juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Switch

A **switch** is something that changes the flow of an electrical circuit. The most common kind of **switch** is something (for example a railroad switch) which can be taken off of one course and put onto another. The term "switch" usually means electrical power. In applications where more than one switch is needed, (i.e. a telephone service) mechanical switches have been replaced by electronic switches which can be controlled automatically.

The switch is called a "gate" when used in a mathematical form. In logic, arguments are represented as logic gates. The use of electronic _gates_ to work as a system of logical gates is the basic idea behind the computer —i.e. a computer is a lot of electronic switches that work as logic gates.

## Types of switch

There are many types of switches. Some of these are:
- DIP switch
- Reed switch
- Rocker switch
- Micro switch
- Relay switch
- Rotary switch
- Surface mount switch
- Toggle switch
- Tilt switch
- Time switch

## Other meanings

The word 'switch' can also mean to change between two things. For example, on a railway line, sometimes the track can split into two different tracks. If the train is travelling on one line and changes over to the other, it has just done a switch.

## Related pages

- Electricity
- Railway
Sled dog

**Sled dogs**, known also as **sleigh dogs**, **sledge dogs** or **sleddogs** are types of dogs that are used to pull a wheel-less vehicle on runners (a sled or sleigh) over snow or ice, by means of harnesses and lines.

## Related pages

- Sled dog racing
Overland Expedition

The **Overland Expedition**, also called the **Overland Relief Expedition** or **Point Barrow-Overland Relief Expedition**, was a long trip in 1897–8, by three officers of the United States Coast Guard (then named the _U.S. Revenue Cutter Service_), with the help of two civilians, using sled dogs and reindeer to rescue more than 250 whalers trapped in the Arctic Ocean by  ice around their ships.

The rescue was ordered by then-U.S. President William McKinley. McKinley later talked about the rescue in a letter dated January 17, 1899 to the United States Congress, in which he asked Congress to award the officers Congressional Gold Medals, and to pay the civilians for their help:
> It will be remembered that in the month of October, 1897, reports were
> received here of the probable loss of the whaling fleet in the Arctic
> regions, and of the likelihood that nearly 300 men, composing the
> officers and crews of the fleet, would perish from hunger unless succor [an old word for help] could reach them early in the spring. ...
> The overland expedition was formed, and consisted of First Lieut. David
> H. Jarvis, Revenue-Cutter Service, commanding; Second Lieut. Ellsworth
> P. Bertholf, Revenue-Cutter Service, and Dr. Samuel J. Call, surgeon of
> the _Bear_, all volunteers. ...
> They were materially aided by Mr. W.T. Lopp, agent of the American Missionary Society at Cape Prince of Wales, and Artisarlook, a native of that region, both of whom, at great personal sacrifice, left their families and accompanied the reindeer herd to Point Barrow.
> The overland expedition, after a difficult and hazardous journey of
> nearly 2,000 miles through the storms and bitter cold of an Arctic
> winter, reached Point Barrow with the herd on the 29th of March, 1898,
> three months and twelve days from their landing from the _Bear_ at
> Cape Vancouver, Alaskan coast of Bering Sea. They arrived none too soon. ... [due to] bad sanitary conditions and want of proper food, the men from the whale ships quartered there were found upon the verge of great suffering, while sickness had broken out among them. ...
> I have therefore the honor to submit the following recommendations and
> to ask your favorable action: ...
> That gold medals of honor of appropriate design, to be approved by
> the Secretary of the Treasury, be awarded to Lieutenants Jarvis and
> Bertholf and Dr. Call, commemorative of their heroic struggles in aid of
> suffering fellow-men. ...
> That the sum of $2,500 be appropriated to be disbursed by the
> Secretary of the Treasury in bestowing rewards upon W.T. Lopp,
> Artisarlook, and native herders, who rendered material aid to the relief
> expedition.

## References

- _Fog, Men, and Cutters: A Short History of the Bering Sea Patrol_, by Dennis L. Noble, Ph.D. from the USCG website
- William McKinley papers from Project Gutenberg
- List of Congressional Gold Medal Recipients from the Office of the Clerk of the United States House of Representatives
Number theory

**Number theory** is a part of mathematics. It explains what some types of numbers are, what properties they have, and ways that they can be useful.

Topics in number theory are:
- Prime numbers
- Factorization
- Matrix

Important theorems in number theory are:
- Chinese remainder theorem
- Fundamental theorem of arithmetic
- Fermat's last theorem
- Fermat's little theorem

## Applications

A well-known application of number theory is encrypted messaging (encryption).  Data compression also makes use of the field.

## Further reading

- G.H. Hardy; E.M. Wright (2008) [1938]. An introduction to the theory of numbers. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-921986-5.
- Vinogradov, I.M. (2003) [1954]. Elements of Number Theory (reprint o 1954 ed.). Mineola, NY: Dover Publications.
- Ivan M. Niven; Herbert S. Zuckerman; Hugh L. Montgomery (2008) [1960]. An introduction to the theory of numbers (reprint of the 5th edition 1991 ed.). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-81-265-1811-1.
- Kenneth H. Rosen (2010). Elementary Number Theory (6th ed.). Pearson Education. ISBN 978-0-321-71775-7.
- Borevich, A. I.; Shafarevich, Igor R. (1966). Number theory. Pure and Applied Mathematics. 20. Boston, MA: Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-117850-5. MR 0195803.
- Serre, Jean-Pierre (1996) [1973]. A course in arithmetic. Graduate texts in mathematics. 7. Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-90040-7.

## Other websites

- Number Theory
- Number Theory Web
Tear gas

**Tear gas** is the name for a number of chemical compounds.  They are not actually gas<nowiki/>es.  They are fine powders or mist<nowiki/>s of liquid.  The chemicals are acidic and cause  pain in the eyes.  Tear gas may cause temporary blindness for up to 45 minutes.  Tear gas is commonly used by police to control crowds.  Phenacyl chloride (CN) liquid and CS powder are two of the chemicals that are often found in tear gas.  Pepper spray is another chemical compound that acts very similarly and is sometimes used to control crowds.

Tear gas is a chemical weapon, and was used as a weapon in the First World War.  The 1925 Geneva Protoco<nowiki/>l is not specific enough about the use of irritating agents, such as tear gas in war.  The Chemical Weapons Convention, of 1992 prohibits the use of tear gas for warfare.  The use as a riot control agent is not covered by the treaty.

## Problems of using tear gas

The use of tear gas also has problems: Usually, cartidges of tear gas are thrown; they can hit and injure people. A case of serious injury to the blood vessels from tear gas shells has also been reported from Iran, with high rates of associated nerve injury (44%) and amputation (17%), as well as instances of head injuries in young people. Directly exposing skin to tear gas may lead to chemical burns and allergic reactions of the skin.

In the short term, the medical consequences are usually limited to  skin inflammation. delayed complications are also possible: people with respiratory conditions such as asthma are likely to need medical attention and may sometimes require hospitalization or even ventilation support. Skin exposure to CS may cause chemical burns or induce allergic contact dermatitis. When people are hit at close range or are severely exposed, eye injuries involving scarring of the cornea can lead to a permanent loss in visual acuity. Frequent or high levels of exposure carry increased risks of respiratory illness.

## Related pages

- Chemical warfare

## Other websites

- Riot Agents
Kaba Ma Kyei

The **National Anthem** (; ) is the national anthem of Myanmar. The song and lyrics were made by Saya Tin with help from a Burmese nationalist group called Thakins. It is made up of two parts. The first half is a traditional Burmese part. The second half is a Western-style orchestra part. Because of the second half, the "National Anthem" is commonly known as "****" (, ; ).

## Lyrics

|Words of the song in Burmese|Words of the song using the Latin alphabet|Pronunciation of these words using the IPA|Translation of these words into English|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|<poem></poem>|<poem></poem>|<poem></poem>|<poem>Accompanied with justice and freedom; our nation, our motherland. To bring peace to all people; the nation having equal right and pure policy, our nation, our motherland. Let us preserve with vow for perpetuity of our heritage of the Union. 𝄆 As long as the world exists, we love Myanmar, the true heritage of our ancestors. 𝄇 We shall safeguard the Union by sacrificing our lives. This is our nation, our motherland and our own land. Let us serve unitedly for the interest of our nation, our motherland. That is our duty for the precious land.</poem>|

## Infobox (anthem)

- **english title**: National Anthem of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar
- **image**: 'Gaba Ma Kyei' sheet music.jpgborder
- **prefix**: National
- **country**: Myanmar
- **author**: * YMB Saya Tin and Thakins (1930)
* U Sein Mya Maung (1947)
- **composer**: YMB Saya Tin
- **music date**: 1930
- **published**: * 1930 (as Dobama Song)
* 1947 (as National Anthem)
- **adopted**: * 27 June 1936 (by the second conference of Thakins, Dobama Asiayon)
* 1 August 1943 (by the State of Burma)
* 22 September 1947 (by the Constituent Assembly of the Union of Burma)
- **sound title**: instrumental version
Yangon

**Yangon** () also known as **Rangoon**, is the largest city in Myanmar. It was also the capital city until 2006. The city is by a river called Hlaing River, and is close to the sea. Yangon has more than 5 million people living there.

## History

**Yangon** was founded as **Dagon** in the 6th century AD by the Mons, who ruled Lower Burma at that time. Dagon was a small fishing village centered about the Shwedagon Pagoda. In 1755, King Alaungpaya conquered Dagon and renamed it "Yangon". The British captured Yangon during the First Anglo-Burmese War (1824–26) but returned it to Burma after the war. The city was destroyed by a fire in 1841.

The British took Yangon and all of Lower Burma in the Second Anglo-Burmese War of 1852, and then changed Yangon into the most important city of British Burma. The British constructed a new city on a grid plan on delta land. It was bound to the east by the Pazundaung Creek and to the south and west by the Yangon River. Yangon became the capital of all British Burma after the British had captured Upper Burma in the Third Anglo-Burmese War of 1885. By the 1890s Yangon's increasing population and commerce gave birth to prosperous residential suburbs to the north of Royal Lake (Kandawgyi) and Inya Lake. The British also established hospitals including Rangoon General Hospital and colleges including Rangoon University.
Colonial Yangon, with its spacious parks and lakes and mix of modern buildings and traditional wooden architecture, was known as "the garden city of the East." By the early 20th century, Yangon had public services and infrastructure on par with London.

Before World War II, about 55% of Yangon's population of 500,000 was Indian or South Asian, and only about a third was Bamar (Burman). Karens, the Chinese, the Anglo-Burmese and others made up the rest.

After World War I, Yangon became the center of Burmese independence movement. The leftist Rangoon University students led the way. Three nationwide strikes against the British Empire in 1920, 1936 and 1938 began in Yangon. Yangon was under Japan's occupation (1942–45), and was heavily damaged during World War II. Yangon became the capital of Union of Burma on 4 January 1948 when the country regained independence from the British Empire.
Pyinmana

**Pyinmana** (, ; population: 100,000 (2006 estimate)) is a small town in Mandalay Division of Myanmar. The government in 2005 decided to move the capital city from Yangon to an area  away west of Pyinmana on November 6, 2005, near the town, named Naypyidaw, which means Royal City. Pyinmana is approximately  north of Yangon.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **native name**: ပျဉ်းမနားမြို့
- **official name**: Pyinmana
- **pushpin label position**: bottom
- **pushpin map**: Burma
- **pushpin map caption**: Location of Pyinmana, Myanmar (Burma)
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Burma, Myanmar (Burma)
- **subdivision type1**: Administrative divisions of Burma, Division
- **subdivision name1**: Mandalay Region
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **population as of**: 2006 est.
- **population blank1**: Bamar, Burmese Indians, Karen people, Kayin
- **population blank1 title**: Ethnicities
- **population blank2**: Theravada Buddhism, Islam
- **population blank2 title**: Religions
- **population density km2**: auto
- **population total**: 100000
- **timezone**: Time in Burma, MST
- **utc offset**: +6.30
Myanmar kyat

A **kyat** () is a kind of money used in Myanmar. The symbol for it is **K**. One kyat is equal to 100 pya. 2200 kyats is almost equal to 1 US dollars as of the international index however as of 27 May 2024, 1 US dollars has crossed the threshold of 4000 kyats locally as the financial crisis extends into further depression.
Burmese language

**Burmese**  (in Burmese __, pronounced /baa-MAA-saa/) is a language spoken in Myanmar (also known as Burma). Burmese is a Sino-Tibetan language, meaning that is close to Chinese and Tibetan.

## Writing system

Burmese is written in Burmese script.

## Tones

Burmese is a tonal language. Burmese has three tones (high, medium, low: plus two 'stops or abbreviated additional, qualifying 'tones_)_

Burmese has no gender. For instance, the word သူ (pronounced "thew") could mean "he" or "she". However, some words have natural gender e.g. ဆရာ _saya_ (male teacher) and ဆရာမ _sayama_ (female teacher).

Unlike in English, verbs in Burmese do not change based on tense. Instead, other words are added after to show tense.

## Loan words

Burmese has many English and Indian words (loan words) due to colonization by the British and interaction with the neighboring country of India. However, Burmese is a very distinct and full language itself with a long history and many different dialects.

## Examples

Here are some examples of words and sentences in Burmese.

Hello = _min-ga-la-ba_

How are you? = _Nei kaun la?_

I am (name) = _Cha-naw yè nan-bè ga ________

(_Kya-naw_ is replaced with _kya-ma_ for females.

What is your name? = _Ka-mya na mei be' lo khal le' _  (OR) na mei be' lo khal le' (You can omit  "Ka-mya=You")

Are you from Burma? = _Nae ba-ma pyi ga la da la?_

(Note: To ask if someone is from other countries, just replace ba-ma pyi with any of the countries below.)

- America = _A-mè-ree-ka_
- France = _Pyin-thit_
- Britain = _In-ga-lan_
- Germany = _Ja-ma-nee_
- Russia = _Ra-sha_
- Thailand = _Yoe-da-ya_
- Japan = _Ja-pan_
- Chinese = _Ta-yote_
- Indian = _ in-di-yah_

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Burmese
- **altname**: Myanmar language
- **nativename**: မြန်မာ
- **pronunciation**: IPA:

- **states**: Myanmar, Bangladesh (Chittagong Hill Tracts), India (Tripura), China (Yunnan), Thailand (Mae Hong Son province, Mae Hong Son and Tak province, Tak)
- **ethnicity**: Barma people
- **speakers**: million
- **date**: 2007
- **ref**: e27
- **speakers2**: Second language: 10 million (no date)
- **familycolor**: Sino-Tibetan
- **fam2**: (Tibeto-Burman languages, Tibeto-Burman?)
- **fam3**: Lolo-Burmese languages, Lolo-Burmese
- **ancestor**: Old Burmese
- **ancestor2**: Middle Burmese
- **script**: Mon–Burmese script, Mon–Burmese (Burmese alphabet)
Burmese Braille
- **nation**: Myanmar
---
Southeast Asia
- **agency**: Myanmar Language Commission
- **iso1**: my
- **iso2b**: bur
- **iso2t**: mya
- **lc1**: mya
- **lc2**: int
- **lc3**: tco
- **lc4**: rki
- **lc5**: rmz
- **lingua**: 77-AAA-a
- **map**: Idioma birmano.png
- **mapcaption**: Areas where Burmese is spoken (in dark blue those areas where it is more widely spoken).
- **notice**: IPA
- **glotto**: nucl1310
- **glottorefname**: Myanmar
- **region**: Myanmar
- **fam1**: Sino-Tibetan languages, Sino-Tibetan
- **fam4**: Burmish languages, Burmish
- **lc6**: Tay
- **era**: Burmese
Danielle Steel

**Danielle Fernande Schuelein-Steel** (born August 14, 1947 in New York City) is an American writer. Steel was an only child. She is the best-selling living author and one of the best-selling fiction writers ever, with more than 800 million books sold. As of 2021, she has written 190 books, including over 140 novels.

Her parents divorced when she was young. She was looked after by relatives and family employees in Paris and New York City. She was a lonely child and read a lot of books and poetry.

## Early life

Steel, whose full name is Danielle Fernandes Dominique Schuelein-Steel, was born in New York City. Her father, John Schuelein-Steel, was a German immigrant who was Jewish and came from a family that owned Löwenbräu beer. Her mother, Norma da Camara Stone dos Reis, was Portuguese and the daughter of a diplomat.

## Other websites

- Official Website
- Personal website
- Danielle Steel Quotes

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Danielle Steel
- **birth name**: Danielle Fernandes Dominique Schuelein-Steel
- **birth place**: New York City, U.S.
- **occupation**: Novelist
- **nationality**: American
- **period**: 1978-present
- **genre**: romance novel, Romance
Contemporary
- **alma mater**: New York University
- **children**: 7 (including Nicholas Traina)
- **signature**: Danielle steel signature.svg
Coat of arms

A **coat of arms** is a unique design painted on a shield.  These designs may be inherited, meaning that they pass from a father to his children.  In the Middle Ages, these designs were shown on real shields, but today they are usually only drawn or painted on the paper that makes them legal which is called a **grant of arms**. The grant of arms is usually allowed only when it is given by the government of a country or its agent. In England, this is called the College of Arms and in Scotland is called the Lord Lyon King of Arms.

Coats of arms are normally issued for real people. Nowadays, lots of countries and businesses also have coats of arms. Each symbol on the coat of arms will represent something that has an important meaning to that person, country or company.

Coats of arms have many base shield designs that can be added on to, such as the Fess, Pale, Bend, Chevron, Saltire, and many more. These examples shown are called "Ordinaries". An example of an item to add on to the base designs are called charges. These charges can be classified as emblems added on to the coat of arms base shield. It is also optional to have a supporter. In simple terms, the supporter is usually an animal seeming like it is holding up the shield of the coat of arms. The Royal Coat of Arms of The United Kingdom seen below is an example of supporters. Lastly, the final main piece of many coats of arms is called the crest. The crest is a symbol of some sorts usually resting on top of the shield base of the coat of arms. This crest can be any shape, but usually has to fit within the color palette.

## Related pages

- Flag
- Heraldry
- Officer of arms

## Other websites

- Heraldry in the SCA
- Modar's Heraldry
Spear

A **spear** is a weapon used in Antiquity and the Middle Ages.  It is meant  to primarily stab.  Some spears can also slash.  Some kinds of light weight spears were also meant to be thrown.

A lance is a special spear used from horseback.  Knights often used it during medieval times.  A pike is a very big spear for infantry to fight horsemen.
Hat

A **hat** is a type of covering for the head, and there are many types of hats.

Hats are different in different parts of the world. Some hats are worn by women, other hats by men, others by both; infants and children may also wear hats, and some hats are not worn by anyone at all. These hats are just used for decoration. People who make hats for men are called **hatters**, and those who make hats for women are called **milliners**. The kinds of hats (or caps, which are like hats) worn by different groups within various societies in different countries are very numerous.

Some types of hats or caps are worn as a sign of social roles. For example, bishops wear mitres and some lawyers wear wigs. In these cases the special headware is only worn on specific occasions. Monarchs wear crowns on special occasions.

All kinds of clothing send social messages as to what the person is. For years workmen in Britain wore caps, but foremen (supervisors) wore bowler hats. So, in traditional societies it was expected of a person that he or she would dress appropriately. Other people would know from their clothes what kind of person was on view. That aspect of hats and clothing in general is much less true today.

## Examples

Some examples of hats:
- baseball cap, for baseball players and many others
- beaver hat, made of beaver skin
- beret, for fishermen or peasants in parts of western Europe
- bowler hat, for men practising some traditionally middle class occupations
- coonskin cap, for some hunters or trappers
- cowboy hat, for cowhands
- fedora, a felt hat of a particular shape
- fez, similar to a tarboush, found in many Islamic countries
- helmet, either for those serving in the armed forces or for sportsman (e.g. motorcyclists)
- mitre, for formal use by bishops
- riding helmet, a helmet for horse riders
- sombrero, for the Latin American peasant
- taqiyah, a short, rounded skullcap worn by Muslim men
- ten-gallon hat, a type of cowboy hat
- top hat, for the smart men of the world

## Etiquette and dress codes

Traditionally during the 19th and early 20th centuries, it was considered bad form to wear hats indoors, except in barns and the most public spaces inside public buildings. Women traditionally were exempt during church services and formal dinners. Today, certain establishments such as banks, schools and military facilities ban hats, and many companies ban hats as part of their employee dress codes.

## Related pages

- wig
- cap
- hair
- headgear
Postage stamp

**Postage stamps** are pieces of paper which signal that payment has been made for the item to be mailed.

These days they have adhesive on the back. They are put on the top right-hand corner of an envelope. They pay the fee for having the postal service take the envelope to where it is being sent.

The idea was British, and the first postage stamps were issued in Britain in the mid-nineteenth century. On 1 May 1840, the Penny Black, the first adhesive postage stamp, was issued in the United Kingdom.

There are a lot of different postage stamps in the world. Most countries have their own stamps. People collect them in books called stamp albums. Sometimes, the stamps all have errors in the printing like in the "Inverted Jenny" picture with the aeroplane printed upside down.

## People on stamps

People on stamps is one more common topic in stamp collecting. For instance, many famous people are featured on stamps in the United States.

## Maps on stamps

Maps on stamps is a common topic on stamp collecting. Almost every country has featured maps on stamps. There are also topic maps including demographic and cross topic ones (showing explorer routes over maps).

## Related pages

- Mail
- Penny Black
- Philately
- Stamp collector
- War tax due stamp
1410s

The **1410s** was a decade that began on 1 January 1410 and ended on 31 December 1419. It is distinct from the decade known as the ***142th decade*** which began on January 1, 1411 and ended on December 31, 1420.

## Events

- The power of the Teutonic Knights is broken at the Battle of Grunwald by Polish and Lithuanian armies.
- Under Henry V of England, England invades France and wins the Battle of Agincourt.
- The Council of Constance happens.

## Births

- Joan of Arc, French soldier and saint
- Jami, Persian poet

## Deaths

- Pope Alexander V
- King Albert of Sweden
- Dawit I of Ethiopia
- Thomas Arundel, Archbishop of Canterbury
- Jan Hus, religious reformer
William Randolph Hearst

**William Randolph Hearst** (April 29, 1863–August 14, 1951) was an important American newspaper owner who was born in San Francisco, California.

He was the only child of Phoebe Apperson Hearst, a former schoolteacher from Missouri, and George Hearst, a successful miner who became a multimillionaire and later a US Senator from California.

Hearst was a member of the US House of Representatives for New York between 1903 and 1907, as a member of the Independence Party, which he started.

Hearst was a media tycoon. He started a newspaper empire, which is now the Hearst Corporation. He became known for publishing sensationalist stories, which were often false or only very loosely based on the truth.

Hearst used most of the profits to build his own private palace, Hearst Castle.

The film _Citizen Kane_ by Orson Welles is based upon the story of Hearst's life.

Learned at Harvard

## Infobox (biography)

- **name**: William Randolph Hearst
- **image**: William Randolph Hearst cph 3a49373.jpg
- **imagesize**: 170px
- **caption**: William Randolph Hearst in 1906
- **birth date**: April 29, 1863
- **birth place**: San Francisco, California, San Francisco, California, United States
- **death date**: August 14, 1951
- **death place**: Los Angeles, California, Los Angeles, California, United States
Horace Greeley

**Horace Greeley** (February 3, 1811 – November 29, 1872) was an American newspaper editor, reformer, and politician. His _New York Tribune_ was the most influential newspaper from 1840 to 1870. Greeley used it to promote the Whig and the Republican Parties.

He is best known for his socially-colored journalism. He wanted to convince people of his ideas such as his opposition to the expansion of slavery. He thought that the role of a journalist was to convince people with sound arguments. He did not like the sensationalist approach of Joseph Pulitzer and others.

Greeley ran for president and was nominated by the Democratic Party in 1872 but died before the election results came. However, he would have lost to the Republican candidate, Ulysses S. Grant.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Horace Greeley
- **image**: Horace Greeley restored.jpg
- **state**: New York (state), New York
- **term start**: December 4, 1848
- **term end**: March 3, 1849
- **predecessor**: David S. Jackson
- **successor**: James Brooks (politician), James Brooks
- **party**: Whig Party (United States), Whig (Before 1854)
Republican Party (United States), Republican (1854–1872)
Liberal Republican Party (United States), Liberal Republican (1872)
- **birth place**: Amherst, New Hampshire, U.S.
- **death place**: Pleasantville, New York, U.S.
- **spouse**: Mary Young Cheney Greeley, Mary Cheney
- **signature**: Horace Greeley Signature.svg
Arthropod

**Arthropods** (Greek language for "joint-legged") are a large group of invertebrate animals. Insects, spiders, crabs, shrimp, millipedes, and centipedes are all arthropods. In the scientific classification, all arthropods are members of the phylum **Arthropoda**. Arthropods have segmented body, an exoskeleton and legs with joints. Most arthropods live on land, but some live in water. Arthropods have by far the greatest number of species of any animal group. Arthropods are a source of food for many animals, including humans.

## Diversity

Scientists know of more than 1 million species of arthropods. 80% of all known animal species are arthropods. Many more species have not yet been described.

Most arthropod species are insects. "Insects are the most diverse organisms in the history of life".

Most arthropods live on land. The phylum **Arthropoda** is the only phylum of invertebrates that mostly live on land. But crustaceans (crabs, shrimp and their relatives) mostly live in water.

Arthropods are also the first phylum to develop genuine flight.

## Description

Arthropods have a hard exoskeleton. The exoskeleton reduces the loss of water (desiccation). This helps them to live on land without drying out.

## Classification

Arthropods are made up of four groups of living animals and one group of extinct animals:
1. **Chelicerates** include mites, horseshoe crabs, scorpions and spiders.
1. **Myriapods** include millipedes and centipedes.
1. **Crustaceans** include barnacles,crabs, shrimp, crayfish, and lobsters.  Most crustaceans live in water, with the most notable exception of woodlice.
1. **Hexapods** include insects and a few other organisms. Hexapods have six legs.
1. **Trilobites** are a group of extinct arthropods.  Trilobites all lived in oceans.  They disappeared in the Permian–Triassic extinction event, about 252 million years ago.  The trilobites are the second most famous type of fossils, after the dinosaurs.
University of Alabama

The **University of Alabama** (UA) is a university in the U.S. state of Alabama. The University of Alabama is in the city of Tuscaloosa. People can usually just say _Alabama_ or _UA_ for short when they are talking about the university.

UA opened in 1831 and now about 38,000 students study there. UA is one of the three largest universities in Alabama. Auburn University and University of Alabama at Birmingham are the other two main schools in Alabama. Students study many things at UA, such as liberal arts, science, engineering, communication, engineering, education, social work, nursing, human sciences (such as fashion design) and law. People study to get bachelor's degrees, Master's degrees and doctorates at Alabama. Also, graduates can get an Education Specialist degree.

Many people have heard about the University of Alabama because it has many good sports teams. These sports teams are called the **Crimson Tide**. The football team from UA has won the national football championship 12 times in the past 83 years and play at Bryant–Denny Stadium.

In 1963, Alabama Gov. George Wallace announced in his inaugural address, "segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever" as his policy. He personally blocked the door to Foster Auditorium at the University of Alabama to prevent the enrollment of two black students. He moved aside only when confronted by General Henry Graham of the Alabama National Guard, who was ordered by President John F. Kennedy to intervene.

## Infobox (university)

- **name**: The University of Alabama
- **established**: 1831
- **type**: Flagship university, Flagship
State university system, Public university
Sea-grant
Space-grant
- **endowment**: $1.09 billion (2022)
- **image**: Alabama university collage.jpg
- **president**: Stuart R. Bell
- **faculty**: 1,986 (1,517 full-time & 469 part-time)
- **students**: 38,320 (Fall 2021)
- **postgrad**: 6,152 (Fall 2021)
- **undergrad**: 31,688 (Fall 2021)
- **city**: Tuscaloosa, Alabama, Tuscaloosa
- **state**: Alabama
- **country**: U.S.
- **campus**: Urban (small city);

- **sporting affiliations**: National Collegiate Athletic Association, NCAA Division I (NCAA), Division I
See Alabama Crimson Tide, Varsity sports
- **free label**: Battle Cry
- **free**: Roll Tide
- **colors**: Crimson & White

- **nickname**: #Athletics and traditions, Crimson Tide
- **mascot**: Big Al (mascot), Big Al
- **logo**: University of Alabama (logo).png
Buttercup

**Buttercups** are a large genus of flowering plants called ***Ranunculus***. It has yellow, shiny petals, and grows wild in many places. It is poisonous to eat for humans and cattle, but when dry the poison is not active.

## Types of buttercup

There are about 200 to 600 species in this one genus. They mostly have yellow or sometimes white flowers. Buttercups include a wide variety of flower types, grouped by a plant naming system in the genus _Ranunculus_. Among them are the Meadow Buttercup (_Ranunculus acris_), Goldilocks Buttercup (_R. auricomus_), Creeping Buttercup (_R. repens_), Large White Buttercup (_R. platanifolius_), Celery-leaved Buttercup (_R. sceleratus_), Corn Buttercup (_R. arvensis_), Bulbous Buttercup (_R. bulbosus_) and Glacial Buttercup (_R. glacialis_).

Lesser Celandine (_R. ficaria_), Lesser Spearwort (_R. flammula_), and Greater Spearwort (_R. lingua_) also belong to the buttercup family.

Plants of the commonly named buttercup family grow in many different variations but most can be identified by their yellow cupped flowers and free-growing habit. The plants often climb or sprawl, with leaves arranged in spirals. Some may contain leaves without stipules and flowers with many stamens.

Molecular investigation of the genus shows that _Ranunculus_ is not monophyletic. Proposals are under way to split up the genus.

## Folklore and Pop Culture

Highlights shining on the reflective petals of the buttercup can be seen in the images at left and above.
People sometimes hold a fresh buttercup flower under the chin of a friend or family member. If a yellow reflection from the flower's shiny petals can be seen under the chin, the person is said to "like butter". This custom is still taught to young children and shows how buttercup petals reflect light.

Some other plants and people are named buttercup, based on the name of the yellow wild flower. These include a type of pumpkin, and the girl's name Buttercup.

_"Build Me Up Buttercup"_ was the name of a popular song by **The Foundations** during the 1960s.  A song called _"Buttercup"_ was released by Jack Stauber in 2017. A cartoon character from <small>**The Powerpuff Girls**</small> television series was also named Buttercup. Buttercups and their poisonous effect are used as a theme in the _PC game Undertale._

Michael Avenatti, the lawyer of adult movie star "Stormy Daniels" (real name: Stephanie Clifford) against US President Donald Trump's ex lawyer and "fixer" Michael Cohen used on 29 July 2018 the phrase "You better buckle up buttercup" in a tweet addressing _Donald Trump's_ lawyer _Rudy Giuliani_, which soon became the hashtag **#BuckleUpButtercup.**
Gomaespuma

**Gomaespuma** is a radio show, presented by Juan Luis Cano and Guillermo Fesser. The program is broadcast by  Onda Cero. It also has been in M80 radio and in Antenna 3 Radio. Gomaespuma organises the Flamenco pa tos festival, the most important Flamenco festival of Spain. Gomaespuma directs a foundation with the same name.

- Pay attention to the pedals:  Luis Montoro
- Cinema:                   Cándida Villar
- Corresponsal en Paris:   Rubén Amón
- Corresponsal USA:       Gina Fox
- Mister Gárcia:        Claro García
- Interviews:            Juan Luis y Guillermo
- "Flamenco pa tos":        José Manuel Gamboa y Juan Verdú
- The guide of the "Michelines":        Juan Carlos Orlando
- The B face:              Carlos Cano
- The musical "croqueta":    Santi Alcanda
- The woman that i love: Curra Fernández
- Books:                 Mar de Tejeda
- News:               Esmeralda Velasco
- Gomaespuma with: José Manuel Lapeña
- Gomaespumino:           Juan Luis y Guillermo
- Health for the biggest:     Alfonso del Álamo

## Other sections

- Cooking with Josechu Letón
- Gomaespuma of the succes
- Military Gomaespuma
- Regional Gomaespuma
- "Supernotición que te cagas"

## People

These people have appeared on television and on radio (marionettes)
- Armando Adistancia
- Borja Món de York
- Candida
- Chema Pamundi
- Mister Eusebio
- Mister Francisco Rupto
- Mister Gun
- Mister Jesús Tituto
- El niño del paquete
- Estela Gartija
- Gustavo de Básica
- Padre Palomino
- Peláez

## Books

- 20 years with Gomaespuma
- There is not are more family than one family
- Greats misfortunes of the Spain history
- The father say no
- The guide of the "Michelines"
- When God press, drowns a lot  (Guillermo Fesser)
- Hincaíto (Juan Luis Cano)
- The legs are not of the body (Juan Luis Cano)
- Trades guide of Gomaespuma (Guillermo Fesser, Juan Luis Cano and Jose Manuel Lapeña
- A bullfighter pass (Juan Luis Cano y Ruben Amón)

## Other websites

These links are in Spanish
- Web of Gomaespuma
- Web of Onda Cero
- Web of the Gomaespuma Foundation
- History of Gomaespuma )
Engineer

An **engineer** is a person who works in engineering. The word _engineer_ is derived from the Latin root _ingenium_, meaning "cleverness". Most engineers learn their work in engineering schools. They design materials, structures, machines and systems while considering the limitations imposed by practicality, safety and cost. Much of the work is applied science, using information given by scientists to do their work. Apart from working with things, an engineer must also be good at working with people and money.

## Types of engineer

- Aerospace engineers design space vehicles or airplanes.
- Biomedical engineers design and work with medical equipment.
- Chemical engineers use chemicals to make products like drugs and medicines or fertilizers for crops.
- Civil engineers work on roads, bridges, buildings and other public structures.
- Computer engineers design and build computers and the parts that computers are made of.
- Electrical engineers work with electricity and design electrical equipment, from small things like radios and computers to large things like the wires that carry electricity across the country.
- Electronic engineers work with electronics, which are used to build computer parts and electrical equipment.
- Environmental engineers design and implement solutions to remediate and restore the environment.
- Manufacturing engineers design and improve the machines and assembly lines that make things. They work with robots, hydraulics and air-operated devices to help companies work faster and better with fewer mistakes.
- Mechanical engineers design machines or things that move, like cars and trains. A mechanical engineer also might help design electricity generating stations, oil refineries, and factories.
- Mechatronics engineers build robots and things that are like robots, but not exactly. They do things that are robotic-like.
- Ocean engineering and Naval Architecture works on construction of ships, submarines and off shore bodies.
- Nanotechnology engineers study very small things, like strings of atoms and how they are put together.
- Nuclear energy engineers design and build nuclear electric plants. They also study the characteristic behaviors of certain radioactive or unstable elements needed for the production of electricity.
- Structural engineers are dealing with design and analysis of buildings and large non-building structures to withstand both the gravity and wind loads as well as natural disasters.
- Software engineers design and write programs for computers.
- Systems engineers look at how complicated things work and try to make them faster and smarter. They look at the big picture.

Many engineering projects are large and very complicated.
Often different kinds of engineers work together and help each other.  As an example, computer engineers need help from electrical engineers to
build a computer.  The computer needs programs written by software engineers.  The computer could be used by aerospace engineers to control an
airplane.  An airplane is a big mechanical system with many parts, so a mechanical engineer and a systems engineer are also needed.

## Related pages

- National Academy of Engineering
Division by zero

In mathematics, a number can not be **divided by zero**. Observe:

1.

If _B_  = 0, then  _C_ = 0. This is true. But:

2.

(where B = 0, so we just divided by zero)

Which is the same as:

3.

The problem is that  could be any number. It would work if  were 1 or if it were 1,000,000,000. 0/0 is said to be of "indeterminate form" for this reason, because it has no single value. Numbers of the form A/0, on the other hand, where  is not 0, are said to be "undefined", or "undeterminated." This is because any attempt to define them will result in a value of infinity, which is itself undefined.  Usually when two numbers are equal to the same thing, they are equal to each other. That is not true when the thing they are both equal to is 0/0. This means that the normal rules of maths do not work when the number is divided by zero.

## Incorrect proofs based on division by zero

It is possible to disguise a special case of division by zero in an algebraic argument. This can lead to invalid proofs, such as 1=2, as in the following:

With the following assumptions:

The following must be true:

Dividing by zero gives:

Simplify:

The fallacy is the assumption that dividing by 0 is a legitimate operation with 0/0 = 1.

Most people would probably recognize the above "proof" as incorrect, but the same argument can be presented in a way that makes it harder to spot the error. For example, if 1 is written as _x_, then 0 can be hidden behind _x_-_x_ and 2 behind _x_+_x_. The above-mentioned proof can then be displayed as follows:

therefore:

Dividing by _x_ - _x_ gives:

and dividing by _x_ gives:

The "proof" above is incorrect because it divides by zero when it divides by _x_-_x_, because any number minus itself is zero.

## Calculus

In calculus, the above are called indeterminate forms and come as a result of direct substitution while evaluating limits.

## Division by zero in computers

If a computer program tries to divide an integer by zero, the operating system will usually detect this and stop the program. Usually it will print an error message, or NaN. Division by zero is a common bug in computer programming. Dividing floating point numbers (decimals) by zero will usually result in either infinity or a special NaN (not a number) value, depending on what is being divided by zero.

## Division by zero in geometry

In geometry, it is sometimes said that  This infinity (projective infinity) is neither a positive or a negative number, the same way that zero is neither a positive or negative number.
Flamenco pa tos

**Flamenco pa tos** is a Spanish festival of Flamenco music. It is organized by the Gomaespuma Foundation. This festival is the most important festival in Spain. The profits of the festival are used by the Gomaespuma Foundation to help children in Managua. The Festival has been the winner of the National Awards of Flamenco during 2004 and 2005.
Calabria

**Calabria**, officially the **Regione Calabria**, is a region in the southern part of the Italian peninsula. It is the tenth largest Italian region by total area (after Apulia and Toscana) with 5,877 sq mi (15,222 km<sup>2</sup>). It has more people than any other state with over 2 million people as of 2020. Its largest cities are Reggio Calabria, Cosenza, and Vibo Valentia. The capital is Catanzaro. The region around its borders are Basilicata to the north, the Gulf of Taranto to the east, the Ionian Sea to the south, the Strait of Messina to the southwest, which separates it from the Sicily, and the Tyrrhenian Sea to the west.

Calabria is the Italian region with the 14th largest economy and one of the most largest in the South .

## Provinces

- Catanzaro
- Cosenza
- Crotone
- Reggio Calabria
- Vibo Valentia

## Other websites

- Official Site (IT)
- Calabria Web Portal (IT)

## Infobox (region of italy)

- **name**: Calabria
- **region coa**: Coat of arms of Calabria.svg
- **map**: Regione Calabria 3.svg
- **flag**: Flag of Calabria.svg
- **capital**: Catanzaro
- **area**: 15081
- **population**: 2007707
- **pop rank**: 10th
- **pop date**: 2007-12-31
- **gdp**: 32.5
- **gdp year**: 2006
- **website**: [http://www.regione.calabria.it/ www.regione.calabria.it]
- **leader**: Antonino Spirlì
- **leader party**: Partito Democratico, Democratic Party
- **nuts**: ITF
- **latd**: 39.00
- **longd**: 16.50
Newcastle

There are three cities called **Newcastle**:
- Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear
- Newcastle-under-Lyme, Staffordshire
- Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
WordPress

**WordPress** is a piece of software which has become the most widely used content management system and is used for setting up blogs. It is open source, licensed under the GPL, and written in PHP.

## Features

WordPress allows users to create and edit websites through a central administrative dashboard, which includes a text editor for modifying content, menus and various design elements.

WordPress provides plugins which provide additional functionality through WordPress Plugin Directory. There are over 54,000+ Plugins available in WordPress repository, and they can be installed through either upload or by one-click installation through the WordPress Plugin Library.

## Posts

Users can write posts into the software and other people reading the post can write comments about it.

## Users

Since the release of WordPress version 4.7 the software had been downloaded more than 36+ million times.

## History

**Version 5.8.1** is the latest WordPress release. It was released in September 2021

On May 27, 2003, Matt announced the availability of the first version of WordPress. It was well received by the community. It was based on b2 Cafelog with significant improvements. The first version of WordPress included a new admin interface, new templates, and generated XHTML 1.1 compliant templates.

In June 2010, Automattic, the company founded by WordPress co-founder Matt Mullenweg, transferred the ownership of WordPress trademark and logo to the WordPress Foundation.

## Free hosting

WordPress can be downloaded and installed on any server with PHP installed. However, WordPress has a service for users to host blogs, called wordpress.com. It has a limit of 3 GB of free space, with an option to upgrade for more. Users  cannot  add their own domain to the blog when using free option. But when user will buy one of the packages of WordPress.com, then user can use custom domain name.

## Other websites

- Wordpress.com - A website that you can create a blog in using WordPress for free
- Wordpress.org - The website to get WordPress that you can install yourself

## Infobox (software)

- **name**: WordPress
- **logo**: WordPress logo.svg
- **screenshot**: WordPress Dashboard.png
- **caption**: WordPress Dashboard
- **collapsible**: yes
- **developer**: Ryan Boren, Mark Jaquith, Matt Mullenweg, Andrew Ozz, Peter Westwood
- **status**: Active
- **released**: May 27, 2003
- **latest release version**: 4.6.1
- **operating system**: Cross-platform
- **platform**: PHP
- **license**: GPLv2
- **website**: https://wordpress.org/
Outback

The **outback** is the remote areas of Australia. The outback is not a defined area, rather the term refers to locations that are far away from big cities and have few roads and not much farming.
The fertile parts are known as Rangelands and have been traditionally used for sheep or cattle ranches.
Ranching, tourism and mining are the main economic activities in this vast and sparsely settled area.

## Medicine in the outback

Because of the expanses and remoteness in the outback a unique service, The Flying Doctor, was created in 1928. The aim of the service is to provide medical care to people who cannot reach hospitals or other doctors. Consultations are carried out via radio or telephone and for serious situations, doctors are flown out to the patients.

## Tourism

Organised travels with a guide to the outback is popular, although some Australian and international tourists travel in their own cars. Such a trip, especially off the few big roads in the outback, requires very good planning and a suitable vehicle (usually four wheel drive). On remote routes considerable supplies and equipment are required. Some big trips cannot be undertaken safely without a convoy of  several vehicles. Deaths of tourist are a regular occurrences because many people are not well-prepared for their outback trip.