juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Archetype

In psychology, an **archetype** is a model of a person, personality, or behavior.

In the analysis of personality, the term _archetype_ is often broadly used to refer to
1. a stereotype—personality type observed multiple times, especially an oversimplification of such a type; or
1. an epitome—personality type exemplified, especially the "greatest" such example.

But in a strict linguistic sense, an archetype is merely a defining _example_ of a personality type. In this sense "mother figure" can be considered an archetype and instances can be found in various female characters with distinct personalities.

Archetypes have been present in mythology and literature for hundreds of years. The use of archetypes to analyze personality was advanced by Carl Jung early in the 20th century. The value in using archetypal characters in fiction derives from the fact that a large group of people are able to unconsciously recognize the archetype, and thus the motivations, behind the character's behavior.

## Etymology

The word _archetype_ appeared in European texts as early as 1545. It derives from the Latin noun _archetypum_ via the Greek noun _arkhetypon_ and adjective _arkhetypos_, meaning "first-moulded". The Greek roots are _arkhe-_ ("first" or "original") + _typos_ ("model", "type", "blow", "mark of a blow").

## References

- Jung, C. G., (1934–1954). _The Archetypes and The Collective Unconscious_. (1981 2nd ed. Collected Works Vol.9 Part 1), Princeton, N.J.: Bollingen.
- Arrien, Angeles (1992). _Signs Of Life:  The Five Universal Shapes And How To Use Them_.  Sonoma, CA, USA:  Arcus Publishing Company.

## Other websites

- Einführung in die Archetypen des Unbewussten nach C.G. Jung
Prototype

A **prototype** is an original type, form, or instance of something. (usually in engineering) It serves as a typical example or standard for things of the same category. Some prototypes are used to find defects or to test an idea. Building a prototype of each idea and testing them is a good way to choose a final design.

## Different kinds

Prototypes are built for different reasons:
- **Proof of principle prototype** (or model): Shows that something can be done.  These kinds of prototypes are built to test a part of the design. These prototypes do not look like the finished product, in most cases. Such prototypes are used to show that certain design choices will work or will not work.
- **Form-study prototype** (model): This tries to show what the finished design will look like, but without the function. Such prototypes allow to take decisions about the exact shape, size, or ergonomic properties.  This lets a designer see if things fit together, and will feel right.
- **Visual prototype**: These will look like the actual product, and are used for market research. They do not have any of the functionality of the final product. An example is a _concept_ car at a car show.  It may look like a new car but may not even have an engine.
- **User experience prototype** represents enough of the appearance and function of the product  that it can be used for user research.
- **Functional prototype**: These will behave and act like the final product as much as possible. For cost reasons, they may be smaller in size, or they may not have the final look of the product.
- **Paper prototype** is a printed or hand-drawn representation of the user interface of a software product. Such prototypes are commonly used for early testing of a software design, and can be part of a  software walkthrough to confirm design decisions before more costly levels of design effort are expended.

## Manufacturing Process

Prototyping typically begins with a digital 3D model, which is transformed into a physical prototype using processes like 3D printing, CNC machining, or vacuum casting. The chosen method depends on the material, complexity, and intended use of the prototype. After manufacturing, prototypes undergo testing and evaluation for functionality, fit, and design accuracy. This iterative process allows for fast modifications, enabling efficient refinement and validation before committing to large-scale production.
Archetype (disambiguation)

**Archetype** can mean:
- An original model or prototype of which all other similar persons, objects, or concepts are developed.
- Archetype, traditionally defined in the field of psychology as the idealized model of a person or personality
- Stock character, standard character types seen in fiction and literature
- Archetype, a formal re-usable model of a domain concept
- _Archetype_, an album by Fear Factory
- Becoming the Archetype, is an Christian metalcore band
Microdon

Flies in the genus ***Microdon*** are a type of hoverfly. _Microdon_ and its subfamily are different from most other flies because they are myrmecophiles. This means they live in ant colonies (nests). There are more than 350 species of _Microdon_ in the world. Some of these will be split off in time because _Microdon_ has been used as a catch-all for various unrelated species. Most _Microdon_ live in the tropics; 30 species live in North America.

## What they look like

_Microdon_ adults are very hairy and look like bees. They are 8 to 15 mm long. The antennae are almost as long as the fly's face. These flies have black or pale (white or golden) hairs, and their bodies are either black or metallic green or blue.

The larvae of _Microdon_ flies look strange. They are very round and look like stout little slugs. At first scientists thought they were mollusks and scale insects. They move slowly.

## What they do

Adult _Microdon_ flies do not hover around flowers such as many other hoverflies; instead they remain close to the ant colonies where they grew up.

Larvae may be found very deep in ant nests. Some _Microdon_ larvae eat ant larvae (Duffield 1981); others are scavengers, which means they eat dead plants or insects in the ant colony. Most _Microdon_ larvae can only live in the colony of one kind of ant.
Pattern

A **pattern** is an idea, a concept or a model. The model is usually abstract, and can then be applied to the domain where it is used. Pattern matching is checking if a certain pattern is present. Many patterns can directly be recognised by the senses.

Some patterns are based on the fact that there are repetitions, that a certain thing occurs over and over again. An example of a simple pattern might be the tiling of a floor. For example, lots of bathrooms have a paisley or floral tiling pattern on the floor. In computer science, design patterns are model solutions for problems that occur often. Sometimes people see patterns when there are none. This is called pareidolia.

## Mathematical patterns

In Mathematics, there are many different patterns. For example, the Fibonacci sequence is a complex type of pattern. There are some simple ones like:

<big>1, 2, 4, 8, 16, ...</big>

In this pattern, the next number is the product of the previous number multiplied by 2. Basically a mathematical pattern is a sequence of numbers which follows one rule.
Bean

**Bean** is the name used for the seeds of plants. Most of these plants are known as legumes. Their scientific name is Fabaceae. Common beans, lentils, soybeans, peas are some types of beans.  Beans contain a lot of fibre. They are also high in protein. Vetches and lupins are all in that group of plants but not all legumes are edible. Laburnums for example are very poisonous as are some lupins.

The seeds of other plants (which are not Fabaceae), are sometimes also called beans. This is mostly because they look like true beans. Example for such beans are Coffee beans, Cocoa beans, and Vanilla beans.
Luxembourg franc

The **Luxembourg Franc** was the type of currency used in Luxembourg from 1848 to 1999. From 1944 to 2002 it had the same value as the Belgian franc, and people were able to use both currencies in both countries. The symbol for the Luxembourg Franc is fr. or F. On January 1, 1999, the Luxembourg Franc was replaced by the Euro (€). 1 Euro is equal to about 40 Luxembourg Francs.

## Coins

There were different types of Luxembourg Francs, like 25 cent, 1, 20, and 50 Francs.

## Related pages

- Belgian franc
Belgian franc

The **Belgian franc** was a type of money. It is nearly the same as its partner, the Luxembourg franc. The Belgian franc was founded in 1848 in Belgium. The symbol for the Belgian franc is fr. or F. It was replaced by the euro (€) on January 1, 1999. One euro has the same value as about forty Belgian francs.

## Coins

The different types of coins used were 1, 5, 20, and 50 francs. 50 cents was another type of coin, but is not common.

## Banknotes

The different types of banknotes used were 100, 200, 500, 1000, 2000 and 10000 francs.

## Related pages

- Luxembourg franc
Paradise Island

**Paradise Island** is an island in the Bahamas. The island is just north of the island of New Providence, Bahamas. There are two bridges connecting the two islands. One was built in 1999 and the other one was built in the late 1990s.

## Description

Paradise Island (and all of the Bahamas) is known for its sandy white beaches and all year round warm climate. The island is also is known for Atlantis, a hotel and casino.

## Movies

Paradise Island is a hot spot for filming movies. The Beatles film _Help!_ and James Bond movie _Casino Royale_ are only some of the movies filmed on Paradise Island.

## Related pages

- Caribbean

## Other websites

- Paradise Island official website
- Atlantis official webstite
- Bahamas tourist site
Eddie Izzard

**Edward Jonathan "Eddie" Izzard** (born 7 February 1962) is an English actor and stand-up comedian. He has acted in movies and television. He is known for his strange comedy and for being a transvestite (he often wore women's clothes).

## Personal life

Izzard has described herself as "a lesbian trapped in a man's body".

## Other websites

- Izzard's website

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Eddie Izzard
- **image**: Eddie Izzard comes to Crouch End.jpg
- **image size**: 200px
- **caption**: Izzard in 2015
- **birth name**: Edward John Izzard
- **birth place**: Aden, Yemen
- **nationality**: British
- **citizenship**: British
- **yearsactive**: 1982–present
- **homepage**: http://www.eddieizzard.com/
Emulator

An **emulator** is a computer program or software that makes one kind of computer behave like a different one, so that it can use the same programs or do the same things as the other one. They are best for using old software and games on newer computers. They can be hardware that you add to the computer, or software that you use on it. Some types of emulators require newer computers that have the right system requirements. For example, you need a processor that is fast enough to meet the demands of the emulator. Memory (both RAM and hard drive space) may be another factor to help it run smoothly and more accurately. With the more advanced emulators, if your computer is too old, the emulator or even the operating system may crash.

## Types of emulators

The simplest type of emulator is called an interpreter, and it runs the foreign program one step at a time. This is the slowest type of emulator but it is easy to debug and port to new platforms. Another type is called the dynamic recompiler, and it takes foreign code a block at a time and recompiles (converts) it into native code. Foreign code that has already been converted is kept, so if the foreign program uses that code again, the emulator does not have to recompile it again. This type of emulator is much faster than the interpreter. Another type is the hypervisor, which only makes slight modifications to the foreign code, and runs it directly on the host processor. The hypervisor requires that the guest (foreign) and host systems use the same type of CPU.
ReactOS

**ReactOS** is a project to develop an operating system that is compatible with software for Microsoft Windows Server 2003 and its successors. In 2018, the project is still in its first stage of development. ReactOS is not based on Linux or Unix. ReactOS uses some code from the Wine project.

## Other websites

- ReactOS official website
- ReactOS Google+ page
- ReactOS SourceForge page
- ReactOS VKontakte page

## Infobox (os)

- **name**: ReactOS
- **screenshot**: ReactOS 0.4.7.png
- **caption**: This is how ReactOS looks like.
- **developer**: ReactOS Foundation
- **family**: Microsoft Windows-like
- **source model**: Open source
MenuetOS

**MenuetOS** (also known as **MeOS**) is an operating system for architecture computers for x86 and x86-64 processors, by Ville Mikael Turjanmaa.  It is a very small system, which can be run from a floppy disk.  It is written in only assembly code, and works fast because of these differences and because it has less "code overhead".
It is available in English, Russian, Czech, Serbian, and Chinese.
SkyOS

**SkyOS** is a discontinued prototype operating system. SkyOS is mostly POSIX-compliant. It comes with the core of the open source GNU tools, including GCC.

Many Linux or other UNIX programs, like AbiWord and Gaim, run on SkyOS thanks to its POSIX compliance and GTK+ support. Some games, like _Quake_, have also been ported.

Development started in 1996. Its first version was released in December 1997.

Up until version 4.x the OS was free. After 2003, SkyOS's beta version cost $30.

It was made by Robert Szeleney.

## Other websites

- SkyOs official website

## Infobox (os)

- **name**: SkyOS
- **developer**: Robert Szeleney
- **source model**: Closed source
- **marketing target**: Desktop users
- **language**: Multilingual
- **kernel type**: Monolithic kernel, Monolithic
- **license**: Proprietary software, Proprietary
- **working state**: Software release life cycle#Halted, Halted
- **supported platforms**: IA-32
Jodie Foster

**Jodie Foster** (born **Alicia Christian Foster**; November 19, 1962) is an American actress, director and producer. She has starred in many movies like _Bugsy Malone_, _Taxi Driver_, _The Silence of the Lambs_ and _Panic Room_. She has won many awards including two Oscars.

Foster began directing movies in 1991. These include _Little Man Tate_; _Home for the Holidays_  and _The Beaver_.

Foster is openly lesbian and is married to photographer Alexandra Hedison. Hedison is the daughter of actor David Hedison.

## Movie work

- 1976: _Taxi Driver_ as Iris Steensma
- 1976: _Bugsy Malone_ as Tallulah
- 1988: _The Accused_ as Sarah Tobias
- 1991: _The Silence of the Lambs_ as Clarice Starling
- 1994: _Nell_ as Nell Kellty
- 1997: _Contact_ as Dr. Eleanor "Ellie" Arroway
- 2002: _Panic Room_ as Meg Altman
- 2021: _The Mauritanian_ as Nancy Hollander

## Infobox (comedian awards)

- **child**: yes
- **academyawards**: **Academy Award for Best Actress, Best Actress**
1988 _The Accused (1988 film), The Accused_
1991 _The Silence of the Lambs (film), The Silence of the Lambs_
- **baftaawards**: **BAFTA Film Award for Newcomer to Leading Film Roles, Most Promising Newcomer to Leading Film Roles**
1976 _Bugsy Malone_ ; _Taxi Driver_
 **BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role, Best Actress in a Supporting Role**
1976 _Bugsy Malone_ ; _Taxi Driver_
 **BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role, Best Actress in a Leading Role**
1991 _The Silence of the Lambs (film), The Silence of the Lambs_
- **goldenglobeawards**: **Golden Globe Award for Best Actress - Motion Picture Drama, Best Actress - Drama**
1988 _The Accused (1988 film), The Accused_
1991 _The Silence of the Lambs (film), The Silence of the Lambs_
2021 _The Mauritanian_
 **Cecil B. DeMille Award**
2013
- **sagawards**: **Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role, Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role**
1994 _Nell (film), Nell_


## Infobox (person)

- **image**: Jodie Foster-8667.jpg
- **caption**: Jodie Foster in 2025
- **birthname**: Alicia Christian Foster
- **birth place**: Los Angeles, California, USA
- **education**: Bachelor's degree (_Latin honors, magna cum laude_)
- **alma mater**: Yale University
- **years active**: 1968–present
- **parents**: Ella "Brandy" (née Almond)
 Lucius Fisher Foster III
- **spouse**: Alexandra Hedison
(m. 2014–present)
- **children**: Charles Foster
Christopher Foster
Context

The word **Context** have a couple of meanings:

- Context (language): the text in which a word or passage appears and which affects its meaning; also the words and social setting which surrounds a spoken word or passage.

- ConTeXt, a macro package for the TeX typesetting system
- ConTEXT, a Windows text editor
- Context (computing), the virtual environment required to suspend a running software program
- Archaeological context, an event in time which has been preserved in the archaeological record
- the Context Science Fiction Convention , held every fall in Columbus, Ohio

**Context** may also be used for:

- Context analysis, analysis of the environment in which a business operates
- Context awareness, ability for computers to adjust to the natural environment
- Context menu, usability improvement based on context awareness
- Context mixing, a type of data compression algorithm
- Context principle, philosophy of language
- Context Sensitive Solutions, transportation
- Context theory, theory of how environmental design and planning of new development should relate to its context
- Contextualization, a translation approach that is not literal; predominately used in regards to Bible translations
- Trama (**context** or **flesh**), the mass of non-hymenial tissues that composes the mass of a fungal fruiting body
- Low context culture
- High context culture

## Related pages

- Locality (disambiguation)
- State (disambiguation)
- Natural environment
- Causality
- Context free
- Context-sensitive
- Opaque context
Orthodoxy

**Orthodoxy** means right belief or purity of faith. Orthodoxy is established by an absolute authority.

The term "orthodoxy" or "orthodox" is typically used to label or identify a specific kind of theology and doctrine of religion.

Orthodoxy or "correct" belief is not subjective.

## Related pages

- Orthodox Judaism
- Eastern Orthodoxy
- Oriental Orthodoxy

## Other websites

- History of Orthodox Christianity
- Orthodox Christian Information Center
Corn Pops

**Corn Pops** is a breakfast cereal made by Kellogg's. It was originally called Sugar Pops in 1951, and then changed Sugar Corn Pops, and then to "Corn Pops" and in January of 2006 the name of the cereal was changed to Pops, only to be changed back to Corn Pops several months later. In the middle of 2007, Corn Pops made a new kind of cereal called "Peanut Butter Pops".

## Canadian variant

- Canadian Corn Pops are round, while the American Corn Pops are flat and longer.
- Canadian and American Corn Pops taste very different; it has been suggested that the American type is sweeter. They also have a different texture. Canadian Corn Pops are closer to Kix cereal.
- Canadian and American Corn Pops contain no trans-fat.

## Taglines

- Sugar Corn Pops Are Tops! (pre-1980s)
- Gotta get... POPS! (1981 - 1988)
- Gotta have my pops. (1988 - 2000)
- It's hard to stop when it's pops. (1995 - 1999)

## Other websites

- Kellogg's
Końskowola

**Końskowola**   is a village in Southeastern Poland. It is the capital of a separate commune within Puławy County and the Lublin Voivodeship. It has 2,188 inhabitants (as of 2004). L

## History

The town was established on June 8, 1532. Końskowola served as a center of the foodstuffs trade for the surrounding area. Several textile production factories were also located there.
During World War II, on September 15, 1939, Końskowola was taken by German troops and occupied. During the course of WWII, the Germans set up a POW camp and camps for slave labor in the town. The POW camp was soon stopped, but a labor camp continued in operation through 1943.

A ghetto was established in the town, to which many groups of Jews were relocated, including Jews from Slovakia. On May 8, 1942, the Nazis conducted an _Aktion_ in which many Jews were rounded up and transported to a death camp. In October 1942, the ghetto's population was killed in a massacre carried out by German troops. Some 800-1000 Jews, among them women and children, were taken to a nearby forest and killed. The ghetto's remaining inhabitants were moved to another camp.

With the approach of Soviet Union forces in the summer of 1944, the Germans had plans to burn the town. On July 25, 1944, the German occupation forces were attacked by fighters of the Polish resistance. The town was soon freed from the Germans.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Końskowola
- **settlement type**: Village
- **total type**:  
- **image skyline**: Konskowola-Aerial-View.jpg
- **image caption**: Aerial view of the town centre
- **image shield**: POL gmina Końskowola COA.svg
- **subdivision type**: Countries of the world, Country
- **subdivision type1**: Voivodeships of Poland, Voivodeship
- **subdivision name1**: Lublin Voivodeship, Lublin
- **subdivision type2**: Powiat, County
- **subdivision name2**: Puławy County, Puławy
- **subdivision type3**: Gmina
- **subdivision name3**: Gmina Końskowola, Końskowola
- **pushpin map**: Poland
- **pushpin label position**: bottom
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Ewa Gruza
- **established title**: Established
- **established date**: 14th century
- **established title3**: City rights
- **established date3**: 1532-1870
- **area total km2**: 9.81
- **population as of**: 2004
- **population total**: 2188
- **population density km2**: 223
- **timezone**: Central European Time, CET
- **utc offset**: +1
- **timezone dst**: Central European Summer Time, CEST
- **utc offset dst**: +2
- **postal code type**: Postal code
- **postal code**: 24-130
- **area code**: +48 81
- **blank name**: Polish car number plates, Car Plates
- **blank info**: LPU
- **website**: [http://www.konskowola.info.pl Official webpage]
Bellinzona

**Bellinzona** ([] in French _Bellinzone_ [] and _Bilitio_ [] in Latin) is the capital of the Swiss Canton of Ticino. Its German name _Bellenz_ [] is no longer in use. With about 17.300 people living there, it is the second biggest city of the canton (after Lugano, with about 52.000 people).

On 2 April 2017 the former municipalities of Camorino, Claro, Giubiasco, Gnosca, Gorduno, Gudo, Moleno, Monte Carasso, Pianezzo, Preonzo, Sant'Antonio and Sementina merged into the municipality of Bellinzona.

## Other websites

- Bellinzona official website
- Rabadan carnival
- UNESCO

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Bellinzona
- **municipality name**: Bellinzona
- **municipality type**: city
- **imagepath coa**: Bellinzone-coat of arms.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Bellinzona.png
- **languages**: Italian
- **canton**: Ticino
- **iso-code-region**: CH-TI
- **district**: Bellinzona (district), Bellinzona
- **postal code**: 6500
- **municipality code**: 5002
- **area**: 19.84
- **elevation**: 238
- **population**: 17,363
- **populationof**: December 2005
- **popofyear**: 2005
- **website**: www.bellinzona.ch
- **mayor**: Mario Branda
- **places**: Artore, Carasso, Daro, Ravecchia, Camorino, Claro, Ticino, Claro, Giubiasco, Gnosca, Gorduno, Gudo, Moleno, Monte Carasso, Pianezzo, Preonzo, Sant'Antonio and Sementina
- **neighboring municipalities**: Arbedo-Castione, Giubiasco, Gorduno, Monte Carasso, Pianezzo, Sant'Antonio
J. R. Richard

**James Rodney "J. R." Richard** (March 7, 1950 – August 4, 2021) was an American Major League Baseball starting pitcher for the Houston Astros. Richard was excellent in basketball and baseball in high school. He was drafted by the Houston Astros in the first round of the 1969 amateur draft. He made his baseball debut on September 5, 1971, and pitched a complete game and had fifteen strikeouts. After that, he was one of the top pitchers in the National League, and in all of baseball. He led the league in many pitching categories. They include strikeouts, earned run average (ERA) and hits allowed per nine innings.

On July 30, 1980, Richard suffered a stroke and collapsed while playing catch before a game. He was sent to Methodist Hospital in Houston, Texas and had emergency surgery. The surgery removed a dangerous blood clot in his neck. The next year, Richard tried to make a comeback into baseball, but the stroke had slowed down his reaction time and vision. He then spent the next few seasons in minor league baseball. He was later released by the Astros on April 27, 1984. After baseball, Richard was involved in business. He had a few bad business deals and went through two divorces. This left him homeless in 1994. He then found help in a local church, and then became a minister and baseball instructor for young people in Houston.

Richard died on August 4, 2021 at a hospital in Houston, aged 71. The cause of death was problems caused by COVID-19.

## Other websites

- Retrosheet: J. R. Richard
Conrad Lant

**Conrad "Cronos" Lant** (born 15 January 1963) is the vocalist and bass player in black metal band Venom. He was born in 1963 in London, England.

## History

Cronos started to sing in 1978 in the band _Guillotine_. Then he knew Jeffrey "Mantas" Dunn and they founded Venom.

In 1989 Cronos left the band to start a solo work. Venom could not go on without him and they stopped singing in 1993. Then Cronos returned in 1995 and rejoined the band.

## Other websites

- Official Venom Website
County Wicklow

**County Wicklow** (Irish: _Contae Chill Mhantáin_) is a county on the east coast of Ireland. It is directly south of Dublin. County Wicklow has an area of 2,024 square kilometres (781 sq mi). Wicklow is known as "The Garden of Ireland" because of its scenery.

The county town is Wicklow. County Wicklow's largest municipality is Bray. Bray has a population of 30,951 and is not a suburb of Dublin. Other main towns include Greystones and Arklow.

## Other websites

- Wicklow County Council
- Map of Wicklow
- Wicklow News
- Pictures of County Wicklow, Irelandscape
Lusaka

**Lusaka** is the capital of Zambia. It is also the largest city in that country. It is in south central Zambia on a plateau at 1300 m (4265 ft) in altitude. Lusaka Province had the highest population size at 3,093,615.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Lusaka
- **native name**: Mwalusaka
- **settlement type**: City
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **image caption**: From top:  Lusaka city at Night, Downtown Lusaka, Lusaka National Museum, Inauguration of Edgar Lungu
- **pushpin map**: Zambia#Africa
- **pushpin relief**: 1
- **pushpin map caption**: Location of Lusaka in Zambia
- **subdivision type5**: Country
- **subdivision name5**: Zambia
- **subdivision name**: Zambian Kwacha
- **subdivision type1**: Provinces of Zambia, Province
- **subdivision name1**: Lusaka Province
- **subdivision type2**: Districts of Zambia#Lusaka Province, District
- **subdivision name2**: Lusaka District
- **leader title**: Mayor of Lusaka
- **leader name**: Miles Sampa
- **established title**: Established
- **established date**: 1905
- **established title3**: City status
- **established date3**: 25 August 1960
- **unit pref**: =
- **area total km2**: 418
- **population as of**: 2010
- **population total**: 1,747,152
- **population metro**: 2,238,569
- **timezone**: Central Africa Time, CAT
- **utc offset**: +2
- **elevation m**: 1279
- **elevation ft**: 4190
- **postal code type**: 10101
- **area code**: 0211
- **blank name**: Köppen climate classification, Climate
- **blank info**: Humid subtropical climate, Cwa
- **website**: http://www.lcc.gov.zm
Shield

A **shield** is the name used to refer to any object or force used to block something.

## History

The oldest shield known was a device used to block hand weapons and arrows. The shield has been constructed differently over time, even animal hides were used, and the size and weight were largely different as well.

### Middle Ages

In the Middle Ages, Kite shields were commonly used. The Kite shield is a shield in the form of a kite. Because of the lack of mobility due of the kite shields' weight, kite shields were given up for more mobility and two handed weapons. The Buckler was a shield with a round shape. It was commonly used as a replacement for the heavy Kite shields.

### Modern Shields

Shields were used even after gunpowder weapons. the shield is still used by police and army forces today. Many shields now in days are usually made from advanced material, as well as electronics. Shields also vary from not only hand helds, but clothing, such as vests and, in a way, boots and gloves.

## Future

The future of shields have varied from multiple ideas and fiction, usually force fields and energy shields.
Kite shield

A **kite shield** is a Middle Age shield in the shape of a kite. The kite shield was used by many knights and people for protection, but was given up for two-handed weapons and more mobility.
The efficiency of the kite shields shields shape came into action when cavalry combat occurred, useful to protect most of the body from the shoulders down to the feet, giving the knight more options in combat.
Gerbilling

**Gerbilling** is an urban legend.  This means it is a story that is not true.  It is the act of placing a gerbil into the human rectum for sexual pleasure.  Other small live animals (usually gerbils but also mice, hamsters, rats and various other rodents) are used.

Folklorist Jan Harold Brunvand writes that the urban legend began in 1984.  It involved a mouse and an unidentified gay man. In passing years this story changes into a gerbil, and was made to involve to many named male celebrities that were publicly thought to be gay. Rumors about various male celebrities engaging in gerbilling have become popular urban legends over the years.

In Poland, controversial scholar Marek Jan Chodakiewicz lectured on gerbilling at the Institute of National Remembrance's educational center, describing that his ex-girlfriend Debbie, a registered nurse, extracted a fat-smeared hamster from the rectum of a gay man in 1984. Polish media stated that the hamster story is a well known urban legend, so well known that it has a Wikipedia page.
Anomie

**Anomie** means the absence of the usual moral or ethical values, where a person or group lacks ethical standards. In the context of society or government it may be a cause of social unrest.

## Etymology

The word comes from Greek, namely the prefix  _a-_ “without”, and _nomos_ “law”. The original meaning of _anomie_ was "against or outside the law".

In contemporary English the word _anomie_ can mean not only normlessness but also anarchy. Émile Durkheim and later theorists, meant with _anomie_ a reaction against or a retreat from the regulatory social controls of society, and is a completely separate concept from anarchy which is an absence of effective rulers or leaders.

## Anomie in literature and film

In Albert Camus’s existentialist novel _The Stranger_, the protagonist Meursault struggles to construct an individual system of values as he responds to the disappearance of the old. He exists largely in a state of _anomie_, as seen from the apathy evinced in the opening lines: _“Aujourd’hui, maman est morte. Ou peut-être hier, je ne sais pas”_ (“Today Mother died. Or maybe yesterday, I don't know.”)

Dostoevsky, whose work is often considered a philosophical precursor to existentialism, often expressed a similar concern in his novels. In _The Brothers Karamazov_, the character Dimitri Karamazov asks his atheist friend Rakitin, ”...without God and immortal life? All things are lawful then, they can do what they like?” Raskolnikov, the anti-hero of Dostoevsky’s novel _Crime and Punishment_, puts this philosophy into action when he kills an elderly pawnbroker and her sister, later rationalizing this act to himself with the words, “...it wasn’t a human being I killed, it was a principle!”

On Hermann Hesse´s _Der Steppenwolf_ we can also find a very clear picture of anomie. The protagonist affirms that the men of the Dark Ages did not suffer more than those of the Classical Antiquity, and vice-versa. It is rather those who live between two times, those who do not know what to follow, that suffer the most. In this token, a man from the Dark Ages living in the Classical Antiquity, or the opposite, would undergo a gulping sadness and agony.

## Bibliography

- Marco Orru 1883. The Ethics of Anomie: Jean Marie Guyau and Emile Durkheim, _British Journal of Sociology_, **34**, #4. 499–518.
- Jordi Riba 1999. _La morale anomique de Jean-Marie Guyau_. Paris : L'Harmattan.

## Other websites

- "Anomie" discussed at the Émile Durkheim Archive.
Fog

**Fog** is a meteorological phenomenon.  It is stratus clouds on the surface of the Earth.  Fog may appear on land or sea and it usually lowers visibility (makes it hard to see very far).  When the air chills, moisture will turn to fog.

Fog is made up of tiny water droplets or, in very cold conditions, ice crystals. When seen on a high speed camera, (a special camera that takes many frames and can view videos at very low speed) it looks like hundreds of small water droplets moving through the air. These water droplets make up the fog or mist.

There are many types of fog, classified according to what makes the condensation. They include evaporation fog, advection fog, radiation fog, and upslope fog. The thickness of fog varies depending on the atmosphere, temperature, weather and location.
Frost

**Frost** is ice that is formed when water vapor freezes onto a surface. It has a white, powdery appearance. It forms on cold surfaces when the temperature of the air is very low. It can destroy crops. This can cause mass hunger.

Many plants can be damaged or killed by freezing temperatures or frost. This varies with the type of plant and tissue exposed to low temperatures. Greenhouses help to protect crops from cold and frost damage.
Rikishi

A **rikishi** () is a professional sumo wrestler. The Japanese characters making up the name mean "strong man". The people who take part in sumo wrestling are very strong and big.

During their careers, the sumo wrestlers live in "stables" kept by a former wrestler. The former wrestler makes sure the new wrestlers who live there live a very strict life.
Thorax

## Humans and mammals

In mammals, the parts that make up the thorax are the sternum, the thoracic vertebrae and the ribs. It starts from the neck and stops at the diaphragm.

## Insects

The **thorax** is a part of an animal's body that is between the head and the abdomen.

In insects and crustaceans, it is the middle of the three main body sections. The walking legs are usually on the thorax.

## Related pages

- Chest
- Thoriac

## Infobox (anatomy)

- **name**: Thorax
Chest
- **latin**: thorax
- **greek**: θώραξ
- **image**: Chest.jpg
- **caption**: X-ray image of the human chest showing the internal anatomy of the rib cage, lungs and heart as well as the inferior thoracic border–made up of the thoracic diaphragm, diaphragm.
- **image2**: Surface projections of the organs of the trunk.png
- **caption2**: Surface projections of the organs of the Torso, trunk, with the thorax or chest region seen stretching down to approximately the end of the oblique lung fissure anteriorly, but more deeply its lower limit rather corresponds to the upper border of the liver.
Edda

**Edda** or the plural **Eddas** or **Eddur**, including _Poetic Edda_ (or Older Edda) and _Prose Edda_ (or Younger Edda), are two collections of stories about Viking deities. They were made in around 9th to 13th century by Icelandic Christian historians.
Although the Eddur are the most important written records remaining today about Norse mythology, they are not very reliable because Christians hated pagan religions, and they changed the original tales to make the Norse gods and goddesses look silly, lusty, and barbaric.

The term "Edda" most likely refers to Oddi, a place where both Saemund Sigfusson (a cleric who is rumoured author of Older Edda), and Snorri Sturluson (a Christian politician, author of Younger Edda) lived.

## Related pages

- Saga
Njord

**Njörðr** is the god of the seas and the wind in Norse mythology. A member of the Vanir, he is the father of the twin gods Freyr and Freyja by an unnamed sister of his. He is married to the jötunness Skaði, daughter of Þjazi.

## Marriage With Skaði

Skadi's father Þjazi caught Loki, and forced him to lure out the goddess Iðunn, keeper of the apples which grant the Æsir their phenomenal youth and longevity. As the gods began to age, they sought out the one responsible for taking Idunn; discovering it was Þjazi, they killed him and freed Iðunn. Angered at the offense, Skaði came to fight the gods, but they did not want to fight her. The Æsir instead offered Skaði compensation, allowing her to choose a husband among the gods, but only by looking at their feet. Skaði wished to marry Baldr, the most handsome of the gods, but the feet she picked belonged to Njörðr, whose feet were shining and clean. (Odin later took Þjazi's eyes and placed them as stars in the night sky). When Skaði moved to her new husband's home near the sea, she missed her mountain home. Trapped in a loveless marriage, she only spends half her time with her husband. When Skaði is away, Njörðr is sad, causing storms at the sea.
Freyr

**Freyr / Frey**(Old Norse: “[the] Lord”) is the god of prosperity, fair weather, and fertility in Norse mythology, associated with sacral kingship, and virility. A member of the Vanir, he is the son of Njörd and twin brother of Freya. Husband of Gerðr, Freyr rides into battle on the massive shining boar **Gullinbursti** (Old Norse: “Golden maned” or “bristled”) and possesses the mighty ship **Skíðblaðnir** (Old Norse: “assembled from thin pieces of wood”), both forged by the dwarven brothers collectively known as the Sons of Ivaldi. Skíðblaðnir is said to always have a favorable breeze and can be folded together and carried in a pouch when not in use. Freyr once wielded the legendary sword **Sümrbranðr** (Old Norse: “Sword of summer”), which was said to be able to fight by itself.

When Freyr snuck in and sat on Odin's throne Hliðskjálf (on which one can see anything, anywhere across the Nine Worlds), instead of seeing Freyja (who was recently lost somewhere), Freyr came across Gerðr, a beautiful giantess native to Jötunheimr. He fell in love, and sent his servant Skírnir to woo her for him, but Gerðr refused to marry the god until Skirnir threatened to kill Gerðr with Freyr's sword and damage her lands. Gerðr finally agreed to marry Freyr, who then gave his sword to Skírnir as a reward.

Frey's realm is Álfheimr, the land of the elves. He is the patron god of Sweden. Statues of Odin, Thor, Frey, Frigg, and Freyja are often found in ancient temples.
Folkvang

**Folkvanger**, in Norse mythology, is the goddess Freyja's place. Its name means "Field of the Folk". The "folk" here refers to men sent to battle.
Sessrumnir

In Norse mythology, **Sessrumnir** (Old Norse: “seat-room” or “seat-roomer”) is an enormous hall belonging to the goddess Freyja. There she receives half of those killed in battle, as chosen by the Valkyries. It is said to be very large and has many seats.
Spinach

**Spinach** is a green, leafy vegetable. It comes from southwestern and central Asia. Its flowers are small and yellow. Spinach is rich in vitamin K, vitamin A, vitamin C, and folate, making it healthy. Spinach, along with other green, leafy vegetables, is rich in iron.

Here are some perceptions about spinach that come from popular culture:
- Spinach is traditionally unpopular with children.
- The cartoon character Popeye eats spinach in order to become strong.
Arta Prefecture

**Arta Prefecture** is one of the 51 prefectures of Greece. It is in the west of Greece. Many of its people live in the west parts, near the Arachthos valey. Its capital is Arta.
Cardiomyopathy

The word **cardiomyopathy** means "heart muscle disease". Cardiomyopathies are a group of diseases in which the function of the myocardium (heart muscle) is impaired for any reason. People with cardiomyopathy are often at risk of arrhythmia and/or sudden cardiac death.

There are four main types of cardiomyopathy:

- Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is the most common form. Patients with this disease usually undergo heart transplantation. In DCM the heart (especially the left ventricle) is enlarged and the pumping function is impaired.
- Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM or HOCM) is a genetic disorder in which the heart muscle is thickened, which can block blood flow and prevent the heart from functioning properly.
- Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) is caused by an electrical disturbance of the heart in which heart muscle is replaced by fibrous scar tissue. The right ventricle is generally most affected.
- Restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM) is the least common cardiomyopathy. The walls of the ventricles are stiff, but may not be thickened, and resist the normal filling of the heart with blood.
Norm

One common understanding of **norm** is: something that is regarded as normal or typical.

But it may mean as well:
- Norm (artificial intelligence)
- Norm (philosophy)
- Norm (sociology)
- Normative
- The diminutive of the proper name, "Norman"

In **mathematics**:
- Norm (mathematics), a map that assigns lengths to vectors
    - Normed vector space
    - Matrix norm
- Field norm in algebraic number theory and Galois theory
- Reduced norm in algebra over a field theory
- The nonnegative integer function in the definition of Euclidean domain
- The product of conjugate elements of an algebraic element
- In descriptive set theory, a map from a set into the ordinals (see prewellordering)
- A statistical concept in psychometrics

**Norm** may also be:
- Norm MacDonald (1959-2021), comedian and star of the 1999-2001 sitcom _The Norm Show_ (a.k.a. _Norm_)
- Norm Abram, carpenter in the television show _This Old House_
- Norm Peterson, a character in the sitcom _Cheers_ and its spin-off _Norm_
- Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material
- Norm, a character from the video game _Crash Nitro Kart_
- Norm the Genie, a villain in _The Fairly OddParents_
- _Norm_, a character from the Life. Be in it. campaign.

**Norms** may refer to Norms Restaurants, a chain of restaurants in Southern California.

## Related pages

- Normal
- Norma (disambiguation)
- Surface normal
Clamp

A **clamp** is a device used to hold things tightly together and to prevent movement and/or separation of objects.

Clamps are used in technical work, such as woodworking. There are also special types of clamps used in medicine.
Miamisburg, Ohio

**Miamisburg** is a city in Montgomery County, Ohio, United States.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Miamisburg, Ohio
- **settlement type**: City
- **nickname**: Hole's Station, The Burg
- **motto**: "Ohio's Star City"
- **image skyline**: Market Square (Miamisburg, Ohio) Main St 1.JPG
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **image caption**: Main Street in Miamisburg
- **image map**: Montgomery County Ohio incorporated and unincorporated areas Miamisburg highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 290px
- **map caption**: Location in Montgomery County, Ohio, Montgomery County and the state of Ohio.
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Ohio, County
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision name1**: Ohio
- **subdivision name2**: Montgomery County, Ohio, Montgomery
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **established title**: Founded
- **established title2**: Municipal corporation, Incorporated
- **established date**: 1797
- **established date2**: 1832
- **area total sq mi**: 12.44
- **area land sq mi**: 12.26
- **area water sq mi**: 0.18
- **area total km2**: 32.23
- **area land km2**: 31.75
- **area water km2**: 0.48
- **elevation ft**: 830
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 19923
- **population density sq mi**: 1625.31
- **population density km2**: 627.54
- **timezone**: North American Eastern Time Zone, EST
- **utc offset**: -5
- **timezone dst**: Eastern Daylight Time, EDT
- **utc offset dst**: -4
- **website**: https://cityofmiamisburg.com/
- **postal code type**: ZIP codes
- **postal code**: 45342-45343
- **area code**: Area codes 937 and 326, 937, 326
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 39-49434
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 2395109
- **unit pref**: Imperial
Salamandridae

The family **Salamandridae** is a family of amphibians. It consists of true salamanders and newts.

The species are spread all over the northern hemisphere - Europe, Asia, the northern tip of Africa and North America.

As of 2007, there were 74 known species, in 20 genera.
Legalism

**Legalism** was one of the four main philosophies in Chinese history during the Warring States Period. It is a political philosophy which says that people are bad by nature and need to be controlled by the government. It was introduced by Qin Shi Huang.

One of the most important contributors to Legalism was Han Fei (). He said that a ruler must use following tools to govern a state:
1. **Fa** (; literally "law or principle"): The law must be known by everyone. Everybody under the ruler is equal before the law. If you do what law wants you will be rewarded. If you break the law or try to break it, you will be punished.
1. **Shu** (; literally "method, tactic or art"): These are methods the ruler has to use so that nobody is able to abolish the system.
1. **Shi** (; literally "legitimacy, power or charisma"): The position of the ruler is important, not the ruler himself.

## Related pages

- Confucianism
- Taoism

## Other websites

- "The Book of Lord Shang"
Gold Coast Art Centre

The **Gold Coast Art Centre** is a place on the Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia. The Art Centre is home to many facilities including the Gold Coast City Art Gallery. The Art Centre holds events like weddings, Theatre, parties, corporate functions, seminars and conferences. The art centre is funded by the Gold Coast City Council

## Facilities

The Gold Coast Art Centre has many facilities, the facilities are listed below:

- Panorama Suite
- Two Cinemas
- Paradise Room
- Arts Theatre
- Arts Restaurant
- Lobby Shop
- Harlequin Room
- Two Art Galleries
- Clubroom
- Sculpture Walk
- Cafe Arts
- Costume Hire Department
- Comedy Clubhouse
- Technical Services Department
- The Boardroom
- St. Margaret's Chapel

## Other websites

- Gold Coast City Art Centre Webstite
Reynoldsburg, Ohio

**Reynoldsburg** is a city in Fairfield, Franklin, and Licking counties in the U.S. state of Ohio.

## Famous people

- Mark Anthony Garrett - International Speaker, Author

## Infobox (settlement)

- **settlement type**: City
- **nickname**: Birthplace of the Tomato
- **motto**: "The City of Respect"
- **image skyline**: File:Reynoldsburg City Hall 1.jpg
- **image caption**: Reynoldsburg City Hall
- **pushpin map**: Ohio
- **pushpin label**: Reynoldsburg
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Ohio
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Ohio, Counties
- **subdivision name2**: Franklin County, Ohio, Franklin, Licking County, Ohio, Licking, Fairfield County, Ohio, Fairfield
- **government type**: Mayor–council government
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 29.55
- **area land km2**: 29.34
- **area water km2**: 0.21
- **area total sq mi**: 11.41
- **area land sq mi**: 11.33
- **area water sq mi**: 0.08
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 41076
- **population density km2**: 1399.98
- **population density sq mi**: 3626.06
- **timezone**: North American Eastern Time Zone, Eastern (EST)
- **utc offset**: -5
- **timezone dst**: EDT
- **utc offset dst**: -4
- **elevation ft**: 896
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 43068, 43069
- **area code**: Area code 614, 614 and Area code 380, 380
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 39-66390
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 2396357
- **website**: https://reynoldsburg.gov/
- **image blank emblem**: City of Reynoldsburg logo.svg
- **blank emblem size**: 200px
- **name**: Reynoldsburg, Ohio