juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Promised Land

The **Promised Land** (, translit.: _ha'aretz hamuvtakhat_; , translit.: _ard al-mi'ad; also known as "The Land of Milk and Honey"_) is very important in the Hebrew Bible. It is the land that God promised to Abraham and his descendants. Nowadays, it refers to the restored homeland for the Jewish people, a path to salvation and liberation, or both.

## Related pages

- Book of Genesis
- Canaan
- Conquest of Canaan
- Land of Israel
- Who is a Jew?
Greater Israel

**Greater Israel** (; _Eretz Yisrael Hashlema_) refers to the historic or desired borders of Israel. It is a form of irredentism.
It usually refers to the State of Israel together with the Palestinian territories. It is used in the Bible, sometimes called the Land of Israel. See , , ,  or .
Beitar Illit

**Beitar Illit** (; officially **Betar Illit**; "Illit" is pronounced "ee-leet"; ) is an Israeli settlement organized as a city council,  south of Jerusalem,  in the Judaean Mountains of the West Bank. Beitar Illit, part of the Gush Etzion "settlement bloc",  is one of Israel's largest and most rapidly growing settlements,  and in  had a population of .
Fiery flying serpent

The **fiery flying serpent** is a snake creature mentioned in the Hebrew Bible (Book of Isaiah, the Book of Numbers, etc.). In biology it is the _Echis coloratus_ (saw-scale viper).

## Name

"Fiery flying serpent" is an English translation of the Hebrew words , _shārāp_ (a "fiery serpent") _me‘ōpêp_ ("flying").
Nehushtan

The **Nehushtan** (Hebrew:  _Nəḥuštān_ <span class="IPA" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[nə.ħuʃ.taːn]</span>) is the bronze serpent on a pole first described in the Book of Numbers. God told Moses to make it. This was to cure the Israelites. Those who saw the nehushtan would be cured from the deathly bites of the "fiery serpents". God initially sent the fiery serpents to punish them for speaking against Him and Moses ().

In the biblical Books of Kings (; written c. 550 BCE), King Hezekiah leads an iconoclastic reform. This requires the destruction of "the brazen serpent that Moses had made; for unto those days the children of Israel did burn incense to it; and it was called Nehushtan". The term means "a brazen thing, a mere piece of brass".
Wendelin Werner

**Wendelin Werner** (born 23 September 1968) is a German-born French mathematician. He works on random processes such as self-avoiding random walks, Brownian motion, Schramm–Loewner evolution, and probability theory and mathematical physics. In 2006, he won the Fields Medal "for his contributions to the development of stochastic Loewner evolution, the geometry of two-dimensional Brownian motion, and conformal field theory".  He is professor at ETH Zürich.

He was elected a member of the Academia Europaea in 2008.

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Wendelin Werner
- **image**: Wendelin Werner.jpg
- **caption**: Wendelin Werner at the École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, ENS at Lyon
- **birth place**: Cologne, Germany
- **nationality**: French
- **fields**: Mathematics
- **workplaces**: ETH Zurich
- **alma mater**: École Normale Supérieure
 Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie
- **thesis title**: Quelques propriétés du mouvement brownien plan
- **thesis year**: 1993
- **doctoral advisor**: Jean-François Le Gall
- **notable students**: Vincent Beffara (:de:Vincent_Beffara, de) Julien Dubédat (:de:Julien_Dubedat, de) Christophe Garban
- **awards**: Heinz Gumin Prize (:de:Heinz Gumin Preis für Mathematik der Carl Friedrich von Siemens Stiftung, de)  (2016)
Fields Medal (2006)
 Pólya Prize (SIAM), Pólya Prize (2006)
 Loève Prize (2005)
Grand Prix Jacques Herbrand (2003)
Fermat Prize (2001)
EMS Prize (2000)
 Davidson Prize (1998)
Chief Ahan

**Chief Ahan** was a First Nations leader who was executed  in 1865. He was exonerated by Justin Trudeau, the Prime Minister of Canada, in 2018.
Józefa Joteyko

**Józefa Franciszka Joteyko** (29 January 1866 – 24 April 1928) was a Polish medical doctor, physiologist, psychologist, pedagogist, and co-organizer of special education in Warsaw. She was born on January, 29, 1866, in Poczujki and died on April, 24, 1928, in Warsaw.
Industrial society

In an **industrial society,** people use technology to produce a lot of things (mass production). This leads to a large population with an organized division of labour. This happened to the Western world during the Industrial Revolution. This replaced farming or agrarian societies of the pre-modern age.

The US and many European nations are examples of industrial societies. China and India are also somewhat industrial but large parts of their populations still farm.
CBRE

**CBRE** can refer to:

- Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Explosive Defence Group, a counter-terrorism unit in Singapore.
- CBRE Group, a multinational real estate corporation.
- Certified Broadcast Radio Engineer, a professional title regulated by The Society of Broadcast Engineers.
Ashurst

**Ashurst** may refer to:

### United Kingdom

- Ashurst, Hampshire
    - Served by Ashurst New Forest railway station
- Ashurst, Kent
    - Served by Ashurst (Kent) railway station
- Ashurst, Lancashire
- Ashurst, West Sussex
- Ashurst Wood, West Sussex

### Other places

- Ashurst, Arizona, United States
- Ashhurst, a town in New Zealand

## People

- Henry F. Ashurst (1874–1962), U.S. Senator from Arizona (1912–1941)
- Len Ashurst (born 1939), English footballer and manager
- Mark Ashurst-McGee (born 1969), Mormon historian
- William Ashurst (footballer) (1894–1947), English footballer
- William Ashurst (Lord Mayor of London) (1647–1720), English banker, Sheriff of London, Lord Mayor of London and Member of Parliament
- Bill Ashurst (born 1948), English rugby league footballer
- William Henry Ashurst (judge) (1725–1807), English judge
- William Henry Ashurst (solicitor) (1792–1855), English solicitor
- William Ashhurst (1647–1720), English politician and banker

## Other uses

- Ashurst baronets, an English baronetcy
- Ashurst LLP, an international law firm headquartered in London
Chinese economic reform

The **Chinese economic reform** () refers to the economic reforms in the People's Republic of China between the 1970s and 1990s. They were led by the Communist Party of China and Deng Xiaoping and started in December 1978. They were also called "Socialism with Chinese characteristics".

## Why reform?

Before the eighteenth century, China had one of the world's largest and most advanced economies. Adam Smith agreed. However, Chinese economy began to slow down and even got worse by the 20th century. This was due to things like the First Sino-Japanese War and Second Sino-Japanese War.

Other than that, in 1978 the Chinese economy was on the brink of disaster as a consequence of the decisions of Mao Zedong.

## How did they reform?

The Communist Party began to fix the economy. It introduced market principles in 1978.

Part 1: In the 70s and 80s, they stopped requiring everybody to farm and stopped sending young people to the countryside. They also opened China to foreign investment, allowing people to start businesses. However, most businesses remained owned by the government.

Part 2: In the 80s and 90s, the PRC allowed much more private control of business (less government control, privatization). They removed price controls, protectionist policies, and regulations. Still state monopolies in banking and petroleum remained.

## What happened next?

The private sector grew remarkably, becoming 70% of China's gross domestic product by 2005. From 1978 until 2013, unprecedented growth happened, with the economy increasing by 9.5% each year.

After 2005, Hu Jintao and Wen Jiabao controlled the economy more heavily, reversing some reforms. Xi Jinping undid some more reforms by allowing the government greater control in some areas of the economy.

Chinese society changed a lot because of these reforms. They greatly reduced poverty and increased average income. They have also led to China's rise as a world power.
Round-bottom flask

**Round-bottom flasks** (round-bottomed flasks or RB flasks) are types of flasks having spherical bottoms used as laboratory glassware.

They are used mostly for chemical or biochemical work. Today, they are usually made of heat-resistant borosilicate glass. There is at least one tubular section known as the _neck_ with an opening at the tip. Two or three-necked flasks are made. Round bottom flasks come in many sizes.
Roelof Nelissen

**Roelof Johannes Nelissen** (4 April 1931 – 18 July 2019) was a Dutch politician and businessman. He was a member of the Catholic People's Party (KVP) (now the Christian Democratic Appeal). He was born in Hoofdplaat, Netherlands. Nelissen was the Deputy Prime Minister from 1971 to 1973 and Minister of Finance at the same time during the Barend Biesheuvel ministry. He was the CEO of the AMRO Bank from 1983 to 1991.

Nelissen died on 18 July 2019 in Hilversum, Netherlands at the age of 88.
Jan Terlouw

**Jan Cornelis Terlouw** (15 November 1931 – 16 May 2025) was a Dutch politician, physicist and writer. He was a member of the Democrats 66 (D66) party. Terlouw was born in Kamperveen, Netherlands. He was the Deputy Prime Minister and at the same time the Minister of Economic Affairs from 1981 to 1982 during the Dries van Agt cabinet. A children's writer, his best known work is _Winter in Wartime_ (_Oorlogswinter_, 1972).

Terlouw died in Twello, Netherlands on 16 May 2025, at the age of 93.
Ágnes Heller

**Ágnes Heller** (12 May 1929 – 19 July 2019) was a Hungarian philosopher and educator. She was a member of the Budapest School philosophical forum in the 1960s. She later taught political theory for 25 years at the New School for Social Research in New York City. She was born in Budapest.

Heller drowned while swimming at Lake Balaton in Balatonalmádi, Hungary on 19 July 2019, aged 90.
Masha Gessen

**Masha Gessen** (born **Maria Alexandrovna Gessen** () 13 January 1967) is a Russian-American journalist, author, translator and activist. She is known for being a very vocal critic of the Russian President Vladimir Putin and American President Donald Trump. She was born in Moscow.

Gessen is openly a lesbian. She lives in New York City.

Gessen has written columns for _The New York Times_, _The New York Review of Books_, _The Washington Post_, the _Los Angeles Times_, _The New Republic_, _New Statesman_, _Granta_, _Slate_, _Vanity Fair_, _Harper's Magazine_, _The New Yorker_, and _U.S. News & World Report_.  Since 2017, she has been a staff writer for _The New Yorker_.
Sheila Dikshit

**Sheila Dikshit** (née **Kapoor**; (31 March 1938 – 20 July 2019) was an Indian politician. She was born in Kapurthala, Punjab. Dikshit was a member of the Indian National Congress. She was a member of Lok Sabha (1984–1989), Chief Minister of Delhi (1998–2013) and Governor of Kerala (2014).

Dikshit died at a hospital in New Delhi on 20 July 2019 of cardiac arrest, aged 81.

## Other websites

- Official profile, Government of Delhi website
R. L. Bhatia

**Raghunandan Lal Bhatia** (3 July 1921 – 14 May 2021) was an Indian politician. He was the Governor of Kerala from 23 June 2004 to 10 July 2008 and was the Governor of Bihar from 10 July 2008 to 28 June 2009. He was born in Amritsar, Punjab. Bhatia was first elected to the Lok Sabha in 1972. He was a member of the Indian National Congress. Bhatia retired in 2009.

Bhatia died from COVID-19 at a hospital in Amritsar on 14 May 2021, less than two months before he turned 100.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Raghunandan Lal Bhatia
- **image**: R. L. Bhatia.jpg
- **caption**: Bhatia in 2005
- **order**: 23rd
- **office**: Governor of Bihar
- **term start**: 10 July 2008
- **term end**: 28 June 2009
- **predecessor**: R. S. Gavai
- **successor**: Devanand Konwar
- **1blankname**: Chief Minister
- **1namedata**: Nitish Kumar
- **order1**: 16th
- **office1**: Governor of Kerala
- **term start1**: 23 June 2004
- **term end1**: 10 July 2008
- **1blankname1**: Chief Minister
- **1namedata1**: A. K. Antony
Oommen Chandy
V. S. Achuthanandan
- **predecessor1**: T. N. Chaturvedi

- **successor1**: R. S. Gavai
- **birth place**: Amritsar, Punjab Province (British India), Punjab Province, British Raj, British India
- **death place**: Amritsar, Punjab, India
- **alma mater**: University of the Punjab
- **party**: Indian National Congress
- **parents**: Arooramal Bhatia, Lal Devi Bhatia
Rama Jois

Justice **Mandagadde Rama Jois** (27 July 1931 – 16 February 2021) was an Indian politician, activist and writer. He was a member of Rajya Sabha for the Bharatiya Janata Party. He was the governor of the Jharkhand and Bihar states. He was Chief Justice of the Punjab and Haryana High Court in 1992. He was born in Araga, Shivamogga District.

Jois died of cardiac arrest on 16 February 2021 in Bangalore, India at the age of 89.
S. C. Jamir

**Senayangba Chubatoshi Jamir** (born 17 October 1931) is an Indian politician. He was the Governor of Odisha from 2013 to 2018. He was the Chief Minister of Nagaland, Governor of Maharashtra, Governor of Gujarat, Governor of Goa and Governor of Odisha. Jamir is a member of the Indian National Congress. He was born in Ungma, Nagaland.
K. Sankaranarayanan

**Kateekal Sankaranarayanan** (15 October 1932 – 24 April 2022) was an Indian politician. He was the Governor of Maharashtra from 2010 to 2014. He also was the Governor of Nagaland and Jharkhand. He was a member of the Indian National Congress. He was born in Palakkad, India.

Sankaranarayanan died on 24 April 2022 at his home in Palakkad from problems caused by a stroke, aged 89.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: K Sankaranarayanan
- **image**: K. Sankaranarayanan.jpg
- **caption**: Sankaranarayanan in 2014
- **honorific prefix**: His Excellency
- **birth place**: Palakkad, Malabar District, Madras Presidency, British India (present-day Palakkad district, Kerala, India)
- **death place**: Sekharipuram, Kerala, India
- **order1**: 20th
- **office1**: Governor of Maharashtra
- **term start1**: 22 January 2010
- **term end1**: 24 August 2014
- **1blankname1**: Chief Minister
- **1namedata1**: Ashok Chavan
 Prithviraj Chavan
- **predecessor1**: S C Jamir
- **successor1**: C. Vidyasagar Rao
- **order2**: 5th
- **office2**: Governor of Jharkhand
- **term start2**: 26 July 2009
- **term end2**: 21 January 2010
- **1blankname2**: Chief Minister
- **1namedata2**: Shibu Soren
- **predecessor2**: Syed Sibtey Razi
- **successor2**: M. O. H. Farook
- **order3**: 13th
- **office3**: Governor of Nagaland
- **term start3**: 3 February 2007
- **term end3**: 28 July 2009
- **1blankname3**: Chief Minister
- **1namedata3**: Neiphiu Rio
- **predecessor3**: Shyamal Datta
- **successor3**: Gurbachan Jagat
- **office4**: Governor of Assam

- **term start4**: 26 June 2009
- **term end4**: 27 July 2009
- **1blankname4**: Chief Minister
- **1namedata4**: Tarun Gogoi
- **predecessor4**: Shiv Charan Mathur
- **successor4**: Syed Sibtey Razi
- **office5**: Governor of Arunachal Pradesh

- **term start5**: 4 September 2007
- **term end5**: 26 January 2008
- **1blankname5**: Chief Minister
- **1namedata5**: Dorjee Khandu
- **predecessor5**: S. K. Singh
- **successor5**: Joginder Jaswant Singh
- **term start6**: 7 April 2007
- **term end6**: 14 April 2007
- **1blankname6**: Chief Minister
- **1namedata6**: Gegong Apang
Dorjee Khandu
- **predecessor6**: M. M. Jacob
- **successor6**: S. K. Singh
- **nationality**: Indian
- **spouse**: Prof K Radha
- **children**: One daughter
- **party**: Indian National Congress
R. D. Pradhan

**Ram D. Pradhan** (27 June 1928 – 31 July 2020) was an Indian politician. He was an Indian Administrative Service officer. He was Union Home Secretary and Governor of Arunachal Pradesh during the Rajiv Gandhi government. He was in service of the government of India for 36 years.

Pradhan died on 31 July 2020, aged 92.
Jagannath Pahadia

**Jagannath Pahadia**  (15 January 1932 – 19 May 2021) was an Indian politician. He was known for being the former leader of the Indian National Congress party. He was the Governor of Haryana from 2009 to 2014, Governor of Bihar from 1989 to 1990 and the Chief Minister of Rajasthan from 1980 to 1981. He was born in Rajasthan.

Pahadia died of COVID-19 at a hospital in New Delhi, India on 19 May 2021 at the age of 89.
Axial Age

**Axial Age** (also **Axis Age**, from ) is a term invented by German philosopher Karl Jaspers. It refers to ancient history from the 8th and the 3rd century BCE. He says that this time was a turning point in human history.

New ways of thinking appeared in Iran, India, China and the Greco-Roman world. There were new religions and philosophies. This all happened in places across Eurasia, without obvious contact between the people of these areas.
Attala County, Mississippi

**Attala County** is a county found in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2020 census, 17,889 people lived there. Its county seat is Kosciusko.

## Infobox (u.s. county)

- **county**: Attala County
- **state**: Mississippi
- **founded**: 1833
- **seat wl**: Kosciusko
- **largest city wl**: Kosciusko
- **area total sq mi**: 737
- **area land sq mi**: 735
- **area water sq mi**: 1.7
- **area percentage**: 0.2
- **population as of**: 2020
- **population total**: 17,889
- **population density sq mi**: auto
- **web**: www.attalacounty.net/
- **ex image**: Attala County Mississippi Courthouse.jpg
- **ex image cap**: Attala County courthouse in Kosciusko
- **district**: 2nd
- **time zone**: Central
Franklin County, Mississippi

**Franklin County** is a county found in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2020 census, 7,675 people lived there. Its county seat is Meadville. The county was founded on December 21, 1809 and named for Founding Father Benjamin Franklin.

## Infobox (u.s. county)

- **county**: Franklin County
- **state**: Mississippi
- **ex image**: Franklin MS Courthouse RT.jpg
- **ex image cap**: Franklin County Courthouse, Meadville, Mississippi.
- **founded**: 1809
- **seat wl**: Meadville
- **largest city wl**: Bude
- **city type**: town
- **area total sq mi**: 567
- **area land sq mi**: 564
- **area water sq mi**: 3.0
- **area percentage**: 0.5
- **population as of**: 2020
- **population total**: 7675
- **population density sq mi**: auto
- **web**: www.franklincountyms.com
- **district**: 3rd
- **time zone**: Central
- **named for**: Benjamin Franklin
Jefferson County, Mississippi

**Jefferson County** is a county in the U.S. state of Mississippi; its western border is formed by the Mississippi River. As of the 2020 census, 7,260 people lived there. Its county seat is Fayette. The county was founded in 1799. It is named for U.S. President Thomas Jefferson.

## Infobox (u.s. county)

- **county**: Jefferson County
- **state**: Mississippi
- **ex image**: Christ Church, Church Hill, Mississippi.jpg
- **ex image size**: 220px
- **ex image cap**: Christ Church (Church Hill, Mississippi), Historic Christ Church, Church Hill, Mississippi
- **founded**: 1799
- **seat wl**: Fayette
- **largest city wl**: Fayette
- **area total sq mi**: 527
- **area land sq mi**: 520
- **area water sq mi**: 7.3
- **area percentage**: 1.4
- **population as of**: 2020
- **population total**: 7260
- **population density sq mi**: auto
- **web**: http://www.jeffersoncountyms.com/
- **district**: 2nd
- **time zone**: Central
- **named for**: Thomas Jefferson
Luminous intensity

In photometry, **luminous** **intensity** is a measure of the wavelength-weighted power emitted by a light source in a particular direction per solid angle unit, based on the luminosity function, a standardized model of the sensitivity of the human eye. The SI unit of luminous intensity is the candela (cd), an SI base unit.
Benton County, Mississippi

**Benton County** is a county found in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2020 census, 7,646 people lived there. Its county seat is Ashland.

## Infobox (u.s. county)

- **county**: Benton County
- **state**: Mississippi
- **founded**: 1870
- **seat wl**: Ashland
- **largest city wl**: Hickory Flat
- **city type**: town
- **area total sq mi**: 409
- **area land sq mi**: 407
- **area water sq mi**: 2.0
- **area percentage**: 0.5
- **population as of**: 2020
- **population total**: 7646
- **population density sq mi**: auto
- **web**: http://bentoncountyms.gov/
- **ex image**: Benton County Mississippi Courthouse.jpg
- **ex image cap**: The Old Benton County courthouse in Ashland
- **district**: 1st
- **time zone**: Central
- **named for**: Samuel Benton
Bolivar County, Mississippi

**Bolivar County** is a county located on the western border of the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2020 census, 30,985 people lived there. Its county seats are Rosedale and Cleveland. The county was founded in 1836. It is named in honor of Simón Bolívar, early 19th-century leader of the liberation of many South American colonies from Spain.

## Infobox (u.s. county)

- **county**: Bolivar County
- **state**: Mississippi
- **ex image**: Grover Hotel.JPG
- **ex image cap**: Grover Hotel in National Register of Historic Places in Bolivar County, Mississippi, Downtown Cleveland Historic District.
- **founded**: 1836
- **seat**: Rosedale, Mississippi, Rosedale and Cleveland, Mississippi, Cleveland
- **largest city**: Cleveland
- **area total sq mi**: 906
- **area land sq mi**: 877
- **area water sq mi**: 29
- **area percentage**: 3.2
- **population as of**: 2020
- **population total**: 30985
- **population density sq mi**: auto
- **web**: www.co.bolivar.ms.us
- **district**: 2nd
- **time zone**: Central
- **named for**: Simón Bolívar
Pontotoc County

**Pontotoc County** is the name of two counties in the United States:
- Pontotoc County, Mississippi
- Pontotoc County, Oklahoma
Barton County

**Barton County** is the name of two counties in the United States:
- Barton County, Kansas
- Barton County, Missouri
Robie Creek, Idaho

**Robie Creek** is a census-designated place (CDP) of Idaho in the United States.
Smiths Ferry, Idaho

**Smiths Ferry** is a census-designated place (CDP) in Valley County, Idaho, United States. As of the 2020 census, there were 63 people living there.
Yellow Pine, Idaho

**Yellow Pine** is an unincorporated census-designated place of Valley County in the state of Idaho in the United States.
Garfield, Washington

**Garfield** is a city in Whitman County, Washington, United States. The population was 562 at the 2020 census, down from 597 in 2010.
Leakey, Texas

**Leakey** is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. It is the county seat of Real County.
Chickasaw County, Mississippi

**Chickasaw County** is a county found in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2020 census, 17,106 people lived there. Its county seats are Houston and Okolona.

## Infobox (u.s. county)

- **county**: Chickasaw County
- **state**: Mississippi
- **founded**: 1836
- **seat**: Houston, Mississippi, Houston and Okolona, Mississippi, Okolona
- **largest city**: Houston
- **area total sq mi**: 504
- **area land sq mi**: 502
- **area water sq mi**: 2.5
- **area percentage**: 0.5
- **population as of**: 2020
- **population total**: 17106
- **population density sq mi**: auto
- **web**: www.chickasawcoms.com
- **ex image**: Chickasaw_County_Courthouse.jpg
- **ex image cap**: Chickasaw County Courthouse
- **district**: 1st
- **time zone**: Central
- **named for**: Chickasaw, Chickasaw people
Japonic languages

The **Japonic languages** are a language family made up of languages native to the Japanese islands. Known members of the language family are Japanese and the Ryukyuan languages (Okinawan, Kunigami, Amami, Miyako, Yaeyama and Yonaguni).

All Japonic languages are agglutinative languages with a simple syllable structure and SOV word order. They have many similar features, but they are not mutually intelligible, which means native speakers of one language will not understand the other language without already knowing it.

While Japanese is the ninth most spoken language in the world, the Ryukyuan languages are critically endangered, which means there are very few speakers left. This was largely because of the Japanese government's assimilation of Ryukyu into the mainland Japanese culture. During the Meiji Era, the Japanese government called the Ryukyuan languages “dialects of Japanese”. This was used to forbid Ryukyuans from speaking the Ryukyuan languages and to force them to speak Japanese. In fact, Okinawan soldiers and civilians were put to death for speaking Okinawan during World War II. The Japanese military would accuse them of being spies so they could have an excuse to put them to death.

All of the languages write using a combination of Chinese characters, called kanji in Japanese, and kana, a Japanese-made syllabic writing system made for writing phonetically. This was true even before the Japanese takeover of the Ryukyu Kingdom.
Hakuna matata

**Hakuna matata** means "no worries" in Swahili – a language of East Africa. The phrase was used in the Disney movie _The Lion King_ in a song of the same name.

## Usage

In 2003, Disney trademarked the phrase in the US. In 2018, some people accused the Disney or "colonialism" and "robbery" for stealing the phrase from East Africa. The phrase is popular in Kenya, one of the countries where it came from. However, due to the said trademark, Kenyans are not allowed to sell stuff to the US that use that phrase.
Baltimore oriole

The **Baltimore oriole** (_Icterus galbula_) is a small icterid blackbird. It is common in eastern North America as a migratory breeding bird.

The Baltimore oriole is the state bird of Maryland. It is also the inspiration for the Baltimore Orioles baseball team.
Cosmogony

**Cosmogony** is any theory of the origin of the universe.

### Physics

In astronomy, cosmogony is the study of the origin of things like the universe, the Solar System, or the Earth–Moon system. The popular cosmological model for the birth of the universe is the Big Bang theory.

It is generally accepted that the universe began as a singularity, and when the singularity of the universe started to expand, the Big Bang occurred, which began the universe.

People disagree on the origins of the singularity.

It may be like a black hole, which is a singularity sincegravity in a black hole becomes boundless.

Others like Stephen Hawking say "time" did not exist and was only born with the universe. Hence the universe does not have an origin story. Time did not exist before the creation of the universe.

There is currently no theoretical model that explains the earliest moments of the universe's existence (during the Planck time). This is because we lack a testable theory of quantum gravity. Still, some researchers in string theory, M theory, and loop quantum cosmology have some ideas.

### Mythology

There are certain myths that also propose how the universe was created: for example creation myths in the Bible, the Dào Dé Jīng, and other genesis stories. These usually involve

- a supreme being or god
- birth via sex between male and female gods
- or birth via the cosmic egg

The Eridu Genesis, written on Sumerian tablets, is one of the oldest creation myths. The universe was created from a sea (Abzu). In Greek mythology, Zeus created the universe from chaos. Aztec creation has four versions of earth being created and destroyed, before settling the fifth and current earth. In Bushongo creation, the great god Bumba vomited up the sun, then the earth and everything else.

## It is not the same as cosmology

Cosmology studies the universe in general. You can still study the universe without thinking about its origin, which is what cosmonogy studies specifically.
Glauber dynamics

In statistical physics, **Glauber dynamics** is a way to simulate the Ising model (a model of magnetism) on a computer. It is a type of Markov Chain Monte Carlo algorithm.

## The algorithm

In the Ising model, we have say N particles that can spin up (+1) or down (-1). Say the particles are on a 2D grid. We label each with an x and y coordinate. Glauber's algorithm becomes:

1. Choose a particle  at random.
1. Sum its four neighboring spins. .
1. Compute the change in energy if the spin x, y were to flip. This is  (see the Hamiltonian for the Ising model).
1. If  flip the spin. That is if flipping reduces the energy, then do it.
1. Else flip the spin with probability  where T is the temperature.
1. Display the new grid. Repeat the above N times.

This tries to approximate how the spins change over time. The fancy term is that it is part of nonequilibrium statistical mechanics, which roughly studies the time-dependent behavior of statistical mechanics.

## History

The algorithm is named after Roy J. Glauber, Nobel Prize winner and a Harvard physicist who worked at Los Alamos.

## Related pages

- Metropolis algorithm
- Ising model
- Monte Carlo algorithm
- Simulated annealing
Fort William, India

Fort William was the fort that was granted (Britishers were allowed to construct it on the grounds of Bengal) to the Britishers by the Nawab of Bengal for their short termed loyalty and sincerity they showed towards the Nawab.

## Infobox (military structure)

- **name**: **Fort William**
- **location**: Kolkata, India
- **image**: Fortwilliam1828.jpg
- **image size**: 300px
- **caption**: Fort William, a view from the inside, c. 1828
- **type**: Fortress, garrisoned and armoured Army Headquarters.
- **built**: 1696-1702
- **used**: 1781 - present
- **controlledby**: British East India Company
Siraj Ud Daulah
Indian Army (Current)
- **garrison**: Eastern Command (India), Eastern Command
- **battles**: Battle of Plassey
Tuvan People's Republic

**Tuvan People's Republic** was a partially recognized state that existed from 1921 to 1944. After 1944 it became part of the Soviet Union. Until 1926, it was also known as **People's Republic Tannu-Tuva**. Only two states recognized the it: the Soviet Union and Mongolia. Even when it existed, it was seen as a puppet state of the Soviet Union. Its economy was largely based on nomads raising and selling cattle. The republic was between the Siberian part of Russia, and Mongolia. The capital was the city of Kyzyl. Since 1992, the territory is known as the Tuvan Republic. It is a self-governing part inside the Russian state.

## Infobox (country)

- **conventional long name**: Tuvan People's Republic
- **common name**: Tuvan People's Republic
- **status**: Satellite state of the Soviet Union
- **p1**: Uryankhay Krai
- **flag p1**: Flag of Uriankhai (1918-1921).svg
- **p2**: White movementRussian Occupation
- **flag p2**: Flag of Russia.svg
- **p3**: Occupation of MongoliaChinese Occupation
- **flag p3**: Flag of the Republic of China (1912-1928).svg
- **s1**: Tuvan Autonomous Oblast
- **flag s1**: Flag of the Soviet Union (1936–1955).svg
- **image flag**: Flag of the Tuvan People's Republic (1943-1944).svg
- **flag type**: Flag of the Tuvan People's Republic#Tuvan People's Republic, Flag
(1935–1939)
- **flag caption**: Flag from 1943–1944
- **image coat**: Emblem of the Tuvan People's Republic (1943-1944).svg
- **symbol type**: Coat of arms of the Tuva Republic#Historical coats of arms, Emblem
(1943–1944)
- **national anthem**: Tooruktug Dolgay Tangdym

- **image map**: Uryankhay-Tuva AO.png
- **image map caption**: Blue line is the early border of the TPR. Red line is the Tuvan Autonomous Oblast border.
- **image map2**: Tuva map.png
- **map caption2**: Location of the Tuvan People's Republic (modern-day boundaries).
- **capital**: Kyzyl
- **legislature**: People's Khural
- **government type**: Unitary state, Unitary Marxist-Leninist single-party socialist republic
- **title leader**: List of leaders of Communist Tuva#Heads of party, First Secretary and Leader
- **leader1**: Mongush Nimachap
- **year leader1**: 1921–1922 <small>(first)</small>
- **leader2**: Salchak Toka
- **year leader2**: 1932–1944 <small>(last)</small>
- **title representative**: List of leaders of Communist Tuva#Heads of state, Head of state
- **year representative1**: 1921 <small>(first)</small>
- **representative2**: Khertek Anchimaa-Toka
- **year representative2**: 1940–1944 <small>(last)</small>
- **title deputy**: List of leaders of Communist Tuva#Heads of government, Head of government
- **deputy1**: Sodnam Balkhyr
- **year deputy1**: 1921–1922 <small>(first)</small>
- **year deputy2**: 1941–1944 <small>(last)</small>
- **era**: Interwar period, World War II
- **event start**: Independence
- **date start**: 14 August
- **year start**: 1921
- **event end**: Annexed by the USSR
- **date end**: 11 October
- **year end**: 1944
- **stat year1**: 1931
- **stat year2**: 1944
- **stat pop1**: 82,200
- **stat pop2**: 95,400
- **currency**: Tuvan akşa
- **today**: Russia
Mark Sanford

**Marshall Clement "Mark" Sanford Jr.** (born May 28, 1960) is an American politician. He is a member of the Republican. He was a U.S. Representative for South Carolina's 1st congressional district from 1995 to 2001. Sanford was then elected Governor of South Carolina from 2003 until 2011. He ran again for the U.S. House and was a congressman from 2013 to 2019. He lost in the 2018 Republican primary for his re-election bid.

Sanford is a teaching fellow at the University of Chicago Institute of Politics.

In July 2019, Sanford said that he was thinking of a 2020 presidential bid against President Donald Trump for the Republican nomination. He formally announced his candidacy on September 8, 2019. He dropped out from the race two months later on November 12.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Mark Sanford
- **image**: Mark Sanford, Official Portrait, 113th Congress.jpg
- **order**: 115th Governor of South Carolina
- **lieutenant**: André Bauer
- **term start**: January 15, 2003
- **term end**: January 12, 2011
- **predecessor**: Jim Hodges
- **successor**: Nikki Haley
- **state1**: South Carolina
- **term start1**: May 15, 2013
- **term end1**: January 3, 2019
- **predecessor1**: Tim Scott
- **successor1**: Joe Cunningham (American politician), Joe Cunningham
- **term start2**: January 3, 1995
- **term end2**: January 3, 2001
- **predecessor2**: Arthur Ravenel Jr., Arthur Ravenel
- **successor2**: Henry E. Brown Jr., Henry Brown
- **birth name**: Marshall Clement Sanford Jr.
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **children**: 4
- **education**: Furman University (Bachelor of Arts, BA)
University of Virginia (Master of Business Administration, MBA)
- **net worth**: $4.51 million (2014)
- **signature**: Mark Sanford signature.svg
- **serviceyears**: 2003–2013
- **rank**:  Captain (United States), Captain
- **unit**: 315th Airlift Wing
315th Aeromedical Evacuation Squadron
Charleston Air Force Base
Air Force Reserve Command
Word (computer architecture)

A **word** is the number of bits a particular computer's CPU can deal with in one go.

Modern processors, including those in embedded systems, usually have a word size of 8, 16, 24, 32, or 64 bits.
Raffaele La Capria

**Raffaele La Capria** (3 October 1922 – 26 June 2022) was an Italian novelist and screenwriter. He was known for his series of three novels (the most important is "Ferito a morte") which were known as _Tre romanzi di una giornata_. La Capria was born in Naples. He was married to actress Ilaria Occhini until her death in July 2019.

He worked as co-scriptwriter on many of Francesco Rosi's movies, including _Le mani sulla città_ (1963), _Uomini contro_ (1970) and _Cristo si è fermato a Eboli_ (1979). In September 2001 he won a Premio Campiello lifetime achievement award and in 2005 _L'estro quotidiano_ was selected as the winner of the Viareggio Prize for fiction.

La Capria died on 26 June 2022 in Rome, Italy at the age of 99.
Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow

**Gurbanguly Mälikgulyýewiç Berdimuhamedow** (born 29 June 1957) is a Turkmen politician. He was the 2nd President of Turkmenistan from 2007 until 2022.

Berdimuhamedow, a dentist, worked in the government under President Saparmurat Niyazov as Minister of Health. He is the first dentist in the world to head a state or a government.

In February 2022, Berdimuhamedow announced his plans not to run for re-election in 2022.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **honorific prefix**: Arkadag
- **name**: Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow
- **image**: File:Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedov in July 2025 (cropped).jpg
- **office**: 2nd President of Turkmenistan
- **term start**: 21 December 2006
- **term end**: 19 March 2022

- **predecessor**: Saparmurat Niyazov
- **successor**: Serdar Berdimuhamedow
- **vicepresident**: Raşit Meredow
- **office1**: Leader of the Democratic Party of Turkmenistan, Democratic Party
- **term start1**: 21 December 2006
- **term end1**: 18 August 2013

- **predecessor1**: Saparmurat Niyazov
- **successor1**: Kasymguly Babaev
- **office2**: Vice President of Turkmenistan, First Vice President of Turkmenistan
- **president2**: Saparmurat Niyazov
- **term start2**: 1 March 2001
- **term end2**: 14 February 2007
- **predecessor2**: Orazgeldi Aýdogdyew
- **successor2**: Raşit Meredow
- **birth name**: Gurbanguly Mälikgulyýewiç Berdimuhamedow
- **birth place**: Ahal Region, Babarap, Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic, Turkmen SSR, Soviet Union
- **party**: Democratic Party of Turkmenistan, Democratic
Independent politician, Independent
- **alma mater**: Turkmen State Medical Institute
- **children**: 4; including Serdar Berdimuhamedow, Serdar
- **spouse**: Ogulgerek Berdimuhamedova
- **rank**: :ru:Генерал армии (государства Средней Азии), General of the Army
Raşit Meredow

**Raşit Öwezgeldiýewiç Meredow** (Cyrillic: Рашит Өвезгелдиевич Мередов; born 1959) is a Turkmen politician. He is the Minister of Foreign Affairs since 2001, as well as a Deputy Chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers of Turkmenistan. He is also the First Vice President of Turkmenistan since 2007 working for the Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow administration.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Raşit Meredow
- **image**: File:Rashid Meredov 2025 (cropped).jpg
- **office1**: Vice President of Turkmenistan, First Vice President of Turkmenistan
- **term start1**: 17 February 2007
- **president1**: Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow
Serdar Berdimuhamedow
- **predecessor1**: Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow
- **office2**: Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Turkmenistan), Minister of Foreign Affairs
- **term start2**: July 2001
- **predecessor2**: Batyr Berdiýew
- **office3**: List of Chairmen of the Assembly of Turkmenistan, Chairman of the Assembly of Turkmenistan
- **term start3**: 7 May 2001
- **term end3**: 7 July 2001
- **predecessor3**: Sakhat Muradow
- **successor3**: Redzhepbay Arayow
- **birth place**: Ashgabat, Turkmen SSR, Soviet Union
- **children**: Kerim Meredov
- **alma mater**: Moscow State University
- **birthname**: Raşit Öwezgeldiýewiç Meredow
- **nationality**: Turkmenistan, Turkmen
- **party**: Democratic Party of Turkmenistan
Eberhard Kummer

**Eberhard Kummer** (2 August 1940 – 12 July 2019) was an Austrian folk singer and lawyer. He was an expert of medieval music. Kummer was born in Krems an der Donau, Austria.  He played the hurdy-gurdy, the harp and the guitar, and made important works to medieval music and the Austrian folksong.

Kummer died on 12 July 2019 in Vienna at the age of 78.
Rosa María Britton

**Rosa María Britton** (July 28, 1936 – July 16, 2019) was a Panamanian doctor and novelist. She was born in Panama City. Her best known novels were: _El ataúd de uso_ (1983), _El señor de las lluvias y el viento_ (1984), _No pertenezco a este siglo_ (1991), _Laberintos de orgullo_ (2002) and _Suspiros de fantasmas_ (2005).

Britton died on July 16, 2019 in Panama City at the age of 82.
Daniel Callahan

**Daniel Callahan** (July 19, 1930 – July 16, 2019) was an American philosopher. He was an important person towards the field of biomedical ethics. He was the co-founder of The Hastings Center, the world's first bioethics research institute. He was the Director of The Hastings Center from 1969 to 1983, president from 1984 to 1996, and president emeritus from 1996 to 2019. He was the author or editor of 47 books. He was born in Washington, D.C..

Callahan died on July 16, 2019 in Dobbs Ferry, New York at the age of 88.
John Elya

**John Adel Elya** (16 September 1928 – 19 July 2019) was a bishop of the Melkite Greek Catholic Church. From 1993 to 2004, he was Eparch of Newton, with jurisdiction over Melkite churches in the United States. He was born in Maghdouché, Lebanon.

Elya died on 19 July 2019 at the age of 90.
Bert Rechichar

**Albert Daniel "Bert" Rechichar** (July 16, 1930 – July 19, 2019) was an American football defensive back and kicker. He played with the National Football League's Cleveland Browns, Baltimore Colts, and Pittsburgh Steelers from 1952 to 1960. He also played for the American Football League's New York Titans in 1961. He was born in Belle Vernon, Pennsylvania.

Rechichar died on July 19, 2019 in Belle Vernon, Pennsylvania from an illness, aged 89.
Belle Vernon, Pennsylvania

**Belle Vernon** is a borough in Fayette County, Pennsylvania, United States. It is near the Monongahela River. As of the 2020 census Belle Vernon had a population of 1,024.
Ilaria Occhini

**Ilaria Occhini** (28 March 1934 – 20 July 2019) was an Italian actress. She starred in more than 30 movies. Her best known roles were _Doctor and the Healer_, _Welcome to Home Gori_ and _Loose Cannons_. Her husband was screenwriter Raffaele La Capria.

Occhini died in Rome on 20 July 2019 at the age of 85.

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: Ilaria Occhini 1965b.jpg
- **caption**: Ilaria Occhini in Rome in 1965
- **name**: Ilaria Occhini
- **birth place**: Florence, Italy
- **death place**: Rome, Italy
- **occupation**: Actress
- **yearsactive**: 1954–2019
José Manuel Estepa Llaurens

**José Manuel Estepa Llaurens** (1 January 1926 – 21 July 2019) was a cardinal of the Catholic Church and Military Archbishop Emeritus of Spain from 1986 to 2003. He was born in Andújar, Spain.

He was created Cardinal-Priest of _S. Gabriele Arcangelo all’Acqua Traversa_ by Pope Benedict XVI in a consistory at St. Peter's Basilica on 20 November 2010. Because he had already reached age 80, he was not eligible to participate in a conclave.

Estepa Llaurens died on 21 July 2019 in Madrid at the age of 93.
Louis Lansana Beavogui

**Louis Lansana Beavogui** (28 December 1923 – 19 August 1984) was a Guinean politician. He was the first Prime Minister of Guinea from 26 April 1972 to 3 April 1984 and was interim President from 26 March 1984 to 3 April 1984.

Beavogui was born on 28 December 1923 in Macenta, French Guinea (now Guinea) and died of diabetes while hospitalized in Conakry, Guinea on 19 August 1984, aged 60.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Louis Lansana Beavogui
- **image**: Louis Lansana Beavogui.png
- **birth place**: Macenta, French Guinea <small>(now Guinea)</small>
- **death place**: Conakry, Guinea
- **office**: List of Presidents of Guinea, President of Guinea

- **term start**: 26 March 1984
- **term end**: 3 April 1984
- **predecessor**: Ahmed Sékou Touré
- **successor**: Lansana Conté
- **office1**: 1st List of Prime Ministers of Guinea, Prime Minister of Guinea
- **term start1**: 26 April 1972
- **term end1**: 3 April 1984
- **predecessor1**: Post established
- **successor1**: Diarra Traoré
Choctaw County, Mississippi

**Choctaw County** is a county in the central U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2020 census, 8,246 people lived there. The county seat is Ackerman.

## Infobox (u.s. county)

- **county**: Choctaw County
- **state**: Mississippi
- **ex image**: Mississippi Cabin 2 (8729953516).jpg
- **ex image cap**: French Camp. Historic Mississippi cabin.
- **founded**: 1833
- **seat wl**: Ackerman
- **largest city wl**: Ackerman
- **city type**: town
- **area total sq mi**: 420
- **area land sq mi**: 418
- **area water sq mi**: 1.7
- **area percentage**: 0.4
- **population as of**: 2020
- **population total**: 8246
- **population density sq mi**: auto
- **web**: http://choctawcountyms.com/
- **district**: 1st
- **time zone**: Central
- **named for**: Choctaw, Choctaw people
Claiborne County, Mississippi

**Claiborne County** is a county found in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2020 census, 9,135 people lived there. Its county seat is Port Gibson.

## Infobox (u.s. county)

- **county**: Claiborne County
- **state**: Mississippi
- **founded**: 1802
- **seat wl**: Port Gibson
- **largest city**: Port Gibson
- **area total sq mi**: 501
- **area land sq mi**: 487
- **area water sq mi**: 14
- **area percentage**: 2.8
- **population as of**: 2020
- **population total**: 9135
- **population density sq mi**: auto
- **web**: https://www.ccmsgov.us
- **ex image**: ClaiborneCourthouseConfederate31Aug08.jpg
- **ex image cap**: Claiborne County courthouse and Confederate Monument in Port Gibson
- **district**: 2nd
- **time zone**: Central
- **named for**: William C. C. Claiborne
Clarke County, Mississippi

**Clarke County** is a county found in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2020 census, 15,615 people lived there. Its county seat is Quitman.

## Infobox (u.s. county)

- **county**: Clarke County
- **state**: Mississippi
- **founded**: December 23, 1833
- **seat wl**: Quitman
- **largest city wl**: Quitman
- **area total sq mi**: 694
- **area land sq mi**: 692
- **area water sq mi**: 2.0
- **area percentage**: 0.3
- **population as of**: 2020
- **population total**: 15615
- **population density sq mi**: auto
- **ex image**: Clarke County Mississippi Courthouse.jpg
- **ex image cap**: Clarke County courthouse and Confederate monument in Quitman
- **district**: 3rd
- **time zone**: Central
Neshoba County, Mississippi

**Neshoba County** is a county found in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2020 census, 29,087 people lived there. Its county seat is Philadelphia.

## Infobox (u.s. county)

- **county**: Neshoba County
- **state**: Mississippi
- **type**: County (United States), U.S. county
- **founded**: 1833
- **seat wl**: Philadelphia
- **largest city wl**: Philadelphia
- **area total sq mi**: 572
- **area land sq mi**: 570
- **area water sq mi**: 1.5
- **area percentage**: 0.3
- **population as of**: 2020
- **population total**: 29087
- **population density sq mi**: auto
- **web**: www.neshobacounty.net
- **ex image**: Neshoba County Mississippi Courthouse.jpg
- **ex image cap**: Neshoba County courthouse and Confederate Monument in Philadelphia
- **district**: 3rd
- **time zone**: Central
- **named for**: Choctaw language, Choctaw for “wolf”
Copiah County, Mississippi

**Copiah County** is a county found in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2020 census, 28,368 people lived there. Its county seat is Hazlehurst.

## Infobox (u.s. county)

- **county**: Copiah County
- **state**: Mississippi
- **ex image**: US POST OFFICE - HAZLEHURST, COPIAH COUNTY, MS.jpg
- **ex image cap**: US Post Office in Hazlehurst
- **founded year**: 1823
- **seat wl**: Hazlehurst
- **largest city wl**: Crystal Springs
- **area total sq mi**: 779
- **area land sq mi**: 777
- **area water sq mi**: 2.2
- **area percentage**: 0.36
- **population as of**: 2020
- **population total**: 28368
- **population density sq mi**: auto
- **web**: www.copiahcounty.org
- **district**: 2nd
- **time zone**: Central
Covington County, Mississippi

**Covington County** is a county found in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2020 census, 18,340 people lived there. Its county seat is Collins.

## Infobox (u.s. county)

- **county**: Covington County
- **state**: Mississippi
- **founded**: 1819
- **seat wl**: Collins
- **largest city wl**: Collins
- **area total sq mi**: 415
- **area land sq mi**: 414
- **area water sq mi**: 1.1
- **area percentage**: 0.3
- **population as of**: 2020
- **population total**: 18340
- **population density sq mi**: auto
- **web**: www.covingtoncountyms.gov
- **ex image**: Covington County Courthouse.jpg
- **ex image cap**: Covington County Courthouse
- **district**: 3rd
- **time zone**: Central
- **named for**: Leonard Covington
Forrest County, Mississippi

**Forrest County** is a county found in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2020 census, 78,158 people lived there. Its county seat and largest city is Hattiesburg.

## Infobox (u.s. county)

- **county**: Forrest County
- **state**: Mississippi
- **ex image**: Hattiesburg District Courthouse.jpg
- **ex image size**: 220px
- **ex image cap**: Hattiesburg Municipal Court
- **founded**: 1908
- **seat wl**: Hattiesburg
- **largest city wl**: Hattiesburg
- **area total sq mi**: 470
- **area land sq mi**: 466
- **area water sq mi**: 3.9
- **area percentage**: 0.8
- **population as of**: 2020
- **population total**: 78158
- **population density sq mi**: auto
- **web**: http://forrestcountyms.us/
- **district**: 4th
- **time zone**: Central
- **named for**: Nathan B. Forrest