juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Cephalosporins

**Cephalosporins** are a type of group of antibiotics, which come from a fungus of the genus Acremonium. Since their discovery, they have been frequently used in medicine as an effective treatment for a wide range of bacterial infections.

## History

Cephalosporins were first developed from a fungus, _Cephalosporin acremonium_, found in 1945.

Giuseppe Brotzu, a pharmacologist working in Cagliari, Italy, found the fungus while trying to make a map of places affected by the disease typhoid fever. This fungus appeared in sewage water from locations where fewer people were becoming ill from the disease.

Scientists at the University of Oxford were able to extract molecules from the fungus, to research and develop the first generation of these antibiotics during the late 1940s and the 1950s. These first became commercially available in 1964.

## Structure and characterization

The first cephalosporins antibiotics were produced from a molecule called 'cephalosporin C', obtained from the _Cephalosporin acremonium_ fungus. The molecule consists of two rings, each with a chain.

Second-generation cephalosporins were developed from first-generation cephalosporins, because of a need for more effective treatments against the increasing number of bacteria developing resistance to other antibiotics.

Third-generation cephalosporins are improved versions of the second-generation, as they are broad-spectrum antibiotics. Broad-spectrum antibiotics can be used against bacteria with or without protective membranes.

## Mechanism

Cephalosporins work by attaching themselves to specific enzymes after the bacteria divide and duplicate. These enzymes are known as 'penicillin binding proteins' and are responsible for repairing the cell wall of bacteria. This leaves a gap in the bacterial cell wall, and results in the osmotic pressure inside a bacterium to build up. Bacteria can no longer survive if the osmotic pressure becomes too high.

## Medical and scientific use

Cephalosporins are an effective treatment against bacteria which are Gram-positive. Some examples of Gram-positive bacterial infections are meningitis and pneumonia. Third-generation cephalosporins play an important role in treating such illnesses.

From the 1960s to the 1990s, cephalosporins played a particularly significant role in US hospitals. They were used to treat patients affected by bacteria infections after operations, and this rate of infection was cut down by over 50%.
Lexus UX

The **Lexus UX** is a car made by Lexus, Toyota's luxury car brand.

It is a small Japanese crossover SUV that was shown to the public in March 2018, at the Geneva Motor Show. It has a bold and stylish design with a small size. 'UX' stands for 'Urban Crossover', as the UX is made for places like smaller areas in cities.

## Details

The UX is sold in over 80 countries worldwide. It started in the U.S in December 2018, started in Thailand in March 2019, Europe in October 2019, and it started in the first 3 months in Australia.

There is a gas-powered on called the UX 200, a hybrid called UX 250h, and a fully electric one called UX 300e.

## Infobox (automobile)

- **name**: Lexus UX
- **image**: Lexus UX 250h F Sport – f 01052019.jpg
- **manufacturer**: Lexus
- **production**: December 2018 - present
- **class**: crossover SUV
- **body style**: 5-door crossover SUV, crossover
- **assembly**: Fukuoka, Japan
Auckland Region

**Auckland** () is one of the 16 regions of New Zealand. It is on the North Island. It is named after the city of Auckland.

It is the most populated region of New Zealand, containing 33% of the country's population.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Auckland
- **map caption**: Auckland Region in New Zealand
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: New Zealand
- **government type**: Regions of New Zealand, Regional council
- **governing body**: Auckland Council
- **leader title**: Mayor of Auckland, Mayor
- **leader name**: Wayne Brown (New Zealand politician), Wayne Brown
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area land km2**: 4941.13
- **population density km2**: auto
- **blank name sec1**: Human Development Index, HDI (2021)
- **blank info sec1**: 0.951
 · List of regions of New Zealand by Human Development Index, 2nd
Northland Region

**Northland** () is one of the 16 regions of New Zealand. It is on the North Island. Its largest city is Whāngarei.

It is the northernmost region of New Zealand.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Northland Region
- **native name**: Te Tai Tokerau
- **native name lang**: mi
- **image skyline**: Parua Bay, Northland, New Zealand, 4th. Dec. 2010 - Flickr - PhillipC.jpg
- **image caption**: Northland landscape at Parua Bay
- **motto**: Our Northland - together we thrive
- **map caption**: Northland Region in New Zealand
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: New Zealand
- **seat**: Whangārei
- **government type**: Regions of New Zealand, Regional council
- **governing body**: Northland Regional Council
- **leader title**: Chair
- **leader name**: Penny Smart
- **leader title1**: Deputy chair
- **leader name1**: Justin Blaikie
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area total km2**: 13789
- **area land km2**: 12507.89
- **population density km2**: auto
- **blank name sec1**: Human Development Index, HDI (2021)
- **blank info sec1**: 0.904
 · List of regions of New Zealand by Human Development Index, 14th
Waikato

**Waikato** () is one of the 16 regions of New Zealand. It is on the North Island. Its largest city is Hamilton.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **native name**: Waikato
- **native name lang**: mi
- **map caption**: Waikato Region in New Zealand
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: New Zealand
- **seat**: Hamilton, New Zealand, Hamilton City
- **government type**: Regional council
- **governing body**: Waikato Regional Council
- **leader title**: Chair
- **leader name**: Pamela Storey
- **leader title1**: Deputy chair
- **leader name1**: Bruce Clarkson
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area land km2**: 23901.09
- **population density km2**: auto
- **blank name sec1**: Human Development Index, HDI (2021)
- **blank info sec1**: 0.923
 · List of regions of New Zealand by Human Development Index, 8th
Bay of Plenty Region

**Bay of Plenty** (), sometimes abbreviated to **BOP**, is one of the 16 regions of New Zealand. It is on the North Island. Its largest city is Tauranga.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Bay of Plenty
- **native name**: Te Moana-a-Toi <small>(Māori language, Māori)</small>
- **settlement type**: Regions of New Zealand, Region
- **image skyline**: Bay of Plenty farmlands.jpg
- **image caption**: Bay of Plenty farmlands
- **map caption**: Bay of Plenty Region in New Zealand
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: New Zealand
- **subdivision type1**: Island
- **subdivision name1**: North Island
- **seat**: Whakatāne
- **leader title**: Chairperson
- **leader name**: Doug Leeder
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area total km2**: 12231
- **area land km2**: 12072.00
- **population density km2**: auto
- **blank name sec1**: Human Development Index, HDI (2021)
- **blank info sec1**: 0.921
 · List of regions of New Zealand by Human Development Index, 9th
- **timezone1**: NZST
- **utc offset1**: +12
- **timezone1 dst**: NZDT
- **utc offset1 dst**: +13
- **iso code**: NZ-BOP
Gisborne District

**Gisborne** () is one of the 16 regions of New Zealand. It is on the North Island. Its largest city is Gisborne.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Gisborne District
- **native name**: Te Tai Rāwhiti
- **native name lang**: mi
- **image skyline**: View over Gisborne.jpg
- **type**: Districts of New Zealand, District and Regions of New Zealand, Unitary region
- **total type**: Territorial
- **map caption**: Gisborne District in New Zealand
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: New Zealand
- **subdivision type1**: Regions of New Zealand, Region
- **subdivision name1**: Gisborne Region
- **subdivision type2**: Wards
- **seat**: Gisborne, New Zealand, Gisborne
- **leader name**: Rehette Stoltz
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name1**: Josh Wharehinga
- **leader title1**: Deputy Mayor
- **leader title2**: Territorial authorities of New Zealand, Territorial authority
- **leader name2**: Gisborne District Council
- **area land km2**: 8,385.29
- **population density km2**: auto
- **blank name sec1**: Human Development Index, HDI (2021)
- **blank info sec1**: 0.893
 · List of regions of New Zealand by Human Development Index, 15th
- **area code**: 06
Hawke's Bay

**Hawke's Bay** () is one of the 16 regions of New Zealand. It is on the North Island. Its largest city is Napier.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Hawke's Bay
- **native name**: Te Matau-a-Māui
- **native name lang**: mi
- **map caption**: Hawke's Bay Region in New Zealand
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: New Zealand
- **seat**: Napier, New Zealand, Napier
- **government type**: Regions of New Zealand, Regional council
- **governing body**: Hawke's Bay Regional Council
- **leader title**: Chair
- **leader name**: Hinewai Ormsby
- **leader title1**: Deputy chair
- **leader name1**: Will Foley
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area land km2**: 14139.15
- **population density km2**: auto
- **blank name sec1**: Human Development Index, HDI (2021)
- **blank info sec1**: 0.913
 · List of regions of New Zealand by Human Development Index, 12th
Napier

**Napier** ( ; ) is a city on the North Island of New Zealand. It is the seat of the Hawke's Bay region.

Its twin city is Hastings.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Napier
- **native name**: Ahuriri <small>(Māori language, Māori)</small>
- **settlement type**: List of cities in New Zealand, City
- **motto**: _Faith and Courage_
- **total type**: Territorial
- **pushpin map**: New Zealand
- **pushpin label position**: bottom
- **pushpin map caption**: Location of Napier
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: New Zealand
- **subdivision type1**: Regions of New Zealand, Region
- **subdivision name1**: Hawke's Bay Region, Hawke's Bay
- **subdivision type2**: Wards
- **established title1**: Established
- **established date1**: 1851
- **leader title**: Mayor of Napier, New Zealand, Mayor
- **leader name**: Kirsten Wise
- **leader title1**: Deputy Mayor
- **leader name1**: Annette Brosnan
- **leader title2**: Territorial authorities of New Zealand, Territorial authority
- **leader name2**: Napier City Council
- **area total km2**: 105.05
- **area urban km2**: 105.05
- **population density km2**: auto
- **population density urban km2**: auto
- **population blank1 title**: Twin city population
- **population blank1**: 134,770
- **timezone**: Time in New Zealand, NZST
- **utc offset**: +12
- **timezone dst**: NZDT
- **utc offset dst**: +13
- **area code**: 06
- **website**: [http://www.napier.govt.nz/ Napier.govt.nz]
- **image skyline**: Napier and bay.jpg
- **image caption**: View of Napier on Hawke Bay
Twin cities

The term "**twin city**" (or "**twin town**") refers to a city or town that is very close to another city or town that together form one urban area but are still different to each other.

In Australia, the term is used to refer to cities or towns that are close to each other but are on other sides of a state border or a river. Some examples include the Gold Coast-Tweed Heads area (the Gold Coast is in Queensland while Tweed Heads is in New South Wales) and the Albury-Wodonga area (Albury is in New South Wales while Wodonga is in Victoria; these cities are also separated by the Murray River).

In The United States of America, the "Twin Cities" refers to Minneapolis-Saint Paul in Minnesota.

## Related pages

- Border town
- Satellite city
- Twin town, called a "sister city" in Australia
Taranaki

**Taranaki** is one of the 16 regions of New Zealand. It is on the North Island. Its largest city is New Plymouth and its seat is Stratford.

Situated around the volcanic summit of Mount Taranaki. The region is 7258 km² in size. There are two sizable bays, North Taranaki Bight and South Taranaki Bight, to the north-west and south-west of Cape Egmont.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Taranaki
- **settlement type**: Regions of New Zealand, Region of New Zealand
- **total type**: Region
- **image map**: Position of Taranaki.png
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: New Zealand
- **subdivision type1**: Island
- **subdivision name1**: North Island
- **seat**: Stratford, New Zealand, Stratford
- **parts type**: Territorial authorities of New Zealand, Territorial authorities
- **parts style**: list
- **p1**: New Plymouth District
- **p2**: South Taranaki District
- **p3**: Stratford District (part)
- **leader title**: Chairperson
- **leader name**: Charlotte Littlewood
- **area total km2**: 7257
- **area land km2**: 7254.51
- **population density km2**: auto
- **blank name sec1**: Human Development Index, HDI (2021)
- **blank info sec1**: 0.939
 · List of regions of New Zealand by Human Development Index, 3rd
- **timezone**: NZST
- **utc offset**: +12
- **timezone dst**: NZDT
- **utc offset dst**: +13
- **iso code**: NZ-TKI
Starburst (candy)

**Starburst** are a type of taffy made by The Wrigley Company. Pieces of Starburst come in small squares and are fruit flavored. It was first made in 1960 in England and were first called **Opal Fruits**.

Starburst were discontinued in New Zealand in April 2021 and in Australia in June 2022 because of rising costs and supply chain issues in those countries.

## Other websites

- Official website
Manawatū-Whanganui

**Manawatū-Whanganui** (; spelt **Manawatu-Wanganui** until 2019) is one of the 16 regions of New Zealand. It is on the North Island. Its largest city is Palmerston North.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Manawatū-Whanganui
- **settlement type**: Regions of New Zealand, Region
- **total type**: Region
- **image map**: Position of ManawatuWanganui.png
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: New Zealand
- **subdivision type1**: Island
- **subdivision name1**: North Island
- **seat**: Palmerston North
- **parts type**: Territorial authorities of New Zealand, Territorial authorities
- **parts style**: list
- **p1**: Palmerston North City
- **p2**: Manawatū District
- **p3**: Horowhenua District
- **p4**: Tararua District
- **p5**: Rangitikei District
- **p6**: Whanganui District
- **p7**: Ruapehu District
- **p8**: Stratford District, New Zealand, Stratford District (part)
- **p9**: Waitomo District (part)
- **p10**: Taupō District (part)
- **leader title**: Chairperson
- **leader name**: Rachel Keedwell
- **leader title1**: Deputy Chairperson
- **leader name1**: Jono Naylor
- **established title**: Established
- **established date**: 1989
- **area land km2**: 22220.67
- **elevation max m**: 2797
- **elevation min m**: 0
- **population density km2**: auto
- **blank name sec1**: Human Development Index, HDI (2021)
- **blank info sec1**: 0.91
 · List of regions of New Zealand by Human Development Index, 13th
- **timezone**: Time in New Zealand, NZST
- **utc offset**: +12:00
- **timezone dst**: NZDT
- **utc offset dst**: +13:00
- **iso code**: NZ-MWT
Wellington Region

**Wellington** () is one of the 16 regions of New Zealand. It is on the North Island. It is named after Wellington.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Greater Wellington
(Wellington Region)
- **settlement type**: Regions of New Zealand, Region
- **total type**: Region
- **image map**: Position of Wellington Region.png
- **blank emblem size**: 187px
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: New Zealand
- **subdivision type1**: List of islands by area, Island
- **subdivision name1**: North Island
- **seat**: Wellington
- **parts type**: Territorial authorities of New Zealand, Territorial authorities
- **parts style**: list
- **p1**: Wellington City
- **p2**: Porirua City
- **p3**: Hutt City Council, Hutt City
- **p4**: Upper Hutt City
- **p5**: Kāpiti Coast District
- **p6**: South Wairarapa District
- **p7**: Carterton District
- **p8**: Masterton District
- **p9**: Tararua District (part)
- **governing body**: Greater Wellington Regional Council
- **leader title**: Chairperson
- **leader name**: Daran Ponter (New Zealand Labour Party, Labour)
- **established title**: Established
- **established date**: 1989
- **area land km2**: 8049.44
- **population density km2**: auto
- **blank name sec1**: Human Development Index, HDI (2021)
- **blank info sec1**: 0.958
 · List of regions of New Zealand by Human Development Index, 1st
- **timezone**: Time in New Zealand, NZST
- **utc offset**: +12:00
- **timezone dst**: NZDT
- **utc offset dst**: +13:00
- **website**: [https://www.gw.govt.nz/ GW.govt.nz]
Tasman District

**Tasman** () is one of the 16 regions of New Zealand. It is on the South Island. Its largest town is Richmond.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Tasman District
- **native name**: Te Tai o Aorere
- **native name lang**: mi
- **settlement type**: Districts of New Zealand, Territorial authority district and Regions of New Zealand, Region
- **image skyline**: Maruia Falls 02.jpg
- **image caption**: Maruia Falls
- **image map**: Tasman DC.PNG
- **mapsize**: 200px
- **map caption**: Location on the South Island
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: New Zealand
- **subdivision type2**: Districts of New Zealand, District
- **subdivision name2**: Tasman District
- **subdivision type3**: Wards
- **subdivision type4**: Community boards
- **established title**: Formed
- **established date**: 1992
- **seat**: Richmond, New Zealand, Richmond
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Tim King
- **leader title1**: Deputy Mayor
- **leader title2**: Territorial authorities of New Zealand, Territorial authority
- **leader name2**: Tasman District Council
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area total km2**: 9616.36
- **population density km2**: auto
- **blank name sec1**: Human Development Index, HDI (2021)
- **blank info sec1**: 0.927
 · List of regions of New Zealand by Human Development Index, 7th
- **timezone1**: Time in New Zealand, NZST
- **utc offset1**: +12
- **timezone1 dst**: NZDT
- **utc offset1 dst**: +13
- **postal code type**: Postcode(s)
- **postal code**: [http://www.nzpost.co.nz/sites/default/files/uploads/shared/postcodemaps/tasman-district.pdf Map of postcodes]
Marlborough District

**Marlborough** () is one of the 16 regions of New Zealand. It is on the South Island. Its largest city is Blenheim.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Marlborough
- **native name**: Te Tauihu-o-te-waka
- **native name lang**: mi
- **settlement type**: Territorial authorities of New Zealand, Territorial authority
Regions of New Zealand, Region and Districts of New Zealand, district
- **image skyline**: Marlborough Sounds From Ferry.jpg
- **image caption**: The Marlborough Sounds seen from the Wellington–Picton ferry
- **image map**: Marlborough nz location.png
- **mapsize**: 200px
- **map caption**: Location in New Zealand
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: New Zealand
- **subdivision type1**: Islands of New Zealand, Island
- **subdivision name2**: South Island
- **parts type**: Wards
- **parts**: Blenheim
Marlborough Sounds
Wairau-Awatere
- **established title1**: Districts of New Zealand, District
- **established date1**: 1989
- **established title2**: Unitary authority
- **established date2**: 1992
- **seat**: Blenheim, New Zealand, Blenheim
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Nadine Taylor
- **leader title1**: Deputy Mayor
- **leader name1**: David Croad
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area total km2**: 12484.59
- **area land km2**: 10457.79
- **population density km2**: auto
- **blank name sec1**: Human Development Index, HDI (2021)
- **blank info sec1**: 0.935
 · List of regions of New Zealand by Human Development Index, 5th
- **timezone1**: Time in New Zealand, NZST
- **utc offset1**: +12:00
- **timezone1 dst**: NZDT
- **utc offset1 dst**: +13:00
- **postal code type**: Postcode(s)
- **postal code**: [https://www.nzpost.co.nz/sites/default/files/uploads/shared/postcodemaps/marlborough-district.pdf Map of postcodes]
- **area code**: 03
- **area code type**: Area code
- **iso code**: NZ-MBH
West Coast Region

**West Coast** () is one of the 16 regions of New Zealand. It is on the South Island. Its largest town is Greymouth.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: West Coast
- **native name**: Te Tai Poutini
- **native name lang**: mi
- **settlement type**: Regions of New Zealand, Region
- **image map**: West Coast inset.png
- **map alt**: Map showing location within New Zealand
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: New Zealand
- **subdivision type1**: Island
- **subdivision name1**: South Island
- **parts type**: Constituent Territorial authorities of New Zealand, territorial authorities
- **parts style**: list
- **p1**: Buller District
- **p2**: Grey District
- **p3**: Westland District
- **government type**: Regions of New Zealand, Regional council
- **governing body**: West Coast Regional Council
- **leader title**: Chair
- **leader name**: Peter Haddock
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area land km2**: 23245.65
- **population density km2**: auto
- **blank name sec1**: Human Development Index, HDI (2021)
- **blank info sec1**: 0.914
 · List of regions of New Zealand by Human Development Index, 11th
Canterbury Region

**Canterbury** () is one of the 16 regions of New Zealand. It is on the South Island. Its largest city is Christchurch.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Canterbury
- **official name**: Canterbury Region
- **native name**: Waitaha
- **native name lang**: mi
- **settlement type**: Regions of New Zealand, Region of New Zealand
- **image map**: Position of Canterbury Region.png
- **map caption**: Canterbury Region within New Zealand
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: New Zealand
- **subdivision type1**: Island
- **subdivision name1**: South Island
- **established title**: Established
- **established date**: 1989
- **seat**: Christchurch
- **parts type**: Territorial authorities of New Zealand, Territorial authorities
- **parts style**: list
- **p1**: Kaikoura District
- **p2**: Hurunui District
- **p3**: Selwyn District
- **p4**: Waimakariri District
- **p5**: Christchurch, Christchurch City
- **p6**: Ashburton, New Zealand, Ashburton District
- **p7**: Mackenzie District
- **p8**: Timaru, New Zealand, Timaru District
- **p9**: Waimate District
- **p10**: Waitaki, New Zealand, Waitaki District (59.61%)
- **leader title**: Chairperson
- **leader name**: Peter Scott
- **total type**: Region
- **area land km2**: 44503.88
- **population density km2**: auto
- **population demonym**: Cantabrian
- **blank name sec1**: Human Development Index, HDI (2021)
- **blank info sec1**: 0.938
 · List of regions of New Zealand by Human Development Index, 4th
- **timezone**: NZST
- **utc offset**: +12
- **timezone dst**: NZDT
- **utc offset dst**: +13
Otago

**Otago** (, ;  ) is one of the 16 regions of New Zealand. It is on the South Island. Its largest city is Dunedin.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Otago
- **official name**: Otago Region
- **native name**: Ōtākou
- **native name lang**: mi
- **settlement type**: Regions of New Zealand, Region of New Zealand
- **total type**: Region
- **image flag**: Flag of Otago.svg
- **image map**: Otago Map Physical New Zealand.jpg
- **map caption**: Otago within New Zealand
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: New Zealand
- **subdivision type1**: Island
- **subdivision name1**: South Island
- **seat**: Dunedin
- **parts type**: Territorial authorities of New Zealand, Territorial authorities
- **parts style**: list
- **p1**: Queenstown-Lakes District
- **p2**: Central Otago District
- **p3**: Dunedin, Dunedin City
- **p4**: Clutha District
- **p5**: Waitaki, New Zealand, Waitaki District (40.39%)
- **leader title**: Chair
- **leader name**: Gretchen Robertson
- **leader title1**: Deputy Chair
- **leader name1**: Lloyd McCall
- **established title**: Established
- **established date**: 1848 (Dunedin settlement)
1852 (Otago Province)
- **area total km2**: 31251
- **area land km2**: 31186.33
- **population density km2**: auto
- **blank name sec1**: Human Development Index, HDI (2021)
- **blank info sec1**: 0.932
 · List of regions of New Zealand by Human Development Index, 6th
- **timezone**: Time in New Zealand, NZST
- **utc offset**: +12:00
- **timezone dst**: NZDT
- **utc offset dst**: +13:00
- **website**: [http://www.otago.co.nz/ www.Otago.co.nz]
[http://www.orc.govt.nz/ www.ORC.govt.nz]
Southland Region

**Southland** () is one of the 16 regions of New Zealand. It is on the South Island. Its largest city is Invercargill.

It is the southernmost region of New Zealand.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Southland
- **official name**: Southland Region
- **native name**: Murihiku  <small>(Māori language, Māori)</small>
- **settlement type**: Regions of New Zealand, Region of New Zealand
- **total type**: Region
- **map caption**: Southland Region within New Zealand
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: New Zealand
- **subdivision type1**: Island
- **subdivision name1**: South Island
- **seat**: Invercargill
- **parts type**: Territorial authorities of New Zealand, Territorial authorities
- **parts style**: list
- **p1**: Southland District
- **p2**: Gore, New Zealand, Gore District
- **p3**: Invercargill City
- **leader title**: Chair
- **leader name**: Nicol Horrell
- **leader title1**: Deputy Chair
- **leader name1**: Lloyd McCallum
- **established title**: Established
- **established date**: 1861 (Southland Province, provincial)
 1989 (1989 New Zealand local government reforms, reformation)
- **area land km2**: 31218.27
- **population density km2**: auto
- **blank name sec1**: Human Development Index, HDI (2017)
- **blank info sec1**: 0.906
 · List of regions of New Zealand by Human Development Index, 10th
- **timezone**: Time in New Zealand, NZST
- **utc offset**: +12
- **timezone dst**: NZDT
- **utc offset dst**: +13
- **website**: https://www.es.govt.nz/
- **imagesize**: 350px
Volvo XC40

The **Volvo XC40** is a car made by the luxury car brand Volvo, one of Geely’s luxury car brands.

It is a Swedish small crossover SUV, and is the smallest gas-powered crossover from Volvo, below the XC60. It was shown to the public on September 2017, and you could start ordering one in November 2017. The XC40 was made for small places like urban areas, or cities.

History: Plug-in hybrid model was introduced in 2019.

## Details

The XC40 is mainly sold in Europe, U.S., China, and Australia, but it sells the best in Europe. The XC40 was designed by Thomas Ingenlath, and its concept was called ‘Volvo Concept 40.1’. There is also a fully electric one called the ‘Volvo XC40 Recharge’.

## Change

In 2022, the XC40 had gotten redone headlights.

## Infobox (automobile)

- **name**: Volvo XC40
- **image**: 2018 Volvo XC40 First Edition T5 AWD Automatic 2.0 Front.jpg
- **manufacturer**: Volvo Cars
- **class**: Subcompact luxury crossover SUV (C-segment, C)
- **platform**: Compact Modular Architecture platform, Compact Modular Architecture
- **drivetrain**: PHEV (XC40 T5 Twin Engine/XC40 T4 & T5 Recharge)

MHEV (XC40 B4)
- **charging**: Combined Charging System, CCS @ 11 kW (Alternating current, AC), 150 kW (Direct current, DC peak)
Compact car

**Compact car** is a car classification that comes from the United States. It is usually used on hatchbacks above , and  length, or sedans in between . **Small family car** is the same as ‘compact car’, but it is used on European cars.
Coffee Crisp

**Coffee Crisp** is a chocolate bar made by Nestlé. It is made of coffee flavored candy in between vanilla wafers and covered with milk chocolate.

It was first made by Rowntree's in Canada in 1932. The Canadian Rowntree's factory was bought by Nestlé in 1988.

## Other websites

- Official website
Tesla Model X

The **Tesla Model X** is an electric car made by Tesla. It is a fully-electric mid-size luxury crossover SUV, and is one of the fastest SUVs ever made. In 2016, the Model X ranked seventh among the world's best-selling plug-in cars.

## Details

The Model X shares 30% of its properties with the Tesla Model S, as the Model X is basically just an SUV version of it. The Model X is one of the safest SUVs in a rollover accident, or a frontal crash. Both the Model S and Model X are produced in the Tesla Factory in Fremont, California. The Model X is about 37 centimetres longer than the Model Y, a smaller version of the Model X.

According to EPA, the Model X can go 325 miles (523 kilometres) on a single charge in 2020, but in 2021, it can do 351 miles (565 kilometres).

## Infobox (electric vehicle)

- **name**: Tesla Model X
- **image**: Tesla Model X 100D 1X7A6736.jpg
- **manufacturer**: Tesla, Inc.
- **production**: 2015–present
- **designer**: Franz von Holzhausen
- **class**: Crossover (automobile), Mid-size luxury crossover SUV (E-segment, E)
- **body style**: 5-door SUV
- **related**: Tesla Model S
- **electric range**: (FTP-75, EPA)
- **sp**: us
Nocardia

***Nocardia*** is a genus of bacteria with more than 100 species. It is found worldwide in organic-matter-rich soil.

Some species cause harm if eaten.

## Culture

_Nocardia_ uses aerobic respiration to grow in a wide temperature range.

## Virulence

Most _Nocardia_ strains have a virulence factor which damages hosts. Transmission of bacteria via inhalation or through open wounds may lead to _Nocardia_ infection. People with weakened immune systems are more susceptible to _Nocardia_ infections.

## Treatment

_Nocardia_ infections are treated by sulfonamide antibiotics. Antibiotic therapy and proper wound care are essential to patient recovery.
Paola Pivi

**Paola Pivi** (born 1971) is an Italian multimedia artist.

In 1999, she received the _Golden Lion Award_ at the Venice Biennale.
Krasnoznamensk

**Krasnoznamensk** () is the name of two towns in Russia:
- Krasnoznamensk, Kaliningrad Oblast, a town in Kaliningrad Oblast
- Krasnoznamensk, Moscow Oblast, a town in Moscow Oblast
Almetyevsk

**Almetyevsk** (; ) is a city in Tatarstan, Russia. It is on the left bank of the Zay River and is  southeast of Kazan. In 2010, 146,393 people lived there.
Minecraft Live

**Minecraft Live**, formerly called **Minecon**, is a livestream and fan convention about the video game _Minecraft_. It is held every year and is hosted by Mojang Studios, the company that made _Minecraft_.

## Events by year

|Year|Event|Dates|Venue|Host country||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2010|MinecraftCon|August 31|Bellevue, Washington|||
|2011|rowspan="6"|MINECON|November 18|Las Vegas, Nevada||
|2012|November 24–25|Disneyland Paris, Paris||||
|2013|November 2–3|Orange County Convention Center, Anaheim, California||||
|2014|colspan="3" style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"|Cancelled||||
|2015|July 4–5|ExCeL London, London, England||||
|2016|September 24–25|Anaheim Convention Center, Anaheim, California||||
|2017|rowspan="2"|MINECON Earth|November 18|rowspan="3" colspan="2" style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"|Livestreamed|
|2018|September 29|||||
|2019|MINECON Live|September 28||||
|rowspan="2"|2020|Minecraft Festival|September 25–27|colspan="2" style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"|Postponed to 2021|
|Minecraft Live|October 3|colspan="2" style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"|Livestreamed|||
|rowspan="2"|2021|Minecraft Festival|September 25–27|colspan="2" style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"|Postponed to 2022|
|rowspan="2"|Minecraft Live|October 16|rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"|Livestreamed||
|rowspan="2"|2022|October 15||||
|Minecraft Festival|colspan="3" style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"|Cancelled||||
|2023|Minecraft Live|October 15|Scandinavium, Gothenburg|||

## Infobox (recurring event)

- **name**: Minecon
- **status**: Active
- **genre**: Video games
- **frequency**: Annual
- **venue**: Various (also livestreamed)
- **organiser**: Mojang Studios
Epsom (New Zealand electorate)

**Epsom** is an electorate of the New Zealand House of Representatives. It is in Auckland.

By size, Epsom is the smallest electorate in New Zealand, covering just 20km² (8 sq mi). However, it is also the richest electorate, with a median household income of NZD$118,300. It is also a conservative electorate, having only ever been held by either the National Party or the ACT Party.

## Infobox (nz electorate)

- **name**: Epsom
- **map**: Epsom electorate, 2014.svg
- **map place**: Auckland
- **type**: g
- **mp**: David Seymour (New Zealand politician), David Seymour
- **party**: ACT New Zealand, ACT
- **list**: Camilla Belich (New Zealand Labour Party, Labour)
Paul Goldsmith (politician), Paul Goldsmith (New Zealand National Party, National)
- **region**: Auckland Region, Auckland
- **namesake**: Epsom, New Zealand, Epsom
- **area**: 20km²
Ikaroa-Rāwhiti

**Ikaroa-Rāwhiti** is a Māori electorate of the New Zealand House of Representatives. It was created in 1999.

## Infobox (nz electorate)

- **name**: Ikaroa-Rāwhiti
- **map**: Ikaroa-Rawhiti electorate, 2014.svg
- **map place**: New Zealand
- **created**: 1999
- **type**: m
- **mp**: Cushla Tangaere-Manuel
- **party**: New Zealand Labour Party, Labour
- **region**: Gisborne Region, Gisborne
Hawke's Bay Region, Hawke's Bay
Manawatū-Whanganui Region, Manawatū-Whanganui
Wellington Region, Wellington
- **namesake**: Ikaroa (a fish from Māori mythology)
 (Māori language, Māori word for "eastern")
Waiariki (New Zealand electorate)

**Waiariki** is a Māori electorate of the New Zealand House of Representatives. It was created in 1999.

## Infobox (nz electorate)

- **name**: Waiariki
- **map**: Waiariki electorate, 2014.svg
- **map place**: New Zealand
- **created**: 1999
- **type**: m
- **mp**: Rawiri Waititi
- **party**: Māori Party, Māori
- **list**: Tāmati Coffey (New Zealand Labour Party, Labour)
- **region**: Bay of Plenty Region, Bay of Plenty
Waikato Region, Waikato
- **namesake**: Māori language, Māori word meaning "hot spring"
Te Tai Tonga

**Te Tai Tonga** () is a Māori electorate of the New Zealand House of Representatives. It was created in 1996. It covers the entire South Island, as well as the Chatham Islands and Stewart Island.

## Infobox (nz electorate)

- **name**: Te Tai Tonga
- **map**: Te Tai Tonga electorate since 2020 (detailed).svg
- **map place**: New Zealand (including the Chatham Islands)
- **created**: 1996
- **type**: m
- **mp**: Tākuta Ferris
- **party**: Te Pāti Māori, Māori
- **region**: South Island
Chatham Islands
- **namesake**: Māori language, Māori term meaning "South Coast"
- **largest**: Christchurch
Te Tai Tokerau

**Te Tai Tokerau** () is a Māori electorate of the New Zealand House of Representatives. It was created in 1996.

## Infobox (nz electorate)

- **name**: Te Tai Tokerau
- **map**: Te Tai Tokerau electorate, 2014.svg
- **created**: 1996
- **type**: m
- **mp**: Kelvin Davis (politician), Kelvin Davis
- **party**: New Zealand Labour Party, Labour
- **region**: Auckland Region, Auckland and Northland Region, Northland
- **map place**: New Zealand
- **namesake**: Māori language, Māori term meaning "North Coast"
Te Tai Hauāuru

**Te Tai Hauāuru** () is a Māori electorate of the New Zealand House of Representatives. It was created in 1996.

## Infobox (nz electorate)

- **name**: Te Tai Hauāuru
- **map**: Te Tai Hauauru electorate, 2014.svg
- **created**: 1996
- **type**: m
- **mp**: Debbie Ngarewa-Packer
- **party**: Te Pāti Māori, Māori
- **region**: Manawatū-Whanganui Region, Manawatū-Whanganui
Taranaki Region, Taranaki
Wellington Region, Wellington
- **namesake**: Māori language, Māori term meaning "West Coast"
Tāmaki Makaurau

**Tāmaki Makaurau** () is a Māori electorate of the New Zealand House of Representatives. It was created in 2002.

## Infobox (nz electorate)

- **name**: Tāmaki Makaurau
- **local map**: New Zealand Electorates/Tamaki Makaurau.map
- **map**: Tamaki Makaurau electorate, 2014.svg
- **map place**: New Zealand
- **type**: m
- **created**: 2002
- **mp**: Peeni Henare
- **party**: New Zealand Labour Party, Labour
- **list**: Marama Davidson (Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand, Greens)
- **region**: Auckland Region, Auckland
- **largest**: Auckland
- **namesake**: Māori language, Māori name for Auckland (the city and the region)
Hauraki-Waikato

**Hauraki-Waikato** is a Māori electorate of the New Zealand House of Representatives. It was created in 2008.

## Infobox (nz electorate)

- **name**: Hauraki-Waikato
- **map**: Hauraki-Waikato electorate, 2014.svg
- **map place**: New Zealand
- **created**: 2008
- **type**: m
- **mp**: Hana-Rawhiti Maipi-Clarke
- **party**: Te Pāti Māori, Māori
- **region**: Auckland Region, Auckland and Waikato Region, Waikato
- **namesake**: Hauraki Gulf
Waikato
Tavrovskoye rural settlement

**Tavrovskoye rural settlement** is a small town municipality in the Belgorod district of the Belgorod region of Russia.

The administrative center is the village of Tavrovo.

## History

Tavrovskoye rural settlement was formed on December 20, 2004 in accordance with the Law of the Belgorod Region No. 159.

## Other websites

- Official website of the administration
- Rural settlement on the site of the Belgorod region
Roppenheim

**Roppenheim** is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.
Rosenwiller

**Rosenwiller** is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.
Rosheim

**Rosheim** is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.
Rossfeld

**Rossfeld** is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.
Rosteig

**Rosteig** is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.
Rothau

**Rothau** is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Rothau
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Rothau-Hôtel de ville (2).jpg
- **caption**: The town hall in Rothau
- **image coat of arms**: Blason ville fr Rothau (Bas-Rhin).svg
- **arrondissement**: Molsheim
- **canton**: Mutzig
- **insee**: 67414
- **postal code**: 67570
- **mayor**: Marc Scheer
- **term**: 2020–2026
- **intercommunality**: Vallée de la Bruche
- **elevation min m**: 319
- **elevation max m**: 690
- **area km2**: 3.88
Rott, Bas-Rhin

**Rott** is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Rott
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Rott, Mairie.jpg
- **caption**: The town hall in Rott
- **image coat of arms**: Blason ville fr Rott (Bas-Rhin).svg
- **arrondissement**: Haguenau-Wissembourg
- **canton**: Wissembourg
- **insee**: 67416
- **postal code**: 67160
- **mayor**: Claude Strohl
- **term**: 2020–2026
- **intercommunality**: Pays de Wissembourg
- **elevation min m**: 197
- **elevation max m**: 400
- **area km2**: 3.24
Rottelsheim

**Rottelsheim** is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Rottelsheim
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Rottelsheim Mairie.JPG
- **caption**: The town hall in Rottelsheim
- **image coat of arms**: Blason ville fr Rottelsheim Bas-Rhin.svg
- **arrondissement**: Haguenau-Wissembourg
- **canton**: Brumath
- **insee**: 67417
- **postal code**: 67170
- **mayor**: Clément Metz
- **term**: 2020–2026
- **intercommunality**: Haguenau
- **elevation min m**: 161
- **elevation max m**: 196
- **area km2**: 2.39
Russ, Bas-Rhin

**Russ** is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Russ
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Russ, Mairie.jpg
- **caption**: The town hall in Russ
- **image coat of arms**: Blason ville fr Russ 67.svg
- **arrondissement**: Molsheim
- **canton**: Mutzig
- **insee**: 67420
- **postal code**: 67130
- **mayor**: Marc Girold
- **term**: 2020–2026
- **intercommunality**: Vallée de la Bruche
- **elevation min m**: 265
- **elevation max m**: 850
- **area km2**: 11.55
Saales

**Saales** is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Saales
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: MairieSaales.jpg
- **caption**: The town hall in Saales
- **image coat of arms**: Blason ville fr Saales Bas-Rhin.svg
- **arrondissement**: Molsheim
- **canton**: Mutzig
- **insee**: 67421
- **postal code**: 67420
- **mayor**: Romain Mangenet
- **term**: 2020–2026
- **intercommunality**: Vallée de la Bruche
- **elevation min m**: 517
- **elevation max m**: 831
- **area km2**: 9.88
Saasenheim

**Saasenheim** is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Saasenheim
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Saasenheim 065.JPG
- **caption**: The town hall in Saasenheim
- **image coat of arms**: Blason ville fr Saasenheim (Bas-Rhin).svg
- **arrondissement**: Sélestat-Erstein
- **canton**: Sélestat
- **insee**: 67422
- **postal code**: 67390
- **mayor**: Anne-Marie Neeff
- **term**: 2020–2026
- **intercommunality**: Ried de Marckolsheim
- **elevation min m**: 164
- **elevation max m**: 170
- **area km2**: 7.80
Saessolsheim

**Saessolsheim** is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Saessolsheim
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Saessolsheim StJeanBaptiste 03.JPG
- **caption**: The church of Saint-Jean-Baptiste in Saessolsheim
- **image coat of arms**: Blason ville fr Saessolsheim (Bas-Rhin).svg
- **arrondissement**: Saverne
- **canton**: Saverne
- **insee**: 67423
- **postal code**: 67270
- **mayor**: Dominique Muller
- **term**: 2020–2026
- **intercommunality**: Pays de Saverne
- **elevation min m**: 172
- **elevation max m**: 259
- **area km2**: 6.49
Saint-Blaise-la-Roche

**Saint-Blaise-la-Roche** is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.
Saint-Jean-Saverne

**Saint-Jean-Saverne** is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Saint-Jean-Saverne
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Mont-St Michel St Jean vue générale.JPG
- **caption**: A general view of Saint-Jean-Saverne
- **image coat of arms**: Blason ville fr Saint-Jean-Saverne (67).svg
- **arrondissement**: Saverne
- **canton**: Saverne
- **insee**: 67425
- **postal code**: 67700
- **mayor**: Jean Goetz
- **term**: 2020–2026
- **intercommunality**: Pays de Saverne
- **elevation min m**: 186
- **elevation max m**: 436
- **area km2**: 6.39
Hopsten

**Hopsten** is a municipality in Steinfurt in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

## Infobox (german location)

- **image flag**: Flagge Hopsten.svg
- **image coa**: DEU Hopsten COA.svg
- **image skyline**: Katholische Kirche Hopsten.JPG
- **image caption**: Catholic Church
- **image plan**: Hopsten in ST.svg
- **state**: North Rhine-Westphalia
- **region**: Münster
- **district**: Steinfurt
- **elevation**: 40
- **area**: 99.8
- **postal code**: 48496
- **area code**: 05458
- **licence**: ST
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 05 5 66 020
- **divisions**: 3
- **website**: [http://www.hopsten.de/ www.hopsten.de]
- **mayor**: Ludger Kleine-Harmeyer
- **leader term**: 2020–25
- **party**: CDU
Büren, Westphalia

**Büren** is a town in Paderborn in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

## Geography

Büren is at the confluence of the rivers Alme and Afte. It is about 20 km southwest of Paderborn and about 30 km southeast of Lippstadt.

### Neighbouring municipalities

- Brilon
- Geseke
- Rüthen
- Salzkotten
- Bad Wünnenberg

### Division of the town

Büren has 12 districts:

## Twin towns

Büren is twinned with:
- Kortemark, Belgium (1981)
- Charenton-le-Pont, France (1989)
- Mittersill, Austria (1995)
- Ignalina, Lithuania (2003)

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (german location)

- **name**: Büren
- **type**: Town
- **image photo**: Büren (Westfalen) aerial view from south.jpg
- **image caption**: Aerial view from the south of Büren
- **image coa**: DEU Büren COA.svg
- **image plan**: Büren in PB.svg
- **plantext**: Location of Büren in the district of Paderborn
- **state**: North Rhine-Westphalia
- **region**: Detmold
- **district**: Paderborn
- **elevation**: 190-360
- **area**: 170.97
- **postal code**: 33142
- **area code**: 2951
2955 (Wewelsburg)
2958 (Harth)
- **licence**: PB, BÜR
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 05 7 74 016
- **divisions**: 12
- **website**: [http://www.bueren.de/ www.bueren.de]
- **mayor**: Burkhard Schwuchow
- **leader term**: 2020–25
- **party**: CDU
Bad Wünnenberg

**Bad Wünnenberg** is a town in Paderborn in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

## Infobox (german location)

- **type**: Town
- **image photo**: Bad Wünnenberg Sauerland-Ost 253.jpg
- **image coa**: DEU Bad Wünnenberg COA.svg
- **image plan**: Bad Wünnenberg in PB.svg
- **state**: Nordrhein-Westfalen
- **region**: Detmold
- **district**: Paderborn
- **elevation**: 334
- **area**: 161.04
- **postal code**: 33179–33181
- **area code**: 02953, 02957 Haaren
- **licence**: PB
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 05 7 74 040
- **divisions**: 7
- **website**: [http://www.wuennenberg.de/ www.wuennenberg.de]
- **mayor**: Christian Carl
- **leader term**: 2020–25
- **party**: CDU
Cherkessk

**Cherkessk** () is the capital city of Karachay-Cherkessia, Russia. In 2010, 129,069 people lived there.
Saint-Martin, Bas-Rhin

**Saint-Martin** is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Saint-Martin
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Saint-Martin 090.JPG
- **image coat of arms**: Armoiries commune fr Saint-Martin (67).svg
- **arrondissement**: Sélestat-Erstein
- **canton**: Mutzig
- **insee**: 67426
- **postal code**: 67220
- **mayor**: André Muller
- **term**: 2020–2026
- **intercommunality**: Vallée de Villé
- **elevation min m**: 268
- **elevation max m**: 615
- **area km2**: 3.97
Saint-Maurice, Bas-Rhin

**Saint-Maurice** is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Saint-Maurice
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Saint-Maurice 004.JPG
- **image coat of arms**: Blason ville fr Saint-Maurice (67).svg
- **arrondissement**: Sélestat-Erstein
- **canton**: Mutzig
- **insee**: 67427
- **postal code**: 67220
- **mayor**: Jean-Marc Witz
- **term**: 2020–2026
- **intercommunality**: Vallée de Villé
- **elevation min m**: 235
- **elevation max m**: 335
- **area km2**: 1.4
Saint-Nabor

**Saint-Nabor** is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.
Saint-Pierre, Bas-Rhin

**Saint-Pierre** is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Saint-Pierre
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Saint-Pierre 062.JPG
- **caption**: The town hall in Saint-Pierre
- **image coat of arms**: Blason Ville Fr Saint-Pierre (Bas-Rhin).svg
- **arrondissement**: Sélestat-Erstein
- **canton**: Obernai
- **insee**: 67429
- **postal code**: 67140
- **mayor**: Denis Ruxer
- **term**: 2020–2026
- **intercommunality**: Pays de Barr
- **elevation min m**: 169
- **elevation max m**: 208
- **area km2**: 3.21
Saint-Pierre-Bois

**Saint-Pierre-Bois** is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.
Enzyme kinetics

**Enzyme kinetics** is a field of chemistry. It describes how fast reactions happen, that involve enzymes. Enzyme kinetics is widely used in biology and chemistry. In enzyme kinetics, the reaction rate is measured,  and the effects of different other factors of the environment are taken into account. Studying an enzyme this way can help people explain its role in the metabolism of animals and humans. It can also show how a certain substance or drug can affect this rate.