juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Honeycomb

A **honeycomb** is a container made by bees out of wax that they produce. The bees make a honeycomb as a place to keep their honey. Bees make honey from nectar that they collect from flowers. After bees collect nectar from flowers, and make it into honey, the bees then put the honey in the small six sided areas of the honeycomb. Each hexagonal section tessellates with the rest.

## Uses

Honeycomb wax can be used for making soap and candles. Some people eat honey that is still in the honeycomb. A worker bee grows wax in its abdomen. The wax appears as little spots. The bee pulls it off with its legs and chews it until it becomes soft. The wax is then used to make cells for the honeycomb. Smaller cells are used to raise worker bees. We can use honey present in honeycombs as remedy for cough etc.
Greek language

The **Greek language**, also referred to as the **Grecian language**, is an Indo-European language that is the official language of Greece (Hellas) and Cyprus. It was first spoken in Greece and was also once spoken along the coast of Asia Minor (now part of Turkey) and in southern Italy. It also used to be widely used in Western Asia and North Africa. In Greek, the language is called _Ελληνικά_ (_Elliniká_).

The language is written using the Greek alphabet. The Latin alphabet, which is used in writing English and many other languages, came indirectly from the Greek alphabet through the Etruscan alphabet. Many other alphabets around the world also came from the Greek alphabet.

Greek has an unbroken history of being a written language for over 3,000 years. That is longer than any other Indo-European language that is spoken today. Its history is often divided into three parts: Ancient Greek, Medieval Greek, and Modern Greek, which is also called Byzzantine Greek because it was spoken in the Byzantine Empire.

Over 13 million people in the world speak Greek as of 2021, mostly live in Greece (almost 11 million) and Cyprus (over 1 million). There are also people in other countries around the world who speak the language, largely because people left Greece and Cyprus and emigrated to other countries. The United States and Australia have a large Greek diaspora.

## Related pages

- Greek numbers

## Other websites

- Greek Dictionary , from Webster's Dictionary .
- Ancient Greek Dictionaries , descriptions of both online dictionaries (with appropriate links) and Greek.

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Greek
- **altname**: _elliniká_
- **region**: Greece, southern Mediterranean Sea, Mediterranean
- **speakers**: 13 million
- **date**: 2012
- **ref**: e18
- **refname**: Greek
- **familycolor**: Indo-European
- **fam2**: Hellenic languages, Hellenic
- **dia1**: Ancient Greek dialects, Ancient dialects
- **dia2**: Varieties of Modern Greek, Modern dialects
- **nation**:

- **minority**:

- **iso1**: el
- **iso2b**: gre
- **iso2t**: ell
- **lc1**: ell
- **ld1**: Modern Greek
- **lc2**: grc
- **ld2**: Ancient Greek
- **lc3**: cpg
- **lc4**: gmy
- **ld4**: Mycenaean Greek
- **lc5**: pnt
- **ld5**: Pontic Greek, Pontic
- **lc6**: tsd
- **ld6**: Tsakonian language, Tsakonian
- **lc7**: yej
- **ld7**: Yevanic
- **glotto**: gree1276
- **glottorefname**: Greek
- **notice**: IPA
Kamishibai

**Kami-shibai** (Japanese: 紙芝居) is a storytelling performance with picture cards, and is a traditional Japanese entertainment for children. In Japanese "Kami" means paper and "shibai" means drama or enternainment. The performer tells a story and shows pictures from scene to scene. Kami-shibai is a bidirectional media which is comprised of actions and reactions between a performer and audiences. With the spread of television, kami-shibai went out of date.
Murasaki Shikibu

was a novelist, poet, and servant of the Imperial Court during the Heian period of Japan. She is well known as the author of _The Tale of Genji_, written around year 1003.

Murasaki Shikibu is a nickname; her real name is unknown.

## Life

Murasaki was born in Kyoto. She was born into the Fujiwara family. Her father, Fujiwara Tametoki, was not a very nice father and when Murasaki got older he confessed that he regretted she was not a boy.

In the year 997, Murasaki married her second cousin, Fujiwara Nobutake, at age 20. In 999, they had a daughter, Kenshi, who also became a poet. Fujiwara Nobutake died about 1001.

Murasaki started as a writer soon after her husband's unexpected death. She was recognized immediately, and she was asked to the imperial court as a tutor to Empress Shoshi ( Joto Mon'in, 988–1074), daughter of the statesman Fujiwara Michinaga (966–1027). Murasaki joined the court of Empress Shōshi in 1006, probably for her skills as an author.

Murasaki started writing her diary in 1008, and finished in 1010. Her diary describes her Chinese lessons with her brother Nobunori (980?–1011), daily life and how much she missed her husband after his death.

She died in Kyoto, around the year 1020.

## _The Tale of Genji_

_The Tale of Genji_ is split into 54 different books, and is made up of 795 different poems. It is one of the earliest novels in Japanese, and is often thought of as the first novel in the world. It is a classic of Japanese literature. The masterpiece was about the court life of Prince Genji, and his wife, Aoi in 10th-century Japan. Prince Genji was the illegitimate son of an emperor, and the text is about his relationships in court. _The Tale of Genji_ included many beautiful scroll paintings.
Pepsin

**Pepsin** is an enzyme. It acts on proteins in the stomach, which has a low pH because of the Hydrochloric acid. It works best at a pH of about 1.5. It will not work at a pH above 6.

It was the first animal enzyme to be discovered. Theodor Schwann discovered it in 1836.

Pepsin is used to make cheese.
PH

**pH** is a scale of acidity from 0 to 14. It tells how acidic or alkaline a substance is.
More acidic solutions have lower pH. More alkaline solutions have higher pH. Substances that aren't acidic or alkaline (that is, neutral solutions) usually have a pH of 7.
Acids have a pH that is less than 7. Alkalis have a pH that is greater than 7.

pH is a measure of the concentration of protons (H<sup>+</sup>) in a solution. S.P.L. Sørensen introduced this concept in the year 1909. The p stands for the German _potenz_, meaning power or concentration, and the H for the hydrogen ion (H<sup>+</sup>).

The most common formula for calculating pH is:

[H<sup>+</sup>] indicates the concentration of H<sup>+</sup> ions (also written [H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup>], the equal concentration of hydronium ions), measured in moles per litre (also known as molarity).

However, the correct equation is actually:

where  indicates the activity of H<sup>+</sup> ions. But, this equation in most cases provides the same value as the more common formula, so in introductory chemistry the previous equation is given as the definition of pH.

Most substances have a pH in the range of 0 to 14, although _extremely_ acidic or alkaline substances may have pH < 0, or pH > 14.

Alkaline substances have, instead of hydrogen ions, a concentration of hydroxide ions (OH<sup>-</sup>).

## pH indicators

Certain dyes change colour depending on whether they are in an acid solution or an alkaline solution . **pH indicator** is a chemical compound added in small amounts to a solution so the pH (acidity or basicity) of the solution can be seen. The pH indicator is a chemical detector for hydronium ions (H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup>) or hydrogen ions (H<sup>+</sup>). Normally, the indicator causes the colour of the solution to change depending on the pH.

Typical indicators are phenolphthalein, methyl orange, methyl red, bromothymol blue, and thymol blue. They each change colour at different points on the pH scale, and can be used together as a universal indicator.

Another way is to use litmus paper, which is based on a natural pH indicators. The paper can tell you how strong the chemical is, whether it is a stronger acid or a stronger base.

## Some common pH values

||**pH**|
| --- | --- |
|Battery acid|0.8|
|Gastric acid|1.0|
|Lemon juice|2.4|
|Cola|2.5|
|Oxygenated water|2.5 - 3.0|
|Vinegar|3.0|
|Orange or apple juice|3.0|
|Beer|4.5|
|Coffee|5.0|
|Milk|6.6|
|Pure water|7.0|
|Blood|7.35 - 7.45|
|Plain shampoo|8.0|
|Sea water|8.0|
|Permanent wave|8.5 - 9.2|
|Hand soap|9.0 - 10.0|
|Hair dye|9.5 - 10.5|
|Magic straight|11.5|
|Household ammonia|11.5|
|Bleach|12.3|
|Caustic soda|12.7|
|Household lye|13.5|
|Drain Cleaner|14|

## Neutralization

Neutralization can be summed up by the equation:

- +  →
(acid + base → water)

## Related pages

- Acid
- Base
- Alkali
- Titration
- Transpiration

## Other websites

- pH-Spectra Database  í
- pH Test
- pH Calculator
Tapeworm

**Tapeworms** are the class **Cestoda** of segmented flatworms (Platyhelminthes).They are parasitic, which means that they need another larger creature as a host. Tapeworms live inside the intestines of vertebrate animals. This includes humans. When a vertebrate has a tapeworm, they may lose weight and become weaker.

Tapeworms can be up to 30 or 36 feet (10–12 metres) long. They eat by absorbing material directly through their epidermis (outside layer). The head of a tapeworm has four suckers and two rings of hooks. The body of a tapeworm is in segments (pieces that are like each other). Each segment can produce eggs. Little segments of the tapeworm sometimes break off and pass out through the stool of the host, with the eggs. Little segments of its body fall off. They go out of the host body, and are eaten by the next host, which is another type of vertebrate.

Tapeworms are hermaphrodite, with both sexes. Cross-fertilization occurs between two tapeworms in the same intestine. They have a life cycle with a secondary or intermediate host. For example, human tapeworms have cows or pigs as intermediate hosts. The 'definitive' host (humans in this case) is the one where fertilization takes place.

Tapeworms don't have a gut, so they have to absorb nutrients directly across their skin.
Omnivore

An **omnivore** is an animal whose species gets its energy and nutrients from a diet made up of foods that include plants, animals, algae, fungi and bacteria.

Many omnivores change their eating habits during their life cycle. They are sometimes called "life-history omnivores", because they are only omnivores if their whole life is considered.

Some species, such as grazing waterfowl like geese, are known to eat mainly animals at one stage of their lives, but plants at another. Also, many insects, such as the beatle family Meloidae, eat animal tissue when they are larvae, but eat plant matter after they mature.

## Animal types

All of these animals are omnivores, but have different feeding behaviors and favorite foods. Being omnivores gives these animals more food security in stressful times. It also makes it easier for them to live in less consistent environments; (those that change along with the season, for example).

Humans, many pigs, many bears, some primates, some rodents, opossums, rails, rheas, most seagulls, and other animals are omnivores.

## Related pages

- Carnivore
- Herbivore
- Insectivore
- Semi-vegetarian
Hindi

**Modern Standard Hindi** (आधुनिक मानक हिन्दी), or simply **Hindi** (हिन्दी), historically known as ***Hindavi*** (हिन्दवी) or ***Rekhta*** (रेख़्ता), is an Indo-Aryan language. It is the biggest language in India and one of the official languages. Nearly half the people in India speak Hindi. The Devanāgarī script is used to write Hindi. Previously Hindi was known as _Hindui_.

Hindi is an official language in ten states (Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat , Uttarakhand, and six union territories Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Delhi, Chandigarh, Jammu and Kashmir, Ladakh, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu, and an additional official language in the state of West Bengal and Maharashtra    Hindi is also one of the 22 scheduled languages of the Republic of India.. It is also one of the two official languages of the union government of India  alongside English as per Article 343 of the constitution. It is furthermore an official language in the Pacific nation of Fiji

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Hindi
- **image**: Hindi.svg
- **imagecaption**: The word "Hindi" in Devanagari script
- **pronunciation**: [ˈɦɪn̪d̪iː]
- **states**:

- **speakers**: First language, L1: 345 million speakers of Hindi and various related languages who reported their language as 'Hindi'
- **date**: 2011
- **speakers2**: Second language, L2: 260 million (2020)
- **familycolor**: Indo-European
- **fam2**: Indo-Iranian languages, Indo-Iranian
- **fam3**: Indo-Aryan languages, Indo-Aryan
- **fam4**: Central Zone
- **fam5**: Western Hindi
- **fam6**: Khariboli
- **fam7**: Hindustani language, Hindustani
- **script**: Devanagari
Hindi Braille
- **nation**:

- **agency**: Central Hindi Directorate (India)
- **iso1**: hi
- **iso2**: hin
- **iso3**: hin
- **linglist**: hin-hin
- **lingua**: 59-AAF-qf
- **notice**: Indo-Aryan
1870

**1870** (MDCCCLXX) was a common year starting on Saturday in the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Thursday in the Julian calendar.

## Events

- Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871)

## Births

- January 8 – Miguel Primo de Rivera, dictator of Spain (d. 1930)
- January 15 – Pierre S. DuPont, industrialist
- February 7 – Alfred Adler, psychologist
- March 5 – Frank Norris, writer (d. 1902)
- March 17 – Horace Donisthorpe, myrmecologist (d. 1951)
- March 20 – Paul Erich von Lettow-Vorbeck, German general (d. 1964)
- April 22 – Vladimir Lenin, first leader of the USSR
- April 30 – Franz Lehár, composer (d. 1948)
- May 19 – Albert Fish, serial killer (d. 1936; executed by electrocution)
- June 13 Sophia of Prussia Queen of Greece Grand Daughter of Queen Victoria and sister of Kaiser William II of Germany and mother of future 3 kings George II Alexander I Paul I  ( died 1932
- July 3 – Richard Bedford Bennett, eleventh Prime Minister of Canada.
- July 12 – Louis II of Monaco
- July 29 – George Dixon, Black Canadian boxer, first Black world boxing champion in any weight class.
- August 31 – Maria Montessori, educator
- September 26 – King Christian X of Denmark
- November 21 – Sigfrid Edström, Swedish sports official
- December 5 – Vitezslav Novák, composer (d. 1949)

## Deaths

- February 11 – Jacob M. de Kempenaer, Dutch Minister of Internal Affairs (1848-1849?).
- February 11 – Leopold Eugen Mechura, composer
- February 19 – Nathaniel de Rothschild, French wine grower
- March 28 – George Henry Thomas, American general
- June 9 – Charles Dickens, British novelist
- July 20 – Jules Alfred Huot de Goncourt, _Prix Goncourt_
- October 12 – Robert E. Lee, Confederate General.
- November 4 – Comte de Lautreamont, French poet and writer.
- December 5 – Alexandre Dumas, père, writer
- December 27 – General Prim, Spanish dictator.
- Henry Rowe – Gothic architect
1871

**1871** (MDCCCLXXI) was a common year starting on Sunday in the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Friday in the Julian calendar.

## Events

- January 2 – Amadeus I becomes King of Spain.
- January 18 – Germany becomes a unified country called the German Empire when states of the North German Confederation and south German states of the Kingdom of Bavaria, the Kingdom of Württemberg, the Grand Duchy of Baden and the Grand Duchy of Hesse-Darmstadt unite. The King of Prussia becomes the first German Emperor as Wilhelm I of Germany.
- January 10 – France surrenders (gives up) to end the Franco-Prussian War
- March 22 – In North Carolina, William Holden is the first American governor (leader of a U.S. state) to be impeached (removed from office)
- March 26 – The Paris Commune takes power in Paris.
- March 29 – The Royal Albert Hall is opened by Queen Victoria.
- April – Stockholms Handelsbank is formed.
- October 12 – The introduction of the so-called Criminal Tribes Act was enacted in **British India**.

## Births

- January 17 – David Earl Betty of the North Sea and of Brooksby, British admiral (navy leader) (d. 1936)
- January 30 – Wilfred Lucas, actor (d. 1940)
- February 4 – Friedrich Ebert, president of the Weimar Republic (d. 1925)
- March 5 – Rosa Luxemburg, politician (d. 1919)
- March 27 – Heinrich Mann, speaker and writer (d. 1950)
- May 6 – Christian Morgenstern, writer (d. 1914)
- May 27 – Georges Rouault, painter and artist (d. 1958).
- July 23 – Tsunesaburō Makiguchi (Japanese old Lunar calendar 6 June was an incorrect date using in Gregorian calendar), First president of Soka Gakkai International (SGI) (d. 1944).
- August 19 – Orville Wright of the Wright brothers, Americans who invented the airplane.
- August 29 – Albert Lebrun, French politician (d. 1950)
- September 27 – Grazia Deledda, Sardinian writer – Nobel prize (d. 1936)
- December 13 – Emily Carr, Canadian artist and writer.
- Richard Turner, Canadian soldier with the Royal Canadian Dragoons, who got the Victoria Cross for bravery during the Second Boer War.
- Guangxu, Emperor of the Qing Dynasty in China.

## Deaths

- February 20 – Paul Kane, painter
- September 23 – Louis-Joseph Papineau, aged 85, Canadian politician and leader of the Patriotes Rebellion.
- October 10 - Octavius Catto, aged 32, American black educator.
- October 18 – Charles Babbage, aged 79, English mathematician and inventor of computing machines.
Roald Amundsen

**Roald Amundsen** was a Norwegian explorer who focused on the poles. He led the first expedition to reach the South Pole and the first that could prove it made it to the North Pole. Amundsen was also the first man known to travel the Northwest Passage.

## Life

When Amundsen was young, he decided he would use his life to explore the wilderness. He was inspired by the lives of Fridtjof Nansen and John Franklin. While his mother was alive he did not go to sea, to keep a promise to her. After her death, he quit university to begin exploring the world at 21 years old.

In 1897, he went on the Belgian Antarctic Expedition as first mate. This was the first expedition to stay over winter at Antarctica, since their ship got stuck in the ice preventing them from leaving.

In 1903, Amundsen led the first expedition to make it through the Northwest Passage.

In October 1911, he began his expedition to Antarctica with four other men in attempt to be the first man to reach the South Pole. Robert Falcon Scott, an explorer from Britain, arrived in Antarctica with his own team only days after Amundsen. Both explorers raced to the South Pole, but Amundsen and his men used skis and dog sleds for transportation. This was more efficient. On 14 December 1911, Amundsen successfully became the first man to reach the South Pole.

In 1926, Amundsen and his men made it to the North Pole. Three other expeditions claimed to make it before then, but their claims have not been verified. Two of them have been considered fraud. This may make Amundsen and his men the first to reach the North Pole.

He disappeared in June 1928 while taking part in a rescue mission.

## Related pages

- List of people who disappeared mysteriously: 1910–1990

## Other websites

- The Fram Museum (Frammuseet) (Named after one of Amundsen's ships)
- DIO vol.10 2000 Amundsen's record of polar firsts

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Roald Amundsen
- **image**: Amundsen in fur skins.jpg
- **birth name**: Roald Engelbregt Gravning Amundsen
- **birth place**: Borge, Østfold, Norway
- **disappeared place**: Barents Sea
- **occupation**: Explorer
- **nationality**: Norwegian
- **signature**: Roald Amundsen Signature.svg
GNU General Public License

The **GNU General Public License** (**GPL**) is a computer software copyleft license. This license lets the user of the software use a program in many of the same ways as if it were public domain. They can use it, change it, and copy it. They can also sell or give away copies of the program with or without any changes they made to it. The license lets them do this as long as they agree to follow the terms of the license. The GPL was created by Richard Stallman. The current version is version 3, created in 2007, although some software still uses version 2, created in 1991.

There are two main terms to the license. Both apply to giving the program away or selling it.
- A copy of the source code or written instructions about how to get a copy must be included with the software. If the software is able to be downloaded from the internet, the source code must also be available for downloading.
- The license of the software can not be changed or removed. It must always use the GPL.

If the user does not agree to follow the GPL, they can still use the software under copyright laws. They can use it and make copies or changes to it for themselves, but they cannot give it away or sell it. They also can not change the license.

## Related pages

- List of software licenses

## Other websites

- GNU General Public License v1.0
- GNU General Public License v2.0
- GNU General Public License v3.0
- GNU website
Triangle (disambiguation)

In geometry, a **triangle** is the flat shape formed by joining three points (not in a straight line) with straight line segments. A triangle is a three sided polygon.

In music, a **triangle** is a musical instrument that is made from a metal tube. It is in the shape of a triangle. It is open at one corner, and when it is hit with a metal stick, it makes a sound.
Square

A **square** is a shape with four equal sides and four corners that are all right angles (90 degrees). The diagonals of a square also cross at right angles. The angle between any diagonal and a side of a square is 45 degrees. A square has rotational symmetry of four. It has four lines of regular symmetry. A square with vertices _A_, _B_, _C_ and _D_ can be written as .

A square is a type of rectangle with all sides of equal length. However, while a square is a type of rectangle and rhombus, the opposite does not need to be true.

A square is also the 2-dimensional surface of a cube.

## Formulas

If the length of side _a_ is known, then we have that:

|Perimeter||
| --- | --- |
|Area||
|Length of diagonal||

If the length of diagonal _d_ is known, then we have that:

|Length of side||
| --- | --- |
|Perimeter||
|Area||

## Related pages

- Square (algebra)
- Square number
- Square root
Computer hardware

**Computer hardware** or **hardware** means the physical parts that make up a computer.

Some examples are:
- Central processing unit (CPU)
- Random-access memory (RAM)
- Power supply unit (PSU)
- Motherboard
- Graphics processing unit (GPU)
- Network card
- Peripheral equipment
    - Modem
    - USB flash drive
    - Hard drive
    - Computer monitor
    - Keyboard
    - Computer mouse

Hardware needs software to tell it what to do. Without software, the hardware cannot be used.
Anders Celsius

**Anders Celsius** (27 November 1701 – 25 April 1744) was a Swedish astronomer. Celsius was born in Uppsala in Sweden. Much of his work was in what was later called Geodesy.

He is more famous for developing the Celsius temperature scale when he worked on meteorology (a science about weather conditions).  It later became an the international standard.  One of his good friends Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit invented the Fahrenheit scale for the thermometer.
Java

**Java** () is one of the Sunda Islands of Indonesia.

The area is 132,000 square km. It is the world's 13th largest island. Around 140 million people live there, which is half the people in Indonesia and more than on any other island in the world. Most of them speak the Javanese language and many also speak other languages.

The Java Sea is to the north, the Indian Ocean south. The capital city of Indonesia, Jakarta, is in Java. The center is an east-west chain of volcanic mountains.

## Climate

Most of Java has a tropical monsoon climate (Am in the Koeppen climate classification). The northern coast of the island is low-lying. The soil is fertile, because the island was made by volcano<nowiki/>es. It is an important area for growing crops in Indonesia.

## Religion

The majority religion in Java island is Islam. Majority of the Javanese are Muslim and they follow the branch of Sunni Islam.

## Related pages

- List of Javanese people
1267

#### War and politics

- February 16 – King Afonso III of Portugal and King Alfonso X of Castile sign the Badajoz Convention, figuring out the border between the Kingdom of Portugal and the Kingdom of Leon, and ensuring Portuguese sovereignty over Algarve.
- May 27 – Treaty of Viterbo: Emperor Baldwin II of Constantinople gifts the Principality of Achaea to King Charles I of Sicily in the hope that Charles can help him restore the Latin Empire.
- The Second Barons' War in England ends, as the rebels and King Henry III of England agree to peace terms as laid out in the Dictum of Kenilworth.
- Treaty of Montgomery: King Henry III of England acknowledges Llywelyn ap Gruffudd's title of Prince of Wales.
- The city of Ostrava is founded.

#### Culture

- Roger Bacon completes his work _Opus Majus_ and sends it to Pope Clement IV, who had requested it be written; the work contains wide-ranging discussion of mathematics, optics, alchemy, astronomy, astrology, and other topics, and includes what some believe to be the first description of a magnifying glass. Bacon also completes _Opus Minus_, a summary of _Opus Majus_, later in the same year. The only source for his date of birth is his statement in the _Opus Tertium_, written in 1267, that _"forty years have passed since I first learned the alphabet"_. The 1214 birth date assumes he was not being literal, and meant 40 years had passed since he matriculated at Oxford at the age of 13. If he had been literal, his birth date was more likely to have been around 1220.
- The leadership of Vienna forces Jews to wear _Pileum cornutum_,a cone-shaped head dress, in addition to the yellow badges Jews are already forced to wear.
- In England, the Statute of Marlborough is passed, the oldest English law still (partially) in force.

#### Asia and Africa

- The "Grand Capital" is constructed in Khanbaliq (present-day Beijing) by Kublai Khan, having moved the capital of the Mongol Empire there three years prior.
- Malik ul Salih establishes Samudra Pasai, the first Muslim state in Indonesia.
- Spain attempts an invasion of Morocco, but the Marinids successfully defended against the invasion and drive out Spanish forces.

## Births

- February 3 – Richard FitzAlan, 8th Earl of Arundel (d. 1302)
- August 10 – King James II of Aragon (d. 1327)
- December 17 – Emperor Go-Uda of Japan (d. 1324)
- Giotto di Bondone, Italian artist (d. 1337)
- Roger de Flor

## Deaths

- March 3 or March 4 – Lars, Archbishop of Uppsala
- John FitzAlan, 6th Earl of Arundel (b. 1223)
- Hugh II of Cyprus (b. 1253)
Leonardo da Vinci

**Leonardo Da Vinci** (15 April 1452 – 2 May 1519) was an Italian polymath who lived during the Renaissance.  He is famous for his paintings. He was also a scientist, mathematician, engineer, inventor, anatomist, sculptor, architect, botanist, musician, and writer. Leonardo wanted to know everything about nature, and wanted to know how everything worked. He was very good at studying, as well as designing and making all sorts of inventions.

The art historian Helen Gardner said that no one has ever been quite like him because he was interested in so many things that he seems to have had the mind of a giant, and yet what he was like as a person is still a mystery.

## Infobox (artist)

- **name**: Leonardo da Vinci
- **image**: Francesco Melzi - Portrait of Leonardo - WGA14795.jpg
- **caption**: Portrait of Leonardo by Melzi
- **birth name**: Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci
- **birth place**: Vinci, Republic of Florence
- **death place**: Amboise, Kingdom of France
- **nationality**: Italian
- **field**: Arts and sciences
- **training**: Verrocchio
- **movement**: Renaissance, High Renaissance
- **patrons**: King of France
1844

## Events

- February 27 – The Dominican Republic gains independence from Haiti.

## New Books

- _The Luck of Barry Lyndon_ by William Makepeace Thackeray

## Births

- May 22 – Mary Cassatt, American artist (d. 1926)
- July 4 – Edmonia Lewis, American sculptor (d. 1907)
- August 6 – Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (d. 1900)

## Deaths

- June 27 – Joseph Smith, Jr, founder of Mormonismhe was raped and murderd
1902

**1902** (MCMII) was a common year starting on Wednesday in the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Tuesday in the Julian calendar.

## Events

- July 11 – Arthur Balfour becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
- September 1 – A Trip to the Moon, the first science fiction movie, premières.
- Marie and Pierre Curie discover radium
- The Real Madrid football club starts in Spain
- Statue of Boudica unveiled in Westminster, London

### January

- January 8 – Georgy Malenkov, Soviet politician (d. 1988)

### February

- February 1 – Langston Hughes, American writer (d. 1967)
- February 4 – Charles Lindbergh, American pilot (d. 1974)
- February 10 – Walter Houser Brattain, American physicist (d. 1987)
- February 27 – John Steinbeck, American writer (d. 1968)

### March

- March 24 – Thomas E. Dewey, American politician (d. 1971)

### June

- June 16 – Barbara McClintock, American geneticist (d. 1992)

### July

- July 10 – Kurt Alder, German chemist (d. 1958)

### August

- August 8 – Paul Dirac, English physicist (d. 1984)

### September

- September 21 – Ruhollah Khomeini, revolutionary leader (d. 1989)

### October

- October 5 – Ray Kroc, American fast food entrepreneur (d. 1984)

### November

- November 9 - Anthony Asquith, British director (d. 1968)

### December

- December 5 – Strom Thurmond, American politician (d. 2003)
- December 9 – Margaret Hamilton, American actress (d. 1985)

## Deaths

- April 30 - Swami Vivekananda - Indian social reformer (b. 1863)
- December 14 – Julia Grant – former First Lady of the United States (b. 1826)
- September 16 – Levi Strauss, American business person (b. 1829)

## Hits songs

- "The Entertainer" m. Scott Joplin
1895

## Events

- Roentgen discovers X-rays
- Marconi invents the wireless telegraph
- China and Japan sign the Treaty of Shimonoseki
- José Paulino Gomes was born on 4 August

### March

in march of 1895 the english invaded the Australian indigeonous

### August

- August 4  José Paulino Gomes, Brazilian supercentenarian (d. 2023)

- August 24 – Abdul Rahman of Negeri Sembilan, 1st Yang di-Pertuan Agong (d. 1960)

### October

- October 8 – Juan Perón, President of Argentina (d. 1974)
- October 25 – Levi Eshkol, 3rd Prime Minister of Israel (d. 1969)
1796

## Events

- An English doctor invents a vaccination against smallpox.

## Births

- January 7-Princess Charlotte Augusta of Wales
- July 26 - George Catlin, American painter
- December 27 – Mirza Ghalib, poet of Urdu
1879

**1879** (MDCCCLXXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday in the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Monday in the Julian calendar.

## Events

- Thomas Edison invents the light bulb.
- Rutherford B. Hayes State of the Union Address.
- The Anglo-Zulu War took place.

## Births

- March 14 – Albert Einstein, German scientist (died 1955)
- August 8 – Emiliano Zapata, Mexican revolutionary
- August 15 – Ethel Barrymore, American actress (died 1959)
- November 7 – Leon Trotsky, Ukrainian revolutionary and Marxist (died  1940)
- December 22 – Sydney Greenstreet, British actor (died 1958)
- Samuel Goldwyn, movie producer
- Simon Rodia, creator of the Watts Towers

## Deaths

- January 26 - Julia Margaret Cameron, British Indian photographer (b. 1815)
- February 11 – Honoré Daumier, French caricaturist and painter (b. 1808)
- February 23 – Albrecht Graf von Roon, Prime Minister of Prussia (b. 1803)
- February 25 – Charles Peace, British criminal (executed) (b. 1832)
- March 1 – Joachim Heer, Swiss politician (b. 1825)
- March 30 – Thomas Couture, French painter and teacher (b. 1815)
- April 30 – Sarah Josepha Hale, American writer (b. 1788)
- June 1 – Napoleon Eugene, Prince Imperial, son of French Emperor Napoleon III (b. 1856)
- June 27 - Sir John Lawrence, British Indian administrator (b. 1811)
- August 30 – John Bell Hood, America Confederate general (b. 1831)
- November 5 – James Clerk Maxwell, Scottish physicist (b. 1831)
- August 11 – George Willison Adams, Ohio abolitionist (b.1799)
1769

## Events

- James Watt invents an engine driven by steam

## Births

- August 15 – Napoleon
1885

## Events

- Benz builds the first single-cylinder engine for car.
- John K Starley creates the first genuine bicycle, the Rover.
- John Boyd Dunlop invents the pneumatic tire.
- W.S. Gilbert & Arthur Sullivan's _The Mikado_
- _The Times_ reports that "A lady well known in literary and scientific circles" has been cremated by the Cremation Society in Woking, Surrey. She is the first person to be officially cremated in the United Kingdom.
- Cholera epidemic in Spain – one of the victims is the king Alfonso XII.
- Third Burmese War begins.
- Clint Eastwood defeats Mad Dog Tannen.
- Sitting Bull joins Buffalo Bill.
- Randolph Churchill becomes a viceroy of India.
- Nikola Tesla sells a number of his patents to George Westinghouse.
- William Stanley, Jr. builds the first practical alternating current transformer device, the induction coil.
- Local anesthetic.
- First skyscraper – Home Insurance Building in Chicago, Illinois, USA (10 floors) is built.
- Bicycle Playing Cards are first produced.
- Grover Cleveland replaces Chester A. Arthur as President of the United States

## Births

- January 8 – John Curtin, Australia's 14th Prime Minister
- September 17 – George Cleveland, Canadian actor

## Deaths

- March 31 – Charlotte Brontë, British writer
1837

## Events

- Samuel Morse invents the electric telegraph.
- Michigan becomes the 26th state.
Births

March 18 - Grover Cleveland, twenty-second and twenty-fourth President of the United States (d. 1908)
Platinum

**Platinum** is a chemical element. It has symbol **Pt** and atomic number 78. Platinum is a soft, heavy, white metal. It is a precious metal and a transition metal. Its name comes from the Spanish word  meaning "little silver".

Platinum is part of the platinum group of elements. It is on group 10 in the periodic table of elements. Its atoms have an atomic weight of 195 atomic mass units. It has 6 isotopes that is found in nature. Platinum can be found in some nickel and copper ores. 90% of platinum is found in the Ural Mountains, Colombia, the Sudbury basin of Canada, and a large reserve in South Africa.

In the past, it was worth more than gold. Since the late 2010s, gold cost more. The element is hard to find in the Earth's crust. It has an average abundance of about 5 μg/kg. Since it is so rare, only a few hundred tonnes of Platinum are made every year.

Platinum is very dense; almost twice as dense as lead. It is malleable and ductile. This means it can be made thin sheets and it can be pulled into wire. Platinum is very stable. Acids do not change platinum.

Platinum has many uses. The most common use of Platinum is in a vehicle's catalytic converter. It is also used in laboratory equipment, electrical contacts and electrodes, platinum resistance thermometers, dentistry equipment, and jewelry. Platinum is also used in the glass industry. There, it is used to change molten glass. Elemental platinum is not found to be dangerous to human health. Compounds that have platinum, such as cisplatin, oxaliplatin and carboplatin, are used in chemotherapy against some types of cancer.

## Related pages

Platinum group

## Other websites

- Platinum at _The Periodic Table of Videos_ (University of Nottingham)
- NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards – Platinum Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

## Infobox (platinum)
Craft

**Craft** or **handicraft** is about making things with one's own hands and skills. The different types of crafts can be put in groups according to the material being used. In the Middle Ages the most common materials were metal, wood or clay.

A craftsman is a person who has the knowledge and skills of a craft.  When they have a lot of experience they may be called a _master craftsman_.  If they are young people learning a craft they are called an _apprentice_.
San Andreas Fault

The **San Andreas Fault** is a right-moving ('dextral') strike-slip fault. It marks the boundary between the North American Plate on the east and the Pacific Plate on the west. The fault was the cause of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. It first appeared about 20 million years ago.

The San Andreas Fault is a zone several miles wide with multiple strands. The main active strand runs both on and off-shore between Cape Mendocino and the Sea of Cortez. From Cape Mendocino, it runs offshore to Tomales Bay. Then it goes southward through Bolinas Lagoon, just west of the San Francisco Peninsula, to come onshore again at Daly City, through the hills of the Peninsula. Crystal cum reservoir is formed by the fault itself.

In the Santa Cruz mountains, it bends slightly eastward. This is the site of the 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake. The fault continues south through the historic mission at San Juan Bautista and through the town of Hollister (where active creep can be seen to offset sidewalks and even houses). The Transverse Ranges north of Santa Barbara are formed by compression. Strands of the fault snake under the Los Angeles Basin. From there it connects into the active spreading under the Sea of Cortez.

The San Andreas fault was discovered by Professor Andrew Lawson in 1895, who climbed into the faulted serpentinite well where the south tower of the Golden Gate Bridge was being poured. In spite of the extreme deformation of the serpentinite, Lawson declared the bridge perfectly safe. The events of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake would seem to support his conclusion: the ruptured strand was not the one he observed in the footprint of the bridge.
Void (astronomy)

In astronomy, **voids** are the empty spaces between filaments. Filaments and voids are the largest-scale structures in the Universe. There are no or few galaxies in voids. Most voids have a diameter of 11 to 150 Mpc.
Especially large voids are the empty spaces without many superclusters.
These voids are sometimes called **supervoids**.

A 1994 official counting lists a total of 27 supervoids with a distance of up to 740 Mpc.

|#|Name|Distance (Mpc)|Diameter (Mpc)|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1||188|124|
|5||182|130|
|9|Southern Local Supervoid|135|158|
|18||168|144|
|19||168|152|
|20|Bootes Void|304|110|
|21||201|163|
|24|Northern Local Supervoid|86|146|
Aircraft

An **aircraft** is a flying machine.

The word _aircraft_ originally meant airships and balloons. It comes from the words _air_ and _craft_,  a term from boating as were many early aviation words.

There are many different kinds of aircraft.

Some aircraft keep in the sky by moving air over their wings. Examples are aeroplanes, helicopters, and gliders. Some aircraft keep in the sky by floating.  Examples are balloons and airships.

Most aircraft use engine power. Examples are aeroplanes, helicopter, and airships. Gliders and balloons use no power.  A few aircraft use muscle power. A parachute, whilst flying, is also considered an aircraft.

Big aeroplanes for transporting people are called _airliners_. Airliners are the quickest way to travel.  Airliners can fly over mountains and bad weather.  Airliners have complex technology to make them fly quickly, safely and for less money.

A few fighter aircraft can fly at 3,200 km/h (2,000 mph).

The person who drives an aircraft is called the aviator or pilot.

## Largest aircraft

These are the largest aircrafts. They are:
- The largest aircraft by dimensions and volume is the British Airlander 10.
- The largest aircraft by weight and largest regularly used fixed-wing aircraft is the Antonov An-225 _Mriya__._
- The largest military aircraft and the second largest airplane is the Antonov An-124 _Ruslan__._

## Related pages

- Aerodynamics
- Evacuation slide
- Flight recorder
Victoria, British Columbia

**Victoria** is the capital city of the province of British Columbia, Canada. It is named after Queen Victoria. Around 400,000 people live in the Victoria area. Many people work for the government or in tourism. It is warmer than other Canadian cities in the winter and so many Canadians move there when they retire.

Victoria is on Vancouver Island. Most people travel there by ferry from Vancouver or from Washington State. Victoria has three ferry docks and an airport, Victoria International Airport.

Victoria has one of the mildest climates in Canada, with gardens blooming year-round.

Some tourist attractions are the Butchart Gardens and the Royal British Columbia Museum.  SOME OF THE BEST-known buildings are the government buildings and the Empress Hotel; both are by the Inner Harbour.

The first people to live in the area were the Coast Salish native people. People from England built Fort Victoria in 1843. Victoria became a city in 1862.

There are 18,000 students who study at the University of Victoria. Other people study at Camosun College, Royal Roads University, University Canada West, Victoria College of Art, and the Canadian College of Performing Arts. Students from all over the world study at Pearson College, near Victoria.

The Canadian navy has ships in the part of the city called Esquimalt.

Some of the parks include Beacon Hill Park, East Sooke Park, Mount Work Park, and Mount Douglas Park.

There are many flowers in Victoria, which is called the "city of gardens." It is much drier than places nearby, and has little snow.

These well-known people from are Victoria:
- Jamie Benn (hockey)
- Emily Carr (art)
- Steve Nash (basketball)
- David Foster (music)
- Nelly Furtado (singer)
- Kyle Germaine Johnson (Pro Biker)

## Regions

The Victoria area is made up of 13 parts. Four of them make up Greater Victoria:
- Victoria
- Saanich
- Esquimalt
- Oak Bay

Three of them make up the Saanich Peninsula:
- Sidney
- Central Saanich
- North Saanich

The others make up the Western Communities:
- Colwood
- Langford
- View Royal
- Metchosin
- Sooke
- Highlands
Suez Canal

The **Suez Canal** (Arabic: قناة السويس, _Qanā al-Suways_, French: _Le Canal de Suez_) is a canal in Egypt. It lies west of the Sinai Peninsula. The canal is 163 km long (101 miles) and, at its narrowest point, 200 m wide (656 ft). It runs between Port Said (_Būr Sa'īd_) on the Mediterranean Sea, and Suez (_al-Suways_) on the Red Sea. It was built by a French company. The canal was started in 1859 and finished in 1869.

The canal allows ships to travel between Europe and Asia without having to go the way around Africa. This saves time and fuel. It was built for Europeans to go to and from the Indian Ocean.

## History

In 1859, Egyptian workers and European engineers, working for Ferdinand de Lesseps of the Universal Suez Ship Canal Company, began digging under a contract with the Khedive of Ottoman Egypt. It took ten years to build. The first ship passed through the canal 17 November, 1869; Giuseppe Verdi wrote the famous opera Aida for this ceremony.

The canal made it possible to easily transport goods across the world. The canal also allowed Europeans to travel to East Africa, and soon to take control of it. The British tried to stop the canal, fearing that it would increase French power in the Indian Ocean. Later, they bought shares in the company.

The success of the Suez Canal encouraged the French to try to build the Panama Canal. But they did not finish it. The Panama Canal was finished later.

The canal was a central point during the Six Day War in 1967. A UN peacekeeping force has been stationed in the Sinai Peninsula since 1974, to avoid more wars. The canal reopened in 1975.

About 15,000 ships pass through the canal each year, which is about 14% of world shipping. Each ship takes up to 16 hours to cross the canal. In 2015 a central part of the canal was expanded so more ships can go through and go faster.

The canal was blocked for part of late March 2021 by the _Ever Given_, a container ship, which became stuck diagonally.
Canal

A **canal** is a waterway made by humans. For many centuries, canals have been built as a way of transporting heavy goods in barges or boats. Canals often connect lakes, rivers, or oceans. The Panama Canal is a famous canal that connects the Atlantic Ocean with the Pacific Ocean. Many canals are reinforced with clay or concrete on the sides and have locks. Other canals are used for irrigation or hydropower.

## Related pages

- Merriam webster dictionary
Mars (mythology)

**Mars** is the god of war in Roman mythology. Mars is the son of Juno and Jupiter. Mars is the father of Romulus and Remus, and also Cupid. The planet Mars and the month March are named after him. He was the god of war, murder, and bloodshed. His Greek name is Ares. He tried many times to start wars between the gods.

## Related pages

- Ares - Greek mythology version of Mars
- Tyr - Norse mythology version of Mars
Cessna

**Cessna** is a company that makes airplanes. The company is named for their founder, Clyde Cessna.  They are in Wichita, Kansas in the United States. They make small aircraft that can hold 2 to 4 people and in the last decades, they have built several models of business jets.

## Cessna aircraft

- Cessna 172
- Cessna 152
- Cessna 182
- Cessna T-37 Tweet
- Cessna Citation X
- Cessna 210
- Cessna 620
- Cessna 402

## Other websites

- Cessna website
Shoe

A **shoe** is a type of footwear. It is an item of clothing. You can wear them outside. Shoes come in pairs, with one shoe for each foot. People usually wear shoes in public. They are worn for hygiene, style, and comfort. While there are some shoes that don't need socks to wear, shoes are usually worn with socks.

Shoes are a type of foot protection.  For example, many shoes can protect a person's foot from sand; others do not.

## Types of shoes

There are many different types of shoes. Athletic shoes, for example, are lightweight to make running, walking or jogging easier. The sole of the shoe is also softer.  Slippers are a kind of indoor shoe.  They often serve to keep feet warm.  Tall shoes are boots.  Rubber boots are used in wet places.

Shoes are also worn for fashion.  Shoes with a high heel are called high heels.  Shoes for formal wear are made of leather.  They are worn for business and ceremonial functions.