juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Gil Schwartz

**Gil Schwartz** (May 20, 1951 – May 2, 2020), known by his pen name **Stanley Bing**, was an American business humorist and novelist. He wrote a column for _Fortune_ magazine for more than twenty years. He also worked for_Esquire_ magazine. He was the author of thirteen books, including _What Would Machiavelli Do?_ and ''The Curriculum'.

Schwartz was senior executive vice president of corporate communications and Chief Communications Officer for CBS.

Bing was born in New York City. He was raised in New Rochelle, New York. Bing studied at Brandeis University. Schwartz died on May 2, 2020 at his home in Santa Monica, California from a heart attack. He was 68.
Fire Down Below (1957 movie)

***Fire Down Below*** is a 1957 American British adventure movie. It was directed by Robert Parrish. The movie is based on the 1954 novel of the same name by Max Catto. Actors include Rita Hayworth, Jack Lemmon, Robert Mitchum, Herbert Lom, Edric Connor, Peter Illing, and Anthony Newley. It was distributed by Columbia Pictures.
Khin Nyunt

General **Khin Nyunt** (; ; born 11 October 1939) is a Burmese military intelligence chief and politician. He was the 9th Prime Minister of Myanmar from 25 August 2003 until 18 October 2004, until he was arrested by his senior officers.

## Infobox (prime minister)

- **name**: Khin Nyunt
- **image**: KhinNyunt cropped.jpg
- **office**: 9th Prime Minister of Myanmar
- **leader**: Than Shwe
- **term start**: 25 August 2003
- **term end**: 18 October 2004
- **predecessor**: Than Shwe
- **successor**: Soe Win (prime minister), Soe Win
- **office2**: Secretary 1 of the State Peace and Development Council
- **term start2**: 1997
- **term end2**: 25 August 2003
- **predecessor2**: Position established
- **successor2**: Thein Sein
- **birth place**: Kyauktan Township, British Burma
- **nationality**: Burmese
- **spouse**: Khin Win Shwe
- **children**: Thin Le Le Win, Lt.-Col. Zaw Naing Oo, Dr. Ye Naing Win
- **branch**: Myanmar Army
- **serviceyears**: 1960–2004
- **rank**: General
- **caption**: Khin Nyunt in 2004
A Guide for the Married Man

***A Guide for the Married Man*** is a 1967 American comedy movie. It was directed by Gene Kelly. Actors include Walter Matthau, Inger Stevens, Sue Ann Langdon, Claire Kelly, Jayne Mansfield, Sid Caesar, Carl Reiner, Art Carney, Jack Benny, and Terry-Thomas. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox.
Frederick Kroesen

**Frederick James Kroesen, Jr.** (February 11, 1923 – April 30, 2020) was a United States Army four-star general. He was born in Phillipsburg, New Jersey.

Kroesen was the Commanding General of the Seventh United States Army and the commander of NATO Central Army Group from 1979 to 1983, and Commanding General, United States Army Forces Command from 1976 to 1978.

He also was Vice Chief of Staff of the Army from 1978 to 1979. He commanded troops in World War II, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War.

Kroesen died on April 30, 2020 in Alexandria, Virginia, aged 97.
Richard Thomas (actor)

**Richard Earl Thomas** (born June 13, 1951) is an American actor. He was born in New York City.

He acted in the leading role as author John-Boy Walton in the CBS drama _The Waltons_, for which he won one Emmy Award and received nominations for another Emmy Award and two Golden Globe Awards.

He also starred in Stephen King's miniseries _It_ and played Special Agent Frank Gaad on FX's spy thriller series _The Americans_.
Welcome to Hard Times

***Welcome to Hard Times*** is a 1967 American western movie. It was directed by Burt Kennedy. The movie was based on the book with the same name by E. L. Doctorow. Actors include Henry Fonda, Warren Oates, Janis Paige, Keenan Wynn, Lon Chaney Jr., Aldo Ray, and Janice Rule. It was distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.
Barbara Barrie

**Barbara Barrie** (born **Barbara Ann Berman**, May 23, 1931) is an American actress, singer and author. She was born in Chicago. She is best known for her role as Evelyn Stoller in _Breaking Away_. She was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress in 1979.
Aiglun, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence

**Aiglun** is a commune in southeastern France. It is in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region.

In addition to the village, the town has three other hamlets:
- Les Lavendes
- Les Grees
- Le Thoron

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Aiglun
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Chapelle Aiglun mur nord.JPG
- **image coat of arms**: Blason ville fr Aiglun (Alpes-de-Haute-Provence).svg
- **arrondissement**: Digne-les-Bains
- **canton**: Digne-les-Bains-2
- **insee**: 04001
- **postal code**: 04510
- **intercommunality**: Provence-Alpes Agglomération
- **elevation m**: 700
- **elevation min m**: 507
- **elevation max m**: 900
- **area km2**: 14.89
Allemagne-en-Provence

**Allemagne-en-Provence** is a commune in southeastern France. It is in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region.

In addition to the village, the town has two hamlets:
- Saint-Antoine
- Puberclaire

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Allemagne-en-Provence
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image coat of arms**: Blason Allemagne en Provence.svg
- **image**: Chateau Allemagne en Provence IMG 9064 touched.jpg
- **caption**: Castle
- **arrondissement**: Forcalquier
- **canton**: Valensole
- **insee**: 04004
- **postal code**: 04500
- **intercommunality**: Durance-Luberon-Verdon Agglomération
- **elevation m**: 421
- **elevation min m**: 389
- **elevation max m**: 622
- **area km2**: 32.99
Hans Conried

**Hans Georg Conried Jr.** (April 15, 1917January 5, 1982) was an Austrian-American actor and comedian. He was born in Baltimore, Maryland.

Conried voiced George Darling and Captain Hook in _Peter Pan_ (1953), Snidely Whiplash in Jay Ward's _Dudley Do-Right_ cartoons, Professor Waldo P. Wigglesworth in Ward's _Hoppity Hooper_ cartoons, and Professor Kropotkin on the radio and movie versions of _My Friend Irma_.

He also appeared as Uncle Tonoose on Danny Thomas' sitcom _Make Room for Daddy_, and in multiple roles on _I Love Lucy_.

Conried died in Burbank, California on  January 5, 1982 of a heart attack, aged 64.
Ben Hoekendijk

**Ben Hoekendijk** (30 June 1938 – 1 May 2020) was a Dutch speaker, evangelist and pastor. Hoekendijk was born in Baarn. He was the founder and director of the Opwekking Foundation. He was an important person in the Dutch Pentecostal movement.

After serious problems Hoekendijk applied himself to sea sailing and sports journalism. He wrote a lot of books about sea sailing.

Hoekendijk died in Harderwijk on 1 May 2020, aged 81.

## Other websites

- Website Ben Hoekendijk (in archive)
- Website Stichting Shalom (in archive)
- Koninklijke Bibliotheek – overview Christian
- Koninklijke Bibliotheek – overview sailing
Allons, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence

**Allons** is a commune in southeastern France. It is in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region.

Hamlets are:
- La Moutiere
- La Forêt

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Allons
- **native name**: Alonh
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Allons, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, Sheep.JPG
- **caption**: Herding sheep in Allons
- **image coat of arms**: Blason Allons.svg
- **arrondissement**: Castellane
- **canton**: Castellane
- **insee**: 04005
- **postal code**: 04170
- **intercommunality**: Communauté de communes Alpes Provence Verdon - Sources de Lumière, Alpes Provence Verdon - Sources de Lumière
- **elevation m**: 1073
- **elevation min m**: 951
- **elevation max m**: 1992
- **area km2**: 41.71
Nancy Stark Smith

**Nancy Stark Smith** (1952 – May 1, 2020) was an American dancer. She was a founding participant in Contact Improvisation. Smith was born in New York City.

She worked with many partners including Steve Paxton, Julyen Hamilton, Karen Nelson, and Mike Vargas.

In 1975, she founded _Contact Quarterly_, an international journal of dance and improvisation.

Smith died on May 1, 2020 from ovarian cancer in Florence, Massachusetts at the age of 68.
Will Theunissen

**Will Theunissen** (30 June 1954 – 1 May 2020) was a Dutch guitarist. He was born in Nijmegen. Theunissen was the founder of the Jazz Rock band _Elevator_ from Nijmegen, which was active in the 1970s.

Together with Frank Boeijen he was from the beginning part of the Frank Boeijen Groep, becoming notable in the 1980s.

His best known songs were _Doe Iets_, _Zwart Wit_ and _1.000.000 Sterren_ of the album _Kontakt_ (1984). They reached the Dutch Top 40.

Theunissen died in Tiel on 1 May 2020, aged 65.
Erik Tandberg (space educator)

**Erik Tandberg** (October 19, 1932 – May 2, 2020) was a Norwegian engineer, politician, author, television personality and space educator. He was born in Oslo, Norway. He worked with Norwegian Space Centre. Tandberg was a member of the City Council of Oslo for the Conservative Party from 1969 to 1989.

Tandberg died on May 2, 2020 in Oslo at the age of 87.
Tony Roberts (actor)

**David Anthony "Tony" Roberts** (October 22, 1939 – February 7, 2025) was an American actor. He was known for his roles in six Woody Allen movies. His best known role was in _Annie Hall_.

Roberts died of lung cancer at his New York City home, on February 7, 2025, at the age of 85.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Tony Roberts
- **image**: Tony Roberts (46864137585) (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Roberts in 2019
- **birth name**: David Anthony Roberts
- **birth place**: Manhattan, New York, U.S.
- **death place**: Manhattan, New York, U.S.
- **occupation**: Actor
- **yearsactive**: 1962–present
- **children**: 1
Julie Cobb

**Julie Frances Cobb** (born May 29, 1947) is an American actress. She was born in Los Angeles. Cobb's father was actor Lee J. Cobb.

From 1976 to 1977, she was married to actor Victor French. From 1986 to 2005, she was married to actor James Cromwell.

Her movie roles include in _The Second Coming of Suzanne_ (1974), _Fantasy Island_ (1978), _Just You and Me, Kid_ (1979), _The Runnin' Kind_ (1989), _Lisa_ (1990), _Defending Your Life_ (1991) and _Dr. Jekyll and Ms. Hyde_ (1995).

She also appeared in the TV movie versions of _Salem's Lot_ (1979) and _Brave New World_ (1980). She also starred in Arthur Miller's play _After the Fall_.
Victor French

**Victor Edwin French** (December 4, 1934 – June 15, 1989) was an American actor and director. He was known for his roles on the television programs _Little House on the Prairie_, _Highway to Heaven_ and _Carter Country_. He was born in Santa Barbara, California.

French died on June 15, 1989 in Los Angeles from lung cancer, aged 54.
Red Skies of Montana

***Red Skies of Montana*** is a 1952 American adventure drama movie. It was directed by Joseph M. Newman. It is based on the 1948 book _Fire_ by George R. Stewart. Actors include Richard Widmark, Warren Stevens, Constance Smith, Jeffrey Hunter, and Richard Boone. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox.
Castro Valley, California

**Castro Valley** is a census-designated place (CDP) in Alameda County, California, United States. As of the 2020 census, it is the fourth most populous unincorporated area in California. The population was 66,441 at the 2020 census.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Castro Valley, California
- **image skyline**: Castro Valley about 1970.jpg
- **image caption**: Castro Valley, c. 1970
- **settlement type**: Census-designated place, CDP
- **image map**: Alameda County California Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Castro Valley Highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 250x200px
- **map caption**: Location of Castro Valley within Alameda County, California
- **pushpin map**: USA
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in the United States
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in California, County
- **subdivision name2**: Alameda County, California, Alameda
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total sq mi**: 17.07
- **area land sq mi**: 16.85
- **area water sq mi**: 0.22
- **area water percent**: 1.68
- **elevation ft**: 161
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 66441
- **population density sq mi**: 3943.55
- **timezone**: Pacific Standard Time, PST
- **utc offset**: -8
- **timezone dst**: Pacific Daylight Time, PDT
- **utc offset dst**: -7
- **postal code type**: ZIP codes
- **postal code**: 94546, 94552, 94578, 94541, 94542
- **area code**: Area codes 510 and 341, 510, 341
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 06-11964
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature IDs
- **blank1 info**: ,
- **area total km2**: 44.21
- **area land km2**: 43.64
- **area water km2**: 0.57
- **population density km2**: 1522.58
Rose of Cimarron (1952 movie)

***Rose of Cimarron*** is a 1952 American western movie. It was directed by Harry Keller. Actors include Mala Powers, Jack Beutel, Bill Williams, Dick Curtis, William Phipps, Irving Bacon, Monte Blue, and George Chandler. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox.
Return of the Texan

***Return of the Texan*** is a 1952 American western movie. It was directed by Delmer Daves. Actors include Dale Robertson, Joanne Dru, Walter Brennan, Richard Boone, and Tom Tully. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox.
Youngblood Hawke

***Youngblood Hawke*** is a 1964 American drama movie. It was directed by Delmer Daves. The movie is based on the book of the same name by Herman Wouk. Actors include James Franciscus, Suzanne Pleshette, Geneviève Page, Eva Gabor, Mary Astor, and Lee Bowman. It was distributed by Warner Bros.
7 Women

***7 Women***, also known as _Seven Women_, is a 1966 American drama movie. It was directed by John Ford. The movie is based on the short story _Chinese Finale_ by Norah Lofts. Actors in the movie include Anne Bancroft, Margaret Leighton, Flora Robson, Betty Field and Sue Lyon. It was distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.44
Allos

**Allos** is a commune in southeastern France. It is in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region.

The Verdon river is in the town.

## Hamlets

- La Beaumelle;
- La Beaume;
- La Foux;
- La Foux d’Allos;
- Le Seignus (Bas and Haut);
- le Villard (Bas and Haut);
- Le Brec Bas et Haut;
- Sainte-Brigitte (Basse and Haute);
- Le Foreston;
- Bouchiers;
- La Peyrière (Basse and Haute);
- Prémin;
- Montgros;
- Champrichard;
- Le Collet;

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Allos
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image coat of arms**: Blason_ville_fr_Allos_(04).svg
- **image**: Mont Pelat + Lake Allos tour 34.jpg
- **caption**: The Lac d'Allos
- **arrondissement**: Castellane
- **canton**: Castellane
- **insee**: 04006
- **postal code**: 04260
- **intercommunality**: Communauté de communes Alpes Provence Verdon - Sources de Lumière, Alpes Provence Verdon - Sources de Lumière
- **elevation m**: 1425
- **elevation min m**: 1339
- **elevation max m**: 3040
- **area km2**: 116.65
- **population**: 747
- **population date**: 2016
Angles, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence

**Angles** is a commune in southeastern France. It is in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Angles
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Angles, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, Entry.JPG
- **caption**: The road into Angles
- **image coat of arms**: Blason Angles.svg
- **arrondissement**: Castellane
- **canton**: Castellane
- **insee**: 04007
- **postal code**: 04170
- **intercommunality**: Communauté de communes Alpes Provence Verdon - Sources de Lumière, Alpes Provence Verdon - Sources de Lumière
- **elevation m**: 956
- **elevation min m**: 880
- **elevation max m**: 1777
- **area km2**: 9.83
- **population**: 66
- **population date**: 2016
Annot

**Annot** is a commune in France. It is in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in the  Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Annot
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Annot, vieille ville.jpg
- **caption**: Entrance to the old town of Annot
- **image coat of arms**: Blason Annot.svg
- **arrondissement**: Castellane
- **canton**: Castellane
- **insee**: 04008
- **postal code**: 04240
- **intercommunality**: Communauté de communes Alpes Provence Verdon - Sources de Lumière, Alpes Provence Verdon - Sources de Lumière
- **elevation m**: 680
- **elevation min m**: 599
- **elevation max m**: 1638
- **area km2**: 29.8
Archail

**Archail** is a commune in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region of south-eastern France. It has the second fewest people of any commune in the department.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Archail
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Archail.JPG
- **caption**: The village
- **arrondissement**: Digne-les-Bains
- **canton**: Seyne
- **insee**: 04009
- **postal code**: 04420
- **intercommunality**: Provence-Alpes Agglomération
- **elevation m**: 920
- **elevation min m**: 759
- **elevation max m**: 1984
- **area km2**: 12.99
Aubenas-les-Alpes

** Aubenas-les-Alpes ** is a French commune in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region of south-eastern France.

The Largue river forms the eastern border of the commune.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Aubenas-les-Alpes
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Le Plan d’Aubenas-les-Alpes.JPG
- **caption**: Aubenas-les-Alpes plain
- **image coat of arms**: Blason_AubenaslesAlpes.svg
- **arrondissement**: Forcalquier
- **canton**: Reillanne
- **insee**: 04012
- **postal code**: 04110
- **intercommunality**: Communauté de communes Haute-Provence Pays de Banon, Haute-Provence Pays de Banon
- **elevation m**: 650
- **elevation min m**: 480
- **elevation max m**: 780
- **area km2**: 7.93
Aubignosc

**Aubignosc** is a commune in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region of south-eastern France.

Aubignosc is in the west of the Durance valley. There are the hamlets of Les Jardins and Le Forest.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Aubignosc
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Mairie d’Aubignosc.JPG
- **caption**: The Town Hall
- **image coat of arms**: Blason Aubignosc.svg
- **arrondissement**: Forcalquier
- **canton**: Château-Arnoux-Saint-Auban
- **insee**: 04013
- **postal code**: 04200
- **intercommunality**: Communauté de communes Jabron Lure Vançon Durance, Jabron Lure Vançon Durance
- **elevation m**: 460
- **elevation min m**: 432
- **elevation max m**: 1330
- **area km2**: 14.74
Authon, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence

** Authon ** is a commune in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region of south-eastern France.

The Vanson Forest is found in the north, south, and east.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Authon
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Authon.JPG
- **caption**: The village in the Vanson valley
- **image coat of arms**: Blason Authon.svg
- **arrondissement**: Forcalquier
- **canton**: Sisteron
- **insee**: 04016
- **postal code**: 04200
- **intercommunality**: Communauté de communes du Sisteronais Buëch, Sisteronais Buëch
- **elevation m**: 1137
- **elevation min m**: 881
- **elevation max m**: 2114
- **area km2**: 40.16
Auzet

** Auzet ** is a French commune in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region of south-eastern France.

There are the hamlets of L'Infernet, L'Infernet Haut, and L'Infernet Bas north of the village. The commune is very rugged with snow-capped mountains and forested slopes with 1,168 hectares of forest.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Auzet
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Col du Fanget.jpg
- **caption**: The Col de Fanget
- **image coat of arms**: Blason Auzet.svg
- **arrondissement**: Digne-les-Bains
- **canton**: Seyne
- **insee**: 04017
- **postal code**: 04140
- **intercommunality**: Provence-Alpes Agglomération
- **elevation m**: 1180
- **elevation min m**: 1068
- **elevation max m**: 2028
- **area km2**: 34.53
Acy-Romance

**Acy-Romance** is a commune in the Ardennes department in the Grand Est region of northern France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Acy-Romance
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Maire Acy Romance.jpg
- **caption**: Town hall
- **image coat of arms**: Blason ville fr Acy-Romance (Ardennes).svg
- **arrondissement**: Rethel
- **canton**: Rethel
- **insee**: 08001
- **postal code**: 08300
- **intercommunality**: Communauté de communes du Pays Rethélois, Pays Rethélois
- **elevation m**: 73
- **elevation min m**: 67
- **elevation max m**: 147
- **area km2**: 11.13
- **population**: 435
- **population date**: 2016
Cady Groves

**Cady Groves** (July 30, 1989 – May 2, 2020) was an American singer-songwriter. She was born in Marlow, Oklahoma. Her best known songs were "This Little Girl", "Oh Darlin'", "Forget You", and "Love Actually". She released four EPs: _A Month of Sundays_ (2009), _This Little Girl_ (2010), _Life of a Pirate_ (2012), and _Dreams_ (2015).

Groves died of natural causes in Nashville, Tennessee on May 2, 2020 at the age of 30.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Cady Groves
- **image**: Cady Groves Spring 2016 (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Groves in 2016
- **birth place**: Emporia, Kansas, U.S.
- **death place**: Brentwood, Tennessee, U.S.
- **years active**: 2009–2020
Ji Chaozhu

**Ji Chaozhu** (July 30, 1929 – April 29, 2020) was a Chinese politician. He was the Ambassador to the Court of St. James's (United Kingdom) and an Undersecretary General of the United Nations. He retired in 1996.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Ji Chaozhu
- **image**: Ji Chaozhu, Tianenmen Square, 2005, by Foster Winans.jpg
- **caption**: Ji Chaozhu at Tiananmen Square in 2005
- **birth place**: Taiyuan, Shanxi, Republic of China (1912–1949), China
- **death place**: Beijing, China
- **occupation**: Diplomat, author
Lee Roy West

**Lee Roy West** (November 26, 1929 – April 24, 2020) was an American politician and lawyer. He was the Senior United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Western District of Oklahoma. He was nominated to the court by President Jimmy Carter in 1979. West was born in Clayton, Oklahoma.

West died on April 24, 2020 in Muskogee, Oklahoma at the age of 90.
Heda Čechová

**Heda Čechová** (July 17, 1928 – April 23, 2020) was a Czech television anchorwoman, radio presenter, and politician. She was a member of the Czech National Council for the Civic Forum from 1990 until 1992 following the Velvet Revolution and Czechoslovakia's transition to democracy. She was born in Prague.

Čechová died on April 23, 2020 in Prague, at the age of 91.
Jack McCall, Desperado

***Jack McCall, Desperado*** is a 1953 American western movie. It was directed by Sidney Salkow. The movie stars George Montgomery, Angela Stevens, Douglas Kennedy, and Eugene Iglesias. It was distributed by Columbia Pictures.
The Quick Gun

***The Quick Gun*** is a 1964 American western movie. It was directed by Sidney Salkow. The movie is based on the short story _The Fastest Gun_ by Steve Fisher. It stars Audie Murphy, Walter Sande, Merry Anders, and Ted de Corsia. It was distributed by Columbia Pictures.
Inferno (1953 movie)

***Inferno*** is a 1953 American romantic crime drama movie. It was directed by Roy Ward Baker. The movie stars Robert Ryan, Rhonda Fleming, William Lundigan, Larry Keating and Henry Hull. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox. It was remade in 1973 as _Ordeal_.

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: Inferno
- **director**: Roy Ward Baker
- **producer**: William Bloom
- **screenplay**: Francis Cockrell
- **starring**: Robert Ryan
Rhonda Fleming
William Lundigan
- **music**: Paul Sawtell
- **cinematography**: Lucien Ballard
- **editing**: Robert L. Simpson (film editor), Robert L. Simpson
- **distributor**: 20th Century Fox
- **runtime**: 83 minutes
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **budget**: $1,055,000
John Hospers

**John Hospers** (June 9, 1918 – June 12, 2011) was an American philosopher and political activist. He was once a friend of the philosopher Ayn Rand.

In 1972, Hospers became the first presidential candidate of the Libertarian Party, and was the only minor party candidate to receive an electoral vote in that year's U.S. presidential election.

## Infobox (politician)

- **name**: John Hospers
- **image**: John Hospers 1998.jpg
- **caption**: Hospers in 1998
- **birth place**: Pella, Iowa, Pella, Iowa, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Los Angeles, California, United States, U.S.
- **party**: Libertarian Party (United States), Libertarian
- **alma mater**: Central College (Iowa), Central College, Iowa
University of Iowa
Columbia University
Feelings (1974 movie)

***Feelings*** is a 1974 British drama movie. It was directed by Gerry O'Hara. Actors include Kate O'Mara, Edward Peel, Paul Freeman, Bob Sherman, and Beth Porter.
Lady Liberty (movie)

***Lady Liberty*** (Italian: ***La mortadella***) is a 1971 Italian French comedy movie. It was directed by Mario Monicelli. Actors include Sophia Loren, William Devane, Susan Sarandon, Danny DeVito, and Gigi Proietti. It was distributed by United Artists.
Ibrahim Muhammad Abu Arab

**Ibrahim Muhammad Abu Arab** (Arabic: إبراهيم محمد صالح; 1931, Nazareth - March 3, 2014, Homs) was a Palestinian poet. -Shecera was born in the village. After the occupation of the village by the army, first Kefer Kana, then moved to Arrabetu'l-Butuf. After staying there for two months, he emigrated to Lebanon and then to Syria.
The poet's father, Abu Arab, was killed in 1948 by Zionist forces during a clash. In 1982, the son was killed by Israeli forces during the occupation of Lebanon. As a child, he witnessed the Palestinian Revolution against the British occupation and Jewish emigration. He was known as Abu Arab, the Poet of the Palestinian Revolution, and the Poet of the Palestinian Camp. He died on March 3, 2014 in Homs.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Ibrahim Mohammed Saleh
- **image**: الفنان الفلسطيني أبو عرب.jpg
- **caption**: Abo Arab in Ramallah, 8 May 2011
- **native name**: إبراهيم محمد صالح
- **native name lang**: ar
- **birth name**: Ibrahim Mohammed Saleh
- **birth date**: 1931
- **birth place**: Al-Shajara, Palestine, Al-Shajara, Mandatory Palestine
- **death place**: Homs, Syria
- **occupation**: Singer
Poet
Phffft!

***Phffft!*** is a 1954 American romantic comedy movie. It was directed by Mark Robson. The movie is based on the play by George Axelrod. Actors include Judy Holliday, Jack Lemmon, Jack Carson, Kim Novak, Donald Curtis, Luella Gear, and Donald Randolph. It was distributed by Columbia Pictures.
It Should Happen to You

***It Should Happen to You*** is a 1954 American romantic comedy movie. It was directed by George Cukor. Actors include Judy Holliday, Jack Lemmon, Peter Lawford, Michael O'Shea, and Wendy Barrie. It was distributed by Columbia Pictures. It was nominated for an Academy Award in 1955.
Lady and Gent

***Lady and Gent*** is a 1932 American sports drama movie. It was directed by Stephen Roberts. Actors include George Bancroft, Wynne Gibson, Charles Starrett, John Wayne, and James Gleason. It was distributed by Paramount Pictures and was remade as _Unmarried_ in 1939.
Osmoregulation

**Osmoregulation** is how living things keep the right amount of salt and water in their bodies. All living things do this, from bacteria to humans.

The basic idea is that organisms keep osmotic pressure by controlling their water and salt concentrations. There are regulators and conformers. Conformers match their environment, and regulators do things which act to keep their internal water at a standard level of saltiness.

Sea fish, for example, tend to gain salt if they live in seawater. So they actively put out (excrete) salt from their gills. River fish, on the other hand, take the salt out before they excrete water. Some fish, like the flounder, live in both fresh and salt water at different stages in its life. They adapt to whichever water they are in.

## Plants

All plants regulate their water balance. Xerophytes like cacti keep water inside so they do not become too salty. Plants that live in seasonal wetlands also have ways of avoiding desiccation. Many plant leaves have a waterproof cuticle to regulate the loss of water, and use spiracles for gas exchange. Osmoregulation is an important aspect of homeostasis. it involves the balance between water and solute contents of cells.

## Land animals

The change from being in water to living on land was one of the most significant things which happened in evolution. From the perspective of water balance this was one of the most dramatic changes ever made. Suddenly, the new land animal had the problem of losing too much water through its skin, and taking in too little if it moved away from the water.

### Kidneys

Kidneys are the organ of osmoregulation in vertebrates, including humans. In the nephron, blood is filtered through the glomerulus. The filtrate, water, salts, and other small molecules, enters the tubule of the nephron. In excretion, the filtrate which remains in the tube leaves the kidney and becomes urine.

The amount of water reabsorbed is controlled by hormones such as antidiuretic hormone (ADH), aldosterone, and angiotensin II. For example, too high solute concentration in the blood (osmolarity) is detected by osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus (part of the brain). The hypothalamus then stimulates ADH release from the pituitary gland to make the walls of the collecting ducts more permeable to water. Therefore, more water is reabsorbed from fluid in the kidneys to prevent too much water from being excreted.

As an illustration of how universal osmoregulation is, bacteria also do it.

## Sources

Standard medical books of course have sections on the human kidney and the human water regulation. The complex details of hormone interaction is not covered in this brief summary.
Osmoregulation in animals generally is one of the issues surveyed in:
- Alexander, R. McNeill 1990. _Animals_. Cambridge University Press. . Excretion p186; Water balance p262.
- Schnidt-Nielsen K. 1990. _Animal physiology: adaptation and environment_. 4th ed, Cambridge University Press. . Part 4: Water.
- Wood, Janet M. 2011. Bacterial osmoregulation: a paradigm for the study of cellular homeostasis. _Annual Review of Microbiology_. **65** (1): 215–238.
Will Gluck

**Will Gluck** is an American director known for directing _Friends with Benefits_ and _Peter Rabbit_ movies.
JB Gill

**Jonathan Benjamin Gill** (born 7 December 1986) is an English actor, farmer, presenter, singer, songwriter. He is best known as a member of the boy band JLS, who came second on _The X Factor_ in 2008. They had five number-one singles and sold over 10 million records worldwide before disbanding in December 2013.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: JB Gill
- **image**: JB Gill in 2023.jpg
- **imagesize**: 150
- **caption**: Gill in 2023
- **birth name**: Jonathan Benjamin Gill
- **birth place**: Croydon, London, England
- **occupation**: Actor, farmer, presenter, singer, songwriter
- **years active**: 2006–present
- **employer**: BBC
Epic Records, Epic
RCA Records, RCA
Friends with Benefits

***Friends with Benefits*** is a 2011 comedy romantic movie directed by Will Gluck and starring Mila Kunis and Justin Timberlake.

The movie was very positively welcomed from audience who praised its story, characters, humor, performances, soundtrack and emotional weight. It was also a commercial success grossing $150.4 million.

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: Friends with Benefits
- **director**: Will Gluck
- **cinematography**: Michael Grady
- **editing**: Tia Nolan
- **distributor**: Sony Pictures Releasing
- **runtime**: 109 minutes
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **budget**: $35 million
- **gross**: $150.4 million
Outlaw's Daughter

***Outlaw's Daughter*** is a 1954 American western movie. It was directed by Wesley Berry. Actors include Bill Williams, Jim Davis, George Cleveland, Nelson Leigh, and Elisha Cook Jr.. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox.
Aston Merrygold

**Aston Iain Merrygold** (born 13 February 1988) is a British singer, songwriter, dancer, television personality, actor, and philanthropist. He recently appeared on the _X Factor_. He is part of the group JLS (an acronym for **Jack the Lad Swing**).

Aston grew up in Peterborough dreaming of being a footballer. At secondary school, he represented England for the European Youth Games in 2004, but soon after he discovered that, he had a nerve disorder in his left foot and had to give up sport.

When Aston was 14, his mother asked him to enter Kid Stars in their eyes and appeared as Michael Jackson in 2002 singing "Rockin' Robin". Aston performed in all of his school productions and after finishing school in 2004, he was cast in a new TV show called _Fun Song Factory_.

Aston met Marvin Humes whilst auditioning for a TV advert. Since joining the band, Aston moved to London to make rehearsing easier.

Aston Merrygold and fellow members of JLS, Marvin Humes, Oritsé Williams, and JB Gill were absolutely fantastic singers and they deserved to become the number 1 boy band in the United Kingdom.
The Farmer Takes a Wife (1953 movie)

***The Farmer Takes a Wife*** is a 1953 American musical comedy movie. It was directed by Henry Levin. The movie and is based on 1934 play of the same name. It is a remake of the 1935 original. Actors include Betty Grable, Dale Robertson, Thelma Ritter, John Carroll, and Merry Anders. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox.
Obie Trice

**Obie Trice III** (born 14 November 1977) is an American rapper and songwriter. He was born in Detroit, Michigan. He started to rhyme when he was 11 years old. In 2000 he was signed to Shady Records.

His first album _Cheers_ was released in 2003 with its first single being "Got Some Teeth" The album consists of 17 tracks. The album was very successful and sold almost three million copies as of July 2018 and peaking at third on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums In 2008. Obie started his own record label called _Black Market Entertainment._

## Other websites

- Obie Trice on Spotify
- Obie Trice on Instagram

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **image**: ObieTriceConcert 2006 cropped.jpg
- **genre**: Hip hop
The Band Wagon

***The Band Wagon*** is a 1953 American musical comedy movie. It was directed by Vincente Minnelli.  Actors include Fred Astaire, Cyd Charisse, Oscar Levant, and Nanette Fabray. It was distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. It was nominated for 3 Academy Awards in 1954.
Kevin McCall

**Kevin Lamar McCall Jr.** (born July 25, 1985) is an American singer, songwriter, rapper and record producer. He was nominated for a Grammy with Chris Brown and Tyga for "Deuces" in 2011.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Kevin McCall
- **years active**: 2007–present
- **background**: solo_singer
Bjarni Benediktsson (born 1970)

**Bjarni Benediktsson** (born 26 January 1970), known as **Bjarni Ben**, is an Icelandic politician. He was the Prime Minister from April 2024 to December 2024. He was Prime Minister previously from January to November 2017. He has been the leader of the Icelandic Independence Party since 2009. He was Minister of Finance and Economic Affairs from 2013 to 2017, a post he later retained under Katrin Jakobsdottir.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Bjarni Benediktsson
- **image**: Bjarni Benediktsson & Maroš Šefčovič - 2023 (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Bjarni in 2023
- **office**: 27th and 32nd Prime Minister of Iceland
- **president**: Guðni Th. Jóhannesson
Halla Tómasdóttir
- **term start**: 9 April 2024
- **term end**: 21 December 2024
- **predecessor**: Katrín Jakobsdóttir
- **successor**: Kristrún Frostadóttir
- **president1**: Guðni Th. Jóhannesson
- **term start1**: 11 January 2017
- **term end1**: 30 November 2017
- **predecessor1**: Sigurður Ingi Jóhannsson
- **successor1**: Katrín Jakobsdóttir
- **office2**: Ministry for Foreign Affairs (Iceland), Minister for Foreign Affairs
- **predecessor2**: Þórdís Kolbrún R. Gylfadóttir
- **primeminister2**: Katrín Jakobsdóttir
- **successor2**: Þórdís Kolbrún R. Gylfadóttir
- **term start2**: 14 October 2023
- **term end2**: 9 April 2024
- **office3**: Ministry of Finance (Iceland), Minister for Finance and Economic Affairs
- **primeminister3**: Katrín Jakobsdóttir
- **term start3**: 30 November 2017
- **term end3**: 14 October 2023
- **predecessor3**: Benedikt Jóhannesson
- **successor3**: Þórdís Kolbrún R. Gylfadóttir
- **term start4**: 23 May 2013
- **term end4**: 11 January 2017
- **primeminister4**: Sigmundur Davíð Gunnlaugsson
Sigurður Ingi Jóhannsson
- **predecessor4**: Katrín Júlíusdóttir
- **successor4**: Benedikt Jóhannesson
- **office5**: Leader of the Independence Party (Iceland), Independence Party
- **term start5**: 29 March 2009
- **predecessor5**: Geir Haarde
- **birth place**: Reykjavík, Iceland
- **party**: Independence Party (Iceland), Independence Party
- **spouse**: Þóra Margrét Baldvinsdóttir
- **children**: 4
- **alma mater**: University of Iceland
University of Miami
- **nickname**: Bjarni Ben
Najaf Daryabandari

**Najaf Daryabandari** (; 23 August 1929 – 4 May 2020) was an Iranian writer and translator. He was known for translating works of Ernest Hemingway, William Faulkner, Bertrand Russell, Samuel Beckett and Mark Twain into Persian.

He started translation at the age of 17 with William Faulkner's book _A Rose for Emily_. He was also a writer and wrote _From Garlic to Onion_, a two-volume tome on Iranian cuisine. He was born in Abadan, Iran.

Daryabandari died on 4 May 2020 in Tehran at the age of 90.
John Ridley (footballer)

**John Ridley** (27 April 1952 – 3 May 2020) was an English footballer. He had a twelve-year professional career in the English Football League. He played for Port Vale and Chesterfield, as well as Leicester City.

He also played for non-league Stafford Rangers and for American side Fort Lauderdale Strikers.

Ridley was born in Consett, County Durham. He died on 3 May 2020, aged 68.

## Career statistics

|rowspan="2"|Club|rowspan="2"|Season|rowspan="2"|Division|colspan="2"|League|colspan="2"|FA Cup|colspan="2"|Other|colspan="2"|Total|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|rowspan="7"|Port Vale|1973–74|Third Division|10|1|0|0|0|0|10|1|||
|1974–75|Third Division|18|0|0|0|1|0|19|0|||||
|1975–76|Third Division|46|1|3|0|3|0|52|1|||||
|1976–77|Third Division|35|1|6|0|4|0|45|1|||||
|1977–78|Third Division|40|0|4|1|3|0|47|1|||||
|1978–79|Fourth Division|7|0|0|0|0|0|7|0|||||
|Fort Lauderdale Strikers (loan)|1978|NASL|22|1|–|–|–|–|22|1||||
|Leicester City|1978–79|Second Division|24|0|2|0|0|0|26|0||||
|rowspan="4"|Chesterfield|1979–80|Third Division|46|3|2|0|3|0|51|3|||
|1980–81|Third Division|40|1|4|0|12|0|56|1|||||
|1981–82|Third Division|38|4|0|0|5|0|43|4|||||
|rowspan="4"|Port Vale|1982–83|Fourth Division|41|3|1|0|2|0|44|3|||
|1983–84|Third Division|30|2|1|0|4|0|35|2|||||
|1984–85|Fourth Division|43|0|2|0|6|0|51|0|||||

## Honours

**Individual**
- Port Vale F.C. Player of the Year: 1976

**Chesterfield**
- Anglo-Scottish Cup: 1981

**Port Vale**
- Football League Fourth Division third-place promotion: 1982–83

**Stafford Rangers**
- Northern Premier League: 1984–85
- Conference League Cup: 1986
- Staffordshire Senior Cup: 1987

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: John Ridley
- **fullname**: John Ridley
- **birth place**: Consett, England
- **position**: Defender (association football), Defender; midfielder
- **youthclubs1**: Port Vale F.C., Port Vale
- **years1**: 1973–1978
- **clubs1**: Port Vale F.C., Port Vale
- **caps1**: 156
- **goals1**: 3
- **years2**: 1978
- **clubs2**: → Fort Lauderdale Strikers (1977–1983), Fort Lauderdale Strikers (loan)
- **caps2**: 22
- **goals2**: 1
- **years3**: 1978–1979
- **clubs3**: Leicester City F.C., Leicester City
- **caps3**: 24
- **goals3**: 0
- **years4**: 1979–1982
- **clubs4**: Chesterfield F.C., Chesterfield
- **caps4**: 124
- **goals4**: 8
- **years5**: 1982–1985
- **clubs5**: Port Vale F.C., Port Vale
- **caps5**: 114
- **goals5**: 5
- **years6**: 1985–19??
- **clubs6**: Stafford Rangers F.C., Stafford Rangers
- **years7**: 19??–19??
- **clubs7**: Matlock Town F.C., Matlock Town
- **years8**: 19??–19??
- **clubs8**: Newcastle Town F.C., Newcastle Town
- **years9**: 19??–19??
- **clubs9**: Eastwood Hanley F.C., Eastwood Hanley
- **years10**: 19??–19??
- **clubs10**: Silverdale Athletic
- **years11**: 19??–1992
- **clubs11**: Rists United
- **totalcaps**: 440+
- **totalgoals**: 17+
Chanut Piyaoui

_Than Phu Ying_ **Chanut Piyaoui** (, 15 May 1924 – 3 May 2020) was a Thai businesswoman. She was born in Bangkok. Piyaoui was best known as the founder of Thai hospitality group Dusit International. She was the managing director and chairperson of Dusit International from 1970 to 2014.

Piyaoui died on 3 May 2020 in Bangkok, aged 95.
Governor-General of Grenada

The **Governor-General of Grenada** has been the representative of the Grenadian monarch since the country's independence from the United Kingdom in 1974.

## List

|rowspan=2|No.|rowspan=2|Governor-General|rowspan=2|Portrait|colspan=3|Term of office|rowspan=2|Monarch|rowspan=2|Prime Minister|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||1974|1978||Elizabeth II|Gairy|||||||
||1978|1992||Elizabeth II|Gairy _Bishop_ _Coard_ _Austin_ _Brathwaite_ Blaize Jones Brathwaite|||||||
||1992|1996||Elizabeth II|Brathwaite Brizan K. Mitchell|||||||
||1996|2008||Elizabeth II|K. Mitchell Thomas|||||||
||2008|2013||Elizabeth II|Thomas K. Mitchell|||||||
||2013|||Elizabeth II Charles III|K. Mitchell D. Mitchell|||||||

## Infobox (official post)

- **post**: Governor-General of Grenada
- **flag**: Flag of the Governor-General of Grenada.svg
- **flagsize**: 150px
- **flagcaption**: Flag of Grenada, Flag of the Governor-General
- **flagborder**: yes
- **insignia**: Coat of arms of Grenada.svg
- **insigniasize**: 100px
- **insigniacaption**: Coat of Arms of Grenada
- **image**: Dame Cecile La Grenade 01 (cropped).jpg
- **incumbent**: Cécile La Grenade, Dame Cécile La Grenade
<span style="font-size:80%" class="honorific-suffix">Order of St Michael and St George, GCMG Order of the British Empire, OBE</span>
- **incumbentsince**: 7 May 2013
- **department**: Viceroy
- **style**: Her Excellency
- **residence**: Government House, Grenada, Government House, Grenada
- **appointer**: Monarchy of Grenada, Monarch of Grenada
- **termlength**: At His Majesty's pleasure
- **formation**: 7 February 1974
- **first**: Leo de Gale, Sir Leo de Gale
- **salary**: Eastern Caribbean dollar, EC$148,539 annually
- **website**: [https://web.archive.org/web/20120314170515/http://www.gov.gd/departments/governor_general.html Office of the Governor-General]
Leo de Gale

**Sir Leo Victor de Gale**  (December 28, 1921 – March 23, 1986) was the first Governor-General of Grenada, from February 7, 1974 to September 30, 1978.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Sir Leo de Gale
- **office**: List of colonial governors of Grenada, Governor of Grenada
- **term start**: January 24, 1974
- **term end**: February 7, 1974
- **monarch**: Queen Elizabeth II
- **predecessor**: Hilda Bynoe
- **successor**: Office abolished
- **office1**: Governor-General of Grenada
- **term start1**: February 7, 1974
- **term end1**: September 30, 1978
- **monarch1**: Queen Elizabeth II
- **predecessor1**: New creation
- **successor1**: Paul Scoon
- **birth place**: St. Andrew's Parish, Grenada
- **death place**: England
Paul Scoon

**Sir Paul Godwin Scoon**  (4 July 1935 – 2 September 2013) was Governor-General of Grenada from 1978 to 1992. He was in charge during the rise and fall of the People's Revolutionary Government and during the Invasion of Grenada.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **honorific-prefix**: The Right Honourable
- **name**: Sir Paul Scoon
- **image**: Paul Scoon (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Sir Paul Scoon in 1983
- **order**: 2nd
- **office**: Governor-General of Grenada
- **monarch**: Elizabeth II
- **primeminister**: Eric Gairy <small>(1978–79)</small>
Maurice Bishop <small>(1979–83)</small>
Bernard Coard <small>(1983)</small>
Hudson Austin <small>(1983)</small>
Nicholas Brathwaite <small>(1983–84)</small>
Herbert Blaize <small>(1984–89)</small>
Ben Jones (Grenada), Ben Jones <small>(1989–90)</small>
Nicholas Brathwaite <small>(1990–92)</small>
- **term start**: 30 September 1978
- **term end**: 6 August 1992
- **predecessor**: Leo de Gale, Sir Leo de Gale
- **successor**: Reginald Palmer, Sir Reginald Palmer
- **birth place**: Gouyave, British Windward Islands
- **death place**: St. Paul's, Grenada
- **nationality**: Grenadian
- **party**: Independent
- **alma mater**: University of Leeds
University of Toronto
Daniel Williams (governor-general)

**Sir Daniel Charles Williams**  (4 November 1935 – 2 October 2024) was a Grenadian politician. He was a Governor-General of Grenada, from 8 August 1996 until 27 November 2008.

He was formally appointed by Queen Elizabeth II on 9 August 1996 after having been nominated by Prime Minister Keith Mitchell.

Williams died on 2 October 2024 in St. George's, Grenada at the age of 88.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Sir Daniel Charles Williams
- **image**: Sir Daniel Williams (cropped).jpg
- **order**: 4th
- **office**: Governor-General of Grenada
- **primeminister**: Keith Mitchell
Tillman Thomas
- **term start**: 8 August 1996
- **term end**: 27 November 2008
- **monarch**: Elizabeth II
- **predecessor**: Reginald Palmer
- **successor**: Carlyle Glean
- **alma mater**: University of London
- **birth place**: Saint David Parish, Grenada, Saint David Parish, British Windward Islands

- **death place**: St. George's, Grenada
The Other Woman (1954 movie)

***The Other Woman*** is a 1954 American crime drama movie. It was directed by Hugo Haas (who also stars). Other actors include Cleo Moore, Lance Fuller, John Qualen, and Lucille Barkley. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox.
Hudson Austin

**Hudson Austin** (26 April 1938–24 September 2022) was a Grenadian military official and politician. He was the Chairman of the Revolutionary Military Council of Grenada from 19 October 1983 to 25 October 1983. He is a member of the New Jewel Movement. Austin was born in the British Windward Islands.
Calumet, Michigan

**Calumet** ( or  ) is a village in Calumet Township, Houghton County, in the U.S. state of Michigan's Upper Peninsula. The population was 621 at the 2020 census. Calumet's nickname is Copper Town U.S.A.
Houghton County, Michigan

**Houghton County** is a county in the Upper Peninsula in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2020 census, the population was 37,361. The county seat and largest city is Houghton. Both the county and the city were named for Michigan State geologist and Detroit Mayor Douglass Houghton.
Calumet Township, Michigan

**Calumet Charter Township** ( ) is a charter township of Houghton County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 6,263 at the 2020 census. It is the largest township by population in Houghton County.
Caprice (movie)

***Caprice*** is a 1967 American comedy thriller movie. It was directed by Frank Tashlin. It stars Doris Day, Richard Harris, and Ray Walston. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox. The movie did not make much money in ticket sales.
Philomena Lee

**Annie Philomena Lee** (born 24 March 1933) is an Irish nurse and activist. Her life was shown in the 2009 book _The Lost Child of Philomena Lee_ by Martin Sixsmith. The book was made into a movie titled _ Philomena_ (2013), which was nominated for four Academy Awards.

Lee is now an activist and spokesperson for adoption rights. Lee has created _The Philomena Project_ in order to raise awareness about adoption laws and find ways to improve them.

In February 2014, she met  Pope Francis to discuss the Catholic church's adoption policies.