juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Biota

A **biota** is a term used for all the living things at a certain time at a certain place. Examples of biota include Cambrian biota and Madagascan biota. Because it includes all the living members of a given environment, the term is used especially in ecology. A similar term is biome, which is used to refer to geographical regions and environments. Tundra, for example, is a biome.

Flora, fauna and other forms of life such as fungi are collectively called biota.

## Related pages

- Biome
- Fauna
- Flora
- Wildlife
Short-tailed shearwater

The **short-tailed shearwater** (_Ardenna tenuirostris_, formerly _Puffinus tenuirostris_) is a migratory seabird of the Procellariidae family. It breeds in Tasmania and south-eastern Australia. It can also be called **yolla** or **moonbird**, and is commonly known as the **muttonbird** in Australia.
BOINC

**BOINC**, or The Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing, is a software that allows any group or individual who wishes to run calculations in a distributed setting to setup a BOINC project website and server. Volunteers attach to one or more chosen projects and allow their computer's idle time to process the work. SETI, or Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence, is the most popular of the BOINC projects. SETI searches for radio signals from outer space that might be a sign of alien life and worlds. There are many BOINC projects that compete for volunteers. For example, it allows individuals to use their computer to find the structures of proteins, a cure for the disease malaria or the very structure of our galaxy, the Milky Way.

## BOINC projects

- World Community Grid — research on disease and its treatment. Web site
- iThena — the goal of the project is to model the global Internet network as real as possible. Web site

## Other websites

- Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing

## Infobox (software)

- **name**: BOINC
- **logo**: BOINC logo July 2007.svg
- **developer**: University of California, Berkeley
- **latest release version**: [http://boinc.berkeley.edu/download_all.php 7.14.2]
- **operating system**: Linux, Microsoft Windows, Windows, Mac OS X, Android_(operating_system), Android
- **genre**: Grid computing and Volunteer computing
- **license**: LGPL
- **website**: [http://boinc.berkeley.edu/ boinc.berkeley.edu]
Human Rights Campaign

The **Human Rights Campaign** is an organization that supports the rights of gay, bi-sexual or transgender men and women in the United States. They are the largest such group in the United States, with over 750,000 members and people who support them. The HRC works to ensure that the rights of these individuals are protected and respected throughout the United States. One issue that the HRC works on is to make sure that individuals have the right to marry people of the same sex if they want.

## Related pages

- Human rights
- LGBT
- Declaration of Montreal
- Yogyakarta Principles

## Other websites

- Human Rights Campaign — HRC's  website

## Infobox (organization)

- **name**: Human Rights Campaign
- **logo**: HRC logo.svg
- **caption**: The HRC equals sign, equal sign logo
symbolizing equality.
- **motto**: Working for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Equal Rights
- **formation**: 1980
- **location**: Washington, D.C.
- **leader title**: President
- **leader name**: Chad Griffin
- **website**: [http://www.hrc.org www.HRC.org]
Rachel Maddow

**Rachel Anne Maddow** (born April 1, 1973) is an American progressive female talk show host on the television network MSNBC, where she is the host of _The Rachel Maddow Show_. She is the first openly lesbian host of a primetime network news series.

## Other websites

- Rachel Maddow official site
- Rachel Maddow Show  on MSNBC
- Rachel Maddow on Twitter
Secular Coalition for America

The **Secular Coalition for America** is an organization that supports the principle that the government should not interfere with religion nor should it promote or endorse a religious view. It is made up of humanists, atheists, agnostics, freethinkers and theists along other organizations who support these basic ideals. Member organizations include Atheist Alliance International, the Institute for Humanist Studies, the Secular Student Alliance, the Secular Web,  American Humanist Association, Society for Humanistic Judaism, the Freedom From Religion Foundation, the Military Association of Atheists and Freethinkers, the American Ethical Union, Camp Quest and American Atheists. The Secular Coalition for America urges Congress to support the principles of making sure the government is not promoting religion and is being neutral towards religion.

## Other websites

- Website of the _Secular Coalition for America_
Ornette Coleman

**Randolph Denard Ornette Coleman** (March 9, 1930 – June 11, 2015) was an American jazz musician. He plays the saxophone, violin and trumpet. He is also a composer. He was one of the people that helped make a new jazz style called free jazz, in the 1960s. Coleman's music is also like blues music. His album _Sound Grammar_ won the 2007 Pulitzer Prize for music.

## Early career

Coleman was born in Fort Worth, Texas. He began playing R&B and bebop music, at first on the tenor saxophone. He wanted to leave his home town so he got a job in 1949 with a traveling show. Then he played with touring R&B shows. In Baton Rouge, he was attacked and his saxophone was destroyed. After that he changed to the alto saxophone, and that is still the instrument he usually plays. He joined a band and traveled with them to Los Angeles, in California. He worked at different jobs while still trying to be successful as a musician.

From the start, Coleman played his music differently to other musicians. Some Los Angeles jazz musicians thought he was playing out of tune. In 1958 Coleman made a record called _Something Else!!!!: The Music of Ornette Coleman_. Other musicians like Don Cherry, Billy Higgins, Don Payne and Walter Norris also played on the record.

## _The Shape of Jazz to Come_

Coleman was very busy in 1959. His made a record called _Tomorrow Is the Question!_. He played on this ecord with a quartet. He did not play with a piano player. He started working with a record label called Atlantic Records. He made a record called _The Shape of Jazz to Come_ in 1959. A music critic called Steve Huey said it was a very important jazz record. The album was different from other jazz music.

Coleman's quartet played at a jazz club in New York City. They were popular with other musicians like Leonard Bernstein and Lionel Hampton. Other musicians like Miles Davis did not like his music.

Coleman often played a plastic saxophone. He had first bought a plastic one in Los Angeles in 1954 because he could not afford a metal one. He did not like the sound of the plastic saxophone at first. Now he plays a metal saxophone.

## _Free Jazz_

In 1960, Coleman made a record called _Free Jazz: A Collective Improvisation_. It was nearly 40 minutes long. It is one of the longest jazz performances on a record. It was an important record in jazz and now there is a jazz style called free jazz.

## Death

Coleman died of a cardiac arrest at the age of 85 in New York City on June 11, 2015.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Ornette Coleman
- **img**: Ornette Coleman.jpg
- **img capt**: Ornette Coleman plays his alto saxophone at The Hague, 1994
- **background**: non_vocal_instrumentalist
- **birth place**: Fort Worth, Texas, United States
- **death place**: New York City, United States
- **instrument**: alto saxophone
tenor saxophone
violin
trumpet
- **genre**: Jazz
- **occupation**: musician, composer
- **years active**: 1958-present
- **url**: [http://www.ornettecoleman.com/ ornettecoleman.com]
Elizabeth Dole

**Elizabeth Hanford Dole** (born July 29, 1936) was a United States Senator. She was the Secretary of Transportation in Ronald Reagan's administration and the US Secretary of Labor for George H.W. Bush. She is the widow of former Senator Bob Dole, who ran for president but did not win.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Elizabeth Dole
- **image**: Elizabeth Dole official photo.jpg
- **birth place**: Salisbury, North Carolina, United States, U.S.
- **jr/sr**: United States Senator
- **state**: North Carolina
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **term start**: January 3, 2003
- **term end**: January 3, 2009
- **preceded**: Jesse Helms
- **succeeded**: Kay Hagan
- **order1**: 20th
- **office1**: United States Secretary of Labor
- **president1**: George H. W. Bush
- **term start1**: January 25, 1989
- **term end1**: November 23, 1990
- **predecessor1**: Ann Dore McLaughlin
- **successor1**: Lynn Morley Martin
- **order2**: 8th
- **office2**: United States Secretary of Transportation
- **president2**: Ronald Reagan
- **term start2**: February 7, 1983
- **term end2**: September 30, 1987
- **predecessor2**: Drew Lewis
- **successor2**: James H. Burnley IV
Royal Army Ordnance Corps

The **Royal Army Ordnance Corps** was a corps of the British Army. It dealt only with the supply and maintenance of weaponry, munitions and other military equipment until 1965, when it took over most other supply functions, as well as the provision of staff clerks, from the Royal Army Service Corps.
British Home Guard

The **British Home Guard** was a defence organisation of the British Army during World War II. It was a secondary defence line. It was meant to stop invasion by Nazi forces.

The Home Guard existed from 1940 to 1944. It was composed of one and a half million volunteers who were otherwise not allowed to go into military service. The main reason for this was old age. This led to the nickname "Dad's Army". The Home Guard guarded the coastal areas of Britain from enemy threats, like paratroopers. They also helped guard some industrial areas, such as factories and airfields. It was widely popularised after the war by the comedy show _Dad's Army_.

## History

The beginning of the Home Guard are usually traced back to Captain Tom Wintringham. When returning from the Spanish Civil War, Wintringham wrote a book called _How To Reform The Army_. In it, he writes about how Britain could make something similar to the Spanish International Brigades in the Civil War. Although the book was well received, many of its suggestions were ignored at the time. This was because the tensions in Europe did not seem likely to escalate into war.

Following a series of events, Anthony Eden, the Secretary of State for War at the time, gave a radio broadcast on 19 May 1940. He asked for volunteers to join the Local Defence Volunteers, as it was known in the start. It originally was given jobs that were not related to combat. It worked as a sort of 'armed police force'. However, after complaints from members, the government allowed it to "delay and obstruct" the enemy advance. This was putting mostly untrained and unwell people armed with aging weapons against trained troops. Later on in the war, it was renamed the Home Guard, following pressure by Prime Minister Winston Churchill. If the Natzis had crossed the channel the Home Guard wouldn't have stopped the Germans for very long.
Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence

The **Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence** (**SETI**) is various efforts to find signals from extraterrestrial life.  It included a program that individuals could use on their computers to search for radio signals from worlds with alien life.  This was maybe the most famous of the BOINC or Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing programs that allow users to use their computers for scientific research.

## Other websites

- Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence
2010 Summer Youth Olympics

The **2010 Summer Youth Olympic Games**, officially known as the **I Olympic Youth Summer Games**, is an international summer sports event that was celebrated from August 14 to August 26, 2010 for youths. It was the first Youth Olympic Games(YOG) and the host city was Singapore.
2014 Summer Youth Olympics

The **2014 Summer Youth Olympic Games**, officially known as the **II Olympic Youth Summer Games**, was an international summer sports event. It was held from August 16 to August 28, 2014. The host city was Nanjing, China.
2018 Summer Youth Olympics

The **2018 Summer Youth Olympic Games**, officially known as the **III Olympic Youth Summer Games**, is an international summer sports event. It was held from 6 to 18 October 2018. The host city is Buenos Aires, Argentina.
2012 Winter Youth Olympics

The **2012 Winter Youth Olympic Games**, officially known as the **I Olympic Youth Winter Games**, was an international winter sports event. It was held from 13 to 22 January 2012. The host city was Innsbruck, Austria.
2016 Winter Youth Olympics

The **2016 Winter Youth Olympic Games**, officially known as the **II Olympic Youth Winter Games**, is an international winter sports event that was held from 12-21 February 2016. The host city was Lillehammer, Norway.
Skeletons

***Skeletons*** is the fourth studio album by American rock band, Hawthorne Heights. It is their first and only studio album through Wind-up Records. The release date for the album was June 1, 2010. The album has 13 tracks. The album is produced by Howard Benson.

The first song released as a single from the album is "Nervous Breakdown".

## 2009 Never Sleep Again tour

Because the band member who did the harsh vocals for the band died, the album before this one, _Fragile Future_, didn't have any death growls in it. During the 2009 tour, though, one of the other band members started using these vocals for the band, so this album has them again.

Other music groups like Just Surrender, Monty Are I, Punchline, and Anarbor went on the tour too.

During the tour the band played a song called "End of the Underground" and passed out download cards for the song "Unforgivable". These were the first two songs anyone heard from the new album.

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Skeletons
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: Hawthorne Heights
- **released**: June 1, 2010
- **recorded**: May 2009–2010
- **genre**: Alternative rock, pop punk, emo
- **length**: 42:04
- **label**: Wind-up Records
- **producer**: Howard Benson
- **prev title**: Fragile Future
- **prev year**: 2008
- **next title**: Zero
- **next year**: 2013
Youth Olympic Games

The **Youth Olympic Games** is a sporting event that takes place in a different city every four years for athletes between ages 14 and 18.  The first Youth Olympic Games was held on 14 August 2010 to 26 August 2010 in the country of Singapore.

### Summer Youth Olympic Games

|Edition|Year|Host City|Host Nation|||Nations|Competitors|Sports|Events||Reference||||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|I|2010|align=left|Singapore|align=left||align=left|14 August|align=left|26 August|204|3,600|26|201|align=left|||
|II|2014|align=left|Nanjing|align=left||align=left|16 August|align=left|28 August|204|3,787|28|222|align=left|||
|III|2018|align=left|Buenos Aires|align=left||align=left|6 October|align=left|18 October|||28|185||||
|IV|2026|align=left|Dakar|align=left||colspan=9 style="text-align:center"|_Future event_||||||||||

### Winter Youth Olympic Games

|Edition|Year|Host City|Host Nation|||Nations|Competitors|Sports|Events||Reference||||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|I|2012|align=left|Innsbruck|align=left||align=left||align=left||69|1,059|7|63|align=left|||
|II|2016|align=left|Lillehammer|align=left||align=left||align=left||71|1,100|7|70|align=left|||
|III|2020|align=left|Lausanne|align=left||align=left||align=left||colspan=5 style="text-align:center"|_Future event_||||||
Summer Youth Olympic Games

The **Summer Youth Olympic Games** or the **Games of the Olympiad**

## List of modern Summer Youth Olympic Games

- 2010 - Games of the I Olympiad - Singapore
- 2014 - Games of the II Olympiad - Nanjing, China
- 2018 - Games of the III Olympiad - Buenos Aires, Argentina
- _2026 - Games of the IV Olympiad - Dakar, Senegal_
- _2030 - Games of the V Olympiad - unknown_
Winter Youth Olympic Games

The **Winter Youth Olympic Games** or the **Games of the Olympiad**

## List of modern Winter Youth Olympic Games

- 2012 - Games of the I Olympiad - Innsbruck, Austria
- 2016 - Games of the II Olympiad - Lillehammer, Norway
- 2020 - Games of the III Olympiad - Lausanne, Switzerland
- _2024 - Games of the IV Olympiad - Gangwon, South Korea_
Rascal Flatts

**Rascal Flatts** is a country rock band from Columbus, Ohio. They became a band in 1999 and released their debut album _Rascal Flatts_ in 2000. They are signed to Lyric Street records and have won many CMT and ACM awards.

Their newest album is _Unstoppable_, which came to stores in 2009.

## Discography

- Studio albums
- _Rascal Flatts_ (2000)
- _Melt_ (2002)
- _Feels Like Today_ (2004)
- _Me and My Gang_ (2006)
- _Still Feels Good_ (2007)
- _Unstoppable_ (2009)
- _Nothing Like This_ (2009)

## Other websites

- Rascal Flatts Official website

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Rascal Flatts
- **img**: US Navy 080704-N-4014G-411 Rascal Flatts performs in Boston's Esplanade during the 35th Annual Boston Pops Fireworks Spectacular. The Multi-purpose amphibious assault ship USS Bataan (LHD 5).jpg
- **img capt**: Rascal Flatts performing at the 35th annual Boston Harborfest
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Columbus, Ohio, Columbus, Ohio, United States, USA
- **genre**: Country music, Country rock, Pop rock, Hard rock
- **years active**: 1999–present
- **associated acts**: Dann Huff
Chely Wright
- **url**: [http://www.rascalflatts.com/ Rascal Flatts website]
- **current members**: Jay DeMarcus
Gary LeVox
Joe Don Rooney
Crips

The **Crips** are a street gang that was founded in 1969, by Stanley Williams and Raymond Washington in Los Angeles, California. They are rivals with the Bloods, another street gang. Crips members are known for mostly wearing blue colors which is their gang color. Some notable Crips are Snoop Dogg and Eazy-E.

## Other websites

- Crips gang profile

## Infobox (criminal organization)

- **name**: Crips
- **founders**: Raymond Washington and Stanley Williams
- **founding location**: Los Angeles, California, United States
- **years active**: 1969–present
- **territory**: 41 U.S. states, Canada and Belize
- **ethnicity**: Predominantly African Americans, African American
- **membership est**: 30,000–35,000
- **activities**: Drug trafficking, murder, assault, auto theft, burglary, extortion, fraud, robbery
Parents, Families and Friends of Lesbians and Gays

**Parents, Families and Friends of Lesbians and Gays** is the former acronym of **PFLAG**, an American organization. Since 2014 the organization has been called PFLAG. It is devoted to the cause of LGBT rights. The organization started in 1973 when Jeanne Manford watched in horror as the police of New York City ignored her gay son being thrown down an escalator, during a protest for gay rights.

## Other websites

- Official PFLAG website

## Infobox (non-profit)

- **non-profit name**: Parents, Families and Friends of Lesbians and Gays
- **founded date**: 1972, New York City, New York, United States
- **area served**: Global
- **focus**: LGBT activism
- **method**: Civil society campaign, Campaigning, Advocacy, Support groups, Public speaking
- **homepage**: [http://www.PFLAG.org/ www.PFLAG.org]
Swing Life Away

"**Swing Life Away**" is a song by hardcore punk band Rise Against. It is from their 2004 album _Siren Song of the Counter Culture_. It was first written by Tim McIlrath and Neil Hennessy, the song is different from most of Rise Against's other songs because it is performed and recorded acoustically. The lyrics are happy and speak of happiness with a less-than-perfect life, although they maintain the band's characteristic themes of self-analysis and hope. At a show at Festival Hall in Melbourne, Australia, McIlrath stated the song was written about a good friend of the band who helped them whilst they were lesser known.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Swing Life Away
- **artist**: Rise Against
- **album**: Siren Song of the Counter Culture
- **released**: 2005
- **recorded**: Vancouver BC
- **genre**: Acoustic music
- **length**: 3:20
- **label**: Geffen
- **writer**: Neil Hennessy, Tim McIlrath
- **producer**: GGGarth
- **prev title**: Give It All
- **prev year**: 2004
- **next title**: Life Less Frightening
- **next year**: 2005
Within Temptation

**Within Temptation** is a Dutch gothic rock band.

## Style

The album _Enter_ is a mix of gothic rock, gothic metal and doom metal. The album The Dance is a mix of gothic metal and doom metal. The album Mother Earth is a mix of gothic rock, gothic metal, alternative rock, symphonic metal and folk metal.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Within Temptation
- **img**: Bevrijdingsfestival 2008 - Within Tempation 02 cropped.jpg
- **img capt**: From left to right: Jeroen van Veen, Stephen van Haestregt, Ruud Jolie, Sharon den Adel, Martijn Spierenburg, Robert Westerholt.
- **img size**: 250
- **landscape**: Yes
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Waddinxveen, Netherlands
- **genre**: Symphonic metal, gothic metal, symphonic rock, gothic rock
- **years active**: 1996–present
- **label**: DSFA Records, DSFA, Gun Records, Gun, Roadrunner Records, Roadrunner
- **associated acts**: Delain, Orphanage (band), Orphanage, Ayreon, Agua de Annique, Kingfisher Sky, My Favorite Scar, Maiden UniteD
- **current members**: Sharon den Adel
Robert Westerholt
Jeroen van Veen (bassist), Jeroen van Veen
Ruud Jolie
Martijn Spierenburg
Mike Coolen
- **past members**: Michiel Papenhove
Martijn Westerholt
Dennis Leeflang
Richard Willemse
Ivar de Graaf
Marius van Pyreen
Ciro Palma
Jelle Bakker
Stephen van Haestregt
1910 Atlantic hurricane season

The **1910 Atlantic hurricane season** was the period of 1910 when tropical storms formed. It happened during the summer and the first half of fall in 1910.  The season was quiet, with only five known storms.

## Storms

<div style="clear:both"></div>

### Tropical Storm One

The first storm formed on August 23. It hit Hispaniola as a weak tropical storm.
<div style="clear:both"></div>

### Tropical Storm Two

The second storm was another weak tropical storm that hit northeast Mexico.
<div style="clear:both"></div>

### Hurricane Three

The first hurricane of the season was a strong Category 2 storm. It moved through the Caribbean and Greater Antilles.

### Hurricane Four

Another hurricane moved past Bermuda. It caused only minor damage.

### Hurricane Five

The last storm was the strongest hurricane of the season. It was a strong Category 4 hurricane that moved through western Caribbean.

## Related pages

- List of Atlantic hurricane seasons

## Other websites

- Monthly Weather Review

## Infobox (hurricane season)

- **track**: 1910 Atlantic hurricane season map.png
- **first storm formed**: August 23, 1910
- **last storm dissipated**: October 21, 1910
- **strongest storm name**: #5 – 130 knots (150 mph)
- **total storms**: 5
- **major storms**: 1
- **damages**: .189
- **year**: 1901
- **damagespost**: $3.9 million, 2005 USD
- **fatalities**: 712
- **basin**: Atlantic hurricane
- **five seasons**: 1908 Atlantic hurricane season, 1908, 1909 Atlantic hurricane season, 1909, **1910**, 1911 Atlantic hurricane season, 1911, 1912 Atlantic hurricane season, 1912


## Infobox (hurricane small)

- **basin**: Atl
- **image**: 1910 Atlantic tropical storm 1 track.png
- **formed**: August 23
- **dissipated**: August 29
- **1-min winds**: 40


## Infobox (hurricane small)

- **basin**: Atl
- **image**: 1910 Atlantic tropical storm 2 track.png
- **formed**: August 26
- **dissipated**: August 31
- **1-min winds**: 40


## Infobox (hurricane small)

- **basin**: Atl
- **image**: 1910 Atlantic hurricane 3 track.png
- **formed**: September 5
- **dissipated**: September 15
- **1-min winds**: 95


## Infobox (hurricane small)

- **basin**: Atl
- **image**: 1910 Atlantic hurricane 4 track.png
- **formed**: September 24
- **dissipated**: September 29
- **1-min winds**: 85


## Infobox (hurricane small)

- **basin**: Atl
- **image**: 1910 Atlantic hurricane 5 track.png
- **formed**: October 9
- **dissipated**: October 23
- **1-min winds**: 130
- **pressure**: 924
Bundala National Park

**Bundala National Park** is a protected national park in the southeast of Sri Lanka. The area of 6216 hectares was first protected in 1969. It is an important wetland and was added to the list of Ramsar sites in 1990. There are many animal species living in the park including elephants and turtles. Because of the wetlands there are many species of bird which come to the park, including flamingos, pelicans, and storks.

## Infobox (protected area)

- **name**: Bundala National Park
- **iucn category**: II
- **photo**: Wildlife Preserve Near Kirinda, Sri Lanka.jpg
- **photo caption**: Sunset near Kirinda
- **map**: Sri Lanka
- **relief**: yes
- **map width**: 220
- **map caption**: Location of Bundala National Park
- **location**: Southern Province, Sri Lanka
- **nearest city**: Hambantota
- **area**: after regazzetting in 2004, originally of
- **established**: 1969 (Sanctuary)
 1993 (National park)
- **governing body**: Department of Wildlife Conservation (Sri Lanka), Department of Wildlife Conservation
University of Tennessee

The **University of Tennessee** is a public land-grant university in Knoxville, Tennessee.  It was started in 1794.  The university had almost 28,000 students in 2008.  Its sports teams are called the Volunteers.
Head coach

A **head coach**, **senior coach** or **manager** is a person who trains and develops men and women who play sports. They usually hold a more public profile and are paid more than other coaches on the team. In some sports such as soccer and baseball, the head coach is called a manager.  In other sports, such as Australian rules football, they are called a senior coach.  Some sports that use the phrase "head coach" include American football and basketball.

These head coaches sometimes have other coaches that report to them.  These assistant coaches focus on one part of the team rather than the whole team.  Assistant coaches often work in offensive positions or defensive positions. They can sometimes coach just one position on the team such as a coach just for the quarterbacks in American football.
Social studies

**Social studies** is the name of a course or set of courses taught in primary and secondary schools or elementary, middle, and high schools, but is also sometimes the study of parts of human society at tertiary schools around the world.

At primary school, social studies is usually about the local community and family. By middle and high school, social studies includes many subjects about past and current human behavior and interactions.  Usually, social studies taught in middle and high school is in the form of history, civics, economics and geography.

Social studies is a little different than social science, though many of the social sciences are covered in social studies.
William Alexander (coach)

**William A. Alexander** (June 6, 1889 – April 23, 1950) was the third head football coach at Georgia Tech. Alexander graduated from Georgia Tech in 1912 as valedictorian of his class. Alexander became head coach after John Heisman retired in April 1920.

As coach, he led Georgia Tech to three SIAA titles (1920, 1921, 1922) and its second national championship in 1928. In 1944 he retired from coaching.  He was replaced by Bobby Dodd who was one of his assistant coaches. The Alexander Memorial Coliseum at Georgia Tech is named after him.

## Other websites

- William Alexander biography
- William Alexander as College Basketball at Sports-Reference.com
- William Alexander article on Buzzpedia

## Infobox (college coach)

- **name**: William Alexander
- **image**: William A. Alexander.png
- **caption**: Alexander from _The 1944 Blue Print_
- **birth place**: Mud River (Kentucky), Mud River, Kentucky
- **death place**: Atlanta, Georgia
- **sport**: American football, Football, basketball
- **overall record**: 134–95–15 (football)
36–38 (basketball)
- **bowl record**: 3–2
- **cfbdwid**: 24
- **championships**: 1 College football national championships in NCAA Division I FBS, National (1928)
2 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association, SIAA (1920–1921)
3 Southern Conference, SoCon (1922, 1927–1928)
3 Southeastern Conference, SEC (1939, 1943–1944)
- **awards**: AFCA Coach of the Year (1942)
Amos Alonzo Stagg Award (1947)
Southeastern Conference football individual awards#Coach of the Year, SEC Coach of the Year (1939)
- **player**: Y
- **player years**: 1906–1908
- **player teams**: Georgia Institute of Technology, Georgia Tech
- **coach**: Y
- **coach years**: Football
1920–1944

Basketball
1919–1924
- **coach teams**:
Georgia Institute of Technology, Georgia Tech

Georgia Institute of Technology, Georgia Tech
- **admin years**: 1920–1950
- **admin teams**: Georgia Institute of Technology, Georgia Tech
- **cfbhof year**: 1951
- **cfbhof id**: 30033
Screaming

**Screaming** is a vocal technique often used in punk rock, fast played metal music, and screamo. It is usually simply either a louder than normal high pitched form of singing, or a louder than normal low pitched form of singing. In both cases the vocalist usually tries to make it sound like some sort of beast's growl. For this reason, a low pitched scream is usually called a death growl.

More experimental forms of screaming are often used in alternative rock and emo music. These genres often have shrill screaming that has an emotional tone to it. The band, Thursday, is a good example of this.

Screaming is popular in genres: screamo, post-hardcore, hardcore punk, heavy metal, and many more.

Some other bands that have screaming include Silverstein, Hawthorne Heights, and Escape the Fate.
Banda Pir Khan

**Banda Pir Khan** is a union council in the Abbottabad District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
Service sector

The **Service Sector**, also called tertiary sector, is the third of the three traditional economic sectors. The other two are the primary sector, which covers areas such as farming, mining and fishing; and the secondary sector which covers manufacturing and making things. The service sector provides services, rather than producing material commodities. Activities in the service sector include retail, banks, hotels, real estate, education, health, social work, computer services, recreation, media, communications, electricity, gas and water supply.

The service sector is an important part of the economy. For example, in Australia in 2007, 85% of all businesses were in the service sector. In 2009 there were more than nine million people employed in the service sector in Australia, which was 86% of all jobs. In India, there has been a huge growth in service sector businesses which made up 55% of India's GDP in 2006—2007. Computer software businesses in India are increasing at a rate of 35% per year.

Many sector businesses focus on what is called the “knowledge  economy”. They need to keep ahead of other businesses by understanding what their customers want and being ready to give it to them quickly and at low cost.

One good example of this are banks which went through big changes in the late 20th century. Using information and communication technology, banks have vastly reduced the number of people they need to employ, and lowered the cost of providing bank service. For example, an automated teller machine is able to provide basic banking services 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, in many different places. Before this, banking services were only available from the bank when it was open. Many banks and building societies have joined together to form much lower cost businesses that can make more money from a wider customer base. The key to this process is gaining information about their customers and constantly coming up with new services for them.
Uzziah

**Uzziah** (עֻזִּיָּהוּ in Hebrew, meaning _Yahweh is my strength_; ; ), also known as **Azariah** (עֲזַרְיָה in Hebrew; ; ), was the king of the ancient Kingdom of Judah, and one of King Amaziah's sons, whom the people chose to rule after his father (; 2 Chronicles 26:1). He was 16 years old when he became king of Judah and ruled for 52 years. He "did that which was right in the sight of the Lord" (; ). According to the Bible, at first he was a good king and had great success. His fields and vineyards grew well, he dug many wells and towers in the desert, he defeated his enemies with a strong army, and he became very powerful. A seal with Uzziah's name has been found in a cistern at Tell Beit Mirsim.

However, he grew proud, and entered the temple of the LORD to burn incense on the altar of incense (). Azariah the priest with 80 other priests came to him and said, "Leave...for you have been unfaithful...you will not be honored by the LORD God". Uzziah became angry, but while "...he was raging at the priests...leprosy broke out on his forehead", and he "...had leprosy until the day he died". Because of this, his son Jotham ruled the palace and the people of the land. He died and was buried in a field that belonged to the kings. Probably because of his leprosy, Uzziah was buried in a cemetery belonging to the kings, but not in the tombs of the kings.
Sentimentality

**Sentimentality** is both a  used to make people respond emotionally, but usually in a way more than is needed.

"A sentimentalist", Oscar Wilde wrote, "is one who desires (wants) to have the luxury of an emotion without paying for it." Yeats wrote, "Rhetoric is fooling others. Sentimentality is fooling yourself."

_Sentimental_ began to be thought of more negatively from the nineteenth century. Before that it had simply meant "feeling", but it began be criticized for its "excessiveness" (too much), and now is about feeling in situations where it is not needed.

## Related pages

- Nostalgia
Blubber

**Blubber** is a layer of fat inside the skin of some animals, such as whales and seals. Blubber keeps these animals warm. Inuits invented blubber lamps, and many other people also used oil from blubber in their oil lamps.
Keith Olbermann

**Keith Olbermann** (born January 27, 1959) is a former progressive male television talk show host and liberal political commentator on NBC's and Microsoft's cable news channel MSNBC, where he was the host of the show Countdown with Keith Olbermann. On his show, he was often critical of conservatives such as Bill O'Reilly and George W. Bush. Some compared him to O'Reilly, except that Olbermann was to the left and O'Reilly is to the right. Before being on political shows, Olbermann worked for ESPN as a sportscaster. He once hosted the ESPN sports news show SportsCenter.

He had his show on MSNBC, but was fired shortly after Comcast's takeover of NBC Universal in January 2011. He then moved to Current TV, partially owned by Al Gore, but was fired after less than a year there.

## Other websites

- Current TV Website
- Countdown Page
- Keith Olbermann on Twitter
Ann Radcliffe

**Ann Radcliffe** (July 9, 1764 - February 7, 1823) was an English novelist.

## Early life and education

She was born in London. Her father was a trader, but when she was little, she lived mostly in the houses of richer relations. In 1772 her family moved to Bath, where it is possible she may have gone to a school run by Sophia and Harriet Lee.

## Writing

Her first tries to write romance stories were _The Castle of Athlin and Dunbayne_ (1789) and _A Sicilian Romance_ (1790). They were both published secretly. _The Romance of the Forest_ (1791) made her famous as the writer of Gothic romances, the "hobgoblin romance", later called "the Radcliffe romance". Two novels published when she was alive, _The Mysteries of Udolpho_ (1794) and _The Italian_ (1797), helped make her famous as "the Great Enchantress". Radcliffe was also a great traveller. She made a book after she traveled to the Continent, _A Journey Made in the Summer of 1794, through Holland and the Western Frontier of Germany...To Which Are Added Observations of a Tour to the Lakes_ (1795). But the tours written about in the novels were based on travel books, landscape paintings, and imagination. Walter Scott called Radcliffe "the first poetess of romantic fiction".

## Personal life

She married in 1787 William Radcliffe, who later became the editor of the _English Chronicle_. It was probably with his help that she began writing for fun. Even though she was famous, Radcliffe liked to be private.

## Death

She later had asthma, and died from an asthma attack in 1823.

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Ann Radcliffe
- **image**: Ann Radcliffe.jpg
- **birth place**: Holborn, London
- **occupation**: Novelist
- **nationality**: English
- **genre**: Gothic novel
Bloods

The **Bloods** are a street gang. They were founded in 1972 in Los Angeles, California. They are rivals with the Crips, another street gang centred mainly around Los Angeles. Bloods members are known for wearing mostly red colors which is their gang color.

During their rivalry with the Crips in the 1970s, a faction of the Crips called the Pirus street gang broke away from the Crips and joined other smaller gangs to make a gang which would later on become known as the Bloods. Some notable Bloods are rappers Game and Suge Knight.

## Other websites

- Bloods gang profile
Alan Colmes

**Alan Samuel Colmes** (September 24, 1950 – February 23, 2017) was an American radio and television host, former comedian and author. His talk radio show is distributed by Fox News Radio. He was the writer of the book, _Red, White and Liberal: How Left is Right and Right is Wrong_.  From 1996 to 2009, Colmes was the co-host of _Hannity & Colmes_, a nightly political debate show on Fox News Channel.

Colmes died at a Manhattan medical center on February 23, 2017, at the age of 66 after suffering from lymphoma.

## Other websites

- Alan Colmes Presents Liberaland
- Website of Alan Colmes radio show
- Alan Colmes' on Twitter

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Alan Colmes
- **image**: Alan Colmes 2014 with backdrop.jpg
- **caption**: Colmes in 2014
- **birth name**: Alan Samuel Colmes
- **birth place**: Brooklyn, New York City, New York (state), New York, U.S.
- **death place**: Manhattan, New York City, New York, U.S.
- **education**: Hofstra University
- **occupation**: Television and radio host, political commentator, writer, blogger
- **employer**: Fox News Channel
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
Hannity & Colmes

***Hannity & Colmes*** was a television talk show on the Fox News Channel hosted by the conservative Sean Hannity and the progressive Alan Colmes. It ran since October 7, 1996 to January 9, 2009.
Shale

**Shale** is a fine-grained sedimentary rock formed from mud. The mud is a mix of flakes of clay minerals and tiny fragments (silt-sized particles) of other minerals, especially quartz and calcite. The ratio of clay to other minerals is variable. Shale has breaks along thin laminae (plates) or parallel layering or bedding less than one centimeter in thickness, called "fissility" (~splitting). Mudstones, on the other hand, are similar, though they do not show the tendency to split (fissility).

Shales and mudrocks contain roughly 95 percent of the organic matter in all sedimentary rocks. However, this amounts to less than one percent by mass in an average shale. Black shales form in anoxic (without oxygen) conditions. They contain free carbon and iron sulfides such as pyrite. This produces the black colouration.

## Formation of shale

Shales are typically deposited in very slow moving water and are often found in lakes and lagoonal deposits, in river deltas, on floodplains and offshore from beach sands. They can also be deposited on the continental shelf, in relatively deep, quiet water. This process could have taken millions of years to complete.

'Black shales' are dark, and are especially rich in  unoxidized carbon. Black shales are deposited in anoxic or low oxygen environments, such as in stagnant water. They are common in some Palaeozoic and Mesozoic strata. Some black shales have heavy metals such as molybdenum, uranium. vanadium, and zinc. The heavy metals may have got there by slow accumulation.

## Related pages

- Shale gas
Zooid

A **zooid** is a term for a small individual animal, part of a marine colony. The zooids in a colony are usually clones, and may be cytoplasmically connected. Though genetically identical, the zooids in a colony may serve different functions. This is the same as would be the case with a normal metazoan animal, but in a zooid colony the members are more like individuals.

The word is pronounced _zō-oid_, not like zoo. Some examples:

- Individual members of a bryozoan colony.
- Individual members of a living coral.
- Individual members of a Portuguese Man o' War.
Bronchus

**Bronchi** (one **Bronchus**) are the large air tubes leading from the trachea to the lungs. They carry air to the lungs.

The trachea (windpipe) divides to form the right and left main bronchi. These divide to form smaller and smaller tubes called bronchioles. Eventually the bronchioles end in the alveoli (small air sacs).  At the alveoli, oxygen from the air we breathe into our lungs is moved into the blood.  The blood then carries oxygen around to the rest of the body, which needs oxygen to survive.  Without the bronchi, air would never get into the lungs, and oxygen would never get into our bodies.

The bronchi's walls are made of cartilage.

The right bronchus (shown on the left in the image on this page) is shorter, wider, and straighter than the left bronchus.

## Related pages

- Bronchitis (an illness that affects the bronchi)
- Asthma (a disease that makes the bronchi get narrower)
- Bronchodilator (medicine that helps the bronchi get wider when they narrow because of a disease like asthma)
ChessBase

**ChessBase GmbH** is a German company that markets chess software. It also has a chess news website, and uses a server for online chess. Set up in 1998, it builds and sells large databases, with up to three million games, classified in various ways. A smaller fraction have notes, about 60,000 at present. It is possible to connect the database with one or more _chess engines_ which calculate likely good moves. Databases organize data from past games; engines do calculations and use look-up tables for standard information, having, for example, answers to special endgame problems.<sup>p400-406</sup>
Three-sector hypothesis

The **Three-sector hypothesis** is a large-scale economic type theory. It says that there are three kinds of economic activities, which are very different from each other:
1. The extraction of raw materials
1. Manufacturing goods
1. Providing services

These kinds of activities are called economic sector<nowiki/>s. The theory speaks about the primary, secondary, and tertiary sector. The theory was developed by Alan Fisher, Colin Clark and Jean Fourastié in the 1930s. Clark used a speech given by Sir William Petty, in 1690. For this reason the theory is also known as **Petty's Law**. The first sector is about directly using natural resources, the second sector is about processing these resources to obtain "higher level" goods.

The theory also says that the main focus of the economy of a country will change, from the primary to the secondary, and from the secondary to the tertiary sector, as economic development progresses.
Osteogenesis imperfecta

**Osteogenesis imperfecta** is a genetic disorder. It is commonly called **brittle bone disease**. It is usually an autosomal dominant disease, which means a person can get it if only one of their parents has the abnormal gene. OI affects the part of the bones called the collagen rod, which provides bone strength. The abnormal gene weakens or even destroys the collagen rod. This disease was first identified by Vrolik in 1849.

When someone has this disease, their bones are more likely to break. Unfortunately, osteogenesis imperfecta has no cure. This disease is categorized in four types: Type one is the most common case and it often causes brittle teeth and bone related injuries. Type two is a more severe version of type one and has most of the same symptoms just in more severe cases. People with type three of osteogenesis imperfecta may have more than 100 fractures before puberty. Their eyes often develop a purple, blue, or grey tint and people with this case also often have hearing loss. 50% of people that have osteogenesis imperfecta have hearing loss while becoming an adult. Type 4 is a more severe case of most symptoms stated above.

## Symptoms

Less severe symptoms of OI may include:
- easily broken bones
- loose joints
- low muscle tone
- blue, purple or grey color to the normally white part of the eyes
- triangular shape of face
- tendency to develop scoliosis
- brittle teeth

OI has many other serious and fatal symptoms including respiratory problems and bone deformity.

## Demographics

OI occurs equally in both male and females and can affect all ethnic groups. OI happens in the womb and there is no cure. It is usually discovered when someone breaks a lot of bones; they may have DNA testing to check for OI. It occurs in 1 in 20,000 births.
Piss Christ

***Piss Christ*** is a 1987 photo that was taken by Andres Serrano. The picture is of a small plastic crucifix that is in a glass of Serrano's urine. The piece won the Southeastern Center for Contemporary Art's "Awards in the Visual Arts" competition. This contest gets some of its money from the National Endowment from the Arts, a United States government group that gives money to art projects.

## Controversy

The photo caused some dispute when it was first shown in 1989. Some people who were against the photo, including United States Senators Al D'Amanto and Jesse Helms were upset that Serrano was given $15,000 for the work. They were also upset that part of it was from the National Endowment for the Arts. Supporters of the work said the _Piss Christ_ is an issue of artistic freedom and freedom of speech.

Others said that the government paying for _Piss Christ_ went against separation of church and state.

Sister Wendy Beckett, an art critic and Catholic nun, said in a television interview with Bill Moyers that she did not think the work was blasphemous. She thought that it was but a statement on "what we have done to Christ"

During a showing of Serrano's works at the National Gallery of Victoria (NGV) in 1997, then Archbishop George Pelli tried to get the Supreme Court of Victoria to stop the gallery from showing the work. The Court did not agree with him and did not stop it. A few days later, one visitor tried to take the work off of the gallery wall, and two teenagers later attacked the work with a hammer. The director of the NGV then cancelled the show. He said that he was worried about some of Rembrandt's works that were also being shown at the time.

"Piss Christ" was part of the BBC documentary called "Why Beauty Matters", which talks about art and how it is important in everyday life.

## Other websites

- Annotated transcription of U.S. Senate discussion about "Piss Christ"
Cosley Zoo

**Cosley Zoo** is an AZA-accredited zoo. It is in Wheaton, Illinois. It is a part of the Wheaton Park District. Families and individuals can come in for free. The zoo area is 5 acres (2 hectares) of land. It is built on the site of a historic train station. There are domestic animals. There is also wildlife that is native to Illinois.

The zoo runs many programs for children. For example, they have programs like Junior Zookeepers, birthday parties, and holiday events.

## Related pages

- List of zoos

## Other websites

- http://www.cosleyzoo.org/
- Cosley Zoo at the Wheaton Park District

## Infobox (zoo)

- **zoo name**: Cosley Zoo
- **image**: Cosley Zoo sign.jpg
- **image caption**: The main sign
- **location**: Wheaton, Illinois, United States, USA
- **area**: 5 acres (20,200 m²)
- **members**: Association of Zoos and Aquariums, AZA
- **website**: http://www.cosleyzoo.org/