juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Gustavo Endres

**Gustavo Endres** (born August 23, 1975 in Passo Fundo, Brazil) is a retired Brazilian volleyball player.

Endres played for Brazil's men's national volleyball team in 1997-2008.  The team won the gold medal at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece. The team won the silver medal at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China.

Endres was also a member of the 2002 and 2006 World Championship teams.  He won several medals in the World League, South American Championship, World Cup and the Grand Champions Cup.

## Other websites

- LegaVolley profile

## Infobox (sportsperson)

- **name**: Gustavo Endres
- **fullname**: Gustavo Endres
- **nationality**: Brazil, Brazilian
- **birth place**: Passo Fundo, Brazil
- **position**: Middle blocker
- **currentnumber**: 13
- **nationalyears**: 1997-2008
- **updated**: January 9, 2015
- **currentcoachteam**: Associação dos Pais e Amigos do Vôlei, APAV Canoas
- **years**: 2001-2003
2003-2004
2004-2009
2009-2011
2011-2012
2012-
- **clubs**: 4Torri Ferrara Volley
 Andreoli Latina
 Sisley Treviso
 EC Pinheiros (men's volleyball), EC Pinheiros
 Floripa Esporte Clube
 Associação dos Pais e Amigos do Vôlei, APAV Canoas
Gilberto Amauri de Godoy Filho

**Gilberto Amauri de Godoy Filho** (born 23 December 1976 in Londrina) is a retired Brazilian professional volleyball player. He is usually known as known as **Giba**. He played as an outside hitter.

## Career

For much of the 2000s, he was widely regarded as one of the best volleyball players in the world. During his professional career he played in Brazil, Italy, Russia, Argentina and briefly in the United Arab Emirates. He is mostly remembered for his successes with the Brazilian national team.

With the national team he won a total of 8 South American Championships, 3 America's Cups, 8 World League titles, 2 World Grand Champions Cups, three World Championships (2002, 2006, 2010) and the gold medal at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, the silver medal at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing and the silver medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, where he was the non-playing captain.

During summer 2014, Giba retired from professional volleyball at the age of 37.

## Other websites

- Site non officiel
- Blog do Giba

## Infobox (sportsperson)

- **name**: Gilberto Amauri de Godoy Filho
- **image**: Giba.JPG
- **caption**: Gilberto Amauri de Godoy Filho
- **occupation**: Volleyball player
Cicero, Indiana

**Cicero** is a town in the state of Indiana, in the United States. As of the 2020 census, the population was 5,301.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Cicero, Indiana
- **settlement type**: Town
- **mapsize**: 250x200px
- **image skyline**: Downtown Cicero Indiana.jpg
- **image caption**: Cicero has grown around the north end of the Morse Reservoir
- **image map**: File:Hamilton County Indiana Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Cicero Highlighted 1812628.svg
- **map caption**: Location of Cicero in Hamilton County, Indiana.
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: Indiana
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Indiana, County
- **subdivision name2**: Hamilton County, Indiana, Hamilton
- **subdivision type3**: List of townships in Indiana, Township
- **subdivision name3**: Jackson Township, Hamilton County, Indiana, Jackson
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 5301
- **population density sq mi**: 3254.14
- **population density km2**: 1256.60
- **timezone**: North American Eastern Time Zone, EST
- **utc offset**: -5
- **timezone dst**: North American Eastern Time Zone, EST
- **utc offset dst**: -5
- **area land km2**: 4.22
- **area water km2**: 1.07
- **area total km2**: 5.29
- **area total sq mi**: 2.04
- **area land sq mi**: 1.63
- **area water sq mi**: 0.41
- **elevation ft**: 810
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 46034
- **area code**: Area code 317, 317
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 18-12628
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 2396646
- **website**: http://www.ciceroin.org
- **unit pref**: Imperial
Ashton Carter

**Ashton Baldwin** "**Ash**" **Carter** (September 24, 1954 – October 24, 2022) was an American politician, military civillian official and academic. He was the United States Secretary of Defense from 2015 to 2017. He is also a physicist and a former Harvard University professor of Science and International Affairs. He was nominated by President Barack Obama, and confirmed by the Senate by a vote of 93–5, to replace Chuck Hagel as the US Secretary of Defense.

Carter died from a heart attack at his home in Boston, Massachusetts on October 24, 2022, one month after his 68th birthday.

## Other websites

- Preventive Defense Project
- Ashton B. Carter  expert profile at the Belfer Center of Harvard University
- Collected columns at _Foreign Affairs_ magazine
- Department of Defense biography

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Ash Carter
- **office**: 25th United States Secretary of Defense
- **image**: Ash Carter DOD Secretary Portrait.jpg
- **deputy**: Robert O. Work, Robert Work
- **predecessor**: Chuck Hagel
- **president**: Barack Obama
- **successor**: James Mattis
- **office2**: Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology and Logistics, Undersecretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology and Logistics
- **predecessor2**: John J. Young, Jr., John Young
- **president2**: Barack Obama
- **successor2**: Frank Kendall III, Frank Kendall
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
- **office1**: United States Deputy Secretary of Defense
- **predecessor1**: William J. Lynn III, William Lynn
- **president1**: Barack Obama
- **successor1**: Christine Fox
- **birth name**: Ashton Baldwin Carter
- **birth place**: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
- **death place**: Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.
- **spouse**: Clayton Spencer
Stephanie DeLeeuw
- **relations**: Cynthia DeFelice
- **children**: 2
- **alma mater**: Yale University
St John's College, Oxford
- **term start**: February 17, 2015
- **term end**: January 20, 2017
- **term start1**: October 6, 2011
- **term end1**: December 3, 2013
- **term start2**: April 27, 2009
- **term end2**: October 5, 2011
- **office3**: Assistant Secretary of Defense for Global Strategic Affairs
- **president3**: Bill Clinton
- **term start3**: June 30, 1993
- **term end3**: September 14, 1996
- **predecessor3**: Stephen Hadley
- **successor3**: Jack Dyer Crouch II, Jack Crouch
William McIlvanney

**William McIlvanney** (25 November 1936 – 5 December 2015) was a Scottish novelist, short story writer, and poet.  McIlvanney was known for his works _Laidlaw_, _The Papers of Tony Veitch_, and _Walking Wounded_. They are all known for their portrayal of Glasgow in the 1970s. He is thought to be as "the father of 'Tartan Noir’" and Scotland's Camus.

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: William Angus McIlvanney
- **image**: William McIlvanney at the Edinburgh International Book Festival 2013.jpg
- **caption**: William McIlvanney at the Edinburgh International Book Festival 2013
- **birth date**: 25 November 1936
- **birth place**: Kilmarnock, Scotland
- **death date**: 5 December 2015 (aged 79)
- **death place**: Glasgow, Scotland
- **education**: University of Glasgow
- **notableworks**: _Docherty (novel), Docherty_ (1975), _Laidlaw (novel), Laidlaw_ (1977), _Strange Loyalties_ (1991)
Marília Pêra

**Marília Pêra** (22 January 1943 – 5 December 2015) was a Brazilian actress. She was called "one of the decade's [1980s] ten best actresses" by Pauline Kael.

Pêra won the National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Actress in 1982 for her role in Hector Babenco's famous movie _Pixote_. She received the Best Actress awards at the Gramado Film Festival (Triple Award Winner) and at the Cartegena Film Festival for Carlos Diegues' _Better Days Ahead_. Her other movies include _Bar Esperanza_,  _Angels of the Night_, and Diegues' _Tieta_.

Abel Pêra, also an actor from Brazil, was her uncle.

Pêra died in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil from lung cancer, aged 72.
Pauline Kael

**Pauline Kael** (; June 19, 1919 – September 3, 2001) was an American movie critic who wrote for _The New Yorker_ magazine from 1968 to 1991. Earlier in her career, her work appeared in _City Lights_, _McCall's_ and _The New Republic_.

Kael was known for her "witty, biting, highly opinionated, and sharply focused" reviews. Legendary critic Roger Ebert said that Kael "had a more positive influence on the climate for film in America than any other single person over the last three decades".

Kael was born in Petaluma, California. She studied at the University of California, Berkeley. Kael died in Great Barrington, Massachusetts from Parkinson's disease at the age of 82.

## Other websites

- Pauline Kael Archives , a collection of articles and commentary about Kael
- The Pearls of Pauline from Brights Lights Film Journal
- Interview magazine q&a  Pauline Kael interviewed by Polly Frost and Ray Sawhill
Quinnipiac University

**Quinnipiac University**  is a private, nonsectarian, coeducational university. It is in Hamden, Connecticut, United States.

The university grants undergraduate, graduate, and professional degrees through its College of Arts and Sciences; School of Business and Engineering; School of Communications; School of Health Sciences; School of Law; School of Medicine; School of Nursing and School of Education. Quinnipiac is home to the Quinnipiac University Polling Institute.

## Other websites

- Official website
- Official Athletics website
- Official QU Online website
Hamden, Connecticut

**Hamden** is a town in New Haven County, Connecticut, United States. The town's nickname is "The Land of the Sleeping Giant."  The population was 61,169 at the 2020 census. Hamden is a suburb of the city of New Haven.
Siddhi Savetsila

**Siddhi Savetsila** (, , , 7 January 1919 – 5 December 2015) was a Thai air force officer and politician. He served as the foreign minister of Thailand from 1980 to 1990. He was the Deputy Prime Minister of Thailand serving from January through August 1986. He has been a member of the Privy Council of King Bhumibol Adulyadej.

Savetsila died at the age of 96 in Bangkok on 5 December 2015.

## Infobox (politician)

- **honorific-suffix**: Order of Chula Chom Klao, PChW Order of the White Elephant, MPCh Order of the Crown of Thailand, MWM
- **name**: Siddhi Savetsila
- **birth place**: Bangkok, Thailand
- **death place**: Bangkok, Thailand
- **image**: Siddhi Savetsila (1980).jpg
- **caption**: Siddhi Savetsila (1980)
- **office**: Prime Minister of Thailand, Deputy Prime Minister of Thailand
- **primeminister**: Prem Tinsulanonda
- **term start**: 15 January 1986
- **term end**: 5 August 1986
- **office1**: Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Thailand), Minister of Foreign Affairs
- **term start1**: 11 February 1980
- **term end1**: 26 August 1990
- **primeminister1**: Kriangsak Chamanan
 Prem Tinsulanonda
 Chatichai Choonhavan
- **predecessor1**: Upadit Pachariyangkun
- **successor1**: Subin Pinkayan
- **office2**: Minister to the Office of the Prime Minister (Thailand), Office of the Prime Minister
- **primeminister2**: Kriangsak Chamanan
- **term start2**: 24 May 1979
- **term end2**: 11 February 1980
- **party**: Social Action Party (1983–1990)
- **otherparty**: Free Thai Movement
- **occupation**: Politician
Diplomat
Royal Thai Air Force, Air Force Officer
- **rank**: Air Chief Marshal
VDC Lt.Col.
- **branch**:  Royal Thai Air Force
Volunteer Defense Corps (Thailand), Volunteer Defense Corps
- **battles**: Pacific War
- **signature**: Sithi Sawetsila signature.png
Mohel

A ***mohel*** is a person who circumcises Jewish baby boys eight days after they are born. This is a practice of Jewish law (_Halakha_).

## Procedure

A knife is traditionally used for this, but a clamp is now sometimes used instead. In Orthodox Judaism the mohel is male. However, some more progressive types of Judaism allow women to serve as a mohel.

## Event

The event of the circumcision is called a _Brit milah_, sometimes pronounced _bris_ especially by Jews of European heritage whose ancestors spoke Yiddish. The mohel says prayers with the infant's family and guests, to welcome the baby boy into the Jewish religion.
Farina, South Australia

**Farina** is a ghost town in South Australia. It is on the edge of the desert, with an unpredictable annual rainfall of 163.6 mm. It was a farming and railway town, part of the Ghan railway, 26 km north of Lyndhurst and 55 km south of Marree. In 2006 there were 55 people living near Farina.

Before 1878 Farina was called **The Gums** or **Government Gums**, It was an important waterhole in a dry desert. Farina was settled in 1878 by farmers who thought that if they ploughed the land and planted crops it would rain. It was named Farina after the Latin word for flour. The town was the railhead until 1884 when the railway reached Marree. During the wet years of the 1880s, plans were laid out for a town with 432 ¼-acre blocks. It was believed that it would be good for growing wheat and barley, however normal rainfall is not enough to grow these crops. Several silver and copper mines were dug in the surrounding area.

Farina grew to 600 people in the late 1800s.  The town had two hotels (the Transcontinental and the Exchange) and an underground bakery, a bank, two breweries, a general store, an Anglican church, five blacksmiths, a school and a brothel. In 1909, a 1143 kg iron meteorite was discovered north-east of the town.

Today all that is left are stone ruins and the elevated railway water tank. The post office closed in the 1960s and the railway line closed in the 1980s.

No one lives in the town, the closest people live at Farina station, a farm, west of the town.  A bush camping area has been set up by the owners of Farina station.

Volunteers have repaired the bakery and put up information signs.

## Cemeteries

The town's cemetery is a few kilometres from the town. It has an Afghan corner with several headstones, some with both English and Arabic writing. These mark the graves of former Farina residents of Afghan origin who were part of the Afghan camel trains which used to provide transport services before the railway. All the gravestones face Mecca in the Islamic tradition.

## References

- _Postcards_ television show about South Australia

## Other websites

- Bureau of Meteorology Farina statistics
- Farina: Ruined Ghost Town - Oodnadatta Track, South Australia
- MSN Map
- Volunteers bring ghost town back to life
- Farina Restoration Group website

## Infobox (australian place)

- **type**: town
- **name**: Farina
- **state**: sa
- **image**: File:Farina_sign.jpg
- **caption**: Farina Sign
- **postcode**: 5733
- **pop**: 55
- **est**: 1878
- **maxtemp**: 27.0
- **mintemp**: 12.4
- **rainfall**: 163.9
- **lga**: Outback Communities Authority
- **stategov**: Electoral district of Stuart, Stuart
- **fedgov**: Division of Grey, Grey
- **dist1**: 55
- **dir1**: S
- **location1**: Marree, South Australia, Marree
- **near-n**: Farina Station
- **near-ne**: Farina Station
- **near-e**: Farina Station
- **near-se**: Farina Station
- **near-s**: Farina Station, South Australia, Farina Station
- **near-sw**: Farina Station
- **near-w**: Farina Station
- **near-nw**: Farina Station
- **near**: Farina
- **footnotes**: Climate
Adjoining localities
Abortion in Azerbaijan

**Abortion in Azerbaijan** is legal upon request within the first twenty-eight weeks of pregnancy.

After twenty-eight weeks, it is legal when:
- The abortion will save the woman's life or preserve her health;
- The father died during the pregnancy;
- Either parent was imprisoned;
- The pregnancy is a result of rape or incest;
- There is a disability in the family; or
- The parents have divorced.

Additionally, a physician may approve any other reason to carry out an abortion.
Onomatopoeia

An **onomatopoeia** is a word that sounds like the sound it means: words that imitate particular sounds.

Examples:
- buzz -- the sound bees make
- arf, ruff, woof, bark -- sounds that dogs make
- cuckoo -- the bird's name is its call
- zip, zipper -- the sound it makes
- meow -- the sound that cat makes
- tick tock -- the sound that a clock makes
- boom -- the sound that a bomb makes
- crash -- the sound that breaking glass makes
- moo -- the sound a cow makes
- achoo -- the sound of a sneeze
New Palestine, Indiana

**New Palestine** (pronounced _PAL-es-teen_) is a town in the state of Indiana, in the United States. As of the 2020 census, the population was 2,744.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: New Palestine, Indiana
- **settlement type**: Town
- **image skyline**: New Palestine, Indiana.jpg
- **image caption**: New Palestine in 2016
- **nickname**: New Pal
- **image map**: Hancock County Indiana Incorporated and Unincorporated areas New Palestine Highlighted 1853352.svg
- **mapsize**: 250x200px
- **map caption**: Location of New Palestine in Hancock County, Indiana.
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Indiana, County
- **subdivision type3**: List of townships in Indiana, Township
- **subdivision name1**: Indiana
- **subdivision name2**: Hancock County, Indiana, Hancock
- **subdivision name3**: Sugar Creek Township, Hancock County, Indiana, Sugar Creek
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 5.15
- **area total sq mi**: 1.99
- **area land km2**: 5.13
- **area land sq mi**: 1.98
- **area water km2**: 0.02
- **area water sq mi**: 0.01
- **elevation ft**: 824
- **population total**: 2744
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population density km2**: 534.96
- **population density sq mi**: 1385.86
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 46163
- **area code**: Area code 317, 317
- **timezone**: North American Eastern Time Zone, EST
- **utc offset**: -5
- **timezone dst**: North American Eastern Time Zone, EDT
- **utc offset dst**: -4
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 18-53352
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 2396805
Itanium

**Itanium** ( ) is a type of Intel microprocessor with 64-bit chip architecture (not related to the by now mainstream 64-bit CPU<nowiki/>s made by Intel and others). Itanium processors are sometimes used today for servers. Itanium processors were originally designed by HP and Intel with Intel making producing them, and several manufacturers of systems used them; nowhere as many systems used as originally hoped for. HP still supports systems using these chips.

## Infobox (cpu)

- **name**: Itanium family
- **image**: KL Intel Itanium2.jpg
- **image size**: 300px
- **caption**: Itanium 2 processor
- **produced-start**: mid-2001
- **produced-end**: present
- **slowest**: 733
- **slow-unit**: MHz
- **fastest**: 2.53
- **fast-unit**: GHz
- **fsb-slowest**: 300
- **fsb-slow-unit**: MHz
- **fsb-fastest**: 667
- **fsb-fast-unit**: MHz
- **manuf1**: Intel
- **arch**: Itanium
- **numcores**: 1, 2, 4 or 8
E. L. James

**Erika Mitchell** (born 7 March 1963), known by her pen name as **E. L. James** is an English author. James was born in London. She was raised in Buckinghamshire. She studied History at the University of Kent. James wrote: _Fifty Shades of Grey_, _Grey: Fifty Shades of Grey as Told by Christian_, _Fifty Shades Freed_, and _Fifty Shades Darker_.

## Other websites

- Official author website
- Official Twitter
Ko Chun-hsiung

**Ko Chun-hsiung** (; 15 January 1945 – 7 December 2015) was a Taiwanese actor, director, producer and politician. His career began in the 1960s and had appeared in over 120 movies.

During his career he has won the Golden Horse Awards, two Asia Pacific Film Festival for Best Actor Awards, a Panama International Film Festival for Best Actor Award. In 2005, Chinese Film Association of Performance Art named Ko on the list of 100 Outstanding Artists in Chinese Film (1905 - 2004).

Chun-hsiung died of lung cancer in Kaohsiung, Taiwan at the age of 70.

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: 2007Taipei101RunUp EnterpriseGroup Chun-hsiung Ko.jpg
- **caption**: Ko Chun-hsiung in Taipei in 2007.
- **name**: Ko Chun-hsiung
- **birth place**: Kaohsiung, Taiwan under Japanese rule, Taiwan
- **death place**: Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- **death cause**: Lung cancer
- **nationality**: Taiwanese people, Taiwanese
- **alma mater**: National Taiwan University of Arts
- **occupation**: Actor, director, producer, politician
- **years active**: 1965 - 2015
- **party**: Kuomintang
 Taiwan Farmers' Party (2007 - 2008)
- **spouse**: Chang Meiyao
(m. 1970-2004, divorced)
Tsai Qinghua
(m. 2005-2016, his death)
- **children**: Ko Yishan, Ko Pinyin, Ko Jianyu, Ko Zier
- **relatives**: Ko Lihua (sister)
Holly Woodlawn

**Holly Woodlawn** (**Haroldo Santiago Franceschi Rodriguez Danhakl**; October 26, 1946 – December 6, 2015) was a transgender Puerto Rican actress and Warhol superstar. She was known for her roles in _Trash_ (1970) and _Women in Revolt_ (1972).

Woodlawn died in Los Angeles, California from brain cancer and liver cancer at the age of 69.
Uxbridge

**Uxbridge** is a town in Greater London which became a municipal borough in 1955. It has been part of the London Borough of Hillingdon since 1965. About 53,000 people live in Uxbridge. Its postcode is UB8.
Tolworth

**Tolworth** is a suburban area of southwest London. Its postcodes are KT5 and KT6.
Kehelland

**Kehelland** () is a hamlet in the northwest of Cornwall, England.

There is a small primary school and a horticultural centre called Kehelland Trust. Kehelland Trust supports adults with learning difficulties.
West Tisbury, Wiltshire

**West Tisbury** is a civil parish in southwest Wiltshire, England. The nearest city is Salisbury, which is about 13 miles away.

In West Tisbury there are five hamlets:

- East Hatch
- West Hatch
- Newtown
- Tuckingmill
- Kinghay
Einherjar

In Norse mythology, the **einherjar** (lone-fighters) are warriors who have died in battle and are brought to Valhalla by valkyries. In Valhalla, the einherjar eat meat from the boar called Sæhrímnir. Every day he is boiled and every night he becomes whole again. They drink mead provided by a goat named Heiðrún. Every day they dress for battle and go out and fight each other. This is to prepare for the events of Ragnarök (the end of the world).

The einherjar are written about in the _Prose Edda_ by Snorri Sturluson. Also in the poem written in the 13th century _Hákonarmál_, by Eyvindr skáldaspillir.
African plate

The **African Plate** is a major tectonic plate. It includes much of the continent of Africa, as well as the oceanic crust which lies between the continent and various surrounding ocean ridges. Since the continent of Africa includes the African Plate and the smaller plates to its right, some literature refers to the African Plate as the **Nubian Plate** to distinguish it from the continent as a whole.

Between 60 million years ago (mya) and 10 mya, the Somali Plate began rifting from the African Plate along the East African Rift.

One hypothesis suggests a mantle plume beneath the Afar region. Another hypothesis suggests the rifting is just a zone of weakness as the  plates to its east move northwards.

The African Plate's speed is about  per year. It has been moving over the past 100 million years or so in a general northeast direction. This is drawing it closer to the Eurasian Plate. There is subduction where oceanic crust meets continental crust (in parts of the central and eastern Mediterranean).

Along its northeast margin, the African Plate is bounded by the Red Sea rift where the Arabian Plate is moving away from the African Plate.

The African, Somali and Arabian Plates were once all part of the great southern supercontinent Gondwana, as was the Indian subcontinent.
OpenStep

**OpenStep** was an operating system by NeXT. It is an x86 version of the NeXTStep operating system, which was also by NeXT.
Rhapsody (operating system)

**Rhapsody** was the name given to Apple Computer's next-generation operating system. Apple got the Rhapsody operating system when they bought NeXT Inc. from Steve Jobs for $425 million. The same year Apple released Rhapsody to software developers so they could create versions of their software for the next release of the Apple operating system. But a key software vendor, Adobe Systems, did not like Apple's plan for the new OS. Without Adobe supporting them Apple decided not to go ahead with Rhapsody. Rhapsody was replaced by OS X, scheduled for 1999.
Palmchat

The **palmchat** (_Dulus dominicus_) is a small passerine bird. It is the national bird of the Dominican Republic.
Arabian bustard

The **Arabian bustard** (_Ardeotis arabs_) is a bird native to North Africa and the Middle East. It lives in the Sahel region (Mauritania, Senegal, Gambia, Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger, Nigeria, Chad, Sudan), South Sudan, Kenya, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Djibouti, Somalia, Saudi Arabia and Yemen.

As in all bustards, the male Arabian bustard is much larger than the female. Males have been found to weigh , while females weigh . The record-sized male Arabian bustard weighed . These birds stand from  tall in females to  tall in males.
National Bohemian

**National Bohemian Beer** is an American beer first made in Baltimore, Maryland. It is a premium Bohemian-style beer. Many people call it "Natty Boh" as a nickname.

## History

In 1885, the National Brewing Company created National Bohemian beer. The first factory was in Baltimore, Maryland. The brewing stopped from 1920 to 1933 due to Prohibition. This was the period when nobody could drink alcohol in the US. In 1933 under the ownership of Jerold Hoffberger the factory of Natty Boh opened again. During the 1940s the factory of National Bohemian was the first in the US to adopt the six pack. In the 1970s, the Hoffberger family sold the brand name. During the next three decades, the brand of this beer was bought and sold by different companies. The copyright of the beer was purchased first by Stroh, then by G. Heileman Brewing, and then by Pabst, in 1999. Since the Hoffberger family sold the beer it has been brewed in North Carolina.  From 1996 until 2011, National Bohemian wasn’t available directly from the bar, but only by cans or bottles.  In 2014, an American citizen born in Russia, Eugene Kashper, bought the entire Pabst Company, so also National Bohemian.

## Relationship with Baltimore

Under the ownership of Jerold Hoffberger, Natty Boh was first associated with the city of Baltimore. In 1953, Jerold Hoffberger helped to bring the St. Louis Browns to Baltimore where they became the Baltimore Orioles. He made National Bohemian the main sponsor of the baseball team. About twelve years later Hoffberger bought the team. Under the ownership of Jerold Hoffberger the Orioles won two World Series and four American League pennants. Nattty Boh was served at the stadium. This was the period when National Bohemian became the beer of Baltimore because people identified the Orioles’ wins with the beer. Although the beer is not brewed in Maryland anymore, 95% of sales are still in Baltimore. This is why is it called _the beer of Maryland_.

## Mr. Boh

In 1933, the logo of this beer, Mr. Boh, was introduced. Mr. Boh is a one-eyed man with a black mustache. Thanks to the popularity achieved by National Bohemian with the Orioles, Mr. Boh became a symbol of Baltimore. His big face is still visible at the top of the old building where it was once brewed. Through the years, people started collecting gadgets with the logo of National Bohemian. Around Baltimore, several pubs serve Natty Boh as the main beer. These pubs are decorated with different gadgets of Mr. Boh.

## Other websites

- Website of Nationla Bohemian
The Swan of Tuonela

**The Swan of Tuonela** is a tone poem by Finnish composer, Jean Sibelius.
Immovable property

**Immovable property** is property that cannot be moved from one place to another. It is generally connected to the ground or land on which it sits. The term immovable property also includes the land.

In real estate law, immovable property has certain rights of ownership that go with title (full or partial) to that property. These may include rights to buildings, rights to collect rent, inherited rights, right of ways, ferries or fisheries. It generally does not include such things as grass, crops, or standing timber.

In much of the world's civil law systems is the same as "real property"; it is land or any permanent feature or structure above or below the surface. In some countries, China for example, private ownership of land is not allowed. Individuals in China may obtain land rights for a fixed number of years for a fee. These rights may be transfered by legal means including gift or sale. They may also own houses, buildings or apartments, but not the land they sit on. In the United States immovable property is also known as real estate. In the United Kingdom it is also known as property.
Burmese calendar

The **Burmese calendar** is a calendar where the months are based on lunar months. It is based on an older version of the Hindu calendar. It has been used in Myanmar since 640 CE. Today it is used as together with the Buddhist calendar.
Extortion

In law, **extortion** is a criminal offense. It is obtaining money, property, or service from a person or institution, through coercion. This may be by threat to a victim, to their property or family. It may also be by false claim (such as claiming to be a public official). Another form of extortion is offering a business owner "protection"; for example, to keep the business free from vandalism or burglary. In all states of the United States extortion is a felony.

Extortion may be in person, by telephone, mail, e-mail, text message or any form of wireless communication. If the extortion involves any form of interstate commerce, it may be a federal crime. It may involve the threat of hacking.

Extortion, like robbery and blackmail, are crimes that involve obtaining property by illegal means. The most serious of the three is robbery because it usually involves violence against the victim. Blackmail is a form of extortion. The threat is usually making damaging or embarrassing information public if demands are not met. The legal definition of extortion varies from one jurisdiction to another. In some states, extortion is only charged against public officials while the same act committed by a private individual is charged as blackmail.
Sonja Henie

**Sonja Henie** (8 April 1912 – 12 October 1969) was a famous Norwegian ice skater and movie star who was born in Oslo. She was a three-time Olympic Champion (1928, 1932, 1936) in Ladies' Singles, a ten-time World Champion (1927–1936) and a six-time European Champion (1931–1936). In 1936 she became a professional skater. Later she decided to become a movie star. At the height of her acting career she was one of the highest paid stars in Hollywood. Henie's connections with Adolf Hitler and other high-ranking Nazi officials made her the subject of controversy before, during, and after World War II. Sonja Henie ruled the " queen of ice" in her life and she still was one of the most influential people in figure skating.
Marie Thérèse of France

**Marie Thérèse of France** (Marie Thérèse Charlotte; 19 December 1778 – 19 October 1851), _Madame Royale_, was the eldest child of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette. After her marriage to her cousin, Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême, the eldest son of the future Charles X, she was known as the Duchess of Angoulême. She became the Dauphine of France upon the accession of her father-in-law to the throne of France in 1824. Technically she was Queen of France for twenty minutes, on 2 August 1830. This was between the time her father-in-law signed the instrument of abdication and the time her husband, reluctantly, signed the same document.

## Infobox (royalty)

- **consort**: yes
- **name**: Marie Thérèse
- **succession**: List of French consorts, Queen consort of France and Navarre
- **image**: Marie-Therese-Charlotte.jpg
- **full name**: Marie Thérèse Charlotte de France
- **caption**: Marie Thérèse, Duchess of Angoulême, by Gros (1817)
- **reign**: 2 August 1830 – 2 August 1830
                   (20 minutes)
- **spouse**: Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême
- **house**: House of Bourbon, Bourbon
- **father**: Louis XVI of France
- **mother**: Marie Antoinette
- **religion**: Catholic Church, Roman Catholic
- **birth place**: Palace of Versailles, France
- **death place**: Frohsdorf, Austria
- **burial place**: Kostanjevica Monastery, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
- **signature**: Signature of Marie Thérèse (Charlotte) of France at her own marriage.png
Noisy miner

The **noisy miner** (_Manorina melanocephala_) is a small grey bird with a black head and yellow eyes. This bird is common in the gardens of eastern Australian homes, but is not seen in Western Australia or the Northern Territory. The genus puts it in a large group of honey-eating birds. The species is a Latin word meaning "black-headed."

The noisy miner is a native of Australia, and one of the few native birds that is thriving in cities and suburb<nowiki/>s.  In  some parts of Australia the number of noisy miners has grown to the point that it is driving out smaller birds like the wrens.  It prefers gardens with open spaces and lawns.

It usually eats the nectar from garden flowers, mostly on grevilleas, however it also walks around on grass picking up and eating small insects.

It is highly aggressive when other birds enter its area of garden or bush, and it flocks together with other nearby noisy miners to make small defensive groups called 'coteries' of four or five which cooperate to drive off kookaburras or magpies.  Sometimes they join together into even larger 'colonies' with up to a hundred or so birds.

The female will lay between two and four eggs in her nest, and food will be bought to the mother and her chicks by quite a few males in the coterie.  Bringing up the chicks is often done by the whole group.  They breed at any time in the year so there are often young noisy miners in the group. The younger birds usually have feathers and face colouring very similar to the adult birds, so it is often difficult to tell the difference.

They are sometimes called **native** miners, **native mynas** or **native mynahs** (actually an Indian spelling), and, in older bird books they might have up to twelve different names.  At one time they were thought to be mainly bee-eaters, but they eat the nectar of Australian native flowers. They are also known to eat fruit and insects, and at times small reptiles and amphibians. While the name is often spelled myna, or mynah, they are not related to the introduced brown/black-feathered "Indian" or "Common mynah" which is usually slightly larger and often found in the same area.

## Miner calls

As the common name suggests, the noisy miner is a noisy species. It has a large variety of songs, calls, scoldings and alarms, most of which are harsh single notes. It has a special alarm call which is only used when the threat comes from a large bird flying overhead, and a different alarm call when intruders like humans and dogs enter their territory. A study of the bird found that those who lived in a noisy urban area were able to make their alarm call louder so it could be heard.
Martin E. Brooks

**Martin E. Brooks** (born **Martin Baum**; November 30, 1925 – December 7, 2015) was an American character actor. He was known for playing scientist Dr. Rudy Wells in the television series _The Six Million Dollar Man_ (1973–1978) and its spin-off, _The Bionic Woman_ (1976–1978). He played Wells in three television movies: _The Return of the Six-Million-Dollar Man and the Bionic Woman_ (1987), _Bionic Showdown: The Six Million Dollar Man and the Bionic Woman_ (1989) and _Bionic Ever After?_ (1994). He had roles in _Knots Landing_, _General Hospital_, and _Dallas_. He also appeared in many Broadway productions. Brooks also wrote two novels.

Brooks was born in The Bronx, New York. He grew up in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania. He served his country as a paratrooper during World War II.

Brooks died from natural causes on December 7, 2015 in Los Angeles, California. He was 90.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Martin E. Brooks
- **birth name**: Martin Baum
- **birth place**: The Bronx, New York (state), New York, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Los Angeles, California, U.S.
- **occupation**: Actor
- **years active**: 1951–1996
Nancy Lopez

**Nancy Marie Lopez** (born January 6, 1957) is an American professional golfer. She was born in Torrance, California. She became a member of the LPGA Tour in 1977 and won 48 LPGA Tour events, including three major championships.

During her first full season on the LPGA Tour in 1978, Lopez won nine tournaments, including five consecutive. She appeared on the cover of _Sports Illustrated_ in July of that year. She also won the Vare Trophy for lowest scoring average, LPGA Rookie of the Year, LPGA Player of the Year and was named the Associated Press Female Athlete of the Year. She won another eight times in 1979. Lopez has won multiple times in each year from 1980 to 1984, although she played only half-seasons in 1983 and 1984 due to the birth of her first child.

Lopez was considered the best golfer of her time. She was also considered outstanding at putting. She was also known for her kindness.
Meadowlark Lemon

**Meadow "Meadowlark" Lemon III** (April 25, 1932 – December 27, 2015) was an American basketball player, actor, and Christian minister. For 22 years, Lemon was known as the "Clown Prince" of the touring Harlem Globetrotters basketball team.

Lemon played in more than 16,000 games for the Globetrotters and is a 2003 inductee of the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame. He was born in Wilmington, North Carolina.

He studied at a historically black college, Florida A&M University in 1952, but was drafted into the US Army before he could finish. The Globetrotters first became aware of Lemon in 1954 while he was in Austria in the army and they were touring Europe.

Lemon died on December 27, 2015 in Scottsdale, Arizona, aged 83.

## The White House

Lemon visited the White House to meet President Gerald Ford and First Lady, Betty Ford in 1974.

Lemon says: "I was also a good friend of the Reagan's _[sic]_ because I'm also an actor. I worked closely with Nancy Reagan on her 'Just say no to drugs' program." This was a program started by First Lady Reagan to discourage illegal drug use by young people.

## Later life

A born-again Christian, Lemon became an ordained minister in 1986. He received a Doctor of Divinity degree from Vision International University in San Diego, California, in 1988.

In 2009, Lemon became a part-owner of the Smoky Mountain Jam of the American Basketball Association. This was a semi-professional men's basketball league that was formed in 1999.

## Other websites

- Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Famers: Biography for Meadowlark Lemon
- Meadowlark Lemon at IMDb

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Meadowlark Lemon
- **image**: Meadowlark Lemon shooting.jpg
- **caption**: Lemon in 1988
- **birth name**: Meadow Lemon III
- **birth place**: Wilmington, North Carolina
- **death place**: Scottsdale, Arizona
- **known for**: The Harlem Globetrotters
- **children**: 10
- **occupation**: Basketball player, actor, minister
Olga Korbut

**Olga Valentinovna Korbut** (born May 16, 1955 in Grodno, Belarus), also known as the "Sparrow from Minsk", is a retired Belarusian gymnast. She won four gold medals and two silver medals at the Summer Olympic Games, in which she competed in 1972 and 1976 for the Soviet team. She could do backwards flips from the balance beam and uneven parallel bars, when no one else could.

After her retirement from gymnastics, she became a teacher.
Kayapo people

The **Kayapo** (Portuguese: **Caiapó** ) people are an indigenous people in Brazil. They are found along the plain islands of the Mato Grosso and Pará in Brazil, south of the Amazon Basin and along Rio Xingu and its tributaries. Kayapo call themselves "Mebengokre", which means "people of the wellspring". Kayapo people also call outsiders "Poanjos".

## Location

The Kayapo tribe live alongside the Xingu River in the eastern part of the Amazon Rainforest, near the Amazon basin. They live in several scattered villages ranging in population from, one hundred to one thousand people in Brazil. Their land consists of tropical rainforest savannah (grassland). It is arguably the largest tropical protected area in the world covering 11,346,326 million hectares. They have small hills scattered around their land and the area is criss-crossed by river valleys. The larger rivers feed into numerous spas and creeks, most of which don’t have official names.

In 2010, there was an estimated 8,638 Kayapo people. which is an increase from 7,096 in 2003.  Subgroups of the Kayapo include the Xikrin, Gorotire, Mekranoti and Metyktire. Their villages typically consist of a dozen huts. A centrally located hut serves as a meeting place for village men to discuss community issues. One of the Kayapo tribes, all of the women shave a distinctive V shape into their scalp.
Territorialism

**Territorialism** may refer to:
- Animals that defend a territory
- Feudalism
- Jewish territorialism
- land tenure
- Territorialist School in Italy
Tiberius Claudius Cogidubnus

**Tiberius Claudius Cogidubnus** was a 1st century king of the Regnenses in early Roman Britain. Cogidubnus ruled at Chichester. When the Roman Emperor Claudius conquered Britain he set himself up at Colchester and received the submission of the various tribes. Cogidubnus was one of those who submitted to him. Claudius confirmed Cogidubnus' kingdom and even expanded its borders. Cogidubnus was given the unusual title _rex legatus Augusti in Britannia_. When Cogidubnus became a Roman citizen he took the name "Tiberius Claudius Cogidubnus". He was a loyal client-king to the Romans. He convinced his people to remain loyal to India

.
Oxford University Press

**Oxford University Press** (**OUP**) is the largest university press in the world, and the second-oldest, after Cambridge University Press. It is a department of the University of Oxford. It is governed by the Delegates of the Press. This is a group of 15 members of the university. They are headed by the Secretary to the Delegates, who serves as OUP' s chief executive and as its major representative on other university bodies. Oxford University has been using this system of contol since the 17th century.

The university started printing books around 1480. It soon grew into a major printer of Bibles, prayer books, and scholarly works. It began what later became the _Oxford English Dictionary_ in the late 19th century. Over the last hundred years, Oxford has grown and now publishes children's books, school text books, music, journals, the World's Classics series, a best-selling range of English Language Teaching texts, as well as its academic and religious titles. It opened its first international office in New York in 1896.  Changes caused by computer technology and the need to lower costs, led to the Press contracting out its printing and binding work. The Press's printing house at Oxford was closed in 1989. Its former paper mill at Wolvercote was demolished in 2004.

The Press publishes about 6,000 new titles around the world every year. It is a charitable organization, its profits go to the University of Oxford. The university's aims of excellence in scholarship, research, and education are supported through its publishing activities.

## Infobox (publisher)

- **parent**: University of Oxford
- **headquarters**: Oxford, England
- **country**: United Kingdom
- **keypeople**: Nigel Portwood (Secretary to the Delegates and CEO)
- **numemployees**: 6,000
Moeraki Boulders

The **Moeraki Boulders** are a rock formation in New Zealand. They are unusually large and spherical boulders on Koekohe Beach on the Otago coast, between Moeraki and Hampden. Some of the boulders are in groups, while others stand by themselves. The area has been protected in a scientific reserve.

The boulders sit in mudstone, which is eroded by the action of the waves along the beach. This leaves the boulders exposed on the sand.

Local Māori legends say the boulders as the remains of eel baskets, calabashes, and kumara washed ashore from the wreck of Arai-te-uru, a large sailing canoe. The rocks that extend seaward from Shag Point are the petrified hull of this shipwreck. A nearby rocky promontory is the body of the canoe's captain.

In 1848 a drawing of the beach and its boulders, shows there were more than now. This picture is now in the Alexander Turnbull Library in Wellington. The boulders were described in 1850 colonial reports and numerous popular articles since that time. In more recent times they have become a popular tourist attraction, often described and pictured in numerous web pages and tourist guides.
Religious law

**Religious law** comes from the sacred texts of various religions. They cover most parts of personal and contract law. Most religious law systems are either based on Islamic law (Sharia) or Judaic law (_Halakha_). Religious laws generally are used in countries that also have other legal systems such as civil or common law.

## Comparisons

Religious laws are seen to be eternal and do not change over time. Secular laws (non-religious) can be changed by their lawmakers. Religious laws govern people's behaviors and their beliefs. Secular laws deal with people's actions and how they affect other people. In religious law, disputes are settled by officials of that religion combining the actions of a judge and a priest. In secular systems the judiciary is independent.

### Sharia

Sharia deals with many topics, including crime, politics, marriage contracts, trade regulations, religious instructions, and economics. It also covers personal matters such as sexual intercourse, hygiene, diet, prayer, everyday etiquette and fasting. Adherence to sharia is an important part of the Muslim faith. In the strictest sense, sharia is considered in Islam as the infallible law of God.

There are two primary sharia: the Quran, and the Hadiths (opinions and life example of Muhammad). For issues not directly covered in these primary sources, sharia is used. The sources differ between the various sects of Islam (Sunni and Shia are the majority). They also differ by the various jurisprudence schools such as Hanafi, Maliki and Shafi'i.

### _Haleakala_

Historically, in the diaspora, halakha served many Jewish communities as both civil and religious law. There was no difference in classical Judaism. Modern religious leaders have come to view the halakha as less binding in day-to-day life. This is because it relies on Rabbinic interpretation instead of the pure, written words written in the Hebrew Bible.

Under contemporary Israeli law certain areas of Israeli family and personal law are under the authority of the rabbinic courts. This means they are treated according to _halakha_. Some differences in _halakha_ itself are found among Ashkenazi, Mizrahi, Sephardi, Yemenite and other Jews who historically lived in isolated communities.
Buckwheat Zydeco

**Buckwheat Zydeco** was the stage name of **Stanley Dural, Jr.** (November 14, 1947 – September 24, 2016) was an American accordionist and zydeco musician.

He was one of the few zydeco artists to become popular. His music group was known as **Buckwheat Zydeco and Ils Son Partis Band**, but often they perform as merely _Buckwheat Zydeco_.

Dural died of lung cancer at age 68 on September 24, 2016 in a hospital in Lafayette, Louisiana.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Buckwheat Zydeco
- **image**: Buckwheat Zydeco.jpg
- **caption**: Buckwheat Zydeco playing on the main stage at the 2006 Festival International de Louisiane.
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Stanley Dural, Jr.
- **alias**: Buckwheat Zydeco
- **birth place**: Lafayette, Louisiana
- **death place**: Lafayette, Louisiana
- **instrument**: Vocals, accordion
- **genre**: Zydeco, Rhythm and blues, R&B, Country music, Country
- **years active**: 1971—2016
- **label**: Alligator Records, Tomorrow Recordings, Rounder Records, Rounder, Island Records, Island,
- **website**: [http://www.buckwheatzydeco.com www.buckwheatzydeco.com]