juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Curt Schilling

**Curtis Montague (Curt) Schilling** (born November 14, 1966 in Anchorage, Alaska) is an American Major League Baseball starting pitcher. Schilling is a right-handed starting pitcher for the Boston Red Sox. He has won World Series championships in 2001 with the Arizona Diamondbacks and in 2004 and 2007 with the Red Sox. Schilling began his career on September 7, 1988 playing for the Baltimore Orioles.

On Wednesday, February 5, 2014 Schilling revealed that he has been diagnosed with and is being treated for cancer.

In 2016, Schilling announced that he is interested in running for President of the United States in the future if Hillary Clinton were to win.

## Other websites

- Official Curt Schilling's Blog
- Curt Schilling  - Official Red Sox Web Site
Adam Dunn

**Adam Troy Dunn** (born November 9, 1979, in Houston, Texas), nicknamed **"Big Donkey"**, is an American retired Major League Baseball first baseman, outfielder, and designated hitter. He played for the Cincinnati Reds, Arizona Diamondbacks, Washington Nationals, Chicago White Sox and Oakland Athletics. He batted left-handed and throws right-handed. Dunn retired after the 2014 season.

## Other websites

- Official Facebook
- _JockBio.com_ profile

## Infobox (mlb player)

- **name**: Adam Dunn
- **image**: File:D-Backs Adam Dunn 2.jpg
- **width**: 250
- **caption**: Adam Dunn with the Arizona Diamondbacks
- **number**: 32
- **position**: First baseman / Outfielder / Designated hitter
- **birth place**: Houston, Texas
- **bats**: Left
- **throws**: Right
- **debutdate**: July 20
- **debutyear**: 2001
- **debutteam**: Cincinnati Reds
- **statleague**: MLB
- **stat1label**: Batting average
- **stat1value**: .237
- **stat2label**: Hit (baseball), Hits
- **stat2value**: 1,631
- **stat3label**: Home runs
- **stat3value**: 462
- **stat4label**: Run batted in, Runs batted in
- **stat4value**: 1,168
- **stat5label**: Strikeouts
- **stat5value**: 2,379
- **teams**: * Cincinnati Reds (2001–{2008)
* Arizona Diamondbacks (2008)
* Washington Nationals (2009–2010)
* Chicago White Sox  (2011–(2014)
* Oakland Athletics (2014)
- **awards**: *Major League Baseball All-Star Game, All-Star selection (2002)
Erbil

**Erbil** (also written **Arbil** or **Irbil**) is the capital of Kurdistan Region. In Kurdish, the city is called ***Hewlêr***. 1,190,251 people live there, mostly Kurds. The city is 80 kilometers (50 miles) east of Mosul.
Wheel of Fortune

**Wheel of Fortune** could mean a popular TV game show:
- _Wheel of Fortune_ (US game show), the current, syndicated US version.
- _Wheel of Fortune_ (US daytime game show), the former, daytime US version.
- _Wheel of Fortune_ (UK game show)
- _Wheel of Fortune_ (Australian game show)
- _Wheel of Fortune 2000_, a kids' version of the series
- _Wheel of Fortune_ in different countries
- Video game versions of the show

**Wheel of Fortune** could also mean:
- _Wheel of Fortune_ (1952), an older, unrelated American television series
- The Wheel of Fortune, a religious/philosophical motif
    - Hence, the Wheel of Fortune (Tarot card)
- "Wheel of Fortune" (song), recorded by Kay Starr
- "Wheel of Fortune" (Ace of Base song)
- "Wheel of Fortune" (_Dead Zone_), the pilot episode of _The Dead Zone_
- Big Six wheel, a gambling game
- Wheel of Fortune House, a historic building in Kent County, Delaware, United States.
Raster graphics

**Raster graphics** is one of the two different kinds of computer graphics. Raster graphics are also called bitmap graphics.

With raster graphics, images are made of many tiny dots. The dots are called pixels.

The individual pixels of a raster image each has its own color.

The problem with raster graphics is that they can look blurry when zoomed in on. Therefore, there is another type of graphics called Vector graphics that work differently.

A computer monitor is a good example of a raster image because it is made of pixels. The number of pixels it has is called the resolution of the monitor. Another example is photographs, which are normally raster images.
Many printers today use computer languages like Postscript or PCL. These languages are usually based on the other type of computer graphics, called vector graphics.

But to be printed, these images need to be translated into raster graphics first.

This is done by a part called a Raster Image Processor. Most modern printers have those processors inside the printer. Some printers use a special piece of software on the computer to do that job.
Postscript

**PostScript** (**PS**) is a programming language. It was developed by Adobe, in 1984. It is a standard used by many computer printers. There are three different versions of it, Postscript Level 1, Level 2, and Level 3.

The Portable Document Format is another standard, also from Adobe. It is better adapted to printing. Many things computer languages have, have been dropped to develop PDF.

## "Hello world"

And finally, a Hello World program, the customary way to show a small example of a complete program in a given language, might look like this in Postscript:
 %!PS
 /Courier findfont
 20 scalefont
 setfont
 72 500 moveto
 (Hello world!) show
 showpage

or if the output device has a console

%!PS
 (Hello world!) =
Horse chestnut

- _The other kind of chestnut is called sweet chestnut. It is not related to this tree_

A **horse chestnut** (_Aesculus hippocastanum_), also known as the **horse-chestnut**, **buckeye**, **conker tree**, or **Spanish chestnut**, is a large deciduous tree. It is native to southern Europe, in the Balkans. It is often grown in temperate climates. It can grow up to 36 metres tall.  The name of the tree (and the whole genus of similar trees) is because its fruit, the conker, was used to treat horses against cough and some parasite worms.

Humans cannot eat horse chestnuts. The trees are not closely related to sweet chestnuts.
Bingo

**Bingo** or **Housie** is a game where people try to match numbers drawn at random with numbers on a card. When someone does this, they call "BINGO!" or "HOUSE!" very loud so everyone playing can hear.

The game was invented in Italy in the 1500s. The game slowly moved to other countries like France, Great Britain, and other parts of Europe. Bingo originates from the Italian lottery, Il Gioco del Lotto d'Italia. In Paris the game was known as Le Lotto, played by the rich part of French society. Since then the game become popular all over the world and today Charitable Bingo in US is worth $3 Billion.

In the United Kingdom, the game is played by marking a card. The card has 27 squares in 3 rows of 9. 15 squares have a numbers between 1 and 90. 5 numbers on each row. The winner is the first player to mark the 5 numbers in one line or all fifteen numbers on the card.

Bingo cards are normally printed in strips of six. A strip of six cards has every number between 1 and 90. Many people buy only 4 cards, so that the other two cards were usually wasted.  Edward Thompson and Company, the largest printer of bingo tickets in the UK found a way to print strips of 12 so that there would be less waste, and so that any 6 tickets had all of the numbers 1 to 90.

In the UK, all money used to buy the bingo ticket must be given back in prize money. The owner of a bingo club is allowed to charge an entrance fee and also a "participation fee" (a fee to be allowed to take part in the bingo game).

In the United States, the game is played by a group of people. All of the group has cards and tokens. When a number is called that you have on your card, you place a token on that spot. The first person to make a line of 5 tokens up or down, across, or diagonally wins the game. This game is played for prizes usually.
9 (number)

**9** (**nine**) is the Arabic number which comes after 8, before 10, and two before eleven. It is an odd number, and is the highest single-digit number.  It is also a square number. In Roman numerals, nine can be written as **IX**.

The number also looks like an inverted _6_. To tell the difference between the two, they are often underlined.

## Mathematics

The number nine (9) takes the shape of an upside-down six (6), is a multiple of 3, and the third square number after 4.

Nine is also a composite number, having the factors: 1, 3 and 9 itself. Nine is the first odd composite number

## Infobox (number)

- **number**: 9
- **numeral**: nonary
- **divisors**: 1, 3, 9
- **unicode**: Ⅸ, ⅸ
- **greek prefix**: Wiktionary:ennea-, ennea-
- **latin prefix**: Wiktionary:nona-, nona-
- **lang1**: Amharic language, Amharic
- **lang1 symbol**: <span style="font-size:100%;">፱</span>
- **lang2**: Arabic language, Arabicl
- **lang2 symbol**: <span style="font-size:150%;">٩</span>
- **lang3**: Urdu
- **lang4**: Armenian numerals, Armenian numeral
- **lang4 symbol**: <span style="font-size:150%;">Թ</span>
- **lang5**: Bengali language, Bengali
- **lang5 symbol**: <span style="font-size:150%;">৯</span>
- **lang6**: Chinese numerals, Chinese/Japanese
/Korean numeral
- **lang6 symbol**: 九 (jiu)
 玖 (formal writing)
- **lang7**: Devanāgarī
- **lang7 symbol**: <span style="font-size:150%;">९</span> (Nao)
- **lang8**: Greek numerals, Greek numeral
- **lang8 symbol**: θ´
- **lang9**: Hebrew numerals, Hebrew numeral
- **lang9 symbol**: <span style="font-size:150%;">ט</span> (Tet)
- **lang10**: Arabic numerals, Tamil numeral
- **lang10 symbol**: <span style="font-size:150%;">௯</span>
- **lang11**: Khmer numerals, Khmer
- **lang11 symbol**: ៩
- **lang12**: Telugu language, Telugu numeral
- **lang12 symbol**: <span style="font-size:150%;">౯</span>
- **lang13**: Thai numerals, Thai numeral
- **lang13 symbol**: <span style="font-size:150%;">๙</span>
5 (number)

The number **five** is a number that comes after four, followed by six, then seven. In Roman numerals, it is **V**.

## Mathematics

Five is the third prime number, after two and three, and before seven. The number five is also an odd number.

Most people have five fingers (including one thumb) on each hand and five toes on each foot.

Numbers ending in five are always divisible by 5

The number 5 exists

## Creation

It is not known for certain who and how the shape of the number five was created, but most people think it was made by the Brahmin Indians.

## Infobox (number)

- **number**: 5
- **numeral**: quinary
- **factorization**: prime number, prime
- **divisor**: 1, 5
- **roman unicode**: Ⅴ, ⅴ
- **greek prefix**: Wiktionary:penta-, penta-/Wiktionary:pent-, pent-
- **latin prefix**: Wiktionary:quinque-, quinque-/Wiktionary:quinqu-, quinqu-/Wiktionary:quint-, quint-
- **lang1**: Greek numeral, Greek
- **lang1 symbol**: ε (or Ε)
- **lang2**: Arabic language, Arabic
- **lang3**: Persian language, Persian
- **lang4**: Urdu
- **lang5**: Ge'ez script, Ge'ez
- **lang5 symbol**: ፭
- **lang6**: Bengali language, Bengali
- **lang7**: Kannada language, Kannada
- **lang8**: Punjabi language, Punjabi
- **lang9**: Chinese numeral
- **lang9 symbol**: 五，伍
- **lang10**: Korean numerals, Korean
- **lang10 symbol**: 다섯,오
- **lang11**: Devanāgarī
- **lang12**: Hebrew language, Hebrew
- **lang12 symbol**: (Hey)
- **lang13**: Khmer numerals, Khmer
- **lang13 symbol**: ៥
- **lang14**: Indian numerals#Telugu numerals and their names, Telugu
- **lang15**: Indian numerals#Malayalam numerals and their names, Malayalam
- **lang16**: Indian numerals#Tamil numerals and their names, Tamil
- **lang17**: Thai numerals, Thai
- **lang17 symbol**: ๕
Hurling

**Hurling** (in Irish, _iománaíocht_ or _iomáint_) is an Irish outdoor team sport that is similar to hockey and is played by two teams of 15 people.

The object of the game is for players to use a wooden axe-shaped stick, called a hurley (in Irish a "camán", pronounced kam-awn) or a hurl, to hit a small ball, called a sliotar (pronounced slith-er), between the opponents' goalposts either over the crossbar for one point, or under the crossbar into a net guarded by a goalkeeper for one goal, which is equivalent to three points.

The ball may be caught in the hand and carried for not more than four steps, struck in the air, or struck on the ground with the stick. It may be kicked or slapped with an open hand (the hand pass) for short-range passing. A player who wants to carry the ball for more than three steps must bounce or balance the ball on the end of the stick, and the ball may be handled only twice while in the player's possession.

## Statistics

- A team has 15 players, or "hurlers."
- The hurley or hurl (hurl), or _camán_, is generally 70–100 cm (32–36 inches) long.
- The goalkeeper's hurley usually has a _bás_ (the flattened, curved end) twice the size of other players' hurleys to provide some advantage against the fast moving sliotar.
- The ball, known as a _sliotar_, has a cork center and a leather cover; it is between 23 and 25 cm in circumference and has a mass between 100 and 130 g.
- A good strike with a hurley can propel the ball up to 150 km/h (93 mph) and 100 m (305 ft) .
- A ball hit over the bar is worth one point. A ball that is hit under the bar is worth three points, which is called a goal.

## Playing field

Hurling is played on a pitch approximately 137 m long and 82 m wide The goals at each end of the field are formed by two posts, which are usually 6 m high, set 6.4 m apart, and connected 2.44 m above the ground by a crossbar. A net extending in back of the goal is attached to the crossbar and lower goal posts.

## Related pages

- Shinty

## Other websites

- Rules
- Official website of the Gaelic Athletic Association
- 'An Fear Rua - The GAA Unplugged!'
- Video introductions to hurling: Part One , Part Two , Part Three .
- The Continental Youth Championships
- A Brief History of the Argentine Hurling Club
- Hurling in Australia and New Zealand
- Gaelic Football, Hurling are Irish Passions, National Geographic News
- The First Hurling Match in the United States
- Sliotar Hurling & Camogie Magazine
- Selection of hurling photos
- Seamus J. King, author website
- What is Hurling, youtube
6 (number)

The number **six** is a natural number that comes after the number five, before the number seven, and two before eight.

Six is also the first perfect number which means that the sum of its factors (1, 2 and 3) are equal to the number itself (6). The next perfect number is 28. In Roman numerals, it is **VI**.

The number six is an even number.

The number 6 (six) is half a dozen.

## Infobox (number)

- **numeral**: senary
- **divisor**: 1, 2, 3, 6
- **roman unicode**: Ⅵ, ⅵ, ↅ
- **greek prefix**: Wiktionary:hexa-, hexa-/Wiktionary:hex-, hex-
- **latin prefix**: Wiktionary:sexa-, sexa-/Wiktionary:sex-, sex-
- **lang1**: Greek numerals, Greek
- **lang1 symbol**: στ (or ΣΤ or ς)
- **lang2**: Arabic language, Arabic
- **lang3**: Persian language, Persian
- **lang4**: Urdu
- **lang5**: Amharic language, Amharic
- **lang5 symbol**: ፮
- **lang6**: Bengali language, Bengali
- **lang7**: Chinese numeral
- **lang7 symbol**: 六，陆
- **lang8**: Devanāgarī
- **lang9**: Hebrew (language), Hebrew
- **lang9 symbol**: (Vav)
- **lang10**: Khmer numerals, Khmer
- **lang10 symbol**: ៦
- **lang11**: Thai numerals, Thai
- **lang11 symbol**: ๖
- **lang12**: Telugu language, Telugu
- **lang12 symbol**: ౬
- **lang13**: Tamil numerals, Tamil
- **lang13 symbol**: ௬
4 (number)

## Mathematics

In mathematics, the number four is an even number and the smallest composite number. Four is also the second square number after one.
A small minority of people have four fingers on each hand and four toes on each foot. Four squared is 16, and four doubled is 8.

In geometry, quadrilaterals or tetragons are a kind of shapes called polygons have four sides and vertices, to which squares are quadrilaterals with sides of same length and vertices of the same wideness.

## Infobox (number)

- **number**: 4
- **numeral**: Quaternary numeral system, quaternary
- **divisor**: 1, 2, 4
- **roman unicode**: Ⅳ, ⅳ
- **greek prefix**: wikt:tetra-, tetra-
- **latin prefix**: wikt:quadri-, quadri-/wikt:quadr-, quadr-
- **lang1**: Greek numerals, Greek
- **lang1 symbol**: δ (or Δ)
- **lang2**: Arabic language, Arabic
- **lang3**: Persian language, Persian
- **lang4**: Urdu
- **lang5**: Ge'ez alphabet, Ge'ez
- **lang5 symbol**: ፬
- **lang6**: Bengali language, Bengali
- **lang7**: Chinese numeral
- **lang7 symbol**: 四，亖，肆
- **lang8**: Korean numerals, Korean
- **lang8 symbol**: 넷,사
- **lang9**: Devanāgarī, Devanagari
- **lang10**: Telugu language, Telugu
- **lang11**: Malayalam Language, Malayalam
- **lang12**: Tamil language, Tamil
- **lang13**: Hebrew (language), Hebrew
- **lang13 symbol**: ארבע (Arba, pronounced AR-bah) or  (Dalet, 4th letter of the Hebrew alphabet)
- **lang14**: Khmer numerals, Khmer
- **lang14 symbol**: ៤
- **lang15**: Thai numerals, Thai
- **lang15 symbol**: ๔
- **lang16**: Kannada language, Kannada
- **lang16 symbol**: ४
7 (number)

The number **seven** is a natural number that comes after six, before eight. In Roman numerals, it is **VII**.

## Mathematics

In mathematics, the number seven is an odd number and a prime number.
It is also a Mersenne prime.

### Divisibility Rule

- To test if an integer is divisible by 7 or not,
1. Take off the last digit and multiply it by 2.
1. Subtract that product from the root number (the integer without the last digit).
1. Repeat the second step again and again until it is clear that the number is divisible by 7 or not.
**Example**

918785
1. 5**×**2**=**10, 91878**-**10**=**91868
1. 8×2**=**16, 9186**-**16**=**9170
1. 0×2**=0**, 917**-**0**=**917
1. 7**×**2**=**14, 91**-**14**=**77
77 is divisible by 7, so the original number 918785 is also divisible by 7.

**Proof**:
Pretend  is the root number and  is the last digit. Then  is the whole number.
If the whole number () is divisible by 7,  is also a multiple of 7. And  is also a multiple 7. That proves  is divisible by seven, since 3 and 6 are both multiples of 3. So  is also divisible by 7.

## In the world

- There are seven colours in the rainbow.
- The atomic number of nitrogen.
- The number of horizontal rows of elements in the periodic table.
- The seven sacraments of the Catholic church.
- The number of completion and fullness (HOLY BIBLE - Genesis 1; 2:1-2 - God is described to have created the Heavens and the Earth in six days, and rested on the seventh).
- Seven gates of heaven (QUR'AN - 15th chapter AL-HIJR verse 44)915:44).
- Seven days in a week.
- Seven seas and seven continents.
- The Wonders of the World (seven each in different segments of our world, such as cities, nature, underwater, and space)
- Portuguese football player Cristiano Ronaldo wears the number 7, widely known as CR7.
- “007”, is the codename for James Bond, a fictional MI6 spy (the “00” prefix signifying a “license to kill” and the “7” identifying Bond as the seventh agent in the 00 section of MI6).
- The seven dwarfs in Walt Disney’s ‘Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs’ (1937).
- The number 7 is often considered as luck in Western culture.

## Infobox (number)

- **number**: 7
- **numeral**: septenary
- **factorization**: prime number, prime
- **prime**: 4th
- **divisor**: 1, 7
- **roman unicode**: Ⅶ, ⅶ
- **greek prefix**: wikt:hepta-, hepta-/wikt:hept-, hept-
- **latin prefix**: wikt:septua-, septua-
- **lang1**: Greek numeral
- **lang1 symbol**: zeta, Z, ζ
- **lang2**: Amharic language, Amharic
- **lang2 symbol**: ፯
- **lang3**: Arabic language, Arabic
- **lang4**: Germanic Variant
- **lang4 symbol**: ~~7~~
- **lang5**: Persian language, Persian
- **lang6**: Urdu
- **lang7**: Bengali language, Bengali
- **lang8**: Chinese numeral
- **lang8 symbol**: 七(qi)
- **lang9**: Devanāgarī
- **lang9 symbol**: (saat)
- **lang10**: Telugu language, Telugu
- **lang11**: Tamil language, Tamil
- **lang12**: Hebrew (language), Hebrew
- **lang12 symbol**: (Zayin)
- **lang13**: Khmer numerals, Khmer
- **lang13 symbol**: ៧
- **lang14**: Thai numerals, Thai
- **lang14 symbol**: ๗
8 (number)

The number **eight** is a natural number that comes after the number seven, before the number nine, and two before ten. In Roman numerals, it is **VIII**.

## Mathematics

In mathematics, the number eight is an even number and a composite number. Eight is also a power of two, being 2 times itself 3 times.

## Infobox (number)

- **number**: 8
- **numeral**: octal
- **divisor**: 1, 2, 4, 8
- **roman unicode**: Ⅷ, ⅷ
- **greek prefix**: Wikt:octa-, octa-/Wikt:oct-, oct-
- **latin prefix**: Wikt:octo-, octo-/Wikt:oct-, oct-
- **lang1**: Greek numerals, Greek
- **lang1 symbol**: η (or Η)
- **lang2**: Arabic language, Arabic
- **lang2 symbol**: <span style="font-size:150%;">٨,8</span>
- **lang3**: Urdu
- **lang4**: Amharic
- **lang4 symbol**: <span style="font-size:100%;">፰</span>
- **lang5**: Bengali language, Bengali
- **lang5 symbol**: <span style="font-size:150%;">৮</span>
- **lang6**: Chinese numeral
- **lang6 symbol**: 八，捌
- **lang7**: Devanāgarī
- **lang7 symbol**: <span style="font-size:150%;">८</span>
- **lang8**: Kannada
- **lang8 symbol**: <span style="font-size:150%;">೮</span>
- **lang9**: Telugu language, Telugu
- **lang9 symbol**: <span style="font-size:150%;">౮</span>
- **lang10**: Tamil language, Tamil
- **lang10 symbol**: <span style="font-size:150%;">௮</span>
- **lang11**: Biblical Hebrew, Hebrew
- **lang11 symbol**: <span style="font-size:150%;">ח</span> (Het)
- **lang12**: Hebrew language, Hebrew
- **lang12 symbol**: <span style="font-size:150%;">שמונה</span> (shmoney)
- **lang13**: Khmer numerals, Khmer
- **lang13 symbol**: ៨
- **lang14**: Korean numerals, Korean
- **lang14 symbol**: 팔
- **lang15**: Thai numerals, Thai
- **lang15 symbol**: ๘
Donatello

**Donatello** (born **Donato di Niccolò di Betto Bardi**, c. 1386 – 13 December 1466) was an Italian sculptor during the Renaissance. He lived in Florence. He worked in stone, bronze, wood, clay, and wax  with several assistants. His reputation as a great artist was stated by Vasari, and has always stood well. He worked in Rome, Sienna and Padua as well as Florence, and worked for the Church, for Cosimo de' Medici, and for various city authorities.

He was born in Florence. He was the son of Niccolo di Betto Bardi. His mother's name is not known. When Donatello was older, he studied with Filippo Brunelleschi the architect. He also helped the sculptor Lorenzo Ghiberti to make statues for the Battistero di San Giovanni.

Donatello's work was inspired by ancient sculpture. He was the first sculptor of his time to celebrate the human body, an idea that had died out after Greek and Roman times. His life-size statue of David is his best-known work. The David is the first known free-standing nude statue made since antiquity. Much of his work was done for display in grand churches. Between 1415 and 1426, he made five statues for the Florence Cathedral, also known as the Duomo.

Donatello was a realist: an artist whose sculpture showed the subjects as real people. Naturalism and the showing of human feelings are his influences.

## Related pages

- Italian Renaissance art
Hurley (stick)

A **hurley**(Irish: Camán), also known as a ‘hurl’, is a wooden stick measuring between 70 and 100 cm (26 to 40 inches) long with a flattened, curved end (called the _bas_), used to hit a _sliotar_ (leather ball) in the Irish sport of hurling. It is also used in camogie, the female equivalent, and there often called a **camogie stick**.

Hurleys are made from ash wood, and are usually bought from local craftsmen in Ireland, who still use traditional production methods.

No matter how well crafted the hurley is, a hurler may well expect to use several hurleys over the course of the hurling season. The hurleys often break if two collide in the course of a game, or occasionally they break off on the other players (arms, legs, etc.). Two hurleys colliding is colloquially known as "the clash of the ash." Throwing the hurley (e.g. to block a ball going high over one's head) is illegal, but camogie players may drop it to make a handpass.
Sliotar

A **sliotar** (or **sliothar**) is a hard solid sphere slightly larger than a tennis ball, consisting of a cork core covered by two pieces of leather stitched together. Sometimes called a "puck" or "hurling ball", it resembles an American baseball with more pronounced stitching.  It is used in the Gaelic games of hurling, camogie, rounders and shinty.

Early sliotars used various materials, depending on the part of the country:

- hollow bronze
- wood and leather
- wood, rope and animal hair.
Camogie

**Camogie** (in Irish, _camógaíocht_) is an Irish team sport, organised by the _Camogie Association of Ireland_, the women's variant of hurling. The rules are almost identical to hurling with a few exceptions.

One is that goalkeepers wear the same colours as outfield players and a player in camogie can handpass a score, which is not allowed in the men's game. All games last 60 minutes (senior inter-county hurling games last 70), and dropping the camogie stick to handpass the ball is allowed. The All-Ireland Final is held every year in Croke Park during September, usually the week between the hurling final and Gaelic football final. There are two main competitions; the National League which is staged during the winter-spring months and is used as a warm-up to the All-Ireland Championships during the summer.

The reigning champions are Cork.

## The name "camogie"

Camogie/hurling is unique in that it uses a different name for the version played by men and women. The reason is complicated: men play using a curved stick called in Irish a _camán_. Women would use a shorter stick, called by the diminutive form _camóg_. The suffix -_aíocht_ was added to both words to give names for the sports: _camánaíocht_ (which became _iománaíocht_) and _camógaíocht_. When the Gaelic Athletic Association was founded in 1884 the English-origin name "hurling" was given to the men's game. When an organisation for women was set up in 1904, it was decided to Anglicise the Irish name _camógaíocht_ to _camogie_.

### Clubs

- Tara Camogie Club, London
- Kilcoole Camogie Club, Kilcoole Co. Wicklow
- Green Isle Camogie Club London

## Other websites

- Camogie.ie  Official Camogie Association Website
Rounders

**Rounders**  is a sport which originated in Great Britain and Ireland. The game is regulated by the _Gaelic Athletic Association_ (GAA) in Ireland and the _National Rounders Association_ (NRA) in the UK.  Both have different, although broadly similar, game-play and culture.  Competitions are held between teams from both traditions, often with one version being played in the morning and the other being played in the afternoon.

Game-play centers around innings where teams act at turns being batters and fielders.  A maximum of nine players are allowed to play in fielding positions at one time. Points ("rounders") are scored by the batting team by completing a circuit around the field through four bases/posts without being put 'out' - for example, by a ball they batted being 'caught-out' or touching a tagged base/post.

The earliest nationally formalised rules of play were devised by the GAA in Ireland in 1884.

Although it is generally considered a school game, rounders is played at international level as well. Currently, teams from Canada, England, Ireland, the Isle of Man, Scotland and Wales compete against each other.
Some theories on the origin of baseball claim that baseball is based on rounders. Rounders is a sport played with a bat and ball when the ball is thrown to you the ball is meant to be hit with the bat.

## Other websites

- Gaelic Athletic Association
    - Rounders Council of Ireland
- National Rounders Association
- Schools Rounders
- DMOZ - Rounders
- Welsh Baseball Union

**Official rules of rounders:**
- Ireland: GAA Rules for Playing Rounders
- England: NRA Simplified Rules  (and information on purchasing official rule books)
Innings

A cricket match is divided into phases known as **innings** (the same spelling is used for both singular and plural) and, depending on the type of match, there may be two or four innings, as defined in Law 13 of _The Laws of Cricket_. In each innings, while one team is batting, the other is fielding, and a key member of the fielding team is bowling. Throughout an innings, all eleven members of the fielding team are on the field, but only two batters. When the batting team's innings has been completed, the teams reverse roles for the next innings, the fielding team becoming the batting team, and _vice-versa_. The match ends when all innings have been completed.

An innings ends when ten of the eleven batters are out: i.e., the team is "all out". One batter remains but cannot play alone and so is "not out". In a first-class match, the innings can end early if the captain of the batting team decides to declare the innings closed for tactical reasons before his batters are all out. In limited overs matches, the innings ends after the prescribed number of six-ball overs have been bowled.

## Overs

Throughout an innings, the fielding team utilises its bowlers to bowl the ball to the batters. The bowlers take it in turns to bowl, and the length of each turn, known as an **over**, is six successive deliveries. The name is derived from the umpire's call of "Over!" when the ball is out of play following the bowler's sixth delivery. If the bowler does not concede any runs in the over, that over is termed a "maiden" and the bowler is credited with these in his match and career statistics. On completion of an over, the fielding team changes ends and the two umpires swap roles.

The next over begins with a different bowler operating from the other end of the pitch, and bowling to the batter who was the non-striker at the end of the previous over. A bowler cannot operate from both ends consecutively, but will usually bowl every other over from the same end through several overs until he/she completes a "spell", and the captain replaces them with another bowler. It follows that two bowlers are often deployed in tandem. When a bowler completes an over, they stay on the field to become one of the fielders until bowling again.

Six deliveries is now the standard length of an over. Historically, the four-ball over and the eight-ball over have been used. It is believed that the four-ball over had always been deployed until 1889, when a five-ball over was temporarily used in English cricket. The six-ball over was introduced in 1900. Australia was the main proponent of the eight-ball over, in use from 1936 to 1979.

## Super Over

A **Super Over** is a tiebreaker in which both teams get extra innings with a maximum of 6 legal deliveries. If the teams are still tied after the Super Over, more Super Overs are played until one of the teams scores more runs than its opponents.

One notable time a Super Over happened was during the 2019 Cricket World Cup Final.
Cricket (insect)

**Crickets**, family **Gryllidae** (also known as **true crickets**), are insects that are closely related to katydids or bush crickets (family Tettigoniidae). They have somewhat flattened bodies and long antennae. There are about 900 species of crickets. They tend to be nocturnal. Crickets are often confused with grasshoppers, which they are also related to, because they have a similar body structure including jumping hind legs.

## Cricket chirping

Crickets are known for their chirp (which only male crickets can do; male wings have ridges or "teeth" that act like a "comb and file" instrument). The left forewing has a thick rib (a modified vein) which bears 50 to 300 "teeth". The chirp is made by raising their left forewing to a 45 degree angle and rubbing it against the upper hind edge of the right forewing, which has a thick scraper (Berenbaum 1995). This sound producing action is called "stridulation" and the song is species-specific. There are two types of cricket songs: a calling song and a courting song. The calling song attracts females and repels other males, and is fairly loud.

### Jurassic chirp reconstructed

Night-time in the Jurassic included the sound of chirping bush crickets. This is according to scientists who have reconstructed the song of a cricket that chirped 165 million years ago. "A remarkably complete fossil of the prehistoric insect enabled the team to see the structures in its wings that rubbed together to make the sound".

## Other websites

- Intro on house crickets
- How to raise your own crickets
- Crickets in the Classroom
- Intro Information
 drawings and activities
- http://www.insecta-inspecta.com/crickets/field/index.html
- The cricket   suicide (video)
- Singing Insects of North America  An online field guide
Rounders (movie)

***Rounders*** is a 1998 movie about the underground world of high-stakes poker. The movie was directed by John Dahl and starred Matt Damon and Edward Norton. It follows two friends who need to quickly earn enough cash playing poker to pay off a huge debt. The term “rounder” refers to a person whose sole means of earning a living is by playing cards.

The movie opened to mixed reviews and only made a modest amount of money. However, with the growing popularity of Texas hold 'em and other poker games, _Rounders_ has become a cult hit.

## Featured cast

- Matt Damon as Mike McDermott
- Edward Norton as Lester 'Worm' Murphy
- John Malkovich as Teddy KGB

## Other websites

- HomePokerGames review

## Infobox (_movie)

- **name**: Rounders
- **caption**: Rounders Movie Poster
- **director**: John Dahl
- **writer**: David Levien
Brian Koppelman
- **starring**: Matt Damon
Edward Norton
John Turturro
John Malkovich
Gretchen Mol
Famke Janssen
- **music**: Christopher Young
- **cinematography**: Jean-Yves Escoffier
- **editing**: Scott Chestnut
- **producer**: Ted Demme
Joel Stillerman
- **distributor**: Miramax Films
- **released**: September 11, 1998
- **runtime**: 121 minutes
- **language**: English language, English
French language, French
- **budget**: $12,000,000 United States dollar, USD
Gaelic Athletic Association

The **Gaelic Athletic Association** (**GAA**) (Irish: _Cumann Lúthchleas Gael_) is an organisation which is mostly focused on promoting Gaelic Games - traditional Irish sports, such as hurling, camogie, Gaelic football, handball, and rounders. The organisation also promotes Irish music and dance, and the Irish language. It is the largest and most popular organisation in Ireland with some 800,000 members out of the island's population of almost 6 million.

Gaelic football and Hurling are the main and most popular activities promoted by the organisation.

Gaelic football is a contact sport that combines the skills of soccer, basketball, and some of the skills of volleyball in a high-scoring game in which players punch or kick the ball over the crossbar  for one point, or kick the ball into a  net on the bottom for three points.  The game also has similarities with Australian Rules Football (see below).

Hurling is a stick-and-ball game that combines many of the skills of field hockey, lacrosse, and baseball but pre-dates all three.  Players can catch the ball and use a hurley (Irish: _camán_) to hit a ball (sliotar) between the goalposts using the same scoring system as in Gaelic football and on the same size of field.  It is not to be confused with the Scottish game of shinty.

## Bibliography

- The GAA: A History by Marcus de Burca, Gill & MacMillan, 1984 & 2000,
- Illustrated History of the GAA, by Eoghan Corry, Gill & MacMillan, 2005,
- The GAA Book of Lists, by Eoghan Corry, Hodder Headline, 2005,
- The Gaelic Athletic Association And Irish Nationalist Politics 1884-1924 by W F Mandle (Gill & MacMillan and Christopher Helm 1987). 240pp
- Michael Cusack and The GAA by Marcus De Burca, Anvil, 1989, 192pp,
- Micheal Ciosog by Liam P O Cathnia, Clochomhar Tta, 1982.
- Croke Of Cashel by Mark Tierney, Gill And MacMillan, 1976.
- Maurice Davin (1842-1927) First President Of The GAA by Seamus O'Riain, Geography Publications, 1994,
- _Croke Park_ by Tim Carey, Collins Press, 2004,
- God and the Referee: Unforgettable GAA Quotations, by Eoghan Corry, Hodder Headline, 2005,
- History of Hurling, by Seamus King, Gill & MacMillan, 2005,
- Sceal Na hIomana by Liam P O Cathnia, Clochomhar Tta, 1980.
- Caman, 2000 Years Of Irish Hurling by Art O Maolfabhail, 1973.
- Gaelic football, by Jack  Mahon, Gill & MacMillan, 2002 & 2006,
- Bairi Cos In Eirinn by Liam P O Cathnia, Clochomhar Tta, 1984.
- Legends of the Ash, by Brendan Fullam, Wolfhound Press, 1998,

## Other websites

- GAA official website
- Rules and Regulations Part 1
- Rules and Regulations Part 2
- An Fear Rua: The GAA Unplugged!  - analysis, discussion forums, satire and humour on GAA topics.
- Hogan Stand
- National GAA Results and Fixtures on Aertel
- Local GAA Results and Fixtures on Aertel
- GAA World  by _The Irish News_
- Index of GAA club sites
- Squareball - The First GAA Fashion Brand
- GAA News Results and Fixtures from Sports.ie
- GAA Results
- Hurling Blog - News, analysis, stats and opinion on hurling
- Michael Cusack Visitor Centre
Gaelic Games

**Gaelic games** are the traditional sports played in Ireland. The two main Gaelic games are Gaelic football and hurling. Both are organised by the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA). Other games organised by the association include camogie, rounders, Gaelic handball. During the late 19th century 21, Gaelic games in Ireland were dying out. This decline was stopped by the GAA and the Irish national Gaelic Revival. Today they are the most popular games in Ireland.

## Gaelic football

Gaelic football is the most popular of the gaelic games  and is played by teams of 15 on a rectangular grass pitch with H-shaped goals at each end. The object is to score by driving the ball through the goals. The team with the highest score at the end of the match wins. It combines the skills of soccer and basketball in a fast-paced, high-scoring contact sport.

A slightly different rule set is used for women's Gaelic football (officially called "ladies' Gaelic football"). The women's game also uses 15-player teams and H-shaped goals, but allows less physical contact.

## Hurling

Hurling is a stick-and-ball game played by teams of 15 on a rectangular grass pitch with H-shaped goals at each end. The primary object is to score by driving the ball through the goals. The team with the highest score at the end of the match wins.  It is over three thousand years old, and is said to be the world's fastest field game, combining skills from lacrosse, field hockey, and baseball in a hard-hitting, highly skilled game.

## Camogie

Camogie is a game almost identical to hurling, but played only by women. Like hurling, it is a stick-and-ball game played by teams of 15, with the pitch and goals the same as those in hurling. Other rules are almost the same between the two sports, but camogie does not allow as much physical contact.

## Rounders

Rounders is a bat and ball game which is played in Ireland; a similar version is played in England. Rounders is the least popular of the GAA gaelic games and is organised by a sub division of the GAA known as the Rounders Council of Ireland. It is similar to baseball.

## Gaelic handball

Gaelic handball is a game where two players use their hands to return a ball against a wall. The game is similar to  American handball; Gaelic handballers play against their US counterparts.

## Other Gaelic Games

Other Gaelic Games such as gaelic athletics have nearly or completely died out. Pastimes such as Road bowling, a sport played in Ireland for a long time, could be considered Gaelic games.

## Other websites

- THE SÉAMUS Ó CEALLAIGH COLLECTION - Limerick sports history and Gaelic Games
Gaelic handball

**Gaelic handball** is a game where two players use their hands to return a ball against a wall. The game is similar to American handball; Gaelic handballers play against their US counterparts.

## Other websites

- HandballCity.com
- Colorado Handball Association in USA
- www.handball.ie
- Irish Handball Results
- www.gaa.ie
- United States Handball Association
- Collegiate Handball in Ireland
- World Pro Handballl
- handballvideo.com
- Handball Social Network
American handball

**American** (or **court**) **handball**, usually referred to simply as **handball**, is an American form of fives played against one or more walls.

## History

It is a common belief that _American handball_ was brought to the United States in the 1880s by Irish immigrants. The Gaelic handball sport was played since the 15th century in Ireland and Scotland.

## Play

American handball is played on a court 12.2 meters long by 6.1 meters wide (40 feet long by 20 feet wide) with either a single (front) wall, three walls, or in a fully enclosed four-wall court (the most common). The four-wall court is a rectangular box. The front wall is 6.1 meters (20 feet) square, and the side walls are 12.2 meters (40 feet) long and 6.1 meters (20 feet) high. In the middle of the floor of the court lies the short line, that divides the floor into two 6.1 meter (20 feet) squares. Also along the floor is the service line, which is 1.5 meters (5 feet) in front of the short line. The service zone is the area between these two lines. The back wall of the court is usually 3.7 meters (12 feet) high, with an above gallery for the referee and scorer, and also spectators. A few courts have a glass back wall and/or glass side walls to allow for a better view of the match. (In three-wall court handball, the court often has a front wall and two full side walls, or the front wall is flanked by two triangular wings.)

## Related pages

- Basque pelota
- Gaelic handball

## References

- _Time_ magazine, May 11, 1942.
- http://www.handballcity.com/Ervin%20Irizarry%20Interview.html
- http://www.handball.ie/newsite/start.php?subaction=showfull&id=1161381646&archive=&start_from=&ucat=2&
- http://www.jewsinsports.org/profile.asp?sport=boxing&ID=126

## Other websites

- US Handball
- Colorado Handball Association
- Official rules of the USHA
- Southern California Handball Association
- Toledo Handball Club
- Los Angeles Athletic Club - Handball
- Nothingbuthandball.com Promoting the Sport of Handball
- HandballCity.com Promoting the Sport of Handball
- Social Network for the Sport of Handball
Fives

**Fives** is a British sport believed to come from the same origins as many racket sports. In fives, a ball is propelled against the walls of a special court using gloved or bare hands as though they were a racquet.

## Background

The name may be derived from the slang expression "a bunch of fives" (meaning a fist). The game has also been known as **hand-tennis** and historically was often played between the buttresses of church buildings in England. There are links between Fives and the Irish and North American handball games and indeed, in recent years, British clubs have begun to establish ties with clubs in those countries.

Fives is not the same as Long Fives, which is played in a real tennis court.

There are two main forms of the game Rugby Fives and Eton Fives.
Eton Fives is played competitively as a doubles game, whilst Rugby Fives is played as both a singles and a doubles game.

## Other websites

- Eton Fives
- Rugby Fives Association (UK)
- Cambridge University Rugby Fives Club
- Executioners (A London Fives Club)
- White Rose Fives Club (A Club based in West Yorkshire)
- Old Merchant Taylors Rugby Fives Club
Buttress

A **buttress** is a structure placed against the walls of a building to give it more support, or to help it to hold the roofs. Buttresses are common in ancient buildings, especially in Europe.  A buttress can be an inside or outside support.
Real tennis

**Real tennis** is the original racket sport from which the modern game of lawn tennis, or tennis, developed. It is also known as _jeu de paume_ in France and as "**court tennis**" in some parts of United States.

Real tennis is still played at a small number of active courts in the United Kingdom, Australia, the United States, and France.  The sport is supported and governed by
organizations around the world.

## References

- Lord Aberdare (2001). _The J.T. Faber Book of Tennis and Rackets_. London: Quiller Press. .
- Heiner Gillmeister (1997). _Tennis: A Cultural History_. London: Leicester University Press. .
- Roman Krznaric (2006). _The First Beautiful Game: Stories of Obsession in Real Tennis_. Oxford: Ronaldson Publications. .
- Kathryn McNicoll (2006) "Real Tennis". UK: Shire Publications.  (Album 437).
- Julian Marshall (1878). _The Annals of Tennis_. Facsimile reprinted 1973 by Racquet Sports Information & Services, Inc.: Baltimore.

## Other websites

- Real Tennis Online, financially supported and officially endorsed by the governing bodies of real tennis in Australia, France, the UK and the USA
Jeu de paume

**Jeu de paume** was originally a French game similar to lawn tennis, but played without racquets. The players hit the ball with their hands as in volleyball.  _Jeu de paume_ literally means: game of palm (of the hand).  After some time gloves replaced bare hands.  But even when bats, and finally racquets, became standard equipment for the game, the name did not change.  It became known as "tennis" in English (see History of tennis), and later "real tennis" after lawn tennis became more popular than the parent game.

Some important buildings in France are known by the name _jeu de paume_, in general because they are near to tennis courts or to sites on which courts once stood. Several works of art also bear this name, including the famous _serment du jeu de paume_ ('the Tennis Court Oath') in the Palace of Versailles. It depicts the formal announcement of the French revolution made in the Royal Tennis Court there on 20 June, 1789.

## Sports that developed from jeu de paume

- American handball
- Basque pelota
- Fistball
- Frisian handball
- Gaelic handball
- Longue paume
- Pallone
- Valencian pilota
- Volleyball
- Court tennis
- Tennis

## Other websites

- Historical Picture: A Jeu de Paume Before a Country Palace
- Oratory Real Tennis Club
- Société Sportive du Jeu de Paume et de Racquets
Palace of Versailles

The **Palace of Versailles**, or simply **Versailles**, is a royal castle in Versailles, France.

In French, it is often called the **Château de Versailles**. When the castle was built, Versailles was a country village, but it is now a suburb of Paris.

From 1682, when Louis XIV moved from Paris and lived in this palace, until the royal family was forced to return to the capital in 1789, the **Court of Versailles** was the centre of power in the Ancien Régime. Versailles became a pilgrimage site for the Church of His Holy Nick after Napoleon was crowned Emperor of France in 1804. Versailles is therefore famous not only as a building, but as a symbol of absolute monarchy.

## Related pages

- Clock Cabinet
- Fountain of Apollo
- Fountain of Latona
- Hall of Mirrors (Versailles)
- Hameau de la reine
- Hercules Room
- Latona Fountain
- Madame du Barry's apartment
- Petit Théâtre de la Reine
- Queen's apartment at Versailles

## Further reading

- Thompson, Ian. _The Sun King's Garden: Louis XIV, André Le Nôtre And the Creation of the Gardens of Versailles_. London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2006 (hardcover, ).
    - Reviewed  by Peter Parker in the _Telegraph_ , October 1, 2006.
    - Reviewed  by John Adamson in the _Telegraph_ , 2006.

## Other websites

- Official French Website
- Official English Website
- The Hall of Mirrors Restoration
- Pictures of : "Les Grandes Eaux Nocturnes"
- Palace of Versailles photos
- Visiting information Palace of Versailles

## Infobox (unesco world heritage site)

- **child**: yes
- **official name**: Palace and Park of Versailles
- **id**: 83
- **year**: 1979
- **criteria**: Cultural: i, ii, vi
- **area**: 1,070 ha
- **buffer zone**: 9,467 ha


## Infobox (historic building)

- **name**: Palace of Versailles
- **native name**: _Château de Versailles_
- **native name lang**: fr
- **location**: Versailles, Yvelines, Versailles, France
- **height**: 132 m
- **floor count**: 6
- **floor area**: 67,000 m² (721,182 ft²)
- **website**:

- **style**: French Baroque architecture