juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Sting

**Gordon Matthew Thomas Sumner**  (born 2 October 1951) better known as **Sting**, is an English singer and musician. He first became famous as a member of the band, The Police.

As a solo musician and a member of the Police, Sting has received 17 Grammy Awards: he won Song of the Year for "Every Breath You Take", three Brit Awards, including Best British Male Artist in 1994 and Outstanding Contribution in 2002, a Golden Globe, an Emmy and four nominations for the Academy Award for Best Original Song. In 2019, he received a BMI Award for "Every Breath You Take" becoming the most played song in radio history. In 2002, Sting received the Ivor Novello Award for Lifetime Achievement from the British Academy of Songwriters, Composers and Authors and was also inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame. He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of the Police in 2003. In 2000, he received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for recording. In 2003, Sting received a CBE from Elizabeth II at Buckingham Palace for services to music. He was made a Kennedy Center Honoree at the White House in 2014, and was awarded the Polar Music Prize in 2017.

With the Police, Sting became one of the world's best-selling music artists. Solo and with the Police combined, he has sold over 100 million records. In 2006, _Paste_ ranked him 62nd of the 100 best living songwriters. He was 63rd of VH1's 100 greatest artists of rock, and 80th of _Q_ magazine's 100 greatest musical stars of the 20th century. He has collaborated with other musicians on songs such as "Money for Nothing" with Dire Straits, "Rise & Fall" with Craig David, "All for Love" with Bryan Adams and Rod Stewart, "You Will Be My Ain True Love" with Alison Krauss, and introduced the North African music genre raï to Western audiences through the hit song "Desert Rose" with Cheb Mami. In 2018, he released the album _44/876_, a collaboration with Jamaican musician Shaggy, which won the Grammy Award for Best Reggae Album in 2019.

## Studio albums

- _The Dream of the Blue Turtles_ (1985)
- Bring On the Night  (1986)
- ...Nothing Like the Sun  (1987)
- The Soul Cages  (1991)
- Ten Summoner’s Tales  (1993)
- Mercury Falling  (1996)
- Brand New Day  (1999)
- Sacred Love  (2003)
- Songs from the Labyrinth  (2006)
- If on a Winter’s Night...  (2009)
- Symphonicities  (2010)
- The Last Ship  (2013)
- 57th & 9th  (2016)
- Sting & Shaggy: 44/876  (2018)
- My Songs  (2019)
- The Bridge (2021)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Sting
 <small></small>
- **img**: Sting_in_2018_(cropped).jpg
- **img capt**: Sting in 2018
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Gordon Matthew Thomas Sumner
- **origin**: Wallsend, England
- **instrument**: Singing, Vocals
Bass guitar
Guitar
- **genre**: Rock music, Rock
Pop music, Pop
New Wave (music), New Wave
Jazz
Classical
- **occupation**: Musician
Songwriter
Record producer, Producer
Actor
- **years active**: 1974 – present
- **label**: A&M Records
Deutsche Grammophon
Universal Music Group, UMG
- **associated acts**: The Police
- **url**: [http://www.sting.com Sting]
Starbucks

**Starbucks** is a chain of stores that sell coffee. A chain is many stores owned by the same company. Many of the stores look the same, and all stores sell the same items, often at the same prices. As well as coffee, Starbucks sells beverages and baked goods.

Starbucks started in Seattle in the United States in 1971. The number of stores has grown quickly. There are over 9,000 Starbucks stores all over the world. Most of these stores are in the United States. Some large cities in the U.S. have many Starbucks stores. Sometimes they open so many stores in one city that there are two Starbucks within a few blocks of each other.

Starbucks sells many kinds of drinks. There are many sizes: for example, some stores have short, tall, grande, venti and trenta. There are many ways to customize each drink. A _frappuccino_, for example, is a cold drink. Flavored syrup and cream is added to coffee or juice and stirred with ice.

Some stores sell special items, such as mugs related to the city they are located in.

## International growth

The first Starbucks in Japan opened in Ginza in 1996. There were 985 stores in Japan in 2012.

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: Starbucks Corporation
- **image**: Starbuckscenter.jpg
- **image size**: 250px
- **image caption**: Starbucks headquarters at Starbucks Center in Seattle, Washington (state), Washington
- **type**: Public company, Public
- **foundation**: 1971
Pike Place Market, Elliott Bay, Seattle, Washington, United States, U.S.
- **hq location**: 2401 Utah Avenue South
- **hq location city**: Seattle, Washington
- **hq location country**: U.S.
- **num locations**: 23,768
- **num locations year**: 2016
- **area served**: Worldwide
- **industry**: Coffeehouse, Coffee shop
- **revenue year**: 2014
- **operating income**: US$ 3.081 billion
- **assets year**: 2014
- **equity**: US$ 5.272 billion
- **equity year**: 2014
- **num employees**: 191,000
- **num employees year**: 2014
Frasier

***Frasier*** is an American sitcom starring Kelsey Grammer. The series is set in Seattle, Washington. It aired on NBC from 1993 to 2004. It is a spin-off from _Cheers_. It is based upon the psychiatrist and his life. It revolves around his personal life and interpersonal interactions with his father Martin Crane, a retired police officer, who was shot in the hip by a robber, who as a result has a limp and walks using a cane, who lives with him. Other characters include his eccentric brother Niles, who is also a psychiatrist, Martin's pretty English healthcare worker Daphne Moon and a host of folks he regularly runs into / works with at the radio station (including his producer Roz Doyle), where he hosts a community psychiatric call-in show.

Main cast :
- Dr. Frasier Crane (Kelsey Grammer)
- Daphne Moon (Jane Leeves)
- Dr. Niles Crane (David Hyde Pierce)
- Roz Doyle (Peri Gilpin)
- Martin Crane (John Mahoney)
Spin-off

A **spin-off** is something new that comes from something already present. If military technology finds civilian use, for example, that is one kind of spin-off. It is often used for video games, movies, and television programmes, but it can also be used when talking about companies or organisations.  A spin-off may have the same people, places, themes or ideas as the original.

## Spin-offs in television

- _Frasier_ (spin-off from _Cheers_)
- _Angel_ (spin-off from _Buffy the Vampire Slayer_)
- _The Facts of Life_ (spin-off of _Diff'rent Strokes_)
- _She-Ra: Princess of Power_ (spin-off from _He-Man and the Masters of the Universe_)
- _Daria_ (spin-off from _Beavis and Butthead_, which was a spin-off from _Liquid Television_)
- _Paw Patrol_, _Rubble & Crew_ and _Ben & Holly's Little Kingdom_ (spin-offs from _Peppa Pig_)
- _The Simpsons_ (spin-off from _The Tracey Ullman Show_)
- _Torchwood_ (spin-off from _Doctor Who_)
- _Jack and the Pack_ and _All Engines Go_ (spin-off from _Thomas and Friends_)
- _A.N.T. Farm_ (spin-off from _Kids Incorporated_)
- _Sam & Cat_ (spin-off from _iCarly_ and _Victorious_)
- _The Jeffersons_ (spin-off from _All in the Family_)
- _Milo Murphy's Law_, _Gravity Falls_ and _The Amazing World of Gumball_ (spin-offs from _Phineas and Ferb_)
Bauxite

**Bauxite** is the main ore of aluminium. It is mostly aluminium oxide.

Bauxite is the most important aluminium ore. It is largely made up of the minerals Gibbsite Al(OH)<sub>3</sub>, Boehmite γ-AlO(OH), and Diaspore α-AlO(OH), together with the iron oxides Goethite and Hematite, the clay mineral Kaolinite and small amounts of Anatase TiO<sub>2</sub>. It was named after the village Les Baux-de-Provence in southern France, where it was first discovered in 1867 by geologist Pierre Berthier. Today the four biggest producers are Australia, Brazil, China and India.

## Kinds

There are two main kinds of bauxite ores: carbonate bauxites (karst bauxites), and silicate bauxites (lateritic bauxites). Carbonate bauxites were discovered earlier, and occur mainly in Europe and Jamaica above carbonate rocks such as limestone and dolomite.

Lateritic bauxites occur in many countries of the tropical belt. They were formed from various silicate rocks such as granite, gneiss, basalt, syenite, and shale.

For bauxite to be created there must be intense weathering conditions and very good drainage. Bauxite deposits with highest aluminium content are frequently located below an iron-bearing surface layer. In lateritic bauxite, the aluminum hydroxide contained in laterite deposits is almost entirely a form called gibbsite.
Chalcopyrite

**Chalcopyrite** is the main ore of copper. It is mostly copper iron sulfide. It is also known as peacock ore or peacock copper. It is often mistaken for bornite. It can be gold or iridescent and can also look like Pyrite(Fool's Gold). It forms commonly on igneous rocks
Hematite

**Hematite** or **haematite** is the main ore of iron. It is mostly iron(III) oxide. Millions of tons are dug up every year, much of it from banded iron formation<nowiki/>s. This is usually to feed to blast furnaces to make steel. It is a mineral related to corundum. It is an oxide.

It has a metallic luster. It has no cleavage (the way a mineral breaks). It has a fracture. The fracture is irregular and uneven. Hematite on the hardness scale is 5 to 6. It has a bright red to dark red streak. To find the streak, you take the mineral and run it across a plate of unglazed porcelain. The colours can be metallic grey to a dark, rough and earthy red colour. Hematite has the chemical formula of Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>.

## Related pages

- Corundum

- Iron(III) oxide
- Rust
Galena

**Galena** is the main ore of lead. It is mostly lead(II) sulphide.
Galena is one of the most common and widely used sulfide minerals. It crystallizes in the cubic crystal system often showing octahedral forms. It is often found with the minerals sphalerite, calcite and fluorite.
Bob Dole

**Robert Joseph Dole** (July 22, 1923 – December 5, 2021) was an American politician and lawyer. Dole was the United States Senator from Kansas between 1969 and 1996. He was a member of the Republican Party. He was the Republican Leader of the United States Senate from 1985 until 1996. Before Dole's Senate career, he was a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1961 to 1969. Dole was the Republican nominee for Vice President in the 1976 election and for President in the 1996 election.

Dole was born and raised in Russell, Kansas, where he began with a career in law. Dole was in the United States Army during World War II. He was the Russell County Attorney for a short time until he won election to the House of Representatives in 1960. In 1968, Dole was elected to the Senate. He was chairman of the Republican National Committee from 1971 to 1973, and chairman of the Senate Finance Committee from 1981 to 1985. Dole was the Senate Majority Leader from 1985 to 1987 and from 1995 to 1996.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **image**: Bob Dole, PCCWW photo portrait.JPG
- **caption**: Official portrait, 1990s
- **office1**: Senate Majority Leader
- **president1**: Bill Clinton
- **deputy1**: Trent Lott
- **term start1**: January 3, 1995
- **term end1**: June 11, 1996
- **predecessor1**: George J. Mitchell, George Mitchell
- **successor1**: Trent Lott
- **president2**: Ronald Reagan
- **deputy2**: Alan K. Simpson, Alan Simpson
- **term start2**: January 3, 1985
- **term end2**: January 3, 1987
- **predecessor2**: Howard Baker
- **successor2**: Robert Byrd
- **office3**: Senate Minority Leader
- **deputy3**: Alan Simpson
- **term start3**: January 3, 1987
- **term end3**: January 3, 1995
- **predecessor3**: Robert Byrd
- **successor3**: Tom Daschle
- **office4**: Chair of the Republican National Committee
- **term start4**: January 15, 1971
- **term end4**: January 19, 1973
- **predecessor4**: Rogers Morton
- **successor4**: George H. W. Bush
- **jr/sr5**: United States Senator
- **state5**: Kansas
- **term start5**: January 3, 1969
- **term end5**: June 11, 1996
- **predecessor5**: Frank Carlson
- **successor5**: Sheila Frahm
- **office6**: Member of the
United States House of Representatives, U.S. House of Representatives
from Kansas
- **constituency6**: (1961–1963)
 (1963–1969)
- **term start6**: January 3, 1961
- **term end6**: January 3, 1969
- **predecessor6**: Wint Smith
- **successor6**: Keith Sebelius
- **state house7**: Kansas
- **district7**: 81st
- **term start7**: January 9, 1951
- **term end7**: January 13, 1953
- **predecessor7**: Elmo J. Mahoney
- **successor7**: R. C. Williams
- **birth name**: Robert Joseph Dole
- **birth place**: Russell, Kansas, U.S.
- **death place**: Washington, D.C., U.S.
- **death cause**: Lung cancer
- **resting place**: Arlington National Cemetery
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **spouse**:

- **children**: 1
- **signature**: Bob Dole Signature2.svg
- **serviceyears**: 1942–1948
- **rank**:  Colonel (United States), Colonel
- **unit**: 10th Mountain Division
- **battles**: World War II
- **mawards**: Bronze Star Medal, Bronze Star
Purple Heart
Lionel Richie

**Lionel Brockman Richie, Jr.** (born June 20, 1949) is an American R&B singer-songwriter. He is best known for his 1980s songs.

## Early life

Richie was born in Tuskegee, Alabama. His family is of African American and He spent his childhood there. He spent his teenage years in Joliet, Illinois.

## Career

He started his career with The Commodores; between him and the band, _Three Times a Lady_ is their best remembered song. His self-titled debut album was one of the biggest music successes of 1982. More successful was its follow-up, _Can't Slow Down_.

In 1984, as a surprise guest, he sang _All Night Long_ to a worldwide audience of over two billion at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles.

After a few years break, Richie returned to the music industry in 1996 with _Louder than Words_. Another album of his, _Renaissance_, came out four years later and featuring the song _Angel_.

Richie made a dramatic comeback to the top of the charts in 2012 with _Tuskegee_, a country album made up of new versions of many of his biggest hit songs, each featuring a different guest artist. It became his first Number 1 album on the Billboard 200 chart since 1986, and also reached Number 1 on the _Billboard_ country album chart. _Tuskegee_ also became his first album since 1986 to be certified as platinum (more than 1 million copies sold) by the Recording Industry Association of America.

## Personal life

In 1990, Richie adopted Nicole Escovedo. Her name is now Nicole Richie. She co-starred on Fox's _The Simple Life_ with Paris Hilton.

## Television

- _American Idol_ (2018) - Judge

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Lionel Richie
- **image**: Lionel Richie 2017.jpg
- **caption**: Lionel Richie in December 2017
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Lionel Brockman Richie, Jr.
- **birth place**: Tuskegee, Alabama, United States
- **instrument**: Vocals, piano/keyboards, saxophone
- **occupation**: Singer-songwriter, musician, instrumentalist, record producer, actor
- **years active**: 1967–present
- **label**: Island Records, Island, MCA Records, MCA, Motown
- **associated acts**: Diana Ross, Commodores, Nicole Richie, Alabama (band), Marvin Gaye, Stevie Wonder, Luther Vandross, Michael Jackson, Janet Jackson, Patti Labelle, USA for Africa, Live Aid, Jason Derulo, Natasha Bedingfield, Kenny Rogers, Akon, Trijntje Oosterhuis, Good Charlotte
Walt Disney Pictures

**Walt Disney Pictures** is a movie studio from the United States that makes family-friendly movies with a G or PG rating from the Motion Picture Association, like _The Great Mouse Detective_ and _Dinosaur_. A few Disney movies were rated PG-13: _Pirates of the Caribbean_ and its sequels and _John Carter_.

Walt Disney Pictures started as a subsidiary of The Walt Disney Studios in 1985. Before that, Disney movies were released under the **Walt Disney Productions** name.

Part of film distributor Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures, the studio also has Walt Disney Animation Studios and DisneyToon Studios.

Walt Disney Pictures also distributes films produced by other Disney labels including Marvel Studios, Lucasfilm, 20th Century Studios, and internationally Searchlight Pictures; with Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures currently handling distribution for the respective labels.

## Related pages

- List of Disney movies
- List of Disney animated movies

## Other websites

- The Official Site
- The Big Cartoon DataBase page for Disney animated movies (Dead link)

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: Walt Disney Pictures
- **image**: Disney_studios_burbank_entrance_gate_buena_vista.jpg
- **image caption**: The Walt Disney Studios (Burbank), Walt Disney Studios' Riverside Drive (Los Angeles), Riverside Drive property in Burbank, California
- **type**: Subsidiary
- **industry**: Film industry, Film
- **defunct**: February 6, 1986 (as Walt Disney Productions)
- **fate**: Split from the animation division (as Walt Disney Productions)
- **hq location**: Walt Disney Studios (Burbank), 500 South Buena Vista Street
- **hq location city**: Burbank, California
- **hq location country**: U.S.
- **area served**: Worldwide
- **products**: Film, Motion pictures
- **owner**: Disney Entertainment
- **parent**: Walt Disney Studios (division), Walt Disney Studios
Scrotum

The **scrotum** is the bag that holds the testicles (commonly called _balls_) in male mammals. It is made of skin and muscle and is found between the penis and anus. It is often covered in pubic hair and becomes tight when the male is aroused. The scrotum has a seam or slightly raised line of skin which is called the raphe.

## Use

The function of the scrotum is to keep the testicles less warm than the rest of the body. Human testicles work best at 36.8 degrees Celsius (98 degrees Fahrenheit) when normal body temperature is 37 degrees Celsius (98.6 degrees Fahrenheit). Higher temperatures than 36.8 degrees will damage the sperm inside the testicles.

The temperature is controlled by moving the testicles closer to the abdomen when they are too cold, and away when too hot. This is done by muscles contracting or relaxing. This lifts and lowers the testicles inside the scrotum. The scrotum will usually tighten during erection. The testicles can also be lifted by tightening the anus and pelvic muscles.

Some men put jewelry on the scrotum, mainly for decoration.

### Temperature

The best temperature for the testes varies between species, but usually it is a bit cooler than body temperature (around 2c below the main temperature). This means that the testicles have to be held outside of the body in most male mammals.

### Protection

The scrotum may move the testes closer to the abdomen when in danger. Testes are extremely sensitive, and hitting or injuring them causes extreme pain. Males avoid this by involuntarily moving the testes closer.

Another explanation for the location of the scrotum is to that their exterior location protects the testes from jolts and being crushed inside the body. Animals that have slow movements - such as elephants, whales, and moles - have internal testes and no scrotum.

When the scrotum is hanging loosely, the testicular cords that the testicle hangs from can get twisted. This is especially prone to happen during exercise.  This is called testicular torsion. It is a medical emergency.

## Related pages

- Sex organ
- Castration
- Penis

## Infobox (anatomy)

- **name**: Scrotum
- **latin**: scrotum
- **image**: File:Scrotum - Hodensack.JPG
- **caption**: A human's scrotum in a relaxed state (left) and a tense state (right)
- **precursor**: Labioscrotal swellings
- **system**: Reproductive system
- **artery**: Anterior scrotal artery, posterior scrotal artery, deep external pudendal artery, superficial external pudendal artery, internal pudendal artery
- **vein**: Posterior scrotal veins, internal pudendal veins
- **nerve**: Posterior scrotal nerves, anterior scrotal nerves, genital branch of genitofemoral nerve, perineal branches of posterior femoral cutaneous nerve, pudendal nerve, perineal nerve
- **lymph**: Superficial inguinal lymph nodes
Ministry (band)

**Ministry** is an American industrial metal band from Chicago, Illinois. It was started in 1981 by musician Al Jourgensen. After 27 years and 11 albums, Al disbanded the group in 2008. However, the band reformed in 2011 for a new album and tour.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Ministry
- **img**: Ministry Sweden Rock 2008.jpg
- **img capt**: Ministry performing live at the 2008 Sweden Rock Festival.
- **img size**: 250
- **landscape**: yes
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Chicago, Illinois, United States
- **genre**: Synthpop, Electronic body music, EBM <small>(early)</small>, industrial metal, thrash metal <small>(later)</small>
- **years active**: 1981–2008, 2011–present
- **label**: Wax Trax Records, Wax Trax!, Arista Records, Arista, Sire Records, Sire, Warner Bros. Records, Warner Bros., Sanctuary Records, Sanctuary, 13th Planet Records, 13th Planet, Megaforce Records, Megaforce
- **associated acts**: Revolting Cocks, Lard (band), Lard, 1000 Homo DJs, PTP (band), PTP, Acid Horse, Lead Into Gold, Pailhead, Killing Joke, Slipknot (band), Slipknot, Fear Factory
- **current members**: Al Jourgensen
Mike Scaccia
John Bechdel
Sin Quirin
Aaron Rossi
Casey Orr
Indo-European

**Indo-European** may refer to:

- Indo-European languages
- Indo-European people, the native speakers of Indo-European languages
    - Aryan race, a 19th and early 20th century term for those peoples
- Proto-Indo-European language, the reconstructed common ancestor of all Indo-European languages
- Proto-Indo-Europeans, an ancient ethnic group speaking the Proto-Indo-European language
Ingot

**Ingots** are bars of metal, formed by pouring the molten metal into a mould. This is done after it has been taken from the ore. Gold ingots are often seen in movies.

## Related pages

- Bullion
Ulcer

An **ulcer** is a kind of open wound. Ulcers can be on surfaces of the body. They can be on skin. They can be mucous membranes like the surface of the stomach or inside the mouth.

Ulcers start when the top layer (surface) of skin or mucous membrane is damaged. The top layer dies. When it dies, the skin or mucous membrane opens. This leaves an open sore called an ulcer.

Ulcers can be from infection with germs. Ulcers can be from pressure on a part of the skin. Ulcers can be from substances that will burn skin or mucous membranes. Peptic ulcers are sometimes from burning by the acid in the stomach. Ulcers can be from cancer. Ulcers can be from diseases of blood vessels. If not enough blood goes to a body part, it can get an ulcer. Stress can also sometimes cause ulcers. Ulcers are often very painful.

### Grading

Wagner's grading of ulcer follows:

|Grade|Description|
| --- | --- |
|0|Pre-ulcerative lesion or healed ulcer|
|1|Superficial ulcer|
|2|Ulcer deeper to subcutaneous tissue exposing soft tissue or bone|
|3|Abscess formation underneath, osteomyelitis|
|4|Gangrene of part of tissues, limb or foot|
|5|Gangrene of entire one area or foot|

## Specific types

- Arterial insufficiency ulcer: mostly located on the lateral surface of the ankle or the distal digits
- Cortisol ulcer: caused by long term application of cortisol (steroid) topical creams to certain skin diseases.
- Diabetic foot ulcer: a major complication of diabetes mellitus, and probably the major component of the diabetic foot.
- Venous ulcer: thought to occur due to improper functioning of venous valves, usually of the legs

## Infobox (medical condition (new))

- **name**: Skin ulcer
- **image**: Crohnie sores 4.JPG
- **caption**: Erythema nodosum – Skin ulcers that occur in some patients with inflammatory bowel disease
Peptic ulcer

A **peptic ulcer** is an ulcer of the stomach or duodenum. The duodenum is the first part of the small intestines. It is the tube that food goes through when it leaves the stomach. _Peptic_ means talking about the stomach.

Gastric ulcers are peptic ulcers in the stomach.

Duodenal ulcers are peptic ulcers in the duodenum.

## Global statistics

The lifetime risk for developing a peptic ulcer is approximately 5% to 10%. Men and women are equally as likely to have them.

The amount of deaths was much higher until the last decades of the 20th century, then dropped.

Deaths caused by peptic ulcer deaths globally in 2015 was 267,500.

## Causes

Most ulcers are caused by an infection from bacteria. This bacteria is called _Helicobacter pylori_. 90% of gastric ulcers and 75% of duodenal ulcers are from _Helicobacter pylori_ infection.

Other things can make ulcers worse. But these things are less important than _Helicobacter pylori_. These other things are:

- Drugs called NSAIDs, medicine used for pain and inflammation. Aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen are NSAIDs.
- Smoking cigarettes
- Old age
- Stress from diseases or injuries like pneumonia and burns

## Symptoms and signs

The most frequent symptom is pain in the stomach. Pain is usually in the top of the abdomen below the ribs. Some people also feel pain go up to the chest.

Other symptoms are:
- Vomiting
- Blood in vomit – this can be red. This can also look like coffee grounds
- Black stools
- Waves of Pain or Burning
Vomiting red blood while having other symptoms is a serious sign.

## Diagnosis

- Endoscopy – looking inside a person's stomach with a camera that goes through their mouth and down to their stomach
- Test on the air someone breathes out to look for _Helicobacter pylori_ infection
- Blood test to look for _Helicobacter pylori_ infection
- Feces antigen test
- Small sample taken from the affected body area or the ulcer
- X-Ray: imaging of the GI tract. Ulcers in the body can be found this way, also called an upper GI series

The best way is _endoscopy_. But this costs more money. Endoscopy is done by a medical specialist called a _gastroenterologist_ (a doctor who knows much about the digestive system.)

A good thing about endoscopy is finding other diseases if there is no peptic ulcer. The symptoms of peptic ulcer can be from other diseases. Endoscopy can diagnose these other diseases.

## Treatment

Treatment often entails the use of antibiotics to kill H. pylori; reducing or stopping the use of NSAIDs; and reducing or blocking the effects of stomach acid to assist in the ulcer's healing. Antacids such as Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs) or H-2 Blockers may be used to reduce stomach acid, or cytoprotective agents such as sucralfate or misoprostol may be used to protect the stomach lining from the acid.
Symptom

**Symptoms** are used in diagnosis. The term is used in medicine, and in other fields such as fault-finding in engineering.

In medicine, it refers to things the patient feels or notices. It contrasts with signs, which are changes which a doctor sees in a patient. What a patient feels is subjective, whereas what a doctor sees is objective.

In diagnosis, all symptoms and signs are brought together to make a hypothesis as to what is going wrong. This might suggest further investigation or treatment. A complete investigation ends with a diagnosis that summarizes all this.

- Pain is a symptom, and red color is a sign, of a skin burn.
- Feeling sick is a symptom, and vomiting and diarrhea are signs, of food poisoning, cholera and other causes.
- Pain in the chest is a symptom, and cyanosis (blue color of skin) is a sign, of heart disease.
- Headaches, aching muscles, and nausea are symptoms of influenza.

## Similar terms

- **Symptomatic**: having or showing symptoms.
- **Asymptomatic**: not showing symptoms.
    - **Asymptomatic carrier** has the disease but shows no symptoms.
Medical diagnosis

A **diagnosis** (ancient Greek: δια-γνωστικος) is when a doctor finds out what makes someone sick.

## Overview

Sometimes, doctors can diagnose a sickness by asking the patient questions and looking at the patient's body. Sometimes, doctors do _tests_. Tests can mean taking a small bit of blood, urine or tissue which is sent to a hospital laboratory where it is tested. X-rays are another form of test.Tests are ways to see how the body is working. When a diagnosis has been made, the doctor may recommend treatments.

## Process

Diagnosis starts with the patient's examination in a medical institution or during a call to the doctor at the patient's place of residence. Diagnosis of the disease begins with the collection of medical history. After collecting the anamnesis, the doctor examines the patient, where the doctor performs percussion and auscultation of the patient, palpation of the disease, measures the patient's blood pressure, heart rate and respiration rate, which measures the patient's body temperature.

### Laboratory examinations

Laboratory examination methods feature general clinical tests, including a blood test, urine test and, stool test. Laboratory methods of examination also include biochemical methods of examination, during which the levels of glucose, urea, bilirubin, creatinine, liver enzyme<nowiki/>s, blood lipids are determined; coagulogram, which analyzes the indicators of blood clotting, blood hormone tests; determination of tumor markers; tests of blood and body tissues for infectious diseases; allergological, toxicological, cytological and parasitological examinations.

Instrumental examination methods include X-ray, endoscopic, ultrasound, methods of recording the electrical activity of organs, including but not limited to Electrocardiogram (ECG) and Electroencephalography (EEG), and a number of other examination methods. To diagnose disorders of some systems and organs, methods of recording the electrical activity of organs are used, particularly ECG and EEG.
True Jesus Church

The **True Jesus Church** is a Christian church. It was started during the early 20th century. It is an independent Church. It split from the Pentecostal movement in China. The Pentecostal movement is an evangelical movement within Christianity.

This group practices faith healing, speaking in tongues, baptism by putting a person completely under water, footwashing and the Saturday Sabbath. By 1949 they claimed 120,000 members; those members met in 700 churches.

The True Jesus Church was banned in the People's Republic of China in 1958 along with all the other Christian churches, but they were allowed to reopen in 1985. Since then, they have grown quickly and have spread across the whole country. They are strongest in Jiangsu, Hunan and Fujian provinces.

They say that daily prayer is very important, both private and public. They engage in vigorous evangelism.

Currently their churches are found in more than 60 countries across six continents. Followers of the Church reject the idea of the Trinity because they believe it is a man-made concept.

Christian holidays were often near the dates of pagan ones. This is also true for Easter, Christmas and Good Friday. The feast of Sol invictus was on the 25th of December. It was a very important holiday in Ancient Rome. Because of the pagan origins of the holidays, the True Jesus Church does not celebrate Easter and Christmas. The movement has between 1.5 and 2.5 million followers.
A Series of Unfortunate Events

***A Series of Unfortunate Events*** is a series of 13 books written for children by the author Lemony Snicket. They tell the story of three unlucky orphans (Violet Baudelaire, Klaus Baudelaire, and Sunny Baudelaire) and their lives after the death of their parents. The main villain of the books is Count Olaf who wants to steal Baudelaires' inheritance (the money their parents left behind). Count Olaf uses many disguises to get their fortune.

## In other media

In 2004, there was a movie version, "Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events," from Paramount Pictures and Nickelodeon movies, starring Jim Carrey as Count Olaf.

In 2012, a new series from Lemony Snicket named All the Wrong Questions was written. The series tells the story of Lemony Snicket, a member of a group named V.F.D which is an important part of the series, when he was a child.

In 2016, the series was broadcast through Netflix (children's section).

## Other websites

- Lemony Snicket's website

## Infobox (book)

- **name**: A Series of Unfortunate Events
- **image**: A Series of Unfortunate Events logo.png
- **author**: Daniel Handler (under the pen name of Lemony Snicket)
- **illustrator**: Brett Helquist
- **cover artist**: Brett Helquist
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **genre**: Children's literature, Children's, black comedy, Gothic fiction, gothic, absurdist fiction and Mystery
- **publisher**: HarperCollins
Egmont Publishing, EgmontUK
- **pub date**: September 30, 1999 – October 14, 2006
- **pages**: Varies
Membrane

A **membrane** is a thin soft layer of material. A membrane separates two things.

In biology a membrane can mean two things: a tissue membrane or the membranes of a cell. The membranes of cells are very small, while tissue membranes are larger.

## Tissue membranes

A membrane can mean a thin layer of cells or tissue. This layer covers the body or an organ, or separates, or lines a body cavity. An example is the mucous membrane that is the _skin_ that lines the inside of your nose and mouth. An epithelial membrane has two parts, one part is epithelial tissue and the other is connective tissue.

## Membranes of cells

There are many different types of membranes in a cell. The cell membrane, also called the plasma membrane, covers one cell. Membranes also divide the cell into different spaces called organelles. Organelles are special areas of the cell that do different work. For example, the nucleus holds the DNA in a cell. The mitochondria make energy for the cell.

Membranes in cells are made of lipids (fats) and protein. The lipids keep the inside of the cell or the organelle separate from the outside. The proteins do many things. Plasma membranes give the cell messages from outside. They let some things (like glucose, calcium, and potassium) go into and out of the cell.
Voltaire

**François-Marie Arouet** (also known as **Voltaire**) was a French philosopher. He was born in 1694 and grew up in Poitou. He died in Paris in 1778.

Voltaire did not like France at the time because he thought that it was old fashioned. He also did not like the Church and thought that people should be allowed to believe what they want. However he did not like democracy either and thought that a country needed to be led by a wise and strong king. Voltaire had to live in exile in England for three years from 1726 to 1729 where these ideas were more common. He liked the philosophy of John Locke.

Voltaire was also a writer. He wrote many books, poems and plays, some of which are still liked today. A lot of his work was against France and the Church. This meant that he was unpopular at first but became more popular towards the time of the French Revolution. He also studied science and wrote a lot about people and places he knew. His writings later led to the French revolution, which changed France from a Hereditary Monarchy into a Republic.

Voltaire believed in a God but did not believe in a God personally involved in people's lives, like the Christian God. This is called Deism.

## Other websites

- An analysis of Voltaire's texts (in the "textes" topic) (in French)
- Voltaire's writings from Philosophical Dictionary
- Société Voltaire
- Voltaire's Candide and Leibniz
- VisitVoltaire.com
- Voltaire, his work in audio version
Mersey Beat

**The Mersey Beat** or **Mersey Sound** or **Liverpool Sound** is the name for a type of music that came out in the city of Liverpool, England in the early 1960s.

Maybe the first group to be thought of as a part of genre were Kingsize Taylor and the Dominoes. The most famous group of this genre were The Beatles. Other important groups include Gerry and the Pacemakers, The Searchers and the female singer Cilla Black.

## Other websites

- http://www.merseybeat.co.uk/
- http://www.merseybeatnostalgia.co.uk/
- http://www.merseybeatabd.co.uk/
- Newsreel footage of The Fourmost
- Short news story on Mersey Sound
1078

## Events

- The Tower of London is built.
- Philaretos Brachamios does not keep his claim to the Byzantine Empire after he becomes duke of Antioch.
- August 7 – Battle of Mellrichstadt between Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor and the German anti-king Rudolf of Swabia

## Births

- King Alexander I of Scotland, Scottish royal (died 1124)
- Constance of France, daughter of King Philip I of France (died 1118)
1766

## Events

- March 18 – Britain repeals the Stamp Act after American protests.

## Births

- February 14 – Thomas Malthus, English demographer and economist (died 1834)
- April 6 – Charles Louis de Fourcroy, Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur, French Mathematician and Scholar
- April 22 – Anne Louise Germaine de Stael, French writer (died 1817)
- May 30 – Robert Darwin, Medical doctor and father of Charles Darwin (died 1848)
- July 8 – Dominique Jean Larrey, French surgeon (died 1842)
- August 6 – William Hyde Wollaston, English chemist (died 1828)
- September 6 – John Dalton, English chemist and physicist (died 1844)
- October 23 – Emmanuel, marquis de Grouchy, French marshal (died 1847)
- November 2 – Joseph Radetzky von Radetz, Austrian field marshal (died 1858)
- December 3 – Barbara Fritchie, U.S. patriot in Civil War (died 1862)
The Adventures of Pete and Pete

***The Adventures of Pete and Pete*** is an American comedy drama television series on the Nickelodeon network from February 5, 1989 to April 1, 1996. It was about two brothers with the same first name who grow up together.

## Other websites

- The Website of _Pete and Pete_

## Infobox (television)

- **runtime**: Approx. 24 minutes per episode
- **creator**: Will McRobb
 Chris Viscardi
- **starring**: Mike Maronna
 Danny Tamberelli
- **country**: United States
- **network**: Nickelodeon (TV channel), Nickelodeon
- **num episodes**: thirty-four (with five specials and eighteen shorts)
427 BC

Year **427 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar.

## Events

- Sparta's King Archidamus II is succeeded by his son Agis II.
- Cleon says Mytilene must be destroyed. He decides not to kill the people.
- Plataea surrenders to the Spartans and Thebans. Over 200 prisoners are put to death and Plataea is destroyed.
- The civil war in Corcyra results in a victory of the democrats over the oligarchs.
- The Quaestorship is opened to the Plebs.

## Births

- Plato, Greek philosopher (d. c. 347 BC)
- Xenophon, Greek historian, soldier, mercenary and an admirer of Socrates (d. 354 BC)

## Deaths

- Archidamus II, king of Sparta
Motorcycle

A **motorcycle** (or motorbike) is a vehicle used to transport people from one place to another. It does not have 4 wheels like a car. It has 2 wheels like a bicycle, and it has a motor like a car. A motorcycle is usually driven by one person. A passenger can also ride on the back of the motorcycle. Some motorcycles have a sidecar that can carry another passenger, However, a motorcycle is generally faster than a bicycle and can be faster than a car, especially in terms of acceleration and in certain driving conditions. Motorcycles have a better power-to-weight ratio, allowing for quicker acceleration, and their smaller size can make them faster in heavy traffic where lane splitting or filtering is legal. Bicycles, without engines, are the slowest of the three by a significant margin.

On-road bikes (ones that are allowed on public roads) require the rider to have a special type of driver's license to be ridden legally. Off-road bikes are not allowed to be driven on public roads.

Speed and stunts are the main goals for off-road bike sports. Many on-road bikes are much faster than off-road bikes and can be used in sports such as motorbike racing.

Motocross is a form of motorcycle racing.  It is on an off-road circuit. The sport came from motorcycle trials competitions held in the United Kingdom. Since motorcycles are lighter than almost all cars, they can accelerate more quickly. But it also makes them not as safe as cars, because they do not have a protecting chassis around them like cars. Very often motorcycle riders are injured heavily in accidents. Motorcycle riders should wear a helmet and other protective clothing like shoes and gloves, of which some have armor. This special clothing may reduce the rider's injuries in an accident. Motorcycles also do not protect riders against wind and rain. That makes it difficult to drive in winter or during bad weather.

In poor countries, motorcycles are used by many as a cheap method of transportation. Many people who do not have the money to buy a car can afford a small motorcycle. In rich countries, large powerful motorcycles are used more as a hobby or sport.
1585

**1585** (MDLXXXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday in the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Friday in the Julian calendar, the 1585th year of the Common Era and Anno Domini designations, .

## Births

- December 4 – John Cotton, American Puritan leader
Guinea pig

**Guinea pigs** (_Cavia porcellus_) are a kind of rodent. They are not pigs and are not from Guinea. The reason for why this is the name is unclear. They are also called cavies. They are domesticated animals which originated in the Andes.

Studies on biochemistry and hybridization suggest they are descendants of a closely related species of cavy. They do not occur naturally in the wild.

## Guinea pigs as pets

In many parts of the world, people keep them as pets. In Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador and several other countries, they are raised for food. The first people who domesticated the animals, did it for food. Besides being a pet and a source of food, in some places people think guinea pigs keep bad spirits away. In Quechua, the language of some the native tribes of Peru, they are called __. The Spanish-speaking people of the region call them _cuy_ (plural: _cuyes_).

## Name

This perception of pigginess occurred in many languages other than English; the German word for them is _Meerschweinchen_, literally "little sea pigs" (sailing ships stopping to reprovision in the New World would pick up stores of guinea pigs, which provided an easily transportable source of fresh meat), the Russian and Polish word for them is similar, "morskaya svinka" (Морская свинка) and "świnka morska" respectively, meaning also "little sea pig" (it comes from archaic use of the word to mean "overseas"). However, this perception of pigginess is not universal to all languages or cultures. For example, the common Spanish term is 'conejillo de Indias' (Indian bunny rabbit).

## Housing and breeding guinea pigs

Guinea pigs need large open air cages in which to romp and frolic. They should have a diet of 1/8 cup of high quality grass-based guinea-pig pellets daily, as per manufacturer’s instructions. They should also have unlimited grass hay, which keeps their teeth trimmed, and at least one cup of a variety of veggies. Guinea pigs like to be held in hand.
Guinea pigs should be kept in cages larger than 7.5 square feet or 10.5 square feet for 2 pigs. They should always have at least one friend as guinea pigs are social animals.
Breeding guinea pigs are not recommended as the rate of pregnancy complications is high.

For their diet guinea pigs generally prefer hay, fresh fruits and vegetables.

## Other uses of the term

Guinea pig is also slang for a person who is the first to try something. It can also mean the subject of an experiment. This is because guinea pigs are used by biologists as model organisms.
1531

## Events

- The Spanish arrive in Peru.
- Death of Protestant reformer Huldrych Zwingli
Philip Glass

**Philip Morris Glass** (born January 31, 1937) is an American composer of modern music. He is one of the most influential music makers of the late 20th century.

Glass has created operas, music for quartets, dance, and much more. He is known for writing minimalist music.

Glass has described himself instead as a composer of "music with repetitive structures". Though his early music shares much with what is called "minimalist", he has since evolved stylistically.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Philip Glass
- **image**: Philip Glass in Florence, Italy - 1993.jpg
- **caption**: Philip Glass in 1993
- **birth name**: Philip Morris Glass
- **birth place**: Baltimore, Maryland, United States
Audioslave

**Audioslave** was an American rock band. The band is made up of Chris Cornell (vocals), who was with Soundgarden until 1997, and Tom Morello (guitar), Tim Commerford (electric bass) and Brad Wilk (drums), who were with Rage Against The Machine until 2000.

Their first album _Audioslave_ was released in 2002 and the next one, named _Out of Exile_, followed in 2005. On May 6, 2005 Audioslave became the first American rock group to play in Cuba. Because of American laws against trade with Cuba, this concert had to be allowed by US authorities.

## Studio albums

- Audioslave (2002)
- Out of Exile (2005)
- Revelations (2006)

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Audioslave
- **landscape**: yes
- **image**: Audioslave 2005.jpg
- **caption**: Audioslave performing at Montreux Jazz Festival in 2005
- **origin**: Glendale, California, U.S.
- **past members**: * Chris Cornell
* Tim Commerford
* Tom Morello
* Brad Wilk
Environment

**Environment** means what surrounds us. It may be living or non-living things. It includes physical, chemical and other natural forces. Living things live in their environment. They constantly interact with it and adapt themselves to conditions in their environment. In the environment there are different interactions between animals, plants, soil, water, and other living and non-living things.
The word _environment_ is used to talk about many things. For example, trees, rivers, and oceans are a part of the environment. People in different fields of knowledge use the word environment differently. Electromagnetic environment is radio waves and other electromagnetic radiation and magnetic fields. The environment of a galaxy may mean the interstellar medium, or it may mean other nearby galaxies.

In psychology and medicine, a person's environment is the people, physical things and places that the person lives with. The environment affects the growth and development of the person. It may affect the person's body and mind.

The conditions of living organisms in an environment are affected by the weather and climate changes in the environment. They are also greatly affected by other living things.

## Natural environment

In biology and ecology, the environment is all of the natural materials and living things, if those things are natural, it is a natural environment.

Environment includes the living and non-living things that an organism interacts with, or that have an effect on it. Living elements that an organism interacts with are known as biotic elements: animals, plants, etc. Abiotic elements are non-living things which include air, water, sunlight etc. Studying the environment means studying the relationships among these various things. An example of interactions between non-living and living things is plants getting their minerals from the soil and making food using sunlight. Predation, an organism eating another, is an example of interaction between living things.

Environmentalists think we should protect the natural environment, to keep it safe. Things in the natural environment that we value are called natural resources. For example, fish, insects, and forests. These are renewable resources because they come back naturally when we use them. Non-renewable resources are important things in the environment that are limited for example, ores and fossil fuels after a few thousand years. Some things in the natural environment can kill people, such as lightning.

- Ecological units which are natural systems without much human interference. These include all vegetation, microorganisms, soil, rocks, atmosphere, and natural events.
- Universal natural resources and physical phenomenon which lack clear-cut boundaries. These include climate, air, water, energy, radiation, electric charge, and magnetism.

## Related pages

- Environmental chemistry
- Environmental factor
- Environmental revitalization
- Environmentalism
- Ecology