juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Miriam Adelson

**Miriam Adelson** () is an Israeli-American physician, businesswoman, philanthropist, and conservative political donor. She was married to Sheldon Adelson until his death in 2021.

In 2025, her net worth was US$29.5 billion. In 2024, she was the 58th richest person in the world. She is the current publisher of _Israel Hayom_ and, with her family, owns the _Las Vegas Review-Journal_.

Since the 2010s, Adelson has been one of the Republican Party's largest individual donors and has been a well known donor to President Donald Trump.

Adelson is known for pushing lawmakers for pro-Israel policies.

Trump awarded her the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2018.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Miriam Adelson
- **image**: Miriam Adelson 2023.jpg
- **caption**: Adelson in 2023
- **native name**: מרים אדלסון
- **native name lang**: he
- **birth name**: Miriam Farbstein
- **birth place**: Tel Aviv, Mandatory Palestine
- **children**: 4, including Matan Adelson, Matan
- **education**: Hebrew University of Jerusalem (Bachelor of Science, BS)
Tel Aviv University (Doctor of Medicine, MD)
- **awards**:  Presidential Medal of Freedom (2018)
Smithsonian Institution, Smithsonian Institution's Woodrow Wilson Awards, Woodrow Wilson Award for Corporate Citizenship (2008)
Doctor _Honoris causa, Honoris Causa_ by Tel Aviv University (2007)
Thunderbolt Ross

General **Thaddeus E.** "**Thunderbolt**" **Ross** is a fictional character who appears in comic books published by Marvel Comics, mainly comics about the Hulk.

## Fictional character biography

Ross is a United States military officer, the father of Betty Ross, and the ex-father-in-law of both Glenn Talbot and Bruce Banner.

Ross is known for being against the Hulk and for being powerful in the military. Ross was transformed into the first **Red Hulk** to fight the Hulk.

## In other media

Ross was played by Sam Elliott in the movie _Hulk_ (2003). In the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), the character is played by William Hurt (2008–2021) and Harrison Ford (2025–present).

## Infobox (comics character)

- **character name**: Thunderbolt Ross
- **publisher**: Marvel Comics
- **debut**: _The Incredible Hulk (comic book), The Incredible Hulk_ #1 (May 1962)
**As Red Hulk:**
 _Hulk_ #1 (January 2008)
- **creators**: **Thunderbolt Ross:**
Stan Lee (writer)
Jack Kirby (artist)
**Red Hulk:**
Jeph Loeb (writer)
Ed McGuinness (artist)
- **species**: Human mutate
- **alliances**: Hulkbusters
United States Army Air Corp
United States Air Force
 President of the United States
 Federal Government of the United States

Offenders (comics), Offenders
Avengers (comics), Avengers
Thunderbolts (comics), Thunderbolts
Power Elite
Control
- **alter ego**: Thaddeus E. "Thunderbolt" Ross
- **aliases**: General Ross, Red Hulk, Rulk, The Thing (Hulk#1980s and 1990s, Future Imperfect)
- **powers**: **As Thunderbolt Ross:**
* Expert military leader, strategist, and tactician
* Access to many soldiers, armies, conventional, and unconventional weapons
**As Red Hulk:**
* Immeasurable strength, stamina, durability, and speed
* Healing, Healing factor
* Energy absorption
* Limited Exothermic reaction, thermokinesis
- **cat**: super
- **subcat**: Marvel Comics
- **villain**: y
- **sortkey**: Red Hulk
Betty Ross

**Elizabeth** "**Betty**" **Ross** (later **Talbot** and then **Banner**) is a character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. She was created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby. The character first appeared in _The Incredible Hulk_ #1 (1962) as a romantic interest of the Hulk (Dr. Bruce Banner). She is the daughter of General Thaddeus E. "Thunderbolt" Ross.

## In other media

The character was played by Jennifer Connelly in _Hulk_ (2003). The character has also appeared in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), played by Liv Tyler in the movies _The Incredible Hulk_ (2008) and _Captain America: Brave New World_ (2025).
Spontaneous reaction

A **spontaneous reaction** is a reaction that can occur under a given set of conditions without needing any external help. During the time for a spontaneous reaction, heat will be taken from, or released to, the surrounding areas without any outside help. Every spontaneous reaction is able to offer a part of their energy to perform useful work.
Longview metropolitan area, Texas

The **Longview metropolitan area** is a group of counties in Northeast Texas. It includes four counties: Gregg, Harrison, Rusk, and Upshur. In 2019, about 286,657 people lived here. The area makes over $20 billion each year. While Longview is the largest city, the area has many important cities like Kilgore.

## Counties

- Gregg (home to both Longview and Kilgore)
- Harrison
- Rusk (partly home to Kilgore)
- Upshur

### Largest cities

- Longview (Biggest city)
- **Kilgore** (City of Stars)
- Marshall
- Henderson

### Smaller cities and towns

- Big Sandy
- Gilmer
- Gladewater
- Hallsville (close to Kilgore)
- White Oak (next to Kilgore)
- Overton (partial)
- Tatum (partial)

### Very small places

- Clarksville City
- East Mountain
- Easton
- Lakeport
- Mount Enterprise
- New London

### Tiny places

- Reklaw (partial)
- Union Grove
- Warren City

### Unincorporated areas

- Concord
- Diana
- Elderville
- Elysian Fields
- Harleton
- Joinerville (important oil history area near Kilgore)
- Liberty City (close to Kilgore)
- Laird Hill
- Price

## People and culture

In 2021, about 287,868 people lived here. The area is mostly White (61%) with large African American (16%) and Hispanic (17%) communities. Most people are Christian, with many Baptist churches. The area has a strong community feel.

Kilgore adds special culture with:
- Famous Rangerettes dance team
- East Texas Oil Museum
- Texas Shakespeare Festival

## Education

Important schools include:
- **Kilgore College** (known for Rangerettes and high education)
- LeTourneau University (Longview)
- University of Texas at Tyler's Longview campus

## Transportation

- East Texas Regional Airport (main airport)
- Amtrak train station in Longview (5th busiest in Texas)
- Good roads connecting all cities, especially between Longview and Kilgore

A future high-speed train might connect Dallas to Shreveport, passing through Kilgore and Longview.

## Related pages

- List of cities in Texas

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Longview metropolitan area
- **settlement type**: List of Metropolitan Statistical Areas, Metropolitan Statistical Area
- **image caption**: Downtown Longview, Texas, Longview, Texas
- **map caption**: Interactive Map of Longview, TX Metropolitan Statistical Area, MSA
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**:  United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**:  Texas
- **subdivision type2**: Current largest city
- **subdivision name2**: Longview, Texas, Longview
- **subdivision type3**: Other important cities
- **subdivision name3**: Kilgore, Texas, Kilgore,
Marshall, Texas, Marshall
- **population total**: 286,657
- **demographics type2**: GDP
- **demographics2 title1**: Total
- **demographics2 info1**: $20.259 billion (2022)
- **timezone**: Central Time Zone, CST
- **utc offset**: −6
- **timezone dst**: Central Daylight Time, CDT
- **utc offset dst**: −5
Breakdown voltage

The **breakdown voltage** is a property of electrical insulators. When the voltage across an insulator is higher than the breakdown voltage, electrical breakdown changes the insulator into an electrical conductor. Breakdown voltage depends on the specific shape and structure of an object, and is not an intrinsic property of a material.

Breakdown voltage is an important property of semiconductor devices such as diodes and transistors. Above the breakdown voltage, these devices can be damaged by the sudden increase in electrical current. Zener diodes are designed to make use of the breakdown voltage to act as voltage regulators.
Fredonia, Gregg County, Texas

**Fredonia** is a neighborhood in Kilgore, Texas. It is in Gregg County in East Texas. Fredonia became part of Kilgore on December 13, 2011. People still use the name Fredonia for this area.

### Name origin

The name "Fredonia" comes from the 1826–27 Fredonian Rebellion. This was an early attempt by Texas settlers to become separate from Mexico. The name was later used for this community.

### Early settlement

In 1838, a town was planned at a ferry crossing on the Sabine River. By the 1850s, Fredonia had:
- A ferry service (started 1843)
- A bridge (built 1884)
- Warehouses, homes, and a post office
- About 40–50 buildings
- Cotton warehouses and steamboats

### Changes after railroads came

When railroads were built in the 1870s–1880s, they went through Kilgore Station instead of Fredonia. This caused:
- The Fredonia post office to close (1859)
- People and businesses to move to Kilgore
- Fredonia to become a smaller community

### Joining Kilgore

In 2011, Kilgore added Fredonia to its city. This gave Fredonia residents:
- Access to Kilgore city services
- Better roads and utilities
- Representation in city government
- Participation in Kilgore's growth

Some people who lived there had questions about taxes, but Kilgore worked with them on a gradual plan. Today, Fredonia is a valued part of Kilgore with its own history.

## Geography

Fredonia is in northwest Kilgore, near:
- Interstate 20
- Farm Road 2087
- The Sabine River
It has houses and green spaces.

## Culture

- A **historical marker** tells about Fredonia's past
- Kilgore preserves Fredonia's history while providing modern services
- The area shows how East Texas communities grew around transportation routes

## Related pages

- Kilgore, Texas

## Other websites

- Official website of the City of Kilgore

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Fredonia, Texas
- **settlement type**: Neighborhood
- **pushpin map**: Texas#USA
- **pushpin label**: Fredonia
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: Texas
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Texas, County
- **subdivision name2**: Gregg County, Texas, Gregg
- **subdivision type3**: City
- **subdivision name3**: Kilgore, Texas, Kilgore
- **established title**: Joined Kilgore
- **established date**: December 13, 2011
- **timezone**: Central Time Zone, Central (CST)
- **utc offset**: −6
- **timezone dst**: CDT
- **utc offset dst**: −5
- **elevation ft**: 364
- **area code**: Area codes 430 and 903, 430 & 903
- **blank name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank info**: 1378325
Ed Simons

**Edmund John Simons** (June 9, 1970)  is a English musician, disc jockey and composer.

He is known worldwide for being part of the electronic music duo The Chemical Brothers, along with Tom Rowlands. Together, they are considered pioneers of the big beat genre and one of the most influential groups in contemporary electronic music.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Ed Simons
- **background**: non_vocal_instrumentalist
- **birth name**: Edmund John Simons
- **birth place**: Dulwich, London, England
- **genre**: Electro house, hip house, Rock music, Pop rock, Punk rock, Breakbeat hardcore, Big beat
- **years active**: 1989–present
- **label**: Junior Boy's Own
Astralwerks
Freestyle Dust
Virgin Records, Virgin
Ultra Records, Ultra
I'm Still Here (2024 film)

***I'm Still Here*** (; ) is a 2024 Brazilian French biographical drama movie directed by Walter Salles and was based on the 2015 memoir of the same name. It stars Fernanda Torres, Fernanda Montenegro, Selton Mello, Valentina Herszage, Olívia Torres, Humberto Carrão. It won an Academy Award in 2025.
Punshi Yumoiba

**Adon Punshi Yumoiba** () was a ruler of the Khuman dynasty of ancient Kangleipak (present-day Manipur). He reigned from 620 CE to 700 CE.

He was a contemporary of King Naothingkhong of the Ningthouja dynasty.

## Reign and alliances

During his reign, Punshi Yumoiba built up the political and cultural significance of _Nongyai Leikoipung_ (Mayang Imphal), the second capital city founded by his father Laiphangba. He made a strong alliance with King Naothingkhong of the Ningthouja dynasty. Punshi Yoimoiba provided shelter to him and later gave him his daughter, _Keirunghangbi_ to marriage.

With this alliance, Punshi Yumoiba also gave a part of the Khuman kingdom to the Meitei kingdom. However, this political act caused a disagreement among the Khuman people and led to the rebellion by Senba Mimaba.

## Religion and cultural legacy

Punshi Yumoiba also started the worship of the goddess Imoinu. He built her shrine at the royal palace at Mayang Imphal. This was an important role in starting the worship if Imoinu into the cultural and spiritual practices of the Khuman dynasty.

## Infobox (royalty)

- **name**: Adon Punshi Yumoiba
- **title**: Khuman Ningthou
- **reign-type**: Monarch
- **succession**: List of Khuman kings, King of the Khuman dynasty
- **reign**: 620 C.E – 700 C.E
- **predecessor**: Laiphangba
- **successor**: Senba Mimaba
- **issue**: Yoithongai, Keirunghangbi, Khayoilon Nganbi
- **religion**: Sanamahism
- **occupation**: Monarch
- **regnal name**: Adon Punshi Yumoiba
- **house**: Khuman dynasty
- **father**: Laiphangba
- **mother**: Nganurol Kaireima
- **spouse**: Nganurol Chanu Khambi
Siege of Tsingtao

The **siege of Tsingtao** was a major conflict between the German Empire and Japan that happened in Shandong. This conflict was part of World War I ("WW1"). It started in August 1914, and ended in November 1914.  Over 3,000 Germans were captured, and hundreds of Germans were killed. Japan lost more than 500 soldiers.

Japan decided to enter into WW1 to assist the British Empire, based on the Anglo-Japanese Alliance (1902).  The British (1000+ soldiers) and the French helped Japan in this conflict. The Chinese helped neither side. The foreign minister of China - Sun Baoqi's policy was to remain neutral in this conflict.

## Background and collateral damage

Before WW1, the Germans controlled "treaty ports" and territories in China. On the Japanese side, they were a naval super-power and had conquered Korea 4 years earlier.

During this conflict, the civilian sufferings included robbery, death penalty (mainly to speed up the advancement of troops of Japan) and rape of Chinese women. Also, the Germans treated the Chinese badly too, as the Germans lacked supplies.

## Result

The Germans were well prepared (had built many fortifications) but lost. The Japanese were organized and well equipped.  The Japanese army had 23,000 soldiers. They outnumbered the Germans and took control of the city of Qingdao.

The big picture is that, in China, the German colonial power came to an end. Years later, the Japanese army reluctantly agreed to leave Shandong (Japan signed the 9 Power Treaty in 1922).
Thirty Minutes Over Tokyo

"**Thirty Minutes Over Tokyo**" is the twenty-third episode of the tenth season of ***The Simpsons***. It first aired on May 16, 1999.

## Infobox (simpsons episode)

- **season**: 10
- **episode**: 23
- **director**: Jim Reardon
- **writer**: Donick Cary
Dan Greaney
- **production**: AABF20
- **guests**: * George Takei as Wink
* Denice Kumagai as Japanese mother
* Karen Maruyama as Japanese stewardess
* Gedde Watanabe as Japanese father and waiter
* Keone Young as Sumo wrestler
- **blackboard**: "I'm so very tired"
- **couch gag**: The Simpsons sit on the couch, but get sucked inside and come out on shredded paper.
- **commentary**: Matt Groening
Mike Scully
Donick Cary
George Meyer
Ron Hauge
Matt Selman
Jim Reardon
- **prev**: They Saved Lisa's Brain
- **next**: Beyond Blunderdome
Arms

**Arms** may mean:
- The upper limbs of the body.

## Culture

- Coat of arms
- _Arms_, a 2017 fighting video game for the Nintendo Switch.

## Weaponry

- Armament (weapon)
- Firearms
Plastic repair welder

A **plastic repair welder** (also called **hot stapler**, **bumper welder**, or **metal insert welder** )  is a power tool designed to repair thermoplastic plastic parts by inserting heated metal staples.  It is widely used in body shops, plastics manufacturing and repair industries, as well as in domestic applications to restore damaged components, replacing hot air welding or adhesives or even ultrasonic welding.

The tool is sometimes called a _plastic repair stapler_ or _plastic bumper welder, hot staple._

## Operating principle

The device works by heating metal staples (usually made of stainless steel or corrosion-resistant alloys) until they reach a controlled temperature (between 200°C and 500°C, depending on the model). These staples are inserted perpendicular to the fractured area of the plastic. a bumper or fender, partially melting the surrounding material. When cooled, the staple becomes embedded in the plastic, creating internal structural reinforcement. The surface can then be polished and treated with putties or paints to restore its original appearance.

## History and development

The technique emerged in the 1990s as an alternative to traditional hot air welding or adhesive methods. Its popularity increased with the massive use of plastics in the automotive industry, where bumpers ceased to be metal. Brands such as _Uretech_ or _Steinel_ were pioneers in marketing professional tools.

## Kits and applications

- Automotive: Repair of bumpers, motorcycle fairings, grilles, spoilers and headlight housings.
- Household appliances: Fixing housings of washing machines, vacuum cleaners or electronic equipment .
- Furniture: Restoration of plastic chairs, panels or decorative elements.
- Industry: Repair of tanks, ducts or machinery components made of thermoplastics such as PP, ABS or polycarbonate .

### Advantages

- Economical: Avoids the complete replacement of expensive parts.
- Ecological: Reduces plastic waste by extending the useful life of components.
- Versatility: Compatible with multiple thermoplastics, including difficult-to-weld materials such as polypropylene (PP).
- Strength: Staples provide more durability than traditional adhesives or welds.

### Disadvantages

- It is not effective on thermoset plastics (such as Bakelite ).
- It requires technical skill to avoid deformation due to excess heat.
- In parts subjected to high voltage, additional insulation may be required.

## Types of staples and consumables

Staples vary depending on:

- Material: Stainless steel, aluminum or special alloys.
- Shape: Straight, "T" or customized for curved areas.
- Size: Lengths between 10 mm and 25 mm, with thicknesses from 1 mm to 2.5 mm.

Some models include accessories such as interchangeable nozzles or digital temperature regulators.
Senba Mimaba

**Senba Mimaba** () was a ruler of the Khuman dynasty of Ancient Kangleipak (early Manipur). He ruled from 700 CE to 760 CE. He was also inherently a Luwang prince.

He was a contemporary of Meitei king Naothingkhong of the Ningthouja dynasty. He succeeded his maternal grandfather, Punshi Yumoiba.

## Early life

Senba Mimaba was born to Luwang Ningthou Punshiba by Khayoiron Nganbi (Nganu Thumbi) of the Khuman dynasty, despite both clans having a shared ancestry. Later, his mother divorced from his father and went back to the Khuman territory with Senba Mimaba. He brought the image of Imoinu from the Luwang territory to the Khuman territory.

Senba Mimaba was reunited with his father during a hunting incident.

## Reign and integration into hill tribes

Following the passing of his maternal grandfather Punshi Yumoiba, Senba Mimaba ascended to the throne of the Khuman kingdom in the year 700 CE. He ruled until 760 CE, when he was succeeded by Yoithongai.

During his rule, Senba Mimaba began an expedition to the southeastern hills of Manipur. He ultimately merged with local hill communities and is considered one of the key ancestral figures of the Maring tribe.

## Descendants

Senba Mimaba had three sons: Laiku, Laikha, and Laipha. After his rule ended and Yoithongai ascended the Khuman throne, all three sons fled the kingdom. Laiku settled in Leitang, Laikha in Uchiwa, and Laipha migrated to the Maring region, where he blended into the Maring population.

## References

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## Infobox (royalty)

- **name**: Senba Mimaba
- **title**: King of Khuman dynasty and Prince of Luwang dynasty
- **reign**: 700 C.E – 760 C.E
- **reign-type**: Monarch
- **predecessor**: Punshi Yumoiba
- **successor**: Yoithongai
- **father**: Luwang Ningthou Punshiba
- **mother**: Khayoiron Nganbi
- **issue**: Laiku, Laikha, Laipha
- **religion**: Sanamahism
- **image**: "Senba Mimaba" (Modern Meitei) and "Senpa Mimapa" (Ancient Meitei), a ruler of the Khuman dynasty.jpg
Kvabebi fossil site

The **Kvabebi fossil site** () is a archaeological locality in eastern Georgia's Iori Plateau area. It contained a 3-million-year-old animal fossil collection which is important for understanding of life before humans reached Eurasia.

Discovered in 1962 near Magharo Village in the Kakheti region, Kvabebi preserves fossils critical for understanding Eurasian mammal evolution. Later fieldwork in the 2000s reanalyzed the site, revealing its role as a refuge for ancient species. The site preserved remains of familiar Eurasian animals such as three-toed horses, sabertooth cats, and early deer as well as rare animals like giant hyraxes and spiral-horned antelopes. Once thought to be African migrants, these rare species are now known as survivors of Eurasia's own lost ecosystems — they clung to survival in this area after their habitats vanished elsewhere 7-8 million years ago.

This finding is crucial for understanding early human dispersal from Africa into Eurasia. Previous theories suggested humans followed familiar African-like habitats to new locations like Dmanisi — the earliest known human site outside Africa, also in Georgia. However, the complete absence of Kvabebi's animal species at Dmanisi demonstrates two key points: Kvabebi's ecosystem vanished around 1.2 million years before humans arrived at Dmanisi and early humans expanded into Eurasia due to Ice Age climate changes in Africa, not by tracking familiar habitats.
Ongles

**Ongles** is a commune of 359 people (2022). It is in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeast France.
Oppedette

**Oppedette** is a commune of 44 people (2022). It is in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeast France.
La Palud-sur-Verdon

**La Palud-sur-Verdon** is a commune of 350 people (2022). It is in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeast France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: La Palud-sur-Verdon
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: La Palud-sur-Verdon.jpg
- **caption**: A general view of La Palud-sur-Verdon
- **image coat of arms**: Blason LaPaludSurVerdon.svg
- **arrondissement**: Castellane
- **canton**: Riez
- **insee**: 04144
- **postal code**: 04120
- **mayor**: Michèle Bizot-Gastaldi
- **term**: 2020–2026
- **intercommunality**: Alpes Provence Verdon - Sources de Lumière
- **elevation min m**: 471
- **elevation max m**: 1920
- **area km2**: 81.26
Peipin

**Peipin** is a commune of 1,496 people (2022). It is in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeast France.
Peyroules

**Peyroules** is a commune of 248 people (2022). It is in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeast France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Peyroules
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Mairie de Peyroules-2.JPG
- **caption**: The town hall and library in Peyroules
- **image coat of arms**: Blason Peyroules.svg
- **arrondissement**: Castellane
- **canton**: Castellane
- **insee**: 04148
- **postal code**: 04120
- **mayor**: Frédéric Cluet
- **term**: 2020–2026
- **intercommunality**: Alpes Provence Verdon - Sources de Lumière
- **elevation m**: 1025
- **elevation min m**: 919
- **elevation max m**: 1894
- **area km2**: 33.34
Peyruis

**Peyruis** is a commune of 2,796 people (2022). It is in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeast France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Peyruis
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Village de Peyruis.jpg
- **caption**: The village of Peyruis, seen from the castle
- **image coat of arms**: Blason Peyruis.svg
- **arrondissement**: Digne-les-Bains
- **canton**: Château-Arnoux-Saint-Auban
- **insee**: 04149
- **postal code**: 04310
- **mayor**: Patrick Vivos
- **term**: 2020–2026
- **intercommunality**: Provence-Alpes
- **elevation m**: 403
- **elevation min m**: 381
- **elevation max m**: 740
- **area km2**: 23.23
Piégut

**Piégut** is a commune of 208 people (2022). It is in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeast France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Piégut
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Piégut, vue du village du sud-o.jpg
- **caption**: The village of Piégut and the Colline de Saint-Colomban
- **image coat of arms**: Blason Piegut.svg
- **arrondissement**: Forcalquier
- **canton**: Seyne
- **insee**: 04150
- **postal code**: 05130
- **mayor**: Adèle Kuentz
- **term**: 2020–2026
- **intercommunality**: Serre-Ponçon Val d'Avance
- **elevation min m**: 610
- **elevation max m**: 1560
- **area km2**: 11.12
Pierrerue, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence

**Pierrerue** is a commune of 530 people (2022). It is in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeast France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Pierrerue
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Clocher de l'Eglise - Pierrerue (04).jpg
- **caption**: The bell tower of the Church of Pierrerue
- **image coat of arms**: Blason Pierrerue.svg
- **arrondissement**: Forcalquier
- **canton**: Forcalquier
- **insee**: 04151
- **postal code**: 04300
- **mayor**: Didier Derupty
- **term**: 2020–2026
- **intercommunality**: Pays de Forcalquier et Montagne de Lure
- **elevation min m**: 379
- **elevation max m**: 621
- **area km2**: 10.86
Pierrerue, Hérault

**Pierrerue** is a commune of 293 people (2022). It is in Occitanie in the Hérault department in south France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Pierrerue
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Pierrerue, Hérault 01.jpg
- **caption**: A general view of Pierrerue
- **image coat of arms**: Blason ville fr Pierrerue (Hérault).svg
- **arrondissement**: Béziers
- **canton**: Saint-Pons-de-Thomières
- **insee**: 34201
- **postal code**: 34360
- **mayor**: Jean-Pierre Guiraud
- **term**: 2023–2026
- **intercommunality**: Sud-Hérault
- **elevation min m**: 90
- **elevation max m**: 683
- **area km2**: 11.7
Pierrerue

**Pierrerue** is the name of two communes in France:
- Pierrerue, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence
- Pierrerue, Hérault
Pierrevert

**Pierrevert** is a commune of 3,943 people (2022). It is in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeast France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Pierrevert
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Pierrevert.jpg
- **caption**: A general view of the village of Pierrevert
- **image coat of arms**: Blason Pierrevert.svg
- **arrondissement**: Forcalquier
- **canton**: Manosque-1
- **insee**: 04152
- **postal code**: 04860
- **mayor**: André Mille
- **term**: 2020–2026
- **intercommunality**: Durance-Luberon-Verdon Agglomération
- **elevation min m**: 308
- **elevation max m**: 618
- **area km2**: 27.9
Pontis, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence

**Pontis** is a commune of 95 people (2022). It is in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeast France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Pontis
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Pontis-village48.JPG
- **caption**: The village of Pontis, seen from the col road
- **image coat of arms**: Blason Pontis.svg
- **arrondissement**: Barcelonnette
- **canton**: Barcelonnette
- **insee**: 04154
- **postal code**: 05160
- **mayor**: Georges Gambaudo
- **term**: 2020–2026
- **intercommunality**: Serre-Ponçon
- **elevation min m**: 771
- **elevation max m**: 2320
- **area km2**: 14.11
Prads-Haute-Bléone

**Prads-Haute-Bléone** is a commune of 174 people (2022). It is in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeast France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Prads-Haute-Bléone
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Prads-Haute-Bléone, le village.jpg
- **caption**: A general view of the village of Prads-Haute-Bléone
- **image coat of arms**: Blason Prads.svg
- **arrondissement**: Digne-les-Bains
- **canton**: Seyne
- **insee**: 04155
- **postal code**: 04390
- **mayor**: Françoise Basset
- **term**: 2020–2026
- **intercommunality**: Provence-Alpes
- **elevation min m**: 831
- **elevation max m**: 2961
- **area km2**: 165.64
Puimichel

**Puimichel** is a commune of 254 people (2022). It is in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeast France.
Puimoisson

**Puimoisson** is a commune of 666 people (2022). It is in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeast France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Puimoisson
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image coat of arms**: Blason Puimoisson.svg
- **image**: Puimoisson, le village.jpg
- **caption**: A general view of the village of Puimoisson
- **arrondissement**: Forcalquier
- **canton**: Riez
- **insee**: 04157
- **postal code**: 04410
- **mayor**: Fabien Bonino
- **term**: 2020–2026
- **intercommunality**: Durance-Luberon-Verdon Agglomération
- **elevation min m**: 567
- **elevation max m**: 781
- **area km2**: 35.44
Quinson

**Quinson** is a commune of 388 people (2022). It is in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeast France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Quinson
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Quinson - office tourisme.JPG
- **image coat of arms**: Blason Quinson.svg
- **arrondissement**: Forcalquier
- **canton**: Valensole
- **insee**: 04158
- **postal code**: 04500
- **mayor**: Jacques Espitalier
- **term**: 2020–2026
- **intercommunality**: Durance-Luberon-Verdon Agglomération
- **elevation min m**: 353
- **elevation max m**: 584
- **area km2**: 28.11
Redortiers

**Redortiers** is a commune of 89 people (2022). It is in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeast France.
Reillanne

**Reillanne** is a commune of 1,730 people (2022). It is in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeast France.
Revest-des-Brousses

**Revest-des-Brousses** is a commune of 264 people (2022). It is in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeast France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Revest-des-Brousses
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Le Revest-des-Brousses de Mane.JPG
- **caption**: A general view of the village of Revest-des-Brousses
- **image coat of arms**: Blason Revest des Brousses.svg
- **arrondissement**: Forcalquier
- **canton**: Reillanne
- **insee**: 04162
- **postal code**: 04150
- **mayor**: Muriel Garau
- **term**: 2020–2026
- **intercommunality**: Haute-Provence-Pays de Banon
- **elevation min m**: 515
- **elevation max m**: 868
- **area km2**: 22.95
Revest-du-Bion

**Revest-du-Bion** is a commune of 487 people (2022). It is in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeast France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Revest-du-Bion
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Revest du Bion.JPG
- **caption**: A general view of the village of Revest-du-Bion
- **image coat of arms**: Blason ville fr Revest-du-Bion (04).svg
- **arrondissement**: Forcalquier
- **canton**: Reillanne
- **insee**: 04163
- **postal code**: 04150
- **mayor**: Bernard Granet
- **term**: 2020–2026
- **intercommunality**: Haute-Provence-Pays de Banon
- **elevation min m**: 833
- **elevation max m**: 1365
- **area km2**: 43.45
Revest-Saint-Martin

**Revest-Saint-Martin** is a commune of 82 people (2022). It is in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeast France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Revest-Saint-Martin
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Revest-Saint-Martin, Saint-Martin.jpg
- **caption**: A general view of the hamlet of Saint-Martin
- **image coat of arms**: Blason Revest Saint Martin.svg
- **arrondissement**: Forcalquier
- **canton**: Forcalquier
- **insee**: 04164
- **postal code**: 04230
- **mayor**: Nadine Curnier
- **term**: 2020–2026
- **intercommunality**: Pays de Forcalquier et Montagne de Lure
- **elevation min m**: 520
- **elevation max m**: 830
- **area km2**: 7.56
Sainte-Tulle

**Sainte-Tulle** is a commune of 3,530 people (2022). It is in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeast France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Sainte-Tulle
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Pont Petrifie 04220.jpg
- **caption**: Petrified bridge
- **image coat of arms**: Blason Sainte Tulle04.svg
- **arrondissement**: Forcalquier
- **canton**: Manosque-3
- **insee**: 04197
- **postal code**: 04220
- **mayor**: Jean-Luc Queiras
- **term**: 2020–2026
- **intercommunality**: Durance-Luberon-Verdon Agglomération
- **elevation min m**: 269
- **elevation max m**: 521
- **area km2**: 17.07
Riez

**Riez** is a commune of 1,625 people (2022). It is in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeast France.
La Robine-sur-Galabre

**La Robine-sur-Galabre** is a commune of 292 people (2022). It is in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeast France.
La Rochegiron

**La Rochegiron** is a commune of 108 people (2022). It is in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeast France.
La Rochette, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence

**La Rochette** is a commune of 72 people (2022). It is in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeast France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: La Rochette
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: 0 La Rochette (Alpes-de-Haute-Provence) - Juillet 1990.JPG
- **caption**: A general view of the village of La Rochette
- **image coat of arms**: Blason La Rochette04.svg
- **arrondissement**: Castellane
- **canton**: Castellane
- **insee**: 04170
- **postal code**: 06260
- **mayor**: Claude Drogoul
- **term**: 2020–2026
- **intercommunality**: Alpes Provence Verdon - Sources de Lumière
- **elevation min m**: 637
- **elevation max m**: 1505
- **area km2**: 18.8
Rougon

**Rougon** is a commune of 120 people (2022). It is in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeast France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Rougon
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Rougon Alpes de Haute Provence France.jpg
- **caption**: A general view of the village of Rougon
- **image coat of arms**: Blason Rougon.svg
- **arrondissement**: Castellane
- **canton**: Castellane
- **insee**: 04171
- **postal code**: 04120
- **mayor**: Jacques Jean Audibert
- **term**: 2020–2026
- **intercommunality**: Alpes Provence Verdon - Sources de Lumière
- **elevation m**: 930
- **elevation min m**: 568
- **elevation max m**: 1900
- **area km2**: 35.83
Roumoules

**Roumoules** is a commune of 732 people (2022). It is in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeast France.
Saint-André-les-Alpes

**Saint-André-les-Alpes** is a commune of 1,030 people (2022). It is in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeast France.
Saint-Benoît, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence

**Saint-Benoît** is a commune of 166 people (2022). It is in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeast France.
Sainte-Croix-à-Lauze

**Sainte-Croix-à-Lauze** is a commune of 86 people (2022). It is in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeast France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Sainte-Croix-à-Lauze
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Portail Chateau.JPG
- **caption**: Gate of the chateau
- **image coat of arms**: Blason Sainte Croix a Lauze.svg
- **arrondissement**: Forcalquier
- **canton**: Reillanne
- **insee**: 04175
- **postal code**: 04110
- **mayor**: Marie-Christine Almeras
- **term**: 2020–2026
- **intercommunality**: Haute-Provence Pays de Banon
- **elevation min m**: 374
- **elevation max m**: 793
- **area km2**: 8.65
Calorimetry

Biological, chemical or physical processes often generate or consume heat. This can be measured. The measure of heat transfer is called **calorimetry**.  Joseph Black first developed calorimetry, at the end of the 18th century. There are two basic ways to peform the measurement: In **direct calorimetry**, the amount is measured using a special insatrument, called calorimeter. With **indirect calorimetry**, the amount is not measured directly. Instead it is calculated, usually by lookjing at how much oxygen is produced or consumed.

## Importance

Calorimetry is important in many areas of science. In chemistry and chemical engineering, it helps scientists understand how much energy a reaction uses or gives off. This information can be used to predict if a reaction will work well and to design better ways to make products. In biology and medicine, calorimetry helps scientists study how enzymes work, how proteins and other molecules stick together, and how fast the body uses energy. In environmental science, it’s used to measure how much energy is in things like plants and waste, which can help create renewable energy sources. Calorimetry is also used in food science to figure out how many calories are in different foods. In materials science, it helps scientists understand how materials like plastics and metals react to heat. To get accurate results, scientists have to carefully set up the calorimeter, keep it well-insulated, and control things like room temperature. Over time, calorimetry has improved a lot. Long ago, scientists like Joseph Black and Antoine Lavoisier used simple tools with ice. Today, we have advanced machines that can measure even tiny amounts of heat.
Eight Great Dragon Kings

The **Eight Great Dragon Kings** is a group of dragons in the Lotus Sutra.

## List of Dragon Kings

This is the main order of the dragon kings

|Number|Name|Kanji|Hiragana|Romaji|Sanskrit (Devanagari)|Sanskrit (romanized)|Translation|Notes|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1|Ānanda|難陀|なんだ|_Nanda_|आनंद|Ānanda|Joy|Nanda and Upananda are brother dragon kings who once fought against Shāgara. They are mentioned in the 16th chapter of the Amoghapasha Sutra.|
|2|Upananda|跋難陀|ばつなんだ|_Batsunanda_|उपनन्द|Upananda|Minor Joy|Nanda’s younger brother. He protected the Kingdom of Magadha and attended lectures by the Buddha. Made it rain for the birth of the Buddha|
|3|Shāgara|娑伽羅|しゃがら|_Shagara_|सागर|Sāgara|Ocean|The dragon king of the sea palace. He is the father of the Dragon Princess Longnü. A daughter named  followed Kukai back from China|
|4|Vasuki|和修吉|わしゅきつ|_Washikitsu_|वासुकि|Vāsuki|Treasure|Called  in Japan. Represents devotion to Buddhist principles.Also called  or  literal translations of his name or Guarder Mount Sumeru|
|5|Takshaka|德叉迦|とくしゃか|_Tokushaka_|तक्षक|Takṣaka|Many-tongued, poisonous to the eye.|He appears in the Mahabharata. Father of|
|6|Anavatapta|阿那婆達多|あなばだった|_Anabadatta_|अनवतप्त|Anavatapta|Cool and Untroubled|Guardian of the mythological lake Anavatapta in the Himalayas. Also known as|
|7|Manasvin|摩那斯|まなし|_Manashi_|मनस्विन|Manasvin|Great Body|He stopped Asura’s seawater attacks on Mount Sumeru.|
|8|Utpalaka|優鉢羅|うはつら|_Uhatsura_|उत्पल|Utpalaka|Blue Lotus||

## Rituals for the Dragon Kings

The Japanese Shingon sect performed a rainmaking ritual called . Some sources say It was first performed by Kūkai in the year 824 at Shinsen'en. The first well documented case was in 875, then a second time in 891. After that people started doing the ritual regularly.

The  ritual used two Dragon King mandalas.

The Great Mandala was dedicated to the Eight Dragon Kings. It had the Buddha in the center, with the Eight Dragon Kings around him. There were ten thousand lesser dragon kings too. People hung the Great Mandala on a wall.

The other Mandala had only five dragon kings. It came from a story in the . It was called a . People put the lesser mandala on the floor.

## Related pages

- Demon King of the Sixth Heaven

## Infobox (buddha)

- **chinese name**: 八大龍王 (Bādà lóngwáng)
- **japanese name**: 八大龍王 (Hachidai Ryūō)
- **korean name**: 팔대룡왕 (paldaelyongwang)
- **name**: Eight Great Dragon Kings
Demon King of the Sixth Heaven

The  is a  very important demon in Buddhism. Oda Nobunaga claimed to be this demon.

Oda Nobunaga said this in a letter exchange with Takeda Shingen. Shingen signed his name as , Nobunaga signed back . Takeda Shingen did not have this title though. So some historians say Nobunaga said it to mock Shingen.

## In Shinto

In Shinto he is identified with  and worshipped at

## In popular culture

In the _Yōtōden_ Oda Nobunaga is a demon. He is also a demon king in the videogames _Nobunaga's Ambition_. and  _Onimusha_ (2001) and _Sengoku Basara_ (2005) and _Samurai Warriors_ (2004).

## Related pages

- Eight Great Dragon Kings

## Infobox (buddha)

- **sanskrit name**: Parinirmitavaśavartin Devaputra
- **image**: Hokusai_Dairokuten-maou.jpg
- thumb
- 280x280px
- **caption**: The Sixth Heaven Demon King attacking Shakyamuni Tathāgata and his disciples in Katsushika Hokusai's _Shaka Gonen-ezu-e_.
- **name**: Demon King of the Sixth Heaven
- **pali name**: Paranimmitavasavattī Devaputta
Four Great Bodhisattvas

refers to multiple groups of Bodhisattvas.

## The Four Great Bodhisattvas in Esoteric Buddhism

In Esoteric Buddhism, the  depicts four bodhisattvas in the "Central Eight-Petaled Court" (中台八葉院):

This is the most common list.

## The Four Great Bodhisattvas in Tendai Buddhism

In Tendai Buddhism, these four Bodhisattvas are attendants of Amitābha:

## The Four Great Bodhisattvas in the Avatamsaka Sutra

In the , the Four Bodhisattvas are referred to as

## The Four Great Bodhisattvas in Nichiren Buddhism and Lotus Sutra Tradition

In Nichiren Buddhism, the Four Bodhisattvas are those who appear in the Lotus Sutra and on the Great Mandala of Nichiren:

- (Viśuddhacāritra) (浄行菩薩)
- (Supratiṣṭhitacāritra) (安立行菩薩)
- (Viśiṣṭacāritra) (上行菩薩)
- (Anantacaritra) (無辺行菩薩)

## Four Bodhisattvas in Journey to the best

The Four Bodhisattvas from Journey to the West. Present at Zōjō-ji

- Manjushri
- Kokūzō Bosatsu
- Jizō Bosatsu
- Samantabhadra
This group differs from the  one by replacing  with Kokūzō Bosatsu, and by replacing  with .

## Related pages

- Demon King of the Sixth Heaven
- Eight Great Dragon Kings
United States strikes on Iranian nuclear sites

On 22 June 2025, the United States Navy and Air Force attacked three Iranian nuclear sites ordered by US President Donald Trump under the code name **Operation Midnight Hammer**. The attack was conducted by Northrop B‐2 Spirit airplanes. This officially marked the United States’ entry into the war with the State of Israel against the Islamic Republic of Iran, a part of the Iran–Israel war.

#### Donald Trump

Following the strikes, President Donald Trump tweeted on Truth Social with the following message threatening Iran if they dare to retaliate:

### Iran

Iranian Foreign Minister Abbas Araghchi condemned the strikes as a "reckless violation of the UN Charter and international law" and stated that "Iran reserves all options to defend its sovereignty, interest, and people." The day later Iran launched an attack on US military base in Qatar.

### Houthis

The Iran-backed military organization and movements Houthis said that it had cancelled the ceasefire that it made with the United States in May in response of President Trump's attacks on Iranian nuclear sites.

## Related pages

- Assassination of Qasem Soleimani
- 2025 Iranian strikes on Al Udeid Air Base

## Infobox (military operation)

- **name**: Operation Midnight Hammer
- **partof**: the Iran–Israel war
- **commanded by**: Donald Trump
- **date**: 22 June 2025
- **time**: 2:30 a.m. (Iran Standard Time, IRST)
- **executed by**: *
**
**
Haoramton

**Haoramton** was a king of the Khuman dynasty in Ancient Kangleipak (now Manipur, India). He ruled from about **800 CE to 830 CE**. He was a contemporary of King Yaraba of the Ningthouja dynasty, who ruled from 799 CE to 821 CE.

## Early life

Haoramton was the youngest son of King Yoithongai and Queen Nganurol Kaireima. He had two older brothers: Haoramhal and Haoramyai.

One day, a royal priest named Thoiba and his wife Chaobi Nongnangma-chak went fishing near a big Heibung tree. They found a necklace made of beads. Thoiba gave it to King Yoithongai. The king gave it to his second son, then to Haoramton.

## Family tragedy

During the time of Haoramton, King Punshiba of the Luwang dynasty built a big palace and held a feast. He invited nobles from across Kangleipak. Haoramhal and Haoramyai went to the event. Haoramhal wore the royal necklace with permission from his mother.

When Haoramton saw that the necklace was missing, he became angry. He could not find it. He took his father’s sword and went to confront his brothers. In anger, he killed Haoramhal.

After this, Haoramyai fled to the Moirang kingdom. There, he had two sons: Parenkoiba and Thangloihaiba. Parenkoiba’s son, Puremba, became a well-known warrior.

## Reign and descendants

Haoramton became king after these events. He married Queen Nganuron Khongaiba Chanu. They had four sons:

- **Menshomba** – became king after Haoramton
- **Athing Mongbisu** – his children founded the Mongbijam family
- **Thongbu Sanamba** – his family founded the Langdam and Ngangbam families
- **Liklai Thawaa** – his children started the Hawaijam, Akangjam, and Pallubam families

## Related family lines

Haoramton’s brothers also had descendants who created new families:

- From Haoramhal:
    - Thoidingjam family
    - Yanglem family

- From Haoramyai:
    - Thengujam family
    - Pukhrem family
    - Phairenbam family
    - Langlenhanbam family
    - Chandam family
    - Tourem family
    - Pangeijam family

## Infobox (royalty)

- **name**: Haoramton
- **title**: Khuman Ningthou
- **reign**: 800 C.E – 830 C.E
- **reign-type**: Monarch
- **predecessor**: Yoithongai
- **successor**: Menshomba
- **birth name**: Haoramton Louthiba
- **spouse**: Nganurol Khongaiba Chanu
- **issue**: Menshomba, Athing Mongbisu, Thongbu Sanamba, Liklai Thawaa
- **father**: Yoithongai
- **mother**: Nganurol Kaireima
- **occupation**: Monarch
- **house**: Khuman dynasty
- **religion**: Sanamahism