juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
1367

## Events

- Pedro of Castile becomes King of Castile (now in Spain) again after defeating his half-brother, Henry II, at the Battle of Nájera (Navarette). Pedro was helped in the battle by the English and Henry by the French.
- Ferdinand I becomes King of Portugal after the death of his father, Peter I.
- Charles V creates the first royal library in France.
- Otto I becomes Duke of the independent city of Göttingen (now in Germany) after the death of his father, Ernst I.
- A stone wall is built around Moscow to resist invasion by Lithuania.
- The University of Pécs is founded in Hungary.

## Births

- January 6 – King Richard II of England (died 1400)
- April 3 – King Henry IV of England (died 1413)
- Mary of Enghien, Queen of Naples (d. 1446)
- Michael de la Pole, 2nd Earl of Suffolk (died 1415)

## Deaths

- January 18 – King Peter I of Portugal (born 1320)
- December 28 – Ashikaga Yoshiakira, Japanese shogun (born 1330)
- Gil Alvarez De Albornoz, Spanish cardinal
- Sohier of Enghien, titular Duke of Athens
- Duke Ernst I of Göttingen
939

## Events

- Edmund I of England became King of England
- July 14 – Pope Stephen VIII succeeds Pope Leo VII as the 127th pope.
- Arabs lose Madrid to the Kingdom of León.

## Births

- Emperor Romanos II of the Byzantine Empire
- Emperor Taizong of Song

## Deaths

- October 2 – Gilbert, Duke of Lorraine
- October 27 – Æthelstan, King of the English
Water heating

**Water heating** is a thermodynamic process using an energy source to heat water above its initial temperature. Typical domestic uses of hot water are for cooking, cleaning and bathing, and space heating. In industry both hot water and water heated to steam have many uses.

The most common energy sources for heating water are fossil fuels: natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, oil or sometimes solid fuels (coal or firewood. These fuels may be consumed directly or by the use of electricity (which may derive from any of the above fuels or from nuclear or renewable sources). Alternative energy such as solar energy, heat pumps, hot water heat recycling, and sometimes geothermal power, may also be used as available, usually in combination with gas, oil or electricity.

## Solar water heaters

Solar collectors for solar powered water heaters are installed outside dwellings, typically on the roof or nearby.  Nearly all models are the direct-gain type. They consist of flat panels in which water circulates.

## Geothermal heating

In countries like Iceland and New Zealand, and other volcanic regions, water heating may be done using geothermal power, rather than combustion.

## Other websites

- How It Works - Water Heater
- PATH Tech Inventory: Solar Water Heaters
- Tankless Water Heaters are Brutal on the Grid When Popularized
- Stiebel Eltron Tankless Water Heaters
- Water Heating for Dairies in NZ
- U.S. Department of Energy Water Heating Guidance
- Advantage and Disadvatage water heater
Couëron

**Couëron** is a city in France on the Atlantic Ocean near Nantes. About 18.000 people live in the city.
Room temperature

**Room temperature** does not have an exact scientific definition. It means a temperature that is normal in rooms used by human beings.

## Human comfort and health

A comfortable room temperature depends on individual needs and other factors. According to the West Midlands Public Health Observatory (UK),  is the recommended living room temperature, and  is a good bedroom temperature.

However, in hotter countries such as those near the equator room temperature can be as high as .

Room Temperature is the temperature that is comfortable and normal to be in.

## Science

For scientific work, room temperature is taken to be in the range  with an average of . Scientists use kelvins (K) for temperature. The Rankine (°R) unit is no longer used.

## Condition for physical experiments

The progress and results of many scientific and industrial processes can sometimes depend on the temperature of the surroundings of the equipment. For example, a measurement of the charge of the electron does not depend upon the temperature of the test equipment. In this case, if scientists mention temperature at all, they usually only mention "room temperature", which means that what is being measured has not been cooled or heated.
Kraftwerk

**Kraftwerk** is a electronic band from Germany that became famous in the late 1970s and 1980s for making electronic music. They used synthesizers and sequencers to make the rhythms and melodies in the song.

Kraftwerk made electronic music many years before other bands knew it would be popular. They paved the way for the MIDI and digital styles of music to become popular in the 1990s. Many of the sounds from songs such as "Computer Love", "The Robots", and "Trans Europe Express" can be heard sampled by a variety of bands on their current releases. Recently, some of Kraftwerk's original recording equipment was sold on eBay for astonishing amounts. Kraftwerk continues to have a faithful following. The band's name is German for power station.

## Main discography

- 1970: Kraftwerk
- 1972: Kraftwerk 2
- 1973: Ralf and Florian
- 1974: Autobahn
- 1975: Radio-Activity
- 1977: Trans-Europe Express
- 1978: The Man Machine
- 1981: Computer World
- 1983: Tour de France (single)
- 1986: Electric Cafe
- 1991: The Mix
- 1999: Expo 2000 (single)
- 2000: Expo Remix (single)
- 2003: Tour de France Soundtracks
- 2005: Minimum-Maximum (live album)
- 2007: Aerodynamik/La Forme Remixes (single)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Kraftwerk
- **image**: KRAFTWERK im Kiew 01.jpg
- **caption**: Kraftwerk in Kyiv in 2008
- **landscape**: yes
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Düsseldorf, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
- **genre**: electronic music, Electronic, synthpop, krautrock
- **years active**: 1970–present
- **label**: Kling Klang Studio, Kling Klang, EMI, Astralwerks,  Elektra Records, Elektra, Warner Bros. Records, Warner Bros., Capitol Records, Capitol, Vertigo Records, Vertigo, Philips Records, Philips
Reissues and compilations:
Mute Records, Mute, Cleopatra Records, Cleopatra, Parlophone, Mercury Records, Mercury, Fontana Records, Fontana
- **associated acts**: Organisation (band), Organisation, Neu!
- **current members**: Ralf Hütter
Fritz Hilpert
Henning Schmitz
Stefan Pfaffe
- **past members**: Florian Schneider
Karl Bartos
Wolfgang Flür
Klaus Röder
Emil Schult
Klaus Dinger
Michael Rother
Andreas Hohmann
Fernando Abrantes
Plato Kostic (Riviera)
Peter Schmidt
Charly Weiss
Houschäng Néjadepour
Eberhard Kranemann
Thomas Lohmann
Techno

**Techno** is a form of electronic dance music that became popular in Frankfurt, Germany during the early 1980s. It was influenced by synthpop, house music, funk, post-disco and futuristic fiction ideas that were important during the end of the Cold War in the United States at that time. Juan Atkins is generally thought to be the founder of Detroit Techno music. Detroit Techno first became successful locally and then became popular around the world in the 1990s.

## Usage of the term

The word "techno" comes from "technology". Fans of Techno music are careful in their use of the word. They are careful not to confuse it with other types of music that are similar but different (for example house, trance, trap). At the same time, the word "techno" is commonly used when talking about all forms of electronic music and dance music, especially in Europe, the Americas and Australia. Despite the common usage of the term to refer to all electronic dance in general, techno is a specific genre with its own, distinguishable sound. By nature, techno tends to be highly repetitive, instrumentally-oriented music which follows a regular four-on-the-floor beat. The genre places a strong emphasis on rhythm, and techno tends to have a very beat-based sound.

## Other websites

- Sounds Like Techno – an online documentary
- , a video example of techno being performed live
- Techno songs  blog with regular updates of the newest techno beats and electro music

## Infobox (music genre)

- **name**: Techno
- **color**: black
- **bgcolor**: teal
- **popularity**: originated in the US in the mid-1980s, grew popular in the 1990s.
Dog sled

A **dog sled** is a sled that is pulled by sled dogs and can go over ice and snow. Dog sleds were first made by First Nations people in Canada before the English and French got there, because they had no horses so they used dogs to travel. They were also made by people in Norway, Sweden, Finland and Russia because it was also easier to travel with dogs in parts of those countries.

Racing dog sleds is a popular sport which a lot of people enjoy watching or actually going in the sleds to race. It is more popular in places where there is not much horse racing.
Multiset

- _The bags that can be used for shopping are at bag._
A **multiset** (sometimes called a **bag**) is a concept from mathematics. In many ways, multisets are like sets. Certain items are either elements of that multiset, or they are not. However, multisets are different from sets: The same type of item can be in the multiset more than once. For this reason, mathematicians have defined a relation (function) that tells, how many copies of a certain type of item there are in a certain multiset. They call this _multiplicity_. For example, in the multiset { _a_, _a_, _b_, _b_, _b_, _c_ }, the multiplicities of the members _a_, _b_, and _c_ are 2, 3, and 1, respectively. From a set of _n_ elements, the number of _r_-element multisets is written as . This is sometimes called the multiset coefficient.

A multiset is illustrated by means of a histogram.

A multiset can also be considered an unordered tuple:
- The tuples (a,b) and (b,a) are not equal, and the tuples (a,a) and (a) are not equal either.
- The multisets {a,b} and {b,a} are equal, but the multisets {a,a} and {a} are not equal.
- The sets {a,b} and {b,a} are equal, and the sets {a,a} and {a} are equal too.

## Examples

One of the simplest examples is the multiset of prime factors of a number _n_. Here, the underlying set of elements is the set of prime divisors of _n_. For example, the number _120_ has the prime factorisation
which gives the multiset {2, 2, 2, 3, 5}.

Another is the multiset of solutions of an algebraic equation. A quadratic equation, for example, has two solutions. However, in some cases they are both the same number. Thus the multiset of solutions of the equation could be { 3, 5 }, or it could be { 4, 4 }. In the latter case, it has a solution of multiplicity 2.

## Related pages

- Combination

### Sources

- Stanley, Richard P. (1997, 1999). _Enumerative Combinatorics_, Volumes 1 and 2. Cambridge University Press. , 0-521-56069-1..
Tom Brokaw

**Thomas John Brokaw** (born February 6, 1940 in Webster, South Dakota) is a popular American television journalist and is the former anchorman (host) of _NBC Nightly News with Tom Brokaw_. His last appearance as anchorman was on December 1, 2004. In the later part of hosting _NBC Nightly News_, the program became the most-watched news program in the United States. Brokaw has received many awards and honors.

Brokaw was diagnosed with multiple myeloma in August 2013.

On April 26, 2018, Brokaw was accused of sexual harassment by two women.

## Infobox (celebrity)

- **name**: Tom Brokaw
- **image**: Tom Brokaw 2014 (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Brokaw at the 2014 Peabody Awards
- **birth place**: Webster, South Dakota, United States
- **occupation**: TV news journalist
Tuple

In mathematics, a **tuple** is a finite sequence of objects. Sometimes, the finite sequence is also called an _ordered list_. This means that the order of the objects matter. In a tuple, the objects are either enclosed within parentheses (such as ), or within angle brackets (such as ).  Each of the objects in the list has a certain type. A tuple consisting of _n_ entries is called an **n-tuple**. Tuples are used to describe mathematical objects that are made of certain, well-defined components. They are also used very frequently with databases.
Tuples are different from sets:
- A certain element can be in a tuple more than once.
- The order in which the elements appear in a tuple is important.

In other words, tuples are like ordered multisets.

## Related pages

- Relation (mathematics)
Manure

**Manure** is organic matter used as fertilizer in agriculture. Manures improve the fertility of the soil by adding organic matter and lots of nutrients, such as nitrogen that is trapped by bacteria in the soil. Higher organisms then feed on the fungi and bacteria in a chain of life.

The term "manure" was used for inorganic fertilizers in the past, but this usage is now very rare.  Manure from birds and bats is called guano.

## Etymology

The word **manure** came from Middle English "manuren" meaning "to cultivate land," and initially from French "main-oeuvre" = "hand work" alluding to the work which involved manuring land.

## Types

There are two classes of manures in soil management: green manures and animal manures. Compost is distinguished from manure in that it is the _decomposed_ remnants of organic materials (which may, nevertheless, include manure).

Most animal manure is feces–excrement of plant-eating mammals (herbivores) and plant material (often straw) which has been used as bedding for animals and thus is heavily contaminated with their feces and urine.

Green manures are crops grown for the express purpose of plowing them under. In so doing, fertility is increased through the nutrients and organic matter that are returned to the soil.

## Uses of manure

Manure has been used for centuries as a fertilizer for farming, as it is rich in nitrogen and other nutrients which facilitate the growth of plants.  Liquid manure from pig/hog operations is usually knifed (injected) directly into soil to reduce the unpleasant odors. Manure from hogs and cattle is spread on fields using a manure spreader. Due to the relatively lower level of proteins in grasses, which herbivores eat, cattle manure has a milder smell than the dung of carnivores–for example, elephant dung is practically odorless. However, due to the quantity of manure applied to fields, odor can be a problem in some agricultural regions.  Poultry droppings are harmful to plants when fresh but after a period of composting are valuable fertilizers.

The dried manure of animals has been used as fuel throughout history. Dried manure (usually known as dung) of cows was, and still is, an important fuel source in countries such as India, while camel dung may be used in treeless regions such as deserts. On the Oregon Trail, pioneering families collected large quantities of "buffalo chips" in lieu of scarce firewood. It has been used for many purposes, in cooking fires and to combat the cold desert nights.

Another use of manure is to make paper. This has been done with dung from elephants where it is a small industry in Africa and Asia, and also horses, llamas, and kangaroos. Other than the llama, these animals are not ruminants and thus tend to pass plant fibres undigested in their dung.

## Related pages

- Biomass
Nutrient

A **nutrient** is either a chemical element or compound used in an organism's metabolism or physiology.  A nutrient is essential to an organism if it cannot be produced by the organism and must be obtained from a food source.

This article deals with nutrition in animals, especially humans. Nutrition in plants, fungi, bacteria and archaea is not discussed here.

## Substances that provide energy

- Carbohydrates are compounds made of sugars. Carbohydrates are named by the number of sugar units they have.
    - Monosaccharides (such as glucose and fructose) have one.
    - Disaccharides (such as sucrose and lactose) have two.
    - Oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides (such as starch, glycogen, and cellulose) have more.

- Proteins are organic compounds that are amino acids joined by peptide bonds. The body cannot make some of these; so they must come from food. In the body, proteins are broken down through digestion back into free amino acids.
- Fats are a glycerin molecule with three fatty acids attached. Fats are needed to keep cell membranes functioning properly, to insulate body organs against shock, to keep body temperature stable, and to maintain healthy skin and hair. The body does not manufacture certain fatty acids and the diet must supply these.

These three types of nutrients are often called **macronutrients**.

## Substances that support metabolism

- Minerals are generally trace elements, salts, or ions such as copper and iron. These minerals are essential to human metabolism.
- Vitamins are organic compounds essential to the body. They usually act as coenzymes or cofactors for various proteins in the body.
- Water is an essential nutrient and is the solvent in which all the chemical reactions of life take place.

## Essential elements

The following table gives an idea of what elements are essential for humans:

Periodic table highlighting dietary elements
|style="color: white; background-color:#006000"|<span title="Hydrogen">H</span>||colspan="17"|||He|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|colspan="19"|||||||

## Related pages

- Eutrophication
Histogram

A **histogram** is a concept from statistics. It is a graphical display that tells us about the distribution of the samples involved. They are commonly a picture made from a table with many categories. The table tells how many samples there are in each category.
The word _histogram_ is derived from _histos_ and _gramma_ in Greek. _Histos_ means _web_ or _mast_. _Gramma_ means _drawing_, _record_ or _writing_. A histogram of something is therefore, etymologically speaking, a drawing of the web of this something.

A histogram is a graphical representation of the distribution of numerical data. It is a type of bar chart that shows the frequency or number of observations within different numerical ranges, called bins. The bins are usually specified as consecutive, non-overlapping intervals of a variable. The histogram provides a visual representation of the distribution of the data, showing the number of observations that fall within each bin.

## Similar ideas

The histogram is one of the seven basic tools of quality control, which also include the Pareto chart, check sheet, control chart, cause-and-effect diagram, flowchart, and scatter diagram.

A population pyramid is two histograms.

A generalization of the histogram is kernel smoothing techniques. This will construct a smooth probability density function from the supplied data.
Green manure

Typically, a **green manure** crop is grown for a specific period, and then plowed under and incorporated into the soil. Green manures usually perform several functions, that include soil improvement and soil protection:

- Leguminous green manures such as clover contain nitrogen-fixing symbiotic bacteria in root nodules that fix atmospheric nitrogen in a form that plants can use.
- Green manures increase the percentage of organic matter (biomass) in the soil, thereby improving water retention, aeration, and other soil characteristics.
- The root systems of some varieties of green manure grow deep in the soil and bring up nutrient resources unavailable to shallower-rooted crops.
- Common cover crop functions of weed suppression and prevention of soil erosion and compaction are often also taken into account when selecting and using green manures.
- Some green manure crops, when allowed to flower, provide forage for pollinating insects.

Historically, the practice of green manuring can be traced back to the fallow cycle of crop rotation, which was used to allow soils to recover.

## Green manure crops

- Winter cover crops such as oats or rye have long been used as green manures.
- Mustard
- Clover
- Fenugreek
- Lupin
- Sunn hemp
- Winter tares
- Winter field beans
- Ferns of the genus _Azolla_ have been used as a green manure in southeast Asia.
- Velvet Bean (Mucuna pruriens) Common in the southern US during the early part of the 20th century, before being replaced by soybeans. Popular today in most tropical countries, especially in Central America where it is the main green manure used in Slash/Mulch farming practices.

## Green manures in organic farming

Organic farming relies on soil health and cycling of nutrients through the soil using natural processes, such as the addition of animal manures. If animal manures are not available, in a stockless rotation, green manures perform a vital function of fertilization.

## Related pages

- Fertilizer

## Other websites

- Overview of cover crops and green manures
- Using green manure to grow rice
Normal distribution

The **normal distribution** is a probability distribution used in probability theory and statistics. It is also called **Gaussian distribution** because it was first discovered by Carl Friedrich Gauss. The normal distribution is very important in many fields because many things take this form. A random variable that takes this form is **normally distributed**, and can be called a **normal deviate**. The normal distribution is often called the _bell curve_, because the graph of its probability density looks like a bell. The **standard normal distribution** (also known as the **Z distribution**) is a normal distribution that has a mean of zero and a standard deviation of one.

The form of the distribution is

In a normal distribution, the parameter  is the mean ("average"). The standard deviation ("variability") is . The variance of the distribution is .

The normal distribution is important because it can represent real-life examples. It is used in natural and social sciences. Some examples include:
- Height
- Test scores
- Measurement errors
- Light intensity (as in laser light)
- Insurance companies use normal distributions to model certain average cases.
The central limit theorem can be used to describe real-life data as a normal distribution.

## Origin

Its origin goes back to the 18th century to De Moivre and in the early 19th century with Gauss.

## Use

It is the most widely used piece of statistics by far. It was famously used in World War I by the United States Army to decide when men were so poor mentally that they could not be used by the Army in any job.

## Related pages

- Frequency distribution
- Least squares
- Student's t-distribution

## Other websites

- Cumulative Area Under the Standard Normal Curve Calculator  from Daniel Soper's _Free Statistics Calculators_ website. Computes the cumulative area under the normal curve (i.e., the cumulative probability), given a z-score.
- Interactive Standard Normal Distribution
- GNU Scientific Library – Reference Manual – The Gaussian Distribution
- Normal Distribution Table
- Download free two-way normal distribution calculator
- Download free normal distribution fitting software
Variance

In probability theory and statistics, the **variance** is a way to measure how far a set of numbers is spread out.
Variance describes how much a random variable differs from its expected value. The variance is defined as the average of the squares of the differences between the individual (observed) and the expected value. This means that it is always positive. A variance is often represented by the symbol , if the data is the entire population, and , if the data is from a sample.

In practice, variance is a measure of how much something changes. For example, temperature has more variance in Moscow than in Hawaii.

The variance is not simply the average difference from the expected value. The standard deviation, which is the square root of the variance and comes closer to the average difference, is also not simply the average difference. Variance and standard deviation are used because it makes the mathematics easier—when adding two random variables together.

In accountancy, a variance refers to the difference between the budget for a cost, and the actual cost.

## History

Karl Pearson, the father of biometry, first used the term variance as follows:> "_It is here attempted to (show) the biometrical properties of a population of a more general type that has (..) been examined, inheritance in which follows this scheme. It is hoped that in this way it will be possible to make a more exact analysis of the causes of human variability. The great body of available statistics shows us that the deviations of a human measurement from its mean follow very closely the Normal Law of Errors, and that  therefore, the variablility may be uniformly measured by the standard deviation, corresponding to the square root of the mean square error._"

## Related pages

- Normal distribution, with variance and mean as parameters
Tarzan's Treehouse

**Tarzan's Treehouse** is a walk-through attraction in Disneyland in Anaheim, California. It was originally called the Swiss Family Treehouse. The treehouse explores the past of the Disney character Tarzan. The tree is fake, but is considered by Disney imagineers a real species or _Disneyodendron eximus_ which translates to "out of the ordinary Disney tree". The tree has 1,400 branches and 300,000 polyethlyne leaves. The tree is covered in live Spanish moss.
Winchester College

**Winchester College** is a well-known boys' school. It is an example of a British public school. The school is located in the city of Winchester in Hampshire, England. Its official name is **Collegium Sanctae Mariae prope Wintoniam** (or **Collegium Beatae Mariae Wintoniensis prope Winton**), or **St Mary's College near Winchester**. The school is commonly just called "Winchester". Winchester has existed for over six hundred years. It has the longest unbroken history of any school in England. It is the oldest of the original nine English public schools as defined by the Public Schools Act 1868. 37% of students go to Cambridge or Oxford.

## History

Winchester College was founded in 1382 by William of Wykeham, Bishop of Winchester and Chancellor to Richard II. The first seventy students entered the school in 1394. It was founded with New College, Oxford. Winchester was built to get students ready to attend New College. This was the model for Eton College and King's College, Cambridge 50 years later and for Westminster School, Christ Church, Oxford and Trinity College, Cambridge in Tudor times.

The headmaster is currently Dr Timothy Hands, formerly of Magdalen College School

## Other websites

- Winchester College website
- http://www.astoft.co.uk/winchestercollege  Pages on the architecture of the college
Buffy the Vampire Slayer (movie)

***Buffy the Vampire Slayer*** is a 1992 American action/comedy fantasy movie about a cheerleader (Kristy Swanson) chosen by fate to fight and kill vampires. The movie is a light parody. It goes against the clichés of horror movies. The movie led to a darker and much more popular TV series of the same name. The television series starred Sarah Michelle Gellar and was created and produced by screenwriter Joss Whedon. Whedon often said how the television series was more like his vision than the movie. When the movie was first released, it was moderately successful and received mixed reviews from critics.

## Related pages

- Buffy the Vampire Slayer

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: Buffy The Vampire Slayer
- **writer**: Joss Whedon
- **starring**: Kristy Swanson,
Donald Sutherland,
Paul Reubens,
with Rutger Hauer,
and Luke Perry
- **director**: Fran Rubel Kuzui
- **producer**: Kaz Kuzui,
Howard Rosenman
- **music**: Carter Burwell
- **distributor**: 20th Century Fox
- **released**: July 31, 1992
- **runtime**: 86 minutes
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **budget**: United States dollar, US$7,000,000
Fran Rubel Kuzui

**Fran Rubel Kuzui** is an American movie director and producer. She is best known as the director of the 1992 _Buffy the Vampire Slayer_ movie, which was made into the television series of the same name.
Roseanne Barr

**Roseanne Cherrie Barr** (born November 3, 1952) is an Emmy Award-winning American actress, writer, and comedian. She has also been known as **Roseanne Arnold** and **Roseanne Thomas**. For several years in the late 1990s and early 2000s, she was known simply as **Roseanne**. By 2005, she had resumed referring to herself by her maiden name. She is best known for playing Roseanne Conner on the television series _Roseanne_.

The self-titled series was rebooted in 2018 on ABC with record ratings. A second season of the reboot (what would have been season 11) was eventually ordered. However, ABC cancelled the series after Barr posted a tweet mentioning Valerie Jarrett (an aide to President Barack Obama) that was viewed as racist.

## Television work

- _Rodney Dangerfield: It's Not Easy Bein' Me_ (1986)
- _On Location: The Roseanne Barr Show_ (1987)
- _Roseanne_ (1988–97, 2018)
- _Backfield in Motion_ (1991)
- _The Rosey and Buddy Show_ (1992) (voice; unsold pilot)
- _The Woman Who Loved Elvis_ (1993)
- _General Hospital_ (cast member in 1994)
- _The Roseanne Show_ (1998-2000)
- _The Brothers Garcia_ (2001)
- _The Real Roseanne Show_ (2003) (cancelled after 1 episode)
- _Roseanne Barr: Blonde and Bitchin_' (2006)
- _My Name Is Earl_ (2006)
- _The Search For The Funniest Mom In America 3_ (2007)
- _Roseanne's Nuts_
- _Portlandia_
- _The Office_

## Filmography

- _She-Devil_ (1989)
- _Look Who's Talking Too_ (1990) (voice)
- _Freddy's Dead: The Final Nightmare_ (1991)
- _Even Cowgirls Get the Blues_ (1993)
- _Dancing Outlaw II: Jesco Goes to Hollywood_ (1994) (documentary)
- _Unzipped_ (1995) (documentary)
- _Blue in the Face_ (1995)
- _Meet Wally Sparks_ (1997)
- _Get Bruce_ (1999) (documentary)
- _Cecil B. Demented_ (2000)
- _15 Minutes_ (2001)
- _Home on the Range_ (2004) (voice)

## Run for President

On August 4, 2011, on an episode of The Tonight Show with Jay Leno she announced that she would be running for President in 2012. She ran for Green Party, however, she lost to Jill Stein. Then she ran for Peace and Freedom Party and won the nomination. Barr received 61,971 votes in the general election, placing sixth overall. She is running again in 2016 for the same party.

## Other websites

- RoseanneWorld.com - Roseanne's website and daily blog
- _Independent_ interview
- Chat about Roseanne

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: Roseanne Hard Rock Cafe.jpg
- **caption**: Barr in January 2010
- **birth name**: Roseanne Cherrie Barr
- **birth place**: Salt Lake City, Utah, U.S.
- **party**: Green Party of the United States, Green
Peace and Freedom Party, Peace and Freedom
- **occupation**: Actress, comedian, writer, producer, politician
- **years active**: 1985–present
- **spouse**:

- **partner**: Johnny Argent (2003–present)
- **children**: 5
Bi-Lo (Australia)

**Bi-Lo** was a supermarket with 214 shops all over Australia. It used to have shops in Western Australia called **Newmart**. It changed the names of all its stores to Coles Supermarkets in 2006 and 2007. BI-LO is an Australian discount supermarket chain known for its fresh foods, groceries, and friendly service, all at affordable prices. With over 50 stores nationwide, BI-LO employs approximately 15,000 people across Australia. Within nearly a decade, BI-LO expanded to operate 28 supermarkets in South Australia, contributing significantly to metropolitan Adelaide's supermarket sales.

John Weekes started Bi-Lo towards the end of the 1970s in the city of Adelaide in South Australia with three shops. It was called _Bi-Lo_ because it sells food and everyday articles at relatively cheap prices.

Bi-Lo stocked the legendary black&gold products that were so true and humble to an Aussie home.

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: BI-LO Supermarkets
- **logo**: BI•LO-brand.svg
- **logo size**: 231px
- **type**: Subsidiary
- **founder**: John Weeks
- **defunct**: 2017 (rebranded as Coles)
- **industry**: Retail
- **parent**: Wesfarmers
- **foundation**: 1979
- **location city**: Hawthorn East, Victoria, Hawthorn East, Victoria
- **location country**: Australia
Sucrose

||Sucrose|
| --- | --- |
|align="center" colspan="2" bgcolor="#ffffff"||
|Systematic name|Sucrose|
|Other names|Sugar, Saccharose|
|atomic formula|C<sub>12</sub>H<sub>22</sub>O<sub>11</sub>|
|SMILES|OC1C(OC(CO)C(O)C1O) OC2(CO)OC(CO)C(O)C2O|
|Molar mass|342.29648 g/mol|
|Appearance|white solid|
|CAS number|[57-50-01]|
|Density and phase|1.587 g/cm³, solid|
|Solubility in water|211.5 g/100 ml (25°C)|
|Melting point|186°C (459.15 K)|
|Boiling point|decomposition|
|Chiral rotation <sub>D</sub>|+66.47°|
|Refractive index|1.5376|
|Molecular shape|?|
|Crystal structure|monoclinic hemihedral|
|Dipole moment|? D|
|MSDS|External MSDS|
|Main hazards|Combustible|
|NFPA 704||
|Flash point|N/A|
|R/S statement|R: ? S: ?|
|RTECS number|WN6500000|
|Structure and properties|_n_, ε<sub>r</sub>, etc.|
|Thermodynamic data|Phase behaviour Solid, liquid, gas|
|Spectral data|UV, IR, NMR, MS|
|Other anions|?|
|Other cations|?|
||<small>Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25°C, 100 kPa) Infobox disclaimer and references</small>|

|colspan="2"|Solubility of Pure Sucrose|
| --- | --- |
|50|2.59|
|55|2.73|
|60|2.89|
|65|3.06|
|70|3.25|
|75|3.46|
|80|3.69|
|85|3.94|
|90|4.20|

**Sucrose** (common name: **table sugar**, also called **saccharose**) is a disaccharide (glucose + fructose) with the molecular formula C<sub>12</sub>H<sub>22</sub>O<sub>11</sub>. Its systematic name is α-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-fructofuranose.  It is best known for its role in human nutrition and is formed by plants but not by higher organisms.

## Physical and chemical properties

Pure sucrose is most often prepared as a fine, white, odorless crystalline powder with a pleasing, sweet taste.

## Other websites

- Computational Chemistry Wiki
- Nomenclature of Carbohydrates
- 3d Images of Sucrose
Disaccharide

A **disaccharide** is a sugar (a carbohydrate) composed of two monosaccharides, such as glucose and fructose that make up the disaccharide sucrose. It is formed when two sugars are joined together and a molecule of water is removed. Due to this, disaccharides cannot hydrolyse, meaning their molecules are unable to be broken down through a reaction with water. For example, milk sugar (lactose) is made from glucose and galactose whereas cane sugar (sucrose) is made from glucose and fructose.

## Common disaccharides

|**Disaccharide**|**Unit 1**|**Unit 2**|**Bond**|**Notes**|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Sucrose (_table sugar_, _cane sugar_, _saccharose_, or _beet sugar_)|glucose|fructose|α(1→2)|Sucrose is found naturally in many food plants.|
|Lactose (_milk sugar_)|galactose|glucose|β(1→4)|Lactose is found in milk products.|
|Maltose|glucose|glucose|α(1→4)|Produced during the malting of barley|
|Trehalose|glucose|glucose|α(1→1)α|Present in fungi and insects. Successfully produced at an industrial scale by enzymatic treatment of starch for use as a food ingredient.|
|Cellobiose|glucose|glucose|β(1→4)|-|

Maltose and cellobiose are hydrolysis products of the polysaccharides, starch and cellulose, respectively.
Some common Disaccharides are:  Maltose, Lactose and Sucrose.
Biological hazard

A **biological hazard**, or **biohazard**, is anything coming from living organisms (i.e. pollen, fungi, animals, insects, bacteria and viruses)  that could be a threat to someone's health. It is represented by ☣, the biohazard symbol, which is used everywhere in the world. When people see this sign they know to take precautions, and to follow proper conduct for science labs.

## Biosafety levels

There are four biosafety levels made by the Center of Disease Control. These are used in laboratories so only people who have the right skills can enter. Different levels mean scientists must wear different uniforms and take special care when dealing with dangerous things like viruses.

**Biosafety Level 1** The viruses handled in BSL-1 are not very dangerous and usually only cause mild sickness. Diseases in BSL-1 include  chicken pox and some E-Coli strains. People in BSL-1 have to wash their hands with soap, wear gloves, and put waste materials in specially-marked bins.

**Biosafety Level 2** BSL-2 is filled with slightly more hazourdous diseases than BSL-1. They have to take more safety precautions has a result. Hepatitis, influenza, HIV / AIDS, and salmonella are handled here.

**Biosafety Level 3** BSL-3 is for diseases that may kill but are less deadly than those in Level 4, SARS and yellow fever. A lot of them are airborne, and the lab must be in an closed off area in case of an incident.

**Biosafety Level 4** BSL-4 is for very hazardous diseases that kill many people and are hard to treat. BSL-4 workers must be careful and alert at all times and wear suits with special air filters. A lot of hemorrhagic fevers are dealt with in BSL-4, like Ebola, Marburg, and Lassa Virus.
Petri dish

A **petri dish** is a piece of laboratory glassware, a small dish shaped like a cylinder. Scientists use it to grow cells from animals, fungus, and diseases so they can study them. They are usually made of glass or plastic. Glass petri dishes can be used again if they are sterilized. Sometimes people fill them with agar, which helps cells grow. These are called agar plates. Petri dishes also have lids so germs in the air can not get into them, or _contaminate_ them, and ruin the experiment.
IGA Australia

**Independent Grocers of Australia** or (**IGA**) for short, is the largest independent supermarket group in Australia. It is part of the Independent Grocers Association which has shops all over the world. Each _IGA_ shop is run by the local shopkeeper unlike big companies such as Woolworths and Coles which runs all of their shops across the country. A company supplies all _IGA_ shops around the country and controls the use of the _IGA_ name but does not own every one of each shop. The independent shopkeepers and their shops claim to be _Local Heroes_. There are over 1000 shops and three sub-brands.

**IGA** in Australia also has the **Black & Gold** brand name product range which first came about in 1980, the first such brand name product range to enter the independent food shops that are now called _IGA_. Now, it also has a premium brand name range also called _IGA_ and a healthy range of products called _IGA Way of Life_.

_Metcash Trading Limited_ is the company behind _IGA_ and supplies the shops. _Davids Holdings_, Metcash's old name, brought the _IGA_ name to Australia in 1988 with just 10 shops. Now, it has grown from 10 shops to over 1000 shops in less than 20 years.

The stores also have the Community Chest program, where they donate profits to local charities.

## Related pages

- Ritchies, Australia's largest IGA chain

## Other websites

- IGA Australia Website

## Infobox (company)

- **company name**: IGA (Independent Grocers of Australia)
- **company type**: Supermarket chain
- **foundation**: 1988
- **location**: Australia, except Northern Territory, NT & Tasmania, TAS
- **key people**: Davids Holdings
- **industry**: Retail
- **products**: Groceries & General Products.
- **parent**: Metcash Trading Limited
- **subsid**: Friendly IGA
Supa IGA
IGA Stores
IGA X-press
- **homepage**: http://www.iga.net.au
City of Chelmsford

**Chelmsford** is a borough in the county of Essex in the East of England. It has the same name as it main settlement of Chelmsford, the county town of Essex. About 170,000 people live in the borough. It was formed on 1 April 1974.
Communication studies

**Communication Studies** is a college or university area of study involving the study of communication.  Students learn about speech and different types of media.
Belote

**Belote** is a French 32 card trick-taking game. This game requires four players divided into two teams. There are many kinds of belote : "belote," "belote coinchée," and "belote avec annonce". All of them come from a Dutch game, played since 1600.

### Dealing

The dealer may choose to shuffle the deck. The previous dealer, on the left, must cut the deck. He must deal the all deck in three time  (3+2+3).

### Betting

Once the card are dealt, players start to bet on the number of point. To bet, the player need to tell the trump he wants, and bet at least 10 point higher than the previous player. The first player have to bet at least 80, half of all the point. If a player have King and queen from the trump color, the team get 20 bonus points.
Even though there is only 4 color in the game, there is 6 kind of trump: Clubs ♣ Diamonds ♦ Hearts ♥ Spades ♠ "No trump" "All trumps".
When a player chooses "no trump" or "all trump", he must choose a color. the points of this color will be count as trump, all the other will be count as No trump.

### Basic rules

Every kind of belote share some basic rules:
- The asked color must be played during a trick
- If the color cannot be played, a trump must be played unless a teammate played the stronger card
- When trump is played, a stronger trump must be played
- The order of the cards are (from highest to lowest rank):
    - Trump:     J 9 A 10 K Q 8 7
    - Non-trump: A 10 K Q J 9 8 7
- the last trick brings 10 more points.

In every belote game points are counted depending on the card and their trump status then:

Trump : J=20, 9=14, A=11 10=10, K=4, Q=3, 8=0, 7=0
Non-trump : A=11, 10=10, K=4, Q=3, J=2, 9=0, 8=0, 7=0

## Tips

The basic strategy of this game is to count the trump cards. But it is also recommend to count all the other color, the deck is small, only 32 cards.

### Betting strategy

Betting is the only way to communicate with a team mate, that is why even if a hand is weak, betting will help a teammate to bet or play.

#### Defending strategy

A team will have to play a defending strategy if they have less trump than the other team. The only rules with a defensive game is to save every point. One should not expect more than one trick for each colors.

#### Attacking strategy

The usual strategy for the attacking team is to try make the opponent lose their trumps, so they will not be able to cut the other trick. Once it is done they may start to think about trying to get the ace or 10 card. There is only one way to get an ace: to cut it. That is why whenever a team mate is about to take the current trick, someone should play the colour in which someone has one less card. To get a ten someone may play an ace at the second trick or cut it.
Monosaccharide

**Monosaccharides** are  the simplest form of carbohydrates. They consist of one sugar and are usually colorless, water-soluble, crystalline solids. Some monosaccharides  have a sweet taste.

Examples of monosaccharides include glucose (dextrose), fructose, galactose, and ribose. Monosaccharides are the building blocks of disaccharides like sucrose (common sugar) and polysaccharides (such as cellulose and starch). Further, each carbon atom that supports a hydroxyl group (except for the first and last) is chiral, giving rise to a number of isomeric forms all with the same chemical formula. For instance, galactose and glucose are both aldohexoses, but they have different chemical and physical properties.
Lactose

**Lactose** is a disaccharide that is made up of galactose and glucose molecules. Lactose makes up around 2-8% of the solids in milk. The name comes from the Latin word for milk, plus the -ose ending used to name sugars. Lactose is found in some milk products.

## Digestion of lactose

Infant mammals are fed on by milk from their mothers. To digest it, an enzyme called lactase cleaves the lactose into its two subunits glucose and galactose for absorption.

## Other websites

- Study Detects Recent Instance of Human Evolution (Finding that lactose _tolerance_ is a recent change)
Glycogen

**Glycogen** is a polysaccharide that is the principal storage form of glucose in animal cells.

Glycogen is found in the form of granules in the cytosol in many cell types, and plays an important role in the glucose cycle. Glycogen forms an energy reserve that can be quickly mobilized to meet a sudden need for glucose, but one that is less compact than the energy reserves of triglycerides. Only the glycogen stored in the liver can be made accessible to other organs.

## Related pages

- Metabolism

## Other websites

- Glycogen detection using Periodic Acid Schiff Staining
Pollutant

**Pollutants** are compounds which are dangerous to the environment.

They can also be harmful to humans in the long-term range. They come from mineral and fossil sources or are produced by humans themselves.

Many pollutants have a poisonous effect on the body. Carbon monoxide is an example of a substance which is damaging to humans. This compound is taken up in the body instead of oxygen. That makes the body suffocate and in severe cases may lead to death.

Some pollutants became dangerous by reaction with other naturally occurring compounds. The oxides of nitrogen and sulphur are released from impurities in fossil fuels when they are burnt. They react with water vapour in the atmosphere to become acid rain. Acid rain damages buildings and makes lakes unable to support marine life, which causes fish and water plants to die.

## Related pages

- Pollution
- Poison
- Fertilizer

## Other websites

- Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
- Miriam-Webster definition of pollutes
Carbon monoxide

**Carbon monoxide**, with the chemical formula CO, is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas. It consists of one carbon atom covalently bonded to one oxygen atom. It is made when carbon compounds burn and there is not enough oxygen. It is a good fuel and burns in air with a blue flame, making carbon dioxide. It is very toxic, but it is useful for modern technology as well.

The most important use for carbon monoxide in industry is making iron from iron ore. The carbon monoxide takes the oxygen from the iron ore when heated in a large oven called a blast furnace. Liquid metal iron is left behind. The carbon monoxide turns into carbon dioxide.

Carbon monoxide can accidentally form when there is too little air to burn all the fuel into carbon dioxide. Such a situation may happen if the oven shutters are closed too early or if a mobile cooker is used in a small tent with no ventilation (Ventilation is fresh air coming in and smoke going out). Many people have died from carbon monoxide poisoning. Low-level carbon monoxide poisoning can cause feelings of paranoia and hallucinations, and has been determined to be a major cause of "haunted" houses. Higher levels of carbon monoxide can cause flu-like symptoms, headaches, and death. Small amounts of it are found in coal gas, a fuel produced by heating coal without any air.

## Production

Despite that it is a poison, carbon monoxide is very useful in chemical industry so lots of ways of making it have been discovered. Normally we burn coke at high temperature with not enough oxygen. Blast furnaces work this way. The chemical equation for this is:

- 2C + O<sub>2</sub> → 2CO

It can be also made by blowing hot steam through red-hot crushed coke

- C + H<sub>2</sub>O → CO + H<sub>2</sub>

Carbon monoxide can be used as heating fuel because it burns easily into carbon dioxide. It can also be used as so-called "synthesis gas" for making man-made gasoline in the Fischer-Tropsch process.

During the World War II when petrol was rare and reserved for the military, many cars were converted to use _wood gas_. It is carbon monoxide made by burning wood chips in insufficient amount of air. The wood gas was made in a special oven called _generator_, which was carried on the car. The resulting carbon monoxide was then used as fuel for the car itself. Even today there are cars which use wood gas as fuel.

## Other websites

- International Chemical Safety Card 0023
- National Pollutant Inventory - Carbon Monoxide
- NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards
- United States Environmental Protection Agency Carbon Monoxide page
- External MSDS data sheet
- Carbon Monoxide Kills Campaign Site
- Carbon Monoxide information for victims of poisoning
- Carbon Monoxide Hazards with Backpacking Stoves
- USFDA IMPORT BULLETIN 16B-95, May 1999
- FDA Agency Response Letter GRAS Notice No. GRN 000083
- Carbon Monoxide in Fresh Meat site
- Radiology and Pathology of CO Poisoning Images from MedPix