juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Moshi Moshi Records

**Moshi Moshi Records** is a small London-based independent record label that has released music by the bands such as The Rakes, Bloc Party, Hot Chip, Hot Club De Paris, Kate Nash, Junkboy, Architecture in Helsinki, Tilly and the Wall, Yeti, and its newest release is from a group called Au Revoir Simone. Mates Of State is the Moshi Moshi's 50th release.

It is named after the Japanese telephone greeting "Moshi Moshi" ().

## Artists

- Alterkicks (band)
- Architecture in Helsinki (band)
- Au Revoir Simone (band)
- Best Fwends (band)
- Bloc Party (band)
- Blue Foundation (band)
- Break bot (band)
- Dananananaykroyd (band)
- Dntel (band)
- Fans of Kate (band)
- Foreign Born (band)
- Friendly Fires (band)
- The Grates (band)
- Hot Chip (band)
- Hot Club de Paris (band)
- Ingo Star Cruiser (band)
- J Xaverre (band)
- Junk Boy (band)
- Kate Nash
- Late of the Pier (band)
- Lo-Fi-Fnk (band)
- The Mae Shi (band)
- Mates of State (band)
- Matt and Kim (band)
- Matt Harding (band)
- Metronomy (band)
- New Rhodes (band)
- Pedro v Kathryn Williams (band)
- The Rakes (band)
- Rat:att:agg (band)
- Roland Shanks (band)
- Slow Club (band)
- Sukpatch (band)
- Tilly and the Wall (band)
- Unsound (band)
- Yeti (band)
- Zan Lyons (band)

## Related pages

- List of record labels
- A side project of the Disco Biscuits

## Other websites

- Official Moshi Moshi Records web site
Joey Jordison

**<span lang="es" dir="ltr">Nathan</span> Jonas "Joey" Jordison** (April 26, 1975 – July 26, 2021) was an American musician. He was the drummer for the band Slipknot. In Slipknot, he was known as **#1**. He was also the guitarist for Murderdolls.

Jordison died on July 26, 2021 at the age of 46. He was suffering from transverse myelitis when he died.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Joey Jordison
- **img**: JoeyJordison.jpg
- **background**: non_vocal_instrumentalist
- **birth place**: Des Moines, Iowa, United States, U.S.
- **instrument**: drums, Guitar, Bass guitar, Bass Guitar, Vocals
- **genre**: Nu metal
Horror punk
Glam rock
Extreme metal
- **years active**: 1996-2021
- **associated acts**: Slipknot
Murderdolls
Ministry (band), Ministry
Anal Blast
Modifidious
Korn
Satyricon
Roadrunner United
* [http://www.joey-jordison.org Joey Jordison Fanpage]
Richard Cromwell

**Richard Cromwell** (4 October 1626 – 12 July 1712) was the third son of Oliver Cromwell and the second Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland for little over eight months, from 3 September 1658 to 25 May 1659. His enemies called him "Hickory Dick" and "Queen Dick"_._

He  was not suited to ruling the country. He followed his father only because he was Oliver's oldest living son, and people expected one of Oliver's sons to follow him.  After a short time, Richard gave up power and knew that many people wanted King Charles II to come back from the Netherlands and rule the country.  When it was agreed that Charles would return, Richard thought it would be best for him to leave Britain, and he went to live in France for a while.

He changed his name to "John Clarke", travelled around Europe and did not return home for 20 years. After he came back, he lived quietly outside London for the rest of his life.

The nursery rhyme "Hickory Dickory Dock" is actually about Richard Cromwell. One of Richard's nicknames was "Hickory Dick". The mouse in the rhyme runs down when the clock strikes one, and Cromwell ruled for only one year.

## Other websites

- BBC Bio of Richard Cromwell
- BBC Bio of Oliver Cromwell
- Britannia.com "Monarchs" Page on Richard Cromwell

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Richard Cromwell
- **image**: RichardCromwell.jpeg
- **imagesize**: 220px
- **caption**: Richard Cromwell
- **office**: Lord Protector#Cromwellian Commonwealth, Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland
- **term start**: 3 September 1658
- **term end**: 25 May 1659
(264 days)
- **predecessor**: Oliver Cromwell
- **successor**: English Council of State, Council of State
- **birth place**: Huntingdon, Huntingdonshire, England
- **death place**: Cheshunt, Hertfordshire, England
- **nationality**: English
- **party**: Roundhead
- **relations**: Oliver Cromwell <small>(father)</small>
Elizabeth Bourchier <small>(mother)</small>
- **nickname**: _Tumbledown Dick_
_Queen Dick_


## Infobox (british royalty styles)

- republic
- **name**: Richard Cromwell,
Lord Protector of the Commonwealth
- **dipstyle**: Highness, His Highness
- **offstyle**: Your Highness
- **altstyle**: Sir
Cipriano de Rore

**Cipriano de Rore** (born in Ronse, Flanders, 1515 or 1516; died  Parma, September 1565) was a composer who lived in the Renaissance period.  He was Flemish, but spent all his adult life in Italy.  The name de Rore is a proper Flemish name, not a name that has been changed to look Italian.  He was one of the most important composer of madrigals in the 16th century.

## Life

There is very little known about Rore's early life.  He was born in a small town called Ronse (Renaix) in what is now Belgium.  It is possible that he had music lessons in Antwerp.  We think that he was taken to Italy by Margaret of Parma in 1533 as one of her servants.  Margaret, who was an illegitimate daughter of Charles V, was very wealthy and she married into the Medici family.  Rore probably continued to learn about music in Italy.

In his music publications de Rore is called a “disciple” of Adrian Willaert.  We do not know whether this means that he had lessons from Willaert, or just that he learned to compose by studying Willaert’s music.  His first book of madrigals was published in 1542, and then two books of motets were published.

In 1546 Rore went to Ferrara, where he was _maestro di cappella_ (choirmaster) He wrote a great deal of music in Ferrara.  He worked for the Duke Ercole II d'Este.  He composed masses, motets, chansons, and lots of madrigals, some of which were about things that happened in the court at Ferrara.  The duke awarded him an important honour.  Rore also wrote music for Albrecht V of Bavaria who lived in Munich.

He left his job in Ferrara and went back to Flanders where he found his home town Ronse had been destroyed in a war.  He went back to Ferrara, but could not get his old job back.  After another visit to Flanders he returned to Italy and got a job in Parma, but the music in that town was not very good.  For a short time he had a very important job of
_maestro di cappella_ at St. Mark's.  Adrian Willaert had just died.  However, Rore only kept this job for a year, returning to Parma in  1564 and dying there the next year.

## Works and influence

Rore is best known for his Italian madrigals, but he also wrote a lot of church music, including masses and motets.  He learned from studying the music of Josquin. His madrigals are based on the style of Willaert.  He enjoyed writing thick counterpoint and making the voices imitate one another a lot.  Most of the words he set were serious words, not lighthearted and amusing.  He often used chromaticism.  He developed his musical style a lot during his lifetime.  His music was very important in the development of the Italian madrigal, and it led the way to the madrigals of Monteverdi.

## References

- Reese, Gustave. _Music in the Renaissance_.  New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1954.
- [*http://www.grovemusic.com/Groves Online]
Flemish language

**Flemish** is a cluster of Dutch dialects spoken by people in the Flanders region of Belgium. Dutch became the official language of the northern part of Belgium in 1938.

## Related pages

- Dutch language
1965 Yerevan demonstrations

The **1965 Yerevan Demonstrations** were a 24-hour mass protest in Yerevan, Armenian SSR on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the Armenian genocide. It is said that this event constitutes the first step in the struggle for the recognition of the 1915 genocide.

On April 24, 1965, for the first time for any such demonstration in the entire Soviet Union, one million protesters held a 24-hour demonstration in front of the Opera House, and demanded that the Soviet Union government officially recognize the Armenian Genocide committed by the Young Turks in the Ottoman Empire, and build a memorial in Armenia's capital city of Yerevan to perpetuate the memory of the victims of the Armenian Genocide.

Many committed intellectuals, such as Silva Kaputikyan, had made impassioned pleas to the authorities in Moscow. The memorial, on Tsitsernakaberd hill, was completed in 1967.

Following the example of this high-profile demonstration, similar protests were made throughout the world, in whichever country the Armenian Diaspora exists. Since the day of the protests, Armenians to this day visit the memorial and make protests around the world to gain acceptance of the Armenian Genocide by Turkey.

## Related pages

- Armenian Genocide

## Other websites

- Armenian Genocide time line
- 24th of April in Armenia
Armenian Revolutionary Army

The **Armenian Revolutionary Army** (ARA) was a terror organization. Its last attack occurred in 1985.

## The Lisbon Five

5 Armenian gunmen  (known as "Lisbon Five") attacked the Turkish embassy in Lisbon in 27 July, 1983. The first Armenian was killed by security guards at the start of the attack. The wife and the son of Osman Ozturk, the Turkish chargé d'affaires, and a Portuguese policeman also died in the assault, 4 people were injured.  Portugal's Interior Minister Eduardo Perella said the government received intelligence information "that Armenian groups might attack Wednesday and beefed up security at diplomatic missions".
The Armenian Revolutionary Army claimed responsibility for attack.

In a message dropped in the mailbox of The Associated Press office in Lisbon, the group said: "We have decided to blow up this building and remain under the collapse. This is not suicide... but rather our sacrifice to the altar of freedom". The group said the attack had been carried out because "Turkey and its allies refused to acknowledge the genocide of Armenians".

## References

- Armenians storm the embassy // "The Globe", 28/7/1983.
- Armenian Revolutionary Army at Tkb.org
Jenkem

**Jenkem** is an alleged drug that was supposedly invented in poor parts of Africa.

## Appearance

When it is ready to be used, it is a gas. It is created from feces left in a container to ferment for a long time.

## Effects

When breathed in, Jenkem makes the person see crazy things. It is like a crazy dream, the person imagines things happening that are not really happening. The person may also hear sounds that are not really there. This is called a hallucination. Jenkem is also used to make a person happy. Because it is made out of fermented waste (or old feces), it is also very stinky.

Some say it is as if you have a curtain in front of you.

## Dangers

Because Jenkem is human waste and is inhaled (huffing), the person can get an infection because of the dirt and germs in the waste.
Jenkem also contains methane, which is explosive and flammable.
US Open (tennis)

The **US Open** is one of the four Grand Slam tennis tournaments. It is played in Queens, New York City in the USA. It is run by United States Tennis Association. The tournament has been played on three different surfaces:
- Grass (1881-1974)
- Har-Tru (a type of clay court, 1975-1977)
- Decoturf (a type of hard court, 1978-present)

The tournament was first played in 1881 for men, and 1887 for women. In 2006, the U.S. Open became the first Grand Slam to use Hawk-Eye. Hawk-Eye is a machine that can give a virtual replay of the shot that has just been played - this is useful for seeing if the ball was in or out. When a player does not agree with the umpire, they can ask to use Hawk-Eye. As of 2007, the other three Grand Slams use this machine too.

The US Open is the final Grand Slam of the year and is played over two weeks, in late August and early September.

### Past champions

- Men's Singles
- Women's Singles
- Men's Doubles
- Women's Doubles
- Mixed Doubles
- Singles Finals

### Current champions

|width="150"|Event|width="200"|Champion|width="200"|Runner-up|width="150"|Score|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2016 Men's Singles|**Stan Wawrinka**|Novak Djokovic|6–7 (1), 6–4, 7–5, 6–3|||||
|2016 Women's Singles|**Angelique Kerber**|Karolína Plíšková|6–3, 4–6, 6–4|||||
|2016 Men's Doubles|** Jamie Murray Bruno Soares** ||  Pablo Carreño Busta Guillermo García-López || 6–2, 6–3|||||||
|2016 Women's Doubles|** Bethanie Mattek-Sands Lucie Šafářová** ||  Caroline Garcia Kristina Mladenovic || 2–6, 7–6 (5), 6–4|||||||
|2016 Mixed Doubles|** Laura Siegemund Mate Pavić** ||  Coco Vandeweghe Rajeev Ram || 6–4, 6–4|||||||

## Records

- Men - Jimmy Connors, Pete Sampras, and Roger Federer have won 5 times.
- Women - Chris Evert has won 6 times.

## Other websites

- US Open official site
- US Open - All winners and runners-up. Reference book
Mobile device

A **mobile device** is an electronic device which its user can easily carry with them. Typical examples are a mobile phone and handheld game consoles or tablets. Mobile devices do not need an external power supply to work. Usually, they have a battery to hold electricity to work without electric wires.  A user can change, send and move data by connecting to a modem or cable, or more often wirelessly. Mobile devices can be tracked by using mobile radio signals between different mobile signal towers by using GNSS.

Uses for these devices include reading and writing e-mails, surfing in the internet and listening to music. Smartphones, tablets and similar complicated mobile devices can run computer programs including computer games, and have many subordinate functions of a desktop PC.

## Examples of mobile devices

]]
- Palmtop
- PDA - Personal digital assistant
- Cell phone
- Pocket PC
- Smartphone
- Tablet computer
- Smartwatch
- Bluetooth headset

## Categories

Mobile devices can be classified by size and capabilities:
- With small, text-screen. May be used to write short messages. 20th century mobile phones were like this.
- With medium screen and runs mobile operating system. Examples: Smartphone, E-reader.
- With big screen and runs desktop operating system. Examples: laptops, some tablets.

## Related pages

- Mobile operating system
- Symbian
- Windows Phone
- Android
- iOS
Tor (software)

**Tor** is a group of computer servers that keep users anonymous on the Internet. It works by moving data across a few random Tor servers, called "nodes". Information sent across Tor is hard to trace.

**Tor** is also the name that some people give to the web browser used to access the Tor server, the **Tor Browser Bundle**. The browser is a special version of Mozilla Firefox designed to make all users blend together, making it even harder to track a single person.

## Operation

Information sent across Tor goes through three separate Tor servers before going to its destination. These servers are:
1. The **entry guard**. Entry guards know who is sending information, but not what the information is. Entry guards send the information to a middle relay.
1. The **middle relay**. Middle relays don't know what the information is or who originally sent it. Middle relays send the information to an exit relay.
1. The **exit relay**. Exit relays know what the information actually is, but they don't know who originally sent it. Exit relays send the information to its destination.

If the destination is an ordinary website, the information is not protected by Tor after the exit relay sends it away. To fix this, special websites called hidden services can be created. Information sent between users and hidden services never leaves the Tor network. Hidden services can only be used on browsers that use the Tor network; browsers like Google Chrome won't work.

Hidden services use Onion addresses as their URLs. Onion addresses look like a bunch of random letters and numbers, with a `.onion` at the end. For example, the Onion address for the DuckDuckGo search engine is `duckduckgogg42xjoc72x3sjasowoarfbgcmvfimaftt6twagswzczad.onion`.

## Unlawful use

The Tor network can be used for illegal activities because of its anonymity. This can be criticizing leaders of state, P2P sharing of copyrighted files, moving child pornography, or buying and selling illegal drugs.

## Other websites

- The Tor Project

## Infobox (software)

- **name**: Tor
- **logo**: Tor-logo-2011-flat.svg
- **developer**: Roger Dingledine and Nick Mathewson
- **released**: 20 September 2002; 19 years ago
- **programming language**: C, Python, and Rust
- **latest release version**: 0.2.4.22
- **latest release date**: May 16, 2014
- **operating system**: Cross-platform
- **language**: ?
- **genre**: Onion routing / Anonymity
- **license**: BSD license
- **website**: [https://www.torproject.org/ www.torproject.org]
Damage deposit

A **damage deposit** or **deposit** is a sum of money that is paid when one  rents an item. It is paid to ensure the owner that it is returned in good condition. It is very common with rented accommodation. There it may also be called a **tenancy deposit** or in some places a **tenancy bond**.

The owner of the item (the landlord in the case of accommodation) will take a sum of money from the person(s) renting the item (the tenant). If the item is returned in good condition at the end of the tenancy the owner should return the deposit. If the item is returned with damage the cost of repairing that damage may be charged against the deposit, and part (or none) of the deposit will be returned.

## Other websites

- Tenants' information guide on deposits from Shelter
- Tenants' information guide on deposits  aimed at students, but useful for most types of tenants.
- Tenancy Deposit Scheme for Regulated Agents  - a scheme aiming to aid fairness in tenancy deposits.

th:มัดจำ
Accommodation

**Accommodation** can mean:

- Accommodation (in British usage) or accommodations (in American usage) is lodging in a house or similar living quarters for travellers in hotels or on cruise ships, or prisoners, etc.
- Accommodation (religion), a theological principle linked to divine revelation within the Christian church
- Accommodation (law), a term used in United States contract law
    - Accommodation Bill, a bill of exchange
- Accommodation (eye), the sense in ophthalmology
- Accommodation (physiology), changes in bodily function due to repeated exposure to drugs or toxins
- Accommodation (psychology), how existing mental structures and behaviors are modified to adapt to new experiences according to Jean Piaget (see also assimilation)
- Communication Accommodation Theory, how which people change their language behavior to be more or less similar to that of the people with whom they are interacting.
- Accommodation is a linguistics term meaning grammatical acceptance of unstated values as in Accommodation of presuppositions
- Biblical Accommodation is the adaptation of text from the Bible to signify ideas different from those originally expressed.
- Accommodation (education) are changes in the classroom to assist a learner with a disability
Lodging

**Lodging** or **holiday accommodation** is a type of accommodation. People who travel and stay away from home for more than a day need **lodging** mainly for sleeping. Other purposes are safety, shelter from cold and rain, and to have a place to store luggage and being able to take a shower.

They do that in a hotel, hostel or hostal, a private home (for example, a bed and breakfast or guest house place), in a tent, or a caravan/camper (often on a campsite).

Lodging may also refer to when cereal crops fall over, often due to wind or rain pressure, making grain harvest difficult.

## Related pages

- Homelessness
- Hostel
- Tourism

## Other websites

- Simply translated accommodation portal available in 14 languages: Residenzo
- The Lodging Wiki at Hospitality-411
- World Lodging Guide
- VEHICALL, a worldwide free service for holiday rentals
Republic of Venice

The **Most Serene Republic of Venice** (, ), was a state where modern Venice is now. It existed for one thousand one hundred years, from the late 7th century until the late 18th century (1797, when it was conquered by Napoleon). It was an great economic and trading power which was ruled by a leader called the Doge.

Venice was, at its height, the most powerful trading state in Europe.
It was based in the lagoon communities of the historically prosperous city of Venice. It held property in many places. This property was known as the _Stato da Màr_.

There were conflicts with the Catholic Church in Rome, and with Austria. War with their enemies brought the plague in 1630. In 16 months 50,000 people died in Venice, one third of the population. War with Turkish pirates
drained their strength. In 1714 the Turks declared was on Venice, and captured islands of the Peloponnese which had belonged to Venice.
The Republic of Venice declined in the 18th century.
Mindroling Monastery

**Mindroling Monastery** is one of the six major monasteries of the Nyingma school in Tibet. It was founded by Rigzin Terdak Lingpa in 1676. Tendrak Lingpa's lineage is known as the _Nyo_ lineage. _Mindroling_ in Tibetan means "Place of Perfect Freedom". It is near Lhasa on the south side of the Tsangpo river.

Mindroling was damaged in 1718 by the Dzungar Mongols from East Turkistan.
It was built again during the life of the Seventh Dalai Lama, Kelzang Gyatso (1708-1757).

Mindroling Monastery has a university. Nyingma scholars and yogis from all over Tibet studied there. The students studied Buddhist scriptures, astronomy, Tibetan lunar calendar, calligraphy, rhetoric, and Traditional Tibetan medicine. Monks studied thirteen major _sutra_ and _tantra_ texts of the Nyingma. They also learned from found teachings called _terma_. The head of the school was very important in Tibet.

At the time of the 1959 revolt against Chinese Communist rule in Central Tibet, there were around 300 monks at Mindroling. In the years after 1959, the monastery again was damaged, but not as badly as other monasteries such as Ganden. Now, the monastery is still being rebuilt .

In 1965, His Eminence Khochhen Rinpoche and a small group of monks started a new Mindroling monastery located near the hill town of Dehra Dun in Uttarakhand state, India. It now contains Ngagyur Nyingma College, one of the largest Buddhist institutes in India.

## Related pages

- List of Tibetan monasteries

## Other websites

- Website of the new Mindroling Monastery in India
Royal Mail

**Royal Mail** is a postal service company in the United Kingdom and Northern Ireland. It was established as early as 1516. The British Government formerly owned it and since 2013 own 30% of it.

The Universal Service Obligation says the company must deliver letters to all 32 million UK addresses six days a week, Monday to Saturday. It has put up the price of postage stamps because the number sent has dropped.  They say the network was built for 20 billion letters but is  now only delivering seven billion.  In 2024 people got two letters a week on average.  It lost  £419 million in 2023.

## Related pages

- Mail
- Royal Mail Ship

## Other websites

- royalmailgroup.com
BDD (disambiguation)

**BDD** is an abbreviation. It may mean:
- Binary decision diagram, a data structure in computer science
- Body dysmorphic disorder, a mental disorder
- Behavior driven development, a software design method
- Business-driven development, a software development method focusing on business requirements
- BostonDirtDogs.com, a blog-style website focusing on the Boston Red Sox
- Business Desktop Deployment, a free set of tools by Microsoft to manage desktop deployment projects
Bed and breakfast

A **bed and breakfast** is a private home in which someone can stay when travelling abroad.

## References

- Sakach, Deborah Edwards, _Bed & Breakfasts and Country Inns_ (American Historic Inns, Inc., 16th edition, 2004)
- Jan Stankus, _How to Open and Operate a Bed & Breakfast_ (Globe Pequot Press, 7th edition 2003)
- Martha Watson Murphy and Amelia Rockwell Seton, _How to Start and Operate Your Own Bed-And-Breakfast/Down-To-Earth Advice from an Award-Winning B&B Owner_ (Owlet, 1994)
- Mary Davis, _So-You Want to Be an Innkeeper: The Definitive Guide to Operating a Successful Bed-And-Breakfast or Country Inn_ (Chronicle Books, 1996)
- Susannah Craig and Park Davis, _Complete Idiot's Guide to Running a Bed and Breakfast_ (Alpha Books, 2001)
- Cheryl Verstrate, _Homestay 101 for Hosts_ (Start and Run a Successful Homestay), 1st edition,2006
- Sandee Wright, Owner & Innkeeper of Timberwolf Creek, Maggie Valley NC, Founder of CAIK (Caucus of American InnKeepers)
Bob Cobb

**Bob Cobb** can mean:
- The real name of the Maestro in the sitcom Seinfeld
- Robert H. Cobb, the creator of the Cobb Salad
- Robert W. Cobb, a government official
Camper

**Camper** can mean:

- A trailer or vehicle accessory used for camping, see recreational vehicle, travel trailer or camper shell.
- A Campervan - a self-powered van converted for camping.
- a person who engages in camping.
- a reference to the alternative rock band named Camper Van Beethoven.
- in online games, a player who stays in one area of the game world, see camping (computer gaming).
- Camper, a shoe company from Majorca, Spain.
- a camper can be a term for one who stays in their vehicle for a long period of time.
- Petrus Camper, a Dutch anatomist.
Accommodation (eye)

**Accommodation** is the way the eye increases optical power (the degree to which the lens converges or diverges light). This is necessary to produce a clear image (focus) on an object when it draws near the eye. A lens that is more convex( fatter in the middle) would refract more light rays than a less convex lens (thinner lens). The lens can change shape because the cells of the lens contain an elastic crystalline protein. The young human eye can change focus from distance to seven centimeters from the eye in 350 milliseconds.

The eye focuses on a given object by changing the shape of the eye lens through accommodation.  This is controlled by ciliary muscle,which surrounds the lens.

## Other websites

- pupilEyes - Learn about accommodation of the eye
Focus (optics)

In geometrical optics, a **focus** (also called an **image point**) is the point where light rays that come from a point on the object converge (come together).

In reality the focus is never a point but a small spot called the _blur circle_.

An image, or image point or region, is ***in focus*** if light from object points is converged almost as much as possible in the image, and ***out of focus*** if light is not well converged.
Vich, Switzerland

**Vich** is a municipality in Nyon in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland.

## Economy

The Plainisphare record label is in Vich.

## History

Vich once had a paleolithic village (which are about 2.5 million years old) on it. There are also clues that it was lived on during the Bronze Age. There is also a Roman paved road running through it from Nyon to Orbe.

### Control

Vich was controlled by many people. It belonged to the lords of Besançon to Cossonay,  Prangins and Savoy.

In 1536 the canton of Vaud was taken by the Bernese who kept it until 1798 when the canton was freed by the French revolutionary troops. In 1803, Vich joined the Swiss Confederation.

## Other websites

- Official website (French)
- Aerial photographs on swisscastle.ch

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Vich
- **municipality name**: Vich
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Vich COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Vich.png
- **languages**: French
- **canton**: Vaud
- **iso-code-region**: CH-VD
- **district**: Nyon (district), Nyon
- **postal code**: 1267
- **municipality code**: 5732
- **area**: 1.56
- **elevation**: 456
- **population**: 712
- **populationof**: 2005
- **website**: www.vich.ch
- **mayor**: Pierre-Alain COUVREU
- **neighboring municipalities**: Arzier, Bassins, Begnins, Coinsins, Genolier, Gland, Switzerland, Gland, Prangins
Ludiano

**Ludiano** was a municipality of the district Blenio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 1 April 2012, the former municipalities of Ludiano, Malvaglia and Semione merged to form the new municipality of Serravalle.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Ludiano
- **image photo**: Ludiano Mai 2015.JPG
- **image caption**: Ludiano
- **municipality name**: Ludiano
- **municipality type**: former
- **imagepath coa**: Ludiano-coat of arms.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Ludiano.png
- **languages**: Italian
- **canton**: Ticino
- **iso-code-region**: CH-TI
- **district**: Blenio (district), Blenio
- **postal code**: 6721
- **municipality code**: 5040
- **area**: 6.2
- **elevation**: 477
- **population**: 346
- **populationof**: December 2004
- **popofyear**: 2004
- **neighboring municipalities**: Acquarossa, Malvaglia, Semione, Sobrio
Lugaggia

**Lugaggia** was a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 20 April 2008, the former municipalities of Bidogno, Corticiasca and Lugaggia joined together and became the municipality of Capriasca.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Lugaggia
- **image photo**: ChiesaSureggio.jpg
- **image caption**: The church of Santi Pietro e Paolo in Sureggio (Lugaggia)
- **municipality name**: Lugaggia
- **municipality type**: former
- **imagepath coa**: Lugaggia-coat of arms.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Lugaggia.png
- **languages**: Italian
- **canton**: Ticino
- **iso-code-region**: CH-TI
- **district**: Lugano (district), Lugano
- **postal code**: 6953
- **municipality code**: 5191
- **area**: 3.5
- **elevation**: 537
- **population**: 827
- **populationof**: December 2004
- **popofyear**: 2004
- **neighboring municipalities**: Cadro, Camignolo, Canobbio, Capriasca, Comano, Switzerland, Comano, Ponte Capriasca, Sonvico
Lugano

**Lugano** (Latin language: _Luganum_) is a city of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

## History

Lugano has existed as a town since at least 984. The territory of Lugano was fought over by Milan and Como throughout the Middle Ages. The city joined Switzerland in 1513. In 1956, Lugano hosted the first ever Eurovision Song Contest.

## Municipalities

Since 2004 the former municipalities of Breganzona, Cureggia, Davesco-Soragno, Gandria, Pambio-Noranco, Pazzallo, Pregassona and Viganello were incorporated into the city. In 2008, they were followed by Barbengo, Carabbia and Villa Luganese. In 2013 the former municipalities of Bogno, Cadro, Carona, Certara, Cimadera, Sonvico and Valcolla were incorporated into the city.

## Other websites

- Official website
- Lugano Tourism
- Lugano Monte Brè

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Lugano
- **image photo**: Lugano (Ticino) View on Lake Lugano and Monte San Salvatore.jpg
- **image caption**: Lugano in mid-August 2008
- **municipality name**: Lugano
- **municipality type**: city
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Lugano COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Lugano.png
- **languages**: Italian
- **canton**: Ticino
- **iso-code-region**: CH-TI
- **district**: Lugano (district), Lugano
- **postal code**: from 6900 to 6917, 6932, 6951, 6959, from 6962 to 6968, from 6974 to 6979
- **municipality code**: 5192
- **area**: 75
- **elevation**: 273
- **population**: 63583
- **website**: www.lugano.ch
- **executive name**: Municipio
- **executive number of members**: 7
- **mayor**: Marco Borradori
- **mayor asof**: February 2014
- **mayor party**: Ticino League
- **mayor title**: Sindaco
- **list of mayors**: List of mayors of Lugano
- **parliament name**: Consiglio comunale
- **parliament number of members**: 60
- **places**: Barbengo, Besso, Ticino, Besso, Brè-Aldesago, Breganzona, Cadro, Carabbia, Carona, Switzerland, Carona, Castagnola-Cassarate, Cureggia, Davesco-Soragno, Gandria, Loreto, Switzerland, Loreto, Lugano Centro, Molino Nuovo, Pambio Noranco, Pazzallo, Pregassona, Sonvico, Valcolla, Viganello, Villa Luganese
- **neighboring municipalities**: Arogno, Bioggio, Brusimpiano (Italy), Campione d'Italia (Italy), Canobbio, Capriasca, Collina d'Oro, Grancia, Lanzo d'Intelvi (Italy), Massagno, Melide, Switzerland, Melide, Morcote, Muzzano, Switzerland, Muzzano, Paradiso, Switzerland, Paradiso, Ponte Capriasca, Porza, Savosa, Sorengo, Valsolda (Italy), Vezia, Vico Morcote
Lumino

**Lumino** is a municipality of the district Bellinzona in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Lumino
- **municipality name**: Lumino
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: Lumino-coat of arms.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Lumino 2010.png
- **languages**: Italian
- **canton**: Ticino
- **iso-code-region**: CH-TI
- **district**: Bellinzona (district), Bellinzona
- **postal code**: 6533
- **municipality code**: 5010
- **area**: 9.92
- **elevation**: 270
- **population**: 1185
- **populationof**: December 2004
- **popofyear**: 2004
- **website**: www.lumino.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Arbedo-Castione, Claro, Ticino, Claro, Roveredo, Ticino, Roveredo (GR), San Vittore, Switzerland, San Vittore (GR)
Vich

**Vich** may mean:

- Vich, Switzerland
- Vigo di Fassa, Italy
- Vic, Spain
Old Kingdom of Egypt

The **Old Kingdom** is the name for Egypt during the 3rd millennium BC when  the civilization of Egypt had its first peak. It was the first of three so-called "Kingdom" periods, which mark the high points of civilization in the lower Nile Valley (the others being Middle Kingdom and the New Kingdom of Egypt).

Old Kingdom was the best by the Third Dynasty through to the Sixth Dynasty (2686 BC – 2134 BC). Many Egyptologists also include the Memphite Seventh and Eighth  Dynasties in the Old Kingdom as a continuation of the administration centralized at Memphis. The Old Kingdom was followed by a period of disunity and relative cultural decline that is called the First Intermediate Period by Egyptologists.

The royal capital of Egypt during the Old Kingdom was Memphis. During the Old Kingdom era the great pyramids were built to be burial tombs for the Pharaohs. Because Pharaohs were believed to be given authority from heaven, they wished to walk to Ra, their Sun-god, after death. King Zoser's adviser Inhotep designed the pyramid, hoping to easily reach Ra. The tombs were built on the west bank of the Nile where the sun seemed to set. For this reason, the Old Kingdom is sometimes called "The Age of the Pyramids."

Khufu, called Cheops, was the Pharaoh who built the Great Pyramid at Giza, near Cairo. He believed his soul never died, so they stored food, clothes, and things he owned in the rooms of the pyramid. The Great Pyramid is one of the Seven Wonders of the World: tall as a forty-story building, it took a hundred thousand men twenty years to build. With only ramps and physical energy, they had to move and lift into place 2,300,000 blocks of limestone that were about two and one-half tons apiece. Slaves, farmers, and gangs of men had to work on the Great Pyramid, and were paid with valuable things, not coins (Egyptians had no coins).

To guard the pyramids, a huge stone statue called the Great Sphinx was created and placed nearby. The Great Sphinx has a man's head and a lion's body, with paws 50 ft (15 m) long.

At last, the priests overthrew the Pharaohs. Then the nobles and priests ruled.

## Further reading

- Jaromir Malek, _In the Shadow of the Pyramids: Egypt During the Old Kingdom_, University of Oklahoma Press, 1986.
- _Egyptian Art in the Age of the older set of Pyramids_, New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1999.  (catalogue for travelling exhibition of the same name)
- The Fall of the Egyptian Old Kingdom

## Other websites

- Middle East on the Matrix: Egypt, The Old Kingdom  – Photographs of many of the historic sites dating from the Old Kingdom
- Old Kingdom of Egypt- Aldokkan
Memphis, Egypt

**Memphis** was the ancient capital of the first nome of Lower Egypt, and of the Old Kingdom of Egypt from its foundation until around 2200 BC and later for shorter periods during the New Kingdom. It was an administrative centre throughout ancient history.

Its ancient Egyptian name was **Ineb Hedj** ("The White Walls"). The name "Memphis" () is the Greek  of the Egyptian name of the pyramid of Pepi I (6th dynasty), which was **Men-nefer**, and became **Menfe** in Coptic. The modern cities and towns of Mit Rahina, Dahshur, Saqqara, Abusir, Abu Gorab, and Zawyet el'Aryan, south of Cairo, all lie within the administrative borders of historical Memphis ().

Memphis was also known in Ancient Egypt as **Ankh Tawy** ("That which binds the Two Lands") because of the strategic position of the city between Upper and Lower Egypt.

The ruins of Memphis are 20 km (12 miles) south of Cairo, on the west bank of the Nile.

In the Bible, Memphis is called Moph or Noph.

## Sources

- Baines & Malek _Cultural Atlas of Ancient Egypt_, 2000.

## Other websites

- On the Memphis Theology
- Memphis site (Windows Live Local)
Cataracts of the Nile

The **cataracts of the Nile** are areas between Aswan and Khartoum where the water is shallow and flows quickly. The surface is broken by numerous small boulders and stones that lie on the river bed, as well as many small rocky islets. These features create rapids or "white water," making it treacherous to travel.

River cataracts often go with a rapid down-drop of the river. They block the waterway, since boats cannot safely carry cargo through.

The six first cataracts of the River Nile were the main obstacles for boats sailing on the Nile in antiquity. Counted upstream (from north to south), the First Cataract is in modern Egypt; the rest are in Sudan.

- The First Cataract is near Aswan
- The Second Cataract (_or Great Cataract_) was in Nubia and is now submerged in Lake Nasser
- The Third Cataract is around Tombos  / Hannek
- The Fourth Cataract is in the Manasir Desert and will be flooded by the Merowe Dam from 2006 onward
- The Fifth Cataract is near the confluence with the Atbara River
- The Sixth Cataract is where the Nile cuts through the Sabaluka pluton near Bagrawiyah

The word cataract comes from the Greek word _Katarakhtes_ meaning "waterfall".

In ancient times, Upper Egypt extended from the Nile Delta to the first cataract. Further upstream, in what is modern Sudan, the land was later controlled by the Kingdom of Kush.

The cataract faces north, not south, because the river flows north, from Lake Victoria in the south.

The 1899 book _The River War_ by Winston Churchill explains each of the cataracts.

## Other websites

- The Cataract Nile and the Great Bend  -University of Texas

- Photo links

- Second Cataract: Second Cataract Second Cataract
- Third Cataract: Third Cataract Third Cataract  Third Cataract
- Fourth Cataract: Fourth Cataract
- Fifth Cataract: Fifth Cataract
- Sixth Cataract: Fifth Cataract Fifth Cataract
Paul Gray

**Paul Dedrick Gray** (April 8, 1972 – May 24, 2010)  was an American musician and bassist for Nu Metal band Slipknot. He was born in Los Angeles, California and moved to Slipknot's home town when he was just a baby.

He was the only member of Slipknot who was not from Des Moines, Iowa.

## Death

On May 24, 2010, _The Des Moines Register_ said that Gray had been found dead in a hotel room in the TownePalace Suites hotel in Urbandale, Iowa.

An autopsy performed on June 21, 2010 showed that Gray died of an accidental overdose of morphine and fentanyl. It also showed that he had signs of a "significant heart disease".

His physician Daniel Baldi was charged with involuntary manslaughter in September 2011. Baldi was accused of continuing to write high-doses of prescription drugs for Gray even though it was known that Gray was a known drug addict. He was also charged with the deaths of seven others and pleaded not guilty when he faced charges.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Paul Gray
- **img**: Paul Gray at Mayhem.jpg
- **img capt**: Paul Gray in the band Slipknot (band), Slipknot _(2008)_
- **background**: non_vocal_instrumentalist
- **birth place**: Los Angeles, California, United States
- **death place**: Urbandale, Iowa, United States
- **instrument**: Bass guitar
- **genre**: Nu Metal
- **years active**: 1996–2010
- **associated acts**: Slipknot, Reggie and the Full Effect, Unida
- **url**: [http://www.slipknot1.com Slipknot Website]
Smog

**Smog** is a type of air pollutant; the word "smog" is a combination of smoke and fog. Classic smog results from large amounts of coal burning in an area and is caused by a mixture of smoke and sulfur dioxide.

London is where it first happened. Coal fires are now illegal in London, and trains are driven by other fuels. In cities like Los Angeles it is the exhaust fumes of cars which cause the smog.

Delhi is supposed to be the most polluted city on Earth. Smogs cause lung diseases and increase the death rate. According to one estimate, air pollution causes the death of about 10,500 people in Delhi every year.

Peking (Beijing) is another city where air pollution is serious. Car emissions and coal burning are the main reasons for their pollution. They also get pollution from some neighbouring regions, due to the pattern of air movement in the area.
Smog (disambiguation)

**Smog** may also rmean:
- Smog a form of air pollution
- SMOG or Simple Measure of Gobbledygook, a measurement of how difficult text is
- (Smog) or Bill Callahan, a music artist

## Related pages

- Smaug, a dragon  in _The Hobbit_ by J. R. R. Tolkien
Island Records (disambiguation)

**Island Records** may refer to the following music industry record labels:
- Island Records founded in Jamaica in 1959, and its subsidiary labels:
    - Island Masters
    - Island Reggae Greats
    - Island Blue Records
- The Island Def Jam Music Group, the name of the Island Records group after its merger with Def Jam Music
Island Records

**Island Records** is a Jamaican-British record label that was founded by Chris Blackwell in Jamaica. It was based in England for many years, but is now owned by Universal Music Group of the United States, and is operated through The Island Def Jam Music Group.

## Labels

This list is probably incomplete, and some of the dates are uncertain.
- Al's Records (1996–1997)
- Aladdin Records (UK) (mid-1960s)
- Antilles Records (1972–1998)
- Apollo Recordings (2006–2007)
- Black Swan Records (1963-1965 and mid-1970s)
- Blue (1999–2001)
- Blunted (1993–1996)
- Brown Brigade (2003-present)
- Europa Recordings (2006–2007)
- Fallout Records (UK division)
- 4th & Broadway (1982–1997)
- Gee Street Records (1990-1997)
- Great Jones (1988–1994)
- Island Black Music (1995–1998)
- Island Jamaica (1995–1996)
- Island Jamaica Jazz (1996)
- Island Masters (1980s–1990s; reissues)
- Island Reggae Greats (1985, compilation series; re-issued in several forms)
- Island Trading Company (importer; 1982–mid-1990s; still exists)
- Island Urban Music (2007)
- Island Visual Arts (1985)
- Manga Entertainment (1991-1997, moved to Chris Blackwell's Palm Pictures, then was sold to Starz Media)
- Mango Records (1972–1997)
- Mango Street (1989–1992)
- MonarC Entertainment (2002)
- Sense ("Sense of Island"; 1990–1991)
- Stiff Records (1984–1986 only)
- Sue Records (UK division)
- Surprise Records (mid-1970s)
- Trade 2 (1996–1997)
- Trojan Records (1967–1968 only)
- Tuff Gong (UK Division

## Other websites

- Island Records (U.K.) — official web site (UK)
- Island Records (U.S.) — official web site (US)
- Island Records label gallery at collectable-records.ru
- _Island Book 1962–1977_ — Just out! Island Records collectors guide - limited edition, numbered and signed
- Island Records Listing with picture sleeves and label design at collectable-records.ru
- Island Records (UK)  and Island Records (US)  sections of black-music-collectors.com
- Island Records (UK)) and Island Records (US)) sections of Discogs.com
- Island Records research  — Island research wiki for Discogs.com

## Infobox (record label)

- **parent**: Universal Music Group
- **founded**: 1959
- **founder**: Chris Blackwell
- **distributor**: The Island Def Jam Music Group (United States, US)
Island Records Group (United Kingdom, UK)
Universal Music Germany (European Union, EU)
- **genre**: Various
- **country**: Jamaica
- **url**: [http://www.islandrecords.com/ www.islandrecords.com]
Fiction Records

**Fiction Records** is a record label that was founded in 1976 by Chris Parry as a home for The Cure. Other notable acts to release on Fiction around this time were the Purple Hearts, Back To Zero, Associates, Alberto y Lost Trios Paranoias and Eat (band). The label's first #1 record was _Wish_ by The Cure in 1991, going #1 in the United Kingdom. The band left the record label in 2001, signing to Geffen at the end of the year.

After a period of several years, the label was then re-started in 2002 by Joe Munns, Paul Smernicki and Jim Chancellor as a Polydor imprint. The first release of this record label was a single by Snow Patrol.

## Related pages

- List of record labels

## Other websites

- Fiction Records Official Website
Foals (band)

**Foals** are a dance-punk band from Oxford who play a mixture of Indie, techno and Math-Rock. The band work with Transgressive Records.

## TV Appearances

In August 2007, the band appeared in a mini episode of _Skins_, which aired on Myspace.

The band appeared on the 16th November 2007 episode of Later With Jools Holland playing their songs 'Balloons' and 'Red Socks Pugie'.

The band have also appeared on T-Mobile's Transmission on Channel 4 where they performed the song Hummer.

### Albums

- _Antidotes_, 2008
- Total Life Forever, 2010
- _Holy Fire_, 2013
- _What Went Down_, 2015
- _Everything Not Saved Will Be Lost – Part 1_, 2019
- _Everything Not Saved Will Be Lost – Part 2_, 2019
- _Life Is Yours_, 2022

### EPs

- _Live EP_ (Transgressive Records, 26 February, 2007)

### Singles

- _Try This On Your Piano / Look At My Furrows Of Worry_ (Try Harder' April 03 2006)
- _Hummer / Astronauts And All_ (Transgressive Records, April 23 2007)
- _Mathletics / Big Big Love (Fig #1)_ (Transgressive Records, August 20 2007) UK #109
- _Balloons / Brazil is Here! (CD only) / Dearth (7" only) / Balloons Produced by Kieran Hebden (Limited edt. etched 12" only)_ (Transgressive Records, December 10 2007)  UK #39

## Other websites

- Foals Official Web Site
- Foals MySpace page
- Foals Fansite

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Foals
- **image**: File:Foals @ Lollapalooza 2013 in Grant Park, Chicago on Saturday August 3, 2013.jpg
- **caption**: Foals performing live at Lollapalooza in Grant Park, Chicago on Saturday August 3, 2013.
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Oxford and Thame, England
- **genre**: Math rock
Dance-punk
- **years active**: 2005 – present
- **label**: Transgressive Records
- **url**: [http://www.myspace.com/foals Official MySpace]
- **current members**: * Yannis Philippakis
* Jack Bevan
* Jimmy Smith
* Walter Gervers
- **past members**: * Edwin Congreave
Polydor Records

**Polydor Records** is a record label currently based in the UK, and is a subsidiary of Universal Music Group.

## Polydor UK

Though Polydor's American branch is gone, in the United Kingdom, however, Polydor continues to sign chart-topping acts and remains one of the strongest imprints in the country — with artists such as Klaxons, Sophie Ellis-Bextor, Take That and Kaiser Chiefs.

It also acts as the UK label for American-based acts under Interscope-Geffen-A&M like Eminem and Gwen Stefani.

In spring 2006, Polydor launched Fascination Records, a music label dedicated to pop music. Both Girls Aloud and Sophie Ellis-Bextor transferred to the new label.

## Related pages

- Polydor Records artists
- List of record labels

## Other websites

- UK official site

## Infobox (record label)

- **parent**: Universal Music Group
- **founded**: 1913
- **distributor**: A&M Records (United States, US)
Self-distributed (Outside US)
- **genre**: Various
- **country**: United Kingdom, UK; United States, US (re-issues and/or domestic distribution of overseas releases - only)
- **url**: [http://www.polydor.co.uk/ www.polydor.co.uk]