- Tokyo, 4 subprefectures
- Shimane, 1 subprefecture
- Yamagata, 4 subprefectures

### Former subprefectures

- Hyōgo, 10 subprefectures
- Chiba, 5 subprefectures
- Nagasaki, 3 subprefectures
- Okinawa, 2 subprefectures

## Related pages

- List of regions of Japan
- List of islands of Japan
- Municipalities of Japan
Core city

In urban planning, a **core city**, **principal city** **metropolitan core**, or **central city**, is the largest or most important city or cities of a metropolitan area. A core city is surrounded by smaller satellite cities, towns, and suburbs.
Dobermann

**Dobermann** or **Doberman Pinscher** is a medium- to large-sized dog breed. It originated in Germany about 1890. It was named after a tax collector, Friedrich Louis Doberman (1834-1894), who wanted a dog as a companion and for protection.

Doberman Pinschers are known for being very intelligent, loyal and fearless. They are used as police dogs, search and rescue dogs, guard dogs, and guide dogs for blind people.

### Size

The Doberman is a dog of medium to large size.

Breed standards vary among kennel and breed clubs. However, according to the FCI standard, the dog typically stands between . The Kennel Club in the UK says that  tall is ideal.

The female is typically somewhere between . According to the UK Kennel Club, the ideal height is .

### Colors

Dobermans have short smooth coats, usually black. Less commonly, Dobermans can be reddish-brown, blue, or fawn-colored. Blue and fawn- colored Dobermans usually have rust-colored (reddish-brown) markings on their legs, chest and heads.

### Ears and tail

Normally a Doberman puppy has floppy ears and a long tail. Their tails are often shortened by surgery (called "docking"), which heals quickly and causes the puppy very little pain. During this surgery, the ears are cut to a point, so they stand up (called "cropping"). This takes longer to heal. Cropping is considered by many to be unnecessary and is illegal in much of Europe. But it is still done in the United States and is part of the standard.

## Temperament

The American Kennel Club describes the Doberman this way:

### Fears about violence

People who think Dobermans are often vicious and dangerous are mostly wrong. It is true that any dog that is mistreated or not taken care of can become dangerous. Viciousness is a learned behavior and few dogs, including the Doberman, are naturally vicious.

Dobermans can be protective and guarded, or they can be sweet and eager to please. To get the desired temperament, training should start when the dog is about 8 months old.

## Bite and attack style

Dobermans can bite with much more force than the average dog. A Doberman's bite force is between 245 and 305 pounds per square inch (PSI). This is strong enough to break human bones. Meanwhile, the average dog's bite force is 150 to 200 PSI.

Dobermans have a "scissor bite" where their upper and lower teeth align closely, creating a slicing action. When they are attacking something, they often attack in quick succession over a broad area.

Doberman bites can cause deep cuts and injuries that may require medical attention.

## Infobox (dogbreed)

- **name**: Dobermann
- **nickname**: Dobie, Doberman
- **image**: Dobermann handling.jpg
- **altname**: Doberman Pinscher
- **country**: Germany
- **coat**: Short
- **colour**: Black & tan, red & tan
- **life span**: 9–12 years
- **kc name**: Verband für das Deutsche Hundewesen, VDH
- **kc std**: https://www.vdh.de/welpen/mein-welpe/dobermann
- **fcistd**: http://www.fci.be/Nomenclature/Standards/143g02-en.pdf
- **image alt**: Dob-3ans.jpg
George Steinbrenner

**George Michael Steinbrenner III** (July 4, 1930 – July 13, 2010) was an American businessman who was the owner of the New York Yankees from 1973 until his death in 2010. He made his initial fortune as part of the Great Lakes shipping industry. After purchasing the Yankees, Steinbrenner became famous for his adjustment of team affairs, such as making a policy that prohibits facial hair and setting a trend with paying big salaries to marquee free agents like Reggie Jackson and Catfish Hunter. Manager Billy Martin alone was not allowed to continue his job on five separate occasions.

Steinbrenner was born on July 4, 1930 in Rocky River, Ohio a suburb of Cleveland, Ohio. He studied at Williams College and at Ohio State University. He was married to Elizabeth Joan Zieg from 1956 until his death 2010. He had four children. Steinbrenner died on July 13, 2010 in Tampa, Florida from a heart attack, aged 80. He died 9 days after his 80th birthday.

A fictionalized version of George Steinbrenner was a character that appeared often on the popular NBC sitcom Seinfeld, voiced by series creator Larry David.

## Other websites

- George Steinbrenner at Find A Grave
- Steinbrenner's basketball bio
- George Steinbrenner Dies
Bob Sheppard

**Robert Leo "Bob" Sheppard** (October 20, 1910 – July 11, 2010) was an American journalist and announcer for the New York Yankees from 1951 until 2007 and for the New York Giants from 1956 until 2006.

Sheppard was born on October 20, 1910 in Richmond Hill, Queens, New York. He studied at St. John's Preparatory School, at St. John's University, and at Columbia University. He was married to Margaret Sheppard until her death in 1959. They had four children. Then he was married to Mary Hoffman from 1961 until his death in 2010. Sheppard died on July 11, 2010 in Baldwin, New York from natural causes, aged 99.

## Other websites

- _The Baseball Experience_, with introduction by Bob Sheppard
William Makepeace Thackeray

**William Makepeace Thackeray** (18 July 1811 – 24 December 1863) was an English writer. He is most famous for his novel, Vanity Fair. The title is from a place in Pilgrim's Progress.
The novel is about the adventures of Becky Sharp, an ambitious girl who wishes to rise in English society.
Rebecca

**Rebecca** ([ ri-**bek**-_uh_ ]) is a female name. It is the name of Isaac's wife in the Book of Genesis (Chapter 24).

The name Rebecca has been very popular for centuries. It has an interesting backstory and significance. Its Hebrew roots give it the meaning of "to tie, to bind, to snare," from the term "Ribqah," which means "to bind firmly." Additionally, the name is linked to the biblical figure of Rebecca, who was Isaac's spouse and the mother of Jacob and Esau. Rebecca is a popular name for girls in English-speaking countries. Nicknames include Becky, Becca, Beck, And Bex/Becks.

The name Rebecca is the English translation of the name  (Rivka). This name was ranked #304 on the US Popular Names in 2021.

## People

- Rebecca Black, American singer
- Rebecca De Mornay, American actress
- Rebecca Hall, British actress
- Rebecca Quin, real name of American professional wrestler Becky Lynch
- Rebecca Romijn, American actress
- Rebecca Sealfon, American writer
- Rebecca St. James, Australian singer
- Rebecca, a film directed by Alfred Hitchcock
- Rebecca Ferguson, Swedish actress
- Rebecca Shelley, American pacifist
Sardar

**Sardar** or **Sirdar** or **Serdar**, is a title of nobility in India, Pakistan, Iran and Afghanistan.

The word is from the old Sanskrit and Avesta languages. It means a prince, nobleman, tribal chief or leader or other aristocrat. In some tribes and ethnic groups in India and Pakistan, especially among the Baloch people and Punjabis, it is quite commonly used to denote even certain families of noble origins.
Cameroon (sheep)

The **Cameroon** () is a domesticated breed of sheep from west Africa which has been exported to Europe. As of 2008, there were less than 650 but the population was increasing.

## Characteristics

The Cameroon is a hair sheep which it sheds yearly in the spring.  Ewes can raise two lamb crops per year. Their most common color is brown with a black belly, head, and legs.

## Literature

- Fitzhugh und Bradford (eds.): _Hairsheep of West Africa and the Americas. A genetic resource for the tropics._ 1983
- R.M. Njwe und Y. Manjeli: _Milk yield of Cameroon dwarf blackbelly sheep - Production laitière de moutons Djallonké au Cameroun._ In: Small ruminant research and development in Africa - Réseau africain de recherche sur les petits ruminants. ILCA Research Report - 2, 1982, X5520/B
Flare star

A **flare star** is a variable star that becomes very much brighter unpredictably for a few minutes at a time.

Flares happen on flare stars in a similar way to solar flares. They are magnetic disturbances in the atmosphere of stars. The brightness increases across the spectrum, from X rays to radio waves.

The first known flare stars were discovered in 1924, they were V1396 Cygni and AT Microscopii. Still the best-known flare star is UV Ceti, that star was discovered in 1948. Today similar flare stars are classified as UV Ceti type variable stars in variable star catalogs. Flares can happen once every few days or, as in the case of Barnard's Star, much less frequently. Proxima Centauri, the nearest star to the Solar System, is also a flare star.

Most flare stars are dim red dwarfs, although less massive (lighter) brown dwarfs might also be able to flare. The more massive (heavier) RS Canum Venaticorum variables (RS CVn) are also known to flare, but scientists understand that a companion star in a binary system causes these flares. This companion star disturbs the magnetic field.  Nine stars similar to the Sun have also been seen to flare. There is a suggestion that this happens for similar reasons to the flares of the RS CVn variables.  A companion causes the flares, this companion is a massive planet like the planet Jupiter that orbits the flaring star closely.

## Nearby flare stars

Flare stars are give off relatively little light, but have been found as far away as 1,000 light years from Earth.

### Proxima Centauri

Proxima Centauri is closer to the sun than any other star and is a flare star. Proxima Centauri increases its brightness randomly and magnetic force causes this. Convection creates a magnetic field throughout the matter in Proxima Centauri, and this leads to flaring with a total X-ray output similar to that of the Sun though the sun is much more massive (heavier) than Proxima Centauri.

### Wolf 359

The flare star Wolf 359 is another star relatively near the Solar System in the constellation of Leo and has other names (designations) as well.  It is a red dwarf of spectral class M6.5 and emits X-rays. It is a UV Ceti flare star, and flares relatively often.

The mean (average) magnetic field varies significantly during periods of time as short as six hours. By comparison, the magnetic field of the Sun averages  (), although it can rise as high as  () in active sunspot regions.

### Barnard's Star

Barnard's Star is the second nearest star system to our sun and scientists suspect it is a flare star.

### TVLM513-46546

TVLM513-46546 is the name scientists give to a flare star with very low mass. This small star is only just heavy enough to count as a red dwarf.
National Democratic Front of Bodoland

The **National Democratic Front of Bodoland**, also known as **NDFB** or the **Bodo Security Force**, is an militant group in Assam, India. They want to make an independent Bodoland for the indigenous Bodo people. The founder of the organization, Ransaigra Nabla Daimary (Ranjan Daimary) has been arrested and detained by Indian government.
Richard J. Daley

**Richard Joseph Daley** (May 15, 1902 – December 20, 1976) was an American politician who served for 21 years as the mayor of Chicago, Illinnois. He was one of the biggest bosses of the Democratic Party in the country. As mayor, he was one of the most well-known Irish-Americans. His son Richard M. Daley was also the mayor of Chicago for 22 years. Another son was William M. Daley.

Daley was born in Bridgeport, Chicao and studied at DePaul University. He was married to Eleanor "Sis" Daley from 1936 until his death in 1976. They had seven children.

Daley died on December 20, 1976 in Chicago from a heart attack at the age of 74.

## Other websites

- Mayor Richard J. Daley
- Mayor Richard J. Daley of Chicago
- Richard Daley's Gravesite

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **birth name**: Richard Joseph Daley
- **image**: Chicago Mayor Richard G. Daley at Meigs Field, Chicago - NARA - 194726 (cropped).tif
- **imagesize**: 190px
- **birth place**: Bridgeport, Chicago, Illinois, United States
- **death place**: Near North Side, Chicago, Near North Side, Chicago, Illinois, United States
- **residence**: Chicago, Illinois
- **resting place**: Holy Sepulchre Cemetery (Worth, Illinois), Holy Sepulchre Cemetery
Worth, Illinois
- **office**: Mayor of Chicago
- **order**: 48th
- **term start**: April 20, 1955
- **term end**: December 20, 1976
- **predecessor**: Martin H. Kennelly
- **successor**: Michael Anthony Bilandic, Michael A. Bilandic
- **party**: United States Democratic Party, Democratic
- **alma mater**: DePaul University
- **spouse**: (his death)
- **children**: Richard M. Daley, John P. Daley, Michael Daley, Patricia Martino, Mary Carol Vanecko, William M. Daley, Eleanor Daley
Harold Washington

**Harold Lee Washington** (April 15, 1922 – November 25, 1987) was an American lawyer and politician. He became the first African-American Mayor of Chicago, serving from 1983 until his death in 1987. Before, he was a member of the United States House of Representatives, representing Illinois's 1st congressional district. He was also a member of the Illinois State Senate and Illinois House of Representatives.

Washington was born on April 15, 1922 in Chicago, Illinois. He studied at Roosevelt College and at Northwestern University School of Law.

He was married to Nancy Dorothy Finch from 1942 until they divorced in 1950. Then he was engaged to Mary Ella Smith until his death in 1987.

During his first term as mayor, Washington led the city through the "council wars" which were intense political disagreements between city hall and the city council. Despite this, Washington enjoyed positive approval among the city's residents.

Washington died suddenly on November 25, 1987 in Chicago City Hall from a heart attack, aged 65.

A 1993 survey of historians, political scientists and urban experts conducted by the University of Illinois at Chicago ranked Washington as the nineteenth-best American big-city mayor to have served between the years 1820 and 1993. The Harold Washington Library and Harold Washington College are named after him.

## Other websites

- "The Legacy of Chicago's Harold Washington", Cheryl Corley, _All Things Considered_, November 23, 2007. Accessed November 23, 2007.
- Harold Washington on the Legacy of Richard J. Daley
- A Latino Resource

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Harold Washington
- **image**: Washington h.jpg
- **office**: 51st Mayor of Chicago
- **term start**: April 29, 1983
- **term end**: November 25, 1987
- **predecessor**: Jane Byrne
- **successor**: David Duvall Orr, David Orr (acting)
- **state1**: Illinois
- **term start1**: January 3, 1981
- **term end1**: April 30, 1983
- **predecessor1**: Bennett Stewart
- **successor1**: Charles A. Hayes
- **state senate2**: Illinois
- **district2**: 26th
- **term start2**: May 7, 1977
- **term end2**: November 20, 1980
- **state house3**: Illinois
- **district3**: 26th
- **term start3**: March 22, 1965
- **term end3**: August 8, 1976
- **birth name**: Harold Lee Washington
- **birth place**: Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
- **death place**: Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
- **restingplace**: Oak Woods Cemetery
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
- **partner**: Mary Ella Smith (1967–1987)
- **education**: Roosevelt University (Bachelor of Arts, BA)
Northwestern University (Juris Doctor, JD)
- **serviceyears**: 1942–1945
- **rank**: First Sergeant
- **unit**: United States Army Air Corps
United States Army Air Forces
- **battles**: World War II
Pacific War, South Pacific
Pacific War, Central Pacific
City Hall-County Building

**City Hall-County Building** is the official city hall of the City of Chicago in Illinois, United States. Next to the Richard J. Daley Center and the James R. Thompson Center, the building that includes Chicago City Hall has the offices of the mayor. The building's east side (called the County Building) is for offices of Cook County. It is on a city block bounded by Randolph, LaSalle, Washington, and Clark streets. The 11-story building was designed by the architectural firm Holabird & Roche in the classical revival style. The building was officially dedicated on February 27, 1911.

When this hall was being built, the city of Chicago was undergoing a massive transformation. After the Great Chicago Fire of 1871, the city rebuild itself as an epicenter of commerce, culture, and industry. The City Hall was a direct reflection of this new, ambitious and modern Chicago.

The City Hall is a transitional structure incorporating a mix of classical styles, 20th century materials and exquisite craftsmanship. The building's repeated use of large windows emphasizes its strong horizontal lines, and the beaux-arts style seems like an influence from the French Renaissance. The carved figures of eagles, lions and other symbolic elements evoke the imagery of power and protection. The central dome is symbolic of civic leadership owing to the fact that the building is the tallest structure for several blocks around.

Chicago City Hall has been placed on the National Register of Historic Places as it a historical monument that signifies timeless elegance. Apart from its remarkable architectural and engineering feats, Chicago City Hall has also witnessed numerous significant political events, protests, and gatherings.

The "fifth floor" is sometimes used as a metonym for the office and power of the mayor, whose office is located on the fifth floor of the building.

## Other websites

- City of Chicago
- Cook County
- Chicago Landmarks: City Hall-County Building
Anton Cermak

**Antonín Josef Čermák** (May 9, 1873 – March 6, 1933) was an American politician of Czech origin. He was best known as the mayor of Chicago. He was mayor from 1931 until his death in 1933.

## Biography

Antonín Josef Čermák was born on May 9, 1873 in Kladno, Austria-Hungary. He was married to Mary Horejas until his death in 1933. They have one daughter, Helena.

Cermak was elected president of the Cook County Board of Commissioners in 1922, chairman of the Cook County Democratic Party in 1928, and mayor of Chicago in 1931. In 1928 he ran for the United States Senate and was defeated by Republican Otis F. Glenn, receiving 46% of the vote.

His mayoral victory came in the wake of the Great Depression and the deep resentment many Chicagoans had of Prohibition and the increasing violence resulting from organized crime's control of Chicago, typified by the St. Valentine's Day Massacre.

## Death

Cermak was mortally shot while being at a Democratic Party convention for Franklin D. Roosevelt on February 15, 1933 that was supposed attempt to assassinate Roosevelt. He died 19 days later from injury he sustained. He was 59 years old. 4 other people were also shot but received their minor injuries. Later doctors said Cermak would have lived if he had never had colitis.

## Aftermath

One of his three daughters, Helena, is married to Governor of Illinois Otto Kerner, Jr..

## Other websites

- Cermak's tomb at Bohemian National Cemetery

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Anton Joseph Cermak
- **image**: Anton Cermak cph.3b27410.jpg
- **office**: Mayor of Chicago
- **order**: 44th
- **term start**: April 7, 1931
- **term end**: March 6, 1933
- **predecessor**: William Hale Thompson
- **successor**: Frank J. Corr
- **birth place**: Kladno, Kingdom of Bohemia, Bohemia, Austria-Hungary
- **death place**: Miami, Florida, United States
- **death cause**: Gunshot wound
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
- **spouse**: Mary Horejs Cermak
- **children**: 3 daughters
Jane Byrne

**Jane Margaret Byrne** (May 24, 1933 – November 14, 2014) was the first female mayor of Chicago. She served from April 16, 1979 to April 29, 1983. She lost her re-election in 1983 to Harold Washington.

Byrne was born on May 24, 1933 in Chicago, Illinois. She studied at DePaul University. She was married to William Byrne from 1956 until his death in 1959. Then she was married to Jay McMullen from 1978 until his death in 1992. She had a daughter, Kathy by William Byrne. William Bryne died in an airplane accident.

Byrne died in Chicago, Illinois from complications of a stroke, aged 81.

## Other websites

- Former City Hall Reporter Ray Hanania's online look at the City Hall Press Room and the Byrne Administration, published in the Chicago Reader and later online

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Jane Margaret Byrne
- **image**: Jane Bryne.jpg
- **caption**: Byrne in June 1985
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **birth place**: Chicago, Illinois, United States
- **death place**: Chicago, Illinois, United States
- **residence**: Chicago, Illinois
- **office**: Mayor of Chicago
- **order**: 50th
- **term start**: April 16, 1979
- **term end**: April 29, 1983
- **predecessor**: Michael Anthony Bilandic, Michael A. Bilandic
- **successor**: Harold Washington
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
- **spouse**: William Byrne (1956-1959) (his death)
Jay McMullen (1978-1992) (his death)
- **children**: Kathy