juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Simon & Garfunkel

Paul Simon and Art Garfunkel were an American folk and rock music duo. They were two childhood friends, who became famous in the 1960s. Their songs, including "Mrs. Robinson", "So Long, Frank Lloyd Wright", "The Sound of Silence", and "Bridge Over Troubled Water", all composed by Simon, are still popular to this day.

Their free concert in New York City's Central Park in 1981 was the biggest concert ever, with 500,000 people (about the same number as Woodstock).

The band broke up in 1970.

## Discography

- Studio albums
- _Wednesday Morning, 3 A.M._ (1964)
- _Sounds of Silence_ (1966)
- _Parsley, Sage, Rosemary and Thyme_ (1966)
- _Bookends_ (1968)
- _Bridge over Troubled Water_ (1970)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Simon & Garfunkel
- **img**: SimonandGarfunkel.jpg
- **img capt**: Performing live in Dublin. Art Garfunkel is on the left.
- **img size**: 250
- **landscape**: Yes
- **background**: group_or_band
- **alias**: Tom and Jerry
- **origin**: Forest Hills, Queens, New York City, New York (state), New York
- **genre**: Folk rock, world music, soft rock, folk music
- **years active**: 1957–1970
- **label**: Columbia Records, Columbia
- **url**: [http://www.simonandgarfunkel.com/ www.simonandgarfunkel.com]
- **past members**: Paul Simon
Art Garfunkel
Board game

A **board game** is a game usually played with pieces on a board, or some area with marked spaces.

Most board games use pieces that may be moved, placed, or traded depending on the rules of the game. These pieces may be money, chips, pawns, or other objects. Board games may often involve some random chance with dice or cards.  There are many board games with a long history in some cultures.  Examples of these games are  chess, checkers, backgammon, parqués, and go. There are also a great number of popular board games that have been created more recently, in the past hundred years. Among these games are Scrabble, Monopoly and Sorry!.

Chess, and most versions of checkers, are played on a 8x8 square board with 32 white squares and 32 black squares. International checkers is played on a 10x10 square board.

Older than chess, but not by much, is tafl (pronounced 'tabl'), later called "hneftafl". This is an old Norse board game with just two types of pieces. Its pieces, when found in Britain, have often been wrongly ascribed to chess. In chess, of course, the board is different, and there are six kinds of pieces.

## Other websites

- Information about thousands of different board games
Aerosmith

**Aerosmith** is an American rock band, formed in 1970 in Boston, Massachusetts. They have released many popular songs, including "Walk This Way" and "I Don't Want to Miss a Thing". They have their own Guitar Hero video game called Guitar Hero: Aerosmith. Their lead singer is Steven Tyler.

### Studio albums

- 1973 - _Aerosmith_
- 1974 - _Get Your Wings_
- 1975 - _Toys in the Attic_
- 1976 - _Rocks_
- 1977 - _Draw the Line_
- 1979 - _Night in the Ruts_
- 1982 - _Rock in a Hard Place_
- 1985 - _Done with Mirrors_
- 1987 - _Permanent Vacation_
- 1989 - _Pump_
- 1993 - _Get a Grip_
- 1997 - _Nine Lives_
- 2001 - _Just Push Play_
- 2012 - _Music from Another Dimension!_

### Compilation and live albums

- 1980 - _Aerosmith's Greatest Hits_
- 1994 - _Big Ones_
- 1998 - _A Little South of Sanity (Live)_

## Other websites

- Aerosmith's official YouTube channel

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Aerosmith
- **image**: Aearosmith Las Vegas 20190413.jpg
- **caption**: Aerosmith performing in 2019
- **landscape**: yes
- **origin**: Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.
- **years active**: 1970–present
- **current members**: * Steven Tyler
* Tom Hamilton (musician), Tom Hamilton
* Joe Perry (musician), Joe Perry
* Brad Whitford
* Joey Kramer
- **past members**: * Ray Tabano
* Jimmy Crespo
* Rick Dufay
Brighton

**Brighton** is a city on the south coast of England. It was called "Brighthelmstone". It is in the county of East Sussex. In 2000, it joined Hove to become the city of **Brighton & Hove**. Historically, Brighton forms the main part of the Brighton/Worthing/Littlehampton conurbation, with 474,485 inhabitants (2011 census). This is England's 12th largest conurbation, and the mostly densely populated area outside London.

## History

From the 1730s, Brighton entered its second phase of development—one which brought a rapid improvement in its fortunes. The fad for bathing in seawater as a cure for illnesses was encouraged. From the 1760s it was a boarding point for boats travelling to France. Road transport to London was improved when the main road via Crawley was turnpiked in 1770. Spas and indoor baths were opened by physicians.

From 1780, development of Georgian terraced houses started. The fishing village developed to the fashionable resort of Brighton. Growth of the town was encouraged by the patronage of the Prince Regent (later King George IV) after his first visit in 1783. He spent much of his leisure time in the town, and had the Royal Pavilion built during the early part of his Regency.

The arrival of the London and Brighton Railway in 1841 brought Brighton within the reach of day-trippers from London. Some major attractions such as the West Pier and the Brighton Palace Pier were built for the growing number of tourists. The population grew from around 7,000 in 1801 to more than 120,000 by 1901.

In 1984, a Provisional Irish Republican Army bombing killed five people.

Modern-day Brighton is a centre for education, sports, and recreation. It has two universities: University of Sussex and the University of Brighton. It also has 54 other schools.

In 2003, the universities of Sussex and Brighton formed a medical school, known as Brighton and Sussex Medical School. Brighton has a thriving LGBT community and every year in the first weekend in  August Pride festivities are held.

## Notable people

- Dora Bryan - English actress
- Henry Thrale - English politician. Lived<nowiki/> in West Street. His good friend, Samuel Johnson, often stayed at his home.
- Laurence Olivier - lived in the city for many years
- Martha Gunn - famous Brighton dipper and favourite of George IV
- Nick Cave - Australian musician,  been living in the city since the 1980<nowiki/>s
- Rudyard Kipling - classical books author
Seismic retrofit

**Seismic retrofitting** is the modification of buildings that already exist to make them resistant to earthquakes. Seismic retrofitting techniques can be applied to other kinds of natural disasters such as tornadoes and strong winds from thunderstorms.

## Seismic retrofit performance objectives

Main levels of retrofitted building structure performance  objectives may vary, namely:
- To protect human lives.
- To protect a structure from total failure.
- To preserve a structure's functionality after a strong earthquake.
- To make a structure, practically, unaffected by any earthquake.
Company (disambiguation)

The word **company** has several meanings:

- company, the people who own or manage a business
- - in the military, a **company** is usually three groups called platoons along with the people who support them
- - in the navy, a **ship's company** is everyone on a certain ship.
1890

## Births

- March 3 – Norman Bethune
- May 19 - Ho Chi Minh leader of Viet Nam
- August 24 – Duke Kahanamoku, American athlete
- October 14 – Dwight D. Eisenhower, thirty-fourth President of the United States (b. 1969)
- December 5 – Fritz Lang, Austrian movie director

## Deaths

- April 11 – Joseph Merrick, English man who was known as the 'Elephant Man'

## Events

- January 15 – Premiere of Tchaikovsky's ballet _The Sleeping Beauty_

- Unknown date
- The Pennsylvania School for the Deaf is built in the city of Philadelphia.
Pillow

A **pillow** is a soft cushion that a person puts under their head when they are sleeping in a bed.

A pillow is made from two pieces of cloth that are sewn together and stuffed with a soft material, such as feathers, duck down, or synthetic batting (man made soft stuffing). Pillows are usually rectangular. Pillows are covered with a fabric sheet called a pillowcase. The pillowcase protects the pillow from getting dirty.

The word _pillow_ comes from Middle English _pilwe_, from Old English _pyle_ (akin to Old High German _pfuliwi_) and from Latin _pulvinus_. The word _pillow_ was first known to be used before the 12th century.

## History

There is no clear inventor of the pillow. Millions of years ago, animals learned to use pillows. An early example is monkeys resting their heads on their arm. Many animals, including birds, use wood and stone nests as pillows. Many domesticated animals have also learned to make use of human-made pillows and cushions. They also rest on members of their own and other species for the same reason.

### Mesopotamia and ancient Egypt

In ancient Mesopotamia, people slept on stone pillows. Pillows were a status symbol. Early pillows were rectangular and had grooves shaped for the head. Pillows showed the wealth of a person — the more a person owned the wealthier they were.

Anicent Egyptians used pillows as a solution to back, neck and shoulder pain. They also prevented insects from crawling in their hair, mouth or nose at night. Anicent Egyptian pillows were made out of wood and stone and looked like stands. These pillows were mostly used for the deceased.
Whaler

A **whaler** is a person who hunts whales, or the boat they use.
They hunt whales for their oil, made from their fat, called _blubber_, and the meat. Today, there is a treaty which bans the hunt of some whale species. Most countries signed the treaty. A few countries still hunt whales for research purposes. Among those countries are Norway, Iceland and Japan.

## Related pages

- Whaling
Self-defence

**Self-defence** means fighting off something or another person to protect yourself and maybe others. Ways of self-defence include martial arts or using a weapon. Sometimes, self-defense can cause serious harm to the other person. In most nations, you cannot be prosecuted for this harm. In the United States, an act of self-defence can only count as self-defence if the victim is in a situation that can cause them serious injury or death. In international law all persons have the right to self-defence.

## Defence of others

The law of self-defence is the same when you protect others. Generally, you must have a good reason or belief that you needed to defend yourself in self-defence. However, in many places, if the court decides that the defence may have been too extreme, the person may face criminal and civil charges.

## Other websites

- No Nonsense Self Defense - Reliable information for dangerous situations Articles by Marc MacYoung
1153

## Deaths

- May 24 – King David I of Scotland (born 1084)
- July 8 – Pope Eugenius III
- August 17 – Eustace IV of Boulogne, son of Stephen of England
- August 21 – Bernard of Clairvaux, French churchman (born 1090)
- Ranulph de Gernon, 2nd Earl of Chester
- Gilbert Fitz Richard de Clare, Earl of Hertford (born 1115)
- Anna Comnena, Byzantine princess and historian (born 1083)
- Bernard de Tremelay, fourth Grand Master of the Knights Templar, at the siege of Ascalon
1913

**1913** (MCMXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday in the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Tuesday in the Julian calendar.

## Events

- First and Second Balkan Wars
- Mexican Revolution
- March 4 - Woodrow Wilson becomes the 28th President of the United States, succeeding William Howard Taft.
- March 12 - Building work begins on the new capital city of Canberra in Australia.
- May 29 - _Rite of Spring_ performance in Paris.
- July 10 - A temperature of  is recorded in Death Valley, California.
- October 14 - The Senghenydd colliery disaster in Wales kills 439 people, in the United Kingdom's deadliest mining tragedy.
- November 7 to November 11 - The Great Lakes Storm of 1913 kills over 250 people. Nineteen ships are lost.
- December 12 - The _Mona Lisa_ is recovered in Florence.
- George Herriman's comic strip _Krazy Kat_ is launched in American newspapers

### January

- January 9 – Richard Nixon, 37th President of the United States (d. 1994)
- January 10 – Gustáv Husák, First Secretary of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (d. 1991)

### February

- February 4 – Rosa Parks, American civil rights activist (d. 2005)

### March

- March 18 - René Clément, French movie director (d. 1996)
- March 26 – Paul Erdős, Hungarian mathematician (d. 1996)

### May

- May 19 – Neelam Sanjiva Reddy, President of India (d. 1996)

### July

- July 14 – Gerald Ford, 38th President of the United States (d. 2006)

### August

- August 26 – Boris Pahor, Slovenian-Italian writer and Holocaust survivor (d. 2022)

### September

- September 23 – Carl-Henning Pedersen, Danish artist (d. 2007)

### November

- November 7 – Albert Camus, French writer (d. 1960)

## Deaths

- March 10 – Harriet Tubman, American anti-slavery activist (b. 1820)
- March 31 – J.P. Morgan, American businessperson (banking) (b. 1837)
- April 15 – Gabdulla Tukay, Tatar poet (b. 1886)
- September 30 – Rudolf Diesel, German engineer, invented the Diesel engine (b. 1858)

## Nobel Prizes

- Physiology or Medicine - Charles Robert Richet (French physiologist)
- Physics - Heike Kamerlingh Onnes (Netherlands)
- Chemistry - Alfred Werner (Switzerland)
- Literature - Rabindranath Tagore (India, then-British India)
- Peace - Henri La Fontaine (Belgium)
1469

## Events

- March 20 – The Battle of Nibley Green in England is the last battle fought between the private armies of feudal lords.
- July 26 – War of the Roses – Battle of Edgecote Moor: the House of Lancaster defeats the House of York.
- October 17 – Prince Ferdinand of Aragon weds Princess Isabella of Castile. This event would lead to a unified Spain in 1516.
- Sigismund of Austria sells upper-Elsass (Alsace) to the Charles the Bold in exchange for help in a war against the Swiss.
- Uzun Hassa wins in Persia and defeats Abu Said.
- Lorenzo de' Medici takes power in Florence.
- Moctezuma I, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan, dies and is succeeded by Axayacatl.
- James III of Scotland acquires Orkney and Shetland Islands from Denmark.

## Births

- April 15 – Nanak Dev
- May 3 – Niccolò Machiavelli

## Deaths

- December 2 – Piero di Cosimo de' Medici, ruler of Florence (b. 1416)
- Moctezuma I, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan
Dodgeball

**Dodgeball** is a sport played by throwing soft balls, or hard rubber balls, at people in a square court. The goal is to be the last one to be hit with the ball. Players may only throw balls at people who are not on their own team. If a player is hit by the ball,he or she should go to the outside of the court to the other team. From the outside, players throw the ball at players still on the inside.

Dodgeball is often played in elementary schools in physical education classes. Many school children play this game. In recent years, many adults who played it as children have formed adult leagues and clubs. Also, some schools have banned it (this means that made it against the rules to play it), because players can get hurt when playing the game. Tournaments are sometimes held in schools.

Dodgeball, because of its recent popularity, inspired a film _Dodgeball: A True Underdog Story_ (2004) starring Ben Stiller and Vince Vaughn, and a game show, _Extreme Dodgeball_.
Local area network

A **local area network** (**LAN**) is a computer network in a small area like a home, office, or school.  Many computers can be connected to share information and Internet connections. Most LANs use Ethernet to connect together.

## Topology

LAN topologies tell you how ROM devices are organised. Five common LAN topologies exist: bus, ring, star, tree, and mesh. These topologies are logical architectures.  This means that they tell you the directions that signals go between devices, but that the actual cables that connect the devices might not be connected the same way. For example, logical bus and ring topologies are commonly organized physically as a star.

- A bus ROM means that the signal is put onto the medium and every device on the bus receives the signal.  If more than one device tries to send a signal at the same time, they can interfere with each other.  A long copper wire with other wires tapped into it is an example of a bus topology.
- A ring ROM means that each device talks to two other devices in the network and the devices all talk in a circle. If a computer sends data out one of its interfaces, it could get an answer back on the other one.  Some rings send traffic in only one direction, other ring networks send traffic in both directions.  Token Ring and FDDI are examples of ring topologies.
- A star ROM means that one device (the middle of the star) connects to several other devices. The only way devices on the points of the star can talk to each other is through the device in the middle.  A ROM is an example of a star topology.  Computers on the ROM need to go through the switch to talk to each other.
- A tree (or hybrid) topology is named because when you draw a picture of how the devices in this topology are connected, it starts off narrow with few devices at the bottom, then branches out at the top.  Large networks are an example of a tree topology.  There are switches and servers near the bottom of the tree, then all the user's computers "branch out" at the top of the tree.
- A mesh network topology means that every device can talk to every other device, and they will not interfere with each other.  You can also have a partial mesh, where some devices do not talk to all of the others.  There are not many simple examples of a mesh network.  A wireless data network where all of the devices use ROM READING or different frequencies to avoid interfering with each other would be one example.
Gilligan's Island

***Gilligan's Island*** is a 1964 American television series. The series is about seven people (two crew members and five tourists) who take a 3-hour sightseeing tour from a marina in Hawaii. This occurs on the boat, S.S. _Minnow_. An unexpected storm sends the boat to an uncharted island. Now, the passengers of the boat have to live on the island and try to find a way home. Most of the episodes involved the characters trying to survive a problem or trying to contact help.

## Castaways

- Willy Gilligan (Bob Denver) - Dimwitted sailor; title character; wears trademark hat.
- Jonas "The Skipper" Grumby (Alan Hale, Jr.) - The skipper of the boat; calls Gilligan his "little buddy"
- Thurston Howell III (Jim Backus) - Eccentric millionaire
- Eunice "Lovey" Howell (Natalie Shaffer) - Thurston's wife
- Ginger Grant (Tina Louise) - A sexy movie actress
- Roy "The Professor" Hinkly (Russell Johnson) - High school teacher/inventor
- Mary Anne Summers (Dawn Wells) - Kansas farm girl
Diaper

A **diaper** (North American English) or **nappy** (British English) is a piece of clothing. It is worn by those who cannot control their urine or feces.

Diapers can be made of cloth (usually cotton) that can be washed and used again. They can also be disposable (put in the garbage after they are used up). Disposable diapers are usually made of plastic or man-made (artificial) fibers and contain chemicals that are  very absorbent.

Diapers that can be washed must be folded in intricate ways (like origami) before being put on. With the disposable you must constantly buy new ones.

Viewed as unpleasant by some, diapers are mostly used by children from birth until the child has learned to use a toilet. They are also used by older people. There are adult diapers for people with medical problems.

In the United Kingdom, Australia and several other countries, a diaper is called a nappy.

Sometimes adults who do not have medical problems also wear diapers.  This can be for different reasons.  Sometimes it is because they have a profession where they cannot always get to a bathroom, like astronauts. Some adults wear diapers for fun. This is usually a form of sexual pleasure, or for emotional reasons.  These people are often called "diaper-lovers" or "adult-babies." The scientific term for liking to wear diapers is infantilism.
Mork & Mindy

***Mork and Mindy*** is an American television sitcom which ran from 1978 to 1982. It stars Robin Williams and Pam Dawber as the title characters. The series was made by Garry Marshall. Comedian Jonathan Winters has a recurring role in the series. _Mork and Mindy_ is a spin-off from Marshall's other popular TV series, _Happy Days_. The plot of the series is that alien named Mork from a planet called Ork who travels to Earth and becomes friends with a woman named Mindy in Boulder, Colorado.
Disgust

**Disgust** is an emotion. People feel it when they see, touch, hear, or taste something that they think is nasty or repulsive. It is also caused by scorn. For example, when one finds something dirty or not fit to eat. Levels of disgust vary based on cultural, religious, and personal backgrounds/experiences. Disgust can be deliberate as someone can do something on purpose to create this emotion.
Oven

**Ovens** are closed, heated containers which are used for heating, baking, and drying. It is used the most often in cooking and pottery. They provide even, dry heat to all surfaces of food inside them. An indoor oven can have an electric heating element, or be fired by natural gas or coal. Outdoor ovens are often made of brick or clay and are buried in hot coals. An oven which is used for making pottery is called a kiln. An oven used for heating or industrial processes is called a furnace. They are hot inside, and often things come out of them hot.

## History

The people in the settlements of the Indus Valley Civilization were the first to have an oven inside of their mud-brick houses by 3200 B.C.
People who study the history of food give credit to the Greeks for making the baking of bread into an art. A type of oven called Front-loaded bread ovens were created in ancient Greece.
Pot

- _Pot is also a different (slang) word for marijuana (Cannabis)._

A cooking **pot** is a vessel to cook in. It is often larger than a pan, and will be taller than it is wide.
Pots are used for boiling liquids, like soups or stew.
Liquid

A **liquid** is a form of matter. It is settled between solid and gas. Liquid has an almost-fixed volume, but no set shape.

Every small force makes a liquid change its shape by flowing. Because of that, gravity makes liquids always take the shape of the container. The molecules that make up the liquid can freely move among themselves.

Fluids that flow slowly have a high viscosity. Some fluids like tar have such a high viscosity that they may seem solid.

It is difficult (near impossible) to compress a liquid. If a liquid is cooled down until it is colder than a certain temperature, it will become a solid.  This temperature is called the melting point or freezing point and is different for every different type of liquid.  If a liquid is heated up it becomes a gas.  The temperature this happens at is called the boiling point.

Examples of liquid are water, oils, tar and blood.

In a liquid, the liquid on the top presses down on the liquid underneath, so at the bottom the pressure, _p_, is bigger than at the top. The equation for working this out is:

- _p = ρgz_

where _z_ is the depth of the point below the surface and _g_ is how strong gravity is pulling on the liquid. _ρ_ is a number that tells us how heavy a set amount of the liquid is. We call this the density and it is different for all liquids.
1806

**1806** (MDCCCVI) was a common year starting on Wednesday in the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Monday in the Julian calendar.

## Events

- August 6 – The last Holy Roman Emperor quits, ending the Holy Roman Empire and founding the Austrian Empire.
1836

## Events

- The Year without a Summer
- Pepsian discovered.
- Charles Dickens writes and publishes his first book, _The Pickwick Papers_.
- First railway opens in Australia, a carriage on rails, pushed by convicts at Port Arthur, Tasmania

## Deaths

- March 6 – Davy Crockett, 49, American folk hero, frontiersman, soldier and politician, execution (b. 1786)
- June 28 - James Madison, 85, fourth President of the United States, heart failure (b. 1751)
White

**White** is the brightest color. White light can be made by putting all the other colors of light on the spectrum together. These other colors are red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet.

## Meaning of white

White is linked with light, goodness, innocence, purity, cleanliness and virginity. It is sometimes thought to be the color of perfection. The opposite of black, white usually has a positive connotation. White can stand for a successful beginning. In heraldry, white depicts faith and purity.

In advertising, white is linked with coolness and cleanliness because it is the color of snow. You can use white to show simplicity in high-tech products. White is an appropriate color for charitable organizations; angels are usually imagined wearing white clothes. White is associated with hospitals, doctors, and cleanliness, so you can use white to show safety when promoting medical products. White is often linked with low weight, low-fat food, and dairy products.

## Tones of white color comparison chart

<li style = "background-color: #ffffff;"> White (Hex: FFFFFF) (RGB: 255, 255, 255)</li>
<li style = "background-color: #fefefa;"> Baby Powder (Hex: FEFEFA) (RGB: 254, 254, 250)</li>
<li style = "background-color: #fffafa;"> Snow (Hex: FFFAFA) (RGB: 255, 250, 250)</li>
<li style = "background-color: #fffff0;"> Ivory (Pale Yellow) (Hex: FFFFF0) (RGB: 255, 255, 240)</li>
<li style = "background-color: #f5F5F5;"> White Smoke (Hex: F5F5F5) (RGB 245, 245, 245)</li>
<li style = "background-color: #f8f8ff;"> Ghost White (Hex: F8F8FF) (RGB 245, 245, 245)</li>
<li style = "background-color: #e1f8e7;"> Cosmic Latte (Hex: E1F8E7) (RGB: 225, 248, 231)</li>
<li style = "background-color: #dcdcdc;"> Gainsboro (Hex: DCDCDC) (RGB: 220, 220, 220)</li>
<li style = "background-color: #d9d9f3;"> Quartz (Hex: D9D9F3) (RGB: 217, 217, 220)</li>

## Related pages

- List of colors
Nigger

**Nigger** is a racial slur used towards black people. It is often used by racists.

## Origin

The word comes from a different way to say "negro". In Spanish and Portuguese, "negro" means the color black and means black people.

## History

Before 1865, many black people in the United States were slaves. In this time, "nigger" often meant a slave. Writers like Joseph Conrad, Mark Twain, and Charles Dickens used this word in their books.

In the 21st century, many black people have "taken back" the word gеr. They use it as a slang word. Some groups are trying to make using the word "nigger" normal for everyone.

## Related pages

- Racism
- Discrimination
- Jim Crow laws
- African Americans
- Racial segregation
- History of racial segregation in the United States

### Other slurs

- Retard
- Gook
- Kike
- Chink
Biography

A **biography** is the story of a person's life. The word comes from the Greek words _bios_ (which means life) and _graphein_ (which means write). When the biography is written by the person it is about, it is called an autobiography.

A written biography is a part of literature. Biographies can also be made as movies (often called biopics) or told as stories.

The oldest written biographies that historians have were written to record rulers' lives. Some were written in Assyria, ancient Babylonia, ancient Egypt and ancient Mesopotamia. Biographies were an early form of history. Another early form of biography was called _hagiography,_ meaning writing about holy people.

In ancient China, a biography was one of the basic forms of a history book. In India, biographies of Buddha and his reincarnated lives were written. In ancient Greece, people wrote biographies of people that were not rulers too. Xenophon wrote a biography of Socrates and gave this book the name _Memorabilia_ (Memories). During the Roman Empire, Plutarch wrote _Parallel Lives_ about ancient Greek and Roman politicians, and Suetonius wrote biographies of the Roman emperors. The Gospels were also biographies of Jesus Christ.

In West Africa, griots tell histories which often include biographies.

Many written biographies today are released by publishers as products for sale.

## Related pages

- Autobiography
- Curriculum vitae
Ralph Nader

**Ralph Nader** (born February 27, 1934) is an American attorney, politician and political activist. He is best known for working for the rights of consumers, for his third party runs for President of the United States, and for helping George Bush get elected in the 2000 presidential election. He ran for president in 1996, 2000 and 2004, but failed to win. In the 2008 election, Nader placed third overall, with 660,094 votes, or about .38%. Nader was born in Winsted, Connecticut. His parents, Nathra and Rose Nader, were Lebanese immigrants. He is a fluent and native speaker of the Arabic language.

## Other websites

- The Nader Page (not campaign-related)
- Nader/Camejo 2004
- Nader's Glitter Opposing view by Thomas Sowell.
Jamie Farr

**Jamie Farr** (born July 1, 1934) is an American actor of Lebanese descent. He is best known for his role as Corp./later Sgt. Maxwell Q. Klinger on the 1970s TV show, _M*A*S*H_. His real name is **Jameel Joseph Farha** and he was born in Toledo, Ohio.

Farr also appeared in movies like _The Blackboard Jungle_ (1955) and _The Cannonball Run_ (1980), was a regular "celebrity judge" on _The Gong Show_ and has a golf tournament named after him.
1804

**1804** (MDCCCIV) was a leap year starting on Sunday in the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Friday in the Julian calendar.

## Births

- July 4 – Nathaniel Hawthorne, American writer (_The Scarlet Letter_, _The House of the Seven Gables_, etc.)
- November 23 - Franklin Pierce, fourteenth President of the United States (d. 1869)

## Deaths

- February 12 – Immanuel Kant
- July 12 – Alexander Hamilton, 49 (b. 1755)
1812

**1812** (MDCCCXII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday in the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Monday in the Julian calendar.

## Events

- March 5 – Prussia and France sign the Treaty of Paris
- March 26 – The 1812 Caracas earthquake destroys Caracas in Venezuela.
- April 30 – Louisiana is admitted as the 18th U.S. state.
- June 18 – The War of 1812 between the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom begins.
- December 30 – Convention of Tauroggen is signed.
- The capital of Finland is moved from Turku to Helsinki.

- February 12 – Charles Dickens
Zookeeper

A **zookeeper** is a worker in a zoo, responsible for the feeding and daily care of the animals. As part of this, they clean the exhibits and report signs of bad health. They may also be involved in scientific research, and in public education, conducting tours or simply answering questions put by members of the public.

Qualifications and pay of zookeepers both vary widely. A junior keeper in a small zoo may have no qualifications other than an affinity for the job, while a senior keeper in a large zoo would most probably have both a relevant college degree and extensive experience.

Generally, a liking for animals and outside work and willingness to undertake moderate and sometimes dirty physical work are required. Many animals are themselves heavy and strong-smelling, as is the food some of them eat. Handling such is part of the job at times.

## Other websites

- Career information (USA)
Cage

A **cage** is a box which is made to keep something inside of, without it being able to get out (such as an animal).  Cages are usually made of many metal bars.

A cage which has birds in it is called a "birdcage".

## Related pages

- A jail cell is like a cage for humans.
Toddler

**A toddler** is a very young child who is learning how to use their hands, stand and walk, and also how to communicate with others.

Most children are toilet trained while they are toddlers.
Even when toddlers can walk, they are often transported in a stroller, buggy, or pushchair when the walk is a long distance or when they're tired. Toddlerhood typically begins after age one and is over by the time the child is 4, but this can differ depending on the child.

## Other websites

- Toddler Weight/Height Calculator
Ronald McDonald

**Ronald McDonald** is an American clown character who is the mascot of the McDonald's fast-food restaurant.
He wears yellow and red stripes and has wacky hair. He lives in McDonaldland, with lots of his friends. The first actor to play Ronald McDonald was famous weatherman and Bozo the Clown actor Willard Scott. Later the actor for Coco the Clown, Michael Polakovs, redesigned Ronald McDonald's outfit and make-up, which is the version still used by today's Ronald McDonald actors. The fictional character is a heroic magical adventurer that stands up good and freedom, such as saving the rain forest and supporting Ronald McDonald House Charities.

## Actors

McDonald's has many actors employed to portray Ronald McDonald in restaurants and events. It is assumed, however, that the company uses only one actor at a time to play the character in television commercials.

This is a list of these main actors:

- Willard Scott (Washington, D.C. 1963–1965)
- Bev Bergeron (Southern California, 1966–1968)
- George Voorhis (Southern California, 1968–1988)
- Ray Rayner (1968–1969)
- Bob Brandon (1970–1975)
- King Moody (1969–1985)
- Squire Fridell (1985–1991)
- Jack Doepke (1990–1999)
- David Hussey (2000–2014)
- Brad Lennon (2014–present)

An actor by the name of Joe Maggard stated in an interview of The Guardian in 2014 that he portrayed the Ronald McDonald character from 1995 to 2007. However, It was stated in a 2003 article by The Baltimore Sun that Maggard was only a stand-in actor for one commercial shoot in the mid 90s and stated that "he is definitely not Ronald McDonald", as Jack Doepke and David Hussey were the real current portrayers as Ronald throughout the time period Joe claimed he did. In 1998, he was charged of carrying a weapon in the New Hanover County, N.C., McDonalds and the next year he was convicted in making harassing telephone calls posing as Ronald. The judge ordered him to take anger management classes.
Bob Marley

**Robert Nesta "Bob" Marley** (February 6, 1945  May 11, 1981) was an important Jamaican singer-songwriter and musician in the 1970s and 1980s. He made the style of reggae music very popular all over the world. His music told stories of his home and the Rastafarian religion that he followed. Some songs were about religion and some songs were about politics like Get Up Stand Up.

Bob Marley was born on February 6, 1945 in Nine Mile, Saint Ann Parish, Jamaica to a black teenager, Cedella Booker, and a white man named Norvall Marley. When he was young, his friends gave him the nickname, "Tuff Gong".  He started his music career in the 1960s with his group the Wailing Wailers (or simply the Wailers), that he formed with two friends, Peter Tosh and Bunny Wailer. In 1962, Bob Marley and the Wailing Wailers recorded their first two songs called "Judge Not" and "One Cup of Coffee".

Bob married Rita Anderson in 1966 and she joined the group as a back-up singer. They had five children together. One is Ziggy Marley, who is also a well-known reggae performer.

In 1974, the Wailers broke up because three of the band members wanted to pursue solo careers. Marley continued calling his band Bob Marley and the Wailers and joined together with new members to continue playing music. In 1975, Bob Marley had his first international hit called "No Woman No Cry". In Jamaica, he is considered a folk hero. Some other hits of his include "Three Little Birds", "Africa Unite", "Buffalo Soldier", and "One Love". His most popular studio album was called _Legend_, which includes his greatest hits.

Bob Marley died on 11 May 1981, at Cedars of Lebanon Hospital in Miami, Florida, of Melanoma (Skin Cancer). He was one of the followers of Rastafarianism

### Studio albums

- _The Wailing Wailers_ (1965)
- _Soul Rebels_ (1970)
- _Soul Revolution_ (1971)
- _The Best of The Wailers_ (1971)
- _Catch a Fire_ (1973)
- _Burnin_' (1973)
- _Natty Dread_ (1974)
- _Rastaman Vibration_ (1976)
- _Exodus_ (1977)
- _Kaya_ (1978)
- _Survival_ (1979)
- _Uprising_ (1980)
- _Confrontation_ (1983)

### Live albums

- _Live!_ (1975)
- _Babylon by Bus_ (1978)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **embed**: yes
- **years active**: 1962–1981
- **associated acts**: Bob Marley and the Wailers


## Infobox (person)

- **honorific prefix**: The Honourable
- **name**: Bob Marley
- **image**: Bob-Marley.jpgborder
- **alt**: Black and white image of Bob Marley on stage with a guitar
- **caption**: Marley performing at the Dalymount Park in Dublin in July 1980
- **birth name**: Robert Nesta Marley
- **birth place**: Nine Mile, Jamaica, Nine Mile, Saint Ann Parish, Colony of Jamaica
- **death place**: Miami, Florida, US
- **partner**: Cindy Breakspeare (1977–1978)
John Candy

**John Franklin Candy** (October 31, 1950 – March 4, 1994) was a Canadian actor. He is known for his comic roles in many movies and television series.

## Filmography

- _Class of '44_ (1973)
- _It Seemed Like a Good Idea at the Time_ (1975)
- _Tunnel Vision_ (1976)
- _The Clown Murders_ (1976)
- _Find the Lady_ (1976)
- _The Silent Partner_ (1978)
- _Lost and Found_ (1979)
- _1941_ (1979)
- _Double Negative_ (1980)
- _The Blues Brothers_ (1980)
- _Stripes_ (1981)
- _Heavy Metal_ (1981) (voice)
- _It Came From Hollywood_ (1982) (documentary)
- _National Lampoon's Vacation_ (1983)
- _Going Berserk_ (1983)
- _Splash_ (1984)
- _The Last Polka_ (1984)
- _Brewster's Millions_ (1985)
- _Sesame Street presents Follow That Bird_ (1985)
- _Summer Rental_ (1985)
- _Volunteers_ (1985)
- _Tears Are Not Enough_ (1985) (documentary)
- _Armed and Dangerous_ (1986)
- _Little Shop of Horrors_ (1986)
- _Spaceballs_ (1987)
- _Planes, Trains and Automobiles_ (1987)
- _She's Having a Baby_ (1988) (Cameo)
- _The Great Outdoors_ (1988)
- _Hot to Trot_ (1988) (voice only)
- _Who's Harry Crumb?_ (1989) (also executive producer)
- _Speed Zone!_ (1989)
- _Uncle Buck_ (1989)
- _Masters of Menace_ (1990) (Cameo)
- _Home Alone_ (1990)
- _The Rescuers Down Under_ (1990) (voice)
- _Nothing But Trouble_ (1991)
- _Career Opportunities_ (1991)
- _Only the Lonely_ (1991)
- _Delirious_ (1991)
- _JFK_ (1991)
- _Once Upon A Crime_ (1992)
- _Boris and Natasha: The Movie_ (1992)
- _Rookie of the Year_ (uncredited) (1993)
- _Cool Runnings_ (1993)
- _Hostage For A Day_ (1994)
- _Wagons East!_ (1994)
- _Canadian Bacon_ (1995)
- _The Magic 7_ (archive footage) (2008)

## Other websites

- JohnCandy.com - The home of everything John Candy
- All Movie Guide entry for John Candy
- Find-A-Grave profile for John Candy

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: John Candy
- **image**: John Candy.jpg
- **caption**: Candy in September 1993.
- **birth place**: Newmarket, Ontario, Canada
- **death place**: Durango, Mexico
- **death cause**: Cardiac arrest by drug exces
- **occupation**: Actor, comedian
- **spouse**: Rosemary Hobor (m. 1979 – 1994; his death) 2 children
- **years active**: 1970 – 1994
Fermentation

**Fermentation** is when a cell uses sugar for energy without using oxygen at the same time. Fermentation is also when oxidation occurs in the absence of oxygen.

'Fermentation' also describes growing microorganisms on a growth medium. This is done to get a chemical product. French microbiologist Louis Pasteur studied fermentation and the microorganisms that cause it. The science of fermentation is known as _zymology_.

Yeast is an organism that ferments.  When yeast ferments sugar, the yeast uses sugar and produces alcohol.  The process uses the coenzyme NAD: In metabolism, NAD helps redox reactions, carrying electrons from one reaction to another. Fermentation is a less efficient form of respiration than oxidative respiration (respiration using oxygen).

The ethyl alcohol produced by yeast is used to make beverages or biofuel. Yeast can be also used to grow bakery products like bread and cakes faster. In some cases yeast might be used to speed up the process of creation of wine.

Other cells make vinegar or lactic acid when they ferment sugar.  In a different way, the fermentation process can continue and turn the alcohol into vinegar i.e. acetic acid.

## Types of fermentation

When yeast ferments, it breaks down the glucose (C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub>) into ethanol (CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>OH) and carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>).
- Ethanol fermentation always produces ethanol and carbon dioxide. It is important in bread-making, brewing, and wine-making.
- Lactic acid fermentation produces lactic acid. It happens in muscles of animals when they need lots of energy fast. The pain of a cramped muscle is caused by the build-up of lactic acid. The pain eases as the product is taken away by the blood supply.

## Other websites

- Fermentation (biochemistry)) -Citizendium
1939

**1939** (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday in the Gregorian calendar.  World War II started in this year.

## Events

- May 15 – Nazi Germany opens Ravensbruück concentration camp, the largest Nazi concentration camp for women
- September 1 – The Second World War begins when Nazi Germany invades Poland
- September 17 – The Soviet Union invades Poland
- October 6 – Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union divide and take over Poland
- November 30 – The Winter War begins

## Births

- February 6 – Mike Farrell
- February 14 – John Conn (Scottish-Australian writer)
- March 13 - Neil Sedaka, American singer-songwriter and musician (The Tokens)
- April 2 – Marvin Gaye
- July 1 - Karen Black (d. 2013)
- July 30 - Peter Bogdanovich
- August 3 – Wes Craven
- August 19 - Ginger Baker, English drummer (Cream) (d. 2019)
- September 5 – George Lazenby
- September 18 – Frankie Avalon
- October 27 – John Cleese
- November 13 – Will Ryan (American actor)

## Deaths

- September - Khan Sahib Abdul Majid Khan Tarin, OBE,  British Indian judge and legislator (b. 1877)
- November 12 -Norman Bethune

## Movies released

- _Dodge City_ starring Errol Flynn
- _Gone with the Wind_ starring Clark Gable
- _Goodbye, Mr. Chips_ (Best Picture Academy Award)
- _The Hunchback of Notre Dame_ starring Charles Laughton
- _The Private Lives of Elizabeth and Essex_
- _Stagecoach_ starring John Wayne
- _The Wizard of Oz_ starring Judy Garland

## New books

- _Finnegans Wake_ by James Joyce

## Hit songs

- "Somewhere Over The Rainbow" – by E.Y. Harburg and Harold Arlen, from the movie_The Wizard of Oz_; won the Academy Award for the best song.
- "If I Didn't Care - by The Ink Spots

nv:1901 – 1950
Square kilometre

A **square kilometer** (British English spelling _square kilometre_, in short _km²_) is a unit of measurement of area.
It is based on the SI unit meter.

## Equal areas

A square that has a side length of 1 kilometer (1000 meters) has an area of one square kilometer.
- 1,000 m × 1,000 m = 1 km × 1 km = 1,000,000 m² = 1 km²
There are 100 hectares in one square kilometer.
One square kilometer is just less than 0.39 square miles.

## Use

Square kilometer is often used to say how much surface something occupies on Earth.
It can, for example, be used to describe the area of a city or country.
These usually take more than 1 km² on Earth.

The number of people living in a square kilometer is known as population density.

## Sources

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Judge

A **judge** is a person who is in control of a court of law.

The way to become a judge depends on each country. In some countries, judges must work with the law (often as a lawyer) for a number of years before they can "sit as a judge" in a courthouse.  Judges are supposed to conduct the trial in an open courtroom and impartially.

In many English speaking countries, judges cannot make some decisions on their own. In these countries, juries are used, but not for all cases. The modern jury trial first developed in mid-12th century England during the reign of Henry II. Today, the details differ between one country and another.

If there is a jury, the judge has the job of making sure the person taken to court is treated in a fair way. Some courts will have more than one judge. For important decisions about the laws of a country, countries may have a _supreme court_ or _high court_ with many (nine or more) judges in it. In the United States, judges on a supreme court are called _justices_ and are led by a _Chief Justice_.

In many countries, judges wear special clothes while being in court. Often this is a black robe or cloak. Supreme or High Court judges often wear a red cloak. Judges in some countries also wear a special long wig. They also used to put a piece of black material on their head when they sentenced a person to die.
Guilt (law)

In criminal law, a person is **guilty** if a court has decided they have done something illegal. For instance, if a person has broken a law by theft, he or she is guilty of a crime.

A person is guilty if a court decides him or her to be, i.e. if the court blames them for doing something wrong. A guilty person is punished. The punishment is called _sentence_.
Length

**Length** is a measurement. The length of something is the distance between two ends of the thing. **Short** means a small length. **Long** means much length. **Short** and **long** are opposites. For two dimensional things, length is usually the longer side.

A ruler is a tool used to measure length.

## Measuring

All the sides on shapes have a length. The length is between the two points of the side. You can also find the length of any two points on a shape, even if they are not on one side.

A shape can have different lengths based on how many dimensions it takes.
- A line has one size measurement. This measurement is the length.
- A rectangle has two measurements that show its size. These two measurements are the length and the width of the rectangle.
- The length and width of a square are the same.
- A box has three measurements that show its size. These three measurements are the length, the width and the height of the box.
- A circle has diameter, the length across the circle. A circle also has circumference, the length around its side.

## Examples

- The distance from the front of the bus to the back of the bus is 30 meters. The bus is 30 meters in length.
- A piece of wood is 10 meters X 10 cm X 15 cm. The piece of wood is 10 meters in length, 10 cm in breadth and 15 cm in height.

## Length of time

Length can also mean an amount of time. The length is measured by looking at the time at the start, then looking at the time at the end.

You might sit down at one o'clock. If you stand up at three o'clock, you would be sitting for two hours. The length of time is two hours.