juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Province of Pennsylvania

The Province of Pennsylvania was a British colony in North America that existed from 1681 until 1776. It was founded by William Penn under a royal charter granted by King Charles II. Penn envisioned Pennsylvania as a place of religious freedom and tolerance, attracting settlers from various European countries seeking refuge from persecution.

The history of the Province of Pennsylvania begins with the granting of land by King Charles II to William Penn in 1681. Penn, a Quaker, sought to establish a colony where people of all religious beliefs could live together peacefully. He named the colony "Pennsylvania," which means "Penn's Woods" in honor of his father, Admiral William Penn.

Pennsylvania quickly became a haven for religious dissenters, including Quakers, Mennonites, Baptists, and others fleeing persecution in Europe. The colony's policy of religious tolerance and democratic governance attracted settlers from diverse backgrounds.

Philadelphia, founded in 1682, became the capital of Pennsylvania and a thriving commercial center. It was known as the "City of Brotherly Love" and played a crucial role in the American Revolution as a meeting place for the Continental Congress and a hub of revolutionary activity.

Throughout the colonial period, Pennsylvania was marked by a unique blend of cultures and traditions. The colony's economy was based on agriculture, trade, and manufacturing, with Philadelphia emerging as a leading center of commerce and industry.

The government of the Province of Pennsylvania was characterized by its democratic principles and commitment to religious freedom. William Penn established a representative assembly known as the Pennsylvania Provincial Council, which worked alongside the governor to enact laws and govern the colony.

Pennsylvania's society was diverse, with settlers from various European countries, including England, Scotland, Ireland, Germany, and Sweden. The colony's policy of religious tolerance allowed different faiths to coexist peacefully, contributing to its reputation as a haven for religious minorities.

The Province of Pennsylvania played a significant role in the history of the United States. Its commitment to religious freedom, democratic governance, and cultural diversity laid the foundation for the principles upon which the nation was built.

Pennsylvania was one of the original thirteen colonies that rebelled against British rule during the American Revolution. The Declaration of Independence was signed in Philadelphia in 1776, marking the colony's transition to statehood and its contribution to the birth of a new nation.

Today, Pennsylvania is a state known for its rich history, vibrant cities, and diverse population. Philadelphia remains a cultural and economic center, while the state's rural areas are characterized by agriculture and natural beauty.
Rail Baltica

**Rail Baltica** is a rail infrastructure project that is intended to link the Baltic states to the European rail network. The plan is to improve rail connections between Central and Northern Europe southeast of the Baltic Sea. The plan is for a continuous rail link from Tallinn (Estonia) to Warsaw (Poland), going through Riga (Latvia), Kaunas, and Vilnius (Lithuania). Its total length in the Baltic States is , with  in Estonia,  in Latvia, and  in Lithuania. Rail Baltica is one of the priority projects of the European Union.

Rail Baltica will be the first large-scale mainline standard gauge railway in the area. The rail networks in Finland, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania are mainly in Russian gauge (1,520 mm). These countries' first railways were built in the second half of the 19th century while they were part of the Russian Empire.

The benefits to Baltic society and business may be €16.2 billion, according to a study produced by Ernst & Young.  At the end of April 2021, governments of Estonia and Finland promised to cooperate in the area of transport.

### Proposed environmental impact

Rail Baltica will be an electric railway, which will reduce carbon emissions. The railway has been planned to avoid Natura 2000 protected areas, and minimising impacts on other environmentally sensitive protected areas. Noise protection barriers will be installed. Special animal passages will be built through the embankment.

### Stations

The railway project will enable transportation of freight through two or more methods of transportation. Rail Baltica includes plans for three multimodal freight terminals in Muuga Harbour (Estonia), Salaspils (Latvia), and Kaunas (Lithuania). There will be seven international passenger stations—in Tallinn, Pärnu, Riga, Riga Airport, Panevežys, Kaunas, and Vilnius. There could be regional stations and connections to airports and seaports.   Riga Central Railway Hub will become the largest passenger terminal in the Baltics.

The section from Helsinki to Tallinn will be operated by existing commercial ferries. In the future, a proposed Helsinki to Tallinn Tunnel could provide a rail link between the two cities.

## Infobox (rail line)

- **name**: **Rail Baltica**
- **logo width**: 260px
- **image**: File:RBINFO (cropped).png
- **image width**: 300px
- **type**: Public high-speed railway
- **system**: Rail Baltica (European gauge railway)
- **tracks**: Double track
- **locale**: Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland
- **routes**: Tallinn–Pärnu–Riga–Riga International Airport–Panevėžys–Kaunas/Vilnius–Lithuania/Polish Border
- **gauge**: (primary)
- **electrification**: overhead line
- **signalling**: ERTMS L2
Rail transport in Estonia

The **rail transport system in Estonia** has about  of railway lines, of which  are currently in public use. The infrastructure of the railway network is mostly owned by the state and is regulated and surveyed by the Estonian Technical Surveillance Authority.

All public railways in Estonia are  (Russian gauge). The  gauge used in Estonia is also compatible with Finland's  gauge. Sometimes it is defined to be  when buying track maintenance or vehicles from Finland.

Railways in Estonia today are used mostly for freight transport, but also for passenger traffic.   8.3 million passengers were reported in 2019. Passenger transport is most frequent near Tallinn, centred on the main Tallinn Baltic Station.

The Tallinn to Tartu railway is due to be electrified by 2024, with electrification of the remaining network expected to be completed by 2028. 16 new electric trains manufactured by Škoda Transportation are due to come into service starting 2024.
Tallinn Baltic Station

**Baltic Station** () is the main railway station in Tallinn, Estonia, and the largest railway station in Estonia. All local commuter, long-distance and international trains depart from the station.  The planned Rail Baltica line will not go here, but to Ülemiste railway station.

Balti jaam is in central Tallinn immediately northwest of the city's Old town. It stands close to a large market called the Baltic Station Market.

The first station opened in 1870 when a railway line connecting Saint Petersburg with Paldiski via Tallinn was opened. The station was completely reconstructed between 1960–1966, and in 2005, the station building was completely renewed.

## Infobox (station)

- **name**: Tallinn Baltic Station
- **name lang**: en
- **native name**: Balti jaam
- **native name lang**: et
- **type**: railway terminus
- **image**: File:Stadler FLIRT EMU 1330 and DMU 2235 Tallinn 2015.jpg
- **address**: Toompuiestee 37
- **borough**: 10133 Tallinn
- **country**: Estonia
- **line**: Elron (rail transit), Elron Tallinn-Tartu-Valga
  Elron (rail transit), Elron Tallinn-Tartu-Koidula
  Elron (rail transit), Elron Tallinn-Narva
  Elron (rail transit), Elron Tallinn-Viljandi
  Elron (rail transit), Elron Tallinn-Aegviidu
  Elron (rail transit), Elron Tallinn-Turba/Paldiski
- **structure**: at-grade
- **platform**: 7
- **tracks**: 12
- **other**: Bus **     **
Trolleybus ** **
Tram **  **
- **opened**: 1870
- **rebuilt**: 1960-1966
- **electrified**: 1924
 List of current systems for electric rail traction#3 kV DC, 3 kV DC  Overhead lines, OHLE
- **owned**: Go Group
- **operator**: Go Group
- **train operators**: Elron (rail transit), Elron
- **map dot label**: Baltic Station
Ülemiste railway station

**Ülemiste railway station** () is a railway station in the Ülemiste sub-district of Tallinn, the capital city of Estonia. It is about 500 metres from Tallinn Airport, to which it has been connected by a tramline since 2017.

The station is served by the trains of the Estonian government-owned passenger train operator, Elron. Express trains from Tallinn Baltic Station stop at Ülemiste on the way to Tartu and Narva, and there is a commuter service to stations on the line to Aegviidu.

## Rail Baltica

Ülemiste station will be Rail Baltica's Tallinn terminus, which is planned to open in 2030. High-speed trains on Rail Baltica will connect the three Baltic capitals to Poland using the new standard-gauge railway. An international competition was held to find a design for the new terminal with "Light Stream" by Zaha Hadid Architects being declared as the winner. The new station will be directly linked to Tallinn Airport by a pedestrian bridge.

## Related pages

- Rail transport in Estonia

## Infobox (station)

- **name**: Ülemiste
- **type**: railway station
- **image**: Ülemiste peatus.JPG
- **caption**: Ülemiste railway station in 2014
- **borough**: Ülemiste, Lasnamäe, Tallinn, Harju County
- **owned**: Eesti Raudtee (EVR)
- **train operators**: Elron (rail transit), Elron
- **platforms**: 2
- **tracks**: 2
- **map dot label**: Ülemiste railway station
Elron (rail transit)

**AS Eesti Liinirongid**, operating as **Elron**, is a government-owned passenger train operator in Estonia.

Before  2014, the company ran the electrified commuter rail system in Harjumaa. It was known until October 2013 as _Elektriraudtee_, i.e. "the Electrical Railway". On 1 January 2014, Elron took over all domestic passenger train services in Estonia from Edelaraudtee.

## History

The company was founded as _Elektriraudtee_ in 1998. It started as a subsidiary of Eesti Raudtee. It was separated entirely within two years.

In May 2013, the Estonian government declared that Elron would be the sole domestic passenger operator in Estonia. The Estonian operator Edelaraudtee was taken away from the passenger sector. There was a legal dispute between Edelaraudtee and the Estonian government over compensation for lost revenue from the operator's forced withdrawal from passenger services.

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: AS Eesti Liinirongid
- **type**: Government-owned corporation
- **foundation**: 1998 (as Elektriraudtee)
October 2013 (as Elron)
- **location city**: Tallinn
- **location country**: Estonia
- **industry**: Rail transport
- **products**: Rail transport
Faggots (novel)

**Faggots** is a 1978 book by Larry Kramer. It is a parody of New York's gay community before AIDS existed. The book showing gay sex and usage of drugs caused many to dislike and was condemned by the gay community.

## Infobox (book)

- **name**: Faggots
- **image**: Faggots by Larry Kramer.jpg
- **caption**: Cover of the first edition
- **author**: Larry Kramer
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **genre**: Gay literature
- **release date**: November 17, 1978
- **media type**: Print (Hardcover and Paperback)
- **pages**: 304
- **congress**: PS3561.R252 F3
- **isbn**: 0394410955
- **oclc**: 43526781
- **published**: 1978, Random House
Andrea Sabbatini

**Andrea Sabbatini** (1487–1530) was a Captain Regent of San Marino. He was also an Italian painter of the Renaissance.
Who You'd Be Today

"**Who You'd Be Today**" is a song written by Aimee Mayo and Bill Luther and recorded by American country music singer Kenny Chesney. It was released in September 2005 as the first single from Chesney's 2005 album _The Road and the Radio_.

## Music video

The music video was directed by Shaun Silva and premiered on CMT on September 29, 2005.

The video debuted at number 20 on CMT's _Top 20 Countdown_ for the week of October 20, 2005.

The music video reached number 1 on CMT's _Top Twenty Countdown_ for the week of December 15, 2005.
Amurru (god)

**Amurru**, also known under the Sumerian name **Martu** (in Sumerian and Sumerograms: 𒀭𒈥𒌅), was a Mesopotamian god.

He was associated with steppes and pastoralism. He developed other functions, becoming known as a god of the mountains, a warlike weather deity and a divine exorcist.
Yedlinite

**Yedlinite** is a purple mineral that can be found at Mammoth-Saint Anthony Mine, Arizona, United States. It has a formula of Pb₆Cr(Cl,OH)₆(O,OH)₈. It was discovered in 1974 and named after Leo Neal Yedlin.
Usman (name)

**Usman** is the Turkish, Persian, and Urdu translation of the Arabic name Uthman. The first usage of the name in the English speaking world was William Osmere during the rule of King Henry III in the year 1230 as Osman.
Afghan refugees

**Afghan refugees** are people from Afghanistan who had flee their country as a result of war or persecution. In 1978, the Saur Revolution occurred followed by the 1979 Soviet invasion which made a wave of refugee migration to neighboring Iran and Pakistan, as well as internationally from there. Due to decades of continuous civil war, over 6 million Afghan refugees were living in Iran and Pakistan by 2000. Most refugees returned to Afghanistan following the 2001 United States invasion and the end of the Taliban regime. However after 2021 when the Taliban came back to power, a number started to leave the country while others returned to Afghanistan.
Abdul Salam Hanafi

** Abdul Salam Hanafi** Uzbek/) is an Afghan Uzbek political and Deobandi-Islamic religious leader. He is a senior leader of the Taliban, an acting second deputy prime minister, alongside Abdul Ghani Baradar and Abdul Kabir, of Afghanistan since 2021.

Abdul Salam Hanafi is from Jowzjan Province in northern Afghanistan. He has studied at various religious seminaries in Karachi, Pakistan.

## Early life and education

An ethnic Uzbek, Hanafi was born in 1969 in Jowzjan Province.

He later moved to Pakistan for further religious studies. He studied the traditional Islamic sciences, mathematics, logic and other subjects at a university called Jamia Darul Uloom in Karachi.

Outside religion he also studied computer science, accounting and languages, mastering, outside his native Uzbek, Pashto, Persian, English, Arabic, Urdu, Kyrgyz, Turkmen and Turkish.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **honorific-prefix**: Mawlawi
- **name**: Abdul Salam Hanafi
- **image**: Abdul Salam Hanafi.png
- **caption**: Hanafi in 2019
- **native name lang**: prs
- **office1**: Prime Minister of Afghanistan#Islamic Emirate, Deputy Prime Minister for Administrative Affairs of Afghanistan
- **status1**: Acting
- **1blankname1**: Leader of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, Leader
- **1namedata1**: Hibatullah Akhundzada
- **2blankname1**: Prime Minister of Afghanistan, Prime Minister
- **2namedata1**: Hassan Akhund (acting)
- **term start1**: 7 September 2021
- **birth place**: Sheberghan, Kingdom of Afghanistan, Afghanistan
- **blank1**: Political affiliation
- **data1**: Taliban
- **blank2**: Ethnicity
- **data2**: Uzbeks, Uzbek
Karl Putzendopler

**Karl Putzendopler** (24 April 1898 – 11 January 1983) was an Austrian football player. He played for  Rapid Wien and FC Basel. 1928-29 he was player coach of FC Black Stars Basel and reached promotion to the   Swiss Serie A.

## Honours

- Austrian football championː 1920

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Karl Putzendopler
- **fullname**: Karl Putzendopler
- **birth place**: Vienna,  Austria-Hungary
- **death place**: Basel,  Switzerland
- **position**: Midfielder
- **years1**: 1919-1920
- **years2**: 1920-1927
- **years3**: 1928-1929
- **clubs1**: SK Rapid Wien
- **clubs2**: FC Basel
- **clubs3**: FC Black Stars Basel
- **caps1**: 3
- **caps2**: 79
- **goals1**: 0
- **goals2**: 5
Dawa'a al-Jihad

**Dawa'a al-Jihad** (Arabic: "Call to Struggle") was a militant university established at an Afghan refugee camp near Peshawar, Pakistan, by Abdul Rasul Sayyaf in the 1980s.
Pavel Durov

**Pavel Valeryevich Durov** ( born 10 October 1984) is a Russian-born French-Kittitian–Emirati entrepreneur.  He started the social networking site VK and the app Telegram Messenger. He is the younger brother of Nikolai Durov. In 2024 his net worth is estimated at $11.5bn billion. In 2022, he was the richest person in the United Arab Emirates, according to _Forbes_. In February 2023, _Arabian Business_ named him the most powerful entrepreneur in Dubai.

He left St Petersburg after he refused to share the data of some Ukrainian users of VK with Russia’s security agency, the FSB. He has been called  a freedom fighter with coding ingenuity.

For some years after  2014, the Durov brothers travelled the world in self-imposed exile as citizens of Saint Kitts and Nevis.

In 2017, Pavel joined the World Economic Forum Young Global Leaders as a representative of Finland. Durov was naturalized as French in August 2021 and now has European Union citizenship.

## 2024 arrest

Durov was arrested on 24 August, 2024, in Paris, after landing at Le Bourget Airport by the French National Police. Earlier it was reported that Durov and his brother Nikolai were targeted by France.

One of the charges against Durov carries a maximum sentence of 10 years in prison and a fine of 500,000 euros. After issuing formal charges, Durov was released on bail and barred from leaving French territory until the case was resolved. It is said that Durov had previously avoided traveling to Europe due to potential legal risks.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Pavel Durov
- **native name lang**: ru
- **image**: Pavel Durov sitting portrait.jpg
- **caption**: Durov in 2012
- **birth place**: Leningrad, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union
( Saint Petersburg, Russia)
- **nationality**: Russia, Russian
- **citizenship**: Russia (1984–present)
Saint Kitts and Nevis (2015–present)
France (2021–present)
United Arab Emirates, UAE (2021–present)
- **alma mater**: Saint Petersburg State University
- **occupation**: Entrepreneur
- **title**: CEO of Telegram (software), Telegram Messenger
- **years active**: 2006–present
- **known for**: Founding VK (social network), VK in 2006 and Telegram (software), Telegram Messenger in 2013
- **children**: 2
- **mother**: Albina Durova
- **father**: Valery Durov
- **relatives**: Nikolai Durov (brother)
Netrawati river

Netrawati River is located in the Dhading District in the Bagmati Zone of Nepal. Netrawati River is also known as the **Ankhu Khola River**. The river flows more than 200km far away from East to West. It's  width is 6m and the bottom is 35m wider. Netrawati merges with the Budhi Gandaki River of Nepal.

The main source for the Ankhu Khola Hydropower is Netrawati River.
Leptomantis pseudacutirostris

The **Sumatran sharp-nose tree frog** (_Leptomantis pseudacutirostris_) is a frog.  It lives in Indonesia in Kerinci Seblat National Park. People have seen it 1000 meters above sea level.

Scientists do not know much information about this frog. They think it lives in forests on hills and mountains. They think it lays eggs in clear, rocky streams.

In 2017, scientists looked at this frog's DNA. They think it could be the same frog as _Rhacophorus modestus_.
Government of Russia

The **government of Russia** is the executive body of state power of the Russian Federation. The members of the government are the prime minister, the deputy prime ministers, and the federal ministers. The legal basis is the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the federal constitutional law "On the Government of the Russian Federation". The Apparatus of the Government of Russia is a governmental body which administers the activities of the government.

According to the current 1993 constitution, the president is not a part of the government of Russia, which exercises executive power. However, the president appoints the prime minister.

According to the constitution, the government of the Russian Federation must:
1. Draft and submit the federal budget to the State Duma; ensure the implementation of the budget and report on its implementation to the State Duma;
1. Ensure the implementation of a uniform financial, credit and monetary policy in the Russian Federation;
1. Ensure the implementation of a uniform state policy in the areas of culture, science, education, health protection, social security and ecology;
1. Manage federal property;
1. Adopt measures to ensure the country's defense, state security, and the implementation of the foreign policy of the Russian Federation;
1. Implement measures to ensure the rule of law, human rights and freedoms, the protection of property and public order, and crime control;
1. Exercise any other powers vested in it by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal laws and presidential decrees.

## Infobox (executive government)

- **government name**: Government of the Russian Federation
- **nativename**: Правительство Российской Федерации
- **border**: federal
- **image**: Government.ru logo.svg
- **image size**: 150px
- **date**: 12 June 1990 (as the Government of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic)
12 December 1993 (current form)
- **state**: Russia
- **address**: Moscow
- **appointed**: President of Russia, President
- **leader title**: Prime Minister of Russia, Prime Minister
- **main organ**: Council of Ministers of Russia, Council of Ministers
- **ministries**: 21
- **responsible**: State Duma
President of Russia, President
- **url**: [http://government.ru/en/ government.ru]
Processing

**Processing** is graphics library and IDE made for teaching non programmers programming in a visual way.  It uses the Java language with simplification and more classes. It uses a GUI for making it easier to make and run a program. It has been used in projects such as Arduino and Wiring. It was created by former MIT workers Casey Reas and Ben Fry in the year 2001.

## Infobox (programming language)

- **name**: Processing
- **logo**:
- **paradigm**: Object-oriented programming, Object-oriented
- **latest release version**: 4.3
- **license**: GPL, LGPL
- **logo alt**: On a light grey background, a stylized letter "P" made out of two rectangles and a semicircular arc in different shades of blue. The simple shapes evoke the way designs are created by the Processing library.
- **file extensions**: .pde
Socialist Alliance (Australia)

**Socialist Alliance** is a federally registered political party in Australia. Formed in 2001, it operates under a unique 'Constitution', which aligns with doctrines of radical Socialism and Communist-like social, political and economic models.
Ministry of Interior (Pakistan)

The Ministry of Interior (Urdu: وزارتِ داخلہ, abbreviated as MoI) is a Cabinet-level ministry of the Government of Pakistan, tasked and primarily responsible for implementing the internal policies, state security, administration of internal affairs involving the state and assisting the government on territorial affairs of Federally Administered Tribal Areas (Fata), and insular areas of Provincially Administered Tribal Areas (PATA).

Rehan Shahid, is current Interior Minister of Pakistan.
Rail transport in Finland

The Finnish railway network has a total track length of . The railways are built with a broad 1524 mm track gauge.   is electrified.

Passenger trains are run by the state-owned enterprise VR.  These services cover all major cities and many rural areas. The coverage is less than the coverage provided by the bus services. Most passenger train services originate or terminate at Helsinki Central railway station. VR also operates freight services. Maintenance and construction of the railway network itself is the responsibility of the Finnish Rail Administration, which is a part of the Finnish Transport Agency.  Cargo yards and large stations may have their own signalling systems.

Finnish trains have a reputation for being spacious, comfortable and clean.  The scenery round the railway lines is beautiful, especially in Eastern Finland with its many lakes. Commuter services are  rare outside the Helsinki area, but there are express train connections between most of the cities.  Night trains only run on the lines between Helsinki or Turku via Oulu to Lapland (minimum distance of .  Most tracks are free for nightly freight traffic (about 40 million tonnes per year).

## Infobox (rail network)

- **name**: Rail transport in Finland
- **nationalrailway**: VR (company), VR
- **infrastructure**: Finnish Transport Agency
- **ridership**: 14.9 million / year long-distance
77.9 million / year in Helsinki commuter rail, Helsinki commuter traffic
- **el**: 25 kV AC railway electrification, 25 kV 50 Hz AC Overhead lines, overhead wiring
- **longesttunnel**: Savio Rail Tunnel, Savio,
- **map**:
- **mapcaption**: The Finnish railway network in 2010. Lines marked in green are freight- and passenger routes, brown are freight-only routes, blue is heritage railway, and grey are no longer in use.
VR Group

**VR-Group Plc**, commonly known as **VR**, is a government-owned railway company in Finland. It runs Finland's passenger rail services with 250 long-distance and 800 commuter rail services every day. It has 7,500 employees and net sales of €1,251 million in 2017.

VR was created in 1995 after being known as , Finnish: Suomen Valtion Rautatiet (Finnish State Railways) from 1862 to 1922, and _Valtionrautatiet_ ('State Railways', ) from 1922 to 1995.

Avecra is a subsidiary for onboard catering service, Pohjolan Liikenne for bus traffic, VR Track for developing and maintaining of infrastructure and VR Transpoint for freight. Since 2017, its headquarters is in northern-central Helsinki.

## History

Rail transport started in Finland in 1862 between Helsinki and Hämeenlinna. Many main lines and smaller private railways were built later. VR mainly operated on the high-demand main lines. During the twentieth century, most private railway companies were shut down and VR had a monopoly in rail transport.

Since 2010, the maintenance and the construction of the railway network have been the responsibility of the Finnish Transport Agency. The operation and network were originally carried out by the parent company _Valtionrautatiet_ until 1995, when it was split into VR and the rail administration entity Ratahallintokeskus.

## Organization

Companies in the group provide road freight and bus services, catering and real estate management. They provide data, technological, and telecommunications services for the transport and logistics sectors. The group owns a bus company, Pohjolan Liikenne, and a road freight haulage company VR Transpoint.

Altogether the group includes 21 companies employing a total of about 14,400 people.

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: VR Group
- **native name**: /
- **logo**: VR logo green.svg
- **former name**: _
_
- **type**: public ()
- **foundation**: 1862
- **location city**: Helsinki
- **area served**: Finland
Sweden
- **key people**: Elisa Markula (Chief executive officer, CEO)
- **products**: Rail transport
Infrastructure
- **net income**: €152 million
- **owner**: Government of Finland
- **num employees**: 7,500
- **num employees year**: 2016
- **location country**: Finland
- **homepage**: [https://www.vr.fi/ vr.fi]


## Infobox (rail)

- **system map**: Finnish railroad network-en.svg
- **map caption**: The Finnish railway network in 2010.
- **map size**: 200px
- **image**: Green Finnish Pendolino.JPG
- **image size**: 200px
- **image caption**: An Sm3 class Pendolino train.
- **locale**: Finland
Federico Gozi

**Federico Gozi** was Captain Regent of San Marino from October 1629- October 1640.
Leptomantis bimaculatus

The **Mindanao flying frog**, **blue-legged tree frog**, **banded pigmy tree frog**, **Asiatic tree frog**, or **blue-spotted tree frog** (_Leptomantis bimaculatus_) is a frog.  It lives in the Philippines, in Luzon, Bohol, and Mindanao.  People have seen it between 500 and 600 meters above sea level.

This frog lives in trees near water. It lives in forests that human beings have not changed. This frog lays eggs in foam nests on plants over water.

Scientists believe this frog is not in danger of dying out because it lives in such a large place.
Helsinki Central railway station

**Helsinki Central Station** is the main station for commuter rail and long-distance trains in Helsinki, Finland. The station is used by about 200,000 people per day It is the terminus for all trains in the Helsinki commuter rail network, as well as for all Helsinki-bound long-distance trains in Finland. The Rautatientori (Central Railway Station) metro station is in the same building.

The railway tracks in Helsinki were built in the 1860s. The station building, clad in granite, was designed by Eliel Saarinen and opened in 1919. The building is known for its clock tower and the _Lyhdynkantajat_ ("The Lantern Bearers") statues by Emil Wikström. Helsinki Central was chosen as one of the world's most beautiful railway stations by BBC in 2013. The Helsinki Central Station has become the symbol of the entire railway network in Finland. The VR Group uses the image of the station and the statues next to its main entrance in its advertising.

## Infobox (station)

- **name**: Helsinki
Helsingfors
- **style**: VR Group
- **type**: VR Group, VR long-distance train and Helsingin seudun liikenne, HSL commuter rail interchange station
- **image**: HelsinkiStationEntranceAndClockTower.jpg
- **address**: Kaivokatu 1
- **borough**: Helsinki
- **country**: Finland
- **owned**: Finnish Transport Agency
- **operator**: VR Group, VR
- **line**: Helsinki–Riihimäki railway
Helsinki–Turku railway
- **distance**: 0 km
- **platforms**: 19
- **tracks**: 19
- **train operators**: VR
- **bus stands**: 13 departure, 2 arrival
- **other**: ***' ***' Central railway station metro station (Helsinki), Metro station
 Helsinki tram lines
**from Rautatieasema
from Lasipalatsi    **

Helsinki Regional Transport Authority#Buses, Helsinki Buses
- **structure**: Ground station
- **levels**: 1
- **code**: HKI
- **iata**: HEC
- **opened**: 1862 <small>(originally)</small>
1919 <small>(current building)</small>
- **rebuilt**: 1909
- **electrified**: Yes
- **passengers**: 37,005,824 (Helsinki commuter)
- **pass year**: 2019
- **services collapsible**: yes
- **other services header**: Former services
- **other services collapsible**: yes
- **map caption**: The location of the station in Helsinki.
- **map size**: 300px
Kurixalus

***Kurixalus*** is a group of frogs in the family Rhacophoridae. Scientists have studied exactly how these frogs are related to other frogs, and they have changed their minds many times about what to call these frogs. The scientists decided to make _Kurixalus_ a group after looking at the frogs' DNA. These frogs live in the Himalayan mountains in eastern India southward and eastward into Cambodia, Vietnam, southern China, Taiwan, and the Ryukyu Islands.

## Species

, scientists say there are 19 species in _Kurixalus_:

- _Kurixalus absconditus_ <small>Mediyansyah, Hamidy, Munir, and Matsui, 2019</small> – Piasak-frilled swamp treefrog
- _Kurixalus appendiculatus_ <small>(Günther, 1858)</small> – frilled tree frog, rough-armed tree frog, or Southeast Asian tree frog
- _Kurixalus baliogaster_ <small>(Inger, Orlov, and Darevsky, 1999)</small> – belly-spotted frog
- _Kurixalus banaensis_ <small>(Bourret, 1939)</small> – Bana bubble-nest frog
- _Kurixalus berylliniris_ <small>Wu, Huang, Tsai, Li, Jhang, and Wu, 2016</small>
- _Kurixalus bisacculus_ <small>(Taylor, 1962)</small> − Taylor's treefrog
- _Kurixalus chaseni_ <small>(Smith, 1924)</small>
- _Kurixalus eiffingeri_ <small>(Boettger, 1895)</small>
- _Kurixalus gracilloides_ <small>Nguyen, Duong, Luu, and Poyarkov, 2020</small>
- _Kurixalus hainanus_ <small>(Zhao, Wang, and Shi, 2005)</small>
- _Kurixalus idiootocus_ <small>(Kuramoto and Wang, 1987)</small> – temple tree frog
- _Kurixalus lenquanensis_ <small>Yu, Wang, Hou, Rao, and Yang, 2017</small>
- _Kurixalus motokawai_ <small>Nguyen, Matsui, and Eto, 2014</small>
- _Kurixalus naso_ <small>(Annandale, 1912)</small> – uphill tree frog, long-snouted treefrog, Annandale's high altitude frog
- _Kurixalus odontotarsus_ <small>(Ye and Fei, 1993)</small> – serrate-legged small treefrog
- _Kurixalus verrucosus_ <small>(Boulenger, 1893)</small> – small rough-armed tree frog
- _Kurixalus viridescens_ <small>Nguyen, Matsui, and Duc, 2014</small>
- _Kurixalus wangi_ <small>Wu, Huang, Tsai, Li, Jhang, and Wu, 2016</small>
- _Kurixalus yangi_ <small>Yu, Hui, Rao, and Yang, 2018</small>
Giulio Alberoni

**Giulio Alberoni** (21 May 1664 OS – 26 June NS 1752) was a captain regent of San Marino. He was also an Italian cardinal and statesman in the service of Philip V of Spain.
Frotteurism

**Frotteurism** (or **frotteuristic disorder**), is the interest in touching or groping other people's bodies without their consent. This is done for sexual pleasure. It usually involves rubbing the genital area against a stranger.

A person who does this kind of act is called a _frotteur_. Frotteurs often commit their acts in public places, especially ones where the victim cannot easily react or leave (like on a crowded train or in a crowd at a concert).

Frotteurism is a kind of paraphilia. A paraphilia is when someone gets very sexually aroused by something considered unusual. Paraphilias often involve things or people who do not consent to being involved. This can be sexual assault, which is a crime in most countries.

## Origin

The exact cause of frotteuristic disorder is not known. However, many theories exist.

Psychoanalysts propose that people with the disorder may have unmet needs to cuddle, like a baby does with their mother. They might imagine that they have a close relationship with their non-consenting victims during the act.

Kurt Freund suggests that people with the disorder have problems with the tactile interactions they might experience during normal human erotic or sexual interactions.

Some research has suggested that there could be a biological cause of abnormal sexual behaviors such as frotteurism.

## Prevalence

The prevalence of frotteuristic disorder (how common it is) is not known because it's hard for scientists to research. People with the disorder rarely seek treatment for themselves because of shame or guilt. Also, when an act is committed in a crowded public place, it can be difficult to identify who did it. A wide prevalence range between 9% and 35% has been found across different scientific studies.

Most frotteurs are men, often those between 15 to 25 years old. Individual acts of frotteurism (like touching, groping, and rubbing) may be done by up to 30% of men.

Most victims are women. In a study of young female passengers on public trains in Tokyo, more than 66% reported that they had been subject to acts of frotteurism.

## Treatment

The recommended treatment for frotteurism involves multiple elements. It combines therapy, support, and potentially medication. The kinds of therapy which have shown success include psychotherapy, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), and psychoanalysis. Medication which reduces or suppresses sex drive may be used in severe cases.
Health technology

**Health technology** is defined by the World Health Organization as the "application of organized knowledge and skills in the form of devices, medicines, vaccines, procedures, and systems developed to solve a health problem and improve quality of lives". This includes pharmaceuticals, devices, procedures, and organizational systems used in the healthcare industry, as well as computer-supported information systems.

Greater investment in health technologies has reduced the number of medical errors happened. Paper records were replaced in many healthcare organizations by electronic health records. This has brought many changes to healthcare. Drug administration has improved. Healthcare providers can now access medical information easier, provide better treatments and faster results, and save money.
Metropolitan University, Sylhet

**Metropolitan University** is a private university located in Bateshwar, Sylhet. Established by ***Taufiq Rahman Chowdhury*** on 3 May 2003 with the approval of the Ministry of Education and under the "Private University Act 1992". Teaching is done in semester system, there are three semesters or terms in each year, the three terms are spring, summer, autumn semester. The undergraduate courses are of 4 years duration, and the postgraduate courses are of 1 year duration.

## Notable students

- Jaker Ali- Bangladeshi international cricketer.
- Al Hasan Milad - Bangladeshi entrepreneur and author

## Infobox (university)

- **name**: Metropolitan University Bangladesh
- **image name**: MU Logo.svg
- **motto**: Committed to excellence
- **type**: Private University Engineering
- **chancellor**: Mohammed Shahabuddin president of Bangladesh
- **chairman**: Toufique Rahman Chowdhury
- **vice chancellor**: Mohammad Jahirul Hoque
- **undergrad**: 3,700
- **postgrad**: 421
- **faculty**: 137
- **administrative staff**: 74
- **city**: Sylhet
- **campus**: Bateshwar, Sylhet, Bangladesh
Al-Qaeda in Iraq

**al-Qaeda in Iraq** or **Tanzim Qaidat al-Jihad fi Bilad al-Rafidayn** () was a Salafi jihadist militant group affiliated with al-Qaeda. It was created on the 17 October 2004 and was led by Abu Musab al-Zarqawi and Abu Ayyub al-Masri until  it became the Islamic State of Iraq on the 15 October 2006.

## Infobox (war faction)

- **name**: al-Qaeda in Iraq
(Organization of Jihad's Base in Mesopotamia)
- **war**: the Iraq War, Iraqi Civil War (2014–2017), Iraqi Civil War, Iraqi insurgency (2003–2011), Iraqi insurgency
- **image**:
- **native name lang**: ar
- **caption**: One of several flags used by AQI in their video releases; others used white text for the circle and the shahada.
- **active**: 17 October 2004 – 15 October 2006
- **ideology**: Salafi Jihadism
Anti-Shi'ism
Qutbism
- **leaders**: Abu Musab al-Zarqawi (17 October 2004 – 7 June 2006)
 Abu Ayyub al-Masri (7 June 2006 – 15 October 2006)
- **area**: Iraq
- **partof**: al-Qaeda
 Mujahideen Shura Council (Iraq), Mujahideen Shura Council <small>(from January 2006)</small>
- **opponents**: Multi-National Force – Iraq, Coalition forces
 Iraq, Republic of Iraq
 Coalition Provisional Authority
 Islamic Army in Iraq
 Jamaat Ansar al-Sunna, Ansar al-Sunna
 Hamas of Iraq
 Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq
 Mahdi Army

- **battles**: Iraq War

* Iraqi insurgency (2003–2011)

** Iraqi insurgency (2003–06)

** Iraqi civil war (2006–2008)
- **predecessor**: Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad
 Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan, Ansar al-Islam (associate)
- **successor**: Mujahideen Shura Council (Iraq), Mujahideen Shura Council
 Islamic State of Iraq
- **designated as terror group by**:
Rail transport in Switzerland

With  network length, Switzerland has a dense railway network. It is the clear European leader in kilometers traveled: 2,505 km per inhabitant per year in 2019. Worldwide, only the Japanese travel more by train.

100% of its network is electrified, except for the few tracks on which steam locomotives operate for tourism. There are 74 railway companies in Switzerland. The share of commuters who travel to work using public transport (as the main mode of transport) is 30%. The share of rail in goods transport performance by road and rail is 39%.

Switzerland was ranked first in the 2017 European Railway Performance Index for its intensity of use, quality of service and strong safety rating. Switzerland had excellent intensity of use, notably driven by passenger traffic, a good rating for quality of service, and a very good rating for safety. Switzerland captured high value in return for public investment with cost to performance ratios that outperform the average ratio for all European countries.

Swiss Federal Railways is the largest railway company in Switzerland and handles most of the national and international traffic.

Switzerland is a member of the International Union of Railways (UIC). The UIC Country Code for Switzerland is 85.

## Infobox (rail network)

- **name**: Rail network of Switzerland
- **image**:
- **caption**: A Südostbahn, Südostbahn Traverso on the Gotthard Railway
- **nationalrailway**: Swiss Federal Railways
- **majoroperators**: Swiss Federal Railways (SBB CFF FFS)
BLS AG (BLS)
Rhaetian Railway (RhB)
Matterhorn-Gotthard-Bahn (MGB)
- **ellength**: 99%
- **hsgauge**: standard gauge
Diana Nyad

**Diana Nyad** is an American swimmer. She is known for swimming from Cuba to Florida. She tried many times and only finished in 2013 when she was 64.
Rail transport in Italy

The **Italian railway system** has a total length of  of which active lines are 16,723 km. The network has recently grown with the construction of the new high-speed rail network. Italy is a member of the International Union of Railways (UIC). The UIC Country Code for Italy is 83.

## The network

_Rete Ferroviaria Italiana_, Italian Rail Network, is the state owned infrastructure manager. The Italian railway system has a length of , of which  are standard gauge. The active lines are , of which  are double tracks. Italy has 2,507 people and 12.46 km<sup>2</sup> per kilometer of rail track, giving Italy the world's 13th largest rail network.

Lines are divided into 3 categories:
- _fundamental lines_ , which have high traffic and good infrastructure quality. These are the main lines between major cities throughout the country. Fundamental lines are  long;
- _complementary lines_ , which have less traffic and are responsible for connecting medium or small regional centers. Most of these lines are single track and some are not electrified;
- _node lines_ , which link complementary and fundamental lines near metropolitan areas for a total .

Most of the Italian network is electrified (). Electric system is 3 kV DC on conventional lines and 25 kV AC on high-speed lines.

A major part of the Italian rail network is managed and operated by _Rete Ferroviaria Italiana_. Other regional agencies, mostly owned by public entities such as regional governments, operate on the Italian network.

Travellers who often make use of the railway during their stay in Italy might use Rail Passes, such as the European Interrail or Italy's national and regional passes. These rail passes allow travellers to use regional trains without paying during the validity period, but all high-speed and intercity trains require a 10-euro reservation fee. Regional passes, such as "Io viaggio ovunque Lombardia", offer one-day, multiple-day and monthly period of validity. There are also saver passes for adults, who travel as a group, with savings up to 20%. Foreign travellers should purchase these passes in advance, so that the passes can be delivered by post prior to the trip. When using the rail passes, the date of travel needs to be filled in before boarding the trains.

## Infobox (rail network)

- **name**: Italy
- **image**: Frecciarossa_and_E.444R_at_Milano_Centrale.jpg
- **image width**: 350px
- **caption**: A _frecciarossa_ high-speed train next to an older FS Class E.444, E.444R at Milano Centrale railway station, Milano Centrale
- **nationalrailway**: Ferrovie dello Stato
- **majoroperators**: Trenitalia <small>(national)</small>
Nuovo Trasporto Viaggiatori <small>(national)</small>
Trenord <small>(local)</small>
Trenitalia Tper <small>(local)</small>
Thello <small>(international)</small>
Mercitalia <small>(freight)</small>
- **ridership**: 883.3 million <small>(2019)</small>
- **el1**: 3 kV DC
- **el1length**: conventional lines
- **el2**: 25 kV AC
- **el2length**: high-speed lines
Rete Ferroviaria Italiana

**Rete Ferroviaria Italiana**  is the Italian railway infrastructure manager. It is a subsidiary of Ferrovie dello Stato, a state-owned holding company. RFI is the owner of Italy's railway network, it provides signalling, maintenance and other services for the railway network. It also operates train ferries between the Italian Peninsula and Sicily.

It was founded on 1 July 2001 in accordance with a European directive on rail transport that called for the separation of the infrastructure operator and the service operators. Before that the Italian rail network was managed directly by FS. The agency has been periodically accused to a failure to be impartial, including allegations of favouring sibling company Trenitalia over independent operations.

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: Rete Ferroviaria Italiana (RFI)
- **logo**: Rete Ferroviaria Italiana logo.svg
- **image**: File:Sede Centrale FS.jpg
- **image caption**: Headquarters in Rome
- **type**: Società per Azioni
- **key people**: Anna Masutti (Chairman) and Vera Fiorani (CEO)
- **location city**: Rome
- **location country**: Italy
- **area served**: Italy
- **industry**: Rail infrastructure management
- **services**: Rail signalling, maintenance, etc.
- **revenue**: 3,057 million
- **revenue year**: 2021
- **net income**: 275 million
- **net income year**: 2021
- **num employees**: 27,892
- **num employees year**: 2021
- **parent**: Ferrovie dello Stato (FS)
- **subsid**: Grandi Stazioni Rail S.p.A. <small>(100%)</small>, Bluferries S.r.l. <small>(100%)</small>, Blue Jet S.r.l. <small>(100%)</small>, Terminali Italia S.r.l. <small>(100%)</small>, Infrarail Firenze S.r.l <small>(100%)</small>, Tunnel Ferroviario del Brennero S.p.A. <small>(89,9%)</small>, Quadrante Europa Terminal Gate S.p.A. <small>(50%)</small>
- **footnotes**: [http://www.rfi.it/cms/v/index.jsp?vgnextoid=291d8c3e13e0a110VgnVCM10000080a3e90aRCRD]
Malachy McCourt

**Malachy Gerard McCourt Jr.** (September 20, 1931 – March 11, 2024) was an American actor, politician and writer. He was born in New York City. McCourt was raised in Limerick, Ireland. He was known for his annual Christmas-time appearances on _All My Children_ as Father Clarence and for playing Francis Preston Blair in _Gods and Generals_ (2003).

McCourt was the 2006 Green Party candidate for governor of New York. He lost to the Democratic candidate Eliot Spitzer. He was the younger brother of author Frank McCourt.

His movie roles include _The Molly Maguires_ (1970), _The Brink's Job_ (1978), _Q_ (1982), _Brewster's Millions_ (1985), _The January Man_ (1989), _Beyond the Pale_ (2000), and _Ash Wednesday_ (2002).

In 1998, McCourt authored _A Monk Swimming_, a memoir of his life in Limerick, Ireland. This memoir picks up roughly where Frank McCourt, the author's older brother, left off at the end of his Pulitzer Prize–winning _Angela's Ashes_.

McCourt married Linda Wachsman, and had two children with her. He had two more children by his second wife, Diana Galin.

In March 2023, McCourt left hospice care while being treated for prostate and skin cancer. He died at a hospital in New York City on March 11, 2024 at the age of 92.

## Other websites

- personal website
High-speed rail in Italy

**High-speed rail in Italy** connects most of the country's major cities.  It is  1,467 km in 2024 but is being extended. The first line connects Turin to Salerno via Milan, Bologna, Florence, Rome and Naples, the second runs from Turin to Venice via Milan and Verona, and is under construction in parts. Trains are operated with a top speed of .

Passenger service is provided by Trenitalia and Italo,  25 million passengers travelled on the network in 2011. In 2015, ridership increased to 55 million for Trenitalia and 9.1 million for NTV, for a combined 64 million passengers.