juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Pat Toomey

**Pat Toomey** (born November 17, 1961) is an American politician. On January 3, 2011, he became the junior U.S. Senator from Pennsylvania. He was in the United States House of Representatives from 1999 to 2005. He retired from the Senate in 2023.

On October 4, 2020, Toomey announced that he will not run for re-election to a third term in 2022 or for Governor.

Toomey was born on November 17, 1961 in Providence, Rhode Island. He graduated from the Harvard University. He is married to Kris Toomey. They have three children.

On February 13, 2021 Toomey voted that no longer Republican President Donald Trump was guilty of starting the 2021 storming of the United States Capitol. He and six other Republican senators also voted that Trump was guilty. This was after the House of Representatives Second impeachment of Donald Trump.

## Infobox (senator)

- **name**: Pat Toomey
- **image**: Pat Toomey official photo.jpg
- **jr/sr**: Junior Senator
- **state**: Pennsylvania
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **term start**: January 3, 2011
- **term end**: January 3, 2023
- **preceded**: Arlen Specter
- **succeeded**: John Fetterman
- **state2**: Pennsylvania
- **district2**: 15th
- **term start2**: January 3, 1999
- **term end2**: January 3, 2005
- **preceded2**: Paul McHale
- **succeeded2**: Charlie Dent
- **birth place**: Providence, Rhode Island, U.S.
- **occupation**: Businessman
Politician
- **spouse**: Kris Toomey
- **children**: Bridget
Patrick
Duncan
- **alma mater**: Harvard University <small>(Bachelor of Arts, B.A.)</small>
- **signature**: Pat Toomey Signature.svg
Fundamental rights

**Fundamental rights** are a set of rights that are recognized under the laws of a country to protect their citizens.
These laws protect these rights even from the governments themselves. These protected rights include the right to life, right to freedom, and the right to free will. Other generally agreed upon examples of fundamental rights include freedom of religion, the right to free speech, the right to travel and the pursuit of Happiness. Fundamental rights are different from human rights. Fundamental rights are those protected by laws of a jurisdiction. Human rights are usually not enforceable by courts. Sometimes fundamental needs are associated with the concept of maslowism.

## Related pages

- Rights
- Human rights
- Natural rights (also called unalienable rights)
- Constitution
Jon Heidenreich

**Jon Heidenreich**, also known simply by his ring name **Heidenreich**, is an American former professional wrestler and American football player. He is best known for his time with World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) on their SmackDown brand. He is a former WWE Tag Team Champion with Road Warrior Animal as a part of the LOD 2005.

Prior to his professional wrestling, Heidenreich played American football. He played in the Canadian Football League for the Shreveport Pirates. He also played for the Frankfurt Galaxy of NFL Europa in 1997.

## Championships

- **302 Wrestling**
    - 302 Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
- **All American Wrestling (Louisiana)**
    - AAW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
    - AAW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Rodney Mack
- **American Wrestling Rampage**
    - AWR No Limits Championship (1 time)
- **Bluegrass Championship Wrestling**
    - BCW World Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
- **No Limit Wrestling**
    - NLW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
- **Over The Top Wrestling**
    - OTT No Limits Championship (1 time)
- **Pro Wrestling ZERO1-MAX**
    - NWA Intercontinental Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Nathan Jones
- **Texas Wrestling Alliance**
    - TWA Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Busta
- **World Wrestling Council**
    - WWC Universal Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
- **World Wrestling Entertainment**
    - WWE Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Road Warrior Animal

## Infobox (professional wrestler)

- **name**: Jon Heidenreich
- **image**: Jon Heidenreich in Kitchener, Ontario, Canada.jpg
- **caption**: Heidenreich in 2005.
- **names**: Big Bad Jon
Heidenreich
Jon Heidenreich
- **birth name**: Jon Heidenreich
- **birth place**: New Orleans, Louisiana,
United States
- **spouse**: Marissa Heidenreich
- **children**: 1
- **billed**: New Orleans, Louisiana
Houston, Texas
- **trainer**: Ultimate Pro Wrestling
Tom Howard (wrestler), Tom Howard
Nightmare Danny Davis
Nick Dinsmore
- **debut**: 2001
- **retired**: 2009
Shelley Moore Capito

**Shelley Moore Capito** (born November 26, 1953) is an American politician. On January 3, 2015, she became the U.S. Senator from West Virginia. She was in the United States House of Representatives from 2001 to 2015. She was in the West Virginia state legislature from 1996 to 2000.

Capito was born on November 26, 1953 in Glen Dale, West Virginia. Her father was former Governor of West Virginia Arch A. Moore, Jr.. She was educated at the Holton-Arms School, Duke University, and the University of Virginia. She is married to Charles Capito. They have three children.

## Infobox (senator)

- **name**: Shelley Moore Capito
- **image**: Shelley Moore Capito official Senate photo.jpg
- **jr/sr**: Senior Senator
- **state**: West Virginia
- **alongside**: Jim Justice
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **term start**: January 3, 2015
- **preceded**: Jay Rockefeller
- **state2**: West Virginia
- **district2**: 2nd
- **term start2**: January 3, 2001
- **term end2**: January 3, 2015
- **preceded2**: Bob Wise
- **succeeded2**: Alex Mooney
- **state house3**: West Virginia
- **district3**: 31st
- **term start3**: December 1, 1996
- **term end3**: December 1, 2000
- **birth place**: Glen Dale, West Virginia
- **occupation**: Politician
- **spouse**: Charles Capito
- **children**: Charles
Moore
Shelley
- **alma mater**: Duke University
University of Virginia
Bill Cassidy

**Bill Cassidy** (born September 28, 1957) is an American politician. On January 3, 2015, he became the junior U.S. Senator from Louisiana. He was in the United States House of Representatives from 2009 to 2015. He was in the Louisiana Senate from 2006 to 2009.

Cassidy was born on November 17, 1961 in Highland Park, Illinois. He graduated from the Louisiana State University and A&M College. He is married to Laura Layden. They have three children.

On February 13, 2021 Cassidy voted that Republican President Donald Trump was guilty of starting the 2021 storming of the United States Capitol. He and six other Republican senators also voted that Trump was guilty. This was after the House of Representatives Second impeachment of Donald Trump.

## Infobox (senator)

- **name**: Bill Cassidy
- **image**: Senator Bill Cassidy 2024.jpg
- **jr/sr**: Junior Senator
- **state**: Louisiana
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **term start**: January 3, 2015
- **alongside**: John Neely Kennedy
- **preceded**: Mary Landrieu
- **state2**: Louisiana
- **district2**: 15th
- **term start2**: January 3, 2009
- **term end2**: January 3, 2015
- **preceded2**: Don Cazayoux
- **succeeded2**: Garret Graves
- **office3**: Member of the Louisiana Senate
 from the 16th district
- **term start3**: December 20, 2006
- **term end3**: January 3, 2009
- **predecessor3**: Jay Dardenne
- **successor3**: Dan Claitor
- **birth place**: Highland Park, Illinois
- **occupation**: Physician
Politician
- **spouse**: Laura Layden
- **children**: three
- **alma mater**: Louisiana State University and A&M College
Kelly Ayotte

**Kelly Ann Ayotte** (born June 28, 1968) is an American politician who has been the 83rd Governor of New Hampshire since 2025. From 2011 to 2017 she was the junior U.S. Senator from New Hampshire. She was Attorney General of New Hampshire from 2004 to 2009.

During the 2016 New Hampshire senate elections, Ayotte narrowly lost her seat to Governor Maggie Hassan by less than 720 votes.

In July 2023, Ayotte announced her campaign for Governor of New Hampshire in the 2024 election. She is a Republican. She won the election in November 2024.

Ayotte was born on June 28, 1968 in Nashua, New Hampshire. She graduated from the Pennsylvania State University. Ayotte later graduated from Villanova University School of Law. She married Joseph Daley in 2001. They have two children.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Kelly Ayotte
- **image**: Governor-elect Kelly Ayotte 2024 (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Ayotte in 2024
- **office**: 83rd Governor of New Hampshire
- **term start**: January 9, 2025
- **predecessor**: Chris Sununu
- **jr/sr1**: United States Senator
- **state1**: New Hampshire
- **term start1**: January 3, 2011
- **term end1**: January 3, 2017
- **predecessor1**: Judd Gregg
- **successor1**: Maggie Hassan
- **office2**: 27th Attorney General of New Hampshire
- **term start2**: July 15, 2004
- **term end2**: July 17, 2009
- **predecessor2**: Peter Heed
- **successor2**: Michael Delaney (lawyer), Michael Delaney
- **birth name**: Kelly Ann Ayotte
- **birth place**: Nashua, New Hampshire, U.S.
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican (2003–present)
- **otherparty**: Independent politician, Independent (before 2003)
- **children**: 2
Mr. Roboto

"**Mr. Roboto**" is a 1983 song by American rock band Styx and taken from their 11th studio album _Kilroy Was Here_. It went to number 1 in Canada and number 3 in the United States.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Mr. Roboto
- **type**: single
- **artist**: Styx (band), Styx
- **album**: Kilroy Was Here (album), Kilroy Was Here
- **b-side**: Snowblind (Styx song), Snowblind
- **released**: February 28, 1983
- **recorded**: 1982
- **genre**: Progressive pop, synth-pop
- **length**: 4:48 (Single Version)
5:30 (Album Version)
- **label**: A&M Records, A&M
- **writer**: Dennis DeYoung
- **producer**: Styx (band), Styx
- **prev title**: Rockin' the Paradise
- **prev year**: 1981
- **next title**: Don't Let It End
- **next year**: 1983
Arrondissements of the Lozère department

There are 2 **arrondissements in the Lozère department**. The French departments, and in other countries, are divided into _arrondissements_, which may be translated into English as **districts** (in some cases, as **boroughs**). The capital of an arrondissement is called a subprefecture.

If the prefecture (capital) of the department is in an arrondissement, that prefecture is the capital of the arrondissement, acting both as a prefecture and as a subprefecture.

Arrondissements are further divided into communes.

The arrondissements of Lozère are:

|INSEE code !! Arrondissement !! Capital !! Population <small>(2014)</small> !! width="60px" | Area <small>(km²)</small> !! Density <small>(inh./km²)</small> !! _Communes_|||||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|481|Florac|Florac Trois Rivières|13,313|1,687.5||44|
|482|Mende|Mende|63,047|3,479.4||132|

## History

Since its creation, the Pyrénées-Orientales department, first with the name of Roussillon, has had few changes:
- 1790 : creation of the department with seven districts: Mende, Marvejols, Florac, Langogne, Villefort, Meyrueis, Saint-Chély; the capital was Mende alternating with Marvejois. In that same year, Mende remain as the only capital.
- 1800 : creation of the arrondissements: Mende, Florac and Marvejols.
- 1926 : the arrondissement of Marvejols was eliminated.

## Related pages

- Arrondissement of Florac
- Arrondissement of Mende
- List of arrondissements of France
Bob Corker

**Bob Corker** (born August 24, 1952) is an American politician. From 2007 to 2019, he was the U.S. Senator from Tennessee. From 2001 to 2005, he was Mayor of Chattanooga.

Corker was born on August 24, 1952 in Orangeburg, South Carolina. He graduated from the University of Tennessee. He and his wife Elizabeth have two daughters.

On September 26, 2017, Corker announced that he would not run for re-election in 2018.

## Infobox (senator)

- **name**: Bob Corker
- **image**: Bob Corker official Senate photo.jpg
- **jr/sr**: Junior Senator
- **state**: Tennessee
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **term start**: January 3, 2007
- **term end**: January 3, 2019
- **preceded**: Bill Frist
- **succeeded**: Marsha Blackburn
- **order2**: Chairman of the United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, Senate Committee on Foreign Relations
- **term start2**: January 3, 2015
- **term end2**: January 3, 2019
- **preceded2**: Bob Menendez
- **succeeded2**: Jim Risch
- **office3**: Mayor of Chattanooga, Tennessee, Chattanooga
- **term start3**: April 16, 2001
- **term end3**: April 18, 2005
- **predecessor3**: Jon Kinsey
- **successor3**: Ron Littlefield
- **birth place**: Orangeburg, South Carolina
- **occupation**: Politician
- **spouse**: Elizabeth
- **children**: Julia
Emily
- **alma mater**: University of Tennessee
Tim Scott

**Timothy Eugene Scott** (born September 19, 1965) is an American politician. On January 3, 2013, he became the junior U.S. Senator from South Carolina. He was in the U.S. House of Representatives from 2009 to 2013. He is the only African-American senator as of the 115th United States Congress. More specifically, he is the first Republican African-American senator since Edward Brooke, of Massachusetts, in the 1970s.

Scott was a candidate for President of the United States in the 2024 election and latest African-American senator to run as president.

## Personal life

Scott was born on September 19, 1965 in North Charleston, South Carolina. He attended Presbyterian College. Scott graduated from Charleston Southern University.

In August 2024, Scott married interior designer Mindy Noce.

### Civil Rights

Scott is a Republican, and conservative overall, but has a liberal stance on civil rights for African-Americans.

#### George Floyd Protests

Scott criticized President Donald Trump when he controversially tweeted: _When the looting starts, the shooting starts_. This was about the  protests of the death of George Floyd. Scott had spoken out against Floyd's murder.

### Environment

Scott was in 2017 one of 22 senators sending a letter to Donald Trump asking him to withdraw from the Paris Agreement. He is a lobbyist for oil/gas/coal interests, having received over $54,000 from them since 2012.

## 2024 presidential campaign

In late 2022, it was reported that several United States senators such as John Barrasso, John Cornyn, and Joni Ernst had encouraged Scott to run for President of the United States in the 2024 election.

In February 2023, it was reported that Scott was preparing for a presidential run. Two months later in April, he created an exploratory committee to see if he should run for president.

On May 19, 2023, Scott officially filed to run for president.

Scott ended his campaign on November 12, 2023, due to low poll numbers.

## Infobox (senator)

- **name**: Tim Scott
- **image**: Tim Scott official portrait.jpg
- **jr/sr**: Junior Senator
- **state**: South Carolina
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **term start**: January 3, 2013
- **alongside**: Lindsey Graham
- **preceded**: Jim DeMint
- **office2**: Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
 from South Carolina's 1st district
- **term start2**: January 3, 2011
- **term end2**: January 2, 2013
- **predecessor2**: Henry Brown
- **successor2**: Mark Sanford
- **office3**: Member of the South Carolina House of Representatives
 from the 117th district
- **term start3**: January 3, 2009
- **term end3**: January 3, 2011
- **predecessor3**: Tom Dantzler
- **successor3**: Bill Crosby
- **order4**: Member of the Charleston, South Carolina, Charleston County Council
 from the 3rd district
- **term start4**: February 8, 1995
- **term end4**: January 3, 2009
- **preceded4**: R. Keith Summey
- **succeeded4**: Elliott Summey
- **birth place**: North Charleston, South Carolina
- **occupation**: Politician
- **alma mater**: Presbyterian College
Charleston Southern University
Samira Saleh Ali al-Naimi

**Samira Salih al-Nuaimi** (also **Samira Saleh Ali al-Naimi**, **Sameera Salih Ali al-Nuaimy**, or سميرة صالح النعيمي in Arabic) (1963 – 22 September 2014) was an Iraqi lawyer and human rights activist.

She had criticized Islamic State on Twitter because they destroyed mosques, churches, and shrines. She was then kidnapped by men in masks. She was tortured for five days and then was killed by Islamic State (ISIS or Daish).

The United Nations spoke out strongly against the killing.

## Work

Samiraa al-Nuaimi was a lawyer. According to the Gulf Centre For Human Rights, she worked on detainee rights and poverty.  She worked as a volunteer for women's rights.  She was one of the leading activists in Iraq, especially in the defense of people in jail, and in helping families with little money.

Samira lived in the northeastern part of Mosul with her husband and three children.  On September 17, 2014, when she was at home with her husband and children, the ISIL group took Samira from her home.  They said she was guilty of apotasy under Sharia law. They tortured her for 5 days. Then they killed her.  Zeid Ra’ad al-Hussein, the United Nations human rights commissioner, said her family was not permitted to give her a funeral.

The United Nations Assistance Mission in Iraq said she was arrested because of her Facebook messages. She posted criticism of ISIL's destruction of religious places in Mosul. After her death, the Facebook page was removed.

## International reaction

The United States Department of State condemned Samira's murder. They said she was brave because she helped people when she was in danger.

The Special Representative of the United Nations Secretary-General for Iraq (SRSG), Mr. Nickolay Mladenov, also spoke strongly against the killing of al-Nuaimi. He said it was a "sickening crime committed against the people of Iraq".  United Nations Commissioner Prince Zeid bin Raad, from the High Commissioner office in Geneva and New York, said Samira's death was terrible. He said she had courage because she defended the human rights of others.
George Shrinks

***George Shrinks*** is an  animated children's television series. It is based on the children's book by the author William Joyce. It is co-produced by Nelvana Limited & Jade Animation, it is made in association with PBS.

The series runs on September 30, 2000 to January 23, 2003 on PBS.

## Plot

Because of George's very small size, everyday activities, such as working around the house or playing outside, often become exciting adventures. He mostly uses the Zooper Car to travel. It can change into a submarine or a helicopter.

The show has a retro-1940s look, with simple animation and colors. Most of the background music is jazz.

## Characters

- **George Shrinks** is the main character of the series. George wakes up from a dream to discover he is small. He is voiced by Tracey Moore.
- **Junior Shrinks** is George's baby brother. Junior helps George with things that are too difficult for him. He is voiced by Robbi Jay Thuet.
- **Becky Lopez** is George's best friend and neighbor. She goes on many of George's adventures. She is voiced by Erica Luttrell.
- **Perdita "Mom" Shrinks** is a sculptor. She is voiced by Catherine O'Hara.
- **Harold "Dad" Shrinks** is an inventor and a musician in a jazz band. He makes musical instruments and vehicles. He is voiced by Paul O'Sullivan.

## Broadcast

In Canada, the series aired on TVOKids, SCN, YTV, Knowledge Network, TFO, and Access. The series premiered on PBS in the United States on September 30, 2000, as a segment on the _PBS Kids Bookworm Bunch_ block. The block was dropped altogether at the end of 2004, but the series was given an individual PBS debut on January 6, 2003, along with _Berenstain Bears_ & _Seven Little Monsters_. Internationally, the series aired on ABC Kids in Australia, and on Milkshake! in the United Kingdom.

## Other websites

- _George Shrinks_ Episode Guide  at Big Cartoon DataBase
- Retrojunk: George Shrinks

## Infobox (television)

- **runtime**: 26 minutes
- **alt name**: _William Joyce's George Shrinks_
- **genre**: Adventure fiction, Adventure
Fantasy
- **based on**: _William Joyce (writer), George Shrinks_ by William Joyce (writer), William Joyce
- **composer**: Roberto Occhipinti
- **theme music composer**: Colin James
- **writer**: Patrick Loubert
Ken Cuperus
Dave Dias
Hugh Duffy
Richard Elliott
Ben Joseph
- **voices**: Tracey Moore (actress), Tracey Moore
Robbi Jay Thuet
Erica Luttrell
Paul O'Sullivan (actor), Paul O'Sullivan
Catherine O'Hara
- **producer**: Michelle Melanson (seasons 2–3)
- **language**: English
- **num seasons**: 3
- **num episodes**: 40
Rosy boa

The **rosy boa** (_Lichanura trivirgata_) is a snake of the Boidae family. The rosy boa is native to southwest America, and Baja California and Sonora, Mexico. It is one of only two boas native to the territory claimed by the United States. The other is the rubber boa (_Charina bottae_).
Petar Bojović

**Petar Bojović** (, ; 16 July 1858 in Miševići, Nova Varoš – 19 January 1945 in Belgrade) was a Serbian military commander. He fought in the Serbo-Turkish War, the Serbo-Bulgarian War, the First Balkan War, the Second Balkan War, World War I and World War II. Following the breakthrough on the Thessaloniki Front he was promoted to fourth Serbian Field Marshal (_Voivoda_).

In World War I as commander of the First Army, he broke through the lines on the Salonika front. His army advanced deep into enemy territory. For this he was given the title of Duke. In 1945, after World War II ended, he was beaten severely by partisans. They decided to take his house for themselves. He died soon after of his injuries.
Scottish English

**Scottish English**, also known as **Scottish Standard English** or **Standard Scottish English (SSE)**, is a dialect of English that is spoken in Scotland. People can tell Scottish English from other types of British English by the accents, grammar and vocabulary.

Scottish English should not be confused with Scots, a language that is very much like English.

## Examples

You can't understand what Scottish English is without a few examples. Can ye now?

## Alternative Words Used in Scottish English

In Scottish English words are the same as English however there's differences. These are a few of the different words use in Scottish English.
La Siberia

**La Siberia** is a Spanish local administrative division located in Badajoz, Extremadura.
To the southeast is Caceres province. Castile-La Mancha is to the east.

### Topography

This area is part from the Toledo Mountains range and reaches until the Las Villuercas mountains. About 90 percent of its terrain ranges from  above sea level. Its highest mountain ranges are: the Umbría, Castrejones, Cantonegros, Santana and Pico Montilla. The last is the highest, at  above sea level.

### Climate

Due its location between Castilian Plateau and the Atlantic Area, its climate is inside continental climate with warm summers and slightly cold winters. The average temperature is about . The coldest month is January with  depending on its zone (north or south). On the other hand, July is the warmest month, with  as minimum to  as maximum.

## Other websites

- La Siberia
United States Senate Committee on Veterans' Affairs

The **United States Senate Committee on Veterans' Affairs** deals with most of the United States veterans issues. People who are members of the committee help fight for veterans. Members are also members of the United States senate. They help veterans find jobs and homes, and help with medical care. It was created in 1971 to help the Vietnam War veterans.

The Veterans' Affairs Committee had nine members when it was created. It now has 17 members.

## Members, 116th Congress

|Majority|Minority|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|valign=top|* Johnny Isakson, Georgia, _Chair_ * Jerry Moran, Kansas, _Chair_ * John Boozman, Arkansas * Bill Cassidy, Louisiana * Mike Rounds, South Dakota * Thom Tillis, North Carolina * Dan Sullivan, Alaska * Marsha Blackburn, Tennessee * Kevin Cramer, North Dakota * Kelly Loeffler, Georgia|valign=top|* Jon Tester, Montana, _Ranking Member_ * Patty Murray, Washington * <span >Bernie Sanders, Vermont</span> * Sherrod Brown, Ohio * Richard Blumenthal, Connecticut * Mazie Hirono, Hawaii * Joe Manchin, West Virginia * Kyrsten Sinema, Arizona|

According to committee members' official online biographies, three of the fourteen members are veterans: Richard Blumenthal, Dan Sullivan and Johnny Isakson.

## Related pages

- List of current United States Senate committees
- United States Department of Veterans Affairs

## Other websites

- United States Senate Committee on Veterans' Affairs
Johnny Isakson

**John Hardy** "**Johnny**" **Isakson** (December 28, 1944 – December 19, 2021) was an American politician. He was the United States Senator from Georgia from 2005 through 2019. He was a member of the Republican Party. Previously, he represented Georgia's 6th Congressional district in the United States House of Representatives from 1999 to 2005.

In June 2015, Isakson was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease and a kidney tumor.

On August 28, 2019, due his bad health, Isakson announced that he would resign from the Senate officially on December 31, 2019.

Isakson died on December 19, 2021 at his home in Atlanta, Georgia from Parkinson's disease-related problems at the age of 76.

## Other websites

- Senator Johnny Isakson  official U.S. Senate site
- Johnny Isakson for Senate

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Johnny Isakson
- **image**: Johnny Isakson official Senate photo.jpg
- **jr/sr**: United States Senator
- **state**: Georgia (U.S. state), Georgia
- **term start**: January 3, 2005
- **term end**: December 31, 2019
- **predecessor**: Zell Miller
- **successor**: Kelly Loeffler
- **office1**: Chairman of the United States Senate Committee on Veterans' Affairs, Senate Committee on Veterans Affairs
- **term start1**: January 3, 2015
- **term end1**: December 31, 2019
- **predecessor1**: Bernie Sanders
- **successor1**: Jerry Moran
- **office2**: Chairman of the United States Senate Select Committee on Ethics, Senate Ethics Committee
- **term start2**: January 3, 2015
- **term end2**: December 19, 2019
- **predecessor2**: Barbara Boxer
- **successor2**: James Lankford
- **state3**: Georgia (U.S. state), Georgia
- **term start3**: February 23, 1999
- **term end3**: January 3, 2005
- **predecessor3**: Newt Gingrich
- **successor3**: Tom Price
- **state house4**: Georgia
- **district4**: 21st
- **term start4**: January 3, 1977
- **term end4**: January 3, 1991
- **predecessor4**: ???
- **successor4**: James Mills (Georgia politician), James Mills
- **birth name**: John Hardy Isakson
- **birth place**: Atlanta, Georgia (U.S. state), Georgia, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **spouse**: Dianne Davison
- **children**: John
Kevin
Julie
- **alma mater**: University of Georgia
- **signature**: JohnnyIsaksonSignature.jpg
- **branch**: Air National Guard
- **serviceyears**: 1966–1972
- **unit**: Georgia Air National Guard
Vermont's at-large congressional district

**Vermont** has been represented in the United States House of Representatives by a single at-large congressional district since the 1930 census, when the state lost its second seat.

There were once six districts in Vermont. Bernie Sanders (Independent) held the seat from 1991 until 2007, when he became a U.S. Senator. Democrat Peter Welch represented the state from 2007 to 2023. Becca Balint has represented this district since 2023.

## Infobox (u.s. congressional district)

- **state**: Vermont
- **district number**: AL
- **image name**: VT 1.gif
- **image width**: 350
- **representative**: Becca Balint
- **party**: Democratic
- **residence**: Brattleboro
- **english area**: 9,620
- **metric area**: 24,923
- **percent urban**: 38.9
- **percent rural**: 61.1
- **population**: 647,064
- **population year**: 2022
- **median income**: $73,991
- **percent white**: 94.1
- **percent black**: 1.3
- **percent asian**: 1.8
- **percent native american**: 0.4
- **percent hispanic**: 1.9
- **percent other race**: 0.2
- **percent blue collar**: 24.6
- **percent white collar**: 61
- **percent gray collar**: 14.4
- **cpvi**: D+16
Liberty Union Party

The **Liberty Union Party** of Vermont, founded in 1970 by former Congressman William H. Meyer, Peter Diamondstone, Dennis Morrisseau and others, originated in the anti-war and People's Party movements of the late 1960s and defines itself as a non-violent socialist party. Famous members include Bernie Sanders, John Parker, and Brain Moore.
Vermont Progressive Party

The **Vermont Progressive Party** is a political party in the United States.  It was founded in 1999 and is active only in the U.S. state of Vermont.

The party is largely social democratic and progressive. The Progressives received 9,470 votes (2.96% of the vote) in the 2010 Vermont House of Representatives Elections, and five seats, compared to the Democrats' 55.11% and 96 seats, the Republicans' 38.04% of the vote, and 46 seats.

Independents received 3.81% and three seats. As of 2012, the party controls 10% of the Vermont Senate seats, and 3.3% of the seats in the Vermont House of Representatives.
Peter Welch

**Peter Francis Welch** (born May 2, 1947) is an American politician and member of the Democratic Party. Welch is the junior U.S. Senator from Vermont since 2023. He was the U.S. Representative for Vermont's At-large congressional district from 2007 to 2023.

In 2016, Welch supported U.S. Senator Bernie Sanders for the Democratic nomination for President. He supported him again in 2020. In November 2021, Welch announced his candidacy for the Democratic nomination for the United States Senate in the 2022 United States Senate election in Vermont to replace retiring Senator Patrick Leahy. He won the general election in November 2022.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Peter Welch
- **image**: Peter Welch official Senate photo.jpg
- **jr/sr**: United States Senator
- **predecessor**: Patrick Leahy
- **state**: Vermont
- **term start**: January 3, 2023
- **state1**: Vermont
- **alongside**: Bernie Sanders
- **term start1**: January 3, 2007
- **term end1**: January 3, 2023
- **predecessor1**: Bernie Sanders
- **successor1**: Becca Balint
- **office2**: 73rd and 78th President pro tempore of the Vermont State Senate, President pro tempore of the Vermont Senate
- **predecessor2**: Peter Shumlin
- **successor2**: Peter Shumlin
- **term start2**: January 8, 2003
- **term end2**: January 3, 2007
- **predecessor3**: Robert A. Bloomer
- **successor3**: Doug Racine
- **term start3**: January 9, 1985
- **term end3**: January 4, 1989
- **office4**: Minority Leader of the Vermont Senate
- **term start4**: January 5, 1983
- **term end4**: January 8, 1985
- **predecessor4**: Robert V. Daniels
- **successor4**: Allen D. Avery
- **state senate5**: Vermont
- **district5**: Windsor County, Vermont, Windsor
- **alongside5**: John F. Campbell (politician), John Campbell, Richard McCormack (politician), Richard McCormack
- **term start5**: December 13, 2001
- **term end5**: January 3, 2007
- **predecessor5**: Cheryl Rivers
- **successor5**: Alice Nitka
- **alongside6**: Chester Scott, John Howland, Edgar May, William Hunter
- **term start6**: January 7, 1981
- **term end6**: January 4, 1989
- **predecessor6**: Herbert Ogden
- **successor6**: Richard McCormack
- **birth name**: Peter Francis Welch
- **birth place**: Springfield, Massachusetts, U.S.
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
- **spouse**:

- **education**: College of the Holy Cross (Bachelor of Arts, BA)
University of California, Berkeley (Juris Doctor, JD)
Peter Plympton Smith

**Peter Plympton Smith** (born October 31, 1945) is a former member of the United States House of Representatives from the U.S. state of Vermont, the 74th Lieutenant Governor of Vermont, and an education administrator.

He served as the founding president of the Community College of Vermont, the founding president of California State University, Monterey Bay, and as assistant director general for education of the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).

Smith was one of thirty former Republican congressmen to sign a letter opposing Donald Trump's candidacy for president.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Peter Plympton Smith
- **image**: Peter Plympton Smith.jpg
- **state**: Vermont
- **district**: Vermont's at-large congressional district, At-large
- **term start**: January 3, 1989
- **term end**: January 3, 1991
- **preceded**: Jim Jeffords
- **succeeded**: Bernie Sanders
- **order2**: 74th Lieutenant Governor of Vermont
- **term start2**: 1983
- **term end2**: 1987
- **governor2**: Richard A. Snelling
Madeleine M. Kunin
- **predecessor2**: Madeleine M. Kunin
- **successor2**: Howard Dean
- **birth place**: Boston, Massachusetts
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **alma mater**: Princeton University
Harvard University
Seniority in the United States Senate

**Seniority in the United States Senate** is the value of a senator based on his/her service. There are two senators per state. The one senator that served more years is called the **Senior** senator. The one who served less is called the **Junior** senator.

## Other websites

- http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/resources/pdf/chronlist.pdf
Ranking member

In United States politics, a **ranking member** is the most senior member of a congressional or state legislative committee from the minority party.

When party control of a legislative chamber changes, a committee's ranking minority member is likely, though not assured, to become the next chairman of the committee, and vice versa.
United States Senate Committee on the Budget

The **United States Senate Committee on the Budget** was created by the Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974. It is responsible for drafting Congress's annual budget plan and creating an action on the budget for the Federal Government.

The committee has power over the Congressional Budget Office. The committee briefly operated as a special committee from 1919 to 1920 during the 66th Congress, before being made a standing committee in 1974.

## Members, 116th Congress

|Majority|Minority|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|valign=top|* Mike Enzi, Wyoming, _Chairman_ * Chuck Grassley, Iowa * Mike Crapo, Idaho * Lindsey Graham, South Carolina * Pat Toomey, Pennsylvania * Ron Johnson, Wisconsin * David Perdue, Georgia * Mike Braun, Indiana * Rick Scott, Florida * John Neely Kennedy, Louisiana * Kevin Cramer, North Dakota|valign=top|* <span >Bernie Sanders, Vermont</span>, _Ranking Member_ * Patty Murray, Washington * Ron Wyden, Oregon * Debbie Stabenow, Michigan * Sheldon Whitehouse, Rhode Island * Mark Warner, Virginia * Jeff Merkley, Oregon * Tim Kaine, Virginia * Chris Van Hollen, Maryland * Kamala Harris, California|

## Related pages

- Committees of the United States Senate
- United States House Committee on the Budget

## Other websites

- Official website (Archive)
- Senate Budget Committee. Legislation activity and reports, Congress.gov.
- Committee on the Budget, United States Senate, 1974-2006. Senate Document 109-24. 109th Congress, 2nd session, 2006.

## Infobox (u.s. congressional committee)

- **name**: Senate Budget Committee
- **type**: standing
- **chamber**: senate
- **congress**: 116th
- **image**: Senate Budget Committee.png
- **image size**: 150
- **status**: active
- **formed**: 1974
- **chair**: Mike Enzi
- **chair party**: R
- **chair since**: January 3, 2015
- **ranking member**: Bernie Sanders
- **rm party**: D
- **rm since**: January 3, 2015
- **seats**: 21
- **majority1**: R
- **majority1 seats**: 11
- **minority1**: D
- **minority1 seats**: 10
- **policy areas**: Government spending in the United States, Government spending
- **counterpart**: House Budget Committee
Political action committee

In the United States, a **political action committee** (**PAC**) is a type of organization that gives money to campaigns from members and donates those funds to campaign for or against candidates, ballot initiatives, or legislation.
The legal term PAC has been created in pursuit of campaign finance reform in the United States.
Central Vermont Railway

The **Central Vermont Railway** was a railroad that operated in the U.S. states of Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, and Vermont, as well as the Canadian province of Quebec.
Vermont Reds

The **Vermont Reds** were a minor league baseball team. They played in the Eastern League at Centennial Field in Burlington, Vermont from 1984 to 1987.
John F. Kennedy School of Government

The **John F. Kennedy School of Government** at Harvard University (also known as **Harvard Kennedy School** and **HKS**) is a public policy and public administration school, and one of Harvard's graduate and professional schools. It is named after Harvard graduate and 35th President of the United States John F. Kennedy.

It offers master's degrees in public policy, public administration, and international development, grants several doctoral degrees, administers executive programs for senior government officials, and conducts research in subjects relating to politics, government, international affairs, and economics.
Oxford East (UK Parliament constituency)

**Oxford East** is a constituency represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament by Andrew Smith of the Labour Party.

## Sources

Election Result 2015 http://www.oxford.gov.uk/PageRender/decCD/Election_results_occw.htm
- Election result, 2015 (BBC)
- Election result, 2010 (BBC)
- Election result, 2005 (BBC)
- Election results, 1997–2001 (BBC)
- Election results, 1997–2001  (Election Demon)
- Election results, 1983–1992  (Election Demon)

## Infobox (uk constituency main)

- **name**: Oxford East
- **parliament**: uk
- **map1**: OxfordEast2007
- **map2**: EnglandOxfordshire
- **map entity**: Oxfordshire
- **year**: 1983
- **type**: Borough
- **elects howmany**: One
- **previous**: Oxford (UK Parliament constituency), Oxford (majority) (abolished), Mid Oxfordshire (UK Parliament constituency), Mid Oxfordshire and Henley (UK Parliament constituency), Henley
- **electorate**: 81,644 (December 2010)
- **mp**: Anneliese Dodds
- **party**: Labour and Co-operative
- **region**: England
- **county**: Oxfordshire
- **european**: South East England
Rubber boa

The **rubber boa** is a snake in the family Boidae that is native to the western North America.
The Nation

***The Nation*** is  the oldest continuously published weekly magazine in the United States. It was first founded in July 1895 in New York City. _The Nation_ has offices in Washington, D.C., London, Chicago, Paris, and in South Africa. It covers architecture, art, corporations, defense, environment, films, legal affairs, music, peace and disarmament, poetry, and the United Nations.
Vermont Public Radio

**Vermont Public Radio** (VPR) is a network of public radio stations in the state of Vermont.

In addition to locally produced shows, the network broadcasts programs from NPR, Public Radio International, and American Public Media. It is headquartered in Colchester, a suburb of Burlington. Other studios are in Montpelier, Manchester and Norwich.
Colchester, Vermont

**Colchester** is a town in Chittenden County, Vermont, United States. The population was 17,524 at the 2020 census.
It is the third-largest municipality and largest town in Vermont by population. Saint Michael's College is there.
NRA

**NRA** may refer to:

- National Recovery Administration, an agency in the Government of the United States in the 1930s
- National Rifle Association of America, American non-profit organization that works for gun rights
- National Rifle Association of Australia, governing body for fullbore rifle shooting in Australia, member of ICFRA
- National Rifle Association of New Zealand, governing body for fullbore rifle shooting in New Zealand, member of ICFRA
- National Rifle Association (United Kingdom), governing body for fullbore rifle shooting in the United Kingdom, member of ICFRA
- Narrandera Airport, has the IATA airport code "NRA"
Ron Dellums

**Ronald Vernie "Ron" Dellums** (November 24, 1935 – July 30, 2018) was an American politician. He was Oakland's forty-eighth mayor.  From 1971 to 1998, he was elected to thirteen terms as a Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Northern California's 9th Congressional District.

When President Ronald Reagan vetoed Dellums' Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act of 1986, a Democratic-controlled House and a Republican-controlled Senate overrode Reagan's veto, the first override of a presidential foreign policy veto in the 20th century.

Dellums died on July 30, 2018 in Washington, D.C. from prostate cancer, aged 82.

## Other websites

- Profile at Citymayors.com
- Dellums victory signifies a sea change in Oakland politics  _San Francisco Chronicle_, June 19, 2006.
- Ron Dellums's oral history video excerpts at The National Visionary Leadership Project.

## Infobox (congressman)

- **birthname**: Ronald Vernie Dellums
- **image**: Ron Dellums.jpg
- **office1**: Mayor of Oakland
- **order1**: 48th
- **term start1**: January 8, 2007
- **term end1**: January 3, 2011
- **predecessor1**: Jerry Brown
- **successor1**: Jean Quan
- **state2**: California
- **district2**: California's 9th congressional district, 9th
- **term start2**: January 3, 1993
- **term end2**: February 6, 1998
- **preceded2**: Pete Stark
- **succeeded2**: Barbara Lee
- **state3**: California
- **district3**: California's 8th congressional district, 8th
- **term start3**: January 3, 1975
- **term end3**: January 3, 1993
- **preceded3**: Pete Stark
- **succeeded3**: Nancy Pelosi
- **state4**: California
- **district4**: California's 7th congressional district, 7th
- **term start4**: January 3, 1971
- **term end4**: January 3, 1975
- **preceded4**: Jeffery Cohelan
- **succeeded4**: George Miller (California politician), George Miller
- **office5**: Chairman of the United States House Committee on Armed Services, House Committee on Armed Services
- **term start5**: January 20, 1993
- **term end5**: January 3, 1995
- **preceded5**: Les Aspin
- **succeeded5**: Floyd Spence
- **office6**: Chairman of the United States House Committee on the District of Columbia, House Committee on the District of Columbia
- **term start6**: January 3, 1979
- **term end6**: January 20, 1993
- **preceded6**: Charles Diggs
- **succeeded6**: Pete Stark
- **birth place**: Oakland, California, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Washington, D.C., U.S.
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
- **spouse**: Athurine (div.)
Leola "Roscoe" Higgs (1962–div 1999)
Cynthia Lewis (2000–d. 2018)
- **children**: Erik Dellums, Erik, Piper Dellums, Piper, Brandy, Pam and Michael Dellums, Michael
- **alma mater**: <small>San Francisco State University, B.A. 1960
University of California, Berkeley School of Social Welfare, M.S.W. 1962</small>
- **allegiance**: United States
- **branch**: United States Marine Corps
- **serviceyears**: 1954–1956
- **rank**: Private First Class#United States Marine Corps, Private First Class
Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act

The **Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act** (), often referred to as the **Brady Act** and commonly called the **Brady Bill**, is an Act of the United States Congress that made background checks on firearm purchasers in the United States required and created a five-day waiting period on purchases.

The original legislation was introduced into the House of Representatives by Representative Charles E. Schumer  in March 1991, but was never brought to a vote. The bill was reintroduced by Rep. Schumer on February 22, 1993 and the final version was passed on November 11, 1993.

It was signed into law by President Bill Clinton on November 30, 1993 and the law went into effect on February 28, 1994. The Act was named after James Brady, who was shot by John Hinckley, Jr. during an attempted assassination of President Ronald Reagan on March 30, 1981.
Iraq Resolution

The **Iraq Resolution** or the **Iraq War Resolution** (formally the **Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 2002**, is a joint resolution passed by the United States Congress in October 2002 as Public Law No: 107-243, authorizing military action against Iraq.
Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists

The **Authorization for Use of Military Force** allows the use of United States Armed Forces against those responsible for the attacks on September 11, 2001.

The authorization granted the President the authority to use all "necessary and appropriate force" against those whom he determined "planned, authorized, committed or aided" the September 11th attacks, or who harbored said persons or groups.  The AUMF was signed by President George W. Bush on September 18, 2001.
Public Policy Polling

**Public Policy Polling** (**PPP**) is a U.S. polling firm based in Raleigh, North Carolina.  PPP was founded in 2001 by businessman Dean Debnam, the firm's current president and chief executive officer.
Nicholas Parsons

**Christopher Nicholas Parsons**  (10 October 1923 – 28 January 2020) was an English radio and television presenter and actor. He was best known for hosting _Just a Minute_ which ran from 22 December 1967 to 23 September 2019 and _Sale of the Century_ which ran from 9 October 1971 to 6 November 1983.

Parsons was born on 10 October 1923 in Grantham, Lincolnshire.

Parsons was Rector of the University of St Andrews from 1988 to 1991.

In 2014, he was awarded the CBE 10 years after being awarded the OBE.

In August 2019, Parsons had suffered a fall and was hospitalized in Aylesbury. He died from problems caused by the fall on 28 January 2020 at the Stoke Mandeville Hospital in Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire. He was 96, 9 months short of his 97th birthday.

He leaves behind a widow, Annie and 2 children.

## Other websites

- Interview on the MusicalTalk Podcast
- Talking about _Just a Minute_ (RealPlayer video)
- Nicholas Parsons, Patron of WTC : Interview for download – talks about _Doctor Who_, _Just a Minute_, _The Rocky Horror Show_ and audio performance history

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Nicholas Parsons
- **honorific suffix**: <small>Commander of the Order of the British Empire, CBE</small>
- **image**: Nicholas Parsons 2007.png
- **image size**: 250px
- **caption**: Parsons recording _Just a Minute_
at The Pleasance Grand, Edinburgh in 2007
- **birth name**: Christopher Nicholas Parsons
- **birth place**: Grantham, Lincolnshire, England, UK
- **death place**: Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire, England, UK (Stoke Mandeville Hospital)
- **resting place**: St John-at-Hampstead Churchyard, Hampstead, London Borough of Camden, Greater London, England, UK
- **education**: St Paul's School, London
University of Glasgow
- **occupation**: Actor; radio and TV presenter
- **years active**: 1945–2020
- **known for**: _Just a Minute_
_Sale of the Century (UK game show), Sale of the Century_
- **title**:
President of the Lord's Taverners
(1998–99)
- **spouse**:

- **children**: 2 (with Bryer)
Income inequality in the United States

**Income inequality in the United States** has increased significantly since the 1970s after several decades of stability, meaning the share of the nation's income received by higher income households has increased. Sometimes this is called a "pay gap". Usually males are paid higher than females which has caused protest.
Campaign finance reform in the United States

** Campaign finance reform** is the political effort in the United States to change the involvement of money in politics, primarily in political campaigns. It will prevent campaigns being sponsored by Super PACs.

## Other websites

- California Clean Money Campaign
- Campaign Finance Institute
- Center for Competitive Politics
- Democracy Matters
- Open Secrets
- PoliticalMoneyLine
Civil liberties

**Civil liberties** are personal guarantees and freedoms that the government cannot have too much control of a single person's life, either by law or by judicial interpretation.

Civil liberties include the freedom from torture, freedom from forced disappearance, freedom of conscience, freedom of press, freedom of religion, freedom of expression, freedom of assembly, the right to security and liberty, freedom of speech, the right to privacy, the right to equal treatment under the law and due process, the right to a fair trial, and the right to life.

## Related pages

- Human rights
- Civil rights