juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Iraqi invasion of Kuwait

The **Iraqi invasion of Kuwait** was an Iraqi military campaign to occupy Kuwait in the Persian Gulf. Started by Saddam Hussein in 1990 who accused Kuwait of stealing Iraqi oil through slant drilling. On 2nd August 1990, Iraq launched 88,000 troops backed up by 750 tanks into Kuwait. Two days after the invasion, Kuwait was fully occupied by Iraqi forces and surrendered. Saddam Hussein made a temporary annexation of Kuwait as the 19th province of Iraq. It was not recognized by the United Nations or other countries.

## Oil production

After the occupation, Iraq took over many of the Kuwaiti oil fields and started taking the oil to keep for Iraq. Factories, businesses and industries were also taken over by Iraqis as well.

## Operation Desert Storm

After seven months of occupation, the United Nations launched a US led coalition to enter Kuwait to free it from Iraq.

## Infobox (military conflict)

- **conflict**: Iraqi invasion of Kuwait
- **partof**: Gulf War
- **image**: File:Tankskuwait.jpg
- **caption**: Iraqi Tanks in Kuwait
- **date**: August 2, 1990 - August 4
- **place**: Kuwait
- **territory**: Iraq occupies Kuwait, Border abolished
*Kuwait admitted as the 19th Province of Iraq
- **result**: Iraqi victory
*Puppet government installed
*Beginning of the Gulf War
- **combatant1**: Iraq
- **combatant2**: Kuwait
- **commander1**: Saddam Hussein
 Ali Hassan al-Majid
- **commander2**: Jaber III
- **strength1**: 88,000 Forces
- **strength2**: 16,000 Forces
- **casualties1**: 37+ Aircraft lost
Other losses
- **casualties2**: 20 Aircraft lost
*200 KIA
*600 POWs
Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah

**Sheikh Jaber al-Ahmad al-Sabah** (born 16 June 1929 in Kuwait City – 15 January 2006) was an Emir of Kuwait, also known as the Last Emir in and before the Iraqi Invasion of Kuwait.

## Infobox (royalty)

- **image**: File:حضرة صاحب السمو الشيخ جابر الأحمد الصباح أمير دولة الكويت.jpg
- **succession**: Emir of Kuwait
- **reign**: 31 December 1977 – 15 January 2006
- **predecessor**: Sabah Al-Salim Al-Sabah
- **successor**: Saad Al-Abdullah Al-Salim Al-Sabah
- **succession1**: Prime Minister of Kuwait
- **reign1**: 30 November 1965 – 8 February 1978
- **predecessor1**: Sabah Al-Salim Al-Sabah
- **successor1**: Saad Al-Abdullah Al-Salim Al-Sabah
- **reg-type1**: List of emirs of Kuwait, Emir
- **father**: Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah
- **mother**: Bibi Salem Mubarak Al-Sabah
- **birth place**: Kuwait City, Sheikhdom of Kuwait
- **death place**: Kuwait City, Kuwait
- **burial place**: Sulaibikhat Cemetery, Kuwait
- **house**: House of Sabah, Sabah
- **religion**: Sunni Islam
Leuconostoc

***Leuconostoc*** is a gram-positive bacteria, emerging human pathogen found in environment and food products. Risk factors of infection include antibiotic pressure, foreign device, or underlying immune defects. Commercial diagnostics are commonly used to identify gram-positive bacteria, with errors mostly at the species level.
Pediococcus

***Pediococcus*** is a genus of gram-positive lactic acid bacteria. They usually occur in pairs or tetrads, and divide along two planes of symmetry, as do the other lactic acid cocci genera. They are purely homofermentative.

_Pediococcus_ strains are found in foods, on plants, and as beer-spoilage agents. They produce inactive lactic acid and are used mainly for making fermented vegetables, mashes, beer, and wort.
Portishead (band)

**Portishead** (, with the stress on _head)_ are an English musical group from Bristol. The band is named after the nearby town of the same name,  west of Bristol. Portishead is Geoff Barrow, Beth Gibbons, and Adrian Utley, while sometimes using a fourth member Dave McDonald; an engineer on _Dummy_.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Portishead
- **img**: Portishead Wolverhampton 20080413-1.jpg
- **img capt**: Portishead  live at Wolverhampton Civic Hall in 2008
- **img size**: 250
- **landscape**: Yes
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Bristol, England
- **genre**: Trip-hop, Electronic music, Electronic, Experimental music, Experimental, Industrial music, Industrial, Krautrock, Folk rock, Acid house, Trip rock, Breakbeat, Rave music, Rave, Acid jazz, Experimental rock, Electro music, Electro, Hip hop, Jazz music, Jazz, Chill out, IDM music, IDM
- **years active**: 1991–present
- **label**: Go! Discs
- **url**: [http://www.portishead.co.uk/ portishead. co. uk]
- **current members**: Geoff Barrow<br/ >Beth Gibbons<br/ >Adrian Utley
UNKLE

**UNKLE** (also written as **Unkle** and **U.N.K.L.E.**) is a British musical band founded in 1994 by school friends James Lavelle and Tim Goldsworthy. Originally in the trip-hop business, the group once included producer DJ Shadow and has used a variety of guest artists and producers.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: UNKLE
- **img**: UNKLE.jpg
- **img capt**: UNKLE in concert at Somerset House in London in 2008
- **landscape**: yes
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: London, England
- **genre**: Trip hop
Downtempo
Electronic music, Electronica
Trip rock
- **years active**: 1994–present
- **label**: Mo' Wax, Global Underground, Surrender-All
- **associated acts**: UNKLESounds, Josh Homme, Queens of the Stone Age, South (U.K. band), South, Badly Drawn Boy, Mike D (musician), Mike D, Beastie Boys, Lupe Fiasco, Richard Ashcroft, The Verve, The Duke Spirit, Ian Brown, Autolux, Oasis (band), Oasis, Gavin Clark, Robert Del Naja, Ian Astbury, Massive Attack, The Stone Roses, Alice Temple, Kool G Rap, Thom Yorke, Radiohead, Men From U.N.K.L.E.
- **current members**: James Lavelle
Pablo Clements
- **past members**: DJ Shadow
Toshio Nakanishi
Masayuki Kudo
Tim Goldsworthy
Richard File
Joseph Erlanger

**Joseph Erlanger** (5 January, 1874- 5 December, 1965) was an American physiologist. He won the 1944 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, along with Herbert Spencer Gasser, for discovering that different nerve fibres have different functions.

He was of Jewish descent.

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Joseph Erlanger
- **image**: Joseph Erlanger nobel.jpg
- **image size**: 180px
- **birth place**: San Francisco, California
- **death place**: St. Louis, Missouri
- **alma mater**: Johns Hopkins School of Medicine
- **prizes**: Nobel Prize in Medicine (1944)
Herbert Gasser

**Herbert Gasser** (Herbert Spencer Gasser, July 5, 1888  May 11, 1963) was an American doctor. He won the 1944 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, with Joseph Erlanger.

Gasser discovered the different conductivity rates of different groups of nerve fibres. The work led to advances in our knowledge of the mechanism of pain and of reflex action and has inspired a large school of neurophysiologists. The Nobel Foundation described their work as "for their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres" which probably means 'different fibres do different things'.

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Herbert Spencer Gasser
- **image**: Herbert Spencer Gasser nobel.jpg
- **caption**: Gasser in 1944
- **birth place**: Platteville, Wisconsin, U.S.
- **death place**: New York City, New York (state), New York, U.S.
- **nationality**: American people, American
- **field**: Physiology
- **work institutions**: Rockefeller University
Cornell University
Washington University in St. Louis
- **alma mater**: University of Wisconsin–Madison
Johns Hopkins School of Medicine
- **known for**: Action potentials
Nerve fiber analysis
- **awards**: Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine (1944)
Royal Society, Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) (1946)
Pseudopodia

**Pseudopodia**  are temporary and cytoplasm-filled parts of the cell membrane that are able to change their form in order to move. They are used in some eukaryotic cells to move around or to eat. Most cells that do this are called amoeboids. The amoeba is a common example.

The cell wall makes a network of fibers. The cytoplasm flows into the network and fills it up, similar to a net filled with gelatin. This is able to move, lengthen, or shorten. The pseudopodia extends from the amoeba. Then the main part of the amoeba flows into that pseudopodia and the amoeba has changed its place.

Pseudopods are one of the three locomotion modes of unicellular organisms (together with flagella and cilia). Pseudopods can also capture prey by phagocytosis. Pseudopedia are used by some cells to move around. They can detect food and place it inside the cell. The human white blood cell uses this way to get around.

Pseudopods can be classified into several varieties according to their appearance:
- **Lobopodia** are short and blunt in form, very typical of Amoeba.It uses pseudopodia to capture it's food and for movement
- **Filopodia** are more slender and filiform with pointed ends.
- **Reticulopodia**, also known as **reticulose pseudopods**, are complex formations where individual pseudopods are blended together and form irregular nets.
- **Axopodia** are thin pseudopods and are enveloped by cytoplasm. Axopodia are responsible for phagocytosis, by rapidly retracting in response to physical contacts.  They are observed in radiolaria and heliozoa.
Tricky

**Tricky** (born **Adrian Nicholas Matthews Thaws**, 27 January 1968) is an English musician and actor. As a producer and a musician, he is noted for a dark, rich and layered sound and a whispering lyrical style. Culturally, Tricky encourages a togetherness of societies, particularly in his musical ensemble of rock and hip hop, high art and pop culture. His debut album _Maxinquaye_ was nominated for the Mercury Prize and voted Album of the Year by _NME_ Magazine.

## Early life

Tricky was born in Knowle West, Bristol, England. His father left the family before he was born and his mother, Maxine Quaye, committed suicide when he was only four. He named his solo album after her - _Maxinquaye_ - and once said that though he hardly knew her, he feels like she's speaking through him with his words.

He spent his childhood and teen years in the care of his grandmother, who often let him watch old horror movies instead of going to school. At 15 he began to write lyrics (_"I like to rock, I like to dance, I like pretty girls taking down their pants"_ _MixMag_ 1996) At 17, he spent some time in prison because he bought forged £50 notes from a friend, who later told the police. In an interview, Tricky said: _"Prison was really good. I'm never going back"_ (_NME_ 1995).

## Albums

- _Maxinquaye_ (1995) #3 UK
- _Nearly God_ (1996) #10 UK
- _Pre-Millennium Tension_ (1996) #30 UK, #140 US
- _Angels with Dirty Faces_ (1998) #23 UK, #84 US
- _Juxtapose_ (1999) (with DJ Muggs and Dame Grease) #22 UK, #182 US
- _Blowback_ (2001) #34 UK, #138 US
- _Vulnerable_ (2003) #88 UK
- _Knowle West Boy_ (2008) #63 UK, #147 US
- _Mixed Race_ (2010) #118 UK
- _False Idols_ (2013) #66 UK, #149 US

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Tricky
- **img**: Tricky - August 13, 2009.jpg
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Adrian Nicholas Matthews Thaws
- **alias**: Tricky Kid
- **origin**: Knowle West, Bristol, England
- **instrument**: singer, Vocals, Keyboard instrument, Keyboards, Harmonica
- **genre**: Trip hop, Alternative music, Alternative
- **occupation**: producer, mixer, musician
- **label**: Island Records, Domino Records
- **associated acts**: The Wild Bunch (sound system), The Wild Bunch
Massive Attack
The Wild Bunch (sound system)

**The Wild Bunch** were a sound system based in the St Pauls area of Bristol, England from 1983 to 1986.  The group was known for playing sets that drew large crowds on the club scene and had performed shows as far away as London. They performed in soundclashes against other Bristol sound systems. The Wild Bunch's sound used a lot of different musical styles - an unusual thing at the time. Their shows included parts of punk, R&B and reggae, with a use on slower rhythms and ambient electronic music that would become a start of the Bristol sound, more popularly known as trip-hop. They were a key member of what became the Bristol underground scene.

The Wild Bunch is perhaps best known for having been the first group of several notable British DJs and performers:
- Robert Del Naja, Grant Marshall and Andrew Vowles, went on to form Massive Attack in 1987.
- Tricky, also a part-time member of the outfit, performed with Massive Attack on their first and second full-length releases, Blue Lines and Protection respectively, before pursuing a successful solo career.
- Nellee Hooper, who moved to London after the group's dissolution and worked as a producer and remixer for a number of major artists, including Madonna, U2, No Doubt, Björk and Massive Attack themselves.  He won the 1995 BRIT Award for Best Producer.  He was also a member of Soul II Soul.
Rhynchosaur

**Rhynchosaurs** were a group of Triassic diapsid reptiles related to the archosaurs.  They were herbivores, and at times abundant (in some fossil localities accounting for 40 to 60% of specimens found), with stocky bodies and a powerful beak.

They became extinct at the End-Triassic extinction event.
Once Upon a Time in the West

***Once Upon A Time in the West*** () is a 1968 Spaghetti Western movie which is symbolised through the construction of a railroad. The film was directed by Sergio Leone, with music by Ennio Morricone. It stars Claudia Cardinale as Jill, a beautiful widow trying to preserve her husband's land; Henry Fonda, cast against type as Frank—a murderous, land-grabbing gang leader; Charles Bronson as Harmonica, an enigmatic, revenge-seeking drifter who is Frank's nemesis; and Jason Robards as Cheyenne, a bandit who loves Jill and joins forces with Harmonica.
Season (disambiguation)

A **season** is one of the major divisions of the year.

**Season** may also mean:
- Christmas and holiday season, period celebrating the Nativity of Jesus
- Season (sports), the part of the year when games are played
- Season (television), or _series_, a cycle or set of episodes of a television program
- Seasoning, spices on food
- Seasons, Suffolk a listed building in Suffolk, England
End-Triassic extinction event

The **End-Triassic extinction event** marks the boundary between the Triassic and Jurassic periods, 201.3 million years ago. However, many of the extinctions occurred before then in the Upper Triassic.

Overall, this was one of the major extinction events of the Phanerozoic eon. It profoundly affected life on land and in the oceans. At least half the species now known to have been living on Earth at that time became extinct. It was a series of extinctions when life was hit by volcanic events.

A whole class, the conodonts (extinct chordates); 20% of all marine families; all large crurotarsans (non-dinosaurian archosaurs); some remaining therapsids; and many of the large amphibians such as the temnospondyls were wiped out.

The event emptied many ecological niches, and allowed the dinosaurs to take over the dominant roles in the Jurassic period. This event happened in less than 10,000 years, and occurred just before Pangaea started to break apart.

Scientists have suggested several explanations for this event, but all have unanswered challenges:
- Asteroid impact: no known impact crater has been dated to coincide with the Triassic–Jurassic boundary.
- Gradual climate change or sea-level fluctuations during the Upper Triassic. Sea level was low at the end of the Triassic, and the climate on Pangaea was arid. However, this does not explain the suddenness of the extinctions.
- Massive volcanic eruptions would release carbon dioxide, which would cause intense global warming, or sulfur dioxide and aerosols, which would cause severe cooling. The flood basalts of the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (<small>CAMP</small>) occurred at the Triassic-Jurassic boundary. This is the favoured explanation of several palaeontologists.

## Recent evidence

A recent paper in PNAS shows fairly clearly that mass volcanism was involved. It was probably the primary cause of the extinction. Mercury is present in volcanic rocks found at the end-Triassic boundary.

Mercury is emitted in gaseous form during volcanism, and deposited in sediments. The paper says "Such episodic volcanism likely perturbed the global environment over a long time and strongly delayed ecological recovery".
Italian invasion of Albania

The **Italian Invasion of Albania Of 1939** (Italian ; Invasione Italiana Dell'Albania/Albanian ; Pushtimi Italian I Shqiperise) was a military campaign by Fascist Italy to Occupy Albania.

## Preparation

Benito Mussolini started the plan and began to build up armies on the Italian water border. Albania was aware of the invasion but did not Know when it would happen, Zog I the King of the Albanians ordered out his armies in defense in case.

## Beginning

On April 7, Mussolini launched a surprise attack on the Albanian coast. A fleet of Italian ships were ready and prepared to advance inland. The Italians then attacked the coast without any warning.

## Surrender

Only a day after they attacked they already controlled much of Albania but continued to fight the invasion ended on April 12, after Albania surrendered all of Albania was under Italian control by April 10 though.

## Infobox (military conflict)

- **conflict**: Italian invasion of Albania (1939)
- **date**: 7-12 April 1939
- **place**: Albania
- **territory**: Albania occupied by Italy
*Albania becomes Italian Protectorate
- **result**: Italian victory
*Exile of Zog I Of Albania
- **combatant1**: Italy
- **combatant2**: Albania
- **commander1**: Alfredo Guzzoni
 Giovanni Messe
- **commander2**: Zog I
  Mujo Ulqinaku
- **strength1**: 40.000
600 aircraft
52 warships
- **strength2**: 5,000-8.000
+10.000 with civil support
5 aircraft
3 torpedo boats
- **casualties1**: 700 killed
~1.000 wounded
- **casualties2**: 160 dead
- **partof**: Interwar period
Piast the Wheelwright

**Piast the Wheelwright** was, according to legend, the creator of the Piast dynasty, a son Chościsko, which would go on to rule the Kingdom of Poland. He was first mentioned in the _Polish Chronicle_ of Gallus Anonymus.
Yogi Bear (movie)

***Yogi Bear*** is a 2010 comedy starring Tom Cavanagh, Anna Faris, T. J. Miller, Andrew Daly, Nate Corddry, and the voices of Dan Aykroyd and Justin Timberlake.

## Plot

When Jellystone Park starts losing visitors, and greedy Mayor Brown starts running out of money, he decides to shut it down and sell the land. That would mean everyone will lose the joy of the outdoors, and worst of all, Yogi and Boo-Boo will be thrown out of the only home they have ever known. So Yogi and Boo Boo must team up with their archenemy, Ranger Smith, to save the park in a week. Also helping them is Rachel, a documentary movie maker that Ranger Smith falls in love with. Mayor Brown tricks Ranger Jones in trying to stop them, so he can be the head ranger. He tricks Yogi into ruining everything, and the park gets shut down. To make things right, Yogi, Boo-Boo, Ranger Smith, Rachel, and Ranger Jones team up, and make Mayor Brown look bad. At the end Mayor Brown gets in trouble, Rachel starts dating Ranger Smith, and the park is saved.

## Cast

- Tom Cavanagh as Ranger Smith
- Anna Faris as Rachel
- T. J. Miller as Ranger Jones
- Andrew Daly as Mayor Brown
- Nate Corddry as Chief of Staff
- Dan Aykroyd as the voice of Yogi Bear
- Justin Timberlake as the voice of Boo Boo Bear

## Related pages

- Yogi Bear
- Hanna-Barbera

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: Yogi Bear
- **caption**: Yogi, Boo-Boo, and Ranger Smith
- **director**: Eric Brevig
- **starring**: Tom Cavanagh
Anna Faris
T. J. Miller
Andrew Daly
Nate Corddry
Dan Aykroyd
Justin Timberlake
- **producer**: Donald De Line
Karen Rosenfelt
- **writer**: Brad Copeland
Joshua Sternin
Jeffrey Ventimilia
- **music**: John Debney
- **editing**: Kent Beyda
- **cinematography**: Peter James (cinematographer), Peter James
- **studio**: Sunswept Entertainment
Donald De Line, De Line Pictures
Rhythm and Hues Studios, Rhythm and Hues
- **distributor**: Warner Bros.
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **runtime**: 82 minutes
California State University, Northridge

**California State University, Northridge** or **CSUN** is a public university in Northridge, California, a neighborhood in the United States' second-largest city of Los Angeles. CSUN belongs to the California State University system. It was founded first as the Valley satellite campus of California State University, Los Angeles and adopted its current name of California State University, Northridge in 1972.  It has become the third largest university in the California State System.

CSUN offers a variety of programs leading to bachelor's degrees in 61 fields, master's degrees in 42 fields, and a doctoral degree in educational leadership. Cal State Northridge hosts the National Center on Deafness, and each year the university hosts the International Conference on Technology and Persons with Disabilities.

The school's sports teams, nicknamed "Matadors", play in the Big West Conference.
Bacteroides

***Bacteroides*** is a genus of gram-negative bacteria. _Bacteroides_ species are non-endospore-forming, anaerobes, and may be either motile or non-motile, depending on the species. The DNA base composition is 40-48% GC. Unusual in bacterial organisms, _Bacteroides_ membranes contain sphingolipids. They also contain meso-diaminopimelic acid in their peptidoglycan layer.
Shangri-La (disambiguation)

**Shangri-La** is an imaginary valley in the 1933 novel _Lost Horizon_ by James Hilton.

**Shangri-La** may also mean:

### Brazil

- Xangri-lá, a city on the coast in Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil

### China

- Shangri-La County, in Yunnan province, China

### United States

- Shangri La Botanical Gardens and Nature Center, a botanical garden in Orange, Texas
- Camp David, originally called "Shangri-La"
- Shangri La (Doris Duke), a mansion outside Honolulu, Hawaii

### Uruguay

- Shangrilá, a former seaside resort in Uruguay, now part of Ciudad de la Costa

## Entertainment

- The Shangri-Las, an American pop group of the 1960 known for "Leader of the Pack" and "Remember (Walkin' in the Sand)"
- Shangri-La (novel), a Japanese novel, manga and anime series
- _Shangri-La_ (musical), a musical stage adaptation of the Hilton novel
- Shangri-La (2002 film), a 2002 film by Takashi Miike

## Buildings

- Living Shangri-La, a mixed use skyscraper in Vancouver containing the 5-star Shangri-La Hotel Vancouver
- Shangri-la Plaza Mall, Philippines
- Shangri-La Toronto, a hotel/condominium under construction in Toronto

## Other

- Shangri-la (Titan), the name of a region on Saturn's main satellite, Titan
- USS _Shangri-La_ (CV-38), an aircraft carrier of World War II
- The Shangri-La Diet
Shangri-La (Titan)

**Shangri-La** is a large, dark area on Saturn's moon Titan. It is at . The place is named after Shangri-La, the imaginary valley in Tibet. Some people think it is a very wide plain of dark material. These broad, dark areas of Titan may have been seas, but now they are dry.

Shangri-La has several areas of higher ground it. These are brighter and are called "islands". Regions of high ground surround Shangri-La:  Xanadu is to the east, Adiri to the west, and Dilmun to the north.

The Huygens probe landed on a western part of Shangri-La, close to Adiri.

## Other websites

- Shangri-La in Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature

## Infobox (infobox)

- **name**: Infobox/doc
- **title**: **Shangri-La**
- **image**:
- **caption**: Shangri-La is the large, dark region at the center of this image of Titan
- **header1**: Feature on Titan (moon), Titan
- **label2**: Type
- **data2**: Dark albedo feature
- **label3**: Latitude
- **data3**: 10S
- **label4**: Longitude
- **data4**: 165W
- **label5**: Eponym
- **data5**: Shangri-La
Citroën BX

The **Citroën BX** is a car produced by Citroën. It replaced the Citroën GS in 1982, an estate version was added in 1985 and was facelifted a year later in 1986. Another update occurred in 1989. It was replaced by the Citroën Xantia in early 1993 with the estate continuing until 1994.

## Engines

- _BX 14_ 46 kW (63 hp) and 55 kW (75 hp)
- _BX 16_ 53 kW (72 hp), 65 kW (88 hp) and 77 kW (105 hp)
- _BX 19_ 77 kW (105 hp)
- _BX 19 TZI_ 88 kW (120 hp)
- _BX 19 GTI_ 92 kW (125 hp)
- _BX 19 GTI 16V_ 109 kW (148 hp) and 118 kW (160 hp)
- _BX 18 D_ 44 kW (60 hp)
- _BX 18 TZD Turbo_ 66 kW (90 hp)
- _BX 19 D_ 51 kW (69 hp)
Mahakala

***Mahakala***  is a dromaeosaurid dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of  80 million years ago.

It is based on a partial skeleton found in the Gobi Desert, Mongolia.

_Mahakala_ was a small dromaeosaur, about 70 centimeters long (28 in). Its skeleton shows some features which are also found in early troodontids and avialans. However, its short forearms rule it out of the Alialae.

Despite its late appearance, its structure is that of a basal dromaeosaur. Its small size, and the small size of other basal deinonychosauria, suggests that small size came before flight in birds.

## Description

Although this individual was small, comparable in size to _Archaeopteryx_, _Caudipteryx_, and _Mei_, it was close to adulthood.

This genus can be distinguished from other paravians (dromaeosaurs, troodonts, and birds) by details of the ulna, thighbone, ilium, and tail vertebrae.

It had a typical dromaeosaurid form of the second toe, with an expanded claw. _Mahakala_ also had very short forelimbs compared to other Dromaeosaurs.

## Classification

A phylogenetic analysis performed by Turner and colleagues, who described the specimen, found _Mahakala_ to be the most basal known dromaeosaur. Their results, along with the small size of other theropods found at the base of paravian lineages, suggest that small size was not an innovation of early birds, but a common trait of early paravians.

In evolution, small size would have come before flight. Like birds, troodonts and dromaeosaurs did not keep small size throughout their evolutionary history. They had several separate size increases among different lineages.

_Mahakala_ also shows a combination of characteristics found among basal troodonts and birds, and is missing some that are present in more derived (specialised) dromaeosaurs.

## Paleoecology and paleobiology

The paleoenvironment had a semiarid climate, with sand dunes and alluvium (loose stuff). The semiarid steppe landscape was drained by streams after rain, and was affected by dust and sandstorms. Rainfall was low, and seasonal.

Animals present included terrestrial turtles and crocodilians, lizards, mammals, and a variety of dinosaurs; aquatic animals like fish were not present.  The majority of the fauna was small to medium-sized.

Small coelurosaurians are the most diverse dinosaurs, including fellow dromaeosaurid _Velociraptor_, troodonts _Byronosaurus_ and _Saurornithoides_, oviraptors _Citipati_, _Khaan_, and _Oviraptor_, and alvarezsaurs _Mononykus_ and _Shuvuuia_; other dinosaurs present included the ceratopsian _Protoceratops_ and the ankylosaur _Pinacosaurus_. Like other dromaeosaurs, _Mahakala_ would have been a small, active, predaceous carnivore.

## Other websites

- HTML version of "A Basal Dromaeosaurid and Size Evolution Preceding Avian Flight"
Avialae

**Avialae** is a term for birds and their immediate extinct ancestors. It is a clade of dinosaurs containing their only living representatives (birds) and whatever coelurosaurs are regarded as their ancestors. There are two ways it can be defined:

## Definition by physical characters

Avialae is defined as a clade based on physical characteristics. Jacques Gauthier named Avialae in 1986 as _all dinosaurs that possessed feathered wings used in flapping flight, and the birds that descended from them_.

## Branch-based definition

Several other authors use a similar, but branch-based, definition: _all theropods closer to birds than to Deinonychus_.
Yatsuhashi

is a Japanese food. It is sometimes sold as a souvenir sweet. It is made from rice, sugar and cinnamon. Two types of Yatsuhashi can be bought, either raw or hard Yatsuhashi.

## History

Yatsuhashi comes from Yatsuhashi Kengyo, the pioneer of making Yatsuhashi. In the Edo era, he saved everything so he could make something from leftover rice. Then Yatsuhashi was created. After he died, Yatsuhashi was loved by people in Kyoto, and now it is a very famous food in Kyoto.

## Ingredients

Yatsuhashi is made from rice flour, soybean flour, sesame, sugar cane and a lot of cinnamon. A special cinnamon called “Nikkei” is part of its unique taste.

### Izutsu Yatsuhashi Honpo

Izutsu Yatsuhashi was established by Sahei Tsuda in 1805. At one of the Izutsu yatsuhashi shops, Kyogoku Ichibangai, people can make their own yatsuhashi.

### Otabe

In 1946, a confectionery retail store was started at the Kawaramachirokkaku. In1949, the store started to sell yatsuhashi. In 1969, the name of company has changed to “Otabe”. In 2010, Otabe’s Choco-Yatsuhashi won a special gold prize in Monde Selection.

### Honke Nishio Yatsuhashi

The history of Honke Nishino Yatsuhashi began in 1687 in the Edo period, so three hundred years have passed. It has a long story. At the time, “Shiramochi” which is like old raw yatsuhashi was sold there.

Besides these yatsuhashi stores, there are famous shops in Kyoto. They are 'Goden Yatsuhashi, 'Seikodo', 'Hakushindo', and 'HonkeNishio'.

### Izutsu Yatsuhashi Honnpo

Izutsu Yatsuhashi: This is a confection from a famous shop shaped like a long Japanese zither with thirteen strings. It has been sold for more than 200 years.

Nama-Yatsuhashi: This is tender taste.

Yuko: This is a lyric confection containing bean jam. This is a Yatsuhashi which is associated with Yuko who is a heroine of “the gobantyo-yugirirou".
Other tastes: strawberry, powdered green tea, chocolate and apple.

### Otabe

Otabe: This Nama-Yatsuhashi uses rice grown in Fukui prefecture which is called "Koshihikari", Hokkaido adzuki bean, and water in Fukui prefecture.
Other taste: chocolate, powdered green tea, salt, and sesami.

Yatsuhashi: This is a confection from Kyoto which has been loved by people since more than 300 years ago.

Choco-Yatsuhashi: This is the original confection of Otabe. Yatsuhashi is baked thin, and then it is coated in chocolate.

Nama-Yatsuhashi: This is tender dough which is baked.

### Honke Nishio Yatsuhasi

Yatsuhashi: This is crisp.
Tastes: powdered green tea, sesami, and banana.

Pocket-Yatsuhashi: This is a Yatsuhashi which you can carry in your pocket.
Tastes: cacao, strawberry, and powdered green tea.
Lyn Hancock

**Lyn Hancock** is an award-winning Australian-Canadian photojournalist, wildlife photographer, and book author.

She has raised numerous orphaned wild animals, including bears, cougars, eagles, puffins, raccoons, and seals. Her experiences have formed the basis of her 20 books, including _There's a Seal in my Sleeping Bag_, _There's a Raccoon in my Parka_, _Love Affair with a Cougar_, and _Tabasco the Saucy Raccoon_.

She has also written travel literature describing her experiences in the Canadian North.

The Simon Fraser University has awarded her one of the 2009 Outstanding Alumni Awards for Arts & Culture.

## Books written

- _There's a Seal in my Sleeping Bag_ (1972)
- _Pacific Wilderness/Wild Islands_ (1974)
- _The Mighty Mackenzie_ (1974)
- _There's a Raccoon in my Parka_ (1977)
- _Love Affair with a Cougar_ (1978)
- _An Ape Came out of my Hatbox_ (1979)
- _Vanderhoof the Town that Wouldn't Wait_ (1979)
- _Gypsy in the Classroom_ (1980)
- _Tell Me, Grandmother_ (1985)
- _Northwest Territories: Canada's Last Frontier_ (1986)
- _Alaska Highway: Road to Adventure_ (1988)
- _Nunavut_ (1995)
- _Looking for the Wild_ (1996)
- _Winging It in the North_ (1996)
- _Yukon_ (1996)
- _Northwest Territories_ (1997)
- _Western Canada Travel Smart_ (1998)
- _Destination Vancouver: a Port City_ (1998)
- _Tabasco the Saucy Raccoon_ (2006)

## Awards

For _There is a Racoon in my Parka_:
- 1978: Francis H. Kortright Conservation Award for Excellence in Outdoor Writing
- 1977: Authors' Literary Guild choice
- 1977: Doubleday Book of the Month Club choice
For _There's a Seal in my Sleeping Bag_:
- 1973: Pacific Northwest Booksellers' Award
- 1972: Book of the Month Club alternate selection
For _Tabasco the Saucy Raccoon_
- 2007: Nominated for the Diamond Willow Award

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Lyn Hancock
- **image**: Author-Lyn Hancock.jpg
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **occupation**: Author
- **nationality**: Canada, Canadian, Australian
- **period**: 1972–present
Satay

**Satay** is a local food of Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore and the Philippines. It is usually made of meat on a stick with onion and gravy along with it.

The dish was invented by Javanese street vendors.
Salinibacter ruber

***Salinibacter ruber*** is an extreme halophile (salt-loving organism) that lives in concentrations of salt from 20 to 30%.
21 Guns

**21 Guns** is a song by American rock band Green Day. It was released in 2009, from their eight studio album, _21st Century Breakdown_.

## Music Video

The music video for this song includes bullets shooting through a house.
Mezzanine

***Mezzanine*** is the third studio album by English trip hop group Massive Attack. It was released on 20 April 1998. It was produced by Massive Attack and Neil Davidge. The album was released by Virgin Records.

The album was provided on their website for legal download many months before the CD release. It was one of the first major uses of the MP3 format by a commercial group. It does not use the jazzy sounds and the rapping of Tricky, similar to what Massive Attack did in _Blue Lines_ and _Protection._ _Mezzanine_ has a dark sound, heavy bass guitars and distorted guitars. This is similar to industrial music and post-punk.

_Mezzanine_ had the number one spot on many music charts. It did this on music charts in the United Kingdom, Australia, Ireland, and New Zealand. It is Massive Attack's best selling album. The album had four singles: "Risingson", "Teardrop", "Angel" and "Inertia Creeps". These singles went on music charts in the United Kingdom.

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Mezzanine
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: Massive Attack
- **released**: 20 April 1998
- **recorded**: 1997–1998
- **genre**: Trip hop, electronica, downtempo
- **length**: 63:29
- **label**: Virgin Records, Virgin
- **producer**: Neil Davidge, Massive Attack
- **prev title**: Protection (album), Protection
- **prev year**: 1994
- **next title**: 100th Window
- **next year**: 2003
California State University

The **California State University** (**CSU**) is a public university system established in 1857 in California. It is one of three public higher education systems in the state, the other two being the University of California system and the California Community College system. The California State University system headquarters are in Long Beach, California.

The CSU system is composed of 23 campuses and has over 417,000 students supported by 47,000 faculties and staff.
It is the largest senior system of higher education in the United States.

CSU prepares about 60 percent of the teachers in the state, 40 percent of the engineering graduates, and more graduates in business, agriculture, communication studies, health, education and public administration than all other California universities and colleges combined. Altogether, about half the bachelor's degrees and a third of the master's degrees awarded annually in California are from the CSU.

Since 1961, nearly 2.5 million alumni have received a bachelor's, master's or doctoral degree from the CSU system which offers more than 1,800 degree programs in 240 subject areas.

## Campuses

The California State University has 23 colleges. They are listed in order from oldest to newest.
|Campus|Founded|Number of Students|Athletic Division|Athletic Conference|Athletic Nickname|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|San Jose|1857|33,282|NCAA Div I (FBS)|Mountain West|Spartans|
|Chico|1887|17,019|NCAA Div II|CCAA|Wildcats|
|San Diego|1897|35,081|NCAA Div I (FBS)|Mountain West|Aztecs|
|San Francisco|1899|28,880|NCAA Div II|CCAA|Gators|
|San Luis Obispo|1901|21,242|NCAA Div I (FCS)|Big West Football: Big Sky|Mustangs|
|Fresno|1911|24,139|NCAA Div I (FBS)|Mountain West|Bulldogs|
|Humboldt|1913|6,983|NCAA Div II|CCAA|Lumberjacks|
|Maritime|1929|911|NAIA|CalPac|Keelhaulers|
|Pomona|1938|27,914|NCAA Div II|CCAA|Broncos|
|Los Angeles|1947|26,361|NCAA Div II|CCAA|Golden Eagles|
|Sacramento|1947|31,156|NCAA Div I (FCS)|Big Sky|Hornets|
|Long Beach|1949|38,074|NCAA Div I (non-football)|Big West|The Beach|
|East Bay|1957|14,705|NCAA Div II|CCAA|Pioneers|
|Fullerton|1957|39,868|NCAA Div I (non-football)|Big West|Titans|
|Stanislaus|1957|10,614|NCAA Div II|CCAA|Warriors|
|Northridge|1958|38,391|NCAA Div I (non-football)|Big West|Matadors|
|Dominguez Hills|1960|17,027|NCAA Div II|CCAA|Toros|
|Sonoma|1960|8,649|NCAA Div II|CCAA|Seawolves|
|San Bernardino|1965|20,311|NCAA Div II|CCAA|Coyotes|
|Bakersfield|1965|11,199|NCAA Div I (non-football)|Big West|Roadrunners|
|San Marcos|1989|14,519|NCAA Div II|CCAA|Cougars|
|Monterey Bay|1994|7,123|NCAA Div II|Otters||
|Channel Islands|2002|7,093|None|N/A|Dolphins|
Chione

**Chione/Khione** (or **Χιόνη**)was the goddess of snow in Greek mythology. Daughter of the river god Nile and the Oceania Callirroi. Snow lived in the fields and was once abused by a farmer. For this reason, Chione/Khione was transformed by the god Mercury, at the behest of the god Zeus, into clouds of snow, which fall and destroy the Spartans.Daughter of Boreus and Oreithyia (the daughter of the king of Athens Erechtheos). Siblings of Chione/Khione were Zetis, Calais and Cleopatra. This Snow gave birth to a god child, Eumolpus from the god Poseidon, and to hide him (for fear that her father would not find out), she threw him into the sea. Nevertheless, Poseidon saved the child and raised him.
Daughter of Arcturus who was kidnapped by Boreas, with whom she had three sons, who became priests of the god Apollo in the country of the Hyperboreans.
In the "Transformations" of the Roman poet Ovid (XI 339) Chione/Khione was the beautiful daughter of Daedalion. With two gods, the god Apollo and the god Mercury, he slept the same night and they had children with her. With Apollo she gave birth to Philammon, who later became king and musician in Phocis, and with Hermes (according to one version) Autolycus, who had the ability to transform what he steals. Having made two gods fall in love with her in one day, Chione/Khione, unable to hide her pride, began to boast of her beauty and womanly qualities, daring to say that she was more beautiful than the goddess Artemis. Hearing this the goddess sent her arrows to take her life.
Suzy Spafford

**Suzy Spafford** (born 1945 in Toledo, Ohio) is an American cartoonist. She is best known for drawing animal characters. Her ***Suzy's Zoo*** picture book is her most successful work. The book's characters have been made into greeting cards, stickers, stationery and calendars. The products are sold in thousands of stores all over the world.  She has also written several dozen books for children, including the _Tales from Duckport_ series. Her pictures have been attracted by a lot of people in San Diego since 1967. She created her own greeting card company, Suzy's Zoo Studios, in 1968.

### Characters

- "Witzy", a baby duck, is the main character of _Suzy's Zoo_. He was based on Suzy's little brother, Johnny.
- "Boof" is Witzy's best friend; a teddy bear. He is an old teddy bear so he is fixed several times by Witzy’s mom.
- "Lulla" is a fashionable and tidy stuffed toy rabbit. She has a wind-up key on her back, and when Witzy turns the key, she begins to sing a sleepy song.
- "Ellie Funt" is a shy stuffed toy elephant. She is made from the old bathrobe by Witzy’s mom.
- "Patches" is a brave stuffed toy giraffe and he follows Witzy at night so Patches is not afraid of the dark. He is always full of energy and impishness.
- "Tickle" is a ladybug who lives in the backyard. By the way, Witzy calls all ladybugs in his backyard "Tickle".
- "Peek-a-boo" is a small snail live in the backyard. She likes to play hide-and-seek with her friends.
- "Zoom-Zoom" is Witzy’s favorite grasshopper. He is always hopping in the backyard.
- "Teeter & Totter" are twin turtles but they have a different color shell. Teeter is a girl and Totter is a boy. They are always together when they play in the backyard.

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Suzy Spafford
- **birth date**: 1945
- **birth place**: Toledo, Ohio
United States
- **nationality**: American
- **notableworks**: _Suzy's Zoo_ characters
- **awards**: National Cartoonist Society Greeting Card Award, 1996
Flavivirus

***Flavivirus*** is a genus of the family Flaviviridae. This genus includes the West Nile virus, dengue fever virus, tick-borne encephalitis virus, yellow fever virus, Zika virus, and several other viruses which may cause encephalitis (swelling in the brain).

_Flaviviruses_ are named for the yellow fever virus - "flavus" means "yellow" in Latin.  (Yellow fever was named because it often caused yellow-colored skin, called jaundice, in its victims.)

_Flaviviruses_ share a common size (40-65 nm) and symmetry (shape), and they look similar under an electron microscope.  They are made of single-stranded RNA.

Humans get these viruses after being bitten by an infected mosquito or tick.  Usually, if a human who has a _Flavivirus_ gets bitten by a healthy mosquito or tick, the human will not have enough of the virus in their blood to infect the insect.  This means humans do not help continue the virus's life cycle (by infecting insects who go on to infect other people).  However, this is not true for yellow fever or dengue fever.

People can also get _Flaviviruses_ in other ways, like:
- Touching the dead bodies of animals who had a _Flavivirus_
- Getting a blood transfusion from someone who has a _Flavivirus_
- Having sex with someone who has a _Flavivirus_: this has been proven true at least for the Zika virus.
- Drinking unpasteurized milk products
- A fetus can get a _Flavivirus_ from its mother during childbirth
It is not likely that animals can spread _Flaviviruses_ directly to humans.  Scientists believe that an mosquito or tick has to bite an infected animal before it can spread the virus to a human by biting that human.  This means that _Flaviviruses_ are probably not contagious diseases.  For example, early tests with yellow fever showed that the disease is not a contagious disease.
Cytomegalovirus

***Cytomegalovirus*** (which means "Large Cell", when translated from Greek _cyto-_, "cell", and _-megalo-_, "large") is a Virus which people get. It's a Herpesvirus and is usually called HCMV (Human Cytomegalovirus) or Human Herpesvirus 5 (HHV-5).

As with all herpesviruses, even without symptoms, the virus can still be in a person for long periods of time, even for life.

Two out of five people in the world have HCMV. More people in developed countries, such as the United States and the United Kingdom, have the condition. In these places, more than half of people have the condition.

There is no treatment or cure, but scientists in the United States are developing vaccines, but none has proven to work fully yet.
Fantasy football

**Fantasy football** is a game where people make up "teams" of real American football players and get points for things that these players do in real games. People playing fantasy football can trade players from one team to another. Fantasy football has become very popular as it can be played on the Internet.
California State University, Long Beach

**California State University, Long Beach** (also known as **Cal State Long Beach**, **Long Beach State**, **CSULB**, **LBSU**, or **The Beach**) is the second largest campus of the California State University (CSU) system and the third largest university in the state of California by enrollment. The University is located at the southeastern coastal tip of Los Angeles County.

CSULB has been recognized repeatedly as one of "America's Best Value Colleges" by the _Princeton Review_. More than 30 factors are considered to rate the colleges in four categories: academics, tuition GPA (the sticker price minus average amount students receive in gift aid scholarships and grants), financial aid (how well colleges meet students' financial need) and student borrowing.

Long Beach State has also been ranked as one of the top five public master's degree-granting institutions in the West by _U.S. News & World Report_'s "America's Best Colleges Guide". It is also home to the largest publicly funded art school west of the Mississippi. The university currently operates with one of the lowest student fees in the country at US $4,370 per year for full-time students having California residence.

Since the 2020–21 school year, Long Beach State has called its sports teams The Beach; the baseball team is also known as the Dirtbags. Before July 2020, the main nickname had been 49ers. Most Beach teams play in the Big West Conference.

## Other websites

- Cal State, Long Beach
- Official Beach athletic website

## Infobox (university)

- **name**: California State University, Long Beach
- **motto**: _Vox Veritas Vita_ (Latin)
- **mottoeng**: "Speak the truth as a way of life."
- **type**: Public university, Public
- **endowment**: $46.3 million [2011]
- **established**: 1949
- **president**: F. King Alexander
- **provost**: Don Para
- **city**: Long Beach, California, Long Beach
- **state**: California
- **country**: United States
- **students**: 36,279 (Fall 2012)
- **undergrad**: 30,931 (Fall 2012)
- **postgrad**: 5,148 (Fall 2012)
- **faculty**: 1,858 (967 full-time)
- **campus**: Urban,
- **former names**: *Los Angeles-Orange County State College (1949–50)
*Long Beach State College (1950–64)
*California State College, [at] Long Beach (1964–72)
- **athletics**: 18 varsity teams,
NCAA Division I (NCAA), Division I
- **mascot**: Prospector Pete
- **nickname**: Long Beach State 49ers, 49ers, The Dirtbags, Dirtbags, The Beach
- **colors**: Or (heraldry), Gold and Sable (heraldry), Black
- **affiliations**: California State University system; Big West Conference,
 Mountain Pacific Sports Federation, American Association of State Colleges and Universities, AASCU, Association of Southeast Asian Institutions of Higher Learning, ASAIHL
- **logo**: Beach-Big.png
- **website**: http://www.csulb.edu/
Hinamatsuri

, also called **Doll's Day** or **Girls' Day,** is a special day in Japan.  _Hinamatsuri_ is celebrated each year on March 3.  This is a day for thinking about the happiness and health of young girls in Japanese families.

## Summary

Since the 8th century, it was traditional to have special days for children twice a year—March 3 for girls and May 5 for boys.

The focus of attention on _Hinamatsuri_ is a display of dolls which are dressed in the fashion of the Heian period.  The group of dolls represent the Imperial court (_hina ningyō_).

The Japanese term for the display steps is .  There may be five or seven steps.

The Kantō region and Kansai region have different placement orders of the dolls from left to right, but the order of dolls per level are the same.

### First platform, the top

The top tier holds two dolls.  They are .
- holds a
- holds a fan

The male doll is traditionally on the right, but sometimes the doll is on the left.

### Second platform

The second tier holds three court ladies . Each holds something to do with sake.

### Third platform

The third tier holds five male musicians .

### Fourth step

Two Imperial ministers (_daijin_) may be displayed on the fourth tier

## Related pages

- Children's Day (Japan)
- Girls' Day (Germany)
Shichi-Go-San

**Shichi-Go-San** (seven-five-three in Japan) is one of the most important events for children in Japan. Every year on November 15, parents whose children are three, five, and seven years old celebrate the growth of their child.

## History

In the past, death rates of infants were higher than present, so children were treated importantly. People have started to celebrate seven, five and three years old of children since the Edo period. Especially, celebrations of seven year old children are most important.

## Custom

On this special day, children wear kimono and they are given chitose-ame. Chitose-ame is a long red and white candy.  This candy means children can grow well. People go to the shrine to play the growth of their children. Also, people sometimes take some pictures to the memory of children.

## Related pages

- Children's Day (Japan)
- Hinamatsuri

### Bibliography

- Chitose-ame/Minatoya
- nihon-bunnka iroha-ziten