Michael Collins (Irish leader)

**Michael **"**Mick**"** Collins** ( 16 October 1890 – 22 August 1922) was an Irish revolutionary leader. He was a Minister for Finance and Teachta Dála (TD Member of Parliamen_t_) for Cork South in the First Dáil of 1919. He was also the Director of Intelligence for the Southern IRA and a member of the Irish delegation during the Anglo-Irish Treaty negotiations. Then, he was both Chairman of the Provisional Government and commander-in-chief of the National Army. Throughout this time, at least as of 1919, he was also President of the Irish Republican Brotherhood. Under the rules of the Brotherhood, he was President of the Irish Republic. Collins was shot and killed in August 1922 during the Irish Civil War.

## Early years

He was born on his family farm named Woodfield in Sam's Cross, near Clonakilty, West Cork. Michael Collins was the third son and youngest of eight children. Most biographies state his date of birth as 16 October 1890; however, his tombstone gives his date of birth as 12 October 1890. His father, also named Michael, was a member of the Fenian movement but had left and settled down to farming. Collins was six years old when his father died.

After leaving school aged 15, Collins took the British Civil Service examination in Cork in February 1906. In 1910, he moved to London, where he became a messenger at a London firm of stock brokers, Horne and Company. While in London, he lived with his elder sister, and studied at King's College London. He joined the London GAA and through it the Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB), a secret oath-bound society dedicated to achieving Irish independence. In 1915, he moved to the Guaranty Trust Company of New York, where he remained until his return to Ireland the following year.

## Easter Rising

Michael Collins first became known during the Easter Rising in 1916. A skilled organiser and very intelligent, he was highly respected in the IRB. When the rising itself took place on Easter Monday, he fought alongside Patrick Pearse and others at the General Post Office in Dublin.

Collins, like many of the other participants, was arrested and almost executed. He was imprisoned at Frongoch Internment Camp. Collins became one of the leading figures in Sinn Féin after the riising. It was a small nationalist party, which the British government and the Irish media mistakenly stated to be behind the rising. By October 1917, Collins had become a member of the executive of Sinn Féin and Director of Organisation of the Irish Volunteers. Éamon de Valera was president of both organisations.

## First Irish Parliament, Dáil Éireann

Collins was nominated in the 1918 general election to elect Irish MPs to the British House of Commons in London. Collins won for Sinn Féin by becoming MP for Cork South. However, unlike their rivals in the Irish Parliamentary Party, Sinn Féin MPs had announced that they would not take their seats in Westminster but instead would set up an Irish Parliament in Dublin.

That new parliament, called _Dáil Éireann_ (meaning "Assembly of Ireland"), met in the Mansion House, Dublin, in January 1919 although de Valera and leading Sinn Féin MPs had been arrested.

In de Valera's absence, Cathal Brugha was elected Príomh Aire ('Main' or 'Prime', Minister', but often translated as 'President of Dáil Éireann'). He was replaced by de Valera when Collins helped him escape from Lincoln Prison in April 1919.

The Irish War of Independence began on the same day that the First Dáil met, on 21 January 1919. An ambush party of IRA volunteers, acting without orders and led by Seán Treacy, attacked a group of Royal Irish Constabulary men. They were escorting a shipment of gelignite to a quarry in Soloheadbeg, County Tipperary. Two policemen were shot dead during the fight. The incident is considered to be the first action taken in the Irish War of Independence.

## 1919 and start of War of Independence

In 1919, Collins had a number of roles. In the summer, he was elected president of the IRB and Director of Intelligence of the Irish Republican Army. He also became the Minister for Finance. His ministry organised a large bond issue in the form of a "National Loan" to fund the new Irish Republic. Collins and Richard Mulcahy were the two main organisers for the Irish Republican Army, in as far as it was possible to direct the actions of disorganised guerrilla units.

In 1920, the British offered a prize of £10,000 (equivalent to £474,000.00 or €535,026.83 in 2017) for information leading to the capture or death of Collins. His fame had so transcended the IRA movement that he was nicknamed "The Big Fellow".

In July 1921, the British suddenly offered a truce. Arrangements were made for a conference between the British government and the leaders of the still-unrecognised Irish Republic.

In August 1921, Eamonn de Valera made the Dáil upgrade his office from Prime Minister to President of the Irish Republic. That made him on the same level as King George V in the negotiations. Eventually, however, he said that he would not attend since the King would not attend. Instead, with the reluctant agreement of his cabinet, de Valera assembled a team of delegates to go in his place. The team was headed by Vice-President Arthur Griffith, with Collins as deputy.

## Anglo-Irish Treaty

The negotiations resulted in the Anglo-Irish Treaty which was signed on 6 December 1921. In it, a new state was agreed upon, called the "Irish Free State". The agreement made an all-Ireland state possible. The six-county region in the northeast could opt out of the Free State. If that happened, an Irish Boundary Commission was to redraw the Irish border. The Irish Free State was established in December 1922, and as expected, Northern Ireland opted to remain part of the United Kingdom proper.

Although it was not the republic that he was fighting for, Collins concluded that the Treaty offered Ireland "the freedom to achieve freedom". He knew that the treaty, particular the issue of the oath allegiance, would not be popular in Ireland. When he signed the treaty, he said, "I have signed my own death warrant."

Sinn Féin split over the treaty, and the Dáil debated the matter bitterly for ten days until it was approved by a vote of 64 to 57.  The Supreme Council of the IRB, which was informed in detail about the Treaty negotiations voted unanimously to accept the treaty. The only exception was the later Chief of Staff of the IRA Liam Lynch.

## Provisional Government

As expected, the treaty was extremely controversial in Ireland.

First, Éamon de Valera, President of the Irish Republic until 9 January, had been unhappy that Collins had signed any deal without his and his cabinet's authorisation.

Second, the contents of the treaty were bitterly disputed. De Valera and many other members of the republican movement did not want Ireland to be a dominion of the British Empire. They did not like the symbolism of having to give an oath allegiance to the British king.

The dividing of Ireland between the Irish Free State and Northern Ireland was not as controversial. One of the main reasons was that Collins was secretly planning to launch a guerrilla war against Northern Ireland. In the early months of 1922, he had sent IRA units to the border and arms and money to the northern units. In May–June 1922, he and IRA Chief of Staff Liam Lynch organised an attack of both pro- and anti-Treaty IRA units along the new border. The offensive was officially called off under British pressure on 3 June, and Collins issued a statement that "no troops from the 26 counties, either those under official control [pro-treaty] or those attached to the [IRA] Executive [anti-treaty] should be permitted to invade the six county area."

The new Provisional Government () was formed under Collins, who became President of the Provisional Government of Southern Ireland (Prime Minister). He also remained Minister for Finance of Griffith's republican administration after de Valera stepped down.

In the months leading up to the outbreak of civil war in June 1922, Collins tried to heal the split in the nationalist movement and prevent civil war. De Valera, having opposed the treaty in the Dáil, withdrew from the assembly with his supporters. Collins secured a compromise, the Collins-De Valera Pact, whereby the two factions of Sinn Féin, pro- and anti-Treaty, would fight the soon-to-be Free State's first election jointly and form a coalition government afterwards. The pact was agreed without Griffith's knowledge, and he opposed it as a potential betrayal of the Treaty. For a time. it appeared that a split would occur in the pro-Treaty ranks. but Griffith relented since he realised that Collins held all of the power. His friendship with Collins did not survive.

To try to find a compromise, Collins proposed that the Free State would have a republican constitution, with no mention of the British king. However, the British did not sign the proposed republican constitution. They argued that they had signed the Treaty in good faith and its terms could not be changed so quickly.

## Civil War

On 14 April 1922, a group of 200 anti-Treaty IRA men occupied the Four Courts in Dublin in defiance of the provisional government. Collins, who wanted to avoid civil war at all costs, did not attack them until June 1922, when British pressure also forced his hand. After a final attempt to persuade the men to leave, Collins borrowed two 18 pounder artillery pieces from the British and bombarded the Four Courts until the men surrendered.

Thay led to the Irish Civil War, as fighting broke out in Dublin between the anti-Treaty IRA and the provisional government's troops.

Under Collins' supervision, the Free State rapidly took control of the capital. In July 1922, anti-Treaty forces held the southern province of Munster and several other areas of the country. De Valera and the other anti-Treaty TDs supported the anti-Treaty IRA.

By mid-1922, Collins no longer really worked as Chairman of the Provisional Government. He became the Commander-in-Chief of the National Army, a formal uniformed army that formed around the pro-Treaty IRA.

Collins, along with Richard Mulcahy and Eoin O'Duffy, decided on a series of seaborne landings into republican-held areas. They retook Munster and the west in July and August 1922. As part of this offensive, Collins travelled to his native Cork against the advice of his companions despite him suffering from stomachache and depression. Collins is said to have told his comrades, "They wouldn't shoot me in my own county".
He recorded his plan for peace in his diary: the republicans must "accept the People's Verdict" on the treaty but could then "go home without their arms (_guns_). We don't ask for any surrender of their principles." "We want to avoid any possible unnecessary destruction and loss of life." Howwever, if the republicans did not accept his terms, "further blood is on their shoulders".

## Death

On the road to Bandon, in the village of _Béal na mBláth_ (Irish, "the Mouth of Flowers"), Collins stopped to ask directions. However, the man they asked, Dinny Long, was also a member of the local anti-Treaty IRA. An ambush was then prepared for the convoy when it made its journey back to Cork City. They knew that Collins would return by the same road, as the two other roads from Bandon to Cork had been destroyed by the republicans. The ambush party, commanded by Liam Deasy, opened fire on Collins' convoy.

Collins was killed in the gun battle, which lasted about 20 minutes, from 8:00 p.m. to 8:20 p.m. He was the only fatality. He had ordered his convoy to stop and return fire, instead of choosing the safer option of driving on in his touring car or transferring to the safety of the accompanying armoured car, as his companion, Emmet Dalton, had wished. They did not know who fired the fatal shot.

Collins' men brought his body back to Cork, where it was then shipped to Dublin because it was feared the body might be stolen in an ambush if it were transported by road. His body lay in state for three days in Dublin City Hall, where tens of thousands of mourners walked past his coffin to pay their respects. His funeral mass took place at Dublin's Pro Cathedral, where a number of foreign and Irish dignitaries were in attendance. Some 500,000 people attended his funeral, almost one fifth of the country's population.

De Valera is reported to have stated in 1966:
> "I can't see my way to becoming Patron of the Michael Collins Foundation. It is my considered opinion that in the fullness of time history will record the greatness of Collins and it will be recorded at my expense".However, there is some doubt that de Valera ever made this controversial statement.

## Commemoration

An annual commemoration ceremony takes place each year in August at the ambush site at Béal na mBláth, Cork. There is also a remembrance ceremony in Glasnevin at Collins' graveside. In November 2023, a bronze statue of him with a bicycle was put in the Grand Parade in Cork City, near where he spent the last night of his life.

## Societies

The Collins 22 Society established in 2002 is an international organisation dedicated to keeping the name and legacy of Collins in living memory. The patron of the society is Nora Owen, his grand-niece.

### Movies

The 1936 movie _Beloved Enemy_, starring David Niven, is a fictionalised account of Collins's life. Unlike the real Collins, the fictionalised "Dennis Riordan" (played by Brian Aherne) is shot but recovers. _Hang Up Your Brightest Colours_, a British documentary by Kenneth Griffith, was made for ITV in 1973 but refused transmission. It was eventually screened by the BBC in Wales in 1993 and across the United Kingdom the following year.

An Irish documentary made by Colm Connolly for RTE Television in 1989 called _The Shadow of Béal na Bláth_ covered Collins' death. A made for TV film, _The Treaty_, was produced in 1991 and starred Brendan Gleeson as Collins and Ian Bannen as David Lloyd George. In 2007, RTE produced a documentary_, Get Collins_, centred on the intelligence war that took place in Dublin.

Collins was the subject of director Neil Jordan's 1996 film _Michael Collins_, with Liam Neeson in the title role.

## Other websites

- Michael Collins Centre
- Collins 22 Society
- A Man Against an Empire

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Michael Collins
- **image**: Michael Collins 1922.jpg
- **caption**: Michael Collins 1922
- **imagesize**: 240px
- **office**: Chairman of the Provisional Government of Southern Ireland, Chairman of the Provisional Government
- **termstart**: January 1922
- **termend**: 22 August 1922
- **preceded**: _New office_
- **succeeded**: W. T. Cosgrave
- **office2**: Minister for Finance (Ireland), Minister for Finance
- **termstart2**: 2 April 1919
- **termend2**: 22 August 1922
- **preceded2**: Eoin MacNeill
- **succeeded2**: W. T. Cosgrave
- **office3**: Minister for Justice and Law Reform, Minister for Home Affairs
- **termstart3**: 22 January 1919
- **termend3**: 1 April 1919
- **preceded3**: _New office_
- **succeeded3**: Arthur Griffith
- **office4**: Teachta Dála
- **termstart4**: May 1921
- **termend4**: August 1922
- **constituency4**: Cork Mid, North, South, South East and West (Dáil Éireann constituency), Cork Mid, North, South, South East and West
- **termstart5**: December 1918
- **termend5**: May 1921
- **constituency5**: South Cork (UK Parliament constituency), Cork South
- **birth place**: Sam's Cross, County Cork, Ireland
- **death place**: Béal na mBláth, County Cork, Ireland
- **party**: Sinn Féin