juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Apgar score

The **Apgar score** is used in medicine. It is a quick way of measuring how healthy a newborn baby is.

Virginia Apgar invented the Apgar score in 1952. She was an anesthesiologist, and created the score to measure how babies were affected by anesthesia given to their mothers during childbirth.

Today, the Apgar score is very commonly used by doctors, nurses, midwives, emergency medical technicians (EMTs), and other medical professionals. One of the reasons it is so popular is that doing an Apgar test is very quick. It usually takes less than a minute, sometimes just seconds.

When an Apgar test is done, five simple things about the newborn baby are checked. The newborn gets a score of 0, 1, or 2 on each of these give things. The scores are added up, and the total is the newborn's Apgar score.

"Apgar" is the name of the woman who invented the Apgar scale. But "APGAR" is also a backronym that stands for the things the Apgar scale checks. These are **A**ppearance, **P**ulse, **G**rimace, **A**ctivity, and **R**espiration.

## The Apgar score

|What is Being Checked?|Score of 0|Score of 1|Score of 2|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Blue all over (cyanosis)|Blue at arms and legs Body is pink (acrocyanosis)||No cyanosis Pink all over|||
|0 (none)|Under 100 beats per minute|Over 100 beats per minute||
|Does not respond to stimulation (rubbing or flicking the newborn)|Grimaces (frowns) with a lot of stimulation|Cries when stimulated||
|None (not moving)|Limp muscles|Pulls back strongly when an arm or leg is pulled on||
|None (not breathing)|Breathing under 40 times per minute Breathing is weak, gasping, or grunting||Breathing over 40 times per minute; or crying strongly|||

## What the scores mean

The Apgar test is usually done one minute after birth, and again five minutes after birth. It may be repeated later if the score is low and stays low.

The main goal of the Apgar score is to see whether the newborn needs medical help. Usually:
- Scores of 7 or more are normal, and the newborn only needs basic care.
- Scores of 4, 5, and 6 are low. The newborn may need some medical help, like being warmed up or being given oxygen.
- Scores of 3 or below are dangerously low. The newborn may need immediate medical help, like CPR or help breathing.

### Low scores

If a newborn has a low Apgar score one minute after birth, this does not mean the baby is going to have long-term health problems. This is especially true if the Apgar score is better five minutes after birth.

But an Apgar score that stays below 3 at later times—like 10, 15, or 30 minutes after birth—may show that the newborn has brain damage. These newborns are a little more likely to have cerebral palsy. However, the Apgar test cannot predict (say for sure) whether a baby will have long-term health problems.

## Related pages

- Midwifery
- Birth defects and atresia
- Postpartum care, Child care

## Other websites

- (Retrieved from Profiles in Medicine-The Virginia Apgar Papers)
Neheb

**Neheb** is listed on the Palermo Stone as a Predynastic ancient Egyptian king who ruled in the Lower Egypt. There is no other evidence of such ruler. Neheb may be a mythical king only remembered in unwritten stories, or may even be completely fictitious.
Doug Atkins

**Douglas Leon Atkins** (May 8, 1930 – December 30, 2015) was a former American football defensive end. He played for the Cleveland Browns, Chicago Bears and New Orleans Saints in the National Football League. He played college football at the University of Tennessee under legendary head coach Robert Neyland. He is a member of the College Football Hall of Fame and the Pro Football Hall of Fame. He was born in Humboldt, Tennessee.

Atkins died in Knoxville, Tennessee on December 30, 2015 at the age of 85.
Jerzmanice-Zdrój

**Jerzmanice-Zdrój** is a small village in Lower Silesia, Poland. The first time it appeared in sources was in 1253 as Hermanstorph. The village administrator is Edward Janiec.

Jerzmanice-Zdrój was a health resort from 1881, when a doctor from the nearby town Złotoryja made a small place for sick people called "Hermsdorf Bad". This lasted until World War II. After the war, the health resort did not re-open.

## Origin of name

The origin of "Jerzmanice" is unknown. One theory is that this part of the name is a Polish crack from German name "Hermsdorf" or "Hermannsdorf". These names are an earlier name of Jerzmanice-Zdrój. The origin of _zdrój_ is means "spring" or "spa" in English.

A lot of people do not say "Jerzmanice-Zdrój", only "Jerzmanice". The earlier names of Jerzmanice are: Bad Hermsdorf, Hermsdorf, Hermannsdorf, Hermanstorph, Hermsdorf am Katzbach. In 1946 the name "Jerzmanice Zdrój" was established.

## Environment

The highest point in Jerzmanice is Goleń Hill. It is  above sea level. It is in the valley of Kaczawa.

## Education

The village has a primary school and public library.

## Traffic

Through Jerzmanice run a few streets: DW364 and DW328. The most popular way of travel is private transportation.

## Religions

Most citizens are Roman Catholics, but only  about 20% practise it. Some people are Jehovah's Witnesses or atheists.
Gino Marchetti

**Gino John Marchetti** (January 2, 1926 – April 29, 2019) was an American professional football player in the National Football League and businessman. A defensive end, he played in 1952 for the Dallas Texans and from 1953 to 1966 for the Baltimore Colts.

Marchetti was born in Smithers, West Virginia. He was raised in Antioch, California.  Marchetti studied at Modesto Junior College and at the University of San Francisco.

In 2004, Marchetti was voted to the East-West Shrine Game Hall of Fame.

Marchetti died of problems caused by pneumonia on April 29, 2019 at a hospital in Paoli, Pennsylvania at the age of 93.

## Other websites

- Smith, Don. "Gino Marchetti," The Coffin Corner, Vol. 18, No. 5, 1996.
- Ravens Nest Baltimore Colts Page
- _Sundays at 2:00 With the Baltimore Colts_. ()
- Gallery of Gino Marchetti's football cards
- Klingaman, Mike. "Catching Up With...former Colt Gino Marchetti," _The Toy Department_ (_The Baltimore Sun_ sports blog), Wednesday, October 14, 2009.
Mekh

**Mekh** is listed on the Palermo Stone as a Predynastic ancient Egyptian king who ruled in the Lower Egypt. There is no other evidence of such ruler. Mekh may be a mythical king who is only remembered in unwritten stories, or may even be completely fictitious.
Reign

A **reign** is the period of time that a monarch (a king, queen, emperor, etc.) rules over a country. It can also be the period of time that a spiritual leader rules in a particular office. For example, the reign of a pope, dalai lama, patriarch etc. A reign can also be used for an office or championship. In many cases a reign lasts until the monarch (or leader) resigns, dies, or is removed. A monarch's reign was sometimes used to mark time officially. In Anglo-Saxon England for example, many royal documents were dated by the regnal year of the king. This lasted until about the 10th century.

## Current Longest Reigning Monarchs

Some of the longest reigning current monarchs are:

- Elizabeth II, United Kingdom, 62+ years .
- Sikiru Kayode Adetona, Nigeria, 55+ years.
- Hassanal Bolkiah, Brunei, 47+ years.
- Margrethe II of Denmark, 42+ years.
- Sultan bin Muhammad Al-Qasimi, United Arab Emirates, 42+ years.
- Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden 41+ years.

Some of the longest reigning monarchs of all time are:
- Sobhuza II, Swaziland, reigned for 82 years, 253 days.
- Bernard VII, Lord of Lippe, reigned for 81 years, 234 days.
- Bhagvat Singh, ruler of Gondal, India, reigned for 74 years, 87 days.
- Louis XIV of France reigned for 72 years, 110 days.

## Shortest Reigning Monarchs in History

Some of the shortest reigns in history are:
- Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême as "Louis XIX of France", reigned for 20 minutes.
- Dipendra of Nepal, reigned for 56 hours (in a coma).
- Dục Đức reigned as Emperor of Vietnam for 3 days.
- Lady Jane Grey reigned as Queen of England for 9 days.
- Edward V of England was King of England for 2 months, 16 days.
- Dafydd ap Gruffydd was the Prince of Wales (last independent ruler) for 6 months, 11 days.
Double Falcon

**Double Falcon** (also possibly **Dju** and **Nebwy**) was a Predynastic pharaoh of Lower Egypt belonging to Dynasty 0. The exact timeline of his reign is unknown, although it is estimated to be during the 33rd century BCE. The length of his reign is unknown.

## Discovery

In 1910  M. J. Clédat, an Egyptologist, discovered the first evidence for king Double Falcon. A farmer at el-Mehemdiah in the north-eastern delta brought him a jar and some incised fragments found while planting a palm-grove in nearby el-Beda. Clédat soon discovered four serekhs of king Double Falcon.

In 1912  Hermann Junker found a tomb at Tura, which contained a complete jar with a serekh topped by two falcons.

More serekhs of king Double Falcon have been found in the Sinai, in Tell Ibrahim Awad in the eastern delta, in Adaima and Abydos in Upper Egypt, and in the Palmahim quarry in southern Israel. Because these finds have mainly been in Lower Egypt and north-western Sinai, it shows Double Falcon may have only ruled over these areas. However as some of his serekhs have been found in Upper Egypt and Canaan, it shows that the power of the Dynasty 0 kings was spreading. This had already begun towards the end of the Naqada III period, through trading or warfare.

## Name

The serekh of Double Falcon is unique. Firstly, it is the only one topped by two Horus falcons, facing each other. Secondly, the serekh does not have a place for the name. Instead this space is filled by vertical lines which usually represent the niched facade of a palace. The serekh does not have the horizontal line that separates the palace facade from the name of the ruler above. Finally, each falcon stands on its own peak. Experts believe that these features are symbolic. The two falcons could represent Lower Egypt and the Sinai, as it seems that Double Falcon reigned over both regions. Dreyer believes that the falcons stand on a on a sign meaning "mountain" which is N26 of Gardiner's sign list: <hiero>N26</hiero> He reads the name as _Dju_ (**'), so that the name of the king is shown by a pair of falcons on mountains above a plain serekh. But another expert, van den Brink, reads the name as _Nebwy_ (**'), meaning "the two lords", and similar to a much earlier palette on display in the Barbier-Mueller Museum of Geneva.

## Infobox (pharaoh)

- **name**: Double Falcon
- **alt name**: Dju?, Nebwy?
- **image**: Serech Double-Falcon.png
- **caption**: Serekh of Double Falcon. Redrawing of an inscription on a vessel found in el-Beda.
- **reign**: c. 3220 BC
- **dynasty**: Naqada III
- **predecessor**: Unknown
Pilot Butte, Saskatchewan

**Pilot Butte** is a town in Saskatchewan, Canada. It has over 2,600 people living in it. Most people live in town but drive into the nearby city Regina to work. The town got its name after the hill (or butte) that it surrounds. Pilot Butte is sometimes known as the "Sand Capital of Canada" because of all of the sand and gravel it has. The Pilot Butte Storm are a junior ice hockey team that play in Pilot Butte.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Pilot Butte
- **official name**: Town of Pilot Butte
- **settlement type**: Town
- **image skyline**: File:Pilot Butte Montage 2020.1.png
- **image caption**: From top to bottom; left to right: houses in Discovery Ridge, the Canadian Pacific Railway, CPR Mainline, the Butte Hill, a baseball diamond in Inland Park, and graves at St. George's Cemetery.
- **nickname**: List of city nicknames in Canada#Saskatchewan, "The Sand Capital of Canada"
- **motto**: "The Town That Cares"
- **pushpin map**: Saskatchewan#Canada
- **pushpin map caption**: Location within Saskatchewan##Location within Canada
- **named for**: The hill which the town surrounds, the Butte Hill
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Canada
- **subdivision type1**: Provinces and territories of Canada, Province
- **subdivision type2**: Numbered Treaties, Treaty
- **subdivision name1**: Saskatchewan
- **subdivision name2**: Treaty 4
- **subdivision type3**: Census divisions of Saskatchewan, Census division
- **subdivision name3**: Division No. 6, Saskatchewan, Division No. 6
- **established title**: Settled
- **established date**: 1882
- **area land km2**: 5.71
- **area blank1 title**: Population centre (Canada), Population centre
- **area blank1 km2**: 2.75
- **elevation m**: 610
- **population total**: 2638 (List of municipalities in Saskatchewan, 23rd)
- **population as of**: 2021
- **population density km2**: 462.3
- **population blank1 title**: Population centre
- **population blank1**: 2364
- **population density blank1 km2**: 858.7
- **postal code type**: Postal code
- **postal code**: List of S postal codes of Canada, S0G 3Z0
- **area code**: Area codes 306 and 639, 306 and 639
- **timezone**: Central Time Zone, CST
- **utc offset**: −06:00
Basidium

A **basidium** (plural **basidia**) is a microscopic type of spore-producing cell found on certain fungi. Most often the basidia are elongated and club shaped. But there is variation in the shape. A basidium usually bears four sexual spores called basidiospores.
Armand Hammer United World College of the American West

**Armand Hammer United World College of the American West** (UWC-USA) is an independent boarding school for students in high school in Montezuma, New Mexico, USA. UWC-USA was opened in 1982.  Classes take place in a historic hotel and students live in buildings nearby.  It is branch of an international school called United World College. UWC-USA is a high school that focuses on active learning and a worldwide community. People from all over the world study at this college. There are 200 students at the school in grades 11 and 12.

## Related pages

- New Mexico
- Colleges and universities in New Mexico
- United World College of South East Asia

## Other websites

- UWC-USA's official website
- United World Colleges homepage

## Infobox (school)

- **image**: UWC-USA logo.gif
- **established**: 1982
- **type**: Independent school, Independent Coeducational, Coed, Boarding school, Boarding
- **head name**: President
- **head**: Dr. Mukul Kumar '89
- **city**: Montezuma, New Mexico, Montezuma
- **state**: New Mexico
- **country**: United States, U.S.
- **campus**: Rural,
27 buildings
- **enrollment**: 228 total
All boarding
Girls: 54%
Boys: 46%
 International Students: 75%
US and Canada: 25%
- **faculty**: 34
- **class**: 15 students
- **ratio**: 9:1
- **colors**: Navy blue/Aquamarine
- **affiliation**: United World Colleges, The United World Colleges
: International Baccalaureate
- **homepage**: [http://www.uwc-usa.org/ www.uwc-usa.org]
Howard Davis Jr.

**Howard Edward Davis, Jr.** (February 14, 1956 – December 30, 2015) was an American amateur and professional boxer. He was born in Glen Cove, New York, but raised in Long Island, New York.

After being inspired by a movie about Muhammad Ali, Davis began his amateur career in boxing. He won the 1976 Olympic gold medal one week after his mother died. He was also awarded the "Val Barker Trophy at the Olympics.

He became professional after the Olympics and went on to a professional record of 36–6–1 with 14 knockouts. He retired in 1996. After retirement he became a trainer. Eventually he worked as boxing director at American Top Team in Coconut Creek, Florida, where he trained both amateur and professional boxers and MMA fighters. He was also a motivational speaker and a musician.

Davis, Jr. died on December 30, 2015 from lung cancer in Plantation, Florida at the age of 59.
Ian Murdock

**Ian Murdock** (28April 1973 – 28December 2015) was a German-born American software engineer. He was known for being the founder of the Debian project and Progeny Linux Systems, a commercial Linux company. He was born in Konstanz, Germany.

Murdock died on 28 December 2015 from unknown causes in San Francisco, California at the age of 42. Details surrounding his death have not been released. The last tweets at his Twitter account described violent encounters with police. It was reported that he declared an intention to commit suicide over Twitter, but there is as of now no public record of such a tweet. It was reported that police officer found Murdock drunk and that he did not appear suicidal.

## Other websites

- .

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: IanMurdock.jpg
- **caption**: Murdock, in interview, April 2008
- **image size**: 250px
- **death place**: San Francisco, California, San Francisco, California, United States, U.S.
- **birth place**: Konstanz, West Germany
- **occupation**: Programmer
- **employer**: Docker_(software), Docker
- **alma mater**: Purdue University
- **known for**: Debian GNU/Linux
Lester Piggott

**Lester Keith Piggott** (5 November 1935 – 29 May 2022) was an English professional jockey. With 4,493 career wins, including nine Epsom Derby victories, he was seen as one of the greatest flat racing jockeys of all time.

He was known as "The Long Fellow". He was known for his competitive personality, keeping himself thirty pounds under his natural weight, and on occasion not sparing the whip on horses such as Nijinsky. Piggott regarded Sir Ivor as the easiest to ride of the great winners.

Piggott died in hospital in Switzerland on 29 May 2022 at the age of 86.
Murray Walker

**Graeme Murray Walker** (10 October 1923 – 13 March 2021), known as **Murray Walker**, was an English Formula One motorsport commentator and journalist. For most of his career he worked for the BBC, but when it lost the contract for Formula One coverage to ITV, he continued  commentating after the change of broadcaster.

Walker was born Graeme Murray Walker in Hall Green, Birmingham, Warwickshire on 10 October 1923.

Walker was diagnosed with lymphoma in 2013. He died on 13 March 2021 in Fordingbridge, Hampshire at aged 97.

## Other websites

- Murray's F1 Video Blog
- Murray Walker Agent
- Murray Walker's appearance on This Is Your Life
- Murray Walker quotes

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Murray Walker OBE
- **image**: MurrayWalkerAutosportInternational2009.jpg
- **caption**: Walker in 2009
- **birth name**: Graeme Murray Walker
- **birth place**: Hall Green, Birmingham, England, UK
- **death place**: Fordingbridge, Hampshire, England, UK
- **death cause**: Lymphoma
- **nationality**: British
- **spouse**: Elizabeth Walker
- **employer**: BBC Sport (1976–96, 2009–2020)
 ITV Sport (1997–2001)
- **years active**: 1948–2020
- **occupation**: presenter
 Sportscaster, Commentator
Journalist
- **alma mater**: Highgate School
Royal Military Academy, Sandhurst
Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment for Alcohol

The **Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment for Alcohol** (often called **CIWA** or **CIWA-Ar** (an updated version)), is a scale used to measure alcohol withdrawal symptoms. The scale lists ten common symptoms of alcohol withdrawal.  Based on how bad a person's symptoms are, each of these is assigned a number.  All ten numbers are added up to make one final score.  The highest possible score is 67.  Higher scores are a sign of more severe alcohol withdrawal:
- Scores of 15 or less usually mean a person is having mild alcohol withdrawal;
- Scores of 16-20 usually mean moderate alcohol withdrawal; and
- Scores over 20 usually mean severe alcohol withdrawal.

The CIWA is used not just to measure how bad withdrawal symptoms are, but also to guide decisions about what treatments to give, like when to give benzodiazepines.

## The CIWA Scale

The CIWA measures ten of the most common signs and symptoms of alcohol withdrawal:
- Nausea and vomiting
- Tremor
- Paroxysmal sweats (sweats that come and go)
- Anxiety
- Agitation (like not being able to stay still)
- Tactile disturbances (like feeling burning, itching, or bugs crawling on the skin)
- Auditory disturbances (like hearing things louder than usual, hearing scary things, or hearing things that are not there)
- Visual disturbances (like lights being too bright, seeing different colors, or seeing things that are not there)
- Headache
- Orientation and clouded sensorium (for example, if a person does not know who he is, where he is, or what is happening)

## Uses

The CIWA scale is validated, which means it is proven to measure what it means to measure - alcohol withdrawal symptoms.  It also has high inter-rater reliability.  This means that if more than one medical professional used the CIWA on the same patient, they would get very similar results.  Validation and inter-rater reliability are signs of good, accurate tests.

Studies have shown that when the CIWA scale is used to guide treatment:
- Medical professionals can identify which patients are having milder withdrawal symptoms, and which are having more severe symptoms.  The CIWA helps them do this much more accurately than they might be able to without the scale.
- Patients having milder withdrawal are less likely to be given benzodiazepines that they do not need (this is important because benzodiazepines are addictive)
- Patients having very bad withdrawal are less likely to be under-treated (not be given enough treatment)

## Related pages

- Alcohol withdrawal
- Alcoholism

## Other websites

- CIWA Score for Alcohol Withdrawal
- The Essential Handbook of Treatment and Prevention of Alcohol Problems
Sandy Gall

**Henderson Alexander "Sandy" Gall**, CMG, CBE (1 October 1927 – 29 June 2025) was a Scottish journalist, author, and former ITN news presenter. His career as a journalist has lasted more than 50 years.

Gall was born in Penang, Straits Settlements. He studied at the Aberdeen University. Gall died on 29 June 2025 at his home in Penshurst, Kent, England at the age of 97.

## Other websites

- Sandy Gall CV at PFD
- Sandy Gall CV at Knight Ayton Management

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Sandy Gall
- **birth name**: Henderson Alexander Gall
- **birth place**: Penang, Straits Settlements, British Malaya
- **death place**: Penshurst, Kent, England
- **years active**: 1953–2021
- **alma mater**: University of Aberdeen
- **children**: 4, including Carlotta Gall, Carlotta
Doug Ellis

**Sir Herbert Douglas "Doug" Ellis**, OBE (3 January 1924 – 11 October 2018), was an English entrepreneur. He was known as the former chairman of Aston Villa Football Club. Ellis was knighted in the 2012 New Year Honours for charitable services.

Ellis died on 11 October 2018 at the age of 94.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Sir Doug Ellis
- **image**: Doug Ellis.jpg
- **image size**: 200px
- **caption**: Ellis at the Boleyn Ground, November 2014
- **birth name**: Herbert Douglas Ellis
- **birth place**: Hooton, Cheshire, England
- **nationality**: British
- **occupation**: President Emeritus (Life President) of Aston Villa F.C, Aston Villa
- **title**: Chairman of Aston Villa F.C, Aston Villa (1968-1975 & 1982-2006)
- **predecessor**: William Dugdale (Aston Villa chairman), Sir William Dugdale (1982)
- **successor**: William Dugdale (Aston Villa chairman), Sir William Dugdale (1975)
Randy Lerner
 (2006)
- **spouse**: Heidi Marie
- **children**: 3
Prunella Scales

**Prunella Scales** (born **Prunella Margaret Rumney Illingworth**; 22 June 1932 – 27 October 2025) was an English actress. She was best known for her role as Basil Fawlty's wife Sybil in the BBC comedy _Fawlty Towers_ and her BAFTA award-nominated role as Queen Elizabeth II in  _A Question of Attribution_ (_Screen One_, BBC 1991) by Alan Bennett. She also appeared in a series of adverts for the supermarket chain Tesco, playing an eccentric and demanding customer named Dotty between 1995 and 2004.

In March 2014, her husband Timothy West revealed to _The Guardian_ that Scales was living with Alzheimer's disease. She died on 27 October 2025 at her home in London at the age of 93.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Prunella Scales
- **image**: Prunella Scales in 2010.JPG
- **caption**: Scales in 2010
- **birth name**: Prunella Margaret Rumney Illingworth
- **birth place**: Sutton Abinger, Surrey, England
- **death place**: London, England
- **occupation**: Actress
- **years active**: 1952–2014
- **children**: Samuel West
Joe West
John Noakes

**John Noakes**  (6 March 1934 – 28 May 2017) was a British television presenter and personality. He was best known for co-presenting the BBC children's magazine programme _Blue Peter_ in the 1960s and 1970s. He remains the show's longest-serving presenter for a total of 12 years.

Noakes was born in Halifax, West Yorkshire. He studied at the Rishworth School.

On 30 June 2015, Noakes was reported missing from his home in Andratx, Majorca. His wife issued the alert to local police, who confirmed that Noakes had a diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease and had been living with the condition for some years. He was found the same day close to his home and taken to hospital, having fallen into some long grass "in the bottom of a storm drain".

Noakes died on 28 May 2017 at his home in Andratx, Majorca, Spain from complications of Alzheimer's disease at the age of 83.

## Other websites

- John Noakes BBC Blue Peter
- A view of John Noakes as a childhood icon of the 1960s and 70's

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: John Noakes
- **birth place**: Shelf, West Yorkshire, Shelf, Halifax, West Yorkshire, Halifax, West Riding of Yorkshire, England
- **death place**: Andratx, Majorca, Spain
- **occupation**: actor, presenter, television personality
- **years active**: 1965—2013
- **spouse**: Vicky (1965-2017)
Farm Sanctuary

**Farm Sanctuary** is an animal protection organization founded in 1986 by Gene Baur and Lorri Houston.  It is the leading shelter for farm animals in the United States. Farm Sanctuary not only provides shelter to injured or endangered farm animals but also supports animal rights. The organization has a history of fighting laws that help the factory farming industry. Farm Sanctuary currently owns and operates three animal shelters in these cities: Watkins Glen, New York, Los Angeles, California and Orland, California. Combined, these locations house over 1000 farm animals, including chickens, cows, sheep, goats, pigs, ducks, rabbits, and geese.  Various books about Farm Sanctuary have been written by co-founder Gene Baur. These include _Farm Sanctuary: Changing Hearts and Minds About Animals and Food_ and _Living the Farm Sanctuary Life: The Ultimate Guide to Eating Mindfully, Living Longer, and Feeling Better Every Day_.  Both of these books reached bestseller lists and have received national attention.

## Related pages

- Veganism
- Vegetarianism
- Animal rights
Marvin Panch

**Marvin Panch** (May 28, 1926 – December 31, 2015) was an American stock car racing driver. Panch won the 1961 Daytona 500. He also won seventeen NASCAR Grand National - now Sprint Cup Series - events during a 17-year career. He was born in Menomonie, Wisconsin.

Panch died of natural causes after he was found in his car in Port Orange, Florida at the age of 89.

## Other websites

- Réplica del Histórico Auto
Brian Johns (businessman)

**Brian Francis Johns** (6 May 1936 – 1 January 2016) was an Australian company director and journalist. He  was the managing director of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) from 1995 to 2000. Johns was born in Gordonvale, Queensland, Australia.

Johns died on 1 January 2016 in a hospital in Sydney, Australia after battling cancer at the age of 79.
Carolingian dynasty

The **Carolingian dynasty** was a Frankish noble family that ruled over a large part of Western Europe from 751 to 987. The line of mayors, kings, and princes succeeded the Merovingian dynasty. The family's most famous member was Charlemagne. The dynasty was named after Charlemagne's grandfather, Charles Martel. As a mayor of the palace of Austrasia and Neustria,  he was the real power behind the throne.

Charles Martel (meaning "the hammer") left his wealth and power to his two sons: Pepin III and Carloman. In 771 Carloman died, which left his half to Pepin, who became mayor of the palace. When the last of the Merovingian kings, Childeric III, was deposed by the Pope in Rome, Pepin was made king of the Franks. Pope Stephen III traveled to France and placed the crown on his head. Pepin left the kingdom to his two sons: Charles and Carloman.

Charles and Carloman shared the kingdom for some time. Carloman then traveled to Rome and became a monk, and Charles became the sole king. He later earned his name "Charles the Great" (Charlemagne) by defeating the Lombards, the Saxons, and the Avars. In 800, Charlemagne was crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Leo III. The dynasty was passed down to his son, Louis the Pious, and to his grandsons.

When Louis inherited the kingdom, the Carolingian Empire had already started to decline. By the end of the 9th century, it came to an end. With the collapse of the empire, the dynasty came to an end.
Pierre-Marie Rudelle

**Pierre-Marie Rudelle** (18 June 1932 – 28 December 2015) was a French trompe-l'œil painter. He painted First Lady of the United States Jacqueline Kennedy a pair of doors in her dressing room in the White House. He also worked for Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and Pamela Harriman. He was born in Paris.

Rudelle died on 28 December 2015 in Paris, aged 83.
Gabriel Tambon

**Gabriel Tambon** (23 March 1930 – 27 December 2015) was a French politician for the Union for a Popular Movement (UMP). He served as the Mayor of Le Castellet, Var from 1965 until his death. He was born in Castellet, Vaucluse.

Tambon died on 27 December 2015 at the age of 85.
Åge Nordkild

**Åge Nordkild** (19 September 1951 – 28 December 2015) was a Norwegian Sámi politician. He was a member of the Norwegian Sami Association. He held many places in the Sami Parliament from 2001 to 2005 and 2009 to 2013. He was born in Narvik.

Nordkild died on 28 December 2015 at the age of 64.
Fred Tuttle

**Frederick Herman "Fred" Tuttle** (July 18, 1919 – October 4, 2003) was an American dairy farmer, actor and 1998 candidate for the U.S. Senate from the state of Vermont for the Republican Party. He was born in Tunbridge, Vermont. He appeared in movies such as _Nosey Parker_ and _Man with a Plan_.

Tuttle ran against senator Patrick Leahy in the Vermont senate elections. He lost in a landslide to Leahy. Tuttle was described by Senator Leahy as "the distilled essence of Vermonthood". He was thought by many to be an example of the "everyman".

Tuttle died of a heart attack in his farm in Tunbridge, Vermont at the age of 84.
Bob Richards

**Robert Eugene "Bob" Richards** (February 20, 1926 – February 26, 2023), nicknamed the "Vaulting Vicar" or the "Pole Vaulting Parson" in his competitive days, was an American athlete who was known for pole vaulting in the Olympics. He competed in the 1948 (where he won a bronze medal), 1952 (gold medal), and 1956 Summer Olympics (gold medal) as a pole vaulter, and as a decathlete in 1956.

In the 1984 United States presidential election, Richards ran for President of the United States on the far-right, white nationalist Populist Party ticket.

Richards was born in Champaign, Illinois. He studied at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. Richards died on February 26, 2023, a few days after his 97th birthday.
Barbara Byrd-Bennett

**Barbara Byrd–Bennett** (born April 12, 1951) is an American educator.

## Career

Byrd–Bennett was the Chief Executive officer of the Chicago Public Schools district and the Cleveland Municipal School District. Byrd–Bennett served as CEO of the Cleveland Municipal School District from 1998 to 2006. From 2009 to 2011, she was the academic and accountability officer for the Detroit Public Schools system. She was hired as the Chicago Public Schools' chief education advisor in April 2012 and then named CEO by Chicago Mayor Rahm Emanuel six months later.

## Illegal activity

She resigned from CPS in 2015 amid a bribery investigation, which led to her pleading guilty to multiple charges. She could go to jail for 7 and a half years.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Barbara Byrd–Bennett
- **office**: Chief Executive Officer of Chicago Public Schools
- **term start**: October 11, 2012
- **term end**: June 15, 2015
- **office2**: Chief Executive Officer of Cleveland Municipal School District
- **term start2**: September 23, 1998
- **term end2**: August 17,  2006
- **birth place**: Brooklyn, New York City, U.S.
- **profession**: Educator
- **successor**: Forrest Claypool
- **predecessor**: Jean-Claude Brizard
Forrest Claypool

**Forrest Claypool** (born 1958 in Vandalia, Illinois) is an American politician. He was the superintendent of the Chicago Public Schools system serving from the resignation of Barbara Byrd-Bennett in June 2015 until his own resignation in December 2017.

Before becoming superintendent, Claypool has held several positions in the governments of Chicago, Cook County, and the State of Illinois. He was the Democratic member of the Cook County Board of Commissioners, Chief of Staff to Chicago Mayor Rahm Emanuel, and President of the Chicago Transit Authority.

In 2007–2008, Claypool served as a key member of Barack Obama campaign's media team, in his capacity as a longtime partner of David Axelrod.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Forrest Claypool
- **image**: Forrest Claypool (4013934875).jpg
- **caption**: Claypool in 2009
- **office**: 6th CEO of Chicago Public Schools
- **appointer**: Rahm Emanuel
- **term start**: July 27, 2015
- **term end**: December 8, 2017
- **predecessor**: Barbara Byrd-Bennett
Jesse Ruiz (politician), Jesse Ruiz (interim)
- **successor**: Janice K. Jackson
- **office1**: President of the Chicago Transit Authority
- **term start1**: 2011
- **term end1**: 2015
- **predecessor1**: Richard L. Rodriguez
- **successor1**: Dorval Carter
- **office2**: Member of the Cook County Board of Commissioners from the Cook County Board of Commissioners 12th district, 12th district
- **predecessor2**: Ted Lechowicz
- **successor2**: John Fritchey
- **birth name**: Forrest Edward Claypool
- **birth place**: Vandalia, Illinois
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
- **spouse**: Has a wife
- **children**: Three
- **residence**: Lakeview, Chicago, Lakeview, Chicago, Illinois
- **profession**: Attorney
- **signature**: Forest Claypool signature (transparent background).png
David Axelrod

**David M. Axelrod** (born February 22, 1955) is an American political operative and analyst. He is best known as the Chief Strategist for Barack Obama's presidential campaigns.  After Obama's election, Axelrod was appointed as Senior Advisor to the President. Axelrod left the White House position in early 2011 and became the Senior Strategist for Obama's successful re-election campaign in 2012.

He now serves as the director of the non-partisan Institute of Politics at the University of Chicago and is a Senior Political Commentator for CNN. In April 2014 it emerged that Axelrod had been appointed senior strategic adviser to the British Labour Party to assist party leader Ed Miliband in the run-up to the 2015 general election.

## Other websites

- AKPD Media
- ASGK Public Strategies
- The Agony and The Agony, Patrick T. Reardon, _Chicago Tribune_, June 24, 2007
- Profile: David Axelrod, Ned Temko, _The Guardian_, July 27, 2008
- Long by Obama’s Side, an Adviser Fills a Role That Exceeds His Title, Jeff Zeleny, _The New York Times_, October 26, 2008
- President’s Political Protector Is Ever Close at Hand, Jeff Zeleny, _The New York Times_, March 8, 2009

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: David Axelrod
- **image**: David Axelrod.jpg
- **caption**: Axelrod in the Oval Office (2009)
- **office**: Senior Advisor to the President
- **president**: Barack Obama
- **term start**: January 20, 2009
- **term end**: January 10, 2011
- **predecessor**: Barry Steven Jackson, Barry Jackson
- **successor**: David Plouffe
- **birth place**: Lower East Side, New York (state), New York, United States
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
- **alma mater**: University of Chicago
Roslyn, New York

**Roslyn** ( ) is a village in Nassau County, New York, on the North Shore of Long Island. As of the United States 2020 Census, the village population was 2,988. Roslyn was once called Hempstead Harbor, but its name changed to Roslyn on September 7, 1844.

## Other websites

- Roslyn, New York
- Pictures and Info on Roslyn's Historic Estates
Erik De Vlaeminck

**Erik De Vlaeminck** (23 March 1945 – 4 December 2015) was a Belgian cyclist. He was a recording-winning cyclo-cross world-champion seven times (in 1966, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973). He was born in Eeklo. He was the brother of Roger De Vlaeminck.

Later in life, De Vlaeminck had Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. He died in Eeklo on 4 December 2015, aged 70.

## Other websites

- Erik De Vlaeminck profile  at Cycling Archives
Carrier's constraint

**Carrier's constraint** is an observation about air-breathing vertebrates which flex their bodies sideways when moving. They find it very difficult to move and breathe at the same time. The sideways flexing expands one lung and compresses the other, shunting stale air from lung to lung instead of expelling it completely to make room for fresh air.

It was named, by English paleontologist Richard Cowen, after David R. Carrier, who wrote his observations on the problem in 1987.

Many amphibia and reptiles can and do move very fast over short distances. They do it by moving without breathing, which builds up an "oxygen debt". Humans sometimes do this when running very quickly. 100-metre sprinters do not breathe during a race. They collapse and recover afterwards. Many reptiles and amphibians are ambush predators, which fits that kind of life quite well. There is no reptile or amphibian equivalent to dogs or deer, with their huge capacity for running long distances.

There are, however, some reptiles which get round the Carrier constraint. Snakes, for example have only one lung. And, of course, dinosaurs were bipedal to start with, and most groups stayed bipedal to the end. Lizards run in short bursts with brief pauses. Carrier was able to show that they breathed in the pauses.
Islamabad United

**Islamabad United** () is one of the six teams which plays in the Pakistan Super League (PSL). The team represents the city of Islamabad and was founded in 2015. It is owned by **Ali Naqvi** and **Amna Naqvi** (Leonine Global Sports). Misbah-ul-Haq is the captain of Islamabad United, while the head coach is Dean Jones.

## Squad

|Types|Players|
| --- | --- |
|Captain|Misbah-ul-Haq|
|Coach|Dean Jones|
|Team Members|Mohammad Sami, Andre Russell, Rumman Raees, Shadab Khan, Misbah-ul-Haq, Samuel Badree, Iftikhar Ahmed, Amad Butt, Asif Ali,  JP Duminy, Luke Ronchi, Faheem Ashraf, Sam Billings, Zafar Gohar, Sahibzada Farhan, Hussain Talat, Alex Hales, Steven Finn, Mohammad Hasan, Mohammad Hasnain, Rohail Nazir, Samit Patel and Chadwick Walton|
Karachi Kings

**Karachi Kings** (; ) is one of the six teams which plays in the Pakistan Super League (PSL). The team represents the city of Karachi and was founded in 2015. It is owned by the Salman Iqbal (ARY Group). Imad Wasim is the captain of Karachi Kings, while the head coach is Mickey Arthur.

## Squad

|Types|Players||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Captain|Mohammad Rizwan||Coach|Mickey Arthur|
|Team Members|Imad Wasim, Usman Khan, Usama Mir, Khurram Manzoor, Ravi Bopara, Babar Azam, Mohammad Amir, Mohammad Rizwan, Shahid Afridi,Colin Ingram, Joe Denly, David Wiese, Tabish Khan, Mohammad Irfan Jr, Hasan Mohsin, Tymal Mills, Lendl Simmons, Eoin Morgan, Saifullah Bangash, Aaron summers and Sohail Khan||||

## Other websites

- Official website
Lahore Qalandars

**Lahore Qalandars** (; ; abbreviated as **LQ**) is one of the six teams which plays in the Pakistan Super League (PSL). The team represents the city of Lahore and was founded in 2015. It is owned by Fawad Rana (Qatar Lubricants Company Limited (QALCO)). Brendon McCullum is the captain of Lahore Qalandars, while the head coach is Aqib Javed.

## Squad

|Types|Players|
| --- | --- |
|Captain|Brendon McCullum|
|Coach|Aqib Javed|
|Team Members|Umar Akmal, Sunil Narine, Brendon McCullum, Fakhar Zaman, Yasir Shah, Cameron Delport, Aamer Yamin, Bilawal Bhatti, Sohail Khan, Chris Lynn, Mustafizur Rehman, Bilal Asif, Raza Hasan, Sohail Akhtar, Shaheen Shah Afridi, Ghulam Mudassar, Anton Devcich, Mitchell McClenaghan, Gulraiz Sadaf, Imran Khan Jr. and Salman Irshad|

## Other websites

- Official website
Peshawar Zalmi

**Peshawar Zalmi** (; ) is one of the six teams which plays in the Pakistan Super League (PSL). The team represents the city of Peshawar and was founded in 2015. Zalmi in the name means Youth. It is owned by Javed Afridi (Haier Pakistan). Babar Azam is the captain of Peshawar Zalmi, while the head coach is Mohammad Akram.

## Squad

||Batsmen|Bowlers|All Rounders||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Platinum|||Saim Ayub||
|Diamond|Babar Azam,Luke Wood,Haris Rauf||||
|Gold|Mohammad Haris,Khusdil Shah,Shan Masood|Liam Dawson|||
|Silver||Mitcheal Owen|Shanawaz Dahani||
|Emerging|Noor Ahmed|Naveen Ul Haq|||
|Supplementary|Tom Kohler Cadmore|Hussain Talat|Chris Jordan,|} The Peshawar Zalmi Squad 2025.|
|Captain|Babar Azam||||
|Coach|Mohammad Akram||||
|Team Members|||||

## Other websites

- Official website
Quetta Gladiators

**Quetta Gladiators** () is one of the six teams which plays in the Pakistan Super League (PSL). The team represents the city of Quetta and was founded in 2015. It is owned by **Nadeem Omar** (Omar Associates). Saud Shakeel is the captain of Quetta Gladiators, while the head coach is Sarfaraz Ahmed.

## Squad

|Types|Players|
| --- | --- |
|Captain|Sarfaraz Ahmed|
|Coach|Moin Khan|
|Team Members|Sarfraz Ahmed, Kevin Pietersen, Rilee Rossouw, Mohammad Nawaz, Anwar Ali, Mahmudullah, Umar Amin, Mir Hamza, Asad Shafiq, Shane Watson, Jofra Archer, Rahat Ali, Rameez Raja Jr, Saad Ali, Saud Shakeel, Hassan Khan, Mohammad Junaid, Jason Roy, Rashid Khan, Moin Khan Jr. and Faraz Ahmed|
Dal Richards

**Dallas Murray "Dal" Richards**, CM, OBC (5 January 1918 - 31 December 2015) was a Canadian big band leader.

Richards led his band for many years in a weekly CBC Radio show broadcast nationally from the Panorama Roof Ballroom of the Hotel Vancouver.  , Richards also hosts a weekly one-hour show on radio station CISL. Richards is commonly thought to be the lyricist of "Roar You Lions Roar", the fight song of the BC Lions football club set to the music of "I Love the Sunshine of Your Smile".

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Dal Richards
- **image**: Dal Richards (March 2009).jpg
- **alt**: Dal Richards in March 2009
- **caption**: Richards in March 2009
- **background**: non_vocal_instrumentalist
- **birth name**: Dallas Murray Richards
- **birth place**: Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- **death place**: Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- **origin**: Vancouver
- **occupation**: conductor, clarinetist, saxophonist, baus
- **years active**: 1940–2015
Mike Oxley

**Michael Garver "Mike" Oxley** (February 11, 1944 – January 1, 2016) was an American politician. He was a member of the Republican party. He served as a U.S. representative from the 4th congressional district of Ohio. He was born in Findlay, Ohio.

Oxley died of lung cancer in McLean, Virginia on January 1, 2016 at the age of 71.

## Other websites

- Interview  on The BusinessMakers Show.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Mike Oxley
- **image name**: Rep Mike Oxley.jpg
- **state**: Ohio
- **district**: Ohio's 4th congressional district, 4th
- **term start**: June 25, 1981
- **term end**: January 3, 2007
- **preceded**: Tennyson Guyer
- **succeeded**: Jim Jordan (Ohio politician), Jim Jordan
- **state house2**: Ohio
- **state2**: Ohio
- **district2**: 82nd
- **term start2**: January 3, 1973
- **term end2**: June 25, 1981
- **preceded2**: Robert D. Schuck
- **succeeded2**: Charlie Earl
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **birth name**: Michael Garver Oxley
- **birth place**: Findlay, Ohio, Findlay, Ohio, U.S.
- **death place**: McLean, Virginia, McLean, Virginia, U.S.
- **spouse**: Patricia Ann Oxley
- **occupation**: FBI Agent. lawyer
- **alma mater**: Miami University <small>(Bachelor of Arts, B.A.)</small>
Ohio State University <small>(Juris Doctor, J.D.)</small>
Fazu Aliyeva

**Fazu Aliyeva** (December 5, 1932, Iasi – January 1, 2016, Makhachkala, Russia) was an Avar speaking-Soviet-born Russian poet, novelist and journalist. She has made a significant role to the development of Dagestani in Russian literature. She is also known for being a human rights activist.

She was awarded two Orders of the "Badge of Honor" and two Orders of Friendship of Peoples, the Order of St. Andrew the Apostle in 2002. She was  awarded the Gold Medal of the Soviet Peace Fund and the Jubilee Medal of the World Peace Council, as well as honorary awards in several foreign countries.

Aliyeva was born in the Khunzakhsky District. She died in Makhachkala, Dagestan, Russia on January 1, 2016, from heart failure at the age of 83.

## Other websites

- Biography
- Fazu Aliyeva poetry
Joseph Brooks

**Joseph Brooks**, born **Joseph Kaplan** (March 11, 1938 – May 22, 2011), and also known as **Joe Brooks** or **Joey Brooks**, was an American composer, director, producer, and screenwriter. He was born in Manhattan, New York.

He was a known writer of advertising jingles and wrote the hit songs "My Ship Is Comin' In", "If Ever I See You Again", and "You Light Up My Life", he later composed the hit movie of the same name which he also wrote, directed, and produced. He won a Grammy Award, Golden Globe Award and an Academy Award for it.

In his later years he became the subject of an investigation after being accused of a series of casting-couch rapes. He was indicted in 2009. On May 22, 2011, before he could be brought to trial, Brooks committed suicide in his Upper East Side, Manhattan home by placing a bag over his head with a hose from a helium tank connected to it. He was 73 years old. On May 23, 2011, the medical examiner ruled that Brooks had committed suicide, citing asphyxia by helium.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **embed**: yes
- **genre**: Pop music, Pop
- **background**: non_performing_personnel
- **occupation**: Composer, director, producer, screenwriter, musician
- **instrument**: Piano


## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Joseph Brooks
- **caption**: Joseph Brooks in 1978 as he appeared in
_If Ever I See You Again (film), If Ever I See You Again_
- **birth name**: Joseph Kaplan
- **death place**: Upper East Side, New York City, U.S.
- **death cause**: Suicide by asphyxia
- **children**: 4
John Patrick (dramatist)

**John Patrick** (May 17, 1905 – November 7, 1995) was an American playwright and screenwriter. He won the Pulitzer Prize for his works in 1954. He was known for his works _The Curious Savage_ (1950), _The World of Suzie Wong_ (1960), and _The Teahouse of the August Moon_ (1953). He was born in Louisville, Kentucky.

Patrick was found dead with a plastic bag over his head at his home in Delray Beach, Florida at the age of 90.

## Other websites

- _Teahouse of the August Moon_ tribute site embracing novel, play and movie

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: John Patrick
- **birth name**: John Patrick Goggin
- **birth place**: Louisville, Kentucky, United States, USA
- **death place**: Delray Beach, Florida, United States, USA
- **spouse**: Mildred Legaye (m. 1925)
- **awards**: Pulitzer Prize for Drama (1954)
Horton Foote

**Albert Horton Foote, Jr.** (March 14, 1916 – March 4, 2009) was an American playwright and screenwriter. He was best known for his screenplays for the 1962 movei _To Kill a Mockingbird_ and the 1983 movie _Tender Mercies_. He was born in Wharton, Texas. He won two Academy Awards (1962, 1983), a Pulitzer Prize (1995) and an Emmy Award (1997).

Foote died of natural causes in Hartford, Connecticut at the age of 92.