juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Puzzle

A **puzzle** is a problem to make the user think. They are often used for entertainment and can help with logic and problem-solving skills. The user may need to recognize patterns, for example, in colors, shapes, numbers, physics, or symbols, to solve it.

Puzzles, such as wordsearches, crosswords and Sudoku grids are printed in newspapers and magazines, but puzzles can be with objects or even on computers..
On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences

The **On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences** (**OEIS**), also known as **Sloane's**, is a large searchable database. It is on the Web, and it contains number sequences, like the Fibonacci numbers or the powers of two.

It contains over 270,000 sequences. This makes it the largest database of its kind. Each entry contains the leading terms of the sequence, keywords, mathematical motivations, literature links. It also includes the option to generate a graph or play a musical representation of the sequence. The database can be searched by keyword and by subsequence. For instance, it is possible to search for all sequences with both 15 and 118.
Ramanujan prime

In mathematics, a **Ramanujan prime** is a prime number that satisfies a result proven by Srinivasa Ramanujan. It relates to the prime counting function.

## Origins and definition

In 1919, Ramanujan published a new proof of Bertrand's postulate (which had already been proven by Pafnuty Chebyshev).

Ramanujan's result at the end of the paper was:

- ≥ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ... for all _x_ ≥ 2, 11, 17, 29, 41, ...

where _(x)_ is the prime counting function. The prime counting function is the number of primes less than or equal to _x_.

The numbers 2, 11, 17, 29, 41 are first few Ramanujan primes. In other words:

Ramanujan primes are the integers _R<sub>n</sub>_ that are the **smallest** to satisfy the condition
- ≥ _n_, for all  _x_ ≥ _R<sub>n</sub>_
Prime counting function

In mathematics, the **prime counting function** is the function counting the number of prime numbers less than or equal to some real number _x_. It is written as , but it is not related to the number π. Some key values of the function include ,  and .

In general, if stands for the _n_-th prime number, then .

## Related pages

- Ramanujan prime
Bertrand's postulate

**Bertrand's postulate** states that if _n_ > 3 is an integer, then there always exists at least one prime number _p_ with _n_ < _p_ < 2_n_ − 2.

This statement was first made in 1845 by Joseph Bertrand. Bertrand verified his statement for all numbers in the interval [2, 3 × 10<sup>6</sup>].

His statement was completely proven by Pafnuty Chebyshev in 1850. For this reason, the postulate is also called the **Bertrand-Chebyshev theorem** or **Chebyshev's theorem**. Srinivasa Ramanujan gave a simpler proof. Ramanujan later used that proof when he discovered Ramanujan primes. In 1932, Paul Erdős published a simpler proof using the Chebyshev function θ(_x_).

## Other websites

- Ramanujan's simpler proof
Paul Erdős

**Paul Erdős**, also **Pál Erdős**, in English **Paul Erdos** or **Paul Erdös** (March 26, 1913 – September 20, 1996), was a famous  Hungarian-born mathematician. Throughout his career, he worked on and produced many mathematical conjectures and is known as one of the most productive mathematicians of the 20th century. Erdős worked on and put forward several problems in discrete mathematics, graph theory, number theory, mathematical analysis, approximation theory, set theory, and probability theory. Much of his work was with discrete mathematics. He solved many unsolved problems. He challenged and worked on Ramsey theory, a part of mathematics that is about the requirements for order to appear. His work involved solving open problems rather than developing new kinds of mathematics.

Erdős published almost 1,500 articles in his life, the most of any mathematicianHe believed very strongly that mathematics was something you do with other people. He lived a life where he would travel from place to place without a set home, with his only aim of writing mathematical papers with other mathematicians. He was known for his way of doing mathematics with other people, which caused him to work with around 500 people and also his strange way of living. Times magazine called him "The Oddball's Oddball".He spent lots of time for mathematics, even as he got older. He died at a mathematics gathering in Warsaw

Since Erdős worked with so many other mathematicians, the Erdős number was created, which is the number of steps for any mathematicians and Paul Erdős himself in terms of working together on an article. Erdős has a number of 0 (for being himself), and anyone who worked on an article with him was given the number 1. Anyone who worked with someone who worked with Erdős is given a number two, and so on.

## Life

Paul Erdős was born on 26 March 1913, in Budapest, Austria-Hungary He was the only living child of his parents Anna (née Wilhelm) and Lajos Erdős (né Engländer). A few days before he was born his two sisters died because of scarlet fever.

## Other websites

- Erdős number project

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Paul Erdős
- **image**: Erdos budapest fall 1992 (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Paul Erdős in 1992
- **birth place**: Budapest, Hungary
- **death place**: Warsaw, Poland
- **nationality**:  Hungary, Hungarian
- **field**: Mathematics
- **work institution**: Princeton University, Princeton
Purdue University, Purdue
 University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame
 Then itinerant
- **alma mater**: University of Peter Pazmany, University of Pázmány Péter
- **doctoral advisor**: Lipot Fejer, Leopold Fejér
- **doctoral students**: Bonifac Donat
Joseph Kruskal
Alexander Soifer
- **known for**: Combinatorics
Graph theory
Number theory
- **prizes**: Wolf Prize (1983/84)
Cole Prize, AMS Cole Prize (1951)
- **footnotes**: Note that he has an Erdős number of zero.
Erdős number

The **Erdős number** () honors the Hungarian mathematician Paul Erdős. Erdős was one of the most prolific mathematical writers. He worked with many mathematicians.

Paul Erdős's number is 0. Anyone who directly worked with Paul Erdős has an Erdős number of 1. Anyone who works with those collaborators who have an Erdős number of 1, has an Erdős number of 2. The chain continues like that.

## Related pages

- Bacon number

## Other websites

- Jerry Grossman, The Erdös Number Project. Contains statistics and a complete list of all mathematicians with an Erdős number less than or equal to 2.
- Erdős number project
Candice Michelle

**Candice Michelle Beckman-Ehrlich** (born September 30, 1978 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin) is an American professional wrestler, actress, and model. She is better known as **Candice Michelle** or just **Candice**. Beckman is best known for wrestling for World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE).

## World Wrestling Entertainment

Candice Michelle came to WWE as a contestant in the 2004 Diva Search. Although she did not win, WWE hired her anyway. At first, Candice Michelle did not have much to do on the program. Over the next several years, she was trained as a wrestler and started doing more work. She was mainly used in unusual matches. For example, "Bra and panties matches" are matches where the winner is the person removes the other persons clothing leaving them wearing only their bra and panties.

At the _Vengeance_ PPV on June 24, she defeated Melina to win the WWE Women's Title for the first time.

Michelle was released from her WWE contract on June 19, 2009.

## Personal life

Candice married Dr. Ken Gee Ehrlich, a West Los Angeles chiropractor on May 7, 2005. Candice and her husband have three daughters together.

## Media

During Candice's career, she has been in many television series, magazine pictorials, fashion shows, and movies. She has been in the movies _Dodgeball: A True Underdog Story_(as a dancer), _Confessions of a Dangerous Mind_, _High Crimes_, and _Horrorween_. In television, she has been on _Party of Five_, _The Man Show_, _Playboy TV's Totally Busted_, _The Tonight Show with Jay Leno_, and _Monk_. Her most notable appearance was her appearance on _Hotel Erotica_. She has also posed nude for several magazines including _Playboy_. She is also the spokesperson for the internet company GoDaddy.com.

## Other websites

- Official site

## Infobox (wrestler)

- **name**: Candice Michelle Beckman
- **names**: **Candice Michelle**
- **image**: Candice Michelle WrestleMania 32 Axxess.jpg
- **height**: 5foot (unit of length), ft 7inch, in
- **weight**: 120 Pound (mass), lbs
- **birth place**: Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- **billed**: Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- **trainer**: Dave Finlay
Arn Anderson
Grant McKee
- **debut**: November 15, 2004
- **children**: 3
- **spouse**: Ken Gee Ehrlich (m. 2005)
Star of David

The **Star of David** (Hebrew:מָגֵן דָּוִד, or _Māġēn Dāwīd_, pronounced [] in ancient Hebrew, and [] in  Modern Hebrew) is a Jewish symbol. It is named after King David of Israel, which is very famous. The star consists of a triangle, overlapped by another, "upside-down" triangle. It is unknown how this came to be a symbol of Judaism, but was first used in the Middle Ages.
Takao

**Takao** may mean:

- Mount Takao -- a mountain in Tokyo, Japan
- Mount Takao, also known as Jingo-ji -- a mountain in Kyoto, Japan
- Takao, also known as Takau, Takow or Takaw -- Taiwanese and Japanese name for Kaohsiung in Taiwan before the Republic of China took control of the island
- Japanese steam warship _Takao_, 1868-1869 -- ship in service during the Boshin War
- Japanese cruiser _Takao_, 1888-1911 - an unprotected cruiser of the early Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN)
- Japanese cruiser _Takao_, 1930-1946 - a heavy cruiser of the IJN
- Takao train station in Hachiōji, Tokyo
Belz Great Synagogue

The **Belz Beis HaMedrash HaGadol** (in Yiddish: בעלזא בית המדרש הגדול - "The Belz Grand Synagogue) is one of the largest synagogues in Jerusalem. It was built by the Belz Hasidic Jews, with help from their supporters and admirers around the world. In the 1980s, Rabbi Yissachar Dov Rokeach (II) of Belz made plans for the huge synagogue to be built in the Kiryat Belz part of Jerusalem.
Samson (band)

**Samson** was a British heavy metal band between 1977 and 2002. It was considered a part of the New Wave of British Heavy Metal. Its first album, _Survivors_, received good reviews. This made the band more popular. Iron Maiden lead singer Bruce Dickinson was in the band before he joined Iron Maiden. Dickinson went by the name "Bruce Bruce" while he was in Samson. The band kept making music until 2002, when guitarist Paul Samson, who started the band, died of cancer.

## Studio albums

- Survivors (1979)
- Head On (1980)
- Shock Tactics (1981)
- Before the Storm (1982)
- Don't Get Mad, Get Even (1984)
- Joint Forces (1986)
- Refugee (1990)
- Samson (1993)
- P.S.... (2006)

## Other websites

- Samson on _AllMusic_
- Samson on _Billboard_
Thornton Heath

**Thornton Heath** is a town in the London Borough of Croydon, south London. There is a new leisure centre in Thornton Heath and there is a train station and a lot of bus routes. There are a lot of shops like Sainsbury's and Tesco.
Stamford Bridge (stadium)

**Stamford Bridge** is the home of Premier League club Chelsea F.C.. It is located in Fulham in southwest London.

It was built for Fulham Football Club, who turned it down for money reasons, so Chelsea was created and decided to play at the ground. It currently holds a capacity of 41,631 seats. It is one of the oldest football stadiums in the world, being opened in 1877. It was renovated in 1998

## Other websites

- Chelsea FC Website
- Aerial shot of Stamford Bridge
- It's the Theatre of Drams!  Man U and Chelsea grounds were shinty parks.
- Stamford Bridge webcam on camvista.com
- Take a tour of Stamford Bridge
Freeganism

The word "**freeganism**" (person: **freegan**; related: **freecycling**) means to get things for free rather than buy those items.
A _freegan_ is a person who does not like to pay for things, but does not steal either. Freegans like to find things that other people throw away that are still useful.

People often throw things away that are not used up or broken.  Sometimes they throw things away because they are bored of them and like to shop for new things.  Freegans look through other people's rubbish bins and take what they can use, to the point of dumpster diving. This can be good for the environment, because no energy is used to make new things, in those cases. However, some cities have rules about taking things out of the rubbish, and freegans can get in trouble for this.

The name "freegan" rhymes with "vegan".  It combines the words "free" and "vegan".  Freegans are not necessarily vegans.
British Board of Film Classification

The **British Board of Film Classification** is the organisation responsible for movie and some video game classification in the United Kingdom. The rating system can help parents decide which movies their children should not watch and what video games they should not play. It is based in London. It was formed in 1912 as the British Board of Film Censors; its name was changed in 1985.

## Ratings

There are seven ratings:

|Mark|Rating|Description|
| --- | --- | --- |
||**Universal**|Everybody can watch it. Suitable for all ages. Movie and video. Before 2009, there was a UC classification meaning for young children which was only on home video.|
||**Parental Guidance**|Everybody can watch it. Suitable for ages 8 and older. Movie and video.|
||**12A**|People under 12 need an adult 18 years or older with them. Movie only.|
||**12**|People must be 12 or over to watch the movie. Only on video.|
||**15**|People must be 15 or over to watch the movie. Movie and video.|
||**18**|People must be 18 or over to watch the movie. These films usually contain a lot of horror, nudity or violence. Movie and video.|
||**R18**|People must be 18 or over to watch the movie and the movie can only be shown at specially licensed cinemas or sold in licensed sex shops. Movie only. (This is specifically given to Hardcore pornography.)|

## Other websites

- BBFC
Electrology

**Electrology** is an electrical process to remove human hair so that it does not grow back. An electrologist is sometimes called an electrolysist in the United Kingdom. The process of removing the hair is referred to as electrolysis. The electrolysist slides a thin metal probe into each hair follicle. This, if done the right way, does not hurt the skin. Electricity flows to the follicle through the probe. This causes damage to the areas that grow hair so that it does not grow back.

## Other websites

- American Electrology Association
- British Institute and Association of Electrolysis
- The Society for Clinical & Medical Hair Removal, Inc.
- International Guild of Hair Removal Specialists, Inc.
- HairFacts - electrolysis medical data
- HairTell - Electrolysis Discussion
- Electrolysis discussion group
Film rating systems

Many countries have a **film rating system** to help parents determine which movies their children can watch. The systems usually use age to rate the movies.

## United Kingdom

The United Kingdom use the British Board of Film Classification film rating system.

## United States

The United States use the Motion Picture Association film rating system.

## Australia

Australia uses the Australian Classification Board film rating system.

## Canada

Canada uses the Canadian Home Video Rating System.

## Japan

Japan uses the Eirin.

## New Zealand

New Zealand uses the OFLC (New Zealand) rating system.

## Ukraine

Ukraine uses the Ukrainian State Film Agency film rating system.

## Related pages

- Movie censorship
- X rating
Eve Ensler

**Eve Ensler** (born May 25, 1953) is an American playwright and feminist activist. She is best known for the play _The Vagina Monologues_.

Ensler was born in New York City to a Christian mother and Jewish father. She graduated from Middlebury College in 1975. She married Richard McDermott in 1978 and divorced in 1988. She is the adoptive mother of actor Dylan McDermott. She adopted him when he was 18 and she was 26.

In 2010, she said that she was being treated for uterine cancer.

## Other websites

- Eve Ensler biography  via V-Day
- Eve Ensler via Internet Movie Database
- http://www.motherjones.com/arts/qa/2004/11/11_100.html
- Writer's Voice 2007 audio interview
Brat

The word **Brat** has several meanings:

- Spoiled brat, a child who gets his or her way all the time and is not disciplined.
- Military brat (U.S. subculture), a person who grew up with a parent in the military.
- Brat Pack, a group of young American movie actors.
- Da Brat, a rapper popular in the 1990s.
- Brat, an computer puzzle game released in 1991.
- _Brat_ and _Brat-2_, Russian crime movies.
- Bratz is the name of a line of dolls which started production in 2001.
- _Brats_, a 1930 Laurel and Hardy movie
- An abbreviation of bratwurst.
- _Brat_, an album by Charli xcx.

It can be an **acronym** for:

- BRAT, a pickup truck made by Subaru
- BRAT diet, a diet of bananas, rice, applesauce and toast given to patients with various forms of gastrointestinal distress.
- Biroul Român de Audit al Tirajelor (_Romanian Audit Bureaux of Circulations_)http://www.brat.ro/
Roger Pearson

**Roger Pearson** (born 21 August 1927, in London) is a British writer and publisher. He is also the editor of some journals published by The Institute for the Study of Man.

## Publications written, edited, or published by Pearson

- _Essays on Eugenics and Race._ 1958, Northern World, Coventry
- _Mankind Quarterly_ (from 1979-)
- _The Religious Attitudes of the Indo-Europeans._ 1966, 1967 Hans Gunther, trans. by Vivian Bird (See Oliver Bird Trust and George Cadbury) in collaboration with Roger Pearson.
- _Introduction to Anthropology._ Harcourt College Pub, 1974.
- _Anthropological Glossary._ Krieger Pub Co, 1985.
- _Race, Intelligence and Bias in Academe._ Scott-Townsend Publishers, 1997 (2nd edition).
- _Heredity and Humanity: Race, Eugenics and Modern Science._ Scott-Townsend Publishers, 1996.

## Books about Pearson

- Spiro, Jonathan P. _Defending the Master Race: Conservation, Eugenics, and the Legacy of Madison Grant._ University of Vermont Press, 2009
Janice Raymond

**Janice G. Raymond** (born January 24, 1943) is an American feminist activist. She is known for her work against violence, sexual exploitation and the "medical abuse" of women. She is also known for her writings and activism against transsexualism. She is retired professor of women's studies and medical ethics at the University of Massachusetts in Amherst. She has published many articles on prostitution and sex trafficking. She lectures around the world on many of these topics through Coalition Against Trafficking in Women.

## Career

In 1979 her first book, _The Transsexual Empire_, was published. In the book Raymond said that all transsexuals rape women's bodies. The book has been called hate speech against transgender people.

In 1993 her most recent book, _Women as Wombs: Reproductive Technologies and the Battle over Women’s Freedom_ was published.

Raymond has received grants from the U.S. Department of State, the U.S. National Institute of Justice, the Ford Foundation, the United States Information Agency, the National Science Foundation, the Norwegian Organization for Research and Development (NORAD), and UNESCO.

## Personal life

Raymond graduated from Salve Regina College in 1965. She got her master's degree in Religious Studies from Andover Newton Theological School in 1971. She graduated from Boston College in 1977.

Janice Raymond is a former member of the Sisters of Mercy. She later left the convent. She is now an open lesbian.

## Related pages

- Womb (uterus)
- Ovaries

## Other websites

- The Empire Strikes Back: A Posttranssexual Manifesto  by Sandy Stone.
- Where did we go wrong? Feminism and trans theory- two teams on the same side?  by Stephen Whittle, 2000.
Energy efficiency

**Energy efficiency** is using less energy to provide the same level of energy service.  An example would be insulating a home to use less heating and cooling energy to achieve the same temperature.  Another example would be installing fluorescent lights and/or skylights instead of incandescent bulbs to attain the same level of illumination.  So efficient energy use is achieved primarily by means of a more efficient technology rather than by changes in individual behaviour.

Energy conservation is using less energy to achieve a lesser energy service, and usually involves a change in behavior.  Examples would be heating a room less in winter, or driving less, or working in a less brightly lit room.

As with other definitions, the boundary between efficient energy use and energy conservation can be fuzzy, but both are important in environmental and economic terms.  This is especially the case when actions are directed at the saving of fossil fuels.

## Related pages

- Sustainable energy
Boundary Peak

**Boundary Peak** is a mountain, (or _peak_), in the southwestern U.S. State of Nevada. The county is Esmeralda. It is the highest point in Nevada. It is less than two miles from the Cal/Nev state line, which is why it is called _Boundary Peak_. Boundary Peak is  tall, and the closest town is Dyer, a famous ghost town.

## Other websites

- Boundary Peak
- Boundary Peak - Highest Point in Nevada
Norwegian Dawn

The ***Norwegian Dawn*** is a cruise ship that began sailing in 2002 and is currently in operation with Norwegian Cruise Line.

## History

The _Norwegian Dawn_ was ordered from shipbuilders Meyer-Werft, Papenburg, Germany. It was delivered in 2001 to Star Cruises. But, it was decided by Star Cruises that _SuperStar Libra_ and _SuperStar Scorpio_ would start being used as part of the fleet operated by subsidiary company Norwegian Cruise Line. These vessels would become _Norwegian Star_ and _Norwegian Dawn_. In 2002, _Norwegian Dawn_ was delivered to NCL. It is the second SuperStar.

## Cruises

The _Norwegian Dawn_ sails from New York City to Port Canaveral, Florida; Miami, Florida; Nassau, Bahamas; and Great Stirrup Cay.

## Related pages

- SuperStar
- Cruise ship

## Other websites

- Norwegian Dawn Official Site
- CruiseCritic.com review
- Photos of Norwegian Dawn

## Infobox (ship begin)

- **display title**: ital


## Infobox (ship image)

- **ship image**: Norwegian Dawn Leaving Boston Harbor (cropped).jpg
- **ship caption**: _Norwegian Dawn_ departing Boston Harbor


## Infobox (ship career)

- **ship name**: 2002–: _Norwegian Dawn_
- **ship owner**: Norwegian Cruise Line
- **ship registry**: Nassau, Bahamas, Nassau,
- **ship route**: Caribbean, Bahamas, Canada & New England Departing from San Juan, Puerto Rico, Miami, Florida, New York City, Tampa, Florida
- **ship ordered**: 9 March 1998
- **ship builder**: Meyer Werft, Papenburg, Papenburg, Germany
- **ship original cost**: $450 million
- **ship yard number**: 649
- **ship laid down**: 29 June 1998
- **ship launched**: 1 June 2002
- **ship completed**: 3 December 2002
- **ship maiden voyage**: 7 December 2002
- **ship in service**: 2002–
- **ship identification**: *Call sign: C6FT7
*
*
- **ship status**: In service


## Infobox (ship characteristics)

- **ship tonnage**: *
*
*
- **ship beam**: * (moulded)
* (max)
- **ship decks**: 15 decks
- **ship power**: *4×MAN B&W 14V48/60
*58,800kW (combined)
- **ship propulsion**: Two ABB (company), ABB Azipods (2×20MW)
- **ship capacity**: 2,340 passengers
- **ship crew**: 1,032
Lea Fastow

**Lea Weingarten Fastow** (born December 1961) is the wife of former Enron executive and felon Andrew Fastow, and is the second former Enron executive to go to prison after Enron collapsed due to fraud in December 2001.

Fastow was born in Houston, Texas, born to a Jewish family. Her family had grocery store chain and Weingarten Realty Investors WRI. She graduated from Tufts University, where she met her husband. She earned an MBA at Northwestern University. She was married in 1984. Together Andrew and Lea have two children.
Lawrence Higby

**Lawrence M. Higby** is an American businessman and political activist. Higby is the former assistant of the White House Chief of Staff H. R. Haldeman during the Nixon Administration. He later went on to become CEO of home medical equipment company Apria. Up until 2005, Higby led a group of rich Republicans called the New Majority PAC.
Endorsement test

The **endorsement test** was proposed by Sandra Day O'Connor, a member of the United States Supreme Court. She suggested it in her judgment in a lawsuit called Lynch v. Donnelly in 1984.

The endorsement test is a question that you can ask if you think that the government is doing something in favor of religion. According to the United States Constitution, the government cannot endorse any particular religion, and cannot endorse religion in general. The test asks: is the government doing something that makes people _think _that the government endorses religion? If so, that government act may not be allowed under the Constitution.
Terry Rakolta

**Terry Rakolta** (born September 18, 1943) is an American anti-obscenity  activist.  She is married to John Rakolta, the former CEO of Walbridge.  She led an unsuccessful boycott against the Fox Broadcasting Company sitcom _Married... with Children_ Rakolta lives in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan in 1989.
She later founded Americans for Responsible Television to fight against other shows deemed offensive by the organization, including shows by Phil Donahue and Howard Stern.
Snake River

The **Snake River** is a river in the U.S. states of Wyoming, Idaho, Washington and Oregon. It is a tributary of the Columbia River. The river rises in western Wyoming, and flows through the Snake River Plain in Idaho. It turns north, forming the border with Oregon and Idaho, and the border with Washington and Idaho. At Lewiston it turns west and flows through Washington to the Columbia River.

The Shoshone and Nez Perce Indians lived on the Snake River. The Lewis and Clark Expedition was the first American expedition to sight the Snake River. The river later was part of the Oregon Trail. Many pioneers traveled down the river to settle in the fertile Willamette Valley in Oregon.

There are fifteen dams on the Snake River. Some are for hydropower, some for irrigation, and some for navigation.
Mount Hood

**Mount Hood** is a dormant volcano, called **Wy'east** by the Multnomah tribe. It is in the U.S. state of Oregon, about 50 miles (80 kilometers) southeast of Portland. It is described as a "potentially active" stratovolcano.

The volcano is  high. It is the highest point in Oregon. There are several ski resorts on Mount Hood. There are 12 glaciers.

Each year, runners race on foot between Mount Hood and the Pacific Ocean in the "Hood to Coast Relay."

## Infobox (mountain)

- **name**: Mount Hood
- **photo**: Mount Hood reflected in Mirror Lake, Oregon.jpg
- **photo caption**: Mount Hood reflected in Mirror Lake (Mount Hood, Oregon), Mirror Lake
- **elevation ft**: 11239.99
- **elevation ref**: based on a 1993 scientific expedition, and
- **prominence ft**: 7706
- **map**: Oregon
- **map size**: 150
- **label position**: right
- **listing**: Ultra prominent peak, Ultra
List of U.S. states by elevation, U.S. state high point
- **location**: Clackamas County, Oregon, Clackamas / Hood River County, Oregon, Hood River counties, Oregon, United States, USA
- **range**: Cascade Range
- **topo**: United States Geological Survey, USGS Mount Hood South
- **type**: Stratovolcano
- **age**: More than 500,000 years
- **volcanic arc/belt**: Cascade Volcanoes, Cascade Volcanic Arc
- **last eruption**: 1866
- **first ascent**: 1857-07-11 by Henry Pittock, W. Lymen Chittenden, Wilbur Cornell, and the Rev. T.A. Wood
- **easiest route**: Rock and glacier climb
Driftwood

**Driftwood** is wood that has been washed onto the shore of a sea, river, or lake by winds, tides, waves or man.

In some waterfront areas, driftwood is a major nuisance. However, the driftwood provides shelter and food for birds, fish and other aquatic species as it floats in the ocean. Gribbles, shipworms and bacteria decompose the wood and gradually turn it into nutrients that are reintroduced to the food web. Sometimes, the partially decomposed wood washes ashore, where it also shelters birds, plants, and other species. Driftwood can become the foundation for sand dunes.

Driftwood can be:
- a tree or part of a tree that is in a large body of water because of strong winds or flooding
- buildings and their contents that are in the sea because of floods, storms and tsunamis
- wooden objects placed into the water from shore
- remains of wooden ships and boats
- lost cargo

## In history

According to Norse mythology, the first humans, Ask and Embla, were formed out of two pieces of driftwood, an ash and an elm, by the god Odin and his brothers, Ve and Vili.

Driftwood carried by Arctic rivers was the main, or sometimes only, source of wood for some Inuit and other Arctic populations living north of the tree-line until they came into regular contact with European traders.

Many people use driftwood as parts of decorative furniture or other art forms, and it is a popular element in the scenery of fish tanks.
What Not to Wear

***What Not to Wear*** is a makeover reality show that is aired on the BBC. The reality show is now presented by Mica Paris and Lisa Butcher, but before them, it was presented by the fashion experts Trinny Woodall and Susannah Constantine.

On every episode of the show, there is a makeover of a man or woman who is very unfashionable. The person who is having the makeover is given £2000/$5000 to go shopping and buy new fashionable clothes with the two hosts who give them advice. The makeover helps the person to have a better appearance and be more fashionable.
Public figure

A **public figure** is a legal term applied in the context of defamation actions (libel and slander), as well as invasion of privacy. A public figure (such as a politician, musician, celebrity, or business leader) cannot base a lawsuit on incorrect harmful statements unless there is proof that the writer or publisher acted with malice (knowledge or reckless disregard for the truth). The burden of proof is higher in the case of a public figure.
Elm

**Elms** are  deciduous and semi-deciduous trees, found throughout the Northern Hemisphere from Siberia to Indonesia, Mexico to Japan. They have alternate, simple, single- or doubly-serrate leaves, usually asymmetric at the base and sharply pointed at the tip.

Elms are hermaphroditic, having perfect flowers, and which, being wind-pollinated, are without petals. The fruit is a round samara.

Elms take many decades to grow to maturity.

## References

- Collin, E. (2001). Elm. In Teissier du Cros (Ed.) (2001) _Forest Genetic Resources Management and Conservation. France as a case study._ Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Bureau of Genetic Resources. INRA DIC. France.
- Cornell University: Elm hybrids (pdf file)
- Martín-Benito D., Concepción García-Vallejo M., Alberto Pajares J., López D. 2005. Triterpenes in elms in Spain. _Can. J. For. Res._ 35: 199–205 (2005). http://pubs.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/rp/rppdf/x04-158.pdf
- Mittempergher, L. & Santini, A. (2004) The history of elm breeding. _Investigacion agraria: Sistemas y recursos forestales_ 13(1): 161-177 (2004).
- Ware, G. (1995). Little-known elms from China: landscape tree possibilities. _Journal of Arboriculture_, (Nov. 1995). International Society of Arboriculture, Champaign, Illinois, USA. http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/fletcher/programs/nursery/metria/metria8/m87.pdf .

## Other websites

- Northern Arizona University: Elm trials.
ELM

**Elm** could mean:

- Elms, trees of the Genus _Ulmus_
- Elm (e-mail client)
- Elm (range), a hill range in Germany
- Elm, Cambridgeshire, a village in Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
- Elm, Switzerland, a village in the Canton of Glarus
- Elmira-Corning Regional Airport near Elmira, NY and Corning, NY

To **people**:
- Professor Elm, fictional character from _Pokémon_
- Steven Elm, Canadian speed skater
Produce

**Produce** means fruits and vegetables. At a grocery store, the area selling fruits and vegetables is usually called the **produce section**. Also, people use a produce scale to weigh their fruits and vegetables.
Highway

A **highway** is a road made for travel by the public between important places, such as cities, towns and landmarks. The word "highway" can be different between countries and can also mean a road, freeway, superhighway, autoroute, autobahn, parkway, expressway, autostrasse, autostrada, byway or motorway.

Highways come in many different designs. They can include many lanes of traffic, a median (strip of lane or barrier) between lanes of opposing traffic, and access control (ramps and bridges). Highways can also be as simple as a two-lane road.

In many countries, these roads are numbered to easily tell them apart. These numbered highways are usually called **routes**. The United States includes a system called the Interstate Highway system, controlled by AASHTO, where major north/south routes are odd numbered and east/west are even numbered. In Canada, routes that are in the 400s are freeways. In China, types of routes are separated by the first letter of the route; "G" for national road, "S" for provincial road and "Y" for rural roads.

Highways are sometimes criticised because of the pollution cars make when driving highways. When too many cars travel along a highway, traffic slows down; this is known as a traffic jam. Public transportation (such as buses) and special lanes for those who have a given number of people in a car are used to help stop these problems.
London, Ontario

**London, Ontario** is a large city halfway between Detroit, Michigan and Toronto, Canada. The city had 422,324 people in it in 2021.

## History

The city had 3,500 people in it in 1846. It had buildings including a jail and court house.

### Growing

Byron and Masonville, joined London in 1961 adding 60,000 people and almost doubling its area. After this, growth sped up as London grew in all directions.

On 1 January 1993, London nearly doubled in size again because other towns joined it.

## Parks

London has a lot of parks. Victoria Park in downtown London has many events. Some other major parks are Harris Park, Gibbons Park, Fanshawe Conservation Area, Springbank Park, White Oaks Park and Westminster Ponds.

## Government and law

London's local government is divided among fourteen councillors and the mayor. Josh Morgan was elected mayor in the 2022 election.

## Other websites

- About London
- London Ontario Community Information
- Official City of London Website
- Museum of Ontario Archeology
- Local Weather
Charles Kirk Clarke

**Charles Kirk Clarke** (c. 1857 - January 20 1924) was a psychiatrist who had a major role in Canadian politics. He was born in Elora, Ontario, to a former parliamentarian. He went to college at the University of Toronto in 1879. He later went on to found the Canadian National Committee for Mental Hygiene. Clarke first practised psychiatry at the 999 Queen Street institution in Toronto. In 1880 and then took a post at the Hamilton asylum.

Clarke was a student and brother-in-law of Joseph Workman, the superintendent of the Toronto Asylum. By 1905, Clarke had abandoned the movement, and many of the other leading psychiatrists would follow suit by the end of World War I since it was clear that eugenic measures did not have the desired effects.
Hartley, Kent

**Hartley** is a village in Kent, England. It is 6 miles south of Gravesend and Dartford. The old church is called All Saints.

Hartley has many new buildings and some old houses, it now joins Longfield, the place in the north.  In 2001 there were 5,395 persons living here.  There are also woods and a farm near the houses.  Most of the 2,145 houses in Hartley are owned by the persons who live in them.

The name Hartley means "place in the wood where the deer are".   It was a very small place, but now is like a town.  No great events happened here, and not many famous persons lived in Hartley.

## Geology

In the Cretaceous time, much of England was under the sea. In the deep waters, the chalk of the North Downs of Kent was made. Then the sea made the clay which is over the chalk. Then the Ice Age froze the chalk and there were rivers which made the "dry valley" at Hartley Bottom.

## History

In the year 1086, 15 families and 3 slaves lived in Hartley.  Before the Black Death (1348) about 150 persons lived here.  53 persons made tax payments in 1377, which means about 85 lived here then.  In 1392 a paper tells us that there was a chief house, where a manager lived.  He farmed land for the owner.  This land was called Hartley Court.  Other persons who owned land in Hartley, had to go to the court of the owner and do some other work for him.
There was a fight at Hartley Wood in 1554, between supporters and opponents of Queen Mary I of England. Her supporters won.  Hartley in 1650 was like the place in 1850, because almost all the buildings were there then.  In 1770 the writer Edward Hasted said not many persons go to Hartley.

Some buildings were made in the 1700s (like Hartley House and Yew Cottage).  In 1841 there were 224 persons living in Hartley.  Almost all worked on the farms.  There was also a wheel maker, metal worker and drink sellers.

The growth of Hartley started after the railway came to Longfield in 1876, and water by pipe came in 1902.  Next two companies – Payne, Trapps and Co Ltd, and Small Owners Limited sold land for houses and small farms.  After 1945 there were many new houses and roads.

## Other websites

- Local information and history website
- Hartley Parish Council
Stephanie McMahon

**Stephanie Marie McMahon** (born 24 September 1976), professionally called **Stephanie McMahon** is an American businesswoman and former professional wrestler who serves as the vice president of _Talent and Creative Writing_ for WWE. She is also the daughter of Vince McMahon.

She was the former CEO of WWE before the return of her father. In 2023, Stephanie was listed _Top 10 richest WWE wrestlers_ by Times of India.

## Biography

Stephanie was born in Hartford, Connecticut to Vince McMahon and Linda McMahon with Shane McMahon as brother. She grew up in the United States and has served as the WWE chief brand officer since December 2013.

In 2003, She married Triple H.

## Accolades

In 2020, Women in Toys, Licensing & Entertainment announced Stephanie for the _'WIT Changemaker Award_ alongside Pam Lifford, president of Warner Bros. Global Brands and Experiences for the WIT’s Mentor of the Year at the 16th Annual Wonder Woman Awards. She was named _Variety's 2022 Women's Impact Honorees._

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Stephanie McMahon
- **height**: 5 ft 9 in
- **image**: Stephanie McMahon WrestleMania 31 in 2015.jpg
- **caption**: Stephanie McMahon at WrestleMania 31 in 2015
- **birthname**: Stephanie Marie McMahon
- **birth place**: Hartford, Connecticut, U.S.
- **alma mater**: Boston University
- **years active**: 1989–present (business)
1998–2018 (wrestling)
- **title**: • Co-founder of Connor's Cure

Board member of

• Ad Council (2020–present)

• Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh Foundation (2015–present)

• USO Metropolitan Washington (2011–present)

• WWE (2015–2023)
- **children**: 3
- **parents**: Vince McMahon (father)
Linda McMahon (mother)
- **relatives**: Shane McMahon (brother)
- **family**: Vincent J. McMahon (grandfather)
- **module**: Ring name(s)
Stephanie McMahon
Stephanie McMahon-Helmsley
Billed height 5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)
Billed weight 143 lb (65 kg)
Billed from Greenwich, Connecticut
Debut
June 27, 1998
Retired
April 8, 2018
Cienfuegos

**Cienfuegos** is the capital city of the Cienfuegos province, Cuba. It has a population of about 150,000.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Cienfuegos
- **nickname**: La Perla del Sur (_Pearl of the South_)
- **settlement type**: Municipalities of Cuba, Municipality
- **image skyline**: Cienfuegos Jose Marti.JPG
- **image caption**: Downtown Cienfuegos
- **image shield**: Escudo-Cienfuegos.jpg
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Provinces of Cuba, Province
- **subdivision name1**: Cienfuegos Province, Cienfuegos
- **established title**: Founded
- **established date**: 1819
- **area total km2**: 333
- **population as of**: 2004
- **population total**: 163824
- **population density km2**: 492.0
- **timezone**: Eastern Time Zone (North America), EST
- **utc offset**: -5
- **elevation m**: 25
- **area code**: +53-432
Hartley

**Hartley** could mean

### In England

- In Cumbria
    - Hartley, Cumbria (village)
    - Hartley Castle
- In Devon
    - Hartley, Plymouth (see Places in Plymouth)
- In Kent
    - Hartley, Kent
    - Hartley, Cranbrook
- In Northumberland
    - New Hartley
    - Old Hartley, part of Seaton Sluice

### Worldwide

- Hartley, South Australia Australia
- Electoral district of Hartley is a state electoral district in South Australia.
- Hartley, New South Wales Australia
- Hartley's Creek, Queensland Australia
- Hartley Bay, British Columbia Canada
- Hartley, Texas, United States
- Hartley County, Texas, United States
- Hartley, Iowa, United States
- Hartley, Zimbabwe (formerly called Rhodesia)

## People

- Adele Hartley
- Aidan Hartley
- Al Hartley
- A. N. Hartley
- Alex Hartley
- Alfred Hartley
- Ann Hartley
- Anne Jane Hartley
- Anthony Hartley (1925-2000), British writer and critic
- Bill Hartley
- Bill Hartley (athlete)
- Blythe Hartley
- Bob Hartley
- David Hartley (philosopher) (1705-1757), English philosopher and psychologist
- David Hartley (the Younger) (1731-1813), Member of Parliament and son of the English philosopher
- Edmund Barron Hartley
- Fergal Hartley
- Fred Hartley
- Fred A. Hartley, Jr., U.S. politician, known for sponsoring the Taft-Hartley Act
- Gene Hartley
- Grover Hartley
- Hal Hartley
- J. R. Hartley, fictional character
- Jesse Hartley
- Joe Hartley K-O Joe, renowned boxer, cricket player and professor of English literature (born late 1970s)
- John Hartley:
    - John Hartley (poet)  (1839–1915), Yorkshireman
    - John Anderson Hartley (1844–1896), Australian educationalist
    - John Hartley (tennis player) (1849–1935), English clergyman who won Wimbledon
    - John Hartley (cricketer) (1874–1963), played for Oxford and Sussex
- Jonathan Scott Hartley
- Julia Hartley-Brewer
- Justin Hartley (born 1977), American actor
- L. P. Hartley (1895-1972), British author
- Lauren Hartley
- Linda Hartley
- Lindsay Hartley
- Mariette Hartley
- Marsden Hartley (1877-1943), American artist
- Matthieu Hartley
- Mike Hartley
- Nina Hartley (born 1959), adult-film actress
- Oliver C. Hartley
- Paul Hartley
- Peter Hartley
- Phil "Otis" Hartley
- Ralph Hartley (1888-1970), electronics researcher
- Richard Hartley
- Steven Hartley
- Thomas Hartley
- Wallace Hartley (1878-1912), violinist and band leader who died on the Titanic
- Walter Hartley

- Hartley William Shawcross (1902-2003), British barrister and politician

## Other

- hartley (ban) unit of information
- Hartley Brewery, in Ulverston, Cumbria from c.1754 until about 1989.
- Hartley College, Point Pedro, Sri Lanka
- Hartley's Potato Chips, makers of kettle cooked potato chips since 1935, Lewistown, Pennsylvania
- Hartley oscillator
- USS Hartley, a Dealey class Destroyer Escort in the US Navy from 1957 to 1972

## Other websites

- Hartley Family Surname Research
Gribble

A **gribble** is any species of marine isopod from the family **Limnoriidae**. They are mostly pale white and small (1-4  mm long) crustaceans.

The term gribble was originally used for the wood-boring species, especially the first species described from Norway by Rathke in 1799, _Limnoria lignorum_. The Limnoriidae have species which bore into seaweed and sea grass, as well as wood borers.

There are three genera, _Paralimnoria_, _Limnoria_ and _Lynseia_. _Limnoria_ has species in most seas. Those gribbles able to bore into living marine plants are thought to have evolved from a wood (dead plant) boring species.

Gribbles bore into wood and plant material for food. The cellulose of wood is digested. The most destructive species are _Limnoria lignorum_, _L. tripunctata_ and _L. quadripunctata_. According to an expert, they are the only animals able to make a cellulase to dissolve plant cell walls. Other animals that eat plant fibres make use of bacteria in their gut to produce the enzyme. Gribbles do not. This has led some biologists to think of biofuels.

## Related pages

- Gut flora
Veronica

**Veronica** is a Latin name for females.

## Literature

- _Veronica_, a 2005 book by Mary Gaitskill

## Music

- Veronica, an American dance singer
- "Veronica", a song by Elvis Costello
- Veronica Mehta, a British Asian singer
- The Veronicas, the twin sister pop rock group from Australia

## People

- Veronica De La Cruz, a CNN News anchor
- Veronica Finn, a former pop singer
- Veronica Franco, a poet and courtesan in sixteenth-century Venice
- Veronica Giuliani, an Italian mystic
- Veronica Lodge, a rich teenage girl in the Archie Comics universe
- Verónica Páez, an Argentine marathon runner
- Veronica Ruiz de Velasco, a neo-figurative Mexican artist
- Saint Veronica, with her famous veil (_Veil of Veronica_), is part of Christianity's many legends
- Veronica Lake, an American film actress

## Places

- Veronica, a city of Argentina

## Plants

- _Veronica_, the Speedwells, a genus of plants

## Science and technology

- V.E.R.O.N.I.C.A. (Very Easy Rodent-Oriented Net-Wide Index to Computer Archives), a computer search engine for Gopher

## Television

- Veronica, a television channel in The Netherlands
- _Veronica Mars_, a television series starring Kristen Bell

## Other

- Veronica (bullfighting), a technique in bullfighting
Tuatara

**Tuatara** (_Sphenodon punctatus_) are a species of reptiles which look like lizards. However, they are the only surviving member of an order of reptiles which flourished 200 million years ago.

There is now only the genus ***Sphenodon***, with two species of Tuatara. Both are endemic to (only live in) New Zealand. Lizards and snakes are the closest living relatives of the tuatara.

Tuatara are green-brown, and measure up to 80 cm from head to the end of their tail. They have a spiny crest along the back: the Māori word _tuatara_ refers to this.
The crest is more pronounced in males. Tuatara are special in many ways. One of these is the pattern of their teeth. They have two rows of teeth in the upper jaw overlap one row on the lower jaw. This is unique among living species.

### Third 'eye'

Tuatara are also unusual because they have a third 'eye'. They have two normal eyes. The third eye is on top of their head, in between their other eyes. It does not see like a normal eye. The parietal eye, as it is called, is only visible in hatchlings. They have a translucent patch at the top centre of the skull. After four to six months this becomes covered with opaque scales and pigment.

The function of the parietal eye is unknown, but it may be useful in absorbing ultraviolet rays to manufacture vitamin D. It may also do other things. Of all living tetrapods, the parietal eye is most obvious in this animal. The parietal eye is part of the pineal system. The animal's pineal gland secretes melatonin at night. Some salamanders use their pineal body to perceive polarised light, which helps navigation. Unlike lizards they have no eardrums or external male sexual organ.

### Hearing

Tuataras do not have ears, but they can hear. They have a number of unique features in their skeleton (bones), some of them shared through common descent with fish.

## Endangered species

The tuatara has been classified as an endangered species since 1895. The second species, _S. guntheri_, was not discovered until 1989.

Tuatara, like many of New Zealand's native animals, are threatened by habitat loss and the introduced Polynesian Rat _Rattus exulans_. They were extinct on the mainland, with the remaining populations confined to 32 offshore islands, until the first mainland release into the heavily fenced and monitored Karori Wildlife Sanctuary in 2005.