juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Mykolaiv

**Mykolaiv** (, also referred to as or **Mykolayiv, Nikolaev,** or **Nikolayev**; ) is a major city in southern Ukraine.

The city is located 65 kilometers from the Black Sea along the estuary of the Southern Buh river (where it meets the Inhul River) at around . Population 430,000 (as of Estimate 2024).

## Administrative status

It is the administrative center of the Mykolaiv Oblast (province), as well as of both the Mykolaivsky and Zhovtnevy raions (districts) within the oblast. However, Mykolaiv is a city of oblast subordinance, thus being subject directly to the oblast authorities rather to the raion administration housed in the city itself.

## History

The town was founded in 1789 by the Russian Governor General of  Novorossiya Knyaz Potemkin initially as a shipyard called simply a _New Shipyard on the Ingul river_. Knyaz Potemkin signed an order to construct a shipyard on August 27, 1789, which is considered to be a city birth date. The shipyard was to serve for the repair of the Russian Navy ships in the Russo-Turkish war. Later Potemkin ordered the shipyard to be named _Nikolaev_ to commemorate the date of fall of Ochakov to the Russian troops under his command on December 6, 1788, close to the day of Saint Nicholas _(Nikolay)_ December 19, in the Russian Orthodox Church.

The history of the city has always been closely connected to the ship building.

The only  Russian Navy aircraft carrier currently in commission, _Admiral Flota Sovetskogo Soyuza Kuznetsov_, was built in Mykolaiv.

## Economy

Today Mykolaiv is a major ship building center of Ukraine (as, earlier, of the whole Soviet Union) and an important riverport. The city has 3 major shipyards some of which are capable of building large navy ships.  Other important industries are mechanical engineering, power engineering, metallurgy and cosmetics.

Unlike the city, in the region one of the leading areas is agricultural production. This industry ranks first in the structure of production of the region in terms of employment of labor resources. One of the leading centers of the State Institution "Mykolayiv State Agricultural Research Station " of the Institute of Agrarian Farming of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine" founded in 1956

## Other websites

- Website
- Wikimapia - Satellite map of Mykolaiv at Wikimapia
Faisal Mosque

The **Faisal Mosque** is a mosque in Islamabad, the capital of Pakistan. It is the National mosque of Pakistan, and one of the largest mosques in the Islamic world. It is named after King Faisal of Saudi Arabia. It was the biggest mosque for over six years between 1986 and 1993).

## Other websites

- Click here  to see a highly detailed 3D Model of Faisal Masjid in Google Earth.
- Faisal Mosque - ArchNet Digital Library
- Faisal Mosque - World is Round

## Infobox (religious building)

- **name**: Faisal Mosque
- **native name**: Shah Faisal Masjid

- **image**: The Shah Faisal Mosque, Islamabad.jpg
- **image size**: 265px
- **caption**: Faisal Mosque is Pakistan's largest, as well as its National Mosque
- **map type**: Pakistan
- **map size**: 250
- **map caption**: Location in Pakistan
- **religious affiliation**: Islam
- **location**: Islamabad, Pakistan
- **established**: 1987
- **tradition**: Sunni Islam
- **architect**: Vedat Dalokay
- **architecture type**: Mosque
- **architecture style**: Islamic architecture#Contemporary architecture, Contemporary Islamic
- **capacity**: 10,000 (in hall)
24,000 (in porticoes)
40,000 (in courtyard)
- **minaret quantity**: 4
- **construction cost**: 120 million USD
Song cycle

A **song cycle** in classical music is a group of songs that belong together.  Although each song may be sung separately, the composer really imagined that they would be performed together as one work.  Sometimes they tell a story, but sometimes they just belong together because they are about the same idea (e.g. the sadness that can be caused by love).  They are often for solo voice and piano accompaniment, but they can also be without accompaniment, or with several instruments or even a whole orchestra. The words of a cycle are often by the same poet, but this is not always the case.

Song cycles started to become popular with composers in the Romantic period. Although there were examples of song cycles written before that, it was the German composers of the 19th century who are most often thought of as writers of song cycles. Their songs are called "Lieder".

The great composer Franz Schubert wrote about 600 songs. These include two long song cycles: _Winterreise_ (_Winter’s Journey_) and _Die schöne Müllerin_ (_The beautiful miller’s daughter_).  Each of these song cycles is long enough for a whole concert. Robert Schumann wrote song cycles including two which he simply called _Liederkreise_ (_Song Cycles_), and his well-known _Dichterliebe_ (_Poet’s Love_) and _Frauenliebe und -Leben_ (_Women’s Love and Life_).  Brahms wrote _Vier ernste Gesänge_ (_Four Serious Songs_), and Gustav Mahler, who became very interested in folk song, wrote several song cycles with orchestra accompaniment, including _Das Lied von der Erde_ (_The Song of the Earth_).

French composers who wrote song cycles include Jules Massenet, Gabriel Fauré and Claude Debussy.  Russian composers include Modest Mussorgsky and Dmitri Shostakovich, and English and American composers in the 20th century include Michael Tippett, Benjamin Britten and Aaron Copland as well as the South American Alberto Ginastera, Juan María Solare and Heitor Villa-Lobos.

## Related pages

- Lied
Quetta

**Quetta** () is the capital and largest city of Balochistan province in Pakistan. It is famous for its climate and buildings. It is to the north of Balochistan, 133 kilometers away from Spin Buldak, Afghanistan.

In 1935, a powerful earthquake hit Quetta. The earthquake was felt between 2:30 am to 3:40 am. It resulted in the collapse of buildings, that is why there is no historical building in Quetta.

## History

Quetta is also spelled Kuwatah which is a variation of Kot, a Pashto word meaning "fortress".

Quetta was captured by Mehmood Ghaznavi in the 11th century. The Khans of Kalat ruled Quetta until 1556 when the Persians conquered the city, only to have it retaken by Mughal Emperor Akbar in 1595. Despite all this, the Khans of Kalat were successful in restoring their rule in the region by the 18th century.

The predominantly Muslim population supported the Muslim League and the Pakistan Movement. On joining Pakistan, Quetta was made the capital city of the newly created province of Balochistan.

## Geography

Quetta lies close to the borders of Afghanistan. Traders and invaders have passed through Quetta since pre-historic times. Quetta is 1,645 meters above the sea level. It is near the Hazarganji-Chitan National Park.

It has a cold and windy in winter moderate summers.

## Other websites

- Quetta, Google Maps
Gilgit

**Gilgit** () is the capital and largest city of Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan. About 216.000 people live there.
Frottola

The **frottola** (plural: frottole) was the most popular kind of secular (non-religious) song in Italy during the late 15th and early 16th centuries.

Frottole were quite simple and fun.  They were often sung by small groups of singers.  They were not contrapuntal, but they had a tune in the top part while the other singers sang chords to accompany the tune.  Sometimes they might have been sung by a solo voice with a lute accompaniment.

The most famous composer of frottole was Bartolomeo Tromboncino.  The great composer Josquin also composed frottole, although that is not what he called them.  For example, there is a well-known one called _El Grillo_ ( The Cricket) in which the singers try to sound like the chirping of a cricket in the grass.

About the year 1530 the frottola developed into the madrigal.
Bartolomeo Tromboncino

**Bartolomeo Tromboncino** (born Verona around 1470; died in or near Venice in 1535 or later) was an Italian composer.  He lived in the Renaissance period.  He is famous as a composer of songs called _frottole_.  He is also remembered because he murdered his wife.

We know very little about his life.  He probably grew up in Mantua.  In a letter he says that he came from Verona. Until around 1500 he lived and worked in Mantua, but sometimes he went to other towns when he was in trouble. In 1499, he found his wife with another man, so he murdered her.  He may also have murdered the other man.  We cannot be sure about this.
He does not seem to have been punished.  This may be because a rich lady called Isabella d'Este liked him.

From 1502 Tromboncino was employed by a rich lady called Lucrezia Borgia.  She is remembered today because she was a very bad woman.  He  wrote music for the court and for her wedding to Alfonso d'Este. Sometime before 1521 he moved to Venice, where he probably spent the rest of his life.

His frottole are very lively and full of fun.  He played the trombone.  This is how he got his name.  He also wrote some serious sacred music.
De jure

**De jure** is an expression from the Latin words meaning "in law".

It is often used in contrast to _de facto_ (which means "in fact", or "in practice") when talking about law, governance, or technique. When talking about law, "_de jure_" is used to describe what the law says, and "_de facto_" is used to describe what actually happens.

## Examples

This means that legally the territory of Abkhazia is a part of the country of Georgia, but that it is in effect independent.

The _de jure_ name of Bill Clinton is William Jefferson Clinton.  This is his name according to official records.  His _de facto_ name is Bill Clinton because this is what he is usually called.
Boy George

**George Alan O'Dowd**, better known as **Boy George** (born 14 June 1961 in Bexley, Kent) is a rock singer-songwriter and Club DJ. He grew up in a large, working-class Irish family. The family  originally came form Thurles, in Co. Tipperary, Ireland.

O'Dowd was a part of the British new romantic movement which emerged in the late 1970s and was popularised in the early 1980s. He and Marilyn (born Peter Robinson) were regulars at 'The Blitz' a very popular nightclub in London.  It was run by Steve Strange of the musical group Visage.  The Blitz was a starting place for many early 1980s pop stars such as Spandau Ballet. The new romantics based their image on the coolness of David Bowie and high fashion. They liked the music of Bowie, Kraftwerk, Marc Bolan and post punk New Wave.

O'Dowd gained fame with his group Culture Club during the 1980s. His music is often called blue-eyed soul. He was heavily influenced by Rhythm and Blues and reggae. Early recordings with Culture Club showed that his vocals had an emotional quality which was like American soul music of the 1960s and 1970s. His later solo work has  glam rock influences and was particularly influenced by David Bowie and Iggy Pop.

O'Dowd is also known for his flamboyant and androgynous appearance during the 1980s and early 1990s.

On 11 May 2009, Boy George was released from prison at HMP Edmunds Hill in Newmarket, Suffolk.  He was four months into a fifteen-month sentence for the assault and false imprisonment of a male escort, in his East London flat. He was tagged and placed on a curfew for the rest of the sentence.

Boy George told the BBC on 27 January 2011 that there would be a 30th anniversary Culture Club reunion tour sometime later in the year.  He also said they would be releasing a new album in 2012.  Culture Club did play two live concerts, in Dubai and Sydney, but did not have a tour.

In 2018, George, along with Culture Club, released an album called Life. They did an accompanying tour, called the Life Tour. ￼

Harper Collins published his first autobiography, _Take It Like a Man_, in 1995, written with Spencer Bright. It was a bestseller in the UK. In 2005, Century published _Straight_, his second autobiographical book. This one was written with author Paul Gorman.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Boy George
- **background**: solo_singer
- **image**: File:Boy George by Dean Stockings.jpg
- **image size**: 220px
- **alt**: George posing in front of the camera wearing a leather jacket
- **birth name**: George Alan O'Dowd
- **birth place**: Eltham, London, England
- **years active**: –present
Bon Jovi

**Bon Jovi** is an American rock band formed in Sayreville, New Jersey in 1983. Bon Jovi is one of the world's best-selling bands of all time, having sold over 130 million records.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Bon Jovi
- **image**: Bonjoviband2013.png
- **landscape**: yes
- **caption**: Bon Jovi performing in Hyde Park, London in 2013. From left to right: Phil X, Hugh McDonald (American musician), Hugh McDonald, Jon Bon Jovi, Tico Torres, and David Bryan.
- **origin**: Sayreville, New Jersey, U.S.
- **years active**: 1983–present
- **current members**: * Jon Bon Jovi
* David Bryan
* Tico Torres
* Hugh McDonald (American musician), Hugh McDonald
* Phil X
* John Shanks
* Everett Bradley (musician), Everett Bradley
- **past members**: * Dave Sabo
* Alec John Such
* Richie Sambora
Valdivia

***Valdivia*** is a city, commune and municipality in southern Chile. Valdivia is the capital of _Los Ríos Region_ (Spanish for _Region of the Rivers_), one of Chile's 16 regions. Valdivia is most known for being the city most affected by the Great Chilean Earthquake.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Valdivia
- **nickname**: The City of Rivers
- **motto**: _Muy Noble y Muy Leal_  (Spanish language, Spanish: "Very Noble and Very Loyal")
- **settlement type**: List of cities in Chile, City and Communes of Chile, Commune
- **image skyline**: Vista de Valdivia (Puente PdeV, 02a).jpg
- **imagesize**: 270px
- **image caption**: Panoramic view of Valdivia from Pedro de Valdivia Bridge
- **image flag**: Flag of Valdivia, Chile.svg
- **flag size**: 150px
- **image shield**: Escudo de Valdivia.svg
- **shield size**: 100px
- **image map**: Comuna de Valdivia.svg
- **mapsize**: 200px
- **map caption**: Location of the Valdivia commune in Los Ríos Region
- **map alt**: Location of the Valdivia commune in Los Ríos Region
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: Chile
- **subdivision type1**: Regions of Chile, Region
- **subdivision name1**: Los Ríos Region, Los Ríos
- **subdivision type2**: Provinces of Chile, Province
- **subdivision name2**: Valdivia Province, Valdivia
- **government type**: Municipality
- **leader title**: Alcalde
- **leader party**: National Renewal (Chile), RN
- **leader name**: Bernardo Berger Fett
- **established title**: Founded as
- **established date**: Santa María la Blanca de Valdivia
- **established title2**: Founded
- **established date2**: 9 February 1552
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area total km2**: 1015.6
- **population total**: 140559
- **population as of**: 2002 Census
- **population density km2**: auto
- **population blank1 title**: Urban area, Urban
- **population blank1**: 129952
- **population blank2 title**: Rural area, Rural
- **population blank2**: 10607
- **demographics type1**: Sex
- **demographics1 title1**: Men
- **demographics1 info1**: 68,510
- **demographics1 title2**: Women
- **demographics1 info2**: 72,049
- **timezone**: Time in Chile, CLT
- **utc offset**: −4
- **timezone dst**: Time in Chile, CLST
- **utc offset dst**: −3
- **elevation m**: 5
- **area code**: _country_ 56 + _city_ 63
- **website**: [http://www.munivaldivia.cl Municipality of Valdivia]
Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam International Airport

The **Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam International Airport** (short name: SSR Airport) is the biggest airport in Mauritius.
Before, it was known as **Plaisance Airport**.

## Location

The SSR Airport is near the city Mahebourg in Mauritius. It is also the only big airport in this country.
Pervez Musharraf

**Syed Pervez  Musharraf**  (11 August 1943 – 5 February 2023) was a Pakistani politician and Four-star general of the Pakistan Army. He was a military dictator and the tenth President of Pakistan from 20 June 2001 to 18 August 2008, when he resigned to avoid impeachment. Previously, he was Chief Executive of Pakistan as well as Chief of Army Staff of the Pakistan Army. He took over power in Pakistan in 1999, by removing the elected government of Nawaz Sharif.

He has charged with multiple murders in April 2013 and was given bail in October 2013. Then he was arrested again. In 2019, Musharraf was sentenced to death _in absentia_ over his treason charges.

Syed Pervez Musharraf was born on 11 August 1943 in Delhi, British India. Musharraf was raised in Karachi and Istanbul. He studied mathematics at Forman Christian College in Lahore and was also educated at the Royal College of Defence Studies in the United Kingdom. Musharraf entered the Pakistan Military Academy in 1961. He was Commissioned to the Pakistan Army in 1964. He played an active role in the Afghan Civil War. Musharraf saw action during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 as a second Lieutenant. By the 1980s, he was commanding an artillery brigade. In the 1990s, Musharraf was promoted to major general and assigned an infantry division. He later commanded the Special Services Group. Soon after, he served as Deputy military secretary and Director General of Military Operations.

Musharraf rose to national prominence when he was promoted to a Four-star general by Prime minister Nawaz Sharif in 1998. This made Musharraf the head of the armed forces. He led the Kargil infiltration that almost brought India and Pakistan to a full-fledged war in 1999.

On 5 February 2023, Musharraf died due to amyloidosis. He was 79. He had been hospitalised a year prior due to the disease. His body is set to be returned to Pakistan from Dubai on 6 February.

## Infobox (president)

- **name**: Pervez Musharraf
پرويز مشرف
- **image**: Pervez Mushrraf2 crop.jpg
- **order**: 10th President of Pakistan
- **primeminister**: Zafarullah Khan Jamali
Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain
Shaukat Aziz
Muhammad Mian Soomro
Yousaf Raza Gillani
- **term start**: 20 June 2001
- **term end**: 18 August 2008
- **predecessor**: Muhammad Rafiq Tarar
- **successor**: Muhammad Mian Soomro (acting)
- **order2**: Chief Executive of Pakistan
- **president2**: Muhammad Rafiq Tarar
- **term start2**: 12 October 1999
- **term end2**: 20 June 2001
- **predecessor2**: Nawaz Sharif
- **successor2**: Zafarullah Khan Jamali
- **birth place**: Delhi, British Raj, British India
- **death place**: Dubai, United Arab Emirates
- **party**: Pakistan Muslim League (Q), PML-Q
Bas-relief

**Bas-relief** is a type of relief (sculpture) that has less depth to the faces and figures than they actually have, when measured proportionately (to scale).  This technique keeps the natural shapes of the figures and allows the work to be seen from many angles without twisting the figures themselves.

There is a continuation of the bas-relief technique into the next category, altorilievo, or high relief. High relief makes deeper images than bas-relief. Instead of shallow backgrounds that are a few inches (cm) deep at most, they can be up to several feet (a few meters) deep in altorilievo.

Some of the best examples of bas-relief are the Assyrian Lion Hunt Reliefs, which are housed at the British Museum. The attention to detail and appearance of the lions moving make them stand out, especially for the time period they were made in.

## Images

These images are made to be seen in 3D with the use of colored glasses and might not appear correctly without them.

## Related pages

- Relief

## References

__NOTOC__
Dogfights

***Dogfights*** is an American television show on The History Channel from November 3, 2006 to May 10, 2008. It uses computer animation to show dogfights from wars and talks with the pilots. Reenactments of real dogfights paired with pilot testimonials and expert analysis, often including cockpit perspectives and battle damage assessments.
Dogfight

A **dogfight** is a close air fight between fighter planes. It often involves turning, climbing, and swirling.

Dogfights started during World War I when the fighter planes did not have many weapons.

The first aerial dogfight occurred during the Battle of Cer (15–24 August 1914), when Serbian aviator Miodrag Tomić encountered an Austro-Hungarian plane while performing a reconnaissance mission over Austro-Hungarian positions. The Austro-Hungarian pilot initially waved, and Tomić waved back. The Austro-Hungarian pilot then fired at Tomić with his revolver.  Tomić produced a pistol of his own and fired back. Tomić managed to escape, and within several weeks, all Serbian and Austro-Hungarian planes were fitted with machine-guns.

Modern weapons such as homing missiles did not exist in that time, and planes could only fight each other with machine guns. Since the machine guns were only useful at close range, the planes had to fly very close together to have combat. Pilots had to fly with many maneuvers to try to not be shot, and be able to shoot the enemy planes. This new type of flying was named dogfighting. Fighter planes made just for this type of flying were sometimes called dogfighters. During World War II many had autocannons firing small, explosive artillery shells. They kept farther apart so they would not be destroyed quickly.

In modern air combat, there are many long range weapons that can be used before dogfighting. Homing missiles can be fired much further away from the target than machine guns, and will automatically try to follow the target. These types of weapons make dogfighting less common, but modern planes still have Gatling guns, which are more advanced kinds of machine guns. This is because dogfighting still happens sometimes.
M1911 pistol

The **M1911** is a .45 ACP caliber pistol originally made by **Colt,** and is now the most copied pistol design in the world. It was designed in the early 1900s by John Browning and was used in battle by many soldiers in World War I, World War II, The Korean War, and in the Vietnam War. It is semi-automatic and can fire a bullet each time the trigger is pulled. Military versions of the gun can hold seven or eight rounds inside its magazine and one more in the chamber. M1911 style guns are still made today and are for sale.

It was the most used pistol in the United States Military from 1911-1985, when it was replaced by the 9mm caliber Beretta M9, a military version of the Beretta 92. The M1911 was replaced because military leaders liked that the Beretta pistol could hold more bullets. Another reason was because other NATO countries pressured the US to follow a rule that all NATO weapons must use the same ammunition. Even after the Beretta M9 officially replaced the M1911, many US soldiers still use the M1911 in combat. The M1911 is a common pistol design for police and special forces because it is reliable in function, easy to modify by a gunsmith, and effective.

The "1911" in the name is because the pistol was adopted by the United States Army in the year 1911.  M1911A1 pistols have an 'A1' added because they were changed from the original design in the 1920s in military service.  The pistol was made first by Colt Manufacturing but was produced by many other companies during World War II. Because the M1911 is so popular, several gun companies make their own version of this gun which are still sold today.

## Bibliography

- _Colt 1911 & Early prototypes_ by Gerard Henrotin (H&L Publishing - HLebooks.com 2003)
- _The Colt 1911A1 Explained_ by Gerard Henrotin (H&L Publishing - HLebooks.com 2004)
Artaxiad dynasty of Iberia

The **Artaxiads** (Georgian: არტაშესიანი, Artašesiani), a branch of the dynasty of Armenia that ruled Iberia (ancient Georgia) from c. 90 BC to 30 AD. Little is known about the early years of the Iberian Artaxiad rule. They seem to have been under the influence of their Armenian cousins to whom Iberia had gotten a significant portion of its territory. In 65 BC, their kingdom was attacked by Rome and the dynasty was forced to sign a peace treaty.
Stocking

A **stocking** is a piece of women's clothing, worn like socks. They are made of stretchy materials. They are often worn instead of  tights or socks.

Stockings that are similar to woman's stockings are also made as parts of sport uniforms.
Robe

A **robe** is a type of clothing. It is loose-fitting and sometimes ties in the front.

## Types of robes

There are different types of robes. These include the following:

- Bathrobe - usually worn at home after taking a bath. They are also sometimes worn at night, or in the morning.
- Graduation robe - A gown traditionally worn at a high school graduation, or college graduation.
- Judge's robe - Part of a judge's clothing. Other jobs may call for robes, such as a barrister.
- Wizard's robe - in fantasy, wizards are usually shown wearing robes.

## Related pages

- Academic dress
    - Category:Liturgical clothing
Rush Limbaugh

**Rush Hudson Limbaugh III** (, ;  January 12, 1951 – February 17, 2021) was an American conservative radio talk show host and writer. He was the host of _The Rush Limbaugh show_ where callers could call in and express their opinions.

## Criticisms

Leftist critic Media Matters said some of his views were sexist. The 2015 documentary _The Brainwashing Of My Dad_ discusses how his program could radicalize people into sharing such views.

## Works and honors

In the 1990s, Limbaugh's books _The Way Things Ought to Be_ (1992) and _See, I Told You So_ (1993) made _The New York Times_ Best Seller list.

President Donald Trump awarded him the Presidential Medal of Freedom in February 2020 during the State of the Union Address.

## Health and death

He went deaf and received a cochlear implant in 2001.

Limbaugh was diagnosed with advanced lung cancer in January 2020. Nine months later in October, he said that his cancer was terminal. Limbaugh died from problems caused by the disease in Palm Beach, Florida on February 17, 2021, a month after his 70th birthday.

## Other websites

- _The Rush Limbaugh Show_

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Rush Limbaugh
- **image**: Rush Limbaugh February 2020.jpg
- **image size**: 220px
- **caption**: Rush Limbaugh during the 2020 State of the Union Address in February
- **birth name**: Rush Hudson Limbaugh III
- **birth place**: Cape Girardeau, Missouri, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Palm Beach, Florida, U.S.
- **death cause**: Problems caused by lung cancer
- **years active**: 1967–2021
- **occupation**: Radio host, political commentator, author, television host (former)
- **spouse**: Roxy Maxine McNeely (1977–1980, divorced)
Michelle Sixta (1983–1990, divorced)
Marta Fitzgerald (1994–2004, divorced)
Kathryn Rogers (2010–2021)
- **alma mater**: Southeast Missouri State University <small>(did not graduate)</small>
Second Life

***Second Life*** is the biggest online virtual world. It was launched in 2003 by Linden Lab, a Californian software company founded by Philip Rosedale. It is made up of a large number of regions or islands, which can belong to continents. The users are called _residents_, and technically, they are _avatars_. The piece of software used to log on to Second Life is called a _viewer_.

Some people use this multi-user virtual environment (MUVE) for entertainment purposes, though it is not a game because it does not have any single goal that players must achieve. Other people use it to work or to study. Anyone is free to do anything they want, as long as they respect the Terms of Service. They are also free to create new things and add them to the virtual world. Players can make a lot of different things, including buildings, clothes, and landscapes. This is why Second Life is considered a platform, too.

Second Life regions are classified as:
- _general_, which must not have nudity or other sexually explicit content. Institutions such as universities, conference organizers, and real-world businesses usually own general regions.
- _moderate_, which host most of the non-adult activities common in Second Life, such as dance clubs, bars, stores and malls, galleries, music venues, beaches, and parks.
- _adult_, which have sexually explicit or violent content, and where minors are not allowed.

Many things that people can do in Second Life are about real life. For instance, some universities and companies use Second Life for education and training, including Stanford University, Indiana University and University of Western Australia.

Second Life can also be used for foreign language teaching by language educators. English as a foreign language has gained a presence through several schools, such as the British Council. Two popular places where Second Life users meet to practice English are Virtlantis and Cypris Chat. A list of educational projects, which also include some language schools, can be found in the Second Life wiki.

## Related pages

- Active Worlds
- IMVU

## Other websites

- Official site
Ford Falcon

The **Ford Falcon** is a big car made by Ford in Australia since 1960. It had seven generations and production of it stopped in October 2016.
Hoboken

**Hoboken** is a southern district of the city of Antwerp, in Flanders (Belgium). There are 34,443 people living there.

## Other websites

- Official Website
Bottlenose dolphin

A **bottlenose dolphin** is a kind of dolphin. The name "bottlenose" comes from its snout being shaped like a bottle. It breathes through a hole on top of its head. It is intelligent, and its brain is large. Bottlenose dolphins are closely related to porpoises. They are skilled and accurate hunters which eat small fish. Bottlenose dolphins are grey, with dark grey near their _blowhole_ (the small hole on the top of their head for breating). They are light grey on their belly. This is called countershading: it makes them less easy to see. When it is grown up, it is about 2 to 4 meters (6.6 to 13.1ft) and about 150 to 650 kilograms (330 1430lb). The males are a usually a bit bigger than females. Dolphins which live in warm places are smaller than dolphins that live in cold places.

## Taxonomy

In 1998 the first species was described, _T. truncatus_. It is believed that it and the Indo-Pacific Bottlenose Dolphin (_T. aduncus_) emerged in the early or middle Pleistocene, between 1 and 2 million years ago.

Some subspecies have been named, they are:

- _T. t. truncatus_, the nominotypical subspecies
- _T. t. ponticus_, or the Black Sea bottlenose dolphin
- _T. t. gephyreus_, or Lahille's bottlenose dolphin
- _T. t. nuuanu_, or the Eastern Tropical Pacific bottlenose dolphin

Another subspecies was described at this time, as _T. t. gillii_, which was long considered a distinct subspecies of the species _T. gillii_. However, it is considered a synonym of _T. truncatus_.

Many recent studies show that this species may have evolved from some current species, depending on the point of view of Paleontologists and scientists, but the most accepted is that the species evolved from other ancestral species.

### Predation

This species is heavily preyed upon by large predators, such as the Great white shark (_Carcharodon carcharias_) and the Orca (_Orcinus orca_). Some scientists believe that in the past, this species may have been preyed upon by other shark species, such as the Narrow white shark (_Carcharodon hastalis_).

### Diet

This species feeds on small fish, squid, crabs and small shark species. They often use echolocation to find their prey, a kind of sonar.

## Related pages

- Dolphins
- Cetacea
- Killer whale
President of the German Bundesrat

The **President of the German Bundesrat** () is the speaker or chair of the German Bundesrat, which is the upper house of the German parliament.

Each of the ministers president of the federal _Länder_ (states) acts as the president of the Bundesrat for one year.

The President of the Bundesrat can also act as deputy to the Federal President if the Federal President is out of Germany or not able to act because of illness etc. If the Federal President dies or is removed from office the President of the Bundestag will act as President until a new president is elected, which must be within thirty days.

## Election

The President of the Bundesrat is usually elected on the 1 November in one year, and serves until the 31 October of the next year. The Basic Law says, in Article 52.1, that "the Bundesrat elects its President for one year". However, in practice the presidency rotates among all Länder equally, in accordance with a predetermined order. The order changes sometimes, because it depends on each state's population.

If the head of government of a _Land_ changes during the term of the President of the Bundesrat then the presidency passes to the new minister-president for the remainder of its one year duration. This happened in April 1999 when Roland Koch replaced Hans Eichel as minister-president of Hesse. The current order of rotation of the presidency of the Bundesrat is as follows:

1. (North Rhine-Westphalia)
1. (Bavaria)
1. (Lower Saxony)
1. (Hesse)
1. (Saxony)
1. (Rhineland-Palatinate)
1. (Saxony-Anhalt)
1. (Thuringia)
1. (Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania)

## Related pages

- List of presidents of the German Bundesrat
- German Bundesrat
- Politics of Germany

## Other websites

- The Bundesrat - President and Presidium  from Official Bundesrat website
German TV

**German TV** was a German-speaking television program for viewers in the USA and in Canada.

It was founded as a joint program from ARD and ZDF, which formed 40% each of the broadcast output. The remaining 20% was from Deutsche Welle.

The channel broadcast 24 hours-a-day. The editorial staff and the management of German TV were in the offices of Deutsche Welle TV in Berlin.

German TV sent news and information as well as sport, children's programs, shows and other entertainment programs as well as various films from different areas.

German TV went on the air in April, 2002. It was able to be received in the USA, and in wide parts of Canada and Latin America, by Satellite or Cable TV.

## Other websites

- http://www.german.tv/
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

**The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen** () is one of the most important papers of the French Revolution.

## Contents

This paper exists a list of rights, such as freedom of religion, freedom of speech, freedom of assembly and separation of powers. All men have these rights. It also talks about some rights many people have together. This paper was written using some of the ideas of natural rights, these rights are for all men: they are supposed to be valid in all times and places. They are said to be rights of human nature. The last idea of the Declaration was accepted on 26 August 1789, by the National Constituent Assembly (_Assemblée nationale constituante_). It was a very important first thing to do before the people could write a  constitution. The paper explained these basic rights, not only for French people but for _all men without exception_, it did not say anything about the rights or role of women. It also did not talk about slavery.  People now think that it was an important step towards international human rights or Universal Declaration of Human Rights:

- "First Article – Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinctions can be founded only on the common utility."

The ideas written in the declaration are important in French law today. They can be used to fight or change new laws or other government actions. French law is based off of this document.
The Simpsons Halloween episodes

**Treehouse of Horror**, or **The Simpsons Halloween Specials**, is a seasonal special TV episode that is aired in every season (except the first one) where there are three different Halloween-based stories. Most of the time the episodes are about something really scary, unusual, or science-fictional event happening to the family. Since they have nothing to do with the real episodes, they are considered non-canonical (things that do not really happen).

Most of the time the family encounter horrible things like zombies, aliens, monsters, witches, or sometimes each other. Some episodes spoof horror or science-fiction films (most notably, shows from The Twilight Zone).

## Related pages

- List of The Simpsons Treehouse of Horror episodes

## Other websites

- Top 10 Treehouse of Horror Segments on IGN.com
- Bart Simpson's Treehouse of Horror #13 Comic Preview on ComicsAlliance.com
Bonerath

**Bonerath** is a municipality in the Trier-Saarburg district, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. As of 31 December 2018, 232 people lived there.

## Other websites

- Official website
Gusterath

**Gusterath** is a municipality in the Trier-Saarburg district, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. As of 31 December 2018, 1,976 people lived there.

## Other websites

- Official website
Gutweiler

**Gutweiler** is a municipality in the Trier-Saarburg district, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. As of 31 December 2018, 636 people lived there.

## Other websites

- Official website
Hinzenburg

**Hinzenburg** is a municipality in the Trier-Saarburg district, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. As of 31 December 2018, 143 people lived there.

## Other websites

- Official website
Holzerath

**Holzerath** is a municipality in the Trier-Saarburg district, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. As of 31 December 2018, 431 people lived there.

## Other websites

- Official website
Kasel

**Kasel** is a municipality and a part of the Ruwer (municipality) in the Trier-Saarburg district, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. As of 31 December 2018, 1,321 people lived there.

## Other websites

- Official website
Korlingen

**Korlingen** is a municipality in the Trier-Saarburg district, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. As of 31 December 2018, 831 people lived there.

## Other websites

- Official website
Mertesdorf

**Mertesdorf** is a municipality in the Trier-Saarburg district, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. As of 31 December 2018, 1,688 people lived there.

## Other websites

- Official website
Morscheid

**Morscheid** is a municipality in the Trier-Saarburg district, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. As of 31 December 2018, 946 people lived there.

## Other websites

- Official website
Ollmuth

**Ollmuth** is a municipality in the Trier-Saarburg district, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. As of 31 December 2018, 168 people lived there.

## Other websites

- Official website
Pluwig

**Pluwig** is a municipality in the Trier-Saarburg district, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. As of 31 December 2018, 1,679 people lived there.

## Other websites

- Official website
Riveris

**Riveris** is a municipality in the Trier-Saarburg district, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. The municipality lies in the valley of the river Riveris. As of 31 December 2018, 402 people lived there.

## Other websites

- Official website
Schöndorf

**Schöndorf** is the name of two municipalities in Germany:
- Schöndorf, Rhineland-Palatinate, in the Trier-Saarburg district, Rhineland-Palatinate
- Schöndorf, Thuringia, in the Saale-Orla-Kreis, Thuringia

and to:
- _Schöndorf_, the German name for Frumușeni Commune, Arad County, Romania

## Other

- Schondorf am Ammersee, a municipality in the district of Landsberg am Lech, Bavaria
Sommerau

**Sommerau** is a municipality in the Trier-Saarburg district, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. As of 31 December 2018, 75 people lived there.
Waldrach

**Waldrach** is a municipality in the Trier-Saarburg district, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is near Trier. As of 31 December 2018, 2,035 people lived there.

## Other websites

- Official website
Perfect Stranger (movie)

***Perfect Stranger*** is a big screen movie that was first shown in late 2006. It stars Halle Berry.

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: Perfect Stranger
- **caption**: Theatrical release poster
- **director**: James Foley
- **producer**: Elaine Goldsmith-Thomas
Stephanie Langhoff
Daniel A. Thomas
- **screenplay**: Todd Komarnicki
- **story**: Jon Bokenkamp
- **starring**: Halle Berry
Bruce Willis
Giovanni Ribisi
- **music**: Antonio Pinto (composer), Antonio Pinto
- **cinematography**: Anastas N. Michos
- **editing**: Christopher Tellefsen
- **studio**: Revolution Studios
- **distributor**: Columbia Pictures
- **runtime**: 109 minutes
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **budget**: $60,795,000
- **gross**: $73,090,611
American bison

The **American bison** (also called **American buffalo** or just **buffalo**) is a species of bison, a bovine mammal. The name "buffalo" is a misnomer, because the bison is only distantly related to the water buffalo and the African buffalo.

Bison are a keystone species. They once roamed the North American continent in great herds, and their grazing helped in shaping the ecology of the Great Plains. However, buffalo hunters killed a massive number of bison. There used to be as many as 30 million bison in the United States, but because of hunting, by the year 1890, only 1,000 bison were left.

## Description

The bison has a large head with relatively small, curving horns. Its dark brown coat is long and shaggy on the forequarters, including the front legs, neck, and shoulders, while the rest of the body has shorter, finer hair.

Their staple foods are grasses and sedges.

## Habitat

American bison live in river valleys, on prairies, and on plains.  Their typical habitat is open or semi-open grassland, as well as sagebrush, semi-arid lands and scrublands.  Bison will also graze in hilly or mountainous areas where the slopes are not steep.

Though not particularly known as high-altitude animals, bison in the Yellowstone Park are frequently found at elevations above . The bison herd on the plains and valleys around the Henry Mountains in Utah go up to an altitude of .

## Endangerment

Although bison once roamed across North America, they are now ecologically extinct over most of their historic range. They live on in a few national parks and other small wildlife areas.

There used to be as many as 30 million bison in the United States, but because of hunting, by 1890, only 1,000 bison were left. Through conservation efforts, there are now more American bison than there used to be, but still far fewer than there were before the 1800s.

The American bison is often used in North America in official seals, flags, and logos. In 2016, the American bison became the national mammal of the United States.

## As livestock

Bisons have been used as livestock. They are known for having cattle-like meat, but it is leaner and slightly sweeter than beef.

## The beefalo

Bisons can interbreed with cattle to make a hybrid known as the beefalo.
Jiroft civilization

The **Jiroft Civilization** () is a proposed Early Bronze Age civilization of Sistan, Iran (fl. ca. 26th century BC). It was proposed by Yousef Madjidzadeh in 2003 because of archaeological artifacts confiscated by Iranian authorities. White Muscarella (2005) expresses serious doubt in the accuracy of the "Jiroft Civilization" as an archaeological entity. The Jiroft site itself is of undisputed notability as a mid-3rd millennium city situated between the Elamite civilization to the west and the Indus Valley civilization to the east.

## Other websites

- Saudi Aramco World report
- "New studies show Jiroft was ancient trade link"
- about Iran civilizations
- Jiroft Inscription, Oldest Evidence of Written Language
- New Discoveries in Jiroft May Change History of Civilization
- Jiroft was an international trade center 5000 years ago
- See the fantastic Jiroft objects
Tigranakert

**Tigranakert** (Armenian: Տիգրանակերտ, transliterated "Tigranakert" and also spelled "Dikranagerd" in Western Armenian; Latin Tigranocerta) was a city near present-day Silvan, Turkey, east of Diyarbakır. It was founded by the Armenian Emperor Tigranes the Great in the 1st century BC. Tigranakert was founded as the new capital of the Armenian Empire in order to be in a more central position within the boundaries of the expanding empire.

## Related pages

- Tigranes the Great
- Kingdom of Armenia
- Battle of Tigranocerta

## Other websites

- Ancient and premodern Armenia
- "Armenia's 12 Capital Cities" Exhibition Opened in Paris
Combat sport

A **combat sport** (also known as a **combative sport**) is a competitive contact sport where two combatants fight against each other using certain rules of contact, with the aim of simulating parts of real hand to hand combat. Boxing, kickboxing, wrestling, mixed martial arts and fencing are examples of combat sports.

The techniques used can be categorized into three domains: striking, grappling, and weapon usage. Some rule-sets specialize in one area, while others allow overlap.
Ground fighting

**Ground fighting** (in martial arts sometimes referred to as "ground work" or "ground game") is hand-to-hand combat which takes place while the fighters are on the ground, generally involving a degree of clutching of gripping.

## Other websites

- Free Jiu-Jitsu and Submission Grappling Videos
- David Thomas' Ground Fighting Technique Catalog
- www.lockflow.com/techniques.php    Illustrated explanations of groundfighting techniques
- www.bjj.org/techniques/  Guides to groundfighting and grappling techniques, with illustrations and some videos
- www.bjjzone.com  Grappling Technique Videos
- Submission Grappling Demo - 7 minutes
Anderson Silva

**Anderson da Silva** (born April 14, 1975) is a Brazilian Muay Thai fighter and mixed martial artist (MMA). He is a former UFC middleweight champion. He is also the current Cage Rage World middleweight champion. Silva is the longest-reigning champion in that promotion. He has competed in PRIDE Fighting Championships, Shooto, and Rumble on the Rock. Silva holds notable wins over Rich Franklin, Hayato Sakurai, Nathan Marquardt and Jeremy Horn.

## Other websites

- Official website
Karo Parisyan

**Karapet "Karo" Parisyan** (; born August 28, 1982 in Yerevan, Armenia) is an Armenian-American mixed martial arts fighter. His fighting style is mainly Judo, but has been modified to fight without the use of a Judogi.

His current professional MMA record is 17-4-0 with 9 of his wins coming by way of submission. Karo is currently fighting out of North Hollywood, California, and he is ranked as the 5th best welterweight fighter in the world by MMAweekly.com.

## Other websites

- Karo Parisyan's Official Web Site
- UFC profile
- Legends Gym
Diego Sanchez

**Diego "The Nightmare" Sanchez** (born December 31, 1981 in Albuquerque, New Mexico) is a Mexican American mixed martial artist (MMA). He has a background in wrestling and Gaidojutsu, a system of submission wrestling developed by his longtime trainer Greg Jackson. Sanchez currently fights as a welterweight with the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC).
ARD

**ARD** is a public broadcaster in Germany. The name is an abbreviation. It stands for _Arbeitsgemeinschaft der öffentlich-rechtlichen Rundfunkanstalten der Bundesrepublik Deutschland_. This can be translated as "Consortium of public-law broadcasting institutions of the Federal Republic of Germany". The company is made of different regional broadcasters. It provides one of the two (publicly funded) television programmes in Germany, amongst other programmes. The other publicly funded TV program is called Zweites Deutsches Fernsehen (ZDF, in short).

It was founded in West Germany in 1950. It was made for common interests of the new, de-centralized post-war broadcasting services - in particular, the introduction of a joint television network.

ARD is made of the following regional broadcasters: BR, HR, MDR, NDR, Radio Bremen, RBB, SR, SWR, and WDR, as well as international broadcaster Deutsche Welle.

They make a total of 54 regional and local radio stations and networks, two nationwide radio channels, and seven regional TV networks. During certain parts of the day some of these split even further.