juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Lluta River

The **Lluta** is a river in the Atacama Desert. It is the most northern of the great transversal Chilean rivers that start in the Andes and flow into the Pacific Ocean. It flows through the Arica y Parinacota region.

It has a broad estuary near the port city of Arica that forms a wetland, a habitat used by many water birds (birds that live on or near water).

## Geography

The Lluta river has a length of , and a drainage basin with an area of approximately .

### Course

The Lluta river starts on the Andean mountain slopes near the border with Peru and Bolivia, at an elevation of about , in the place called _Humapalca_, _comuna_ of General Lagos, Parinacota province, Arica y Parinacota.

The river is formed by the confluence of two streams:
- Caracarani. It starts on the eastern side of the Tacora volcano. It has a discharge of  with an average discharge of .
- Azufre. This river is formed by several streams that come from the southwestern side of the Tacora volcano. It is around  and a discharge of about .

Along its first , the river flows southeast and then slowly begins to turn towards the west. In its descent to the lower elevations of the valley, the river starts to run through a canyon formed by the same river; in some parts, the canyon could be  deep.

Near the village of _Socoroma_ (in the _comuna_ of Putre), the river turns directly west and, after getting out of the canyon, the river begins to widen. Near the village of _Chironta_, about  from the sea, appear the first farms.

Finally, the river flows in the Pacific Ocean north of the city of Arica, in the sector Chacalluta, near the airport.

The Lluta river only flows through small villages except Putre, a small town with only 1,977 inhabitants (2022 census).

### Wetland of the Lluta river

The mouth of the Lluta river in the Pacific Ocean covers more of . The resulting coastal wetland is the most important of its kind in the region with extensive vegetation and many water birds, including migratory birds.

## Main tributaries

Because the Lluta river flows throug a very arid region, the Atacama desert, there are very few permanent tributaries, and most of them join the Luta by its left side; some of them are Allane, Putre, Socoroma and Colpitas.

## Water quality

Apart from its problems of salinity and acidity, the river has very high levels of boron, arsenic, and sulfate, among other pollutants, which limit the agricultural activities that can be developed along the river.

## Related pages

- List of rivers of Chile

## Other websites

- Cuenca del río Lluta

## Infobox (river)

- **name**: Lluta River
- **image**: Arica022.jpg
- **image caption**: Lluta Valley as seen from Chile Route 11
- **mouth location**: Pacific Ocean
- **subdivision type1**: Country
- **subdivision name1**: Chile
Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey

**Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey** (1517-1547) was an English nobleman and poet.

## Biography

Henry Howard was born in Hunsdon, Hertfordshire in 1517, during the reign of Henry VIII. His father was Thomas Howard. His mother was Elizabeth Stafford. He took the title of Earl of Surrey in 1524. Today he is known chiefly under that name. In 1532 he married Frances the Vere, who was fourteen years old at the time. Then he became a soldier and fought in Scotland in 1542 and in France and Flanders from 1543 to 1545. He was wounded in the siege of Montreuil. After he came back to England he was accused of treason, as was his father. Henry Howard was executed by beheading in the Tower of London at the age of thirty on 19 January 1547. His father was sentenced to death, too. He was however saved, as the king Henry VIII died. He was kept in prison for some years. He was set free by queen Mary.

## Works

Henry Howard is known mainly for two reasons. First, he wrote sonnets. He is often regarded as one of the fathers of English sonnet. He introduced a new rhyme pattern for English sonnet that runs abab cdcd efef gg. Today it is called Shakespearian sonnet, but Surrey was first to use it. Second, he invented blank verse that is unrhymed iambic pentameter. This metre was later used by Thomas Kyd in drama and by John Milton in epic poems. Everyone knows blank verse from Shakespeare's works. Henry Howard used blank verse in his translations from Virgil.
Harry Hamlin

**Harry Robinson Hamlin** (born October 30, 1951) is an American actor. He is well known for his role as Perseus in the 1981 fantasy movie _Clash of the Titans_. He also played Michael Kuzack in _L.A. Law_.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Harry Hamlin
- **image**: Harry Hamlin.jpg
- **caption**: <small>Hamlin at the 39th Emmy Awards, 1987</small>
- **birth name**: Harry Robinson Hamlin
- **birth place**: Pasadena, California, U.S.
- **occupation**: Actor
- **education**: University of California, Berkeley, UC-Berkeley
Yale University, B.A. 1974
American Conservatory Theatre, MFA
- **years active**: 1976–present
- **partner**: Ursula Andress (1979–83)
- **children**: 3
Cancioneiro Geral

***Cancioneiro Geral*** (that means "The General Book of Songs") is an anthology (collection) of Portuguese poetry organized by the poet Garcia de Resende (1470-1536). The book was published in 1516. It contains poems by Portuguese authors of the 15th and 16th centuries. It was the largest collection of Portuguese poetry, written mostly in Portuguese but also in Castilian. It contains about 1000 poems by 286 authors and covers a variety of subjects. It is the main source for history of early modern Portuguese poetry, as it was the first collection of poetry printed in Portugal, and the main repository for poetry at the time. The book was republished in 1846 Stuttgart, Germany. It was edited by Eduard Heinrich von Kausler. Francisco de Sá de Miranda's poems were included into Cancioneiro Geral. Cancioneiro Geral can be compared to Carmina Burana or Tottel’s Miscellany.

The _Songbook_ follows the models of Castilian poems compilations performed earlier, as the _Songbook of Baena_ 1445 and the _General Songbook_ of Hernando del Castillo, published in 1511. <sup>[ 2 ]</sup> Garcia de Resende (c.1470-1536), who was a poet , chronicler and courtier in the court of D. Manuel I , gathered a set of almost a thousand poems of 286 authors, of which about 150 are written in Castilian and the rest in Portuguese. <sup>[ 2 ]</sup> The production period of poems ranges from the mid-fifteenth century to the early sixteenth century. <sup>[ 3 ]</sup>Unlike the Castilian songbook of 1511, the poems of the Portuguese work are not arranged by themes. <sup>[ 4 ]</sup>

The work of Resende was published for the first time in 1516, in the workshop of Hermão de Campos , and is dedicated to Prince John, future John III of Portugal . <sup>[ 3 ]</sup> The themes reveal a palatial character of poetry, on the day to day in court, and other religious themes, loving, elegiac , and some attempts to epic poetry . <sup>[ 3 ]</sup>Unlike the time troubadour , when poetry was meant to be sung and bailada, the poems of _Cancioneiro_ are autonomous, and the pace is achieved by the sound of words and the Organizationverses and stanzas . <sup>[ 2 ]</sup>

Among the many authors include João Roiz de Castel-Branco , Sá de Miranda , Bernardim Ribeiro and Garcia de Resende himself. <sup>[ 2 ]</sup>
Research and development

**Research and development** (**R&D**) refers to a wide range of activities by businesses, governments and academic institutions designed to gather knowledge and test new ideas. This often leads to the development of new products or new ways of doing things. R&D generally has three main activities. These are: basic research, applied research and development. Basic research is aimed at getting new knowledge with no immediate use or purpose in mind. Applied research is just the opposite. It is research for a definite purpose or product. Development has more to do with adding features to a product. Often, development is a process of eliminating all but the best idea to arrive at the best solution. Basic and applied research costs are often written off as expenses while the costs of development are added to the cost of the product. R&D often results in owning intellectual property such as patents. In Europe, R&D is called research and technical/technological development (RTD).

In 2015, Volkswagen was the world's leading spender in R&D

## Other websites

- Project Management for Research and Development; YouTube
Institut d'optique Graduate School

**Institut d'optique Graduate School** (**SupOptique**) is a renowned graduate engineering school in France. It is in a campus of the University of Paris-Saclay.

Its different curricula lead to the following French & European degrees :
- **Ingénieur SupOptique** (SupOptique Graduate engineer Masters level program)
- **Masters Recherche** & **Doctorat** (**PhD** doctorate studies )
- **Mastères Spécialisés** (**MS**)

Academic activities and industrial applied research are performed mainly in French and English languages. Students from a dozen of nationalities participate to the different curricula at SupOptique.

## Research labs

Research activities at SupOptique relate to the following topics:
- Optics
- Metrology
- Imaging
- Photonics
- Nanotechnology

## Further reading

- Official website

## Infobox (university)

- **name**: Institut d'optique Graduate School
- **established**: 1917
- **type**: Public, Graduate engineering school
- **students**: 400
- **city**: Palaiseau
- **country**: France
- **affiliations**: University of Paris-Saclay
- **website**: http://www.institutoptique.fr
Mary Sidney

**Mary Sidney** (1561-1621) was an English poet. She was the sister of more famous poet Philip Sidney.

## Biography

Mary Sidney was the daughter of Henry Sidney and Mary Dudley. She was born on 27 October 1561 at Tickenhall near Bewdley in Worcestershire. She was well educated, which was unusual for a girl at the time. She knew French, Italian, Latin and Greek.  When she was fifteen, she married Henry Herbert, Earl of Pembroke. Thus she became Countess of Pembroke. She had four children, Katherine, Anne, William and Philip. She died of smallpox in London on 25 September 1621. She is buried in the cathedral in Salisbury.

## Works

Mary Sidney was a poet and translator. She translated 107 Psalms, using 128 different verse forms. She wrote also the poem for her brother, named _To the Angel Spirit of the Most Excellent Sir Philip Sidney_. She is said to have been the most important woman poet in 16th century England save the queen.

## Further reading

- Margaret P. Hannay, _Mary Sidney Herbert, Countess of Pembroke (1561-1621)_.
Vladimír Holan

**Vladimír Holan** (September 16, 1905 – March 31, 1980) was a Czech poet.

## Biography

Vladimír Holan was born in 1905 in Prague. He got his high-school certificate in 1926 and started to study law. However, he was not much interested in it and left the university quickly. He worked in an office and after some years abandoned it because of ill health.

In 1926 Holan published his first book of poetry named _Blouznivý vějíř_ (_A Thoughtful Fan_). The poet himself was not much pleased with the book. In 1930 he published another book which was more successful, named _Triumf smrti_ (_The Triumph of Death_). Many other books followed that. The most important work by Holan is _Noc s Hamletem_ (_A night with Hamlet_). Holan wrote poems till 1977 when his only daughter died. After it he wrote nothing more. Holan was awarded many times and nominated for Nobel prize. The poet died in Prague in 1980. He was buried at Olšany Cemetery in Prague.

## Work

Holan's poems are different and usually regarded as difficult. The poems are full of symbols and images that can be understood in different ways. He used classical verse forms and free verse as well. He is also known to have employed alliteration and puns. Holan was also a translator. He translated European literature into Czech.

## Criticism

- _Úderem tepny. Sborník ze semináře k interpretaci básnického díla Vladimíra Holana_, Edited by Vladimír Justl, Viola, Praha 1986

## Bibliography

- James Partridge, _The Narrative Poetry of Vladimír Holan, 1939-1955_, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2007.
- Józef Waczków, Vladimír Hola [in:] Literatury zachodniosłowiańskie czasu przełomów 1890-1990, Vol. 2, Katowice 1999 (in Polish).

## Other websites

- Vladimír Holan's poems at Art of Europe.
John Fitchett

**John Fitchett** (1776-1838) was an English poet.

## Biography

John Fitchett was born on 21 September 1776. He became an orphan very early. He studied law and became an attorney. He lived in Warrington, England.  In 1796 he published his first work named _Bewsey, a Poem_. John Fitchett never married. He died on 20 October 1838.

## _King Alfred_

John Fitchett is remembered as the author of an epic poem named _King Alfred_. It was published in the years 1841-1842. It took forty years to write it. It tells about English King Alfred the Great, who lived during the 9th century and fought against the Vikings. The poem is a literary curiosity. It is probably the longest poem ever written in English. John Fitchett left it unfinished, but his friend Robert Roscoe finished and published it. _King Alfred_ is over 131 000 lines long. 2585 more lines were added by Roscoe.
Currituck County, North Carolina

**Currituck**    **County** is the northeastern-most county in the U.S. state of North Carolina. As of the 2020 census, the population was 28,100. Its county seat is Currituck. The county was formed in 1668 as a precinct of Albemarle County and later gained county status in 1739. The name is "traditionally said to be an Native American word for wild geese; _Coratank_."

Currituck County is included in the Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC Metropolitan Area. It is in the northeastern section of the state and is bounded by the Atlantic Ocean, Currituck Sound, Camden County, Dare County and the state of Virginia. Currituck Court House, mentioned as early as 1755, was the name of the county seat. Today the words "Court House" have been dropped and only Currituck is used as the town name.

## Infobox (u.s. county)

- **ex image**: Currituck County Courthouse.jpg
- **ex image cap**: Currituck County Courthouse
- **county**: Currituck County
- **state**: North Carolina
- **founded**: 1668
- **named for**: Algonquin language, Algonquin term meaning "The Land of the Wild Geese"
- **seat wl**: Currituck
- **largest city wl**: Moyock
- **city type**: community
- **area total sq mi**: 526.43
- **area land sq mi**: 261.91
- **area water sq mi**: 264.52
- **area percentage**: 50.25
- **population as of**: 2020
- **population total**: 28100
- **population density sq mi**: 107.29
- **web**: www.co.currituck.nc.us
- **district**: 3rd
- **time zone**: Eastern
Tyrrell County, North Carolina

**Tyrrell County** is a county located in the U.S. state of North Carolina. As of the 2020 census, the population was 3,245 making it the least populous county in the state. Its county seat is Columbia. The county was created in 1729 as Tyrrell Precinct and gained county status in 1739.

## Infobox (u.s. county)

- **county**: Tyrrell County
- **state**: North Carolina
- **founded**: 1729
- **named for**: Sir John Tyrrell
- **seat wl**: Columbia
- **largest city wl**: Columbia
- **city type**: community
- **area total sq mi**: 597.18
- **area land sq mi**: 390.78
- **area water sq mi**: 206.40
- **area percentage**: 34.56
- **population as of**: 2020
- **population total**: 3245
- **population density sq mi**: 8.61
- **district**: 1st
- **time zone**: Eastern
- **ex image**: Tyrrell County Historic Courthouse.jpg
- **ex image cap**: Tyrrell County Courthouse in Columbia
- **motto**: "Nature's buffer zone, sprawled between the urban mainland and the popular stretch of North Carolina's Outer Banks."
Gates County, North Carolina

**Gates County** is a small, rural county located in the northeast portion of the U.S. state of North Carolina, on the border with Virginia. As of the 2020 census, the population was 10,478. Its county seat is Gatesville.

Gates County is included in the Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC Metropolitan Statistical Area. It is part of the Albemarle Sound area of the Inner Banks.

## Infobox (u.s. county)

- **county**: Gates County
- **state**: North Carolina
- **ex image**: Merchants Millpond SP NC 5581.jpg
- **ex image cap**: Merchants Millpond State Park
- **founded**: 1779
- **named for**: Horatio Gates, General Horatio Gates
- **seat wl**: Gatesville
- **largest city wl**: Gatesville
- **city type**: community
- **area total sq mi**: 345.74
- **area land sq mi**: 340.61
- **area water sq mi**: 5.13
- **area percentage**: 1.48
- **population as of**: 2020
- **population total**: 10478
- **population density sq mi**: 31.56
- **district**: 1st
- **time zone**: Eastern
- **motto**: "Home of Merchants Millpond State Park"
- **web**: https://gatescountync.gov/
Vittoria Colonna

**Vittoria Colonna** (1490-1547), marchioness of Pescara, was an Italian noblewoman and poet.

## Biography

Vittoria Colonna was born at Marino, Lazio, Italy in 1490. She was a daughter of Fabrizio Colonna and Agnese di Montefeltro. In 1509 she married Francesco Ferrante D'Avalos, who was the Marquis of Pescara. He was a knight and was often absent from home. He took part in many battles and wars. He was taken prisoner by the French in 1512. In 1525 he died from wounds after the battle of Pavia. From that time Colonna, a childless widow, lived in a nunnery although she did not become a nun. She was the most admired woman poet in Italy during the Renaissance. Vittoria Colonna died in Rome in 1547.

## Works

The first edition of Colonna's book of poems, named _Rime_ (_Rhymes_) was published in 1538. They turned out to be very popular. There were twelve editions of the book published before she died. Vittoria Colonna was admired for her poetry by Ludovico Ariosto. She was a friend of many other poets and artists, Jacopo Sannazzaro, Pietro Bembo, Baldassare Castiglione and especially Michelangelo. Colonna wrote sonnets, _canzone_ (songs) and short poems in ottava rima. She wrote also a longer poem named _Capitolo del trionfo di Cristo_ (_The chapter about the Triumph of Christ_).

## Other websites

- Poems by Vittoria Colonna (In Italian).
Kordshuli (tribe)

The **Kurdshuli** are a nomadic and pastoral tribe of the Fars Province in Iran.They speak Luri language.

## Infobox (ethnic group)

- **group**: Kordshuli
- **total**: 4,157
- **regions**: Fars Province
- **languages**: Luri language, Luri
- **related groups**: Basseri ,bakhtiari people, Bakhtiari
- **religions**: Shia Islam
Guido Guinizelli

**Guido Guinizelli** (c. 1230–1276) was an Italian poet. He is best remembered as the founder of Dolce Stil Novo.

## Biography

Guido Guinizelli (or Guinizzelli) was born around 1230 in Bologna. He was a son of Guinizzello da Magnano, a famous judge. He studied law and became a lecturer at the university of Bologna. He died in Monselice in 1276.

## Works

Guido Guinizelli wrote canzone and sonnets. He introduced into Italian poetry a new style which was named _Dolce Stil Novo_ that is _The Sweet New Style_. Dante Alighieri called him "padre mio" ("my father"), regarding him as his teacher of poetry.

## Bibliography

- A. Bongioanni, Guido Guinizelli e la sua riforma poetica, Leo S. Olshki, Venezia 1896.

## Other websites

- Guido Guinizelli's poems at Italian Wikisource.
Church of St. Anthony in Jerzmanice-Zdrój

The **Church of St. Anthony** located in Jerzmanice-Zdrój, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, Poland is a Roman Catholic church. The date of build is assessed on the 14th century.

The scheme of the church is very untypical as a Lower Silesian customs building. Since 1527 until 1945 the church was used by Protestants. In 1945, after the World War II, the church was taken by the Roman Catholic Church.

The Catholic temple was significantly affected by the fight, that took place for example during the Thirty Years' War and Napoleonic campaigns.
Philip Sidney

**Philip Sidney** (1554–1586) was an English poet, diplomat and soldier .

## Biography

Philip Sidney was born on 30 November 1554. He was the son of Henry Sidney and his wife, Mary, née Dudley. On 17 October 1564 he was enrolled in Shrewsbury School. One of the boys that began their learning on that day was Fulke Greville, First Lord Brooke, who became Philip Sidney's friend. Much later he became his biographer, too. After he finished school, at the age of 13, Philip Sidney went to Oxford to study at Christ College. He did not however get any scholarly degree. He went to France when he witnessed the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre. He also travelled to Germany, Austria and Hungary.  He was in Italy, too. He went as a messenger from Queen Elizabeth to Prague, where the emperor Maximilian II ruled. Then he went to a war in Netherlands. There he was wounded in the thigh 23 September 1586 at Zuphen. Because of that he got an infection and died at 17 October 1586 at Arnhem. He was buried on February 16, 1587 at St. Paul’s Cathedral in London.

## Works

Philip Sidney is generally regarded as best English lyrical poet of the Renaissance. He was also considered a hero after his death Phillip Sidney wrote both poetry and prose. He is famous for his sonnets. They were edited in the sequence named _Astophil and Stella_. He also wrote _Arcadia_ and _The Defence of Poesy_. Philip Sidney's poems were translated into many languages, among others into Czech.

Philip Sidney's sister was the poet and translator Mary Sidney Herbert, Countess of Pembroke (1561-1621).

## Other websites

- Philip Sidney, Astrophil and Stella. The text of each poem with a line by line paraphrase, and occasional explanatory notes by A. S. Kline.
Technologist

A **technologist/technician** is a person who specializes in using technology. A technologist/technician is someone who completely understands the technology and other technologies that can be applied. In the field of health care, for example,  may be called a "lab tech". The lab technologist is the project manager who supervises the lab.

## Role of a technologist

A technologist may be known by different job titles in various organizations. For example, a Director of Information Technology is often a technologist. The same is true for a Technology Project Manager. Smaller organizations may use a technologist to perform many functions. In some cases, a project may be started using a staff member or technician, then handed off to a technologist as the project progresses. The technologist is a specialist in how technologies can be used to meet the goals of the project owner. In Canada, engineers with training from other countries may find themselves working as an engineering technologist.

## Related pages

- Applied Science Technologist, a Canadian professional title in engineering and applied science technology
- Architectural technologist, a specialist in the technology of building design and construction
- Cardiovascular technologist, a health specialist who uses imaging technology to help diagnose cardiac and vascular ailments
- Chemical technologist, a worker who provides technical support or services in chemical-related fields
- Civic technologist, a specialist capable of satisfying societal needs by exploiting technologies
- Educational technologist, a specialist in tools to enhance learning
- Electrical technologist, a person whose knowledge lies between that of an electrical engineer and an electrical tradesperson
- Engineering technologist, a specialist who implements technology within a field of engineering
- Industrial technologist, a specialist in the management, operation, and maintenance of complex operation systems
- Information technologist, a specialist who works on computers for a variety of companies
- Medical technologist, a healthcare professional who performs diagnostic analysis on a variety of body fluids
- Polysomnographic technologist, a health specialist who administers overnight polysomnograms
- Professional technologist, a Canadian professional title in engineering and technology related fields
- Radiologic technologist, a medical professional who applies doses of radiation for imaging and treatment
- Surgical technologist, a health specialist who facilitates the conduct of invasive surgical procedures
- _Technologist_, a European science magazine

## Other websites

- Medical Technologist Interview; YouTube
- Starting as a Technologist (engineering): YouTube
South Jamaica, Queens

**South Jamaica** is a neighborhood in the New York City borough of Queens. It is located south of Jamaica Avenue in Jamaica, Queens, New York. Its border to the west is the Van Wyck Expressway. Its border to the east is Guy R. Brewer Boulevard. Its border to the south is the North Conduit Expressway.
Egolzwil

**Egolzwil** is a municipality of the district of Willisau in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Egolzwil
- **image photo**: Egolzwil 035.jpg
- **municipality name**: Egolzwil
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Egolzwil COA.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Lucerne
- **iso-code-region**: CH-LU
- **district**: Willisau (Amt), Willisau
- **postal code**: 6243
- **municipality code**: 1127
- **area**: 4.17
- **elevation**: 523
- **website**: www.egolzwil.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Dagmersellen, Nebikon, Schötz, Wauwil
Ettiswil

**Ettiswil** is a municipality of the district of Willisau in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.

On January 1, 2006 the municipality of Kottwil.

It is south of the Wauwilermoos.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Ettiswil
- **municipality name**: Ettiswil
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: Coat of arms of Ettiswil.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Ettiswil.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Lucerne
- **iso-code-region**: CH-LU
- **district**: Willisau (district), Willisau
- **postal code**: 6218
- **municipality code**: 1128
- **area**: 12.51
- **elevation**: 518
- **population**: 2648
- **populationof**: Dec 2015
- **website**: www.ettiswil.ch
- **mayor**: Peter Obi-Felber
- **neighboring municipalities**: Alberswil, Grosswangen, Mauensee, Lucerne, Mauensee, Schötz, Wauwil, Willisau
Fischbach, Switzerland

**Fischbach** is a municipality of the district of Willisau in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Fischbach
- **municipality name**: Fischbach
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Fischbach (Luzern) COA.png
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Fischbach.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Lucerne
- **iso-code-region**: CH-LU
- **district**: Willisau (district), Willisau
- **postal code**: 6145
- **municipality code**: 1129
- **area**: 8.04
- **elevation**: 637
- **population**: 716
- **populationof**: Dec 2008
- **website**: www.fischbach-lu.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Ebersecken, Gondiswil (BE), Grossdietwil, Ufhusen, Zell, Lucerne, Zell
Gettnau

**Gettnau** was a municipality in Willisau in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland. On 1 January 2021, Gettnau became a part of Willisau.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Gettnau
- **municipality name**: Gettnau
- **municipality type**: former
- **imagepath coa**: Coat of arms of Gettnau.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Gettnau.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Lucerne
- **iso-code-region**: CH-LU
- **district**: Willisau (district), Willisau
- **postal code**: 6142
- **municipality code**: 1130
- **area**: 6.06
- **elevation**: 548
- **population**: 1088
- **populationof**: Dec 2014
- **website**: www.gettnau.ch
- **mayor**: Urs Vollenwyder-Büchler
- **mayor party**: CVP
- **mayor title**: Gemeindepräsident
- **neighboring municipalities**: Alberswil, Ohmstal, Schötz, Willisau, Zell, Lucerne, Zell
Gandria

**Gandria** is a quarter and former municipality in Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

On 4 April 2004 the former municipalities of Breganzona, Cureggia, Davesco-Soragno, Gandria, Pambio-Noranco, Pazzallo, Pregassona and Viganello merged into the city of Lugano.
Viganello

**Viganello** is a quarter of the city of Lugano, Switzerland. Until 2004, it was a municipality on its own. Then it was created to Lugano.

## Other websites

- Official site of the quarter

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Viganello
- **settlement type**: Quarter
- **image map**: Karte Quartier Viganello 2013.png
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Switzerland
- **subdivision type1**: Canton
- **subdivision name1**: Ticino
- **subdivision type2**: District
- **subdivision name2**: Lugano District, Lugano
- **subdivision type3**: City
- **subdivision name3**: Lugano
- **area total km2**: 1.2
- **population as of**: 2012-12-31
- **population total**: 7466
- **population density km2**: auto
Clapper

**Clapper** or **Clappers** may refer to:
- Part of a bell
- Clapper (musical instrument), made of two pieces of wood struck together
- James R. Clapper, Director of National Intelligence of the United States
- Clappers, Scotland, a small village in Scottish Borders, Scotland
Arturo Merino Benítez International Airport

**Arturo Merino Benitez International Airport** or also called as **Santiago-Pudahuel Airport** is an airport located in Santiago, Chile, is Chile's largest aviation facility.

Its IATA code is SCL and ICAO code is SCEL.

The building is the hub for various Chilean airline companies, such as Chile's largest national and international airlines, which has been the subject of a drug trafficking investigation by chilean police.

Airlines which serve Comodoro Arturo Merino Benitez International Airport include:

- Aerolineas Argentinas
- Aeromexico
- Air France
- American Airlines
- Copa
- Cubana De Aviacion
- Delta Airlines
- Lacsa
- Iberia
- Lan Chile
- Ladeco
- Lloyd Aereo Boliviano
- Martinair
- Pluna
- Swiss
- TAME
- United Airlines
- Varig

## Other websites

- Official website
São Paulo/Guarulhos International Airport

**São Paulo/Guarulhos International Airport** is an airport that serves São Paulo, Brazil, located 25 km north of the city centre. It is sometimes called **Cumbica Airport**, after the suburb in which it is located.

Its IATA code is GRU and ICAO code is SBGR.

The airport is the busiest in Brazil in terms of transported passengers (41,307,915 in 2023), aircraft operations, and cargo handled.

Line 13-Jade of the São Paulo Metro Rail Transport Network connects with the airport through Aeroporto-Guarulhos Station. A single fare provides access to all lines in the São Paulo Metro system. This line started its operations on March 31, 2018. That makes São Paulo's São Paulo/Guarulhos International Airport (GRU) the first among major South American airport hubs (such as Buenos Aires-Ezeiza, Santiago de Chile, Lima, El Dorado International Airport in Bogotá, and Rio de Janeiro/Galeão International Airport) to have a direct railway connection.

Aeroporto-Guarulhos station is located near Terminal 1, and passengers can access Terminals 2 and 3 via a free shuttle service.

The following airlines fly into Guarulhos:
- Aerolineas Argentinas
- Aeroméxico
- Air Canada
- Air France
- Alitalia
- American Airlines
- All Nippon Airways
- Avianca
- British Airways
- BRA
- Copa Airlines
- Cubana de Aviación
- Delta Airlines
- Iberia Airlines
- JAL Japan Airlines
- KLM Royal Dutch
- LAN Airlines
- Lapa
- Lloyd Aero Boliviano
- Lufthansa
- Nacional Transporte Aéreo
- Ocean Air
- Rio Sul
- South African Airways
- Scandinavian Airlines
- Swiss Air
- LATAM Cargo Brasil
- TAP Portugal
- United Airlines
- Varig
- Via Brasil

Many of these airlines have lounges at Guarulhos, most of which have internet access and mobile phone support, along with two meeting rooms for corporate executives.

There are also several restaurants, bookstores and cafés in the airport.

## Other websites

- Official website
Camilo Pessanha

**Camilo Pessanha** (1867-1926) was a Portuguese poet. He is regarded as the most important representative of symbolism in Portuguese literature.

## Biography

Camilo de Almeida Pessanha was born in Coimbra on 7 September 1867. His parents were Francisco António de Almeida Pessanha and Maria do Espírito Santo Duarte Nunes Pereira. He studied law at the university of Coimbra. After finishing his studies he went to Macao, a Portuguese town in China. He worked as a teacher there. Pessanha became interested in Chinese culture. He learned Chinese. He died in Macao on 1 March 1926. His death may have been caused by the poet's opium habit.

## Works

Camilo Pessanha is the author of only one poetic book. It is named Clépsidra and was published in 1922. He also wrote some books about Chinese culture. He collected some works of art in China. He translated some classic Chinese poems, too. Pessanha's works influenced Fernando Pessoa's poetry. He wrote chiefly sonnets.

## Bibliography

- Ricardo Germano, Ronaldo Souza, _O Simbolismo em Portugal: uma leitura de Camilo Pessanha_.

## Other websites

- Camilo Pessanha's poems
- Camilo Pessanha's Clepsidra at Gutenberg Project.
Kappa Mikey

***Kappa Mikey*** is an American animated television series. It was created by Larry Schwarz. The series was created by Schwarz's studio Animation Collective. The series was first broadcast on February 25, 2006. It ended on September 20, 2008. 52 episodes were made.

## Voice cast

- Michael Sinterniklaas as Mikey Simon
- Kether Donohue as Lily
- Carrie Keranen as Mitsuki
- Sean Schemmel as Gonard
- Gary Mack as Guano
- Stephen Moverly as Ozu
- Jesse Adams as Yes Man / Yoshi

## Infobox (television)

- **company**: Animation Collective
Kanonen & Bestreichen, Inc.
- **executive producer**: Larry Schwarz
Sergei Aniskov
Sean Laher
Christopher Fauci
Michael Gold
- **runtime**: 22 minutes
- **creator**: Larry Schwarz
- **director**: Sergei Aniskov
- **voices**: Michael Sinterniklaas
Sean Schemmel
Stephen Moverley
Kether Donohue
Gary Mack
Jesse Adams
Carrie Keranen
Dan Green (voice actor), Dan Green
Wayne Grayson
Bella Hudson
- **composer**: John Angier
- **country**: United States
- **network**: Nicktoons (American TV channel), Nicktoons Network
- **opentheme**: "Hey Hey Look Look" by Beat Crusaders
- **num seasons**: 2
- **num episodes**: 52
Sapphic stanza

**Sapphic stanza** is a strophe that is widely used in European poetry. It is of Greek origin and is named after the ancient Greek female poet Sappho.

The stanza consists of four lines. Three of them are composed of eleven syllables and the last one is made up of five syllables. In Greek verse the quantity of syllables is important—whether the syllables are long or short. In other languages, this is no longer significant.

Sapphic stanza was adopted by Roman poets like Horace. His popularity helped in expanding the use of the stanza and became common in many works of literature. The Sapphic stanza was extremely popular in Polish poetry from the 16th century. In English however, is not used often. Among poets who experimented with it was Algernon Charles Swinburne.

- _All the night sleep came not upon my eyelids,_
- _Shed not dew, nor shook nor unclosed a feather,_
- _Yet with lips shut close and with eyes of iron_
- _Stood and beheld me._
    - _(Algernon Charles Swinburne, Sapphics)_
International Youth Arts Festival

**International Youth Arts Festival** (IYAF) is an annual youth arts festival held in the Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames every July. The festival was founded in 2009 by Robin Hutchinson MBE and has involved more than 25,000 young people as participants and volunteers since 2009.

It is an open-access performing arts festival: it does not book performers and anyone may participate. The festival programme includes a range of art forms including theatre, dance, music, comedy, visual arts and children's shows.

## Venues

Venues across the Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames support artists in the festival by transforming their spaces into performance venues. The festival includes over 200 staged events in venues including Rose Theatre, Arthur Cotterell Theatre, Kingston Library, Fairfield Recreation Ground, Eagle Brewery Wharf and The Library club. The venues are close together, enabling audience members to visit multiple performances.

### Artistic Directors

2016 - Andy Currums

2015 - Trevor Blackman

2009 - 2014 Aniela Zaba

### Patrons

Patrons of International Youth Arts Festival include Angellica Bell, Michael Underwood, Tom Holland, Tom Chambers, Sheridan Smith and Matt Lucas.

### Chairman and founding Trustee

Robin Hutchinson MBE
Olea capensis

***Olea capensis*** (synonyms are _Olea undulata_ and O. laurifolia) is also called **black ironwood**.

It is an African tree species belonging to the olive family (Oleaceae). It is widespread in Africa south of the Sahara. It grows from the east in Somalia, Ethiopia and Sudan, south to the tip of South Africa, and west to Cameroon, Sierra Leone and the Islands of the Gulf of Guinea, as well as Madagascar and the Comoros. It occurs in the bush, littoral scrub and evergreen forest.

The Guinness Book of World Records lists this tree as the world's most dense wood, with a specific gravity of 1.49. It is known for sinking in water, unlike other woods. It is also the one of the world's hardest woods. The timber resists abrasion and is very strong. It is an excellent turnery wood, widely used for wooden items.
USRC Vigilant (1791)

***Vigilant*** was one of the original ten cutters built and used by the United States Revenue Cutter Service. Her name meant: On the alert; watchful. _Vigilant_ was launched in 1791 in New York and was used to patrol New York waters.

## History

Her design was that of a schooner. She was rigged with fore-and-aft sails on two masts. She was  long and had a shallow draft of only . _Vigilant_, launched in March 1791, it was probably the first cutter in the water. She was not, however, the first to enter into active service. Her first patrol was in December 1791. Her first master was Patrick Dennis, appointed on 6 October 1790. He also supervised the construction. Dennis served as master until his death on February 9, 1798.

Her assigned waters included New York Harbor, the coast of New York and New Jersey, Long Island Sound and the Hudson River as far as Albany, New York. On November 14, 1798 _Vigilant_ was sold for £348. The Revenue Cutter Service decided the _Vigilant_ was not large enough to carry out her duties. Nothing further is known of the cutter after that date.

## Related pages

- _USRC Scammel (1791)_
- _USRC Active (1791)_
- _USRC General Green (1791)_
- _USRC Massachusetts (1791)_
- _USRC Argus (1791)_
- _USRC Virginia (1791)_
- _USRC Diligence (1791)_
- _USRC South Carolina (1791)_
- _USRC Eagle (1791)_

## Other websites

- Alexander Hamilton Letter to the Revenue Cutter Service
- A Brief History of the Revenue Cutter Service
USRC Massachusetts

**USRC _Massachusetts**_ was one of the original ten cutters built and used by the United States Revenue Cutter Service. While not the first USRS cutter to be launched, it was the first to enter active service.

## History

_Massachusetts_ was built at Newburyport, MA by shipwright William Searle. She was designed as a schooner. She was rigged with fore-and-aft sails on two masts.

On July 15, 1791 _Massachusetts_ was launched. John Foster Williams was its first master. Her crew consisted of four officers, four enlisted men and two cabin boys. She was  long by  wide and had a shallow draft of only . Williams ordered an increase in her size without getting approval by the service. This increased her cost over what was originally budgeted. But the government accepted the _Massachusetts_ as changed by Williams.

She had the shortest service life of any of the original ten cutters. The first _Massachusetts_ turned out to be too expensive to operate and was too slow. On 9 October 1792 she was sold. In 1793 she was replaced by a smaller lighter sloop, the _Massachusetts II_.

## Related pages

- _USRC Vigilant (1791)_
- _USRC Active (1791)_
- _USRC General Green (1791)_
- _USRC Scammel (1791)_
- _USRC Argus (1791)_
- _USRC Virginia (1791)_
- _USRC Diligence (1791)_
- _USRC South Carolina (1791)_
- _USRC Eagle (1791)_

## Other websites

- USRC Massachusetts (1791); Military Wiki)
- Alexander Hamilton Letter to the Revenue Cutter Service
- A Brief History of the Revenue Cutter Service
Lucrezia Marinella

**Lucrezia Marinella** (or Marinelli, 1571-1653) was an Italian poet.

She was born in Venice. Her father, named Giovanni Marinelli was a physician, so was her brother, Curzio Marinelli. Nothing is known however about her mother. The social position of the family enabled her to learn. She married Girolamo Vacca, who was also a physician.

Marinella wrote many works. She is widely known as the author of _La nobiltà et l'eccellenza delle donne co' diffetti et mancamenti de gli uomini_ (_The Nobility and Excellence of Women and the Defects and Vices of Men_, 1600). Her greatest work is an epic poem _L'Enrico ovvero Bisanzio acquistato_. At that time the genre of epic poem was regarded as suitable for only men. Lucrezia Marinella proved that a woman can write a heroic poem. The poem is written in ottava rima which is considered to be a difficult form. It was translated into English by Maria Galli Stampino.

Lucrezia Marinella lived long for her time period. She died of malaria in Venice on 9 October 1653. She was buried in the church of S. Pantalone.

## Bibliography

- Lucrezia Marinella, _Enrico, or Byzantium Conquered. A Heroic Poem_, Edited and translated by Maria Galli Stampino, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 2009,.
USRC Active (1791)

**USRC _Active**_ (1791) was one of the original ten cutters built and used by the United States Revenue Cutter Service. It was commissioned in 1792 and remained in service until 1800.

## History

_Active_ was built by the shipwright David Stodder in Baltimore, Maryland. She was designed as a schooner. She was rigged with fore-and-aft sails on two masts. She was launched on April 9, 1791 and was based in Baltimore. USRC _Active_ was used to patrol the waters of the Chesapeake Bay.

Her first master was Simon Gross. Her first mate was Isaac Roach and her second mate was Benjamin Rue. Goss resigned in 1792 and President George Washington promoted the former first mate, David Porter, as master. The 1791-built cutter named _Active_ was sold in 1800.

## Related pages

- _USRC Vigilant (1791)_
- _USRC Scammel (1791)_
- _USRC General Green (1791)_
- _USRC Massachusetts (1791)_
- _USRC Argus (1791)_
- _USRC Virginia (1791)_
- _USRC Diligence (1791)_
- _USRC South Carolina (1791)_
- _USRC Eagle (1791)_

## Other websites

- Alexander Hamilton Letter to the Revenue Cutter Service
- A Brief History of the Revenue Cutter Service
National Serbian Clarinet Association

The **National Serbian Clarinet Association** (**NSCA**, Serb. _Национална српска кларинетистичка асоцијација_/_Nacionalna srpska klarinetistička asocijacija_) is an association established in 2015, by Serbian clarinetists. Most of the founders were members of the International Clarinet Association (ICA) and European Clarinet Association (ECA) who are active professional performers of classical music. There are also students and clarinetists who perform other genres of music.

## Aims

The main aims of the NSCA, declared in its Founding Act and Statute, include assembling Serbian clarinetists interested in researching the clarinet and clarinet literature, organizing clarinet-related events, and collaborating with foreign clarinetists and clarinet associations.

## Board of Directors

The Board of Directors consists of:
- Andrija Blagojevic, clarinet professor at the University in Kosovska Mitrovica, the first clarinetist in Serbia who joined the ICA and ECA and the International Clarinet Association National Chairperson for Serbia since 2009, who serves as president of the NSCA Board;
- Predrag Nedeljkovic, bass clarinettist of the Belgrade Philharmonic Orchestra, the most important Serbian orchestra;
- Milan Orlovic, principal clarinetist of the Nis Military Orchestra;
- Darko Percevic, clarinet teacher at Music School “Stevan Mokranjac” in Negotin, who got his master’s degree from the Zürcher Hochschule der Künste in Switzerland and is currently pursuing his post-master’s degree at the University of the Arts in Belgrade, Serbia;
- Mihailo Samoran, second and E-flat clarinetist of the Belgrade Philharmonic Orchestra and doctoral student in both clarinet performance and chamber music at the University of the Arts in Belgrade.

## Council

The Council members are: Nicholas Cox (UK), Heike Fricke (Germany), James Gillespie (USA), Andrea Massimo Grassi (Italy), Alan R. Kay (USA), Joze Kotar (Slovenia), Milan Milosevic (Canada), Jean-Marie Paul (France), Kyrill Rybakov (Russia), Vladimir Skorokhodov (Belarus), Robert Spring (USA), Stephan Vermeersch (Belgium), Eva Wasserman-Margolis (Israel), Anton Weinberg (UK) and Floyd Williams (Australia).

## Sources

- European Clarinet Association - News
- European Clarinet Association Newsflash, July 2016, Retrieved on July 16, 2018
International Clarinet Association

The **International Clarinet Association** is the main international organization bringing together players of the clarinet. It is based in the United States. The ICA publishes a quarterly journal _The Clarinet_, produces an annual festival _ClarinetFest_, supports a research library and score collection, and in other ways advances the international study of the clarinet.

## Other websites

- Official website of the International Clarinet Association
ECA

**ECA** may refer to:
- European Clarinet Association
- European Canoe Association
Educational technologist

An **educational technologist** is someone trained in the field of educational technology. Educational technologists try to analyze, design, develop, implement and evaluate processes and tools to make learning easier. The term does not necessarily, or even mainly, refer to hardware. The most significant ideas came from applied psychology and programmed learning.

There are various other terms which are alternatives, most obviously 'instructional technologist'. There have been various names for institutions specialising in the activity. The description used originally at the UK Open University was 'Applied Educational Sciences', changed later to 'Institute of Educational Technology'. To produce the landmark program _Sesame Street_, the Childrens' Television Workshop employed applied psychologists to pre-test all programs. This was a typical activity for educational technologists even if they were not called by that name.

## Related pages

- Sidney L. Pressey
- Arthur A. Lumsdaine
- B. F. Skinner

## Other websites

- Association for Educational Communications and Technology
- American Educational Research Association
- Role of an Educational Technologist
- What is a Learning Technologist?
Māori religion

Traditional Māori religion, a pre-European belief system of the Māori, was very like the religion of the tropical Eastern Polynesian homeland (Hawaiki Nui). Both religions conceive of everything, including natural elements, all living things, and that all are connected by common descent through whakapapa or genealogy. All things were thought of as possessing a life force or mauri. Illustrating this concept of connectedness through genealogy are the major personifications of pre-contact times.

Tangaroa was the personification of the ocean and the ancestor or origin of all fish; Tāne was the personification of the forest and the origin of all birds. Rongo was the personification of peaceful activities and agriculture and the ancestor of cultivated plants. According to some, the supreme personification of the Māori was Io; however this idea is controversial.