juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
X Japan

**X Japan** is a Japanese rock band. They were formed in 1982 by Yoshiki. They have sold over 30 million albums and singles and over 2 million videos to date. X Japan stopped making music in 1997, but reunited in 2007. They performed their first world tour live in Hong Kong in 2009. They played to 20,000 people in two days.

Some visual kei bands are influenced by X Japan.

## Name

The band was first called "X" but because the letter X was already the name of another band they changed their name to "X Japan" to avoid confusion.

## Albums

- _Vanishing Vision_ (1988)
- _Blue Blood_ (1989)
- _Jealousy_ (1991)
- _Art of Life_ (1993)
- _Dahlia_ (1996)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: X Japan
- **img**: Xjapan hongkong.jpg
- **img capt**: X Japan in Hong Kong 2009
- **img size**: 250
- **landscape**: yes
- **background**: group_or_band
- **alias**: X,
- **origin**: Chiba Prefecture, Chiba, Japan
- **genre**: Heavy metal music, Heavy metal, speed metal, power metal, progressive metal, symphonic metal, glam metal
- **years active**: 1982–1997, 2007–present
- **label**: Dada, Extasy Records, Extasy, Sony Music Entertainment Japan, CBS/Sony, Ki/oon Records, Ki/oon, Warner Music Japan, MMG, Warner Music Japan, East West Japan, Atlantic Records, Atlantic, Polydor Records, Polydor, Tofu,  EMI Records, EMI
- **associated acts**: Skin (Japanese band), S.K.I.N.
- **current members**: Yoshiki
Toshi (musician), Toshi
Pata (musician), Pata
Heath (musician), Heath
Sugizo
- **past members**: #Former members, Former members
Emilio de Villota

**Emilio de Villota Ruíz** (born in Madrid, July 26, 1946) is a former racing driver from Spain.  He participated in 15 Formula One World Championship Grands Prix, debuting on May 2, 1976.  He scored no championship points.

In 2005, he participated in Formula Palmer Audi driving a Mapfre's car (nº7)
TAE connector

**TAE** (Telekommunikations-Anschluss-Einheit) is the German standard for telephone plugs and sockets.

The standard covers two TAE types: _F_ ("Fernsprechgerät": for telephones) and _N_ ("Nebengerät": for other devices such as answering machines and modems).

## Pin-out

|Pin|Name|Used for|Color of the wire|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1|La|Exchange line a|White|
|2|Lb|Exchange line b|Brown|
|3|W|Line for external bell (obsolete since mid-1990s)|Green|
|4|E|Line for ground connection, used to request an external connection in very old telephone installations|Yellow|
|5|a2|Line a, looped through the telecommunication device|Pink|
|6|b2|Line b, looped through the telecommunication device|Gray|
Technological singularity

The **technological singularity** or **tech singularity** is the idea that a machine or computer, or a group of machines and computers, will one day be smarter than humans.

Because it has not happened yet, nobody really knows what the technological singularity will do, or if it will even happen. Nonetheless, the technological singularity has been a subject in many science fiction works, such as _The Terminator_, _The Matrix_, and the Borg in _Star Trek_. In most depictions of the singularity, machines have consciousness and humans are considered to be useless. The futurist (who studies about the future) and inventor Ray Kurzweil believes the _Singularity_ will happen about the year 2045. The major impetus driving toward the singularity, according to Kurzweil, is that according to Moore's Law, computers are doubling in memory capacity every 18 months. According to Kurzweil, by 2029, computers will be as intelligent as human beings (see artificial intelligence).

Possible effects of such a singularity can include
- Human extinction or enslavement
- Mass unemployment, starvation, etc.
- A post-scarcity system
- Cybernetic immortality
- Mind uploading
Etc.

## Related pages

- Cybernetics
- Emerging technologies
- Innovation

## Other websites

- Technological Singularity subreddit
- The Technological Singularity and Merging with Machines - BigThink.com
Mew (Pokémon)

**Mew** (ミュウ, Myuu) is a fictional character from the _Pokémon_ franchise. In the _Pokémon_ video games, it is a Psychic-type secret Pokémon that was discovered in the first group of Pokémon games: _Pokémon Red and Blue_, _Green_, and _Yellow_. Mew is the _Red/Blue/Green/Yellow_ counterpart to the _Gold/Silver/Crystal_ Celebi and the _Ruby/Sapphire/Emerald_ Jirachi.

The name "Mew" refers to the sound made by a cat. Mew was secretly put in the game by one of the lead programmers, Shigeki Morimoto. When the Game Freak president, Satoshi Tajiri, found out about it, he told about it being in the game.

Mew is #151 in the Pokédex and could only be obtained through special events or by using a cheating device like Gameshark, or a game-enhancing device. Mew can also be obtained in the original issues of the Pokémon yellow and blue (US) by “cheat”. If you get a Pokémon early on (before going to Misty’s gym or defeating man to the left of the nugget bridge) that has growl (charmander has it from the start) and an Abra or a Pokémon that can fly but you can’t fly this early in game (you can get an abra in the grass next to the nugget bridge but be careful not to battle the man standing above that grass he’s needed later). After this go to the health center and heal, then go to the top of the nugget bridge and save. Head down to Misty’s gym, go straight and take a right and challenge hit the guy trainer in a pool to the right use growl 6 times on his shelder then defeat him. Go back to the fight a Pokémon that’s low enough in level not to level your Mew up to level 2, it will automatically level up to 100.

## Mewtwo

**Mewtwo** is a "Genetic" species of Pokémon that is number 150 in the Pokédex. Mewtwo was cloned from Mew by scientists. It is a Psychic type Pokémon. Mewtwo appeared in two movies: _Pokémon: The First Movie_ and _Pokémon: Mewtwo Returns_.

In _Pokémon Red and Blue_ the player first learns of Mewtwo by research papers left in a ruined laboratory on Cinnabar Island. Mewtwo is told to be a mutant child of Mew made after years of work by one scientist. Mewtwo is obtainable in the Cerulean Cave, which opens after defeating the Elite Four. In the remakes _Pokémon FireRed and LeafGreen_ the player now has to get 60 Pokédex entries before they can go in the cave.

In Pokémon X and Y, Mewtwo can be found in the Unknown Dungeon after entering the Hall of Fame. It can Mega Evolve into two different forms: Mega Mewtwo X using Mewtwonite X and Mega Mewtwo Y using Mewtwonite Y.

Mewtwo is a character in _Super Smash Bros. Melee_, and is one of eleven playable characters that can be unlocked in the game. 	It uses the moves Shadow Ball, Confusion, Teleport, and Disable.

## Infobox (pokémon character)

- **number**: 151
- **name**: Mew
- **region**: Kanto
- **colour**: pink
- **height**: 40 cm
- **weight**: 4kg
- **type**: psychic
- **previous**: mewtwo
- **next**: chikorita


## Infobox (pokémon character)

- **name**: Mewtwo
- **number**: 150
- **region**: Kanto
- **colour**: White and purple
- **height**: 6 ft 7 in
- **weight**: 269 lbs
- **type**: Genetic
- **previous**: Dragonite
- **next**: Mew
Marseille

**Marseille** (Occitan: _Marselha_) is a city in the south of France in the Bouches-du-Rhône department. About 1.7 million people live in the metropolitan area, and about 850,000 in the city itself. This makes it the second largest city in France by number of people. Its commercial port  is the biggest in France and one of the most important in the Mediterranean sea.

Although part of the region of Provence, Marseilles has its own history.  This city is the oldest in France and probably the most complex.  The city was started around 600 BC by Greek sailors from Phocaea (modern day Foça, near İzmir).  This was a Greek colony in Asia Minor that is in what is now Turkey.

Marseille has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (_Csa_ in the Koeppen climate classification).

## Education

- École pour l'informatique et les nouvelles technologies
- Institut Polytechnique des Sciences Avancées
- Kedge Business School
See also  Transport in Marseille

## Social Housing

Approximately more than 50,000 people are waiting for social housing in Marseille, with a maximum waiting period of five years.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Marseille
- **commune status**: Prefectures of France, Prefecture and Communes of France, commune
- **image size**: 270px
- **caption**: Clockwise from top:
- **population demonym**: Marseillais (French)
Marselhés (Occitan)
Massiliot (ancient)
- **image flag**: Flag of Marseille.svg
- **image coat of arms**: Armoiries de Marseille.svg
- **city motto**:

- **arrondissement**: Marseille
- **canton**: Cantons of Marseille, 12 cantons
- **mayor**: Benoît Payan
- **party**: Socialist Party (France), PS
- **term**: since 2020
- **area km2**: 240.62
- **population**: 855393
- **population ranking**: 2nd after Paris
- **population date**: Jan. 2013
- **urban area km2**: 1731.91
- **urban area date**: 2010
- **urban pop**: 1,578,484
- **urban pop date**: 2014
- **metro area km2**: 3173.51
- **metro area date**: 2010
- **metro area pop**: 1,831,500
- **metro area pop date**: Jan. 2011
- **intercommunality**: Aix-Marseille-Provence Metropolis, Aix-Marseille-Provence
- **postal code**: 13001-13016
- **insee**: 13055
- **dialling code**: 0491 or 0496
- **website**: [http://www.marseille.fr/sitevdm/jsp/site/Portal.jsp?page_id=687 marseille.fr]
Actuary

**Actuaries** are people who are experts in mathematics, statistics, probability, economics, and finance who figure out how much money businesses should charge for making promises to pay for something that may or may not happen.
__TOC__

## History

Hundreds of years ago, when people got sick or died, it cost a lot of money to take care of them or bury them. People had the idea of joining their money together to help each other out. This was called pooling. Eventually, people started to make a business out of collecting enough money to help people who had big problems.

Figuring out how much money needed to be collected from people to be used if problems happened was not easy. Over hundreds of years, the math needed for this was developed by many people from all over the world.

Today, actuaries use computers to figure out problems that were too difficult before.

## Work

Actuaries now work in many places. Most work for insurance companies, but others work in all kinds of finance companies. Actuaries still figure out how much money needs to be paid for life insurance, as well as other kinds of money promises, like pensions, car insurance, house insurance, and similar.

Actuaries also work with companies to figure out if making certain business deals are a good idea, since actuaries work with figuring out what the probabilities are of different business situations happening.

## Tests

People who want to be actuaries need to take many tests. The tests are not the same in different parts of the world.
Thesaurus

A **thesaurus** is a dictionary of synonyms (words that have the same or similar meaning). Thesauruses (or thesauri) often include related words that mean almost the same thing. Some thesauruses also include antonyms (words that have the opposite meaning).

For example, by looking up the word "big" in a thesaurus, someone would find a list of other similar words such as "huge" and "massive". If the thesaurus also has a list of antonyms, the user could also find words which mean the opposite, like "small" and "tiny".

Many students and writers use a thesaurus to help them find words when they are writing. Using a thesaurus can help a person to improve their vocabulary (the number of words that they know).

## Related pages

- Wiktionary

## Other websites

- Power Thesaurus - website with lists of synonyms and antonyms ordered by rating
- Thesaurus.com - website with detailed options for each word
- Visual Synonyms  - website with visualization of synonyms and antonyms
Boom

A **boom** can mean different things:

- A boom is a low-pitched sound, often reverberant.  The sound of thunder and the sound of an explosion are often called booms.
- A boom is a long bar:
    - used in sailing and windsurfing to hold the sail.
    - used in waterskiing for the beginning skier to hold onto.
    - used in movies and television to hold microphones.
- Boom is a municipality in Belgium
Rumble

**Rumble** can mean different things:

- A rumble is a dull vibration. It can also be the sound of one.
- A rumble is another word for a fight.
- Rumble strips are raised lines placed horizontally on a road. They are usually used to tell drivers that they must slow down or stop ahead.  The strips make a rumbling sound when a car's tires cross them.
- _Rumble_, the original title of Harlan Ellison's book _Web of the City_.
- A stomach rumble is the growling noise the stomach makes.
Bass (fish)

- _For other uses of the word "bass," see bass._

**Bass** is the name of some species (types) of fish that are often caught for food or sport.  There are freshwater bass (that live in rivers and lakes) and saltwater bass (that live in the ocean).  Many bass live in or near North America.  Bass are from the order of Perciformes or "perch-like fish".  Their name comes from the word for 'perch'.

Some well-known bass species are:
- **temperate basses** such as the striped bass (_Morone saxatilis_) and white bass (_M. chrysops_), from the family Moronidae.
- **warm water basses**, such as the largemouth bass (_Micropterus salmoides_), smallmouth bass (_M. dolomieu_), spotted bass (_M. punctulatus_), Guadalupe bass (_M. treculii_) and rock bass (_Ambloplites rupestris_), from the sunfish family, Centrarchidae. These basses are also called black basses.

Many other species are also called basses, such as:
- The Australian bass, _Macquaria novemaculeata_, from the perch family, Percichthyidae.
- The black sea bass, _Centropristis striata_, from the family Serranidae.
- The giant sea bass _Stereolepis gigas_, also called the _black sea bass_, from the family Polyprionidae.
- The Chilean sea bass, _Dissostichus eleginoides_, more commonly known as the Patagonian toothfish.
- The European seabass, _Dicentrarchus labrax_.
Roxette

**Roxette** is a Swedish pop music group formed in 1986. The band had 2 members, Per Gessle and Marie Fredriksson. Their song "It Must Have Been Love" was one of the most sold singles by the duo. It was released first as a Christmas song in 1987 and then as an "ordinary song" in 1990. In 1991, Roxette release the very popular album _Joyride_. For this album, they went on tour worldwide, playing 107 concerts. "The Look" and "Listen To Your Heart", are other popular songs by Roxette. They are very popular in South America and Europe.

They had released 8 studio albums and 9 compilation albums. One album, _Baladas En Español_, was sung in Spanish.

They are the second most successful Swedish music group of all time, behind ABBA.

The band ended in December 2019 after Fredriksson died of brain cancer.

## Discography

- 1986 – _Pearls of Passion_
- 1987 – _Dance Passion - The Remix Album_
- 1988 – _Look Sharp!_
- 1991 – _Joyride_
- 1992 – _Tourism_
- 1994 – _Crash! Boom! Bang!_
- 1995 – _Rarities_
- 1995 – _Don't Bore Us, Get to the Chorus! Roxette's Greatest Hits_
- 1996 – _Baladas En Español_
- 1999 – _Have a Nice Day_
- 2001 – _Room Service_
- 2002 – _The Ballad Hits_
- 2003 – _The Pop Hits_
- 2006 – _Roxette Hits_
- 2006 – _The Rox Box / Roxette 86-06_
- 2011 – _Charm School_
- 2012 – _Travelling_

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Roxette
- **img**: Roxette-Roxette at Bospop festival The Netherlands 2011.jpg
- **img capt**: Roxette on stage the Bospop festival, 2011
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Halmstad, Sweden
- **genre**: Pop music, Pop, rock music, rock, pop rock
- **years active**: 1986–2019
- **label**: Capitol records,
EMI,
Edel Music
- **associated acts**: Gyllene Tider
- **past members**: Marie Fredriksson
Per Gessle
Hindu scripture

The **Hindu scriptures** are a number of ancient books and other texts which tell about Hinduism and Hindu mythology. They are sacred literature for Hindus. Important Hindu scriptures include the following:

- The Vedas
- The Brahmanas
- The Upanishads
- The Puranas

Two epics, the Ramayana and the Mahabharata, are also considered to be the most important Hindu scriptures. All above sacred literature or scriptures are written in Sanskrit language.

Besides the above, there are several other works that are sacred literature of Hindus. Many of them are written in languages such as Tamil and Hindi.
Aum

**Om** (also spelled Aum), is the most sacred symbol in Hinduism. Hindu scriptures tell many things about this symbol. In Hinduism, Om is like calling god's name towards you. This name is generally said three times, before chanting any prayers. Om is usually related to the Hindu God Shiva, who is the destroyer god.

## Related pages

- Om Shinrikyo is a Japanese new religion or cult.
Atlas (mythology)

**Atlas** is a Titan in Greek mythology. He is the son of Iapetus. He has seven daughters with the Oceanid Pleione. They are called the Pleiades.

After the war between the Olympians and the Titans, Atlas was punished. Zeus forced him to hold the heaven on the western edge of the world. Later, the story about him changed and it was said that he held the whole world on his shoulders. Mostly in modern times, he is shown holding a globe of the world.

Heracles came to Atlas and asked him to for help with one of his Labours. He wanted Atlas to get the "Golden Apples" for him as only an immortal could take them. Atlas agreed, but only if Heracles would hold up the sky. Atlas was pleased to be free from its weight but Heracles tricked him into holding it again.

After Perseus killed Medusa he asked the king Atlas of Mauretania to host him but the latter refused, Perseus in revenge decided to show him the head of Medusa by petrifying him and ran away.

Atlas was turned into a mountain called, "[The] Atlas Mountains."
Ecosystem

An **ecosystem** (or ecological system) is a large community of living organisms (plants, animals and microbes) in a particular area. The living and physical components are linked together through nutrient cycles and energy flows. Ecosystems are of any size, but usually they are in specific places.

Each ecosystem has its own community. An aquarium community, for example, can have small fish and other organisms. A desert community may have cacti, small snakes, and scorpions. A pond community can have frogs, insects, snakes, and plants, and a forest community may have rabbits, foxes and pine trees. The species in a community are divided into populations according to the particular habitats and ecological niche<nowiki/>s in the ecosystem.
<nowiki/>

## Energy

Ecosystems are stable, but changeable. They react to major changes in the environment, especially climate changes. For example, the major rainforests have lasted for a long time (perhaps 50 million years or more in some cases). As the rainfall and temperature changes, they change. We know that the Amazon rainforest shrank in size during ice ages, and expanded in the warmer periods.

## Primary production

What drives all ecosystems is the primary production. Primary production is the production of organic matter from inorganic carbon sources. This happens through photosynthesis. It drives the carbon cycle, which influences global climate via the greenhouse effect.

Through the process of photosynthesis, plants capture energy from sunlight and use it to combine carbon dioxide and water to produce carbohydrates and oxygen. The photosynthesis carried out by all the plants in an ecosystem is called the gross primary production (GPP). About 48–60% of the GPP is consumed in plant respiration. The rest is known as the net primary production (NPP). Total photosynthesis is limited by a range of environmental factors. These include the amount of light available, the amount of leaf area a plant has to capture light (shading by other plants limits photosynthesis), the supply of carbon dioxide and water, and suitable temperatures for carrying out photosynthesis.

## Types

Some of the major types of ecosystem:
- Aquatic ecosystem
    - Marine ecosystem
    - Freshwater ecosystem
        - Lake ecosystem
        - River ecosystem
        - Wetland
- Terrestrial ecosystem
    - Forest
        - Rain Forest
    - Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem
    - Littoral zone
    - Riparian zone
    - Desert
    - Grassland
    - Tundra
    - Taiga

## Related pages

- Biodiversity
- Biosphere
- Biosphere Reserve
- Ecology
- Ecosystem services
- Ecosystem valuation
- Natural environment
- Vegetation
- Wildlife
Gregor Mendel

**Gregor Johann Mendel** (Heinzendorf, Austria, 20 July 1822 – Brünn, Austro-Hungary, 6 January 1884) was an Austrian monk and botanist.

Mendel founded genetics by his work cross-breeding pea plants. He discovered dominant and recessive characters, i.e. genes from the crosses he performed on the plants in his greenhouse. What he learnt is known today as Mendelian inheritance. His work was not appreciated at first, but was 'rediscovered' in 1900 by  Carl Correns and Hugo de Vries. Erich von Tschermak's status as a third rediscoverer is now less convincing.

## The experiments

Mendel used the edible peas (_Pisum sativum_) for his crosses. He selected seven characters which were distinctive, and never blended; they occurred as either-or alternatives. Examples:  plant height (short or tall); colour of peas (green or yellow); position of flowers (restricted to the top or distributed along the stem).

When he crossed varieties which differed in a trait (e.g. tall crossed with short), the first generation of hybrids (F1) showed only one of the two alternatives. One character was _dominant_, and the other _recessive_. But when he crossed these hybrids with each other, the recessive character reappeared in the second (F2) generation. The proportion of plants showing the dominant as opposed to the recessive character was close to 3 to 1. Further analysis of the descendants (F3) of the dominant group showed that one-third of them were true-breeding and two-thirds were of hybrid constitution. The 3:1 ratio could therefore be rewritten as 1:2:1, meaning that 50 percent of the F2 generation were true-breeding and 50 percent were still hybrid. This was Mendel’s major discovery.

It could all be summed up by saying that inheritance was not blending, as Darwin had thought, it was particulate. The factors (genes) were not merged or mixed, they stayed separate and were passed on to the next generation unchanged.

He published his work in 1866, but at the time no-one saw how significant it was. 35 years later, the papers were rediscovered and, immediately, modern genetics began.

## Related pages

- List of biologists
- Mendelian inheritance

## References

- Iltis, Hugo 1932. _Life of Mendel_, transl. by Eden & Cedar Paul. Allen & Unwin, London. German original: _Gregor Mendel: Leben, Werk und Wirkung_. Springer, Berlin 1924.

lazy version

## Other websites

- Mendel's Paper in English
- Mendel Museum of Genetics
- 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia entry, "Mendel, Mendelism"
- Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man
- Augustinian Abbey of St. Thomas at Brno
- Johann Gregor Mendel: Why his discoveries were ignored for 35 (72) years

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Gregor Johann Mendel
- **image**: Gregor Mendel oval.jpg
- **birth place**: Heinzendorf,  Austrian Empire
- **death place**: Brünn, Austria-Hungary
- **field**: Genetics
- **work institution**: Abbey of St. Thomas in Brünn
- **alma mater**: University of Vienna
- **known for**: Founding modern genetics
Marshal of the German Democratic Republic

**Marschall der DDR** (Marshal of the German Democratic Republic), was the highest rank in the NVA, the army of the DDR. It was founded on 25th March 1982. The reason was a strategy change in the armies of Warsaw Pact. After the change the DDR needed a new rank to be sure there was only one high command. The rank was never used and abolished in 1989.
Farscape

***Farscape*** is a science fiction television show.  The series was filmed in Australia.  It was first shown from March 19, 1999 to March 21, 2003, followed by _Farscape: The Peacekeeper Wars_, which was broadcast on October 17 and 18, 2004.  The show was cancelled after four seasons and ended with a cliffhanger.  The cliffhanger was resolved in a miniseries, _The Peacekeeper Wars_, in 2004.

Rockne S. O'Bannon came up the idea for the series.  It was produced by Jim Henson Productions and Hallmark Entertainment.

## Plot

The show's main character is an astronaut named John Crichton.  He travels through a wormhole by accident.  He exits the wormhole at a distant part of the universe.  The astronaut joins an alien crew on board a living ship.  The members of the crew are escaped prisoners.

## Cast

- Ben Browder
- Claudia Black
- Virginia Hey
- Anthony Simcoe
- Gigi Edgley
- Paul Goddard
- Lani Tupu
- Wayne Pygram
- Jonathan Hardy

## Other websites

- Karlsweb Farscape e-Zine
- Farscape World
- The Farscape Encyclopedia
- Far-what?
- SCI-FI.COM | Farscape
- What Is Farscape?
- Watch Farscape
- BBC Online - Cult - Farscape
- The Farscape Props Forum
- Neural Cluster
- Terra Firma
- ScapeCast - The Farscape Podcast
Interplanetary internet

An **interplanetary internet** does not exist yet.  When people talk about an interplanetary internet, they are talking about a problem they are still trying to solve - the problem of making the internet to work between different planets.

## Method

The way the internet works here on Earth is simple. Computers need to connect to each and can share a network.  One computer sends another computer a message (called a packet) and then the other sends back a message saying it got it. Internet messages move at the speed of light, about 300 thousand kilometres in a second, which is very fast. But if you were sending that message to Mars, it would take about ten minutes for the message to get there, and another ten for it to get back.  That means we need to completely change the way computers talk to each other if we are going to communicate between different planets.  That is the problem people are trying to solve when they talk about the interplanetary internet. It's a new and a very interesting concept.

## Other websites

- The InterPlaNetary Internet Project IPN Special Interest Group
Briefs

**Briefs** are a type of short underwear for males or females. They provide a close fit, and come in either white, or in other colors like blue, pink, or red.

For male briefs, before the 2000s, briefs often came with hard elastic waistbands. This would cause stretch marks, and this was eventually replaced by the soft elastic waistband. However, hard elastic waistbands are still found on generic store brand underwear (that save consumer and manufacturing costs by not being fashion forward).

Female briefs are also called knickers or panties.
Kayastha

**Kayastha** is one of the social groups of the Indian subcontinent. They have a long history. They number around 35 million people and most of them live in India.

Hindus believe that Lord Brahma created the world. He then created 16 sons from different parts of his body. His 17th son, Shree Chitragupt Jee, was created from his mind and soul. He is the only son to be made from the whole body, not just parts. In human form he is called _kayastha_, _kaya_ meaning whole. Kayastha's have two roles in the caste system, as Kshatriya (a warrior) and Brahmin (a learned person or scribe). The Kayastha caste is divided into 13 sub-castes. Subdivision of Kayastha:- Chitragupta Kayastha of North India, Prabhu Kayastha of Maharashtra, Karnam/Karuneegar (Kayastha) of South India, Karanas (Kayastha) of Odisha, Bengali Kayastha of Bengal and Kalitas (Kayastha) of Population approx 31 million and india population total 140milion hindu kayasthas

## Infobox (caste)

- **caste name**: Kayastha
- **subdivisions**: Bengali Kayastha, Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhu and Chitraguptavanshi Kayastha
- **populated states**: Uttar Pradesh, Assam, Delhi, Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra
- **religions**: Majority: Hinduism

Minority: Islam
- **image**: Calcuttakayasth.jpg
- **caption**: "Calcutta Kayastha", a late 18th-century depiction by Frans Balthazar Solvyns
- **image size**: 160px
Rainbow Brite and the Star Stealer

***Rainbow Brite and the Star Stealer*** is an animated movie from 1985. It was produced by DiC Entertainment and Hallmark Cards, and released by Warner Bros.

This is the only movie in which the title character, Rainbow Brite, appears.

## Other websites

- Moria.co.nz review
- Kiddie Matinee overview
Arctic Monkeys

**Arctic Monkeys** are an rock band from England

The three founders, **Alex Turner**, **Matt Helders**, and **Andy Nicholson** knew each other from high school and formed the band as teenagers. Arctic Monkeys' first album was _Whatever People Say I Am, That's What I'm Not_. It reached #1 in the United Kingdom album charts. Over 300 thousand copies of the album were sold in the first week. This makes it the fasting selling first album by a band in British music history. It was nominated for Best Alternative Album at the 2006 Grammy Awards. Their second album, _Favourite Worst Nightmare_ was first released in Japan on April 18, 2007. Their third album, _Humbug_ was released in England on 24 August 2009. In 2011 their fourth album _Suck It and See_ was released. _AM_, the Monkeys' fifth album, was released 6 September 2013. The sixth Arctic Monkeys album, _Tranquility Base Hotel & Casino_ was released in 2018.

The members are:
- Alex Turner (guitar and singing)
- Jamie Cooke (guitar)
- Nick O'Malley (bass guitar)
- Matthew Helders (drums)
- Andy Nicholson (bass guitar, left in 2006)

## Studio albums

- _Whatever People Say I Am, That's What I'm Not_ (2006)
- _Favourite Worst Nightmare_ (2007)
- _Humbug_ (2009)
- _Suck It and See_ (2011)
- _AM_ (2013)
- _Tranquility Base Hotel & Casino_ (2018)
- _The Car_ (2022)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Arctic Monkeys
- **img**: Arctic Monkeys - Orange Stage - Roskilde Festival 2014.jpg
- **landscape**: yes
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England
- **genre**: Indie rock, garage rock, , psychedelic rock, alternative rock, Lounge music, lounge pop, stoner rock, guitar pop, post-punk, punk rock, Heavy metal music, heavy metal
- **years active**: 2002–Present
- **label**: Domino Records, Domino
- **associated acts**: The Last Shadow Puppets
Mongrel (British band), Mongrel
The Dodgems
The Rascals (English band), The Rascals
Reverend & The Makers
- **url**: [http://www.arcticmonkeys.com www.arcticmonkeys.com]
- **current members**: Alex Turner (musician), Alex Turner
Jamie Cook
Matt Helders
Nick O'Malley
Andy Nicholson
Glyn Jones
- **instrument**: Drum machine, electronic drums, drums, synthesizer, electric guitar, bass, guitar, keyboards, rapping, sampler, robotic voice effects, vocoder, talkbox, singing
Swarm

A **swarm** is a big group of animals. The term is usually used for insects, but other animals such fish and birds can make a swarm also. A good example of animals that swarm are locusts. Mammals do not build swarms, but herds.
Queen's University at Kingston

**Queen's University** is a public university in Kingston, Ontario, Canada. Queen's University was started on October 16, 1841.

## Infobox (university)

- **name**: Queen's University
- **native name**: Queen's University at Kingston
- **image**: Queen'sDouglas.JPG
- **latin name**: Universitatis Reginae Apud Regiodunum
- **mottoeng**: Wisdom and knowledge shall be the stability of thy times
- **established**: 16 October 1841
- **type**: Public university
- **endowment**: Canadian dollar, $1.409 billion
- **rector**: Cam Yung
- **chancellor**: James Leech
- **principal**: Daniel Woolf
- **students**: 28,272
- **undergrad**: 23,228
- **postgrad**: 5,044
- **city**: Kingston, Ontario, Kingston
- **province**: Ontario
- **country**: Canada
- **campus**: urban area, Urban
 Main campus:
  West campus:
- **former names**: Queen's College at Kingston
(1841–1912)
- **colours**: Blue, Gold, and Red

- **sports**: U Sports, Ontario University Athletics, OUA, Canadian University Field Lacrosse Association, CUFLA
33 varsity teams
- **nickname**: Queen's Golden Gaels, Golden Gaels
- **mascot**: Boo Hoo the Bear
- **sports free label**: Fight song
- **sports free**: Oil Thigh
- **website**: [http://www.queensu.ca/ queensu.ca]
- **logo**: QueensU Wordmark.svg
- **faculty**: 3,925
- **affiliations**: Association of Commonwealth Universities, ACU, Association of Theological Schools in the United States and Canada, ATS, Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada, AUCC, Canadian Association of Research Libraries, CARL, Canadian Bureau for International Education, CBIE, Council of Ontario Universities, COU, Canadian University Society for Intercollegiate Debate, CUSID, Fields Institute, U15 (universities), U15, Middle Atlantic Intercollegiate Sailing Association, MAISA, Matariki Network of Universities, MNU, Ontario University Athletics, OUA, THAL
Opus number

**Opus** or the shortened form **op. ** after the title of a piece of music means “work”.  It is followed by a number.  When a composer writes their first piece of music it is followed by the term “opus 1”.  The next composition would then be called “opus 2”, etc.

Giving pieces of music opus numbers helps us to identify which piece of music (from a certain composer) that composition is.  For example: Beethoven wrote lots of piano sonatas. His first Piano sonata in A flat major has the opus number of op.26. This shows that he wrote this sonata when he was young in his composing career.  Many years later, he wrote another piano sonata which is also in A flat major, and this piece one has the opus number of 110 (op. 110).

You cannot always tell from a composer’s opus numbers the order in which the works were composed.  Until around the end of the 18th century, opus numbers were only given to pieces of music which were published.

Some musicologists (people who study and write about music) have studied all the works by a famous composer and have given them a catalogue number.  For example Mozart’s music does not have opus numbers.  Some of them are long operas, others are tiny little pieces for the piano he might have written in a hurry one day.  A man called Köchel made a list of every single work by Mozart and gave them K numbers (K for Köchel). His numbering goes up to 622.  This is useful, for example, to tell the difference between his Symphony in G minor K183 and his Symphony in G minor K550.

The plural of “opus” is “opuses” in English.  This is because the Latin plural is opera which is rather confusing to English speakers as the word is already used in musical terminology.

The word "opus" can also refer to the "work" of an artist. (For example: "This opus was composed by Chopin," or "This opus is the last Piano sonata that Beethoven composed")

An artist's "magnum opus" means his or her "greatest" work.
Enlightenment

**Enlightenment** has several meanings. Some of them are given below:

- A concept in philosophy and psychology.
- Nirvana, the goal of Buddhism
- Moksha, a religious concept of Hinduism
- Age of Enlightenment, a period in European history
- Enlightenment (Window Manager), A window controller for Linux operating systems
1250s

The **1250s** was a decade that began on 1 January 1250 and ended on 31 December 1259. It is distinct from the decade known as the ***126th decade*** which began on January 1, 1251 and ended on December 31, 1260.

## Births

- 1254 – Marco Polo

## Deaths

- 1250 – Fibonacci
The Life and Times of Michael K

***Life and Times of Michael K*** is a novel written by J. M. Coetzee in 1983. It won a Booker Prize.

The story is about a simple gardener called Michael K, trying to run away from South Africa in the Apartheid Era.

Some people think there is a link between Michael K and Josef K. in _The Trial_ by Franz Kafka.
Lawsuit

A **lawsuit** occurs when two people or organizations ask a court or judge to solve a disagreement or argument.  The two (or more) participants in a lawsuit are called the parties.  Each party is usually represented by a lawyer.  That means that the lawyer will talk to the judge for the party.

The party that starts the lawsuit is called the plaintiff because they are complaining about something the other side has done. This is also called "**suing**", or to "**sue**".  The other party is called the defendant because it must defend what it has done.  Both sides or parties will show evidence or proof that they are right and the other side or party is wrong.  The parties may also ask witnesses questions about what the argument or disagreement is about.

After both parties have shown evidence and asked witnesses questions, the judge or jury will decide which party is right.  Then the court will do something to make the winning party happy again.  The court might make the losing party pay the winner money, or it might make the losing party stop doing something that made the winner unhappy.

The conduct of a lawsuit is called **litigation**. The plaintiffs and defendants are called _litigants_ and the attorneys representing them are called _litigators_. The term _litigation_ may also refer to criminal trial.
Stefano Mei

**Stefano Mei** (born 3 February 1963 in La Spezia) was an Italian long-distance runner in several international athletics (also called _track and field_) events.

Mei won the silver medal in the 5,000 metre race, and the gold medal in the 10,000 metre race during the 1986 European Championships in Athletics in Stuttgart, Germany. Mei also won a bronze medal in the 10,000 metre race during the 1990 European Championships in Athletics, in Split, Yugoslavia (now Croatia). He competed in the 1984 and 1988 Summer Olympics.

## References

- 1986 European Championship results
- 1990 European Championship results
Bielsko-Biała Museum and Castle

The **Bielsko-Biała Museum** is a museum at Bielsko Castle, Poland. Since the 1970s there are three local branches: the Julian Fałat Museum, the Museum of Technology and Textile Industry and the Weaver's House Museum.

## The castle

The castle was built in the 14th century by the Piast family, the rulers of the Cieszyn Duchy in Poland, the castle was used as one of their residences for over two centuries. In 1752 the Bielsko state became a duchy owned by the Sulkowski family. The castle was their property until 1945. After World War II the castle was taken over by the Polish State. Since 1983 its only owner has been the Bielsko-Biała Museum.

### The permanent exhibition in the castle

In the west wing of the building the hunting room and armoury are located. The next two rooms display three centuries of art history from the 15th to the 17th century. Neighbouring with these rooms are a rococo concert hall and a Biedermeier room. The castle's east wing contains a gallery of the 19th and 20th century painting and graphic art. Next rooms located in the north wing display an exhibition of the history of the city and castle, as well as craftsman traditions of old Bielsko and Biała. The east wing of the castle is occupied by art gallery (the 19th century paintings displayed here include works of art representing realism and academism, Młoda Polska (Young Poland) paintings, works of artists connected with Bielsko-Biała during the twenty years of independence after World War I and during the modern times)

## Museum of Technology and Textile Industry

The museum shows traditions of wool industry in Bielsko-Biała, by means of collecting machines, equipment and documents. The exhibits are stored in four rooms and show the look of old textile factory A separate room displays machines for making hats and the history of Bielsko-Biała fire brigade. There is also a little printing office and a room where all the historical household equipments, radio sets, typewriters etc., are being stored.

## The weaver’s house

Reconstruction of the weaver’s house and workshop owned by a guild master. It shows live and work in 19th and 20th centuries. There are two main rooms – workshop on the left and living room on the right, with a kitchen and a bedroom.
The weaver’s house is an original example of the old wooden house. It tries to show craftsman’s work.

## Julian Fałat’s villa

The museum of Julian Fałat in Bystra Śląska is housed in a historical villa of the artist, called “Fałatówka” and its visitors can see the art and some biographical documents of the artist. This is the house where the artists lived after he stoped being a headmaster of the Cracow Academy of Fine Arts. The exhibition presents oil paintings and watercolours: self-portraits, portraits of his family and friends, landscapes from his travels and hunting scenes.

<div align="center">

</div>

## Related pages

- Poland

## Other websites

- Museum in Bielsko-Biała
Moirai

The **Moirai** (also known as **the Fates**) were the three goddesses of destiny in Greek mythology. They were **Clotho**, **Lachesis** and **Atropos** ().

The role of the Moirai is to control the fate of every being. The life of each being is represented by a "thread of life". Clotho spins the thread, beginning the being's life. Lachesis measures it (looks how long it is) and Atropos cuts the thread at the end of the person's life once they have reached their destiny, killing them.

The Moirai are considered to be above the Greek gods. However, in some stories, Zeus, the Chief God, is capable of controlling them.

The decisions of the Moriai about a person's life can't be changed.

The parents of the Moirai are not surely known. Some said they were the daughters of Zeus and the Titaness Themis, or more likely of primordial beings like Nyx and ChaosAnanke.
Wikisource

**Wikisource** – _The Free Library_ – is a project by Wikimedia. Its goal is to make a free wiki library of source texts. It has translations into many languages.

## History

It began on November 24, 2003. Its name was "Project Sourceberg" (a play on words for Project Gutenberg), and its URL was http://sources.wikipedia.org. On December 6, 2003, members wanted to change the name to "Wikisource", but the URL was not moved to http://wikisource.org until July 23, 2004.

## Other websites

- The English Wikisource website
- Multilingual portal for Wikisource
Opinion

An **opinion** is something a person or a group of people think.  "What is your opinion?" is like saying: "What do you think about it?"

The person's answer might start with: "In my opinion..........." or "I think........."

Sometimes companies try to find out what people think about something by asking many people their opinion.  This is called an "opinion poll" and the people who do it are "pollsters".  They might be trying to find out whether people think something is good or bad, such as electricity or exercise or Wikipedia, or whether one politician or beer or sport team is better than another.

Opinions are usually contrasted with facts. Facts are statements which are reliably supported by evidence. Opinions may or may not turn out to be facts.

## Related pages

- Endoxa
- Freedom of speech
School year

A **school year** is the time of year when students go to school. In some countries, it starts after summer, and goes to the next summer. The typical school year in the United States ranges from 170 days to 190 days. In the south, a school year is 180 days for students and 190 days for teachers. "Snow days" are when school is cancelled because of dangerous, slippery roads or sidewalks from snow.  These are usually made up by the end of the year. Some schools use remote learning to avoid school cancellations.
Audience

An **audience** is a group of people that see, hear or otherwise experience the same thing.  It may be many different kinds of thing, such as a play, a movie, a book, or a broadcast.  Audience members participate in different ways in different kinds of art; some live performance events invite the audience to be part of the performance, while others allow only applause and criticism. Mass media seldom provide for audience participation.

An audience at a sporting event are called _spectators_ or  a _live audience_
Group

- _This page is about 'group' in the common sense. For the mathematical concept, see Group (mathematics)._

A **group** is a set of things or a number of individuals who have regular contact and frequent interaction.

## Examples of groups

- A family of people
- A herd of animals
- A class of students
- A sports team
- Ethnic group
- The apples on a tree
- The hats in a box
- Britain, China, France, Russia, and the United States of America are in the United Nations Security Council.
- Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen and phosphorus are a group of chemical elements that life needs.
Side-scrolling video game

A **side-scrolling video game** is a video game where the player goes toward one side of the screen, either to the left or the right, although this is different for each video game. A famous side-scroller is _Super Mario Bros._ The character usually moves from left to right but sometimes it is the other way around. In the golden age of video games, Side scrollers were a big thing and they still are to this day.
Eating

**Eating** is taking in food to get energy or nutrients or for enjoyment. People and animals need to eat because they cannot make their own food inside their bodies like plants. All plants' energy comes from the Sun. Plants take the Sun's energy, and they are eaten as food. The animals then eat each other for their energy.

When a plant collects energy from the Sun through its leaves, it is called photosynthesis.
Bathroom

A **bathroom** (also known as a **restroom**, **washroom**, **toilet** or **lavatory)** is where people go for personal hygiene activities. This includes use of the toilet, wash their hands, brush their teeth, take a bath, take a dump, or take a shower. The room may also contain a sink, often called a "wash basin", “hair basin” or "hand basin" (in parts of the United States) and often a "lavatory." In the United States, "bathroom" mostly means "a room containing a lavatory." In other countries this is mostly called the "toilet". The word "bathroom" is also used in the United States for a public toilet or "restroom." Bathrooms also have bathroom cabinets.

## History

Baths go back to 3,000 B.C. Usually, a town would have a special building for people to take baths, which sometimes were part of a religious ceremony. Starting in the 16th century, public baths started declining. People at this time started building baths inside their homes.

## Variations

Usually, a **full bath** will have a toilet, a sink, a bathtub and/or a shower. If a bathroom has only a toilet and a sink, then it is called a **half bath** or a **powder room**. A **master bath** is connected to a master bedroom for the use of whoever lives in that bedroom and no one else. A Semi-Ensuit is a Bathroom connected to the master bedroom and also acts as the main bathroom to the rest of the house via a second door, usually found in smaller homes and units with 2-3 bedrooms. A "Jack and Jill" Bathroom is usually a bathroom connecting 2 kids bedroom directly to the bathroom via separate doors.
Shower

A **shower** is a place where a person cleans themself by using water. They stand up when they use a shower and usually do not wear clothes in a shower. Showers have a shower head that squirts out water usually from above.

There are different kinds of showers. One is a "power shower" where there are many jets of water from all around. Another is the one in the picture. Some are in baths, and others are on their own.

Showers are mainly used for hygiene.
Gangtok

**Gangtok** is the capital of the Indian state of Sikkim, It has a population of 50,000. It is located at a height of 1,780 metres in the Himalayan Mountains . It is small town, filled with different cultures and religions living together.

The city has wide roads, flyovers, markets, a modern hospital, schools, colleges and universities, fast food shops, discothèques, and all other modern amenities. One imposing man-made landmark of the town is the 200 ft-high TV tower which overlooks the town and is near the Enchey Monastery below Ganesh Tok.