juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
William Rehnquist

**William Hubbs Rehnquist** (October 1, 1924 – September 3, 2005) was an American lawyer, jurist, and a political figure. He was the 16th Chief Justice of the United States from 1986 until his death in 2005. Before becoming Chief Justice, he was an Associate Justice on the Supreme Court of the United States from 1971 to 1986.

Considered a conservative, Rehnquist favored a federalism under which the states meaningfully exercised governmental power. Under this view of federalism, the Supreme Court of the United States, for the first time since the 1930s, struck down an Act of Congress as exceeding federal power under the Commerce Clause.

Rehnquist died on September 3, 2005. He was replaced by John Roberts as Chief Justice.

## Books

- Revised edition:

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: William Rehnquist
- **image**: William Rehnquist.jpg
- **office**: 16th Chief Justice of the United States
- **nominator**: Ronald Reagan
- **term start**: September 25, 1986
- **term end**: September 3, 2005
- **predecessor**: Warren E. Burger
- **successor**: John Roberts
- **office1**: Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States
- **nominator1**: Richard Nixon
- **term start1**: December 15, 1971
- **term end1**: September 26, 1986
- **predecessor1**: John Marshall Harlan II, John Harlan
- **successor1**: Antonin Scalia
- **office3**: United States Assistant Attorney General for the Office of Legal Counsel
- **president3**: Richard Nixon
- **term start3**: January 29, 1969
- **term end3**: December 1971
- **predecessor3**: Frank Wozencraft
- **successor3**: Ralph Erickson
- **birth name**: William Hubbs Rehnquist
- **birth place**: Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.
- **death place**: Arlington County, Virginia, Arlington, Virginia, U.S.
- **children**: 3
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **education**: Stanford University (Bachelor of Arts, BA, Master of Arts, MA, Bachelor of Laws, LLB)
Harvard University (Master of Arts, MA)
- **signature**: William H. Rehnquist signature.svg
- **serviceyears**: 1943–1946
- **battles**: World War II
Two-nation theory

The **two-nation theory** (Urdu: دو قومی نظریہ _do qaumī nazariya_) is the basis of the creation of Pakistan. The two-nation theory in its simplest way means that cultural, political, religious, economic and social dissimilarities between the two major communities, Hindus and Muslims of the Subcontinent. These differences of outlook, in fact, were greatly instrumental in giving rise to two distinct political ideologies which were responsible for the partition of the sub-continent into two independent states. The two-nation theory was a founding principle of the Pakistan Movement (i.e. the ideology of Pakistan as a Muslim nation-state in South Asia), and the partition of India in 1947.

The ideology that religion is the determining factor in defining the nationality of Indian Muslims and Hindus was postulated by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, who termed it as the awakening of Muslims for the creation of Pakistan. As a consequence, it spawned creation of many Hindu nationalist organisations, with causes including working towards making India a similar state for the majority of Hindus residing there.

There are varying interpretations of the two-nation theory, based on whether the two postulated nationalities can coexist in one territory or not, with radically different implications. One interpretation argued for sovereign autonomy, including the right to secede, for Muslim-majority areas of the Indian subcontinent, but without any transfer of populations (i.e. Hindus and Muslims would continue to live together). A different interpretation contends that Hindus and Muslims constitute "two distinct and frequently antagonistic ways of life and that therefore they cannot coexist in one nation." In this version, a transfer of populations (i.e. the total removal of Hindus from Muslim-majority areas and the total removal of Muslims from Hindu-majority areas) is a desirable step towards a complete separation of two incompatible nations that "cannot coexist in a harmonious relationship".

Opposition to the theory has come from two sources. The first is the concept of a single Indian nation, of which Hindus and Muslims are two intertwined communities. Even after the formation of Pakistan, debates on whether Muslims and Hindus are distinct nationalities or not continued in India. The second source of opposition is the concept that while Indians are not one nation, neither are the Muslims or Hindus of the subcontinent, and it is instead the relatively homogeneous provincial units of the subcontinent which are true nations and deserving of sovereignty across the subcontinent.
Samuel Osgood

**Samuel Osgood** (February 3, 1747 – August 12, 1813) was an American merchant and statesman from Andover, Massachusetts. He served in the Massachusetts and New York state legislatures, represented Massachusetts in the Continental Congress and was the first Postmaster General under the United States Constitution.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Samuel Osgood
- **image**: SOsgood.jpg
- **office**: 4th United States Postmaster General
- **president**: George Washington
- **term start**: September 26, 1789
- **term end**: August 12, 1791
- **predecessor**: Ebenezer Hazard
- **successor**: Timothy Pickering
- **birth place**: Andover, Massachusetts, British America

- **death place**: New York City, U.S.
- **party**: Federalist Party, Federalist
- **spouse**: Martha Brandon (1775–1778)
Maria Bowne Franklin (1786–1813)
- **children**: 6
- **relatives**: _Vanderbilt family_
- **education**: Harvard University (Bachelor of Arts, BA)
William Bradford (Attorney General)

**William Bradford** (September 14, 1755 – August 23, 1795) was an American lawyer and judge. He was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Bradforn was the second United States Attorney General in 1794-1795.
Charles Lee (Attorney General)

**Charles Lee** (1758 – June 24, 1815) was an American lawyer from Virginia. He served as United States Attorney General from 1795 until 1801.

President George Washington appointed Lee the Attorney General after William Bradford died in office. After Senate approval he took office on December 10, 1795 and served through the rest of the administration. He was continued in office by John Adams and served through the entire Adams administration until February 19, 1801.
Benjamin Stoddert

**Benjamin Stoddert** (1751 – December 13, 1813) was the first United States Secretary of the Navy from May 1, 1798 to March 31, 1801.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Benjamin Stoddert
- **image**: Benjamin Stoddert SecNavy.jpg
- **office**: 1st United States Secretary of the Navy
- **president**: John Adams
Thomas Jefferson
- **term start**: June 18, 1798
- **term end**: March 31, 1801
- **predecessor**: Robert Morris (financier), Robert Morris
- **successor**: Robert Smith (Cabinet member), Robert Smith
- **birth date**: 1744
- **birth place**: Charles County, Maryland, Charles County, Province of Maryland, Maryland, British America
- **death date**: December 18,
- **death place**: Bladensburg, Maryland, Bladensburg, Maryland, U.S.
- **party**: Federalist Party, Federalist
- **spouse**: Rebecca Lowndes
- **education**: University of Pennsylvania
Joseph Hewes

**Joseph Hewes** (July 9, 1730 – November 10, 1779), was a native of Princeton, New Jersey, where he was born in 1730. Hewes’s parents were part of the Quaker Society of Friends.They married at Stony Brook Quaker Meeting in Middlesex County, New Jersey. Hewes attended schools various private schools close to home and then about 1749 was apprenticed to a merchant in Philadelphia. After finishing his apprenticeship he set up a store and engaged in business in Philadelphia. That business failed and about 1754 he moved to Edenton, Chowan County, North Carolina where he set up a store. After a few years as a successful merchant, in 1757 he was elected Justice of the Peace and served as the Inspector of the Port at Edenton. In 1758 he served on committees creating a secondary school in Edenton and a new courthouse and jail. By 1760 Hewes was Edenton’s leading merchant. Hewes was elected to the North Carolina Assembly in 1760 and served one term.  In 1766 he was re-elected and served except for a one year absence in 1777 until his death in 1779.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Joseph Hewes
- **image**: Joseph Hewes.jpg
- **office**: Member of the Continental Congress
- **nationality**: English, American
- **alma mater**: Princeton University
- **signature**: Joseph Hewes signature.png
Candela

The **candela** (symbol: **cd**) is the SI base unit of luminous intensity. It measures how bright something is. It is one of the basic units of science. A light bulb is bright, but the Sun is much brighter, so the Sun has more candelas than the light bulb. The frequency chosen for measuring candelas falls within the visible spectrum near the green colour, corresponding to the wavelength of about 555 nm. The human eye is most sensitive to such frequency, when adapted for bright conditions.

A **candela** sometimes is called "candle".
Believe (Brooks & Dunn song)

"**Believe**" is a song by American country music duo Brooks & Dunn from her ninth studio album, _Hillbilly Deluxe_ (2005).

## Music video

It premiered on CMT on November 17, 2005.

The video debuted at number 20 on CMT's _Top 20 Countdown_ for the week of December 1, 2005.

It made history on CMT's Top Twenty Countdown for being at number one for consecutive two weeks.
Soulja Boy

**DeAndre Cortez Way** (born July 28, 1990), professionally known as **Soulja Boy Tell 'Em** or simply **Soulja Boy**, is an American rapper and record producer. He is widely known for the songs "Crank That (Soulja Boy)" and "Tell 'Em".

In 2007, Soulja Boy released his first album _Souljaboytellem.com_. In 2008, he released his second album _iSouljaBoyTellem_.

## Discography

- Studio albums
- _Souljaboytellem.com_ (2007)
- _iSouljaBoyTellem_ (2008)
- _The DeAndre Way_ (2010)
- _King Soulja 3_ (2014)
- _Loyalty_ (2015)
- _Best to Ever Do It_ (2018)
- _Young Draco_ (2018)
- _Big Draco_ (2021)
- _Big Draco 2_ (2021)
- _Big Draco 3_ (2022)

## Tours

- America's Most Wanted Tour (2009)

### Film

|Year|Film|Role|Notes||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2007|_YouTube Live_|Himself|Small role||
|2008|_What's at Stake?_|Himself|Small role||
|2009|_School Gyrls_|Himself|Cameo||
|2010|_Malice N Wonderland_|Soulja|Small role||
|2011|_Soulja Boy: The Movie_|Himself|Documentary on his life||
||2013|_Officer Down_|Rudy|Supporting role|

### Television

|Year|Title|Role|Notes||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|rowspan="2"|2007|_The Ellen DeGeneres Show_|Himself||
|_Last Call with Carson Daly_|Himself||||
|rowspan="3"|2008|_Live with Regis_|Himself|Minor appearance|
|_Access Granted_|Himself|For his music video for "Bird Walk"|||
|_My Super Sweet 16_|Himself||||
|2009|_The Game_|Ray Ray|Episode: "I Want It All and I Want It Now"||
|rowspan="5"|2010|_When I Was 17_|Himself||
|_The Mo'Nique Show_|Himself||||
|_Late Night with Jimmy Fallon_|Himself||||
|_Lopez Tonight_|Himself||||
|_The Tonight Show with Jay Leno_|Himself||||
|2012|_The DUB Magazine Project_|Himself|||
|2013|_The Bachelorette (season 9)_|Himself|||
|2014–2016|_Love & Hip Hop: Hollywood_|Himself|Main role (seasons 1–2) Main/guest role (season 3)||
|2022|_Atlanta_|Himself|Episode: "Crank Dat Killer"||

## Awards and nominations

- BET Awards
    - 2007: Best New Artist (Nominated)
    - 2008: Viewer's Choice Award: "Crank That (Soulja Boy)" (Nominated)
    - 2009: Viewer's Choice Award: "Kiss Me Thru the Phone" (Nominated)
- BET Hip-Hop Awards
    - **2007: Best Hip-Hop Dance (Won)**
- BET Social Awards
    - **2019: Social Verified Award (Won)**
- Grammy Awards
    - 2008: Best Rap Song: "Crank That (Soulja Boy)" (Nominated)
- Ozone Awards
    - **2007: Patiently Waiting: Mississippi (Won)**
    - 2008: Best Breakthrough Artist (Nominated)
    - 2008: TJ's DJ's Tastemaker Award (Nominated)
- Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards
    - 2007: Favorite Male Singer (Nominated)
- Teen Choice Awards
    - 2009: Choice Music: Rap Artist (Nominated)
    - 2009: Choice Music: R&B Track for "Kiss Me Thru the Phone" (Nominated)
    - 2009: Choice Music: Hook Up for "Kiss Me Thru the Phone" (Nominated)
    - 2009: Choice Music: Artist (Nominated)

## Other websites

- Soulja Boy on YouTube

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Soulja Boy
- **image**: Soulja.jpg
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: DeAndre Cortez Way
- **birth place**: Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
- **origin**: Atlanta, Georgia, United States, U.S.
- **years active**: 2004–present
Hadron

A **hadron**, in particle physics, is any subatomic (smaller than the atom) particle or antiparticle which is made of quarks.

Quarks are fundamental particles which among other properties have an electrical charge and a name (e.g. 'up', 'down', 'strange'). The electrical charge of a single quark is always a fraction (e.g. 2/3). Quarks combine to make a hadron of integer charge; for example, the charges of two 'down' quarks and one 'up' quark combine like  to make a _neutrally_ charged _neutron_. Quarks do not appear alone, they exist in groups and are held together by the strong nuclear force. The word to describe the different types of quarks is _flavours._ According to the current standard model there are 6 flavours of quarks. There are two known ways quarks can combine, to give the two categories of hadrons:
- baryons, which are made of three quarks.
- mesons, which are made of one quark and one anti-quark.
Hadrons are also characterized by being affected by the strong nuclear force, which holds them tightly together over a short distance. At the center of an atom is a nucleus (a cluster of protons and neutrons).

#### Baryons

- Proton, with quark structure _uud ('up up down', referring to the three quarks making up the proton.)_
- Neutron, with quark structure _udd ('up down down')_

#### Mesons

- Pion
- Kaon
These are the most commonly discussed hadrons. There are many more: complete list of baryons, complete list of mesons.

### Not yet known to exist

- Tetraquark
- Pentaquark
These are predictions for different ways quarks may be put together. There is not any solid evidence for them existing yet.
Zlatko Zahovič

**Zlatko Zahovič** (born 1 February 1971) is a former Slovenian football player. He has played for Slovenia national team.

## Club career statistics

|-
|1989/90||Partizan||First League||9||1
|-
|1990/91||Proleter Zrenjanin||First League||25||0
|-
|1991/92||Partizan||First League||13||2

|-
|1992/93||Partizan||First League||15||3

|-
|1993/94||rowspan="3"|Vitória||rowspan="3"|Portuguese Liga||27||1
|-
|1994/95||23||4
|-
|1995/96||29||8
|-
|1996/97||rowspan="3"|Porto||rowspan="3"|Portuguese Liga||27||7
|-
|1997/98||29||6
|-
|1998/99||31||14

|-
|1999/00||Olympiacos||Alpha Ethniki||14||7

|-
|2000/01||Valencia||La Liga||20||3

|-
|2001/02||rowspan="4"|Benfica||rowspan="4"|Portuguese Liga||21||6
|-
|2002/03||28||6
|-
|2003/04||21||2
|-
|2004/05||10||0
47||3
15||3
246||54
14||7
20||3
342||70
|}

## International career statistics

|-
|1992||1||0
|-
|1993||1||0
|-
|1994||5||1
|-
|1995||6||3
|-
|1996||6||1
|-
|1997||3||1
|-
|1998||9||6
|-
|1999||11||8
|-
|2000||10||6
|-
|2001||8||4
|-
|2002||8||2
|-
|2003||9||2
|-
|2004||3||1
|-
!Total||80||35
|}
Francis Lee (footballer)

**Francis Henry Lee**  (29 April 1944 – 2 October 2023), also known as **Franny Lee**, was an English professional footballer and businessman. After he stopped being a footballer, he served as the chairman and main shareholder of Manchester City. On 2 October 2023, at the age of 79, Lee died after a long illness with cancer.

## Club career statistics

|-
|1960–61||rowspan="8"|Bolton Wanderers||rowspan="4"|First Division||6||2
|-
|1961–62||5||0
|-
|1962–63||23||12
|-
|1963–64||34||12
|-
|1964–65||rowspan="4"|Second Division||38||23
|-
|1965–66||34||12
|-
|1966–67||40||22
|-
|1967–68||9||8
|-
|1967–68||rowspan="7"|Manchester City||rowspan="7"|First Division||31||16
|-
|1968–69||37||12
|-
|1969–70||36||13
|-
|1970–71||38||14
|-
|1971–72||42||33
|-
|1972–73||35||14
|-
|1973–74||30||10
|-
|1974–75||rowspan="2"|Derby County||rowspan="2"|First Division||34||12
|-
|1975–76||28||12
500||227
500||227
|}

## International career statistics

|-
|1968||1||0
|-
|1969||8||4
|-
|1970||9||3
|-
|1971||8||2
|-
|1972||1||1
|-
!Total||27||10
|}

## Honours

**Manchester City**
- Football League First Division: 1967–68
- FA Cup: 1968–69
- League Cup: 1969–70
- FA Charity Shield: 1968, 1972
- UEFA Cup Winners' Cup: 1969–70

**Derby County**
- Football League First Division: 1974–75
- FA Charity Shield: 1975

**Individual**
- Football League First Division Golden boot: 1971–72
- Manchester City Player of the Year: 1970
- English Football Hall of Fame
- 1969 Ballon d'Or: 13th
- Most penalties scored in First Division: 1972
- Manchester City top goal-scorer: 1969, 1970 (shared), 1971 (shared), 1972, 1974
- Commander of the Order of the British Empire

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Francis Lee

- **image**: Francis Lee México 70 (cropped).png
- **caption**: Lee with the England national football team, England national team in 1970
- **fullname**: Francis Henry Lee
- **birth place**: Westhoughton, Lancashire, England
- **death place**: Manchester, England
- **position**: Forward (association football)#Striker, Striker
- **years1**: 1959–1967
- **clubs1**: Bolton Wanderers F.C., Bolton Wanderers
- **caps1**: 189
- **goals1**: 92
- **years2**: 1967–1974
- **clubs2**: Manchester City F.C., Manchester City
- **caps2**: 249
- **goals2**: 112
- **years3**: 1974–1976
- **clubs3**: Derby County F.C., Derby County
- **caps3**: 62
- **goals3**: 24
- **totalcaps**: 500
- **totalgoals**: 228
- **nationalyears1**: 1968–1972
- **nationalteam1**: England national football team, England
- **nationalcaps1**: 27
- **nationalgoals1**: 10
Argentine Primera División

**Primera División Argentina** (English: "Argentine First Division") is a professional football league in Argentina. It is the top division in the country, and has a promotion and relegation system. Relegated teams drop to the Primera Nacional.

## Infobox (football league)

- **name**: Primera División
- **country**: Argentina
- **confed**: CONMEBOL
- **founded**: 1891
 (Turned professional in 1931)
- **level**: 1
- **domest cup**: Copa Argentina
- **confed cup**: Copa Libertadores
Copa Sudamericana
- **champions**: C.A. River Plate, River Plate
- **season**: 2022
- **most successful club**: C.A. River Plate, River Plate (37)
- **teams**: 28
- **relegation**: Primera Nacional
- **current**: 2021 Argentine Primera División, 2021
Arthur Rowley

**George Arthur Rowley** (21 April 1926 – 18 December 2002) was an English football striker. He holds the record for the most career goals in The Football League, 434 from 619 games. He was the younger brother of Manchester United legend Jack Rowley. He was shortlisted for inclusion into the English Football Hall of Fame in 2008.

## Honours

**Fulham**
- Second Division champions: 1948–49

**Leicester City**
- Second Division champions: 1953–54, 1956–57

**Individual**
- Second Division top goalscorer: (with Leicester City) 1952–53, 1956–57
- Fourth Division top goalscorer: (with Shrewsbury Town) 1958–59

## Career statistics

|rowspan=2|Club|rowspan=2|Season|colspan=2|League|colspan=2|FA Cup|colspan=2|Total|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|rowspan="4"|West Bromwich Albion|1946–47|2|0|0|0|2|0||
|1947–48|21|4|0|0|21|4||||
|1948–49|1|0|0|0|1|0||||
|rowspan="3"|Fulham|1948–49|22|19|?|0|?|19||
|1949–50|34|8|?|0|?|8||||
|rowspan="9"|Leicester City|1950–51|39|28|1|0|40|28||
|1951–52|42|38|2|0|44|38||||
|1952–53|41|39|1|2|42|41||||
|1953–54|42|30|8|6|50|36||||
|1954–55|36|23|1|0|37|23||||
|1955–56|36|29|3|6|39|35||||
|1956–57|42|44|1|0|43|44||||
|1957–58|25|20|1|0|26|20||||
|rowspan="8"|Shrewsbury Town|1958–59|43|38|5|1|48|39||
|1959–60|41|32|1|1|42|33||||
|1960–61|40|28|13|4|53|32||||
|1961–62|41|23|7|6|48|29||||
|1962–63|40|24|5|3|45|27||||
|1963–64|19|5|0|0|19|5||||
|1964–65|12|2|0|0|12|2||||

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Arthur Rowley
- **fullname**: George Arthur Rowley Jr.
- **birth place**: Wolverhampton, England
- **death place**: Shrewsbury, England
- **position**: Inside forward, Inside left
- **youthyears1**: 1941–1944
- **youthclubs1**: Manchester United F.C., Manchester United
- **years1**: 1946–1948
- **clubs1**: West Bromwich Albion F.C., West Bromwich Albion
- **caps1**: 24
- **goals1**: 4
- **years2**: 1948–1950
- **clubs2**: Fulham F.C., Fulham
- **caps2**: 56
- **goals2**: 27
- **years3**: 1950–1958
- **clubs3**: Leicester City F.C., Leicester City
- **caps3**: 303
- **goals3**: 251
- **years4**: 1958–1965
- **clubs4**: Shrewsbury Town F.C., Shrewsbury Town
- **caps4**: 236
- **goals4**: 152
- **totalcaps**: 619
- **totalgoals**: 434
- **manageryears1**: 1958–1968
- **manageryears2**: 1968–1969
- **manageryears3**: 1970–1976
- **manageryears4**: c.1976
- **managerclubs1**: Shrewsbury Town F.C., Shrewsbury Town
- **managerclubs2**: Sheffield United F.C., Sheffield United
- **managerclubs3**: Southend United F.C., Southend United
- **managerclubs4**: Knighton Town F.C., Knighton Town
Laurie Cunningham

**Laurie Cunningham** (8 March 1956 – 15 July 1989) is a former football player. He played for the England national team.

## Club career statistics

|-
|1974-75||rowspan="3"|Leyton Orient||rowspan="3"|Second Division||17||1
|-
|1975-76||34||8
|-
|1976-77||24||6
|-
|1976-77||rowspan="3"|West Bromwich Albion||rowspan="3"|First Division||13||6
|-
|1977-78||33||6
|-
|1978-79||40||9

|-
|1979-80||rowspan="4"|Real Madrid||rowspan="4"|La Liga||29||8
|-
|1980-81||12||5
|-
|1981-82||3||0
|-
|1982-83||0||0

|-
|1982-83||Manchester United||First Division||5||1

|-
|1983-84||Sporting Gijón||La Liga||30||3

|-
|1984-85||Olympique Marseille||Division 1||30||8

|-
|1985-86||Leicester City||First Division||15||0

|-
|1986-87||Rayo Vallecano||Segunda División||37||3

|-
|1987-88||Wimbledon||First Division||6||2

|-
|1987-88||Charleroi||First Division||1||0

|-
|1988-89||Rayo Vallecano||Segunda División||19||1
187||39
130||20
30||8
1||0
348||67
|}

## International career statistics

|-
|1979||3||0
|-
|1980||3||0
|-
!Total||6||0
|}
Al-Saadi Qadhafi

**Al-Saadi Qadhafi** (born 25 May 1973), is a former football player. He played for the Libya national team.  He is the third son of former leader Muammar Gaddafi. In 2011, he was the commander of Libya's Special Forces.  He was involved in the Libyan civil war.

## Club career statistics

|-
|2003-04||rowspan="2"|Perugia||Serie A||1||0
|-
|2004-05||Serie B||0||0
|-
|2005-06||Udinese||Serie A||1||0
|-
|2006-07||Sampdoria||Serie A||0||0
2||0
2||0
|}
Zoran Mirković

**Zoran Mirković** (born 21 September 1971) is a former football player. He has played for the Serbia and Montenegro national team.

## Club career statistics

|-
|1990-91||rowspan="3"|Rad||rowspan="2"|First League||5||0
|-
|1991-92||26||0
|-
|1992-93||First League||31||1
|-
|1993-94||rowspan="3"|Partizan||rowspan="3"|First League||26||0
|-
|1994-95||29||0
|-
|1995-96||27||1

|-
|1996-97||Atalanta||Serie A||22||0
|-
|1997-98||rowspan="3"|Juventus||rowspan="3"|Serie A||30||0
|-
|1998-99||19||1
|-
|1999-00||8||0

|-
|2000-01||rowspan="3"|Fenerbahçe||rowspan="3"|Super League||29||1
|-
|2001-02||27||2
|-
|2002-03||15||0

|-
|2003-04||rowspan="3"|Partizan||rowspan="3"|First League||10||0
|-
|2004-05||23||2
|-
|2005-06||13||0
144||2
46||2
79||1
71||3
340||8
|}

## International career statistics

|-
|1995||5||0
|-
|1996||5||0
|-
|1997||12||0
|-
|1998||8||0
|-
|1999||6||0
|-
|2000||3||0
|-
|2001||5||0
|-
|2002||8||0
|-
|2003||5||0
|-
!Total||57||0
|}
FC Porto

**Futebol Clube do Porto** (pron. ) – short: **FC Porto** or **FCP** – is a Portuguese sports club best known for its football team. It was created in Porto in 1893. It holds the best International record by a Portuguese team (7 international titles), having won the European Cup and the Intercontinental Cup twice each. In 2003, it brought Portugal's first UEFA Cup and in 1987 it brought Portugal's first UEFA Supercup. Domestically they hold the best record of five titles in a row, having won the Portuguese Liga 26 times, the Portuguese Cup 16 times and Portuguese Supercup 18 times.

## History

It was founded in the northern city of Porto on September 28, 1893, by wine-salesman António Nicolau d'Almeida who had his first contact with the game of football on one of his trips to England. The club was revived in 1906 by José Monteiro da Costa.

## Trophies

- Liga Portuguesa: 26
- Taça de Portugal: 16
- Supertaça Portuguesa: 19
- UEFA Champions League: 2
- UEFA Europa League: 2
- European Super Cup: 1
- Intercontinental Cup: 2

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: F.C. Porto
- **fullname**: Futebol Clube do Porto
- **nickname**: _Dragões_
_Azuis e brancos_
_Tripeiros_
- **founded**: 1893
- **ground**: Estádio do Dragão,
Porto, Portugal
- **capacity**: 52,000
- **chairman**: Jorge Nuno Pinto da Costa
- **manager**: Vítor Pereira
- **league**: Portuguese Liga
- **season**: 2022/23
- **position**: 2nd
F.C. Zenit Saint Petersburg

**FC Zenit Saint Petersburg** (Russian: ФК "Зенит" Санкт-Петербург) is a Russian football club from Saint Petersburg. Founded in 1925 (or in 1914 according to some Russian sources), the club plays in the Russian Premier League and currently is the richest in the country, due to the sponsorship of Gazprom.

Zenit are the 2007 champions of the Russian Premier League, the holders of the 2008 UEFA Cup and of the 2008 UEFA Super Cup after beating Manchester United 2-1 in Monaco. Zenit won Russian Cup in 2010. They defeated Sibir in the final with the score 1-0.

### Europe

- UEFA Europa League : **1** (2009)
- UEFA Super Cup : **1** (2009)

### Russia

- Russian Premier League : **6** (2006, 2009, 2011–12, 2014–15, 2018–19, 2019–20)
- Russian Cup : **3**  (1999, 2010, 2015)
- Russian Premier League Cup : **1** (2002)
- Russian Super Cup : **3** (2008, 2011, 2015, 2016)

### Soviet Union

- Soviet Top League : **1** (1984)
- Soviet Cup : **1** (1944)
- Soviet Super Cup : **1** (1984)

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: FC Zenit Saint Petersburg
- **image**: Zenit 2013 arrow.png
- **fullname**: Football Club Zenit
- **nickname**: FC Zenit
- **founded**: 1925
- **ground**: Krestovsky Stadium, Gazprom Arena,
Saint Petersburg
- **capacity**: 67,800
- **owner**: Gazprom
- **chairman**: Aleksandr Medvedev
- **mgrtitle**: Head Coach
- **manager**: Sergei Semak
- **league**: Russian Premier League
- **season**: 2019–20 Russian Premier League, 2019–20
- **position**: 1st
- **pattern b1**: _collar
- **leftarm1**: 449FFA
- **body1**: 449FFA
- **rightarm1**: 449FFA
- **shorts1**: 449FFA
- **socks1**: 449FFA
- **pattern b2**: _collar
- **leftarm2**: 000000
- **body2**: 000000
- **rightarm2**: 000000
- **shorts2**: ffdd00
- **socks2**: ffffff
Stockport County F.C.

**Stockport County F.C.** is an English football club. They currently play in the Blue Square North, in English football. The club plays their home games at Edgeley Park. At home they play in Blue.

## Name

- 1883-1888 **Heaton Norris Rovers F.C.**
- 1888-1890 **Heaton Norris F.C.**
- 1890-present **Stockport County F.C.**

## League position

|Season|League|Position|
| --- | --- | --- |
|2000/01|First Division|19th|
|2001/02|First Division|24th|
|2002/03|Second Division|14th|
|2003/04|Second Division|19th|
|2004/05|League One|24th|
|2005/06|League Two|22nd|
|2006/07|League Two|8th|
|2007/08|League Two|4th|
|2008/09|League One|18th|

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Stockport County F.C.
- **fullname**: Stockport County Football Club
- **founded**: 1883
- **ground**: Edgeley Park, Stockport
- **capacity**: 10,651
- **manager**: Jim Gannon
- **league**: Blue Square Premier
- **season**: The Football League 2008–09, 2008/09
- **position**: Football League One, League One, 18th
Grand Theft Autumn/Where Is Your Boy

**"Grand Theft Autumn / Where Is Your Boy"** (or **"Grand Theft Autumn"**, **"Where Is Your Boy?"**) is the second single by rock band Fall Out Boy. It is from their album _Take This to Your Grave_.

## Related pages

- Fall Out Boy
- Take This to Your Grave
- Dead On Arrival
- Folie à Deux
Cornthwaite Rason

**Sir Cornthwaite Hector William James Rason** (18 June 1858 – 15 March 1927) was the 7th Premier of Western Australia from 25 August 1905 until 7 May 1906.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **honorific-prefix**: Sir
- **name**: Cornthwaite Raon
- **image**: Cornthwaite Rason (1858-1927).jpg
- **imagesize**: 150px
- **caption**: Cornthwaite Rason
- **order**: 7th
- **office**: Premier of Western Australia
- **term start**: 25 August 1905
- **term end**: 7 May 1906
- **predecessor**: Henry Daglish
- **successor**: Newton Moore
- **birth date**: 18 June 1858
- **birth place**: Cleeve, Somerset, England
- **death date**: 15 March 1927 (aged 68)
- **death place**: Beckenham, Kent, England
- **spouse**: Mary Evelina Terry
- **occupation**: Railway clerk, shopkeeper, investor
Henry Daglish

**Henry Daglish** (18 November 1866 – 16 August 1920) was the 6th Premier of Western Australia from 10 August 1904 to 25 August 1905. He was the first Western Australia Premier from the Labor Party and the first from any organised political party.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Henry Daglish
- **image**: HenryDaglish.jpeg
- **imagesize**: 150px
- **caption**: Henry Daglish
- **order**: 6th
- **office**: Premier of Western Australia
- **term start**: 10 August 1904
- **term end**: 25 August 1905
- **predecessor**: Walter James
- **successor**: Cornthwaite Rason
- **birth date**: 18 November 1866
- **birth place**: Ballarat, Victoria, Australia
- **death date**: 16 August 1920
- **death place**: Perth, Western Australia
- **party**: Australian Labor Party
- **spouse**: Edith Bishop
- **occupation**: Clerk in police force
Walter James

**Sir Walter Hartwell James** (29 March 1863 – 3 January 1943) was the 5th Premier of Western Australia from 1 July 1902 to 10 August 1904.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **honorific-prefix**: Sir
- **name**: Walter Hartwell James
- **image**: Walter James.jpg
- **imagesize**: 150px
- **caption**: Sir Walter James
- **order**: 5th
- **office**: Premier of Western Australia
- **term start**: 1 July 1902
- **term end**: 10 August 1904
- **predecessor**: George Leake
- **successor**: Henry Daglish
- **birth date**: 29 March 1863
- **birth place**: Perth, Western Australia
- **death date**: 3 January 1943
- **death place**: Perth, Western Australia
- **party**: Independent (politician), None
- **spouse**: Eleanora Marie Gwenyfred Hearder
- **occupation**: Jackeroo
 Lawyer
Alf Morgans

**Alfred Edward Morgans** (17 February 1850 – 10 August 1933) was the 4th Premier of Western Australia from 21 November to 23 December 1901.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Alfred Edward Morgans
- **image**: Alf Morgans (1850-1933).jpg
- **imagesize**: 150px
- **caption**: Alf Morgans
- **order**: 4th
- **office**: Premier of Western Australia
- **term start**: 21 November 1901
- **term end**: 23 December 1901
- **predecessor**: George Leake
- **successor**: George Leake
- **birth date**: 17 February 1850
- **birth place**: Ochr Churith Machen Lower, Monmouthshire, England (now Wales)
- **death date**: 10 August 1933
- **death place**: South Perth, Western Australia
- **party**: Independent
- **spouse**: Fanny Ridler
- **occupation**: Mining investor
 Gold and copper mine owner
George Leake

**George Leake** (3 December 1856 – 24 June 1902) was the 3rd Premier of Western Australia from 27 May 1901 to 21 November 1901 and then from 23 December 1901 to 24 June 1902.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: George Leake
- **image**: George Leake.jpg
- **imagesize**: 150px
- **caption**: George Leake
- **order**: 3rd
- **office**: Premier of Western Australia
- **term start**: 27 May 1901
- **term end**: 21 November 1901
- **predecessor**: George Throssell
- **successor**: Alf Morgans
- **term start2**: 23 December 1901
- **term end2**: 24 June 1902
- **predecessor2**: Alf Morgans
- **successor2**: Walter James, Sir Walter James
- **birth date**: 3 December 1856
- **birth place**: Perth, Western Australia
- **death date**: 24 June 1902
- **death place**: Perth, Western Australia
- **party**: Independent (politician), None
- **spouse**: Louisa Emily Burt
- **occupation**: Lawyer
George Throssell

**George Lionel Throssell** (23 May 1840 – 30 August 1910) was the 2nd Premier of Western Australia from 15 February 1901 to 27 May 1901.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: George Throssell
- **image**: George Throssell (1840-1910).jpg
- **imagesize**: 150px
- **caption**: George Throssell
- **order**: 2nd
- **office**: Premier of Western Australia
- **term start**: 15 February 1901
- **term end**: 27 May 1901
- **predecessor**: Sir John Forrest
- **successor**: George Leake
- **birth date**: 23 May 1840
- **birth place**: Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
- **death date**: 30 August 1910
- **death place**: Northam, Western Australia
- **party**: Conservative
- **spouse**: Anne Morrell
- **occupation**: General merchant
 Land speculator
John Forrest

**Sir John Forrest** (22 August 1847 – 2 September 1918) was the 1st Premier of Western Australia from 29 December 1890 – 14 February 1901. He helped to make sure that Western Australia joined the federation of Australian states. After federation, he went into federal politics. He served as Minister for Defence, Minister for Home Affairs, Treasurer and acting Prime Minister.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **honorific-prefix**: Sir
- **name**: John Forrest
- **image**: John Forrest 1898.jpg
- **imagesize**: 150px
- **caption**: John Forrest
- **order**: 1st
- **office**: Premier of Western Australia
- **term start**: 29 December 1890
- **term end**: 14 February 1901
- **successor**: George Throssell
- **birth date**: 22 August 1847
- **birth place**: Bunbury, Western Australia
- **death date**: 2 September 1918
- **death place**: At sea off Sierra Leone, Africa
- **party**: Conservative
- **spouse**: Margaret Elvire
- **occupation**: Explorer
UK Albums Chart

The **UK Albums Chart** is a list of albums ranked by sales in the United Kingdom. It is formulated by Official Charts Company and a Top 200 published in ChartsPlus (only the Top 100 is counted in data sources).
Attack model

**Attack models** or **attack types** specify how much information a cryptanalyst has access to when _breaking_ or _cracking_ an encrypted message, commonly known as **codebreaking** or **cracking the code**. Some common attack models are:

- Ciphertext-only attack
- Known-plaintext attack
- Chosen-plaintext attack
- Chosen-ciphertext attack
    - Adaptive chosen-ciphertext attack
    - Indifferent chosen-ciphertext attack
The ciphertext-only attack model is the weakest because it implies that the cryptanalyst has just the encoded message.

Different attack models are used for other cryptographic systems, or more generally for all kind of security systems. Examples for such attack models are:
- Adaptive chosen-message attack for digital signatures

## References

- Information Security Laboratory  (powerpoint)

## Other websites

- University of Colorado at Boulder's introduction to Cryptography and attack models  (PDF)
- University of Waterloo paper that discusses attack models (Postscript file) html version
Cuts Like a Knife

***Cuts Like a Knife*** is the third album by the Canadian rock artist Bryan Adams. Released on January, 1983 through A&M Records, the album became a big hit in Canada when it was released. Outside Canada and the United States the album did not sell as well. After the release of Reckless the album would chart on the British album chart and would later be a Silver Record by the BPI. It was made at Little Mountain Sound, in Vancouver, Canada.

Three singles were released from the album: "Straight from the Heart", "Cuts Like a Knife" and "This Time", the three made Adams very popular.

## Personnel

- Bryan Adams - vocals, guitars, piano
- Jim Vallance - guitars, percussion, keyboards
- Mickey Curry - drums
- Tommy Mandel - organ, synthesizer
- Keith Scott - guitars, vocals
- Alfa Anderson - background vocals
- Lou Gramm of Foreigner - background vocals

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Cuts Like a Knife
- **type**: Album
- **artist**: Bryan Adams
- **released**: January, 1983
- **recorded**: August 13 - October 20, 1982
- **genre**: Rock music, Rock
- **length**: 38:53
- **label**: A&M Records, A&M
- **producer**: Bryan Adams
Bob Clearmountain
- **prev title**: You Want It You Got It
(1981)
- **next title**: Reckless (album), Reckless
(1984)
You Want It You Got It

***You Want It You Got It*** is the second album by Bryan Adams, and was released in 1981 (see 1981 in music). The album was to be called _Bryan Adams Hasn't Heard Of You Either_ but the record company wanted him to change the title to something safer.

The first single, "Lonely Nights", was a big hit in the US. Two other singles "Coming Home" and "Fits Ya Good" were top 40 hits in Canada.

Many songs from this album were covered by other artists, they are "Lonely Nights" by Uriah Heep, "Jealousy" by Prism, "Tonight" by Randy Meisner and "Fits Ya Good" by Tove Naess and others.

After Dave Taylor listened to this album, he decided to become Bryan Adams' bass player.

## Personnel

- Bryan Adams - guitars, piano, vocals, producer
- Mickey Curry - drums
- Jamie Glaser - guitars
- Tommy Mandel   - keyboards, organ, synthesizer
- Jimmy Maelen - percussion
- G.E. Smith       - guitars
- Brian Stanley - bass
- Jonathan Gerber - saxophone
- Cindy Bullens - background vocals
- Bob Clearmountain - producer, mixing

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: You Want It You Got It
- **type**: Album
- **artist**: Bryan Adams
- **released**: 1981
- **recorded**: 1981
- **genre**: Rock (music), Rock
- **length**: 38:33
- **label**: A&M Records, A&M
- **producer**: Bryan Adams, Bob Clearmountain
- **prev title**: Bryan Adams (album), Bryan Adams
(1980)
- **next title**: Cuts Like a Knife
(1983)
Bryan Adams (album)

***Bryan Adams*** is the first album by Canadian rock singer Bryan Adams. It was released in February 1980 by A&M Records. "Hidin' From Love" went to #64 on Canada's RPM 100 Singles chart and "Give Me Your Love" went to #91 on the same chart.

In early 1978, Bryan Adams and Jim Vallance made a song-writing duo together. They made the album in 1979 and released it in February 1980.

The first single was "Hidin' from Love" in 1980 (#43 on the Billboard dance charts) the next one was "Give Me Your Love" and then "Remember".

## References

- MTV Biography

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Bryan Adams
- **type**: Album
- **artist**: Bryan Adams
- **released**: February 1980
- **recorded**: February 12, 1979
- **genre**: Rock music, Rock
- **length**: 31:11
- **label**: A&M Records, A&M
- **producer**: Bryan Adams, Jim Vallance
- **next title**: You Want It You Got It
- **next year**: 1981
Known-plaintext attack

The **known-plaintext attack (KPA)** is an attack model for cryptanalysis where the attacker has samples of both the plaintext and its encrypted version (known as ciphertext version) then they can use them to expose further secret information after calculating the secret key.

Encrypted file archives such as ZIP are very prone to this attack. For example, an attacker with an encrypted ZIP file needs only one unencrypted file from the archive which forms the "known-plaintext". Then using some publicly available software they can instantly calculate the key required to decrypt the entire archive.

Classical ciphers are typically susceptible to known-plaintext attack. For example, a Caesar cipher can be solved using a single letter of corresponding plaintext and ciphertext to decrypt entirely.

## Related pages

- Chosen-plaintext attack
- Ciphertext-only attack
18 til I Die

***18 til I Die*** is a rock album by the Canadian singer and songwriter Bryan Adams. It was released in 1996 (see 1996 in music). It is the second album Adams co-produced with Robert Mutt Lange and features a more raw rock style, including some Blues style music.

## Personnel

- Bryan Adams - rhythm guitar, vocals, co-producer
- Keith Scott - lead guitar
- Paco de Lucia- featured flamenco guitarist on "Have You Ever Really Loved a Woman"
- Mickey Curry - drums
- Dave Taylor - bass
- Olle Romo - percussion
- Michael Kamen - piano, string arrangements
- Mutt Lange   - guitars

### Album

|align="left"|Country|align="left"|Peak Position|align="left"|Certification (If Any)|align="left"|Sales/shipments|align="left"|ref.|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|UK|align="center"|1|align="center"|2× Platinum|align="center"|+600,000|align="center"|||
|Australia|align="center"|2|align="center"|3× Platinum|align="center"|+210,000|align="center"|||
|Austria|align="center"|2|align="center"|Gold|align="center"|+10,000|align="center"|||
|Switzerland|align="center"|2|align="center"|Platinum|align="center"|+120,000|align="center"|||
|Finland|align="center"|3|align="center"||align="center"||align="center"|||
|Germany|align="center"|4|align="center"|Gold|align="center"|+100,000|align="center"|||
|Canada|align="center"|4|align="center"|3× Platinum|align="center"|+300,000|align="center"|||
|Sweden|align="center"|5|align="center"||align="center"||align="center"|||
|Belgia|align="center"|5|align="center"||align="center"||align="center"|||
|Norway|align="center"|7|align="center"||align="center"||align="center"|||
|Hungary|align="center"|8|align="center"||align="center"||align="center"|||
|Netherland|align="center"|9|align="center"||align="center"||align="center"|||
|New Zealand|align="center"|13|align="center"||align="center"||align="center"|||
|France|align="center"|15|align="center"||align="center"||align="center"|||
|United States|align="center"|31|align="center"|Platinum|align="center"|+1,000,000|align="center"|||

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: 18 Til I Die
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: Bryan Adams
- **released**: June 4, 1996
- **recorded**: 1995–96
- **genre**: Rock music, Rock, soft rock
- **length**: 51:48
- **label**: A&M Records, A&M
- **producer**: Bryan Adams, Robert Lange, Robert John "Mutt" Lange
- **prev title**: Live! Live! Live!
- **prev year**: 1994
- **next title**: Unplugged (Bryan Adams album), Unplugged
- **next year**: 1997
On a Day Like Today

***On a Day Like Today*** is an album by Canadian singer-songwriter Bryan Adams, released in 1998 (see 1998 in music).

## Personnel

- Bryan Adams - guitars, piano, vocals
- Mickey Curry - drums
- Keith Scott - bass, guitar
- Phil Thornalley - guitar, bass, string arrangements
- Dave Pickell - piano, organ
- Danny Cummings - percussion
- Melanie C - vocals on "When You're Gone"

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: On a Day Like Today
- **type**: Album
- **artist**: Bryan Adams
- **released**: October 27, 1998
- **recorded**: June - August 1998
- **genre**: Rock music, Rock
- **length**: 55:14
- **label**: A&M Records, A&M
- **producer**: Bryan Adams, Bob Rock
- **prev title**: MTV Unplugged (Bryan Adams album), MTV Unplugged
(1997)
- **next title**: The Best of Me
(1999)
Room Service (Bryan Adams album)

***Room Service*** is a rock album by Canadian singer/songwriter Bryan Adams released internationally in 2004 and in the U.S. The following year. "Open Road" was the first single taken from the album, followed by "Flying", "Room Service" and, as an American release, "This Side of Paradise".  In the summer of 2005, "Open Road" was used the theme song in ESPN's SportsCenter series 50 States in 50 Days.

"East Side Story" was originally going to be released on Chicane's canceled Album _Easy To Assemble_ with Bryan Adams on vocals, although with a completely different composition.

## Personnel

- Bryan Adams - guitar, dobro, harmonica, piano and bass
- Keith Scott - guitars
- Mickey Curry - drums
- Norm Fisher - bass
- Gary Breit - piano and organ
- Phil Tornalley - additional production, guitars and keyboards
- Yoad Nevo - additional production, programming, percussion, guitars
- Declan Masterson - Irish whistle on "Flying"
- Maurice Seezer - accordion and piano on "Flying"
- Gavin Greenway - string arrangement on "Flying"
- Michael Kamen - string arrangement and oboe on "I Was Only Dreaming"
- Ben Dobie, Avril Mackintosh, and Olle Romo - protocols editing
- The Pointless Brothers - background vocals on "Flying"
- Bob Clearmountain - Mixing
- Ben Dobie - engineering

## Other websites

- Bryan Adams interview

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Room Service
- **type**: Album
- **artist**: Bryan Adams
- **released**: October 19, 2004
- **recorded**: September 29, 2002 - June 4, 2004
- **genre**: Rock music, Rock
- **length**: 39:14
- **label**: Universal Music, Universal/Polydor
Mercury Records, Mercury (US)
- **producer**: Bryan Adams
- **prev title**: Spirit: Stallion of the Cimarron#Animation and Sound, Spirit: Stallion of the Cimarron
(2002)
- **next title**: Anthology (Bryan Adams album), Anthology
(2005)
Chosen-plaintext attack

A **chosen-plaintext attack (CPA)** is a model for cryptanalysis which assumes that the attacker can choose random plaintexts to be encrypted and obtain the corresponding ciphertexts. The goal of the attack is to gain some further information which reduces the security of the encryption scheme.  In the worst case, a chosen-plaintext attack could expose secret information after calculating the secret key.

Modern cryptography is implemented in software or hardware and is used for a diverse range of applications; for many applications, a chosen-plaintext attack is often very feasible.  Chosen-plaintext attacks become extremely important in the context of public key cryptography, where the encryption key is public and attackers can encrypt any plaintext they choose.

Any cipher that can prevent chosen-plaintext attacks is then also guaranteed to be secure against known-plaintext and ciphertext-only attacks; this is a conservative approach to security.

Two forms of chosen-plaintext attack can be distinguished:

- **Batch chosen-plaintext attack**, where the cryptanalyst chooses all plaintexts before any of them are encrypted.
- **Adaptive chosen-plaintext attack**, where the professional cryptanalyst makes a series of interactive queries, choosing subsequent plaintexts based on the information from the previous encryptions.

## Related pages

- Ciphertext-only attack
- Chosen-ciphertext attack
- Known-plaintext attack
Ciphertext-only attack

In cryptography, a **ciphertext-only attack (COA)** or **known ciphertext attack** is an attack model for cryptanalysis where the attacker is assumed to have access only to a set of ciphertexts.

The attack is completely successful if the corresponding plaintexts can be deduced (extracted) or, even better, the key. The ability to obtain any amount of information from the underlying ciphertext is considered a success.

Every modern cipher attempts to provide protection against ciphertext-only attacks. The process of selecting a new cipher design standard usually takes many years and includes exhaustive testing of large quantities of ciphertext for any statistical different approach from random noise. On the other hand, poor cipher depends on home-grown proprietary algorithms that have not been subjected to extensive testing and inspection; for this reason, many computer-age encryption systems are still subject to ciphertext-only attack but still in use. Examples include:

- Early versions of Microsoft's PPTP virtual private network software used the same RC4 key for the sender and the receiver (later versions solved this problem but may still have other problems). In any case where a stream cipher like RC4 is used twice with the same key, it is open to ciphertext-only attack.
- Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP), the first security protocol for Wi-Fi, proved susceptible to several attacks, most of them ciphertext-only.
- Some modern cipher designs have later been shown to be suspect to ciphertext-only attacks. For example, Akelarre.

## Related pages

- Chosen-plaintext attack
- Chosen-ciphertext attack
- Known-plaintext attack

## References

- Alex Biryukov and Eyal Kushilevitz, "From Differential Cryptanalysis to Ciphertext-Only Attacks," CRYPTO 1998, pp 72–88;