juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Healthy diet

A       **healthy diet** or **balanced diet**       is a diet (food that you eat) that contains the right amounts of all the food groups. It includes fruits, vegetables, grains, dairy products, and protein. It does not include too much or too little of any kind of food. Eating wrong amounts of a food group, whether it be too much or too little, is called an 'unhealthy diet' or an 'imbalanced diet'. A healthy diet is one that includes more foods that come from plants, animals and fewer convenience foods.

## Basic nutrition

What is known about nutrition and diet keeps changing as more is learned. However, basic nutrition remains much the same. The best advice is to talk to a doctor or dietitian for personalized information based on an individual's lifestyle, health, and food likes and dislikes.
- Basic nutrition begins with a diet based on the major food groups that includes vegetables, whole grains, and dairy products. It should also have lean protein such as beans, legumes, nuts and seeds plus healthy fats.
- A basic nutrition plan should include guidelines for how much food from each group to eat.
- Foods should be those that can be found in local grocery stores instead of specialty and gourmet food stores.
- A basic food plan should be based on an individual's budget, lifestyle and (healthy) preferences.
- Drink plenty of water. Drink fewer Soft drinks, energy drinks and sports drinks which usually have sugar.
- Read the food labels to see what is in the foods. For example, labels usually show what foods are lower in sodium such as in soup, bread, and frozen meals.
- A healthy diet should include seafoods (such as salmon, tuna, and trout) and shellfish (such as crab, mussels, and oysters). Seafood has protein, minerals, and omega-3 fatty acids which are heart-healthy.
- Basic nutrition should contain balanced amounts of macronutrients for energy. Carbohydrates are one of the three macro-nutrients in the human diet (fat and protein are the other two).
- A healthy diet can replace dieting for weight loss. Eating healthy, along with physical exercise and practicing moderation, can lead to better health in the long run.

## Special diets

There are some diets made for people with some diseases. Here are some examples:

- DASH diet (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension)
- Gluten-free diet (Coeliac disease)
- Ketogenic diet (Epilepsy)

## Related pages

- Food pyramid
- Diet (nutrition)
Dye

**Dye** is a substance used to color materials. It is often used to color the fabric used to make clothing. It has low solubility. A pigment will not do this because it will not stick to the fibers of the fabric and color them. A dye can be natural, usually made from plant material such as berries, or a dye can be artificial, meaning that it is made by humans from chemicals such as petrochemicals.

Most natural dyes are gotten from different parts of a plant like the roots, fruits, bark, leaves, wood, fungi and lichens. Most dyes are synthetic and are made from petrochemicals.

## Classification

Dyes can be classified based on their solubility and chemical properties.

- Acid dyes can dissolve in water.  They are used on fibers such as silk, wool, nylon.  Most food coloring that are made by man are acid dyes.  Examples of acid dye are Alizarine Pure Blue B, Acid red 88, etc.
- Basic dyes can dissolve in water.  They are mainly used on acrylic fibers.  They may also be used on wool and silk.  Basic dyes are also used to make paper colourful.

## Related pages

- Pigment
- Food coloring#Natural food dyes
- Hair coloring
Poetry

**Poetry** is written, spoken or sung language that is used in stronger or more original ways than prose is used. Poetry uses the _meanings_ of words as prose does; but it also uses the _sounds_ of words as if they were music, especially rhymes, other repeating sounds, and rhythms (beats or meters).

Poetry arranges words and groups of words to make repetitions and parallelisms. Poetry uses figures of speech, ellipses and delayed identification to suggest that there is more meaning in the language.

Some people believe that poetry began when language began. They think it is probably "as old as history and older, present wherever religion is present."

The English words "poetry," "poet," and "poem" first appeared in English in the 14th century. They come from the Latin word _poeta_, which itself probably comes from _poiein_, a Greek word that means "to make."

There are three major kinds of poetry: lyric, narrative, and dramatic.

- Lyric poetry tends to be brief and is often about emotions.
- Narrative poetry tells a story with a plot.
- Dramatic poetry can be performed as a play.

A poem can be as short as a few words or as long as a book. A one-line poem is called a monostich. A poem that is as long as a book is an epic.

Poems are often printed on the page as lines and groups of lines called stanzas.

There are many different "poetic forms" or ways to shape a poem on the printed page or in the ear of the person who hears it. Some forms are: the sonnet, haiku, the ballad, the stev, the prose poem, the ode, free verse, blank verse, limerick, and nursery rhymes.

## Related pages

- Acrostic
- Anthology
- Sonnet
- Poet
- Free verse
- Digital Poetry
Literature

**Literature** is a group of works of art that are made of words. Most are written, but some are shared by word of mouth. Literature usually means a work of poetry, theatre or narrative. There are many different kinds of literature, such as poetry, plays, or novels. They can also be put into groups by their language, historical time, place of origin, genre, and subject. The word "literature" comes from the Latin word "literatura," which means "writing formed with letters."

Most of the earliest works were epic poems. Epic poems are long stories or myths about adventures, such as the Epic of Gilgamesh from ancient Mesopotamia. _Ramayana_ and _Mahabharta_, two Indian epics, are still read today. The Iliad and _Odyssey_ are two famous Greek poems by Homer. They were shared over time through speaking and memory and were written down around the 9th or 8th century BCE.

Literature can also mean imaginative or creative writing, which is read for its artistic value. Literature is also related to people and community. According to Sangidu (2004) as quoted by Arfani et.al (2023), "literature is a part of society, a fact that inspires authors to involve themselves in the life order of the community where they are and try to fight for the position of the social structure and the problems face in society".

## Related pages

- English literature
- French literature
- Italian literature
- German literature
- Japanese literature
- American literature
- Spanish literature
- Modernist literature
Imagination

**Imagination** is the ability to form images of things or events in one's mind. When someone _imagines_ something, they are trying to picture something in their mind that they are not experiencing at the moment or that is not really happening.

## Related pages

- Fiction
- Science fiction
- Fantasy
Calorimeter

A **calorimeter** is a tool that measures the amount of thermal energy contained in a substance, or released in a reaction. A commonplace use is to measure heat of combustion.
Bolus

In biology, a **bolus** (from the Latin word for _ball_), is a ball-shaped living thing.

In medicine, a _bolus_ is a large amount of a drug given to patients to raise the blood level before treatment.

A _bolus_ can also refer to a ball of food after it has been chewed. It passes down the oesophagus by peristalsis.
Oesophagus

The **oesophagus** (or **esophagus**) is also called the **gullet**. It is the part of the gastrointestinal system between the mouth and the stomach. It connects the pharynx and the stomach. It is about  long.

The oesophagus is lined with muscle, and is lubricated. Its muscle pushes food down into the stomach. The oesophagus can contract or expand to allow for the passage of food. The muscular movement that pushes the food down the oesophagus is called peristalsis. At the entrance to the stomach there is a ring of muscle called a sphincter. This is usually closed, but relaxes as food approaches, allowing it to enter the stomach. In the stomach, the food is churned until it turns into a soupy mixture called chyme.

## Fetal development

The airways and intestines form as the same tube in embryonic development. It starts forming at the belly button (foregut).

## Related pages

- Respiratory system
- Histamine
Protease

A **protease** is a digestive  enzyme. It breaks down long chains of  proteins into shorter amino acids. Proteases have evolved a number of times. We know this because different kinds of protease can do the same reaction in completely different ways. Proteases are found in animals, plants, bacteria, archaea and viruses.

Now more than 50 types of protease are known. Each is a separate evolutionary origin of proteolysis.

Protease can be divided into 6 types :
- serine proteases
- threonine proteases
- cysteine proteases
- aspartate proteases
- metallo proteases
- glutamic acid proteases
Dental floss

**Dental floss** is a special type of thread. It is used for cleaning spaces between teeth which cannot be reached by toothbrushes. It is important to floss before brushing teeth and to floss at least once a day.  Tooth brushing will not clean food that is packed between teeth. This 'food packing' can lead to unhealthy teeth and gums. Bacteria grow in this 'packed food' between teeth. These bacteria cause the surface of teeth (enamel) to break down. Then the teeth and gums and sometimes even the jaw can become seriously diseased.

These bacteria that come from the food on the teeth and between the teeth are called "plaque" or "bacterial plaque" and also can cause the gums to become less healthy. "Gingivitis" which means gum disease is one type of disease that flossing helps to prevent. Very serious diseases can start on the teeth and move to the bone of the jaw, damaging the jaw badly. Flossing your teeth reduces the danger of these serious diseases of the jaw bone. These hard-to-cure jaw bone diseases are called "periodontal disease".

Food that is trapped between the teeth can be uncomfortable and even cause pain. Some food is hard, for example meat, apple. Ground meat is soft and so is apple sauce. Chicken and turkey meat are hard and full of fibres and very often get trapped between the teeth. When hard food is trapped between the teeth it can cause discomfort and sometimes pain. When hard food is pressed by the teeth against the gum it can cause pain. Some people use toothpicks to try to remove trapped food from between the teeth and other people use dental floss to do this.

Dental floss can do most things that a toothpick can do but dental floss is much thinner than a toothpick and can thus get to places that most toothpicks cannot reach. So floss presumably does a better job at getting bits of food out from between the teeth, relieving discomfort and pain quicker.

When a person first starts flossing, bleeding can happen. This is normal and happens because teeth and gums that are not flossed are less healthy. It will stop as the teeth and gums get healthier with flossing.
Bile

**Bile** or **gall** is an alkaline, green-yellow fluid. It is secreted from the liver of most vertebrate animals, and is often stored in the gall bladder. Bile helps digest fat.

The components of bile are, in descending order of composition, the following:
- Water
- Cholesterol
- Bile pigments
- Bile salts

The name _gall_ comes from the Greek word _cholè_ meaning green or yellow. These colours come from the bile pigments. One of them is green and the other is yellow. When they are mixed together, they make feces brown. The term cholesterol and the illness cholera were named after gall.

Bile is also stored in bile ducts. Often after liver transplants, bile comes out of the body.

Bile increases fats' total surface area to volume ratio so their digestion is easier and faster. Hence, more fats and fat-soluble vitamins like vitamins A, D, E and K can be absorbed. This keeps fat out of feces so they are brown instead of white, grey or greasy.
Dental pulp

The **dental pulp** is the part in the center of a tooth (pulp cavity). It is made up of living soft tissue and cells. It is surrounded by dentine and contains nerves and blood and lymph vessels.
Protoplasm

"**Protoplasm**" is an old term which means the living substance that makes up a cell. It is no longer much used. Biologists prefer to talk about the cytoplasm and the cell nucleus.

In plant cells, it is surrounded by a cell wall. In animal cells, the whole cell is made of protoplasm, surrounded by a cell membrane. Protoplasm in living beings is made up of about 7580% water. However, this is rather misleading because the cytoplasm is full of structures called organelles, which do various tasks. The endoplasmic reticulum is the largest of these structures; there are many other organelles.

The word "protoplasm" was first used in 1846 by Hugo von Mohl to describe the substance in plant cells, apart from the cell wall, the cell nucleus and the vacuole. After the invention of the electron microscope it was clear that a living cell is much more complicated than von Mohl knew.
Amylase

**Amylase** is an enzyme which breaks down starch into sugars which the body can use.

More accurately, it is a family of similar enzymes which work in a wide range of animals, plants and fungi. There are two variants in humans: alpha-amylase, and gamma-amylase.

Alpha-amylase is a major digestive enzyme. Its optimum pH is 6.7–7.0. It is found in saliva and pancreatic juice. It takes starch chains and breaks them into smaller pieces with two or three glucose units. It can break down starch into maltose. It works in the mouth and stomach during digestion.

The gamma-amylase has most acidic optimum pH of all amylases because it is most active around pH 3. Therefore, it works best in the stomach, which does have an acidic pH.

## Human evolution

Apparently, early humans did not possess salivary amylase. The closest evolutionary relatives of humans, chimpanzees and bonobos, have either one or no copies of the gene for producing salivary amylase.  A duplication event of the AMY1 gene led to the production of amylase in the saliva. The same event occurred independently in rodents. This shows the importance of salivary amylase in organisms that eat relatively large amounts of starch.

Carbohydrates are a food source rich in energy. After the agricultural revolution, human diet began to rely more on plant and animal domestication in place of hunting and gathering. This shift marked the beginning of a diet composed of 49% carbohydrates as opposed to the previous 35% observed in Paleolithic humans. As such, starch became a staple of human diet. Humans that contained amylase in the saliva would benefit from increased ability to digest starch more efficiently and in higher quantities.

Not all humans have the same number of copies of the AMY1 gene. Populations which rely on carbohydrates have a higher number of AMY1 copies than populations that eat little starch. The number of AMY1 gene copies in humans can range from six copies in agricultural groups such as European-American and Japanese (two high starch populations) to only 2-3 copies in hunter-gatherer societies such as the Biaka, Datog, and Yakuts.

The correlation between starch consumption and number of AMY1 copies suggests that more AMY1 copies in high starch populations is caused by natural selection. It is a favorable phenotype for those individuals. Therefore, it is likely that having more copies of AMY1 in a high starch population increases fitness and produces healthier, fitter offspring. Geographically close populations with different eating habits possess a different number of copies of the AMY1 gene. This offers strong evidence that natural selection has acted on this gene.
Variegated leaf

A **variegated leaf** is a type of leaf.

## Uses

A variegated leaf is useful in conducting experiments to show that chlorophyll is needed for photosynthesis to happen. They are also popular in horticulture.

### Experiments

The easiest of these experiments is to stain the places where starch is produced (starch is a more compact form of glucose).

Place the leaves in boiling water for six minutes to soften the cells, and then in ethanol (alcohol). When the leaves are drained of colour, spread them out on a flat surface. Soak the leaves in iodine and the green parts will turn blue/black and the non green parts will stay the yellowish brown colour of iodine liquid. The green parts contain starch, which makes iodine turn blue/black. The blue/black stain is what shows starch is present. You could take "before & after" photos to prove the black areas were green at the start.
Seam ripper

A **seam ripper** is a cutting tool. It is used for removing stitches in sewing and cutting open buttonholes made on a sewing machine. Sometimes it is also called a thread ripper.

The tool usually has a handle, shaft, and head. The head has two points: one flattened to form a pointed blade and the other  forming a small point.

To use a seam ripper to remove sewn threads, the blade is placed underneath the thread to be cut. The thread slips down between the two points, and the tool is then lifted upwards allowing the blade to cut through the thread. Then the loose thread ends can be removed.
Plaque

**Plaque**: a word meaning a flat, plate-like object.

- a plaque in biology is a flat growth-form, as for example,
    - the growth of bacterial colonies on an agar plate
    - a sticky, white film or fluid on the teeth, a mixture of bacteria and food
    - in atherosclerosis, a fat layer inside an artery.

- a flat man-made object, such as a memorial plaque or other flat object
Pin cushion

A **pin cushion** is small cushion used for holding pins and needles. It is used so that the pins and needles are stored safely and can be taken out by pulling the head.
Cavity

A **cavity** is a hole.

It can also mean:
- Dental cavity, damage to teeth.
- Another hollow area within the body. Such as a nasal cavity.
Evidence

**Evidence** is something that is used to support an argument.  It gives examples of why something is true.

**Evidence** is defined by Merriam-Webster dictionary as:
1a : an outward sign : INDICATION
1b : something that furnishes proof : TESTIMONY
specifically: something legally submitted to a tribunal to ascertain the truth of a matter
2 : one who bears witness
especially: one who voluntarily confesses a crime and testifies for the prosecution against one's accomplices

Choo states “Evidence is the information with which the matters requiring proof in a trial are proved.” The study of evidence, therefore, is the study of the process by which such matters are proved in court.” (Choo, 42).

Peter Achinstein defines evidence as “information that increases probability of a hypothesis” or “information on the basis of which a hypothesis has high probability.” (Achinstein, 44).

The Division of Extension Research and Training at the University of Arkansas defines evidence as “the outward sign, the indication, the proof” (University of Arkansas, 1).

For example, if someone come across a cup of spilled milk, that person could look for evidence as to how the milk was spilled. If hairs of a cat and paw prints were found on the ground, they could be evidence that a cat was the cause of the spilled milk. If a witness saw the cat spilling the milk, her testimony would also be evidence.

## References

Choo, Andrew. Evidence. Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press, 2006, https://archive.org/details/evidence0000choo/page/n9/mode/2up.

Webster, Merriam. “Evidence.” Merriam Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/evidence.

Miller, Colin. Evidence: Best Evidence Rule. 1st ed., CALI, eLangdell Press, 2012,https://www.cali.org/sites/default/files/BestEvidenceRule_Miller_Dec2014.pdf.

Achinstein, Peter. The Book of Evidence. Oxford University, 2001, https://books.google.com/books?id=cZHflkcvCEUC&q=evidence.&pg=PP9

Forsyth, Stewart. “What Is Opinion and What Is Evidence?” InfoKat, 2019, https://saalck-uky.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01SAA_UKY/ija67f/cdi_webofscience_primary_000486649800003.

What Is Evidence? University of Arkansas, June 1955, https://archive.org/details/CAT10680953/mode/2up.
Dyadic

A **dyadic** is a math function that needs two things in order to give something out.  Addition and multiplication are dyadic.  Powers are also dyadic.  There are many more functions that are dyadic.

**Dyadic** may specifically refer to:

- Dyad
- Dyadic communication
- Dyadic counterpoint, the voice-against-voice conception of polyphony
- Dyadic fraction
- Dyadic product
- Dyadic rational (also known as Dyadic solenoid)
- Dyadic Relation (usually known as a Binary relation)
- Dyadic tensor
- Dyadic transformation
Hill

A **hill** is a landform that is higher than the surrounding terrain and that is smaller than a mountain. Hill is a  highland  of much lower elevation than a mountain. Normally it is not as steep as a mountain. By definition, a hill is often described as being lower than 600 meters (about 2,000 feet). However, some definitions say a hill is lower than 300 meters (about 1,000 feet). The surface of a hill is much more stable than that of a dune. Hill have long been used for hill forts

## Other websites

nds:Kommun Ås
Area

**Area** is the amount of space a two dimensional (flat) surface takes up. It is useful because it is how much of a material is needed to make a hollow container.  Area is the amount of surface covered by a close object or shape.

Some units used to measure area are square foot, square mile, square metre and square kilometre. The area of a planar figure is often written as . Areas of regular shapes such as square, rectangle, triangle and circle can be calculated through formulas. The area of an irregular shape can be approximated through grid or graph paper.

One can use different formulas to find the area of different shapes. For example:

- Area of a rectangle is the length of any two touching sides multiplied together. In other words, length times width.
- Area of a triangle is half of the base multiplied by the perpendicular height. In other words, .
- Area of a circle:

The area of a flat object is related to the surface area and volume of a three-dimensional object.

The area under a curve can be found using integration, a concept from calculus.

## Related pages

- Mu (unit of area)
Air space

**Air space** is the area of the air that is controlled by a country or organisation. You have to have the permission of the controller to enter their air space in an airplane.  The air traffic control<nowiki/>lers make sure the planes go in the right place and do not hit each other or something else. Some countries are very protective of their air space.
Swamp cooler

**Swamp coolers** are simple type of air conditioning device that can cool a room of a house or a car by using the cooling effect of the evaporation of water. This is known as evaporative cooling. Swamp coolers can cool the air temperature in a small space by drawing the air through wet pads (some are made of aspen wood) using an electric fan. Swamp coolers work best in dry climates such as the American Southwest and the American South. They are usually much cheaper to buy and operate than refrigerated air-conditioning devices. This type of air conditioner was first used thousands of years ago in ancient Egypt.
Saskatoon

**Saskatoon** is a city in Saskatchewan, Canada. With a 2021 census population of 266,141, Saskatoon is the largest city in Saskatchewan, but is not the capital, which is Regina.

The South Saskatchewan River flows through the centre of the city, and many people enjoy boating, biking, and walking in the area. The University of Saskatchewan is also in Saskatoon.

The name "Saskatoon" (in Cree: _sâskwatôn_, "Saskatoon") comes from the Cree inanimate noun _misâskwatômina_ "saskatoon berries", which refers to the sweet, violet-coloured berry that grows in the area.

## Media

Radio stations include commercial stations **CKOM-AM** 650 kHz (_“650 CKOM”_ News/Talk), **CFMC-FM** 95.1 MHz (_“C95”_ Hot AC), **CJDJ-FM** 102.1 MHz (“_Rock 102”_ Active Rock), **CJWW- AM** 600kHz (_“Country 600”_ Country), **CKBL-FM** 92.9 MHz (_“92.9 The Bull”_ Country), **CJMK-FM** 98.3 MHz (“_98 Cool FM_” Classic Hits),  **CFWD-FM** 96.3 MHz (“_96.3 Cruz FM_” - Mainstream Rock)

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Saskatoon
- **settlement type**: City
- **nickname**: "Paris of the Prairies", "Toontown", "S'toon", "Hub City", "POW City" (for potash, oil and wheat), "The City of Bridges", "YXE", "Saskabush"
- **image skyline**: Saskatoon from the air (5675494299).jpg
- **image caption**: Downtown and the South Saskatchewan River
- **image flag**: Flag of Saskatoon, Saskatchewan.gif
- **image shield**: CAN Saskatoon CoA.svg
- **blank emblem type**: Logo
- **pushpin map**: Saskatchewan#Canada
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Canada
- **subdivision type1**: Provinces and territories of Canada, Province
- **subdivision name1**: Saskatchewan
- **leader title**: List of mayors of Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Mayor
- **leader name**: Cynthia Block
- **leader title2**: Governing body
- **leader name2**: Saskatoon City Council
- **leader title3**: Current members of the Canadian House of Commons, MP
- **leader title4**: Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan, MLAs
- **established title**: Establishment
- **established date**: 1883
- **established title2**: Incorporation
- **established date2**: 1906
- **area land km2**: 226.56
- **area metro km2**: 5,864.48
- **population as of**: Canada 2021 Census, 2021
- **population total**: 266,141 (List of the largest municipalities in Canada by population, 19th)
- **population density km2**: 1,174.7
- **population metro**: 317,480 (List of census metropolitan areas and agglomerations in Canada, 17th)
- **population density metro km2**: 54.1
- **population demonym**: Saskatonian
- **timezone**: Central Time Zone, CST
- **utc offset**: −06:00
- **elevation m**: 481.5
- **postal code type**: Canadian postal code#Forward sortation areas, Forward sortation area
- **postal code**: List of S postal codes of Canada, S7A – S7C, S7H – S7W
- **area code**: Area codes 306, 639, and 474, 306, 639, 474
- **blank name sec2**: GDP (Saskatoon )
- **blank info sec2**: Canadian dollar, CA$20.2 billion (2020)
- **blank1 name sec2**: GDP per capita (Saskatoon )
- **blank1 info sec2**: CA$64,447 (2016)
- **blank2 name**: Pronunciation
- **website**: [https://www.saskatoon.ca/ www.saskatoon.ca]
Glass rod

**Glass rods** are sometimes used as stirrers in laboratory environments.

Glass rods are often used to spread liquids evenly onto something. An example would be to coat glass surfaces with liquids to look at them under a microscope.

Glass rods rubbed with silk or fur were used in early demonstrations of electrical energy.

Glass rods are commonly manufactured in diameters of 3 mm, 6 mm, and 10 mm.

Glass is used for these rods because it does not react with most laboratory chemicals.
Thermometer

A **thermometer** is an instrument for measuring or showing temperature (how hot or cold something is). One type of thermometer is a narrow, concealed glass tube containing mercury or alcohol which extends along the tube as it expands. Another type is a digital thermometer, which uses electronics to measure temperature.

Early thermometers from the time of Galileo measured the expansion and contraction of air. After the middle 17th century, people more often used alcohol or mercury thermometers. In the 19th century, a mechanical thermometer was invented that used a bimetallic strip to move a pointer. This type of thermometer is still popular where people like to read temperature from a distance.

## Laboratory thermometers (Lab Thermometer)

A laboratory thermometer is a tool used in laboratories, places where scientists and science technicians perform experiments and measure things.  A laboratory thermometer can measure temperature very closely. A laboratory thermometer can be put into what the scientist wants to measure. A laboratory thermometer has a long stem with a silver bulb at the end. The silver color in the bulb usually means there is mercury in it. Mercury expands as the temperature becomes hotter. Mercury is a poison to humans if touched, inhaled, or swallowed, which makes it dangerous to use when taking people's temperatures. Mercury-in-glass thermometers are less used in the 21st century. This is because digital thermometers are more accurate, and alcohol-filled and organic-based thermometers are safer to use than mercury thermometers.

## Medical thermometers

In the 20th century, the traditional clinical thermometer was a mercury-in-glass thermometer. People put the end of this in their mouth (_oral_ temperature), under their arm, or in their rectum (_rectal_ temperature).

It is only possible to find oral temperatures on patients who can hold the thermometer correctly in their mouth. Mercury thermometers need a long time to measure the temperature, so it would be difficult to get the temperature of small children, people with a cough, or people who are vomiting. Today's digital thermometers are much faster and more accurate. If a person drinks something hot or cold, a person needs to wait before testing their oral temperature.

Rectal thermometers are usually more reliable since they aren't as much influenced by other factors.

There are other kinds of medical thermometers: _tympanic_ thermometers test the temperature of the tympanic membrane (the eardrum) with infrared; _band_ thermometers test a person's temperature on the front of their head.

## Kinds of thermometers

- Liquid-in-glass thermometer
- Mercury-in-glass thermometer
- Alcohol-in-glass thermometer
- Clinical thermometer
- Digital thermometer
- Rotary thermometer
- Resistance thermometer
- Liquid crystal thermometer
- Infra-red thermometer
Week

A **week** is 7 days in connecting order. There are usually 52 weeks in a year.

In the English language, the days of the week are named after gods in Norse mythology, except for Saturday, which is named after a Roman god.
|English name|Abbreviation|Norse mythology|Roman mythology|Old English name|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Sunday|Sun.|Sun's day||Sunnadaeg|
|Monday|Mon.|Moon's day||Monnadaeg|
|Tuesday|Tue.|Tyr's day|Mars|Tiwsdaeg|
|Wednesday|Wed.|Wodan's (Odin's) day|Mercury|Wodensdaeg|
|Thursday|Thu.|Thor's day|Jupiter|Thursdaeg|
|Friday|Fri.|Freyr's day|Venus|Fridaeg|
|Saturday|Sat.||Saturn's day|Saturnsdaeg|

Depending on the law of a country, the week either starts on Monday and ends on Sunday, or starts on Sunday and ends on Saturday. In most countries, Saturday and Sunday are the weekend. Friday, Saturday, and Sunday is a religious day for Muslims, Jews, and Christians, respectively.

## Other websites

- The Mysterious 7-Day Cycle (history with Christian editorial)
- The Week (part of Claus Tøndering's Calendar FAQ)
Suffix

A **suffix** is a few letters put at the end of a word to change its meaning.  It is a type of affix mostly used to show inflection.

Verb examples:
- -ed
- -or
- -ing
- -s
- es
- -ing
- walk
- walked
- walker
- walking
- walks
- wishes

Adjective examples:
- -er
- -est
- -ful
- -ness
- -less

- easy
- easier
- easiest
- handful
- kindness
- baseless

Compare to prefix. Prefixes are letters put at the beginning of a word to change its meaning.
Spice

**Spice** is an ingredient that adds flavor to food. It is usually used to enrich or alter the quality of something. Spices can be used to give food an interesting and exciting taste.

Examples of a spice would be cinnamon, fenugreek and nutmeg.

Spices can also be used to hide or cover up bad tastes in food which is rotten or affected by fungi, e.g. marzipan.

Indians use a lot of spices like garam masala.

## Related pages

- Spice trade
- Condiment
Flavor

**Flavor** (or **flavour** in British English) is the main quality of anything which affects the taste. When someone remarks on the _flavor_ of something they are trying to describe the specific way something tastes.

Flavor can also be used to describe the act of adding a taste alteration (to change the taste) to something. This is usually done by adding spices or sugars, though in _processed food_ there are oftentimes artificial (fake) flavors. A person who develops natural and/or artificial food additives is called a flavourist or flavorist (US English).

hu:Aroma
Halley's Comet

**Halley's Comet** (Comet Halley) is a comet which comes round every 75 or 76 years. When it is near, it can be seen with the naked eye. It will return in 2061.

The comet is named after Edmond Halley (1656–1742), an English astronomer, who predicted the comet's return. Halley's Comet was the first comet to be recognized as periodic. (Periodic means that it comes by Earth regularly.)

When the comet came close to the Earth in 1986, it was visited by several space-probes. The probe _Giotto_ from the European Space Agency managed the closest approach to the comet.

The number of years that the comet finishes its full cycle can vary depending on the effect of another planet's gravitational pull.

In 1986, Halley's Comet was the first to be observed in detail by spacecraft. It gave the first data on the structure of a comet nucleus and how the _coma_ (nebulous envelope around the core or nucleus) and the tail formed. These observations supported Fred Whipple's "dirty snowball" model. This correctly predicted that Halley would be composed of a mixture of volatile ices – such as water, carbon dioxide, ammonia, – and dust. The missions also adjusted these ideas. For example, it is now known that the _surface_ of Halley is mostly dusty, non-volatile materials, and that only a small portion of it is icy.

Coming closer to the Sun again: Since 2023, it is closing the distance between the Sun and itself.

## Related pages

- List of comets
Motion sensor

A **motion sensor** is a sensor device. It is used for studying motions. It is connected to a data-logger. The data-logger is connected to a computer. The computer runs a data-logging program. The computer is connected to power, and a security system. Motion sensors have many uses including security.

Applications for movement sensor technology include clinical, workplace safety & athletic sports.
Arm

An **arm** is a limb. Most humans have two arms each, coming out of their body at the shoulder, just below the neck. On the end of each arm is a hand. Humans use arms and hands to do things to other objects, this is called manipulation. The main purpose of the hand is to grasp objects. Some other primates have arms which they use to move around by holding onto trees or supporting themselves as they walk along the ground. Fingers and hand, wrist, forearm, elbow, upper arm and shoulder are parts of the arm.

## Related pages

- Leg
- Trapezius muscle
Arrow

An **arrow** is a projectile fired with a **bow**. A bow and arrow is a weapon used before medieval times and later.  For thousands of years, people all over the world have used bows and arrows for hunting and for defense.  Arrows have a sharp point at one end and usually a flight at the other end. The flight is usually made of feathers and helps the arrow go through the air straight. Someone who makes arrows is a **fletcher**.

A picture of an **arrow** is often used to point to something. Arrows look may like this: -->. "Double-headed" arrows look like this: <—>.
Spirituality

**Spirituality** is a name given to matters of the spirit. These can be any kind of meaningful personal activity or peaceful experience. There is not one agreed upon way to explain what happens. It is a concept so people can see and understand it in different ways. Some people believe spirituality is a part of religion. Others who are not religious, still seek and have spiritual experiences.

## Matters of the spirit

"Matters of the spirit" may include the meaning in a person's life (or in all life), and how to find and improve on it. They may also include someone's search for God, the supernatural, a divine influence in their lives, or information about the afterlife, and how to best deal with each. "Matters of the spirit" may also include how to live among others as a group, or in a certain environment.

## "Spiritual, but not religious"

Some who do not believe in an organized religion may still be interested in the "spirits" of humanity or of nature and live a certain way, or worship ancestors or creation because it gives them a sense of happiness to do so. This is referred to as spiritual but not religious.

Another common usage refers to people who ascribe to ideals "greater than themselves." For many, this leads to a pursuit of some form of enlightenment, often through meditation, yoga, philosophy or, in some cases, a study of Metaphysics.

Many philosophers work to find answers to spiritual questions, although some may deny the existence of a 'god' or any supernatural influences. Throughout the world however, philosophers have often had ideas about spirituality. The following are a few 20th century examples:

- Arne Naess - the founder of deep ecology
- Gregory Bateson - philosopher
- Jiddu Krishnamurti - renowned Indian thinker
- Osho/Shri Rashneesh - Indian scholar who, while a critic of religion, worked to create a new spiritual movement
- Felicitas Goodman - researched the subject of trance

## Related pages

- List of religions and spiritual traditions
- Mysticism
- Piety
- Spiritism
1999

**1999** (MCMXCIX) was a common year starting on Friday in the Gregorian calendar.

### January

- January 1 – Euro is established.
- January 2 – A snowstorm leaves 14 inches (359 mm) of snow in Milwaukee, Wisconsin and 21 inches (533.4 mm) in Chicago, Illinois, killing 68.
- January 4 – Gunmen open fire on Shia Muslims worshiping in a mosque in Islamabad, Pakistan, killing 16 and injuring 25.
- January 6 – Dennis Hastert becomes Speaker of the United States House of Representatives.
- January 8 – 3.4 million copies of the movie The Rescuers is recalled after a photo of a topless woman was discovered in two of the 110,000 slides in that scene of the movie.
- January 10 – A large piece of the chalk cliff at Beachy Head collapses into the sea.
- January 11 – Bülent Ecevit, of DSP forms the new government of Turkey (56th government, an interim government )
- January 20 – The China News Service announces new government restrictions on Internet use aimed especially at Internet cafes.
- January 21 – In one of the largest drug busts in American history, the United States Coast Guard intercepts a ship with over 9,500 pounds (4.3 tons) of cocaine aboard, headed for Houston, Texas.
- January 25 – A 6.1 Richter scale earthquake hits western Colombia, killing at least 1,000.
2006

**2006** (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday in the Gregorian calendar.

In the Chinese calendar, 2006 was the Year of the Dog. Chinese New Year is January 29.
21st century

The **21st century** began on January 1, 2001 and will end on December 31, 2100.

## Years

Note: years before or after the twenty-first century are in _italics_.

|1993|1994|1995|1996|1997|1998|1999|2000|2001|2002|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2003|2004|2005|2006|2007|2008|2009|2010|2011|2012|
|2013|2014|2015|2016|2017|2018|2019|2020|2021|2022|
|2023|2024|2025|2026|2027|2028|2029|2030|2031|2032|
|2033|2034|2035|2036|2037|2038|2039|2040|2041|2042|
|2043|2044|2045|2046|2047|2048|2049|2050|2051|2052|
|2053|2054|2055|2056|2057|2058|2059|2060|2061|2062|
|2063|2064|2065|2066|2067|2068|2069|2070|2071|2072|
|2073|2074|2075|2076|2077|2078|2079|2080|2081|2082|
|2083|2084|2085|2086|2087|2088|2089|2090|2091|2092|
|2093|2094|2095|2096|2097|2098|2099|2100|2101|2102|

## Related pages

- 11th century (1001-1100)
Ijtihad

**Ijtihad** () is the process of reaching a legal decision on the basis of one's own interpretation of Islamic law. The word is related to the better-known _jihad_.

Ijtihad appeared  among the Muhammad's companions.
Standard temperature and pressure

In order to be able to reproduce experiments, **standard conditions for temperature and pressure** have been defined in different fields of science. Very often these are also called **standard temperature and pressure**. The table below gives some examples:
|Domain|Temperature|Pressure|Defined by|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Physics|273.15 K (0 °C, 32 °F)|101.325 Pa|DIN 1343|
|Chemistry|298.15 K = 25 °C|1 bar / 100 kPa|IUPAC|
|Airline industry|15 °C|1013,25 hPa, at sea level||
STP

**STP** usually refers to:
- Stone Temple Pilots, an American rock band
- Standard Temperature and Pressure, definition

**STP** may also refer to:

## Commercial

- Straight Through Processing, banking term where a financial transaction  is automatically completed without manual intervention
- Segment, Target and Position, a marketing acronym
- STP (motor oil company), a brand name and trade name for the automotive additives and performance division of Armored AutoGroup
- STP, New York Stock Exchange symbol for Suntech Power Holdings, a Chinese manufacturer of photovoltaic cells

## Geographical

- STP, IATA airport code for St. Paul Downtown Airport in Saint Paul, Minnesota
- STP, ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 code, IOC country code, and FIFA country code for São Tomé and Príncipe
- STP, National Rail code for London St Pancras (Domestic) railway station

## Medicine

- Status post, sometimes abbreviated as st.p., used to discuss sequelae with reference to their cause
- _Sternal puncture_, a form of bone marrow examination
- _Scientist Training Programme_, the postgraduate training for Healthcare scientists in the UK introduced under Modernising Scientific Careers

## Music

- The Rolling Stones American Tour 1972, popularly referred to as the "STP Tour" for "Stones Touring Party"
- "S.T.P.", a song on the album _Robbin' the Hood_ by ska punk/reggae band Sublime

## Science, math and technology

- Standard conditions for temperature and pressure, a scientific convention of designating standard conditions
- Scalar triple product
- Sewage treatment plant
- Shielded twisted pair, a type of cable
- Shovel test pit, method for archaeological survey
- Signal Transfer Point, an SS7 packet switch
- Sodium tripolyphosphate, a preservative
- South Texas Nuclear Generating Station, aka South Texas Project, nuclear power station located southwest of Bay City, Texas
- Space Test Program, a program conducted by the USAF Space Development and Test Wing at Kirtland Air Force Base
- Spanning tree protocol, a network protocol providing a loop free topology for a LAN or bridged network
- Steiner tree problem in graphs
- Strategic Technology Plan
- ISO 10303-21, the STEP CAD exchange format, uses the file extension .stp

## Sports and recreation

- 25 metre standard pistol, a shooting sport
- STP, a brand of bicycles marketed by Giant Bicycles
- Seattle to Portland Bicycle Classic, an annual one- and two-day supported bicycle ride from Seattle, Washington to Portland, Oregon

## Other uses

- _Sacrae Theologiae Professor_, or Professor of Sacred Theology (possibly archaic)
- Society for Threatened Peoples a human rights group based in Göttingen, Germany
- STP, slang name for the psychedelic 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine, also known as DOM
Jungle

The **jungle** is a place in a rainforest where the forest floor is covered with plants. Like other rainy places, they have many rivers or streams. Scientists think that more types of animals and plants live in the jungles than everywhere else. When people talk about jungles, they sometimes mean the whole rainforest.

The crowding in a jungle leaves little room to walk.  This may make it dangerous to people.  However, it also has benefits.  The many plants and animals can provide food for foraging.

The Amazon rainforest is thick and dark jungle in many places in nine countries.  However, most of this forest is in Brazil, South America.

Some snakes in the Amazon are very dangerous. The jungle is home to a variety of venomous and large constrictor snakes that can pose a threat to humans and other animals. In the Amazon jungle, snakes have plenty of food options due to the rich and diverse environment. Some large Snakes like the Green Anaconda eat animals such as rodents, monkeys, and even larger mammals like deer. They also feed on birds, their eggs, frogs, fish, lizards and some other small snakes.https://snakesworld.info/snakes-diet-and-food/
Rain

**Rain** is a kind of precipitation. Precipitation is any kind of water that falls from clouds in the sky, like rain, hail, sleet and snow. It is measured by a rain gauge.

## Overview

Rain is part of the water cycle. Clouds will often absorb smoke to create rain, commonly referred to as "nature's laundry" due to this process. Some places have frequent rain. This makes rainforests. Some have little rain. This makes deserts.

### Rainstorm

A rainstorm is a sudden heavy fall of rain. It may cause flash floods in valleys. Heavy rain for a long time may make floods that destroy houses and cause drowning. Also, landslides may happen.

### Convectional rain

When the Sun heats the Earth's surface, the ground heats the air above it. Convection makes the air rise and  cool. When it cools to the dew point, clouds form and rain follows. This usually occurs on flat land. This type of rainfall often causes summer showers and thunderstorms.

### Relief rain

Relief rain typically occurs along coastal areas where a line of hills runs along the coast. Wet onshore wind from the sea meets a mountain, hill or any other sort of barrier, it is forced to rise along the slope and cools. When the air temperature falls to its dew point, water vapour condenses to form clouds. When the clouds can no longer hold the water droplets, relief rain begins to fall on the windward slope of the mountain.  On the leeward slope, air sinks, it is warmed and further dried by compression. Therefore, the leeward slope is known as rain shadow. Moist winds blow in from the sea and are forced to rise over the land. The air cools and the water vapour condenses, forming raindrops. Places that reactive a lot of rain in the world are places that have relief rainfall.

### Frontal rain

**Frontal rain**, also known as cyclonic rain, happens when cooler air and warmer, humid air meet in a weather front.  The less dense warm air rises and condenses forming clouds. These clouds grow and eventually create rain. In some places on the northern temperate zone the cold air front tends to come from the north west and the warm air front comes from the south west.

## Collection

Rain is often collected in a rainwater tank, which is used for watering plants, cleaning the house, bathing, or drinking. It is not always safe to drink rainwater. It can have bacteria, parasites, viruses, and chemicals that could make people sick.

## Related pages

- Ecology
- Water cycle
- Environmental chemistry

## Other websites

rain water drink

- BBC article on rain-making.
Monty Python

**Monty Python**, also known as **The Pythons**, is a group of British comic actors. They have acted in several comedy movies (most famously, Monty Python and the Holy Grail). They had a television show, _Monty Python's Flying Circus_ between 1969 and 1974, which is still well-known and watched around the world.

The members of Monty Python are: John Cleese, Eric Idle, Graham Chapman, Terry Gilliam, Terry Jones, and Michael Palin. Carol Cleveland and Neil Innes regularly appeared in their movies.

Monty Python started with their first movie, _And Now For Something Completely Different_, and finished with their final movie, _Monty Python's The Meaning of Life_.

## Movies

- _And Now For Something Completely Different_ (1971)
- _Monty Python and the Holy Grail_ (1975)
- _Monty Python's Life of Brian_ (1979)
- _Monty Python Live at the Hollywood Bowl_ (1982)
- _Monty Python's The Meaning of Life_ (1983)

## Theatre

- Monty Python's Flying Circus – Between 1974 and 1980
- Monty Python's Spamalot
- Not the Messiah (He's a Very Naughty Boy)
- Monty Python Live (Mostly)