juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Apple Macintosh

The **Apple Macintosh** or just **Mac** is a line of personal computers made by the American company Apple Inc. The Macintosh was one of the first computers in which the people could use a mouse for pointing on a screen which had icons. This new way of working with a computer (interface) was known as graphical user interface. It was this feature of the Macintosh that made it so popular.

### Processor history

The **Apple–Intel transition** was when Apple changed the CPU of Macintosh computers from PowerPC processors to Intel x86 processors.  It was announced at the 2005 World Wide Developers Conference. Steve Jobs announced it.

Macintoshes were different than other personal computers for many years based on their central processing unit (CPU). At the start, Macs used Motorola 68000 chips instead of Intel chips. Later, Macs used PowerPC chips. In 2006, Macs started to use Intel chips. In 2020, Macs started to use Apple Silicon chips. Today, Macs are sold with Apple M1 chips.

## Macintoshes

||**Compact** (portable)|**Consumer** (end user)|**Professional**|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|**Desktop**|Mac Mini|iMac|Mac Pro; Mac Studio|
|**Portable** (MacBook)|MacBook|MacBook Air|MacBook Pro|
|**Server**|Mac Mini (server)|Mac Mini (server)|Mac Pro (server)|

### Software

The Mac does not have the Windows operating system installed on it. It has its own range of operating systems, known as macOS. The newest operating system is known as “Sonoma".  Macs can run both Windows and macOS at the same time with help of a program called “Boot Camp”, which comes on every Intel-based Mac.

In general, Macintosh computers cost more than other computers of the same speed.

## Related pages

- iMac
- MacBook
- MacBook Air
- MacBook Pro
- Macintosh 128K
- Macintosh Classic
- Other popular products of Apple include iPod, iPhone and iPad.
Metre

The **metre** (British spelling) or **meter** (American spelling) (symbol: **m**) is the basic unit of length in the SI measurement system. The symbol for the metre is **m**. The first meaning (in the French Revolution) was one ten-millionth of the distance between the Earth's equator and the North Pole along the Paris meridian. The metre is now defined as the distance light travels in a vacuum in 1/299,792,458 of a second.

In the imperial system of measurement, one yard is 0.9144 metres (after international agreement in 1959), so a metre is very near to 39.37 inches: about 3.281 feet, or 1.0936 yards.

## Units multiples

- 0.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 001 Qm (quettametre) = 1 m
- 0.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 001 Rm (ronnametre) = 1 m
- 0.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 001 Ym (yotametre) = 1 m
- 0.000 000 000 000 000 000 001 Zm (zetametre) = 1 m
- 0.000 000 000 000 000 001 Em (exametre) = 1 m
- 0.000 000 000 000 001 Pm (petametre) = 1 m
- 0.000 000 000 001 Tm (terametre) = 1 m
- 0.000 000 001 Gm (gigametre) = 1 m
- 0.000 001 Mm (megametre) = 1 m
- 0.001 km (kilometre) = 1 m
- 0.01 hm (hectometre) = 1 m
- 0.1 dam(decametre) = 1 m
- 1 m  (metre)
- 10 dm (decimetres) = 1 m
- 100 cm (centimetres) = 1 m
- 1000 mm (millimetres) = 1 m
- 1 000 000 μm (micrometres) = 1 m
- 1 000 000 000 nm (nanometres) = 1 m
- 1 000 000 000 000 pm (picometres) = 1 m
- 1 000 000 000 000 000 fm (fermi or femtometres) = 1 m
- 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 am (attometres) = 1 m
- 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 zm (zeptometres) = 1 m
- 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 ym (yoctometres) = 1 m
- 10^27 rm (rontometre)
- 10^30 qm (quettametre)

## Related pages

- Metre Convention
Magnifying glass

A **magnifying glass** is a lens through which can be used to make things appear bigger, so you can see them better. It is used in many applications and manual operations, e.g., for examining postage stamps in philately.

The magnifying glass consists of a piece of convex-shaped glass or plastic. It has to be held at the right distance between the eye and the object for the object to be in focus. The magnifying glass usually comes with a handle. A telescope is a more advanced kind of magnifying glass and consists of at least two glass lenses.

A pair of binoculars is like a telescope for each eye. _Spectacles_ or eyeglasses also use lenses to correct a person's vision.

## Related pages

- Binoculars
- Stamp album
- Telescope
Molecule

A **molecule** is the smallest amount of a chemical substance that can exist. If a molecule were split into smaller pieces, it would be a different substance.

Molecules are made up of atoms that are stuck together in a particular shape or form.  Not all combinations of atoms are equally possible; atoms make certain shapes in preference to others.  Also, they have different valency.   For example, oxygen atoms always have two bonds with other atoms, carbon atoms always have four bonds with other atoms, and nitrogen atoms always have three bonds with other atoms.

In the kinetic theory of gases, the term _molecule_ is often used for any gaseous particle regardless of its composition. According to this definition, noble gas atoms are considered molecules as they are in fact monoatomic molecules.

In gases like air, the molecules are just flying around. In liquids like water, the molecules are stuck together but they can still move. In solids like sugar, the molecules can only vibrate.  In the fourth state of matter known as plasma, the atoms are ionized and cannot form molecules.

With a molecular formula, you can write down the numbers of all atoms in a molecule. For example, the molecular formula of glucose is C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub>. That means that one molecule of glucose is made up of six carbon atoms, twelve hydrogen atoms and six oxygen atoms.

## Bonding

For a molecule to exist, atoms have to stick together. This happens when two atoms share electrons. Instead of circling just one atom, the electron now circles around two. This is called a covalent bond.  Sometimes, more than one electron is shared. The more electron<nowiki/>s are shared, the stronger the bond gets and the stronger the atoms stick together.

Bonds can also be broken apart. Since most bonds require energy to form, they also give off energy when they are broken. But before most bonds break, the molecule has to be heated. Then the atoms start to move, and when they move too much, the bond breaks. Molecules that require less energy to break than they give off when broken are called fuels. For example, a candle will just sit there and nothing happens. But when you use a match to light it, it will burn for a long time. The match brings the energy to break the first bonds, which release enough energy to break the bonds below them, until the candle has burned down. There are also ionic bonds.

## Related pages

- Intermolecular force
- Stereochemistry

## Other websites

- Molecule of the Month - School of Chemistry, University of Bristol
- Antibody Molecule - The National Health Museum
- Data Book of Molecules - Home Page for Learning Environmental Chemistry
Moral reasoning

**Moral reasoning** is a topic studied in psychology and in moral philosophy. It studies how people think about moral issues, problems, and questions. Psychologists who have studied it include Lawrence Kohlberg and Elliot Turiel. Kohlberg said that moral understanding develops in three main stages as a person gets older, but Turiel said that there are three domains of moral understanding that develop at the same time as a person gets older.

Moral philosophy, or ethics, is a major branch of philosophy. It is the study of value or quality. It covers the analysis and use of concepts such as right, wrong, good, evil, and responsibility.
National anthem

A **national anthem** is a country's national song; the people of a nation sing their national anthem to remember and respect their country. By the 18th century, most countries had a national anthem and new countries chose a national anthem when they became independent. Some monarchies have a royal anthem for their monarch.

## Related pages

- List of national anthems
- National flag
- National symbols
Niihau

**Niihau** (or **Niʻihau**) is the smallest of the inhabited islands of Hawaii, in the United States. It has a land area of 70 sq. miles (184 km<sup>2</sup>). It is the oldest of the eight main islands.

## Ownership

The whole island is owned by the Robinson family. They bought it from the Kingdom of Hawaii for $10,000. It was said that the buyer, Elizabeth Sinclair (later Sinclair-Robinson), liked the island better than other places such as Waikiki, Pearl Harbor, and the island of Lanai. There is a small US Navy base where a few Navy people work.

## Inhabitants

The island has fewer than a hundred permanent inhabitants. Almost all of them are native Hawaiians. They support themselves largely with small family farms. Many work for the ranch owned by the Robinsons. The native Hawaiians lead a rural, low-tech life. They speak the Hawaiian language and keep traditions alive. This is because Ms. Sinclair promised to help preserve Hawaiian culture and tradition when she bought the island. Niihau is the only one of the Hawaiian islands where the Hawaiian language is the main language.

## Tourism

Niihau is also known as the "Forbidden Island". This is due to the fact that until recently, the island was off-limits to all but family members, US Navy personnel, government officials and expressly invited guests. Now, tourists can go on one of a limited number of supervised tours or hunting safaris.

## Beaches

On the beaches of the island are found shells which are the only shells to be classified as gems. Niihau shells and the jewelry made from them are very popular. Many, especially those with darker and richer color, are collectors items. The sale of shells and shell jewelry brings extra money for the local people.
Nēnē

The **Nēnē**, or **Hawaiian goose** (_Branta sandvicensis_) is a species of goose. It is found today on only three Hawaiian islands. It gets its name from its soft call.

This is an unmistakable species, with its generally brown plumage (feathers) and darker head. Its strong toes have much reduced webbing (skin between the toes), an adjustment to the lava flows on which it breeds. The Nēnē goes about on land much more than other water birds. When moulting (dropping old feathers and growing new ones), the Nēnē cannot fly, as do other geese, a factor which made it vulnerable to hunting.

The Nēnē was once among the most threatened waterfowl species around the world. Once common hunting and predators brought to the islands such as mongooses, pigs and cats reduced the population to only 30 birds in the 1950s. However, this species breeds well in captivity (zoos and bird parks), and has been successfully re-introduced. There are also good numbers in wild bird collections.

The Nēnē is the state bird of Hawaii.
Network

**Network** might refer to:

- Computer network
    - Virtual private network
- Career networking
- Neural network
- Social network
- Television network
- Transport network

## Related pages

- Contact network, a disambiguation page
Fishing net

A **fishing net** is a woven trap usually used to catch fish. They are usually made out of rope. A net is a kind of tool.

**Fishing nets** are one of the oldest ways of catching fish. They can be made with all kinds of fabric like nylon, cotton, grass, flax, and tree fibers. The oldest known fish nets dates back to 8500 BC in Finland. Native Americans made their nets on the Columbia River from grass, cedar, and spruce root fibers.

## Other methods  of catching fish

- Spear
- Tame Cormorant
Internet slang

**Internet slang** is slang words which are used on the internet. Most of these words are new, such as Wiki and blog, which were not used before the internet became popular.

Some old words were given new meanings, such as mail (which now means email).  This makes many metaphor
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Nature

The words **nature** and **natural** are used for all the things that are normally not made by humans. The word comes from the Latin _natura_ meaning "birth". Nature includes many things like weather, organisms, landforms, celestial bodies. Scientists study the way the parts of nature work. Things that have been made by people are said to be man-made or called artifacts.

There are natural sciences that study different parts of nature, for example the science of ecology is about plants and animals as a whole, while biology studies every type of living thing.

From one point of view, humans are a prime example of nature, and are the most widely studied natural inhabitants of the planet earth. Humans interact with each other in their natural environment on a day-to-day basis. Every part of nature  everything from the air outside to the dirt on the ground  is interdependent. Medicine studies humans in health and sickness.

From another point of view, humans and nature can be said to be in conflict. People always use natural resources. They cut down trees, mine ores, grow crops and manufacture things from natural material. Fires, cars, and factories make a lot of smoke and harm many places. People who like to leave nature unharmed and those who feel they need to use more of nature often fight about what they should do. In the modern world, with many more people and many big cities, these problems are becoming more serious.

Nature, in the broadest sense, means the physical world as a whole. This is the meaning that physics, the study of nature (etymologically), takes.

A useful definition of _natural_ is
- "Happening or operating in accordance with the ordinary course of nature". _Oxford Shorter English Dictionary_ says the word in this sense is first found in 1477.

## Related pages

- Human nature
- Life timeline
- Nature timeline
- Nature versus nurture
Negentropy

**Negentropy** is reverse entropy. It means things becoming more in order. Here 'order' means organisation, structure and function: the opposite of randomness or chaos. One example of negentropy is a star system such as the Solar System. Another example is life.

As a general rule, everything in the universe tends towards entropy. Star systems eventually become dead. All energy has gone, and everything in the system is _at the temperature of the surrounding space_. The opposite of entropy is negentropy. It is a temporary condition in which certain things are hotter and more highly organised than the surrounding space. This is the second law of thermodynamics:
- The second law of thermodynamics states that the total entropy of an isolated system always increases over time.

Life is considered to be **negentropic** because it converts things which have some order, such as food, into things with more order, such as cells in the body, tissues, and organs. In doing so, it gives off heat, thus increasing entropy.  Another example of negentropic things are societies, or social systems, because they take disorderly things such as communications, and make them more orderly and useful.
Neptune

## Infobox (planet)

- **name**: Neptune
- **symbol**: , historically also
- **image**: Neptune Voyager2 color calibrated.png
- **caption**: Neptune in true color as captured by _Voyager 2_. Like Uranus, Neptune has a muted appearance; several storms can still be seen, such as the Great Dark Spot at the middle.
- **background**: #f8f9fa
- **discovered**: September 23, 1846
- **pronounced**: ,
- **adjectives**: Neptunian (), Poseidean
- **named after**: Latin , via French
- **epoch**: J2000
- **apsis**: helion
- **time periastron**: 2042-Sep-04
- **synodic period**: 367.49 days
- **inclination**: to ecliptic
6.43° to Sun's equator
0.74° to invariable plane
- **satellites**: Moons of Neptune, 16
- **equatorial radius**:
3.883 Earths
- **polar radius**:
3.829 Earths
- **surface area**:
14.98 Earths
- **volume**:
57.74 Earths
- **mass**:
17.147 Earths
5.15 Suns
- **surface grav**: 11.15 Acceleration, m/s<sup>2</sup>
1.14 _g-force, g_
- **moment of inertia factor**: (estimate)
- **escape velocity**: 23.5 km/s
- **rotation**:

16 h 6 m 36 s
- **sidereal day**: 0.6713 day
16 h 6 min 36 s
- **axial tilt**: 28.32° (to orbit)
- **right asc north pole**:
299.3°
- **declination**: 42.950°
- **albedo**: 0.290 (Bond albedo, bond

0.442 (Geometric albedo, geom.)
- **temp name1**: 1 bar level
- **magnitude**: 7.67 to 8.00
- **abs magnitude**: −6.9
- **angular size**: 2.2–2.4″
Negative

**Negative** may mean:

- Something negative can be something bad.
- A negative number is a number that is less than zero. 5 - 8 = -3.
- Some people also use _negative_ the same way as "no", or other related words. "Not", "Never", "Nowhere" etc. are all negative words. On two-way radios the word "negative" is used instead of "no" to be clearer.
- In film photography, a _film negative_ is an exposed picture or movie film that has been processed, and is ready to be used to make a print. In a negative, everything in the picture has the opposite color. Things that are white will be black, things that are red will be green, and things that are orange will be blue.
- Negative binary numbers
- Negative charge
- Negative exponent
- Negative feedback, a basic concept of cybernetics; it is the basis of regulation and control. It is important in engineering and physiology. In biology and physiology negative feedback is known as homeostasis
- Negative gravity
Now

**Now** is the time span between the past and the future. It can be long (like an eon in geologic time) or short (like a picosecond) but it is almost always used to refer to the span between the present instant to some time horizon when a decision must be made. It can be used to ask or demand that someone make a decision even if they want to delay.

"I want to know what you think, now."

"What do you think now?"

"Now is the time for all good people to come to the aid of their country."

Mathematics and measurement assume that everything used in one equation equals the same quantities at the beginning of calculation or axiomatization as at the end. That means it is mathematically correct to say that the idea of "equal" means "equal from the time the process starts to the time it ends." In General Semantics and E Prime the words equal, remain (for the past until **now**) and become (for **now** into the future) replace the verb "to be" for this reason.

Algebra is now often called **snapshot algebra** or **algebra of seeing** because of this dependence on time. If any action or event were possible between steps in algebraic analysis, then, in theory, one would have to start over as if one had no knowledge of the new state at all. For these reasons the idea of statistics and also knowledge and knowledge management are sometimes questioned, for instance, in the book _Lies, Damn Lies, and Statistics_. A major issue is the comparing of numbers gathered in the past, and **now**, after some key conditions change.
Of

**Of** is a preposition used in the English language to show a possessive relationship. For example, the phrase "book of maps" means that the book has maps. The phrase "father of Mike" means the father belongs to Mike.
1 (number)

**One** (**1**) is the first natural number, followed by two, then followed by three. The Roman numeral for one is **I**.

## Mathematics

In mathematics, the number one is the multiplicative identity. It is also the only number for which these special facts are true:

- Any number  multiplied by one equals that number: . For example, .
- Any number  divided by one equals that number: . For example, .
- Any number , except zero, divided by itself equals one: . For example:

In mathematics, 0.999... is a repeating decimal that is equal to 1. Many proofs have been made to show this is correct.

## Computer science

One is important for computer science, because the binary numeral system uses only ones and zeroes to represent numbers. In machine code and many programming languages, one means "true" (or "yes") and zero means "false" (or "no").

## Other meanings

- In Germany and Austria, one is the grade for "very good". It is the best grade of six possible grades in Germany, and the best of five possible grades in Austria. In the Netherlands, one is the lowest grade, and ten the highest. In Poland, one is also the lowest grade, and the highest is six.
- In numerology, the number one is a symbol for everything (unity), the beginning, and God.

## Related pages

- Zero
- Mathematical constant

## Infobox (number)

- **number**: 1
- **numeral**: Unary numeral system, unary
- **cardinal**: one, unit, unity
- **factorization**: 1
- **divisor**: 1
- **roman unicode**: Ⅰ, ⅰ
- **greek prefix**: Wiktionary:mono-, mono- /Wiktionary:haplo-, haplo-
- **latin prefix**: Wiktionary:uni-, uni-
- **lang1**: Greek numeral
- **lang1 symbol**: α'
- **lang2**: Persian language, Persian
- **lang3**: Eastern Arabic numerals, Arabic
- **lang4**: Urdu
- **lang5**: Ge'ez alphabet, Ge'ez
- **lang5 symbol**: ፩
- **lang6**: Bengali language, Bengali & Assamese language, Assamese
- **lang7**: Chinese numeral
- **lang7 symbol**: 一，弌，壹
- **lang8**: Korean language, Korean
- **lang8 symbol**: 일, 하나
- **lang9**: Devanāgarī
- **lang10**: Telugu language, Telugu
- **lang11**: Tamil language, Tamil
- **lang12**: Kannada language, Kannada
- **lang13**: Hebrew numerals, Hebrew
- **lang13 symbol**: (aleph, alef)
- **lang14**: Khmer numerals, Khmer
- **lang14 symbol**: ១
- **lang15**: Thai numerals, Thai
- **lang15 symbol**: ๑
- **lang16**: Malayalam
- **lang16 symbol**: ൧
- **lang17**: Counting rods, Counting rod
- **lang17 symbol**: 𝍠
Oahu

**Oahu** (or **Oʻahu**) is the third largest of the Hawaiian Islands, in the United States. It means "the gathering place" (a place where people meet) in the Hawaiian language. Most of the people of Hawaii live there (1.0 million of the state's 1.4 million in 2020). The total land area is . Honolulu, the capital city of Hawaii, is on this island. Other well-known places on Oahu are Waikiki, Pearl Harbor, Diamond Head, Hanauma Bay, Kaneohe Bay, and both the North Shore and Makaha (which are famous for very big ocean waves).

## History

Kamehameha I made Oahu his capital when he became the first king of Hawaii. Iolani Palace was built later on by others of the royal family. It is the only royal palace on American soil.

Oahu was perhaps the first of the Hawaiian Islands which the crew of _HMS Resolution_ saw on 18 January 1778. This was during Captain James Cook's third Pacific Ocean trip. Europeans did not land on Oahu until 28 February 1779 when Captain Clerke of the _HMS Resolution_ stepped ashore at Waimea Bay. Clerke took command of the ship after Captain Cook was killed at Kealakekua Bay on February 14.

## Economy

Today, Oahu has become a tourism and shopping center. Almost 7 million visitors (mainly from the American mainland and Japan) go there every year to enjoy the special island holiday found only in Hawaii.

## Oahu in TV

Oahu can be seen in hundreds of movies and TV shows. Some of them are _Magnum, P.I._, _Lost_, _Hawaii Five-O_ and _Jake and the Fatman_.
Open content

**Open content** is content that is openly accessible, usable, editable, and distributable by anyone for any purpose, even commercially. Open content is licensed with an open license that authorizes use of the content as described above.

When someone creates something (like a picture or book), they can open it for the use of others. This means that other people are allowed to copy it and change it if they want. Something that is open content may be free of charge, but it does not have to be.

The Simple English Wikipedia is open content, and so are other Wikipedias. If a person changes open content or makes new open content, everyone can give it to anyone else, or even sell it.

## License

The rules that say how people can use, change and pass around open content are called a license. A license explains exactly what you are allowed to do with the content that falls under it. Licenses are often written in difficult language (legal jargon), but many licenses have summaries that are much easier to understand.

The makers of open content get to choose what license to use for their work, and everyone else has to follow it. Only the maker, who owns the copyright, can change it to another license.  Most open content licenses say that when others change the work, they must also declare it to be open and under the same license.  This is called _share-alike_ and means that anything based on work will always be open content.

All the content in Wikipedia is open under the rules of the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License, a very well-known open content license. Another well-known open content license is the GNU Free Documentation License.

## Related pages

- Open educational content
- Open data
- Openness

## Other websites

- Openverse, search engine for finding open content
Oil

The word **oil** is used for many different kinds of liquids. Oil usually does not mix with water.

Vegetable oils are made from plants. Many are used in foods and for cooking. Some kinds of plant oils that people use are palm oil, maize (_corn_), olive, peanut, soy, and sunflower.

Other kinds of oil are made from crude oil (_petroleum_), which comes from under the ground. People use large oil wells to bring the oil up to the surface. The oil is sent in special ships called tankers or in pipelines to factories called refineries where it is distilled into LPG, gasoline (_petrol_), diesel fuel, and fuel oil. Plastics are among the petrochemicals made from crude oil or natural gas. Oils from crude oil are also used as fuels for engines or as lubricants to make the parts of machines work together without sticking or stopping.

Different kinds of oils are also used for many other things, for example, to make cosmetics, medicines, paints, and detergents, like washing up liquids. Soap(s) are similar to detergents, but they are generally made from animal fat(s) rather than oils.

Oil is also made for various purposes, including synthetic fuel and lubricant.

See Thomas Gold for the idea that oils come from space.
OK

**OK** (okay) is a word in the English language. It is used to mean that something is good or correct. It is the opposite of the word bad.

It can often be used instead of the word Yes.  It is not certain where the word "OK" originally comes from, but some experts say it came from a funny way of writing "Ol Korrect" (All correct).

It is also the two-letter abbreviation for the state of Oklahoma in the United States of America.

You also find the phrase "Ola kala" in Greek, which means "All Correct".

For example:

I think it is **<nowiki/>'ok**' to present this project in our office.

## Background

The term appears to have achieved prominence in the United States in 1840, when supporters of the American Democratic political party claimed during the 1840 United States presidential election that it stood for "Old Kinderhook," a nickname for a Democratic presidential candidate, Martin Van Buren, a native of Kinderhook, New York. "'Vote for OK' was snappier than using his Dutch name."  In response, Whig opponents attributed _OK_, in the sense of "Oll Korrect," to Andrew Jackson's bad spelling. The country-wide publicity surrounding the election appears to have been a critical event in _okay_'s history, widely and suddenly popularizing it across the United States.

## Technologies

In March 2025, a meme token of the word “Okay” (ticket OKAY) was released as the most popular word in the world. The “OKAY” meme token is a digital asset inspired by the ubiquitous phrase “OKAY.” He embodies the spirit of internet culture. The main goal of the token is to create a community of enthusiasts who value simplicity and the humor of the “OKAY” meme.

## Other websites

- Smart-contract on the sunpump.meme
Oxymoron

An **oxymoron**  is a term for a figure of speech.   It is made up of two or more words that seem to be opposite to each other, or actually are opposite.

For example, the phrases "Wise fool", "Warm freezer", and "Legal murder" all have two words. In each one, the one word looks like the opposite of the other word.

You can have words that look opposite, but are right. For example, a "warm freezer" could be right. A freezer could be warm if it was turned off or left open.

The word oxymoron is an oxymoron; 'oxy' comes from the Greek word that means 'sharp', while 'moron' comes from the Greek word that means 'dull'.

Words that really are opposite to each other, would be words that just cannot be put together. For example, a "round square" could not happen because squares are not round.

Oxymorons sometimes appear in jokes. Sometimes, the joke is just to say that a pair of words are an oxymoron. For example, a joke that says that "glutted peasant" is an oxymoron. This means that peasants are usually hungry, if the word 'peasant' is opposite to 'glutted'

## Related pages

- Paradox
- Trope
Operating system

An **operating system** (**OS**) is a kind of computer program that helps a computer to interact with other machines or with people. An OS is not actually one single program but a group of small programs, like file managers, device drivers, and kernels. An OS can be small (like Damn Small Linux), or large (like Microsoft Windows). Some are meant for general use, like in a personal computer or a smartphone. Others are used for specific purposes. For example, an ATM would use a specialized kind of operating system.

An operating system has many jobs. It ensures that all the programs share access to the computer's processor, memory, screen, input devices, and other hardware. Today, most operating systems also include a visible interface so the user can easily interact with it. An operating system is also responsible for sending data to other computers or devices on a network.

Some examples of commonly used operating systems are:  Android; macOS; Linux; Microsoft Windows.

## History

One of the first computers was ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer), built by the United States during World War II. Making ENIAC do useful work was difficult. To program ENIAC, scientists had to move switches and cables around on the side of the computer. While this was an operating system of a kind, it is not really like modern operating systems.

The first operating system that looked and felt like today's operating systems was UNIX, made in 1969 by Bell Labs.  With UNIX, people could program computers by typing on a keyboard. Many of its features were taken from Multics, an older operating system made in 1964.

## Types

Operating systems come in many types. An OS might fit one or several of the types listed below, and the difference between the types isn't always clear.

### Single- and multitasking

A single-tasking system can only run one program at a time. A multitasking operating system can run more than one program at the same time. To multitask, the computer lets each program take a turn using the processor.

### Single- and multi-user

Single-user operating systems don't let people create their own "accounts" on the computer—there is only one user. A multi-user operating system lets multiple users interact with the system at the same time.

### Distributed

A distributed operating system takes a group of distinct computers, which might be all over the place, and makes them work together like one single computer.

### Embedded

Embedded operating systems are very small OSes used in embedded systems. They are designed to operate on small machines, like the electronic part of a microwave, and they only do a few particular things.

### Hobbyist

Hobbyist OS are made by individuals or small groups. There are many online communities like OS dev wiki to learn how to make an OS.

## Related pages

- BIOS
Value (personal and cultural)

A **value** (or **principle**) usually means an abstract rule, one that can be seen to apply in many experiences, or can be applied by choice in a lot of situations. It can also mean a moral choice one makes often and consistently, for example, some Buddhists avoid eating meat (vegetarianism) as a matter of principle.

Many groups of people agree on lists of principles. They may also try to agree on the order in which they are to apply, that is, which principles should be violated before which other ones. They might also try to list best practices which reflect the principles in the right order, and provide more practical (less abstract) instruction.
Proof

**Proof** could mean:
- An argument, including:
    - Mathematical proof
    - Proof theory, a branch of mathematical logic
    - Logical argument
    - Evidence (law), tested evidence or a legal proof
- Proof (alcohol), measure of an alcoholic beverage's strength
- Proofing (baking technique), how a yeast-leavened dough rises
- Proofreading
- Artist's proof, a single print taken during the printmaking process
- Proof coinage, a coin made as an example of a particular strike
- Proof test, for a firearm
- Galley proof, an early version of a publication
- Homeopathic proving, testing a substance's effect on the body

In **entertainment**:
- _Proof_ (1991 movie), an Australian movie by Jocelyn Moorhouse
- _Proof_ (play), a play by David Auburn
- _Proof_ (2005 movie), a movie directed by John Madden, based on the play
- "Proof", a song by Paul Simon from his 1990 album _The Rhythm of the Saints_
- Proof (rapper) (1973-2006), American rapper, a member of the group D12
Page

A **page** can be different things:

- Usually, a **page** is a physical sheet of paper in a book, magazine, newspaper etc. When a page is not in a book (etc.) it is a _sheet_ or _piece_ of paper.
- When we talk about computers, a **page** is also a common abbreviation in net jargon for "webpage".  Here the page is not paper, it is a piece of information which we can see on a computer monitor at one time.  We can print it to make a real page.  But the information may not fit all on one page, and we can not change it when it is printed - we can change a web page.  So a webpage is not always the same even as a printed copy of that page.  This is a conceptual metaphor.  It can be confusing.  Someone who uses it is also likely to use other jargon.
- A **page** is also a boy or a young man who helps carry things and does small jobs for someone. Another word for this is a _pageboy_.
- **To page** someone is to contact that person on their _pager_: this is a small electronic machine which makes a sound or gives someone a message. This is usually to call someone for a certain reason, for example: to call them down somewhere, or to ask them for something.
Pet

A **pet** is a domesticated animal that lives with people, but is not forced to work and is not eaten, in most instances. In most cases, a pet is kept to entertain people or for companionship. Some pets such as dogs and cats are placed in an animal shelter if there is no one willing to take care of them. If no one adopts it or the pet is too old/sick, the pet may be euthanized or in some cases even abandoned.

Dogs, cats, fish, rodents, lagomorphs, ferrets, birds, certain reptiles and amphibians, and a wide variety of arthropods such as tarantulas and hermit crabs are the most common pets in North America.  Horses, elephants, oxen, and donkeys are usually made to work, so they are not usually called pets.  Some dogs also do work for people, and it was once common for some birds (like falcons and carrier pigeons) to work for humans.

Rodents are very popular pets. The most common are guinea pigs, hamsters (especially Syrian and dwarf hamsters), mice and rats. Rabbits are also very popular pets.

Bloomberg Intelligence estimated that the pet care market across the world was worth $320 billion in 2024 and growing rapidly.

## Common pets

|Image|Name|
| --- | --- |
||Dog (member of Canines)|
||Cat (member of Felines)|
||Goldfish (member of Fishes)|
||Mouse (member of Rodents)|
||Rabbit (member of Lagomorphs)|
||Hamster (member of Rodents)|
||Guinea pig (member of Rodents)|
||Parrot (member of Birds)|

## Related pages

- Domestication

## References

2.  Calico Cats Breed
Product

A **product** can mean a few things:

- **Product** (as a general idea) is anything which results from a process.
- Product (mathematics) is the result of multiplication
- Product (consumer goods) in business
- Product (chemistry) is a result or something that is made in a chemical reaction.
Program

The term **Program** can be used in many ways.

- A **program** or **programme** can be a plan of how to do something. It tells the steps that we think we need to do to make something happen. For example, a government might make a program to improve the health of the people in part of a country by giving the people better food, by helping to kill insects that carry diseases, and by bringing more doctors.
- A computer program is a set of computer instructions. A set of computer instructions is called Program and a set of program is called software.
- Television program(me) is a show that is on television.
- Radio program is similar to a television program but it is on the radio.
- Webcast is similar to a television program but it is shown on the Internet.
- 12-step program is a way people use to stop doing something. Examples would be to stop drinking alcohol, stop smoking tobacco or stop using drugs.
- an event program is a thing that lists the what will happen during an event such as an opera or auction.
Paradox

A **paradox** is a sentence in logic that cannot be true but also cannot be false. It is self-contradictory. Many famous problems of this kind exist.

## Liar's paradox

A famous paradox is called the **liar's paradox**. It is the simple sentence "This sentence is a lie", or equivalently, "This statement is false."

If the sentence is true, then it is a lie as it says.  But if it is a lie, it cannot be true. A lie cannot also be a truth. So the sentence being true makes it a lie.

On the other hand, if the sentence is a lie, then it is not as it says: it is true.  But that is just what the sentence says, which makes the content of the sentence true.  So the sentence being a lie makes it true.

This paradox is not just in English, but in any language. It is true of mathematics as well.  Paradox can never be removed from any symbol system that makes claims about itself.

## Other examples

Another example is the statement that "there is no cabal".  Only a cabal can know if there is no cabal, so this is either a guess, or, it is a cabal trying to pretend it does not exist.

Not all paradoxes are true logical paradoxes, since they can also be common-sense-defying statements that appear true. Some famous examples of this kind of paradox include:
- Zeno's paradoxes of motion
- Simpson's paradox in statistics
- Grandfather paradox
- Banach–Tarski paradox

## Quine's classification

Willard Van Orman Quine did a classification of paradoxes. He found three different types:

- A **veridical paradox**  produces a result that looks absurd, but that can be proved to be true. A well-known example is the birthday paradox, which states that if just 23 random people were put in a group, the chances of two people having the same birthday is more than 50%. Other examples are  Arrow's impossibility theorem that demonstrates difficulties in mapping voting results to the will of the people. Monty Hall paradox (or equivalently three prisoners problem) that demonstrates that a decision that has an intuitive fifty–fifty chance is in fact heavily biased towards making a decision that, given the intuitive conclusion, the player would be unlikely to make. In 20th-century science, Hilbert's paradox of the Grand Hotel, Schrödinger's cat, Wigner's friend or the Ugly duckling theorem are famously vivid examples of a theory being taken to a logical but paradoxical end.
- A **falsidical paradox** gives a result that is false. This is because there was a fallacy in the demonstration. Examples are All horses are the same color, or Zeno's paradoxes.
- A third class are those paradoxes that reach a contradictory result; they are true and false at the same time. An example of this is the Grelling–Nelson paradox.

## Informal uses of "paradox"

A paradox can also arise in ethics. Assuming power over others may sometimes be required to protect them while diminishing their right to autonomy. This is an ethical dilemma but _not_ a logical paradox.

## Related pages

- Contradiction
- Dilemma
- Irony
- Oxymoron
- Buttered cat paradox
- Thought experiment
Potato

A **potato** is a vegetable, the _Solanum tuberosum_. It is a small plant with big leaves. The part of the potato that people eat is a tuber that grows under the ground.

Potatoes have a lot of starch and other carbohydrates. Potatoes usually have light-brown or yellowish skins and are white or yellow inside. If the potato gets light on it, the tuber turns green and will be poisonous.

## History

The potato came from the high and cool areas of the Andes mountains. It was grown as a food crop thousands of years ago. When Spanish conquistadores came to South America in the 1500s, they took potatoes back to Europe.

It took nearly 200 years for the potato to become a widely grown crop. In the 1630s the farmers in Ireland began growing potatoes because they grew well in the poor soils. They also have most of the vitamins that people need to live. When a potato plague destroyed the crop in 1845, the Irish Potato Famine killed many people.

The potato plant is now grown in many parts of the world. Captain William Bligh planted potatoes on Bruny Island, Tasmania in 1792. In Australia they are now the largest vegetable crop. Shoestring potatoes are "potatoes cut into very thin long pieces and fried in deep fat **:** very thin french fries" They are crisp all the way through, whereas potato chips are

### Name Origin

The English word "potato" comes from the Spanish word "patata". The Royal Spanish Academy says the Spanish word is a hybrid of the Taíno  ('sweet potato') and the Quechua  ('potato').

## Types

- Yukon Gold – developed in Canada
- Norgleam
- Bismark
- Coliban
- Russet
- Pontiac
- Sequoia
- Desiree – cream colored flesh, red skin
- Bintje
- Irish grown
- Potattoo
- Hattawa

Scientists in Germany have used genetic engineering to make a potato called the Amfloratus, which could be grown to make starch for making other things in factories.

## Cooking

Potatoes are almost always eaten cooked. People cook potatoes by boiling, baking, roasting, or frying. Baked potatoes are potatoes cooked in an oven and are soft on the inside. French fries or "chips" are potatoes cut into long strips and fried until soft. Potato chips or “crisps” are potatoes cut into very thin round slices and fried until hard. Shoestring potatoes are "potatoes cut into very thin long pieces and fried in deep fat **:** very thin french fries" They are crisp all the way through, whereas potato chips are soft inside.
Prediction

A **prediction** is a statement that someone makes about what they think is going to happen. It is often very helpful to know what is going to happen to help prepare for these future events. Predictions are based on the idea that two beginning positions that are like each other will have similar results. By watching something happen, it is possible to predict what will happen if something similar happens. Predictions are given by science or fortune tellers or horoscopes.

The most common example of a prediction is the weather forecast. Studying how weather happens lets people predict what the weather will be by looking at what is currently happening. This is helpful because by knowing that it is going to rain, a person can wear the right clothes for it.

Nostradamus has made many predictions about the future.

## Related pages

- Forecasting
- Hypothesis
Probability

**Probability** is a part of applied mathematics. It has to do with chance, the study of things that might happen or might not happen.

For example, using probability, one can show that by throwing a coin up in the air and letting it land, half of the time it will land with one side facing up, and half of the time with the other side facing up. Many coins have a picture of the face of a famous person on one side, and something else on the other side. Often people call the side with the face "heads", and the other side "tails".

The probability (p) of an event _E_, written , is always between zero (impossible) and one (certain).

If we roll a die (plural: dice), then the chance that it will land on 1 is 1/6 (because there are 6 numbers on a die). Similarly, the chance it will land on 2 is also 1/6. The chance it will land on any number between 1 and 6 is 1, because every time we roll the die, it will always land on a number between 1 and 6.

Probability can be figured out using mathematics. For example, if one rolls six dice, the chance of them getting a number more than ten is not obvious, but can be figured out using math and science.

One of the most interesting things about chance is that to figure out the probability that two things will both happen, one usually multiply their two probabilities together. For example, suppose that one wants to know the probability of rolling two dice and getting a certain combination (it could be two 6s or a 3 then a 5, just any two). The possibility of getting a 3 is one in six (), and the possibility of getting a 5 is also one in six, so the chances of getting a 3 then a 5 is ×=⅟36. If that number is expressed as somewhere between 0 and 1, it equals 0.027...7, which is fairly low. The possibility of getting a 3, then a 5, and then a 2 would be ××=⅟216 or 0.00463, which is a much lower probability.

## Ideas of probability

People like Jacob Bernoulli, Pierre-Simon Laplace, or Christiaan Huygens used the word probability, as described above. Other people thought about frequencies; the notion of probability is usually called frequency probability.

## Related pages

- List of mathematics topics
- Probability density function
- Probability distribution
- Probability space
- Probability theory
- Random
- Random variable
- Stochastic process
Probability experiment

A **probability experiment** is a situation where chance affects the result of an experiment.  If the experiment can only have two outcomes, it is named Bernoulli trial. A coin flip is a probability experiment because chance affects whether a coin will land heads or tails when it is flipped.
Physiology

**Physiology** is the study of how living things work. Physiologists can study how organs of an organism work together to make things happen. In human beings, for example, the digestion of food hormones and other chemicals are made by the stomach, liver, and pancreas. Muscle contraction happens because of chemical messages made by nerves of that muscle. By learning how the body functions normally, physiologists and physicians can better understand what happens when organs do not function normally. For example, an understanding of how the thyroid gland functions has helped in treating goitre. Studies of the circulatory system and the nervous system have helped physicians understand and treat such illnesses like heart disease, stroke, and high blood pressure.

The field is usually divided into human physiology, animal physiology, and plant physiology.

## Other websites

- The Physiological Society
- Developmental physiology
- The American Physiological Society
Political problems of China

The People's Republic of China claims that the island of Taiwan is part of its territory, but the Republic of China, which was the government that controlled all of China from 1911 to 1949, still claims the land and controls Taiwan.

The government stops people from having freedom of speech, freedom of religion and other political rights that people in other countries have. China is a dictatorship, not a democracy.

## Territorial disputes

The following territories are claimed by China and at least one other country:

- certain islands with Japan (in Japanese Kanji: 尖閣諸島) (in Simplified Chinese characters: 钓鱼岛) (in Traditional Chinese characters: 釣魚臺)
- Nansha Archipelago (with Vietnam, Brunei, Malaysia, and the Philippines)
- Xisha Archipelago (with Taiwan and Vietnam)

- South Tibet - parts of Arunachal Pradesh (with India)
- Aksai Chin - part of Kashmir (with India)

In spring 2022, Chinese foreign minister visited India.