juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Saab

**Saab** is a Swedish car and airplane maker, started in Trollhattan, Sweden in 1937. Saab started to make cars in 1947. The automobile part of the business is now owned by Spyker Cars. The aviation and defense parts of Saab are owned by the Wallenberg family. 1939-2014

### Cancelled models

- Saab 98, combi-coupé version of the Saab 96
- Saab 9-2, inspired by the classic Saab 92. Production had been planned for 2014.

### Historical models

- Saab 92 and descendants:
    - Saab 92 (1949–1956)
    - Saab 93 (1955–1960)
        - Saab GT750 (1958–1960)
    - Saab 94 Sonett I (1956)
    - Saab 95 estate (1959–1978)
        - Saab 95 3 cylinder two-stroke (1960–1967)
        - Saab 95 V4 (1967–1980)
    - Saab 96 (1960–1980)
        - Saab 96 3 cylinder two-stroke (1960–1968)
        - Saab Sport 3 cylinder two-stroke (1962–1966)
        - Saab Monte Carlo 850 3 cylinder two-stroke (1966–1967)
        - Saab 96 V4 (1967–1980)
        - Saab Monte Carlo V4 V4 (1967–1968)
    - Saab 97
        - Sonett II (1966–1970)
        - Sonett III (1970–1974)
- Saab Formula Junior single seat racing car (1960)
- SaabO caravan/camper/travel trailer (1964–1968)
- Saab 99 and descendants:
    - Saab 99 (1968–1984)
    - Saab 900 "Classic" (1979–1994)
    - Saab 90 (1984–1987)
- Saab 600 (1985–1988)
- Saab 9000 (1985–1998)
- Saab 900 "New Generation" (1994–1998)
- Saab 9-3 first generation (1998–2002)
- Saab 9-2X (2005–2006)
- Saab 9-7X (2005–2009)
- Saab 9-5 first generation (1997–2009)
- Saab 9-3 SportSedan (2002–2011, 2013–2014) second generation
- Saab 9-3 Convertible (2004–2011), (2012 by ANA) second generation
- Saab 9-3 SportCombi (2006–2011) second generation
- Saab 9-3X (2009–2011)
- Saab 9-5 (2010–2011) second generation
- Saab 9-4X (June 2011 – December 2011)

### Concepts and prototypes

- Saab 92 line:
    - Saab 92001 or Ursaab: The prototype for the first Saab production car (1946)
    - Saab Monster (1959)
    - Saab 60 (1962)
    - Saab Quantum (1962)
    - Saab Catherina (1964)
    - Saab MFI13 (1965)
    - Saab Toad (1966)
    - Saab 98 (1974)
- Saab EV-1 (1985)
- Saab 900 line:
    - Saab Viking (1982)
- Saab 9000 line:
    - Saab 9000 Cabriolet
    - Saab Prometheus: A 9000 fitted with a joystick instead of a steering wheel (1993)
- Saab 9XX Concept (1991)
- Saab 9-X line:
    - Saab 9-X (2001)
    - Saab 9-3X (2002)
    - Saab 9-3 Sport Hatch (2003)
    - Saab 9-5 Aero BioPower (2006)
    - Saab 9-4X BioPower (2008)
    - Saab 9-X Biohybrid (2008)
    - Saab 9-X Air (2008)
    - Saab 9-3 ePower sport wagon (2010)
- Saab Aero-X (2006)
- Saab PhoeniX (2011)

## Other websites

- YouTube page

## Infobox (company)

- **logo size**: 250px
- **name**: Saab AB
- **industry**: Aerospace and Defense (military), defence
- **type**: Public company, Publicly traded Aktiebolag
- **foundation**: 1937 in Trollhättan, Sweden
- **location**: Stockholm, Sweden
- **area served**: Worldwide
- **revenue year**: 2022
- **income year**: 2022
- **net income year**: 2022
- **assets year**: 2022
- **equity year**: 2022
- **owner**: Wallenberg family (38.9%; 48.3% votes)
- **num employees**: 19,002
- **num employees year**: 2022
The Protectorate

**The Protectorate** was the period of British history during which the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland was governed by a Lord Protector, which was from 1653 to 1659.

Before the Protectorate, England (and then Scotland and Ireland) had been ruled directly by Parliament since it had declared England to be a Commonwealth in 1649. The Rump Parliament had been sent away in April 1653 by soldiers led by Oliver Cromwell. Although the replacement Barebones Parliament (July–December 1653), was nominated by Cromwell and the leaders of the army, it was just as difficult to control.

The post of Lord Protector was created by a constitution passed in December 1653, which gave Cromwell the position for life. Although the constitution divided power between the Lord Protector, the Council of State and Parliament, there was in practice again the strong executive power that had been absent since the end of the monarchy. Cromwellian government has been called 'one of the first experiments in (_de facto_) military dictatorship' (Abbott).

During the Protectorate, there was Puritan legislation. Religious toleration was extended to Jews and most Protestants but not Anglicans or Roman Catholics.

After Cromwell's death in September 1658, the new Lord Protector, Richard Cromwell, was unable to control the army and resigned in May 1659. After the chaotic English Interregnum, the monarchy was restored in May 1660 through the initiative of General George Monck.

## Other websites

- United Kingdom: Flags of the Interregnum, 1649–1660
Vibrator

**Vibrator** could mean several different types of devices:
- Vibrator (sensual) - a device used for massage or masturbation
- vibrator (mechanical) - a class of devices that creates mechanical vibrations
- vibrator (electronic) – an old-fashioned electronic component
- vibrator (music) – a musical instrument

**Vibrator** could also mean:
- The Vibrators a British punk band
- Vibrator (album), a 1995 album by Terence Trent D'Arby
- "Vibrator," a song on Motörhead's self-titled album
Rump Parliament

The **Rump Parliament** was the name given to Parliament until 1660 of the English Parliament that followed the Long Parliament, after Pride's Purge of December 6 1648 had removed those Members of Parliament that were against the plan to try King Charles I for high treason.

## Other websites

- British Civil Wars: Rump Parliament
- Full text of the Act erecting a High Court of Justice for the Trial of Charles I January 6, 1649
- Full text of the Sentence of the High Court of Justice upon the King, 27 January, 1649
- Full text of The Death Warrant of Charles I, 29 January, 1649
- Full text of the Act appointing a Council of State, 13 February, 1649
- Full text of the Act abolishing the Office of King, 17 March, 1649
- Full text of the Act abolishing the House of Lords, 19 March, 1649
- Full text of the Act declaring England to be a Commonwealth, 19 May, 1649
- Full text of the Act declaring what Offences shall he adjudged Treason under the Commonwealth, 17 July, 1649
- Chambers' Book of Days:April 20th With a censored version of Cromwell's 1653 speech ending the Parliament.
- http://castorblog.com/archives/000275.html  with an uncensored version of Cromwell's speech.
- Full text of the Declaration by Oliver Cromwell and the Council of Officers after putting an End to the Long Parliament, 22 April, 1653
Norman conquest of England

The **Norman conquest of England** was a military invasion of England by William the Conqueror in 1066.

The Duke of Normandy was William. Normandy was a country on the other side of the English Channel that is now a region in France. He invaded England after the death of King Edward the Confessor because he believed to be the rightful King of England, but Harold Godwinson had himself crowned king instead.

Harold and his Saxon army, which fought at the Battle of Hastings on October 14, 1066. King Harold was killed in the battle, and his army fled. On November 24, 1065. William was crowned the new King of England.

The Norman conquest was an important change in English history. It raised the influence of Continental Europe in England and reduced the influence of Scandinavia. The conquest also created one of the most powerful monarchies in Europe. It also changed the English language and culture, and set the stage for rivalry with France, which would continue (with a few breaks) until the 19th century.

England has been successfully invaded since the conquest only once, when the Netherlands conquered England, Scotland and Ireland during the Glorious Revolution.

## Related page

- Operation Sea Lion

## Other websites

- Essential Norman Conquest , multimedia resources by your nan
- The Effect of 1066 on the English Language
- Collection of source material on the Norman conquest of England
Raid

- _For the technology of putting many hard drives together, see RAID_
A **raid** is an attack into enemy territory with no intent to get control of it. For example, the attack on Pearl Harbor was an air raid.

The attackers go away immediately after the attack. Most raids are brief and performed by a small number of people.
Restauration

Following the fall from power of Napoleon Bonaparte:

- Bourbon Dynasty, Restored
- Restauration (Switzerland)

## Related pages

- Restoration
English Reformation

The **English Reformation** was part of the Protestant Reformation. Many Christian churches in Europe broke away from  Rome. Each of the countries that went through this process did so in a different way. Earlier the Roman Catholic Church had supreme powers.

Henry VIII broke ties with the church and became head of the English church. This was done in 1534 in the Acts of Supremacy. It was the beginning of the Church of England. His friend Thomas Cranmer became Henry's Archbishop of Canterbury. Cranmer would  also go on to advise Edward Henry's son when he took the throne in 1549. For years, the Church of England was almost exactly the same as the Catholic Church, except that it was ruled by the King instead of the Pope. This is different from the Reformation on the European continent, where the reformers wanted big changes right away.

There were several causes for the English Reformation. One of these was that Henry VIII, who was King of England, wanted to divorce his wife, Catherine of Aragon. Another reason was because Henry wanted the Church's wealth and power, and got them with the dissolution of the monasteries.

The Protestant Reformation in Scotland, however, was based more on the teachings of Martin Luther and John Calvin, so it was more like the Reformation in continental Europe overall.
Checksum

A **checksum** is a number. It is a kind of redundancy check. There are different ways to calculate it. It serves as a check that no errors have been made when writing down the number. In its simplest form, the digits are simply added up. This can however not detect errors of swapping digits around. One of the uses of checksums is to check that account numbers have been entered correctly.

Portuguese bank account identifiers are a good example of how checksums work. They have 21 digits. The first 19 digits identify the bank, branch and account number.  The last two digits are "mod 97" checksum digits based on modular arithmetic. A typical Portuguese bank account number is 0002.0123.12345678901.54. The digits have the following meanings:

- The digits "0002" represent the bank.
    - The digits "0123" represent the branch of the bank.
    - The digits "12345678901" represent the account number
    - The digits "54" represent the checksum.

If 000201231234567890154 (the bank account number without the dots) is divided by 97, the answer is 207458809978249 remainder 1. Since the remainder is "1", the bank account identifier is probably correct. If the person writing down the number missed a digit, swapped two digits around or wrote a digit down incorrectly the remainder would not have been "1". If this is the case then the computer should detect an error and give an error message.

Another place where checksums are used are serial numbers for computer software.
Fennel

**Fennel** (_Foeniculum vulgare_) is a kind of herb. It is native to the Mediterranean and some parts of Asia. Its bulb, leaves, and seeds may be eaten. Dried fennel seeds are used as a spice for flavoring food. Fennel was used to make the spiced wine, claret, in the Middle Ages. Their flavor is like anise.

## Other websites

- Fennel - nutrition and uses
Viet Cong

The **National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam** (**NLF**), was a communist army based in South Vietnam that fought against the governments of South Vietnam and the United States during the Vietnam War (1955-75). The group is better known as the **Viet Cong** (_Việt Cộng_) or **V.C.**, short for "Vietnamese Communist." American soldiers called the Vietnamese communist forces **Charlie** (which is the letter "C" in the NATO phonetic alphabet), whether North Vietnamese or South Vietnamese (Viet Cong).

The group was mostly made up of people from South Vietnam but a few members were from North Vietnam.  The main leaders and most of the people in the group were communists.  Some members were not communists. The Viet Cong used guerilla warfare, including terrorist bombings, assassinations, and ambushes. The group is best known for the Tet Offensive, a surprise attack on many South Vietnamese cities that began in January 1968 during Tet, or the Vietnamese New Year.  The group was closely allied with the government of North Vietnam, which invaded the South in 1975.

According to _Re-thinking Camelot_ (Noam Chomsky 1993), the NLF resistance was in part the result of terror that was inflicted by the government of South Vietnam, which was backed and guided by the US, while the NLF was peacefully awaiting the national elections that had been promised by the Geneva Accords of 1954.  Some, however, accuse Chomsky of minimizing the communists' atrocities and of exaggerating those of their opponents.

## History

After the 1954 Geneva Agreement, Vietnam was temporarily divided into two regions.  The North resolutely fought for the peaceful reunification of Vietnam.
Barbarian

In Ancient Greece, the name _βάρβαρος_, _bárbaros_, was given to all those who did not speak the Greek language. Later, the term **Barbarian** came to mean 'Anyone who is not Greek'. Later again, it meant 'anyone who is outside the Roman Empire'.

In modern use, the word is used to refer to an uncivilized or uncultured person, nation or ethnic group which is seen as having a lower level of civilization. It can also refer to an individual person who is seen as brutal, cruel, and insensitive or whose behavior is unacceptable in the civilized society of the speaker. When used for a person the word is always pejorative, when used for a nation not always.

## Other websites

- "Official Website of Barbaric Barbarians" , A humorous view of Barbarians
- Andrew Lang, Savage Supreme Beings , _The Making of Religion_, Chapter XII (1900).
Numerical digit

**Numerical digits** are the number text characters used to show numerals. For example, the numeral "56" has two digits: 5 and 6. In the decimal system (which is base 10), each digit is how many of a certain power of 10 are needed to get the value. The rightmost, or units digit, is for 10^0, the next digit is for 10^1, etc.

The numeral "56" means:  6*10^0 + 5*10^1 = 6*1 + 5*10 = 6 + 50.

The ten digits of the decimal system are: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. Some numeral systems need more than ten digits. For example, the hexadecimal numeral system uses 16 symbols to represent numericals : 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, and F.

## Related pages

- Digital
Contempt

**Contempt** is an intense feeling of disrespect and dislike.  It is related to feelings of resentment, jealousy  and bitterness.

Contempt may also mean:
- Contempt of court
- Contempt of Congress
- Contempt of Parliament
- _Contempt (movie)_, known as _Le Mépris_ in its original French, a movie by Jean-Luc Godard
- Contempt (album), an album by futurepop band _Assemblage 23_
- _Contempt Breeds Contamination_, a song by the thrash metal band Trivium
Content

**Content** can refer to:
- Information and experiences created by individuals, institutions and technology to benefit audiences in contexts that they value
- Substance
- Volume generalized to arbitrarily many dimensions in mathematics and physics
- In education, the curriculum to be learned as opposed to the teaching methods used
- As an emotion, the adjectival form of "Contentment"

## Other

- Open content
- Free content
22nd century

The **22nd century** will begin on January 1, 2101 and end on December 31, 2200.

## Astronomical predictions for the 22nd century

- Solar eclipses
    - June 25, 2150: a total solar eclipse with longer than 7 minutes of totality. This will be the first time this has happened in 177 years.
    - July 5, 2168: 7 minutes 26 seconds of totality
    - July 16, 2186: 7 minutes 29 seconds (close to the theoretical maximum). This is predicted to be the longest eclipse during the 8,000 year period from 3000 BC to AD 5000 (eclipse predictions by Fred Espenak, NASA).
- August 2113: First time Pluto reaches aphelion since its discovery.
- December 11, 2117: transit of Venus
- 2123: Triple conjunction Mars-Jupiter
- 2123 June 9: Long lunar eclipse.
- September 14, 2123: At 15:28 UTC, Venus will occult Jupiter
- December 8, 2125: Transit of Venus
- July 29, 2126: At 16:08 UTC, Mercury will occult Mars
- March 10, 2130: At 07:32 UTC, Sun passes through solar system barycenter
- December 3, 2133: At 14:14 UTC, Mercury will occult Venus
- 2134: Halley's Comet will return to the inner solar system
- 2148: Triple conjunction Mars-Saturn
- 2170: Triple conjunction Mars-Jupiter
- Given that Pluto's orbit is approximately 248 Earth years, the year 2178 will mark the first Plutonian anniversary of the dwarf planet's discovery.
- 2185: Triple conjunction Mars-Saturn
- 2187: Triple conjunction Mars-Saturn
- September 2, 2197: Venus occults Spica (last occultation of Spica by Venus was on November 10, 1783)
Condition

**Condition** or **conditions** can mean:
- A state of being.
- A disease, such as a heart condition.
- A proposition upon which another proposition depends, such as "if-then" statements. See logical implication.
- To cause a certain response to a stimulus, see conditioning.
- To replace moisture or oils, especially in hair, see conditioner.
- To change climate to an appropriate level, see air conditioning.
- A status effect which is usually negative, see condition (computer gaming).
- A state which is induced in the subject of a psychological experiment, see condition (experimental psychology).
Malignant

In medicine, **malignant** is a clinical word that is used to describe an illness that kills a patient fast. A malignant tumor is a tumor that is able to invade nearby tissues and spread to tissues that are not nearby.  Not all patients diagnosed with malignant tumors die, because of the improved treatments available.  The actual prognosis depends on the type of tumor, its differentiation, and how bad the disease is.  The term malignant is typically applied to neoplasms that show aggressive behavior characterized by local invasion or distant metastasis.
Advice

**Advice** may refer to:

- Advice (opinion), an opinion or recommendation offered by someone
    - Legal advice, the giving of a formal and binding opinion regarding the substance or procedure of the law
- Advice (constitutional), in constitutional law, a frequently binding instruction issued to a constitutional office-holder
- Advice in aspect-oriented programming, a piece of code executed when a join point is reached
- Advice (complexity), in complexity theory, a string with extra information used by Turing machine or other computing device
- Pay advice, whereby employees are advised of having received directly deposited pay
- Advice column, a regular feature in a newspaper or magazine
Advice (constitutional)

In constitutional law, **Advice** is formal, usually binding instruction given by a constitutional officer of state to another. Heads of state in particular act on the basis of Advice issued by governments and prime ministers. For example, Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom formally appoints Ministers of the Crown on the advice of the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.
Laney Amplification

**Laney Amplification** is a company from Great Britain that makes guitar and bass guitar amplifiers. It was founded in 1967 when Lyndon Laney started to make amplifiers in his parents' garage. Laney is popular for its good quality amplifiers for low prices.

## Other websites

- Laney Amplification

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: Laney Amplification
- **founded**: 1967
Council

**Council** in general means a body that has the right to give advice or to administer.

It could also mean:

In **politics**:
- Borough Council, a form of local government in the United Kingdom
- City council, a form of local government
- Community council, the most local official representative bodies in Scotland and Wales
- Council (country subdivision), a local government area in Australia
- County council, a council that governs a county in the British Isles
- Municipal council, a subdivision of France
- Town council, a democratically elected form of government for small municipalities or parishes

**Specific organizations**:
- Council (Boy Scouts), a non-profit private corporation within Boy Scouts of America
- Council of the European Union
- United Nations Security Council

**Places**:
- Council, Alaska
- Council, Idaho

In **other fields**:
- Ecumenical council, a meeting of the bishops of the whole church convened to discuss and settle matters of Church doctrine and practice
- "The Council" (_Enterprise_ episode), a third-season episode of _Star Trek: Enterprise_
- Workers' council, a council composed of working class or proletarian members
- Works council, a "shop-floor" organization representing workers

## Related pages

- Privy Council (disambiguation page)
Kellyjackie

**Jackie Chan Hiu-ki** (陳曉琪), also known as **Kellyjackie** (born 23 August 1986), is a Hong Kong citizen who enjoys singing as a hobby. She is also a member of a band called the Royals. She likes the pop singer Kelly Chen, so she puts "Kelly" in her nickname.

She was a secondary school student before 2005. She started to put her songs on the Internet from the age of 13, although she mostly sang other singers' songs. After about one year, she started writing her own songs. Her own first song was _Lucky Voice_ which, like her other songs, was put on the Internet for others to listen.

In January 2005, she wrote the song _He invites me to Disneyland_ (他約我去迪士尼) to ease her exam stress. She got the ideas of the song from the story Sleeping Beauty.

She uploaded her song _He invites me to Disneyland_ to her band's forum, her Xanga site, i010.com and also cmidi.com for free downloading by Internet users. The song became very famous with the help of the Internet within a few weeks. The song was also number 1 of Yahoo! Hong Kong's Top Searches (搜尋人氣榜) for some time. Some DJs also played the song on the radio. Many people were happy about her, although some also thought she did not have good singing skills.

When the Hong Kong Disneyland opened, the _Hong Kong Disneyland -The Grand Opening Celebration Album_ (香港迪士尼樂園開幕紀念大碟) was sold in public. Kellyjackie and Kelly Chen sang _He invites me to Disneyland_ together in the album.
Council of the European Union

The **Council of the European Union** _(often called **Council of Ministers** or just **Council**)_ is one of the three organisations that manage the European Union. Along with the European Parliament, it is responsible for law making for the European Union (EU).

Its members are the government ministers of the member countries who are responsible for the law that is being discussed. As an example, suppose the law is going to be about farming, then the Agriculture Ministers are the council for that day.

As well as making laws, they can meet to discuss their problems. For example, the European Union does not decide on tax - each country decides on its own tax. But the Finance Ministers meet anyway because sometimes they can help each other catch people who do not want to pay tax at all.

The council is called different things in different countries, according to the language they speak (for example in French it is _Conseil de l'Union Européenne_ and in German it is _Rat der Europäischen Union_). It is also known internationally, and so it appears on its logo, with the Latin word ***Consilium***.
European Commission

The **European Commission** (officially called the **Commission of the European Communities**) is one of the seven organisations that manage the European Union (EU). The Commission manages the day-to-day running of the EU and writes laws, like a government. Laws written by the commission are discussed and changed by the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union. The Commission sits in Brussels.

The commission is made of 27 people, one from each of the countries in the EU. One of these people is the President, who was chosen by the Council and Parliament, who decides (with each country) who the other members are and what they do. Each one has a different job, such as looking after industry or trade. If they do not do their job properly, the President can remove them. If the President does not remove them, the Parliament can remove the whole Commission from their jobs (this only happened in 1999).

The name Commission can also mean the 25,000 people who work for the President and his team. They follow the commission's instructions in looking after the EU or writing a new law. It works in three languages, English, French and German.

The first Commission was created in 1952 and was called the "High Authority". But the modern Commission was created in 1957 and since then has had twelve Presidents;

## Related pages

- President of the European Commission
Deep Ng

**Deep Ng** (吳浩康; born 吳偉男 on 13 June 1983) is a Hong Kong singer and actor of the Emperor Entertainment Group.

He was fined 5,000 USD because of keeping cocaine (an illegal drug).

He was charged of beating Chim Chi Kin at the Boozeroo Pub in Tsim Sha Tsui on 11 July 2005. On November 21, 2005, the court ruled that he did not committed the crime, because what the victim said seemed not to match his own words.

Deep also acted in movies like _New Police Story_. He is also famous for his number 1 hit song, _Select the Breakup Day_ (擇日失戀). A new album, _Nowhere_ (pronounced as Now-here), was sold in public in September 2005. This album was seen as a comeback for Deep after a number of bad news.  He also had another new album, _Documentary_, in 2006.

## His albums

- _Deep_ EP (2003)
- _Deep In The Music_ EP (2004)
- _Deep: Inside_ (2005)
- _903 California Red: Eleven Fires Concert_ - Deep Ng (2005)
- _Nowhere_ (2005)
- _Documentary_ (2006)
- 3.D _New Songs + Greatest Hits_ (2007)

## Other websites

- Deep's Official Site 
- Deep Ng Interview
- Deep Ng's Lyrics and Midi

## Infobox (chinese)

- **child**: yes
- **t**: 吳浩康
- **s**: 吴浩康
- **p**: wu2 hao4 kang1
- **y**: Ǹg Houhhōng
- **j**: Ng4 Hou6hong1


## Infobox (musical artist)

- **embed**: yes
- **background**: temporary
- **origin**: Hong Kong
- **instrument**: Singing, guitar, piano, Drum kit, drums


## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Deep Ng
- **image**: Deep Ng 2010.jpg
- **caption**: Ng at the 2010 Hong Kong International Film Festival
- **birth name**: Ng Wai-Nam (吳偉男)
- **birth place**: Hong Kong
- **occupation**: Singer, songwriter, actor
Needle aspiration biopsy

**Needle aspiration biopsy** (**NAB**), also known as **fine needle aspiration cytology** (**FNAC**), **fine needle aspiration biopsy** (**FNAB**) and **fine needle aspiration** (**FNA**), is a medical procedure performed to diagnose certain kinds of medical conditions, such as lumps in the neck.  A thin needle is inserted into a mass or lump to extract cells that will be examined under a microscope.  Fine needle aspiration biopsies are very safe, minor surgical procedures.  Often, a major surgical (excisional or open) biopsy can be avoided by performing a needle aspiration biopsy instead.
Ultrasound

**Ultrasound** is a type of sound with a frequency higher than humans can hear. This frequency, the upper limit of human hearing, is approximately 20,000 hertz (20 kilohertz).

## Hearing ultrasound

Some animals, such as dogs, dolphins, bats, and mice, are able to hear sounds which have a frequency higher than upper-limit of the human ear. This makes them able to hear ultrasounds. Children can hear some high-pitched sounds that older adults cannot hear, as in humans the upper limit pitch of hearing gets lower as a person gets older. This frequency limit is caused by the middle ear that acts as a low-pass filter. If ultrasound is fed directly into the skull bone and reaches the cochlea without passing through the middle ear, much higher frequencies (up to about 200 kHz) can be heard. This effect (sometimes called ultrasonic hearing) was first discovered by divers exposed to a high-frequency (ca. 50 kHz) sonar signal.

Medical ultrasonography is commonly used during pregnancy. Ultrasound is generally thought of as a "safe test" because it does not use destructive ionizing radiation like x-rays.

## Ultrasonic cleaning

Ultrasonic cleaners are sometimes mistakenly called supersonic cleaners. They are used at frequencies from 20 to 40 kHz for jewellery, lenses and other optical parts, watches, dental instruments, surgical instruments and industrial parts. An ultrasonic cleaner works by the energy released from the collapse of millions of tiny (microscopic) bubbles near the dirty surface. The bubbles are formed by cavitation and collapse, forming small jets directed at the surface.
Oncology

**Oncology** is the medical specialty that deals with the study and treatment of cancer.  A doctor that practices oncology is called an oncologist.  The term originates from the Greek onkos (ονκος), meaning bulk, mass, or tumour; and the suffix -ology, meaning "study of."
Data migration

**Data migration** is a term computer scientists and economists use when they speak about moving data from one location to another, one format to another, or one application to another. It can also mean that files, or folders with documents, or databases are moved from one server to another. This might be that because several databases are merged into one, or because the databases are reorganized.

It is usually an automated process, supported by data migration tools. If the data structure is complex, the migration may be separated in several phases that are carried out one after the other.
1271

### Europe

- July 2 – Kings Otakar II of Bohemia and Stephen V of Hungary sign the first Peace of Pressburg, settling territorial claims following the failed invasion of Hungary by Otakar II.
- September 1 – Pope Gregory X succeeds Pope Clement IV as the 184th popeas the compromise candidate between French and Italian cardinals, ending a three-year conclave, the longest ever.
- The County of Toulouse is returned to the crown of France.
- Marco Polo departs from Venice with his father and uncle on his famous journey to Kublai Khan's China.
- The construction of Caerphilly Castle, the largest in Wales, is completed.
- Construction of the Belaya Vezha in Belarus is begun.

### North Africa and the Middle East

- April 8 – Mamluk sultan Baibars continues his territorial expansion, capturing the strategically important castle Krak des Chevaliers from the Knights Hospitaller in present-day Syria.
- Mamluk sultan Baibars conducts an unsuccessful siege of the city of Tripoli, and also fails in an attempted naval invasion of Cyprus.
- Edward I of England and Charles of Anjou arrive in Acre, starting the Ninth Crusade against Baibars; however, they are unable to capture any territory and a peace is quickly negotiated.

### Asia

- September 12 – According to the followers of Nichiren Buddhism, the sect's founder, Nichiren, reaches a turning point known as _hosshaku kempon_ as he discards his identity as a mortal priest and begins to reveal himself as a reincarnation of the Buddha.
- December 18 – Kublai Khan renames his empire "Yuan" (元 yuán), officially marking the start of the Yuan Dynasty of China.
- The Nakhi kingdom of the northern Himalayan foothills is annexed by the Yuan Dynasty.

## Births

- May 25 – Shah Jalal of Bengal (d. 1346)
- May – Joan of Acre, daughter of King Edward I of England (d. 1307)
1040

## Events

- March War of Independence of Western Xia occurred.
- June 17 – Harthacanute lands at Sandwich and reclaims the English Throne.
- August 15 – King Duncan I is killed in battle against his first cousin and rival Macbeth. The latter succeeds him as Scottish Monarch.
- The oldest brewery still active is founded at Weihenstephan.
- Seljuk Turks defeat the Ghaznavids at the Battle of Dandanaqan.

## Births

- February 22 – Rashi, French rabbi and commentator (d. 1105)
- June 27 – King Ladislaus I of Hungary (d. 1095)
- King Alfonso VI of Castile, Spanish royal (died 1109)

## Deaths

- March 17 – Harold Harefoot, King of England
- August 15 – King Duncan I of Scotland (b. 1001)
- October 1 – Alan III, Duke of Brittany (poisoned) (b. 997)

## Related pages

- For the U.S. Internal Revenue Service (IRS) form, see Form 1040.
Amusement arcade

An **amusement arcade** (also called **video arcade**, **penny arcade** or just **arcade**) is a place where people play arcade games such as video games, pinball machines, Skee-Ball, etc.

The earliest amusement arcades were called "penny arcades." They were opened in the nineteenth century. Penny arcades had game machines called "bagatelles", which were like billiards and pinball. Penny arcades were popular at amusement parks and fairs until around the 1950s. Around this time, the penny arcades were often replaced by more modern games of chance and skill. An example of the new machines were shooting galleries.

Video games were introduced in amusement arcades in the late 1970s. These were most popular during the early 1980s. Arcades became popular with young people. Many video arcades began closing in the late 1990s, as the technology of home video game consoles began to rival and eventually exceed that of arcade games. However, video arcades remained popular in Japan, where they are called game centers.

Some examples of common video games found in arcades include _Space Invaders_ and _PAC-MAN_. Examples of other types of games include Pinball and Skee-Ball.
Ice age

An **ice age** is a period that for a long time the temperature of Earth's climate is very low. That leads to an expansion of the continental ice sheets, polar ice sheets and mountain glaciers.

'Ice age' is a term used in palaeoclimatology for the period of extensive ice sheets in the recent Pleistocene period. We now know that ice ages have happened a number of times in the past, the greatest and longest of which took place in the Proterozoic era, before multicellular eukaryotes evolved.

During ice ages, the sea level drops as water is held in the great ice sheets at the poles. How much it drops depends on several factors, such as the length of time that a cold period lasts.

## Stages

Within an ice age, there are stages. The longer cold stages are called **glacials** or glacial periods. The shorter warm periods are called **interglacials**. The last glacial ended about 11,000 years ago, when the present interglacial started. The Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets still exist. The last two million years have been the Pleistocene ice age. During glacials, large and thick ice sheets covered much of North America and Eurasia.

Many glacial periods that have occurred during the last few million years are initially at 40,000-year frequency, but more recently ice ages have occurred at 100,000-year frequency.

This data come from a time that human beings had no large effect on the climate. Therefore, it is technically correct to say that humans had no effect on global climate in the Earth's history. However, in recent centuries they have burned much fossil fuel, which has partly been responsible for the present temperature rise.

## Related pages

- Snowball Earth
- Ice core
- Milankovitch cycle
- Orbital forcing
- Pleistocene
- Glaciation
- Global warming

## Other websites

- Cracking the Ice Age from PBS
- Climate patterns
Saxons

The **Saxons**, or **Saxon people**, are (today) part of the German people, with their main areas of settlements in the German States of Schleswig-Holstein, Lower Saxony, Westphalia, and the northeastern part of the Netherlands (Groningen, Drenthe, Twente, Salland, Veluwe and Achterhoek).

First mentioned by the Ancient Greek geographer Ptolemy, the pre-Christian area of the Saxon people first covered an area a little more to the northwest, with parts of the southern Jutland Peninsula, Old Saxony and small parts of the eastern Netherlands. During the 5th century AD, the Saxons were part of the people invading the Romano-British province of Britannia and so formed the Anglo-Saxons.

Before Christianization, the Saxons had much in common with other native pre-Christian Germanic paganism. After Christianization, parts of the religion have remained in people who came from the Saxons.

The word "Saxon" is thought to come from the word _seax_, a mixture of single-edged knives. The Saxons were thought by Charlemagne and historians to be very war-like and angry.

Many words like "radish" that are used today were created by the Saxons.

The Finnish and Estonian name for Germany, _Saksa_, comes from the Saxons.

## Other websites

- James Grout: _Saxon Advent_. Part of the Encyclopædia Romana
- Saxons and Britons
Gdynia

**Gdynia**  (, ) is a city in northern Poland in Pomeranian Voivodeship, and is an important and seaport of Gdańsk Bay on the south coast of the Baltic Sea. It has about 248 000 inhabitants and 135 km².

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Gdynia
- **motto**: Uśmiechnij się, jesteś w Gdyni
(_Smile, you're in Gdynia_)
- **image skyline**: POL Gdynia view 01.jpg
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **image flag**: POL Gdynia flag.svg
- **image shield**: POL Gdynia COA.svg
- **pushpin map**: Poland
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Voivodeships of Poland, Voivodeship
- **subdivision name1**: Pomeranian Voivodeship, Pomeranian
- **subdivision type2**: Powiat, County
- **subdivision name2**: _city county_
- **parts**: 22 dzielnicas
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Aleksandra Kosiorek
- **leader title1**: Vice President
- **leader name1**: Ewa Łowkiel
- **leader title2**: Vice President
- **leader name2**: Michał Guć
- **leader title3**: Vice President
- **leader name3**: Bogusław Stasiak
- **leader title4**: Vice President
- **leader name4**: Marek Stępa
- **established title**: City rights
- **established date**: February 10, 1926
- **elevation min m**: 0
- **elevation max m**: 205
- **area total km2**: 136
- **population as of**: 31.03.2014
- **population total**: 247799
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone**: Central European Time, CET
- **utc offset**: +1
- **timezone dst**: Central European Summer Time, CEST
- **utc offset dst**: +2
- **postal code type**: Postal code
- **postal code**: 81-004 to 81-919
- **area code**: +48 58
- **website**: http://www.gdynia.pl
- **blank name**: Polish car number plates, Car plates
- **blank info**: GA
Sosnowiec

**** () is a city in Poland in the Silesian Voivodeship. About 189,178 (2022) people live there, and it has an area of .
Mould

**Mould** (or **mold**) is a type of fungus. It grows in the form of multicellular filaments called _hyphae_. In contrast, fungi that can adopt a single-celled growth habit are called yeasts.

Molds are a large group of fungi. The growth of their hyphae results in discoloration and a fuzzy appearance, especially on food. The network of these tubular branching hyphae, called a mycelium, is considered a single organism.

Mould grows from spores, which float around in the air.
There are thousands of different kinds. Some molds cause disease or food spoilage. Sometimes people use them to make some kinds of cheese. Many antibiotics are developed from natural anti-bacterial substance made by moulds.

Mold or mould, also sometimes referred to as mildew, is a fungal growth that develops on wet materials. Mold is a natural part of the environment and plays an important part in nature by breaking down dead organic matter such as fallen leaves and dead trees; indoors, mold growth should be avoided and proper inspection should be done for effective mold removal.

## Related pages

- Black bread mold
- Oomycete
- Slime mould
- _Penicillium_
Martin Adams

**Martin Adams** (born 1956) is an English professional darts player.  His nickname is _Wolfie_, referring to his hairy face and the fact that he likes wolves.

Adams is a top-ranked darts player. He is a three-time BDO World Champion and three-time World Masters champion. He was on the board of the British Darts Organisation for a short time.

### British Darts Organisation

- 1994: Quarter Final: (lost to Magnus Caris 2-4)
- 1995: Semi Final: (lost to Raymond van Barneveld 4-5)
- 1996: Quarter Final: (lost to Steve Beaton 1-4)
- 1997: 1st Round: (lost to Roger Carter 1-3)
- 1998: 1st Round: (lost to Robbie Widdows 2-3)
- 1999: Quarter Final: (lost to Chris Mason 4-5)
- 2000: 1st Round: (lost to Steve Coote 2-3)
- 2001: 2nd Round: (lost to Ronnie Baxter 1-3)
- 2002: Semi Final: (lost to Tony David 4-5)
- 2003: 2nd Round: (lost to Bob Taylor 1-3)
- 2004: 1st Round: (lost to Richie Davies 2-3)
- 2005: Runner Up: (lost to Raymond van Barneveld 2-6)
- 2006: Semi Final: (lost to Raymond van Barneveld 2-6)
- 2007: **Winner** (beat Phill Nixon 7-6)
- 2008: Semi Final: (lost to Mark Webster 4-6)
- 2009: Semi Final: (lost to Ted Hankey 4-6)
- 2010: **Winner** (beat Dave Chisnall 7-5)
- 2011: **Winner** (beat Dean Winstanley 7-5)
- 2012: Quarter Final: (lost to Tony O'Shea 2-5)
- 2013: 1st Round: (lost to Jimmy Hendriks 2-3)

## Other websites

- Wolfie Darts Official Web Site

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Martin Adams
- **image**: Martin Adams in Poison Arrows 2022.jpg
- **caption**: Martin Adams in 2022
- **birth place**: Sutton, London, England
- **other names**: Wolfie
Heterotroph

A **heterotroph** (Greek _heteros_ = another and _trophe_ = nutrition) is an organism that requires organic substrates to get its carbon for growth and development.

## In food chains

A heterotroph is known as a **consumer** in the food chain. Consumers are organisms that cannot make their own food supply. They use the food that producers make, or they eat other organisms. Animals are consumers. To stay alive, consumers must get food from other organisms. There are three types of consumers:Herbivores, Carnivores, and Omnivores.

### Herbivores

Consumers that only eat plants are called herbivores. The word herbivore comes from the Latin words _herba_, which means "grass or herb," and _vorare_, which means "to eat."  A giraffe is an example of a herbivorous consumer.

### Carnivores

Consumers that only eat animals are called carnivores. The word comes from the Latin _carnis_, which means "flesh", and _vorare_, which means "to eat." A tiger is an example of a carnivorous consumer.

### Omnivores

Consumers that eat both plants and animals are called omnivores. The word comes from the Latin _omnis_, which means "all" and _vorare_. Humans are a good example of an omnivorous consumer.

## Related pages

- Autotroph
- Mixotroph
Pittsburgh Steelers

The **Pittsburgh Steelers** are an American football team in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.. They have won six Super Bowls in eight appearances. That is  most that any team has won, tied with the New England Patriots. They have a rivalry with the Baltimore Ravens. Pittsburgh plays in the AFC North with Baltimore, the Cincinnati Bengals, and the Cleveland Browns.

The Steelers are most famous for their defense. In the 1970s, their defense was nicknamed the "Steel Curtain". It helped the Steelers to four Super Bowl wins. Other well-known Steelers defenses include the 1990s "Blitzburgh" defense and the 2000s defense (which was not nicknamed). The Steelers always have success so they are considered the best NFL team of all time.

## Other websites

- Official Website
Alice Cooper

**Alice Cooper** (born February 4, 1948) is an American rock singer. Originally, there was a band called Alice Cooper led by a singer named **Vincent Damon Furnier**. The band was one of the creators of a very theatrical and violent type of heavy metal music that was designed to shock and would come to be known as "shock rock."

## Life

In 1974, Furnier legally changed his name to Alice Cooper and started making solo music. Cooper's solo career began with the 1975 album _Welcome to My Nightmare_. Over the years Cooper has played many different musical styles.

Alice Cooper is known for his social and witty persona offstage. _The Rolling Stone Album Guide_ referred to him as the world's most _"beloved"_ heavy metal entertainer. He helped to shape the sound and look of heavy metal. Cooper is also credited as being one of the first to bring movie-like looks to the rock concert stage in the late 1960s.

Away from music, Cooper is also an actor, a golfer, a restaurant owner and a popular radio DJ.

Alice Cooper keeps his professional life and home life separate, to the extent that, when his children see him on television, they say "That's Alice Cooper," and not "That's Dad."

Alice Cooper is one of the few performing artists who still has money earned in the 1970s.

Alice Cooper wears one half of a pair of matching padlocks, and his wife wears the other half.  This was part of their wedding ceremony, and if one wants to leave the marriage, they have to ask the other for the key.

The rock show, as it is known today, originated in Vincent Furnier's belief in what a rock show should be.

Alice Cooper lives on a budget agreed with his accountant.

Alice Cooper believes in personal hygiene, but uses only enough soap to clean himself, as he believes that too much soap is bad for your health.

Alice Cooper's mother used to send him $5.00 per week, as she believed that musicians do not make money.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Alice Cooper
- **image**: ALICE COOPER.png
- **caption**: Cooper in 2015
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Vincent Damon Furnier
- **birth place**: Detroit, Michigan, US
- **years active**: 1963–present
Mold

A **mold** is a hollow shape which can be filled with a liquid which can harden or set and take the shape of the mold.

Molds are used in cooking for jelly and cakes.

They are also used in manufacturing, sometimes for very complex things.
Substrate

**Substrate** may mean:
- Substrate (biology), the natural environment in which an organism lives, or the surface or medium on which an organism grows or is attached
- Substrate (marine biology), the earthy material in the bottom of a marine habitat, like dirt, rocks, sand, or gravel
    - Substrate (aquarium), the material used in the bottom of an aquarium
- The stratum that is covered by another geologic stratum
- Substrate (biochemistry), a molecule an enzyme has an effect on
- Substrate (chemistry), the catalytic material upon which chemical species react
**Substrate** may also mean:
- Wafer (electronics), material upon which integrated circuits are fabricated
- Printed circuit board (electronics), or the electrically insulating portion of a PCB structure
- Substratum, in linguistics, a language that influences but is supplanted by a second language
- Neural substrate, in neuroscience, the set of brain structures that underlies a specific behavior or psychological state
- Substrate (printing), the base material to which images will be printed