juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Champagne (wine)

**Champagne** is a French sparkling wine. It is named after the Champagne wine region in Grand Est. This is a region in France with many vineyards that grow grapes and make wine.  Note that this region is not identical to the French region of Champagne-Ardenne, nor the historical province Champagne. Champagne contains carbon dioxide. One of the features of Champagne wine is that this carbon dioxide originates from a second fermentation in the bottle, and is not added.

Many people call all sparkling wines _champagne_ but according to trade laws, only sparkling wine from the Champagne region can be called champagne.

## Kinds of champagnes

Champagnes must be made from certain kinds of grapes. They can be made from white Chardonnay grapes, or red Pinot Noir or Pinot Meunier grapes. Even if red grapes are used, most champagnes look white or sometimes pink (rosé).

Champagnes have different names depending on how much sugar is added. Here is a list of kinds of champagnes from least sweet (called "dry") to most sweet (called "wet"/"doux"):
- _brut zéro_ or _brut natural_ - no sugar is added
- extra brut
- _brut_
- _extra-dry_
- _sec_
- _demi-sec_
- _doux_

_Brut_ is the most common type of champagne.

## Features

Champagne, like all sparkling wines, is carbonated. Because of all the bubbles, champagne is sometimes called _bubbly_ (ex. "We're going to have _bubbly_ at our wedding.")

Champagne can be opened in a way that the cork "pops" out and the champagne sprays out in a bubbly foam. Usually this is done only at celebrations. It can be achieved by shaking the bottle before opening it. Normally, care should be taken when opening champagne bottles so that it does not make a mess. When done correctly, the cork will come out quietly, more like a sigh than a pop.

Champagne is usually served in a champagne flute (a tall, narrow glass). The shape of the glass helps keep the bubbles for a longer time.

Champagne is always served cold (chilled). The best temperature is 7 to 9 °C (43 to 48 °F). Often the bottle is chilled in a bucket of ice before and after opening.

## How to say it

In English it is pronounced like "shampain" (). In French is sounds more like "shampany<small>e</small>" ().

## References

- Guy, Kolleen. _When Champagne became French: Wine and the Making of a National Identity_. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003.
- Robinson, Jancis (Ed.) _The Oxford Companion to Wine_. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, second edition, 1999.
- Prial, Frank J. _Decantations_. New Yrk: St. Maritin's and grifin Publishers, 2001, p. 24.

## Other websites

- Champagne reviews and tasting notes
Lorca

**Lorca** is a municipality in the Region of Murcia, in Spain.

It has an area of 1,675 km² and a population of 95,726 people.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Lorca
- **settlement type**: Municipalities of Spain, Municipality
- **imagesize**: 265px
- **image flag**: Bandera de Lorca.png
- **image seal**: Coat of Arms of Lorca.svg
- **pushpin map**: Spain
- **pushpin mapsize**: 265px
- **pushpin relief**: yes
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: Autonomous communities of Spain, A. community
- **subdivision type2**: Provinces of Spain, Province
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Fulgencio Gil
- **area total km2**: 1,675
- **population total**: 95,726
- **population as of**: January 1, 2021
- **population density km2**: 57.15
- **utc offset**: +01:00
- **postal code type**: Postal code
- **postal code**: 30800, 30810–30818, 30876, 30878, 30889, 30890, 30893
- **blank name sec2**: Community Identification Number, MCN
- **blank info sec2**: 30024
Exile

**Exile** means being sent away from the country or area where you live.  People are usually exiled for political reasons or sometimes because they have committed a crime.  They may have said bad things about the rulers in that country or tried to get into power themselves. People are not exiled in democratic countries, but many famous people in history have been sent into exile.

Exile may mean that someone is sent out of the country, but sometimes they are sent to another part of the country (this is called "internal exile").  Sometimes people have made their own decision to leave their country as a protest against the way it was being ruled.  This is called "self-imposed exile".

In the Old Testament the Jews were exiled to Babylon.  In Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome people were often sent into exile.  For several centuries Russia (in the 20th century the Soviet Union) sent many people into exile, often to labour camps in Siberia.  Thousands of people from Europe including many famous people went to the United States when the Nazis came to power in Germany in the 1930s.

One famous person who was sent into exile was Napoléon Bonaparte who was exiled from France, first to Elba and then to Saint Helena after his defeat against the allied forces.

The cellist Pablo Casals went into self-imposed exile as a protest against the government of Francisco Franco. He said he would not come back until Spain was a democracy. But he never could, because he died two years before Franco.

## Related pages

- Government-in-exile
- Political asylum
Lager

**Lager** (which is short for **Lager beer**) is a kind of beer. It is made from a kind of yeast. Fermentation will be a slow process. It usually has a clear color. That color comes from the beer being stored for some time. During that time, the yeast can settle at the bottom of the barrel. The yeast is removed before the beer is bottled or served.

Lagers are usually drunk while they are cold.
Ryszard Kapuściński

**Ryszard Kapuściński** ; 4 March 1932 – 23 January 2007) was a popular Polish journalist. He was well regarded both at home, and abroad. During his life he became known for his way of reporting news. He was a foreign correspondent for the Polish press agency. He was shortlisted as a candidate for the Nobel Prize for Literature, but also received many other awards. He is one of the Polish authors whose works get translated most often.
Republican National Committee

The **Republican National Committee** (**RNC**) is a political committee that is a major part of the Republican Party based in the United States. It is responsible for developing and promoting the party's political platform. The committee also helps assist in fundraising and election strategy. It is also responsible for organizing and running the Republican National Convention.

Joe Gruters is the current chairman of the Republican National Committee, in office since August 2025.

## Related pages

- Republican National Convention
- Democratic National Committee
- Democratic National Convention

## Infobox (organization)

- **name**: Republican National Committee
- **image size**: 120px
- **logo**: Republican_Disc.svg
- **formation**: June 1856;  years ago
- **location**: 310 First Street SE,
Washington, D.C., U.S.
- **affiliations**: Republican Party (United States), Republican Party
Democratic National Committee

The **Democratic National Committee** (**DNC**) is a political committee that is a major part of the Democratic Party based in the United States. It is responsible for developing and promoting the party's political platform. The committee also helps assist in fundraising and election strategy. It is also responsible for organizing and running the Democratic National Convention.

Ken Martin is the current chairman of the Democratic National Committee, in position since February 2025.

## Related pages

- Republican National Committee
- Republican National Convention
- Democratic National Convention

## Infobox (organization)

- **name**: Democratic National Committee
- **image size**: 120px
- **logo**: US Democratic Party Logo.svg
- **location**: 430 South Capitol Street SE,
Washington, D.C., U.S.
- **affiliations**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic Party
Four Corners

The **Four Corners** is the place in the Southwestern United States where the four corners of New Mexico, Colorado, Utah, and Arizona meet. Three of the four corners (AZ, NM, UT) are on the Navajo Indian Reservation and the fourth corner (CO) is on the Ute Mountain Indian Reservation.

The Four Corners Monument is at the coordinates .
Southwestern United States

The **Southwestern United States** (also called the **American Southwest** or simply the **Southwest**) is a portion of the United States that mostly considered located to be in the country's western region. It is warmer than the North and is drier than the East.

Depending on the source, the region almost always includes Arizona and New Mexico and at least parts of Southern California, Nevada, Utah, and Colorado, but it may also include the Trans-Pecos "horn" of the far west of Texas. California, Nevada, Utah and Colorado are also classified as in the "West" by the United States Census Bureau, which considers Texas and Oklahoma to be in the "South."

The Southwest is growing and has large cities like Phoenix, Las Vegas, El Paso, Albuquerque, and Tucson. It is one of the fastest growing parts of the country.

The Southwest used to be Santa Fe de Nuevo México and New Mexico Territory.
Flagellum

A **flagellum** (plural: _flagella_) is a long, whip-like structure that helps some single celled organisms move. It is composed of microtubules. They help propel cells and organisms in a whip-like motion. The flagellum of eukaryotes usually moves with an “S” motion, and is surrounded by cell membrane.

Flagella are structurally almost identical with the much smaller Cilia. So much so that it has been proposed protists bearing either should be unified in the Phylum _Undulipodia_. Previously, Margulis had proposed that the Ciliates alone should be placed in a Phylum _Ciliophora_. Admittedly, the Protista is a collection of disparate single-celled forms, but while a more sophisticated taxonomy is in flux (changing), Protista is still a useful term.

Cilia and flagella are cell organelles, specialised units which carry out well-defined functions, like mitochondria and plastids. It is fairly clear now that all or most of these organelles have their origin in once-independent prokaryotes (bacteria or archaea), and that the eukaryote cell is a 'community of micro-organisms' working together in 'a marriage of convenience'.

## Types

Three types of flagella have so far been distinguished; bacterial, archaeal and eukaryotic. The main differences among these three types are summarized below:

- Bacterial flagella are helical filaments that rotate like screws. They provide two of several kinds of bacterial motility.
- Archaeal flagella are superficially similar to bacterial flagella, but are different in many details and considered non-homologous.
- Eukaryotic flagella – those of animal, plant, and protist cells – are complex cellular projections that lash back and forth.  Eukaryotic flagella are classed along with eukaryotic _motile_ cilia as _undulipodia_ to emphasize their distinctive wavy appendage role in cellular function or motility.  _Primary_ cilia are immotile, and are not undulipodia; they have a structurally different _9+0 axoneme_ rather than the _9+2 axoneme_ found in both flagella and motile cilia undulopodia.

## Other websites

- Molecular Machines Index of Illustrations, Graphics, and Animations
- _Physics Today_ introduction to the bacterial flagellum by Howard Berg
Walkman

The **Walkman** is the invention as well as the brand name of Sony. It represents a portable audio player. Today, similar devices are also called "Walkman". The name describes players that have small sizes and can be carried by one anywhere. The portable player was a revolutionary device since one could take favorite music with him or her.

## History

The  original Walkman cassette player was released in 1979. The name "Walkman" was used in Japan, while abroad it had other names, one of which was "Soundabout". First the product did not have a name, and then one of the company's staff proposed "Walkman". Because it was a direct translation from Japanese, Sony's leadership seemed skeptical. They thought "Walkman" was not a suitable name for a device which was to be launched in the United States and Europe.

Sony used new ways to introduce its new product on the market and advertise it. The main idea of Sony was to make people aware that Walkman is a product that is unique on the market and that it is both new and fun. On June 22 (the date of release), Sony Walkman appeared in Tokyo. The company held an unusual press conference where different journalists were invited to Yoyogi, which is Tokyo's major park. They were given a Walkman to prove that the portable player is fun and easy to use.

By 1995 there were already about 150 million Walkman portable players produced. Later, MP3 players became more popular.

## Related pages

- Sony
- Japan
- iPod
- MP3
- Laptop
- DVD
- Universal Serial Bus (USB)
Semantics

**Semantics** is the study of meaning. Meaning in this case refers to the relation between _signifiers_ and what they stand for. Signifiers are words, signs and symbols.

The word _semantics_ was first used by a French man named Michel Bréal. He studied the way that language was put together, how language changed as time passed, and the connections in languages. Semantics can include simple or very complicated ideas.  In everyday speech, it means a problem with understanding language that can confuse because of the words or their connotation (another idea created by a word that is not in its definition).  This problem of understanding has been studied for a long time, especially in the field of formal semantics, where people explain the connection between words and their meanings in a clear way.

In linguistics (the study of language), semantics is the study of the attempts to understand signs or symbols used in agents (the words that cause an action) or communities in different situations. Other items of language that are said to have meaning are sounds, facial expressions, body language, and proxemics, which is the use of personal space. Each of these topics connects to many ways of studying. In writing, things like the way paragraphs are written and the use of punctuation show meaning. Other types of language create other meanings.

Formal semantics is sometimes similar to many other areas of language study. Some of these are lexicology (study of words), syntax (ordering of words), pragmatics (the study of language in different situations), and etymology (the history of words). Semantics is also a well-defined field on its own.
Governance

**Governance** is the term for the way a group of people such as a country do things. Many groups create a government to decide how things are to be done. Governance is different from politics. Politics deals with people with different ideas working together to create an agreement about what to do, and governance is doing what politics decided needed to be done.Governance is also how government decision making affects people in that nation.
Snowball

A **snowball** is a ball of snow. They are usually made by a person picking snow up in their hands and pressing it together in the ball the size of their hand. Snowballs are usually thrown at people or objects as a game called a **snowball fight**. Making snowballs is a common activity for children when it snows.

Larger snowballs are made by using a ball the size of a hand and rolling it on the ground. As more snow sticks to it, the ball grows larger. Larger snowballs are often used to make Snowmen. The term "Snowball effect" comes from this. It means as things go on, they get more serious in the same way that a snowball gets larger as it rolls.
MPEG-4

**MPEG-4** (**MP4**) is a video and audio standard (type). Movies in MPEG-4 need less space on a computer. At the same time, they still have DVD quality. MPEG means Moving Picture Experts Group. Many researchers and engineers all over the world worked to develop MPEG-4. The work on this standard ended in 1998. MPEG-4 became a standard all over the world.

Movies that use MPEG-4 standard are high quality and take up less computer memory. Older standards were MPEG-1 and MPEG-2. Compared to these older versions, MPEG-4 has more features. For example, it has a way to fix problems, lots of quality and size choices, and a better picture quality.

MPEG-4 is designed for the special needs of computers, television areas and telecommunications. It is able to be individual objects in a certain area, besides rectangular pieces of computer information. For example, this could be a car driving in front of a background. The background does not change. The car can be treated as separate thing, because it is not a fixed background. This is because MPEG-4 can be many rectangular images at the same time.

## Related pages

- VHS
- DVD
- MP3

## Other websites

- MPEG-4  - Additional information on the format for more advanced users
Warship (TV series)

**Warship** was a popular British television drama series produced by the BBC between 1973 and 1977.

The series was about life on board a Royal Navy warship, the fictional **HMS Hero**. It was mainly filmed aboard the Leander-class frigate **HMS Phoebe**.

Four Leander class frigates played the role of HMS Hero. They were HMS Phoebe, **HMS Dido**, **HMS Hermione** and **HMS Jupiter**. All the crews of these warships were given HMS Hero cap tallies for filming purposes.

The creator of the series was a serving Royal Navy officer, Ian Mackintosh. He wrote three books based on episodes of the series. They were simultaneously published in hardback and paperback. The books were:
- _Warship_ (published in 1973);
- _HMS Hero_ (published in 1976);
- and _Holt RN_ (published in 1977).

The opening music of the series was a march played by the Royal Marines, called _Warship_, and written by Anthony Isaac. It is still played by Royal Marine bands.

## Related pages

- Ian Mackintosh
- HMS Hero
- HMS Phoebe (F42)
- HMS Dido (F104)
- HMS Hermione (F58)
- HMS Jupiter (F60)
- Leander class frigate
- Royal Navy
- Royal Marines
- Fleet Air Arm
- Frigate

## Other websites

- _Warship_ Episode Guide
- British Film Institute site on _Warship_
- Royal Navy leaflet on _Warship_, from the HMS Phoebe Association website
- Comments on _Warship_ by series Director Michael Briant
- Webpage (at Home > Scriptwriting > Warship) about Michael J Bird's scripts for _Warship_
- HMS Phoebe Association website
- HMS Dido Association website
- HMS Jupiter Association website
- HMS Hermione Association website
- Ian Mackintosh's Royal Navy service record on Opsromm.org
Jerry Lewis

**Jerry Lewis**, born as  ***Joseph***  **Levitch**, (March 16, 1926 – August 20, 2017) was an American comedian, actor, singer, director and humanitarian. He was of Jewish descent. He was best known for acting in comedy movies in the 1950s and 1960s such as _The Nutty Professor_. He also helped to raise money for people with muscular dystrophy, through the Muscular Dystrophy Association.

Lewis was born in Newark, New Jersey. He studied at Irvington High School though he dropped out in his sophomore year.

Lewis first became famous as part of **Martin & Lewis**, working with singer Dean Martin. They worked together for ten years. They appeared on stage, radio and television, and in movies. They stopped working together in 1956 and did not speak for years. They reunited a few times from the 1970s to the 1990s.

Lewis directed of many of his movies. He was the first director to use video cameras with movie cameras, to help with filming scenes. Film takes time to process, but videotape can be played back right away, saving time and work if a scene needs to be redone. Other directors soon started using his technique, and it is still used today.

During the 1970s, Lewis' movies became less popular. He moved away from acting and directing. In the 1990s, he returned to performing onstage. He continued to perform during the 2000s.

Lewis was a Republican though he was friends with President John F. Kennedy. He supported Presidents Ronald Reagan and Donald Trump.

Lewis died at his home in Las Vegas, Nevada at 9:15 AM of cardiomyopathy on August 20, 2017 at the age of 91.

## Movies

Jerry Lewis acted in many movies, including:
- _The Stooge_ (1952)
- _Hollywood or Bust_ (1956)
- _The Bellboy_ (1960)
- _The Errand Boy_ (1961)
- _The Patsy_ (1964)
- _The Disorderly Orderly_ (1964)
- _Three on a Couch_ (1966)
- _Way... Way Out_ (1966)
- _Don't Raise the Bridge, Lower the River_ (1967)
- _The Big Mouth_ (1967)
- _Silent Treatment_ (1968)
- _Hook, Line & Sinker_ (1969)

## Other websites

- Official Jerry Lewis website
- Italian Jerry Lewis fansite

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Jerry Lewis
- **image**: Jerry Lewis (Paramount photo by Bud Fraker).jpg
- **alt**: Black-and-white portrait photograph of a smiling man with short hair
- **caption**: Lewis in 1957
- **birth name**: Joseph Levitch
- **birth place**: Newark, New Jersey, U.S.
- **death place**: Las Vegas, Nevada, U.S.
- **years active**: 1931–2017
- **children**: 7, including Gary Lewis (musician), Gary
- **signature**: Jerry Lewis signature.svg
Constantine (movie)

***Constantine*** is a 2005 American superhero horror movie starring Keanu Reeves and Rachel Weisz. It is based on a comic book series called _Hellblazer_.

The main character, John Constantine, fights demons.

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: Constantine
- **writer**: **Comic Book:**
Jamie Delano
Garth Ennis
**Screenplay:**
Kevin Brodbin
Frank Cappello
- **starring**: Keanu Reeves
Rachel Weisz
Shia LaBeouf
Tilda Swinton
Pruitt Taylor Vince
Djimon Hounsou
Gavin Rossdale
Peter Stormare
- **director**: Francis Lawrence
- **producer**: Gilbert Adler
Michael Aguilar
- **distributor**: Warner Bros.
- **released**: February 18, 2005
- **runtime**: 121 minutes
- **language**: English
- **music**: Klaus Badelt
Brian Tyler (composer), Brian Tyler
- **budget**: United States dollar, $100 million
East Anglia

**East Anglia** is a region of eastern England. It is named after an ancient Anglo-Saxon kingdom, which was named after the homeland of the Angles, Angeln in northern Germany. The kingdom consisted of Norfolk and Suffolk ("North folk" and "South folk") but the region's borders are vague.

Farming and gardening are very successful in this fertile country. The landscape has been heavily influenced by Dutch technology.
Simone de Beauvoir

**Simone Lucie Ernestine Marie Bertrand de Beauvoir** (, ; ; 9 January 1908 – 14 April 1986) was a French author (writer) and philosopher (person who writes about ways of thinking).

She wrote novels (stories in a book), articles about philosophy ways of thinking or ways of living, and politics, biographies (books about other people's lives) and an autobiography (a book about her life).

Her best known books are _She Came to Stay_ and _The Mandarins_. Her best known writing about ideas is _The Second Sex_, which was written in 1949. It describes the bad experiences of women in European society, and suggests how women's lives can be improved.

## Early years

Her full name was Simone Lucie-Ernestine-Marie-Bertrand de Beauvoir. She was born on January 9, 1908 in Paris. She studied mathematics and ways of thinking at the Institut Catholique. Then she studied literature and languages at the Institut Sainte-Marie. As well, she studied ways of thinking at the Sorbonne, which is at the University of Paris.

## Her writing; personal life

In 1943, de Beauvoir published _She Came to Stay_, a story about her lover Jean-Paul Sartre (who was also a writer and a philosopher). Next, she wrote a novel called _The Mandarins_, which won prize.

In 1944 de Beauvoir wrote an article called _Pyrrhus et Cinéas_, which was about a way of thinking about hard choices that people have to make.

In 1949, she wrote Le deuxième sexe. It was translated by Howard Parshley to _The Second Sex_. It describes the bad experiences of women in European society, and suggests how women's lives can be improved. The book also discussed ways of thinking about hard choices.

At the end of World War II, de Beauvoir and Sartre started a newspaper about ways of living called _Les Temps Modernes_.

De Beauvoir was bisexual and had sexual relationships with some of her female students.

She died of pneumonia. She is buried next to Sartre at the Cimetière du Montparnasse in Paris.

## Some of the books she wrote

- _The Blood of Others_, (1945)
- _Who Shall Die?_, (1945)
- _The Second Sex_, (1949)
- _The Mandarins_, (1954)
- _The Prime of Life_, (1960)
- _When Things of the Spirit Come First_, (1979)

### Books about Simone de Beauvoir

- Beauvoir, Simone de. Woman: Myth & Reality,
    - in Jacobus, Lee A (ed.) A World of Ideas. Bedford/St. Martins, Boston 2006. 780-795

## Other websites

- The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Simone de Beauvoir by Shannon Mussett. Includes a bibliography of her work in English translation.
- Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Simone de Beauvoir by Debra Bergoffen. Extensive bibliography.
- Guardian Books "Author Page", with profile and links to further articles.
Katie Couric

**Katherine "Katie" Anne Couric** (born January 7, 1957) was a co-host of the top-rated _Today_ show, broadcast live on NBC affiliates, from 1991 until late 2006, earning nearly $14 million each year for the last 4 years of her contract.

Couric was born in Arlington, Virginia. She was hired by the news division at CBS in late 2006 to anchor and be the main editor of the CBS Evening News, which operated with temporary anchors after Dan Rather's departure.  Ratings have been disappointly low despite the initial fanfare and introduction of new theme music at the beginning of each show.  In 2021, Couric was a guest host on the syndicated quiz show _Jeopardy!_ following the death of Alex Trebek.

Couric is active in charities, especially related to colon cancer, after the death of her husband (to colon cancer) in 1998. Couric received a colonoscopy on live television in March 2000. She also released pictures of her mammogram on television. She voiced a shrimp version of herself named Katie Current from the 2004 animated comedy movie Shark Tale.

Couric has two daughters, Ellie and Caroline.
Michael Richards

**Michael Anthony Richards** (born July 24, 1949) is an American actor and comedian. He is best known for playing Cosmo Kramer on the television show _Seinfeld_. He has won three Emmy Awards for causing a notable controversy when his shouting of racial slurs at African American hecklers in a comedy club was broadcast worldwide in news reports.
Final Fantasy VII

***Final Fantasy VII*** is a 1997 role-playing video game developed by Square for the PlayStation console. It is widely regarded as a landmark title, and as one of the most influential and greatest video games ever made.

The title won numerous Game of the Year awards and was acknowledged for boosting the sales of the PlayStation and popularizing Japanese role-playing games worldwide.

Its success has led to enhanced ports on various platforms, a multimedia subseries called the _Compilation of Final Fantasy VII_, and a high definition remake trilogy currently comprising _Final Fantasy VII Remake_ (2020), and _Final Fantasy VII Rebirth_ (2024).

### Plot

_Final Fantasy VII_ follows the story of Cloud, who joins forces with many others to fight a new threat to the world while dealing with a seemingly terminal illness.

### Characters

The main playable character is Cloud who is supported by Tifa, Aerith, and Barret.

## Music

The music in _Final Fantasy VII_ covers a wide variety of musical genres, including rock, techno, orchestral, and choral.

## Spin-off titles

- _Final Fantasy VII: Advent Children_ – set 2 years after Final Fantasy VII
- _Before Crisis_ – set 6 years before Final Fantasy VII
- _Crisis Core_ – set 7 years before Final Fantasy VII
- _Dirge of Cerberus_ – set 3 years after Final Fantasy VII

## Other websites

- A page written by Duncan Heaney.  October 29, 2025

## Infobox (video game)

- **title**: Final Fantasy VII
- **developer**: Square (company), Square
- **director**: Yoshinori Kitase
- **producer**: Hironobu Sakaguchi
- **programmer**: Ken Narita
- **composer**: Nobuo Uematsu
- **series**: _Final Fantasy_
- **genre**: Role-playing video game, Role-playing
- **modes**: Single-player
Tony O'Reilly

**Sir Anthony Joseph Francis O'Reilly** (7 May 1936 – 18 May 2024) was an Irish billionaire. He was born in Dublin, Ireland. He was the chairman of Dublin's Independent News & Media Group and was once the CEO of the H.J. Heinz Company.

O'Reilly played rugby for the Leicester Tigers and London Irish in England. He played for Ireland between 1955 and 1963.

O'Reilly died at a hospital in Dublin on 18 May 2024, after a short illness at the age of 88.

## Related pages

- List of billionaires
Prism (optics)

A **prism** is a special piece of glass, crystal, or plastic that bends light. The light bends (or _refracts_) because it moves slower in the glass, crystal or plastic than it does in air. If different colors of light move at different speeds, each color bends a different amount. This is dispersion and it splits the light into a band of different colors called a spectrum. This spectrum has the same colors as a rainbow does, because rainbows are made the same way, by bending light. They happen when light is bent by tiny drops of water floating in the air. If the light does not come out when you shine it into the prism, it is called internal reflection.

Some prisms are used to disperse light. Binoculars also use prisms, to reflect light. This lets the tubes of the binoculars be short. Some cameras use a prism to send light to the viewfinder, so the photographer can see what will be photographed.
Fritjof Capra

**Fritjof Capra** (born February 1, 1939) is an Austrian-American physicist.

Born in Vienna, Austria, Capra earned a Ph.D. in theoretical physics from the University of Vienna in 1966. He has done research on particle physics and systems theory, and has written popular books on the implications of science with ethics, metaphysics and society. In particular in _The Tao of Physics_ he says that physics and metaphysics are  leading to the same knowledge. His works all share a similar subtext: that _"there are hidden connections between everything"_.  Capra is both a Buddhist and a Catholic Christian.

After touring Germany in the early 1980s, Capra wrote a book in 1984 with ecofeminist author Charlene Spretnak, called _Green Politics_.

Capra pushes for western society to abandon the mechanistic views of Descartes.  Unlike Descartes' reductionistic view that everything can be studied in parts to understand the whole, he allows his readers to take an objective and fresh mind, encouraging them to see the world through 'complexity theory'.

Capra is aiming for a theory of living systems, a theoretical framework for ecology. This theory has its roots in several scientific fields from the first half of the twentieth century — organismic biology, gestalt psychology, ecology, general systems theory, and cybernetics.

## Bibliography

- _The Tao of Physics_ (1975)
- _Green Politics_ with (Charlene Spretnak)
- _The Turning Point_ (1982)
- _Uncommon Wisdom_ (1988)
- _Belonging to the Universe: Explorations on the Frontiers of Science and Spirituality_ (1991) (coauthored with David Steindl-Rast and Thomas Matus)
- _The Web of Life_ (1997)
- _The Hidden Connections: A Science for Sustainable Living_ (2002)

## Other websites

- His homepage
- The Turning Point
- Home on the web for the Center for Ecoliteracy
- Skeptical Inquirer on Quantum Quackery
Vegeta

**Vegeta**, also known as **Prince Vegeta IV**, is a fictional character from the manga Dragon Ball created by Akira Toriyama.

He is  introduced as an antagonist alongside his companion Nappa for Goku.
Later in the story, he became an ally of Goku and his friends even if he develops a friendly rivalry with Goku.
He also marries Bulma and becomes the father of Trunks and Bulla.

His popularity is second only to Goku himself. His popularity caysed him to appears in Dragon Ball Z , Dragon Ball GT, and Dragon Ball Super.

## Infobox (character)

- **name**: Vegeta
- **color**: blue
- **series**: Dragon Ball
- **image**: Anime Expo 2011 - Vegeta from Dragonball Z (5893314804).jpg
- **caption**: Cosplay of Vegeta
- **creator**: Akira Toriyama
- **voice**: Gianluca Iacono (Italian dub)
- **alias**: * Prince Vegeta IV
- **species**: Saiyan
- **gender**: Male
- **occupation**: Frieza Force (formerly)
- **spouse**: * Bulma (wife)
- **children**: * Trunks (son)
* Bulla (daughter)
- **relatives**: * King Vegeta (father)
* Tarble (brother)
* Dr. Briefs (father-in-law)
* Vegeta Jr. (descendant)
- **fullname**: Prince Vegeta
Minor Threat

**Minor Threat** was a hardcore punk band from Washington DC from the 1980s. Many other bands which played hardcore punk music in the United States were influenced by Minor Threat's music. Minor Threat's songs were usually short and fast. All of Minor Threat's records were released on the band's own Dischord Records label.

Minor Threat told their listeners they did not use illegal drugs or drink alcohol, which was called being "straight edge."

## History

Ian MacKaye, Jeff Nelson, bassist Brian Baker, and guitarist Lyle Preslar formed Minor Threat in 1980. Their first records were _Minor Threat_ and _In My Eyes_ in 1981. The group toured through the United States.

Their song "Straight Edge" had lyrics (words) that told people they did not use illegal drugs or drink alcohol, which was called being "straight edge." Another song called "Out of Step" tells listeners not to smoke, drink, or have casual sex. People often thought that the band was telling others not to do these things but in interviews the band states that straight edge is a personal decision.

Minor Threat broke up in 1983.

### Albums

- _Out of Step_ (1983)

### Extended plays

- _Minor Threat_ (1981)
- _In My Eyes_ (1981)
- _Salad Days_ (1985)

## Other websites

- Official Website
- Minor Threat Profile by Dischord Records

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Minor Threat
- **img**: Minor-threat-malcolm-riviera.jpg
- **img capt**: Minor Threat performing at the Wilson Center in Washington, D.C., 1981
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Washington, D.C., United States
- **genre**: Hardcore punk
- **years active**: 1980–1981
1982–1983
- **label**: Dischord Records, Dischord
- **associated acts**: Fugazi, Embrace (American band), Embrace, The Teen Idles, Egg Hunt, Samhain (band), Samhain, Bad Religion, Government Issue
- **past members**: Ian MacKaye
Jeff Nelson (musician), Jeff Nelson
Brian Baker (musician), Brian Baker
Lyle Preslar
Steve Hansgen
Ethelred the Unready

**Athelred II** (13 March 968 — 23 April 1016) nicknamed **the Unready** was the King of England twice. The first time was from 978 until in 1013 where a Viking king, Sweyn I of Denmark, overthrew him. The second time was from Sweyn's death in 1014 until Athelred's death in 1016. He was the son of Edgar and his second wife, Ælfthryth. He succeded his older half-brother, Edward II, in 978 when Athelred was only ten years old. During his reign, he had to fight against Viking invaders in England.

His nickname "Unready" means "Unread" which was a nickname for "Poorly Counciled" or "Poorly Advised," because he was given poor council when he solicited opinions from his advisors.

## Other websites

- Family tree of Ethelred the Unready
- Documentary - The Making of England: Aethelred the Unready
- Early British Kingdoms
- Britannia :  Monarchs

## Infobox (royalty)

- **name**: Athelred II
- **image size**: 170px
- **caption**: An artist's :en:wikt:depiction, depiction of Athelred
- **succession**: List of English monarchs, King of the English
- **moretext**: (Style of the British sovereign#English sovereigns, more...)
- **reign**: 18 March 978 — 23 July 1013
- **reign-type**: First Reign
- **coronation**: 29 March 978
- **predecessor**: Edward the Martyr
- **successor**: Sweyn I of Denmark, Sweyn I
- **reign1**: 3 February 1014 — 23 April 1016
- **reign-type1**: Second Reign
- **predecessor1**: Sweyn I
- **successor1**: Edmund II of England, Edmund II
- **regent1**: Ælfthryth, Queen of England, Ælfthryth (978–984)
- **reg-type1**: Regent
- **issue-type**: Issue (genealogy), Issue
- **house**: House of Wessex, Wessex
- **father**: Edgar of England, Edgar
- **mother**: Ælfthryth, Queen of England, Ælfthryth
- **birth place**: Winchester, Hampshire
- **death place**: London
- **burial place**: St Paul's Cathedral, Old Saint Paul's Cathedral
- **religion**: Catholic Church, Roman Catholicism
Elizabethan Religious Settlement

The **Elizabethan Religious Settlement** was Elizabeth I’s answer to the religious quarrels that developed during the reigns of Henry VIII, Edward VI and Mary I.

This answer was given in two Acts of the Parliament of England. The Act of Supremacy of 1559 confirmed the English church’s independence from Rome. The Act of Uniformity 1559 decided about the form of the English church.

Often it was seen as the end of the English Reformation and the foundation of Anglicanism.  But some historians think that England only became a Protestant nation on a popular level many years later.  There seem to have been great divisions in the population and among the clergy for a long time afterwards.

## Related pages

- Church of England
- Reformation

## Other websites

- The Legacy of the Reformation: A New Approach
- Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603), Elizabethan Religious Settlement
- Elizabeth's Act of Uniformity (1559)
- Documents Illustrative of English Church History
Gecko

**Geckos** are small to middle size lizards. There are 1196 different species of geckos, mostly in the suborder **Gekkota**. They live in many warm countries and usually are active during the night. Some kinds of geckos live in people's houses. _Hemidactylus frenatus_ is the common house gecko. People are often happy to have them, because geckos eat many insects.

Unlike most lizards, geckos have voices. A gecko sounds a little like a bird or a frog. In some languages, these lizards have names that sound like their calls, for example, both English and Indonesian call one kind gecko (gek-KO) and tokay (to-KAY). Another kind of gecko, with a different sound, is called chicak (CHEE chak).

Most geckos lay eggs, but some give birth to live young.

Geckos have no eyelids. Instead, they have a clear membrane (skin) over their eyes. They lick the membrane clean with their tongues. Like most lizards, they can regenerate their tail if they need to. Their tail also helps them balance and store fat. Geckos also shed their skin, like many other reptiles. Geckos are also able to replace their teeth every few months.

Geckos can walk on trees, walls, windows, and ceilings. Geckos' feet form a molecular bond with the surface that they are walking on in order to "stick" to the surface. This force is called van der Waal's force.They can do this because they have special toe pads. A microscope shows that each toe pad is made of thousands of hair-like structures called setae. Each of these structures branches into many smaller ends called spatulae.  The rest of their skin is also covered in extremely small hairs, which make it hard for a gecko to get wet. Gecko skin can also kill bacteria.

## Taxonomy

There are seven families under the suborder Gekkota.

- Carphodactylidae
- Diplodactylidae
- Eublepharidae
- Gekkonidae
- Phyllodactylidae
- Sphaerodactylidae
- Pygopodidae

## References

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Rutherfordium

**Rutherfordium** is a chemical element. It has also been named **eka-hafnium** and **unnilquadium**. It has the symbol **Rf** and has the atomic number 104. It is a very radioactive element that does not exist in nature. It has to be made. Rutherfordium is the first transactinide element.. The isotope that has the longest half-life is <sup>265</sup>Rf. Rutherfordium-265 only has a half life of about 13 hours.

The amount of rutherfordium that has been made is not enough to give much information about it. The element has no present uses. It is thought that the chemistry of rutherfordium will be like the chemistry of hafnium.

## History

Rutherfordium was named after Ernest Rutherford. It was reported that it was first made in 1964 at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research at Dubna, Russia. The scientists reported that they bombarded a different chemical element <sup>242</sup>Pu with the element <sup>22</sup>Ne. The neon-22 particles were accelerated to an energy of 113 to 115 MeV. They claim they detected nuclear fission tracks in a special type of glass with a microscope showing that a new element was there.

In 1969 scientists at the University of California, Berkeley made rutherfordium by banging together <sup>249</sup>Cf and <sup>12</sup>C at very high energies. These scientists said that when they tried to make rutherfordium in the same way as the scientists at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research none of the element was produced.

The scientists at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research claimed that it was first detected in Dubna. They thought it should be named _dubnium_ (_Db_) or _kurchatovium_ (_Ku_) for Igor Vasilevich Kurchatov (1903-1960).

The scientists at the University of California, Berkeley thought it should be named _rutherfordium_ (_Rf_).

The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) decides the name of elements that should be used by everyone. They used _unnilquadium_ (_Unq_) as a temporary name. Unnilquadium is the systematic element name meaning "one-zero-four" in Latin. In 1997 they resolved the dispute and used the current name of rutherfordium. The chemical element with atomic number 105 was named dubnium.

## Related pages

- Periodic table
- List of common elements

## References

- Los Alamos National Laboratory Rutherford

## Other websites

- WebElements.com - Rutherfordium
Philipp Tischendorf

**Philipp Tischendorf** (born June 7, 1988 in Berlin, Germany) is a German figure skater. He was the 2007 German national silver medalist. Tischendorf is coached by Michael Huth, with former coaches Jürgen Bertko and silver Olympic medalist Romy Oesterreich.

In March 2007, Philipp was injured while practising a quadruple Lutz jump on the ice and was forced to not participate the 2007/2008 because of injury.
Miles per hour

**Miles per hour** is a unit of measurement. It measures speed. It is the number of miles moved in an hour.

Miles per hour is the unit used for speed limits on roads in the United Kingdom (UK) and the United States (US). It is normally abbreviated in everyday use to **mph**. In technical publications, it is sometimes abbreviated as **mi/h**.

The SI unit for velocity is **m·s<sup>−1</sup>** (metres per second).

## Conversions

1 mph equals:

- 0.44704 m·s<sup>−1</sup>, the SI derived unit
- 1.609344 km·h<sup>−1</sup>
- 22/15 =1.4667 feet per second
- ~0.868976 knots
Nobility

**Nobility** was the highest social class in pre-modern societies. In the feudal system (in Europe and elsewhere), the noble were mostly those who got land from the monarch and had to provide services to him, mainly military service. Men of this class were called noblemen. It soon became a hereditary class, sometimes with a right to bear a hereditary title and to have financial and other privileges in the estates of the realm.

Today, in most countries, 'noble status' means no legal privileges; an important exception is the United Kingdom, where certain titles (titles of the peerage) guaranteed until recently a seat in the Upper House of Westminster Parliament (that is why it is called House of Lords) and still provide some other, less important privileges.

## History

Nobles were always recognized as lower families of the King/Queen.  Nobles usually rule Duchies, Counties, and principalities. Nobles were usually given a "noble house.  Nobles usually worked as advisors to the King, and land owners.  Some families did not work at all because they were quite wealthy. But not all nobles were wealthy. Some were very poor.  One of the richest claim to be noble families were the Medicis.  They ruled Tuscany, Milan and others.   The Medicis were originally common people, but they were richer than most monarchs of the time until they fell in the 1700's.

Noble families had plenty of power depending on what land they ruled. The rich Duchy of Burgundy was a major power spot because of how big to Duchy was. Another power spot was the Duchy of Milan and the Duchy of Luxembourg. Some nobles had little to no power. Most nobles are given a title such as "lady-in-waiting," that is non hereditary.

## Famous Noble Families

- House of Boleyn
- House of Grey
- House of Bourbon
- House of Normandy
- House of Foix
- House of Hesse
- House of Nassu

## Nobility by rank

|Title|Male|Female|
| --- | --- | --- |
|Empire|Emperor|Empress|
|Kingdom|King|Queen|
|Grand Principality|Grand Prince|Grand Princess|
|Principality|Prince|Princess|
|Archduchy|Arch Duke|Arch Duchess|
|Grand Duchy|Grand Duke|Grand Duchess|
|Duchy|Duke|Duchess|
|Marquisate|Marquess|Marchioness|
|County/Earldom|Count/Earl|Countess|
|Viscounty|Viscount|Viscountess|
|Barony|Baron|Baroness|

## Other websites

- The German nobility
- Old Noble Family Trees
- WW-Person , an on-line database of European noble genealogy
- Paul Theroff's _An Online Gotha_
- Genealogics, an extensive database of European nobles
- Worldroots, a selection of art and genealogy of European nobility
- RoyalArk- ruling houses in many non-European countries
- Web site on the Royalty, the Nobility, the History and the Patrimony
- The Armenian nobility
- The Maltese Nobility and its ilks.
- Italian dynastic genealogies (in Italian, with an introduction in English)
- Worldwidewords
- OneTree Genealogy - European Royal and Danish-Norwegian-Swedish Nobility Lineages
Trio (music)

- _This article is about a group of three musicians and about music written for three musicians.
- _For other uses of trio, see Trio.
- ''For a piece of music called "trio" see also Minuet

A **trio** is a group of three people who are playing musical instruments or singing together. The word "trio" may also refer to the piece of music that they are playing.

Three people who are singing together are a "vocal trio".

Classical composers writing chamber music very often wrote trios. Usually the trio is called after the main instrument in the group. A piano trio is normally a piece for piano, violin and cello. A string trio is a piece for three string instruments, usually violin, viola and cello.

Many other combinations are possible. Brahms wrote a piece which is normally referred to as a "Horn Trio" for french horn, violin and piano. Mozart wrote a piece normally called a "Clarinet Trio" which is for clarinet, viola and piano.

A piece for three people sitting at one piano is usually called a piece for "piano 6 hands".

Trios can also apply to popular music, like Nickel Creek.
Chips

**Chip** or **chips** could mean:

## Food

- French fried potatoes, also known as _chips_
- Potato chips, also known as _crisps_
- Tortilla chips
- Corn chips
- Fish and chips

## Other

- Chips (band)
- Integrated circuits are used in computers and are commonly called _microchips_, _silicon chips_, or _chips_
- Poker chips
- Gravel chips
- Wood chips
Learning music by ear

**Learning music by ear** is learning to play a piece of music by listening to other people playing it and then trying to play it oneself.  In some musical traditions there is no written music and everybody plays by ear all the time.  Folk music is traditionally learned by listening to other musicians and copying them.  This is how music is passed from one generation to another.

Most people in the Western musical tradition learn pieces and songs by reading music, but it is good to try to play music by ear sometimes.  It can be a very useful skill.

The Suzuki method of learning instruments started in Japan but is now used in many countries.  It teaches young children to play an instrument (usually the violin) by ear.