juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Austrian State Treaty

The **Austrian State Treaty** was a treaty that made Austria an independent country again after World War II. It was signed on May 15, 1955 at Vienna between the Allied powers from World War II and the Austrian government. It prohibited union with Germany. It also prohibited Nazi and fascist government. Austria also said that they would always be neutral in any wars with Declaration of Neutrality on 26 October 1955.
Arabidopsis thaliana

***Arabidopsis thaliana*** is a small flowering plant native to Europe, Asia, and northwestern Africa. It is widely used as a model organism in plant genetics. Arabidopsis is a member of the mustard (_Brassicaceae_) family, which includes cultivated species such as cabbage and radish.

It was the first plant genome to be sequenced, completed in 2000 by the Arabidopsis Genome Initiative. The most up-to-date version of the _Arabidopsis thaliana_ genome is maintained by The Arabidopsis Information Resource (TAIR).

Much work has been done to find out what its 27,000 genes and 35,000 proteins do.
_Arabidopsis_ is a popular tool for understanding the molecular biology of many plant traits, including flower development and light sensing.
Dracovenator

***Dracovenator*** was a meat-eating dinosaur that lived in southern Africa during the Early Jurassic period. That was about 185 million years ago. It is a relative of _Dilophosaurus_. It might have had a pair of crests, just like _Sinosaurus_ and various other species.

Its name means "Dragon hunter". It was given this name because dinosaurs are similar to the dragons of mythology, and it was a carnivore, so this species were probably a hunter of both small and large animals.

_Dracovenator_ was a large carnivorous dinosaur, about 23 feet long. It is the first large meat-eating dinosaur from the Early Jurassic of Africa to be discovered. _Dracovenator_ was described first as an African species and named in 2006, based on a hand claw, an upper jaw with teeth, back bones, hip bones, ribs, and foot bones. There is one genus of this dinosaur, _Dracovenator regenti_. This species was discovered in the Elliot Formation in South Africa.
Noise (music)

**Noise music** is a special type of music that uses noise as the main part of the song. Sometimes musicians make it so that they can find out what makes music what it is. They are exploring whether a sound can be music if it does not have melody or rhythm. Noise music was first made at the start of the 1910s. It is often called Sound Art, because it is a mixture of art and sound.
Amanita

The genus ***Amanita*** contains a species of basidiomycete mushrooms, including some of the most toxic known. It is found worldwide.

This genus is responsible for approximately 95% of the fatalities resulting from mushroom poisoning, with the **death cap** accounting for about 50% on its own. The most potent toxin present in these mushrooms is amanitin, of which at least eight versions are known.

## Species

- Amanita abietum
- Amanita abrupta
- Amanita albocreata
- Amanita bisporigera
- Amanita caesarea
- Amanita jacksoni
- Amanita muscaria
- Amanita ocreata
- Amanita pantherina
- Amanita phalloides
- Amanita verna
- Amanita virosa

### Fly agaric

***Amanita muscaria***, commonly known as the _fly agaric_, is a psychoactive fungus. It is known as the fly agaric for its ability to kill houseflies when combined with milk. The reason for this is that flies are attracted to the milk because it is so sweet. When they drink the milk they feel the effects of the mushroom and begin to get intoxicated.

### Death cap

***Amanita phalloides***, commonly known as the _death cap_, is a deadly poisonous fungus, one of many in the genus _Amanita_. Widely distributed across Europe, _A. phalloides_ forms ectomycorrhizas with various broadleaved trees. In some cases, death cap has been accidentally introduced to new regions with the cultivation of non-native species of oak, chestnut, and pine. The large fruiting bodies (mushrooms) appear in summer and autumn; the caps are generally greenish in color, with a white stipe (stem) and gills (underneath the cap).

One mushroom, if eaten, may destroy the liver and cause death. There is no antidote.<sup>p211</sup>

### Toxins

Their major toxic mechanism is the inhibition of RNA polymerase II, a vital enzyme in the synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA), microRNA (miRNA), and small nuclear RNA (snRNA). Without mRNA, essential protein synthesis, and hence cell metabolism, grind to a halt and the cell dies.

The liver is the organ most affected, because it is the organ which is first encountered after absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. Other organs, especially the kidneys, are susceptible.<sup>p217</sup> The RNA polymerase of _Amanita phalloides_ is insensitive to the effects of amatoxins, so the mushroom does not poison itself.
Gurjar

**Gurjar** or **Gujjar** (also transliterated as ***Goojar*** ***,** **Gujar** and **Gurjjar***) are a pastoral, agricultural and peasant ethnic community, residing mainly in India, Pakistan, Nepal, and Afghanistan, divided internally into 1788 to 2000 clan groups. They are an agricultural and pastoral group of Jammu and Kashmir, Northwestern India, northern and central Pakistan, Azad Kashmir and northeastern Afghanistan.

The Gujari language is closely related to Rajasthani and Marwari. As per historical accounts parts of Rajasthan and Gujarat were known as _Gurjarah-bhumi_ or _Gurjaratra_ prior to Mughal period in India but this was not based on any caste or tribe but based on the region between Gujrat and Rajasthan.

However, in later times, circa the 14th century AD onwards, they were reduced to small principalities due to successful invasions and conquests by Muslim powers in northern and western India. During the 15th-16th century, there were Gurjars in the areas of Meerut and Dadri. The Gurjars in Pakistan and Afghanistan are Muslim.

After this time, with struggles against the rising Mughal power and later British India the Gurjars gradually fell into a decline. They became poor nomads and started living in jungles and forests. With Muslim rule in North India, the Hindu Gurjars of the area surrounding Delhi had to live in jungles in order to save their Hindu faith and to survive.

## Geographical Distribution

Today, Hindu Gurjars are found in the Indian states of Rajasthan, Haryana, Western Uttar Pradesh and to a smaller extent Punjab. Muslim Gurjars are found in the Indian states of Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir and in the Pakistani provinces of Punjab, Azad Kashmir, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and in the Afghanistan province of Nuristan.

## Related pages

- Gurjar clans
- Central Asia
- Indo-Iranic peoples
- Indo-Iranian peoples
- Indo-Iranic languages
- Indo-Iranian languages

## Infobox (tribe)

- **name**: Gurjar or Gujjar
- **type**: Ethnicity
- **image**: Ethnic Gujjar elder from Rajasthan.jpg
- **image size**: 100px
- **caption**: Ethnic Gujjar elder from Rajasthan
- **location**: South Asia
- **religion**: Islam, Hinduism, Sikhism
- **ethnicity**: Punjabi people, Punjabi, Kashmiri people, Kashmiri, Gujarati people, Gujarati, Sindhi people, Sindhi, Haryanvi language, Haryanvi, Marathi language, Marathi
- **language**: Punjabi language, Punjabi, Kashmiri language, Kashmiri, Hindustani language, Hindi-Urdu, Gujarati language, Gujarati, Sindhi language, Sindhi, Haryanvi language, Haryanvi, Gujari language, Gojri, Pashto, Balochi language, Balochi
- **surnames**: Chaudhary, Choudhary
Eugene Botkin

**Dr. Yevgeny Sergeivich Botkin** (27 March 1865 – 17 July 1918), also known as **Dr. Eugene Botkin**, was the court physician for Tsar Nicholas II and Tsarina Alexandra. While he was in exile with the family, he often helped treat Tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich of Russia.

Botkin went into exile with the Romanovs after the Russian Revolution of 1917. He was murdered with the family at Ekaterinburg on 17 July 1918. Like them, he was canonized as a martyr by the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia in 1981. His wife Olga and he divorced after she had an affair with the children's German teacher.

Shortly before he died, he wrote a letter in which he said that he "unhesitatingly orphaned my own children in order to carry out my physician's duty to the end, as Abraham did not hesitate at God's demand to sacrifice his only son."

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Dr. Eugene Botkin
- **image**: BotkinES.jpg
- **image size**: 180px
- **caption**: Dr. Eugene Botkin
- **birth place**: Russia
- **death place**: Ekaterinburg, Russia
- **occupation**: Physician
- **parents**: Dr. Sergei Botkin, father
- **spouse**: Olga Botkina (divorced 1910)
Jack Dorsey

**Jack Patrick Dorsey** (born November 19, 1976) is an American software developer and business person, widely known as the creator of social networking service Twitter. He is also the founder and CEO of Square, a mobile payments company. In 2008, he was named as one of the top 35 innovators in the world under the age of 35.

He worked as a model.

## Early life

Dorsey was born **Jack Patrick Dorsey** in St. Louis, Missouri, the son of Tim and Marcia (née Smith) Dorsey. He is of English, Irish, and Italian descent. His father worked for a company that developed mass spectrometers and his mother was a homemaker.

He was raised Catholic, and his uncle is a Catholic priest in Cincinnati. He attended the Catholic Bishop DuBourg High School. In his younger days, Dorsey worked occasionally as a fashion model.

By age fourteen, Dorsey had become interested in dispatch routing. Some of the open-source software he created in the area of dispatch logistics is still used by taxicab companies. Dorsey attended the University of Missouri–Rolla for two-plus years (1995–97) before transferring to New York University, but he dropped out in 1999, one semester short of graduating. He came up with the idea that he developed as Twitter while studying at NYU.

## Career

While working on dispatching as a programmer, Dorsey moved to California. In 2000, Dorsey started his company in Oakland to dispatch couriers, taxis, and emergency services from the Web. His other projects and ideas at this time included networks of medical devices and a "frictionless service market". In July 2000, building on dispatching and inspired in part by LiveJournal and by AOL Instant Messenger, he had the idea for a Web-based realtime status/short message communication service.

When he first saw implementations of instant messaging, Dorsey wondered whether the software's user status output could be shared easily among friends. He approached Odeo, which at the time happened to be interested in text messaging. Dorsey and Biz Stone decided that SMS text suited the status-message idea, and built a prototype of Twitter in about two weeks. The idea attracted many users at Odeo and investment from Evan Williams, a co-founder of that firm in 2005 who had left Google after selling Pyra Labs and Blogger.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Jack Dorsey
- **image**: Jack Dorsey in Washington D.C. - 2018 (MRW 4445) (44538272181).jpg
- **caption**: Dorsey in 2018
- **birth name**: Jack Patrick Dorsey
- **birth place**: St. Louis, Missouri, United States, U.S.
- **occupation**: software designer, entrepreneur
- **net worth**: $650 million (est.)
Biz Stone

**Biz Stone** (born March 10, 1974) is an American software developer. He is also the author of two books. He is an advisor to many companies. He is Creative Director at Twitter.
Evan Williams (entrepreneur)

**Evan Williams** (born March 31, 1972) is an American business person. He is responsible for product strategy at Twitter.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Evan Williams
- **image**: TechCrunch50 Day Two Afternoon - Evan Williams.jpg
- **caption**: Evan Williams at TechCrunch50, September 2008
- **image size**: 250px
- **birth place**: Clarks, Nebraska, Clarks, Nebraska, United States
- **birthname**: Evan Clark Williams
- **nationality**: United States, American
- **occupation**: Entrepreneur
- **years active**: 1993–Present
- **known**: Blogger (service), Blogger
Twitter
- **spouse**: Sara Morishige
- **children**: 2
- **website**: https://twitter.com/ev
Amy Irving

**Amy Davis Irving** (born September 10, 1953) is an American actress. She is best known for her roles in the films _Crossing Delancey_, _The Fury_, _Carrie_, and _Yentl_. She is also known for acting in Broadway.

## Early life

Irving was born in Palo Alto, California. She was the daughter of film and stage director Jules Irving (né Jules Israel) and actress Priscilla Pointer. Irving's brother is a writer and director David Irving, and her sister Katie Irving is a singer and teacher of deaf children. Irving is of Jewish from her father's side and has a little bit of Welsh and Cherokee ancestry on her mother's. She was raised in the Christian Science faith, which means that she believed that God made the earth.
Alphonse Mucha

**Alphonse Mucha** (24 July 1860 – 14 July 1939) was a Czech Art Nouveau painter and decorative artist, best known for his distinct style and his images of women. He produced many paintings, illustrations, advertisements, and designs.

Mucha moved to Paris in 1887, continued his studies, and worked at producing magazine and advertising illustrations.

Around Christmas 1894, Mucha happened to drop into a print shop where there was a sudden and unexpected need for a new advertising poster for a play starring Sarah Bernhardt, the most famous actress in Paris. Mucha volunteered to produce a lithographed poster within two weeks, and on 1 January 1895, the advertisement for the play _Gismonda_ by Victorien Sardou appeared on the streets of the city. It was an overnight sensation and announced the new artistic style and its creator to the citizens of Paris. Bernhardt was so satisfied with the success of this first poster that she entered into a 6-year contract with Mucha.

Mucha produced a flurry of paintings, posters, advertisements, and book illustrations, as well as designs for jewellery, carpets, wallpaper, and theatre sets in what was initially called the _Mucha Style_ but became known as _Art Nouveau_ (French for 'new art'). Mucha's works frequently featured beautiful, strong young women in flowing vaguely Neoclassical looking robes, often surrounded by lush flowers which sometimes formed halos behind the women's heads.
In contrast with contemporary poster makers he used pale pastel colours.

The 1900 Paris Exhibition spread the "Mucha style" abroad, of which Mucha said "I think [the Exposition Universelle] made some contribution toward bringing aesthetic values into arts and crafts."
He decorated the Bosnia and Herzegovina Pavilion and collaborated in the Austrian Pavilion.

Mucha's Art Nouveau style was often imitated. The Art Nouveau style however, was one that Mucha attempted to distance himself from. He always insisted that his paintings came purely from within and from Czech art. He declared that art existed only to communicate a spiritual message, and nothing more. He was frustrated at the fame he gained through commercial art, when he most wanted to concentrate on more lofty projects that would ennoble art and his birthplace.
Gingerbread

**Gingerbread** is a word which describes different sweet food products from soft cakes to a ginger biscuit. Ginger and honey (or treacle) rather than only sugar, are usually the common ingredients to all the types of food product. They probably also have the same history.

## Etymology

Before, _gingerbread_ (from Latin _zingiber_, then Old French _gingebras_) meant preserved ginger. After, it was a confection made with honey and spices.

## History

Armenian monk Gregory of Nicopolis (Gregory Makar) (Grégoire de Nicopolis) brought ginger bread to Europe in 992. He left Nicopolis Pompeii, in Lesser Armenia to live in Bondaroy (France) and stayed seven years. He showed French priests and Christians how to cook gingers. He died in 999 Armenian genocide.

German immigrants brought it to Sweden during the 13th century. Swedish nuns baked gingerbread to help indigestion in the year 1444.
The custom was to bake white biscuits and paint them as window decorations. In the 16th century, Queen Elizabeth I had a royal gingerbread-maker working for her. Gingerbread was sold at fairs and other public events.

## Related pages

- Gingerbread man
- Victorian architecture - Gingerbread house example
Baldness

**Baldness** (also known as **alopecia**) is when someone has no hair on his or her head. Sometimes this is inherited from parents or grandparents, or it can be done on purpose. Improper use of hair extensions can also lead to hair loss. Some people such as monks or South Korean soldiers shave their head.

Baldness is most often caused by a medical condition known as **androgenic alopecia**. This is found in humans, as well as in some animals. When it occurs, it will mean that those affected will permanently lose some (or all) of their hair. Since some of the factors are linked to the genes on the chromosome, the condition can be seen more often with men, than with women.

**Alopecia totalis** is the loss of all head hair. Its cause is believed to be autoimmune, but many with the disorder lead relatively low stress lives.

**Alopecia areata** (AA) is a condition in which hair is lost from some or all areas of the body, usually from the scalp. Because it causes bald spots on the scalp, especially in the first stages, it is sometimes called spot baldness.

## Infobox (disease)

- **name**: Alopecia
- **image**: alopecia.jpg
- **caption**: Man displaying male pattern baldness
- **diseasesdb**: 14765
- **meshid**: D000505
Common basilisk

The **common basilisk** (_Basiliscus basiliscus_) is a type of lizard. It can be found in Central and South American rainforests near rivers and streams. The basilisk is part of the corytophanid family. It is also known as the **Jesus Christ lizard** because of its ability to run on the surface of water.

## Walking on water

This lizard can walk on water. When a land predator attacks, they gather sufficient momentum and start running on water to escape. This is a reference to the story in which Jesus walks on water.

## Related pages

- Orthocormus
- Euthynotus
- Basiliscus
Manuel Antonio National Park

**Manuel Antonio National Park** is a national park in Costa Rica.  Over 150,000 people visit it every year.  Many animals can be seen here, including the Common basilisk. Manuel Antonio park was listed by Forbes magazine in 2011 among the world's 12 most beautiful national parks.

## Other websites

- Manuel Antonio National Park  at Costa Rica National Parks

## Infobox (protected area)

- **name**: Manuel Antonio National Park
- **iucn category**: II
- **photo**: Manuel_antonio_06_april_2005.jpeg
- **photo caption**: The park is well known for sights of natural beauty similar to the above
- **location**: Costa Rica
- **nearest city**: Quepos
- **established**: 1972
- **governing body**: National System of Conservation Areas (SINAC)
United Nations Development Fund for Women

The **United Nations Development Fund for Women** commonly known as **UNIFEM** (from the French "_Fonds de développement des Nations **uni**es pour la **fem**me_ is a fund of United Nations established in New York in 1976 aimed for equality as men and taking part in society of women.

It provides financial and technical aid for the better condition of women together with United Nations Development Programme. In 2006 Nicole Kidman was elected as goodwill ambassador. In 2011, it will be a part of the new institution "UN Women".

## Related pages

- UN Women
- Woman
- Discrimination
- Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women

## Other websites

- Official website
Shake

**Shake** may refer to:
- Hand shake, a common social greeting in some cultures
- Milk shake, a drink usually made from milk and ice cream
- Tremor, muscles moving without control
Exorcism

**Exorcism** is the practice of evicting demons or other spiritual beings. This practice is quite ancient and part of the belief system of many cultures and religions. There are different types of exorcisms. Exorcisms can be performed on people, animals and places. These rituals are done by people called _exorcists_, who cleanse the spirit of the possessed person by calling out the name of God, Jesus Christ, angels and the Trinity (Father, Son and Holy Spirit). Exorcisms are usually done for religious reasons. The reasons vary, and the exorcisms can be different based on religions and which exorcists does them.
Luther (1928 movie)

***Luther*** is a 1928 movie about the life of Martin Luther, father of the Protestant Reformation.

The silent movie starred Eugen Klöpfer as Luther and Theodor Loos as Philipp Melanchthon.

## Cast

- Eugen Klöpfer as Martin Luther
- Rudolf Lettinger as Luther's father
- Elsa Wagner as Luther's mother
- Livio Pavanelli as Luther's friend Alexius
- Arthur Kraußneck as Staupitz
- Karl Platen as Brother Franziskus
- Theodor Loos as Melanchthon
- Hermann Vallentin as Karlstadt
- Karl Elzer as Friedrich the Wise
- Werner Schott as Johann the Steadfast
- Ferdinand von Alten as Miltitz
- Bruno Kastner as Ulrich von Hutten
- Leopold von Ledebur as Sickingen
- Ernst Rückert ad Reichsherold Kaspar Sturm
- Georg Schmieter as Georg von Frundsberg
- Max Maximilian as Hans Sachs
- Max Grünberg as Albrecht Dürer
- Jakob Tiedtke as Tetzel
- Hans Wassmann as Robber Baron
- Alexander Murski as the printer Hans Lufft
- Heinz Salfner as Palace Captain Berlepsch
- Hans Carl Müller as Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
- Max Schreck as  Alexander
- Georg John as Cripple (disabled man)

## Related pages

- Martin Luther
- Luther film

## Infobox (film)

- **name**: Luther
- **alt**: _Der Mönch von Wittenberg_ (Germany)
_Freedom_ (USA)
- **director**: Hans Kyser
- **producer**: Cob Film
- **writer**: Cathedral priest B. Döhring
 Hans Kyser
- **starring**: Eugen Klöpfer
Rudolf Lettinger
Elsa Wagner
- **studio**: Universum Film AG
- **released**: 16 February 1928 (Berlin, Germany)
 23 June 1929 (New York City, USA)
- **country**: Germany
- **language**: Silent
 German intertitles
Luther (2003 movie)

***Luther*** is a 2003 biopic about the life of Martin Luther (1483–1546).

The movie starred Joseph Fiennes as Luther himself and Alfred Molina as Johann Tetzel.

## Plot

The movie covers Luther's life from his becoming a monk in 1505 to the Diet of Augsburg in 1530.

## Related pages

- Martin Luther
Martin Luther (1953 movie)

***Martin Luther*** is a 1953 movie biography of Martin Luther. It was directed by Irving Pichel, who also plays a supporting role.

The movie starred Niall MacGinnis as Luther.

## Plot

The movie begins in the year 1505. Luther goes into a monastery in Erfurt, but he is in fear of God. One day he finds God's mercy in the New Testament (in Romans 1:17). Later he published his Ninety-Five Theses. In the year 1521, in the view of the pope, he should recant on the Diet of Worms. But there he does it not. Instead he says "Here I Stand". The movie ends with the presentation of the Augsburg Confession.

## Related pages

- Luther film
Martin Luther, Heretic (1983 movie)

***Martin Luther, Heretic*** was a movie made in 1983, the 500th anniversary of the birth of Martin Luther. The movie starred Jonathan Pryce as Luther and Maurice Denham as Johann von Staupitz.

## Plot

The movie begins in the year 1506, while Luther was a monk. The movie ends in the year 1522, when Luther returns from his exile at Wartburg Castle to Wittenberg.

## Related pages

- Luther film
Potassium sulfide

**Potassium sulfide** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is K<sub>2</sub>S. It contains potassium and sulfide ions. The potassium is in its +1 oxidation state.

## Properties

Potassium sulfide is a colorless solid when it is pure. Sometimes it is not pure and it is yellow-brown. It reacts with water to make potassium hydrogen sulfide, and potassium hydroxide. It reacts with acids to make hydrogen sulfide and a potassium salt.

## Preparation

Potassium sulfide is made by reacting potassium with sulfur. Many times the potassium is dissolved in liquid ammonia. It can also be made by reacting potassium sulfate with carbon. It is made when black powder is burned.

## Related pages

- Potassium sulfite
- Sulfate
Schoep's Ice Cream

**Schoep's Ice Cream** is an ice cream manufacturing company based in Madison, Wisconsin.

## History

Schoep's Ice Cream was founded by E.J. Schoephoester in 1928. Schoephoester produced and sold the ice cream in his grocery store. By 1937 Schoep's Ice Cream had become well known locally and E. B. Schoephoester sold his company to Peter B. Thomsen, a butter maker. The company has been kept in the Thomsen family, and as of 2008 it was owned in part by nineteen members of the Thomsen family.

## Operation

All of Schoep's Ice Cream is currently produced from a single factory located on Helena Street in Madison, Wisconsin. As of 2008 Schoep's was producing 6,000 gallons of ice cream an hour and 2.5 million gallons a year. With this high production rate, Schoep's has been recognized as the top producer of ice cream in the state of Wisconsin. Due to this growth, in 2005, Schoep's opened a $7 million, 46,000-square-foot distribution center on Manufacturers Drive, near the Dane County Regional Airport. This new facility features space for 3,600 pallets and 14 loading-dock doors. Before this facility was built, Schoep's had shipped all of their ice cream from two loading docks at their factory.

### Walgreens

Schoep's is not well known around the United States as Schoep's Ice Cream, but as Walgreens brand Ice Cream. Since 1993 Schoep's has been the sole producer of ice cream sold under the Walgreens label. This contract accounts for more than 25 percent of Schoep's business.

## Infobox (company)

- **company name**: Schoep's Ice Cream
- **company logo**: Schoep's Ice Cream Factory.jpg
- **foundation**: 1928
- **location**: 2070 Helena Street, Madison, Wisconsin 53704
- **num employees**: 150
- **revenue**: $40 million (as of 2008)
- **products**: Ice cream
Brandon Flowers

**Brandon Flowers** (born June 21, 1981) is an American musician. He is the singer and keyboardist of American rock band The Killers. He has also released a solo album called Flamingo. He is married with three sons named Ammon, Gunnar, and Henry.

## Early life

He was born in Henderson, Nevada. His parents are of Dutch, English, French, German, Lithuanian and Scottish descent.

## Awards

Flowers won NME Awards in 2005 for "Best Dressed" (also nominated in 2006, 2007, & 2009).  He won "Sexiest Man" as well as an award for "Most Stylish" in 2011.  He won the award for "Most Stylish Man" at the 2008 _GQ_ awards. He was also listed as one of "The 50 Most Stylish Musicians of the Last 50 Years" by Esquire in 2011.

In 2012, Flowers was named the #6 Greatest Frontman of All Time by Xfm.

He was nominated for Q Awards 'Best Male Artist' in 2010. He was also nominated for "Best Video" ("Crossfire") at the Shockwaves NME 2011 Awards.

### Studio albums

|rowspan="2"|Year|rowspan="2" style="width:220px;"|Title|colspan="9"|Peak chart positions|rowspan="2" style="width:120px;"|Certifications <small>(sales thresholds)</small>|||||||||||||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|style="text-align:center;"|2010|***Flamingo*** *Released: September 3, 2010 *Labels: Mercury, Island, Vertigo, Universal *Formats: LP, CD, download|style="text-align:center;"|8|style="text-align:center;"|5|style="text-align:center;"|9|style="text-align:center;"|8|style="text-align:center;"|3|style="text-align:center;"|4|style="text-align:center;"|6|style="text-align:center;"|1|style="text-align:center;"|3|*UK: Gold *IRL: Gold|

### Singles

|rowspan="2"|Year|rowspan="2"|Single|colspan="10"|Peak positions|rowspan="2"|Album|||||||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|rowspan="2"|2010|style="text-align:left;"|"Crossfire"|46|70|4|22|22|35|8|6|11|23|rowspan="3"|_Flamingo_|
|style="text-align:left;"|"Only the Young"|—|—|—|68|—|—|143|—|—|—|||||
|2011|style="text-align:left;"|"Jilted Lovers & Broken Hearts"|—|—|—|—|—|—|—|—|—|—||||
|colspan="15" style="font-size:8pt"|"—" denotes a release that did not chart|||||||||||||||

## Tours

- Flamingo Road Tour (2010)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Brandon Flowers
- **image**: Brandon Flowers by Sarah Junker.jpg
- **caption**: Brandon Flowers by Sarah Junker
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Brandon Richard Flowers
- **origin**: Henderson, Nevada, Henderson, Nevada, United States
- **instrument**: Vocals, keyboards, synthesizer, piano, bass, guitar
- **genre**: Indie rock, Alternative rock, Heartland rock, Post-punk revival
- **label**: Island Records, Island, Vertigo Records, Vertigo, Marrakesh Records, Marrakesh
- **occupation**: Musician, songwriter
- **years active**: 2001–present
- **associated acts**: The Killers
Luther (1974 movie)

***Luther*** is a 1974 movie about the life of Martin Luther. The movie starred Stacy Keach as Luther.

## Plot

The movie is a version of John Osborne's biographical play, presenting the life of Martin Luther. The movie begins in the year 1506 and ends in the year 1526.

## Cast

(in order of appearance)
- Peter Cellier as Prior
- Leonard Rossiter as Brother Weinand
- Stacy Keach as Martin Luther
- Patrick Magee as Luther's father
- Thomas Heathcote as [Lucas, a] friend [of Luther's father]
- Julian Glover as Knight
- Matthew Guinness as reading monk
- Hugh Griffith as John Tetzel
- Maurice Denham as Johann von Staupitz, Vicar General
- Alan Badel as Cardinal Cajetan de Vio
- Robert Stephens as Johann von Eck
- Bruce Carstairs as Duke Frederick, Elector of Saxony
- Malcolm Stoddard as Emperor Charles the Fifth
- Judi Dench as Luther's wife

## Related pages

- Martin Luther
- Luther film

## Infobox (film)

- **name**: Luther
- **caption**: DVD release cover
- **director**: Guy Green (filmmaker), Guy Green
- **producer**: Ely Landau
- **writer**: Edward Anhalt (script)
John Osborne (play)
- **starring**: Stacy Keach
Julian Glover
Maurice Denham
Judi Dench
Patrick Magee (actor), Patrick Magee
Hugh Griffith
Robert Stephens
- **cinematography**: Freddie Young
- **distributor**: AFT Distributing Corporation
- **released**:  1973
 April 1976
- **runtime**: 111 minutes
- **language**: English
Karate belts

**Karate belts** are a measure of a student/teacher ability. For example, a Brown belt is higher than a Blue Belt.

## Usual rank

All styles of karate range from white to black. There are some theories about how belts came to be.

### The "dying" theory

Some believe when a student graduated a **kyu**, he/she would dye their current belt the new, desired color. This was often done in Japan during WWII when it was a very poor country.

### The "dirty belt" theory

This is a theory that demonstrates how a student would, as they trained, dirty their belt overtime. More of a myth than a theory, a student started with a white belt. As sweat, dirt, and other debris occupied not only the belt, but the karate gi, his/her color appeared to get darker and closer to black.
Luther (1965 movie)

***Luther*** is a 1965 movie about the life of Martin Luther. The movie starred Alec McCowen as Luther.

## Plot

The movie is a version of John Osborne's biographical play, presenting the life of Martin Luther.

## Related pages

- Luther film
Karate gi

A **karate gi** is a standardized piece of karate clothing that acts as a uniform.
Whether or not a student is ranked, one must bring a gi to the academy.

## Components

A karate gi includes a martial arts jacket, as well as a martial arts pant.

The gi is white.
The belt can be:

1. White
1. Yellow
1. Purple
1. Orange
1. Green
1. Blue
1. Brown
1. Black (sub-divided by dan)
Luther (1964 movie)

***Luther*** is a 1964 movie about the life of Martin Luther. The movie starred Terry Norris as Luther.

## Plot

The movie  is a version of John Osborne's biographical play, presenting the life of Martin Luther.

## Related pages

- Luther film

## Other websites

- MemorabletTV.com - Australian TV - Labor In Power to Luther
Luther (1968 movie)

***Luther*** is a 1968 movie  about the life of Martin Luther. The movie  starred Robert Shaw as Luther.

## Plot

The movie is a version of John Osborne's biographical play, presenting the life of Martin Luther.

## Related pages

- Luther film

## Other websites

- Robert Shaw - Movie Photos - Luther (TV 1968)
Pentaerythritol tetranitrate

**Pentaerythritol tetranitrate** (**PETN**), also known as **PENT**, **PENTA**, **TEN**, **corpent**, **penthrite** (or — rarely and primarily in German — as **nitropenta**) is one of the most powerful high explosives known. It has  a relative effectiveness factor (R.E. factor) of 1.66. PETN can be used as a plastic explosive. PETN can also be use as a  drug to treat certain heart conditions, such as angina pectoris. In this context, it helps widening blood vessels, which is known as vasodilatation. PETN is among the most widely used substances for vasodilatation.

It is the nitrate ester of pentaerythritol (related pages, nitrate, ester). It has a chemical structure that is very similar to nitroglycerin.
Dan (rank)

A **Dan** is a measure of advanced rank, often used in martial arts and the board game go. It usually ranges from 1 to 10, with higher numbers indicating greater skill. In martial arts, it is used for black belts only. In go or shogi, players of 1 Dan or above can be considered "masters". Dan literally means "step" in Japanese.

## Composition

Usually, the belt of a Dan martial artist will have a number of strips according to the person's rank.

## Dan in Japan

This table shows how to call dan in Japanese.

|style="width:10%; "|**Degree**|style="width:9%; "|1st Dan|style="width:9%; "|2nd Dan|style="width:9%; "|3rd Dan|style="width:9%; "|4th Dan|style="width:9%; "|5th Dan|style="width:9%; "|6th Dan|style="width:9%; "|7th Dan|style="width:9%; "|8th Dan|style="width:9%; "|9th Dan|style="width:9%; "|10th Dan|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|style="width:10%; "|_Pronunciation_|style="width:9%; "|Shodan|style="width:9%; "|Nidan|style="width:9%; "|Sandan|style="width:9%; "|Yondan|style="width:9%; "|Godan|style="width:9%; "|Rokudan|style="width:9%; "|Shichidan|style="width:9%; "|Hachidan|style="width:9%; "|Kudan|style="width:9%; "|Jūdan|
|style="width:11px; "|_Kanji_|style="width:9%; "|初段|style="width:9%; "|弐段/二段|style="width:9%; "|参段/三段|style="width:9%; "|四段|style="width:9%; "|五段|style="width:9%; "|六段|style="width:9%; "|七段|style="width:9%; "|八段|style="width:9%; "|九段|style="width:9%; "|十段|

## Notable players with higher dan

Go and shogi players are usually called by their dan by media like NHK and Asahi Shinbun.
|Dan|Japanese and Chinese|Name of players|
| --- | --- | --- |
|9|九段|Rui Naiwei, Go Seigen, Eio Sakata, Masao Kato|
|8|八段|Mika Yoshida, Kazuko Konishi|
|7|七段|Ayumi Suzuki, Ichiyo Shimizu|
|6|六段|Kana Satomi, Hiroe Nakai, Xie Yimin|
Dan (disambiguation)

The term _dan_ might refer to:

- Dan (rank), a very advanced rank in martial arts
- Dan (name), a common male name, short form of Daniel
Deinotherium

***Deinotherium*** was a large proboscidean related to modern elephants. Their downward curving tusks are notable. They are known from the middle Miocene to the early Pleistocene. _Deinotherium_ is put in its own family (the Deinotheriidae) in the Proboscidea.

There were several species of _Deinotherium_ that lived in parts of Africa, Asia and Europe. The _Deinotherium_ was larger than today’s elephants.

The way _Deinotherium_ used its curious tusks has been much debated. It may have rooted in soil for underground plant parts like roots and tubers, pulled down branches to snap them and reach leaves, or stripped soft bark from tree trunks.

It helps to remember that the Miocene was much warner and wetter than today, and that the Africa of the Miocene had rather different fauna from today. _Deinotherium_ was a creature of muddy tropical rivers and forests, not the dry savannahs of today. It also lived in southern Europe and east to the Indian Subcontinent.

Deinotherium fossils have been uncovered at several of the African sites where remains of prehistoric hominid relatives of modern humans have also been found.
Tiruchirappalli

**Tiruchirappalli** is a city in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Its name in Tamil means "town of the respected Chira (name of a Jain monk)". It is also often called **Trichy** or **Tiruchi**. It was also called **Trichinopoly** by the British.

Tiruchirappalli is the administrative headquarters of Tiruchirapalli District. It is the fourth-largest municipal corporation in Tamil Nadu. About 10,67,912 people lived there in 2008. It is a very old city with many important temples, monuments, churches and mosques. The famous temples being Rockfort Temple, Srirangam Temple, Thiruvanaikkovil Temple, Samayapuram Temple, Nachiyar Kovil etc. Nearby, Woraiyur, the old Trichy, is where the early Chola kings had their capital city, until about 850. There are picnic / sightseeing spots in and around trichy like Kallanai (Grand Anaicut) built by Karikala Cholan, Mukkombu.
Rom

**ROM** can mean

## Technology

- ROM, read only memory

## Other

- Range of motion
Power-on self test

The **POST**, in most computers, is a self-test that checks the OS(s) available and boots from the OS selected. POST stands for _Power On Self Test_. Computers that have an operating system perform a POST before loading the OS, and many imbedded systems also do a POST.

A POST usually checks crucial files, folders, and components. Once the POST is completed, a selected OS will take control and finish the startup process.

If the POST fails, usually a BSOD displays (Blue Screen of Death, most commonly) and offers recovery options such as safe mode.

### Windows

**LKGC** (Last Known Good Configuration) reverts to the last non-problematic, successful bootup. It is similar to System Restore, but its primary function is to allow the user to use the computer normally, unlike System Restore, which does not guarantee a fix. Also, LKGC is unrevertable, unless you successfully bootup again.

**System Restore** works by allowing the user to open a wizard, then select a "restore point". The user must restart for the point to take effect, but the system will start as normal.

**System Repair** is typically found on the hard disk of your computer and contains options that can be used to fix the system. However, in serious cases, the OS may need to be reinstalled.
Kill screen

A **kill screen** is a screen that prevents progress from the player. The screens in some games stop the game with gibberish or otherwise impossible figures. In _Pac-Man_, at a certain level the screen overflows and spreads fruits and ghosts across the arcade machine's screen.

## Games with kill screens

- _Pac-Man_
- _Donkey Kong_
- _Contra_
- Dig Dug
- Tetris

These are games that have integer overflow.
Regular expression

A **regular expression** (abbreviated **regexp** or **regex**) is a way to describe sets of characters using syntactic rules. Many programming languages use or support regular expressions. A regular expression is then used by a special program or part of a programming language. This program will either generate a parser that can be used to match expressions or it will match such expressions itself. A simple use case for this is to find all words or phrases in a text that match a certain pattern. In one case, the 'pattern' might just be a word, but in more complex cases, there might be rules that say that the word needs to start with an uppercase letter, or that only certain letters are allowed.

A **regular expression processor** is used for processing a regular expression statement in terms of a grammar in a given formal language, and with that examines a text string.

A few examples of what can be matched with regular expressions:
- The sequence of characters "car" appearing consecutively in any context, such as in "car", "cartoon", or "bicarbonate".
- The sequence of characters "car" occurring in that order with other characters between them, such as in "Icelander" or "chandler".
- The word "car" when it appears as an isolated word.
- The word "car" when preceded by the word "blue" or "red".
- The word "car" when _not_ preceded by the word "motor".
- A dollar sign immediately followed by one or more digits, and then optionally a period and exactly two more digits (for example, "$10" or "$245.99"). This does not match "$ 5", because of the space between the dollar sign and the digit, nor "€25", because there is no dollar sign.

Regular expressions can be much more complex than these examples. Many regular expression languages also support "wildcard" characters. A more complex example might be t0 validate a date. Some months have 31 days, others have 30; February has 29 in some cases (leap years). So a use case might be to validate a date.
Doktor Martinus Luther (1911)

***Doktor Martinus Luther*** (translated: _Doctor Martinus Luther_) is a 1911 German movie about the life of Martin Luther. This movie is a silent movie. It starred Hermann Litt as Luther.

## Related pages

- Luther film

## Literature

- Esther Pia Wipfler: _Luther im Stummfilm: Zum Wandel protestantischer Mentalität im Spiegel der FIlmgeschichte bis 1930_. In: _Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte_ 98 (2007), S. 167–198; ; Vgl. Abstract auf der Interseite des Institut de l’information scientifique et technique

## Other websites

- Filmportal.de - Doktor Martinus Luther
- Murnau-Stiftung - Doktor Martinus Luther - 1911
- Document title - Luther im Stummfilm - Luther in silent films - Résumé

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: Doktor Martinus Luther
- **starring**: Hermann Litt
- **released**: 1911
- **country**: German Empire
- **language**: German
Die Wittenberger Nachtigall

***Die Wittenberger Nachtigall*** () is a 1913 German movie about the life of Martin Luther. It is a silent movie. It starred Rudolf Essek as Luther.

## Background

Historical mistakes are the reason that the movie was forbidden for the youth.

## Related pages

- Martin Luther
- Luther film

## Literature

- Esther Pia Wipfler: _Luther im Stummfilm: Zum Wandel protestantischer Mentalität im Spiegel der FIlmgeschichte bis 1930_. In: _Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte_ 98 (2007), S. 167–198; ; Vgl. Abstract auf der Interseite des Institut de l’information scientifique et technique
- Die Wittenberger Nachtigall - decision to censore the film

## Other websites

- Filmportal.de Die Wittenberger Nachtigall (1913)
- Filmportal.de Der Weg zur Sonne (1920/1921)
- Filmportal.de Doktor Martin Luther. Ein Lebensbild fürs deutsche Volk (1927)
- Collector’s Homepage Autographs: Rudolf Essek
- Die Wittenberger Nachtigall - decision to censore the film (German)

## Infobox (movie)

- **starring**: Rudolf Essek
- **country**: Germany
- **language**: German
Disput u noći

***Disput u noći*** (translated: _Dispute in the Night_) is a 1976 movie. The movie was made in Yugoslavia.

## Plot

The movie is about a dispute between Desiderius Erasmus and Martin Luther. So the movie shows parts of the life of Martin Luther.

## Related pages

- Luther film

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: Disput u noći
- **released**: 1976
- **country**: Yugoslavia
- **language**: Serbo-Croatian
Martin Luther (1923 movie)

***Martin Luther*** is a 1923 silent movie about the life of Martin Luther. The movie starred Karl Wüstenhagen as Luther.

## Literature

- Esther Pia Wipfler: _Luther im Stummfilm: Zum Wandel protestantischer Mentalität im Spiegel der FIlmgeschichte bis 1930_. In: _Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte_ 98 (2007), S. 167–198; ; Vgl. Abstract auf der Interseite des Institut de l’information scientifique et technique

## Related pages

- Martin Luther
- Luther film

## Other websites

- Filmportal.de - Martin Luther (1923)
- Document title - Luther im Stummfilm - Luther in silent films - Résumé
Coordination geometry

**Coordination geometry** is a type of molecular geometry, which shows how atoms and chemical bonds make shapes in molecules. Coordination geometry expands molecular geometry to inorganic chemistry and coordination complexes.
Triclinic

A **triclinic** crystal is shaped almost like a rectangle. It is slightly bent, though. Copper sulfate makes triclinic crystals. It is the least symmetric (meaning that both sides are not very similar).

. In the triclinic system, the crystal is described by vectors of unequal length, as in the orthorhombic system.
Crystal structure

In crystallography, the **crystal structure** is how the atoms (or ions or molecules) are arranged in a crystalline material. Crystals occur naturally from the way the chemical bonds of the atoms connect. Symmetric repeating patterns occur in 3-D space in the crystal.

The crystal structure and symmetry cause many physical properties, such as cleavage (how the crystal splits) how it conducts electricity, and its optical properties.

The crystal structure of a chemical is the shape of the crystal at the molecular level. There are several shapes of crystals. Sodium chloride is cubic. Copper sulfate is triclinic. Most things, even metals, have crystal structures. Some crystals fit more atoms in them than others, and these crystals usually weigh more.

Each type of crystal structure has a unit cell, which is a small pattern of points that repeats through the whole crystal. For example, in a primitive cubic crystal, the unit cell is the eight corners of a cube. When many unit cells are next to each other, you get a crystal.
Aliens of the Deep

***Aliens of the Deep*** is a 2005 documentary movie, directed in part by James Cameron and filmed in the IMAX 3D format. It was produced by Walden Media and Buena Vista Pictures. Cameron worked with NASA scientists to explore the Mid-Ocean Ridges, under water chains of mountains in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans that are home to some of the planet's more unusual forms of life.

## Plot

Cameron joins up aboard the Russian research ship, "Akademik Mstislav Keldysh", with a group of NASA scientists, as well as some Russian marine biologists, to investigate ten hydrothermal vents in both the Atlantic and Pacific. The vents have their own unique ecosystem, which support diverse organisms such as giant tube worms, swarms of blind white crabs, and vast amounts of shrimp which are capable of "seeing" water that is heated by the vents. These creatures do not need sunlight like other organisms, and instead get their energy from the vents. They are able to survive in the superheated and sulfurous water. Because of this, the documentary suggests that this is what life beyond Earth might look like. As some alien ecosystems are likely to be a lot harsher than a typical terrestrial ecosystem, these exotic vents provide an insight into some of the forms that alien life might take.

The documentary shows Cameron's passion for exploring the oceans, as well as his interest in extraterrestrial life. It also shows the technology used to reach such depths.

The movie is similar to Cameron's earlier documentary, _Ghosts of the Abyss_ (2003), which involves him journeying to the wreck of the RMS _Titanic_. It too was filmed in the 3-D IMAX format.
Hazard

A **hazard** is something that can be dangerous to people, goods, and the environment. Hazards are often marked with warning signs to help people know that a dangerous thing exists and to do the right thing to stay safe. Each hazard has ways to make it less dangerous or remove it.

For example, a motorist should read road signs and react to hazards on the road to stay safe like slowing down for sharp turns.

## By Physical Nature

- Biological hazards are caused by living microorganisms (e.g., bacteria, viruses, and parasites) that can make other living things sick.
- Chemical hazards are caused by harmful chemicals (e.g., acids).
- Radioactive hazards are caused by materials that give off ionizing radiation (e.g., plutonium).
- Thermal hazards are caused by extreme heat (e.g., fires) or extreme cold (e.g., freezing weather).
- Kinetic hazards are caused by moving objects or forces (e.g., vehicles and loud vibrations).
Risk and Safety Statements

**Risk and Safety Statements** are codes that show the hazards of certain chemicals. There are certain R (risk) phrases and S (safety) phrases. For example, R34 states that the chemical may cause burns. S36 says to wear protective clothing.

## Related pages

- List of R-phrases
- List of S-phrases