juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Forbes list of billionaires

**Forbes list of billionaires** is based on an yearly measurement of wealth and assets which is published by _Forbes_ magazine. The latest list was released in March 2014.

__TOC__

## 2025

Billionaires List 2025 with their net worths.
|Rank|Name|Net Worth (USD)|Nationality|Age|Sources|Country|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|02.|Elon Musk|$433.9 billion||53|Tesla, SpaceX, etc.||
|03.|Jeff Bezos|$239.4 billion||61|Amazon||
|04.|Mark Zuckerberg|$211.8 billion||40|Meta (Facebook)||
|05.|Sankesh Jaswal|200.11 billion||30|Gen AI||
|06.|Larry Ellison|$204.6 billion||80|Oracle||
|07.|Bernard Arnault & family|$181.3 billion||75|LVMH||
|08.|Warren Buffett|$118.4 billion||94|Berkshire Hathaway||
|09.|Bill Gates|$113.5 billion||69|Microsoft||
|10.|Sergey Brin|$109.8 billion||51|Google LLC||
|11.|Larry Page|$109.3 billion|[|51|Google LLC|[|
|12.|Steve Ballmer|$105.6 billion||68|[Microsoft||
|13.|Mukesh Ambani|$100.5 billion||67|Reliance Industries||

## 2024

As of 31 December 2024, the world's richest individual is Elon Musk, the mastermind behind the companies SpaceX and Tesla with a net wealth of $421.2 billion. Musk is the first individual to ever breach the $300 billion net worth, let alone $400 billion. He is followed by Jeff Bezos, albeit with a huge gap behind, with a net worth of $233.5 billion.

## 2020

|No.|Name|Net worth (USD)|Age|Nationality|Source(s) of wealth||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|||$113 billion|56||Amazon||||
|||$98 billion|64||Microsoft||||
||and family|$76 billion|71||LVMH||||
|||$67.5 billion|89||Berkshire Hathaway||||
|||$59 billion|75||Oracle Corporation||||
|||$55.1 billion|84||Inditex, Zara||||
|||$54.7 billion|35||Facebook||||
|style="text-align:center;"|||style="text-align:center;"|$54.6 billion|style="text-align:center;"|71||Walmart|
|style="text-align:center;"|||style="text-align:center;"|$54.4 billion|style="text-align:center;"|70||Walmart|
|style="text-align:center;"||S. Robson Walton|style="text-align:center;"|$54.1 billion|style="text-align:center;"|77||Walmart|

## 2018

On the 32nd list of world's billionaires, the gap between the top 1% of the billionaires and the rest continues to widen. A record of 2,208 billionaires were in the ranking and the total wealth is $9.1 trillion, up 18% since 2017. For the first time, Jeff Bezos was listed as the top billionaire due to Amazon's rising stock price that resulted in one person's biggest one year gain in wealth since Forbes started tracking in 1987.

|No.|Name|Net worth (USD)|Age|Nationality|Source(s) of wealth|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|||$112.0 billion|54||Amazon|
|||$90.0 billion|62||Microsoft|
|||$84.0 billion|87||Berkshire Hathaway|
|||$72.0 billion|69||LVMH|
|||$71.0 billion|33||Facebook|
|||$70.0 billion|81||Inditex, Zara|
|||$67.1 billion|78||América Móvil, Grupo Carso|
|||$60.0 billion|82||Koch Industries|
|||$60.0 billion|77||Koch Industries|
|||$58.5 billion|73||Oracle Corporation|

## Other websites

- Forbes: Billionaires in the News
Max Wertheimer

**Max Wertheimer** (Prague, 15 April 1880 – New Rochelle, New York, 12 October 1943) was a psychologist who was one of the three founders of Gestalt psychology, with Kurt Koffka and Wolfgang Köhler.

From 1929 to 1933, Wertheimer was a professor at the University of Frankfurt. When Adolf Hitler became Chancellor of the Third Reich in 1933, it became apparent to Wertheimer that he must leave Germany. In the end, he accepted an offer to teach at The New School in New York.

In New York he continued to investigate problem-solving, or what he preferred to call “productive thinking". The relationship between the book and his earlier work was this: all the problems in the book except one could be solved by considering geometric diagrams. In other words, they were partly visual in essence, and could be represented and partly solved visually. That thread ran through much of the gestalt work.

Wertheimer completed the book (his only book) in late September 1943, and died just three weeks later of a heart attack. Wertheimer was buried in Beechwood Cemetery in New Rochelle, New York.

## Phi phenomenon

The phi phenomenon is an optical illusion described by Wertheimer in 1912, in which the persistence of vision was exploited by the cinema film, applied by Hugo Münsterberg in 1916. This optical illusion is based in the principle  that the human eye is capable of perceiving movement from pieces of information, for example, a succession of images. In other words, from a slideshow of a group of frozen images at a certain speed of images per second, we observe constant movement.

## References

- King, D. Brett & Wertheimer, Michael 2007. _Max Wertheimer and Gestalt theory_. Transaction.
Optical illusion

An **optical illusion** (also called a **visual illusion**) is one which shows images that differ from normal reality.

The information gathered by the eye is processed in the brain to give a perception. That is normal, but in these cases the appearance does not tally with a physical measurement of the stimulus source.

There are three main types of visual illusion:
1. literal optical illusions that create images which are different from the objects that make them
1. physiological illusions: they are the effects on the eyes and brain of over-stimulation of brightness, colour, size, position, tilt, movement
1. cognitive illusions, the result of unconscious inferences (brain makes the wrong decision).

The general explanation for most illusions is the way the brain works on sense data to produce a meaningful perception. A great 19th century psychologist Hermann von Helmholtz described perception as "unconscious inferences from sensory data and past experience". Richard Gregory discussed how the brain makes an hypothesis about what's out there, and sometimes the hypothesis does not quite work out. His model of perception is an interaction between data from sense organs and previous knowledge and experience.

Researcher Mark Changizi of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in New York thinks optical illusions are due to a 'neural lag'. When light hits the retina, about one-tenth of a second goes by before the brain translates the signal into a visual perception of the world. Scientists have known of the lag, and have discussed how humans compensate for it. Some suggest that our motor system somehow modifies our movements to offset the delay.

Changizi asserts that the human visual system has evolved to compensate for neural delays by generating images of what will occur one-tenth of a second into the future. This foresight enables humans to react to events in the present, enabling humans to perform reflexive acts like catching a fly ball and to maneuver smoothly through a crowd. Illusions occur when our brains attempt to perceive the future, and those perceptions do not match reality.

Essentially, the ideas of Helmholz, Gregory and Changizi are similar. We do not mechanically turn sense data into a picture of the world, as some had thought. What we do is use our brains to work out what it is we are looking at. This involves the use of memory and logic, though at a fast rate. The process is very good, but not foolproof. When it fails we get an illusion.

## Related pages

- Impossible object
Cassette single

A **cassette single** is a recording of a single song sold on a  compact audio cassette.  Record companies introduced this sales format in the 1980s. At that time, vinyl record album sales were declining in favor of cassette recordings; the cassette single was introduced to replace the vinyl 45 record in a similar way.

The sales of cassette singles did not exceed vinyl single sales to the same extent as cassette albums had.  As compact disc players became more common, cassette singles were for the most part replaced by CD singles.
Guitar solo

A **guitar solo** is a portion of a musical performance when a guitar is used without other instruments.

In addition to their roles of rhythmic and harmonic accompaniment, guitars are well-suited to performing solo lines. This can take the form of a prominent section where the guitar is heard over other instruments, or unaccompanied, the guitarist providing all the necessary melody and harmony themselves. Often a guitar solo is a virtuosic performance in the rock music idiom with a heavily-overdriven electric guitar. However, solo instrumentation for the guitar can be found in a wide variety of musical styles and eras.

Many famous guitarists are known for their solo work. Approaches to solo creation vary from the jagged/atonal approach of Andy Gill from Gang of Four and Andy Partridge from XTC, the studio-produced soundscapes of Jimi Hendrix or Bill Nelson, or the composed approach of Frank Zappa.

The use of the guitar solo in popular music was especially notable during the 1980s, where a flashy and attention-grabbing instrumental was virtually obligatory for a guitar-based band. In later years, guitar solos became viewed as something of an "80s cliché", and their usage declined. Guitar solos in pop music have  become much rarer, and more subdued and understated when used.

## Notable rock-guitar soloists

- Eric Clapton
- Jimi Hendrix
- Eddie Van Halen
- Frank Zappa
- Steve Vai
- Joe Satriani
- Yngwie Malmsteen
- Jimmy Page
- Kerry King
- Dimebag Darrell
- Kirk Hammett
- Randy Rhoads
- Zakk Wylde
- John Petrucci
- The Edge (David Howell Evans)
- Carlos Santana

## Related pages

- Riff
Music of Colombia

The **music of Colombia** is an expression of the Colombian culture and has many music types. Modern Colombian culture is a mixture of African, native and European (especially Spanish) music, as well as more modern American and Caribbean musical forms, such as Trinidadian, Cuban and Jamaican.

In the late 1950s, Mexican rock artists like Enrique Guzmán and Cesar Costa became very popular in Colombia.  Soon, native rock bands like Los Speakers earned popularity too.  Starting in 1967, native bands like Genesis combined native music types (like cumbia) with rock.

Cumbia is a mixture of Spanish and African music (which slaves brought to Colombia).  In the 19th century, Colombia got rid of slavery. Since that time, Africans, Indians and other ethnic groups mixed more fully in Colombian music.  Styles like bambuco, vallenato and porro was very important.  When the waltz became popular in the 19th century, Colombian musicians invented a version called pasillo.
The Band Perry

**The Band Perry** is an American musical group. The members are Kimberly, Reed and Neil Perry (the first was born in 1981, the second in 1988 and the latter was born in 1990). Their self titled first record was released on October 12, 2010.

### Studio albums

- _The Band Perry_ (2010)
- _Pioneer_ (2013)

### Extended plays

- _The Band Perry EP_ (2010)

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: The Band Perry
- **img**: Thebandperry.jpg
- **img capt**: The Band Perry at the 2010 Academy of Country Music Awards
- **img size**: 250px
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Greeneville, Tennessee, Greeneville, Tennessee United States, USA
- **genre**: Country music, Country, country pop
- **years active**: 2005–_present_
- **associated acts**: Nathan Chapman
Paul Worley
- **url**: [http://www.thebandperry.com/ Official website]
- **current members**: Kimberly Perry
Neil Perry
Reid Perry
Criminal (song)

**"Criminal"** is the fourth single released under Britney Spears' seventh studio album _Femme Fatale_. This song was released on September 30, 2011 and has gotten positive critical acclaim.
Sound check

A **soundcheck**, simplified as **sound check** is an activity that takes place a couple of hours before a concert. The performer(s) and the sound crew run through a short song to make sure that the sound in the venue is clear and at the right volume and tonal frequencies. Soundchecks are especially important for popular and other musical genres that use heavily-amplified PA systems; having correct sound is very important to the success of such events.  A soundcheck remains part art and not all science, however, because the acoustics of a venue often change somewhat once it is filled with an audience.

Artists who change their set list during the course of a concert tour often use soundchecks as a rehearsal opportunity to try out new material or revive old material, before possibly introducing such material into the concert properly.
Ricky Martin (1991 album)

**Ricky Martin** is the eponymous debut solo studio album recorded by Puerto Rican singer Ricky Martin, It was released  by Sony Discos and Sony Music Mexico November 26, 1991 (see 1991 in music).

## Track listing

© MCMXCI. Sony Music Entertainment (México). S.A. de C.V.

## Chart performance

|Chart (1992)|Peak position|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|align="left"|US _Billboard_ Latin Pop Albums|align="center"|5|

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Ricky Martin
- **type**: Studio album
- **artist**: Ricky Martin
- **recorded**: 1991
- **studio**: * Round House Studio
(London, London, England, United Kingdom)
* Sonoland Studios
* Circus Studios
(Madrid, Madrid, Spain)
* Sony Music Studios
(Mexico City, Mexico City, Mexico)
- **genre**: Latin music, Latin, latin pop
- **length**: 42:56
- **label**: Sony Music Latin, Sony Discos · Sony Music Entertainment, Sony Music Mexico
- **producer**: Mariano Pérez Bautista
- **next title**: Me Amarás (album), Me Amarás
- **next year**: 1993
Latin Pop Albums

**Latin Pop Albums** is a record chart that is published weekly on _Billboard_ magazine. The chart ranks Latin pop albums by the number of recorded sales an album made that week.

## Chart achievements

Shakira's album _Fijación Oral Vol. 1_ became the best-selling album of the 2000s decade.

|**Year**|**Artist**|**Album**|**Label**||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1986|rowspan="2"|José José|_Promesas_|rowspan="2"|Ariola Records||
|1987|_Siempre Contigo_||||||
|1994|Luis Miguel|_Segundo Romance_|WEA Latina||||
|1995|rowspan="2"|Selena|rowspan="2"|_Dreaming of You_|rowspan="2"|EMI Latin|
|1996|||||||
|1997|Julio Iglesias|_Tango_|Columbia||||
|1998|Alejandro Fernández|_Me Estoy Enamorando_|Sony Music Latin||||
|1999|Ricky Martin|_Vuelve_|Sony Discos||||
|2000|Christina Aguilera|_Mi Reflejo_|RCA||||
|2001|Paulina Rubio|_Paulina_|Universal Music Latin Entertainment||||
|2002|Luis Miguel|_Mis Romances_|WEA Latina||||
|2003|Juanes|_Un Día Normal_|Surco/Universal Latino||||
|2004|Marco Antonio Solís|_La Historia Continúa..._|Fonovisa||||
|2005|Shakira|_Fijación Oral Vol. 1_|Epic||||
|2006|rowspan="2"|RBD|_Nuestro Amor_|EMI Latin|||
|2007|_Celestial_|EMI Televisa/Virgin|||||
|2008|Marco Antonio Solis|_La Mejor... Colección_|Fonovisa||||
|2009|Luis Fonsi|_Palabras del Silencio_|Universal Music Latin Entertainment||||
|2010|Enrique Iglesias|''Euphoria|Universal Republic/Universal Latino||||
Peter Carey (novelist)

**Peter Carey** (born 1943) is an Australian novelist who has won many awards including two Booker Prizes. He first won the Booker Prize in 1988 for his book, _Oscar and Lucinda_. He won again in 2001 for his book _The True History of the Kelly Gang_. Only one other author has won this award twice.

_Oscar and Lucinda_ was made into a movie starring Ralph Fiennes. _The True History of the Kelly Gang_ is the story of Australian bushranger, Ned Kelly, written in the style of Ned's famous Jerilderie Letter.

## Novels

Carey his written nine novels:
- _Bliss_ (1981)
- _Illywhacker_ (1985)
- _Oscar and Lucinda_ (1988)
- _The Tax Inspector_ (1991)
- _The Unusual Life of Tristan Smith_ (1994)
- _Jack Maggs_ (1997)
- _The True History of the Kelly Gang_ (2000)
- _My Life as a Fake_ (2003)
- _Theft: A Love Story_ (2006)
Emperor Kanmu

, also written as _Kammu_, was the 50th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.  His reign started in 781 and ended in 806.

Kanmu was the first monarch of the Heian period of the history of Japan.

## Traditional history

Before he became the monarch, this prince's personal name (_imina_) was .

Prince Yamabe was the eldest son of Prince Shirakabe (later known as Emperor Kōnin). According to the , Yamabe's mother was a descendant of King Muryeong of Baekje.

Kanmu had 16 empresses and consorts, and 32 imperial sons and daughters. Among his sons were Emperor Heizei, Emperor Saga and Emperor Junna.

## Events of Kanmu's life

Before he became the monarch, he was the Crown Prince for eight years.

During his reign, Kanmu tried to simplify the hierarchy and the functions of his government.

The capital of Japan was moved from Nara (Heijō-kyō) to Nagaoka (Nagaoka-kyō) in 784.  The capital would be moved again in 794 to Kyoto (Heian-kyō).

Kanmu named Sakanoue no Tamuramaro (758-811) to lead a military expedition against the Emishi.

### Timeline

- **737** (_Tenpyō 9_): Prince Yamabe was born.
- **773** (_Hōki 4_): Yamabe received the title of Crown Prince.
- **30 April 781** (_Ten'ō 1, 3rd day of the 4th month_): In the 11th year of Emperor Kōnin's reign, he abdicated. The succession (_senso_) was received by his son.  Soon after, Emperor Kanmu accepted the monarch's role and duties and powers (_sokui_).  This was confirmed in ceremonies.
- **794** (_Enryaku 13_): When the capital was moved to Kyoto, the emperor's new home was named .
- **17 November 794** (_Enryaku 13, 21st day of the 10th month_): The emperor traveled by carriage to the new capital.  He moved in a grand parade.  This marks the beginning of the Heian period in Japanese history.
- **806** (_Enryaku 25_): Kammu died at the age of 70.

### After his death

According to the Imperial Household Agency, the mausoleum  (_misasagi_) of Kammu is in Kyoto.  The emperor is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine at this location.

## Eras of reign

The years of Kammu's reign are identified by more than one era name (_nengō_).
- _Ten'ō_ (781–82)
- _Enryaku_ (782–806)

## Related pages

- Emperor of Japan
- List of emperors of Japan
- Japanese imperial family tree
- Kammu Seamount

## Infobox (monarch)

- **name**: Kanmu
- **title**: Emperor of Japan
- **image**: Portrait of Emperor Kanmu.png
- **reign**: 781-806
- **predecessor**: Emperor Kōnin, Kōnin
- **successor**: Emperor Heizei, Heizei
- **birth date**: 735
- **burial place**: _Kashiwabara no misasagi_ (Kyoto)
National Cleavage Day

**National Cleavage Day**, also known as **NCD**, is a annual celebration that is held in South Africa. It is held in March or April each year. Many countries celebrating on 19th of May (Proverbs 5:19) The event is sponsored by the brassière marketer wonderbra. National Cleavage Day was started in 2002 and held at the beginning of April every year. The _NCD_ was started in April 2002 in South Africa.

Along with the Wonderbra, _Cosmopolitan_ and 5fm, a SABC radio station have sponsored this event. According to Samantha Paterson, the manager for Wonderbra, the National Cleavage Day had become a great start for women's independence and power in all forms of life, from their careers to their relationships and to their own destiny. Anita Meiring, public relations consultant for Wonderbra, explained The event was created to help build women empowerment about their breast being very unique and that they should be very proud of it. She also stated that "It gives men a legitimate (real) reason to stare (look) at boobs (women's breast)."

National Cleavage Day is celebrated in offices, restaurants and bars throughout the nation.

This event was given negative feedback from Dr. Siqwana-Ndulo. She had said that "This is a pure marketing tool using people's bodies." She then stated that, "The commission is against any person or advertising company which uses people's bodies for marketing purposes be it advertising a car or anything of that sort."

## Other websites

- Wonderbra and their support for NCD
Chauchilla Cemetery

**Chauchilla Cemetery** is a cemetery that has prehistoric remains of prehispanics. Their bodies, which are mummified, contain artifacts. The cemetery is  south of the city of Nazca in Peru.

## History

The cemetery was discovered in the 1920s. However, it was last used in the 9th century. The cemetery has a lot of very important burials that happened over a period of 600 to 700 years. The cemetery was first used around the year 200. This cemetery is a very important source of archaeology to Nazca culture. Because the cemetery was damaged a long time ago, it was protected by Peruvian law in 1997. Tourists pay around seven U.S. dollars for a two-hour tour of the cemetery.

## Preservation of the bodies

The bodies inside the cemetery have been preserved which is probably because of the dry climate in the Peruvian Desert. However, the funeral rites were also an important factor. The bodies had clothes on them which were made of cotton and were painted with a resin. They were bought in the cemetery, which was built from mud bricks. The resin was thought to have kept out insects and slowed bacteria from feeding on the bodies.

Estaquería, a nearby cemetery, may have given clues to show how the bodies were preserved. At Estaquería, archaeologists have found wooden pillars which was first thought to have been used for astronomical sightings. However, it is not thought that those posts were used to dry the bodies. This was a mummification process. This clue helped archaeologists to understand why these thousand-year-old bodies still had their hair and some soft tissue, like skin, still attached to them.

## Infobox (cemetery)

- **name**: Chauchilla Cemetery
- **image**: Nazca-chauchilla-c06.jpg
- **imagesize**: 280px
- **caption**: Mummy in the Cemetery of Chauchilla
- **established**: c.200 AD
- **country**: Peru
- **location**: Chauchilla, Nazca
Heian period

The  is a time in the Japanese history from 794 to 1185. This grouping of years is named after city of Heian-kyō, which is the early name of present day Kyoto.

## History

The Heian period began in 794 when the capital of Japan was moved to Heian-kyō. It lasted until 1185, which is the beginning of the Kamakura period.

In this period Kyoto was the center of Japanese culture. It was also in this period that the first known novel was published. The author was a woman. Poetry was very popular in Heian-kyo at the time.

## Timeline

- **794**: Emperor Kammu moves the capital to Heian-kyō.
- **804**: Saichō (also known as Dengyo Daishi) establishes the Tendai Buddhist sect in Japan.
- **806**: Kūkai (also known as Kōbō-Daishi) establishes the Shingon Bhuddist sect in Japan

- **858**: Reign of Emperor Seiwa begins; the power of the Fujiwara clan expands
- **895**: Sugawara Michizane persuades Emperor Uda to suspend Imperial embassies to China.

- **1053**: Byōdō-in temple near Kyōto is completed
- **1087**: Emperor Shirakawa abdicates and becomes a Buddhist monk, the beginning of the _Insei_ system of Imperial government

- **1185**: Death of Emperor Antoku; Taira clan is defeated in the Gempei War

## Related pages

- List of Japanese eras

## Other websites

- Metropolitan Museum of Art, Heian Period (794–1185)
- British Museum, Heian period (AD 794-1185)
- Japan-guide.com, Nara and Heian Periods (710-1185)
Garnishment

A **garnishment** is the means for collecting money judgments against a defendant by ordering third parties to pay money directly toward the plaintiff. **Wage garnishments** are a process of deducting money off employees' monetary compensation (including their salary); these types of garnishments continue until entire debts are paid and can be taken for any debt, however usual examples are:

1. child support
1. defaulted student loans
1. tax

Wage garnishments can adversely affect credit reputation or one's ability to open bank accounts.
University of Tübingen

The **University of Tübingen**, officially the **Eberhard Karl University of Tübingen** (; ), is a public university in the city of Tübingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany.

## History

The University of Tübingen was founded in 1477.  In Germany, Tübingen became known as one of the "five classical university towns".

In 2010, Tübingen joined the Matariki Network of Universities (MNU) together with Dartmouth College (USA), Durham University (UK), Queen’s University (Canada), University of Otago (New Zealand), University of Western Australia (Australia) and Uppsala University (Sweden).

In 2012, the university established the Tübingen Center for Korean Studies at Korea University (TUCKU).  This is Tübingen’s third branch in Asia after the Center for Japanese Language in Kyôto and the European Center for Chinese Studies (ECCS) at Peking University.

## Notable alumni

Alumni include former German President Horst Köhler and Nobel laureates Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard, Hartmut Michel and Günter Blobel.

In the late 16th century, Johannes Kepler studied at Tübingen.

In the 18th century, Friedrich Hölderlin, Friedrich Schelling and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel shared student rooms.

## Faculty

Notable professors include Joseph Ratzinger and Hans Kung.

## Other websites

- Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen website
- German version website

## Infobox (university)

- **name**: University of Tübingen
- **native name**: Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen
- **native name lang**: de
- **latin name**: Universitas Eberhardina Carolina
- **motto**: _Attempto!_
- **motto lang**: la
- **mottoeng**: I dare!
- **image**: Uni Tübingen Neue Aula Sommer.jpg
- **caption**: The Main Building (_Neue Aula_)
- **type**: Public university, Public
- **budget**: € 532.6 million
- **rector**: Bernd Engler
- **academic staff**: 3,604
- **administrative staff**: 1,375
- **students**: 28,515 <small>(WS2016/17)</small>
- **undergrad**: c. 21,800 <small>(WS2016/17)</small>
- **postgrad**: c. 4,600 <small>(WS2016/17)</small>
- **doctoral**: c. 2,000 <small>(WS2016/17)</small>
- **city**: Tübingen
- **state**: Baden-Württemberg
- **country**: Germany
- **campus**: Urban area, Urban (University town)
- **affiliations**: German Universities Excellence Initiative, Guild of European Research-Intensive Universities, Matariki Network of Universities, MNU
Pylorus

**Pylorus** is a part of digestive system that separates stomach and duodenum. The pylorus controls the opening between the stomach and the duodenum. It stops large pieces of food from leaving the stomach. It also stops digested food from returning to the stomach from the duodenum. It is made of a muscle which stops food when contracted. When the pylorus is relaxed, it allows a small amount of food to pass as its passage is narrow.
Huxley family

The **Huxley family** is an English family. Members of the family had top careers in science, medicine, art, and literature. Some family members were also high level public servants in the United Kingdom.

Thomas Henry Huxley (THH) was the oldest male in the family. He was a zoologist and comparative anatomist. He was one of Charles Darwin's main supporters.

Thomas had several grandsons including Aldous, Julian, and Andrew. Aldous Huxley wrote the books _Brave New World_ and _Doors of Perception_. Julian Huxley studied evolution, wrote _Evolution: the New Synthesis_, and was the first director of UNESCO. Andrew Huxley was a Nobel prize winning physiologist and was appointed to the Order of Merit. Thomas and Andrew both served as President of the Royal Society, a century apart.

Many of their relatives succeeded in other walks of life.

## Related pages

- Darwin–Wedgwood family
Starfleet

In the fictional world of the _Star Trek_ television series, books, and video games, **Starfleet** is the group that manages spaceexploration.  From the second half of the 22nd Century through at least the 25th Century, Starfleet is a part of the United Federation of Planets, a political group of planets with intelligent life, including Earth and Vulcan.  Members of Starfleet come from many different planets and are from many different species.  Though the mission of Starfleet is peaceful exploration of space, the group is also responsible for defense of Federation planets.

## Mission

In the television series _Star Trek: Enterprise_, set in the 22nd Century, Starfleet is an Earth space exploration program whose mission is "to seek out new life and new civilizations, to boldy go where no man has gone before".  Captain Jonathan Archer and the crew of the starship "Enterprise" travel into deep space to meet alien species and do scientific research.

In the year 2161, Earth joins the United Federation of Planets, which adopts Starfleet as its space exploration service.

Starfleet officers have ranks similar to Earth's Naval forces, and follow the Chain of Command, but they are not a military group.  There is one law all Starfleet officers are required to follow called the Prime Directive. It says that members of Starfleet are not allowed to interfere (become involved in) the way a primitive society develops.  Starfleet officers are trained at Starfleet Academy, located in San Francisco.  Starfleet officers are given orders by Starfleet Command, located on Earth.

## Starships

Starfleet explores space using space vessels called starships.  The USS Enterprise is the most well known starship, and there have been several of them in Starfleet from the 22nd Century through at least the 24th Century.  One of the most famous Starfleet captains is James T. Kirk (from the television series Star Trek).  Another famous Starfleet captain is Jean-Luc Picard, the captain of the USS Enterprise-D.

Starships are large and can carry from hundreds to over a thousand crew members.  They are capable of scientific research, as well as carrying weapons called phasers and photon torpedoes for defending the Federation.  They travel much faster than the speed of light using an engine called warp drive.
Betty Garrett

**Betty Garrett** (May 23, 1919 - February 12, 2011) was an American actress, comedian, singer and dancer. She was best known for her work in movie musicals in the 1940s and 1950s. Her acting career was affected when her husband, Larry Parks, was called to the House Un-American Activities Committee. There he admitted having been in the Communist Party, and he gave names of other entertainment people who were in the Party.

Garrett has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. She died of an aortic aneurysm.

### Movies

- _On the Town_, with Gene Kelly and Frank Sinatra
- _Neptune's Daughter_, with Red Skelton

### Plays

- _Meet Me in St. Louis_
- _Follies_

### Television series

- _All in the Family_
- _Laverne & Shirley_
- _The Golden Girls_, episode "Old Boyfriends"
- _Grey's Anatomy_, episode "Break On Through"

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Betty Garrett
- **image**: Betty Garrett 1976.JPG
- **caption**: Betty Garrett 1976
- **birth place**: St. Joseph, Missouri, USA
- **death place**: Los Angeles, California, USA
- **nationality**: American
Simon van der Meer

_This is a Dutch name. The family name is_ **van der Meer**, _not_ **Meer**.

**Simon van der Meer** (24 November 1925 – 4 March 2011) was a Dutch particle accelerator physicist. He won the Nobel prize in physics. Another physicist, Carlo Rubbia, also won this prize. He won the prize because of his work for the CERN project. This led to the discovery of W and Z particles, which are the two most important things in matter.

## Biography

Simon van der Meer was one of four children. He was raised in The Hague, Netherlands. His father was a school teacher, and his mother came from a family of teachers. He went to school at the city's gymnasium. He graduated in 1943 when the German army had control of the Netherlands. In 1945, van der Meer went to the Delft University of Technology. He earned an engineer's degree there in 1952. He joined CERN in 1956, and he stayed there until he retired in 1990. He was elected a member of the Academia Europaea in 1991.

In 1966, when van der Meer was skiing with his friends in the Swiss mountains, he met Catharina M. Koopman, who became his wife. They had two children – Esther (born 1968) and Mathijs (born 1970).

### Scientific work

After getting his engineer's degree in 1952, Simon van der Meer worked for the Philips Research Laboratory in Eindhoven. When he was there, he was mainly working on high-voltage equipment and electronics for electron microscopes. In 1956, he moved to CERN, which was new at the time. When he first started at CERN, his work was mainly on technical design, and power supplies. While he was working at CERN, he invented the idea of stochastic cooling, which led to the discovery of W and Z bosons. In 1984, van der Meer and Carlo Rubbia won the Nobel Prize in Physics for their work with the project.

## Related pages

- W and Z bosons
- Nobel Prize
- CERN

## Other websites

- Official website of the Nobel prize

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Simon van der Meer
- **image**: Nobelprijswinnaar Simon van der Meer en echtgenote op Huis ten Bosch met Koningin Beatrix en Prins Claus, Bestanddeelnr 253-8884.jpg
- **image size**: 300px
- **caption**: Simon van der Meer (left) and wife are received by Beatrix of the Netherlands, Queen Beatrix and Prince Claus of the Netherlands, Prince Claus in 1985
- **birth date**: 24 November 1925
- **birth place**: The Hague, Netherlands
- **death date**: 4 March 2011 (aged 85)
- **death place**: Geneva, Switzerland
- **nationality**: Netherlands, Dutch
- **field**: Physics
- **work institutions**: CERN
- **alma mater**: Delft University of Technology
- **known for**: Stochastic cooling
- **prizes**: Nobel prize in Physics
Gerry Rafferty

**Gerry Rafferty** (16 April 1947 – 4 January 2011) was a Scottish singer-songwriter. His 1978 album, _City to City_, reached number one on the music charts in the USA. "Baker Street", a song from the album reached the Top 10 in both the USA and Britain. It featured a distinctive saxophone solo played by Raphael Ravenscroft.

Rafferty was born in Paisley, Scotland and began playing in bands as a teenager. "Stuck in the Middle" was written in the early 1970's with his band "Stealers Wheel". It was a parody of Bob Dylan's style. It became a hit again after being used in the movie _Reservoir Dogs_ directed by Quentin Tarantino in 1992. Rafferty also played in a folk group, the Humblebums, with Scottish comedian Billy Connolly.

He sold more than 10 million albums but did not enjoy working in the music industry which he said he "loathed and detested." He died in Stroud, Gloucestershire, England, from liver failure caused by his alcoholism.
Saeed Shehabi

**Saeed Shehabi** is a Bahraini thinker, political activist, commentator and journalist. He is a regular columnist in the daily Arabic _Al-Quds_ newspaper. He gives regular interviews to the BBC's _Middle East Service_ and _AlJazeera_. He is also the Director of Abrar House, an Islamic community center in Central London that promotes interfaith work. He is also the leader of the pro-democractic Bahrain Freedom Movement, that is a banned Bahraini opposition group. He was also a founding member of Al-Wefaq National Party. He was previously the editor of _Alalam_ magazine and now hosts a weekly television programme on Alalam TV. He has been living in exile in London since 1979 and returned to Bahrain on two occasions in 2002. He has a PhD in engineering from City University. Saeed Shehabi is married and has seven children.

On August 2010, Bahrain TV  declared that Saeed Shehabi is accused of being the second leading member of a terrorist network. He is currently being tried _in absentia_ along with Hassan Mushaimi. The Bahraini government claimed that a red notice was issued by interpol for his arrest, however this has not been verified. In 1996 he was similarly sentenced to 15 years in prison _in absentia_.

In the summer of 2009, Saeed Shehabi's home was attacked by arsonists.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Saeed al-Shehabi
سعيد الشهابي
- **birth date**: 1954
- **birth place**: Bahrain
- **nationality**: Bahraini
- **occupation**: Political activist, journalist, commentator, and member of the Bahrain Freedom Movement
Steve Prestwich

**Steven William Prestwich** (5 March 1954 – 16 January 2011) was an English born musician who became famous as the drummer in two Australian rock bands, the Little River Band and Cold Chisel Born in Liverpool, his family moved to Adelaide, Australia, in 1971. He formed a band called "Orange" with Jimmy Barnes. This band then became Cold Chisel. Prestwich wrote, and helped write several of the bands biggest hits including "Forever Now", "When The War Is Over", "Nothin’ But You", "Monica", "Best Kept Lies", and "Flame Trees".

When Cold Chisel broke up in 1983, Prestwich joined the Little River Band. He recorded two albums with them. They recorded his song "When The War Is Over" with John Farnham. He played with Cold Chisel again when they reformed for two tours in 1998 and 2003. They had planned to record a new album in 2011. Prestwich recorded two solo albums, _Since You've Been Gone_ in 2000 and Every Highway in 2009.

Prestwich died after surgery to treat a brain tumor in 2011.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Steve Prestwich
- **background**: non_vocal_instrumentalist
- **birth name**: Steven William Prestwich
- **birth place**: Liverpool, England
- **origin**: Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- **instrument**: Drums, guitar, vocals
- **genre**: rock music, Rock, Pub rock (Australia), pub rock
- **occupation**: Musician, record producer, producer
- **years active**: 1970–2011
- **associated acts**: Cold Chisel, Little River Band
Culture hero

A **culture hero** is a person, usually a mythical or legendary person, who is believed to be the first one to do something. In Greek mythology, for example, Prometheus who stole fire from the gods and made it possible for humans to use it for cooking and other purposes. In Chinese mythology, one culture hero is Hou Ji, a person with a human mother and a divine father, who discovered how to grow many crops and taught other humans about farming.
Emperor Heizei

, also known as **Heijō-tennō**. was the 51st emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. Heizei's reign started in 806 and ended in 809.

## Traditional history

Before he became the monarch, this prince's personal name (_imina_) was .

Heizei was the eldest son of the Emperor Kammu.

He had three empresses and seven sons and daughters.

### Events of Heizei's life

Before he became the monarch, he was Crown Prince for over twenty years.
- **785**  (_Enryaku 4, 11th month_): Heizei was appointed Crown Prince at the age of 12.
- **9 April 806** (_Daidō 1, 17th day of the 3rd month_): In the 25th year of Kammu's reign, the emperor died; and the succession (_senso_) was received by his son.  A short time later, Emperor Heizei is said to have acceded to the throne (_sokui_).  This was confirmed in ceremonies.
- **809** (_Daidō 4, 1st month_): After a reign of four years, Heizei fell ill and he feared that he would die. Heizei abdicated in favor of his younger brother  who would be known as Emperor Saga.  After abdicating, Heizei moved to Nara; and he was known as the "Emperor of Nara" (_Nara no Mikado_).
- **18 May 809** (_Daidō 4, 1st day of the 4th month_): Emperor Saga was enthroned at age 24.
- **810** (_Kōnin 1_): Heizei became a Buddhist monk.
- **5 August 824** (_Tenchō 1, 7th day of the 7th month_): Heizei died at 14 years after his abdication.

### After his death

According to the Imperial Household Agency, the mausoleum  (_misasagi_) of Heizei is in Nara.  The emperor is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine at this location.  The site can be visited by the public.

## Era of reign

The years of Heizei's reign are identified by only one era name (_nengō_).
- _Daidō_ (806-810)

## Related pages

- Emperor of Japan
- List of emperors of Japan
- Japanese imperial family tree

## Infobox (monarch)

- **name**: Heizei
- **title**: Emperor of Japan
- **reign**: 806–809
- **coronation**: 9 April 806
- **predecessor**: Emperor Kammu, Kammu
- **successor**: Emperor Saga, Saga
- **birth date**: 773
- **death date**: 5 August 824 (age 51)
- **death place**: Heijō-kyō (Nara)
- **burial place**: _Yamamomo no misasagi_ (Nara)
Sakyo Komatsu

was a Japanese novelist and science fiction writer.  He is best known for a 1973 book, _Japan Sinks_ (_Nihon Chinbotsu_).

## Early life

Komatsu was born in Osaka.  In 1954, he earned a degree in Italian literature at Kyoto University.

## Career

Komatsu worked as a magazine editor, a factory foreman and a comedy scriptwriter before he began writing science fiction.

The premise of Komatsu's best known book, _Japan Sinks_, was confirmed in 2011 when parts of the Sanriku coastline sank more than a meter in the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami.  In the massive geologic shift, the land mass of the main island of Japan sank 2.4 centemeters.

Komatsu's most popular book was the basis of a 1973 film, a television series, a 2006 film remake, and a DVD.

## Selected works

In an overview of writings by and about Sakyo Komatsu, OCLC/WorldCat includes roughly 380+ works in 520+ publications in 14 languages and 1,520 library holdings.

- 日本沈没 (1959)
- _Peace on Earth_ (1961)
- 地球になった男 (1971)
- (1973)
- 現代の神話 (1973)
- 歴史と文明の旅 (1973)
- (1974)
- 戦争はなかった (1974)
- 果てしなき流れの果に (1976)
- 日本文化の死角 (1977)
- 物体O (1977 )
- アメリカの壁  (1978)
- _Nihilistic Corridor_ (1999)
- 小松左京自伝: 実存を求めて (2008)

## Quotes

Shortly before his death, Komatsu wrote, "I had thought I wouldn’t mind dying any day, but now I’m feeling like living a little bit longer and seeing how Japan will go on hereafter."

## Infobox (writer)

- **birth name**: Minoru Komatsu
- **birth place**: Osaka, Japan
- **death place**: Minoh, Osaka, Japan
- **occupation**: Novelist
- **nationality**: Japanese people, Japanese
- **alma mater**: Kyoto University
- **genre**: Science fiction
- **subject**: Futurology
- **notableworks**: Japan Sinks
- **awards**: 1985 Nihon SF Taisho Award
Norio Ohga

, also spelled _Oga_ and _Ogha_, was a Japanese businessman and former president and chairman of Sony Corporation.

## Early life

Ohga was born in Numazu, Shizuoka.  He studied at Tokyo National University of Fine Arts and Music.  He graduated in 1953.

## Career

He was made the president of Sony in 1982, and the CEO of Sony in 1989.  He is credited with the development of the audio compact disc.

## Honors

- Medal of Honor, Japan, 1988.
- Order of the Sacred Treasure, Japan, 2001.
- Legion d'Honeur, France.

## Other websites

- Obituary: Martin Childs, "Norio Ohga: Executive Who introduced the compact disc and helped transform Sony into a global entertainment empire,"_The Independent_ (UK). April 26, 2011 ( )
- Obituary: "Sony chairman credited with developing CDs dies,"_Los Angeles Times_ (US). April 24, 2011.( )
- Obituary: Lohr, Steve. "Norio Ohga, Who Led Sony Beyond Electronics, Dies at 81," _New York Times_ (US). April 24, 2011. (Archived by WebCite)
Farley Granger

**Farley Earle Granger** (July 1, 1925 - March 27, 2011) was an American movie, theatre, and television actor. Two of the movies he was in were directed by Alfred Hitchcock: _Rope_ and _Strangers on a Train_.

Granger was bisexual, and had relationships with both women and men. Some of the people he was involved with were Shelley Winters, Ava Gardner, Leonard Bernstein, and screenwriter Arthur Laurents. His longtime romantic partner was television producer Robert Calhoun.

Granger wrote an autobiography called _Include Me Out: My Life From Goldwyn to Broadway_. He died of natural causes.

### Movies

- _Rope_ (as Phillip Morgan)
- _Strangers On a Train_ (as Guy Haines)
- _O. Henry's Full House_
- _Hans Christian Andersen_
- _The Girl in the Red Velvet Swing_\

### Television

- _Wagon Train_, episode "The Charles Avery Story"
- _Ironside_, episode "Eat, Drink and Be Buried"
- _Get Smart_, episode "Supersonic Boom"
- _Hawaii Five-O_, episode "One for the Money"
- _The Six Million Dollar Man_, episode "The Midas Touch"
- _The Edge of Night_, two episodes
- _As the World Turns_, 14 episodes
Side Street- Ny setting about a man who steals money from a safe meant for blackmail
and gets caught up in the murders

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Farley Granger
- **image**: Farley Granger in Rope trailer.jpg
- **caption**: Granger in the trailer for _Rope (movie), Rope_ (1948)
- **birth name**: Farley Earle Granger
- **birth place**: San Jose, California, United States
- **death place**: New York City, New York, United States
- **death cause**: Natural causes
- **nationality**: American
Burhanuddin Rabbani

**Burhanuddin Rabbani** (1940 — 20 September 2011) was the President of Afghanistan from 1992 to 1996. He had been a Mujahideen leader who fought against the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan. He was removed as President when the Taliban took over in 1996. He then became the leader of the Northern Alliance which took over in Kabul when the Taliban were removed. He became the head of Afghanistan's High Peace Council which was trying to find a way to end the fighting in Afghanistan. He was killed in a suicide attack on his home. A man who claimed to be a Taliban leader met with Rabbini, and then exploded a bomb, which he had hidden in his turban.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Burhanuddin Rabbani
برهان‌الدین ربانی
- **image**: Burhanuddin Rabbani Cropped DVIDS.jpg
- **caption**: Burhanuddin Rabbani in December 2010
- **birth date**: 20 September 1940
- **birth place**: Badakhshan Province, Badakhshan, Afghanistan
- **death place**: Kabul, Afghanistan
- **alma mater**: Kabul University
Al-Azhar University
Norman Corwin

**Norman Lewis Corwin** (May 3, 1910 – October 18, 2011) was an American writer, producer, and radio host. Born on May 3, 1910, in Boston, Massachusetts, Corwin worked as a writer for several newspapers in the late 1920s and early 1930s. In 1937, Corwin began working as a radio host. During World War II he worked as a news reporter for CBS. Corwin died on October 18, 2011, of natural causes.
Bert Jansch

**Herbert "Bert" Jansch** (3 November 1943—5 October 2011) was a Scottish singer-songwriter regarded as one of Britain's great folk guitarists. He was born in Glasgow, but his parents were German. After his father left the family they moved to Edinburgh. Jansch made his own guitar by the age of 12. After leaving school he began playing guitar, mainly blues, at various music clubs in Scotland and England.

His first album, _Bert Jansch_, was made in 1965 and quickly became successful. The song "Needle of Death" about drug addiction, created a lot of interest as this was a subject that was not talked about very much at that time. His second album, _It Don't Bother Me_, featured his friend John Renbourn, another great guitar player. The two players became very popular as a duo, and made the very successful album, _Jack Orion_, in 1966. This album had some traditional folk songs, including a version of "Blackwaterside", played in a jazz style. The rock band Led Zepplin later recorded his arrangement of the song.

Jansch and Renbourn made another duo recording in 1966 called _Bert and John_. They started playing with other musicians they met in London, and finally formed a band, Pentangle, with bass player Danny Thompson, drummer Terry Cox, and vocalist Jacqui McShee. Pentangle was instantly successful. Jansch did not enjoy fame, and left the band in 1973. He continued to play and make albums.

Jansch often played on other people's recordings, including the Babyshambles album _Shotter's Nation_ (2007). In 2010, despite being ill with lung cancer, he went on tour in the US with American musician, Neil Young. Jansch died of lung cancer in Hampstead, London.

## Recordings

Jansch has made many albums including:
- _Bert Jansch_ (1965)
- _It Don't Bother Me_ (1965)
- _Jack Orion_ (1966) with John Renbourn
- _Bert and John_ (1966) with John Renbourn
- _Nicola_ (1967)
- _The Pentangle_ (1968) with Pentangle
- _Sweet Child_ (1968) with Pentangle
- _Birthday Blues_ (1969)
- _Basket of Light_ (1969) with Pentangle
- _Cruel Sister_ (1970) with Pentangle
- _Reflection_ (1971) with Pentangle
- _Rosemary Lane_ (1971)
- _Solomon's Seal_ (1972) with Pentangle
- _Moonshine_ (1973)
- _LA Turnaround_ (1974)
- _Santa Barbara Honeymoon_ (1975)
- _A Rare Conundrum_ (1977)
- _Avocet_ (1979)
- _Thirteen Down_ (1980)
- _Heartbreak_ (1982)
- _From The Outside_ (1985)
- _Leather Launderette_ (1989)
- _Sketches_ (1990)
- _The Ornament Tree_ (1990)
- _Live At The 12 Bar_ (1996)
- _When the Circus Comes to Town_ (1995)
- _Toy Ballon_ (1998)
- _Crimson Moon_ (2000)
- _Downunder: Live In Australia_ (2001)
- _Dazzling Stranger: The Bert Jansch Anthology_ (2000)
- _Edge Of A Dream_ (2002)
- _The Black Swan_ (2006)

## Other websites

- Official website