juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Armenia national football team

The **Armenia national football team** is the national football team of Armenia. After the split of the Soviet Union, they played their first match against Moldova on 12 October 1992.

## Most appearances

|Pos|Player|Apps|Goals|Career|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1|**Sargis Hovsepyan**|102|1|1992-present|
|2|Arthur Petrosyan|69|11|1992-2005|
|3|Harutyun Vardanyan|63|1|1994-2004|
|4|**Hamlet Mkhitaryan**|56|2|1994-present|
|4|**Romik Khachatryan**|56|1|1997-present|
|6|**Roman Berezovsky**|55|0|1996-present|
|7|Armen Shahgeldyan|53|6|1992-2007|
|8|**Arthur Voskanyan**|51|1|1999-present|
|9|**Karen Dokhoyan**|48|2|1999-present|
|10|**Karen Dokhoyan**|42|5|2000-present|

## Top scorers

|Pos|Player|Goals|Apps|Career|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1|Arthur Petrosyan|11|69|1992-2005|
|2|**Ara Hakobyan**|7|43|1998-present|
|3|Armen Shahgeldyan|6|53|1992-2007|
|4|**Arman Karamyan**|5|42|2000-present|
|5|Tigran Yesayan|4|21|1996-1999|

## Infobox (national football team)

- **name**: Armenia
- **badge size**: 200
- **fifa trigramme**: ARM
- **nickname**: Հավաքական _Havaqakan_ (The Collective team)
- **association**: Football Federation of Armenia
- **confederation**: UEFA (Europe)
- **coach**: Abraham Khashmanyan
- **captain**: Henrikh Mkhitaryan
- **most caps**: Sargis Hovsepyan (132)
- **top scorer**: Henrikh Mkhitaryan (29)
- **home stadium**: Vazgen Sargsyan Republican Stadium,
Hrazdan Stadium
- **fifa max**: 30
- **fifa max date**: February 2014
- **fifa min**: 159
- **fifa min date**: July 1994
- **elo max**: 65
- **elo max date**: 27 May 2014
- **elo min**: 126
- **elo min date**: May 1995
- **pattern la1**: _arm18h
- **pattern b1**: _arm18h
- **pattern ra1**: _arm18h
- **pattern sh1**: _arm18h
- **leftarm1**: FF0000
- **body1**: FF0000
- **rightarm1**: FF0000
- **shorts1**: FF0000
- **socks1**: FF0000
- **pattern la2**: _arm18a
- **pattern b2**: _arm18a
- **pattern ra2**: _arm18a
- **pattern sh2**: _arm18a
- **leftarm2**: FFFFFF
- **body2**: FFFFFF
- **rightarm2**: FFFFFF
- **shorts2**: FFFFFF
- **socks2**: FFFFFF
- **2ndregional name**: UEFA Nations League
- **first game**: 0–0
(Yerevan, Armenia; October 14, 1992)
- **largest win**: 7–1
 (Los Angeles, California, United States, USA; May 28, 2016)
- **largest loss**: 9–1
(Palermo, Italy; November 18, 2019)
- **regional name**: UEFA European Championship, European Championship
Trough (meteorology)

A **trough** is an elongated area of comparatively low atmospheric pressure, usually in association with weather fronts.

Convective cells may form in the surrounding area of troughs and give birth to a tropical cyclone. Some tropical or subtropical areas, such as the Philippines or south China are greatly affected by convection cells along a trough. In the mid-latitude westerlies, troughs and ridges often exchange with each other, especially when upper-level winds are in a high-amplitude pattern. For a trough in the westerlies, the region just west of the trough axis is typically an area of convergent winds and descending air - and hence high pressure - while the region just east of the trough axis is an area of fast, divergent winds and low pressure. Tropical waves are a type of trough in easterly currents, a cyclonic northward deflection of the trade winds.

fi:Matalan sola
QuikSCAT

|Organization||
| --- | --- |
|colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|<small>QuikSCAT</small>|
|JPL, NASA||
|Earth observation||
|Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corp.||
|Earth||
|June 19, 1999 on a Titan II||
|Vandenberg Air Force Base||
|2–3 years||
|971 kg (launch)||
|<small>winds.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/quikscat/ </small>||
|7180.8 km||
|0.00014||
|98.6 degrees||
|100.93 minutes||
|178.47 degrees||
|47.4 degrees||
|microwave radar that measures near-surface wind speed and direction||

The **QuikSCAT** (Quick Scatterometer) is an earth-observing satellite that provides wind speed and direction information over oceans to NOAA. It is a "quick recovery" mission to fill the gap created by the loss of data from the NASA Scatterometer (NSCAT) that was lost in June 1997. It is in a sun-synchronous low-earth orbit.

Because of the 2003 failure of the ADEOS II satellite that was meant to succeed the NSCAT, QuickSCAT is currently the only US-owned instrument in orbit that measures surface winds over the oceans.  The European Space Agency has its own scatterometers in orbit, such as Envisat.

However, because it is now running on a backup transmitter and having other problems, this satellite could fail at any moment, putting risk at weather forecasts for possibly dangerous tropical cyclones.

In early June 2007, Bill Proenza, Director of the National Hurricane Center in Florida, came under fire for criticizing his NOAA superiors for not creating a back-up plan for replacing the capabilities provided by this satellite.
Zakarids–Mkhargrdzeli

The **Zakarids** (Armenian: Զաքարյաններ, Zakaryanner; Georgian: მხარგრძელები, Mkhargdzelebi) were a noble Armenian family in medieval Armenia and Georgia.

## Infobox (royal house)

- **surname**: Zakarians–Mkhargrdzeli
- **native name**: Զաքարյաններ
მხარგრძელი
- **type**: Nobility
- **parent house**: Pahlavuni
- **founder**: Khosrov Zakarian, Khosrov
- **country**: Zakarid Armenia
- **cadet branches**: Sargis Tmogveli, Tmogveli, Zakaria Gageli, Gageli
Bermuda International Airport

**Bermuda International Airport** , also known as **L.F. Wade International Airport**, is an airport in Bermuda, an overseas territory of the United Kingdom in the north Atlantic Ocean.  In 2006, L.F. Wade International Airport handled about 900,000 passengers, up 7% from 2005. It has one passenger terminal, one cargo terminal, and eight aircraft stands. It can support all aircraft sizes up to and including the Boeing 747. Currently, ten airlines operate services to Bermuda Airport from Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The largest aircraft now operating in regularly scheduled service at BDA are British Airways' Boeing 777-200s.

## Infobox (airport)

- **name**: Bermuda International Airport
- **nativename**: L.F. Wade International Airport
- **image**: BDA aerial.jpg
- **image-width**: 250
- **iata**: BDA
- **icao**: TXKF
- **type**: Public
- **operator**: Department of Airport Operations
- **city-served**: Bermuda
- **location**: St. David's Island, Bermuda, St. David's Island
- **elevation-f**: 12
- **elevation-m**: 4
- **website**: [http://www.bermudaairport.com/ www.bermudaairport.com]
- **r1-number**: 12/30
- **r1-length-f**: 9,705
- **r1-length-m**: 2,958
- **r1-surface**: Asphalt
Mikheil Saakashvili

**Mikheil** "**Misha**" **Saakashvili** (born 21 December 1967) is a Georgian-Ukrainian politician. He was the President of Georgia.  As of 2020, he was head of the National Reform Council of Ukraine.

In October 2021, Mikheil Saakashvili, was arrested after returning illegally to his country, after being in exile outside Georgia since 2013. A gesture he explained by his willingness to fight alongside his compatriots in the country.

Right now, the Georgian ex-president is in jail and in a very bad position. Doctors have found that he has been poisoned and the Georgian government does not let him go to the jury.

## Infobox (president)

- **name**: Mikheil Saakashvili
მიხეილ სააკაშვილი
- **image**: Mikheil_Saakashvili,_2020.jpg
- **order**: 3rd President of Georgia
- **term start**: 20 January 2008
- **term end**: 17 November 2013
- **predecessor**: Nino Burjanadze (acting)
- **successor**: Giorgi Margvelashvili
- **term start2**: 25 January 2004
- **term end2**: 25 November 2007
- **predecessor2**: Nino Burjanadze (acting)
- **successor2**: Nino Burjanadze (acting)
- **order3**: 10th Governor of Odesa Oblast
- **president3**: Petro Poroshenko
- **term start3**: 30 May 2015
- **term end3**: 9 November 2016
- **predecessor3**: Ihor Palytsia
- **successor3**: Solomiia Bobrovska (acting)
- **order4**: Prime Minister of Georgia
- **status4**: Acting
- **term start4**: 3 February 2005
- **term end4**: 17 February 2005
- **predecessor4**: Zurab Zhvania
- **successor4**: Zurab Noghaideli
- **order5**: Member of the Parliament of Georgia
- **term start5**: 6 November 2001
- **term end5**: 22 November 2002
- **term start6**: 25 November 1995
- **term end6**: 2 March 2001
- **birth place**: Tbilisi, Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic, Georgian SSR, Soviet Union
- **spouse**: Sandra E. Roelofs
- **party**: Movement of New Forces (2017-present)
United National Movement (2001-present)
Union of Citizens of Georgia (1995-2001)
Waltham, Massachusetts

**Waltham** is a city in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 65,218 at the 2020 census.

## Other websites

- Waltham official website

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Waltham, Massachusetts
- **nickname**: The Watch City
- **image skyline**: Waltham (Massachusetts) City Hall.jpg
- **image caption**: City Hall
- **image seal**: Seal of Waltham, Massachusetts.png
- **image map**: Middlesex County Massachusetts incorporated and unincorporated areas Waltham highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location in Middlesex County in Massachusetts
- **pushpin map**: Boston Metro#Massachusetts#USA
- **pushpin label**: Waltham
- **pushpin label position**: bottom
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: Massachusetts
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Massachusetts, County
- **subdivision name2**: Middlesex County, Massachusetts, Middlesex
- **established title**: Settled
- **established date**: 1634
- **established title2**: Incorporated as a Town
- **established date2**: 1738
- **established title3**: Incorporated as a City
- **established date3**: 1884
- **government type**: Mayor-council government, Mayor-council city
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **area total km2**: 35.64
- **area total sq mi**: 13.76
- **area land km2**: 33.01
- **area land sq mi**: 12.74
- **area water km2**: 2.63
- **area water sq mi**: 1.02
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **settlement type**: City
- **population total**: 65218
- **population density km2**: 1975.99
- **population density sq mi**: 5117.95
- **elevation m**: 15
- **elevation ft**: 50
- **timezone**: Eastern Standard Time Zone, Eastern
- **utc offset**: −5
- **timezone dst**: Eastern Standard Time Zone, Eastern
- **utc offset dst**: −4
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 25-72600
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 0612400
- **postal code type**: ZIP Codes
- **postal code**: 02451–02454
- **area code**: Area code 339, 339/Area code 781, 781
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **subdivision type3**: List of regions in the United States, Region
- **subdivision name3**: New England
Sea surface temperature

**Sea surface temperature** (SST) is the water temperature at the surface. In practical terms, the exact meaning of "surface" will vary according to the measurement method used. A satellite infrared radiometer indirectly measures the temperature of a very thin layer (about 10 micrometres thick) or skin of the ocean (leading to the phrase skin temperature) representing the top millimeter; a thermometer attached to an already fastened or wandering buoy in the ocean would measure the temperature at a specific depth (e.g. the top 1 meter below the sea surface); the measurements regularly made from ships are often from the engine water intakes and may be at various depths in the upper 20 m of the ocean. Note that the depth of measurement in this case will vary with the cargo aboard the vessel.
National language

A **national language** is a language which is the national identity of a nation. A national language is used for political and legal discourse.

## Related pages

- First language
- Official language
- Regional language
Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum

The **Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum** is a museum that deals with the history of country music. The museum is located in Nashville, Tennessee, United States. The museum also honors the major people in the history of country music.

## Other websites

- The Country Music Hall of Fame
Flag of Iran

The current **flag of Iran** was started to be used on July 29, 1980, and is a similar of changes brought to Iran by the Islamic Revolution. The simple design of the flag is three horizontal bands of green above white above red, symbolizing Islam, peace, and courage.
Real Zaragoza

**Real Zaragoza** is an Aragonese football Club. The club competes in La Liga (the Spanish Premier League).

## History

It was established in 1932 when **Zaragoza CD** and **Iberia FC** join to create Real Zaragoza. Its home stadium is La Romareda in the city of Zaragoza.

## Managers

Amongst its previous managers is Víctor Fernández.

## Name

- 1932-1941 **Zaragoza F.C.**
- 1941-present **Real Zaragoza**

## Awards

Real Zaragoza's honours includes 6 Spanish Championships "Copa del Rey" and five times runners-up, a Inter-City Fairs Cup and another runners-up, a UEFA Cup Winners' Cup and a Spanish Premier League "La Liga" runners-up.

## League position

|Season|League|Position|
| --- | --- | --- |
|2000/01|La Liga|17th|
|2001/02|La Liga|20th|
|2002/03|Segunda División|2nd|
|2003/04|La Liga|12th|
|2004/05|La Liga|12th|
|2005/06|La Liga|11th|
|2006/07|La Liga|6th|
|2007/08|La Liga|18th|
|2008/09|Segunda División|2nd|

## Players

Famous players like Juan Esnáider, Gabi Milito, Jorge Valdano, Ricardo Oliveria, Cafu or José Luis Chilavert have played for Real Zaragoza.

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Real Zaragoza
- **fullname**: Real Zaragoza, S.A.D.
- **founded**: 1932
- **ground**: La Romareda, Zaragoza
Aragón, Spain
- **capacity**: 34,596
- **chairman**: Agapito Iglesias
- **manager**: Javier Aguirre
- **league**: La Liga
- **season**: 2008/09
- **position**: Segunda División, 2nd
- **pattern la1**: _pan24a
- **pattern b1**: _pan24a
- **pattern ra1**: _pan24a
- **leftarm1**: FFFFFF
- **body1**: FFFFFF
- **rightarm1**: FFFFFF
- **shorts1**: 0000DD
- **socks1**: FFFFFF
- **pattern la2**: _pan24h
- **pattern b2**: _pan24h
- **pattern ra2**: _pan24h
- **leftarm2**: FF0000
- **body2**: FF0000
- **rightarm2**: FF0000
- **shorts2**: FF0000
- **socks2**: FF0000
- **pattern la3**: _botafogo2324t
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- **leftarm3**: 000000
- **body3**: 000000
- **rightarm3**: 000000
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Everton Tigers

**Everton Tigers** are an English professional basketball team. They play in Liverpool. The Tigers are a part of the British Basketball League (BBL). The Tigers play at the Greenbank Sports Academy. Some of the Everton Tigers players are Mohamed Niang, Delme Herriman, and Chris Haslam.
Eastman School of Music

The **Eastman School of Music of the University of Rochester** (also known more simply as The Eastman School, Eastman, or ESM) is a music conservatory in Rochester, New York, in the United States. It is said to be one of the best schools for teaching music in the world.
Henry Morgenthau

**Henry Morgenthau, Sr.** (April 26, 1856 – November 25, 1946)was a German-born American businessman and United States ambassador. He is most known by his job as ambassador to the Ottoman Empire during World War I. He was father of the politician, Henry Morgenthau, Jr. and the grandfather of Robert M. Morgenthau, the current District Attorney of New York County, and historian Barbara Tuchman.
Persian people

The **Persians** are an Iranian ethnic group who speak the Persian language as their native language, being around 49 million in Iran, forming 61% of the population.

Related pages
- Persian language

## Infobox (ethnic group)

- **group**: Persians
- **population**: ''' 49 in Iran
million
- **pop1**: Iran: 49 million (61% of total population)
- **languages**: Persian language, Persian
- **religions**: Mostly Shia Islam
Louis P. Lochner

**Louis P. Lochner** (born **Ludwig**) (February 22, 1887 – 1975) was a Pulitzer Prize winning American journalist at the Associated Press. He won the Pulitzer Prize for his work reporting the news from Nazi Germany.

## Other websites

- Louis P. Lochner (1887-1975) Family Collection, 1524-1975 : Concordia Historical Institute
Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia

The **Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia** (**ASALA**) was a Marxist-Leninist Armenian militant front, that operated from 1975 to the 1990s. ASALA's stated intent was "to compel the Turkish Government to acknowledge publicly its responsibility for the deaths of 1.5 million Armenians in 1915, pay reparations, and cede territory for an Armenian homeland".

ASALA was founded in 1975 in Beirut, Lebanon by Hagop Hagopian – also known as Harutiun Tagushian – and Kevork Ajemian, a prominent contemporary writer.

The group's activities were primarily assassinations of Turkish diplomats and politicians in Western Europe, the United States and the broader Middle East. A failed attack in Geneva on October 3, 1980, where two Armenian militants were injured resulted in a new nickname for the group, the 3 October Organization. The ASALA's eight point manifesto was published in 1981.

Continuous attacks prompted Turkey to accuse Cyprus, Greece, Syria, Lebanon and the Soviet Union of provoking or possibly funding the ASALA,

As per

## Related pages

- Gourgen Yanikian

## Other websites

- GlobalSecurity site: ASALA
Kevork Ajemian

**Kevork Vartani Ajemian** (_Adjemian_) (in Armenian Գևորգ Աճեմյան, in Western Armenian Գէորգ Աճեմեան) (May 23, 1932 – December 27, 1998) was an Armenian writer, journalist and public activist, one of the founders of ASALA military organization.

## Biography

Kevork Ajemian was born in Syria, in the family of Armenian refugees. In early age he moved to Lebanon, where he studied at the American University of Beirut.

A prominent representative of the new generation of Armenian Diaspora writers of 1960s he wrote both in Armenian and in English, his books were published in Lebanon, USA and USA.

In 1978-1989 Ajemian edited the "Spurk" journal, in 1979 he took part of the First Armenian Congress Organizing Committee (Paris). He died in Paris, France.

In 1999 a collection of the best journalistic works of Ajemian was published.

## Books

- Rulling over the Ruins, USA, 1999
- A Time for Terror, USA, 2000.

## Other websites

- Ajemian at Amazon
Supabarn

**Supabarn** is a small, supermarket chain which started in Canberra with large shops across the Australian Capital Territory and New South Wales in Australia. It was known as Supabarn Emporium in the early 2000s before becoming Supabarn Supermarkets in 2004. It sells traditional, wholefoods, organic and  grocery and fresh food items.

## History

It was first opened in the Kippax in the 1985 followed by Fyshwick ( now closed)  and a few more shops have been opened from that time onwards such as Chisholm, Karabar. Today Supabarn is one of Canberra's largest employers because it has 750 people in seven shops, with two in Sydney.

In 2015, Coles bought some of its stores.

## Sections

- **Delicatessen:** Cheeses, antipasto's, pates, dips and salads with a European style
- **Seafood:** Fish, lobsters, oysters and prawns - all from HACCP approved suppliers
- **Produce:** Fresh and dried fruit and vegetables
- **Butcher Shop:** Meat and chickens
- **Bakery:** Baked items like pies - prepared daily, cakes, pastries and breads
- **General Merchandise:** Kitchenware, bakeware, glassware and other everyday items
- **Groceries:** Normal, organic, gluten-free and gourmet items
- **Dairy & Frozen Foods:** Milk, cheeses, yoghurts, fresh sauces, ready-to-eat meals, ice cream and other dairy and frozen food items
- **Liquor:** Champagnes, wines, imported beers and spirits

## Other websites

- Supabarn Supermarkets
- Bloomberg profile

## Infobox (_company)

- **company name**: Supabarn Supermarkets
- **company type**: Supermarket
- **foundation**: 1980s
- **location**: Australian Capital Territory, ACT, Australia
- **num employees**: 750
- **industry**: Retail
- **products**: Food, drink and everyday items
Members of the United Nations

This is a list of **members of the United Nations**. The list includes the date each country joined the United Nations.

The member states can be sorted by their official designations and dates of joining by clicking on the buttons in the header of the columns. Original members are listed with a .

## Notes

All notes are based on Official list of member states.

## Other websites

- Official list of member states
1960 Summer Olympics

The **1960 Summer Olympics**, officially known as the **Games of the XVII Olympiad**, were held at Rome in Italy.  Rome had been awarded the 1908 Summer Olympics. However, after the 1906 eruption of Mount Vesuvius, London became the host.

CBS paid $394,000 for the right to broadcast the Games in the United States.

## Host

Rome was chosen as the host of the 1960 Summer Olympics in 1955. Other cities that could have hosted the Olympics were:

- Brussels, Belgium
- Budapest, Hungary
- Detroit, United States
- Lausanne, Switzerland
- Mexico City, Mexico
- Tokyo, Japan

Tokyo would later host the 1964 Summer Olympics, and Mexico City would later host the 1968 Summer Olympics.

## Participating nations

A total of 67 nations sent athletes to compete at the Melbourne games.

## Related pages

- List of IOC country codes

## Other websites

- IOC page for the 1960 Summer Olympics

## Other websites

- Rome 1960 at Olympic.org

## Infobox (olympic games)

- 1960
- Summer
- Olympics
- **host city**: Rome, Lazio, Italy
- **nations**: 83
- **athletes**: 5,338 (4,727 men, 611 women)
- **events**: 150 in 17 Olympic sports, sports (23 disciplines)
- **opening**: 25 August
- **closing**: 11 September
- **opened by**: President of Italy, President Giovanni Gronchi
- **cauldron**: Giancarlo Peris
- **stadium**: Stadio Olimpico
- **summer prev**: 1956 Summer Olympics, Melbourne 1956
- **summer next**: 1964 Summer Olympics, Tokyo 1964
- **winter prev**: 1960 Winter Olympics, Squaw Valley 1960
- **winter next**: 1964 Winter Olympics, Innsbruck 1964
1948 Winter Olympics

The **1948 Winter Olympics**, officially known as the **V Olympic Winter Games**, were held in 1948 in St. Moritz, Switzerland. The games started on January 30 1948. St. Moritz was also the site of the 1928 Winter Olympics.

These Games were the first in twelve years, because none were held during World War II.

## Other websites

- IOC page for the 1948 Winter Olympics

## Infobox (olympic games)

- 1948
- Winter
- Olympics
- **host city**: St. Moritz, Grisons, Switzerland
- **nations**: 28
- **athletes**: 669 (592 men, 77 women)
- **events**: 22 in 4 Olympic sports, sports (9 disciplines)
- **opening**: 30 January
- **closing**: 8 February
- **opened by**: Presidents of Switzerland, President Enrico Celio
- **stadium**: St. Moritz Olympic Ice Rink
- **winter prev**: 1936 Winter Olympics, Garmisch 1936
←
- **winter next**: 1952 Winter Olympics, Oslo 1952
- **summer prev**: 1936 Summer Olympics, Berlin 1936
←
- **summer next**: 1948 Summer Olympics, London 1948
1932 Winter Olympics

The **1932 Winter Olympics**, officially known as the **III Olympic Winter Games**, were held in 1932 in Lake Placid, New York, United States. The games started on February 4 1932. The 1932 Winter Olympic Games were going to be in Big Pines, California, but because of poor snow conditions, the games were moved to Lake Placid.

## Other websites

- IOC page for the 1932 Winter Olympics

## Infobox (olympic games)

- 1932
- Winter
- Olympics
- **host city**: Lake Placid, New York, Lake Placid, New York (state), New York, United States
- **nations**: 17
- **athletes**: 252 (231 men, 21 women)
- **events**: 14 in 4 Olympic sports, sports (7 disciplines)
- **opening**: February 4
- **closing**: February 13
- **opened by**: Governor of New York, Governor Franklin D. Roosevelt
- **stadium**: James B. Sheffield Olympic Skating Rink, Olympic Stadium Lake Placid
- **winter prev**: 1928 Winter Olympics, St. Moritz 1928
- **winter next**: 1936 Winter Olympics, Garmisch 1936
- **summer prev**: 1928 Summer Olympics, Amsterdam 1928
- **summer next**: 1932 Summer Olympics, Los Angeles 1932
Sexual assault

**Sexual assault** is a term from law. It's when a sexual act happens between people, but one or more of the people involved do not consent. In most countries, this is a crime. Sexual assault is a form of sexual violence.

There are different forms of sexual assault, including:

- Rape, which is forcing someone to have sex who does not give consent. They may not want to do it, or may not be able to give consent.
- Child sexual abuse, which involves sexual acts with a child. Children are said to be legally too young to give consent, so sexual acts with children are always considered sexual assault by some areas.
- Groping, which is touching people in sexual ways (usually without their consent).
- Domestic violence, which can involve sexual violence.
- Elder abuse, which involves non-consensual sexual acts with an older person.
- Sexual harassment, which is a type of harassment.
Often, cases of sexual assault are not reported by victims because of social stigma. In certain countries, there are laws that will punish the victim, for example for "seducing" someone.

## Statistics

People who are developmental disabilities are more vulnerable to being sexually abused. As many as 90-99% of people with these disabilities are sexually exploited before the age of 18.

A 2010-2011 study in the United States of 1058 people aged 14 to 21 found that 8% had sexually assaulted in their lives. In 66% of cases, no one found out and the perpetrator did not get into any trouble. 50% of perpetrators said that their victim was completely to blame. 2% had raped and 3% had tried to rape.
1994 Winter Olympics

The **1994 Winter Olympics**, officially known as the **XVII Olympic Winter Games,** were held in 1994 in Lillehammer, Norway. Other possible host cities were Anchorage, Alaska, USA; Östersund/Åre, Sweden; and Sofia, Bulgaria. In 1986, the International Olympic Committee voted to change the schedule of the Olympic Games so that the summer and winter games would be arranged in alternating even-numbered years. Lillehammer won the right to host the event in September 1988 in Seoul before the opening ceremony of the 1988 Summer Olympics. The Lillehammer Games were held in 1994, the only time the Winter Games have occurred two years after the previous games.

The Lillehammer Olympics are notable for being the last Winter Olympic Games to date to have been held in a town (Lillehammer has a population of only 28,000). Later Winter Olympics were held in larger cities, such as Nagano, Salt Lake City, Turin and Vancouver.

## Other websites

- IOC page for the Lillehammer 1994 Olympics

## Infobox (olympic games)

- 1994
- Winter
- Olympics
- **host city**: Lillehammer, Norway
- **motto**: _Fire in your heart_
(Norwegian language, Norwegian: _Se ilden lyse_)
- **nations**: 67
- **athletes**: 1,737 (1,215 men, 522 women)
- **events**: 61 in 6 Olympic sports, sports (12 disciplines)
- **opening**: 12 February
- **closing**: 27 February
- **opened by**: Monarchy of Norway, King Harald V of Norway, Harald V
- **cauldron**: Haakon, Crown Prince of Norway, Crown Prince Haakon
- **stadium**: Lysgårdsbakken
- **winter prev**: 1992 Winter Olympics, Albertville 1992
- **winter next**: 1998 Winter Olympics, Nagano 1998
- **summer prev**: 1992 Summer Olympics, Barcelona 1992
- **summer next**: 1996 Summer Olympics, Atlanta 1996
- **image**: Olympic rings without rims.svg
- **image size**: 250px
1992 Winter Olympics

The **1992 Winter Olympics**, officially known as the **XVI Olympic Winter Games**, were held in 1992 in Albertville, France.

These were the last Winter Games to be held in the same year as the Summer Games. They were also the first Games where the Winter Paralympics and the Winter Olympics were held at the same site.

## Olympic bids

Seven cities sent a bid for the 1992 Winter Olympics.

- ** Albertville, France** (city chosen to host the Games)
- Anchorage, USA
- Berchtesgaden, Germany
- Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy
- Falun, Sweden
- Lillehammer, Norway
- Sofia, Bulgaria

## Infobox (olympic games)

- 1992
- Winter
- Olympics
- **host city**: Albertville, France
- **motto**: _Savoie en Fête_
()
- **nations**: 64
- **athletes**: 1,801 (1313 men, 488 women)
- **events**: 57 in 6 Olympic sports, sports (12 disciplines)
- **opening**: 8 February
- **closing**: 23 February
- **opened by**: President of France, President François Mitterrand
- **cauldron**: François-Cyrille Grange
Michel Platini
- **stadium**: Théâtre des Cérémonies
- **winter prev**: 1988 Winter Olympics, Calgary 1988
- **winter next**: 1994 Winter Olympics, Lillehammer 1994
- **summer prev**: 1988 Summer Olympics, Seoul 1988
- **summer next**: 1992 Summer Olympics, Barcelona 1992
- **image**: Olympic rings without rims.svg
- **image size**: 250px
1980 Winter Olympics

The **1980 Winter Olympics**, officially known as the **XIII Olympic Winter Games**, were held in 1980 in Lake Placid, New York, United States. Another possible host city was Vancouver-Garibaldi, British Columbia, Canada. However, they withdrew before the final vote.

## Other websites

- IOC page for the 1980 Winter Olympics

## Infobox (olympic games)

- 1980
- Winter
- Olympics
- **host city**: Lake Placid, New York, Lake Placid, New York (state), New York, United States
- **nations**: 37
- **athletes**: 1,072 (840 men, 232 women)
- **events**: 38 in 6 Olympic sports, sports (10 disciplines)
- **opening**: 13 February
- **closing**: 24 February
- **opened by**: Vice President of the United States, Vice President Walter Mondale
- **cauldron**: Charles Kerr
- **stadium**: Lake Placid Equestrian Stadium
- **winter prev**: 1976 Winter Olympics, Innsbruck 1976
- **winter next**: 1984 Winter Olympics, Sarajevo 1984
- **summer prev**: 1976 Summer Olympics, Montreal 1976
- **summer next**: 1980 Summer Olympics, Moscow 1980
Maya people

The **Maya people** are several culturally-related Mesoamerican ethnic groups of southern Mexico and northern Central America. The Mayan civilization lasted a few thousand years.

Most Maya live in the Mexican states of Yucatán, Campeche, Quintana Roo, Tabasco, and Chiapas and in the Central American countries of Belize, Guatemala, and west of Honduras and El Salvador.

## Other websites

- Courtly Art of the Ancient Maya at the National Gallery of Art
- Learn more about Maya hieroglyphs  and Maya numbering from the National Gallery of Art
- La Pintada, a Maya Chorti village near Copan Ruinas, Honduras
- A Day with Modern Mayans in the village of Oxtapacab, Yucatan, Mexico
Cor anglais

The **cor anglais**, or **English horn**, is a double reed instrument in the woodwind family.  It is very similar to an oboe, but as it is longer than an oboe it plays lower notes.

The lowest note of an oboe is B flat (just below Middle C).  The lowest note of a cor anglais is an E natural, a diminished fifth (five notes of a scale, minus a semitone) lower than the oboe's lowest note.

The cor anglais is a transposing instrument pitched in F.  This means that the music sounds a fifth lower than written.  This has the advantage that the cor anglais player uses fingering as if he were playing an oboe, but it will sound a fifth lower.

The bell (the bit at the end of the instrument) is shaped like a pear.  This gives it a less nasal sound (the sound of the cor anglais is less as if played through the nose).  The reed is not fixed to a piece of cork like the oboe reed but it is put straight onto the short piece of metal (called a "bocal") at the top of the instrument.

## Etymology

The word "cor anglais" is a French word which literally means "English horn", but the cor anglais is neither English nor a horn. No one is sure how it got its name, but many people think it is because the bocal at the top is curved (the French word for curved, "anglé" is pronounced like the word for English "anglais").

## Repertoire

Many oboists can play the cor anglais as well, just as flautists can play the piccolo (if they play both instruments in the same concert this is called doubling).

There are few solo pieces for the instrument, but mostly it is used for solo melodies in slow pieces for orchestra because it can sound very expressive.

Some famous examples of cor anglais solos can be found in:

- Alfred Reed's _Russian Christmas Music_ (1944)
- Antonín Dvořák's _Symphony No. 9_ (1893), the _New World Symphony_ (Largo)
- Joaquín Rodrigo's _Concierto de Aranjuez_ (1939) (2nd movement)
- Hector Berlioz's _Symphonie fantastique_ (third movement) (1830)
- Alexander Borodin's _Eine Steppenskizze aus Mittelasien_
Topoxte

**Topoxte** () was a Maya archaeological site in northern Guatemala. It was the capital city of the Ko’woj Maya. Topoxte is located on an island on Yaxha Lake across from the important centre of Yaxha.
Mayapan

**Mayapan** was a Maya city. It is about 100 km away from Chichen Itza.
Dardanelles

The **Dardanelles** is the narrow strait in northwestern Turkey that connects the Aegean Sea to the Sea of Marmara. It marks the division between Asia, to the east, and Europe, to the west.

The waterway is highly significant to all countries in the region because it provides access to the Black Sea. The Treaty of Lausanne requires Turkey to allow merchant vessel<nowiki/>s to pass and limits Turkey's right to close the Straits to warships.

In Ancient Greek times, it was also known as the **Hellespont**.

## Related pages

- The Dardanelles Campaign, during World War I.
Biescas

**Biescas** is a town in the province of Huesca, Aragon, Spain. It is on the river Gallego at and altitude of 875 m in the zone known as _Tierra de Biescas_. The population is 1240.

It is divided in two main neighbourhoods "San Pedro" and "El Salvador", the last one divided other two neighbourhoods called "Barrio Bajo" and "La Peña" (or "Barrio Alto").

There are two churches in the town, the first one, _San Pedro's Church_ is in the neighbourhood of San Pedro and the second one _San Salvador's Church_ in La Peña.

Municipality of Biescas is divided in four parts
- _Tierra de Biescas_, which includes the towns of Orós Alto, Orós Bajo, Oliván, Escuer Alto, Escuer Bajo and Biescas.
- _Sobremonte_, which includes Aso de Sobremonte, Betés de Sobremonte and Yosa de Sobremonte.
- _Valley of Tena_, where are the towns of Piedrafita de Jaca, Búbal, Polituara and Saqués.
- _Valley of Gavín_, where Gavín is the only one town.

Additionally Ainielle, Barbenuta, Bergusa, Casbas, Espierre, Susín and Javierre del Obispo are included in Biescas municipality

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Biescas
- **image skyline**: Biescas 004.jpg
- **image caption**: Town of Biescas.
- **image flag**: Bandera de Biescas.svg
- **image seal**: Escudo de Biescas.svg
- **pushpin map**: Spain
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Spain
- **subdivision type**: Countries of the world, Country
- **subdivision type1**: Autonomous communities of Spain, Autonomous community
- **subdivision type2**: province of Spain, Province
- **subdivision type3**: Comarca
- **subdivision name**: Spain
- **subdivision name1**: Aragon
- **subdivision name2**: Province of Huesca, Huesca
- **subdivision name3**: Alto Gállego
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Luís Estaún García
- **area total km2**: 189,09
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone**: CET
- **utc offset**: +1
- **timezone dst**: CET
- **utc offset dst**: +2
- **elevation m**: 875
Gloucester

**Gloucester** (pronounced [ˈglɒstə]) is a city and district in the English county of Gloucestershire. It is near the Welsh border on the River Severn.

## Culture

The annual Three Choirs Festival, which started in the eighteenth century and one of the oldest music festivals in Europe, takes place in Gloucester every third year. The other places the festival is held are Hereford and Worcester.

Some parts of the Harry Potter films were filmed at Gloucester cathedral.

Gloucester Rugby, founded in 1873, play here. The team plays in the Guinness Premiership, the top level of English rugby. Their homeground is Kingsholm.

### Road

The M5 motorway by-passes Gloucester.

The A38, A40, A417, A430, A4301, A4302, B4008, B4063, B4072 and B4073 roads pass through Gloucester.

### Rail

Gloucester has a station in the middle of the city.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Gloucester
- **population blank1**: 84.6% White British
 4.6% White Other
 4.8% Asian
 2.9% Black
2.9% Mixed Race
 0.3% Other
- **leader title1**: List of MPs elected in the 2015 United Kingdom general election, MPs
- **leader name1**: Richard Graham (politician), Richard Graham
- **area total km2**: 40.54
- **area rank**: List of English districts by area, (of )
- **population rank**: List of English districts by population, (of )
- **population density km2**: auto
- **population blank1 title**: Ethnicity
- **timezone**: Greenwich Mean Time, GMT
- **leader title**: Leadership
- **utc offset**: 0
- **timezone dst**: British Summer Time, BST
- **utc offset dst**: +1
- **postal code type**: Postcodes in the United Kingdom, Postcodes
- **postal code**: GL postcode area, GL1-GL4
- **area code**: 01452
- **blank1 name**: ONS coding system, ONS code
- **blank1 info**: 23UE (ONS)
E07000081 (GSS)
- **blank2 name**: Ordnance Survey National Grid, OS grid reference
- **leader name**: Mayor & Cabinet
- **settlement type**: City status in the United Kingdom, City and Non-metropolitan district
- **subdivision type1**: Countries of the United Kingdom, Country
- **image skyline**: Gloucester and its cathedral - geograph.org.uk - 1454853.jpg
- **image caption**: Gloucester and its cathedral
- **image shield**: CoA of City of Gloucester (minor).svg
- **shield size**: 100x90px
- **image map**: Gloucester UK locator map.svg
- **map caption**: City of Gloucester shown within Gloucestershire
- **pushpin label position**: bottom
- **subdivision type**: Sovereign state
- **subdivision name**: United Kingdom
- **subdivision name1**: England
- **governing body**: Gloucester City Council
- **subdivision type2**: Regions of England, Region
- **subdivision name2**: South West England
- **subdivision type3**: Non-metropolitan county
- **subdivision name3**: Gloucestershire
- **subdivision type4**: Status
- **subdivision name4**: Non-metropolitan district, City status in the United Kingdom, city
- **subdivision type5**: Admin HQ
- **subdivision name5**: Gloucester
- **established title1**: Incorporated
- **government type**: Non-metropolitan district council
Ciscaucasus

**Ciscaucasus** may refer to one of the following

- Fore-Caucasus
- North Caucasus
Fore-Caucasus

**Fore-Caucasus** (, sometimes Ciscaucasia, Front Caucasus) is a region to North of the Caucasus Major (Большой Кавказ) mountains of Caucasus and farther bounded by Kuma-Manych Depression from the North, Sea of Azov and the Kerch Strait from the West, and Caspian Sea from the East.
North Caucasus

The **North Caucasus** is the northern part of the Caucasus region between Europe and Asia. The term is also used as a synonym for the North Caucasus Economical Region of Russia.

Politically, the Northern Caucasus (territory north of the Greater Caucasus Range) includes the Russian Republics of the North Caucasus as well as several regions of Georgia and Azerbaijan.
Greater Caucasus

**Greater Caucasus** (; ; , sometimes translated as "Caucasus Major", "Big Caucasus" or "Large Caucasus") is the major mountain range of the Caucasus Mountains.

The range stretches for about  from west-northwest to east-southeast, between the Taman Peninsula of the Black Sea to the Absheron Peninsula of the Caspian Sea: from the Western Caucasus near Sochi on the northeastern shore of the Black Sea and reaching nearly to Baku on the Caspian.

The range is traditionally separated into three parts:
- **Western Caucasus**, from the Black Sea to Mount Elbrus
- **Central Caucasus**, from Mount Elbrus to Mount Kazbek
- **Eastern Caucasus**, from Mount Kazbek to the Caspian Sea

In the wetter Western Caucasus, the mountains are heavily forested, with deciduous forest up to , coniferous forest up to  and alpine meadows above the tree line. In the drier Eastern Caucasus, the mountains are mostly treeless.
Mount Elbrus

**Mount Elbrus** (, , ) is a peak in the western Caucasus mountains and one of Seven Summits. It is in Kabardino-Balkaria and Karachay-Cherkessia, Russia, near the border of Georgia. It consists of two peaks. The western peak has a height of , the eastern peak is  high.

Mount Elbrus is an inactive volcano, with a glacier on top. The western peak still has a crater with a diameter of about . No eruptions have been recorded, but there are other signs of volcanic activity, namely hot springs in the area. The last eruption happened in the first century.

Mount Elbrus is the highest mountain in the Caucasus range, and the highest one on Russian soil. Mount Elbrus is about  taller than Mont Blanc, which is commonly seen as the highest peak in Europe. The Caucasus range is generally seen as the border between Europe and Asia. People disagree on which mountains of the Caucasus are in Europe, and which ones are in Asia. A common view is to use the watershed as the boundary line. If this definition is used, Mount Elbrus is in Europe, and its highest mountain.

## Other websites

- Mount Elbrus on TierraWiki.org
- "Elbrus, Mount." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2006. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 14 Nov. 2006 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9032240>.
- Computer generated summit panoramas North  South  index. There are a few discontinuities due to incomplete data. Politically the Caucasus are in Europe but topographically they are in Asia.
- NASA Earth Observatory pages on Mount Elbrus: http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=15340 , http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=10817
- Mount Elbrus live webcam  (view from Mount Cheget) (the web cam is not working)
- Climbing Mount Elbrus information
- Elbrus Photos (Hundreds of large photographs of Mt. Elbrus and the vicinity)
- A trip report
Reductio ad absurdum

***Reductio ad absurdum*** is a Latin phrase which means "reduction to the absurd". The phrase describes a kind of indirect proof. It is a proof by contradiction, and is a common form of argument. It shows that a statement is true because its denial leads to a contradiction, or a false or absurd result. It is a way of reasoning that has been used throughout the history of mathematics and philosophy from classical antiquity onwards.

The ridiculous or "_absurdum_" conclusion of a _reductio ad absurdum_ argument can have many forms. For example,
- Rocks have weight, otherwise we would see them floating in the air.
- Society must have laws, otherwise there would be chaos.
- There is no smallest positive rational number, because if there were, it could be divided by two to get a smaller one.

## History

The phrase can be traced back to the Greek _η εις  άτοπον απαγωγή_ (_hê eis átopon apagogê_). This phrase means "reduction to the impossible". It was often used by Aristotle. The method is used a number of times in _Euclid's Elements_.

## Method

_Reduction ad absurdum_ can be a tool of discovery.

The method of proving something works by first assuming something about it. Then other things are deduced from that. If there is a contradiction, it shows that the first something cannot be correct.  For example,
> :To prove **A** is true, correct, valid, credible ....
> ::Assume the opposite --  that "not-**A**" is true....
> ::Assume that if "not-**A**" is true, then it must mean or imply **B**.
> ::Show that **B** is false, incorrect, invalid, incredible ...
> :Therefore, **A** must be true after all.

## Related pages

- Mathematical proof
- Proof by induction
- Straw man
- Boltzmann brain

## Other websites

- Conditional Proof and _Reductio ad Absurdum_
Sandoz

Today **Sandoz** is a standalone company having broken away from Novartis in 2023. It is a big pharmaceutical firm in Switzerland. Today, Sandoz produces many drugs whose patents have run out (so called generic drugs). The original company, which was founded in 1886, is known for several things:
- It invented saccharin in 1899. Saccharin is an artificial sweetener, a substitute for sugar. Artificial sweeteners are used in many _Light_-products today.
- It invented LSD in 1938
Artificial sweetener

An **artificial sweetener** or **sugar substitute** is a chemical. It is added to some foods to make them taste sweet. It is made to taste like sugar or corn syrup. Usually it has a much lower energy value than sugar. It can be found in many products which say _Light_ or _Diet_ in their name.

Consumers use artificial sweeteners for one of the following reasons:
- Diabetes mellitus - People with diabetes have problems regulating their sugar levels in the blood. Artificial sweeteners are better for them than sugar.
- Reactive hypoglycemia - This is a condition similar to diabetes. People who suffer from it therefore often use artificial sweeteners.
- Some people think that artificial sweeteners can help them _lose weight_. A  study at the university showed, however, that those people using artificially sweetened drink are more likely to become obese than those who do not.
- Dental hygiene – sugar substitutes are tooth-friendly, as they are not fermented by the microflora of the dental plaque.

## Problems

Studies done with animals have shown that artificial sweeteners cause weight gain. A sweet taste causes insulin to be produced. This will store some of the sugar in the blood in tissues, including fat. With artificial sweeteners, the amount of sugar in the blood does not increase. This means that there will be too little sugar in the blood. This is known as hypoglycemia. On the next meal, more food will be eaten to get the blood sugar level back to normal values.
After a while, rats given sweeteners have steadily increased the amount of calories. This increased body weight, and adiposity (fatness). The natural response to eating sugary foods is to eat less at the next meal and to use some of the extra energy to warm the body after the meal. When using artificial sweeteners, this effect is lost gradually.
Larry Sanger

**Lawrence Mark Sanger** (born July 16, 1968) is an American internet project developer. He worked with Jimmy Wales to create the online encyclopedias, Nupedia and Wikipedia before he created his own online encyclopedias Digital Universe and Citizendium. Since leaving Wikipedia, he has criticised the site for having a left-wing bias.

## Career

Jimmy Wales, through his company Bomis, paid Sanger to help them to maintain Nupedia.

On January 2, 2001, Ben Kovitz, Larry Sanger's friend, had the idea to use a wiki to help to make Nupedia better. Larry Sanger in turn told Wales, and on January 15, 2001, Wikipedia was launched. There are different opinions on which of the three people are most responsible for Wikipedia.

In 2005, Larry Sanger created Digital Universe, an online encyclopedia like Wikipedia.

In 2006, Larry Sanger created Citizendium, another online encyclopedia. Citizendium uses the MediaWiki engine (like Wikipedia) but the rules are different. People must use their given name on Citizendium and experts are given special status in approving articles.

In December 2017, Larry Sanger joined Everipedia. He left the project in 2019.

In February 2025, Larry Sanger asked Tesla CEO Elon Musk to investigate which branches of the United States government "have employees who are paid to edit, monitor, update, or lobby on Wikipedia" and advocated that such departments "should be defunded". Musk responded, "Good idea".

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Larry Sanger
- **image**: L Sanger.jpg
- **caption**: Larry Sanger in July 2006
- **birthname**: Lawrence Mark Sanger
- **birth place**: Bellevue, Washington, USA
- **education**: Reed College (Bachelor of Arts, BA)
Ohio State University (Master of Arts, MA, PhD)
- **occupation**: Internet project developer
- **nationality**: Americans, American
- **website**: [http://larrysanger.org/ LarrySanger.org]
- **known for**: Co-founding Wikipedia