juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Frieze

In architecture, the **frieze** is the wide central section of an entablature and may be plain or– in the Ionic or Corinthian order – decorated with bas-reliefs.
Frieze (disambiguation)

**Frieze** has two major, totally unrelated meanings:
- In architecture, the frieze is the wide central section part of an entablature: see Frieze, Parthenon Frieze.

- In textiles, frieze ("Frisian woolen cloth") is a napped woollen cloth:  see Frieze (textile).

See also:
- the London art fair: see Frieze Art Fair.
- the mathematical concept frieze group.
Entablature

An **entablature** (IPA [ɛnˈtæblətʃə]; Latin, _and tabula_, _a tablet_) is a major piece of classical architecture. It is the big part of the building made of moldings and bands that sits flat above the columns, resting on their capitals (tops).

An entablature is made of three parts:
- the architrave - the bottom part which runs right above the wall or columns below
- the frieze – an unmolded strip that may or may not be decorated
- the cornice - the top part which sticks out below the pediment.

The entabulature is an improvement on the older and less advanced lintel, which also sits between two posts and holds up roof rafters.

## Related pages

- Frieze
Flickr

**Flickr** is a photo sharing website and web services suite. It was founded by Stewart Butterfield and Caterina Fake in 2002.It is also an online community platform, which is considered an early example of a Web 2.0 application.

Users can upload any photo to their website. The user will then be asked to release the photo under many licenses available. Some licenses allow other people to reuse it, which makes it possible for Wikimedia Commons to transfer free files from Flickr to their website.

Any person that has a Yahoo! ID can register their Flickr account in a few seconds.

## Service

Flickr provides a free service for users to share their photos online with other people. However, free users have a limit of 300 MB of uploads per month, 15 MB per photo and 150 MB per video. However, users can upgrade to the pro account where they can get unlimited uploads at $24.95 per month.

## Tools

Flickr also has a set of tools for users to upload their photos from their desktops. However, they can only be used on Windows and Mac computers.

## Other websites

- Flickr
- FlickrBlog
- Ludicorp corporate website
- Flickrbits, a repository for third party plug-ins and API-based tools

## Infobox (website)

- **name**: Flickr
- **logo**: Flickr wordmark.svg
- **url**: [https://www.flickr.com/ flickr.com]
- **commercial**: Yes
- **type**: Photo sharing, Photo/Video hosting service
- **registration**: Yes
- **owner**: Yahoo! Inc.
- **programming language**: PHP
- **language**: Standard Cantonese, Chinese (traditional)
English language, English (original)
French language, French
German language, German
Indonesian language, Indonesian
Italian language, Italian
Korean language, Korean
Portuguese language, Portuguese (Brazilian)
Spanish language, Spanish
Vietnamese language, Vietnamese
- **author**: Ludicorp
- **launch date**: February 2004
- **current status**: Active
Norton AntiVirus

**Norton AntiVirus** (**NAV**) is a popular product of Symantec Corporation. It is one of the most widely used antivirus programs. Norton AntiVirus is sold as a standalone product. It is also included as part of Norton Internet Security and Norton SystemWorks. There is also a standalone corporate edition version called Symantec AntiVirus Corporate Edition.

## Other websites

- Official website
Otis Bowen

**Otis R. Bowen, M.D.** (February 26, 1918 – May 4, 2013), was the governor of the American state of Indiana from 1973 to 1981. He was the first governor of Indiana to serve two consecutive terms.  He was also the United States Secretary of Health and Human Services on the cabinet of President Ronald Reagan.

## Early life

Bowen was born in a farmhouse in Fulton County, Indiana.  He raised his family, practiced medicine, and began his political career while living in Bremen, Indiana, where he still lives today.

## Career

On Labor Day weekend in September 1973, Governor Bowen declared amnesty for a group of inmates that took hostages and rioted at the Indiana State Prison. Although his decision to give "blanket amnesty" was a controversial one, it proved to be the correct decision as all the hostages, who were not only guards, but also a few select inmates who were otherwise weak and preyed upon, were released without harm. The guards who were subsequently released after a short meeting took place between the leaders of the riot and Governor Bowen in front of b-block....the inmate negotiation took only a few minutes between the governor and a group of inmates led by one Thomas D Brown (ISP#37151) serving 10 years for armed robbery, and was compelling enough to cause Gov. Bowen to declare a successful "blanket amnesty".

The governor's action preceded a "domino effect" of changes made in all aspects of the Indiana Department of Corrections. The changes involved personnel, regulations and conditions within areas of the system, e.g. medical, food, access to media, and disciplinary aspects of every day life.

## Death

Bowen died on May 4, 2013 in his home in Donaldson, Indiana at the age of 95. The cause of death has not been disclosed.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Otis Ray Bowen, M.D.
- **image**: Otis R. Bowen.jpg
- **order**: 4th United States Secretary of Health and Human Services
- **term start**: December 13, 1985
- **term end**: January 20, 1989
- **president**: Ronald Reagan
- **predecessor**: Margaret Heckler
- **successor**: Louis Wade Sullivan
- **order2**: 44th Governor of Indiana
- **term start2**: January 9, 1973
- **term end2**: January 13, 1981
- **lieutenant2**: Robert D. Orr
- **predecessor2**: Edgar Whitcomb
- **successor2**: Robert D. Orr
- **birth place**: Fulton County, Indiana
- **death place**: Donaldson, Indiana
- **party**: GOP, Republican
- **spouse**: Pearl Irene Wright
- **children**: 4
- **profession**: Physician
- **education**: Valparaiso University
Guacamole

**Guacamole** (called **guacamol** in Central America and Cuba) is a Mexican dip made of avocados, salt and sometimes tomatoes.

Various herbs may be added, such as chives. It is a green, creamy dip or garnish. It is often served as a dip or garnish with Mexican foods such as tacos and tortilla chips.

In addition to its use in modern Mexican cuisine, it has become part of international cuisine as a dip, condiment, and salad ingredient.

## Related pages

- Wasakaka

## Other websites

- Guacamole recipes and avocado information
Gordan Nikolitch

**Gordan Nikolitch** (born 1968) is a Serbian violinist.  He is the leader of the London Symphony Orchestra.

Gordan Nikolitch began playing the violin when he was seven.  He studied at the Musikhochschule (music conservatoire) in Basel, Switzerland.  He worked with many famous people including the composers Witold Lutosławski and György Kurtág.  He became particularly interested in Baroque music and contemporary music.

Gordan has been the leader of the Orchestre d’Auvergne and the Orchestre de Chambre de Lausanne before becoming the leader of the London Symphony Orchestra.  He has made many recordings, especially of violin music which is not well known.  He often plays chamber music.  The violin he plays was made in Cremona in 1776 by a violin maker called Lorenzo Storioni.

## Other websites

- Home website
1085

## Events

- Start of reign of Abu Sa'id Taj ad-Dawla Tutush I, Seljuk Ruler in Syria

## Deaths

- May 25 - Emperor Shenzong of China (b 1048)
- May 25 - Pope Gregory VII
- July 15 - Robert Guiscard, Norman adventurer.
Literal translation

**Literal translation** is the translation of text from one language to another "word-for-word", rather than giving the sense of the original. For this reason, literal translations usually mis-translate idioms.

For example, a literal English translation of the German word "Kindergarten" would be "garden of children", but in American English the expression refers to the school year between pre-school and first grade. The history of the word may also help. It was coined in 1840 by Friedrich Fröbel in the metaphorical sense of “place where children can grow in a natural way”, not in the literal sense of “garden”.

## Related pages

- Machine translation
- Interlinear text
- Literal translation
- Example of a literal translation of bible text compared with normal translation (at the right) (pdf)
Machine translation

**Machine translation**, sometimes referred to by the acronym **MT**, is part of computational linguistics. It is the use of computer software to translate text or speech from one natural language to another.

At its basic level, MT changes words words in one natural language for words in another. That is literal translation.

Present machine translation software adapts the translation to the subject. For example, weather reports improve output by limiting the substitutions. This technique is very effective in domains where specialised formal language is used. It follows then that machine translation of government and legal documents more often produces usable output than conversation or less standardised text.

## Quotes

In the words of the European Association for Machine Translation (EAMT):

## History

The origins of machine translation can be traced back to the work of Al-Kindi, a ninth-century Arabic cryptographer. He developed techniques for systemic language translation. He was aware of cryptanalysis, frequency analysis, probability and statistics, which are all used in modern machine translation.

An idea related to machine translation appeared in the 17th century. In 1629, René Descartes proposed a universal language, where equivalent ideas shared a symbol.

The idea of using digital computers for translation of natural languages was proposed in 1947 by England's A.D. Booth and Warren Weaver at Rockefeller Foundation in the same year. "The memorandum written by Warren Weaver in 1949 is perhaps the single most influential publication in the earliest days of machine translation".

Others followed. One example was reading and composing Braille texts by computer.

## Related pages

- Translation
- Literal translation

## Other websites

- International Association for Machine Translation (IAMT)
- Association for Machine Translation in the Americas (AMTA)
- European Association for Machine Translation (EAMT)
- Asia-Pacific Association for Machine Translation (APAMT)
- Association for Computational Linguistics
- Machine Translation, an introductory guide to MT by D.J.Arnold et al. (1994)
- Machine Translation Archive  by John Hutchins. An electronic repository (and bibliography) of articles, books and papers in the field of machine translation and computer-based translation technology
- Machine translation (computer-based translation)  — Publications by John Hutchins (includes PDFs of several books on machine translation)
- NIST 2006 Machine Translation Evaluation Official Results
- NIST 2005 Machine Translation Evaluation Official Results
- Machine Translation and Minority Languages
- John Hutchins 1999
- SMT  An article on statistical machine translation in general and Language Weaver in particular
- Free online machine translation powered by PROMT Supports 24 language directions and the following languages: English, Russian, German, French, Spanish, Italian and Portuguese.
- How the Computer Translates  An article on machine translation from the founder of PROMT . **broken link**
786

## Events

- A council is organized in Constantinople, but disturbed by soldiers
- Beatus of Liébana, Spanish monk, publishes his _Commentary on the Apocalypse._
- September 14 — Harun al-Rashid becomes the Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad upon the death of his brother al-Hadi, and appoints Salim Yunisi as the Abbasid governor of Sindh and the Indus Valley. Harun al-Rashid rules until 809.

## Births

- Emperor Saga, emperor of Japan
- Emperor Junna, emperor of Japan
- Hirohito, emperor of Japan
Interlinear text

**Interlinear text** is text on several lines where additional lines  give explanations of the main text.  That can be a transliteration or a translation of each word of the main line (literal translation) or a free translation of the entire main text line.

Interlinear text is usually used to translate or explain the main text. It is used frequently in foreign language learning material and linguistic literature. Latin text books and Greek or Hebrew Bibles with interlinears are common examples.

## Related pages

- Literal translation

## Other websites

- Example of interlinear text (Matthew) (pdf)
- Interlinear Glossed Text Standards (E-MELD)
- Interlinear Glossed Text Levels (E-MELD)
- Toward a General Model of Interlinear Text (E-MELD)
- Interlinear Morphemic Glosses
- The Leipzig Glossing Rules: Conventions for interlinear morpheme-by-morpheme glosses
- Online Interlinear of Biblical Greek Scriptures (New Testament) text - Requires Adobe Acrobat
Transcription

**Transcription** may mean:

- Transcription (linguistics), the conversion of spoken words into written language.  Also the conversion of handwriting, or a photograph of text into pure text
- Transcription (genetics), the process of copying DNA to RNA by an enzyme called RNA polymerase (RNAP)
- Transcription (music), either notating an unnotated piece, common in ethnomusicology, or rewriting a piece, either simply recopying (as for clarity), or as an arrangement for another instrument
- Medical transcription, documentation of patients medical records
- Piano transcription, a piece of music played on one or more pianos that is an approximation of a source piece of music
- in computer speech recognition, transcription is the process of having a speech recognition system/software listen to prerecorded voice and then make it insert the recognizable words into a document for later correction

## Related pages

- Transcript (disambiguation)
Transcript

**Transcript** could mean:

- _Transcript (molecular biology)_ refers to a strand of messenger RNA
- _Transcript (education)_, a copy of a student's permanent academic record
- _Transcript (medical)_, the documented medical record of patients
- _Film Transcript_, a transcript needed for dialogue
- _Transcript (law)_, a record of all court proceedings
- _Transcript programming language_, a computer programming language
- _Adobe Transcript_, a commercial troff tool from Adobe Systems
- _The Transcript_, Ohio Wesleyan University's student-run newspaper

## Related pages

- Transcription (linguistics)
Sumgait pogrom

The **Sumgait pogrom** was a pogrom by the local Azerbaijanis that targeted the Armenian population living in the Azerbaijani seaside town of Sumgait on February 1988. An estimated 30 were killed. But most say 200.

## Related pages

- Anti-Armenianism
- Kirovabad pogrom
- Khojaly Massacre
- Maraghar Massacre
- Nagorno-Karabakh War

## Other websites

- Sumqait.com  ,
- Aslan İsmayılov. Sumqayıt — SSRİ-nin süqutunun başlanğıcı. Bakı: Çaşıoğlu. 2010. 204 səhifə .
- Aslan Ismayilov. Sumgayit — Beginning of the Collapse of the USSR. Baku: Çaşıoğlu. 2010.
- Аслан Исмаилов. Сумгаит — начало распада СССР. Баку: Чашыоглу. 2010. 220 стр .
- Уголовное Дело № 18/55461-88. Сумгаит. 1989. (I)
- Уголовное Дело № 18/55461-88. Сумгаит. 1989. (II)
- Həsənova Rəna, Cəfərova Nazxanım. **Sumqayıt danışan tariximizdir.** _Sumqayıt şəhərinin 60 illik yubileyinə həsr olunmuş Biblioqrafik göstərici_. Sumqayıt-2009.
- sumgayit1988.com
- Vladimir Kryuchkov. Hardline Soviet Communist who became head of the KGB and led a failed plot to overthrow Mikhail Gorbachev
- Incomplete list of victims of the massacre
710

## Events

- End of the Asuka period, the second and last part of the Yamato period and beginning of the Nara period in Japan; Heijō-kyō (Nara) becomes the capital of Japan.
- April 5 — During the Cold Food Festival, Chinese Emperor Zhongzong of Tang had his chief ministers of court, sons-in-law, and high-ranking military officers engage in the festive game of tug of war within a palace of Chang'an City. The Emperor purportedly laughed when two older ministers fell over during the game.
- Founding of the Muslim Kingdom of Nekor in Morocco.
- Muslim army invited into Ceuta by its governor, Count Julian, who, being an opponent of Roderick, encourages them to invade the Iberian peninsula.
- Roderick deposes Achila to become king of the Visigoths.
- The first (wooden) Al-Aqsa Mosque is finished.

## Deaths

- Kakinomoto no Hitomaro, Japanese poet
- Saint Adalbert of Egmond
- Emperor Zhongzong of Tang China (assassinated, b. 656)
- Shangguan Wan'er, female Chinese poet and official of the Tang Dynasty (born 664)
784

## Events

- The Japanese capital moved away from Nara. End of the Nara period.
- The Chinese engineer and prince Li Gao invents a successful model of a paddle-wheel ship.
- August 31—Paul IV abdicates as Patriarch of Constantinople
- December 25—Tarasius elected Patriarch of Constantinople
842

## Events

- February 14 – Charles the Bald and Louis the German sign a treaty.
- Oaths of Strasbourg — alliance of Louis the German and Charles the Bald against emperor Lothar — sworn and recorded in vernacular languages.
- Ramiro I succeeds Alfonso II as king of Asturias.
- Uurad is succeeded by Bred, then Ciniod.
- Charles the Bald marries Ermentrude.
- Three year old Michael III succeeds Theophilus (emperor) as emperor of Byzantium.
- End of the reign of caliph Moqtasim.
- Uyghurs leave the Mongolian plateau.

## Deaths

- January 5 — Al-Mu'tasim, Abbasid caliph (b. 794)
- Emperor Saga of Japan (b. 786)
- Alfonso II of Asturias (b. 759)
- Theophilus, Byzantine Emperor (b. 813)
- Liu Yuxi, Chinese poet, philosopher, and essayist (born 772)
825

## Events

- Egbert of Wessex defeats Beornwulf of Mercia at Ellandun. Kent, Surrey, Sussex and Essex submit to Wessex and East Anglia acknowledges Egbert as overlord.
- Emperor Louis the Pious of the Franks wars against the Wends and Sorbs.

## Births

- Louis II, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 875)
880

## Events

- Oldest known mention of the city of Dortmund
- Pope John VIII issued the Bill "Industriae Tuae", creating an independent ecclesiastical province in Great Moravia with Archbishop Saint Methodius as its head. The Old Church Slavonic was recognized as the fourth liturgical language, besides Latin, Greek and Hebrew.
- Bishopric established in Nitro.

## Births

- Fujiwara no Tadahira, Japanese regent
- Louis the Blind, King of Provence (r. 887 – 900), King of Italy (r. 900 – 901), and Holy Roman Emperor (r. 901 – 905)

## Deaths

- Carloman, King of Bavaria
- Emperor Seiwa of Japan
Momijigari

is the Japanese tradition of visiting areas where leaves have turned red in the autumn. The word comes from the two Japanese words  meaning "red leaves" or "maple tree" and , "hunting".  It is also called . "Kōyō" is another pronunciation of the characters for "momiji". In Hokkaidō another word for it is .

Many people in Japan do this. The cities of Nikkō, Tochigi and Kyoto are very popular. The tradition started in the Heian era.

## Related pages

- Hanami

## Other websites

- "Momijigari" , Japanese events calendar
Ancient

**Ancient** means very old. The word can also be used in these ways:
- Ancient history — the period of written history starting more or less 5,000–5,500 years ago.
- Ancient (band) — the progressive black metal musical group.
- Ancient (company) — the Japanese software developer.
- Ancient — used to refer to an ensign in medieval times, appearing in texts such as Shakespeare's Othello.
Calm

**Calm** is an adjective meaning peaceful, quiet; particularly used of the weather, free from wind or storm, or of the sea, opposed to rough. The word appears in French _calme,_ through which it came into English, in Spanish, Portuguese and Italian _calma._
Himeji Castle

is a Japanese castle which is in Himeji in Hyōgo Prefecture. It includes 83 buildings made of wood. It is sometimes known as _Hakurojō_ or _Shirasagijō_ ("White Heron Castle") because of its brilliant white exterior.

It is a Japanese National Cultural Treasure.  It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Along with Matsumoto Castle and Kumamoto Castle, it is one of Japan's "Three Famous Castles", and is the most visited castle in Japan.

Several movies have been filmed at the castle, like Akira Kurosawa's _Kagemusha_ and _Ran_; _The Last Samurai_  starring Tom Cruise; and the _Shogun_ 1980 TV-miniseries/movie starring Richard Chamberlain.

In 2009, Himeiji Castle was recognized as one of the 100 Landscapes of Japan which best show contemporary Japan and its culture in the Heisei period.

## Related pages

- List of World Heritage Sites in Japan

## Other websites

- Himeji Castle Guide
- Himeji castle website  (requires Macromedia Flash plugin)
- Official UNESCO page for Himeji castle
- Himeji Tourist Information・Worlds Cultural Heritege Himeji castle
- Himeji Castle - LOCATION VIEW Himeji Edition (Tourist Guide with 360 degree movie map)
Divination

**Divination** (Greek μαντεια, from μαντις "seer") is an attempt to get information through omens or supernatural things. The verb form is _to divine_, but this should not be confused with the adjective _divine_. Divination is different from fortune-telling. Divination is more ritual, usually religious. Fortune-telling is more for personal things.

Divining the outcome of things has been done by many different methods, such as the ones listed in the section below.

## Types of divination

- Ailuromancy (by the behaviour of felines)
- Astrology (by studying celestial bodies)
- Augury (by the flight of birds)
- Aura-Soma, based on colors
- Automatic writing (writing when being used as a channel or medium)
- Bibliomancy (by book, frequently but not always a religious text)
- Cartomancy (by cards, e.g., playing cards, tarot cards, and non-tarot oracle cards; see also Taromancy)
- Cheiromancy (by palms; see Palmistry)
- Chronomancy (by time; lucky/unlucky days)
- Coscinomancy (by a sieve)
- Crystallomancy (by crystals or other reflecting objects; see also Scrying)
- Extispicy (from the entrails of sacrificed animals)
- Geomancy (by earth), includes Feng Shui divination
- Graphology (by handwriting)
- I Ching divination (ancient Chinese divination using I Ching): (But using an I Ching manual can make it also a form of Bibliomancy/Stichomancy)
- Heruspicy (by the organs of sacrificed animals)
- Necromancy (by trying to ask the dead)
- Numerology (by numbers)
- Oneiromancy/Incubatio (by dreams)
- Onomancy (by names)
- Ouija board divination
- Palmistry (by palm inspection)
- Phrenology (by the shape of one's head)
- Pyromancy, or pyroscopy (by fire)
- Rhabdomancy divination by rods
- Scrying ("seeing" in a crystal ball, a mirror, or water)
- Runecasting / Runic divination (by runes)
- Sternomancy (by markings or bumps on the chest)
- Taromancy (by specially designed cards: Tarot; see also Cartomancy)

## Related pages

- Oracle

## Other websites

- Apple Divination
- Ancient Astrology and Divination on the Web , resources on Greco-Roman and Mesopotamian divination
- W. R. Halliday, _Greek Divination_  (1913), a complete scanned edition of the most recent general treatment of Greek divination
- 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia: Divination
- Divination Methods
- Encyclopedia Iranica: Divination
- Theory of Divination  by Tim Maroney, exploring different possibilities
- The Sator Formula engraved on a human skull
Offering

**Offering** can mean any of the following:

- An **offering** is a donation during religious worship. See also alms, tithe, charity, gift and virtue.

- An **offering** can mean a religious sacrifice of plant, animal or human life (blood sacrifice), or a sacrifice of precious things. An offering may also be in money, or may be of a purely spiritual nature, like offering one's heart or life to God (see also Oblation).

- An offering, in Buddhism, is a form of prayer.
Feast

**Feast** may mean:
- A large meal.
- A Festival
- A day (or the celebration on that day) in honor of a certain saint, in Christianity.
Emperor Saga

was the 52nd Emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.  Saga's reign started in 809 and ended in 823.

## Traditional history

Before he became the monarch, this prince's personal name (_imina_) was .  He was the son of Emperor Kammu, and he was the younger brother of Emperor Heizei by the same mother.

He had nine Empresses and consorts; and 47 Imperial sons and daughters.

Saga was known as a good writer.  He sponsored the first imperial poetry competitions (_naien_).  According to legend, he was the first Japanese emperor to drink tea.

### Events of Saga's life

Before he became the monarch, he was Crown Prince for three years.

- **17 June 809** (_Daidō 4, 1st day of the 4th month_): In the 4th year of Emperor Heizei's reign, he was very sick and he abdicated. The succession (_senso_) was received by his younger brother  Then the new emperor is said to have acceded to the throne (_sokui_).  This was confirmed in ceremonies.
- **24 August 842** (_Jōwa 9, 15th day of the 7th month_): Saga died at the age of 57.

### After his death

According to the Imperial Household Agency, the mausoleum  (_misasagi_) of Heizei is near Daikaku-ji in Ukyō-ku, Kyoto.  The emperor is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine at this location.

## Eras of reign

The years of Kammu's reign are identified by more than one era name (_nengō_).
- _Daidō_             (806-810)
- _Kōnin_ (810-824)

## Legacy

In ancient Japan, there were four noble clans, the _Gempeitōkitsu_ (源平藤橘).  One of these clans, the Minamoto clan are also known as Genji (源氏). The Saga Genji (嵯峨源氏) are said to be descended from Emperor Saga.

## Related pages

- Emperor of Japan
- List of emperors of Japan
- Japanese imperial family tree
- Emperor Go-Saga

## Other websites

- Gate at Saga's mausoleum

## Infobox (monarch)

- **name**: Saga
- **title**: Emperor of Japan
- **image**: Emperor Saga large.jpg
- **caption**: Emperor Saga
- **reign**: 809-823
- **predecessor**: Emperor Heizei, Heizei
- **successor**: Emperor Junna, Junna
- **burial place**: _Saga no yamanoe no misasagi_ (Kyoto)
Murder of Kriss Donald

**Kriss Donald** (2 July 1988 – 15 March 2004) was a Scottish boy who was kidnapped, tortured and stabbed to death by five Pakistani Muslims because he was white. The murderers were later convicted of his murder and sentenced to life imprisonment.
Imperial Court in Kyoto

**Imperial Court** in Kyoto was the government of Japan from 794 AD until the Meiji Era, in which the court was moved to Tokyo. It was moved by Empress Gemma.
Since Minamoto no Yoritomo started the shogunate, the true power had been in the hand of the Shoguns, who were mistaken several times for the Emperors of Japan by the Chinese government.
Uhorilka

**Úhořilka** is a small village in the Havlíčkův Brod District, Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. 51 people live in Úhořilka. It covers 2,52 km². It was first documented in 1454.
Temporary

**Temporary** is a term that shows a finite period of time, with a clear beginning and an end. It is derived from the Latin _temporarius_ "of seasonal character, lasting a short time," from _tempus_ (gen. _temporis_) "time, season." It is the opposite of _permanent_. It could also mean any of the following:

- In computing:
    - **temporary variable**
    - **temporary file**
    - **temporary folder** (often named **`:/tmp`** or **`:/var/tmp`** on Unix-like systems)
    - **temporary filesystem**
Ukiyo-e

****, "pictures of the floating world", is a genre of Japanese woodblock prints. They were produced between the 17th and the 20th centuries and showed landscapes, tales from history, the theatre, and brothels. It is the main artistic genre of woodblock printing in Japan.

Ukiyo-e were cheap because they could be mass-produced. They were meant for mainly townsmen, who were generally not rich enough to pay an original painting. The original subject of ukiyo-e was city life, in particular activities and scenes from the entertainment district.  Beautiful courtesans, big Sumo wrestlers and popular actors would be portrayed while doing interesting activities. Later on landscapes also became popular. To this day, Ukiyo-e is still very popular across the world.

A novelist of the time period, Asai Ryōi, in his , gives an insight into the idea of the floating world:

- "Living only for the moment, turning our full attention to the pleasures of the moon, the snow, the cherry blossoms and the maple leaves; singing songs, drinking wine, diverting ourselves in just floating, floating; ... refusing to be disheartened, like a gourd floating along with the river current: this is what we call the floating world".

## Other websites

- A Guide to the Ukiyo-e Sites of the Internet
- Kuniyoshi Project
- Gallery with a lot of info
- Overviews of the Printmaking Process detailed description of the stages of printmaking with many illustrations
Hiroshige

, also called **Hiroshige**, was a Japanese artist. He was a master of the ukiyo-e style of woodblock prints and painting.

## List of print series

- _Famous Places in the Eastern Capital_ (_Tōto Meisho jukkei_), 1831
- _36 Views of Mount Fuji_ (_Fuji Sanjū-Rokkei_), 1832
- _53 Stations of the Tōkaidō_ (_Tōkaidō Gojūsantsugi_), 1832-1834
- _Famous Scenes of Our Country_ (_Honcho meisho_), 1832-1837
- _Famous Scenes of Kyoto_ (_Kyōto meisho_), 1834-1835
- _Famous Scenes of Osaka_ (_Ōsaka meisho_), 1834-1835
- _Eight Views of Omi_ (_Ōmi hakkei_), 1834-1835
- _69 Stations of the Kisokaidō_ (_Kisokaidō Rokujūkyūtsugi no uchi_), 1835-1842
- _53 Stations of the Tōkaidō_, _Kyōka_ version (_Kyōka Tōkaidō_), 1839-1840
- _53 Stations of the Tōkaidō_, _Gyōsho_ version (_Gyōsho Tōkaidō_), 1841-1842
- _53 Stations of the Tōkaidō_, _Reisho_ version (_Reisho Tōkaidō_), 1848-1852
- _53 Stations of the Tōkaidō_, _Jinbutsu_ version (_Jinbutsu Tōkaidō_, 1848-1852).
- _Famous Scenes of Edo_ (_Edo meisho_, 1853).
- _Famous Scenes of the 60 Provincess_ (_Rokujū yoshū meisho zue_), 1853-1858
- _Famous Scenes of the 53 estaciones_ (_Gojūsantsugi meisho zue_, 1855).
- _100 Famous Views of Edo_ (_Meisho Edo hyakkei_), 1856-1858
- _36 Views of Mount Fuji_ (_Fuji Sanjū-Rokkei)_, 1858-1859

## Gallery

Ukiyo-e from _Kachō-ga : Pictures of Flowers and Birds_:

Some Ukiyo-e from _53 Statuibs if the Tōkaidō_

Some Ukiyo-e from _One Hundred Famous Views of Edo_

## Other websites

- images and descriptions of works by Hiroshige and his contemporaries
- Hiroshige
- Ando Hiroshige – Free source of information and pictures
- Hiroshige at WebMuseum Paris
- Christian Science Monitor article
- Profile of Hiroshige
- Brooklyn Museum: Exhibitions: One Hundred Famous Views of Edo
- Utagawa Hiroshige at Hill-Stead Museum, Farmington, Connecticut
Forecasting

**Forecasting** is studying and saying what is likely to happen in the future. It is similar to predicting, but usually forecasting is done with scientific methods. Forecasting can be done for many different things, like weather forecasting (predicting the weather) or economy forecasting.  Science cannot know the future for sure, so forecasters try to identify the most probable events, and sometimes they are wrong.
Japan Meteorological Agency

The  or **JMA**, is the  Japanese government's weather service. It has the duty of getting the information on the weather and making the weather forecasts in Japan. It also must observe and warn about earthquakes, typhoons, tsunamis and volcanic eruptions.

The central office of the agency is in Tokyo, and it has six smaller offices at other regions of Japan.

## Other websites

- Official website
Ariwara no Narihira

**Ariwara no Narihira** (, 825 - 9 July 880) was a Japanese poet and noble. He was the fifth son of Prince Abo, a son of Emperor Heizei. His mother Princess Ito was a daughter of Emperor Kammu, so he was family to Emperor Kammu by both his mother and father. Along with his other brothers, he was forced to have a civilian life and did not live in the Imperial Court, getting a new clan name, Ariwara.
Yoshino, Nara

**Yoshino** (吉野町; -cho) is a town in Yoshino District, Nara Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an about 10,550 people living there and a density of 110.61 people per km². The total area was 95.65 km².

Mt. Yoshino is famous for its 500,000 sakura trees.  They are planted in three gardens at different altitude so that they bloom at different times of the spring.

## Related pages

- Emperor Go-Daigo

## Other websites

- Yoshino town Official Site (in Japanese)

## Infobox (city japan)

- **name**: Yoshino
- **japanesename**: 吉野町
- **settlement type**: Town
- **image flag**: Flag of Yoshino Nara.svg
- **image map**: Yoshino in Nara Prefecture Ja.svg
- **region**: Kansai region, Kansai
- **prefecture**: Nara Prefecture
- **district**: Yoshino District, Nara, Yoshino
- **area km2**: 95.96
- **population**: 9397
- **population as of**: September 1, 2007
- **density km2**: 97.93
- **city hall address**: 80-1 Ōaza Kamiichi, Yoshino-machi, Yoshino-gun, Nara-ken
- **city hall postal code**: 639-3192
Daigo, Ibaraki

**Daigo** (大子町; -machi) is a town that is in the Kuji District, Ibaraki, Japan.

In 2003, about 22,813 people lived there, 70.03 people per km². The total area is .

## Other websites

- Official website
Ueno Park

is a big public park in the Ueno section of Taito-ku, Tokyo, Japan. It is in the site of an old Kan'eiji, a temple very related with the Tokugawa shoguns, who had built the temple to guard Edo Castle against the northeast. The temple was destroyed during the Boshin War.

Ueno Park was created through an imperial land grant to the city of Tokyo by Emperor Taishō in 1924. The official name of the park is , which can be translated as "Ueno Imperial Gift Park".

A famous statue of Saigō Takamori walking his dog is in this park.
Macon, Georgia

**Macon** is a city in central Georgia, USA. It is among the largest metropolitan areas in Georgia, and the county seat of Bibb County. It is near the center of Georgia, about 75 miles (129 km) south of Atlanta, that's why the city's called the _Heart of Georgia_. As of the 2020 census, Macon had a population of 157,346. Macon is the fourth-largest city by population of the state.

## Other websites

- Official City Government Website
- Greater Macon Chamber of Commerce
- Macon-Bibb County Convention and Visitors Bureau
- Macon  (the New Georgia Encyclopedia)
The Tale of Genji

is a classic work of Japanese literature.

It is believed to have been written by the Japanese noblewoman Murasaki Shikibu at the beginning of the 11th century, around the highest point of the Heian Period. The form of the language used at that time is called Late Old Japanese. _The Tale of Genji_ is sometimes called the world's first novel, the first modern novel, or the first novel to still be considered a classic, but many readers do not agree on this.

Japanese cultural scholar Motoori Norinaga first used the term Mono no aware in his review of the book.  This term in now important in understanding Japanese literature.

The first translation of part of _Genji Monogatari_ into English was by Suematsu Kencho. It was notably translated by Japanese nun Jakucho Setouchi in 1998. Arthur Waley made a free translation of the work, except for one chapter.  Edward Seidensticker made the first complete translation into English, using a more literal way than Waley.  The most recent English translation, by Royall Tyler (2002), also tries to respect the original text.

## Other websites

- _The Tale of Genji_ 1976 Seidensticker translation
- _Tale of the Genji_ woodcuts
- _Murasaki Shikibu: Genji monogatari_ (1987) An animated film based on _The Tale of Genji_.
- The Picture Scroll of _The Tale of Genji_ Some scans of the _Genji Monogatari Emaki_ (_Tale of Genji Scroll_).
- _The Tale of Genji_ - _La novela de Genji_ Site dedicated to _The Tale of Genji_ .
- _The Tale of Genji_ A photographic guide to _The Tale of Genji_.
- _The Tale of Genji_: Genealogical chart
Tokugawa Yoshimune

was a Japanese shogun of the Edo period.  His ruled started in 1716 and ended in 1745.

## Early life

Yoshimune was the son of Tokugawa Mitsusada, the grandson of Tokugawa Yorinobu, and the great-grandson of Tokugawa Ieyasu.

## Shogun

Yoshimune was the eighth shogun of the Tokugawa shogunate.

Yoshimune's government worked to control the price of rice.  This earned him the nickname "Rice Shogun" or "Shogun of Rice" (_kome-shōgun_).
Toyotomi Hideyoshi

(February 2, 1536 or March 26, 1537–September 18, 1598) was a military leader of Japan. He was born in Owari (which is now called Nagoya city, Aichi prefecture). He grew up to become a daimyo. Hideyoshi came to power after his master, Oda Nobunaga. When Nobunaga was killed by Akechi Mitsuhide, Hideyoshi defeated Akechi soon later, and unified Japan. He built the Osaka Castle in Osaka. He became a regent for the Emperor. The time of Hideyoshi's rule is usually called the Momoyama period.

Toyotomi Hideyoshi made many changes in laws and culture. For example, he made a law that only samurai could carry weapons.

## Other websites

- SengokuDaimyo.com The website of Samurai Author and Historian Anthony J. Bryant
Motojirō Kajii

was a Japanese author of the Shōwa period. He wrote several famous poetic short stories such as _"The Lemon", "Winter Days",_ and _"Under the Cherry Trees"_.

He died at a young age and wrote few works, but his stories have become influential in Japanese culture. For example, many high school students imitate the protagonist of his short story _"Lemon"_, leaving a lemon in a department store. And his first line  is usually said by Japanese people about the cherry-blossoms-watching custom of hanami.

## Other websites

- A complete list of stories by Kajii (with literal English and Romaji titles)  at Griffe - World's Literature
- "An Inner Landscape" (tr. Tony Gonzalez)
- "Caress"  (tr. Ursula Owen)
- "The Feeling on the Bluff" text  and annotated Word format  (tr. Ursula Owen)
- "Lemon"  plus a comment  (tr. Candace Seu)
Staff

**Staff** may mean:
- Staff (stick), a stick or pole to help with walking, or to use as a weapon.
- Employees, a group of people who work for a firm or other organization.
- Staff (music) (or stave),  five horizontal lines used for writing musical notes.
- Staff of office, a stick or pole used for ceremony by someone important.
- Staff (building material), artificial stone product for ornamental uses.
- Staff (military), the people of military command and planning.
- Jacob's staff, a tool used in surveying.
- Quarterstaff, a long pole used as a Medieval weapon.
- Bō, a long stick used as a weapon, usually in Japanese martial arts.
- Leopold Staff (1878–1957), a Polish poet.
- Gun (staff), a weapon in Chinese martial arts.
- staff is a safeworking apparatus used on single track railways.

NB
The plural of “staff” is **staves**.  The word  **stave** can also be used as a singular noun to mean:
- a single staff (music).
- a curved wooden member which is used with others to form the side of a barrel.
Dumpling

**Dumplings** may be any of a wide variety of dishes, both sweet and salty, in several different cuisines. They are either made from balls of dough or are small bits of food put into pastry, dough, batter, or leaves. In southern Africa, they are mostly cooked in a pot covered by an airtight,strong plastic so that it gets to boil and observe the steam then the dough's size increases while boiling. In Asia, they are often cooked in a bamboo basket over a steam pot. They can be cooked in different methods, either by boiling or steaming.

## Infobox (food)

- **name**: Dumplings
- **image**: Korean Chinese dumplings 4.jpg
- **image size**: 250px
- **caption**: Chinese dumplings
- **country**: Asia
- **main ingredient**: Flour, potatoes or bread
Sui dynasty

The **Sui Dynasty** (, ) was an imperial dynasty of China between the years 581 and 618. It followed the "Jin period" and was followed by the Tang Dynasty. It ended nearly four centuries of division between rival regimes.

The Sui Dynasty was founded by Emperor Wen, or _Yang Jian_. Its capital was Chang'an (present-day Xi'an). The dynasty is important because it reunited Southern and Northern China and the Grand Canal was built in that time.

## Related pages

- History of China

## Other websites

- Sui Dynasty at mnsu.edu

## Infobox (country)

- **conventional long name**: Sui
- **common name**: Sui dynasty
- **era**: Post-classical era
- **status**: Empire
- **government type**: Monarchy
- **year start**: 581
- **year end**: 618
- **date start**: 4 March
- **date end**: 23 May
- **p1**: Chen dynasty
- **s1**: Tang dynasty
- **event start**: Ascension of Emperor Wen of Sui, Yang Jian
- **event end**: Abolished by Emperor Gaozu of Tang, Li Yuan
- **image map**: Cheui_Dynasty_581_CE.png
- **image map caption**: Sui dynasty
- **capital**: Chang'an, Daxing (581–605), Luoyang (605–618)
- **common languages**: Middle Chinese
- **religion**: Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism, Chinese folk religion, Zoroastrianism
- **leader1**: Emperor Wen of Sui, Emperor Wen
- **leader2**: Emperor Yang of Sui, Emperor Yang
- **leader3**: Yang You, Emperor Gong
- **year leader1**: 581–604
- **year leader2**: 604–617
- **year leader3**: 617–618
- **title leader**: List of emperors of China
- **stat year1**: 589
- **stat area1**: 3000000
Bento

is a meal that is common in Japanese cuisine, made to take away to be eaten somewhere else. A traditional bento consists of rice, fish or meat, and one or more pickled or cooked vegetables as a side dish. Various kinds of containers are used, from disposable mass produced to handcrafted lacquerware. They usually have compartments for different kinds of food. While bento meals can be bought at many stores and  in all of Japan, it is still considered a very important skill for a Japanese housewife to be able to prepare a good boxed lunch.

Bento can be very elaborate, aesthetically pleasing cuisine arrangements. Often the food is arranged in such a way as to resemble other objects: dolls, flowers, leaves, and so forth. For some special occasions like hanami, more elaborate and bigger bentos are prepared. People often take bento for a picnic.

Bento are often sold in train stations. These are called ekiben (駅弁). Those sold in airports are called Soraben (空弁). Kyaraben (キャラ弁), is a shortened form of the two words _character_ and _bento_ and is becoming more popular.

## Ingredients

Here are some foods that are often contained in a bento:
- Tamagoyaki (Japanese style omelette)
- Karaage (deep-fried chicken)
- Onigiri (rice ball)
- Takosan Viennese (sausage like octopus)
- Shogayaki (pork grilled ginger and soy sauce)
- Sandwich
- Fruit

## Other websites

- Bento*弁当 An artistic Bento blog site (Japanese & English).
- Bento Corner An English language blog about creating bentos, especially bentos for children.
- O-Bento Net
- Bento Business  A UK bento site with a gallery of bento shops and accessories in Japan, plus illustrated bento recipes.
- Cooking Cute: a bento site
- Science Channel's _The Making_ Series: #33 Making of Convenience Store Bento (video in Japanese)
- My Lunch Can Beat Up Your Lunch! FAQ An American site on making Bento.
- Instructions How-To Traditional Asian recipe cooking step by step..
- ekiben*駅弁 An explanation of ekiben.
- club of kyaraben*キャラ弁  A Japanese kyaraben site.
Clown

A **clown** is a kind of entertainer, or performance artist, who performs physical comedy and stunts to amuse others. They usually wear grease paint makeup that hides their real face, a large wig with brightly-colored hair, and baggy, padded clothing.

Many clowns belong to a circus, while others freelance or have a talent agent who helps them find work. Some clowns study at a **clown college** or **clown school**, where they learn acrobatics, juggling and other physical skills, and ways to interact with an audience. Others learn from experienced clowns, or through study and practice.

## Clowns in popular culture

Clowns are sometimes mentioned in other forms of entertainment. _Pagliacci_ is an opera by Ruggero Leoncavallo, about clowns. This theme was borrowed by Smokey Robinson, when he wrote "The Tears of a Clown" working with Stevie Wonder. Red Skelton was a popular entertainer, who performed clown routines on television.

Ronald McDonald is a clown character who is the mascot of McDonald's restaurants. (Jeff Giuliano, who performed Ronald for many years on television, later became a vegetarian.)

In many different media, clowns are often villains due to the possibility of them being creepy. Examples are Pennywise from Stephen King's It and the Joker from the Batman universe.
Dango

**** is a Japanese dumpling made from _mochiko_ (rice flour). It is sticky and filling.  It is often served with green tea.

_Dango_ are eaten throughout the year, but the different types are traditionally eaten in certain seasons. Three to four _dango_ are often served on a skewer. One variety of _dango_ from Hokkaidō is made from potato flour and baked with _shoyu_ (soy sauce).

A common Japanese proverb  is related to the custom of cherry blossom viewing (_hanami_).

## Types of dango

There are many different varieties of _dango_ which are usually named after the various seasonings served on or with it.
- _Botchan dango_: Dango that is three colors.  One is colored by red beans, the second by eggs, and the third by green tea.  Botchan dango are often seen in Japanese anime, and are a common dish during hanami.
- _Chichi dango_: Slightly-sweet, usually eaten as a dessert.
- _Goma_: sesame seeds. It is both sweet and salty.
- _Kinako_: A toasted soy flour.
- _Kushi dango_: Dangos held by a skewer
- _Mitarashi_: A syrup made from _shoyu_ (soy sauce), sugar and starch.  Popular with children and women.
- _Nori_: dried and seasoned seaweed
- _Kibidango_: made from millet, and are actually dumplings.
Music stand

A **music stand** is something musicians can use to put sheet music on when they are performing.

There are several different sorts of music stand, but almost all of them can be adjusted in height so that they can be used by tall or short players, and by players whether they are sitting down or standing up.

The most popular type of music stand is the metal one that can be folded up so that it is easy to carry about.  Some music stands are made of wood.  These are sometimes very  and therefore quite expensive.

Orchestras usually give their players very heavy metal music stands.  This is because the light, fold-up ones are easily knocked over.  It is also very difficult to write on music on a fold-up metal stand because there is nothing to press against (in rehearsals musicians often have to write fingering, bowing and other markings in the music).

There are also very small music stands that do not have legs and are designed to be put on a table.  These can be used for any kind of instrument that can be played sitting at a table.

There are also small ones that can be attached to the instrument itself.  These are used in marching bands. Thomas Jefferson, former president of the United States, invented a revolving music stand which he never patented because he wanted people to be able to use his invention for free.

There are also digital music stands.  When the violinist Tasmin Little played the Ligeti _Violin Concerto_ at a Prom in 2003 she used a special, computerized music stand that had been made for her.  There were no gaps in the music where she could have turned the pages of an ordinary music score.  Instead, the music was on a computer screen, and she moved to the next page by pressing a pedal with her foot.  There was also another pedal for turning back a page which was important to have when practising and for rehearsal.
Cumulative voting

**Cumulative voting** is a system for doing an election. There are a certain number of choices. Each voter has a certain number of points he or she can spread over the choices. That way it is possible to choose more than one option, and to weigh the choices. Usually, this applies when there is more than one position being elected at the same time.  For example, it can be used to elect more than one member of a governing board.  In cumulative voting, if five positions are to be elected, a voter could cast one vote for each of five different candidates, or the voter could give all five of his votes to one candidate, or two votes to one candidate and three votes to a different candidate.  **Bullet voting** is giving all of the votes to one candidate.

Cumulative voting is used to elect representatives in many companies. It is also used to elect some governments. Switzerland and Germany use it for some elections.

It will lead to a proportional representation.