juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Japanese sword-making

Japanese schools of sword making can be divided into two categories: by the provinces where they were developed and by the masters who created a specific tradition of sword making.

## History

The late Kamakura period is often referred to as the greatest period of sword making in Japanese history. The Soshu tradition was one of the dominant traditions. Smiths like Kunitsuna and Sukezane combined their knowledge with methods from Yamashiro and Bizen traditions. Finally, a group of famous sword smiths culminated with Masamune (1264-1343 AD) and his school.

## Types of Sword

The rare swords were made out of five separate pieces and heat-treated at high temperatures. The swords of the **Masamune School** were harder than any of the swords made before. Masamune trained a group of at least ten followers. Two of his students (Kanemitsu and Nagayoshi) were from the Bizen province. In this way, during the early 14th century, the Masamune school attracted many smiths from other schools. Kanemitsu is believed to be the one who created the Soden School, which combined Bizen and Soshu techniques.

At the same time **Chogi** was developing his school. The Chogi works show a stronger influence of the Soshu tradition than Kanemitsu swords.

### The division by regions

- **Yamato-Den** – Derived from five big schools attached to different temples.
- **Bizen-Den** – Considered the starting point for the manufacturing of the traditional Japanese sword.
- **Yamashiro-Den** - Started in late Heian period. Thin and slender blades.
- **Soshu-Den** - Started in late Kamakura period under the effect of Kamakura Shogunate.
- **Mino-Den** – The youngest of the five traditions.

### The divisions by people

There are several famous schools created by sword masters:

- **Nagayoshi** made better products by using the best ideas from both the Bizen and Soshu schools. He was successful because of the softer Bizen steel which is made at higher temperatures than that of the Soshu school used to be.

- **Kaneuji I** - it is believed that he created the **Mino school** in the Shizuyama region.  In his creation of swords he used the Shoshu style and added his own methods. Later his tradition was known as the **Shizu school**.

- **Kanemichi I** - he founded the **Mishina school** in Mino province. His swords were appreciated for their quality and sharpness. He was so famous that he received the honorable title of Mitsu-(no)-Kami.

- **Emperor Gotoba** (1184 to 1198 A.D), the 82nd Emperor of Japan was one of the best known sword makers.

- **Miyairi Akihira School** is a continuation of Soshu tradition. In 1953 he obtained a sword-making license. Then, in 1973, he changed his name to Yukihira and his school was named after him. His school was based on Soshu-den and Shizu Kaneuji traditions.

## Related pages

- Katana
- Samurai

## Other websites

- Japanese legendary sword
Ornamental plant

An **ornamental plant** is decorative: it is grown for how it looks, and not for other values. The term is often shortened to **ornamental**, used as a noun

Ornamental plants are plants that are grown for decoration. They are on display in gardens, landscapes and inside houses. They can be used indoors as cut flowers or potted plants. The cultivation of ornamental plants comes under floriculture and tree nurseries, which is a major branch of horticulture.

Ornamental plants are usually grown in the flower garden, or as house plants. They are usually grown for the display of their flowers. Other common ornamental features include leaves, scent, fruit, stem and bark. In all cases, their purpose is for the enjoyment of gardeners and visitors. Ornamental plants may be used for landscaping, and for cut flowers. The cultivation, called floriculture, is a major branch of horticulture.

Ornamental plants come in a range of shapes, sizes and colours suitable to a broad array of climates, landscapes, and gardening needs. They are also often chosen for specialised looks or feels in landscape gardening.

Darwin was deeply interested in plants all his life. Several of his books are on plant physiology, and orchids were a passion for him.

Outstanding gardens can be an attraction for visitors. The white garden at Sissinghurst Castle was created by poet and writer Vita Sackville-West (18921962), and is still bringing in the paying visitors.

## Related pages

- Cultivar
- Domestication
- List of garden plants
Celts

The **Celts** were a large group of Indo-European tribes in Europe. They first appeared in the early Iron Age, around 1200 B.C. in Austria.  The name 'Celt' comes from the Greeks.  The Romans called them "Gauls". They came from the Hallstatt and La Tène cultures. Their culture spread through much of Europe, and by the time the Greeks and later the Romans started emerging, the British Isles and parts of western, southern and eastern Europe were Celtic - the most prominent Celtic tribes were in Gaul. The Celts spoke Celtic languages. Today, the Celtic languages that remain are the Breton, Cornish, Welsh and Gaelic languages.

Celtic society and technology, although not as advanced as the Romans, was far from being primitive for its time. The Celts lived a way of life based on ethical codes and honor codes and had developed a culture of their own, full of unique drawings, sculptures, jewellery, folklore, and building designs and techniques. They were also skilled in blacksmithing, farming and diplomacy.

Celtic warriors would wear war paint and try to scare their enemies by shouting war cries.  Tribes had different dress standards for battle; some warriors wore chainmail and/or leather armor, some wore only clothes and some were known to fight fully naked.  They also had their own type of sword that was very strong and a shield that was very protective.

When the Roman Republic started expanding, the Gauls and the Romans became very hostile towards each other and clashed on many occasions; however, the Romans were eventually able to defeat them and ended up conquering most of the Celtic tribes in Europe and ruled them until the fall of the Western Roman Empire.  Celtic tribes also fought among each other.  After winning a battle, the Celts would cut off the heads of their enemies and take them home.

During the fall of the Roman Empire most of the old Celtic land ended up being ruled by migrating Germanic tribes and they merged with Romano-Celtic stock (people with both Roman and Celtic ancestry) to eventually form several European nations of today e.g. Portugal, Spain, France, Belgium, Switzerland, Luxembourg as well as Southern and Western Germany. Territories that are still considered Celtic are Ireland, Wales, Scotland, Isle of Man, Cornwall and Brittany.
Free good

In economics **free good** means a good that is available without production, and therefore not scarce.  It is available in as much quantity as desired, with zero opportunity cost to society.

A good that is made available at zero price is not necessarily a free good.  For example, a shop might give away its stock in its promotion, but for the production of these goods, resources were needed, so this would not be a free good in an economic sense.

There are three main types of free goods:

- Resources that are so abundant in nature that there is enough for everyone to have as much as they want.  An example of this is the air that we breathe.

- Resources that are jointly produced.  This type of free good is produced as a by-product of something else that is more valuable.  Waste products from factories and homes, such as discarded packaging, are often free goods.

- Ideas and works that can be copied at zero cost, or almost zero cost.  For example, if someone invents a new device, many people could copy this invention, with no danger of this "resource" running out.  Other examples include computer programs and web pages.

Intellectual property laws have the effect of converting some goods to scarce goods by law. Although these goods are free goods (in the economic sense) when they have been produced, they did require scarce resources, such as artistic skill, to create them in the first place.  Thus, intellectual property laws such as copyrights and patents are sometimes used to give exclusive rights to the creators of such "intellectual property", to make sure that people are interested in these activities.

Many futurists theorize that advanced nanotechnology with the ability to automatically turn any kind of material into any other combination of equal mass, will make all goods essentially free goods, since all raw materials and manufacturing time will become perfectly interchangeable.
Hoist

A **hoist** is a device used for lifting or lowering a load by means of a drum or lift-wheel around which rope or chain wraps. It may be manually operated, electrically or pneumatically driven and may use chain, fiber or wire rope as its lifting medium. The load is attached to the hoist by means of a lifting hook.

A "hoist" normally is used for lifting (near vertical) and a winch is normally used for pulling (near horizontal).

Construction sites, especially for buildings of more than five floors in height, often employ hoists to lift workers and building materials.

## Types of Hoist

The basic hoist has two important characteristics to define it: Lifting medium and power type. The lifting medium is either wire rope, wrapped around a drum, or load-chain, raised by a gear-like wheel. The power type can be either electric motor or air motor. Both the wire rope hoist and chain hoist have been in common use since the 1800s.

## Other websites

- Using a two-post hoist (automotive)  Free video content from CDX _e_Textbook
- Using an engine hoist  CDX _e_Textbook
Basingstoke

**Basingstoke** is a large town in Hampshire, England. It is  southwest of London,  northeast of Southampton,  southwest of Reading and  northeast of Winchester. In 2008 it had an estimated population of 82,913. It is part of the borough of Basingstoke and Deane. Basingstoke is often nicknamed "Doughnut City" or "Roundabout City" due to the number of roundabouts.

Often mistaken for a "new town", Basingstoke is an old market town expanded in the 1960s as part of a plan of London County Council, Hampshire County Council and Basingstoke Borough Council. It was developed fast to accommodate part of the London 'overspill' as seen in the Greater London Plan, 1944.
Brontosaurus

***Brontosaurus***  is a genus of sauropod dinosaur.

_Brontosaurus_ was originally named by its discoverer Othniel Charles Marsh in 1879. _Brontosaurus_ had long been considered a junior synonym of _Apatosaurus_. Its only species was reclassified as _A. excelsus_ in 1903.

However, an extensive study published in 2015 concluded that _Brontosaurus_ was a valid genus of sauropod distinct from _Apatosaurus_.

_Brontosaurus_ is a member of the family Diplodocidae, a clade of gigantic sauropod dinosaurs. The family includes some of the longest creatures ever to walk the earth, including _Diplodocus_, _Supersaurus_, and _Barosaurus_. _Brontosaurus_ is closely related to _Apatosaurus_ in the subfamily Apatosaurinae.
Fate

**Fate** or **destiny** is the idea that the future is already planned even if people do not know what their fate is (what is going to happen to them).  Humans in nearly all cultures have had ideas about their fate being “predetermined” (fixed in advance).

**Fate is when you meet someone who introduces you to a better and a cheaper form of drinking coffee right before you have to make your way to a place where coffee is very expensive.**

People who live unhappy lives may believe that their misery is because of their fate and that they can do nothing about it.  This is called being “fatalistic”.  Other people may believe that they can control their fate by being brave and trying to “overcome”  fate by improving themselves and their lives.

In Greek mythology, there were three Fates.  They were three goddesses who determined when every person was going to be born, how they would live and when and how they would die.  Human beings in many cultures had lots of ways in which they would try to “read” their fate (know what would happen to them).  Sometimes they would try to read their fate in the stars (this is called astrology).  In other cultures they might ask a person with powers of magic like a shaman.  The Ancient Greeks often went to Delphi to ask the oracle.

There are lots of references to fate in literature from almost every country and period, from Greek tragedy (e.g. Oedipus Rex) to Shakespeare (e.g. Macbeth) and Russian literature.

Composers may express fate in music.  Beethoven was thinking about Fate when he wrote his Fifth Symphony, and Tchaikovsky when he wrote his Sixth Symphony just before he committed suicide.

See also:
- Ananke
- Determinism
- Fatalism
- Superstition
- Moirae
- Norns
- Fate (opera)
August Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben

**August Heinrich Hoffmann** (2 April 1798 - 19 January 1874), who used **Hoffmann von Fallersleben** as his pen name, was a German poet. He is best known for writing "Das Lied der Deutschen", which is now the national anthem of Germany, and a number of popular children's songs.
Lake Peipus

**Lake Peipus** (Estonian: _Peipsi-Pihkva järv_, German: _Peipussee_, Russian: _Чудско-Псковское озеро_) is a large fresh water lake. It is between Estonia and Russia in Northern Europe. Lake Peipus is the fourth largest lake in Europe. The lake covers 3,500 square kilometres. It has an average depth of 7m. At its deepest point, Lake Peipus is 15m deep. The lake is used for fishing and recreation.
Runaway Brain

***Runaway Brain*** is an animated short movie released on September 22, 1995 by MGM/United Artists. It was produced by Walt Disney and directed by Burton Gillett. The movie is 7 minutes long. It has Peter Penguin, Polly Penguin, Gosalyn Mallard, Honker Muddlefoot, Bubba the Caveduck, Donald Duck, Daisy Duck, Magica De Spell, and Poe De Spell.

## Other websites

- Runaway Brain at The Encyclopedia of Disney Animated Shorts
Maltese language

**Maltese** is the language of Malta, and a language of the European Union.  Maltese sounds similar to the Phoenician language that was spoken in areas around the ancient Mediterranean.  It is written in the Latin alphabet like English. Maltese descends from a dialect of Arabic called Siculo-Arabic. The language has borrowed many words from Sicilian, Italian, and English.  Around 393,000 people speak Maltese. Most of them live in Malta.

## History

Many people from Sicily settled in Malta after the Muslims conquered it in 870 AD. They spoke a Sicilian-Arabic language from the Maghreb. In later centuries their language changed into Maltese. The oldest known document in Maltese is "Il Cantilena," a poem from the 15th century written by Pietro Caxaro. For centuries, Maltese was mainly a spoken language.

Maltese became an official language of Malta in 1934, alongside English. Before that year, the only official language of Malta was Italian. Italian, however, is still used a lot in the media.

## Today

Italian and English words are being taken in by the language more and more. This sometimes causes words to form that are not found in Maltese, Italian, or English, but instead are a mix of the three. At schools, English is taught as a second language. Maltese is usually used in the standardized jobs and when people talk to each other. Most of the television, radio, and literature in Malta is also in Maltese.

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Maltese
- **nativename**: Malti
- **date**: 1975
- **speakers**: 393,000
- **familycolor**: Afro-Asiatic
- **fam2**: Semitic languages, Semitic
- **fam3**: Central Semitic languages, Central Semitic
- **fam4**: Arabic languages, Arabic
- **fam5**: Maghrebi Arabic
- **fam6**: Siculo-Arabic
- **script**: Latin script, Latin (Maltese alphabet)
Maltese Braille
- **nation**:

- **agency**: National Council for the Maltese Language

- **iso1**: mt
- **iso2**: mlt
- **iso3**: mlt
- **lingua**: 12-AAC-c
Persuasion

**Persuasion** is a form of influence.  It is the way to get people to agree with an idea, attitude, or action by rational and emotional means.  It is a problem-solving strategy and relies on "appeals" rather than force.

**Dissuasion** is the process of convincing someone _not_ to believe or act on something.

## Methods of persuasion

- Evidence
- Logic
- Rhetoric
- Scientific method
- Advertising
- Moral Appeal
- Faith
- Presentation and Imagination
- Propaganda
- Tradition
- Manipulation

Aids to persuasion:
- Body language
- Communication skill or Rhetoric

Other techniques, which may or may not work:
- Hypnosis

Coercive techniques, some of which are highly controversial and/or not scientifically proven to be effective:
- Brainwashing
- Torture
Ögedei Khan

**Ögedei** (1186-1241) was the third son of Genghis Khan and second Great Khan of the Mongol Empire, after his father. He continued to make his father's empire larger. Like all of Genghis's other sons, he helped to conquer western China and Central Asia.

Ögedei was thought to be his father's favorite son ever since his childhood. As an adult, Ögedei was known to be persuasive in debates in which he was involved because he had a strong personality. Despite his drinking habits, he was intelligent and steady in character.

He was selected as the Great Khan in 1229 because of the _kuriltai_, the meeting for important leaders, which was held after Genghis' death, but it was never doubted that Genghis wanted Ögedei to rule after him.

During Ögedei's reign, the Mongols ended the Jin dynasty in 1234 and fought the Southern Song Empire. In 1235, under Ögedei's direct command, the Mongols began a war of conquest, which would not end for forty-five years and would result in the addition of all of China.

The Mongol armies established permanent control of Persia (commanded by Chormagan) and expanded westward under the command of Batu Khan to take over Russia.
Heligoland

**Heligoland** (;  ) is a small German group of islands in the North Sea..

It has been controlled by Denmark and between 1807 and 1890 by the British. The islands have a population of 1,650. They are the only German islands not nearby to the mainland and are about two hours' sailing time from Cuxhaven at the mouth of the River Elbe.

## Geography

Heligoland is located 70 km (44 miles) from the German coastline and actually consists of two islands: the populated triangular-shaped 1 km² (0.4 sq mi) main island () to the west, and the island of _Düne_ (Heligolandic: _de Halem_) in the east.

Düne is the smaller of the two islands(0.7 km²).  It is also lower, surrounded by sand beaches, and no-one lives on the island throughout the year.

Often when people talk about "Heligoland" they only mean Hauptinsel.

## Other websites

- Heligoland Tourist Board  — includes an aerial photograph of Heligoland (front) and Düne (back).
- Site about planting palms on Heligoland
- Heligoland Web Cams

## Infobox (german location)

- **german name**: Helgoland
- **image photo**: Aerial image of Heligoland.jpg
- **image flag**: Flag_of_Helgoland.svg
- **image plan**: Helgoland in PI.svg
- **image coa**: DE Helgoland COA.svg
- **state**: Schleswig-Holstein
- **district**: Pinneberg
- **elevation**: 61
- **area**: 1.7
- **population**: 1299
- **stand**: 2007-12-31
- **postal code**: 27498
- **area code**: 04725
- **licence**: PI, AG
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 01 0 56 025
- **mayor**: Jörg Singer
- **party**: independent
Cooperation

**Cooperation** is when people work together to make their lives better, even though they are free to not work together, and receive little if any money for working together. Organizations made for cooperation are known as cooperatives.

Sometimes, animals and plants cooperate too. The sea anemone gives the clownfish a home, and the fish eats the moss growing on the anemone.
Robert F. Kennedy

**Robert Francis "Bobby" Kennedy** (November 20, 1925 – June 6, 1968), also called **RFK**, was an American politician. He is the brother of former U.S. President John F. Kennedy, who was assassinated in 1963 while riding in a presidential motorcade through Dealey Plaza, Dallas, Texas. Robert was assassinated like his brother nearly five years later.

## Death

Kennedy ran for U.S. President but was shot multiple times on June 5, 1968 by Sirhan Sirhan in the Ambassador Hotel, Los Angeles, Califronia. Kennedy had won the previous day's California presidential primary. He died on June 6 at the Good Samaritan Hospital during the operation to remove the bullet and bone fragments from his brain.

## Other websites

- PBS video on RFK, with long quotes by historians
- The Coalition on Political Assassinations

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Robert F. Kennedy
- **image**: Bobby Kennedy - restored.jpg
- **order**: United States Senator
 from New York (state), New York
- **alongside**: Jacob K. Javits
- **term start**: January 3, 1965
- **term end**: June 6, 1968
- **predecessor**: Kenneth Keating
- **successor**: Charles E. Goodell
- **order2**: 64th
- **title2**: United States Attorney General
- **president2**: John F. Kennedy,
Lyndon B. Johnson
- **deputy2**: Byron White
Nicholas Katzenbach
- **term start2**: January 20, 1961
- **term end2**: September 3, 1964
- **predecessor2**: William P. Rogers
- **successor2**: Nicholas Katzenbach
- **birth name**: Robert Francis Kennedy
- **birth place**: Brookline, Massachusetts, Brookline, Massachusetts, U.S.
- **death place**: Los Angeles, California, U.S.
- **death cause**: Assassination by firearm
- **spouse**: Ethel Skakel Kennedy, Ethel Skakel
(m. 1950-1968, his death)
- **nationality**: United States, American
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
- **alma mater**: Harvard College
University of Virginia School of Law
Umbilical cord

In placental mammals, the **umbilical cord** (also called the **navel string**, **birth cord** or ***funiculus umbilicalis***) is a conduit between the developing embryo or fetus and the placenta. During prenatal development, the umbilical cord is physiologically and genetically part of the fetus and (in humans) normally contains two arteries (the umbilical arteries) and one vein (the umbilical vein), buried within Wharton's jelly. The umbilical vein supplies the fetus with oxygenated, nutrient-rich blood from the placenta.
Francis I of Austria

**Francis I, Emperor of Austria** (12 February 1768 – 2 March 1835) also was **Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor** (in German language: Franz II, Heiliger Römischer Kaiser).

He was the last Holy Roman Emperor, ruling from 1792 until August 6, 1806, when the empire was no longer a unit. He then became Francis I, first Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary, Bohemia and Croatia from 1804 to 1835). He fought in the Napoleonic Wars.

## Related pages

- Holy Roman Empire
- Germany

## Infobox (officeholder/office)

- **termstart**: 20 June 1815
- **termend**: 2 March 1835
- **successor**: Ferdinand I of Austria, Ferdinand I


## Infobox (royalty)

- **name**: Francis II & I
- **image**: File:Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor by Friedrich von Amerling 003.jpg
- **caption**: State portrait of Francis as Emperor of Austria wearing the Austrian imperial robes (by Friedrich von Amerling, )
- **succession**: Holy Roman Emperor
- **moretext**: (#Regnal titles, more...)
- **reign**: 5 July 1792 – 6 August 1806
- **coronation**: 14 July 1792
Frankfurt Cathedral
- **cor-type**: Coronation of the Holy Roman Emperor#German royal coronation, Coronation
- **predecessor**: Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor, Leopold II
- **succession1**: List of rulers of Austria, Archduke/Emperor of Austria
- **successor**: _Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire, Monarchy abolished_ (Napoleon as Protector of the Confederation of the Rhine)
- **reign1**: 1 March 1792/11 August 1804 – 2 March 1835
- **predecessor1**: Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor, Leopold VII
- **successor1**: Ferdinand I of Austria, Ferdinand I
- **reg-type1**: Chancellor
- **regent1**: Klemens von Metternich
- **succession2**: King of Hungary, King of Croatia, Croatia and King of Bohemia, Bohemia
- **reign2**: 1 March 1792 – 2 March 1835
- **cor-type2**: Coronations
- **predecessor2**: Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor, Leopold II
- **successor2**: Ferdinand I of Austria, Ferdinand V
- **succession3**: King of Lombardy–Venetia
- **reign3**: 9 June 1815 – 2 March 1835
- **successor3**: Ferdinand I of Austria, Ferdinand I
- **succession4**: President of the German Confederation, Head of _Präsidialmacht_ Austria
- **birth place**: Florence, Grand Duchy of Tuscany
- **death place**: Vienna, Austrian Empire
- **burial place**: Imperial Crypt
- **issue-link**: #Children
- **full name**: Franz Josef Karl
- **house**: Habsburg-Lorraine
- **father**: Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor
- **mother**: Maria Luisa of Spain
- **religion**: Roman Catholicism
- **signature**: Signature of Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor.svg
Wilhelm I of Germany

**Kaiser Wilhelm I** (**Wilhelm Friedrich Ludwig von Hohenzollern**; 22 March 1797 – 9 March 1888) of the Hohenzollern family was a king of Prussia from January 2, 1861 – 9 March 1888. He was the first German Emperor (18 January 1871 – 9 March 1888). In English, his first name means "William", which is sometimes used instead.

Because his brother Frederick William IV of Prussia had a stroke in 1857, Wilhelm became Prince Regent and actual ruler. His brother died in 1861 and Wihelm became King. When Wilhelm was king of Prussia, he and his prime minister, Otto von Bismarck, worked on the unification of Germany, from a large group of smaller German countries. Winning the Franco-Prussian War allowed the start of the German Empire.

His grandson Wilhelm II ordered the Kaiser Wilhelm Gedächtniskirche to be built to honour his life and achievements.

## Official titles

His official title was German Emperor and King of Prussia; Margrave of Brandenburg; Burgrave of Nürnberg, Count of Hohenzollern; Sovereign and highest Duke of Silesia as of the county of Glatz; Grand Duke of the Lower Rhine and of Posen; Duke of Saxony, Wesphalia, and Angaria, of Pomerania, Lüneburg, Holstein and Schleswig, of Magdeburg, Bremen, Gelders, Cleves, Jülich and Berg, as well as of the Wendes and Kaschubs, of Krossen, Lauenburg, Mecklenburg; Landgrave of Hesse and Thuringia, Margrave of Upper and Lower Lusatia, Prince of Orange, Prince of Rügen, of East Frisia, of Paderborn and Pyrmont, of Halberstadt, Münster, Minden, Osnabrück, Hildesheim, of Verden, Kammin, Fulda, Nassau and Moers; Princely Count of Henneberg; Count of the Mark and of Ravensberg, of Hohnstein, Tecklenburg and Lingen, of Mansfeld, Sigmaringen and Veringen, Lord of Frankfurt", and Josseppi Longo. .

## Titles and styles

- **22 March 1797 – 2 January 1861**: _His Royal Highness_ Prince William of Prussia
- **2 January 1861 – 18 January 1871**: _His Majesty_ The King of Prussia
- **18 January 1871 – 9 March 1888**: _His Imperial and Royal Majesty_ The German Emperor, King of Prussia

## Related pages

- Germany
- German Empire
- Prussia
Amami Islands

The  is a group of islands in Kagoshima prefecture in the Kyūshū region of Japan. It is also known as the .

## History

The name of the islands comes from the mythological figure of _Amamiko_.

It was attacked by the Ryūkyū Kingdom in 1570, but was invaded by Satsuma Domain in 1609.

Amami was occupied by the United States from 1945 to 1953.

## Demographics

The native people of the Amami Islands are the Amami people, who are a subgroup of a larger Ryukyuan ethnicity.

## Languages

The Amami language belongs to the Ryukyuan languages, all of which are endangered because in the past, Japan suppressed them. This is also why most younger Amamians speak Japanese instead, as it was enforced in schools.

## Geography

The largest island in the group is Amami Island.  Other islands include Kikai Island, Tokunoshima, Okinoerabu Island, Yorontou and some small islands make up the **Amami Islands**.

## Related pages

- Provinces of Japan
- Prefectures of Japan
- List of regions of Japan
- List of islands of Japan
Kagoshima

**Kagoshima** can mean a few things:

- Kagoshima Prefecture - One of 47 prefectures in Japan. It is part of Kyushu.
- Kagoshima, Kagoshima - the capital of Kagoshima Prefecture
Formal

**Formal** is a word used to describe anything that has form or structure. So it is something which is used or done in accordance with rules or ceremonies.

Formal  events have rules. 'Formal clothes' or 'formal attire' is a way of dressing to meet the rules for an event, such as a party or wedding. 'Formal attire' can be a suit, a tuxedo or a dress. People from all over the world have their own ideas about 'formal attire'. Most of the time _formal attire_ clothes are the most beautiful or the best clothes a person owns. The opposite of "formal" is **informal**.  Informal clothes are comfortable clothes for general use, e.g. T shirt and jeans.  An informal ceremony might be a ceremony which is very relaxed instead of following an exact plan.  An informal way to greet a friend might be: "Hi, John!"

Examples:
- **Formal** can be the way a person speaks or acts. To act in a formal way a person will follow the social rules of their culture or country. For example, they might greet each other by bowing, and they might address one another by their family name and their title (e.g. "Professor Smith").

- A formal agreement is one which is explicit (written down) and reached by a formal discussion or negotiation. That means the negotiation is also done by set rules or procedures.

- In mathematics, formal logic is a way of thinking about mathematics questions using strict rules.
Kyūshū

is one of Japan's four main islands. It is the most southern of the main islands and the third largest.

## Regions

**Kyūshū region** is made up of the entire island.

The name Kyūshū literally means "nine countries" in Japanese. Kyūshū was made of nine old "countries" or provinces that are now prefectures. Each prefecture has a modern name and sometimes more than one old provincial name. The old names are still used sometimes, especially for foods, music, or art.

The original nine provinces in Kyushu were Chikuzen, Chikugo, Hizen, Higo, Buzen, Bungo, Hyūga, Ōsumi, and Satsuma.

Today, Kyushu is made up of seven of the prefectures of Japan.
- Fukuoka Prefecture
- Kagoshima Prefecture
- Kumamoto Prefecture
- Miyazaki Prefecture
- Nagasaki Prefecture
- Oita Prefecture
- Saga Prefecture

Parts of Kyūshū have a warm climate, like the Miyazaki and Kagoshima regions. Major crops grown there are rice, tea, tobacco, sweet potatoes, and soy; silk is also made. The island is known for many types of porcelain like Arita, Imari, Satsuma and Karatsu.

Under the Gokishichidō system, the island of Kyūshū was a part of the region known as Saikaidō. It was a part of this region from the 7th century until the middle of the 1800s. Around 1905, it was made into its own region. In the modern system, Kyūshū and the small islands around it are a part of the Kyūshū region.

## Related pages

- Provinces of Japan
- Prefectures of Japan
- List of regions of Japan
- List of islands of Japan

## Other websites

- Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903
- Kyushu -Citizendium

## Infobox (islands)

- **name**: Kyushu
- **image name**: Terra Kyushu 20091028.jpg
- **image caption**: Satellite picture of Kyushu
- **image map**: Japan kyushu map small.png
- **map caption**: Kyushu region of Japan and the current prefectures on the island of Kyushu
- **native name**: 九州
- **native name lang**: ja
- **native name link**: Japanese language
- **location**: East Asia
- **archipelago**: Japanese Archipelago
- **area km2**: 36782
- **rank**: 37th
- **highest mount**: Mount Kujū
- **elevation m**: 1791
- **country admin divisions title**: Prefectures of Japan, Prefectures
- **country admin divisions**:

- **country largest city**: Fukuoka
- **population**: 12,970,479 (2016)
- **density km2**: 307.13
- **ethnic groups**: Japanese
Presentation

**Presentation** is the process of presenting the content of a topic to an audience. Presentation software, such as LibreOffice Impress, Beamer, Apple Keynote or Microsoft PowerPoint, is often used to generate the presentation content. As a form of communication, a presentation is usually 10-30 minutes long, but can take longer in special cases.

## Useful illustrations

- BCG diagram: This diagram is extremely useful in marketing, to eat donuts

## Other websites

- Tips on making presentations
- Tips for presentations in school
- Art of Speaking (A list of links related to speaking and presentation)
- Example of Evaluating Student Presentations
- RecruitIreland.com - Tips for an internal presentation
- EServer TC Library: Presentations
Claymore

The **claymore** is a Scottish sword. It has two sharp edges. The word claymore is from Gaelic. It means “great sword”. The sword is held with two hands. In some sources the broad claymore sword is called “claidheamh da lamh”, which means “two-hand sword”. It was very popular in the 16th century when Scottish warriors (highlanders) used it against the Englishmen.

The average claymore was about  long. The blade was about  long. It weighed around . It had a very wide blade. Many claymore blades had a small amount of metal cut out of them. This was done to make the sword weigh less.

There was also a type of claymore that had one sharp edge and a basket-shaped handle. The basket of the handle was used to protect the hands. The basket was also used to help with balance. This was because the blade was very long. Many claymores were made during the mid-1600s.

People in Europe started using swords with two hands in the 14th century. The biggest European swords were made in the early 16th century. They were usually used by bodyguards or soldiers for defending from pikes and polearms. One example of these kinds of swords is the Germanic Zweihänder (two-handed) sword.

## Other websites

- More on swords' component parts
Tamahagane

**Tamahagane** {tah-mah-ha-ga-neh} is a high quality metal (steel) made in the Japanese tradition. The word _tama_  means "round and precious", like a gem or jewel. The word _hagane_ means  "steel". On the market, it costs 50 times more than ordinary steel. Tamahagane steel is used to make Japanese swords, knives, and other kinds of tools.

Good tamahagane contains around 1% of carbon and should not go over 1.5%.

## Production

Tamahagane is made of iron sand (called _satetsu_ in Japanese). There are 2 main types of iron sands: _akome satetsu_ and _masa satetsu_. Akome is of lower quality and masa is of better quality. The man who leads the team at the TATARA is called the _murage_. Depending on the desired result, the murage mixes one or more types of sands.

The iron sand is put in a clay tub (furnace) called a _tatara_. The clay tub measures about 4 feet tall, 12 feet long, and 4 feet wide. The tub is then dried and heated. The clay tub is heated to a high temperature, about 1000 ºC (1.832 ºF). Then, it is filled with charcoal and iron sand to start the direct reduction process.

The process of making tamahagane continues for 36 to 72 hours, depending on how many people work and how much metal is to be obtained. The iron sand is added every 10 minutes, alternately with a regular amount of charcoal.

When the liquid slag is drawn out and the process is finished, the clay tub is broken and the KERA (raw iron block) is removed. The best steel with highest carbon content is near the vents of the blower system, because this is the where the reduction process is strongest. The quality of tamahagane is determined by its breaking structure, but it is important to knowe that there are different types of TAMAHAGANE needed to forge a sword blade.

## Related pages

- Japanese sword schools
- Katana
Graviton

A **graviton** is a hypothetical particle that 'transfers' gravitation's force (particles like this are known as gauge bosons) from its field. Gravitons have never been observed, directly or indirectly, however, there have been several theories that use gravitons to explain certain phenomena. For example, a theory that describes black holes by combining quantum mechanics and gravity, has been advanced by Georgi Dvali and Cesar Gomez, which suggests a black hole is "an overpacked bucket of gravitons". There are some theories that suggest that gravitons would make up a new group of particles, "attraction particles". CERN is currently using the Large Hadron Collider to try to find this particle.
The graviton applies a tiny force as it impacts the nuclei of atoms.
All atoms themselves have these graviton particles in orbit around them. If you gather a lot of atoms together the population of orbiting gravitons increases proportionately. As a result, a large asteroid for example will have more gravity than a small one.
Because the graviton is a particle that has force (gravity), it is classed as a gauge boson. Other gauge bosons include the photon, the gluon, and the W and Z particles.

If someone found one, it could lead to a theory which would join the four main physical forces: electromagnetism, gravity, strong force and weak force.
Presentation software

A **presentation software** is a computer software package used to show information, normally in the form of a slide show. It mostly includes three major functions: an editor that allows text to be inserted and formatted, a method for inserting and manipulating graphic images and a slide-show system to display the content.

The most commonly known presentation program is Microsoft PowerPoint, but there are alternatives such as LibreOffice Impress, Apple's Keynote, LaTeX Beamer and WPS Office.

Originally these programs were used to generate 35 mm slides, to be presented using a slide projector. As these programs became more common in the late 1980s, several companies set up services that would accept the shows on floppy disk and create slides or print transparencies. In the 1990s, dedicated LCD-based screens that could be placed on the projectors started to replace the transparencies, and by the late 1990s they had almost all been replaced by video projectors.

## Other websites

- Screen Presentation Tools
Liqueur

A **liqueur** is a sweet-tasting alcoholic drink. It is often flavored with fruits, herbs, spices, flowers, seeds, roots, plants, barks, and sometimes cream. The word _liqueur_ comes from the Latin word _liquifacere_ which means "to dissolve." This is because the flavors are dissolved to help make the liqueur. In some parts of the world, liqueurs are sometimes called **cordials**.

Liqueurs have been around for many centuries. They are related to the herbal medicines that monks used to make. Liqueurs were made in Italy as early as the 13th century, and were used during signings of treaties during the Middle Ages.

## Varieties

Most liqueurs have 15 to 30% alcohol content but may have an alcohol content as high as 55%.

Types of liqueurs include: fruit liqueur, cream liqueur, coffee liqueur, chocolate liqueur, schnapps liqueur, brandy liqueur, anise liqueur, nut-flavoured liqueur, and herbal liqueur.

Liqueurs can be enjoyed many ways. They are commonly drank by themselves, poured over ice, with coffee, or mixed with cream or other mixers to create cocktails. They are often served with dessert or as a dessert. Liqueurs may also be used in cooking.

## Other websites

- Page about most types of liqueurs
Militarism

**Militarism** or **militarist ideology** is a view on society. It says society should be like the military. This means that society should follow concepts that can be found in the culture, system and people of the military. Groups or people that support militarism are called _militarists_.

The most important trait to militarists is discipline. Discipline means to follow a set of rules. It also means doing and completing training that follows these rules. A strong military is good for discipline.

According to militarists, moral goals and the culture of the military can be applied to private business, government, education, and entertainment.

## Relationship to militarization

Militarism is related to militarization, and militarist countries often have a strong military. Examples of militarist countries throughout history include Sparta in Ancient Greece, Prussia in the 19th century, and North Korea today. All three of these countries had armies much larger than other countries their size.

In militarist states, the military either run the government, or they greatly influence it.  Often the head of state is a military official, though that does not always mean the society is militarised.
The Queen of Spades (opera)

***The Queen of Spades*** (, pronounced _Pi-KO-va-ya DA-ma_) is an opera by Tchaikovsky.  It is based on a short story by Alexander Pushkin.  Sometimes it is known by its German title _Pique Dame_.

When Tchaikovsky went to Paris in 1876, he saw Bizet’s opera _Carmen_.  He liked the story's themes of love and bad fate.  The idea of fate is important to the opera _Carmen_ and also to Tchaikovsky’s _The Queen of Spades_.  Tchaikovsky wrote some of his greatest music in this opera.  Some of it is very graceful, and is similar to Mozart.  In other places it is very romantic, with harmonies that he had learned by studying the operas of Wagner.

## The story of the opera

Hermann, a young officer, sees a beautiful girl in the park and falls in love with her even though  he does not know her.  His friend tells him that the girl’s name is Lisa, and that her grandmother is an old countess who used to gamble (play cards for money) when she was young.  He says that people used to call the grandmother the "Queen of Spades", and that she knows a secret: she knows about the three cards which will always win the card game.

Hermann can only think of one thing:  he wants to find out the secret of the three cards so that he can gamble and win lots of money.  Then he will be able to marry Lisa.  He hides himself in the grandmother’s bedroom.  When the grandmother goes to bed, he jumps out in front of her and tells her he wants to know the three cards.  She is so scared that she dies before she can speak.

Later, the ghost of the grandmother comes to Hermann and tells him the three secret cards: Three, Seven, Ace.  Hermann’s mind is now on one thing: he must go to casino and play cards and win.  Lisa drowns herself in  a river.  Hermann gambles all his money at the casino, saying "The life is only game and the sure is only death".  The first two cards are the Three and the Seven, but the third card is not the Ace, it is the Queen of Spades.  The old grandmother’s ghost comes again to Hermann.  Hermann kills himself.

## The writing of the opera

Tchaikovsky’s brother Modest helped him to prepare the libretto (words) for the opera.  They changed some of Pushkin’s story, making the love scenes important because he thought they would be good with emotional music.  They also made it very dramatic by making Lisa drown herself in a canal and Hermann die at the gaming table.  This is different to what happens in Pushkin’s story.

Tchaikovsky wrote the opera very quickly.  It took him just six weeks to sketch it (write the basic ideas).  Then he spent a short time in Rome and when he returned, he wrote it out for orchestra in another six weeks.

Some of the music is quite Classical (Rococo) in character.  At other times it can sound very Russian.  In the supernatural scenes, Tchaikovsky uses the whole-tone scale like Glinka did in his operas.

The opera was first performed at the Mariinsky Theatre in St Petersburg on 19 December 1890.
Growth-share matrix

The **growth-share matrix** (aka B.C.G. analysis, B.C.G.-matrix, Boston Consulting Group analysis) is a chart that had been created by Bruce Henderson for the Boston Consulting Group in 1970 to help corporations with analyzing their business units or product lines. This helps the company allocate resources and is used as an analytical tool in brand marketing,  product management, strategic management and portfolio-analysis.

## Related pages

- marketing

## Other websites

- Software that generates the Boston Matrix
- Compares and contrasts BCG with other 2 x 2 matrices like Ansoff and 3 x 3 matrices like GE Portfolio
Anna Nicole Smith

**Anna Nicole Smith** (November 28, 1967 – February 8, 2007) was an American model, actress and celebrity. She first became popular as _Playboy_ magazine's 1993 Playmate of the Year.

## Early life

She was born **Vicki Lynn Hogan** in Houston, Texas.

## Death

On February 8, 2007, Smith was found in a hotel room in Hollywood, Florida. At 1:38 p.m. (13:38 UTC) a nurse called 911. At 1:45 p.m. a bodyguard gave her CPR before she was taken to a local hospital and pronounced dead at 2:49 p.m. Her death was caused by an accidental overdose.

Smith was addicted to prescription medications. A psychiatrist said in court in 2010 that she was a member of hospital staff in 2006, when Smith was a patient. The psychiatrist said Smith had borderline personality disorder.

## Other websites

- AnnaNicole.com Official website

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Anna Nicole Smith
- **image**: Anna Nicole Smith.jpg
- **caption**: Smith on the red carpet at the 2005 MTV Video Music Awards in Sydney, Australia
- **birth name**: Vicki Lynn Hogan
- **birth place**: Houston, Texas, U.S.
- **death place**: Hollywood, Florida, U.S.
- **death cause**: Drug overdose
- **alias**: Vickie Lynn Marshall (when married to Marshall),
Vickie Lynn Smith,
Vickie Smith (early Playboy career),
Nikki Hart (legalized name change)
- **occupation**: model, actress, television personality
- **years active**: 1991–2007
- **nationality**: Americans, American
- **spouse**: Billy Smith (1985–1993; divorced)
J. Howard Marshall, J. Howard Marshall II; widowed (1994–1995)
Howard K. Stern (2006–2007; her death)
- **children**: Daniel Wayne Smith (1986–2006)
Dannielynn Birkhead paternity case, Dannielynn Hope Birkhead (b. 2006)
Ciao (magazine)

is a Japanese shōjo manga magazine published by Shogakukan for young girl<nowiki/>s (about 9-13 years old). It has been published since 1977.

## Famous works

- _Slow step_ (Mitsuru Adachi)
- _Alpen Rose_ (Michiyo Akaishi)
- _Mizuiro jidai_ (Yuu Yabuuchi)
- _Dr.Rin ni kiitemite!_ (Kiyoko Arai)
- _Mirumo de pon!_ (Hiromu Shinozuka)
- _Kirarin revolution_ (Ann Nakahara)

## Cartoonists

- Yuu Yabuuchi (1983–)
- Kiyoko Arai (1984–)
- Masumi shimizu (1989–)
- Takemaru SaSaki (1992–)
- Tomoko Nishimura (1992–)
- Yukino Miyawaki (1992–)
- Yumi Tsukirino (1996–)
- Mai Jinna (1997–)
- Kaoru Igarashi (1999–)
- <nowiki/>Hiromu Shinozuka (1999–)
- Chikako Mori (2000–)
- Jun Kawamura (2000–)
- Ann Nakahara (2000–)
- Ryoko Mizoguchi (2000–)
- Chitose Yagami (2001–)
- Itsuru Minase (2001–)
- Meme Iwaoka (2001–)
- Nozomi Shiratori (2002–)
- Yūko Kohara (2002–)
- Shou Obara (2003–)
- Maki Sugawa (2003–)
- Mayuki Anan (2004–)
- Miru Akino (2004–)
- Akira Wao (2005–)
- Mariko Kosaka (2005–)
- Yayoi Tsukamoto (2005–)
- Yūmi Rink (2005–)
- Michiru Aoi (2005–)
- Aya Misaki (2006–)
- Eri Nasubi (2006–)
Sorting algorithm

A **sorting algorithm** is an algorithm that puts the elements of a collection into a certain order. Most commonly, numbers are sorted by their value, and words are sorted by their alphabetical order (as they would appear in a dictionary or phone book). Efficient sorting is important for other things: finding an element in a sorted collection is easier, and merging a new element may also be easier if the collection is sorted.

Note that not all sorting algorithms can be applied in all cases. An example might be that the records can only be read one after another (sequentially); they might be stored on a tape.
Ciao

The word "**ciao**" is a greeting in Italian. It is used for both "hello" and "goodbye". It is less formal than other greetings in Italian, such as _buongiorno_ or _salve_.

The word originally comes from the Venetian language. It is also sometimes used by English speakers and speakers of other languages around the world. Other words that mean both "hello" and "goodbye" are _shalom_ in Hebrew, _salaam_ in Arabic, _annyeong_ in Korean, and _aloha_ in Hawaiian. In Vietnamese, the word _chào_ also means "hello" or "goodbye". It sounds similar, but is not related to the Italian word.