juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Santa Ana, California

**Santa Ana** is a city in California. It is the county seat and has the second most people of any city in Orange County. It is the 65th most populous city in the United States. In 2020, 310,227 people lived in Santa Ana, The city was founded in 1869. It is in Southern California on the Santa Ana River,  away from the ocean. Santa Ana has the 2nd most dense population of mid-size US cities.

The Santa Ana Freeway (Interstate 5) goes through the city. It also has the same name as the Santa Ana Mountains and the Santa Ana winds that cause fires in Southern California.

Santa Ana is part of the Greater Los Angeles Area.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Santa Ana, California
- **settlement type**: List of municipalities in California, City
- **motto**: Education First
- **image seal**: Seal of Santa Ana, California.svg
- **image flag**: Flag of Santa Ana, California.svg
- **image map**: Orange County California Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Santa Ana Highlighted.svg
- **map caption**: Location of Santa Ana within Orange County, California
- **pushpin map**: Los Angeles##USA California#USA
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in the Los Angeles Metropolitan Area##Location in California##Location in the United States
- **pushpin relief**: yes
- **pushpin label**: Santa Ana
- **image blank emblem**: Logo of Santa Ana, California.png
- **blank emblem type**: Logo
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: California
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in California, County
- **subdivision name2**: Orange County, California, Orange
- **named for**: Saint Anne
- **established title**: Founded
- **established date**: 1869
- **established title3**: Municipal corporation, Incorporated
- **established date3**: June 1, 1886
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total sq mi**: 27.37
- **area land sq mi**: 27.34
- **area water sq mi**: 0.03
- **area total km2**: 70.89
- **area land km2**: 70.81
- **area water km2**: 0.08
- **area water percent**: 0.90
- **elevation ft**: 115
- **elevation m**: 35
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 310227
- **population rank**: Orange County, California, 2nd in Orange County
List of largest California cities by population, 13th in California
List of United States cities by population, 65th in the United States
- **population density sq mi**: auto
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone**: Pacific Time Zone, Pacific
- **utc offset**: −8
- **timezone dst**: Pacific Daylight Time, PDT
- **utc offset dst**: −7
- **postal code type**: ZIP Codes
- **postal code**: 92701–92708, 92711, 92712, 92728, 92735, 92799
- **area code type**: North American Numbering Plan, Area code
- **area code**: Area codes 657 and 714, 657/714, Area code 949, 949
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature IDs
- **blank1 info**: ,
Columbiformes

**Columbiformes** is an order of birds that includes the very widespread and successful doves and pigeons, classified in the family Columbidae. 313 species, found worldwide, comprise the Columbiformes order.  A cosmopolitan order of land birds with four unwebbed toes, short legs, small heads, and usually little visible difference between the sexes that includes the sandgrouse and the pigeons and doves together with their extinct relatives, the dodo and solitaire.
Word search

A **word search** is a puzzle that uses words and puts them in a grid. The point of the game is to find all of the words hidden in the grid.

The puzzle consists of a grid of letters that is usually a rectangle or square shape, but different shapes are possible, some that even look like an object like a plant or animal. Besides the grid is a list of words. The letters in the word appear in order somewhere in the grid, and can be placed horizontally, vertically or diagonally. A letter in the grid can be used in more than one word, and not all the letters in the grid have to appear in a word.

To solve the puzzle, a person has to find the place where each word is hidden in the grid, and when he or she finds that place, he or she circles all the letters in the word (as shown in the example), and then crosses the word off the list so that he or she knows not to look for that word again. It is easier to find the bigger words first since they have more letters.

Many word search puzzles have a theme, so all the hidden words are related. Sometimes, once all the words have been found, the letters which have not been used in any of the words (that is, the letters which have not been circled at least once) spell another word or even a short message. An example of a word search with both a theme and a word made up of unused letters is Wonderword.

Like other puzzles, word searches are commonly found in newspapers and magazines, which print a different puzzle every day and show the solution in another place or in the next issue. There are also books containing collections of these puzzles, and they can also be played over the Internet or using mobile apps.
Electric blue (color)

**Electric blue** is a color that is a bright tone of cyan.

The first recorded use of _electric blue_ as a color name in English was in 1884.

## Meaning of electric blue

- The tones of electric blue represent something or someone that is energetic like lightning.

## Tones of electric blue color comparison chart

|Name|width=100|Color|HEX Code|Red|Green|Blue|Hue|Sat|Lum|Source|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Electra|style = "background-color: #96ded1;"||#96DED1|150|222|209|169°|52%|73%|ISCC-NBS|
|**Electric blue**|style = "background-color: #7df9ff;"||**#7DF9FF**|**125**|**249**|**255**|**183°**|**100%**|**75%**|**www.99colors.net**|
|Vivid Electric Blue|style = "background-color: #3ecae8;"||#3ECAE8|62|202|232|191°|79%|58%|Prismacolor PC1040 **Electric Blue**|
|Rich Electric Blue|style = "background-color: #0892d0;"||#0892D0|8|146|208|199°|93%|42%|www.99colors.net|
|Deep Electric Blue|style = "background-color: #2c75ff;"||#2C75FF|44|117|255|219°|100%|59%|French **Electric Blue** **Electric Blue** (Pourpre.com)|
|Blue|style = "background-color: #0000FF; color:#ffffff"||#0000FF|0|0|255|240°|100%|50%|color wheel Blue (web color)|
|Medium Electric Blue|style = "background-color: #035096; color:#ffffff"||#035096|3|80|150|209°|96%|30%|www.99colors.net **Electric Blue** Maerz & Paul|
|Italian Electric Blue|style = "background-color: #003399; color:#ffffff"||#003399|0|51|153|220°|100%|30%||
|Medium Electra|style = "background-color: #367588; color:#ffffff"||#367588|54|117|136|194°|43%|37%|Electric (ISCC-NBS)|
|Dark Electric Blue|style = "background-color: #536878; color:#ffffff"||#536878|83|104|120|206°|18%|40%|**Electric Blue** (ISCC-NBS)|

## Related pages

- List of colors
Volksschule

A **Volksschule** was part of an 18th-century system of state-supported primary schools established in the Habsburg Austrian Empire. Attendance was supposed to be compulsory. However, a 1781 census found that only one fourth of the school-age children attended. At the time, this was one of the few examples of state-supported schooling.

The Volksschule still exist in Austria today, _Volksschule_ is the Austrian equivalent to the German word _Grundschule_ and the Swiss German word _Primarschule_, i.e. primary school.
Ares V

The **Ares V** was a plan to create a cargo rocket for the cancelled Constellation program.  Ares V was planned to launch the Earth Departure Stage and Altair lunar lander for a plan to return to the Moon in 2019.  The Ares V was supposed to complement the Ares I, which was being designed as a crew launch vehicle.  The Ares designs were selected for their anticipated overall safety, reliability and cost-effectiveness.

The Ares V was planned to be able to carry about  to Low Earth orbit (LEO), and  to the Moon.  Upon completion the Ares V was planned to be the most powerful rocket ever built, lifting more into orbit than even the Saturn V.  Ares V, Ares IV, and Ares I are named after Ares, the Greek god, which is the equivalent to the Roman god Mars.

## Related pages

- NASA

## Infobox (rocket/payload)

- **location**: Low Earth orbit, LEO


## Infobox (rocket/payload)

- **location**: Trans Lunar Injection, TLI
- **kilos**: or


## Infobox (rocket/stage)

- **type**: booster
- **numbers**: 2
- **name**: Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster, 5- or 5.5-segment Shuttle-derived SRB
- **engines**: 1 Solid rocket, solid
- **fuel**: Ammonium Perchlorate Composite Propellant, APCP (solid)


## Infobox (rocket/stage)

- **type**: stage
- **stageno**: First
- **engines**: 5 or 6 RS-68B or 5 Space Shuttle Main Engine, SSME (RS-25)
- **thrust**: or  upper atmosphere (figures for RS-25)
- **fuel**: LH2/LOX


## Infobox (rocket/stage)

- **type**: stage
- **stageno**: Second
- **name**: Earth Departure Stage
- **engines**: 1 or 2 J-2X
- **fuel**: LH2/LOX


## Infobox (rocket)

- **image**: Ares-V (Feb 2008).jpg
- **caption**: Artist's impression of an Ares V during solid rocket booster separation
- **name**: Ares V
- **function**: Cargo Launch Vehicle
- **country-origin**: United States
- **height**: or
- **diameter**: or
- **stages**: 2
- **status**: Canceled
- **sites**: Kennedy Space Center, LC-39B
ScienceWorld

**ScienceWorld**, also known as **Eric Weisstein's World of Science**, is a Web site that opened to the general public in January 2002. As of November 2007, _ScienceWorld_ includes more than 4,000 entries in fields of science including astronomy, chemistry, physics, as well as biographies of many scientists.  It is administered by Eric Weisstein of Wolfram Research, Inc., who is the chief encyclopedist assigned to the project.
Cuba Gooding Sr.

**Cuba Mark Gooding** (April 27, 1944 – April 20, 2017) was the lead singer of the soul group The Main Ingredient and actor.

This group is most notable for the songs "Everybody Plays the Fool" (1972) and "Just Don't Want to Be Lonely" (1974). Gooding also had a brief solo career on Motown Records during the late 1970s and early 1980s. His most successful song internationally was "Happiness Is Just Around the Bend" in 1983. In recent times this song been sampled by several R&B artists, as well as hitting the charts again as a remix by UK Hardcore Rave pranksters/genii Altern-8 in 1991.

Gooding was born in New York City. He has four children, including actors Cuba Gooding, Jr. (born 1968) and Omar Gooding (born 1976).

Gooding was found dead in his car on the afternoon of April 20, 2017 in Woodland Hills, California, aged 72. Police believe he died from a suspected drug overdose.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **embed**: yes
- **background**: solo_singer
- **associated acts**: The Main Ingredient (band), The Main Ingredient, Stevie Wonder


## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Cuba Gooding Sr.
- **image**: CubaGoodingSrByPhilKonstantin (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Gooding at a performance in San Diego, California, September 25, 2008
- **birth name**: Cuba Mark Gooding
- **birth place**: New York City, New York, U.S.
- **death place**: Woodland Hills, California, U.S.
- **death cause**: Drug overdose
- **body discovered**: Woodland Hills, California, U.S.
- **occupation**: Singer, actor
- **years active**: 1964–2016
- **spouse**: Shirley Sullivan<small> (m. 1966–1974) (divorced); (m. 1995–2017) (his death)</small>
- **children**: 4 including Cuba Gooding Jr., Cuba Jr. and Omar Gooding, Omar
- **parents**: Dudley MacDonald Gooding
Addie Alston
Alexander Pope

**Alexander Pope** (21 May 1688 O.S. – 30 May 1744) is usually thought of as the greatest English poet in the eighteenth century. He is best known for his satirical writing and for his translation of Homer. He is the third most often quoted writer in _The Oxford Dictionary of Quotations_, after Shakespeare and Tennyson. Pope was a master of the heroic couplet.

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Alexander Pope
- **image**: Alexander Pope by Michael Dahl.jpg
- **caption**: **Alexander Pope** (_c._1727), an English people, English poet best known for his _An Essay on Criticism, Essay on Criticism_, _Rape of the Lock_ and _The Dunciad_
- **birth place**: London
- **occupation**: Poet
Alfred, Lord Tennyson

**Alfred Tennyson, 1st Baron Tennyson**, FRS (6 August 1809 – 6 October 1892) was Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom in the Victorian era. He remains one of the most popular poets in the English language.

Tennyson was excellent at writing short lyrics like _In the valley of Cauteretz_, _Break, break, break_, _The Charge of the Light Brigade_, _Tears, idle tears_ and _Crossing the Bar_. Much of his verse like The Lotus Eaters was based on classical mythological themes. Tennyson also wrote some notable blank verse including _Idylls of the King_, _Ulysses_, and _Tithonus_. During his career, Tennyson attempted drama, but his plays were not very successful.

## Red in tooth and claw

_In Memoriam A.H.H._ was a poem by Tennyson, written in memory of his best friend Arthur Hallam. Hallam was a fellow poet and classmate at Trinity College, Cambridge. He had been engaged to Tennyson's sister, but died from a cerebral hemorrhage before they could get married.

The poem was published after Tennyson had read a pro-evolution book by Robert Chambers. The fundamentalist idea of Biblical inerrancy was in conflict with science. Tennyson expressed the difficulties evolution raised for faith in "the truths that never can be proved".

The poem is too long to quote in full, but this shows how he was thinking of the living world:
- _Are God and Nature then at strife,_
- _That Nature lends such evil dreams?_
- _So careful of the type she seems,_
- _So careless of the single life;_

- _That I, considering everywhere_
- _Her secret meaning in her deeds,_
- _And finding that of fifty seeds_
- _She often brings but one to bear._

The much-quoted phrase comes soon after, in section 56. It refers to humanity:
- _Who trusted God was love indeed_
- _And love Creation's final law_
- _Tho' Nature, red in tooth and claw_
- _With ravine, shriek'd against his creed._
The phrase _Nature, red in tooth and claw_ was taken up as a metaphor for life in general, even before Darwin's _Origin of species_ was published.

## _Tis better to have loved and lost_...

The poem has another, perhaps even better-known stanza:
- _I hold it true, whate'er befall;_
- _I feel it when I sorrow most;_
- _ 'Tis better to have loved and lost_
- _Than never to have loved at all._

## References

<small>2. DGM News "The Life and Works ".</small>

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Alfred Tennyson
- **image**: Alfred Lord Tennyson 1869.jpg
- **image size**: 240px
- **caption**: 1869 Carbon print by Julia Margaret Cameron
- **birth place**: Somersby, Lincolnshire, Somersby, Lincolnshire, England, United Kingdom, UK
- **death place**: Haslemere, Surrey, England
- **occupation**: Poet laureate
- **resting place**: Westminster Abbey
Rheumatic fever

**Rheumatic fever** is an inflammatory disease that happens in children and young adults as a result of becoming infected by group A streptococci bacteria. The first attack usually happens between the ages of 5 and 15. It affects the heart, skin, joints and the central nervous system (CNS).

It is most common in the Middle East, eastern Europe, South America and the Far East and is rare in western Europe and North America.

## Treatment

- Includes resting in bed and antibiotics.

## Trivia

Wolfgang Mozart, the famous composer famously died of rheumatic fever.
The Main Ingredient

**The Main Ingredient** is an American soul and R&B group best known for their 1972 hit song, "Everybody Plays the Fool".

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: The Main Ingredient
- **img**: TheMainIngredientByPhilKonstantin.jpg
- **img capt**: The Main Ingredient in 2008
- **background**: group_or_band
- **years active**: 1964-2016
- **origin**: Harlem, New York City
- **genre**: Soul music, Soul, R&B, funk music, funk
- **label**: Red Bird Records <small>(1964)</small>
RCA Records <small>(1970 - present)</small>
Polydor Records <small>(1989)</small>
Magnatar <small>(2001)</small>
Kent Soul <small>(2007 - present)</small>
- **current members**: George Staley, Sr.
Larry Moore
Cuba Gooding, Sr.
- **past members**: Luther Simmons
Donald McPherson (dead)
Carl Tompkins
Tony "Panama" Silvester (dead)
Jerome Jackson
Secondhand Serenade

**Secondhand Serenade** is an American acoustic rock solo project started by John Vesely. Vesely is the singer, guitarist and pianist. Secondhand Serenade is most famous for the song "Fall for You". This song was in the top 40 for many charts.

### Studio albums

|Year|Album details|
| --- | --- |
|2005|_Awake_ * Release date: October 27, 2005 * Label: Independent|
|2008|_A Twist in My Story_ * Release date: February 19, 2008 * Label: Glassnote Records|
|2010|_Hear Me Now_ * Release date: August 3, 2010 * Label: Glassnote Records|
|2014|_Undefeated_ * Release date: October 27, 2014 * Label: Independent|

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Secondhand Serenade
- **img**: Secondhand Serenade.jpg
- **img capt**: Secondhand Serenade performing at Bamboozle in 2007
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Menlo Park, California, USA
- **genre**: Acoustic music, Acoustic rock, indie rock, alternative rock, emo
- **years active**: 2004–present
- **label**: Independent, Glassnote
- **associated acts**: Ronnie Day, Sounds Like Life
- **website**: [http://www.secondhandserenade.com secondhandserenade.com]
- **current members**: John Vesely
Edward Downes

**Sir Edward Downes**, (born Birmingham, England, 17 June 1924; died Switzerland, 10 July 2009) was an English conductor.  He was famous for conducting opera, but also conducted orchestral concerts.  He worked a lot with the orchestra of the Royal Opera House as well as Opera Australia.

When he was old he was almost totally blind and deaf and his wife was dying of cancer, so they both decided that they wanted to die together.  They went to Switzerland where they were allowed to commit assisted suicide.

## Early years

Downes was born in Birmingham, England.  His father worked in a bank.  He left school when he was 14 and got a simple job in a gas store where he earned 16s 10d (16 shillings and 10 pence, which is 84p in modern British money) a week.

He had been playing the piano and violin since he was five.  When he was 16 he got a  scholarship to the University of Birmingham where he studied English literature and music, and began playing the cor anglais. He then got a scholarship to study conducting at the  University of Aberdeen.

## Marriage

In the 1960s, he married Joan, a dancer with the Royal Ballet. She later became a choreographer and television producer. They had two children: a son, Caractacus (born December 1967), who became a musician and recording engineer, and a daughter, Boudicca, who became a video producer.

## Conducting career

In 1952, Downes started his work in the  Royal Opera House, Covent Garden where he was assistant to Rafael Kubelík. He worked for the ROH for 17 years, becoming Associate Music Director in 1991.

From 1970 he was Music Director of  Australian Opera.  He conducted the first performance in the new Sydney Opera House in 1973 conducting Prokofiev’s opera _War and Peace_.  He was Chief Conductor of the Netherlands Radio Orchestra and the BBC Philharmonic.

Downes was remembered in particular for conducting music by British composers.  He was also especially fond of the operas by Verdi as well as the symphonies of Shostakovich.  People often thought he looked like Shostakovich, especially when he wore his glasses.

He received the honour of CBE.

In his last years he could hardly see and so he could only conduct music that he knew from memory.

## Death

When he was 85 he had become almost totally blind and deaf. His wife was dying of cancer and was in a lot of pain. They both wanted to die together, but in Britain it is against the law to help someone to die, so they decided to go to the Dignitas clinic in Switzerland. There, surrounded by members of their family, they drank a fatal dose of barbiturates and died on 10 July 2009.

Some people who support the idea of assisted suicide are hoping that this case may lead to more discussion which could bring about a change in the law in Britain and other countries.
Assisted suicide

**Assisted suicide** is when a person helps another person to die by suicide.

Normally, people who ask for assisted suicide are very ill and in a lot of pain, so they want someone to help them to die (for example, by being given access to drugs which will kill them).

Assisted suicide is sometimes called euthanasia. However, euthanasia is generally regarded as different to assisted suicide, because it involves causing a person to die rather than helping them to kill themselves.

## Laws

Laws about assisted suicide vary a lot in different countries.  In many countries, it is not allowed, and the person who helps someone to die may be arrested and sent to prison.

### Physician-assisted suicide

Physician-assisted suicide is legal in some countries under certain circumstances. These countries include Austria, Belgium, Canada, Germany, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Portugal, Spain, and Switzerland, plus 10 states of the United States and all six states of Australia. Some people who are very ill and want to die may go to these countries, such as Switzerland, in order to end their life.

In these countries, there are generally requirements that a person has to meet before getting physician-assisted suicide legal. Usually the person has to show that they are of sound mind - that they are able to make decisions and don't want to kill themselves because of a mental illness. They also have to voluntarily and repeatedly express their wish to die. Finally, they have to take the specified, lethal medication by their own hand.

In 2024, several other countries were thinking about making physician-assisted suicide legal. These countries include Jersey and the Isle of Man; this puts pressure on the United Kingdom to legalize physician-assisted suicide too.

## Related pages

- Assisted dying
- Death with dignity
- Right to die
- Euthanasia
- Dignitas (euthanasia group)
- Jack Kevorkian
Dignitas (Swiss non-profit organisation)

**Dignitas** is a Swiss group that helps people with assisted suicide. This means that, if a person is very ill and wants to die, the doctors and nurses help them to end their life. Only people who have a terminal illness or very bad physical or mental illnesses are allowed to be helped. The patients must be able to understand what is happening and decide for themselves that death is what they want.

Dignitas was started in 1998 by Ludwig Minelli, a Swiss lawyer. The law in Switzerland says that someone can help in an assisted suicide so long as they do not have any self-interest (for example, so long as they are not going to inherit money from the person who dies). The doctor has to meet the person on two occasions and make sure that the person really does wish to die. There must be evidence for this, i.e. the patient has to sign a paper, and two witnesses have to sign to say they saw the patient signing. If the patient is too ill to sign, a video film can be made. The patient is asked several times whether that is what they want. If everyone is absolutely sure, then he or she is given a drug which will kill them.

Some people travel from other countries such as Britain to the Dignitas clinic in Switzerland so that they can be helped to die. For example, the rugby player Daniel James, who was 23, had a terrible injury to his spine which left him paralysed from his chest down, travelled there with his parents to die. In 2009 the British conductor Edward Downes and his wife both travelled to Dignitas where they died together.

## Other websites

- Dignitas website (In German) (http://www.dignitas.ch/index.php?)
Terminal illness

**Terminal illness** is a term used to describe an illness which cannot be cured and will almost definitely end in the death of the patient. The term is mostly used for progressive diseases such as cancer or advanced heart disease.  Someone who has a terminal illness may be described as a **terminal patient** or as being **terminally ill**. Usually a patient is called "terminally ill" when they are not expected to live more than 6 months.  Medical conditions such as AIDS are not called terminal illnesses because the patient may live for many years before eventually dying of the illness.

Very often, terminally ill patients are given palliative care to give them a better quality of life. Sometimes, they go to a hospice to be looked after.

## Related pages

- Assisted suicide
- Right to die
Now (magazine)

***NOW*** is a free weekly newspaper/magazine published in Toronto, Canada. It has been online since 1993, first at  and then it was changed to  in 2000.

## Other websites

- NOW Magazine Everything Toronto.
- NXNE Music festival.
- NOW: The Musical Movie trailer
Ralph Downes

**Ralph William Downes** CBE KSG (born Derby, 16 August 1904; died London, 24 December 1993) was an English organist and organ designer.

He was assistant organist at Southwark Cathedral from 1923 until 1925. Then he continued his education at Keble College, Oxford. He was music director and organist of the new chapel at Princeton University between 1928 and 1935. During his time in America he learned a lot about organ building and listened to musicians playing baroque music.

He soon became famous for his recitals and radio broadcasts in which he played music using historical performance styles. He gave first performances of pieces by composers such as Darius Milhaud, Paul Hindemith and Arnold Schoenberg. Benjamin Britten invited him every year to perform at the Aldeburgh Festival.

In 1948, he was asked to design an organ for the new Royal Festival Hall. When the organ was first played in 1954 not everyone agreed that it was good, but soon it was realised that it was an excellent instrument for playing music from the Baroque and Classical music periods and it had a big influence on the way that other organs were built.

Downes was Professor of Organ at the Royal College of Music from 1954 to 1975 and was the best known British organ teacher of his day. His students included Gillian Weir and Trevor Pinnock. He made many recordings and wrote a book about organ design.

He was given the honour of CBE in 1969. He died in London in 1993. There was no organ music at his funeral. Instead, he had asked for Gregorian chant to be sung.
Downes (surname)

**Downes** is a surname, and may refer to:

- Andrew Downes (composer)
- Andrew Downes (scholar)
- Doris Downes, American artist
- Edward Downes (1911–2001), American musicologist, critic and quizmaster for the Metropolitan Opera
- Sir Edward Downes (1924-2009), British conductor
- Melissa Downes, Australian news presenter
- Olin Downes, American music critic
- Percy Downes, English footballer
- Ralph Downes, organist
- Stephen Downes, Canadian philosopher
Downes

**Downes** may refer to:

- Downes Sports F.C., the former name of Hinckley Downes F.C.
- Downes v. Bidwell, a US Supreme Court case
- USS _Downes_ (DD-45), a US Navy destroyer during World War I
- USS _Downes_ (DD-375), a US Navy destroyer during World War II
- Downes (surname), people with the surname _Downes_
Symmetry (biology)

**Symmetry** in biology is about the overall shape of the body and its parts. The body plans of most multicellular organisms have some form of symmetry, radial symmetry, bilateral symmetry or spherical symmetry. A few have no symmetry, and are **asymmetric**.

In nature and biology, symmetry is approximate. For example, plant leaves, which are more or less symmetrical, will rarely match up exactly when folded in half.

## Types of symmetry

There are three basic forms:

- **Radial symmetry**: The organism looks like a pie. This pie can be cut up into roughly identical pieces.
- **Bilateral symmetry**: There is an axis; on both sides of the axis the organism looks roughly the same.
- **Spherical symmetry**: If the organism is cut through its center, the resulting parts look the same.

In nature and biology, symmetry is approximate. For example, plant leaves, while considered symmetric, will rarely match up exactly when folded in half.

## Other websites

- Evolutionary theories of asymmetrization of organisms, brain and body S. Geodakyan.
William Morris

**William Morris** (24 March 1834 – 3 October 1896) was an English wallpaper, furniture and fabric designer, artist, writer, and socialist. He was born in Walthamstow in somewhere in England.

## William's Life

William Morris studied at Marlborough and Exeter College, Oxford. In 1856, he became an apprentice to Gothic revival architect G. E. Street but his apprenticeship lasted only about eight months; thus he never qualified as an architect. That year he founded the _Oxford and Cambridge Magazine_. In 1861, Morris founded a design firm in partnership with the artist Edward Burne-Jones, and the poet and artist Dante Gabriel Rossetti. This had a great impact on the decoration of churches and houses in the early 20th century. Morris's major contribution was as a designer of repeating patterns for wallpapers and textiles. This was mainly based on a close observation of nature. He was also a major contributor to the resurgence of traditional textile arts and methods of production.

Morris wrote and published poetry, fiction, and translations of ancient and medieval texts throughout his life, among others _Story of Sigurd the Volsung and the Fall of the Niblungs_ (1876). His best-known works include _The Defence of Guenevere and Other Poems_ (1858), _The Earthly Paradise_ (1868–1870), _A Dream of John Ball_ (1888) and the utopia _News form Nowhere_ (1890). His poetry was strongly influenced by Geoffrey Chaucer's work. This influence can be seen in the use of rhyme royal.

William Morris designed his own furniture. He was frustrated, because he could not find any furniture he liked, so he decided, he wanted to design his own furniture, but it was mostly wallpaper designs.

Morris was an important person in the emergence of socialism in Great Britain. He founded the Socialist League in 1884. However, he broke with the movement over goals and methods by the end of that decade. He devoted much of the rest of his life to the Kelmscott Press, which he founded in 1891. The 1896 Kelmscott edition of the _Works of Geoffrey Chaucer_ is considered a masterpiece of book design.

## Other websites

- William Morris, _The Earthly Paradise_.
- Works by William Morris at Project Gutenberg.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: William Morris
- **image**: George Frederic Watts portrait of William Morris 1870 v2.jpg
- **caption**: William Morris by George Frederic Watts, 1870
- **nationality**: English
- **occupation**: Artist
 Writer
- **known for**: Arts and Crafts movement
 British Socialism
Cliveden

**Cliveden** is the name of a large house in Buckinghamshire near London, England. There have been three houses on this site. The first house was built in 1666 and burnt to the ground in a fire in 1795. A new house was built but this one also burnt down in a fire in 1849. The house which can be seen today was made in 1851 by Sir Charles Barry, an architect.

Cliveden means "valley among cliffs".

Cliveden House sits in a large garden and woodland, (375 acres). The garden contains many statues and fountains made from stone as well as areas of flowers. Cliveden is very close to the River Thames.

Many famous and important people have lived at Cliveden. Some of these are:
- The second Duke of Buckingham
- Frederick, Prince of Wales
- Nancy Astor, the first woman to be a Member of Parliament in the UK in 1919.

The house is now used as a hotel.

## References

Crathorne, James, _Cliveden: the place and the people_. London, 1995.
Josef Krips

**Josef Krips** (born Vienna, 8 April 1902; died Geneva, 13 October 1974) was an Austrian conductor and violinist.

Krips was born into a Jewish family. He became a pupil of Eusebius Mandyczewski and Felix Weingartner. From 1921 to 1924, he was Weingartner's assistant at the Vienna Volksoper where he worked as repetiteur and chorus master. Afterwards he became conductor of several orchestras, including the orchestra in Karlsruhe from 1926 to 1933. In 1933 he returned to Vienna as conductor of the Volksoper. He also became a professor at the Vienna Academy of Fine Arts in 1935. He often conducted at the Salzburg Festival between 1935 and 1938.

In 1938, when the Nazi's took power in Austria, (the Anschluss), Krips had to leave the country because he was Jewish and Roman Catholic. He worked in Belgrade until Yugoslavia also became involved in World War II. For the rest of the war he worked in a food factory.

In 1945 he went back to Austria, where he was one of the few conductors who were allowed to work, because he had not worked under the Nazi regime. He was the first person after the war to conduct the Vienna Philharmonic and the Salzburg Festival where he conducted Mozart's opera _Don Giovanni_.

From 1950 to 1954 Krips was principal conductor of the London Symphony Orchestra. Afterwards he conducted the Buffalo Philharmonic Orchestra and the San Francisco Symphony (from 1963 to 1970). He gave his first performance at Covent Garden in 1963 and appeared at the Metropolitan Opera in 1966. From then on he often conducted there. In 1970, he became conductor of the Deutsche Oper in Berlin. Between 1970 and 1973, he was the principal conductor of the Vienna Symphony Orchestra.

Krips died in Geneva, Switzerland in 1974.

His brother Henry was also a musician. He emigrated to Australia where he conducted the orchestra in Adelaide. Then he returned to London where he often conducted Viennese light music.

## References

- The Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie, 1980;
Répétiteur

A **Répétiteur** is a musician who helps opera singers to learn their parts for an opera.

The word _Répétiteur_ is a French word which comes from the verb "répéter" meaning: "to repeat". The meaning here is "to rehearse", because when a musician rehearses (practises) he will go over the music many times until he has learned it really well. The German word is **Korrepetitor**.

A répétiteur will be a very skilled musician. He will be an excellent pianist who can play music on the piano which is normally played by an orchestra. He will often be able to help the singer to get to know the music by singing another part that is going on at the same time. He will be able to help the singer with technical problems with their voice, and also with pronunciation and musical interpretation.

Some répétiteurs may go on to become famous conductors, e.g. Josef Krips,  Howard Goodall, and Georg Solti.

In ballet, a répétiteur teaches the steps and interpretation of the roles to some or all of the company performing a dance.
Hamilton Harty

Sir **Hamilton Harty** (born Hillsborough, Co. Down, Ireland, 4 December 1879; died Brighton, 19 February 1941) was an Irish composer, conductor and accompanist.  He is particularly remembered for his work in Manchester with the orchestra called The Hallé.

## Life and work

Harty was born in Northern Ireland, the fourth of ten children.  His father was a church organist.  He learned to play the viola, piano, and organ.  When he was twelve he was organist at Magheracoll Church, County Antrim.  He also had organist jobs at Belfast and Dublin.  In 1900 he went to London where he was soon known as a composer and an excellent piano accompanist.  In 1904 he married the singer Agnes Nicholls.  For her he wrote a piece for soprano and orchestra called _Ode to a Nightingale_.

He soon became known as a conductor, conducting the London Symphony Orchestra and, from 1920, The Hallé, which he made into one of the best orchestras in England.
He conducted works by many composers, some of whom were little known at the time: they included Bax, Sibelius, Berlioz, Moeran, Walton and Richard Strauss.  He gave the first performance in England of Mahler’s Ninth Symphony.

Harty was knighted in 1925.  He resigned from The Hallé in 1933 after there had been a lot of arguments.  After that he mainly conducted in London, as well as in United States and Australia.

Harty composed many pieces during his early years, including _An Irish Symphony_, a tone poem _With the Wild Geese_, a _Violin Concerto_, and _Ode to a Nightingale_.

Harty was ill for the last five years of his life.  He had a brain tumour.  He was looked after by his secretary Olive Baguley, because he had separated from his wife.  He died in Hove near Brighton.

## References

- The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie; 1980;
Albert Coates

**Albert Coates** (born Saint Petersburg, 23 April 1882; died Cape Town, 11 December 1953) was an Anglo-Russian conductor and composer.

## Life and work

Coates was born in Saint Petersburg, Russia, the youngest of seven sons of an English father and a Russian mother.

He studied at the conservatory in Leipzig, where his greatest teacher was Arthur Nikisch.  He worked at the opera house in Dresden, and became conductor at Saint Petersburg's Mariinsky Theatre. After the Russian Revolution and World War I he just managed to escape from Russia in April 1919.

He first appeared at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden in 1914 conducting Richard Wagner's _Tristan und Isolde_.  He was a man with a lot of energy, and he introduced the audiences to a lot of music they had not heard, especially by Russian composers such as Alexander Scriabin, but also English music by Ralph Vaughan Williams, Arnold Bax, and Gustav Holst, whose suite _The Planets_ he gave the first complete London public performance.

In the 1920s and early 1930s he often worked with the London Symphony Orchestra.  He made gramophone recordings in the very early days of the gramophone.  These include Scriabin's _Poème de l'Extase_ and many bits from Wagner's _Der Ring des Nibelungen_ and (in 1925) the complete _Symphony No. 9_ of Beethoven. He was the conductor for the first recording of Rachmaninoff's Piano Concerto No. 3, with Vladimir Horowitz as soloist.

In 1925 he gave the first stage performance outside Russia of Rimsky-Korsakov's opera _The Legend of the Invisible City of Kitezh and the Maiden Fevroniya_.

He composed several works including operas and a symphonic poem _The Eagle_, dedicated to the memory of his former teacher Artur Nikisch, which was performed in Leeds in 1925.  In 1946 he settled in Milnerton, Cape Town, South Africa, where he died in 1953.

Albert Coates was no relation to Eric Coates, the English composer of light music, nor to the tenor John Coates.
.gb

**.gb** is a reserved country code top-level domain for the United Kingdom, derived from **G**reat **B**ritain.

The domain .uk was reserved shortly after the creation of .gb, making .gb unpopular and never widely used. At a unknown date, they made it so you could no longer able to register a .gb domain.

.gb was used for some time, mainly by the British government and email services.

## Infobox (top level domain)

- **name**: .gb
- **background**: #CCF
- **introduced**: 24 July 1985
- **type**: Country code top-level domain
- **status**: Unused (reserved)
- **actualuse**: Fallen into disuse in favour of **.uk**
- **restrictions**: No registrations presently being taken
- **structure**: Government sites formerly found under **Government of the United Kingdom, hmg.gb**
- **image**: Royal Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom (HM Government) (2022).svg
- **intendeduse**: Entities connected with Great Britain (the United Kingdom)
- **registry**: JANET (Jisc)
.ma

**.ma** is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Morocco ().

## Infobox (top level domain)

- **name**: .ma
- **background**: #CCF
- **alt**: NIC.ma
- **introduced**: 26 November 1993
- **type**: Country code top-level domain
- **status**: Active
- **registry**: Agence Nationale de Réglementation de Télécommunications
- **sponsor**: Agence Nationale de Réglementation des Télécommunications
- **intendeduse**: Entities connected with
- **actualuse**: Popular in Morocco
- **restrictions**: Must have a local contact
- **structure**: Registrations are made directly at the second level or at third level beneath second-level categories
- **document**: [http://www.registre.ma/language/en/resources/e-reglementation Reglementation]
- **disputepolicy**: [http://www.registre.ma/language/en/complaintsdisputes/e-litiges Complaints and Claims]
- **website**: [https://www.registre.ma/language/en/home]
- **actual use**: Popular in Morocco


## Infobox (top level domain)

- **name**: المغرب.
- **background**: #CCF
- **type**: Internationalized country code top-level domain
- **status**: Active
- **actualuse**: Only by ANRT itself as of Nov 2016
.qa

**.qa** is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for State of Qatar.

## History

The .qa country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Qatar has been managed by the Qatar Domains Registry (QDR), under the oversight of the Communications Regulatory Authority (CRA). Initially, the registry held a "sunrise" period prior to public availability, which allowed trademark holders and government entities to secure their Qatar-specific domain names.

Public registration of .qa domains began in September 2011, with domain names offered through a mix of local and international accredited registrars. By 2014, thirteen registrars had been accredited by the QDR, including both international and local entities such as Qtel, IP Mirror, MarkMonitor, and DomainMonster.

However, a significant policy shift occurred at the end of 2024, when the CRA discontinued the renewal and issuance of registrar licenses to international companies. The regulatory framework was amended to ensure that only companies legally registered within the State of Qatar are eligible to become accredited domain registrars.

The Qatar Domains Registry manages a variety of domain extensions under the .qa namespace, including:

- Publicly available through registrars: .qa, .com.qa, .net.qa, .name.qa, and the Arabic IDN .قطر (represented in Punycode as `.xn--wgbl6a`).
- Reserved and managed directly by QDR: .gov.qa, .mil.qa, .org.qa, .edu.qa, and .sch.qa.

Qatar was among the first countries globally to offer domain names in the Arabic script.

## Second-level domains

- _.com.qa_ – Commercial organisations; registered trademarks.
- _.edu.qa_ – Licensed higher educational organisations in Qatar.
- _.sch.qa_ – Licensed private and public schools in Qatar.
- _.gov.qa_ – Governmental organisations.
- _.mil.qa_ – Ministry of State for Defense Affairs and Qatar Armed Forces.
- _.net.qa_ – Licensed networks of data communications.
- _.org.qa_ – Nonprofit organisations.

## External links

- IANA .qa whois information
- Qatar Internet Domain Names
- Qatar Domains Registry
- For the IDN version of the website.

## Infobox (top level domain)

- **name**: .qa
- **image**: Qatar Domains Registry logo.png
- **introduced**: 12 June 1996
- **type**: Country code top-level domain
- **status**: Active
- **registry**: Qatar Domains Registry
- **sponsor**: Communications Regulatory Authority
- **intendeduse**: Entities connected with
- **actualuse**: Fairly popular in Qatar
- **registereddomains**: 21,612
- **dateregistereddomains**: July 2019
- **restrictions**: Registration must occur through an accredited registrar
- **structure**: Country code top-level domain and second-level domains are available
- **disputepolicy**: [https://www.cra.gov.qa/en/Services/Domains/Complains Complaints]
.sa

**.sa** is the Latin alphabet Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) of Saudi Arabia. Domains of this type can be registered through SaudiNIC, a department of the Communications and Information Technology Commission. The Arabic alphabet ccTLD of Saudi Arabia is السعودية.

## History

The  top-level domain was managed by the King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology from 1995 to 2006. It was then transferred to Saudi Network Information Center (SaudiNIC).

As of 21 August 2023, 54,330  domain names were registered.

## Second-level domains

The second-level domains that are officially open to third-level registrations are:

- : Commercial entities and registered trademarks
- : Educational institutions
- : Elementary and secondary schools
- : Health services (hospitals, clinics, etc.)
- : Governmental entities
- : Internet-related services (ISPs, web hosting, portal sites, etc.)
- : Non-profit organizations
- : Entities or individuals that do not fit in other categories, including personal names.

## Internationalized country code TLD

Saudi Arabia was one of the first countries to apply for the new internationalized domain name (IDN) country code top-level domains authorized by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) in 2009. In January 2010, ICANN announced that the Saudi IDN ccTLD (xn--mgberp4a5d4ar, السعودية) one of the first four new IDN ccTLDs to have passed the Fast Track String Evaluation within the domain application process.

## See also

- Saudi Network Information Center
- AlSaudiah

## External links

- IANA .sa whois information
- Saudi Research & Innovation Network (King Abdulaziz City for Science & Technology)

## Infobox (top level domain)

- **name**: .sa
- **image**: SANIC logo.svg
- **introduced**: 17 May 1994
- **type**: Country code top-level domain
- **status**: Active
- **registry**: Communications and Information Technology Commission (Saudi Arabia), Communications and Information Technology Commission (SaudiNIC Unit)
- **sponsor**: Communications and Information Technology Commission (Saudi Arabia), Communications and Information Technology Commission
- **intendeduse**: Entities connected with
- **actualuse**: Gets some use in Saudi Arabia as well as websites related to Sonic Adventure
- **registereddomains**: 54,330
- **dateregistereddomains**: 21 August 2023
- **restrictions**: Must have Saudi presence, a local representative, or trademark registered in Saudi Arabia; must show legal papers verifying identity
- **structure**: Second level domains registration is available under (.sa) and (السعودية.),  the third level domains registration is available beneath various second-level labels
- **document**: [http://www.saudinic.net.sa/page.php?page=1&lang=1 Rules]
- **website**: [https://nic.sa/en SaudiNIC]
.sg

**.sg** is the country top level domain for Singapore (ccTLD). It started in 1988. It is  managed by the Singapore Network Information Centre (SGNIC). It is only for residents of Singapore. However, there are some second-level domains that have more rules when registering.

## Second-level domains

- .com.sg - For commercial use.
- .net.sg - Network providers.
- .org.sg - Registered organisations of Singapore.
- .gov.sg - Government agencies.
- .edu.sg - Schools and education institutions.
- .per.sg - For personal use only.
- .idn.sg - For domain names with Chinese and Indian words in them.

## Other websites

- IANA .sg whois information
- Singapore Network Information Centre

## Infobox (top level domain)

- **name**: .sg
- **background**: #CCF
- **introduced**: 1988
- **type**: Country code top-level domain
- **status**: Active
- **registry**: Singapore Network Information Centre, SGNIC
- **sponsor**: Singapore Network Information Centre, SGNIC
- **intendeduse**: Entities connected with Singapore
- **actualuse**: Popular in Singapore
- **restrictions**: Singapore presence required; third-level names have various restrictions depending on which second level label they are under
- **structure**: Registrations are taken at the third level beneath generic categories, or directly at the second level; special .idn.sg category exists for internationalized domain names
- **document**: [https://www.webcitation.org/5PndRTWNJ?url=http://www.nic.net.sg/sub_policies_agreement/ Policies and agreements]
- **website**: [https://www.sgnic.sg/ SGNIC]
- **registereddomains**: 190,026
- **dateregistereddomains**: Apr 2021