juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Particulate

**Particulates** are very tiny pieces of a solid or liquid that are carried floating in a gas.  When the tiny pieces are solid, it is called a smoke.  When the tiny pieces are liquid, it is called an aerosol. Aerosols can be naturally found in clouds and geysers. There are also artificial aerosols such as haze and some air pollutants. Smokes can be found naturally in wildfires and volcanoes. Artificially, they can be found in cigarettes, factories and power plants. Both of them can cause air pollution and climate change. It is the job of a air filter to remove them.
Shorthand

**Shorthand** or **stenography** is a way of writing. Shorthand systems allow people to write much faster. Shorthand systems have been in use since antiquity. Now, they are not used as much, because there are dictation machine<nowiki/>s to record voices.

## Other websites

- Shorthand Untangled  - A site dealing with the skills of shorthand, with lots of learning and practice material
- Let's Love Teeline Together - Learn Teeline in your own time - online.  LLTT has an extensive website with a blog devoted to those looking to improve their Teeline.
- Teeline Online  - Learn Teeline Shorthand in your own time - online and offline lessons, exercises, assignments, shortcuts - all you need to either refresh or start from scratch
- _The Shorthand World and Imperial Typist_ magazine vol. 1 and vol. 5 available on Google Books
- AgiliWriting - an alphabetic shorthand
- Sound writing  - a learning resource from the British Library
Sine wave

A **sine wave** is a curve, a continuous function with this shape:

This is a picture of a sine wave.

All waves can be made by adding up sine waves. The sine wave has a pattern that repeats. The length of this repeating piece of the sine wave is called the wavelength. The wavelength can be found by measuring the length or distance between one peak of a sine wave and the next peak. The wavelength can be found in many other ways too.

## Waves made of Sine Waves

Waves are found everywhere in the natural world. Examples of waves:
- sound
- light
- water waves
- earthquake waves
All of these waves are the sum total of many signals.

## Properties of Sine Waves

Sine waves have a "length" called a wavelength. There are other properties of waves and sine waves, such as their frequency, amplitude, phase, and speed.

Sine waves repeat over time, so this makes them periodic. The time it takes for a part of the sine wave (one cycle) to travel before it repeats itself is called the period, represented by the letter **T**. The frequency of a sine wave is the number of oscillations it makes in one second. This is measured in Hertz, which have units of s<sup>-1</sup>. The frequency can be found by dividing 1/T (this is also called taking the reciprocal).

The amplitude of the wave corresponds to how powerful the signal is. For example, a higher amplitude in a sound wave means it is louder.
Collingwood Football Club

**Collingwood Football Club**, the Magpies, is a club which plays Australian rules football in the AFL. It comes from Collingwood, a suburb of Melbourne in Victoria. In the AFL/VFL, it has won 16 premierships, which is a joint league record with Essendon and Carlton.

## History

The Collingwood Football Club was formed in February 1892.  Collingwood played its first game in the Victorian Football Association on 7 May 1892, against Carlton.  In 1902, Collingwood won its first premiership against the Essendon Football Club.

The Victorian Football League (VFL) formed in 1897.  Collingwood was one of the original teams (along with Fitzroy, Melbourne, St Kilda, Carlton, Essendon, South Melbourne and Geelong).  In the early years of the VFL, Collingwood was the most successful team; it won 11 premierships in the first 40 years. They won the most recent AFL premiership against Brisbane in 2023.

## Club song

<poem>
_Good old Collingwood forever,_
_They know how to play the game._
_Side by side, they stick together,_
_To uphold the Magpies name._
_See, the barrackers are shouting,_
_As all barrackers should._
_Oh, the premiership's a cakewalk,_
_For the good old Collingwood._
</poem>

## Other websites

- Football Club website
Vibration

**Vibration** means quickly moving back and forth (or up and down) about a point of equilibrium. The vibration may be periodic (having a pattern) or random. Something that is vibrating may shake at the same time.  If it vibrates in a regular way, it may produce a musical note because it can make the air vibrate. This vibration will send sound waves to the ear and to the brain.

In structural engineering including earthquake engineering, vibrations may be bad. They may cause the structure to fail. Vehicles and their passengers or cargo may also suffer damage from vibrations.

The time it takes a vibrating object to go back and forth completely is the period. The number of back-and-forth movements in one second is its frequency, measured in Hertz (Hz). The farthest possible distance from the equilibrium point is the amplitude.

## Types of vibration

**Free vibration** occurs when vibration is set off with a push and allowed to vibrate freely.  Examples of this type of vibration are pulling a child back on a swing and then letting go or hitting a tuning fork and letting it ring. The mechanical system will then vibrate at a 'Natural frequency' and gradually wind down.

**Forced  vibration** is when an alternating force or motion is applied to a mechanical system.  Examples of this type of vibration include
- a shaking washing machine due to an imbalance.
- transportation vibration (caused by a combination of truck engine, springs, road).
- vibration of a building during an earthquake.
In forced vibration the frequency of the vibration is the frequency of the force or motion applied. The size of the effect depends on the actual mechanical system.

## Related pages

- Acoustics
- Oscillation
- Wave (physics)
- Vibration isolation
- Vibration control
- Vibrato
Molybdenum

**Molybdenum** is a chemical element. It has the chemical symbol **Mo**. It has the atomic number 42. It has 35 isotopes. The name Molybdenum is from the Greek meaning "leadlike". The color of pure molybdenum is silvery-white. It does not occur naturally, and is made from molybdenite.

## Uses

It is used in alloys with other metals like stainless steel. It helps to make metal stronger, especially in high temperatures, and makes it less likely to rust. This makes it good for use in high speed tools, such as drills and saw blades. It is used in aircraft and missile parts, as well as in nuclear reactors. It is also not toxic, so it is used in making metal bowls for use in making food, medicines and other chemicals.

## History

Molybdenum was used for many years before it was identified in 1778 by Swedish scientist, Carl Wilhelm Scheele. In 1782, Peter Jacob Hjelm was able to separate it into a dark powder he called "molybdenum". It was first mined in 1916 at Climax, near Leadville, in Colorado.
Solution (chemistry)

In chemistry, a **solution** is a homogeneous mixture  of two or more substances.  The substances that are dissolved are called **solutes**. The substance the solutes are dissolved in is called the **solvent**. An example from everyday experience is a solid like salt or sugar (which are crystalline solids), dissolved in a liquid (like water).  Gases can dissolve in liquids.  An example is carbon dioxide or oxygen in water. Liquids may dissolve in other liquids and gases in other gases.

The amount of solute added to the solvent determines the concentration of the solution. The solution with the large amount of solute is called a concentrated solution; the solution with less solute is called a dilute solution.

Examples of solid solutions are alloys and some minerals. For example, brass is an alloy of copper and zinc.

An aqueous solution is one that contains water as the solvent. An unsaturated solution has less solute than it can dissolve, while a saturated solution contains the maximum amount of solute it can hold. A supersaturated solution holds more solute than is typically possible under normal conditions.

## Related pages

- Hypertonic
- Hypotonic
Insurance

**Insurance** is a term in law and economics. It is something people buy to protect themselves from losing money.  People who buy insurance pay a "premium" (often paid every month) and promise to be careful (a "duty of care"). In exchange for this, if something bad happens to the person or thing that is insured, the company that sold the insurance will pay the money back. (However, there are some times when the company will not have to pay the money back, such as if the person was not careful.)

## Types of insurance

There are different kinds of insurance.  There are life insurance and general insurance.

In life insurance, someone ensures their life or someone else's life.  At the death of the insured person or on the date of maturity whichever happens earlier, the amount insured will be paid.

General insurance is a non-life policy, such as:
- fire insurance
- marine insurance
- travel insurance
- home insurance
- car insurance
- commercial insurance
- business insurance
- Cyber Insurance
- Health insurance

## Actuaries

Actuaries are the people who figure out how much the premium should be, forecast trend<nowiki/>s, evaluate the cost impact of medical programs, design and price new products, assist in designing formulary models, and forecast the impact of risk adjustment on revenues. They balance how much the insurer might have to pay out against the chances of having to pay out.  If actuaries think there is a big chance that the company will have to pay out, they will make the premium higher.
Bunsen burner

A **Bunsen burner** is a common piece of laboratory equipment. It is commonly used for heating chemical substances, sterilization, and combustion. It works by burning flammable gas. It is named after Robert Wilhelm Bunsen, a German chemist. He made important improvements on an earlier burner invented by Michael Faraday.

The Bunsen burner can be adjusted to make a flame that is very hot without making much light. This allows seeing the different colors that various chemicals make when they are sprinkled into the flame.
Reaction

A **reaction** might refer to:
- Chain reaction
- Chemical reaction, happens when one or more chemicals are changed into one or more other chemicals.
- Light reaction
- Nuclear reaction, a process involving an atomic nucleus or more than one nucleus.
- Reaction (physics) -From Newton's third law: "For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction". The idea that any one force has an opposite force.
Robert Bunsen

**Robert Wilhelm Eberhard Bunsen** (30 March 1811 – 16 August 1899) was a German chemist. He improved the bunsen burner which now has his name. It was invented by Michael Faraday.

Much more important was the work he did which led to spectroscopy. Together with Gustav Kirchhoff, he developed a method of using the spectrum of light to identify the composition of solids,liquids or gases. Spectroscopy originated through the study of visible light dispersed according to its wavelength, for example, by a prism.  Bunsen found the elements caesium and rubidium with his spectroscope.

In 1841, Bunsen developed the Bunsen cell, by improving the galvanic cell William Grove had developed in 1839.
Keith Haring

**Keith Haring** (May 4, 1958 -  February 16, 1990) was an American artist. He was famous in the 1980s for his art, which was a mixture of graffiti and pop art and used bright colors and simplistic images, as well as social and homoerotic themes. Haring also donated money to children's causes and organizations. His artwork became well known around the world. Haring was openly gay. He died of an AIDS-related illness in 1990. The Keith Haring Foundation set up in 1989, continues his legacy of promoting art and helping children.

## Other websites

- www.haring.com
- www.haringkids.com
Gastrointestinal tract

The **gastrointestinal tract** (also called the **GI tract**, **digestive tract**, and the **alimentary canal**) is the part of an animal that digests food and drink. For the human organs, see digestive system.

The canal (or tube) carries food through digestion and excretion. Into the tube come various digestive enzymes. Gut flora  help digestion, and the production of vitamins. Muscular movements pass the material down the tube. The gut usually has an exit, the anus, by which the animal disposes of solid wastes. Some small animals have no anus and dispose of solid wastes by other means, for example through the mouth.

## Evolutionary history

The gut evolved at least twice, an example of convergent evolution. Protostomes develop their mouths first, while deuterostomes develop their mouths second. Protostome include arthropods, molluscs, and annelids, and deuterostomes include echinoderms and chordates, including humans.
Gut

**Gut**, **GUT** or **guts** may mean:

## Anatomy

- Abdomen or belly, the region of a vertebrate between the chest and pelvis
- Abdominal obesity or "a gut", a large deposit of belly fat
- Gastrointestinal tract or gut, the system of digestive organs
- Insect digestive system
- Lower gastrointestinal tract or guts, the intestines
- To "gut" an animal is part of the butchery process

## Geography and places

- Gut (coastal geography), a narrow coastal body of water
- Gut (Crișul Alb), a river in Romania
- Gut River, Jamaica
- Spring Run (West Branch Susquehanna River), also known as The Gut
- The Gut (geological feature), a conservation area east of Apsley, Ontario, Canada
- RAF Gütersloh, was a Royal Air Force Germany military airfield

## People

- Gut (surname), list of people named _Gut_ or _Guts_

### Film and television

- _Guts_ (2009 film), a Spanish crime drama
- _Guts_ (1999 film), a Dutch comedy
- "Guts" (_The Walking Dead_), a season 1 episode of the television series _The Walking Dead_
- _Nickelodeon GUTS_, a weekly half-hour sports game show which aired on Nickelodeon from 1992 to 1995

### Games

- Guts (card game), a poker variant
- Guts (flying disc game), a team flying disc game, similar to dodgeball
- _The Guts!_, a series of eroge video games

### Literature

- Guts (_Berserk_), the protagonist of Kentaro Miura's manga series
- _Gut_ (journal), of the British Society of Gastroenterology
- _Guts_ (Robert A. Lutz book), a 2003 management guidebook by Robert A. Lutz, former CEO of Chrysler
- _The Guts_ (novel), a 2013 novel by Roddy Doyle set in Ireland
- _Guts_ (graphic novel), a 2019 graphic novel by Raina Telgemeier
- "Guts", a short story by Chuck Palahniuk from his 2005 book _Haunted_
- _Guts_, a 1985 suspense novel by Richard Laymon

### Music

- Gut (band), a German goregrind band
- Gut Records, an independent UK record label
- _Guts_ (John Cale album), 1977
- _Guts_ (McPhee, Brötzmann, Kessler, and Zerang album), 2007
- _Guts_ (Olivia Rodrigo album), 2023
- _Gut_ (upcoming Baths album), 2025
- "Guts", a song by All Time Low from _Dirty Work_
- "Guts!", a song by Arashi
- The Guts, American band in which Geoff Useless performed vocals

## Schools

- Gdańsk University of Technology, Poland
- Georgetown University Transportation Shuttle, US
- Graz University of Technology, Austria
- Groningen University Theatre Society
- Gujarat University of Transplantation Sciences, India

## Other uses

- Gut (ritual), Korean shamanistic rites
- Catgut, a type of cord used for instrumental strings
- Grand Unified Theory, a particle physics model
- A "gut feeling" may refer to intuition or a visceral emotional reaction
- Gut spread, an options trading strategy in finance
- Maléku language (ISO 639-3 code: gut), spoken in Costa Rica

## Related pages

- The Guts (disambiguation)
Germanium

**Germanium** is a chemical element. Its chemical symbol is _Ge_. Its atomic number is 32. It was discovered by Clemens Winkler. It is a shiny, hard, silver-white metalloid. The chemistry of Germanium is quite like tin. Germanium forms many organometallic compounds. It is an important semiconductor material used in transistors. Many of the earliest transistors were based on germanium. Most later ones were based on silicon. The sound of germanium-based amplifiers and effect pedals is associated with 1960s-era rock music. Germanium-based guitar pedals are still made and are often used for their classic sound.
Tom Green

**Michael Thomas "Tom" Green** (born July 30, 1971) is a Canadian actor, comedian, rapper, director, producer and writer. He was born in Pembroke, Ontario. He had his own comedy program, _The Tom Green Show_, on MTV. He directed, co-wrote and starred in _Freddy Got Fingered_. He was also a member of the short lived hip hop group Organized Rhyme where he performed under the stage name "MC Bones".

## Other websites

- Tom Green's official site and channel
The Force

**The Force** is a term from the _Star Wars_ universe. It is a set of mystical powers that all the Jedi and Sith have. They can do many things with the Force, such as lifting an object up without touching it, shooting lightning out of their hands, choking people and many other things.

## The sides of the Force

There are two sides to the Force: the light (or good) side and the dark (or bad) side.

### The light side

The light side is used for good things like healing. The people who study and learn the light side of the Force are called _Jedi_.

### The dark side

The dark side of the Force is used by the Sith, the bad guys, in the _Star Wars_ movies. Sith have a lot of anger, fear, hate and aggression. The dark side of the Force gives the bad guys powers that the Jedi, the good guys, do not have. For example, Darth Sidious is able to shoot lightning from his fingers. The dark side can seem stronger but that is just because a person who uses the dark side of the Force does not have to hold anything back, he is not restrained.

#### Sith Lords

- Darth Maul
- Darth Tyranus/Count Dooku
- Darth Sidious
- Darth Vader

## Further reading

- Crewe, Dave. "Cinema Science: Using the force of'Star Wars'." Metro Magazine: Media & Education Magazine 204 (2020): 86-91.

## Other websites

- Philosophy and the Force

de:Star Wars#Die Macht
Jedi

In the fictional _Star Wars_ universe, the **Jedi**, or **Jedi Knights**, are members of an old order that uses a power that it calls The Force, which gives them psychic powers.

The Jedi's typical weapon is the lightsaber, a sword-like weapon with an energy blade.

The Jedi try to lead a good and virtuous life and serve others. They keep and defend the peace in the galaxy.

The opposite of the Jedi are the Sith, who follow the Dark Side of the Force, which is using the Force for evil.
Sith

In the fictional _Star Wars_ universe, the **Sith** are users of the dark side of the force and the opposite of the Jedi.

The Sith live to dominate all others and to control society throughout the _Star Wars_ galaxy to get more power. Some famous Sith are Darth Vader, Darth Sidious, and Darth Maul.

They lead the Galactic Empire, the antagonist of the Star Wars series that is known for is brutality in the dictatorship and for having a strong control over peoples lives. The Sith lost power for hundreds of years before they slowly took over the Galactic Republic, or the Jedi government, and turned it into the Galactic Empire.

In the expanded universe, the Sith at the start were a different species and looked like humans but with red skin and small bones coming out from their heads.

Almost all of the Sith died after the Jedi committed genocide on them thousands of years before the movies. That makes some people think that the Sith Empire is the protagonist by bringing law and order to the Galaxy and only responds to the Jedi's actions.
Stuart Sutcliffe

**Stuart Fergusson Victor Sutcliffe** (23 June 1940 – 10 April 1962) was an early member of the English band The Beatles. He was born in Edinburgh, Scotland and raised in Liverpool, England. He was the band's original bassist, but left before they became famous. He wanted to be an artist, and he returned to art school, which he had quit to join the Beatles.

Sutcliffe died in 1962, at the age of 21, in Hamburg, Germany from a brain hemorrhage. It was long thought that the hemorrhage was from a fight with locals after a concert in 1961, but it is now believed he may have been born with a medical condition which caused it.
Beautiful

If something is described as **beautiful**, it means that it has beauty. **Beautiful** can also mean:

## Music

- "Beautiful" (Ailyn song), a song by Ailyn, from her 2004 album _Ya Nada Queda_
- "Beautiful" (Athlete song), a song by Athlete, from their 2003 first album _Vehicles and Animals_
- "Beautiful" (Christina Aguilera song), a song written and produced by Linda Perry, and released by Christina Aguilera on her 2002 album _Stripped_
- "Beautiful" (Mandalay song), a song by Mandalay, from their 1998 album _Empathy_
- "Beautiful" (Moby song), a song by Moby, from his 2005 album _Hotel_
- "Beautiful" (Snoop Dogg song), a song by Snoop Dogg, from his 2002 album _Paid tha Cost to Be da Bo$$_
- "Beautiful", a song by the Smashing Pumpkins, from their 1995 album _Mellon Collie and the Infinite Sadness_
- _Beautiful_ (David Tao album), a 2006 album by David Tao
- _Beautiful_ (On The Make album), a 2004 album by On The Make
- _beautiful._, a 2001 album by Fantastic Plastic Machine

## Movies

- _Beautiful_ (film), a 2000 drama starring Minnie Driver and Kathleen Turner

## Related pages

- Beauty
- Beauty (disambiguation)
George Boole

**George Boole** [], (November 2, 1815 – December 8, 1864) was an English mathematician and philosopher.

## Works

He created Boolean algebra. This is one of the bases of modern-day computer science. Other people, like Augustus De Morgan and Charles Peirce, refined and completed his work. In their times, very few people knew of the work those mathematicians had done. _Boolean algebra_ was rediscovered by Claude Shannon about 75 years after Boole's death. In his doctoral thesis, Shannon showed that boolean algebra was useful. It could simplify the design of electric switches and relays (like those that were used in the telephone switchboards of the time). Shannon also showed that such switches could solve boolean algebra problems. All modern-day digital circuits (mainly computers) use such algebra to solve problems.

## Other websites

- Roger Parsons' article on Boole
- George Boole's work as first Professor of Mathematics in University College, Cork, Ireland
Managua

**Managua** has been the capital city of Nicaragua since 1855. There had been an Indian settlement there before the Spanish, but the modern city was founded as **Leal Villa de Santiago de Managua** in 1811. Before 1855, León and Granada were the capital cities. The word _managua_ comes from the Nahuatl language _mana-ahuac_. It means _near water_. About 1.8 million people lived there in 2004. This makes it one of the biggest cities of Central America (after Guatemala City). The city is at the shore of Lake Managua. Many people who live in Managua are White or Mestizo. They all speak Spanish. There are also big communities of Catalonians, Germans, Italians and French. Many of the people belonging to those communities have lived in the city for many generations. Many people see Managua as one of the safest cities in America to live in.

The city has had two destructive earthquakes in the 20th century. Hurricane Mitch caused further destructions in 1998. Many old buildings were damaged or destroyed in these earthquakes, and new streets and monuments were built in their place. In general, addresses are rarely used to give directions. Instead, people usually use monuments to tell where a certain place is. The problem with that approach is that sometimes, the monuments themselves were destroyed. Therefore, foreigners often have problems finding their way around the city.
Flat

**Flat** might mean:
- Something that does not curve in any direction
- An apartment

In music "flat" can have two (related) meanings:
- A flat is a note that has been lowered a semitone (see note (music))
- Flat can mean a note that is not in tune:  The pitch is too low (see intonation).
Curve

A **curve** is a line that turns or bends. A curved line is never straight, and a curved surface is a surface that is never flat. Some curves can be drawn on paper, but some curves, like a helix, can only be seen in 3-D. A circle is a curve that can be described with the formula _x_<sup>2</sup> + _y_<sup>2</sup> = _r_<sup>2</sup>. _x_ and _y_ are used as in a Cartesian coordinate system, and _r_ is the radius of the circle (distance from the center to the outside). Many other curves can also be described with a formula like that.

## Related pages

- ellipse
- parabola
- hyperbola
Klein bottle

The **Klein bottle** is a geometrical object, named after the German mathematician Felix Klein.  He described it in 1882, and named it _Klein'sche Fläche_ (Klein surface). Like the Möbius strip, it only has one surface. Mathematicians call this a non-orientable surface. Klein bottles only exist in four-dimensional space, but a model of a Klein bottle can be made in 3D. This model is different from the original because at some point the shape touches itself. In 3D, part of the shape is "inside" the rest. This is not the case in 4D. Some 3D models use different colors to show the 4th component. The part that lies "inside"  then has a different color.

Because the surface is non-orientable, there is no "inside" or "outside". This means that if a liquid were filled "in the bottle", it would run down its surface. This may not be true for the 3D models of the bottle.

The 2-dimensional version of a Klein bottle is a Möbius strip.

## Making a Klein bottle from a rectangle

Join the arrows so that they face the same way, like so:

## Other websites

- Acme Klein Bottles - Clifford Stoll sells blown-glass immersed Klein bottles.
- Klein bottle construction
- Klein Bottle Images by John Sullivan
- The Klein bottle
- A modular origami model of the Klein bottle
- A knitted version
- Paper klein bottle - make your own
- Geodesic klein bottles and some mystic musings
- Imaging Maths - The Klein Bottle
Entropy

The **entropy** of an object is a measure of the amount of energy which is unavailable to do work. Entropy is also a measure of the number of possible arrangements the atoms in a system can have. In this sense, entropy is a measure of uncertainty or randomness. The higher the entropy of an object, the more uncertain we are about the states of the atoms making up that object because there are more states to decide from. A law of physics says that it takes work to make the entropy of an object or system  smaller; without work, entropy can never become smaller – you could say that everything slowly goes to disorder (higher entropy).

The word **entropy** came from the study of heat and energy in the period 1850 to 1900. Some very useful mathematical ideas about probability calculations emerged from the study of entropy. These ideas are now used in information theory, statistical mechanics, chemistry and other areas of study.

**Entropy** is simply a quantitative measure of what the second law of thermodynamics describes: the spreading of energy until it is evenly spread. The meaning of entropy is different in different fields. It can mean:

- Information entropy, which is a measure of information communicated by systems that are affected by data noise.
- Thermodynamic entropy is part of the science of heat energy. It is a measure of how organized or disorganized energy is in a system of atoms or molecules.

## Energy Dispersal

Entropy measures how energy spreads and becomes less useful for work. When energy in a system disperses more evenly, there are more possible ways the particles can be arranged. This increase in possible arrangements makes the system more disordered, which is why higher entropy means greater energy dispersal and less available energy to do work.

When an ice cube melts, for example, the molecules move from an orderly, solid structure to a freely moving liquid where energy is more dispersed.
Side

In geometry, a **side** is a straight line that is part of a shape. A shape made of straight lines is called a polygon. The number of sides on a polygon can be written as .

A **side** can also mean the face of a 3D shape. A 3D shape made of flat faces is called a polyhedron. The number of faces on a polyhedron can be written as .

As an example, the square on the right has four sides. The sides in this picture are made with black straight lines. The four sides are:
1. the black straight line from A to B
1. the black straight line from B to C
1. the black straight line from C to D
1. the black straight line from D to A

## Other uses

- A side may also mean a part of something. For example, on a human body, the _right side_ means the parts of the body that make up the right half of the body.
- Inside and outside are terms use to show where something is. If something is inside, it is in something. For example, the sentence "The cookies are inside of the container." means that the cookies are in the container. The area within the canister is the inside of the canister. The outside is the area not in the canister. Outside is the opposite of inside.

## Related pages

- Area
Te Puke

**Te Puke** is a small town in the Bay of Plenty in New Zealand. 6670 people live there. It is famous for kiwifruit, which is grown there. Lots of other fruit is grown there too.

_Te Puke_ means _the hill_ in Māori.
Manifold

A **manifold** is a concept from mathematics.  Making a manifold is like making a flat map of a sphere (the Earth).

The Earth is a sphere, a three dimensional object of geometry. Yet, maps (two-dimensional representations) can be made of the Earth. At the edges of a certain map, the map needs to be changed. That way it is possible to make a two dimensional image of the whole surface of the Earth. There need to be rules, on how to change the maps, and some areas (near the edges of the map) will be on more than one map. It is not possible to make one map only, which would have no edges. This map would either have edges (and overlapping areas), or there would be some places where the paper was torn. Tearing and overlapping isn't allowed.

Other shapes can be manifolds too. For example, a hyperbolic plane is a shape that looks like a saddle or leaf of lettuce. If you try to press it down onto a piece of paper, it will have wrinkles, and it will go on forever past the edges of the paper. But you can make a map of part of it by squishing the edges, just like with the Earth you can make a map by taking part of it and stretching the edges.

Each manifold has a dimension. This is the number of dimensions of the maps, in the example above. It is the same for all maps.
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

**NADP** (**nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate**) (formula C<sub>21</sub>H<sub>29</sub>N<sub>7</sub>O<sub>17</sub>P<sub>3</sub>) is a coenzyme that carries electrical energy used in cellular processes. When a hydrogen atom is added, NADP becomes charged and is renamed NADPH. NADP is used extensively during the Krebs (citric acid) cycle and during glycolysis and in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis.
The CW

**The CW Television Network** (commonly referred to as simply **The CW**) is an American television network that is operated by **The CW Network, LLC**. It launched at the beginning of the 2006–2007 television season and is a joint venture between Paramount Global's CBS Entertainment Group, the former owner of United Paramount Network (UPN), Warner Bros. Discovery's Warner Bros., former majority owner of The WB Television Network and Nexstar Media Group, the largest affiliation of the network. The "CW" name comes from the first letter of the names of these corporations (**C**BS and **W**arner Bros.).

## Other websites

- (Site only accessible from within the United States)

## Infobox (broadcasting network)

- **name**: The CW Television Network
- **logo**: The CW 2024.svg
- **logo size**: 200px
- **logo alt**: The CW logo
- **type**: Free-to-air television network
- **country**: United States
- **headquarters**: Burbank, California, U.S.
- **language**: English
- **owner**: Nexstar Media Group (75%)
CBS, CBS Entertainment Group (Paramount Global) (12.5%)
Warner Bros. Discovery (12.5%)
- **parent**: The CW Network, LLC
- **replaced**: UPN
The WB
Borzoi

**Borzoi** is a type of Russian dog. It used to be called a **Russian Wolf Hound.**

This breed of dog was brought to the United States in 1889. It was approved by the American Kennel Club one year later.  The breed is beautiful and has a gentle personality. It makes it a good pet.

The breed was approved and the descriptive standard was written in 1650. It has not changed much since then.  It is about  tall at the withers (its back near the shoulders). It weighs from .  Borzois have a long coat. They can be any color from solid white to brown and white, gray and white or brindle. They can also be all black. People who take care of Borzois have done a good job of stopping health problems. Borzois do not have many of the problems other breeds have with health.

In Russia, they were well liked by the royalty. It was illegal to sell them. They were given to those who did something special for the Tzars.  They feature in Russian novels e.g. in Tolstoy's "Anna Karenina".  During the Russian revolution, most of the breed were killed because they were a symbol of royalty.  A few were taken from the country. Borzois also feature prominently in the TV adaption of the book series Big Nate as Spitsy, the dog of the titular character's neighbor.

They have been used in advertising for luxury cars and jewelry. This is because of their elegant looks.
Giuseppe Garibaldi

**Giuseppe Garibaldi** was an Italian soldier who is best known for the unification of Italy.

Garibaldi led the navy of the separatist Riograndense Republic, in southern Brazil, until it was defeated in 1839. He escaped and led the navy of Uruguay to victory.

Later, inspired by Giuseppe Mazzini, he fought for Italian unification. He led a group, called the Red Shirts, through the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies in 1860 to bring different kingdoms in Italy together.
27 BC

Year **27 BC** was either a common year starting on Sunday, Monday or Tuesday or a leap year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar.

## Events

- January 16 – The Roman Senate votes Octavian the title of **Augustus**. He accepts this honor, having declined the alternative title of **Romulus**. He is known as Augustus afterwards.
- Augustus becomes consul for the seventh time. His partner Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa becomes consul for the third time.
- Augustus, as consul, returns power to the Senate of Rome.
- Augustus starts a new military reform.
- Northern statue of the Colossi of Memnon is shattered by an earthquake in Egypt (according to Strabo).

## Births

- Emperor Ai of Han (d. 1 BC)

## Deaths

- Marcus Terentius Varro, Roman scholar (b. 116 BC)
899

## Events

- Edward the Elder becomes King of England.
- Gorm the Old becomes King of Denmark.
- Regino of Prüm is expelled from Prüm and becomes abbot of St. Martin's in Trier.
Gilbertville, Ontario

**Gilbertville** is a hamlet in Norfolk County, Ontario, Canada that is in between Delhi and the historical hamlet of Pine Grove. There is a small grocery store, a tractor shop, a car repair shop, and farmland to the south. In addition to all this, Gilbertville is also the site of a former army base and was founded by the Gilbert family in the 19th century as a place to rest horses when travelling to and from the towns of Simcoe and Delhi.
World War III

**World War III** (**WWIII** or **WW3**), also known as the **Third World War**, is the name given to a possible third global conflict subsequent to World War I (1914-1918) and World War II (1939-1945) which could happen.

A world war might be fought by multiple countries of the world against one other, sometimes across different continents. An all-out war fought between two or three major superpowers would be a world war.

Because technology and weapons have become so advanced, most people agree that if World War III ever happens, nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons may be used. Biological weapons are living things, usually bacteria or viruses. Chemical weapons might not kill quickly but poison people or their land. Nuclear weapons release vast amounts of stored energy through nuclear reactions. Together, nuclear, biological and chemical weapons are called weapons of mass destruction. Conventional weapons, on the other hand are "normal" weapons like guns or chemical explosives.

Mass destruction could damage much of the Earth, kill many humans, animals and other living things, and cause the collapse of modern civilization. Albert Einstein is often quoted as having said: "I know not with what weapons World War III will be fought, but World War IV will be fought with sticks and stones". Einstein might not have actually said this, but other things that he said show that he believed the weapons used in World War III might be so devastating that they would end civilization as we know it.

## Actual events called World War III

Some events, for example the Cold War, have been called "World War III." US President George W. Bush compared the War on Terrorism to World War III.

## Related pages

- Eschatology
- Nuclear war
Shotgun

A **shotgun** is a type of gun.  To make a shotgun work, gunpowder is lit by a primer inside a shotgun shell.  The gas from the burning gunpowder pushes whatever is being fired out of the barrel (usually a bullet).  Originally, a shotgun shell would have small lead balls called a "buckshot" or "birdshot". Now, instead of lead shots, the cartridges have iron or steel balls, because lead in the environment can poison wildlife. The balls spread out when they are fired. Sometimes a shotgun shell will have bigger shot, of bullet size, called a "slug".

A shotgun usually has one or two barrels, each with a chamber to hold a shell. These barrels can be next to each other ('side-by-side') or on top of each other ('over-and-under'). There are many types of shotguns with different ways of loading and shooting. Some will snap open, and shells can be put inside until they are shot again. These are called break-open shotguns. Others hold more shells and are pumped back and forth to shoot. These are called pump-action shotguns. Some shotguns are semi-automatic, so each time the trigger is pulled, one shot is fired without any need to use a pump or a lever. These are semi-automatic shotguns. Some shotguns are fully automatic, meaning that pulling and holding the trigger back will keep shooting the gun without needing to reload until the shotgun is out of ammunition. These are automatic shotguns. However, these types of shotguns are not common.

Shotguns can also fire things that do not kill people. Police use small things like rubber balls and beanbags filled with the small metal balls instead, to cause non-deadly injuries.
Randy Quaid

**Randall Rudy "Randy" Quaid** (born October 1, 1950) is an American actor. He was born in Houston, Texas and has been in many movies. He is the brother of actor Dennis Quaid.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Randy Quaid
- **image**: Randy Quaid (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Quaid in 2008
- **birthname**: Randall Rudy Quaid
- **birth place**: Houston, Texas, United States, U.S.
- **occupation**: Actor
- **yearsactive**: 1971–present
- **spouse**: Ella Jolly
(m. 1980-1985, divorced)
Evi Quaid
(m. 1989-present)
- **children**: Daughter
- **relatives**: Dennis Quaid (brother)
Jack Quaid (nephew)
Molasses

**Molasses **(known as **treacle** in the United Kingdom if it was made to be eaten by humans) is a by-product of sugar canes or sugar beets being turned into sugar. It is like a thick syrup. Some people also call molasses **sorghum syrup**. The quality of the molasses depends on how the sugar is refined. Molasses is like a black golden syrup type liquid.

Molasses is the base for making rum. Sometimes vodka is also made from molasses.

## History

Molasses was first imported to United States by the British, (The Sugar Act, 1764), during the early times of the United States. The United States got sugar from southern islands. While the United States was getting sugar, they decided to ask for the leftover material, or molasses. The United States then used the molasses for their personal use, as well as making it into rum to trade with other nations.
Syrup

**Syrup** is a thick, sweet, flavored liquid with a high sugar content. There are different flavored syrups, such as chocolate syrup, vanilla syrup, and maple syrup. Syrups are used to sweeten and flavor hot and cold drinks, and they are poured on desserts and breakfast foods.

## Used in drinks

Syrups are used in many different types of drinks. Coffee shops add chocolate syrup and other flavored syrups (for example: vanilla) to coffee drinks. Ice cream parlors add chocolate syrup to milk shakes. In Italy, cafés often offer a choice of different syrups that can be added to carbonated soda water, to add sweetness and flavor.

## Used for desserts

Syrups are also used in many desserts. Ice cream parlors pour chocolate and butterscotch syrup on bowls of ice cream. Cafés and restaurants pour syrup on cakes, pies, crepes, and pancakes.

In North America, maple syrup is often poured over pancakes as a breakfast food. It is made from the sap of maple trees, which is boiled until it thickens. During the summer months, flavored syrups are also used over crushed ice to make "slush puppies" or "slush puppies".

In China, pear syrup is used to make ligaotang, a staple of Shanghainese food. It comes in many flavors, including pinenut, rose, and meat floss. It is also used as a traditional Chinese medicine to help with coughs or poor appetite.
Sugarcane

**Sugarcane** (or **sugar cane**) is a Genus of  plants. There are between 6 and 37 types of sugarcane.Sugarcane grows in warm and tropical climates. It first grew in Asia, but after the year 700 people started planting it in Africa and southern Europe. Later it spread to the Americas and Australia. Today the biggest producer is Brazil in South America. India in Asia is second biggest producer after Brazil.

Sugarcane stalks grow to between 2 and 6 meters tall. These stalks contain sugar, which is used to sweeten food and drinks. After the sugar has been taken out the remains of the stalks can be burned to generate heat and electricity. It can also be made into paper, cardboard and cutlery. This crop requires high temperature and high rainfall. In areas of low rainfall this crop is cultivated with the help of irrigation. Black soil or alluvial soil is the best for this crop. Sugarcane requires a large amount of water. As such, holding deep soil is required. As this crop absorbs nutrient matter from the soil, compost manure and chemical fertilizers are used. It requires 75-100cm rainfall.

Sugarcane juice can be made by pressing the stalks in a machine.  It is often sold in the streets in some countries.  It can contain disease.
Sugar beet

**Sugar beet** is a plant. Its roots contain a high amount of sucrose. This can be made into sugar. Sugar beets are grown for sugar. The sugar beet is related to chard.

The biggest producers of sugar beet are the European Union, the United States and Russia. 30% of the world sugar production is from sugar beets.
Tourette syndrome

**Tourette syndrome** is an inherited neurological disorder. Tourette syndrome can also be called _Tourette's syndrome_, _Tourette's disorder_, _GTS_, _Tourette's_, or _TS_. People that have Tourette's have tics, which are sounds or movements  that can’t easily be controlled. Tourette's is normally inherited, and starts in childhood.

People who have Tourette's have a normal life expectancy and normal intelligence. Tics are normally not as bad as people get older. Adults with severe Tourette's are rare. Fewer than 15% of people with Tourette's have coprolalia. Coprolalia is using words or phrases that some people might find offensive without being able to stop saying them. These may include curse words.

Most people with Tourette's do not need treatment. There are drugs that can help people manage tics. There are also therapies that can help people live easier with Tourette's.

The disease is named after Georges Gilles de la Tourette. He was one of the first doctors to describe the symptoms.

## Other websites

- Tourette Syndrome Association
- Tourette Syndrome (UK) Association
1134

## Events

- The Church of St. James is dedicated in Glasgow.
- The Zeeland archipelago is created by a massive storm in the North Sea.
- The House of Brandenburg is founded when Albrecht the Bear is made head of the Nordmark.
Soybean

The **soybean** (or **soya bean**) is a plant with fruit called beans, from Eastern Asia. The height of a grown soybean is between less than 20 centimetres and up to 2 metres. One soybean lives for only one year.

## Uses

Soybeans can be eaten or used to make oil, sauce, milk, flour, tofu and other foods. These soy foods have much protein, and many vegetarians like that.

Soybean oil has a component of oleic acid that can be used to make an insect repellent.
Also fuel can be made from soybeans.

Soybeans can also be fermented to make nattō.

## History

In 1997, 81% of all soybeans were of genetically modified stock. This means that genes were changed directly.

In China, going back the ancient Chou dynasty soy beans were considered to be one of the five sacred foods.

## Related pages

- Soy milk
- Soy sauce
- Soybean oil
- Vegetarian
- Vegan
Henagon

A **henagon** (or **monogon**) is a shape in geometry. It is like a polygon, except that it only has one side and one corner (vertex). Henagons are considered to be impossible to draw, using Euclidean geometry. This is because the single side would go to infinity.

For example, a line around a sphere would be considered a henagon.

Since it only has one side, there is only one angle. Therefore, all henagons are considered regular shapes.
Moors

The **Moors** were the Muslim<nowiki/>s who lived in the Maghreb and on the Iberian Peninsula, Sicily and parts of Southern France in the Middle Ages. In Europe, the word was often used for indigenous European people whose ancestors were converted to Islam, although Islam was not actually documented until 700 A.D.

In 750 A.D. the Umayyad Dynasty was defeated in Syria. Many refugees came to what is now Spain and Portugal. They had a very big influence on the culture of these countries.

Umayyad Muslims were the ones who captured and named Al-Andalus, which means land of the Vandals. The majority of Moors in Iberia were native European populations who converted to Islam due to the Arab conquests of the peninsula. These Moors were forcefully converted to Catholicism after the Christian reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula in completion of the period popularly known as the Reconquista.

## Other page

- _Othello_