juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Santa Cruz de Tenerife

**Santa Cruz de Tenerife** is a municipality in the Province of Santa Cruz de Tenerife, in Canary Islands, Spain.

It has an area of 150.4 km² and a population of 208,103 people.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Santa Cruz de Tenerife
- **settlement type**: Municipalities of Spain, Municipality
- **imagesize**: 265px
- **image flag**: Flag Santa Cruz de Tenerife city.svg
- **image seal**: Escudo de armas de Santa Cruz de Tenerife.svg
- **pushpin map**: Canary Islands
- **pushpin mapsize**: 265px
- **pushpin relief**: yes
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: Autonomous communities of Spain, A. community
- **subdivision type2**: Provinces of Spain, Province
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: José Manuel Bermúdez
- **area total km2**: 150.4
- **population total**: 208,103
- **population as of**: January 1, 2021
- **population density km2**: 1,384
- **utc offset**: +00:00
- **postal code type**: Postal code
- **postal code**: 38000–38010, 38107–38111, 38120, 38129, 38130, 38139, 38140, 38150, 38160, 38170, 38180, 38294, 38320
- **blank name sec2**: Community Identification Number, MCN
- **blank info sec2**: 38038
Helicopter

A **helicopter** (also often used: **chopper** or **heli**) is a kind of flying machine or aircraft. A helicopter lifts up off
of the ground and moves because of its rotors. A rotor is several small wings, called rotor blades, that spin together around a shaft. For that reason, helicopters are sometimes called _rotary-wing aircraft_. A helicopter flies differently from an airplane. An airplane must move forward to stay in the air, but because the helicopter's rotor blades are always moving, the helicopter can stop and stay in one place above the ground. Not needing a runway, they can land in places where an airplane cannot. Helicopters can move by tilting their rotor blades, which causes the aircraft to fly in the direction the blades are tilted.

## History

Since around 400 BC, the Chinese had a flying top that was used as a children's toy. The flying top was made from bamboo and used the same method of spinning wings to fly up in the air. Later flying tops were made of feathers tied to a stick. Leonardo da Vinci first thought of a helicopter flown by a man in 1490, and drew pictures of his ideas. It was hundreds of years later (in the early 20th century) before anyone built one that could really fly. The first practical helicopters were built by Frenchman Louis Breguet in 1935 and by German Henrich Focke in 1936. A Russian immigrant, Igor Sikorsky, built and perfected the first practical helicopter in America in 1939.

## Uses

Helicopters are especially useful when there are disasters when infrastructure is damaged. Food packets, water, medicines and clothes are dropped from the air to people on the ground who cannot be reached by road. When people are injured, helicopters can carry them to hospitals faster than an ambulance on the road.

Helicopters are also used by the military, because they can move troops and equipment to places an airplane cannot take them. Attack helicopters act as attack aircraft carrying and shooting guns and missiles.

Training helicopter is used for learning how to be a helicopter pilot.
Baku

**Baku** (; , from the medieval  _Bâd-kube_, meaning "wind-pounded city", a compound word of _bād_, "wind", and _kube_, which is rooted in the verb کوبیدن _kubidan_, "to pound", thus meaning a place where the wind would be strong and pounding, and ancient city names  _Baraca_/) is the capital and the largest city of Azerbaijan, as well as the largest city on the Caspian Sea and of the Caucasus region. It is on the southern shore of the Absheron Peninsula. Baku is located  below sea level, which makes it the lowest lying national capital in the world and also the largest city in the world located below sea level. Modern Baku has three parts: the Old Town (İçəri Şəhər), the boomtown and the Soviet-built town. About 3 million people live in the metropolitan area.  There are large numbers of refugees and internally displaced persons.

In Baku area there is a lot of oil. There are a lot of state and private universities.

Baku is hosted the 57th Eurovision Song Contest in May 2012.  They also bid to host the 2020 Summer Olympics.  The city's three main football clubs are Neftchi Baku, FC Baku and Inter Baku. Baku is one of world's leading chess centres.

## Divisions

Today, Baku is divided into 11 _raions_ (administrative districts) and 5 settlements of city type.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Baku
- **native name**: Bakı
- **image skyline**: Vista de Baku, Azerbaiyán, 2016-09-26, DD 117.jpg
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **image caption**: Panoramic view of Baku
- **image seal**: WP baku siegel.png
- **seal size**: 80px
- **mapsize**: 220px
- **map caption**: Baku city lights at night
- **pushpin label position**: bottom
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Azerbaijan
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Eldar Azizov
- **area total km2**: 2130
- **population as of**: 2010
- **population total**: 2,064,900
- **population density km2**: 969.44
- **timezone**: Azerbaijan Time, AZT
- **utc offset**: +4
- **timezone dst**: Azerbaijan Time, AZST
- **utc offset dst**: +5
- **elevation m**: −28
- **area code**: +994 12
- **postal code type**: Postal code
- **postal code**: AZ1000
- **website**: [http://www.baku-ih.gov.az/ Baku-ih.gov.az]
Librarian

A **librarian** is a person responsible for selecting, organizing, and delivering information materials in a variety of formats such as electronic databases, primary source materials, or printed books. Librarians also teach people to find and evaluate information found on the World Wide Web using Internet search tools and strategies. Librarians may work in different areas. Purchasing materials, putting them into categories, teaching, assisting people with questions, and working with information technology are a few of the possible specializations.

The role of a librarian varies across different types of libraries and locations.

## Training

To become a librarian in a university a person needs to have a master's degree in Library Science (MLS) or a Bachelor's degree in Library and Information Science.

## Employment

Most librarians work for libraries in schools, colleges, or universities or in municipal, regional, or national libraries. Some librarians also work for private companies, to help them to organize their documents and reports. There are librarians that also work with the deaf and in prisons.

## Related jobs

Other jobs in libraries include the job of library technician. To become a library technician, a person needs to complete a college diploma.
Geronimo

**Geronimo** (_Chiricahua_ **Goyaałé** 'One Who Yawns'; often spelled **Goyathlay** in English), (June 16, 1829 – February 17, 1909) was a well-known Native American leader, but not chief, of the Chiricahua Apache tribe, but he was a Bedonkohe Apache. He was born in what is now the state of New Mexico and was also a respected medicine man. The name Geronimo was given to him by Mexican soldiers who either called to Saint Jerome while fighting him or transcribed his name into Spanish wrong. He led 38 Apache men, women, and children to resist being sent to reservations by the United States government or being captured by the Mexican Army. He surrendered in 1886. After that, he was moved to many different forts in the United States. In 1904 during the world fair in St. Louis, he sold souvenirs and pictures of himself. He died in 1909 from pneumonia.
Namur

**Namur** has these meanings:
- Namur (city), a city in Belgium, capital of Wallonia
- Namur (province) in Belgium
- The title Marquis of Namur, where _Namur_ refers to the province
- Namur, Wisconsin, United States, city founded by Walloon immigrants
- Namur (Montreal Metro) Montreal Metro station in Montreal, Canada
- Namur island, in the Marshall Islands, now Roi-Namur
Gold rush

A **gold rush** is when a lot of miners go to a mining place full of gold. Well-known examples are the California Gold Rush of 1848, the Australian gold rush which began in 1851, or the Fraser river gold rush in British Columbia, Canada in 1858.
Jeans

**Jeans** are a type of pants made from heavy, strong cotton material (fabric) called denim. They were invented in the United States by Levi Strauss in 1872. In the late 1800s, jeans were worn by workers. Jeans are one of the most obvious symbols of American cultural influence in the world. They are worn in many countries around the world.

In the 1950s, jeans became a popular fashion for teenagers and young adults. In the 1950s, jeans were part of rockabilly fashion for teenagers. Now, jeans are a very popular type of pants. They are usually worn as casual fashion clothing. Jeans are made in many styles and colors.

The word "jeans" came from the French name of the city in Italy where a strong cotton fabric was made. The Italian city's name, Genoa, was spelled "jene" in Middle English and "Gênes" in the French language.
Smile

A **smile** is a face made by flexing the muscles near both ends of the mouth. The smile can also be made through the eyes (See 'Duchenne smile' below). Smiles usually express happiness. A smile can be natural or fake. However, smiling can be different with animals. When smiling, the teeth shows, but sometimes animals do this when they are threatening. When chimpanzees show their teeth, it can also be a sign of fear.

## Dimples

Dimples are genetically inherited. They are caused by the flesh underneath the skin, that forms on some people's cheeks, especially when they smile. Some people may only have one dimple on only one side of the face.

## Duchenne smile

Although there are many different types of smiles, researchers are interested in the duchenne smile because it is done with the eyes. The Duchenne smile was named after the French physician Guillaume Duchenne. Duchenne identified two types of smiles. A **Duchenne smile** is when the cheek raises and forms a wrinkle around the eyes. Many researchers think that Duchenne smiles are usually hard to make when you are pretending to smile.

## Internet

On the Internet, smiles can normally be typed up. This is normally called a smiley, smiley face, or happy face. Smileys show emotion when people are not able to see it in real life. Smileys typed on the computer are called emoticons. Smileys can change depending on where the person typing the smiley is.

**Western Style:** :-), :-(, ;-), :-O, :-D, (;D)

**Eastern Style:** d(^.^)b, \(^o^)/, >.<, ^_^, *<):)

## Related pages

- Laughter
- Smiley
- Social psychology

## More reading

- Conniff, R. (2007). What's behind a smile? _Smithsonian Magazine, 38,_46-53.
- Ottenheimer, H.J. (2006). _The anthropology of language: An introduction to linguistic anthropology._ Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworh.
- Ekman, P., Davidson, R.J., & Friesen, W.V. (1990). The Duchenne smile: emotional expression and brain psysiology II. _Journal of Personality and Social Psychology_, **58**, 342-353.
- Russell and Fernandez-Dols eds. 1997. _The psychology of facial expression_. Cambridge. .
- Messinger D. & Fogel A. 2007.  The interactive development of social smiling. In  Robert Kail (ed) Advances in child development and behavior, **35**, 327-366. Oxford: Elsevier. Retrieved 25 June 2010 from http://www.psy.miami.edu/faculty/dmessinger/c_c/rsrcs/rdgs/emot/Messinger.Fogel.Smiling.Advances2007.pdf

## Other websites

- BBC News: Scanner shows unborn babies smile
Słupsk

**Słupsk** is a city in northern Poland in Pomeranian Voivodeship. It has about 100.000 inhabitants and 43,15 km².
**History**
First mentioned in 1015. City rights granted in 1265 (confirmed in 1310, 1313 and later). It belonged to Poland, 1307-41 - to the Teutonic Order, 1342-1648 - the center of the Duchy of Pomerania. 14-16 centuries belonged to the Hanseatic League, had the right to mint coins. It flourished under the rule of Boguslav X. In 1630 it was occupied and devastated by the Swedish army. After 1648 it passed to Brandenburg (called Stolp in German). In 1807, the city was occupied by Napoleon's army. 19th-20th centuries flourished in the beginning.
A Nazi concentration camp operated during World War II, where 800 people (mostly Jews) were killed in 1944-45. In 1945, the Nazi German army shot about 50 Polish civilians. In 1945, the city was occupied without a fight and the center was burned by the USSR army. 1975–98 Słupsk – voivodeship, 19th century – 1975 and since 1999 – county center.
Emperor of Ethiopia

The **Emperor of Ethiopia** was the name of the ruler of Ethiopia until 1975 when the emperors and the royal family, the Solomonids, were taken out of power.

The name that was used for _Emperor_ by the Ethiopians means _King of Kings_.
The Sound of Music

***The Sound of Music*** is a musical. It was based on a 1956 German movie, _Die Trapp-Familie_ and _The Story of the Trapp Family Singers_ by Maria von Trapp. The book was written by Howard Lindsay and Russel Crouse. The lyrics were written by Oscar Hammerstein II. The music was written by Richard Rodgers. It was the last musical written by Rodgers and Hammerstein. Hammerstein died nine months after the Broadway opening.

## Story

A young Austrian woman named Maria Rainer becomes the governess to the children of Captain Georg von Trapp, a widow. The children included Liesl (16), Friedrich (14), Louisa (13), Kurt (10 or 11), Brigitta (9), Marta (7) and Gretl (5). Maria teaches the children how to sing, during the famous song _Do Re Mi_. The captain and Maria fall in love and marry. Von Trapp refuses to join the Nazis and escapes from the Salzburg Festival, where his family performed. The story ends with Maria and her family leaving from Austria to Switzerland.

## Productions

_The Sound of Music_ was released on 16 November 1959 at the Lunt-Fontanne Theatre on Broadway. It starred Mary Martin as Maria and Theodore Bikel as Captain von Trapp. It moved to the Mark Hellinger Theatre on 6 November 1962, and closed on 15 June 1963 after 1,443 performances. The musical opened on the West End at the Palace Theatre on 18 May 1961. It starred Jean Bayless as Maria and Roger Dann as Capt. von Trapp. The musical ran for 2,385 performances.

## Awards

The musical won a Tony Award for Best Musical.

## Adaptations

The musical was released as a 1965 movie starring Julie Andrews and Christopher Plummer.

## Infobox (musical)

- **name**: The Sound of Music
- **image**: Mary Martin.jpg
- **image size**: 220px
- **caption**: Mary Martin was the first Maria (photo, 1950)
- **music**: Richard Rodgers
- **lyrics**: Oscar Hammerstein II
- **book**: Howard Lindsay
Russel Crouse
- **basis**: 1956 German movie, _Die Trapp-Familie_
_The Story of the Trapp Family Singers_ by Maria von Trapp
- **productions**: Broadway (1959)
West End theatre, West End (1961)
Movie (1965)
- **awards**: Tony Award for Best Musical
Academy Award for Best Picture

The **Academy Award for Best Picture** is one of the Academy Awards. Also called **Oscars**, the Academy Awards are given to people working in the movie industry by the American Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). The name of the award has changed over time. It was first **Outstanding Picture** in 1927. In 1930, the name was changed to **Best Picture**. It is still called that today.

In the list below are the winners of the award for each year. A list of the winners and other nominees is in the main article for each decade.
Vichy France

The **Vichy France**, officially the **French  State**, was the government of France during the early 1940s.  It included all of France except for Alsace-Lorraine and Pas-de-Calais.  It also governed the French colonial empire.  The state was led by Philippe Pétain.  He had been notable for helping to win World War I. The **Vichy French Military** took place from July 1940 to September 1944.

## History

When the French and the British armies lost the Battle of Dunkirk, and the rest of the Battle of France was being lost, the French Parliament made Pétain Minister. He negotiated an armistice with Germany. He agreed that France would be neutral in World War II. He became head of state and ruled as a dictator.  He usually did what the Germans told him to do.

The Axis powers militarily occupied northern and western France. They also controlled part of the southeastern part of the country.  The Vichy government, as a client state of Germany, controlled the Free Zone, the unoccupied parts of France. In November 1942 the United States joined the North African Campaign by invading French North Africa, so the German army occupied the Vichy zone. In 1943, the Vichy government, now a puppet state, moved to Paris. In 1944, it moved to Germany.  The government disbanded in 1945 with the defeat of Nazi Germany.

## Infobox (country)

- **conventional long name**: French State
- **common name**: France
- **native name**: État français
- **image flag**: Flag of Philippe Pétain, Chief of State of Vichy France.svg
- **flag caption**: Top: Presidental standard of Philippe Pétain

Bottom: Flag (1940–1944)
- **image flag2**: Flag of France (1794–1815, 1830–1974, 2020–present).svg
- **image coat**: Le cartouche de l'État Français.svg
- **symbol type**: Cartouche
- **motto**: Travail, Famille, Patrie
("Work, Family, Fatherland")
- **anthem**:
La Marseillaise

_"Maréchal, nous voilà!"_ (unofficial)
("Marshal, here we are!")
- **image map**: French State 1942.svg
- **map caption**: The French State in 1942:
- **capital**: Vichy
- **demonym**: French people, French
- **government type**: Collaborationist regime under a unitary authoritarian dictatorship
- **leader title1**: President of France, President (Marshall)
- **leader name1**: Philippe Pétain
- **leader title2**: Prime Minister of France, Prime Minister
- **leader name2**: Pierre Laval
- **status**: Puppet state of Nazi Germany
- **life span**: 1940–1944
- **common languages**: French language, French, German language, German
- **leader2**: Pierre Laval
- **p1**: French Third Republic
- **s1**: Provisional Government of the French Republic
- **flag p1**: Flag of France (1794–1815, 1830–1974, 2020–present).svg
- **flag s1**: Flag of France (1794–1815, 1830–1974, 2020–present).svg
Tarja Halonen

**Tarja Halonen** (born December 24, 1943) is the former President of Finland. She is from Helsinki. She was elected in 2000 and 2006. Her mandate ended in 2012 and she left office on 1 March 2012.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **honorific-prefix**: President
- **name**: Tarja Halonen
- **image**: Tarja Halonen 1c389 8827-2.jpg
- **office**: 11th President of Finland
- **primeminister**: Paavo Lipponen
Anneli Jäätteenmäki
Matti Vanhanen
Mari Kiviniemi
Jyrki Katainen
- **term start**: 1 March 2000
- **term end**: 1 March 2012
- **predecessor**: Martti Ahtisaari
- **successor**: Sauli Niinistö
- **office1**: Minister for Foreign Affairs (Finland), Minister of Foreign Affairs
- **primeminister1**: Paavo Lipponen
- **term start1**: 13 April 1995
- **term end1**: 25 February 2000
- **predecessor1**: Paavo Rantanen
- **successor1**: Erkki Tuomioja
- **office2**: Minister of Justice (Finland), Minister of Justice
- **primeminister2**: Harri Holkeri
- **term start2**: 28 February 1990
- **term end2**: 26 April 1991
- **predecessor2**: Matti Louekoski
- **successor2**: Hannele Pokka
- **office3**: Member of Finnish Parliament for Helsinki (electoral district), Helsinki
- **term start3**: 24 March 1979
- **term end3**: 29 February 2000
- **successor3**: Ilkka Taipale
- **birth name**: Tarja Kaarina Halonen
- **birth place**: Helsinki, Finland
- **party**: Social Democratic Party of Finland, Social Democratic Party
- **spouse**: Pentti Arajärvi <small>(2000–present)</small>
- **children**: Anna
- **alma mater**: University of Helsinki
- **profession**: Lawyer
- **signature**: Tarja Halonen signature.svg
Turku

**Turku** () is a city in Southwest Finland. It is the fifth-largest city in Finland, with a population of around 190,000.

It is next to the municipalities of Aura, Kaarina, Lieto, Masku, Mynämäki, Naantali, Nousiainen, Pöytyä, Raisio and Rusko.

The official languages spoken in Turku are Finnish and Swedish.

The harbour of Turku is an important port. Many ships go from there to Mariehamn and  to Stockholm. Turku Airport is also one of Finland's busiest airports.

Turku is located near the mouth of Aura river, and is spread on either side of the river. There are ten bridges over the Aura river in Turku.

## History

Turku is the oldest city in the country. it was founded in 13th century, when Finland was part of the Kingdom of Sweden. It used to be the largest city and capital of Finland. From 1809 Russia ruled Finland, and in 1812 the government moved to Helsinki.  A big fire destroyed much of Turku in 1827. After that, even the university moved to Helsinki.

The first school in Finland was established in Turku, the old Cathedral school in 13th century. The first university in Finland, "The Royal Academy of Turku" was established in the city in 1640, but it has moved to Helsinki and become the University of Helsinki. Now there are five universities in Turku: three in Finnish language and two in Swedish language.

## Other websites

- Official site of Turku
- How to (say or) pronounce the Finnish city "Turku". Say the Word (Youtube channel)

## Infobox (finnish municipality)

- **name**: Turku
- **official name**:

- **native name**: –
- **settlement type**: City
- **image skyline**: Turku postcard 2009.jpg
- **imagesize**: 280 px
- **image caption**: <small>Top row: Aerial view of Turku from atop Turku Cathedral
2nd row: Statue of Per Brahe the Younger, Per Brahe, Turku Castle, Turku Cathedral
 3rd row: Turku Medieval Market, The Christmas Peace Balcony of Turku, Twilight on the Aura (Archipelago Sea), Aura River
 Bottom row: Summer along the Aura River, view of Yliopistonkatu pedestrian area</small>
- **image flag**: Turku.lippu.svg
- **image shield**: Turku.vaakuna.svg
- **image map**: Turku sijainti Suomi.svg
- **latd**: 60
- **latm**: 27
- **latns**: N
- **longd**: 022
- **longm**: 16
- **longew**: E
- **postal code**: 20000–20960
- **website**: [http://www.turku.fi/ www.turku.fi]
Wings (movie)

***Wings*** is a 1927 American silent drama movie released on August 12, 1927. It is most famous as the first movie to win the Academy Award for Best Picture.

## Plot

Jack Powell (Charles "Buddy" Rogers) and David Armstrong (Richard Arlen) are rivals in the same small American town, both vying for the attentions of pretty Sylvia Lewis (Jobyna Ralston). Jack fails to realize that "the girl next door", Mary Preston (Clara Bow), is desperately in love with him. The two young men both enlist to become combat pilots in the Air Service. When they leave for training camp, Jack mistakenly believes Sylvia prefers him; she actually prefers David and lets him know about her feelings, but is too kindhearted to turn down Jack's affection.

Jack and David are billeted together. Their tent mate is Cadet White (Gary Cooper), but their acquaintance is all too brief; White is killed in an air crash the same day. Undaunted, the two men endure a rigorous training period, where they go from being enemies to best friends. Upon graduating, they are shipped off to France to fight the Germans.

Mary joins the war effort by becoming an ambulance driver. She later learns of Jack's reputation as an ace and encounters him while on leave in Paris. She finds him, but he is too drunk to recognize her. She puts him to bed, but when two Military Police barge in while she is innocently changing from a borrowed dress back into her uniform in the same room, she is forced to resign and return to America.

The climax of the story comes with the epic Battle of Saint-Mihiel. David is shot down and presumed dead. However, he survives the crash landing, steals a German biplane, and heads for the Allied lines. By a tragic stroke of bad luck, he is spotted and shot down by Jack, who is bent on avenging his friend. When Jack lands to pick up a souvenir, he becomes distraught when he learns what he has done, but before David dies, he forgives his comrade.

With the end of the war, Jack returns home to a hero's welcome. When he returns David's effects to his grieving parents, David's mother blames the war, not Jack, for her son's death. Then, Jack is reunited with Mary and realizes he loves her.

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: Wings
- **image**: Wings_poster.jpg
- **caption**: early movie poster
- **director**: William A. Wellman
- **producer**: Lucien Hubbard
- **writer**: **Story:**
John Monk Saunders
**Screenplay:**
Hope Loring
Louis D. Lighton
**Titles:**
Julian Johnson
- **starring**: Clara Bow
Charles 'Buddy' Rogers
Richard Arlen
Gary Cooper
- **music**: **Uncredited:**
J.S. Zamecnik
- **cinematography**: Harry Perry
- **editing**: E. Lloyd Sheldon
**Uncredited:**
Lucien Hubard
- **distributor**: Paramount Pictures
- **runtime**: 141 minutes
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **budget**: United States dollar, US$2,000,000 _(est.)_
Sunrise (movie)

***Sunrise: A Song of Two Humans*** or ***Sunrise*** is a 1927 silent movie. It is the only movie to ever win Academy Award for Unique and Artistic Production. This category was not used again. It won the award for Best Cinematography and actress, Janet Gaynor, won the Best Actress award. It was directed by F.W. Murnau.
The Broadway Melody

***The Broadway Melody*** is one of the first Hollywood musical movies. It was released in 1929. It made more money than any movie that year. It also won the Academy Award for Best Picture.

## Starring

- Charles King
- Anita Page
- Bessie Love
- Jed Prouty
Rocky

***Rocky*** is a 1976 American sports drama movie. It was written by, and starred, Sylvester Stallone. The movie is about a man living in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, who is trying to become a great boxer.

It won three Academy Awards and was ranked #78 in AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies list. It was followed by 5 sequels, the most recent came out in 2006.

The movie was made on a budget of less than $1 million. It was shot in 28 days.  Many people liked the movie.  It turned Stallone into a major star.

## Cast

- Sylvester Stallone as Robert "Rocky" Balboa, Sr., an enforcer for a loan shark by day and a semi-pro boxer by night. He is given the chance at the heavyweight title.
- Talia Shire as Adrian Pennino, Rocky's love interest; a quiet pet store clerk who falls in love with Rocky and supports him through his training.
- Burt Young as Paulie Pennino, Adrian's brother; a meat-packing plant worker by trade, Paulie lets Rocky train in the freezer.
- Carl Weathers as Apollo Creed, Rocky's opponent and heavyweight champion. The character was based on real-life boxing great Muhammad Ali.
- Burgess Meredith as Mickey Goldmill: Rocky's manager and trainer, a former bantamweight fighter from the 1920s and the owner of the local boxing gym.
- Thayer David as George Jergens: the fight promoter who has "promoted fights all over the world".
- Joe Spinnell as Tony Gazzo, loan shark and Rocky's employer.

Boxer Joe Frazier has a cameo appearance in the movie. Due to the movie's low budget, members of Stallone's family played minor roles. Michael Dorn made his acting debut as Creed's bodyguard.

## Awards

_Rocky_ received ten Academy Awards nominations in nine categories, winning three:

|Award|Result|Nominee|
| --- | --- | --- |
|Best Picture||Robert Chartoff and Irwin Winkler|
|Best Director||John G. Avildsen|
|Best Actor||Sylvester Stallone|
|Best Actress||Talia Shire|
|Best Original Screenplay||Sylvester Stallone|
|Best Supporting Actor||Burgess Meredith|
|Best Supporting Actor||Burt Young|
|Best Film Editing||Richard Halsey and Scott Conrad|
|Best Music (Original Song) for Gonna Fly Now||Bill Conti Carol Connors Ayn Robbins|
|Best Sound Mixing||Harry Warren Tetrick (posthumous) William McCaughey Lyle J. Burbridge Bud Alper|

The Directors Guild of America awarded _Rocky_ its annual award for best movie of the year. It was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Screenplay. The Writers Guild of America Award selected it as the 78th best screenplay of all time.

## Sequels

- Rocky II (1979)
- Rocky III (1982)
- Rocky IV (1985)
- Rocky V (1990)
- Rocky Balboa (2006)
- Creed (2015)
- Creed II (2018)

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: Rocky
- **director**: John G. Avildsen
- **producer**: Robert Chartoff
Irwin Winkler
- **writer**: Sylvester Stallone
- **starring**: Sylvester Stallone
Burgess Meredith
Talia Shire
Burt Young
Carl Weathers
- **music**: Bill Conti
- **cinematography**: James Crabe
- **editing**: Richard Halsey
Scott Conrad
- **distributor**: United Artists
- **runtime**: 119 minutes
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **budget**: United States dollar, $1 million
- **gross**: $225,000,000
Tailor

A **tailor** is a person whose job is to make clothes to fit people. A tailor might make a new piece of clothing, or change an item so that it fits better. They also mend (fix) clothes. A tailor is also called a **seamster**, or a **seamstress** for a woman.
Template

A **template** is a tool that shows the shape of something or it is a tool to help make something. It can separate the form of something from the things inside it.

In drawing, a template can be a wood, plastic or metal tool that is used to help make marks with a pen or pencil. Lines can be drawn on paper, or on metal or wood to make the same shape many times.

In publishing for example, a template is a layout made by someone else to give an idea what to write in different parts of a book or story.  A simple publishing template can have spaces for the words, for pictures, for the story title (name), and for the name of the publication.

Humans or machines can use templates.  Some computer programs that work with the Internet use a template to separate the way the program works from the way it shows the words and pictures.  It can be a way to copy words and pictures. In computer programming, templates save time because the programmer does not need to write the same words over and over.

When doctors plan to give a person a new bone joint made of metal or plastic, they can use a template in the shape of the new joint.  This type of template is put on an x-ray picture of the person to help to decide the size of joint needed.

## Related pages

- Computer programming
Oliver!

***Oliver and Company*** is a musical. It is based on the novel, _Oliver Twist_ by Charles Dickens. The book, lyrics, and music were written by Lionel Bart.

## Premieres

_Oliver!_ had its world premiere on 30 June 1960 at the New Theatre in the West End. It ran for 2621 performances. The musical was directed by Peter Coe, and choreographed by Malcolm Clare. It starred Ron Moody as Fagin, Georgia Brown as Nancy, Martin Horsey as Dodger, and Keith Hamshere as Oliver.

_Oliver!_ opened on Broadway at the Imperial Theatre on 6 January 1963. Georgia Brown reprised her role as Nancy, Clive Revill played Fagin, Davy Jones played Dodger, and Bruce Prochnik played Oliver. It won three Tony Awards including Best Original Score.

## Adaptations

In 1968, the musical was adapted to a movie of the same name. The movie won the Academy Award for Best Picture.

## Infobox (musical)

- **name**: Oliver!
- **image**: Oliver!, 2009 (cropped).jpg
- **image size**: 250px
- **music**: Lionel Bart
- **lyrics**: Lionel Bart
- **book**: Lionel Bart
- **basis**: _Oliver Twist_ by Charles Dickens
- **productions**: West End theatre, West End (30 June 1960, world premiere)
Broadway (6 January 1962)
Movie (1968)
- **awards**: Tony Award for Best Original Score
Patton (disambiguation)

George S. Patton was a United States Army general during World War II

**Patton** can also mean:
- _Patton_, a 1970 motion picture about General Patton
- The Patton tank, named after the general
- George Patton IV, son of the general
- Charlie Patton, a US blues musician
- Mike Patton, an American musician who used the title 'General Patton' for a one-off collaboration with The X-Ecutioners
Dr. Hook & The Medicine Show

**Dr. Hook & The Medicine Show** or simply just **Dr. Hook** was an American band. They formed in Union City, New Jersey in 1968. Their two best known songs were "Cover of the Rolling Stone" "Sharing the Night Together" and "When You're In Love With A Beautiful Woman".

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Dr. Hook & the Medicine Show
- **background**: group_or_band
- **alias**: The Chocolate Papers
- **origin**: New Jersey, United States
- **instrument**: Microphone (Vocals)
- **genre**: Rock music, Rock
Soft rock
Country music, Country
- **years active**: 1967–1985
- **label**: Columbia Records, Capitol Records, CBS, Casablanca Records
- **past members**: Billy Francis
Ray Sawyer
George Cummings
Popeye Phillips
Jimmy "Wolf Cub" Allen
Bobby Dimingus
Dennis Locorriere
Joseph Oliver
John "Jay" David
Jance Garfat
Rik Elswit
John Wolters
Bob "Willard" Henke
Rod Smarr
Walter Hartman
Glider

**Gliders** are aircraft which do not have a motor. Gliders are controlled by their pilots by using control-sticks. Some gliders can only carry one person; others can carry two. In gliders with two seats, each pilot has a control-stick. Gliders always have seats for the pilots.

'Sailplanes' are gliders with long wings so that they will only lose height slowly. In some places a vertical draft makes the air go up faster than the glider is going down. The pilot of a glider can make it climb by flying to these places. This is called soaring. Good pilots can travel long distances by always finding rising air. Some pilots race each other over hundreds of kilometres each day. Other pilots just fly for fun.

Gliders cannot get into the air by themselves. They are pulled into the air by an aircraft with a motor or they are pulled up by motor on the ground.

There are two other types of gliders. Hang-gliders have frames to give the wings their shape, but do not have seats for their pilots and do not have control-sticks. The wings of paragliders are like parachutes and so do not have frames to give them their shape. These other two types of glider are often launched from the tops of hills or cliffs.

The weight of a microlift glider, can be as low as 54 kg (119 lb).
John Stuart Mill

**John Stuart Mill** (20 May 1806 – 8 May 1873) was an English philosopher and political economist. He was a classical liberal thinker of the 19th century. He was for utilitarianism, the ethical theory first proposed by his godfather Jeremy Bentham.

As a utilitarian, he believed that the good of society as a whole is more important than the pleasure of one or a few individuals.
Jeremy Bentham

**Jeremy Bentham** (15 February 1748 – 6 June 1832) was an English jurist, philosopher, and legal and social reformer. He is best known as one of the first people to be for utilitarianism, animal rights and gay rights.

Bentham was one of the most influential Classical liberals, partially through his writings but particularly through his students all around the world, including John Stuart Mill and several political leaders (and Robert Owen, who later started the idea of socialism). He is believed to be the innovator of classical liberalism, a term first coined in the 19th century. After he died, his body was preserved and is on public display at University College London to this day
Dinosaur Comics

**Dinosaur Comics** is a comic by Ryan North. It shows dinosaurs who have adventures and talk about philosophy and some other topics.  The art is the same every day, but the words are different. This comic is intended to be funny.
Things in the comic that are not true:
- Dinosaurs did not talk
- There were no cabins, cars, or women when dinosaurs lived
- The dinosaurs in this comic (Tyrannosaurus Rex, Dromiceiomimus, and Utahraptor) did not live at the same time or even in the same places.
- Tyrannosaurus Rex was not friendly
Lucid dream

A **lucid dream** is essentially a dream in which the person is aware that he or she is in the dream. In a lucid dream, the person does not have to be in control of his or her surroundings for the dream to be lucid, and only being aware of the dream itself is sufficient condition for the dream to be described as lucid.

The art of lucid dreaming is the art of being able to control your surroundings in the dream itself. People who lucid dream can usually control everything that happens in their dream. They can teleport, fly, make something appear, or even make everything disappear. Regular lucid dreamers usually do so for spiritual reasons but there certainly are people who do it for fun or to avoid bad dreams.

## Ways to lucid dream

Although some people can have lucid dreams without trying, most people do not have them often. It is important to be able to remember dreams, because if the dreamer does not remember them, he or she will not know if they were lucid dreams or not. Remembering dreams becomes easier if they are written in a dream diary upon waking up.

There are some ways that help make lucid dreams more likely. Stephen LaBerge, a psychologist who studies lucid dreams, made the MILD (mnemonic induction of lucid dreaming) technique. To do this, the dreamer must wake up after having a dream, and visualise himself or herself being in the dream again, except now knowing it is a dream. The dreamer should think "the next time I am dreaming, I want to remember I am dreaming", and should concentrate on this while returning to sleep. There are many other ways to help someone lucid dream. One other way is to fall asleep while keeping the mind awake. This is called the WILD (wake induced lucid dreaming) technique. It is easiest to perform after waking up from a few hours of sleep.

## Other websites

- Dreamviews Lucid Dreaming Community & Resource
- Lucidipedia
- Lucidity.com
- LD4all
My Fair Lady

***My Fair Lady*** is a musical. It is based on George Bernard Shaw's play, _Pygmalion_, and on the movie adaptation of the play starring Wendy Hiller and Leslie Howard. The book and lyrics for the musical were written by Alan Jay Lerner. The music was written by Frederick Loewe.

## Synopsis

The common flower girl, _Eliza Doolittle_, tells us of the simple pleasures she would like in life (a warm room, an enormous chair, chocolate, someone who cares for her) and how much she would appreciate these little things. As Eliza grew up on the streets of London, she has a strong cockney accent (therefore pronouncing ‘lovely’ as ‘loverly’), the phoneticist, _Professor Henry Higgins_, overhears her and he places a bet that he can turn Eliza into a lady within the space of a year.

## Productions

The musical premiered on Broadway on 15 March 1956 at the Mark Hellinger Theatre.  It moved to other theatres in New York during its original run, and closed on 29 September 1962 after 2,717 performances. It starred Rex Harrison, Julie Andrews, Robert Coote, and Stanley Holloway. It was directed by Moss Hart.

The West End production opened on 30 April 1958 at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane. Harrison, Andrews, Coote, and Holloway played their Broadway roles. It ran for five and one-half years for 2,281 performances.

## Awards

The musical won the Tony Award for Best Musical.

## Adaptations

The musical was made into a movie in 1964 starring Audrey Hepburn and Rex Harrison.

## Infobox (musical)

- **name**: My Fairy Lady
- **music**: Frederick Loewe
- **lyrics**: Alan Jay Lerner
- **book**: Alan Jay Lerner
- **basis**: _Pygmalion_, play by George Bernard Shaw
_Pygmalion_, movie based on Shaw play
- **productions**: Broadway (1956)
West End theatre, West End (1958)
Movie (1964)
- **awards**: Tony Award for Best Musical
A Man for All Seasons

***A Man for All Seasons*** is a play by Robert Bolt about the life of Sir Thomas More that was first put on in 1960. It was made into a movie in 1966 that won the Best Picture Academy Award that year. It was also made into a TV movie in 1988.

## Infobox (play)

- **name**: A Man for All Seasons
- **writer**: Robert Bolt
- **characters**: The Common Man
Sir Thomas More
The Duke of Norfolk
Thomas Cromwell
King Henry VIII
Margaret More
William Roper
Thomas Cardinal Wolsey
Alice More
Thomas Cranmer
Richard Rich
Signor Chapuys
- **setting**: Sixteenth century England
- **premiere**: November 22, 1961
- **place**: ANTA Playhouse
- **orig lang**: English language, English
- **subject**:  
- **genre**:  
- **ibdb id**: 2901
Composite number

A **composite number** (or simply a _composite_) is a natural number, that can be found by multiplying prime numbers.

For example, the number _nine_ can be found by multiplying _three_ by _three_.  Another example is the number _12_, which is obtained by multiplying _3_, _2_ and _2_.

All natural numbers (greater than one) can be put in one of the two classes below:

- The number is prime.
- The number is not prime. It can be found by multiplying together other primes. The same prime number can be used several times, as in the example with 12 above. This is known as the fundamental theorem of arithmetic.

## Related pages

- Perfect number
Stalking

**Stalking** means following something or somebody secretly. In the animal kingdom, predators often hunt by stalking, or by combining stalking with ambushing.

Someone who likes to watch other people is known as a voyeur. When this is continually done to a person it can have a bad effect.

## Criminal stalking

Stalking in a way that makes someone feel unsafe is a crime in many countries. It is not just one event but an ongoing process that threatens or makes the victim feel scared. Someone who does this is called a stalker. The stalker may do this because they want to be involved in that person's life, because they want to have power over that person's life, or for other sexual reasons. The stalker can make that person feel scared. They may feel they do not have the power to stop the stalker. Psychologists say stalking is a way of hurting someone's mind. Sometimes a stalker may go on to hurt that person's body by assaulting, raping or murdering that person.

Celebrities are often stalked. Taylor Swift, Kim Kardashian, Rihanna, Jennifer Lopez, Kendall Jenner and Kylie Jenner often have stalkers.

## Celebrities

People with Celebrity Worship Syndrome often stalk celebrities.

## Cyber-stalking

Stalking can sometimes be done on the internet. This is called cyberstalking.
Ham

**Ham** is pork that comes from a leg of a pig.

Ham can be dry-cured or wet-cured. Dry-cured ham is made by rubbing the meat with salt. Wet-cured ham is made with brine.

Types of dry-cured ham:
- Prosciutto crudo (Italian)
- Prosciutto di Parma (Italian)
- Jambon de bayonne (French)
- Jamón serrano (Spanish)
- Jamón iberico (Spanish)
- Country ham (American)
- York ham (English)
- Westphalian ham (German)

Ham is used in SPAM.
Spam (food)

**Spam** is a canned meat food made by the Hormel Foods Corporation. It is made from pork shoulder meat and ham.

There have been many ideas about what the word "Spam" actually means. The Hormel Foods Corporation said the meaning of the name "is known by only some people". In some dictionaries "Spam" means "**sp**iced h**am**", "**s**houlder of "**p**ork **a**nd ha**m**" and Specially Produced American Meat

Spam was used a lot in World War II, as there wasn't proper meat. Because of that, spam was used as a rationed item.

## Jokes about Spam

- The British comedy group Monty Python created a short sketch about Spam in 1970. In it, a lady who does not like Spam is talking to a waitress in a restaurant when a bunch of Vikings cut their conversation by singing the word "Spam" over and over again. The lady does not like what is happening and eventually the word "Spam" became widely used to mean unwanted email messages.
- Weird Al Yankovic made a parody song called Spam. It was first recorded in 1988.

## Other websites

- – United States
- Collection of mid-twentieth century advertising featuring Spam from The TJS Labs Gallery of Graphic Design.
Mushroom

A **mushroom** (also called a **toadstool**) is the part of a fungi that is comparable to the fruit of a plant. Unlike plants, mushrooms do not use sunlight to generate energy for themselves. Some mushrooms are edible, and are used for cooking in many countries, such as China, Korea and Europe. Other mushrooms, however, are poisonous, and can cause severe illness or death if eaten. People who search for edible mushrooms are called _mycophagists_, meaning "mushroom eater", while the act itself is called "mushrooming". Mushrooms have been known to support bone health and to regulate blood sugar in diabetics. It is available in different colours and shapes.

## Kinds of mushrooms

- Agarics (includes very poisonous, and hallucinogenic kinds)
- Boletus (includes poisonous and edible kinds)
- Chanterelles (edible)
- Coral fungi (usually edible)
- Cap fungi (usually edible) <sup>[citation needed]</sup>
- Jelly fungi (usually edible)
- Polypores (similar to boletes)
- Psychedelic (also known as shrooms)
- Puffballs (usually edible)
- Stinkhorns (usually edible, but has a stench)
- Tooth fungi

## Structure of mushrooms

Most mushrooms have a stem and a cap. The bottom of the cap usually has gills to hold spores, however, some mushrooms, such as the Porcini, have pores under the cap.

### Identification

- Mushroom Expert
- MykoWeb
- An Aid to Mushroom Identification , _Simon's Rock College_
- Online Edible Wild Mushroom Field Guide
- Mushroom Observer (mushroomobserver.org), a collaborative mushroom recording and identification project
- list of field guides to mushrooms , from the International Field Guides database

### Research associations

- Mushroom Mania; the Newsletter
- North American Mycological Association
- International Society for Mushroom Science
- Pacific Northwest Fungi Online Journal
Factorization

**Factorization** (also called **factorisation** and **factoring**) is taking a composite number apart into numbers that multiply together to get the original number.  These smaller numbers are called factors or divisors.  1 is a factor of all numbers.

Prime factorization is breaking apart a composite number into prime numbers that can be multiplied to give the larger number.  Note that since 1 is not prime, it is not included in the prime factorization.

For example, 12 can be factored as 4 × 3. Since 4 is not a prime number, that is not its prime factorization.  12's prime factorization is in fact 3 × 2 × 2.

The numbers which are obtained from the factorization are usually ordered, for example, starting with the smallest number. For example, 72=2^3*3^2.  The factorization of every number is unique.  This generalizes to:

1. Every number has a unique prime factorization
1. Every prime factorization corresponds to a unique number

Since finding the numbers to multiply together is very difficult for large numbers, this fact can be used in cryptography.

## Polynomials

This is how one type of polynomial is factored.

Find two numbers that add up to 9 and can be multiplied to get 20. Here, these numbers are 4 and 5.

## Related pages

- Fundamental theorem of arithmetic
Joint

A **joint** is the place where two or more bones make contact. They allow movement (except for skull bones) and give mechanical support.

Joints have cartilage in between them, which help to make the movement flexible. Joints are described structurally and functionally. Structural classification is how the bones connect to each other; function is the degree of movement between the articulating bones.

## Synovial bursa

A synovial bursa is a small fluid-filled sac lined by a synovial membrane. It has an inner capillary layer of viscous synovial fluid (bit like raw egg white). The bursa is _a cushion between bones and tendons_ and/or muscles around a joint. This helps to reduce friction between the bones and allows free movement.