Zuni language

**Zuni**, or ***Ashiwi***, is a language isolate spoken by over 4500 people in New Mexico and much smaller numbers in parts of Arizona. It is now generally considered a language isolate. The Encyclopedia Britannica categorizes it as a Penutian language, and Bertha Dutton http://livingtreasures.kxx.com/bios/bertha.html  once posed the hypothetical that according to the Swadesh list, "If the Zuni language is a member of the Penutian language family, then it is a distant relative of the Tanoan languages (Tewi)."  The Penutian Hypothesis http://www.uoregon.edu/~delancey/bib/penbib.html was advanced by Alfred Kroeber and Roland B. Dixon http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/information/biography/abcde/dixon_roland.html  and later refined by Edward Sapir, and was an attempt to reduce the number of unrelated language families in a culturally diverse area that was centered in California central coast.  While this theory was plausible for some of
the languages, the problem of verification of this theory was that to find any evidence of any cognates between the California languages and Zuni, one would possibly have to trace the languages' lineage by as much as 3000–5000 years or more.

A bibliography of books and articles concerning the Zuni language lists items dealing with syntax and semantics, as does Zuni
Curtis D. Cook's article and the work of Stanley Newman. Others, such as Ruth Bunzel's _Pueblo Pottery_ and Jane M. Young'shttp://jan.ucc.nau.edu/swpottery/rockartbiblio/Zuni3.htm  book on Rock Art, are important in the study of pragmatics and the Zuni World View http://www.prophetsrock.com/zuni_world_view/page1.html as it is reflected in the Zuni language. The Zuni worldview may properly be considered as a study in orthology.
The form and function of design images and pictographic rock art images and their interpretation according to Zuni mythology
or cosmology sufficed as a form of communication prior to the appearance of a written language.

_The Zuni Enigma_, by Nancy Yaw Davis http://www.allreaders.com/Topics/info_3824.asp?BSID=6598041  offers a comparative of cognates between the Zuni language and
another language isolate; the Japanese language.  While speculative, it demonstrates a likeness between the Zuni and Japanese languages that is more compelling than that of the Penutian Hypothesis.  Dell Hymes offers information on California languages where one can form a comparative of certain Zuni words to the languages of California, e.g.Wintu, Maidu, Miwok, and may have relevance to studies of the Pueblo Peoples, the Pecos Classification, and the Hohokam.  Also important are the books on and by Frank Hamilton Cushing. He was the first anthropologist to undertake studies by means of the method of Participant observation, and became a member of the Zuni's Priesthood of the Bow during his tenure at the Pueblo from 1879-1884. Of special interest in regard to the Zuni language is his correspondences edited by Jesse Green, and their relevance to the Zuni language as it reflects their world view.

## Bibliography for the Zuni Language

- Bunzel, Ruth L. _The Pueblo Potter: A Study of Creative Imagination in Primitive Art_. New York: Dover, 1929.
- Bunzel, Ruth L.  _Introduction to Zuni Ceremonialism_. Introduction by Nancy Pareto.  University of New Mexico Press, 1992.
- Bunzel, Ruth L. _Zuni Texts_. Publications of the American Ethnological Society, 15. New York: G.E. Steckert & Co., 1933.
- Cook, Curtis D. "Nucleus and Margin of Zuni Clause Types." _Linguistics_. 13: 5-37, 1975.
- Davis, Nancy Yaw. _The Zuni Enigma_. Norton, 2000.
- Dutton, Bertha P.  _American Indians of the Southwest_.  Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1983.
- Green, Jesse, ed.  _Zuni: Selected Writings of Frank Hamilton Cushing_.  Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press, 1979.
- Green, Jesse. _Cushing at Zuni: The Correspondence and Journals of Frank Hamilton Cushing, 1879-1884_.  Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1990.
- Hickerson, Nancy P.  "Two Studies of Color: Implications for Cross-Cultural Comparability of Semantic Categories".  In _Linguistics and Anthropology: In honor of C.F. Voegelin_. pp. 317–330. Ed. By M. Dale Kinkade, Kenneth Hale, and Oswald Werner.  The Peter De Ridder Press, 1975.
- Hieb, Louis A. "Meaning and Mismeaning: Toward an Understanding of the Ritual Clowns".  _New Perspectives on the Pueblos_.  Ed. by Alfonso Ortiz.  pp. 163–195.  Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1972.
- Hymes, Dell H. "Some Penutian Elements and the Penutian Hypothesis".  _Southwestern Journal of Anthropology_.  13:69-87, 1957.
- Miner, Kenneth L. "Noun Stripping and Loose Incorporation in Zuni".  _International Journal of American Linguistics_. 52: 242-254, 1986.
- Newman, Stanley. "Vocabulary Levels: Zuni Sacred and Slang Usage." _Southwestern Journal of Anthropology_. 11: 345-354, 1955.
- Newman, Stanley. _Zuni Dictionary_. Indiana University Research Center Publication Six. Bloomington: Indiana University, 1958.
- Newman, Stanley. "The Zuni Verb 'To Be'".  _Foundations of Language, Supplemental Series. Vol.1_. Ed. by John W. Verhaar, The Humanities Press, 1967.
- Stout, Carol.  "Problems of a Chomskyan Analysis of Zuni Transitivity". _International Journal of American Linguistics_. 39: 207-223, 1973.
- Walker, Willard.  "Inflection and Taxonomic Structure in Zuni".  _International Journal of American Linguistics_. 32(3): 217-227, 1966.
- Walker Willard. "Toward a Sound Pattern of the Zuni".  _International Journal of American Linguistics_. 38(4):240-259, 1968.
- Young, M. Jane. _Signs from the Ancestors:Zuni Cultural Symbolism and Perceptions in Rock Art_.  Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1988.

## Other websites

- _Zuni World View_ "Linguistic and Ontological Implications of the Conceptual Presuppositions of the Zuni Worldview"