juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Bunkyū

was a  after _Man'en_ and before _Genji._  This period spanned the years from February 1861 through February 1864. The reigning emperor was .

## Events of the _Bunkyū_ era

- **1861** (_Bunkyu 1_): Ukai Gyokusen established the first commercial photography studio (_Eishin-dō_) in Edo.

- **1861** (_Bunkyu 1_): Great comet of 1861.

- **January 1862** (_Bunkyū 1, 12th month_): The Bonin Islands (_Ogasawara_ Islands) were confirmed as part of Japan.

- **1862** (_Bunkyū 2_): The Bunkyū Reforms reduced restrictions on daimyo which had beeb ordered by Ii Naosuke.

- **14 September 1862** (_Bunkyū 2, 21st day of the 8th month_): Satsuma samurai killed Charles Lennox Richardson at Namamugi on the Tōkaidō road, also known as the Namamugi Incident (_Namamugi Jiken_).

- **22 April 1863** (_Bunkyū 3, 5th day of the 3rd month_): Shogun Iemochi traveled in a great procession to the capital.  He had been summoned by the emperor, and he had 3,000 retainers as escort.

- **28 April 1863** (_Bunkyū 3, 11th day of the 3rd month_): Emperor Komei made an Imperial progress to the Kamo Shrines.  He was accompanied by the shogun and many feudal lords.

- **15-17 August 1863** (_Bunkyū 3, 2nd-4th of the 7th month _): British Bombardment of Kagoshima in retaliation for the death of Charles Lennox Richardson.

## Related pages

- Edo period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, _The Japanese Calendar_ -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
- "The procession of the Shôgun nearby Shono, in Shirasagi-zuka, Ise, at night," woodblock print by Utagawa Tsuyanaga

|Keichō|1st|2nd|3rd|4th|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||1861|1862|1863|1864|
Enryaku

was a  after _Ten'ō_ and before _Daidō._  This period started in August 782 and ended in May 806.  During this time, the emperor was .

## Events of the _Enryaku_ era

- **782** (_Enryaku 1, 6th month_): Fujiwara no Uona was removed from his office.
- **783** (_Enryaku 3, in the 3rd month_): Fujiwara no Tamaro died at the age of 62 years.
- **783** (_Enryaku 3, in the 7th month_): Fujiwara no Korekimi was promoted in the hierarchy of the Imperial court.
- **784** (_Enryaku 3_): The emperor moves the capital to Nagaoka
- **788** (_Enryaku 7_): The Buddhist monk Saichō establishes a monastery on Mt Hiei
- **793** (_Enryaku 12_): Construction began on the Buddhist temple complex at Enryaku-ji.
- **17 December 794** (_Enryaku 13, 21st day of the 10th month_): The Emperor moved by carriage in a grand parade from Nara to Heian-kyō.
- **796** (_Enryaku 15_): Copper coins were minted with the legend _Ren-hei Ei-hō_.
- **797** (_Enryaku 16_): _Shoku Nihongi_ was written.
- **806** (_Enryaku 25_): Emperor Kammu died at the age of 70.

## Related pages

- Nara period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
- Imperial Household Agency (_Kunaichō_), Mausoleum of Emperor Kammu 

|Enryaku|1st|2nd|3rd|4th|5th|6th|7th|8th|9th|10th|11th|12th|13th|14th|15th|16th|17th|18th|19th|20th|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||782|783|784|785|786|787|788|789|790|791|792|793|794|795|796|797|798|799|800|801|

|Enryaku|21st|22nd|23rd|24th|25th|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||802|803|804|805|806|
Jean-Honoré Fragonard

**Jean-Honoré Fragonard** (5 April 1732 in Grasse – 22 August 1806 in Paris) was a French artist. He is remembered as one of the most important French painters of the rococo style. He was a pupil of François Boucher, and developed Boucher's style further. At first he did historical paintings, but soon gave up on these.

He then painted things that were light-hearted, and slightly erotic. His works include _The Swing_, _A Young Girl Reading_, and _The Secret Meeting_. Together with Boucher and Antoine Watteau, he is one of the principal painters of French Rococo. He lost his wealth during the French Revolution. After the revolution, the painting style was different, because he had trouble adapting, he died a poor man.

## Related pages

- List of French painters
François Boucher

**François Boucher** (29 September 1703 in Paris - 30 May 1770) was a French painter, mostly known as one of the main artists of the French rococo movement. He painted several portraits of his patroness, Madame de Pompadour. He is also known for his open-minded voluptuous paintings.

## Related pages

- List of French painters
Valdivia expedition

The **Valdivia expedition** was a scientific exedition to explore the Deep sea. It was a German expedition, done in 1898 and 1899. A ship was bought from _Hamburg-Amerikanischen Packetfahrt-Actien-Gesellschaft_ HAPAG and given instruments to be able to perform scientific measurements. The ship left Hamburg on 31st July 1898 and returned on  1st May 1899. The ship had travelled over  32.000 nautical miles. The expedition was very successful. The results were published in 24 volumes; publishing them took until 1940.
Spain at the Olympics

**Spain** first took part in the **Olympic Games** in 1900. It has sent athletes to compete in most Summer Olympic Games since 1920. Spain has taken part in every Winter Olympic Games since 1936.

Spain boycotted the 1936 Summer Olympics in Nazi Germany. They also boycotted the 1956 Games in Melbourne because of the Soviet Union's invasion of Hungary.  The equestrian events in 1956 took place five months earlier in Stockholm, and Spain did compete in those events.

Spain hosted the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona. Barcelona was the home city of the International Olympic Committee's president at the time, Juan Antonio Samaranch.

Spanish athletes have won a total of 132 medals. Sailing has given them their largest number of medals in one sport.  Spain has only won two medals at the Winter Games.

The Spanish Olympic Committee (_Comité Olímpico Español_) was created in 1924.

### Medals by Summer Games

|Total|37|59|34|130||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1900 Paris|1|0|0|1||
|1904 St. Louis|_did not participate_|||||
|1908 London|_did not participate_|||||
|1912 Stockholm|_did not participate_|||||
|1920 Antwerp|0|2|0|2||
|1924 Paris|0|0|0|0||
|1928 Amsterdam|1|0|0|1||
|1932 Los Angeles|0|0|1|1||
|1936 Berlin|_did not participate_|||||
|1948 London|0|1|0|1||
|1952 Helsinki|0|1|0|1||
|1956 Melbourne|_did not participate_|||||
|1960 Rome|0|0|1|1||
|1964 Tokyo|0|0|0|0||
|1968 Mexico City|0|0|0|0||
|1972 Munich|0|0|1|1||
|1976 Montreal|0|2|0|2||
|1980 Moscow|1|3|2|6||
|1984 Los Angeles|1|2|2|5||
|1988 Seoul|1|1|2|4||
|1992 Barcelona (host nation)|13|7|2|22||
|1996 Atlanta|5|6|6|17||
|2000 Sydney|3|3|5|11||
|2004 Athens|3|11|5|19||
|2008 Beijing|5|10|3|18||
|2012 London|3|10|4|17|21|

## Related pages

- List of IOC country codes

## Other websites

- Spain profile at London2012.com

## Infobox (country at games)

- **noc**: ESP
- **nocname**: Spanish Olympic Committee
- **games**: Olympics
- **website**:  
- **gold**: 46
- **silver**: 64
- **bronze**: 44
Croatia at the Olympics

**Croatia** took part in the **Olympic Games** for the first time as an its own nation in 1992. It has taken part in every Games since then.  Before 1992, Croatian athletes competed for Yugoslavia at the Olympics.

The National Olympic Committee for Croatia is the Croatian Olympic Committee. It was created in 1991. The IOC accepted the committee in 1993.

Croatian athletes have won 23 medals at the Summer Olympic Games. They won gold medals by the men's handball team in 1996 and 2004. At the Winter Olympic Games, Janica Kostelić won six medals (four gold) between 2002 and 2006. Her brother Ivica won several silver medals (in 2006 and 2010). Jakov Fak won a bronze in 2010.

### Results by Games

|rowspan=2|Year||rowspan=2|Sports||rowspan=2|Competitors||colspan=4|Medals|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|align=center bgcolor=gold|**Gold**|align=center bgcolor=silver|**Silver**|align=center bgcolor=cc9966|**Bronze**||||||
|1992 Barcelona|12|39|0|1|2|3|||||
|1996 Atlanta|14|84|1|1|0|2|||||
|2000 Sydney|12|91|1|0|1|2|||||
|2004 Athens|14|81|1|2|2|5|||||
|2008 Beijing|15|105|0|2|3|5|||||
|2012 London|110|3|1|2|6|25|||||

### Medals per sport

|Total|10|12|11|33|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Alpine skiing|4|5|0|9|
|Athletics|1|1|0|2|
|Basketball|0|1|0|1|
|Biathlon|0|0|1|1|
|Gymnastics|0|1|0|1|
|Handball|2|0|1|3|
|Rowing|0|2|1|3|
|Shooting|1|0|1|2|
|Swimming|0|1|0|1|
|Taekwondo|0|0|3|3|
|Tennis|0|0|3|3|
|Water polo|1|1|0|2|
|Weightlifting|1|0|1|2|

### Results by Games

|rowspan=2|Year||rowspan=2|Sports||rowspan=2|Competitors||colspan=4|Medals|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|align=center bgcolor=gold|**Gold**|align=center bgcolor=silver|**Silver**|align=center bgcolor=cc9966|**Bronze**||||||
|1992 Albertville|4|3|0|0|0|0|||||
|1994 Lillehammer|3|2|0|0|0|0|||||
|1998 Nagano|2|6|0|0|0|0|||||
|2002 Salt Lake City|5|14|3|1|0|4|||||
|2006 Turin|6|24|1|2|0|3|||||
|2010 Vancouver|4|19|0|2|1|3|||||
|colspan=3|**Total**|**4**|**5**|**1**|**10**||||||

### Medals per sport

|rowspan=2|Sport||colspan=4|Medals||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|align=center bgcolor=gold|**Gold**|align=center bgcolor=silver|**Silver**|align=center bgcolor=cc9966|**Bronze**|
|Alpine skiing|4|5|0|9||
|Biathlon|0|0|1|1||
|colspan=1|**Total**|**4**|**5**|**1**|**10**|

## Related pages

- List of IOC country codes

## Other websites

- Croatia profile at London2012.com
- Croatia at Olympic.org

## Infobox (country at games)

- **noc**: CRO
- **nocname**: Croatian Olympic Committee
- **games**: Olympics
- **website**:  
- **gold**: 15
- **silver**: 16
- **bronze**: 13
- **seealso**: (1900)
 (1920–1988)
Cyprus at the Olympics

**Cyprus** (CYP) has sent athletes to every Olympic Games held since 1980.

Cyprus earned its first Olympic medal in the 2012 Summer Olympics. Pavlos Kontides earned a silver medal in the men's laser sailing event.

They almost won a medal in the 2008 Olympics when Antonis Nikolaidis lost the bronze medal shoot-off in men's skeet. The first athlete from Cyprus in the modern Olympics was Anastasios Andreou in 1896. He competed under the Greek flag.  At this time, Cyprus was a British colony. The Olympics does not recognise Northern Cyprus and Turkish Cypriots are unable to participate.

## Related pages

- List of IOC country codes

## Other websites

- Cyprus profile at London2012.com

## Infobox (country at games)

- **noc**: CYP
- **nocname**: Cyprus Olympic Committee
- **games**: Olympics
- **website**:  
- **gold**: 0
- **silver**: 1
- **bronze**: 0
Czech Republic at the Olympics

The **Czech Republic** first took part in the **Olympic Games** as an independent country in 1994. It has competed in every Summer Olympic Games and Winter Olympic Games since then.  Before 1993, Czech athletes took part in the Olympics from 1920 to 1992 as Czechoslovakia and from 1900 to 1912 as Bohemia.

Athletes from the Czech Republic have won a total of 43 medals at the Summer Games. Canoeing, shooting  and athletics have been their best sports.  They have also won 16 medals at the Winter Games. Most of their medals came from  the Czech Republic national ice hockey team and cross-country skier Kateřina Neumannová.

The National Olympic Committee for the Czech Republic is the Czech Olympic Committee. It was founded in 1899 and accepted by the International Olympic Committee in 1993.

### Medals by Summer Games

|Games|Athletes||||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|style="background:gold; width:4.5em; font-weight:bold;"|Gold|style="background:silver; width:4.5em; font-weight:bold;"|Silver|style="background:#cc9966; width:4.5em; font-weight:bold;"|Bronze||
|1900–1912|_as Bohemia_||||||
|1920–1992|_as part of Czechoslovakia_||||||
|1996 Atlanta|115|4|3|4|11|17|
|2000 Sydney|119|2|3|3|8|28|
|2004 Athens|142|1|3|4|8|42|
|2008 Beijing|134|3|3|0|6|24|
|2012 London|133|4|3|3|10|19|

### Medals by Winter Games

|Total||5||5||6||16|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1994 Lillehammer|0|0|0|0|||||
|1998 Nagano|1|1|1|3|||||
|2002 Salt Lake City|1|2|0|3|||||
|2006 Turin|1|2|1|4|||||
|2010 Vancouver|2|0|4|6|||||

### Medals by summer sport

|Total||14||15||14||43|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Canoeing|4|4|3|11|||||
|Athletics|5|1|4|10|||||
|Shooting|2|3|4|9|||||
|Rowing|1|2|0|4|||||
|Tennis|0|2|1|3|||||
|Modern pentathlon|1|0|1|2|||||
|Cycling|1|0|0|1|||||
|Boxing|0|1|0|1|||||
|Sailing|0|1|0|1|||||
|Triathlon|0|0|1|1|||||

### Medals by winter sport

|Total||5||5||6||16|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Cross-country skiing|1|5|3|9|||||
|Ice hockey|1|0|1|2|||||
|Freestyle skiing|1|0|0|1|||||
|Speed skating|2|0|1|3|||||
|Alpine skiing|0|0|1|1|||||

## Related pages

- List of IOC country codes
- Czechoslovakia at the Olympics
- Bohemia at the Olympics

## Other websites

- Czech Republic profile at London2012.com

## Infobox (country at games)

- **noc**: CZE
- **nocname**: Czech Olympic Committee
- **games**: Olympics
- **website**:  
- **gold**: 24
- **silver**: 28
- **bronze**: 35
- **seealso**: (1900–1912)
 (1920–1992)
Ten'ō

was a  after _Hōki_ and before _Enryaku._  This period started in January 781 and ended in August 782.   During this time, the emperor was .

## Events of the _Ten'ō_ era

- **22 December 781** (_Ten'ō 1, 3rd day of the 12th month_):  In 11th year of  the reign of Emperor Kōnin's reign (光仁天皇11年), he abdicated. The succession (_senso_) was received by his son.  Soon after, Emperor Kammu is said to have accepted the monarch's role and duties and powers (_sokui_).  This was confirmed in ceremonies.

## Related pages

- Nara period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

|Ten'ō|1st|2nd|
| --- | --- | --- |
||781|782|
Scaphognathus

***Scaphognathus*** was a rhamphorhyncoid pterosaur found in the Solnhofen limestone of the  Upper Jurassic.

It had wings that was about one meter long and a long tail shaped like a leaf. The leaf-tail probably acted like a rudder, helping it steer through the air. It was probably a diurnal (daytime) flier, where _Rhamphorhynchus_ was probably nocturnal.

## Diet

Scaphognathus ate _Pholidophorus_ fish.
Denmark at the Olympics

**Denmark at the Olympics** is a history which includes 40 games in 22 countries  and 1,800+ athletes.  Since 1896, Denmark has contributed to the growth of the "Olympic Movement".

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Denmark is DEN.

## History

Teams from Denmark have taken part in the **Olympic Games** since the very first games in 1896.

The National Olympic Committee for Denmark (National Olympic Committee and Sports Confederation of Denmark or _Danmarks Idræts-Forbund Olympisk Komite_) was created in 1905; and it was recognized by the International Olympic Committee the same year.

Denmark has sent athletes to every Summer Olympic Games except for the 1904 Games.

Denmark has been a part of the Winter Olympic Games several times since 1948. They have been at every Games since 1988.

Danish athletes have won a total of 171 medals.  Sailing is their best medal winning sport.

Denmark has won only one medal at the Winter Games. This was in curling at the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano

### Medals by Summer Games

|Total|43|67|69|179|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1896 Athens|1|2|3|6|
|1900 Paris|1|3|2|6|
|1904 St. Louis|_did not participate_||||
|1908 London|0|2|3|5|
|1912 Stockholm|1|6|5|12|
|1920 Antwerp|3|9|1|13|
|1924 Paris|2|5|2|9|
|1928 Amsterdam|3|1|2|6|
|1932 Los Angeles|0|3|3|6|
|1936 Berlin|0|2|3|5|
|1948 London|5|7|8|20|
|1952 Helsinki|2|1|3|6|
|1956 Melbourne/Stockholm|1|2|1|4|
|1960 Rome|2|3|1|6|
|1964 Tokyo|2|1|3|6|
|1968 Mexico City|1|4|3|8|
|1972 Munich|1|0|0|1|
|1976 Montreal|1|0|2|3|
|1980 Moscow|2|1|2|5|
|1984 Los Angeles|0|3|3|6|
|1988 Seoul|2|1|1|4|
|1992 Barcelona|1|1|4|6|
|1996 Atlanta|4|1|1|6|
|2000 Sydney|2|3|1|6|
|2004 Athens|2|0|6|8|
|2008 Beijing|2|2|3|7|
|2012 London|2|4|3|9|

### Medals by sport

|Total|43|67|69|179|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Sailing|12|9|7|28|
|Cycling|7|8|8|23|
|Rowing|7|4|11|22|
|Shooting|3|9|5|17|
|Canoeing|3|5|5|13|
|Handball|3|0|0|3|
|Swimming|2|5|5|12|
|Boxing|1|5|6|12|
|Fencing|1|2|3|6|
|Gymnastics|1|2|1|4|
|Weightlifting|1|2|0|3|
|Badminton|1|2|3|6|
|Diving|1|0|1|2|
|Equestrian|0|4|2|6|
|Football|0|3|1|4|
|Wrestling|0|2|6|8|
|Athletics|0|2|4|6|
|Curling|0|1|0|1|
|Field hockey|0|1|0|1|
|Tennis|0|1|0|1|
|Table tennis|0|0|1|1|

## Related pages

- List of IOC country codes

## Other websites

- National Olympic Committee and Sports Confederation of Denmark
- Denmark profile at London2012.com

## Infobox (country at games)

- **noc**: DEN
- **nocname**: National Olympic Committee and Sports Confederation of Denmark
- **games**: Olympics
- **website**:  
- **rank**: 30
- **gold**: 50
- **silver**: 81
- **bronze**: 84
- **seealso**: Denmark at the 1906 Intercalated Games, 1906 Intercalated Games
Drug cartel

The term **drug cartel** is used to describe a group who makes, distributes and sells illegal drugs on a national level. Drug cartels are often doing so across multiple countries. Mostly, the cartels in areas like Mexico and South America bring drugs to North America.

The basic structure of a drug cartel is the following:

- Drug Lords: The highest position in a drug cartel. They are responsible for supervising the drug industry, appointing leaders, making alliances with rival groups, and planning high profile murders.
- Lieutenants: The second highest position in a drug cartel. They are typically allowed to carry out low-profile murders without permission from their bosses. They are also responsible for supervising the hitmen below them.
- Hitmen: These members are armed. They are responsible for carrying out assassinations, kidnappings, and theft. They are also responsible for defending their turf from rival groups and the military.
- Falcons: Considered the "eyes and ears" of the cartel. Falcons are typically the lowest rank of drug cartel members. They are scouts, responsible for reporting activities of the police, military, and rival groups and recruiting new members.

There are other members in drug cartels, typically those who are drug planters and suppliers. They are critical parts of a drug cartels operation. They are technically not considered part of the logistics in drug cartels.

The best known example of drug cartels are the Mexican cartels (also known in Mexico as: _la Mafia_ (the mafia or the mob), _La Maña_ (the skill / the bad manners). They are a criminal organizations that are fought against the Mexican government in the Mexican War on Drugs.

In 2025, the U.S. Department of Justice found 74% of firearms used by cartels in Mexico came from the United States.

## Related pages

- Illegal drug trade
- Organized crime
Estonia at the Olympics

**Estonia** first competed in the Olympic Games at the 1920 Summer Olympics after becoming independence from Russia in 1918. The National Olympic Committee was created in 1923. They were a part of the first Winter Olympics in 1924. Estonian athletes took part of the Olympic Games until the country became a part of the Soviet Union in 1940. In the 1980 Summer Olympics,  the Sailing regatta was held in the capital city of Tallinn.  Estonia has taken part in all Olympics since it became independent again in 1991. Estonia has won most of its medals in athletics, weightlifting, wrestling and cross-country skiing.

### Medals by Summer Olympics sport

|Total|9|9|15|33|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Wrestling|5|2|4|11|
|Athletics|2|1|3|6|
|Weightlifting|1|3|3|7|
|Cycling|1|0|0|1|
|Rowing|0|2|0|2|
|Boxing|0|1|0|1|
|Judo|0|0|3|3|
|Sailing|0|0|2|2|

### Medals by Winter Olympics sport

|Total|4|2|1|7|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Cross-country skiing|4|2|1|7|

## Summer Olympics Medal Count

|Year|Number of athletes|Number of sports|||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|! bgcolor="gold"|**Gold**|! bgcolor="silver"|**Silver**|! bgcolor="CC9966"|**Bronze**|**Rank**|
|colspan= 7|**Russian Empire**||||||
|1912|12|5||1||—|
|colspan= 7|**Independent Estonia**||||||
|1920|14|3|1|2||14|
|1924|47|5|1|1|4|17|
|1928|21|5|2|1|2|16|
|1932|3|2||||—|
|1936|39|8|2|2|3|13|
|colspan=7|**The Soviet Union**||||||
|1952|11|6|1|3|1|—|
|1956|5|2|||1|—|
|1960|6|4||2||—|
|1964|6|4||2||—|
|1968|10|5|1|1|3|—|
|1972|7|5|3||1|—|
|1976|7|4|1||1|—|
|1980|11|5|4|1|2|—|
|1984|_Did not participate_||||||
|1988|11|7|2|2|2|—|
|colspan =7|**Independent Estonia**||||||
|1992|38|15|1||1|34-36|
|1996|44|13||||—|
|2000|33|11|1||2|46-47|
|2004|42|10||1|2|64|
|2008|47|13|1|1||46-49|
|2012|32|11||1|1||

## Winter Olympics Medal Count

|Year|Number of athletes|Number of sports|||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|! bgcolor="gold"|**Gold**|! bgcolor="silver"|**Silver**|! bgcolor="CC9966"|**Bronze**|**Rank**|
|colspan= 7|**Independent Estonia** <small>(medals are counted per teams)</small>||||||
|1928|2|1|0|0|0|—|
|1936|5|4|0|0|0|—|
|colspan=7|**The Soviet Union**||||||
|1956|1|1|0|0|0|—|
|1964|1|1|1|0|0|—|
|1968|2|2|0|0|0|—|
|1980|1|1|0|0|0|—|
|1988|1|1|0|0|1|—|
|colspan =7|**Independent Estonia**||||||
|1992|20|5|0|0|0|—|
|1994|26|6|0|0|0|—|
|1998|20|5|0|0|0|—|
|2002|17|5|1|1|1|17|
|2006|26|6|3|0|0|12|
|2010|30|4|0|1|0|25|

## Related pages

- List of IOC country codes

## Other websites

- _Eesti Olümpiakomitee_ (Estonian Olympic Committee) website
- Estonia profile at London2012.com

## Infobox (country at games)

- **noc**: EST
- **nocname**: Estonian Olympic Committee
- **games**: Olympics
- **website**:  
- **gold**: 13
- **silver**: 11
- **bronze**: 17
- **seealso**: (1908–1912)
 (1952–1988)
Neo-Keynesian economics

**Neo-Keynesian economics** is a school of macroeconomic thought that was developed after World War II from the writings of John Maynard Keynes. A group of economists (notably John Hicks, Franco Modigliani, and Paul Samuelson), attempted to interpret and formalize Keynes' writings, and to synthesize it with the neo-classical models of economics. This model, the IS/LM model, is nearly as influential as Keynes' original analysis in determining actual policy and economics education. It relates aggregate demand and employment to three variables, that is, the amount of money in circulation, the government budget, and the state of business expectation<nowiki/>s. This model was very popular with economists after World War II because it could be understood in terms of general equilibrium theory. Their work has become known as the neo-classical synthesis. It created the models that formed the core ideas of neo-Keynesian economics. These ideas dominated mainstream economics in the post-war period, and formed the mainstream of macroeconomic thought in the 1950s, 60s and 70s.

In the 1970s a series of developments occurred that shook neo-Keynesian theory. The developed world suffered from slow economic growth and high inflation at the same time (stagflation). The work of monetarists like Milton Friedman cast doubt on neo-Keynesian theories. The result was a series of new ideas to bring tools to Keynesian analysis that would be capable of explaining the economic events of the 1970s. The next great wave of Keynesian thinking began with the attempt to give Keynesian macroeconomic reasoning a microeconomic basis. The new Keynesians helped create a "new neo-classical synthesis" that currently forms the mainstream of macroeconomic theory. Following the emergence of the new Keynesian school, neo-Keynesians have sometimes been referred to as **Old-Keynesians**.

## Notes and references

sk:Neokeynesovstvo
Pinetop Smith

**Clarence Smith**, better known as **Pinetop Smith** or **Pine Top Smith** (June 11, 1904 – March 15, 1929) was an American boogie-woogie style blues pianist. His hit tune, "Pine Top's Boogie Woogie," featured rhythmic "breaks" that were an essential ingredient of ragtime music.

In 1991, he was added to the Alabama Jazz Hall of Fame.

## Other websites

- Clarence "Pine Top" Smith on redhotjazz.com  with .ram files of his vintage recordings
- [ All Music article]
- Official website of the Alabama Jazz Hall of Fame

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Pinetop Smith
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Clarence Smith
- **alias**: "Pine Top" or "Pinetop" Smith
- **birth place**: Troy, Alabama, United States
- **death place**: Chicago, Illinois, United States
- **instrument**: Piano
- **genre**: Boogie-woogie, blues
- **occupation**: Pianist, singer, vocalist, comedian
- **years active**: c. 1920–1929
- **label**: Vocalion Records, Vocalion
- **associated acts**: Ma Rainey
Albert Ammons
Meade Lux Lewis
Sea wall

A **sea wall** is a wall built to protect land along the coast from erosion and flooding from the sea. While they do provide protection from the waves and tides, a sea wall may also create more problems. Erosion of beach sand may increase because of the wall, and the wall may change the direction and flow of waves and caused erosion in other places.
Unity Broadcasting Network

The **Unity Broadcasting Network** is an over-the-air religious television network.  The office of the company is in Booneville, Mississippi, and individual transmitter stations are located in Mississippi and Tennessee.

### Current Stations

- W15CG 15 Pontotoc, Mississippi
- W18BL 18 Adamsville, Tennessee
- W34DV 34 Booneville, Mississippi
- W39CD 39 Fulton, Mississippi

### Possible Future Stations

- Channel 42 in Rolla, Missouri.
- W30DC 30 in Lexington, Tennessee (Construction Permit)
- W45DP 45 Humboldt, Tennessee (Construction Permit)

### Former Stations

- W06AW 6 Selmer, Tennessee
- W45CW 45 Russellville, Alabama
- W46CF 46 Tuscumbia, Alabama
- K38HE 38 West Plains, Missouri
- W53AF 53 Booneville, Mississippi (moved to channel 34)

## Cable coverage

UBN's website says that their Booneville Channel 34 programs are carried on Comcast Cable channel 8 in Corinth, MS, and their MySpace account says they are on Comcast Cable channel 56.

## Other websites

- Official Unity Broadcast Network web-site
- UBN's Present Page , displaying the current affiliates, and their broadcasting facilities
Jewish Life Television

**Jewish Life Television (JLTV)** is an American television network. It shows Jewish-themed programs.  It started in 2007.  JLTV has  news, sports, lifestyle and entertainment programming. It shows movies, documentaries, music, reviews, interviews and special events.  It has broadcaststudios in Los Angeles, New York City and Toronto. JLTV has bureaus in Jerusalem, Tel Aviv, Washington DC, Miami, London and Moscow. Members can access live and on-demand programming and watch local, national and international news stories. In the UNited States, JLTV can be seen by 33 million households across all 50 states through DirecTV, Time Warner Cable, Comcast and independent broadcast systems.

## Canadian distribution

On January 26, 2011, Jewish Life Television was officially added to the CRTC's approved list of foreign services. This let the channel to expand into Canada.  Ethnic Channels Group sponsored the application to get JLTV on the approved list. That company is the official Canadian distributor of the channel.

## Other websites

- https://superstarsblog.fr/pierre-klochendler-wikipedia/

## Infobox (tv channel)

- **name**: Jewish Life Television
- **headquarters**: Los Angeles
New York City
Toronto
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English language, English
- **area**: U.S. and Canada
- **picture format**: 4:3 (576i, SDTV)
- **network**: religion and culture
- **launch date**: 2007
- **web**: [http://www.jltv.tv www.jltv.tv]
- **sat serv 1**: DirecTV <small>(United States, USA)</small>
- **sat chan 1**: Channel 366
- **cable serv 1**: Time Warner Cable
 <small>(New York City, NYC, New Jersey, NJ, Los Angeles, L.A.)</small>
- **cable chan 1**: Check Local Listings
- **cable serv 2**: Bright House Networks <small>(Tampa Bay)</small>
- **cable chan 2**: Channel 172
- **cable serv 3**: Comcast
 <small>(South Florida metropolitan area, South Florida, Houston)</small>
- **cable chan 3**: Check Local Listings
- **online serv 1**: Digital media receiver
- **online chan 1**: Roku
Polar night

The **polar night** is when it stays dark outside for more than twenty four hours. This occurs only inside the polar circles (the northernmost and southernmost areas on Earth). A lot of times It will be a polar night for the winter and the opposite happens in the summer.

## Other websites

- The polar night and polar darkness
- Many years' of webcam pictures from Tromsø, Norway.  These clearly show the progression into and away from winter at a latitude within the Arctic Circle.
Succession to the Japanese throne

The line of **succession to the Japanese throne** is the list of people who may become Emperor of Japan.

## Order of succession

In 2019, the current order of succession is clear.

- _Emperor Shōwa (1901–1989)_
    - Emperor Akihito (b. 1933)
        - **Emperor Naruhito** (b. 1960)
        - **(1)** Fumihito, Prince Akishino (b.1965)
            - **(2)** Prince Hisahito of Akishino (b. 2006)
    - **(3)** Masahito, Prince Hitachi (b. 1935)

Emperor Naruhito has one daughter, Princess Aiko.  Prince Akishino currently has two daughters (Princess Mako and Princess Kako) and one son (Prince Hisahito).

## Related pages

- Order of succession
- Imperial Household Law
- Japanese imperial family tree
- List of emperors of Japan
- History of Japan

## Other websites

- Imperial Household Agency (_Kunaichō_), Genealogy ; Successive list
Succession to the Danish throne

The **line of succession to the Danish throne** is the list of people who may become King or Queen of Denmark.

## History

Since 2009, Danish law identifies the eldest child of a Danish monarch the royal heir.  The first-born child follows his or her parent on the throne.   This is known as full or equal primogeniture.

## Order of succession

In 2023, the current order of succession is clear.

- Margrethe II (born 1940)
    - **Frederik X (b. 1968)
            - **(1)** Prince Christian (b. 2005)
            - **(2)** Princess Isabella (b. 2007)
            - (3) Prince Vincent of Denmark (b. 2011)
            - **(4) Princess Josephine (b. 2011)
        - **(5) Prince Joachim (b. 1969)
            - **(6)** Count Nikolai of Monpezat (b. 1999)
            - **(7)** Count Felix of Monpezat (b. 2002)
            - **(8)** Count Henrik of Monpezat (b. 2009)
            - _(9)_ Countess Athena of Monpezat (b. 2012)
    - **(10)''' Princess Benedikte, Princess of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg (b. 1944)
        - Gustav, 7th Prince of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg (b. 1969)
        - Princess Alexandra of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg (b. 1970)
            - Count Richard von Pfeil und Klein-Ellguth (b. 1999)
            - Countess Ingrid von Pfeil und Klein-Ellguth (b. 2003)
        - Princess Nathalie of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg (b. 1975)
            - Konstantin Johannsmann (b. 2010)
            - Louisa Johannsmann (b. 2015)

### Note

The consent to Princess Benedikte's marriage to Prince Richard of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg in 1968 was given on the condition that their children (and further descendants) would have to take up permanent residence in Denmark during the age of mandatory education if they were to retain their succession rights. Since the condition was not met, Princess Benedikte's children are not deemed to have succession rights and are not included in the official line of succession. It is unclear whether their own descendants will have succession rights if residing in Denmark during the age of mandatory education. One Danish constitutional scholar, the late Professor Henrik Zahle, claimed that the children of Princess Benedikte do have succession rights, but without providing any arguments for the claim.

## Related pages

- Order of succession

## Other websites

- Danish Monarchy , official website
- Succession to the Throne Act, 1953
Synchrotron light source

A **synchrotron light source** is a source of electromagnetic radiation produced by a synchrotron. The radiation can be artificially produced for scientific and technical purposes by specialized particle accelerators, typically by accelerating electrons. Once the high-energy electron beam has been generated, it is directed into auxiliary components such as bending magnets and insertion devices (undulators or wigglers) in storage rings and free-electron lasers.  These supply the strong magnetic fields perpendicula<nowiki/>r to the beam which are needed to convert the high-energy electron energy into light or some other form of electronmagnetic radiation.

Synchrotron radiation may occur in accelerators either as a nuisance in particle physics experiments, or on purpose for many laboratory uses. Electrons are accelerated to high speeds in several stages to achieve a final energy that can be in the GeV range.  In the Large Hadron Collider, proton bunches also produce the radiation at increasing amplitude and frequency as they accelerate in the vacuum field, making photoelectrons. The photoelectrons then make secondary electrons from the pipe walls with increasing frequency and density up to 7x10<sup>10</sup>.  Each proton may lose 6.7keV per turn due to this phenomenon. So, both electron synchrotrons and proton synchrotrons can be a light source.

The major applications of synchrotron light are in condensed matter physics, materials science, biology and medicine. Many experiments using synchrotron light probe the structure of matter from the sub-nanometer level of electronic structure to the micrometer and millimeter level. This is important in medical imaging. An example of a practical industrial application is the manufacturing of microstructures by the Lithography, Electroplating, and Molding (LIGA) process.

## Other websites

- Imaging ancient insects with synchrotron light source -- BBC
- Synchrotron light at IOP
Succession to the Swedish throne

The **line of succession to the Swedish throne** is the list of people who may become Queen or King of Sweden.

## History

Since 1980, Swedish law identifies the eldest child of a Swedish monarch the royal heir.  The first-born child follows his or her parent on the throne.   This is known as full or equal primogeniture.

## Order of succession

The current order of succession is

- **King Carl XVI Gustaf** (born 1946)
    - **(1)** Crown Princess Victoria, Duchess of Västergötland (born 1977)
        - **(2)** Princess Estelle, Duchess of Östergötland (born 2012)
        - **(3)** Prince Oscar, Duke of Skåne (born 2016)
    - **(4)** Prince Carl Philip, Duke of Värmland (born 1979)
        - **(5)** Prince Alexander, Duke of Södermanland (born 2016)
        - **(6)** Prince Gabriel, Duke of Dalarna (born 2017)
        - **(7)** Prince Julian, Duke of Halland (born 2021)
        - **(8)** Princess Ines, Duchess of Västerbotten (born 2025)
    - **(9)** Princess Madeleine, Duchess of Hälsingland and Gästrikland (born 1982)
        - **(10)** Princess Leonore, Duchess of Gotland (born 2014)
        - **(11)** Prince Nicolas, Duke of Ångermanland (born 2015)
        - **(12)** Princess Adrienne, Duchess of Blekinge (born 2018)

## Related pages

- Order of succession

## Other websites

- Swedish Royal Court , Bernadotte Dynasty family tree
- _Successionsordning_
Succession to the Dutch throne

The **line of succession to the Dutch throne** is the list of people who may become King or Queen of the Netherlands.

## History

Since 1983, Dutch law identifies the eldest child of a Dutch monarch as the royal heir.  The first-born child follows his or her parent on the throne.   This is known as full or equal primogeniture.

## Line of succession

- _HM Queen Juliana (1909-2004)_
    - _HM Queen Beatrix_ (Beatrix; b. 1938)
        - **HM The King** (Willem-Alexander; b. 1967)
            - **(1)** HRH The Princess of Orange (Catharina-Amalia; b. 2003)
            - **(2)** HRH Princess Alexia (b. 2005)
            - **(3)** HRH Princess Ariane (b. 2007)
        - **(4)** HRH Prince Constantijn (b. 1969)
            - **(5)** Countess Eloise of Orange-Nassau (b. 2002)
            - **(6)** Count Claus-Casimir of Orange-Nassau (b. 2004)
            - **(7)** Countess Leonore of Orange-Nassau (b. 2006)
    - **(8)** HRH Princess Margriet (b. 1943)
        - _HH Prince Maurits of Orange-Nassau_ (b. 1968)
            - _Anastasia van Lippe-Biesterfeld van Vollenhoven_ (b. 2001)
            - _Lucas van Lippe-Biesterfeld van Vollenhoven_ (b. 2002)
            - _Felicia van Lippe-Biesterfeld van Vollenhoven_ (b. 2005)
        - _HH Prince Bernhard of Orange-Nassau_ (b. 1969)
            - _Isabella van Vollenhoven_ (b. 2002)
            - _Samuel van Vollenhoven_ (b. 2004)
            - _Benjamin van Vollenhoven_ (b. 2008)

## Related pages

- Order of succession
Hawker

A **hawker** is a person who sells things that can be easily moved from place to place. They are also known as peddlers, costermongers, or street vendors. Hawkers often sells food items,various types of toys for kids,jewellery for girls and women. They attract attention by calling out, singing chants, and interacting loudly with
customers. While hawkers can be found in markets, they often move their products from place to place in small carts. In 19th century Australia, the hawkers travelled around to distant towns and remote farms, carrying a large range of items to sell in horse drawn wagons.
Disc-detainer lock

A **disc-detainer lock**, also called a disc-tumbler, Abloy lock, or simply disc lock is a high-security keyed lock that uses a set of discs similar to those used in a combination lock. The difference is that the discs are rotated by a key instead of a dial.

## Mechanism

When the key is put into the lock, it rotates a set of discs with notches on them to different positions depending on the depth of the cuts in the key. The right key will line up a set of notches in a straight line, allowing a bar to fall into the notches, opening the lock. The wrong key will not put the notches in a straight line, and the bar will not fall, preventing the lock from opening. On high-end disc-detainer locks (such as Abloy), there are usually "false" notches on the disc as well. These feel like the real notch to someone trying to pick the lock, but do not allow the bar to fall. This makes it nearly impossible to pick the lock. It is possible to pick some lower-end disc-detainer locks. The disc-detainer mechanism usually does not contain any springs. This reduces the amount of wear on the cylinder.

## Other websites

A YouTube video of the mechanism
Ecological succession

**Ecological succession**, is how a specific ecology changes after a disturbance, like a fire.  In long-term studies, there is a succession in the way forests develop.

## Primary succession

Primary succession is the first step of ecological succession. Primary succession happens when new land is formed, allowing it to be colonized for the first time. Primary succession can last up to hundreds or thousands of years.

Examples of primary succession are when lava cools and new rocks are formed, a sand dune forming, glaciers retreating and exposing the soil.

## Secondary succession

Secondary succession is the second ecological succession. Secondary succession happens when a climax community or intermediate community is disturbed. It then re-establishes a better version of the community. This can take 50 years or more.

When a forest is cleared by a fire, a flood, epidemic disease, or a pest attack happens, then there is a secondary growth.

## Notable ecologists

- Adolphe Dureau de la Malle was the first to use the word _succession_.  He wrote about the process of re-growth after trees in a forest had been cut down.
- Henry David Thoreau described succession in an Oak-Pine forest in "The succession of forest trees" in the year 1859.
- Henry Chandler Cowles developed a formal concept of plant-growth succession. Henry's work was based on studies of sand dunes in Danish by Eugen Warming. Cowles proposed the term sere.  This is a repeat of changes which are shown in specific environmental circumstances.
- Frederic Clements proposed a theory that seres were highly predictable.
- Henry Gleason proposed that chance factors were very important, even in highly predicable sere areas.

## Other websites

- ScienceAid, "Ecosystems", Succession
Succession

**Succession** may mean:

- Order of succession, the chronology of past leaders; or the plan for how a future leader takes over from another because of death, resignation, or removal
- Succession planning, identifying and developing people to take over senior positions in government, business, organizations, etc.
- Ecological succession, the development of changes that happen over time after an ecology is disturbed
Wizard (disambiguation)

**Wizard(s)** may mean:

## Fictional characters

- Wizard or magician, a person in fantasy or mythology who has studied and practices magic
    - Wizard (Oz), a character in L. Frank Baum's novel _The Wonderful Wizard of Oz_ and its movie adaptations
    - Wizards (_Discworld_), major characters in Terry Pratchett's _Discworld_ series
    - Wizard (Middle-earth), powerful entities from the writings of J. R. R. Tolkien

### Comics

- Wizard (Archie Comics), an Archie comic book superhero
- Wizard (DC Comics), a DC comic book supervillain
- Wizard (Marvel Comics), a Marvel comic book supervillain
- _The Wizard_ (comic), a weekly comic from D. C. Thomson & Co.

## Film and television

- _The Wizard_ (film), a 1989 American film about a skilled video game player
- _The Wizard_ (TV series), a short-lived 1980s CBS television series
- "The Wizard" (_Seinfeld_ episode)
- _Wizards_ (film), a 1977 animated post-apocalyptic fantasy/science fiction film by Ralph Bakshi
- Mr. Wizard, the stage name of Don Herbert as the host of two popular television shows about science for children

## Games

- Wizard (card game), a trick-taking card game
- Wizard (character class), magic-wielding character types in many role-playing games
- Wizards of the Coast or Wizards, a Seattle-based games publisher

## Publications

- _Wizard_ (novel), a science fiction novel by John Varley
- _Wizard_ (magazine), a magazine about comic books
- _Wizards_ (anthology), an anthology of fantasy short fiction edited by Jack Dann and Gardner Dozois
- _Wizard_ (DC Thomson), a British comic that featured Wilson of the Wizard and was merged to _Rover_
- _The Wizard_, a novel by Gene Wolfe in the series _The Wizard Knight_

## Sports

- Dakota Wizards, a team in the NBA Development League
- Washington Wizards, a team in the National Basketball Association

## Technology

- Wizard (software), a computer user interface that leads a user through dialog steps

## Nicknames

- Ozzie Smith, baseball player nicknamed "The Wizard"
- Gus Williams (basketball), basketball player nicknamed "The Wizard"
- Juan Quarterone, soccer player nicknamed "El Brujo" or "The Wizard"
- Jeff Farmer (footballer), nicknamed "The Wizard"
- Wizard of Menlo Park, nickame for American inventor Thomas Edison
- Wizard of New Zealand, born Ian Brackenbury Channell, orator and eccentric

## Other uses

- Wizard butterfly, the brush-footed butterfly _Rhinopalpa polynice_
- Wizard, a GWR Iron Duke Class steam locomotive
- Wizard Nebula, an open cluster located in the constellation Cepheus

## Related pages

- _The Wizard of Id_, a daily newspaper comic created by Brant Parker and Johnny Hart
- Grand Wizard and Imperial Wizard, titles in the Ku Klux Klan
- _Pinball Wizard_, a song from The Who's rock opera _Tommy_
Burrel, Albania

**Burrel** is a small town in Albania. It is 91 km from Tirana. Its population is about 18,000. It is about 320 metres above sea level, and surrounded by mountains.

The area was settled about the 8th century BC by the Illyrians. There have been 54 Illyrian burial mounds found around Burrel. The town of Burrel began in 1922 as the centre of the Mat District.
Succession to the Belgian throne

The **line of succession to the Belgian throne** is the list of people who may become King or Queen of Belgium.

## History

The death of King Baudouin in 1993 caused a short period of uncertainty about the succession.  Prince Philippe was the expected to be the next king; but Baudouin's brother Albert became the new monarch.

Since 2009, Belgian law identifies the eldest child of a Belgian monarch the royal heir. The first-born child follows his or her parent on the throne.  This is known as full or equal primogeniture.

In 2013, Albert abdicated for health reasons and his son Philippe became the King.

## Order of succession

- King Albert II (born 1934)
    - **King Philippe** (born 1960)
        - **(1)** Princess Elisabeth, Duchess of Brabant (b. 2001)
        - **(2)** Prince Gabriel (b. 2003)
        - **(3)** Prince Emmanuel (b. 2005)
        - **(4)** Princess Eléonore (b. 2008)
    - **(5)** Princess Astrid, Archduchess of Austria-Este (b. 1962)
        - **(6)** Prince Amedeo, Archduke of Austria-Este (b. 1986)
            - **(7)** Archduchess Anna Astrid of Austria-Este (b. 2016)
            - **(8)** Archduke Maximilian of Austria-Este (b. 2019)
            - **(9)** Archduchess Alix of Austria-Este (b. 2023)
        - **(10)** Princess Maria Laura, Archduchess of Austria-Este (b. 1988)
            - **(11)** Albert Isvy (b. 2025)
        - **(12)** Prince Joachim, Archduke of Austria-Este (b. 1991)
        - **(13)** Princess Luisa Maria, Archduchess of Austria-Este (b. 1995)
        - **(13)** Princess Laetitia Maria, Archduchess of Austria-Este (b. 2003)
    - **(15)** Prince Laurent (b. 1963)
        - **(16)** Princess Louise (b. 2004)
        - **(17)** Prince Nicolas (b. 2005)
        - **(18)** Prince Aymeric (b. 2005)

## Related pages

- List of Belgian monarchs
- Order of succession

## Other websites

- Belgian Monarchy, official website; Genealogy
Succession to the Norwegian throne

The **line of succession to the Norwegian throne** is the list of people who may become King or Queen of Norway.

## History

Since 1990, Norwegian law identifies the eldest child of a Norwegian monarch the royal heir. The first-born child follows his or her parent on the throne.   This is known as full or equal primogeniture.

## Order of succession

In 2023, the current order of succession is clear.

- **King Harald V** (born 1937)
    - **(1)** Crown Prince Haakon (b. 1973)
        - **(2)** Princess Ingrid Alexandra (b. 2004)
        - **(3)** Prince Sverre Magnus (b. 2005)
    - **(4)** Princess Märtha Louise (b. 1971)
        - **(5)** Maud Angelica Behn (b. 2003)
        - **(6)** Leah Isadora Behn (b. 2005)
        - **(7)** Emma Tallulah Behn (b. 2008)

## Related pages

- Order of succession
Bogan River

The **Bogan River** is an inland river of New South Wales, Australia. It begins at Goonumbla, near Parkes. It flows in a north west direction for about  before it joins the Darling River near Bourke. The towns of Tottenham, Peak Hill and Nyngan are built on the banks of the Bogan River.

The first European to see the Bogan River was Charles Sturt in 1828-9. He named it New Year Creek. However the Indigenous Australian name, Bogan, which means birthplace of a king, was the name that was used. The explorer Sir Thomas Mitchell created a painting in 1836 of an Aboriginal man, Combo, from the Bogan River.

At Peak Hill, the local weir is built on Aboriginal stone fishing traps, similar to those in Brewarrina.
Castlereagh River

The **Castlereagh River** is an inland river in New South Wales, Australia. It begins in the Warrumbungles, a mountain range, and flows east towards Coonabarabran. It turns to the south, and then flows north west through Gilgandra and Coonamble, before joining the Macquarie River. The length of the river is about .

The first Europen to see the Castlereagh River was George William Evans in 1818 during John Oxley's expedition. It was later explored by Charles Sturt in 1829. The river is named after Lord Castlereagh, a British politician who was the Secretary of State for the Colonies.
Legionary

A Roman **legionary** was a professional soldier of the Roman army. Legionaries had to be Roman citizens under the age of 45. They were members of a Roman legion. Legionaries went through very tough training. They had to do what they were told or they would be punished badly. Legionaries had to carry lots of heavy equipment when they were marching.