juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Øvre Årdal

**Øvre Årdal** is a village in Årdal municipality in Vestland county, Norway. It is the largest village in Årdal.  It is sits on the northern end of the  long lake Årdalsvatnet. The village of Årdalstangen is at the southern end. The  village has a population (2013) of 3,206. This gives the village a population density of . Farnes Church is in this village.

The road _Tindevegen_ goes from Øvre Årdal, through the Fardalen valley to Turtagrø in Luster municipality.  It's one of the highest elevation roads in Norway.  There is also a road which goes south past the lake Tyin to the European route E16 highway which goes through Valdres to Oslo.

Øvre Årdal is the starting point for tours into the nearby Utladalen Landscape Protection Area and Jotunheimen National Park.  There are trips to the Utladalen and Avdalen valleys, to the mountain Falketind and to the Vettisfossen waterfall. There are also trips to the historic farms of Vetti, Vettismorki, and Avdalen.

Norsk Hydro has an aluminium smelting plant which is a major employer in the area.

Årdal FK is an association football club. They play at Jotun stadium in Øvre Årdal.

## Related pages

- List of mayors in Norway that are elected until 2027

## Other websites

- Årdal Sogelag
- Porten.no
- Tindevegen

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Øvre Årdal
- **settlement type**: Village
- **image skyline**: Blåberg.jpg
- **image caption**: View of Øvre Årdal
- **pushpin map**: Sogn og Fjordane#Norway
- **pushpin label position**: bottom
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Sogn og Fjordane county
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Norway
- **subdivision type1**: List of regions of Norway, Region
- **subdivision name1**: Western Norway
- **subdivision type2**: Counties of Norway, County
- **subdivision name2**: Sogn og Fjordane
- **subdivision type3**: Districts of Norway, District
- **subdivision name3**: Sogn
- **subdivision type4**: List of municipalities of Norway, Municipality
- **subdivision name4**: Årdal
- **area total km2**: 1.87
- **population as of**: 2013
- **population total**: 3,206
- **population density km2**: 1714
- **timezone1**: Central European Time, CET
- **utc offset1**: +01:00
- **timezone1 dst**: Central European Summer Time, CEST
- **utc offset1 dst**: +02:00
- **postal code type**: Post Code
- **postal code**: 6884 Øvre Årdal
- **elevation m**: 19
Färila

**Färila** is a locality in Ljusdal Municipality in Gävleborg County in Sweden. In 2010, 1,293 people lived there. Färila is in a valley next to the river of Ljusnan.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Färila
- **image skyline**: Kyrka.jpg
- **image caption**: Färila Church
- **pushpin map**: Sweden
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Sweden
- **subdivision type3**: Municipalities of Sweden, Municipality
- **subdivision name3**: Ljusdal Municipality
- **subdivision type2**: Counties of Sweden, County
- **subdivision name2**: Gävleborg County
- **subdivision type1**: Provinces of Sweden, Province
- **subdivision name1**: Hälsingland
- **area total km2**: 2.47
- **population as of**: 31 December 2010
- **population total**: 1,293
- **population density km2**: 523
- **timezone**: Central European Time, CET
- **utc offset**: +1
- **timezone dst**: Central European Summer Time, CEST
- **utc offset dst**: +2
William H. Nicholson

**William H. Nicholson** (1869-1911) was the first African American fireman in the New York City Fire Department. He was assigned to Engine Company 6 and detailed to the veterinary department to feed the horses and shovel manure.
Mario Benjamín Menéndez

**Mario Benjamín Menéndez** (3 April 1930 – 18 September 2015) was an Argentine military officer. He was a Brigadier General of the Argentine Army. After the 1982 Argentine occupati he was Governor of the Falkland Islands from 3 April until 14 June. He surrendered to British forces during the Falkland Wars.

Menéndez was born in Buenos Aires. His brother was Luciano Benjamín Menéndez (1927–2018), a general of the Dirty War.

Menéndez died on 18 September 2015 at the age of 85.
Logan City

**Logan City** is a city and local government area in south east Queensland, Australia. Logan City has 63 suburbs and 12 divisions, and, as of 2012, 293,353 live in there.

The city was named after Patrick Logan.

## Infobox (australian place)

- **type**: lga
- **name**: Logan City
- **state**: qld
- **image**: LoganCity-QldLGA.svg
- **caption**: Location within South East Queensland, South East Queensland
- **pop**: 345098
- **pop year**: 2021
- **poprank**: 7th
- **area**: 958
- **est**: 1978
- **seat**: Logan Central, Queensland, Logan Central
- **mayor**: Darren Power
- **region**: South East Queensland
- **logo upright**: 1.2
- **url**: http://www.logan.qld.gov.au/
- **stategov**: Electoral district of Algester, Algester*, Electoral district of Jordan, Jordan, Electoral district of Logan, Logan, Electoral district of Macalister, Macalister, Electoral district of Scenic Rim, Scenic Rim*, Electoral district of Springwood, Springwood*, Electoral district of Stretton, Stretton*, Electoral district of Waterford, Waterford, Electoral district of Woodridge, Woodridge
- **fedgov**: Division of Rankin, Rankin, Division of Forde, Forde, Division of Wright, Wright
- **near-nw**: City of Brisbane
- **near-n**: City of Brisbane
- **near-ne**: Redland City, City of Redland
- **near-e**: Redland City, City of Redland
- **near-w**: City of Ipswich
- **near-sw**: Scenic Rim Region, Scenic Rim
- **near-s**: Scenic Rim Region, Scenic Rim
- **near-se**: City of Gold Coast
- **local map**: yes
- **zoom**: 8
Vadim Kuzmin

**Vadim Alexeevich Kuzmin** (; 16 April 1937 – 17 September 2015) was a Russian theoretical physicist, meaning he worked on using mathematical processes to develop the theories used to explain data. He was known for working in the elektroweak baryogenesis field.

## Other websites

- Homepage at the INR, Russian
- Kuzmin's 70th birthday
- Biographical entry with photograph
- 2006 Pomeranchuk Prize

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Vadim Alexeevich Kuzmin
- **native name**: Вадим Алексеевич Кузьмин
- **image**: Vadim Alexeevich Kuzmin.jpg
- **birth place**: Moscow
- **death place**: Moscow
- **workplaces**: Institute for Nuclear Research
- **alma mater**: Moscow State University
- **known for**: coauthor of Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuzmin limit, GZK limit
Mishael Cheshin

**Mishael Cheshin** (‎; February 16, 1936 – September 19, 2015) was an Israeli Justice. He served in the Supreme Court of Israel from 1992 to 2006.

Before becoming a judge he was working at the Justice Ministry.

Cheshin was born in Beirut and died at the age of 79 from cancer in Tel Aviv.
Fired Up (Alesha Dixon album)

***Fired Up*** is the debut studio album by  British recording artist Alesha Dixon. The album was recorded after Dixon's group Mis-Teeq had split up. Dixon signed a deal with Polydor Records. Her single "Lipstick" reached number 14 on the UK chart. Her next single with Polydor, "Knockdown" failed to reach the Top 40 (it reached number 45). Dixon left Polydor afterwards but kept the rights to her songs from the album. _Fired Up_ was finally released as a CD in Japan in 2008. The album was billed as just **Alesha** instead of using Dixon's full name.

## Information

For the album, Dixon worked with many known UK songwriters including Richard X and Xenomania.

## Charts

|Chart (2008)|Peak Position|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|align="left"|Japanese Oricon Album Chart|style="text-align:center;"|54|

## Release history

|scope="col"|Region|scope="col"|Date|scope="col"|Format|scope="col"|Label|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Worldwide||Download|-|||||
|Japan||CD|rowspan="2"|Victor||||
|Thailand||CD||||||

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Fired Up
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: Alesha Dixon
- **genre**: * Hip hop soul
* reggae
* Contemporary R&B, R&B
- **length**: 54:02
- **recorded**: 2005-2006
- **next title**: The Alesha Show
- **next year**: 2008
Anoka, Minnesota

**Anoka** ( ) is a city in Anoka County, Minnesota. The population was 17,921 at the 2020 census. It is the county seat. Anoka calls itself the "Halloween Capital of the World". This is because it hosted one of the first Halloween parades in 1920. It continues to celebrate the holiday each year with several parades. Anoka is a northern suburb of the Twin Cities.
The Entertainer (Alesha Dixon album)

***The Entertainer*** is the third studio album by English recording artist Alesha Dixon. It was released on 26 November 2010 in the United Kingdom by Asylum Records. It was released by Atlantic Records in the United States. The album was originally called _Unleashed_ but was renamed to _The Entertainer_ instead. _The Entertainer_ was the second album that Dixon used her first name instead of her full name. The first was 2006's _Fired Up_. Dixon also rapped on some of the songs. The album has an American precision pop beat feel to it. It is a club record with the same kind of songs Britney and Lady GaGa make and sing.

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: The Entertainer
- **type**: Studio
- **artist**: Alesha Dixon
- **released**: 19 November 2010
- **length**: 41:14
- **recorded**: 2010
- **prev title**: The Alesha Show
- **prev year**: 2008
- **next title**: Do It for Love
- **next year**: 2015
Mauritian Creole

**Mauritian Creole** is a French-based creole language. It is spoken in Mauritius. It is not an official language but is well known among the Mauritian people. It is mostly French with a few non-French words. Mauritian Creole is spoken in over 65% of Mauritius.

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Mauritian Creole
- **states**: Mauritius
- **speakers**: 800,000
- **date**: 2005
- **ref**: e18
- **familycolor**: Creole
- **fam1**: French-based creole languages, French Creole
- **fam2**: Bourbonnais Creoles
- **dia1**: Rodriguan Creole
- **iso3**: mfe
- **glotto**: mori1278
- **glottorefname**: Morisyen
- **lingua**: 51-AAC-cec
(to 51-AAC-cee)
I Am (Leona Lewis album)

***I Am*** is the fifth studio album by British recording artist Leona Lewis. It was released on 11 September 2015, by Island Records after Lewis left Syco Music in June 2014, she had been with that label ever since she had won _The X Factor_ in 2006.

## Track listing

<sup></sup> denotes co-producer

## Charts

|scope="col"|Chart (2015)|scope="col"|Peak position|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|82||||

## Release history

|scope="col"|Country|scope="col"|Date|scope="col"|Edition|scope="col"|Format|scope="col"|Label|scope="col"||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|rowspan="3"|11 September 2015|rowspan="3"||rowspan="3"||rowspan="2"|Island|||||
|Def Jam||||||||||||

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: I Am
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: Leona Lewis
- **border**: yes
- **recorded**: 2013–2015
- **genre**: Contemporary R&B, R&B
- **chronology**: Leona Lewis
- **prev title**: Christmas, with Love
- **prev year**: 2013
Reverend Lovejoy

**Reverend Timothy "Tim" Lovejoy Jr.** is  a fictional character on the long running TV show _The Simpsons_. His voice is performed by Harry Shearer. He is the reverend of The First Church of Springfield.

### Name

Reverend Lovejoy was named after Lovejoy St. in Portland, Oregon, the hometown of Simpsons creator Matt Groening.

## Role in _The Simpsons_

Lovejoy is the pastor of the First Church in Springfield.

## Infobox (simpsons character)

- **name**: Timothy Lovejoy
- **full name**: Timothy Lovejoy Jr.
- **gender**: Male
- **hair**: black
- **job**: Reverend of The First Church of Springfield
- **relatives**: Helen Lovejoy (wife)
Jessica Lovejoy (daughter)
- **appearance**: "The Telltale Head" (1990)
- **voiceactor**: Harry Shearer (Current)
Janet Jackson (album)

***Janet Jackson*** is the self-titled debut album by American recording artist Janet Jackson. It was released in October 1982 by A&M Records.

## Reviews

_Janet Jackson_ received mixed reviews from music critics.

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Janet Jackson
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: Janet Jackson
- **released**: October 1982
- **recorded**: May–August 1982
- **length**: 38:50
- **next title**: Dream Street (Janet Jackson album), Dream Street
- **next year**: 1984
Minnesota Senate

The **Minnesota Senate** is the upper house of the Minnesota Legislature of the U.S. State of Minnesota. There are 67 members, each representing a senatorial district. Each senator represents about 79,163 residents. In terms of membership, it is the largest upper house of any U.S. state legislature. Floor sessions are held in the west wing of the Minnesota State Capitol in Saint Paul, Minnesota.

Offices of members of the majority party are located in the Capitol. Those of the minority party are in the State Office Building. It is connected by a tunnel just to the west of the Capitol. Senate committee meetings are held in the Capitol building.
Aaron B. Rollins

**Aaron B. Rollins** (1818 - December 4, 1878) was a politician connected to the Tammany Hall political machine. He served in New York's legislature in 1852. He was later elected coroner for New York City from 1867 to 1870.

## Biography

Rollins was born in 1818. He died on December 4, 1878 at the Union-Place Hotel in Manhattan.
Masajuro Shiokawa

was a Japanese politician.

Shiokawa served as Parliamentary Vice Minister of International Trade and Industry from 1972 to 1973, Deputy Chief Cabinet Secretary from 1976 to 1977, Commerce and Industry Committee Chairman from 1979 to 1980, Minister of Transport from 1980 to 1981 (under Prime Minister Zenko Suzuki), Minister of Education from 1986 to 1987 (under PM Yasuhiro Nakasone), Chief Cabinet Secretary for three months in 1989 (under PM Sōsuke Uno), and Minister of Home Affairs from 1991 to 1992.

Shiokawa died of pneumonia in Osaka, Japan, aged 93.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Masajūrō Shiokawa
- **native name lang**: ja
- **image**: Masajuro Shiokawa cropped 2 Finance Ministers of G7 20030412.jpg
- **image size**: 220px
- **office**: Minister of Finance (Japan), Minister of Finance of Japan
- **primeminister**: Junichiro Koizumi
- **term start**: 26 April 2001
- **term end**: 22 September 2003
- **predecessor**: Hikaru Matsunaga
- **successor**: Sadakazu Tanigaki
- **office2**: Chairman of the National Public Safety Commission
- **primeminister2**: Kiichi Miyazawa
- **term start2**: 5 November 1991
- **term end2**: 12 December 1992
- **predecessor2**: Akira Fukida
- **successor2**: Keijiro Murata
- **office3**: Chief Cabinet Secretary
- **primeminister3**: Sōsuke Uno
- **term start3**: 2 June 1989
- **term end3**: 10 August 1989
- **predecessor3**: Keizō Obuchi
- **successor3**: Tokuo Yamashita
- **birth place**: Higashiosaka, Osaka, Fuse, Empire of Japan, Japan
- **death place**: Osaka, Japan
- **party**: Liberal Democratic Party (Japan), Liberal Democratic Party
- **alma mater**: Keio University
Eduardo Bonvallet

**Eduardo Guillermo Bonvallet Godoy** (January 13, 1955 – September 18, 2015), was a Chilean footballer. He played as a defensive midfielder and later developed a TV and radio sports commentator career.

Bonvallet was found dead by hanging using a belt at Nogales Hotel in the kitchen of room 213. Local news report he was suffering from depression.

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Eduardo Bonvallet
- **image**: Eduardo Bonvallet.jpg
- **fullname**: Eduardo Guillermo Bonvallet Godoy
- **birth place**: Santiago, Chile
- **death place**: Santiago, Chile
- **position**: Defensive midfielder
- **youthyears1**: 1968–1972
- **youthclubs1**: Club Universidad de Chile, Universidad de Chile
- **years1**: 1972–1974
- **clubs1**: Club Universidad de Chile, Universidad de Chile
- **caps1**: 36
- **goals1**: 4
- **years2**: 1975–1977
- **clubs2**: Club Deportivo Universidad Católica, Universidad Católica
- **caps2**: 46
- **goals2**: 5
- **years3**: 1978–1979
- **clubs3**: O'Higgins F.C., O'Higgins
- **caps3**: 46
- **goals3**: 5
- **years4**: 1980
- **clubs4**: Fort Lauderdale Strikers (1977–83), Fort Lauderdale Strikers
- **caps4**: 16
- **goals4**: 2
- **years5**: 1981–1982
- **clubs5**: Club Deportivo Universidad Católica, Universidad Católica
- **caps5**: 48
- **goals5**: 2
- **years6**: 1983
- **clubs6**: Tampa Bay Rowdies (1975–93), Tampa Bay Rowdies
- **caps6**: 11
- **goals6**: 0
- **years7**: 1983
- **clubs7**: Unión San Felipe
- **caps7**: 14
- **goals7**: 0
- **nationalyears1**: 1979–1982
- **nationalteam1**: Chile national football team, Chile
- **nationalcaps1**: 24
- **nationalgoals1**: 0
- **managerclubs1**: Deportes Temuco
- **manageryears1**: 2007
Medical Society of New Jersey

The **Medical Society of New Jersey** is the oldest professional society in the United States. It was founded in 1766.
Bruce Djite

**Bruce José Djité** (born 25 March 1987) is a retired American-born Australian soccer player. He last played in Indonesia for PSM Makassar. He also played for the Australian national team as a striker.

Djite was born in Washington, D.C., United States. His father is from the Ivory Coast and his mother is from Togo. He moved to Sydney, New South Wales when he was three years old. Djite speaks French and English.

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Bruce Djite
- **birth place**: Arlington County, Virginia, United States
- **fullname**: Bruce Jose Djite
- **image**: BruceDjite.JPG
- **caption**: Djite with the national team in 2008
Takeshi Onaga

was a Japanese politician. He was the Governor of Okinawa Prefecture from 10 December 2014 to his death in 2018. Before this, he served four terms as the Mayor of Naha from November 2000 until December 2014.

Onaga died on 8 August 2018 from pancreatic cancer, aged 67.
Peter Varghese

**Peter Joseph Noozhumurry Varghese**  (born 1956) is an Australian diplomat and public servant. He has been the Secretary of the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade since 3 December 2012.

Varghese was born in Kenya to Nasrani parents from Kerala, India. He moved to Australia as a child in 1964. He studied history and graduated from the University of Queensland. He is married and has a son.
Rostam Giv

**Rostam Giv** or **Arbab Rostam Giv** (  alternative spellings: **Rustam Guiv**) (1880, Yazd, Iran  - October 7 1980, Whittier, California),  was the founder of Giv charity foundation. He was the third representative of Iranian Zoroastrians in the Iranian parliament. He was also a senator of the Iranian Senate.

## Life

Giv was born in 1888 in Yazd. His mother's name was Kharman. His father's name was Shahpour.

Giv completed his elementary education at Kay Khosravi school. He learned English language in Yazd. He was elected as the Zoroastrians' Representative in the Iranian National Assembly after Keikhosrow Shahrokh died in 1939.
He founded "Giv's Charity foundation" in 1958 for supporting needy people. He was also selected as a senator in the Iranian Senate in 1963 because of his charity works for the Iranian people.

## Rostam Bagh

Rostam Bagh, is a big garden in Tehran Pars Street in Tehran.  Arbab Rostam was built in 1957 for Living Zoroastrian's Needy Family. This garden covers about , including residential buildings, a meeting hall, two schools, a sports ground, a library and a fire temple.

## Building water reservoir

Making a water reservoir in Yazd, which has 4000 cubic meter capacity and provides clean and safe water for people is another one of Giv's charity works.

## Building schools

Giv has built schools for Iranian children. He built Giv's elementary school, Ostad Khdobabakhsh elementary school and Ostad pour-Davood elementary school for boys and girls in Tehran. He donated  of land to Iran's Ministry of Education in Damavand County.

## Endowments outside Iran

A few months before the Iranian revolution, Rostam and his wife immigrated to the United States and he founded his charity foundations. They donated 4 million dollars for building Zoroastrian charities in all of the world.

They built Charity Buildings for Zoroastrians in New York, Chicago, Toronto, Vancouver and Sydney.

## Related pages

- Keikhosrow Shahrokh

## Other websites

- Darbe Mehr Zoroastrian Temple In NY
- The making of Chicago's Darbe Mehr

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Rostam Giv
- **image**: رستم گیو.jpg
- **caption**: Rostam Giv the founder of Giv charity foundation
- **birth date**: 1888
- **birth place**: Yazd, Iran
- **death place**: Whittier, California, Whittier, California
- **occupation**: 3rd Zoroastrian representative in Iranian National Assembly
 senator of Iranian senate
- **parents**: Kharman & Shahpour
- **spouse**: Morvarid
Keikhosrow Shahrokh

**Keikhosrow Shahrokh** (Kerman, Iran, 1864  – 1939) was the designer of the mausoleum of Persian poet Ferdowsi in the city of Tus.

As elected representative of the Zoroastrian community, he was an active member of the Iranian parliament. He is best known for his role in the 1925 transition of the official calendar from the Islamic calendar of _hejri ghamarei_ to the Iranian civil calendar, known as _hejri shamsi_.

## Related pages

- Qajar dynasty
- Iranian calendar

## Other websites

- Biography
Hippias (tyrant)

**Hippias of Athens** () lived in Athens in the 6th century BC. He was one of the sons of Peisistratus, the ruler of Athens. Hippias succeeded Peisistratus in 527 BC. and became tyrant of Athens.

His brother Cleisthenes was murdered in 514 BC. Hippias' behavior changed. He became cruel and angry, executing people in revenge, and taking away the freedom of people. He also was afraid of threats from the aristocrats. In the end his uncle Cleisthenes decided to overthrow Hippias and gain power for himself and his family. Hippias was captured and sent into exile, away from Athens forever in 510 BC.

Hippias fled to Persia, and the Persians threatened to attack Athens if they did not accept Hippias. The Athenians preferred to remain democratic despite the danger from Persia. Soon after, the Ionian Revolt against Persian rule began in the Greek colonies in Asia Minor. It was put down in 494 BC, but Darius I of Persia was keen to punish Athens for its role in the revolt. In 490 BC Hippias, still in the service of the Persians, led Darius to Marathon, in Greece. The Battle of Marathon  began a series of Greek victories which made Athens and its colonies successful. The next 200 years saw flowering of the classical Greek civilisation.
Strelka Institute for Media, Architecture and Design

**Strelka Institute for Media, Architecture and Design** is an international school for architecture located in Moscow, Russia. The institute works with students from all around the world to solve problems relating to urbanism and urban development. The institute is a nonprofit project by the Russian government. It began in 2009. In 2014 the institute won a prize from the Domus Magazine for the top 100 best schools of architecture of that year.

## Other websites

- Strelka institut
United States National Arboretum

**United States National Arboretum** is the national arboretum of the United States. It is located in Washington, D.C.

## Related pages

- List of botanical gardens

## Other websites

- United States National Arboretum
- Friends of the National Arboretum
- Save The Azaleas
Shadow the Hedgehog

**Shadow the Hedgehog** is a video game character of the _Sonic the Hedgehog franchise_. He is a hedgehog created by Gerald Robotnik and Black Doom as the Ultimate Life Form. He first appeared in _Sonic Adventure 2_.

### In games

Here is a list of some games Shadow is in:
- _Sonic Adventure 2_
- _Sonic Adventure 2 Battle_
- _Sonic Advance_
- _Sonic Heroes_
- _Shadow the Hedgehog_
- _Sonic Rivals_
- __Sonic the Hedgehog_
- _Sonic and the Secret Rings_
- _Sonic and the Black Knight_
- _Sonic Unleashed_
- _Sonic and Sega All-Stars Racing_
- _Mario & Sonic At The Winter Olympic Games_
- _Sonic Generations_
- _Mario & Sonic At The London 2012 Olympic Games_
- _Sonic Boom: Fire and Icev_
- _Sonic Boom: Rise of Lyricv_
- _Sonic Boom: Shattered Crystal_
- _Sonic All-Stars Racing Transformed_
- _Sonic Lost World_
- _Sonic Mania_
- _Sonic Forces_
- Team Sonic Racing
- Sonic X Shadow Generations
- Team Sonic Racing 2
- Sonic Racing: Crossworlds

### In cartoons

Here is a list of cartoons Shadow is in:
- _Sonic X_
- _Sonic Boom''
Chief Wiggum

**Chief Clarence "Clancy" Wiggum** is a fictional character on the long running TV show The Simpsons. His voice is performed by Hank Azaria. He is the police chief of Springfield.

### Name

His surname "Wiggum" is Matt Groening's mother's maiden name.

## Role in _The Simpsons_

Clancy Wiggum is the police chief of Springfield. He is the father of Ralph Wiggum and the husband of Sarah Wiggum. He is often shown as an incompetent and lazy policeman.

## Other websites

- Chief Wiggum at TheSimpsons.com

## Infobox (simpsons character)

- **name**: Clancy Wiggum
- **full name**: Clancy Wiggum
- **gender**: Male
- **hair**: black, later blue
- **job**: Police chief of Springfield
- **relatives**: Sarah Wiggum (wife)
Ralph Wiggum (son)
- **appearance**: "Homer's Odyssey (The Simpsons), Homer's Odyssey"
- **voiceactor**: Hank Azaria (Current)
- **sons**: Ralph Wiggum
Abraham Simpson

Abraham Simpson (1898-1989)

**Abraham Jay "Abe" Simpson II**, also known as **Grampa Simpson**, is a character in the animated television series _The Simpsons_. He is voiced by Dan Castellaneta. He first appeared on The Tracey Ullman Show in the Simpsons short "Grandpa and the Kids".

### Family

He is the father of Homer Simpson and the grandfather of Bart, Lisa and Maggie; he is the ex-husband of Mona Simpson, but later he also has been married for a short time to Amber (a woman that Homer married in Las Vegas too) and to Selma Bouvier, now he's married to Rita LaFleur. He lives in an old folk's home.

### Characteristics

Abe Simpson is a World War II veteran and he often tells long, unlikely and rambling stories about his past. He was married to Mona Simpson for many years until she became a fugitive after she destroyed biological weapons owned by Mr. Burns.
Grampa Simpson has a poor relationship with his son Homer.

## Other websites

- Grampa Simpson's profile at TheSimpsons.com

## Infobox (simpsons character)

- **name**: Abraham Simpson
- **gender**: Male
- **job**: World War II Veteran
- **relatives**: **Sons:** Homer Simpson and Herb Powell
 **Wife:** Mona Simpson
 **Grandchildren:** Bart Simpson, Bart, Lisa Simpson, Lisa and Maggie Simpson, Maggie
Born= 1878
- **appearance**: "Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire" (1989)
- **ullmanappearance**: "The Simpsons shorts#Grandpa and the Kids, Grandpa and the Kids" (1988)
- **voiceactor**: Dan Castellaneta
Biological rhythms

**Biological rhythms** are the repeating cycles of activity which occur in living organisms. The best-known example is the daily or _circadian rhythm_, which fits the cycle of day and night.

Most forms of life have natural rhythms which fit them to natural changes in their environment. Animals are most active in part of the day, and rest or sleep at other times. They may be:
- Diurnal, which describes organisms active during daytime
- Nocturnal,  active in the night
- Crepuscular, active during the dawn and dusk hours.

Plants undergo daily cycles as well. Photosynthesis has parts which need light, called light-dependent reactions, and parts which can continue at night (light-independent reactions).

Many other important cycles are also studied, including:
- cycles longer than a day, such as the annual migration or reproduction cycles found in certain animals or the human menstrual cycle.
- cycles shorter than 24 hours, such as the 90-minute REM cycle, the 4-hour nasal cycle, or the 3-hour cycle of growth hormone production.
- Tidal rhythms are often seen in marine life, which follow the roughly 12.4-hour transition from high to low tide and back.
- Lunar rhythms, which follow the lunar month (29.5 days). They are relevant for marine life, as the level of the tides is affected by the lunar cycle.
- Gene oscillations – some genes are expressed more during certain hours of the day than during other hours.

## Relaate pages

- Homeostasis
Rapid eye movement sleep

In mammals and birds, sleep can be divided into two categories. In one of them, the eyes move rapidly. This is called REM-sleep (from **rapid eye movement**). Most dreams take place in this phase. REM-sleep occurs normally at intervals throughout the night. The periods of REM-sleep increase in length in the second half of the night. REM-sleep was first discovered in 195253. The function of REM sleep is not well understood.

Nathaniel Kleitman and his student Eugene Aserinsky defined rapid eye movement and linked it to dreams in 1953. REM sleep was further described by researchers including William Dement and Michel Jouvet.

The other category, where this movement of the eyes does not happen, is called NREM-sleep (Non-REM sleep). Usually, dreams do not occur during this time. There are three or four stages of NREM-sleep. Stage I is just barely sleeping, or dozing. Stage II is also light sleep. Normally, in adult humans, about half of the time spent asleep is spent in light sleep. Stages III and IV are called deep sleep. Deep sleep is necessary for growth and healing. It can be quite difficult to awaken someone who is in stage III or stage IV sleep. Sometimes stages III and IV are combined and called stage III.

Adult humans normally sleep in cycles of 90 to 110 minutes each. The night's sleep can be four or five of these cycles. Each cycle includes, in this order: stage I, stage II, stage III (IV), stage II and REM.

The fact that birds and mammals both show REM and NREM sleep suggests that the trait evolved before the two groups diverged in their evolution. That suggests that the REM/NREM feature is both early and important in the evolution of land vertebrates.

## REM and dreams

Rapid eye movement sleep is associated with dreaming. Waking up sleepers during a REM phase is a common way to get dream reports. 80% of typical people can give some kind of dream report under these circumstances. Sleepers awakened from REM tend to give longer more narrative descriptions of the dreams they were experiencing. They estimate the duration of their dreams as longer.

Lucid dreams are reported far more often in REM sleep. The mental events which occur during REM usually have dream 'hallmarks' including narrative structure, convincingness (like waking life), and instinctual themes.

Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is a sleep disorder (more specifically a parasomnia) in which people act out their dreams.

Apart from its present distribution, nothing is known about the evolution of this brain feature, and its function is not exactly known. Experiments on humans suggests they need REM sleep or they get obvious mental deterioration.
Biblical Museum of Natural History

**Biblical Museum of Natural History** is a small museum in Beit Shemesh, Israel. It is dedicated to the natural history of the Bible. The museum was established in 2014 by Rabbi Natan Slifkin.

## Other websites

- Biblical Museum of Natural History
- Zoo Torah: The Biblical Museum
The Monkey's Paw

**"The Monkey's Paw"** is a supernatural horror short story by William Wymark Jacobs. It was published in 1902, in the book _The Lady of the Barge_. It is one of the  most famous horror short stories of English literature. It is based on the idea that the holder of a talisman has three wishes. In this case, the talisman is the mummified paw of a monkey. In the story, the wishes are granted, but the results are unexpectedly negative.

The story has been the source for many movies, and a theatre play.

## Other websites

- "The Monkey's Paw"; Full Short Story Text
- _Gaslight_ edition of the story
- Monkey's Paw Radio Play
- Podcast of "The Monkey's Paw" as read by John Lithgow
- Books That Grow leveled book
Eduardo Menichetti

**Eduardo Menichetti Pilas** (1950/51 – 8 July 2007) was a Chilean businessman from Santiago. He was best known as the president of the football club Colo-Colo from 1990 to 1995. During his five-year tenure, the club won three Campeonato Nacional titles and three international titles.

Menichetti died from colorectal cancer on 8 July 2007 at the age of 56. His two children survived him.
Alberto Parodi

**Alberto Parodi** was a Chilean businessman. He was best known as the first president of the football club Colo-Colo from 1925 to 1926.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Alberto Parodi
- **image**: Alberto Parodi, Los Sports, 1925-10-23 (137).jpg
- **nationality**: Chilean
- **occupation**: Businessman
Jack Larson

**Jack Edward Larson** (February 8, 1928 – September 20, 2015) was an American actor, librettist, screenwriter and producer. He is best known for his role as Jimmy Olsen in the television series _Adventures of Superman_ (1952–1958). He also appeared in _Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman_ and _Law & Order: Special Victims Unit_ and the movie _Superman Returns_ (2006). He retired in 2011.

Larson was born in Los Angeles, California. He grew up in Pasadena, California. He was of Swedish and Russian ancestry. He was gay and his partner of 35 years, director and screenwriter James Bridges, died in 1993.

Larson died on September 20, 2015 in Brentwood, California, aged 87.
Fred DeLuca

**Frederick A.** "**Fred**" **DeLuca** (October 3, 1947 – September 14, 2015) was an American billionaire businessman. He best known as the co-founder and CEO of the Subway franchise of sandwich shops.

DeLuca was born in Brooklyn, New York to Italian American parents. He was married to Elisabeth from 1965 until his death. They had a son, Jonathan.

DeLuca died from leukemia on September 14, 2015 in Lauderdale Lakes, Florida. He was 67.
Review

A **review** is an evaluation of a publication, service, or company. Popular reviews are about movies, video games, musical compositions or books. Other reviews are about cars, home appliances, or computers. An event or performance like a live music concert, play, musical theater show, dance show, or art exhibition are commonly reviewed. legal case decisions by a lower court may be reviewed by a higher court. In addition to a critical evaluation, the review's author may assign the work a rating to indicate its relative merit. Reviews are generally positive, neutral or negative.

## Compilation reviews

A compilation of reviews may itself be called a review. _The New York Review of Books_, for instance, is a collection of essays on literature, culture, and current affairs. _National Review_, founded by William F. Buckley, Jr., is an influential conservative magazine. _Monthly Review_ is a long-running socialist periodical. Metacritic creates an average score of published reviews called a metascore.

## User reviews

A user review is one written by someone for a product or a service based on his or her own experience with the reviewed product. Popular sources for consumer reviews are e-commerce sites like Amazon.com or Zappos. Social media sites like TripAdvisor and Yelp contain user reviews. E-commerce sites often have consumer reviews for products and sellers separately.  Usually, consumer reviews are in the form of several lines of texts accompanied by a numerical rating. This text is meant to help shoppers make a decision about a product. A consumer review of a product usually has comments on how well the product meets a user's expectations. It talks about how well it does its job, how reliable it is and its quality for the price. Consumer reviews are also called word of mouth. Users also comment on how they were treated by a seller. They may comment on how dependable or trustworthy a seller is.

## Other websites

- 4 Ways to Manage Online Reviews
Survey of Pakistan

**Survey of Pakistan** is the national mapping agency of Pakistan. The headquarters of the organization is located in the Survey Training Institute in Islamabad.

## Other websites

- Survey of Pakistan
M. F. Husain

**Maqbool Fida Husain** (17 September 1915 – 9 June 2011; ) commonly known as **MF Husain**, was a modern Indian painter. He was a founding member of The Progressive Artists Group of Bombay (PAG). He is thought to be one of the greatest painters of India.

M. F. Husain died, aged 95, on 9 June 2011, following a heart attack. He had been unwell for several months. He died at the Royal Brompton Hospital in London and was buried in Brookwood Cemetery on 10 June 2011.

Despite his acclaim, Husain faced significant controversy, especially later in his life, due to his unorthodox depictions of Hindu deities, which some found offensive. This led to legal challenges and threats in India, and Husain lived in self-imposed exile for the latter part of his life, spending time in countries like Qatar and the United Kingdom.

Some of his works: "The Volodarsky Husain" (1954); The painting was sold (by a European country) in 2025; The price at auction was [$11 million or] $11.6 million. _Volodarsky_ is the last name of the person who bought the painting in 1954.

## Other websites

- India Modern: The Paintings of M. F. Husain. Artic.edu

## Infobox (artist)

- **name**: MF Husain
- **image**: MFHussain2.jpg
- **caption**: MF Husain at Museum of Islamic Art, Doha
- **birth name**: Maqbool Fida Husain
- **birth place**: Pandharpur, Maharashtra, India
- **death place**: London, England, United Kingdom, UK
- **nationality**: Indian nationality law, Indian (1915–2010)
Qatari (2010–2011)
- **field**: Painting, Drawing, Writer, Film Maker
- **training**: Sir J. J. School of Art
- **movement**: Progressive Art Group
- **works**: Meenaxi a tale of three cities
Through the eyes of a painter
- **awards**: Padma Shri (1966)
Padma Bhushan (1973)
Padma Vibhushan (1991)
C. K. Williams

**Charles Kenneth "C. K." Williams** (November 4, 1936 – September 20, 2015) was an American poet, critic and translator. Williams won nearly every major poetry award. _Flesh and Blood_ won the National Book Critics Circle Award in 1987. _Repair_ (1999) won the 2000 Pulitzer Prize for Poetry, was a National Book Award finalist and won the Los Angeles Times Book Prize. _The Singing_ won the National Book Award, 2003 and in 2005 Williams received the Ruth Lilly Poetry Prize.

Williams died of multiple myeloma.

## Related pages

- List of poets from North America

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: C. K. Williams
- **image**: CKWilliams.jpg
- **birth name**: Charles Kenneth Williams
- **birth place**: Newark, New Jersey, U.S.
- **death place**: Hopewell, New Jersey, U.S.
- **occupation**: Professor
- **language**: English
- **nationality**: American
- **education**: Columbia High School (New Jersey), Columbia High School;
 Bucknell University
- **alma mater**: University of Pennsylvania
- **genre**: Poetry
- **spouse**: Catherine Mauger
- **awards**: Pulitzer Prize for Poetry;
National Book Award;
 National Book Critics Circle Award
Dorothea Warren O'Hara

**Dorothea Warren O'Hara** (August 31, 1873 - May 1972) was an American ceramic artist who won the Lifetime Membership Prize from the National Arts Club and a gold medal at the Panama–Pacific International Exposition. She was president of the Keramic Society of Greater New York and president of the New York National Society of Craftsmen.

## Biography

She was born as **Dorothea Warren** on August 31, 1873 in Kansas City, Missouri. In 1915 she won the Lifetime Membership Prize from the National Arts Club and a gold medal at the Panama–Pacific International Exposition. In 1923 she published _The Art of Enameling on Porcelain_. She died in May 1972 in Delray Beach, Florida.

## Legacy

He works are on display at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City and the Ueno Royal Museum in Tokyo.

## Books she wrote

- The Art of Enameling on Porcelain (1912)
- Dorothea Warren O'Hara Enamels, for Decorating All Kinds of China by the Roessler and Hasslacher Chemical Company (1920)

## Other websites

- Dorothea Warren O'Hara at the Metropolitan Museum of Art

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Dorothea Warren O'Hara
- **image**: Dorothea Warren O'Hara (1873-1972) in 1916.jpg
- **birth name**: Dorothea Warren
- **birth place**: Kansas City, Missouri, U.S.
- **occupation**: Ceramic artist
Bill Erwin

**William Lindsey "Bill" Erwin** (December 2, 1914 – December 29, 2010) was an American movie, stage and television actor with over 250 television and movie credits. As a veteran character actor, he was widely known for his role of Sid Fields on _Seinfeld_ – for which he received an Emmy nomination – as well his appearances on shows such as _I Love Lucy_ and _Star Trek: The Next Generation_.
Cello Suites (Bach)

The ***Six suites for unaccompanied cello*** by Johann Sebastian Bach are some of the most often performed and recognizable solo compositions ever written for cello. They were most likely composed during the period 1717–1723, when Bach served as a Kapellmeister in Köthen. The title of Anna Magdalena Bach's manuscript was _Suites á Violoncello Solo senza Basso_.

The suites have been performed and recorded by many famous cellists; like Mstislav Rostropovich, Emanuel Feuermann, Pierre Fournier, Jacqueline du Pré, Paul Tortelier, André Navarra, Yo-Yo Ma, Gregor Piatigorsky, Mischa Maisky, János Starker, Anner Bijlsma or Heinrich Schiff.  Yo-Yo Ma won the 1985 Best Instrumental Soloist Grammy Award for his bestselling album _Six Unaccompanied Cello Suites_.

## Other websites

- Anna Magdalena's manuscript
- MIDI Sequences
- Transcriptions of The Suites For Trombone
- Transcription of the 4th Suite for Violoncello Piccolo at the Werner Icking Music Archive
Suicide Squad (movie)

***Suicide Squad*** is an American superhero movie based on the DC Comics team of the same name.

The movie was written and directed by David Ayer. Its cast featured Will Smith, Jared Leto, Margot Robbie, Joel Kinnaman, Jai Courtney, Cara Delevingne, Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje, Karen Fukuhara, Jay Hernandez, Adam Beach, and Viola Davis with Ben Affleck as Batman and Ezra Miller as The Flash.

By February 2009, a _Suicide Squad_ movie was being made at Warner Bros. Pictures. David Ayer signed on to write and direct in September 2014 and by October the casting process had begun. Principal photography began on April 13, 2015 in Toronto, Ontario, Canada and in Chicago, Illinois, and ended in August that year. The film was released on August 5, 2016 in 2D, 3D, and IMAX 3D.

A sequel, titled _The Suicide Squad_, will be released in August 2021.

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: Suicide Squad
- **caption**: Logo
- **director**: David Ayer
- **writer**: David Ayer
- **cinematography**: Roman Vasyanov
- **distributor**: Warner Bros., Warner Bros. Pictures
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
Black Mass (movie)

***Black Mass*** is a 2015 American crime movie directed by Scott Cooper and written by Mark Mallouk and Jez Butterworth. It is based on the 2001 book _Black Mass: The True Story of an Unholy Alliance Between the FBI and the Irish Mob_ by Dick Lehr and Gerard O'Neill.

The movie stars Johnny Depp, Joel Edgerton, Benedict Cumberbatch, Kevin Bacon, Jesse Plemons, Peter Sarsgaard, Rory Cochrane, Adam Scott, Dakota Johnson, and Corey Stoll.

The movie is about the criminal career of infamous Irish-American mobster Whitey Bulger (Depp). The movie was released to positive reviews on September 18, 2015.
Marcin Wrona

**Marcin Wrona** (25 March 1973 – 19 September 2015) was a Polish director and screenwriter. His movies _The Christening_ and _Demon_ were both shown at the Toronto International Film Festival (TIFF) in 2010 and 2015, respectively.

Wrona was born in Tarnów. His wife, Olga Szymanska, served as a producer for _Demon_.

Wrona was found dead hanging on 19 September 2015 at a hotel room in Gdynia. He was 42. His death was ruled a suicide.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Marcin Wrona
- **image**: Marcin Wrona by Piotr Litwic.jpg
- **caption**: Wrona in August 2012.
- **birth place**: Tarnów, Poland
- **death place**: Gdynia, Poland
- **occupation**: Director, screenwriter
- **yearsactive**: 2001–2015
- **spouse**: Olga Szymanska (m. ?–2015; his death)
Farhang Mehr

**Farhang Mehr** (11 December 1923 – 4 March 2018) was an American political scientist, academic and researcher, and former Iranian politician. He was a Zoroastrian.

Mehr was born in a Zoroastrian family in Tehran. His father, Mehraban, was from the province of Kerman, and migrated to Tehran when he was 14 years old. He went on to become Chief Accountant in the Iranian Parliament.

He joined the National Iranian Oil Company. He was the head of the Department of International Contracts and Industrial Relations.

He was then nominated by the prime minister to serve as the Minister of Finance. However, he could not become a minister under Iran’s constitutional law which preserved the ministerial posts for Muslims only.

Mehr’s last position in Iran, prior to the Islamic Revolution of 1979, was president of Pahlavi University in Shiraz. During his presidency, the university became internationally known for its academic excellence .

In 1981, two years after the establishment of the Revolutionary Islamic Republic of Iran, Mehr migrated to the United States. There he joined Boston University as Professor of International Relations.

Mehr died on 4 March 2018 at the age of 94.

## References

- Iranian.com 2003
- Vohuman.org

## Other websites

- VoHuman: Farhang Mehr
- Iranian.com: Farhang Mehr

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Farhang Mehr
- **image**: Dr-Farhang-Mehr.jpg
- **caption**: In London, 2006.
- **birth date**: 11 December 1923
- **death place**: 4 March 2018 (aged 94)
- **nationality**: (former) Iranian, American
Girl (album)

***Girl*** is the second studio album by American recording artist Pharrell Williams. The album was released on March 3, 2014, through Williams' label i Am Other and Columbia Records. _Girl_ followed Williams' first studio album, _In My Mind_ (2006).

## Reviews

_Girl_ received generally positive reviews from critics.

## Track listing

- Notes
- "Come Get It Bae" features uncredited vocals from Miley Cyrus and Tori Kelly.
- "Lost Queen" contains the hidden track "Freq".

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Girl
- **type**: studio
- **border**: yes
- **artist**: Pharrell Williams
- **released**: March 3, 2014
- **recorded**: 2013
- **producer**: Pharrell Williams
- **prev title**: In My Mind
- **prev year**: 2006
Number 1 to Infinity

***#1 to Infinity*** is the sixth compilation album by American singer and songwriter Mariah Carey. It was released by Sony Music Entertainment on May 15, 2015. It features Carey's eighteen U.S. number-one singles on the _Billboard_ Hot 100. It also includes "Infinity", a new song written for the album.

## Track listing

- Notes
- "I'll Be There" featuring Trey Lorenz is a cover originally performed by The Jackson 5
- "Without You" is a cover originally performed by Badfinger
- "Endless Love" with Luther Vandross is a cover originally performed by Lionel Richie and Diana Ross
- "Against All Odds" with Westlife is a cover originally performed by Phil Collins
- "Fantasy" is the Bad Boy Fantasy version. It also contains a sample of the Tom Tom Club's song "Genius of Love", written by Chris Frantz, Tina Weymouth, Adrian Belew and Steven Stanley
- "Honey" contains samples of "Hey DJ" by the World's Famous Supreme Team, written by Stephen Hague, and "The Body Rock" by the Treacherous Three, written by Bobby Robinson, Larry Price and Malcolm McLaren
- "Heartbreaker" contains a sample of "Attack of the Name Game" by Stacy Lattisaw, written by Shirley Ellis and Lincoln Chase
- "We Belong Together" contains samples of Bobby Womack's "If You Think You're Lonely Now", written by Bobby Womack, Patrick Moten and Sandra Sully, and The Deele's "Two Occasions", written by Darnell Bristol and Kenneth Edmonds

## Charts

|Chart (2015)|Peak position|
| --- | --- |
|2||

## Release history

|scope="col"|Country|scope="col"|Date|scope="col"|Format|scope="col"|Label|scope="col"||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|rowspan="2"|May 15, 2015||rowspan="5"|Sony||||||
|Digital download||||||||||
|rowspan="4"|May 18, 2015|||||||||
|Digital download||||||||||
|CD||||||||||
|rowspan="2"||||||||||
|rowspan="2"|May 19, 2015|rowspan="3"|Sony|||||||
|CD||||||||||
|May 22, 2015||||||||||
|August 28, 2015|Vinyl|||||||||

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: 1 to Infinity
- **type**: compilation
- **artist**: Mariah Carey
- **border**: no
- **recorded**: 1988–2015
- **prev title**: Me. I Am Mariah... The Elusive Chanteuse
- **prev year**: 2014
- **next title**: Caution (Mariah Carey album), Caution
- **next year**: 2018