juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Intelligence agency

An **intelligence agency** or **intelligence service** is a government agency. Its job is to collect, analyse, and use information to support its government.

There are two parts to this, and usually they are done by separate agencies. The first part is to collect information (to "spy") on other countries. The other side is to watch people in the home country who might cause problems. A third activity is to defend against foreign intelligence agencies in the home country. This is called counter-intelligence, and is often done by a separate agency.

What the agencies discover is called "intelligence". It may be used to help law enforcement, security, defence and foreign policy.

The methods of information gathering are sometimes covert (hidden) and sometimes quite open. A covert method might be to steal and copy secret documents. An open method would be to read all published work on some important matter, and analyse it. Much important material is published openly in democratic countries.

To get hold of secret information, these organisations use espionage, intercept signals (tap phones, hack computers), cryptanalysis (break codes), and think about what the information means. Putting together and communicating information is known as intelligence analysis and assessment.

Some agencies have been involved in assassination, arms trafficking, coups d'état, and the placement of misinformation (propaganda) as well as other covert operations, in order to support their own or their governments' interests.

### British

- **SIS** The Secret Intelligence Service, usually called **MI6**. Collects intelligence ("spies on") from other countries.
- The Security Service, usually called **MI5**. Does counter-intelligence against foreign threats.
- GCHQ Government Communication Headquarters. Intercepts signals, decodes them, passes the information on to other agencies. The home of cryptanalysis, the successor to Bletchley Park.
- Joint Intelligence Committee. Informs government as to what is going on.

### Japan

- Cabinet Intelligence and Research Office
- Defense Intelligence Headquarters
- Public Security Intelligence Agency

### U.S.A.

United States Intelligence Community coordinates government intelligence agencies, headed by the Director of National Intelligence.  The United States has about 17 major intelligence groups, and many other smaller groups. These are the most important:
- CIA: The Central Intelligence Agency. Spies on foreign countries, and takes covert action against enemies of the U.S. abroad.
- Defense Intelligence Agency
- National Security Agency. Interception and Cryptanalysis of foreign communication, and protecting US communication from same.
Elias Lönnrot

**Elias Lönnrot** (9 April 1802 – 19 March 1884) was a Finnish philologist. He collected traditional spoken poems and made a book of them. He made Finland's national epic, _Kalevala_. This is a book of traditional folk stories and poems. He collected these during several journeys across Finland, Karelia, and parts of Russia and the Baltic countries.

Lönnrot, Mikael Agricola and Aleksis Kivi are regarded fathers of a national literature in Finnish.

Lönnrot also the first book about plants in Finland, _Flora Fennica_ () in 1860.

He was born and died in Sammatti, an old town in Uusimaa.
Tana (Norway)

The **Tana River** ( or ; ; ), is a  river, and it is the border between Norway and Finland for . The river is in Sápmi area of northern Fenno-Scandinavia, sometimes called Scandinavia.  The river flows through Finnmark county, Norway, and the Lapland region of Finland. The Sámi name means "Great River". The main tributaries of Tana are Anarjohka and Karasjohka rivers. It is one of the world's most important rivers for Atlantic salmon reproduction.

At least one place, Gollevárri, has rows of trapping pits (a kind of trap); They were used [hundreds of years ago] for chasing reindeer into those pits (or holes in the ground).

## Related pages

- Atlantic salmon

## Other websites

- The Tana River Delta Website
- Salmon - king of the major rivers (Teno)
Alexander Salák

**Alexander Salák** (born January 5, 1987) is a Czech professional ice hockey goaltender. He currently plays for SKA Saint Petersburg in the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL).

## Career

Salák started his career playing in the SM-liiga with the TPS Turku. He played there for 2 seasons and was signed by the Florida Panthers of the NHL on May 29, 2009. He played two games with the Panthers and was sent down to their AHL affiliate, the Rochester Americans. Salák was loaned to Färjestads BK of the Swedish Elite League (SEL) to play in the 2010-11 season.

On February 9, 2011, the Panthers traded Salák along with Michael Frolík to the Chicago Blackhawks for Jack Skille, Hugh Jessiman, and David Pacan. The Blackhawks signed him to a two-year contract on May 31, 2011. The Blackhawks released him from his contract on June 18, 2012.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **image**: Alexander salák roc.jpg
- **image size**: 230px
- **caption**: Salák during his time with Rochester Americans
- **team**: SKA Saint Petersburg
- **former teams**: **Liiga, SM-liiga**:
HC TPS
**Swedish Hockey League, SEL**:
Färjestad BK
**National Hockey League, NHL**:
Florida Panthers
- **league**: Kontinental Hockey League, KHL
- **position**: Goaltender
- **catches**: Left
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 1
- **weight lb**: 176
- **ntl team**: Czech Republic
- **birth place**: Strakonice, Czechoslovakia
- **draft**: Undrafted
- **career start**: 2004
Atlantic salmon

The **Atlantic salmon** (_Salmo salar_) is a fish in the family Salmonidae. Atlantic salmon are found in the northern Atlantic Ocean and in rivers that flow into the north Atlantic. They have also been successfully transplanted into the north Pacific Ocean. Other names for Atlantic salmon are: bay salmon, black salmon, caplin-scull salmon, Sebago salmon, silver salmon, fiddler, or outside salmon. Atlantic salmon that do not reach the sea are known as landlocked salmon or ouananiche. This can be due to human interference or natural disasters.

## Life cycle

Most Atlantic salmon follow an anadromous life cycle. Once hatched, they are called alevins. They live off the nutrients in the yolk sac they were born with. Once they start feeding they are called fry. They grow into juveniles or parr and remain in fresh water for a number of years while growing. When they leave fresh water they are called smolts. Smolts leave the streams and move into the ocean for feeding and growth. The post-smolts change from territorial behavior to that of open ocean, possibly shoaling, fish. Their mortality rate while in the ocean is very high. The rate is from 90% to as high as 99%. After 1–5 years at sea they return to spawn in the same streams they were born in. Unlike most Pacific salmon species, the Atlantic salmon are iteroparous, meaning they don't automatically die after their first spawning. But the stress of spawning, predators, exhaustion or disease does kill many. The remainder return to sea to spawn again and again.

There is variety in the life cycle of Atlantic salmon. They do not require salt water. Numerous examples of fully fresh water landlocked Atlantic salmon exist throughout the Northern Hemisphere. In North America, the landlocked fish are called ouananiche. Fresh water Atlantic salmon are smaller than the anadromous (ocean-dwelling) Atlantic salmon.

## Related pages

- Salmon
- Tana River (Norway)
Huber Matos

**Huber Matos Benítez** (26 November 1918 – 27 February 2014) was a Cuban dissident activist and writer from Yara, Granma Province.

He was best known as a revolutionary who assisted Fidel Castro, Che Guevara and other members of the 26th of July Movement (M-26-7) in removing the dictatorship of Fulgencio Batista as part of the Cuban Revolution. He was against Batista since the general's effective coup in 1952, which he called unconstitutional, but became more critical of the movement's shift towards Marxist principles, and closing ties with leaders of the Communist Party of Cuba (PCC). He was convicted of "treason and sedition" by the new Castro regime. He would spend 20 years in prison (1959–1979) before being released in 1979.

After his release, he spent his time between Miami, Florida, United States and Costa Rica. He was politically active in speaking out against the Cuban government.

Matos died from a heart attack on 27 February 2014 in Miami, Florida. He was aged 95.
Non-Stop (movie)

***Non-Stop*** is a 2014 French-American action thriller/mystery movie directed by Jaume Collet-Serra. It was produced by Joel Silver. It stars Liam Neeson and Julianne Moore. It will be released on February 28, 2014.
Ghostbusters

***Ghostbusters*** is an American supernatural comedy movie directed by Ivan Reitman. It is about people fighting ghosts in New York City. It was written by Dan Aykroyd and Harold Ramis. It stars Bill Murray, Dan Aykroyd, Harold Ramis, Sigourney Weaver, Annie Potts, William Atherton, Ernie Hudson and Rick Moranis. The music was composed by Elmer Bernstein. It was released on June 8, 1984. The movie earned $229 million at the box office and received mostly positive reviews. It was followed by _Ghostbusters II_.
Rick Moranis

**Frederick Allan** "**Rick**" **Moranis** (born April 18, 1953) is a Canadian actor, comedian, screenwriter and songwriter. He was nominated for a Grammy Award twice. He was known for his role in the movie, _Honey, I Shrunk the Kids_ and in _Honey, I Shrunk the Kids: The TV Show_. He is also known for appearing in _Ghostbusters_, _The Flintstones_, _Spaceballs_, and in _Little Shop of Horrors_.

## Filmography

|Year|Title|Role|Notes|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1983|_Strange Brew_|Bob McKenzie|Also co-writer and co-director|
|1984|_Streets of Fire_|Billy Fish||
|_Ghostbusters_|Louis Tully|||
|__|Harry|||
|1985|_Brewster's Millions_|Morty King||
|_Head Office_|Howard Gross|||
|1986|_Club Paradise_|Barry Nye||
|_Little Shop of Horrors_|Seymour Krelborn|||
|1987|_Spaceballs_|Lord Dark Helmet||
|1989|_Ghostbusters II_|Louis Tully||
|_Honey, I Shrunk the Kids_|Wayne Szalinski|||
|_Parenthood_|Nathan Huffner|||
|1990|_My Blue Heaven_|Barney Coopersmith||
|1991|_L.A. Story_|Gravedigger|Uncredited cameo|
|1992|_Honey, I Blew Up the Kid_|Wayne Szalinski||
|1993|_Splitting Heirs_|Henry Bullock||
|1994|__|Barney Rubble||
|_Honey, I Shrunk the Audience!_|Wayne Szalanski|||
|_Little Giants_|Danny O'Shea|||
|1996|_Big Bully_|David Leary||
|1997|_Honey, We Shrunk Ourselves_|Wayne Szalinski|Direct-to-video|
|2001|_Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer and the Island of Misfit Toys_|The Toy Taker / Mr. Cuddles|Voices Direct-to-DVD|
|2003|_Brother Bear_|Rutt|Voice|
|2006|_Brother Bear 2_|Rutt|Voice Direct-to-DVD|

## Other websites

- rickmoranis.com
- Rick Moranis, Singing 'Cowboy', a December 2005 story from _Weekend Edition_
- OpEd Piece by Moranis from the _NY Times_ website
- Rick Moranis Interview  Proton Charging May 27, 2006
- Radio Interview Rick Moranis 2006

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Rick Moranis
- **image**: Rick Moranis at the 62nd Academy Awards.jpg
- **caption**: Moranis in March 1990 at the 62nd Academy Awards
- **birth name**: Frederick Allan Moranis
- **birth place**: Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- **nationality**: Canadian
- **other names**: Richard Moranis
- **education**: Sandford Fleming Secondary School
- **occupation**: Actor, comedian, screenwriter, songwriter
- **years active**: 1976–1997
- **spouse**: Ann Belsky Moranis (m. 1986–1991; her death)
- **children**: 2
- **website**: [http://www.rickmoranis.com/ www.rickmoranis.com]
Elmer Bernstein

**Elmer Bernstein** (April 4, 1922 – August 18, 2004) was an American composer and conductor. He is best known for his many movie soundtracks.

His musical career last for fifty years, he composed music for over one hundred movies and television shows. His most popular works include the scores to _The Magnificent Seven_, _The Ten Commandments_, _The Great Escape_, _To Kill a Mockingbird_, _Ghostbusters_, _The Black Cauldron_ and _The Rookies_.

Bernstein died of cancer on August 18, 2004.

## Other websites

- Fan website
- BernsteinWest.com
- Meatballs Movie Website

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Elmer Bernstein
- **image**: Elmer Bernstein 1981.jpeg
- **caption**: Bernstein guest conducting the United States Air Force Band, U.S. Air Force Band in 1981
- **image size**: 180px
- **background**: non_performing_personnel
- **birth place**: New York City, New York (state), New York, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Ojai, California, U.S.
- **genre**: Film scores
- **occupation**: Composer, Conducting, conductor, songwriter
- **years active**: 1951–2002
Sorel Etrog

**Sorel Etrog**, CM (August 29, 1933 – February 26, 2014) was a Romanian-born Canadian artist, writer and philosopher. He is best known for his work as a sculptor. In 1966, works by Etrog, Alex Colville and Yves Gaucher represented Canada at the Venice Biennale.

He died from prostate cancer in Toronto. He was aged 80.

## Other websites

- Sorel Etrog  at Gallery Moos Toronto
- "Etrog", _Artnet_
- Sorel Etrog at the Tate Gallery

## Infobox (artist)

- **name**: Sorel Etrog
- **birth place**: Iaşi, Romania
- **death place**: Toronto, Ontario
- **nationality**: Canadian
- **field**: Sculpture, painting, writing, book illustration
- **training**: Institute of Painting and Sculpture, Tel Aviv; Brooklyn Museum of Art
- **awards**: Order of Canada, Ordre des Arts et des Lettres
Shehu Shagari

**Shehu Usman Aliyu Shagari**, _Turakin Sakkwato_ (25 February 1925 – 28 December 2018) was a Nigerian politician. He served as the President of Nigeria's Second Republic from 1979 to 1983. His government was given power by General Olusegun Obasanjo's military government.

Shagari died on 28 December 2018 at a hospital in Abuja, Nigeria from a short-illness at the age of 93.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Shehu Shagari
- **image**: Shehu Shagari 1980-10-07.jpg
- **imagesize**: 180px
- **order**: 6th President of Nigeria
- **term start**: October 1, 1979
- **term end**: December 31, 1983
- **vicepresident**: Alex Ifeanyichukwu Ekwueme
- **predecessor**: Olusegun Obasanjo
- **successor**: Muhammadu Buhari
- **birth place**: Shagari, Nigeria, Shagari, Sokoto State, Nigeria
- **death place**: Abuja, Nigeria
- **party**: National Party of Nigeria
Ali Hassan Mwinyi

**Ali Hassan Mwinyi** (8 May 1925 – 29 February 2024) was a Tanzanian politician. He was the second President of Tanzania from 1985 to 1995. Before that he had been Interior Minister and Vice President. He also was chairman of the ruling party, the Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM) from 1990 to 1996.

Mwinyi was born in Kivure, in the Pwani Region. He died of lung cancer at a hospital in Dar es Salaam, on 29 February 2024, at the age of 98.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Ali Hassan Mwinyi
- **image**: Ali Hassan Mwinyi 2.jpg
- **order**: 2nd
- **office**: President of Tanzania
- **term start**: 5 November 1985
- **term end**: 23 November 1995
- **primeminister**: Joseph Warioba
 John Malecela
 Cleopa Msuya
- **predecessor**: Julius Nyerere
- **successor**: Benjamin Mkapa
- **order2**: 3rd
- **office2**: President of Zanzibar
- **term start2**: 30 January 1984
- **term end2**: 24 October 1985
- **predecessor2**: Aboud Jumbe
- **successor2**: Idris Abdul Wakil
- **birth place**: Kivure, Pwani Region, Tanzania
- **death place**: Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- **nationality**: Tanzanian
- **party**: Chama Cha Mapinduzi, CCM
- **spouse**: Siti Mwinyi
- **relations**: Hussein Mwinyi (son)
- **children**: 12
- **nickname**: _Mzee Ruksa_
Nicholas Brathwaite

**Sir** **Nicholas Alexander Brathwaite** PC (8 July 1925 – 28 October 2016) was a Grenadian politician. He was the acting Prime Minister of Grenada from 1983 to 1984. He then served as the 5th Prime Minister of Grenada from 1990 to 1995. He resigned from his duties as prime minister in 1995. He was knighted the same year.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Nicholas Brathwaite
- **office1**: 5th Prime Minister of Grenada
- **term start1**: March 16, 1990
- **term end1**: February 1, 1995
- **predecessor1**: Ben Jones (Grenadian politician), Ben Jones
- **successor1**: George Brizan
- **term start2**: November 15, 1983
- **term end2**: December 4, 1984
- **predecessor2**: Hudson Austin
- **successor2**: Herbert Blaize
- **birth name**: Nicholas Alexander Brathwaite
- **birth place**: Carriacou, Grenada
- **party**: National Democratic Congress (NDC)
Quett Masire

**Quett Ketumile Joni Masire**, GCMG (23 July 1925 – 22 June 2017) was a Botswana politician. He was the second President of Botswana for the Botswana Democratic Party from 1980 to 1998 serving for 17 years. He was born in Kanye.

Masire died in Gaborone, Botswana on 22 June 2017 from surgical complications at the age of 91.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Quett Masire
- **image**: QuettMasire1980 (cropped).jpg
- **order**: 2nd
- **office**: President of Botswana
- **term start**: 13 July 1980
- **term end**: 31 March 1998
- **predecessor**: Seretse Khama
- **successor**: Festus Mogae
- **birth place**: Kanye, Botswana, Kanye, Bechuanaland
- **death place**: Gaborone, Botswana
- **nationality**: Batswana
- **party**: Botswana Democratic Party
- **spouse**: Gladys Molefi Olebile
- **children**: 6
- **alma mater**: Bangwaketse Reserve
- **profession**: Teacher
Ali Bozer

**Ali Husrev Bozer** (28 July 1925 – 30 September 2020) was a Turkish politician and professor of commercial law.

He was originally a member of the Nationalist Democracy Party (MDP). He then joined the Motherland Party (ANAP). He served as Deputy Prime Minister under Turgut Özal and Yıldırım Akbulut. He was also Minister of Foreign Affairs.

He was born in Ankara. Bozer died on 30 September 2020 in Ankara from COVID-19, aged 95.

## Other websites

- Prime Ministry website

## Infobox (prime minister)

- **name**: Ali Bozer
- **nationality**: Turkish
- **image**: Ali Bozer (cropped).jpg
- **order**: Prime Minister of Turkey
- **status**: Acting
- **president**: Kenan Evren
- **term start**: 31 October 1989
- **term end**: 9 November 1989
- **predecessor**: Turgut Özal
- **successor**: Yıldırım Akbulut
- **birth place**: Ankara, Turkey
- **death place**: Ankara, Turkey
- **party**: Motherland Party (Turkey), ANAP
- **alma mater**: Ankara University
- **education**: Law
- **profession**: Politician
Gérard Kango Ouédraogo

**Gérard Kango Ouédraogo** (19 September 1925 – 1 July 2014) was Prime Minister of Upper Volta (now Burkina Faso) from 13 February 1971 to 8 February 1974. He was President of the National Assembly of Burkina Faso from 1978 to 25 November 1980.

He was born in Ouahigouya.

He served in the French National Assembly from 1956-1959.

## Biography

Gérard Ouédraogo was born on September 19, 1925, in Ouahigouya, at the entrance of an ancestral site, Naaba Kango Cave. His name Kango was originally Kaongo, that is to say the field that surrounds a palace or a concession.

Founder of the MRV (Voltaic regroupment movement), he was deputy of Upper Volta under the Fourth Republic,  in the first National Assembly of the Fifth Republic. He was ambassador of the new independent state of Upper Volta in Great Britain from 1960 to 1966. Subsequently, he continued to play an important role in the political life of the country, notably by sitting in the National Assembly for the constituency of Ouahigouya and being one of the leaders of the UDV / RDA (Democratic Union Voltaic, member of the African Democratic Rally). He was Prime Minister of Upper Volta from 1971 to 1974, under the presidency of Aboubacar Sangoulé Lamizana.

President of the National Assembly during the coup d'état of Saye Zerbo on November 25, 1980, he was imprisoned several times under the dictatorships of Saye Zerbo, Thomas Sankara and Blaise Compaore. Since the easing of the regime presided over by the latter head of state in the early 1990s, he was elected twice as MP under the Fourth Republic, before resigning on May 27, 1998. Shortly thereafter, the African Democratic Rally appointed honorary president for life.
Yang Hyong-sop

**Yang Hyong-sop** (1 October 1925 – 13 May 2022) was a North Korean politician.  He was elected chairman of the Supreme People's Assembly in 1983, and served until 1998. He was vice president of the Presidium of the Spa (1998–2019).

Yang was born in Hamhung. He attended Moscow State University and Kim Il-sung University. He was married to Kim Shin-sook, a cousin of Kim Il-Sung.

Yang Hyong-sop died of a stroke on 13 May 2022, at the age of 96.
Antoine Gizenga

**Antoine Gizenga** (5 October 1916 – 24 February 2019) was a Congolese politician. He was the Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo from 30 December 2006 to 10 October 2008. He is the Secretary-General of the Unified Lumumbist Party (_Parti Lumumbiste Unifié_, PALU).

Gizenga was born in Mushiko, Bandundu. He died on 24 February 2019 in Kinshasa, aged 102.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Antoine Gizenga
- **image**: Antoine Gizenga.jpg
- **office2**: Deputy Prime Minister of Congo-Léopoldville
- **predecessor2**: Office established
- **party**: Unified Lumumbist Party, PALU
Parti Solidaire Africain, PSA
- **office1**: 21st Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
- **predecessor1**: Likulia Bolongo
- **president1**: Joseph Kabila
- **successor1**: Adolphe Muzito
- **successor2**: Jean Bolikango
- **birth place**: Bandundu Province, Belgian Congo (now Democratic Republic of the Congo)
- **death place**: Kinshasa
- **term start1**: 30 December 2006
- **term end1**: 10 October 2008
- **term start2**: 24 June 1960
- **term end2**: 14 September 1960
- **office3**: List of heads of government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Prime Minister of Congo-Stanleyville
- **term start3**: 12 December 1960
- **term end3**: 5 August 1961
- **predecessor3**: Office established
- **successor3**: Office abolished
Czesław Kiszczak

**Czesław Jan Kiszczak** (; 19 October 1925 – 5 November 2015) was a Polish politician. He was active during the Polish People's Republic, the Communist period in Poland.

Kiszczak was a member of the Polish Workers' Party and later the Polish United Workers' Party (PZPR). He served as a high-ranking officer of the Polish Army, a chief of secret services and Minister of Internal Affairs (MSW) between 1981 and 1990.

He served during the years of Martial Law in Poland. He was an assistant of Wojciech Jaruzelski. He was also the last Communist Prime Minister of Poland, serving briefly in 1989.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Czesław Kiszczak
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **order**: List of Prime Ministers of Poland, Prime Minister of the People's Republic of Poland
<small>11th and last Polish United Workers' Party Prime Minister of Communist Poland, People's Poland</small>
- **term start**: 2 August 1989
- **term end**: 19 August 1989
- **president**: Wojciech Jaruzelski
- **predecessor**: Mieczysław Rakowski
- **successor**: Tadeusz Mazowiecki
- **order2**: Ministry of Interior and Administration of the Republic of Poland, Minister of Interior of the People's Republic of Poland
- **term start2**: 31 July 1981
- **term end2**: 6 July 1990
- **president2**: Wojciech Jaruzelski
- **primeminister2**: Wojciech Jaruzelski, Zbigniew Messner, Mieczysław Rakowski, Czesław Kiszczak, Tadeusz Mazowiecki
- **predecessor2**: Mirosław Milewski
- **successor2**: Krzysztof Kozłowski
- **birth place**: Roczyny, Second Polish Republic
- **death place**: Warsaw, Poland
- **party**: Polish United Workers' Party
Gregorio Conrado Álvarez

**Gregorio Conrado Álvarez Armelino** (November 26, 1925 – December 28, 2016) was a Uruguayan general and former dictator. He served as the _de facto_ president of Uruguay from 1981 until 1985.

On October 22, 2009, he was convicted for 37 counts of murder and human rights violations. He was sentenced to 25 years in prison. However, he was not in court to hear the verdict as he was ill.

He was born in Montevideo.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Gregorio Álvarez
- **order**: 27° President of Uruguay, De Facto President of Uruguay
- **term start**: September 1, 1981
- **term end**: February 12, 1985
- **predecessor**: Aparicio Méndez
- **successor**: Rafael Addiego Bruno, Rafael Addiego
- **birth place**: Montevideo, Uruguay
- **death place**: Montevideo, Uruguay
- **spouse**: Rosario Flores
- **occupation**: Political, military
Julio María Sanguinetti

**Julio María Sanguinetti Coirolo** (born 6 January 1936) is a Uruguayan politician, lawyer and journalist. He served as President of Uruguay twice: from March 1985 until March 1990, and from March 1995 until March 2000. He was from the Colorado Party.

He supports same-sex marriage and a bill that recently approved same-sex marriages by the Uruguayan legislature.

Sanguinetti was born in Montevideo.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Julio María Sanguinetti
- **honorific-prefix**: Lawyer, Dr.
- **image**: PresidenteSanguinetti.jpg
- **caption**: Julio María Sanguinetti in 1995.
- **office**: President of Uruguay
- **term start**: March 1, 1985
- **term end**: March 1, 1990
- **predecessor**: Rafael Addiego Bruno, Rafael Addiego
- **successor**: Luis Alberto Lacalle
- **term start2**: March 1, 1995
- **term end2**: March 1, 2000
- **predecessor2**: Luis Alberto Lacalle
- **successor2**: Jorge Batlle Ibáñez
- **birth place**: Montevideo, Uruguay
- **spouse**: Marta Canessa
- **children**: Julio Luis
 Emma
- **party**: Colorado Party (Uruguay), Colorado Party
- **occupation**: Politician, journalist, lawyer
- **vicepresident**: Enrique Tarigo
- **vicepresident2**: Hugo Batalla
Arnaldo Forlani

**Arnaldo Forlani** (; 8 December 1925 – 6 July 2023) was an Italian politician. He served as the 44th Prime Minister of Italy from 18 October 1980 to 28 June 1981. He was previously a member of the right-wing of the Italian Christian Democratic Party.

Forlani died on 6 July 2023 in Rome, Italy at the age of 97.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Arnaldo Forlani
- **image**: Arnaldo Forlani 3 (cropped).jpg
- **order**: List of Prime Ministers of Italy, 43rd Prime Minister of Italy
- **president**: Alessandro Pertini
- **term start**: 18 October 1980
- **term end**: 28 June 1981
- **predecessor**: Francesco Cossiga
- **successor**: Giovanni Spadolini
- **order2**: Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs
- **term start2**: 29 July 1976
- **term end2**: 4 August 1979
- **predecessor2**: Mariano Rumor
- **successor2**: Franco Maria Malfatti
- **primeminister2**: Giulio Andreotti
- **birth place**: Pesaro, Marche, The Marches, Italy
- **nationality**: Italians, Italian
- **death place**: Rome, Italy
- **party**: Christian Democracy (Italy), Christian Democracy
Trần Thiện Khiêm

General **Trần Thiện Khiêm** (15 December 1925 – 24 June 2021) was a Vietnamese military officer. He was an officer in the army of South Vietnam during the Vietnam War.

During the 1960s he was involved in several coups d'état. He helped President Ngô Đình Diệm put down a coup attempt in November 1960. He was rewarded with promotion. In 1963 he was involved in the coup that deposed and assassinated Ngo Dinh Diem. From 1969 until 1975, he was the Prime Minister of South Vietnam.

Khiêm died on 24 June 2021 in San Jose, California at the age of 95.

## Infobox (military person)

- **embed**: yes
- **allegiance**: Republic of Vietnam
- **serviceyears**: 1947–1975
- **rank**: General officer, General (Đại Tướng)


## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Trần Thiện Khiêm
- **image**: 越南駐華大使陳善謙 (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Khiêm in  1965
- **order**: 8th
- **office**: Prime Minister of South Vietnam
- **termstart**: 23 August 1969
- **termend**: 4 April 1975
- **president**: Nguyễn Văn Thiệu
- **deputy**: Nguyễn Lưu Viên
- **predecessor**: Trần Văn Hương
- **successor**: Nguyễn Bá Cẩn
- **office2**: Minister of National Defense (South Vietnam), Minister of National Defense
- **termstart2**: 6 August 1972
- **termend2**: 14 April 1975
- **predecessor2**: Nguyễn Văn Vy
- **successor2**: Trần Văn Đôn
- **termstart3**: 8 February 1964
- **termend3**: 9 September 1964
- **predecessor3**: Trần Văn Đôn
- **successor3**: Nguyễn Khánh
- **office4**: Internal affairs (law enforcement), Minister of Internal Affairs of South Vietnam
- **termstart4**: 27 May 1968
- **termend4**: 29 June 1973
- **predecessor4**: Linh Quang Viên
- **successor4**: Lê Công Chất
- **office5**: Deputy Prime Minister, Deputy Prime Minister of South Vietnam
- **termstart5**: 27 May 1968
- **termend5**: 22 August 1969
- **predecessor5**: Phạm Đăng Lâm
- **successor5**: Nguyễn Lưu Viên
- **primeminister5**: Trần Văn Hương
- **birth place**: Saigon, French Cochinchina, Cochinchina, French Indochina
- **death place**: San Jose, California, US
- **party**: National Social Democratic Front
- **signature**: Signature of Tran Thien Khiem.png
Luis Alberto Monge

**Luis Alberto Monge Álvarez** (29 December 1925 – 29 November 2016) was a Costa Rican politician, diplomat and lawyer. He was the President of Costa Rica from 8 May 1982 to 8 May 1986. Before being President, he was the country's ambassador to Israel.

He was born in Palmares, Alajuela Province. Monge died of cardiac arrest on 29 November 2016 in San José, aged 90.

## Other websites

- Biography by CIDOB Foundation

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Luis Alberto Monge
- **image**: Luis Alberto Monge (1984).jpg
- **order**: List of Presidents of Costa Rica, President of Costa Rica
- **vicepresident**: Alberto Fait Lizano, Armando Aráuz Aguilar
- **term start**: 8 May 1982
- **term end**: 8 May 1986
- **predecessor**: Rodrigo Carazo Odio
- **successor**: Óscar Arias
- **birth place**: Palmares (canton), Palmares, Alajuela, Costa Rica
- **death place**: San José, Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
- **party**: National Liberation Party (Costa Rica), National Liberation Party
Rachid Solh

**Rachid Solh** (1 January 1926 – 27 June 2014) was a Lebanese politician. He served as the Prime Minister. He was part of one of the most powerful Sunni Muslim families in the country.

Solh was elected as a member of the Lebanese Parliament for the first time in 1960. He was appointed prime minister by president Suleiman Franjieh in 1974.

Solh resigned from office on 15 May 1975, a few weeks after the start of the Lebanese Civil War.

He died on 27 June 2014, aged 88.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Rachid Solh
<small></small>
- **order**: Prime Minister of Lebanon
- **term start**: 31 October 1974
- **term end**: 15 May 1975
- **predecessor**: Takieddine Solh
- **successor**: Nureddine Rifai
- **term start2**: 13 May 1992
- **term end2**: 31 October 1992
- **predecessor2**: Omar Karami
- **successor2**: Rafic Hariri
Abdul-Karim Mousavi Ardebili

**Abdul-Karim Mousavi Ardebili** (; January 28, 1926 - November 23, 2016) was an Iranian politician and Muslim leader. He served as the head of legal system of Iran for about 8 years after terror of Dr. Beheshti until death of Khomeini. He was a marja of the Twelver branch of Shia Islam.

He was born in Ardabil. He died in Tehran on 23 November 2016.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Abdul-Karim Mousavi Ardebili

- **image**: آیت الله موسوی اردبیلی در آخرین روزهای عمر خود در قم.jpg
- **birth date**: 28 January 1926
- **birth place**: Ardebil, Imperial State of Iran, Iran
- **death date**: 23 November 2016 (age 90)
- **death place**: Tehran
- **order**: Chief Justice of Iran
- **appointer**: Ruhollah Khomeini
- **term start**: 28 June 1981
- **term end**: 30 June 1989
- **predecessor**: Mohammad Beheshti
- **successor**: Mohammad Yazdi
- **order2**: Assembly of Experts, Member of the Assembly of Experts
- **term start2**: 5 November 1979
- **term end2**: 1 December 1991
- **successor2**: Reza Ostadi
- **party**: Independent (politician), Independent
- **otherparty**: Islamic Republican Party
- **nationality**: Iranian peoples, Iranian
Valéry Giscard d'Estaing

**Valéry Marie René Georges Giscard d'Estaing** (, , ; 2 February 19262 December 2020), also known as **Giscard** or **VGE**, was a French politician and writer. He was the 20th President of France from 1974 to 1981 during the Fifth Republic.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **embed**: yes
- **office1**: President of the Regional Council (France), President of the Regional Council of Auvergne
- **term start1**: 21 March 1986
- **term end1**: 2 April 2004
- **predecessor1**: Maurice Pourchon
- **successor1**: Pierre-Joël Bonté
- **office2**: French Ministry for the Economy and Finance, Minister of the Economy and Finance
- **term start2**: 20 June 1969
- **term end2**: 27 May 1974
- **predecessor2**: François-Xavier Ortoli
- **successor2**: Jean-Pierre Fourcade
- **term start3**: 18 January 1962
- **term end3**: 8 January 1966
- **predecessor3**: Wilfrid Baumgartner
- **successor3**: Michel Debré
- **office4**: Mayor of Chamalières
- **term start4**: 15 September 1967
- **term end4**: 19 May 1974
- **predecessor4**: Pierre Chatrousse
- **successor4**: Claude Wolff
- **office5**: National Assembly (France), Member of the National Assembly
- **term start5**: 2 April 1993
- **term end5**: 18 June 2002
- **term start6**: 24 September 1984
- **term end6**: 4 November 1989
- **term start7**: 2 April 1973
- **term end7**: 5 May 1973
- **term start8**: 3 April 1967
- **term end8**: 22 July 1969
- **term start9**: 6 December 1962
- **term end9**: 8 January 1963
- **term start10**: 19 January 1956
- **term end10**: 9 February 1959


## Infobox (officeholder)

- **honorific-prefix**: Excellency, His Excellency
- **image**: Valéry Giscard d'Estaing (1975).jpg
- **caption**: Giscard d'Estaing in 1975
- **office**: President of France
- **term start**: 27 May 1974
- **term end**: 21 May 1981
- **predecessor**: Georges Pompidou
- **successor**: François Mitterrand
- **birth name**: Valéry Marie René Georges Giscard d'Estaing
- **birth place**: Koblenz, Germany

- **death place**: Authon, Loir-et-Cher, Authon, Loir-et-Cher, France
- **death cause**: COVID-19
- **children**: 4, including Henri Giscard d'Estaing, Henri and Louis Giscard d'Estaing, Louis
- **signature**: Valéry Giscard d'Estaing signature.svg
- **serviceyears**: 1944–1945
- **rank**: Brigadier-chef
- **battles**: * Second World War
**Liberation of Paris
- **mawards**: Croix de Guerre 1939–1945, _Croix de Guerre_
Mohammad Hasan Sharq

**Mohammad Hasan Sharq** (born 17 July 1925) is an Afghan politician during the communist regime of Afghanistan. Sharq became Prime Minister of Afghanistan or Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet-backed government, the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan.

He was selected as a back-up candidate after the Loya Jirga ratified a new constitution in 1987. However, the power of his office was relatively small compared with the ones of the Presidency.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Mohammad Hasan Sharq
- **image**: Mohammad Hasan Sharq.jpg
- **order**: Prime Minister of Afghanistan, Chairman of the Council of Ministers (Afghanistan), Council of Ministers
- **president**: Mohammad Najibullah
- **term start**: 26 May 1988
- **term end**: 21 February 1989
- **predecessor**: Sultan Ali Keshtmand
- **successor**: Sultan Ali Keshtmand
- **birth place**: Anar Dara District, Afghanistan
- **party**: Independent (politician), Independent
Abdelsalam Majali

**Abdelsalam Atalla al-Majali** (   ; 18 February 1925 – 3 January 2023) was a Jordanian medical doctor and politician. He served twice as the Prime Minister of Jordan.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **honorific-prefix**: Excellency, His Excellency
- **name**: Abdelsalam al-Majali
- **birthname**: Abdelsalam Atalla Al Majali
- **caption**: Majali in 1994
- **image**: Abdelsalam al-Majali Seal of the peace treaty between Israel and Jordan.jpg
- **office**: List of Prime Ministers of Jordan, Prime Minister of Jordan
- **monarch**: Hussein of Jordan, King Hussein
- **term start**: 19 March 1997
- **term end**: 20 August 1998
- **predecessor**: Abdul Karim al-Kabariti
- **successor**: Fayez al-Tarawneh
- **office2**: Prime Minister of Jordan
- **monarch2**: Hussein of Jordan, Hussein
- **term start2**: 30 May 1993
- **term end2**: 7 January 1995
- **predecessor2**: Zaid ibn Shaker
- **successor2**: Zaid ibn Shaker
- **office3**: Prime Minister of Jordan
- **birth name**: Abdelsalam Atalla al-Majali
- **birth place**: Al-Karak, Emirate of Transjordan
- **alma mater**: Syrian University
Royal College of Physicians, Royal College for Physicians
- **profession**: Otolaryngologist
Chau Sen Cocsal Chhum

**Chau Sen Cocsal** (; 1 September 1905 – 22 January 2009), also known as "**Chhum**" (), was a Cambodian civil servant and politician. He served as Prime Minister of Cambodia for a short period of time in 1962. Chhum was  old at the time of his death. This makes him the oldest lived former Prime Minister.

## Other websites

- De Lopez, T.T. (2009). "A final goodbye to Cambodia's last great civil servant", _Phnom Penh Post_, 28 January
- Norodom Sihamoni (2009). "Lettre de SM Norodom Sihamoni du Cambodge à Lok Chumtiev Chau Sen Cocsal Chhum", 22 January.
- Pomonti, J.C (2009). "Chau Sen Cocsal Chhum Mémoire d'un siècle". _Cambodge Soir_, 68, 29 January - 4 February
- Royal Palace (2009). "Biographie de Samdech Chau Sen Cocsal Chhum", Phnom Penh, Cambodia.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Chau Sen Cocsal
- **office**: Prime Minister of Cambodia
<small>Acting</small>
- **term start**: 6 August 1962
- **term end**: 6 October 1962
- **predecessor**: Norodom Sihanouk
Nhiek Tioulong <small>(acting)</small>
- **successor**: Norodom Kantol
- **birth place**: Tri Tôn, French Indochina (now Vietnam)
- **death place**: Phnom Penh, Cambodia
- **party**: Sangkum
- **spouse**: Vann Thi Hai
- **children**: 4
Antoine Pinay

**Antoine Pinay** (; 30 December 1891 – 13 December 1994) was a French conservative politician. He served as Prime Minister of France from March 1952 through March 1953.

He was also Minister of Public Works, Transport, Tourism, Finance, Economic and Foreign Affairs.

He died in Saint-Chamond, Loire, at the age of 102. He is the third longest-lived national head of government or head of state in history, behind Chau Sen Cocsal Chhum and Celâl Bayar.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Antoine Pinay
- **image**: Antoine Pinay 1969.jpg
- **order**: Prime Minister of France
- **term start**: 8 March 1952
- **term end**: 8 January 1953
- **predecessor**: Edgar Faure
- **successor**: René Mayer
- **birth date**: 30 December 1891
- **party**: National Centre of Independents and Peasants, CNIP
Martin E. Sullivan

**Martin E. Sullivan** (February 9, 1944 – February 25, 2014) was an American museum director. He served as Director of the United States National Portrait Gallery from 2008 to 2012. This gallery is administered by the Smithsonian Institution.

Sullivan died of kidney failure. He was aged 70.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Martin E. Sullivan
- **birth name**: Martin Edward Sullivan
- **birth place**: Troy, New York, U.S.
- **death place**: Piney Point, Maryland, U.S.
- **nationality**: American
- **occupation**: Museum director
Tim Wilson (comedian)

**Timothy Collins** "**Tim**" **Wilson** (August 5, 1961 – February 26, 2014) was an American stand-up comedian and country musician. He released many comedy albums. He worked with Capitol Records in Nashville. He made many appearances on the _John Boy and Billy_, _Big D and Bubba_ and _Bob and Tom Show_.

Wilson died from a heart attack. He was aged 52.

## Other websites

- Tim Wilson at MySpace
- CMT profile

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Tim Wilson
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Timothy Collins Wilson
- **birth place**: Columbus, Georgia, USA
- **death place**: Columbus, Georgia, USA
- **instrument**: Vocals, acoustic guitar
- **genre**: Country music, Country, comedy music, comedy, parody music, parody, country rock
- **occupation**: Singer-songwriter, comedian
- **years active**: 1994–2014
- **label**: Southern Tracks, Capitol Records, Capitol Nashville
- **associated acts**: Bob and Tom Show, Jeff Foxworthy, Toby Keith, Pinkard & Bowden, Billy Gardell
Country-western dance

The **country-western dance** (also **country dance** or **cowboy**) is dancing that is performed mostly to country music. It is also called **kicker dancing** in Texas. There are several forms of it.

The western couple dance is social dancing that involves several people. Other dances include line dance and square dancing.

Other versions of the dance include:

- The East Coast Swing
- The West Coast Swing

The dance dates back to the late 18th century.
Anjem Choudary

**Anjem Choudary** (; born 1967) is a British former solicitor and Islam preacher. He was the leader and spokesman for the Islamist group Islam4UK until it was banned under the Terrorism Act 2000.

Choudary was born in Welling, London to Pakistani parents. He is married to Rubana Akhtar. As of 2006, the couple have three children.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Anjem Choudary
- **image**: Anjem Choudary hires.jpg
- **caption**: Choudary in 2011
- **office**: Spokesman for Islam4UK
- **term start**: November 2008
- **term end**: 14 January 2010
- **birth place**: Welling, London, England, United Kingdom
- **nationality**: British
- **children**: 4
- **profession**: Solicitor
- **blank1**: Religion
- **data1**: Islam (Salafi)
Aaron Allston

**Aaron Allston** (December 8, 1960 – February 27, 2014) was an American game designer and writer of many science fiction books. He was best known for his _Star Wars_ novels. His works as a game designer include mostly role-playing games (RPGs). He several of the RPGs served to create the basis for products and following development of TSR's _Dungeons & Dragons_ game setting Mystara. He was born in Corsicana, Texas.

Allston collapsed after having a massive heart failure on February 27, 2014 during a VisionCon in Springfield, Missouri. He died later that day at the age of 53.

## Other websites

- Aaron Allston at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database
Son of God (movie)

The movie ***Son of God*** is a biographical movie. It was released February 28, 2014. It is about the life and death of Jesus Christ. This movie has a run time of 138 minutes.

The MPAA rated the movie PG-13. Reviews of the movie were not good.
Grinding

**Grinding** (also called **freaking** or **freak dancing**) is a dance where two or more people rub or bump their bodies against one another. It became popular in night clubs. The dance then moved into high schools across the United States and Canada.

Schools have tried to ban grinding because it is very sexual.

A dance similar to grinding is "The Bump", which was popular in the 1970s. Another is the twerk, which became popular through the 2000s into the 2010s.
Lipovica, Lipljan

**Lipovica** (, ) is a village in Kosovo. It is near the city of Lipljan. It is next to the Blinaja Park, where people go hunting.
Hugo Brandt Corstius

**Hugo Brandt Corstius** (29 August 1935 – 28 February 2014) was a Dutch journalist, columnist and writer. He known for his success in both literature and science. He was born in Eindhoven, North Brabant.

Brandt Corstius died after a long illness on 28 February 2014 in Amsterdam, North Holland. He was 78 years old. He was outlived by his children, journalists Aaf (born 1975) and Jelle (born 1978).
Bark bread

**Bark bread** is a form of bread used during a famine. It made by adding ground phloem to the flour as an extender to make it last longer.

During the 18th and early 19th century Northern Europe had several very bad years of crop failure. This was  particularly during the Little Ice Age of the mid 18th century. The grain harvest was badly affected. Many ideas to make the flour last longer were introduced. In 1742, samples of “emergency bread” were sent from Kristiansand, Norway to the Royal Administration in Copenhagen. One of these was bark bread. This is bread made from grain husks and bread made from burned bones. During the Napoleonic Wars, moss too was used for food.

The last time bark bread was used as famine food in Norway was during the Napoleonic Wars. The introduction of the potato as a staple crop gave the farmers other crops when grain production failed. So that bark bread and moss cakes were no longer needed. In Northern Sweden, traces of Sami harvest of bark from Scots pine are known from the 1890s. In Finland _pettuleipä_ (literally "pinewood-bark bread") was produced as a substitute for bread during the Finnish Civil War of 1918.
Kolari

**Kolari** is a municipality in Finnish Lapland. It had almost 3,900 living there in January 2014. The municipalities next to it are Kittilä, Muonio, Pello and Rovaniemi. Ilpo Väisänen planned the railway station building. Ylläs is the popular ski resort in Finland, which is in Kolari.

## Other websites

- The official page
Pudasjärvi

**Pudasjärvi** is a town and municipality in Northern Ostrobothnia, Finland. It had 8,510 living there in January 2014. The municipalities next to it are Ii, Oulu, Posio, Puolanka, Ranua, Suomussalmi, Taivalkoski and Utajärvi.

## Other websites

- The official Pudasjärvi page
Raul Soares Square

The **Praça Raul Soares** is a large public square in the city of Belo Horizonte, in Brazil. It is built in the French style. It is located where four major roads meet. The roads are Amazonas, Augusto de Lima, Bias Fortes and Olegário Maciel. The square is named in honor of the former governor of Minas Gerais, Raul Soares de Moura.

In 2008, the square was renovated. The flowerbeds, sidewalks and fountains were fixed up. Some trees were replaced, lamp posts were resized, and advertisements were removed or adjusted. The walks were improved to provide easier access for disabled and blind people. This was paid for by the city's government. It cost about $2,600,000 U.S. dollars. The project aimed to make the square safer and easier for pedestrians.
Puolanka

**Puolanka** is a municipality in Kainuu, Finland. It had 3,000 living there in January 2014. The municipalities next to it are Hyrynsalmi, Paltamo, Pudasjärvi, Ristijärvi, Suomussalmi, Utajärvi and Vaala.

## Some villages

Aittokylä, Askankylä, Leipivaara, Lylykylä, Naulaperä,Puolanka, Väyrylä, and Yli-Oterma.

## Other websites

- Municipality
Vaala

**Vaala** is a municipality in North Ostrobothnia, Finland. It had 3,195 living there in January 2014. The municipalities next to it are Kajaani, Liminka, Muhos, Paltamo, Puolanka, Siikalatva and Utajärvi.

Previously, Vaala was part of the Kainuu region but was changed to Northern Ostrobothnia on 1 January 2016.

## Other websites

- Municipality
Paltamo

**Paltamo** is a municipality in Kainuu, Finland. It had about 3,600 living there in January 2014. The municipalities next to it are Kajaani, Puolanka, Ristijärvi, Sotkamo and Vaala.

## Other websites

- Municipality
Lambada

The **Lambada** is a dance from Brazil. It is sometimes called the "forbidden dance". It started in the late 1970s. It became most popular in the 1980s. Its popularity was mostly in Latin American and Caribbean countries.

The Lambada is a dance for two people. The dance is done with bent legs. Steps are usually side to side, with turns. There are pronounced movements for the hips. Around the time the Lambada became popular, the women often wore short skirts. These skirts swirl up when the woman turns. Sometimes the woman's thong underwear is seen during the turns.
Sete de Setembro Square

**Praça Sete de Setembro** (in English: **Sete de Setembro Square**, and normally called **Praça Sete**) is a public square in the center of the city of Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.

It is located at the intersection of two major roads, _Afonso Pena_ and _Amazonas_, and by the streets Rio de Janeiro and Carijós.
Nikki DeLoach

**Ashlee Nicole DeLoach** (or **Nikki**; born September 9, 1979) is an American actress and former singer. She was on _The Mickey Mouse Club_ in the 1990s. She also played Lily in the 2008 version of _An American Carol_.

DeLoach was born in Waycross, Georgia.