juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
A Serbian Film

***A Serbian Film*** is a horror movie which opened to much controversy. When it was released during 2010, the movie was marked with a Refused Classification rating in Australia. A highly censored version was later approved. It was released in the United States with a rating of NC-17 (No Children 17 or Under Admitted) in May 2011. The movie is about a pornographic movie star who agrees to perform in an art film, but then learns that he has been dragged into a snuff movie filled with necrophilia and other adult themes. _A Serbian Film_ faced severe censorship problems in many countries because of its mature content.

## Infobox (film)

- **name**: A Serbian Film
- **director**: Srđan Spasojević
- **producer**: Dragoljub Vojnov
Srđan Spasojević
- **writer**: Aleksandar Radivojević
Srđan Spasojević
- **starring**: Sergej Trifunović
Srđan Todorović
Jelena Gavrilović
- **music**: Sky Wikluh
- **cinematography**: Nemanja Jovanov
- **editing**: Darko Simić
- **studio**: Contra Film
- **distributor**: Jinga Films
Invincible Pictures
- **runtime**: 104 minutes
103 minutes
99 minutes
- **country**: Serbia
- **language**: Serbian
English
Swedish
- **gross**: Euro, €6,975 <small>(Serbia)</small>
Hatchet II

***Hatchet II*** is a 2010 American slasher movie. The movie picks up where the original _Hatchet_ ended. It is set in Louisiana. _Hatchet II_ was released with no rating by the MPAA in the United States.
Kubla Khan

**Kubla Khan** is a poem by Samuel Taylor Coleridge. He wrote it in 1797, and it was published in 1816. It is a poem from the Romantic era, a time when people often made art about nature and emotions. Coleridge said that he wrote the poem after a dream he had, while on opium. He said that he was interrupted by a person from Porlock while he was writing it, and never got to finish it. Some people say that this is not completely true.

The first stanza of the poem describes a pleasure dome and a river called Alph, and the second stanza talks about an Abyssinian maid.
Sands of Iwo Jima

***Sands of Iwo Jima*** is a 1949 war movie that was produced by Edmund Grainger and was directed by Allan Dwan. _Sands of Iwo Jima_ was released on December 14, 1949 in North America. The movie received positive reviews with a 100% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. The movie is about a group of United States Marines. The movie follows their training for the Battle of Iwo Jima during World War II. The movie was nominated for an Academy Award in 4 categories; Best Actor in a Leading Role (for John Wayne), Best Film Editing, Best Sound, Recording and Best Writing, Motion Picture Story.

## Cast

- John Wayne as Sgt. John M. Stryker
- John Agar as PFC Peter Conway
- Forrest Tucker as PFC Al Thomas
- Wally Cassell as PFC Benny Regazzi
- James Brown as PFC Charlie Bass
- Richard Webb as PFC Dan Shipley
- Arthur Franz as Corporal Robert Dunne / Narrator
- James Holden as PFC Soames
- Peter Coe as PFC George Hellenpolis
- Richard Jaeckel as PFC Frank Flynn
- William Murphy as PFC Eddie Flynn
- George Tyne as PFC Harris
- Hal Baylor as PFC "Sky" Choynski
- Adele Mara as Allison Bromley
- Julie Bishop as Mary

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: Sands of Iwo Jima
- **director**: Allan Dwan
- **producer**: Edmund Grainger
- **writer**: Harry Brown
James Edward Grant
- **starring**: John Wayne
John Agar
Forrest Tucker
Adele Mara
- **music**: Victor Young
- **distributor**: Republic Pictures
- **released**: December 14, 1949
- **runtime**: 100 mins.
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
Cleaner shrimp

**Cleaner shrimp** is a generic term for any swimming decapod crustacean that cleans other organisms of parasites. This is an example of symbiosis: Both parties benefit. The fish benefit because they have parasites removed, and the shrimp gain the nutritional value of the parasites. In many coral reefs, there are cleaning stations, with many cleaning shrimps.

This behaviour is similar to that of cleaner fish. Sometimes, cleaer shrimp join cleaner wrasse and other cleaner fish.

Cleaner shrimp are often included in salt water aquaria to keep the tank clean.
Mimosa

***Mimosa*** is a genus of plants. It has around 590 species of herbs and shrubs. It is classified in the subfamily Mimosoideae of the legume family Fabaceae.  The word "mimosa" comes from the Greek word  that means "mimic".

The best known species of mimosa are _Mimosa pudica_ and _Mimosa tenuiflora_. _Mimosa pudica_ is found in Central and South America. When touched or heated, it folds its leaves. _Mimosa tenuiflora_ is used by shamans (traditional magical) healer.

It is used in ayahuasca brews (a "magic" drink) because of the psychedelic drug N,N-Dimethyltryptamine DMT in its roots. In general, the production of such a chemical is a defence against herbivory.

## Grouping

The _Mimosa_ genus has been split up into smaller groupings or lumped into larger ones. It has over 3,000 names to describe its species. Most of these names are now considered synonyms. Some of the names have been given to other species and genera.

The name "mimosa" has been used for other species that look like mimosa but are not related. Some of the most common unrelated plants called this name are the silk tree (_Albizia julibrissin_) and sattle (_Acacia dealbata_).

## Description

This genus includes some plants that are able to move fast. This is very rare. The mimosa's leaves close quickly when touched.

_Mimosa_ is related to the genera _Acacia_ and _Albizia_. The difference between them is that the mimosa's flowers have ten or fewer stamens. The big round flower of the mimosa is actually an inflorescence, a cluster (close group) of many small flowers.

## References

- Barneby, R.C. 1992. Sensitivae Censitae: A description of the genus _Mimosa_ Linnaeus (Mimosaceae) in the New World. Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden, vol. 65.

## Other websites

- http://www.mimosa-pudica.de/e_index.html
- Two small videos showing the plant folding its leaves
Twelve O'Clock High

***Twelve O'Clock High*** is a 1949 war movie that was produced by Darryl F. Zanuck and was directed by Henry King. _Twelve O'Clock High_ was released on December 21, 1949 in Los Angeles and on January 26, 1950 in New York. The movie received positive reviews with a 100% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. The movie is about a group of United States Army Air Force. The movie follows aircrews that were in the United States Army's Eighth Air Force and flew daylight bombing missions against Nazi Germany and occupied France during the early days of American involvement in World War II. The movie won 2 Academy Awards for Best Actor in a Supporting Role (Dean Jagger), and Best Sound Recording.

## Cast

- Gregory Peck as Brigadier General Frank Savage
- Hugh Marlowe as Lieutenant Colonel Ben Gately
- Gary Merrill as Colonel Keith Davenport
- Millard Mitchell as Major General Pritchard
- Dean Jagger as Major/Lieutenant Colonel Harvey Stovall
- Robert Arthur as Sergeant McIllhenny
- Paul Stewart as Major "Doc" Kaiser (flight surgeon)
- John Kellogg as Major Cobb
- Robert Patten as Lieutenant Bishop
- Lee MacGregor as Lieutenant Zimmerman
- Sam Edwards as Lieutenant Birdwell
- Roger Anderson as Interrogation Officer
- Lawrence Dobkin as Captain Twombley, group chaplain (uncredited)
- Kenneth Tobey as Sgt. Keller, guard at gate (uncredited)
- Paul Picerni as Bombardier (uncredited)
- Harry Lauter as Radio officer (uncredited)
- Barry Jones as Lord Haw-Haw, German radio commentator (voice) (uncredited)
- Don Gordon as First patient in base hospital (uncredited)

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: Twelve O'Clock High
- **director**: Henry King
- **producer**: Darryl F. Zanuck
- **writer**: **Novel & screenplay**:
Sy Bartlett
Beirne Lay, Jr.
**Screenplay only**:
Henry King
- **starring**: Gregory Peck
Hugh Marlowe
Gary Merrill
Millard Mitchell
Dean Jagger
- **music**: Alfred Newman
- **cinematography**: Leon Shamroy
- **editing**: Barbara McLean
- **distributor**: Twentieth Century Fox Film Corporation
- **released**: December 21, 1949 _(Los Angeles)_
January 26, 1950 _(New York City, New York)_
- **runtime**: 132 mins.
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **gross**: $3,225,000
Federico García Lorca

**Federico del Sagrado Corazón de Jesús García Lorca**; (5 June 1898 – 19 August 1936) was a Spanish poet, dramatist and theatre director. García Lorca achieved international recognition as an emblematic member of the Generation of '27. He is believed to be one of thousands who were summarily shot by anti-communist death squads during the Spanish Civil War.  He was gay. In 2008, a Spanish judge opened an investigation into Lorca's death. The Garcia Lorca family eventually dropped objections to the excavation of a potential gravesite near Alfacar. However, no human remains were found.

## Related pages

- _Le Monde_<nowiki/>'s 100 Books of the Century, a list which includes _Gypsy Ballads_
- List of people who disappeared mysteriously: 1910–1990

## Sources

- Maurer,  Christopher (2001) _Federico García Lorca:Selected Poems_ Penguin

## Other websites

- The Lorca Foundation
- Huerta De San Vicente, Grandada - The Lorca Family home now a museum 
- _Lorca censored to hide sexuality_ - article by _The Independent_, 14 March 2009
- LGB biog of García Lorca 
- _Lorca and Censorship: The Gay Artist Made Heterosexual_   - essay  by Eisenberg, D; FSU

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Federico García Lorca
- **image**: Federico García Lorca. Huerta de San Vicente, Granada.jpg
- **caption**: García Lorca in 1932
- **birth name**: Federico del Sagrado Corazón de Jesús García Lorca
- **birth place**: Fuente Vaqueros, Province of Granada, Granada, Andalusia, Spain
- **death place**: Near Alfacar, Province of Granada, Granada, Spain
- **occupation**: Dramatist, poet, theatre director
- **nationality**: Spanish
- **period**: Modernism
- **movement**: Generation of '27
Isopod

**Isopods **are animals that belong to an order of peracarid crustaceans. This order is called _Isopoda. _The name Isopoda derives from the Greek roots (_iso-_, meaning "same") and (_podos_, meaning "foot"). Some isopod species live in water, like the tongue louse. Others live on land, like woodlice and pill bugs.

## Description

Most isopods are under half an inch long, but some, like the Giant isopod, can grow as large as 14 inches or more. They are usually gray, brown or black, with an oval-shaped body. They have seven armor plates, called "pereonites," which protect them. They also have seven pairs of short legs. Isopods have two pairs of antennae; one pair feels along the ground.

Isopods have gills and need water to breathe. Because of this, the isopod species which live on land must stay in moist places.

## Related pages

- _Cymothoa exigua_
Karl Denke

**Karl Denke ** (August 12, 1870 – December 22, 1924) was a serial killer from Germany. He is one of the most well-known serial killers in Germany in the 1920s.

Denke was born in Münsterberg, Silesia in the Kingdom of Prussia (now Ziębice in Poland.) There is not a great deal of information about his early life. As an adult he was well liked in his community. He worked as an organ player at the local church.

On December 20, 1924, Denke was arrested after attacking a man at his house with an axe. Police searched Denke's home and found human flesh in huge jars of curing salts. A ledger (record book) contained the details of 30 people Denke had murdered and cannibalized (eaten) over the years. Police thought he sold the flesh of his victims at the Breslau (today's Wrocław) market.

The day after his arrest, Denke hanged himself in his cell. His exact motives are unknown and can only be guessed at.

## Bibliography

- Matthias Blazek: _Karl Denke_, in: _Carl Großmann und Friedrich Schumann – Zwei Serienmörder in den zwanziger Jahren_, ibidem: Stuttgart 2009, p. 133 f.

## Other websites

- Short biography, other short articles: http://www.denke.org/stowoe.htm and http://www.denke.org/stowoe.htm
- Biography in Polish

## Infobox (serial killer)

- **name**: Karl Denke
- **image**: Karl Denke.jpg
- **caption**: The only known photograph of Karl Denke. It was taken after his suicide.
- **birth place**: Oberkunzendorf, Ziębice, Münsterberg, Silesia, Kingdom of Prussia (now Ziębice, Poland)
- **death place**: Münsterberg, Poland
- **cause**: Suicide
- **victims**: 31
- **beginyear**: 21 February 1903
- **endyear**: 20 April 1924
- **country**: Poland
- **motive**: cannibalism
- **apprehended**: 22 December 1924
Machinist

A **machinist** is a person who uses tools to make modify parts and objects, such as parts for firearms, vehicles such as airplanes, cars, and boats, and plastic injection molds. A machinist can cut metal, plastic, wood, or other materials, such as ice. Machinists may operate manual machines or Numerical control (CNC) machines.

Machinists follow a print that tells them what kind of metal to use, where to cut, how deep to cut, what angles to cut at, and many other specified instructions to meet a person's standards.

## Machines

These tools include, but are not limited to, the:

- Lathe, a machine tool that grips a piece of "stock" (metal cut into a smaller size for machining) and spins it against cutting point. A lathe may be CNC or manual.
- Milling machine, a machine tool that grips a cutter and spins it, and allows the stock to be pushed into, away from, or against the cutter. A milling machine may be CNC or manual.

## Tools

Machinists will make use of calipers, gages, micrometers, paints, and other items for the use of checking to see if parts are machined correctly or planning out cuts.

Layout paint may come in red or blue. It is used to coat the side of a part for scribing a path or shape of a cut.

## Bar stock

**Bar stock** is metal that has not yet been machined. It may be referred to as slugs, blanks, or billets. It may be made of different kinds of steel or aluminum.

Metals higher in Carbon are harder to cut, while metals lower in carbon are easier to cut.
Transformers: Dark of the Moon

***Transformers: Dark of the Moon*** is a 2011 American science fiction movie. It is the third movie in the Transformers series. The movie was directed by Michael Bay and stars Tyrese Gibson, John Malkovich, Shia LaBeouf, and Rosie Huntington-Whiteley. The movie was released late June and early July of 2011 in United States and Canada. It grossed more than 500 million in total while in theaters. The movie was mostly shot in Chicago, Illinois, and in Washington, D.C..

## Infobox (movie)

- **director**: Michael Bay
- **writer**: Ehren Kruger
- **music**: Steve Jablonsky
- **cinematography**: Amir Mokri
- **distributor**: Paramount Pictures
- **released**: June 29, 2011 (United States)
- **runtime**: 154 minutes
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **budget**: $195 Million
- **gross**: $1.124 Billion
Fresh Film Festival (Ireland)

The **Fresh Film Festival** is an event for children in Limerick, Ireland. They learn about things related to movies. This is a long-running festival that began in 1997.

The festival wants children to learn to make movies.

## Other websites

Fresh Film Festival Official Site
Nader Shah

**Nader Shah Afshar** () was a Shah, or king, of Iran<nowiki/>from 1736 to 1747. He was also the founder of the Afsharid dynasty .

During the time he ruled Iran, he attacked India and defeated Muhammad Shah, conquered Delhi, and agreed to retreat for Indian wealth and gold.

## Infobox (monarch)

- **name**: Nader Shah
- **title**: King of Iran

- **image**: Nader Shah Afshar.jpg
- **reign**: 1736–1747
- **dynasty**: Afsharid dynasty
- **birth place**: Dastgerd
- **death place**: Quchan <small>(North of Khorasan)</small>
V (2009 TV series)

***V*** is an American science-fiction television show from ABC channel. It started November 3, 2009 and ended March 15, 2011.

## Infobox (television)

- **image**: V 2009 Intertitle.png
- **genre**: Science fiction on television, Science fiction
- **creator**: Kenneth Johnson (producer), Kenneth Johnson
- **developer**: Scott Peters (writer), Scott Peters
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **company**: The Scott Peters Company
HDFilms
Warner Bros. Television
- **num seasons**: 2
- **num episodes**: 22
- **list episodes**: List of V (2009 TV series) episodes
- **location**: Vancouver, British Columbia
- **runtime**: 42 minutes
- **network**: American Broadcasting Company, ABC
Francisella tularensis

***Francisella tularnsis*** is the bacterium causing the serious zoonotic disease tularemia. The bacterium is gram-negative, and the causative agent of tularemia or rabbit fever. Due to its ease of spread by aerosol and its high virulence it is classed as a potential bioterrorism agent.
Manilkara

**Manilkara**, previously known as **Sapota**, are plants in the family of :Sapotaceae. They are commonly known as Manilkara trees. An important species is Manilkara Chicle, a tree used to make chewing gum. Manilkara zapota is known as the common Sapodilla. Leaves form distinct rosettes at the ends of branches and short lateral shoots, obovate, leathery, glossy green above, paler below. Flowers are greenish-yellow, in small clusters under the new leaves.

## Infobox (infobox)

- **name**: _Manilkara_
- **image**: Cayos pict071.jpg
- **image caption**: _Manilkara jaimiqui_ ssp. _emarginata_ branch with developing fruit
- **regnum**: Plantae
- **unranked divisio**: Flowering plant, Angiosperms
- **unranked classis**: Eudicots
- **unranked ordo**: Asterids
- **ordo**: Ericales
- **familia**: Sapotaceae
- **subfamilia**: Sapotoideae
- **tribus**: Sapoteae
- **genus**: ***Manilkara***
- **genus authority**: Michel Adanson, Adans.
- **type species**: Manilkara kauki, _M. kauki_
- **type species authority**: (Carl Linnaeus, L.) Marcel Marie Maurice Dubard, Dubard
- **synonyms**: _Achras_ <small>L.</small> (rejected name)

_Sapota_ <small>Philip Miller, Mill.</small> (superfluous name)
Schistosomiasis

**Schistosomiasis**, also known as **snail fever** and **bilharzia**, is a disease caused by parasitic flatworms called schistosomes. The urinary tract or the intestines may be infected.

Symptoms include abdominal pain, diarrhea, bloody stool, or blood in the urine. Those who have been infected for a long time (chronic infection) may experience liver damage, kidney failure, infertility, or bladder cancer. In children, it may cause poor growth and learning difficulty.

## Cause

The disease is caused by contact with fresh water containing the parasites (schistosomes). These parasites are from infected freshwater snails. The disease is very common among children in developing countries, as they are more likely to play in infected water. Other high-risk groups include farmers, fishermen, and people using unclean water. It is a helminth infections. Eggs of the parasite may be found in urine or stool. Antibodies may also be found in the blood.

## Prevention and treatment

To prevent the disease use clean water and reduce snails. The medicine praziquantel may be given once a year to everybody in some places. This will decrease the number of people infected. Praziquantel is also the treatment recommended by the World Health Organization for those who are known to be infected.

## Epidemiology

Schistosomiasis affected about 252 million people in 2015. An estimated 4,400 to 200,000 people die from it each year. The disease is mainly found in Africa, Asia, and South America. About 700 million people, in more than 70 countries, live where the disease is common. In tropical countries, schistosomiasis is a great economic problem. Schistosomiasis is listed as a neglected tropical disease.

## Infobox (medical condition (new))

- **name**: Schistosomiasis
- **synonyms**: Bilharzia, snail fever, Katayama fever
- **image**: Schistosomiasis in a child 2.jpg
- **image size**: 250px
- **caption**: 11-year-old boy with ascites, abdominal fluid and portal hypertension due to schistosomiasis (Agusan del Sur, Philippines)
- **field**: Infectious disease (medical specialty), Infectious disease
- **symptoms**: Abdominal pain, diarrhea, blood in stool, bloody stool, hematuria, blood in the urine
- **complications**: Liver damage, kidney failure, infertility, bladder cancer
- **causes**: Schistosomes from freshwater snails
- **diagnosis**: Finding eggs of the parasite in urine or stool, antibodies in blood
- **prevention**: Access to clean water
- **medication**: Praziquantel
- **frequency**: 252 million (2015)
- **deaths**: 4,400–200,000
Nyctaginaceae

**Nyctaginaceae**, the four o'clock family, has about 33 genera and 290 species of flowering plants. It grows in tropical and subtropical regions, with a few representatives in temperate regions. It includes plants like the _Bougainvillea_ and the four o'clock. Most of the species are vines.

The family has a unique fruit type, called an "anthocarp". Many genera have extremely large (>100 µm) pollen grains.

A curious aspect of _M. jalapa_, the four o'clock, is that flowers with different colours grow simultaneously on the same plant.
Rubik's Revenge

A **Rubik's Revenge** is a 4x4 Rubik's Cube. It has 24 centers, 24 edges, and 8 corners. It was made by Peter Sebestény. Unlike the Rubik's Cube, the centers can move to different places.

## Ways to solve

There are different ways to solve a Rubik's Revenge. One way is to solve the centers, and then the edges. Then, you can solve it like a 3x3. But, special problems can happen. 2 edges flipped wrong, or 2 sets of edges could be swapped from each other.

These problems are called parity errors. It can still be solved, but special moves must be done to solve it. Another way is to solve the edges first, then the centers. But, it is also possible to get parity errors. There are ways to solve a Rubik's Revenge without getting parity errors. One way is to solve the corners and edges first, then the centers.

## Related pages

- Pocket Cube
- Rubik's Cube
- Professor's Cube

## Other websites

- How to solve a Rubik's Revenge
Kusunoki Masashige

was a 14th century samurai from Kawachi Province. He fought for Emperor Go-Daigo. The warrior's  conduct and death are recognized as examples of bushido.

## Battle planner

Kusunoki was a brilliant tactician and strategist. He defended two key Loyalist fortresses at Akasaka and Chihaya. This helped Go-Daigo to briefly return to power. However, one of the loyalist generals, Ashikaga Takauji, betrayed Go-Daigo. Ashikaga led an army against Kusunoki and the remaining loyalists. Kusunoki suggested to the Emperor that they hide on sacred Mount Hiei and allow Takauji to take Kyoto. Later, they could move quickly down from the mountain to trap Ashikaga and destroy him.

### Disaster

Go-Daigo would not leave the capital. He insisted that Kusunoki meet Ashikaga's larger army forces in the field in a direct battle. Kusunoki obediently accepted his Emperor's foolish command. This became a great example of loyalty. He left his death poem with his young son Masatsura and knowingly marched his army into almost certain death. The battle took place at Minatogawa in modern-day Chūō-ku, Kobe. It was a tactical disaster. Kusunoki had only 73 of the original 700 horsemen left and was surrounded. He committed suicide along with his brother Masasue, 11 close clan members, and 60 others. According to legend, his brother's last words were _Shichisei Hōkoku!_ (七生報國; "Would that I had seven lives to give for my country!") and Kusunoki Masashige agreed.

## After his death

Kusunoki Masashige's son, Kusunoki Masatsura, served the next emperor, the 12-year old Go-Murukami. These two had a trusting relationship like their fathers. Masatsura died alongside his brother Masatoki and cousin Wada Takahide in battle. That was the end of the Kusunoki clan.

Kusunoki Masashige's successful defense of Chihaya castle is believed to have helped the emperor gain power against the Kamakura bakufu.  Kusunoki held out so long in his castle, so Ashikaga Takauji changed sides and helped the emperor. The Kamakura bakufu ended.  However, Ashikaga Takauji quickly learned that he did not like following the emperor's commands. He changed loyalty again and established his own Ashikaga bakufu.  He was able to establish his own shogunate after defeating Kusunoki Masashige and the commander in chief Yoshisada in the final battle.  Kusunoki Masashige tried to bring Ashikaga Takauji back to the emperor's side, but the emperor rejected this plan.

## Legacy

Kusunoki's life and death are an important part of the historical narrative which is recorded in the _Taiheiki_.

## Related pages

- Otoya Yamaguchi
Antoine de Saint-Exupéry

**Antoine Marie Jean-Baptiste Roger, comte de Saint-Exupéry**, simply known as **de Saint-Exupéry** (, , ; 29 June 1900 – 31 July 1944), was a French writer and pilot. He wrote many stories that became famous, including _The Little Prince_ (original: Le petit prince, 1943), _Night Flight_ (original: Vol de nuit, 1931), and _Wind, Sand and Stars_ (original: Terre des hommes, Land of People, 1939). Saint-Exupéry did not return from a reconnaissance flight near Marseille, in 1944.

A fisherman found Saint Exupery's silver bracelet near Marseille, in 1998. Two years later, the motor of the plane was found nearby.

## Infobox (writer)

- **image**: Antoine de Saint-Exupéry.jpg
- **birth name**: Antoine de Saint Exupéry
- **birth place**: Lyon, France
- **death place**: Offshore, south of Marseille, France
- **occupation**: Aviator, Writer
- **nationality**: French
- **period**: 1929–1948 (posthumous)
- **genre**: Autobiography, Belles-Lettres, Children's Literature
- **spouse**: Consuelo de Saint-Exupéry, Consuelo Gómez Carillo de Saint-Exupéry, (1931-death)
- **signature**: Antoine de Saint-Exupéry signature.svg
Grenada at the Olympics

**Grenada** was first at the **Olympic Games** in 1984.  They have been in each Summer Olympic Games since then.  Grenada won its first medal at the London 2012 Olympics. Kirani James set a new national record of 43.94 seconds to win gold in the Men's 400 meters.

The Grenada Olympic Committee was formed in 1984 and recognized in the same year.

Grenada has not been in any Winter Olympic Games.

## Related pages

- List of IOC country codes

## Other websites

- Grenada profile at London2012.com

## Infobox (country at games)

- **noc**: GRN
- **nocname**: Grenada Olympic Committee
- **games**: Olympics
- **gold**: 1
- **silver**: 1
- **bronze**: 0
Guatemala at the Olympics

**Guatemala** was first at the **Olympic Games** in 1952.

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Guatemala was GUT.  It is now GUA.

## History

Guatemala has been in every Summer Olympic Games since 1968.  The nation has been in the Winter Olympic Games only once, in 1988.

Guatemala won their first Olympic medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics. Erick Barrondo took second place in the men's 20 km walking race.

The National Olympic Committee for Guatemala was formed in 1947 and recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1947.

## Related pages

- List of IOC country codes

## Other websites

- Guatemala at Olympic.org
- Guatemala profile at London2012.com

## Infobox (country at games)

- **noc**: GUA
- **nocname**: Guatemalan Olympic Committee
- **games**: Olympics
- **website**:  
- **gold**: 0
- **silver**: 1
- **bronze**: 0
Guyana at the Olympics

**Guyana** has been in 14 Summer Olympic Games.

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Guyana is GUY.  In 1964, it was GUI for British Guiana.

## History

Athletes from this country have never been in the Winter Olympic Games. For the first 5 games the country's name was British Guiana.

Michael Anthony won a bronze medal at the 1980 Summer Olympics in boxing.

The Guyana Olympic Association was formed in 1935 and recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1948.

## Related pages

- List of IOC country codes

## Other websites

- Guyana profile at London2012.com

## Infobox (country at games)

- **noc**: GUY
- **nocname**: Guyana Olympic Association
- **games**: Olympics
- **gold**: 0
- **silver**: 0
- **bronze**: 1
Aru Valley

The **Aru Valley** is in the southern area of Jammu and Kashmir, India. At a distance of 12 km from Pahalgam, the valley is known for its scenic meadows, lakes and mountains. It is also the base camp for trekking to the Kolhoi Glacier and Tarsar Lake. The Overa-Aru Biosphere Reserve of around 511 Km² is also the home for several rare and endangered species.

Aru Valley enriches the glory of Jammu and Kashmir tourism by being the starting point of trekking expeditions to Kolahoi Glacier and Sonmarg. Apart from the trekkers, the village also caters to the skiing desires of tourists who love to visit the place during winters.

The location of the village among the grasslands, make this place a tourist delight. It is reachable by walking along a mountain path. The village also serves as the start point for trekking to Kolahoi glacier. Another long trek for the serious trekker is to Sonmarg, which can be covered in 3 days! Besides, the valley is also known to be a good site for camping.
Teenage Dream

***Teenage Dream*** is the third studio album by American pop singer Katy Perry. The album was released in the United States on August 24, 2010, and went straight to number one on the Billboard 200, selling 192,000 copies in its first week. There have been six singles released from _Teenage Dream_ and two from its re-release, all of which have achieved massive chart success. The album was nominated for Album of the Year and Best Pop Vocal Album at the 2010 Grammy Awards. "Teenage Dream" was nominated for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance. "California Gurls" was nominated for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals. In 2012 "Firework" was nominated for Record of the Year and Best Solo Pop Performance.

## Personnel

Adapted from the _Teenage Dream_ liner notes.

- Ammo – drums, keyboards, programming, producer (track 8)
- Benny Blanco – drums, keyboards, programming, producer (tracks 1, 3)
- Dr. Luke – drums (1-3, 7-8), keyboards (1-3, 7-8), programming (1-3, 7-8), producer (1-3, 7, 8), executive producer
- Mikkel S. Eriksen – recording engineer (4), producer (5), instrumentation (4-5)
- Nicolas Essig – assistant engineer
- Fabien Waltmann – synthesizer, music programming (track 10)
- Josh Freese – drums (tracks 6, 11)
- Charles Malone – guitar (track 6), assistant engineer
- Max Martin – drums (1-3, 7-8), keyboards (1-3, 7-8), programming (1-3, 7-8), producer (1-3, 7-8), executive producer
- Julio Miranda – guitar (track 6)
- Monte Neuble – keyboards (tracks 9, 11)
- Tucker Bodine – assistant engineer
- Randy Urbanski – engineer
- Luis Navarro – assistant engineer
- Nick Chahwala – other sounds, guitar (track 6)
- Chris "Tek" O'Ryan – recording engineer (tracks 6, 9, 11), guitar engineer
- Brent Paschke – guitar (tracks 9, 11)
- L. Leon Pendarvis – arranger (track 7), conductor
- Katy Perry – vocals (All tracks), piano, guitar, songwriter, producer, executive producer
- Lenny Pickett – saxophone (track 2)
- Serban Ghenea – mixing (1-3, 5, 7-8, 10-12)
- John Hanes – mix engineer (1-3, 5, 7-8, 10-12)
- Daniel Silvestri – bass guitar, guitar (track 6)
- Snoop Dogg – vocals (track 3)
- Stargate  – producer
- Tricky Stewart – keyboards (9, 11), producer, drum programming (6, 9, 11)
- Greg Wells – synthesizer (track 10), piano (10, 12), drums (10, 12), programming (10, 12), producer (10, 12)
- Will Cotton – photography

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Teenage Dream
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: Katy Perry
- **cover**: Teenage dream logo 2010.png
- **released**: August 24, 2010
- **recorded**: 2009
- **genre**: Pop music, Pop
- **label**: Capitol
- **prev title**: One of the Boys
- **prev year**: 2008
- **next title**: Teenage Dream: The Complete Confection
- **next year**: 2012
Haiti at the Olympics

**Haiti at the Olympics** is a history which began at the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris.

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Haiti is HAI.

## History

The Haitian shooting team placed third in 1924.  At the 1928 Summer Olympics Silvio Cator won a silver medal in men's long jump. While Haiti has been in several Olympic games since 1928, no other medals have been won. Haiti has been in the Winter Olympics since Beijing 2022.

## Related pages

- List of IOC country codes

## Other websites

- Haiti profile at London2012.com

## Infobox (country at games)

- **noc**: HAI
- **nocname**: Comité Olympique Haïtien
- **games**: Olympics
- **gold**: 0
- **silver**: 1
- **bronze**: 1
Honduras at the Olympics

**Honduras at the Olympics** is a history which began in 1968.

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Honduras is HON.

## History

Honduras has been in nine Summer Olympic Games. They were at the Winter Olympic Games in 1992.  They have never won a medal.

The Comité Olímpico Hondureño was formed in 1956 and recognized by the IOC the same year.

## Olympic table Summer

|rowspan=2|Games|rowspan=2|Athletes|colspan=5|Athletes by sport|colspan=3|Medals|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Mexico City|1|1|-|-|-|-|0|0|0|
|align=left|Munich 1972|colspan=11|_did not compete_|||||||
|Montreal 1976|3|3|-|-|-|-|0|0|0|
|align=left|Moscow 1980|colspan=11|_did not compete_|||||||
|Los Angeles 1984|8|3|5|-|-|-|0|0|0|
|Seoul 1988|8|3|3|2|-|-|0|0|0|
|Barcelona 1992|10|4|4|-|1|1|0|0|0|
|Atlanta 1996|4|1|1|2|-|-|0|0|0|
|Sydney 2000|3|1|2|-|-|-|0|0|0|
|Athens 2004|3|1|2|-|-|-|0|0|0|
|Bejiing 2008|4|2|2|-|-|-|0|0|0|

## Related pages

- List of IOC country codes

## Other websites

- Honduras profile at London2012.com
- Honduras at SportsReference.com

## Infobox (country at games)

- **noc**: HON
- **nocname**: Comité Olímpico Hondureño
- **games**: Olympics
- **website**:  
- **gold**: 0
- **silver**: 0
- **bronze**: 0
Pocket Cube

The **Pocket Cube** is a 2x2 version of a Rubik's Cube. It contains just 8 corners.

## Records

The record for one Pocket Cube solve is 0.43 seconds by Teodor Zajder at the Warsaw Cube Masters 2023 (in Poland) The record was set in 2x2x2 single category.

Zayn Khanani holds the record for the average of 5, which is 0.92 seconds, set at New Cumberland County 2024.

## Other types

There is a Pocket Cube with only pink and green, called the Junior cube. On one side there is a monkey face on it.

The Eastsheen company also has Pocket Cube, but it is much larger. Each side is about 5 centimeters big.

A Rubik's Ice Cube has translucent (partly see-through) stickers.  The plastic is light blue.

Verdes Innovations has a Pocket Cube called the V-Cube 2. There is a V-Cube 2b. It has a pillow shape to it.

Dayan has made a Pocket Cube called the Dayan 2x2. People think that this cube is very similar to the Dayan Zhanchi 3x3.

MoYu made the MoYu LingPo which is a very fast Pocket Cube.

Fangshi/Funs and Shengshou have also made Pocket Cubes.

There are many companies that make pocket cubes.

## Methods for Solving

There is the beginner's method, but there are advanced methods like The EG Method, where you solve a side and finish the rest with one algorithm

## Related pages

- Rubik's Cube
- Rubik's Revenge
- Professor's Cube

## Other websites

- How to solve a 2x2 Rubik's Cube
Netherlands Antilles at the Olympics

**Netherlands Antilles at the Olympics** is a history which began in 1931.

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for the region of the Netherlands Antilles was NAN. It is now AHO.

## History

Athletes from the Netherlands Antilles have been in most Summer Olympic Games since then.  The nation supported the Netherlands' boycott of the 1956 Games and the American-led boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics.  The Netherlands Antilles has been in the Winter Olympic Games two times.

The National Olympic Committee for the Netherlands Antilles was formed in 1931 and recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1950.

At the 2012 Summer Olympics, three athletes from the region of the Netherlands Antilles competed under the flag of the IOC.

## List of medalists

As of 2008, Jan Boersma is the only Netherlands Antillean athlete to win an Olympic medal, a silver medal in sailing.

Churandy Martina finished second, behind Usain Bolt but was disqualified after an American led protest that Martina ran out of his lane during the race.

|style="width:6em"|Medal|style="width:8em"|Name|style="width:8em"|Games|style="width:6em"|Sport|style="width:10em"|Event|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||Jan Boersma|1988 Seoul|Sailing|Men's sailboard||||||

## Dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles

The Netherlands Antilles Olympic Committee has continued to exist as the umbrella body for sports on the five islands after the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles. The five islands will continue to be in the Olympic Games under the  "Netherlands Antilles" name, but as a region in the Caribbean rather than a political entity. The International Olympic Committee (IOC) approved this in June 2007.

## Related pages

- List of IOC country codes

## Other websites

- Netherlands Antilles at BBC

## Infobox (country at games)

- **noc**: AHO
- **nocname**: Nederlands Antilliaans Olympisch Comité
- **games**: Olympics
- **flagcaption**: Flag of the Netherlands Antilles
- **website**:  
- **gold**: 0
- **silver**: 1
- **bronze**: 0
- **seealso**: (2012)
 (2016–)
 (2016–)
Nicaragua at the Olympics

**Nicaragua in the Olympics** is a history which includes 11 games in 10 countries and 90+ athletes. Since 1959, Nicaragua has contributed to the growth of the "Olympic Movement".

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Nicaragua was NCG. It is now is NCA.

## History

The National Olympic Committee for Nicaragua (_Comité Olímpico Nicaragüense_) was formed in 1959; and it was recognized by the International Olympic Committee the same year.

Nicaragua was first at the Olympic Games in 1968.

Teams from Nicaragua have been in every Summer Olympic Games since 1968, except when they boycotted the 1988 Games in support of North Korea.  The nation has never been in the Winter Olympic Games.

As of 2012, Nicaragua has never won an Olympic medal.

The baseball team finished in fourth place at the 1996 Summer Olympics.

## Olympic table Summer

|rowspan=2|Games|rowspan=2|Athletes|colspan=5|Athletes by sport|colspan=3|Medals||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Mexico City|1|1|-|-|-|-|-|0|0|0|
|Munich 1972|2|1|-|-|1|-|-|0|0|0|
|Montreal 1976|1|1|-|-|-|-|-|0|0|0|
|Moscow 1980|4|1|-|1|2|-|-|0|0|0|
|Los Angeles 1984|1|1|-|-|-|-|-|0|0|0|
|Barcelona 1992|6|1|-|-|2|1|2|0|0|0|
|Atlanta 1996|25|2|-|21|1|1|-|0|0|0|
|Sydney 2000|5|1|-|2|-|1|1|0|0|0|
|Athens 2004|5|2|-|2|-|1|-|0|0|0|
|Bejiing 2008|5|2|-|1|-|1|1|0|0|0|

## Related pages

- List of IOC country codes

## Other websites

- Nicaragua profile at London2012.com

## Infobox (country at games)

- **noc**: NCA
- **nocname**: Comité Olímpico Nicaragüense
- **games**: Olympics
- **gold**: 0
- **silver**: 0
- **bronze**: 0
Panama at the Olympics

**Panama at the Olympics** is a history which includes 16 games in 14 countries and 70+ athletes. Since 1928, Panama has contributed to the growth of the "Olympic Movement".

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Panama is PAN.

## History

A team from Panama was first at the 1928 Summer Olympics.  They have been in 12 Summer Olympic Games, but none of the Winter Olympic Games.

## List of medalists

|style="width:6em"|Medal|style="width:10em"|Name|style="width:10em"|Games|style="width:7em"|Sport|style="width:12em"|Event|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|||1948 London|Athletics|Men's 100m||||||
|||1948 London|Athletics|Men's 200m||||||
|||2008 Beijing|Athletics|Men's long jump||||||

### Olympic Medal Table

|rowspan=2|Games|colspan=7|Athletes by sport|colspan=3|Medals||||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Amsterdam 1928|1|-|-|-|-|-|-|0|0|0|
|align=left|Los Angeles 1932|colspan=11|_did not compete_||||||||
|align=left|Berlin 1936|colspan=11|_did not compete_||||||||
|London 1948|1|-|-|-|-|-|-|0|0|2|
|Helsinki 1952|1|-|-|-|-|-|-|0|0|0|
|align=left|Melbourne 1956|colspan=11|_did not compete_||||||||
|Rome 1960|1|-|-|-|-|-|-|0|0|0|
|Tokyo 1964|1|-|-|-|-|-|-|0|0|0|
|Mexico City|-|2|12|2|-|-|-|0|0|0|
|Munich 1972|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|0|0|0|
|Montreal 1976|1|2|-|2|-|1|3|0|0|0|
|align=left|Moscow 1980|colspan=11|_did not compete_||||||||
|Los Angeles 1984|2|2|-|2|-|-|1|0|0|0|
|Seoul 1988|-|-|-|-|-|-|1|0|0|0|
|Barcelona 1992|1|-|-|-|-|-|1|0|0|0|
|Atlanta 1996|1|-|-|-|-|-|2|0|0|0|
|Sydney 2000|1|1|-|-|-|-|2|0|0|0|
|Athens 2004|2|-|-|-|-|-|2|0|0|0|
|Bejiing 2008|2|-|-|-|-|-|2|1|0|0|

## Related pages

- List of IOC country codes

## Other websites

- Panama profile at London2012.com

## Infobox (country at games)

- **noc**: PAN
- **nocname**: Comité Olímpico de Panamá
- **games**: Olympics
- **website**:  
- **gold**: 1
- **silver**: 0
- **bronze**: 2
Paraguay at the Olympics

**Paraguay at the Olympics** is a history which includes 11 games in 10 countries and 90+ athletes.    Since 1970, the Paraguay has contributed to the growth of the "Olympic Movement".

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Paraguay is PAR.

## History

The Paraguay National Olympic Committee was formed in 1970.  It was recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1970.

Paraguay's team first competed at the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City.

Paraguay athletes have been in every Summer Olympic Games since 1968, except the boycotted 1980 Summer Olympics.  They have never been in the Winter Olympic Games.

The nation has only ever won one medal, the silver medal in the men's football in Athens.

### Summer

|style="width:6em"|Medal|style="width:12em"|Name|style="width:10em"|Games|style="width:10em"|Sport|style="width:10em"|Event|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||Football team|2004 Athens|Football|Men's competition||||||

## Related pages

- List of IOC country codes

## Other websites

- http://cid.csd.gob.es/es/directorio/comites-olimpicos-de-iberoamerica/119-comites-olimpicos-de-iberoamerica/61-comite-olimpico-paraguayo
- Paraguay profile at London2012.com

## Infobox (country at games)

- **noc**: PAR
- **nocname**: Comité Olímpico Paraguayo
- **games**: Olympics
- **website**:  
- **gold**: 0
- **silver**: 1
- **bronze**: 0
Afsharid dynasty

The **Guarded Domains of Iran**, commonly referred to as **Afsharid Iran** or the **Afsharid Empire**, was an Iranian dynasty that originated from the Turkmen Afshar tribe.
The founder of the dynasty, Nader Shah, was an Iranian ruler and conqueror of Turkmen origin.

## Other websites

- Encyclopædia Iranica

## Infobox (country)

- **conventional long name**: Afsharid dynasty
- **year start**: 1736
- **year end**: 1796
- **p1**: Safavid dynasty
- **s1**: Zand dynasty
- **flag p1**: Safavid Flag.svg
- **flag s1**: Zand Dynasty flag.svg
- **flag s2**: State flag of Persia (1907–1933).svg
- **s2**: Qajar dynasty
- **image flag**: Afsharid Imperial Standard (3 Stripes).svg
- **flag border**: no
- **flag caption**: Flag of Afsharid Iran
(1736–1796)
- **image coat**: Emblem of the Afsharid dynasty.svg
- **symbol type**: Imperial Coat of Arms
- **image map**: File:Afsharid dynasty (greatest extent).svg
- **image map caption**: The Afsharids at its greatest extent under Nader Shah
- **capital**: Mashhad
- **religion**: Islam
- **government type**: Absolute monarchy
- **title leader**: Shahanshah
- **leader1**: Nader Shah
- **year leader1**: 1736–1747
- **leader2**: Adil Shah
- **year leader2**: 1747–1748
- **leader3**: Ebrahim Afshar
- **year leader3**: 1748
- **leader4**: Shahrokh Afshar
- **year leader4**: 1748–1796
Digital Living Network Alliance

The **Digital Living Network Alliance** is a trade-association, which was established by Sony in 2003. As of 2011, over 250 companies are part of this organization. The idea of the association is to develop standards and technologies that make it possible that several devices at home interact, so that the consumer has a better feeling. An example might be a television, that can be used to play a film on a computer, or to show photos stored on a mobile phone.
Polymerase chain reaction

**Polymerase chain reaction** (**PCR)** is a way to make many copies of a sequence of DNA (this is sometimes called 'amplifying' the DNA). It is done in a lab, using an enzyme called DNA polymerase. It is called chain reaction because the result of one cycle is used immediately for the next cycle. This allows exponential growth to happen.

PCR has many uses in a biological or biochemical setting. Because DNA is unique for every living thing, experimenters can often extract only small amounts of the DNA they are interested in from a specimen. These amounts are usually too little to be useful, and so a scientist will use PCR to make enough copies to start experimenting with. For this reason, it is one of the most common techniques used in genetics labs around the world, making it useful in experiments on many things, including gene therapy, infectious diseases, and even forensics.

This process was developed in 1983 by Kary Mullis. He was not the first person to develop the PCR process, but he was the first  to make the process usable. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry  for his work in the PCR process. It was a joint award, the other scientist being Michael Smith, who worked on a related project.

## PCR procedure

The method consists of repeated heating and cooling, causing "melting" (separation of the two strands) and replication of the original DNA, also called a template. Short DNA fragments consisting of DNA sequences complementary to the ends of the template, called primers, and a DNA polymerase are key materials for selective and repetitive steps.

The technique proceeds in three steps:

1. **denaturation** — The template strands that are bound together cannot be replicated, so the first step of PCR is to separate them by heating up the sample, breaking the hydrogen bonds between them.
1. **annealing** — The sample is cooled just enough to allow the primers to bind to the ends of each of the two template strands
1. **extension** — DNA polymerase attaches to the primers and makes a copy of each template strand.

After the first cycle, there are 4 DNA strands. The process repeats with the 4 DNA strands, which will go on to make 8 strands, then repeat itself again to make 16 strands. In this way, PCR doubles the amount of DNA in a sample after each cycle, making it possible to obtain millions of copies of a DNA strand overnight.
Presidio of Ahu

**Presidio of Ahú** was a prison in the city of Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.

It was the first prison in Curitiba, opened in 1905
. Closed in 2006, now is the site of recordings for film and television, such as:
- Estomago;
- 400 contra 1;
- O Astro (2011): soap opera produced by Rede Globo de Televisão.
Apocrita

**Apocrita** is a suborder of insects in the order Hymenoptera, the other being the Symphyta.

Included in the Apocrita are the ants, bees, wasps, braconids, ichneumons, chalcids, nearly all parasitic hymenopterans, and a few other forms. The suborder includes the most highly evolved members of the order. There are well over a hundred thousand species distributed worldwide.
Marika Lagercrantz

**Marika Lagercrantz** (1954) is a Swedish actress. she has appeared in a number of movies including _The Girl With The Dragon Tattoo_ (2009), Gossip (2000), _I Wonder Who's Kissing You Now_ (1999) and _Dreaming of Rita_ (1993).