Jürgen Habermas

**Jürgen Habermas** (born June 18, 1929) is a German philosopher and sociologist, or someone who studies different societies.  He uses a type of theory called critical theory, where he studies how people use power.  He also uses the theory of American pragmatism, which studies if something is true or not by the effects of actions. He is known for his work on the theory of the public sphere. He studies power in democracy, and politics.  He also studies how people develop a society through language and communication, and tries to understand how that society and the government work together.

## Biography

Habermas was born in Düsseldorf, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

### Education

Habermas lived in Gummersbach, near the city of Cologne until his graduation from gymnasium. Jürgen was raised in a Protestant religious family because his grandfather was in charge of the seminary, or religious school, in Gummersbach, Germany.  Jürgen Habermas went to the universities of Göttingen (1949/50), Zürich (1950/51), and Bonn (1951/54). He earned a doctorate (PhD) from Bonn in 1954 with his work **' (The absolute and history: on the contradiction in Schelling's thought).

From 1956 on, he studied philosophy and sociology under the critical theorists Max Horkheimer and Theodor Adorno at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt am Main. Because Horkheimer had asked Habermas to make some changes to his dissertation. Habermas did not want to do this, and thought that the Frankfurt School was not correct in its views of modern culture. Habermas left the Frankfurt School (a school of thought rather than one made of bricks and mortar).

### Works

He finished his _habilitation_, or highest academic degree, in political science at the University of Marburg under the Marxist Wolfgang Abendroth. His _habilitation_ work was entitled, **' (published in English in 1989 titled _The structural transformation of the public sphere: an inquiry into a category of bourgeois society_). In 1961, he became a _privatdozent_ in Marburg. He began working as a "extraordinary professor" (professor without a chair) of philosophy at the University of Heidelberg. Hans-Georg Gadamer and Karl Löwith got him this job. In 1964 Habermas returned to Frankfurt to take over Horkheimer's job in philosophy and sociology.

He was in charge of the Max Planck Institute in Starnberg (near Munich) in 1971, and worked there until 1983, two years after the publication of his main work, _The Theory of Communicative Action_. Habermas then returned to his chair at Frankfurt as head of the Institute for Social Research. After retiring from Frankfurt in 1993, Habermas wrote many books and articles. In 1986, he received the Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize of the , which is the highest honour awarded in German research. He is a "Permanent Visiting" Professor at Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois, and "Theodor Heuss Professor" at The New School, New York.

## Awards

Habermas was awarded The Prince of Asturias Award in Social Sciences for 2003. Habermas was also the 2004 Kyoto Laureate in the Arts and Philosophy section. He traveled to San Diego and on March 5, 2005, as part of the University of San Diego's Kyoto Symposium, gave a speech entitled _The Public Role of Religion in Secular Context_, about the separation of Church and State. He received the 2005 Holberg International Memorial Prize (about € 520,000).

He was elected a member of the Academia Europaea in 1989.

## Related pages

- List of sociologists from Europe

## Infobox (philosopher)

- **region**: Western Philosophy
- **era**: 20th century
- **color**: #B0C4DE
- **name**: Jürgen Habermas
- **image**: JuergenHabermas.jpg
- **school tradition**: Critical theory
- **main interests**: Social Theory Epistemology
Political theory Pragmatics
- **notable ideas**: Communicative rationality
Discourse ethics
Deliberative democracy
Universal pragmatics
Communicative action
- **influences**: Max Weber, Weber Émile Durkheim, Durkheim George Herbert Mead, Mead Karl Marx, MarxWilhelm Dilthey, Dilthey Talcott Parsons, Parsons Immanuel Kant, Kant Martin Heidegger, Heidegger Jean Piaget, Piaget Max Horkheimer, Horkheimer Theodor W. Adorno, Adorno Herbert Marcuse, Marcuse Hannah Arendt, Arendt Ludwig Wittgenstein, Wittgenstein  Charles Peirce, Peirce J. L. Austin, Austin Gershom Scholem, Scholem
- **influenced**: Seyla Benhabib, Benhabib Rainer Forst, Forst Nancy Fraser, Fraser Axel Honneth, Honneth
Antanas Mockus, Mockus Hans-Hermann Hoppe, Hoppe Andrew Feenberg, Feenberg
Lutz Wingert, Wingert
Georg Henrik von Wright