juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Blackall

Blackall is a rural town in Central Queensland, Australia. It is located on the Barcoo River and is known for its deep connections to the sheep and wool industry, as well as several unique historical landmarks.

The main industry in the Blackall area is grazing, which means raising livestock like sheep and cattle. There are more than 70 farms there.

## History

The town was named after Sir Samuel Blackall, the second Governor of Queensland. European settlement began in the 1860s, and the town officially started in 1868. It quickly became an important hub for sheep grazing. In 1885, Blackall was the first town in the outback to drill a bore for water from the Great Artesian Basin.

Blackall is also famous for a local hero, Jack Howe, a legendary blade shearer who set a world record in 1892 by shearing 321 sheep in one day. This record was not beaten by a machine shearer for another 58 years.

## Tourism

Places to go there are:
- The Black Stump: The town is home to the original "Black Stump," a marker that was used for surveying in 1887. The famous Australian saying, "beyond the black stump," which means "in the middle of nowhere" or "in a remote place," comes from this marker.
- Blackall Woolscour: This is the last remaining steam-powered wool washing plant in Australia. It operated from 1908 until 1978 and is now a historical museum.
- Artesian Spa and Pool: The town has a public pool and spa filled with natural artesian water from the Great Artesian Basin, offering a relaxing experience for visitors.

## Infobox (australian place)

- **type**: town
- **name**: Blackall
- **state**: qld
- **image**: Blackall - Mitchell memorial.JPG
- **caption**: Memorial to Sir Thomas Mitchell (explorer), Thomas Mitchell
- **pop**: 1,365 (as of 2021)
- **established**: 1868
- **timezone**: AEST
- **utc**: +10:00
- **dist1**: 102
- **dir1**: NW
- **location1**: Tambo, Queensland, Tambo
- **dist2**: 214
- **dir2**: SE
- **location2**: Longreach
- **dist3**: 488
- **dir3**: NW
- **location3**: Roma, Queensland, Roma
- **dist4**: 615
- **dir4**: W
- **location4**: Rockhampton
- **dist5**: 964
- **dir5**: NW
- **location5**: Brisbane
- **elevation**: 284
- **maxtemp**: 30.2
- **mintemp**: 15.4
- **rainfall**: 533.3
Antarctic Plateau

The Antarctic Plateau, also known as the Polar Plateau, is a large, high, and flat area of ice in East Antarctica. It includes the region of the Geographic South Pole and is one of the coldest and most remote places on Earth.

## Geography and Climate

The plateau is a huge continental area with an average elevation of about 3,000 meters (9,800 feet). Because of its high elevation, high latitude, long, dark winters, and polar night, the Antarctic Plateau experiences the lowest temperatures on the planet. The lowest recorded temperature on Earth was at Vostok Station, located on the plateau, where it reached -89.2 °C (-128.6 °F), and satellite observations recording -93.2 °C (-135.8 °F) at the East Antarctic Plateau at the East Antarctic Ice Sheet.

The climate is also extremely dry, making it a polar desert. There is very little snowfall, and the strong, frigid winds blow constantly, which makes conditions even more difficult for life.

## Life and Research

Because of the extreme cold and lack of food, no penguins live on the Antarctic Plateau. Few other animals can survive there either. The most common life forms are microbes that live in the snow.

The plateau is home to several important research stations, including the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station. The clear, dry air and lack of light pollution make it an excellent location for astronomical research.

## Exploration

The Antarctic Plateau was first seen by explorers in the early 20th century. In 1911, the Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen and his team were the first to reach the South Pole by crossing the plateau, a major achievement in polar exploration.
East Antarctic Ice Sheet

The East Antarctic Ice Sheet (EAIS) is the largest ice sheet on Earth. It is a massive sheet of glacial ice that covers more than 10 million square kilometers (about 4 million square miles) of the continent of Antarctica. It holds the majority of the world's freshwater ice.

## Size and Characteristics

The EAIS is significantly larger and thicker than the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. It contains enough ice that, if it were to melt completely, global sea levels would rise by about 53 meters (174 feet). The ice sheet is so heavy that it pushes the land underneath it below sea level in many places.

The highest point on the ice sheet is Dome A (or Dome Argus), which is also the highest point on the entire Antarctic ice sheet, with an elevation of over 4,091 meters (13,422 feet).

## Climate and Stability

The EAIS is known for being extremely cold and dry. This harsh climate and the sheer size of the ice sheet have historically made it more stable than the smaller West Antarctic Ice Sheet. However, some parts of the EAIS, particularly along its edges, have been showing signs of change and ice loss due to warmer ocean waters. In the early 2000s, some people in the media mistakenly thought that because a part of East Antarctica was getting colder, it meant global warming wasn't real. They focused on this one area getting colder, even though the rest of the world and most of Antarctica was getting warmer. The coldest temperatures of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet is -98.6 °C at Ridge A at 2010.

## Research

Scientists study the EAIS to understand past climates and predict future changes. Ice cores, which are long tubes of ice drilled from the sheet, contain trapped air bubbles and layers of snow that can provide information about the Earth's atmosphere and climate going back hundreds of thousands of years.
West Antarctic Ice Sheet

The **West  Antarctic Ice Sheet** (**WAIS**) is a large, unstable sheet of ice that covers a part of West Antarctica. It is much smaller and more dynamic than the East Antarctic Ice Sheet. Due to its lower elevation, it is not as cold as the East Antarctic Ice Sheet. The WAIS is bordered by the Ross Ice Shelf, the Filchner–Ronne Ice Shelf, and outlet glaciers that border the Amundsen Sea.

## Geography and Stability

The WAIS is unique because most of it rests on land that is below sea level. This makes it a marine-based ice sheet, which means its edges are in direct contact with the ocean. This makes it very sensitive to warming ocean temperatures. Because of this, scientists are concerned that a large portion of the ice sheet could collapse quickly if the ocean continues to warm.

If the entire West Antarctic Ice Sheet were to melt, it would raise global sea levels by about 3.3 meters (10.8 feet).

## Ice Streams

A major feature of the WAIS is its ice streams, which are fast-flowing rivers of ice that move towards the ocean. The most famous of these are the Pine Island Glacier and the Thwaites Glacier. These glaciers are losing mass at a rapid rate, which contributes significantly to rising sea levels. They are often called the "Achilles' heel" of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet because their instability could lead to a faster collapse of the entire ice sheet.

## Research

Scientists are constantly monitoring the WAIS using satellites and on-the-ground measurements. They study its thickness, speed, and how it responds to changes in the climate to better predict future sea-level rise.
Filchner–Ronne Ice Shelf

The Filchner–Ronne Ice Shelf is a large, floating sheet of ice in Antarctica. It is located in the Weddell Sea and is the second-largest ice shelf in the world by area, after the Ross Ice Shelf. It is made up of two main parts, separated by Berkner Island: the Ronne Ice Shelf and the Filchner Ice Shelf.

## Size and features

The combined Filchner–Ronne Ice Shelf is huge, covering an area of around 430,000 square kilometers (about 166,000 square miles).

It is fed by several large glaciers and ice streams that flow from the main Antarctic ice sheet, acting as a natural brake that slows down the flow of inland ice into the ocean.

The waters beneath the Filchner–Ronne Ice Shelf are typically very cold, which helps keep the ice shelf stable. However, scientists are closely watching this area because warmer ocean currents could eventually reach the shelf and cause it to melt from below, which would make it less stable.

## Importance

The Filchner–Ronne Ice Shelf is very important for the stability of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. It holds back a large amount of ice from flowing into the sea. If it were to melt or break apart, it could lead to a significant increase in the rate of ice loss from the continent, which would contribute to rising global sea levels.

Scientists use satellites and other tools to study the ice shelf and the ocean currents beneath it to understand how it is changing and what that means for the future of the planet.

## Disintegration (calving)

In October 1998, a giant iceberg called A-38 broke away from the Filchner–Ronne Ice Shelf. It was so big it was larger than the U.S. state of Delaware. Later, it broke into three smaller pieces.

In May 2000, a similar large iceberg named A-43 broke off. Scientists believe that when this iceberg broke apart, its pieces drifted across the ocean for over five years. Some of these pieces were seen off the coast of New Zealand in November 2006. This was the first time icebergs had been seen from the New Zealand mainland since 1931. The icebergs traveled about 13,500 kilometers (8,400 miles) to get there.
West Antarctica

West Antarctica is one of the two major regions of the continent of Antarctica. It is the smaller of the two parts and is mostly covered by the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS).

## Geography and Features

West Antarctica is the part of the continent that is on the Pacific Ocean side. It is separated from East Antarctica by the Transantarctic Mountains. This region is made up of a group of large, mountainous islands connected by the massive WAIS.

A unique feature of West Antarctica is that much of the land it sits on is below sea level. This is because of the heavy weight of the ice sheet pushing the land down. This makes it a marine-based ice sheet, and it's what makes it so sensitive to changes in the ocean's temperature.

Over the past 50 years, the west coast of the Antarctic Peninsula has been is one of the most rapidly warming parts of Earth, and the coasts of the Antarctic Peninsula are the only parts of West Antarctica that become ice-free in summer.

## Ice and Climate

The West Antarctic Ice Sheet is a major point of interest for scientists because it is unstable and changing quickly. Unlike the East Antarctic Ice Sheet, the WAIS is losing a lot of ice due to warming ocean currents that melt it from below. This contributes to global sea level rise.

The two largest glaciers in the world, the Pine Island Glacier and the Thwaites Glacier, are in West Antarctica. They are both retreating very fast, and their melting is a big cause for concern.

## Research

Scientists use satellites and other tools to watch the ice sheet's changes very closely. They are trying to understand how fast it is melting and what that will mean for future sea levels around the world.
Ellsworth Mountains

The Ellsworth Mountains are the highest mountain range in Antarctica. They are located in the region of West Antarctica and stretch for about 360 kilometers (224 miles).

## Geography

The range is divided into two main parts: the Sentinel Range and the Heritage Range. The Sentinel Range is home to Vinson Massif, the highest peak in Antarctica and one of the "Seven Summits" (the highest mountains on each of the seven continents). Mount Vinson is a popular destination for mountain climbers who want to climb the highest peak on every continent.

The Ellsworth Mountains are almost completely covered in snow and ice, with only a few rocky outcrops poking through. The range is a nunatak, which means it is a mountain peak that is not covered by the surrounding ice sheet.

## Importance

The mountains are an important site for geological and paleontological research. Scientists have found fossils of ancient plants and animals in the rocks here, which helps them understand the history of Antarctica when it was a warmer place. The location of the mountains provides clues about the movement of the Earth's continents over millions of years.

## Infobox (mountain)

- **name**: Ellsworth Mountains
- **photo**: Sentinel Range, Ellsworth Mountains, Antarctica.jpg
- **photo caption**: The central part of Ellsworth Mountains with Mount Tyree, Mount Shinn and Mount Vinson; Nimitz Glacier at once
- **map**: Antarctica
- **map caption**: Location of Ellsworth Mountains in Antarctica
- **map relief**: yes
- **highest**: Vinson Massif
- **elevation m**: 4892
Ellsworth Land

Ellsworth Land is a large area of Antarctica in the western part of the continent. It is bordered by the Bellingshausen Sea to the north and the Filchner–Ronne Ice Shelf to the east.

Information about the biodiversity of Ellsworth Land is limited due to the fewer research stations and visitations in the region.

## Geography

Ellsworth Land is mostly a high, icy plateau. However, it is most famous for the Ellsworth Mountains, which are the highest mountain range on the entire continent and include Vinson Massif, Antarctica's highest peak.

Other, smaller mountain ranges and isolated mountains also rise out of the ice in this region. The area is covered by the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, and the land beneath the ice is often below sea level.

## History and Claims

The region was named after Lincoln Ellsworth, an American explorer who made the first airplane flight across Antarctica in 1935.

Today, parts of Ellsworth Land are claimed by both the United Kingdom and Chile, but the area west of 90°W is not claimed by any country. These claims are not internationally recognized.
Shackleton Ice Shelf

The Shackleton Ice Shelf is a large, floating sheet of ice in Antarctica. It is located on the coast of East Antarctica, at the edge of the Indian Ocean.

## Geography

The ice shelf is fed by several glaciers that flow from the East Antarctic Ice Sheet. It covers an area of about 33,820 square kilometers (13,060 square miles).

## History

The ice shelf was first seen by the United States Exploring Expedition in 1840. It was later explored and mapped in the early 1900s by a team led by the famous British explorer Ernest Shackleton. The ice shelf was named in his honor.

## Important Bird Area

A 500ha site () on the ice shelf has been made an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International because it supports a breeding colony of 6,500 emperor penguins, based on 2009 satellite imagery.
Pensacola Mountains

The **Pensacola Mountains** are a large mountain range in Antarctica, located in the southern part of the continent. They extend for about 450 kilometers (280 miles) and are made up of several smaller mountain groups and nunataks (mountain peaks that stick out of the ice sheet). Its highest mountain is England Peak.

## Geography and Features

The range is located where the Filchner–Ronne Ice Shelf meets the continent. The mountains are mostly buried under the ice, but their peaks and ridges are visible and were important for early explorers and scientists.

The Pensacola Mountains are divided into three main parts:
- The Neptune Range
- The Patriot Hills
- The Forlidas Hills

## Exploration and Research

The mountains were first sighted by a U.S. Navy expedition in 1956. They were named after Pensacola, Florida, the home of Naval Air Station Pensacola.

The range is a valuable site for geological studies. Scientists have found fossils and studied the rock formations to learn about Antarctica's ancient history and how the continents have moved over millions of years.
Graham Land

Graham Land is the northern part of the Antarctic Peninsula, located in West Antarctica. It is a long, thin, and mountainous piece of land that extends north towards South America, making it the closest part of Antarctica to other continents.

## Geography

Graham Land is bordered by the Weddell Sea to the east and the Bellingshausen Sea to the west. It has a rugged, mountainous spine with many glaciers flowing down to the coast. Its northern tip is home to many small islands and has a more temperate, maritime climate compared to the rest of Antarctica, allowing for a greater variety of plant and animal life.

## History and Claims

The region was named after Sir James Graham, the First Lord of the Admiralty in the 1830s. It was first explored by John Biscoe in 1832.

Graham Land is the subject of several territorial claims. Both Argentina, Chile, and the United Kingdom have claims over this area. These claims are not recognized internationally, and scientific research is conducted under the Antarctic Treaty System, which puts all territorial claims on hold.

## Research and Wildlife

Because of its accessible location and slightly warmer climate, Graham Land is a popular area for scientific research and tourism. The coasts are home to large colonies of penguins, seals, and other seabirds. Research stations from many different countries are located here, including the British Rothera Research Station and the American Palmer Station.
Getz Ice Shelf

The Getz Ice Shelf is a large ice shelf in West Antarctica. It is located on the coast of the Amundsen Sea and is the largest ice shelf in the region.

## Geography and Glaciers

The Getz Ice Shelf is about 480 kilometers (300 miles) long and covers a vast area. It is fed by several large glaciers that flow from the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, including the DeVicq, Kirk, and Berry Glaciers.

The ice shelf's large size and location make it an important natural barrier that holds back a significant amount of ice from the land, preventing it from flowing into the sea.

## Instability and Research

The Getz Ice Shelf is one of the most rapidly changing ice shelves in Antarctica. Scientists have observed that large pieces of the shelf have broken off, and the overall volume of ice has decreased significantly in recent years. This is due to warmer ocean currents melting the ice from below.

Because of its rapid changes, the Getz Ice Shelf is a major focus of scientific research. Scientists use satellites and other tools to monitor its changes, which helps them better understand how the West Antarctic Ice Sheet is reacting to climate change and how it might affect future global sea levels.

## Glaciology

Studies from 1994 to 2010 show that the Getz Ice Shelf is melting faster than other ice shelves in Antarctica. The melting is caused by warmer ocean water flowing beneath it. This meltwater from the Getz Ice Shelf is the largest source of water added to the Southern Ocean.

In 2021, scientists found that all 14 glaciers feeding the ice shelf had sped up. They have lost 315 gigatonnes of ice since 1994. The melting is happening because warm, deep ocean water is getting to the ice shelf and melting it from below.

## Infobox (landform)

- **name**: Getz Ice Shelf
- **type**: Ice shelf
- **photo**: File:Getz Ice Shelf.jpg
- **photo caption**: Getz Ice Shelf 2010
- **map**: Antarctica
- **map relief**: y
- **location**: Marie Byrd Land, Antarctica
- **water bodies**: Southern Ocean
Victoria Land

Victoria Land is a large region in East Antarctica, located on the continent's coast facing the Pacific Ocean. It is a long, mountainous area that extends from the Ross Ice Shelf to the Southern Ocean.

## Geography and Features

Victoria Land is known for its tall, rugged mountains, which include the northern part of the Transantarctic Mountains. This mountain range separates Victoria Land from West Antarctica. The region has dramatic landscapes with dry valleys, glaciers, and coastal areas where the ice meets the sea.

The Dry Valleys of Victoria Land are a unique and famous feature. They are one of the driest places on Earth, with no snow or ice cover. They are often used by scientists to study how life can survive in extreme conditions and are considered the closest environment on Earth to the surface of Mars.

## History and Claims

The area was first seen by the British explorer James Clark Ross in 1841. He named it in honor of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom.

Today, a large part of Victoria Land is within the Ross Dependency, a territory claimed by New Zealand. However, like all other territorial claims in Antarctica, it is not internationally recognized and is managed under the Antarctic Treaty System.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Victoria Land
- **settlement type**: Region
- **image skyline**: AN -Victoria Land.png
- **image caption**: Area map of Victoria Land
- **etymology**: Victoria of the United Kingdom, Queen Victoria
- **established date**: 1841
- **founder**: James Clark Ross
- **unit pref**: Metric
Dome C

Dome C is a high point on the East Antarctic Ice Sheet. It is one of several ice domes (high, rounded areas of ice) on the continent. It's also known as Dome Charlie or Dome Circe.

## Geography and Climate

Located at an elevation of about 3,233 meters (10,607 feet) above sea level, Dome C is one of the coldest places on Earth. It has an extreme desert climate with very low humidity and no weather systems. The average temperature is around -54.5 °C (-66.1 °F).

## Scientific Research

Dome C is a very important location for scientific research, particularly for ice core drilling and astronomy.
- Ice Cores: Because of its location in a very calm area with very little snow, the layers of ice built up overthousands of years are very well preserved. Scientists have drilled deep ice cores here, going back over 800,000 years. These cores provide a record of Earth's past climate, showing levels of carbon dioxide, temperature, and other factors.
- Astronomy: The high altitude, clear air, and extreme cold make the sky above Dome C incredibly clear and stable. This makes it an excellent location for telescopes and astronomical observation, as the atmosphere does not distort the view. The Aurora Australis (Southern Lights) is also often visible there during polar night at winter. A scientific paper published in the Proceedings of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific talks about how good Dome C is for astronomy. The paper explains that the seeing, which means how clear and steady the atmosphere is for looking at stars, is excellent at this location.

## Research stations

The Concordia Station, a joint French-Italian research base, is the main station located at Dome C.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Dome C
- **settlement type**: Research stations in Antarctica, Antarctic base
- **image skyline**: DomeCSummerCamp.jpg
- **imagesize**: 270
- **flag size**: 110px
- **flag border**: yes
- **nicknames**: dome Circe,
Dome Charlie and dome Concordia
- **mapsize**: 270px
- **pushpin map**: Antarctica
- **pushpin map alt**: Location of Dome C Station in Antarctica
- **pushpin map caption**: Location of Dome C Station in Antarctica
- **pushpin mapsize**: 270
- **pushpin relief**: yes
- **elevation m**: 3,233
Terra Nova Bay

Terra Nova Bay is a large bay in Antarctica, located on the coast of Victoria Land in East Antarctica. It is about 74 kilometers (46 miles) long.

## Geography and Climate

The bay is located between Cape Washington and the Drygalski Ice Tongue. It is well known for being an area that is often free of sea ice, even during the cold winter. This is because of strong, cold winds called katabatic winds that blow from the high inland ice sheet out to the sea. These winds push the ice away, leaving open water.

## History and Research

The bay was discovered by the British explorer Robert Falcon Scott during his expedition from 1901 to 1904. He named it after his expedition's relief ship, the Terra Nova.

Today, the bay is an important site for scientific research. It is home to the Italian Zucchelli Station and the South Korean Jang Bogo Station. The Chinese Qinling Station on Inexpressible Island, opened in 2024, is their fifth station in Antarctica. The area is also protected because of its unique marine life. Scientists study the animals that live on the seabed, like sponges and sea anemones.
Brunt Ice Shelf

The Brunt Ice Shelf is a large ice shelf in Antarctica. It is located on the coast of the Coats Land region in East Antarctica, facing the Weddell Sea.

## Geography and Glaciers

The ice shelf is about 80 kilometers (50 miles) long. It is fed by several glaciers that flow from the main Antarctic ice sheet. The ice shelf is constantly moving slowly towards the sea.

## Scientific Importance

The Brunt Ice Shelf is a very important location for scientific research, particularly for the United Kingdom. The British Halley Research Station is built on this ice shelf. This station is used by scientists to study the atmosphere and climate.

The ice shelf is known for its large, natural cracks and fissures. Because of this, the Halley Research Station has been moved several times to keep it safe from breaking off into the sea as a giant iceberg. The ice shelf's instability and changes are a major focus of scientific study.
South Geomagnetic Pole

The South Geomagnetic Pole is one of the two poles of the Earth's geomagnetic field, which is the magnetic field that surrounds the planet. It is the point on Earth's surface in the Southern Hemisphere where a perfect magnetic field, created by a simple bar magnet at the center of the Earth, would point straight up.

## Location

The South Geomagnetic Pole is not the same as the Geographic South Pole or the South Magnetic Pole. Its location changes slowly over time. As of 2005 it was calculated to be located at , In 2020, it moved and is now located at about 80.65°S latitude and 107.59°E longitude, in East Antarctica, near the Vostok Station.

## Comparison

- South Geomagnetic Pole: The center point for a theoretical, ideal magnetic field of the Earth.
- South Magnetic Pole: The actual point on the Earth's surface where a compass needle points straight up. Its location changes every day and has been moving quickly over the last few decades.
- Geographic South Pole: The southernmost point on the Earth's axis of rotation. All lines of longitude meet here.

The South Geomagnetic Pole is important for scientists studying the Earth's magnetic field and how it protects our planet from space radiation.
Dome A

Dome A, also known as Dome Argus, is the highest ice dome on the East Antarctic Ice Sheet. Located deep in the interior of East Antarctica, it is the highest point on the Antarctic Plateau, with an elevation of about 4,093 meters (13,428 feet).

## Geography and Climate

Dome A is one of the most remote and least-known places on Earth. It is located roughly midway between the Geographic South Pole and the coast. The climate is extremely cold and dry, with very low wind speeds. This makes it a "pole of cold" and a "polar desert." The lowest surface temperatures ever recorded by satellite were found in the region of Dome A, with temperatures believed to reach below -90 °C (-130 °F).

## Scientific Research

The unique conditions at Dome A make it a prime location for scientific research, particularly for astronomy and ice core drilling.
- Astronomy: The high altitude, lack of weather, and extremely dry air create a perfect environment for observing stars and space. The atmosphere is very stable, which allows telescopes to get clear images. At winter at polar night, the Aurora Australis (Southern Lights) was also often visible there.
- Ice Core Drilling: The very low snowfall and stable conditions at Dome A mean that the ice layers built up over thousands of years are very well preserved. Scientists are drilling deep ice cores here to study Earth's past climate.
China has established a research station, Kunlun Station, at Dome A to support these scientific efforts.

## Infobox (mountain)

- **name**: Dome A
- **other name**: Dome Argus
- **elevation m**: 4087
- **prominence m**: 1338
- **listing**: Ribu
- **map**: Antarctica
- **map size**: 310px
- **location**: Antarctica
Triumph (The Jacksons album)

***Triumph*** is the fourteenth studio album by the Jacksons, released in 1980. It is their ninth studio album and features a mix of R&B, pop, and disco tracks. Notable songs from the album include "Can You Feel It," "Lovely One," and "Hold Tight." The album is known for its energetic sound and for showcasing the talents of the Jackson family, particularly Michael Jackson, who was gaining significant popularity at the time.

## Track listing

1. "Can You Feel It"
1. "Lovely One"
1. "Your Ways"
1. "Everybody"
1. "Heartbreak Hotel" (later renamed "This Place Hotel")
1. "Time Waits for No One"
1. "Walk Right Now"
1. "Give It Up"
1. "Wondering Who"
Dome F

Dome F, also known as Dome Fuji, is a high, rounded area on the East Antarctic Ice Sheet. It is the second-highest ice dome in Antarctica, after Dome A. In 1963–1964, a land based Soviet Antarctic Expedition team travelled across the northern part of the dome at an elevation of over .

## Geography and Climate

Dome F is located at an elevation of about 3,810 meters (12,500 feet). Because of its high altitude and inland location, it is one of the coldest places on Earth. The average temperature is around -54.3 °C (-65.7 °F). It is also known for its extremely low humidity.

## Scientific Research

Dome F is a very important location for ice core drilling. The Dome Fuji Station, a Japanese research base, is located here. Scientists at this station have drilled a very deep ice core, reaching a depth of over 3,000 meters (9,800 feet).

This ice core contains a record of Earth's past climate going back more than 720,000 years. By studying the air bubbles and layers of snow trapped in the ice, scientists can learn about past temperatures and the composition of the atmosphere. This information is crucial for understanding climate change over long periods.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Dome Fuji Station
- **settlement type**: Research stations in Antarctica, Antarctic research station
- **pushpin map**: Antarctica
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Antarctica
- **pushpin relief**: y
- **established title**: Established
- **elevation m**: 3700
Oscar Calics

**Oscar Osvaldo Calics** (18 November 1939 – 16 September 2025) was an Argentine footballer and manager. He played for Argentina at the 1966 FIFA World Cup.

Calics died on 16 September 2025, at the age of 85.

### Player

**Boca Juniors**
- Primera División: 1962, 1964, 1965, 1969 Nacional, 1970 Nacional
- Copa Argentina: 1969
- Copa Libertadores runner-up: 1963

**Argentina**
- Panamerican Championship: 1960
- Copa América runner-up: 1967

**Individual**
- FIFA World Cup All-Star Team: 1966
- IFFHS Argentina All Times Dream Team: 2021

### Manager

**Boca Juniors**
- Primera División: 1981 Metropolitano

## Other websites

- FIFA profile

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Oscar Calics
- **image**: Oscar Calics.jpg
- **full name**: Oscar Osvaldo Calics
- **birth place**: Buenos Aires, Argentina
- **position**: Midfielder
- **years1**: 1958–1965
- **clubs1**: Club Atlético Banfield, Banfield
- **years2**: 1966–1970
- **clubs2**: San Lorenzo de Almagro, San Lorenzo
- **caps2**: 113
- **goals2**: 2
- **years3**: 1971–1973
- **clubs3**: Atlético Nacional
- **caps3**: 120
- **goals3**: 0
- **nationalyears1**: 1966–67
- **nationalteam1**: Argentina national football team, Argentina
- **nationalcaps1**: 6
- **nationalgoals1**: 0
- **manageryears1**: 1977
- **managerclubs1**: San Lorenzo de Almagro, San Lorenzo
- **manageryears2**: 1985
- **managerclubs2**: Talleres de Remedios de Escalada, Talleres (RE)
Moonwalk (book)

***Moonwalk*** is a memoir written by the American singer Michael Jackson, published in 1988. In the book, Jackson shares personal stories, insights into his life and career, and reflects on his experiences in the music industry, including the making of his iconic album _Bad_ in 1987, and was named after Jackson's signature dance move, the moonwalk. The memoir offers fans an intimate look at his journey, achievements, and challenges.
Ridge A

Ridge A is a high point on the East Antarctic Ice Sheet, located near Dome A. It is considered one of the best locations on Earth for astronomical observation. It is the absolute coldest place of Earth, and temperatures there can drop to -90°C to -100°C at a clear winter night.

## Geography and Climate

Ridge A is at an elevation of about 4,053 meters (13,297 feet) on the Antarctic Plateau. It is an extremely remote and cold area, but its key feature is its exceptionally calm atmosphere. There is very little wind, and the air is extremely dry and stable. This makes the sky above Ridge A incredibly clear. Ridge A is the coldest place on Earth, and temperatures there are  in winter and it is possible that this site may have even lower temperatures than Dome A, with temperatures that might reach as low as or even colder than the _legendary_ mark of -100°C (-148°F). Ridge A was identified by a team of Australian and American scientists searching for the best observatory spot in the world. The team leader described the site as "so calm there's almost no wind or weather there at all."

## Scientific Importance

Due to its unique atmospheric conditions, Ridge A is an excellent place to build telescopes. The clear, dry air and lack of turbulence from wind mean that light from stars and other celestial objects is not distorted. At winter during polar night, the Aurora Australis (Southern Lights) is also often visible above Ridge A. This allows telescopes to get very sharp and detailed images, making it an ideal site for infrared and submillimeter astronomy. Scientists believe in 2009 the conditions at Ridge A are even better than those at the best observatories in the world, like those in Chile and Hawaii.
Coats Land

Coats Land is a large area of Antarctica located in the eastern part of the continent. It lies at the edge of the Weddell Sea.

## Geography

Coats Land is a long strip of coastline that is almost entirely covered by thick ice. It is bordered by the Queen Maud Land to the east and the Filchner–Ronne Ice Shelf to the west. A key feature of the region is the Brunt Ice Shelf, where the British Halley Research Station is located.

## History and Claims

The region was discovered in 1904 by the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition, led by William Speirs Bruce. It was named after James Coats, Jr. and Andrew Coats, who were the chief supporters of the expedition.

A large portion of Coats Land is claimed by the United Kingdom as part of the British Antarctic Territory. However, this claim is not recognized by other countries and is subject to the Antarctic Treaty System.
Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever

***Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever*** was a landmark television special that aired in 1983, produced by Suzanne de Passe to celebrate the 25th anniversary of Motown Records. It is most famous for featuring Michael Jackson's iconic performance of "Billie Jean," where he debuted the moonwalk for the first time on television, captivating audiences worldwide. The show also featured performances by many artists associated with Motown, such as Stevie Wonder, Smokey Robinson, Diana Ross, and the Supremes, celebrating the label's influential role in shaping music and culture. It remains a historic event in music history, highlighting the enduring legacy of Motown.
Mac. Robertson Land

Mac. Robertson Land is a part of Antarctica in the eastern part of the continent. It is located at the coast, between William Scoresby Bay and Cape Darnley. Mawson Station is located at this region.

## Geography

This region is known for its rugged landscape, which includes the Prince Charles Mountains. It is bordered by glaciers and the Amery Ice Shelf, a large ice shelf that flows into the ocean.

## History and Claims

Mac. Robertson Land was discovered by a British-Australian-New Zealand expedition led by Sir Douglas Mawson in the 1930s. It was named after Sir Macpherson Robertson, a businessman who helped fund the expedition.

The region is located within the Australian Antarctic Territory, an area claimed by Australia. Like other claims in Antarctica, this one is not recognized by all countries.
Azole

An **azole** is a type of organic compound. Azoles have a pentagon-shaped ring of five atoms. Azoles have two double bonds, like cyclopentadiene, and have at least one nitrogen atom.

Azole is the systematic name of pyrrole, the simplest azole. Its analogs are called pyrroles. Other azoles can have a second heteroatom, which can be chalcogen (oxygen, sulfur, selenium, or tellurium) or more nitrogen.

## Types

Azoles are grouped by the type of heteroatom in the ring.
|Type|Second heteroatom|Example|Example structure|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Pyrroles|None|Pyrrole||
|Oxazoles|Oxygen|Oxazole||
|Isoxazole||||
|Thiazoles|Sulfur|Thiazole||
|Isothiazole||||
|Imidazoles|Nitrogen|Imidazole||
|Pyrazole||||

There are also selenazoles and tellurazoles, containing selenium and tellurium. These molecules are much less common and do not have notable applications.
Catelin Drey

**Catelin Drey** (born 1987 or 1988 in North Dakota) is an American politician from Iowa. She is a member of the Iowa Senate for the first district. Drey is also a Democrat.

## Early life and career

Drey moved into Sioux City, Iowa to attend Morningside University. She later founded Moms for Iowa (a grass-roots and parent-led advocacy organization).
Thiazole

**Thiazole** is a chemical compound made of carbon, sulfur, nitrogen, and hydrogen. It has the chemical formula . The **thiazoles** are a family of compounds where the hydrogen atoms of thiazole are replaced by other functional groups.

## Thiazolium

The nitrogen atom in thiazole is a weak base. It can be alkylated to make a type of quaternary ammonium cation (ion where nitrogen has four chemical bonds) called **thiazolium**.

The essential nutrient thiamine is a thiazolium cation. Other thiazolium salts are used as catalysts in some chemical reactions.
Bob the Builder season 3

The third season of the British animated television series _Bob the Builder_ was originally aired on CBBC in the United Kingdom and Nickelodeon in the United States from September 1 to 19, 2000 and contains 13 episodes.

## Episodes

<onlyinclude></onlyinclude>

## Infobox (television season)

- **season number**: 3
- **bgcolour**: #00468D
- **network**: CBBC (U.K.)
Nickelodeon (U.S.)
- **num episodes**: 13
- **prev season**: Bob the Builder season 2, Season 2
- **next season**: Bob the Builder season 4, Season 4
- **episode list**: List of Bob the Builder episodes
Carbamate

**Carbamate** is a complex functional group in organic chemistry. It is a carbamic acid molecule where some or all hydrogen atoms have been replaced. They have an amide and ester group that share a carbonyl.

There is also a **carbamate ion**, . The carbamate ion has two hydrogen atoms on the nitrogen atom, and a negative electric charge shared by the oxygen atoms. Compounds with this ion are called carbamate salts. Ammonium carbamate is an important carbamate salt.

In polymer chemistry, the carbamate group is called urethane. Polyurethanes are polymers linked together by carbamate groups. Formally, the name "urethane" refers to ethyl esters.

### Insecticide

Some carbamate compounds are used to kill insects. Carbaryl and methomyl are examples of carbamate insecticides. These insecticides are toxic to humans.
Peppa Pig series 1

The first season of the British animated television series _Peppa Pig_ was originally aired on Milkshake! in the United Kingdom and Nickelodeon in the United States from May 31 to November 30, 2004 and contains 52 episodes.

## Episodes

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</onlyinclude>

## Infobox (television season)

- **season number**: 1
- **bgcolour**: #B0C4DE
- **network**: Milkshake! (U.K.)
Nickelodeon (U.S.)
- **num episodes**: 52
- **next season**: Peppa Pig series 2, Season 2
- **episode list**: List of Peppa Pig episodes
Peppa Pig series 2

The second season of the British animated television series _Peppa Pig_ was originally aired on Milkshake! in the United Kingdom and Nickelodeon in the United States from September 4, 2006 to December 25, 2007 and contains 52 episodes with two television Christmas specials.

## Episodes

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### Christmas specials

</onlyinclude>

## Infobox (television season)

- **season number**: 2
- **bgcolour**: blue
- **network**: Milkshake! (U.K.)
Nickelodeon (U.S.)
- **num episodes**: 52 (2 television specials)
- **prev season**: Peppa Pig series 1, Season 1
- **next season**: Peppa Pig series 3, Season 3
- **episode list**: List of Peppa Pig episodes
Peppa Pig series 3

The third season of the British animated television series _Peppa Pig_ was originally aired on Milkshake! in the United Kingdom and Nickelodeon in the United States from May 4, 2009 to December 17, 2010 and contains 52 episodes.

## Episodes

<onlyinclude>

</onlyinclude>

## Infobox (television season)

- **season number**: 3
- **bgcolour**: orange
- **network**: Milkshake! (U.K.)
Nickelodeon (U.S.)
- **num episodes**: 52
- **prev season**: Peppa Pig series 2, Season 2
- **next season**: Peppa Pig series 4, Season 4
- **episode list**: List of Peppa Pig episodes
1986 Sabah riots

The **1986 Sabah riots**, also called **The Silent Riot**, happened between March and May 1986 in different parts of Sabah, Malaysia. Most of the violence happened in Kota Kinabalu, Tawau and Sandakan. On 12 March, seven bombs exploded in Kota Kinabalu. Another bomb exploded in Tawau. At least five bombs went off in Sandakan, killing one newspaper seller and injuring a senior Police Field Force officer. In total, 5 people died.

## History

The riots started after the 1985 state election, when the new party Parti Bersatu Sabah (PBS) won and replaced Parti Berjaya, which was part of Barisan Nasional (BN). Some people were angry and wanted to remove PBS president Pairin Kitingan from being Chief Minister.

It was also believed that the losing parties, including BN, wanted to create an emergency to take control of the state. This was similar to what happened in 1966 in Sarawak and 1977 in Kelantan.

Pairin used to be a member of Berjaya. He started PBS just 47 days before the election. Leaders of the other parties, Harris Salleh of Berjaya and Tun Mustapha of USNO, were unhappy with the results. Tun Mustapha tried to become Chief Minister illegally, which led to a court case. The court decided in favour of Pairin.

PBS later called for a snap election because some of its members defected. Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad tried to make a deal with PBS to join BN for peace in the state. Finally, the election happened on 4 and 5 May 1986. PBS won again, this time with a bigger margin.

## Legacy

A documentary about the 1986 riots was made by Sabahan filmmaker Nadira Ilana in 2012. The film is called _The Silent Riot_ and was one of the winning proposals for the Freedom Film Fest (FFF) 2012.
Carbaryl

**Carbaryl** is an insecticide (a chemical compound used to kill insects). It is also known by the brand name **Sevin**.

## History

The Bhopal disaster, the worst industrial accident in history, happened at a chemical plant making carbaryl. An explosion at the plant released methyl isocyanate, one of the main ingredients in carbaryl.
May Day anti-GST rally 2015

The **May Day Anti-GST Rally**, with the theme "GST: Protest Till It's Dropped", happened in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia on May 1, 2015. Many non-government groups organised it, such as Oppressed People's Network, Parti Sosialis Malaysia, Solidariti Anak Muda Malaysia, and Asalkan Bukan UMNO. The opposition party Pakatan Rakyat also supported it. The rally was held on International Workers' Day because people were unhappy with the new goods and services tax (GST) that started on April 1, 2015. Participants marched from different places in Kuala Lumpur to the Kuala Lumpur City Centre.
Carbamic acid

**Carbamic acid** is a chemical compound. It has the chemical formula . It has an amine functional group connected to a carboxylic acid group. **Carbamic acids** are a family of chemicals where one or more of the hydrogen atoms attached to the nitrogen are replaced by other functional groups. Salts and esters of carbamic acids are called carbamates.

The parent carbamic acid is very unstable. It will normally break apart into carbon dioxide and ammonia. Carbamates are more stable. Many carbamates were studied without making carbamic acid.

Because the amine and carboxylic acid groups are on the same carbon atom, carbamic acid is not normally called an amino acid. The two groups being together gives carbamic acid chemical properties that are different from normal amines and carboxylic acids.
Heterocyclic compound

In organic chemistry, a **heterocyclic compound** is a chemical compound that has a ring of atoms (it is a cyclic compound), and at least one atom in the ring is not carbon. The ring is called a **heterocycle**, and the non-carbon atoms are called **heteroatoms**.

## Example heterocycle families

|Class|Ring size|Heteroatom(s)|Example|Example structure|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Epoxides|3|1 oxygen|Propylene oxide||
|Monosaccharides|5 (furanose) or 6 (pyranose)|1 oxygen|Glucopyranose||
|Lactams|Any|1 nitrogen|Caprolactam||
|Crown ethers|Any|Oxygen, fixed ratio to carbon|18-crown-6||
|Penicillins|4 and 5, fused|1 nitrogen, 1 sulfur|Penicillin||
|Porphyrins|5, four rings|1 nitrogen per ring|Heme||
Porphyrin

**Porphyrins** are a family of organic compounds. They are related to the chemical porphine.

Heme, one of the main parts of hemoglobin used to move oxygen in blood, is a porphyrin.
Bob the Builder season 4

The fourth season of the British animated television series _Bob the Builder_ was originally aired on CBBC in the United Kingdom and Nickelodeon in the United States from February 1 to 19, 2001 and contains 13 episodes.

## Episodes

<onlyinclude></onlyinclude>

## Infobox (television season)

- **season number**: 4
- **bgcolour**: #9A0610
- **network**: CBBC (U.K.)
Nickelodeon (U.S.)
- **num episodes**: 13
- **prev season**: Bob the Builder season 3, Season 3
- **next season**: Bob the Builder season 5, Season 5
- **episode list**: List of Bob the Builder episodes
Edward & Gordon

"**Edward & Gordon**" (North American English: _Edward Helps Out_) is the second episode and first series of _Thomas & Friends_.

## Plot

Edward is an old, blue mixed-traffic tender engine who lives in a shed with four other engines and is feeling sad as he has not been out in a long time. Gordon boasts about Edward never being chosen to go out again in favour of bigger and stronger engines. One summer day, the driver and fireman see how upset he is, so they choose him over the other engines. Edward has a wonderful day pulling some coaches. The coaches are very impressed with Edward, as is his crew. That night in the sheds, Edward tells the other engines that he will go out again the next day but falls asleep before he can find out what they think of it.

Next morning, Gordon is bragging to Edward. He tells the old engine to watch him rush by with the express that afternoon. Edward ignores him and goes to shunt trucks in the yard. Later, Edward sees Gordon pass by the yard but, instead of pulling coaches, Gordon is pulling a goods train which makes him very cross. Edward laughs about this and goes back to work.

A porter soon calls Edward to help Gordon, who is stuck on a hill. Gordon's driver and fireman talk to their engine severely. When Edward arrives, Gordon does not think that he can help. The train is brought down to the bottom of the hill and then both engines puff together up it. All the while, Gordon persistently complains but, to his surprise, they reach the top. Gordon thunders away at high speed, cheering for himself and leaves Edward far behind, having forgotten about him. Out of breath, Edward slowly runs into a siding at Maron Station, where the crew give him a nice, long drink and promise to reward him with a new coat of blue paint with red stripes the next day.

## Characters

- Thomas (cameo)
- Gordon
- Henry (cameo)
- James (cameo)
- Edward

## Infobox (television episode)

- **series**: Thomas & Friends
- **series no**: 1
- **episode**: 2
- **director**: David Mitton
- **based on**: _The Three Railway Engines_ by Rev. W. Awdry
Based on _Edward's Day Out_ and the story of the same name (_Edward & Gordon_)
- **narrator**: Ringo Starr (UK)
George Carlin (US)
- **airdate**: (UK)
 (US)
- **prev**: Thomas & Gordon
- **next**: The Sad Story for Henry
- **season article**: Thomas & Friends series 1
- **episode list**: List of Thomas & Friends episodes