Government

A **government** is a group of people that have the power to rule in a territory, according to the administrative law. This territory may be a country, a state or province within a country, or a region. There are many types of government, such as democratic, parliamentary, presidential, federal or unitary

## Works

- Governments make laws, rules and regulations, collect taxes and print money.
- Governments have monopolies on the legal use of force.
- Governments have systems of judiciary that list the acts or activities that are against the law and describe the punishments for breaking the law.
- Governments have law enforcement forces to make sure people within their jurisdiction follow the laws.
- Governments have diplomats who communicate with the governments of other countries by having meetings. Diplomats try to solve problems or disagreements between two countries, which can help countries to avoid war, make commercial agreements, and exchange cultural or social experiences and knowledge.
- Governments have a military force such as an army that protects the country from enemy countries, terrorists and other major threats that attack or which can be used to attack and invade other countries.
- Governments have security guards to protect the leader of a country.
- The head of state of a government may have advisors and ministers for various departments. Together they are called the administration.

### Australia

- Prime Minister
- Administrative Services
- Arts, Sport, Environment, Tourism & Territories
- Attorney General
- Community Services & Health
- Defence
- Employment, Education & Training
- Finance
- Foreign Affairs & Trade
- Immigration, Local Government & Ethnic Affairs
- Industrial Relations & Public Service Matters
- Industry, Technology & Commerce
- Primary Industries & Energy
- Social Security
- Transport & Communications
- Treasury

### Canada

- Prime Minister
- Deputy Prime Minister
- Agriculture
- Atlantic Canada Opportunities Agency
- Canada Mortgage & Housing Corporation
- Canada Post Corporation
- Canadian Diary Commission
- Canadian International Development Agency
- Canadian Wheat Board
- Communications
- Constitutional Affairs
- Consumer & Corporate Affairs, & Registrar General
- Defence Construction Canada
- Employment & Immigration
- Energy, Mines & Resources
- Environment
- External Affairs
- External Relations
- Federal-Provincal Relations
- Finance
- Fisheries & Oceans
- Fitness & Amateur Sport
- Forestry
- Grains, Oil & Seeds
- Housing
- Indian Affairs & Northern Development
- International Trade
- Justice & Attorney General
- la Francophonie
- Labour
- Leader of the Government of the House of Commons
- Deputy Leader of the Government of the House of Commons
- Multiculturalism & Citizenship
- National Capital Commission
- National Defence
- National Health & Welfare
- National Revenue
- Privy Council
- Privatisation & Regulatory Affairs
- Public Works
- Regional Economic Expansion
- Royal Canadian Mint
- Science & Technology
- Secretary of State
- Seniors
- Small Businesses & Tourism
- Solicitor General
- Standards Council of Canada
- Status of Women
- Supply & Services, Receiver General
- Treasury Board
- Veterans Affairs
- Western Economic Diversification
- Youth

### European Economic Community

- President
- Agriculture & Rural Development
- Audiovisual & Cultural Affairs
- Budget
- Competitions & Financial Institutions
- Cooperation, Development & Fisheries
- Economic, Financial Affairs & Coordination of Structural Funds
- Employment, Industrial Relations & Social Affairs
- Energy, Euratom, Small Business, Staff & Translation
- Environment, Nuclear Safety & Civil Protection
- External Relations & Trade Policy
- Internal Market & Industrial Affairs
- Mediterranean & Latin America Policy
- Regional Policy
- Science, Research, Development, Telecommunications & Innovation
- Taxation & Customs Union
- Transport & Consumer Protection

### France

- President
- Prime Minister
- Administrative Reforms & Civil Service
- Agriculture & Forests
- Cooperation & Development
- Culture, Communication, Great Works & Bicentennary
- Defence
- Economy, Finance, Budget & Privatisation
- Environment
- European Affairs
- External Commerce
- Foreign Affairs
- Industry
- the Interior
- Justice
- Labour & Vocational Training
- National Education, Sport, Research & Technology
- Overseas Departments & Territories
- Posts, Telecommunications & Space
- Relations with Parliament
- Solidarity, Health & Social Protection
- Transport, Sea, Housing & Equipment

### Germany

- Chancellor
- Construction
- Defence
- Economic Cooperation
- Economics
- Education & Science
- Environment, Nature Conservation & Reactor Security
- Finance
- Food, Agriculture & Forestry
- Foreign Affairs
- the Interior
- Justice
- Posts & Communications
- Research & Technology
- Special Affairs
- Transport
- Youth, Family & Health

### Japan

- Prime Minister
- Agriculture, Forestry & Fisheries
- Cabinet Secretary
- Cabinet Legislation Bureau
- Construction
- Defence Agency
- Economic Planning Agency
- Education
- Environment Agency
- Finance
- Foreign Affairs
- General Affairs
- Health
- Hokkaido & Okinawa Regional Development Agency
- Home Affairs
- International Trade & Industry
- Justice
- Labour
- Management & Coordination Agency
- National Land Agency
- Political Affairs
- Posts
- Science & Technology Agency
- Transport

### United Kingdom

- Prime Minister
- Agriculture, Fisheries & Food
- Defence
- Education
- Employment
- Energy
- Environment
- Foreign Office
- Health
- Home Office
- Justice
- Leader of the House of Commons
- Leader of the House of Lords
- Northern Ireland Office
- Scotland Office
- Social Security
- Trade & Industry
- Transport
- Treasury
- Wales Office

### United States

- President
- Vice President
- Agriculture
- Attorney General
- Commerce
- Defence
- Education
- Energy
- Health & Human Services
- Housing & Urban Development
- Interior
- Labour
- Management & Budget
- Secretary of State
- Trade
- Transportation
- Treasury
- Veterans Affairs

## Types of governments

Plato listed five kinds of government in _The Republic:_

### Democracy

The most common type of government in the Western world is called democracy. In democracies, people in a country can vote during elections for representatives or political parties that they prefer. The people in democracies can elect representatives who will sit on legislatures such as the Parliament or Congress. Political parties are organizations of people with similar ideas about how a country or region should be governed. Different political parties have different ideas about how the government should handle different problems. Democracy is the government of the people, by the people and for the people.

However, many countries have forms of democracy which limit freedom of choice by the voters. One of the most common ways is to limit which parties can stand for parliament, or limit the parties' access to mass media such as television. Another way is to rig (unfairly manipulate or interfere with) the voting system by removing votes from opposition voters and substituting votes for the party in power. Few countries are textbook (classic, paradigmatic) democracies, and the differences between them has been much studied.

### Monarchy

A monarchy is a government ruled by a king, queen, emperor or empress who inherits their position from their family, which is often called the "royal family." There are two types of monarchies: absolute monarchies and constitutional monarchies. In an absolute monarchy, the ruler has no limits on their wishes or powers. In a constitutional monarchy a ruler's powers are limited by a document called a constitution.

In modern times, monarchies still exist in Great Britain and the Commonwealth of Nations, the Netherlands, Spain, Japan, Saudi Arabia, and Thailand, along with several other countries. A monarch may have one of several titles: King or Queen, Empress or Empress, or Emir.

### Aristocracy

An aristocracy is a government run by the people of a ruling class, usually people who come from wealthy families with a particular set of values, or people who come from a particular place. A person who rules in an aristocracy is an aristocrat. Aristocracy is different from nobility, in that nobility means that one bloodline would rule, whereas an aristocracy would mean that a few or many bloodlines would rule, or that rulers be chosen in a different manner.

### Dictatorship

Under a dictatorship, the government is run by one person who has all the power over the people in a country.  A dictatorship may also be called one-man rule or autocracy. Plato called it tyranny.

Originally, the Roman Republic made dictators to lead during time of war. The Roman dictators (and Greek tyrants) were not always cruel or unkind, but they did hold power all by themselves, rather than sharing power with the people. Roman dictators only held power for a short period of time.

In modern times, a dictator's rule is not stopped by any laws, constitutions, or other social and political institutions, and can last many years or even decades. After leaving the Spanish Empire, many countries in Latin America were dictatorships. World War II was partly a war between dictators, and later new countries in Asia and Africa also were ruled by dictators.

### Oligarchy

An oligarchy is a government ruled by a small group of powerful people. These people may spread power equally or not equally. More so a different version of a monarchy, where everyone makes decisions together instead of one person making them all or telling people what to do, such as in a Dictatorship. An oligarchy is different from a true democracy because very few people are given the chance to change things. An oligarchy does not have to be hereditary or passed down from father to son.

An oligarchy does not have one clear ruler, but several powerful people. Some past examples of oligarchy are the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and Apartheid South Africa. A fictional example is the dystopian society of _Oceania_ in the book Nineteen Eighty-Four. Some critics of representative democracy think of the United States as an oligarchy. Robert Michel's Iron Law of Oligarchy says all democratic organizations become oligarchies. This view is shared by anarchists and some libertarians. An oligarchy may have a leader in the ruling group.

## The history and the theory of government

The simplest idea of government is those who rule over people and land. This may be as small as a community or village or as big as a continent (like Australia).

The people who rule can allow others to own land. It is a deed by government that gives this right in the way that laws describe. Some think they have the right to hold land without government permission. This view is called libertarianism. Others think they can do without government. This view is called anarchism.

Almost every place on Earth is connected to one and only one government. Places without government are where people follow traditions instead of government rules, small border disputed areas and the continent of Antarctica, because almost no people live there. For every other place on Earth there is a government that claims 'sovereign control' over it. The word "sovereign" is old and means "control by a King" (sovereign). Governments of villages, cities, counties and other communities are subordinate to the government of the state or province where they exist, and then to that of the country.

It is from Kings and feudalism that modern governments and nation states came. The capital of a country, for instance, is where the King kept his assets. From this we get the modern idea of capital in economics. A government may regulate trade as well as to rule over land.

Governments also control people and decide things about what morality to accept or punish. In  many countries, there are strict rules about sexual intercourse and drugs which are part of law and offenders are punished for disobeying them.

Tax is how government is paid for in most countries. People who buy, sell, import, invest, own a house or land, or earn money are made to pay some of the money to a government.

There are many theories of how to organize government better. These are called theories of civics. Many people think leaders must be elected by some kind of democracy. That way, they can be replaced at election. Many governments are not a democracy but other forms in which only a few people have power.

There are many theories of how to run a government better, and keep people from hurting each other. These theories are part of politics.

## Related pages

- Constitution
- Justice system
- Law
- Legal rights
- Local government
- Political economy
- State
- Big Government