juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
British Rail Class 418

**British Rail Class 418** (or **2Sap**) was a class of electric multiple unit commissioned by British Railways Southern Region. in England.  The units were formed in the 1970s by simply declassifying the first class accommodation in selected **2Hap** units.  They were employed on inner suburban routes such as the Hounslow Loop.

## Infobox (dmu)

- **name**: <span style="color:white;">British Rail Class 418</span>
- **image**: 2 sap emu.jpg
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **caption**: 5934 at Virginia Water railway station, Virginia Water in 1979
- **background**: #B1004D
- **manufacturer**: BR Eastleigh
- **formation**: DMBSO - DTS
- **numberbuilt**: 63 units converted from British Rail Class 414, 2-HAP
- **service**: 1969-1970, 1974-1980, 1982-1983
- **operator**: British Rail
- **lines**: Southern Region of British Rail, Southern Region
- **carbody**: Steel
- **height**: (overall)
- **doors**: Slam
- **traction motors**: 2 × English Electric, EE507
- **poweroutput**: 2 x

- **hvac**: Electric
- **electricsystem**: 750 Volt, V Direct current, DC third rail
- **collectionmethod**: Current collector#Contact shoe, Contact shoe
- **uicclass**: Bo′2′+2′2′
- **brakes**: Railway airbrake, Air (Electropneumatic brake, EP/Auto)
- **multipleworking**: 1951, 1957, 1963, 1966 SR Emus
British Rail Class 419

The British Rail **Class 419** Motor Luggage Vans (or MLV) were built from 1951-61 by BR at Eastleigh Works.

## Infobox (dmu)

- **name**: <span style="color:#FFFFFF">British Rail Class 419</span>
- **image**: Class419.JPG
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **background**: #B1004D
- **manufacturer**: BR Eastleigh
- **formation**: Single car
- **built**: 10
- **inservice**: 1959 -
- **weight**: 45 ton
- **maxspeed**: 90 mph 145 km/h
- **brakes**: Air (EP/Auto), also fitted with Vacuum exhauster for hauling vacuum brake fitted van stock
- **engine**: 2 x 250 hp traction motors
 total 500 hp (373 kW)
- **operator**: British Rail
British Rail Class 421

The British Rail **Class 421** (or 4Cig) electric multiple units were built at BR York Works from 1964-1972.  Units were built in two batches, and were initially introduced on services on the Brighton Main Line. Later units were introduced on services to Portsmouth. These units replaced older Southern Railway-designed units, such as the 5Bel "Brighton Belle" units, and 4Cor units. These trains were known commonly as "slam-doors".

## Infobox (emu)

- **name**: British Rail Class 421
- **image**: 1498 at Lymington Pier.JPG
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **caption**: Class 421/7 no. 1498 "Farringford" at Lymington Pier railway station, Lymington Pier on 26 May 2005. This unit has been restored to 1960s-era British Railways green livery for use on the Lymington Branch Line.
- **background**: #EFF555
- **manufacturer**: BREL York
- **operator**: British Rail, South West Trains
- **formation**: driving trailer + trailer + power car + driving trailer
- **built**: 166
- **inservice**: 1964 - 2005
- **weight**: 150 Tons
- **carlength**: 265ft 8 1/2in
- **carwidth**: ft 9 in (2.81m)
- **carheight**: 12ft 9 1/4in (3.89m)
- **maxspeed**: 90mph (145 km/h)
- **power**: 4 x 250 hp traction motors
 total 1,000 hp (746 kW)
- **gauge**: standard gauge
- **voltage**: 750V dc third rail
British Rail Class 423

The British Rail **Class 423** (or 4Vep ) electrical multiple units were built by BR at York Works from 1967 to 1974, although the MBSOs and TSOs of the first 20, 7701-7720, were constructed at Derby Works. They feature manually opening doors next to every seating row. They were mostly found working outer suburban services in South London, and rural services in Kent and Sussex, up to 2005 when they were finally replaced by Electrostar and Desiro units.

## Infobox (emu)

- **name**: British Rail Class 423
- **image**: 3445 at Waterloo East.jpg
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **caption**: Class 423/1, no. 3445 at Waterloo East on 8 February 2003, with a service to Charing Cross. This unit is painted in Connex livery.
- **background**: #EFF555
- **manufacturer**: BREL York
- **operator**: South West Trains
Southern (train operating company), Southern
South Eastern
- **formation**: 4 car per trainset
- **built**: 194 units
- **inservice**: 1967-2005
- **weight**: Total - 36F/266S
- **carlength**: 66 ft 7 in
- **carwidth**: 9ft 3in (2.81m)
- **carheight**: 12ft 9 1/4in (3.89m)
- **maxspeed**: 90mph (145 km/h)
- **power**: 1,000hp (740kW)
- **voltage**: 750V dc third rail
British Rail Class 424

The British Rail **Class 424** "Networker Classic" electric multiple unit (EMU) was built in 1997 by ADtranz at Derby. It was a prototype vehicle rebuilt from a Class 421 driving trailer vehicle.

## Infobox (dmu)

- **name**: British Rail Class 424
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **caption**: Class 424 vehicle on display at London Victoria railway station, London Victoria in 1998
- **background**: #B1004D
- **manufacturer**: Holgate Road carriage works
Adtranz (reconstruction)
- **numberbuilt**: 1 vehicle
- **yearconstruction**: 1965
1997 (reconstruction)
- **numberscrapped**: 1 vehicle
- **service**: 1997
- **capacity**: 77
- **operator**: Adtranz (technology demonstrator)
Always (Sum 41 song)

"**Always**" is a single by Sum 41, released on their greatest-hits  album _8 Years of Blood, Sake and Tears: The Best of Sum 41, and also as a B side of Underclass Hero._ It is the only new song on the record, recorded especially for this release, and was released as a radio single on December 9, 2008.

Although the album was released on November 26, 2008, the song was released to the public for free listening on the Universal Japan website on November 11, 2008.

## Overview

"Always" is not a typical Sum 41 song. It switches tempos back and forth during the whole song, from an acoustic slow intro to an up-tempo verse and chorus, up until a quiet piano break, again into an up-tempo chorus, and back to a totally stripped acoustic slow break from the whole tempo of the song. The song features a prominent use of piano and acoustic guitar, and has a much heavier sound than the one present on the band's last album _Underclass Hero_.

Like the band's last effort, _Underclass Hero_, the song was totally produced, mixed and engineered by lead singer Deryck Whibley himself.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Always
- **artist**: Sum 41
- **album**: Complicity
- **released**: December 9, 2008
- **recorded**: 2008
- **genre**: Alternative rock
- **length**: 3:22
- **label**: Island Records, Island
- **writer**: Deryck Whibley
- **producer**: Deryck Whibley
- **prev title**: With Me (Sum 41 song), With Me
- **prev year**: 2008
- **next title**: Screaming Bloody Murder
- **next year**: 2011
British Rail Class 432

The British Rail **4-REP** electric multiple units were built by BR at York Works from 1966-1967 and 1974. The units were built to power the 4-TC trailer units on services on the South Western Main Line. Fifteen four-car units were built. The motor coaches were new build, but the trailers were converted from Mk1 hauled stock. They were initially classified as **Class 441** and numbered 3001-3015. This was later changed to **Class 430**, under which they spent the majority of their working lives. Shortly before withdrawal they were reclassified  **Class 432** and the units were renumbered to 2001-2015.

## Infobox (train)

- **background**: #012545;color:white
- **name**: British Rail Class 432 (4-REP)
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **service**: 1966–1992
- **manufacturer**: British Rail
- **factory**: York Works
- **family**: BR Mark 1 EMU
- **yearconstruction**: 1966–1967, 1974
- **numberbuilt**: 15 Sets
- **formation**: 4 cars: DMSO-TRB-TBFK-DMSO
- **designation**: 3001–3015, later 2001–2015
- **capacity**: 24 First, 128 Standard, 23 buffet seats
- **operator**: British Rail
- **depots**: Bournemouth TMD
- **carlength**: DMSO:
TRB/TBFK:
- **weight**: DMSO:
TRB:
TBFK:
Total:
- **traction**: English Electric, EE546 traction motors of , 8 off
- **powerout**: Total:
- **powersup**: Third rail
- **voltage**: 750 V DC
- **brakes**: Air (Auto and Electro-Pneumatic)
- **safety**: AWS Automatic Warning System
British Rail Class 438

The British Rail **4-TC** multiple units were unpowered fixed formation 4 carriage sets (fitted with driving cabs at each end) converted by BR at York Works from locomotive-hauled Mark 1 carriages in 1966-1967 and 1974. The units built on experience gained from the prototype 6TC unit. They were initially classified as **Class 442** and numbered in the 300 and 400 series. This was later changed to **Class 491**, under which they spent the majority of their working lives. Shortly before withdrawal they were reclassified **Class 438** and the units were renumbered to 8001-8034.

## Infobox (train)

- **name**: British Rail Class 438 (4-TC)
- **background**: #012545;color:white
- **image**: Weymouth Quay railway station 1986.jpg
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **caption**: Class 438 unit at Weymouth Quay railway station, Weymouth Quay
- **service**: 1966–1988
- **manufacturer**: BR/BREL York
- **family**: BR Mark 1 EMU
- **constructed**: 1966–1967, 1974 (converted)
- **formation**: 4 car sets - DTSO-TFK-TBSK-DTSO
- **numberbuilt**: 34 sets, 1 spare DTSO
- **designation**: 401–434, later 8001–8034
- **weight**: DTSO:
TFK:
TBSK:
Total:
- **capacity**: 42 First, 160 Standard
- **operator**: British Rail
- **depots**: Bournemouth TMD
- **carlength**: DTSO:
 TFK/TBSK:
- **brakes**: Air (EP/Auto)
- **safety**: Automatic Warning System, AWS
- **hvac**: Electric train heating
- **bogies**: B5
British Rail Class 442

The British Rail **Class 442 _Wessex Electric**_ (or 5WES) electric multiple units, were introduced in 1988 on the South Western Main Line from London Waterloo to Southampton Central, Bournemouth, Poole and Weymouth. Twenty-four of these 5-car units were built between 1988 and 1989 by BREL at their Derby works. Their introduction coincided with the completion of electrification from Bournemouth to Weymouth. The entire fleet was operated by South West Trains up until February 2007, when the Class 442 services were replaced.

## Infobox (train)

- **name**: <<span style="color:#FFFFFF">British Rail Class 442 _Wessex Electric_</span>
- **image**: BBC South Today at London Waterloo.jpg
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **caption**: 442419 "BBC South Today" at London Waterloo station, London Waterloo on 19 July 2003. This train is painted in South West Trains Express livery
- **background**: #FF7518
- **manufacturer**: BREL
- **factory**: Derby Carriage and Wagon Works, Derby Works
- **family**: British Rail Mark 3#Multiple Units based on the Mk 3, Mark 3-derived
- **operator**: South Western Railway (train operating company), South Western Railway
- **formation**: 5 cars per trainset
- **numberbuilt**: 24 trainsets
- **numberservice**: 8/17 trainsets
- **inservice**: 1988– 2020
- **weight**: Trainset total
- **carlength**: DTS -
TSO/TSW/MLC -
- **capacity**: (SWT) 266 standard class, 50 first class
- **traction**: 4 x English Electric 546 of  each
- **power-supply**: Third rail electric Contact Shoe
- **voltage**: 750V DC
- **brakes**: Disc
- **refurbished**: 2019 for South Western Railway
British Rail Class 444

The British Rail **Class 444** (or 5Des) "Desiro" electric multiple units were built by Siemens AG from 2002-04. Forty-five of these units were built for express services for South West Trains. The "Desiro" family also includes units of Classes 350, 360 and 450.

## Infobox (emu)

- **name**: <span style="color:#FFFFFF">British Rail Class 444 "Desiro"</span>
- **image**: 444026 at Waterloo.jpg
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **caption**: 444026 at Waterloo
- **background**: #012545
- **manufacturer**: Siemens AG
- **family**: Desiro
- **formation**: 5 cars per trainset
- **built**: 45 units
- **inservice**: 21 April 2004 – present
- **weight**: Total: 227 tonnes
- **maxspeed**: 100mph (161 km/h).
- **brakes**: Air, regenerative
- **operator**: South West Trains  South Western Railway
British Rail Classes 445 and 446

The **PEP** Stock were prototype electric multiple units used on British Rail's Southern Region during the early 1970s. They were forerunners of the BR _Second Generation_ electric multiple unit fleet. Three units were built, one two-car unit (2001), and two four-car units (4001/4002). Under TOPS, they were allocated Classes 445 (4PEP) and 446 (2PEP).

## Infobox (emu)

- **name**: <span style="color:#FFFFFF;">British Rail Class 445 and 446</span>
- **image**: 4-PEP-4002.jpg
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **caption**: 4PEP unit No.4002 in the sidings at Wimbledon depot
- **background**: #012545
- **manufacturer**: BREL York
- **operator**: British Rail
- **formation**: 2/4 cars per trainset
- **family**: 1972 design (PEP)
- **built**: 2 Class 445, 1 Class 446
- **capacity**: 280 (445)
136 (446)
- **inservice**: 1971–1980
- **maxspeed**: 75 mph (121 km/h)
- **gauge**: Standard Gauge, Standard
- **voltage**: 750V dc third rail
Ukrainians

**Ukrainians** are a group of East Slavic people from Ukraine. Ukrainians speak the Ukrainian language.

In 2001, there were 37 million Ukrainians in Ukraine. (That year, the census counted 37,541,693.)

Ukrainians and non-Ukrainians - around 3 million - left Ukraine during 2022's Ukrainian refugee crisis.

The Ukrainians - one of the largest European nations totaling about 44 million.

The largest Ukrainian community abroad Ukraine is in Russia. About 3 million Russian citizens consider themselves to be Ukrainians. About 2 million Ukrainians live in North America (890,000 in the United States and 1 million in Canada). Many Ukrainians live in countries such as Brazil (880,000), Kazakhstan (500,000), Moldova (450,000), Argentina (305,000), Poland (300,000), Belarus (250,000) and Slovakia (200,000). Also, Ukrainian diaspora exist in Germany, the United Kingdom, Portugal, Romania and Latvia.

The connection with the Zaporozhian Cossacks especially, is emphasized in the Ukrainian national anthem, "We are, brothers, of Cossack kin".

## Related pages

- List of Ukrainians
- List of people with Ukrainian ancestry
    - Ukrainian Americans

## Infobox (ethnic group)

- **group**: Ukrainians
(українці / ukrayintsi)
- **image**: <table border=0 align="center">
  <tr>

<td></td>

<td></td>

<td></td>

</tr>
  <tr>
    <td style="background-color:#fee8ab; font-size:0.8em>Yulia Tymoshenko, Y.Tymoshenko</td>

<td style="background-color:#fee8ab; font-size:0.8em>Vitali Klitschko, V.&W.Klitschko</td>

<td style="background-color:#fee8ab; font-size:0.8em></td>

</table>
- **total**: 37 million
- **total ref**: –57.5
- **regions**: 37,541,693
- **related groups**: Other Slavic peoples, pairticularly other East Slavs
Lipovans

**Lipovans** or **Lippovans** (, , ) are the Old Believers, mostly of Russian ethnic origin, who settled in the delta of the Danube River in Tulcea county in the Dobrogea region of eastern Romania and in the southwestern part of Odesa Oblast (in Budjak) as well as in Chernivtsi Oblast in Ukraine as well as in two villages in North-Eastern Bulgaria. According to the 2002 Romanian census there are a total of 35,791 Lipovans in Romania, of whom 21,623 still live in Dobrogea.
British Rail Class 447

**Class 447** was the designation given to the Electric multiple unit trains that would have run the shuttle services (branded the _Battersea Bullet_) between London Victoria and the entertainment complex planned for the site of the former Battersea Power Station. Three units were planned, each of four cars, and since the trains would have been privately owned by the operator of the entertainment complex, British Rail allocated carriage numbers 99469-99481 (from the private owner carriage series) for the individual vehicles.
Canon Inc.

is a Japanese company that makes imaging and optical products. These include cameras, film, image scanners and computer printers. The company was started in 1937.

## History

Canon began as the **Precision Optical Instruments Laboratory**. In 1934, the first Japanese 35mm focal plane-shutter camera prototype was made. It was called the "Kwanon". In the next few years, Canon became very important in creating new camera products and making them better.

Today, Canon creates everything from digital cameras and camcorders to laser printers and film.

## Name origins

The name Canon came from the company's first prototype 35 mm camera "kwanon" but then change it. When the Company sought to begin full-scale marketing, it needed a brand name that would be accepted by people worldwide. From this standpoint, in 1935 the name Canon was registered as the official trademark. The word Canon has a number of meanings, including scriptures, criterion and standard

## Locations

Canon is now an international company. Canon has buildings in the Americas, Europe, the Middle East, Africa, Asia, and the South Seas.

## Infobox (company)

- **company name**: Canon Inc.
(キヤノン株式会社)
- **company type**: Public company, Public (, )
- **company logo**: Canon wordmark.svg
- **foundation**: Tokyo, Japan (10 August 1937)
- **location city**: Ōta, Tokyo, Ōta, Tokyo
- **location country**: Japan
- **key people**: Fujio Mitarai, Chairman & CEO
Tsuneji Uchida, President & COO
- **num employees**: 23,429 (2008)
- **revenue**: 4,481,346 million Yen (Fiscal year, FY 2007)
- **industry**: Imaging
- **products**: Print and document solutions, photographic equipment including printer (computing), printers, Image scanner, scanners and digital and SLR cameras. Binoculars, calculators and medical, optical, broadcast and IT imaging equipment.
British Rail Class 450

_This article concerns the electric multiple unit used by South Western Railway. For the diesel multiple unit used by Northern Ireland Railways see NIR Class 450_

The **British Rail Class 450** third rail DC Electric multiple unit (EMU) (or 4Des) began service during 2003. They are a part of the Siemens _Desiro_ modular train family and are more popularly known as the 'Blue Desiro'. In standing with requirements of all new rolling stock for the South East region, provision has been made for future conversion to 25 kV AC overhead supply or dual voltage, although at present no trains have been fitted with a pantograph. Used for outer suburban services, the Class 450 is fitted with Standard and First accommodation. The unit has a maximum speed of .

## Infobox (train)

- **name**: <span style="color:#FFFFFF">British Rail Class 450 _Desiro_</span>
- **image**: 450111 at Basingstoke sunshine whole unit 40163328080.jpg
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **caption**: South Western Railway Class 450 No. 450111 at
- **background**: #274488
- **manufacturer**: Siemens AG
- **family**: Desiro
- **formation**: 4 cars per trainset
- **designation**: 450001–450042 450071–450127 450543–450570
- **yearconstruction**: 2002–2006
- **yearservice**: 2003–2006
- **numberbuilt**: 127 trainsets
- **numberinservice**: 127 trainsets
- **inservice**: 5 October 2003 – present
- **weight**: Total: 170 tonnes
- **capacity**: 450/0 24 first class, 240 standard class per trainset - 450/5 240 standard class per trainset
- **carbody**: Aluminium
- **art-sections**: Inter-unit and inter-vehicle flexible diaphragm
- **doors**: Plug sliding 1/4 and 3/4 position
- **brakes**: Air, regenerative
- **operator**: South Western Railway (train operating company), South Western Railway
- **power-supply**: Third rail
- **voltage**: 750 V DC
Stephen III of Moldavia

**Stephen III of Moldavia** or **Stephen III** ( 1433 - July 2, 1504), also known as **Stephen the Great** (; _Ştefan cel Mare şi Sfânt_, "Stephen the Great and Holy" in more modern versions) was Prince of Moldavia between 1457 and 1504 and the most prominent representative of the House of Muşat.

## Infobox (saint)

- **name**: Saint Stephen the Great
 <small>"Saint Voivode Stephen the Great"</small>
- **birth date**: 1433
- **feast day**: July 2
- **venerated in**: Romanian Orthodox Church
- **image**: Humorstefan.jpg
- **imagesize**: 240px
- **caption**: Miniature from the 1473 _Gospel_ at Humor Monastery
- **birth place**: Borzeşti(?), Moldavia
- **death place**: Suceava, Moldavia
- **titles**: List of rulers of Moldavia, Prince of Moldavia
- **beatified date**: June 12, 1992
- **beatified place**: Bucharest, Romania
- **beatified by**: Romanian Orthodox Church
- **canonized date**: July 12, 2006
- **canonized place**: Putna Monastery
- **canonized by**: Romanian Orthodox Church
- **patronage**: Romania
- **major shrine**: Putna Monastery
British Rail Class 455

The **British Rail Class 455** is a type of electric multiple unit drawing power from a 750 V DC third rail. Built by BREL at York works in the early and mid-1980s, they were initially categorised as **Class 510** as the successor to the Class 508. They were used on suburban services in South London, by South West Trains and Southern. Southern does not have 455s anymore.

## Infobox (emu)

- **name**: <span style="color:#FFFFFF">British Rail Class 455</span>
- **image**: SWT Class 455 refurbished.jpg
- thumb
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **caption**: Refurbished South West Trains 455713 at Wimbledon. Note the differing profile of the third carriage.
- **background**: #A6070C
- **manufacturer**: BREL
- **formation**: 4 cars per trainset
- **built**: 137 trainsets
- **family**: Mark 3
- **inservice**: 1983 - present
- **refurbished**: Southern and South West Trains.
- **weight**: DTSO - 29.5 tonnes
- **maxspeed**: 75 mph (121 km/h)
- **brakes**: Air (Westcode)
- **operator**: South West Trains
Southern (train operating company), Southern
- **number scrapped**: 51
Serbs

**Serbs** (Serbian: Срби, _Srbi_) are a South Slavic people living in the Balkans and Central Europe, mainly in Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and in Croatia, in Krajina region. Sprunki Gray is a Serb and the Sprunki town don't like him

## Infobox (ethnic group)

- **group**: Serbs
Срби / Srbi
- **caption**: Saint Sava Stefan Uroš IV Dušan of Serbia, Stefan Dušan Karađorđe PetrovićNikola TeslaNadežda Petrović
- **pop**: **~12-13 million**
- **region1**: **Former Yugoslavia**
- **pop1**: **8,200,000+**
- **region2**: (including Kosovo Serbs)
- **pop2**: ~6,200,000 (2012)
- **pop3**: ~1,300,000 (2012)
- **pop4**: 265,895 (Native Serbian speakers)(2011)
- **pop5**: ~200,000 (2011)
- **pop6**: ~40,000 (2002)
- **pop7**: ~40,000 (2002)
- **region8**: **Europe**
- **pop8**: **2,000,000+**
- **pop9**: ~800,000 (2012)
- **pop10**: ~400,000 (2012)
- **pop11**: ~200,000
- **pop12**: ~120,000 (2012)
- **pop13**: ~55,000 (2004)
- **pop14**: ~120,000 (2008)
- **pop15**: ~70,000 (2005)
- **pop16**: ~20,000 (2002)
- **pop17**: ~40,000 (2008)
- **pop18**: ~12,000 (2006)
- **pop19**: ~60,000 (2008)
- **pop20**: ~15,000 (2001)
- **pop21**: ~7,000
- **pop22**: ~5,000 (2008)
- **region23**: **North America**
- **pop23**: **1,200,000+**
- **pop24**: ~1,000,000
- **pop25**: 80,320 (2011)
- **region26**: **Other**
- **pop26**: **unknown**
- **region27**: and
- **pop27**: ~130,000
- **pop28**: ~15,000
- **pop29**: ~4,000
- **pop30**: ~4,000 (2002)
- **languages**: Serbian language, Serbian
- **religions**: Predominantly Serbian Orthodox Christian
- **related-c**: Other Slavic peoples, especially South Slavs
Slovaks

The **Slovaks** or **Slovakians** are a western Slavic people that mainly live in Slovakia and speak the Slovak language, which is closely related to the Czech language.

## Infobox (ethnic group)

- **group**: **Slovaks**
- **image**: Svks2.jpg
- **caption**: <small>Anton Bernolák, Ľudovít Štúr, Andrej Hlinka, Štefan Banič, Jozef Miloslav Hurban, Aurel Stodola, Adam František Kollár, Milan Hodža, Pavol Országh Hviezdoslav, Milan Rastislav Štefánik, Gustáv Husák, Alexander Dubček</small>
- **total**: ~7 million
- **regions**: :    4,614,854<sup>[http://www.statistics.sk/webdata/slov/scitanie/tab/zu.htm]</sup>

:    1,200,000<sup>[http://www.uszz.sk/files/poctyOdhady.doc]</sup>

:    200,000<sup>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ez.html]</sup>

:    100,000<sup>[http://www.uszz.sk/files/poctyOdhady.doc]</sup>

:    59,021

:    30,000<sup>[http://www.uszz.sk/files/poctyOdhady.doc]</sup>

:    25,000<sup>[http://www.uszz.sk/files/poctyOdhady.doc]</sup>

:    20,200

:    17,693

:    4,000<sup>[http://www.uszz.sk/files/poctyOdhady.doc]</sup>

Latin America:   300,000 (est.)

Other:    120,000 (est.)
- **languages**: Slovak language, Slovak
- **religions**: Roman Catholic Church, Roman Catholic 68.9%, Slovak Greek Catholic Church, Byzantine Rite Catholic 4.1%, Protestant 10.8%, Eastern Orthodox Church, Eastern Orthodox, other or unspecified 3.2%, theism, no denomination, agnostic or non-religious 13% (2001 census within Slovakia, extrapolated to outside Slovaks)
- **related groups**: Other West Slavs
British Rail Class 456

The **British Rail Class 456** electric multiple units were passenger trains that were built by BREL at York Works from 1990-91. 24 two-car units were built as direct replacements for the elderly Class 416 2EPB units which operated on the Central Division of the Southern Region of British Rail. Units were delivered into traffic painted in Network SouthEast blue, red and white livery. These will be replaced by the new Bombardier Class 701 in 2021.

## Infobox (train)

- **name**: British Rail Class 456
- **image**: File:SWR 456 014 at Guildford.jpg
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **caption**: South West Trains Class 456 approaching
- **interiorimage**: South West Trains 456003 Interior.jpg
- **interiorcaption**: Interior in June 2018, after refurbishment
- **service**: September 1991
- **manufacturer**: British Rail Engineering Limited
- **factory**: Holgate Road carriage works, York, Holgate Road Works, York
- **family**: BR Second Generation (British Rail Mark 3, Mark 3)
- **yearconstruction**: 1990–1991
- **yearscrapped**: 2022
- **numberbuilt**: 24
- **numberscrapped**: 24
- **successor**: British Rail Class 377, Class 377 (Southern)
- **fleetnumbers**: 456001–456024
- **capacity**: 152 seats
- **owner**: Porterbrook
- **carbody**: Steel
- **electricsystem**: 750 Volt, V Direct current, DC third rail
- **collectionmethod**: Contact shoe
- **brakes**: Railway airbrake, Air (Westcode)
- **coupling**: Tightlock coupling, Tightlock
- **multipleworking**: Within class, and with
Czechs

**Czechs** (, , archaic  ) are a western Slavic people of Central Europe. Most live in the Czech Republic. Small amounts of Czechs also live in Slovakia, Austria, U.S., Brazil, Argentina, Canada, Germany, Russia and other countries. They speak the Czech language, which is closely related to the Slovak and Upper Sorbian language.

## References

**Notes**

## Infobox (ethnic group)

- **group**: Czechs
_Češi_
- **flag**: Flag of Czech Republic.svg
- **flag caption**: Flag of the Czech Republic
- **tablehdr**: _Significant Czech diaspora, diasporic populations in:_
- **popplace**: **
6,732,104**–**9 246 784**
- **pop1**: 1,462,000
- **pop2**: 94,805
- **pop3**: 60,000
- **pop4**: 50,000
- **pop5**: 45,000
- **pop6**: 45,000
- **pop7**: 40,324
- **pop8**: 40,000
- **pop9**: 38,000
- **pop10**: 30,367
- **pop11**: 21,196
- **pop12**: 20,000
- **pop13**: 9,641 (2011)
- **pop14**: 8,600
- **pop15**: 11,000
- **pop16**: 7,175 (2001)
- **pop17**: 5,451
- **pop18**: 5,622 (2006)
- **pop19**: 5,000–6,000
- **pop21**: 3,500
- **pop22**: 3,339 (2002)
- **pop23**: 3,000
- **pop24**: 2,300
- **pop25**: 2,000
- **pop26**: 2,000
- **pop27**: 1,824 (2011)
- **pop28**: 1,200
- **pop29**: 1,083
- **pop30**: 1,000
- **pop31**: 600–1,000
- **langs**: Czech language, Czech
- **rels**: Mostly irreligious
Historically Christian
Roman Catholic Church, Roman Catholic, Hussites, Hussite, Lutheranism, Lutheran and other
Ctenophore

The phylum **Ctenophora**, the **comb jellies**, is a phylum of marine invertebrates. They are part of the plankton, and there are also pelagic species. The phylum includes the sea gooseberry (_Pleurobrachia pileus_) and Venus' girdle (_Cestum veneris_).

The phylum was grouped with Cnidaria (jellyfish) in the former Coelenterata phylum. Ctenophores are the most basal known type of animals.

Even though they look like jellyfish, they are zoologically not related to them. They lack the characteristic nematocysts (stinging cells), but have _colloblasts_, sticky cells that snare small victims. They have eight rows of cilia which look like the teeth of a comb, hence Ctenophore = comb-bearer. Ctenophores have connective tissues and a nervous
system. There are about 150 described species of ctenophora spread throughout the world's oceans, from shallow estuarine waters to the deep sea.

Although there are a few benthic species, most are gelatinous zooplankton and form a considerable proportion of the entire planktonic biomass worldwide. A few species, such as the sea gooseberry, native to the North Sea, have reached such high populations that they clog fishermen's nets, while of other species only a few examples are known. The fragile makeup of ctenophores makes research into their way of life extremely difficult. For this reason their lifespan is not known, but ctenophores begin to reproduce at an early age.

## Colour and light

Many planktonic ctenophores produce a rainbow effect, which is not caused by bioluminescence but by _diffraction_, the scattering of light, as the cilia on the combs beat. Most species are also bioluminescent, but the light is usually blue or green and can only been seen in darkness. However some groups appear incapable of bioluminescence.
Croats

**Croats** () are a South Slavic ethnic group mostly living in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and nearby countries. There are around 5 million Croats living in the southern Central Europe region, along the east bank of the Adriatic Sea and an estimated 9 million throughout the world. Large Croat communities exist in a number of countries, including Chile, the United States, Argentina, Australia, Germany, New Zealand and South Africa. Croats are noted for their unique culture, which comes from their location in Europe which subjected them to various non European influences. The Croats are predominantly Catholic and their language is Croatian.

## Related pages

- Croats of Bosnia and Herzegovina

## Infobox (ethnic group)

- **group**: Croats
 _Hrvati_
- **flag**: Flag of Croatia.svg
- **flag caption**: Flag of Croatia
- **population**: **7–9 million**
- **regions**:
3,874,321 <small>(2011)</small>

544,780 <small>(2013)</small>
- **pop1**: 414,714 <small>(2012)</small> – 1.2 million
- **pop2**: 441,000 <small>(2016)</small>
- **pop3**: 200,000 – 380,000
- **pop4**: 250,000
- **pop5**: 150,719 <small>(2001)</small>
- **pop6**: 133,268 <small>(2016)</small>
- **pop7**: 114,880 <small>(2011)</small>
- **pop8**: 57,900 <small>(2011)</small>
- **pop9**: 40,848 <small>(2006)</small>
- **pop10**: 40,000 <small>(est.)</small>
- **pop11**: 35,642
- **pop12**: 35,000 <small>(est.)</small>
- **pop13**: 2,673–60,000 <small>(2013 est.)</small>
- **pop14**: 23,561
- **pop15**: 21,360
- **pop16**: 20,000 <small>(est.)</small>
- **pop17**: 10,000
- **pop18**: 8,000
- **pop19**: 6,992
- **pop20**: 6,786
- **pop21**: 6,021
- **pop22**: 6,000
- **pop23**: 5,400
- **pop24**: 5,272
- **pop25**: 5,000
- **pop26**: 4,000
- **pop27**: 2,600
- **pop29**: 2,490
- **pop30**: 1, 100
- **region31**: **Europe**
- **pop31**: **5.3 million**
- **region32**: **North America**
- **pop32**: **530,000 – 2,500,000**
- **region33**: **South America**
- **pop33**: **470,000–650,000**
- **region34**: **Asia**
- **pop34**: **146,008-211-478**
- **region35**: **Other**
- **pop35**: **140,000–250,000**
- **langs**: Croatian language, Croatian
- **rels**: Predominantly Roman Catholicism
- **related**: Other South Slavs
- **footnotes**: The total figure is merely an estimation; sum of all the referenced populations.
 References:
Poles

The **Polish people**, or **Poles** (, singular _Polak_) are a Slavic nation and ethnic group native to Poland, they are bounded by the Polish language, which belongs to the Lechitic subgroup of west slavic languages of Central Europe, living mainly in Poland. Their religion is mainly Roman Catholic. They use modified Latin alphabet.

There are about 60 million Poles in the world. Besides Poland, many live in the United States, Australia, Brazil, Germany, Canada, France, the United Kingdom, Ukraine and elsewhere.

The most famous Poles are Pope John Paul II, Maria Skłodowska-Curie, Nicolaus Copernicus and Lech Wałęsa.

Polish surnames often end with "-ski", "-ska", "-cki" or "-cka".

The most popular Polish surnames are Nowak and Kowalski.

## Infobox (ethnic group)

- **group**: Poles
 _Polacy_
- **image**: Matejko Christianization of Poland.jpg
- **caption**: The Christianisation of Poland, Baptism of Poland. Detail from Jan Matejko's ''History of Civilization in Poland, Christianisation of Poland AD 966.
- **popplace**: ****38,000,000
- **pop1**: 10,600,000
- **pop2**: 3,000,000
- **pop3**: 2,850,000
- **pop4**: 1,250,000 (ancestry, passport eligible); 202,300 (citizenship)
- **pop5**: 1,010,705
- **pop6**: 1,000,000
- **pop7**: 911,000
- **pop8**: 500,000
- **pop9**: 295,000
- **pop10**: 273,000
- **pop11**: 216,056
- **pop12**: 164,000
- **pop13**: 144,130
- **pop14**: 122,515
- **pop15**: 120,000
- **pop16**: 109,018
- **pop17**: 75,323
- **pop18**: 70,600
- **pop19**: 70,606
- **pop20**: 69,898
- **pop21**: 60,000
- **pop23**: 44,783
- **pop24**: 37,876
- **pop25**: 34,057
- **pop26**: 30,000
- **pop27**: 20,305
- **pop28**: 16,748
- **pop29**: 14,500
- **pop30**: 14,145
- **pop31**: 10,540
- **pop32**: 9,000
- **pop33**: 7,000
- **languages**: Polish language, PolishKashubian language, KashubianSilesian language, Silesian
- **rels**: Christianity: Predominantly Catholic Church, Roman Catholicism
- **related**: Other West Slavs: Silesians, Kashubians, Kashubs, Czechs, Slovaks, Moravians, Sorbs, Wendland, Hanoverian Wends(†), Obotrites(†), Veleti(†)
- **pop34**: 5,730
- **pop35**: 4,174
- **pop36**: 3,671
- **pop37**: 3,084
- **pop38**: 3,000
- **pop39**: 2,166
- **pop40**: 1,747
- **native name lang**: pl
Histories (Herodotus)

***The Histories*** of Herodotus of Halicarnassus is considered the first work of history in Western literature. Written about 440 BC in the Ionic dialect of classical Greek, _The Histories_ tells the story of the Greco-Persian Wars between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek city-states in the 5th century BC.

## Infobox (book)

- **name**: Histories
- **image**: Herodotus - Historiae, 1908 - 2734989 pagina1.jpg
- **author**: Herodotus
- **country**: Modern-day Greece
- **language**: Ancient Greek language, Ancient Greek
- **genre**: History
- **publisher**: Various
- **release date**: c.440 BCE
Thracians

The ancient **Thracians** were a group of Indo-European tribes who spoke the Thracian language - a rare branch of the Indo-European language family. Those peoples lived in Thrace: the eastern, central and southern part of the Balkan peninsula, and the adjacent parts of Eastern Europe. The Bulgarians and Romanians are the genetic descendants of Thracians.
British Rail Class 458

The South Western Railway **Class 458** (or 4JOP) electric multiple units were built by Alstom at Washwood Heath between 1998 and 2000. These units are part of Alstom's _Juniper_ family of units, which also includes Classes 334 and 460.

## Infobox (train)

- **name**: <span style="color:#FFFFFF">British Rail Class 458 _Juniper_</span>
- **image**: 8030 at London Waterloo.JPG
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **caption**: 458030 at London Waterloo station, London Waterloo on 19 July 2003. This unit is painted in South West Trains mainline livery.
- **background**: #891B1C
- **family**: Juniper (train), Juniper
- **manufacturer**: Alstom
- **factory**: Washwood Heath
- **formation**: 4 cars per trainset
- **numberbuilt**: 30 trainsets
- **yearconstruction**: 1998–2000
- **yearservice**: 1999–present
- **weight**: 164.3t
- **brakes**: Air, regenerative
- **operator**: South West Trains
- **designation**: 458001–458030
- **power-supply**: Third rail
- **voltage**: 750V DC
British Rail Class 460

The British Rail **Class 460** (or 8Gat) electric multiple units were built by Alstom at Washwood Heath between 1999 and 2001. These units were part of Alstom's "Juniper" family of units, which also includes Classes 334 and 458.

All have since been converted to Class 458/5 units (other than four surplus driving vehicles used as spares donors) for operation by South Western Railway.

## Infobox (emu)

- **background**: darkred
- **name**: British Rail Class 460
_Juniper_
- **image**: 460007_at_London_Victoria.jpg
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **caption**: 460 007 at London Victoria
- **manufacturer**: Alstom
- **operator**: Southern (train operating company), Southern Gatwick Express
- **formation**: 8 cars per trainset
- **family**: Juniper (train), Juniper
- **yearconstruction**: 1999-2001
- **built**: 8 trainsets
- **designation**: 460001 - 460008
- **inservice**: 2000 - 2012
- **maxspeed**: 100 mph (160 km/h)
- **gauge**: Standard gauge, 4' 8 1/2"
- **voltage**: 750 V DC (3rd rail)
Domitian

**Domitian** (Titus Flavius Domitianus, 24 October 51 – 18 September 96) was a Roman emperor who reigned from 14 September 81 until his death in AD 96.

## Biography

Domitian was the last emperor of the Flavian dynasty, which ruled the Roman Empire between 69 and 96, This included the reigns of Domitian's father Vespasian (69–79), his elder brother Titus (79–81), and that of Domitian himself.

When Titus died (he was struck down by a fatal illness in 81), the next day Domitian was declared emperor by the Praetorian Guard. This started a reign which lasted fifteen years – longer than any man who ruled since Tiberius.

As emperor, Domitian strengthened the economy by revaluing the Roman coinage. He expanded the border defenses of the empire, and started a massive building program to restore the damaged city of Rome.

Significant wars were fought in Britain, where his general Agricola attempted to conquer Scotland, and in Dacia, where Domitian was unable to win a decisive victory against king Decebalus.

Domitian's rule was totalitarian. He saw himself as the new Augustus, as an enlightened despot destined to guide the Roman Empire into a new age. Religious, military, and cultural propaganda fostered a cult of personality. By nominating himself perpetual censor, he sought to control public and private morals. As a consequence, Domitian was popular with the people and army but considered a tyrant by members of the Roman Senate.

Domitian's reign came to an end in 96 when he was assassinated by court officials. The same day, he was succeeded by his advisor Nerva. After his death, Domitian's memory was condemned to oblivion by the Roman Senate, while senatorial authors such as Tacitus, Pliny the Younger and Suetonius published histories showing Domitian as a cruel and paranoid tyrant.

Modern history has rejected these views. Now we see Domitian as a ruthless but efficient autocrat, whose cultural, economic and political program provided the foundation of the peaceful second century.

## Infobox (roman emperor)

- **name**: Domitian
- **title**: Roman Emperor, Emperor of the Roman Empire
- **full name**: Titus Flavius Domitianus
(from birth to AD 69);
Titus Flavius Caesar Domitianus (from 69 to accession);
Titus Flavius Caesar Domitianus Augustus (as emperor)
- **image**: Bust Domitian Musei Capitolini MC1156.jpg
- **caption**: Bust of Domitian, Capitoline Museum, Rome
- **reign**: 14 September, 81 AD –
18 September, 96 AD
- **predecessor**: Titus
- **successor**: Nerva
- **spouse 1**: Domitia Longina (70–96)
- **issue**: One son, died young
- **dynasty**: Flavian dynasty, Flavian
- **father**: Vespasian
- **mother**: Domitilla the Elder
- **birth place**: Rome
- **death place**: Rome
- **burial place**: Rome
British Rail Class 465

The British Rail **Class 465** "Networker" electric multiple units were made by Metro Cammell and BREL. It was made from 1991 to 1994. They were operated by Network South East in 1991, They're now operated by Southeastern. They are mostly used on suburban routes serving the South East of England.

In 2025 unit 465908 was painted into Network South East livery and it was named after Chris Green who was the former managing director of Network South East, this was done for the 200th anniversary of the modern railway.

## Fleet details

|Class|Operator|Qty.|Year built|Cars per unit|Manufacturer|Unit nos.|Notes||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Southeastern|align=center|50|align=center|1991–1993|rowspan="7" align="center"|4|align=center|BREL/ABB|465001–465050|Includes 465301, built in 1992 as demonstrator for the Universal Networker; renumbered 465031 when placed in normal service.|
|Southeastern|align=center|47|align=center|1993–1994|align=center|ABB|465151–465197||||
|Romic|align="center"|1|rowspan="5"|1991–1993|rowspan="5" align="center"|Metro-Cammell|465237||||
|Stored|align="center"|15|465235–465236, 465238–465250||||||||
|Scrapped|align=center|2 vehicles|465235||||||||
|Southeastern|align=center|24|465901–465904, 465906–465914, 465916, 465919, 465922-465929, 465932,|rowspan=2|Converted from 465/2 units (465201–465234)||||||
|Stored|align=center|10|465905, 465915, 465917-465918, 465920-465921, 465930-465931, 465933-465934||||||||

|Class|Motor vehicles|Trailer vehicles||
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|align=center|64759–64858|align=center|72028–72172|
|align=center|65800–65893|align=center|72900–72993|
|align=center|65734–65749, 65784–65799|align=center|72787–72818|
|align=center|65700–65733, 65750–65783|align=center|72719–72786|

## Infobox (train)

- **background**: #
- **name**: British Rail Class 465
_Networker_
- **image**: 465001 to Bromley North.jpg
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **caption**: Southeastern (train operating company 2006-2021), Southeastern (Govia) Class 465 at
- **interiorimage**: Class 465 metcam interior.jpg
- **interiorcaption**: The refreshed saloon of a Class 465
- **service**: 1 December 1992present
- **family**: _Networker (train), Networker_
- **yearconstruction**: 1991–1994
- **numberbuilt**: 147
- **numberservice**: 121
- **numberscrapped**: 2 vehicles
- **successor**: British Rail Class 707, Class 707
- **depots**: Slade Green Depot, Slade Green
- **carbody**: Aluminium
- **doors**: Double-leaf sliding plug
(2 per side per car)
- **collectionmethod**: Contact shoe
- **uicclass**: Bo′Bo′+2′2′+2′2′+Bo′Bo′
- **brakes**: Electro-pneumatic brake system on British railway trains, Electro-pneumatic (Disc brake#Rail and aircraft, disc)
- **coupling**: Tightlock coupling, Tightlock
- **multipleworking**: Within class, and with
Dacian Wars

**Dacian Wars** can be either of two wars by the Roman Empire along its Danube River against the north bank kingdom of Dacia and the Dacian king Decebalus:

- Domitian's Dacian War

- Trajan's Dacian Wars
British Rail Class 466

The **Class 466** 750V DC third rail electric multiple unit (EMU) is a suburban EMU. It is a member of the Networker family of trains. 43 466 units were made. They were made by Metro-Cammell from 1993 to 1994. The units are currently operated by Southeastern, they are used in southeast London and Kent on the Southeastern network.

## Fleet details

|Class|Operator|Qty.|Year built|Cars per unit|Unit numbers|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Southeastern|align="center"|30|rowspan=2 align="center"|1993–1994|rowspan=2 align="center"|2|466002–466003, 466006-466008, 466011–466012, 466014-466015, 466018–466023, 466025–466026, 466028–466029, 466031, 466034–466043|
|Stored|align="center"|13|466001, 466005-466005, 466009-466010, 466013, 466016-466017, 466024, 466027, 466030, 466032-466033|||||

|DMSO|DTSO|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|align=center|64860–64902|align=center|78312–78354|

## Infobox (train)

- **background**: #
- **name**: British Rail Class 466
_Networker_
- **image**: 466003 at Ashford International.jpg
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **caption**: Southeastern (train operating company), Southeastern Class 466 at
- **service**: 1993–present
- **manufacturer**: Metro-Cammell
- **factory**: Washwood Heath, Birmingham
- **family**: _Networker (train), Networker_
- **yearconstruction**: 1993–1994
- **refurbishment**: 2011–2013
- **numberbuilt**: 43
- **numberservice**: 30
- **successor**: British Rail Class 707, Class 707
- **formation**: 2 cars per unit:
- **fleetnumbers**: 466001–466043
- **capacity**: 168 seats
- **owner**: Angel Trains
- **depots**: Slade Green Depot, Slade Green
- **carbody**: Aluminium
- **doors**: Double-leaf sliding plug
(2 per side per car)
- **traction**: GEC Alsthom Gate turn-off thyristor, GTO-VVVF
- **traction motors**: 4 × 3-phase Alternating current, AC
GEC Alsthom G352AY
- **collectionmethod**: Contact shoe
- **uicclass**: Bo′Bo′+2′2′
- **brakes**: Electro-pneumatic brake system on British railway trains, Electro-pneumatic (Disc brake#Rail and aircraft, disc)
- **coupling**: Tightlock coupling, Tightlock
- **multipleworking**: Within class,
London Underground 1992 Stock

The **1992 Tube Stock** is the type of train used on the Central line and Waterloo & City line of theLondon Underground. The trains were built by BREL (later Adtranz and now Bombardier Transportation). They were built after three 1986 tube stock prototype trains were tested to find out what the public wanted on the new trains.

## Infobox (train)

- **name**: London Underground 1992 Stock
- **image**: File:London Underground 1992 Stock at Theydon Bois by tompagenet.jpg
- **caption**: A Central line 1992 Stock at Theydon Bois tube station, Theydon Bois in 2012
- **interiorimage**: File:Central line 92 Tube Stock DM Interior.jpg
- **interiorcaption**: The inside of a Central line 1992 Stock
- **manufacturer**: British Rail Engineering Limited (under ABB Group, ABB)
- **factory**: Derby Litchurch Lane Works
- **refurbishment**: Wabtec Rail UK
2006 (Waterloo & City trainsets only)
2011-2012, 2020-(Central Line sets)
- **yearconstruction**: 1991–1994
- **service**: 7 April 1993 – present
- **numberbuilt**: 700 cars
- **formation**: 4 cars per train (Waterloo & City line)
 8 cars per train (Central line)
- **replaced**: British Rail Class 487
London Underground 1962 Stock, 1962 Stock
- **lines**: (1993 – present)
 (1993 – present)
- **weight**: (per car)
- **electricsystem**: 630V DC Fourth rail
- **traction**: Gate turn-off thyristor, GTO thyristor
(ABB/Brush Traction)
- **seating**: 272 per trainset (Central Line)
136 per trainset (Waterloo & City)
- **capacity**: 930 per trainset (Central Line)
444 per trainset (Waterloo & City)
- **bogies**: H-frame (Siemens Mobility, Siemens)
- **stocktype**: London Underground infrastructure#Subsurface versus deep-level tube lines, Deep-level tube
Carol I of Romania

**Carol I of Romania**, original name **Prince Karl Eitel Friedrich Zephyrinus Ludwig of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen**, later simply **of Hohenzollern** (20 April 1839 - ), German prince, was elected Domnitor (Prince) of Romania on  20 April 1866, following the overthrow of Alexandru Ioan Cuza. He reigned in 1881 in the aftermath of the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878 . He died in October 1914 during World War 1 just after Austria-Hungary and Germany declared war on Serbia , Russia and France in August 1914

## Other websites

- Online edition of Carol's 1899 book _Reminiscences of the King of Roumania_

## Infobox (royalty)

- **name**: Carol I
- **image**: Carol I King of Romania.jpg
- **image size**: 230px
- **caption**: Carol I of Romania
- **reign**: 15 Mar 1881 – 10 Oct 1914
- **predecessor**: _Himself as Prince_
- **coronation**: 10 May 1881
- **successor**: Ferdinand I of Romania, Ferdinand I
- **succession**: King of the Romanians
- **reign1**: 20 April 1866 – 15 Mar 1881
- **predecessor1**: Alexandru Ioan Cuza
- **successor1**: _Himself as King_
- **succession1**: Domnitor, Prince of Romania
- **spouse**: Elisabeth of Wied
- **issue**: Princess Maria of Romania (1870–1874), Maria of Romania
- **full name**: Karl Eitel Friedrich Zephyrinus Ludwig
- **house**: Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen#Romania, Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen
- **father**: Prince Karl Anton of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, Karl Anton
- **mother**: Princess Josephine of Baden, Josephine of Baden
- **birth place**: Sigmaringen, Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, German Confederation, Germany
- **death place**: Sinaia, Kingdom of Romania, Romania
- **burial place**: Curtea de Argeş, Kingdom of Romania, Romania
- **religion**: Roman Catholic Church, Roman Catholic