juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Imperial Japanese Army

, also known as the **IJA**, was the army of Imperial Japan from 1868 to 1945. The army was under the command of Emperor Meiji from 1868-1912, Emperor Taishō from 1912-1926, Emperor Hirohito from 1926-1945, and Hideki Tōjō from 1884-1948.

The IJA was started after the Meiji Restoration in 1868, replacing the Samurai. It was abolished at the end of World War II in 1945.

The army was involved in many Wars : Boshin War (1868-1869) Invasion Of Taiwan (1874) Shinpuren Rebellion (1876) Satsuma Rebellion (1877) First Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895) Invasion Of Taiwan (1895) Boxer Rebellion (1899-1901) Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) World War 1 (1914-1918) Siberian Intervention (1918-1922) Japanese Invasion Of Manchuria (1931) Soviet-Japanese Border Conflict (1932-1939) Second Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945) Battle of Khalkhin Gol (1939) World War 2 (1941-1945)    .

## Legacy

Article 9 of the Constitution of Japan prohibits the use of aggressive force as a means for settling international disputes.

In order to defend Japan, if necessary, the Japan Self-Defense Forces (JSDF) was formed.

The ground-reach of JSDF is the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force (JGSDF).

## Related pages

- Imperial Japanese Navy

## Other websites

- AxisHistory.com, Japanese Army
- Imperial Japanese Army -Citizendium
Steve Harris

**Steve Harris** (born 12 March 1956) is a bassist, keyboardist, and founder of the British band Iron Maiden.

## Iron Maiden career

In 1975 Steve Harris quits his job and founded the heavy metal band Iron Maiden with guitarist Dave Murray. In 1980 Harris and Murrray recorded the first album of Iron Maiden, released 14 April 1980, completing the formation of Maiden was Paul Di'Anno - vocal, Dennis Stratton - guitar, Clive Burr - drums. The album had some success, and a very good job of Harris on bass. The second album Killers (1981), by Iron Maiden had better impactand the incorporation of guitarist Adrian Smith. In 1982, Iron Maiden vocalist change of the band joins Bruce Dickinson, with a more powerful voice, throw one of the best Maiden album The Number of the Beast, In 1983 Harris and Maiden drummer change and was elected Nicko McBrain. In 1990 Smith left the band and was replaced by guitarist Janick Gers. With the new Iron Maiden guitarist launches one of the best albums of his career Fear of the Dark (1992). In 1995 the band changes and enters vocalist Blaze Bayley in substitution of Dickinson. Bayley did not fulfill all expectations and leaving Maiden after recording two albums. In 2000, Bruce Dickinson and Adrian Smith returned to the band, with the news that Janick Gers would remain a member of Iron Maiden Maiden, since then Maiden has three guitarists. Steve Harris is considered one of the greatest bassists of all time, he co-wrote most of the hits of Iron Maiden, and was the only member of the band will have been in all its formations.

## Discography

- Iron Maiden (1980)
- Killers (1981)
- The Number of the Beast (1982)
- Piece of Mind (1983)
- Powerslave (1984)
- Somewhere in Time (1986)
- Seventh Son of a Seventh Son (1988)
- No Prayer for the Dying (1990)
- Fear of the Dark (1992)
- The X Factor (1995)
- Virtual XI (1998)
- Brave New World (2000)
- Dance of Death (2003)
- A Matter of Life and Death (2006)
- The Final Frontier (2010)

## References

- Iron Maiden Members: Bruce Dickinson, Paul Di'anno, Nicko Mcbrain, Dave Murray, Blaze Bayley, Steve Harris, List of Iron Maiden Band Members, by General Books LLC
- Billboard Ago 3, 1985

## Other websites

- Official website of Iron Maiden

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Steve Harris
- **img**: Iron Maiden 027.jpg
- **img size**: 150px
- **landscape**: Yes
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Stephen Percy Harris
- **birth place**: Leytonstone, Essex, England
- **instrument**: Bass, keyboardist
- **genre**: Heavy Metal
- **occupation**: Musician, songwriter
- **years active**: 1975 – present
- **associated acts**: Iron Maiden
Kid Rock

**Robert James Ritchie**, better known as **Kid Rock**, (born January 17, 1971) is an American singer, songwriter, and rapper. He has made songs with parts of many different styles of music, including rock, hip hop, heavy metal, and country.

## Early career

Kid Rock grew up in Romeo, Michigan, which is near Detroit. He made his first album, _Grits Sandwiches for Breakfast_, in 1990. However, it did not gain many success. He made several more records over the next few years, but the albums did not make any sells either. By 1998, bands such as Korn and Limp Bizkit were becoming popular with music that had both rap and heavy metal. Because Kid Rock was making similar music, the record label Atlantic Records, signed Kid Rock to a contract. In 1998, his album _Devil Without A Cause_ was released. Songs such as _Bawitdaba_ and _Cowboy_ were released, making Kid Rock a star.

## Later career

In 2000, Kid Rock released _The History of Rock_, an album that mostly had old songs from before he became famous, along with two new songs. He released the album _Cocky_ in 2001, _Kid Rock_ in 2003, _Rock n Roll Jesus_ in 2007, and _Born Free_ in 2010.

## Live performances

Kid Rock is a supporter of people in the United States Military. He has performed several concerts for soldiers, and gave soldiers free copies of his album _Born Free_.

In 2004, Kid Rock performed during the Super Bowl halftime show. Although the show was more controversial for an incident where one of Janet Jackson's breasts was seen on television, Kid Rock was criticized for playing while wearing an American flag.

## United States Senate campaign, 2018

Kid Rock has been mentioned as a possible candidate for the 2018 U.S. Senate election in Michigan. On July 12, 2017, he shared a photo of a "Kid Rock for US Senate" yard sign on Twitter. He later confirmed that he is in fact running for the Senate.

### Singles

- "All Summer Long" (2008)

### Studio albums

- _Grits Sandwiches for Breakfast_ (1990)
- _The Polyfuze Method_ (1993)
- _Early Mornin' Stoned Pimp_ (1996)
- _Devil Without a Cause_ (1998)
- _Cocky_ (2001)
- _Kid Rock_ (2003)
- _Rock n Roll Jesus_ (2007)
- _Born Free_ (2010)
- _Rebel Soul_ (2012)
- _First Kiss_ (2015)
- _Sweet Southern Sugar_ (2017)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **embed**: yes
- **background**: solo_singer


## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Kid Rock
- **image**: Kid Rock at White House.jpg
- **caption**: Ritchie at the White House in 2017
- **birth name**: Robert James Ritchie
- **alias**: Bobby Shazam
- **birth place**: Romeo, Michigan, U.S.
- **years active**: 1988–present
- **relatives**: Jill Ritchie (sister)
- **children**: 1
Chiron

**Chiron** is a creature from Greek mythology. He is a centaur, a creature with a horse's body and a man's chest, arms and head where the horse's head would be. Chiron was a respected centaur because of his kindness and intelligence.

## Other websites

- Theoi Project - Kentauros Kheiron
Castro

**Castro** is a Chilean city with 39.366 inhabitants (2002 census).

## History

Castro was discovered by the Spanish conqueror Martín Ruiz de Gamboa on 1567.

## Sights

Castro is well known for its _palafitos_, traditional wooden stilt houses that are common on the Chiloé Island. Some of them are preserved in the west of the town in a bay named _Fiordo de Castro_.

In Gamboa, there is also an interesting wooden chapel.

## Other websites

- Castro municipality
- History & Legends of Castro

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Castro
- **settlement type**: List of cities in Chile, City and Communes of Chile, Commune
- **flag alt**: Flag
- **image shield**: Escudo de Castro (Chile).svg
- **shield alt**: Coat of arms
- **image map**: Comuna de Castro.svg
- **map caption**: Map of the Commune of Castro in Los Lagos Region
- **pushpin map narrow**: yes
- **pushpin map**: Chile
- **pushpin label position**: bottom
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Chile
- **coor pinpoint**: city
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: Chile
- **subdivision type1**: Regions of Chile, Region
- **subdivision name1**: Los Lagos Region, Los Lagos
- **subdivision type2**: Provinces of Chile, Province
- **subdivision name2**: Chiloé Province, Chiloé
- **established title**: Founded as
- **established date**: _Santiago de Castro_
- **established title2**: Founded
- **established date2**: 12 February 1567
- **government type**: Municipality
- **leader party**: Christian Democratic Party (Chile), DC
- **leader title**: Alcalde
- **leader name**: Nelson Águila Serpa
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area total km2**: 427.5
- **elevation m**: 130
- **population total**: 41667
- **population as of**: 2012 Census
- **population density km2**: auto
- **population blank1 title**: Urban area, Urban
- **population blank1**: 29148
- **population blank2 title**: Rural area, Rural
- **population blank2**: 10218
- **population demonym**: Castreño / a
- **demographics type1**: Sex
- **demographics1 title1**: Men
- **demographics1 info1**: 19,325
- **demographics1 title2**: Women
- **demographics1 info2**: 20,041
- **timezone**: Time in Chile, CLT
- **utc offset**: −4
- **timezone dst**: Time in Chile, CLST
- **utc offset dst**: −3
- **area code**: 56 + 65
Puerto Montt

**Puerto Montt** is a Chilean city with 175,847 inhabitants (2002 census).

## History

The actual Puerto Montt was discovered by a thick forest man who founded the city as _Melipulli_ on 1853.

## Other websites

- Puerto Montt municipality

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Puerto Montt
- **native name**: Meli Pulli
- **settlement type**: List of cities in Chile, City and Communes of Chile, Commune
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **image caption**: Aereal view of Puerto Montt with Osorno (volcano), Osorno and Calbuco (volcano), Calbuco volcanoes in the background
- **image flag**: Flag of Puerto Montt, Chile.svg
- **image shield**: Escudo de Puerto Montt.svg
- **image map**: Comuna de Puerto Montt.svg
- **mapsize**: 175px
- **map caption**: Location of the Puerto Montt commune in Los Lagos Region
- **map alt**: Location of the Puerto Montt commune in Los Lagos Region
- **coor pinpoint**: city
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: Chile
- **subdivision type1**: Regions of Chile, Region
- **subdivision name1**: Los Lagos Region, Los Lagos
- **subdivision type2**: Provinces of Chile, Province
- **subdivision name2**: Llanquihue Province, Llanquihue
- **government type**: Municipality
- **leader party**: Socialist Party of Chile, PS
- **leader title**: Alcalde
- **leader name**: Rabindranath Quinteros Lara
- **established title**: Founded as
- **established date**: Melipulli
- **established title2**: Founded
- **established date2**: 12 February 1853
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area total km2**: 1673
- **population total**: 213119
- **population as of**: 2017
Census
- **population density km2**: auto
- **population blank1 title**: Urban area, Urban
- **population blank1**: 155895
- **population blank2 title**: Rural area, Rural
- **population blank2**: 20043
- **demographics type1**: Sex
- **demographics1 title1**: Men
- **demographics1 info1**: 87,825
- **demographics1 title2**: Women
- **demographics1 info2**: 88,113
- **timezone**: Time in Chile, CLT
- **utc offset**: −4
- **timezone dst**: Time in Chile, CLST
- **utc offset dst**: −3
- **elevation m**: 14
- **area code**: 56 +
- **website**: [http://www.puertomonttchile.cl Municipality of Puerto Montt]
Temuco

**Temuco** is a Chilean city with 245,347 inhabitants (2002 census).

## History

Temuco was founded by Manuel Recabarren naming the place _Fuerte Recabarren_(_Fort Recabarren_) during the Occupation of  Araucania on 1881.

## Other websites

- Temuco municipality

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Temuco
- **image skyline**: Temuco - mirador Ñielol.jpg
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **flag alt**: Flag
- **image shield**: Escudo de Temuco.svg
- **shield alt**: Coat of arms
- **image map**: Comuna de Temuco.svg
- **mapsize**: 175px
- **map caption**: Map of Temuco commune in Araucanía Region
- **map alt**: Map of Temuco commune in Araucanía Region
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: Chile
- **subdivision type1**: Regions of Chile, Region
- **subdivision name1**: Araucanía Region, Araucanía
- **subdivision type2**: Provinces of Chile, Province
- **subdivision name2**: Cautín Province, Cautín
- **government type**: Municipality
- **leader title**: Alcalde
- **leader party**: National Renewal (Chile), RN
- **leader name**: Miguel Becker Alvear
- **established title2**: Founded
- **established date2**: 24 February 1881
- **settlement type**: List of cities in Chile, City and Communes of Chile, Commune
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area total km2**: 464
- **population total**: 245347
- **population as of**: 2002 Census
- **population density km2**: auto
- **population blank1 title**: Urban area, Urban
- **population blank1**: 232528
- **population blank2 title**: Rural area, Rural
- **population blank2**: 12819
- **demographics type1**: Sex
- **demographics1 title1**: Men
- **demographics1 info1**: 117,071
- **demographics1 title2**: Women
- **demographics1 info2**: 128,276
- **timezone**: Time in Chile, CLT
- **utc offset**: −4
- **timezone dst**: Time in Chile, CLST
- **utc offset dst**: −3
- **area code**: 56 + 45
- **website**: [http://www.temucochile.com/ Municipality of Temuco]
Talca

**Talca** is a Chilean city with 201.797 inhabitants (2002 census).

## History

Talca was founded like _Villa San Agustín de Talca_ by the Spanish José Antonio Manso de Velasco on 1881.

## Other websites

- Talca municipality

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Talca
- **image skyline**: Talca downtown.jpg
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **image caption**: Downtown as seen from Cerro La Virgen.
- **image shield**: Escudo de Talca.svg
- **image map**: Comuna de Talca.svg
- **mapsize**: 175px
- **map caption**: Location of Talca commune in Maule Region
- **map alt**: Location of Talca commune in Maule Region
- **subdivision type**: Regions of Chile, Region
- **subdivision name**: Maule Region
- **subdivision type1**: Provinces of Chile, Province
- **subdivision name1**: Talca Province
- **government type**: Municipality
- **leader title**: Alcalde
- **leader party**: RN
- **leader name**: Juan Carlos Díaz Avendaño
- **established title**: Founded
- **established date**: February 17, 1742
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area total km2**: 231.5
- **population as of**: 2002 Census
- **settlement type**: List of cities in Chile, City and Communes of Chile, Commune
- **population total**: 201797
- **population blank1 title**: Urban area, Urban
- **population blank1**: 193755
- **population blank2 title**: Rural area, Rural
- **population blank2**: 8042
- **demographics type1**: Sex
- **population density km2**: auto
- **demographics1 title1**: Men
- **demographics1 info1**: 96,810
- **demographics1 title2**: Women
- **demographics1 info2**: 104,987
- **timezone**: Time in Chile, CLT
- **utc offset**: −4
- **timezone dst**: Time in Chile, CLST
- **utc offset dst**: −3
- **area code**: 56 (country) + 71 (Talca Province)
- **website**: [http://www.talca.cl/ Municipality of Talca]
Rancagua

**Rancagua** is a Chilean city with 214,344 people living there according to 2002 census.

## History

Rancagua was founded by the Spanish soldier José Antonio Manso de Velasco on 1743.

## Other websites

- Rancagua municipality

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Rancagua
- **official name**: Ciudad de Rancagua
- **settlement type**: List of cities in Chile, City and Communes of Chile, Commune
- **image skyline**: File:La_Rancagua.jpg
- **image caption**: Buildings surrounding Los Héroes Square, Rancagua. **Top**: Southern view of the plaza, **Middle**: Cachapoal Province Governorate, **Bottom left**. Sagrario Cathedral, **Bottom right**: Bernardo O'Higgins monument.
- **image flag**: Bandera de Rancagua.png
- **flag alt**: Flag
- **image shield**: Escudo Rancagua.jpg
- **image map**: Comuna de Rancagua.svg
- **map alt**: Map of Rancagua commune in O'Higgins Region
- **map caption**: Map of Rancagua commune in O'Higgins Region
- **pushpin map narrow**: yes
- **pushpin map**: Chile
- **pushpin label position**: bottom
- **pushpin map alt**: Location in Chile
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Chile
- **coor pinpoint**: city
- **subdivision type1**: Country
- **subdivision type2**: Regions of Chile, Region
- **subdivision name2**: O'Higgins Region
- **subdivision type3**: Provinces of Chile, Province
- **subdivision name3**: Cachapoal Province
- **established title**: Foundation
- **established date**: October 5, 1743
- **government type**: Municipality
- **leader title**: Alcalde
- **leader name**: Eduardo Soto
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area total km2**: 260.3
- **elevation m**: 572
- **population total**: 232211
- **population as of**: 2012 Census
- **population density km2**: auto
- **population blank1 title**: Urban
- **population blank1**: 206971
- **population blank2 title**: Rural
- **population blank2**: 7373
- **population demonym**: Ranquigüian
- **demographics type1**: Sex
- **demographics1 title1**: Men
- **demographics1 info1**: 104,879
- **demographics1 title2**: Women
- **demographics1 info2**: 109,465
- **timezone**: Time in Chile, CLT
- **utc offset**: −4
- **timezone dst**: Time in Chile, CLST
- **utc offset dst**: −3
- **postal code type**: Postal code
- **postal code**: 2820000
- **area code**: 56 (country) + 72 (city)
- **blank name**: Police
- **blank info**: Carabineros de Chile
- **blank1 name**: International airports
- **blank1 info**: Rancagua de la Independencia Airport, Rancagua de la Independencia
- **blank2 name**: Köppen climate classification, Climate
- **blank2 info**: Mediterranean climate#Warm-summer mediterranean climate, Csb
Coyhaique

**Coyhaique** is a Chilean city with 50.041 inhabitants (2002 census).

## History

Coyhaique was founded like _Baquedano_ on 1929.

## Other websites

- Coihaique municipality

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Coihaique
- **other name**: Coyhaique
- **image skyline**: Coyhaique10.jpg
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **image caption**: Panoramic view of the city
- **image flag**: Bandera de Coyhaique.svg
- **flag size**: 100px
- **flag alt**: Flag
- **image shield**: Escudo de Coihaique.svg
- **shield size**: 100px
- **shield alt**: Coat of arms
- **image map**: Comuna de Coyhaique.svg
- **mapsize**: 175px
- **map caption**: Location of the Coihaique commune in Aisén Region
- **map alt**: Location of the Coihaique commune in Los Aisén Region
- **coor pinpoint**: city
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: Chile
- **subdivision type1**: Regions of Chile, Region
- **subdivision name1**: Aisén Region, Aisén
- **subdivision type2**: Provinces of Chile, Province
- **subdivision name2**: Coihaique Province, Coihaique
- **government type**: Municipality
- **leader title**: Alcalde
- **leader party**: Independent Democratic Union, UDI
- **leader name**: Omar Muñoz Sierra
- **established title**: Founded as
- **established date**: Baquedano
- **established title2**: Founded
- **established date2**: 1929
- **area total km2**: 7290.2
- **population as of**: 2002 Census
- **settlement type**: List of cities in Chile, City and Communes of Chile, Commune
- **population total**: 50041
- **population density km2**: auto
- **population demonym**: Coyhaiquino
- **population blank1 title**: urban area, Urban
- **population blank1**: 44850
- **population blank2 title**: Rural
- **population blank2**: 5191
- **demographics type1**: Sex
- **demographics1 title1**: Men
- **demographics1 info1**: 25,453
- **demographics1 title2**: Women
- **demographics1 info2**: 24,588
- **timezone**: Time in Chile, CLT
- **utc offset**: −4
- **timezone dst**: Time in Chile, CLST
- **utc offset dst**: −3
- **area code**: 56 +
- **website**: [http://www.coyhaique.cl/ Municipality of Coihaique]
Grackle

A **grackle** is a bird that lives around North and South America. They belong to the Icterid family.

## Appearance

Adult grackles measure from  from bill to tail and, have wings that are  long, and weigh . Common grackles are less sexually dimorphic (difference in looks between male and female) than other grackles, but the differences between male and females can still be noticeable. The males, are mostly larger than the female. Adults have a long, dark bill, pale yellowish eyes, and a long tail; their feathers appear black with purple, green, or blue on the head, and primarily brown shine on the body. Adult females, besides being smaller, are less shiny; their tails in particular are shorter, and are brown with no purple or blue shine. Juveniles are brown with dark brown eyes.

When grackles are in a group, they are called a "plague".

## Other websites

- Common Grackle at cornell.edu
Tea Party movement

The **Tea Party** is an American populist political movement.  Most people say it is conservative and libertarian.

The Tea Party:
- has sponsored protests and supported political candidates since 2009,
- wants less government spending,
- is against taxation in varying degrees,
- wants to reduce the national debt and the federal budget deficit,
- wants a strict interpretation of the United States Constitution, not changing its meaning to fit modern ideas and advances.

The name "Tea Party" comes from the Boston Tea Party, a protest by colonists who objected to a British tax on tea in 1773.  They demonstrated by dumping British tea taken from docked ships into the harbor.  Some say that the  _Tea_ in "Tea Party" also stands for "Taxed Enough Already".

The Tea Party movement has caucuses (groups) in the House of Representatives and the Senate of the United States.  Many of the members of the Tea Party caucus were first elected in the 2010 midterm elections.  Some of them had never held any public office before.

The Tea Party movement has no central leadership but is composed of a loose linking of national and local groups that decide their own platforms and agendas. The Tea Party movement has been cited as an example of grassroots political activity, although it has also been cited as an example of astroturfing.

The Tea Party's most famous national figures include Republican politicians such as Sarah Palin, Ron Paul, and Michele Bachmann. As of 2010, the Tea Party movement is not a national political party, but has endorsed Republican candidates.

A Gallup poll shows almost 80% of Tea Partiers say they are Republicans. Commentators, including Gallup Editor-in-Chief Frank Newport, have suggested that the movement is not a new political group but simply a rebranding of traditional Republican candidates and policies. An October 2010 _Washington Post_ canvass of local Tea Party organizers found 87% saying "dissatisfaction with mainstream Republican Party leaders" was "an important factor in the support the group has received so far".  Though many are opposed to GOP leadership, they are even more opposed to President Obama.  Some members believe that President Obama was not born in the United States (despite a birth certificate showing he was born in Hawaii).

One of the main positions the Tea Party took was against the debt ceiling (the amount of money the U.S. is allowed to borrow).  Many voted against any raising of the debt ceiling.  Others demanded large spending cuts and a balanced budget amendment to the U.S. Constitution.
Maurice Wilkins

**Maurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins** CBE FRS (15 December 1916 – 5 October 2004) was a New Zealand-born English physicist and molecular biologist.

Wilkins was born in New Zealand to a family from Dublin. When he was six, he moved to Birmingham.

His research contributed to the understanding of phosphorescence, isotope separation, light microscopy and X-ray crystallography.

He worked on the development of radar during World War II, and was a member of the Manhattan Project.

He is best known for his work at King's College London on the structure of DNA.

In recognition of this work, he, Francis Crick and James Watson were awarded the 1962 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, "for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material". His obituary provides extensive information on the topics mentioned here.

Wilkins was the Assistant Director of the Biophysics Unit at Kings College, and responsible for work on the structure of DNA. Wilkins and a graduate student, Raymond Gosling, got the first X-ray diffraction photos of DNA in 1950. He introduced Francis Crick to the importance of DNA, and hired Rosalind Franklin on a three-year grant. Franklin made progress with the crystallography, and produced some better photographs of the structure.

In 1953 Watson visited King's, and Crick got sight of a progress report. This report included useful information from Franklin about features of DNA she had deduced from her X-ray diffraction data.

Watson and Crick published their proposed DNA double helix structure in a paper in the journal _Nature_ in April 1953. In this paper Watson and Crick acknowledged that they had been "stimulated by.... the unpublished results and ideas" of Wilkins and Franklin.

By this time Franklin was suffering from cancer of the ovary. She died in 1958, which explains why she was not included in the 1962 Nobel Prize. A controversy exists as to the relative contributions of her and Wilkins.

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Maurice Wilkins
- **image**: Maurice H F Wilkins.jpg
- **image size**: 250px
- **caption**: Maurice Wilkins
- **birth place**: Pongaroa, Wairarapa,
New Zealand
- **death place**: Blackheath, London, England
- **fields**: Physics, Molecular biology
- **work institution**: University of California, Berkeley
King's College London
- **known for**: X-ray diffraction, DNA
- **prizes**: Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (1962)
Phat Wilson

**Gordon Allan "Phat" Wilson** (December 29, 1895 – July 26, 1970) was a Canadian amateur ice hockey forward who won the Allan Cup three times as a member of the Port Arthur Bearcats.  Seen as one of the top amateur players of his time, Wilson was added into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1963.

## Hockey career

A native of Port Arthur, Ontario, Wilson did not even know how to skate when he joined the town's church league in 1914. Serving as a substitute, he improved his skating enough that he earned a full-time role on his team the following year and played two seasons of junior hockey before joining the Port Arthur War Veterans senior team at the age of 18.

Wilson moved to Iroquois Falls, Ontario, for a season to play in the Northern Ontario Hockey Association (NOHA) in 1921–22 before returning to Port Arthur a year later to play for the Port Arthur Bearcats. He was a top player in the NOHA, leading Port Arthur to an Allan Cup championship in 1925 as Canada's national senior champions.  Wilson and the Bearcats repeated as champions the following year and won a third Allan Cup in 1929. Professional teams took note of his play; teams from Calgary, Edmonton and Toronto all offered him but he declined, preferring to remain in his hometown.

He was an outstanding offensive defenceman who won several scoring titles during his career. He retired as a player in 1932 at the age of 37 and took on the dual role of coach and manager of the Bearcats. In recognition of his career in Port Arthur, Wilson was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1962 and the Northwestern Ontario Sports Hall of Fame in its inaugural class of 1982.

## Off the ice

In addition to hockey, Wilson played baseball and served as a volunteer and executive in both sports. He was named the first president of Port Arthur's little league when it was founded in 1952 and helped found the community's girls hockey league, serving also as a coach and referee.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **halloffame**: 1963
- **image size**: 230px
- **birth place**: Port Arthur, Ontario, Port Arthur, Ontario, Canada
- **death place**: Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
- **position**: Defenceman (ice hockey), Defence
- **played for**: Port Arthur Bearcats
- **career start**: 1917
- **career end**: 1932
Benny Woit

**Benedict Francis Woit** (January 7, 1928 – December 7, 2016) was a National Hockey League defenceman of the 1950s.

## Playing career

Woit made his presence known as a junior while playing for the Port Arthur Flyers and Bruins of the TBJHL and the St. Mike's Majors of the OHA. He began playing for the Indianapolis Capitals of the AHL for the 1948–49 season. The Detroit Red Wings promoted him in 1951, and his defensive play would help them secure the Stanley Cup in 1952, 54, and 55. Woit was traded to Chicago Black Hawks following the 1954–55 season but never produced as he did with the Red Wings. He went on to play in the AHL and later the EHL, for the Clinton Comets as both a player and a successful head coach. In 334 NHL games Benny Woit recorded 7 goals and 26 assists for 33 points.

## Awards and achievements

- NHL All-Star Game (1954)
- EHL First All-Star Team (1962, 1963)
- EHL Second All-Star Team (1964)
- EHL North First All-Star Team (1965)

## Career statistics

|colspan="3" bgcolor="#ffffff"||rowspan="99" bgcolor="#ffffff"||colspan="5"|Regular season|rowspan="99" bgcolor="#ffffff"||colspan="5"|Playoffs||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1946–47|St. Michael's College Majors|OHA|27|5|17|22|36||||||
|1948–49|Indianapolis Capitals|AHL|68|3|12|15|30|2|0|1|1|0|
|1949–50|Indianapolis Capitals|AHL|70|7|17|24|29|8|2|0|2|4|
|1950–51|Indianapolis Capitals|AHL|69|8|22|30|40|3|0|0|0|0|
|1950–51|Detroit Red Wings|NHL|2|0|0|0|2|4|0|0|0|2|
|1951–52|Detroit Red Wings|NHL|58|3|8|11|20|8|1|1|2|2|
|1952–53|Detroit Red Wings|NHL|70|1|5|6|40|6|1|3|4|0|
|1953–54|Detroit Red Wings|NHL|70|0|2|2|38|12|0|1|1|8|
|1954–55|Detroit Red Wings|NHL|61|2|3|5|22|11|0|1|1|6|
|1955–56|Chicago Black Hawks|NHL|63|1|8|9|46|—|—|—|—|—|
|1956–57|Rochester Americans|AHL|47|4|12|16|54|8|1|1|2|6|
|1956–57|Chicago Black Hawks|NHL|9|0|0|0|2|—|—|—|—|—|
|1957–58|Rochester Americans|AHL|52|2|7|9|40|—|—|—|—|—|
|1958–59|Spokane Spokes|WHL|61|5|9|14|54|4|0|3|3|4|
|1959–60|Providence Reds|AHL|30|1|2|3|16|5|1|1|2|0|
|1960–61|Providence Reds|AHL|58|2|10|12|26|—|—|—|—|—|
|1961–62|Clinton Comets|EHL|51|8|23|31|51||||||
|1961–62|Kingston Frontenacs|EPHL|5|0|1|1|6|1|0|0|0|0|
|1962–63|Clinton Comets|EHL|63|8|15|23|57||||||
|1963–64|Clinton Comets|EHL|69|12|35|47|78||||||
|1964–65|Clinton Comets|EHL|71|4|36|40|68||||||
|1965–66|Jersey Devils|EHL|38|3|19|22|60||||||

## Other websites

- Benny Woit's Day With the Stanley Cup

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **image**: Benny Woit.png
- **caption**: Woit with St. Michaels, c. 1947
- **image size**: 230px
- **played for**: Detroit Red Wings
Chicago Blackhawks, Chicago Black Hawks
- **position**: Defenceman (ice hockey), Defence
- **shoots**: Right
- **height ft**: 5
- **height in**: 11
- **weight lb**: 190
- **birth place**: Fort William, Ontario, Fort William, Ontario, Canada
- **death place**: Richmond Hill, Ontario, Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada
- **career start**: 1951
- **career end**: 1957
Murray Wing

**Murray Alan Wing** (born October 14, 1950) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey defenceman who played in one National Hockey League game for the Detroit Red Wings during the 1973–74 NHL season.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **position**: Defenceman, Defence
- **shoots**: Right
- **height ft**: 5
- **height in**: 11
- **weight lb**: 180
- **played for**: Detroit Red Wings
- **birth place**: Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
- **draft**: 83rd overall
- **draft team**: Boston Bruins
- **draft year**: 1970
- **career start**: 1971
- **career end**: 1977
Zwolle

There are three towns and villages with the name Zwolle:
- Zwolle, Overijssel, capital city of the Dutch province Overijssel
- Zwolle, Gelderland, a village in the Dutch province Gelderland
- Zwolle, Louisiana, a village in the American state Louisiana.
Bindi Irwin

**Bindi Sue Irwin** (born 24 July 1998 in Buderim, Queensland) is an Australian actress, singer, television personality and conservationist. She is the daughter of Terri Irwin and Steve Irwin and has a younger brother Robert Clarence "Bob" Irwin.

## Other websites

- Bindi's Say
- Bindi the Jungle Girl
- Animal Planet profile
- Bindi's Profile from Australia Zoo

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Bindi Irwin
- **image**: Bindi Irwin in June 2013.jpg
- **caption**: Bindi in June 2013
- **birth name**: Bindi Sue Irwin
- **birth place**: Buderim, Queensland, Australia
- **occupation**: Child actor, Actress
Presenter, Television presenter
- **parents**: Steve Irwin
Terri Irwin
- **awards**: Silver Logie
Daytime Emmy
Microsoft TechNet

**Microsoft TechNet** is a website owned by Microsoft, as source for information, news and events for IT professionals. There is also a paid magazine called _TechNet Magazine_.

TechNet used to be restricted to paying customers. Now the website is free, with extra possibilities for paying customers.
Tom Araya

**Tom Araya** (born **Tomás Enrique Araya** June 6, 1961 in Viña del Mar, Chile) is an Chilean-American musician, best known as the bassist and vocalist of the American thrash metal band Slayer. Araya is ranked fifty-eighth by _Hit Parader_ on their list of the 100 Greatest Metal Vocalists of All Time.

Araya was employed as a respiratory therapist in the early 1980s and used his earnings to finance Slayer's debut album _Show No Mercy_. Much of Araya's lyrical content is about serial killers, a subject he finds interesting, first making his lyrical contribution to 1985's _Hell Awaits_ with the track "At Dawn They Sleep".

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Tom Araya
- **img**: Ursynalia 2012, Slayer 03.jpg
- **img capt**: Tom Araya of Slayer performing in 2012
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Tomás Enrique Araya
- **birth place**: Viña del Mar, Chile
- **origin**: South Gate, California
- **instrument**: Bass guitar, Bass, Singer, vocals
- **genre**: Thrash metal
- **occupation**: Musician, songwriter
- **years active**: 1981–present
- **label**: American Recordings, American
- **associated acts**: Slayer
Jakob Jantscher

**Jakob Jantscher** (8 January 1989 in Graz) is an Austrian footballer, he plays as midfielder for F.C. Red Bull Salzburg.

## Career

He started his career at SC Unterpremstätten und LUV Graz and than, at the age of 14, he moved to SK Sturm Graz. On October 20, 2007 he made his first match for the first squad versus F. C. Red Bull Salzburg. His first goal was against SC Altach on November 24, 2007. With SK Sturm he won the Austrian Cup in 2010. 2010 he went to F. C. Red Bull Salzburg. In the 2010/11 season he had 22 matches and shot 4 goals and gave one assist.

## Team

He has played 23 times for the Austrian national team. His debut in the senior team was on June 6, 2009 in the qualifying match for World Championship 2010 versus Serbia. His first goal was in a friendly match versus Spain, where he scored the only goal for Austria. (1 - 5)

### International

|National team|Year|Apps|Goals||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|rowspan="6"|Austria|2009|6|1|
|2010|3|0|||
|2012|4|0|||
|2013|2|0|||
|2015|4|0|||
|2016|3|0|||

- _Scores and results list Austria's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each  Jantscher goal._

|scope="col"|No.|scope="col"|Date|scope="col"|Venue|scope="col"|Opponent|scope="col"|Score|scope="col"|Result|scope="col"|Competition|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1|18 November 2009|Ernst-Happel-Stadion, Vienna, Austria||1-0|1-5|Friendly match||||||||

## Other websites

- Official Homepage(German)

## Infobox (football biography)

- **playername**: Jakob Jantscher
- **image**: Jakob Jantscher7.JPG
- **image size**: 200px
- **fullname**: Jakob Jantscher
- **birth place**: Graz, Austria
- **position**: midfielder
- **currentclub**: SK Sturm Graz
- **clubnumber**: 13
- **years1**: 2003–2007
- **clubs1**: SK Sturm Graz, Sturm Graz II
- **caps1**: 26
- **goals1**: 6
- **years2**: 2007–2010
- **clubs2**: SK Sturm Graz, Sturm Graz
- **caps2**: 73
- **goals2**: 14
- **years3**: 2010–2013
- **clubs3**: FC Red Bull Salzburg, Red Bull Salzburg
- **caps3**: 65
- **goals3**: 20
- **years4**: 2012–2013
- **clubs4**: → FC Dynamo Moscow, Dynamo Moscow (loan)
- **caps4**: 20
- **goals4**: 1
- **years5**: 2013–2014
- **clubs5**: NEC Nijmegen
- **caps5**: 26
- **goals5**: 3
- **years6**: 2014–2016
- **clubs6**: FC Luzern, Luzern
- **caps6**: 71
- **goals6**: 12
- **years7**: 2016–2017
- **clubs7**: Çaykur Rizespor
- **caps7**: 29
- **goals7**: 5
- **years8**: 2018–2023
- **clubs8**: SK Sturm Graz, Sturm Graz
- **caps8**: 121
- **goals8**: 31
- **years9**: 2023–
- **clubs9**: Kitchee SC, Kitchee
- **caps9**: 0
- **goals9**: 0
- **nationalyears1**: 2009–2016
- **nationalteam1**: Austria national football team, Austria
- **nationalcaps1**: 23
- **nationalgoals1**: 1
- **club-update**: 25 August 2023
- **nationalteam-update**: 22 June 2016
Valery Leontiev

**Valery Yakovlevich Leontiev** (; born 19 March 1949 in Ust-Usa, Soviet Union) is a well-known Russian and formerly Soviet singer and actor.

Valery Leontiev began his career in Soviet times, and actively continues to this day. He has recorded more than 30 albums.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Valery Leontiev
- **image**: Valery-Leontiev1.jpg
- **caption**: Valery Leontiev receives the 'Order of Friendship' from Russian president Vladimir Putin.
- **image size**: 300 px
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Valery Yakovlevich Leontiev
(Валерий Яковлевич Леонтьев)
- **origin**: Ust-Usa, Soviet Union (now Russia)
- **genre**: Pop music, Pop
- **occupation**: Singer
- **years active**: 1972 - present
Andrew Neiderman

**Andrew Neiderman** (born 1940) is an American novelist.  He became a "ghostwriter" for V. C. Andrews after she died.  Her estate hired him to complete the "Casteel" series of books and continue her unfinished stories.

Andrew Neiderman is also the author of "The Devil's Advocate," which was made into a movie, and wrote the libretto for a live musical adaptation of _The Devil's Advocate_.  He is currently (as of 2011) developing a new script with revised music and lyrics.

He is the screenwriter of the movie based on the "Rain" series published as V. C. Andrews' novels. Six of Neiderman's own novels have been adapted into movies also.

As of January 2011, Andrew Neiderman has written 100 published novels, between the V. C. Andrews books and the books published with his name.

## Novels

- _Illusion_ (1967)
- _Sisters_ (1972)
- _Weekend_ (1980) (with Tania Grossinger)
- _Pin_ (1981) (adapted as a movie in 1988)
- _Brainchild_ (1981)
- _Someone's Watching_ (1983)
- _Tender, Loving Care_ (1984) (adapted as a movie and formatted into a game)
- _Imp_ (1985)
- _Child's Play_ (1985)
- _Love Child_ (1986)
- _Reflection_ (1986)
- _Teacher's Pet_ (1986)
- _Night Howl_ (1986)
- _Sight Unseen_ (1987)
- _Playmates_ (1987)
- _The Maddening_ (1987) (adapted as a movie in 1995)
- _Surrogate Child_ (1988)
- _Perfect Little Angels_ (1989)
- _The Devil's Advocate_ (1990) (filmed in 1997 by director Taylor Hackford)
- _Bloodchild_ (1990)
- _The Immortals_ (1991)
- _The Need_ (1992)
- _Sister, Sister_ (1992)
- _The Solomon Organization_ (1993)
- _After Life_ (1993)
- _Angel of Mercy_ (1994)
- _Duplicates_ (1994)
- _The Dark_ (1997)
- _In Double Jeopardy_ (1998)
- _Neighborhood Watch_ (1999)
- _Curse_ (2000)
- _Amnesia_ (2001)
- _Dead Time_ (2002)
- _Under Abduction_ (2002)
- _The Baby Squad_ (2003)
- _Deficiency_ (2004)
- _The Hunted_ (2005)
- _Finding Satan_ (2006)
- _Unholy Birth_ (2007)
- _Life Sentence_ (2007)
- _Deadly Verdict_ (2008)
- _Guardian Angel_ (2010)

## Other websites

- Andrew Neiderman's website
Ghostwriter

A **ghostwriter** is a professional  writer whose published work is credited to another person.  One famous ghostwriter is Andrew Neiderman. He was hired by the estate of V. C. Andrews, who died in 1986.  Niederman completed the "Casteel" series of books and continues writing books credited to Andrews.

Ghostwriters are paid a fee to help write the autobiographies of celebrities, athletes and politicians.  They also help write letters, song lyrics, magazine and news articles that get published under someone else's name.
Remember When (Alan Jackson song)

"**Remember When**" is a country-western song recorded by Alan Jackson. It was the second single released from the 2003 album _Greatest Hits Volume II_. "Remember When" reached number one on the _Billboard_ Hot Country Songs and number 29 on the U.S. _Billboard_ Hot 100.
Dasypogonaceae

**Dasypogonaceae** is a botanical name of a family of flowering plants. Such a family has not been commonly recognized by taxonomists are the plants involved were usually included in the family Ashphodelaceae.

The family is native to Australia, and contains 16 species in four genera.
Classical liberalism

**Classical liberalism** is a type of liberalism.  It is a belief in economics and a political ideology. It is about civil and economic freedom.

Classical liberals believe in a small government, and believe that people will be ruled mostly by natural law. They believe that people have inalienable rights, which is to say rights that cannot be taken away. They also believe in a free market and property rights.

Notable people who developed classical liberalism during the 18th and 19th century are Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus and Thomas Jefferson.  More recently, in the mid-20th century, Ludwig von Mises, Friedrich Hayek and Milton Friedman were in favor.  Many of the beliefs of classical liberalism are similar to those of libertarianism, in addition to some forms of conservatism.
Safeway Inc.

**Safeway, Inc.**  is the third-largest supermarket chain in North America. The company has around 198,000 employees worldwide. In some of the Safeway stores, they have fuel stations where they allow customers to use a phone number or club (loyalty) card to receive fuel savings. Safeway stores also have a Safeway ATM Network. The name "_Safeway_" came from a contest that was held in 1925 to develop a name for the store and Safeway was chosen. Safeway has stores in the United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Australia, West Germany, Mexico, Saudi Arabia and Kuwait.

## Other websites

- Safeway's Official website

## Infobox (company)

- **company name**: Safeway Inc.
- **company type**: Public (NYSE: [https://www.nyse.com/about/listed/quickquote.html?ticker=swy SWY])
- **foundation**: American Falls, Idaho, United States, U.S. in 1915
- **location**: Pleasanton, California, United States, U.S.
- **key people**: Steven Burd, Chairman and CEO
- **num employees**: 197,000 (2008)
- **industry**: Retail
- **products**: Food
- **revenue**: 40.9 Billion US dollars (2009)
Philosophy of religion

**Philosophy of religion** is a branch of philosophy. Religions, and religious beliefs can manifest themselves in different ways. Philosophy of religion looks into explaining certain answers to questions of religion using understanding. It is also looks into different ways religions are practiced and their importance for the everyday lives of the people practicing them. Other domains of it include criticism and analysis of religious texts using philosophy of language.

According to Winfried Löffler, philiosphers of religion can be grouped as follows. Many of the philosophers mentioned belong to more than one group:

1. Analysis of religious feelings: The analysis focuses on looking at the typical feelings a religion evokes. Philiosphers include Friedrich Schleiermacher and Ludwig Wittgenstein.
1. Question about the essence of religion. Philiosphers include Rudolf Otto,Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel and Martin Heidegger.
1. Analysis of the language a religion uses
1. Relationship of a religious an non-religious explanation for a phenomenon. Philiosphers include Richard Swinburne and Ludwig Wittgenstein.
1. Rationality or irrationality of religion: Is there / Can there be a rational explaation for religious phenomena. Examples of these are "proofs" for or against the existence of God, and Theodicy. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz was the first to talk about theodicy.

Philosophy of religion also looks at more practical matters like defining the features that make up a religion. There are two main schools of thought. The one called Essentialist says that all religions have a common"essence". The following have been proposed:
1. They relate to one or more gods.
1. There is a belief in spiritual superhuman beings
1. There is something holy or sacred, which in someway is also accessible by humans.
The problem with this is that using only these definitions leas to a common "philiosphy of religion" that is harly usable for studies. The other approach (called "functional") tries to counter this: Rather than trying to get an "abstract idea" of religion, it looks at the use or function religion has in the live of people or societies. Among the things mentioned are that religions help keep a psychological equilibrium and that they provide a certain amount of stability to a society. Thinkers with this opion include Karl Marx, Émile Durkheim, Bronisław Malinowski and Talcott Parsons. Critics of these theories say that such explanations often go against common sense, as religions can also have the popposite effect to that mentioned.

Other topics include arguments for the existence of God, the problem of evil, divine attributes and the relationship between science and religion.

Important philosophers of religion include Thomas Aquinas, Augustine and Alvin Plantinga. Philosophers of religion can be religious or non-religious

## Related pages

- Hindu philosophy
- Islamic philosophy
- Religious studies
Rough-skinned newt

The **rough-skinned newt** (_Taricha granulosa_) is a North American newt known for its strong poison.

Juveniles live on land for four or five years after metamorphosis. Adults are amphibious, and live in water and on land. Eggs are laid in water. They can be found especially after there has been a lot of rain.

## Toxicity

Many newts make toxin in their skin to avoid predation, but the rough-skinned newt is especially poisonous. Toxicity is generally experienced only if the newt feels threatened, although sometimes skin irritation can be experienced after touching it.

The toxin that the rough-skinned newt makes can either paralyze or kill a human. Recently, a drunk 29-year-old man in Coos Bay, Oregon, died after swallowing a rough-skinned newt for a dare.

### Toxin resistance

Throughout much of the newt’s range, the common garter snake (_Thamnophis sirtalis_) is resistant to the newt's toxin. In several populations, these snakes successfully prey upon the newts. Toxin resistant garter snakes are the only known animals today that can eat a _T. granulosa_ newt and survive.

This is an example of co-evolution. The snake’s resistance to the toxin has resulted in a selective pressure that favours newts which produce more potent levels of toxin. Increases in newt toxicity then apply a selective pressure favouring snakes with mutations conferring even greater resistance.

This cycle of a predator and prey co-evolving is sometimes called an evolutionary arms race. In this case it results in the newts producing levels of toxin far in excess of what is needed to kill any other conceivable predator.

### Warning colouration

Toxic animals usually warn predators that they are not good food. There's no point in being toxic unless it helps survival and reproduction. The underside of these newts is vividly coloured a yellow-orange. When a threat appears, the newt curls up its tail and lifts its head to show the warning colour. This can be seen in photographs.

## Location

Habitats of rough-skinned newts are found throughout the west coast of the United States and British Columbia. The southern range extends to California and the northern in Alaska.