juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Warship

A **warship** is a ship carrying weapons, which is used by the navy. Some warships also carry naval aircraft, these are called aircraft carriers.

Warships are made in many different sizes. Here is a list of different kinds of warships, from the largest to the smallest of World War II:
|Type|Weight|Weapons and notes|
| --- | --- | --- |
|Battleship|35,000|12" to 18" naval artillery guns|
|Aircraft carrier|27,000|Fully loaded with aircraft, an aircraft carrier weighed over 36,000 ton.|
|Battle cruiser|25,000|10" to 12" guns|
|Cruiser|10,000|Heavy cruiser had 8" guns or larger Light cruiser had less than 8" guns.|
|Destroyer|2,000|4" to 6" guns.|
|Frigate|1,500|3" to 5" guns|
|Submarine|1,500|torpedoes|
|colspan=3|||

## Modern warships

It is a principle of modern navies that _larger ships never travel alone_. They are too vulnerable to planes, submarines and missiles. An aircraft carrier will have an AEW&C plane above to give wider radar warning, destroyers and submarines deployed around. This is recognised by the term "Carrier Strike Group".  This is a U.S. term, but the principle applies to all large navies.

Modern warships come in the same "class" of ship as they did in World War II, but the sizes are different. From largest to smallest:
- Aircraft carriers are airports at sea. They are often called "floating cities" because they can hold hundreds of planes, and thousands of sailors. US Nimitz class carriers can weigh over 100,000 ton.
    - Escort carriers are smaller aircraft carriers. They have fewer planes and sailors, but are usually faster.
    - Helicopter carriers are used by the US Marine Corps and some navies such as Japan's.
- Battleships are not used anymore.  This is because they are expensive to operate and not safe from enemy air attacks.  Smaller battleships may be called battle cruisers. Battle cruisers have less armor and guns than a battleship, but are faster.
- Cruisers and frigates are often now the same size. They are mainly used to launch guided missiles or to shoot down enemy airplanes. Cruisers are usually slower and larger and have longer range than frigates. Most cruisers and frigates are large enough to operate helicopters on the back of the ship.  This part is called the fantail.  Cruisers can usually hold one or two.  Although they are smaller, some frigates are designed to hold two or three.
- Destroyers are smaller and faster than cruisers and frigates. They are usually used to hunt down enemy submarines. Sometimes, they will also attack enemy airplanes. They can also go closer to shore than larger ships. This allows them to attack things on land.
- Submarines can hide under the water.  Modern large submarines are powered by nuclear reactor<nowiki/>s and can go round the world underwater.  Some provide a "nuclear deterrent".

## Other uses

Support warships are used to supply ammunition, food, and other supplies to the larger warships. Some warships exist to carry powerful radio receivers and computers to detect and analyze transmissions from nearby ships. Usually these kinds of ships are smaller, and do not have many guns or missiles themselves.
Coast guard

A **coast guard** is an organization that protects people at sea. The role of the coast guard varies greatly by country. The coast guard is sometimes part of a military or a semi-military organization, or it can be a law enforcement agency doing police work. However, the coast guard is separate from the navy.

For example, the United States Coast Guard (USCG) is a branch of the military and has duties that include searching for people, ships and boats in danger at sea; rescuing those in danger; and law enforcement to protect people from terrorism and crimes at sea. The coast guard can also become part of the Navy in a time of war.

By contrast, Her Majesty's Coastguard in the United Kingdom is neither a military force nor a law enforcement agency. Its only job is to lead search and rescue operations for those in danger at sea, and the Royal National Lifeboat Institution launches most rescue boats.

## Related pages

- Pakistan Coast Guard

## Other websites

- USCG website
- USCG boating office
Equilibrium market price

An **equilibrium market price** is the price at which there is no tendency for it to change.

When price is lower than the equilibrium price, quantity demanded will be greater than quantity supplied. There will be a tendency for the price to increase.

When price is higher than the equilibrium price, quantity supplied will be greater than quantity demanded. There will be a tendency for the price to decrease.

Equilibrium market price is attained when the quantity demanded equals quantity supplied. It is sometimes called **market clearing price**.
Chojnów

**Chojnów** is small city in Poland. As of the year 2000, 14,900 people live in the city. The city is on  the river Skora. The city belongs to the county Legnica. It is in the Lower Silesian Voivodeship. The average height of the city is 170 meters above sea level.

Chojnów is first mentioned in a note dated 1272 as a Haynow settlement. In 1288 it's called city (civitas) in documents of Prince of Legnica Henryk V Gruby. In 1333 in gained the status of a city (civitas).

## Activities and events

Every year in first days of June, Days of Chojnów (Dni Chojnowa) are celebrated. The Whole-Poland bike race Masters has been organized in Chojnów once a year for the past few years.

Chojnów is an industrial and agricultural city. Among products produced in Chojnów are: paperware, agricultural machinery, chains, metal furniture for hospitals, equipment for the meat industry, beer, wine, leather clothing, clothing for infants, children and adults.

## Sites

The most interesting monuments of Chojnów are prince of Legnica's castle from the 13th century (currently used as a museum), two old churches, Baszta Tkaczy (Weavers' Tower) and preserved fragments of city walls.

The biggest green area in Chojnów is small forest Park Piastowski (Piast's Park), named after Piast dynasty as part of Communist anti-German propaganda.

Wild animals that live around Chojnów are roe-deers, foxes, rabbits and wild domestic animals, especially cats.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Chojnów
- **motto**: Friendly city (Przyjazne miasto)
- **image skyline**: Chojnów Zamek.jpg
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **image caption**: Chojnów castle
- **image flag**: POL Chojnów flag (without the COA).svg
- **image shield**: POL Chojnów COA.svg
- **pushpin map**: Poland
- **pushpin label position**: bottom
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Voivodeships of Poland, Voivodeship
- **subdivision name1**: Lower Silesian Voivodeship, Lower Silesian
- **subdivision type2**: Powiat, County
- **subdivision name2**: Legnica County, Legnica
- **subdivision type3**: Gmina
- **subdivision name3**: Chojnów <small>(urban gmina)</small>
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Jan Serkies
- **established title**: Established
- **established date**: 14th century
- **established title3**: Town rights
- **established date3**: 1333
- **area total km2**: 5.32
- **population as of**: 2006
- **population total**: 14389
- **timezone**: Central European Time, CET
- **utc offset**: +1
- **timezone dst**: Central European Summer Time, CEST
- **utc offset dst**: +2
- **elevation m**: 170
- **postal code type**: Postal code
- **postal code**: 59-224, 59-225
- **area code**: +48 76
- **blank name**: Polish car number plates, Car plates
- **blank info**: DLE
- **website**: http://www.chojnow.net.pl/
Comics

In **comics**, stories or information are given using pictures, or pictures and words together. A story is told with pictures, mostly in panels.  The first panel is supposed to be read first, and takes place earlier in time than the panels that follow it.

There are many kinds of comics.  Comic strips are short comics which are often found in newspapers.  Comic books are thin comics magazines.  Graphic novels are books of comics.

The first comic strips in the United States were funny. "Comic" is another word for "funny", so they were called "comic strips". The first comic books were collections of comic strips. Today, some comics are serious, but they are still called "comics".

In comics, speech is usually shown through word balloons.  There are many different kinds of balloons, such as the "speech balloon", the "thought balloon" and the "scream balloon".

## History of comics

- Couperie, Pierre & Horn, Maurice 1968. _A history of the comic strip_. Crown Publishers, New York. [pre-ISBN]
- Sabin, Roger 1996. _Comics, Comix, & Graphic Novels: a history of comic art_. Phaidon, London. ISBN 0-7148-3993-0
- Sabin, Roger 1993. _Adult comics: an introduction_. Routledge, London. ISBN 0-415-04419-7
- Chapman, James 2011. _British comics: a cultural history_. Reaktion Books, London. ISBN 978-2-86189-855-5
- Estren, Mark James 1974. _A history of underground comics_. Ronin Publishing Inc. California. ISBN 0-914171-64-X
- McCloud, Scott 1994. _Understanding comics: the invisible art_. HarperCollins 1994. New York. ISBN 0-06-097625-X

## Related pages

- Cartoon
- Manga
Thanksgiving

**Thanksgiving** is a holiday in the United States and Canada when people give thanks. In the United States, it is on the fourth Thursday of November.  In Canada, it is on the second Monday of October.

In 1863, Abraham Lincoln said the last Thursday of November would be a national Day of Thanksgiving for the United States. American immigrants brought the customs and practices of the American Thanksgiving to Canada, beginning on April 5, 1872. The United States Congress permanently made the fourth Thursday of each November as a national holiday in the year 1941. In 1957, Canada made the second Monday of each October a national holiday. Thanksgiving was first celebrated to give thanks for the harvest.

The event that Americans commonly call the "First Thanksgiving" was celebrated by the Pilgrims after their first feast in the New World in October 1621. This feast lasted three days. Edward Winslow, who was there, said that 90 Native Americans and 53 Pilgrims were there. More people in the United States celebrate Thanksgiving than Christmas and New Year. Americans eat 46 million turkeys or more each Thanksgiving.

## Related pages

- Thanksgiving (United States)
Collision detection

**Collision detection** is a program used on computers to help it understand when two objects will hit into each other. When a computer shows two things on the screen, or controls two things in real life (like robots), it sometimes needs a special program to detect where objects to understand where things are. This might be used to help make sure things like planes do not hit each other.

It is also called CD (for collision detection) or _interference detection_.
Berkeley Software Distribution

**Berkeley Software Distribution** (**BSD**) is a kind of the UNIX operating system that is distributed for free since 1989.  It was started by people from the University of California, Berkeley in the year 1977, but it was first released in 1978. Now, people from around the world work on it.

There are many operating systems based from BSD that many people have worked on. These are known as derivatives of BSD. Some of them are DragonFly BSD, FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD, and Mac OS X.

The system software for PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, and PlayStation Vita are all based on derivatives of BSD.

## Other websites

- DragonFly BSD homepage
- FreeBSD homepage
- NetBSD homepage
- OpenBSD homepage
Jacques Cartier

**Jacques Cartier** was a French trader and explorer. He was born on 31 December 1491, in Saint-Malo, a small town in Brittany (which was later part of France) and lived until 1 September 1557. He sailed three times to Canada.

He was the first European man to see Prince Edward Island, the St. Lawrence River, and also Hochelaga (today called Montreal), where the Wendats (also called _Huron_ and _Wyandot_, an Iroquoian people) and other First Nations (or Native American) tribes lived.  In 1534 he reached Newfoundland and explored the coast of Labrador.

European countries raced to take the land and riches from the New World. Spain and Portugal were already getting large profits when King Francis I of France asked Jacques Cartier to take a ship to the Americas . Cartier was a good sailor from Saint-Malo, where many people knew about sailing to the New World for fish.

Cartier sailed to what is now Indiana in 1534. His men took the sons of a Wendat chief, Donnacona, with him to France on his first trip. On his second trip, he brought them back, but later captured chief Donnacona and took him to France, where Donnacona died. Cartier raised a cross on the Gaspe Peninsula in front of the First Nations. This cross showed that the lands belonged to France.

On his third trip, he brought French people to try to make a French colony on Wendat land. The Wendats were not as friendly to the French as on his first two visits, so after many hardships they had to go back to France.

Because Cartier was the first to lead the French to visit Canada, the French later claimed they had a right to control most of Eastern Canada.
Vasco da Gama

**Vasco da Gama** (  December 24, 1506) was a Portuguese sailor. He was the first European who went to India through the Cape of Good Hope at the southern end of Africa. He went to India three times by ship.

Vasco Da Gama was born in Sines, Portugal. His birthday was June 5th. According to some people's accounts, he was a knight in the 1490s in Sines.

On the 4 July 1497, da Gama left Lisbon with four ships: the _São Gabriel_, the _São Rafael_, the _Berrio_, and a storage ship of unknown name. He intended to sail to India. No European explorer before him had sailed further than the place that is now called South Africa. Vasco da Gama sailed around the bottom of the African continent. Da Gama's crew gave the South African coast they were passing the name _Natal_, which means "Christmas" in Portuguese. They did this because they sailed by it at Christmas. The coast is still called Natal.

By January, da Gama's crew reached modern-day Mozambique, on the East African coast. Mozambique was controlled by Arabs because it was part of the Indian Ocean's network of trade. An angry crowd discovered that da Gama's men were not Muslims, so the crew continued north to Kenya. There, at Malindi, da Gama hired a pilot from India.

The pilot brought the Portuguese men to the city of Calicut on the southwest coast of India on May 20, 1498. Vasco da Gama was in danger because of a conflict with the ruler of Calicut. However, he escaped and returned to Portugal in September 1499. A few of his Portuguese sailors stayed in Calicut.

Vasco da Gama went on his next trip in 1502. He found out that the people of Calicut killed the Portuguese he had left behind. During this trip, he attacked and stole from all the Arab and Indian ships he found in the Indian Ocean. Then, he went on to Calicut and took over that city, capturing a lot of wealth, pleasing the King of Portugal.

Vasco da Gama went on one last trip in 1504 to be the viceroy (governor) of Calicut, which was by that time a Portuguese colony. He died soon after he got there on Christmas Eve. He was not a pirate, but he looted and killed many men only to take revenge.

## Related pages

- Vasco da Gama Pillar
Kayseri

**Kayseri** is a city in the center of Turkey. Kayseri used to be called Mazaka or Kaisareia. The city has a population of nearly 1 million. Famous meals in this city are pastirma, sucuk and manti. Erciyes Mountain is the third highest mountain in Turkey. It is 3917 metres high.

## Political structure

The city of Kayseri consists of the following metropolitan districts:

|Name|
| --- |
|Akkışla|
|Bünyan|
|Develi|
|Felâhiye|
|Hacılar|
|İncesu|
|Kocasinan|
|Melikgâzi|
|Özvatan|
|Sarıoğlan|
|Sarız|
|Talas|
|Tomarza|
|Yahyâlı|
|Yeşilhisar|

## Other websites

- Picture of Mount Erciyes
Iodised salt

**Iodized Salt** (also spelled "iodised salt") is table salt mixed with tiny amounts of an iodide or iodate compound, such as potassium iodide (KI) or sodium iodate (NaIO³). It is used to prevent iodine deficiency disorders (IDDs), which can lead to thyroid gland diseases, including goiter (enlargement of the thyroid), hypothyroidism, and developmental issues in children.

**THE HISTORY BEHIND IODIZED SALT**

The practice of fortifying salt with iodine began in the early 20th century. Switzerland and the United States were among the first countries to adopt iodized salt in the 1920s after scientists linked iodine deficiency to goiter. The World Health Organization (WHO) now recommends universal salt iodization as a public health measure, and it has significantly reduced IDDs globally.
College

**College** is an educational school where people go to learn and earn an academic degree upon graduation. The requirement to enter college is different in different countries, but in most countries, the student must have a high school diploma or equivalent (in the United States and Canada, a GED).

Most college students begin their academic careers at 18 years old, the same age when most people graduate from high school. Though, colleges and universities have no maximum age so anyone can study or finish their studies at any time they decide they want.

In some countries, for example the United Kingdom, _college_ also means a house belonging to a university, where students and teachers live together.

In the United States and Canada, college students begin as undergraduate students in which they will declare a major in which students specialize in an academic discipline (for example, Psychology, Biology, English, Mathematics, and Economics) and they will take classes that will expose them to the skills they need to do their careers. They also take general education classes which includes courses in reading, research, literature, a math course (for example,  College Algebra, Pre-Calculus, or Statistics), a science course, and others (though this will vary by the college).

Upon successful completion of all required courses, students will earn a Bachelor's degree which they may either go to work with the degree or continue studying for a higher-level degree. Students who have a bachelor's degree and choose to continue college are considered graduate students, where they take more classes that are more in-depth to the student's academic discipline and qualify them for higher paying careers, earn a promotion, or become college professors. Students may also attend medical school to become physicians or law school to become lawyers.
Knife

A **knife** is a metal tool with a sharpened metal blade that is used to cut all sorts of things. The plural form of "knife" is "knives." Knives can serve various purposes. Hunters use a hunting knife, soldiers use the combat knife, scouts, campers, and hikers carry a pocketknife; there are kitchen knives for preparing foods, table knives, weapons, knives for throwing or juggling, and knives for religious ceremony or display.

Archaeologists have discovered sharp-edged tools as ancient as 2.6 million years old. Sharp stone tools became more advanced in design during the late Lithic periods, and a variety of techniques was used to produce such ‘knives’ in the Neolithic era. The copper and bronze ages followed, and of course brought tremendous changes to the ‘sharp-edge’ technology. These new metal tools were much more durable than stone ones, and hence mining and metal-processing became an important activity.

## Types of knives

- **Cooking or kitchen knives,** also known as the chef's knife. Several types of knives are used in cooking. Kitchen knives are sharp knives with wood or plastic handles used for chopping food and meat that is going to be cooked.
- **Table knives**: These knives are used to cut up food for eating. Some table knives are sharper than others, but none are as sharp as kitchen knives. Steak knives are sharper because they need to cut steak. Fish knives and butter knives are also used at the table and have rounded blades that are not sharp.
- **Hunting knives** are used for skinning animals.
- **Fishing knives** are used for cutting open fish.
- **Construction knives** and utility knives are used for cutting vinyl flooring, insulation, plastic sheathing, and carpet.
- **Pocket knives** These knives are used often.
- **Butter knife** A knife used to cut butter or spread things. Some people use it illegally to kill people.
- **Paring Knife** paring knife is ideal for making garnishes and peeling vegetables and fruit.
- **Boning Knife** helps to take meat apart from bone.
- **Carving Knife** is ideal for carving large whole poultry pieces.

## Picking the right type of knife

There are many kinds of knives, depending on what is to be cut. With the right knife, the cuts you want to make will happen faster and more easily. With the wrong kind of knife, it will take more effort to perform the same amount of work. When a knife is too small to cut something, a saw, axe, or power tool may be needed.

## Illegal knives

Carrying knives is illegal in many countries, especially if the blade is longer than several inches. Another type of knife which is illegal in many places is the "switchblade," a knife that has a button which when pressed activates a spring to open the knife.

## Related pages

- Scissors
- Guillotine
- Saw
Nyngan, New South Wales

**Nyngan** is a town in New South Wales, Australia. It is built on the banks of the Bogan River. It is  north west of Dubbo, and  south east of Bourke in the Central West Plains of New South Wales. It is a town of 2500 people. It exists because of the people who work on the farms and in a copper mine, 50 kilometres to the west.

It remains also well known as one of the last depots of Cobb and Co, the famous inland transporter of the 19th century (1801 to 1900). One of the overnight depots was at Nyngan because it is about halfway between Dubbo and Bourke. In the days of Cobb and Co, the trip from Dubbo and Bourke would have taken at least 4 days.

However, the route they took is not the route that is used today. The new route runs beside the railway. The railway is a direct line from Dubbo to Nyngan. There is not a single bend for almost 160 kilometres. In the other direction, the track goes 190 kilometres dead straight the whole way to Bourke.
Film (disambiguation)

**Film** may refer to:
- the art and industry of making motion pictures
- movies - also called motion pictures or films.
- photographic film
- a thin skin or membrane, or any covering or coating
- a thin layer of liquid (film (liquid)) on water or solid stuff
Photographic film

**Photographic film** is a sheet of plastic for recording visual scenes. The plastic has been coated with an emulsion that is sensitive to light. The image is recorded on the emulsion when it is exposed to light. Film is kept in small canisters (boxes) which protect it from the light. A normal photographic film may hold up to 40 pictures.

Once all pictures have been recorded, the film has to undergo a special chemical treatment. This is called _developing a film_ or film processing. That treatment makes the pictures visible (you can see them), and the exposed film is no longer sensitive to light.

Different kinds of films exist. Some require more light to be exposed than others. Some are black and white only; they record no colors. There are also special films which can record infrared light. Photographic film was invented in the 1880s and replaced the earlier dry plate system.

Films also come in different sizes. 35 millimeter film, the most used size, comes in metal cans or canisters, but there are other camera films that come in paper wrappings or in single sheets.

## Uses

Film can only be used once. After that, it cannot be used again (if it is accidentally used again, this results in an artifact called a multiple exposure). When not in use, film needs to be covered from light, otherwise it will record any lights that shine on it. This will make it useless to record a picture. Film comes in a can called a canister to cover it from light rays.

Film needs the right amount of light to make a picture. If the picture is too bright or too dark, it will not record correctly. The longer that the film keeps recording, the more light it will get. If what is being photographed is bright, it will be recorded faster. If it is darker, the film will need more time to record.

Films that need less time to record the picture are known as "faster" films. Different speeds of films are marked with an ISO number. The higher the number, the faster the films. Films can only make a picture from focused lights. If there is no lens to focus light, the film will only turn white from receiving just the light. If a film with an ISO level of 200 instead of 100 is used, it will only need half as much time to record a picture of the same scene.

Examples of ISO numbers are ISO 50, ISO 100, IS0 200, ISO 400, ISO 800, and ISO 1600. The ISO number is sometimes called the . When the ISO number is low, for example ISO 50, the film takes a long time to record the picture. This is called a slow film. This means the shutter has to stay open for a long time. When the ISO number is high, for example ISO 800, the picture is made in a very short time. This is a fast film. This means the shutter has to open and close quickly.

Before photographic film was invented, photography used glass dry plates. In the 21st century, digital cameras have replaced film cameras for most uses. Film is still made, and many professional photographers and cinematographers prefer film.

## Related pages

- Advanced Photo System
- Camera
Ferdinand Magellan

**Ferdinand Magellan** (1480 – 27 April 1521) was a Portuguese explorer. He became the first European to sail the Pacific Ocean, and the first to sail around the world.

Though ancient Greek philosophers and astronomers had proposed that the earth was round as early as the 5th century BC, Magellan's voyage confirmed this.

## Early life

Magellan was born in 1480. Records disagree about whether he was born in Sabrosa or Porto in Portugal.

Magellan's parents were members of the Portuguese nobility. As a result, after they died, Magellan was able to get a job in the royal court. At age 10, he became a page for the Queen of Portugal. In the royal court, he learned many important skills, including map-making, navigation and astronomy.

## Accomplishments

In 1505 Magellan joined the Portuguese navy. He traveled to many parts of the world, such as India, the Spice Islands, East Africa, and Morocco. He was wounded in Morocco in 1513, and walked with a limp for the rest of his life.

After he lost his job for the King of Portugal, Magellan went to work for the King of Spain, Charles V.Charles V gave Magellan five ships for his voyage around the world. Only one ship, the _Victoria_, completed the voyage.

In 1520, during his circumnavigation voyage, Magellan became the first European to sail through the Strait of Magellan (which was then named for him).

## Death

Magellan was killed in Mactan, Philippines on April 27, 1521, aged 40-41. He was accused of stealing from the native people, which led to a battle. He was killed by a Filipino leader called Lapulapu and his warriors.

## Other websites

- made by Noor Mohammad I. BH Hammouri

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Ferdinand Magellan
- **image**: Ferdinand Magellan.jpg
- **birth name**: Fernão de Magalhães
- **birth date**: 1480
- **birth place**: Sabrosa, Portugal
- **death place**: Mactan, Philippines killed By Lapulapu
- **nationality**: Portuguese people, Portuguese
- **known for**: The first to sail around the world.
- **signature**: Magellan Signature.svg
Henry the Navigator

**Henry the Navigator** was born in 1394 and died in 1460. He was a prince from Portugal, the third son of King John I of Portugal. He was called Infant Dom Henrique in Portuguese. He was never a navigator himself. He got his name because he organized many ocean voyages on which lands were found. He is seen as the man who started the Age of Discovery.

He opened a navigation school in Portugal, so the technology of tools and ships could be made better. One of these developments was the caravel. His explorers discovered the first shipping routes directly from Europe to Asia for the Portuguese monarchy.

He was an ancestor of Anfrísio Avelino de Morais Sarmento (1877 - 1926), the Literate and landowner, Maria Bárbara Avelino de Araújo Costa (1881 - 1971), Lady of the Strait Farm, Zenaide Castelo Branco Ribeiro (Castelo Branco) (1952 - 2015), Public Servant of the State of Maranhão, Brazil, Raimundo Thomaz de Menezes (1906 - 1962), Visual Artist, Pedro Inácio da Silva (1896 - 1959), Administrator of the Municipal Entity of Teresina (PI), Raimundo Januário da Silva Borges Sampaio (1889 - 1966), Bachelor of Laws, and Lisandro Inácio da Silva, Filho (1896 - 1984), a professor.
Marathon

**A marathon** is a long-distance running sport event where an athlete must run 42.195 kilometres (26 miles and 385 yards). There are many marathons held all over the world each year. It is a very difficult event and runners are advised to run many miles before they compete. This event was named after a battle of the Greco-Persian wars**. **

The famous battle of Marathon was fought in 490 B.C. An army from Persia came to fight the army of Athens. The army from Athens was not expected to win, but they did. After the victory, they sent their best runner, a man named Pheidippides back to Athens to tell everyone the good news. He ran about 25 miles and died of exhaustion when he arrived.

In 1896 the first modern Olympics was held. There was a race called the Marathon there. It was only about 25 miles (40 km) then.
Groningen (province)

**Groningen** is a province in the Northeast of the Netherlands. At the east is the German region Lower Saxony, in the south is Drenthe, in the west is Friesland (or Fryslân in Frisian) and in the north is the Wadden Sea. About 596,000 people are living in Groningen (2023).

The capital of Groningen is also called Groningen. People from Groningen often call Groningen City "stad" ("city") and the rest of the province "Ommelanden" (which means something like "surrounding lands").

Important sources of income are agriculture and natural gas extraction Slochteren.

Noticeable things in Groningen are the Gronings dialect, which is related to Low Saxon, and the strong support for the communist party in the Northeastern part of the province.

## Other websites

- Flag
- Website of the Capital City
- Alternative Website of the Capital City (Local Shops and Small Businesses)
- Map of Groningen
- Website of the University
- Website of the Polytechnic
- Map of Province

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Groningen
- **native name**: Groningen / Grunnen / Grönnen
- **settlement type**: Province
- **image skyline**: 6379.Glimmen.Haren.Fungi.Zwam.Quintusbos.Wood.Bos.Paddenstoelen.jpg
- **image caption**: Quintusbos (municipality of Groningen (city), Groningen)
- **image flag**: Flag of Groningen.svg
- **image shield**: Groningen provincie wapen.svg
- **map caption**: Location
- **image map1**: P01-GR-positiekaart2-gemlabels.png
- **map caption1**: Map
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Netherlands
- **established title**: Established
- **established date**: 1815
- **seat**: Groningen (city), Groningen
- **area total km2**: 2955
- **area land km2**: 2324
- **area water km2**: 632
- **elevation max m**: 14
- **elevation min m**: -2
- **population as of**: 2023
- **population total**: 596000
- **population density km2**: 257
Groningen (disambiguation)

**Groningen** might mean:
- Groningen (province), a province in the Netherlands
- Groningen (city), the capital city of that province
- Groningen (Suriname), a town in Suriname
- FC Groningen, a professional football club in the Netherlands
Duke

A  **Duke** is someone part of nobility.  In monarchies, like the UK, the title has legal status, and is inherited in the male line.

The first English dukes were created by Edward III in 1337, when he gave his eldest son, Edward, the Black Prince, the title of Duke of Cornwall.

Dukes are formally referred to as 'The Duke of (place name)', and addressed as "Your Grace". On State occasions, dukes rank below Royal Dukes, and above Earls. This is called the order of precedence, because in procession to the opening Parliament, or on other state occasions, they walk in order of their rank.

The office or position of a duke is called a **dukedom**.

The wife of a duke is a **Duchess**. This is an honorary title, given for life to the lawfully wedded wife of a Duke. If she divorces and remarries a commoner, (person with no title) their children have no title. The children of a duke, on the other hand, do have honorary titles (so long as they are born in lawful wedlock). The eldest son may bear what is called a junior title which an ancestor was given before the dukedom was created. Other children would be called 'Lady' Jane (or other Christian name) and 'Lord' James (or other Christian name). Children use the family surname, not the Dukedom.

Historically, the land that is ruled by a duke is a duchy. The eldest son of a duke inherits the duchy when the duke dies. The word comes from the Latin word "dux", which means leader.
Michiel de Ruyter

**Michiel Adriaenszoon de Ruyter** (1607 – 1676) was a famous Dutch admiral.

De Ruyter was born in Vlissingen. He fought the English in the three Anglo-Dutch Wars and scored several huge victories. He won amongst others the Four Days Battle and the Raid on Medway, close to London, the English capital. He also fought battles against Sweden and France. He died because of injuries he got on a battle against France, he is buried in Amsterdam.
Johan Rudolf Thorbecke

**Johan Rudolf Thorbecke** (14 January 1798 - 4 June 1872) was an important Dutch politician. In 1848, he wrote a constitution almost on his own. This constitution gave the king less power and the people more, so it made the Netherlands a democracy. Thorbecke was a liberal. Several times he was prime minister, and internal affairs minister.

Thorbecke was a Lutheran and had German roots. He was born in Zwolle and died in The Hague, aged 74.

## References

- Bio at Parlement.com
Karel Doorman

**Karel Willem Frederik Marie Doorman** (April 23, 1889 in Utrecht - February 28, 1942) was a Dutch admiral (Dutch: _schout-bij-nacht_) during World War II.

In 1942 he was made commander of the combined American, British, Dutch and Australian fleet in the Dutch East Indies.

In February 1942, he led his fleet against a much stronger Japanese fleet in the Java Sea. This battle became a disaster for the Allies. Doorman became a hero in the Netherlands, partly of his last words to the fleet: "Ik val aan, volg mij!" (I am attacking, follow me).

Karel Doorman died when his ship _De Ruyter_ (named after the famous Dutch Admiral Michiel de Ruyter) was hit by a torpedo and sank. There was enough time to escape, but Doorman rather went under with his ship, according to old tradition.
Abdou Diouf

**Abdou Diouf** (born 7 September 1935) was president of Senegal from 1981 to 2000. He was the second president since the country became independent.

Diouf was the Secretary General of _La Francophonie_ from 2003 to 2014.

## Infobox (president)

- **image**: Abdou Diouf.jpg
- **name**: Abdou Diouf
- **order**: 2nd President of Senegal
- **term start**: January 1, 1981
- **term end**: April 1, 2000
- **primeminister**: Habib Thiam
- **predecessor**: Léopold Sédar Senghor
- **successor**: Abdoulaye Wade
- **birth place**: Louga, Senegal
- **party**: Socialist Party of Senegal
- **alma mater**: Pantheon-Sorbonne University
- **spouse**: Elizabeth Diouf
Needle

A **needle** is a small tool used to push or pull a thread through a small hole. It is most often used to make clothing and footwear.

The needle consists of a short stick with a sharp point and hole for the thread. Needles are now mostly made of steel, but in ancient or Stone Age times they would have been made of small bones or twigs.

Once the thread is put through the hole in the needle and "doubled-back" so that it cannot fall out, then the whole needle and its thread can be put through the material.

The term needle may also be used to refer to other sharp objects used for different purposes, such as the needles doctors use to give a shot.
Province

A **province** is a subdivision of a country. It is a kind of local government.

Some countries are divided into **provinces**. The word "province" comes from the Latin word _provincia_.

South Africa, Canada, the Netherlands, Pakistan, Spain, Indonesia, and Denmark are examples of countries that are divided into provinces.

In some countries, provinces have different names:

- Département: France
- Canton: Switzerland
- State: United States, Mexico, Brazil, Australia, Venezuela, Austria, Germany, India
- Bundesland: Germany and Austria
- Voivodeship: Poland
- District: Serbia (_okrug_), Belize, Bhutan
- Prefectures (県): Japan
- County: United Kingdom
- Suba: Pakistan
- Praant: Although _Pradesh_ is the Hindi word for states: Republic of India
- Fylke: Norway
- Parish: Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago
Departments usually have less power than provinces. States, Bundesländer and autonomous communities have more power than provinces.

Small countries like Singapore or Monaco are not divided.
Jade

**Jade** is a kind of stone. We use the name "jade" for two different sorts of mineral. The first sort is **nephrite**. This is a form of actinolite (asbestos is a sort of actinolite, too). The second sort is the mineral **jadeite**, and it is a pyroxene. The first sort (nephrite) is harder than the second sort (jadeite). The first sort (jadeite) has more colors that the second sort (nephrite).

Nephrite is Ca<sub>2</sub>(Mg, Fe)<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>8</sub>O<sub>22</sub>(OH)<sub>2</sub>.

Jadeite is NaAlSi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>6</sub>.

The two sorts of jade look nearly the same. People only found that they were two different sorts in 1863. The nephrite form of jade is very hard. In the past, Chinese people and the Maori used it to make knives and weapons. Later, when people could use metals, they liked jade because it looked nice and they thought it had special powers. Today people also use jade for jewelry.

Jade was found about 7000 years ago. The Chinese later made jewelry out of it. Only the rich could have jade because it was so rare and expensive. It was said that jade had healing powers and it was regarded as very lucky.
Viktor Yushchenko

**Viktor Andriyovych Yushchenko** () (born February 23, 1954) is a previous President of Ukraine. On November 26, 2004, he lost the Ukrainian presidential election. However, he and his followers argued that the election had been corrupted. They argued that the election results had been falsified by the Ukrainian government, in support of the opposing candidate Viktor Yanukovych. They organized political demonstrations in the autumn and winter of 2004 that gathered millions of people all over the country. They called the demonstrations _The Orange Revolution_. The Constitutional Court ordered a second round of elections, which Yuschenko won.

Yushchenko claimed to have been poisoned by political enemies. He was hospitalized and his appearance showed signs of a serious illness.

Yulia Tymoshenko and Yushchenko were once strong allies (during the Orange Revolution). Today there is a lot of political misunderstanding between Tymoshenko and Yushchenko.

In February 2010, Yushchenko lost the presidential election to Viktor Yanukovych.

From December 1999 till May 2001, Yushchenko was the Ukrainian prime minister. From January 1993 till December 1999, he was head of the national bank of Ukraine.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Viktor Yushchenko
- **native name lang**: uk
- **image**: Портрет 3-го президента України Віктора Ющенка.jpeg
- **caption**: Official portrait, 2008
- **office**: 79th President of Ukraine
- **term start**: 23 January 1996
- **term end**: 25 February 2005
- **predecessor**: Leonid Kuchma
- **successor**: Viktor Yanukovych
- **office1**: 7th Prime Minister of Ukraine
- **president1**: Leonid Kuchma
- **deputy1**: Yuriy Yekhanurov
- **term start1**: 22 December 1999
- **term end1**: 29 May 2001
**Cabinet**  Yushchenko Government
- **predecessor1**: Valeriy Pustovoitenko
- **successor1**: Anatoliy Kinakh
- **office2**: Governor of the National Bank of Ukraine
- **term start2**: January 1993
- **term end2**: 22 December 1999
- **predecessor2**: Vadym Hetman
- **successor2**: Volodymyr Stelmakh
- **birth name**: Viktor Andriyovych Yushchenko
- **birth place**: Khoruzhivka, Sumy Oblast, Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union
- **children**: Vitalina Yushchenko, Andriy Yushchenko, Sophia, Khrystyna, Taras
- **signature**: Viktor Yushchenko's signature.svg
- **branch**: Border Guard unit of KGB
- **serviceyears**: 1975–1976
- **rank**: Captain (armed forces), Captain
- **office3**: People's Deputy of Ukraine
- **convocation3**: 4th convocation
- **constituency3**: Independent (politician), Independent, No. 1
- **term start3**: 14 May 2002
- **term end3**: 23 January 2005
Salt

In chemistry, a **salt** is any neutral chemical compound made of cations (positive ions) attached to anions (negative ions). The most common example of a salt is sodium chloride, with the chemical formula  - this is the table salt that people use in food.

Classically, salts are the result of a reaction between an acid and a base. Sodium chloride, for example, is the product when hydrochloric acid reacts with sodium hydroxide:

Mixtures of salts in water are called electrolytes. Electricity is able to pass through electrolytes, as well as molten salts.

Salts can melt ice, because salts lower the temperature needed for liquid to freeze. Because of that, streets are sometimes treated with salt in winter, if the temperature is only a little below freezing.

A salt can also be explained as an ionic compound which dissociates, forming a positive ion other than hydrogen ion, and a negative ion other than hydroxide ion.

## History

Because many germs cannot live in salt, it has been used to preserve food. Its use as a food preservative helped large amounts of food to be stored, sent a long way, and eaten all through the year. This helped populations to grow, cities to develop, and soldiers in wars to be fed. Salt was probably used in Egypt as long ago as 4000 BC. In ancient times, salt was more valuable than it is now, because it was hard to get in many places, and could be used not only to give foods flavour, but also to make them last longer. It allowed food to be kept past its season, and taken on long trips.

People often traded salt for other things. It was of high value in China, Turkey, the Middle East, and Africa. In the Mediterranean area, including Ancient Rome, salt was even used for money. The word _salary_ comes from the Latin word for salt, because they paid people in salt. After people learned how to get salt from the ocean, salt became cheaper. The Phoenicians were some of the first to figure out how to do this, by pouring seawater on dry land. Then when it dried, they collected the salt and sold it.

Another use of salt was in war, as a way to punish a city by ruining its crops. This is called "salting the Earth". The Assyrians are said to have been one of the first to have done this to their neighbours.

### Colour

Salts can be found in all different colours: yellow (sodium chromate), orange (potassium dichromate), red (mercury sulphide), mauve (cobalt chloride hexahydrate), blue (copper sulfate pentahydrate, ferric hexacyanoferrate), green (nickel oxide), colorless (magnesium sulphate), white (titanium dioxide), and black (manganese dioxide). Most minerals and inorganic pigments, as well as many synthetic organic dyes, are salts.
Business

A **business** is a place where people work together. In a business, people work to make and sell products or services. Other people buy the products and services. The business owner is the person who hires people for work. A business can earn a profit for the products and services it offers. The word _business_ comes from the word _busy_, and means doing things. It works on regular basis.

Originally, individual trades people were qualified, and they hired assistants. The invention of the joint-stock company meant a new era in business. By this means, some people put up the money as capital, and others used it to run the business. There is a law which says this kind of company is a "legal entity": it has a legal life separate from its owners or shareholders. In this way, a company can outlive the people who started it. This idea was invented in medieval times, but really flowered in the 19th century. It has spread around the world since then.

Most businesses are created for commerce. There are big and small businesses. For example, one person can open a small barber-shop. A big business, like Microsoft,  employs thousands of people all over the world.

Some businesses need fixed locations. Examples are an office, store, or farm. For some businesses the worker goes to different locations. Examples are carpenters or electricians. They usually bring everything they need for work in their truck.

_Business_ can also mean the work or current state of a business. A business owner might say: "I am doing a lot of business" or "My business is good" or "Business is bad".

The term can also be used in a more general way. As a noun, it can be used, for example, to speak about a broad area of activity.
Winter

**Winter** is one of the four season and it is the coldest time of the year. The days are shorter, and the nights are longer. Winter comes after autumn and before spring.

## Overview

Winter begins at the winter solstice. In the northern hemisphere, the winter solstice is usually December 21 or December 22. In the southern hemisphere, the winter solstice is usually June 21 or June 22. Some animals hibernate in this season. In temperate climates there are no leaves on deciduous trees. People wear warm clothing, and eat food that was grown earlier. Many regions have snow in winter.

### Christmas

Holidays in winter for many countries include Christmas and New Year's Day. The name comes from an old Germanic word that means the "time of water" in reference to the rain and snow of winter in middle and high latitudes. Some nations do not have a time of the year which has temperatures too different than in other seasons. There is no snowing in many regions during winter.

## Related pages

- Spring
- Autumn
- Summer
- Astronomy
- Meterology
- Greek mythology
- Roman mythology
Junta

A **junta** is a Spanish word that is used for military dictatorships.

Often juntas got their power because of a coup d'état. Juntas are different from other dictatorships because they are ruled by a group of military officers instead of one person.

Greece, Argentina, Chile, Mauritania, Guatemala, Brazil, South Vietnam, and El Salvador are examples of countries that were once ruled by juntas.

The most famous junta nowadays is that of Myanmar.

Some autonomous regional governments in Spain are also called **junta**.
Nezahualcoyotl

**Nezahualcoyotl** (1402 - 1472) was king of Texcoco, a part of the Aztec empire. He was also a famous poet.

The name Nezahualcoyotl is Nahuatl, it means "hungry coyote".