juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Sursee

**Sursee** is a city of the Swiss canton of Lucerne. It is the capital of the district of Sursee.

It is at the northern end of Lake Sempach.

## Other websites

- Official website
- Sursee tourism

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Sursee
- **municipality name**: Sursee
- **municipality type**: city
- **imagepath coa**: Coat of arms of Sursee.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Sursee.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Lucerne
- **iso-code-region**: CH-LU
- **district**: Sursee (district), Sursee
- **postal code**: 6210
- **municipality code**: 1103
- **area**: 5.06
- **elevation**: 504
- **population**: 9489
- **populationof**: Dec 2015
- **popofyear**: 2015
- **website**: www.sursee.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Geuensee, Knutwil, Mauensee, Lucerne, Mauensee, Oberkirch, Switzerland, Oberkirch, Schenkon
- **twintowns**: Highland, Illinois, Highland (United States), Martigny, Switzerland, Martigny (Switzerland)
Superalloy

A **superalloy**, or high-performance alloy, is a metal alloy that has several key characteristics. These include excellent resistance to high temperatures and corrosion or oxidation. The term was first used after World War II. They were developed for use in jet engines and gas turbines. About 75% of superalloys are used in aerospace engineering.
The Age of Extremes

***The Age of Extremes: The Short Twentieth Century, 1914–1991*** is a book by Eric Hobsbawm, published in 1994. In it, Hobsbawm comments on what he sees as the disastrous failures of state communism, capitalism, and nationalism. He is also skeptical of the progress of the arts and changes in society in the latter half of the twentieth century.

Hobsbawm calls the period from the start of World War I to the fall of the Soviet Union "the short twentieth century". This is to follow on "the long 19th century", the period from the start of the French Revolution in 1789 to the start of World War I in 1914. The Age of Extremes is the last in his series of books that include (_The Age of Revolution: Europe, 1789-1848_, _The Age of Capital: 1848–1875_, _The Age of Empire: 1875–1914_). In the United States, the book was published with the subtitle _A History of the World, 1914–1991_.
Triengen

**Triengen** is a municipality of the district of Sursee in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.

## History

On 1 January 2005, the former municipalities of Kulmerau and Wilihof merged into the municipality of Triengen. Since 2009, Winikon part of the municipality.

## Other websites

- Official website of Triengen

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Triengen
- **municipality name**: Triengen
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: Triengen Wappen.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Lucerne
- **iso-code-region**: CH-LU
- **district**: Sursee (district), Sursee
- **postal code**: 6234
- **municipality code**: 1104
- **area**: 22.08
- **elevation**: 517
- **population**: 4511
- **populationof**: Dec 2015
- **popofyear**: 2015
- **website**: www.triengen.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Büron, Knutwil, Moosleerau (AG), Reitnau (AG), Schlierbach, Switzerland, Schlierbach, Schmiedrued (AG), Winikon
ShelterBox

**ShelterBox** is an international disaster relief charity that provides temporary shelter and life-saving supplies to displaced families. ShelterBox sends a package that typically contains a tent designed to withstand extreme weather conditions. It also has a water purification kit, blankets, tools, and other things needed to help a family survive after a disaster. The contents of a ShelterBox are designed for the type and location of the disaster.

## Other websites

- ShelterBox home page
Château de Blois

The Royal **Château de Blois** (French: "Château Royal de Blois") is a palace in France. It is in the center of the city of Blois in the Loir-et-Cher Department. It has been the home for several French kings.

The château is made of several buildings constructed from the 13th to the 17th century around the main courtyard. It has 564 rooms and 75 staircases although only 23 were used frequently. There is a fireplace in each room.  There are 100 bedrooms.

The château is now owned by the town of Blois and is a tourist attraction.

## Other websites

- Official website
Winikon

**Winikon** was a municipality of the district of Sursee in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.

In 2009, it became part of the municipality of Triengen.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Winikon
- **municipality name**: Winikon
- **municipality type**: former
- **imagepath coa**: Pic Winikon.png
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Winikon.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Lucerne
- **iso-code-region**: CH-LU
- **district**: Sursee (district), Sursee
- **postal code**: 6235
- **municipality code**: 1106
- **area**: 7.57
- **elevation**: 501
- **population**: 744
- **populationof**: Dec 2007
- **popofyear**: 2007
- **website**: www.winikon.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Dagmersellen, Knutwil, Reiden, Reitnau (AG), Triengen
Willisau District

**Willisau** is a district of the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland. The capital is the municipality of Willisau.

It contains following municipalities:

- Alberswil
- Altbüron
- Altishofen
- Dagmersellen
- Ebersecken
- Egolzwil
- Ettiswil
- Fischbach
- Gettnau
- Grossdietwil
- Hergiswil bei Willisau
- Luthern
- Menznau
- Nebikon
- Ohmstal
- Pfaffnau
- Reiden
- Roggliswil
- Schötz
- Ufhusen
- Wauwil
- Wikon
- Willisau
- Zell
Altishofen

**Altishofen** is a municipality in Willisau in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland. On 1 January 2020 the municipality of Ebersecken became part of Altishofen.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Altishofen
- **municipality name**: Altishofen
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Altishofen COA.png
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Altishofen.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Lucerne
- **iso-code-region**: CH-LU
- **district**: Willisau (district), Willisau
- **postal code**: 6246
- **municipality code**: 1123
- **area**: 5.76
- **elevation**: 482
- **population**: 1555
- **populationof**: Dec 2015
- **popofyear**: 2015
- **website**: www.altishofen.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Dagmersellen, Ebersecken, Nebikon, Reiden
Growth medium

A **growth medium** or **culture medium** is a solid or liquid containing nutrients. It is designed to support the growth of microorganisms or cells, or small plants like moss.
There are different types of media for growing different types of cells.

There are a wide range of growth media used in biology. Some of the basic types are:

1. Undefined versus defined media: with defined media we know exactly what chemicals are in them.
1. Selective media: for example, a medium with an antibiotic added. The only things which grow are those resistant to the antibiotic.
1. Differential media: these distinguish one microorganism type from another growing on the same plate.
1. Transport media: these have just enough to let organisms survive.
1. Enriched media: contain extra amino acids and other building blocks. Used to harvest a wide range of organisms from a particular source.
Cime du Gélas

**Cime du Gélas** () is a  high mountain on the boundary between France (Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region) and Italy (Province of Cuneo).

It is the highest peak of the Mercantour National Park () and of the Alpes-Maritimes department, while on the Italian side it is part of the Maritime Alps Natural Park (_Parco naturale delle Alpi Marittime_).

## Name

The name of the mountain comes from the Occitan verb _gelà_ that means "to freeze" because the glaciers that are in the northern side; the glaciers have reduced their sizes during the late 20th century but they are still there.

## Geography

Cime du Gelàs is part of the Maritime Alps, southeast France. Geologically, it is part of the Mercantour-Argentera massif, and is mostly formed by gneiss.

The peak is composed of two smaller ones, divided by a gorge called _Sella del Gelàs_. The highest peak is the northern one; it is the easier to climb and has, on the top, a small wood sculpture of the Madonna and a cross on the top that was built here by order of priests from Cuneo.

## History

The first recorded ascension of the peak was made on 1864 by Paolo di Saint-Robert. in 1894, Victor de Cessole was the first to climb the mountain in winter.

## Other websites

- Cime du Gélas at Altituderando.com

## Infobox (mountain)

- **name**: Cime du Gélas
- **other name**: _Monte Gelàs_
- **photo**: Gelas.jpg
- **photo alt**: Cime du Gélas, in winter, from Vallon de la Madone de Fenestre
- **photo caption**: Southern side of the _Cime du Gélas_
- **elevation m**: 3143
- **prominence m**: 669
- **location**: Piedmont, Italy
 Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France
- **range**: Maritime Alps
- **first ascent**: 1864
- **easiest route**: snow/rock climb
- **map**: France
- **label position**: left
- **map alt**: Alps
- **map caption**: Location in the Alps
John Martin (painter)

**John Martin** (19 July 1789 – 17 February 1854) was an English romantic painter.

## Biography

John Martin was born in Haydon Bridge, Northumberland, on 19 July 1789. He was best known as an author of historical paintings. They were mostly inspirated by the Bible and poetical works. Martin's works were usually landscapes with little drawings of people. He was a friend of the poet Edwin Atherstone. They both liked to paint scenes of mass destruction.

After the Belgian government bought _The Fall of Ninevah_, the Belgian Academy made Martin a member. He also was made a Knight of the Order of Leopold by the king of Belgium.

John Martin died in Douglas, Isle of Man on 17 February 1854.

## Works

(A selection)
- _Christ Stilleth the Tempest_
- _The Calvary_
- _Belshazzar's Feast_ (1821)
- _The Destruction of Herculanum and Poempeii_ (1822)
- _The Deluge_ (1826)
- _The Fall of Nineveh_ (1829)
- _The Fallen Angels Entering Pandemonium_ (1841)
- _The Last Man_ (1849)
- _The Great Day of His Wrath (1851-1853)
- _The Destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah_ (1852)
- _The Last Judgement_ (1853)

## Bibliography

- William Feaver, _The Art of John Martin'', Oxford 1975.

## Infobox (artist)

- **name**: John Martin
- **image**: John Martin by Henry Warren.jpg
- **caption**: Portrait of John Martin by Henry Warren (artist), Henry Warren, 1839
- **birth place**: Haydon Bridge, Northumberland, England
- **death place**: Isle of Man
- **spouse**: Susan
- **field**: Painting, engraving, illustration
- **movement**: Romanticism, Romantic
Siagne

The **Siagne** is a short river that flows through the Var and Alpes-Maritimes departments, in southeastern France.

## Geography

The Siagne river has a length of  and a drainage basin with an area of approximately .

Its average yearly discharge (volume of water which passes through a section of the river per unit of time) is 8.75 cubic metres per second at Pégomas, near Cannes.

### Course

The Siagne starts on the south side of the _Audibergue_ mountain, in the _commune_ of Escragnolles, Alpes-Maritimes department, at an elevation of about . It then flows to the southwest through the departments of Alpes-Maritimes and Var. For much of its length, it forms the border between the two departments.

Finally, the river flows into the Mediterranean Sea at the city of Mandelieu-la-Napoule.

The Siagne flows through 2 departments and 13 _communes_, in one region:
- Alpes-Maritimes department: Escragnolles, Saint-Vallier-de-Thiey, Saint-Cézaire-sur-Siagne, Le Tignet, Peymeinade, Mandelieu-la-Napoule, Auribeau-sur-Siagne, Pégomas, La Roquette-sur-Siagne
- Var: Mons, Callian, Montauroux, Tanneron

## Main tributaries

The main tributaries of the Siagne river are:

**Left tributaries**:
- Vallon de Nans - 11 km
- Moucharonne - 14 km

**Right tributaries**:
- Siagnole - 19.5 km
- Biançon - 24.6 km

## Related pages

- List of rivers of France

## Infobox (river)

- **name**: Siagne
- **image**: Gorges de la Siagne.jpg
- **image caption**: Gorges of the Siagne
- **pushpin map**: France#France Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
- **source1 location**: near Escragnolles
- **mouth location**: Mediterranean Sea
- **subdivision type1**: Country
- **subdivision name1**: France
- **discharge1 avg**: Mediterranean Sea
Lorenzo Ghiberti

**Lorenzo Ghiberti** (Florence, 1378 - 1 December 1455, Florence), born **Lorenzo di Bartolo**, was a sculptor, painter, and architect.

## Related pages

- List of Italian painters

## Bibliography

- (it) Giulia Brunetti, _Ghiberti_, Sansoni, Florence, 1966.
- (it) Pierluigi De Vecchi ed Elda Cerchiari, _I tempi dell'arte_, volume 2, Bompiani, Milan, 1999.
Al Nahyan

The **Al Nahyan** (pronounced 'an-nayāān) is the ruling family of Abu Dhabi and the senior rulers of the United Arab Emirates (UAE).
Geo (microformat)

**Geo** is a microformat for marking up WSG84 geographical coordinates in (X)HTML.

Geo allows parsing tools to extract a location. The location can then be used in another website or mapping tool. It can also input into a GPS.
Njál's saga

***Njáls saga*** or ***"The Story of Burnt Njáll"***) is a thirteenth-century Icelandic saga which describes events between 960 and 1020. It's theme is Christianity - with the Althing one man one night ponder decision for Iceland's Constitutional Conversion to the New Christian Creed in 1000 AD - and also with the natural "Christian", Old Njal, a good and decent owner who has bad pagan Chlidren, innocent and accepting dying a protomartyr's death for goodness in his perpretrated burning wood-house.

The principal characters are the friends Njáll Þorgeirsson, a lawyer and a sage, and Gunnar Hámundarson, a formidable warrior. Gunnar's wife starts a feud. This leads to the death of many characters over several decades. The central event is the killing of Njál by fire.

The saga deals with blood feuds in the Icelandic peoples. It shows how honor could lead to minor events spiralling into destructive and prolonged bloodshed. There are insults where a character's manhood is called into question. Another characteristic of the narrative is the presence of omens and prophetic dreams. This might reflect a fatalistic outlook on the part of the author.

A key feature of the writing is the valedictory, which is a farewell statement. Just before death, the character speaks his last.

The work is anonymous, and there is speculation about the author's identity. The major events of the saga are probably historical. The material was shaped by the author, drawing on oral tradition, according to his artistic needs. _Njáls saga_ is the longest and most highly developed of the sagas of the Icelanders. It is often considered the peak of the saga tradition.
World Geodetic System

The **World Geodetic System** (**WGS**) is a standard for use in cartography, geodesy, and navigation including GPS.

It comprises a standard coordinate system for the Earth, a standard for raw altitude data, and a geoid that defines the _nominal sea level_. The latest revision is **WGS 84**.
GfK Entertainment charts

The **GfK Entertainment charts** are the official music charts in Germany.

The charts are gathered and published by **GfK Entertainment GmbH** (formerly **Media Control GfK International GmbH**). GfK is an abbreviation  for "Gesellschaft für Konsumforschung". GfK provides weekly top 100 lists.

## Infobox (organization)

- **name**: GfK Entertainment GmbH
- **formation**: 2014
- **type**: Market research, Service Provider of Media Monitoring, Analysis and Evaluation
- **headquarters**: Baden-Baden
- **location**: Germany
Prometheus Global Media

**Prometheus Global Media** is a New York City-based media company.

The company owns and operates a number of major entertainment publications and their associated digital properties. These include _Adweek_, _Backstage_, _Billboard_, _Film Journal International_, and _The Hollywood Reporter_.

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: Prometheus Global Media
- **former name**: e5 Global Media
- **type**: Subsidiary
- **industry**: Media
- **predecessor**: Nielsen Holdings PLC
- **location city**: New York City, New York (state), New York
- **location country**: United States
Dagmersellen

**Dagmersellen** is a municipality of the district of Willisau in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2006, the former municipalities of Buchs and Uffikon merged into the municipality of Dagmersellen.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Dagmersellen
- **municipality name**: Dagmersellen
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: Dagmersellen LU.png
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Dagmersellen.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Lucerne
- **iso-code-region**: CH-LU
- **district**: Willisau (district), Willisau
- **postal code**: 6252
- **municipality code**: 1125
- **area**: 14.0
- **elevation**: 481
- **population**: 5234
- **populationof**: Dec 2015
- **website**: www.dagmersellen.ch
- **mayor**: Philipp Bucher
- **places**: Buchs, Uffikon
- **neighboring municipalities**: Altishofen, Egolzwil, Knutwil, Mauensee, Lucerne, Mauensee, Nebikon, Reiden, Wauwil, Winikon
Buchs, Lucerne

**Buchs** is a former municipality of the district of Willisau in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2006, the former municipalities of Buchs and Uffikon merged into the municipality of Dagmersellen.
Uffikon

**Uffikon** was a municipality of the district of Willisau in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2006 the former municipalities of Buchs and Uffikon merged into the municipality of Dagmersellen.
Ebersecken

**Ebersecken** was a municipality in Willisau in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland. On 1 January 2020, Ebersecken became part of Altishofen.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Ebersecken
- **municipality name**: Ebersecken
- **municipality type**: former
- **imagepath coa**: Pic_Ebersecken.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Lucerne
- **iso-code-region**: CH-LU
- **district**: Willisau (Amt), Willisau
- **postal code**: 6245
- **municipality code**: 1126
- **area**: 8.57
- **elevation**: 548
- **neighboring municipalities**: Altbüron, Altishofen, Fischbach, Lucerne, Fischbach, Grossdietwil, Nebikon, Ohmstal, Reiden, Schötz, Zell, Lucerne, Zell
Thomas Kyd

**Thomas Kyd** (1558-1594) was an English playwright.

Kyd is the author of _The Spanish Tragedy_. It was the most popular play of the time and many playwrights imitated it. A character in _The Spanish Tragedy_ likely influenced Shakespeare when writing Hamlet. Kyd was one of the first users of blank verse in English literature.
"_extraordinary dramatic (if not poetic) genius_".

## Other websites

- Full text of _The Spanish Tragedy_ by Thomas Kyd
LIGO

The **Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory** (**LIGO**) is a large-scale physics observatory which detects cosmic gravitational waves co-founded by Scottish physicist Ronald Drever. They were first funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF) and were conceived, built and are operated by Caltech and MIT.
The NSF has funded improvements for LIGO to increase sensitivity, which allowed them to make the first detection of gravitational waves. LIGO is the largest and most ambitious project ever funded by the NSF.

LIGO is an interferometer. It fires a laser beam and splits it into two laser beams. Mirrors bounce them back towards a light detector and merge them. Normally, the two laser beams should cancel each other, so the light does not reach the detector, but any changes in space-time caused by gravity waves can change the laser beams, so that they don't cancel out fully. When this happens, the light detector will see some of the laser light, which it can then use to work out the size of the space-time distortion.

## Other websites

- Physicists Announce the Detection of Gravitational Waves; YouTube
- LIGO Gravitational Wave Observatory; YouTube
Emma Lazarus

**Emma Lazarus** (22 July 1849 - 19 November 1887) was an American poet and playwright of Jewish origin.

Lazarus was one of seven children of Moses and Esther Nathan Lazarus. Her father's family came from Portugal. She became interested in Jewish tradition after reading _Daniel Deronda_ by George Eliot. She never married, although she was considered a pretty woman. Emma Lazarus died of Hodgkin's lymphoma.

Lazarus wrote many lyric poems. She used classic forms like rhyme royal and ottava rima (in the cycle named _Epochs_). She was especially good at writing sonnets. Her best known work is the sonnet _The New Colossus_. It was placed at The Statue of Liberty in New York. She also translated into English poems by romantic German poet Henrich Heine. As a journalist she always protested against any kind of discrimination.

## Related pages

- List of poets from North America

## Bibliography

- Bette Roth Young, _Emma Lazarus in Her World: Life and Letters_. With a Foreword by Francine Klagsburn, The Jewish Publication Society, Philadelphia 1995.

## Other websites

- _The Poems of Emma Lazarus_,        Vol. I.
- _The Poems of Emma Lazarus,        Vol. II.
- _Poems and Ballads of Heinrich Heine. Translated by Emma Lazarus.
Algonquin Provincial Park

**Algonquin Provincial Park** is a provincial park in Canada. It is the oldest provincial park in the province of Ontario, opened in 1893. It is very large at 7,653 square kilometres (2,955 square miles), and is the third largest provincial park in Ontario after Polar Bear and Wabakimi. The park contains many streams, lakes, rivers, and other water sources. Its forests are a mix of deciduous and coniferous. The variety of environments in the park makes it home to many species of plants and animals, and it is an important park for wildlife research. It is a very popular park with campers because of its size and how close it is to large cities such as Toronto and Ottawa.

In 1992 Algonquin Park became a National Historic Site of Canada.

## History

Algonquin Park started as a logging area, where people would come to cut down trees. A group of loggers wanted to make the area a park because of how beautiful it was and to protect the animals that lived there. In 1892 a request was made by five members of the government asking for a park to be opened on the land. The next year in 1893 the park was officially made. It was the first provincial park in Ontario, but when it was opened it was called a national park. It was changed to a provincial park in 1913.

In 1896 a railway was built on the park. In 1898 cottages, lodges and camps started being sold to tourists, and in 1908 the first hotel in the park was built. The hotel was very popular. After that hotel opened others started being built.

## Activities

The park is a very popular place for outdoor activities all year. Many people camp in campgrounds on the park. Fishing, hiking, horse riding and canoeing are other popular things to do. In winter people skate on the lakes, and the park opens their own skating rink.

There is also a museum, called the Algonquin Logging Museum, on the park. This museum tells people about the history of the park as well as the logging that happens today. There is a book store, exhibits with information about the park and a remade version of a logging camp from the late 1800s.

## Infobox (protected area)

- **name**: Algonquin Provincial Park
- **photo**: Moose (Alces alces), Female and Juvenile - Algonquin Provincial Park, Ontario.jpg
- **photo caption**: Two moose in Algonquin Park
- **location**: Whitney, Ontario, Canada
- **established**: May 23, 1893
- **area**: 1,908,000 acres
University of Trieste

**University of Trieste** (_Università degli Studi di Trieste_) is a university in Trieste, Friuli-Venezia Giulia region, Italy. It was founded in 1924. The university is composed of 10 faculties.

## Organization

- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Department of Economic, Business, Mathematical and Statistical Sciences
- Department of Engineering and Architecture
- Department of Humanities
- Department of Legal, Language, Interpreting and Translation Studies
- Department of Life Sciences
- Department of Mathematics and Geosciences
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences
- Department of Physics
- Department of Political and Social Sciences

## Notable _alumni_

- Darko Bratina, sociologist and Member of Parliament
- Alberto Conti, mathematician
- Antonio Giordano, physician
- Albert O. Hirschman, economist
- Andrea Illy, entrepreneur
- Dušan Jelinčič, journalist and novelist
- Carlo Pelanda, economist
- Ermin Smrekar, architect
- Marta Verginella, historian
- Lamberto Zannier, diplomat

## Other websites

- University of Trieste - official homepage
Ladies' Code

**Ladies' Code** () was a South Korean girl group formed by Polaris Entertainment and 1TheK (formerly LOEN Music) in 2013. The group originally consisted of five members: Ashley, Sojung, EunB, Rise and Zuny. Their debut album was _Code#01_.

They won the New Artist of The Year award at Gaon Kpop Chart Awards and the MBC music star award at MelON music awards.

On September 3, 2014, at 1:20 KST time, the group was involved in a car crash which killed members EunB and Rise, leaving the group as a trio.

In late 2015, Ladies' Code and the other Polaris artists held a memorial concert for the dead members.

In 2016, Ladies Code returned for the first time since the accident with the single album _Myst3ry_.

## Members

**Current members**
- Ashley () – leader
- Sojung ()
- Zuny ()

**Past members**
- Rise ()
- EunB ()

### Mini-albums

- _CODE #01 Bad Girl_ (2013)
- _CODE #02 Pretty Pretty_ (2013)
- _Strang3r_ (2016)
- _Code#03 Set Me Free_ (2019)

### Single albums

- _Kiss Kiss_ (2014)
- _Myst3ry_ (2016)

### Soundtrack appearances

- "Make Me Go Crazy" <small>(_Flower Grandpa Investigation Unit_ OST)</small> (2014)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Ladies' Code
- **image**: Ladies' Code on May 24, 2013.jpg
- **alt**: Image of Ladies' Code members holding microphones and wearing matching black, red and white plaid outfits
- **caption**: Ladies' Code in 2014
From left to right: Zuny, Sojung, RiSe (deceased), Ashley, EunB (deceased)
- **origin**: South Korea
- **years active**: –
- **label**: Polaris
- **current members**: * Ashley
* Sojung
* Zuny
- **past members**: * EunB
* Kwon Ri-se, Rise
Jan Kochanowski

**Jan Kochanowski** (; 1530 – 22 August 1584) was a Polish Renaissance poet, translator and playwright. He is generally regarded as one of the greatest poets in Polish literature.

## Biography

Jan Kochanowski was born into a noble family in the village of Sycyna, Poland. His parents were
Piotr Kochanowski, a lawyer and judge, and Anna Białaczowska. Among their 11 children, two of Jan's brothers were also writers. He studied at the Jagiellonian University in Cracow. Then he attended the University of Königsberg (Królewiec), in Ducal Prussia, and Padua University in Italy. He returned to Poland in 1559. In 1563 he became a secretary at the royal court of Sigismund II Augustus. He married Dorota Podlodowska around 1575 and settled at the family estate at Czarnolas ("Blackwood"). Kochanowski is sometimes called "Jan z Czarnolasu" ("John of Blackwood"). He died of a heart attack in 1584 in the town of Lublin.

## Works

Jan Kochanowski wrote in Polish and Latin. He wrote _Fraszki_, a cycle of epigrams, _Pieśni_ (_Cantos_) and _Treny_ (_Laments_). The last work was written by the poet after death of his daughter Ursula. He lost another daughter, named Hanna, too. Kochanowski wrote also _Pieśń świętojańska o Sobótce_ (_Midsummer Night's Song_) and _Odprawa połów greckich_ (_The Dismissal of the Grecian Envoys_). Many of his poems are free translations from Horace. Kochanowski translated _The Book of Psalms_ and _Chess_ by Marco Girolamo Vida. Kochanowski established rules of Polish versification and introduced sonnet to Polish poetry. Many poems by Kochanowski were translated into English.

The translator Piotr Kochanowski was Jan Kochanowski's nephew.

## Other websites

- Jan Kochanowski's Biography and Poems at Virtual Library of Polish Literature.
Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria

The **assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria**, the heir presumptive to the throne of Austria-Hungary, and of his wife, Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg, happened on 28 June 1914 in Sarajevo. Both of them were shot and killed by Gavrilo Princip.

Princip was one of a group of seven assassins (five from Serbia and one from Bosnia) from the Black Hand. The political reason for the secret society to commit assassination was to make Austria-Hungary's South Slavic provinces and then combine them into a new country, Greater Serbia.

That led to the outbreak of war in Europe in late July 1914, which started when Austria-Hungary invaded Serbia. Both countries had allies that fought in World War I.

## Other websites

- Map of Europe  at the time of the assassination of Franz Ferdinand at omniatlas.com
- Newsreels about Franz Ferdinand's assassination at www.europeanfilmgateway.eu
- Prison Interview with Gavrilo Princip after the Assassination

## Infobox (civilian attack)

- **title**: Assassination of Archduke
Franz Ferdinand of Austria and Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg
- **image**: DC-1914-27-d-Sarajevo-cropped.jpg
- **caption**: Assassination illustrated in the Italian newspaper _La Domenica del Corriere, Domenica del Corriere_, 12 July 1914 by Achille Beltrame
- **location**: Near the Latin Bridge, Sarajevo ()
- **date**: 28 June 1914
- **perp**: Gavrilo Princip
South Mills, North Carolina

**South Mills** is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Camden County, North Carolina, United States. Its population was 362 as of the 2020 census. South Mills has a post office with ZIP code 27976, which opened on March 2, 1840. The community is located near U.S. Route 17. U.S. Route 17 Business and North Carolina Highway 343 pass through the community.

The William Riley Abbott House, Dismal Swamp Canal, and Morgan House are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: South Mills, North Carolina
- **settlement type**: Census-designated place
- **image skyline**: South Mills NC bridge 2020a.jpg
- **image caption**: Highway bridge open for passage of sailboat at South Mills on the Intracoastal Waterway (Dismal Swamp Canal)
- **image map**: Camden County North Carolina incorporated and unincorporated areas South Mills highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 260px
- **map caption**: Location in Camden County, North Carolina, Camden County and the state of North Carolina.
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: North Carolina
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in North Carolina, County
- **subdivision name2**: Camden County, North Carolina, Camden
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 4.64
- **area land km2**: 4.64
- **area water km2**: 0.00
- **area total sq mi**: 1.79
- **area land sq mi**: 1.79
- **area water sq mi**: 0.00
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 362
- **population density km2**: 78.05
- **population density sq mi**: 202.12
- **timezone**: Eastern Time Zone, Eastern (EST)
- **utc offset**: -5
- **timezone dst**: EDT
- **utc offset dst**: -4
- **elevation ft**: 3
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 27976
- **area code**: Area code 252, 252
- **blank name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank info**: 2628656
- **blank1 name**: Federal Information Processing Standards, FIPS code
- **blank1 info**: 37-63340
Quantum tunnelling

**Quantum tunnelling** is a part of the theoretical branch of physics known as quantum mechanics. It states that  electrons can behave like both particles and waves, and can cancel the effects of an energy barrier if the energy barrier is thin enough, due to quantum mechanics being  dependent on probability. In other words, particles can travel through walls, doors, etc. if the door or wall is thin enough. The particle— usually a subatomic or quark particle such as an electron or photon—can become a wave to focus a great deal of energy on the barrier, ultimately negating it. There is also a non-zero chance that it could be found _inside_ the barrier. However, this only noticeably works for subatomic particles, as the chance for macroscopic objects to do this is very, very low, small enough to not be thought about much.
Olmec figurine

**Olmec figurine** is the name for figurines which were produced in Central America, from about 1000 BCE to about 500 BCE. Many come from the Olmec heartland, which is the gulf region of modern-day Mexico. Olmec figurines show the influence of the Olmec culture. In 2016, it is not known how far this influence extended. It is therefore possible that some of these figurines were produced by other people, who were influenced by the Olmec.

Many of the figurines were found in household waste and in landfill used for construction. Outside the Olmec heartland they were also found in graves. Looters often took these figurines. It is impossible to tell where the looted figurines are from.

Most of the figurines are made from terracotta. Since terracotta is fragile, most only survive in parts. Wooden busts have been discovered in the submerged site El Marati, but no figurines made of wood have been found.

The figurines best known to the public are made of stone or minerals,such as jade, serpentine, greenstone or basalt. Figurines of stone or minerals are often carved, while those made of terracotta are simpler in design.

## Motifs

The figurines found show different motifs or designs:
- "Baby face": This is a common motf for the Olmec culture, and often occurs, at least in the early period.
- "Elongated man": This shows a human figure in an artificial pose, with thin limbs. The head is often deformed.
- "Were-jaguar": This is theme that can be found in all of Olmec art, there are also figurines with the motif.
- Transformation figurines: They show how an animal transforms into human form, or humans with animal masks.
- Small humans, in a naturalistic pose
- Dwarf figurines
Sigismund II Augustus

**Sigismund II Augustus** (1520-1572) was a Polish king, the last member of the Jagiellon dynasty. He was also the Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1548 to 1572.

## Biography

Sigismund II Augustus was born in Kraków on 1 August 1520. He was the only son (he had sisters) of king Sigismund I the Old and his wife, Italian princess Bona Sforza. His great grandfather was Jogaila, the founder of the dynasty. Sigismund II Augustus was crowned as a child on 20 February 1530 when his father was still alive (in Latin _vivente rege_). From 1544 he ruled in Lithuania. He was married three times but remained childless. He died on 7 July 1572 in Knyszyn. He was a Roman Catholic, but was known for his tolerance for Protestants.

When king Sigismund II Augustus received diplomats or made important decisions, he did so in the audience hall in the royal castle. This room was also called "Under the Heads" for the carved heads set in the ceiling. One of these was a woman's head. The legend says whenever he would make a decision she would speak in Latin (using rhyme and alliteration): _Rex Auguste, iudica iuste_ ("King August, judge justly"). He followed her advice but after that her mouth was covered with a ribbon so she would never again interfere in royal decisions.

## Other sources

- Stanisław Cynarski, _Zygmunt August_, Ossolineum, Wrocław 1988 (in Polish).

## Other websites

- Sigismund II Augustus

## Infobox (royalty)

- **name**: Sigismund II Augustus
- **image**: Cranach_the_Younger_Sigismund_II_Augustus.jpg
- **succession**: King of Poland
Grand Duke of Lithuania
- **caption**: Portrait by Lucas Cranach the Younger, 1553
- **reign**: 1st April 1548 – 7th July 1572
- **coronation**: 20th February 1530
- **predecessor**: Sigismund I
- **successor**: Ernest, Archduke of Austria, Ernest
- **birth date**: 1st August 1520
- **birth place**: Kraków, Poland
- **death date**: 7th July 1572 (aged 51)
- **death place**: Knyszyn, Poland
- **burial date**: 10th February 1574
- **burial place**: Wawel Cathedral, Kraków, Poland
- **father**: Sigismund I
- **mother**: Bona Sforza
- **co-ruler**: Sigismund I, Sigismund the Old 1529-1548
- **spouse**: Elizabeth of Austria (m.1543-1545)​
Barbara Radziwiłł ​(m.1547-1551)​
Catherine of Austria ​​(m. 1553-1572)
- **issue**: Barbara Woroniecka (illegitimate)
- **house**: Jagiellon dynasty
- **religion**: Roman Catholic
- **signature**: File:Sigismundus Augustus Rex.PNG
Yoshinori Ohsumi

(born 9 February 1945) is a Japanese cell biologist. He won the 2016 Physiology or Medicine for his discoveries of how cell autophagy works.

Autophagy is the process that cells use to break down and recycle cellular components. This allows the orderly recycling of cellular components.

Ohsumi is a professor in Institute of Science Tokyo's Frontier Research Center. He got the Kyoto Prize for Basic Science in 2012.

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Yoshinori Ohsumi
- **image**: Nobel Laureates 1042 (30647248184).jpg
- **caption**: Ohsumi in 2015
- **birth place**: Fukuoka, Japan
- **nationality**: Japanese
- **fields**: Cell biology, Cell biologist
- **workplaces**: Tokyo Institute of Technology
- **alma mater**: University of Tokyo
- **known for**: Autophagy
- **awards**: Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (2016)
Autophagy

**Autophagy** (which means "eating itself"), is one of the basic cell mechanisms. It allows the controlled breaking down of cell parts which do not work, or are not needed. The cell parts can then be recycled as required.

There are several ways this happens. Targeted cell parts may be isolated from the rest of the cell in an _autophagosome_ (a double-membraned vesicle). The autophagosome fuses with lysosomes and the contents are broken down and recycled. In the extreme case of starvation, the breakdown of cellular components promotes cellular survival by maintaining cellular energy levels.

The name "autophagy" was coined by Belgian biochemist Christian de Duve in 1963. The identification of autophagy-related genes in yeast in the 1990s let researchers figure out the mechanisms of autophagy. This led to the award of the 2016 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine to Japanese researcher Yoshinori Ohsumi.
Mikołaj Sęp Szarzyński

**Mikołaj Sęp Szarzyński** (c. 1550 – c. 1581) was a Polish nobleman and poet. He is generally regarded as one of the most important Polish writers and the first representative of Baroque in Poland.

## Biography

Little is known about life of Mikołaj Sęp Szarzyński. He was born around 1550 in the village of Zimna Woda near Lviv (today in Ukraine, then in the Kingdom of Poland). He was a member of Protestant family. He was the son of Joachim Sęp called Szarzyński. He studied abroad in Germany at universities of Wittemberg and of Lepzig. Then he continued his studies at the University of Padua in Italy.

Szarzyński is believed to have become a Roman Catholic, but some scholars are not convinced of that.

Szarzyński's poems were written probably in the years 1568-1581. They were published by the poet's brother in 1601. The book was named _Rytmy abo wiersze polskie_ (Rhythms or Polish Verses).

## Works

Mikołaj Sęp Szarzyński did not write many poems. All his published works can be printed on one hundred pages. He wrote in Polish and in Latin. He wrote six sonnets and some other poems, cantos and epitaphs. His poetry focuses on religious themes. Thus it is similar to Sebastian Grabowiecki's work.

Szarzyński shaped his sonnets according to a French scheme that is abba abba cdcd ee. Julian Krzyżanowski, editor of Szarzyński's poems, points out the use of alliteration in them.

Szarzyński's poems were translated into English by Steven Clancy and Richard Sokoloski.

## Further reading

- Czesław Miłosz, _The History of Polish Literature_. Second edition, University of California Press, Berkeley 1983.
Great Green Wall

The **Great Green Wall of Africa** is a strip of trees being planted across Africa to stop the Sahara desert from moving south. The Sahara desert moving south is affecting countries such as: Niger, Chad, Sudan, Mali and many more. The expansion of desert areas may affect the lives of up to 19 million people, including more than 1 million children.

The strip of trees is planned to be about 15 kilometers wide.

Unfortunately some people, when they see these trees, gather wood as timber for them to make fire or other uses.
California's Gold

***California's Gold*** is a public television travel program that explores the natural, cultural, and historical features of the state of California. The series ran for 18 seasons from 1994 to 2012. There were 443 episodes.  It was produced and hosted by Huell Howser for its entire run. The minimal production allowed locations and people to remain the focal point of the program. The series stopped after Howser's death in 2013, although reruns have continued to air after his death.

The series' theme song varies between several renditions of "California, Here I Come," but was most often played on the series by local musicians Eddie Enderle and Richard Chon.

## Other websites

- Huell Howser Archives at Chapman University
- California's Gold
- Video Podcast Feed - California's Gold
- California's Gold episodes available free on iTunes
Taurine

**Taurine** is an organic compound. It is up to 0.1% of total human body weight, and is a main constituent of bile. Taurine is essential for the heart, the skeletal muscles, the retina, and the nerves. The body makes it from the amino acid cysteine.

Taurine comes from the Latin /taurus/ which means bull or ox. It was first extracted from ox bile in 1827.

## Food

Taurine is in fish and meat. The daily intake is around 58 mg (range from 9 to 400 mg). It is low or negligible from a strict vegan diet. Taurine intake is generally less than 200 mg/day.

### Energy drinks

Synthetic taurine is used to make some "energy drinks".  Many contain 1000 mg per serving, and some as much as 2000 mg.

## Other websites

- Taurine MS Spectrum
- Taurine bound to proteins in the PDB
Wladyslaw I of Poland

**Wladyslaw I of Poland** (1261  2 March 1333) was the ruler who united Polish lands into one state at the beginning of 14th century.

## Biography

Władysław was born probably in 1261. He was a son of duke Casimir of Kuyavia. He was the step-brother of duke Leszek the Black. He was called Łokietek, that means "the Short" or "Elbow-high".

At the time of his birth Poland was divided into many independent states. For years Władysław struggled to unite Poland into one strong state. He was at war with a powerful king of Bohemia, Wenceslaus II. His lands were also in danger of the Teutonic Knights who had seized the town of Gdansk. Despite all odds, Władysław united Greater Poland and lesser Poland and was crowned in 1320.

He had still to fight in defence of the country. In 1331 he defeated the Teutonic knights in the battle at Płowce. He was seventy then. He died two years later. His only son, Casimir III of Poland, succeeded him. Wladyslaw I was buried in the cathedral at Wawel Castle.

## An anecdote

At the time of Władysław's reign many Germans lived in Polish towns. They opposed him and rioted against him. After the riot of Lord Mayor Albert Władysław ordered his soldiers to expel all Germans from the town. One of them asked Władysław, how to recognise a German. The duke ordered them to make everyone speak aloud the words _Soczewica, koło, miele, młyn_ (that means _Lentil, wheel, grinds, mill_). A man who could not speak it correctly was regarded as a German.

## Bibliography

- Paweł Jasienica, _Polska Piastów_, Ossolineum, Wrocław 1960.
- Henryk Samsonowicz, _Łokietkowe czasy_, Krakowa Agencja Wydawnicza, Kraków 1989.
Simone Biles

**Simone Arianne Biles** (born March 14, 1997) is an American artistic gymnast. Biles is the 2016 Olympic individual all-around, vault and floor gold medalist. She was part of the gold medal-winning team dubbed the "Final Five" at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro. She also won the bronze medal for the balance beam during the Olympics. Biles is a three-time world all-around champion (2013–15), three-time world floor champion (2013–15), two-time world balance beam champion (2014, 2015), four-time United States national all-around champion (2013–16), and a member of the gold medal-winning American teams at the 2014 and 2015 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships.

Having won a combined total of 37 Olympic and World Championship medals, Biles is the most decorated American gymnast. She took this over from Shannon Miller, who had held this record since 1996. With her win in Rio, Biles became the sixth woman to have won an individual all-around title at both the World Championships and the Olympic Games.  With four Olympic gold medals, Biles set a new American record for most gold medals in women’s gymnastics at a single game.

On April 22, 2023, she married American football player Jonathan Owens.

## Infobox (gymnast)

- **name**: Simone Biles
- **image**: EUA levam ouro na ginástica artística feminina; Brasil fica em 8º lugar (28262782114).jpg
- **caption**: Biles at the Gymnastics at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's artistic individual all-around, 2024
 Olympics all-around gold medal podium.
- **fullname**: Simone Arianne Biles
- **birth place**: Columbus, Ohio, U.S.
- **residence**: Spring, Texas, United States
- **height**: 142 cm
- **discipline**: WAG
- **level**: Senior international elite
- **natlteam**: 2012 – present (United States women's national gymnastics team, US)
- **gym**: World Champions Centre (current)
Bannon's Gymnastix Inc. (2003–2014)
- **headcoach**: Aimee Boorman
- **choreographer**: Dominic Zito
- **eponymousskills**: **Floor exercise:** double layout half out