juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Indian summer

**Indian summer** is a period of unusually warm and dry weather. It happens in autumn in the Northern Hemisphere. The United States National Weather Service describes Indian summer as weather conditions which are sunny and clear with higher than usual temperatures. That occurs between late September and the middle of November.

It is not known where the term came from. It may have come from regions inhabited by Native Americans (who used to be called Indians), or because the Native Americans first described it to Europeans. It also may have been based on the warm and hazy conditions in autumn when Native Americans hunted.
Edgefield, Louisiana

**Edgefield** is a village in Red River Parish, Louisiana, United States. It is a rural suburb of Coushatta. It is the least populous municipality in Red River Parish.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Edgefield, Louisiana
- **official name**: Village of Edgefield
- **settlement type**: Village
- **map caption**: Interactive map of Edgefield
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: States
- **subdivision type2**: Parish
- **subdivision name2**: Red River Parish, Louisiana, Red River
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 0.64
- **area total sq mi**: 0.25
- **area land km2**: 0.64
- **area land sq mi**: 0.25
- **area water km2**: 0.00
- **area water sq mi**: 0.00
- **population total**: 204
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population density km2**: 317.44
- **population density sq mi**: 822.58
- **timezone1**: North American Central Time Zone, CST
- **utc offset1**: -6
- **timezone1 dst**: North American Central Time Zone, CDT
- **utc offset1 dst**: -5
- **area code**: Area code 318, 318
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standards, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 22-22850
Martin, Louisiana

**Martin** is a village in Red River Parish, Louisiana, United States. It is the second most populous municipality in Red River Parish (after Coushatta).

## Education

Martin and all of Red River Parish are served by the Red River Parish School District. Zoned campuses include Red River Elementary School (Grades PK-5), Red River Junior High School (Grades 6-8), and Red River Senior High School (Grades 9-12).

Riverdale Academy, the only K-12 private school in Red River Parish, is in the hamlet of East Point.
Hall Summit, Louisiana

**Hall Summit** is a village in Red River Parish, Louisiana, United States. It is the second least populous municipality in Red River Parish (after Edgefield).
Boat positions

The front of a boat is called the **bow**, while the rear of a boat is called the **stern**. When looking towards the bow (while on the boat), the left-hand side of the boat is the **port** side. **Starboard** is the corresponding word for the right side of a boat.

## Parts of a Boat: Boating Terminology

**Port** and **starboard** are nautical terms for left and right, respectively. Port is the left-hand side of or direction from a vessel, facing forward. Starboard is the right-hand side, facing forward. Since port and starboard never change, they are clear references that do not depend on which way the observer is facing.

## History

The term _starboard_ comes from the Old English _steorbord_, meaning the side on which the ship is steered. Before ships had rudders on their center-lines, they were steered with a steering oar at the stern of the ship. Because more people are right-handed it was placed on the right-hand side. The term is similar to the Old Norse _stýri_ (rudder) and _borð_ (side of a ship). Since the steering oar was on the right side of the boat, it would tie up at wharf on the other side. For this reason the left side was called _port_.

Formerly _larboard_ was used instead of _port_. This is from Middle English _ladebord_ and the term _lade_ is related to the modern _load_. _Larboard_ sounded very similar to _starboard_ and in 1844 the Royal Navy ordered that _port_ be used instead. _Larboard_ continued to be used well into the 1850s by whalers. In Old English the word was _bæcbord_, which is used in other European languages, for example as the German _backbord_ and the French term _bâbord_ (derived in turn from Middle Dutch).

## Navigational lights

At night, the port side of a boat or aircraft is indicated by a red navigation light at the bow. The opposite side of the bow has a green one to help avoid collisions. The _International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea_ state that a ship on the left must give way to a ship on its right. If the courses of two boats are intersecting, the helmsman usually gives way to a red light by going around the stern of the stand-on vessel (the vessel that does not need to change course). A saying for this is:
> "If to starboard red appear,
> 'tis your duty to keep clear...
> Green to green, red to red
> perfect safety, go ahead."

## Other websites

- Port and Starboard, Left or Right?
- The Origin of Port and Starboard
Reasonable doubt

Evidence that is beyond a **reasonable doubt** is the standard of evidence required to validate a criminal conviction in most adversarial legal systems. Generally, the prosecutor has the burden of proof and is required to prove their case to this standard. This means that the version of events being presented by the prosecution must be proven to the extent that there could be no "reasonable doubt" in the mind of a "reasonable person" that the defendant is guilty. There can still be a doubt, but only to the extent that it would _not_ affect a reasonable person's belief regarding whether or not the defendant is guilty. Beyond "the shadow of a doubt" is sometimes used interchangeably with beyond reasonable doubt. But this term extends beyond the latter, to the extent that it may be considered an impossible standard. The term "reasonable doubt" is most commonly used.

If doubt _does_ affect a "reasonable person's" belief that the defendant is guilty, then the jury is not satisfied beyond "reasonable doubt".  The precise meaning of words such as "reasonable" and "doubt" are usually defined within jurisprudence of the applicable country.  A related idea is William Blackstone's formulation: "It is better that ten guilty persons escape than that one innocent suffer".

## Related pages

- Criminal procedure
- Presumption of innocence
Adversarial system

The **adversarial system** or **adversary system** is a legal system used in the common law countries. It is a system where two advocates represent their parties' positions before an impartial person or group of people. This is usually a jury or judge who attempt to determine the truth of the case. It is in contrast to the inquisitorial system used in some civil law systems (i.e. those deriving from Roman law or the Napoleonic code). This is where a judge or group of judges opens an official inquiry and decides the case.

The adversarial system is the two-part system under which criminal law courts operate. On one side is the prosecution who usually represents the government. The other side is the defense who represents the defendant. Each party may call witnesses and ask questions. Each party may present evidence based on legal ethics and that is approved by the court. For example, legal ethics prevent a lawyer from calling a witness they know will lie on the witness stand. Justice is served when the most effective adversary is able to convince the jury or judge that his or her case is the correct one.
France Bučar

**France Bučar** (2 February 1923 – 21 October 2015) was a Slovenian politician, legal expert and author. From 1990 through 1992, he served as the first chairman of the freely elected Slovenian Parliament.

He was the one to formally declare independence for Slovenia on June 25, 1991. He was thought to be one of the founding fathers of Slovenian democracy and independence. He was also thought, together with Peter Jambrek, the main author of the current Slovenian constitution.
Lake Sarysu

**Sarysu** ( meaning "Yellow Lake") is the largest lake of Azerbaijan. It is located in the Imishli and Sabirabad rayons (districts) of the Kur-Araz Lowland.

## Overview

Sarysu lake lies next to the Kura River from Imishli Rayon southeast to Sabirabad Rayon. It reaches a total length of . It is one of the four lakes present in the area. The water in the lake is fresh water. The lake inflows from Lake Ağgöl through a canal. It is also filled by groundwater and rain. It outflows to the Kura River. The outflow to Kura is regulated by a water-releasing station in Muradbəyli.

## Related pages

- List of lakes of Azerbaijan

## Infobox (lake)

- **name**: Lake Sarysu
- **image**: Buffles qui échappent a la chaleur.jpg
- **location**: Imishli Rayon
 Sabirabad Rayon
- **type**: Meromictic lake, wetland
- **inflow**: Lake Ağgöl
- **outflow**: Kura River
- **catchment**: Endorheic basin
- **basin countries**: Azerbaijan
- **volume**: 60 million m<sup>3</sup> (2.1 billion cu ft)
Statute of limitations

**Statutes of limitations** are laws passed by a legislative body in common law systems that set the maximum time after an event when a lawsuit may be filed. In civil law systems, similar provisions are typically part of their civil or criminal codes and known collectively as _periods of prescription_. When the period of time specified in a statute of limitations passes, the statute of limitations provides an absolute defense to the legal claim.

The intention of these laws is to make sure legal cases are brought to trial in a reasonable length of time.

A statute of limitations restricts when a case may be filed, but is not a deadline for the completion of a case. If a case is filed during the period specified in the statute of limitations, the case may be heard and decided by the court even after that period expires.

## Civil lawsuits

The statute of limitations is determined by the cause of action, and different causes of action may have different limitations period even within the same state or country. The limitations period may be extended to ensure fairness to the parties, for example, if the person making the claim was a minor at the time the legal claim arose, or if the defendant committed a wrongful act to conceal the legal claim from the injured plaintiff.

Typically the statute of limitations must be raised by the defense after a lawsuit is filed. If the defense does not claim that the legal action is barred by the statute of limitations, a court may find that the defense has been waived and allow a late-filed lawsuit to continue.

## Criminal prosecution

When a statute of limitations expires (runs out) in a criminal case, if the defendant or judge raises a statute of limitations defense, the person can no longer be placed on trial for that cause. In many cases the statute of limitations is jurisdictional, so that a defendant can get a dismissal of a charge even if the defense is not raised, but in some cases the defendant risks waiving the statute of limitations defense if it is not raised before conviction.
Mike Kelly (politician)

**George Joseph** "**Mike**" **Kelly, Jr.** (born May 10, 1948), is an American politician. He is a member of the Republican Party. He has been the U.S. Representative from Pennsylvania since 2011.

## Other websites

- Congressman Mike Kelly official U.S. House site
- Mike Kelly for Congress

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Mike Kelly
- **image**: Mike Kelly Photo.jpg
- **office**: Member of the
United States House of Representatives, U.S. House of Representatives
from Pennsylvania
- **term start**: January 3, 2011
- **predecessor**: Kathy Dahlkemper
- **constituency**: (2011–2019)
 (2019–present)
- **birth name**: George Joseph Kelly Jr.
- **birth place**: Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **spouse**: Victoria Phillips
- **children**: 4
- **education**: University of Notre Dame (Bachelor of Arts, BA)
Cory Wells

**Cory Wells** (born **Emil Lewandowski**; February 5, 1941 – October 20, 2015) was an American singer. He was one of the three lead vocalists in the band Three Dog Night. He was born in Buffalo, New York.

Wells died suddenly in his sleep on October 20, 2015 at his home in Dunkirk, New York. He was 74 years old.
Cause of action

Under the law, a **cause of action** is a set of facts sufficient to justify a right to sue to  obtain money, property, or the enforcement of a right against another party. It means literally the cause or reason why a party can make a legal case under the law. The term also refers to the legal theory upon which a plaintiff brings a lawsuit (such as breach of contract, battery, or false imprisonment). The legal document which carries a claim is often called a **Statement of Claim** in English law, or a **Complaint** in U.S. federal practice and in many U.S. states. A complaint identifies the court's jurisdiction, the alleged facts and the relief the plaintiff wants. It can be any communication notifying the party to whom it is addressed of an alleged fault which resulted in damages. This is often expressed in amount of money the receiving party should pay or reimburse.

## Filing

To pursue a cause of action, a plaintiff pleads or alleges facts in a complaint, the pleading that starts a lawsuit. A cause of action generally includes both the legal theory (the legal wrong the plaintiff claims to have suffered) and the remedy (the relief a court is asked to grant).  Often the facts or circumstances that allow a person to seek judicial relief may create multiple causes of action. Although it is fairly easy to file a Statement of Claim in most jurisdictions. If it is not done properly, then the filing party may lose his case due to simple technicalities.

There are a number of specific causes of action, including: contract-based actions, statutory causes of action, torts such as assault, battery, invasion of privacy and fraud. The points a plaintiff must prove to win a given type of case are called the "elements" of that cause of action.  For example, for a claim of negligence, the elements are: the (existence of a) duty, breach (of that duty), proximate cause (legal cause), and damages.  If a complaint does not allege facts sufficient to support every element of a claim, the court, upon motion by the opposing party, may dismiss the complaint for failure to state a claim for which relief can be granted.

## Responding

The defendant to a cause of action must file an "Answer" to the complaint in which the _claims_ can be admitted or denied. The answer may also contain counterclaims in which the "Counterclaim Plaintiff" states its own causes of action. Finally, the answer may contain affirmative defenses. Most defenses must be raised at the first possible opportunity. Either in the answer or by motion or are considered to be waived.

## Other websites

- causes of action, Federal Practices Manual
Narayani Zone

**Narayani** () was one of the fourteen zones of Nepal, in the central south of the country. It was named after the Narayani River on the western border of the zone.

## Geography

Narayani occupied parts of the Terai, Inner Terai, and Hill regions of Nepal, but it did not cover any of the Mountain or Himalayan region. Narayani was rich in flora and fauna. Narayani River and Rapti River were the main rivers of Narayani zone. Bisharari and Garuda lakes were some of the few lakes in Narayani.

Narayani was divided into five districts:
|District|Type|Headquarters|
| --- | --- | --- |
|Bara District|Outer Terai|Kalaiya|
|Chitwan District|Inner Terai|Bharatpur|
|Makwanpur District|Inner Terai|Hetauda|
|Parsa District|Outer Terai|Birganj|
|Rautahat District|Outer Terai|Gaur|

## Economy

Narayani is the third largest industrial area of the country.

## Important cities and towns

Some important cities and towns are Birganj, Parwanipur, Jitpur, Alau, Hetauda, Bharatpur, Narayanghat, Kalaiya, and Gaur.

## Related pages

- Development Regions of Nepal
- Zones of Nepal
- Districts of Nepal

## Infobox (zone)

- **name**: Narayani
- **native name**: नारायणी अञ्चल
- **settlement type**: Zones of Nepal, Zone
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **image map**: Narayani districts.png
- **mapsize**: 300px
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: Nepal
- **subdivision type1**: Regions of Nepal, Region
- **seat type**: Capital
- **blank name sec1**: Languages of Nepal, Main language(s)
- **timezone**: Nepal Time
- **utc offset**: +5:45
Marion County, Indiana

**Marion County** is a county in the U.S. state of Indiana. As of the 2020 census, the county's population was 977,203. The county seat is Indianapolis, the state capital and largest city. Marion County and Indianapolis share the same government.

## Cities

- Beech Grove
- Indianapolis
- Lawrence
- Southport

## Towns

- Clermont
- Crows Nest
- Cumberland
- Homecroft
- Meridian Hills
- N. Crows Nest
- Rocky Ripple
- Speedway
- Spring Hill
- Warren Park
- West Newton
- Williams Creek
- Wynnedale

## Infobox (u.s. county)

- **county**: Marion County
- **state**: Indiana
- **founded**: April 1, 1822
- **seat wl**: Indianapolis
- **largest city wl**: Indianapolis
- **area total sq mi**: 403.01
- **area land sq mi**: 396.30
- **area water sq mi**: 6.71
- **pop**: 977203
- **web**: www.indy.gov/eGov/County
- **named for**: Francis Marion
- **ex image**: City-County Building (Indianapolis) exterior.jpg
- **ex image cap**: City-County Building, Indianapolis
- **district**: 6th
- **district2**: 7th
- **footnotes**: * Indiana county number 49
* Most populous county in Indiana
* Currently only Unigov county in Indiana
- **time zone**: Eastern
- **census yr**: 2020
- **population density sq mi**: 2466
Frank Watkins

**Frank Watkins** (February 19, 1968  – October 18, 2015) was an American heavy metal musician. He was the bass player for the death metal band Obituary. He also played for the Norwegian black metal band Gorgoroth from 2007 until he died in 2015. His stage name was "Bøddel" while with Gorgoroth.

He started playing music when he was 12 years old. He joined Obituary in 1989. Other than music, Watkins decided to form a management company called Back From the Dead Productions which tried to help bands create a positive career in the music business. Watkins joined Gorgoroth in December 2007. He debuted with Gorgoroth at the Hole in the Sky festival on August 29, 2009.

In 2012, Watkins was diagnosed with primary central nervous system lymphoma. On October 18, 2015, Watkins died of that cancer.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Frank Watkins
- **img**: Frank Watkins.jpg
- **img capt**: Bøddel performing with Gorgoroth in 2010
- **img size**: 250px
- **background**: non_vocal_instrumentalist
- **birth name**: Frank Watkins
- **alias**: Bøddel
- **instrument**: Bass guitar, guitar
- **genre**: Death metal, black metal
- **occupation**: Musician
- **years active**: 1986-2015
- **associated acts**: Obituary (band), Obituary, Gorgoroth, Hellwitch, Bad Rep, Sacrosanct
East of England (European Parliament constituency)

**East of England** was a constituency of the European Parliament. It used to elect 7 MEPs using the d'Hondt method of party-list proportional representation.

## Boundaries

The constituency was in-charge to the East of England region of the United Kingdom, comprising the ceremonial counties of Bedfordshire, Cambridgeshire, Essex, Hertfordshire, Norfolk and Suffolk.

## History

It was formed as a result of the European Parliamentary Elections Act 1999, replacing a number of single-member constituencies.
French Americans

**French Americans**  (French: _Américain français_), also called **Franco-Americans** (French: _Franco-Américains_) are Americans who identify themselves to be of French or French Canadian descent. About 11.8 million U.S. residents are of French or French Canadian descent. About 2 million speak French at home. An additional 750,000 U.S. residents speak a French-based creole language, according to the 2011 census.

Americans of French descent make up a substantial percentage of the American population. However French Americans are less visible than other similarly sized ethnic groups. This is due in part to the high degree of assimilation among Huguenot (French Protestant) settlers. Also, there is a tendency of French American groups to identify more strongly with "New World" regional identities. These include Québécois, French Canadian, Acadian, Cajun, or Louisiana Creole. This has prevented the development of a wider French American identity.

## Other websites

- Extensive studies, Documents, Statistics and Resources of Franco American History
- Franco American Women's Institute
- Institut français
- Dave Martucci, _Franco-American flags_, in Flags of the World
- Vivre en Orange County  - French Community in Orange County, California
- Bonjour L.A. !- Bonjour L.A. ! Los Angeles with a French touch
- Council for the Development of French in Louisiana - a state agency.
- Oral History of French Canadians in Franklin County, New York and of a small sawmill and logging community in the Northern New York State populated by French Canadians

## Infobox (ethnic group)

- **group**: French Americans
 _Franco-Américains_
- **image**: Drapeau Franco-Américain.svg
- **caption**: Franco-American Flag
- **total**: **10,329,465**

8,228,623 (only French)
2,100,842 (French Canadian)
- **popplace**: Predominantly in New England, Arkansas and Louisiana with smaller communities in New York (state), New York, the Midwestern United States, Midwest, Tennessee, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, California, Florida and North Carolina
- **langs**: English language, English <small>(American English, American English dialects)</small>
 French language, French<small> (Cajun French, Cajun•Acadian French, Acadian•Canadian French•Haitian French•Missouri French, Missouri•New England French)</small>
- **rels**: Predominantly Roman Catholicism, Roman Catholic, minority Protestantism, Protestant
- **related**: French people, French, French Canadians, French Canadian Americans, Québécois people, Québécois, Cajuns, Acadians, French Haitians
Toni Brunner

**Toni Brunner** (born 23 August 1974) is a Swiss politician. He is a member of the Swiss National Council. He was born in Wattwil.
Sand Hills, South Brunswick, New Jersey

**Sand Hills, South Brunswick, New Jersey** is a neighborhood of South Brunswick, New Jersey.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Sand Hills, New Jersey
- **settlement type**: Local government in New Jersey#Unincorporated communities, Unincorporated community
- **pushpin label position**: left
- **pushpin map caption**: Location of Sand Hills in Middlesex County Inset: Location of county within the state of New Jersey
- **subdivision type**: List of countries, Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: New Jersey
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in New Jersey, County
- **subdivision name2**: Middlesex County, New Jersey, Middlesex
- **subdivision type3**: List of townships in New Jersey, Township
- **subdivision name3**: South Brunswick, New Jersey, South Brunswick
- **elevation ft**: 253
- **blank name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank info**: 880247
- **unit pref**: imperial
Lake County

**Lake County** may refer to:

- In New Zealand
- Lake County, New Zealand

- In the United States
It is the name of twelve counties in the United States of America:
- Named for Great Lakes, near which they are located:
    - Lake County, Illinois
    - Lake County, Indiana
    - Lake County, Michigan
    - Lake County, Minnesota
    - Lake County, Ohio
- others:
    - Lake County, California
    - Lake County, Colorado
    - Lake County, Florida
    - Lake County, Montana
    - Lake County, Oregon
    - Lake County, South Dakota
    - Lake County, Tennessee

## Related pages

- Green Lake County, Wisconsin
Mini Estadi

The **Mini Estadi** (English: Mini Stadium) is the home stadium of FC Barcelona B, officially named "Miniestadi", the reserve team of FC Barcelona. It is in Barcelona, Spain. It can hold 15,276 people. It also hosts games for the FC Barcelona women's team.

## Related pages

- Camp Nou
- FC Barcelona
- Barcelona
Criminal procedure

**Criminal procedure** refers to the rules that determine how the courts will process a criminal trial. While criminal procedure differs by jurisdiction, the process generally begins with a formal criminal charge and results in the conviction or acquittal of the defendant.

## Basic rights

Many countries have a democratic system and use the rule of law. There are a number of common principles. In a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution. That means it is up to the prosecution to prove that the defendant is guilty beyond any reasonable doubt. This is opposed to having the defendant prove he or she is innocent. It also means any doubt is resolved in favor of the defendant. This provision is known as the presumption of innocence. If charged with a felony, defendants have the following basic rights:
1. The right to be informed about the crime for which the person is being arrested.
1. The right to legal counsel.

## Related pages

- Forensic science
- Right to a fair trial

## Other websites

- Code of Criminal Procedure
Jamesburg, New Jersey

**Jamesburg** is a borough in Middlesex County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2020 United States Census, the borough's population was 5,783.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough has a total area of 0.883 square miles (2.289 km<sup>2</sup>).

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Jamesburg, New Jersey
- **settlement type**: Borough (New Jersey), Borough
- **image skyline**: Jamesburg, NJ.jpg
- **imagesize**: 250x200px
- **image caption**: Jamesburg as seen across Lake Manalapan from Thompson County Park
- **image map**: Middlesex_County_New_Jersey_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Jamesburg_Highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 250x200px
- **map caption**: Location of Jamesburg in Middlesex County, New Jersey, Middlesex County highlighted in red (left). Inset map: Location of Middlesex County in New Jersey highlighted in orange (right).
- **pushpin map**: USA New Jersey Middlesex County#USA New Jersey#USA
- **pushpin label**: Jamesburg
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Middlesex County, New Jersey, Middlesex County##Location in New Jersey##Location in the United States
- **pushpin relief**: yes
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in New Jersey, County
- **subdivision name2**: Middlesex County, New Jersey, Middlesex
- **government type**: Borough (New Jersey), Borough
- **governing body**: Borough Council
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader title1**: City manager, Administrator
- **leader title2**: Municipal clerk
- **established title**: Municipal corporation, Incorporated
- **established date**: March 19, 1887
- **named for**: James Buckelew
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 2.31
- **area land km2**: 2.29
- **area water km2**: 0.02
- **area total sq mi**: 0.89
- **area land sq mi**: 0.88
- **area water sq mi**: 0.01
- **area water percent**: 0.90
- **area rank**: 517th of 565 in state
24th of 25 in county
- **population as of**: 2020 United States census, 2020
- **population total**: 5783
- **population rank**: 358th of 565 in state
23rd of 25 in county
- **population density km2**: auto
- **population density sq mi**: 6556.7
- **population density rank**: 80th of 565 in state
5th of 25 in county
- **timezone**: Eastern Time Zone, Eastern (EST)
- **utc offset**: −05:00
- **timezone dst**: Eastern Daylight Time, Eastern (EDT)
- **utc offset dst**: −04:00
- **elevation ft**: 85
- **postal code type**: ZIP Code
- **postal code**: 08831
- **area code**: Area codes 732 and 848, 732 Telephone exchange, exchanges 521,605 and 656
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standards, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 3402334890
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 0885263
South Amboy, New Jersey

**South Amboy, New Jersey** is a city on the right bank of the Raritan River in Middlesex County, New Jersey.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: South Amboy, New Jersey
- **settlement type**: City
- **nickname**: "The Gateway to the Shore"
- **image skyline**: Downtown South Amboy, NJ.jpg
- **imagesize**: 250x200px
- **image caption**: Downtown South Amboy along Broadway
- **image map**: Middlesex_County_New_Jersey_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_South_Amboy_Highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 250x200px
- **map caption**: Location of South Amboy in Middlesex County, New Jersey, Middlesex County highlighted in red (left). Inset map: Location of Middlesex County in New Jersey highlighted in orange (right).
- **image map1**: Census Bureau map of South Amboy, New Jersey.gif
- **mapsize1**: 250x200px
- **map caption1**: Census Bureau map of South Amboy, New Jersey
- **pushpin map**: USA New Jersey Middlesex County#USA New Jersey#USA
- **pushpin label**: South Amboy
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Middlesex County, New Jersey, Middlesex County##Location in New Jersey##Location in the United States
- **pushpin relief**: yes
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in New Jersey, County
- **subdivision name2**: Middlesex County, New Jersey, Middlesex
- **government type**: Mayor–Council (Faulkner Act)
- **governing body**: City Council
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader title1**: City manager, Administrator
- **leader title2**: Municipal clerk
- **established title**: Municipal corporation, Incorporated
- **established date**: February 21, 1798
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 6.99
- **area land km2**: 3.98
- **area water km2**: 3.01
- **area total sq mi**: 2.70
- **area land sq mi**: 1.54
- **area water sq mi**: 1.16
- **area water percent**: 42.76
- **area rank**: 365th of 565 in state
19th of 25 in county
- **population as of**: 2020 United States census, 2020
- **population total**: 9411
- **population rank**: 254th of 565 in state
19th of 25 in county
- **population density km2**: auto
- **population density sq mi**: 6119.0
- **population density rank**: 88th of 565 in state
6th of 25 in county
- **timezone**: Eastern Time Zone, Eastern (EST)
- **utc offset**: −05:00
- **timezone dst**: Eastern Daylight Time, Eastern (EDT)
- **utc offset dst**: −04:00
- **elevation ft**: 10
- **postal code type**: ZIP Codes
- **postal code**: 08879
- **area code**: Area codes 732 and 848, 732 and 848
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standards, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 3402368550
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 0885399
South Plainfield, New Jersey

**South Plainfield, New Jersey** is a borough of New Jersey.
Lake Balboa, Los Angeles

**Lake Balboa, Los Angeles** is a neighborhood of Los Angeles, California.

## Other websites

- Lake Balboa Neighborhood Council
- http://projects.latimes.com/mapping-la/neighborhoods/neighborhood/lake-balboa/comments/  Comments about living in Lake Balboa
- http://projects.latimes.com/mapping-la/neighborhoods/neighborhood/lake-balboa/crime/  Lake Balboa crime map and statistics
- Map of Los Angeles neighborhoods
West Los Angeles

**West Los Angeles** is a district in the Westside region of Los Angeles County, California.
I'm a Believer

**"I'm a Believer"** is a ballad. It was composed by Neil Diamond. It was recorded by The Monkees in 1966. The single hit #1 on the US _Billboard_ Hot 100 chart. It remained there for seven weeks.

Smash Mouth and Eddie Murphy did covers of the song in 2001. In 1985, singer Barbara Mandrell did her version.
Garfield (character)

**Garfield** is a fictional cartoon cat created in 1978 by Jim Davis. He is known for his love of lasagna and sleeping, and his dislike of Mondays and diets. He lives with his best friend, Odie, and Jon, his owner.

In addition to Davis's newspaper cartoon, an animated television show called _Garfield and Friends_ ran in the United States from 1988-1994.

In 2004, a live-action adaptation of _Garfield, starring Bill Murray,_ was released in cinemas, 20 years later, an animated Garfield movie, starring Chris Pratt, was released in 2024.

Garfield is one of the most famous animated characters of all time and makes over $1 billion dollars annually from merchandise.

## Voiceover timeline

- Scott Beach (1980; segment on _The Fantastic Funnies_)
- Lorenzo Music (1982–2001; TV specials, _Garfield and Friends_, _Garfield’s Mad About Cats_)
- Lou Rawls (1982–1991, occasional singing voice, TV specials)
- Tom Smothers (1991; Alpo commercials)
- Bill Murray (2004–2006; _Garfield: The Movie_, _Garfield: A Tail of Two Kitties_)
- Jeff Bergman (2004; Boomerang UK bumper)
- Jon Barnard (2004–2016; _Garfield's Nightmare_, _Garfield_, _Garfield: Saving Arlene_, _Garfield: Lasagna Tour_, _The Garfield Show: Threat of the Space Lasagna_, Garfield Cat Litter commercial, _Garfield Pinball_)
- Frank Welker (2007–present; _Garfield Gets Real_, _Garfield's Fun Fest_, _Garfield's Pet Force_, _The Garfield Show_, _Mad_, _Nickelodeon All-Star Brawl_, _Nickelodeon Extreme Tennis_, _Nickelodeon Kart Racers 3: Slime Speedway_, _Nickelodeon All-Star Brawl 2_)
- Chris Pratt (2024; _The Garfield Movie_)

Voiced by in unofficial material:

- Fred Tatasciore (2006; _Robot Chicken_)
- Seth Green (2011–2012; _Robot Chicken_)
- Kevin Shinick (2011–2012; _Mad_)
- Matthew Lillard (2014; _Robot Chicken_)
- Dan Castellaneta (2017; _The Simpsons_)
- Dan Milano (2020; _Robot Chicken_)

### Fictional biography

Garfield was born on June 19, 1978. His first owner, Mamma Leoni, got rid of him because of his appetite. From the moment he was born, he has loved lasagna. In almost every cartoon appearance, Garfield causes mischief. He did that in almost every episode of _Garfield and Friends_ (1988-1994).

## Name

Garfield was named after Jim A. Davis' grandfather, James Garfield Davis jr III, who in turn was named after US President James A. Garfield.
Insanity defense

In criminal trials, the **insanity defense** is the lawyer  saying that someone accused of a crime is not guilty for his or her crimes because of a mental illness. People who have been found to be insane have been let out of full criminal punishment since the Code of Hammurabi. There are different definitions of legal insanity in different places. An insane defendant is usually put in a mental health facility instead of a prison.

## M’Naghten

In the 1840s, a Scottish man named Daniel M’Naghten shot and killed Sir Robert Peel’s secretary Edward Drummond and was found not guilty by reason of Insanity. The court said that a criminal is “not guilty by the grounds of insanity” if the person has a mental illness that makes it impossible to know what he did or that makes it impossible for him to know that what he did was bad. This is called the M’Naghten rule. The M’Naughten rule is used in a lot of countries with Common law.

## Temporary Insanity

When the defendant is not insane now but was insane when he committed his crimes, it’s called temporary insanity. The first to use this defense was Daniel Sickles when he killed his wife's lover Francis Barton Key (son of Francis Scott Key) in 1859.

## Application

In the United Kingdom, Ireland, and the United States, the insanity defense is not used much. But, in the United Kingdom, people have been using it more.  Mitigating factors, including things not eligible for the insanity defense like being drunk (or, more frequently, diminished capacity), may lead to reduced charges or a shorter prison sentence.

The question of who has to prove what is an issue in the United States. Before the John Hinckley, Jr. trial, it was the government in most states. After that, many of these states decided that the criminal’s lawyers had to prove that he was legally insane. Where the state still bears the burden of proof, the standard for the prosecution is beyond a reasonable doubt. Where the defense bears the burden, the standard is preponderance of the evidence (a lower standard).

## Expert testimony

The insanity defense is based on evaluations by forensic mental health professionals with the appropriate test according to the jurisdiction. Their testimony guides the jury (or judge in a bench trial). But they may not testify to the defendant's criminal responsibility. This is for the jury or judge to decide. Mental health experts may testify as to whether at the time of the crime the defendant understood what he did was wrong. If the defendant were acting under a delusion at the time and could still determine right from wrong, he is not insane and may be punished.

## Other websites

- Insanity Defense - Insanity defense statistics, Problems with NGRI, Guilty but mentally ill
- Other Notorious Insanity Cases
Alfredo di Stéfano Stadium

The **Alfredo di Stéfano Stadium** is the stadium of Real Madrid Castilla. They are the reserve team of Real Madrid. It was built in 2006. It has a capacity of 9,000. Future expansions are planning it to be able to seat 24,000. The stadium is named after club legend Alfredo di Stéfano. There is a statue of him at the entrance, created by Pedro Montes.

## Related pages

- Real Madrid
- Real Madrid Castilla
- Santiago Bernabéu Stadium
- Alfredo Di Stéfano
Arbitration

**Arbitration**, a form of alternative dispute resolution (ADR), is a way of resolving disputes outside the courts. Litigation can be expensive, time-consuming and unpredictable. With arbitration the parties to a dispute agree to have the disagreement decided by a neutral third party. More often this is a panel of three **arbitrators**. Each party suggests one, then both arbitrators agree on a third arbitrator. The decision is the result of a majority vote.

## Arbitration (hearing)

Arbitration includes an agreement in advance by both parties to comply with the decision of the arbitrator(s). The process includes a hearing in which both parties may be heard. The arbitrator(s) reviews the evidence in the case and makes a decision. One that is legally binding on both sides and enforceable in the courts.

## Mediation

Another form of alternative dispute resolution is mediation. Mediation and arbitration both use neutral third parties. For that reason they are sometimes confused. One difference is that a mediator does not make any decisions. Instead the mediator works towards getting both parties to agree. Unlike Arbitration, there is usually only one mediator. Another difference is that mediation is usually non-binding. Mediation is used more often in smaller disputes or when the matter is kept confidential. In some jurisdictions, mediation is required before a case can come to court.

## Related pages

- Conflict resolution

## Other websites

- Mediation vs. Arbitration vs. Litigation: What's the Difference?, FindLaw
Algebraic topology

**Algebraic topology** is a branch of mathematics that uses tools from abstract algebra to study topological spaces. Algebraic topology can be used in a number of other fields such as physics, branches of geometry and number theory.

Algebraic topology can be used to count "holes" in a shape: for example, a wedding ring and a hollow pipe both have one hole, but a figure-8 has two. This can also be done in different dimensions; a hollow sphere has a kind of "2-dimensional" hole.
Kazimierz Łaski

**Kazimierz Łaski** (December 15, 1921 – October 20, 2015) was a Polish-Austrian economist. He was one of the most famous representatives of Post-Keynesian economics in Austria. He was born in Warsaw, Poland.

Łaski died in Vienna, Austria at the age of 93.

## Other websites

- _"Das Leben ist stärker als die Dogmen"_ , Intervention. European Journal of Economics and Economic Policies, Vol 4 (2007), No. 2
- _"Schlangen vor den Geschäften oder vor den Arbeitsämtern"_ , Kurswechsel, (2006), No. 4
- _"Intelectual trajectories: Kalecki’s place in my career as economist"_, EAEPE Newsletter, Number 36, Juli-August 2006
Marty Ingels

**Martin Ingerman** (March 9, 1936 – October 21, 2015), known professionally as **Marty Ingels**, was an American actor, comedian, comedy, sketch writer, theatrical agent. He was known for his role in the 1960s television series_ I'm Dickens, He's Fenster_. He also voiced many cartoon characters and commercials, such as Pac-Man in the Hanna-Barbera cartoon of the same name.

Ingels was born in Brooklyn, New York City. He began his career in 1958. He was previously married to Jean Marie Frassinxlli from 1964 until their divorce in 1966. He then married actress Shirley Jones in 1977. Ingels died from a massive stroke at Tarzana Medical Center in Tarzana, Los Angeles, on October 21, 2015, at the age of 79.

## Other websites

- C.A. Rejects Age Bias Suit Over Exclusion From Radio Talk Show
- An Interview with Marty Ingels Part One, June 2012
- An Interview with Marty Ingels Part Two, June 2012
- An Interview with Marty Ingels Part Three, July 2012
- Marty Ingels (Aveleyman)

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Marty Ingels
- **image**: Marty Ingels I'm Dickens He's Fenster 1962.jpg
- **caption**: in _I'm Dickens, He's Fenster_ (1962)
- **image size**: 212px
- **birthname**: Martin Ingerman
- **birth place**: Brooklyn, New York City, U.S.
- **death place**: Tarzana, Los Angeles, California, U.S.
- **death cause**: Stroke
- **nationality**: American
- **occupation**: Actor, comedian, comedy sketch writer, theatrical agent
- **years active**: 1958–2015
- **spouse**: Jean Marie Frassinelli (1964–1966; divorced)
Shirley Jones (m. 1977–2015; his death)
Mark Murphy

**Mark Murphy** (March 14, 1932 – October 22, 2015) was an American jazz singer. He was born in Syracuse, New York, but spent most of his life in New Jersey.

He was won the 1996, 1997, 2000, and 2001 _Down Beat_ magazine readers jazz poll for Best Male Vocalist of the Year. During his career, he had six Grammy award nominations for Best Vocal Jazz Performance. He was also known for his original lyrics to the jazz classics "Stolen Moments" and "Red Clay".

Murphy died on October 22, 2015 in Englewood, New Jersey, aged 83.

## Other websites

- About Jazz_

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Mark Murphy
- **image**: Mark Murphy (1975).jpg
- **caption**: Mark Murphy (1975)
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Mark Murphy
- **birth place**: Syracuse, New York, U.S.
- **death place**: Englewood, New Jersey, U.S.
- **origin**: Fulton, Oswego County, New York, Fulton, New York, United States
- **instrument**: Vocals
- **genre**: Swing (jazz performance style), Swing, Jazz
- **occupation**: Singing, Singer
- **associated acts**: Jack Teagarden, Eddie Jefferson, Jon Hendricks, Sheila Jordan
Willem Aantjes

**Willem "Wim" Aantjes** (; 16 January 1923 – 22 October 2015) was a Dutch politician of the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA). He served as a Member of the House of Representatives from 26 May 1959 until 7 November 1978.

During World War II Aantjes became a member of the Germanic SS in order to escape forced labor. However, he refused participating in SS activities and was therefore imprisoned in a prison camp.

During his early political career, he was a member for the Anti-Revolutionary Party (ARP) and from 1977 as a dual member for the CDA. He served as the Parliamentary leader of the Anti-Revolutionary Party in the House of Representatives from 22 June 1971 until 30 November 1972 when Barend Biesheuvel the Party leader of the Anti-Revolutionary Party served as Prime Minister.

He served again as the Parliamentary leader from 19 December 1977 until 7 November 1978 when he resigned both his positions because of relevations of what happened in World War II.

Aantjes died in Utrecht, Netherlands at the age of 92.

## Other websites

- Mr. W. (Wim) Aantjes Parlement.com

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Willem Aantjes
- **image**: Wim Aantjes (1974).jpg
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **office**: Parliamentary group leader, Parliamentary leader of the Christian Democratic Appeal in the House of Representatives (Netherlands), House of Representatives
- **term start**: 19 December 1977
- **term end**: 7 November 1978
- **predecessor**: Dries van Agt
- **successor**: Ruud Lubbers
- **office1**: Leader of the Anti-Revolutionary Party
- **term start1**: 7 March 1973
- **term end1**: 25 May 1977
- **predecessor1**: Barend Biesheuvel
- **successor1**: _Party Disbanded_
- **office2**: Parliamentary group leader, Parliamentary leader of the Anti-Revolutionary Party in the House of Representatives (Netherlands), House of Representatives
- **term start2**: 7 March 1973
- **term end2**: 25 May 1977
- **predecessor2**: Barend Biesheuvel
- **successor2**: _Party Disbanded_
- **term start3**: 22 June 1971
- **term end3**: 30 November 1972
- **predecessor3**: Barend Biesheuvel
- **successor3**: Barend Biesheuvel
- **office4**: House of Representatives (Netherlands), Member of the House of Representatives
- **term start4**: 26 May 1959
- **term end4**: 7 November 1978
- **birthname**: Willem Aantjes
- **birth place**: Bleskensgraaf, Netherlands
- **death place**: Utrecht, Netherlands
- **nationality**: Netherlands, Dutch
- **party**: Christian Democratic Appeal <small>(from 1980)</small>
- **otherparty**: Anti-Revolutionary Party <small>(before 1980)</small>
- **spouse**: Gisela Braun
 <small>(m. 1953–1995; divorced)</small>
 Ineke Ludikhuize
 <small>(m. 2000–2015; his death)</small>
- **children**: 2 sons and 1 daughter
- **residence**: Utrecht (city), Utrecht, Netherlands
- **alma mater**: Utrecht University <small>(Master of Laws)</small>
- **occupation**: Politician
 Civil service, Civil servant
 Trade unionist
Marshawn Lynch

**Marshawn Lynch** (born April 22, 1986) is an American football running back. He played in the National Football League (NFL) for the Buffalo Bills and Seattle Seahawks. He was drafted by the Buffalo Bills in the first round of the 2007 NFL Draft. His aggressive running style has earned him the name "**Beast Mode**".

## Early life

Marshawn grew up in Oakland, California with his three siblings and his mother. His mother had to work multiple jobs in order to keep the family moving. Lynch's family had a history of being athletes, such as his mother, who had been a very good sprinter at the high school that Marshawn was attending at the time (Oakland Technical High School). Lynch played many different positions during high school, including Defensive Back, Quarterback, Wide Receiver, and Linebacker.

## References

- http://www.jockbio.com/Bios/M_Lynch/M_Lynch_bio.html

## Infobox (nfl biography)

- **name**: Marshawn Lynch
- **image**: Marshawn Lynch vs. Redskins 2014.jpg
- **image size**: 250
- **number**: 24
- **position**: Running back
- **birth place**: Oakland, California
- **height ft**: 5
- **height in**: 11
- **weight lbs**: 215
- **high school**: Oakland Technical High School
(Oakland, California)
- **college**: University of California, Berkeley
- **draftyear**: 2007
- **draftround**: 1
- **draftpick**: 12
- **pastteams**: * Buffalo Bills (–)
* Seattle Seahawks (–)
* Oakland Raiders (–)
* Seattle Seahawks ()
- **highlights**: * Super Bowl champion (Super Bowl XLVIII, XLVIII)
* 5× Pro Bowl (2009 Pro Bowl, 2008, 2012 Pro Bowl, 2011–2015 Pro Bowl, 2014)
* First-team All-Pro (2012 All-Pro Team, 2012)
* Second-team All-Pro (2014 All-Pro Team, 2014)
* 2× List of National Football League season rushing touchdowns leaders, NFL rushing touchdowns leader (2013, 2014)
* First-team College Football All-America Team, All-American (2006 College Football All-America Team, 2006)
* First-team All-Pacific-10 Conference, Pac-10 (2006 All-Pacific-10 Conference football team, 2006)
* Pac-10 Offensive Player of the Year (2006)
- **statleague**: NFL
- **statlabel1**: Rushing yards
- **statvalue1**: 10,379
- **statlabel2**: Rushing average
- **statvalue2**: 4.3
- **statlabel3**: Rushing touchdowns
- **statvalue3**: 84
- **statlabel4**: Receptions
- **statvalue4**: 287
- **statlabel5**: Receiving yards
- **statvalue5**: 2,214
- **statlabel6**: Receiving touchdowns
- **statvalue6**: 9
- **nflnew**: marshawnlynch/2495663
- **pfr**: L/LyncMa00