juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Eugène Desmarest

**Eugène Anselme Sébastien Léon Desmarest** (1816–1889) was a French zoologist and entomologist. He was the son of Anselme Gaëtan Desmarest (1734–1838).

## Works

Partial list:
- In: Jean-Charles Chenu, __. Marescq et Compagnie, Paris. v.18, p. 123– 181 (1860).
- . In: J–C. Chenu. v. 19, p. 1– 360 + 1– 62 (1874)

## Other websites

- BHL _Encyclopédie d'histoire naturelle_ Scanned book
Nagtglas's African dormouse

The **Nagtglas's African dormouse** (_Graphiurus nagtglasii_) is a species of rodent in the Gliridae family. It is found in Cameroon, Central African Republic, Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone and sometimes in Gabon. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.

## References

- Grubb, P. & Schlitter, D. 2004.  Graphiurus nagtglasii .   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 29 July 2007.
- Holden, M. E.. 2005. Family Gliridae. Pp. 819–841 _in_ Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
Clergyman

A **clergyman** is an ordained minister of the Anglican Church, or of some other Protestant churches. 'Vicar' and 'pastor' are other possibilities. 'Rector' is used in some Scottish Presbyterian churches. 'The clergy' is often used as a group term. The word 'cleric', meaning a clerk, is the root term. It comes from the fact that all clerics could read and write, at a time when this was a rare skill.

By general use and convention, Anglican ministers are not called priests. This is because the unqualified term 'priest' or 'father' is widely used as referring to the Catholic Church. Of course, in modern times an Anglican minister may be female, in which case the term 'reverend' or 'minister' may be used.

## Related pages

- Clergy
Namtap

The **namtap** or **spectacled dormouse** (_Graphiurus ocularis_) is a species of rodent in the Gliridae family, and one of the four Dormouse species which are endemic to South Africa.

The namtap has a bushy tale like a squirrel, a fairly short muzzle (the part of the Dormouse's head which includes the nose, mouth and jaws), small ears and soft fur.  Its face has white and grey marks, with dark rings (like spectacles) around its eyes. Its cheeks, underparts and the upper surfaces of its paws are white. Its tail is usually has a white tip.

It is only found in western South Africa. It can usually be found in rocky habitats, as well as in trees and outbuildings. It is nocturnal and it is good at climbing. It mainly eats seeds, other plant material and invertebrates.

## References

- Coetzee, N., Griffin, M. & Grubb, P. 2004.  Graphiurus ocularis.   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 29 July 2007.
- Holden, M. E.. 2005. Family Gliridae. Pp. 819-841 _in_ Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
I Married Marge

"**I Married Marge**" is the twelfth episode of ***The Simpsons*** third season. It first started on the Fox network in the United States on December 26, 1991. In this episode, Marge worries that she may yet again be pregnant and drives to "Dr. Hibbert's" office. While anxiously waiting, Homer begins to tell Bart, Lisa, and Maggie the story of how he and Marge got married and how Bart was born.

## Infobox (television episode)

- **series**: The Simpsons
- **season**: 3
- **episode**: 12
- **director**: Jeffrey Lynch
- **writer**: Jeff Martin
- **production**: 8F10
- **prev**: Burns Verkaufen der Kraftwerk
- **next**: Radio Bart
- **season article**: The Simpsons (season 3)
- **episode list**: List of The Simpsons episodes
Arduino

**Arduino** is a small, popular microcontroller that makes it very easy for people to make electronic things. It has two parts: a circuit board and a program that lets people tell the circuit board what to do. As of 2021, more than 10 Million Arduino's had been sold.

## The machine

The machine part is open source, which means that anybody can make their own version of an Arduino machine for free. An official Arduino costs around US$30. The original Arduino is made by a company in Italy called "Smart Projects" but other types of Arduino boards have been designed by SparkFun Electronics, an American company.

## "Shields"

Sometimes, people will make other machines that go on top of an Arduino board and let the board do more things. These are called "Arduino shields". They can do different things, like let an Arduino machine connect to the internet, or add a touchscreen, or let an Arduino use GPS to figure out where it is. Shields can also combine and stack on top of each other.

## Telling the Arduino what to do

Arduino's are programmed in C or C++, using a program also called Arduino. An example program to blink a light (LED) could look like this:

First, the code after `void setup() {` runs. This tells the Arduino that pin 13 is going to be sending data out. Most Arduino boards have an LED attached to pin 13. Then, the code after the `void loop () {` runs. When it reaches the bottom, the code after the `void loop` runs again, until the Arduino is turned off. This code makes the Arduino tell the LED to turn on, wait a second, then turn off and wait another second. Since it repeats, this code will turn the LED on and off again and again.
Rock dormouse

The **rock dormouse** (_Graphiurus platyops_) is a species of rodent in the Gliridae family. It is found in Angola, Botswana, Mozambique, South Africa, Eswatini, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.

## References

- Grubb, P. 2004.  Graphiurus platyops .   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 29 July 2007.
- Holden, M. E.. 2005. Family Gliridae. Pp. 819-841 _in_ Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
Oldfield Thomas

**Michael Rogers Oldfield Thomas** (usually known as _Oldfield Thomas_) FRS (February 21, 1858 – June 16, 1929) was a British zoologist.

Thomas worked at the Natural History Museum in their mammals department. He described about 2,000 new species and sub-species for the first time. He was given a job in the Museum Secretary's office in 1876. In 1878 he moved to the Zoological Department. In 1891 Thomas married a woman who was an heiress to a large amount of money. Having this money allowed him to hire mammal collectors and to give their specimens to the museum. In 1896 when William Henry Flower took control of the Department he hired Richard Lydekker to rearrange the exhibitions. This gave Thomas the time to concentrate on these new specimens.  He committed suicide in 1929 when he was 71 years old. This was not long after the death of his wife.
Stone dormouse

The **stone dormouse** (_Graphiurus rupicola_) is a species of rodent in the Gliridae family. It is found in Namibia, South Africa, and sometimes in Angola. Its natural habitat is rocky areas.

## References

- Holden, M. E.. 2005. Family Gliridae. Pp. 819–841 _in_ Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
- Schlitter, D. & Coetzee, N. 2004.  Graphiurus rupicola .   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 29 July 2007.
Silent dormouse

The **silent dormouse** (_Graphiurus surdus_) is a species of rodent in the Gliridae family. It is found in Cameroon, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, and Gabon. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.

## References

- Holden, M. E.. 2005. Family Gliridae. Pp. 819-841 _in_ Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
- Schlitter, D. 2004.  Graphiurus surdus .   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 29 July 2007.
Leithiinae

**Leithiinae** is a subfamily of dormice.

## References

- Holden, M. E.. 2005. Family Gliridae. Pp. 819-841 _in_ Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
Twin paradox

The **twin paradox** in physics is a thought experiment in special relativity. It involves identical or fraternal twins, one of whom makes a journey into space in a high-speed rocket and returns home to find that the twin who remained on Earth has aged more.

The paradox depends upon the unspoken idea that the passage of time is the same in all circumstances, but this is not correct; time is relative and the speed of light through a vacuum is the only constant. And the universe is relativistic, not Newtonian. Every single test which has been made has shown this.

## Related pages

- Special relativity
Centriole

The **centriole** is a cytoplasmic structure in most eukaryote cells. It is involved in cell division and in the formation of cilia and flagella. Centrioles are not found in vascular plants and in most fungi.

Most centrioles are nine sets of microtubule triplets, arranged in a cylinder. A pair of centrioles, arranged perpendicularly and surrounded by a mass of dense material makes up the centrosome.
Centrosome

In cell biology, the **centrosome** is an organelle that is the main place that lead cell microtubules are organized. Also, it regulates the cell division cycle, the stages that lead up to one cell dividing in two.

The centrosome was discovered by Edouard Van Beneden in 1883, and was described and named in 1888 by Theodor Boveri.

The centrosome has apparently evolved only in animal cells. Fungi and plants use other structures to organize their microtubules. Although the centrosome has a key role in efficient mitosis in animal cells, it is not necessary.

A centrosome is composed of two centrioles at right angles to each other. They are surrounded by a shapeless mass of protein.

## Roles

The centrosome is copied only once per cell cycle. Each daughter cell inherits one centrosome, containing two centrioles. The centrosome replicates during the interphase of the cell cycle. During the prophase of mitosis, the centrosomes migrate to opposite poles of the cell. The mitotic spindle then forms between the two centrosomes. Upon division, each daughter cell receives one centrosome.

Centrosomes are not needed for the mitosis to happen. When the centrosomes are irradiated by a laser, mitosis proceeds with a normal spindle. In the absence of the centrosome, the microtubules of the spindle are focused to form a bipolar spindle. Many cells can completely undergo interphase without centrosomes. It also helps in cell division.

Although centrosomes are not needed for mitosis or the survival of the cell, they are needed for survival of the organism. Cells without centrosomes lack certain microtubules. With centrosomes the cell division is much more accurate and efficient. Some cell types arrest in the following cell cycle when centrosomes are absent, though this doesn't always happen.
Vesicle

A **vesicle** is a bubble of liquid in a cell. More technically, a vesicle is a small membrane-enclosed sac that stores or transports substances in a cell. Vesicles form naturally because of the properties of lipid membranes. Vesicles can fuse with the plasma membrane, and release their contents outside the cell. Vesicles can also fuse with other organelles within the cell.

A vesicle is sometimes formed when the cell is doing **endocytosis**. Endocytosis is how a cell's membrane takes in a particle from the outside and brings it inside the cell with a vesicle around it. Vesicles are also more commonly known as nuclear membranes, because they're very similar to the cell membrane.

They can be found in animal cells.
Forest dormouse

The **forest dormouse** (_Dryomys nitedula_) is a species of rodent in the Gliridae family found throughout much of Eurasia.
Cytoskeleton

The **cytoskeleton** is a kind of scaffolding present in all cells. It is made of protein.

It keeps cell shape, protects the cell and enables cells to move (using structures such as flagella and cilia). It helps transport inside the cytoplasm (the movement of vesicles and organelles, for example), and in cell division. The concept and the term (_cytosquelette_, in French) was introduced by French embryologist Paul Wintrebert in 1931.

Eukaryote cells contain three main kinds of cytoskeletal filaments, which are _microfilaments_ (actin filaments), _intermediate filaments_, and _microtubules_. They give the cell structure and shape. Cytoskeletal elements interact closely and often with the cell membrane and the endoplasmic reticulum.
Woolly dormouse

The **woolly dormouse** (_Dryomys laniger_) is a species of rodent in the Gliridae family.
It is endemic to Turkey.

## References

- Baillie, J. 1996.  Dryomys laniger .   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 29 July 2007.
- Holden, M. E.. 2005. Family Gliridae. Pp. 819-841 _in_ Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
Chaetocauda

The **Chinese dormouse** or **Sichuan dormouse** (_Chaetocauda sichuanensis_) is a species of dormouse that lives in subalpine mixed forests in northern Sichuan, China.

Only two female specimens have even been caught. These were both caught in the Wanglang Natural Reserve and was first described by Wang Youzhi in 1985. Corbet and Hill (1991, 1992) relisted it under a new genus as _Chaetocauda sichuanensis_. It is  the only member of the genus ***Chaetocauda***.

The two specimens had the following measurements:
- Specimen 1:
    - head and body length:
    - tail length:
    - weight:
- Specimen 2:
    - head and body length:
    - tail length:
    - weight:

Cjaetocauda is nocturnal (it is awake at night) and arboreal (lives in trees). It nests in trees about  above the ground and the two specimens were found at an altitude of more than  above sea level. It is classified as endangered by the IUCN as of the 2004 Red List due to its small isolated habitat.

## References

- *Corbet, G.B. & Hill, J.E. 1991. _A world list of mammalian species_, 3rd ed. Natural History Museum Publications & Oxford University Press, London and Oxford.: v-viii, 1-243.
- Wang, Youzhi. 1985. A new genus and species of Gliridae.  _Acta Theriologica Sinica_,  **5** (1985), pp. 67-75.

## Other websites

- The Dormouse Hollow
- An illustration of The Chinese Dormouse at the Animal Diversity Web
Forest dormice

The **forest dormice**, genus ***Dryomys***, are a genus of dormouse found throughout much of Eurasia.  They are usually found in forests or thickets.

The length of the head and body is , and the length of the tail is .  The animals weigh .

## Natural history

These dormice hibernate in tree hollows or in burrows. At night they nest in low branches or shrubs.  They spend most of their lives in trees. They are nocturnal animals.

They are omnivorous feeding on seeds, acorns, buds, invertebrates, eggs, and baby birds.

Forest dormice in southern areas breed from March to December. Forest dormice in northern areas breed from May to August. Gestation takes 21-30 days and 2-5 young are born at a time.

## Species

- Woolly dormouse - _Dryomys laniger_
- Niethammer's dormouse - _Dryomys niethammeri_
- Forest dormouse - _Dryomys nitedula_

## References

- Duff, A. and A. Lawson. 2004. Mammals of the World A Checklist. New Haven, Yale University Press.
- Nowak, R. M. 1999. Walker's Mammals of the World, Vol. 2. Johns Hopkins University Press, London.
Eliomys

***Eliomys*** is a genus of rodent in the Gliridae family.
It contains the following species:
- Asian Garden Dormouse (_Eliomys melanurus_)
- Maghreb Garden Dormouse (_Eliomys munbyanus_)
- Garden dormouse (_Eliomys quercinus_)

## References

- Holden, M. E.. 2005. Family Gliridae. Pp. 819-841 _in_ Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
Asian garden dormouse

The **Asian garden dormouse** (_Eliomys melanurus_) is a species of rodent in the Gliridae family. It is found in Algeria, Egypt, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tunisia, and Turkey.
Its natural habitats are temperate forests, subtropical or tropical dry shrubland, Mediterranean-type shrubby vegetation, and rocky areas.

## References

- Aulagnier S. 2004.  Eliomys melanurus.   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 29 July 2007.
- Holden M.E. 2005. Family Gliridae, 819-841 in _Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference_. D.E. Wilson and D.M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
Johann Andreas Wagner

**Johann Andreas Wagner** (21 March 1797 – 17 December 1861) was a German palaeontologist, zoologist and archaeologist.

Wagner was a professor at the University of Munich. He was also the curator of the Zoologische Staatssammlung (the German State Zoology Collection). He was the author of _Die Geographische Verbreitung der Säugethiere Dargestellt_ (1844-46).

## Bibliography

- 1844-1846. _Die Geographische Verbreitung der Säugethiere Dargestellt_.
- Johann Andreas Wagner 1897. _Monographie der gattung Pomatias Studer_.

## References

- Some Biogeographers, Evolutionists and Ecologists:Chrono-Biographical Sketches
Garden dormouse

The **garden dormouse** (_Eliomys quercinus_) is a rodent in the dormouse family.

## Features

Garden Dormice are usually  in length, with the tail adding another .  It weighs .  The coat is gray or brown and it is white underneath. The garden dormouse has black eye marks, large ears (for a rodent), short hair, and a white tassel at the end of the tail.

## Range and habitat

The garden dormouse's _main_ habitat is the forest (and not usually gardens), though it can also be found in fruit-growing regions. It is very common in southern Europe, but its range (the area in can be found) goes up to the north of Europe. Garden dormice are often found in the Alps, in the Bavaria Forest, and in the Ore Mountains.

The species can also be found in northern Germany, but the population there is low. In the Netherlands, it is nearly extinct. In 2007 only nine animals were found in two woods in Limburg. It used to be very common in this area. Scientists
think that his is because the landscape has changed. They also think that climate change might be a reason, because it interrupts the Dormice's hibernation.

## How the dormice live

Garden dormice are  mostly nocturnal. They sleep in spherical nests in trees during the  day.  At night they look for food like larger insects (grasshoppers and beetle), snails, eggs, baby birds, small mice, and spiders. They also eat berries, fruit, and nuts (like acorns and beechnuts).  While omnivorous, the diet of dormice contains a bit more animal protein than vegetation.

The mating period is from April to June.  To show that she is ready for mating, the female squeaks loudly.  The babies are usually born in litters of three to seven, after a gestation period of 23 days.  The babies are blind and have no fur when they are born. They open their eyes after about eighteen days. They are nursed until they are one month old.  When they are two months old, they live on their own. They become ready to mate when they are a year old. They will normally live for about five years.

Male Garden dormice may eat a rival dormouse during the mating season. Cannibalism sometimes happens when the animal is coming out of hibernation.

## Classification

On the islands of the Mediterranean Sea there are a few subspecies of garden dormouse. They are all very hard to find. These subspecies are:
1. the Sardinian garden dormouse (_E. q. sardus_)
1. the Sicilian garden dormouse (_E. q. dichrurus_)
1. the Liparian garden dormouse (_E. q. liparensis_).

The Garden dormice in western Asia and north Africa have been separated into their own species _Eliomys melanurus_.

## References

- Listed as Vulnerable (VU A1c v2.3)
- ITIS report

- _This article includes information from the English Wikipedia which was originally translated from the German and French Wikipedias._
Myomimus

***Myomimus*** is a genus of dormouse in the Gliridae family.
It contains the following species:
- Masked mouse-tailed dormouse (_Myomimus personatus_)
- Roach's mouse-tailed dormouse (_Myomimus roachi_)
- Setzer's mouse-tailed dormouse (_Myomimus setzeri_)
Masked mouse-tailed dormouse

The **masked mouse-tailed dormouse** (_Myomimus personatus_) is a species of dormouse in the Gliridae family. It is found in Iran and Turkmenistan.

## Source

- Tchabovsky, A. 1996.  Myomimus personatus.   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 30 July 2007.
Sergej Ognew

**Sergej Ivanovich Ognew** (1886–1951) was a Russian zoologist and naturalist, remembered for his work on mammalogy.  He graduated from Moscow University in 1910. In 1910 he also published his first book.  In 1928, he became a professor at the Pedagogical Institute.  He published many books for education about zoology and economy.  His most important work which was to be called _Mammals of Russia and adjacent territories_ was never completed.

## Other websites

- Profile from the Moscow University Zoological Museum
Roach's mouse-tailed dormouse

**Roach's mouse-tailed dormouse** (_Myomimus roachi_), also known as the **ground dormouse** or **mouse-tailed dormouse**, is a species of dormouse in the Gliridae family. It is found in Bulgaria, Greece, and Turkey.

## Source

- Amori G. 1996.  Myomimus roachi.   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 30 July 2007.
Charles Spence Bate

**Charles Spence Bate**, or **Spence Bate**, FRS (March 16, 1819 – July 29, 1889) was a British zoologist and dentist, who lived in Swansea and Plymouth. He was an expert on the crustacea. He often wrote to Charles Darwin, mainly about their shared interest in barnacles. He wrote "_A history of the British sessile-eyed Crustacea_" with J. O. Westwood.

A number of species are named after him:
- _Pseudoparatanais batei_ (G. O. Sars, 1882)
- _Amphilochus spencebatei_ (Stebbing, 1876)
- _Scyllarus batei_ Holthuis, 1946
- _Costa batei_ (Brady, 1866)
- _Periclimenes batei_ Holthuis, 1959
Flag of Bangladesh

The national **flag of Bangladesh** (Bengali: **বাংলাদেশের জাতীয় পতাকা**) was adopted officially on 17 January 1972.  The red disc is for the sun rising over Bengal.  It also is for the blood of those who died for the independence of Bangladesh. The green field stands for the lushness of the land of Bangladesh. It also indicates the freshness of the youths and vitality of the nation.

## Infobox (flag)

- **name**: Bangladesh
- **image**: Flag of Bangladesh.svg
- **use**: 111000
- **proportion**: 3:5
- **adoption**: 17 January 1972
- **design**: A red disc on a green field.
- **designer**: Quamrul Hassan
- **type**: National
Setzer's mouse-tailed dormouse

The **Setzer's mouse-tailed dormouse** (_Myomimus setzeri_) is a species of dormouse in the Gliridae family. It is endemic to Iran.

## Source

- Baillie J. 1996.  Myomimus setzeri.   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 30 July 2007.

## Other websites

- EDGE of Existence page on Setzer's Mouse-tailed Dormouse
Desert dormouse

The **desert dormouse** (_Selevinia betpakdalaensis_) is a species of rodent in the dormouse family Gliridae.
When it was first found, the species was placed in its own family, the Seleviniidae, but now it is considered to be a dormouse. It is the only species in the genus _Selevinia_.

It is endemic to Kazakhstan.

## References

- Holden M.E. 2005. Family Gliridae, 819-841 in _Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference_. D E. Wilson and D.M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
- Tchabovsky, A. 1996.  Selevinia betpakdalaensis.   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 30 July 2007.
Glirinae

**Glirinae** is a subfamily of dormice (_Gliridae_).

It contains two genera, _Glirulus_ and _Glis_. These genera have one species each: _Glirulus japonicus_ (the Japanese dormouse) and _Glis glis_ (the edible dormouse).
Japanese dormouse

The **Japanese dormouse** (_Glirulus japonicus_) is a species of rodent in the Gliridae family. It is the only species in the genus ***Glirulus***. It is endemic to Japan.
Its natural habitat is temperate forests. In Japanese it is called _Yamane_ (山鼠). It has the special ability of running at great speed upside down, underneath branches. Its main food is nectar or pollen, although nursing females will eat small insects.

## References

- Holden M.E. 2005. Family Gliridae. pp. 819–841 in _Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference_. D.E. Wilson and D.M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
Heinrich Rudolf Schinz

**Heinrich Rudolf Schinz** (March 30, 1777 - March 8, 1861) was a Swiss physician and naturalist.

Schinz was born at Zurich and studied medicine at Würzburg and Jena. In 1798 he returning to Zurich to work as a doctor. In 1804 he became a teacher at the medical school. In 1833 he became professor of natural history at the University of Zurich.

Schinz was also curator of the Natural History Society of Zurich. He also wrote a lot of important zoological books between 1824 and 1852. These included _Das Thierreich_ (1821-4), _Naturgeschichte und Abbildungen der Reptilien_ (1833-4), and
_Europäsche Fauna_ (1840). Karl Joseph Brodtmann made the pictures for these books.

## References

- Mearns and Mearns - _Biographies for Birdwatchers_
- Biography
Centromere

The **centromere** is a special region of a chromosome, usually near the middle. It is where the two identical sister chromatids stay in contact as the chromosome attaches to the spindle in mitosis. The region contains specific types of DNA, which are tandem repetitive sequences (satellite DNA). These sequences bind specific protein<nowiki/>s called "cen"-proteins.

During mitosis the centromeres can be seen during the _metaphase_ stage as a constriction at the chromosome. At this centromeric constriction the two halves of the chromosome, the sister chromatids, are held together until late metaphase.
Grand Cross

The phrase **Grand Cross** is used to describe the highest grade in many types of knighthood. Sometimes the person with the highest grade are called "knights grand cross" or just "grand crosses". Sometimes the actual medallion or ribbon is called "the grand cross" and not the person.

In some orders, the highest grade may be called the "grand cordon", "grand collar" or something like this. In those cases the rank of grand cross may come after another rank, but before the highest grade.

As an example:
- for the Portuguese Order of Saint James of the Sword, the Grand Cross is the 5th highest award, with the _Grand Collar_ being a higher award above the Grand Cross.
Rhizobia

**Rhizobia** are Gram-negative soil bacteria which grow inside the root nodules of legumes (the pea family: Fabaceae).

The growth of this bacteria is beneficial to their plant host. They fix (absorb and chemically change) nitrogen from the air and convert it into the chemical ammonia (through the help of enzymes). The host plant breaks down this ammonia and uses it for growth.

In return, the plants provide the bacteria with nutrients for growth from products of plant  photosynthesis.

Rhizobia require a plant host; they cannot independently fix nitrogen. As this relationship is  beneficial for both plant and bacteria involved, it is a classic example of symbiosis and mutualism which are found in all Rhizobia.

Rhizobia is very important in aiding plant growth in soils with low Nitrogen concentrations and is classed as a fertiliser for soil.

## History

Rhizobia was discovered by Martinus Willem Beijerinck in 1888.

The word rhizobia comes from the Ancient Greek "ῥίζα" (rhiza) for root and "βίος" (bios) for life.
London Bach Society

The **London Bach Society** is a society devoted to performing the music of Johann Sebastian Bach.

The London Bach Society was started in 1946 by Paul Steinitz because he wanted to perform Bach in a style which was like the way it sounded in Bach's time. Bach lived from 1685 to 1750. By the 20th century a lot of things had changed in music. Choirs and orchestras were much bigger and instruments were made differently. Steinitz wanted to get back to the sort of sound that Bach would have known. He started a choir called the London Bach Society so that they could give concerts of Bach's music, making it sound much clearer than it did with huge, romantic choirs.

The choir was formed in 1947. The singers were good amateur singers. Steinitz rehearsed them a lot until they were very good. The London Bach Society (LBS) gave many concerts of Bach's music, as well as singing music by other Baroque composers such as Handel, Telemann and Heinrich Schütz. They also sang works by modern composers such as Stravinsky, John Tavener and Nicholas Maw. Between 1958 and 1987 the LBS choir performed all the cantatas by Bach which survive. 208 of them are known. Many others have been lost. The choir performed one of Bach's passions every Lent, usually the _St Matthew Passion_. They also went on tour, travelling to the USA, Israel, Bulgaria and twice to the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) where they sang at St Thomas Church, Leipzig, where Bach had been Director of Music.

In 1968 Steinitz got a group of players together, calling them the Steinitz Bach Players. They were professional musicians who understood how to play Baroque music. Gradually he was able to add more and more historical instruments to his concerts, such as the natural/clarino trumpet, oboe da caccia, baroque flute and sackbuts. By 1985 there were enough professional players of Baroque instruments in England for the LBS choir to be able to perform the St Matthew Passion with a complete orchestra of period instruments in Wells Cathedral and later in 1987 at Westminster Abbey

After Steinitz's death in 1989 there was no more choir, but the society still continues. Today they organize a festival of Bach's music every year, called "Bachfest" (German for "Bach Festival").

## Other websites

- http://www.bachlive.co.uk/
- http://www.bach-cantatas.com/Bio/LBS.htm
North Pacific giant octopus

The **North Pacific giant octopus** (_Enteroctopus dofleini_) is a big cephalopod in the coastal North Pacific.

It usually lives at depths around lseters hey have also be Seven-arm octopus (_Haliphron atlanticus_). Adults usually weigh around 15 kg (33 lb), with an arm span of

They mostly eat crabs, shrimp, abalone, fish, and shellfish like scallops, clams, and mussels. In aquariums, they have been seen eating spiny dogfish (_Squalus acanthias_), a type of shark 3-4 feet long. Food is grabbed with its sucy rs and then crushed using its tough beak of chitin. North Pacific giant octopuses are eaten by harbor seals, sea otters, and sperm whales. They usually live about 3-5 years in the wild.
Chuck Palahniuk

**Charles Michael "Chuck" Palahniuk** (born February 21, 1962) is an American satire author. He is well known for writing the award-winning book _Fight Club_. It was later made into a movie directed by David Fincher. He lives in the state of Washington.

## Biography

Palahniuk was born in Pasco, Washington and raised in Burbank, Washington and Eastern Washington. started writing books when he was in his mid-thirties. His first book, _Insomnia: If You Lived Here, You'd Be Home Already_, was never made into a book because he didn't think the story was very good. When he tried to write his next novel, _Invisible Monsters_, publishers did not like it because they thought it was too scary. This made him work on his best known book, _Fight Club_. He wrote it to try to scare the publisher even more for not publishing his book. Palahniuk wrote this story in his spare time. After first writing it as a short story, Palahniuk made it longer into a full book, which, surprising to him, was published.

In 1999, a changed version of _Invisible Monsters_, and his fourth novel, _Survivor_, were published. This made Palahniuk a cult figure. A few years later Palahniuk wrote his first New York Times bestseller, _Choke_. After that, Palahniuk's later books would mostly have the same success. This success allowed him to travel and promote his books, where he reads from new and upcoming books.

Palahniuk is openly gay and a lapsed Catholic.

### Fiction

- _Fight Club_ (1996)
- _Survivor_ (1999)
- _Invisible Monsters_ (1999)
- _Choke_ (2001)
- _Lullaby_ (2002)
- _Diary_ (2003)
- _Haunted_ (2005)
- _Rant_ (2007)
- _Snuff_ (2008)
- _Pygmy_ (2009)
- _Tell All_ (2010)

### Non-fiction

- _Fugitives and Refugees: A Walk in Portland, Oregon_ (2003)
- _Stranger Than Fiction: True Stories_ (2004)
- _You Do Not Talk About Fight Club: I Am Jack's Completely Unauthorized Essay Collection_ (2008) (introduction)

### Movies

- _Fight Club_ (1999)
- _Choke_ (2008)
- _Invisible Monsters_ (2010)
- _Haunted_ (TBA) - optioned property
- _Survivor_ (TBA) - script stage
- _Rant_ (TBA) - optioned property
- _Diary_ (TBA) - optioned property
- _Lullaby_ (TBA) - optioned property
Uvula

The **uvula** is the punchbag-shaped object on the back of a throat, in the middle of the soft palate. Massaging the uvula causes the gag reflex which makes someone vomit.

## Use

The uvula functions with the back of the throat, the palate, and air coming up from the lungs to create a number variety of different sounds.  Consonants involving sound from the uvula are not found in most dialects of English, though they are found in many Semitic, Caucasian, and Turkic languages, as well as several languages of Western Europe such as German, French and a few Celtic languages, where it is used to make a sound called the uvular trill.
Canada Day

**Canada Day** is a national and an official holiday in Canada celebrating its anniversary of Confederation on 1 July 1867. It takes place annually on July 1st.

## Other page

- Monarchy of Canada
- _O Canada_ - legally adopted on Canada Day in 1980.
Blood diamond

**Blud diamonds**, also known as **conflict diamonds**, are diamonds mined in a war zone and sold illegally to pay for anti-government fighting. There have been 3.7 million deaths over diamonds.

Blood diamonds come from areas controlled by armed groups which are fighting against the government. These armed groups force civilians (mostly children) to mine diamonds. People who refuse to do this work may be raped, abused, exploited, or even murdered. The armed groups then sell the diamonds and use the money to buy weapons. Then they use these weapons to fight against the government.

Diamonds mined during the 20th–21st century civil wars in Angola, Ivory Coast, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Guinea, and Guinea-Bissau have been called blood diamonds.

The Kimberly Process Certification Scheme (KPCS) helps keep blood diamonds out of markets. Every KPCS-certified diamond has to be labeled with a specific government number. Eighty-one countries participate in the KPCS.
2nd millennium

The **2nd millennium** began on January 1, 1001 and ended on December 31, 2000.

## Centuries and decades

|align="right"|**11th century**|align="left"|1000s|1010s|align="right"|1020s|1030s|1040s|align="right"|1050s|1060s|1070s|1080s|1090s|
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|align="right"|**17th century**|1600s|1610s|align="right"|1620s|1630s|1640s|align="right"|1650s|1660s|1670s|1680s|1690s||
|align="right"|**18th century**|1700s|1710s|align="right"|1720s|1730s|1740s|align="right"|1750s|1760s|1770s|1780s|1790s||
|align="right"|**19th century**|1800s|1810s|align="right"|1820s|1830s|1840s|align="right"|1850s|1860s|1870s|1880s|1890s||
|align="right"|**20th century**|1900s|1910s|align="right"|1920s|1930s|1940s|align="right"|1950s|1960s|1970s|1980s|1990s||
Radio Bart

"**Radio Bart**" is the thirteenth episode of ***The Simpsons*** third season. It was first shown on the Fox network in the United States on January 9, 1992. In this episode, Bart gets a microphone that transmits sound to nearby AM radios. To play a prank on the people of "Springfield", Bart places a radio deep inside a well and uses the microphone to trick the town into thinking a little boy is stuck in it. At first his trick worked, but soon realizes that he left a "property of Bart Simpson" label on the radio and goes to get it. Bart becomes trapped in the well and while the town decides to leave him there after finding out about the prank, his father Homer  tries to rescue him.

## Infobox (television episode)

- **series**: The Simpsons
- **season**: 3
- **episode**: 13
- **director**: Carlos Baeza
- **writer**: Jon Vitti
- **production**: 8F11
- **guests**: Sting as himself
- **prev**: I Married Marge
- **next**: Lisa the Greek
- **season article**: The Simpsons (season 3)
- **episode list**: List of The Simpsons episodes
Chromatin

**Chromatin** is the complex combination of DNA and proteins that makes up chromosomes. It is found inside the nuclei of eukaryotic cells.

Chromatin is divided into **heterochromatin** (condensed) and **euchromatin** (extended) forms.
Heterochromatin is composed mostly of satellite DNA tandem repeats. The active components of chromatin are DNA and histone proteins, although other proteins also occur. The functions of chromatin are:
- to package DNA into a smaller volume to fit in the cell
- to strengthen the DNA to allow mitosis and meiosis
- to control DNA replication and gene expression. How this works is not yet clear.

## Chromatin definitions

1. **Simple and concise definition:** Chromatin is a macromolecular complex of a DNA macromolecule and protein macromolecules (and RNA). The proteins package and arrange the DNA and control its functions in the cell nucleus.
1. **The _DNA + histone = chromatin_ definition:** The DNA double helix in the cell nucleus is packaged by special proteins termed histones. The formed protein/DNA complex is called chromatin. The basic structural unit of chromatin is the nucleosome.
The Santa Clause 3: The Escape Clause

***The Santa Claus 3: The Escape Clause*** is the third movie in _The Santa Clause_ series of movies.

It is a 2006 American Christmas comedy adventure movie directed by Michael Lembeck.

## Cast

- Main characters
- Tim Allen as Santa Claus / Scott Calvin
- Martin Short as Jack Frost
- Elizabeth Mitchell as Mrs. Claus / Carol Newman-Calvin
- Judge Reinhold as Neil Miller
- Wendy Crewson as Laura Miller
- Liliana Mumy as Lucy Miller
- Spencer Breslin as Curtis the Elf
- Alan Arkin as Mr. Bud Newman
- Ann-Margret as Mrs. Sylvia Newman
- Supporting characters
- Aisha Tyler as Mother Nature
- Peter Boyle as Father Time
- Michael Dorn as Sandman
- Jay Thomas as Easter Bunny
- Kevin Pollack as Cupid
- Art LaFleur as Tooth Fairy
- Small roles
- Eric Lloyd as Charlie Calvin
- Charlie Stewart as Dr. Hismus
- Abigail Breslin as Trish
Lisa the Greek

"**Lisa the Greek**" is the fourteenth episode of ***The Simpsons*** third season. It was first shown on the Fox network in the United States on January 23, 1992. In this episode, Homer begins to bond with his daughter, Lisa, after learning her unique ability to pick winning American football teams. When Lisa finds out Homer has only been using her for gambling, she doesn't speak to her father until he fully understands her. "Lisa the Greek" was written by Jay Kogen and Wallace Wolodarsky, and directed by Rich Moore.

## Infobox (television episode)

- **series**: The Simpsons
- **season**: 3
- **episode**: 14
- **director**: Rich Moore
- **writer**: *Jay Kogen
*Wallace Wolodarsky
- **production**: 8F12
- **guests**: Phil Hartman as "Smooth" Jimmy Apollo and Troy McClure
- **prev**: Radio Bart
- **next**: Homer Alone
- **season article**: The Simpsons (season 3)
- **episode list**: List of The Simpsons episodes
Homer Alone

"**Homer Alone**" is the 14th episode of _The Simpsons_ ' third season and the 50th episode of the series. The title is based on the movie _Home Alone_. The episode is written by David M. Stern, the brother of actor Daniel Stern, who co-starred in _Home Alone_ and its first sequel. Marge suffers a nervous breakdown from running family errands and spends time at a local health spa to recover while the rest of the family struggle without her and Homer loses Maggie but is soon found.

## Infobox (television episode)

- **series**: The Simpsons
- **season**: 3
- **episode**: 14
- **director**: Mark Kirkland
- **writer**: David M. Stern
- **production**: 8F14
- **guests**: Phil Hartman as Troy McClure
- **prev**: Lisa the Greek
- **next**: Bart the Lover
- **season article**: The Simpsons (season 3)
- **episode list**: List of The Simpsons episodes
Bart the Lover

**"Bart the Lover"** is the sixteenth episode of The Simpsons' third season. In this episode, it takes an early look at the personal life of Mrs. Krabappel. Marcia Wallace, the voice actress of Mrs. Krabappel, won an Emmy for her performance in this episode.

## Infobox (simpsons episode)

- **season**: 3
- **episode**: 16
- **director**: Carlos Baeza
- **writer**: Jon Vitti
- **production**: 8F16
- **couch gag**: An extraterrestrial life, alien sits on the couch. It leaves before the Simpson family gets to the couch.
- **commentary**: Matt Groening
Mike Reiss
Jon Vitti
David Silverman
Al Jean (Easter egg)
- **prev**: Homer Alone
- **next**: Homer at the Bat
Nucleosome

**Nucleosomes** are the building blocks which make up chromosomes. They consist of a segment of DNA wound around a histone protein core.

First, DNA and a protein make up chromatin. Then the chromatin is packed up into nucleosomes. Nucleosomes are then packaged up to make a chromosome. The packages do three things: the chromosomes function in cell division; the very long DNA is wrapped up in a shorter package; and the proteins regulate the gene action in cells.

## Details

Nucleosomes form the basic repeating units of eukaryotic chromatin. This packs the large eukaryotic genomes into the nucleus and allows it to be controlled.

In mammalian cells about two metres of linear DNA have to be packed into a nucleus of roughly 10 µm diameter. Nucleosomes are folded, in a series of higher order structures, to form a chromosome. This folding compacts the DNA and adds a layer of regulatory control. The control ensures correct gene expression.

Nucleosomes are thought to carry epigenetically inherited information, as modifications of their core histones. This information can be passed on to daughter cells, but it usually wiped out by meiosis in germ cells.

The nucleosome hypothesis proposed by Don and Ada Olins and Roger Kornberg
in 1974, was a big step for understanding eukaryotic gene expression. Kornberg won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry  (2006) for this and other discoveries.

## Nucleosome dynamics

Although the nucleosome is a very stable protein-DNA complex, it is not static. It undergoes some structural re-arrangements, such as nucleosome sliding and DNA site exposure. Nucleosomes can inhibit or facilitate transcription.

Since they were discovered in the mid 1960’s, histone changes were thought to affect transcription.

Some modifications have been shown to be correlated with gene silencing, others seem to be correlated with gene activation. The information stored in this way is considered epigenetic: it is not coded in the DNA but is nevertheless inherited by daughter cells. The maintenance of a particular state of a gene is often necessary for cellular differentiation.
Arturo Rodas

**Arturo Rodas** (born 1954) is a leading Ecuadorian composer. He has lived in London since 1989.

## Biography

Rodas has composed _24.5 Preludes_ for piano; _Climax_ for orchestra, _Atonal fugue I_ for oboe _d'amore_ & piano and electronic music works.

"Since emigrating to England in 1990, he has composed works such as _The Book of the Orchestra_,(2002-2003)  which is intended to be performed in a house with many rooms so as to allow an “audience” to hear different instrumental groups as they wander from room to room".

## References

- Béhague, Gerard. 2001. "Ecuador. Art Music". _The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians_, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers; New York: Grove's Dictionaries of Music.
- _Enciclopedia de la música ecuatoriana_. _Corporación Musicológica Ecuatoriana_ (CONMUSICA). Edited by Pablo Guerrero Gutierrez. Quito, 2003.
- Walker, John L. 2001. "The Younger Generation of Ecuadorian Composers". _Latin American Music Review_ 22, no. 2 (Fall/Winter): 199–213.

## Compositions

- _Arcaica_ for full orchestra
- _24.5 Preludes_ for piano
- _Life Class 2005_ for piano, electroacoustics & film
- _El árbol de los pájaros_ _(the birds' tree)_ an opera for the voice ... of the instruments.

## Other websites

- Audio: _Tutti frutti_ for piano & tape (fragment)
- Recordings of Rodas' works Reverbnation
- _El Árbol de los Pájaros_

### Scores

- Periferia  publisher, Barcelona.
- Virtualscore internet publishers, Paris
Seal of Alabama

The **Great Seal of the State of Alabama** is the state seal of the U.S. state of Alabama. It was designed in 1817 by William Wyatt Bibb, the governor of the "Alabama Territory" and the subsequent first governor of the state. When Alabama became a state in 1819, the state legislature got the design as the official state seal. The seal prominently has a map showing one of the state's most valuable resources—its major rivers. Bibb's design served as the official seal until 1868, when it was replaced by a controversial design having on it an eagle holding in its beak a banner that read "Here We Rest." The legislature and Governor Frank M. Dixon restored Bibb's original design in 1939, and it has remained unchanged since.
Modular origami

**Modular origami** (also called **unit origami**) is a type of paperfolding that uses many sheets of paper. Modular origami is used to make large structures that cannot be made with one sheet of paper. Many sheets of paper are folded in identical shapes, and they are then put together by inserting flaps into pockets.

## History

The first modular origami model comes from a 1734 Japanese book by Hayato Ohoka called _Ranma Zushiki_. The book has pictures of many traditional origami models, and one is a modular cube called _tamatebako_. _Tamatebako_ is a Japanese word meaning "magic treasure box", and it is called this because the box can be opened on any side. Another traditional model, kusudamas, are balls of folded paper flowers. They are often hung as decorations using string or thread.

## Module

The various number of modules is combined from two to tens of thousands modules.  When modules are put together, most are supported only by the friction of paper, also they are glued together or sewn by threads.

### Module of Sonobe method

Mitsunobu Sonobe designed in 1970s. It is so simple that most people can make kusudamas. Module of Sonobe method is one of the most famous modules. We can make a polyhedron like a cube or a trisoctahedron(a dodecahedron?) by putting together many modules.

### Modular Rate

Modular Rate is the facility of putting together. This rate is how many people can put together without joining materials like glues. This rate applies the model that was designed so that it was put together without using joining materials from the beginning.