juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Levi's Stadium

**Levi's Stadium** is an outdoor multi-purpose stadium in Santa Clara, California. The San Francisco 49ers have played there since the 2014 season.

## History

A year after the stadium opened, Super Bowl 50 was held there. After the 2019 San Francisco 49ers season, the stadium held its first playoff game on against the Minnesota Vikings, and the first NFC Championship game against the Green Bay Packers. The 49ers won both games.

The stadium hosted the 2019 College Football Playoff National Championship, in which the Clemson Tigers defeated the Alabama Crimson Tide, 44-16.

## Construction

The stadium's construction was completed on July 17, 2014. There are 174 executive suites. The capacity is 68,500, which is expandable to 75,000. The cost of the stadium's construction was $1.27 billion. The first match held in the stadium was an MLS league match between the San Jose Earthquakes and the Seattle Sounders (1-0) on August 2nd 2014. On September 14, 2014, the 49ers played their first game at the stadium against the Chicago Bears, but lost 20-28. The stadium is equipped with a foghorn. It is used when the 49ers score a touchdown or win a game.
Gunmetal

**Gunmetal**, or **red brass** in the United States, is a metal alloy. It is a type of bronze – an alloy of copper, tin and zinc.

Proportions of its metals vary. 88% copper, 8-10% tin and 2-4% zinc is usual.

Originally it was used for making cannons. Guns are now made of steel. Gunmetal is easy to cast and work on a lathe. It resists corrosion from steam and salt water. It is used to make steam and hydraulic castings, valves, gears, statues, and various small objects such as buttons.
GNK Dinamo Zagreb

**GNK Dinamo Zagreb** is a football club which plays in Croatia.

## Name

- 1911-1945 **1. HŠK Građanski**
- 1945-1991 **Dinamo Zagreb**
- 1991-1992 **HAŠK-Građanski**
- 1992-2000 **Croatia Zagreb**
- 2000-2011 **Dinamo Zagreb**
- 2011-present **GNK Dinamo Zagreb**

## League titles

- Yugoslav First League : 4
    - 1947/48, 1953/54, 1957/58, 1981/82
- Prva HNL : 24
    - 1992/93, 1995/96, 1996/97, 1997/98, 1998/99, 1999/00, 2002/03, 2005/06, 2006/07, 2007/08, 2008/09, 2009/10, 2010/11, 2011/12, 2012/13, 2013/14, 2014/15, 2015/16, 2017/18, 2018/19, 2019/20, 2020/21, 2021/22, 2022/23

## League position

|Season|League|Position|
| --- | --- | --- |
|1992|Prva HNL|5th|
|1992/93|Prva HNL|Champions|
|1993/94|Prva HNL|3rd|
|1994/95|Prva HNL|2nd|
|1995/96|Prva HNL|Champions|
|1996/97|Prva HNL|Champions|
|1997/98|Prva HNL|Champions|
|1998/99|Prva HNL|Champions|
|1999/00|Prva HNL|Champions|
|2000/01|Prva HNL|2nd|
|2001/02|Prva HNL|3rd|
|2002/03|Prva HNL|Champions|
|2003/04|Prva HNL|2nd|
|2004/05|Prva HNL|7th|
|2005/06|Prva HNL|Champions|
|2006/07|Prva HNL|Champions|
|2007/08|Prva HNL|Champions|
|2008/09|Prva HNL|Champions|
|2009/10|Prva HNL|Champions|
|2010/11|Prva HNL|Champions|
|2011/12|Prva HNL|Champions|
|2012/13|Prva HNL|Champions|
|2013/14|Prva HNL|Champions|
|2014/15|Prva HNL|Champions|
|2015/16|Prva HNL|Champions|
|2016/17|Prva HNL|2nd|
|2017/18|Prva HNL|Champions|
|2018/19|Prva HNL|Champions|
|2019/20|Prva HNL|Champions|
|2020/21|Prva HNL|Champions|

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: GNK Dinamo Zagreb
- **fullname**: Građanski nogometni klub Dinamo Zagreb
- **founded**: 1911 as HŠK Građanski
1945 restructured as NK Dinamo Zagreb
- **ground**: Maksimir Stadium
- **capacity**: 35,123
- **chairman**: Mirko Barišić
- **manager**: ?
- **league**: Superliga
- **season**: 2022/23
- **position**: Champions
FC Astana

**Football Club Astana** (Kazakh: «Астана» футбол клубы; usually just called **FC Astana** or simply **Astana**) is a professional association football club from Astana, Kazakhstan. They currently play in the Kazakhstan Premier League. They were founded as **Lokomotiv Astana** in 2009 from football clubs Almaty: Megasport and Alma-Ata, the club changed its name to Astana in 2011.

Their short history already included two league titles, two Kazakhstan Cups and two Kazakhstan Super Cups. In 2015, Astana qualified to the UEFA Champions League group stage, becoming the first Kazakh team to do so.

## Honours

- **Kazakhstan Premier League**:
- **Winners (7):** 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2022
- **Kazakhstan Cup**
- **Winners (3):** 2010, 2012, 2016
- **Kazakhstan Super Cup**
- **Winners (6):** 2011, 2015, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2023
Ashdod

**Ashdod** (Hebrew: אַשְׁדּוֹד; Arabic: اشدود, إسدود) is the sixth-largest city in Israel. Ashdod is Israel's largest port, since about 60% of the country's imported goods come through the city.

## Climate

Ashdod has a Mediterranean climate with hot summers, pleasant spring and fall, and cool, rainy winters. The humidity is usually high many times year round, and rain occurs mainly from November to March.

<div class="center"></div>

## Demographics

|Year|Population|
| --- | --- |
|1956|200|
|1961|4,600|
|1972|40,300|
|1983|66,700|
|1995|129,800|
|2005|200,600|
|2015|220,200|

Ashdod had a population of about 220,000 in 2015, making it the sixth-largest city in Israel. The ratio of women to men is about 1.05 to 1.00. Also, 19.7% of the population was under the age of 10, 15.7% from age 10 to 19, 14.9% from 20 to 29, 19.1% from 30 to 44, 19.1% from 45 to 64, and 11.3% were 65 or older. The population of Ashdod is a lot younger than the Israeli average because there are a lot of young couples in the city.

Over 95% of Ashdod's population is Jewish, even though only about 30% follow their religion. The city is also home to the world's largest Karaite community, with about five thousand members.

## Related pages

- The Museum of Philistine Culture

## Other websites

- Welcome To Isdud
- Survey of Western Palestine, Map 16: IAA, Wikimedia commons
- Ashdod Port official website
The end justifies the means

***The end justifies the means*** is a paraphrase of Niccolò Machiavelli. It means that if a goal is morally important enough, any method of getting it is acceptable. The idea is very old, but it was not meant to allow people to be cruel or mean if they do not need to be. It was part of a political philosophy (way of thinking) called consequentialism. The basic idea is that doing something can be judged by what happens because of it. All modern forms of consequentialism have to prevent tyrants (absolute rulers) from using this idea for evil.

### **Origins**

The saying, "_The end justifies the means_", is usually linked to Niccolò Machiavelli, namely in his political treatise, _The Prince_ (1513). Even though Machiavelli never stated this directly, it is a prominent idea in his works. For example, in Chapter XVIII of _The Prince,_ he writes, "In the actions of all men... when there is no court to appeal to, one looks to the end". This has vastly been interpreted as an implication that a ruler might have to do things that go against their faith and what is right for people in order to keep the state safe.

The exact phrasing of it is occasionally associated with Hermann Busenbaum, a theologian for the Jesuits. He once stated: "Cum finis set licit, etiam media sunt licita", which translates to "when the end is lawful, the means are also lawful".

### The Ethical Debate

This phrase is linked with tensions between teleology (focusing on outcomes) and deontology (focusing on duty and rules).

On the proponent side, the main argument comes from consequentialism. Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill, often considered to have begun Utilitarianism, argued that the best action is the one that results in "the greatest good for the greatest number". Niccolò Machiavelli, in _The Prince_, argues from the point of view of Necessità (necessity), suggesting that a prince who tries to be good, in a world where many people are bad, will probably end up hurting himself and his country.

Counterpoints argue that some actions are inherently wrong regardless of their outcome. The primary player here is Immanuel Kant. In his _Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals_ (1785), he posited that one must "act in such a way that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of any other, never merely as a means to an end, but always at the same time as an end". This has been interpreted to mean that using a person as a "tool" (a means) to achieve a "goal" (an end) is a violation of human dignity.
Political philosophy

**Political philosophy** is the study of politics, liberty, justice, property, and rights. Also the law, and its enforcement (a legal code) by authority. It concerns not the details, but the basic principles, reasons and arguments.

Topics studied include the purpose of government, what rights and freedoms it should protect, what form it should take, and what the law is. Also, what duties citizens owe to a legitimate government, and when it may be legitimately overthrown, if ever.

Political philosophy is a philosophical back-up to political science, which is the social science study of politics.

## Related pages

- Jurisprudence
- Social philosophy
Courtelary District

The district of **Courtelary** in the Swiss canton of Bern has 18 municipalities in an area of 266 km²:

|Municipality|Population (2004)|Area (km²)|
| --- | --- | --- |
|Corgémont|1532|17.60|
|Cormoret|528|13.43|
|Cortébert|737|14.75|
|Courtelary|1163|22.24|
|La Ferrière|550|14.23|
|La Heutte|481|8.00|
|Mont-Tramelan|133|4.64|
|Orvin|1207|21.43|
|Péry|1361|15.57|
|Plagne|391|7.55|
|Renan|790|12.62|
|Romont|213|7.07|
|Saint-Imier|4756|20.86|
|Sonceboz-Sombeval|1684|15.03|
|Sonvilier|1090|23.78|
|Tramelan|4263|24.88|
|Vauffelin|431|5.92|
|Villeret|914|16.22|
Reichenbach im Kandertal

**Reichenbach im Kandertal** is a municipality in the administrative district of Frutigen-Niedersimmental in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Reichenbach im Kandertal
- **municipality name**: Reichenbach im Kandertal
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Reichenbach im Kandertal COA.svg
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Bern
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BE
- **district**: Frutigen-Niedersimmental (administrative district), Frutigen-Niedersimmental
- **postal code**: 3713
- **municipality code**: 0567
- **area**: 125.8
- **elevation**: 700
- **population**: 3433
- **populationof**: Dec 2010
- **popofyear**: 2010
- **website**: www.reichenbach.ch
- **places**: Griesalp, Kiental, Reichenbach
- **neighboring municipalities**: Aeschi bei Spiez, Diemtigen, Frutigen, Kandergrund, Kandersteg, Lauterbrunnen, Wimmis
Reisiswil

**Reisiswil** is a municipality of the administrative district Oberaargau in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official website of Reisiswil

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Reisiswil
- **municipality name**: Reisiswil
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Reisiswil COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Reisiswil.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Bern
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BE
- **district**: Oberaargau (administrative district), Oberaargau
- **postal code**: 4919
- **municipality code**: 0336
- **area**: 2.00
- **elevation**: 645
- **population**: 195
- **populationof**: Dec 2014
- **popofyear**: 2014
- **website**: www.reisiswil.ch
- **mayor**: Erika Meyer-Lanz
- **neighboring municipalities**: Gondiswil, Madiswil, Melchnau
Renan, Switzerland

**Renan** is a municipality of the administrative district of Jura bernois in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Renan
- **municipality name**: Renan
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Renan COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Renan.png
- **languages**: French
- **canton**: Bern
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BE
- **district**: Jura bernois (administrative district), Jura bernois
- **postal code**: 2616
- **municipality code**: 0441
- **area**: 12.62
- **elevation**: 907
- **population**: 854
- **populationof**: Dec 2014
- **popofyear**: 2014
- **website**: www.renan.ch
- **mayor**: Andreas Niederhauser
- **mayor title**: Maire
- **neighboring municipalities**: Cernier (NE), Chézard-Saint-Martin (NE), Fontaines, Switzerland, Fontaines (NE), La Chaux-de-Fonds (NE), La Ferrière, Sonvilier
Model 1857 12-Pounder Napoleon Field Gun

The **Model 1857 12-Pounder Napoleon Field Gun**, officially called the “light 12-pounder gun” by the United States Army, was the most popular smoothbore cannon used during the American Civil War. The cannon was named after French president and emperor, Napoleon III, nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte.

## History

The French _Canon obusier de campagne de 12 cm, modèle 1853_, also known as the _Canon de l’Empereur_, was a type of canon-obusier (shell cannon) or gun-howitzer developed in 1853 by the French army. It could fire ball, shell, canister or grapeshot which allowed it to replace all the earlier French cannons. It was of a cast bronze smoothbore design and could double as a howitzer. It was light enough to be pulled by a team of horses. At the same time it had enough firepower to destroy fortifications at a distance of a half-mile (805 meters). When it entered the service of Emperor Napoléon III it was named after him.

In 1857 the design was adopted by the U.S. Army as the light 12-pounder M1857. The Union made 1,156 units while the Confederacy made 501. Because they did not have the manufacturing capacity of the North, Confederates attempted to capture as many Union-made Napoleon 12-pounders as they could. The Confederate army also developed their own version. In 1863, General Robert E. Lee was so impressed by the M1857 that he had all six-pounders in the Army of Northern Virginia gathered up and sent to Richmond to be melted down and re-cast into 12-pounders. The Confederates kept producing 12-pounder Napoleons until the Union army captured the Ducktown copper mines near Chattanooga, Tennessee. This reduced Confederates bronze production. After that Confederate 1857s were cast of iron.

## U.S. M1857

When first model 1857s were cast in Northern foundries they had two handles or "dolphins". After 1861 the dolphins were eliminated, the barrel was shortened from the French version, and it was made lighter. Like most cannons in use at the time, they were muzzleloading weapons. The Model 1857 12-pounder Napoleon with its bronze barrel made up 40% of the cannons on both sides. The U.S. version of the Napoleon could hit a target up to  away. However they were most accurate at closer ranges of about . It used a charge of  of black powder. The M1857 Napoleon fired a cannonball or canister shot at a speed of 1,440 feet per second (or 439 meters per second). The barrel had a bore of  in diameter and was  long. The barrel alone weighed . With its gun carriage it weighed  and was pulled by a team of six horses. The average gun crew was six men.
Reutigen

**Reutigen** is a municipality in Thun in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Since 2024, Zwieselberg became a part of Reutigen.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Reutigen
- **municipality name**: Reutigen
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Reutigen COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Reutigen.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Bern
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BE
- **district**: Thun (administrative district), Thun
- **postal code**: 3647
- **municipality code**: 0767
- **area**: 11.3
- **elevation**: 622
- **population**: 962
- **populationof**: Dec 2011
- **popofyear**: 2011
- **website**: www.reutigen.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Erlenbach im Simmental, Höfen, Thun, Höfen, Niederstocken, Spiez, Wimmis, Zwieselberg
Riggisberg

**Riggisberg** is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

On January 1, 2009, the municipality of Rüti bei Riggisberg became part of the municipality of Riggisberg. On 1 January 2021, Rümligen became a part of Riggisberg.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Riggisberg
- **image photo**: 2010-03-28 Riggisberg (Foto Dietrich Michael Weidmann) 191.jpg
- **municipality name**: Riggisberg
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Riggisberg COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Riggisberg.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Bern
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BE
- **district**: Bern-Mittelland (administrative district), Bern-Mittelland
- **postal code**: 3132
- **municipality code**: 0879
- **area**: 7.7
- **elevation**: 762
- **population**: 2401
- **populationof**: Dec 2012
- **popofyear**: 2012
- **website**: www.riggisberg.ch
- **mayor**: Christine Bär-Zehnder
- **neighboring municipalities**: Burgistein, Kirchenthurnen, Lohnstorf, Mühlethurnen, Rüeggisberg, Rümligen
Ringgenberg

**Ringgenberg** is a municipality in the administrative district of Interlaken-Oberhasli in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

Ringgenberg is on Lake Brienz.

## Other websites

- Official Website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Ringgenberg
- **municipality name**: Ringgenberg
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Ringgenberg COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Ringgenberg.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Bern
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BE
- **district**: Interlaken-Oberhasli (administrative district), Interlaken-Oberhasli
- **postal code**: 3852
- **municipality code**: 0590
- **area**: 8.7
- **elevation**: 1103
- **population**: 2588
- **populationof**: Dec 2010
- **popofyear**: 2010
- **website**: www.ringgenberg.ch
- **mayor**: Hans Ulrich Imboden
- **places**: Ringgenberg, Goldswil
- **neighboring municipalities**: Bönigen, Habkern, Interlaken, Niederried bei Interlaken, Unterseen
Roches, Switzerland

**Roches** is a municipality of the administrative district of Jura bernois in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Roches
- **municipality name**: Roches
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Roches COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Roches.png
- **languages**: French
- **canton**: Bern
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BE
- **district**: Jura bernois (administrative district), Jura bernois
- **postal code**: 2762
- **municipality code**: 0704
- **area**: 8.97
- **elevation**: 491
- **population**: 212
- **populationof**: Dec 2011
- **popofyear**: 2011
- **website**: www.roches.ch
- **mayor title**: Maire
- **neighboring municipalities**: Belprahon, Châtillon, Jura, Châtillon (JU), Courrendlin (JU), Grandval, Switzerland, Grandval, Moutier, Rebeuvelier (JU), Vellerat (JU)
Rohrbach, Switzerland

**Rohrbach** is a municipality in the administrative district of Oberaargau in the Swiss canton of Bern.

## Other websites

- Official Website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Rohrbach
- **municipality name**: Rohrbach
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Rohrbach COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Rohrbach.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Bern
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BE
- **district**: Oberaargau (administrative district), Oberaargau
- **postal code**: 4938
- **municipality code**: 0338
- **area**: 4.1
- **elevation**: 584
- **population**: 1401
- **populationof**: Dec 2014
- **popofyear**: 2014
- **website**: www.rohrbach-be.ch
- **mayor**: Peter Hirschi
- **neighboring municipalities**: Auswil, Huttwil, Kleindietwil, Rohrbachgraben
Rohrbachgraben

**Rohrbachgraben** is a municipality in the administrative district of Oberaargau in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

## Villages

Glasbach, Liemberg, Ganzenberg, Flückigen, Kaltenegg, Matten, Wald and Wil.

## Other websites

- Official website of Rohrbachgraben

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Rohrbachgraben
- **municipality name**: Rohrbachgraben
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Rohrbachgraben COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Rohrbachgraben.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Bern
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BE
- **district**: Oberaargau (administrative district), Oberaargau
- **postal code**: 4938
- **municipality code**: 0339
- **area**: 6.5
- **elevation**: 634
- **population**: 404
- **populationof**: Dec 2014
- **popofyear**: 2014
- **website**: www.rohrbachgraben.ch
- **mayor**: Thomas Marending
- **places**: Glasbach, Liemberg, Ganzenberg, Flückigen, Kaltenegg, Matten, Wald and Wil
- **neighboring municipalities**: Dürrenroth, Huttwil, Kleindietwil, Rohrbach, Switzerland, Rohrbach, Ursenbach, Walterswil, Bern, Walterswil
Romont, Bern

**Romont** is a municipality in the administrative district of Jura bernois in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Romont
- **municipality name**: Romont
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Romont BE COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Romont.png
- **languages**: French
- **canton**: Bern
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BE
- **district**: Jura bernois (administrative district), Jura bernois
- **postal code**: 2538
- **municipality code**: 0442
- **area**: 7.07
- **elevation**: 907
- **population**: 203
- **populationof**: Dec 2014
- **popofyear**: 2014
- **website**: www.romont.net
- **mayor**: Yvan Kohler
- **mayor title**: Maire
- **neighboring municipalities**: Court, Switzerland, Court, Grenchen (SO), Lengnau, Berne, Lengnau, Péry, Pieterlen, Plagne, Switzerland, Plagne, Sorvilier, Vauffelin
Loa River

The **Loa** is a U-shaped river in Chile's northern Antofagasta region. It is the longest river of the country and the main river in the Atacama Desert.

## Geography

The Loa river has a length of , and a drainage basin with an area of approximately .

### Course

The Loa river starts on the Andean mountain slopes at the base of the Miño volcano near the Bolivian border, at an elevation of about , in the _comuna_ of Ollagüe, Calama, Antofagasta.

The river flows south, for about , to the oasis of San Francisco de Chiu Chiu or simply _Chiu Chiu_. Two left tributaries joints the Lao river in this part the riverː
- San Pedro de Inacaliri, or simply _San Pedro_, river. It joints the Loa river before Chiu Chiu.
- Salado river. It joints the Loa river about  south of Chiu Chiu.

From Chiu Chiu, the Loa flows to the west, running through the city of Calama. The San Salvador river joints the Loa in this part of course as its only important right tributary.

Then the Loa flows north for about  to Quillagua, an oasis in the _comuna_ of María Elena, Tocopilla province in the Antofagasta region of northern Chile. The Loa is crossed by the Pan-American Highway in this area.

From Quillagua, the river turns westward again and marks the border between the regions of Tarapacá and Antofagasta. Finally, the Loa flows in the Pacific Ocean.

## Main tributaries

Because the Loa river flows throug a very arid region, a desert, there are very few permanent tributaries; they areː

- Left tributaries
    - San Pedro de Inacaliri -  long.
    - Salado -  long.
- Right tributary
    - San Salvador -  long.

## Related pages

- List of rivers of Chile

## Other websites

- Cuenca Río Loa

## Infobox (river)

- **name**: Loa River
- **image**: Rios-antofagasta-region.svg
- **image caption**: Map
- **source1 location**: near
- **mouth location**: Pacific Ocean
- **subdivision type1**: Country
- **subdivision name1**: Chile
- **mouth elevation**: Sea level
- **tributaries left**: San Pedro de Inacaliri River
Salado River (Antofagasta), Salado River
- **tributaries right**: San Salvador River (Chile), San Salvador River
Sarlahi

**Sarlahi** (), a part of Madhesh Province, is one of the seventy-seven districts of Nepal.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **type**: Districts of Nepal, District
- **name**: Sarlahi District
- **native name**: सर्लाही जिल्ला
- **image skyline**: Bagmati River at Sarlahi.jpg
- **image caption**: Bagmati River at Sarlahi
- **image map**: File:Sarlahi District in Nepal 2015.svg
- **mapsize**: 300
- **map caption**: Sarlahi District in Nepal
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: List of regions of India, Region
- **subdivision name1**: Mithila (region), Mithila
- **subdivision type2**: Provinces of Nepal, Province
- **subdivision name2**: Madhesh Province
- **seat type**: Headquarters
- **seat**: Malangwa
- **area total km2**: 1259
- **population total**: 769,729
- **population as of**: 2011
- **population density km2**: auto
- **blank name sec1**: Languages of Nepal, Main Language(s)
- **blank info sec1**: Bajjika language, Bajjika, Maithili language, Maithili and Nepali language, Nepali
- **timezone1**: Nepal Time, NPT
- **utc offset1**: +05:45
Nepal Standard Time

**Nepal Standard Time** (**NPT**) is the time zone for Nepal. With a time offset from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) of +5:45, all over Nepal Standard Time is one of only three time zones with a 45-minute offset from
UTC. (The others are Chatham Island Standard Time, with an offset of UTC+12:45, and the
unofficial Australian Central Western Time, with an offset of UTC+08:45.) NPT is an approximation of Kathmandu mean time, which is 5:41:16 ahead of
UTC.
Erlach District

The district of **Erlach** in the Swiss canton of Bern has 12 municipalities in an area of 84.7 km².

|Municipality|Population (Jan 2005)|Area (km²)|
| --- | --- | --- |
|Brüttelen|623|6.6|
|Erlach|1,111|3.5|
|Finsterhennen|442|3.6|
|Gals|686|7.9|
|Gampelen|757|10.8|
|Ins|2,927|23.9|
|Lüscherz|539|5.4|
|Müntschemier|1181|4.9|
|Siselen|596|5.5|
|Treiten|412|4.7|
|Tschugg|452|3.3|
|Vinelz|777|4.6|
Fraubrunnen District

The district of **Fraubrunnen** in the Swiss canton of Bern has 27 municipalities in an area of 123.5 km².

|Municipality|Population (Jan 2005)|Area (km²)|
| --- | --- | --- |
|Ballmoos|54|1.5|
|Bangerten|163|2.2|
|Bätterkinden|2,780|10.1|
|Büren zum Hof|455|3.5|
|Deisswil bei Münchenbuchsee|80|2.1|
|Diemerswil|185|2.8|
|Etzelkofen|350|2.8|
|Fraubrunnen|1,691|7.7|
|Grafenried|912|4.7|
|Iffwil|399|5.0|
|Jegenstorf|4,181|7.4|
|Limpach|327|4.4|
|Mattstetten|565|3.8|
|Moosseedorf|3,437|6.3|
|Mülchi|250|3.8|
|Münchenbuchsee|9,519|8.9|
|Münchringen|544|2.4|
|Ruppoldsried|256|2.2|
|Schalunen|378|1.4|
|Scheunen|71|2.|
|Urtenen-Schönbühl|5,337|7.2|
|Utzenstorf|3,763|17.0|
|Wiggiswil|95|1.4|
|Wiler bei Utzenstorf|794|3.8|
|Zauggenried|314|3.8|
|Zielebach|337|1.9|
|Zuzwil|504|3.5|
Gamboma

**Gamboma** is a town of the Republic of the Congo, located on the center in the Plateaux departement. It has an military airport, a diocese and a stadium.

It is located 273 km from Brazzaville, the capital of the country and founded in 1909.
Frutigen District

The district of **Frutigen** in the Swiss canton of Bern has 7 municipalities in an area of 489 km².

|Municipality|Population (Jan 2005)|Area (km²)|
| --- | --- | --- |
|Adelboden|3,686|88.2|
|Aeschi bei Spiez|1,967|30.9|
|Frutigen|6,648|71.8|
|Kandergrund|1,092|32.0|
|Kandersteg|1,193|134.5|
|Krattigen|916|6.0|
|Reichenbach im Kandertal|3,342|125.8|
Djambala

**Djambala** is a town of the Republic of the Congo, located on the center in the Plateaux departement. It has an national airport, a diocese and a stadium.
Ewo

**Ewo** is a town of the Republic of the Congo, located on the west in the Cuvette-Ouest departement. It has an national airport, a diocese and a stadium.
Impfondo

**Impfondo** is a town of the Republic of the Congo, located on the center in the Likouala Region. It has an national airport, a diocese and a stadium.
Jenny von Westphalen

Freiin **Johanna Bertha Julie Jenny von Westphalen** or better known as **Jenny von Westphalen** or also **Jenny Marx** (born 12 February 1814 in Salzwedel, now Germany, and died 2 December 1881 in London) was the wife of philosopher Karl Marx, and daughter of Baron Ludwig von Westphalen, a professor at Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität in Berlin.

## Bibliography

- Luise Dornemann: _Jenny Marx: Der Lebensweg einer Sozialistin_. Dietz Verlag, Berlin, 1980.
- Françoise Giroud: _Trio infernale oder das Leben der Jenny Marx_. Beltz, Weinheim, 1994. .

## Other websites

- Jenny von Westphalen-Marx Correspondence Page at Marxists Internet Archive
Röthenbach bei Herzogenbuchsee

**Röthenbach bei Herzogenbuchsee** was a municipality in Wangen in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2009, Wanzwil and Röthenbach bei Herzogenbuchsee became part of Heimenhausen.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Röthenbach bei Herzogenbuchsee
- **municipality name**: Röthenbach bei Herzogenbuchsee
- **municipality type**: former
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Röthenbach bei Herzogenbuchsee COA.svg
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Bern
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BE
- **district**: Wangen (district), Wangen
- **postal code**: 3373
- **municipality code**: 0986
- **area**: 2.1
- **elevation**: 462
- **population**: 338
- **populationof**: December 2007
- **popofyear**: 2007
- **website**: www.heimenhausen.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Heimenhausen, Inkwil, Niederönz, Walliswil bei Wangen, Wangenried, Wanzwil
Röthenbach im Emmental

**Röthenbach im Emmental** is a municipality in the administrative district Emmental in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official Website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Röthenbach im Emmental
- **municipality name**: Röthenbach im Emmental
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Röthenbach im Emmental COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Röthenbach im Emmental.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Bern
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BE
- **district**: Emmental (administrative district), Emmental
- **postal code**: 3538
- **municipality code**: 0904
- **area**: 36.8
- **elevation**: 824
- **population**: 1241
- **populationof**: Dec 2012
- **popofyear**: 2012
- **website**: www.roethenbach.ch
- **mayor**: Rudolf Megert
- **places**: Dorf, Gauchern, Oberei, Würzbrunnen, Chüderhusi
- **neighboring municipalities**: Bowil, Buchholterberg, Eggiwil, Eriz, Linden, Switzerland, Linden, Oberlangenegg, Schangnau, Signau, Wachseldorn
Rubigen

**Rubigen** is a municipality of the Bern-Mittelland administrative district in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Rubigen
- **municipality name**: Rubigen
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Rubigen COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Rubigen.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Bern
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BE
- **district**: Bern-Mittelland (administrative district), Bern-Mittelland
- **postal code**: 3113
- **municipality code**: 0623
- **area**: 7.0
- **elevation**: 549
- **population**: 2862
- **populationof**: Dec 2011
- **popofyear**: 2011
- **website**: www.rubigen.ch
- **mayor**: Renato Krähenbühl
- **neighboring municipalities**: Allmendingen bei Bern, Belp, Münsingen, Trimstein, Worb
Rüderswil

**Rüderswil** is a municipality in the administrative district of Emmental in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Rüderswil
- **municipality name**: Rüderswil
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Rüderswil COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Rüderswil.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Bern
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BE
- **district**: Emmental (administrative district), Emmental
- **postal code**: 3437
- **municipality code**: 0905
- **area**: 17.2
- **elevation**: 655
- **population**: 2376
- **populationof**: Dec 2012
- **popofyear**: 2012
- **website**: www.ruederswil.ch
- **mayor**: Jürg Rothenbühler
- **neighboring municipalities**: Hasle bei Burgdorf, Landiswil, Lauperswil, Lützelflüh, Trachselwald
Rüdtligen-Alchenflüh

**Rüdtligen-Alchenflüh** is a municipality in the administrative district of Emmental in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Rüdtligen-Alchenflüh
- **municipality name**: Rüdtligen-Alchenflüh
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Rüdtligen-Alchenflüh COA.svg
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Bern
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BE
- **district**: Emmental (administrative district), Emmental
- **postal code**: 3422
- **municipality code**: 0420
- **area**: 2.72
- **elevation**: 505
- **population**: 2435
- **populationof**: Dec 2014
- **popofyear**: 2014
- **website**: www.ruedtligen-alchenflueh.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Aefligen, Fraubrunnen, Kirchberg, Bern, Kirchberg, Lyssach, Utzenstorf
Rüeggisberg

**Rüeggisberg** is a municipality in the Bern-Mittelland administrative district in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

The municipality is on a plateau along the southern flank of the Längenberg.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Rüeggisberg
- **municipality name**: Rüeggisberg
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Rüeggisberg COA.svg
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Bern
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BE
- **district**: Bern-Mittelland (administrative district), Bern-Mittelland
- **postal code**: 3088
- **municipality code**: 0880
- **area**: 35.7
- **elevation**: 930
- **population**: 1846
- **populationof**: December 2012
- **popofyear**: 2012
- **website**: www.rueggisberg.ch
- **mayor**: Hans Blatter
- **places**: Rüeggisberg (Mättiwil, Tromwil); Bütschel (Oberbütschel, Niederbütschel, Gschneit, Bungerten); Fultigen (Hinterfultigen, Vorderfultigen); Helgisried-Rohrbach (Helgisried, Rohrbach, Wiler, Schwanden, Brügglen, Schwand)
- **neighboring municipalities**: Blumenstein, Därstetten, Kaufdorf, Niedermuhlern, Oberbalm, Riggisberg, Rümligen, Rüschegg, Rüti bei Riggisberg, Toffen, Wahlern
Rüegsau

**Rüegsau** is a municipality in the administrative district of Emmental in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Rüegsau
- **municipality name**: Rüegsau
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Rüegsau COA.svg
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Bern
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BE
- **district**: Emmental (administrative district), Emmental
- **postal code**: 3417
- **municipality code**: 0956
- **area**: 15.1
- **elevation**: 589
- **population**: 3087
- **populationof**: Dec 2012
- **popofyear**: 2012
- **website**: www.ruegsau.ch
- **mayor**: Fritz Rüfenacht
- **neighboring municipalities**: Affoltern im Emmental, Hasle bei Burgdorf, Heimiswil, Lützelflüh, Sumiswald
Rumendingen

**Rumendingen** is a municipality of the administrative district of Emmental in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Rumendingen
- **municipality name**: Rumendingen
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Rumendingen COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Rumendingen.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Bern
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BE
- **district**: Emmental (administrative district), Emmental
- **postal code**: 3472
- **municipality code**: 0421
- **area**: 2.5
- **elevation**: 526
- **population**: 90
- **populationof**: Dec 2014
- **popofyear**: 2014
- **website**: -
- **mayor**: Paul Schmutz-Arni
- **mayor asof**: 2013
- **mayor title**: Gemeindepräsident
- **neighboring municipalities**: Alchenstorf, Ersigen, Niederösch, Oberösch, Wynigen
Rumisberg

**Rumisberg** is a municipality in the administrative district of Oberaargau in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Rumisberg
- **image photo**: Rumisberg.JPG
- **municipality name**: Rumisberg
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Rumisberg COA.svg
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Bern
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BE
- **district**: Oberaargau (administrative district), Oberaargau
- **postal code**: 4539
- **municipality code**: 0987
- **area**: 5.2
- **elevation**: 638
- **population**: 470
- **populationof**: Dec 2014
- **popofyear**: 2014
- **website**: www.rumisberg.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Aedermannsdorf (SO), Attiswil, Farnern, Herbetswil (SO), Matzendorf (SO), Oberbipp, Wiedlisbach, Wolfisberg
Rümligen

**Rümligen** was a municipality in Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. On 1 January 2021, Rümligen became a part of Riggisberg.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Rümligen
- **municipality name**: Rümligen
- **municipality type**: former
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Rümligen COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Rümligen.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Bern
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BE
- **district**: Bern-Mittelland (administrative district), Bern-Mittelland
- **postal code**: 3128
- **municipality code**: 0881
- **area**: 4.7
- **elevation**: 606
- **population**: 438
- **populationof**: Dec 2012
- **popofyear**: 2012
- **website**: www.ruemligen.ch
- **mayor**: Martin Studer
- **neighboring municipalities**: Gelterfingen, Kaufdorf, Kirchenthurnen, Riggisberg, Rüeggisberg
The Charge of the Light Brigade (poem)

"**The Charge of the Light Brigade**" is a poem written in 1854 by Alfred, Lord Tennyson. It is about a British brigade in the Battle of Balaclava in the Crimean War.

## Other websites

- Manuscript in Tennyson's handwriting at Archive.org
Blowback

**Blowback** is a system of operation for self-loading firearms that obtains energy from the motion of the cartridge case as it is pushed to the rear by expanding gases created by the ignition of the propellant charge.

Several blowback systems exist, distinguished by the methods used to control bolt movement. In most actions that use blowback operation, the breech is not locked mechanically at the time of firing: the inertia of the bolt and recoil spring(s), relative to the weight of the bullet, delays opening of the breech until the bullet has left the barrel. A few locked breech designs use a form of blowback (example: primer actuation) to perform the unlocking function.

Other operating principles for self-loading firearms include blow forward, gas operation, recoil operation, revolver, Gatling, and chain. The blowback principle may be considered a simplified form of gas operation, since the cartridge case behaves like a piston driven by the powder gases.

## Simple Blowback

Simple blowback operation is where the recoil of the cartridge moves the bolt rearwards to load the next round. This operation is found in automatic pistols and submachine guns and firearms chambered in lower pressure rounds. The  rifle rounds which have higher pressures are usually deemed unsuitable for simple blowback operation. However, there is Delayed Blowback where the chamber is locked until the pressures drop to a safe level to reload.

## Delayed Blowback

Delayed blowback is similar to simple blowback but is capable of handling the pressures of rifle rounds. It uses an operation that delays the opening of the bolt when firing.

### Lever delayed blowback

Lever delayed blowback is where the bolt has a lever that slows the opening of the bolt but accelerates the bolt carrier, the bolt then also accelerates with the bolt carrier. The AA52 machine gun and the FAMAS use this operation.

### Roller delayed blowback

Roller delayed blowback is where the bolt has two rollers that pop out both sides of the bolt to lock the chamber. The Sturmgewehr 45 assault rifle, Heckler & Koch MP5 and Calico submachine gun uses this operation.

### Primer actuated blowback

Primer actuated blowback is when the round is fired, the primer moves the firing pin rearwards to unlock the bolt. The Garand Model 1919 and Postnikov APT use this operation.

## References

- Primer actuated M16 bolt
- http://www.orions-hammer.com/blowback/
Llullaillaco

**Llullaillaco** is a  stratovolcano in the Andes range, in Argentina and Chile. It is the 7th highest mountain in the Andes.

It lies in the Puna de Atacama, a region of very high volcanic peaks on a high plateau within the Atacama Desert, one of the driest places in the world.

## History

The first recorded ascent was on 1 December 1952, by Bión González and Juan Harseim, from Chile. They found archaeological evidence that people were at the top of Llullaillaco in the pre-Columbian period.

During 1983–1985, American archaeologist Johan Reinhard directed three surveys of archaeological sites on the summit and slopes  of the mountain.

The summit is the highest archaeological site in the world. The mummies of three Inca children were found on it in 1999. These were found by Johan Reinhard and Constanza Ceruti and their expedition. Other artifacts were also found along with the mummies. It is believed that the children were part of a human sacrifice.

## Geography

The volcano is in the Chile-Argentina boder and is part, on the Chilean part, of the Llullaillaco National Park ().

The Llullaillaco is a stratovolcano. There were eruptions in 1854, 1866 and 1877. Since then, no volcanic activity has been recorded. It is the world´s second highest active volcano, second to _Ojos del Salado_.

It is an ultra-prominent peak, or **Ultra** for short, because it has as a summit with a topographic prominence of  or more.

## Related pages

- List of volcanoes

## Other websites

- Andeshandbook: A Complete Description, history, place names and routes of Llullaillaco
- Llullaillaco at SummitPost.org
- Instituto de Arqueología de Alta Montaña, Universidad Católica de Salta

## Infobox (mountain)

- **name**: Llullaillaco
- **photo**: Llullaillaco del este (26535509125).jpg
- **photo caption**: Llullaillaco from the east
- **elevation m**: 6723 or 6739
- **prominence m**: 2344
- **listing**: Ultra prominent peak, Ultra
- **map**: Chile
- **map caption**: Location in Chile (on border with Argentina)
- **map size**: 200
- **location**: Chile and Argentina
- **range**: Andes, Puna de Atacama
- **type**: Stratovolcano
- **age**: Pleistocene
- **last eruption**: May 1877
- **first ascent**: 1950, but previous climbs by Inca civilization, Inka
Antofagasta Province

The **Province of Antofagasta** () is one of three provinces in the northern Chilean region of Antofagasta (II).  The capital is the port city of Antofagasta.

## Geography

The Antofagasta province has an area of .

The Antofagasta province is bordered on the north by the Tocopilla and El Loa provinces, on the east by Argentina, on the south by the Atacama region (Chañaral province) and on the west by the Pacific Ocean.

## Population

(last national census), there were 318,779 people living in the province, giving it a population density of  inhabitants/km².

The largest city of the province is Antofagasta, its  capital, with a population, in 2002, of 285,255 inhabitants.

## Administration

As a province, the Antofagasta province is a second-level administrative division, consisting of four  communes (_comunas_). The city of Antofagasta serves as the provincial capital. The province is administered by a governor.

|Code|Comuna|Capital|Area <small>(km²)</small>|Population <small>(2002)</small>|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|02101|**1** Antofagasta|Antofagasta|align="right"|30,718.1|align="right"|296,905|
|02102|**2** Mejillones|Mejillones|align="right"|3,803.9|align="right"|8,418|
|02103|**3** Sierra Gorda|Sierra Gorda|align="right"|12,886.4|align="right"|2,356|
|02104|**4** Taltal|Taltal|align="right"|20,405.1|align="right"|11,100|
|colspan="3"|**Total of the Antofagasta province**|align="right"|67,813.5|align="right"|318,779||

## Other websites

- Territorial division of Chile
- Gobierno Regional de Antofagasta
- Province of Antofagasta website

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Province of Antofagasta
- **native name**: Provincia de Antofagasta
- **native name lang**: es
- **settlement type**: Provinces of Chile, Province
- **image seal**: Logotipo de la Gobernación de Antofagasta.svg
- **image map**: Provincia de Antofagasta.svg
- **mapsize**: 150px
- **map alt**: Location in Antofagasta Region
- **map caption**: Antofagasta province, in red, in the Antofagasta Region
- **pushpin map**: Chile
- **pushpin map narrow**: yes
- **pushpin label position**: bottom
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Chile
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: Regions of Chile, Region
- **subdivision name1**: Antofagasta Region, Antofagasta
- **parts type**: Communes of Chile, Comunas
- **parts style**: coll
- **parts**: List of 4:
- **p1**: Antofagasta
- **p2**: Mejillones
- **p3**: Sierra Gorda
- **p4**: Taltal
- **seat type**: Capital city, Capital
- **seat**: Antofagasta
- **government type**: Province, Provincial
- **leader title**: Governor
- **leader name**: Fabiola Rivero Rojas
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area total km2**: 67813.5
- **population total**: 318779
- **population as of**: 2002 Census
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone**: Time in Chile, CLT
- **utc offset**: -4
- **timezone dst**: Time in Chile, CLST
- **utc offset dst**: -3
- **area code**: 56 + 55
- **website**: [http://www.gobernacionantofagasta.gov.cl/ Official website]
El Loa

The **Province of El Loa** () is one of three provinces of the northern Chilean region of Antofagasta (II). It is named after the longest river of Chile, the Loa. The provincial capital is Calama.

## Geography

The El Loa province has an area of .

The province is bordered on the north by the Tarapacá region, on the east by Bolivia, on the south by Argentina and on the west by the Antofagasta and the Tocopilla provinces.

## Population

(last national census), there were 143,689 people living in the province, giving it a population density of  inhabitants/km².

The largest city of the province is Calama, its  capital, with a population, in 2002, of 126,135 inhabitants.

## Administration

As a province, the El Loa province is a second-level administrative division, consisting of three communes (_comunas_). The city of Calama serves as the provincial capital. The province is administered by a governor.

|Code|Comuna|Capital|Area <small>(km²)</small>|Population <small>(2002)</small>|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|02201|**5** Calama|Calama|align="right"|15,596.9|align="right"|138,402|
|02202|**6** Ollagüe|Ollagüe|align="right"|2,963.9|align="right"|318|
|02203|**7** San Pedro de Atacama|San Pedro de Atacama|align="right"|23,438.8|align="right"|4,969|
|colspan="3"|**Total of the El Loa province**|align="right"|41,999.6|align="right"|143,689||

## Other websites

- Territorial division of Chile
- Province of El Loa website

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Province of El Loa
- **native name**: Provincia de El Loa
- **native name lang**: es
- **settlement type**: Provinces of Chile, Province
- **image seal**: Logotipo de la Gobernación de El Loa.svg
- **image map**: Provincia de El Loa.svg
- **mapsize**: 150px
- **map alt**: Location in the Antofagasta Region
- **map caption**: El Loa province, in red, in the Antofagasta Region
- **pushpin map**: Chile
- **pushpin map narrow**: yes
- **pushpin label position**: bottom
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Chile
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: Regions of Chile, Region
- **subdivision name1**: Antofagasta Region, Antofagasta
- **parts type**: Communes of Chile, Comunas
- **parts style**: para
- **p1**: Calama
- **p2**: Ollagüe, Chile, Ollagüe
- **p3**: San Pedro de Atacama
- **seat type**: Capital city, Capital
- **seat**: Calama
- **government type**: Province, Provincial
- **leader title**: Governor
- **leader name**: Claudio Andrés Lagos Gutiérrez
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area total km2**: 41999.6
- **population total**: 143689
- **population as of**: 2002 Census
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone**: Time in Chile, CLT
- **utc offset**: -4
- **timezone dst**: Time in Chile, CLST
- **utc offset dst**: -3
- **area code**: 56 + 55
- **website**: [http://www.gobernacionloa.gov.cl/ Official website]