juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Tarnów

**Tarnów** is a city in the southeastern part of Poland in Lesser Poland Voivodeship. About 114,000 people live in Tarnów. It is a major rail junction, located on the strategic east-west connection from Lwów to Kraków.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Tarnów
- **image skyline**: PL Tarnów Ratusz.JPG
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **image caption**: Town Hall on Main Square
- **image flag**: POL Tarnów flag.svg
- **image shield**: POL Tarnów COA.svg
- **pushpin map**: Poland
- **pushpin label position**: bottom
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Voivodeships of Poland, Voivodeship
- **subdivision name1**: Lesser Poland Voivodeship, Lesser Poland
- **subdivision type2**: Powiat, County
- **subdivision name2**: **city county**
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Roman Ciepiela
- **established title3**: Town rights
- **established date3**: 1330
- **area total km2**: 72.4
- **population as of**: 2006
- **population total**: 116109
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone**: Central European Time, CET
- **utc offset**: +1
- **timezone dst**: Central European Summer Time, CEST
- **utc offset dst**: +2
- **postal code type**: Postal code
- **postal code**: 33-100 to 33-110
- **area code**: +48 014
- **blank name**: Polish car number plates, Car plates
- **blank info**: KT
- **website**: http://www.tarnow.pl
Province of León

**León** is a province in the northwest of Spain. About 500,000 people live there. Its capital city is León. Leonese language is the language of the province.

## Related pages

- Kingdom of León
Bermudo III

**Bermudo III** was the King of León in the Middle Ages.

## Related pages

- Kingdom of León
Ponferrada

**Ponferrada** is a town and municipality of the Región of El Bierzo (province of León, Castilla y León, in Spain.  About 66,000 people were living here as of 2005.

## Other websites

- Official Town Website

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Ponferrada
- **image flag**: Ponferrada flag.jpg
- **flag size**: 155px
- **image seal**: Coat of Arms of Ponferrada.svg
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Spain
- **subdivision type1**: Autonomous Community
- **subdivision name1**: Castilla y León
- **subdivision type2**: Province
- **subdivision name2**: León (province), León
- **subdivision type3**: Region
- **subdivision name3**: El Bierzo
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: J. C. López Riesco (People's Party (Spain), PP)
- **established title**: Founded
- **established date**: 11th century
- **area total km2**: 283
- **population as of**: 2005
- **population total**: 65984
- **population density km2**: 233.15
- **timezone**: CET
- **utc offset**: +1
- **timezone dst**: CEST
- **utc offset dst**: +2
- **elevation m**: 544
- **postal code type**: Postal code
- **postal code**: 244xx
- **area code**: 987
- **website**: [http://www.ponferrada.org www.ponferrada.org]
Regional Municipality of York

- _For the town that joined with Toronto in 1998, see York, Ontario._

The **Regional Municipality of York**, also called **York Region**, is a regional municipality in south-central Ontario, Canada, between Lake Simcoe and Toronto. It replaced the old York County in 1971. In 2021, about 1,173,334 people were living in the Regional Municipality of York.   It is the fastest growing region in Canada and it is expected to grow to more than 1.5 million people by 2031. The whole region is part of the Greater Toronto Area and is part of the Golden Horseshoe. The capital of the region is in Newmarket.

## Geography

York Region covers 1,776 square kilometres from Lake Simcoe in the north to the city of Toronto in the south.  The eastern border is shared with Durham Region. To the west is Peel Region, and Simcoe County is to the northwest.

Towns and cities in York Region include:
- Town of Aurora
- Town of East Gwillimbury
- Town of Georgina
- Township of King
- City of Markham
- Town of Newmarket
- Town of Richmond Hill
- City of Vaughan
- Town of Whitchurch-Stouffville

There is also one First Nation _(Native Canadians)_ with an Indian reserve, where the Chippewas of Georgina Island First Nation live.

York Region includes farmlands, wetlands and small kettle lakes, the Oak Ridges Moraine and over 2,070 hectares of regional forest, as well as built-up areas of its towns.

## Other websites

- York Region Official site
- Yorkregion.com online news
- York Regional Police
- Map of York Region

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: York Region
- **official name**: Regional Municipality of York
- **settlement type**: Census divisions of Ontario#Regional municipalities, Regional municipality (List of municipalities in Ontario#Upper-tier municipalities, upper-tier)
- **motto**: "Deeds Speak"
- **image caption**: Clockwise from top left: Historic Aurora, Ontario, Aurora Cultural Centre, Sibbald Point Provincial Park, Vaughan Metro Centre, rural Nobleton, Ontario, Nobleton, Markham Civic Centre, Canada's Wonderland
- **image shield**: Arms of the Regional Municipality of York.svg
- **shield size**: 100x80px
- **image map1**: Map of Ontario YORK.svg
- **map caption1**: Map showing York Region's location in Ontario
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Provinces of Canada, Province
- **subdivision name**: Canada
- **subdivision name1**: Ontario
- **seat**: Newmarket, Ontario, Newmarket
- **government type**: Council-Manager, Council-CEO
- **leader title**: Chair & CEO
- **leader name**: Eric Jolliffe
- **leader title1**: Governing Body
- **leader name1**: York Regional Council
- **established title**: Established
- **established date**: 1792 (as York County, Ontario, York County)
- **established title2**: Incorporated
- **established date2**: 1971 (as a Regional municipality)
- **area total km2**: 1,758.27
- **population as of**: 2021 Canadian census, 2021
- **population total**: 1,173,334
- **population density km2**: 667.3
- **timezone**: Eastern (EST)
- **utc offset**: -5
- **timezone dst**: Eastern (EDT)
- **utc offset dst**: -4
When You're Gone

"**When You're Gone**" is a song performed by the Canadian singer Avril Lavigne for her 2007 album _The Best Damn Thing_.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: When You're Gone
- **type**: single
- **artist**: Avril Lavigne
- **album**: The Best Damn Thing
- **recorded**: 2006
Pulse Recording,
(Los Angeles, California);
Sunset Sound,
(Hollywood, California);
Abbey Road Studios,
(London, UK)
- **length**: 3:57
- **label**: RCA Records, RCA
- **writer**: Avril Lavigne, Butch Walker
- **producer**: Butch Walker
- **prev title**: Girlfriend (Avril Lavigne song), Girlfriend
- **prev year**: 2007
- **next title**: Hot (Avril Lavigne song), Hot
- **next year**: 2007
Hot (song)

"**Hot**" is a song by Avril Lavigne produced by Lukasz "Dr. Luke" Gottwald. It is the third single from Lavigne's third album, _The Best Damn Thing_.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Hot
- **artist**: Avril Lavigne
- **album**: The Best Damn Thing
- **recorded**: 2006
Conway Recording Studios,
(Hollywood, California);
Henson Recording Studios,
(Hollywood, California);
Ocean Way Recording,
(Hollywood, California);
Monster Island,
(New York City, New York (state), New York)
- **genre**: Rock music, Rock, glam metal, pop metal
- **label**: RCA Records, RCA
- **writer**: Avril Lavigne, Evan Taubenfeld
- **producer**: Dr. Luke
- **prev title**: When You're Gone
- **prev year**: 2007
- **next title**: The Best Damn Thing (song), The Best Damn Thing
- **next year**: 2008
Korean Wikipedia

The **Korean Wikipedia** is the Korean-language edition of Wikipedia. This edition was started in October 2002, and as of June 2020 15, has over 500,000 articles.

It is the 27th largest edition.

## Other websites

- Korean Wikipedia main page.

## Infobox (website)

- **name**: _'Korean Wikipedia_
- **screenshot**: Ko-Wikipedia-Main Page 20150603.png
- **collapsible**: yes
- **logo**: Wikipedia-logo-v2-ko.svg
- **url**: [http://ko.wikipedia.org ko.wikipedia.org]
- **commercial**: No
- **type**: Internet encyclopedia project
- **language**: Korean language, Korean
- **owner**: Wikimedia Foundation
- **author**: Korean wiki community
He Wasn't

"**He Wasn't**" is the fourth single from Avril Lavigne's second album _Under My Skin_.

## Track listing

**Australia**

<small>(82876690742; Released April 8, 2005)</small>
1. "He Wasn't" <small>(Album version)</small>
1. "He Wasn't" <small>(Live full band performance)</small>
1. "He Wasn't" <small>(Live and acoustic)</small>
1. "He Wasn't" <small>(Music video)</small>

- UK
1. "He Wasn't" <small>(Album version)</small>
1. "He Wasn't" <small>(Live version)</small>
1. "He Wasn't" <small>(Music video)</small>
1. Plus exclusive video diary and other stuff.

- French single
1. "He Wasn't" <small>(Album version)</small>
1. "He Wasn't" <small>(Live version)</small>

- UK promo / AU promo
1. He Wasn't <small>(Album version)</small>

## Chart positions

|align="left"|Chart (2005)|align="center"|Position|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|align="left"|Australian ARIA Singles Chart|align="center"|25|
|align="left"|Ö3 Austria Top 40|align="center"|35|
|align="left"|Belgian Ultratip (under 50)|align="center"|2|
|align="left"|Canadian BDS Airplay Chart|align="center"|92|
|European Hot 100|align="center"|68||
|align="left"|Irish Singles Chart|align="center"|35|
|align="left"|German Top 100 Singles Chart|align="center"|29|
|align="left"|New Zealand RIANZ Singles Chart|align="center"|38|
|align="left"|Russian Airplay Top 100|align="center"|260|
|align="left"|Swiss Top 100 Singles Chart|align="center"|43|
|align="left"|UK Singles Chart|align="center"|23|

## Awards

|Year|Awards ceremony|Award|Results|||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|align="center" rowspan="1"|2005|align="left"|MTV Video Music Brasil|align="left"|Best video clipe international|align="center" style="background:#FFA07A"|Nominated|

## Other websites

- "He Wasn't" music video
- Avril Lavigne's Official Site
Donkey Kong 64

***Donkey Kong 64*** (also called **DK 64**) is a platform video game made by Rare and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo 64. It was first released on November 24, 1999 in North America. _Donkey Kong 64_ is one of the few games for the system to use the Expansion Pak.

## Gameplay

The gameplay of _Donkey Kong 64_ is about getting different types of items. Some of those items include coins, bananas, weapons, and keys. These items are needed in order to move on to new levels and fight bosses.

_Donkey Kong 64_ can be played in multiplayer with up to four players at a time. The multiplayer mode has three arenas and five characters to pick from the single-player mode.

## Reception

_Donkey Kong 64_ got good scores from reviewers and had an 88% average on GameRankings.

## Infobox (vg)

- **title**: Donkey Kong 64
- **image**: Donkey Kong 64 logo.png
- **developer**: Rare
- **publisher**: Nintendo
- **genre**: Platform game
- **modes**: Single player, Multiplayer
- **platforms**: Nintendo 64
Tesla coil

A **Tesla coil** is an electrical machine invented by Nikola Tesla in 1891. It is a radio-frequency oscillator and resonant transformer that generates high voltage electricity at low currents. One use is to make lightning bolts. Most are used nowadays to entertain. "Singing Tesla coils" have also been made that can create music.

It works on the principle of electromagnetic induction.
Froot Loops

**Froot Loops** is a many colored, fruit flavored breakfast cereal made by the cereal maker Kellogg's. It is sold worldwide. When it was first made in 1963, the cereal had red, orange, and yellow loops. In the 1990s, blue, green, and purple loops were added to the cereal. The cereal's mascot is a Toucan called _Toucan Sam_.

## Other websites

Froot loops website
Toronto Sun

The ***Toronto Sun*** is an English language daily tabloid newspaper published in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is often seen as a working person's newspaper.

As of the end of 2007, the _Sun_ sold 180,000 newspapers during Monday to Saturday and about 310,000 papers on Sunday.

## Related pages

- The Sun (United Kingdom) - The original UK version

## Other websites

- Article on the Sun  - includes rough circulation info

## Infobox (newspaper)

- **name**: Toronto Sun
- **image**: TorontoSunVendingMachine.jpg
- **caption**: _Toronto Sun_ vending machine in July 2015
- **type**: Daily newspaper
- **foundation**: 1971
- **owners**: Postmedia
- **political**: Right-wing
conservatism, Conservative
- **headquarters**: 365 Bloor Street East
3rd Floor
Toronto, Ontario
M4W 3L4
- **circulation**: 119,048 weekdays
 111,515 Saturdays
 142,376 Sundays in 2015
- **issn**: 0837-3175
- **oclc**: 66653673
- **website**: [http://torontosun.com torontosun.com]
- **chiefeditor**: Adrienne Batra
Lymph node

A **Lymph node** () is an organ consisting of many types of cells, and is a part of the lymphatic system. Lymph nodes are found all through the body, and remove foreign (_not of the body_) objects from the body. Lymph nodes contain white blood cells. They are important for the correct use of the immune system.

## Location

In the human body, the most likely place where lymph nodes can be felt are the neck, underarms, and groin area.
Jetstar Airways

**Jetstar Airways** is a low-cost airline. It was established by Qantas to counter the expansion of Virgin Blue in Australia. It flies to many domestic and international destinations. Its main airport is Melbourne Airport.

## Sister companies

- Jetstar Asia (Singapore)
- Jetstar Hong Kong (Hong Kong)
- Jetstar Japan (Japan)
- Jetstar Pacific Airlines (in Vietnam)

## History

In 2003 Qantas bought the bankrupt Impulse Airlines, and established Jetstar as a low-cost domestic subsidiary. In February 2004 Jetstar Airways start selling tickets to passengers for her flights.
On 1 December, 2005 she started flying to 1st international airport in Christchurch, New Zealand.
Fire extinguisher

A **Fire extinguisher** is a device which can be used to control a fire. Fire extinguishers can help remove the fire, and may stop it from burning. Depending on the size, some fire extinguishers can be carried around and operated by hand. There are different kinds of fire extinguishers. Different kinds of fire can be controlled by different substances. There are color codes, the color tells what kinds of fires the fire extinguisher is useful for:

|Fire Class||Geometric Symbol||Pictogram||Intended Use|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|A|Green Triangle|Garbage can and wood pile fire|Ordinary solid combustibles||||
|B|Red Square|Fuel container and burning puddle|Flammable liquids and gases||||
|C|Blue Circle|Electric plug wand burning outlet|Energized (live) electrical equipment||||
|D|Yellow Pentagram (Star)|Burning Gear and Bearing|Combustible metals||||
|K|Black Hexagon|Pan burning|Cooking oils and fats||||

There are also different sizes of fire extinguishers. Bigger fire extinguishers can be used for a longer time. Hand-held fire extinguishers vary between 0.5 and 14 kg. A 2 kg extinguisher works for about two to four seconds, the 12 kg model for about eighteen seconds. There are also bigger fire extinguishers, mounted on a cart or a vehicle. These are used to fight fires at airports, for example.

To be useful, fire extinguishers need to be checked after a certain amount of time. Usually, for fire extinguishers in public buildings, there are laws about this amount of time.
Minke whale

The **minke whale** (also known as the **lesser rorqual**) is the smallest of the baleen whales that lives in many places in the world. It is the smallest rorqual whale (the large baleen whales). A large one is about 30 feet long and weighs 10 tons. They are black or gray with white on their belly and a white "armband" across their flippers. It is the only baleen whale that is still hunted for money. The Minke whale can swim quite fast.

There are two types of Minke whale.  They are:
- **Common minke whale** or **northern minke whale** (_Balaenoptera acutorostrata_), and
- **Antarctic minke whale** or **southern minke whale** (_Balaenoptera bonaerensis_)

## Description

The minke whales are the second smallest baleen whale. Only the pygmy right whale is smaller. Males measure an average of  and females  in length. Both sexes typically weigh 4 - 5 t (3.9–4.9 long tons; 4.4–5.5 short tons) as adults.  The maximum weight may be as much as 14 t (14 long tons; 15 short tons). They become adults after 6 to 8 years.

The minke whale is a black/gray/purple color. Common minke whales (Northern Hemisphere variety) have a white band on each flipper. The body is usually black or dark-gray above and white underneath. Most of the back, including dorsal fin and blowholes, appears at once when the whale comes to the surface to breathe.

Minke whales usually live for 30–50 years.  In some cases they may live for up to 60 years.

The gestation time for minke whales is 10 months.  Calves measure  at birth.  The newborns nurse for five to possibly 10 months. Breeding is mostly done during the summer months. Calving is thought to happen every two years.
University of Durham

The **University of Durham** is a university in the City of Durham in the north of England.  It was founded in 1832.  It is one of the oldest universities in the United Kingdom. It is "long established as the leading alternative to Oxford and Cambridge".

## References

<div style="font-size:0.8em;">
</div>

## Other websites

- University of Durham

## Infobox (university)

- **name**: University of Durham
- **image**: Palace Green Durham 03.JPG
- **caption**: Palace Green
- **motto lang**: Latin
- **established**: 1832
- **type**: Public
- **endowment**: £57.1 million
- **chancellor**: Sir Thomas Allen
- **vice chancellor**: Christopher F Higgins
- **staff**: 1,746
- **students**: 15,529
- **undergrad**: 11,278
- **postgrad**: 4,251
- **city**: Durham
- **country**: United Kingdom
- **campus**: Urban area, Urban
- **athletics**: BUSA
- **website**: [http://www.dur.ac.uk/ www.dur.ac.uk]
Gerrymandering

**Gerrymandering** is when a political group tries to change a voting district to create a result that gives them an advantage to hurt and reduce another political group's chances of winning. It typically is by persuading citizens or tampering with voting outcomes by giving themselves an advantage from the opposing party. This can result in unfair election outcomes if successful. It is named after Elbridge Gerry (1744-1814).

## Example

If we have Group A and Group B both trying to win in a district. Group A has 40 votes and Group B has 50. In another district Group A knows Group B will win for sure. Group A changes the voting district so that 11 votes are moved to the other district. Now they will win 40 votes to 39.

## Techniques

There are 4 different techniques used in gerrymandering, such as "packing", "cracking", and "hijacking", and "kidnapping."

**Packing gerrymandering** is when a political party puts as many opposing voters as possible into very few districts, or one whole district so they have fewer chances to win in other districts. This weakens the opposition's influence in elections

**Cracking gerrymandering** is when a political party spreads opposing voters across many different districts to prevent them from having a majority in any district. This makes it hard for the opposition to win in elections

**Hijacking gerrymandering**, also known as "sweetheart gerrymandering," is when district maps are redrawn so that two incumbents (office holders, like a member of Congress) of the same party are forced to run against each other. This weakens one of them or forces them to retire, majorly benefiting the opposing party.

**Kidnapping gerrymandering** is when a political party moves an incumbent's home address into another district. This makes it more difficult for elections when the incumbent is in another district and has to face a different political party or voter base.
Suffrage

**Suffrage** is the right to vote. Most countries allow citizens to vote once they are legally an adult. In the past not all people were allowed to vote. In general, most countries today do not stop people of a different race or sex from voting.

Suffrage can also apply to states themselves. Article V. of the U. S. Constitution does not allow any amendment to take away the States' equal suffrage in the Senate.

Suffrage can also mean the right to be a public official. Some people call the right to run for office **candidate eligibility.**  **Full suffrage** means both the right to vote and the right to seek office.

## Related pages

- Universal suffrage
- Voting age
- Women's suffrage
Oda Nobunaga

(23 June 1534 – 21 June 1582) was a Japanese daimyo. Son of Oda Nobuhide. He was born in Owari Province, he succeeded to daimyo in 1551, he defeated his brother Oda Nobuyuki, Shiba Clan to stable his strength. In 1560, he defeated the strongest daimyo Imagawa Yoshimoto and became famous.

In 1567, he defeated Saitō Clan, changed the name Inabayama Castle to Gifu, later his army went to Kyoto and control the emperor and Ashikaga Shogunate.

But the Shogun Ashikaga Yoshiaki plot to make a campaign to against Oda, Nobunaga still defeated them among 10 years, ended the shogunate, and controlled 20 provinces in central Japan.

When he try to conquer Japan, his officer Akechi Mitsuhide killed him at a temple named Honnō-ji. Toyotomi Hideyoshi was a follower of Nobunaga.
Windows Product Activation

**Windows Product Activation** is a service built into all versions of Windows from Windows XP and Windows Server 2003 above to stop people downloading pirated copies. The user has 30 days to activate Windows and after 30 days, the computer will not run properly until it is activated.

## Activation Process

When Windows is first installed, there will be a little icon on the screen with a message asking for Windows to be activated.

Then an activation wizard will appear and the user has 2 options on activating Windows. Activation could be done on the Internet, or on the telephone. The quickest way to activate is by the Internet, but if that fails, then the user would need to call Microsoft for the activation ID. The activation ID would be read by the representative and then the user would type in the key on the activation Wizard screen.

de:Microsoft Windows XP#Produktaktivierung
SliTaz

**SliTaz GNU/Linux** is a software project started by Christophe Lincoln in 2006. It is one of the smallest desktop  Linux distributions available  It can be loaded entirely into RAM or be installed to a hard drive.

## History

SliTaz 1.0 was released on March 22, 2008. SliTaz shares many common goals with Damn Small Linux, but is smaller and based on the more recent Linux 2.6 kernel.

## Issues

|Version|Stability|Release date|
| --- | --- | --- |
|1.0|stable version|March 22, 2008|
|2.0|stable version|March 2009|
|3.0|stable version|March 2010|
|4.0|stable version|April 10, 2012|
|Raspberry Pi|ARM platform|March 29, 2014|
|5.0RC-1|Release Candidate 1|May 2, 2014|
|5.0RC-2|Release Candidate 2|May 19, 2014|
|5.0 Cooking|Unstable / Rolling Release|November 5, 2017|

## Other websites

- SliTaz GNU/Linux official website

## Infobox (os)

- **name**: SliTaz GNU/Linux
- **logo**: Slitaz-logo.svg
- **screenshot**: Image:Slitaz-4.0.png
- **developer**: Christophe Lincoln
- **family**: Linux
- **source model**: Open source
- **latest release version**: 5.0 (Rolling Release)
- **license**: Free software licenses
(mainly GNU GPL)
- **marketing target**: Live CD
- **kernel type**: Monolithic kernel
- **working state**: Current
- **package manager**: Tazpkg
Musket

A **musket** is a muzzleloading, smoothbore firearm, which is meant to be fired from the shoulder.

The musket is the weapon that replaced the arquebus, and was then replaced by the rifle. But the word _musket_ is also used to describe a number of different weapons including:
- a long, heavy weapon with a matchlock or wheellock and loose powder fired with the gun barrel resting on a stand
- a lighter weapon with a flintlock or percussion cap firing mechanism, with a bayonet.

Muskets were made for use by infantry. A soldier armed with a musket was called a **musketman** or **musketeer**. In the 1500's, soldiers armed with a heavy arquebus, called a musket, supported the arquebusiers and the pikemen. By the start of 1700's, a lighter type of musket took over from the arquebus. When the bayonet was added, there was no longer a need for pikemen, and almost all infantry soldiers became musketeers. The first musket made in the united States was the Springfield Model 1795 Musket. In the 1800's, better ammunition and ways of firing the gun, meant that rifling was practical for military use, and the rifled musket became common. A few years later, the use of cartridges, breechloading, and multiple rounds of ammunition meant the "rifled musket" gave way to the rifle, and "muskets" were no longer used.

Musket calibres ranged from  to . A smoothbore musket, firing at a single target, was only accurate to about  to . Rifled muskets in the 1850's were much better, able to hit a man sized target at up to . The advantage of this longer distance was shown at the Battle of Four Lakes, where Springfield Model 1855 rifled muskets killed Indian warriors before they could get close enough with their smoothbore muskets. However, in the Italian War of 1859, French forces were able to defeat the longer range of Austrian rifle muskets by quick, small attacks and bayonet attacks at close range.

## Other websites

- History of Muskets
- Infantry Tactics During the Napoleonic wars - Musketry
- http://www.geocities.com/Yosemite/Campground/8551/
ALPHA Collaboration

The **ALPHA Collaboration** is a group of physicists from about 11 universities who work together (or "collaborate") to try to trap neutral antimatter. The neutral antimatter they are working to trap is antihydrogen. This is the antimatter version of hydrogen, the first atom in the periodic table. Antihydrogen, like hydrogen, has two oppositely charged particles. Hydrogen has a proton and an electron, and so antihydrogen would have an antiproton and a positron. A positron is the common name for the antielectron.

## CERN

The ALPHA collaboration has its experiment at CERN in Geneva in Switzerland. CERN is the only place in the world that can provide "slow" antiprotons that can be easily captured by ALPHA. ALPHA then brings these antiprotons into contact with positrons and form antihydrogen.

Antihydrogen has, like many atoms and especially hydrogen, a small magnetic dipole moment. A dipole moment is another way of saying that the atom behaves a bit as if it was a tiny magnet with a north and a south pole. Normally such small magnets are attracted to other magnets. However, some atoms in some states behave such that they are repelled by magnetic fields. This means that the atoms could possibly be trapped in space by making a minimum of the magnetic field. ALPHA is trying to do just that with antihydrogen. By a clever arrangement of magnets, ALPHA has a so-called magnetic minimum trap, in which antihydrogen may be trapped.

This is a difficult process. The magnetic forces on these atoms are quite weak, so the trap can only contain antihydrogen atoms of very low motional (kinetic) energy, that is at very low temperature. The current state-of-the-art ALPHA trap can contain antihydrogen atoms in their ground state if they are colder than about 0.5 Kelvin (i.e. 0.5 degrees above absolute zero). ALPHA is currently working on making such cold antihydrogen.
Forestle

**Forestle** was a search engine, or website for finding all kinds of information on the internet. Forestle gave money to save the rain forest and reduce the total carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) production. It also offered special features, for example a preview of the websites found during a search. It was invented in 2008.

Forestle was discontinued and redirected to a similar search engine Ecosia on January 1, 2011.

## Helping the environment

Forestle saved 0.1 square meters (about 0.1 square yards) of rain forest per search. It earned money from showing advertisements along with the websites found, and Forestle guarantees to donate 90% of this money to buy areas of rain forest through its partner organization **The Nature Conservancy**.  As of October 2009, about  1,991,055 square meters of rain forest have been saved.

For searching the web using Forestle was also essentially **CO<sub>2</sub>-neutral**: Of course the server computers used by Forestle, the connection network, and the computer of the searching users need electric energy and thus create emissions of carbon-dioxide; but Forestle purchased an equivalent amount of renewable energy certificates. The certificates are purchased from a part of the 10% of money left after buying rain forest. This makes Forestle one of the few web search sites that are "green certified".

The number of search requests on Forestle.org grew significantly: There were 4000 search requests per day on average in December 2008, about 10000 per day in January 2009 and as of March 6, 2009 there were more than 20000 requests per day.

Forestle thus offered a simple alternative form of searching the web in a way that helps the environment.

How large the effects of using such a 'green' search method actually are is discussed.

## Special properties

Forestle offered a **website preview** that showed small versions of the websites found in each search. The search page offered by Forestle was very simple and only contains a window to type in words to be searched for, the search results, and a few links to check related services (for example Google Maps) as well as explanations about how Forestle works. Forestle meanwhile also provided several browser plugins, could be added to iGoogle and could be used in English and German (full versions) as well as in Spanish and Dutch (details partially in English).

## Forestle search engine partners

Forestle used the search services of Google until Google forbid them to do that after four days of service; the reasons was that Google and Forestle had a fight: it was not clear whether Forestle broke the terms of service fixed in the contract between them. Forestle.org states that Google did not actually give reasons for stopping their service. The action by Google to not support Forestle any more immediately drew international attention.  Details about the conflict between Google and Forestle are debated. Forestle then became associated with Yahoo.

## Other websites

- Forestle.org
- Proof for Saving Rain Forest
- Proof of reducing CO<sub>2 </sub> production
Hebrew Wikipedia

The **Hebrew Wikipedia** () is the Hebrew-language edition of Wikipedia. This edition was started in July 2003.

By February 2012, it had over 130,000 articles, over 534,000 pages and 33,500 files uploaded. As of October 2015, it is the 39th largest edition of Wikipedia by number of articles.

## Related pages

- Yiddish
- Judaism
- History of Jews
- Jewish diaspora

## Other websites

- Hebrew Wikipedia main page

## Infobox (website)

- **name**: **Hebrew Wikipedia**
_ויקיפדיה: האנציקלופדיה החופשית_
- **logo**: Wikipedia-logo-v2-he.svg
- **url**: [http://he.wikipedia.org he.wikipedia.org]
- **type**: Internet encyclopedia project
- **owner**: Wikimedia Foundation
- **author**: Hebrew wiki community
Dextromethorphan

**Dextromethorphan** (**DXM** or **DM**) is a drug. It is used to prevent coughs in many over-the-counter cold and cough medicines. Dextromethorphan can also be used for pain relief or for psychological conditions. It is sold in syrup, tablet, and lozenge forms, manufactured under several different brand names and generic labels. In its pure form, dextromethorphan is a white powder.

Turning on the Sigma-1 receptor is believed to be how dextromethorphan helps with a cough. Dextromethorphan also prevents serotonin and norepinephrine from being absorbed again in the brain. When too much is inside a person's body or when they have been using it as a recreational drug, it can cause dissociative hallucinations, make a person feel good, change how you feel things, and other things. It does this by doing the things said before but also by blocking glutamate from turning on NMDA receptors in the brain, much like how Ketamine and Phencyclidine work as well.
Metrosexual

A **metrosexual** is a man who cares too much about their own physical appearance and grooming. Metrosexual men are known to act like the stereotypical homosexual man.
Roman à clef

**Roman à clef** (said like it rhymes with "a don a day") means "novel with a key" in French.  It is a phrase used for talking about literature and movies.  A roman à clef is a type of story that's true for the most part except for details like the name of the main character.  The "key" part of the meaning–what someone needs to unlock the real story–changes from book to book.  For some books it is knowing that the main character is really a famous person.  For others it is knowing that the main character is really the author.

Authors usually write these types of stories (instead of telling the whole truth) to talk about a controversy or what happened during a crime so that the people involved can't sue them.  A couple of movies that are written like this are Citizen Kane (a movie about a man a lot like William Randolph Hearst) and Dreamgirls (a movie about a Motown group a lot like The Supremes).

Because it comes from French, the plural of roman à clef is _romans à clef_.
Ernst Kaltenbrunner

**Ernst Kaltenbrunner** (4 October 1903 in Ried im Innkreis, Austria - 16 October 1946 in Nuremberg, Bavaria, Germany) was a high-ranking Austrian-German SS officer and Nazi official. He was found guilty at the Nuremberg Trials and executed for his participation in the Holocaust.

## Early life

Ernst Kaltenbrunner was born on 4th October 1903 in Ried im Innkreis. He never volunteered military service in the Austro-Hungarian Army because he was too young. He joined the Nazi Party and the Schutzstaffel/SS in 1931. He also joined the Gestapo in the 1930s.

## Nazi career

During the Nazi Era and World War II, Kaltenbrunner was a powerful Nazi Party official. He was the head of the Reichssicherheitshauptamt (Reich Security Head Office) and Interpol. When Nazi officer Reinhard Heydrich was assassinated in 1942, Kaltenbrunner took his place.
In June 1934 he was involved in the Night of the Long Knives to kill Ernst Röhm, the head of the SA. He was also involved in Kristallnacht (Night Of The Broken Glass) in 1938.

In 1942, after Reinhard Heydrich was assassinated, Kaltenbrunner took his place as head and Chief of the Gestapo of the German SS. He held this position until 1945, when he was captured by the Allies.

From 1942-1945, Kaltenbrunner was the Reich Protector of Bohemia and Morovia. He was also SS-Obergruppenführer from 1942-1945. He lost these positions in 1945, when the Allied forces liberated Czechoslovakia (freeing it from Nazi control).

## Trial and execution

Kaltenbrunner was the highest-ranking senior SS and police officer charged at the Nuremberg Trials. He was found guilty of war crimes and was executed by hanging.
|SS Officers Rank Equivalent|German Army Officer rank Equivalent|Date and Year|
| --- | --- | --- |
|SS-Hauptsturmfuhrer|Captain|1932-1933|
|SS-Standartenfuhrer und Oberfuhrer|Colonel|1933-1934|
|SS-Obergruppenfuhrer|General|1935-1945|

## Related pages

- World War II
- Nazi Germany
- The Holocaust
- Gestapo
- Schutzstaffel (SS)
- Nuremberg Trials
Typographical error

A **typographical error** or **typo** is a word that has been spelt wrong by accident. There are a few ways to make a typo:
1. Hitting the wrong key while typing. Example: "Tom a**m**d Jane are friends."
1. Pressing the keys in the wrong order. Example: "Tom **na**d Jane are friends."
1. Forgetting to press a key. Example "Tom nd Jane are friends."
1. Holding a key too long, causing a letting to be typed twice. Example "Tom an**dd** Jane are friends."
Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany

**Prince Frederick Augustus**, Duke of York and Albany, was born on August 16, 1763. He was the second son of George III. He was the heir to the throne from 1820 to his death.

## Ancestors

|rowspan="8" align="center"|**Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany**|rowspan="4" align="center"|**Father:** George III of the United Kingdom|rowspan="2" align="center"|**Paternal Grandfather:** Frederick, Prince of Wales|align="center"|**Paternal Great-grandfather:** George II of Great Britain|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|align="center"|**Paternal Great-grandmother:** Caroline of Ansbach|||||||
|rowspan="2" align="center"|**Paternal Grandmother:** Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha|align="center"|**Paternal Great-grandfather:** Frederick II, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg|||||
|align="center"|**Paternal Great-grandmother:** Magdalena Augusta of Anhalt-Zerbst|||||||
|rowspan="4" align="center"|**Mother:** Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz|rowspan="2" align="center"|**Maternal Grandfather:** . Duke Charles Louis Frederick of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Prince of Mirow|align="center"|**Maternal Great-grandfather:** Adolf Frederick II, Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz|||
|align="center"|**Maternal Great-grandmother:** Christiane Emilie of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen|||||||
|rowspan="2" align="center"|**Maternal Grandmother:** Princess Elizabeth Albertine of Saxe-Hildburghausen|align="center"|**Maternal Great-grandfather:** Ernest Frederick I, Duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen|||||
|align="center"|**Maternal Great-grandmother:** Sophia Albertine of Erbach-Erbach|||||||

## Infobox (royalty)

- **name**: Prince Frederick
- **title**: Duke of York and Albany
- **image**: Portrait of Duke of York Frederick August of Hannover.png
- **caption**: Portrait of the Duke of York,
- **full name**: Frederick Augustus
- **house**: House of Hanover
- **father**: George III of the United Kingdom, George III
- **mother**: Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
- **birth place**: St. James's Palace, London
- **death place**: Rutland House, London
- **burial place**: St. George's Chapel at Windsor Castle, St. George's Chapel, Windsor, Berkshire, Windsor
Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex

**Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex** was born (27 January 1773 – 21 April 1843), was the sixth son of George III and his consort, Queen Charlotte. He was the only son of the King and Queen to not pursue an army or navy career, but he did consider becoming a cleric in the Church of England.

## Marriages

Augustus Frederick married twice, but neither was legal in the United Kingdom because under the Royal Marriages Act  he should have asked permission from the King first.

## Ancestors

|rowspan="8" align="center"|**Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex**|rowspan="4" align="center"|**Father:** George III of the United Kingdom|rowspan="2" align="center"|**Paternal Grandfather:** Frederick, Prince of Wales|align="center"|**Paternal Great-grandfather:** George II of Great Britain|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|align="center"|**Paternal Great-grandmother:** Caroline of Ansbach|||||||
|rowspan="2" align="center"|**Paternal Grandmother:** Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha|align="center"|**Paternal Great-grandfather:** Frederick II, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg|||||
|align="center"|**Paternal Great-grandmother:** Magdalena Augusta of Anhalt-Zerbst|||||||
|rowspan="4" align="center"|**Mother:** Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz|rowspan="2" align="center"|**Maternal Grandfather:** Duke Charles Louis Frederick of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Prince of Mirow|align="center"|**Maternal Great-grandfather:** Adolf Frederick II, Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz|||
|align="center"|**Maternal Great-grandmother:** Christiane Emilie of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen|||||||
|rowspan="2" align="center"|**Maternal Grandmother:** Princess Elizabeth Albertine of Saxe-Hildburghausen|align="center"|**Maternal Great-grandfather:** Ernest Frederick I, Duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen|||||
|align="center"|**Maternal Great-grandmother:** Sophia Albertine of Erbach-Erbach|||||||

## Infobox (royalty)

- **name**: Prince Augustus Frederick
- **title**: Duke of Sussex
- **image**: Louis_Gauffier_-_Portrait_of_Prince_Augustus_Frederick.jpg
- **caption**: Portrait by Louis Gauffier, 1793
- **spouse**: Lady Augusta Murray
(m. 1793; an. 1794)
Cecilia Underwood, Duchess of Inverness (m. 1831)
- **issue**: Augustus d'Este
Augusta d'Este
- **house**: House of Hanover
- **father**: George III of the United Kingdom, George III
- **mother**: Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
- **birth date**: 27 January 1773
- **birth place**: Buckingham Palace, London, England, United Kingdom, UK
- **death place**: Kensington Palace, London, England, UK
- **burial place**: Kensal Green Cemetery, London, England, UK
Princess Augusta Sophia of the United Kingdom

**Princess Augusta Sophia** (8 November 1768 – 22 September 1840) was second oldest daughter of George III and Queen Charlotte. She never married and had no children. She died at age 71 in 1840.

## Ancestors

|rowspan="8" align="center"|**Princess Augusta Sophia of the United Kingdom**|rowspan="4" align="center"|**Father:** George III of the United Kingdom|rowspan="2" align="center"|**Paternal Grandfather:** Frederick, Prince of Wales|align="center"|**Paternal Great-grandfather:** George II of Great Britain|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|align="center"|**Paternal Great-grandmother:** Caroline of Ansbach|||||||
|rowspan="2" align="center"|**Paternal Grandmother:** Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha|align="center"|**Paternal Great-grandfather:** Frederick II, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg|||||
|align="center"|**Paternal Great-grandmother:** Magdalena Augusta of Anhalt-Zerbst|||||||
|rowspan="4" align="center"|**Mother:** Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz|rowspan="2" align="center"|**Maternal Grandfather:** . Duke Charles Louis Frederick of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Prince of Mirow|align="center"|**Maternal Great-grandfather:** Adolf Frederick II, Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz|||
|align="center"|**Maternal Great-grandmother:** Christiane Emilie of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen|||||||
|rowspan="2" align="center"|**Maternal Grandmother:** Princess Elizabeth Albertine of Saxe-Hildburghausen|align="center"|**Maternal Great-grandfather:** Ernest Frederick I, Duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen|||||
|align="center"|**Maternal Great-grandmother:** Sophia Albertine of Erbach-Erbach|||||||

## Infobox (royalty)

- **name**: Princess Augusta Sophia
- **title**: Princess Augusta Sophia of the United Kingdom
- **image**: Sir William Beechey (1753-1839) - Princess Augusta (1768-1840) - RCIN 403416 - Royal Collection.jpg
- **house**: House of Hanover
- **father**: George III of the United Kingdom, George III
- **mother**: Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
- **birth date**: 8 November 1768
- **birth place**: Buckingham Palace, Buckingham House, London
- **death place**: Clarence House, London
- **burial place**: St. George's Chapel at Windsor Castle, St George's Chapel, Windsor, Berkshire, Windsor
Princess Elizabeth of the United Kingdom

**Princess Elizabeth** (22 May 1770 – 10 January 1840) was the 7th child of George III and Queen Charlotte. She married Frederick VI, Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg, in 1818. She had no children. She died at age 69. There were plans for her to marry the future Louis Philippe I, but the marriage never took place as he was a Catholic and her father had a deep dislike of Catholic people.

## Ancestors

|rowspan="8" align="center"|**Princess Elizabeth of the United Kingdom**|rowspan="4" align="center"|**Father:** George III of the United Kingdom|rowspan="2" align="center"|**Paternal Grandfather:** Frederick, Prince of Wales|align="center"|**Paternal Great-grandfather:** George II of Great Britain|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|align="center"|**Paternal Great-grandmother:** Caroline of Ansbach|||||||
|rowspan="2" align="center"|**Paternal Grandmother:** Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha|align="center"|**Paternal Great-grandfather:** Frederick II, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg|||||
|align="center"|**Paternal Great-grandmother:** Magdalena Augusta of Anhalt-Zerbst|||||||
|rowspan="4" align="center"|**Mother:** Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz|rowspan="2" align="center"|**Maternal Grandfather:** . Duke Charles Louis Frederick of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Prince of Mirow|align="center"|**Maternal Great-grandfather:** Adolf Frederick II, Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz|||
|align="center"|**Maternal Great-grandmother:** Christiane Emilie of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen|||||||
|rowspan="2" align="center"|**Maternal Grandmother:** Princess Elizabeth Albertine of Saxe-Hildburghausen|align="center"|**Maternal Great-grandfather:** Ernest Frederick I, Duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen|||||
|align="center"|**Maternal Great-grandmother:** Sophia Albertine of Erbach-Erbach|||||||
Princess Mary, Duchess of Gloucester and Edinburgh

**Princess Mary of the United Kingdom** (25 April 1776 – 30 April 1857) was the fourth daughter and eleventh child of George III and Queen Charlotte. She was the last living child of George III, dying in 1857.

## Infobox (royalty)

- **name**: Princess Mary
- **title**: Duchess of Gloucester and Edinburgh
- **image**: Princess Mary (1776-1857).jpg
- **house**: House of Hanover
- **father**: George III of Great Britain, George III
- **mother**: Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
- **birth place**: Buckingham Palace, London
- **death place**: Gloucester House, London
- **burial date**: 8 May 1857
- **burial place**: St. George's Chapel at Windsor Castle, St George's Chapel, Windsor, Berkshire, Windsor
Princess Sophia of the United Kingdom

The **Princess Sophia** (**Sophia Matilda**; 2 November 1777 – 27 May 1848) was the fifth daughter of George III and Queen Charlotte.

## Ancestors

|rowspan="8" align="center"|**Princess Sophia of the United Kingdom**|rowspan="4" align="center"|**Father:** George III of the United Kingdom|rowspan="2" align="center"|**Paternal Grandfather:** Frederick, Prince of Wales|align="center"|**Paternal Great-grandfather:** George II of Great Britain|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|align="center"|**Paternal Great-grandmother:** Caroline of Ansbach|||||||
|rowspan="2" align="center"|**Paternal Grandmother:** Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha|align="center"|**Paternal Great-grandfather:** Frederick II, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg|||||
|align="center"|**Paternal Great-grandmother:** Magdalena Augusta of Anhalt-Zerbst|||||||
|rowspan="4" align="center"|**Mother:** Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz|rowspan="2" align="center"|**Maternal Grandfather:** . Duke Charles Louis Frederick of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Prince of Mirow|align="center"|**Maternal Great-grandfather:** Adolf Frederick II, Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz|||
|align="center"|**Maternal Great-grandmother:** Christiane Emilie of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen|||||||
|rowspan="2" align="center"|**Maternal Grandmother:** Princess Elizabeth Albertine of Saxe-Hildburghausen|align="center"|**Maternal Great-grandfather:** Ernest Frederick I, Duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen|||||
|align="center"|**Maternal Great-grandmother:** Sophia Albertine of Erbach-Erbach|||||||

## Infobox (royalty)

- **name**: Princess Sophia
- **title**: Princess Sophia of the United Kingdom
- **image**: Princess Sophia.jpg
- **image size**: 200
- **house**: House of Hanover
- **full name**: Sophia Matilda
- **father**: George III of Great Britain, George III
- **mother**: Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
- **birth place**: Buckingham Palace, London
- **death place**: Kensington Palace, London
- **burial place**: Kensal Green Cemetery, London