juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
George Houvardas

**George Houvardas** (born  1982) is an Australian actor. He is best known for his role as Nick "Carbo" Karandonis on the Seven Network television program _Packed to the Rafters_.

Houvardas was born in Sydney, New South Wales and is of Greek origin. He began a career in television acting in 2008. He lives in Sydney.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: George Houvardas
- **image**: George Houvardas (8482058122).jpg
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **caption**: George Houvardas in February 2013.
- **birth place**: Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- **occupation**: Actor
- **years active**: 2008–present
Loudness war

The **loudness war** is a negative term that describes the apparent competition to release albums that are increasingly loud. Albums that are "victims of the loudness war" have worse sound quality because the dynamic range has been compressed to make the music louder. Examples of albums that are victims of the loudness war include _Death Magnetic_ by Metallica. Record producer Charles Dye started an organization called Turn Me Up! that campaigns to give musicians the choice to make albums with bigger dynamic ranges. In March 2010, mastering engineer Ian Shepherd organised the first Dynamic Range Day.
Eritherium

***Eritherium*** is an extinct genus of early Proboscidean. It was discovered in Morocco. It was first named by Emmanuel Gheerbrant in 2009 and the type species is _Eritherium azzouzorum_. Eritherium is the oldest, smallest and most primitive known elephant relative.

The phosphate bed where the remains were found places the animal's age as 61.1 to 57.8 million years ago.

_Eritherium_ is the oldest known representative of the Proboscideans. It has not been assigned to any family in the order. _Eritherium_ is the sister clade to _Phosphatherium_, _Numidotherium_ and _Moeritherium_. This is one of the most complete evolutionary sequences of early mammalian radiations after the K/T extinction event. Thus, the elephants are one of the oldest "modern" mammal orders to have survived.
SummerSlam (2012)

**SummerSlam (2012)** was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by WWE. It was held on August 19, 2012 at the Staples Center in Los Angeles, California. It was the twenty-fifth yearly SummerSlam event that was held by the WWE.

## Matches

|style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|**#**|style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|**Matches**|style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|**Stipulations**|style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|**Times**|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Pre-show|Antonio Cesaro (with Aksana) defeated Santino Marella (c)|Singles match for the WWE United States Championship|5:08|||||
|1|Chris Jericho defeated Dolph Ziggler (with Vickie Guerrero)|Singles match|13:05|||||
|2|Daniel Bryan defeated Kane|Singles match|8:02|||||
|3|The Miz (c) defeated Rey Mysterio|Singles match for the WWE Intercontinental Championship|9:09|||||
|4|Sheamus (c) defeated Alberto Del Rio (with Ricardo Rodriguez)|Singles match for the World Heavyweight Championship|11:22|||||
|5|R-Truth and Kofi Kingston (c) defeated Prime Time Players (Titus O'Neil and Darren Young)|Tag team match for the WWE Tag Team Championship|7:07|||||
|6|CM Punk (c) defeated John Cena and The Big Show|Triple threat match for the WWE Championship|12:34|||||
|7|Brock Lesnar (with Paul Heyman) defeated Triple H|Singles match|18:45|||||
|colspan="4" align=center|(c) – refers to the champion(s) heading into the match|||||||

## Other websites

- Official SummerSlam 2012 website

## Infobox (wrestling event)

- **name**: SummerSlam (2012)
- **tagline**: The Perfect Storm
- **theme**: "Don't Give Up" by Kevin Rudolf
- **promotion**: WWE
- **date**: August 19, 2012
- **venue**: Staples Center
- **city**: Los Angeles, California
- **lastevent**: Money in the Bank (2012)
- **nextevent**: Night of Champions (2012)
- **event**: SummerSlam
- **lastevent2**: SummerSlam (2011)
- **nextevent2**: SummerSlam (2013)
Voluntary Human Extinction Movement

The **Voluntary Human Extinction Movement** (VHEMT) is an environmental movement. It was started in 1991 by the American activist Les U. Knight. Knight says that the human population is too big for the Earth, so humans should choose to stop reproducing.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (organization)

- **name**: Voluntary Human Extinction Movement
- **motto**: May we live long and die out
- **formation**: 1991
- **type**: Non-governmental organization, NGO
- **image**: Voluntary Human Extinction Movement logo.png
- **leader title**: Founder
- **leader name**: Les U. Knight
Cylinder (firearms)

A **cylinder**, in firearms terminology, is the cylindrical, rotating part of a revolver. The cylinder has multiple cartridges chambers. The cylinder revolves around a central shaft in the revolver. This is to bring each individual chamber into alignment with the barrel for firing. Each time the gun is cocked (made ready to fire), the cylinder rotates by one chamber making the pistol ready to fire again.

Cylinders typically hold six cartridges—which is why revolvers are sometimes called "six shooters". But some small frame revolvers only hold five cartridges, due to the smaller overall size of the gun. Several models of .22 rimfire caliber revolvers have cylinders holding nine or ten rounds. As a general rule, cylinders are not designed to be removed from the firearm except for cleaning. A speedloader or moon clip can be used with some revolvers for rapid reloading.
Apomixis

**Apomixis** is reproduction where only one parent passes genes to the offspring. Apomictically produced offspring are genetically identical to the parent (clones).

The method is most seen in plants, especially flowering plants. Brambles (blackberry) are apomictic. Some authorities give "reproduction by special tissues without fertilisation", or "asexual formation of a seed from the maternal tissues of the ovule, avoiding meiosis and fertilization, leading to embryo development".

Apomixis includes some methods which are more common in animals, such as parthenogenesis.

In botany, apomixis was defined by Hans Winkler as the replacement of the normal sexual reproduction by asexual reproduction, without fertilization.

Horticulture methods, such as propagation from cuttings or leaves, is not apomixis. _Natural replacement of the seed by an asexual method_ is apomixis.
Kat Bjelland

**Katherine "Kat" Lynne Bjelland** (born December 9, 1963) is an American singer. She became known as the singer of the punk rock band Babes in Toyland. In 2001 the band broke up. That year Bjelland released an album as part of Katastrophy Wife. Since then Katastrophy Wife has released one more album.

## Early life

Bjelland was born in Oregon. Her parents divorced when she was young. Bjelland said that her stepmother was "abusive" and that her mother beat her. When Bjelland was in second grade she was bought an acoustic guitar after she asked for one.

## Career

In 1982 Bjelland moved to Portland, Oregon. There she formed a series of bands. The Neurotics was the first. In 1981 Bjelland started Sugar Babydoll with her friend Courtney Love. Bjelland and Love made a new band called Pagan Babies around 1985. They made a demo tape of four songs. Bjelland wrote songs inspired by the punk rock band Frightwig. Love said, "you're never going to get anywhere playing that punk rock noise" and left the band. In 1986 Bjelland started The Italian Whorenuns.

In 1987 Bjelland started Babes in Toyland. The band released their first album, _Spanking Machine_, in 1990.

In 1993 Babes in Toyland performed at the Lollapalooza tour. Bjelland started a band with her husband Glenn Mattson called Crunt. In 1994 they released an album, _Crunt_. In 1995 Bjelland divorced her husband and Crunt broke up. In 1999 Bjelland started Katastrophy Wife. Babes in Toyland broke up in 2001.

## Personal life

In 1999 Bjelland's son Henry was born.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Kat Bjelland
- **image**: Kat Bjelland 2015.png
- **caption**: Kat Bjelland in 2015
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Katherine Lynne Bjelland
- **birth place**: Salem, Oregon, United States
- **origin**: Woodburn, Oregon, United States
- **instrument**: Vocals, Rickenbacker, Rickenbacker 425, bass guitar, bass, piano
- **genre**: Alternative rock, punk rock, indie rock
- **occupation**: Musician, singer-songwriter
- **years active**: 1985–present
- **label**: Doomedelic Records, Treehouse, Twin Tone Records, Twin Tone, Southern Records, Southern, Reprise Records, Reprise, Sympathy for the Record Industry, Integrity Records, Rish
- **associated acts**: Sugar Babydoll, Pagan Babies (band), Pagan Babies, Italian Whorenuns, Babes in Toyland (band), Babes in Toyland, Hole (band), Hole, Crunt, Katastrophy Wife
- **website**: [http://www.katbjelland.com/ www.katbjelland.com]
Orizaba

**Orizaba** is a city and municipality in the Mexican state of Veracruz. It is 20 km west of its twin city Córdoba. It sits at the base of Pico de Orizaba, the highest peak in Mexico. It is also a volcano with a perfectly shaped snow-covered cone. The city had a 2005 census population of 117,273 and occupies almost the same area as its small municipality. The municipality includes a few small areas outside the city.  It has an area of 27.97 km² (10.799 sq mi).

It was an important town during the Spanish colonization of the Americas. On January 27, 1774, the Spanish king Carlos III gave town status to Orizaba, and on November 29, 1830 Orizaba was declared a city.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Orizaba
- **settlement type**: Municipalities of Mexico, Municipality and town
- **image skyline**: Orizaba3.jpg
- **image caption**: _Catedral de San Miguel Arcángel_ in Orizaba
- **image shield**: 0escudoorizaba.jpg
- **pushpin map**: Mexico
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Mexico
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Mexico
- **subdivision type1**: Administrative divisions of Mexico, State
- **subdivision name1**: Veracruz
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Igor Rojí López (PRI)
- **timezone**: North American Central Time Zone, Central Standard Time
- **utc offset**: -6
- **timezone dst**: North American Central Time Zone, Central Daylight Time
- **utc offset dst**: -5
Antonio Cafiero

**Antonio Francisco Cafiero** (September 12, 1922 – October 13, 2014) was an Argentine politician. He was the Governor of the Buenos Aires Province from 1987 through 1991. He was also its Senator from 1993 to 2005.

Cafiero was born on September 12, 1922 in Buenos Aires, Argentina. He studied at the University of Buenos Aires. Cafiero died on October 13, 2014 of pneumonia in Buenos Aires, aged 92.

## Infobox (governor)

- **name**: Antonio Cafiero
- **image**: Antonio Cafiero en 1975.jpg
- **imagesize**: 180px
- **office1**: Argentine Senate, Senator from Buenos Aires Province
- **term start1**: December 10, 1993
- **term end1**: December 10, 2005
- **office2**: Governor of Buenos Aires
- **term start2**: December 10, 1987
- **term end2**: December 10, 1991
- **lieutenant2**: Luis María Macaya
- **predecessor2**: Alejandro Armendáriz
- **successor2**: Eduardo Duhalde
- **birth place**: Buenos Aires, Argentina
- **death place**: Buenos Aires, Argentina
- **profession**: Accountant
- **spouse**: Ana Goitía
- **party**: Justicialist Party
- **alma mater**: University of Buenos Aires
Lee Teng-hui

**Lee Teng-hui** (15 January 1923 – 30 July 2020), sometimes called the "father of Taiwan's democracy", was a politician of the Republic of China (commonly known as Taiwan). He was the President of the Republic of China and Chairman of the Kuomintang (KMT) from 1988 to 2000.

Lee died of sepsis caused by multiple organ failure in Taipei on 30 July 2020, aged 97.

## Other websites

- Biography from Office of the President, ROC
- Friends of Lee Teng-Hui Association
- Lee Teng-Hui Academy
- America and Taiwan, 1943–2004
- Cornell University Magazine Profile
- http://www.chinapost.com.tw/taiwan/national/national-news/2011/07/01/308215/Ex-President-Lee.htm
- http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2011/07/01/2003507121

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Lee Teng-hui
- **native name lang**: zh-tw
- **image**: 李總統登輝先生玉照 (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Official portrait
- **order**: 4th President of the Republic of China, President of Taiwan
- **term start**: 13 January 1988
- **term end**: 20 May 2000
- **primeminister**: Yu Kuo-hwa
Lee Huan
Hau Pei-tsun
Lien Chan
Vincent Siew
- **predecessor**: Chiang Ching-kuo
- **successor**: Chen Shui-bian
- **vicepresident**: Li Yuan-tsu
Lien Chan
- **order2**: 5th Vice President of the Republic of China, Vice President of Taiwan
- **term start2**: 20 May 1984
- **term end2**: 13 January 1988
- **president2**: Chiang Ching-kuo
- **predecessor2**: Hsieh Tung-ming
- **successor2**: Li Yuan-tsu
- **order3**: 2nd Kuomintang, Chairman of the Kuomintang
- **term start3**: 27 July 1988
- **term end3**: 24 March 2000
<small>Acting： 13 January 1988 – 27 July 1988</small>
- **predecessor3**: Chiang Ching-kuo
- **successor3**: Lien Chan
- **order4**: Governor of Taiwan Province, Chairman of the Provincial Government
- **term start4**: 5 December 1981
- **term end4**: 20 May 1984
- **predecessor4**: Lin Yang-kang
- **successor4**: Chiu Chuang-huan
- **order5**: Mayor of Taipei
- **term start5**: 9 June 1978
- **term end5**: 5 December 1981
- **predecessor5**: Lin Yang-kang
- **successor5**: Shao En-hsin
- **order6**: Minister without portfolio
- **term start6**: 1 June 1972
- **term end6**: 1 June 1978
- **premier6**: Chiang Ching-kuo
- **nationality**: Republic of China, Taiwanese
- **birth place**: Sanzhi, Taipei, Sanzhi, Taihoku Prefecture, Empire of Japan
- **death place**: Taipei, Taiwan
- **party**: Independent (politics), Independent <small>(2001–present)</small>
- **otherparty**: Communist Party of China <small>(1947–1948)</small>
Kuomintang <small>(1971–2001)</small>
- **alma mater**: National Taiwan University (B.S.)
Iowa State University (M.S.)
Cornell University (Ph.D.)
Belisario Betancur

**Belisario Betancur Cuartas** (4 February 1923 – 7 December 2018) was an Colombian politician. He was the 26th President of Colombia from 1982 to 1986.

Betancur was born on 4 February 1923 in Amagá, Antioquia, Colombia. He studied at Pontifical Bolivarian University. Betancur died on 7 December 2018 in Bogotá from a kidney infection at the age of 95.

## Other websites

- Biography by CIDOB Foundation
- Betancur's page at the Pontifical Academy of Social Sciences

## Infobox (president)

- **name**: Belisario Betancur Cuartas
- **image**: Belisario Betancur (cropped).jpg
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **order**: List of Presidents of Colombia, 26th
- **office**: President of Colombia
- **predecessor**: Julio César Turbay Ayala
- **successor**: Virgilio Barco Vargas
- **ambassador from2**: Colombia
- **country2**: Spain
- **term start2**: 16 December 1975
- **term end2**: January 1977
- **president2**: Alfonso López Michelsen
- **predecessor2**: Álvaro Lloreda Caicedo
- **successor2**: Samuel Hoyos Arango
- **office3**: Minister of Labor of Colombia
- **term end3**: 23 April 1963
- **president3**: Guillermo León Valencia
- **predecessor3**: Juan Benavides Patron
- **successor3**: Castor Jaramillo Arrubla
- **birth place**: Amagá, Antioquia Department, Antioquia, Colombia
- **death place**: Bogotá, Colombia
- **nationality**: Colombian people, Colombian
- **party**: Colombian Conservative Party, Conservative
- **spouse**: Rosa Helena Álvarez Yepes <small>(1946–1998)</small>,
Dalia Rafaela Navarro Palmar <small>(2000–2018)</small>
- **alma mater**: Pontifical Bolivarian University <small></small>
- **profession**: Lawyer
Reginald Palmer

**Sir Reginald Oswald Palmer**, GCMG, (15 February 1923 – 23 May 2016) was the Governor-General of Grenada from 6 August 1992 to 8 August 1996.

Palmer retired from public service in 1980 and entered the private sector, serving two terms as President of the Grenada Employer's Federation.

He died in May 2016 at the age of 93.
Ioannis Grivas

**Ioannis Grivas** (; 23 February 1923 – 27 November 2016) was a Greek judge and politician. Grivas was the 87th Prime Minister of Greece. He served as a non-party interim Prime Minister.

Grivas was born in Kato Tithorea, Tithorea, Phthiotis in the region of Lokris. He studied at the University of Athens. Grivas died on 27 November 2016 in Athens, aged 93.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Ioannis Grivas
- **order**: List of Prime Ministers of Greece, 176th
- **office**: Prime Minister of Greece
- **president**: Christos Sartzetakis
- **term start**: 11 October 1989
- **predecessor**: Tzannis Tzannetakis
- **term end**: 23 November 1989
- **successor**: Xenophon Zolotas
- **birth place**: Tithorea, Greece
- **death date**: 27 November 2016 (aged 93)
- **death place**: Athens, Greece
- **nationality**: Greeks, Greek
Rafael Addiego Bruno

**Rafael Addiego Bruno** (February 23, 1923 – February 20, 2014) was a Uruguayan jurist and political figure. He was President of Uruguay from February to March 1985.

## Other websites

- Photo

## Infobox (president)

- **name**: Rafael Addiego
- **order**: 28° President of Uruguay, Constitutional President of Uruguay
- **term start**: February 12, 1985
- **term end**: March 1, 1985
- **predecessor**: Gregorio Álvarez
- **successor**: Julio María Sanguinetti
- **birth place**: Salto, Uruguay, Salto, Uruguay
- **death place**: Montevideo, Uruguay
- **party**: Civic Union (Uruguay), Unión Cívica
- **occupation**: Political, jurist
César Gaviria

**César Augusto Gaviria Trujillo** (; born 31 March 1947) is a Colombian economist and politician. He was the 28th President of Colombia from 1990 to 1994 under the Colombian Liberal Party.

Gaviria was born on 31 March 1947 in Pereira, Risaralda. He studied at the University of the Andes until 1969.

## Other websites

- César Gaviria biography

## Infobox (president)

- **name**: César Gaviria
- **image**: César Gaviria.jpg
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **caption**: César Gaviria
- **order**: 7th
- **office**: Secretary General of the Organization of American States
- **predecessor**: João Clemente Baena Soares
- **order2**: List of Presidents of Colombia, 28th
- **office2**: President of Colombia
- **predecessor2**: Virgilio Barco Vargas
- **successor2**: Ernesto Samper Pizano
- **office3**: Ministry of the Interior and Justice, Minister of Government of Colombia
- **term start3**: May 1987
- **term end3**: February 1989
- **president3**: Virgilio Barco Vargas
- **predecessor3**: Fernando Cepeda Ulloa
- **successor3**: Raúl Orejuela Bueno
- **office4**: Ministry of Finance and Public Credit, Minister of Finance and Public Credit of Colombia
- **term end4**: May 1987
- **president4**: Virgilio Barco Vargas
- **predecessor4**: Hugo Palacios Mejía
- **successor4**: Luis Fernando Alarcón Mantilla
- **office5**: Member of the Chamber of Representatives of Colombia
- **constituency5**: Risaralda Department
- **office6**: President of the Chamber of Representatives of Colombia
- **predecessor6**: Hernando Gómez Otálora
- **successor6**: Daniel Mazuera Gómez
- **birth place**: Pereira, Colombia
- **birth name**: César Augusto Gaviria Trujillo
- **nationality**: Colombian
- **party**: Colombian Liberal Party
- **alma mater**: University of the Andes, Colombia <small></small>
- **profession**: Economist
Aziz Ansari

**Aziz Ansari** (born  February 23, 1983) is an American actor and comedian. He is best known for his role as Tom Haverford on the NBC television program _Parks and Recreation_. He is also a movie actor, appearing in _Funny People_ (2009), _I Love You, Man_ (2009), _Observe and Report_ (2009), and _30 Minutes or Less_ (2011).

Ansari was born in Columbia, South Carolina. He is the son of an Indian Tamil Muslim family. He started acting after graduating from the New York University in 2004. He lives in Los Angeles, California and is an atheist.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Aziz Ansari
- **image**: 2025 Aziz Ansari (cropped).jpg
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **caption**: Ansari in 2025
- **birth place**: Columbia, South Carolina, United States, U.S.
- **alma mater**: New York University
- **occupation**: Actor, comedian
- **website**: http://azizansari.com/
- **years active**: 2004–present
Georgina Henry

**Georgina Clare Henry** (8 June 1960 – 7 February 2014) was a British journalist. She worked with _The Guardian_. She held several senior positions at the newspaper.

Henry was born in Aden, Yemen (then a British colony) on 8 June 1960. Henry was educated at Cranbrook School, Kent and King's College London where she read history. At King's College she met Ronan Bennett, subsequently a writer, who became her life-long partner.

Henry died on 7 February 2014 in London, England from eye cancer, aged 53.
Marty Plissner

**Martin Plissner** (1926 – February 6, 2014) was an American political commentator. He worked for CBS News from 1964 until his retirement in 1996. He first began his job during the United States presidential election, 1964 during Robert F. Kennedy's campaign. He was known for first using the phrase "too close to call".

Plissner was born in 1926 in Brooklyn, New York City. He studied at Yale University. Plissner served in the United States Navy during World War II. He was married to Susan Morrison until his death. They had two daughters. He had one son from a last marriage. Plissner lived in Washington, D.C..

Plissner died on February 6, 2014 in Washington, D.C. from lung cancer, aged 87.

## Other websites

- Warren Mitofsky Memorial Service by Marty Plissner
- Marty Plissner, longtime CBS News political director, dies at 87

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Marty Plissner
- **birth name**: Martin Plissner
- **birth date**: 1926
- **birth place**: Brooklyn, New York City, U.S.
- **death date**: February 6, 2014 (aged 87)
- **death place**: Washington, D.C., U.S.
- **occupation**: Political commentator
- **alma mater**: Yale University
- **employer**: CBS News
- **years active**: 1964-1996
- **spouse**: Susan Morrison (his death)
- **children**: 3
Kal Penn

**Kal Penn** (born **Kalpen Suresh Modi**; April 23, 1977) is an American actor, producer, and civil servant. He is best known for his role as Lawrence Kutner on the Fox television program _House_. He is also well known for appearing in the movies _Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle_ (2004), _Harold & Kumar Escape from Guantanamo Bay_ (2008), and _A Very Harold & Kumar 3D Christmas_ (2011).

Penn was born in Montclair, New Jersey. He is the son of an Indian family. He started acting after graduating from the University of California, Los Angeles in 1998. He lives in Los Angeles, California.

Penn was the Associate Director in the White House Office of Public Engagement for Barack Obama from 2009 through 2011.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **birthname**: Kalpen Suresh Modi
- **image**: Kal Penn 2010.jpg
- **imagesize**: 146px
- **caption**: Kal Penn in 2010
- **alt**: The photograph of Kal Penn
- **office1**: Associate Director in the White House Office of Public Engagement and Intergovernmental Affairs, White House Office of Public Engagement
- **term start1**: April 8, 2009
- **term end1**: July 2011
- **president1**: Barack Obama
- **birth place**: Montclair, New Jersey, U.S.
- **party**: Democratic Party (US), Democratic Party
- **alma mater**: University of California, Los Angeles
- **occupation**: Actor, film producer, civil servant
Armie Hammer

**Armand Douglas** "**Armie**" **Hammer** (born August 28, 1986) is an American actor. He is best known for his roles in movies, including _The Social Network_, _The Lone Ranger_ and _Cars 3_.

## Personal life

Hammer was born in Los Angeles. He is of Russian-Jewish, Danish, Swiss, Greek, Poland, Russian, English, Scottish, Scots-Irish and Cherokee origin. He took courses while at the University of California, Los Angeles. In a 2008 interview, Hammer stated, regarding his religious beliefs, "I have my own spiritual life, and I value it very much".

Hammer married television personality Elizabeth Chambers in May 2010. Their wedding was featured in the January 2011 issue of Town & Country. They were introduced by Hammer's friend, artist Tyler Ramsey. They have two children, including a daughter Harper (born 2014) and a son Ford (born 2017).

In January 2021, text messages which were said to be Hammer were shared by an anonymous person on Instagram. In the messages, the person talks about different sexual fetishes they have. Hammer denied it was him. A woman said that Hammer had raped her in April 2017. Hammer has denied these as well. Hammer's legal team said she is lying. The woman was later dropped by her attorney Gloria Allred for not signing a perjury declaration.

The accusations affected his career and led him either dropping out of or being dropped from many movies. The Los Angeles District Attorney and LAPD said that Hammer won't be charged.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Armie Hammer
- **image**: Armie Hammer Final Portrait Red Carpet Berlinale 2017.jpg
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **caption**: Hammer on the red carpet for the premiere of _Final Portrait_ at the 67th Berlin International Film Festival, Berlinale in 2017
- **birth name**: Armand Douglas Hammer
- **birth place**: Los Angeles, California, U.S.
- **alma mater**: University of California, Los Angeles
- **occupation**: Actor
- **children**: 2
- **relatives**: Michael Armand Hammer (father)
Julian Hammer (grandfather)
Armand Hammer (great-grandfather)
Julius Hammer (great-great-grandfather)
- **website**: http://armie-hammer.org/
- **years active**: 2004-present
Amber Coffman

**Amber Dawn Coffman** (born June 15, 1984 in Austin, Texas) is an American singer and guitarist. Between 2005 and 2007, she was member of instrumental band Sleeping People. In 2007, she joined Dirty Projectors and released three studio albums with this band. She also worked together with Rusko ("Hold On"), J. Cole ("She Knows"), Major Lazer ("Get Free") and Snoop Lion ("No Regrets"). Since 2013 she has worked on her first solo album. Her debut solo album _City of No Reply_ was released in June 2017.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **image**: Amber Coffman of Dirty Projectors in 2013.jpg
- **caption**: Amber Coffman (2013)
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Amber Dawn Coffman
- **birth place**: Austin, Texas, United States
- **genre**: Alternative rock, indie rock, experimental rock
- **occupation**: Musician
- **instrument**: Guitar, vocals
- **years active**: 2005–present
- **associated acts**: Dirty Projectors, Sleeping People
Tuusula

**Tuusula** is a town in Finland. It is in the province of Southern Finland and is part of the Uusimaa. Neighbouring municipalities are Vantaa, Nurmijärvi, Hyvinkää, Sipoo, Järvenpää and Kerava.

## Other websites

- Homepage
Norman Schwarzkopf Jr.

**Herbert Norman Schwarzkopf, Jr.** (; August 22, 1934 – December 27, 2012), better known as **Norman Schwarzkopf, Jr.**, was a United States Army general who was the commander of the U.S. Central Command and the coalition forces in the Gulf War.

He was born in Trenton, New Jersey, the son of Ruth Alice (née Bowman) and Norman Schwarzkopf, Sr., both Americans of German origin. Schwarzkopf died from pneumonia on December 27, 2012, aged 78, in Tampa, Florida.
Kivijärvi

**Kivijärvi** is a municipality in Central Finland. The municipalities next to it are Kannonkoski, Karstula, Kannonkoski, Kinnula, Kyyjärvi, Perho and Viitasaari.

## Villages

Kirkonkylä, Tiironkylä, Heitjärvi, Penttilänkylä, Sompala, Lahdenperä, Risuperä, Hoikanperä, Puralankylä, Talviaislahti and Lokakylä.

## Other websites

- The official Kivijärvi page
Ii, Finland

**Ii** is a municipality in Northern Ostrobothnia, Finland. The municipalities next to it are Oulu, Pudasjärvi, Ranua and Simo.

## History

In 1749, there were 2378 people living in Ii.

Ii was merged with Kuivaniemi in 2007.

## Other websites

- Ii pages
Uusimaa

**Uusimaa** (or _Uudenmaan maakunta_) is a region in southern Finland. It is located next to Gulf of Finland.  Neighbouring regions are Southwest Finland, Kanta-Häme, Päijänne Tavastia and Kymenlaakso.

The historical province of Uusimaa covered a larger area than modern Uusimaa.

A very large number of people in Finland live in Uusimaa. As of 31 November 2013, there were over 1,500,000. Uusimaa is only 3% of the total area of Finland.

## Nature

The ground is bedrock, granite and gneiss.

## Other websites

- Uudenmaan liitto
Pirkanmaa

**Pirkanmaa** is a region in western Finland. As of 2013 population was about 500,000. Neighbouring regions are: Southwest Finland, Satakunta, Kanta-Häme, Päijänne Tavastia, Southern Ostrobothnia and Central Finland

## Municipalities

- Akaa
- Hämeenkyrö
- Ikaalinen
- Juupajoki
- Kangasala
- Kihniö
- Lempäälä
- Vilppula
- Nokia
- Orivesi
- Parkano
- Pirkkala
- Punkalaidun
- Pälkäne
- Ruovesi
- Sastamala
- Tampere
- Urjala
- Valkeakoski
- Vesilahti
- Virrat
- Ylöjärvi

## Other websites

- Pirkanmaan liitto
Martha Chase

**Martha Cowles Chase** (November 30, 1927 – August 8, 2003), also known as **Martha C. Epstein**, was an American geneticist known for having experimentally showed in 1952 (with Alfred Hershey) that DNA rather than protein is the genetic material of life.

## Early Life and Education

Chase was born in 1927 in Cleveland, Ohio. In 1950 she received her bachelor's degree from the College of Wooster. In 1964 Chase received her PhD from the University of Southern California.

## Research and Later Life

In 1952 Chase was a young laboratory assistant to American bacteriophage expert Alfred Hershey at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory at the Carnegie Institution for Science. This was where the well-known Hershey-Chase experiment was performed. The experiment , otherwise known as the 'blender experiment' showed that it was DNA, and not protein, that was the genetic material through which traits were inherited.

A series of personal setbacks through the 1960s ended Chase's career in science. She spent decades suffering from a form of dementia that affected her short-term memory. She died of pneumonia on August 8, 2003, at the age of 75.

## Key paper

- Hershey, A. D. and Martha Chase. "Independent Functions of Viral Protein and Nucleic Acid in Growth of Bacteriophage." J. Gen. Physiol., 36 (1): 39-56. September 20, 1952.

## Other websites

- Linus Pauling and the race for DNA: Martha Chase
- Dawson, Milly. _Martha Chase Dies._  Genome Biology

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Martha Cowles Chase
- **image**: Martha Chase.jpg
- **birth place**: Cleveland Heights, Ohio, USA
- **death place**: Lorain, Ohio, USA
- **citizenship**: USA, United States
- **nationality**: USA, American
- **fields**: Genetics
- **alma mater**: College of Wooster, University of Southern California
John Enderby

**Sir John Edwin Enderby** (16 January 1931 – 3 August 2021) was a British physicist. From 1976 to 1996 he was professor of physics at the University of Bristol. From 2004-2006 he was the president of the Institute of Physics. In 2004 he received a knighthood for services to science.

He was elected a member of the Academia Europaea in 1989.

Enderby died on 3 August 2021, aged 90.
2014 Football League Cup Final

The **2014 Football League Cup Final** was a football match. It took place on 2 March 2014 at Wembley Stadium, London. It was the last match of the 2013–14 Football League Cup.

The final was played between Premier League clubs, Manchester City and Sunderland. This was Manchester City's fourth League Cup final. It was their sixth Wembley visit since 2011. This was Sunderland's second League Cup final. It was their first visit to Wembley since 1998.
Kemijärvi

**Kemijärvi** is a city in Lapland in northestern Finland. The municipalities next to it are Pelkosenniemi, Salla, Posio and Rovaniemi.
Lake Kemijärvi is in Kemijärvi.

## Other websites

- Kemijärvi pages
Salla

**Salla**, (name was _Kuolajärvi_ to 1936) is a municipality in Finnish Lapland, Finland. The municipalities next to it are Kemijärvi, Kuusamo, Pelkosenniemi, Posio and Savukoski. Oulanka National Park is in the areas of Salla and Kuusamo.

## Villages

Aatsinki, Aholanvaara, Ahvenselkä, Hautajärvi, Hietajärvi, Hirvasvaara, Isohalme, Kallunki, Kelloselkä, (Märkäjärvi), Kotala, Koutelo, Kursu, Käsmä, Naruska, Niemelä, Oulanka, Onkamo, Pahkakumpu, Paloperä, Saija, Salmivaara, Selkälä, Tuohikylä, Vallovaara, Varvikko, Vittikko.

## Other websites

- Salla pages
Saarijärvi

**Saarijärvi** is a city in central Finland. The municipalities next to it are Kannonkoski, Karstula, Multia, Soini, Uurainen, Ähtäri and Äänekoski.

## History

Saarijärvi has been a city since 1986. However, there have been people living here for 6,000 years. In 1749, _Vanha Saarijärvi_ had populatoin of 1,380. Its population was the largest in 1870 when there were 14,000 living there.

The neighboring municipality of Pylkönmäki was merged with Saarijärvi in 2009.

## References

Tilastokeskus reference, Finnish

## Other websites

- Saarijärvi pages
Ähtäri

**Ähtäri** is a city in Finland. Nearby municipalities are Alajärvi, Alavus, Keuruu, Multia, Saarijärvi, Soini and Virrat.
Division of Riverina-Darling

The **Division of Riverina-Darling** was an Australian Electoral Division for the Australian House of Representatives in the state of New South Wales.
The division was created in 1984. It was abolished in 1993. It was named for the region of Riverina and the Darling River. It was located in the towns of Broken Hill, Griffith, Hay and Narrandera. The Division of Watson (1934–69) replaced it when it was abolished.

## Members

|Member|Party|Term|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|||Noel Hicks|National|1984–1993|

## Infobox (australian electorate)

- **federal**: yes
- **name**: Riverina-Darling
- **state**: nsw
- **created**: 1984
- **abolished**: 1993
- **namesake**: Riverina, Darling River
Gomphotherium

***Gomphotherium*** is an extinct genus of proboscid which evolved in the lower Miocene of North America. It survived from 13.651.7 million years ago (mya).

They spread to Asia, Europe and Africa after a drop in sea level allowed them to cross over. It survived into the Pliocene, and its remains have been found in Chile, china, France, Germany, Austria, Kansas, Tennessee, Pakistan, Kenya and Bosnia and Herzegovina.

_Gomphotherium_ stood around  high with an estimated weight of 4-5 tons, and looked similar to a modern elephant. However, it had four tusks; two on the upper jaw and two on the long lower jaw. _Gomphotherium_ lived in dry wooded regions near lakes.

## Feeding method

The lower tusks are parallel and shaped like a shovel. They may have been used to dig up food from mud. The female or male genders of these animals probably lived in swamps or near lakes, using their tusks to dig or scrape up aquatic vegetation.

However, wear patterns on the teeth of its relative _Platybelodon_ suggest that it used its lower tusks to strip bark from trees, and may have used the sharp incisors that formed the edge of the "shovel" more like a modern-day scythe, grasping branches with its trunk and rubbing them against the lower teeth to cut it from a tree.

Unlike modern elephants, the upper tusks were covered by a layer of enamel. Compared to elephants, the skull was more elongated and low, indicating that the animal had a short trunk, rather like a tapir's. In comparison to earlier proboscids, _Gomphotherium_ had fewer molars; the remaining ones had high ridges to expand their grinding surface.
Kanta-Häme

**Kanta-Häme** is a region in Finland. Kanta-Häme has many features that are similar to the Finnish Lakelands. Neighbouring regions are Uusimaa, Päijänne Tavastia, Pirkanmaa and Southwest Finland.

## Nature

Torronsuo National Park and Liesjärvi National Park are both located in Kanta-Häme, near Tammela.

## Municipalities

Cities marked bold:
- **Forssa**
- Hattula
- Hausjärvi
- Humppila
- **Hämeenlinna**
- Janakkala
- Jokioinen
- Loppi
- **Riihimäki**
- Tammela
- Ypäjä

## Traditional food

- Lammin sahti
- Mämmi

## Other websites

- Hämeen liitto
Cindy Birdsong

**Cynthia Ann "Cindy" Birdsong** (born December 15, 1939) is an American singer, most famous for singing with the legendary soul groups The Supremes and Patti LaBelle & the Bluebelles.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Cindy Birdsong
- **background**: solo_singer
- **image**: The Supremes 1967.JPG
- **caption**: Birdsong at right with Mary Wilson and Diana Ross, 1967.
- **origin**: Mount Holly Township, New Jersey, United States, U.S.
- **instrument**: singing, Vocals
- **associated acts**: Labelle, Patti LaBelle & the Bluebelles, The Supremes, Diana Ross, Mary Wilson (singer), Mary Wilson, Jean Terrell, Scherrie Payne, The Temptations, Four Tops, Patti LaBelle, Nona Hendryx, Sarah Dash
- **occupation**: Singing, singer–songwriter, composer
- **birth name**: Cynthia Ann Birdsong
- **years active**: 1960–1976
1987–present
- **genre**: Rhythm and blues, R&B, Soul music, soul, Pop music, pop, quiet storm
- **label**: Newtown Records (1962–1964)
Cameo-Parkway Records (1964–1965)
Atlantic Records, Atlantic (1965–1967)
Motown (1967–1976)
Hi-Hat Records (1987–1992)
Arke (mythology)

In Greek mythology, **Arke** is the daughter of Thaumas. Her sister is Iris, the rainbow goddess. Arke and her sister Iris had wings and were the messengers of the Olympian gods. When the gods were fighting the Titans, Arke betrayed the gods and joined the Titans against them. When the Olympians won, Zeus took Arke's wings and cast her into Tartarus. Arke's wings were later given to Thetis as a gift on her wedding day. Thetis later gave them to her son Achilles. She tied them to his ankles. which is where his surname Podarces (literally "swift-footed") came from.
Tammela, Finland

**Tammela** is a municipality in Kanta-Häme, Finland. The municipalities next to it are Forssa, Hämeenlinna, Jokioinen, Karkkila, Lohja, Loppi, Somero and Urjala.

## Nature

Torronsuo National Park and Liesjärvi National Park are both located in Tammela.

## Other websites

- Tammela pages
Hausjärvi

**Hausjärvi** is a municipality in Kanta-Häme, Finland. The municipalities next to it are Hyvinkää, Hämeenlinna, Hämeenkoski, Janakkala, Kärkölä, Mäntsälä and Riihimäki.

## Other websites

- Official website of the municipality of Hausjärvi
Itä-Häme

**Itä-Häme** is the eastern part of the historical province Tavastia in Finland.

Municipalities in this area are: Heinola, Hartola, Sysmä, Joutsa, Luhanka and Pertunmaa.

## Related pages

- Itä-Häme (newspaper), published in Heinola.
Atlanta Rhythm Section

The **Atlanta Rhythm Section** (or **ARS**) was an American southern rock and popular music group. ARS was formed from 1970–74. The members originally were from Doraville, northeast of Atlanta, Georgia. Their hit songs include "So into You", "Champagne Jam" and "Neon Nites".

Several people within this music band have died throughout the years. Robert L. Nix died May 20, 2012 because of diabetes and multiple myeloma at age 67. The group split up shortly after 1981. They reunited from time to time to do tours.

## Albums

- Atlanta Rhythm Section (1972)
- Back Up Against the Wall (1973)
- Third Annual Pipe Dream (1974)
- Dog Days (1975)
- Red Tape (1976)
- A Rock and Roll Alternative (1976)
- Champagne Jam (1978)
- Underdog (1979)
- Are You Ready (1979)
- The Boys from Doraville (1980)
- Quinella (1981)
- Truth in a Structured Form (1989)
- Partly Plugged (1997)
- Eufaula (1999)
- With All Due Respect (2011)
Colman, South Dakota

**Colman** is a city in the eastern part of the U.S. state of South Dakota. It is located in Moody County, and 634 people lived there at the 2020 census. Colman was founded in 1880. It is also known as Sankey.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Colman, South Dakota
- **settlement type**: City
- **image map**: Moody_County_South_Dakota_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Colman_Highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location in Moody County, South Dakota, Moody County and the state of South Dakota
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: South Dakota
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in South Dakota, County
- **subdivision name2**: Moody County, South Dakota, Moody
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **established title**: Founded
- **established date**: 1880
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 4.88
- **area land km2**: 4.88
- **area water km2**: 0.00
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 634
- **population density km2**: 129.94
- **timezone**: Central Standard Time, CST
- **utc offset**: -6
- **timezone dst**: Central Daylight Time, CDT
- **utc offset dst**: -5
- **elevation ft**: 1700
- **postal code type**: ZIP Code
- **postal code**: 57017
- **area code**: Area code 605, 605
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 46-13220
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 1267332
- **area total sq mi**: 1.88
- **area land sq mi**: 1.88
- **area water sq mi**: 0.00
- **population density sq mi**: 336.52
Twista

**Carl Terrell Mitchell** (born November 27, 1973), better known as **Twista** (formerly Tung Twista), is an American rapper and record producer. He released his first album (under Tung Twista), _Runnin' Off at da Mouth_, in 1992. In the same year, he was named the world's fastest rapper in the Guinness Book of World Records. He was dropped by the recording label Loud Records after his first album did not sell well. Twista released an his second album _Resurrection_, also under Tung Twista. _Resurrection_ shares its name with fellow Chicago rapper Common's second album. In 1996, he collaborated with fellow Chicago hip hop group Do or Die on the track "Po Pimp". Twista then dropped the word "Tung" from his stage name after the release he signed with Atlantic Records which released third album _Adrenaline Rush_ in 1997. He had his first number one single, "Slow Jamz", in 2003. "Slow Jamz" was from Twista's fourth album, _Kamikaze_. The single was also featured on fellow Chicago rapper Kanye West's first album _The College Dropout_.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Twista
- **image**: Twista 101109 photoby Adam-Bielawski.jpg
- **caption**: Twista at WGCI-FM, WGCI radio station in Chicago, 2010
- **years active**: 1989–present
Division of Dickson

The **Division of Dickson** is an Australian Electoral Division in Queensland, Australia. It was set up in 1992 and is named after Sir James Dickson, a supporter of the Australian Federation, the Premier of Queensland and Minister for Defence in the first Australian government. It covers the outer north-western suburbs of Brisbane, including Albany Creek, Arana Hills, Bray Park, Brendale, Cashmere, Dayboro, Eatons Hill, Everton Hills, Ferny Hills, Joyner, Kallangur, Lawnton, Mount Glorious, Mount Nebo, Petrie, Samford Valley, Strathpine, and Warner.

## 1993 Election

There was an unusual circumstance at the 1993 election. One of the candidates, an independent, died very shortly before the election. Because of this another election had to be called for the division a month later than the general election. The Labor Party won the election, and Prime Minister Paul Keating selected his new ministers on 27 March. He did not include an Attorney-General, keeping the position open for Michael Lavarch. Lavarch won the division, and was appointed to the ministry on 27 April.

## Members

|Member|Party|Term||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|||Michael Lavarch|Labor|1993–1996||
|||rowspan="2"|Tony Smith|Liberal|1996–1998|
|||Independent|1998–1998|||
|||Cheryl Kernot|Labor|1998–2001||
|||rowspan="2"|Peter Dutton|Liberal|2001–2010|
|||Liberal National|2010–2025|||
|||Ali France|Labor|2025–present||

Michael Lavarch had previously had been member for the Division of Fisher. He was Attorney-General in the Keating Government. Tony Smith did not receive Liberal Party support for the upcoming 1998 election, and so become an independent. Cheryl Kernot had been a member of the Australian Senate and leader of the Australian Democrats. She resigned, joined the Labor Party and won the division in 1998. Peter Dutton was a minister in the Howard Government and Minister for Health and Minister for Sport in the Abbott Government.

## Other websites

- Division of Dickson (Qld) — Australian Electoral Commission
- Peter Dutton's website

## Infobox (australian electorate)

- **federal**: yes
- **name**: Dickson
- **caption**: Interactive map of boundaries
- **created**: 1992
- **mp**: Ali France
- **mp-party**: Queensland Labor Party, Labor
- **namesake**: James Dickson (Queensland politician), James Dickson
- **electors**: 94,376 (2013)
- **area**: 722
- **class**: Outer Metropolitan
Shlomo Argov

**Shlomo Argov**, Hebrew: שלמה ארגוב , (December 14, 1929 – February 23, 2003) was a well-known Israeli diplomat. He was the Israeli ambassador to the United Kingdom. On 3 June, 1982 three Palestinians tried to kill Shlomo Argov. This was a cause of the 1982 Lebanon War.

## Early life and education

Argov was born in Jerusalem in 1929. His family had lived in Jerusalem for seven generations. As a teenager, he joined the Palmach, the elite force of the Haganah. During the 1947-1948 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine, he was wounded in the Battle of Safed. When Israel was established and the 1948 Arab-Israeli War began, Argov joined the Israel Defense Forces (IDF).

In 1950, he completed his military service and went to the United States to study. In 1952 he received a Bachelor of Arts in political science from Georgetown University. While studying, he worked part-time at the Israeli Embassy. In this time he met his future wife Hava. Afterwards, he went to study in the United Kingdom. In 1955 he received a Master of Arts in international relations from the London School of Economics.

## Personal life

Argov had three children with his wife Hava: son Gideon and daughters Yehudit and Edna. Hava died in May 2002.

## Attempted assassination

On 3 June 1982, three men, Hussein Ghassan Said, Marwan al-Banna, and Nawaf al-Rosan came close to Argov when he got into his car after a party at the Dorchester Hotel, in Park Lane, London. There is another report that says that four men were coming close to Shlomo Argov. Said shot Argov in the head. Argov was not killed, but he was badly injured. He was taken to the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery very rapidly, and he was taken to a specialist unit and the surgeons did an emergency brain surgery on him . He remained in a coma for three months. Argov was the second of two Israeli diplomats who were attacked in just a month. This was given as the reason for Israel attacking Lebanon in 1982.

## Later life

Argov recovered from his coma and was returned to Israel. There, he was placed in Hadassah Hospital in Jerusalem as a permanent patient. Though he could not move, he could clearly understand what was going on around him.

## Death

Argov died at Hadassah Hospital in 2003 aged 73 from the injuries in the attack. He had been paralysed and was placed in permanent hospital care for 21 years.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Shlomo Argov
- **birth date**: 14 December 1929
- **birth place**: Jerusalem, British Mandate of Palestine
- **death date**: 23 February 2003 (aged 73)
- **death place**: Jerusalem, Israel
- **occupation**: Diplomat
- **spouse**: Hava
- **children**: Gideon, Yehudit and Edna