Erasmus Darwin

**Erasmus Darwin** (12 December 1731 – 18 April 1802) was a English scientist, poet, inventor and medical doctor. He was a member of the Lunar Society (a group of important scientists and businessmen who were friends). Erasmus Darwin looked at how living things evolved (change over a long time). His grandson, Charles Darwin, later wrote a book that explained evolution by natural selection.

Erasmus Darwin House, his home in Lichfield, is now a museum dedicated to Erasmus Darwin and his life's work. A school in nearby Chasetown recently converted to Academy status and is now known as Erasmus Darwin Academy.

### Early life

Darwin was born in Elston, near Newark-on-Trent, Nottinghamshire. His father was a lawyer. When Erasmus was a child, he was very interested in nature. He liked clocks and electricity. He understood nature well. He said that people should eat meat during Lent, a Christian time of fasting before Easter when people eat only simple food.

## Becoming a physician

He went to the University of Cambridge, and then studied to be a doctor in Edinburgh. He became a doctor in 1756, and worked in Lichfield in Staffordshire. He worked hard and learned a lot about medicine. Soon, lots of people respected him, and the King, George III asked him to become the Royal Doctor, but Erasmus preferred to stay where he was.

## Personal life

Darwin married twice and had 14 children, including two illegitimate daughters by an employee, and, possibly, at least one further illegitimate daughter. In addition to the five children of his first marriage to Mary Howard (1740–1770), and seven to his second wife, Elizabeth Pole, there are two daughters by the governess Mary Parker, and another probable with a married woman, Lucy Smith.

### Botany

Darwin formed the _Lichfield Botanical Society_ in order to translate the works of the Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus from Latin into English. This took seven years. The result was two publications: _A System of Vegetables_ between 1783 and 1785, and _The Families of Plants_ in 1787. In these volumes, Darwin coined many of the English plant names that we use today.

Darwin then wrote _The Loves of the Plants,_ a long poem, which was a popular rendering of Linnaeus  works. Darwin also wrote _Economy of Vegetation_, and together the two were published as _The Botanic Garden_.

His last long poem, the _Temple of Nature_, was published after his death, in 1803. This is considered his best poetic work. It centers on his own newly conceived theory of evolution, tracing traces the progression of life from microorganisms to civilized society.

### Zoology

Darwin's most important scientific work is _Zoönomia_ (1794–1796), which contains a system of pathology, and a treatise on generation, in which he anticipated some of Lamarck's ideas on evolution.

The essence of his views is contained in the following passage, which he follows up with the conclusion that one and the same kind of living filament is and has been the cause of all organic life:

> Would it be too bold to imagine that, in the great length of time since the earth began to exist, perhaps millions of ages before the commencement of the history of mankind, would it be too bold to imagine that all warm-blooded animals have arisen from one living filament, which the great First Cause endued (invested) with animality, with the power of acquiring new parts, attended with new propensities, directed by irritations, sensations, volitions and associations, and thus possessing the faculty of continuing to improve by its own inherent activity, and of delivering down these improvements by generation to its posterity, world without end!

This is a clear statement of the kind of evolutionary thinking which Lamarck is known for.

### Later works

Darwin's idea of evolution surfaced in several of his other works. In the _Loves of the Plants_ (1789), reprinted in several editions as _The Botanic Garden_, there occurs the comment: "Perhaps all the productions of nature are in their progress to greater perfection!". All these natural history works are in the form of poems, and so they are not satisfactory from the point of view of modern science. But the 18th century was a time when intelligent men made connections; the specialist types of scientist occurred first in the lifetime of his grandson Charles.

The last two leaves of Darwin's _A plan for the conduct of female education in boarding schools_ (1797) contain a book list, an apology for the work, and an advert for "Miss Parkers School". The work probably resulted from his liaison with Mary Parker. The school advertised on the last page is the one he set up in Ashbourne, Derbyshire for their two illegitimate children, Susanna and Mary.

## Later life

Darwin translated the work of Carolus Linnaeus from Latin to English. The books explain how plants are classified. Darwin was friends with many important scientists and businessmen, in the Lunar Society. Darwin wrote poems against slavery. He was a generous man, he helped people who had no money.
He wrote poems explaining his ideas about evolution. He also made many inventions and predicted that electricity and aeroplanes would be useful in the future. He also made a sketch (simple drawing) of a hydrogen-oxygen rocket engine in 1779.

Erasmus Darwin died on 18 April 1802, and is buried in All Saints Church, Breadsall, north of Derby.

### Biographies

- Desmond King-Hele 1999. _Erasmus Darwin: a life of unequalled achievement_. Giles de la Mare Publishers
- Desmond G. King-Hele (ed) 2002. _Charles Darwin's 'The life of Erasmus Darwin_. Cambridge University Press
- Desmond G. King-Hele 1981. _The letters of Erasmus Darwin_. Cambridge University Press
- Jennifer Uglow 2003. _Lunar men: the friends who made the future_. Faber and Faber, London.

## Other websites

- "Preface and 'a preliminary notice'" by Charles Darwin  in Ernst Krause, _Erasmus Darwin_ (1879)
- Erasmus Darwin House, Lichfield
- Revolutionary Players website
- http://www.angelfire.com/ri/skibizniz/darwin.html
- http://www.search.revolutionaryplayers.org.uk/engine/resource/exhibition/standard/child.asp?txtKeywords=&lstContext=&lstResourceType=&lstExhibitionType=&chkPurchaseVisible=&txtDateFrom=&txtDateTo=&x1=&y1=&x2=&y2=&scale=&theme=&album=&resource=670&viewpage=%2Fengine%2Fresource%2Fexhibition%2Fstandard%2Fdefault%2Easp&originator=&page=&records=&direction=&pointer=&text=&exhibition=123&offset=0

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Erasmus Darwin
- **image**: Portrait_of_Erasmus_Darwin_by_Joseph_Wright_of_Derby_(1792).jpg
- **image size**: 171px
- **caption**: Painting of Erasmus Darwin
- **birth place**: Elston Hall, Elston, Nottinghamshire, England
- **death place**: Breadsall, Derby, England