juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Hungen

**Hungen** is a town in the district of Gießen, in the state of Hesse, Germany. It is  southeast of Gießen. It is  northeast of Friedberg. Other towns near Hungen are Laubach, Nidda, Wölfersheim and Münzenberg.

The first documented mention of Hungen is in the year 782. In 1806 it became part of the Grand Duchy of Hessen.

Interesting buildings in Hungen are the Hungen Castle, the Evangelical Church, and the _Hauptbahnhof,_ (the main railroad station). Also in Hungen can be seen parts of the town's medieval boundary wall.

## Hungen in the media

_My Opposition: The Diaries of Friedrich Kellner_: The railroad station of Hungen can be seen in this 2007 Canadian documentary. Robert Scott Kellner came to Hungen in 1960 to search for his grandfather, Friedrich Kellner. Friedrich Kellner was the chief justice inspector of Laubach. He wrote the Friedrich Kellner Diary. Robert Scott Kellner is the English translator of the diary.

## Infobox (german location)

- **type**: Stadt
- **image coa**: DEU Hungen COA.svg
- **image plan**: Landkreis Gießen Hungen.png
- **state**: Hesse
- **region**: Gießen
- **district**: Gießen
- **elevation**: 144
- **area**: 86.75
- **population**: 12924
- **stand**: 2004-12-31
- **postal code**: 35410
- **area code**: 06402
- **licence**: GI
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 06 5 31 008
- **mayor**: Klaus Peter Weber
Bremerhaven Hauptbahnhof

**Bremerhaven Hauptbahnhof** is the central railway station in the German city of Bremerhaven, Bremen.

The station lies on the line from Bremen to Cuxhaven. The line from Bremen was built in 1862, and a station for that was built in Geestemünde. At the time, Geestemünde did not belong to Bremerhaven, but was a separate town. The line from Geestemünde to Cuxhaven was then built in 1896.

Because, there were too many trains in the old station, and it is connected only with single-track, it was decided to knock down the old station. The new station, which is now Bremerhaven Central railway station, was opened in 1914. Because, it still was in Geestemünde, but not as far away as the old station, it was called _Geestemünde-Bremerhaven_.

In 1924, some other towns joined Bremerhaven, and the city got a new name, Wesermünde. The station got a new name, _Wesermünde-Bremerhaven_, because of that.

In 1944, in the middle of World War II, the hall over the railway tracks was destroyed by a bomb that was thrown from an American plane. The hall was not built again after the war.

Wesermünde received another name and was called Bremerhaven from 1947, and the station received the new name too and was now called _Bremerhaven Hauptbahnhof_. That means "Bremerhaven Central railway station", and it was called that way because it was now in the middle of the new, large city.

Electric cables were put in the station in 1966, so that electric trains could run. Trains that were carrying soldiers of the US Army often ran to Bremerhaven in the 1970s, because the US Army had large barracks in the city.
Duchy

A **duchy** is a territory or domain ruled by a duke or duchess.  Historically, some duchies in Continental Europe were sovereign, while others (especially in France and Britain) were subordinate districts of a kingdom.

Traditionally, a _grand duchy_, such as Luxembourg, was generally independent and sovereign. Sovereign duchies were common in the Holy Roman Empire and German-speaking areas. In France, a number of duchies existed in the medieval period. King Charles III of the United Kingdom still holds the medieval French title of _Duke of Normandy_; the only lands still attached to the Duchy of Normandy are the Channel Islands.

In medieval England, the territories of Lancashire and Cornwall were made duchies, with certain powers given to their Dukes.

Today, duchies aren't very common in Europe, primarily because a lot of former monarchies such as France and Russia had their revolutions. However, duchies will always be remembered - in our history textbooks.

## Other websites

- The Duchy of Cornwall - On the Prince of Wales' official web-site
- Tyr Gwyr Gweryn  The Duchy charters, Cornish foreshore case and much more in full
Bam Bam Bigelow

**Scott Charles Bigelow** (September 1, 1961 - January 19, 2007) was an American professional wrestler. He was more commonly known as **Bam Bam Bigelow**. He was famous for his time in the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) (now World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) ) and World Championship Wrestling (WCW) in the late 1980s and early 1990s.

## Death

On the morning of January 19, 2007, Bigelow was found dead in his home at about 10:00 A.M. in Hudson, Florida. He was 45 years old. At the time of his death, Bigelow had been suffering from an infection and diabetes. He was 45 years old. The autopsy results showed that Bigelow's death was due to multiple drugs found in his system including toxic levels of cocaine and an anti-anxiety drug. Bigelow was also suffering from a heart problem.

## Infobox (wrestler)

- **name**: Scott Bigelow
- **names**: Bam Bam Bigelow,
Bruce Bigelow,
Crusher Bam Bam Bigelow,
Crusher Yurkof
- **image**: Bigelow at Wembley.jpg
- **caption**: Bigelow in October 1994
- **birth date**: September 1, 1961
- **birth place**: Asbury Park, New Jersey, Asbury Park, New Jersey
- **death date**: January 19, 2007
- **death place**: Hudson, Florida, Hudson, Florida
- **billed**: Asbury Park, New Jersey
- **trainer**: Larry Sharpe
- **debut**: August 23, 1985
Anglo-Norman language

The **Anglo-Norman language** is the name given to the special sort of the Norman language spoken by the Anglo-Normans, the descendants of the Normans who ruled the Kingdom of England following the conquest by William of Normandy in 1066. This langue d'oïl became the official language of England and later developed into the unique insular dialect now known as the Anglo-Norman language. It was much like Old French.

Anglo-Norman was the spoken language of the Norman nobility and was also used in the courts.

## Other websites

- The Anglo-Norman hub - a project to produce an Anglo-Norman dictionary. Contains articles and corpus texts.

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Anglo-Norman
- **nativename**: Normand
- **region**: Great Britain and Ireland
- **familycolor**: Indo-European
- **fam2**: Italic languages, Italic
- **fam3**: Romance languages, Romance
- **fam4**: Western Romance languages, Western
- **fam5**: Gallo-Romance languages, Gallo-Romance
- **fam6**: Langues d'oïl, Oïl
- **fam7**: Norman language, Norman
- **iso3**: xno
- **glotto**: angl1258
- **glottorefname**: Anglo-Norman
- **linglist**: xno
- **notice**: IPA
Langues d'oïl

***Langues d'oïl*** (which literally means in English: "languages of yes") is the linguistic and historical name for the Gallo-Romance languages which developed from Latin in the northern territories of Roman Gaul that now are occupied by northern France, part of Belgium and the Channel Islands.

- Romance languages
    - Gallo-Romance languages
        - _Langue d'oïl_ or _Oïl languages_
        - _Langue d'oc_ or _Occitan language_

_Langue d'oïl_ (in the singular),  _Oïl dialects_ and _Oïl languages_ (in the plural) refer to all the ancient northern Gallo-Romance languages as well as their modern-day descendants.  The most widely spoken modern Oïl language is French, but others include Norman, Walloon, Picard, Gallo, Poitevin-Saintongeais, and Champenois.

They share many common linguistic features.  One of them is that _Oïl_ (pronounced [wil], or [wi] as in modern French _oui_), was the ancestor of the word for _yes_ that is used in all of the Oïl languages.  _Oc_ is the word used in territories to the south and so the Occitan language is also called _langue d'oc_ (literal English translation: "language of yes").

## Infobox (language family)

- **name**: Oïl
- **altname**: Langues d'oïl
- **region**: Northern and central France, Belgium, Switzerland
- **familycolor**: Indo-European
- **fam2**: Italic languages, Italic
- **fam3**: Romance languages, Romance
- **fam4**: Western Romance, Western
- **fam5**: Gallo-Romance languages, Gallo-Romance
- **protoname**: Old French
- **child1**: see below
- **map**: Langues d'oïl 2.svg
- **mapcaption**: The geographical spread of the Oïl languages (other than French) can be seen in shades of green and yellow on this map
Frodo Baggins

**Frodo Baggins** is one of the main characters in J. R. R. Tolkien's _The Lord of the Rings_. He is a Hobbit who lives in the Shire and is the cousin of Bilbo, who gives him the One Ring. Frodo starts his mission to destroy the ring by throwing it in Mount Doom in Mordor. He is one of the members of the Fellowship of the Ring along with his friend, Samwise Gamgee, who stays with him until the end of their journey.

He is in many adaptations of Tolkien's books and he was played by Elijah Wood in Peter Jackson's _The Lord of the Rings_ and _The Hobbit_ trilogies.

## Infobox (character)

- **name**: Frodo Baggins
- **first**: _The Fellowship of the Ring_ (1954)
- **last**: _Bilbo's Last Song_ (1974)
- **race**: Hobbit
- **gender**: Male
- **affiliation**: Company of the Ring
- **family**: Bilbo Baggins (cousin)
- **home**: Shire (Middle-earth), Shire
Ring

- _For the article about a mathematical concept, see Ring (mathematics)_

A **ring** is a piece of jewelry that is usually worn on the finger.

It is usually made of metal such as gold, silver, platinum, but can be made of other things, for example, bone or glass. Many rings have gemstones on them, for beauty and decoration on your finger. It is a fashion accessory and sometimes a sign of importance (status). The Lord Chancellors of England were given a ring when taking office, and returned it when leaving the position. The ring identified them as the second most important person in the kingdom.
In most religions, senior clergy have rings of their office. It is standard practice for members of a church to kneel and kiss the ring as a sign of faith and obedience.

## Engagement and wedding rings

Rings have been used for engagements and weddings since prehistoric times. The engagement ring is meant to be a sign of luck and happiness. Both men and women used to wear an engagement ring to show that they were going to be married, but more recently only women have worn them. A diamond ring is seen as being especially lucky, as the sparkle of the diamond is said to come from the fires of love. A pearl in a ring is unlucky, as the pearl is a sign of tears. Because the ring is round and does not have an end, it is seen as a symbol of love which never ends. These are, of course, superstitions. However, a wedding ring is a public symbol of a legal relationship, and in many societies rings have that kind of function.

Most people wear wedding rings on the fourth finger ("ring finger") of their left hand.
Descendant

**Descendant** or **descendent** might mean:

- The children of a previous generation
    - A later evolutionary type in the same line.
- Descendant (astrology), the point directly opposite from the ascendant, or Rising Sign
Gallo-Romance languages

The **Gallo-Romance** are a branch of Romance languages. It includes French and several other languages spoken in modern France and northern Italy and Spain. According to some linguists, it also includes Occitan and Catalan. Others group both together as a separate Occitano-Romance branch or place Catalan within the Ibero-Romance group.  The Gallo-Romance languages, along with the Ibero-Romance and Rhaeto-Romance groups, form Western Romance.

## Examples of Gallo-Romance languages

- Lombard
- Piedmontese
- Emilian-Romagnol
- Venetian
- Ligurian
- Franco-Provençal

## Infobox (language family)

- **name**: Gallo-Romance
- **region**: * France, San Marino, Monaco, Channel Islands
* Parts of Italy, Belgium, Spain, Switzerland, Maghreb,  parts of Maghreb, French Polynesia, Polynesia, Canada
- **familycolor**: Indo-European
- **fam2**: Italic languages, Italic
- **fam3**: Latino-Faliscan languages, Latino-Faliscan
- **fam4**: Latin
- **fam5**: Romance languages, Romance
- **fam6**: Italo-Western languages, Italo-Western
- **fam7**: Western Romance languages, Western
- **fam8**: Gallo-Iberian Romance languages, Iberian
- **child1**: Franco-Provençal, Arpitan–Langues d'oïl, Oïl
- **child2**: Occitano-Romance languages, Occitano-Romance
- **child3**: Gallo-Italic languages, Gallo-Italic
- **child4**: Rhaeto-Romance languages, Rhaeto-Romance
- **child5**: Moselle Romance, Moselle
- **ancestor**: Old Latin
- **ancestor2**: Vulgar Latin
- **ancestor3**: Proto-Romance language, Proto-Romance
- **ancestor4**: Old Gallo-Romance language, Old Gallo-Romance
- **glotto**: nort3208
- **glottoname**: Northwestern Shifted Romance
- **glotto2**: oila1234
- **glottoname2**: Oil
- **map**: Lenguas galorromance.png
- **mapcaption**: Main Gallo-Romance languages in Europe, the languages d'Oïl (with French) in green and Arpitan in blue
- **mapsize**: 250
- **map2**: Gallo-Romance languages.svg
- **mapcaption2**: Map of native European range of the expanded Gallo-Romance languages. Sometimes these groups are either classified separately or with other linguistic groups
Capital accumulation

**Capital accumulation** means the gathering of objects of value; the increase in wealth; or the creation of wealth. In this context capital can be understood as assets used for profit.

In economics capital accumulation is often seen as the same as investment.

But capital accumulation can refer as well to

- real investment in tangible means of production.
- financial investment in paper assets.
- investment in _non-productive_ physical assets such as residential real estate that appreciate in value.
- "human capital accumulation," i.e., new education and training increasing the skills of the (potential) labour force.

Non-financial capital accumulation is an essential factor for economic growth, since additional investment is essential to enlarge the scale of production and increase employment opportunities.

Rosa Luxemburg insisted that capital accumulation is the cause of the imperialism on her essay ""The Accumulation of Capital".

## Related pages

- Constitution
- Constitutional economics
- Imperialism

## Other websites

- Growth, Accumulation, Crisis: With New Macroeconomic Data for Sweden 1800-2000 by Rodney Edvinsson
- The Crises caused by Capital Accumulation  - Oxford University publication
- The Accumulation of Capital
Investment

In finance, **Investment** or **investing** means that an asset is bought, or that money is put into a bank to get a future interest from it. Investment is total amount of money spent by a shareholder in buying shares of a company. In economic management sciences, investments means longer-term savings.

It is a term used in business management, finance and economics, related to saving or deferring consumption. Literally, the word means the "action of putting something in to somewhere else" (perhaps originally related to a person's garment or 'vestment').

## Types of investment

There are two major uses of the term investment between the economics field and the finance field. Economists refer to a real investment (such as a machine or a house), while financial economists refer to a financial asset, such as money that is put into a bank or the market which may then be used to buy a real asset. Advisors, who tell people how to manage their investments, might say that even when an investment is losing money because of bad times, not to give up and withdraw it.  Instead, wait for the situation to improve. This is a risk for each person to decide.

## Business management

The investment decision (also known as _capital budgeting_) is one of the fundamental decisions of business management.

## Related pages

- Gold coin
- Fixed assets investment
- Portfolio management
- Social Investment
- Speculation

## Other websites

- Financial Times
- Wall Street Journal
- NASDAQ
- Good books on investing and value investing
Matchbook

A **matchbook** is a small cardboard container that holds a quantity of matches inside and has a coarse striking surface on the outside.

A flap on the front is lifted to access the matches, which are attached to the interior base in a comb-like pattern and must be torn away before use. (In the matchbox, by contrast, the matches are arranged loosely in the interior tray.)

Matchbooks are often covered with advertising logos or various artistic decorations, and they have served as collector's items and free souvenirs.
My Opposition: The Diaries of Friedrich Kellner

***My Opposition: the Diaries of Friedrich Kellner*** is a 2007 documentary movie by Abella Entertainment Ltd. of Toronto, Canada.  It is produced and directed by Fern Levitt and Arnie Zipursky.  Leonard Asper is an executive producer.  The movie is distributed by CCI Entertainment.

## Subject matter

The documentary tells the story of Chief Justice Inspector Friedrich Kellner  ( ) who wrote a secret diary during World War II.  The diary records the crimes of the Nazis. The movie uses interviews, historical footage, and re-enactments of events to tell how Friedrich Kellner risked his life to write the diary.  The story is also about Kellner’s American grandson, Robert Scott Kellner, who was abandoned as a child but later found his grandfather in Germany.  Part of the movie is about the grandson’s attempt to bring the Friedrich Kellner diary to the attention of the public.

The movie begins with Friedrich Kellner as a political activist for the Social Democratic Party of Germany before the war.  He campaigns against Adolf Hitler and the Nazis.  The re-enactments show Kellner trying to stop the riots against the Jews during Kristallnacht.  Kellner is brought before a tribunal, and he is threatened with imprisonment in a concentration camp.  The movie shows Kellner’s active and passive resistance against the Third Reich.  One scene shows him distributing leaflets that had been dropped from American planes.  When World War II comes to an end, Kellner helps to restore the SPD.  He  becomes the chairman of the party in his region.  Interwoven in the story about Friedrich Kellner is the story of his grandson.

The documentary was filmed on location in Mainz and in  Laubach, Germany, and in Texas.

## Background information

- The Kellner diary was on exhibit at the George Bush Presidential Library in College Station, Texas.
- It was also exhibited in Germany.
- The University of Giessen is the home of the Kellner Project.

## Other websites

- My Opposition: the Diaries of Friedrich Kellner  at Telefilm Canada movie catalog.
- Diary Entries in German and English
- George Bush Presidential Library - Kellner exhibit
- Justus Liebig University - Kellner Project
- University of Massachusetts, _A Promise To Keep_
- Holocaust Museum Houston - Kellner exhibit
- Heimat Museum, Laubach, Germany - Kellner exhibit

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: My Opposition - The Diaries of Friedrich Kellner
- **caption**: DVD cover
- **director**: Fern Levitt
- **producer**: Arnie Zipursky
- **narrator**: Nicky Guadagni
- **starring**: Robert Scott Kellner
Max Eisen
Doloris Funt
Jesse Dubinsky
- **music**: Alex Khaskin
- **cinematography**: Bill Metcalfe
- **editing**: Nick Hector
- **distributor**: CCI Entertainment - Toronto
- **released**: June 16, 2007
- **runtime**: 65 min
- **language**: English language, English
German language, German
Lindsey Jacobellis

**Lindsey Jacobellis** (born August 19, 1985 in Danbury, Connecticut) is an American snowboarder.  She competed in the 2006 Winter Olympics and won the silver medal. She also competed in the 2010, 2014, and 2018 Winter Olympics, but did not win any medals. In the 2022 Winter Olympics, Jacobellis won two gold medals in snowboard cross and mixed team snowboard cross with Nick Baumgartner.

## Other websites

- Lindsey Jacobellis  at NBC Olympics
- Lindsey Jacobellis at ESPN XGames
- Lindsey Jacobellis  at ESPN XGames

## Infobox (sportsperson)

- **name**: Lindsey Jacobellis
- **image**: Lindsey Jacobellis.jpg
- **caption**: Jacobellis in 2010
- **birth place**: Danbury, Connecticut, U.S.
- **headercolor**: lightsteelblue
- **show-medals**: yes
Axis of Evil

**Axis of Evil**, is a term first used by US President George W. Bush in his State of the Union speech on January 29, 2002 to describe the governments of Iraq, Iran, and North Korea and later Cuba, Libya, and Syria. He used this term because he believed that they backed terrorism and were trying to buy weapons of mass destruction. The name "Axis of Resistance" was later adopted by Iran as a response to the "Axis of Evil" name.
State of the Union Address

The **State of the Union Address** is a speech the president of the United States of America gives every year, usually in January. In the speech the president talks about how the country is doing and what plans he will be proposing for that year.

According to tradition, president speaks with its appeal annual. The US Constitution it does not set clear terms such appeals. Article II, Section 3 of the US Constitution reads "He shall from time to time give to the Congress Information of the State of the Union, and recommend to their Consideration such Measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient".

Before the president enters the congressional chamber of the United States Capitol, the Sergeant at Arms always yells: "Mister/Madam Speaker, the President of the United States".
USS Arizona Memorial

The **USS _Arizona_ Memorial** is in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. It is to remember the sailors killed when Pearl Harbor was attacked on December 7, 1941 by the Japanese. During the attack 1,177 sailors were killed on the USS _Arizona_. The memorial is located on top of the sunken USS _Arizona_. People can walk over the ship to look at it.
USS Arizona (BB-39)

The **USS _Arizona_ (BB-39)** was an American battleship from the Pennsylvania Class. The building of the ship was started in 1913 and it was commissioned in 1916. It fought in World War I. The USS _Arizona_ is best known for its sinking during the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. The attack was the event that caused the United States to join the fighting in World War II. The wreck is still at the floor of the harbor. It is the site of a memorial to those who died that day.

## Other ships

USS _Arizona_ (BB-39) was one of three ships in the history of the United States Navy to be named USS _Arizona_. It was the only one of the three to be named that after Arizona became a U.S. state.

- The first _Arizona_ was built in 1858. It was made of iron. It served in the American Civil War. The ship was destroyed when it caught on fire in 1865.
- The second USS _Arizona_ was a 3850 ton frigate. It was built in 1865 and originally named the USS _Neshamny_. The ship was renamed twice. It used the name USS _Arizona_ for less than three months during 1869 before becoming USS _Nevada_. The Navy stopped using the ship in 1874.
Senate

In a modern democracy, a **senate** is a group of people who are part of a legislature. A legislature passes or changes laws for their country, state, or other area. Members of a senate are called senators. Some legislatures are bicameral, meaning they have two groups of people (working in separate places) called _houses_. A senate can be called a _House of Senators_.

The senate of some such legislatures is weaker than the other house. The other house is called a _House of Representatives_, House of Commons, or Assembly. In bicameral legislatures, both houses must pass the same bill to make it a law. Modern democratic systems having legislatures with senates include the United States of America (U. S.), Canada, Australia and many states in the United States.

The first ever senate was the Roman Senate. The name comes from their word for "elder".

Senate is also the name of the ruling body of some universities.

## Senate chambers

Sometimes, the senators are split into different groups, who then have different responsibilities. These groups  meet in different rooms; each group is called a _chamber_.
Kano

**Kano** is a city in Nigeria. It is the capital of Kano State. Kano is the third largest city in Nigeria, after Ibadan and Lagos. About 3,626,204 people live in Kano.

It has long been the economic centre of northern Nigeria, and a centre for the sale of groundnuts. Kano is known for the Bayero University and a railway station with trains to Lagos and Port Harcourt, moving through Kaduna, while Kano International Airport can be found nearby. Kano has long been a centre for Nigeria's Islamic culture; one of the country's finest mosques lies in the city.

It is also the site where the Kano river project was developed.  This is a large irrigation scheme.

## History

The city of Kano was founded around A.D. 1000 as an Hausa city of its own. Kano remained a big emirate, or Muslim kingdom, until the birth of the country, Nigeria, in 1903. Kano became known for its trade in gold, leather, ivory, salt and slaves within the area. This perhaps is the reason for the city's wealth and power in the 14th century, when Islam gained a growing following. By the 15th century, the first Central Mosque had been built in the city.

## Other websites

- Kano Online
Battle of Bosworth Field

The **Battle of Bosworth**, or **Battle of Bosworth Field**, was the last important battle during the Wars of the Roses in 15th-century England. It was fought on 22 August 1485 between the Yorkist king, Richard III, the last of the Plantagenet dynasty, and the Lancastrian Henry Tufor, who wanted to become king.

It ended in Richard's defeat and death and the beginning of the Tudor dynasty. Historically, the battle is thought to have marked the end of the Wars of the Roses although smaller battles were fought in the years that followed, as Yorkists unsuccessfully tried to become king again.

The precise place of the battle is unknown. Memorials have been built in some of the possible locations in Lancashire.

## Shakespearian dramatization

The Battle of Bosworth is an important part of William Shakespeare's play _Richard III_. The action of the play ends with the battle.

## Further reading

- - Overview of the battle in its historical context.
- - The archaeology of the battle
- - Analysis of the battle by a military expert

## Other websites

- Bosworth Battlefield visitor info
- Richard III Society, American Branch  with maps, photos, articles presenting several competing theories situating the battle
- The Battle of Bosworth
- Bosworth Roll Call  Officers there on the day.

## Infobox (military conflict)

- **conflict**: Battle of Bosworth Field
- **partof**: the Wars of the Roses
- **image**: Lancaster victory over York.svg
- **place**: In the area of Market Bosworth in Leicestershire, England
- **result**: Decisive Lancastrian victory
- **combatant1**:  King Richard III of England, House of York
- **combatant2**:  Henry VII of England, Henry Tudor, House of Lancaster, Lancastrians  French Mercenaries
- **commander1**: Richard III of England†
- **commander2**: Henry VII of England
John de Vere, 13th Earl of Oxford, Earl of Oxford
- **commander3**: Philibert de Chandée
- **strength1**: 6,000
- **strength2**: 5,000
Escherichia coli

***Escherichia coli*** or ***E. coli*** is a bacterium that lives in the intestines of people and other warm-blooded animals. Scientists have studied _E. coli_ a lot, and know more about how _E. coli_ cells work than any other organism. _E. coli_ is usually not harmful. In fact, the only known harmful strain is O156. E.coli is a prokaryotic organism.

_E. coli_ normally grow in soil and in the large intestines of many mammals, including humans. Most strains of _E. coli_ do not cause disease, but instead help animals get vitamins and digest food. Some strains of _E. coli_ cause sickness in people. _E. coli_ are not usually in food or water. When food has not been prepared with clean equipment, _E. coli_ can grow in the food. When _E. coli_ are found in water, this may mean that the water has touched sewage.

_E. coli_ has been divided into pathogenic strains causing many diseases.  It can cause intestinal, urinary tract or internal infections and pathologies, when it comes to animals or humans.

It is named after Theodor Escherich, who discovered it in 1885. It was officially named after him in 1919.

## Signs and symptoms of _E. coli_ infection

The following signs and symptoms of an _E. coli_ infection normally happen within three days; however, some people may carry the infection and show no signs at all.
- Pain in the abdomen
- Diarrhea
- Nausea
- Vomiting
- Fever
- Fatigue

The best treatment for _E. coli_ is plenty of fluids to avoid dehydration.
House of Plantagenet

The **House of Plantagenet** ruled England in some form or another from the reign of Henry II, beginning in 1154, until the House of Tudor came to power when Richard III fell at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485.

It goes back to the Angevin counts (from 1360, dukes) of the western French province of Anjou. Three dynasties belong to it: **Angevins**, **House of Lancaster** (Lancastrians) and **House of York** (Yorkists). Lancastrians and Yorkists fought against each other the Wars of the Roses to get the crown for their dynasty alone.

### Angevins

- Empress Matilda (1141)
- Henry II (1154-1189)
- Richard I, the Lionheart (1189-1199)
- John (1199-1216)
- Henry III (1216-1272)
- Edward I (1272-1307)
- Edward II (1307-1327) (deposed, died 1327)
- Edward III (1327-1377)
- Richard II (1377-1399) (deposed, died 1400)

### Lancastrians

- Henry IV (1399-1413)
- Henry V (1413-1422)
- Henry VI (1422-1461 and 1470-1471)

### Yorkists

- Edward IV (1461-1470 and 1471-1483)
- Edward V (uncrowned) (1483) (deposed 1483, most likely assassinated)
- Richard III (1483-1485)
Angevin

**Angevin** is the name of the residents of Anjou, a former province of the Kingdom of France, as well as to the residents of Angers. It is also used for three different medieval dynasties which go back to counts (from 1360, dukes) of the western French province of Anjou (of which _angevin_ is the adjectival form), but later came to rule far greater areas including England, Ireland, Hungary, Croatia, Poland, _Kingdom of Naples and Sicily_, and Kingdom of Jerusalem (_see Angevin Empire_).

The first of these Angevin dynasties, the House of Plantagenet, ruled England in some form or another from the reign of Henry II, beginning in 1154, until the House of Tudor came to power when Richard III fell at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485.
Count

A **count** is a nobleman in most of European countries, equivalent in rank to a British earl, whose wife is also still a "countess" (for lack of an Anglo-Saxon term). The word _count_ comes from French _comte_ which in turn comes from the Latin _comitas_, "companion" (of the emperor). In feudalism the territory ruled by a count was a county.

A woman having this title or the wife of a count is called **countess**.

## Other websites

- Heraldica.org - here the French peerage
- Italian Titles of Nobility
- Webster's 1828 Dictionary
Budgerigar

The **budgerigar** (nicknamed ***budgie**,_ binomial name ***Melopsittacus undulatus**_) is a small parrot. It belongs to the family of Old World parakeets (Psittaculidae). Budgerigars are often called _parakeets_, especially in American English. The term _Parakeet_ refers to many types of small parrots with long flat tails. The budgerigar is found in drier parts of Australia. It has lived there for over 5 million years. It is commonly kept as a pet. Budgies are intelligent birds and can be taught to mimic human speech.

## Other websites

- A True Ambassador: the Budgerigar  Referenced article on budgerigars
- List of Plants & Branches Hazardous to Birds Referenced list oriented toward pet birds
- Budgies Information about the budgerigar as a pet supplies
Endocarditis

**Endocarditis** is an inflammation of the inner layer of the heart. Endocarditis most often affects the heart valves. The heart valves are a part of the human body that does not get blood. This is odd because they are a part of the heart itself. Because of this, if one of the valves gets infected with bacteria or protozoa, the body can not defend itself against those bacteria. This can cause the valve to not work the way it should.
Tetracycline

**Tetracycline** is an antibiotic discovered as a natural product in 1945. It is a broad-spectrum antibiotic because it works against a range of bacteria. It is made to treat a number of bacterial infections. It is commonly used to treat acne and rosacea. It is a protein synthesis inhibitor.

It is produced naturally by the _Streptomyces_ genus of Actinobacteria. In 1950, Harvard University professor Robert Burns Woodward worked out the chemical structure of the related oxytetracycline (Terramycin). Historically it was important in reducing the number of deaths from cholera.

Tetracycline was patented in 1953 and was approved for prescription use in 1954. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. Tetracycline is available as a generic medication. Tetracycline was originally made from bacteria of the genus _Streptomyces_.
Hemoglobin

**Hemoglobin** (or **haemoglobin**) is a protein in red blood cells which contains iron. It is used to transport oxygen around the human body.

Hemoglobin is found in the red blood cells of almost all vertebrates. The exceptions are the fish family Channichthyidae, and the tissues of some invertebrates. It does occur in some invertebrates, but most invertebrates use other chemicals, such as hemocyanin.

Hemoglobin is involved in the transport of other gases. It carries some of the body's respiratory carbon dioxide (about 20-25% of the total).

Red blood cells get their color from hemoglobin, which is red. There are millions of hemoglobin molecules in each red blood cell, and millions of red blood cells in the human body. When hemoglobin has oxygen attached, it is called **oxyhemoglobin**.

## Structure

The most common type of hemoglobin in mammals contains four such subunits. Each subunit of hemoglobin is a globular protein (globin) with a heme group inside it. Each heme group has one iron atom. This binds one oxygen molecule. So the complete hemoglobin molecule has four globin chains, four heme molecules, and four iron atoms. When hemoglobin is in the lungs, it picks up oxygen in its hemes, and carries it to the rest of the body.

Its structure took years to work out. Max Perutz and John Kendrew worked out the structure of myoglobin first. That muscle globin is smaller, with only one heme group.
Cornea

The **cornea** is the front part of the eye. It is the clear transparent section of the eye. The cornea covers the iris, pupil, and the eye chamber. It is a special form of tissue. The cornea is clear and has no blood vessels. It has nerves, but with no myelin sheaths on them.

The cornea, with the lens, refracts light. The cornea and the lens bend light so the image strikes the retina. The cornea does about two-thirds of this refraction.

**Dua's layer** is a newly discovered layer of the cornea. It was described in June 2013. It is the sixth layer of the cornea to be discovered. Despite its thinness, the layer is very strong, and air does not get through it.

## Infobox (anatomy)

- **name**: Cornea
- **latin**: cornea
- **part of**: Front of eye
- **system**: Visual system
- **image**: Cornea.png
- **caption**: Schematic diagram of the human eye showing the cornea as separated from the sclera by the corneal limbus
WASSCE

The **West African Senior School Certificate Examination** (WASSCE) is a type of exam in West Africa. It is made by the West African Examinations Council (WAEC). It is only given to students who live in the five English-speaking West African countries: Nigeria, Ghana, Sierra Leone, The Gambia and Liberia

## The exams

There are two different types of the exam:

- **The WASSCE (November/December):** students from government and private schools are able to take this exam. Uniforms are not needed, but other rules must be obeyed by the students. This exam is only taken in the fall season(November/December), and the grades are available by December. Its old name is the G.C.E. (General Certificate Examinations).

- **The WASSCE (May/June):** This exam is ideally made for students who go to government schools. Students from private schools, that are well known in the country, can only sit for this exam in any government schools. They must also wear a type of uniforms as the teachers want them to wear. This exam is only taken in the spring season, and the grades are usually  available on or before August of the same year. Its old name is the S.S.C.E. (Senior School Certificate Examinations).

## The grades

The grades below are given on the WASSCE certificates for the students who finished their exams. They also depend on how well the students did in their exams.

|Grade|Meaning|
| --- | --- |
|A1|Excellent|
|B2|Very good|
|B3|Good|
|C4|Credit|
|C5|Credit|
|C6|Credit|
|D7|Pass|
|E8|Pass|
|F9|Fail|
Synthesizer

A **musical synthesizer** is an instrument that uses electricity to make musical sounds. They are the main instrument for making electronic music. Many synthesizers have a keyboard like that of a piano. When playing a piano keyboard, sounds are made by hitting soft hammers against strings pulled very tight. When playing a synthesizer keyboard, sounds are made by turning electrical oscillators on and off. Since "synthesizer" is such a big word, the word is usually shortened to "synth".

## How synthesizers work

An oscillator is something that "vibrates", or repeats the same pattern. The pendulum of a clock, for example, is a very slow oscillator. A piano string "oscillates" when struck by a hammer.

Electric oscillators might be made using transistors. They turn electricity into electrical patterns, or signals, that repeat over and over. When different keys are pressed, different notes are heard. This is done by making the signal from the oscillator repeat at different rates.

The signal can be boosted in strength and sent straight to a loudspeaker. But the sound of a simple signal can be boring after a while. Sounds can be made more interesting in many ways.

- For example:
- Signals are often shaped by changing how fast they get loud and then soft again. This method, called "ADSR", helps synthesizers to sound more like older instruments — pianos, trumpets, flutes, and so on.
- The signals from several different oscillators may be combined. This helps to make a richer sound.
- The signal can then be sent to one or more filters. Filters are used to take away parts of the signal. For example, they might make the signal sound "brighter" or "duller", "soft" or "harsh".
- Many synthesizers use special oscillators called "LFOs". For example, an LFO might control how loud and soft the signal is, or control the pitch of the signal. An LFO might even control the actions of the filters.

By combining many of these methods, synths can now sound very much like older instruments. For one example, special synths called "drum synths" are used just to make the sounds a drummer might make. Synths can also make many new sounds never heard before.

In the early 2000s, computers got fast enough so "software synths" could be made. These are computer programs designed to look and work like a synth. They tend to be less expensive, so more can be used. Most of these programs can be downloaded for free, however this may be illegal.

There are special tools available to play synths. For example, a thing called a "wind controller" lets players of wind instruments use their special skills. But there is still a need for more ways to control synths to make them more expressive.

## Other websites

- Sonic State describing 3000 models of Synthesizers
- Analog & Digital Synthesizers museum  - Synthesizers database, resources, user reviews, pictures
- Vintage Synth Explorer - facts and photos of hundreds of old and new synths
- The history of Electronic Music
- 120 years of Electronic Music
John Foxe

**John Foxe** (1516/1517 – 18 April 1587), is remembered as the author of _Foxe's Book of Martyrs_.

## Education and Resignation from Oxford

Foxe was born in Boston, Lincolnshire, England into a prominent family. In 1535 Foxe was admitted to Magdalen College School. He became a fellow in July 1539.
Foxe resigned from his college in 1545, after referring to it as "a prison." During his time at Oxford he became an evangelical, meaning that he converted to Protestant beliefs not accepted by the Church of England under Henry VIII. As he wanted to leave Oxford, Foxe looked to other evangelicals for help but received only advice and a little money. Foxe married Agnes Randall on February 3, 1547.

## Life in London under Edward VI

With the death of Henry VIII in January 1547 Foxe's prospects (and those of the evangelical cause generally) changed for the better. Foxe was ordained deacon by Nicholas Ridley on June 24, 1550.

## Marian Exile

In the fall of 1554 Foxe moved to Frankfurt, where he lived with Anthony Gilby in the English colony of Protestant refugees.
Foxe then removed to Basel where he lived and worked with John Bale and Lawrence Humphrey.

## Return to England

In 1559, when Mary I had died Foxe returned to England. He lived for some time at Aldgate, London, in the house of his former pupil, Thomas Howard. Foxe started publishing works of religious controversy and worked on a new martyrology, which would become the _Foxe's Book of Martyrs_.
Foxe was ordained priest by Edmund Grindal, now Bishop of London, on January 25, 1560, and he moved to Norwich to live with its bishop, John Parkhurst. On March 23 of the following year the first edition of Foxe's Book of Martyrs was published.

Foxe was one of the earliest students of Anglo-Saxon, and he and Day published an edition of the _Saxon gospels_ with the help of Archbishop Parker.

Foxe died on 8 April 1587 and was buried at St. Giles's, Cripplegate.

## Other websites

- Foxe's Book of Martyrs (_Actes and Monuments_) Variorum Edition Online , from the Humanities Research Institute of The University of Sheffield
- Thomas Freeman, John Foxe: A Biography
Evangelicalism

__NOTOC__

The word **evangelicalism** refers to a type of Christian belief and practice in conservative Protestantism although some Catholics also call themselves "evangelicals."

Evangelicals believe in spreading their faith (evangelism), the need to be converted (also called being born again), believing what is in the Bible, and the need to live a moral life both personally and in society. In the past 200 years, people, churches and social movements have often been called evangelical. It is different from Liberal Protestantism although it may share some of the same goals.

Outside the United States, the word "evangelical" can mean different things. In Europe and Latin America the word is often used to simply mean Protestant, as different from Roman Catholic religion. Some Christian denominations have the word as part of their official name, which may indicate that they are more conservative than other denominations with a similar name.

In 2016, there were thought to be about 619 million evangelicals in the world and so one in four Christians would be an evangelical. The United States has many evangelicals, who form about one fourth of the nation's population and its largest religious group. There are also many evangelicals in Latin America, Africa, China and Korea. Evangelicals make up most Baptists and Pentecostals; manyMethodists, Presbyterians, and other older denominations; and many independent Christian churches that do not belong to any larger group.

Billy Graham, probably the best-known evangelical of the last 100 years, preached all around the world.

## Other websites

- World Evangelical Alliance - list of evangelical organizations from various nations
- Barna Research Group
920s

The **920s** was a decade that started on 1 January 920, and ended on 31 December 929. It is distinct from the decade known as the ***93rd decade*** which began on January 1, 921 and ended on December 31, 930.

## Births

- 925: Ferdowsi حکیم ابوالقاسم فردوسی توسی (died 1020), Persian poet
910s

The **910s** was a decade that began on 1 January 910 and ended on 31 December 919. It is distinct from the decade known as the ***92nd decade*** which began on January 1, 911 and ended on December 31, 920.

## Events

- construction begins on the first church at the monastery of Cluny
Canopic jar

**Canopic jars** were used to store the internal organs of a mummy in Ancient Egypt. The lid had the head of a baboon, human, falcon or a jackal—representing the sons of Horus. These jars were used to store organs which were removed from a dead person, these were the stomach, the intestine, the liver and the lungs, because they were thought to be use less in the afterlife.They only did the mummification process to important people. The jars were placed in the tombs with the bodies.

Names: imesty the (human), Duamutef (Jackal), Hapi (Baboon), Qebehsenuf (Falcon) .
Fellow

A **fellow** is a member of a group of learned people who work together at university or other academic institutions.  However, there are no precise rules for how the title is used, and each academic institution grants the title as it sees fit.

## Other websites

- Nationally Coveted College Scholarships, Graduate Fellowships and Postdoctoral Awards
Millipede

**Millipedes** are a very long type of arthropod. Millipedes are segmented. Most have between 20 and over 100 segments, and have flattened bodies. Except for the first few segments, each segment has 2 pairs of legs, as a result of each segment being the fusing (coming together) of two.

So far, about 12,000 different species of millipedes have been described. with 10,000 identified, and there is an estimated 80,000 total species of millipede on Earth. The animals are detrivores, they eat what is left over from plants.

Most of the time, their food is decaying leaves and other dead plant matter. Millipedes are not poisonous, but many species have glands capable of producing irritating fluids that may cause allergic reactions in some individuals. This protects them from being constantly eaten because of their slow movement. Generally, they are not a pest, although young seedlings in greenhouses can be sometimes eaten by these creatures. _Xenobolus carnifex _is known for its common infestation of thatched roofs in India. Several species swarm houses and farms, causing damage.

Some millipedes have fangs that allow them to directly prey on plants.

The primary defense mechanism of millipedes is to roll up into a spiral-shaped circle, protecting their more delicate organs from being hurt by an armor-like skin. Millipedes can secrete liquids that can burn their predators for protection.

Bristly millipedes lack armor-like skin, and instead have bristles (small spiky hairs) that protect them from insects, like detaching a bristle when it goes through the body of an ant.

They can easily be told apart from centipedes because centipedes move faster, have only have one pair of legs per segment, and eat animals instead of just plants, although a very small amount of millipede species are omnivores, feeding on insects, earthworms, or snails.

Scientists who study millipedes are called diplopodologists, and the scientific study (like astronomy or biology) of millipedes is known as **diplopodology**.

A millipede species,_ Pneumodesmus newmani,_ was the first animal species to live constantly on land that lived 428 million years ago.

## Habitat

Millipedes are the most common in temperate, wet deciduous forests, but are also often found in coniferous forests and high-altitude alpine environments, some species live in deserts, and even fewer in caves. Many live under stones, fallen leaves, and in woodpiles, plus other dark damp locations in forests.

Some species of bristly millipedes have been known to live in the common small cracks of tree bark.

## Millipedes and People

Millipedes, due to their herbivore (plant-eating) and, with some species, limited omnivore capabilities, do not bite humans, although some of the defensive liquids  that they give out might cause minor irritation and burns on human skin. On the eyes, these can be much worse, and direct exposure can lead to serious medical issues.

They also appear in various folklore, remedies, and traditional usages around the world.