juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
DVD-Audio

**DVD-Audio** is an audio format similar to the CD. It is commonly claimed to have higher audio quality than the CD. DVD-Audio has not become popular due to the cost and rarity of the players, and because the traditional CD is considered good enough. Tests have shown that the traditional CD already has the highest possible audio quality. This has been mathematically proven by the Nyquist-Shannon sampling theorem. DVD-Audio does, however, support surround sound, and many DVD-Audio releases are available with surround sound. The traditional CD theoretically supports surround sound too, but, with the exception of DTS and Dolby Surround-encoded CDs, no surround-capable CD player has ever been made, and no surround-formatted CD has ever been released.

## Technical details

DVD-audio supports multiple sample rates, including 44.1 (same as CD), 48 (same as DAT and DVD-Video), 88.2, 96, 176.4, and 192 kHz, with either 16, 20, or 24-bit encoding. Surround sound is supported up to the 96 kHz sample rate; higher sample rates can only be in mono or stereo. DVD-Audio also uses 56-bit encryption on the audio data (DVD-Video uses 40-bit CSS encryption and CD does not use encryption). The 56-bit encryption algorithm is a modified version of DES, and like DES it has been broken. DVD-Video content may be present on a DVD-Audio disc to enable compatibility with video-only players. Unlike Super Audio CD, there is no mechanism for compatibility with standard CD players.

## Infobox (media)

- **name**: DVD-Audio
- **logo**:
- **type**: Optical disc
- **encoding**: Meridian Lossless Packing or uncompressed  LPCM
- **capacity**: up to 8.5 GB
- **read**: 640 nm wavelength semiconductor laser
- **standard**: DVD Books, Part 4, DVD-Audio Book, DVD Audio Recording Book
- **owner**: DVD Forum
- **use**: Audio storage
- **extended from**: DVD
Boris Christoff

**Boris Christoff** (18 May 1914 – 28 June 1993) was a Bulgarian singer. He sang in the bass range. Critics thought him to be one of the great acting singers of the 20th century. He sang some 40 roles. His most famous role was Boris Godunov. He also received kudos for his Philip II in Verdi's _Don Carlo_, and for his Mephistopheles in Gounod's _Faust_. He sang several Wagnerian roles. These included Hagen in _Gotterdammerung_ and King Mark in _Tristan und Isolde_.

Christoff was born in Plovdiv, Bulgaria. He sang in the Gusla Choir. King Boris of Bulgaria gave him a private stipend to study in Rome. He studied with Riccardo Stracciari. He also studied in Salzburg, Austria. After World War II, Christoff lived in Rome. In 1950, he was hired to sing the title role in _Boris Godunov_ at Covent Garden. This became the role he was known for. He sang in the United States. He never sang at the Metropolitan Opera. Problems with his visa made this impossible.
Italian Peninsula

The **Italian Peninsula** or **Apennine Peninsula**  (, _Penisola appenninica_) is a large peninsula of Southern Europe. It extends into the Mediterranean Sea, with the Ionian and Adriatic Seas on the east and the Tyrrhenian Sea on the west. It is in between two larger peninsulas: the Iberian Peninsula and the Balkan Peninsula. Because of the peninsula's shape, it is nicknamed _Lo Stivale_ ("The Boot"). Three smaller peninsulas make it look similar to this shape. They are named Calabria (the "toe"), Salento (the "heel") and Gargano (the "spur").

The peninsula is about  long, starting from the Po Valley in the north. The Apennine Mountains cover most of its length. It mainly has the Mediterranean climate, though in the mountainous parts the climate is much cooler.

Since the reign of Roman Emperor Augustus (end of 1st century BC), the northern border of the peninsula has been set on the Alps drainage basin. Geographically, however, its northern end runs from the Magra to the Rubicon rivers, north of the Apennines in Tuscany and Emilia-Romagna. This definition does not include the Po Valley or the southern slopes of the Alps.

Nearly all of the peninsula is part of the Italian Republic, apart from San Marino and the Vatican City.

|rowspan=2|State|colspan=4|Peninsular area|rowspan=2|Description|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||align=right|61,140,000||99.9531%|Occupies almost the whole of Italy.|
||align=right|31,887||0.0466%|An enclave in the north-east of peninsular Italy|
||align=right|829||0.0003%|An enclave of Rome, Italy|

## Related pages

- Italia (Roman province)
- Balkan Peninsula
- Iberian Peninsula

## Infobox (peninsulas)

- **local name**:

- **image name**: Satellite image of Italy in March 2003.jpg
- **image caption**: Satellite view of the peninsula in March 2003.
- **image alt**: A map of the Italian Peninsula and its location in Europe.
- **map image**: Italian Peninsula in Europe.svg
- **map caption**: Italian Peninsula in dark green
- **location**: Southern Europe
- **area km2**: 150000
- **area footnotes**:
(44% of Italy's area)
- **highest mount**: Corno Grande
- **country largest city**: Rome
- **country1 largest city**: Dogana
- **country2 largest city**: Itself (City-state)
- **density km2**: 199.27
- **demonym**: Apennine
- **population**: 26,170,000
- **ethnic groups**: Italian people, Italian
Battle of Reading (871)

The **Battle of Reading** was fought in 871 at Reading. It was one of a series of battles between invading vikings and the Anglo-Saxons of Wessex. The viking (also called Danish) army was led by Bagsecg and Halfdan Ragnarsson. This was a large combined army. The viking army was attempting to conquer Wessex. The Wessex army was led by king Athelred of Wessex and his brother Alfred. Both the battle and the campaign it was a part of are described in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. This account provides the earliest known written record of the existence of the town of Reading. The Vikings had established a camp at Reading. The camp had several natural defenses. It was protected by the Thames and Kennet rivers on two sides, and by a rampart on the western side. Three days after their arrival, a party of Danes rode out towards nearby Englefield. There they met a West Saxon force under the command of Ealdorman Athelwulf. In the Battle of Englefield many of the Danes were killed, and the rest driven back to Reading. Four days later, Athelwulf was joined by the main West Saxon army, led by King Athelred and his brother, Alfred. The entire Saxon force marched on Reading. In the battle that followed the Vikings defeated the Wessex army and it was driven back. Aethelwulf, the ealdorman, was killed in the fighting.

## Related pages

- Great Heathen Army
Auditory hallucination

An **auditory hallucination** is a type of hallucination in which a person thinks they hear sounds, but the sounds are not actually there. In medical terms, it is called a **paracusia**. A common form involves hearing one or more voices talking. This can be a sign of some psychotic disorders, such as schizophrenia or mania. It is very important sign when deciding that a patient has one of these conditions.

People may hear voices without suffering from any specific mental illness. The causes are still being researched. The main cause of auditory hallucinations in psychotic patients is schizophrenia. The underlying problems in these cases may be genetic.

There are three main ways in which the hallucination may form: a person hearing a voice speak thoughts, a person hearing one or more voices arguing, or a person hearing a voice narrating their own actions. There can be other types of auditory hallucinations besides these three. These include hearing music playing inside the mind, usually songs that the person is familiar with. This is usually caused by damage to the brain, hearing loss or epileptic activity.

The main method of treating auditory hallucinations is antipsychotic medications that affect the body's dopamine metabolism. If the hallucinations are being caused by a mood disorder, then other medications (such as antidepressants or mood stabilizers) are often used together with the antipsychotics. These treatments may stop the hallucinations, but they are not a cure as they do not fix the cause of the problem. Some psychological therapies have been shown to help lower the intensity of the hallucinations and how often they occur.

## Related pages

- Thought disorder
- Logorrhea (psychology)

## Infobox (disease)

- **name**: paracusia
Flat panel display

**Flat panel display** is the name for a number of devices which are either used as computer screens, as televisions, or to display information; for example at an airport. Most of them use Liquid Crystal display technology; which is newer than cathode ray tubes.

The most common display technologies are:
- Twisted Nematic (or TN) displays are cheap to produce, but usually they do not have good color rendition. Very often, the viewing angle is limited. Looking at the display from a greater angle changes the colors noticeably.
- In-Plane Switching is a technology that has a very good color rendition, and that does not suffer from the limited field of view. IPS displays are more expensive to produce, and they also show a slower reaction time than TN.
HMS Royal Oak

**HMS _Royal Oak**_ was a British battleship. It was built in 1916 and fought in the Battle of Jutland the same year. On 14 October 1939, soon after the start of World War II, it was sunk in Scapa Flow in Orkney, Scotland by the German submarine _U-47_. 835 people on the ship died when it sank, including the ship's admiral Sir Henry Blagrove. Many of the dead were boys younger than 16. The sinking affected people from both Germany and Britain: the commander of the German submarine, Günther Prien, was given a medal by Adolf Hitler, and the British quickly built sea walls to stop such a thing happening again.

Every year, Navy divers put a flag on the ship's stern.
Capital gain

A **capital gain** is money earned by selling property to people or investing in something in hope of getting money. An example would be money earned by selling stocks or goods to investors.
São Paulo Cathedral

**São Paulo Cathedral** () is the main Catholic church in the archdiocese of São Paulo, Brazil. It was completed in 1967. It is an example of Gothic Revival architecture.

## Other websites

- Cathedral website
Sweet Genius

***Sweet Genius*** is a reality-themed television cooking competition series that airs on Food Network. It is hosted by pastry chef Ron Ben-Israel. It started on September 9, 2011. It is similar to _Chopped_ in that four confectionery and pastry chefs compete in three rounds on the show: _Frozen_, _Baked_, and _Chocolate_. After each round, one chef is eliminated until one chef is left. The winning chef wins $10,000. In each round, there are two ingredients that the chefs must use along with an inspiration that they must base their dish on. The first ingredient that they must use and the inspiration are shown at the beginning of the round, while the second ingredient is shown in the middle of the round. Sometimes, there will be three ingredients. Each round has a limited amount of time that the chefs must make their dish in. There are 40 minutes for the first round, 50 minutes for the second round, and 60 minutes for the final round. After each round, Ben-Israel tastes and gives his thoughts on each chef's dish, and then eliminates one chef.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (television)

- **genre**: Reality
- **writer**: Amanda Hulsey
- **presenter**: Ron Ben-Israel
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **num seasons**: 3
- **num episodes**: 34
- **executive producer**: Linda Lea
Donna MacLetchie
- **producer**: Jessica Carbrera
- **editor**: Brian Gale
Daniel J. Moratti
Gregg Paine
- **camera**: Multi-camera
- **runtime**: 41 to 43 minutes
<small>(excluding commercials)</small>
- **company**: Jane Street Entertainment
- **channel**: Food Network
Saints Row (series)

**Saints Row** is a series of video games created by Volition game studios. It features mechanics similar to the _Grand Theft Auto_ series. Starting from _Saints Row_ was released in 2006, Volition the game takes place in the fictional city of Stilwater, plagued by urban violence between four rival gangs. Playa, caught in the middle of the violence, is offered the chance to join the 3rd Street Saints to help fight the other gangs. In addition to several common elements with the _Grand Theft Auto_ series, _Saints Row_ introduces many additional features, including extensive Player Customization, a 64-vehicle garage, a GPS, an activity and respect system, and online multiplayer modes.

_Saints Row 2_ was released in 2008 and veers into more outlandish territory with its gameplay than _Saints Row_, in spite of the cutscenes and story being darker.

_Saints Row: The Third_ was released in 2011 and decided to experiment with dark humour and unrealistic gameplay, ranging from impossible air stunts to the inclusion of a dildo bat as a weapon. Afterwards, Volition decided to completely abandon realistic game physics and graphics.

_Saints Row IV_ was released in 2013 and modified the gameplay, allowing the player to fly and use superpowers, rendering the use of motor vehicles impractical.

_Saints Row Gat out of Hell_ was released in 2015 and was set in Hell with the use of superpowers again.

_Saints Row_ was released in 2022 and the reboot takes place in the fictional city of Santo Ileso in the American southwest, and follows a new gang, simply called The Saints, as they attempt to take control of the city from the different gangs ruling it.
Pelagia noctiluca

***Pelagia noctiluca*** is a jellyfish. In Latin, _Pelagia_ means "of the sea", _nocti_ stands for night and _luca_ means light thus _Pelagia noctiluca_ can be described as a marine organism with the ability to glow in the dark.

This species is commonly known as the **mauve stinger**. It occurs in warm and temperate waters of the world's oceans, including the Mediterranean Sea, Red Sea and Atlantic Ocean. It is also found in the Pacific Ocean, with sightings in warm waters off Hawaii, southern California and Mexico.

It is an offshore species, although sometimes it is washed near the coastlines and may be stranded in great numbers on beaches. The color varies. As well as pink or mauve, it is sometimes shades of golden yellow to tan.

In an unprecedented event on November 21, 2007, a  swarm of jellyfish wiped out a 100,000-fish salmon farm in Northern Ireland, causing around £1 million worth of damage.

As its name implies _P. noctiluca_ has the ability to bioluminesce, or produce light.  Light is given off in the form of flashes when the medusa is stimulated by the turbulence of a ship’s motion or by waves.  This flashing is short, and gradually fades.
Octene

**Octene** is a chemical compound. It has a formula of C8H16. Octene contains eight carbon atoms and sixteen hydrogen atoms in each molecule. These molecules are put together with a double bond that makes it an alkene.
C8H16

The molecular formula **C<sub>8</sub>H<sub>16</sub>** may refer to:

- Cyclooctane
- Octene
Cyclooctane

**Cyclooctane** is a cycloalkane. It has the molecular formula (CH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>8</sub>. It is a simple colourless hydrocarbon.
Ryan Nugent-Hopkins

**Ryan Nugent-Hopkins** (born April 12, 1993 in Burnaby, British Columbia) is a Canadian professional ice hockey centre. He currently plays for the Edmonton Oilers of the National Hockey League (NHL).

He was selected by the Edmonton Oilers with the 1st overall pick in the 2011 NHL Entry Draft.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **image**: 20140927-RNugentHopkins.jpg
- **image size**: 200px
- **caption**: Nugent-Hopkins with the Oilers in 2014
- **team**: Edmonton Oilers
- **league**: National Hockey League, NHL
- **position**: Centre (ice hockey), Centre
- **shoots**: Left
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 1
- **weight lb**: 190
- **ntl team**: CAN
- **birth place**: Burnaby, British Columbia, BC, Canada, CAN
- **draft**: 1st overall
- **draft year**: 2011
- **draft team**: Edmonton Oilers
- **career start**: 2011
Alex Smith

**Alexander Douglas "Alex" Smith** (born May 7, 1984) is a former professional American football quarterback who played in the National Football League (NFL) for 16 seasons. He played college football for University of Utah.

Smith was the first person taken in the 2005 NFL Draft by the San Francisco 49ers. He played for the 49ers between 2005 and 2013.

During a game against the Houston Texans on November 18, 2018, Smith was sacked by Kareem Jackson and J. J. Watt. The hit caused Smith's right leg to break. When Smith was getting surgery, he developed necrotizing fasciitis and almost had to get his leg amputated. In July 2020, doctors said he was able to return to football. The team cleared him to play on August 16, 2020. On October 11, Smith made his return in a 30-10 loss to the Los Angeles Rams.

On April 19, 2021, Smith announced that he was retiring from playing professional football. He is currently a studio analyst for ESPN.

## Infobox (nfl biography)

- **name**: Alex Smith
- **image**: Washington Football Team QB Alex Smith pregame (cropped).jpg
- **image size**: 250px
- **caption**: Smith during a game against the Los Angeles Rams on October 11, 2020
- **position**: Quarterback
- **number**: 11
- **birth place**: Bremerton, Washington
- **high school**: Helix High School, Helix (La Mesa, California)
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 4
- **weight lbs**: 213
- **college**: Utah Utes football, Utah
- **draftyear**: 2005
- **draftround**: 1
- **draftpick**: List of first overall National Football League draft picks, 1
- **pastteams**: * San Francisco 49ers (–)
* Kansas City Chiefs (–)
* Washington Commanders, Washington Redskins / Football Team (–)
- **status**: Active
- **highlights**: * 3× Pro Bowl (2014 Pro Bowl, 2013, 2017 Pro Bowl, 2016, 2018 Pro Bowl, 2017)
* List of National Football League season passer rating leaders, NFL passer rating leader (2017)
* First-team College Football All-America Team, All-American (2004 College Football All-America Team, 2004)
* Mountain West Conference, MWC Offensive Player of the Year (2004)
- **statseason**: 2018
- **statlabel1**: Touchdowns, TD–Interceptions, INT
- **statvalue1**: 193–101
- **statlabel2**: Passing yards
- **statvalue2**: 34,068
- **statlabel3**: Completion percentage
- **statvalue3**: 62.4
- **statlabel4**: Passer rating
- **statvalue4**: 87.3
- **statlabel5**: Rushing yards
- **statvalue5**: 2,601
- **statlabel6**: Rushing touchdowns
- **statvalue6**: 15
- **nflnew**: alexsmith/2506340
- **pfr**: SmitAl03
Pembrokeshire

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| --- | --- |
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**Pembrokeshire** is a county in Wales. Pembrokeshire County Council's headquarters are in the county town of Haverfordwest.

The county is home to Pembrokeshire Coast National Park.

## Other websites

- Visit Pembrokeshire
Slug (rapper)

**Sean Daley** (born September 7, 1972) is an American rapper. He is better known by his stage names **Slug** or **Sep Seven**. He is best known for being the lead singer of the hip hop group Atmosphere.

Slug is from Minnesota. His stage name is a nickname that was given to him by his father. It was originally _Sluggo_ by later shortened to _Slug_.

Slug has been involved in several projects. He formed Atmosphere in 1989. He worked with several other rap musicians in the late 1990s to form The Dynospectrum. They released an album, _The Dynospectrum_, in 1998. He formed another group, Deep Puddle Dynamics, in the same year. In 2000, Slug started Felt with Murs, another rap musician. They have released three albums.

In 2005, Slug started a record label with Murs, called Women Records.

## Other websites

- Women Records

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Slug
- **image**: Slug rapper 2012.jpg
- **caption**: Slug in 2012
- **landscape**: Yes
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Sean Michael Daley
- **alias**: Sluggo, Seven, Sep Seven, Se7en
- **origin**: Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States, U.S.
- **genre**: Hip hop music, Hip hop
- **occupation**: Rapping, Rapper
- **years active**: 1989–present
- **label**: Rhymesayers Entertainment
Warner Music Group (2007-present)
Epitaph Records, Epitaph
Fat Beats
Women Records
- **associated acts**: Atmosphere (music group), Atmosphere, Felt (hip hop), Felt, Dynospectrum, The Dynospectrum, Deep Puddle Dynamics, Aesop Rock
- **website**: [http://www.rhymesayers.com/ Webpage]
[http://www.myspace.com/atmosphere Myspace page]
Scott Sanders

**Scott Gerald Sanders** is a former Major League Baseball player.  He played as a right-handed pitcher.

In 1993 Sanders began playing for the San Diego Padres.  This was his first Major League team.  He also played for the  San Diego Padres, Seattle Mariners, Detroit Tigers, and Chicago Cubs.

Sanders also started one game for the Cleveland Indians in 2000.  He pitched poorly. After a few innings, rain caused the game to be cancelled. All stats from the game were removed. Sanders did not play for the Indians after that game.

In 2001, Sanders pitched in Japan for the Nippon Ham Fighters.

In his career, Sanders was in 34 winning games and 45 losing games.  He pitched 632 strikeouts and had a 4.86 ERA.

## Infobox (mlb player)

- **name**: Scott Sanders
- **position**: Pitcher (baseball), Pitcher
- **bats**: Right
- **throws**: Right
- **birth place**: Hannibal, Missouri
- **debutdate**: August 6
- **debutteam**: San Diego Padres
- **finaldate**: October 3
- **finalteam**: Chicago Cubs
- **stat1label**: Win (baseball), Win-Loss
- **stat1value**: 34-45
- **stat2label**: Earned run average
- **stat2value**: 4.86
- **stat3label**: Strikeouts
- **stat3value**: 632
- **teams**: *San Diego Padres (1993–1996)
*Seattle Mariners (1997)
*Detroit Tigers (1997–1998)
*San Diego Padres (1998)
*Chicago Cubs (1999)
*Hokkaido Nippon Ham Fighters, Nippon Ham Fighters (2001)
Provenance

**Provenance** is the history of ownership, or the position of a historical object. It comes from the French _provenir_, meaning "to come from".

The term was originally used in relation to works of art. It is now used in a wide range of fields, including archaeology, paleontology, archives, manuscripts, printed books, and science and computing. The main reason to trace the provenance of an object is to get evidence of its original production or discovery. This has a special value to help authenticate objects, to prove what they are. Provenance is essentially a matter of documentation.

In archaeology the term **provenience** is used in related but a subtly different sense to _provenance_. Archaeological researchers use _provenience_ to refer to the three-dimensional location or **find spot** of an artifact or feature within an archaeological site, whereas _provenance_ covers an object's complete documented history. Ideally, in modern excavations, the provenience or find spot is recorded (even videoed) with great precision, but in older cases only the general site or approximate area may be known, especially when an artifact was found outside a professional excavation and its specific position not recorded. An object may have both a provenience (where it was found) and a provenance (where it has been since it was found). In some cases, especially where there is an inscription, the provenance may include a history that predates its burial in the ground, as well as its history after rediscovery.
Branle

The **branle** is an old French dance of the 16th century. Though French in origin, it spread to most of western Europe. Spelling varies greatly:  _bransle_, _brangle_, _brawl_, _brawle_, _brall_(e), _braul_(e), or (Scot.) _brantle_.

## Dance

There are few descriptions of the dance steps. It is a sequence dance performed with partners in lines or circles. In John Marston's _The Malcontent_ (1604), act 4, scene 2, the character Guerrino describes the steps of a dance called _Beanchaes brawl_ (Bianca's branle): > t'is but two singles on the left, two on the right, three doubles forward, a trauerse of six round: do this twice, three singles side, galliard tricke of twentie, curranto pace; a figure of eight, three singles broken downe, come vp, meete two doubles, fall backe, and then honour.

A more detailed and more accessible account is given of the Scots branle by the dance historian Melusine Wood.

## Music

The music for the dance was written in duple or triple meter, depedning on the type of branle. The four types are simple, duple, guy, and Burgandian, as described by Thoinot Arbeau in his _Orchesography_.

## Further reading

- Heartz, Daniel 1998. _New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians_, 242-245. Macmillan.
- Marston, John 1999. _The Malcontent_, edited by George K. Hunter, with a new introduction, together with a revised reading text and commentary notes. Revels Plays. Manchester University Press. .
- Semmens, Richard T. 1997. Branles, Gavottes and Contredanses in the later seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. _Dance Research_ **15**, 2, 35–62.

## Other websites

- Branle on Cunnan website: http://cunnan.sca.org.au/wiki/Branle
Gavin Henson

**Gavin Lloyd Henson** (born 1 February 1982) is a Welsh rugby union player. He was born in Pencoed, South Wales. He plays for Bath Rugby. He has two children with singer Charlotte Church.

## Other websites

- WRU Player Profile
- ESPN Scrum Profile
- Aviva Premiership Player Profile
- Blues profile
Marlon Jackson

**Marlon Jackson** (born March 12, 1960) is an American singer and musician.

He was born in Gary, Indiana , He was a member of the boy band The Jackson 5. In 1980 he appeared on his sister La Toya Jackson's first album. This was his first music outside of The Jackson 5. In 1987, he released a solo album, _Baby Tonight_. Unlike his brothers, he did not continue to work in music after this apart from the 1989 single "2300 Jackson Street" with The Jacksons.

## Early Life

Marlon Jackson was born at St Mary's Mercy Hospital in Gary, Indiana, He is sixth child and had a twins brother, He has four sisters and six brothers of Jackson Family .

### The Jackson 5

Marlon joined The Jackson 5 as a percussionist. He was later a singer for the group. He also played the conga and tambourine. In 1968 The Jackson 5 were signed to Motown Records. They released their first single "I Want You Back" in 1969. It reached number one in the United States. Their next three singles also went to number one. The band have sold 150 million records. In 1997 the band were given a star in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
Tishrei

**Tishrei** (), or _Tishri,_ is a month of the Hebrew calendar. In the Hebrew Bible, it is called _Ethanim_ (), or simply "the seventh month". (The counting starts at Nisan, the spring month containing Passover.) The name Tishrei was brought back by the Jews from their Babylonian exile.

Tishrei always has 30 days. Tishrei has more holidays than any other month of the Hebrew calendar. These include:
- Rosh Hashanah (1-2 Tishrei)
- Fast of Gedaliah (3 Tishrei)
- Yom Kippur (10 Tishrei)
- Sukkot (15-21 Tishrei in Israel, 15-22 Tishrei outside Israel)
- Shemini Atzeret (22 Tishrei in Israel, 22-23 Tishrei outside Israel)
Call of Duty: Ghosts

***Call of Duty: Ghost*** is Infinity Ward's 5th _Call of Duty_ video game.  It was first sold for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3, Wii U, and the Xbox 360 on November 5, 2013. It was released for the PlayStation 4 on November 15, 2013 and for the Xbox One on November 22, 2013.
Parícutin

**Paricutin** is a volcano in Mexico in the state of Michoacán. It is the youngest volcano in the western hemisphere, born in 1943. It is now 1,353 feet (424m) above the valley, and 9,186 feet (2,800m) above sea level.
Ice sheet

In glaciology, an **ice sheet** (Danish: _Indlandsis_, meaning "inland ice"), usually called **continental glacier** and sometimes **ice shell** or **ice layer**, is a large mass of glacier ice that has an average thickness of over 2 km and covers a large continental area in the polar regions of the Earth. It is located at extreme latitudes and has a conventional area of more than . In other geologic time spans, there were many of them, which covered an larger area, but they now cover only Antarctica and Greenland.

Theyy are sometimes confused with the sea ice (the floating layer of ice of variant extension that forms in the polar seas), the ice shelf (barrier of ice of glacier origin that spans from the coast to the inner of the ocean), or the polar cap.

Ice sheets are larger than ice shelves or alpine icefield<nowiki/>s. Masses of ice covering less than 50,000 km<sup>2</sup> are called ice caps, which usually feed a series of glaciers around its periphery.

Although the surface of an ice shhet is cold, its base is generally warmer because of geothermal heat. In some places, melting occurs, which lubricates the ice sheet so that it flows it rapidly. The process produces fast flowing-channels inside the ice sheet, which are called ice streams.

The two current ice sheets are relatively young in geological terms. The Antarctic ice sheet first formed in the early Oligocene. It retreated and advanced many times until the Pliocene, when it came to occupy almost all of Antarctica. The Greenland ice sheet did not develop at all until the late Pliocene, when it apparently developed very quickly. That had the unusual effect of allowing fossils of plants that once grew on present-day Greenland to be much better preserved than with the slowly-forming Antarctic ice sheet.

### Antarctic ice sheet

The Antarctic ice sheet is the largest single mass of ice on Earth. It covers an area of almost 14 million km<sup>2</sup> and contains 30 million km<sup>3</sup> of ice. Around 90% of the fresh water on the Earth's surface is held in the ice sheet. If all of it were to melt, sea levels would rise by 58 m.

The ice sheet first formed in the early Oligocene. It retreated and advanced many times until the Pliocene, when it came to occupy almost all of Antarctica.

### Greenland ice sheet

The Greenland ice sheet covers about 82% of the surface of Greenland, part of Denmark. Satellite images from NASA show that it is melting at a rate of about 239 km<sup>3</sup> a year. If all of it melted, isea levels would rise by 7.2 m.

The ice sheet did not develop at all until the late Pliocene, when it apparently developed very quickly. That had the unusual effect of allowing fossils of plants that once grew on present-day Greenland to be much better preserved than with the slowly forming Antarctic ice sheet.

## Related pages

- Ice cap
- Icefield
John Davis (sealer)

**John Davis** (born in 1784 in Surrey) was an American ship captain from New Haven, Connecticut. He is thought to have been the first to land on mainland Antarctica. He is one of four explorers who share this claim. In February 1821 he may have landed a boat at Hughes Bay. The Davis Strait which separates Baffin Bay from the Labrador Sea was named by William Baffin in 1916. He probably named it after John Davis.

On March 20, 1820, Davis left New Haven, Connecticut for a trip to the Pacific Ocean. He had received news of the discovery of the South Shetland Islands while he was anchored at the Falkland Islands. Learning there were large numbers of seals there, he and another ship captain sailed their vessels to Greenwich Island. But it was too late in the season and other sealers were there before them. So Davis took his ship, named _Cecilia_, in search of seals further south. Finding many seals at Low Island he continued southwards. He probably came upon Hughes Bay on the Antarctic Peninsula. His ship's log records he found "a large body of land." He sent a boat to shore to look for seals but found none. He also wrote "I think this southern land to be a continent". He also wrote in the log the latitude was 64°01'S (sixty-four degrees, one minute, south). Davis continued his journey back to Greenwich Island arriving there on 10 February, 1821. He wintered at the Falkland Islands and returned to seal hunting the following season. It remains impossible, however, to prove he was the first to reach Antarctica.
Superman suit

The **Superman suit** is the costume of the fictional comic-book character Superman, a superhero appearing in DC Comics created by Joe Shuster and Jerry Siegel.

The suit is primarily blue in color with a red cape. The chest features the distinct "S" symbol, which is typically yellow and outlined in red. The blue and red color scheme has become synonymous with the character.

While the comics do not usually explain the material of the suit in detail, it is often depicted as being durable and resistant to various forms of damage due to Superman's powers. In some adaptations, it is suggested that the suit is made from a special Kryptonian fabric.

The red cape is one of Superman's most recognizable features. It trails behind him when he flies and adds a dramatic flair to his character.

The suit includes a yellow belt and red boots, which complement the overall look. In earlier depictions, the boots were sometimes depicted as being more similar to traditional superhero attire.

The "S" symbol on Superman's chest has become an emblem of hope and strength. In various storylines, it has been interpreted as standing for "hope" in Kryptonian culture.

Over the years, there have been numerous variations of Superman's suit, reflecting different artistic styles and interpretations. Some adaptations have included armor-like features or alternate color schemes, while others may focus on more modern and tactical designs.

Superman's costume has evolved through the decades, but its core elements have remained a significant part of his identity as a character and cultural icon.
Winti

**Winti** is the Afro-Surinamese traditional religion. It is about believing in a god called Anana Kedyaman Kedyanpon.
Sonkajärvi

**Sonkajärvi** is a municipality of Finland. It is in the province of Eastern Finland and is part of the Northern Savonia region. The municipality was founded in 1922. In August 2013, 4,596 people lived there.

## Other websites

- The official Sonkajärvi page , in Finnish
Bob McDonnell

**Robert Francis "Bob" McDonnell** (born June 15, 1954) is an American politician. He was the 71st Governor of Virginia from 2010 to 2014. He was on the executive committee of the Republican Governors Association. He succeeded Rick Perry of Texas.

McDonnell was a lieutenant colonel in the United States Army. He served in the Virginia House of Delegates from 1993 to 2006. McDonnell was the Attorney General of Virginia from 2006 to 2009.

## Personal life

McDonnell was born on June 15, 1954 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He studied at Notre Dame University, at Boston University, and at Regent University. McDonnell is married to Maureen Gardner. They have five children.

## Corruption charges

On January 21, 2014, McDonnell and his wife, Maureen, were accused on federal corruption charges.  They were convicted of most charges by a federal jury on September 4, 2014.  McDonnell is the first Virginia governor to be indicted – and the first Virginia governor to be convicted of a felony. McDonnell was sentenced on January 6, 2015 to two years in prison, followed by two years of supervised release.

## Other websites

- Governor Bob McDonnell _official state site_

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Bob McDonnell
- **image**: VA Gov. Bob McDonnell at CPAC 2012 (cropped).jpg
- **order**: List of Governors of Virginia, 71st
- **office**: Governor of Virginia
- **lieutenant**: Bill Bolling
- **term start**: January 16, 2010
- **term end**: January 11, 2014
- **predecessor**: Tim Kaine
- **successor**: Terry McAuliffe
- **order2**: List of Attorneys General of Virginia, 44th
- **office2**: Attorney General of Virginia
- **governor2**: Tim Kaine
- **term start2**: January 14, 2006
- **term end2**: February 20, 2009
- **predecessor2**: Judith Jagdmann
- **successor2**: Bill Mims
- **state delegate3**: Virginia
- **district3**: 84th
- **term start3**: January 3, 1992
- **term end3**: January 14, 2006
- **predecessor3**: Glenn McClanan
- **successor3**: Sal Iaquinto
- **birth name**: Robert Francis McDonnell
- **birth place**: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States, U.S.
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **spouse**: Maureen Gardner
- **children**: 5
- **residence**: Executive Mansion (Virginia), Executive Mansion
- **alma mater**: University of Notre Dame <small>(B.B.A.)</small>
Boston University <small>(M.B.A.)</small>
Regent University <small>(Master of Arts, M.A., Juris Doctor, J.D.)</small>
- **profession**: Officer (armed forces), United States Army Officer
 Businessman
 Attorney at Law
 Politician
- **website**: [http://www.governor.virginia.gov/ Official website]
- **branch**: United States Army
- **serviceyears**: 1976–1997
(Active, 1976–1981)
(Reserve, 1981–1997)
- **rank**: Lieutenant Colonel (United States), Lieutenant Colonel
Governor of Virginia

The **governor of Virginia** is the head of government of the U.S. state of Virginia. The governor is head of the executive branch of the state government. The governor is also the commander-in-chief of the Virginia National Guard and Virginia Defense Force.

Abigail Spanberger is the 75th and current governor of Virginia, in office since January 2026.

## Eligibility & requirements

Section 3 of the state's constitution states for a person to serve as governor must:

- be at least thirty years old.
- be a United States citizen.
- be a registered voter and resident of Virginia for at least five years.

## Election process and terms

The governor is elected to a four-year term on a separate ticket. The candidate must have the majority of the popular vote in order to win the election.

Under the state's constitution, the governor is prevented from elected consecutive terms.

## Power and duties

The governor has a duty to enforce state laws and the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the General Assembly, to convene the legislature, and to grant pardons, except in cases of treason and impeachment.

## Other websites

- Official site for the Governor of Virginia

## Infobox (official post)

- **post**: Governor of the
Commonwealth of Virginia
- **insignia**: Seal of Virginia.svg
- **insigniasize**: 100px
- **insigniacaption**: Flag and seal of Virginia, Seal of the Commonwealth of Virginia
- **flag**: Flag of Virginia.svg
- **flagsize**: 130px
- **flagcaption**: Flag and seal of Virginia, Flag of the Commonwealth of Virginia
- **image**: File:Rep. Abigail Spanberger - 118th Congress.jpg
- **incumbent**: Abigail Spanberger
- **incumbentsince**: January 17, 2026
- **department**: Government of Virginia
- **residence**: Executive Mansion (Virginia), Virginia Executive Mansion
- **termlength**: Four years, non-consecutively
- **formation**: July 5, 1776
- **deputy**: Lieutenant Governor of Virginia
- **salary**: $175,000 (2013)
- **first**: Patrick Henry
- **constituting instrument**: Constitution of Virginia
- **seat**: Richmond, Virginia
Jackie Jackson

**Sigmund Esco** "**Jackie**" **Jackson** (born May 4, 1951) is an American singer.

He was born at St. Catherine's Hospital in East Chicago, Indiana. He is the second child of Katherine and Joe Jackson. He was a member of The Jackson 5. The band has sold 150 million records around the world. They had four number one singles in the United States. The group released their first album _Diana Ross Presents The Jackson 5_ in 1969. The group released nine more studio albums on Motown. In 1976 they left the label. They were signed to Epic Records. The Jackson 5's name changed to The Jacksons. They released six albums.
He released two solo albums, _Jackie Jackson _(1973) and _Be the One _(1989). He lives in Las Vegas. He runs two record companies, Jesco Records and Futurist Entertainment there.

## Personal life

He has two children with his first wife Enid Adren Spann. She divorced him after catching him cheating with Paula Abdul. In 2001 Jackson married his second wife Victoria Triggs.
Tito Jackson

**Toriano Adaryll** "**Tito**" **Jackson** (October 15, 1953 – September 15, 2024) was an American singer and guitarist. He was the third child of Joe and Katherine Jackson. He was a member of the pop band The Jackson 5, who reformed in 2012.

With The Jacksons he had four US number one singles. He recorded five songs for a solo album but it was never released. But in 2011 he released a single, "We Made It". He was in the 2009 TV series _The Jacksons: A Family Dynasty_ with his brothers Jermaine, Jackie, Marlon and Michael.

## Personal life

Jackson was born at St Mary’s Mercy Hospital in Gary, Indiana. His father Joe Jackson bought him a guitar when he was 8 years old.

He had three sons, Taryll, TJ, and Taj. They make up the pop band 3T.

## Career

His father made Tito and his brothers Jackie and Jermaine into a group called The Jackson Brothers. Later Marlon and Michael joined. The group's name was changed to The Jackson 5. They were signed to Steeltown Records. The label released the group's first single "Big Boy". They were signed to Motown Records in 1968. Their first single on the label, "I Want You Back", reached number one in the United States. The band went on to sell 150 million records.

## Death

On September 15, 2024, Jackson died of a heart attack in Gallup, New Mexico while driving to Oklahoma, one month before his 71st birthday.
Evapotranspiration

**Evapotranspiration** is the movement of water from the Earth's surface to the atmosphere by evaporation and transpiration.

Evaporation is the movement of water to the air from the ground or bodies of water (such as lakes). Transpiration is a process that happens in plants, in which water is lost through stomata in the leaves and becomes vapour in the air. Together, these form an important process in the water cycle.
Defend Your Castle

***Defend Your Castle*** is a series of video games made by XGen Studios. In the games, players have to kill enemies heading towards the player's castle before it is destroyed. There are different ways that the player can do so, such as by picking up enemies or by attacking them with weapons. Weapons can be bought with points that the player gets in levels.  Players can also use points to repair their castle or put walls around it.

The game was originally a Macromedia Flash-based browser game. Versions of the game were later released for the WiiWare service on Nintendo's Wii console and for iOS.

## Other websites

- _Defend Your Castle_ - Link to flash game.

## Infobox (vg)

- **title**: Defend Your Castle
- **developer**: XGen Studios
- **publisher**: XGen Studios
- **released**: **Wii****iOS**
April 20, 2009
- **genre**: Arcade game, Arcade
- **modes**: Single player, co-op multiplayer
- **platforms**: Internet game, Wii (WiiWare), iOS (Apple), iOS
Central Development Region, Nepal

**Central Development Region** ( - **Madyamānchal Bikās Kshetra**) was one of Nepal's five development regions. It was in the east-central part of the country. Its headquarters were at Hetauda.

## Geography

The Central Development Region had the Eastern Development Region to the east, the India to the south, the Western Development Region to the west and the People's Republic of China to the north.

The region was the fourth largest Development Region of Nepal. Its area was . It was first in population. There were 9,656,985 people living there in 2011. Its population density was the highest of all regions with 352.3 persons/km<sup>2</sup>.

Part of this region was in the Kathmandu Valley with an area of . It was  long from east to west, and  long from north to south.

The most important river in the Central Development Region was the Bagmati, tributary of the Kosi river. It flows through the Kathmandu Valley. It is part of the Ganges watershed. The Bagmati is considered a holy river by Hindus and Buddhists.

Other rivers of this region were Kamala, Lakhandei and Bisnumati. These three small rivers are tributaries of the Bagmati.

## Cities

The major cities of this region were Kathmandu, Patan, Bharatpur, Bhaktapur, Bhairawa, Lalitpur, Nagarkot and Janakpur. Other notable places were Khokana, Hetauda, Harisiddhi, Godavari, etc.

## Administrative subdivisions

The region had 3 zones with a total of 19 districts:

|rowspan="2"|Zone|rowspan="2"|Population (2011)|rowspan="2"|Area  (km²)|rowspan="2"|Pop. density (inh/km²)|colspan="2"|Districts|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Janakpur|2,837,481|9,669|293.5|6|Dhanusa, Dolkha, Mahottari, Ramechhap, Sarlahi, Sindhuli|||||
|Bagmati|3,843,596|9,428|407.7|8|Bhaktapur, Dhading, Kathmandu, Kavrepalanchok, Lalitpur, Nuwakot, Rasuwa, Sindhulpalchok|||||
|Narayani|2,975,908|8,313|358.0|5|Bara,Chitwan, Makwanpur, Parsa, Rautahat|||||
|**Total**|**9,656,985**|**27,410**|**352.3**|**19**||||||

## Related pages

- Development regions of Nepal
- Districts of Nepal
- Zones of Nepal

## Other websites

- Administrative Division of Nepal - Geonames
- Madhyamāñcala
- Friends of the Bagmati
- UNESCO - Kathmandu Valley

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: मध्यमाञ्चल विकास क्षेत्र
- **native name**: Madhyamānchal Bikās Kshetra
- **image map**: Subdivisions of Nepal EN.png
- **mapsize**: 450px
- **type**: Development Regions of Nepal, Regions
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: Development Regions of Nepal, Region
- **subdivision name1**: Central Development Region
- **seat type**: Headquarters
- **seat**: Hetauda, Makwanpur District, Bagmati Province
- **area total km2**: 27,410
- **timezone1**: Nepal Time, NPT
- **utc offset1**: +5:45
The Narrative (band)

**The Narrative** is an American indie rock band formed in 2006 in Long Island, New York . At first there were 3 members, Suzie Zeldin, Jesse Gabriel and Charilie Seich. Now there are 2 members, Suzie Zeldin (vocals and keys) and Jesse Gabriel (vocal and guitar). They are related to Lydia and Dashboard Confessional. They have released one studio album: _The Narrative_ and 4 EPs: _Just Say Yes_, _Nothing Without You_, _Kickstarter_ and _B-Sides and Seasides_.

## Biography

The band was formed in 2006 in Long Island, after Suzie Zeldin answer the announce of Jesse Gabriel on Craigslist, looking for musicians. Jesse and Suzie studied at the same school in Bellmore, but never met.

### Current Member

- Jesse Gabriel - Guitar and Vocals
- Suzie Zeldin - Keys and Vocals

### Tour Support

- Jay Scalchunes - Drum
- Ari Sadowitz - Studio/live bass

### Past Member

- Charles J. Seich - Drums (2008-2011)

## Discography

- _The Narrative_ (2010)

### EPs and Digital Release

- _Just Say Yes_ (EP) (2008)
- _Nothing Without You_ Tour EP (2010)
- _Kickstarter_ Tour EP (2011)
- _B-Sides and Seasides_ (2012)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: The Narrative
- **img**: The Narrative 2011-04-26 at Vinyl.jpg
- **img capt**: The Narrative, Jesse Gabriel and Suzie Zeldin, in 2011
- **landscape**: yes
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Long Island, New York (state), New York
- **genre**: Pop rock
Indie rock
- **years active**: 2006 – present
- **url**: [http://thenarrativemusic.com thenarrativemusic.com]
- **current members**: Suzie Zeldin
Jesse Gabriel