juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Flinders Ranges

The **Flinders Ranges** are a group of mountains in South Australia. They have been listed as one of Australia's outstanding national landscapes. The were named "Flinders Range" in 1839 by explorer Edward John Eyre who was searching for an overland route from Adelaide to Port Lincoln. The ranges were home to the Adnyamathanha, an indigenous Australian people, for thousands of years. Their paintings and rock carvings can be found throughout the area. A large area is protected by the Flinders Ranges National Park. Important towns in the Flinders Ranges include Hawker, Quorn, Wilpena Pound and Leigh Creek.

## Infobox (mountain range)

- **name**: Flinders Ranges
- **photo**: Lookout from Devil's-Peak.jpg
- **photo caption**: The Flinders Ranges from Devil's Peak
- **country**: Australia
- **state**: South Australia
- **highest**: St Mary Peak
- **length orientation**: north/south
- **map**: South Australia
Glaucoma

**Glaucoma** is a disease that causes damage to the eye. If a person who has glaucoma does not get help from a doctor, they will not be able to see.

This disease happens because of increased pressure in the eye. The pressure causes damage to the optic nerve. This can cause loss of vision, and may also be painful.

Sometimes, it is hard for a person to know that they have glaucoma. The vision can be lost very slowly. When sight is lost from glaucoma, it cannot be recovered.

There are two kinds of glaucoma, the kind that happens very fast, and the kind that happens slowly, over a long time.

Glaucoma is the second most common cause of blindness in the world.

## Genetic component

There is often a hereditary tendency to glaucoma. A family history of glaucoma is a risk factor. The relative risk of having what is called "primary open-angle glaucoma" (POAG) is increased about two- to four-fold for people who have a sibling with glaucoma.  Glaucoma, particularly primary open-angle glaucoma, is associated with mutations in several different genes

Also, the likelihood of it happening is different in different populations. Glaucoma is the leading cause of blindness in African Americans, who have higher rates of primary open angle glaucoma.
Tax resistance

**Tax resistance** is when people do not pay a tax because they are angry at how the government uses the money.

Some people are _tax resisters_ because they feel bad about helping the government do bad things (like war). Some people are tax resisters to protest. Some people are tax resisters to try to cause a government to fall (like Mohandas Gandhi did in India).

## Related pages

- Anti-war movement
- Conscientious objector
Observation deck

An **observation deck** is a place up high where people can see things. They are usually on buildings or mountains.
Aye-aye

The **aye-aye** (_Daubentonia madagascariensis_) is a lemur which lives  in rain forests of Madagascar, a large island off the southeast coast of Africa.(madagascar). Also, the aye-aye is a small animal.

This solitary animal is nocturnal (most active at night). The aye-aye spends most of its time in trees. During the day, it sleeps in a nest  in the fork of a tree. It builds the nest out of leaves and twigs.

The aye-aye has rodent-like teeth and a special thin middle finger to get at the insect grubs under tree bark. It fills the same ecological niche as  woodpeckers do elsewhere. It taps on trees to find grubs, then gnaws holes in the wood using its forward slanting incisors. Then it sticks in its middle finger to pull the grubs out.

Lemurs are primates, and so are related to monkeys, apes, and me
Merlin

**Merlin** is a legendary character. He is best known as the wizard in the Arthurian legends. He was King Arthur's guide. Merlin is always a mysterious figure. He rarely gives his reasons for the things he does.  Merlin was probably first written about in Welsh legend. His story is based on parts of several different real and fictional characters. Merlin is usually said to be one with nature, being the source of his enormous power. The Lady of the Lake enchanted him.
Peter Schöttel

**Peter Schöttel** (born 26 March 1967 in Vienna, Austria) is an Austrian footballer, who played for SK Rapid Wien and the Austrian football team as defender.

## Career

The only club he played for was SK Rapid Wien. From 1997 till 2001 he was captain of the team. During his time with Rapid, he played in a total of 436 matches and scored four goals. For this reason he is a hero for all Rapid supporters. He was voted for the Rapid team of the century. He played for Rapid in the 1996 UEFA Cup Winners Cup Final against Paris St Germain in Brussels, which Rapid lost.

## International

He played 63 matches for the Austrian football team from 1988 to 2002. He played for them in the FIFA World Cup 1990 and 1998.

## International statistics

|National team|Year|Apps|Goals||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|rowspan="12"|Austria|1988|6|0|
|1990|10|0|||
|1991|5|0|||
|1992|4|0|||
|1993|1|0|||
|1994|8|0|||
|1995|4|0|||
|1996|5|0|||
|1997|6|0|||
|1998|11|0|||
|1999|2|0|||
|2002|1|0|||

## Manager career

After his player career he started as coach of the amateur squad of Rapid. In 2003 he became sports manager of the club, but in 2007 he quit due to continuing criticism. He became coach of the Wiener Sportklub for one year, then manager of the First Vienna FC. Since 2009 he has been coach of SC Magna Wiener Neustadt in the Austrian Bundesliga. In 2011 he went as a new coach to his former club SK Rapid Wien.

In the summer of 2015, Schöttel joined SV Grödig. After their relegation to the Regionalliga West (third division), he announced his resignation before the final match against SV Mattersburg.

On August 1, 2017, he was appointed coach of the U-19 national team. On October 10, 2017, he succeeded Willi Ruttensteiner as sporting director of the Austrian Football Association (ÖFB).

## Honours

- **Austrian Football Bundesliga (3):**
    - 1987, 1988, 1996
- **Austrian Cup (2):**
    - 1987, 1995

## Other websites

- Career stats – National Football Teams
Vim

**Vim** is a text editor made by Bram Moolenaar. Moolenaar publicly released Vim on November 2, 1991 for the Commodore Amiga.

Vim stands for Vi IMproved. Vim is an improved version of the vi text editor, an editor created by Bill Joy in 1976. Vim is free, and the source code is publicly available on GitHub. It is available in multiple languages, and it works on multiple operating systems, including Windows, Linux, and macOS. Vim can be used from either a command-line interface or a graphical user interface.

While Vim can be hard to use, there are built-in commands new users can learn from reading the Vim user manual, running the `:help` command in Vim, or using the `vimtutor` command in a terminal.

Vim is widely popular because it allows users to perform many functions on a document (save, search, scroll, etc.) by pressing as few keys as possible. However, many critics argue that these keystrokes are confusing.

One can customize Vim using a .vimrc file. To add new features like keyboard shortcuts, one can use Vim script, Vim’s built-in programming language. Many Vim plugins and extensions are also available online for free.

There is an Internet turf war between programmers that prefer Vim and programmers that prefer Emacs, another common text editor.

## Infobox (software)

- **name**: Vim
- **logo**: Vimlogo.svg
- **screenshot**: Vim-(logiciel)-console.png
- **author**: Bram Moolenaar
- **programming language**: C (programming language), C, #Vim script, Vim script
- **operating system**: Unix, Linux, Windows NT, MS-DOS, macOS, iOS, Android (operating system), Android etc.
- **genre**: Text editor
- **license**: Free software ([https://vimhelp.org/uganda.txt.html#license Vim License])
Criollo people

The ***Criollos*** (singular: ***Criollo***) were a social class in the caste system of the overseas colonies established by Spain in the 16th century, especially in Latin America.  The word was used for people of pure or mostly Spanish blood, but who were born in the American colony.

The _Criollo_ class was seen as lower than the _Peninsulares_.  Peninsulares were the people who lived in the colony, but were born in Spain.  Criollos had higher status/rank than all other castes.   Other castes included people of mixed descent, Amerindians, and enslaved Africans.

The term Criollo is often translated into English as **Creole**.  However, the word "creole" is also used for many ethnic groups around the world who have no historic connection to Spain or to any colonial system.

## Criollos and the wars of independence

Until 1760, the Spanish colonies were ruled under laws designed by the Spanish Habsburgs. They gave the American provinces great independence. The situation changed with the Bourbon Reforms during the reign of Charles III.

Spain needed to get more money from its colonies for the European and global wars it was fighting so it could maintain the Spanish Empire. The Crown made the _Penisulares_ more important, and they took over many administrative offices which had been filled by Criollos. At the same time, reforms by the Catholic Church reduced the roles and privileges of the lower ranks of the clergy, who were mostly Criollos.

By the 19th century, this loss of status led the Criollos to rebel against Spanish rule.   The revolution was also inspired by the examples of the American and French revolutions against their kings.  With increasing support of the other castes, they started to fight Spain in for independence (1809–1826).

## Infobox (ethnic group)

- **group**: Criollo
- **caption**: European diaspora in Spanish Colonial Americas
- **langs**: Spanish language, Spanish
- **rels**: Predominantly Roman Catholic
Grumman G-21 Goose

The **Grumman G-21 Goose** is an amphibious aircraft, which means it can land and take off on water. It was designed as an eight-seat "commuter" plane for businessmen in the Long Island area. The Goose was Grumman’s first monoplane to fly. It was also Grumman's first twin-engined aircraft as well as their first aircraft to provide commercial service. During World War II, the Goose was used to transport the US military (including the Coast Guard). It served with many other air forces. During battles, the Goose took on an increasing number of combat and training roles. It was also used after the war.

## Design and development

In 1936, some rich residents of Long Island, such as E. Roland Harriman, asked Grumman to build them an aircraft. They would use this aircraft to fly to New York City. The **G-21** was designed after this. It was an all-metal, high-winged monoplane powered by two  Pratt & Whitney R-985 Wasp Jr. nine-cylinder, air-cooled radial engines mounted on the leading edge of high-set wings. The deep fuselage served also as a hull and had hand-cranked retractable landing gear. First flight of the prototype took place on May 29, 1937.

The fuselage was very versatile. It had a lot of interior space. So it could be used as luxury or transport airliner. There were plans to market the G-21 as an amphibian airliner.

## References

- Notes

- Bibliography

- Donald, David, ed. _American Warplanes of World War II_. London: Aerospace Publishing, 1995. .
- Francillon, René J. and Gary L. Killion. "Sauce for the Goose - turbine style". _Air International_, July 1993, Vol. 45, No 1, pp. 53–57. Stamford, UK:Key Publishing.  ISSN 0306-5634.
- Green, William. _War Planes of the Second World War: Volume Five Flying Boats_. London:Macdonald, 1968. .
- March, Daniel J., ed. _British Warplanes of World War II_. London: Aerospace Publishing, 1998. .
- Swanborough, Gordon and Peter M. Bowers. _United States Navy Aircraft since 1911_. London: Putnam, Second edition, 1976. .
- Thruelsen, Richard. _The Grumman Story_. New York: Praeger Publishers, Inc., 1976. .
- Winchester, Jim, ed. "Grumman Goose/Mallard." _Biplanes, Triplanes and Seaplanes (The Aviation Factfile)_. Rochester, Kent, UK: Grange Books plc, 2004. .

## Other websites

- Grumman Goose at the Smithsonian
- Goose Central/ Biggest database on the Grumman Goose in the world
- Antilles Seaplanes - Home of the G-21G Super Goose

## Infobox (aircraft begin)

- **name**: G-21 Goose
- **image**: Image:JRF-5 NAS Jax 1942.jpg


## Infobox (aircraft type)

- **type**: Transport amphibious aircraft
- **manufacturer**: Grumman
- **first flight**: 1937
- **number built**: 345
- **primary user**: United States Navy
- **more users**: United States Army Air Forces
Royal Air Force
Royal Canadian Air Force
The Lady Killer

***The Lady Killer*** is the third studio album by American singer Cee Lo Green. It was released November 5, 2010, on Elektra Records. Salaam Remi, ELEMENT, The Smeezingtons, Fraser T. Smith, Paul Epworth, and Jack Splash produced the album. This was during 2009 to 2010.

The album was listed at number nine on the US _Billboard_ 200 chart in its first week. It sold 41,000 copies in the week after its debut. Its first single, "Fuck You" did well internationally. The album has sold 337,700 copies in the United States. It has been certified platinum in the United Kingdom. Upon its release, _The Lady Killer_ received positive reviews from most music critics. They praised it for its production, classicist soul music approach, and Green's singing.

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: The Lady Killer
- **type**: Studio
- **artist**: Cee Lo Green
- **released**: November 5, 2010
<small>(#Release history, release history)</small>
- **recorded**: 2009-2010
- **genre**: soul music, Soul, Contemporary R&B, R&B, funk, neo soul
- **length**: 45:49
- **label**: Elektra Records, Elektra, Roadrunner Records, Roadrunner
- **producer**: Cee Lo Green <small>(also Executive producer#Music, exec.)</small>, Craig Kallman <small>(exec.)</small>, ELEMENT (production team), ELEMENT, The Smeezingtons, Fraser T. Smith, Salaam Remi, Paul Epworth, Jack Splash, Ben H. Allen, Alan Nglish
- **prev title**: Cee-Lo Green... Is the Soul Machine
(2004)
ISO 3166

**ISO 3166** is a standard made by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and it uses short codes to name all countries and some other places. People from all over the world can use the same codes; this is helpful because different languages have different names for many countries. For example, the country English-speakers call _Spain_ is called _España_ by Spanish-speakers. The ISO 3166 has three codes for Spain: ES, ESP, and 724. No other country has any of these codes.

## Related pages

- Country code
- ISO 3166-1
Dolores Hidalgo

**Dolores Hidalgo** is the name of a city and the municipality around it in the north-central part of the Mexican state of Guanajuato. The full name is **Dolores Hidalgo Cuna de la Independencia Nacional**, which is Spanish for "Dolores Hidalgo Cradle of National Independence".

It is at , at about 1,980 meters (6,480 feet) above sea level. In the census of 2005 the city had a population of 54,843 people. The larger area of the municipality had 134,641 inhabitants. The city is directly in the middle of the municipality, which is 1,590 km² (613.9 sq mi) in size. It also includes many small communities, the largest of which is Río Laja.

## History

Before Mexico became independent, the city was a small town known simply as **Dolores**. It was here that Father Miguel Hidalgo spoke his famous cry for the independence of Mexico (the _Grito de Dolores_). This was in the early hours of September 16, 1810, in front of his parish church. After Mexico achieved independence, the town was renamed _Dolores Hidalgo_ in his honor. The central square of the town, in front of Father Hidalgo's historic church, is a popular tourist spot.

## Dolores Hidalgo today

Today Dolores Hidalgo is known primarily for its ceramics industry. It givese work to well over half the city's population. The inexpensive and mass-produced ceramic products are sold throughout Latin America and the United States.

Fans of ranchera and popular music visit Dolores Hidalgo for the tomb of José Alfredo Jiménez. He was one of the country's most beloved singers and songwriters. He is buried in the town cemetery.

Footballer Adolfo "El Bofo" Bautista was born here.

## Twinned Cities

- Lexington, Massachusetts, United States of America.
- Mexico City, Mexico.
- Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico.

## References

- Link to tables of population data from Census of 2005  INEGI: Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática
- Guanajuato  Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México

## Other websites

- Dolores Hidalgo Cuna de la Independencia Nacional Official website
- San Luis De La Paz, Guanajuato  Nearby colonial town.
- Dolores Hidalgo eGuide to Dolores Hidalgo
- Bibliography and Hemerography: Miguel Hidalgo and Costilla.
- Miguel Hidalgo and Costilla - Documents of 1810 and 1811.
- Chronology of Miguel Hidalgo and Costilla.
Cavendish

**Cavendish** may refer to:

## People

- The House of Cavendish, a British noble family

- Mark Cavendish (born 1985), professional Manx cyclist
- Ada Cavendish (1839–1895), British actress
- George Cavendish (writer) (c. 1494–1562) English writer and biographer of Cardinal Thomas Wolsey
- Henry Cavendish (1731–1810), British physicist, discoverer of hydrogen
- Lord Ian Charles Cavendish (born 1973)
- Margaret Cavendish, Duchess of Newcastle upon Tyne (born 1623), English aristocrat, writer, and philosopher
- Michael Cavendish (born c. 1565), English composer
- Michael Robert Cavendish (born c. 1972), legal ethics writer and theorist
- Peregrine Cavendish, 12th Duke of Devonshire (born 1944), British Peer
- Lord Richard Cavendish (1752–1781), British MP
- Lord Richard Cavendish (1871–1946), British MP, aristocrat, author, magistrate
- Richard Cavendish (occult writer) (born 1930), British writer on topics dealing with the occult
- Sid Cavendish (1876–1954), English footballer with Southampton and Clapton Orient
- Thomas Cavendish (1564–1593), English admiral
- Henry Jones (writer) (1831–1899), pen name "Cavendish", English author on card games and tennis

## Places

- Australia
- Cavendish, Queensland
- Cavendish, Victoria

- Bermuda
- Cavendish, Bermuda

- Canada
- Cavendish, Alberta
- Cavendish, Newfoundland
- Cavendish, Ontario
- Cavendish, Prince Edward Island
- Cavendish Beach, Prince Edward Island
- Cavendish Bay, Newfoundland
- Cavendish Lake, Ontario
- Lac Cavendish, Quebec

- England
- Cavendish, Suffolk
- Cavendish Square, London
- Cavendish Bridge

- New Zealand
- Mount Cavendish, Christchurch

- United States
- Cavendish, Idaho
- Cavendish, Missouri
- Cavendish, Vermont
- Fort Cavendish, Illinois

- Other
- Cavendish (crater), a crater on the moon

## Academic facilities

- Cavendish Laboratory at the University of Cambridge
- Cavendish School (disambiguation), various schools
- Cavendish Hall, one of the University of Nottingham Halls of Residence

## Other uses

- Cavendish banana, the dominant commercial variety of banana
- Cavendish tobacco, a process of cutting and curing tobacco
- Cavendish Invitational, high stakes bridge tournament in Las Vegas
- Cavendish experiment weighing the Earth
- Cavendish Motor Services, a bus company part-owned by Renown Travel, operating several routes in East Sussex, England
- "Cavendish Foods", a fictional supermarket chain appearing on the British sitcom _To the Manor Born_

## Related pages

- All pages with titles containing "Cavendish"
Edmund Kirby Smith

**Edmund Kirby Smith** (May 16, 1824 – March 28, 1893) was a United States Army officer and academic. He was a general for the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War.  Near the end of the war, he commanded all the Confederate soldiers west of the Mississippi River.  He surrendered his army (gave up the fight) on May 26, 1865 at New Orleans.  This was weeks after Robert E. Lee had surrendered at Appomattox.  Kirby Smith was from Saint Augustine, Florida.
General officer

A **general officer** is an officer who is at a high military rank, usually in the army, and in some places, the air force. "General" is used in many countries around the world, and when a country uses a different word, there is another title that is of equal rank. Admiral is the corresponding rank in a navy.

Usually an army has more than one "general officer" rank, and usually "general" is the highest of the general officer ranks.
Wilby

There is more than one place called **Wilby** in England:

- Wilby, Norfolk
- Wilby, Northamptonshire
- Wilby, Suffolk

## Surname

- James Wilby, actor
- Jennifer Wilby, management scientist
- Peter Wilby (UK journalist)
- Philip Wilby, composer

## Fictional places

- Wilby, a small Maritimes island town where the film _Wilby Wonderful_ takes place
The King of Rome

**The King of Rome** was a racing pigeon. It won a race from Rome, in Italy, to England. The race was in 1913. It was  long. Dave Sudbury wrote a song about the pigeon. The song was recorded by June Tabor.

## The bird

The bird was a type of pigeon called a blue cock. It had a ring on its leg. Written on the ring was a reference number. The number was NU1907DY168,. The pigeon was owned by Charlie Hudson. He also bred the pigeon. Hudson as born in the early 1870s. He died on 13 March 1958. When he died he was 84 years old. He lived at 56 Brook Street, Derby. The house has been demolished. It was at . Hudson started pigeon racing in 1904. When the race happened, he was president and treasurer of Derby Town Flying Club. He also wrote about pigeon-racing for the _Derby Evening Telegraph_.

When the bird died, Hudson gave its body to Derby Museum and Art Gallery. The museum stuffed its skin. The museum exhibit is known as "accession number DBYMU.1946/48". It has been on show at Derby and elsewhere. It has been on show at Walsall Museum. It has also been on show at Wollaton Hall. Wollaton Hall is in Nottingham,.  As of August 2011, the bird is back on display in Derby Museum.

## The song

Dave Sudbury wrote a song about The King of Rome. The song is also about Charlie Hudson. It says that "On the day of the big race a storm blew in. A thousand birds were swept away and never seen again",. That shows how dangerous birds races can be.

The song was recorded by June Tabor.  She heard Sudbury sing the song at a competition. The competition was in the late 1980s. She was a judge at the competition. Sudbury came fourth. Tabor also recorded the song. She recorded it for an album called _Aqaba_. Aqaba was released in 1988.

Brian McNeill was another finalist at the competition. He said:

> "The King of Rome" was head and shoulders above every other song sung on the night, and should have won.

McNeill also sang the song. A live recording is on _Live and Kicking_. That is a record McNeil made in 2000. He recorded it with Iain MacKintosh.

The band Half Man Half Biscuit also played the song. But they never put it on one of their records.

## The book

The words of the song have been made into a book. The book has 32 pages. It has drawings by Hans Saefkow.

## Other websites

- Derby Museums page  – with lyrics
- The King of Rome  – Dave Sudbury's web page about the song

## Infobox (animal)

- **name**: The King of Rome
- **image**: The-King-Of-Rome.jpg
- **caption**: The preserved bird in Derby Museum
- **species**: _Columba livia f. domestica_
- **breed**: Racing pigeon
- **gender**: Cock
- **birth place**: Derby, England
- **resting place**: Derby Museum and Art Gallery
- **owner**: Charlie Hudson
- **appearance**: Blue Cock
- **namedafter**: Rome-England bird race


## Infobox (song)

- **name**: The King of Rome
- **artist**: June Tabor
- **album**: Aqaba (album), Aqaba
- **language**: English
- **genre**: Folk
- **label**: Topic Records, Topic
- **composer**: Dave Sudbury
- **producer**: Andrew Cronshaw
Cath Kidston

**Catherine Isabel "Cath" Kidston** (born 6 November 1958) is a British fashion designer, businesswoman and writer.

She owns the company Cath Kidston Limited. The company sells home furnishings and other goods. They sell in shops, online and by mail order. The company was valued at £75000000 in February 2010.

Kidston is known for designing floral patterns. She has written several books.

## Personal life

Kidston grew up in Hampshire. She went to a boarding school. When she was 18, she moved to London. She worked for the socialite Nicky Haslam. She later set up an interior design business with a friend. Next, she opened her own shop.

Kidston is related to nobility. Her uncle is Charles Allsop, the 6th Baron Hindlip. He used to be chairman of Christie's. His daughters are The Honourable Kirstie Allsopp and The Hon. Sofie Allsopp. They work as television presenters. They are Kidston's cousins. Both of her parents died of cancer,. Kidston had breast cancer when she was 37 and has since recovered. Kidston's partner is record producer Hugh Padgham,. They met when she worked as his decorator. They have a home beside the Thames in West London and another home in Gloucestershire. She has a step-daughter. She is dyslexic.

## Shops

Kidston opened her first shop after recovering from breast cancer. It was in London's Holland Park. It opened in 1993. The shop sold hand-embroidered teatowels and brightly renovated furniture. Kidston later described it as a "glorified junk shop". As of April 2011, she has 41 shops and concessions in the United Kingdom. There are two more in Ireland, eleven in Japan are three in Korea. More shops are due to open in Japan and Korea.

Kidston was on BBC Radio 4's _Desert Island Discs_ programme.

## Other websites

- Cath Kidston Limited
- Flickr group with `pictures of Cath Kidston products

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Cath Kidston
- **birth name**: Catherine Isabel Kidston
- **birth place**: Marylebone, London, England
- **nationality**: United Kingdom, British
- **years active**: 1993-
- **organization**: Cath Kidston Limited
- **known for**: Floral prints
- **partner**: Hugh Padgham
Password

A **password** is a way of authentication. It can be used as a means to identify a person. Since the password is the only way to identify a person, it has to be kept secret. A password can be static. This means it will remain the same unless the user changes it, or it rarely changes. Or a password can be dynamic. A dynamic password changes regularly and does not remain the same.  One type of a dynamic password is a one-time pad that can only be used once.

## History

Passwords were first used in the military. This was to be able to tell who was a friend and who was an enemy when it was dark.

Modern passwords are made of characters, letters and numbers. Sometimes a password will require a minimum number of characters. Usually this is from six to eight.  Some websites allow only the use of letters and numbers, but no other characters on the keyboard. Other websites advise using a combination of letters and numbers to increase the "strength" of a password. Websites also advise changing a password once a year or more often to prevent hacking. A person may be able to guess a password if it is too easy. While being typed, each letter of a password is shown as * or •.

## Alternatives

Other ways of verifying the identity of a person include using fingerprint scanners and face detection.

## Encryption

Encryption is the translation of data to achieve data security. To read an encrypted string a secret key or password must be provided to decrypt it.

## Usage at login

In systems that uses login based actions, the password can be converted to the original string if the key is provided. Hashing is a one-way function and is irreversible.

## Brute-force attacks

- See also Brute force attack

Brute-force attacks work by calculating every possible combination that could make up a password and testing it to see if it is the correct password. As the password's length increases, the amount of time, on average, to find the correct password increases exponentially.

## Methods of protection against attack

it includes preventing the capture of the hash of the transmitted password and protection against multiple authentication attempts in the system. Secure (encrypted) communication channels can be used to prevent interception.

## Related pages

- Computer security
- Cryptography
- Encryption - Encryption
- FreeOTFE - Disk encryption
- Identity document
- Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) - Email encryption
- PuTTY - SSH encryption
- Shibboleth

## Resources

- https://useful.tools/password-generator  a free tool to generate strong secure passwords
- https://www.theguardian.com/money/2016/may/21/how-create-perfect-password-hackers-online-accounts-safe "How to create the perfect password"
Folate

**Folate** is a B vitamin, also called Bg or folacin. The man-made **folic acid** is a diet supplement which the body converts to folate.

Folate is essential for the body to make DNA and RNA, and use the amino acids needed for cell division. So this particular chemical is truly essential for life.

Folate is got by eating leafy green vegetables, legumes and organ meats. When cooking, the advice is to use steaming or a microwave oven. This keeps more folate in the cooked foods.
Thiamine

**Thiamine** (or thiamin) is **vitamin B<sub>1</sub>**. It is a water-soluble vitamin of the B complex. Its phosphate derivatives take part in many cellular processes. Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) is a coenzyme in the catabolism of sugars and amino acids.

also it can be found in Food and Manufactured Dietary supplements also in Medications Foods that provide Thiamine include whole grains, Legume

Lack of thiamine causes beriberi.

## Infobox (drug)

- **iupac name**: 2-[3-[(4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl]-4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-3-ium-5-yl]ethanol
- **image**: Thiamin.svg
- **caption**: Skeletal formula and ball-and-stick model of the cation in thiamine
- **image2**: Thiamine cation 3D ball.png
- **licence us**: Thiamine
- **dailymedid**: Thiamine
- **legal us**: OTC
- **routes of administration**: by mouth, IV, IM
- **bioavailability**: 3.7% to 5.3%
- **elimination half-life**: 1.8d
- **cas number**: 70-16-6
- **cas supplemental**:
(Cl<sup>-</sup>.HCl)
- **atc prefix**: A11
- **atc suffix**: DA01
- **pubchem**: 1130
- **drugbank**: DB00152
- **chemspiderid**: 1098
- **unii**: 4ABT0J945J
- **kegg**: C00378
- **chebi**: 18385
- **chembl**: 1547
- **synonyms**: Vitamin B<sub>1</sub>, aneurine, thiamin
- **c**: 12
- **h**: 17
- **n**: 4
- **o**: 1
- **s**: 1
- **charge**: +
- **smiles**: Cc2ncc(C[n+]1csc(CCO)c1C)c(N)n2
- **stdinchi**: 1S/C12H17N4OS/c1-8-11(3-4-17)18-7-16(8)6-10-5-14-9(2)15-12(10)13/h5,7,17H,3-4,6H2,1-2H3,(H2,13,14,15)/q+1
- **stdinchikey**: JZRWCGZRTZMZEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N
- **pubchemsubstance2**: 6042
- **class**: vitamin
- **unii2**: X66NSO3N35
- **cas number2**: 59-43-8
- **index2 label**: Cl<sup>-</sup> salt
- **index label**: cation
Red huckleberry

**Red huckleberry** (***Vaccinium parvifolium***) is a species of _Vaccinium,_ a flowering plant. It grows in North America. There, it is often found in forests from southeastern Alaska and British Columbia, through western Washington and Oregon to central California. In the Oregon Coast Range, it is the most-seen _Vaccinium_.

## Growth

Red huckleberry is a shrub. It grows to  tall. The fruit grown on the plant is a berry which can be eaten. It can be from  to  in diameter.

## Other websites

- Germplasm Resources Information Network: _Vaccinium parvifolium_
- Jepson Flora Project: _Vaccinium parvifolium_
- Native American Ethnobotany: _Vaccinium parvifolium_
- Plants of British Columbia: _Vaccinium parvifolium_
- USDA: _Vaccinium parvifolium_
José Martí

**José Julián Martí Pérez** (January 28, 1853 – May 19, 1895) was a Cuban patriot, freedom fighter and poet. Although he never lived to see Cuba free, he is considered a national hero.

## Biography

Jose Marti was born in Havana in 1853. At age sixteen he was imprisoned for opposing Spanish colonial rule during the Ten Years War (1868-1878) and later he was exiled to Spain. There he published a pamphlet exposing the horrors of political imprisonment in Cuba, which he himself had experienced.

In 1878 he returned to Cuba under a general amnesty and worked for a law firm, but he conspired against the Spanish authorities and again was banished to Spain in September 1879. He fled exile in Spain and came first to France and then to the United States. Marti went back to New York where he lived from 1881 to 1895.
Rock cycle

The **rock cycle** is how rocks of one kind change into rocks of another kind.

There are three main kinds of rocks: igneous rock, metamorphic rock, and sedimentary rock.  Each of these rocks can change into the other kinds by physical processes: cooling, melting, heat, weathering/erosion, compacting (squeezing tightly together), cementing, and pressure.

When heated deep under ground, rocks become magma (liquid rock). Above ground, it is called lava. Sediment, the particles from rock erosion and weathering, is the basis for sedimentary rock of the future.

**Igneous rock** is hardened magma, which can happen above or below ground. It can melt into magma, erode into sediment, or be pressed tightly together to become metamorphic.

**Metamorphic rock** is igneous or sedimentary rock that has been heated and squeezed. It can erode into sediment or melt into magma. It is formed under extreme pressure and temperature deep inside mountain chains.

**Sedimentary rock** is compacted sediments which can come from any of the other rocks, plus remains of living things. It can erode back into sediment, or be pressurized into metamorphic rock and can be melted to magma, which forms igneous rocks.

These processes can occur in different orders, and the cycle goes on forever. Earth has several processes for changing rocks. Wind and water can create sediment from rocks, and movement of one tectonic plate against another creates enormous heat and pressure which affects rocks greatly. Subduction converts all kinds into magma, which eventually rejoins the cycle as igneous rocks.
Won Gyun

General **Won Gyun** (; 6 January 1540 - 19 June 1597) was a general and politician of the Joseon dynasty.

Won Gyun was born in Pyungtaek, in Gyeonggi, Joseon dynasty on January 6, 1540. He became a warrior at the late age of 29. When he arrived in  Kyungsang-do province as the navy commander of western part of Jeolla-do province in 1592, he predicted the war with Japan. He disciplined the navy tightly and made the turtle ship, which had at least five different types of cannon and had a fully covered deck with iron spikes to shield from cannon fire and attempts to board the ship, for preparation of the war.

In the early days of the war he was successful. At the Battle of Chilchonryang, in 1597 most of Joseon Navy's ships were destroyed and he was killed.

## References

- http://enc.daum.net/dic100/contents.do?query1=b17a0061a
- http://people.aks.ac.kr/front/tabCon/ppl/pplView.aks?pplId=PPL_6JOb_A1540_1_0007770
- http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=120173

## Infobox (military person)

- **name**: Won Gyun
- **image**: Won_Gyun.jpg
- **birth date**: 12 February 1540
- **birth place**: Pyeongtaek, Joseon, Joseon Korea
- **death place**: Geoje, Chilcheollyang, Joseon Korea
- **allegiance**: Joseon, Joseon Korea
- **battles**: **Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–98)**
* Battle of Okpo
* Battle of Sacheon (1592)
* Battle of Hansan Island
* Battle of Busan (1592)
* Battle of Chilchonryang
Dustin Brown

**Dustin James Brown** (born November 4, 1984 in Ithaca, New York) is an American former professional ice hockey right winger. He played a total of 18 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played his entire NHL career with the Los Angeles Kings. He served as the Kings captain from 2008 until 2016.

He was picked by the Kings with the 13th overall pick in the 2003 NHL Entry Draft. He also played 3 seasons of junior hockey with the Guelph Storm of the Ontario Hockey League (OHL). He was on the Team USA's men's ice hockey team in the 2010 Winter Olympics where they won the silver medal.

On April 5, 2022, Brown announced that he was retiring from playing professional ice hockey at the end of the season. On February 11, 2023, Brown was honoured in a ceremony where the Kings retired his jersey number #23 and created a statue of him outside the team's arena.

## Awards

- He won the Stanley Cup with the Los Angeles Kings in 2012.
- He won the NHL Foundation Player Award in the 2010–11 NHL season.
- He played in a NHL All-Star Game in 2009.
- He was named the CHL Scholastic Player of the Year in 2003.
- He was named to the OHL All-Rookie Team in 2001.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **played for**: Los Angeles Kings
- **league**: National Hockey League, NHL
- **image**: Dustin Brown (25993630263).jpg
- **image size**: 200px
- **position**: Winger (ice hockey), Right Wing
- **shot**: Right
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 0
- **weight lb**: 207
- **ntl team**: USA
- **birth place**: Ithaca, New York, Ithaca, New York (state), NY, United States, USA
- **draft**: 13th overall
- **draft year**: 2003
- **draft team**: Los Angeles Kings
- **career start**: 2003
- **career end**: 2022
Ron Francis

**Ronald Michael Francis, Jr.** (born March 1, 1963 in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey centre that played 24 seasons and 1,805 career games in the National Hockey League (NHL) with the Hartford Whalers, Pittsburgh Penguins, Carolina Hurricanes and Toronto Maple Leafs organizations. He won a Stanley Cup in 1991 and in 1992 with the Penguins. His jersey number #10 was retired and raised to the rafters of the Hartford Civic Center on January 6, 2006 and is also retired by the Carolina Hurricanes. His picture could be seen on the Pittsburgh Penguins Ring of Honor at the Mellon Arena before the team relocated to Consol Energy Center. He was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 2009.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **name**: Ron Francis
- **halloffame**: 2007
- **image**: Ron Francis.jpg
- **image size**: 230px
- **caption**: Francis in 2006
- **birth place**: Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 3
- **weight lb**: 200
- **position**: Centre (ice hockey), Centre
- **shoots**: Left
- **played for**: Hartford Whalers
Pittsburgh Penguins
Carolina Hurricanes
Toronto Maple Leafs
- **ntl team**: CAN
- **draft**: 4th overall
- **draft year**: 1981
- **draft team**: Hartford Whalers
- **career start**: 1981
- **career end**: 2004
Alexander Mogilny

**Alexander Gennadevitch Mogilny** (born February 18, 1969) is a Russian retired professional ice hockey right winger. He played 17 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) with the Buffalo Sabres, New Jersey Devils, Toronto Maple Leafs and Vancouver Canucks organizations. He won a gold medal at the 1988 Winter Olympics with the Soviet Union hockey team. He won a Stanley Cup in 2000 with the Devils. He was named a member of the Buffalo Sabres Hall of Fame on January 1, 2011.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **played for**: **Soviet Championship League, USSR**
HC CSKA Moscow, CSKA Moscow
**National Hockey League, NHL**
Buffalo Sabres
Vancouver Canucks
New Jersey Devils
Toronto Maple Leafs
New Jersey Devils
- **image**: Alexander Mogilny.jpg
- **image size**: 200px
- **caption**: Mogilny with the Albany River Rats in 2006
- **position**: Winger (ice hockey), Right wing
- **shoots**: Left
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 0
- **weight lb**: 210
- **ntl team 2**: Soviet Union
- **ntl team**: Russia
- **birth place**: Khabarovsk, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union
- **draft**: 89th overall
- **draft year**: 1988
- **draft team**: Buffalo Sabres
- **career start**: 1986
- **career end**: 2006
Frank Boucher

**François Xavier Boucher** (October 7, 1901 – December 12, 1977) was a Canadian retired professional ice hockey centre that played 14 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) with the New York Rangers and Ottawa Senators organizations. He won a Stanley Cup in 1928 and in 1933 with the Rangers. He was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1958. He was named #61 in The Hockey News' list of the 100 Greatest Hockey Players.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **image**: Frank Boucher.jpg
- **image size**: 200px
- **caption**: Boucher with the Ottawa Munitions.
- **position**: Centre (ice hockey), Centre
- **shoots**: Left
- **height ft**: 5
- **height in**: 10
- **weight lb**: 175
- **played for**: Ottawa Senators (original), Ottawa Senators
 Vancouver Maroons
 New York Rangers
- **birth place**: Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- **death place**: Kemptville, Ontario, Canada
- **career start**: 1921
- **career end**: 1944
- **halloffame**: 1958
Elwin Romnes

**Elwin Nelson "Doc" Romnes** (January 1, 1909 – July 21, 1984) was an American professional ice hockey left winger and centre who played 11 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) with the Chicago Black Hawks, New York Americans and Toronto Maple Leafs organizations. He won a Stanley Cup in 1934 and in 1938 with the Black Hawks. He also won the Lady Byng Trophy in 1936.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **image size**: 230px
- **position**: Center (ice hockey), Center
- **shoots**: Left
- **height ft**: 5
- **height in**: 11
- **weight lb**: 156
- **played for**: Chicago Blackhawks, Chicago Black Hawks
 Toronto Maple Leafs
 New York Americans
- **birth place**: White Bear Lake, Minnesota, White Bear Lake, Minnesota, USA
- **death place**: Colorado Springs, Colorado, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA
- **career start**: 1927
- **career end**: 1940


## Infobox (college coach)

- **coach years1**: 1941–1945
- **coach team1**: Michigan Tech Huskies men's ice hockey, Michigan Tech
- **coach years2**: 1947–1952
- **coach team2**: Minnesota Golden Gophers men's ice hockey, Minnesota
- **overall record**: 56–74–3
Marty Barry

**Martin J. "Goal-a-Game" Barry** (December 8, 1904 – August 20, 1969) was a Canadian professional ice hockey centre. He played 12 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) with the Boston Bruins, Detroit Red Wings, Montreal Canadiens and New York Americans organizations. He won a Stanley Cup in 1936 and in 1937 with the Red Wings. He was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1965. He died from a heart attack on August 20, 1969.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **position**: Centre (ice hockey), Centre
- **shoots**: Left
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 0
- **weight lb**: 195
- **played for**: New York Americans
Boston Bruins
Detroit Red Wings
Montreal Canadiens
- **birth place**: Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- **death place**: Halifax, Nova Scotia, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- **career start**: 1927
- **career end**: 1941
- **image size**: 230px
- **halloffame**: 1965
Provincial Assembly of Sindh

The **Provincial Assembly of the Sindh** is a unicameral house of elected representatives of people of Sindh established under Article 106 of the 1973 Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan.  Under this article, the total number of seats for the Assembly through direct vote is 168, of which 30 seats are reserved for women and 8 seats for non-Muslims.
Open Handset Alliance

The **Open Handset Alliance**, also called **OHA** by many people, is a business alliance. It includes 80 companies to help improve open standards for mobile phones. Members of this include Google, HTC, Sony, Dell, Intel, Motorola, Qualcomm, Texas Instruments, Samsung, LG, T-Mobile, Nvidia, and Wind River Systems.

## History

The OHA was started on 5 November 2007 by Google and 34 other companies. The companies included mobile phone manufacturers, application developers, mobile network operators and processor makers.

Android is the main software of the alliance.

## References

- Google enters the wireless world
- Google's wireless initiatives go beyond Android

## Other websites

- Open Handset Alliance official site
- Google's Android and the Open Handset Alliance (Exxplain.com video)

## Infobox (organization)

- **name**: Open Handset Alliance
- **logo**: OHA wordmark.svg
- **abbreviation**: OHA
- **formation**: 2007
- **type**: Open mobile platform (Android) development
- **region served**: Worldwide
- **membership**: Mobile operators, Software companies, Commercialization companies, Semiconductor companies, Handset manufacturers
Plausible deniability

**Plausible deniability** are words first used by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) during the Kennedy administration. In that case it meant not to tell senior government officials about illegal CIA activities. These officials could then defend themselves if the activities were discovered. They would be able to say quite plausibly, and perhaps truthfully, that they did not know anything about it (deniability). It meant that actions of the CIA could not be blamed on the President of the USA.

The concept is tied up with the idea of a "paper trail", whereby journalists find evidence of orders or discussions between senior officials and agents doing the forbidden acts. Interceptions of phone messages or e-mail messages may also be evidence of wrongdoing by officials. If there is no definite evidence of wrongdoing by an official, then his/her denial can be taken as sincere. The denial is "plausible" (or,   at least, _might_ be true). That achieves one of the main goals of public relations: for officials at least not to be caught red-handed doing something illegal. The effect of officials being caught red-handed can be extremely serious: see Watergate scandal.

Plausible deniability refers to the denial of blame in (formal or informal) chains of command. Senior people may give indirect and vague orders. For example, Henry II "Who will rid me of this turbulent priest?" or even less direct "Someone should do something about that". The intended message is understood. Later, when the deed is done, the higher man can say "I never intended that to happen".

Plausible deniability is achieved when no records are kept of any instructions. It becomes impossible to find out who was responsible for the actions taken. If these activities become public, high-ranking officials may deny any knowledge of such act or any connection to the people used to carry out such acts. It usually means that it has been planned in advance, setting up the conditions to avoid responsibility for future actions or knowledge.
Citroën C5

The **Citroën C5** is a car produced by Citroën. It replaced the Citroën Xantia in 2001, and entered its second generation in 2008. Like the Xantia before it, it's available as a hatchback or an estate. In 2021, Citroen revived the nameplate with the "C5 X" crossover SUV-styled station wagon.
Robert Sara

**Robert Sara** (born 9 June 1946) is a former Austrian football player. He played as defender for FK Austria Wien and in the Austrian national team.

## Career

He played from 1965 to 1984 for FK Austria Wien. With 571 matches he is the player who has played most matches in the league since football was played in Austria. During his long career he won 8 times the Austrian Championship and 6 times the Austrian Cup. He also played in the  1978 Cup Winner's Cup Final which FK Austria lost 0:4 against Anderlecht.

## International career

His first match for Austria was in October 1965 against Romania. He played in the 1978 FIFA World Cup, where he was  captain of the team. He played 55 times for Austria and shot 3 goals. His last match was in May 1980 a friendly match against Argentina.

## International statistics

|National team|Year|Apps|Goals||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|rowspan="11"|Austria|1965|1|0|
|1966|4|1|||
|1971|1|1|||
|1972|3|0|||
|1973|6|0|||
|1975|2|0|||
|1976|8|0|||
|1977|8|1|||
|1978|13|0|||
|1979|8|0|||
|1980|1|0|||

- _Scores and results list Austria's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Sara  goal._

|scope="col"|No.|scope="col"|Date|scope="col"|Venue|scope="col"|Opponent|scope="col"|Score|scope="col"|Result|scope="col"|Competition|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1|18 September 1966|Prater Stadion,  Vienna, Austria||1-0|2-1|Friendly match||||||||
|2|20 November 1971|Stadio Olimpico,  Rome, Italy||2-1|22|UEFA Euro 2000 qualification||||||||
|3|9 March 1977|Prater Stadion,  Vienna, Austria||1-0|2-0|Friendly match||||||||

## Honours

- **Austrian Football Bundesliga (8):**
    - 1969, 1970, 1976, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1984
- **Austrian Cup (6):**
    - 1967, 1971, 1974, 1977, 1980, 1982
- FK Austria Wien:Team of the century (2001)

## Other websites

- Player profile – Austria Wien archive
- Career stats – National Football Teams