juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
WrestleMania 2000

**WrestleMania 2000** (also known as **WrestleMania XVI**) was the sixteenth yearly WrestleMania professional wrestling pay-per-view produced by the World Wrestling Federation (WWF). It happened on April 2, 2000 at the Arrowhead Pond arena in Anaheim, California. This WrestleMania is different from others, because it is the only WrestleMania not to feature at least one standard one on one wrestling match. It is also the only WrestleMania to use the year in its name.

## Results

|colspan="15"|Hardcore Championship battle royal title changes|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1|Tazz|Pinned Crash Holly after a Capture Suplex|00:26|
|2|Viscera|Pinned Tazz after a Powerslam|01:00|
|3|Funaki|Pinned Viscera after a flying shoulderblock by Bradshaw|07:51|
|4|Rodney|Pinned Funaki after throwing him into a backstage wall|08:11|
|5|Joey Abs|Pinned Rodney after a Gutwrench Suplex|08:24|
|6|Thrasher|Pinned Joey Abs after a Clothesline|08:46|
|7|Pete Gas|Pinned Thrasher after hitting him with a fire extinguisher|09:29|
|8|Tazz|Pinned Pete Gas after a T-Bone Suplex|10:17|
|9|Crash Holly|Pinned Tazz after hitting him with a cookie sheet|14:20|
|10|Hardcore Holly|Pinned Crash Holly after hitting him with a candy jar|15:00|

|colspan="6"|Fatal four-way match eliminations||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1|Big Show|The Rock|Pinned after a Rock Bottom|04:50|
|2|Mick Foley|Triple H|Pinned after a Pedigree onto a steel chair|19:40|
|3|The Rock|Triple H|Pinned after two Chair shots to the head by Mr. McMahon|36:24|

## Other websites

- The official website of WrestleMania 2000 (XVI)
- WrestleMania 2000 (XVI) Facts/Stats

## Infobox (wrestling event)

- **name**: WrestleMania 2000
- **tagline**: A McMahon in Every Corner
- **theme**: "WWE Anthology, California" by Ike Dirty and composed by Jim Johnston (composer), Jim Johnston
- **promotion**: World Wrestling Federation
- **sponsor**: Snickers
- **venue**: Honda Center, Arrowhead Pond of Anaheim
- **city**: Anaheim, California
- **attendance**: 19,776
- **lastevent**: No Way Out (2000)
- **nextevent**: Backlash (2000)
- **event**: WrestleMania
- **lastevent2**: WrestleMania XV
- **nextevent2**: WrestleMania X-Seven
Lucas Sang

**Lucas Sang** (February 12, 1961 - January 1, 2008) was a Kenyan runner who raced at the Olympic Games in 1988. He and his team made it to the final of the 4X100 relay race.

Sang was killed in Kenya during the riots about the election. He was killed when a group of men threw stones and rocks at him. His body was later burned.
Fiesole

**Fiesole** is a town in Tuscany, near Florence. In 2003, 14.100 people lived there.
Mugello region

**Mugello** is a landscape in northern Italy. Mugello is north of Florence. The Santerno River's valley is nearby. The two valleys are separated by the Futa Pass (a path or way to cross over the mountain between those two valleys).

In ancient times it was on the border between the area settled by the Ligurians (also called the Magelli tribe), the Etruscans and the Gauls. The Roman colonization left very few signs behind because the Mugello was mostly an agricultural area. In the Middle Ages it was home to many castles. Later on, Mugello was taken over by the Republic of Florence. Several families of the city built villas (large houses) there. They were similar to ones built by the Medici royal family.

## Villages / cities

- Borgo San Lorenzo
- Scarperia
- Barberino di Mugello
- San Piero a Sieve
- Vicchio
- San Godenzo
Friar

**Friars** are special monks who do service to a community and lead a simple life, rather than having an ascetic life in a monastery.

## Orders

There are two classes of orders known as friars, or mendicant orders: the four "great orders" and the so-called "lesser orders".

### Four great orders

The four great orders were mentioned by the Second Council of Lyons (1274), and are:

- The **Dominicans**, founded ca. 1215. The Dominicans are also known as the "Friar Preachers", or the "Black Friars", from the black mantle ("cappa") worn over their white habit. The Dominicans were founded by Saint Dominic and received papal approval from Honorius III, in 1216 as the "Ordo Praedicatorum" under the Rule of St. Augustine. They became a mendicant order in 1221.
- The **Franciscans**, founded in 1209. The Franciscans are also known as the "Friars Minor" or the "Grey Friars". The Franciscans were founded by St. Francis of Assisi and received oral papal approval by Innocent III in 1209 and formal papal confirmation by Honorius III in 1223.
- The **Carmelites**, founded ca. 1155. The Carmelites are also known as the "White Friars" because of the white cloak which covers their brown habit. They received papal approval from Honorius III in 1226 and later by Innocent IV in 1247. The Carmelites were founded as a purely contemplative order, but became mendicants in 1245. There are two types of Carmelites, the Calced and Discalced Carmelites.
- The **Augustinians**, founded in 1255. The Augustinians are also known as the "Hermits of St. Augustine", or the "Austin Friars". Their rule is based on the writings of Augustine of Hippo. The Augustinians were assembled from  various groups of hermits as a mendicant order by Alexander IV, from whom they obtained papal approval in 1255.

### Lesser orders

The lesser orders are:
- the Minims, established in 1474
- the Conventual Franciscans, established in 1517
- the Third Order Regular of St. Francis, established in 1521
- the Capuchin, established in 1525
- the Discalced Carmelites, established in 1568
- the Discalced Trinitarians, established in 1599
- the Order of Penance, established in 1781
Carmelites

The **Order of the Brothers of Our Lady of Mount Carmel** or **Carmelites** (sometimes simply **Carmel**; ) is a Roman Catholic religious order. It was begun in the 12th century on Mount Carmel, from which the order receives its name. St. Albert of Jerusalem gave the group its rule for life in 1206.  Few clear records of early Carmelite history have survived. Women were officially accepted into the Order as nuns in 1452.
Orvieto

**Orvieto** is a city in Umbria. As of 2008, about 21,000 people lived there. The city has a history going back to Roman times.

## Infobox (italian comune)

- **name**: Orvieto
- **official name**: Città di Orvieto
- **image skyline**: Orvieto 3.JPG
- **image caption**: Piazza della Repubblica.
- **image shield**: Orvieto-Stemma.svg
- **region**: Umbria
- **province**: Province of Terni, Terni (TR)
- **frazioni**: Bagni di Orvieto, Bardano, Baschi Scalo, Benano, Biagio, Botto di Orvieto, Canale di Orvieto, Canonica, Capretta, Ciconia, Colonnetta di Prodo, Corbara, Fossatello, Morrano, Orvieto Scalo, Osteria Nuova, Padella, Prodo, Rocca Ripesena, San Faustino, Sferracavallo, Stazione di Castiglione, Sugano, Titignano, Tordimonte, Torre San Severo
- **mayor**: Toni Còncina
- **area total km2**: 281
- **population total**: 21043
- **population as of**: May 31, 2008
- **population demonym**: Orvietani
- **elevation m**: 325
- **saint**: St. Joseph
- **day**: March 19
- **postal code**: 05018
- **area code**: 0763
Santa Croce, Florence

The **Basilica di Santa Croce** (Basilica of the Holy Cross) is the main Franciscan church in Florence, Italy. It is a minor basilica of the Roman Catholic Church. It is situated on the Piazza di Santa Croce, about 800 metres south east of the Duomo. When the site was chosen, it was a marshland outside the city walls. Many very famous Italians, such as Michelangelo, Galileo, Machiavelli, Foscolo, Gentile, Rossini, and Marconi are buried inside the church. For this reason, the church is also known as the _Pantheon of the Italian Glories_ (_Tempio dell'Itale Glorie_ or _Pantheon dell'Itale Glorie_).
Halo (song)

"**Halo**" is a song by American singer Beyoncé. It was written by Ryan Tedder, Evan Bogart and Knowles for her third studio album, _I Am... Sasha Fierce_. In the United States, the song was released on January 20, 2009 as the album's fourth single. Even before its official release the song debuted on the _Billboard_ Pop 100 at number 87. Glee covered it with random mashup

The song mentions Beyoncé's husband Jay-Z. It was a successful song worldwide, reaching the Top 10 in several countries.

## Background

Ryan Tedder wrote the song for Leona Lewis to sing. However, in an interview, Leona Lewis stated that she did not have the time to record the track for her album and felt that it better suited Beyoncé.

The video premiered exclusively on iTunes on December 23, at the same time as the music video for "Diva".

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Halo
- **artist**: Beyoncé
- **album**: I Am... Sasha Fierce
- **written**: 2002 - 2004
- **released**: January 20, 2009
- **recorded**: November 28, 2008
- **genre**: * Pop music, Pop
* Contemporary R&B, R&B
- **length**: 4:21
- **label**: Columbia Records
- **writer**: *Beyoncé Knowles, Beyoncé
*Ryan Tedder
*Evan "Kidd" Bogart
- **producer**: *Beyoncé
*Ryan Tedder
- **prev title**: If I Were a Boy
- **prev title2**: Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)
- **prev year**: 2008
Eleventh Doctor

The **Eleventh Doctor** is an incarnation of the Doctor, the  protagonist of the British science fiction television series _Doctor Who_. He is played by Matt Smith in three series as well as five specials. As with previous incarnations of the Doctor, the character has also appeared in other _Doctor Who_ spin-offs.

Within the series' narrative, the Doctor is a centuries-old alien Time Lord from the planet Gallifrey who travels in time and space in the TARDIS, frequently with companions. At the end of life, the Doctor regenerates; as a result, the physical appearance and personality of the Doctor changes. Smith's incarnation is a quick-tempered but compassionate character whose youthful appearance is at odds with his more discerning and world-weary temperament. Preceded in regeneration by the Tenth Doctor (David Tennant), he is followed by the Twelfth Doctor (Peter Capaldi).

This incarnation's main companions included Amy Pond (Karen Gillan), her husband Rory Williams (Arthur Darvill) and the mysterious Clara Oswald (Jenna-Louise Coleman).
Ian Gillan

**Ian Gillan** (born 19 August 1945) is the lead singer for the heavy metal band Deep Purple. He is famous for his high-pitched falsettos and the ability to reach notes much higher than most people. He also wrote lyrics to many of their famous songs, including "Smoke on the Water." Gillan is also noted for singing the part of Jesus on the original rock opera concept album _Jesus Christ Superstar_. Gillan later became lead singer of Black Sabbath.
Ottawa River

The **Ottawa River** is a river in Ontario and Quebec, Canada. Most of it is on the border of Ontario and Quebec. The city of Ottawa gets its name from this river.

## Geography

The Ottawa River starts at Lake Capimitchigama in Quebec. It flows west to Lake Timiskaming, where it begins to define the border between Ontario and Quebec. From Lake Timiskaming the river flows southeast to Ottawa and Gatineau where it tumbles over the Chaudière Falls. The Rideau and Gatineau Rivers flow into the Ottawa River here. The Ottawa River drains into the Lake of Two Mountains and the St. Lawrence River at Montreal. The total length of the river is 1,271 km.
Dandy

A **dandy** (also known as a **beau** or **gallant**) is a man who dresses elegantly and fashionably, but that was not necessarily of aristocratic origin. He exaggerates his manners, including the way he stands and moves, and the way he speaks. He promotes himself. This is called **dandyism**. The word 'Dandy' was originally a version of 'Andrew'. The female equivalent is a _dandizette_.

The word _dandy_ first came out in the Scottish verse of about 1780:
> <poem>I've heard my granny crack
> O' sixty twa years back
> When there were sic a stock of Dandies O.</poem>

Dandies in the 18th and 19th centuries in the United States and Great Britain were often men from middle-class backgrounds who were trying to become people from high society.

The model, or archetype, of a dandy was Beau Brummell from the Regency period of George IVth. He was a friend of the then Prince of Wales. Lord Byron is also an example. The writer Oscar Wilde is another, later example. Less extreme versions were the American artist who lived in London, James McNeill Whistler, and the French composer Maurice Ravel. _The Scarlet Pimpernel_ is a famous example from literature.

Today, in the 21st century, the word _dandy_ is often used as a joke word to mean "fine" or "great".
Ifriqiya

In medieval history, **Ifriqiya** or **Ifriqiyah** () was the area of the coastal regions of what are today western Libya, Tunisia, and eastern Algeria. This area included what had been the Roman province of Africa.

In modern Arabic, the term simply means "Africa". It comes from the Latin term _Africa_.

## Related pages

- Maghreb
Roman province

In Ancient Rome, a **province** (Latin, _provincia_, pl. _provinciae_) was the basic and, until around 300, largest territorial and administrative unit of the empire's territorial possessions outside of the peninsula of Italy. The word _province_ in modern English came from the term used by the Romans.

## References

- Early Imperial Roman provinces, at _livius.org_
- Chris Scarre, "The Eastern Provinces," _The Penguin Historical Atlas of Ancient Rome_ (London: Penguin Books, 1995), 74-75.

## Other websites

- Map of the Roman Empire
- Map of the Roman Empire in year 300
Bring Me the Horizon

**Bring Me the Horizon** is an British rock band from Sheffield, Yorkshire, England. The band was formed in 2004 from members of other bands within their local area. They play a style of music that combines rock and metalcore, but they have taken on a more rock style with their latest album.

Their album from 2006 called "Count Your Blessings" was a deathcore album and often people nickname that type of music "Screamo". The band's name comes from a Pirates of the Caribbean quote.

## Albums

- Studio albums
- _Count Your Blessings_ (2007)
- _Suicide Season_ (2008)
- _There Is a Hell, Believe Me I've Seen It. There Is a Heaven, Let's Keep It a Secret._ (2010)
- Sempiternal (2013)
- _That's The Spirit_ (2015)
- _Amo_ (2019)
- _Post Human: Nex Gen_ (2024)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Bring Me the Horizon
- **caption**: Bring Me The Horizon at Arena, Vienna in 2011
- **img**: Bring-Me-The-Horizon.jpg
- **img size**: 250
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Sheffield, England
- **alias**: BMTH
- **years active**: 2004–present
- **label**: RCA Records, RCA, Columbia Records, Columbia, Visible Noise, Epitaph Records, Epitaph, Thirty Days of Night Records, Thirty Days of Night, Earache Records, Earache, Shock Records, Shock
- **website**: [http://www.bringmethehorizon.co.uk/ www.bringmethehorizon.co.uk]
- **associated acts**: I Killed the Prom Queen
- **current members**: Oliver Sykes
Matt Nicholls
Lee Malia
Matt Kean
- **past members**: Curtis Ward
Jona Weinhofen
Jordan Fish
Africa Province

The Roman province of **Africa** was established after the Romans defeated Carthage in the Third Punic War. It roughly includeded the territory of present-day northern Tunisia, north-eastern Algeria and the Mediterranean coast of modern-day western Libya along the Syrtis Minor. The Arabs later named roughly the same region as the original province Ifriqiya, an other word for _Africa_.

## Economics

The prosperity of most towns depended on agriculture. Called the "granary of the empire", North Africa, according to one estimate, produced one million tons of cereals each year, one-quarter of which was exported. Additional crops included beans, figs, grapes, and other fruits. By the second century, olive oil rivaled cereals as an export item. In addition to the cultivation of slaves, and the capture and transporting of exotic wild animals, the principal production and exports included the textiles, marble, wine, timber, livestock, pottery and wool.

## Other websites

- Roman Africa at www.unrv.com
Third Punic War

The **Third Punic War**  (149 BC to 146 BC) was the third and last of the Punic Wars. It was fought between the former Phoenician colony of Carthage, and the Roman Republic.

The war was a much smaller engagement than the two previous Punic Wars, and was mostly just the Romans attacking the city of Carthage in the Battle of Carthage. The Romans killed or captured all the people living inside of the city and tore down the buildings. They did this because they hated the Carthaginians after fighting two other wars with them, and didn't want to fight another, so they totally destroyed them.

## Other websites

- Delenda est Carthago

## Infobox (military conflict)

- **conflict**: Third Punic War
- **partof**: the Punic Wars
- **image**: Carthage location.png
- **caption**: The location of the city of Carthage
- **date**: 149 BC – 146 BC
- **place**: Carthage (near modern Tunis)
- **casus**: For Carthago Numidia attack with Roman support in 151 BC. For Rome Carthago war with Numidia against Roman wishes
- **result**: Roman Republic, Roman victory, Carthage was sacked.
- **combatant1**: Roman Republic
- **combatant2**: Carthage
- **commander1**: Scipio Aemilianus
- **commander2**: Hasdrubal
Punic Wars

The **Punic Wars** were a series of conflicts fought between Rome and Carthage between 264 and 146 BC. They were probably the largest wars in the ancient world. The term "Punic" comes from the Latin word _Punicus_ (or _Poenicus_). This was the word the Romans used for the Carthaginians, due to their Phoenician ancestry.

The main cause of the Punic Wars was the clash of interests between the existing empire of Carthage and the expanding Roman Republic. What was at stake was control of the trading around the Mediterranean sea. Carthage lost the three wars.

- First Punic War 264 to 241 BC. Hannibal's father Hamilcar Barca was the Carthaginian general. Mainly fought on the sea and in Sicily. Rome came out on top as a dominant naval power, and Sicily was ceded to Rome.
- Second Punic War 218 to 201 BC. Hannibal was the Carthaginian general. Hannibal crossed the Alps with war elephants in order to attack Rome on land, because they had put their fortifications on the coast, expecting a naval attack. Carthage lost when Romans invaded Africa. This war cemented Rome as the most powerful state in the Western Mediterranean.
- Third Punic War 149 to 146 BC. Carthage lost again and their city was completely destroyed by the Romans.

## Context

Carthage was a trading nation founded by Phoenicians. It was the dominant sea power in the western Mediterranean. It was a maritime empire, in contrast to the land-based Roman empire. The Romans decided that having Sicily under complete Carthaginian control would be a threat to their growing empire. The Romans feared the independent nation of Syracuse would collapse, allowing the Carthaginians to threaten the nation of Rome. The resulting decisions resulted in a series of wars which lasted over a hundred years, and ended in the utter destruction of Carthage.

## Other websites

- Punic Wars Timeline
Scooby-Doo (character)

**Scooby-Doo** is the main character in the long running series _Scooby-Doo_. He is a talking Great Dane who loves eating food. His best friend is Shaggy.

## Portrayals

Scooby was first voiced by Don Messick. Messick continued to play Scooby until he died. Then  Scott Innes started to play Scooby Doo instead. Since 2002, Frank Welker started playing Scooby.

### Television series

- _Scooby-Doo, Where Are You!_
- _The New Scooby-Doo Movies_
- _What's New, Scooby-Doo?_
- _Scooby-Doo! Mystery Incorporated_
- _Be Cool, Scooby-Doo!_
- _Scooby-Doo and Guess Who?_

### Films

- _Scooby-Doo_ (2002) -- (Main role)
- _Scooby-Doo 2: Monsters Unleashed_ (2004) -- (Main role)
- _Scoob!_ (2020) -- (Main role)
- _Space Jam: A New Legacy_ (2021) -- (Cameo role)
La Paz, Baja California Sur

**La Paz** is the largest and capital city of the state of Baja California Sur, Mexico. The city had a census population in 2010 of 215,178 people.
Gringo Gazette

The ***Gringo Gazette*** is a newspaper in the English language founded by Carrie Duncan, published every other week for the American expatriate communities in Baja California and Baja California Sur, Mexico.

It has been published since 2001. Most of its contributors are Americans living in Mexico or Americans with a second home in Mexico. Most of the subscribers of this newspaper are located in San Felipe, La Paz and Cabo San Lucas.
2 Girls 1 Cup

**2 Girls 1 Cup** is the unofficial nickname of the trailer for ***Hungry Bitches***, a 2007 Brazilian scat fetish pornographic film produced by MFX Media. The video features two women defecating into a cup, taking turns eating their feces, and vomiting it into each other's mouths. "Lovers Theme"  from Hervé Roy's Romantic Themes  album released by Tele Music in 1992  plays throughout the trailer.

This one-minute viral video became a well-known Internet meme among bloggers and message boards due to its viewers reaction to its content. Around mid-October of 2007, video sites such as YouTube were flooded with videos showing others reactions to squirting in the video for the first time.

## Origin

The video came from a Brazilian, Marco Fiorito, who talks of himself as a "compulsive fetishist". Fiorito first produced foot fetish videos but soon moved on to coprophagia. The movie was made by MFX-Video, one of several businesses owned by Fiorito. Fiorito says his movies are legal in Brazil, but authorities in the United States have branded some of his movies as dirty and filed charges against Danilo Croce, a Brazilian lawyer living in Florida, listed as an officer of a company shipping Fiorito's movies in the United States. Croce accepted a plea bargain and was sentenced to 3 years of unsupervised probation and forfeiture of $98,000. Fiorito said he did not know his movies were illegal in the United States and that his movies often contained chocolate instead of feces to appease some of his actors who were willing to appear in scat movies but not actually eat fecal matter.

The first few seconds of the 2 Girls 1 Cup video contain the text "MFX 1209" (the product code for _Hungry Bitches_) and the URL mfxvideos.com. The website is Fiorito's MFX-Video.  This causes some in the media to incorrectly believe the video is one of the many Croce had to surrender to the Department of Justice but was somehow leaked in the process.

## Reactions

2 Girls 1 Cup's spread because of the reactions it causes. Thousands of videos exist on YouTube of users showing the original video to their friends and recording their reactions. Even Joe Rogan, host of _Fear Factor_, a show known for the nasty things its players eat, had to turn away in a reaction video posted to his blog. A reaction video starring Kermit the Frog proved very popular on the Digg. In January 2008, _Slate_ magazine wrote about the reaction video with a slideshow about the reactions.

In a episode of _Family Guy_, Brian makes Stewie react to 2 Girls 1 Cup and he gets grossed out about it as mentioned as a cutaway.

Violet Blue, an author, stated this website as becoming "the new 'tubgirl' and goatse all in one nasty moment of choco-poo-love" in a _San Francisco Chronicle_ article.

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: 2 Girls 1 Cup
- **director**: Marco Villanova
- **starring**: Karla and Latifa
- **music**: Herve Roy
- **distributor**: MFX Media
- **released**: 5 January 2007
- **runtime**: 62 minutes (movie)
60 seconds (trailer)
- **language**: Portuguese language, Portuguese
Ansonia, Connecticut

**Ansonia** is a city in Connecticut in the United States. According to the 2020 United States Census, 18,918 people lived there.
Bridgeport, Connecticut

**Bridgeport** is a city of Connecticut in the United States. It is the most populated city in the state of Connecticut with a population of 148,654 as of 2020. It is also the fifth largest city in New England, and part of the New York combined statistical area.

The very first Subway restaurant was opened in Bridgeport.

## Other websites

- Official City of Bridgeport website

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Bridgeport, Connecticut
- **established title**: Incorporated (town)
- **established title2**: Incorporated (city)
- **named for**: A drawbridge over the Pequonnock River
- **settlement type**: City
- **nicknames**: The Park City
- **image flag**: Bridgeport flag.png
- **image seal**: Seal of Bridgeport, Connecticut.png
- **image blank emblem**: Bridgeport,_Connecticut.png
- **map caption**: Interactive map of Bridgeport
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: Connecticut
- **subdivision type2**: County (United States), County
- **subdivision name2**: Fairfield County, Connecticut, Fairfield
- **subdivision type3**: Councils of governments in Connecticut, Region
- **subdivision name3**: MetroCOG, Metropolitan CT
- **subdivision type4**: Metropolitan area
- **subdivision name4**: Greater Bridgeport
- **government type**: Mayor-council
- **leader title**: Mayor of Bridgeport, Connecticut, Mayor
- **leader name**: Joe Ganim, Joseph P. Ganim (Democratic Party (United States), D)
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 50.2
- **area land km2**: 41.4
- **area water km2**: 8.8
- **area total sq mi**: 19.4
- **area land sq mi**: 16.0
- **area water sq mi**: 3.4
- **area urban sq mi**: 397.29
- **area urban km2**: 1,029.0
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 148654
- **population rank**: US: List of United States cities by population, 183rd
- **population urban**: 916,408 (US: List of United States urban areas, 51st)
- **population density urban km2**: 890.6
- **population density urban sq mi**: 2,306.6
- **population metro**: 946,327 (US: List of Metropolitan Statistical Areas, 58th)
- **population density km2**: auto
- **population density sq mi**: auto
- **population demonym**: Bridgeporter
- **timezone**: Eastern Standard Time Zone, Eastern
- **utc offset**: −5
- **timezone dst**: Eastern Standard Time Zone, Eastern
- **utc offset dst**: −4
- **elevation m**: 1
- **elevation ft**: 3
- **postal code type**: ZIP Codes
- **postal code**: 06601–06602, 06604–06608, 06610, 06650, 06673, 06699
- **area code**: Area code 203, 203/475
- **blank1 name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank1 info**: 09-08000
- **blank2 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank2 info**: [http://geonames.usgs.gov/pls/gnispublic/f?p=gnispq:3:::NO::P3_FID:205720 205720]
- **blank3 name**: Airport
- **blank3 info**: Sikorsky Memorial Airport
- **blank4 name**: Major highways
- **blank4 info**:
- **blank5 name**: Commuter rail
- **blank5 info**:
Bristol, Connecticut

**Bristol** is a city in Connecticut in the United States. ESPN's headquarters are there. It is  southwest of Hartford. Its population, as of 2020, is 60,833. It has 10 elementary schools, 3 middle schools, and 2 high schools.
Danbury, Connecticut

**Danbury** is a city in Fairfield County, Connecticut, United States. It is  northeast of New York City making it part of the New York metropolitan area. Danbury's population at the 2020 census was 86,518.

The city is named for Danbury in Essex, England. It is nicknamed the "Hat City".

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Danbury, Connecticut
- **settlement type**: City
- **imagesize**: 250
- **image caption**: Clockwise, from top left: Main Street Historic District (Danbury, Connecticut), Main Street Historic District, The Summit at Danbury, Tarrywile Park, Tarrywile Mansion, Praxair, Praxair Headquarters, Danbury Municipal Airport, Danbury Fair (shopping mall), Danbury Fair Mall, David Wooster, David Wooster Monument, Western Connecticut State University, and the Danbury Railway Museum
- **nickname**: The Hat City
- **image map**: File:Fairfield County Connecticut incorporated and unincorporated areas Danbury highlighted.svg
- **map caption**: Danbury's location within Fairfield County and Connecticut
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state
- **subdivision name1**: Connecticut
- **subdivision type2**: County (United States), County
- **subdivision name2**: Fairfield County, Connecticut, Fairfield
- **established title**: Incorporated (town)
- **established date**: 1702
- **established title2**: Incorporated (city)
- **established date2**: 1889
- **established title3**: Consolidated
- **established date3**: 1965
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 114.45
- **area total sq mi**: 44.19
- **area land km2**: 108.64
- **area land sq mi**: 41.95
- **area water km2**: 5.81
- **area water sq mi**: 2.24
- **area urban km2**: 320.1
- **elevation m**: 121
- **elevation ft**: 397
- **population total**: 86518
- **population as of**: 2020
- **population density sq mi**: 2062.4
- **population density km2**: 779.56
- **timezone**: Eastern Standard Time Zone, Eastern
- **utc offset**: −5
- **timezone dst**: Eastern Standard Time Zone, Eastern
- **utc offset dst**: −4
- **postal code type**: ZIP Code, ZIP Codes
- **postal code**: 06810–06811, 06813
- **area code**: Area codes 203 and 475, 203/475
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 09-18430
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 206580
- **blank3 name**: Major highways
- **blank3 info**:
Derby, Connecticut

**Derby** is a city in Connecticut in the United States.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Derby, Connecticut
- **settlement type**: City
- **image flag**: FlagOfDerbyCT.png
- **image seal**: Seal of Derby, Connecticut.png
- **motto**: "Connecticut's Smallest City"
- **image map**: File:New Haven County Connecticut Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Derby Highlighted.svg
- **map caption**: Derby's location within New Haven County and Connecticut
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision type2**: County (United States), County
- **subdivision name2**: New Haven County, Connecticut, New Haven
- **established title**: Settled
- **established date**: 1642
- **established title2**: Named
- **established date2**: 1675
- **established title3**: Incorporated-town
- **established date3**: 1775
- **established title4**: Incorporated-city
- **established date4**: 1893
- **founder**: John Wakeman
- **named for**: Derby, England
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 14.00
- **area total sq mi**: 5.41
- **area land km2**: 13.09
- **area land sq mi**: 5.06
- **area water km2**: 0.91
- **area water sq mi**: 0.35
- **elevation min m**: 1
- **elevation min ft**: 3
- **elevation max m**: 142
- **elevation max ft**: 469
- **population total**: 12325
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population rank**: List of cities in Connecticut, 19th (CT)
- **population density km2**: 941.6
- **population density sq mi**: 2435.8
- **timezone**: Eastern Standard Time Zone, Eastern
- **utc offset**: -5
- **timezone dst**: Eastern Standard Time Zone, Eastern
- **utc offset dst**: -4
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 06418
- **area code**: Area codes 203 and 475, 203/475
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 09-19480
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 0206671
- **blank2 name**: Major highways
- **blank2 info**:
Groton (city), Connecticut

**Groton** is a city in Connecticut in the United States. According to the 2020 United States Census, 9,387 people lived there.
Meriden, Connecticut

**Meriden** is a city in Connecticut in the United States.
Middletown, Connecticut

**Middletown** is a city in Connecticut in the United States.
Milford, Connecticut

**Milford** is a city in Connecticut in the United States.

Professional wrestler Goldust was born in Milford.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Milford, Connecticut
- **settlement type**: City
- **image skyline**: Milfordluft_2.jpg
- **image caption**: Aerial view of Milford city center and harbor
- **nickname**: Sleepy Hollow
- **motto**: A Small City with a Big Heart!
- **etymology**: Ford by a mill
- **image map**: File:New Haven County Connecticut Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Milford city Highlighted.svg
- **map caption**: Milford's location within New Haven County and Connecticut
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state
- **subdivision type2**: County (United States), County
- **subdivision name2**: New Haven County, Connecticut, New Haven
- **established title**: Settled
- **established date**: 1639
- **established title2**: Incorporated (city)
- **established date2**: 1959
- **named for**: Milford, Surrey
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total sq mi**: 25.13
- **area land sq mi**: 21.91
- **area water sq mi**: 3.23
- **area total km2**: 65.09
- **area land km2**: 56.73
- **area water km2**: 8.35
- **population total**: 50558
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population density km2**: 891.2
- **timezone**: Eastern Standard Time Zone, Eastern
- **utc offset**: −5
- **timezone dst**: Eastern Standard Time Zone, Eastern
- **utc offset dst**: −4
- **postal code type**: ZIP Codes
- **postal code**: 06460, 06461
- **area code**: Area codes 203 and 475, 203/475
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 09-47515
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 0208882
- **blank2 name**: Major highways
- **blank2 info**:
New Britain, Connecticut

**New Britain** is a city in Connecticut in the United States.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: New Britain, Connecticut
- **settlement type**: City
- **image skyline**: West Main Street, Downtown New Britain, Connecticut.jpg
- **image caption**: West Main Street, Downtown New Britain
- **image flag**: Municipal flag of New Britain, Connecticut.jpg
- **nickname**: New Britski, Hard-Hittin’ New Britain, Hardware City
- **motto**: "Industry fills the hive and enjoys the honey."
- **image map**: File:Hartford County Connecticut Incorporated and Unincorporated areas New Britain Highlighted.svg
- **map caption**: New Britain's location within Hartford County and Connecticut
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state
- **subdivision type2**: County (United States), County
- **subdivision name2**: Hartford County, Connecticut, Hartford
- **established title**: Incorporated (town)
- **established date**: 1850
- **established title2**: Incorporated (city)
- **established date2**: 1871
- **established title3**: Consolidated
- **established date3**: 1905
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 34.78
- **area total sq mi**: 13.43
- **area land km2**: 34.59
- **area land sq mi**: 13.36
- **area water km2**: 0.19
- **area water sq mi**: 0.07
- **elevation ft**: 207
- **population total**: 74135
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population density km2**: 2143.2
- **timezone**: North American Eastern Time Zone, EST
- **utc offset**: −5
- **timezone dst**: Eastern Daylight Time, EDT
- **utc offset dst**: −4
- **postal code type**: ZIP Code, ZIP Codes
- **postal code**: 06050, 06051, 06052, 06053
- **area code**: Area codes 860 and 959, 860/959
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standards, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 09-50370
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 02378284
- **blank3 name**: Major highways
- **blank3 info**:
New London, Connecticut

**New London** is a city in Connecticut in the United States. The United States Coast Guard Academy is in the city.

## Other websites

- City of New London, Connecticut

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: New London, Connecticut
- **settlement type**: City
- **image skyline**: New London skyline from Fort Griswold, December 2017.jpg
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **image caption**: New London skyline from Fort Griswold
- **nickname**: The Whaling City
- **motto**: _Mare Liberum_
- **image map**: File:New London County Connecticut Incorporated and Unincorporated areas New London Highlighted 2010.svg
- **map caption**: New London's location within New London County and Connecticut
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state
- **subdivision type2**: County (United States), County
- **subdivision name2**: New London County, Connecticut, New London
- **established title**: Settled
- **established date**: 1646 (Pequot Plantation)
- **established title2**: Named
- **established date2**: 1658 (New London)
- **established title3**: Incorporated (city)
- **established date3**: 1784
- **named for**: London, England
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 27.47
- **area total sq mi**: 10.61
- **area land km2**: 14.56
- **area land sq mi**: 5.62
- **area water km2**: 12.91
- **area water sq mi**: 4.99
- **area urban km2**: 318.66
- **area urban sq mi**: 123.03
- **elevation m**: 17
- **elevation ft**: 56
- **population total**: 27367
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population density km2**: 1879.6
- **population metro**: 274055
- **postal code type**: ZIP Code
- **postal code**: 06320
- **area code**: Area codes 860 and 959, 860/959
- **website**: <span class="plainlinksneverexpand">[https://www.newlondonct.org/ City of New London]</span>
- **timezone**: EST
- **utc offset**: −5
- **timezone dst**: EDT
- **utc offset dst**: −4
- **blank name**: FIPS code
- **blank info**: 09-52280
- **blank1 name**: GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 0209237
- **blank2 name**: Airport
- **blank2 info**: Groton–New London Airport
- **blank3 name**: Major highways
- **blank3 info**:
Norwalk, Connecticut

**Norwalk** is a city in Connecticut in the United States. In 2020, 91,184 people lived in Norwalk, making it the third largest city in Fairfield County and the sixth largest city in Connecticut.
Shelton, Connecticut

**Shelton** is a city in Connecticut in the United States.
Stamford, Connecticut

**Stamford** () is a city in Fairfield County, Connecticut, United States. At the 2024 census, 136,188 people live in Stamford. It the third-largest city in the state (behind Bridgeport and New Haven). It is about  from Manhattan.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Stamford, Connecticut
- **settlement type**: List of municipalities in Connecticut, City
- **image skyline**: File:Stamford CT Montage 2018.png
- **image caption**: Clockwise, from top: Downtown Stamford, Harbor Point (Stamford), Harbor Point, Stamford Museum & Nature Center, Stamford Center for the Arts, Fish Church, One Stamford Forum, Stamford Transportation Center, Old Town Hall (Stamford, Connecticut), Old Town Hall, One Landmark Square
- **image seal**: Seal of Stamford, Connecticut.svg
- **image blank emblem**: Logo of Stamford, Connecticut.svg
- **blank emblem size**: 150px
- **image flag**: Flag of Stamford, Connecticut.svg
- **nickname**: The City That Works, Lock City
- **motto**: Innovating Since 1641
- **image map**: File:Fairfield County Connecticut incorporated and unincorporated areas Stamford highlighted.svg
- **map caption**: Stamford's location within Fairfield County and Connecticut
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state
- **subdivision name1**: Connecticut
- **subdivision type2**: County (United States), County
- **subdivision name2**: Fairfield County, Connecticut, Fairfield
- **established title**: Settled (town)
- **established date**: 1641
- **established title2**: Incorporated (city)
- **established date2**: 1893
- **established title3**: Consolidated
- **established date3**: 1949
- **named for**: Stamford, Lincolnshire
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 134.75
- **area total sq mi**: 52.03
- **area land km2**: 97.43
- **area land sq mi**: 37.62
- **area water km2**: 37.33
- **area water sq mi**: 14.41
- **area urban km2**: 1205
- **elevation m**: 7
- **elevation ft**: 23
- **population total**: 135470
- **population as of**: 2020 United States census, 2020
- **population density sq mi**: 3601.0
- **population demonym**: Stamfordian, Stamfordite
- **postal code type**: ZIP Codes
- **postal code**: 069xx
- **area code**: Area codes 203 and 475, 203/475
- **timezone**: Eastern Time Zone, Eastern
- **utc offset**: −5
- **timezone dst**: Eastern Time Zone, Eastern
- **utc offset dst**: −4
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standards, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 09-73000
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 0211129
- **blank2 name**: Major highways
- **blank2 info**:
Torrington, Connecticut

**Torrington** is a city in the U.S. state of Connecticut.
Winsted, Connecticut

**Winsted** is a city in Connecticut in the United States.
Delaware City, Delaware

**Delaware City** is a city in Delaware in the United States. It is in New Castle County in the north part of the state. Delaware City had 1,885 people in 2020. It is a small port town.
Harrington, Delaware

**Harrington** is a city in Delaware in the United States. It is in the southwest part of Kent County, which is in the middle of the state. Harrington had 3,774 people in 2020.

## Other websites

- Website
Lewes, Delaware

**Lewes** ( ) is a city in Delaware in the United States. It is in Sussex County, which is in the south part of the state. The city is next to the Delaware Bay and is near the Atlantic Ocean. Lewes had 3,303 people in 2020.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Lewes, Delaware
- **settlement type**: List of cities in Delaware, City
- **motto**: "The First Town in The First State"
- **image skyline**: Lewes Delaware.jpg
- **image caption**: Second Street in downtown Lewes in 2006
- **image map**: File:Sussex County Delaware Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Lewes Highlighted 1041830.svg
- **mapsize**: 260px
- **map caption**: Location of Lewes in Sussex County, Delaware.
- **pushpin map**: Delaware#USA
- **pushpin label**: Lewes
- **pushpin map caption**: Location within the state of Delaware
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: Delaware
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Delaware, County
- **subdivision name2**: Sussex County, Delaware, Sussex
- **established title**: Founded
- **established date**: June 3, 1631
- **established title2**: Incorporated
- **established date2**: February 2, 1818
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total sq mi**: 5.11
- **area land sq mi**: 4.19
- **area water sq mi**: 0.92
- **area total km2**: 13.25
- **area land km2**: 9.85
- **area water km2**: 2.39
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 3303
- **population density sq mi**: auto
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone**: North American Eastern Time Zone, Eastern (EST)
- **utc offset**: −5
- **timezone dst**: EDT
- **utc offset dst**: −4
- **elevation ft**: 13
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 19958
- **area code**: Area code 302, 302
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standards, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 10-41830
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 214214
- **website**: [http://www.ci.lewes.de.us City of Lewes Delaware Website]
Milford, Delaware

**Milford** is a city in Delaware in the United States. It is on the line of Kent County to the north and Sussex County to the south. Milford had 11,190 people in 2020.
New Castle, Delaware

**New Castle** is a city in Delaware in the United States. It is next to the Delaware River in New Castle County, which is in the north part of the state. New Castle had 5,551 people in 2020.
Newark, Delaware

**Newark** is a city of Delaware in the United States. It is in New Castle County, which is in the north part of the state. The city has the University of Delaware. Newark had 30,601 people in 2020.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Newark, Delaware
- **official name**: City of Newark
- **settlement type**: List of incorporated places in Delaware, City
- **image skyline**: Newark DE Main Street.jpg
- **image caption**: Main Street is the commercial heart of Newark. It is adjacent to the University of Delaware.
- **image map**: File:New Castle County Delaware Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Newark Highlighted 1050670.svg
- **mapsize**: 300px
- **map caption**: Location of Newark in New Castle County, Delaware.
- **pushpin map**: Delaware#USA
- **pushpin label**: Newark
- **pushpin map caption**: Location within the state of Delaware
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states and dependent territories in North America, Country
- **subdivision type1**: List of states and territories of the United States, State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Delaware, County
- **subdivision name2**: New Castle County, Delaware, New Castle
- **established title**: Founded
- **established date**: 1694
- **established title1**: Incorporated
- **established date1**: 1758
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 24.4
- **area total sq mi**: 9.43
- **area land km2**: 24.4
- **area land sq mi**: 9.43
- **area water km2**: 0.00
- **area water sq mi**: 0.00
- **elevation m**: 39
- **elevation ft**: 128
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 30601
- **population density km2**: auto
- **population density sq mi**: auto
- **timezone1**: North American Eastern Time Zone, Eastern (EST)
- **utc offset1**: -5
- **timezone1 dst**: Eastern Daylight Time, EDT
- **utc offset1 dst**: -4
- **postal code type**: ZIP codes
- **postal code**: 19702, 19711-19718, 19725
- **area code type**: Area code
- **area code**: Area code 302, 302
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standards, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 10-50670
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 214385
- **website**: [https://www.newarkde.gov/ City of Newark]
Rehoboth Beach, Delaware

**Rehoboth Beach** is a city in Delaware in the United States. It is next to the Atlantic Ocean in Sussex County, which is in the south part of the state. Rehoboth Beach had 1,108 people in 2020.

There is an amusement park in Rehoboth Beach called Funland.
Seaford, Delaware

**Seaford** is a city in Delaware in the United States. It is in Sussex County, which is in the south part of the state. Seaford had 7,957 people in 2020.
Page replacement algorithm

Certain operating systems use paging to get virtual memory. This means that a part of the hard disk or a file is used so that the applications or the operating system see  more memory that is actually there. A **Page replacement algorithm** is an algorithm that decides which pages should be written to disk or file, when a new page needs to be allocated.

Some of the algorithms used are:

- _Not recently used_: The algorithm wants to keep pages that have recently been used in memory. It has two bits it sets. One of the bits is set if the page has been used, the other if the page has been modified (written to). The modified bits are cleared periodically.
- _First-in, First-out_ (FIFO): All the pages are kept in a queue, if a new page is allocated it is put at the back of the queue; the page at the front is the oldest one, and can be written to disk. The algorithm is easy and cheap to implement, but it does not have a good performance. Belady's anomaly may also be a problem.
- _Second-chance_: Small improvement over First-in,First-out: If the page at the front of the queue has the modified bit set, the page is moved to the back of the queue, and the bit is cleared.
- _Clock_: A modification of FIFO, the buffer is circular, and there is a pointer. The pointer points to the oldest page. When a new page is needed, and the one at the pointer was not modified, the new page can be inserted there.
- _Least-recently-used_
- _Random_: Take a page at random to swap out