juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Chirality

**Chirality** is when an object has two forms which are mirror images of each other. In a pair of chiral objects, neither one can be made to look exactly like the other one by just moving or rotating it.

Human hands are chiral objects. The left hand is a mirror image of the right hand. You cannot turn or move one of your hands to look exactly the same as the other. This is why you can not put a left handed glove on your right hand, or shake the right hand of a person using your left hand.

## In chemistry

In chemistry, chirality refers to molecules. If a molecule is chiral it has two forms that are mirror images of each other but _otherwise identical_.

Chemists call these _enantiomers_ or _optical isomers_. Because the difference between right and left hands is easy to understand, chemists call enantiomers either 'right-' or 'left-handed'. A mixture of equal amounts of the two enantiomers is called a _racemic mixture_.

Molecular chirality is quite common. It is found in stereochemistry, inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry, physical chemistry, and biochemistry.

The symmetry of a molecule (or any other object) tells us whether it is chiral.  A molecule is _achiral_ (not chiral) if it has an axis of symmetry.

### Racemic mixtures

A **racemic** mixture is one which has equal amounts of left- and right-handed enantiomers of a chiral molecule.

## Homochiralism in biology

Many biologically active molecules are chiral, including amino acids (the building blocks of proteins) and sugars. Most of these compounds are of the same chirality. Most amino acids are <small>L</small> (left-handed) and sugars are <small>D</small>. (right-handed). Proteins made of <small>L</small> amino acids, are known as _left-handed proteins_, whereas <small>D</small> amino acids produce _right-handed proteins_.

The origin of **homochirality** in the first place is much discussed. Most believe that the original origin of chiralities was purely random. They think if carbon-based life forms exist elsewhere in the universe, the chemistry might have different chirality. Other theories are possible.

Enzymes, which are chiral, usually only work with one enantiomer of a chiral substrate. Imagine an enzyme as having a glove-like cavity that binds a substrate. If this glove is right-handed, then one enantiomer will fit inside and be bound, whereas the other enantiomer will have a poor fit and is unlikely to bind.

It was economical for life-forms to adopt one form or the other of each type of chiral compound. That way we do not need two enzymes for every chemical reaction which involves chirality.
Londrina

**Londrina** is a city in Brazil. It is located in the northern area of the state of Paraná. It is 369 km away from the capital, Curitiba. Londrina has 510.707 people living in the city. This makes it the second biggest city of Paraná and the third biggest city in Southern Brazil. Londrina is named after London ("Londres" in Portuguese) and means "Little London". It was founded in the early 20th century and was officially established in 1930.
Kaya

**Kaya** is a city in Burkina Faso. It is the sixth largest city in Burkina Faso. A census taken in 2006 stated that 51,778 people lived in the city; 25,898 were male and 25,880 were female.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Kaya
- **subdivision type1**: Regions of Burkina Faso, Region
- **subdivision name1**: Centre-Nord Region
- **subdivision type2**: Provinces of Burkina Faso, Province
- **subdivision name2**: Sanmatenga Province
- **subdivision type3**: Departments of Burkina Faso, Department
- **subdivision name3**: Kaya Department
- **population as of**: 2006
- **population total**: 51778
- **timezone**: Greenwich Mean Time, GMT
- **utc offset**: +0
Superimposition

In graphics, **superimposition** is when an image or video is put on top of an already-existing image or video. This is  usually done to add to the overall image effect or to hide something (such as when a different face is superimposed over the original face in a photograph).

This technique is used in cartography to produce photomaps by superimposing grid lines, contour lines and other linear or textual mapping features over aerial photographs.

Superimposition of 2D images containing correlated periodic grid structures may produce moiré patterns. Superimposition of two correlated layers of parallel lines or curves may give rise line moiré patterns. The movement of one of the layers results in a faster movement of the line moiré superimposition image. Such optical acceleration is known as moiré speedup (check for the formulas of optical speedup for curved patterns). When superimposing two identical layers comprising randomly spaced parallel lines, at a small angle or with a small scaling difference random line moiré patterns, namely line Glass patterns (after Leon Glass, 1969) appear. Similarly, when superimposing two identical layers of randomly scattered dots at a small angle or with a small scaling difference random dot Glass patterns, namely random dot moiré, appears. When one of the layers embeds complex shapes, such as sequences of symbols forming a text, and another layer contains parallel lines or curves, the superimposition image may gives rise to magnified shapes, called shape moiré patterns.
Maringá

**Maringá** is the third largest city in the state of Paraná, in the Southern Region of Brazil. About 400,000 people live there. It has an area of 3,179.987 km² (1,227.8 sq mi).
Tenkodogo

**Tenkodogo** is a city in Burkina Faso. It is the seventh largest city in Burkina Faso. A census taken in 2006 stated that 40,839 people lived in the city; 20,093 were male and 20,756 were female.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Tenkodogo
- **subdivision type1**: Regions of Burkina Faso, Region
- **subdivision name1**: Centre-Est Region
- **subdivision type2**: Provinces of Burkina Faso, Province
- **subdivision name2**: Boulgou Province
- **subdivision type3**: Departments of Burkina Faso, Department
- **subdivision name3**: Tenkodogo Department
- **population as of**: 2006
- **population total**: 40839
- **timezone**: Greenwich Mean Time, GMT
- **utc offset**: +0
Fada N'gourma

**Fada N'gourma** is a city in Burkina Faso. It is the eighth largest city in Burkina Faso. A census taken in 2006 stated that 40,815 people lived in the city; 20,796 were male and 20,019 were female.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Fada N'Gourma
- **native name**: Nuungu
- **settlement type**: City
- **image skyline**: Fada N Gourma.JPG
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **pushpin map**: Burkina Faso
- **pushpin map caption**: Location within Burkina Faso, French West Africa
- **pushpin mapsize**: 300
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Regions of Burkina Faso, Region
- **subdivision name1**: Est Region (Burkina Faso), Est Region
- **subdivision type2**: Provinces of Burkina Faso, Province
- **subdivision name2**: Gourma Province
- **subdivision type3**: Departments of Burkina Faso, Department
- **subdivision name3**: Fada N'gourma Department
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Yendifimba Jean Claude LOUARI
- **established title2**: Incorporated
- **established date2**: 1970
- **area total km2**: 36
- **elevation m**: 294
- **population as of**: 2017
- **population total**: 61005
- **timezone**: Greenwich Mean Time, GMT
- **utc offset**: +0
Ponta Grossa

**Ponta Grossa** is a Brazilian city, in the southern region of the country, in the state of Paraná. With a population of over 300,000 inhabitants, it is the 4th most populated city of Paraná.

The city is home town of the _Parque Estadual da Vila Velha_ ("State Park of Old Town"), a park made up of rocky formations formed over millions of years.

Other attraction of the city is the _Münchenfest_ - A National Stout Festival with national and international concerts that lasts a whole week and occurs at late November and the beginning of December.
Dédougou

**Dédougou** is a city in Burkina Faso. It is the ninth largest city in Burkina Faso. A census taken in 2006 stated that 37,793 people lived in the city; 18,778 were male and 19,015 were female.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Dédougou
- **image skyline**: Dedougou-Cotton.JPG
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **image caption**: Cotton-packing in Dédougou
- **subdivision type1**: Regions of Burkina Faso, Region
- **subdivision name1**: Boucle du Mouhoun Region
- **subdivision type2**: Provinces of Burkina Faso, Province
- **subdivision name2**: Mouhoun Province
- **subdivision type3**: Departments of Burkina Faso, Department
- **subdivision name3**: Dédougou Department
- **population as of**: 2006
- **population total**: 37793
- **timezone**: Greenwich Mean Time, GMT
- **utc offset**: +0
Houndé

**Houndé** is a city in Burkina Faso. It is the tenth largest city in Burkina Faso. A census taken in 2006 stated that 34,669 people lived in the city; 17,418 were male and 17,251 were female.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Houndé
- **subdivision type1**: Regions of Burkina Faso, Region
- **subdivision name1**: Hauts-Bassins Region
- **subdivision type2**: Provinces of Burkina Faso, Province
- **subdivision name2**: Tuy Province
- **subdivision type3**: Departments of Burkina Faso, Department
- **subdivision name3**: Houndé Department
- **population as of**: 2006
- **population total**: 34669
- **timezone**: Greenwich Mean Time, GMT
- **utc offset**: +0
Foz do Iguaçu

**Foz do Iguaçu** (fɔs do igwa'su) is the 4th largest city of Paraná state, in the south region of Brazil. 309,000 people live there. It is about  west of Curitiba, Parana's capital city, on the border with Argentina and Paraguay. The people who live there are known as _iguaçuenses_.

The city is known for the Iguaçu Falls and the Itaipu Dam, the largest dam of the world was built.
Cascavel

**Cascavel** is a city in western Paraná state, in the south region of Brazil. It has, approximately 300.000 inhabitants.

The city is on a plateau 781 meters above sea level. It is 504 km west of the state capital of Curitiba, 605 km west of the sea port of Paranaguá and 140 km from Foz do Iguaçu/ the 3 borders (Paraguay, Argentina and Brazil).
Julen Guerrero

**Julen Guerrero** (born 7 January 1974) is a former Spanish football player. He has played for Athletic Bilbao and Spain national team.

### Club

|rowspan="2"|Club|rowspan="2"|Season|colspan="2"|League|colspan="2"|Cup|colspan="2"|Europe|colspan="2"|Total|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Bilbao Athletic|1991–92|12|6|–|–|12|6|||||
|rowspan="15"|Athletic Bilbao|1992–93|37|10|0|0|–|37|10|||
|1993–94|36|18|4|3|–|40|21|||||
|1994–95|27|13|2|1|4|2|33|16||||
|1995–96|33|9|6|1|–|39|10|||||
|1996–97|38|15|5|1|–|43|16|||||
|1997–98|29|8|3|0|1|0|33|8||||
|1998–99|36|9|2|1|8|2|46|12||||
|1999–2000|32|6|3|0|–|35|6|||||
|2000–01|27|4|2|0|–|29|4|||||
|2001–02|20|5|6|2|–|26|7|||||
|2002–03|14|0|2|2|–|16|2|||||
|2003–04|14|1|0|0|–|14|1|||||
|2004–05|12|3|4|0|2|0|18|3||||
|2005–06|17|0|2|0|2|0|21|0||||

### International

- _Scores and results list Spain's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Guerrero goal._
|scope="col"|No.|scope="col"|Date|scope="col"|Venue|scope="col"|Opponent|scope="col"|Score|scope="col"|Result|scope="col"|Competition|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1|2 June 1993|Žalgiris Stadium, Vilnius, Lithuania||1–0|2–0|1994 World Cup qualification||||||||
|2|2–0|||||||||||||
|3|8 September 1993|Rico Pérez, Alicante, Spain||1–0|2–0|Friendly||||||||
|4|2–0|||||||||||||
|5|29 March 1995|Sánchez Pizjuán, Seville, Spain||1–0|1–1|Euro 1996 qualifying||||||||
|6|6 September 1995|Los Cármenes, Granada, Spain||1–0|6–0|Euro 1996 qualifying||||||||
|7|20 September 1995|Vicente Calderón, Madrid, Spain||2–0|2–1|Friendly||||||||
|8|18 December 1996|Ta' Qali, Attard, Malta||1–0|3–0|1998 World Cup qualification||||||||
|9|2–0|||||||||||||
|10|3–0|||||||||||||
|11|8 September 1999|Vivero, Badajoz, Spain||3–0|8–0|Euro 2000 qualifying||||||||
|12|5–0|||||||||||||
|13|6–0|||||||||||||

## Honours

**Spain U21**
- UEFA European Under-21 Championship third place: 1994

**Individual**
- La Liga Breakthrough Player of the Year: 1993
- Spanish Player of the Year: 1994
William Regal

**Darren Kenneth Matthews** (born 10 May 1968), better known by his ring name **William Regal** and formerly **Steven Regal**, is an English retired professional wrestler. He is currently signed to WWE, where he is the Vice President of Global Talent Development. He is known for his time as an active wrestler in WWE and World Championship Wrestling (WCW) and worked as the manager of the Blackpool Combat Club in All Elite Wrestling (AEW). He also was the general manager of WWE's NXT brand.

Regal is a former four-time World Television Champion, a two-time Intercontinental Champion, a five-time Hardcore Champion, a four-time European Champion, a four-time World Tag Team Champion, and the 2008 King of the Ring.

His son Bailey also wrestles in WWE as Charlie Dempsey.

## Championships and accomplishments

- **Memphis Championship Wrestling**
    - MCW Southern Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
- ***Pro Wrestling Illustrated***
    - Ranked No. 18 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the _PWI 500_ in 1994
    - Ranked No. 196 of the top 500 singles wrestlers of the _PWI Years_ in 2003
- **World Championship Wrestling**
    - WCW World Television Championship (4 times)
- **World Wrestling Federation/World Wrestling Entertainment**
    - WWF Hardcore Championship (3 times)
    - WWF/WWE European Championship (4 times)
    - WWF/WWE Intercontinental Championship (2 times)
    - World Tag Team Championship (4 times) – with Lance Storm (2), Eugene (1) and Tajiri (1)
    - King of the Ring (2008)
- ***Wrestling Observer Newsletter***
    - Best Television Announcer (2013, 2014)

## References

- Matthews, Darren and Chandler, Neil (2005) _Walking a Golden Mile_, Pocket Books ()

## Infobox (professional wrestler)

- **name**: William Regal
- **image**: William Regal - Forbidden Door (AEW x NJPW) (52292651031) (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Regal in 2022
- **birthname**: Darren Kenneth Matthews
- **birth place**: Codsall, England
- **children**: 3; including Charlie  Dempsey
- **height**: 6 ft 3 in
- **weight**: 243 lb
- **billed**: Blackpool, England
- **trainer**: Marty Jones
- **debut**: 1983
- **retired**: 2013
Kevin Keegan

**Kevin Keegan** (born 14 February 1951) is a former English football player. He played for the England national team in the 1970s.

In January 2026, it was announced Keegan had been diagnosed with cancer.

## Club career statistics

|-
|1968–69||rowspan="3"|Scunthorpe United||rowspan="3"|Fourth Division||33||2||1||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||35||2
|-
|1969–70||46||6||7||3||1||0||colspan="2"|-||54||9
|-
|1970–71||45||10||6||0||1||1||colspan="2"|-||52||11
|-
|1971–72||rowspan="6"|Liverpool||rowspan="6"|First Division||35||9||3||2||1||0||3||0||42||11
|-
|1972–73||41||13||4||0||8||5||11||4||64||22
|-
|1973–74||42||12||9||6||6||1||4||0||61||19
|-
|1974–75||33||10||2||1||3||0||3||1||41||12
|-
|1975–76||41||12||2||1||3||0||11||3||57||16
|-
|1976–77||38||12||8||4||2||0||8||4||56||20

|-
|1977–78||rowspan="3"|Hamburger SV||rowspan="3"|Bundesliga||25||6||4||4||colspan="2"|-||4||2||33||12
|-
|1978–79||34||17||1||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||35||17
|-
|1979–80||31||9||3||0||colspan="2"|-||9||2||43||11

|-
|1980–81||rowspan="2"|Southampton||rowspan="2"|First Division||27||11||4||1||1||0||colspan="2"|-||32||12
|-
|1981–82||41||26||1||1||2||1||4||2||48||30
|-
|1982–83||rowspan="2"|Newcastle United||rowspan="2"|Second Division||37||21||2||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||41||21
|-
|1983–84||41||27||1||0||2||1||colspan="2"|-||44||28
500||171||50||19||36||9||44||14||720||245
90||32||8||4||colspan="2"|-||13||4||111||40
590||203||58||23||36||9||57||18||831||285
|}

## International career statistics

|-
|1972||1||0
|-
|1973||1||0
|-
|1974||7||2
|-
|1975||8||2
|-
|1976||9||2
|-
|1977||8||2
|-
|1978||6||3
|-
|1979||8||5
|-
|1980||6||3
|-
|1981||5||1
|-
|1982||4||1
|-
!Total||63||21
|}
Bob Holly

**Robert William "Bob" Howard** (born January 29, 1963), better known by his ring names **Bob Holly** and **Hardcore Holly**, is an American professional wrestler. He is best known for his 15-year job he had with the  World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment.

While in WWF/E, Holly has held the WWF/E Hardcore Championship six times, the WWF/E Tag Team Championship three times (with the 1-2-3 Kid, Crash Holly and Cody Rhodes), and the NWA World Tag Team Championship once with Bart Gunn.

## Championships and accomplishments

- **Kamikaze Pro**
    - Kamikaze Pro Championship (1 time)
- ***Pro Wrestling Illustrated***
    - PWI ranked him #**41** of the top 500 best singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2000
    - PWI ranked him #**391** of the 500 best singles wrestlers of the PWI Years in 2003
- **Under the Lights**
    - UTL Lights Out Championship (1 time)
- **World Wrestling Federation / Entertainment**
    - NWA World Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Bodacious Bart
    - WWF Hardcore Championship (6 times)
    - WWF World Tag Team Championship Tournament (1995) – with The 1-2-3 Kid
- **World Wrestling Organization**
    - WWO Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Ron Starr
    - WWO United States Heavyweight Championship (1 time)

## Infobox (wrestler)

- **name**: Bob Holly
- **image**: Bob-Holly-Entrance-crop,-RLA-Melb-10.11.2007.jpg
- **names**: Bob Howard
Thurman "Sparky" Plugg
Spark Plugg
**Bob Holly**
Bombastic Bob Holly
Hardcore Holly
- **height**: 6 ft 2 in
- **birth place**: Glendale, California
- **billed**: Mobile, Alabama
- **trainer**: Rip Tyler
- **debut**: 1987
Eamon Dunphy

**Eamon Martin Dunphy** (born 3 August 1945) is an Irish professional athlete.  He is best known as a football player. He has played for Republic of Ireland national team.
Murat Yakin

**Murat Yakin** (; born 15 September 1974) is a former football player. He has played for Switzerland national team. He is the manager of Switzerland national football team since 2021.

## Club career statistics

|-
|1992–93||rowspan="5"|Grasshopper Zürich||rowspan="5"|Super League||18||1
|-
|1993–94||29||3
|-
|1994–95||18||2
|-
|1995–96||8||3
|-
|1996–97||28||8

|-
|1997–98||Stuttgart||Bundesliga||23||2

|-
|1998–99||rowspan="2"|Fenerbahçe||rowspan="2"|Süper Lig||23||3
|-
|1999–2000||3||0

|-
|1999–2000||Basel||Super League||12||1

|-
|2000–01||Kaiserslautern||Bundesliga||9||0

|-
|2000–01||rowspan="6"|Basel||rowspan="6"|Super League||11||1
|-
|2001–02||32||7
|-
|2002–03||26||6
|-
|2003–04||20||7
|-
|2004–05||13||3
|-
|2005–06||1||0
216||42
32||2
26||3
274||47
|}

## International career statistics

|-
!Total||49||4
|}

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Murat Yakin
- **image**: Spartak-Zrvena (3).jpg
- **image size**: 220px
- **caption**: Yakin in 2014
- **fullname**: Murat Yakin
- **birth place**: Basel, Switzerland
- **position**: Defender (football), Defender (retired)
- **currentclub**: Switzerland national football team, Switzerland (manager)
- **years1**: 1992–1997
- **years2**: 1997–1999
- **years3**: 1998–2000
- **years4**: 2000
- **years5**: 2000–2001
- **years6**: 2001–2006
- **clubs1**: Grasshopper Club Zürich, Grasshoppers
- **clubs2**: VfB Stuttgart
- **clubs3**: Fenerbahçe S.K. (football), Fenerbahçe
- **clubs4**: FC Basel, Basel
- **clubs5**: 1. FC Kaiserslautern
- **clubs6**: FC Basel, Basel
- **caps1**: 101
- **caps2**: 23
- **caps3**: 26
- **caps4**: 23
- **caps5**: 9
- **caps6**: 91
- **goals1**: 17
- **goals2**: 2
- **goals3**: 3
- **goals4**: 2
- **goals5**: 0
- **goals6**: 24
- **totalcaps**: 273
- **totalgoals**: 48
- **nationalyears1**: 1994–2004
- **nationalteam1**: Switzerland national football team, Switzerland
- **nationalcaps1**: 49
- **nationalgoals1**: 4
- **manageryears1**: 2006–2007
- **manageryears2**: 2007
- **manageryears3**: 2008
- **manageryears4**: 2008–2009
- **manageryears5**: 2009–2011
- **manageryears6**: 2011–2012
- **manageryears7**: 2012–2014
- **manageryears8**: 2014–2015
- **manageryears9**: 2016–2017
- **manageryears10**: 2017–2018
- **manageryears11**: 2018–2019
- **manageryears12**: 2019–2021
- **manageryears13**: 2021–
- **managerclubs1**: FC Concordia Basel, Concordia Basel (assistant)
- **managerclubs2**: Grasshopper Club Zürich, Grasshoppers (assistant)
- **managerclubs3**: FC Frauenfeld
- **managerclubs4**: Grasshopper Club Zürich, Grasshoppers (B team)
- **managerclubs5**: FC Thun, Thun
- **managerclubs6**: FC Luzern, Luzern
- **managerclubs7**: FC Basel, Basel
- **managerclubs8**: FC Spartak Moscow, Spartak Moscow
- **managerclubs9**: FC Schaffhausen, Schaffhausen
- **managerclubs10**: Grasshopper Club Zürich, Grasshoppers
- **managerclubs11**: FC Sion, Sion
- **managerclubs12**: FC Schaffhausen, Schaffhausen
- **managerclubs13**: Switzerland national football team, Switzerland
Salmonella

***Salmonella*** is a genus of bacteria. It is a major cause of illness throughout the world. The bacteria are generally passed on to humans by eating or drinking food of animal origin which has the bacteria in it, mainly meat, poultry, eggs and milk. Bacteria from the genus _Salmonella_ can cause diseases, such as diarrhea, cholera and typhus. These bacteria are zoonotic, meaning they can infect both animals and humans.

_Salmonella_ is closely related to the _Escherichia_ genus and are found worldwide in cold- and warm-blooded animals (including humans), and in the environment. They cause illnesses like typhoid fever, paratyphoid fever, and foodborne illness.

_Salmonella_ is also extremely dangerous, and like most diseases, weaker humans like the old and young could easily die from it. _Salmonella_ can only be killed in food by cooking at high temperatures. This is called denaturation.
Avi Ran

**Avi Ran** () (August 25, 1963 – July 11, 1987)  was an Israeli football player. He has played for Maccabi Haifa and Israel national team. He was killed in a boat accident in the Sea of Galilee.

## Career statistics

|colspan=3|Club performance|colspan=2|League|colspan=2|Cup|colspan=2|League Cup|colspan=2|Continental|colspan=2|Total||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1981-82|Maccabi Haifa|Liga Leumit|20|0|||||||||
|1982-83|10|0|||||||||||
|1983-84|25|0|||||||||||
|1984-85|30|0|||||||||||
|1985-86|30|0|||||||||||
|1986-87|30|0|||||||||||

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Avi Ran
- **fullname**: Avi Ran
- **birth place**: Haifa, Israel
- **death place**: Tiberias, Israel
- **position**: Goalkeeper (football), Goalkeeper
- **years1**: 1981–1987
- **clubs1**: Maccabi Haifa F.C., Maccabi Haifa
- **caps1**: 165
- **goals1**: 0
- **nationalyears1**: 1986–1987
- **nationalteam1**: Israel national football team, Israel
- **nationalcaps1**: 9
- **nationalgoals1**: 0
Mark Viduka

**Mark Antony Viduka** (born 9 October 1975) is an Australian former soccer player who played as a centre forward. Viduka captained the Australia national team at the 2006 FIFA World Cup, which remains their joint-best performance to date. His four goals in the UEFA Champions League are the most scored by any Australian player.

## Club career statistics

|-
|1992–93||rowspan="3"|Melbourne Knights||rowspan="3"|National Soccer League||4||2||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||4||2
|-
|1993–94||21||17||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||21||17
|-
|1994–95||24||21||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||24||21
|-

|-
|1995–96||rowspan="4"|Croatia Zagreb||rowspan="4"|Prva HNL||27||12||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||27||12
|-
|1996–97||25||18||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||25||18
|-
|1997–98||25||8||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||25||8
|-
|1998–99||7||2||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||7||2
|-

|-
|1998–99||rowspan="2"|Celtic||rowspan="2"|Premier League||9||5||2||3||0||0||colspan="2"|-||11||8
|-
|1999–00||28||25||1||0||4||1||4||1||37||27
|-

|-
|2000–01||rowspan="4"|Leeds United||rowspan="4"|Premier League||34||17||2||1||1||0||16||4||53||22
|-
|2001–02||33||11||1||1||1||1||7||3||42||17
|-
|2002–03||33||20||4||2||1||0||2||0||40||22
|-
|2003–04||30||11||1||1||0||0||0||0||31||12
|-
|2004–05||rowspan="3"|Middlesbrough||rowspan="3"|Premier League||16||5||0||0||1||0||4||2||21||7
|-
|2005–06||27||7||5||2||2||1||9||6||43||16
|-
|2006–07||29||14||7||5||1||0||0||0||37||19
|-
|2007–08||rowspan="2"|Newcastle United||rowspan="2"|Premier League||26||7||2||0||0||0||0||0||28||7
|-
|2008–09||12||0||0||0||0||0||0||12||0
49||40||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||49||40
84||40||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||84||40
37||30||3||3||4||1||4||1||48||35
240||92||22||12||7||2||38||15||307||121
410||202||25||15||11||3||42||16||488||236
|}

## International career statistics

|-
|1994||2||0
|-
|1995||0||0
|-
|1996||0||0
|-
|1997||10||2
|-
|1998||2||0
|-
|1999||0||0
|-
|2000||2||0
|-
|2001||3||0
|-
|2002||0||0
|-
|2003||3||1
|-
|2004||2||0
|-
|2005||7||3
|-
|2006||6||0
|-
|2007||6||5
|-
!Total||43||11
|}
Matthew Le Tissier

**Matthew Le Tissier** (born 14 October 1968) is a former football player. He has played for Southampton and England national team.

### Club

|rowspan="2"|Club|rowspan="2"|Season|colspan="3"|League|colspan="2"|FA Cup|colspan="2"|League Cup|colspan="2"|Full Members Cup|colspan="2"|Total||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|rowspan="17"|Southampton|1986–87|rowspan="6"|First Division|24|6|1|0|4|2|2|2|31|10|
|1987–88|19|0|1|1|1|1|1|0|22|2|||||
|1988–89|28|9|2|0|4|2|2|0|36|11|||||
|1989–90|35|20|2|1|7|3|–|44|24||||||
|1990–91|35|19|3|2|4|2|1|0|43|23|||||
|1991–92|32|6|7|1|6|1|6|7|51|15|||||
|1992–93|rowspan="10"|Premier League|40|15|1|1|3|2|–|44|18||||
|1993–94|38|25|2|0|0|0|–|40|25||||||
|1994–95|41|20|5|5|3|5|–|49|30||||||
|1995–96|34|7|5|1|4|2|–|43|10||||||
|1996–97|31|13|1|0|6|3|–|38|16||||||
|1997–98|26|11|1|0|3|3|–|30|14||||||
|1998–99|30|6|1|0|2|0|–|33|6||||||
|1999–2000|18|3|0|0|3|0|–|21|3||||||
|2000–01|8|1|0|0|2|1|–|10|2||||||
|2001–02|4|0|1|0|0|0|–|5|0||||||
|rowspan="2"|Eastleigh|2002–03|Wessex Premier Div.|||||–|–||||||
|2003–04|Southern Lge. Eastern Div.|||||–|–||||||||
|Guernsey|2012–13|C. Counties Premier Div.|1|0|0|0|–|–|1|0|||||

### International

|National team|Year|Apps|Goals||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|rowspan="4"|England|1994|5|0|
|1995|1|0|||
|1996|1|0|||
|1997|1|0|||

## Honours

**Southampton**
- Full Members' Cup runner-up: 1991–92

**Eastleigh**
- Wessex Football League: 2002–03

**Individual**
- PFA Young Player of the Year: 1989–90
- Southampton Player of the Season: 1989–90, 1993–94, 1994–95
- Most assists in the Premier League: 1994–95
- BBC Goal of the Month: October 1993, August 1994, December 1994
- Premier League Player of the Month: December 1994, October 1996
- PFA Team of the Year: 1994–95 Premier League
- BBC Goal of the Season: 1994–95
- English Football Hall of Fame: 2013
- One Club Man Award: 2015

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Matt Le Tissier
- **fullname**: Matthew Paul Le Tissier
- **image**: Matthew Le Tissier.jpg
- **caption**: Le Tissier in a veterans' match in 2014
- **birth place**: Saint Peter Port, Guernsey
- **position**: Attacking midfielder
- **youthyears1**: 1975–1984
- **youthclubs1**: Vale Recreation F.C., Vale Recreation
- **youthyears2**: 1985–1986
- **youthclubs2**: Southampton F.C. Academy, Southampton
- **years1**: 1986–2002
- **clubs1**: Southampton F.C., Southampton
- **caps1**: 443
- **goals1**: 161
- **years2**: 2002–2003
- **clubs2**: Eastleigh F.C., Eastleigh
- **caps2**: 17
- **goals2**: 3
- **years3**: 2013
- **clubs3**: Guernsey F.C., Guernsey
- **caps3**: 1
- **goals3**: 0
- **totalcaps**: 461
- **totalgoals**: 164
- **nationalyears1**: 1990–1998
- **nationalteam1**: England national football B team, England B
- **nationalcaps1**: 6
- **nationalgoals1**: 3
- **nationalyears2**: 1994–1997
- **nationalteam2**: England national football team, England
- **nationalcaps2**: 8
- **nationalgoals2**: 0
Amarok (software)

**Amarok** is a music player for the KDE desktop environment. Unlike most KDE programs, it has its own schedule for releasing versions, so a new version of Amarok might not be released when a new version of KDE comes out. Amarok's first stable version was released in 2003. They are now on version 2.4.3.

## Features

Amarok cannot play videos. However, it can play most sound and music files in a large range of formats, like MP3, Ogg Vorbis, and WMA. Amarok also includes an internet radio tuner, and supports submitting a listener's music preferences to Last.fm. It can sync music to most MP3 players, like the iPod or ZEN.

## Versions

Amarok was updated to version 2 along with the major upgrade of KDE3 to KDE4.  The newer KDE4 version of Amarok is still missing some features when compared with the previous KDE3 version, but it does have some new features not included with the earlier one.

Many users of KDE3 Amarok believed it was the best software music player of any platform (Windows, Mac, Linux), and it had a great and loyal following.  This loyalty has faded somewhat since the KDE4 release, though Amarok developers are still working hard to make certain the newer Amarok meets and exceeds all users' expectations.

## Infobox (software)

- **name**: Amarok
- **logo**: Amarok icon.svg
- **website**: http://amarok.kde.org/
- **genre**: Media player
- **screenshot**: Amarok 2.4.png
- **caption**: A screenshot of Amarok version 2.4
- **developer**: The Amarok Team
- **released**: June 23, 2003
- **latest release version**: 2.8
- **license**: GNU General Public License
Caesar

**Caesar** or **Cæsar** may mean:

## Ancient Rome

- Caesar (title), a title used by Roman Emperors and also Ottoman Turkish Emperors, related as well to "Tsar" and "Kaiser"

### Roman _Gens_ Julia

- **Gaius Julius Caesar** (100 BC–44 BC) Roman general and dictator, hence
    - Julius Caesar (play), a tragedy by William Shakespeare
    - Julius Caesar (mini), a 2002 mini-series about Caesar, directed by Uli Edel
- Gaius Julius Caesar (proconsul of Asia, 90s BC), father of the dictator
- Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus, the first Roman Emperor, nephew and adoptive son of the dictator
- Other members of the Julii Caesares, the family from which the dictator came

## Culture

- Caesars Casino, part of Harrah's Entertainment
    - Caesars Palace, a number of hotel/casino resorts
    - Caesars Windsor, a casino in Windsor Ontario, Canada

## Food

- Caesar (cocktail), a cocktail made with vodka and Clamato that is popular primarily in Canada
- The Caesar salad, a salad named after Caesar Cardini
- Little Caesars, a pizza restaurant chain

## Science

- Caesar cipher, an encryption technique used by the Roman dictator on military campaigns
- Caesarean section, a surgical procedure to deliver a baby when a normal birth is difficult.
Informal fallacy

An **informal fallacy** is an logical argument whose  premises fail to support their conclusion. Informal fallacies often come from errors in reasoning.

In contrast to a formal fallacy, the error has to do with issues of inference. Because language is used to state the propositions, natural language allows one to say more than  formal logic can represent. All informal fallacies of deductive reasoning contain a disconnect between the premises and the conclusion. This  makes the argument invalid. The disconnect happens because there is a hidden co-premise. If this co-premise were _stated_, it would make the argument valid.

Inductive _informal_ fallacies are rather different from their deductive counterparts. Their merit rests in the inductive strength of the premiseconclusion link, not the presence of hidden premises. For instance, the fallacy of hasty generalization, can be roughly stated as:

> :p) _S_ is a _P_
> :p) _S_ is also a _Q_
> :c) therefore, all _P_s are also _Q_s

If the populations of _P_ and _Q_ are both too large to sample completely, then the statement is inductive. In such a case, a hasty generalization occurs when the number of _P_s and _Q_s does not represent the respective populations. It is important to distinguish between a principle of reasoning (deductive or inductive) and the premise of an argument.

Some informal fallacies are fallacies of ambiguity. For example:

- Feathers are **light**. ("light" as "not heavy")
- What is **light** cannot be dark. ("light" as "containing a lot of white")
- Therefore, feathers cannot be dark.

Equivocations are more difficult to detect in cases where the two meanings are closely related to each other.

## Other websites

- _Logical fallacies_ A list of logical fallacies, explained.
- _An Informal Fallacy Primer _
Great Western Railway

The **Great Western Railway** (GWR) was a railway company in the United Kingdom, that was started in 1833. It was engineered by Isambard Kingdom Brunel.

The railway company also ran bus services and owned ships and hotels. In 1948, the government took control of the company and Great Western Railway then was renamed the Western Region of British Railways.

The first railway line built by the Great Western Railway opened in 1838. It started in London and ended in Maidenhead which was  west. By 1841, the area of service had been made much longer and so their trains went farther west to the towns of Reading, Swindon, Bath and Bristol. By 1852, the railway line had become  long and went to Penzance. Penzance railway station is both the farthest south and farthest west in Great Britain.

In 1923, the GWR took over several smaller railways (most of them in Wales) and became one of the Big Four British railway companies. In 1948, Britain's railways were nationalized and the GWR became the Western Region of British Railways.

## Related pages

- Reading railway station
Stimulant

A **stimulant** is any of a group of drugs that can increase alertness and awareness, usually for a short time only. Most stimulants have more side-effects than other drugs. Some are classified as illegal drugs, most can cause addiction. For this reason, most legal stimulants are only available on prescription. Stimulants act on the nerves: Stimulants cause more neurotransmitters to the synapse (this is the gap between different nerves)

Most stimulants fall into one of the following groups:
- Amphetamine and its derivates: Methylphenidate, Methamphetamine, Pseudoephedrine Ephedrine, Ecstasy
- Xanthines: Caffeine, Theophylline, Theobromine
- Piperazine and its derivates: Benzylpiperazine, Trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine
- Various others: Cocaine, Nicotine, Modafinil

Some of the substances mentioned above can be used to treat certain diseases. Some are mostly used as illegal drugs.
Benzylpiperazine

**Benzylpiperazine**, commonly referred to as **BZP** is an recreational drug. It is also available with trade names such as "A2", "Frenzy" and "Nemesis", It is a stimulant and may cause Euphoria. People believe it works in a way similar to MDMA. The effects produced by BZP are comparable to those produced by amphetamine. Side-effects include acute psychosis, problems with the kidneys
Adverse effects have been reported following its use including acute psychosis and seizures. It does not appear to be very addictive and no deaths have been reported following taking BZP once. There have been at least two deaths  which resulted from the combination of BZP and MDMA. Its sale is banned in a few countries, including the United States, Australia, New Zealand and in parts of Europe. However, its legal status is currently less restrictive in some other countries such as Ireland and Canada. The European Union is currently changing its laws to regulate this substance more.
Turkish new lira

The **Turkish new lira** () is the currency of Turkey and the unrecognised Turkish Northern Republic of Cyprus. The new lira is subdivided into 100 new kurush (yeni kuruş), the equivalent of American Cents or British Pennies. The symbol for the currency is YTL.

In the last few years the Turkish lira stabilised and even rose against the U.S. Dollars and the Euro.

In late December 2003, the Grand National Assembly of Turkey passed a law that allowed for the removal of six zeroes from the currency, and the creation of the new lira. It was introduced on 1 January 2005, replacing the previous lira (which remained valid in circulation until the end of 2005) at a rate of 1 new lira = 1,000,000 old lira.

The official name of the currency is "New Turkish Lira". According to the Central Bank, the word "new" (yeni) is only a "temporary" measure. The "new" was be removed on January 1, 2009. The banknotes have "different shapes and sizes to prevent forgery".
Oedipus

**Oedipus** is a mythical or fictional king in Greek mythology. He is adopted as a baby. Without knowing who they are, he marries his biological mother, Then they have a baby, But before this, he kills his biological father. The psychologist Sigmund Freud had a theory and he called it the Oedipus complex, after this story.

_Oedipus Tyranos_, or Oedipus the King, is a well-known tragedy by Sophocles.

Oedipus has 4 children, Antigone, Polynices, Ismene and Eteocles. All of these are by his mother Jocasta. Later, they find out they are related to each other. Jocasta hangs herself and Oedipus rips out his eyes in disgust.
Gundam

**Gundam** is the collective name for all the different Japanese anime series about giant fighting robots called _Mobile Suits_. There are many series, movies, comic books and video games based on the Gundam franchise. Gundam started what is called the Real Robot genre of anime, where the robots are more like machines than in Super Robot anime they are usually massive and the Gundam pilots do destroy multiple buildings but the government pays for the damages and the gundam are very high tech compared to different robot anime.
Guildford

**Guildford** is the county town of Surrey, in England.  It is also the seat for the borough of Guildford.

## Other websites

- Guildford Borough Council

## Infobox (uk place)

- **country**: England
- **official name**: Guildford
- **static image**: The Guildhall in Guildford.jpg
- **static image caption**: <small>The Guildhall in Guildford</small>
- **population**: 66,773
- **population ref**: (United Kingdom Census 2001, 2001 census)
- **shire district**: Guildford (borough), Guildford
- **shire county**: Surrey
- **region**: South East England
- **constituency westminster**: Guildford (UK Parliament constituency), Guildford
- **post town**: GUILDFORD
- **postcode district**: GU1-4
- **postcode area**: GU
- **dial code**: 01483
- **os grid reference**: SU9949
Socratic method

The **Socratic method** (or **Method of elenchus** or **Socratic debate**), is named after the Greek philosopher Socrates. It is a form of philosophical questioning.

The central technique of the Socratic method is called _elenchus_, which means am argument to disprove or refute (prove wrong).

## Socrates in Plato's dialogues

Our knowledge of Socrates comes mainly from Plato, who was one of his students. No writing by Socrates survives.

Socrates was famous for not answering questions in a direct manner. "I know that I know nothing", he said. Socrates's opinion, at least in Plato's dialogues, was that the other person already knew the answer to a question and that Socrates only drew out what was already in the other's mind.

In Plato's early dialogues, the _elenchus_ is the technique Socrates uses to learn about ethical concepts, such as justice or virtue. According to one scholar, it has the following steps:

1. Socrates' student or partner asserts a thesis, for example "Courage is endurance of the soul".
1. Socrates secures his agreement to further premises, for example "Courage is a fine thing" and "Ignorant endurance is not a fine thing".
1. Socrates then argues, and the partner agrees, that these further premises imply the opposite of the original thesis, in this case it leads to: "courage is not endurance of the soul".
1. Socrates then claims that he has shown that his partner's thesis is false and that its opposite is true.

The exact nature of the elenchus is subject to a great deal of debate. In particular, whether it is a positive method leading to knowledge, or a negative method used solely to refute false claims to knowledge.

According to the classical scholar W.K.C. Guthrie, the Socratic method was intended to demonstrate one's ignorance. Socrates, unlike the Sophists, did believe that knowledge was possible, but believed that the first step to knowledge was recognition of one's ignorance. Guthrie writes, "[Socrates] was accustomed to say that he did not himself know anything, and that the only way in which he was wiser than other men was that he was conscious of his own ignorance, while they were not. The essence of the Socratic method is to convince the interlocutor that whereas he thought he knew something, in fact he does not".
Bill Maher

**William "Bill" Maher, Jr.**, (; born January 20 1956) is an American stand-up comedian, television host, political commentator, actor,  and author. He hosted the late-night television talk show _Politically Incorrect_ on Comedy Central and ABC, and is currently the host of _Real Time with Bill Maher_ on HBO. The show has been nominated for more than ten Emmy Awards. On June 1, 2006, he also began hosting an Internet-exclusive talk show on Amazon.com entitled _Amazon Fishbowl_.

In 2013 Maher became the producer of a HBO TV series called _Vice_.

## Views of Bill Maher

Mahrer is a supporter of the pro-animal welfare group, People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals.  He has said that marijuana should be legal. He feels that more problems are caused by it being illegal than would be caused if it were legal.

Maher has disagreed with many religious beliefs. He says that they can create problems for society. He was the host of the documentary, _Religulous_ that dealt with religion and how it affects society in the United States. Maher is also the creator of the website Disbeliefnet. He has said that morality and religion are not the same thing and that religion is used as a reason to oppose gay rights.

## Other websites

- Official Bill Mahrer website
- Real Time with Bill Maher website
- Real Time with Bill Maher website
- Disbeliefnet

## Infobox (comedian)

- **name**: Bill Maher
- **image**: Bill Maher by David Shankbone.jpg
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **caption**: Bill Maher, November 2007
- **birth name**: William Maher, Jr.
- **birth place**: New York City, New York, United States, USA
- **medium**: Stand up comedian, Stand-Up, Television, Movie, Books
- **nationality**: United States, American
- **active**: 1979–present
- **genre**: Political satire, Observational comedy
- **subject**: American politics, current events, American culture, pop culture, freedom of speech, environmentalism, religion, human sexuality, recreational drug use, libertarianism, American liberalism
- **influences**: Johnny Carson, George Carlin, David Frost, Steve Allen
- **spouse**: ~~Richard Simmons~~
- **notable work**: Host of _Politically Incorrect_
 Host of _Real Time with Bill Maher_
- **website**: [http://www.billmaher.com/ www.BillMaher.com]
Friedrich Hund

**Friedrich Hund** (4 February 1896  31 March 1997) was a German physicist from Karlsruhe known for his work on atoms and molecules. He worked at the Universities of  Rostock, Leipzig, Jena, Frankfurt am Main, Göttingen and was a member of the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science.

He had published more than 250 papers and essays and made contributions to quantum theory about the structure of the atom and the structure of molecular spectra. The Hund's rule was named after him and in 1926 he discovered the later so-called tunneling effect.

## His life

Hund worked with well known physicists as Schrödinger, Dirac, Heisenberg,  Max Born, and Walter Bothe. At that time, he was Born's assistant, working with quantum mechanics.

After his studies of mathematics, physics, and geography in Marburg and Göttingen, he worked as a private lecturer in theoretical physics at Göttingen  in 1925, professor at Rostock in 1927, Leipzig in 1929, Jena in 1946, Frankfurt/Main in 1951 and from 1957 again in Göttingen. Additionally he stayed in Copenhagen (1926) with Niels Bohr and lectured on the atom at Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts in 1928.

On the occasion of his 100th birthday, the book: Friedrich Hund: Geschichte der physikalischen Begriffe [history of physics terms] (Heidelberg, Berlin, Oxford), Spektrum, Akademie Verlag 1996,  was published. A review was also written by Werner Kutzelnigg.

Friedrich Hund became an honorary citizen of Jena, and a street in Jena was named after him. Since June 2004, a part of the new building of the Physics Department was given the Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1 address. The same name was chosen for the Institute for Theoretical Physics at the University of Göttingen.

## Hunds cases

The **Hund's cases**, which are particular regimes in molecular angular momentum coupling, and the **Hund's rules**, which govern electron configurations, are important in spectroscopy and quantum chemistry. In chemistry, the first of Hund's rules is especially important and is often referred to as simply Hund's rule.

## Other websites

- curriculum vitae of Friedrich Hund, papers by Friedrich Hund, diploma, honours, medals and decorations, photography, films and cassettes

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Friedrich Hund
- **image**: Hund, Friedrich 1920er Göttingen.jpg
- **caption**: Friedrich Hund, Göttingen (~ 1925)
- **birth date**: 4 February 1896
- **birth place**: Karlsruhe
- **death date**: 31 March 1997 (aged 101)
- **death place**: Göttingen
- **nationality**: Germany, German
- **field**: physics
Ubuntu Live USB creator

**Ubuntu Live USB Creator** is an official tool to create Live USBs of Ubuntu from an iso image. The tool is already included in the repositories of Ubuntu 8.10.

## Features

- Optional persistence (all changes made to the system are saved, unlike a Live CD)
- Progress indicator
- Does not format the device

## Related pages

- List of tools to create Live USB systems
- Live USB system creator

## Other websites

- Project page at Launchpad
- cd2usb - Similar tool (for Microsoft Windows)

## Infobox (software)

- **name**: usb-creator
- **screenshot**: usb-creator.png
- **caption**: usb-creator on Ubuntu
- **developer**: Evan Dandrea and Colin Watson
- **latest release version**: 0.1.10
- **operating system**: Ubuntu
- **language**: Python (programming language), python
- **status**: current
- **genre**: List of tools to create Live USB systems, Live USB creator
- **license**: GNU GPL v3
- **website**: https://launchpad.net/usb-creator
Shigella

***Shigella*** is a genus of bacterium. It belongs to a small group of pathogens (including _E. coli_ and _Salmonella_) that can infect the gut after the ingestion of relatively few organisms. The bacteria can cause sudden and severe diarrhea in humans.