juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Sleeping sickness

- _"Sleeping sickness" is also another name for Narcolepsy._

**Sleeping sickness**, or **African trypanosomiasis**, is an infectious disease.  It is caused by parasites from the species _Trypanosoma brucei_.

## Cause

People get African trypanosomiasis from the tsetse fly.  Because of this, it is most common in certain areas of Africa, especially Sub-Saharan Africa, where the tsetse fly lives.  Researchers say that about 70 million people, in 36 countries, are at a high risk for getting sleeping sickness.

## Epidemiology

As of 2010, sleeping sickness had caused around 9,000 deaths per year (compared to 34,000 in 1990).

In 2013, about 30,000 people had African trypanosomiasis.  Also, about 7,000 more people were getting the disease every year.  More than 80% of these people in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

## Treatment

Medications can treat African trypanosomiasis. The treatment is usually done in a hospital, because the drugs have many side effects.  For sleeping sickness that was not treated early, the medications used for treatment are based on arsenic, a poison.  These medications are dangerous, and about 5% of people die from taking them.

## Prevention

The best way to protect against African trypanosomiasis is to protect against insect bites.

## Signs and symptoms

The signs and symptoms of African trypanosomiasis happen in two stages.

### The hemolyphatic phase

Common symptoms in this stage include:
- A fever that comes and goes
- Headaches
- Pain in the joints
- Itching
- Lymphadenopathy: As the parasite gets into the lymphatic system, the body's lymph nodes swell, sometimes to very large sizes
- A chancre (red sore) where the person was bitten by the tsetse fly (sometimes)

If African trypanosomiasis is not treated at this point, the parasite will also get into the circulatory system and defeat the body's natural defenses.  If this happens, the person can have:
- Anemia
- Kidney problems
- Problems with hormones
- Heart problems

### The neurological phase

This phase begins when the parasite invades the central nervous system by passing through the blood–brain barrier.

In this stage, one of the most common symptoms is trouble sleeping.  This is where the name "sleeping sickness" comes from.  People in this stage often cannot sleep normally, and may be up all night and then sleep during the day..

Other symptoms in this stage can include:
- Mental confusion
- Tremor
- Muscle weakness
- Weakness or paralysis of an arm or leg
- Movements that the person cannot control, like a person with Parkinson syndrome
- Psychosis
- Feeling easily annoyed or being aggressive

Without treatment, a person with African sleeping sickness will go into a coma; (thus the name) all their important organs will stop working; and they will die.Damage caused in the neurological phase cannot be fixed.
Vice-President of the Executive Council of the Irish Free State

The Executive Council was the cabinet of the Irish Free State, it was headed by the "President of the Executive Council".

Constitution of The Irish Free State said that the Vice President would act for the President of the Executive Council while he was absent, or until a new President was elected

Because the Executive Council only had five, six or seven members, the Vice President was also a minister in charge of a department.

Neither the ministry of the Irish Republic nor the Provisional Government had a deputy head of government, so the office of Vice-President of the Executive Council was a new idea of the Free State.  In 1937 when the Constitution of the Irish Free State was replaced by Bunreacht na hÉireann the Vice President was replaced by the Tánaiste.
Tsetse fly

**Tsetse flies** are large biting flies that live in the tropical regions of Africa. They bite vertebrates, and drink their blood. They are the insect vectors of some serious diseases.

They have been studied a lot because they can spread sleeping sickness and other diseases.

The genus _Glossina_ has about 34 species in three groups of species. One group of species lives out on the savannah; another group lives near rivers, and the third group lives in tropical forests.

## Life cycle

Tsetse have an unusual life cycle. Female tsetse only fertilize one egg at a time and keep each egg in their uterus while the offspring develops inside during the first larval stages. During this time, the female feeds the developing offspring with a milky substance secreted by a modified gland in the uterus.

In the third larval stage, the tsetse larva finally leave the uterus and crawl into the ground. There, it forms a hard outer shell and becomes a pupa. It completes its metamorphosis into an adult fly. This takes twenty to thirty days, while the larva relies on stored resources.

Normally, insect larvae feed themselves before pupation, but tsetse development (before it emerges as a full adult) occurs without feeding. The development is based only on nutritional resources provided by the female parent, which shows how blood is a rich source of nutrition. The female must get enough energy for its needs, for the needs of its developing offspring, and to store the resources which its offspring will require until it emerges as an adult.

## Population control

Before the 20th century, people and their cattle simply did not live in areas infested with tsetse flies. In the 20th century, using pesticides after World War II caused as many problems as it solved. Now more subtle methods are preferred. Tsetse flies can be trapped by using large blue cloths as a lure. Another good method is to release irradiated male flies, which are sterile. Since females mate only once in their lives, that much reduces the population.
Pun

A **pun** is a joke which is a "play on words." People make puns in order to make other people laugh. Many jokes are actually puns.

A pun usually uses a word which can have more than one meaning, even if the spelling is different:

Sometimes a pun may use a whole phrase that can be heard in more than one way, as in the following knock-knock joke:

- “Knock Knock!”
- “Who’s There?”
- “Dishwasher.”
- “Dishwasher who?”
- “Dishwasher way I ushed to shpeak before I got my falsh teesh”.
(The last sentence is supposed to mean: “This was the way I used to speak before I got my false teeth”).

There is a joke about a man who sent ten different puns to friends in the hope that at least one of the puns would make them laugh. Unfortunately, no pun in ten did.

(The joke here is on “no pun intended,” which is said when a person unintentionally says a pun by coincidence, and announces the find ).

There are many websites and books which have jokes, very often with puns.

Puns are easier to make in some languages than others. Languages with many homophones (words which sound the same but have a different meaning) such as the Chinese language are most suitable for puns.

Puns do not have to be about homonyms. They can sometimes be a double entendre using both a literal sense of the word and a metaphor (figurative use). For example, if a young man joins the Navy and someone says that he "sailed through his exams", this is a joke because: 1) the expression "to sail through something" means "to do it easily", but 2) the Navy is about sailing in ships. It is possible to say something like that without realizing that it is a pun.

Another example is a story about two boys growing up and eating more and more food. One of the parents just began a new job and the other says, "I hope you can start bringing home the bacon!" In this example, bacon is a play on words meaning both money and the food, bacon.

Many British people love making puns, especially bad puns (where a word has to be mispronounced to make the joke work). Lewis Carroll made many puns in his books _Alice in Wonderland_ and _Alice through the Looking Glass_.

These are also a few examples of different puns:

Really _cool_ songs were heard as the rock band played on the iceberg,

"You're fired!" said the boss to the man shot from a gun.

"How is your vineyard doing?" a neighbour asked. The woman replied, "It's growing grape!"  (play on words: "It's going great!")

Helium, Neon and Argon float into a bar.
The bartender says:
"Sorry, but we don't serve your kind."
They don't react.
(Helium, Neon and Argon are noble gases and they don't perform chemical reactions easily. This is why argon is used in lightbulbs.)
North American P-51 Mustang

The **P-51 Mustang** was an American fighter made by North American Aviation during World War II. Later versions escorted American bombers over Europe and Japan. There were 5 versions of the Mustang built, called the P-51A, P-51B, P-51C, P-51D, and the P-51H. To provide more power at high altitude, the B, C, D, and H versions had a Packard-built version of the Rolls-Royce Merlin engine instead of the Allison engine used in the P-51A. The Packard Merlin engine featured a more advanced supercharger, allowing much better performance above 15,000 feet when compared to the Allison. The P-51D version had a "bubble" canopy, or one unobstructed by metal supports. After World War II, it was used in the Korean War as a dive bomber and was used by many Central American air forces until the 1970s. Today, P-51 Mustangs are often used in air races.

The P-51 Mustang is an American veteran from World War II and the **Korean War**. The  P-51 Mustang was the first U.S. built fighter airplane to **control Europe after the fall of France.** Mustangs met and conquered nearly every German plane from the Junkers bombers to the Messerschmitt 262s. The P-51 was a **very successful** aircraft, capable of many ground attack and **dogfight** missions**.**

## Other websites

- WW2DB: P-51 Mustang

## Infobox (aircraft begin)

- **name**: P-51 Mustang
- **image**: File:375th Fighter Squadron North American P-51D-5-NA Mustang 44-13926.jpgborder
- **caption**: P-51D of 375th Fighter Squadron, with underwing drop tanks.


## Infobox (aircraft type)

- **type**: Fighter aircraft, Fighter
- **national origin**: United States
- **manufacturer**: North American Aviation
- **first flight**: 26 October 1940
- **introduction**: January 1942 (RAF)
- **status**: Retired from military service 1984 (Dominican Air Force)
- **primary user**: United States Army Air Forces
- **more users**: Royal Air Force
Chinese Nationalist Air Force
numerous others (see below)
- **number built**: More than 15,000
- **unit cost**: US$50,985 in 1945
- **variants with their own articles**: North American A-36 Apache
Rolls-Royce Mustang Mk.X
Cavalier Mustang
- **developed into**: North American F-82 Twin Mustang
Piper PA-48 Enforcer
Airsoft

**Airsoft** is a competitive team shooting sport in which players use fake guns, usually replicas of real firearms, to eliminate opponents from play using spherical plastic projectiles, called BBs.

Airsoft is comparable to paintball, another sport that uses fake guns to battle. The main differences between the two sports are:

1. Projectiles from an Airsoft gun are plastic BBs, not paint, and do not break or leave a marker upon impact. Although, the solid projectiles can sometimes leave a small bruise or wound. Players use their own judgement to call themselves out. This system is based on honor, because people can cheat by not calling themselves out without the knowledge of other players. This has led to fights between players usually resulting in one repeatedly shooting a cheater, causing pain, until they call their hit.
1. Airsoft guns are more commonly replicas of real firearms, with Airsoft guns more commonly using magazines simulating the appearance of a real one (albeit functioning differently) opposed to a dropper used on paintball guns.
1. Airsoft guns are commonly powered by a battery or small disposable CO2 gas tanks, opposed to reusable tanks used in paintball.
1. Airsoft is arguably cheaper, Airsoft guns can cost as low as around $5, and BBs costing less than 2 cents per BB.

The appeal of Airsoft stems from real world battle tactics and gameplay styles. Some examples are short-term battles, organized scenarios, historical reenactments and Military Simulation. Game fields also have very different styles, from small indoor arenas to large fields.
Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15

**MiG-15 Fagot** was a jet combat airplane designed by Mikoyan, a Russian airplane company. It was intended as an interceptor but fought more often as an air superiority fighter. It first flew in 1947, and went in military service in 1949. It was one of the first to use a swept wing. It first fought in the Korean War, where it defeated the American Lockheed P-80 Shooting Star. To try to beat the MiG-15, the North American Aviation F-86 Sabre was brought in. The MiG-15 was then upgraded in to the MiG-17, so the MiG-15 went out of service. Today, it is used to train new pilots and still used by North Korea's Air Force.

## Related pages

- Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-17
- F-86 Sabre

## Other websites

- MIG-15) -Citizendium

## Infobox (aircraft begin)

- **name**: MiG-15
- **image**: File:DATANGSHAN AVIATION MUSEUM BEIJING CHINA OCT 2012 (8643131848).jpg
- **caption**: A Korean People's Army Air Force MiG-15 at the Chinese Aviation Museum


## Infobox (aircraft type)

- **type**: Fighter aircraft
- **national origin**: Soviet Union, USSR
- **manufacturer**: Mikoyan, Mikoyan-Gurevich
- **first flight**: 30 December 1947
- **introduced**: 1949
- **status**: In limited service with the Korean People's Army Air Force
- **primary user**: Soviet Air Forces <small>(historical)</small>
- **more users**: People's Liberation Army Air Force <small>(historical)</small>
Korean People's Army Air Force
- **number built**: 13,130 in the USSR + at least 4,180 under license
- **developed into**: Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-17
North American F-86 Sabre

The **F-86 Sabre** (nicknamed the "**Sabre jet**") was an American fighter plane made by North American Aviation. It first flew in 1947, and was introduced to battle the MiG-15 in the Korean War. Unlike the fighter before it, the F-86 had swept wings to be faster.

## Related pages

- MiG-15

## Infobox (aircraft begin)

- **name**: F-86 Sabre
- **image**: File:F86F Sabres - Chino Airshow 2014 (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: A North American F-86 over the Planes of Fame Air Museum in Chino, California


## Infobox (aircraft type)

- **type**: Fighter aircraft
- **national origin**: United States
- **manufacturer**: North American Aviation
- **first flight**: 1 October 1947
- **introduced**: 1949, with USAF
- **retired**: 1994, Bolivia
- **primary user**: United States Air Force
- **more users**: Japan Air Self-Defense Force
 Spanish Air Force
 Republic of Korea Air Force
- **number built**: 9,860
- **unit cost**: US$219,457 (F-86E)
- **developed from**: North American FJ-1 Fury
- **variants with their own articles**: CAC Sabre
 Canadair Sabre
 North American F-86D Sabre
 North American FJ-2/-3 Fury
- **developed into**: North American FJ-4 Fury
North American YF-93
North American F-100 Super Sabre
Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21

The **MiG-21 Fishbed** is a Soviet jet aircraft made by Mikoyan. It is a supersonic fighter aircraft and first flew in 1956. It has a delta wing and at least 30 countries used it. More than 10,000 were made, which is more than any other supersonic plane. It fought in the Vietnam War and is still being used today.
Pantyhose

**Pantyhose** is a piece of women's clothing that covers the waist down.

Miniskirt exposed the legs to well above the knee. They made pantyhose a necessity for many women. In 1970, U.S. sales of pantyhose exceeded stockings for the first time, and it has remained so ever since.

Pantyhose fit tightly. Modern tights come in different colors. For every day wear women are usually chosen brown (tan color pantyhose) or black or nude (skin) pantyhose. There are popular patterned pantyhose: for example, polka dot, backseam, tattoo and so on). In addition to beautiful trendy patterned pantyhose, there are also functional pantyhose, such as modeling and compression pantyhose.

Compression pantyhose usually used for protective or medical reasons. For protection against varicose veins use only pantyhose with a low level of graduated compression. Compression pantyhose with a high level of exposure can be purchased with a doctor's prescription.

## Related pages

- Tights
Tights

**Tights** are a tight fitting clothing. In American English, the term includes pantyhose. They usually fit from the waist down and are often worn in dancing. Tights in the past were made of elasticized silk or other material. Modern tights are often made of spandex.

Tights were invented in 1598, by a man called William Lee. He was a reverend and made a machine that knitted together silk.

Tights come in thin and thick options. Thinner tights are called sheer, and thicker ones are called opaque. People measure this thickness using something called "denier". There are five categories that show what denier a pair of tights is: Ultra sheer, sheer, semi-opaque, opaque, and thick-opaque.

Tights are intended to keep a wearer’s legs warm, and come in many different colors, patterns, lengths, and materials. One rule of thumb to consider is that coated leggings, like the shiny metallic leggings, will usually have less stretch than faux leather leggings or even our basic nylon leggings, which are the absolute most easy to fit due to their unhindered stretch.

## Related pages

- Pantyhose
- Leggings
North Hollywood shootout

The **North Hollywood shootout** was a gunfight that happened on February 28, 1997. Emil Matasareanu (July 19, 1966 - February 28, 1997) and Larry Eugene Phillips Jr. (September 20, 1970 - February 28, 1997) were bank robbers, and used AK-47s, an AR-15, an HK-91, and 9 MM pistols. The police could not easily kill them because of their heavy body armor, which was made out of kevlar. 20 people were wounded, and the only two killed were the robbers.

Matasareanu was shot dead by police. Phillips shot himself in the head with a Beretta M92F as police shot him multiple times. His body was left in the street for about an hour before ambulances came to take his body away.
The Blitz

**The Blitz** was a German bombing campaign against the United Kingdom in 1940 and 1941, during the Second World War. The term was first used by the British press and came from the term , the German word for 'lightning war'.

43,000 civilians died during the blitz.

The Germans conducted mass air attacks against industrial targets, towns, and cities, beginning with raids on London towards the end of the Battle of Britain in 1940.

By September 1940, the Luftwaffe had lost the Battle of Britain and the German air fleets () were ordered to attack London, to draw RAF Fighter Command into a battle of annihilation.

From 7 September 1940, London was bombed by the Luftwaffe for 56 of the following 57 days and nights. Most notable was a large daylight attack against London on 15 September.

## Infobox (military conflict)

- **conflict**: The Blitz
- **partof**: the Strategic bombing during World War II, Strategic bombing campaign of World War II
- **image**: Heinkel over Wapping.jpg
- **image size**: 300px
- **caption**: A Heinkel He 111 bomber over the Surrey Commercial Docks in South London and Wapping and the Isle of Dogs in the East End of London on 7 September 1940
- **date**:
(8 months, 5 days)
- **place**: United Kingdom
- **result**: German strategic failure
- **casualties1**: ~40,000–43,000 civilians killed
~46,000–139,000 injured
Two million houses damaged or destroyed (60 percent of these in London)
- **casualties2**: Unknown
3,363 aircrew
2,265 aircraft (summer 1940 – May 1941)
- **alt caption**: St Paul's Cathedral
Supergiant

**Supergiants** are some of the largest stars in the universe. They are larger than giant stars, and less luminous than hypergiants. They vary greatly in size. They are towards the top of the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram, a graph showing star development. Some are only 50 million kilometers across, small enough to fit inside the orbit of Mercury. The largest and brightest supergiants, also called hypergiants, are 2,200 million km across, between the sizes of the orbits of Jupiter and Saturn.

Supergiants are the old forms of old main sequence stars that had a high mass. These expanded when hydrogen ran out for fusion in their core to become red and blue supergiants. Typically, when the hydrogen in the core runs out, the star becomes a blue supergiant and then a red supergiant when hydrogen fusion occurs in a layer surrounding the core. When helium fusion starts, the red supergiant becomes a blue supergiant again. When the core becomes multi-layered with heavier elements being produced by fusion, it may turn into a red supergiant again. However, supergiants may go through the red-blue supergiant cycle numerous times, and both red and blue supergiants can end their life in a supernova explosion.

Yellow supergiants are the rarest supergiant type and are not stable. However, they are still important stars and include the Cepheid variables. They are likely just a midway point when a red supergiant changes to a blue supergiant and vice versa. Larger and brighter yellow supergiants are called yellow hypergiants.

## Examples

Supergiants are rare but easy to find because they are so bright. Many stars in the night sky that the naked eye can see are rare supergiants.

### Blue

- Rigel
- Deneb
- Alnilam
- Many stars in the Jewel Box Cluster
- Rho Leonis

### Yellow

- Polaris
- Gamma Cygni
- Delta Canis Majoris
- Epsilon Aurigae
- Betelgeuse (3000-2000 years ago)
The yellow supergiants famously include the Cepheid variables.

### Red

- Antares
- Betelgeuse
- Epsilon Pegasi
- Zeta Cephei
- VV Cephei A

## References

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Tipton

''This is about the town in the West Midlands, England.

**Tipton** is a town in the Sandwell borough of the West Midlands, England, with a population of around 47,000.

Tipton is located about halfway between Birmingham and Wolverhampton. It is a part of the West Midlands conurbation, and is a part of the Black Country.
Organic matter

**Organic matter** (or **organic material**) refers to a particular type of matter. There is no single definition, and it varies based on context.

## History

The equation of "organic" with living organisms comes from the now-abandoned idea of vitalism that attributed a special force to life that alone could create organic substances. This theory was discredited in the 19th century.

The end of vitalism is often credited to Friedrich Wöhler, who discovered the Wöhler synthesis. This let people make organic urea from inorganic ammonium cyanate. However, chemists and historians consider this a myth: While his work was important, it came when support for vitalism was already decreasing in chemistry.

Vitalism remains a popular pseudoscientific philosophy. Many forms of alternative medicine use vitalist ideas.

### Chemistry

Organic chemistry is a field of chemistry that studies carbon compounds. An organic compound is normally defined as a chemical that has chemical bonds between two carbon atoms, or between carbon and hydrogen.

### Geology

Soil is composed of minerals and organic matter, as well as living organisms. The organic matter in soil comes from plants and animals. In a forest, for example, leaf litter and woody material falls to the forest floor. This is one kind organic material. When it decays to the point it is no longer recognizable it is called soil organic matter. When the organic matter has broken down into a stable humic substances that resist further decomposition it is called humus.

## Related pages

- Biomass
- Biological tissue
Need for Speed: Carbon

***Need For Speed: Carbon*** is an racing game by Electronic Arts that belongs to the _Need for Speed_ series. It is the 12th game in the _Need For Speed_ series and is available on many gaming systems such as the GameCube, Wii, Game Boy Advance, Nintendo DS, PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, Xbox, Xbox 360, and PC. It is the last in the series to be released for the GameCube and GBA, it was released on October 30, 2006.

## Gameplay

_Need for Speed: Carbon_ is like _Need for Speed: Most Wanted_, but the biggest change is that it is night time.
MotorStorm

***MotorStorm*** is a racing video game. It is only available for the PlayStation 3. The goal of the game is to win a series of races and to be the winner of the MotorStorm Festival. Players can control seven different types of vehicles throughout the game including rally cars, big rigs, dirt bikes, ATVs, racing trucks, buggies and mudpluggers. MotorStorm has a sequel called MotorStorm: Pacific Rift.

## Infobox (vg)

- **title**: MotorStorm
- **developer**: Evolution Studios
- **publisher**: Sony Computer Entertainment
- **released**: Japan: December, 2006
North America: 6 March 2007
- **genre**: Racing
- **modes**: Singleplayer, Online Multiplayer
- **platforms**: PlayStation 3
Tipton (disambiguation)

**Tipton** may refer to:

## Towns or Cities

- Tipton, town in the West Midlands, England

- Tipton, Indiana, city in Indiana, USA
- Tipton, Iowa, city in Iowa, USA
- Tipton, Kansas, city in Kansas, USA
- Tipton, Oklahoma, city in Oklahoma, USA

## People

- Analeigh Tipton, the American figure skater, actress, and fashion model.
- Billy Tipton, the American jazz musician and bandleader.
- Zurlon Tipton, the American football player.

## In Fiction

- The Tipton Hotel or fictional character London Tipton from the television series, _The Suite Life of Zack and Cody_
Athletic shoe

An **athletic shoe** is a name for a shoe designed for sporting and physical activities, and is different in style and build than a dress shoe. Originally used mainly during sports, today they are worn as casual footwear. They are often very comfortable and usually have lots of padding.

Athletic shoes, depending on the location and the actual type of footwear, can also go by the name ***trainers*** (British English), ***sandshoes*** (Australian English) ***running shoes*** or ***runners*** (Canadian English, Australian English, Hiberno-English), ***sneakers*** (American English, Australian English), ***sport shoes***, ***gym shoes***, ***tennis shoes***, ***tennies***, ***sneaks***, ***kicks*** (American English), ***takkies*** (South African English).

They are made of flexible kinds of material featuring soles made from rubber and an upper part made with leather or canvas. Sneakers were originally for sporting use, although today they are used as casual footwear. They are worn in school for their versatility and comfort. They are almost silent; somebody wearing sneakers can sneak up on another person. They are worn for many different types of sports.
Achtung Baby

***Achtung Baby*** is the seventh studio album by Irish rock band U2. It was put in stores on 19 November 1991. The album came almost two years after the lead singer, Bono, said that the band would "have to go away and dream it all up again," after their 1988 album, _Rattle and Hum_ was criticized.

_Achtung Baby_ shows a very big change in U2's sound because they began to use alternative rock and electronic sounds in the rhythm, more production, and more guitar effects, also including darker and more personal song words. The results were much more adventurous and less traditionally rock-based than their previous albums, and _Achtung Baby_ is one of U2's best-selling and most-liked albums.

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Achtung Baby
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: U2
- **alt**: A square montage of square photographs arranged in a 4 by 4 grid. The photographs are mostly blue and red in tint, but some are monochrome. They are candid in nature and mostly show four men in various locations, including in an empty street, a crowded festival, under a bridge, in a car, and standing on sand. One photograph is a close-up of a man's hand wearing two rings bearing the characters "U" and "2".
- **border**: yes
- **recorded**: October 1990 – September 1991
- **genre**: Alternative rock
- **label**: Island Records, Island
- **producer**: Daniel Lanois, Brian Eno
- **prev title**: Rattle and Hum
 (1988)
- **next title**: Zooropa
 (1993)
Tropical cyclogenesis

**Tropical cyclogenesis** is a meteorological word used to describe tropical cyclone formation, and its strengthening over the atmosphere.  Tropical cyclogenesis happens when the development of a warm-core cyclone, is associated with a lot of convection in a favorable atmospheric environment. Usually, about 86 tropical cyclones of tropical storm strength form worldwide every year, with 47 reaching hurricane/typhoon strength, and 20 becoming strong tropical cyclones (at least Category 3 intensity on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale).

## Related pages

- Tropical cyclone
- Tropical wave

## Other websites

- Current AO conditions
- Current ENSO conditions
- Current MJO conditions
- Current NAO conditions
- Current PNA conditions
- Maximum Potential Intensity
- Maximum Potential Intensity Maps Worldwide
- Tropical Cyclone Heat Potential
Archbishop

In Christianity, an **archbishop** is an important bishop. The jurisdiction or area governed by an archbishop is called a **metropolis** (or **metropolitan (arch)diocese**). In the Catholic Church, when a bishop becomes an archbishop, he does not receive any additional Holy Orders or other sacrament.

## Catholicism

In the Catholic Church, archbishops usually oversee archdioceses, which are important regions or cities. While an archbishop takes precedence over a regular bishop, his sacramental role and hierarchy remains the same, have an equal rank to the bishop, and reports to the Pope. Like regular bishops, archbishops are responsible for maintaining the unity of the church within their own jurisdiction and may also have involvement over multiple dioceses, especially those that are part of the metropolitan province and have direct connection with the archdiocese. The head of an archdiocese is often called a **metropolitan archbishop**. Although not all archbishops and regular bishops are cardinals, some archbishops, especially those in large or important cities, may be appointed as cardinals by the Pope. The title _archbishop ad personam_ is an honorary title and it is granted to a bishop who is appointed as an archbishop but does not have jurisdiction over a specific archdiocese. The title **Archbishop Emeritus** is given to retired archbishops who continue to hold their title without active jurisdiction.

## Orthodox Church

In the Eastern Orthodox Church, archbishops often oversee large or historically important areas. The structure may vary, as in some Orthodox traditions, archbishops are ranked lower than metropolitans.

## Anglican Communion

In the Anglican Communion, archbishops hold similar responsibilities to those in the Catholic Church. The most notable example is the Archbishop of Canterbury, who is considered the spiritual leader of the Church of England and the Anglican Communion worldwide.

## Related pages

- Archbishop ad personam
- Nuncio
- Titular bishop
- Auxiliary bishop
Devolution

**Devolution** is when a central government transfers powers to a local government.  It is sometimes called _Home Rule_ or decentralisation.

In the United Kingdom, devolution is implemented in Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. Each of these three countries now has an elected legislature which can pass some laws and a government to administer those laws and propose new ones.

These bodies are called

- The Welsh Parliament and Welsh Government
- The Scottish Parliament and Scottish Government
- The Northern Ireland Assembly and Northern Ireland Executive

England does not have its own parliament, while there have been increasing calls today for one.

Devolved assemblies depend on the parent body.  The British government could change its mind and abolish the devolved assemblies.  This happened in 1972 to the government and parliament of Northern Ireland.  It had been set up in 1920, with the parliament of Southern Ireland.

This is different from a federal country. In a federal country like Germany the states, and their powers, exist because of the constitution, not because of the national parliament.

## Related pages

- Decentralization
- Federal republic
- Limited government
Laborschule Bielefeld

**Laborschule Bielefeld** (**Laboratory school Bielefeld**) is school in Bielefeld, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. The school was created in 1974. It is based on the ideas of Hartmut von Hentig. Laborschule Bielefeld tries new ways of teaching. The University of Bielefeld runs the school.

Laborschule Bielefeld has students from grade 0 through grade 10. Each grade has 60 students in it with a total of 660 students in the school.  Laborschule Bielefeld does not group children by age. It groups them by level of learning. In that way, there are groups of children of different ages that are together to learn. Only students in grades nine and ten get written marks for their work.

The school was rated with a PISA-Test. The test showed that students at the school were generally better at reading and in sciences than students of the same age who went to other schools.
Jody Scheckter

**Jody David Scheckter** (born January 29, 1950) is a South African former auto racing driver. He won the Formula One drivers' title in 1979 driving for Ferrari.

He is only South African to win the Formula One Championship. He is of Jewish descent.
Programme for International Student Assessment

The **Programme for International Student Assessment** is a test done by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). It is done every 3 years. In the test, 15-year-old schoolchildren are tested in different subjects. Their grades can then be compared. It is used to say that a certain school (or schooling system) does better or worse than a different one, on a certain subject.

## Other websites

- PISA website
Najaf

**Najaf** (; Transliterated: **An Najaf**; ) is a city in Iraq. It is about 160 km south of Baghdad. In 2008, about  900.583 people lived there. The city is the capital of Najaf province. It is one of the seven holy cities of Shi'a Islam. It is the center of Shia political power in Iraq.

The city is home to the Imam Ali Mosque, where Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib, the fourth caliph is buried. Shia Muslims consider the mosque to be the third holiest Islamic site.

Hārūn ar-Rashīd founded the city  on the site of Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib's grave in the 8th century.

Najaf was badly damaged during the Iran-Iraq War and the Gulf War. In 1991, there was a Shiite uprising in Najaf, which was suppressed by Saddam Hussein. This conflict caused many deaths, there are mass graves around the city. In 2003, a suicide bombing caused widespread damage. 120 people died, including the moderate imam Muhammad Baqir al-Hakim.

In April 2004, forces of Muqtada as-Sadr captured the city, as well as the city of Kut. Before the 2004 elections, a part of the occupying forces left the city.

## Mosque and seminary

This mosque is the most important Shi'a mosque in Iraq. The city is now a great center of pilgrimage from throughout the Shi'a Islamic world. It is estimated that only Mecca and Medina receive more Muslim pilgrims. Shia Islam's second most important figure is buried in Najaf. the Imam Ali Mosque is considered by Shias as the third holiest Islamic site.

The Imam Ali Mosque is housed in a grand structure with a gold gilded dome and many precious objects in the walls. Nearby is the Wadi-us-Salaam cemetery, reputed to be the largest in the world. It contains the tombs of several prophets and many of the devout from around the world aspire to be buried there, to be raised from the dead with Imām Alī on Judgement Day. Over the centuries, numerous hospices, schools, libraries and Sufi convents were built around the shrine to make the city the centre of Shīʻa learning and theology.

The Najaf seminary is one of the most important teaching centres in the Islamic world. Ayatollah Khomeini lectured there from 1964 to1978.
Many of the leading figures of the new Islamic movement that emerged in Iraq, Iran and Lebanon in the 1970s studied at Najaf.

## Climate

<div style="width:75%">

</div>

## Infobox (city)

- **official name**: An Najaf
- **native name**: النجف
- **image skyline**: Meshed ali usnavy (PD).jpg
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **image caption**: Immam Ali's Shrine.
- **pushpin map**: Iraq
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Iraq
- **subdivision type1**: Province
- **subdivision name1**: Najaf province
- **population as of**: 2008
- **population note**: Approximate figures
- **population total**: 900.583
- **timezone**: Greenwich Mean Time, GMT +3
- **timezone dst**: +4
- **elevation m**: 34
Karbala

**Karbala** (Arabic: كربلاء; Transliterated: **Al-Karbala**; also known as **Karbala al-Muqaddasah** (Holy Land) and sometimes spelled **Kerbela**) is a city in Iraq. It is about 100 km southwest of Baghdad. It is the capital of Karbala Province. For Shi'a Muslims the city is one of the holiest cities, after Mecca, Medina, Jerusalem, and Najaf. As of 2024, Karbala has a population of 1 million people who identify as Shia.
Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader?

***Are You Smarter Than A Fifth Grader?*** is a television game show based on asking grade-school level questions to adults. The format started with the United States version, which first aired on FOX in February 2007. The show was created by Mark Burnett, the same person behind the hit show _Survivor_. The show has since been made in many other countries; some use the same title, and some use different titles.

In Australia, the show is on the Ten Network. The top prize is AU$500,000.

A syndicated version of the show aired in the United States from September 2009 to March 2011. Contestants answer eight questions (ten in Season 1), and can answer a 5th grade bonus question for ten times the amount they earned from those questions. Unlike other versions of the show, the game does not end after a wrong answer. Instead, the contestant loses their earnings up to that point.
Washington State University

**Washington State University** is a university in the U.S. state of Washington. It is a land-grant university in Pullman. It is also the original and largest land-grant university in the state. The university was founded on March 28, 1890. Their team is the Washington State Cougars.
Land-grant university

A **land-grant university** is a college or university first built on land the United States government owned. They were made so that more people could go to college, and to do research that helps farmers. Every state has at least one.
Pullman, Washington

**Pullman** is a city in Whitman County, Washington, on the eastern border of Washington. The town's population was measured in 2020 as 32,901.

The main campus of Washington State University is located in Pullman, along with primary and secondary schools.
Vought F-8 Crusader

The **F-8 Crusader** was an American fighter plane made by Vought. It first flew in 1955, and went into the Navy and Marine corps in 1957. It was the only fighter plane in the Vietnam War to have both guns and missiles on it. It was slowly replaced by the F-4 Phantom II and was retired in 1999. There was also a different type of it called the RF-8 Crusader, meant for spying. It also took the pictures of Soviet missiles during the Cuban Missile Crisis.

## Related pages

- A-7 Corsair II
LTV A-7 Corsair II

The **A-7 Corsair II** was an attack plane like the F-8 Crusader. It was made by Ling-Temco-Vought. It first flew in 1965, and went into militaries in 1967. It can take off from aircraft carriers, and can carry bombs meant to destroy enemies on the ground.Later the Corsair ll was replaced by the F/A-18 Hornet.

Note that it is called the "Corsair II" because there was an airplane called the F4U Corsair.

## Related pages

- F-8 Crusader
McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II

The **F-4 Phantom II** is an American fighter-bomber. It was mainly used during the Vietnam War. It was first flown in 1958 and was shown in 1960. The plane could carry four AIM-9 Sidewinder missiles and four long range AIM-7 Sparrow missiles, but it did not have a gun. Later, the E model had a cannon mounted on it. After the F-15 Eagle replaced it, it was used as a bomber and the G model was used as a Wild Weasel. It is currently used by countries such as Turkey and Iran.

## Related pages

- F-8 Crusader
- F-15 Eagle
Kappa (folklore)

The **Kappa** (also called **Kawatarou**, **Kawako**, **Kawaranbe**, **Gatarō**) is a character in Japanese folklore. It is water spirit (_yōkai_) that is responsible for mischief. The Kappa is said to be the size of a 6 to 10-year-old boy. It has the body of a tortoise and an ape-like head. The most notable thing about its body is a hole in its head that holds the kappa's strength giving water. They are said to live off of blood and to drain the life out of people. They are known for innocent pranks such as theft, but it is also said that they will rape women and eat children. The only things kappas enjoy more than children are cucumbers. To write a name on a cucumber and to throw it into a river is said to save that person from being eaten by the kappa.

Bowser (known as "Kuppa" in Japan), the main antagonist of the popular Nintendo's _Mario_ videogame series, was based on the creature.

## References

- Mark Schumacher (2004). Kappa -- River Imp or Sprite.
Oni (folklore)

An **oni** is a creature from Japanese folklore. It is described as a large monster that looks like an ogre, a troll, or a demon. It is sometimes described as having horns and usually as wearing a jaguar skin loincloth and being very masculine.
Tengu

**Tengu** are a group of creatures from Japanese folklore. They are recognized for either a bird-like appearance or occasionally a human with a large nose or beak.
WikiHow

**wikiHow** is a wiki-based website with a collection of articles which tell people how to do things. The site uses  version 1.12.0 of MediaWiki. As of August 2017, wikiHow contains more than 190,000 free how-to articles and over 1.6 million registered users. wikiHow's mission is to create the world's largest collection of how-to information. In May 2011, wikiHow had 36 million unique readers.

## History

In January 2005, Jack Herrick and Josh Hannah started wikiHow. On April 28, 2006, wikiHow was launched on its own www.wikihow.com domain.

### Censorship

wikiHow's censorship policy _usually_ does not allow articles about things that:
- Are "**sexually charged**"
- Are **inaccurate**
- Contain **potty humor**
- Are **joke pages**, or pages that rely on **backwards logic**
- Are **spam** pages, or pages **advertising a product or service**
- **Violate copyright**
- Are **not a step-by-step how-to guide**
- Are **illegal**
- Contain **drug use**; especially information about **illegal drugs**
- Or are **potentially destructive or dangerous**.

Some people complain that this does not support the idea behind an educational resource.

## Other websites

- wikiHow.com
- wikiHow to Open Content
- "How to do absolutely everything" , Macleans, October 16, 2006
Cebu City

**Cebu City** is a metropolis capital city of Visayas. It is one of the largest cities in the Philippines. It is the capital of Cebu Province.

It is often called the "Queen City of the South". Cebu is the main center of Christianity in the Philippines. The city has a lot of interesting history. Cebu was a fishing village and busy trading port in 1521 when the famous explorer Ferdinand Magellan visited it and died there. The center of the city has become modern and is well developed. There are also 44 smaller towns. Cebu has recently become the favorite tourist spot of the country.
Oregano

**Oregano** (_Origanum vulgare_), also known as **wild marjoram**, is a species of _Origanum_. It is native to Europe, the Mediterranean region and southern and central Asia. It is a perennial herb. It can grow to 20–80 cm tall. Its leaves are opposite each other. They are 1–4 cm long. The flowers are purple. They can grow 3–4 mm long.  The name of the plant comes from the Greek _origanon_ [ὀρίγανον]: oros [ὄρος] “mountain” and the verb _ganousthai_ [γανοῦσθαι] “delight in”.

## Growing oregano for cooking

The subspecies of oregano _Origanum vulgare hirtum_ is an important herb. It is used for cooking, especially in  Turkish cuisine and Italian cuisines. The leaves are used for cooking.

Oregano is often used for tomato sauces, fried vegetables and grilled meat. Together with basil, it adds much to the special character of many Italian dishes.

Oregano is an ingredient needed for Turkish cuisine. It adds flavour to the Turkish choban salad. It can be used separately. It can also be added to the lemon-olive oil sauce that goes with almost every fish or meat barbecues and some casseroles.

Oregano has an aromatic, warm and slightly bitter taste. The taste varies in intensity; good quality is so strong that it almost numbs the tongue, but the cultivars adapted to colder climates have often unsatisfactory flavour. The influence of climate, season and soil on the composition of the essential oil is bigger than the difference between the various species.

The related species _Origanum onites_ (Turkey, Asia Minor) and _O. heracleoticum_ (Italy, Balkan peninsula, West Asia) have similar flavours. A closely related plant is marjoram from Asia Minor. That plant has a completely different taste. This is  because phenolic compounds are missing in its essential oil. Some breeds show a flavour intermediate between oregano and marjoram. The Oregano plant is also commonly found in the mediterranean region, and the black sea.

## Other websites

- Flora Europaea: _Origanum vulgare_
- Germplasm Resources Information Network: _Origanum vulgare_
- Gernot Katzer's Spice Pages: _Oregano (Origanum vulgare L.)_
Origanum

**Origanum** is a genus of herbs. They are native to the Mediterranean and Asia. well-known members include Oregano and Marjoram.  Some of the species are used by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species.
Cockapoo

A **Cockapoo** (also called a Spoodle or Cockerpoo) is a hybrid dog. It is a mix of an American Cocker Spaniel and a Poodle; (in most cases the Miniature Poodle or Toy Poodle), or by breeding a Cockapoo with another Cockapoo.

The Cockapoo has been around since 1950 and the first dictionary reference was a 1960 Oxford English Dictionary citation. Because it is a mixed breed, it is not recognised by purebred kennel clubs.

## Other websites

- The American Cockapoo Club
- Cockapoo Crazy
- Cockapoo Place
Short story

The **short story** is a genre of literature that is usually fictional narrative prose. It tends to be more direct and less detailed than longer works of fiction like novels.

Short stories are closely related to oral (spoken) storytelling traditions and prose anecdotes. All of those develop the story very quickly and also come to a conclusion quickly.

Many authors now release their short stories together in a book, instead of one at a time. A short story can be written with only 10 words or fewer.
1944 Winter Olympics

The **1944 Winter Olympics**, officially known as the **V Olympic Winter Games**, were not held.

The games would have been held in 1944 in Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy. Cortina d'Ampezzo had won the right to host the event in June 1939.

The games were cancelled because of World War II.

## Related pages

- 1916 Summer Olympics
- 1940 Summer Olympics
- 1940 Winter Olympics
- 1944 Summer Olympics
1940 Winter Olympics

The **1940 Winter Olympics**, officially known as the **V Olympic Winter Games**, were not held.

The games were planned to be in Sapporo, Japan, but the Japanese organisers withdrew in 1938 because of the Second Sino-Japanese War.

The IOC decided to give the Winter Olympics to St. Moritz, Switzerland. There were some problems between the Swiss organisers and the IOC so the Games were cancelled again. The IOC then gave the 1940 Winter Olympics to Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany. Garmisch-Partenkirchen had hosted the 1936 Winter Olympics. The Games were to be held from February 2 - 11 1940.

The games were cancelled because of World War II.

## Related pages

- Sports in Japan
- 1916 Summer Olympics
- 1940 Summer Olympics
- 1944 Summer Olympics
- 1944 Winter Olympics
Alonso Berruguete

**Alonso González de Berruguete** (Alonso Berruguete) (c. 1488 – 1561) was a Spanish painter, sculptor and architect. He is considered to be the most important sculptor of the Spanish Renaissance, and is known for his emotive sculptures, which had religious meanings.