juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Chordate

**Chordates**, phylum **Chordata**, are a phylum of animals which have a notochord. The group includes vertebrates, with some closely related invertebrates.

### Taxonomy

- **Phylum Chordata**
    - **Tunicata** – (tunicates, formerly Urochordata; 3,000 species)
    - †**Vetulicolia** (8 Cambrian species of fossil)
    - **Cephalochordata** – (lancelets, 30 species)
    - **Vertebrata** (vertebrates – animals with backbones; 57,739 species)
        - **Agnatha** (jawless vertebrates; 100+ species)
            - **Myxini** or Hyperotreti (hagfish; 65 species)
            - **Conodonta** (Conodonts)
            - **Hyperoartia** (Lampreys)
            - †**Cephalaspidomorphi** (Paleozoic jawless fish)
            - †**Pteraspidomorphi** (Paleozoic jawless fish)
        - **Gnathostomata** (jawed vertebrates)
            - †**Placodermi** (Paleozoic armoured forms)
            - **Chondrichthyes** (cartilaginous fish; 300+ species)
            - †**Acanthodii** (Paleozoic "spiny sharks")
            - **Osteichthyes** (bony fishes; 30,000+ species)
                - **Actinopterygii** (ray-finned fish; about 30,000 species)
                - **Sarcopterygii** (lobe-finned fish)
            - **Tetrapoda** (four-legged vertebrates; 18,000+ species)

### Phylogeny

**Note:** Lines show likely evolutionary relationships.  Extinct groups are marked with a "†". Extinct animals are ones that have completely died out.

### Origin of chordates

According to a long-standing theory, the origin of chordates may be found in transformed larvae of sea-squirts (tunicates). Adult tunicates are sessile, but their larvae are motile, and have some features found in early vertebrates.  The process of paedomorphosis, where juvenile features are retained in the adult, is the proposed mechanism. Genome analysis shows that tunicates are the closest living relatives of vertebrates.

## Other websites

- Chordate node at Tree Of Life
- Chordate node at NCBI Taxonomy
Sanlucar la Mayor

**Sanlúcar la Mayor** is a Spanish town in the Province of Sevilla. It has a population of 11,762 and is 137 km² in area.
Pyrolysis

**Pyrolysis** is a chemical reaction where heat breaks down organic compounds (chemicals that contain carbon). Pyrolysis happens under pressure and if the temperature is above 430 °C (800 °F). Pyrolysis is different from combustion because it does not use oxygen. Pyrolysis is generally done in an inert atmosphere. It is a type of thermal decomposition.

Pyrolysis converts the ingredients, called feedstock, into a mixture of gases (**pyrolysis gas**), liquids (tar or **pyrolysis oil**), and leftover solids (char).
Uri (canton)

**Uri** is one of the twenty-six cantons of Switzerland. Cantons are like states, provinces, or territories, but Swiss. 35,000 people live there. William Tell is from there.

## Municipalities

The municipalities of the canton of Uri are: Altdorf, Andermatt, Attinghausen, Bauen, Bürglen, Erstfeld, Flüelen, Göschenen, Gurtnellen, Hospental, Isenthal, Realp, Schattdorf, Seedorf, Seelisberg, Silenen, Sisikon, Spiringen, Unterschächen, Wassen

## Other websites

- Official site
- Official statistics
Michael Ende

**Michael Andreas Helmuth Ende** (12 November 1929 – 28 August 1995) was a German writer of fantasy and children's fiction. He was born in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Bavaria. He wrote fantasy books for children. He died of stomach cancer in Filderstadt, Baden-Wuerttemberg.

## His books

- Momo (1973)
- The Neverending Story (1979)

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Michael Ende
- **birth place**: Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Garmisch, Weimar Republic, Germany
- **death place**: Filderstadt, Germany
- **occupation**: Fiction writer
- **period**: 1960–1995
- **genre**: Fantasy, children's fiction
- **signature**: Michael-Ende-Unterschrift.png
Applet

An **applet** is a computer program that can be run  inside a web browser. Most of the time, applets are written in Java. They are used to display a scrolling menu on a website, for example, the applet is also used to show some applications. In Java, there is a class called "Applet," which is extended when writing applets.
Veneto

**Veneto** is one of the twenty regions of Italy, in northeastern Italy on the Adriatic Sea. The capital is Venice.

## Geography

The region is in Northeast Italy, bordered to the north by the Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol region (and Austria in the northeastern corner), to the east by the Friuli Venezia Giulia region, to the southeast and south by the Adriatic Sea, to the southwest by the Emilia-Romagna region, and to the west by the Lombardy region.

Veneto is the 8th largest region in Italy, with a total area of . The main river in the region is the Po. The highest mountain in the region is Marmolada (), in the Belluno province, with an altitude of .

## Provinces

Veneto is divided in a Metropolitan City (Venice) and six provinces:

|style="background:#ccf"|Province|style="background:#ccf"|Area <small>(km²)</small>|style="background:#ccf"|Population <small>(2017)</small>|style="background:#ccf"|Density <small>(inh./km<sup>2</sup>)</small>|style="background:#ccf;"|_Comuni_|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|align="left"|Province of Belluno (BL)||||64|||||
|align="left"|Province of Padua (PD)||||104|||||
|align="left"|Province of Rovigo (RO)||||50|||||
|align="left"|Province of Treviso (TV)||||95|||||
|align="left"|Metropolitan City of Venice (VE)||||44|||||
|align="left"|Province of Verona (VR)||||98|||||
|align="left"|Province of Vicenza (VI)||||120|||||
|align="left"|**Total**||||575|||||

### Largest municipalities

The 10 comuni with more people living in it are:
|No.|Comuni|Province|Population <small>(2017)</small>|Area <small>(km<sup>2</sup>)</small>|Density <small>(inh./km<sup>2</sup>)</small>|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|**1**|align="left"|Venice|align="left"|VE|261,905|415.90||
|**2**|align="left"|Verona|align="left"|VR|257,353|198.92||
|**3**|align="left"|Padua|align="left"|PD|209,829|93.03||
|**4**|align="left"|Vicenza|align="left"|VI|112,198|80.57||
|**5**|align="left"|Treviso|align="left"|TV|83,950|55.58||
|**6**|align="left"|Rovigo|align="left"|RO|51,625|108.81||
|**7**|align="left"|Chioggia|align="left"|VE|49,650|187.91||
|**8**|align="left"|Bassano del Grappa|align="left"|VI|43,395|47.06||
|**9**|align="left"|San Donà di Piave|align="left"|VE|41,883|78.88||
|**10**|align="left"|Schio|align="left"|VI|39,219|66.21||

## Other websites

- Regione del Veneto Official site

## Infobox (region of italy)

- **name**: Veneto
- **region coa**: Coat of Arms of Veneto.png
- **coa size**: 60px
- **flag**: Flag of Veneto.svg
- **map**: Veneto in Italy.svg
- **image skyline**: Palazzo Balbi (Venice).jpg
- **image alt**: Palazzo Balbi in Venice, headquarters of the region
- **image caption**: _Palazzo Balbi_, headquarters of the region in Venice
- **capital**: Venice
- **area**: 18407.42
- **population**: 4907529
- **pop date**: 1 January 2017
- **population demonym**: Vèneti
- **gdp**: 166.4
- **gdp year**: 2015
- **leader**: Luca Zaia
- **nuts**: ITE3
- **website**: [http://www.regione.veneto.it/ Regione del Veneto]
Molise

**Molise** is one of the twenty regions of Italy, in Southern Italy on the Adriatic Sea. The capital is the city of Campobasso.

Molise previously formed, with the Abruzzo region, the old region of _Abruzzi e Molise_. Molise was separated from that region in 1963, making Molise the youngest region in Italy.

## Geography

The region is located in South Italy bordered by Abruzzo to the north, Lazio to the west, Campania to the south, Apulia to the southeast and the Adriatic Sea to the east.

Molise, with a total area of , is the second smallest region after Valle d'Aosta. The main rivers in the region are:
- Fortore,  long.
- Trigno,  long.
- Biferno,  long; it is the main river of those that flow only in the Molise region.
- Volturno, ; it is the main river in South Italy by its length and its discharge.

The highest mountain in the region is La Meta (its eastern summit) (), in the Isernia province, with an altitude of .

## Provinces

Molise is divided into two provinces:

|Province|Abbreviation|Capital|width=90px|Area <small>(km²)</small>|Population <small>(1 January 2017)</small>|Density (<small>inh./km²)</small>|_Comuni_|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|align=left|Campobasso|align=center|CB|align=left|Campobasso|2,925.41|224,644||84|
|align=left|Isernia|align=center|IS|align=left|Isernia|1,535.24|85,805||52|
|colspan="3"|**Total**|4,460.65|310,449||136|||||

### Largest municipalities

The 10 comuni of the region with more people living in it are:
|No.|Comuni|Province|Population <small>(2017)</small>|Area<small>(km<sup>2</sup>)</small>|Density <small>(inh./km<sup>2</sup>)</small>|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|**1**|align="left"|Campobasso|align="left"|CB|49,320|56.11||
|**2**|align="left"|Termoli|align="left"|CB|33,660|55.64||
|**3**|align="left"|Isernia|align="left"|IS|21,805|69.15||
|**4**|align="left"|Venafro|align="left"|IS|11,203|46.45||
|**5**|align="left"|Bojano|align="left"|CB|8,093|52.63||
|**6**|align="left"|Campomarino|align="left"|CB|8,002|76.68||
|**7**|align="left"|Larino|align="left"|CB|6,730|88.77||
|**8**|align="left"|Montenero di Bisaccia|align="left"|CB|6,637|93.32||
|**9**|align="left"|Guglionesi|align="left"|CB|5,296|100.95||
|**10**|align="left"|Riccia|align="left"|CB|5,180|70.04||

## Other websites

- Official Site

## Infobox (region of italy)

- **name**: Molise
- **region coa**: Regione-Abruzzo-Stemma.svg
- **coa size**: 50px
- **flag**: Flag of Molise.svg
- **map**: Molise in Italy.svg
- **capital**: Campobasso
- **leader**: Paolo Di Laura Frattura
- **area**: 4460.65
- **population**: 310449
- **pop date**: 1 January 2017
- **population demonym**: molisani
- **nuts**: ITF
- **gdp**: 6
- **gdp year**: 2006
- **gdp per capita**: 20,100
- **gdp cap year**: 2008
- **website**: [http://www.regione.molise.it/ www.regione.molise.it]
Philippine Sea

The **Philippine Sea** is the body of water east of the Philippines and Taiwan. It is a part of the western end of the Pacific Ocean.  The Philippine Sea is bounded by china Japan to the north, the Marianas to the east and Palau to the south.

## Geology

It straddles on the Philippine Plate.

## Related pages

- Kyushu-Palau Ridge
1484

## Events

- July 6 – Portuguese sea captain Diogo Cão finds the mouth of Congo River
- September 15 – Peter Arbues, is assassinated while praying in the cathedral at Saragossa, Spain and he died on September 17.  He had been appointed Inquisitor of Aragon by the Inquisitor General, Tomás de Torquemada, in the campaign against heresy and crypto-Judaism.
- December 5 – Pope Innocent VIII gives the inquisition a mission to hunt heretics and witches in Germany with the lead of Heinrich Kramer and Jacob Sprenger.
- The first sugar mill becomes operational in the Gran Canaria.
- First cuirassier units (kyrissers) formed in Austria.
Austronesian languages

The **Austronesian languages** are a language family. They were originally spoken in Southeast Asia and on islands in the Pacific Ocean.

## List of Austronesian languages

- Anus
- Indonesian
- Fijian
- Hawaiian
- Javanese
- Malay
- Māori
- Sundanese
- Tagalog
- Tuvaluan
Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints

The **Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints** (FLDS) is a religious group. It broke from the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, a Mormon movement, in the 19th or early 20th century. In 1890, the Latter-Day Saints stopped accepting polygamy.

A few people who believed polygamy was an important part of their religion started the new church. They taught that a man needs more than one wife to be able to get to heaven.

It is believed the church had about 10,000 members in 2009. These live in the sister cities of Hildale, Utah and Colorado City, Arizona; as well as Eldorado, Texas; Westcliffe, Colorado; Mancos, Colorado; Creston and Bountiful, British Columbia; and Pringle, South Dakota.

## In the news

The church has been in the news because its leader, Warren Steed Jeffs was arrested in southern Nevada in August 2006. Jeffs was arrested because he was accused of rape and molestation. At the time, Jeffs was on the FBI's Ten Most-Wanted list.

There has been another incident in 2008.
Beginning April 4, 2008, over a four-day period, troopers and child welfare officials searched the church's ranch. They took 416 children into the temporary custody of the State of Texas. Originally officials from the Texas Department of Family and Protective Services took 18 girls into temporary custody of the state. They acted because of a phone call from the ranch- it looks like a 16-year-old girl called the police to report she had been raped. She also said she had been married at age 15 to a 49-year-old man, Dale Evans Barlow. On the following day, Judge Barbara Walther of the 51st District Court issued an order authorizing officials to remove all children, including boys, 17 years old and under out of the compound. The children were being held by the Child Protective Services 45 miles away, north of the ranch. 133 women also voluntarily left the ranch with the children. The 16-year-old girl who alerted the authorities could not be located at the time of the raid. It looks like the call was made by a woman in her thirties, who gave a false identity. This woman is known by local police, as she has done similar things before. The woman was arrested for making the call (that triggered the raid) in April.
Kingdom (biology)

**Kingdom** is the highest rank, after the domain, which is normally used in the biological taxonomy of all organisms. Each kingdom is split into phyla.

There are 5 to 7 kingdoms in taxonomy. Every living thing comes under one of these kingdoms and some symbionts, such as lichen, come under two. There are at least:

- Prokaryotes or Monera  – the most simple living things: bacteria and archaea
- Protista – eukaryotes that are not plants, fungi, or animals
- Fungi – mushrooms, moulds and other fungi
- Plantae – all plants, such as moss, trees and grass
- Animalia – all animals, including people. See List of animal phyla
- Chromalveolata – plastids containing chlorophyll.

## Overview

The kingdom-level classification of life is still widely employed as a useful way of grouping organisms. Sometimes entries in the table, which are next to each other, do not match perfectly. For example, Haeckel placed the red algae (Haeckel's Florideae; modern Rhodophyta) and blue-green algae (Haeckel's Archephyta; modern Cyanobacteria) in his Plantae, but in modern classifications they are considered protists and bacteria respectively. However, despite these differences, the table gives a useful summary.

- There is no agreement at present on how many kingdoms there are in the Eukarya. In 2009, Andrew Roger and Alastair Simpson said this: "With the current pace of change in our understanding of the eukaryote tree of life, we should proceed with caution".

## Related pages

- Tree of Life
Class (biology)

A **class** is a rank used in the biological taxonomy of all organisms. Each class is split into orders. There are multiple classes in each phylum. Mammals, for example, are one of several classes within the Vertebrates, and are subdivided into Monotremes, Marsupials, and Eutheria.

Ranks below class and above order are often used. Then the sequence is:

- **Class**
- **Subclass**
- **Infraclass**
- **Order**
Order (biology)

An **order** is a rank used in the biological taxonomy. Each order is split into families. There are many orders in each class. A group of closely related families forms an order. The similar characters are less in number as compared to different genera included in family.

## Examples of order

- Carnivora is an order of meat-eating mammals. The cat family, dog family and bear family are in this order.
- Rodents are an order. Rats and mice are in one family. Squirrels belong in another family.
- Primates are another order of mammals. Apart from humans, most live in forests.
- Pine trees are a genus in the order Pinales.  The order also includes all other living conifers, such as the cypress and yew families.
Family (biology)

In biology, a **family** is a taxonomic rank. Each family contains one or more genera. The next higher rank is that of order.

Usually, the name of the family ends with an "_idae_" for animals, and "_aceae_" for plants. Sometimes there are also subfamilies and superfamilies. Subfamilies end with "_inae_" or "_oideae_".

For example, walnuts (genus _Juglans_) and hickories (genus _Carya_) both belong to the walnut family (the _Juglandaceae_).
Digestion

**Digestion** is the process of breaking down food to absorb it. Food is broken down into smaller pieces, which are soluble in water. Only then can the food be absorbed into the bloodstream.

## Phases

Digestion happens in three phases.

Mechanical digestion is the physical breakdown of large pieces of food into smaller pieces, which are made by digestive enzymes. In chemical digestion, enzymes break down food into the small molecules the body can use. Finally, the nutrients are absorbed into the blood stream. Once in the blood stream, the nutrients are taken to the liver, which is a kind of chemical factory for the body.

### Process

After we swallow food, it travels down a muscular tube to the stomach. There, it is mashed into soupy fluid called chyme. The mixture passes into the small intestine, where tiny bits of food pass into the bloodstream. The food that is still left goes into the large intestine. Finally, waste products leave the body.

Digestion usually takes about 18 hours. Food stays in the stomach for about three hours. If uncoiled, the small intestine would be about six meters (20 feet) long. Many digestive tracts are about as long as a bus.

Food slowly enters the small intestine from the stomach. This is where nutrients are taken into the blood. It then enters the large intestine. Water is taken away from it. The food that is left is called feces. The feces are stored in the rectum until the waste can leave the body through the anus.

## Organs

- Mouth
    - Tooth
    - Salivary gland
        - Parotid gland
        - Submandibular gland
        - Sublingual gland
    - Tongue
    - Palate
        - Hard palate
        - Soft palate
        - Uvula
- Pharynx
- Epiglottis
- Oesophagus
- Stomach
- Small intestine
    - Duodenum
    - Jejunum
    - Ileum
- Large intestine
    - Cecum
    - Colon
- Rectum
- Anus
- Appendix
- Liver
- Biliary tract
- Pancreas

## Related pages

- nervous system

## Other websites

- Human Physiology - Digestion
- NIH guide to digestive system
Pharynx

The **pharynx** is an organ in the back of the throat. It is also the meeting point of the digestive and the respiratory systems. The opening of the respiratory system in the pharynx is called the glottis. It is guarded by a cartilagenous flap called the epiglottis which prevents food or liquid from going into the respiratory system. It closes during swallowing action. As such, it is part of the gastrointestinal system. It comes after the mouth and before the esophagus. Food and air go through the pharynx. The pharynx keeps food and liquids out of the lungs.

The pharynx has 3 parts:
1. Nasopharynx - the upper part of the back of the throat, that leads up into the nose
1. Oropharynx - the part at the back of the throat
1. Laryngopharynx - the bottom part, before the windpipe and esophagus split from 1 into 2 tubes
Jejunum

The **jejunum** is a section of the small intestine between the duodenum and the ileum. It is between 1 and 2 meters long.The term "jejunum" derives from the Latin "jejunus," which means "empty of food," "meager," or "hungry." The ancient Greeks noticed at death that this part of the intestine was always empty of food. Hence, the name the jejunum.

The Latin "jejunus" also gave rise to "jejune" means lacking in nutritive value and devoid of substance, significance or interest, that is dull. A jejune argument is one that is empty (like the jejunum) and totally devoid of interest.

Famous quote...."Have You Ever Been Punched in The Jejunum?"
Ileum

The **ileum** is the last section of the small intestine. It is between 2 and 4 meters long in humans.
Cecum

The **cecum** is a part of the large intestine. It helps with fermenting dietary fiber. It comes before the colon and after the ileum in the gastrointestinal system. The appendix is connected to the cecum. The size of the cecum varies in humans and other omnivores but it is large in herbivores and small in most carnivores.
Romano Prodi

**Romano Prodi** (born 9 August 1939 in Scandiano, Italy) is an Italian politician and leader of a left-wing coalition named _L'unione_ (The Union).

Prodi was "President of the Council of Ministers", that is, Prime Minister of Italy between 1996 and 1998.

He then served as President of the European Commission from 1999 to 2004.

He was re-elected Prime Minister of Italy for a second time in 2006, when he defeated Silvio Berlusconi, leader of the right-wing coalition named _Casa delle Libertà_ (House of Freedom).
Electric

***Electric*** is the fifth studio album by Jack Ingram. The album was released on June 4, 2002.
Basilicata

**Basilicata** is a region in the south of Italy. The capital is Potenza. The population was about 597,768 in 2004. The region is very mountainous. Because of this, communication in the area was very difficult until modern times. This has also caused Basilicata to be one of the least developed areas of Italy. Basilicata borders the Tyrrhenian Sea and the Gulf of Taranto at its lowest elevations. The highest point in the area is Monte Pollino at 2233m (7325ft). The area also includes a dead volcano, Monte Vulture. The region has an area of .

Basilicata also used to be one of the poorest regions in Italy. It has become richer over the past couple of years because of the discovery of oil.

## Provinces

Basilicata is divided into two provinces.
- Matera
- Potenza

## Other websites

- Official Site  (IT)

## Infobox (region of italy)

- **name**: Basilicata
- **region coa**: Regione-Basilicata-Stemma.svg
- **coa size**: 50px
- **map**: Italy_Regions_Basilicata_Map.png
- **flag**: Flag of Basilicata.svg
- **capital**: Potenza
- **area**: 9995
- **population**: 591001
- **pop rank**: 18th
- **pop date**: 2007-12-31
- **gdp**: 10.5
- **gdp year**: 2006
- **website**: [http://www.regione.basilicata.it/ www.regione.basilicata.it]
- **leader**: Vito De Filippo
- **leader party**: Partito Democratico, Democratic Party
- **nuts**: ITF
- **latd**: 40.5908
- **longd**: 16.0933
Campania

**Campania** is a region of the south of Italy. The capital is Napoli. The population in 2021 was about 5,679,759.

## Provinces

- Province of Avellino
- Province of Benevento
- Province of Caserta
- Province of Naples Capital
- Province of Salerno
- Provincia Campanese

## Other websites

- Official site (IT)

## Infobox (region of italy)

- **name**: Campania
- **region coa**: Regione-Campania-Stemma.svg
- **coa size**: 50px
- **map**: Italy Regions Campania Map.png
- **flag**: Flag of Campania.svg
- **capital**: Naples
- **area**: 13595
- **population**: 5811390
- **pop rank**: 2nd
- **pop date**: 2007-12-31
- **gdp**: 94.3
- **gdp year**: 2006
- **website**: [http://www.regione.campania.it/ www.regione.campania.it]
- **leader**: Antonio Bassolino
- **leader party**: Partito Democratico, Democratic Party
- **nuts**: ITF
- **latd**: 40.9222
- **longd**: 14.7467
Vasil Levski

**Vasil Levski** is a Bulgarian hero. He was born in Karlovo, Bulgaria in 1837. His real name is Vasil Ivanov Kuncev and _Levski_ was his nickname. His father's name was Ivan Kuncev. Vasil Levski struggled for independence of Bulgaria from the Ottoman Empire. He was executed in 1873.
CP/M

**CP/M** (**Control Program for Microcomputers**) was an Operating System for computers used in the 1970s and early 1980. Originally, it supported up to 64 kb of main memory. It was command-line based, and came before MS-DOS.

## Infobox (os)

- **name**: CP/M
- **screenshot**: Cpmz80.png
- **caption**: A screenshot of CP/M-80.
- **developer**: Digital Research, Digital Research, Inc. / Gary Kildall
- **source model**: Originally closed source, now open source
- **kernel type**: Monolithic kernel
- **programmed in**: PL/M
- **supported platforms**: Intel 8080, Intel 8085, Zilog Z80, Intel 8086, Motorola 68000
- **working state**: Historic
- **latest release version**: 3.1
- **latest release date**: 1983
- **prog language**: Assembly language, BASIC, Modula-2, Pascal (programming language), Pascal etc.
- **ui**: Command line interface
- **license**: Originally Proprietary software, proprietary, now BSD licenses, BSD-like
- **website**: [http://www.digitalresearch.biz/CPM.HTM Digital Research official CP/M page]
Batter

**Batter** may mean:
- Batter (baseball)
- Batter (cooking)
- Batter (cricket)
- Batter (linuxoid)
- To hit or strike a person, as in committing the crime of battery
- To hit or strike a person, as in committing the tort of battery, a common-law offense
- Slope
- Batter head, on a drum, the head that is struck
Sana'a

**Sana'a** or **Sanˤā**' (, romanized as Ṣanʻāʼ or Sanaa), is the capital city of Yemen and the capital of Sana'a Governorate, but instead forms the separate governorate of _ʾAmānat al-ʿĀṣimah_ (). It had a population of 1,747,627 (as of 2004).

In the 2010s, it became a battlefield in the Civil War.  The government moved to Aden as the city fell under control of the Houthi movement, on September 21, 2014.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Sana'a
- **native name**: __
- **image skyline**: San'a03 flickr.jpg
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **image caption**: Sana'a
- **pushpin map**: Yemen
- **pushpin label position**: bottom
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Yemen
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Administrative division
- **subdivision name1**: Amanat Al Asimah
- **government type**: Local
- **leader title**: Mayor: Abdulrahman al-Akwaa
- **leader name**: Numan Dowaid
- **established date3**: 1167
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area water percent**: 1.7%
- **population as of**: 2004
- **population total**: 1747627
- **population metro**: 2,167,961
- **population blank1 title**: Ethnicities
- **population blank2 title**: Religions
- **timezone**: GMT+3
- **elevation m**: 2250
Cantabria

**Cantabria** is a region in the north of Spain. It has 563,000 people living in it. In Cantabria most people speak Spanish. The people of Cantabria have autonomy in Spain, which means they have their own local government and much control over their region. The capital is Santander. This city is on the coast of the Cantabrian Sea and is very popular with tourists. Cantabria belongs to the Green Spain, the name given to the strip of land between the Cantabrian Sea and the Cantabrian Mountains in northern Spain.

## Culture

Many different examples of prehistoric cave art have been found, suggesting the Cantabrian culture is at least 15,000 years old. Cave art is the best known feature of the Cantabrian life. The latest round of systematic cave explorations began in the early 1970s. Now new art can be discovered every year. Some of the cave art is engraved, and others are painted. Much of the cave art is of animals. There are often pictures of red deer found from this area of Spain. There are also other unusual symbols that can be found. This attracts much interest and many tourists to this culture. The Cantabrian life revolves mainly around art, tourism, and fishing. Rich deposits of coal, iron, and zinc are also mined in the Cantabrian Mountains. Tourism is a very large part of the Cantabrian life, and their economic success.

## Climate

Cantabria is known for a rainy and cool climate. The region is also greener than southern Spain and is very mountainous.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Cantabria
- **official name**: <small></small>
- **settlement type**: Autonomous communities of Spain, Autonomous community
- **image flag**: Flag_of_Cantabria_(Official).svg
- **flag size**: 125px
- **flag alt**: Flag of Cantabria (Official).svg
- **image shield**: Escudo_de_Cantabria_(oficial).svg
- **shield size**: 100x100px
- **shield alt**: Coat-of-arms of Cantabria
- **anthem**: Himno a la Montaña
<small>(in English: Anthem to the Mountain)</small>
 <div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;"></div>
- **image map**:
- **map caption**: Location of Cantabria within Spain
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Spain
Civil Aviation Authority

The **Civil Aviation Authority** (CAA), is the publicly owned organisation in charge of flying (Aviation) in the United Kingdom. It was created in 1972, doing the tasks previously done by the Department of Transport.

This means it is in charge of:
- Rules about aviation (policy)
- Licencing of both personnel and machinery
- Pricing of certain services (Air Traffic Control, Landing fees, etc.)

The CAA no longer provides air traffic control services (ATC), this responsibility was passed to a private company called National Air Traffic Services (NATS) in 2001 which the government owns 49% of.

Some other duties have passed to the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA), such as type certification. CAA-UK is part of the rulemaking group of the EASA.
Apulia

**Apulia** (; ; ) is one of the twenty regions of Italy, in southern Italy on the Adriatic Sea. The capital is Bari.

Its southernmost portion, known as Salento peninsula, has the shape of a high heel on the "boot" of Italy.

## Geography

Apulia is in Southern Italy.  It has an area of . There are 4,077,166 people living in the region, for a density of .

The region is bordered by Molise to the northwest, Campania to the west, Basilicata to the southwest, the Strait of Otranto and the Ionian Sea to the southeast, the Gulf of Taranto to the south, and the Adriatic Sea to north and to the east.

## Provinces

The region is divided into six provinces:

|style="background:#ccf;"|Province|style="background:#ccf;"|Abbreviation|style="background:#ccf;"|Area (km²)|style="background:#ccf;"|Population|style="background:#ccf;"|Density (inh./km²)|style="background:#ccf;"|_Comuni_|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|align=left|Bari|BA||||41||||||
|align=left|Barletta-Andria-Trani|BT||||10||||||
|align=left|Brindisi|BR||||20||||||
|align=left|Foggia|FG||||61||||||
|align=left|Lecce|LE||||97||||||
|align=left|Taranto|TA||||29||||||

## Other websites

- Official website
- Environmental League Puglia

## Infobox (region of italy)

- **name**: Apulia
- **italian name**: _Puglia_
- **region coa**: Coat of Arms of Apulia.svg
- **coa size**: 50px
- **flag**: Flag of Apulia.svg
- **anthem**: _O bella Puglia_
- **map**: Apulia in Italy.svg
- **capital**: Bari
- **area**: 19450.90
- **population**: 4077166
- **pop date**: 31 December 2015
- **population demonym**: Pugliese ()
- **gdp**: 68.9
- **gdp year**: 2006
- **website**: [http://www.regione.puglia.it/ www.regione.puglia.it]
- **leader**: Michele Emiliano
- **nuts**: ITF
Belluno

**Belluno** (, , ) is a _comune_ and city in the Veneto region, in Northeast Italy. Belluno is the capital of the province of the same name. The city is about  north of Venice.

## Geography

The town is near the confluence of the Piave river with the small river _Ardo_. To the north of the town is the _Schiara_, a group of mountains. To the south, the foothills of the Alps separate Belluno from the plain of the Veneto. The most northern part of the _comune_ is in the "Dolomiti Bellunesi National Park" ().

The _comune_ of Belluno has an area of  and its altitude is .

Belluno borders with the following _comuni_ː Alpago, Limana, Longarone, Ponte nelle Alpi, Sedico, Sospirolo, Vittorio Veneto (in the Treviso province).

### _Frazioni_

The following _frazioni_ (hamlets) are part of Belluno: Anconetta, Antole, Bes, Bolzano, Caleipo, Castion, Castoi, Cet, Cirvoi, Col di Salce, Faverga, Fiammoi, Giamosa, Giazzoi, Gioz, Levego, Madeago, Mares, Mier, Nevegàl, Nogarè, Orzes, Rivamaor, Safforze, Sagrogna, Sala, Salce, San Fermo, San Pietro in Campo, Sois, Sopracroda, Sossai, Tisoi, Veneggia, Vezzano, Vignole, Visome.

## Population

, there are 35,870 persons living in the _comune_, for a population density of  inhabitants/km².

**Evolution of the population in Belluno**

## Twinned towns

Belluno is twinned with:
- Cervia, Italy
- Bend, Oregon, United States

## People from or related to Belluno

- Sebastiano Ricci (1659–1734), painter
- Andrea Brustolon (1662–1732), sculptor
- Marco Ricci (1676–1730), painter
- Pope Gregory XVI (1765–1846)
- Ippolito Caffi (1809–1866), painter
- Pope John Paul I (1912-1978)
- Luigi Luca Cavalli Sforza (b. 1922), human geneticist

## Other websites

- Belluno official website
- Adorable Belluno

## Infobox (italian comune)

- **name**: Belluno
- **official name**: Città di Belluno
- **native name**:

- **image skyline**: Belluno-Schiara.jpg
- **image caption**: Panorama of Belluno
- **image flag**: Flag of Belluno.svg
- **image shield**: Belluno-Stemma.svg
- **region**: Veneto
- **province**: province of Belluno, Belluno (BL)
- **frazioni**: see #Frazioni, list
- **mayor**: Jacopo Massaro
- **area total km2**: 147.18
- **population total**: 35876
- **population as of**: January 2017
- **population demonym**: Bellunesi
- **elevation m**: 390
- **saint**: Martin of Tours, Saint Martin
- **day**: 11 November
- **postal code**: 32100
- **area code**: 0437
Rovigo

**Rovigo** is an Italian city in Veneto. It has a population of about 50,883 inhabitants.
L'Aquila

**L'Aquila** is an Italian city.
It has about 71,989 inhabitants. It is the capital of Abruzzo.

It is on a hill in the valley of the Aterno river. It is circled by the Apennine Mountains. The Financial Times, an important newspaper, wrote that L'Aquila is "the most handsome city of Abruzzo".

It is a very old town, full of beautiful buildings and churches. It has a university.

## History

Emperor Frederick II founded this town. He told the people of 99 villages to move in the new town. Frederick's son, Conrad IV of Germany finished the town in 1254. When Conrad died, his brother Manfred destroyed the town in 1259. Charles I of Anjou, king of Sicily, built it again soon.

It became soon the second city of the Kingdom of Naples.

The city of L'Aquila had much power because the 99 original villages helped it. Each village owned a borough (a small part of the town) and the borough was a part of the mother-village. That is also why the number 99 is so important in the history of L'Aquila.

The people also built a very peculiar monument, the Fountain of the 99 Spouts (_Fontana delle 99 Cannelle_).

The city was an important market for the countryside. The saffron (a very important spice) was grown in fields around town; shepherds had millions of sheep near L'Aquila.

After a few years L'Aquila became an important point of communication between cities in and out of the kingdom.

On 29 August 1294, the hermit Pietro del Morrone became pope Celestine V. The ceremony was in the church of Santa Maria di Collemaggio.

To thank the town, Celestine V decided that every year on that day every Christian who went to L'Aquila would be pardoned for his sins (bad actions). This is called Perdonanza, and it still happens every year on August 28 and 29. The Perdonanza is similar to the Jubilee Year, but arrived earlier.

The Perdonanza made the town more rich. But after a long time the plague (a dangerous illness) struck L'Aquila in 1348 and 1363. An earthquake struck it in 1349.

Saint Bernardino of Siena visited L'Aquila two times. The first time he came to preach to King René of Naples. In 1444 he died in the city.

In the 16th century, the Spanish viceroy Philibert van Oranje destroyed L'Aquila again. After this, he built a Castle.

Another earthquake damaged again the city in 1703. Another occurred in 2009.

## Sport

The city is the home of L'Aquila Rugby. This team won the Italian championship five times.

## Twinned cities

L'Aquila is twinned with these cities:
- - Rottweil
- - York
- - Cuenca
- - Hobart
- - Zielona Gora
- - Bernalda
- - Bistriţa
- - Baalbeck

## Other websites

- Official website
- A portal for L'Aquila
- Inside Abruzzo: Insider Tips Uncovered
- n the Land of Bears and Castles, The Financial Times (29 June 2007)
- Image gallery
- [news:italia.laquila.discussioni newsgroup <italia.laquila.discussioni>]
- L'Aquila Rugby
- L'Aquila Tourism  Places of interest in L'Aquila
- Turistical and historical informations about L'Aquila, Abruzzo
Chieti

**Chieti** is a city and _comune_ in Southern Italy,  east by northeast of Rome. It is the capital of the province of Chieti in the Abruzzo region.

Chieti is on a hill between the Aterno-Pescara and the Alento rivers and is near the coast of the Adriatic Sea and the mountains.

## Geography

Chieti is in the central eastern part of the Abruzzo, at an average altitude of  above sea level. It is on a hill that separates the watersheds of the Aterno-Pescara river (to the north) and of the Alentro stream (to the south). The _comune_ has an area of .

The city is formed by two main parts:
- _Chieti alta_ is the oldest part of the city and includes the historical centre that is on the hill.
- _Chieti Scalo_ is the newest part of the city and is in the valley to the north of the hill, on the right side of the Aterno-Pescara river.

The _comune_ is surrounded by the _comuni_ Bucchianico, Casalincontrada, Cepagatti (PE), Francavilla al Mare, Manoppello (PE), Pescara (PE), Ripa Teatina, Rosciano (PE), San Giovanni Teatino and Torrevecchia Teatina.

### _Frazioni_

The following _frazioni_ (hamlets) are part of Chietiː Bascelli, Brecciarola, Buonconsiglio-Fontanella, Carabba, Chieti Scalo, Colle Marcone, Crocifisso, De Laurentis Vallelunga, Fonte Cruciani, Iachini, La Torre, San Martino, San Salvatore, Levante, Tricalle, Sant'Anna, Santa Barbara, Santa Filomena, Selvaiezzi, Vacrone Cascini, Vacrone Colle San Paolo, Vacrone Villa Cisterna, Vallepara, Villa Obletter, Villa Reale.

## Population

The people from Chieti are called _Chietini_ but also _Teatini_ after the old name of the city ().

, there are 51,330 persons living in the _comune_, for a population density of  inhabitants/km².

**Evolution of the population**

## Other websites

- Chieti official website

## Infobox (italian comune)

- **name**: Chieti
- **official name**: Città di Chieti
- **image skyline**: Chieti 01 (RaBoe).jpg
- **image alt**: Panorama of Fermo
- **image caption**: View of Fermo.
- **image flag**: Flag of Chieti.svg
- **image shield**: Chieti-Stemma.svg
- **region**: Abruzzo
- **province**: Province of Chieti, Chieti (CH)
- **frazioni**: see #Frazioni, list
- **mayor**: Umberto Di Primio
- **area total km2**: 59.57
- **population total**: 51330
- **population as of**: 1 January 2017
- **population demonym**: Chietini/Teatini
- **elevation m**: 330
- **elevation min m**: 12
- **elevation max m**: 348
- **saint**: St. Justin of Chieti
- **day**: 11 May
- **postal code**: 66100
- **area code**: 0871
Pescara

**Pescara** is an Italian city in Abruzzo of 123,400 inhabitants. In 1957, the only Pescara Formula One Grand Prix was held, and won by British driver, Stirling Moss. It was the longest ever Formula One track, using over  of local roads. It was first used for motor car racing in 1924, and closed in 1961.
Cryptozoology

**Cryptozoology** is a folkloric pseudoscience that purports to study animals that people think might exist, but can't be proved to exist. It also is the study of animals many scientists think are extinct, but which people sometimes report. Those who study or look for such animals are called _cryptozoologists._ Some people call the unproven creatures **cryptids.** John Wall was the first person to use this word in 1983.

## List of cryptids

- Bigfoot
- Chupacabra
- Fresno Nightcrawler
- Great South Bay Giant Horseshoe Crab
- Loch Ness Monster
- Loveland Frogman
- Mokele-mbembe
- Yeti
- Kraken
- Leviathan
- Jersey Devil
- De-Loys monkey (_Ameranthopoides loysi_), also known as Didi or Vasitri

### Mongolian Death Worm

The **Mongolian Death Worm** is a strange snake-like animal that lives in the Gobi Desert. Scientists do not know if it really exists or not.

People who report seeing it say it is like a red, fat worm around 2 – 4 feet long. People who live in Mongolia call it _allghoi khorkhoi_. These people also say the creature spits yellow poison that will kill you as soon as it touches you and it can produce electricity so powerful that it could kill large animals.
Ankylosaurus

***Ankylosaurus*** ***magniventris*** was a type of armored dinosaur. It was the largest of its type, with a maximum length of  and height of .

The body was broad and low-slung and covered in armor. Carnivores, attacking from above, would find no weak points, and the animal could defend itself by using its clubbed tail.

_Ankylosaurus_ was a herbivore, like all ankylosaurs. It probably ate ferns and cycads, which were common low-growing plants.

## Armor

The most obvious feature of _Ankylosaurus_ is its armour, consisting of massive knobs and plates of bone, known as osteoderm or bony scutes, embedded in the skin. Osteoderms are also found in the skin of crocodiles, armadillos and some lizards. The bone was probably overlain by a tough, horny layer of keratin.

These osteoderms ranged greatly in size, from wide, flat plates to small, round nodules. The plates were aligned in regular horizontal rows down the animal's neck, back, and hips, with the many smaller nodules protecting the areas between the large plates. Smaller plates may have been arranged on the limbs and tail. Compared to the slightly more ancient ankylosaurid _Euoplocephalus_, the plates of _Ankylosaurus_ were smooth in texture, without the high keels found on the armor of the contemporaneous nodosaurid _Edmontonia_. A row of flat, triangular spikes may have protruded laterally along each side of the tail. Tough, rounded scales protected the top of the skull, while four large pyramidal horns projected outwards from its rear corners.

Underneath it was covered by normal skin, but to get at it the carnivore would have to turn over an animal weighing up to .

## In movies

_Ankylosaurus_ features in the Jurassic Park series of movies. In _Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom_, several _Ankylosaurus_ flee from a volcanic eruption and at least one is captured by mercenaries. It was later auctioned off to a wealthy Indonesian.
Matera

**Matera** is a city in the area of Basilicata, in the southern part of Italy. It is the capital of the province of Matera. On October 17, 2014, Matera was declared Italian host of European Capital of Culture for 2019

## Infobox (italian comune)

- **name**: Matera
- **official name**: Comune di Matera
- **image skyline**: Cittadimatera1.jpg
- **image caption**: Panorama of Matera
- **image shield**: Matera-Stemma.svg
- **image map**: Map of comune of Matera (province of Matera, region Basilicata, Italy).svg
- **map caption**: Matera within the Province of Matera
- **region**: Basilicata
- **province**: Province of Matera, Matera (MT)
- **frazioni**: La Martella, Venusio, Picciano A, Picciano B
- **mayor**: Raffaello De Ruggieri
- **area total km2**: 387.4
- **population total**: 60023
- **population as of**: September 2012
- **population demonym**: Materani
- **elevation m**: 401
- **saint**: Madonna della Bruna
- **day**: 2 July
- **postal code**: 75100
- **area code**: 0835


## Infobox (unesco world heritage site)

- **whs**: The Sassi di Matera, Sassi and the Park of the Rupestrian Churches of Matera
- **image**: Matera - veduta della Civita da S. Maria di Idris.JPG
- **caption**: The Sassi of Matera
- **criteria**: Cultural: iii, iv, v
- **id**: 670
- **year**: 1993
- **area**: 1,016 ha
- **buffer zone**: 4,365 ha
Potenza

**Potenza** () is an Italian city in south of Italy, in the region Basilicata. It is the capital of Basilicata and also the center of Potenza province. About 70,000 people live there.

Potenza means strength in Italian.
The altitude of the city center is 819m, thus making it the highest provincial capital in Italy.

Potenza has a cathedral.

## Infobox (italian comune)

- **name**: Potenza
- **official name**: Città di Potenza
- **image skyline**: Potenza1.jpg
- **image caption**: Panorama of Potenza
- **image flag**: Flag of Potenza.svg
- **image shield**: Stemmapz.gif
- **region**: Basilicata
- **province**: Province of Potenza, Potenza (PZ)
- **area total km2**: 173
- **population total**: 67348
- **population as of**: 31 May 2015
- **postal code**: 85100
- **area code**: 0971
Kara Sea

The **Kara Sea** () is part of the Arctic Ocean. It lies north of Siberia. The Kara Sea is separated from the Barents Sea to the west by the Kara Strait and Novaya Zemlya, and the Laptev Sea to the east by the Severnaya Zemlya.

## Size

It is roughly 1,450 kilometres long and 970 kilometres wide. It has an area of around 880,000 km² and an average depth of 110 m.

## Geography

The Kara receives a large amount of fresh water from the Ob, Yenisei, Pyasina, and Taimyra rivers, so its salinity is very variable.

## Uses

Its main ports are Novy Port and Dikson and it is important as a fishing ground although the sea is ice-bound for all but two months of the year. Significant discoveries of petroleum and natural gas, an extension of the West Siberian Oil Basin, have been made but have not yet been developed.

## Problems

There is concern about the levels of nuclear waste the former Soviet Union dumped in the sea which included six nuclear submarine reactors and ten nuclear reactors, and the effect this will have on the marine environment. An International Atomic Energy Agency appraisal showed that releases are low and localised.

## Other websites

- International Atomic Energy Agency:Radiological Conditions of the Western Kara Sea
Prototheria

The **Prototheria** is a former subclass of mammals, now no longer in use. The name comes from Greek _prōtos_ means 'first', and _thēr_, 'beast'. The only surviving animals in this subclass are the Monotremes.

There are two other subclasses, the  Metatheria  and  the Eutheria. Metatheria contains the marsupials. All the other mammals are Eutherian.

Evidence is accumulating that the Prototheria is not a natural group, but alternative suggestions are not yet agreed. The term is not listed in Benton's 4th edition (2015), so it is now a dead term.
Sex education

**Sex education** is telling people about sexual intercourse. Usually, parents tell their children when they reach puberty. This usually includes things like how to make babies, how to protect against unwanted pregnancies, and how not to get any of the sexually transmitted diseases there are. It should also include the fact that men and women are anatomically different, how the sex organs work, and what happens during puberty, when children change into adults  In many cultures speaking about sex or sexual education is a taboo.

Some level of sex education is also done in school; in many places, the government passed laws that say that sex education must be done in school. Some parts of sex education vary by culture, e.g. the moral and ethic aspects.

## Other websites

- SIECUS  Sexuality Information and Education Council of the United States
Bedroom

The **bedroom** is a room where people sleep.  A bedroom mainly has a bed and drawers or other storage for clothes.  Many bedrooms also have a closet and nightstand.  Some houses have more than one bedroom, and the biggest one is called a **master bedroom** or **primary bedroom**.  A master bedroom may have an attached bathroom called an ensuite.