juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Rhenock

**Rhenock** (Nepali: **रिनाक** ) is a small town in East district in the Indian state of Sikkim, located at . It is 63  kilometres east of Gangtok on the way to Jelepla Pass at an altitude of 1,040. The word Rhe-nock (in Lepcha dialect) means Black Hill. It is in the far east of Sikkim. Rhenock had the first police out post in the state, which is the historical event.

## History

Rhenock was covered with dense forest in and around the 13th century. The Lepchas were the early settlers about six to five hundred years ago. After the Lepchas, Bhutias settled in the villages presently known as Kyongsa, Aritar & Chalisey. The people who settled here after 16th century were mostly from Nepali ethnic group such as Newars, Bahuns (Adhikari, Paudel, Gautam, Dahal, Bhandari and Achaarja), Chhetri (Subedi, Khatiwada & Bista), Gurung, Rai and Limboo.

## People

**Rhenock** is inhabited by the people of different ethnic groups such as Lepchas, Bhutias, Nepalis (Gorkhas), Biharis and Marwaris. Lepcha tribes who were early settlers have their own unique culture. Originally followers of Shamanism religion, later became the followers of Buddhism. Some of them are the followers of Christianity. Bhutias are another group tribes who are the followers of Buddhism also have their own identity & culture. Majority of the people are Indian Nepalis also known as Gorkha. Most of them are the Hindus by religion. Some of the Nepalis Gurung After 1990 became  Buddhist, before that they were followers of Hinduism. Some others are the followers of Christianity. In spite of above all every one respects others belief and faith and celebrates others' festivals which makes a peaceful and prosperous society.

## Educational institutions

Rhenock has about 130 years' long history of education. Rhenock School is among the oldest schools of Sikkim. It was established by a Christian missionary in the year 1880 at Rhenock (Khamdong). Later it was taken over by the government of Sikkim and moved to Kingstone. Presently the school is known as Senior Secondary School, Rhenock. A Sanskrit Pathshala (School) was run in the premises of Rhenock Temple to teach Sanskrit and rituals to train Hindu priest. After the merger of Sikkim into Indian union more than a dozens of schools were opened by the govt. of Sikkim. Now, Rhenock has following educational institutions
1. Government Degree College
1. Government Senior Secondary School, Rhenock
1. Government Secondary School, Tarpin
1. Government Sec. School, Sudunglakha
1. Government Secondary School, Aritar
1. St. Joshep's School, Rhenock
1. Sanskrit School at Khamdong & Rhenock Bazar
1. Others: Junior High Schools and many primary Schools

## Places of interest

- Aritar Lake
- Wood Land Nursery
- Aritar Gumpa (monastery)
Deekshabhoomi

**Deekshabhoomi** is a historical place in India where about 1,000,000 people were converted from Hinduism to Buddhism at a single moment on October 14, 1956.  These people were people of lower classes who converted under the leadership of Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar. Ambedkar felt that their human rights could only be protected as Bhuddists.

Deekshabhoomi is in the city of Nagpur, Maharashtra in central India.  It is an important tourist attraction.
Gamestar

**Gamestar** is a German monthly released PC computer game magazine. It is published by the IDG Entertainment Media GmbH in Munich. The first edition was 10/1997 with a prize of 6,90 DM. Current prize is 6,30€ (XL version), 5,30€ (DVD version) and 3,50€ (Magazin version).

## Other websites

- IDG-Verlag
Rhinoceros hornbill

The **rhinoceros hornbill**  (_Buceros rhinoceros_) is one of the largest hornbills: adults are about the size of a swan. It lives in parts of Malaya and Thailand.

It usually wanders in the forest, where it lives, in search of fruits and nuts to eat. Hornbills use their big bills to open the tough husks of nuts and to handle large fruit.
Oystercatcher

The **oystercatcher** is a species of bird that lives around Europe and Asia. They usually eat shellfishes that are found on beaches and mud. The Eurasian Oystercatcher uses its sharp bill to open the shells of oysters and mussels. It cuts the muscle between the two halves of the shell together, or it crashes the shell against a rock and eats the oyster inside.

## Lifestyle and adaptations

The oystercatcher has the heaviest bill (= beak) of any living wader. They have "resource polymorphism": they have some different beak types, and each type is used for a different kind of feeding. Unusually, the polymorphism is not genetically determined. It seems individuals are able to change their beak to suit their food. They do, of course, inherit an ability to adapt their feeding behaviour.

"Stabbers" work by jabbing their bill tips between the valves of a mussel's shell. "Hammerers" open mussel shells by banging down on them; some hammerers only break the dorsal side, others only break the ventral side. Still others feed on worms, and they have narrow, tweezer-like bill tips.

The bird's bills grow at 0.4 mm per day, which is four times as fast as human fingernails. Individuals forced to switch from mussel-eating to worm-eating were able to change their bill shape in 10 days.

With bills like that, oystercatchers are dangerous opponents for other birds. They can fight off predators, and often raid other birds to steal their catches. "They attack other birds at an average of five-minute intervals during low tide". They get as much as 60% of their food by theft.

Oystercatchers may live to 35 years.
Deutsche Mark

The **Deutsche Mark** (DM) was the official currency of West Germany (1948–1990) and Germany (1990–2002) until the adoption of the euro in 2002. One **Deutsche Mark** was divided into 100 Pfennig. 1DM ~ 0,50 EUR.
Blue Byte Software

**Blue Byte Software** (short Blue Byte) is a video game developer based in Düsseldorf, Germany, founded in 1988. The company has produced popular titles like Battle Isle and The Settlers. Since 2001, the company has been owned by Ubisoft.
Bristlemouth

The **bristlemouth** is a fish that lives in the deep middle layers of the sea. Their prey is hard to find in the dark, so they have light organs on their belly. It also helps them to find potential mates.
Black-headed weaver

The **black-headed weaver** (_Ploceus melanocephalus_), also known as the **yellow-backed weaver**, is a bird with a black head and golden body.  The male black-headed weaver usually does the weaving, however, and the female sits for the eggs. The male stitches strips of straws to make a basket with a roof. He uses grasses to tie knots and make sure the nest is completely secure. Finally, he shows the nest to females, in effort to attract a mate. The males usually mate with many females during the mating season to get more offspring. They all nest in colonies, and in the end the females are left to raise their young alone. The seeds that the black-headed weaver tends to feed on is very common, so they do not need to stay and defend their family's territory or food.
Rufous hornero

The **rufous hornero** (_Furnarius rufus_) is a kind of bird that lives around South America. It builds its nests on high places such as telephone poles, or trees. When it makes a nest, it looks like a cup that has fallen over to the side, or like an old-fashioned baker's oven. To make it, the Rufous Hornero mixes grass and animal hair and mud, and then leaves it to dry. Inside there is a grassy room where it lays its eggs.
Scarlet tanager

The **scarlet tanager** (_Piranga olivacea_) is a bird that lives in the Americas. It likes to make its nests in oak trees that are as high as from 8 to 75 feet (2.6 to 22.5 m) tall. The nests are shaped like cups, like most tree-nesting birds. This stops eggs from rolling out.
Western grebe

The **western grebe** is a species of Grebe, or bird. They are well known for their dancing on the top of the water in their early nesting season after mating.  The two birds will hold long strands of grass or straw in their bills and dance a dance called "weed dancing". Then, at the climax, they rise and make a pose, which is called rushing, and run across the water's surface for a little bit before they dive. Males also used this dance when they wanted to protect their territories or fight over the female.
Messier catalogue

The **Messier Catalogue** is a list of astronomical objects made by French astronomer Charles Messier in 1771.  Messier was a comet hunter, and was annoyed by fuzzy objects which were not comets.  He put together a list of these objects, with his assistant Pierre Méchain.

The list uses numbers with an 'M' in front.  Messier was limited by the objects he could see from France, so the list is incomplete by today's standards.  It remains popular because people have used it for centuries and they are familiar with it.

The first edition covered 45 objects numbered M1 to M45. The total list published by Messier finally contained 103 objects, and the list was made up to 110 by modern astronomers working from Messier's notes..

Other catalogues exist, most notably the New General Catalogue.

## Items on the list

Almost all the items are either star clusters or nebulae.  There are only three galaxies in the first fifty, starting with Andromeda at M31. Individual stars are not listed.  The first ten in the list are:
- M1: NGC 1952 Crab nebula, a supernova remnant
- M2: NGC 7089 a globular cluster
- M3: NGC 5272 a globular cluster
- M4: NGC 6121 a globular cluster
- M5: NGC 5904 a globular cluster
- M6: NGC 6405 Butterfly cluster, an open cluster
- M7: NGC 6475 Ptolemy cluster, an open cluster
- M8: NGC 6523 Lagoon nebula, a nebula with a cluster
- M9: NGC 6333 a globular cluster
- M10: NGC 6254 a globular cluster
Barium sulfide

**Barium sulfide** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is BaS. It contains barium and sulfide ions.

## Properties

Barium sulfide is colorless when pure. It can get colored when it is not pure. It reacts slowly with water to make barium hydroxide and hydrogen sulfide. It reacts with acids to make a barium salt and hydrogen sulfide, too. It can also make barium carbonate and the pigment lithopone

## Preparation

It is made by reduction of barium sulfate with carbon at a high temperature.

## Uses

It is used to make barium compounds from barium ore.

## Safety

Barium sulfide looks very similar to barium sulfate. But Barium sulfate is not toxic, while barium sulfide is very toxic. Barium sulfide dissolves in water to make toxic hydrogen sulfide and toxic barium hydroxide. If someone is fed barium sulfide, it would kill them.

## Related pages

- Barium chloride
- Barium carbonate
Plasmodium

***Plasmodium***, commonly known as the **malaria parasite**, is a large genus of parasitic protozoa. There are about 200 species. Infection with these protozoans is called malaria, a deadly disease widespread in the tropics. The parasite always has two hosts in its life cycle: a mosquito vector and a vertebrate host.

The life-cycle is very complex. There is a sequence of different stages in the vector and the host. These stages include:
1. sporozoites which are injected by the mosquito vector into the host's blood;
1. hypnozoites which may rest undetected in the liver for up to 30 years;
1. merosomes and merozoites which infect the red blood cells (erythrocytes) of the blood;
1. trophozoites which grow in the red cells, and schizonts which divide there, producing more merozoites which leave to infect more red cells;
1. gametocytes, male and female sexual forms, which are taken up by other mosquitoes. In the mosquito's midgut, the gametocytes develop into
1. gametes which fertilize each other to form motile
1. zygotes which escape the gut, only to grow into
1. new sporozoites which move to the mosquito's salivary glands, from where they are injected into the mosquito's next host, infecting it and restarting the cycle.

The genus _Plasmodium_ was first described in 1885. At least ten species infect humans. Other species infect other animals, including birds, reptiles and rodents, while 29 species infect non-human primates. The Apicomplexa – the phylum to which _Plasmodium_ belongs – are thought to have originated within the Dinoflagellates – a large group of photosynthetic protozoa.

The most common forms of human malaria are caused by _Plasmodium falciparum_, _Plasmodium vivax_, _Plasmodium ovale_, and _Plasmodium malariae_. _P. falciparum_ malaria, common in sub-Saharan Africa, is especially dangerous.
Barium peroxide

**Barium peroxide** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is BaO<sub>2</sub>. It contains barium and peroxide ions.

## Properties

Barium peroxide is a gray-white solid. It reacts with water to make oxygen gas. When it is heated very hot, it releases oxygen and turns into barium oxide.

## Preparation

It is made by heating barium oxide. This process used to be used to get oxygen from the air. Barium oxide was heated to around 300°C, absorbing oxygen and making barium peroxide. The barium peroxide was heated above 500°C, releasing the oxygen. Then it could be reused.

## Uses

Barium peroxide can be used to make hydrogen peroxide by reaction with sulfuric acid. This also makes the solid barium sulfate.

## Related pages

- Barium oxide
- Barium chloride
Peroxide

**Peroxide** is an ion. Its chemical formula is . Peroxide can be a reducing agent or an oxidizing agent. More often it is an oxidizing agent. It can be reduced to oxide or oxidized to oxygen. Hydrogen peroxide is the most common peroxide. Barium peroxide is another peroxide.

There are organic peroxides. These are chemical compounds where peroxide is attached to an organic molecule. Some of them are explosives.

## Related pages

- Perchlorate
Barium oxide

**Barium oxide** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is BaO. It contains barium and oxide ions.

## Properties

Barium oxide is a white solid. It dissolves in water to make barium hydroxide. It reacts with acids to make barium salts.

## Preparation

Barium oxide is made by heating barium carbonate with carbon. This prevents barium peroxide from forming when it is heated. It can also be made by heating barium nitrate.

## Uses

Barium oxide can be added to glass instead of lead(II) oxide. It is also used in cathode ray tubes. It can be used as a catalyst.

## Safety

Barium oxide is very toxic when eaten.

## Related pages

- Barium chloride
- Barium sulfate
Barium nitrate

**Barium nitrate** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Ba(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>. It contains barium and nitrate ions.

## Properties

Barium nitrate is a colorless solid. It dissolves in water. It is an oxidizing agent. It releases a green flame when burned. It decomposes when heated to barium oxide, oxygen, and nitrogen dioxide. If it is heated in nitric oxide, it makes barium nitrite. It reacts with any sulfate or sulfuric acid to make barium sulfate.

## Preparation

It is made by reacting barium carbonate with nitric acid. It can also be prepared by reacting the solutions of sodium nitrate with barium chloride.

## Uses

Barium nitrate can be mixed with powdered aluminium and zinc. This makes an explosive. It is also used in fireworks to make a green color. It is added to thermite to make it ignite more easily. It is also used to make barium oxide.

## Safety

Barium nitrate is very toxic. Sulfates can be given if someone eats barium, because they turn it into nontoxic barium sulfate.

## Related pages

- Potassium nitrate
Barium hydroxide

**Barium hydroxide** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Ba(OH)<sub>2</sub>. It contains barium and hydroxide ions.

## Properties

Barium hydroxide is a white solid. It dissolves in water to make a basic solution. It decomposes to barium oxide when heated in a vacuum. It reacts with carbon dioxide to make barium carbonate. It reacts with any sulfate to make barium sulfate. It reacts with hydrogen sulfide to make barium sulfide.

## Preparation

It is made by dissolving barium oxide in water.

## Uses

Barium hydroxide is used in titrations. If sodium hydroxide solution is used, some sodium carbonate may be in there. It is less basic than sodium hydroxide, so the titration can be messed up. When barium hydroxide reacts with carbon dioxide to make barium carbonate, it forms a white solid that can be removed.

It is used as a strong base in organic chemistry. It is used to clean up sulfuric acid spills by making barium sulfate. It can also be used for removing ink marks from clothes.

## Safety

Barium hydroxide is corrosive because it is basic. It is also toxic because of barium ions.

## Related pages

- Barium peroxide
Barium carbonate

**Barium carbonate** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is BaCO<sub>3</sub>. It contains barium and carbonate ions.

## Properties

Barium carbonate is a white solid. It does not dissolve in water. It reacts with acids to make barium salts. It turns into barium oxide and carbon dioxide when heated. It reacts with sulfuric acid to make barium sulfate though.

## Occurrence

Barium carbonate occurs as **witherite**. Witherite is the main source of barium salts. It is more easily turned into other barium compounds than barium sulfate, barite. It is heavily mined in Northumberland. It turns into barium sulfate when water containing sulfates flows through it.

## Preparation

It can be purified from the natural ore, or it can be made by reacting barium sulfide with sodium carbonate. It can also be made by reacting barium sulfide with a mixture of carbon dioxide and water.

## Uses

Barium carbonate is used to poison rats. It is also used in making bricks. It is also used to glaze ceramics. This glaze can make different colors.

## Safety

Barium carbonate can dissolve in stomach acid, so it is toxic. There is a controversy over whether it should be used as a glaze.

## Related pages

- Barium chloride
- Barium bromide
Mobile Suit Gundam 00

***Mobile Suit Gundam 00*** (Japanese ) is a manga and anime. It is the seventh part of the of Sunrise's _Gundam_ series. It has two seasons. It is directed by Seiji Mizushima and written by Yōsuke Kuroda. Yun Kōga designed the characters.  The series aired on the Mainichi Broadcasting System and Tokyo Broadcasting System from October 5, 2007 to March 29, 2008. The second season began on October 5, 2008 and ended on March 29, 2009.

_Mobile Suit Gundam 00_ is the first _Gundam_ series to be animated in widescreen and in high-definition.

## Other websites

- Official Website
- Official MBS website
- Official Bandai Entertainment website
- _Gundam 00_ & _Gundam 00F_ manga review

## Infobox (animanga/header)

- **ja kanji**: 機動戦士ガンダム00
- **ja romaji**: Kidō Senshi Gandamu Daburu Ō
- **genre**: Mecha


## Infobox (animanga/video)

- **type**: TV series
- **director**: Seiji Mizushima
- **writer**: Yōsuke Kuroda
- **music**: Kenji Kawai
- **studio**: Sunrise (company), Sunrise
- **network**: Mainichi Broadcasting System, MBS, Tokyo Broadcasting System, TBS
- **first**: October 6, 2007
- **last**: March 29, 2009
- **episodes**: 50
- **episode list**: List of Mobile Suit Gundam 00 episodes


## Infobox (animanga/game)

- **title**: Mobile Suit Gundam 00: Gundam Meisters
- **developer**: Yuke's
- **platforms**: PlayStation 2
- **released**: October 16, 2008


## Infobox (animanga/video)

- **type**: ova
- **title**: Mobile Suit Gundam 00: Special Edition
- **director**: Seiji Mizushima
- **writer**: Yōsuke Kuroda
- **studio**: Sunrise (company), Sunrise
- **first**: October 27, 2009
- **last**: February 23, 2010
- **episodes**: 3


## Infobox (animanga/other)

- **title**: Related
- **content**: * Mobile Suit Gundam 00 (video game), _Mobile Suit Gundam 00_ (video game)


## Infobox (animanga/footer)
Jean Piaget

**Jean Piaget** (9 August 1896 - 16 September 1980) was a Swiss developmental psychologist. He is famous for his work with children and how they learn. He started a type of study called "genetic epistemology", which is about where knowledge comes from.

## Stages of cognitive development

At first, Piaget was a biologist. He was especially interested in mollusks. He became more interested in psychology while listening to children talk. He wondered how they learned, and came up with a theory that they go through stages where they become ready for certain kinds of learning. These stages are called "stages of cognitive development". For example, the first stage he came up with is called the "sensorimotor stage". He believed that, from birth to two years old, children would learn that they are different from objects, and that even if the child left a room, things that were in the room would still be there. (This is called "object permanence").

## Other websites

- Piaget's Cognitive Stages
Dale Winton

**Dale Jonathan Winton** (22 May 1955 – 18 April 2018) was an English television personality and DJ. He began his DJ career in 1982 by DJing on weekends. He was born in London. This led him to United Biscuits Industrial Radio where he did many kinds of jobs before getting his own morning show. After that, he joined Radio Trent in Nottingham. He was on a variety of different radio stations. He was a DJ on Radio 2.

His television career began in 1987, working for Channel Four, the Lifestyle Channel. his best known television programme however was _Dale's Supermarket Sweep_ It was broadcast from 1993 to 2007 on ITV with a new series in 2010 on Sky. He also acted in _Pets Win Prizes_, _The Great British Song Contest_, _Gimme Gimme Gimme_, _Touch The Truck_, _Dale's Wedding_, _Celebrity Fit Club_,  _Never Mind the Buzzcocks_, _In It To Win It_, _Show Me What You've Got_ and _Hole In The Wall_ among other TV programmes.

He had 1 hit single to date, his hit was as Dale Winton featuring Bar-codes & Alison Brown. It reached number 72 in 1994

Winton was openly gay.

Winton died suddenly on 18 April 2018 in London at the age of 62.
Shikoku

**Shikoku**  is the smallest of Japan's four main islands.  About 4 million people live there, fewer than on any of the other main islands.

The island lies south of Honshu and east of Kyūshū across the Kanmon Strait. A bridge connects it to Honshu.

Farming is a very important business in Shikoku. Citrus fruits are an important product. Shikoku is the home of the 88 Temple Pilgrimage of the Shingon sect of Buddhism.

## Regions

Shikoku region covers the entire island.

The name Shikoku literally means "four countries" in Japanese. Shikoku was made of four old "countries" or provinces that are now prefectures. In other words, each prefecture has a modern name and an old provincial name. The old names are still used sometimes, especially for foods, music, or art.

- Ehime, formerly Iyo Province – to the west
- Kagawa, formerly Sanuki Province – to the north
- Kōchi, formerly Tosa Province – to the south
- Tokushima, formerly Awa Province – to the east

## Cities

- Kōchi – home of "Yosakoi" and many local sights
- Matsuyama, Ehime – is best known for the old hot springs at **Dogo Onsen**
- Takamatsu, Kagawa – the largest city in Shikoku
- Tokushima – home of the _Awa Odori_ festival in August
- Uwajima – has a fertility shrine and wrestling bulls
- Naruto – the east gate of Shikoku.

## Points of interest

- Cape Ashizuri – a scenic cape at the southernmost point of Shikoku
- Iya Valley – a remote but beautiful mountain valley
- Kotohira – the site of the **Kompira-san** shrine
- Mount Ishizuchi – the tallest peak in Shikoku

### Castles

There are twelve original castles that are left in Japan and Shikoku is home to four of them.
- Marugame Castle, Marugame
- Kōchi Castle, Kochi
- Matsuyama Castle
- Uwajima Castle, Uwajima.

### Temples and Shrines

The 88 Temple Pilgrimage is a famous but difficult 1,647-kilometer circle around the entire island. Serious pilgrims may choose to complete the 88 Temple Circuit on foot. Other people uses buses.

## Related pages

- Provinces of Japan
- Prefectures of Japan
- List of regions of Japan
- List of islands of Japan

## Other websites

- Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903
Naruto

There are several things called Naruto. Some of these are:

- Naruto (manga), Japanese manga
    - Naruto Uzumaki, main character of _Naruto_
- Naruto, Tokushima, a city in Tokushima Prefecture, Japan
Naruto, Tokushima

is a Japanese city in Tokushima Prefecture on the island of Shikoku.

One of the famous attractions is the Naruto whirlpools between Naruto and Awaji Island in the Seto Inland Sea.

Naruto has the home stadium of professional soccer team Tokushima Vortis.

Ryōzen-ji and Gokuraku-ji are in Naruto. They are the first two temples of the 88 Temple Pilgrimage.

## Other websites

- Naruto City website 
- Image of Naruto whirlpool

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Naruto
- **native name**: 鳴門市
- **native name lang**: ja
- **settlement type**: City
- **image flag**: Flag of Naruto, Tokushima.svg
- **image seal**: Emblem of Naruto, Tokushima.svg
- **image map**: Naruto in Tokushima Prefecture Ja.svg
- **map caption**: Location of Naruto (highlighted) in Tokushima Prefecture
- **pushpin map**: Japan
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Tadashi Yoshida
- **area total km2**: 135.46
- **population total**: 62453
- **population as of**: January 2008
- **population density km2**: 461
- **timezone1**: Japan Standard Time
- **utc offset1**: +9
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Prefectures of Japan, Prefecture
- **blank name sec1**: City Symbols
- **blank1 name sec1**: - Tree
- **blank1 info sec1**: Ilex integra
- **blank2 name sec1**: - Flower
- **blank2 info sec1**: Hamabō <small>(Hibiscus hamabo)</small>
- **blank name sec2**: Phone number
- **blank info sec2**: 088-684-1111
- **blank1 name sec2**: Address
- **blank1 info sec2**: 170 Muyachō Minamihama Higashihama, Naruto-shi, Tokushima-ken
772-8501
- **website**: [http://www.city.naruto.tokushima.jp/ Naruto City]
Alxasaurus

***Alxasaurus*** (meaning "Alxa lizard") was a therizinosaur theropod that lived during the Lower Cretaceous, about 112 to 100 million years ago. Like its near relatives, it was herbivorous. It was about 13 ft (4 m) long and weighed about 800–900 pounds (350 to 400 kg). Five incomplete fossil skeletons have been found in Mongolia.
Spiral galaxy

A **spiral galaxy** is a kind of galaxy that looks like a flat, slowly rotating disk with a bulge in the centre, and spiral patterns extending outward from the bulge. It contains stars, gas, dust, dark matter and a supermassive black hole at its centre.

Galaxies were long thought to be nebulae.  The spiral nebula as a type was first described by Edwin Hubble in his 1936 work _The Realm of the Nebulae_.  They are now listed as galaxies, and are named after their shape.

The **barred spiral galaxy** is an important and common type of spiral galaxy. There are three other kinds of spiral galaxies. _Grand-design_ spiral galaxies have two well-shaped and well-defined arms. _Multiple-arm_ spiral galaxies have more arms. In _flocculent_ spiral galaxies, it is hard to see the arms at all, as they are choppy and are ill-defined.

About 60% of galaxies in the universe near us (the 'local universe') are spiral and irregular galaxies. They are mostly found in low-density parts of the universe, and are rare in the centers of galaxy cluster<nowiki/>s.

## Spiral arms

**Spiral arms** are regions in spiral galaxies.  They often contain dust,gas and star clusters of young ,hot  and massive stars.  They extend from the central bulge area of spiral and barred spiral galaxies.  The young, hot and massive stars are why the arms are brighter than the center of the galaxy. Some spiral galaxies have yellow, 'fossil' arms of older stars.

## Milky Way

Our own Milky Way was found to be a spiral galaxy in the early 20th century. In the 1990s it was found to be a barred spiral galaxy. The bar is difficult to see from our position in the Galactic disk. The most convincing evidence for its existence comes from a survey,  performed by the Spitzer Space Telescope, of stars in the Galactic center.
Terry Buck

**Terrence William "Terry" Buck** was an Australian swimmer and coach. He represented Australia at the 1964 Summer Olympics in the 400m individual medley and placed eighth. He was the first Australian swimmer to participate at the Olympics as both an athlete and a coach. He was head coach in the 1984 Summer Olympics, and team manager in 1992 and 1996. Buck was also a surf lifesaver and a life member of the Clovelly Surf Club in New South Wales. He died in a tractor accident on his farm, leaving behind his wife, Laraine and three daughters.

In 2003, Greg Rogers filed a civil lawsuit against Buck. He claimed that Buck had sexually abused him from 1960 when Rogers was 11 and Buck was 16. He also said that his younger brother, Neil, was sexually abused from when he was eight. This was settled outside court. After Buck died, the Telegraph published an interview with an anonymous "Olympic and Commonwealth medalist" who said that he had been abused by Buck as a child. The person who was interviewed was not named, but many knew it was Rogers. Police had begun private investigations into the matter in 1998, but stopped the investigation in 2001, saying that it did not have enough proof. His wife said that the stories were all untrue. She said that she had "trusted" Rogers, who had been the godfather of their late daughter, Sarah, and that having "looked at it from every angle, I can say with certainty in my  they are lies."

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Terry Buck
- **nationality**: Australians, Australian
- **birth date**: 6 July 1943
- **birth place**: Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- **death place**: Tweed River, New South Wales, Australia
- **occupation**: Swimming
Act (drama)

An **act** is a way to divide an opera, play, or other drama. Each act is a group of scenes that form an important part of the story. A story will be from one to five acts. Many modern stories are three acts, which match with the beginning, middle, and end of the story. One act is from about 30 to 60 minutes long.
Nationalization

**Nationalization** is when a business is owned and run by the government. If the government stops owning the business and it becomes controlled by Shareholders, this is called privatization.
Star Wars: TIE Fighter

***Star Wars: TIE Fighter*** is a space flight simulator game that came out in 1994. It takes place in the _Star Wars_ universe and has starfighters and other spacecraft from the movies and books. The player flies starfighters for the Galactic Empire in various missions.

## Story

_TIE Fighter_ takes place in several parts with different storylines. In early missions the player fights against members of the Rebel Alliance, as well as space pirates and other enemies. There is also a story section where the player helps the Empire mediate between two groups that have been at war but say they want a peace treaty.

Later in the game, the player helps find out about a plot by a traitor Admiral to leave the Empire and join the Rebellion, and steal Imperial ships and technology. The rest of the game is about the player working with the Empire to stop the traitors.

## Gameplay

In _TIE Fighter_, the player is a starfighter pilot who flies in combat missions. The game is normally played in first person from the view of the cockpit, but the player can also choose third person camera. There are many starfighters the player can fly, but some can not be used until later in the game. For many missions the player can choose which starfighter to fly and what warheads to use during the mission.

Most missions are combat missions. The player fights enemy starfighters, as well as "capital ships", which are very large starcraft that are hard to destroy. Different missions have different goals. Sometimes the player will escort supplies, scan other spacecraft, or simply hunt enemy ships.

Since the game is in space there is no gravity and the player can fly in any direction. Each starfighter the player can use has laser guns and many have warheads and rechargeable shields.

## Infobox (vg)

- **title**: Star Wars: TIE Fighter
- **developer**: Totally Games
- **designer**: Lawrence Holland
Edward Kilham
- **publisher**: LucasArts
- **released**: July 1994
- **genre**: Space simulation
- **modes**: Single-player
- **platforms**: DOS, Apple Macintosh, Macintosh
Starfighter

A **starfighter** is a fictional type of spacecraft made for combat in space. The word starfighter is based on the word dogfighter. Starfighters are small and fast. In stories, they most often hold only one or two pilots.
Intellivision

The **Intellivision** is a video game console created by toy company Mattel. It was made to compete with the Atari 2600. It was launched in 1980 and discontinued in 1990. In 1984, INTV Corp. Had gained rights from Mattel Electronics to produce the Intellivision. Under INTV Corp's rights, the Intellivision was rebranded as the INTV System III, which lasted from 1984-1990. Today, Intellivision is owned by Intellivision Entertainment, which is making a new Intellivision-branded console named Intellivision Amico, which will come out in North America, the United Kingdom, the rest of Europe and the MENA region on October 10, 2020.
Empire State of Mind

"**Empire State of Mind**" is a song by Jay-Z and Alicia Keys. It was released as the third single from Jay-Z's 11th music  album _The Blueprint 3_ (2009). The song is about New York City, and has a music sample of "Love on a Two-Way Street" (1970) by The Moments. The title of the song takes its name from Billy Joel's "New York State of Mind" (1976).

## Charts

|Chart (2009)|Peak Position||
| --- | --- | --- |
|Australian Singles Chart|style="text-align:center;"|4|
|Austrian Singles Chart|style="text-align:center;"|13|
|Belgium Singles Chart (Flanders)|style="text-align:center;"|4|
|Belgium Singles Chart (Wallonia)|style="text-align:center;"|4|
|Brazil Hot 100 Airplay|style="text-align:center;"|17|
|Canadian Hot 100|style="text-align:center;"|3|
|Danish Singles Chart|style="text-align:center;"|2|
|Dutch Top 40|style="text-align:center;"|2|
|Finnish Singles Chart|style="text-align:center;"|9|
|French Digital Singles Chart|style="text-align:center;"|3|
|French Singles Chart|style="text-align:center;"|8|
|German Singles Chart|style="text-align:center;"|13|
|Italian Singles Chart|style="text-align:center;"|3|
|Irish Singles Chart|style="text-align:center;"|2|
|New Zealand Singles Chart|style="text-align:center;"|6|
|Norwegian Singles Chart|style="text-align:center;"|5|
|Portuguese Singles Chart|style="text-align:center;"|1|
|Spanish Singles Chart|style="text-align:center;"|27|
|Swedish Singles Chart|style="text-align:center;"|6|
|Swiss Singles Chart|style="text-align:center;"|4|
|UK Singles Chart|style="text-align:center;"|2|
|UK R&B Singles Chart|style="text-align:center;"|2|
|Scottish Singles Charts|style="text-align:center;"|4|
|U.S. _Billboard_ Hot 100|style="text-align:center;"|1|
|U.S. Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs|style="text-align:center;"|1|
|U.S. Rap Songs|style="text-align:center;"|1|

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Empire State of Mind
- **border**: yes
- **artist**: Jay-Z featuring Alicia Keys
- **album**: The Blueprint 3
- **released**: October 20, 2009 <small>(single)</small>
- **recorded**: 2009 in music, 2009; Roc The Mic Studios, Oven Studios
<small>(New York City, New York (state), New York)</small>
- **genre**: Hip hop, R&B
- **length**: 4:37
- **label**: Roc Nation, Atlantic Records, Atlantic
- **writer**: A. Hunte, A. Keys, A. Shuckburgh, B. Keyes, J. Sewell, S. Carter, Sylvia Robinson, S. Robinson
- **producer**: Al Shux
- **chronology**: Jay-Z singles
- **prev title**: Run This Town
- **prev year**: 2009
- **next title**: On to the Next One
- **next year**: 2009
Kōchi Prefecture

is a prefecture in the Shikoku region of Japan on the island of Shikoku. The capital city is Kōchi.

## History

Before to the Meiji Restoration, Kōchi was known as Tosa Province.

## Geography

Kōchi is in the southwestern part of Shikoku.  The prefecture faces the Pacific Ocean. Ehime Prefecture is to the northwest.  Tokushima Prefecture is to the northeast.

Kochi is famous for its clear streams. The most famous stream is Shimanto. The head of the Yoshino River is in Kōchi.

Mount Inamura (_Inamura-yama_) is the highest peak in the prefecture. Its height is 1,506 m (4,941 ft) above sea level.

### Rivers

- Shimanto river
- Niyodo river
- Kagami river
- Kuma river

### Towns and villages

These are the towns and villages in each district.

### National Parks

National Parks are established in about 7% of the total land area of the prefecture.

## Shrines and Temples

_Tosa jinja_ is the chief Shinto shrine (_ichinomiya_) in the prefecture.

## Great person

Ryoma Sakamoto
Katsutoyo Yamauchi
Shintaro Nakaoka
Taisuke Itagaki

## Related pages

- Provinces of Japan
- Prefectures of Japan
- List of regions of Japan
- List of islands of Japan

## Other websites

- Kōchi Prefecture  ; [http://www.pref.kochi.lg.jp/ ]

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Kōchi
- **native name**: 高知県
- **native name lang**: ja
- **settlement type**: Prefectures of Japan, Prefecture
- **translit lang1**: Japanese
- **translit lang1 type**: Romaji
- **translit lang1 info**: Kōchi-ken
- **image flag**: Flag of Kochi Prefecture.svg
- **image seal**: Emblem of Kochi Prefecture.svg
- **seal type**: Symbol
- **image map**: Map of Japan with highlight on 39 Kochi prefecture.svg
- **map caption**: Location of Kōchi in Japan
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Regions of Japan, Region
- **subdivision name1**: Shikoku region, Shikoku
- **subdivision type2**: Island
- **subdivision name2**: Shikoku
- **seat type**: Capital
- **seat**: Kōchi, Kōchi, Kōchi
- **leader title**: Governor
- **leader name**: Seiji Hamada
- **area total km2**: 7,104.87
- **area rank**: 14th
- **population as of**: October 1, 2005
- **population total**: 796,196
- **population rank**: 45th
- **population density km2**: auto
- **iso code**: JP-39
- **blank name sec1**: Prefectural flower
- **blank info sec1**: Yamamomo (_Myrica rubra_)
- **blank1 name sec1**: Prefectural tree
- **blank1 info sec1**: Yanase Sugi (_Cryptomeria japonica_)
- **blank2 name sec1**: Prefectural bird
- **blank2 info sec1**: Fairy Pitta (bird), pitta (_Pitta nympha_)
- **blank3 name sec1**: Prefectural bird
- **blank name sec2**: Number of districts
- **blank info sec2**: 6
- **blank1 name sec2**: Number of municipalities
- **blank1 info sec2**: 34
- **website**: [http://www.pref.kochi.lg.jp/english/ www.pref.kochi.lg.jp/english/]
First-person (video games)

In video games, **first-person** means the player sees the game from the eyes of the character he or she is playing as. This is different than third-person where the player watches what the character does from a in-game virtual camera. The player is supposed to feel like he or she is inside the character.

A common type of first-person game is first-person shooter. In a first-person shooter the player can usually see his or her arms holding a weapon (gun). Some games such as Call of Duty let the player look right down the sights of the gun to aim.

Many simulation games (or "sims") where the player controls a vehicle are first-person. This includes most flight simulators and many racing video games. The player can often see the controls and instruments of the vehicle, such as the steering wheel and speedometer in a car or the joystick and altimeter in an airplane.
One-child policy

The **one**-**child policy** (or **family planning policy**) was a policy introduced in the People's Republic of China in the year 1979. Mao Zedong had thought that a bigger population resulted in a stronger country, but of course, they faced a lot more problems. China had gone above carrying capacity and there were not enough resources, such as food, water and only 7% of their land was for farming. for everyone. After the Second World War, the Chinese population grew quickly. In September of 1980, the one-child policy was introduced. The policy was introduced to control population growth and declares that Chinese families should only have one child.

## Implementation

Generally speaking, if a couple wanted to have more than one child, they must pay money to the government. In some places in China, couples were able to get a permit so they would not have to pay the fee. Because most families would not be able to afford the fee, women were often forced to have an abortion.

There were punishments for those who had a second child. However, if the first child were to be a female, the couple could try to have a second child, in hopes of a male child. Since it was started in 1979, the policy has prevented 400 million births from happening. About 36% of the Chinese population is affected by the rule. The policy does not apply in some areas, such as Hong Kong, Macau or Tibet.

## Illustration

Even before the policy was introduced, China took many steps to encourage families to have fewer children. These steps included messages preaching the importance of family planning. There was one such of these messages that was a sign put up in Tang Shan that read, 'For a prosperous and powerful nation and a happy family, please use birth planning'. There were also incentives and rewards for those who only had one child, which continued through the one-child policy. Some of these included access to government services, better employment opportunities, higher wages, longer maternity leave, quality childcare, and better housing.

After more than 30 years of the one-child policy, China started to face a population ageing problem. And as the Chinese economy developed rapidly in recent years, the workforce also became tight. In 2015, it was decided that the one-child policy was to be removed and instead allowed couples to have two children for the first time in thirty years. Effective from January 2016, the one-child policy was replaced by a two-child policy, allowing each couple to have two children. As of August 2021, the two child policy increased to three children. This is because of the decline in China's population.

## Names of the policies

From "独生子女父母光荣证" (Certificate of Honor for Parents of 1 child) and "一孩政策" (1 child policy);

to ":zh:双独两孩"  to ":zh:单独两孩" to "两孩政策" (2 children policy) to "三孩政策" (the current 3 children policy).

- "双独两孩" naturally translates into
    - If both parents are the "only kid in the family", then, they may have 2 children.
- "单独两孩" naturally translates into
    - If either parent is the "only kid in the family", then, they may have 2 children.
2010 Commonwealth Games

The **2010 Commonwealth Games** is the nineteenth Commonwealth Games, and the ninth to be held under that name. The Games are being held in New Delhi, India from 3 to 14 October 2010, the largest multi-sport event conducted to date in Delhi and India, which has previously hosted the Asian Games in 1951 and 1982.

The opening ceremony took place at the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, the main stadium of the event. It is also the first time the Commonwealth Games is held in India and the second time the event has been held in Asia (after 1998 in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia).

While allegations of delays and corruption were a cause of concern before the start of the games, the games generally ran smoothly and the opening ceremony was described as "spectacular".

## Host selection

Delhi was selected to host the Commonwealth Games, beating the bid from Hamilton on November 14 2003 at the Commonwealth Games Foundation General Assembly.  This was India's third bid, bidding unsuccessfully in 1990 and 1994.
Dad's Army

***Dad's Army*** is a British television sitcom made by the BBC which ran between 31 July 1968 and 13 November 1977. It is about a Home Guard platoon during World War II. It was very popular at the time and is still repeated. It starred several well-known British actors including Arthur Lowe, John Le Mesurier, John Laurie Bill Pertwee, and Clive Dunn.

It was written by Jimmy Perry and David Croft based partly on Jimmy Croft's experience in the Home Guard but also on the work of comedians such as Will Hay.

## Plot

The Home Guard were set up in 1940 to protect Britain in the case of invasion. Because most young men were in the regular army, Home Guard platoons were usually made up of older people. The show followed the Walmington-on-Sea platoon, led by Captain Mainwaring (pronounced "Mannering"), a bank manager who appoints himself leader.

His platoon is made up of his posh sergeant, Wilson, elderly butcher Lance Corporal Jones, several senior citizens (Privates Godfrey and Frazer), as well as a "spiv" (Private Walker) and a mother's boy (Private Pike), as well as other men who don't say much. The humour is derived from their antics, as well as the relationship between Mainwaring and his upper-class sergeant.

In early episodes, the humour was based on the difficulty of starting the platoon without any weapons. In later episodes, the comedy was often based on the characters. Because the platoon rarely encountered the Nazis, their enemy was usually the grumpy ARP Warden Hodges, played by Bill Pertwee.

## Platoon members

- Captain Mainwaring, played by Arthur Lowe - A bank manager in charge of the platoon.
- Sergeant Wilson, played by John Le Mesurier - second in charge. He is quiet, well spoken and often appears very relaxed.
- Lance Corporal Jones, played by Clive Dunn - third in charge. He is very keen, and an old soldier of the British Empire, although his ideas often go wrong. He also gets very worried when a problem happens, and shouts "Don't Panic".
- Private Frazer, played by John Laurie. A regular soldier. He is a grumpy but kind hearted Scottish man.
- Private Godfrey, played by Arnold Ridley. A regular soldier. He is a very nice, but very old man, who often needs to go to the toilet.
- Private Pike, played by Ian Lavender. A regular soldier. He is very young, and is often told that he is a "stupid boy" by Mainwaring.
- Private Walker, played by Jimmy Beck. A chirpy regular soldier. Able to get any supplies for the platoon through illegal methods. He is quite cheeky and is often told off by Mainwaring.
- ARP Warden William Hodges, played by Bill Pertwee. The platoon's major rival and nemesis. Mainwaring looked down on him as a greengrocer. As an ARP Warden he was always demanding that people "put that light out".

## Other characters

- The Vicar - local parish vicar of the town
- Mr Yeatmen - the local parish verger and busybody
- Captain Square - Commander of the nearby Eastgate Home Guard and old soldier
- Mr Gordon - Town Clerk
- Mrs Pike - Frank's mother

## Other websites

- _Dad's Army_ at the former BBC Guide to Comedy (archive)
Card game

A **card game** is any game played with playing cards. Some common card games are poker, bridge, blackjack, solitaire, and go fish.

Cards are individually identifiable from one side only (the "face"). Each player knows only the cards he holds and not those held by anyone else. Card games are often called  "games of chance" or games of "imperfect information". In these, the current position is not seen by all players throughout the game.

Some games of cards use a board. The gameplay of a card game depends on the use of the cards by players. The board is a guide for scorekeeping or for card placement. Board games (the principal non-card game genre to use cards) generally focus on the players' positions on the board, and use the cards for some secondary purpose.

There are trading card games like Pokemon and Yu-Gi-Oh! that use special packs. These games often involve fighting role-play.

## Other websites

- International Playing Card Society
- Rules for historic card games
- Clock and Patience Card Game
2000 Census

The following countries had a **census of the general population in 2000**:

- Fifth National Population Census of the People's Republic of China
- Costa Rica 2000 Census, the ninth federal census, conducted at irregular intervals
- 2000 Estonia Census
- Indonesia 2000 census
- 2000 Panamanian census
- 2000 Turkish census
- 2000 United States Census, the 22nd decennial federal census
Kelantan

**Kelantan** is a state in Malaysia on the northeast part of Peninsular Malaysia. The capital city of Kelantan is Kota Baru.
Malacca

**Melaka** (formerly known as **Malacca**) () is a state in Malaysia that is on the southern part of Malay Peninsula. The Strait of Malacca is to the south. The capital city of Malacca is Malacca City.
Negeri Sembilan

**Negeri Sembilan** is a state in Malaysia. It is on the southern part of Peninsular Malaysia. The capital city of Negeri Sembilan is Seremban.