juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Silverstein

**Silverstein** is a Canadian emo/post-hardcore band formed in Ontario, Canada, in 2000. Their name come from a children-book writer, Shel Silverstein.

## First three years

After the several changes in the band's line up, Billy Hamilton joined the band. He found out about they needed a bass player while online. In the autumn of 2002, the band signed to their record label - Victory Records. They left Victory Records in 2010 and joined Hopeless Records.

## Albums

In January 2003, their first (debut) album was released. The title was _When Broken Is Easily Fixed_.

In 2005, Silverstein performed on the "Never Sleep Again" tour along with fellow emo band Hawthorne Heights. The next year, 2006, they toured on the "Vans Warped" tour. This is an event in the United States taking place in the summertime. The band's second album, _Discovering the Waterfront,_ has the singles "Discovering the Waterfront" and "Smile in Your Sleep".

Summertime last year, 2007, Silverstein released their third album, _Arrivals and Departures_. It includes a single named "Still Dreaming". On MySpace, a social networking site, they posted a new song called "Broken Stars". Singer Shane Told has been trained by a vocal coach named Melissa Cross.

In Spring 2009, Silverstein released their fourth full length album, _Shipwreck in the Sand_.

In April 2011, Silverstein released their fifth album, _Rescue_.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Silverstein
- **image**: Silverstein group shot.jpg
- **caption**: Silverstein in 2014
- **image size**: 240
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Burlington, Ontario, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
- **genre**: Emo, post-hardcore, screamo, hardcore punk, metalcore,
- **years active**: –present
- **label**: Hopeless Records, Hopeless, Universal Music Group, Universal, Victory Records, Victory
- **current members**: Paul Koehler
Paul Marc Rousseau
Josh Bradford
Billy Hamilton
Shane Told
- **past members**: Richard McWalter
Neil Boshart
Discovering the Waterfront

***Discovering the Waterfront*** is the second full-length album by the band Silverstein. The album has three singles; "Smile In Your Sleep", "Discovering The Waterfront", and "My Heroine". All of the singles had music videos.

## Track listing

All songs written by Shane Told and Neil Boshart, except for where noted.

## Personnel

- Band
- Shane Told – lead vocals, rhythm and other guitars, keyboards
- Neil Boshart – lead guitar
- Josh Bradford – rhythm guitar
- Billy Hamilton – bass, backing vocals
- Paul Koehler – drums, percussion

## Charts

- Billboard (North America)
|Year|Chart|Position|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|rowspan="3"|2005|The Billboard 200|align="center"|35|
|Top Independent Albums|align="center"|48|||
|Top Heatseekers|align="center"|45|||

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Discovering the Waterfront
- **type**: Album
- **artist**: Silverstein (band), Silverstein
- **released**: August 16, 2005
- **recorded**: 2005 at Capitol Studios/ Maple Sound
- **genre**: Post-hardcore, emo
- **length**: 37:18
- **label**: Victory Records, Victory
- **producer**: Cameron Webb
- **prev title**: When Broken Is Easily Fixed
(2003)
- **next title**: 18 Candles: The Early Years
(2006)
Pakistan State Oil

**Pakistan State Oil**  is the oil market leader in Pakistan. The well established infrastructure, built at international standards, representing 82% of  the country’s storage, gives it an edge over its competitors.
Mahmud I

**Mahmud I** (; August 2, 1696 – December 13, 1754) was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1730 to 1754. He was the son of Mustafa II (1695–1703). His mother Emetullah Sultan, (born as Evemia) was of Greek ethnic descent. Mahmud I was the older brother of Osman III (1754–57).
Mahmud II

**Mahmud II** (Ottoman Turkish: محمود ثاني Mahmud-ı sānī) (July 20, 1785 – July 1, 1839) was the 30th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire. Often described as the "Peter the Great of Turkey", he ruled from 1808 until his death. Mahmud was the son of Sultan Abdul Hamid I. His time as sultan is notable mostly for the major legal and military changes he caused. Mahmud instituted extensive administrative, military, and fiscal reforms. His disbandment of the conservative Janissary corps removed a major obstacle to his and his successors' reforms in the Empire. Mahmud's reign was also marked by further Ottoman military defeat and loss of territory as a result of nationalist uprisings and European intervention.

Mahmud II was born in Istanbul.  He was 23 years old when he came to the throne.  He was an Islamic calligraphy artist, composer and poet.  He wrote poems under the pseudonym "Adli".  He was of a brave, patient and prudent temperament.  He replaced the old military organization maintained by the governors of irregular auxiliaries (sekban - I Cedid).  When the soldiers shortly after arose, he defeated them.  The 1808 revolting insurgents killed Alemdar Mustafa Pasha.

In 1812 the peace treaty was signed in Bucharest with the Russians.  In 1813, with the help of Muhammed Ali Pasha, he defeated the Wahhabis, who desecrated the holy places and shrines in Mecca and Medina.
- In 1821 the Greek War of Independence broke out and  thousands were killed.
- In the “Auspicious Incident” the corps of Janissaries was abolished and replaced by a conscription army.
- In 1827 the war with Russia began again.
- In 1829 the peace treaty was concluded in Edirne.
- In the years 1831 and 1839, riots broke out in Egypt.

In July of 1839 the Sultan Mahmud II died as the ill effects of life experienced by him calamitous events he was afflicted with tuberculosis and died.
His body was buried in the Türbe in Divanyolu.
Mahmud II was devoted to many works of the highest degree in any field.
He opened many new schools, and ordered to build large buildings.
All the great mosques of Istanbul were repaired in his time.
The bridge was built in Unkapani his time.
In Mecca, he had built a madrasa and mend the Great Mosque (Mescid-i Aksa) in the holy city of Jerusalem.
The poet and Sümbülzâde Vehbi Kececizâde Izzet Molla died at this time.

His sons: Abdulmejid I *, * Abdulaziz, 4 Sehzades names Ahmet, Bayezid, veliaht Abdulhamid, Suleyman, 2 Sehzades called Mehmed Murad Nizameddin, Abdullah Osman.

His daughters: Emine Sultan, Sultan Hamide, Hayriye Sultan, Sultan Saw, * Saliha Sultan, Ayse Sultan, Sultan Atike *, 2 Fatma Sultan, Sultan Münire, Mihrimah Sultan *, * Adile Sultan.
Mahmud II (Seljuk sultan)

**Mahmud II** (_Kabızlık_; died 1131) proclaimed himself the Seljuk sultan of Baghdad in 1118 after the death of Mehmed I (probably Mahmud's father). Mahmud fought against the Seljuk Sultan of Khorasan, Ahmed Sanjar, whom Mehmed I had revolted against in 1105. Mahmud was succeeded by Dawud.
Mahmud Shah of Malacca

**Sultan Mahmud Shah** (died 1528) ruled Malacca from 1488 to 1528. He was the son of Sultan Alauddin Riayat Shah.

## Infobox (monarch)

- **name**: Mahmud Shah
- **title**: Sultan of Malacca
- **reign**: Malacca Sultanate: 1488–1528
- **predecessor**: Alauddin Riayat Shah (Sultan of Malacca), Alauddin Riayat Shah
- **successor**: Sultan Ahmad Shah of Malacca
- **spouse 1**: Princess of Sultan of Pahang
- **spouse 2**: Princess Onang Kening
- **spouse 3**: Tun Teja Ratna Menggala
- **spouse 4**: Tun Kudu
- **spouse 5**: Tun Fatimah
- **royal house**: House of Malacca-Johor
- **father**: Alauddin Riayat Shah (Sultan of Malacca), Alauddin Riayat Shah
- **death date**: 1528
- **death place**: Kampar Regency, Kampar, Sumatera
Mahmud Shah Durrani

**Mahmud Shah Durrani** (1769 - 1829) was the ruler of the Durrani Empire between 1801 and 1803, again between 1809 and 1818. He was the son of Timur Shah Durrani and half-brother of his predecessor, Zaman Shah. On July 25, 1801, Zaman Shah was deposed, and Mahmud Shah ascended to rulership. He then had a chequered career; he was deposed in 1803, restored in 1809, and finally deposed again in 1818. He died in 1829. Between his two stints, the country was ruled by Shoja Shah, another of his half-brothers.
Durrani Empire

The **Durrani Empire** (known as the **Afghan Empire**) was established in 1747 by Ahmad Shah Durrani at Kandahar, Afghanistan. It included the land that is now called Afghanistan, Pakistan, eastern Iran and western India. The Durrani Empire is considered the foundation of the modern state of Afghanistan, with Ahmad Shah Durrani (Ahmad Shah Baba) being the "Father of the nation".

The Durrani dynasty diminished in the early 19th century when Afghanistan was fighting defensive wars with Persia on one side and British India on the other side. The Barakzai dynasty took over control of the kingdom but lost many of Afghanistan's territories by the end of the 19th century. It became to what is now Afghanistan after the Anglo-Afghan Treaty of 1919 when the state became officially recognized by all the major countries in the world. At first its capital was in Kandahar as that is where the empire started however the capital then shifted to Kabul after its conquest. The empire had two capitals, the main capital Kabul and the winter capital, Peshawar.

## Related pages

- Hotaki dynasty
- Delhi Sultanate
Cognitive psychology

**Cognitive psychology** is a branch of psychology that looks at basic actions of the mind. These are aspects of the higher brain, such as thought, feeling, problem solving, memory, and language. Cognitive psychologists often look at mental changes that happen after a stimulus (things that can be felt by the five senses) and before a behavioral response (what a person does after sensing something).

The general idea of cognitive psychology was surveyed in several 19th century works:
- Carpenter, William Benjamin 1874. _Principles of mental physiology_. London: Henry S. King. Reprinted:
- James, William 1890. _Principles of psychology_. 2 vols, Harvard University Press. Reprinted by Dover Publications in 1950, vol 1: , vol 2: .

Cognitive psychology had its beginnings in the Gestalt psychology of Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Köhler, and Kurt Koffka, and in the work of Jean Piaget, who came up with a theory of "stages" or "phases" that describe children's cognitive development.

## Major research areas

- **Perception**
- **Learning**
- **Memory**
- **Psycholinguistics** (the psychology of language)
    - Grammar and linguistics
    - Phonetics, phonology, and acoustics
    - Pragmatics
- **Thinking**

## Related pages

- Cognitive bias
- Social psychology
Celâl Bayar

**Mahmut Celâl Bayar** (16 May 1883 – 22 August 1986) was a Turkish politician, statesman and the third President of Turkey. At the time of his death, he was the longest lived former head of state, living over 103 years (he was surpassed in 2008 by Chau Sen Cocsal Chhum).

## Infobox (president)

- **name**: Mahmut Celâl Bayar
- **nationality**: Turkish
- **image size**: 200px
- **order**: List of Presidents of Turkey, 3rd President of Turkey, President of the Republic of Turkey
- **term start**: 22 May 1950
- **term end**: 27 May 1960
- **primeminister**: Adnan Menderes
- **predecessor**: İsmet İnönü
- **successor**: Cemal Gürsel
- **order2**: List of Prime Ministers of Turkey, Prime Minister of Turkey
- **term start2**: 25 October 1937
- **term end2**: 25 January 1939
- **president2**: Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
İsmet İnönü
- **predecessor2**: İsmet İnönü
- **successor2**: Refik Saydam
- **order3**: Leader of the Democratic Party (Turkey, historical), Democratic Party
- **term start3**: 7 June 1946
- **term end3**: 9 June 1950
- **predecessor3**: founder
- **successor3**: Adnan Menderes
- **birth place**: Gemlik, Ottoman Empire
- **death place**: Istanbul, Turkey
- **spouse**: Reşide Bayar
- **party**: Democratic Party (Turkey, historical), Democratic Party (1946–1961)
Republican People's Party (Turkey), Republican People's Party (1923–1945)
- **signature**: Celâl Bayar Signature.svg
Perceptual psychology

**Perceptual psychology** is a subfield of cognitive psychology that is concerned specifically with the pre-conscious innate aspects of the human cognitive system or  perception.  A pioneer of this field was J. J. Gibson.
Abid Hamid Mahmud

**Abid Al-Hamid Mahmud al-Tikriti** ( 21 September 1957 - June 7, 2012) was an Iraqi lieutenant general under Saddam Hussein's deposed regime, and he was Saddam's bodyguard. He was executed on June 7, 2012.
Social psychology

**Social psychology** studies how people and groups interact. Social psychologists might analyze an individual, a group, or both.

## Overview

Psychologists and sociologists who research social psychology tend to differ in their goals, approaches, method<nowiki/>s, and terminology. They also favor separate academic journals and professional groups. Sociologists and psychologists collaborated best right after World War II. In recent years, these two disciplines have become more specialized, but they still have some similarities.

## Related pages

- Sociology
- Erich Fromm
- Cognitive dissonance
- Cognitive psychology
- Conformity
- Milgram experiment
Mahmoud El Nokrashy Pasha

**Mahmoud Fahmi an-Nukrashi Pasha** (1888 - 1948) (Arabic: محمود فهمي النقراشي باشا) was an Egyptian political figure. He was the Prime Minister of Egypt from 1945 to 1946 and again from 1946 to 1948. He was assassinated by the Muslim Brotherhood while he was Prime Minister.
Neuropsychology

**Neuropsychology** is the scientific study that studies the function and structure of the brain related to more common psychological processes and overt behaviors. The term has been applied to lesion studies in humans and animals. It has also been applied to efforts to record electrical activity from individual cells (or groups of cells) in higher primates (including some studies of human patients) you can apply to physical exercise.
Indian English

**Indian English** is several dialects or varieties of English. It is spoken mainly in India, and by first-generation members of the Indian diaspora.

The dialect evolved during and after the British Raj. English is the co-official language of India, with about 90 million speakers, but with fewer than quarter of a million calling it their first language.

In 19th-century India, Britain needed to teach English to a body of people who were important to Britain. A number of schools taught and used English in India. They were mostly run by missionaries. Many taught European and Eurasian children and orphans. The graduates of these schools became the first generation of teachers.
Hamilton College

**Hamilton College** is a private, independent, liberal arts college in Clinton, New York. In 2007, U.S. News & World Report ranked Hamilton the 17th best liberal arts college in the United States.
The college is known for its emphasis on writing and speaking. The school was founded in 1793, chartered as Hamilton College in 1812, and has been coeducational since 1978, when it merged with Kirkland College.

## The Sacerdote Great Names Series at Hamilton

Starting in 1996 _the Sacerdote Great Names Series_ has brought some of the most sought after speakers to campus for presentations. While most of these have been in the form of speeches, they have also included concerts by B. B. King and Aretha Franklin.

To date the speakers that have been part of this series are:

- Jon Stewart, November 14, 2008 (announced)
- Aretha Franklin, April 5, 2008
- Al Gore, April 26, 2007
- Tom Brokaw, April 27, 2006
- Bill Clinton, November 9, 2004
- Bill Cosby, October 15, 2003
- Rudolph Giuliani, September 24, 2002
- Madeleine Albright, March 6, 2002
- Jimmy Carter, April 30, 2001
- Desmond Tutu, April 11, 2000
- Lady Margaret Thatcher, December 9, 1999
- B.B. King, October 20, 1998
- F.W. de Klerk, April 8, 1998
- Elie Wiesel, April 3, 1997
- James Carville, and Mary Matalin October 15, 1996
- Colin Powell, April 1, 1996

## Facts and Figures about the College Community

|General Information:|||
| --- | --- | --- |
|! Align="left"|Enrollment:|~1,775|
|~4,962|||
|50%|||
|50%|||
|435 (as of 2007)|||
|28% (for the Class of 2011)|||
|-75th percentile:|1460||
|-25th percentile:|1280||
|84% were in the top 10%|||
|60-40|||

|Align="left" colspan="2"|Ethnic diversity:|
| --- | --- |
|5%||
|5%||
|1%||
|8%||
|4%||
|70%||
|8%||

## Other websites

- Official website
- Hamilton College Wiki
- America's Best Colleges 2008, Hamilton College At A Glance
- Graduates for a Greener Hamilton
- Hamilton College Alumni for Governance Reform

## Infobox (university)

- **name**: Hamilton College
- **motto lang**: Greek
- **established**: 1793
- **type**: Private
- **endowment**: $635.2 million (2012)
- **president**: Joan Hinde Stewart
- **undergrad**: 1,864
- **city**: Clinton, Oneida County, New York, Clinton
- **state**: New York (state), New York
- **country**: United States
- **campus**: Rural
- **nickname**: Continentals
- **website**: [http://www.hamilton.edu www.hamilton.edu]
- **mottoeng**: Know thyself
- **faculty**: 219
- **free label**: Annual Fees
- **free**: $55,620 (2012–2013)
- **colors**: Buff (colour), Buff  and Blue
- **affiliations**: New England Small College Athletic Conference, NESCAC, Middle Atlantic Intercollegiate Sailing Association, MAISA
Jon Stewart

**Jon Stewart** (born **Jonathan Stuart Leibowitz**; November 28, 1962), is an American comedian, actor, writer, and producer. He is best known as the host of Comedy Central's _The Daily Show_ and for his political satire. Stewart started as a stand-up comedian, but later branched out to television, hosting _Short Attention Span Theater_ for Comedy Central. He went on to host his own show on MTV, called _The Jon Stewart Show_ and then hosted another show on MTV called You Wrote It, You Watch It.” Stewart is Jewish.

In 2014, Stewart directed his first movie, a drama about Iran called “Rosewater.”

## Filmography

|Year|Title|Role|Notes||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1994|_Mixed Nuts_|Rollerblader|||
|1996|_The First Wives Club_|Elise's lover|scenes deleted||
|1997|_Wishful Thinking_|Henry|||
|rowspan="4"|1998|_Half Baked_|Enhancement Smoker||
|_Since You've Been Gone_|Todd Zalinsky|TV movie|||
|_The Faculty_|Prof Edward Furlong||||
|_Playing by Heart_|Trent||||
|1999|_Big Daddy_|Kevin Gerrity|||
|rowspan="2"|2000|_The Office Party_|Pizza Guy|short movie|
|_Committed_|Party Guest|uncredited cameo|||
|2001|_Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back_|Reg Hartner|||
|rowspan="3"|2002|_Death to Smoochy_|Marion Frank Stokes||
|_The Adventures of Tom Thumb and Thumbelina_|Godfrey|voice|||
|_It's a Very Merry Muppet Christmas Movie_|Himself|scenes deleted|||
|rowspan="2"|2006|_The Magic Roundabout_ (_Doogal_ in North America)|Zeebad|voice|
|_Wordplay_|Himself|documentary|||
|2007|_Evan Almighty_|Himself|||

## Infobox (comedian awards)

- **child**: yes
- **emmyawards**: **Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Variety, Music or Comedy Program, Outstanding Writing for a Variety, Music or Comedy Program**

2001, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 _The Daily Show_

**Outstanding Variety, Music or Comedy Series**
 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008 _The Daily Show_
- **grammyawards**: **Best Comedy Album**

2005 _America (The Book): A Citizen's Guide to Democracy Inaction, America (The Audiobook): A Citizen's Guide to Democracy Inaction_


## Infobox (comedian)

- **name**: Jon Stewart
- **image**: Stewart - USO-Metro Merit Awards 2.jpg
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **caption**: Stewart performing at a 2008 USO show
- **alma mater**: William & Mary
- **birth name**: Jonathan Stuart Leibowitz
- **birth place**: New York City, New York (state), New York, United States
- **medium**: stand up comedian, stand-up, television, movies, books
- **nationality**: United States, American
- **active**: 1987–present
- **genre**: Satire/political satire/news satire, observational comedy
- **subject**: mass media, The media (esp. news media), politics of the United States, American politics, current events, religion, Jewish culture, race relations, human sexuality, self-deprecation
- **influences**: George Carlin, Woody Allen, Lenny Bruce, David Letterman, Steve Martin
- **influenced**: Stephen Colbert, Lewis Black
- **spouse**: Tracey McShane, 2 children
- **notable work**: Host of _The Daily Show_
 _America (The Book): A Citizen's Guide to Democracy Inaction_
Quagga

The **Quagga** (_Equus quagga quagga_), also **Cape Quagga**,  is a recently extinct zebra.

It was one of the six subspecies of plains zebra. It was a yellowish-brown zebra with stripes only on its head, neck and forebody, and looks similar to an Okapi. The Quagga was native to dry grassy plains in the south of the African continent. It was found as far north as the Orange River. It is believed to have separated from other plains zebras between 120,000 and 290,000 years ago. The name _Quagga_ comes from the noise that they made. (kwa-ka-ka) (qua-ga-ga).

The Quagga was hunted for food, for their skin and also because farmers did not want it to eat the grass they needed for their sheep and goats. The last wild Quaggas died during a drought in 1878. The last captive Quagga died in the Amsterdam Zoo on 12 August 1883. Her body is now in a museum. There are 23 Quagga specimens in museums, seven skeletons, and some skulls and other bones.

A foundation in Africa is trying to bring Quaggas back to life by taking zebras that have very light stripes and breeding them. They began in 1987 and the first Quagga foal was born in 2005.
Przewalski's horse

**Przewalski's horse** (_Equus przewalskii_ or _E. ferus przewalskii_),  the Mongolian wild horse, is a close relative of the domestic horse.  The two are the only equids that can cross-breed and produce fertile offspring. Przewalski's horse is a rare and endangered subspecies of the wild horse, _Equus ferus_. It is native to the steppes of central Asia, especially Mongolia.

At one time extinct in the wild, it has been reintroduced to its native habitat in Mongolia from stock in zoos. It is now in several nature reserves and national parks. As of 2002, the world population of these horses was about 1,000.

## Relationships between horses

Most "wild" horses today, such as the American mustang or the Australian brumby, are feral horses descended from domesticated animals which escaped and adapted to life in the wild. In contrast, Przewalski's horse has never been successfully domesticated, and remains a truly wild animal today.

Przewalski's horse is one of three known subspecies of _Equus ferus_, the others being the domesticated horse, _Equus ferus caballus_ and the extinct tarpan, _Equus ferus ferus_. Przewalski's horse is the only remaining truly wild "horse" in the world. There are still a number of other wild equines, including three species of zebra and various subspecies of the African wild ass, onager (including the Mongolian wild ass) and kiang.

### Relation to domestic horse

Although Przewalski's horse can hybridize with domestic horses to produce fertile offspring, it has an extra pair of chromosomes.

- "Mitochondrial DNA research has shown that Przewalski's horse is not the ancestor of modern domestic horses. [There are] a number of consistent differences in their appearance. Przewalski's horses, unlike domestic horses, shed their tail and mane hair once per year. Thus it is clear that Przewalski's and domestic horses are very closely related and have in the past interbred, but the fixed chromosomal number difference between them indicates that they are distinct populations".

## In zoos

According to ISIS, about 480 Przewalski's were reported in captivity.
Nation state

The **nation state** is a form of state that rules mainly one nation.  The state is a political entity (the government, etc.); the nation is a cultural and/or ethnic entity.  The term "nation state" means that both are on the same territory, which distinguishes the nation state from the other types of states that have existed.

## Examples

Clear examples of nation states include:
- Iceland: although the inhabitants of Iceland are ethnically related to other Scandinavian groups, the national culture and language are found only in Iceland.  There are no cross-border minorities since the nearest land is too far away.
- Japan: Traditionally seen as a good example of a nation-state, Japan includes minorities of ethnically distinct Ryūkyū peoples, Koreans; Chinese; and, on the northern island of Hokkaidō, the indigenous Ainu minority. See also Japanese Demographics .
- Portugal: although surrounded by other lands and people, the Portuguese nation has occupied the same territory for almost 900 years.  A long time ago, Portugal was formed from groups of people that were previously separate.  They all passed through and settled in the area that later became Portugal.  They included native Iberian peoples, Celts, ancient Mediterraneans (Greeks, Phoenicians, Romans), Germanic peoples like the Suebi and the Visigoths, the later invading Berbers and Arabs, and Jews.

## Before nation-states

In Europe, in the 18th century, the classic non-national states were empires of many ethnicities, (Austria-Hungary, the Russian Empire, the Ottoman Empire, the French Empire and the British Empire).

## Characteristics

- Nation states have a different attitude to their territory from dynastic monarchies. No nation would swap territory with other states simply, for example, because the king's daughter got married.
- They have a different type of border that is mostly defined by where the cultural/ethnic (nation) group settles, but many nation states have also had borders based on geography like rivers and mountain ranges.
- The most noticeable characteristic is how much nation states use the state as an instrument of national unity in economic, social and cultural life.

## Further reading

- Hobsbawm, Eric J. (1992). _Nations and Nationalism Since 1780: Programme, Myth, Reality._ 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press. .
- White, Philip L. (2006). "Globalization and the Mythology of the Nation State," In A.G.Hopkins, ed. _Global History: Interactions Between the Universal and the Local_ Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 257–284. http://www.nationalityinworldhistory.net/ch1.html

## Related pages

- City-state
- Ethnic group
- Nation
- Nationalism
- Secession
- Sovereignty
- State

## Other websites

- From Paris to Cairo: Resistance of the Unacculturated  (Identity and the Nation state)
Joseph McCarthy

**Joseph Raymond McCarthy** (November 14, 1908 – May 2, 1957) was an American politician who was a Republican U.S. Senator from Wisconsin from 1947 to his death. In 1950, McCarthy began to be the most visible public face of a period of intense anti-communist suspicion, which was inspired by the tensions of the Cold War.

He told Americans that many of communist and Soviet spies and sympathizers were in federal government and elsewhere. McCarthyism is a term that was coined in 1950 to refer to McCarthy's practices, and it was soon applied to similar anti-communist pursuits.

During World War II, he was a captain in the United States Marine Corps.

McCarthy died of hepatitis at the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center.

## Other websites

- Retrieved on 2008-07-11

|-

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Joseph McCarthy
- **image name**: Joseph McCarthy.jpg
- **jr/sr**: United States Senator
- **predecessor**: Robert M. La Follette Jr.
- **successor**: William Proxmire
- **signature**: Joe Mccarthy Signature.svg
- **state**: Wisconsin
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican (1944–1957)
- **birth name**: Joseph Raymond McCarthy
- **birth place**: Grand Chute, Wisconsin, U.S.
- **death place**: Bethesda, Maryland, U.S.
- **restingplace**: St. Mary's Parish (Appleton, Wisconsin), Saint Mary's Cemetery
Appleton, Wisconsin, U.S.
- **otherparty**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic ( 1936–1944)
- **children**: Tierney Elizabeth McCarthy
- **profession**: Attorney, judge, politician
- **nickname**: Tail-Gunner Joe
- **serviceyears**: 1942–45
- **rank**: Captain (United States O-3), Captain
- **battles**: World War II
- **term start**: January 3, 1947
- **term end**: May 2, 1957
- **education**: University of Wisconsin–Madison, University of Wisconsin
Marquette University Law School
- **mawards**: Distinguished Flying Cross (US), Distinguished Flying Cross
Poet laureate

A **poet laureate** is a poet officially appointed by the government of a country. He or she is responsible for writing poems for special occasions in that country, for example a coronation or military victory.

The first official Poet Laureate was Ben Jonson in 1619. There are also Poets Laureate in the United States, Canada, and New Zealand.

The Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom is Carol Ann Duffy.  She was appointed Poet Laureate on 1 May 2009 to take the place of Andrew Motion.  She is the first British woman Poet Laureate.

## Related pages

- Laurel wreath

## Other websites

- List of poets laureate in the UK
Katy Perry

**Katheryn Elizabeth Hudson** (born October 25, 1984), known by her stage name as **Katy Perry**, is an American singer, songwriter, actress and television personality. She has released seven studio albums and two EPs. She ranks among the top-selling music artists of all time, with more than 151 million records sold worldwide. Perry is recognized for shaping modern pop music and for her bold, camp aesthetic, earning the nickname “Queen of Camp” from _Vogue_ and _Rolling Stone_. She was the highest‑paid female musician in both 2015 and 2018, and _Billboard_ has listed her as one of the greatest pop stars of the 21st century.

In 2001, she released her debut album, _Katy Hudson_. She has earned nine number-one singles on the _Billboard_ Hot 100, five of which are from one album (she became the first female artist to achieve this record). She has also been nominated for 11 Grammy Awards. Her 2013 album _Prism_, which features a dance‑inspired sound, produced two U.S. number‑one singles, “Roar” and “Dark Horse”. Their music videos made her the first artist to have more than one video reach one billion views on Vevo and YouTube. Six of her songs have earned Diamond certifications from the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). Her awards include a _Billboard_ Spotlight Award, 20 Guinness World Records, five _Billboard_ Music Awards, and five American Music Awards.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **embed**: yes
- **background**: person
- **past member of**: The Matrix (production team), The Matrix


## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Katy Perry
- **image**: KatyPerryWestminst111224 (81 of 95) (54206733094) (cropped 2).jpg
- **alt**: Perry smiling and wearing a crown with stars
- **image caption**: Perry in 2024
- **birth name**: Katheryn Elizabeth Hudson
- **birth place**: Santa Barbara, California, U.S.
- **relatives**: Frank Perry (uncle)
- **years active**: 1999–present
- **partner**: Orlando Bloom (2016–2025; engaged)
- **children**: 1
- **awards**: List of awards and nominations received by Katy Perry, Full list
- **signature**: Katy Perry's signature.svg
If I Were a Boy

"**If I Were a Boy**" is a song by American singer Beyoncé, written by Toby Gad, BC Jean and Beyoncé Knowles for her third studio album, _I Am... Sasha Fierce_ (2008).

## Music video

The music video for "If I Were a Boy" was directed by Jake Nava and portrays Knowles as an NYPD officer. It begins with Knowles and her husband reciting words such as "honesty" and "commitment". It later shows Knowles on patrol with her male partner. The video tells of the ways a both men and women hurt each other in a relationship. Knowles stated: "It's about all of the little things that mean so much in a relationship[…] At the end of the clip, you realize that I was acting out his life, and it all starts over again. He was a cop and everything that happened was really him doing the same thing to me."

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: If I Were a Boy
- **artist**: Beyoncé Knowles
- **album**: I Am... Sasha Fierce
- **released**: <small>(radio/digital)</small>
  <small>(physical)</small>
- **genre**: *Pop music, Pop
*Contemporary R&B, R&B
- **length**: 4:10
- **label**: Columbia Records
- **writer**: *Beyoncé, Beyoncé Knowles
*Toby Gad
*BC Jean
- **producer**: *Toby Gad
* Beyoncé Knowles
- **prev title**: Just Stand Up!
- **prev year**: 2008
- **next title**: Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)
- **next year**: 2008
Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)

"**Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)**" - is a song by American singer Beyoncé. It was written by The-Dream, Tricky Stewart and Beyoncé for her third album, _I Am... Sasha Fierce_ (2008).

## Music video

The music video for "Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)" was shot on September 14, 2008 and directed by Jake Nava and released to major outlets on October 13, 2008. In the video, Knowles is performing as Sasha Fierce. The video features much choreography, showing Sasha with two other female dancers in all black leotards.

The video is based upon a 1960s routine performed by Gwen Verdon.

It was uploaded to YouTube on October 3, 2009.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)
- **border**: Yes
- **artist**: Beyoncé
- **album**: I Am... Sasha Fierce
- **released**: <small>(radio/digital)</small>
 <small>(physical)</small>
- **recorded**: 2008
- **genre**: *Pop music, Pop
*funk
*Dance-pop
*Contemporary R&B, R&B
- **length**: 3:11
- **label**: Columbia Records
- **writer**: *Beyoncé Knowles, Beyoncé
*Christopher "Tricky" Stewart
*The-Dream, Terius "The-Dream Nash
- **producer**: *Tricky Stewart
*The-Dream
*Beyoncé Knowles
- **prev title**: Just Stand Up!
- **prev year**: 2008
- **next title**: Halo (Beyoncé Knowles), Halo
- **next title2**: Diva (Beyoncé Knowles), Diva
- **next year**: 2009
Secure Shell

**Secure Shell** (**SSH**) is an Internet communication protocol used mostly to allow users to log into other computers and run commands. It lets people exchange data using a secure channel between two computers. It is used mainly on Linux, Macintosh and Unix computers. It is a lot like Telnet, but is safer. It is less likely to be hacked than Telnet is.

A person can make a key out of numbers. This key has two parts, a private part that should not be shared and a public part that should be. These parts are mathematically related to each. To send a message to a computer, the message is encrypted with the sender's private key and the receiver's public key. This is done in such a way that the message can only be read if the receiver has their private key and the sender's public key. This means that an attacker cannot read the messages without both keys.

SSH was designed by Tatu Ylönen in 1995 to replace the less secure protocols rlogin, Telnet and rsh, which were used to access shell accounts on remote computers.

## Related pages

- Internet protocol suite
- Communications protocol

## Other websites

- Putty - SSH on Windows
Application programming interface

An **application programming interface** (API) is a set of functions, procedures, methods or classes used by computer programs to request services from the operating system, software libraries or any other service providers running on the computer. A computer programmer uses the API to make
computer applications.

An API works by making a structure for computers to interact with each other, including rules for interactions and methods the computers can use to quickly send data to each other. Because an API's goal is to connect computers with other computers, they are different from a user interface, which has the goal of connecting human users with computers.

Main types of web APIs:

- Open APIs - available to the public; they can be accessed by any external users.
- Partner APIs - available to strategic business partners; they are exposed to a public API developer portal.
- Internal APIs - available to a company's internal development teams; they are exposed to a private API developer portal.
- Composite APIs - are a sequence of tasks bundled into a single API call.

Types of API include web services API like the Twitter API, which allows programs to use the API to receive updates on tweets.
Peregrine falcon

The **peregrine falcon** (_Falco peregrinus_) is a cosmopolitan bird of prey in the family Falconidae. It can also be known just as the **peregrine**, and was once called the "Duck hawk" in North America. In Pakistan, it is officially the military iconic symbol of the PAF and the unofficial territory bird of Gilgit-Baltistan.

The peregrine is a crow-sized falcon, with a blue-grey back, barred white underparts, and a black head and "mustache". It can go up to 322 km/h (200 mph) in a dive, which means it is the fastest animal in the world. As with other bird-eating raptors, the female is bigger than the male. There are 17–19 subspecies recorded, and each varies slightly in appearance and where they live. There is disagreement over whether the distinctive Barbary falcon is a subspecies of the Peregrine or just a different species. The **peregrine falcon** is the fastest animal on land, it's record-breaking dive which earns it its title, coming in at close to 390 km per hour. It is closely related to the **gyrfalcon**, which has a top speed of 209 km per hour. Although the falcon is the fastest flying animal, the fastest movement of a bird belongs to the hummingbird, its wing rotating 80 times a second.

The use of certain pesticides, especially DDT was not good for the animals. It could be shown that in areas where DDT was used, the thickness of the shells of their eggs was reduced. This caused a dramatic decline in their numbers, in certain countries. Since the use of DDT has been forbidden in many countries, their numbers are increasing again. This recovery was helped because their nesting places were protected in many countries; some countries also bred these falcons in captivity and released them into the wild.

The male and female falcons can sit on their eggs to keep them warm in conditions to hatch their newborns.

The chicks of the **peregrine falcon** are known as “eyasses”.

## Other websites

**Conservation organizations**:
- European Peregrine Falcon Working Group
- Peregrine Falcon Fund
- The Canadian Peregrine Foundation
- Falcon Research Group
Mozilla Public License

The **Mozilla Public License** (**MPL**) is a free and open source software license developed and maintained by the Mozilla Foundation. It is a weak copyleft, characterized as a middle ground between permissive free software licenses and the GNU General Public License (GPL), that seeks to balance the concerns of proprietary and open source developers. As such, it allows re-licensing. MPL software can thus be converted into a copyleft license such as the GPL, or to a proprietary license (example:KaiOS).

It has undergone two revisions, a minor update to version 1.1, and a major update to version 2.0 with the goals of greater simplicity and better compatibility with other licenses.

The MPL is the license for Mozilla Firefox, Mozilla Thunderbird, and most other Mozilla software, but it has been used by others, such as Adobe to license their Flex product line, and The Document Foundation to license LibreOffice 4.0 (also on LGPL 3+). Version 1.1 was adapted by several projects to form derivative licenses like Sun Microsystems' own Common Development and Distribution License.

The MPL license was approved as an Open Source software license by the Open Source Initiative also as a Free Software license by the Free Software Foundation.

Version 1.0 was created by Mitchell Baker when she was working as a lawyer at Netscape Communications Corporation and version 1.1 when she was working at the Mozilla Foundation.

## Related pages

- List of software licenses
Ubisoft

**Ubisoft Entertainment SA** (; ; formerly **Ubi Soft Entertainment SA**) is a French video game publisher headquartered in Saint-Mandé, with many development studios located in other countries worldwide. They are known for franchises such as _Assassin's Creed_, _Driver_,  _Far Cry_, _Just Dance_, _Prince of Persia_, _Rabbids_, _Rayman_, _Tom Clancy's_, and _Watch Dogs_.

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: Ubisoft Entertainment SA
- **logo**: Ubisoft logo.svg
- **logo caption**: Logo since May 2017
- **image**: Rue Armand Carrel, 28 (Montreuil).jpg
- **image caption**: Administrative headquarters in Montreuil
- **former name**: Ubi Soft Entertainment SA (1986–2003)
- **type**: Public company, Public
- **industry**: Video game industry, Video games
- **hq location city**: Saint-Mandé
- **hq location country**: France
- **area served**: Worldwide
- **products**: See List of Ubisoft games
- **services**: Ubisoft Connect
- **revenue year**: 2024
- **income year**: 2024
- **net income year**: 2024
- **assets year**: 2024
- **equity year**: 2024
- **num employees**: 19,011
- **num employees year**: 2024
- **subsid**: See List of Ubisoft subsidiaries
Permissive software license

A **permissive free software licence** is a free software licence for a copyrighted work that offers freedoms such as publishing a work to the public domain. In contrast, copyleft licences like the GNU General Public License require copies and derivatives of the source code to be made available on terms not more restrictive than those of the original licence.

A license tells what someone can do with something that was bought. It also tells what cannot be done with it without getting into legal trouble.

Examples of permissive licences include the MIT License and the BSD licence.

## Related pages

- Copyleft
Hero/Heroine

**"Hero / Heroine"** is the 2nd single by rock and roll-Alternative pop band Boys Like Girls. It is off the album _Boys Like Girls_.

## Music video

The music video for "Hero/Heroine" was released in September 2007.
Thunder (Boys Like Girls song)

***Thunder*** is a single released by American rock band Boys Like Girls. _Thunder_ was released May 6th, 2008 on radio airplay. The single was originally released months before May 6, 2008 as an acoustic version. The song was released off the album _Boys Like Girls_.

## Music Video

The music video shows a group of friends, in which there are couples, hang out. The music video starts with the band playing, and then moves on to the friends going to restaurant to eat, with intervals of the band playing. The friends then go a field, where they drink and laugh. The friends then start making a human pyramid, but fail. The couples start hanging out alone and kissing. From this on, the band is shown playing in the rain. The friends are then shown going to a swimming pool and start swimming, with a couple kissing underwater. They then run through a carpark and stand by the railings to see the sunrise. The couples are then kissing again, and the music video ends with the band leaving their instruments.

### FN'MTV

The video for _Thunder_ was released on the MTV summer special _Friday Night MTV_ (or _FNMTV_).
1.22.03.Acoustic

***1.22.03.Acoustic*** is an acoustic compilation album released by pop-rock band _Maroon 5_. The songs on the album are from the hit pop first album by Maroon 5 called _Songs About Jane_. There is a song on the compilation album called "If I Fell" which Adam Levine does a cover on by The Beatles. Another song featured in the album is called "Highway to Hell" by AC/DC, in this song Adam Levine is playing drums while Ryan Dusick (drums) sings the song. Although the album is mostly known as an acoustic album, the AC/DC cover is performed as an electric performance.

## Track list

1. "This Love"
1. "Sunday Morning"
1. "She Will Be Loved"
1. "Harder To Breathe"
1. "The Sun (Maroon 5 song)"
1. "If I Fell (_The Beatles_ acoustic cover)"
1. "Highway to Hell (AC/DC electric cover)"

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: 1.22.03.Acoustic
- **type**: EP
- **artist**: Maroon 5
- **released**: June 29, 2004
- **recorded**: January 22, 2003
- **venue**: Hit Factory, New York (state), New York
- **length**: 29:28
- **label**: A&M Octone Records, Octone
- **prev title**: Songs About Jane
- **prev year**: 2002
- **next title**: Live – Friday the 13th
- **next year**: 2005
Live from SoHo (Maroon 5 album)

***Live from SoHo*** is a live album by rock band Maroon 5. The songs performed by the band are the first 6 tracks in order from track 1-6 on the album _It Won't Be Soon Before Long_. The album was released March 25, 2008.

## Performance

The band Maroon 5 performed _Live from SoHo_ in Apple Store SoHo in New York.

## Track listing

1. "If I Never See Your Face Again" – 4:53
1. "Makes Me Wonder" – 4:17
1. "Little of Your Time" – 2:34
1. "Wake Up Call" – 4:10
1. "Won't Go Home Without You" – 3:59
1. "Nothing Lasts Forever" – 4:00

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Maroon 5: Live from SoHo
- **artist**: Maroon 5
- **released**: March 25, 2008
- **genre**: Pop rock
Funk rock
- **length**: 23:08
- **prev title**: The B-Side Collection
(2007)
- **next title**: Live from Le Cabaret
(2008)
- **type**: live
Alexander Berkman

**Alexander Berkman** (November 21, 1870 – June 28, 1936) was a Russian-American writer and a leading member of the anarchist movement of the 19th and early 20th centuries. He was the lover of Emma Goldman. In 1892, he tried to kill Henry Clay Frick because of his involvement with the Homestead Strike. During World War I, he was deported along with Goldman and other foreign-born American anarchists as a result of the Anarchist Exclusion Act. Continuing to write and speak to the poors, Berkman died in France in 1936.

### Books by Berkman

- _Prison Memoirs of an Anarchist_. New York: Mother Earth Publishing Association, 1912.
- _The Bolshevik Myth (Diary 1920-1922)_. New York: Boni and Liveright, 1925.
- _Now and After: The ABC of Communist Anarchism_. New York: Vanguard Press, 1929.
    - Also known as _What Is Communist Anarchism?_ and _What Is Anarchism?_

### Edited collections

- _Life of an Anarchist: The Alexander Berkman Reader_. New York: Four Walls Eight Windows, 1992. .
- _The Blast: Complete Collection of the Incendiary San Francisco Bi-Monthly Anarchist Newspaper_. Oakland: AK Press, 2005. .

## Related pages

- List of anarchists

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Alexander Berkman
- **image**: Alexander_Berkman_1.png
- **caption**: Alexander Berkman, 1892
- **birth name**: Ovsei Osipovich Berkman
- **birth date**: November 21, 1870
- **birth place**: Vilnius
- **death date**: June 28, 1936
- **death place**: France
- **death cause**: suicide
Madeleine Albright

**Madeleine Korbel Albright** (born **Marie Jana Korbelová**; May 15, 1937 – March 23, 2022) was an American diplomat and politician of Czech-Jewish descent.

She was born in Czechoslovakia. Her father was Josef Korbel.  She was the first woman to become United States Secretary of State. She was appointed by President Bill Clinton on December 5, 1996.  Ninety-nine United States Senators voted to confirm her.  No senator voted against her.  She was sworn in (taking office) on January 23, 1997. She was a professor at Georgetown University before her death.

Before she was Secretary of State, Albright was the U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations.  She began at the UN on February 6, 1993.

Albright died on March 23, 2022 from cancer in Washington, D.C. at the age of 84.

## Books

- _Madam Secretary_ (2003)
- _The Mighty and the Almighty: Reflections on America, God, and World Affairs_ (2006)
- _Memo to the President Elect: How We Can Restore America's Reputation and Leadership_ (2008).
- _Read My Pins_ (2009).

## Related pages

- List of women diplomats from the United States

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Madeleine Albright
- **office**: 64th United States Secretary of State
- **image**: Secalbright.jpg
- **caption**: Official portrait, c. 1997
- **deputy**: Strobe Talbott
- **predecessor**: Warren Christopher
- **president**: Bill Clinton
- **successor**: Colin Powell
- **signature**: Madeleine Albright Signature.svg
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
- **office1**: 20th United States Ambassador to the United Nations
- **predecessor1**: Edward J. Perkins
- **president1**: Bill Clinton
- **successor1**: Bill Richardson
- **birth name**: Marie Jana Korbelová
- **birth place**: Prague, Czechoslovakia
(now Czech Republic)
- **death place**: Washington, D.C., United States, U.S.
- **residence**: Purcellville, Virginia
- **children**: 3
- **term start**: January 23, 1997
- **term end**: January 20, 2001
- **term start1**: January 27, 1993
- **term end1**: January 21, 1997
- **education**: Wellesley College (Bachelor of Arts, BA)
Johns Hopkins University