juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Community college

**Community college** is a type of public education institution. It provides two-year college education at reasonable tuition fees. Different forms of community colleges exist in the U.S., the U.K., Australia, the Philippines and etc.

## Students

Students enter community colleges to pursue their academics or receive a better job training. After graduating from a community college, some choose to transfer to a four-year university.

## History

First college in India started in 1981. First community college in the U.S. is Joliet Junior College in Illinois, which was founded in 1901. The number of community colleges has grown continuously. Currently, there are 1,166 community colleges in the U.S.

## Drama

Community (TV series) is American TV series about community college students’ life.

## Other websites

- American Association of Community Colleges
- Pros and Cons of Free College
- Community(TV series)
Singapore Flyer

The **Singapore Flyer** is the tallest ferris wheel in the world. It is next to The Float@Marina Bay. It was officially opened on April 15, 2008.

## Other websites

- Official website
Drunken Tiger

**Drunken Tiger** (**DT**) () is a South Korean hip hop group which issued their first album in 1999. The original members of the group were Tiger JK and DJ Shine; however, DJ Shine left in 2005 after recording five albums. When DT has performances, Tiger JK takes two other rappers: Bizzy and Paloalto. Tiger JK's wife, **Yoon Mirae(T)**, who is also a singer and rapper, often performs with DT.

Originally the name of "Drunken Tiger" was the name of a hip hop clan. Tiger JK made his debut in 1992 at Los Angeles hiphop festival. After his debut, many hiphop fellows joined the DT clan and he made a debut in Korea in 1998. The first team members were **Micki Eyez** and **Sucram**. When Tiger JK and DJ Shine joined together, they used the team name of Drunken Tiger. DT's first album was _Year of The Tiger_, and the debut songs are "Do you know hip hop (Return of Tiger)" and "I want you (Sweet Talk)".

When DJ Shine left DT it caused a great concern in the Korean hip hop community. It is not known why DJ Shine quit DT. Tiger JK is the only member of DT, and he continues using the name of DT. His Tiger Clan members co-work with him, so Tiger JK made three more albums with his clan members.

Drunken Tiger has encouraged the hip hop culture in Korea by DT. Many hiphop teams are in **Movement** crew. Dynamic Duo, Epik High, LeeSsang and others, are the crew members of Movement. DT issued the most albums in Korea and got awards from Golden Disk, MAMA, MKMF and Korean Public Music Awards.

## Members

- Tiger JK (Seo, Jungkwon)

### Albums

- _Year of The Tiger_ (Feb. 1999)
- _The Great Rebirth_ (Apr. 2000)
- _The Legend Of..._ (Mar. 2001)
- _Foundation_ (Feb. 2003)
- _One is not a lonely word_ (Aug. 2004)
- _1945 the Liberation_ (Aug. 2005)
- _Sky Is The Limit_ (Sep. 2007)
- _Feel gHood Muzik : The 8th Wonder_ (Jun. 2009)

### Famous songs

- "Do you know hiphop?"
- "I want you"
- "Good Life"
- "Monster"

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Drunken Tiger
- **alias**: DT
- **origin**: South Korea/United States
- **genre**: Hip hop
- **years active**: 1999–2018
- **label**: Jungle Entertainment
- **associated acts**: Roscoe Umali, Mickie Eyez, DJ JHIG
- **past members**: * Tiger JK
* DJ Shine
- **website**:
Nate

**Nate** is a South Korean web portal. It was created by SK communications. It joined with NETSGO and then with Lycos Korea in 2002. In 2003, Nate took over the onlinecommunity service Cyworld. In 2009, Nate combined with Empas and became one of the most famous Korean web portals.

By 2006 users Nate had 19 million users. This dropped to 18 million by 2008. In 2009, it had 7 million users from China and 450,000 from Vietnam.

## NateOn

NateOn is a quick messenger provided by Nate. It topped MSN Messenger in 2005.

NateOn is South Korean’ most used messenger. It is most popular for its direct connection with Cyworld and simple to use free text service. It provides versions for Windows as well as beta versions for Mac OS 10 and Linux.
NateOn has 22 million users.

NateOn also allows users to talk to each other using NateOn Phone.

## Infobox (website)

- **name**: Nate
- **commercial**: Yes
- **type**: Web portal, web search engine
- **language**: Korean language, Korean
- **owner**: SK Communications
Entrepôt

An ***entrepôt*** is a trading post where merchandise can be imported and exported without paying a tariff. This is often at a profit. Sometimes it is more convenient to sell to an entrepôt than to travel long distances along a trade route. The entrepôt sells the goods at a higher price to others travelling the rest of the route. In modern times customs areas have largely made such entrepôts obsolete.

This type of port should not be confused with the modern French use of the word _entrepôt_ meaning warehouse.

## History

Entrepôts date back to the middle ages. The Vikings established trade routes with entrepôts at Dublin, Wexford and Waterford. An example of a Colonial American entrepôt was in Rhode Island between 1690 and 1765.
British Malaya

**British Malaya** was an area around the Malay Peninsula and Singapore Strait that was colonized by the British. It was the world's largest maker of tin and rubber. There were three parts to the British Malaya; Straits Settlements, Federated Malay States, and the Unfederated Malay States. It was replaced with the Federation of Malaya in 1947 and given independence in 1957. It was formed into Malaysia in 1963.

The British started trade in this area around 1800. It became more of a British colony by the later 1800s. Malaya was an important source of rubber and other plant products. The Empire of Japan invaded and conquered Malaya and Singapore in December 1941. Malaya remained under Japanese control for the rest of World War II, with Occupied Singapore as the capital.
Foreign direct investment

**Foreign direct investment** is the participation of one country's resources in another country's business. Many times people and technology are transferred between the two countries. Most foreign direct investment happens between the most developed countries; Western Europe, the US, and Japan. A foreign direct investor (someone who makes a foreign direct investment) can be a government body, a company, or an individual. China has much foreign direct investment in it from other countries. India was the second most. The United States is also a leader in foreign direct investment.
Lie Sang Bong

**Lie Sang Bong** is a Korean fashion designer. His designs have been worn by Beyoncé, Rihanna, Lady Gaga, and Lindsay Lohan.

## Early life

Lie graduated from the Seoul Institute of the Arts, majoring in broadcasting and entertainment. He began as an actor, but made his debut as a fashion designer in 1983 when he won a prize in the Central Design Contest.

## Career

In 1993 he presented his first collection, ‘The Reincarnation’, in Seoul Fashion Week. In 1999, he was nominated as ‘Best Designer of the Year’ by the mayor of Seoul because of his creativity and commercial growth. In 2002, he made his debut in Paris and successfully launched his first title, ‘The Lost Memoir’. He now works between Paris and Seoul, and his works are greatly appreciated in Europe, U.S.A and Russia.

Lie's designs are inspired from the imperial love affair of Napoleon and Josephine, Korean poetry and calligraphy, Cubism, Bauhaus design, and 1930s film noir heroines. His designs realize both aesthetic beauty and practical aspect as he pursues combination of real life and culture. His works show the beauty of women’s silhouette. They are naturally wearable and comfortable. His mix of French and Oriental ideas, creates a new and unique design based on the beauty of nature and sophisticated visual characteristic. He uses bold colours, red and violet, which give energy and freshness to his designs.

In 2006 he worked with LG to design the LG Shine Phone Lie Sang-bong Limited Edition. This phone was designed with Korean Calligraphy, Hangeul. In 2007, KT&G, the Korean tobacco firm, had him design a limited edition tobacco case, ‘Esse’ also designed with Hangeu]. Samsung also collaborated with him and exhibited Lie Sang-bong PC. In 2010, he designed custom of Kim Yuna, the World Figure Skating champion, for the ‘Festa on Ice 2010’. His appearance in _Muhandojeon_ in 2006 contributed to his popularity. _Muhandojeon_, which means unlimited challenge in Korean, is one of the most famous TV programs in Korea. In the program, he designed customs for the 6 entertainers and successfully made them participate in his fashion show. After his appearance in the TV program, he has been known as a Hangeul designer because all of the show was based on showing the beauty of Hangeul.

In 2013 he appeared on the KBS sports-oriented variety show _Cool Kiz on the Block_ for a ping pong project where he revealed his ping pong skills. He first appeared in the 88 Seoul Olympics 25th Anniversary Special, and then joined the team for a ping pong battle in Saipan.

He is known as the "Korean Alexander McQueen" in many famous fashion magazines in the world such as Le Figaro, Telegraph, the New York Times, Vogue, Vanity Fair, Oyster, Standard and W Magazine. His art work has been shown in exhibitions in museums and fashion shows.

## Other website

- Lie Sang Bong website
Arsène Lupin

**Arsène Lupin** is a French fictional character who appears in a book series of crime fiction novels written by French writer Maurice Leblanc, as well as a number of sequels and movie, television, stage play and comic book adaptations.

He made his debut in July 1905 in his first series, _L'Arrestation d'Arsène Lupin_ (). The adventure of this bold thief earns a controversial reputation — the rage or fury of police officers who keep missing him on the scene of robbery, and even in the jail, and the admiration from citizens who love to check up on the newspapers to see if there's any article about his great robberies. Lupin is portrayed as patriotic, romantic, audacious, self-respecting, and respectful to women.

## Backstory

Lupin was born in 1874. His father was a gymnastics teacher and taught him boxing and fencing which later became Lupin's attacking specialties. He was raised by a nanny Victoire, and their relationship lasted until the end of the series. His parents got divorced, and his mother started working for a relative who is fairly arrogant. In the house of the relative, Lupin robs a necklace as revenge. Until eighteen, he had been learning law, medicine, acting, and martial arts. His journey as a thief starts at age eighteen.

In addition to his real name, he likes using several fake names, such as Sernine and Perenna. They have different jobs, which vary from famous traveller to retired general. He sometimes disguises himself as a detective, and solves lots of mysterious incidents, and becomes famous. He usually buys a kind of identification card from an unknown and recently dead man, and uses his name.

The ending of his life is not clear, because the author, Maurice Leblanc, was dead in 1941 before completing _Le Dernier Amour d'Arsène Lupin_ (), the 21st volume of the series. Leblanc was presented the French Legion of Honour award for inspiring the patriotism and pride of French people by his Lupin series. He bought a house in Etretat and named it _Le Clos Lupin_ (the vacation of lupin), which is still famous as a tourist attraction.

## Other websites

- _The Extraordinary Adventures of Arsène Lupin, Gentleman-Burglar_ Public Domain Audio Book
- Arsène Lupin at _Cool French Comics_
- Free Arsène Lupin eBooks by Project Gutenberg
- Arsène Lupin timeline by A.-F. Ruaud (English version)
Marc Chorney

**Marcus P. Chorney** (born November 8, 1959 in Fort William (now Thunder Bay), Ontario) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey defenceman.

## Playing career

Chorney played four seasons of college hockey at the University of North Dakota. He was named to the NCAA All-Tournament team in 1980, and two first All Star teams in 1981. He began his playing career with the Pittsburgh Penguins who drafted him in the 6th round of the 1979 NHL Entry Draft. Chorney was traded to the Los Angeles Kings for a  6th round choice (Stuart Marston) in the 1985 NHL Entry Draft. After spending a season with the Kings, he was signed by the Washington Capitals but failed to earn a spot on the roster.

## Achievements & Awards

- WCHA Second All-Star Team (1980)
- NCAA Championship All-Tournament Team (1980)
- WCHA First All-Star Team (1981)
- NCAA West First All-American Team (1981)

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **position**: Defenceman (ice hockey), Defence
- **shoots**: Left
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 0
- **weight lb**: 200
- **played for**: Pittsburgh Penguins
Los Angeles Kings
- **league**: National Hockey League, NHL
- **birth place**: Fort William, Ontario, Fort William, Ontario, ON, Canada, CAN
- **career start**: 1980
- **career end**: 1985
- **draft**: 115th overall
- **draft year**: 1979
- **draft team**: Pittsburgh Penguins
K1A1 tank

The **K1A1** is a remodeled and upgraded version of K1, the main battle tank of the South Korean army. It looks similar to the K1 tank. The first test model, made by Hyundai, was shown to the public on April 3, 1996. It went through performance tests for two years from 1999 to 2001. Production began on October 13, 2001. It is planned to produce 484 of them by 2010. The K2 Black Panther is planned to replace it after that.

The reason for the upgrade was to increase the fire power of the K1. The main 105mm gun was replaced with the M256 120mm gun. The M256 122mm has 1.5 times the range and 1.7 times stronger fire power than the older gun. It also changed its armor, called Korean Special Armor Plate (KSAP), which greatly improved its side shield.

The K1A1 weighs about 53.2 tons and can seat four people. Besides the main gun, there are two kinds of machine guns, 12.7mm K6 and two 7.62mm M60s as secondary arms. Guns and a turret are able to move independently of the main body. This improves its accuracy rate.

The K1A1 is designed for Korea’s mountainous land. It provides a smoother ride as well as higher speed driving on a sloping hill, compared to the K1. The maximum speed is around 65km/h on the level ground, 40km/h on the mountains. Its fire control system involves KCPS (Korea Commander’s Panoramic Sight), KGPS (Korean Gunners Primary Sight), digital ballistic calculator, and some minor factors. The notable fact is that the development of this system was mostly done by Korean technology.
Art Child

**Arthur John Child** (September 15, 1915 – June 30, 1996) was a British goaltender who played professional ice hockey in the United Kingdom. He was the backup goaltender for the GB national ice hockey team which won gold at the  1936 Winter Olympics (see Ice hockey at the 1936 Winter Olympics). Child himself did not take to the ice during the tournament and was not awarded a gold medal. He is a member of the British Ice Hockey Hall of Fame.

## References

British Ice Hockey Hall of Fame entry

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **embed**: yes
- **position**: Goaltender
- **played for**: Wembley Lions
Earls Court Rangers
Wembley Monarchs
- **ntl team**: GBR
- **career start**: 1935
- **career end**: 1940


## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Arthur Child
- **office**: Member of Provincial Parliament (Ontario), Ontario MPP
- **term start**: 1951
- **term end**: 1959
- **predecessor**: Joseph Lees Easton
- **successor**: Raymond Clare Edwards
- **constituency**: Wentworth (provincial electoral district), Wentworth
- **party**: Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario, Progressive Conservative
- **birth place**: London, England
- **death place**: Dundas, Ontario, Canada
- **spouse**: Olga Hubert
- **children**: 1
- **occupation**: Hockey player
Freddie Dunkelman

**Frederick F. "Freddie" Dunkelman** (February 5, 1920 – July 23, 2010) was a British ice hockey player who competed at the 1948 Winter Olympics. In St. Moritz he was a member of the British team that placed fifth in the ice hockey tournament. He was born in East Ham, Greater London and was a member of the Harringay Greyhounds. In 1946 he founded Dunkelman & Son Ltd, now known as Dasco Shoe Care, in Battersea to manufacture and sell ice hockey sticks, but moved into the shoe trade in 1950 and to a new location in Desborough in 1969. He retired from the business after 61 years in 2007.
Heo Jeong

**Heo Jeong** (, April 8, 1896 – September 18, 1988) was a South Korean politician and independence activist. In 1948, he was the second Transportation Minister of South Korea. In 1950, he was Social Affairs Minister, in 1951 Prime Minister (Acting) of South Korea, and in 1952 Government Services Minister.

In 1957, he was the eighth Mayor of Seoul City until 1959. On April 19, 1960, he became Foreign Affairs Minister. On April 25, his ministries involved being Acting President of South Korea. In June 1960 he became the sixth Prime Minister of South Korea. His nickname was YooYang (우양).

## Related pages

- Rhee Syng-man
- Kim Kyu-Sik
- Yun Poson
- Chang Myon
Köpenick

**Köpenick** part of the German capital city of Berlin.  It is at the meeting place of two rivers, the Dahme and Spree.

It is known for the famous impostor Wilhelm Voigt, the _Captain of Köpenick_.

Köpenick was an independent town until 1920. It then became a borough of Berlin, with an area of , making it Berlin's largest borough. In 2001, the borough of Köpenick was merged with that of Treptow to create the current borough of Treptow-Köpenick.

### Overview

A lot of Köpenick's area is covered with forests and water, such as the Müggelsee lake.

The Spree connects Köpenick with the Müggelsee and the Berlin city centre. The Oder-Spree Canal links the Dahme, at nearby Schmöckwitz, with the Oder river, at Eisenhüttenstadt, thus providing a navigable connection between Köpenick and the Oder.

There are so many forests and parks in Köpenick is sometimes called the "green lungs" of Berlin. The Müggelberge hills in the south-east of Köpenick reach , making them the highest natural point of Berlin.

### Subdivision

Köpenick is divided into 8 zones:
- Altstadt
- Kietzer Vorstadt
- Dammvorstadt
- Köpenick-Nord
    - Siedlung Dammfeld
    - Elsengrund
    - Uhlenhorst
    - Wolfsgarten
- Amtsfeld-Kämmereiheide
    - Salvador-Allende-Viertel
- Köllnische Vorstadt
- Spindlersfeld
- Wendenschloß
    - Siedlung Kietzer Feld

## History

For many years Köpenick was an independent town. Its was first mentioned as a stronghold in 1209.  This means Köpenick is older than Berlin-Cölln, which was first mentioned in a 1237 deed. For the most part of Köpenick's history, the town was known as _Cöpenick_.

In 1631, during the Thirty Years' War, the emissaries of George William, Elector of Brandenburg went to Köpenick to meet the approaching army of Gustav Adolph, King of Sweden, to try to stop the  devastation of Brandenburg.

In 1906, a shoemaker called Wilhelm Voigt pretended to be a Prussian officer and took over the town hall of Köpenick. A play was made about the event, and later several films and television shows.

## Sport

The Stadion An der Alten Försterei is home of the 1. FC Union Berlin football club.

## Other websites

- Köpenick official site
- Köpenick page on www.berlin.de
Clotilde of France

**Marie Clotilde of France** (23 September 1759 – 7 March 1802) was Queen of Sardinia as wife of Charles Emmanuel IV. She was the sister of Louis XVI. On 10 April 1808, Pope Pius VII, declared Queen Clodile a Venerable the causes of her beatification and canonization continue.

## Life

Baptied as _Marie Adélaïde Clotilde Xavière_, she was born at Versailles and known as **Madame Clotilde**. She was a daughter of Louis, Dauphin of France, only son of Louis XV with the popular Queen Marie Leczinska, and Maria Josepha of Saxony. Because she was overweight, Marie Clotilde was nicknamed _Gros-Madame_. She was raised with her sister Élisabeth.

## Marriage

On 27 August 1775, Louis XVI had his sister Marie Clotilde married in Versailles to Charles Emmanuel, Prince of Piedmont, eldest son of Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia and of his wife Maria Antonia of Spain. Marie Clotilde had been taught Italian while at Versailles. In Savoy, jokes were made about her weight. Although the union was political, Marie Clotilde and Charles Emmanuel were devoted to each other. However they had no children.

In 1796, her husband became king. Marie Clotilde and her husband fled to Naples and lived as guests of the wealthy Colonna. Marie Clotilde died on 7 March 1802. Charles Emmanuel later abdicated on 4 June 1802 in favour of his younger brother, Victor Emmanuel. Marie Clotilde was buried in the Church of Santa Caterina a Chiaia in Naples.

### Titles and styles

- **23 September 1759 – 27 August 1775** _Her Royal Highness_ Madame Clotilde, _Grand daughter of France_.
- **27 August 1775 – 16 October 1796** _Her Royal Highness_ The Princess of Piedmont.
- **16 October 1796 – 7 March 1802** _Her Majesty_ The Queen.

## Infobox (royalty)

- **consort**: yes
- **name**:
Clotilde of France
- **succession**: Queen consort of Sardinia
- **reign**: 16 October 1796 – 7 March 1802
- **image**: Drouais - Clotilde of France - Versailles MV 3972.jpg
- **full name**: Marie Adélaïde Clotilde Xavière de France
- **house**: House of Bourbon, Bourbon
- **father**: Louis, Dauphin of France (1729–1765), Louis, Dauphin of France
- **mother**: Princess Maria Josepha of Saxony (1731–1767), Maria Josepha of Saxony
- **spouse**: Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia
- **birth place**: Palace of Versailles, France
- **death place**: Naples
- **date of burial**: 11 March 1802
- **signature**: Signature of Marie Clotilde de France, 1793.jpg
- **religion**: Roman Catholicism
- **place of burial**: Santa Caterina a Chiaia, Church of Santa Caterina a Chiaia


## Infobox (saint)

- **honorific prefix**: Venerable
- **name**: Clotilde of France
- **image**: Nocchi, after - Queen Clotilde at prayer.png
- **caption**: Queen Clotilde at prayer painted by Bernardino Nocchi, circa 1809
- **titles**: Queen of Sardinia and Laywoman
- **home town**: Versailles, Yvelines, Versailles, France
- **resting place**: Naples, Italy
- **venerated in**: Catholic Church
- **major shrine**: Santa Caterina a Chiaia, Church of Santa Caterina a Chiaia, Naples, Italy
- **feast day**: 7 March
- **attributes**: Crown
Rosary
Imperial attire
- **patronage**: France
Brooks Orpik

**Richard Brooks Orpik** (born September 26, 1980) is an American former professional ice hockey defenseman. He most recently played for the Washington Capitals where he was an alternate captain. He has also played for the Pittsburgh Penguins.

## Career

Before playing in the NHL, Orpik played 3 years of college hockey at Boston College with the Eagles.

He was drafted with the 18th overall pick by the Pittsburgh Penguins in the 2000 NHL Entry Draft. His made his NHL debut with the Penguins during the 2002–03 NHL season, playing in 6 games and recording no points. On July 2, 2008, the Penguins signed Orpik to a six-year, $22.5 million contract. On June 12, 2009, Orpik was able to win the Stanley Cup with the Penguins when they defeated the Detroit Red Wings in Game 7.

On July 1, 2014, Orpik was signed to a 5-year, $27.5 million contract by the Washington Capitals.

On June 25, 2019, Orpik announced his retirement from professional hockey following 15 NHL seasons.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **position**: Defenceman, Defense
- **shoots**: Left
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 3
- **weight lb**: 219
- **played for**: Pittsburgh Penguins
Washington Capitals
- **league**: National Hockey League, NHL
- **ntl team**: USA
- **birth place**: San Francisco, California, U.S.
- **career start**: 2001
- **career end**: 2019
- **draft**: 18th overall
- **draft year**: 2000
- **draft team**: Pittsburgh Penguins
- **image**: Brooks Orpik 2016-04-07 1.JPG
- **caption**: Orpik with the Washington Capitals in 2016
- **image size**: 230px
Theo Ratliff

**Theophilus Curtis Ratliff** (born April 17, 1973 in Demopolis, Alabama) is a retired American basketball player that played a total of 20 seasons in the NBA.

He went to University of Wyoming for college where he played basketball with the Cowboys. During his NBA career, Ratliff played for the Detroit Pistons, Philadelphia 76ers, Atlanta Hawks, Portland Trail Blazers, Boston Celtics, Minnesota Timberwolves, San Antonio Spurs, Charlotte Bobcats and the Los Angeles Lakers.

## Other websites

- Theo Ratliff at NBA.com

## Infobox (basketball biography)

- **name**: Theo Ratliff
- **image**: Theo Ratliff 2357269574.jpg
- **caption**: Ratliff with the Pistons in 2008
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 10
- **weight lb**: 235
- **nationality**: American
- **birth place**: Demopolis, Alabama
- **college**: Wyoming Cowboys basketball, Wyoming (1991–1995)
- **high school**: Demopolis (Demopolis, Alabama)
- **draft year**: 1995
- **draft round**: 1
- **draft pick**: 18
- **draft team**: Detroit Pistons
- **career position**: Center (basketball), Center / Power forward (basketball), Power forward
- **career number**: 42, 50
- **career start**: 1995
- **career end**: 2011
- **years1**: –
- **team1**: Detroit Pistons
- **years2**: –
- **team2**: Philadelphia 76ers
- **years3**: –
- **team3**: Atlanta Hawks
- **years4**: –
- **team4**: Portland Trail Blazers
- **team5**: Boston Celtics
- **team6**: Minnesota Timberwolves
- **team7**: Detroit Pistons
- **team8**: Philadelphia 76ers
- **team9**: San Antonio Spurs
- **team10**: Charlotte Bobcats
- **team11**: Los Angeles Lakers
- **highlights**: * NBA All-Star (2001 NBA All-Star Game, 2001)
* 2× NBA All-Defensive Second Team (, )
* 3× List of National Basketball Association annual blocks leaders, NBA blocks leader (2001, 2003, 2004)
* 2× First-team All-Western Athletic Conference, WAC (1994, 1995)
* List of NCAA Division I men's basketball season blocks leaders, NCAA blocks leader (1993)
- **stat1label**: Points
- **stat1value**: 5,809 (7.2 ppg)
- **stat2label**: Rebounds
- **stat2value**: 4,596 (5.7 rpg)
- **stat3label**: Assists
- **stat3value**: 465 (0.6 apg)
- **bbr**: ratlith01
- **letter**: r
X-ray crystallography

**X-ray crystallography** is a way to see the three-dimensional structure of a molecule. The electron cloud of an atom bends the X-rays slightly. This makes a "picture" of the molecule that can be seen on a screen. It can be used for both organic and inorganic molecules. The sample is not destroyed in the process.

Science writer Maggie Koerth (Maggie Koerth's page on regular Wikipedia) provides an analogy:

X-ray crystallography was jointly invented by Sir William Bragg (1862–1942) and his son Sir Lawrence Bragg (1890–1971). They won the Nobel Prize in Physics for 1915. Lawrence Bragg is the youngest to be made a Nobel Laureate. He was the Director of the Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge University, when the discovery of the structure of DNA was made by James D. Watson , Francis Crick , Maurice Wilkins, and Rosalind Franklin in February 1953.

The oldest method of X-ray crystallography is X-ray diffraction (XRD). X-rays are fired at a single crystal and the way they are scattered produces a pattern.  These patterns are used to work out the arrangement of atoms inside the crystal.

## X-ray analysis of crystals

Crystals are regular arrays of atoms, meaning that the atoms are repeated over and over in all three dimensions. X-rays are waves of electromagnetic radiation. When X-rays meet atoms, the electrons in the atoms cause the X-rays to scatter in all directions. Because the X-rays are emitted in all directions, an X-ray striking an electron produces secondary spherical waves emanating from the electron. The electron  is known as the _scatterer_. A regular array of scatterers (here the repeating pattern of atoms in the crystal) produces a regular array of spherical waves. Although these waves cancel one another out in most directions, they add up in a few specific directions, determined by **Bragg's law**:

Here _d_ is the spacing between diffracting planes,  is the incident angle, _n_ is any integer, and λ is the wavelength of the beam. These specific directions appear as spots on the diffraction pattern called _reflections_. Thus, X-ray diffraction results from an electromagnetic wave (the X-ray) hitting a regular array of scatterers (the repeating arrangement of atoms within the crystal).

## Related pages

- Crystallography
- Electron crystallography
- Spectroscopy
NMR spectroscopy

**NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) spectroscopy** is a type of spectroscopy that allows chemists to see the structure of a molecule. Certain atoms' nuclei have certain magnetic properties when placed in a strong magnetic field. Atoms like carbon, hydrogen, and fluorine can be detected in this way.

## How an NMR works

A chemical sample is prepared by placing a tiny amount of the sample in an NMR tube. It is dissolved in a special solvent like heavy water (see deuterium) or chloroform-d, then the tube is placed into the NMR machine. The machine is a large magnet, like an MRI. Some atoms in the sample will become excited when it is in the magnet, and when the sample is removed, the atoms will go back to a lower energy state. A computer connected to the NMR can detect this change in excitement and it will cause different peaks and bumps to appear on the NMR diagram. A chemist can print this diagram and study the various peaks.

Most NMR machines can only detect excitement from one type of atom. For example, an <sup>1</sup>H NMR can only "see" hydrogen atoms. A <sup>13</sup>C NMR can only see activity from carbon atoms.

## NMR Diagram

An NMR diagram displays an x-axis with units of parts per million, or "shift." Peaks that occur farther to the left in the diagram (these peaks are said to be shifted downfield) represent hydrogen atoms that are closer to electronegative atoms like oxygen or nitrogen, or connected to an aromatic (benzene) ring. Hydrogen atoms that are adjacent to other hydrogen atoms can split peaks as well. If there are n hydrogen atoms "next door" to a single one, that single one's peak will be split into n+1 peaks. For example, if a hydrogen atom is adjacent to three others, that hydrogen atom will be split into 4 smaller peaks, called a quartet. Hydrogen atoms that are part of O-H or N-H bonds won't be split, but they will appear on the diagram as a rounded lump, called a broad peak. By looking at all these factors in a diagram, a chemist can figure out what compounds are in their sample, and they can determine if the compound they have made is pure.
Mercury(I) sulfate

**Mercury(I) sulfate**, also known as **mercurous sulfate**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Hg<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>. It has mercury and sulfate ions in it. The mercury is in its +1 oxidation state.

## Properties

Mercury(I) sulfate is a whitish-yellow solid. It is not soluble in water. It does dissolve in dilute nitric acid.

## Preparation

It is made by dissolving a large amount of mercury in concentrated sulfuric acid. It can also be made by reacting mercury(I) nitrate with any sulfate or sulfuric acid.

## Related pages

- Mercury(II) sulfate
- Mercury(I) chloride
Italian Renaissance art

**Italian Renaissance art** is a style of painting and sculpture that began in the late 13th century (1200s) with the work of the painter Giotto and a sculptor Nicola Pisano. The Renaissance way of painting and sculpting did not become the usual style until about 100 years later. From 1400 to about 1600 many artists in Italy used and developed the style. Leonardo da Vinci is a very famous example of an artist in this style.

The city of Florence is a birthplace of the Renaissance and in particular, of Renaissance art.

Italian Renaissance painting can be divided into four periods:
- Proto-Renaissance, 1300–1400.
- Early Renaissance, 1400–1475.
- High Renaissance, 1475–1525.
- Mannerism, 1525–1600.

The Proto-Renaissance begins with the works of the painter Giotto and includes Taddeo Gaddi, Orcagna and Altichiero and the sculptor Nicola Pisano.
The Early Renaissance was the time of the painters Masaccio, Fra Angelico, Uccello, Piero della Francesca and Verrocchio, and the sculptors Ghiberti and Donatello.
The High Renaissance was the time of Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael and Titian as well as Michelangelo who was famous as a sculptor and as a painter.
The Mannerist period was the time of Andrea del Sarto, Pontormo and Tintoretto and the sculptors Giambologna and Cellini.

### The Medici

Cosimo de' Medici was intelligent, deeply religious, very rich, and wanted to be remembered as a man who did great things for Florence. He was a great patron of the arts and learning. He paid artists to make many beautiful paintings and sculptures. He collected many books, that were given to the Friary of St Mark so that a library could be made and many people could use them. After Cosimo, his sons Piero and Giovanni, and his grandsons Lorenzo and Giuliano continued to be patrons of the arts and of learning. They gathered a group of philosophers, poets and artists together in the "Medici Academy".

## Related pages

- Renaissance
- Renaissance architecture
- Mannerism
- List of Renaissance artists
- Giorgio Vasari
- Duecento
- Trecento
- Quattrocento
- Cinquecento
Cunard Line

**Cunard Line** is a shipping company that was founded in 1840 and runs cruise ships all over the world.

## History

Cunard was formed in 1840 by Samuel Cunard after he decided to start a company that would carry mail from England to the United States. England paid for the costs of this service, since the country wanted a more regular service than the sailing ships of the time could do.  Cunard started with four steam ships that made crossings of the Atlantic Ocean once a week.  The company became known for its record of good safety–while ships of other companies often sank, killing many people, these sorts of things rarely happened to Cunard.

By the early 1900s, though, Cunard was faced with many other ships from several countries also competing with it for passengers going across the Atlantic.  This caused the company to build three new ships, larger and faster than the ones before them.  They were named RMS _Mauretania_, RMS _Lusitania_ and RMS _Aquitania_.  Theses ships made Cunard back into a leading shipping line, even though _Lusitania_ was sunk during World War I by a German submarine, killing 1,200 people.

In 1934, another big Cunard ship, the RMS _Queen Mary_, began service. She was the largest ship ever built at that time. During World War II, _Queen Mary_ and another new ship like her, _Queen Elizabeth_, carried many soldiers to support England and the US.

By the 1960s, people preferred to cross the Atlantic by jet airplanes rather than by ships, so Cunard sold most of their ships, or made them cruise ships instead of ocean liners.  Cunard still decided to build one new ocean liner, though, RMS _Queen Elizabeth 2_. She started service in 1969 and became a very popular ship because she made both cruises and crossings of the Atlantic.

In 1998, Carnival Corporation bought Cunard.  Soon after, the company decided to build a new ocean liner that would make both cruises and Atlantic crossings like _Queen Elizabeth 2_, but would be bigger.  This ship entered service in 2004 and is named RMS _Queen Mary 2_.

## Fleet

Cunard operates three ships as of 2010, and has operated many more in the past.  The three that are in service are RMS _Queen Mary 2_, MS _Queen Victoria_, and MS _Queen Elizabeth_.

In 2017, Cunard announced a fourth ship would join its fleet. The new ship, named _Queen Anne_, was originally going to enter the fleet in 2022, but will now join in 2024 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

## Infobox (company)

- **company name**: Cunard Line
- **company type**: Subsidiary of Carnival Corporation & plc
- **foundation**: 1840, as the British and North American Royal Mail Steam Packet Company
- **logo**: Cunard logo in red Microgramma typeface.png
- **location**: Southampton, United Kingdom, and Santa Clarita, California, United States
- **area served**: Transatlantic, Mediterranean, Northern Europe, Caribbean and World Cruises.
- **parent**: Carnival Corporation & PLC
- **homepage**: [http://www.cunard.co.uk/ www.cunard.co.uk]
Emulsifier

An **emulsifier** is an additive which helps two liquids mix. For example, water and oil separate in a glass, but adding an emulsifier will help the liquids mix together. Some examples of emulsifiers are egg yolks and mustard. An emulsifier consists of a water-loving hydrophilic head and an oil-loving hydrophobic tail. The hydrophilic head is directed to the aqueous phase and the hydrophobic tail to the oil phase. The emulsifier positions itself at the oil/water or air/water interface and, by reducing the surface tension, has a stabilising effect on the emulsion.

## Operation

Emulsifiers belong to the surfactants, usually with a grease-loving (lipophilic) and a water-loving (hydrophilic) part, which can nest around boundary layers between aqueous and greasy parts. Grease and water repel each other, making an emulsion without emulsifier easily fall apart. An emulsifier prevents this rejection because it projects the water-loving side towards the water and the fat-loving side towards the fat. The extent to which the hydrophilic or lipophilic character dominates is represented by the HLB value of the surfactant (HLB = Hydrophilic-Lipophilic Balance). A high HLB value (10 to 18) indicates a hydrophilic substance suitable for emulsifying fats or oils in water. Substances with a low HLB (3 to 8) are lipophilic and suitable for water-in-oil emulsions.

Emulgators are used in cosmetics for example in creams and bath oils. A cream consists largely of an emulsion of fat in water or of water in fat, while a bath oil often contains an emulsifier to partially distribute the oil in the water. Without an emulsifier, the oil would float on the water. Examples of emulsifiers used in cosmetic products are glyceryl monostearate, Polysorbate 20, accasia, tragacanth agar, and pectin.

Emulsifiers are often used in food technology, for example to keep products moist or greasy (such as cakes and bread) or to mix fat-soluble substances with water, such as margarine.

An example of an emulsifier in food is lecithin. Lecithin is in egg yolk and is used for example in making mayonnaise. It ensures a good connection between fats and vinegar. In european food, various E-numbers are used in the series from E400 to E499.
N Seoul Tower

The **N Seoul Tower** (), officially the **YTN Seoul Tower** and commonly known as **Namsan Tower** or **Seoul Tower**, is a large tower in South Korea. It is part of Seoul. The country can be viewed from the tower, making it a tourist attaction. It is  tall. It has cafes and observatories in it.

## Infobox (building)

- **name**: YTN Seoul Tower
- **alternate names**: N Seoul Tower, Namsan Tower, Seoul Tower
- **image**: Namsan Park and Seoul Tower (4615642044).jpg
- **status**: Completed
- **start date**: 1969
- **completion date**: 1971
- **building type**: Communication tower
- **owner**: YTN
- **location**: Seoul
- **map type**: South Korea Seoul
- **antenna spire**: true
- **top floor**: 16/11/2006


## Infobox (korean name)

- **hangul**: 엔 서울타워
- **rr**: En Seoul Tawo
- **mr**: En Sŏul T‘awŏ
- **context**: south
Utopia (disambiguation)

**Utopia** is an idea in philosophy. The name comes from a book by Sir Thomas More called _Utopia_.

**Utopia** may also be:

In **literature**:
- _Utopia_ (book), a book by Thomas More
- _Isaac Asimov's Utopia_, a science fiction novel by Roger MacBride Allen
- _Utopia_ (German science fiction), a German science fiction series

In **computer and video gaming**:
- _Utopia_ (online game), a browser strategy game

In **technology**:
- Utopia (typeface), a style of letters by Robert Slimbach
- UTOPIA (Bioinformatics tools)

In **movie and television**:
- _Utopia_ (movie) or _Atoll K_, a Laurel and Hardy movie
- _Utopia_ (1983 movie), a German film
- "Utopia" (_Doctor Who_), an episode of _Doctor Who_

In **music**:
- Utopia (rock band), a progressive rock group
- _Utopia_ (Unexpect album)
- _Utopia_ (Utopia album)
- _Utopía_, an album by Belinda
- "Utopia" (Goldfrapp song)
- "Utopia" (Alanis Morissette song)
- "Utopia" (Within Temptation song)

In **places**:
- Utopia, Northern Territory, Australia
- Utopia, Florida, U.S.
- Utopia, Queens, New York, U.S.
- Utopia, Ohio, a former anarchistic community
- Utopia, Texas, U.S.

## Related pages

- _Utopia, Limited_, a Gilbert and Sullivan comic opera
System administrator

A **system administrator** is a person hired by a company or organization to control, manage, and maintain a technical system. For example, a system administrator takes care of servers to ensure they always stay online.

A system administrator also takes care of any technical products that the company or organisation purchases. They do maintenance on computers of the company that break.

## Related pages

- System operator
Conoidasida

**Conoidasida** is a class of protists, It contains one order, Eucoccidiorida.
Coccidia

**Coccidia** is a subclass of microscopic, spore-forming, single-celled obligate parasites belonging to the apicomplexan class Conoidasida. Coccidian parasites infect the intestinal tracts of animals, and are the largest group of apicomplexan protozoa.
Upper Jurassic

The **Upper Jurassic** is the last geological epoch in the Jurassic that began 163.5 million years ago (mya), and ended at 145 mya. It was followed by the Lower Cretaceous.

## Paleogeography

During the Upper Jurassic epoch, Pangaea broke up into two supercontinents, Laurasia to the north, and Gondwana to the south. The result of this break-up was the spawning of the Atlantic Ocean. However, at this time, the Atlantic Ocean was relatively narrow.

Sea level was high, though not so high as during the Upper Cretaceous. The Laurasian landmass was broken up by the rising sea into large islands. The rocks were carbonate limestones and clays. The epoch included the famous Solnhofen limestone lagerstätte, where _Archaeopteryx_ was found.

## Organic productivity

The Upper Jurassic of England and Europe bears a huge amount of the products of life. The Kimmeridge clay is the main source for the huge North Sea oil reserves, and the whole epoch is stuffed full of marine fossils. Many dinosaur remains have also been found. The epoch starts with the Oxford Clay deposited in a shallow seaway of 10 to 50 metres depth.

The first fossils which show small dinosaurs with feathers are found: _Anchiornis_.

## Related pages

- Blue Lias
- Lower Jurassic
- Middle Jurassic
- Jurassic
Mercury sulfate

**Mercury sulfate** can mean either of these chemical compounds:

- Mercury(I) sulfate, Hg<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>, mercurous sulfate
- Mercury(II) sulfate, HgSO<sub>4</sub>, mercuric sulfate
Mercury(II) sulfate

**Mercury(II) sulfate**, also known as **mercuric sulfate**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is HgSO<sub>4</sub>. It has mercury and sulfate ions in it. The mercury is in its +2 oxidation state.

## Properties

Mercury(II) sulfate is a colorless solid. It reacts with hot water to make sulfuric acid and a mercury oxysulfate that does not dissolve. It is an oxidizing agent.

## Preparation

Mercury(II) sulfate is made by dissolving a small amount of mercury metal in concentrated sulfuric acid. It can also be made by reacting mercury(II) oxide with sulfuric acid.

## Uses

Mercury(II) sulfate is used as a catalyst in making acetaldehyde. Some byproducts of this reaction that have mercury in them are thought to have poisoned many people in Japan (Minamata disease).

## Related pages

- Mercury(I) sulfate
- Mercury(II) chloride
Alois Hitler

**Alois Hitler** (born **Alois Schicklgruber**, 7 June 1837  3 January 1903) was the father of Adolf Hitler. He was born in Waldviertel. His third marriage, from 1883 until his death, was to Adolf's mother, Klara who was also his niece. He was an Austrian customs official.

## Personal life

He retired to a farm in 1895 and he was a beekeeper. He died of a stroke in Linz aged 65. In 1879 he changed his name from Alois Schicklgruber to Alois Hitler.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Alois Hitler
- **image**: Alois Hitler in his last years.jpg
- **birth name**: Alois Schicklgruber
- **birth date**: 8 June 1837
- **birth place**: Dollersheim, Zwettl Bezirk, Lower Austria (Niederösterreich), Austria
- **death date**: 3 January 1903 (aged 65)
- **death place**: Leonding, Linz-Land Bezirk, Upper Austria (Oberösterreich), Austria
Mark Zuckerberg

**Mark Elliot Zuckerberg** (born May 14, 1984) is an American businessman, who co-founded Facebook when he was still studying computer science.  The founding of Facebook made Zuckerberg a billionaire, and one of the youngest and richest billionaires of all time according to Forbes.

Besides computer programming, Zuckerberg is also interested in foreign languages, especially Mandarin Chinese. His founding of Facebook was portrayed in the movie _The Social Network_ starring actor Jesse Eisenberg in the leading role.

In 2010, he said that he was going to give most of his money to charity. That same year, he was also named _Time's_ Person of the Year.

He was raised Jewish, became an atheist, but thinks differently about religion nowadays. In a public Facebook post, Zuckerberg launched the Internet.org project in late August 2013.

He is married to Priscilla Chan.

## Other websites

- Mark Zuckerberg - Forbes

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Mark Zuckerberg
- **image**: Zuckerberg-Jourová meeting (2020)(cropped 4).jpg
- **caption**: Zuckerberg in 2020
- **birth name**: Mark Elliot Zuckerberg
- **birth place**: White Plains, New York, USA
- **education**: Harvard University (no degree)
- **height**: 171 cm
- **years active**: 2004–present
- **children**: 3
- **relatives**: Randi Zuckerberg (sister)
Donna Zuckerberg (sister)
- **signature**: Mark Zuckerberg Signature.svg
- **known**: Co-founding and leading Meta, Inc.
Anne Christine of Sulzbach

**Anne Christine of Sulzbach** (Anne Christine Louise; 5 February 1704 – 12 March 1723), also called **Anne of the Palatinate**, was the first wife of Charles Emmanuel, Prince of Piedmont. She died as a result of giving birth.

## Biography

Anne Christine was born a daughter of Theodore Eustace, Count Palatine of Sulzbach and Eleonore of Hesse-Rheinfels, daughter of William, Landgrave of Hesse-Rotenburg.

On 15 March, 1722 at Vercelli, she married Charles Emmanuel of Savoy, Prince of Piedmont and later King of Sardinia as Charles Emmanuel III. He was the second son of Victor Amadeus II and Anne Marie d'Orléans and the heir apparent to the Savoyard throne. The following year, she gave birth to a son who was created the Duke of Aosta. She died a few days later on 12 March 1723 at the age of nineteen in Turin. Her only child died in 1725 in his second year, thus she has no descendants. She was buried at Turin Cathedral and was moved to the Basilica of Superga in Turin in 1786.

## Issue

- _Vittorio Amedeo_ Theodore of Savoy (7 March 1723 – 11 August 1725), given the title of Duke of Aosta but died in infancy; buried at Superga.

### Titles and styles

- **5 February 1704 – 15 March 1722** _Her Serene Highness_ Countess Palatine Anne Christine of Sulzbach
- **15 March 1722 – 12 March 1723** _Her Royal Highness_ The Princess of Piedmont

## Infobox (royalty)

- **name**: Anne Christine of Sulzbach
- **image**: Anna Cristina of Sulzbach, Princess of Piedmont.jpg
- **succession**: Princess of Piedmont
- **reign**: 15 March 1722 – 12 March 1723
- **reign-type**: Tenure
- **birth place**: Palace of Sulzbach-Rosenberg
- **death place**: Royal Palace of Turin, Turin
- **spouse**: Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia, Charles Emmanuel, Prince of Piedmont
- **burial place**: Royal Basilica of Superga, Turin, Italy
- **father**: Theodore Eustace, Count Palatine of Sulzbach
- **mother**: Eleonore Maria Amalie of Hesse-Rheinfels, Maria Eleonore of Hesse-Rotenburg
- **issue**: Vittorio Amedeo Theodore, Duke of Aosta