juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Mount Etna

**Mount Etna** is a volcano on the east coast of Sicily, part of southern Italy. It is the largest active volcano in Europe. Mount Etna erupts every few years.

Etna's most destructive eruption in historic times started on 11 March 1669. It produced lava flows that destroyed 10 villages and reached the town of Catania five weeks later, on 15 April. Many buildings were destroyed and few people were killed.

Major twentieth century eruptions occurred in 1928, 1949, 1971, 1983 and 1992, as well as the 2001 eruption. In 1971, it buried the Etna Observatory (built in the late 19th century) under lava. The 1992 eruption saw the town of Zafferana threatened by a lava flow, but successful diversion efforts saved the town with the loss of only one building a few hundred metres outside it.

In 2002–2003, the biggest series of eruptions for many years threw up a huge column of ash that could easily be seen from space and fell as far away as Libya, on the far side of the Mediterranean Sea. Seismic activity in this eruption caused the eastern flanks of the volcano to slip by up to two metres, and many houses on the flanks of the volcano were damaged.  The eruption also destroyed the Rifugio Sapienza, a ski resort on the southern flank of the volcano.

## Related pages

- List of volcanoes

## Other websites

- Mount Etna Live Webcam
- Italy's Volcanoes: The Cradle of Volcanology, with detailed information of Italy's volcanoes, including Etna
- Stromboli Online, with info on Etna, photo galleries and video clips of Etna's past eruptions including those of the 1990s and the 2000s
- Mount Vesuvius -Citizendium
Democratic Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria

**The Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria (AANES)**, also called **Rojava**, is a self-governing area in northeastern Syria that is not officially recognized.It includes separate areas called cantons in Afrin, Jazira, Euphrates, Raqqa, Tabqa, Manbij, and Deir Ez-Zor. The region got self-rule in 2012 during the ongoing Rojava conflict and the larger Syrian civil war. Its main military force, the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF), has been involved in the war.

The region is not officially recognized as autonomous by the government of Syria or other governments, except for the Catalan Parliament. It has widespread support for its democratic, sustainable, equal, and feminist laws. Northeastern Syria is home to diverse ethnic groups including Kurdish, Arab, and Assyrian populations, as well as smaller communities of Turkmen, Armenians, Circassians, and Yazidis.

Since 2016, Turkish and Turkish-backed forces have taken control of parts of northern Syria through military operations against the SDF. AANES and its SDF have said they will protect all areas under their control from any attacks.

## Geography

The region is located west of the Tigris, east of the Euphrates, and south of the Turkish border. It borders Iraq to the southeast and the Iraqi Kurdistan Region to the northeast. The area is mostly flat with some low hills and a few mountains, including Mount Abdulaziz and part of the Sinjar Mountain Range.

It includes parts of the al-Hasakah, Raqqa, Deir ez-Zor, and Aleppo governorates in Syria.

## Infobox (country)

- **conventional long name**: Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria
- **common name**: Rojava
- **native name**: <small> Rêveberiya Xweser a Bakur û Rojhilatê Sûriyeyê (Kurdish)
الإدارة الذاتية لشمال وشرق سوريا (Arabic)
ܡܕܰܒܪܳܢܘܬ݂ܳܐ ܝܳܬ݂ܰܝܬܳܐ ܠܓܰܪܒܝܳܐ ܘܡܰܕܢܚܳܐ ܕܣܘܪܝܰܐ (Classical Syriac)
Kuzey ve Doğu Suriye Özerk Yönetimi (Turkish) <small>
- **image flag**: De facto SA-NES Flag.svg
- **image coat**: Emblem of the Self Administration of Northern and Eastern Syria.svg
- **image map**: Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria (orthographic projection).svg
- **map caption**: Map of the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria.
- **capital**: Ayn Issa
- **largest city**: Raqqa Governorate, Raqqa
- **official languages**: All regions:

* Kurdish (Kurmanji)
* Arabic

In the Jazira Region:

* Syriac

In the Manbij Region:

* Turkish
* Adyghe
- **area km2**: 50000
- **population estimate**: 4,600,000≈
Shirley MacLaine

**Shirley MacLaine** (born April 24, 1934) is an American movie and theatre actress. She is famous for her acting as well as her strong belief in reincarnation. She is the writer of a many autobiographical works, some about her New Age beliefs, as well as her Hollywood career. She is the older sister of Warren Beatty. She won the Academy Award for "Best Actress" in 1983, and has also received many other awards, including the Emmy, Golden Globe and BAFTA Awards.

## Other websites

- MacLaine's official website
- Shirley MacLaine interviewed by Ginny Dougary  (2005)

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Shirley MacLaine
- **birth name**: Shirley MacLean Beaty
- **birth place**: Richmond, Virginia, U.S.
- **nationality**: United States, American
- **image**: Shirley MacLaine (2005).jpg
- **caption**: Shirley MacLaine at the 2005 Toronto Film Festival, photo by Tony Shek
- **awards**: **Academy Awards**
* Best Actress
:1983 _Terms of Endearment_
**Emmy Awards**
* Outstanding Special - Comedy-Variety or Music
:1976 _Gypsy in My Soul_
**Golden Globe Awards**
* Best Actress - Motion Picture Musical/Comedy
:1961 _The Apartment_
:1964 _Irma la Douce_
*Best Actress - Motion Picture Drama
:1984 _Terms of Endearment_
:1989 _Madame Sousatzka_
*Cecil B. DeMille Award
:1998 Lifetime Achievement
**BAFTA Awards**
* Best Actress
:1960 _Ask Any Girl_
:1961 _The Apartment_
- **spouse**: Steve Parker
(m. 1954-1982, divorced)
- **children**: Sachi Parker
- **relatives**: Warren Beatty (brother)
Annette Bening
(sister-in-law)
Crown dependencies

A British **crown dependency** is a special type of state.  The head of state is the British monarch, who is represented by a Lieutenant-Governor.  Each dependency has a parliament, government and prime minister to make all laws, except laws about defence and foreign affairs. Defence and foreign affairs are looked after by the British Government.

But the British government in London has no power in the dependencies, unless the government of the dependency agrees.

British Overseas Territories, which were British colonies, also have a government, parliament and prime minister and can make laws, except laws about defence and foreign affairs; but they were created by the British government and can be taken over by the British government if they are ruled badly, without the agreement of the British Overseas Territory.

Crown dependencies were not part of the British Empire, instead, they are self-governing possessions of the British Crown.

The crown dependencies are
- The Isle of Man,
- The Bailiwick of Jersey, and
- The Bailiwick of Guernsey
Lieutenancies Act 1997

The **Lieutenancies Act 1997** (1997 c. 23) is an Act of Parliament in the United Kingdom.

A Lord Lieutenant is the Queen's representative in a county or other area.

The Lieutenancies Act sets out the areas in which Lords-Lieutenant work in Great Britain. It came into force on 1 July 1997.

These areas are usually called "ceremonial counties" or "preserved counties" in Wales.  In Scotland a Statutory Instrument (rule written by a minister) defines the size of the lieutenancy.  They are usually one local council area, but some council areas are too small or to large for one Lord Lieutenant.

For a list of the areas in England see Ceremonial counties of England

## Other websites

- Text of the act
Meristem

A **meristem** is a tissue in plants made of dividing cells. They are in parts of the plant where growth can take place.

Plant cells which are differentiated generally cannot divide or produce cells of a different type. Therefore, cell division in the meristem is necessary to get new cells. This allows for the growth of tissues and new organs needed by the plant.

Meristematic cells have the same function for plants as stem cells have for animals. They are incompletely or not at all differentiated, and are capable of continued cell division.

The cells are small and protoplasm fills the cell completely. The vacuoles are extremely small.  The cytoplasm does not contain plastids (such as chloroplasts, but they are there in rudimentary form ('proplastids'). Meristematic cells are packed closely together without intercellular cavities. The cell wall is a very thin primary cell wall.

## Apical meristem

The apical meristem, or growing tip, is found in the buds and growing tips of roots in plants.

It begins growth of new cells in young seedlings at the tips of roots and shoots (forming buds, among other things). Specifically, an active apical meristem lays down a growing root or shoot behind itself, pushing itself forward. Apical meristems are very small, compared to the cylinder-shaped lateral meristems.

## Primary meristems

Apical meristems may differentiate into three kinds of primary meristem:
- **Protoderm** – around the outside of the stem and develops into the epidermis.
- **Procambium** – just inside of the protoderm and develops into primary xylem and primary phloem. It also produces the vascular cambium, a secondary meristem.
- **Ground meristem** develops into the pith. It produces the cork cambium, another secondary meristem.

These meristems are responsible for primary growth, or an increase in length or height.

## Secondary meristems

These meristems cause secondary growth, or an increase in width. There are two types of secondary meristems:
- Vascular cambium – produces secondary xylem and secondary phloem, which may continue through the life of the plant. It is what gives rise to wood in plants. Such plants are called arborescent. It does not occur in plants which do not go through secondary growth, that is, herbaceous plants.
- Cork cambium – gives rise to the bark of a tree.

## Related pages

- Cork cambium
- Vascular cambium

## References

- Neil A. Campbell and Jane B. Reece _Biology_, 6th edition. Benjamin Cummings.
- Schoof _et al._ The stem cell population of _Arabidopsis_ shoot meristems is maintained by a regulatory loop between CLAVATA and WUSCHEL genes. Cell 100: 635-644.

## Other websites

- Research on meristems: meristemania.org http://meristemania.org
Vascular cambium

The **vascular cambium** is a lateral meristem.

It is the source of both the secondary xylem (inwards, towards the pith) and the secondary phloem (outwards), and  is between these tissues in the stem and root. Only a few leaves even have a vascular cambium.

Vascular cambium is a type of meristem - a tissue consisting of embryonic (not specialized) cells which can produce other (and more differentiated) plant tissues originate. Primary meristems are the apical meristems on root tips and shoot tips. Another lateral meristem is the cork cambium, which produces cork, part of the bark.

## Synonyms

- wood cambium
- main cambium
- bifacial cambium

## Related pages

- Meristem
- Cork cambium

## Other websites

- Pictures of Vascular cambium
- Detailed description - James D. Mauseth
Cork cambium

**Cork cambium **is a tissue in many vascular plants as part of the bark (periderm).

The cork cambium is a lateral meristem and is responsible for secondary growth that replaces the epidermis in roots and stems. It is found in woody and many herbaceous dicots, gymnosperms and some monocots, which usually have no secondary growth.

Cork cambium is one of the plant's meristems - the tissues that consist of embryonic (not specialized) cells from which the plant grows. It is one of the many layers of bark, between the cork and primary phloem. The function of cork cambium is to produce the cork, a tough protective material.

Synonyms for cork cambium are **bark cambium**, **pericambium** or **phellogen**.

## Economic importance

- Commercial cork comes from the bark of the cork oak _(Quercus suber)._ Cork has many uses including wine bottle stoppers, bulletin boards, coasters, hot pads to protect tables from hot pans, insulation, sealing for lids, flooring, gaskets for engines, handles for tennis rackets, etc.
- Many types of bark are used as mulch.

## Related pages

- Meristem
- Cork (material)

## References

- Junikka, L. (1994) Macroscopic bark terminology. _IAWA Journal_ 15(1): 3-45
- Trockenbrodt, M. (1990) Survey and discussion of the terminology used in bark anatomy. _IAWA Bulletin, New Series_ 11: 141-166.
Cork (material)

**Cork** is a material that is harvested for commercial use primarily from the bark of the Cork Oak tree. As the cork is harvested.
Portugal produces 50% of cork worldwide. Cork is made up of suberin, a hydrophobic substance.

In general, cork is made up of suberin (average of about 40%), lignin (22%), polysaccharides (cellulose and hemicellulose) (18%), extractables (15%) and others.

## Properties and uses

Cork's elasticity together with its near-impermeability makes it suitable as a material for bottle stoppers, especially for wine bottles. Cork stoppers represent about 60% of all cork based production. Cork's low density makes it a suitable material for fishing floats and buoys, as well as handles for fishing rods (as an alternative to neoprene). Cork is also used in the manufacture of musical instruments, particularly woodwind instruments, where it is used to fasten together different segments of the instrument and make the seams airtight.

Since cork has suberin in its cell walls, this makes the cells consist of sealed elements. And having sealed elements make it greater for acoustic insulation and even thermal insulation. Sealed elements are capable of trapping and absorbing sound. In short, suberin is mostly responsible for noise reduction! Also, lignin is another constituent of cork. It makes up about 22% of cork. One study says that it’s also associated with soundproofing and thermal insulation!

The cork industry is generally regarded as environmentally friendly. The sustainability of its production and the easy recycling of cork products and by-products are two of its most distinctive aspects.

Cork demand has increased due to a larger proportion of wine being sealed with cork rather than being sold in bulk. Top quality corks are quite expensive, so many cheaper brands have switched to lower quality cork, synthetic plastic stoppers, screwcaps, or other closures.

## Related pages

- Cork cambium

## Other websites

- Cork Board Sheets Information
- Cork Information
- Cork production
- Cork Supply USA
- Instituto de Promoción del Corcho, Extremadura (Spain)
Acorn

The **acorn** is the fruit of the oak tree. It is a nut, and has a single seed (rarely two seeds), enclosed in a tough, leathery shell. Acorns vary from 1 – 6 cm long and 0.8 – 4 cm broad. Acorns take between about 6 or 24 months (depending on the species) to mature.

Acorns are one of the most important wildlife foods in areas where oaks grow. Creatures that make acorns an important part of their diet include birds, such as jays, pigeons, some ducks, and several species of woodpeckers. Small mammals that feed on acorns include mice, squirrels, and several other rodents. Such large mammals as pigs, bears, and deer also eat large amounts of acorns: they may constitute up to 25% of the diet of deer in the autumn. In some of the large oak forests in southwest Europe, traditionally called "dehesas", pigs are still turned loose in oak groves in the autumn, to fill and fatten themselves on acorns.

Acorns contain tannins, which are toxic to some animals such as horses. The tannins can be soaked out, using water.

## Other websites

- Nutrition Facts for Acorn Flour
- Nupa Acorn Soup (Miwokan recipe)
- Cooking With Acorns: A Major North American Indian Food
- How to whistle an acorn
President of Belarus

The **president of the Republic of Belarus** (, ) is the head of state of Belarus. The office was created in 1994. A president is chosen by other Belarusians every five years in a national vote. Alexander Lukashenko is the only person who has been president.

## List of presidents of Belarus (1991–present)

|#|colspan="2"|President <small>(Birth–Death)</small>|Took office|Left office|Party|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|style="background: ;"|**1**||Stanislav Shushkevich <small>(1934-2022)</small>|25 August 1991|28 January 1994|Independent||
|style="background: ;"|**2**||Myechyslaw Hryb <small>(born 1938)</small>|28 January 1994|20 July 1994|Independent||
|style="background: ;"|**3**|width="50px"||Alexander Lukashenko <small>(born 1954)</small>|20 July 1994|Incumbent|Independent/Belaya Rus|

## Infobox (official post)

- **post**: President
- **body**:
the Republic of Belarus
- **native name**: _Прэзідэнт Рэспублікі Беларусь_
- **flag**: Flag of the President of Belarus.svg
- **flagborder**: yes
- **flagcaption**: Flag of the President of Belarus, Presidential Standard
- **image**: SBY dan Alexander Lukashenko 19-03-2013 (cropped).jpg
- **incumbent**: Alexander Lukashenko
- **incumbentsince**: 20 July 1994
- **style**: Mr. President
 (informal)
 His Excellency
 (diplomatic)
- **residence**: Independence Palace, Minsk
Presidential Residence, Minsk
- **appointer**: Direct election, Popular vote
- **termlength**: Five years
- **constituting instrument**: Constitution of Belarus
- **formation**: 20 July 1994
- **first**: Alexander Lukashenko
- **salary**: ~EUR, €25,000 annual
- **website**: [http://www.president.gov.by/by/ http://www.president.gov.by/by]
 [http://www.president.gov.by/ http://www.president.gov.by]
 [http://www.president.gov.by/en/ http://www.president.gov.by/en]
Jay

The **jays** are several species of medium-sized, usually colorful and noisy birds in the crow family Corvidae.

### Slang

- The word "jay" has an archaic meaning in American slang meaning a stupid or dull person, from which is derived the term jaywalking

### Organizational symbols

- The Toronto Blue Jays, a Major League Baseball team based in Toronto, Ontario.

## Related pages

- General licences under the Wildlife & Countryside Act 1981

## References

- Ericson, Per G. P.; Jansén, Anna-Lee; Johansson, Ulf S. & Ekman, Jan (2005): Inter-generic relationships of the crows, jays, magpies and allied groups (Aves: Corvidae) based on nucleotide sequence data. _Journal of Avian Biology_ **36**: 222-234. PDF fulltext

## Other websites

- Jay videos on the Internet Bird Collection
Clubmoss

**Clubmosses** are a group of plants in the Lycopodiophyta, which are the most ancient group of land plants. The clubmosses are an order **Lycopodiales**, (or a subclass **Lycopodiopsida**).

Clubmosses are thought to be structurally similar to the earliest vascular plants, with small, scale-like leaves, homosporous spores borne in sporangia at the bases of the leaves, branching stems (usually dichotomous), and generally simple form.

A powder known simply as _lycopodium_, consisting of dried spores of the common clubmoss, was used in Victorian theater to produce flame-effects. A blown cloud of spores burned rapidly and brightly, but with little heat. It was considered safe by the standards of the time.

## Taxonomy

The group is now split into two families:
- Lycopodiaceae: the typical clubmosses. Their spores are on a club-like structure. Their typical chromosome count is n=34.
- Huperziaceae: the firmosses. Their spore-bearing structures are in the axils of unmodified leaves. The family has a basal chromosome count of n=67.
937

## Events

- Battle of Brunanburh: King Athelstan of England defeats the Viking king of Dublin, the Scots, and Strathclyde.
- September 21 – Magdeburg becomes capital of the Holy Roman Empire.

## Births

- Duke William IV of Aquitaine
- Gu Hongzhong

## Deaths

- July 11 – King Rudolph II of Burgundy
- July 14 – Duke Arnulf I of Bavaria
Horsetail

The **horsetails** are a class in the Pteridophyta (ferns). They were one of the most important plant groups in the Palaeozoic era.

For over 100 million years they were varied, and dominated the understorey of late Paleozoic forests. They are seen in the coal measures of the Carboniferous period, and some were trees reaching up 30 metres. The group is now almost extinct, but one genus survives. They are vascular plants that reproduce by spores and not by seeds. The name _horsetail_ came because the branched species somewhat look like a horse's tail.

## _Equisetum_

Modern horsetails first appeared during the Jurassic period.
***Equisetum*** is the only living genus of horsetails. The name _Equisetum_ comes from the Latin (_equus_ = horse; and _seta_ = bristle). The genus includes 15 species.

Horsetails are native on all continents except Australasia and Antarctica. They are perennial plants. They are either herbaceous (they die back in winter
like most temperate species) or they are evergreen (some tropical species, and some temperate species). They mostly grow 0.2-1.5 m tall, though _E. telmateia_ can reach 2.5 m, and the tropical American species _E. giganteum_ 5 m, and _E. myriochaetum_ 8 m.

In these plants the leaves are very small, in whorls joined together to make sheaths around the stem. The stems are green and photosynthetic, also distinctive in being hollow, jointed and ridged, usually with 6-40 ridges. There may or may not be whorls of branches at the nodes; when present, these branches are identical to the main stem except smaller.

The spores are borne under sporangiophores in strobili, cone-like structures at the tips of some of the stems. In many species the cone-bearing shoots are unbranched, and in some (e.g. _E. arvense_, field horsetail) they are non-photosynthetic, produced early in Springtime.

## References

frr:Equisetales
Green algae

**Green algae** are microscopic protists. One can find them in all sorts of natural water: salt water, freshwater and brackish water. The group is less used in classification today. Although most are descended from a common ancestor, some are not. Some of their descendants, the land plants are not included in the group, so the group is not monophyletic.

The green algae are the large group of algae from which the higher plants developed.

The green algae include unicellular and colonial flagellates, usually but not always with two flagella per cell, as well as various colonial, coccoid, and filamentous forms. In the Charales, the closest relatives of higher plants, full differentiation of tissues occurs. There are about 6000 species of green algae. Many species live most of their lives as single-cells, other species form colonies or long filaments.

## Related pages

- Algae
- Brown algae
- _Euglena_, a protist that includes a green alga within its cells
- Seaweed

## Other websites

- Green algae and cyanobacteria in lichens
- Green algae (UC Berkeley)
- Monterey Bay green algae
Brackish water

**Brackish water** (less commonly **brack water**) is salt water and fresh water mixed together. It is saltier than fresh water, but not as salty as seawater. It may result from mixing of seawater with fresh water, as in estuaries, or it may occur in brackish fossil aquifers.

Some human activities can produce brackish water, mostly certain civil engineering projects such as dikes and the flooding of coastal marshland to produce brackish pools for freshwater prawns.

Technically, brackish water contains between 0.5 and 30 grams of salt per litre—more often expressed as 0.5 to 30 parts per thousand (ppt or ‰). Thus, _brackish_ covers a range of salinity regimes and is not considered a precisely defined condition. It is characteristic of many brackish surface waters that their salinity can vary considerably over space and/or time.

## Etymology

The term brackish water comes from the Low German word _Brack_, which is a small lake made when a storm tide breaks a dike and floods land behind the dike.

### Estuaries

The most important brackish water habitats are estuaries, where a river meets the sea, mixing salt and fresh water.  The River Thames flowing through London is one of the most familiar of river estuaries.

### Mangroves

Another important brackish water habitat is the mangrove swamp or **mangal**.

### Brackish seas and lakes

Some seas and lakes are brackish. The Baltic Sea is a brackish sea adjoining the North Sea.

The Caspian Sea is the world's largest lake and contains brackish water with a salinity about one-third that of normal seawater. The Caspian is famous for its peculiar animal fauna, including one of the few non-marine seals (the Caspian seal) and the great sturgeons, the source of caviar.

## Important brackish bodies of water

**Brackish seas**
- Baltic Sea (the world’s largest pool of brackish water)
- Black Sea
- Caspian Sea (world’s largest lake)

**Brackish water lakes**
- Lake Charles in Lake Charles, Louisiana, USA
- Chilika Lake, Odisha, India
- Pangong Tso (Lake) in Ladakh, Jammu and Kashmir, India
- Lake Van, Turkey

**Coastal lagoons, marshes, and deltas**
- The Burgas Lakes near the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast
- Kaliveli Lake, near Pondichery, India
- Kerala Backwaters, Series of lagoons and lakes in Kerala
- Lagos Lagoon in Lagos, Nigeria
- Lake Pontchartrain, north of New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
- Pulicat Lake, north of Chennai, India
- The Rann of Kutch, on the border of India and Pakistan
- Parts of the Rhône Delta, France: An area known as the Camargue

**Estuaries**
- Amazon River, empties so much freshwater into the Atlantic Ocean that it reduces the salinity of the sea for hundreds of miles
- Chesapeake Bay, in Maryland, USA
- The Fleet lagoon, Dorset, England
- Hampton Roads, Virginia, USA
- Lower Hudson River, in New York and New Jersey, USA
- Lingding Yang, Guangdong, the People's Republic of China
- Port Royal Sound part of Beaufort County, South Carolina, USA http://www.lowcountryestuarium.org
- Saint Lawrence and Saguenay Rivers, the part downstream from Québec and Saguenay respectively
- The Thames Estuary in South East England

## Related pages

- Salinity
- Desalination
Flagellate

**Flagellates** are cells with one or more whip-like organelles called flagella.  Some cells in animals may be flagellate, for instance the spermatozoa of most phyla. Flowering plants and fungi do not produce flagellate cells, but the closely related green algae and chytrids do.  Many protists take the form of single-celled flagellates. They are found in most lines of eukaryotes, and it is likely that all surviving eukaryotes developed from them.

## Related pages

- Ciliate cells have many cilia, which have the same structure as flagella, but are smaller
Sustainable energy

**Sustainable energy** is energy that is created in an environmentally friendly way. It involves both energy efficiency and renewable energy. Both resources help to stabilize and reduce carbon dioxide emissions.

Efficient energy use allows energy demand to slow so that rising clean energy supplies can make big cuts in fossil fuel burning.  If energy use grows too fast, renewable energy development will chase a receding target. Unless clean energy supplies grow rapidly, slowing demand growth will only begin to reduce total emissions. Reducing the carbon content of energy sources is also needed.

Any serious vision of a sustainable energy economy thus requires major commitments to both efficiency and renewables.

## Types

- Geothermal energy
- Hydroelectricity
- Hydropower
- Nuclear power
- Solar power
- Tidal power
- Wave power
- Wind power

## Related pages

- Sustainable biofuels
- Sustainable development
Neoprene

**Neoprene** is the **DuPont Performance Elastomers** trade name for a family of synthetic rubbers based on **polychloroprene** (polymer form of Chloroprene).  Neoprene was invented by DuPont scientists after Dr. Elmer K. Bolton of DuPont attended a lecture by Fr Julius Arthur Nieuwland, a professor of chemistry at the University of Notre Dame.

## Applications

It is used in a wide variety of environments, such as in wetsuits, laptop sleeves, cars, bombs, electrical insulation, and car fan belts.  Its chemical inertness makes it well suited for industrial applications such as gaskets, hoses, and corrosion-resistant coatings. It can also be used as a base for adhesives.

### Uses

- balls; diaphragms as in diaphragm valve
- sheet: glove
- foam: wetsuit; glove
- adhesive: adhesive tape; liquid adhesive

## Other websites

- Information about Neoprene at DuPont Performance Elastomers
Pioneer 11

**Pioneer 11** (also known as **Pioneer G**) was a NASA space probe to explore space and gather information. It was the second mission to visit Jupiter and the first mission to visit Saturn. The space probe was launched on April 5, 1973 and flew by Jupiter on December 2, 1974 and Saturn on September 1, 1979.

In 1983, Pioneer 11 was predicted to be surpassed by Voyager 1 in the distace to the Sun and later by Voyager 2 around March 1988.

The probe was last heard on November 24, 1995 when the last communication between Earth and the probe ended due to power limitation and vast diatance, when it was 44.1 AU (4.1 billion miles or 7.5 billion km) from Earth.

By Nov. 5, 2017, Pioneer 11 was estimated to be about 97.590 AU (9.1 billion miles or 14.599 billion kilometers) from Earth.

Both Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11 had plaques etched in gold. The plaques were designed by a team lead by Carl Sagan to communicate with extraterrestrial life should the spacecraft come into contact with it.

By 2027, Pioneer 11 is predicted to have exited the heliosphere and entered interstellar space.

## Related pages

- NASA
- Voyager 1
- Cassini-Huygens

## Other websites

- Pioneer Project Home Page
- Pioneer 11 Profile  by NASA's Solar System Exploration
- Ted Stryk's Pioneer 11 at Saturn page
- NSSDC Pioneer 11 page
- _Pioneer Odyssey,_ NASA SP-396, 1977  - This is an _entire book_ about the Pioneer 10 and 11 project, with all pictures and diagrams, on-line!  Scroll down to click on the "Table of Contents" link.

## Infobox (spaceflight/ip)

- **type**: flyby
- **object**: Jupiter
- **arrival date**: December 3, 1974


## Infobox (spaceflight/ip)

- **type**: flyby
- **object**: Saturn
- **arrival date**: September 1, 1979


## Infobox (spaceflight)

- **name**: _Pioneer 11_
- **image**: An artist's impression of a Pioneer spacecraft on its way to interstellar space.jpg
- **image caption**: An artist's impression of a Pioneer spacecraft on its way to interstellar space.
- **mission type**: Planetary and heliosphere exploration
- **operator**: NASA / Ames Research Center, ARC
- **website**: [https://web.archive.org/web/20041105100336/http://spaceprojects.arc.nasa.gov/Space_Projects/pioneer/PNhome.html Pioneer Project website]<small>(archived)</small>
 [http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/pioneer/ NASA Archive page]
- **cospar id**: 1973-019A
- **satcat**: 6421
- **mission duration**: 22 years, 5 months, 25 days
- **manufacturer**: TRW Inc., TRW
- **power**: 155 watts (at launch)
- **launch date**:  UTC
- **launch site**: Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Cape Canaveral Spaceport Florida Launch Complex 36, LC-36B
- **insignia**: Pioneer 10 - Pioneer 11 - mission patch - Pioneer patch.png
- **insignia size**: 120
- **programme**: _Pioneer program, Pioneer_
- **previous mission**: Pioneer 10
- **next mission**: Pioneer Venus Orbiter, Pioneer 12
Medical tourism

**Medical Tourism** is when patients visit other countries for medical care. The patients usually come from developed countries to find treatment at lower prices. Over 50 countries have identified medical tourism as a national industry.

Examples of common medical procedures done for medical tourists are surgeries like joint replacement, heart surgery, cosmetic surgery, weight loss, dental treatment, and addictions rehabilitation (or recovery from addiction).

## Etymology

The term _medical tourism_ can also be called medical travel, health tourism or global healthcare. It was initially developed by travel agencies and the mass media to describe the rapidly-growing practice of travelling across international borders to obtain health care. Mainly it is for curing people and a lot of countries believe on this.

## Countries

Countries that are popular for Medical Tourism are:
- Canada
- Cuba
- Thailand
- India
- Singapore
- Brazil
- Mexico
- Taiwan
- Turkey
- Somalia
- Vietnam according an interview of Voice of America with Vietnamese healthcare strategist Tran Quoc Bao —recognized among the Top 10 Best and Most Influential Hospital CEOs in Asia 2024

## Cost savings

To get an idea of the potential cost savings from medical tourism, in Denver, Colorado, USA, a person without health insurance who needs a hip replacement will pay about US$60,000 (EUR 44751). In comparison, in Cuba, going through medical tourism firm Choice Medical Services, the same procedure costs about US$8000 (EUR 5967) or about an 80 percent savings.

## Risks

People who are obese may get medical treatment to lose weight.  In Britain there are long waiting lists for weight loss surgery. It is very easy to get this surgery in Turkey. Seven Britons have died after having weight loss surgery there since 2019 and many more have had serious problems.

## Other websites

- "Canadian Firms Offer Cuban Healthcare to US, Canadian Patients", _Miami Herald_, Oct. 7, 2007
Burrowing parakeet

The **burrowing parakeet** (binomial name ***Cyanoliseus patagonus***), also known as the **Patagonian conure** or **burrowing parrot**. is a species of parrot in the Psittacidae family. It is found in Argentina, Chile, Falkland Islands, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, and Uruguay. It lives in subtropical or tropical dry shrubland, subtropical or tropical high-altitude shrubland, and pastureland.

## Other websites

- Birds of Chile postage stamps
Aquifer

An **aquifer** is an underground  layer where the material contains water. That can be less solid material like sand, gravel, clay or silt, but it can be rock as well, as long as the rock allows water to get in (that means that it is water-bearing).
Groundwater can be taken out of the ground by digging a well. The study of water in aquifers is called hydrogeology.

## Groundwater in rock formations

One kind of groundwater is found in underground rivers in caves where water flows freely underground. This may occur in eroded limestone areas known as karst topography, but those are only found in small parts of the Earth.

Usually, groundwater is found in the pore spaces, or tiny openings, of rocks under the ground.  The pores in the rocks are saturated, or filled up, with water, much like a kitchen sponge.  The groundwater  can be pumped out for agricultural, industrial, or municipal uses.

If a rock unit of low porosity is highly fractured, it can make a good aquifer (via fissure flow), if the water can get through it. Porosity is important, but, _alone_, it does not make an aquifer. The Deccan Traps (a flood basaltic lava) in west central India are good examples of rock with high porosity but low permeability, so they are poor aquifers. The (Upper Cretaceous) Chalk of south east England has a reasonably high porosity, but low grain-to-grain permeability. Much of its good water-yielding characteristics being due to micro-fracturing and fissuring.

## Examples

- The Great Artesian Basin in Australia is arguably the largest groundwater aquifer in the world. (over 1.7 million km²). It plays a large part in water supplies for Queensland and remote parts of South Australia.
- The Guarani Aquifer with an area of 1.2 million km² is shared by Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay.
- The Ogallala Aquifer of the central United States is one of the world's great aquifers. It underlies portions of eight states, contains primarily fossil water from the time of the last glaciation.  Annual recharge, in the more arid parts of the aquifer, is estimated to total only about 10 percent of annual withdrawals.
- The Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System (NSAS) is the world’s largest known fossil water aquifer system.

## Exploitation

Aquifers can occur at various depths. Those closer to the surface are not only more likely to be exploited for water supply and irrigation, but are also more likely to be topped up by the local rainfall. Many desert areas have limestone hills or mountains within them or close to them which can be exploited as groundwater resources. If more water is taken out than get in again one speaks of over-harvesting. Along the coastlines of certain countries, such as Libya and Israel, population growth has led to over-population which has caused the lowering of water table and the subsequent contamination of the groundwater with saltwater from the sea (saline intrusions). In these cases the aquifer contains brackish water.

When water seeps (comes slowly) out of the ground, it is called a **seep** or "spring (water)". It usually means there is an aquifer under the ground.
AFI

**AFI** is an acronym that can mean:

- AFI (band)
- American Film Institute
Jack Lemmon

**John Uhler "Jack" Lemmon III** (February 8, 1925 – June 27, 2001), was an American actor and director who received many awards in his long career. He got two Academy and five Golden Globe awards. Lemmon acted in many movies, and was famous for being very good at comedy and drama. Lemmon died of bladder and colon cancer.

## Movies

- _The Lady Takes a Sailor_ (1949)
- _It Should Happen to You_ (1954)
- _Phffft!_ (1954)
- _Three for the Show_ (1955)
- _Mister Roberts_ (1955)
- _My Sister Eileen_ (1955)
- _Hollywood Bronc Busters_ (1955)
- _You Can't Run Away from It_ (1956)
- _Fire Down Below_ (1957)
- _Operation Mad Ball_ (1957)
- _Cowboy_ (1958)
- _Bell, Book and Candle_ (1958)
- _Some Like It Hot_ (1959)
- _It Happened to Jane_ (1959)
- _The Apartment_ (1960)
- _Stowaway in the Sky_ (1960)
- _Pepe_ (1960)
- _The Wackiest Ship In the Army_ (1960)
- _The Notorious Landlady_ (1962)
- _Days of Wine and Roses_ (1962)
- _Irma la Douce_ (1963)
- _Under the Yum Yum Tree_ (1963)
- _Good Neighbor Sam_ (1964)
- _How to Murder Your Wife_ (1965)
- _The Great Race_ (1965)
- _The Fortune Cookie_ (1966)
- _Luv_ (1967)
- _There Comes a Day_ (1968)
- _The Odd Couple_ (1968)
- _The April Fools_ (1969)
- _The Out-of-Towners_ (1970)
- _Kotch_ (1971)
- _The War Between Men and Women_ (1972)
- _Avanti!_ (1972)
- _Save the Tiger_ (1973)
- _The Police Can't Move_ (1974) (narrator)
- _The Front Page_ (1974)
- _Wednesday_ (1975)
- _The Gentleman Tramp_ (1975)  (narrator)
- _The Prisoner of Second Avenue_ (1975)
- _Alex & the Gypsy_ (1976)
- _Airport '77_ (1977)
- _The China Syndrome_ (1979)
- _Portrait of a 60% Perfect Man_ (1980)
- _Tribute_ (1980)
- _Buddy Buddy_ (1981)
- _Missing_ (1982)
- _Mass Appeal_ (1984)
- _Macaroni_ (1985)
- _That's Life!_ (1986)
- _Dad_ (1989)
- _JFK_ (1991)
- _Beyond 'JFK': The Question of Conspiracy_ (1992)
- _The Player_ (1992)
- _Glengarry Glen Ross_ (1992)
- _Luck, Trust & Ketchup: Robert Altman In Carver County_ (1993)
- _Short Cuts_ (1993)
- _Grumpy Old Men_ (1993)
- _The Grass Harp_ (1995)
- _Grumpier Old Men_ (1995)
- _Getting Away with Murder_ (1996)
- _My Fellow Americans_ (1996)
- _Hamlet_ (1996)
- _Out to Sea_ (1997)
- _Off the Menu: The Last Days of Chasen's_ (1997)
- _Puppies for Sale_ (1998)
- _The Odd Couple II_ (1998)
- _Tuesdays with Morrie_ (1999)
- _The Legend of Bagger Vance_ (2000)

## Other websites

- Jack Lemmon's Gravesite

## Infobox (military person)

- **embed**: yes
- **serviceyears**: 1945–46
- **rank**: Ensign (rank)#United States, Ensign


## Infobox (person)

- **image**: Jack Lemmon - 1968.jpg
- **caption**: Lemmon in 1968
- **birth name**: John Uhler Lemmon III
- **birth place**: Newton, Massachusetts, U.S.
- **death place**: Los Angeles, California, U.S.
- **resting place**: Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery
- **years active**: 1949–2000
- **alma mater**: Harvard College (1947)
- **spouse**:

- **children**: 2, including Chris Lemmon
David Niven

**David Niven** (March 1, 1910 – July 29, 1983) was an English actor. He won the Academy Award for "Best Actor" for his role in the movie _Separate Tables_ in 1958. Originally, he was the actor who was to play the first James Bond, but the producers later decided to give the role to Sean Connery instead. Some of the movies that he was in include The Pink Panther, Around the World in 80 Days, The Guns of Navarone, and Casino Royale.

Niven started his career as an extra. He died of motor neurone disease.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: David Niven
- **image**: David Niven 4 Allan Warren.jpg
- **image size**: 200px
- **caption**: David Niven (1973)
- **birth name**: James David Graham Niven
- **birth place**: London, England, UK
- **death place**: Château-d'Oex, Switzerland
- **spouse**: Primula Rollo (m. 1940–1946, her death)
Hjordis Paulina Tersmeden (m. 1948–1983, his death)
- **awards**: **Best Actor**
1958 _Separate Tables_
**Best Actor - Motion Picture Musical/Comedy**
1954 _The Moon Is Blue_
**Best Actor - Motion Picture Drama**
1959 _Separate Tables_
Rudolph Valentino

**Rudolph Valentino** (May 6, 1895 – August 23, 1926) was an Italian actor of silent movies. He was born **Rodolfo Alfonso Raffaello Piero Filiberto Guglielmi** in Castellaneta, Italy. He became popular as one of the first sex symbols in Hollywood in the 1920s.

He grew up in Italy. His father died while he was young, and his mother spoiled him. Valentino did not live long enough to see movies with sound replace silent movies. He died of peridontis on August 23, 1926, at the age of 31.

## Movies

- _My Official Wife_ (1914)
- _The Quest of Life_ (1916)
- _The Foolish Virgin_ (uncredited) (1916)
- _Seventeen_ (uncredited, extra) (1916)
- _Alimony_ (1917)
- _A Society Sensation_ (1918)
- _All Night_ (1918)
- _The Married Virgin_ (or _Frivolous Wives_; 1918)
- _The Delicious Little Devil_ (1919)
- _The Big Little Person_ (1919)
- _A Rogue's Romance_ (1919)
- _The Homebreake_ (1919)
- _Out of Luck_ (1919)
- _Virtuous Sinners_ (1919)
- _The Fog_ (1919)
- _Nobody Home_ (1919)
- _The Eyes of Youth_ (1919)
- _Stolen Moments_ (1920)
- _An Adventuress_ (1920)
- _The Cheater_ (1920)
- _Passion's Playground_ (1920)
- _Once to Every Woman_ (1920)
- _The Wonderful Chance_ (1920)
- _The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse_ (1921)
- _Uncharted Seas_ (1921)
- _Conquering Power_ (1921)
- _Camille_ (1921)
- _The Sheik_ (1921)
- _Moran of the Lady Letty_ (1922)
- _Beyond the Rocks_ (1922)
- _Blood and Sand_ (1922)
- _The Young Rajah_ (1922)
- _Monsieur Beaucaire_ (1924)
- _A Sainted Devil_ (1924)
- _Cobra_ (1925)
- _The Eagle_ (1925)
- _The Son of the Sheik_ (1926)

## Other websites

- Rudolph Valentino homepage
- Rudolph Valentino Yahoo discussion group
- Rudolph Valentino photo gallery  at Silent Gents .
- Audio history (MP3, 17:23). Emily Leider, author of _Dark Lover: The Life and Death of Rudolph Valentino_
- Affairs Valentino.
- Valentino biography in Spanish, Italian & English
- Rudolfo Valentino at tricolore.net

## Infobox (actor)

- **name**: Rudolph Valentino
- **image**: Rudolph Valentino.jpg
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **birthname**: Rodolfo Alfonzo Raffaelo Pierre Filibert Guglielmi di Valentina d'Antonguolla
- **birth place**: Castellaneta, Italy
- **death place**: New York City, New York (state), New York, United States, USA
- **spouse**: Jean Acker (1919-1923)
 Natacha Rambova (1923-1925)
Raquel Welch

**Jo Raquel Tejada** (September 5, 1940 – February 15, 2023), usually called **Raquel Welch**, was an American actress and model. She became famous during the 1960s as one of the most beautiful women in Hollywood. She won the Golden Globe Award in 1975.

On February 15, 2023, Welch died from cardiac arrest at her home in Los Angeles, California at the age of 82. She also suffered from Alzheimer's disease.

## Movies

- _A House Is Not a Home_ (1964)
- _Roustabout_ (1964)
- _A Swingin' Summer_ (1965)
- _The Queens_ (1966)
- _Fantastic Voyage_ (1966)
- _One Million Years B.C._ (1966)
- _Shoot Loud, Louder... I Don't Understand_ (1966)
- _Think Twentieth_ (1967) (short subject)
- _The Oldest Profession_ (1967)
- _Fathom_ (1967)
- _Bedazzled_ (1967)
- _The Biggest Bundle of Them All_ (1968)
- _Bandolero!_ (1968)
- _Lady in Cement_ (1968)
- _100 Rifles_ (1969)
- _Flareup_ (1969)
- _The Magic Christian_ (1969)
- _The Beloved_ (1970)
- _Myra Breckinridge_ (1970)
- _Hannie Caulder_ (1971)
- _Bluebeard_ (1972)
- _Fuzz_ (1972)
- _Kansas City Bomber_ (1972)
- _The Last of Sheila_ (1973)
- _The Three Musketeers_ (1973)
- _The Four Musketeers_ (1974)
- _The Wild Party_ (1975)
- _Mother, Jugs & Speed_ (1976)
- _The Animal_ (1977)
- _Crossed Swords_ (1978)
- _Trouble in Paradise_ (1989)
- _Naked Gun 33⅓: The Final Insult_ (1994) (Cameo)
- _Chairman of the Board_ (1998)
- _What I Did for Love_ (1998)
- _Tortilla Soup_ (2001)
- _Legally Blonde_ (2001)
- _Jim Brown: All American_ (2002) (documentary)
- _Forget About It_ (2005)
- '' The Elvis Cup (2006)

## Other websites

- Raquel Welch video clips

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Raquel Welch
- **image**: RaquelWelchApr2010.jpg
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **caption**: Raquel Welch, 2010
- **birth place**: Chicago, Illinois, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Los Angeles, California, U.S.
- **death cause**: Cardiac arrest
- **birth name**: Jo Raquel Tejada
- **spouse**: James Welch
(m. 1959-1964, divorced)
Patrick Curtis
(m. 1967-1972, divorced)
Andre Weinfeld
(m. 1980-1990, divorced)
Richard Palmer
(m. 1999-2004, divorced)
- **awards**: **Golden Globe Awards**
* Best Actress - Motion Picture Musical/Comedy
:1975 _The Three Musketeers_
Rita Hayworth

**Margarita Carmen Cansino**, usually called **Rita Hayworth** (October 17, 1918–May 14, 1987), was an American actress of Spanish and Irish origin. She became famous as the greatest sex symbol of the 1940s.

She died of Alzheimer's at age 68 in Manhattan, New York.

Other websites:
- Obituary, New York Times, May 16, 1987 - _Rita Hayworth, Movie Legend, Dies_
- Rita Hayworth Biography.
- Find-A-Grave profile for Rita Hayworth
- The All-American Love Goddess  Rita Hayworth: 1918-1987   Time Magazine 1987 obituary.
- California Carmen  Hayworth's November 10, 1941 Time Magazine cover story article.
- Cultural Studies essay on Rita

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Rita Hayworth
- **image**: Rita Hayworth 1942.jpg
- **caption**: Promoting a scrap metal drive during World War II
- **birth name**: Margarita Carmen Cansino
- **birth date**: October 17, 1918
- **birth place**: Brooklyn, New York City, United States, USA
- **death place**: The San Remo, Manhattan, New York City, USA
- **death cause**: Alzheimer's disease
- **years active**: 1926-1972
- **nationality**: United States, American
- **spouse**: Edward C. Judson
(m. 1937-1943, divorced)
Orson Welles
(m. 1943-1948, divorced)
Prince Aly Khan
(m. 1949-1953, divorced)
Dick Haymes
(m. 1953-1955, divorced)
James Hill
(m. 1958-1961, divorced)
- **parents**: Eduardo Cansino, Sr.
Volga Hayworth
- **children**: Rebecca Welles (dead)
Yasmin Aga Khan
- **relatives**: Eduardo Cansino, Jr.
(brother, dead)
Richard Cansino (nephew)
Tommy Lee Jones

**Tommy Lee Jones** (born September 15, 1946) is an American actor and movie director. He won the Academy and the Golden Globe awards in 1993 for his role in the movie _The Fugitive_.

## Early life

He was born in Texas in 1946. His mother, Lucille Marie (née Scott), was a police officer, school teacher, and beauty shop owner. His father, Clyde C. Jones, was an oil field worker. The two were married and divorced twice. Jones has stated that his grandmother was of Cherokee ancestry. He was raised in Midland, Texas. Jones was given an athletic scholarship to go to a school in Dallas, Texas. After finishing school he worked on the oil rigs before going to Harvard University to study English.

He finished university in 1969 and moved to New York to be an actor. His first role was in the Broadway play, _A Patriot For Me._ He had many small parts until he got the main role in the movie _JFK_. He won the Academy Award for the best actor in a supporting role for the movie _The Fugitive_.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Tommy Lee Jones
- **image**: Tommy Lee Jones 2017.jpg
- **image size**: 200px
- **caption**: Jones at the 2017 Tokyo International Film Festival
- **birth date**: Tommy Lee Jones
(age 75) September 15, 1946 - Present
}
- **birth place**: San Saba, Texas, U.S.
- **alma mater**: Harvard University
- **occupation**: Actor, director
- **years active**: 1970–present
- **spouse**: Katherine "Kate" Lardner (1971–1978)
Kimberlea Cloughley (1981–1996)
Dawn Laurel (2001–present)
- **children**: 2
- **awards**: Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor (1994), Golden Globe Award (1994), Emmy Award (1983)