juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Seamount

A **seamount** is a mountain rising from the ocean sea floor. It does not reach to the water's surface (sea level), and so is not an island. These are usually formed from submarine volcanoes. They are usually 1,000–4,000 metres (3,000–13,000 ft) in height from the sea floor.

The peaks are often found hundreds to thousands of metres below the surface, and so are in the deep sea. There are an estimated 100,000 seamounts around the globe, but only a few have been studied. Seamounts come in all shapes and sizes, and follow a distinctive pattern of growth, activity, and death. In recent years, several active seamounts have been observed, for example Loihi seamount in the Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain.

Over time, the largest seamounts may reach the sea surface. There wave action erodes the summit to form a flat surface.  After they have subsided and sunk below the sea surface such flat-top seamounts are called "guyots" or "tablemounts".

Seamounts are one of the most common oceanic ecosystems in the world. Interactions between seamounts and underwater currents attract plankton, corals, fish, and cetacea alike. Their effect has been noted by the commercial fishing industry, and many seamounts support extensive fisheries. There are concerns about the effect of fishing on seamount ecosystems. There are well-documented cases of stock decline. 95% of ecological damage is done by bottom trawling, which literally scrapes whole ecosystems off seamounts.

Most seamounts are not yet to be studied, or even mapped. Bathymetry and satellite altimetry are two technologies used to collect data. There have been instances where naval vessels have collided with uncharted seamounts. The Muirfield seamount is named after the ship that struck it in 1973. However, the greatest danger from seamounts are flank collapses. As they get older, water eats away at their sides. This causes landslides which, in turn, may cause massive tsunamis.

## Related pages

- Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain
- Saikaidō Seamounts
- Guyot
- Submarine volcano

## Other websites

- Earthref.org, Seamount Catalogue
- NOAA, Volcanic History of Seamounts in the Gulf of Alaska.
- USGS, Evolution of Hawaiian volcanoes
Hazelnut

**Hazelnuts** are nuts of the hazel genus of tree; they are also called cob nuts and filbert nuts. Filbert nuts are more elongated (twice as long as they are round). These nuts fall from their husks when ripe (that is, seven to eight months past pollination). Hazelnuts are oftentimes used as livestock feed or ground into paste. Hazelnut is produced especially in Greece, Turkey, Italy and the U.S. states Washington and Oregon. Hazelnuts are also used alongside chocolate for chocolate truffles. Moreover, hazelnut are rich in proteins and unsaturated fats.

Hazelnuts can also be used to make hazelnut butter.
Circuit

***Circuit*** may mean:

In **electrical engineering**
- Electrical circuit, a path which voltage or current source follows
- Digital circuit
- Integrated circuit
- Printed circuit board (PCB)
- LC circuit

In **government** and **law**
- Circuit (political division), an administrative area in East Asian countries
- Circuit court, the name of court systems in several common law jurisdictions

In **racing**
- Race track
Sibling species

**Sibling species** are species which look alike, but cannot breed with each other.

The classic case is _Drosophila pseudoobscura_ and _D. persimilis_. They are almost identical, but if flies from one species are put with flies from the other species, they do not interbreed. Another example was the European mosquito known as _Anopheles maculipennis_. This turned out to be a cluster of six different species, some of which transmit malaria, and some do not.
Sherilyn Fenn

**Sheryl Ann "Sherilyn" Fenn** (born February 1, 1965, Detroit) is an American actress. She has acted in many television programs and movies throughout her acting career. She was married to actor Johnny Depp for a brief time period.

## Selected roles

- _Twin Peaks_ (TV series) (1990-1991), Audrey Horne
- _Of Mice and Men_ (1992), Curley's Wife
- _Liz: The Elizabeth Taylor Story_ (1995 TV movie), Elizabeth Taylor
Circuit (political division)

A **circuit** ( ; Chinese: **dào**; Japanese: **dō**) was a historical political division of Tang China and Japan and Korea. In Korean, the same word () is translated as "province".

## China

Emperor Taizong divided China into parts which were called "circuits".

The organization of government and geography in Tang China were merged into provinces (_dao_ ) which were ten natural regions.  In part, Tang history is about the changing balance between the provinces and a strong central government.

## Japan

During the pre-modern era, Japan was divided into a central region and seven provincial regions or "circuits", including
- , 7 provinces (_kuni_)
- , 6 provinces
- , 8 provinces
- , 8 provinces
- , 8 provinces
- , 15 provinces
- , 13 provinces

In the mid-19th century, the northern island of Ezo was settled, and renamed .

Hokkaido did not develop as a "circuit" in the traditional way.  It became a prefecture. It had a name that was different from the other prefectures because of the suffix _-dō_.

## Korea

After the late-10th century, the province (_do_) was the main subdivision of Korea.

## Related pages

- Prefectures of Japan
- Provinces of Japan
Saikaidō

is a Japanese term for both an ancient division of the country and the main road running through the region.

## History

_Saikaidō_ was one of the main circuits of the _Gokishichidō_ system. It was first established during the Asuka period. Over centuries, the government functions of the _Gokishichido_ became less important. However, the traditional eight regions, including _Saikaidō_, remained cultural markers.

The _Saikaidō_ road connected the capitals of the provinces in this region.

## Geography

_Saikaidō_ is the geographic region of Kyūshū. Tsushima Island and Iki Province were also part of the region.

_Saikaidō_ has nine ancient provinces and two islands, including
- Bungo Province
- Buzen Province
- Chikugo Province
- Chikuzen Province
- Higo
- Hizen
- Hyūga
- Ōsumi
- Satsuma

### Regional earthquakes

Historic earthquakes are named "Saikaidō" when the main damage was in the Kyūshū region.  Often quakes are called by the Japanese era name along with region location such as _Saikaido_.

### Timeline

- 8th century: Dazaifu was established as a government center for the island region.
- **November 24, 1899** (_Meiji 32_): regional disaster called the  at Latitude: 31.9/Longitude: 132
- **August 5, 1968** (_Shōwa 43_):regional disaster called the  at Latitude: 33.3/Longitude: 132.2

## Related pages

- Kyūshū region
- Comparison of regions of Japan
Document Object Model

The **Document Object Model** (**DOM**) is a representation of an HTML website's properties. By using DOM, an HTML page can be modified (elements of it can be removed, changed, or new elements can be added).
Nankaidō

The   is a Japanese term for both an ancient division of the country and the main road running through the region.

## History

_Nankaidō_ was one of the main circuits of the Gokishichidō system. It was first established during the Asuka period. Over centuries, the government functions of the _Gokishichido_ became less important. However, the traditional eight regions, including _Nankaidō_, remained cultural markers.

The _Nankaidō_ road connected the capitals of the provinces in this region.

## Geography

_Nankaidō_ is the geographic region of Shikoku. Awaji Island was also part of the region.

_Nankaidō_ has parts of six ancient provinces and one island, including:
- Awa Province
- Iyo Province
- Kii Province
- Sanuki Province
- Tosa

Some geological features, such as the undersea Nankai Trough, have been named for the region.

### Nankaidō earthquakes

Many historic earthquakes have the name "_Nankai_" or "_Nankaido_".  Major earthquakes are named with  the Japanese era name and the location such as _Nankaido_.

### Timeline

- **1498** (_Meiō 7, 2nd day of the 7th month_): regional disaster called the  at Latitude: 33.500/Longitude: 135.200, 7.5 on the Richter Scale.
- **1605** (_Keichō 10_): regional disaster called the
- **1854** (_Ansei 1_): regional disaster called the
- **1944** (_Shōwa 19_): regional disaster called the
- **1946** (_Shōwa 21_): regional disaster called the

## Related pages

- Shikoku region
- Comparison of regions of Japan
Cathedral of the Most Holy Conception, Chile

The **Cathedral of the Most Holy Conception** () is a Roman Catholic cathedral in Concepción, Chile.

## Related pages

- Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Concepción
- History of Concepción
- Catholic University of the Most Holy Conception

## Other websites

- Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Concepción website
- Catholic University of the Most Holy Conception website
- The Cathedral in gcatholic.com
Bring It On

***Bring It On*** is a 2000 American teen comedy movie that stars Kirsten Dunst and Eliza Dushku It's the first installment in the Bring It On series). It is about cheerleader groups competing against each other in high schools in California. _Bring It On_ got mixed critic reviews, though it took in over $90 million in box office revenue. It was released in theaters on August 25, 2000. Bring It On was the only installment of the franchise to be released theatrically.
Carrie (1976 movie)

***Carrie*** is a 1976 American supernatural horror movie. It was directed by Brian De Palma and written by Lawrence D. Cohen. It is based on a novel of the same name by Stephen King. The film stars Sissy Spacek as 17-18 year old Carrie White. She is shy and is victimized by her controlling religious fundamentalist mother, played by Piper Laurie, as well as by several of her high school classmates who bully her. However, she has telekinetic powers which she uses to take revenge on the people who deliberately cause her suffering. Nancy Allen, Amy Irving, William Katt and John Travolta play some of her classmates. Carrie was emotionally and verbally abused by some girls who are her classmates.

It was followed by a 1999 sequel, _The Rage: Carrie 2_. It was remade in 2002 and 2013.
Carrie

**Carrie** may refer to:

- Carrie (name), female name
- Carrie (novel), American novel by Stephen King
- _Carrie (1976 movie)_, American movie based on the novel
- _The Rage: Carrie 2_, 1999 movie sequel
- _Carrie (2002 movie)_, movie sequel
- _Carrie (2013 movie)_, movie remake
Don't Look Now

***Don't Look Now*** is a 1973 Anglo-Italian thriller movie directed by Nicolas Roeg. It stars Julie Christie and Donald Sutherland as a married couple from Hertfordshire who go to Venice, Italy after the accidental death of their daughter. It is based on a short story by Daphne du Maurier.
Yellow-backed duiker

The **yellow-backed duiker** (_Cephalophus silvicultor_) is a small antelope.
It lives in the dense tropical forests of central Africa. Duikers can grow up to 3 feet in height and weigh up to 175 lbs. They live 10 to 15 years in captivity. A typical yellow-backed duiker's diet consists of bark, shoots, buds, seeds, fruits, fungi, herbs and some small animals.
Grey crowned crane

The **grey crowned crane** or **East African crowned crane**  (_Balearica regulorum_) is a waterfowl species which lives in wetter areas of eastern and southern Africa. They grow up to 3.5 feet and weigh over 8 pounds. The East African crowned crane can live up to 25 years in captivity. They eat a variety of grasses, seeds, insects, and other small animals.
Marwar

**Jodhpur** state was a former princely state now in Rajasthan in India. The region was earlier called **Marwar** meaning 'the land of death' due to its severe famines and harsh conditions of living. Maharaja Umaid Singhji got Umaid Bhawan Palace built in Jodhpur at the time of famine so as to provide employment to public.

Its ruler, the Maharaja of Jodhpur, expressed a wish to join Pakistan but Lord Mountbatten warned him that his subjects were mostly Hindus and his accession to Pakistan would create problems. As a result, Jodhpur, too, acceded to India.
Kapurthala (princely state)

**Kapurthala State** ( (Gurmukhi), کپورتھلہ (Shahmukhi), कपूरथला (Devanagari)), with its capital at Kapurthala, was a princely state in East Punjab. It was spread across .
Gilbert Gottfried

**Gilbert Jeremy Gottfried** (February 28, 1955 – April 12, 2022) was an American stand-up comedian, actor, voice artist, and comedian. He was the voice of Iago in the _Aladdin_ animated franchise. He also voiced Digit in the PBS educational animated series _Cyberchase_. He was originally the voice of the Aflac Duck, but he was dismissed on March 14, 2011 and he was replaced by Daniel McKeague on April 26, 2011.

## Early life

Gottfried was born and raised in Brooklyn, New York on February 28, 1955, the youngest of 3 children.

## Death

He died on April 11, 2022 in Manhattan at the age of 67 of ventricular tachycardia caused by type II myotonic dystrophy.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (comedian)

- **embed**: yes
- **medium**: Stand-up, film, television
- **genre**: Satire, crude humor, blue comedy, improvisational comedy, black comedy, insult comedy
- **subject**: Religion, race relations, racism, pop culture, sex
- **notable work**: _Saturday Night Live_
_Comedy Central Roasts_
Host of _USA Up All Night_
Igor Peabody in _Problem Child (movie), Problem Child_, _Problem Child 2_ and _Problem Child 3_
Iago (Aladdin), Iago in _Aladdin (1992 Disney film), Aladdin_
Digit in _Cyberchase_
Aflac Duck in the Aflac commercials
Host of _Gilbert Gottfried's Amazing Colossal Podcast_


## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Gilbert Gottfried
- **image**: Gilbert Gottfried (49732474471).jpg
- **caption**: Gottfried in 2020
- **birth name**: Gilbert Jeremy Gottfried
- **birth place**: Brooklyn, New York City, New York, U.S.
- **death place**: Manhattan, New York, U.S.
- **years active**: 1970–2022
- **children**: 2
- **relatives**: Arlene Gottfried (sister)
Cooch Behar (princely state)

**Cooch Behar** (1586—1949; also spelled **Koch Bihar**) was a small kingdom located south of the Himalayan kingdom of Bhutan, west of the upper Brahmaputra valley Ahom Kingdom, and north-east of the Ganges plain and Bengal.

Until 1949, Cooch Behar was a princely state subject to British rule. In 1949, it was merged with India; now free from the British. It later became a part of West Bengal.  However, if Cooch Behar had become part of East Pakistan, then India would not have had as much land access towards the north-east.  Also the former East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) would have land borders with Nepal, Bhutan and Sikkim.
Tripura (princely state)

**Twipra Kingdom** was the ancient kingdom of the Tripuri people of the Bodo-Kachari ethnicity. It is now the state of Tripura in the northeastern region of India. It had a chronicle of 186 kings till the present king (Maharaja Pradyot Kishore Manikya, better known as Kirit Pradyot Deb Burman).
Don Freund

**Don Freund** (born 1947, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania) is an American music writer and Professor of Composition at the Indiana University Jacobs School of Music. His over 100 works include individual music and large theater works.

He has many famous awards for his work, including a Guggenheim Fellowship and allowances from the National Endowment for the Arts.

## Recordings

- ***New Music From Indiana University Vol 4 - Don Freund*** _Madame Bovary Suite_, _Soft Cells_, _Concerto for Viola_, _Dissolving Music_:Indiana University Concert Orchestra,  Indiana University New Music Ensemble,  Indiana University Chamber Orchestra conducted by Don Freund, David Dzubay, and Paul Biss. Indiana University 10.

## Sources

- Jens Staubrand: Kierkegaard International Bibliography Music Works and Plays, Copenhagen 2009. In English and Danish. . Including Don Freund's _FEAR AND TREMBLING BLUES_, 1983
- Don Freund  Indiana University Homepage
- Don Freund , Composition Department, Jacobs School of Music
- Interview with Don Freund by George Walker (September 18, 2009), accessed 28 January 2010

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Don Freund
- **image**: Don Freund at Home.jpg
- **caption**: Don Freund at home in 2008
- **birth place**: Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
Nham Biền

**Nham Biền** is a township (_Thị trấn_) and town and capital of Yên Dũng District, Bac Giang Province, in northeastern Vietnam.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Nham Biền
- **settlement type**: Commune-level town (Vietnam), Township
- **pushpin map**: Vietnam
- **pushpin label position**: top
- **pushpin mapsize**: 300
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Vietnam
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Provinces of Vietnam, Province
- **subdivision name1**: Bắc Giang Province
- **subdivision type2**: Districts of Vietnam, District
- **subdivision name2**: Yên Dũng District, Yên Dũng
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 21.96
- **population as of**: 2018
- **population total**: 14.220
- **population density km2**: 648
- **population blank1 title**: Ethnicities
- **timezone**: UTC+7
- **utc offset**: +7
Planning

**Planning** is the way most organizations work to do big projects. It is thinking about what needs to happen, and then making a detailed plan. It may include a schedule.

All humans plan to some extent: it is a fundamental property of intelligent behaviour. In big organisations and government planning is a main activity. It combines forecasting  developments with scenarios of how to react to them.

Forecasting is predicting what the future will look like, whereas planning predicts what the future _should_ look like.

The "nuts and bolts" of planning are the documents, diagrams, and meetings, the objectives and the strategy to be followed. Beyond this, planning has a different meaning depending on the context in which it is used.

The counterpart to planning is self-organization, when order emerges spontaneously out of seeming chaos.
Dorf an der Pram

**Dorf an der Pram** is a municipality in the district of Schärding in the Austrian state of Upper Austria.

## Geography

Dorf an der Pram lies in the Innviertel. About 8 percent of the municipality is forest, and 80 percent is farmland.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Dorf an der Pram
- **image skyline**: Pfarrkirche Dorf an der Pram 2.jpg
- **image shield**: wappen at dorf an der pram.png
- **shield size**: 80x110px
- **pushpin map**: Austria
- **pushpin mapsize**: 270
- **pushpin map caption**: Location within Austria
- **map caption**: Location within Schärding district
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Austria
- **subdivision type1**: States of Austria, State
- **subdivision name1**: Upper Austria
- **subdivision type2**: District (Austria), District
- **subdivision name2**: Schärding District, Schärding
- **parts style**: para
- **leader title**: Burgomaster, Mayor
- **leader name**: Karl Einböck
- **elevation m**: 395
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone**: Central European Time, CET
- **timezone dst**: Central European Summer Time, CEST
- **utc offset**: +1
- **utc offset dst**: +2
- **registration plate**: Vehicle registration plates of Austria, SD
- **postal code type**: List of postal codes in Austria, Postal code
- **postal code**: 4751
- **area code type**: Telephone numbers in Austria, Area code
- **area code**: 07764
- **website**: [http://www.dorf.at www.dorf.at]
Gradualism

**Gradualism** is a process of change by gradual, slow stages. In politics, it is the opposite of revolutions and rapid change. "Gradualism is... sometimes associated with social democracy."

In geology, it is in tune with uniformitarianism and against catastrophism. In biology it is in tune with Darwinian ideas of slowly changing species as opposed to large rapid changes

## Politics and society

Gradualism is one of the defining features of political liberalism and reformism. It is against abrupt strokes such as revolutions or uprisings. Instead, change ought to be brought about in small discrete steps.

Martin Luther King, Jr., was opposed to the idea of gradualism as a method of eliminating racial segregation. The government wanted to try to integrate African-Americans and European-Americans slowly into the same society, but many believed it was a way for the government to put off actually doing anything about racial segregation:

> This is no time to engage in the luxury of cooling off or to take the tranquilizing drug of gradualism. Now is the time to make real the promises of democracy.
> — Martin Luther King Jr.'s _I Have a Dream_ speech, delivered August 28, 1963 at the Lincoln Memorial in Washington DC

Charles Lindblom was an influential professor and author who believed in muddling through ("incrementalism") as the right way to go. He pointed out the connexions between the political system, the market-place and democratic freedom.

## Geology and biology

In the natural sciences, gradualism is a theory that profound change is the product of slow but continuous processes. It is often contrasted with catastrophism. Gradualism was proposed in 1795 by James Hutton to explain geology, and was later was the basis for Charles Lyell's _Principles of Geology_. William Whewell called the idea 'uniformitarianism'. It formed the basis of early evolutionary theory.

Charles Darwin was influenced by Lyell's _Principles of Geology_. Everything we see from the past is explained by processes we can see going on today. The present is key to the past. So Darwin thought evolutionary must occur gradually, not in jumps ('saltations'), since we do not see big changes going on today. Extreme and rapid changes in an organism would be most likely to be fatal. It is almost universally agreed that complex organs such as the eye must have evolved by many small steps rather than by one or two mutations.

"Phyletic gradualism" is a term coined by Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge to contrast with their model of punctuated equilibrium. They proposed that most evolution is marked by long periods of evolutionary stability or stasis, punctuated by rare instances of branching evolution. Their idea is less accepted today.
Ernst Kummer

**Ernst Eduard Kummer** (born 29 January 1810, Sorau, Brandenburg; died  14 May 1893 Berlin) was a German mathematician.  At first he was a school teacher, teaching in a German high school gymnasium, where he inspired the  Leopold Kronecker to become a mathematician.  He became professor of mathematics in Breslau and then in Berlin.  He is famous for several mathematical discoveries, including his work on number fields.  Several mathematical ideas are named after him.

## References

- Eric Temple Bell, _Men of Mathematics_, Pelican 1953
Leopold Kronecker

**Leopold Kronecker** (7 December 1823 Liegnitz, Prussia - 29 December 1891) was a German mathematician of Jewish descent.

At first he was a business man and earned a lot of money.  Then he devoted himself to mathematics.  He is famous for his work on number theory, determinant and algebra.  He criticized Cantor's work on set theory.  He was a pupil and lifelong friend of Ernst Kummer.

## References

- Eric Temple Bell, 1986. _Men of Mathematics_, Penguin books 1953.
French Academy of Sciences

The **French Academy of Sciences** (_French_: **Académie des sciences**) is a learned society, founded in 1666 by Louis XIV. Its aim was to encourage and protect the spirit of French scientific research. It was involved with many of the important scientific developments in Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries.
It is one of the earliest academies of sciences.

## People of the Academy

Here are some incomplete lists of the officers of the academy.

### Presidents

- 1801–1814 Napoleon Bonaparte
- 1952–1962 Albert Caquot
- Currently Jean Salençon

### Treasurers

- -1788 Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon
- 1788–1791 Mathieu Tillet

### Permanent secretaries

- December 1666 – April 1668 Jean-Baptiste Du Hamel
- April 1668 – December 1669 Jean Gallois
- January 1670 – January 1697 Jean-Baptiste Du Hamel
- January 1697 – December 1740 Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle (nominated by the king in January 1699)
- January 1741 – August 1743 Jean-Jacques Dortous de Mairan
- September 1743 – July 1776 Jean-Paul Grandjean de Fouchy
- August 1777 – August 1793 Nicolas Caritat, marquis de Condorcet

### Mathematical Sciences and then Mathematical Sciences and Physics

- 1801–1822 Jean Baptiste Joseph Delambre
- 1822–1830 Joseph Fourier
- 1830–1853 François Arago
- 1853–1874 Léonce Élie de Beaumont
- 1874–1900 Joseph Bertrand
- 1900–1917 Gaston Darboux
- 1917–1942 Émile Picard
- 1942–1975 Louis de Broglie
- 1975–1996 Paul Germain
- Currently: Jean Dercourt

### Physical Sciences

- 1795–1803 Bernard Germain de Lacépède
- 1803–1832 Georges Cuvier
- 1832–1833 Pierre-Louis Dulong
- 1833–1868 Pierre Flourens
- 1868–1884 Jean-Baptiste Dumas
- 1884–1886 Jules Jamin
- 1886–1887 Alfred Vulpian
- 1887–1889 Louis Pasteur
- 1889–1907 Marcelin Berthelot
- 1907 Albert de Lapparent
- 1908 Henri Becquerel
- 1908–1914 Philippe van Tieghem
- 1914–1948 Alfred Lacroix

### Chemistry and Biology

- 1948–1986 Robert Courrier
- 1986–1991 Alfred Jost
- 1991–2001 François Gros
- 2001–2006 Nicole Le Douarin
- Currently Jean-François Bach
Búri

**Búri** was the first Norse god. He became the father of the other gods. He was married to Hárm. He ruled prehistory. He gave birth to the Nephaeleus. His reign ended when Thor and Loki were born.

Búri was born when the Divine Cow, Audhumla, licked him out of his icy prison. In his life, Búri lived alongside the ice giant Ymir. Ymir was also released from ice in a similar way.
Hokurikudō

is a Japanese term for an ancient division of the country and the main road running through the region.

## History

_Hokurikudō_ was one of the main circuits of the Gokishichidō system. It was first established during the Asuka period. Over centuries, the government functions of the _Gokishichido_ became less important. However, the traditional eight regions, including _Hokurikudō_, remained cultural markers.

The _Hokurikudō_ road connected the capitals of the provinces in this region.

## Geography

When the Gokishichidō system was initially established after the Taika reforms, the region consisted of just two provinces: Wakasa and Koshi. During the reign of Emperor Temmu, Koshi was divided into three provinces: Echizen, Etchū and Echigo and Sado Island was added as a fifth province. Later, Noto and Kaga were carved out of Echizen.

_Hokurikudō_ has parts of seven ancient provinces.

## Related pages

- Tōhoku region
- Comparison of regions of Japan
Campagnola Cremasca

**Campagnola Cremasca** is a _comune_ (township) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, which is about 40 km east of Milan and about 40 km northwest of Cremona.

Campagnola Cremasca is on the edge of the following townships: Capralba, Casaletto Vaprio, Crema, Cremosano, Pianengo, Sergnano.

## Infobox (italian comune)

- **name**: Campagnola Cremasca
- **official name**: Comune di Campagnola Cremasca
- **image skyline**: Campagnola Cremasca - chiesa di San Pancrazio.jpg
- **image caption**: Church of San Pancrazio.
- **image shield**: Campagnola Cremasca-Stemma.svg
- **region**: Lombardy
- **province**: Province of Cremona, Cremona (CR)
- **mayor**: Agostino Guerini Rocco
- **area total km2**: 4.6
- **population total**: 694
- **population as of**: 31 December 2010
- **population demonym**: Campagnolesi
- **elevation m**: 81
- **postal code**: 26013
- **area code**: 0373
Alagna

**Alagna** is a _comune_ (township) in the Province of Pavia in the Italian region Lombardy, which is about 40 km southwest of Milan and about 20 km west of Pavia. As of 31 December 2004, it had 876 people and an area of 8.6 km².

Alagna is on the edge of the following townships: Dorno, Garlasco, Tromello, Valeggio.

## Infobox (italian comune)

- **name**: Alagna
- **official name**: Comune di Alagna
- **image shield**: Alagna-Stema.svg
- **region**: Lombardy
- **province**: Province of Pavia (PV)
- **area total km2**: 8.6
- **population total**: 876
- **population as of**: Dec. 2004
- **elevation m**: 92
- **postal code**: 27020
- **area code**: 0382
Mimi Rogers

**Miriam "Mimi" Rogers** (née **Spickler**; born January 27, 1956) is an American movie actress and poker player. She has been in many television program, including the series _Dawson's Creek_.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Mimi Rogers
- **image**: MimiRogersApr09.jpg
- **caption**: Mimi Rogers at the premiere for _Earth (2007 film), Earth_ in April 2009
- **birth name**: Miriam Spickler
- **birth place**: Coral Gables,  Florida, USA
- **occupation**: Celebrity
- **years active**: 1981 - present
- **spouse**: James Rogers
(1976 - 1980)
Tom Cruise
(1987 - 1990)
Christopher Ciaffa
(2003 - present)
- **children**: 2
Albaredo Arnaboldi

**Albaredo Arnaboldi** is a _comune_ (township) in the Province of Pavia in the Italian region Lombardy, which is about 40 km south of Milan and about 12 km southeast of Pavia. As of 31 December 2004, it had 200 people and an area of 9.2 km².

Albaredo Arnaboldi is on the edge of the following townships: Barbianello, Belgioioso, Broni, Campospinoso, Casanova Lonati, Linarolo, Mezzanino, San Cipriano Po.

## Infobox (italian comune)

- **name**: Albaredo Arnaboldi
- **official name**: Comune di Albaredo Arnaboldi
- **region**: Lombardy
- **province**: Province of Pavia (PV)
- **area total km2**: 9.2
- **population total**: 200
- **population as of**: Dec. 2004
- **elevation m**: 77
- **postal code**: 27040
- **area code**: 0385
Frascarolo

**Frascarolo** is a _comune_ (township) in the Province of Pavia in the Italian region Lombardy, which is about 60 km southwest of Milan and about 40 km southwest of Pavia. As of 31 December 2004, it had 1,277 people and an area of 23.4 km².

Frascarolo is on the edge of the following townships: Bassignana, Gambarana, Mede, Suardi, Torre Beretti e Castellaro, Valenza.

## Infobox (italian comune)

- **name**: Frascarolo
- **official name**: Comune di Frascarolo
- **region**: Lombardy
- **province**: Province of Pavia (PV)
- **area total km2**: 23.4
- **population total**: 1277
- **population as of**: Dec. 2004
- **postal code**: 27030
- **area code**: 0384
Mortal Thoughts

***Mortal Thoughts*** is a 1991 American mystery crime thriller movie which stars Demi Moore, Bruce Willis and Harvey Keitel. Willis plays a deranged and violent husband who is murdered one night; Moore plays Cynthia (who gets interrogated); Keitel plays a detective in this movie.

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: Mortal Thoughts
- **director**: Alan Rudolph
- **producer**: Taylor Hackford
Stuart Benjamin
- **writer**: William Reilly
Claude Kerven
- **starring**: Demi Moore
Glenne Headly
Bruce Willis
John Pankow
Harvey Keitel
Billie Neal
Frank Vincent
- **music**: Mark Isham
- **cinematography**: Elliot Davis
- **editing**: Tom Walls
- **distributor**: Columbia Pictures
- **released**: April 19, 1991
- **runtime**: 102 minutes
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **budget**: United States dollar, $8 million
- **gross**: $19,018,321
The Battle for Wesnoth

***The Battle for Wesnoth*** (or just ***Wesnoth***) is a strategy video game. It is designed by David White and the first released was made in June 2003.
The game is available under the GPL license. The 1.14.5 version is the last release and was made the 18 September 2018.

## Development

The game is programmed in C++. It is cross-platform and runs on AmigaOS 4, BeOS, FreeBSD, Linux, Mac OS X, Microsoft Windows, MorphOS, NetBSD, OpenBSD, RISC OS, iOS, Solaris and Android.

The project has a very big community and counts many contributors too. Some developers are well-known authors of other free and open-source projects. For example, there are Eric S. Raymond or Rusty Russell.

The game is translated in more than 50 languages. In 10 of them, the game is very well translated (These languages have more than 95% of messages translated).
Vigevano

**Vigevano** (**Avgevan** in the local variety of Western Lombard) is a city and _comune_ (township) in the province of Pavia, Lombardy, northern Italy, which has many treasures and a huge industrial business. It is in the middle of a district called Lomellina, a great rice-growing centre. Vigevano received the honorary title of city with a declaration of Duke Francis II Sforza on February 2, 1532. Vigevano is well known for its beautiful Renaissance "_Piazza Ducale_", in the middle of the town.

## History

Vigevano dates back to the 10th century AD, when it was one of Lombard king Arduin's favourite places because of the good hunting.

Vigevano was a Ghibelline township, favoring the Emperor and was therefore invaded and taken by the Milanese in 1201 and again in 1275. In 1328 it finally gave itself up to Azzone Visconti, after which it shared the fortunes of Milan. The Church of S. Pietro Martire (St. Peter Martyr) was built, with the neighbouring Dominican convent, by Filippo Maria Visconti in 1445. In the last years of Visconti's control it kept a siege by Francesco Sforza. Once he was settled in power in Lombardy, Sforza made Vigevano the seat of a bishop and provided its revenues.

### Castello Sforzesco

Vigevano is crowned by the Castello Sforzesco, a stronghold rebuilt 1492–94 for Ludovico Maria Sforza (Ludovico il Moro), the great patron born in the town, who changed the fortification/hunting lodge of Luchino Visconti (who in turn had re-used a Lombard fortress) into a rich noble residence, at the cusp of Gothic and Renaissance. Leonardo da Vinci was his guest at Vigevano, as was Bramante, who is credited with the tall tower that watches over the piazza from the Castello Sforzesco. The old castle has a unique raised covered road, high enough for horsemen to ride through, that travels between the new palace and the old fortifications; there is a Falconry, an elegant loggiato supported by 48 columns, and, in the rear area of the mastio, the Ladies' Loggia made for Duchess Beatrice d'Este.

## Notable Vigevanesi

- Guido da Vigevano (c. 1280 - c. 1349), physician and inventor
- Ludovico Sforza (1452–1508), known as Ludovico il Moro, "The Moor", Duke of Milan.
- Eleonora Duse (1858–1924), Italian actress, often known simply as Duse, was born in Vigevano.
- Gian Carlo Rota (1932–1999), mathematician and philosopher, was born in Vigevano.
- Margie Santimaria (born 1989), a professional triathlete

## Infobox (italian comune)

- **name**: Vigevano
- **official name**: Città di Vigevano
- **image skyline**: Vigevano0001.jpg
- **image caption**: Vigevano's famous Piazza Ducale, with the Cathedral façade
- **image shield**: Vigevano-Stemma.svg
- **region**: Lombardy
- **province**: Province of Pavia, Pavia (PV)
- **frazioni**: Piccolini, Morsella, Fogliano, Sforzesca, Buccella
- **mayor**: Andrea Sala
- **area total km2**: 82
- **population total**: 63355
- **population as of**: June 20, 2010
- **population demonym**: Vigevanesi
- **elevation m**: 116
- **postal code**: 27029
- **area code**: 0381
Fiat Palio

The **Fiat Palio** is a car produced by Fiat. It has been produced in various countries. It replaced the Fiat Duna in 1996.

## Engines

- _1.2 8V_ 44 kW (60 hp) and 54 kW (73 hp)
- _1.2 16V_ 59 kW (80 hp)
- _1.6 16V_ 74 kW (101 hp) and 76 kW (103 hp)
- _1.7 TD_ 51 kW (69 hp)
- _1.9 D_ 46 kW (63 hp)
- _1.9 JTD_ 59 kW (80 hp)
The Sword of Truth

***The Sword of Truth*** is a series of thirteen epic fantasy novels written by Terry Goodkind. The book tells the story of Richard Rahl, Kahlan Amnell and Zeddicus Zu'l Zorander.

The series is published in more than 20 languages.

## Books

There is two prequels:
- _The First Confessor: The Legend of Magda Searus_, where the story takes place several hundred years before the main series.
- _Debt of Bones_, where the story takes place before the events related by the main series.

The main series is composed of:
1. _Wizard's First Rule_
1. _Stone of Tears_
1. _Blood of the Fold_
1. _Temple of the Winds_
1. _Soul of the Fire_
1. _Faith of the Fallen_
1. _The Pillars of Creation_
1. _Naked Empire_
1. _Chainfire_
1. _Phantom_
1. _Confessor_

A second series, which is the suite of the first (events in the series take place directly after the end of _Confessor_):
1. _The Omen Machine_
1. _The Third Kingdom_

## Other websites

- Terry Goodkind — official website of the author
Kunio Kishida

was a Japanese dramatist and writer.  He is known as one of the founders of modern Japanese drama.

## Early life

Kishida studied French literature and modern drama at Tokyo Imperial University. In 1920, he went to Paris and studied the history of French drama.

## Career

In the 1920s, Kishida wrote dramas and novels.

In 1937, he founded the Literature Theatre Company (_Bungaku-za_).

His name was given to the most famous prize for drama in Japan—the annual Kunio Kishida Award (_Kishida Kunio Gikyoku-shô_).

### Drama

- _Old Toys_ (1924)
- _Autumn in Tirol_ (1924)
- _Paper Balloon_ (1926)
- _The Shower_ (1926)
- _Diary of Falling Leaves_ (1927)
- _Two Daughters of Mr. Sawa_ (1935)
- _A Warm Current_ (1943)
- _Hayamizu Girls School_ (1948)

## Further reading

- Rimer, J. Thomas. (1974). _Toward a modern Japanese theatre: Kishida Kunio._ Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Jerry Maguire

***Jerry Maguire*** is a 1996 American romantic comedy-drama sports movie. It stars Tom Cruise, Cuba Gooding Jr. and Renée Zellweger. This movie got very positive reviews and became a strong success in the box office.

## Plot

Jerry Maguire, a successful sports agent, has a life-changing realization about the dishonesty in his industry and decides to write a mission statement advocating for better client relationships. His company, Sports Management International (SMI), fires him, and Jerry and his protégé, Bob Sugar, compete to retain their clients. Jerry starts his own agency with the support of single mother Dorothy Boyd, but loses a top quarterback prospect to SMI. Jerry's relationship with his fiancée ends, and he grows closer to Dorothy and her son, Ray. Despite facing difficulties, Jerry focuses on his remaining client, Rod Tidwell, and eventually helps him secure an $11.2 million contract. The film ends with Jerry realizing Ray's potential in the sports industry and expressing his love for Dorothy.

## Infobox (film)

- **name**: Jerry Maguire
- **caption**: Theatrical release poster
- **director**: Cameron Crowe
- **writer**: Cameron Crowe
- **based on**: Leigh Steinberg
- **music**: Nancy Wilson (rock musician), Nancy Wilson
- **cinematography**: Janusz Kamiński
- **editing**: Joe Hutshing
- **studio**: TriStar Pictures
Gracie Films
Vinyl Films
- **distributor**: Sony Pictures Releasing
- **released**: (United States)
- **runtime**: 138 minutes
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **budget**: $50 million
- **gross**: $273.6 million
Domestic partnership

A **domestic partnership** is a contract between two people who live together. They live together in the same household, but are neither married, nor joined in what is called a civil union. The sex of the partners is not relevant. In many cases it will be a man and a woman, but it can also be two men or two women.
LGBT rights in the Republic of China

The Republic of China (Taiwan) is one of Asia's most tolerant countries as far as **lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender (LGBT) rights** are concerned. The government proposed a bill in 2003 to make same-sex marriage legal. It has so far stalled without passage. If the law passes, the ROC would be the first country in Asia to allow same-sex marriages. In 2017, the ROC's Constitutional Court ruled that same-sex marriage should become legal within two years. The ROC is also described as the most liberal after over 30,000 people went to the Taiwan Pride parade in 2010 and 2011, making it the largest LGBT event in Asia. On May 17, 2019, the Legislative Yuan approved a bill, submitted by the Executive Yuan, recognising marriage for same-sex couples. The bill was signed into law by President Tsai Ing-wen on 22 May and went into effect on 24 May. Taiwan therefore became the first country in Asia to recognise same-sex marriage.

## Living conditions

|Same-sex sexual activity legal|(Always Legal)||
| --- | --- | --- |
|Equal age of consent|(Always Equal)||
|Anti-discrimination laws in employment|(Since 2007)||
|Anti-discrimination laws in education|(Since 2004)||
|Anti-discrimination laws in the provision of goods and services|(Since 2017)||
|Anti-discrimination laws in all other areas (incl. indirect discrimination, hate speech)|(Since 2017)||
|Same-sex marriage|(Since 2019)||
|Recognition of same-sex couples|(Nationwide Since 2019)||
|Stepchild adoption by same-sex couples|(Since 2019)||
|Joint adoption by same-sex couples||(Since 2022)|
|LGB people allowed to serve in the military|(Since 2002)||
|Transgender people allowed to serve openly in the military||(Since 2022)|
|Right to change legal gender|(Since 2008, but requires sex reassignment surgery)||
|Third gender option|(From 2020)||
|Intersex minors protected from invasive surgical procedures||(Since 2022)|
|Conversion therapy banned by law|(Since 2018)||
|Homosexuality declassified as an illness|||
|Access to IVF for lesbians||(Since 2022)|
|Automatic parenthood for both spouses after birth||(Since 2022)|
|Commercial surrogacy for gay male couples||(Since 2022)|
|MSMs allowed to donate blood||(Since 2022)|

## Other websites

- Taiwan Pride
Competition (economics)

In economics, the word **competition** means that there are at least two competitors (¨players¨) who want to get a share of a market. The market is divided between all the economic players; this means that if a player gets a higher market share, another player will get a smaller share of the market. In his work, The Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith says that all players uses the resources they have so that they will get the most profit from these resources. According to Smith, this encourages efficiency.
Game theory looks at competition, from a mathematical point of view.

## Different forms of competition

1. Products that perform the same function, and that are interchangeable, compete against each other; this is known as **Direct competition**
1. Products that are substitutes compete; an example might be butter competing with margarine
1. The broadest form is usually called budget competition: People have an amount of money they can spend each month; all the different products the consumers spend their money on, in a given month compete with each other.

## Limiting competition

Note that competition does not necessarily involve different companies; in the 1920s, General Motors had divisions that overlapped, and that competed for resources. Procter & Gamble introduced the competition between different brands in the 1930s.

Also note that competition is limited: In some areas, there are monopolies, often granted by the state. The state may also apply taxes or pay subsidies as a way to protect its own economy.

Other factors that limit competition include the existence of cartels.

## Related pages

- Competition law
Greater flamingo

The **greater flamingo** (_Phoenicopterus roseus_) is the most widespread species of the flamingo family. It is found in the wetlands areas of Africa, southwest Europe, and South Asia. This is the largest species of flamingo, averaging up to 5 feet tall, and weighing 8 lbs. Their wingspan is 4 to 6 feet. Greater flamingos live up to 20 years in the wild. Their diet consists of seeds, algae, and small invertebrates.

The bird lives in mudflats and shallow coastal lagoons with salt water. Using its feet, the bird stirs up the mud, then sucks water through its bill and filters out small shrimp, seeds, blue-green algae, microscopic organisms and molluscs. The greater flamingo feeds with its head down. Its upper jaw is movable and not rigidly fixed to its skull. It was the state bird of Junagadh State.
Bar-headed goose

The **bar-headed goose** (_Anser indicus_) is a type of goose that lives in wetland areas in Central Asia. It has a light grey body, broad wings, and a white face and neck. Its name comes from the two stripes (or "bars") of dark feathers that wrap around the back of its head. Like other geese, its feet are webbed. They can get up to 2.5 feet long and weigh 6.5 pounds. They eat mainly grass, wheat, barley and rice.

## Physiology

The main physiological challenge of bar-headed geese is getting oxygen from thin air  to their aerobic muscle fibres so they can fly at high altitudes. Flight is very metabolically costly at high-altitudes because birds need to flap harder in thin air to generate lift.

Studies have found that bar-headed geese breathe more deeply and efficiently under low oxygen conditions, which serves to increase oxygen uptake from the environment. The haemoglobin of their blood has a higher affinity for oxygen compared to low-altitude geese.

Bar-headed geese have a slightly larger wing area for their weight than other geese, which is believed to help them fly at high altitudes. Birds at high-altitude still need to flap harder than lowland birds.

All this is relevant, since they fly through the high passes in the Himalayas when they migrate to & from the Indian subcontinent.
Müller's Bornean gibbon

The **Müller's Bornean gibbon** (_Hylobates muelleri_), also known as the **grey gibbon**, is a primate in the Hylobatidae family. The Muller's gibbon ranks among the smallest gibbons, weighing . It is about  tall. The grey gibbons can live more than 40 years in captivity. They eat primarily fruit, leaves, flowers, and invertebrates.

## Range

Muller's gibbons can only be found in the tropical rainforest of the island Borneo.
Jorge Ricardo

**Jorge Ricardo** (born September 30, 1961 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) is a jockey of Thoroughbred horse racing, actually riding in Argentina, who became the all-time winningest rider in history on February 5, 2007. He has since been passed by Canadian-born, California-based rider Russell Baze.

## Sources

- Ricardo sets new world record
- Ricardo x Baze
- Story on Ricardo's pursuit of 10,000 victories.
- February 6, 2007 ESPN article _Brazilian passes Baze to take record -- for now_
- Profile of Jorge Ricardo at JockeysRoom.com
Grey bamboo lemur

The **grey bamboo lemur** is also called the **grey gentle lemur**, or the **eastern lesser bamboo lemur** (_Hapalemur griseus_). This is the smallest of the bamboo lemurs. It lives mostly in bamboo forests in eastern Madagascar. It is normally active at dusk, eating bamboo leaves and shoots.

## Appearance

Grey bamboo lemurs grow up to  long and weigh up to . The eastern lesser bamboo lemur has a dense, woolly coat that is grey to olive-grey on the upperparts, with chestnut-brown tinges on the head, shoulders, and sometimes the back.
Angola colobus

The **Angola colobus** (_Colobus angolensis_) is an arboreal monkey that belongs to the _Colobus_ genus. They have no thumbs, which is not normal among primates. This allows them to shape their fingers into a winging hook. They eat leaves, fruit, and seeds.

## Appearance

Angolan colobus monkeys have glossy, black fur covers much of the body, but contrasts with short, white hair surrounding the face, a u-shaped, cape-like mantle of long white hair that extends down the shoulders and across the lower back, and a bushy white tuft to the tip of the tail. Colobus monkeys typically can weigh 2 lbs and grow over 2 feet long. Their lifespan is 20 to 30 years in the wild.

## Habitat and distribution

Colobus monkeys live in the trees of the African savannah and tropical forests.
Léon: The Professional

***Léon*** (full name ***Léon: The Professional***) is a 1994 French action thriller movie directed by Luc Besson. The focus of _Léon_ is assassination and the Mafia. The movie is set in New York City. Jean Reno plays the title role, a hitman. Natalie Portman co-stars as Matilda, a girl who is being taught to become an assassin. Gary Oldman plays the main villain Norman Stansfield, a corrupt cop in the Drug Enforcement Administration and mafia leader who kills Matilda's family. _Léon_ was released in the United States on November 18, 1994.