juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Alice DeeJay

**Alice DeeJay** was a Dutch electronic music group, who achieved success from 1999 to 2002. The group consisted of record producers Pronti (born Sebastiaan Molijn), Kalmani (born Eelke Kalberg) and DJ Jurgen, with lead singer Judith Anna Pronk. The groups best known song is "Better Off Alone" from their 2000 album, _Who Needs Guitars Anyway?_.

## Other websites

- Alice DeeJay at Allmusic

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Alice DeeJay
- **landscape**: yes
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Amsterdam, Netherlands
- **genre**: Trance music, Trance, Eurodance
- **years active**: 1999–2002
- **label**: Universal Records, Republic/Universal (US)
Armada Music
- **past members**: Sebastiaan Molijn
Eelke Kalberg
DJ Jurgen
Judith Anna Pronk
Marc Lee-Smith
Mila Levesque
Angelique Versnel
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation

**Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation**, more commonly referred to as **TENS** (or sometimes **TeNS**), is defined by the American Physical Therapy Association as application of electrical current through the skin for pain control.
Fenwick Island, Delaware

**Fenwick Island** is a town in Sussex County, which is in the state of Delaware in the United States. There were 343 people in the town in 2020. Fenwick Island is part of the Seaford, Delaware Micropolitan Statistical Area. Fenwick Island is on the Atlantic Ocean north of Ocean City, Maryland.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Fenwick Island, Delaware
- **settlement type**: Town
- **image map**: DEMap-doton-Fenwick_Island.png
- **mapsize**: 250x200px
- **map caption**: Location of Fenwick Island, Delaware
- **subdivision type**: List of countries, Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: Political divisions of the United States, State
- **subdivision name1**: Delaware
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Delaware, County
- **subdivision name2**: Sussex County, Delaware, Sussex
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 1.3
- **area land km2**: 0.9
- **area water km2**: 0.4
- **area total sq mi**: 0.5
- **area land sq mi**: 0.3
- **area water sq mi**: 0.1
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 343
- **timezone**: North American Eastern Time Zone, Eastern (EST)
- **utc offset**: -5
- **timezone dst**: EDT
- **utc offset dst**: -4
- **elevation m**: 2
- **elevation ft**: 7
- **postal code type**: ZIP codes
- **postal code**: 19944, 19975
- **area code**: Area code 302, 302
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 10-26880
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 213954
General American English

**General American** (GA) is a major accent of American English. Within American English, General American and accents approximating it are contrasted with Southern American English, several Northeastern accents, and other distinct regional accents and social group accents like African American Vernacular English.
Thomas Linley the younger

**Thomas Linley** (born Bath, England, 5 May 1756; died Grimsthorpe, Lincolnshire 5 August 1778) was an English composer and violinist.  He was born in the same year as Mozart and, like Mozart, he was an astonishing child prodigy.  He would almost certainly have been one of England’s greatest composers if he had not died at the age of 22.

## Life

Thomas came from a musical family.  His father, also called Thomas Linley, was a composer, singing teacher and harpsichord player.  His young son  was soon showing exceptional musical skills.  We do not know who taught him the violin in his early years, but people writing at the time all say he was a brilliant player.  He went to Italy to study the violin and composition with Nardini in Florence. He met Mozart there in 1770 and he also met Charles Burney in the same year.  Burney wrote that Linley was the most promising genius of the time.

In 1771, Linley went back to England.  He was the leader of the orchestra in the theatre in Drury Lane.  He often played concertos between the acts of oratorios.

During the last five years of his life he composed a large amount of excellent music.  Unfortunately a lot of it has been lost.  Gainsborough twice painted a portrait of him.

He died in a boating accident when he was on holiday with his family in Lincolnshire.

## References

- New Groves Dictionary of Music & Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie, London 1980,

## Other websites

- short biography of Thomas Linley, the Younger
Kaiane Aldorino

**Kaiane Loise Aldorino Lopez**, GMH (née **Aldorino**; born 8 July 1986) is a Gibraltarian  politician and beauty queen. She won Miss World 2009 on December 12, 2009. She was born July 8, 1986 in Gibraltar. From 2017 to 2019, she was Mayor of Gibraltar.

## Infobox (prime minister)

- **name**: Kaiane Aldorino Lopez
- **honorific-suffix**: <small>Gibraltar Medallion of Honour, GMH</small>
- **image**: 31 mayo II Jornada y Clausura XVII Juegos del Estrecho.jpg
- **caption**: Kaiane Aldorino on 31 May 2014
- **order**: Mayor of Gibraltar#List of Mayors, 16th
- **office**: Mayor of Gibraltar
- **term start**: 5 April 2017
- **term end**: 4 April 2019
- **predecessor**: Adolfo Canepa
- **successor**: John Gonçalves
- **birth name**: Kaiane Loise Aldorino
- **birth place**: Gibraltar
- **children**: 1
Thomas Linley the elder

**Thomas Linley** (born Badminton, Gloucestershire, England, 17 January 1733; died London 19 November 1795), was an English composer, harpsichordist and singing teacher.  He studied with Thomas Chilcot, organist of Bath Abbey, and later with William Boyce and possibly also with Paradies, the Italian harpsichordist who had come to live in England.

He soon became well known as a singing teacher and composed a lot of music for the Drury Lane theatre, London.

He married a girl called Mary Johnson and the couple had twelve children.  Several of them were gifted musicians, especially Thomas who died at the age of 22 in a boating accident.

Thomas Linley was chosen to be a member of the Royal Society of Musicians in 1777.  He is buried in Wells Cathedral.

## References

- New Groves Dictionary of Music&Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie; London 1980;
Hypothetical imperative

A **hypothetical imperative** is a rule of the form _If you want x, then do y_. Moral theories may generally have this structure. This means that only those who want x, must do y. Another view is that moral values are not relative to some objective, but are the same for all, that is they are unconditional, or categorical.

for example, if you wish to do well in exams, you can study. But this doesn't stop you from not studying - studying is a hypothetical imperative which is entirely optional. However, not stealing is a categorical imperative: It is to be obeyed at all times, whether you like it or not. For example, you cannot steal bread, even if it means you will die.

The term was coined by Immanuel Kant, and is the opposite of Categorical imperatives.
The Starry Night

***The Starry Night*** is a famous painting of a moonlit sky with stars in it by Vincent van Gogh. It was painted in 1889. It was one of the last paintings he made.

## Other websites

- Starry Night_ in the MoMA Online Collection
- smARThistory: van Gogh's _Starry Night_
- Multimedia study of van Gogh, McLean and Sexton
- On Exhibit at the Van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam February 13-June 7 2009, retrieved January 31, 2009
- The Starry Night at the Most Famous Paintings
Money Talks

***Money Talks*** is a 1997  action/comedy movie directed by Brett Ratner and starring Chris Tucker and Charlie Sheen. It was released to theaters by New Line Cinema
Kalgan River

The **Kalgan River** is in Western Australia near Albany. It is one of the oldest rivers in the world and has seen dinosaurs on its banks. It is about  in length.

## History

The river was named the 'Riviere des Francais' by the French Scientific Expedition in 1803 led by Nicolas Baudin. Early settlers called it the 'French River'. The explorer Dr Alexander Collie wrote down the name of the river as 'Kal-gan-up' in April 1831. The name Kalganup is thought to be the Noongar word for 'place of many waters'.  Kalganup is also thought to mean 'place of fishes' and there are still the remains of Aboriginal fish traps to prove the point.

## Infobox (river)

- **name**: Kalgan River
- **image**: KalganRiver.JPG
- **image caption**: Kalgan River
- **source1 location**: Stirling Ranges
- **mouth**: Oyster Harbour, Albany, Western Australia
- **subdivision type1**: Country
- **subdivision name1**: Australia
- **discharge1 avg**: 1.69 m³/s (53,400 Megalitres/year)
- **basin size**: 2,562 km²
Gas mask

A **gas mask** is a kind of mask that fits over the face area and nose. It protects from poison gases and many other hazards in the air. They are often used in war.

Gas masks in the United States are checked by NIOSH.

## Related pages

- NIOSH ratings

## References

pt:Máscara contra gases

## Infobox (regulated ppe)

- **image**: Bundswehrsoldat_mit_abc_maske-da65.jpg
- **caption**: A soldier wearing a gas mask
George Whipple

**George Hoyt Whipple** (August 26, 1878 - February 1, 1976) was an American Medical doctor and scientist. He won the 1934 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, along with George Minot and William P. Murphy, for their discoveries about how eating liver could cure anaemia.

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: George Hoyt Whipple
- **image**: George Whipple nobel.jpg
- **image size**: 180px
- **birth place**: Ashland, New Hampshire, USA
- **field**: Medicine
- **work institutions**: Johns Hopkins University
- **alma mater**: Yale University
- **prizes**: Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (1934)
Milişăuţi

**Milişăuţi** is a town in Suceava County, Romania. In 2011, 4,958 people lived there according to the census.
Fălticeni

**Fălticeni** (; ;  ) is a city in Suceava County, Romania, capital of the former Baia County (1929-1950). As of 2003 the population is 28,899, and the city covers an area of 28,76 km², of which 25% are orchards and lakes. The city is  away from Suceava, the capital of the county.

## Infobox (romanian subdivision)

- **type**: municipality
- **county**: Suceava
- **population total**: auto
- **map caption**: Location in Suceava County
- **official name**: Fălticeni
- **image shield**: ROU SV Falticeni CoA.png
- **image map**: Falticeni jud Suceava.png
- **image skyline**: Municipiul Falticeni.jpg
- **image caption**: From top-left, clockwise:
_Nicu Gane_ National College, House of Notable People, City Hall, _Mihai Băcescu_ Water Museum, Children's House, _Ion Irimescu_ Art Museum
- **leader name**: Gheorghe Cătălin Coman
- **leader party**: PSD
- **term**: 2020–2024
- **area total km2**: 28.76
Vicovu de Sus

**Vicovu de Sus** () is a town in northern Suceava County, Romania. It is on the border with Ukraine.
George Minot

**George Richards Minot** (December 2, 1885 - February 25, 1950) was an American doctor. He won the 1934 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, along with George Whipple and William P. Murphy, for their discoveries how eating liver could cure anaemia.

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: George Minot
- **image**: George Minot nobel.jpg
- **birth date**: December 2, 1885
- **birth place**: Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A.
- **death date**: February 25, 1950
- **field**: Medicine
- **alma mater**: Harvard University
- **prizes**: Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1934
Tertiary

The **Tertiary** was an official geological period, but it is no longer used. It included the first part of the Cainozoic. This is now divided into the Palaeogene and the Neogene.

The previous use of the term "Tertiary" explains why the last period of the Cainozoic is called the Quarternary. There was a big debate about that. These decisions are made by the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS). This organisation runs an International Commission on Stratigraphy, which decides how we should name geological strata and stages.

In 19th and 20th century scientific literature, Tertiary is used where geologists now use Palaeogene and Neogene.
Quaternary

The **Quaternary** is the current geological period. It is the most recent of the three periods of the Cainozoic era. The Quaternary follows the Neogene, which is the second period of the Cainozoic.

The Quaternary began about 2.6 million years ago, and continues today. A great deal of information is considered when geologists discuss the timing of periods. The status of the Quaternary as a period is confirmed by the _International Commission on Stratigraphy_ (ICS).

In the Quarternary were the glaciations known as the Ice Age. Also, anatomically modern humans evolved. During the Quaternary,  many large mammalian species became extinct. This was due to climate change and hunting by humans.

The Quaternary includes two geologic epochs:
- Pleistocene
- Holocene

Changes in Earth's climate is caused by slight changes in the Earth's orbit round the Sun, and by the tilt of the Earth's axis.
Palaeogene

The **Palaeogene** (meaning “old generation” in Greek) is the first geological period of the Cainozoic and the tenth period in the Phanerozoic eon. It began 65 million years ago, and ended 23 million years ago. Before it was the Cretaceous. The Palaeogene was followed by the Neogene.

The Palaeogene had three stages: Palaeocene, Eocene and Oligocene.

The Palaeogene and the succeeding Neogene were originally considered to be one period, the Tertiary, until it was split recently .

## Climate

The climate was warmer than today. The world was largely forested, and the larger land animals were browsers, not grazers. Grasses existed, but they had not yet become the dominant ecology they became later. The change to a modern climate came in the Miocene period, which started off like the Paleogene, but changed towards a modern-type ecology with less rainfall and widespread grasslands.
Neogene

The **Neogene** is the second geological period of the Cainozoic. It began 23 million years ago, and ended about 2.58 million years ago. Before the Neogene was the Palaeogene. The Neogene and the preceding Palaeogene were originally together considered one period, the Tertiary.

The Neogene has two stages: Miocene, and Pliocene. It is followed by the Quaternary. Some geologists think that the Neogene cannot be clearly distinguished from the modern geological period, the Quaternary.

The global climate became seasonal and with an overall drying and cooling trend. The ice caps on both poles began to grow and thicken. By the end of the period the first glaciation of the current Ice Age began.

Marine and continental flora and fauna have a modern appearance. Mammals and birds adapted to various habitats. The first humans (belonging to the species _Homo habilis_) appeared in Africa near the end of the period.
Palaeocene

The **Palaeocene** is the first geological epoch in the Palaeogene. It was from 66 to 56 million years ago. It started after the end of the Cretaceous, and it was followed by the Eocene epoch.

The word "Palaeocene" may be spelled "Paleocene" quite correctly. It is just an alternative spelling.

The Palaeocene began and ended with an extinction event, each of quite a different character. The epoch began with the K/T extinction event, caused by a combination of a meteorite strike (Chicxulub crater) and a huge volcanic flood basalt eruption. The eruption produced the Deccan Traps in what is now India. This would have caused the extinction of many groups.

The epoch ended with the _Palaeocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum_, a deep ocean anoxic event (DOAE). This means that the ocean depths were lacking oxygen, so no higher forms of life could survive there. This produced a mass extinction of between 35–50% of deep water forms such as benthic foraminifera. At the same time there was a major change of mammalian types on land.

## Climate

After a cooler start, the climate grew warmer during the epoch, far warmer than today, and the world was heavily forested. There were no ice caps at the poles. Warm seas circulated throughout the world, including the poles. The earliest Paleocene featured a low diversity and abundance of marine life, but this trend reversed later in the epoch. Tropical conditions gave rise to abundant marine life, including coral reefs. With the extinction of marine reptiles at the end of the Cretaceous, sharks became the top predators. At the end of the Cretaceous, the ammonites and many species of foraminifera became extinct.

Marine faunas also came to look like modern faunas. Only the marine mammals and an important family of sharks, the Carcharhinidae, are missing.

Non-avian dinosaurs may have survived to some extent into the early Danian stage of the Paleocene Epoch about 66 mya. The controversial evidence for such is a hadrosaur leg bone found from Paleocene strata in New Mexico; but such stray late forms may be derived fossils. This means they were fossilised, then erosion uncovered them, then they were buried again in a younger layer of rocks.

## Polar forests

The warm Paleocene climate, much like that of the Cretaceous, supported  polar forests. Rainfall is a major factor in plant diversity nearer the equator, but polar plants have to adapt to light (polar nights and midnight suns) and temperature. Because of this, plants from both poles evolved some similar characteristics, such as broad leaves. Plant diversity at both poles increased throughout the Paleocene, especially at the end, with the increasing global temperature.

## Stages of the Palaeocene

The Palaeocene is divided into three stages:
|Stage|Time: million years ago|
| --- | --- |
|Thanetian|59.2 – 56|
|Selandian|61.6 – 59.2|
|Danian|66 – 61.6|
Byron Moreno

**Byron Moreno** (born 23 November 1969) is a former Ecuadorian football referee. He has been suspended for his job, because he showed illegal red cards. He was also arrested in New York for the possession of the illegal drug heroin and was fined for drunk driving.
Eocene

The **Eocene** was the second geological epoch in the Palaeogene, and by far the longest. It began 56 million years ago, and ended 33.9 million years ago with a global warming crisis. Before the period was the Palaeocene, and after the time was the Oligocene, the time where paraceratheres, indricotheres, entelodonts, hyaenodonts, archaeotheres, chalicotheres, arsinoitheres and cynodictids were the main animals.

The Eocene, like the Palaeocene before it, had a climate much warmer than today. At the start of the Eocene, the _Palaeocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum_ was reached. This lasted for 100,000 years, and caused a large extinction event. The land was heavily forested, with temperate forests into Arctic and Antarctic regions. The many herbivorous mammals were browsers, not grazers. All the members of the new mammal orders were small, under 10 kg. Eocene mammals were only 60% of the size of the primitive Palaeocene mammals that came before them. They were also smaller than the mammals that followed them. The main animals of the time included _Propalaeotherium_, _Leptictidium_, _Ambulocetus_, _Pristichampsus_, _Gastornis_ and _Hyracotherium_.

The end of the Eocene was the beginning of the Oligocene (33.9 million years ago). Many plant and animal species went extinct. This was the Eocene–Oligocene extinction event. The extinction event was probably caused by meteorite strikes in Siberia and Chesapeake Bay. The fauna of this timeline included basilosaurs, arsinoitheres, dorudonts, andrewsarchids, paraceratheres, indricotheres, uintatheres, hyaenodonts, embolotheres, brontotheres and moeritheres.

## Swamp forests

Tropical peatlands coexist with swamp forests in the Eocene. This is the most recent period which has left us coal measures. It was so hot in the Eocene that there was a high level of plant growth. Polar forests were quite extensive. Fossils and preserved remains of trees such as swamp cypress and dawn redwood from the Eocene have been found on Ellesmere Island in the Arctic.

The end-Eocene flora and some of its fauna is well seen at Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument, Rocky Mountains, Colorado.
Islam in Pakistan

**Islam** is the official religion of the **Islamic Republic** of **Pakistan**. As of 2017, 97% of the population is Muslim, with 75% being Sunni and 20% Shi'a. There are about**~230 millions ** (2021 est.)
  Muslim population in Pakistan which is the second largest Muslim population in the world after Indonesia. The Shi'a Muslim population is the second largest in the world after Iran, more than 60 million. Pakistan has been called a "global centre for political Islam". Pakistani nationalism is religious in nature being Islamic nationalism. Religion was the basis of Pakistani nationalist narrative.

## History

In 644 A.D. an Arab Army under the command of Hakam defeated the combined forces of Makran and Sindh, which was prominently Buddhist at the time. The period of Arab rule brought the religion of Islam to the Indus Valley. The Baloch tribes gradually embraced Islam, replacing their centuries-old Zoroastrian religion. Islam arrived in the area of modern Pakistan in 711 AD, 79 yrs after the of death of the prophet Muhammad. The Umayyad dynasty sent a Muslim Arab army led by Muhammad ibn Qasim al-Thaqafi against the ruler of Sindh, Raja Dahir. Raja Dahir had given refuge to many Zoroastrian Princes who had fled the Islamic conquest of the Persian Empire. Muhammad Bin Qasim's army was defeated in his first three attempts.  The Muslim army conquered the northwestern part of Indus Valley from Kashmir to the Arabian Sea.

The arrival of the Arab Muslim armies to the provinces of Sindh and Punjab, along with subsequent Muslim dynasties, set the religious boundaries of South Asia. This would lead to the development of the modern state of Pakistan as well as forming the foundation for Islamic rule across much of South Asia. Following the rule of various Islamic empires, including the Ghaznavid Empire, the Ghorid Kingdom, and the Delhi Sultanate, the Mughals controlled the region from 1526 until 1739. Muslim technocrats, bureaucrats, soldiers, traders, scientists, architects, teachers, theologians and Sufis flocked from the rest of the Muslim world to  Sultanate and Mughal Empire in South Asia.
Kashmir Smast

The **Kashmir Smast** caves are a series of natural limestone caves, artificially expanded from the Kushan Empire to the Shahi periods, in the Babozai mountains in the Mardan Valley in Northern Pakistan.
Lower Cretaceous

The **Lower Cretaceous** is the first geological epoch in the Cretaceous. It began 145 million years ago, and ended 100.5 million years ago.

Lasting for about 46 million years, this is the longest stage in the Phanerozoic eon. It is longer than some of the geological periods in the Phanerozoic.

The Lower Cretaceous is best displayed in England, where it is composed of two series of rocks. Between the two is a major rise in sea level.
- Lower, the _Wealden Beds_, laid down in freshwater or brackish conditions. Sands came from the flood plain of a huge tropical braided river. Clays came from a coastal lagoonal plain.
- Upper, the _Greensands_, an olive-green sandstone deposited in the sea; and the _Gault Clay_, a formation of stiff blue clay deposited in a calm, fairly deep water marine environment. It overlays the Lower Greensand formation.

The two parts of the Cretaceous represent the sea level where the divisions were first defined. In the Lower Cretaceous, the sea level was much lower than in the Upper Cretaceous. In the Wealden, Southern England was a huge tropical river delta; in the Greensand the same areas were just offshore. However, in the Upper Cretaceous the deposits were made in deeper water, on what was then the continental shelf. Sea level then stood at its highest level in the Mesozoic.
Trio sonata

A **trio sonata** is a type of music for four instruments which was very popular during the 17th century and early 18th century: the period known as the Baroque period.

A trio sonata is written for three voices (three parts), in other words, it can be played by three different instruments.  The two upper voices share the same musical themes.  They often imitate one another.  They are of equal importance.  The third part, the lowest part, is played by basso continuo, which means the accompaniment.  This continuo is usually played by two instruments:  typically a cello or bass viol and a keyboard instrument such as the harpsichord.  That makes four players, of course.  However, the harpsichord player’s left hand notes are the same as the cello’s notes.  This is the “third” part of the trio.

Some of the best trio sonatas are those by Arcangelo Corelli.  His collection of trio sonatas numbered opus 1 and 3 are sonata da chiesa: four movements (slow-fast-slow-fast) finishing with a fugue.  His op 2 and 4 sonatas are sonata da camera type: each movement is a kind of dance.  Corelli’s trio sonatas are for two violins and continuo.

Johann Sebastian Bach wrote a trio sonata in _The Musical Offering_ for violin, flute and continuo.

Bach also wrote six trio sonatas for organ.  These are played by one player.  The organist’s two hands each play on different manuals (keyboards) so that they sound like two different instruments.  The organist’s feet play the third part on the pedals.  Each part is strictly a single line (no chords, never more than three notes at a time) so that these works can also be played by other instruments (e.g. two violins and cello with harpsichord).

Bach also wrote sonatas for one melodic instrument and harpsichord.  These pieces are really trio sonatas, although he does not call them trio sonatas.  The melodic instrument (normally violin or flute) plays the top part, the harpsichordist plays the second part with his right hand, and the third part is the lowest part of his left hand notes.

Some other composers who wrote trio sonatas are Tomaso Albinoni,  Henry Purcell, Dieterich Buxtehude, George Frideric Handel,  Georg Philipp Telemann,  Johann Pachelbel and Antonio Vivaldi.

## References

- Groves Dictionary of Music & Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie; London 1980, ISBN 1-56159-174-2
K/T extinction event

The **Cretaceous–Tertiary extinction event**, now called the **Cretaceous–Palaeogene extinction event**, was about 65.5 million years ago. It may be called the **K/T extinction event** or **K/Pg event** for short. This is the famous event which killed most of the dinosaurs at the end of the Cretaceous period.

It was a large-scale mass extinction of animal and plant species. The event marks the end of the Mesozoic era and the beginning of the Cainozoic era.

## Effects

Dinosaur fossils are only found below the K/T boundary. This shows they became extinct before or during the event. Mosasaurs, plesiosaurs, pterosaurs and many species of plants and invertebrates also became extinct.

A collection of Mammalian class and bird class got through the event with some extinctions. The survived, became widespread, and varied during their later evolutionary radiation.

## Causes

The K/T extinctions were so sudden and far-reaching that they must have been caused by something instantaneous and powerful. One theory is that increased volcanic activity was to blame. Another theory says that one or more massive asteroid or meteor impacts caused the K/T extinction.

How quickly animals died out around the world is an important clue. Patterns in rocks also suggest causes. There are several impact craters and massive volcanic activity in the Deccan Traps in India dated to about the same time as the extinctions. Those impacts and volcanoes would have reduced sunlight and hindered photosynthesis, disrupting Earth's ecology.

The best supported theory is that the meteorite strike in the Yucatan was the main cause of the extinction at the end of the Mesozoic era.

### Craters

There were several impact event<nowiki/>s across the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary, such as the Chicxulub crater in Mexico, Boltysh crater in Ukraine, Silverpit crater in North Sea, and the Shiva crater offshore western India.

The Shiva crater is a sea floor structure under the continental shelf in the Indian Ocean, west of Mumbai, India. It was named by paleontologist Sankar Chatterjee after Shiva, the Hindu god of destruction and renewal.

## Related pages

- List of extinction events
- Chicxulub
John Rutter

**John Rutter** (born London 24 September 1945) is an English composer and choral conductor.  He has composed a lot of church music.  Many of his anthems and songs are very popular indeed with church choirs as well as choral societies.  He writes in a style that can be enjoyed easily, and at the same time it is excellent music.

## Life

Rutter was born in London.  He went to school at Highgate School.  Another pupil in the school was John Tavener who was also to become a famous composer, although his style of music is very different.

Rutter studied music at Clare College, Cambridge.  He became director of music at Clare College in 1975 and made the choir internationally famous.

In 1974, Rutter visited the United States where he conducted his new cantata "Gloria" which became a great favourite.  He also conducted his "Eight Childhood Lyrics".

In 1981, Rutter started a choir of his own, the Cambridge Singers.  He still conducts them.  They have made many recordings.  Rutter still lives near Cambridge and spends his time composing and conducting all over the world.

Rutter has been given many honours, including  honorary Fellow of Westminster Choir College, Princeton (1980), Fellow of the Guild of Church Musicians (1988). In 1996, the Archbishop of Canterbury gave him the Lambeth Doctorate of Music to celebrate all he has done for church music.  He was made a CBE in 2007.

Rutter also works as an arranger and editor.  His collection of _Carols for Choirs_ which he prepared together with Sir David Willcocks is extremely widely used in Britain.

## Compositions

Rutter's compositions include Christmas carols, anthems and longer choral works such as a _Gloria_, a _Magnificat_, and a _Requiem_.

In 2002 his setting of _Psalm 150_, written for the Queen's Golden Jubilee, was performed at the thanksgiving service in St Paul's Cathedral, London. He has also written an opera for young people called _Bang!_.  His _Mass for Children_ was first performed in 2003 in the Carnegie Hall, New York.

Most of his songs and anthems were written at first with piano or organ accompaniment, but he has also arranged many of them for orchestral accompaniment as well.

## Other websites

- Rutter at the Oxford University Press website
Danny Bonaduce

**Dante Daniel "Danny" Bonaduce** (born August 13, 1959) is an American radio and TV host, and he was a child actor.

He is famous for being on the 1970s sitcom/television series _The Partridge Family_.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Danny Bonaduce
- **image**: DannyBonaduceMay07.jpg
- **caption**: Danny Bonaduce in May 2007
- **birth name**: Dante Daniel Bonaduce
- **birth place**: Broomall, Pennsylvania,
 United States
- **years active**: 1967–2023
- **known for**: _The Partridge Family_
- **occupation**: Actor, radio host, wrestler
- **spouse**: Setsuko Hattori (1985–1988)
Gretchen Hillmer (1990–2007)
Amy Railsback (2010-present)
- **children**: Countess Isabella Michaela Bonaduce (daughter)

Count Dante Jean Michel Valentino Bonaduce (son)
- **parents**: Joseph Bonaduce (father)
Betty Bonaduce (mother)
- **signature**: Danny Bonaduce (signature).png
Permian–Triassic extinction event

The **Permian/Triassic extinction event** was the largest extinction event in the Phanerozoic eon. 57% of all biological families, 83% of all genera, 96% of all marine species became extinct. This includes many fish and the last surviving trilobites, 70% of all terrestrial vertebrates and many of the large amphibia, primitive reptiles and synapsids.  It is the only known extinction event of insects. It ended the Palaeozoic era, and began the Mesozoic era.

The event forms the boundary between the Permian and Triassic periods, at about 252 million years ago. Because so much biodiversity was lost, the recovery of life on Earth took much longer than after other extinction events.  This event has been described as the "mother of all mass extinctions".
The pattern of extinction is still unclear. Different studies suggest one to three separate pulses.

There are several proposed mechanisms for the extinctions. These include: large or multiple meteorite impacts, increased volcanism, sudden release of methane hydrates from the sea floor. Gradual changes include sea level change, oceanic anoxic events, increasing aridity, and a shift in ocean circulation driven by climate change.

One thing is probably significant. One of the largest ever flood basalt eruptions took place across the P/Tr junction. These eruptions, from 251 to 250 million years ago, produced the Siberian Traps, a huge volcanic province in Siberia. This would certainly have made the world's climate much worse, and is now thought to be the main cause of this great extinction.

Another factor is that global sea levels were at an historic low point at the time. Lastly, it should be remembered that Pangaea was in existence: volcanic eruptions would affect all lands, continental shelves and ocean floors near the continents.

## Related pages

- List of extinction events
Camille Pissarro

**Camille Pissarro** (10 July 1830 – 12 November 1903) Born on Saint Thomas in the Virgin Islands into a Jewish family, his given name at birth was Jacob Abraham Camille Pissarro became one of the early influencers among Impressionist artists. He died in Paris at the age of 73.

He was the only artist to exhibit in both Impressionism and Post-impressionism forms. Pissarro learnt from great forerunners, including Gustave Courbet and Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot. He later studied and worked alongside Georges Seurat and Paul Signac when he took on the Neo-Impressionist style at the age of 54.

In 1873 he helped establish a society of fifteen aspiring artists, holding the group together and encouraging the other members. Art historian John Rewald called Pissarro the “dean of the Impressionist painters", not only because he was the oldest of the group, but also "by virtue of his wisdom and his balanced, kind, and warmhearted personality”. Cézanne said "he was a father for me. A man to consult and a little like the good Lord". He was also one of Gauguin's mentors. Renoir referred to his work as “revolutionary”, through his artistic portrayals of the common man. Pissarro insisted on painting individuals in natural settings without "artifice or grandeur".

Pissarro is the only artist to have shown his work at all eight Paris Impressionist exhibitions, from 1874 to 1886. He acted as a father figure to the Impressionists and, in varying degress, to all four of the major Post-impressionists including Georges Seurat, Paul Cézanne, Vincent van Gogh and Paul Gauguin.

## The London years

The Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71 compelled Pissarro to flee his home in September 1870; he returned in June 1871 to find that the house, and along with it many of his early paintings, had been destroyed by Prussian soldiers. By December 1870 he and his family had taken refuge in London and settled in Crystal Palace, southwest London.

Through the paintings Pissarro completed at this time, he records Sydenham and Norwood at a time when they were just recently connected by railways. One of the largest of these paintings is a view of _St. Bartholomew's Church_ at Lawrie Park Avenue, commonly known as _The Avenue, Sydenham_, in the collection of the  National Gallery, London.

Whilst in Upper Norwood Pissarro was introduced to the art dealer Paul Durand-Ruel, who bought two of his 'London' paintings.  Durand-Ruel subsequently became the most important art dealer of the new school of French Impressionism.

Returning to France, in 1890 Pissarro again visited England and painted some ten scenes of central London. He came back again in 1892, painting in Kew Gardens and Kew Green, and also in 1897, when he produced several oils of Bedford Park, Chiswick.

## Related pages

- List of French painters
- List of Danish painters
Rivallo

**Rivallo** () was a legendary king of the Britons as told by Geoffrey of Monmouth. He was the son of King Cunedagius.

During the time he ruled he was troubled by disasters: a rain of blood which lasted three days, a terrible plague, and a great swarm of flies. After he died his son Gurgustius became king.
Pat Fenlon

**Pat Fenlon** (born 15 March 1969) is an Irish football manager who is currently managing Bohemians F.C..

His first job as a manager was at Shelbourne where he won the league in 2003, 2004 and 2006. In that time they also made history by managing the first Irish club to reach the third qualifying round of the Champions League, where they were knocked out by Deportivo de La Coruña from Spain. He left Shelbourne at the end of 2006.

He was made the Derry City manager at the end of 2006 but left halfway through the 2007 season after making a poor start with his new club.

He was made manager of Bohemians in early 2008 and so far has won back-to-back titles, an FAI Cup and a League Cup. He has stated that his desire is to get Bohemians into the Champions League group stages in 2010.
William P. Murphy

**William Parry Murphy** (February 6, 1892 – October 9, 1987) was an American doctor. He won the 1934 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, along with George Whipple and George Minot, for discovering how eating liver could cure anaemia.

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: William P. Murphy
- **image**: William P Murphy.jpg
- **caption**: Name
- **birth place**: Stoughton, Wisconsin, U.S.A.
- **death place**: Brookline, Massachusetts, U.S.A.
- **nationality**: American
- **field**: Medicine
- **work institutions**: Havard University
- **alma mater**: University of Oregon
- **known for**: Finding a cure for anaemia
- **prizes**: Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (1934)
Silent Night

"**Silent Night**" () is a very popular Christmas carol and song. It was first performed in 1818, by Franz Xaver Gruber and Joseph Mohr. Gruber was an organist and headmaster of a primary school. Mohr was a priest. Mohr had written the poem in 1816; Gruber wrote the melody for it before Christmas 1818. Little else is known on how the song came to be.

One of the theses is that at the time it was not possible to play the organ in the church. For this reason Gruber and Mohr created a song that could be accompanied by a guitar. There are many other stories about how the song came to be.

The audience liked the performance very much. Gruber sang, and Mohr played the guitar. It is because of an organ-maker called _Mauracher_ that the song became known to a wider audience. Mauracher could capture the attention of the crowd at a performance in Leipzig in 1832. From there it spread, first to the German-speaking countries, then to the world. Today there are translations into more than 300 languages and dialects.

The song was first published on a leaflet in 1833, with other "authentic Tyrolean songs". Frederick William IV of Prussia wanted to know the authors of the song, and asked St. Peter's Archabbey, Salzburg, in 1854. The abbey found Gruber, who was still alive. In the meantime, the song had been attributed to Michael Haydn. Through the latter half of the 19th and through most of the 20th century it has also been attributed to Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart or Ludwig Van Beethoven.

The author Hertha Pauli, who was born in Austria had to flee from the persecutions during the Second World War. In 1943, she found that many Americans thought that "Silent Night" was an American popular tune. She then wrote the children's book, "Silent Night. The Story of a Song", where she explained where the song was from.
Indonesian rupiah

The **Indonesian Rupiah** (IDR) is the money used in Indonesia. Rupiah started to be used in 1946.

## Banknotes and coins

The coins that are used now are 25 rupiah, 50 rupiah, 100 rupiah, 200 rupiah, 500 rupiah and  rupiah. The banknotes that are used are 1000 rupiah,  rupiah,  rupiah,  rupiah,  rupiah,  rupiah and  rupiah.

## 2000

Duwa rebu

The Rupiah is fixed to be the same as 0.000061 United States dollars.
Horseshoes

**Horseshoes** is a game played outside. This game is played using four horseshoes and two stakes.
Hans Spemann

**Hans Spemann** (27 June 1869 – 9 September 1941) was a German doctor. He won the 1935 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for his discovery of the 'organizer effect' in embryonic development

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Hans Spemann
- **image**: Hans Spemann nobel.jpg
- **birth date**: 27 June 1869
- **birth place**: Stuttgart, Germany
- **death date**: 9 September 1941
- **death place**: Freiburg, Germany
- **nationality**: Germany, German
- **field**: Medicine, botany and zoology
- **work institutions**: University of Freiburg-im-Breisgau
- **alma mater**: University of Heidelberg
University of Munich
- **prizes**: Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (1935)
Henry Hallett Dale

Sir **Henry Hallett Dale**, OM, GBE, PRS, (9 June 1875 - 23 July 1968) was an English pharmacologist. He won the 1936 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, along with Otto Loewi, for their discoveries about the chemical transmission of nerve impulses.

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Henry Dale
- **image**: Henry Dale nobel.jpg
- **caption**: Sir Henry Dale.
- **birth date**: 9 June 1875
- **birth place**: London, England
- **death date**: 23 July 1968
- **death place**: Cambridge, England
- **nationality**: English
- **field**: Medicine, Chemistry
- **work institutions**: National Institute for Medical Research
London, United Kingdom
- **alma mater**: Cambridge University
- **prizes**: Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (1936)
Paul Dukas

**Paul Abraham Dukas** (October 1, 1865 – May 17, 1935) was a French composer and teacher of classical music.

## Early life

Paul Dukas was born in Paris to a Jewish father and Catholic mother. He was taught music by Théodore Dubois and Ernest Guiraud at the Conservatoire de Paris, where he became friends with the composer Claude Debussy. He then worked as a music critic and orchestrator.

## Early works

Although Dukas wrote a lot of music, he destroyed many of his pieces because he was unhappy with them. Only a few are left. His first important surviving work is the _Symphony in C_ (1896). This is in the style of Beethoven and César Franck. Like Franck's only symphony, Dukas' is in three movements not the usual four: Allegro non troppo, ma con fuoco; Andante espressive e fuoco; Allegro spiritoso.

In 1897 Dukas wrote another work for orchestra, _L'apprenti sorcier_ (English: _The Sorcerer's Apprentice_) based on Goethe's poem "Der Zauberlehrling". A short version of _The Sorcerer's Apprentice_ was used in the Walt Disney film _Fantasia_. Dukas's use of rhythm and his skill in writing for orchestras can be seen in both the _Symphony in C_ and _The Sorcerer's Apprentice_.

## Piano works

For the piano, Dukas wrote two complex and difficult works, a Sonata in E-flat minor (1901) and _Variations, interlude and finale on a theme of Rameau_ (1902), again in the style of Beethoven and Franck. The Sonata has not been performed very often, but lately pianists, such as Marc-André Hamelin, have started to add it to their concerts. There are also two smaller works for piano solo.

## Opera

The opera _Ariane et Barbe-Bleue_ ("Ariadne and Bluebeard"), which he wrote between 1899 and 1907, has often been compared to Debussy's _Pelléas et Mélisande_. This is because it is similar in its musical style, and both operas are based on words by Maurice Maeterlinck. Dukas's last big work was the grand oriental ballet _La Péri_ (1912). This is about a man who goes to the Ends of the Earth to find immortality, and finds a mythical Peri, holding The Flower of Immortality.

Because the opening of the ballet is very quiet, Dukas later added a short 'Fanfare pour preceder La Peri' which gave the usually noisy audiences time to settle in their seats before the main opera began.

## Teacher

In later life, Dukas became well known as a music teacher, with many famous students including Joaquín Rodrigo, Manuel Ponce, Maurice Duruflé, Xian Xinghai, Olivier Messiaen, Jehan Alain, Carlos Chávez, and David Van Vactor. After Dukas died he was buried in the Père Lachaise cemetery in Paris.

### Piano

- _Piano Sonata_ (1900)
- _Variations, interlude et finale sur un thème de Rameau_ (1902)
- _Prélude élégiaque sur le nom de Haydn_ (1906)
- _La Plainte, au loin, du Faune_ (1920)

### Orchestra

- _Symphony in C Major_ (1896)
- _The Sorcorer's Apprentice_, a symphonic scherzo (1897)
- _Villanelle for Horn & Orchestra_ (1906)
- _Ariane et Barbe-bleue_ (1907)
- _La Peri_ (1912)
- _Sonnet de Ronsard_, for Voice & Piano (1924)
Blaise Compaoré

**Blaise Compaoré** (born February 3, 1951) is a former President of Burkina Faso. He served from 1987 until his resignation in 2014. He started a political party called the Congress for Democracy and Progress (CDP). This is the ruling party of Burkina Faso. Compaoré became president in 1987 after a military coup and the assassination of Thomas Sankara, who was president then.

His attempt to change the constitution to extend his 27-year term caused the 2014 Burkinabé uprising. The uprising began due to attempts at changing the constitution to allow him to run again and extend his rule. He resigned on 31 October 2014 after ruling for 27 years.

In August 2021, the prosecutor of the High Court of Justice announced that the trial of members of the government suspected of having played a role in the suppression of the insurgency of 2014 will begin. Blaise Compaoré could again be summoned to answer the judges' questions.

## Infobox (president)

- **name**: Blaise Compaoré
- **image**: Blaise Compaoré.jpeg
- **office**: President of Burkina Faso
- **term start**: 15 October 1987
- **term end**: 31 October 2014
- **primeminister**: Youssouf Ouédraogo
Roch Marc Christian Kaboré
Kadré Désiré Ouedraogo
Tertius Zongo
- **predecessor**: Thomas Sankara
- **successor**: Honoré Traoré (acting)
- **birth place**: Ouagadougou, French Upper Volta, Upper Volta
- **nationality**: Burkina Faso, Burkinabé
- **spouse**: Chantal Compaoré
- **party**: Congress for Democracy and Progress, CDP
Mossi

The **Mossi** are an ethnic group of people who live mostly in Burkina Faso in Africa, and also in Ivory Coast and Ghana. They make up 40% of all the people in Burkina Faso. They speak a language called Mòoré or More.

## History

The Mossi believe that they came from the marriage of a Dagomba princess called Yennenga (or Nyennega) and a Mandé hunter called Rialé. Yennenga was a warrior princess, daughter of a Dagomba king in Ghana. One day she lost her way and was rescued by Rialé. They got married and had a son called Ouedraogo. Ouedraogo is known as the father of the Mossi people.

## Infobox (ethnic group)

- **group**: Mossi
- **image**: Troupe de danseurs Mossi.jpg
- **caption**: Mossi dancers
- **total**: 6.2 million in Burkina Faso (40%)
1.2 million Ivory Coast
160,140 in Ghana
- **regions**: Mostly Burkina Faso, also in northern Ivory Coast and northern Ghana.
- **languages**: More language, Moore
- **religions**: African traditional religion, Traditional, Christianity, Islam
- **related groups**: Dagomba
Gurunsi, Frafra, Talensi, Bwa, Nankani.
Lobi, Dagaaba people, Dagaaba, other Gur peoples