juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
British Rail Class 483

The **British Rail Class 483** electric multiple units were originally built by Metro-Cammell as 1938 tube stock units for London Underground. They were extensively refurbished between 1989 and 1992 by Eastleigh Works, for use on services on the Isle of Wight's Island Line. This was despite having already worked for nearly fifty years on the London Underground. The units replaced the even older  and life-expired Class 485 and Class 486 units, which were introduced in 1967, but were originally built as 'Standard' stock units for the London Electric Railway in 1923.

## Other websites

- Official website of the operator of Class 483 EMUs

## Infobox (train)

- **name**: British Rail Class 483
- **image**: 483008 Shanklin.jpg
- **caption**: A Class 483 at Shanklin
- **interiorimage**: 483006 Interior.jpg
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **interiorcaption**: The refurbished interior of an Island Line Class 483 EMU.
- **manufacturer**: Metro-Cammell
- **operator**: Island Line (brand), Island Line
- **formation**: 2 cars per trainset
- **replaced**: British Rail Classes 485 and 486
- **successor**: British Rail Class 484
- **family**: British Rail tube trains, Tube
- **service**: 1938–1988 on London Underground (as London Underground 1938 Stock, 1938 stock)
1989–2021 on Island Line, Isle of Wight, Island Line
- **weight**: each 2 car set.
- **capacity**: 84 seats (2 car set)
- **multipleworking**: Within class
- **electricsystem**: 660 Volt, V Direct current, DC 3rd rail
- **collectionmethod**: Contact shoe
- **poweroutput**: total power per 2 car set.
- **depots**: Ryde Traincare Depot, Ryde depot
Pechenegs

The **Pechenegs** or **Patzinaks** (, ,  or ,  /in Hungarian diplomas) were a semi-nomadic Turkic people of the Central Asian steppes speaking the Pecheneg language which belonged to the Turkic language family. In 1766 Pechenegs are mentioned in Pécs and Surroundings.
Uzès

**Uzès** is a commune in the Gard department in southern France.
First Bulgarian Empire

The **First Bulgarian Empire** (Church Slavonic: ц︢рьство бл︢гарское, _ts'rstvo bl'garskoe_) was a medieval Bulgarian state founded in AD 632 in the lands near the Danube Delta, which disintegrated in AD 1018 after its annexation to the Byzantine Empire. It was succeeded by the Second Bulgarian Empire in 1185.

## Infobox (country)

- **native name**: ц︢рьство бл︢гарское
- **conventional long name**: First Bulgarian Empire
- **year start**: 681
- **year end**: 1018
- **era**: Middle Ages
- **government type**: Absolute monarchy
- **religion**: Tengrism, Slavic paganism <small>(681–864)</small>,
Bulgarian Orthodox Church, Orthodox Christianity <small>(state religion from 864)</small>
- **common languages**: Bulgar language, Bulgar,
Byzantine Greek,
Balkan Romance languages, Balkan Romance,
Old Church Slavonic
- **event pre**: Asparuh of Bulgaria, Asparuh arrives and defeats Eastern Roman Empire, Eastern Rome at the Battle of Ongal
- **date pre**: 680
- **event start**: New Bulgarian state recognized by Eastern Rome
- **event1**: Christianization of Bulgaria, Christianisation
- **date event1**: 864
- **event2**: Adoption of Old Church Slavonic, Church Slavonic as a national language
- **date event2**: 893
- **event3**: Simeon I of Bulgaria, Simeon I assumes the title of Tsar (Emperor)
- **date event3**: 913
- **event end**: Theme Bulgaria established in Byzantine Empire
- **date end**: 1018
- **p1**: Quaestura exercitus
- **image p1**: <span style="margin-left:3px"></span>
- **p2**: Avar Khaganate
- **image p2**: <span style="margin-left:3px"></span>
- **p3**: Old Great Bulgaria
- **image p3**:
- **s1**: Byzantine Empire under the Macedonian dynasty
- **image s1**:
- **image map**: Balkans850.png
- **image map caption**: First Bulgarian Empire in 850
- **capital**: Pliska <small>(681–893)</small>,
Preslav <small>(893–968/972)</small>
- **leader1**: Asparuh of Bulgaria, Asparuh <small>(first)</small>
- **leader2**: Ivan Vladislav of Bulgaria <small>(last)</small>
- **year leader1**: 681-700
- **year leader2**: 1015-1018
- **title leader**: List of Bulgarian monarchs, Monarch
- **stat year1**: 895
- **stat area1**: 440000
- **stat year2**: 927
- **stat area2**: 325000
- **stat year3**: 1000
- **stat area3**: 235000
Basarab I of Wallachia

**Basarab I** (c. 1310/1319–1352) was an early ruler of the principality of Wallachia from perhaps as early as 1310 until 1352.  He is sometimes referred to as _Întemeietorul_ ("The Founder"), given his role in the creation of the state, together with his position as common ancestor of rulers in the Basarab dynasty.
Dragoş

**Dragoş** (_Drágfi of Béltek_) was a Maramureş Voivode ruling over the lands of what was to become Moldavia (between 1351 and 1353). He left Maramureş by orders from the Hungarian King Louis I, in order to establish a defense line against the Golden Horde. He was succeeded by his son, Sas (_Szász_ or _Sas of Béltek_) (ruled 1354-1358).
High Middle Ages

The **High Middle Ages** was the part of European history in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries (AD 1000–1299). Before the High Middle Ages came the Early Middle Ages (from the 5th century to approximately AD 1000). After the High Middle Ages came the Late Middle Ages (about AD 1300–1500).
Kingdom of Hungary

The **Kingdom of Hungary** (Hungarian: _Magyar Királyság_), sometimes just **Hungary**, was a monarchy in Central Europe that existed for nearly a thousand years between 1000 and 1918. It came back during the Interwar period from 1920 to 1944 as a regency. It was created when Stephen I of Hungary was crowned in Esztergom in the year 1000. The first monarchy collapsed in 1918 because of the First World War, and the regency was liberated by the Soviet Union in 1944 during the end of the Second World War.

In the Middle Ages, the Kingdom of Hungary was one of the most powerful monarchies. It had many wars with the Ottoman Empire, usually because of the Balkans. It had an important role in both World Wars.

## Infobox (former country)

- **native name**: _Magyar Királyság_
- **conventional long name**: Kingdom of Hungary
- **common name**: Hungary
- **year start**: 1000
- **year end**: 1946
- **life span**: 1000—1918
1919—1946
- **event start**: Coronation of Stephen I of Hungary
- **event end**: Soviet takeover of Hungary & the collapse of the Regency
- **p1**: Hungarian prehistory
- **flag p1**: Flag of Hungary (11th c. - 1301).svg
- **p2**: Hungarian Soviet Republic
- **flag p2**: Red flag.svg
- **p3**: Hungarian State
- **flag p3**: Flag of Hungary 1940.svg
- **s1**: Hungarian Democratic Republic
- **flag s1**: Civil Ensign of Hungary.svg
- **s2**: Hungarian State
- **flag s2**: Flag of Hungary 1940.svg
- **s3**: Second Hungarian Republic
- **flag s3**: Flag of Hungary (1946-1949, 1956-1957).svg
- **image flag**: Flag of Hungary (1867-1918).svg
- **flag**: Flag of Hungary
- **flag type**: Top: Flag (1867-1918)
 Bottom: Flag (1915-1918)
- **image flag2**: Flag of Hungary (1915-1918; angels; 3-2 aspect ratio).svg
- **image coat**: Coa_Hungary_Country_History_med_(1915).svg
- **symbol type**: Coat of arms (1915-1918)
- **image map**: Kingdom of hungary europe.png
- **image map2**: Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen in 1914.png
- **image map caption**: Kingdom of Hungary during Middle ages
- **national anthem**:
 ()
<div style="display:inline-block;padding-top:0.4em;"></div>
- **map caption2**: Kingdom of Hungary in 1914
- **capital**: Esztergom;
Székesfehérvár, Fehérvár;
Buda;
Pozsony;
Debrecen;
Budapest
- **official languages**: ----**Other spoken languages:**
Carpathian Romani language, Carpathian Romani, Croatian language, Croatian, Polish language, Polish, Romanian language, Romanian, Ruthenian language, Ruthenian, Serbian language, Serbian, Slovak language, Slovak, Slovene language, Slovene, Yiddish language, Yiddish
- **government type**: Monarchy
- **title leader**: List of Hungarian monarchs, Monarch
- **leader1**: Stephen I of Hungary
- **year leader1**: 1000-1038 (first)
- **leader2**: Charles I of Austria
- **year leader3**: 1920-1944 (Regent of Hungary, Regent)
- **leader3**: Miklós Horthy
- **year leader2**: 1916-1918 (last)
- **footnotes**: ea spots
Principality of Transylvania (1571–1711)

The **Principality of Transylvania** was a semi-independent state. It was ruled by mostly Calvinist Hungarian princes. The Principality existed as a semi-independent state from 1571 to 1711. It was a part of the Habsburg Monarchy / Austrian Empire from 1711 to 1867.

## Infobox (former country)

- **native name**: _Transylvania_
- **common name**: Transylvania
- **year start**: 1571
- **year end**: 1867
- **government type**: Principality
- **event1**: The Hungarians establish their rule in Transylvania in the 11th century
- **p1**: Kingdom of Hungary
- **flag p1**: Flag of Hungary.svg
- **s1**: Habsburg Empire
- **flag s1**: Banner of the Holy Roman Emperor without haloes (1400-1806).svg
- **image flag**: Flag of Transylvania before 1918.svg
- **image coat**: Coat of arms of Transylvania.svg
- **image map**: Central europe 1683.png
- **image map caption**: Map of the Principality of Transylvania (1683)
- **capital**: Cluj-Napoca, Kolozsvár(Cluj), Gyulafehérvár(Alba Julia)
- **common languages**: Latin (in administration, science and politics);
 Hungarian language, Hungarian, German language, German, Romanian language, Romanian, Yiddish language, Yiddish (vernacular).
British Rail Classes 485 and 486

The British Rail **Class 485** (or 4Vec) and British Rail **Class 486** (or 3Tis) electric multiple units were originally built for the London Electric Railway from 1923-31 as their 'Standard' tube stock. They were purchased by British Rail in 1967 and transported to the Isle of Wight to work 'mainline' services on the newly electrified Ryde to Shanklin line. At the time the units had already worked for over forty years on the London Underground, but their introduction allowed the final steam locomotives on the line to be withdrawn.

## Infobox (emu)

- **name**: British Rail Class 485
British Rail Class 486
- **image**: Shanklinstn.jpg
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **caption**: 485045 at Shanklin railway station, Shanklin.
- **background**: #000f89; color: white;
- **manufacturer**: Metro Cammell, Union Construction Company, Cammell Laird
- **operator**: Network SouthEast
- **successor**: British Rail Class 483, Class 483
- **formation**:

- **service**: 1923 - 1964 on London Underground
1967 - 1992 on Island Line, Isle of Wight, Island Line
- **family**: British Rail tube trains, Tube
- **electricsystem**: 660 Volt, V Direct current, DC 3rd rail
Suzerainty

**Suzerainty** (American accent: soo-zer-en-tee) happens when a country X has its own government but cannot act independently because of a more powerful country Y. This more powerful country Y is called the **suzerain** and can usually control the foreign relations of X (how X interacts with other countries).

It differs from sovereignty in that the tributary still has limited control of its own stuff and internal country affairs.

A suzerain can also mean a feudal lord. Vassals must pay tribute to the feudal lord.

## Some examples

The term suzerainty originally described the relationship between the Ottoman Empire and its surrounding regions including:

- Moldova
- Principality of Serbia
- Wallachia

China historically had suzerainty over Mongolia, Korea.

## Related pages

- puppet state
- tributary state
British Rail Class 487

The British Rail **Class 487** electric multiple units were built by English Electric in 1940, for use on the Waterloo & City Line.

## Infobox (train)

- **background**: #000f89;color:white
- **name**: British Rail Class 487
- **image**: Museum Deopt's collection (37764510485).jpg
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **caption**: A Class 487 at the London Transport Museum Depot
- **interiorimage**: 487-DM-Inside1.jpg
- **interiorcaption**: The interior of a Class 487 DMBSO, looking towards the driving cab at the Bank end, with the 'hump' over the powered bogie.
- **service**: 1940–1993
- **manufacturer**: English Electric
- **factory**: Dick, Kerr & Co., Dick, Kerr works, Preston
- **family**: British Rail tube trains, Tube
- **replaced**: Waterloo & City Railway electric units, W&CR stock
- **yearconstruction**: 1938–1940
- **yearservice**: 1940
- **yearscrapped**: 1993
- **numberbuilt**: 28 vehicles (12 , 16 )
- **numberpreserved**: 1 vehicle
- **numberscrapped**: 27 vehicles
- **successor**: British Rail Class 482, Class 482
- **formation**: One DMBSO, or two DMBSO flanking up to 3 TSO
- **fleetnumbers**: DMBSO: 51–62
TSO: 71–86
- **capacity**: DMBSO: 40 seats, 40 standing
TSO: 52 seats, 52 standing
- **operator**: Southern Railway (Great Britain), Southern Railway
Southern Region of British Rail, British Rail Southern Region
Network SouthEast
- **depots**: Waterloo Underground Depot, Waterloo (Waterloo & City line)
- **lines**: Waterloo & City line
- **carlength**:

- **traction**: Two English Electric, EE  traction motors per DMBSO
- **poweroutput**: _DMBSO:_
- **electricsystem**: 660 Volt, V Direct current, DC third rail
- **collectionmethod**: Contact shoe
- **uicclass**: _DMBSO:_ Bo′2′
_TSO:_2′2′
British Rail Class 488

The British Rail **Class 488** are unpowered trailer sets, converted from Mark 2F coaches for the Gatwick Express service from London Victoria to Gatwick Airport.

## Infobox (dmu)

- **name**: <span style="color:#FFFFFF">British Rail Class 488</span>
- **image**: 8313 at London Victoria.jpg
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **background**: #0033cc
- **caption**: 488313 at London Victoria on 18th March 2003. This was one of the last six sets in service with Gatwick Express until its withdrawal in 2004. It has since been preserved.
- **manufacturer**: BREL Derby
- **operator**: Gatwick Express
- **inservice**: 1973-2005
- **carlength**: 66ft 0 1/2in (20.12m)
- **carwidth**: 9ft 3in (2.82m)
- **carheight**: 12ft 9 1/4in (3.89m)
- **weight**: 105 tonnes
- **maxspeed**: 90mph (145km/h)
British Rail Class 489

The British Rail **Class 489** (or GLV) is a type of electric multiple unit, specially converted for use on Gatwick Express trains, from London Victoria to Gatwick Airport.

## Infobox (emu)

- **background**: darkred
- **name**: British Rail Class 489 (GLV)
- **image**: 9107 at Wirksworth.jpg
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **caption**: 489107 at Wirksworth Station on 17th April 2003. This unit is one of two preserved on the Ecclesbourne Valley Railway in Derbyshire.
- **manufacturer**: BREL Derby
- **operator**: Gatwick Express
- **formation**: Unknown
- **built**: Unknown
- **inservice**: 1983-2005
- **maxspeed**: 90mph (145km/h)
- **voltage**: From powering loco/GLV
Second-class citizen

A **second**-**class citizen** is a person who is discriminated by their country, even though they are a citizen or legal resident.

Second-class citizenry is usually seen as a violation of human rights. African-Americans who lived in the United States during segregation, Indian natives during British rule in India, and black Africans who lived in South Africa under apartheid, were often described in this way. Other groups of people that have been or still are being treated as second class citizens are the Dalit of India, and Arab Christians.

## Related pages

- Constitution
- Constitutional economics
- Makoto Sakurai
British Rail Class 499

British Rail allocated **Class 499** to a fleet of six luggage vans used in electric multiple unit formations on boat train services between London and Dover. They were allocated Southern Region class TLV (meaning **T**railer **L**uggage **V**an).

## Infobox (dmu)

- **name**: British Rail Class 499
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **background**: #B1004D
- **manufacturer**: BR Eastleigh
- **formation**: Unknown
- **inservice**: 1958
- **maxspeed**: 90mph 145km/h
- **operator**: British Rail
British Rail Class 501

The **British Rail Class 501** electric multiple units were built in 1957/58 for use on the former LNWR/LMS suburban electric network of the London Midland Region. A total of 57 three-car units were built.

## Infobox (emu)

- **name**: <span style="color:#FFFFFF">British Rail Class 501</span>
- **image**: Class-501-train-B2-headcode.jpg
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **caption**: A northbound Class 501 train calls at Harrow and Wealdstone. The B2 headcode signifies that this train worked the Broad Street-Watford via Primrose Hill (and vice versa) service.
- **background**: #012545
- **manufacturer**: British Railways
- **operator**: British Rail
- **formation**: power car + trailer + driving trailer
- **built**: 57 trainsets
- **inservice**: 1957-1985
- **weight**: Total - 106 tonnes
- **power**: 4 x 185 hp traction motors
 total 740 hp (552 kW)
- **gauge**: standard gauge
- **voltage**: 630 V DC third and fourth rail
British Rail Class 502

The **British Rail Class 502** was a type of electric multiple unit originally built by the London Midland and Scottish Railway at their Derby Works workshop. Introduced in 1940 and withdrawn by 1980, they spent the whole of their working lives on the electrified railway lines of north Liverpool.

## Infobox (emu)

- **name**: <span style="color:#FFFFFF">British Rail Class 502</span>
- **imagesize**: 240px
- **background**: #012545
- **manufacturer**: LMS Derby Works
- **operator**: LMS and British Railways
- **inservice**: 1940-1980
- **weight**: 41 tons
- **carlength**: 66 ft 6 in
- **carwidth**: 9 ft 5 in
- **power**: 4 x 235 hp traction motors
 total 940 hp (701 kW)
- **gauge**: standard gauge
- **voltage**: 630 volt dc 3rd rail
British Rail Class 503

**British Rail Class 503** trains were 70mph (110km/h) electric multiple units. They were introduced in two batches — in 1938 by the London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) with a further batch (built to a similar design) in 1956 by the then nationalised British Railways (BR).

## Infobox (emu)

- **name**: <span style="color:#FFFFFF;">British Rail Class 503</span>
- **image**: Image-British-Rail-Class-503.jpg
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **caption**: A British Rail Class 503 train on the Liverpool Loop and Link underground system. This train was one of the original batch built by the LMS in 1938.
- **background**: #012545
- **manufacturer**: London, Midland and Scottish Railway, British Railways
- **operator**: LMS and British Railways
- **formation**: power car + trailer + driving trailer
- **inservice**: 1938-1985
- **weight**: Total - 77 tons
- **carlength**: 58ft 0in
- **carwidth**: 9ft 11in
- **carheight**: 11ft 10 1/4in
- **maxspeed**: 70mph (110 km/h)
- **power**: 4 x 135 hp traction motors
 total 540 hp (403 kW)
- **gauge**: standard gauge
- **voltage**: 650V dc third rail
British Rail Class 504

The British Rail **Class 504** was a unique type of electric multiple unit that ran on 1200 V DC third rail with side-contact current collection. The type was used only between Manchester and Bury.

## Infobox (emu)

- **name**: <span style="color:#FFFFFF">British Rail Class 504</span>
- **image**: British Rail Class 504 ManVic prior to Metrolink.jpg
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **caption**: A Class 504 train at Manchester Victoria station just weeks before closure for conversion to the Metrolink light rail system.
- **background**: #012545
- **manufacturer**: BR
- **operator**: British Rail
- **formation**: power car + driving trailer
- **built**: 26 sets
 power cars: M65436-M65461
 driving trailers: M77157-M77182
- **inservice**: 1959-1991
- **weight**: Total - 82 tons
- **carlength**: 133ft 3 1/2in
- **carwidth**: 9ft 3in
- **carheight**: 12ft 7in
- **maxspeed**: 70mph 112 km/h
- **power**: sources disagree - see discussion page
- **gauge**: standard gauge
- **voltage**: 1,200V dc side contact third rail
Alexander Joan Cuza

**Alexander Joan Cuza** (a common English rendition of **Alexandru Ioan Cuza**; March 20, 1820 – May 15, 1873) was a Moldavian-born Romanian politician who ruled as the first _Domnitor_ of the United Principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia between 1859 and 1866.

## Infobox (_monarch)

- **name**: Alexander Joan Cuza
- **title**: List of rulers of Moldavia, Prince of Moldavia (until 1862)
List of rulers of Wallachia, Prince of Wallachia (until 1862)
Domnitor, Domnitor of Romania (after 1862)
- **image**: Alexandru Ioan Cuza - Photo by Carol Popp de Szathmáry.jpg
- **reign**: January 24, 1859 - February 22, 1866
- **predecessor**: (Kaymakam, Caimacams)
Moldavia: I. A. Cantacuzino, Vasile Sturdza, and Anastasie Panu
Wallachia: Ioan Manu, Emanoil Băleanu, and Ioan Al. Filipide
- **successor**: Carol I of Romania, Carol I
- **spouse**: Elena Cuza <small>n. Rosetti</small>
- **issue**: Alexandru Al. Ioan Cuza and Dimitrie Cuza. (Both illegitimate)
- **royal house**: _none_
- **father**: Ioan Cuza
- **mother**: Sultana Cuza <small>n. Cozadini</small>
- **birth place**: Huşi, Moldavia
- **death place**: Heidelberg, Germany
- **burial place**: Ruginoasa, Romania
British Rail Class 505

**British Railways Class 505** were 1,500 V DC electric multiple units (EMUs) introduced in 1931 by the Manchester, South Junction and Altrincham Railway (MSJAR).  Although assigned to TOPS Class 505 by British Railways, these units were withdrawn before the TOPS numbering system came into common use for multiple units, and the Class 505 designation is very rarely used.
Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen

The **House of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen** is the cadet branch of the senior Swabian branch of the Hohenzollern dynasty, less known than the Franconian branch which became Burgraves of Nuremberg and later ruled Brandenburg-Prussia and the German Empire. The state which the cadet branch ruled was the **County of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen** (), which later became a principality (_Fürstentum Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen_).

## Infobox (country)

- **conventional long name**: Principality of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen
- **common name**: Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen
- **status**: County
- **empire**: Holy Roman Empire
- **government type**: Principality
- **year start**: 1576
- **year end**: 1850
- **event start**: Partition of House of Hohenzollern#County of Zollern, County
of Hohenzollern
- **event1**: Raised to principality
- **date event1**: 1629
- **event end**: Incorporation into
Kingdom of Prussia, Prussia
- **p1**: House of Hohenzollern#County of ZollernCounty of Zollern
- **flag p1**: Wappen Hechingen.svg
- **border p1**: no
- **p2**: Hohenzollern-Haigerloch
- **flag p2**: Flag of Hohenzollern (1576–1850).svg
- **s1**: Province of Hohenzollern
- **flag s1**: Flagge Preußen - Provinz Hohenzollern.svg
- **image flag**: Flag of Hohenzollern (1576–1850).svg
- **image coat**: CoA Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen.svg
- **image map**: Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen.svg
- **image map caption**: Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen (including Haigerloch from 1767 onwards) in 1848
- **capital**: Sigmaringen
- **englishmotto**: Nothing without God
- **common languages**: German language, German
- **title leader**: Prince
- **leader1**: Johann, Prince of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, Johann (first)
- **year leader1**: 1623–1638
- **leader2**: Karl Anton, Prince of Hohenzollern (died 1885), Karl Anton (last)
- **year leader2**: 1848–1849
- **stat year1**: 1835
- **stat pop1**: 41,800
- **today**: Germany
British Rail Class 507

**British Rail Class 507** electric multiple units were built by BREL at York works from 1978 to 1979. They were the third variety of British Rail's then-standard 1972 design for suburban EMUs, which eventually encompassed 755 vehicles and five Classes (Class 313/314/315/507/508). The 507s were the first variant to be 750V DC third rail only. They have worked on the Merseyrail network from new, and continue to do so, now refurbished by Alstom's Eastleigh Works.

## Related pages

- Class 508
- Merseyrail

## Infobox (train)

- **background**: #FFFF00
- **name**: <span style="color:black;">British Rail Class 507</span>
- **image**: 507021 Bidston.jpg
- **caption**: Merseyrail Class 507 at Bidston in 2023
- **interiorimage**: Interior of Merseyrail British Rail Class 507.jpg
- **interiorcaption**: The interior of a refurbished Class 507 unit
- **service**: 1 November 197828 November 2024
- **manufacturer**: British Rail Engineering Limited
- **factory**: Holgate Road carriage works, York, Holgate Road Works, York
- **family**: British Rail Classes 445 and 446, BREL 1972
- **yearconstruction**: 1978–1980
- **refurbishment**: 2002–2005
- **yearscrapped**: 2023-present
- **numberbuilt**: 33
- **numberservice**: 0
- **numberpreserved**: 1
- **numberscrapped**: 31
- **successor**: British Rail Class 777, Class 777
- **fleetnumbers**: 507001–507033
- **owner**: Angel Trains
- **operator**: Merseyrail
- **carbody**: Steel underframe and body frame,
- **doors**: Double-leaf pocket sliding,
- **wheelbase**: Over bogie centres:

- **traction motors**: 8 × General Electric Company, GEC G310AZ

- **hvac**: Electric heating (ducted warm air)
- **electricsystem**: List of railway electrification systems#Conductor rail systems, 600–750 V Direct current, DC third rail
- **collectionmethod**: Current collector#Contact shoe, Contact shoe
- **uicclass**: Bo′Bo′+2′2′+Bo′Bo′
- **bogies**: BREL BX1
- **brakes**: Electro-pneumatic brake system on British railway trains, Electro-pneumatic (Disc brake#Rail and aircraft, disc)
- **coupling**: Tightlock coupling, Tightlock
- **multipleworking**: Within class,
- **notes**: Specifications as at August 1982 except where otherwise noted.
British Rail Class 508

The British Rail **Class 508** electric multiple units ("EMUs") were built by BREL at York works in 1979-80. They were the fourth variety of BR's then-standard 1972 design for suburban EMUs, eventually encompassing 755 vehicles and five classes (313/314/315/507/508). They have mostly worked on the Merseyrail network since 1983, and continue to do so, now refurbished by Alstom's Eastleigh Works.

## Related pages

- British Rail Class 507
- Merseyrail

## Infobox (train)

- **name**: British Rail Class 508
- **image**: 20190820-Merseyrail-508131.jpg
- **caption**: Merseyrail Class 508 at Hightown railway station, Hightown
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **interiorimage**: 508139 Interior.jpg
- **interiorcaption**: The interior of a Merseyrail-refurbished Class 508 unit
- **service**: 17 December 197916 January 2024
- **manufacturer**: British Rail Engineering Limited
- **factory**: Holgate Road carriage works, York, Holgate Road Works, York
- **family**: British Rail Classes 445 and 446, BREL 1972
- **replaced**: British Rail Class 503, Class 503
- **yearconstruction**: 1979–1980
- **numberbuilt**: 43
- **numberscrapped**: 41
- **code**: 4PER
- **owner**: Angel Trains
- **carbody**: Steel underframe and body frame, aluminium body and roof
- **doors**: Double-leaf pocket sliding,
- **wheelbase**: Over bogie centres:

- **hvac**: Electric heating (ducted warm air)
- **electricsystem**: List of railway electrification systems#Conductor rail systems, 750–850 V Direct current, DC third rail
- **collectionmethod**: Current collector#Contact shoe, Contact shoe
- **uicclass**: Bo′Bo′+2′2′+Bo′Bo′
- **bogies**: BREL BX1
- **brakes**: Electro-pneumatic brake system on British railway trains, Electro-pneumatic (Disc brake#Rail and aircraft, disc)
- **coupling**: Tightlock coupling, Tightlock
- **notes**: Specifications as at August 1982 except where otherwise noted. The additional TSO vehicles, removed as part of three-car conversion, were inserted into British Rail Class 455, Class 455/7 units.
British Rail Class AM1

**Class AM1** was allocated to the prototype AC electric multiple units, converted from fourth-rail DC electric stock in 1952 and used on the Lancaster/Morecambe/Heysham route. This route had been electrified by the Midland Railway at 6.6 kV, 25 Hz AC, but the frequency was changed to 50 Hz in 1953 to test the prototype AM1 stock.
Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)

The **Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878** had its origins in a rise in nationalism in the Balkans as well as in the Russian Empire's goal of recovering territorial losses that it had suffered because of the Crimean War. Tsar Alexander II was fighting against the Ottoman Empire led by Abdul Hamid II .

## Related pages

- Constantinople Conference

## Infobox (military conflict)

- **conflict**: Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
- **image**: Plevna monument.jpg
- **caption**: Plevna Monument near the walls of Kitai-gorod
- **date**: April 24 1877 – March 3 1878
- **place**: Balkans, Caucasus
- **result**: Russian Victory, Treaty of Berlin (1878), Treaty of Berlin
- **territory**: Reestablishment of the Bulgarian state; full independence of Romania, Serbia and Montenegro from Ottoman Empire
- **combatant1**:
 Principality of Serbia, Serbia
 Danubian Principalities, Romania
 Opalchentsi, Bulgarian volunteers
 Princedom of Montenegro, Montenegro
- **commander1**: Mikhail Skobelev
  Mikhail Tarielovich Loris-Melikov, Mikhail Loris-Melikov
 Joseph Vladimirovich Gourko, Joseph Gourko
 Ivan Davidovich Lazarev, Ivan Lazarev
  Carol I of Romania
 Kosta Protić
- **commander2**: Ahmed Muhtar Pasha
 Osman Nuri Pasha, Osman Pasha
 Suleiman Pasha (Turkish officer), Suleiman Pasha
 Mehemet Ali (soldier), Mehemet Ali
 Veisel Pasha
Treaty of Trianon

The **Treaty of Trianon** was a peace agreement signed on June 4, 1920, and took effect on July 26, 1921. It ended the war between Hungary and most of the Allied Powers, which had started during World War I. The treaty was signed at the Grande Trianon Palace in Versailles and was one of several agreements made at the Paris Peace Conference. The treaty required Hungary and its neighbors—Czechoslovakia, Romania, Yugoslavia, and Austria—to recognize their common borders. Most of the Trianon treaty terms were changed or became irrelevant by the end of the interwar period. However, Hungary's borders set by the Trianon treaty were confirmed again by the 1947 Paris Peace Treaty.

The Trianon treaty required Hungary to give up control of 70 percent of its pre-1914 territory. But in reality, the Hungarian government in Budapest had lost control of most of these areas by late 1918 to mid-1919. The only region Hungary actually had to give up after the treaty was Burgenland, which went to Austria in late 1921. On the other hand, the treaty allowed Hungary to regain some control over certain areas. Before the treaty was signed, the Romanian army left the left bank of the Tisza River, and in August 1921, Hungarian forces took back the mining areas of Pecs after Serbian troops withdrew. The treaty also required Hungary to pay reparations and limited its military, but it provided trade benefits with Austria and Czechoslovakia, coal supplies from Czechoslovakia and Poland, and legal protection for Hungarian property and citizens abroad. The partition brought irredentism, since many people in the lost lands were Hungarian and wanted to continue being part of Hungary.  Hundreds of thousands of people from the lost territories sought refuge in Hungary.

References

## Other websites

- Treaty of Trianon -Citizendium
Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye

The **Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye** was signed on 10 September 1919 by the winning Allies and the new Republic of Austria on the other. Austria lost large amounts of territory to the Allies after it lost World War I.

Like the Treaty of Versailles with Germany, the treaty contained the Covenant of the League of Nations and so the United States did not ratify either of them.
Treaty of Paris (1920)

The 1920 **Treaty of Paris** was an act signed by Romania and the Principal Allied Powers of the time (France, United Kingdom, Italy and Japan) whose purpose was the recognition of Romanian sovereignty over Bessarabia. The treaty however never came into force because Japan failed to ratify it.
Bessarabia

**Bessarabia** is part of Eastern Europe between Romania and Ukraine.  It shares borders with Dniester River on the east and the Prut River on the west.

During the 19th century it was sometimes part of Romania and sometimes in the Russian Empire. It was again part of Romania most of the first half of the 20th century. The Soviet Union occupied the region after 1944. Today, most areas of Bessarabia belong to the Republic of Moldova.
Bukovina

**Bukovina** is a historical region in both Romania and Ukraine.  It can be found by the northeastern Carpathian Mountains.
SR Class CP

The Southern Railway (SR) gave the designation **CP** to the fleet of AC electric multiple units used on the former London, Brighton and South Coast Railway lines in the Crystal Palace area.
Hungarians

**Hungarians**, also known as **Magyars** ( ;  ), are a nation and ethnic group native to Hungary and historical Hungarian lands who share a common culture, history, ancestry and language. The Hungarian language belongs to the Ugric language branch of the Uralic language family.

The Hungarian people are believed to be descendants of the Huns, an ethnically Asian-origin group. Although Hungarian is now written using the Latin alphabet, its grammatical structure shares more similarities with Turkic and Mongolic languages, and the language was previously written in an Old Turkic-derived script. the origins of Hungarians are considered to be in the proximity of eastern Siberia and northern Mongolia. The ancestors of the Hungarians are then thought to have migrated westward and lived in what is now the region of Yakutia approximately 4,500 years ago.

**Genetic studies have shown that the Hungarian people possess certain Y-DNA haplogroups with links to Asian origins.** These include markers such as N3a-L708, C2-M217, and R1a-Z93, which are commonly found among populations in Siberia, Central Asia, and regions historically inhabited by nomadic peoples. Such genetic traits support theories that the ancestors of Hungarians migrated westward from areas in or near present-day Siberia, eventually settling in the Carpathian Basin. While Hungary is geographically European, its genetic and linguistic heritage also reflect deep connections to Eurasian steppe cultures.

Several smaller ethnic groups of Hungarian descent can be found around the world. One such group is the Magyarabs of Nubia, Egypt, who have resided in the region since 1517. The Székelys are Hungarians who settled in the Carpathian Basin prior to the 9th-century Hungarian conquest, and they continue to preserve elements of ancient Hungarian culture, including the use of the traditional Hungarian runic script (rovásírás).

## Infobox (ethnic group)

- **group**: Hungarians
- **native name**: magyarok
- **image**: Feszty vezerek.jpg
- **caption**: The Seven chieftains of the Magyars, seven Magyar chieftains arriving at the Pannonian Basin, Carpathian Basin. Detail from Árpád Feszty's cyclorama titled the _Arrival of the Hungarians_.
- **population**: ** 14–14.5 million**

- **popplace**: Hungary 9,632,744(2016)
- **languages**: Hungarian language
- **religions**: Majority Christianity
SR Class CW

The Southern Railway (SR) gave the designation **CW** to the fleet of AC electric multiple units used on the lines to Coulsdon and Wallington.  They were planned by the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway but were delayed by the Grouping and were introduced by the Southern Railway.
SR Class SL

The Southern Railway (SR) gave the designation **SL** to the fleet of AC electric multiple units used on the former London, Brighton and South Coast Railway South London Line.
TOPS

**Total Operations Processing System**, or **TOPS**, is a computer system for managing the locomotives and rolling stock (railroad cars) owned by a rail system.  It was originally developed by the Southern Pacific Railroad and was widely sold; it is best known in the United Kingdom for its use by British Rail.
British Rail BEMU

The **Battery Electric Multiple Unit** was an experimental two-car battery electric multiple unit (BEMU), built at the same time and in the same style as the prototype Derby Lightweight Diesel multiple units.
Dobruja

**Dobruja** or **Dobrudja** (;  or _Dobrudža_; ,  <small>or</small> ; ) is a region between Bulgaria and Romania. It is found between the Danube and the Black Sea. It is divided between Northern Dobruja in Romania and Southern Dobruja in Bulgaria.

The Romanian part of Dobruja, **Dobrogea**, is made up of the counties of Constanţa and Tulcea. The Bulgarian part of Dobruja, **Dobrudzha**, is made up of the provinces of Dobrich and Silistra.

Major cities in Dobruja include Constanța, Tulcea, Medgidia and Mangalia in the Romanian part and Dobrich and Silistra in the Bulgarian part.

## Geography

Dobruja is a mainly hilly area except for the marshy Danube Delta. It has an average altitude of about 200–300  metres. Its highest point is the Țuțuiatu (Greci) Peak in the Măcin Mountains, with a height of 467 m. The Romanian part of Dobruja is covered mostly by the Dobruja Plateau. The Bulgarian part has the Ludogorie Plateau. Lake Razelm is one of the most important lakes in Northern Dobruja. Dobruja has a continental climate.

Dobruja is a windy region known for its windmills. There is wind during about 85–90% of all days. It usually comes from the north or northeast. The average wind speed is about twice higher than the average in Bulgaria.
LNER electric units

In 1937 the London and North Eastern Railway (LNER) received a fleet of **articulated electric multiple units** for use on the Tyneside Electric lines. These lines linked the English city of Newcastle upon Tyne with the coast at North Shields and South Shields. They were in service until electric services stopped in 1967.

### Construction

In June 1935, the LNER ordered 132 cars from Metro-Cammell to replace the old trains from the early 20th century. 64 two-car sets were made from 128 cars. The remainder were two luggage vans and two parcel vans, both single units. The traction motors were sourced from . Westinghouse supplied the electrical control equipment. The new Tyneside units were the only articulated EMUs to be in regular service in Britain, until the Eurostar trains appeared in 1993.

### Service

The new trains entered service on 30 July 1937. Round trip times were shortened from 63 minutes to 53.

The trains were originally painted red and cream. During the Second World War, they were recoloured blue and off-white. This was made to make enemy planes harder to spot the trains. In the post-war times, British Railways recoloured the trains again to green. Towards the end of their service life, some trains had some yellow on their front.

When built, the trains had some first-class seating. This was changed on 4 May 1959, when British Railways decided to make all of the seats second-class.

### Demise

During the 1960s, fewer people took the trains. The South Tyneside service had 2.5 million passengers in 1961, which was less than 3.5 million in 1956. This may have been caused by the increase in automobile usage, housing development away from railways, and bus competition.

In March 1962, Dr.  made a speech at Newcastle. He noted about the falling finances on both the North and South Tyneside electric services. In addition, the cost of renewing the electrical infrastructure was becoming too expensive.

The South Tyneside line was the first to be de-electrified on 6 January 1963. Diesel multiple units were used as replacements. On 6 March 1967, a new timetable showed that more diesel trains were to be transferred from the Western Region. These replaced the remaining electric trains on the North Tyneside line. The last of the electrics were pulled from service on 17 June of the same year.

## Related pages

- British Rail Class 416

## Other websites

- The LNER Tyneside Electric Multiple Units - LNER Encyclopedia

## Infobox (train)

- **name**: LNER Tyneside electric units
- **image**: Electric train at North Shields - geograph.org.uk - 296218.jpg
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **caption**: North Tyneside set at North Shields, 1967
- **service**: 1937–1967
- **manufacturer**: Metro-Cammell
- **replaced**: NER electric units
- **numberbuilt**: 132 cars (64 sets)
- **formation**: 2-car sets
- **operator**: London and North Eastern Railway
British Railways
- **traction motors**: 2x Crompton Parkinson
- **electricsystem**: 600 Volt, V Direct current, DC third rail
- **collectionmethod**: Contact shoe
România Mare

**România Mare**, translated from Romanian can mean:
- Kingdom of Romania under the King Ferdinand I
- Greater Romania
LNWR electric units

During 1909-1922, the London and North Western Railway embarked on a large-scale project to electrify their whole London inner-suburban network, encompassing the lines from London Euston to Watford and the North London Railway from London Broad Street to Richmond. This also included branch lines such as Watford to Croxley Green (where a depot was built to house the electric units), and links to what was to become the London Underground network. For this reason, the lines were electrified using the **fourth rail** 630V DC system, the electricity being generated at the LNWR's own power station in Stonebridge Park. The first electric passenger trains ran in 1914, limited to the West London line route (Willesden to Earls Court), and full services over the whole network did not begin until 1922, work having been delayed by the First World War. The London, Midland and Scottish Railway extended the network in 1927 by electrifying the branch to Rickmansworth.

## Infobox (emu)

- **name**: <span style="color:#FFFFFF">LNWR electric units</span>
- **image**: LNWR EMU.JPG
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **caption**: LNWR EMU Motor Car at National Railway Museum, York
- **background**: #012545
- **manufacturer**: Metropolitan-Cammell
- **operator**: LMS and British Railways
- **formation**: power car + trailer + driving trailer
- **inservice**: 1927-1960
- **power**: 4 x 280 hp traction motors
 total 1,120 hp (836 kW)
- **gauge**: standard gauge
- **voltage**: 630 V DC third and fourth rail
Golaniad

The **Golaniad** was a protest in Bucharest, Romania. It started in April 1990.
LYR electric units

The Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway (L&YR) electrified urban railway lines in Liverpool and Manchester in order to improve the service offered against the competition being put up by new electric trams.

### Liverpool to Southport

The line between Liverpool and Southport began using electric multiple units (EMUs) on 22 March 1904. Power was supplied from a third rail at 625 Volts direct current.

### Liverpool Overhead Railway

Connections were built with the Liverpool Overhead Railway (LOR) at Seaforth & Litherland railway station to a new station beside LOR's Seaforth Sands station. Also from the North Mersey Branch route to Aintree. From 2 July 1905 LOR trains began to run through to Seaforth and Litherland. In 1906 the L&YR electrified the line to Aintree.

### Liverpool to Ormskirk

Electrification to Ormskirk was completed in 1913.

### Bury to Holcombe Brook

From 1913 an experimental electric service operated between Bury and Holcombe Brook. The equipment was provided by Dick, Kerr & Co. of Preston, which was developing its products for export.
The system used was 3,500 Volts DC from overhead lines. In 1918 the line was converted to the 1,200 V DC system chosen for the Manchester to Bury line.

### Manchester to Bury

After the Holcombe Brook service, the L&YR decided to electrify the Manchester to Bury line. The system used was 1,200 V DC from a side-contact third rail. The purpose of this unusual arrangement was to prevent the service being affected by ice forming on the live rail.  Sixty-six cars were built at Newton Heath works. The electrical equipment was supplied by Dick, Kerr & Co. The first public services ran on 17 April 1916,
Duchy of Courland and Semigallia

The **Duchy of Courland and Semigallia** was a duchy in the Baltic region. It existed from 1562 through 1795. It was a vassal state of Grand Duchy of Lithuania and later of Poland-Lithuania. It became independent in 1791, but was annexed by Russian Empire in 1795 during Third Partition of Poland. It was ruled by the dukes from the House of Kettlerwith the exception of Ernst Johann Biron and his son Peter von Biron.

It had its own empire. One of its colonies was modern day Trinidad and Tobago.

## Predecessor

- Livonian Confederation

## Successor

- Courland Governorate
Carol II of Romania

**Carol II of Romania** (15 October/16 October 1893 – 4 April 1953) was the king of Romania from 8 June 1930 until 6 September 1940.

Carol died in Estoril, on the Portuguese Riviera in 1953.

## Infobox (royalty)

- **name**: Carol II
- **image**: Carol II of Romania.jpg
- **caption**: King Carol II,
- **reign**: 8 June 1930 – 6 September 1940
- **predecessor**: Michael I of Romania, Michael I
- **successor**: Michael I
- **succession**: King of Romania
- **issue**: Carol Lambrino
Michael I of Romania
- **full name**: Carol Caraiman
- **house**: Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen#Romanian branch, Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen
- **father**: Ferdinand I of Romania
- **mother**: Marie of Edinburgh
- **birth place**: Peleș Castle, Sinaia, Kingdom of Romania
- **death place**: Estoril, Portuguese Riviera, Estado Novo (Portugal), Portugal
- **place of burial**: Royal Pantheon of the Braganza Dynasty, Royal Pantheon,
Estado Novo (Portugal), Portugal <small>(1953)</small>
Curtea de Argeș Cathedral,
Romania <small>(2003)</small>
The New Archbishopric and Royal Cathedral in Curtea de Argeș,
Romania <small>(2019)</small>
- **signature**: Carol II signature.svg
- **religion**: Romanian Orthodox
SR Class 2Nol

The Southern Railway (SR) gave the designation **2Nol** to the electric multiple units built during the 1930s from old London and South Western Railway carriage bodies on new underframes. None of these units survived long enough in British Rail ownership to be allocated a TOPS class.
Ion Antonescu

**Ion Victor Antonescu** (15 June 1882 – 1 June 1946) was a Nazi-allied Prime Minister of Romania, who called himself _Conducător_ and ruled from 4 September 1940 until 23 August 1944, when he was toppled in a coup. He was executed for war crimes in 1946.

## Role in the Holocaust

When he was in charge of Romania and southern Ukraine, he actively facilitated the Holocaust for Nazi Germany. At his order, as many as 400,000 Jewish people were killed.

The 1941 Odessa massacre killed as many as 100,000 Jews and reduced Odessa's Jews by 98.7%. Some consider the Odessa massacre as the worst massacre of Jews in the Romanian-occupied zone during WWII.

The Holocaust in Romanian-occupied zone only stopped after he was toppled in a coup led by King Michael I of Romania on 23 August 1944.

## Related pages

- Genocide
- Iron Guard
- Iași pogrom
- Antisemitism
- Kingdom of Romania

## Infobox (prime minister)

- **name**: Ion Victor Antonescu
- **nationality**: Romanian
- **image**: Ion Antonescu portrait.jpg
- **imagesize**: 180px
- **caption**: Ion Antonescu
- **order**: Prime Minister of Romania
- **term start**: September 4, 1940
- **term end**: August 23, 1944
- **predecessor**: Ion Gigurtu
- **successor**: Constantin Sănătescu
- **order2**: _Conducător_ of Romania
- **term start2**: September 6, 1940
- **term end2**: August 23, 1944
- **predecessor2**: Carol II (_as _King of Romania'')
- **successor2**: None
- **birth name**: Ion Victor Antonescu
- **birth date**: June 15, 1882
- **birth place**: Piteşti, Romania
- **death place**: Jilava, Romania
- **party**: None, formally allied with the Iron Guard
- **spouse**: Raşela Mendel (div.)
Maria Antonescu
- **profession**: Soldier
- **rank**: Field Marshal
Ablon

**Ablon** is a commune. It is found in the Normandy region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Ablon
- **arrondissement**: Lisieux
- **canton**: Honfleur
- **insee**: 14001
- **postal code**: 14600
- **mayor**: Xavier Canu
- **term**: 2008–2014
- **intercommunality**: Pays de Honfleur
- **elevation m**: 98
- **elevation min m**: 0
- **elevation max m**: 118
- **area km2**: 12
- **population**: 1175
- **population date**: 2008