juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Customs

Most countries have a **Customs Service**. The customs service works mostly at ports, airports and the countries borders to make sure that people do not bring things into the country which are banned, or that the right amount of tax has been paid on goods that can be _imported_ (brought into the country).

Some customs officers work at a post office. They do not meet the public, they examine letters and parcels which have been sent from outside the country, to make sure nothing illegal is being brought into the country.

In the United Kingdom the customs service was called "Customs and Excise". This is because it was once two separate bodies. The Customs service collected tax (called customs duty) on goods being brought into the country, for example brandy from France or tea from India. The Excise service collected tax (called excise duty) on goods made in the country, for example Scotch whisky or Irish whiskey. Today all cars and lorries must pay a tax to be allowed to drive on the road. Although most people call this "road tax" or "car tax", it is officially called "vehicle excise duty".

## Related pages

- Border guard
- Law enforcement agency
Iocaste (moon)

**Iocaste** or ***', is a non-spherical moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2000, and given the designation ***'.

Iocaste orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 20,723,000 km in 609.427 days, at an inclination of 147° to the ecliptic (146° to Jupiter's equator) with an orbital eccentricity of 0.2874.

It was named in October 2002 after Jocasta, the mother/wife of Oedipus in Greek mythology.

Iocaste belongs to the Ananke group, believed to be the remnants of a break-up of a captured asteroid.

The moon is about 5 kilometres in diameter and appears grey, similar to C-type asteroids.

## References

1. <li value="8">Ephemeris IAU-MPC NSES
1. Mean orbital parameters NASA JPL

## Other websites

- David Jewitt pages
- Scott Sheppard pages
Chaldene (moon)

**Chaldene** or ***', is a non-spherical moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard, _et al._ in 2000, and given the designation ***'.

Chaldene is about 3.8 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 22,713,000 km in 699.327 days, at an inclination of 167° to the ecliptic (169° to Jupiter's equator), with an orbital eccentricity of 0.2916.

It was named in October 2002 after Chaldene, the mother of Solymos by Zeus in Greek mythology.

It belongs to the Carme group, made up of non-spherical retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at a distance ranging between 23,000,000 and 24,000,000 km and at an inclination of about 165°.
Amanda Jenssen

**Amanda Jenssen** (born September 12, 1988) was the first runner up at Pop idol Sweden 2007. Her first album was released in 2008 and became a number 1 album on the charts.
Erinome (moon)

**Erinome** or ****, is a non-spherical moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard _et al._ in 2000, and given the designation .

Erinome is about 3.2 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 22,986,000 km in 711.965 days, at an inclination of 164° to the ecliptic (162° to Jupiter's equator), with an orbital eccentricity of 0.2552.

It was named in October, 2002 after the Roman mythological Erinome, a lover of Jupiter.

Erinome belongs to the Carme group, made up of non-spherical retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at a distance ranging between 23,000,000 and 24,000,000 km and at an inclination of about 165°.
Aoede (moon)

**Aoede** or ***', is a moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaiʻi led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2003. It received the designation ***'.

Aoede is about  in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of  in 714.657 days, at an inclination of 160° to the ecliptic (162° to Jupiter's equator), with an eccentricity of 0.4311.

It was named in March 2005 after Aœde, one of the three original Muses. Aœde was the Muse of song, and was a daughter of Zeus (Jupiter) by Mnemosyne.

Aoede belongs to the Pasiphaë group, non-spherical retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at distances ranging between  and , and with inclinations ranging between 144.5° and 158.3°.

## Infobox (planet)

- **name**: Aoede
- **adjective**: Aoedean
- **named after**: Aoede (mythology), Ἀοιδή _Aoidē_
- **mpc name**: Jupiter XLI
- **alt names**: S/2003 J 7
- **discoverer**: Scott S. Sheppard et al.
- **discovered**: 2003
- **inclination**: 158.3°
- **eccentricity**: 0.432
- **period**: −761.5 days
- **satellite of**: Jupiter
- **mean radius**: 5.1 km
- **density**: 2.6 g/cm<sup>3</sup> (assumed)
- **albedo**: 0.04 (assumed)
- **magnitude**: 22.5
Italian Wikipedia

The **Italian Wikipedia** () is the Italian-language edition of Wikipedia. This edition was started on 11 May 2001 and has over  articles. It is currently the 9th largest edition by article count.

## 2011 mass blanking protest

Volunteers on the Italian Wikipedia decided they did not like a proposed law before the Italian Parliament. The proposal was from 4 to 6 October 2011. During this time, all of the site's articles were hidden. Wikipedia's administrators blocked the website which was being debated at the time in the Chamber of Deputies of the Italian Parliament.

This was the first time that a Wikipedia had blanked all its content to protest. The Wikimedia Foundation released a statement on 4 October. The Foundation Board officially supported the short closing of Italian Wikipedia. In October 2011, the manifesto, which replaced the Italian Wikipedia, had been viewed approximately 19 million times. On 6 October 2011, the website content was put back. Wikipedia added a banner across the top of each page explaining the reason for the protest.

Italian newspaper Il Tempo journalist Alberto Di Majo described the closure of the Italian-language Wikipedia as an "unexpected merit" of the proposed law. Some people questioned whether a non-profit United States foundation should try to change laws written in Italy.

## Other websites

- Italian Wikipedia main page

## Infobox (website)

- **name**: **Italian Wikipedia**
_Wikipedia in Italiano_
- **screenshot**: Italian-wikipedia-screenshot.png
- **collapsible**: yes
- **logo**: Wikipedia-logo-v2-it.svg
- **url**: [http://it.wikipedia.org it.wikipedia.org]
- **type**: Internet encyclopedia project
- **owner**: Wikimedia Foundation
- **author**: Italian wiki community
Quraysh

- _Quraish is also the name of a Sura in the Qur'an._

**Quraysh** or **Quraish** was the dominant tribe of Mecca upon the appearance of the religion of Islam.

It was the tribe to which the Islamic Prophet Muhammad belonged and which led the opposition to his message. Not very much of this tribe followed Islam.

## Sources

- Sir William Muir: _Life of Mohamet_, 1894
- Thomas Patrick Hughes (ed.): _A Dictionary of Islam_, 1885
- Benjamin Walker. _Foundations of Islam_
- Karen Armstrong: _Muhammad_
- M. M. Sharif : _A History of Muslim Philosophy_
- Edward William Lane (ed.): _Selections from The Quran_, 1890
- Naseem Sadiqui: _Muhammad: The Benefactor of Mankind_, 1994
- A. Guillaume: _Life of Muhammad_ (Translation of Ibn Ishaq's Sirat), 2004

## Other websites

- http://www.princeton.edu/~batke/itl/denise/quraysh.htm
Arche (moon)

**Arche** or ***', is a moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2002, and got the designation ***'.

Arche is about 3 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 23,717,000 km in 746.185 days, at an inclination of 165° to the ecliptic (162° to Jupiter's equator), with an orbital eccentricity of 0.149.

It was named in 2005 after Arche, whom some Greek writers described as one of the four original Muses, an addition to the earlier three (Aoede, Melete, and Mneme).

Arche belongs to the Carme group, made up of non-spherical retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at a distance ranging between 23,000,000 and 24,000,000 km and at an inclination of about 165°.
Eukelade

**Eukelade** or ***', is a non-spherical moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2003, and got the designation ***'.

Eukelade is about 4 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 23,484,000 km in 735.200 days, at an inclination of 164° to the ecliptic (165° to Jupiter's equator), with an orbital eccentricity of 0.2829.

It was named in March 2005 after Eukelade, described by some Greek writers as one of the Muses, and thus a daughter of Zeus (Jupiter).

Eukelade belongs to the Carme group, made up of non-spherical retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at a distance ranging between 23,000,000 and 24,000,000 km and at an inclination of about 165°.
Quraysh (surah)

**Surat Quraysh** (Arabic: سورة قريش ) (after the tribe of Quraysh) is the 106th chapter of the Qur'an.  It is a Makkah sura that consists of four ayat.  It urges the Quraysh tribe who dominated Mecca to serve Allah, who had protected them, for the sake of their own future.

## Other websites

- Quraysh at Sacred Texts
- Quraysh at Altafsir.com
Kore (moon)

**Kore** or ***' is a moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2003 and given the designation ***'.

Kore is about 2 kilometers in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 23,239,000 km in 723.720 days, at an inclination of 141° to the ecliptic (139° to Jupiter's equator), with an orbital eccentricity of 0.2462.

It belongs, which is made up of non-spherical retrograde moon
It was named after Kore, another name for the Greek goddess Persephone (from the Greek κόρη, "daughter [of Demeter]").
Chapter

**Chapter** could mean:
- Chapter (books), a main division of a piece of writing
- An organizational division, such as a **chapter** of the Audubon Society or of a fraternity.
- Chapter (religion), an assembly of members in a religious order

**Chapter** could also mean:
- Chapter Arts Centre, a cultural centre in Cardiff, Wales
- Chapter Music, a record label
- Chapters, a Canadian bookstore chain
- Chapter house, a building attached to a cathedral or collegiate church
Chapter (books)

A **chapter** is one of the main sections of a piece of writing of some length, such as a book. Chapters can be numbered in the case of such writings as law code (see _Chapter 7_ or _Chapter 11_) or they can be titled. For example, the first chapters of some well-known novels are titled:
- "The Boy Who Lived" – _Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone_, J. K. Rowling
- "Into the Primitive" – _The Call of the Wild_, Jack London

Many novels of great length do not have chapters. Non-fiction books, especially those used for reference, almost always have chapters for ease of navigation. In these works, chapters are often subdivided into sections. The chapters of reference works are almost always listed in a table of contents. Novels sometimes use a table of contents, but not always.

In ancient civilizations, books were often in the form of papyrus scrolls, which contained about the same amount of text as a typical chapter in a modern book. This is the reason chapters in recent reproductions and translations of works of these periods are often presented as "Book 1", "Book 2", etc.

Tracks on a DVD or laserdisc are also called chapters.
Sura (disambiguation)

**Sura** can refer to:
- Sura is a meal set of dishes, soup and dessert for king in ancient Korea
- Sura, a chapter of the Qur'an
- Sura (month), the first month in the Javanese calendar
- Sura (city), a city in ancient Babylonia
- Sura River, a river in Russia
- Sura, Penza Oblast, an urban-type settlement in Penza Oblast, Russia
- Sura, Arkhangelsk Oblast, a village in Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia
- Publius Cornelius Lentulus Sura
- Sura Saenkham
- Sura Ionospheric Heating Facility, a research facility in Russia
- Calf muscle
- Summer Undergraduate Research Award
- Sura, Arabic word which means to ascend and Arabic name of graphic designer Sura Design
- Sura drink In Hindi indicates an intoxicating drink.
- Surah is a twilled fabric made of silk or rayon, or a combination thereof.
- SURA, the Southeastern Universities Research Association (www.sura.org)
632

## Events

- Khan Kubrat establishes Great Bulgaria.
- December – Abu Bakr defeats Mosailima in the Battle of Akraba.
- Queen Seondeok is crowned in Korea.
- Yazdgird III starts to rule in Persia.
- Abu Bakr becomes the first caliph and the Rashidun Caliphate (632-661) is established. That means the first Schism within Islam.

## Deaths

- June 8 — Muhammad, prophet of Islam
- October 12 — Edwin of Deira, king of Deira and Bretwalda
- Charibert II, King of Aquitaine
- King Chilperic of Aquitaine
Sponde (moon)

**Sponde** or ***', is a moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2001, and given the designation ***'.

Sponde is about 2 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 24,253,000 km in 771.604 days, at an inclination of 154° to the ecliptic (156° to Jupiter's equator), with an orbital eccentricity of 0.443.

It was named in August 2003 after one of the Horae (Hours), which presided over the seventh hour (libations poured after lunch). The Hours, goddesses of the time of day but also of the seasons, were daughters of Zeus (Jupiter) and Themis.

It belongs to the Pasiphaë group, non-spherical retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at distances ranging between 22,800,000 and 24,100,000 km, and with inclinations ranging between 144.5° and 158.3°.
Battle of Uhud

The **Battle of Uhud** () was fought on 23 March 625 (7 Shawwal 3 AH of the Islamic calendar) at Mount Uhud, in what is now north-western Saudi Arabia. It occurred between a force from the Muslim community of Medina led by Prophet Muhammad, and a force led by Abu Sufyan from Mecca, the town from which many of the Muslims had previously emigrated (_hijra_). The Battle of Uhud was the second military encounter between the Meccans and the Muslims, after the Battle of Badr in 624, where a small Muslim army had defeated the larger Meccan army.

For the Muslims, the battle was a big setback.

## Background

Prophet Muhammad had preached the religion of Islam in Mecca from 613 to 622. He had attracted a small community of followers, but also had opposition from the rest of the Quraysh, the clan that ruled Mecca and to which he belonged. The Muslims fled Mecca in 622 after years of persecution and established themselves at Medina (formerly known as _Yathrib_). They considered themselves to be in a state of war with Mecca and raided Meccan caravans that had Muslim belongings left in Mecca. The Meccans sent out a small army to punish the Muslims and stop their raiding. At the Battle of Badr in 624, a small Muslim force had defeated the much larger Meccan army.

Many Muslims considered this battle's victory a proof that they had been favored by God (Arabic: Allah), and believed they were assured such victories in the future.

## Battle

Quraysh soldiers met the Muslims at Uhud. Abu Sufyan and his Army flanked the Muslims, 'Amr ibn al-'As was leading the Muslim Cavalry then he fought against them, Muslim archers threw rocks at the Quraysh, they were forced to go back. The person who holds the Quraysh Flag was charging and he fought Ali ibn Abi Talib and then he was hit in the shoulder. Then Hamza ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib came in and fought many people.

## Bibliography

- Books and journals
<div class="references-small">
</div>

- Encyclopedias

<div class="references-small">
</div>

## Other websites

- The battle of Uhud
- What were the reasons of the battle of Uhud?
- http://www.sunnahonline.com/ilm/audio/yasir_index.htm
- http://www.shia.org/ohud.html

## Infobox (military conflict)

- **conflict**: Battle of Uhud
- **partof**: the Muslim-Quraysh Wars
- **date**: 23 March 625
- **place**: The valley that is located in front of the mountain of Uhud, and it is located about 5 miles (8 km) from Medina
- **result**: Quraysh victory
- **combatant1**: Muslims
- **combatant2**: Quraysh-led coalition
- **commander1**: Muhammad
Hamza ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib
- **commander2**: Abu Sufyan
Khalid ibn al-Walid
Ikrimah ibn Abi-Jahl
- **strength1**: 700-1000 infantry,
2-4 cavalry ,50 Archers
- **strength2**: 3,000 infantry,
200 cavalry3000 Camels
- **casualties1**: 62-75
- **casualties2**: 22-35
625

## Events

- March 23 - Battle of Uhud (Mohammad looses against the inhabitants from Mecca)
- October 27 — Pope Honorius I succeeds Pope Boniface V as the 70th pope.

## Births

- Adamnan, abbot of Iona
- Empress Wu Zetian of China
- Hasan ibn Ali — 2nd Shia Imam and recognised as the 5th Caliph by the Shia
- Zhang Jianzhi, Chinese chancellor of the Tang Dynasty (d. 706)

## Deaths

- October 25 — Pope Boniface V
Battle of Badr

The **Battle of Badr** (), was fought March 13, 624 CE  of western Arabia (present-day Saudi Arabia). It was a key battle in the early days of Islam and a turning point in Muhammad's struggle with his opponents among the Quraysh in Mecca. The battle has been passed down in Islamic history as a decisive victory because of divine intervention. Also, it is attributed to the genius of Muhammad. Although it is one of the few battles specifically mentioned in the Muslim holy book, the Qur'an, virtually all contemporary knowledge of the battle at Badr comes from traditional Islamic accounts, both hadiths and biographies of Muhammad, written decades after the battle.

## Related pages

- Battle of Uhud
- Jihad
- Islam

## Footnotes

<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
 </div>

## Other websites

- Manaqib Ashab al-Badriyyin  A prayer citing the virtues and exploits of the Muslims who took part in the battle.
- Badr  at IslamAnswers.Net
- The Battle of Badr at Al-Islam.Org
- The first battle of Islam at Badr : Islamic Occasions Network
- Hope Springs Eternal  A nice multimedia presentation at IslamOnline.Net
- MSN Virtual Earth: A modern-day satellite image of Badr, now called "Badr Hunayn".
- Tafsir (Sura 8: verse 11 to 18) - Battle of Badr: Analysis of Qur'anic verses by Irshaad Hussain.

## Infobox (military conflict)

- **conflict**: Battle of Badr
- **partof**: the Muslim-Quraysh Wars
- **date**: March 13, 624 CE/17 Ramadan, 2 AH
- **place**: Badr, 80 miles southwest of Medina
- **result**: Decisive Muslim victory
- **combatant1**: Muslims of Medina
- **combatant2**: Quraysh of Mecca
- **commander1**: Muhammad
- **commander2**: Amr ibn Hishām
- **strength1**: 300-350
- **strength2**: <900-1000
- **casualties1**: 14 killed
- **casualties2**: 50-70 killed
43-70 captured
Hermippe (moon)

**Hermippe** or ***', is a moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2001, and given the designation ***'.

Hermippe is about 4 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 21,182,000 km in 629.809 days, at an orbital inclination of 151° to the ecliptic (149° to Jupiter's equator), with an eccentricity of 0.2290.

It was named in August 2003 by the IAU, after Hermippe, a lover of Zeus (Jupiter).

Hermippe belongs to the Ananke group, retrograde non-spherical moons which orbit Jupiter between 19,300,000 and 22,700,000 km, at inclinations of about 150°.
Ceasefire

A **ceasefire** (or **truce**) is a stoppage of a war or any armed conflict, where each side of the conflict agrees with the other to stop aggressive actions for some time. Ceasefires may be declared as part of a formal peace treaty, but they have also been called part of an informal understanding between opposing forces.

### World War I

On December 24, 1914, during World War I, there was an unofficial ceasefire  as both the Germans and the British sought to observe Christmas (the "Christmas Truce"). There was no treaty signed, and after a few days the war resumed.

### Korean War

A ceasefire was reached on July 27, 1953 to halt the conflict of the Korean War and establish a demilitarized zone. But no peace treaty has been signed. Therefore, officially North and South Korea are still at war.

### Kashmir conflict

Pakistan's government has repeatedly claimed that the Republic of India is violating the Simla Agreement by constructing a fence along the cesefire line in the Kashmir Conflict.  Then-Pakistani President and ex-Army Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan) Pervez Musharraf promised in 2002 to curb infiltration into the Territorial dispute.  After the November 2003 ceasefire line agreement, building resumed and was completed in late 2004. LoC fencing was completed in Kashmir Valley and Jammu region on 30 September 2004.  According to Indian Military sources, the fence has reduced by 80% the numbers of militants who routinely cross into the occupied territory of the disputed state to attack Indian soldiers.

### Israeli–Palestinian conflict

Another example of a ceasefire in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict was announced between the State of Israel and the Palestinian National Authority on February 8, 2005. When announced, chief Palestinian negotiator Saeb Erekat publicly defined the ceasefire as follows: "We have agreed that today President Mahmoud Abbas will declare a full cessation of violence against Israelis anywhere and Prime Minister Ariel Sharon will declare a full cessation of violence and military activities against Palestinians anywhere."

## Related pages

- Demilitarized zone
- Peace
- War
Khalid ibn al-Walid

**Khalid ibn al-Walid** (; died 642), also known as **Sayf- or Saif Allah** ('Sword of God', was a Rashidun military general who led the Muslim conquests of Syria the 7th century.

He is famous for his military success, as he commanded the forces of Muhammad and of his immediate successors Abu Bakr and Umar ibn al-Khattab. He won 28 of his confirmed battles against the numerically superior forces of the Byzantine Roman Empire, Sassanid Persian Empire, and their allies. His greatest strategic achievements were his quick conquest of the Persian Empire and conquest of Roman Syria within three years from 633 to 636. His greatest tactical achievements were his successful double envelopment manoeuver at Walaja and his victories at Ullais and Yarmouk.

## Bibliography

- A.I. Akram, _The Sword of Allah: Khalid bin al-Waleed, His Life and Campaigns,_ Rawalpindi: Nat. Publishing House (1970) ISBN 0-7101-0104-X.

## Other websites

- Map of Khalid bin Al-Waleed's Conquests

## Infobox (military person)

- **name**: Khalid ibn al-Walid
خالد ابن الوليد
- **other name**: ('The Sword From The Sword Of Allah')
Abu Sulayman
- **death date**: 642
- **birth place**: Medina
- **death place**: Medina or Homs
- **placeofburial**: The Khalid ibn al-Walid Mosque, Homs, Syria
- **placeofburial label**: Possible burial place
- **allegiance**: Quraysh (625–627 or 629)
 Muhammad (627 or 629–632)
 Rashidun Caliphate (632–638)
- **branch**: Rashidun army
- **serviceyears**: 629–638
- **battles**: *Against Muslims:
**Battle of Uhud (625)
**Battle of the Trench (627)
*For Muslims:
**Battle of Mu'tah (629)
**Conquest of Mecca (629/30)
**Battle of Hunayn (630)
**Ridda wars
***Battle of Buzakha (632)
***Battle of Yamama, Battle of Aqraba (633)
**Muslim conquest of the Levant, Muslim conquest of Syria
***Battle of Marj Rahit (634), Battle of Marj Rahit (634)
***Battle of Bosra, Siege of Bosra (634)
***Battle of Ajnadayn (634)
***Battle of Fahl (634)
***Siege of Damascus (634), Siege of Damascus (634–635)
***Battle of Yarmouk (636)
***Siege of Emesa (636/37)
***Siege of Aleppo (637), Siege of Aleppo (637)
***Battle of the Iron Bridge (637)
***Battle of Hazir, Battle of Qinnasrin (637/38)
- **children**: Abd al-Rahman ibn Khalid, Abd al-Rahman
 Muhajir ibn Khalid, Muhajir
 Sulayman
- **spouse**: Asma bint Anas ibn Mudrik
 Umm Tamim bint al-Minhal
Tactic

**Tactic** could mean:

- Military tactics
- Tactic (method)
- Tactic (municipality)
- Tactical bombing
- Tactics (band)
- Tactics (game)
- Tactics (manga)
- Tactics (sports)
Military tactics

**Military tactics** () are the art of organizing an army and the techniques for using weapons or military units to fight an enemy in battle. Tactics are distinct from strategy, which concerns a longer time scale. They have changed over time, mainly because of changes in military technology.

Tactics are methods to use military forces in combat and include basically many types of the military operations such as frontal assaults, attempts to flank the enemy, the keeping of troops in reserve, and the use of ambushes. Specialized tactics exist for many situations, such as securing a room or individual building, to large-scale operations, such as establishing air superiority over a region or the use of shock tactics.

Military tactics are used at all levels of command, from individual and group up to entire armed forces. The military theorist Carl von Clausewitz said "tactics is the art of using troops in battle; strategy is the art of using battles to win the war."

## Bibliography

- Balck, W. 1914. _Tactics_. Vols 2. Trans. W. Krueger. Fort Leavenworth, Kan.: U.S. Cavelry Association.
- Clausewitz, C. von. 1976. _On War_. ed and trans. M. Howard and P. Paret. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton Univ. Press.
- Creasy, E. 1963. _Fifteen Decisive Battles of the World_. London: Dent and Sons.
- Esposito, V., ed. 1959. _The West Point Atlas of American Wars_.New York: Praeger.
- Gerhard Muhm : La Tattica nella campagna d’Italia, in LINEA GOTICA AVAMPOSTO DEI BALCANI, (Hrsg.) Amedeo Montemaggi - Edizioni Civitas, Roma 1993
- Jomini, A.-H. 1862. _The Summary of the Art of War_. Philadelphia: Lippincott.
- U.S. Department of the Army. 1986._ U.S. Army Field Manual 100-5: Operations_. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.

## Other websites

- Napoleon's tactics and strategy
Geneva Conference

Several international or multinational conferences have been called the **Geneva Conference**, because they were held in the city of Geneva, Switzerland. These conferences include:

- The Geneva Naval Conference (1927) to discuss naval arms limitation
- The Geneva Conference (1932) to discuss general arms limitation <sup>http://www.indiana.edu/~league/conferencedata.htm</sup>
- An international conference, Geneva Conference (1954), to restore peace in Indochina and Korea, April through July 1954 that meant the division of Vietnam.
- A multinational conference, Geneva Conference (1955), to discuss European security, German reunification, disarmament, and cultural exchange. Leaders from the United States, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and France met in July 1955.
- A multinational conference, Geneva Conference (1958), to discuss nuclear weapons testing, involving the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, and the United States, beginning in October of 1958.
- A multinational conference, Geneva Conference (1973), to find a solution to the Arab-Israeli conflict.
- Geneva Accord, a 2003 extra-governmental and therefore unofficial peace proposal meant to solve the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.

## Related pages

- Geneva Conventions
Marching band

A **marching band** is a band of instrumental musicians who march while playing instruments.

They combine movement – usually some type of marching and other movements – with their musical performance.   The music usually has a strong rhythmic component suitable for marching.  Marching bands use a uniform, often bearing the name and emblem of their organization.  Most bands have a color guard, who perform with flags, swords, rifles and other props.

In addition to traditional parade performances, many bands also perform field shows at special events (such as football games) or at competitions.

## Instruments in marching band

Its instruments typically are brass instruments, woodwinds, and percussion instruments.

Instruments found in marching bands include:

- Trumpet
- Mellophone
- Baritone/Euphonium
- Sousaphone/Contra
- Flute
- Clarinet
- Saxophone
- Snare drum
- Tenor drum/Tom drums
- Bass drum
- Xylophone
- Marimba
- Vibraphone
- Bagpipes

## References

- rec.arts.marching.band.college Usenet newsgroup FAQ

## Other websites

- MarchingWiki.com
- Marching.com
- MarchingArts.com
- Compendium of College Marching Bands
- marchingbandplanet.com
- World Association of Marching Show Bands
Hergiswil

**Hergiswil** is a municipality in the canton of Nidwalden in Switzerland.

It was founded in 1378.

The main sights of Hergiswil are: an old clergy house, the church, the chapel _Maria zum guten Rat_, old mansion _Thumigerhaus_, and a glazier's workshop with museum. The workshop was established in 1817.  It burned down on one occasion.

## Other websites

- Official Homepage of Hergiswil
- Official Homepage of the Glasi in Hergiswil
- Glasi Ecuador site

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Hergiswil
- **municipality name**: Hergiswil
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Hergiswil COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Hergiswil.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Nidwalden
- **iso-code-region**: CH-NW
- **district**: n.a.
- **postal code**: 6052
- **municipality code**: 1507
- **area**: 17.00
- **elevation**: 449
- **population**: 5282
- **populationof**: December 2003
- **website**: www.hergiswil.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Alpnach (OW), Horw (LU), Kriens (LU), Schwarzenberg, Switzerland, Schwarzenberg (LU), Stansstad
Max Bruch

**Max Christian Friedrich Bruch** (6 January 1838–2 October 1920) also known as Max Karl August Bruch, was a German Romantic composer and conductor who wrote over 200 works, including three violin concertos, one of which is a staple of the violin repertoire.

Bruch was born in Cologne. He had a long career as a teacher, conductor and composer, moving among musical posts in Germany: Mannheim (1862-1864), Koblenz (1865-1867), Sondershausen, (1867-1870) Berlin (1870-1872), Bonn, where he spent 1873 -1878 working privately. At the height of his reputation he spent three seasons as conductor of the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Society (1880-83). He taught composition at the _Berlin Hochschule für Musik_ (the Berlin Conservatoire) from 1890 until his retirement in 1910.

His conservatively structured works, in the German romantic musical tradition, placed him in the camp of Romantic classicism exemplified by Johannes Brahms, rather than the opposing "New Music" of Franz Liszt and Richard Wagner. In his time, he was known primarily as a choral composer.

His _Violin Concerto No. 1 in G minor_, Op. 26 (1868) is one of the most popular Romantic violin concertos. It uses several techniques from Felix Mendelssohn's _Violin Concerto in E minor_.

## Other websites

- Classical Net, Basic Repertoire: Max Bruch
- Joseph Stevenson, "Max Bruch"
- "Max Bruch, _Kol Nidrei_"
- http://www.richmondsymphony.com/concerts/note_04_21-24_06.htm
- Site dedicated to Max Bruch  (includes a list of works by opus number)
Oberdorf, Nidwalden

**Oberdorf** is a municipality of the canton of Nidwalden in Switzerland.

The economy of Oberdorf is mainly based in agriculture. The main sight of Oberdorf is the Benedictine convent Maria-Rickenbach. The convent can only be reached by cable car.

## Other websites

- Official Website of Oberdorf

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Oberdorf
- **municipality name**: Oberdorf
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Oberdorf NW COA.svg
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Nidwalden
- **iso-code-region**: CH-NW
- **district**: n.a.
- **postal code**: 6370
- **municipality code**: 1508
- **area**: 16.20
- **elevation**: 455
- **population**: 2945
- **populationof**: December 2003
- **popofyear**: 2003
- **website**: www.oberdorf-nw.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Beckenried, Buochs, Dallenwil, Stans, Wolfenschiessen
Postgraduate education

**Postgraduate** is the name for someone who is doing further education, after obtaining both a Bachelor's degree and a Master's degree  from a university. A typical form of this kind of education is a doctoral thesis, or Ph.D. Another such degree is probably the Master level of the revised Bologna system. Masters can be done in about 1.5 years after doing a bachelors degree, theses usually take 3–4 years, after the master level.

## Other page

- Higher education
Stans

**Stans** is the capital city of the canton of Nidwalden in Switzerland. It has a population of 7,300 people.  The area of Stans is 11 km².

## History

Stans was first noted in 1172. In 1798, it was attacked by French troops, followed the decision of Nidwalden not to adapt a new constitution. Children whose parents were killed by this event were gathered by the teacher Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi for his first school. The open-air assembly (_Landsgemeinde_) was held in Stans each year until 1997.

## Sights

The main sights of Stans are:
- The Stanserhorn (1900m) mountain and tourist resort
- The Stanserhornbahn: A cable car which takes people from the base of the mountain to the hotel at the top. It was first built in 1893.
- The main square (_Dorfplatz_)
- Saint Peter and Paul church: built from 1641 to 1647 with a Romanesque tower
- The Saint Klara monastery
- A monument for the local hero Arnold von Winkelried and his birth place (_Winkelriedhaus_).

## Other websites

- Official Page
- Stanserhorn

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Stans
- **image photo**: Ortsmitte Stans.JPG
- **image caption**: View of Stans
- **municipality name**: Stans
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Stans COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Stans.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Nidwalden
- **iso-code-region**: CH-NW
- **district**: n.a.
- **postal code**: 6370
- **municipality code**: 1509
- **area**: 11.08
- **elevation**: 452
- **population**: 7353
- **populationof**: December 2003
- **popofyear**: 2003
- **website**: www.stans.ch
- **mayor**: Gregor Schwander
- **mayor party**: CVP
- **mayor title**: Gemeindepräsident
- **neighboring municipalities**: Buochs, Dallenwil, Ennetbürgen, Ennetmoos, Oberdorf, Nidwalden, Oberdorf, Stansstad
Stansstad

**Stansstad** is a municipality in the canton of Nidwalden in Switzerland.

The main sights of Stansstad are: a museum of the buildings, a tower (_Schnitzturm_), and the chaper _Marie Linden_ in _Kehrsiten_.

## Other websites

- Official website of Stansstad

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Stansstad
- **municipality name**: Stansstad
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Stansstad COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Stansstad.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Nidwalden
- **iso-code-region**: CH-NW
- **district**: n.a.
- **postal code**: 6362
- **municipality code**: 1510
- **area**: 17.11
- **elevation**: 436
- **population**: 4507
- **populationof**: December 2003
- **popofyear**: 2003
- **website**: www.stansstad.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Alpnach (OW), Ennetbürgen, Ennetmoos, Hergiswil, Horw (LU), Meggen (LU), Stans, Weggis (LU)
Wolfenschiessen

**Wolfenschiessen** is a municipality of the canton of Nidwalden in Switzerland.

The main sights of Wolfenschiessen are: the parish church _St. Maria_, the chapel _St. Joder_ in _Altzellen_, the mansions _Hechhuis_, and the _Grossitz_ mansion.

## Other websites

- Official Website of Wolfenschiessen

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Wolfenschiessen
- **municipality name**: Wolfenschiessen
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Wolfenschiessen COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Wolfenschiessen.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Nidwalden
- **iso-code-region**: CH-NW
- **district**: n.a.
- **postal code**: 6386
- **municipality code**: 1511
- **area**: 92.76
- **elevation**: 510
- **population**: 2028
- **populationof**: December 2003
- **popofyear**: 2003
- **website**: www.wolfenschiessen.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Beckenried, Dallenwil, Engelberg (OW), Innertkirchen (BE), Isenthal (UR), Kerns (OW), Oberdorf, Nidwalden, Oberdorf
Bischofszell

**Bischofszell** is a municipality of the district of Weinfelden in the canton of Thurgau in the country of Switzerland.  It has a population of 5,500 people.

The local industry is Bischofszell Konserven. It now belongs to Migros. They make jams, fruit juices, various cans, convenience food, among them Anna's Best.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Bischofszell
- **municipality name**: Bischofszell
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: Bischofszell-blazon.svg
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Thurgau
- **iso-code-region**: CH-TG
- **district**: Weinfelden (district), Weinfelden
- **postal code**: 9220
- **municipality code**: 4471
- **area**: 11.7
- **elevation**: 506
- **population**: 5485
- **populationof**: December 2005
- **website**: www.bischofszell.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Hauptwil-Gottshaus, Hohentannen, Kradolf-Schönenberg, Niederbüren (SG), Niederhelfenschwil (SG), Waldkirch, Switzerland, Waldkirch (SG), Zihlschlacht-Sitterdorf
- **twintowns**: Möhringen, Tuttlingen (Germany), Battaglia Terme (Italy), Waidhofen an der Ybbs (Austria)
Diessenhofen

**Diessenhofen** is a municipality of the district of Frauenfeld in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Diessenhofen
- **image photo**: Diessenhofen Kirche.JPG
- **image caption**: Diessenhofen
- **municipality name**: Diessenhofen
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: Diessenhofen-blazon.svg
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Thurgau
- **iso-code-region**: CH-TG
- **district**: Frauenfeld (district), Frauenfeld
- **postal code**: 8253
- **municipality code**: 4545
- **area**: 10.0
- **elevation**: 397
- **population**: 3222
- **populationof**: 2005
- **website**: www.diessenhofen.ch
- **places**: Willisdorf
- **neighboring municipalities**: Schlatt bei Diessenhofen, Basadingen-Schlattingen
Münchwilen, Thurgau

**Münchwilen** is a municipality and capital city of the district of Münchwilen in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Münchwilen
- **municipality name**: Münchwilen
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: Münchwilen TG-blazon.svg
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Thurgau
- **iso-code-region**: CH-TG
- **district**: Münchwilen (district), Münchwilen
- **postal code**: 9542
- **municipality code**: 4746
- **area**: 7.8
- **elevation**: 515
- **population**: 4607
- **populationof**: December 2005
- **popofyear**: 2005
- **website**: www.muenchwilen.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Bettwiesen, Bronschhofen (SG), Eschlikon, Sirnach, Wängi, Wil, St. Gallen, Wil (SG)
- **twintowns**: Leuk (Switzerland)
Aadorf

**Aadorf** is a municipality of the district of Münchwilen in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

With a population of 7,436 people (as of 2005), it is the canton's seventh largest municipality.

## Other websites

- Official website of Aadorf
- Website of Guntershausen
- Website of Ettenhausen
- Website of Wittenwil

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Aadorf
- **municipality name**: Aadorf
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **image photo**: Aadorf chefstrato 097.jpg
- **image caption**: Aadorf village main street
- **imagepath coa**: Wappen Aadorf.svg
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Thurgau
- **iso-code-region**: CH-TG
- **district**: Münchwilen (district), Münchwilen
- **postal code**: 8355
- **municipality code**: 4551
- **area**: 19.93
- **elevation**: 517
- **population**: 4351
- **populationof**: December 2008
- **popofyear**: 2008
- **website**: www.aadorf.ch
- **places**: Aadorf, Aawangen, Bürg, Thurgau, Bürg, Ettenhausen, Friedtal, Guntershausen bei Aadorf, Häuslenen, Huzenwil, Maischhausen, Moos, Switzerland, Moos, Tänikon, Weiern, Wittenwil, Wittershausen
- **neighboring municipalities**: Bichelsee-Balterswil, Frauenfeld, Hofstetten bei Elgg (ZH), Elgg (ZH), Hagenbuch (ZH), Matzingen, Turbenthal (ZH), Wängi
Genius

A **genius** is a person who is exceptionally intelligent.  People may have different ideas of how clever one has to be in order to be called a “genius”.  A genius may be extremely clever at maths or science or games such as chess, or they may be creative geniuses who are brilliant writers, musicians or artists.

Albert Einstein is perhaps the world’s most famous genius. He was extraordinarily good at math, but in other areas, such as languages, he was not particularly good.  Leonardo da Vinci and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe were geniuses who can also be described as polymaths because they were brilliant in lots of different subjects.  Geniuses are usually child prodigies, i.e., they already show they are a genius when they are young children.

Genius is not quite the same as talent.  Talent means the ability to learn a particular skill very quickly.  A genius, on the other hand, is also very creative and able to do things that no one else has thought of.

Some geniuses, such as Goethe, are very sensible, reliable people who are good at organizing their lives.  However, there are many geniuses who have unusual personalities.  They may be very absent-minded, they may not have much common sense, or they may suffer at times from depression and changes of mood.
Affeltrangen

**Affeltrangen** is a municipality in Weinfelden in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Affeltrangen
- **municipality name**: Affeltrangen
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Affeltrangen COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Affeltrangen.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Thurgau
- **iso-code-region**: CH-TG
- **district**: Weinfelden (district), Weinfelden
- **postal code**: 9556
- **municipality code**: 4711
- **area**: 14.4
- **elevation**: 489
- **population**: 2246
- **populationof**: December 2007
- **popofyear**: 2007
- **website**: www.affeltrangen.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Amlikon-Bissegg, Braunau, Switzerland, Braunau, Bussnang, Lommis, Thundorf, Switzerland, Thundorf, Tobel-Tägerschen
Altnau

**Altnau** is a municipality of the district of Kreuzlingen in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Altnau
- **municipality name**: Altnau
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath flag**: CHE Altnau Flag.svg
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Altnau COA.svg
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Thurgau
- **iso-code-region**: CH-TG
- **district**: Kreuzlingen (district), Kreuzlingen
- **postal code**: 8595
- **municipality code**: 4641
- **area**: 6.67
- **elevation**: 398
- **population**: 1913
- **populationof**: December 2005
- **popofyear**: 2005
- **website**: www.altnau.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Güttingen, Hagnau am Bodensee (DE-BW), Langrickenbach, Münsterlingen, Stetten, Baden-Württemberg, Stetten (DE-BW)
Amlikon-Bissegg

**Amlikon-Bissegg** is a municipality of the district of Weinfelden in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Amlikon-Bissegg
- **municipality name**: Amlikon-Bissegg
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath flag**: CHE Amlikon-Bissegg Flag.svg
- **imagepath coa**: AmlikonBissegg-blazon.svg
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Thurgau
- **iso-code-region**: CH-TG
- **district**: Weinfelden (district), Weinfelden
- **postal code**: 8514
- **municipality code**: 4881
- **area**: 14.4
- **elevation**: 422
- **population**: 1193
- **populationof**: December 2005
- **popofyear**: 2005
- **website**: www.amlikon-bissegg.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Affeltrangen, Bussnang, Hüttlingen, Switzerland, Hüttlingen, Märstetten, Müllheim, Switzerland, Müllheim, Thundorf, Thurgau, Thundorf, Weinfelden, Wigoltingen
Amriswil

**Amriswil** is a municipality of the district of Arbon in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- www.amriswil.ch

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Amriswil
- **municipality name**: Amriswil
- **municipality type**: city
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Amriswil COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Amriswil.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Thurgau
- **iso-code-region**: CH-TG
- **district**: Arbon (district), Arbon
- **postal code**: 8580
- **municipality code**: 4461
- **area**: 19.1
- **elevation**: 437
- **population**: 11,477
- **populationof**: December 2005
- **popofyear**: 2005
- **website**: www.amriswil.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Egnach, Erlen, Hefenhofen, Muolen (SG), Salmsach, Sommeri, Zihlschlacht-Sitterdorf
Taygete (moon)

**Taygete** or ***' is a non-spherical moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard, _et al._ in 2000, and given the designation ***'.

Taygete is about 5 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 22,439,000 km in 686.675 days, at an inclination of 165° to the ecliptic (163° to Jupiter's equator), with an orbital eccentricity of 0.3678.

## History

It was named in October 2002 after Taygete, one of the Pleiades, daughter of the Titan Atlas and mother of Lacedaemon by Zeus (Jupiter).

It belongs to the Carme group, made up of non-spherical retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at a distance ranging between 23,000,000 and 24,000,000 km and at an inclination of about 165°.
Glarus

**Glarus** could mean different places.
- Glarus is one the Cantons of Switzerland.
- Glarus is also the capital city of the Canton of Glarus.
Betschwanden

**Betschwanden** is a former municipality, in the municipality of Glarus Süd and canton of Glarus in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official website of Betschwanden

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Betschwanden
- **municipality name**: Betschwanden
- **municipality type**: former
- **imagepath coa**: Betschwanden-coat of arms.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Glarus
- **iso-code-region**: CH-GL
- **district**: n.a.
- **postal code**: 8777
- **municipality code**: 1601
- **area**: 9.74
- **elevation**: 600
- **population**: 177
- **populationof**: December 2003
- **popofyear**: 2003
- **website**: www.betschwanden.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Braunwald, Elm, Switzerland, Elm, Linthal, Luchsingen, Rüti, Glarus, Rüti