juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Marie Picasso

**Marie Picasso** (born 24 April 1979) is a Swedish reality show star, model and singer who rose to fame in 2002 when she was a housemate on Big Brother. She later got a job as a game show host on TV4 leading two different game shows. In 2007 she entered Idol 2007 where she is currently in the top 10 of the Swedish version of Pop Idol. Picasso won Pop idol on 7 December 2007 in Globen Arena in Stockholm with 51,3% of the votes and she won over the first runner up Amanda Jenssen. Her debut single is called "This Moment".

## Source

- From Big Brother to Idol 2007
Eulipotyphla

The **Eulipotyphla** is an order of mammals. It was formed from those insectivorous mammals which are monophyletic, a single clade. The old order Insectivora is now abandoned because it was polyphyletic. The new order Eulipotyphla has been shown to be monophyletic.

The term **insectivorous** (insect eating) can still be used to describe lifestyle. It explains the food habits of this and some other groups of mammals, They are more closely related to Carnivora (cats, dogs, bears), Pholidota (pangolins), Chiroptera (bats), and Perissodactyla (equids). As part of the superorder Laurasiatheria.

## Lifestyles

Although moles and shrews are not all strictly insectivorous, insects and other small animal life make up the main food of most members of the group. Some kinds, the otter shrews of Africa and the star-nosed mole of North America, for example, feed also upon fish. The Townsend mole of the Pacific Northwest often is a nuisance to bulb growers because of its fondness for the bulbs of many kinds of plants.

Moles, as a group, are subterranean in habit. They spend most of their lives in the darkness of underground tunnels which they dig for themselves. The eyes of all moles are very small, in some species actually not opening to the outside, and of little value to them: vestigial organs. On the other hand, their senses of touch and smell are highly developed.

## Classification

- **ORDER Eulipotyphla** (old 'Insectivora')
    - **Family Erinaceidae**
        - Subfamily Erinaceinae: hedgehogs
        - Subfamily Hylomyinae: moonrats and gymnures
    - **Family Soricidae** (true shrews)
        - Subfamily Crocidurinae: white-toothed shrews
        - Subfamily Soricinae: red-toothed shrews
        - Subfamily Myosoricinae: African white-toothed shrews
    - **Family Talpidae**
        - Subfamily Desmaninae: desmans
        - Subfamily Talpinae: moles
        - Subfamily Uropsilinae: shrew moles
    - **Family Solenodontidae**: solenodons
    - **Family Nesophontidae**: extinct West Indian shrews

## Discards

The following groups are now placed in other orders:

- Order Afrosoricida
        - Suborder Chrysochloridea
            - Family Chrysochloridae (golden moles)
        - Suborder Tenrecomorpha
            - Family Tenrecidae (tenrecs)
    - Order Macroscelidea
        - Family Macroscelididae (elephant shrews)
    - Order Scandentia
        - Family Tupaiidae (treeshrews)
    - Order Dermoptera
        - Family Cynocephalidae (colugos)

## References

**Notes**
Bad Kissingen

**Bad Kissingen** is a city in Bavaria, Germany. About 22,421 people lived there in 2020.

## History

It was first mentioned in 801 CE. It is a "spa town", a place where people go to rest and relax. The well that is the source of the spa was first mentioned in 823 CE.

## Well-known people

- Jack Steinberger (born 1921), American physicist and Nobel Prize winner

## Infobox (german location)

- **type**: Stadt
- **image coa**: DEU Bad Kissingen COA.svg
- **image photo**: Badkissingen.jpg
- **image caption**: Bad Kissingen viewed from Bodenlaube ruins
- **image plan**: Bad Kissingen in KG.svg
- **state**: Bayern
- **region**: Unterfranken
- **district**: Bad Kissingen
- **elevation**: 220
- **area**: 69.42
- **population**: 21703
- **stand**: 2007-01-02
- **postal code**: 97688
- **area code**: 0971
- **licence**: KG
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 09 6 72 114
- **divisions**: 9 Stadtteile
- **mayor**: Kay Blankenburg
- **bürgermeistertitel**: Oberbürgermeister
- **party**: SPD
Hostel

A **hostel** is a place that rents beds to travelers. They are cheaper than hotels and offer less privacy and a community experience.
Reuters

**Reuters** ( ) is a British news agency owned by Thomson Reuters Corporation. It employs around 2,500 journalists and 600 photojournalists in about 200 locations worldwide. Reuters is one of the largest news agencies in the world.

The agency was established in London in 1851 by the German-born Paul Reuter. It was bought by the Thomson Corporation of Canada in 2008.

### 19th century

Paul Reuter worked at a book-publishing firm in Berlin. He gave out radical pamphlets at the beginning of the Revolutions in 1848. In 1850, Reuter developed a news service in Aachen using homing pigeons and electric telegraphy from 1851 on.

Reuter moved to London in 1851 and established a news wire agency at the London Royal Exchange. Reuter's company covered topics like commercial news, serving banks, brokerage houses, and business firms. Reuter's company started becoming famous for reporting on important topics first many times. For example, it was the first in Europe to report Abraham Lincoln's assassination in 1865.

In 1872, Reuter's expanded into the Far East, followed by South America in 1874. In 1878, Reuter retired as managing director. He was replaced by his eldest son, Herbert de Reuter. In 1883, Reuter's began transmitting messages electrically to London newspapers.

### 20th century

Reuter's son Herbert de Reuter continued as general manager until his death by suicide in 1915. The company returned to private ownership in 1916 and the company was renamed to "Reuters Limited", removing the apostrophe. In 1925, the Press Association (PA) of Great Britain became very interested in Reuters and some years later got full ownership. In 1945, Reuters was the first broadcasting company to broadcast news of Heinrich Himmler's attempts to negotiate with the western allies through Count Bernadotte, a Swedish nobleman.

## References

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## Other websites

- Times of Crisis – multimedia interactive charting the year of global change
- Bearing Witness award-winning multimedia reflecting on war in Iraq
- Reuters – The State of the World – News imagery of the 21st century
- Thomson Reuters Foundation  – philanthropic foundation

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: Reuters
- **logo**: Reuters Logo.svg
- **image**: Reuters-Building-30SC.JPG
- **image caption**: Former Reuters building, London
- **type**: Independent business
- **industry**: News agency
- **founder**: Paul Julius Reuter
- **location**: City of London, London, England, United Kingdom
- **area served**: Worldwide
- **num employees**: 2500
- **parent**: Thomson Reuters
Associated Press

The **Associated Press** (also called the **AP** and **AP Wire**) is an American non-profit news agency company.  It is based in New York City. The AP is a non-profit cooperative owned by the major United States daily newspapers, radio and television stations who share its news stories. Most articles are written by staff members belonging to the Newspaper Guild Union, a part of the AFL-CIO. Many news organizations that are not members pay a fee to use the stories. The AP has more than 250 local news offices in more than 100 countries. The editor in chief for the education department is Jeffery Orr.

In 2013 the United States Department of Justice announced it had secretly obtained records of telephone calls by AP a few months before the 2012 United States presidential election. Associated Press CEO Gary Pruitt called the DOJ action: a 'massive and unprecedented intrusion' of Freedom of the Press rights, according to Fox News. Eric Holder, the United States Attorney General, claimed that he was not involved.

## See

- AP official website
AP

AP can mean:
- Associated Press - a news agency
- Advanced Placement - a program that allows college level classes to be taken at school
BBC News (TV channel)

**BBC News** is a free news channel, broadcast by BBC. It began on 9th November 1997 as BBC News 24 until it was rebranded to its current name on 21 April 2008. The BBC's website, bbc.co.uk, also features a section called BBC News. This section contains news articles and videos of broadcasts from the news channel.

## Other websites

- BBC News at TV ARK
- The BBC News Styleguide

## BBC News HD

BBC News HD was launched on 10 December 2013 alongside the sister channels CBeebies HD, CBBC HD, BBC Four HD and BBC Three HD.
Saxe-Jena

The **Duchy of Saxe-Jena** was one of the Ernestine duchies of the House of Wettin.

Part of the Duchy of Saxe-Weimar was given to Bernhard, the fourth son of Wilhelm, Duke of Saxe-Weimar in 1672. The second duke had no male heirs to inherit the title, so the territory was taken back by Saxe-Weimar when the second duke died in 1690. .

## Dukes of Saxe-Jena

- Bernhard (1672 – 1678)
- Johann Wilhelm (1678 – 1690)
_Reincorporated into Saxe-Weimar_

## Infobox (former country)

- **native name**: _Herzogtum Sachsen-Jena_
- **conventional long name**: Duchy of Saxe-Jena
- **common name**: Saxe-Jena
- **continent**: Europe
- **region**: Central Europe
- **country**: Germany
- **era**: Middle Ages
- **status**: Vassal
- **empire**: Holy Roman Empire
- **government type**: Principality
- **year start**: 1672
- **year end**: 1690
- **event start**: Partitioned from
    Saxe-Weimar
- **date start**:  
1672
- **event end**: Ducal line extinct;
    restored to Saxe-Weimar
- **date end**:  
1690
- **p1**: Saxe-Weimar
- **image p1**:
- **s1**: Saxe-Weimar
- **image s1**:
- **image map**: SajoniaJena.jpg
- **image map caption**: Saxe-Jena, shown with the other Ernestine duchies
- **capital**: Jena
Alligatoridae

**Alligators** and **Caimans** make up the second largest family of the crocodilians, ***Alligatoridae***. There are 4 genera and about 7 known species of Alligatorids. Alligatorids range in size depending on species. The Chinese alligator (_Aligator sinensis_) is usually about  while the American Alligator (_A. mississippiensis_) is usually . The largest American alligator was  long. The Black Caiman of the Amazon can reach as much as .

Alligatorids live in the southern United States, Central America, northern South America and near the Yangzee river in China.

## Alligators vs crocodiles

There are several differences between alligators and crocodiles. Alligators have shorter and wider snouts. They prefer fresh water to saltwater. Crocodiles have a gland that removes much of the salt. Alligators do not have this gland. In alligators, the fourth tooth of their lower jaw fits into a pit in the upper jaw. In crocodilians this tooth fits into a groove on the outside of the jaw. Alligators are also less aggressive than crocodilids. Usually only the largest of the species are a threat to humans.

## Species

- **ORDER Crocodilia**
    - **Family Alligatoridae**
        - Genus _Leidyosuchus_ (extinct)
        - Genus _Deinosuchus_ (extinct)
        - **Subfamily Alligatorinae**
            - Genus _Albertochampsa_ (extinct)
            - Genus _Chrysochampsa_ (extinct)
            - Genus _Hassiacosuchus_ (extinct)
            - Genus _Navahosuchus_ (extinct)
            - Genus _Ceratosuchus_ (extinct)
            - Genus _Allognathosuchus_ (extinct)
            - Genus _Hispanochampsa_ (extinct)
            - Genus _Arambourgia_ (extinct)
            - Genus _Procaimanoidea_ (extinct)
            - Genus _Wannaganosuchus_ (extinct)
            - Genus _Alligator_
                - _Alligator prenasalis_ (extinct)
                - _Alligator mcgrewi_ (extinct)
                - _Alligator olseni_ (extinct)
                - Chinese Alligator, _Alligator sinensis _
                - _Alligator mefferdi_ (extinct)
                - American Alligator, _Alligator mississippiensis_
        - **Subfamily Caimaninae**
            - Genus _Necrosuchus_ (extinct)
            - Genus _Eocaiman_ (extinct)
            - Genus _Paleosuchus_
                - Cuvier's Dwarf Caiman, _Paleosuchus palpebrosus_
                - Smooth-fronted Caiman, _Paleosuchus trigonatus_
            - Genus _Purussaurus_ (extinct)
            - Genus _Mourasuchus_ (extinct)
            - Genus _Orthogenysuchus_ (extinct)
            - Genus _Caiman_
                - Yacare Caiman, _Caiman yacare_
                - Spectacled Caiman, _Caiman crocodilus _
                    - Rio Apaporis Caiman, _C. c. apaporiensis _
                    - Brown Caiman, _C. c. fuscus_
                - _Caiman lutescans_ (extinct)
                - _Caiman sorontans_ (extinct) - Not reported in the literature, probably a _nomen nudum_
                - Broad-snouted Caiman, _Caiman latirostris _
            - Genus _Melanosuchus_
                - _Melanosuchus fisheri_ (extinct)
                - Black Caiman, _Melanosuchus niger_
Gaza City

**Gaza** (), also called **Gaza City**, is the largest city inside Gaza and in Palestine. The city has a population of about 400,000. It is often named "Gaza City" to distinguish it from the larger Gaza.

The municipality of Gaza was established in 1893.

## Infobox (palestinian authority muni)

- **name**: Gaza
- **image3**: Gaza City.JPG
- **imgsize3**: 250
- **caption3**: Skyline of Gaza, 2007
- **arname**: غزة
- **founded**: 15th Century BCE
- **type**: muna
- **typefrom**: 1994
- **altoffsp**: Ghazzah
- **altunosp**: Gaza City
- **governorate**: gz
- **population**: 409,680
- **popyear**: 2006
- **area**: 45,000
- **areakm**: 45
- **latd**: 31
- **latm**: 31
- **latns**: N
- **longd**: 34
- **longm**: 27
- **longew**: E
- **mayor**: Rafiq Tawfiq al-Makki
Princess Nikki

***Princess Nikki*** is a British reality television show that stars former Big Brother 7 UK house mate Nikki Grahame. It ran on Wednesday nights between 10:00 - 10:30pm on the digital and satellite television channel E4 from 6 September 2006, for a total runtime of 30 minutes. The show was devised by Endemol, the company that also devised Big Brother. It was narrated by the presenter and comedian, Alex Zane.

The format saw Grahame attempt several jobs on each show, which included various unpleasant tasks such as rubbish collecting, deep sea fishing, and waste management. The show's premise was to see whether or not she would perform the tasks given to her and keep her job for a day, or whether she would quit or be sacked due to her infamous tantrums. The concept of the show was taken from one of the tasks Nikki undertook while in the _Big Brother_ house. During the task, she was assigned as Big Brother's personal assistant and had to carry out various duties, which often resulted in Nikki throwing a tantrum and refusing to comply.

The theme music for the programme has been adapted from the 1982 hit single "Hey Mickey!" by Toni Basil, with the lyrics "Hey Nikki!" used as a replacement.

Contrary to rumors, no second season is planned. Creative director Philip Edgar-Jones confirmed the series is finished in an interview with Brother's Bar.
James Van Der Beek

**James William Van Der Beek** (March 8, 1977 – February 11, 2026) was an American television and movie actor. He was born in Cheshire, Connecticut. He was best known for his role as Dawson Leery in _Dawson's Creek_.

In November 2024, Van Der Beek revealed that he has been diagnosed with colorectal cancer. He died from his illness on February 11, 2026 in Austin, Texas at the age of 48.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: James Van Der Beek
- **image**: James Van Der Beek (53232756233).jpg
- **caption**: Van Der Beek in 2013
- **birth name**: James David Van Der Beek
- **birth place**: Cheshire, Connecticut, U.S.
- **death place**: Austin, Texas, U.S.
- **death cause**: Colorectal cancer
- **occupation**: Actor
- **years active**: 1992–2024
- **children**: 6
- **education**: Cheshire Academy
- **alma mater**: Drew University
Dawson's Creek

***Dawson's Creek*** is an American primetime television drama which aired from January 20, 1998, to May 14, 2003, on The WB Television Network. The lead production company was Sony Pictures Television. Reruns of the show are currently seen in the US in syndication on TBS and on The N. with Katie Holmes in one of the leading roles. It is set in Massachusetts.
Popstars

***Popstars*** is a reality television franchise where a number of people audition for a place in a new pop group. The original version aired in New Zealand in 1999. Many countries have had their own versions of the show and it was the inspiration for _Pop Idol_ and later _The X Factor_.

The most famous groups to be made on the show include TrueBliss and Hear'Say. The girl group Girls Aloud was also created on the UK's spin-off version of _Popstars_.
Girls Aloud

**Girls Aloud** was a British girl group created by an ITV television show named _Popstars: The Rivals_ in 2002. The group's members were Cheryl Cole (née Tweedy), Nadine Coyle, Sarah Harding, Nicola Roberts and Kimberley Walsh. Girls Aloud have become one of the most successful British pop groups of the 2000s, with a record-breaking twenty consecutive Top 10 singles (including four number ones), six platinum albums (including two number ones) and record sales of more than 4.3 million in the UK.  They have also been nominated for five BRIT Awards, winning Best Single in 2009 for The Promise. The Guinness Book of World Records list them as "the most successful reality TV group of all time".  In March 2013, the group announced that they were splitting up.

## Albums

- _Sound of the Underground_ (2003)
- _What Will the Neighbours Say?_ (2004)
- _Chemistry_ (2005)
- _Tangled Up_ (2007)
- _Out of Control_ (2008)

## Compilations

- _The Sound of Girls Aloud_ (2006)
- _Ten_ (2012)

## Singles

- Sound of the Underground (2002)
- No Good Advice (2003)
- Life Got Cold (2003)
- Jump (2003)
- The Show (2004)
- Love Machine (2004)
- I'll Stand by You (2004)
- Wake Me Up (2005)
- Long Hot Summer (2005)
- Biology (2005)
- See The Day (2005)
- Whole Lotta History (2006)
- Something Kinda Ooooh (2006)
- I Think We're Alone Now (2006)
- Sexy! No No No... (2007)
- Call The Shots (2007)
- Can't Speak French (2008)
- The Promise (2008)
- The Loving Kind (2009)
- Untouchable (2009)
- Something New (2012)
- Beautiful 'Cause You Love Me (2012)

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Girls Aloud
- **img**: GirlsAloudOOCLive.jpg
- **img capt**: Girls Aloud performing live
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: London, England
- **genre**: Pop music, Pop, electropop, dance-pop
- **years active**: 2002–2013
- **label**: Polydor Records, Polydor, Fascination Records, Fascination
- **current members**: Cheryl Cole
Nadine Coyle
Sarah Harding
Nicola Roberts
Kimberley Walsh
Wulfila Bible

The **Wulfila Bible** (or **Gothic Bible**) is a translation of parts of the Bible into the Gothic language. It was done by an Arian Christian Bishop, called Wulfila, in the 3rd century. It contains mainly a translation of the New Testament. The basis for the translation was a Greek version of the Bible. Up till then, the Goths had used runes to write. This was impractical, though. For this reason Wulfila also invented the Gothic alphabet. The Gothic alphabet is based on the Greek one.

Many copies of parts of the text still exist today. Most of them are from the 6th to 8th century. The Wulfila bible is the oldest written text of a Germanic language. It is very important for studying language development.

## Text of The Lord's Prayer in the Wulfilabible

_þ_ is pronounced like the English _th_ in _the_.

- _atta unsar þu ïn himina_
- _weihnai namo þein_
- _qimai þiudinassus þeins_
- _wairþai wilja þeins_
- _swe ïn himina jah ana airþai_
- _hlaif unsarana þana sinteinan gif uns himma daga_
- _jah aflet uns þatei skulans sijai ma_
- _swaswe jah weis afletam þaim skulam unsaraim_
- _jah ni briggais uns ïn fraistubnjai_
- _ak lausei uns af þamma ubilin_
- _unte þeina ïst þiudangardi_
- _jah mahts jah wulþus ïn aiwins_
- _amen_

## Other websites

- Full text of the Wulfilabible
- Smaller gothic fragments
Plague of Athens

The **Plague of Athens** was an epidemic which hit the city-state of Athens in ancient Greece during the second year of the Peloponnesian War (430 BC), when an Athenian victory still seemed possible.  Many historians believe that it entered Athens through Piraeus, the city's port and sole source of food and supplies. The city-state of Sparta, and much of the eastern Mediterranean, was also struck by the disease.  The plague returned twice more, in 429 BC and in the winter of 427/6 BC.

## References

- Gomme, A. W., edited by A. Andrewes and K. J. Dover.  _An Historical Commentary on Thucydides, Volume 5. Book VIII_  Oxford University Press, 1981.  .
- McNeill, William H. _Plagues and People_. New York: Anchor Books, 1976. .
- Papagrigorakis, Manolis J., Christos Yapijakis, Philippos N. Synodinos, and Effie Baziotopoulou-Valavani.  "DNA examination of ancient dental pulp incriminates typhoid fever as a probable cause of the Plague of Athens," _International Journal of Infectious Diseases_ 10 (2006): 206–214.  ISSN 1201-9712.
- Pomeroy, Sarah B., _Spartan Women_ Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002. .
- Zinsser, Hans. _Rats, Lice and History:  A Chronicle of Pestilence and Plagues_.  Originally published in Boston in 1935, later edition in 1963.  Most recent edition 1996, Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers, New York.  .

## Other websites

- Access to International Journal of Infectious Disease/Article
- History of the Peloponnesian War ii, 47–55 .
- Live Science article Accessed January 23, 2006.
- Women in Classical Athens
430 BC

## Events

- Plague of Athens an epidemic which hit the city-state of Athens in ancient Greece during the second year of the Peloponnesian War.
- Euripides wrote the play Alcestis

## Deaths

- Zeno of Elea died about 430 BC
429 BC

Last updated February 2

## Deaths

- Pericles or Perikles (ca. 495–429 BC), an important statesman of Athens. He also was an orator and a general.
Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg

**Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg** () was a country in what is today Thuringia, Germany.

It was formed in 1672 when Frederick Wilhelm III, the last duke of Saxe-Altenburg died and Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Gotha (who had married Frederick Wilhelm's cousin, Elisabeth Sophie) inherited his possessions.

The duchy was split up again after Ernest’s death in 1675, and the Duchy of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg officially came into existence in 1680 when his eldest son, Frederick, took control of the parts of the country Gotha and Altenburg.

When the royal house of _Saxe-Gotha and Altenburg_ became extinct in 1825, Saxe-Gotha was given to Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld and Saxe-Altenburg passed to the Duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen. After the abolition of German monarchies at the end of the First World War, both Saxe-Gotha and Saxe-Altenburg became part of the newly created state of Thuringia in 1920.

## Dukes of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg

- Ernest I _the Pious_ (1640-1675), inherited Saxe-Altenburg in 1675
- Frederick I (1675-1691), _son of Ernest the Pious and the first to be called _Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg_._
- Frederick II (1691-1732), _son_
- Frederick III (1732-1772), _son_
- Ernest II (1772-1804), _son_
- Emil (1804-1822), _son_
- Frederick IV (1822-1825), _brother_
Divided between Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld and Saxe-Hildburghausen

## Infobox (former country)

- **native name**: _Herzogtum Sachsen-Gotha-Altenburg_
- **conventional long name**: Duchy of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg
- **common name**: Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg
- **continent**: Europe
- **region**: Central Europe
- **country**: Germany
- **era**: Middle Ages
- **status**: Vassal
- **status text**: States of the Holy Roman Empire, State of the Holy Roman Empire,
 States of the Confederation of the Rhine, State of the Confederation of the Rhine,
 States of the German Confederation, State of the German Confederation
- **empire**: Holy Roman Empire
- **government type**: Principality
- **year start**: 1672
- **year end**: 1825
- **event start**: Personal union, Union of Saxe-Gotha
    and Saxe-Altenburg
- **date start**:  
1672
- **event end**: Partitioned between
    Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld and
    Saxe-Hildburghausen
- **date end**:

1825
- **p1**: Saxe-Gotha
- **image p1**:
- **p2**: Saxe-Altenburg
- **image p2**:
- **s1**: Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
- **image s1**:
- **s2**: Saxe-Hildburghausen
- **image s2**:
- **image map**: SajoniaGothaAltenburg.jpg
- **image map caption**: Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg, shown within the other Ernestine duchies, 1826
Thucydides

**Thucydides** (; ; born around 460 BC, died around 400 BC) was an ancient Greek historian best remembered for his work on the Peloponnesian War. He was the son of Olorus.

## Further reading

- Herodotus, _Histories_, A. D. Godley (translator), Cambridge: Harvard University Press (1920).   .
- Pausanias, _Description of Greece_, Books I-II, (Loeb Classical Library) translated by W. H. S. Jones; Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. (1918). . .
- Plutarch, _Lives_, Bernadotte Perrin (translator), Cambridge, MA. Harvard University Press. London. William Heinemann Ltd. (1914).   .
- Thucydides, _The Peloponnesian War_. London, J. M. Dent; New York, E. P. Dutton (1910). .

## Other websites

- Short Bibliography on Thucydides  Lowell Edmunds, Rutgers University
- Perseus Project Thucydides, Table of Contents
- Thomas Hobbes' Translation of Thucydides
Piraeus

**Piraeus** is a port and municipality in Athens, Attica, Greece, in the south of the center of Athens.

The population of Piraeus is 163,688 (2011).

## Population

|Year|Municipal population|Change|Density|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1981|196,389|-|17,853.55/km²|
|1991|182,671|-14,168/-7.25%|16,606.45/km²|
|2001|175,697|-6,974/-3.82%|15,972.45/km²|

## Sister cities

- Marseille, France
- Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
- Ostrava, Czech republic
- Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Galaţi, Romania  since 1985
- Varna, Bulgaria
- Vilnius, Lithuania

## Famous residents

- Polychronis Lembesis (1848-1913) painter
- Ioannis Koutsis (18601953) painter
- Gerasimos Vokos (1868-1927) journalist and writer
- Alexandros Christofis (1875-1957) painter
- Stylianos Miliadis (1881-1965) writer
- Yiorgos Batis (1885-1967) rebetiko musician
- Dimitris Pikionis (1887-1968) architect
- Michalis Oikonomou (1888-1933) painter
- Katina Paxinou (1900–1973) actress
- Markos Vamvakaris (1905-1972) musician and composer
- Emmanuel Kriaras (1906) philologist and lexicographer
- Yannis Tsarouchis (1910-1989) painter
- Dimitrios Gavriilidis (1914) artist
- Michalis Genitsaris (1917-2005) singer and composer
- Andreas Krystallis (1919-1951) painter
- Ektor Kaknavatos (1920) poet
- Nicola Zaccaria (1923-2007) opera singer
- Thanasis Veggos (1926) actor and film director
- Andreas Mouratis (1926) footballer
- John S. Romanides (1927-2001) priest and theologian
- Archbishop Anastasios of Albania (1929)
- Dimitris Papamichael (1931-2004)
- Costas Simitis (1936) economist and politician, Prime Minister of Greece
- Jannis Kounellis (1936) sculptor
- Tolis Voskopoulos (1940) singer and actor
- Thodoris Dritsas (1947) politician
- George Dalaras (1949) singer
- Yiannis Kyrastas (1952-2004) footballer and football manager
- Eleftheria Arvanitaki (1956) singer
- Mando (1966) singer
- Grigoris Georgatos (1973) footballer
- Spyros Paliouras (1957-1975) writer
- Nikolaos Pavlopoulos (1909-1990) sculptor and writer
- The Andrianopoulos brothers, founders of the Olympiacos sporting club

## Mayors of Piraeus

- Christos Agrapidis (1999-2006)
- Panagiotis Fasoulas (2007- )

## Universities and technological institutes

- University of Piraeus

## Other websites

- Municipality of Pireas
- Piraeus Port Authority
- The Marble Lion of Piraeus

|width ="35%" align="center"||width ="30%" align="center"|**North:** Nikaia, Korydallos and Agia Varvara|width ="35%" align="center"||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|width ="10%" align="center"|**West:** Drapetsona, Keratsini,Perama|width ="35%" align="center"|**Piraeus**|width ="30%" align="center"|**East:** Agios Ioannis Rentis and Moschato|
|width ="35%" align="center"||width ="30%" align="center"|**South:** Saronic Gulf, Phaleron Bay SE|width ="35%" align="center"||
Rhône

The **Rhône** is a river in France and Switzerland. It is 812 kilometers long. The river starts in Rhône Glacier, which is in Switzerland. Then, the **Rhône** River joints the Saône, in France (and other rivers) and ends in the Mediterranean Sea.

The River Rhône empties into the Mediterranean. Only the Nile brings more water into the Mediterranean. The river drains an area of 95.5500 m<sup>2</sup>. The usual amount of water is about 1.700 m<sup>3</sup> per second (at Tarrascon). During floods, this value has reached over 12.000 m<sup>3</sup> per second.

This river splits into two smaller rivers before it flows into the Mediterranean Sea.  The space between those rivers is named the Camargue, and many types of animals live there.
Luis Egidio Meléndez

**Luis Egidio Meléndez** (Naples, 1716-Madrid, 1780) was a Spanish painter. Although he received little acclaim or praise during his lifetime and died in poverty, Meléndez is recognized today as the greatest Spanish still life painter of the eighteenth century. His mastery of composition and light, and his remarkable ability to convey the volume and texture of individual objects enabled him to transform the most mundane (ordinary) of kitchen fare into powerful images.
Augustine

**Augustine**, **Augustin**, or **Augustini** can mean:
- Augustine of Hippo (354-430), the Church Father and patron of the Augustinians
- Augustine of Canterbury (d. 604), the first Archbishop of Canterbury
- Mar Augustine Kandathil (1874-1956): First Indian Archbishop and First Metropolitan of the Catholic St. Thomas Christians.
- Norman Ralph Augustine (born 27 July 1935), American aviation engineer/businessman
- Augustine Huy Viet Phan, Augustine Moi Van Nguyen, and Augustine Schoffler, three of the Vietnamese Martyrs

**Augustin** may also be:
- Augustin, a commune in Braşov County, Romania

## Related pages

- St. Augustine
- Augustinians
- Augustine Volcano
- Augustine Inmerlo
Saxe-Hildburghausen

**Saxe-Hildburghausen** was one of the Ernestine duchies of the House of Wettin.

## History

Although it was very small, Saxe-Hildburghausen was an independent duchy from 1680 to 1826. In 1684 the duchy changed its capital from Heldburg to Hildburghausen, and changed its name to Saxe-Hildburghausen.

In 1810, a Princess Therese of Saxe-Hildburghausen married Crown Prince Ludwig of Bavaria, who became king of Bavaria 15 years later. The marriage is the reason for the Oktoberfest, held annually in Munich.

In 1826, the Ernestine duchies were reorganised after the last ruler of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg died without an heir. The duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen gave up his duchy in return for becoming Duke of Saxe-Altenburg. Hildburghausen was given to Saxe-Meiningen. Hildburghausen was not one of the duchies in the Imperial circle, Altenburg was, so by swapping his land the duke gained in social rank, even though the Holy Roman Empire no longer existed

In 1868, four districts were established in the duchy of Saxe-Meiningen. Hildburghausen was one of these districts, with boundaries very similar to those of the former duchy. It remained almost unchanged until 1993, when the former district of Suhl was dissolved and most of its municipalities joined the district.

### Dukes of Saxe-Hildburghausen

- Ernst II (1675 – 1715)
- Ernst Frederick I (1715 – 24)
- Ernst Frederick II (1724 – 45)
- Ernst Frederick III (1745 – 80)
- Frederick (1780 – 1825)
Incorporated into Saxe-Meiningen

## Infobox (former country)

- **native name**: _Herzogtum Sachsen-Hildburghausen_
- **conventional long name**: Duchy of Saxe-Hildburghausen
- **common name**: Saxe-Hildburghausen
- **continent**: Europe
- **region**: Central Europe
- **country**: Germany
- **era**: Middle Ages
- **status**: Vassal
- **status text**: States of the Holy Roman Empire, State of the Holy Roman Empire,
 States of the Confederation of the Rhine, State of the Confederation of the Rhine,
 States of the German Confederation, State of the German Confederation
- **empire**: Holy Roman Empire
- **government type**: Principality
- **year start**: 1680
- **year end**: 1826
- **event start**: Partitioned from
Saxe-Gotha
- **date start**:  
1680
- **event1**: _Reichsunmittelbarkeit_
- **date event1**: 1702
- **event end**: Passed to Saxe-Meiningen
- **p1**: Saxe-Gotha
- **image p1**:
- **s1**: Saxe-Coburg und Gotha
- **flag s1**: Flagge Herzogtum Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha (1911-1920).svg
- **s2**: Saxe-Meiningen
- **flag s2**: Saxe- Meiningen.png
- **capital**: Bad Colberg-Heldburg, Heldburg (to 1684)
Hildburghausen (from 1684)
- **image map**: SaksenHildburghausen1820Kaal.png
- **image flag**: Flagge Herzogtum Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha (1826-1911).svg
- **image coat**: Blason Duché de Saxe-Hildbourghausen.svg
Angelic Upstarts

The **Angelic Upstarts** are an anti-fascist Oi! punk rock band who started in South Shields, North-East England in 1977.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Angelic Upstarts
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: South Shields, England
- **genre**: Oi!, punk rock
- **years active**: 1977present
- **label**: Warner Bros. Records, Warner Bros., EMI, Anagram Records, Anagram, Picasso Records, Picasso, Link Records, Link, Razor Records, Razor, Captain Oi! Records, Captain Oi!
- **url**: [http://www.angelicupstarts.net/ www.angelicupstarts.net]
- **current members**: Thomas 'Mensi' Mensforth
Dickie Hammond
Neil Newton
Gaz Stoker
Decca Wade
- **past members**: Chris Wright
Mond Cowie
Steve Forsten
Sticks Warrington
Glyn Warren
Paul Thompson
Tony Feedback
Brian Hayes
Derwent Jaconelli
Ronnie Rocker
Max Splodge
Tony van Frater
Lainey
Graham Lant
Anti-fascism

**Anti-fascism** is the opposition to fascist ideologies, organizations, governments and people. Anti-fascism started in Europe in the 1920s. At the same time, fascist political parties were getting popular in Europe. Anti-fascism was most popular during and after World War II, when fascist governments were very powerful in Europe. Many different kinds of political parties have believed in anti-fascism. Some of these parties have been Marxist, nationalist, anarchist, socialist, pacifist, social democratic, conservative, and liberal.

## Related pages

- Antifa (United States)
Historical method

The **historical method** are the techniques and guidelines by which historians use primary sources and other evidence to research and then to write history.

## Guidelines

Following Garraghan (in: _A Guide to Historical Method_, 168) puts six questions that should be answered as minimal standard for a sound historical method:

1. _When_ was the source, written or unwritten, produced (date)?
1. _Where_ was it produced (localization)?
1. _By whom_ was it produced (authorship)?
1. _From what pre-existing material_ was it produced (analysis)?
1. _In what original form_ was it produced (integrity)?
1. _What is the evidential value_ of its contents (credibility)?

## References

- Gilbert J. Garraghan, _A Guide to Historical Method_, Fordham University Press: New York (1946).   .
- Louis Gottschalk, _Understanding History: A Primer of Historical Method_, Alfred A. Knopf: New York (1950). .
- Martha Howell and Walter Prevenier, _From Reliable Sources: An Introduction to Historical Methods_, Cornell University Press: Ithaca (2001). .
- C. Behan McCullagh, _Justifying Historical Descriptions_, Cambridge University Press: New York (1984). .
- R. J. Shafer, _A Guide to Historical Method_, The Dorsey Press: Illinois (1974). .

## Related pages

- Historiography
- Historical linguistics
- Scientific method

## Other websites

- Historical Sources Online by Marc Comtois
- Philosophy of History  by Paul Newall
- The Historian's Sources, online lesson by the Library of Congress
- Federal Rules of Evidence in United States law
Primary source

A **primary source** is an original document or other material that has not been changed in any way. It is a reliable first-hand account usually written at or near the time the event(s) occurred. Usually it was produced by someone with direct personal knowledge of the events that are described. It is used as an original source of information about the topic. Primary sources are distinguished from secondary sources. Secondary sources are documents based on primary sources. Thus, a memoir of a participant in an event is a primary source, whilst a history of that event based on several memoirs is a secondary source. Different kinds of work have slightly different definitions of a primary source. In journalism, for example, a primary source can also be a person.

## Related pages

- Historical source
- Historiography
- Secondary source
- Tertiary source

## Bibliography

- Jules R. Benjamin. _A Student's Guide to History_ (2003)
- Kathleen W. Craver. _Using Internet Primary Sources to Teach Critical Thinking Skills in History_ (1999)
- Thomas Cripps, "Historical Truth: An Interview with Ken Burns", _American Historical Review_ 100 (1995), 741–64. online at JSTOR
- Michael Drake and Ruth Finnegan (Eds), _Sources and Methods for Family and Community Historians: A Handbook,_ (Cambridge University Press in conjunction with the Open University, 1997)
- Wood Gray, _Historian's handbook, a key to the study and writing of history_ (Houghton Mifflin, 1964).
- Martha C. Howell and Walter Prevenier. _From Reliable Sources: An Introduction to Historical Methods_ (2001)
- Library of Congress, " Analysis of Primary Sources" online 2007
- Richard A. Marius and Melvin E. Page. _A Short Guide to Writing About History_ (5th Edition) (2004)
- Barbara W. Sommer and Mary Kay Quinlan, _The Oral History Manual_ (2002)

## Other websites

- **- to primary sources repositories**
- A listing of over 5000 websites  describing holdings of manuscripts, archives, rare books, historical photographs, and other primary sources
- Find primary sources  in the collections of major research libraries using ArchiveGrid

- **- to all sources repositories**
- **Wikisource** – _The Free Library_ – is the Wikimedia project that collects, edits, and catalogs all source texts.

- **- to essays and descriptions of primary, secondary and other sources**
- Ithaca College Library  - Primary and secondary sources
- "How to distinguish between primary and secondary sources"  from the University of California, Santa Cruz Library
- "Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary sources"  from James Cook University Library
- Joan of Arc: Primary Sources Series—Example of a publication focusing on primary source documents.
- Finding primary sources  from the University of California, Berkeley library
- "Primary versus secondary sources"  from the Bowling Green State University library
- Finding primary sources in world history
Secondary source

A **secondary source** is a document or recording that writes or speaks about information that is one step removed from the original source.

The secondary source depends on the  _primary source_ or _original source_ of the information. Secondary sources interpret, evaluate or discuss information found in primary sources. In historiography, a secondary source is a study written by a scholar about a topic. Secondary sources frequently cite primary sources and other secondary sources. They rarely cite tertiary sources.

## Example

A secondary source would be a book on 13th century politics, while Magna Carta itself would be a primary source.
Many secondary sources use extensive citations in the form of footnotes or endnotes.

## Legal use

The main use of secondary sources in law is to explain the law. They also explain legal concepts. They are used to analyze and describe laws as well as comment on them. Judicial decisions and opinions by qualified experts are secondary sources.

## Related pages

- Source text
- Primary source
- Tertiary source

## Further reading

- Primary and secondary sources
Breinigerberg

**Breinigerberg** is a small village in the West of Germany, the state of North Rhine-Westphalia About 972 people live at the place. It is close to the _Naturpark Nordeifel_, a large forest area in Germany, Belgium and the Netherlands.

The road L12 passes through Breinigerberg splitting it into two parts.

In the last two centuries, Breinigerberg was famous for mining. Even the ancient Romans dug for ore in the area. It was used for the production of brass in the city of Stolberg. Today there is no more mining but the remains are still present. Big holes in the Schlangenberg area prove what had been left from the past. Today the Schlangenberg is a natural reserve protecting rare flowers and insects.

## Other websites

- Webside of Breinig and Breinigerberg
Object

**Object** could mean:

- A thing, being or concept
    - A physical entity, something that is tangible and within the grasp of the senses
- Object, a sentence element, such as a direct object or an indirect object
- An aim or target
    - The intended result of an action
- A collection of masses
- An entity treated by mathematical category theory
- 3D model, a representation of a physical object
- A classification used by the U.S. National Register of Historic Places.
- As a verb (pronounced: _ob-JECT_): to oppose an idea or action.

**Computing**
- Object (computer science), a language mechanism for binding data with methods that operate on that data
    - Object-oriented programming (OOP), an object is an instance of a class
- Object file, the output of a compiler or other translator program, also known as "object code"
- Object (Information Processing), an information source for an information [rocessor
- HTML object tag

**Popular culture**
- _Object_, a song by _The Cure_ from their 1979 album _Three Imaginary Boys_
- _Objects_, from the 2006 television series _The Lost Room_
Index

An **index** is a system used to make finding information easier.

**Index** could also mean:

- Index (publishing), a detailed list, usually arranged alphabetically, of the specific information in a publication
- Index cards in a rolodex or old card catalog, early and mid 20th century technologies for maintaining such lists
- Index (mathematics), for various meanings of the word in mathematics
- Index (economics), a single number calculated from an array of prices and quantities.
- Index, Washington, a town in Snohomish County, Washington, United States.
- Index (typography), a largely obsolete punctuation mark

In **publications**:
- _Index Librorum Prohibitorum_, a list of publications which the Catholic Church censored
- Germany's List of Media Harmful to Young People, colloquially known as _The Index_, published by the Bundesprüfstelle für jugendgefährdende Medien
- _Index Magazine_, was a prominent New York City based publication for art and culture.
- _Truman State University Index_, the weekly newspaper distributed at Truman State University and throughout the Kirksville, Missouri community.
- _The Index_, the student newspaper of Kalamazoo College, published since 1877.
- The Index (journal), a European propaganda journal created by Henry Hotze to support the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War.

In **computers and information retrieval**:
- Index (database), a feature in a computerized database which allows quick access to the rows in a table
- Index (information technology), in computer science, either an integer which identifies an array element, or a data structure which enables fast lookup
- Index (search engine), for supporting information retrieval in search engines
- Webserver directory index, a default or index web page in a directory on a web server, such as index.html
- Subject indexing, describing the content of a document by keywords

**Other**:
- The Index, an item on the Halo (megastructure) in the Halo series of video games.
- The Index (skyscraper), a tower under construction in Dubai.
- Index (retailer), a defunct UK catalogue retailer formerly owned by the Littlewoods group and known as _Littlewoods Index_
- Index finger, The second digit of a human hand is also referred to as the _index finger_, _pointer finger_, _forefinger_, _digitus secundus_, or _digitus II_.
- Index fund, a collective investment scheme
- Indexicality, in linguistics, the variation of meaning of an utterance according to certain features of the context in which it is uttered
Recording

**Recording** means to capture data to store it on a storage medium or record as a video format.

Historical records of events have been made for thousands of years. Amongst the earliest are cave painting, runic alphabets and ideograms. Technology continues to provide and expand means for human beings to record their thoughts, feelings and experiences.

## Related pages

- Writing
- Sound recording
- Record
- RecordingWiki offers you more information about recording.
Pedro Santana, Dominican Republic

**Pedro Santana** is a municipality in the Dominican Republic, in the Elías Piña Province, on the border with Haiti, along the left side of the Artibonite river.

## Origin of the name

The town, and municipality, was named after _Pedro Santana_, a general of the Independence wars and first president of the Dominican Republic. He was born in Hincha, now a Haitian city ("Hinche") near the border.

## Population

The municipality had, in 2010, a total population of 3,917: 2,120 men and 1,797 women. The urban population was  of the total population.

## History

The old small town of _Los Cercadillos_ was elevated, with the present name, to the category of municipal district of Bánica on 16 September 1942 and to the category of municipality by the Law 3208 of 3 March 1952.

## Geography

Pedro Santana has an area of  and is at  to the north of Bánica and at  to the north of Comendador.

The limits of the municipality are the Dajabón province to the northwest, the Santiago Rodríguez province to the northeast, the San Juan province to the east, the municipality of Bánica to the south and Haiti to the west.

## Administrative division

The municipality of Pedro Santana has only one municipal district; this is:

|Code|Municipal district|Population <small>(2010)</small> !! Area <small>(km<sup>2</sup>)</small> !! Density|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|070502|Río Limpio|3,364|312.2||

## Economy

The main economic activity of the municipality is farming.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Pedro Santana
- **settlement type**: Municipality
- **pushpin map**: Dominican Republic
- **pushpin relief**: 1
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Dominican Republic
- **subdivision type1**: Provinces of the Dominican Republic, Province
- **subdivision name1**: Elías Piña Province, Elías Piña
- **established title2**: Municipality since
- **established date2**:
1952
- **parts type**: Provinces of the Dominican Republic, Municipal District
- **parts style**: para
- **p1**: Río Limpio, Elías Piña, Río Limpio
- **area total km2**: 236.1
- **elevation m**: 293
- **population total**: 3917
- **population as of**: 2010
- **total type**: Total
- **population urban**: 1193
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone**: Atlantic Standard Time Zone, AST
- **utc offset**: -4
- **timezone dst**: Atlantic Standard Time Zone, AST
- **utc offset dst**: -4
- **blank name sec1**: Distance:
- **blank info sec1**: to Comendador, Elías Piña, Comendador