juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Ballet shoe

**Ballet shoes** are lightweight shoes designed for and used in ballet dancing. They're usually made from soft leather or satin and have thin and flexible soles. Females are usually given pink colored shoes; males usually get black or white.

Pointe shoes are a special type of ballet shoe. They let dancers stand on their toes.

## Related pages

- Ballet flat
Cannibalism in animals

In animal science, **cannibalism** is where an animal eats its own species. Scientists have found more than 1500 species that do this. It is common with insects, spiders and scorpions. There, the male gets eaten by the female, after having sexual intercourse. Many types of frogs will also eat other frogs of the same species. Even, vertebrates like hedgehogs eat their offspring if stressed.
Curtsey

A **curtsey** (also spelled **curtsy** or **courtesy**) is a traditional gesture of greeting, in which a girl or woman lowers her body by bending her knees. It is the female equivalent of male bowing in European cultures.  The word "curtsy" comes from "courtesy" which means "politeness".

According to Desmond Morris, the movements in the curtsey and the bow were similar until the 17th century. Only later did the difference between the female and the male gesture develop. The earlier, combined version is still performed by Restoration comedy actors.

When a curtsey is very formal, the girl/woman bends the knees outward (rather than straight ahead), often sweeping one foot behind her. She may also use her hands to hold her skirt out from her body. In Victorian times, when women wore floor-length, hooped skirts, they curtsied using the plié movement borrowed from second-position in classical ballet in which the knees are bent while the back is held straight. Both feet and knees point out so the body lowers straight down. In this way, the lady lowers herself evenly, not to one side.

Traditionally, women and girls curtsey to people who are of higher rank (more important) than they are, just as men and boys bow. Today this practice has become less common. In European cultures it is traditional for women to curtsey in front of members of the Royal family.  This is sometimes called a "court curtsey" and is often very deep. Some female domestic workers curtsey for their employers.

Female dancers often curtsey at the end of a performance to show thanks or acknowledge applause from the audience. At the end of a ballet class, students will also curtsey or bow to the teacher and the pianist to thank them. According to Victorian dance etiquette, a woman curtseys before beginning a dance. Female Scottish highland dancers performing the national dances and the Irish jig also curtsey as well (at both the beginning and end for the national dances and at the end for the Irish Jig). Some female ballroom dancers will curtsey to their partners before beginning the Viennese Waltz. In some cultures females bow instead of curtseying.

## Related pages

- Bowing

## Other websites

- How to Curtsey
- The Lady's Courtesy in the Victorian Ballroom
Isaac Butt

**Isaac Butt** (1813–1879) was an Irish nationalist political leader and president of the Home Rule Confederation of Great Britain, which sought to achieve Home Rule for Ireland within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.
Adam Yauch

**Adam Nathaniel Yauch** (August 5, 1964 - May 4, 2012) was an American rapper and movie director. He was a member of the Beastie Boys.

Yauch was born in Brooklyn, New York City. In 2009, he was diagnosed with salivary gland neoplasm. He died of the disease in New York City.
Zoosemiotics

**Zoosemiotics** is a branch of semiotics (and of biosemiotics) that studies sign processes and communication in animals.
Juri Lotman

**Juri M. Lotman** (28 February 1922 – 28 October 1993) was a semiotician and a professor in Russian literature, semiotics of and history of culture in the University of Tartu.

He established the semiotics school in Tartu, Estonia.
Świętochłowice

**Świętochłowice** is a city in Poland in Silesian Voivodeship. It has about 55,000 people and 13.31 km². The city is on the Rawa River.
Schnitzel

A **schnitzel** is a traditional German and Austrian dish.  It is made out of boneless meat thinned with a hammer, coated in bread crumbs and fried. It is a popular part of Austrian cuisine. In Austria, the dish called _Wiener Schnitzel_ is traditionally served with a slice of lemon and either Potato salad or potatoes with parsley and butter.

The traditional Wiener schnitzel is made of veal.  It is now often made of pork. When made of pork, it is often called _Schnitzel Wiener Art_ in Germany.  In Austria, by law it has to be called _Wiener Schnitzel vom Schwein_ to show it is different it from the original. In Austria and Germany, the term _Wiener Schnitzel_ is protected by law.  Any schnitzel called by that name has to be made from veal.

In Finland, watermelon is traditionally eaten with Schnitzel (pork Schnitzel is the most popular in the country). In New Zealand their beef Schnitzel meals are almost always eaten with a large serving of mashed potatoes and/or boiled vegetables.
Kaiserschmarrn

**Kaiserschmarrn** is a well-known Austrian dessert.  It was popular in the former Austria–Hungary as well as in Bavaria. The Czech name is "trhanec" or "kajzršmorn". In Hungary it is called "császármorzsa" or simply "smarni".

## Overview

Kaiserschmarrn is a light, caramelized pancake.  It is made from a sweet batter using flour, eggs, sugar, salt, and milk, baked in butter. Kaiserschmarrn can be prepared in different ways.  When making Kaiserschmarrn the egg-whites are usually separated from the yolk and beaten until stiff. Then the flour and the yolks are mixed with sugar, and the other ingredients are added.  The pancake is split into pieces while frying, shredded after preparation.  It is usually sprinkled with powdered sugar, then served hot with apple or plum sauce or various fruit compotes. Kaiserschmarrn is eaten like a dessert.

Traditionally Kaiserschmarrn is served with _Zwetschkenröster_, a fruit compote made out of Plums.
Knödel

***Knödel*** or ***Klöße*** are large round poached or boiled potato or bread dumplings, made without yeast. They are normal parts of Austrian, German, Hungarian, Slovakian and Czech cuisine.  They come in many different forms. They can be made from flour, potatoes, old bread, semolina, etc. In most types, they are used as a side dish for meat. They can also be served as a dessert or in a soup.

## Names and varieties

In Hungary, they are called _gombóc_; in the Czech Republic, _knedlík_; in Slovakia, knedľa, in Luxembourg, _Kniddel(en)_, _cnigle_ in Bukovina; and, in Italy, _canederli_. In some parts of the United States, _klub_ is used to mean potato dumplings.

_Klöße_ are large dumplings, steamed or boiled in hot water, made of dough from grated raw or mashed potatoes, eggs and flour. Similar semolina crack dumplings are made with semolina, egg and milk.  They are called _Grießklößchen_.
_Thüringer Klöße_ are made from raw or boiled potatoes, or a mixture of both, and are often filled with croutons or ham. In Austria and Hungary they make large sweet dumplings or plum dumplings called Zwetschkenknödel. Gombotzen are made with flour & potato batter, by wrapping the potato dough around whole plums or apricots.  They then are boiled and rolled in hot buttered caramelized bread crumbs. Topfenknödel are  made with quark cheese (Topfen) and are traditionally topped with cinnamon sugar and served with apple sauce or with streusel.

_Königsberger Klopse_ are not dumplings, they are made from ground meat and are related to _Frikadeller_.
Tafelspitz

**Tafelspitz** is boiled beef in broth Viennese style.

## The dish

Tafelspitz - boiled tri-tip - is a typical Austrian dish. The beef is simmered with root vegetables and spices in the broth. It is usually served with roasted slices of potato and a mix of minced apples and horseradish or sour cream mixed with horseradish.
Franz Joseph I, Emperor of Austria, was a great lover of Tafelspitz.  Tafelspitz is said to be the national dish of Austria.

## The cut

Tafelspitz is the name of the meat cut which is used.  It is usually from a young ox. The meat for Tafelspitz is well-aged pieces of beef, a cut of beef from the bottom sirloin primal cut.  This cut is typically known in the  United States as the tri-tip.
Austrian butchers gave almost every muscle of beef a separate name.  The hind leg alone is parted into 16 cuts.
Schönbrunn Palace

**Schönbrunn Palace** is a former imperial 1,441-room Rococo summer residence in Vienna, Austria. It is one of the most important cultural monuments in the country. Since the 1960s it has been one of the major tourist attractions in Vienna. The palace and gardens show the tastes and interests of Habsburg monarchs.

## Early history

In the year 1569, Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian II purchased a large floodplain of the Wien river.  It was between Meidling and Hietzing. The emperor had the area to be fenced and put game there such as pheasants, ducks, deer and boar.  This was the court's recreational hunting ground. In a small separate part of the area, "exotic" birds such as turkeys and peafowl were kept. Fishponds were built, too.

The name _Schönbrunn_ (meaning "beautiful spring") is from an artesian well from which water was consumed by the court.

During the next century, the area was used as a hunting and recreation ground. Eleonora Gonzaga, who loved hunting, spent much time there.  She was given the area as her widow's residence after the death of her husband, Ferdinand II. From 1638 to 1643, she added a palace to the Katterburg mansion.  In 1642 it was called "Schönbrunn" for the first time. The start of the Schönbrunn orangery seem to go back to Eleonora Gonzaga as well.

## Gardens

The sculpted garden space between the palace and the _Sun Fountain_ is called the _Great Parterre_. The French garden, a big part of the area, was planned by _Jean Trehet_ in 1695. It has a maze.

Western parts were turned into English garden style in 1828–1852. At the outmost western edge, a botanical garden was made in 1828.

### Sculptures

Lining the Great Parterre are 32 sculptures, which represent deities and virtues.

## Recent history

After the end of the monarchy in 1918, the new Austrian Republic became the owner of Schönbrunn Palace.  They made it a museum.

Later it was used for important events such as the meeting between John F. Kennedy and Nikita Khrushchev in 1961.

UNESCO catalogued Schönbrunn Palace on the World Heritage List in 1996, together with its gardens, as a remarkable Baroque ensemble and example of synthesis of the arts.

## Infobox (unesco world heritage site)

- **child**: yes
- **official name**: Palace and Gardens of Schönbrunn
- **id**: 786
- **year**: 1996
- **criteria**: Cultural: i, iv
- **area**: 186.28 ha
- **buffer zone**: 260.64 ha


## Infobox (historic building)

- **name**: Schönbrunn Palace
- **native name**: Schloss Schönbrunn
- **native name lang**: de
- **image**: Schloss Schönbrunn Wien 2014 (Zuschnitt 2).jpg
- **caption**: Schönbrunn Palace in 2014
- **map type**: Austria Vienna
- **map caption**: Location within Vienna
- **location**: Hietzing, Vienna, Austria
- **website**: [https://www.schoenbrunn.at/en/ Official site]
Hoher Dachstein

**Hoher Dachstein** is an Austrian mountain,.  It is the second highest mountain in the Northern Limestone Alps. It is at the border of Upper Austria and Styria in central Austria.  It  is the highest point in each of those states. Parts of it are also in the state of Salzburg.  Because of this it is sometimes called the _Drei-Länder-Berg_ ("three-state mountain").

The Dachstein has a rich cave system. The Dachstein is famous for its fossils, including megalodonts.

## Infobox (mountain)

- **name**: Hoher Dachstein
- **photo**: Dachsteingosau.JPG
- **photo caption**: Hoher Dachstein from the north-west, with the Vorderer Gosausee in the foreground
- **elevation m**: 2995
- **prominence m**: 2136
- **prominence ref**:
<small>List of Alpine peaks by prominence, Ranked 8th in the Alps</small>
- **listing**: Ultra prominent peak, Ultra
- **map**: Austria
- **map caption**: Austria
- **translation**: high roof stone
- **language**: German language, German
- **location**: Upper Austria / Styria, Austria
- **range**: Northern Limestone Alps
- **type**: Limestone
- **age**: Triassic
- **first ascent**: 1832 Peter Gappmayr (Gosau side)


## Infobox (world heritage site)

- **whs**: Hallstatt-Dachstein Salzkammergut Cultural Landscape
- **image**: Ferdinand Georg Waldmüller 004.jpg
- **type**: Cultural
- **criteria**: iii, iv
- **id**: 806
- **region**: List of World Heritage Sites in Europe, Europe and North America
- **year**: 1997
- **session**: 21st
- **link**: http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/806
Salzkammergut

The **Salzkammergut** is a resort area in Austria. It goes from City of Salzburg to the Dachstein mountain range. The main river of the region is the Traun. The name **Salzkammergut** means "Estate of the Salt Chamber".  This is from the Imperial Salt Chamber, the group who ran the precious salt mines in the Habsburg empire.

With its many lakes and mountains, the Salzkammergut has many opportunities for water sports, bathing, hiking, cycling and golf.

Parts of the area around Hallstatt were listed as a World Heritage Site in 1997. The World Heritage Site includes the towns Hallstatt, Obertraun, Gosau and Bad Goisern.

## Infobox (unesco world heritage site)

- **whs**: Hallstatt-Hoher Dachstein, Dachstein / Salzkammergut Cultural Landscape
- **location**: Austria
- **criteria**: Cultural: iii, iv
- **id**: 806
- **year**: 1997
- **locmapin**: Austria
Semmering railway

The **Semmering railway** is a railway in Austria.  It starts at Gloggnitz and leads over the Semmering to Mürzzuschlag.  It was the first mountain railway in Europe built with a standard gauge track. It is commonly called the world's first true mountain railway.  This is because of the very difficult terrain and the large altitude difference. It is still fully functional as a part of the South railway.

The Semmering railway was built between 1848 and 1854.  There were about 20,000 workers.  The director was Carl von Ghega. There are 14 tunnels, 16 viaducts and over 100 curved stone bridges as well as 11 small iron bridges.

In 1998 the Semmering railway was added to the list of the UNESCO World Heritage sites.

## Infobox (unesco world heritage site)

- **child**: yes
- **id**: 785
- **year**: 1998
- **criteria**: Cultural: ii, iv
- **area**: 156.18 ha
- **buffer zone**: 8,581.21 ha


## Infobox (rail line)

- **name**: Semmeringbahn
- **image**: Railjet Garnitur 49, Kalte Rinne, 09.07.2016.jpg
- **image width**: 300px
- **owner**: Austrian Federal Railways
- **operator**: Austrian Federal Railways
- **maxincline**: 2.5 Percent, %
- **electrification**: 15 Volt, kV, 16⅔ Hertz, Hz Overhead line
- **map**:
- **map state**: collapsed
Eggenberg Castle, Graz

**Eggenberg Palace** in Graz is the most significant Baroque palace in Styria, Austria. Schloss Eggenberg is among the most valuable cultural assets of Austria.  It was the home of the House of Eggenberg.  In 2010, Schloss Eggenberg was recognized listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

The palace is on the western edge of the Styrian capital of Graz in the Eggenberg (Graz) district. The northern corner of the palace grounds has the Planetary Garden and Lapidarium of Roman stonework.  There is a collection of over five centuries of European art history from the medieval to early modern period of European art history.  These are in the palace itself.

## Infobox (building)

- **name**: Eggenberg Palace
- **native name**: Schloss Eggenberg
- **image**: Schlosseggenbergluftaufnahme.jpg
- **caption**: Aerial view looking northwest
- **building type**: palace
- **architectural style**: Gothic architecture, Gothic and Baroque architecture, Baroque
- **cost**: over 105,000 guilder
- **location**: Graz, Styria, Austria
- **client**: Universalmuseum Joanneum
- **owner**: Styria, The State of Styria
- **current tenants**: Palace State Rooms, Alte Galerie, Coin Collection, Roman Stonework Collection, Archaeology Collection
- **start date**: after 1460 (medieval section), 1625 (Baroque expansion)
- **completion date**: ca. 1635 (structure), 1685 (accouterments), 1762 (piano nobile)
- **height**: (central tower)
- **diameter**: 65 m x 80 m (palace footprint)
- **other dimensions**: 90,000 m² (palace grounds)
- **floor count**: 3
- **floor area**: 8,000 m²
- **architect**: Giovanni Pietro de Pomis
- **other designers**: Hans Adam Weissenkircher (court painter)
- **references**: * _Schloss Eggenberg._ By Barbara Kaiser. Graz: Christian Brandstätter Verlag, 2006.
* _Planet Eggenberg._ By Hermann Götz. Graz: Leykam Medien AG, 2005.
David Cronenberg

**David Cronenberg** (born March 15, 1943) is a Canadian director, producer, screenwriter and actor. He was born in Toronto, Ontario. He is of Jewish descent.

Genre of his films is body horror. Many of them are considered classic of this genre.

Cronenberg's work includes: _Rabid_, _The Brood_, _Scanners_, _Videodrome_, _The Fly_, _Dead Ringers_, _Crash_, _A History of Violence_, _Eastern Promises_ and _A Dangerous Method_.
Wachau

The **Wachau** is an Austrian valley.  It has pretty landscape formed by the Danube river. It is one of the biggest tourist places of Lower Austria.  It is midway between the towns of Melk and Krems. It is  in length.  People lived here in prehistoric times.

A well-known place and tourist attraction is Dürnstein.  This is where King Richard the Lion-Heart of England was held captive by Duke Leopold V.

The Wachau is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.  This is for its architectural and agricultural history.

## Infobox (unesco world heritage site)

- **whs**: Wachau Cultural Landscape
- **image**: Wachau (2).JPG
- **image upright**: 1.2
- **location**: Lower Austria, Austria
- **criteria**: (ii)(iv)
- **id**: 970
- **year**: 2000
- **locmapin**: Austria
Lake Neusiedl

**Lake Neusiedl** is the second largest steppe lake in Central Europe.  It goes across the Austrian and Hungarian border. The lake covers 315 km². 240 km² is on the Austrian side and 75 km² on the Hungarian side. The lake's drainage basin has an area of about 1,120 km². From north to south, the lake is about 36 km long.  It is between 6 km and 12 km wide from east to west. The lake is no more than 1.8 m deep.

Most of the lake is surrounded by reeds which serve as a home for animals.  The lake is an important resting place for migratory birds.

In 2001 the national parks in Austria and Fertő-Hanság in Hungary were together accepted as a World Heritage Site.

## Infobox (lake)

- **name**: Neusiedler See
 Fertő tó
- **image**: Neusiedler Lake satellite.png
- **caption**: Satellite image of Lake Neusiedl
- **location**: Austria, Hungary
- **type**: Endorheic basin, Endorheic lake
- **inflow**: _precipitation (meteorology), precipitation_, Wulka
- **outflow**: _evaporation_ (90%) Einserkanal (artificial)
- **basin countries**: Austria, Hungary
- **cities**: Neusiedl am See, Rust, Austria, Rust
Eurobeat

**Eurobeat** is electronic music derived from Italo-Disco and it has mainly been produced in Italy and Japan.

## Famous Eurobeat Labels

- Dave Rodgers Music (D.R.M)
- A-Beat-C
- Stefano Castagna Productions (S.C.P) music
- Sinclare style
- HI-NRG Revolution

## Famous Eurobeat artists

- Giancarlo Pasquini
- Christian Codenotti
- Ennio Zanini
- Maurizio De Jorio
Maureen Stapleton

**Maureen Stapleton** (June 21, 1925 – March 13, 2006) was an American television, movie and theater actress. She had a limited movie career. She died on March 13, 2006 from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Maureen Stapleton
- **image**: File:Maureen Stapleton (Seven Lively Arts, 1958).jpg
- **birthname**: Lois Maureen Stapleton
- **birth place**: Troy, New York,
United States
- **death place**: Lenox, Massachusetts,
United States
- **spouse**: Max Allentuck (1949-1959)
David Rayfiel (1963-1966)
- **occupation**: Actress
- **yearsactive**: 1946–2003
Tango & Cash

***Tango & Cash*** is a 1989 American buddy cop movie starring Sylvester Stallone and Kurt Russell. The movie is directed by Andrei Konchalovsky.

Stallone plays Ray Tango and Russell plays Gabriel Cash, LAPD narcotics detectives who are framed for murder by crime lord Yves Perret, played by Jack Palance. The officers have to work together to prove their innocence.
Access network

An **access network** is the part of a telecommunications network that connects subscribers to their immediate service provider.
Backpacking

**Backpacker** or **backpacking** may refer to:

- Backpacking (wilderness), hiking in the wild
- Backpacking (travel), travelling with only a backpack
- A traveller whose luggage consists of a backpack
- An inexpensive place to stay, such as a hostel
Azerbaijani people

The **Azerbaijanis**, or **Azerbaijani Turks**  (Azerbaijani: Azərbaycanlılar, Azərbaycan Türkləri) are a Turkic ethnic group living mainly in the Republic of Azerbaijan and Iranian Azerbaijan. A small minority also live in southern Dagestan in Russia.

After the Russo-Persian War (1804–1813) and Russo-Persian War (1826–1828), the land of the Iranian Qajar dynasty in the Caucasus were given to the Russian Empire which makes up the present territory of the Republic of Azerbaijan. Lands which Iran kept are now known as Iranian Azerbaijan. Even though they live on two sides of an international border, the Azerbaijanis are a single ethnic group. However, northerners and southerners differ due to nearly two centuries of separate social evolution of Iranian Azerbaijanis and Russian/Soviet-influenced Azerbaijan. The Azerbaijani language unifies Azerbaijanis, and is mutually intelligible with Turkmen, Qashqai, Gagauz, Turkish, and the dialects spoken by the Iraqi Turkmen, all of which belong to the Oghuz, or Western, group of Turkic languages. The Azerbaijanis are mostly Shia Muslim.

## Related pages

- Iranian Azerbaijanis

## Other websites

- Azerbaijan -Citizendium

## Infobox (ethnic group)

- **group**: Azerbaijanis
_Azərbaycanlılar_
<big>  </big>
- **image**: Azerbaijani Turks In iran.jpg
- **image caption**: Azerbaijani Turks
- **population**: approx. 30 million
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Azerbaijani_diaspora_map.png
- **pop1**: 15 to 20 million
- **pop4**: 621,800 to 1,500,000
- **pop5**: 530,000 to 2,500,000
- **pop6**: 284,761 to 500,000
- **pop7**: 78,295
- **pop8**: 45,176
- **pop9**: 44,400
- **pop10**: 33,365
- **pop11**: 18,000
- **pop12**: 17,823
- **pop13**: 15,219
- **pop14**: 15,000
- **pop15**: 6,362
- **pop16**: 5,553
- **pop17**: 3,465
- **pop18**: 1,697
- **pop19**: 1,000
- **pop20**: 880
- **pop21**: 788
- **languages**: Azerbaijani language, Azerbaijani
- **religions**: Mostly Shia Islam
- **related**: Other Turkic peoples (especially Turkmen people, Turkmens and Turkish people, Turks)
Unitary

**Unitary** may be:

- Unitary construction, in automotive design, another common term for a _unibody_ or monocoque construction
    - Unitary as chemical weapons opposite of Binary
- Unitarianism, in Christian religion, the belief in a "unitary God" instead of the idea of the Trinity
    - Unitarian Universalism (sometimes called "Unitarianism"), an interfaith church which gets its name from an interfaith concept of "unitary God"
- types of political regions
    - Unitary state
    - Unitary authority
- Unitary enterprise, a type of government-owned corporation in Russia and Belarus
- Unitary executive theory, a theory of American constitutional law

## Mathematics

- _E_-unitary inverse semigroups
- Unitary matrix
- Unitary operator
- Unitary transformation
- Unitary group
- Unitary representation
- Unital (disambiguation)
- Unitarity (physics)
Constitutional republic

A constitutional republic is a governing state where the chief executive and representatives are elected, and the rules are set down in a written constitution.

The head of state (president) and other representatives are elected but they do not have uncontrolled power. What their power is limited to is written in the constitution. If there is dispute about what the constitution means, this is decided by a court system that is independent from the representatives.

In recent public discourse, "constitutional republic" is sometimes used in contrast with the term "democracy." In fact, a constitutional republic is a form of representative democracy, not a direct democracy.

Constitutional republics usually have a separation of powers. The separation of powers means that no single officeholder gets unlimited power.  John Adams said that a constitutional republic was "_a government of laws, and not of men_".

This is meant to be a safeguard against tyranny. No office holder can get to a position of absolute power. However, some have argued that a constitution can be written in such a way that it lets tyranny arise, and that a constitution is therefore not a fail proof safeguard against tyranny.

Aristotle was the first to write about the idea in his works on politics.

Constitutional monarchies are a special case; even though the monarch is not elected, the people still elect other governing bodies. A constitution may limit the power of the monarch.

## Comparisons

Comparisons can be made. There are countries which nominally are constitutional republics, but which have become (in effect) dictatorships. There are also countries which have no written constitution, and are monarchies, but which act in a similar way to constitutional republics.

## Related pages

- constitutionalism
- constitutional economics
- democracy
- rule of law
Artur Rasizade

**Artur Tahir oglu Rasizade** (born 26 February 1935 in Ganja) was the Prime Minister of Azerbaijan from 2003 until 2018. Rasizada was a long-time Communist Party member during the Azerbaijan SSR period. He was Prime Minister from July 20, 1996 until August 4, 2003.

He quit due to health reasons. This let President Heydar Aliyev's son Ilham Aliyev become Prime Minister. Rasizada continued to act as Prime Minister for Ilham Aliyev.  He formally returned to the job on November 4, after Ilham Aliyev was elected as president.

## Awards

Rasizade was awarded with Istiglal Order for his contributions to economic development of Azerbaijan by President of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev on February 23, 2005.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Artur Rasizade
- **image**: Artur Rasi-zadə, 27-02-2020.jpg
- **imagesize**: 220px
- **office**: Prime Minister of Azerbaijan#Prime Ministers 2, 6th Prime Minister of Azerbaijan
- **president**: Ilham Aliyev
- **deputy**: Yaqub Eyyubov
- **term start**: 31 October 2003
- **term end**: 21 April 2018

- **predecessor**: Ilham Aliyev
- **successor**: Novruz Mammadov
- **president1**: Heydar Aliyev
- **term start1**: 20 July 1996
- **term end1**: 4 August 2003

- **predecessor1**: Fuad Guliyev
- **successor1**: Ilham Aliyev
- **birth place**: Ganja, Azerbaijan, Ganja, Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic, Azerbaijan SSR, Soviet Union
- **party**: Communist Party of the Soviet Union (until 1991)
Caucasian Albania

**Albania**, academically termed the **Caucasian Albania** to avoid confusion with modern-day Albania, is the name for the historical region of the eastern Caucasus. The native name for the country is unknown. It was on the land of present-day  Azerbaijan and partially Russia's southern Dagestan. The ancient inhabitants of Caucasian Albania spoke ancient _Albanian (illyrian)_, an language that went extinct in the 10th century in the heyday of the Abbasid Caliphate during the Middle Ages.

## Infobox (former country)

- **conventional long name**: Caucasian Albania
- **common name**: Caucasian Albania
- **era**: Classical antiquity, Antiquity
- **status**: Empire
- **government**: Territory, Kingdom, Vassal state, Vassal Kingdom and Satrapy during the Parthia, Parthian and Sassanid empires
- **region**: Caucasus
- **p1**: Achaemenid Empire
- **flag p1**: Standard of Cyrus the Great.svg
- **s1**: Rashidun Caliphate
- **flag s1**: Flag of Afghanistan pre-1901.svg
- **year start**: 4th century BC
- **year end**: 8th century
- **life span**: 4th century BC – 8th century AD
- **image map**: Ancient countries of Transcaucasia.jpg
- **image map caption**: Borders of Arsacid kingdom Caucasian Albania (late 4th century) in the Sassanid empie
- **capital**: Kabalak, Partav (modern-day Azerbaijan)
- **common languages**: [https://cems.ceu.edu/events/2011-10-13/lost-written-language-caucasian-albanians-discovery-and-decipherment Caucasian Albanian] (extinct), Armenian language, Armenian, Parthian language, Parthian (extinct), Middle Persian (extinct)
- **religion**: Paganism, Christianity and Zoroastrianism
- **today**:
Enchō

was a  after _Engi_ and before _Jōhei._  This period started in April 923 and ended in April 931.  The reigning emperors were  and .

## Events of the _Enchō_ era

- **929** (_Enchō 7, 8th month_): Floods devastated the country and many died.
- **24 July 930** (_Enchō 8, 26th day of the 6th month_): Lightning struck the Imperial Palace.  Fuijwara no Kiyotsura and Taira no Mareyo and many others were killed.  The deaths were interpreted as an act of revenge by the spirit of the late Sugawara Michizane.
- **16 October 930** (_Enchō 8, 22nd day of the 9th month_): In the 34th year of Daigo's reign, the emperor fell ill; and the succession (_senso_) was received by a his son.  Shortly thereafter, Emperor Suzaku's role as monarch was confirmed by ceremonies (_sokui_).
- **23 October 930** (_Enchō 8, 29th day of the 9th month_): Emperor Daigo  died at the age of 46.

## Gallery

<small>In _Enchō_ 8, the thunder and lightning of a great storm were believed to show the angry spirit of Sugawara Michizane</small>

## Related pages

- Heian period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

|Enchō|1st|2nd|3rd|4th|5th|6th|7th|8th|9th|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||923|924|925|926|927|928|929|930|931|
1223

## Events

- March 25 – Sancho II is crowned King of Portugal
- May 31 – Battle of the Kalka River: The Mongol armies of Genghis Khan defeat the Russian warriors.
- August 6 – Louis VIII is crowned King of France.
- The Franciscan Rule is approved by Pope Honorius III.
- Failure of an attempt by the Sicilian fleet to reconquer Jerba.

## Births

- John FitzAlan, 6th Earl of Arundel (d. 1267)
- Baibars, Mamluk Sultan of Egypt and Syria (d. 1277)
- Hugh le Despencer, 1st Baron le Despencer (d. 1265)
- Llywelyn ap Gruffydd, Last Native Prince of Wales (d. 1282)

## Deaths

- March 8 – Wincenty Kadłubek, Polish bishop and historian (b. 1161)
- March 25 – King Afonso II of Portugal (b. 1185)
- July 14 – King Philip II of France (b. 1165)
- Giorgi IV Lasha, King of Georgia (b. 1192)
- Giraldus Cambrensis Cambro-Norman clergyman and chronicler (b. 1146)
- Mstislav III of Kiev
- Mukhali, Mongol general
- Unkei, Japanese sculptor (b. 1151)
Singapore Standard Time

**Singapore Standard Time** (abbreviation: **SST**; ) or **Singapore Time** (abbreviation: **SIN**; ) is the time zone used in Singapore, 8 hours ahead of UTC (UTC+08:00).

## History

Singapore is situated 103° 51' 16" East of Greenwich and lies within the UTC+07:00 time zone. Before 31 May 1905, the local time was UTC+06:55:25 ahead of Greenwich Mean Time.

During World War II, when the Japanese occupied Singapore, UTC+09:00 was used, to follow Japan time, while UTC+07:20 and UTC+07:30 were used for daylight saving time. When Peninsular Malaysia moved its standard time 30 minutes ahead from UTC+07:30 to UTC+08:00 on 31 December 1981, Singapore shifted too.

The city state started using UTC+08:00 on 1 January 1982 and the country celebrated New Year's Day half an hour earlier.

## Other websites

- Why is Singapore in the "Wrong" Time Zone?
- Singapore Standard Time
- National Metrology Centre
The Vagina Monologues

***The Vagina Monologues*** is a monologue play written by Eve Ensler. The production has been staged in many countries. Ensler originally starred in the play by herself, but she was later replaced by three celebrity monologists. A television version featuring Ensler was shown on cable TV channel HBO. Much of the profits made from the production went to women's anti-violence charities.

## Other websites

- _The Vagina Monologues_ at Random House
- V-Day official site
- Official UK Page
- _The Vagina Monologues_ at HBO.com
Amur leopard

The **Amur leopard** (_Panthera pardus orientalis_) is a leopard subspecies. It is sometimes called the **far eastern leopard**.

The leopard lives in the Primorye region of southeastern Russia and in the Jilin Province of northeast China. It is critically endangered (IUCN). Only 14–20 adults and 5–6 cubs were counted in 2007. Only 19–26 Amur leopards live in the wild.

The Amur leopard's range has decreased considerably in the previous century. This species is still at high risk of extinction, and conservation efforts are ongoing. The Amur leopards are endangered because they have been hunted for their fur. Also because their food sources are running out due to them being hunted for their fur. Amur leopards can be recognized from the patterns in their fur. They weigh about . They live in temperate, broadleaf and mixed forests. The Amur Leopard almost extinct by human hunting. It's called human hunting since the humans tear down the forest so no tree and bushes so the leopard cannot hide. At that time, they hunt them and sell to get money.

The number of Amur cats is decreasing due to the human activity, invasion of domestic cats, and infectious disease. Because these cats play a huge role and the ecosystem cannot afford to lose such species, researchers found a way to regenerate the endangered animal. This can be done from culture cell with somatic cloning technique.

They breed in spring and early summer. Most of them are in captive breeding programs. They give birth to one to four cubs. Inbreeding is common in the wild. Their diet consists of roe deer, sika deer, badgers and hares.

Among the Amur leopards, are Amur tigers, who are sympatric to Amur leopards. However, their activity patterns reveal low spatial overlap which allows these similar predators to coexist.
Der Freischütz

***Der Freischütz*** is an opera in three acts by Carl Maria von Weber with a libretto by Friedrich Kind. It premiered on 18 June 1821 at the Schauspielhaus Berlin. The title is usually translated as _The Marksman_, or _The Freeshooter_.

The opera is the first important German Romantic opera, especially in its national identity and stark emotionality.
The plot is based on the German folk legend of the Freischütz and many of its tunes were inspired by German folk music.  Its unearthly portrayal of the supernatural in the famous Wolf's Glen scene has been described as "the most expressive rendering of the gruesome that is to be found in a musical score".
Jeremy Renner

**Jeremy Lee Renner** (born January 7, 1971) is an American actor, author, singer, and philanthropist. He is famous for his role in the movie _The Avengers_. In _The Avengers_, he plays Hawkeye, a.k.a. Clint Barton. He appeared largely in independent films, such as _Dahmer_ and _Neo_ Ned. Renner appeared in films, such as _S.W.A.T._ and _28 Weeks Later_. More information can be found on him on the official wiki , here.

## Infobox (actor)

- **name**: Jeremy Renner
- **image**: Jeremy Renner by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg
- **caption**: Renner in 2023
- **birthname**: Jeremy Lee Renner
- **birth place**: Modesto, California
- **occupation**: Actor
- **yearsactive**: 1995–present
Elles Bougent

**Elles Bougent** is a French voluntary association created in 2005 in order to attract high school girls and young students women to careers in transportation engineering (aerospace, car, rail).

## Governance

The association was created in 2005 by Marie-Sophie Pawlak.

## Members

The association consists of natural persons (high school girls and women students in science and technology, women engineers or technicians in operation) and artificial person (companies, universities).

### Institutional

- Minister of the Economy, Finances and Industry
- Minister of Social Affairs

## Infobox (non-profit)

- **name**: Elles Bougent
- **type**: voluntary association
- **founded date**: 2005
- **location city**: Paris
- **location country**: France
- **location**: Paris
- **area served**: France
- **key people**: Marie-Sophie Pawlak
- **non-profit slogan**: _Transmettre la passion, susciter des vocations_
- **homepage**: [http://www.ellesbougent.com www.ellesbougent.com]
The Avengers (movie)

***The Avengers*** is a 2012 American superhero movie based on the Marvel Comics superhero team the Avengers. It is produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. It is the sixth movie in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) and the last movie of Phase One. It premiered in Los Angeles on April 11, 2012 and was released in the United States on May 4. The movie was written and directed by Joss Whedon. It stars Robert Downey Jr., Chris Evans, Mark Ruffalo, Chris Hemsworth, Scarlett Johansson, Jeremy Renner, Tom Hiddleston, and Samuel L. Jackson, with Stellan Skarsgård, Clark Gregg, Cobie Smulders, Gwyneth Paltrow, and Paul Bettany in supporting roles. It was positively welcomed from audiences, fans, and film critics alike. Three sequels have been released, titled _Avengers: Age of Ultron_ (2015), _Avengers: Infinity War_ (2018) and _Avengers: Endgame_ (2019).

## Infobox (film)

- **name**: The Avengers
- **image**: Marvel's The Avengers logo.svg
- **director**: Joss Whedon
- **producer**: Kevin Feige
- **screenplay**: Joss Whedon
- **music**: Alan Silvestri
- **cinematography**: Seamus McGarvey
- **studio**: Walt Disney Pictures
Marvel Studios
- **distributor**: Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures
- **runtime**: 142 minutes
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **budget**: $220–225 million
- **gross**: $1.519 billion
Jōhei

, also romanized as **Shōhei**, was a  after _Enchō_ and before _Tengyō._  This period started in April 931 and ended in May 938.  The reigning emperor was .

## Events of the _Jōhei_ era

- **3 September 931** (_Jōhei 1, 19th day of the 7th month_): The former-Emperor Uda died at the age of 65.
- **932** (_Jōhei 2, 8th month_): Fujiwara no Sadakata died at the age of 65.
- **933** (_Jōhei 3, 8th month_): Fujiwara no Nakahira is named Minister of the Right (_udaijin_).
- **933** (_Jōhei 3, 12th month_): Ten of the chief dignitaries of the empire went falcon-hunting together in Owari province. Each of them was magnificent in his formal hunting attire.
- **935** (_Jōhei 5_): The Great Fundamental Central Hall (_kompon chūdō_) on Mt. Hiei burned down.
- **7 September 936** (_Jōhei 6, 19th day of the 8th month_): Fujiwara Tadahira was named Prime Ministger (_daijō-daijin_). Fujiwara Nakahira was named Minister of the Left (_sadaijin_), and Fujiwara Tsunesuke was named _udaijin_.
- **937** (_Jōhei 7, 12th month_): The former-Emperor Yōzei celebrated his 70th birthday.

## Related pages

- Heian period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

|Jōhei|1st|2nd|3rd|4th|5th|6th|7th|8th|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||931|932|933|934|935|936|937|938|
Geraldine Page

**Geraldine Page** (22 November 1924 – 13 June 1987) was an American theater and movie actress. She was nominated for eight Academy Awards during her career. Page was born around Kirksville, Missouri.
Joanne

**Joanne** is a female based name. The pronunciation of the name is [ joh-**an** ]. The name Joanne is derived from the Hebrew name Yochanan, which means "God is gracious." It was popular as recently as around 1975 in Northern Ireland and United Kingdom. In Hebrew, Joanne means _God is Gracious_. There are many celebrities who have the name, like Joanne Dru, Joanne Missingham, Joanne Woodward and Joanne Whalley. This is a unique name (not in the top 1000 newborn names in the US in 2021).

## People

- Joanne Missingham, Taiwanese go player
- Joanne Woodward , American actress
- Joanne Whalley, British actress

## Infobox (given name revised)

- **name**: Joanne
- **gender**: Female
- **meaning**: God is gracious
- **origin**: Hebrew
- **related names**: Joan, Joanna, Johanna, Jo-Anne
Gethsemane

**Gethsemane** ( ) is a garden at the foot of the Mount of Olives. It is most famous for being the place where Jesus and his disciples are said to have prayed the night before Jesus' crucifixion.

## Related pages

- Judas Iscariot
Eldiguzids

The **Ildegizids**, **Eldiguzids** (, ) or **Ildenizids**, also known as **Atabegs of Azerbaijan** ( _Atabakan-e Āzarbayjan_, ) A historical state that ruled Azerbaijan, eastern Anatolia, northern Iraq, Iran and Jibali in 1136–1225.

## History

The start of the dynasty is connected with Shamsaddin Eldaniz of Kipchak origin. Thus, Eldaniz, who took Arran as an iqta by Sultan Masud, soon spread his power throughout Azerbaijan.  After his son Arslanshah also ruled in 1160, Eldaniz seized power in the Seljuk sultanate of Iraq. During the reign of Shamsaddin Eldaniz, the lands covered Arran, Azerbaijan, Shirvan, Cibal, Hamadan, Gilan, Mazandaran, Isfahan, Rey, Mosul, Kirman, Persia, Khuzistan, Akhlat, Erzurum and Maragha.ere a Turkic dynasty of Kipchak origin.  They controlled most of northwestern Persia, eastern Transcaucasia, including Arran, most of Azerbaijan, and Djibal. At their biggest, the land they had was about most of north-western and upper-central modern Iran, most of the regions of modern Azerbaijan and smaller portions in modern Armenia, Turkey and Iraq.

The strengthening of the dynasty is connected with the period of Mohammad Jahan Pahlava.  After the death of Sultan Arslanshah in 1175, Jahan Pahlavan, who brought his 7-year-old son Togrul III to power, declared himself his ancestor and, like Shamsaddin Eldaniz, took de facto power. Atabey Jahan Pahlavan suppressed revolts against the central government and established friendly relations with the ruling dynasties in the neighborhood.  Since the period of Jahan Pahlava was a period of stability, cultural spheres developed in the lands under the rule of the Eldenizs.  During the reign of the mentioned Atabey, the capital of the Eldenizs was moved from Nakhchivan to Hamadan.

## Atabeg

Atabeg means _"father lord"_ in Turkic languages.  It was the title given to the Turkic officers of Seljuq dynasty. Atabegs were not only vice-regents, but also de facto rulers.

## List of Eldiguzids (Atabegs of Azerbaijan)

1. Shams al-Din Ildeniz or Eldigüz (ca.1135 or 1136-1174 or 1175)
1. Mohammed Jahan Pahlavan (1174 or 1175–1186)
1. Qizil Arslan (1186–1191)
1. Abu Bakr (1191–1210)
1. Uzbek (1210–1225)
Serafin R. Cuevas

**Serafin R. Cuevas** (25 June 1928 – 9 February 2014) was a Filipino lawyer and a former Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines appointed during dictator Ferdinand Marcos.

## Early life and education

Serafin R. Cuevas was born on 25 June 1928 in Bacoor Cavite.
He went to Las Piñas Elementary School in his elementary education and to the University of Manila in his secondary education. He obtained his Bachelor of Laws degree from the University of the Philippines in 1952 and passed the Bar examination the same year.

## Career

He started his career as a professorial lecturer at the College of Law of the University of the Philippines and at the Institute of Law of the Far Eastern University. Afterwards, he became an Assistant Fiscal of the City of Manila and then as Judge to the Court of First Instance.

Before his appoinment as an Associate Justice to the Supreme Court of the Philippines on May 31, 1984, he was Associate Justice to the Intermediate Appellate Court.

## Death

Justice Cuevas died on February 9, 2014 from liver cancer.  He was 85.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Serafin R. Cuevas
- **office**: Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court
- **appointer**: Ferdinand Marcos
- **term start**: 1 June 1984
- **term end**: 16 April 1986
- **birth place**: Bacoor, Cavite, Commonwealth of the Philippines, Philippines
- **spouse**: Angelica Vecino
- **children**: Serafin Jr,
 Maria Leonora,
 Maria Angelica and
 Ana Lisa
- **alma mater**: University of the Philippines
Constitution of Azerbaijan

The **Constitution of Azerbaijan** was started on 12 November 1995 by a popular referendum. It was changed three times by a popular referendums, on 24 August 2002, on 18 March 2009 and on 26 September 2016. The constitution is the "highest legal force" in Azerbaijan.

## Preamble

The Preamble to the Constitution says, in order to "provide prosperity and welfare of the whole society and each individual", that the following objectives be declared:
- protection of national sovereignty and territorial integrity
- a constitutional democracy
- make a civil society
- a secular state based upon the rule of law
- a "worthy life level" for citizens and "just" economic and social order
- observance of "universal human values", peace and international cooperation

## Related pages

- Constitution
- Constitutionalism
- Constitutional economics

## Other websites

- The Constitution of Azerbaijan at the Presidential website
Azerbaijani manat

The **Manat** is the national currency used in Azerbaijan. It is divided into 100 _qəpik_. The word _manat_ comes from the Russian word "moneta" which means coin. Manat was also the name of the Soviet ruble in both the Azerbaijani and Turkmen languages.

The Azerbaijani manat symbol, , is not easily typed on computers, so "m" or "man." can be used instead. Azerbaijani manat is also written as AZN. In Azerbaijan people can only use manats. Azerbaijani manats are more valuable than the USD and almost as valuable as the Euro.

## Related pages

- Qapik
- Azerbaijani manat sign
- Economy of Azerbaijan
- Agriculture in Azerbaijan

## Other websites

- _Der Standard_ article on the redenomination
- Azerbaijan International. Azerbaijan's New Manats: Design and Transition to a New Currency
- Catalog of Azeri coins and banknotes

## Infobox (currency)

- **image 1**: 1 manat - 2020 - obv.jpg
- **image title 1**: Obverse and reverse, Obverse (front) of 1 manat
- **image 2**: Azerbaijani qapiks.jpg
- **image title 2**: Coins of the manat
- **iso code**: AZN
- **using countries**: Azerbaijan
- **inflation rate**: 1.4% December 2014
- **inflation source date**: [http://en.cbar.az/pages/financial-stability/financial-stability-review/ Central Bank of Azerbaijan]
- **inflation method**: Consumer price index, CPI
- **subunit ratio 1**: 1/100
- **subunit name 1**: Qapik, Qəpik
- **symbol**: ₼
- **used coins**: 1, 3, 5, 10, 20, 50 qəpik
- **used banknotes**: 1, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500 manat
- **issuing authority**: Central Bank of Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan Time

**Azerbaijan Time**, or **AZT**, is a time zone used in Azerbaijan. The standard time zone is four hours ahead of UTC (UTC+4).
The daylight saving time, Azerbaijan Summer Time (**AZST**), which was one hour ahead of the standard **AZT** at UTC+5 was abolished in March 2016.