juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Crinoidea

The **crinoids** are a  class of echinoderms. They have two forms, the **sea lilies**, stalked forms attached to the sea floor, and the **feather stars**, which are free-living.

All crinoids are marine, and live both in shallow water and in depths as great as 6000 meters. The basic echinoderm pattern of fivefold symmetry can be recognized, but most crinoids have many more than five arms. Crinoids have a mouth on the top surface that is surrounded by feeding arms.

The crinoids have a long history. They were the first echinoderms to appear in the fossil record, and have kept their early structure throughout their long career. They were extremely common in the Palaeozoic, and some rocks from the Carboniferous consist almost entirely of fossil crinoids.

## Anatomy

Crinoids' mouths faces up towards the surface of the ocean, and the stalked forms feed on the detritus which comes down to the bottom. The mouth is surrounded by many feathery tentacles. They have a U-shaped gut, and their anus is located next to the mouth.

## History

The crinoids were almost wiped out by the extinction event at the end of the Palaeozoic era. Four whole classes became extinct, and the few that survived became the only living class, the Articulata. The stalked members of the class sufered from heavy predation in the Mesozoic. and now all the remaining sea lilies are in deep water, where the competition is less fierce. The feather stars have been much more successful.

In 2005, a stalked crinoid was recorded pulling itself along the sea floor off the Grand Bahama Island. The recording showed a crinoid moving at much faster speeds than was thought possible.

### Feather stars

The free-living feather stars first appear in the Upper Triassic. They are related to starfish. As juveniles, they are attached to the sea bottom by a stalk, as their ancestors were. In the adult stage they break away from the stalk and can move about. Some can swim by undulating movements of the arms. Usually, feather stars creep about by using projections at the bottom of the crown, called cirri. They are the only crinoids in shallow water, and are all in the orderComatulidae. Their flexible arms and ability to choose their feeding grounds was undoubtedly important in their success and survival.<sup>p293</sup>

During the day, they roll into a ball. But at night, they spread out their arms to catch plankton. Feather stars arrange themselves so the fan faces the flow of the current. The posture serves to present the maximum area of food-collecting surfaces to the incoming water flow, so that more particles will settle on them. They are found mostly in shallow water.
Yorkshire Dales

The **Yorkshire Dales** (also known as the "Dales") is the name given to an upland area, mostly in Yorkshire, in Northern England. Most of the area falls within the Yorkshire Dales District National Park, created in 1954. The "Dales" is one of the twelve National parks of England and Wales. The area is so called because it is a collection of river valleys ("dale" comes from a Danish word for valley), and the hills in between them.  The area is mainly in the historic county of Yorkshire, but today is partly in three modern counties : North Yorkshire, West Yorkshire, and Cumbria.

## List of Dales

- Arkengarthdale
- Birkdale
- Bishopdale
- Coverdale
- Dentdale
- Garsdale
- Langstrothdale
- Littondale
- Malhamdale
- Nidderdale
- Ribblesdale
- Swaledale
- Wensleydale
- Wharfedale

## Related pages

- Bolton Castle
- Skipton
- Settle-Carlisle Railway
- List of peaks in the Yorkshire Dales

## Other websites

- Yorkshire Dales Society
- Yorkshire Dales National Park Authority
- Photos of The Yorkshire Dales on Flickr
Suwanee, Georgia

**Suwanee** is a city in the American state of Georgia. It is in Gwinnett County. In 2020, about 20,786 people lived in Suwanee. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of .   of it is land and  of it (0.7%) is water.
Cumming, Georgia

**Cumming** is a city in Forsyth County, in the northern part of Georgia, United States. It is the county seat of Forsyth County. The city has a population of about 7,300 people. It is part of the Atlanta metropolitan area and serves as a growing suburb to the city of Atlanta. It has a total area of 18.73 square kilometers.

## History

Cumming was founded in the early 1830s. The city was named after Colonel William Cumming, a veteran of the War of 1812. In the 19th century, it was a small farming town. Over the years, the city grew and developed, especially after Lake Lanie was built in the 1950s. Today, it has grown as a suburban part of the Atlanta area.

## Geography

Cumming is located in the northern part of Georgia, about 40 miles north of Atlanta. The city covers an area of 7.23 square miles (18.7 km²). A small portion, about 0.6% of the area, is covered by water, primarily from nearby Lake Lanier. The area around Cumming is mostly rural with forests and hills.

## Economy

Cumming’s economy is primarily driven by retail, services, and tourism. Many people who live in Cumming work in nearby cities like Atlanta. There are several shopping centers, restaurants, and businesses in the city. Tourism is also an important part of the economy, especially because of Lake Lanier and the outdoor activities were there.

## Attractions

One of the biggest attractions near Cumming is Lake Lanier, it has boating, fishing, and other water activities. The lake is a popular summer destination for visitors. it also has parks, trails, and other outdoor spaces for enjoying nature.

## Transportation

Cumming was located near several highways, people can travel to other parts of Georgia easily. Georgia State Route 400 is the main highway that connects Cumming to Atlanta. There are not many public transportation, so most people drive their own cars to get around.

## Education

There are several public schools in the city, including Cumming Elementary School, Forsyth Central High School, and others. The school district is known for its high academic standards. It is one of the largest school districts in Georgia.

## Notable people

- Geoff Duncan, businessman and politician of Lieutenant Governor of Georgia.

## Infobox (city)

- **image caption**: Cumming, Georgia Hall
- **imagesize**: 180px
- **image skyline**: Cumming, Georgia City Hall.jpg
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: Georgia (U.S. state), Georgia
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Georgia (U.S. state), County
- **subdivision name2**: Forsyth County, Georgia, Forsyth
- **population total**: 7,300
- **area total km2**: 18.73
- **area total sq mi**: 7.23
- **area land km2**: 18.62
- **area land sq mi**: 7.19
- **official name**: Cumming, Georgia
Athens, Georgia

**Athens** is a town in the American state of Georgia.

It is the county seat of Clarke County.

The University of Georgia is in Athens.

## Other websites

- Athens-Clarke County: Unified City/County Government Official Site
- Athens Convention & Visitors Bureau
- Athens Stuff Guide
- The University of Georgia

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Athens, Georgia
- **nickname**: "The Classic City"
- **settlement type**: Consolidated city–county
- **named for**: Athens, Greece
- **image skyline**: File:Athens Georgia City Hall 1.jpg
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **image caption**: Athens City Hall
- **image seal**: Seal of Athens-Clarke County, Georgia.png
- **image map**: Clarke_County_Georgia_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Athens_Highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location of Athens in Clarke County, Georgia, Clarke County (left) and of Clarke County in Georgia (U.S. state), Georgia (right)
- **pushpin map**: USA Georgia#USA
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Georgia##Location in the United States
- **pushpin relief**: 1
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: Georgia (U.S. state), Georgia
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Georgia (U.S. state), County
- **subdivision name2**: Clarke County, Georgia, Clarke
- **established title**: Settled
- **established title2**: As Town
- **established title3**: As City
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total sq mi**: 118.10
- **area total km2**: 305.87
- **area land sq mi**: 116.33
- **area land km2**: 301.29
- **area water sq mi**: 1.77
- **area water km2**: 4.58
- **population total**: 127315
- **population as of**: 2020 United States census, 2020
- **population rank**:
List of municipalities in Georgia (U.S. state), 6th in Georgia
- **population density sq mi**: 1094.43
- **population density km2**: 422.57
- **population metro**: 215415 (List of metropolitan statistical areas, 214th)
- **timezone**: North American Eastern Time Zone, EST
- **utc offset**: −5
- **timezone dst**: Eastern Daylight Time, EDT
- **utc offset dst**: −4
- **elevation m**: 194
- **elevation ft**: 636
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 30601-30609, 30612
- **area code**: Area code 706, 706
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 13-03440
- **website**: [http://www.athensclarkecounty.com/ athensclarkecounty.com]
Anaerobic digestion

**Anaerobic digestion** is the way microorganisms break down organic matter without oxygen. This process happens naturally, but it is called anaerobic digestion when it is supported and contained.

An **anaerobic digester** is an industrial system that supports this process. Biodegradation to treat waste is one of the main purposes. Generating biogas to provide fuel is another. It also produces soil improving material.

## Other websites

- Digestion archives
- European Anaerobic Digestion Network
- Independent Anaerobic Digestion Website
- Thermophilic Anaerobic Digesters
- Methane (Biogas) from Anaerobic Digesters
- Application of anaerobic digesters
- Anaerobic Biodigester Design for Small Tropical Producers
Clarke County, Georgia

**Clarke County** is a county in the American state of Georgia. The county seat of Clarke County is Athens, Georgia. Clarke county was formed on December 5, 1801 and named after Revolutionary War hero Elijah Clarke. The University of Georgia is in Clarke County. At the 2020 census, Clarke county had 128,671 people.

## Other websites

- Official site
Forsyth County, Georgia

**Forsyth County** is a county in the American state of Georgia. The county seat of Forsyth County is Cumming, Georgia. Forsyth County has one of the fastest growing populations of any county in the United States. The number of people grew from 98,407 to 175,511 between 2000 and 2010, and was 251,283 in 2020. The county was made in 1832 and is named after John Forsyth. The county has five main high schools including; North Forsyth, West Forsyth, Lambert High, Forsyth Central, and South Forsyth.

## Other websites

- Government site
- Forsyth County Georgia, Local Web Portal and Directory
- John Forsyth, Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
- History and Records, Forsyth County, GA
- North Forsyth High School
- West Forsyth High School
- Lambert High School
- Forsyth Central High School
- South Forsyth High School
Johns Creek, Georgia

**Johns Creek** is a city in the American state of Georgia. It was made a city on December 1, 2006. It is a suburb in the northeast of Atlanta. Johns Creek has about 82,000 people living in it. It is a part of Fulton County. Johns Creek is the 10th largest city in Georgia.

## Other websites

- Official site

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Johns Creek, Georgia
- **settlement type**: City
- **image skyline**: Johns Creek Georgia City Hall.JPG
- **image caption**: The former Johns Creek City Hall
- **blank emblem size**: 200 px
- **image map**: Fulton County Georgia Municipalities Map Johns Creek Highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 250x200px
- **map caption**: Location in Fulton County, Georgia, Fulton County and the state of Georgia (U.S. state), Georgia
- **pushpin map**: USA Georgia#USA#Metro Atlanta
- **pushpin label**: Johns Creek
- **pushpin label position**: left
- **pushpin map caption**: Location of Johns Creek in Metro Atlanta
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: Georgia (U.S. state), Georgia
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Georgia (U.S. state), County
- **subdivision name2**: Fulton County, Georgia, Fulton
- **established title**: Municipal corporation, Incorporated
- **established date**: December 1, 2006
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 81.18
- **area land km2**: 79.81
- **area water km2**: 1.38
- **area total sq mi**: 31.34
- **area land sq mi**: 30.81
- **area water sq mi**: 0.53
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 82453
- **population density km2**: 1033.17
- **population density sq mi**: 2675.92
- **timezone**: Eastern Standard Time Zone, EST
- **utc offset**: −5
- **timezone dst**: Eastern Daylight Time, EDT
- **utc offset dst**: −4
- **elevation ft**: 945
- **postal code type**: ZIP codes
- **postal code**: None assigned to Johns Creek by USPS as it does not recognize the city. 30005, 30022, 30024, 30097, 30098 from other cities apply in various parts of Johns Creek.
- **area code**: Area code 770, 770, 404, 678, 470
- **blank name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank info**: 2404806
The Black Parade

***The Black Parade*** is the third studio album by My Chemical Romance. The album was released on October 24, 2006. The album is a concept album. The songs on this album follow the life of The Patient, a man dying of cancer. The album takes the listener into The Patient's mind, fears, regrets, and accomplishments.

Much like their first two albums, _The Black Parade_ offers a message of hope.

_The Black Parade_ is: Ray Toro, Mikey Way, Gerard Way, Frank Iero, and Bob Bryar.

## Track listing

1. "The End." – 1:52
1. "Dead!" – 3:15
1. "This Is How I Disappear" – 3:59
1. "The Sharpest Lives" – 3:20
1. "Welcome to the Black Parade" – 5:11
1. "I Don't Love You" – 3:58
1. "House of Wolves" – 3:04
1. "Cancer" – 2:22
1. "Mama" – 4:39
1. "Sleep" – 4:43
1. "Teenagers" – 2:41
1. "Disenchanted" – 4:55
1. "Famous Last Words" – 4:59

## Sales

|align="left"|Country|align="left"|Certification|align="left"|Sales/shipments|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|United World Chart|Platinum|3,100,000||||
|USA (RIAA)|Platinum|1,301,249||||
|UK (BPI)|2x Platinum|600,000||||
|Canada (CRIA)|Platinum|100,000||||
|Australia (ARIA)|Platinum|70,000||||
|The Netherlands|Platinum|70,000||||
|México (AMPROFON)|Gold|50,000||||
|Switzerland|Platinum|30,000||||
|New Zealand (RIANZ)|Platinum|25,000||||

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: The Black Parade
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: My Chemical Romance
- **recorded**: April–August 2006
- **studio**: El Dorado, Burbank, California
- **label**: Reprise Records, Reprise
- **producer**: * Rob Cavallo
*
- **prev title**: Life on the Murder Scene
- **prev year**: 2006
- **next title**: The Black Parade Is Dead!
- **next year**: 2008
Biogas

**Biogas** is a gas produced by the digestion in an oxygen free (anaerobic digestion) or fermentation of organic matter. The organic matter can be manure, sewage, municipal waste, compost, food waste or any other biodegradable raw material. Biogas is mainly methane and carbon dioxide. Depending on where it is produced, biogas is also called:

- **swamp gas**
- **marsh gas**
- **landfill gas**
- **digester gas**

Biogas can be used as a vehicle fuel or to generate electricity. It can also be burned directly for cooking, heating, lighting, process heat and absorption refrigeration.

## Biogas and anaerobic digestion

Anaerobic digestion is much used to make biogas from biodegradable waste because valuable fuel can be produced while destroying disease-causing pathogens and reducing the volume of disposed waste products.  The methane in bio gas burns more cleanly than coal, and produces more energy with less emissions of carbon dioxide.  The harvesting of bio gas is an important role of waste management because methane is a greenhouse gas with a greater global warming potential than carbon dioxide.  The carbon in bio gas was generally recently extracted from the atmosphere by photosynthetic plants, so releasing it back into the atmosphere adds less total atmospheric carbon than the burning of fossil fuels.

### Biogas typical composition range

The composition of biogas varies depending on how it is made.  Landfill gas typically has methane concentrations around 50%. Advanced waste treatment technologies can produce biogas with 55-75%CH<sub>4</sub>.

|Matter|%|
| --- | --- |
|50-75||
|25-50||
|0-10*||
|0-1||
|0-3||
|0-2*||

- often 5% of air is introduced to get rid of sulfur microbiologically

## Related pages

- Producer gas

## Other websites

- AGORES - Biogas Biofuel Lille  (PDF)
- AGORES - Biogas Biofuel Stockholm  (PDF)
- University of Adelaide - An Introduction to Biogas
- Biogas in Rural Costa Rica
- Solid Waste Association of North America
- Landfill Gas Symposium
Liturgy

A **liturgy** is a ceremony, according to the traditions of a particular group or event. In religion, it may mean an elaborate formal ritual (such as the Catholic Mass), or a daily activity such as the Muslim Salats. Anglican, Orthodox, Lutheran, or other groups, when using the words "the liturgy", normally mean a standardized order of events observed during a religious service, often including the Eucharist or Communion. The _open_ or _waiting_ worship of Quakers is an example of a non-liturgical service because there is no structured order of events.

## Related pages

- Christian liturgy

## References

- Bowker, John, ed. (1997) _Oxford Dictionary of World Religions_. Oxford University Press. .
- "What Do Quakers Believe?" . Quaker Information Center, Philadelphia, PA, 2004.

## Other websites

- Catholic Encyclopedia article
- Orthodox Tradition and the Liturgy
- Jewish Encyclopedia: Liturgy
- Contemporary Christian Liturgy Website History, theory, practice
Piri Reis

**Piri Reis** (; born **Muhiddin Piri**;  1470–1553) was an Ottoman Turkish map maker, admiral, sailor, and pirate. He is best known for his 1513 world map and his book of maps, the _Kitab-ı Bahriye_ (Book of the Sea). His maps draw from classical maps, personal seafaring knowledge, and recent European discoveries. The 1513 world map drew international attention. Scholars found it hundreds of years later during
repairs on the Topkapı Palace. The palace in Istanbul was being turned into a museum. The map includes details from a now-lost map by Christopher Columbus.

He was born around 1470 in Gelibolu (Gallipoli). Piri Reis sailed from an early age with his uncle. His uncle was  the pirate Kemal Reis. They fought in the western Mediterranean. The Ottoman Sultan brought them into the Ottoman Navy. Piri Reis earned the rank of reis (captain) and fought in the Ottoman–Venetian wars. After his uncle died around 1511, Piri Reis returned to Gelibolu. There he began his maps. He created the 1513 world map. He likely made charts and notes for the _Kitab-ı Bahriye_. Piri Reis served in the 1517 Ottoman capture of Egypt. He gave his world map to Sultan Selim I. Piri Reis completed two versions of the _Kitab-ı Bahriye_. Piri Reis dedicated both books to Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent. He made the second version when asked by Grand Vizier Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha. Piri Reis finished the book by 1526. The second version had more details. His final work was a part of a 1528 world map.

Piri Reis became the grand admiral of the Ottoman Fleet in the Indian Ocean in 1546. He took back Aden from the Portuguese two years later. His ships fought in the Red Sea and Persian Gulf. They stopped a rebellion in Aden (Yemen). He tried to take Hormuz Island in the 1550s, but he failed. Hormuz is an island at the mouth of the Persian Gulf. The Portuguese controlled the island, and they fought off Piri Reis. He had to retreat into the Persian Gulf. For this, the empire killed Piri Reis in Cairo in 1553.

During his life, Piri Reis' maps were not praised or discussed much. Many copies of the _Kitab-ı Bahriye_ were made after his death. When scholars found his first world map in 1929, people became more interested in his maps. It made his work a point of national pride for Turkey. Some writers claim the map shows Antarctica. Antarctica is the continent around the South Pole. It was not known during Piri Reis' life. Scientists say that the map and Antarctica's coast below the ice are very different. Historians say the map shows known and mythical places. The false claims have increased interest in Piri Reis.

## References

- Geologist and Archaeological Geologist at Louisiana State University.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Piri Reis
- **image**: File:Piri_reis.jpg
- **alt**: A color photograph of a black statue of a bearded and turbaned man
- **caption**: Statue of Piri Reis in Karaman, Turkey
- **birth name**: Muhiddin Piri
- **birth date**: 1470
- **birth place**: Ottoman Empire
- **death place**: Cairo, Egypt Eyalet, Ottoman Empire
- **death cause**: Execution by beheading
- **relatives**: Kemal Reis (uncle)
Walter Sutton

**Walter Stanborough Sutton** (5 April 1877 – 10 November 1916) was an American biologist and surgeon. Sutton was born in Utica, New York and raised in Russell, Kansas. He got Bachelors and Masters degres from the University of Kansas. Sutton then went to Columbia University and got his doctorate in medicine in 1907.

In 1903 Sutton suggested that chromosomes, which segregate in a Mendelian fashion, are hereditary units. Edmund B. Wilson (1856–1939), Sutton's teacher, and the author of one of the most famous text-books in biology, called this the _Sutton–Boveri hypothesis_.
Darth Maul

**Darth Maul** is a fictional character from the _Star Wars_ universe. The character first appeared in the movie _Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace_ in 1999. Darth Maul has also been in many books set in the time period just before the Clone Wars. Darth Maul was played by Ray Park in the movie.

Darth Maul is the first known apprentice of Darth Sidious. Maul is a Sith lord who uses the Dark Side of the Force. Darth Maul has black and red tattoos covering his head and face, a crown of small horns, and evil yellow eyes. He uses a red, double bladed lightsaber as a weapon. He flies the starship _The Sith Infiltrator_.

## History

After Nute Gunray, the viceroy of the Trade Federation, loses Queen Amidala, Darth Sidious sends Darth Maul to track her down. Darth Maul follows her to Tatooine, where he sends out probe droids to find her. As Anakin, the Queen and the Jedi Qui-Gon Jinn get ready to leave the planet, Darth Maul attacks on his speeder and Maul and Qui-Gon battle. After losing the Queen, Darth Sidious sends Darth Maul to Naboo to watch over the planet. When the Queen launches an attack, Darth Maul shows himself again. This time Qui-Gon Jinn and Obi-Wan Kenobi start to battle with him. Darth Maul kills Qui-Gon and almost pushes Obi-Wan down a pit. In the end, Obi-Wan uses Qui-Gon's lightsaber to cut Darth Maul in half. Darth Maul fell down the pit, but somehow survived, as shown when he turns up again in the 2008 animated TV series, _Star Wars: The Clone Wars_.

## Other websites

- Star Wars Databank  Maul, Darth

## Infobox (character)

- **name**: Darth Maul
- **image**: Darth Maul Cosplayer at MCM Comic Con October 2016.jpg
- **caption**: Cosplay of Darth Maul at the London Comic-Con.
- **series**: Star Wars
- **first**: _Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace_ (1999)
- **creator**: George Lucas
- **occupation**: Sith, Dark Lord of the Sith
- **species**: Dathomirian Zabrak (Star Wars), Zabrak
- **gender**: Male
- **lbl21**: Homeworld
- **data21**: Dathomir
- **affiliation**: Order of the Lords of the Sith
Trade Federation
Shadow Collective
- **family**: Savage Opress
Mother Talzin
- **portrayer**: Ray Park
- **voice**: Samuel Witwer
Peter Serafinowicz
**Former:**
Gregg Berger
David W. Collins
Stephen Stanton
Jess Harnell
Lee Tockar
Probe droid

**Probe droids** are robots in the _Star Wars_ movies. They are used for spying and finding people. Darth Maul used probe droids to find Queen Amidala and the Jedi in _The Phantom Menace_. In _The Empire Strikes Back_, the Imperials use the probe droids to find the Rebel base.
Count Dooku

**Count Dooku of Serenno** (also known as **Darth Tyranus**) is a character from the _Star Wars_ universe. Dooku is one of the major characters in _Episode II: Attack of the Clones_. He was played by late Christopher Lee.

He is the second known student of Darth Sidious. Dooku is also the leader of the Confederacy of Independent Systems during the Clone Wars.
Clone Wars (Star Wars)

The **Clone Wars** was a period of war in the _Star Wars_ movies. It was first mentioned in _Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope_ (1977) and was explored later in several films, books, and television series.

Within the _Star Wars_ franchise, the Clone Wars were a series of galactic wars that lasted from 22 BBY to 19 BBY. The war was fought by the Galactic Republic and the Jedi Order on one side against the Confederacy of Independent Systems and the Sith on the other. Ultimately, both sides lost and the Galactic Empire was born under Sith rule.

The war began during the events of _Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones_ (2002) and ended in _Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith_ (2005). In 2008, an animated film called _Star Wars: The Clone Wars_ and a similarly named television series were released. These focused on the events that occurred in between.

Other less prominent media have explored this period as well, such as _Star Wars: Clone Wars_ (an animated series from 2003 to 2005) and comic books focusing on Darth Maul. Several new Star Wars characters were created in this period that have become very popular, such as Ahsoka Tano, Asajj Ventress, and Bo-Katan Kryze.

## Infobox (military conflict)

- **conflict**: Clone Wars
- **place**: _Star Wars_ galaxy
- **date**: 22 BBY–19 BBY (3 years)
- **result**: Rise of the Galactic Empire
Dissolution of the Galactic Republic
Widespread genocide of the Jedi
Collapse of the Confederacy of Independent Systems
- **combatant1**: Galactic Republic (until 19 BBY)
Jedi Order (until 19 BBY)
 Galactic Empire (from 19 BBY)
Sith (from 19 BBY)
- **combatant2**: Confederacy of Independent Systems
Sith (until 19 BBY)
- **combatant3**: Jedi Order (from 19 BBY)
- **territory**: Most of the galaxy conquered by the Galactic Empire
- **commander1**: Palpatine
 Darth Vader
Obi-Wan Kenobi (until 19 BBY)
- **commander2**: Count Dooku Killed in action, †
General Grievous Killed in action, †
- **commander3**: Obi-Wan Kenobi (from 19 BBY)
Prokaryote

**Prokaryotes** (or _Monera_) are some of the simplest living things.  They are unicellular organisms and they include two major divisions of simple living beings: bacteria, and Archaea.  They generally do not have a cell nucleus, nuclear membrane or cell organelles, however a small number of exceptions have been found.  Prokaryotes possess genetic material in the form of a single DNA loop called a Nucleoid that floats around freely inside the cell. Bacteria include the Cyanobacteria (formerly known as blue-green algae due to their photosynthetic capacity).

Some form biofilms that are somewhat like multicellular organisms.

Besides a nucleus, prokaryotes lack other things eukaryotes (cells with a true nucleus) have. They reproduce without fusion of gametes. They do not have membranes. This means that there are no vacuoles, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticula or other organelles inside the cell. However, they do have ribosomes, though of a simpler kind than eukaryotes. Eukaryote cells include organelles which were once free-living prokaryotes.

## Taxonomy

In 1977, Carl Woese proposed dividing prokaryotes into the Bacteria and Archaea (originally Eubacteria and Archaebacteria) because of the major differences in the structure and genetics between the two groups of organisms. This arrangement of Eukaryota (also called "Eukarya"), Bacteria, and Archaea is called the three-domain system, replacing the traditional two-empire system.

The Archaea include simple organisms which were first discovered in extreme environments. Most of them can survive at very high or very low temperatures. Some of them can also survive in highly salty, acidic or alkaline water. Some have been found in geysers, black smokers or oil wells.

The prokaryotes may not be a monophyletic, taxonomic group of common descent, but merely a group of similar organisms. The relationships between Archaea, Eubacteria and Eukaryota are assessed differently by different scientists. The three-domain system of Carl Woese treats them as one monophyletic group.
Cuttlebone

**Cuttlebone** is a hard brittle structure found inside cuttlefish. Like seashells, the cuttlebone is made of calcium carbonate. The cuttlebone is special as it is covered with tiny holes that the cuttlefish can fill with water or air. This allows the cuttlefish to control its ability to float or sink in water. In the past, cuttlebones were used to make polishing powder. This power was then added to toothpaste to make it look white. Today, cuttlebone is mainly used for caged birds and turtles in their habitats, so they get their calcium easily and fast.
Decapodiformes

**Decapodiformes** is a superorder of Cephalopoda. It includes cephalopods with ten feet. These are usually eight short arms and two long tentacles. Well-known members are cuttlefish, squid, and the extinct belemnites.

## References

1. Young, R. E., Vecchione, M., Mangold, K. M. (2008). Decapodiformes Leach, 1817. Squids, cuttlefishes and their relatives. in The Tree of Life Web Project
1. "WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Decapodiformes". _www.marinespecies.org_. Retrieved 2023-03-23.
Octopodiformes

**Octopodiformes** is a group of cephalopods with eight arms and no skeletal structure. They include Octopods and the Vampire squid.
Octopoda

**Octopoda** is one of the largest orders which contain the common octopus and some other types. Fossils are rare, but they do have a fossil record starting in the later Carboniferous.

Octopods are put into two suborders. One, the Incirrina, is composed of the well-known _Octopus_ of rocky shores and coral reefs and its relatives. The other suborder, the Cirrina, contains octopods whose tentacles are linked by an umbrella-like mantle, so their activity is rather different from the common octopus.
Vampyromorphida

**Vampyromorphida** is an order of cephalopods. There are one extant species (_Vampyroteuthis infernalis_) and several extinct taxa in it.

## Classification

- Order **Vampyromorphida**
    - ?Suborder †Kelaenina
        - Family †Muensterellidae
    - Suborder †Prototeuthina
        - Family †Loligosepiidae
        - Family †Plesioteuthididae
        - Family †Geopeltididae
        - Family †Leptotheuthididae
        - Family †Lioteuthididae
        - Family †Mastigophoridae
    - Suborder †Mesoteuthina
        - Family †Palaeololiginidae
            - Subfamily †Teudopseinae
            - Subfamily †Palaeololigininae
        - Family †Trachyteuthididae
            - Subfamily †Trachyteuthidinae
            - Subfamily †Actinosepiinae
    - Suborder Vampyromorphina
        - Family Vampyroteuthidae

## References

- The Taxonomicon: Order Vampyromorphida
- Mikko's Phylogeny Archive: Vampyromorpha
Diana Burrell

**Diana Burrell** (born 25 October 1948) is an English composer. She was born in Norwich, Norfolk. She went to Norwich High School for Girls and then studied music at the University of Cambridge. She started her career as a viola player, but soon became well known for her compositions was able to be a full-time composer.

Her first big orchestral piece was called _Landscape_ (1988). It describes the wild, windswept countryside. It won an Encore Award from the Royal Philharmonic Society and BBC Radio 3. Another orchestral work has a long title in German: _Das Meer so gross und weit ist da wimmelts ohne Zahlgrosse kleine Tiere_ (_The sea is so big and wide and swarming with numerous little animals_). It describes the sounds and the atmosphere of the sea.

Burrell has written other orchestral works including concertos for viola, flute and clarinet, an opera _The Albatross_ (1997), lots of choral works and chamber music. She likes modern architecture and her music sometimes shows this in the way it is shaped. She has also written music for young people such as _Lights and Shadows_ (1989) which includes children’s choir, recorder group and lots of percussion.

Burrell teaches at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama and is artistic director of Spitalfields Festival in London. She lives in East London.

## Other websites

- United Music Publishers official website for Diana Burrell
Saint James

**Saint James** could mean any of the following:

## People

- Several men mentioned in the New Testament:
    - James, son of Zebedee, an apostle, brother of John the Apostle, venerated at Santiago de Compostela
    - James (son of Alphaeus), an apostle, brother of Matthew the Evangelist
    - James the Less, son of Clopas and Mary of Clopas, often identified with the son of Alphaeus
    - James the Just, the brother of Jesus, head of the early Christian Church in Jerusalem
- James the Deacon, 7th century missionary to England
- James the Confessor, Bishop of Catania in the 8th Century http://www.orthodoxcentral.com/saints/saintjames.htm
- Rebecca St. James, Christian pop and rock artist

## Places

In _transportation_,
- Saint James station (disambiguation), several railway stations around the world

In the **United States**:
- St. James, Maryland
- St. James, Minnesota
- St. James, Missouri
- St. James, New York
- Saint James Parish, Louisiana
- The St. James Theatre, on Broadway in New York City
- St. James Court Art Show in Louisville, Kentucky
- St. James Catholic Church in Vancouver, Washington
- St. James Middle School, a school in Horry County in South Carolina
- St. James High School, also a school in Horry County in South Carolina

In the **United Kingdom**:
- St. James's Palace, London
    - Court of St. James's, London
    - St. James's Park, London
- St James' Park, Newcastle upon Tyne, home of football club Newcastle United.
- St James Park, football stadium in Exeter
- St. James' Church, Clitheroe
- St James, County Antrim, Northern Ireland
- St James's University Hospital, Leeds, a teaching hospital

**Other nations**:
- St James, Western Australia
- Saint James Parish, Barbados
- St. James (electoral district), defunct electoral district in Canada
- Saint James Parish, Jamaica
- Saint-James, France
- St. James' School, Kolkata, India
- Saint James Cavalier Centre for Creativity, Malta
- St. James Theatre (Wellington), New Zealand
- St James, Cape Town, South Africa
- St James Power Station, Singapore
Classical Greece

**Classical Greece** was the period in ancient Greece from about 500–323 BC. It had a civilisation and style which was considered by later observers to be outstanding. Politically, the classical period was dominated by Athens and the Delian League during the 5th century, or from the  beginning of the Greco-Persian Wars to the Peloponnesian War in 404 BC. It is considered to have ended in 323 BC with the death of Alexander the Great and the subsequent collapse of the Macedonian Empire.

Classical Greece was followed by the Hellenistic period of history.
Gwinnett County, Georgia

**Gwinnett County** is a county in the American state of Georgia. The county seat of Gwinnett County is Lawrenceville. The county was created on December 15, 1818.  The U.S. Census Bureau says there were 957,062 people living in Gwinnett County in 2020.

The county was named for Button Gwinnett, one of the people who signed the United States Declaration of Independence for Georgia.

## Other websites

- Official Web site of Gwinnett County Government
University of Georgia

The **University of Georgia** (UGA) is a university that is in and around Athens, Georgia. The university was created January 27, 1785 and was the first state university in the United States. However, it was not the first state university to hold classes or to graduate students. That honor belongs to the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

About 34,000 students go to the school. The university's mascot is a bulldog named "Uga".

## Diversity

Only white male students studied at UGA during the first century of its history. UGA began educating female students during the summer of 1903. Women were not admitted as full-time undergraduates until 1918. Before official admission of women to the university, several women were able to complete graduate degrees through credit earned during the summer sessions. The first woman to earn such a degree was Mary Lyndon. She received a Master of Arts degree in 1914. Mary Creswell earned the first undergraduate degree in June 1919, a B.S. in Home Economics. Two UGA dormitories are named after these graduates: Creswell Hall and Mary Lyndon Hall.

Racial integration started in 1961, with the admission of Hamilton E. Holmes and Charlayne Hunter after notable tension with the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools. In 2001, on the fortieth anniversary of their having first registered for classes, the university renamed a prominent campus building in their honor: Holmes-Hunter Academic Building. Although Hunter and Holmes were the first African-American students to matriculate at UGA, Mary Frances Early became the first African-American graduate by earning her master’s (MMEd) in music education in 1962. In 1963, Chester Davenport became the first African-American admitted to the UGA School of Law and its first African-American graduate (LL.B. 1966). A decade later, Sharon Tucker was the first female African-American law graduate, earning her J.D. in 1974.
Gerhard Armauer Hansen

**Gerhard Hendrik Armauer Hansen** (July 29, 1841 - February 12, 1912) was a Norwegian doctor. He is famous for discovering the bacteria that causes leprosy in 1873. That disease is also called _Hansen's disease_ in his honour.
Fire station

A **fire station** (also known as a **firehouse** or **fire hall**) is a building for storing fire engines and other firefighting equipment.

Some fire stations are staffed by full-time firefighters. These fire stations have offices and living areas for them. There will also be beds, for when they are on duty at night. They wait at the fire station to be called out to an emergency. The firefighters often slide down a pole to get downstairs to the fire engine, as this is quicker than walking down stairs.

In small towns and villages, a fire station may not have full-time firefighters. Instead, these stations have part-time or volunteer firefighters. When there is an emergency, they will drive to the fire station and bring out the fire engine.
Outhouse

An **outhouse** is a small building that covers a toilet. The toilet inside is often either a pit latrine or a bucket toilet, but other forms of dry (non-flushing) toilets may be found.
Fence

A **fence** is something built like a wall, often made of metal or wood, to keep something in or to keep something out.  It differs from a wall, which has a foundation. Fences are usually supported by fenceposts. Fences can be large or small. Many are used in gardens or farms. Some are portable. A fence differs from a wall in not having a solid foundation along its whole length.

Alternatives to fencing include a ditch (sometimes filled with water, forming a moat).

## Related pages

- Hedge
Uga

**Uga** or **UGA** can mean:

- Université Grenoble-Alpes
- University of Georgia
Princeton University

**Princeton University** is a private university in Princeton, New Jersey in the United States. It opened in 1746 with the name "The College of New Jersey". It was eventually named "Princeton University" in 1896. In conversation, it is simply called, "Princeton".

Princeton is one of the 8 Ivy League colleges. It was the fourth official college in the United States.

In 2013 Forbes put Princeton at number three in their list of "America's Top Colleges".

Princeton works with Coursera.

## Firestone Library

The Firestone Library is the main library at Princeton University. It is known for its large collection of books and manuscripts, serving as a major research resource for students and scholars.

Established in 1948, it serves as the primary repository for books, manuscripts, and other scholarly materials. With over 4 million books, Firestone Library has one of the largest open-stack collections in the world, offering resources across a wide range of academic disciplines. The library's architecture, designed by architect William H. G. France, reflects the collegiate gothic style common on the Princeton campus.

Firestone Library houses one of the largest open-stack collections in the world, with over 4 million volumes covering a wide range of subjects, including humanities, social sciences, natural sciences, and engineering. The library includes rare books, manuscripts, archival materials, maps, and special collections. Notable collections within Firestone Library include the Scheide Library, which features rare books and manuscripts dating back to the 15th century, and the Princeton University Archives, which document the history and development of the university.
Dill

**Dill** (_Anethum graveolens_) is a short-lived annual herb that is often used as a spice, to make food taste better by adding a unique, slightly tangy flavor that goes well with savory foods.

## Uses

Fresh and dried dill leaves (sometimes called "dill weed" to distinguish it from dill seed) are used as herbs.

Like caraway, its fernlike leaves are aromatic, and are used to flavor many foods, such as gravlax (pickled salmon), borscht and other soups, cream cheese and pickles. Dill is said to be best when used fresh, as it lose its flavor rapidly if dried; however, freeze-dried dill leaves preserve their flavor relatively well for a few months.

Dill seed is used as a spice, with a flavor similar to caraway.

Dill oil can be extracted from the leaves, stems and seeds of the plant.

## Other websites

- Plants for a Future: _Anethum graveolens_
- 'A Modern Herbal' (Grieves, 1931)
Turk

**Turk** or **Turks** most often refers to:
- Turkic peoples, a collection of ethnic groups that speak Turkic languages, predominant to West and Central Asia
- Turkish people, a Turkic ethnic group that lives in what is now Turkey
Bandage

A **bandage** is strip of cloth or other material that is used to stop and absorb blood from wounds.

In common speech, the word "bandage" is often used to mean a dressing, though technically the two are different things.

## Other websites

- "Use of Paper Dressings for Wounds", _Popular Science_, February 1919, page 68, scanned by Google Books: https://books.google.com/books?id=7igDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA68
- "A Mechanical Helper for the Red Cross, _Popular Science_, February 1919, page 74, scanned by Google Books: https://books.google.com/books?id=7igDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA74

### How to apply a bandage

- How to apply a bandage in a figure of 8 around an ankle. (YouTube)
- How to apply a bandage in circular style around a wrist. (YouTube)
- How to apply a compression bandage for lymphedema.
Xenophobia

**Xenophobia** is the fear or dislike of strangers or unknown things. Xenophobia can also mean the fear of trying new things, but it is usually the fear of differences between people. Xenophobia may be about foreign things or people, or just the attitudes of a group towards other groups. It may increase because of immigration. Apparently, xenophobia has always existed. Even the Ancient Greeks believed that barbarians (non-Greeks) were naturally meant to be enslaved.

Sometimes xenophobia overlaps with other types of phobias such as Afrophobia, Islamophobia, Germanophobia or Anti-Mexican sentiment.

The Vienna Declaration by United Nations declares that all people should have equal human rights and toleration.

## Related pages

- Discrimination
- Hate crime
- Phobia
- Racism
Hedone

**Hedone** in Greek mythology (which the Romans called **Voluptas**) was the daughter of Eros and Psyche. She was seen as the personification of lust.

## Other websites

- Ode to Voluptas (Information about Voluptas, Daughter of Eros & Psyche)
Psyche (psychology)

The **psyche** is the human mind, conscious and unconscious. The word has a long history, going back to the ancient Greek philosophers such as Heraclitus and Plato.

It was used in older psychology and philosophy as meaning the source or cause of human nature. It is not a scientific term, but the word "psychology" is derived from it. The English word soul was sometimes used synonymously in older texts.

In modern times the word is used as a synonym of mind.
Lamellibrachia

***Lamellibrachia*** is a genus of _cold seep tube worms_. These are related to giant tube worms. They live on the floor of the oceans, near cold seeps. There crude oil and methane leak out of the ocean floor.

The worm forms a symbiosis with certain bacteria which can oxidise sulphides. The worm provides the bacteria with hydrogen sulphide and oxygen. It does this by taking them up from the environment and binding them to a haemoglobin molecule. In return, the bacteria feed the worm. The worms can grow to a length of about 3 metres.

Together, they form a 'biogenic habitat' by creating groups of hundreds or thousands of individuals. Living in these aggregations are over a hundred different species of organism, many of which are found only at these seeps.

Cold seeps and hydrothermal vents are the only known communities that do not rely on photosynthesis for food and energy production. Unlike hydrothermal vents, which are short-lived environments, cold seeps leak oil and gas slowly. Probably because of the cooler temperatures and stability, many cold seep organisms are much longer-lived than those inhabiting hydrothermal vents. These worm grow very slowly, but can reach lengths of over 10 feet (3 metres). This means individuals may live over 250 years.
Giant tube worm

The **Giant tube worm** (_Riftia pachyptila_) is an annelid. They live on the floor of the oceans (mainly Pacific Ocean), usually near black smokers, a type of hydrothermal vent. They can tolerate extremely high temperatures and levels of sulfur. They live in symbiosis with certain bacteria. The bacteria enter the mouth of a young tube worm, but when the worm gets older its mouth and gut seal up, trapping the bacteria forever. These bacteria are fed with sulfur compounds and oxygen. The bacteria then turn these compounds into organic molecules on which the host worms feed.
Trans-Siberian railway

The **Trans-Siberian Railway** or **Trans-Siberian Railroad** is a set of railways that goes from Moscow and European Russia to the Russian Far East provinces, Mongolia, China and the Sea of Japan.

Because Russia is such a big country, travel from one end and the other is an important problem. In the 1890s, the Russians began building the longest railway in the world to connect Moscow to the Pacific Ocean. Before the railway was built, the trip took about a year along very rough roads. One reason for building the "Trans-Sib" was military: to transport troops to the East in order to protect the country against Japan and China. Another reason was to transport food from the farming areas of south-western Siberia to the people in the European part of Russia. Many cities and industries are built up along the route of the Trans-Siberian Railway. In 1900, it connected with the West Siberian Railway.