juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Göksel Gümüşdağ

**Göksel Gümüşdağ** (born 10 October 1972, Istanbul) is a Turkish businessman, former president of İstanbul Başakşehir and former Vice President of the Türkiye Futbol Federasyonu. He is the Chairman of the Board of Directors of LTD.

## Early life and career

Gümüşdağ was born in Istanbul on October 10, 1972. He graduated from Anadolu University Economics and Bilgi University Business Administration Department.

In 2014, he was elected president of Istanbul Başakşehir from Süper League teams. He is still a member of the Istanbul Bilgi University Board of Trustees.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Göksel Gümüşdağ
- **image**: Göksel Gümüşdağ.jpg
- **birthname**: Göksel Gümüşdağ
- **birth place**: Istanbul, Turkey
- **occupation**: Entrepreneur, businessman
Michael Imperioli

**Michael Imperioli** (born March 26, 1966) is an American actor, writer and director. He is best known for the role of Christopher Moltisanti in the HBO drama series _The Sopranos_. The role earned him a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series in 2004. He has also had roles in movies and television shows such as _Goodfellas_, _The Addiction_, _The Lovely Bones_, _Clockers_, _Law & Order_, _Californication_ and _Hawaii Five-0_.

Imperioli was born in Mount Vernon, New York, to an Italian American family. He married Victoria Chlebowski in 1995. The couple have three children.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Michael Imperioli
- **image**: Michael Imperioli 2024 Emmys 01 (cropped).png
- **caption**: Imperioli in 2024
- **birth place**: Mount Vernon, New York, Mount Vernon, New York, U.S.
- **nationality**: Americans, American
- **occupation**: Actor, writer, director
- **years active**: 1989–present
- **children**: 3
Alan MacDiarmid

**Alan G. MacDiarmid** (April 14, 1927 – February 7, 2007) was a New Zealand chemist. He received the 2000 Nobel Prize in Chemistry together with Alan  Heeger and Hideki Shirakawa for "the discovery and development of conductive polymers".

He was born in Masterton, New Zealand and died in Drexel Hill, Pennsylvania, United States.

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Alan G. MacDiarmid
- **image**: Alan MacDiarmid 2005.017.004e crop.tif
- **caption**: Alan MacDiarmid in Beijing, China, 2005
- **birth place**: Masterton,  New Zealand
- **death place**: Drexel Hill, Pennsylvania, United States
- **prizes**: Nobel Prize in Chemistry (2000)
Denudation

In geology, **denudation** includes the procedures that reason the wearing ceaselessly of the Earth's surface by moving water, by ice, by wind and by waves, prompting a lessening in rise and in alleviation of landforms and of scenes.
Cyclone Dirk

**Cyclone Dirk** was a large and deep European windstorm. It affected Western Europe from Iberia to Iceland. It formed on December 21, 2013 and dissipated on December 27, 2013. The storm caused 6 deaths.

On land the low pressure during the storm was measured at  on 24 December at Stornoway, Isle of Lewis off the north west coast of Scotland.
Shelby County, Alabama

**Shelby County** is a county in the U.S. state of Alabama. The county seat is Columbiana.
Fred Cole

**Fred Cole** (August 28, 1948 – November 9, 2017) was an American rock singer-songwriter and guitarist. He played with several bands since the 1960s, most notably The Lollipop Shoppe, Dead Moon, and Pierced Arrows.

Cole died of liver disease on November 9, 2017 at his home in Clackamas, Oregon at the age of 69.

## Other websites

- Dead moon
- Official Pierced Arrows-site
- Fred Cole (Dead Moon etc.) turns 60!
- The Rats

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Fred Cole
- **image**: Fred_Cole_Pierced_Arrows_gig_in_Vera_Groningen_NL.jpg
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth place**: Tacoma, Washington, United States
- **origin**: Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
- **death place**: Clackamas, Oregon, Clackamas, Oregon, United States
- **instrument**: Singing, guitar
- **occupation**: Musician, songwriter
- **years active**: 1964–2017
- **associated acts**: Pierced Arrows, Dead Moon
Chuck Mosley

**Charles Henry Mosley III** (December 26, 1959 – November 9, 2017) was an American singer-songwriter. He was best known as the frontman for Faith No More from 1984 to 1988. During his time with the band, they released two albums, _We Care a Lot_ and _Introduce Yourself_.

Mosley died on November 9, 2017 from complications of alcoholism in Cleveland, Ohio at the age of 57.

## Other websites

- Chuck Mosley Interview on Songfacts site

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **image**: Chuck Mosley.jpg
- **name**: Chuck Mosley
- **caption**: Mosley in 2016
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth place**: Hollywood, California, United States
- **death place**: Cleveland, Ohio, United States
- **instrument**: Vocals, guitar
- **genre**: Funk metal, alternative metal, alternative rock, hardcore punk
- **occupation**: Musician, songwriter
- **years active**: 1979–2017
- **label**: Dutch East India Trading, Rough Trade Records, Rough Trade, Slash Records, Slash, Reversed Image Unlimited
- **associated acts**: Bad Brains, Cement (band), Cement, Faith No More, VUA, Indoria, Primitive Race
Priyan

**Priyan** (April 1964 – 9 November 2017) was an Indian cinematographer. He has worked on Tamil language movies. He was born in Virudhunagar, Tamil Nadu. His best known works are _Porkkaalam_ (1997), _Desiya Geetham_ (1998), _Vetri Kodi Kattu_ (1999), _Thenali_ (2000), _Star_ (2001) and _Majunu_ (2001).

Priyan died of a heart attack in Chennai, India on 9 November 2017 at the age of 53.

## Other websites

- Official website
Shyla Stylez

**Amanda Friedland** (September 23, 1982 – November 9, 2017), better known by her stage name **Shyla Stylez**, was a Canadian pornographic actress. She was born in Armstrong, British Columbia. She started as a stripper and a webcam model.

Friedland was of European-Canadian descent.

She was known for her works in _My Plaything: Shyla Stylez_ and _Pirates II_. In 2010, she was named by _Maxim_ as one of the 12 top female stars in porn. In 2005, she temporarily left the adult industry. She returned to pornography in 2006.

From 2002 through 2003, Stylez was married to Bob Friedland.

Stylez was found dead at her home in Armstrong, British Columbia on November 9, 2017 at the age of 35.
Mikhail Nikolayevich Zadornov

**Mikhail Nikolayevich Zadornov** (; July 21, 1948 – November 10, 2017) was a Soviet and Russian stand-up comedian and writer. He was born in Jūrmala, Latvian SSR, USSR. His humour is national stereotype and national mentality. From 2006 until his death, Zadornov had incorporated Chudinov-style wordplay into his sketches, based on folk etymology

In March 2014 he signed a letter in support of the position of the President of Russia Vladimir Putin on accession of the Crimea to Russia.

Zadornov died of brain cancer in Moscow, Russia on November 10, 2017 at the age of 69.

## Other websites

- Unofficial website
- Text of Zadornov story "Conversation of a Rest Home Deputy Director with Guests on the Day of their Arrival" {from SovLit.net}
- Задор ТВ на сайте YouTube
Sophia (robot)

**Sophia** is a human-like robot. Sophia was developed by Hong Kong-based company Hanson Robotics. The robot has been designed to learn and adapt to human behavior and work with humans. Sopia has also been interviewed around the world. In October 2017, Sophia became a citizen of Saudi Arabia. In 2024, Sophia delivered the first University commencement speech at D'Youville University. This means Sophia is the first robot to receive citizenship of a country. The robot is designed to look like British actress Audrey Hepburn (1929–1993).
Nellie Bly

**Elizabeth Cochrane Seaman** (born **Elizabeth Jane Cochran**; May 5, 1864 – January 27, 1922), better known by her pen name **Nellie Bly**, was an American journalist, novelist and inventor. She was a newspaper reporter, who worked at various jobs for exposing poor working conditions. Nellie Bly, also, fought for women's right and was known for investigative reporting. She best known for her record-breaking trip around the world in 72 days, inspired by the adventure novel _Around the World in Eighty Days_ by Jules Verne. In the 1880s, she went undercover as a mentally ill patient in a psychiatric hospital for ten days, with the report being made public in a book called "_Ten Days in a Mad-House_". She was added to the National Women's Hall of Fame in 1998.

Bly was born in Cochran's Mills, Pennsylvania. She married industrialist Robert Seaman in 1895. After his death in 1904, Bly took over his company.

Bly died of pneumonia on January 27, 1922 in New York City. She was 57.

## Other websites

- Nellie Bly Online

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Nellie Bly
- **image**: Nellie Bly 2.jpg
- **caption**: Elizabeth Cochran, "Nellie Bly",
- **birth name**: Elizabeth Jane Cochran
- **death place**: New York City, New York, U.S.
- **nationality**: American
- **occupation**: Journalist, novelist, inventor
- **awards**: National Women's Hall of Fame (1998)
- **signature**: Nellie Bly signature.svg
Carlos Dívar

**José Carlos Dívar Blanco** (December 31, 1941 – November 11, 2017) was a Spanish government official. He was born in Málaga, Spain. He was President of the General Council of the Judiciary and the Supreme Court from September 2008 to June 2012.

He was the President of the National Court from 2001 to 2008. He resigned in June 2012 when it was uncovered a scandal of alleged misappropriation of public funds.

Dívar died of pulmonary edema in Madrid on November 11, 2017 at the age of 75.
Valery Rozov

**Valery Rozov** (December 26, 1964 – November 11, 2017) was a Russian BASE jumper. He was born in Nizhny Novgorod, Russia.

On May 5, 2013, Rozov set a world record when he jumped off Changtse (the north peak of the Mount Everest massif) from a height of 7,220 metres (23,690 ft). He glided down to the Rongbuk glacier more than 1,000 meters below.

Rozov died on 11 November 2017 while jumping from a height of 6,812 meters (22,349 ft) off Ama Dablam mountain in Nepal at the age of 52.
Ian Wachtmeister

Count **Ian Melcher Shering Wachtmeister af Johannishus** (; 24 December 1932 – 11 November 2017) was a Swedish businessman and politician. He was a member of the Swedish Riksdag from 1991 to 1994. He was born in Nääs, Sweden. Together with record company owner Bert Karlsson he founded the populist political party _New Democracy_, and as party leader achieved parliamentary representation in the 1991 general election from Örebro County.

Wachtmeister died of lymphoma on 11 November 2017 in Stockholm, Sweden at the age of 84.
Tamara Natalie Madden

**Tamara Natalie Madden**  (August 16, 1975 – November 4, 2017) was a Jamaican-born American painter and mixed-media artist working. Madden's paintings are allegories whose subjects are the people of the African diaspora. After her solo exhibition in 2004, Madden relocated near Atlanta, Georgia. She was born in Kingston, Jamaica. She studied at the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee.

Her first solo exhibition was in 2004, and it got her an interview with the late James Auer of the _Milwaukee Journal Sentinel_. In 2007, Madden debuted a series entitled, "Kings & Queens", which focused on heightening the everyday person. Her work continues to focus on recognizing nobility, honor and respect in those often overlooked by society.

Madden died of ovarian cancer on November 4, 2017 in Atlanta, Georgia at the age of 42.
Jack Ralite

**Jack Ralite** (14 May 1928 – 12 November 2017) was a French politician. He was elected in 1973 to the Seine-Saint-Denis constituency for the French Communist Party. In 1981 he became Minister for Health and Minister for Employment from 1981 to 1984. In 1984 he became Mayor of Aubervilliers, a post he retained until 2003. He was born in Châlons-en-Champagne, France.

Ralite died in Aubervilliers, France of respiratory failure at the age of 89.
Freddy Cole

**Lionel Frederick** "**Freddy**" **Cole** (October 15, 1931 – June 27, 2020) was an American jazz singer and pianist. His recording career has spanned over sixty years. He was the brother of musicians Nat King Cole and Ike Cole, father of Lionel Cole, and uncle of Natalie Cole, Timolin Cole, and Casey Cole. He was known for his moderate success of _Whispering Grass_ in 1953.

During the 1970s, Cole recorded several albums for European and English based labels. He was the subject of the 2006 documentary _The Cole Nobody Knows_. In June of that year, Cole was added to the Steinway Artist roster.

Cole died from heart disease-related problems in Atlanta, Georgia on June 27, 2020 at the age of 88.

## Other websites

- Freddy Cole: _Heir To The Throne_  by Alex Henderson, _The New York City Jazz Record_
- filmmaker Clay Walker's webpage on Freddy Cole
- PBS video of performance at the Georgia Music Hall of Fame induction ceremony

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Freddy Cole
- **image**: Freddy Cole.jpg
- **alt**: Freddy Cole in 2003
- **caption**: Cole in 2003
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Lionel Frederick Cole
- **birth place**: Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
- **death place**: Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.
- **genre**: Jazz
- **occupation**: Musician, singer
- **instrument**: Vocals, piano
- **years active**: 1952–2020
- **label**: Decca Records, Decca, Fantasy Records, Fantasy, Telarc International Corporation, Telarc, HighNote Records, HighNote
Ray Lovelock

**Raymond Lovelock** (; 19 June 1950 – 10 November 2017), most often known as **Ray Lovelock**, was an Italian actor and rock musician. He was born in Rome, Italy. He performed in a rock band with longtime friend and actor Tomas Milian, where he was discovered by a talent agent.

Lovelock appeared in many movies such as: _Fiddler on the Roof_ (1971), _Let Sleeping Corpses Lie_ (1974), _Almost Human_ (1974), _Violent Rome_ (1975), _Live Like a Cop, Die Like a Man_ (1976), _The Cassandra Crossing_ (1976) and _The Last House on the Beach_ (1978).

Lovelock died in Trevi, Italy on 10 November 2017 of bone cancer at the age of 67.
Roman calendar

The **Roman calendar** was a lunar calendar used by the Roman Kingdom and the Roman Republic.

## Calendar system

The year started on 1 March and had only 304 days or 10 months (March, April, May, June, Quintilis, Sextilis, September, October, November and December). These 304 days were followed by an unnamed 50-day winter period. The Roman king Numa Pompilius (c. 715-673 BC) introduced February and January (in that order) between December and March, increasing the length of the year to 354 or 355 days. In 450 BC, February was moved to its current position between January and March.

In order to make up for the lack of days in a year, an extra month, Intercalaris or Mercedonius, (allegedly with 22 or 23 days) was introduced in some years. In an 8-year period the length of the years were:

1. 12 months or 355 days
1. 13 months or 377 days
1. 12 months or 355 days
1. 13 months or 378 days
1. 12 months or 355 days
1. 13 months or 377 days
1. 12 months or 355 days
1. 13 months or 378 days

A total of 2930 days corresponding to a year of 366¼ days. This year was discovered to be too long, and therefore 7 days were later dropped from the 8th year, yielding 365.375 days per year.

It was the duty of the priesthood not to have any mistake of the intercalary month. However, leap years were considered unlucky. Therefore, they were avoided in time of crisis, such as the Second Punic War. In order to fix the problem, Julius Caesar made his famous calendar reform in 45 BC.
James T. Butts Jr.

**James Thurman Butts Jr.** (born August 1, 1953) is an American politician. He is currently the mayor of Inglewood, California. He started out in law enforcement in Inglewood during the 1970s and 1980s, and later became a captain. He worked as Chief of Police in Santa Monica, California from 1991 to 2006. After that, in 2006, he worked in public safety  with Los Angeles World Airports. In 2010 he was elected mayor of Inglewood. In 2014 he was re-elected with an 84% vote. He led efforts to renovate and reopen the sports stadium The Forum in Inglewood. He also worked to develop a plan for a new NFL stadium in Inglewood. Butts holds an MBA degree from California State Polytechnic University, Pomona. He also holds a Bachelor of Science from California State University, Los Angeles.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: James T. Butts Jr.
- **image**: A headshot of James T. Butts, Jr., mayor of Inglewood, California.jpg
- **caption**: Butts in 2009
- **birth name**: James Thurman Butts Jr.
- **birth place**: Los Angeles, California, United States
- **nationality**: American
- **occupation**: Politician, former law enforcement official
- **education**: Masters in Business Administration, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona

Bachelor of Science, California State University at Los Angeles
Norman Hallendy

**Norman E. Hallendy** (April 7, 1932 — October 27, 2023) was an Arctic researcher, writer and photographer.  Hallendy's Arctic journeys began in 1958 at a time when many Inuit, who traditionally lived on the land, were moving to permanent settlements created by the Federal government. Returning north year after year, he was befriended by Inuit elders who shared with him their perception of their material and spiritual world.

## Works

His previous books include the best selling Inuksuit:

- Tukiliit: The Stone People Who Live in the Wind
- Wilderness: Arctic Voices from a Land of Vast Horizons

He has been a lecturer at Oxford, Cambridge, UNESCO (Paris) including numerous universities in Canada and abroad. His most enjoyable presentations were to Inuit elders and their children in several Arctic communities.

## Awards and recognitions

Norman Hallendy has been named one of Canada’s 100 greatest modern-day explorers by Canadian Geographic Society.

His contribution to geographical knowledge through documenting Arctic landscapes and ancient sites earned him the coveted Mungo Park Medal of the Royal Scottish Geographical Society in 2007 placing him among such esteemed persons as Professor Jean Malaurie, Count Eigil Knuth and Thor Heyerdahl.

In 2001, the Royal Canadian Geographical Society awarded Hallendy the Gold medal for his internationally acclaimed work on inuksuit and ethnographic work in southwest Baffin Island placing him among such outstanding contributors to geography as Michael Palin, Gilbert Grosvenor and Sir Christopher Ondaatje.

His ethnographic documentation of the Inuit of southwest Baffin Island is regarded as a major contribution to the appreciation of Inuit intellectual culture. Dr. William Fitzhugh Director of the Arctic Studies Centre of the Smithsonian Institution regards Hallendy as a modern day Knud Rasmussen.

The Right Honourable Julie Payette Governor General of Canada has awarded Norman the Polar Medal created by Her Majesty the Queen of England in recognition of his ethnography of the Inuit in the Canadian Arctic.

## Death

Norman E. Hallendy of Carp, Ontario **passed away at the Heart Institute at the age of 91.**

## Other websites

- Greystone Books
Ron Gardenhire

**Ronald Clyde Gardenhire** (born October 24, 1957) is the manager of the Detroit Tigers. He was born in West Germany. He was a shortstop for the New York Mets from 1981 to 1985 and managed the Minnesota Twins from 2002 to 2013. He replaced Brad Ausmus as manager of the Tigers following the 2017 season.

## Other websites

- Managerial record at Baseball-Reference.com
Allschwil

**Allschwil** is a municipality of the district of Arlesheim in the canton of Basel-Landschaft in Switzerland. It is right next to the city of Basel. With nearly 22.000 people it is the biggest city in Basel Landschaft.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Allschwil
- **image photo**: Adorf.jpg
- **municipality name**: Allschwil
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Allschwil COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Allschwil.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Basel-Landschaft
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BL
- **district**: Arlesheim (district), Arlesheim
- **postal code**: 4123
- **municipality code**: 2762
- **area**: 8.89
- **elevation**: 285
- **elevation description**: Dorfplatz
- **population**: 20695
- **populationof**: December 2016
- **website**: www.allschwil.ch
- **mayor**: Nicole Nüssli-Kaiser
- **mayor party**: FDP
- **mayor title**: Gemeindepräsident/in
- **parliament name**: Einwohnerrat
- **parliament number of members**: 40
- **executive name**: Gemeinderat
- **executive number of members**: 7
- **places**: Neuallschwil
- **neighboring municipalities**: Binningen, Switzerland, Binningen, Buschwiller (FR-68), Hégenheim (FR-68), Neuwiller (FR-68), Oberwil, Basel-Landschaft, Oberwil, Saint-Louis, Haut-Rhin, Saint-Louis (FR-68), Schönenbuch
- **twintowns**: Pfullendorf (Germany), Blaj (Romania)
Solothurn (city)

**Solothurn** (, , , ) is a district and the capital of the Swiss canton of Solothurn. As of December 2016, 16,697 people lived there. It is the only municipality of the district of the same name.

## Other websites

- Official website of the city of Solothurn
- Solothurn tourist office  D/F +

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Solothurn
- **image photo**: Besenval stursen solothurn.jpg
- **municipality name**: Solothurn
- **municipality type**: city
- **imagepath coa**: Coat of arms of Solothurn.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Solothurn 2007.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Solothurn
- **iso-code-region**: CH-SO
- **district**: Solothurn (district), Solothurn
- **postal code**: 4500
- **municipality code**: 2601
- **area**: 6.28
- **elevation**: 430
- **population**: 15086
- **populationof**: December 2006
- **website**: www.stadt-solothurn.ch
- **mayor**: Kurt Fluri
- **mayor asof**: March 2014
- **mayor party**: FDP
- **mayor title**: Stadtpräsident
- **list of mayors**: List of mayors of Solothurn
- **executive name**: Gemeinderat
- **executive number of members**: 30
- **neighboring municipalities**: Bellach, Biberist, Feldbrunnen-Sankt Niklaus, Langendorf, Switzerland, Langendorf, Rüttenen, Zuchwil
- **twintowns**: Heilbronn (Germany), Kraków (Poland), Le Landeron (Switzerland)
Highland County, Ohio

**Highland County** is a county in Ohio in the United States. In 2020, 43,317 people lived there. The county seat is Hillsboro.
Gholamreza Hassani

Ayatollah **Gholamreza Hassani** (, ) (30 August 1928 – 21 May 2018) was an Iranian conservative politician and cleric. He was the previous Friday prayer, first First imam of Masjid-e-Jamé mosque of the city of Urmia. He was born in Urmia, Iran.

He was a member of the Islamic Consultative Assembly in the first term from electoral district of Urmia and representative of the Iranian Supreme Leader Grand Ayatollah Ali Hosseini Khamenei in West Azarbaijan Province.

Hassani died on 21 May 2018 in Tehran at the age of 90.

## Other websites

- حجت الاسلام قریشی به امامت جمعه ارومیه و نماینده ولی فقیه در آذربایجان غربی منصوب شد/ تقدیر از مجاهدت و خدمات حجت الاسلام حسنی
Mary Wells Lawrence

**Mary Wells Lawrence** (born **Mary Georgene Berg**; May 25, 1928 – May 11, 2024) was an American advertising executive.  She was the founding president of Wells Rich Greene, an advertising agency. Lawrence was the first female CEO of a company listed on the New York Stock Exchange.

Lawrence died on May 11, 2024 at a hospital in London, England at the age of 95.

## Other websites

- Braniff Flying Colors Historical Page
- Mary Wells Lawrence  at wowOwow
- "Madison Avenue", BBC Adam Curtis blog discusses Wells' career and features a film about Braniff from 1967 in which Wells speaks.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Mary Wells Lawrence
- **image**: 1969 Wells Rich Greene File Photo of Mary Wells Lawrence at her desk.jpg
- **caption**: 1969 Wells Rich Greene Agency file photo of Mary Wells Lawrence at her desk
- **birth name**: Mary Georgene Berg
- **birth place**: Youngstown, Ohio, U.S.
- **death place**: London, England
- **occupation**: advertising executive
- **known for**: founder of Wells Rich Greene advertising agency
- **alma mater**: Carnegie Institute of Technology
- **spouse**: Bert Wells (m.1949)
Harding Lawrence (m.1967)
Cindy Adams

**Cynthia "Cindy" Adams** (née **Sugar**; later **Heller**; born April 24, 1930) is an American gossip columnist and writer. She is the widow of comedian/humorist Joey Adams. She was born in New York City.

She began to work as a photographer's model in Manhattan. Since 1979, Adams has written a gossip column for the _New York Post_, a New York City newspaper. She also contributed to _Sunday Today in New York_. Adams became a syndicated newspaper columnist in 1981.
Edith Savage-Jennings

**Edith Mae Savage-Jennings** (March 17, 1924 – November 12, 2017) was an American civil rights leader from New Jersey. She was known for her association with civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr.. Savage was notable for being a guest to the White House under every President of the United States from Franklin Delano Roosevelt through Barack Obama.

Savage-Jennings was born in Jacksonville, Florida.

In 2016 she was inducted into the New Jersey Women's Hall of Fame.

Savage-Jennings died on November 12, 2017 at her home in Trenton, New Jersey at the age of 93.
Wojciech Zabłocki

**Wojciech Mikołaj Zabłocki** (December 6, 1930 – December 5, 2020) was a Polish architect and fencer. He was born in Warsaw.  He was a founding member of the Art of the Olympians.

Zabłocki participated in four Olympic Games: 1952 Helsinki, 1956 Melbourne, 1960 Rome, 1964 Tokyo and won two silver (1956, 1960) and one bronze medal (1964) in team sabre fencing.

In 1963, he married actress Alina Janowska. She died in 2017.

Zabłocki died on December 5, 2020 just one day before his 90th birthday.
Bernard Panafieu

**Bernard Louis Auguste Paul Panafieu** (26 January 1931 – 12 November 2017) ) was a French prelate of the Catholic Church. He was Archbishop of Marseille from 1995 until his retirement in 2006. He was made a cardinal in 2003. He was born in Châtellerault, France.

Panafieu died on 12 November 2017 at a hospital in Venasque, France of complications from Parkinson's disease at the age of 86.
Photometry (astronomy)

**Photometry** is a method of problem solving in astronomy. It aims to measure flux. When photometry is performed over broad wavelength bands of radiation, where not only the amount of radiation but also its spectral distribution is measured, the term spectrophotometry is used.

The word is combination of the Greek affixes "photo-" ("light") and "-metry" ("measure").
Santiago Vernazza

**Júlio Carlos Santiago "Ghito" Vernazza** (September 23, 1928 – November 12, 2017) was a former Argentine footballer. He was a forward who played for Platense and River Plate until 1956, when he moved to Italy and signed for newly promoted Serie A club Palermo.

He was born in Buenos Aires.

In 1960/1961, Vernazza played for AC Milan, where he obtained a second place. In 1961/1962, he moved to Vicenza, where he played two seasons before retiring in 1963 at the age of 35.

Vernazza died in Buenos Aires on November 12, 2017 at the age of 89.

## Other websites

- Argentine players in Italy at rsssf
- Platense profile
David Poisson

**David Poisson** (31 March 1982 – 13 November 2017) was a French World Cup alpine ski racer. He was born in Annecy, Haute-Savoie, France.

Poisson represented France at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver. At the 2013 World Championships, Poisson made his first podium, taking bronze in the downhill.

Poisson died in a crash during training in Nakiska, Alberta, Canada on 13 November 2017, aged 35.
Sam Johnson

**Samuel Robert Johnson** (October 11, 1930 – May 27, 2020) was an American politician. He was the U.S. Representative for  serving in Congress from 1991 to 2019. He was a member of the Republican Party.

On January 6, 2017, Johnson announced he will not run for reelection in 2018.

He was the last Korean War veteran to serve in Congress.

Johnson died at his home in Plano, Texas on May 27, 2020 of natural causes at the age of 89.

## Other websites

- Congressman Sam Johnson  official House site
- Sam Johnson for Congress
- Tribute to Sam Johnson, Smithsonian Institution
- Texas Nonprofit Is Cleared After GOP-Prompted Audit: Group Says Probe Was 'Political Retaliation' by DeLay Allies, Washington Post, February 27, 2006

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Sam Johnson
- **image**: Sam Johnson, official 109th Congress photo.jpg
- **state**: Texas
- **term start**: May 8, 1991
- **term end**: January 3, 2019
- **predecessor**: Steve Bartlett
- **successor**: Van Taylor
- **office1**: Chairman of the United States House Committee on Ways and Means, House Ways and Means Committee

- **term start1**: October 29, 2015
- **term end1**: November 5, 2015
- **predecessor1**: Paul Ryan
- **successor1**: Kevin Brady
- **state house2**: Texas
- **district2**: 60th
- **term start2**: January 8, 1985
- **term end2**: May 21, 1991
- **predecessor2**: Frank Eikenburg
- **successor2**: Brian McCall
- **birth place**: San Antonio, Texas, U.S.
- **death place**: Plano, Texas, Plano, Texas, U.S.
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **education**: Southern Methodist University
George Washington University
- **serviceyears**: 1950–1979
- **rank**:  Colonel (United States), Colonel
- **unit**: 51st Fighter Wing, 51st Fighter Interceptor Wing
8th Fighter Wing, 8th Tactical Fighter Wing
- **commands**: 31st Fighter Wing, 31st Tactical Fighter Wing
- **battles**: Korean War
Vietnam War
- **mawards**: Silver Star (2)
Legion of Merit (3)
Distinguished Flying Cross (United States), Distinguished Flying Cross
Bronze Star Medal, Bronze Star with "V" device, valor
Purple Heart (2)
Meritorious Service Medal (United States), Meritorious Service Medal
Air Medal (4)
Prisoner of War Medal
President of Singapore

The **President of the Republic of Singapore** is the country's head of state. Singapore has a parliamentary system of government. Executive authority is exercised by the Cabinet who was led by the Prime Minister of Singapore. The current president is Tharman Shanmugaratnam, who was elected with the 70% of the vote at the 2023 presidential election.

The president's official residence and office is the Istana. However, no presidents since Yusof bin Ishak (1965–1970) have lived there. The current president, Halimah Yacob, had wanted to stay in the HDB flat at Yishun, but if she fails to comply with the security requirements, she will have to move out. She is also the first female President of Singapore and first Malay head of state in 47 years since the death of Mr Yusof bin Ishak who was Singapore's first president.

## List of presidents of the Republic of Singapore

|colspan="2"|N|Portrait|President|Start of term|End of term|Election|Political Party (Before Resignation)||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1|||Sir William Goode|**9 June 1959**|**9 December   1959**|1959|rowspan="14"||
|2|||**Yusof Ishak**|**9 December   1959**|**23 November 1970**|1963|||
|3|||Yeoh Ghim Seng (1918 —1993)|**23 November 1970**|**2 January 1971**|—|||
|4|||**Benjamin Sheares**|**2 January 1971**|**12 May 1981**|1972, 1976, 1980,|||
|—|||Yeoh Ghim Seng (1918 —1993)|**12 May 1981**|**23 October 1981**|—|||
|5|||**Devan Nair**|**23 October 1981**|**28 March 1985**|1984,|||
|6|||Wee Chong Jin (1915 —2005)|**28 March 1985**|**29 March 1985**|—|||
|—|||Yeoh Ghim Seng (1918 —1993)|**29 March 1985**|**2 September 1985**|—|||
|7|||**Wee Kim Wee**|**2 September 1985**|**1 September 1993**|1988, 1991,|||
|8|||**Ong Teng Cheong**|**1 September 1993**|**31 August 1999**|1993|||
|9|||**S. R. Nathan**|**1 September 1999**|**31 August 2011**|1999, 2005|||
|10|||**Tony Tan**|**1 September 2011**|**31 August 2017**|2011|||
|11|||J. Y. Pillay (1934 —)|**31 August 2017**|**14 September 2017**|—|||
|12|||**Halimah Yacob**|**14 September 2017**|13 September 2023|2017|||
||style="background:#EEEEEE"||**Tharman Shanmugaratnam** தர்மன் சண்முகரத்னம்|14 September 2023|_Incumbent_|2023|||

## Infobox (official post)

- **post**: President
- **body**: the
Republic of Singapore
- **flag**: Flag of the President of Singapore.svg
- **flagcaption**: Presidential Flag
- **flagsize**: 100px
- **insigniasize**: 100px
- **insigniacaption**: Presidential coat-of-arms
- **image**: Tharman Shanmugaratnam Official photo 2023.tif
- **incumbent**: Tharman Shanmugaratnam
- **incumbentsince**: 14 September 2023
- **style**: President, Mister President (informal)
Excellency, His Excellency (formal, diplomatic)
- **appointer**: Elected by Parliament (1965–1991)
Presidential elections in Singapore, Direct election
 (since 1991)
- **residence**: Istana (Singapore), Istana
- **termlength**: 6 years; renewable
- **constituting instrument**: [https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/CONS1963 Constitution of Singapore], Article 17
- **formation**: 9 August 1965
- **inaugural**: Yusof Ishak
- **salary**: Singapore dollar, S$1,680,000 annually
Tan Kah Kee MRT station

**Tan Kah Kee MRT Station** is a MRT station in Singapore. It is the first station to be named after a person. It is named after Tan Kah Kee, a Chinese businessman, community leader and philanthropist. It is within walking distance of Hwa Chong Institution, Nanyang Girls' High School, Raffles Girls' Primary School, Methodist Girls' School, and National Junior College.

Prior to the opening of the station, this station was named Duchess, and all of the Hwa Chong students wished to name the station "Hwa Chong". Other Singaporeans also decided to name it Hillcrest, Watten, Namly or Coronation. In the end, it was renamed to Tan Kah Kee, in honour of the businessman and community leader who founded Hwa Chong Institution.

During the Downtown MRT Line Stage 2 open house on 5 December 2015, LTA was told that the Tamil translation of the station name was incorrect. The LTA apologized in the evening for the error.
Botanic Gardens MRT station

**Botanic Gardens MRT Station (CC19/DT9)** is an interchange MRT station in Singapore. It is one of four stations where commuters can transfer from the Circle MRT Line to Downtown MRT Line,

This station is located near the Singapore Botanic Gardens at the intersection of Bukit Timah Road and Cluny Park Road, hence its name. It is also near the National University of Singapore Bukit Timah campus and is behind Serene Centre.

As Bukit Brown Station will only be operational after the Bukit Brown area has been developed enough, the section of track between Botanic Gardens and Caldecott is the longest on the Circle Line.

As the distance between the Circle Line and Downtown Line platforms is relatively long, it has travelators, the fourth station after Dhoby Ghaut, Serangoon and Bugis to have travelators within the paid area.

## History

The Downtown Line station (DT09) was designed by AEP Consultants and Geoconsult Asia and was constructed by Sembawang Engineers & Constructors. Botanic Gardens station is one of only two MRT stations in Singapore to have an official Malay name. The other station will be the future Gardens by the Bay MRT Station.

Prior to the opening of the station, it was named Adam. Public consultation of the station began in January 2006 and only two names were selected - Botanic Gardens and Cluny Road. Botanic Gardens was eventually selected because this station also goes to the popular UNESCO World Heritage Site. Cluny Road was also selected because it was served by the railway station "Cluny Road" that was closed down in 1930s. On 12 September 2006, the final name is renamed to Botanic Gardens.

## Infobox (station)

- **type**: Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore), Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) interchange
- **image**: CC19 DT9 Botanic Gardens MRT Exit A 20201219 181723.jpg
- **image caption**: Exit A of the station near the entrance to the Botanic Gardens.
- **address**: 100 Cluny Park Road
Singapore 257494 (CCL)
491 Bukit Timah Road
Singapore 259777 (DTL)
- **other**: Bus, Taxi
- **structure**: Underground
- **platform**: 4 (2 island platforms)
- **levels**: 2
- **tracks**: 4
- **opened**: (Circle line)
 (Downtown line)
- **electrified**: Yes
- **ada**: Yes
- **operator**: SMRT Trains, SMRT Trains Ltd (SMRT Corporation) (Circle line)
SBS Transit, SBS Transit DTL Pte Ltd (ComfortDelGro Corporation) (Downtown line)
- **former**: Adam, Old University, Cluny Road
- **map type**: Singapore Rail central area
- **map caption**: Botanic Gardens station in Singapore
- **map dot label**: Botanic Gardens
- **map alt**: Singapore MRT/LRT system map
- **map size**: 300px
MacPherson MRT station

**MacPherson MRT Station (CC10/DT26)** is an underground Mass Rapid Transit interchange station between the Circle Line and the Downtown Line in Geylang. It is located along Paya Lebar Road, near the Geylang Neighbourhood Police Centre. The station, and the nearby housing estate, is named after Colonel Ronald Macpherson, the first Colonial Secretary of the Straits Settlements in 1867.

This is one of the few stations on the network which has easy transfers between the Circle Line and Downtown Line platforms, connected through escalators.

## Infobox (station)

- **type**: Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore), Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) station
- **image**: DT21 Bencoolen Exit B along Bencoolen Street 17-28-50 440.jpg
- **image caption**: Exit B of Bencoolen station along Bencoolen Street
- **address**: 31 Bencoolen Street
Singapore 189658
- **other**: Bras Basah MRT station, Bras Basah
Bus, Taxi
- **structure**: Underground
- **platform**: 2 (1 island platform)
- **depth**: 43 metres
- **levels**: 1
- **tracks**: 2
- **electrified**: Yes
- **ada**: Yes
- **operator**: SBS Transit DTL (ComfortDelGro Corporation)
- **former**: Waterloo
- **map type**: Singapore Rail central area
- **map caption**: Bencoolen station in Singapore
- **map dot label**: Bencoolen
- **map alt**: Singapore MRT/LRT system map
- **map size**: 300px
Lavender MRT station

**Lavender MRT Station** (EW11) is an underground Mass Rapid Transit station on the East West Line in Kallang, Singapore. It is located underneath the junction of Kallang Road and Kallang Walk. This station is within the vicinity of Bendemeer and Jalan Besar stations on the Downtown Line. It is also near to ICA Building.

It was formerly known as E2 before 2001.
Bugis MRT station

**Bugis MRT Station (EW12/DT14)** is an underground Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) interchange station on the East West Line and the Downtown Line. It is located in Bugis, Singapore, at the boundary (border) of Downtown Core and Rochor planning areas.

This station serves Bugis+, Sim Lim Square, Bugis Village, Bugis Junction and many housing retail and food outlets. It is close to the National Library and Kampong Glam. There are also many private educational schools nearby, like Nanyang Academy of Fine Arts and LASALLE College of the Arts. The station is within five minutes walk of Jalan Besar Station on the Downtown Line. It is one of the stations that serves the huge demand when transferring from East West Line to Downtown Line.

## Station details

The East West Line part of the station is located next to Bugis Junction, which has a direct link to the mall. It has almost the same design as the neighbouring Lavender station. The Downtown Line section is built on the site of the demolished (torn down) The New 7th Storey Hotel, and opened on 22 December 2013. This station served as the northern terminus (final station) of the Downtown Line until 27 December 2015, when it was replaced by Bukit Panjang as the second phase of the line opens. As the distance between the platforms is quite long, it is one of four stations to have travelators. The other stations are Dhoby Ghaut, Botanic Gardens and Serangoon.

## Infobox (station)

- **type**: Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore), Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) interchange
- **image**: EW12 DT14 Bugis Exit B 20200719132038.jpg
- **image caption**: Exit B of Bugis MRT station.
- **address**: 220 Victoria Street
Singapore 188022 (EWL)
191 Rochor Road
Singapore 188476 (DTL)
- **other**: List of bus stations in Singapore#Queen Street Bus Terminal, Queen Street Bus Terminal, Taxi
- **structure**: Underground
- **platform**: 4 (2 island platforms)
- **levels**: 2
- **tracks**: 4
- **parking**: Yes (Bugis Junction, Bugis+)
- **bicycle**: Yes
- **opened**: (East West line)
 (Downtown line)
- **electrified**: Yes
- **ada**: Yes
- **operator**: SMRT Trains, SMRT Trains Ltd (SMRT Corporation) (East West line)
SBS Transit, SBS Transit DTL Pte Ltd (ComfortDelGro, ComfortDelGro Corporation) (Downtown line)
- **former**: Rochore, Victoria
- **map type**: Singapore Rail central area
- **map caption**: Bugis station in Singapore
- **map dot label**: Bugis
- **map alt**: Singapore MRT/LRT system map
- **map size**: 300px
Tanjong Pagar MRT station

**Tanjong Pagar MRT Station** (EW15) is an underground Mass Rapid Transit station on the East West Line in Downtown Core, Singapore. The station caters to people, especially businessmen and residents, working and living in the Shenton Way and Robinson Road areas. Currently the station is surrounded by recent developments of Tanjong Pagar Centre, of which it is the tallest skyscraper in Singapore (290 metres). Permission is required by the authority and it is exempted from the height restrictions due to Paya Lebar Airbase.

## History

The station was first opened on 12 December 1987, as part of the extension of the system to Outram Park.

The station was expanded in 2004 to facilitate disabled access and the new Exit I was later opened. Exit I was effectively replaced by Exit J as Exit I was cleared for the development of Guoco Tower.

- A: Peck Seah Street
- B: Maxwell Road
- C: Anson Road
- D: Prince Edward Road
- E: AXA Tower (formerly Temasek Tower)
- F: Robinson Road
- G: Telok Ayer (Amoy Street Market)
- H: Springleaf Street
- <span style="text-decoration:line-through;">I: Choon Guan Street</span>
- J: Guoco Tower
- K: Underpass to Frasers Tower
The faregates at this station were replaced in 12 October 2012 and the Exit I faregates were replaced on 20 August 2017.
Tiong Bahru MRT station

**Tiong Bahru MRT Station (EW17)** is an underground station located on the East West Line of the Mass Rapid Transit in Bukit Merah, Singapore. It is the last underground MRT station on the line westwards. The station is directly connected to a shopping mall, Tiong Bahru Plaza and is at Tiong Bahru Road and Jalan Membina. The MRT Station serves the surrounding residential neighborhoods of Bukit Ho Swee, Bukit Merah View and Tiong Bahru. This station was named after the Tiong Bahru Estate, together with Tiong Bahru Market and Tiong Bahru constituency.

It was the closest station to Sentosa before the opening of North East Line station on 20 June 2003. Shuttle bus services linking Sentosa to Tiong Bahru MRT operated for several years until it was eventually withdrawn in 2004.
Kallang MRT station

**Kallang MRT Station (EW10)** is an above-ground Mass Rapid Transit station on the East West Line in Kallang, Singapore. It is painted in yellow livery and located next to the Kallang River, which is famous for its water sports. This is the last above-ground station westbound until Redhill. Westward of the station towards Lavender, the tracks lose elevation until they level out when sufficiently underground. This is because of space limitations in the Central Business District.

The station is within the vicinity of Boon Keng MRT station on the North East Line, Stadium MRT station on the Circle Line and Geylang Bahru MRT station on the Downtown Line. Kallang station is located next to the Lorong 1 Geylang Bus Terminal and within walking distance to the Kallang Riverside Park located at Kampong Bugis.

When Stadium MRT Station was under construction, Kallang station would be crowded when either the Singapore Indoor Stadium or the National Stadium hosted an event. After the opening of the Singapore Sports Hub, a sheltered walkway was built to connect Kallang station to the Singapore Sports Hub to ease overcrowding on Stadium station which only caters to 3-car trains.

It was formerly E3, before 2001.
Redhill MRT station

**Redhill MRT Station (EW18)** is an above-ground Mass Rapid Transit station on the East West Line located in Bukit Merah, Singapore. This is the last above-ground station eastbound until Kallang station. Eastward of the station towards Tiong Bahru Estate, the tracks lose elevation until they level out when sufficiently underground. This is because of the space limitations as there is no such elevation of tracks in the Central Business District. This station is near to Enable Village for people with special needs.

Redhill is the only MRT station in which the two platforms are not parallel to each other.
Little India MRT station

**Little India MRT Station** (NE7/DT12) is an underground Mass Rapid Transit interchange station on the North East Line and the Downtown Line located at the boundary of the planning areas of Kallang and Rochor, Singapore. The station derives its name from the ethnic district of Little India. This station and Rochor is the nearest of any station on the Downtown Line as it takes only 20-25 seconds to reach.

This station was built in the heart of Little India, with Tekka Centre within walking distance of the station.
Farrer Park MRT station

**Farrer Park MRT Station (NE8)** is an underground station along the North East Line of the Mass Rapid Transit at the boundary of Kallang and Rochor planning areas, Singapore. It is at the north end of the ethnic neighbourhood of Little India. This station is near Mustafa Centre, Serangoon Plaza, and City Square Mall.
Chinese Garden MRT station

**Chinese Garden MRT Station** (EW25) is an above-ground Mass Rapid Transit station on the East West Line in Jurong East, Singapore. It serves residents in Yuhua and Hong Kah, as well people visiting tourist attractions in Jurong Lake, including the Chinese Gardens, which give the station its name. Its station colour is yellow. The roof of the station is based on a Chinese design.

The original name for Chinese Garden was Jurong Lake.
Downtown MRT station

**Downtown MRT Station (DT17)** is an underground Mass Rapid Transit station on the Downtown Line in Downtown Core, Singapore under Central Boulevard. It serves the south part of the Marina Bay area.
Telok Ayer MRT station

**Telok Ayer MRT Station (DT18)** is an underground Mass Rapid Transit station on the Downtown Line in Downtown Core, Singapore under Cross Street. This station uses side platforms.
Rochor MRT station

**Rochor MRT Station (DT13)** is an underground Mass Rapid Transit station on the Downtown Line in the planning area of Rochor, Singapore. It is near Sim Lim Square, The Verge, the Lasalle College of the Arts and Tekka Centre. The station is white and grey with a futuristic design. This station and Little India is the nearest of any station on the Downtown Line as it takes only 20-25 seconds to reach. The station opened along with other station on the DTL2 in December 2015.

This station had basement 1 reserved for the future North-South Corridor, and basement 2 and 3 are typically station levels.
Jalan Besar MRT station

**Jalan Besar MRT Station (DT22)** is an underground Mass Rapid Transit station on the Downtown Line in Rochor planning area, Singapore. The station is under Jalan Besar, at the junction with Weld Road. The station is also called _Sungei Road_. Sungei Road Thieves' Market was located next to this station, together with Sim Lim Tower.

The station is within five minutes walk of Rochor station on the Downtown Line and Bugis station on both the Downtown Line and East West Line, allowing an out-of-system transfer to those stations and lines. It opened on 21 October 2017.

## Infobox (station)

- **type**: Rapid transit
- **image**: DT22 Jalan Besar station.jpg
- **image caption**: Platform level of Jalan Besar station
- **address**: 90 Jalan Besar
Singapore 208826
- **structure**: Underground
- **platform**: Island
- **levels**: 3
- **tracks**: 2
- **ada**: Yes
- **operator**: SBS Transit DTL
- **former**: Sungei Road
Fort Canning MRT station

**Fort Canning MRT Station (DT20)** is an underground Mass Rapid Transit station on the Downtown Line at the boundary of Museum and Singapore River planning areas, Singapore. The station, is next to Liang Court shopping centre along River Valley Road. It is also within walking distance from UE Square. The station is close to Fort Canning Park. It is also near eateries and nightspots at Clarke Quay, so the Clarke Quay MRT Station is less crowded.