juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Newar people

**Newar** (; ; endonym: **Newa:**; , Prachalit Script: 𑐣𑐾𑐰𑐵𑑅), or **Nepami**, are the historical inhabitants of the Nepal Mandala which consists of Nepa Valley and its surrounding areas in Nepal and the creators of its historic heritage and civilization.

Newar people have developed a division of labor and a sophisticated urban civilization not seen elsewhere in the Himalayan foothills.  Newar people have continued their age-old traditions and practices and pride themselves as the true custodians of the religion, culture and civilization of Nepal.  They are the historical inhabitants of the Kathmandu Valley and its surrounding areas in Nepal and the creators of its historic heritage and civilisation. Newars form a linguistic and cultural community of primarily Indo-Aryan and Tibeto-Burman ethnicities following Hinduism and Buddhism with Nepal Bhasa as their common language.

The Kathmandu Valley and surrounding territories constituted the former Newar kingdom of the Nepal Mandala. Unlike other common-origin ethnic or caste groups of Nepal, the Newar people are regarded as an example of a nation community with a relic identity, derived from an ethnically-diverse, previously-existing polity. Newar civilization within it consists of various strands of ethnic, racial, caste and religious heterogeneity, as they are the descendants of the diverse group of people that have lived in Nepal Mandala since prehistoric times.

## Infobox (ethnic group)

- **group**: Néwah/Néwār नेवा:/नेवार
- **image**: A Newar Woman LACMA M.91.134.jpg
- **image caption**: A Newar Woman
- **pop**: **1,321,933**

- **popplace**: Nepal
- **languages**: Newar language, Newar and Nepali language, Nepali
- **religions**: Hinduism and Buddhism
- **related**: Nepal Mandala, Nepal Mandala peoples; Maithils; Tibeto-Burman languages, Tibeto-Burman peoples; Indo-Aryan peoples, Other Indo-Aryan peoples
Gong

A **gong** is an East and Southeast Asian musical percussion instrument. It is a bowl-shaped, circular metal disc which a person hits with a mallet or thick padded stick.

Gongs produce two distinct types of sound. A gong with a flat surface gives a "crash" rather than a tuned note. In Indonesian gamelan ensembles, some gongs are made to give a beat note in the range from about 1 to 5 Hz. The use of the term "gong" for both these types of instrument is common.
Kathmandu Valley

The **Kathmandu Valley** (, ), historically known as **Nepal Valley** or **Nepa Valley**, lies at the crossroads of ancient civilizations of South Asia and the broader Asian continent, and has at least 130 important monuments, including several pilgrimage sites for Hindus and Buddhists. The valley comprises of 3 districts that are Kathmandu, Bhaktapur, and Lalitpur, all having the combined population of about 5 million people. There are seven World Heritage Sites within the valley.

Historically, the valley and adjoining areas made up a confederation known as the Nepal Mandala. Until the 15th century, Khwopa was its capital, when two other capitals, Kathmandu and Yala, were established. After the annexation of the valley by the Gorkha Kingdom, and subsequent conversion of the Valley as the capital of their empire, the designation of "Nepal" was extended to all the lands they had conquered.

## Related pages

- Nepal
- Theravada

## Infobox (unesco world heritage site)

- **whs**: Kathmandu Valley
- **image**: Kathmandu Valley krish.jpg
- **image upright**: 1.2
- **caption**: Kathmandu valley seen from Palanse, Bhaktapur
- **location**: Province No. 3, Nepal
- **criteria**: (iii), (iv), (vi)
- **id**: 121bis
- **year**: 1979
- **extension**: 2006
- **danger**: 2003–2007
- **locmapin**: Nepal
Tower 42

**Tower 42** is the third-tallest skyscraper in the City of London and the eighth tallest in Greater London. Its original name was the **National Westminster Tower**, having been built to house the National Westminster Bank's international division. Seen from above, the shape of the tower resembles that of the NatWest logo (three chevrons in a hexagonal arrangement).

The tower, designed by Richard Seifert and engineered by Pell Frischmann, is located at 25 Old Broad Street. It was built by John Mowlem & Co between 1971 and 1980, first occupied in 1980, and formally opened on 11 June 1981 by Queen Elizabeth II.

The construction cost was £72 million (approximately £ today). It is  high, which made it the tallest building in the United Kingdom until the topping out of One Canada Square at Canary Wharf in 1990. It held the status of tallest building in the City of London for 30 years, until it was surpassed by the Heron Tower in December 2009.

## Design

In June 2012, a Capix LED multi-media lighting system was installed around levels 39 to 45. This replaced the previous high-energy floodlighting at the top of the building.

The top of the tower is made to resemble the NatWest logo of three chevrons in a hexagonal arrangement.

There are four sections known as the core, leaf 1, leaf 2 and leaf 3.

## Infobox (building)

- **name**: Tower 42
- **former names**: NatWest Tower; International Financial Centre
- **image**: Tower 42 looking north from Bishopsgate 2011-05-04.jpg
- **image size**: 250px
- **caption**: Tower 42 is the fourth-tallest building in the City of London
- **location**: London,
England, United Kingdom
- **start date**: 1971
- **completion date**: 1980
- **highest prev**: BT Tower
- **highest next**: One Canada Square
- **highest start**: 1980
- **highest end**: 1991
- **highest region**: the United Kingdom
- **architect**: Richard Seifert, R Seifert & Partners
- **floor count**: 47
- **building type**: Commercial
- **elevator count**: 21
- **structural engineer**: Pell Frischmann
- **main contractor**: Mowlem, John Mowlem & Co Ltd
Yigal Bashan

**Yigal Bashan** (September 11, 1950  December 9, 2018) was an Israeli singer, songwriter, and actor. He was awarded the ACUM Prize for Life Achievement in 2016.

Bashan was a member of the pop trio "Kmo Tzoanim" (Hebrew: "Like Gypsies") that appeared on the "Hopa Hey" Israeli children's television show.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **background**: solo_singer
- **image**: Yigael Bashan.jpg
- **birth place**: Tel Aviv, Israel
- **occupation**: Singer, Composer.
- **associated acts**: "Hopa Hey"
United States ten-dollar bill

The **United States ten-dollar bill** ($10) is a denomination of U.S. currency.

## Infobox (banknote)

- **country**: United States
- **denomination**: Ten United States dollar, dollars
- **value**: $10
- **width mm**: 156
- **height mm**: 66.3
- **weight g**: Approx. 1
- **security features**: Security fibers, security thread, watermark, optically variable ink, color shifting ink, microprinting, raised printing, EURion constellation
- **paper type**: Cotton-linen
- **years of printing**: 1861–present
- **obverse**: US10dollarbill-Series 2004A.jpg
- **obverse design**: Alexander Hamilton
- **obverse design date**: 2006
- **reverse**: US $10 Series 2004 reverse.jpg
- **reverse design**: U.S. Treasury
- **reverse design date**: 2006
Gringo

**Gringo** is a Spanish and Portuguese term used mostly in Latin America to denote foreigners, specially people from the United States, Canada, and UK.

In Brazil, the term is used to refer to any foreigner, regardless of their ethnicity or nationality, even when it comes to other Latin-Americans.

## Etymology

The most supported theory is that the term originates from the word _griego_ ('Greek'), used in the same way as the English phrase _it's all Greek to me_. Some theories assert that the term originated in the Mexican-American War, when American troops sang a song which began with "Green grows..." such as "Green Grow the Rushes, O", "Green Grow the Lilacs", among others.

## Related pages

- Nigger
- Slang
- Stereotype
- Racism
- Discrimination
- Yankee
- Chicano
Tony Smith

**Anthony David Hawthorn Smith** (born 13 March 1967) is an Australian politician. He was the 30th Speaker of the House of Representatives from 10 August 2015 until 23 November 2021. He has been a Liberal Party member of the House of Representatives since 2001. He represents the Division of Casey, Victoria.

## Other websites

- Personal website
- The Hon Tony Smith MP, Official Parliament website biography, retrieved August 2015

## Infobox (politician)

- **honorific-prefix**: The Honourable
- **name**: Tony Smith
- **honorific-suffix**: Australian House of Representatives, MP
- **image**: File:Tony Smith March 2017 cropped.jpg
- **office**: 30th Speaker of the Australian House of Representatives
- **term start**: 10 August 2015
- **term end**: 23 November 2021
- **deputy**: Bruce Scott (Australian politician), Bruce Scott
Mark Coulton
Kevin Hogan (politician), Kevin Hogan
- **predecessor**: Bronwyn Bishop
- **successor**: Andrew Wallace
- **constituency mp3**: Division of Casey, Casey
- **parliament3**: Australian
- **term start3**: 10 November 2001
- **predecessor3**: Michael Wooldridge
- **birth name**: Anthony David Hawthorn Smith
- **birth place**: Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- **spouse**: Pam Read
- **children**: 2
- **party**: Liberal Party of Australia, Liberal
- **alma mater**: University of Melbourne
- **occupation**: Political adviser
Ian Sinclair

**Ian McCahon Sinclair** (born 10 June 1929) is an Australian politician. He was leader of the National Party from 1984 to 1989. He was a government minister under six different prime ministers. He was the Speaker of the House of Representatives from March to November 1998.

Sinclair was born in Sydney, New South Wales.

In January 2001, he was appointed a Companion of the Order of Australia (AC).
Bronwyn Bishop

**Bronwyn Kathleen Bishop** (née **Setright**; born 19 October 1942) is an Australian politician and political commentator. She was a member of federal parliament for almost 30 years. Bishop is a member of the Liberal Party. She was a minister in the Howard Government from 1996 to 2001 and Speaker of the House of Representatives from 2013 to 2015.

## Infobox (politician)

- **honorific-prefix**: The Honourable
- **name**: Bronwyn Bishop
- **image**: Bronwyn Bishop - Flickr - Eva Rinaldi Celebrity and Live Music Photographer (1).jpg
- **office**: 29th Speaker of the Australian House of Representatives
- **deputy**: Bruce Scott (Australian politician), Bruce Scott
- **term start**: 12 November 2013
- **term end**: 2 August 2015
- **predecessor**: Anna Burke
- **successor**: Tony Smith
- **office1**: Minister for Social Services (Australia)#List of ministers for aged care, Minister for Aged Care
- **primeminister1**: John Howard
- **term start1**: 21 October 1998
- **term end1**: 26 November 2001
- **predecessor1**: Peter Staples
- **successor1**: Kevin Andrews (politician), Kevin Andrews
- **office2**: Minister for Defence Science and Personnel (Australia) , Minister for Defence Industry, Science and Personnel
- **primeminister2**: John Howard
- **term start2**: 11 March 1996
- **term end2**: 21 October 1998
- **predecessor2**: Gary Punch
- **successor2**: Warren Snowdon
- **constituency mp3**: Division of Mackellar,  Mackellar
- **parliament3**: Australian
- **term start3**: 26 March 1994
- **term end3**: 2 July 2016
- **predecessor3**: Jim Carlton
- **successor3**: Jason Falinski
- **office4**: Australian Senate, Senator for New South Wales
- **term start4**: 11 July 1987
- **term end4**: 24 February 1994
- **predecessor4**: John Carrick (Australian politician), Sir John Carrick
- **successor4**: Bob Woods
- **birth name**: Bronwyn Kathleen Setright
- **birth place**: Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- **party**: Liberal Party of Australia, Liberal
- **spouse**: Alan David Bishop (1966–1992, div.)
- **residence**: Newport, New South Wales
- **occupation**: Solicitor and Company Director
- **education**: Cremorne Girls High School
University of Sydney (no degree)
- **website**: [http://www.bronwyn.com.au Personal website]
Billy Snedden

**Sir Billy Mackie Snedden** (31 December 1926 – 26 June 1987) was an Australian politician. He was the leader of the Liberal Party from 1972 to 1975, which made him Leader of the Opposition during that tenure. He was also a cabinet minister from 1964 to 1972, and Speaker of the House of Representatives from 1976 to 1983.

Snedden was born in West Perth, Western Australia. He studied at Highgate State School, Perth Boys' School and at Perth Technical College. Snedden was in the Royal Australian Air Force during World War II. In 1950, he married Joy Forsyth. They had four children together.

On 26 June 1987, Snedden died at his home in Ruschcutters Bay, New South Wales, near Sydney of a heart attack while having sex with his son's ex-girlfriend. He was 60 years old.
Gordon Scholes

**Gordon Glen Denton Scholes** AO (7 June 1931 – 9 December 2018) was an Australian politician. He was in the House of Representatives for the seat of Corio from 1967 to 1993, representing the Labor Party.

Scholes was Speaker of the House of Representatives from 1975 to 1976, and then a minister in the Hawke Government from 1983 to 1987. He was Minister for Defence from 1983 to 1984. He later served several other ministerial positions in the Hawke Government.

He was born in Melbourne, Victoria. Scholes died on 9 December 2018 in Geelong, Victoria, aged 87.
Pentti Tiusanen

**Pentti Uolevi Tiusanen** (6 March 1949 – 8 December 2018) was a Finnish politician. He was born in Kotka, Finland. He was a member of Finnish Parliament, representing the Left Alliance. He was elected to Finnish Parliament in 1995. He left office in 2011.

Tiusanen died on 8 December 2018 from stomach cancer in Helsinki, aged 69.

## Other websites

- Parliament of Finland: Pentti Tiusanen
- Home page
James Lyons (admiral)

**James Aloysius **"**Ace**"** Lyons Jr.** (September 28, 1927 – December 12, 2018) was an American admiral in the United States Navy. He was Commander of the United States Pacific Fleet from 1985 to 1987. He was born in New Jersey. Lyons was known for writing a column about Seth Rich, a murdered lobbyist, that was retracted by _The Washington Times_. Lyons claimed Hillary Clinton was responsible for the killing.

Lyons died on December 12, 2018 from respiratory failure in Warrenton, Virginia at the age of 91.
William Newsom

**William Alfred Newsom III** (February 15, 1934 – December 12, 2018) was an American politician and lawyer. He was born in San Francisco, California. He was an administrator of the Getty family trust. He was the father of California governor Gavin Newsom.

In 1975, Jerry Brown appointed Newsom to the Superior Court bench in Auburn (Placer County) and later to the state Court of Appeal in San Francisco, where he was until 1995.

Newsom died on December 12, 2018, at his home, in San Francisco, California from ulcerative colitis, aged 84.
Seán Garland

**Seán Garland** (7 March 1934 – 13 December 2018) was an Irish politician. He was born in Dublin. He was a member of the Workers' Party. He was General-Secretary of the Party from 1977 to 1990. Garland was the Workers' Party representative at the National Forum on Europe. In 2000, he was elected President of the Workers' Party.

Garland died on 13 December 2018 in Dublin at the age of 84.

## Other websites

- BBC article: what is a superdollar?
- BBC article: Leader of 'Official IRA' in forgery plot

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Seán Garland
- **image**: Seán Garland.jpg
- **birth place**: Dublin, Ireland
- **birth date**: 7 March 1934
Noah Klieger

**Noah Klieger** (; July 31, 1925 – December 13, 2018) was an Israeli journalist and sports administrator. He was born in Strasbourg, France. As a journalist, he worked for _L'Équipe_.

During the Holocaust, Klieger survived three Nazi concentration camps: Auschwitz, Mittelbau-Dora, and Ravensbruck. After World War II, he worked as a sports journalist in Israel. He was the president of the basketball club Maccabi Tel Aviv and chairman of the International Basketball Federation's (FIBA's) media council.

In 2010 Klieger was awarded the FIBA Order of Merit, and 2015 he was inducted into the FIBA Hall of Fame for his contributions to international basketball.

In 2012 he became a Knight of the Legion of Honour (Legion d'Honneur), France's award for civilian merit.

Klieger died on December 13, 2018 in Ramat Gan, Israel, from complications of heart disease, aged 92.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Noah Klieger
- **image**: Noah Klieger en el acto de conmemoración del Día Internacional en Memoria del Holocausto en Madrid (2018).jpg
- **caption**: Noah Klieger at an event marking International Holocaust Remembrance Day in Madrid, 2018
- **birth place**: Strasbourg, France
- **nationality**: Israeli
- **occupation**: journalist, sports executive
- **years active**: 1945—2016
Nancy Wilson (jazz singer)

**Nancy Sue Wilson** (February 20, 1937 – December 13, 2018) was an American jazz singer and actress. Her career began in 1950 and she retired in 2011. She was born in Chillicothe, Ohio.

Wilson won three Grammy Awards for her recordings. She was known as "Sweet Nancy", "The Baby", "Fancy Miss Nancy" and "The Girl With the Honey-Coated Voice". Her best known works were "(You Don't Know) How Glad I Am", "I Wanna Be With You", and "Uptight (Everything's Alright)".

Wilson died from kidney cancer on December 13, 2018, at her home in Pioneertown, California at the age of 81.

## Other websites

- [ Billboard Chart History for Nancy Wilson]
- NEA Jazz Masters: Nancy Wilson – Biography and Interview
Pioneertown, California

**Pioneertown, California**, is an unincorporated community of the Morongo Basin region of San Bernardino's High Desert in California, United States. , Pioneertown had a population of 350.

In July 2006, parts of Pioneertown were burned in the Sawtooth Complex fire, which also burned into Yucca Valley and Morongo Valley.

## Other websites

- "Pioneertown, USA: The Definitive History of Pioneertown, CA.. Where the Old West Lives Again!" MARCH of 2o18 / Paperback / 3o8 Pages  "PIONEERTOWN, USA"
Sheshan

**Sheshan** is the name for a pair of hills in Songjiang District in Shanghai, China. These two hills are **West Sheshan**, which is 97 meters high, and **East Sheshan**, which is 100.8 meters high.

The Chinese name is _Shéshān_ (佘山). _Shé_ (佘) is the name of a Chinese family, and _shān_ (山) is a word that can mean "mountain", "mountains", "hill", or "hills". Some people say that the hills' name used to be _Shéshān_ (蛇山), meaning "Snake Hill", but that the Chinese character was changed because people don't like snakes.

The hills are part of a forest park that is 64.08 square kilometers big. The park is open from 8  to 4:30 .

The top of the West Hill has Our Lady of Sheshan Catholic Church and the Sheshan Observatory. The East Hill has an amusement park.

Sheshan Station is a Shanghai Subway station on Line 9.
Dutch Cross of Resistance

The **Verzetskruis 1940–1945** (Dutch: _Cross of Resistance 1940–1945_) is the second highest military medal in the Netherlands given for bravery. It was awarded to members of the Dutch resistance. They were civilians who fought the Nazi occupation of their country during the Second World War.

## Infobox (military award)

- **name**: Dutch Cross of Resistance
- **image**: VERZETSKRUIS 1945.jpg
- **caption**: The Dutch Cross of Resistance
- **awarded by**:  Kingdom of the Netherlands
- **type**: Civil decoration
- **for**: Extreme bravery awarded to the Dutch resistance
- **status**: No longer awarded
- **established**: 3 May 1946
- **total**: 95 times
- **posthumous**: 93 times
- **higher**: Honorary Sabre
- **lower**: Honorary Medal for Charitable Assistance
- **image2**:
- **caption2**: Ribbon bar of the Dutch Cross of Resistance
SAM Colombia Flight 501

**SAM Colombia Flight 501** was a SAM Colombia Boeing 727-46 that crashed on May 19, 1993, killing all 132 on board, including several Panamanian dentists on their way to a convention. The crew reported over the Abejorral NDB beacon at FL160, approaching Medellín. The flight was then cleared to descend to FL120. The 727 had actually not yet reached the beacon, and descended into mountainous terrain. The flight struck Mount Paramo Frontino at 12,300 feet. Thunderstorm activity in the area made ADF navigation more difficult and the Medellín VOR/DME had been attacked by terrorists and was unserviceable.

## References

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## Other websites

- ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 727-46 HK-2422X Medellín

## Infobox (aircraft occurrence)

- **name**: SAM Colombia Flight 501
- **occurrence type**: Accident
- **image**: Boeing 727-46, SAM Colombia AN1995310.jpg
- **caption**: A SAM Colombia Boeing 727, similar to the one involved
- **date**: 19 May 1993
- **type**: Controlled flight into terrain due to Pilot error and ATC error
- **site**: Mt. Paramo Frontino, near Medellín, Colombia
- **aircraft type**: Boeing 727, Boeing 727-46
- **operator**: SAM Colombia
- **tail number**: HK-2422X
- **origin**: Tocumen International Airport, Panama
- **stopover**: José María Córdova International Airport, Medellín, Colombia
- **destination**: El Dorado International Airport, Bogotá, Colombia
- **passengers**: 125
- **crew**: 7
- **fatalities**: 132
- **survivors**: 0
Star apple

The **star apple** (_Chrysophyllum cainito_) is a fruit found in Isthmus of Panama, Greater Antilles, West Indies and South East Asia. The name comes from the a star pattern, visible in the pulp. It is not poisonous. Despite of its English name, it is not like an apple.
EgyptAir Flight 864

**EgyptAir Flight 864** was a flight from Rome Fiumicino Airport to Tokyo International Airport in Tokyo. On 25 December 1976, the Boeing 707 on the route crashed into an building in Bangkok. All 52 people on board were killed, as well as 19 on the ground in the crash. Pilot error was said to be the cause of the crash. EgyptAir said that the Bangkok control tower had not given enough weather information to the crew of Flight 864.

## Infobox (aircraft occurrence)

- **name**: EgyptAir Flight 864
- **image**: SU-AXA Aircraft.jpg
- **caption**: SU-AXA, the aircraft involved in the accident, seen in May 1974
- **occurrence type**: Accident
- **summary**: Pilot error
- **site**: Don Mueang International Airport, Bangkok, Thailand
- **total fatalities**: 71
- **aircraft type**: Boeing 707, Boeing 707-366C
- **operator**: EgyptAir
- **tail number**: SU-AXA
- **origin**: Leonardo da Vinci–Fiumicino Airport, Rome Fiumicino Airport, Italy
- **stopover0**: Cairo International Airport, Egypt
- **stopover1**: Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport, Santacruz Airport, India
- **last stopover**: Don Mueang International Airport, Thailand
- **destination**: Haneda Airport, Tokyo International Airport, Japan
- **passengers**: 43
- **crew**: 9
- **fatalities**: 71 (52 in the aircraft and 19 on the ground)
- **survivors**: 0
Heron Tower

The **Salesforce tower** is a skyscraper in the City of London, England. Its official name is **110 Bishopsgate** and was formerly The **Heron Tower**, which it is still often called. When completed in 2011 it became the third tallest building in the United Kingdom and the tallest in the City of London after Tower 42. The Heron Tower is  on Bishopsgate.

Construction lasted from 2007 to 2011. It is owned by Heron International. In 2014 there was naming dispute between Salesforce.com and Heron International. The City of London ruled in favour of it being named 110 Bishopsgate.

## Construction

In March 2007, it was confirmed that Heron had signed a funding deal with the State General Reserve Fund of Oman to provide the equity for the development. The works were carried out by Skanska and completed in January 2011.
Mesquite, Texas

**Mesquite** is a large city in north-central Texas. It is a part of a much larger group of cities called the Metroplex. Its population in 2020 was 150,108.

## History

The city was founded on March 14, 1878. It was named after the Mesquite Creek. The city was officially created on December 3, 1887.
McLeod County, Minnesota

**McLeod County** is a county in the U.S. state of Minnesota. As of 2020, 36,771 people lived there. The county seat is Glencoe.
Martin County, Minnesota

**Martin County** is a county in the U.S. state of Minnesota. As of 2020, 20,025 people lived there. The county seat is Fairmont.
Meeker County, Minnesota

**Meeker County** is a county in the U.S. state of Minnesota. As of the 2020 United States Census, the population was 23,400. Its county seat is Litchfield.

## Infobox (u.s. county)

- **county**: Meeker County
- **state**: Minnesota
- **ex image**: Litchfield G.A.R..jpg
- **ex image size**: 220px
- **ex image cap**: Grand Army of the Republic Hall in Litchfield, Minnesota.
- **founded date**: February 23
- **founded year**: 1856
- **seat wl**: Litchfield
- **largest city**: Litchfield
- **area total sq mi**: 645
- **area land sq mi**: 608
- **area water sq mi**: 37
- **area percentage**: 5.7
- **population as of**: 2020
- **population total**: 23400
- **density sq mi**: 38.5
- **time zone**: Central
- **web**: www.co.meeker.mn.us
- **named for**: Bradley B. Meeker, an associate justice of Minnesota Territorial Court
Mille Lacs County, Minnesota

**Mille Lacs County** is a county in the U.S. state of Minnesota. As of 2020, 26,459 people lived there. The county seat is Milaca.
Morrison County, Minnesota

**Morrison County** is a county in the U.S. state of Minnesota. As of 2020, 34,010 people lived there. The county seat is Little Falls.
Mower County, Minnesota

**Mower County** is a county in the U.S. state of Minnesota. At the 2020 census, 40,029 people lived there. The county seat is Austin.
Grellingen

**Grellingen** is a municipality of the district of Laufen in the canton of Basel-Landschaft in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Grellingen
- **image photo**: Grellingen, straatzicht vanaf brug over de Birs met KGS12131 plaatsen foto6 2013-07-20 13.13.jpg
- **image caption**: View to a street from bridge across river Birs
- **municipality name**: Grellingen
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: Grellingen_coat_of_arms.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Grellingen.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Basel-Landschaft
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BL
- **district**: Laufen (district), Laufen
- **postal code**: 4203
- **municipality code**: 2786
- **area**: 3.31
- **elevation**: 325
- **website**: www.grellingen.ch
- **mayor**: Franz Meyer
- **mayor party**: CVP
- **neighboring municipalities**: Brislach, Duggingen, Himmelried (SO), Nenzlingen, Pfeffingen
Birs

The **Birs** () is a  long river in Switzerland that flows through the Jura region. The river ends when it joins the Rhine between Basel and Birsfelden. It is the most important river of the Swiss Jura.
Blauen, Basel-Landschaft

**Blauen** is a municipality of the district of Laufen in the canton of Basel-Landschaft in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Blauen
- **image photo**: Schweiz Jura Baselland Laufental Blauen.JPG
- **municipality name**: Blauen
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: Coat of arms of Blauen BL.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Blauen.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Basel-Landschaft
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BL
- **district**: Laufen (district), Laufen
- **postal code**: 4223
- **municipality code**: 2781
- **area**: 7.13
- **elevation**: 533
- **website**: www.blauen.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Dittingen, Ettingen, Hofstetten-Flüh (SO), Metzerlen-Mariastein (SO), Nenzlingen, Pfeffingen, Zwingen
Burg im Leimental

**Burg im Leimental** is a municipality of the district of Laufen in the canton of Basel-Landschaft in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Burg im Leimental
- **image photo**: Picswiss BL-62-13.jpg
- **municipality name**: Burg im Leimental
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: Coat of arms of Burg im Leimental.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Burg im Leimental.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Basel-Landschaft
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BL
- **district**: Laufen (district), Laufen
- **postal code**: 4117
- **municipality code**: 2783
- **area**: 2.83
- **elevation**: 477
- **neighboring municipalities**: Biederthal (FR-68), Kleinlützel (SO), Metzerlen-Mariastein (SO), Röschenz, Wolschwiller (FR-68)
Dittingen

**Dittingen** is a municipality of the district of Laufen in the canton of Basel-Landschaft in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Dittingen
- **image photo**: Kirche-Nikolaus-Dittingen.jpg
- **image caption**: St. Nikolaus parish church of Dittingen
- **municipality name**: Dittingen
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: Wappen Dittingen.png
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Dittingen.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Basel-Landschaft
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BL
- **district**: Laufen (district), Laufen
- **postal code**: 4243
- **municipality code**: 2784
- **area**: 6.75
- **elevation**: 404
- **website**: www.dittingen.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Blauen, Basel-Landschaft, Blauen, Laufen, Switzerland, Laufen, Metzerlen-Mariastein (SO), Röschenz, Zwingen
Alpena, Arkansas

**Alpena** is a town in the US state of Arkansas.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Alpena, Arkansas
- **settlement type**: Town
- **image skyline**: Alpena, AR 001.jpg
- **image caption**: Streetside in downtown Alpena
- **image map**: File:Boone County and Carroll County Arkansas Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Alpena Highlighted 0501060.svg
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location of Alpena in Boone County and Carroll County, Arkansas.
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Arkansas, Counties
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision name1**: Arkansas
- **subdivision name2**: Boone County, Arkansas, Boone, Carroll County, Arkansas, Carroll
- **area total km2**: 3.47
- **area total sq mi**: 1.34
- **area land km2**: 3.45
- **area land sq mi**: 1.33
- **area water km2**: 0.01
- **area water sq mi**: 0.01
- **elevation ft**: 1224
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 374
- **population density km2**: 108.36
- **population density sq mi**: 280.57
- **timezone**: Central Time Zone (North America), Central (CST)
- **utc offset**: -6
- **timezone dst**: CDT
- **utc offset dst**: -5
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 72611
- **area code**: Area code 870, 870
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 05-01060
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 2405141
- **unit pref**: Imperial
Murray County, Minnesota

**Murray County** is a county in the U.S. state of Minnesota. As of 2020, 8,179 people lived there. The county seat is Slayton.
Contractile vacuole

A **contractile vacuole** ('CV') is found in many cells. It pumps water in and out of the cell through osmoregulation. In this way regulates osmotic pressure.
Ace Cannon

**John **"**Ace**"** Cannon** (May 5, 1934 – December 6, 2018) was an American tenor and saxophonist. He was born in Grenada, Mississippi. He played and toured with Hi Records stablemate Bill Black's Combo, and started a solo career.

His best known song "Tuff" hit #17 on the U.S. _Billboard_ Hot 100 in 1962, and the follow-up single "Blues (Stay Away from Me)" hit #36 that same year. In April 1965, he released _Ace Cannon Live_ (HL 12025).

Cannon died at his home on December 6, 2018 in Calhoun City, Mississippi from emphysema at the age of 84.
Calhoun City, Mississippi

**Calhoun City** is a town in Calhoun County, Mississippi, United States. The population was 1,533 at the 2020 census.
Wilhelm Genazino

**Wilhelm Genazino** (22 January 1943 – 12 December 2018) was a German journalist and author. He was born in Mannheim, Germany. He worked as a journalist until 1965. During this time, he worked, inter alia, for the satirical magazine _Pardon_ and co-edited the magazine _Lesezeichen_. As an author, he was known for his trilogy _Abschaffel_.

In 1990 he became a member of the Academy for Language and Poetry in Darmstadt. In 2004, he was awarded the Georg Büchner Prize, the most prestigious award for German literature.

Genazino died on 12 December 2018 from lung cancer in Frankfurt, Germany at the age of 75.
Matti Kassila

**Matti Uolevi Kassila** (12 January 1924 – 14 December 2018) was a Finnish movie director. He was born in Keuruu, Finland. He was popular in the 1950s and 1960s. He was most famous for the series of four Inspector Palmu movies, based on the character created by Mika Waltari. During his long career, he won seven Jussi Awards.

His 1959 movie _Punainen viiva_ was entered into the 1st Moscow International Film Festival. His other best known works were _Inspector Palmu’s Error_, _The Harvest Month_ and _The Scarlet Dove_.

Kassila died on 14 December 2018 in Vantaa, Finland, from complications of a fall, aged 94.
Jean-Pierre Van Rossem

**Jean-Pierre Van Rossem** (29 May 1945 – 14 December 2018) was a Belgian economist, author, philosopher, and politician that was convicted for fraud in the 1990's.

## Biography

He was a member of the Belgian from 1991 to 1995 and Flemish Parliaments from 1992 to 1995. Van Rossem was born in Bruges, Belgium. He was a member of the ROSSEM party. In 1991, he was sentenced to five years in prison for his money scams.

Van Rossem died on 14 December 2018 from complications of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Brussels, Belgium, aged 73.
Sigi Schmid

**Siegfried "Sigi" Schmid** (; March 20, 1953 – December 25, 2018) was a German-American soccer coach. He worked as head coach of the Los Angeles Galaxy of Major League Soccer (MLS) from 1999 to 2004 and again from 2017 to 2018. He was born in Tübingen, Baden-Württemberg.

Schmid worked for the UCLA's soccer men's soccer team from 1972 to 1999. From 2006 to 2008, he coached Columbus Crew. Schmid also coached for Seattle Sounders FC from 2009 to 2016.

Schmid was hospitalized several times during his later career, including with pneumonia in 2009. He had weight and heart issues that later lead to his decision to retire from the LA Galaxy in 2018.

Schmid was hospitalized again on December 10, 2018 in intensive care at Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center in Los Angeles. He died on December 25, 2018 from heart failure while waiting for a heart transplant, at the age of 65.
Cape May, New Jersey

**Cape May** is a city at the southern tip of Cape May Peninsula in Cape May County, New Jersey. It is one of the country's oldest vacation resort destinations. As of the 2020 United States Census, the city had a year-round population of 2,768.
Olivier Blanchard

**Olivier Jean Blanchard** (; born December 27, 1948) is a French economist. He worked for the Peterson Institute for International Economics. He was the chief economist at the International Monetary Fund, from September 1, 2008 to October 2015. He is also Robert M. Solow Professor of Economics emeritus at MIT.

## Infobox (economist)

- **child**: yes
- **institution**: Peterson Institute for International Economics (since 2015)
International Monetary Fund (2008–2015)
Harvard University
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- **field**: Macroeconomics
- **school tradition**: New Keynesian economics
- **doctoral advisor**: Stanley Fischer
- **doctoral students**: Fumio Hayashi
Nobuhiro Kiyotaki
Roland Bénabou
Michael C. Burda
Ricardo J. Caballero
Jordi Galí
Anil Kashyap
Gilles Saint-Paul
Janice Eberly
Charles I. Jones
David Laibson
Pierre-Olivier Gourinchas
Robert Shimer
Augustin Landier
Justin Wolfers
Thomas Philippon
- **repec prefix**: e
- **repec id**: pbl2


## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Olivier Blanchard
- **image**: Oliver Blanchard, IMF 98BlanchardWEO1 lg.jpg
- **office**: Chief Economist of the International Monetary Fund
- **president**: Dominique Strauss-Kahn
Christine Lagarde
- **term start**: 1 September 2008
- **term end**: 8 September 2015
- **predecessor**: Simon Johnson (economist), Simon Johnson
- **successor**: Maurice Obstfeld
- **birth name**: Olivier Jean Blanchard
- **birth place**: Amiens, France
- **education**: ESCP Business School (Bachelor of Arts, BA)
 Paris Dauphine University (Master of Arts, MA)
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Doctor of Philosophy, PhD)
Olmsted County, Minnesota

**Olmsted County** is a county in the U.S. state of Minnesota. As of the 2020 census, the population was 162,847. Its county seat and largest city is Rochester. The county was founded in 1855 and named for David Olmsted.
Towyn

**Towyn** () is a seaside resort in the County Borough of Conwy, Wales.
Prudnik

**Prudnik** is a city in Poland in Opole Voivodeship. About 21,000 people live there. Its area is about 21 km². The historical German name of the city is **Neustadt**, and the Czech name is **Prudník**. The Prudnik River goes through the city. The mayor of the city is Grzegorz Zawiślak.

## History

Prudnik is one of the oldest towns in Poland. It was originally a Czech town. During the Middle Ages it became a German city. It was called Neustadt for a long time. After the Second World War the city once again became Polish, and the German citizens were forced to leave. It has been called by its Polish name Prudnik ever since.

## Famous people from Prudnik

- Gerard Bernacki
- Dietrich von Choltitz
- Jan Góra
- Franciszek Surmiński
- Stanisław Szozda

## Twin towns

- Bohumín (Czech Republic)
- Northeim (Germany)
- Krnov (Czech Republic)
- Nadvirna (Ukraine)
- San Giustino (Italy)
Kędzierzyn-Koźle

**Kędzierzyn-Koźle** is a city in Poland in Opole Voivodeship. It has about 57,000 people living in it and is 123 km² in area.

## Other websites

- The Jewish Community in Kędzierzyn-Koźle , on Virtual Shtetl
Brzeg

**Brzeg** is a city in Poland in Opole Voivodeship. It has about 36,000 people living in it and is 14,6 km² in area.
Nysa

**Nysa** is a city in Poland in Opole Voivodeship. It has about 44,000 people living in it and is 27,5 km² in area.
Nicollet County, Minnesota

**Nicollet County** is a county in the U.S. state of Minnesota. As of 2020, 34,454 people lived there. The county seat is St. Peter.
Murray County

**Murray County** is the name of three counties in the United States:
- Murray County, Georgia
- Murray County, Minnesota
- Murray County, Oklahoma
Nobles County, Minnesota

**Nobles County** is a county in the U.S. state of Minnesota. As of 2020, 22,290 people lived there. The county seat is Worthington.
Norman County, Minnesota

**Norman County** is a county in the U.S. state of Minnesota. As of 2020, 6,441 people lived there. The county seat is Ada.
Ada, Minnesota

**Ada** is a city in Norman County in the state of Minnesota in the United States. It is also the county seat.
Bauxite, Arkansas

**Bauxite** is a town in the US state of Arkansas.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Bauxite, Arkansas
- **settlement type**: City
- **image map**: File:Saline County Arkansas Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Bauxite Highlighted 0504090.svg
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location of Bauxite in Saline County, Arkansas.
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: Arkansas
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Arkansas, County
- **subdivision name2**: Saline County, Arkansas, Saline
- **area total km2**: 8.10
- **area total sq mi**: 3.13
- **area land km2**: 7.89
- **area land sq mi**: 3.04
- **area water km2**: 0.22
- **area water sq mi**: 0.08
- **elevation ft**: 344
- **population total**: 629
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population density km2**: 79.77
- **population density sq mi**: 206.57
- **timezone**: North American Central Time Zone, Central (CST)
- **utc offset**: -6
- **timezone dst**: CDT
- **utc offset dst**: -5
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 72011
- **area code**: Area code 501, 501
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 05-04090
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID 0057342
- **unit pref**: Imperial
Otter Tail County, Minnesota

**Otter Tail County** is a county in the U.S. state of Minnesota. As of 2020, 60,081 people lived there. The county seat is Fergus Falls.
Pennington County

**Pennington County** is the name of two counties in the United States:
- Pennington County, Minnesota
- Pennington County, South Dakota
Pennington County, Minnesota

**Pennington County** is a county in the U.S. state of Minnesota. As of the 2020 census, 13,992 people lived there. The county seat is Thief River Falls. It was founded on November 23, 1910.
Pine County, Minnesota

**Pine County** is a county in the U.S. state of Minnesota. As of 2020, 28,876 people lived there. The county seat is Pine City.
Duggingen

**Duggingen** is a municipality of the district of Laufen in the canton of Basel-Landschaft in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Duggingen
- **image photo**: Angenstein-Uebersicht-Anlage.jpg
- **municipality name**: Duggingen
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: Wappen Duggingen.png
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Duggingen.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Basel-Landschaft
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BL
- **district**: Laufen (district), Laufen
- **postal code**: 4202
- **municipality code**: 2785
- **area**: 5.87
- **elevation**: 339
- **website**: www.duggingen.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Aesch, Basel-Landschaft, Aesch, Dornach (SO), Grellingen, Himmelried (SO), Hochwald, Switzerland, Hochwald (SO), Pfeffingen, Seewen, Solothurn, Seewen (SO)
Liesberg

**Liesberg** is a municipality of the district Laufen of the canton of Basel-Landschaft in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Liesberg
- **image photo**: Liesberg 2015-12-13 (cropped).jpg
- **municipality name**: Liesberg
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: Wappen Liesberg.png
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Liesberg.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Basel-Landschaft
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BL
- **district**: Laufen (district), Laufen
- **postal code**: 4253
- **municipality code**: 2788
- **area**: 12.49
- **elevation**: 521
- **website**: www.liesberg.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Bärschwil (SO), Courroux (JU), Kleinlützel (SO), Laufen, Switzerland, Laufen, Roggenburg, Basel-Landschaft, Roggenburg, Röschenz, Soyhières (JU)
Biel-Benken

**Biel-Benken** is a municipality of the district Arlesheim in the canton of Basel-Landschaft in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Biel-Benken
- **image photo**: Biel-Benken, Pfarrkirche St. Antonius.jpg
- **image caption**: The parish church of St. Antonius at Biel-Benken
- **municipality name**: Biel-Benken
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Biel-Benken COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Biel-Benken.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Basel-Landschaft
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BL
- **district**: Arlesheim (district), Arlesheim
- **postal code**: 4105
- **municipality code**: 2764
- **area**: 4.12
- **elevation**: 317
- **website**: www.biel-benken.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Bättwil (SO), Leymen (FR-68), Neuwiller (FR-68), Oberwil, Basel-Landschaft, Oberwil, Therwil, Witterswil (SO)
Nenzlingen

**Nenzlingen** is a municipality of the district Laufen in the canton of Basel-Landschaft in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Nenzlingen
- **image photo**: Picswiss BL-68-04.jpg
- **image caption**: Municipality house of Nenzlingen
- **municipality name**: Nenzlingen
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: Wappen Nenzlingen.png
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Nenzlingen.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Basel-Landschaft
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BL
- **district**: Laufen (district), Laufen
- **postal code**: 4224
- **municipality code**: 2789
- **area**: 3.66
- **elevation**: 438
- **website**: www.nenzlingen.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Blauen, Basel-Landschaft, Blauen, Brislach, Ettingen, Grellingen, Pfeffingen, Zwingen
Roggenburg, Basel-Landschaft

**Roggenburg**  is a municipality of the district Laufen in the canton of Basel-Landschaft in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Roggenburg
- **image photo**: Kirche-Roggenburg.jpg
- **image caption**: The church of Saint-Martin at Roggenburg
- **municipality name**: Roggenburg
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: Wappen Roggenburg BL.png
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Roggenburg.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Basel-Landschaft
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BL
- **district**: Laufen (district), Laufen
- **postal code**: 2814
- **municipality code**: 2790
- **area**: 6.65
- **elevation**: 438
- **website**: www.roggenburg.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Ederswiler (JU), Kiffis (FR-68), Kleinlützel (SO), Liesberg, Movelier (JU), Pleigne (JU), Soyhières (JU)
Röschenz

**Röschenz** is a municipality in the district of Laufen in the canton of Basel-Landschaft in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Röschenz
- **image photo**: Picswiss BL-63-14.jpg
- **municipality name**: Röschenz
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Röschenz COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Röschenz.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Basel-Landschaft
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BL
- **district**: Laufen (district), Laufen
- **postal code**: 4244
- **municipality code**: 2791
- **area**: 10.07
- **elevation**: 450
- **website**: www.roeschenz.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Burg im Leimental, Dittingen, Kleinlützel (SO), Laufen, Switzerland, Laufen, Liesberg, Metzerlen-Mariastein (SO)
Wahlen

**Wahlen** is a municipality of the district Laufen in the canton of Basel-Landschaft in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Wahlen
- **image photo**: Picswiss BL-64-06.jpg
- **municipality name**: Wahlen
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: Wappen Wahlen.png
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Wahlen.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Basel-Landschaft
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BL
- **district**: Laufen (district), Laufen
- **postal code**: 4246
- **municipality code**: 2792
- **area**: 5.42
- **elevation**: 403
- **website**: www.wahlen.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Breitenbach, Switzerland, Breitenbach (SO), Brislach, Büsserach (SO), Grindel (SO), Laufen, Switzerland, Laufen
Zwingen

**Zwingen** is a municipality of the district of Laufen in the canton of Basel-Landschaft in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Zwingen
- **image photo**: Schloss-Zwingen.jpg
- **municipality name**: Zwingen
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: Coat of arms of Zwingen.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Zwingen.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Basel-Landschaft
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BL
- **district**: Laufen (district), Laufen
- **postal code**: 4222
- **municipality code**: 2793
- **area**: 4.62
- **elevation**: 341
- **website**: www.zwingen.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Blauen, Basel-Landschaft, Blauen, Brislach, Dittingen, Laufen, Switzerland, Laufen, Nenzlingen