juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Esztergom

**Esztergom** is a city in Hungary, 45 kilometers north of Budapest. 30 928 people live in Esztergom. It is the center of the Roman Catholic Church in Hungary, and the Constitutional court is in the city. There are a lot of rich museums in the city.

## Geography

Esztergom is on the right side of the river Danube. There are big islands on the Danube. There are mountains to the east, that surround the city. The city is 100,35 km² big.

## History

The city was founded in 972 by Géza of Hungary. It is one of the oldest cities in Hungary. Until 1249 it was the capital of the country. The archbishops built many schools, churches, palaces, and the kings of Hungary built castles. In 1242 the city was attacked and destroyed by mongols, but the castle on the hill was not. After the attack king Béla IV. moved to Buda, and gave the city to the archbishop. In 1543 the city was taken by the Turks, who built many spas. The Hungarians tried to take back the city many times, so it was destroyed again in the wars. The Turks left Esztergom in 1683. In 1822 Alexander Rudnay, the archbishop started building a big temple called a basilica. It is the biggest temple and the tallest building in the country, and the third biggest temple in Europe.

## Sister cities

- Espoo (Finland) since 1974
- Štúrovo (Slovakia) since 1991
- Bamberg (Germany) since 1992
- Cambrai (France) since 1992
- Ehingen (Germany) since 1992
- Maintal (Germany) since 1993
- Gniezno (Poland) since 1994
- Mariazell (Austria) since 2002
- Canterbury (England) since 2004
Edmund Barton

**Sir Edmund Barton** (18 January 1849 – 7 January 1920) was the first Prime Minister of Australia. He was born in the suburb of Glebe in 1849 and died from heart failure in the Blue Mountains in 1920.

He was elected to the first Australian parliament in 1901 as the member for Hunter. He had a big part in making Australia a nation. His government passed laws stopping non-white people from coming to Australia and allowing women to vote in elections. After he was Prime Minister he became a judge of the High Court.

## Political career

Barton was chosen as the Speaker of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly in 1883. He served as the speaker until 1887. In 1891, he was a member of the committee writing the Constitution of Australia. In 1900, he led a group of Australians to London to present the country's first Constitution to the British Parliament. Barton was elected as Australia's first Prime Minister on 1 January 1901, when the new constitution went into effect. He also served as the Minister External Affairs (foreign policy and international relations). He resigned on 24 September 1903, and became a senior judge in the new High Court of Australia, and held that position until his death in 1920.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Edmund Barton
- **image**: Edmund Barton.PNG
- **order**: 1st Prime Minister of Australia
- **term start**: 1 January 1901
- **term end**: 24 September 1903
- **predecessor**: None
- **successor**: Alfred Deakin
- **birth place**: Glebe, Sydney, New South Wales
- **death place**: Medlow Bath, New South Wales
- **party**: Protectionist Party, Protectionist
- **constituency**: Division of Hunter, Hunter (New South Wales)
Crofton, British Columbia

**Crofton** is a town on Vancouver Island, in British Columbia, Canada. It is a small town with only 2,500 people living in it. Crofton lies alongside the water. A miner named Henry Croft founded the town in 1902 so he could do better mining on the mountains around Crofton. But soon after, the mining stopped. In 1956, a mill that makes paper was built in Crofton. Today, that mill has over 1,000 workers. Because Crofton is on the water, it has a ferry that takes people to Salt Spring Island, which is nearby.
Zabno

**Zabno** (Polish: Żabno) is a town in Poland. 4,275 people live there. Zabno is near a bigger city, Tarnow.
South Australia

**South Australia** is one of the six states of Australia. The capital city is Adelaide.

## Location

South Australia is in the southern central part of the country. It is one of the driest parts of the continent. South Australia gets very little rain.

## Appearance

The state has a total land area of 984,377 km² (380,070 sq mi). It is the fourth largest of Australia's states and territories. In 2006 there were 1,554,397 people living in South Australia.

## Emblems of South Australia

- The floral emblem of South Australia is Sturt's Desert Pea, _Swainsona formosa_. It was made the emblem on November 23, 1961.
- The faunal emblem is the Hairy-Nosed or Plains Wombat (_Lasiorhinus latifrons_). It was chosen on 27 August 1970.
- The marine emblem is the Leafy Seadragon (_Phycodurus eques_). It as chosen on 8 February 2001.
- The gemstone emblem of South Australia is the opal. This was chosen on the 15 August 1985.
- The official badge of South Australia is the Piping Shrike or White Backed Magpie (_Gymnorhina tibicen leuconota_). It was chosen on 14 January 1904.

## History

South Australia was a _freely-settled_, planned British province. Settlement began on December 28, 1836. This was when the state was _proclaimed_ at The Old Gum Tree by Governor Hindmarsh. The aim was to create the province as a center of civilization for free immigrants, promising civil liberties and religious tolerance.

## Events

The state is known for its festivals and fine wine.

## Climate

The highest temperature recorded was 50.7°C at Oodnadatta on 2 January 1960.
The coldest temperature recorded was -8.2°C at Yongala on 20 July 1976.
The highest rainfall recorded was 272.6 mm at Motpena on 14 March 1989.
Richard Roeper

**Richard Roeper** (born October 17, 1959 in Chicago, Illinois) is an American movie critic, television personality, journalist, and historian. He starred on the American television program "At the Movies" with Roger Ebert from 2000 to 2008 as Gene Siskel's successor. Roeper also writes about movies for an American newspaper, the _Chicago Sun-Times_.

## Other websites

- Biography  from TV Tome

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Richard Roeper
- **image**: File:RichardRoeper06TIFF.jpg
- **caption**: Richard Roeper in 2006
- **birth place**: Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
- **occupation**: Columnist
- **nationality**: American
- **subject**: Film criticism
- **alma mater**: Illinois State University
Alfred Deakin

**Alfred William Deakin** (3 August 1856 – 7 October 1919) was the second Prime Minister of Australia.

He was born in Collingwood, Melbourne, Australia, the second child of William Deakin. In the 1890s he helped Australia become a country. He was Australia's first Attorney-General (head lawyer) when Edmund Barton was Prime Minister and then became Prime Minister after Barton left. He introduced the Bill to start Australia's High Court, began planning for a railway to cross Australia, took over control of New Guinea from Britain, and introduced old age pensions.

Deakin married Elizabeth Brown on 3 April 1882. They had three children.

When he was old he had Alzheimer's disease which made him forget a lot of things.
Alfred Deakin died on the 7 October 1919 in South Yarra, Victoria. He was buried at St.Kilda Cemetery.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Alfred William Deakin
- **honorific-prefix**: The Honourable
- **image**: Alfred Deakin.jpg
- **order**: 2nd Prime Minister of Australia
- **term start**: 24 September 1903
- **term end**: 27 April 1904
5 July 1905–13 November 1908
29 June 1909–29 April 1910
- **predecessor**: Edmund Barton
- **successor**: Chris Watson
Andrew Fisher
- **birth place**: Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, Victoria
- **death place**: South Yarra, Victoria
- **party**: Protectionist Party, Protectionist,
 Party, Fusion
- **constituency**: Division of Ballarat, Ballarat (Victoria)
Chris Watson

**John Christian Watson** (c. 9 April 1867 - 18 November 1941), known as **Chris Waston**, was the third Prime Minister of Australia. He was the first Prime Minister from the Labor Party. He was Prime Minister for only four months.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: John Chris Watson
- **image**: ChrisWatsonSepia.jpg
- **order**: 3rd Prime Minister of Australia
- **term start**: 27 April 1904
- **term end**: 18 August 1904
- **predecessor**: Alfred Deakin
- **successor**: George Reid
- **birth date**: c.
- **birth place**: Valparaiso, Chile
- **party**: Australian Labor Party, Labor
- **constituency**: Division of Bland, Bland (New South Wales)
Archie Comics

**Archie Comics** is a comic book company in the United States. Its most famous and popular title is "Archie". This comic book is about a teenage boy named Archie Andrews and his friends: Betty Cooper, Veronica Lodge, Reggie Mantle, Sabrina Spellman, and Jughead Jones. Every character in this comic book is fictional, and they were created by Bob Montana. All characters were based on people he knew in Haverhill, Massachusetts. Other popular titles by Archie Comics include "Sabrina the Teenage Witch", "Sonic the Hedgehog", and Josie and the Pussycats. Archie's first appearance was in Pep Comics #22 on December 22, 1941. The first edition was drawn by Montana and written by Vic Bloom.

Archie lives in a small town named "Riverdale", in a state that is not known. However, in the early years of the Archie comics, Riverdale was in Massachusetts. This is known because a character Mr. Lodge was a senator for that state, but this is no longer part of the story.

### The Archie Gang: Main characters

- Archibald "Archie" Andrews, main character, a typical teenage boy with a great interest in dating, who sometimes can be clumsy.

- Elizabeth "Betty" Cooper, the girl-next-door, very sweet.

- Veronica "Ronnie/Ron" Lodge, the rich, sometimes nice and sometimes snobbish girl.

- Forsythe Pendleton "Jughead" Jones III, - Archie's best friend. Jughead is sarcastic, obsessed with food, lazy, and apathetic towards girls.

- Reginald "Reggie" Mantle, a conceited practical joker. He occasionally dates Veronica and sometimes, although very rarely, goes on dates with Betty. He is also obsessed with another girl, Midge, which usually gets him in trouble with Moose, who beats up Reggie.

### Parents (of the main characters)

Of all the parents, Veronica's father and Archie's parents appear most often.
- **Mr. Hiram Lodge**, Veronica's rich father often hates meeting Archie because Archie is clumsy and causes him trouble.
- **Mr. Frederick "Fred" Andrews**, Archie's father is pear-shaped, old-fashioned, and balding.
- **Mrs. Mary Andrews**, Archie's typical all-American suburban mother.

### The Faculty

- **Mr. Waldo Weatherbee**, the school principal, popularly referred to as 'The Bee'. He is often a victim of Archie's clumsiness, and he often punishes Archie by keeping him after school.
- **Miss Geraldine Grundy**, a teacher at Riverdale High who is usually shown as an English teacher. She also teaches every subject except gym or chemistry. Most students consider her a "nice" or "good" teacher. She is old with white hair.
- **Miss Bernice Beazley**, the grouchy school cafeteria cook. No one likes her food except Jughead. She is not well liked by the students.
Zak Starkey

**Zak Starkey** (born 13 September 1965) is a British musician. He is the son of Beatles drummer Ringo Starr. Like his father he is also a drummer and has played with bands including The Who and Oasis.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Zak Starkey
- **img**: Oasis drummer2.jpg
- **img capt**: Starkey on stage with Oasis at the Shoreline Amphitheatre in Mountain View, California,
 on September 11, 2005
- **img size**: 220
- **background**: non_vocal_instrumentalist
- **birth name**: Zak Starkey
- **birth place**: Hammersmith and Fulham, Hammersmith, London, England
- **instrument**: Drum kit, Drums, Percussion
- **genre**: Hard rock, Alternative rock, Britpop, Post-punk, Pop rock, Art rock
- **occupation**: Musician
- **years active**: 1980–present
- **associated acts**: Oasis (band), Oasis, The Who, The Icicle Works, The Waterboys, ASAP (band), ASAP, The Lightning Seeds, Face (band), Face, Ringo Starr & His All-Starr Band, Johnny Marr and the Healers, The Semantics
Nasal bone

The **nasal bones** are two small oblong bones in the human skull. Their size and form differs among individuals. They are placed side by side at the middle and top part of the face, forming the "bridge" of the nose at their junction.
Kapellmeister

**Kapellmeister**, (pronounce: Ka-PEL-my-ster), is a German word which means a musician who is in charge of music-making.  The word comes from the Latin word for "chapel".  In German "Kapelle" got the meaning: "choir" (because they sang in a chapel).  "Meister" means "master".

The French word is **maître de la chapelle**.  In Italian he is **Maestro di Capella**.  In English he might be called **Chapel Master** or, more generally, **Director of Music**.

## The Kapellmeister's job

The word Kapellmeister is used to describe musicians in Germany who worked for a king, prince or rich nobleman.  Until about 200 years ago, these people often had their own private orchestras.  The Kapellmeister was like a Director of Music.  He would be responsible for choosing any new musicians, rehearsing and conducting the orchestra, and composing any music that was needed.

Many famous composers had jobs as Kapellmeister.  Johann Sebastian Bach worked from 1717 to 1723 as Kapellmeister for Prince Leopold of Anhalt-Cöthen. George Frideric Handel was Kapellmeister for George, Elector of Hanover, who later became George I of Great Britain. Joseph Haydn worked for many years as Kapellmeister for the Eszterházy family, a very important noble family of the Austrian Empire.

A Kapellmeister could also be the Director of Music for a church.  Sometimes, this would be called "Kantor" in Germany.  Johann Sebastian Bach was called "Kantor" when he was Director of Music at the church of St Thomas in Leipzig from 1723-1750.

By the 19th century, society in Europe had changed.  The nobility were not as rich as they had been before, and many composers started to make a living as a freelance composer.  Beethoven, for example, never became a Kapellmeister.

Sometimes, the word "Kapellmeister" is used in German today to mean the Director or conductor of an orchestra or choir. The title shows that they have to organize the orchestra or choir as well as conduct it.
Kingdom of England

The **Kingdom of England** was a country in Western Europe. It was the land in the south of the island of Great Britain. It united with Scotland to create the Kingdom of Great Britain.

Before the Romans arrived, what is now England, was actually twenty two tribes. Following the collapse of the Roman Empire in Britain, seven kingdoms existed until in 827, Northumbria submitted to Egbert of Wessex at Dore, briefly making Egbert the first king to reign over a united England. It ended on 1 May 1707 with the Acts of Union 1707, which added Scotland to the Kingdom to form the Kingdom of Great Britain.

## Infobox (former country)

- **conventional long name**: Kingdom of England
- **currency**: Pound sterling
- **iso3166code**: omit
- **common name**: England
- **status**: State union
- **image flag**: Flag of England.svg
- **flag caption**: Top: Flag of England

Bottom: Royal standard (1406–1603)
- **image flag2**: Royal standard of England (1406–1603).svg
- **life span**: 927–1707
<small>(Commonwealth of England, Commonwealth: 1649–1660)</small>
- **flag type**: Flag of England
- **image coat**: Coat_of_Arms_of_England_(-1340).svg
- **symbol type**: Royal Arms of England used during the rule of the House of Plantagenet.
- **coa size**: 90px
- **coat alt**: Royal Arms
- **national motto**:

- **image map**: Location map of England in 1700.svg
- **largest city**: London
- **official languages**: English language, English
- **common languages**: English language, English (official), French language, French, Latin language, Latin
- **demonym**: English people, English
- **title leader**: List of English monarchs, Monarch
- **leader1**: Athelstan
- **leader2**: Anne, Queen of Great Britain, Anne
- **year leader1**: 927–939 (first)
- **year leader2**: 1702–1707 (last)
- **legislature**: Parliament of England, Parliament
- **upper house**: House of Lords
- **lower house**: House of Commons of the United Kingdom, House of Commons
- **established event1**: Establishment
- **established date1**: 12 July 927
- **established event2**: Acts of Union 1707, Acts of Union
- **established date2**: 1 May 1707
- **p1**: Wessex
- **border p1**: no
- **p2**: Kingdom of SussexSussex
- **border p2**: no
- **p3**: Kingdom of EssexEssex
- **border p3**: no
- **p4**: Kingdom of KentKent
- **border p4**: no
- **p5**: Dumnonia
- **border p5**: no
- **p6**: Mercia
- **p7**: Kingdom of East AngliaEast Anglia
- **p8**: Northumbria
- **p9**: Welsh Marches
- **p10**: Principality of Wales
- **s1**: Kingdom of Great BritainGreat Britain
- **flag s1**: Union flag 1606 (Kings Colors).svg
- **footnote a**: Monarch of Wessex from 924.
- **footnote b**: Continued as monarch of Great Britain until her death in 1714.
Romansh language

**Romansh** (also spelled **Rumantsch**, **Romansch** or **Romanche**) is one of Switzerland's four national languages. (The other three are French, German and Italian.) 50,000 people in the canton of Graubünden use it as their native language.

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Romansh
- **pronunciation**: [rʊˈmantʃ], [ʁoˈmɔntʃ], [rʊˈmɛntʃ], [rʊˈmaʊ̯ntʃ], [rʊˈmœntʃ]
- **states**: Switzerland
- **region**: Graubünden, Grisons (Graubünden)
- **ethnicity**: Romansh people, Romansh Swiss
- **speakers**: (language of best command)
- **speakers2**: (regular speakers)
- **date**: 2000
- **iso1**: rm
- **iso2**: roh
- **iso3**: roh
- **lingua**: 51-AAA-k
- **familycolor**: Indo-European
- **fam2**: Italic languages, Italic
- **fam3**: Romance languages, Romance
- **fam4**: Western Romance languages, Western
- **fam5**: Gallo-Romance languages, Gallo-Romance
- **fam6**: Rhaeto-Romance languages, Rhaeto-Romance
- **dia1**: Sursilvan
- **dia2**: Vallader
- **dia3**: Surmiran
- **dia4**: Putèr
- **dia5**: Sutsilvan
- **dia6**: Jauer dialect (Romansh), Jauer
- **dia7**: Tuatschin
- **stand1**: Rumantsch Grischun
- **stand2**: Putèr
- **stand3**: Sutsilvan
- **stand4**: Surmiran
- **stand5**: Sursilvan
- **stand6**: Vallader
- **script**: Latin
- **image**: Romontsch Trun.jpg
- **imagecaption**: Sursilvan house inscription in Trun, Switzerland, Trun
- **map**: KARTE schweiz sprachen.png
- **mapcaption**: The traditional Romansh-speaking parts of Switzerland (dark green)
- **notice**: IPA
Protractor

The **protractor** is a tool used to measure angles. It usually has marks with labels of the degrees. Protractors are usually half circles or full circles.
Rabbi

**Rabbi** (in the Hebrew classic **רִבִּי** _ribbi_; in the Hebrew modern **רַבִּי** _rabbi_) in Judaism can mean "professor, master" or literally "grand". The word "_Rabbi_" ("My Master") derives from the Hebrew root "_Rav_", that in Biblical Hebrew signifies "grand" or "respected" (in knowledge).

In Judaism, most rabbis earn their title by studying halakha at a seminary or yeshiva. The primary role of a rabbi is to teach Torah. In addition, rabbis often act as the religious leader of a Jewish community. In contrast to many other religions, a rabbi is not required to be present at life cycle events in Judaism. Nevertheless, rabbis still normally preside over life cycle events in order to ensure that it is done according to Halakha.

"Rabbi" is sometimes used as a title of respect for members of a Jewish community.

Historically, only men were rabbis. Since the 1970s and 1980s, most Jewish communities began to accept women as rabbis. However, most Orthodox Jewish communities do not accept this change.

Three rabbis together can form a rabbinic court, or beit din. This is done when there is a legal conflict between two Jews. They judge the conflict based on halakha. A beit din is also formed for somebody who wants to convert to Judaism.

Rabbis are also sometimes asked to supervise food preparation to make sure it is kosher. When packaged food is supervised, the packaging is often labeled with a hechsher. A hechsher is a symbol which means that the content of the package is kosher.
Gentile

A **Gentile** is a person who is not Jewish. It is polite to use this word when needed to describe a person who is not Jewish, as in "my friend Robert is a Gentile." Up until about a hundred years ago, it was very hard (and unlikely) for Jews and Gentiles to be close friends. This is because they would be expected to ask each other over for dinner, but Jews follow strict laws about what they can and cannot eat. They can only eat what is kosher.

## Related pages

- Goy
- Israelite
Five and dime

**Five and dime** (also known as **five-cent stores**, **dime stores**, and **ten-cent stores**) is a type of store that was popular in the United States in the early to mid-20th century. They sold many different items, most of which were worth five or ten cents. Many transitioned to general department store format by the mid-20th century.  Today, the format has returned to popularity as the dollar store format.

Popular five and dimes included:

- Duckwall-ALCO Retail Stores
- Ben Franklin Stores)
- Butler Brothers
- W.T. Grant
- Kresge's
- Kress Stores
- McCrory Stores
    - J.J. Newberry
    - TG&Y
    - McLellan's
    - H.L. Green
    - G.C. Murphy
- Neisner Brothers ("Big N" in later years)
- Woolworth's
- M.H. Fishman Stores
- Mattingly Brothers

## Related pages

- Dollar store
3rd century

The **3rd century** was the century from 201 to 300.

## Decades and years

Note: years before or after the 3rd century are in _italics_.

|***190s***|_190_|_191_|_192_|_193_|_194_|_195_|_196_|_197_|_198_|_199_|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|**200s**|_200_|201|202|203|204|205|206|207|208|209|
|**210s**|210|211|212|213|214|215|216|217|218|219|
|**220s**|220|221|222|223|224|225|226|227|228|229|
|**230s**|230|231|232|233|234|235|236|237|238|239|
|**240s**|240|241|242|243|244|245|246|247|248|249|
|**250s**|250|251|252|253|254|255|256|257|258|259|
|**260s**|260|261|262|263|264|265|266|267|268|269|
|**270s**|270|271|272|273|274|275|276|277|278|279|
|**280s**|280|281|282|283|284|285|286|287|288|289|
|**290s**|290|291|292|293|294|295|296|297|298|299|
|**300s**|300|_301_|_302_|_303_|_304_|_305_|_306_|_307_|_308_|_309_|
2nd century

The **2nd century** was the century from 101 to 200.

## Decades and years

Note: years before or after the 2nd century are in _italics_.

|***90s***|_90_|_91_|_92_|_93_|_94_|_95_|_96_|_97_|_98_|_99_|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|**100s**|_100_|101|102|103|104|105|106|107|108|109|
|**110s**|110|111|112|113|114|115|116|117|118|119|
|**120s**|120|121|122|123|124|125|126|127|128|129|
|**130s**|130|131|132|133|134|135|136|137|138|139|
|**140s**|140|141|142|143|144|145|146|147|148|149|
|**150s**|150|151|152|153|154|155|156|157|158|159|
|**160s**|160|161|162|163|164|165|166|167|168|169|
|**170s**|170|171|172|173|174|175|176|177|178|179|
|**180s**|180|181|182|183|184|185|186|187|188|189|
|**190s**|190|191|192|193|194|195|196|197|198|199|
|**200s**|200|_201_|_202_|_203_|_204_|_205_|_206_|_207_|_208_|_209_|

## Related pages

- Kofun period
Walmart

**Walmart** is an American chain of public discount department stores founded in 1962 by Sam Walton in Bentonville, Arkansas. In 2022, it had 10,586 stores and clubs in 18 countries, operating under 46 different names. It was the world's largest company by revenue in 2022, according to the _Fortune_ Global 500 list in October 2022. It had 2.2 million employees.

It has almost 4,600 pharmacies and more than 3,000 vision centers.  In 2024, it closed its 51 health centers and its Walmart Health Virtual Care services.

## Walmart's global presence

Walmart can be found in a lot of places around the world. It is mostly found around the United States but can also be found in Canada, Mexico,  some Asian countries, some African countries and some South American countries. Walmart has not yet reached Oceania.

Asda  was part of Walmart from 1999 to 2021, when it was sold to the  Issa brothers and TDR Capital.  Walmart still has a stake in it.

## Criticism

Walmart is criticized for having a poor record on labor rights, especially regarding anti union activity. It has also been criticized for once promoting products _made in America_. Now it largely imports the products it sells,from developing nations. Many of these jobs replaced manufacturing jobs in the US.  Walmart retail jobs replaced many mom-and-pop stores in the US. In 2005, movie director Robert Greenwald made a documentary movie called _Walmart: The High Cost of Low Price_ that criticized Walmart. After this movie was announced, director Ron Galloway made a film that ended up being released at the same time called _Why Walmart Works and Why That Drives Some People CRAZY_. This movie had a positive view of Walmart.

## Infobox (company)

- **company name**: Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.
- **company logo**: Walmart logo (2025; Alt).svg
- **company type**: Discount department store/Public company, Public ()
- **image**: Walmart_7.jpg
- **foundation**: (in Rogers, Arkansas, Rogers, Arkansas)
- **location city**: Bentonville, Arkansas, Bentonville, Arkansas
Elmira, New York, Elmira, New York (Walmart Radio)
- **location country**: United States
- **num locations**: 10,000
- **area served**: Worldwide
- **key people**: Sam Walton (1918–1992), Founder
H. Lee Scott, CEO
S. Robson Walton, Chairman
Thomas Schoewe, Chief Financial Officer, CFO
- **logo caption**: Walmart logo
- **industry**: Retail
- **num employees**: 2.0 Million (2022)
- **products**: department store, Discount stores, supermarket, grocery stores, and hypermarkets
- **revenue**: $523.964 billion United States Dollar, USD (FY 2020)
- **net income**: $14.881 billion United States Dollar, USD (FY 2020)
- **homepage**: http://www.walmart.com
Sam Walton

**Samuel Moore Walton** (March 29, 1918 – April 5, 1992) was an American businessman. Walton created the well-known American stores, Wal-Mart and Sam's Club. Walton was born to Thomas Gibson Walton and Nancy Lee Walton. He was part of the Walton family, which is one of the richest families in the world. Walton died on April 6, 1992.

He died a billionaire but was known for driving a pickup truck instead of an expensive car. He also had a military career during WW2. He had joined the U.S. Army Intelligence Corps.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Sam Walton
- **image**: Sam-Walton.jpg
- **birth date**: March 29, 1918
- **birth place**: Kingfisher, Oklahoma, U.S.
- **death date**: April 6, 1992 (aged 74)
- **death place**: Little Rock, Arkansas, U.S.
- **death cause**: Multiple myeloma
- **occupation**: Chairman, Wal-Mart
- **spouse**: Helen Walton
(m. 1943-1992, his death)
- **children**: S. Robson Walton
John T. Walton (dead)
Jim Walton
Alice Walton
New York Stock Exchange

The **New York Stock Exchange** (**NYSE**)—also sometimes called the "**Big Board"**— is a stock exchange in New York City. It is the biggest stock exchange in the United States by the amount of money and the second-biggest stock exchange by the number of companies listed on a board. Its building is on Wall Street.
Stock exchange

A **stock exchange**, **share market** or **bourse** is a place where people meet to buy and sell shares of company stock. Some stock exchanges are real places (like the New York Stock Exchange), others are virtual places (like the NASDAQ).

## International Stock Exchanges

The most important stock exchanges in the world include:
- American Stock Exchange
- Baku Stock Exchange
- Bombay Stock Exchange
- Euronext
- Frankfurt Stock Exchange
- Helsinki Stock Exchange
- Hong Kong Stock Exchange
- Johannesburg Securities Exchange
- London Stock Exchange
- Luxembourg Stock Exchange
- Madrid Stock Exchange
- Milan Stock Exchange
- Nairobi Stock Exchange
- NASDAQ
- National Stock Exchange
- New York Stock Exchange
- National Stock Exchange of Pakistan
- São Paulo Stock Exchange
- Korea Stock Exchange
- Shanghai Stock Exchange
- Singapore Exchange
- Stockholm Stock Exchange
- Taiwan Stock Exchange
- Tokyo Stock Exchange
- Toronto Stock Exchange
- Zürich Stock Exchange

## Great depression

On October 29, 1929, the American stock market crashed on what is known as **Black Tuesday**.  A "crash" means that the prices of stock were lowered greatly, and no one wanted to buy it. Instead, they sold the stock for cheap prices.  Also, banks were trying to buy stock with people's money (stored inside the bank), so the banks ran out of money too. Because people could not get money back from banks, only a few people could afford the cost of living. This was the start of the Great Depression.

## Other Articles

- Stockbroker
Bombay Stock Exchange

The **Bombay Stock Exchange** is a stock exchange in Mumbai, India.

## History

The Bombay Stock Exchange is the oldest stock exchange in Asia.

The BSE failure to modernize resulted in the creation of an electronic platform in the National Stock Exchange.

### Timeline

- **1850s**:  Trading under a banyan tree opposite Bombay's Town Hall
- **1875**: "Native Share and stockbrokers Association" was formed
- **1956**: Government of India recognizes BSE as the nation's first stock exchange
- 2014 ; trading is done from drawing room

## Related pages

- National Stock Exchange of India

## Other websites

- Bombay Stock Exchange website

## Infobox (exchange)

- **name**: Bombay Stock Exchange
- **alt name**: BSE
- **logo**:
- **image**:
- **type**: Stock exchange
- **city**: Mumbai
- **country**: India
- **foundation**: 9 July 1875
- **key people**: Premchand Roychand <small> (Organizational founder, Founder) </small>
 Shri Sethuram Ravi <small> (Chairman)</small>
Ashishkumar Chauhan <small>(Chief executive officer, MD & CEO)</small>
- **currency**: Indian rupee ()
- **listings**: 5,749
- **mcap**: 94.65 Lakh Crore <small>(Mar. 2016)</small>
- **volume**: 5,59,674 Crore <small>(June 2014)</small>
- **indexes**: BSE SENSEX
S&P BSE SmallCap
S&P BSE MidCap
S&P BSE LargeCap
BSE 500
- **segments active**: Equity
Stamford Raffles

**Sir Thomas Stamford Bingley Raffles** FRS (5 July 1781 – 5 July 1826), was the founder of the city of Singapore. He is one of the most famous Britons who expanded the British Empire.

## Early years

Raffles was born on the ship _Ann_ to Captain Benjamin Raffles and Anne Raffles. Although his family was in debt, they managed to give him money for his education. When he was 14, he started working as a clerk in the British East India Company. The company sent him to Southeast Asia to look for another port as the trade between Britain and China was increasing.

He married Olivia Mariamne Fancourt. She was the widow of Jacob Cassivelaun Fancourt, an assistant surgeon in Madras who had died in 1800.

## Founding of Singapore

When the British East India Company sent Raffles to Southeast Asia, the company already had two ports, Penang and Bencoolen. However, these ports were far from the main trading area, the Straits of Malacca. Dutch ports, Malacca and Java, were closer to the trading area, which made them able to control the trade. They cut off the trade between Penang and the important trading centres at the Malay Archipelago.

The British East India Company thus needed a new port south of Malacca to protect British ships, and they chose Singapore, which was then a small fishing-port. Singapore had a lot of drinking water and a good location, in the centre of the Straits of Malacca. It was in an area not controlled by the Dutch. The deal was settled by Raffles making an agreement with the traditional rulers of the area to pay them money in return for the right to build, expand and use the port. Singapore eventually grew to be the important trading city-state it is today. Raffles held the title of Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies from 1813 to 1816.
Euronext

**Euronext** is a stock exchange in Europe. It has buildings in Belgium, France, Netherlands, Portugal and the United Kingdom.

Euronext was created on September 22 2000, when the stock exchanges of Amsterdam, Brussels Stock Exchange and Paris Bourse were joined together in a merger. In recent years, Euronext has become the fifth largest stock exchange on the planet.

In April 2007, it merged with New York Stock Exchange to form NYSE Euronext ().
Hippopotamidae

**Hippopotamidae** is a group of even-toed ungulate mammals.
There are two living species of _Hippopotamus_.

## Taxonomy

- Family Hippopotamidae
    - Hippopotamus (_Hippopotamus amphibius_)
    - Pygmy Hippopotamus (_Hexaprotodon liberiensis_ or _Choeropsis liberiensis_)
Hiroshi Yamauchi

**Hiroshi Yamauchi** (, _Yamauchi Hiroshi_, November 7, 1927 – September 19, 2013) was a Japanese businessman. He was the third president of Nintendo from 1949 until he quit on May 31, 2002. He transformed Nintendo from a small card-making company to a multibillion-dollar video game company. He was known as "Mario's Farther".

He was born in Kyoto. He died in hospital on September 19, 2013 due to complications from pneumonia.
Paul Allen

**Paul Gardner Allen** (January 21, 1953 – October 15, 2018) was an American who created Microsoft with Bill Gates. He was the fifth richest person in the United States. He lived in Mercer Island, Washington.

Allen was also the outright owner of two sports teams, and was part-owner of a third. He fully owned the Seattle Seahawks of the NFL and the Portland Trail Blazers of the NBA. He was a minority owner of Seattle Sounders FC in Major League Soccer.

Allen died from septic shock caused by non-Hodgkin lymphoma on October 15, 2018 in Seattle, Washington at the age of 65.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Paul Allen
- **image**: Paul G. Allen (cropped).jpg
- **birth place**: Seattle, Washington (U.S. state), Washington, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Seattle, Washington, U.S.
- **occupation**: Chairman, Vulcan Inc. and Charter Communications
- **website**: [http://www.paulallen.com/ paulallen.com]
Hero

A **hero** is a real person or fictional character who, in the face of danger, combats adversity through feats of ingenuity, courage, or strength, and saves lives.

In Greek mythology, a hero is a demigod, a half-god/half-human being. Herakles, for example, was the son of the god Zeus and the mortal woman Alkmene. Heroes performed extraordinary feats and were worshipped in hero cults.

The word hero comes from the Greek ἥρως (hērōs), "hero" (literally "protector" or "defender"), particularly one such as Heracles with divine ancestry or later given divine honors.

In the modern world, hero has lost its ancient meaning.  It now means someone who is courageous ("The firefighter who saved my baby is a hero.").  Heroes are "heroic", they have "heroism". They help in saving people or a society from bad people, villains, or natural disasters.  A hero can also be someone who is helpful, polite, or helping people who need it.  The word is used in the sports world to mean an extraordinary player or athlete ("football hero", "Olympic hero", etc.).

Sometimes, the protagonist (or main character) of a story is called the "hero" of the story.  Some fictional characters are superheroes.

A female hero is called a **heroine**.

The opposite of a hero is a villain.

## Related pages

- Antihero (contrary notion)
Sonic Rivals

***Sonic Rivals*** is a racing video game for the PlayStation Portable that came out on November 16, 2006. The game is made by Backbone Entertainment and Sega. Players can play as Sonic the Hedgehog, Shadow the Hedgehog, Knuckles the Echidna, Metal Sonic or Silver the Hedgehog.

## Infobox (video game)

- **designer**: Sonic Team
- **series**: _Sonic Rivals_
<small>(_Sonic the Hedgehog_)</small>
- **released**: **PlayStation Portable**
Platte River

The **Platte River** (also called the **Nebraska River**) is a river in the United States that flows into the Missouri River. It is around 310 miles (or 499 km) long.
Counting

**Counting** is something people do to find out how many things there are of any kind.

## One way to count

The person counting in English usually starts with the number one, and gives this number to the first thing. The next thing is given the number two. Then, the next thing is given the number three. If there is another thing, it gets the number four. If after this there is another thing, it gets the number five. More things get more numbers. Each thing gets its own number in this way. The last number given to the last thing counted shows how many things there are.

## Examples

- For example, to find out the number of hats in a group, a person counts the hats. The person gives a number to each hat.

- John has a black hat, a brown hat and a blue hat. Mary asks John, "How many hats do you have?". John  gives the number 1 to the black hat. John gives the number 2 to the brown hat. John gives the number 3 to the blue hat. Now John has no more hats. The biggest number John gave was three, and each hat has a number. John tells Mary, "I have three hats". John has counted the hats.

- There are the letters A, Q, L, and S on a piece of paper. How many letters are there on the piece of paper?

- Tom gives numbers to the letters. The letter A gets the number 1. The letter Q gets the number 2. The letter L gets the number 3. The letter S gets the number 4. There are no more letters to count. There are 4 letters on the piece of paper.

## More counting

Counting is starting at a number and changing it up or down a certain number of times. In the examples above, counting started at one and then it changed by one each time something was counted. So at first the count was one. Then the count was changed by one, and one plus one is two, so the count was two. Then the count of two was changed by one again, and two plus one is three, so the count was three.

Counting can go up or down. Counting can be done on fingers.

## More about counting

It has been shown that some birds are good at counting. Crows
are birds that are good at counting.
Blast off

**Blast off** may refer to:

- A **blast off** is when a rocket ship lifts off the launch pad. Another word for blast off is lift off. NASA is known for its counting down to zero before blast off.
- Blast Off, a video game.
- Blast Off!, the album by The Blue Hearts.
- Blast Off, the Transformers character.
- Blast Off at Woomera, the sci-fi novel.
- Blasting Off, the final album of Red Lorry Yellow Lorry.
Launch pad

A **launch pad** is where rockets and spacecraft are placed until they are ready to blast off. NASA has its own launch pads for its spacecraft. Launch pads are often made out of steel reinforced concrete. Launch pads for larger spacecraft will often have towers to support it during its launch.
Thor

**Thor** (Old Norse: _Þórr_) is the god of thunder and lightning in Norse mythology, associated with strength, storms, hallowing, sacred groves and tress and fertility. He is the son of Ojdin and Jörð, the personification of the Earth, and is the strongest of the Æsir.

The champion of Asgard, Thor is said to protect both it and Midgard from the likes of the jǫtnar, a race of beings native to Jötunheimr. He is known in Old English as **Þunor** (_Thunor_) and in Old High German as **Donar** (runic _þonar_ ᚦᛟᚾᚨᚱ), all of which stem from the  Proto-Germanic _*Þunraz,_ meaning "thunder".

The modern English weekday Thursday (from Old English _Þūnresdæg_, “Thunor’s [Thor’s] day”) bears the god's name.

## Family

Thor is the son of Odin, chief of the Æsir, and Jörð, the living personification of the Earth. He is the eldest of Odin's sons and is the half-brother of Baldr, Höðr, Víðarr, and Váli.

He is married to the golden-haired goddess Sif, with whom he has a daughter, Þrúðr. With his jötunn lover Járnsaxa, Thor has two sons, Móði and Magni. He has a stepson, Ullr, who is Sif's son by a previous marriage.

## Possessions

According to writings known as sagas, Thor wielded a short-handled war hammer, Mjolnir. It was fashioned for him by the dwarven brothers Eitri and Brokkr, and is said to be the most powerful weapon in all the Nine Worlds, capable of crushing even mountains. When Thor threw the hammer, it magically returned to the god's hand.

Other attributes of Thor include a pair of gauntlets known as Járngreipr, which he is required to wear in order to wield Mjölnir, a belt, Megingjörð, which doubles his strength when he wears it, and a staff, Gríðarvölr, which, along with Járngreipr, was given to him by the jötunn Gríðr. Thor was believed to travel in a chariot drawn by two goats named Tanngrisnir and Tanngnjóstr. Thor also has red hair unlike most believe because of Marvel's Thor.
Tube

**Tube** may refer to:

**Electronics**
- vacuum tube, a component of electronics
- cathode ray tube, a common component of electronics such as televisions and other displays
- Tube, An expansion bus on the BBC Micro computer

**Food**
- Yoplait Tubes, the Canadian name for Go-Gurt portable yog(o)urt

**Geometry**
- A hollow cylinder.

**Mechanics**
- pneumatic tube, transportation using compressed air
- inner tube, a part of a tire

**Media**
- The Tube (TV series), a music related TV series by Channel 4 in the United Kingdom
- TUBE, a Japanese pop group
- Tube (game), a freeware game from Bullfrog Productions, released in 1995
- Tube (movie), a South Korean movie
- Tube & Berger, the alias of Dance/Electronica producers Arndt Rörig and Marco Vidovic from Germany
- YouTube, a website that allows users to upload, view, and share video clips
- PornoTube, a website with adult material
- Peter 'Tubes' Dale, aka _Tubes_ from the Soccer AM television show
- Series of tubes, an Internet meme and analogy for the Internet used by United States Senator Ted Stevens in reference to net neutrality

**Music**
- The Tubes, a San Francisco-based New Wave band, popular in the 1970s and 1980s

**Nature**
- lava tube, found in volcanoes
- the inside of a hollow wave in surfing
- the flower tube (corolla tube)
- pollen tube

**Packaging**
- Tube (packaging), a packaging solution for pasty and viscous goods such as toothpaste

**Photography**
- extension tube, a tool for macro photography

**Plumbing**
- tubing (material), used in plumbing, irrigation, and other applications

**Software**
- Tubes (software), a software program that combines file sharing and web publishing technologies

**Structural Engineering**
- Tube (structure), a structural system involved in architectural engineering to help with building stability and wind resistance.

**Theatre**
- Blue Man Group's theatrical show, "TUBES", now called "Rewired."

**Transportation**
- The London Underground, London's subterranean train system, commonly known as the tube.
- Transbay Tube, an underwater rail tube across the San Francisco Bay

## Related pages

- test tube, a piece of laboratory equipment used in science
- Pipe
- Microtube
- Nanotube
Blood cell

A **blood cell** is any cell of any type found in blood. There are three main types of blood cells in mammals:
- Red blood cell-carries oxygen
- White blood cell-kills bacteria and cleans up debris
- Platelet-helps heal wounds. Platelets are really _thrombocytes_. These are small fragments (pieces) of a cell called a **megakaryocyte**. The platelets take part in blood clots when injury occurs.

## Discovery

Jan Swammerdam a scientist from the Netherlands was the first person to observe red blood cells under a microscope. Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, another scientist from the Netherlands, was the first to draw an illustration of "Red Blood Cells".
Windsurfing

**Windsurfing** is a wind propelled water sport that is a combination of sailing and surfing. It is also referred to as "sailboarding" and "boardsailing", and emerged in the late 1960s from the aerospace and surf culture of California. Windsurfing gained a popular following across Europe and North America by the late 1970s and had achieved significant global popularity by the 1980s. Windsurfing became an Olympic sport in 1984.

Newer variants include windfoiling, kiteboarding and wingfoiling. Hydrofoil fins under the board allow the boards to safely lift out of the water and fly silently and smoothly above the surface even in lighter winds.

Windsurfing is a recreational, family friendly sport, most popular at flat water locations around the world that offer safety and accessibility for beginner and intermediate participants. Technique and equipment have evolved over the years

Major competitive disciplines include slalom, wave and freestyle. Increasingly, "foiling" is replacing traditional events and the IQfoil class is the new Olympic windsurfing racing class for France in 2024.

Modern windsurfing, as a sport and recreational activity, did not emerge until the latter half of the 20th century. The earliest version of a sailboard design utilizing a freely articulating sail on top of a board was created in 1962 by American Newman Darby. Independently, engineer Jim Drake invented and co-patented the version we all know today and called it Windsurfing- a new new concept in sailing.
Sound card

A **sound card** (or **audio card**) is the part of the computer hardware that controls the input and output of the sound signals. A sound card is what is known as an expansion card. This means that the card can be added to the motherboard.

Nowadays, most of the audio cards are integrated with the motherboard. That means they are built into a mainboard and can not be removed. In other words, it is not an expansion card anymore. They only offer line-in, speaker, and microphone connections. For most users this is enough. When thinking of computer architecture, the integrated circuit sound cards occupy less space and thus became very popular and practical, especially for laptop computers. For more features like MIDI ports for connection of musical instruments and low latency requirements (so that the sound does not come distorted under heavy system usage) sound cards as expansion cards can be used. Modern expansion sound cards use the PCI computer bus standard. Earlier sound cards used the ISA computer bus, which was half-duplex, so the sound cards could not record and play simultaneously.

## Input and output signals

What we hear in speakers is an analog (current, voltage or electric charge) output of the signal. For example, stored on a hard disk digital code is transferred under a control of some application (for example Winamp) to the sound card. Up in there, a special chip, called digital-to-analog converter, changes the binary code into the analog sound. Afterwards, signal is sent to a jack (in modern audio cards it has the green color) where the speakers are connected. The result is a nice waveform of our favorite digital medium, e.g. an mp3.

A typical sound input device is a microphone, connected to the red/pink jack socket. The sound wave is digitized and then it may be stored as a file using data compression algorithms which make the file smaller. Of course all of this is done under the control of some software.
American Stock Exchange

The **American Stock Exchange** (**AMEX**) is a stock exchange in New York City. It was created on Broad Street near Exchange Place, during colonial times. The stock exchange is currently owned by its own members.
Field hockey

**Field Hockey** is a well-liked sport for both men and women. It is played in many countries all around the world. The game is played between two teams and each team is made up of 11 players. There are four 15-minute quarters with a 15-minute break at halftime and a 2-minute break after the 1st and 3rd quarters. Field hockey is played with a ball on natural grass, or on sand-based or water based artificial turfs with a small hard ball. The field has a goal at each end. A semi-circle about 15 meters from the goal is known as the shooting circle. Goals can only be scored when the ball is in the shooting circle. Players use a hockey stick to move the ball. The stick is in the shape of a J and is made out of wood, glass and fibre. The players each play a position like fullbacks, halfbacks, forwards and goalkeepers.

## Related pages

- Hockey
- Ice hockey