juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Gunma Prefecture

is a prefecture of in the Kantō region of Japan on the island of Honshu. Its capital is Maebashi.

## History

In the Meiji period, Gunma was created from land which was in Keno Province and Kōzuke Province.

## Geography

Gunma is in the northwestern part of the Kantō Plain. It is mostly mountainous.

Gunma shares northern borders with Niigata Prefecture and Fukushima Prefecture.  The prefecture's eastern border is shared with Tochigi Prefecture. To the west lies Nagano Prefecture. Saitama Prefecture is south of the prefecture.

### Cities

There are twelve cities in Gunma Prefecture:

- Annaka
- Fujioka
- Isesaki
- Kiryū

- Maebashi (capital)
- Midori
- Numata
- Ōta

- Shibukawa
- Takasaki
- Tatebayashi
- Tomioka

### Towns and villages

Towns and villages in each district:

### National Parks

National Parks are established in about 14% of the total land area of the prefecture.

## Shrines and Temples

_Ichinomiyanukisaki jinja_ is the chief Shinto shrines (_ichinomiya_) in the prefecture.

## Related pages

- Provinces of Japan
- Prefectures of Japan
- List of regions of Japan
- List of islands of Japan
- Thespa Kusatsu

## Other websites

- (Japanese)

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Gunma Prefecture
- **settlement type**: Prefectures of Japan, Prefecture
- **imagesize**: 265px
- **image flag**: Flag of Gunma Prefecture.svg
- **image seal**: Emblem of Gunma Prefecture.svg
- **image map**: Gunma in Japan.svg
- **mapsize**: 265px
- **map caption**: **Gunma Prefecture** in Japan
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: List of regions of Japan, Region
- **subdivision name1**: Kantō region, Kantō
- **seat type**: Capital
- **seat**: Maebashi, Gunma, Maebashi
- **parts type**: Subdivisions
- **p1**: Districts of Japan, Districts: 7
- **p2**: Municipalities in Japan, Municipalities: 35
- **leader title**: List of prefectural governors in Japan, Governor
- **leader name**: Ichita Yamamoto
- **area total km2**: 6,362
- **population total**: 1,939,110
- **population as of**: October 1, 2020
- **population density km2**: 304.8
- **timezone1**: Japan Standard Time, JST
- **utc offset1**: +09:00
- **postal code type**: Postal code
- **postal code**: 371-8570
- **area code type**: Area code
- **area code**: 10000-5
- **blank name sec2**: ISO 3166-2:JP, ISO 3166 code
- **blank info sec2**: JP-10
- **blank1 name sec2**: Address
Kagoshima Prefecture

is a prefecture of Japan on the island of Kyushu. The capital city is Kagoshima.

## History

Kagoshima Prefecture is made from the old provinces of Ōsumi and Satsuma, including the northern part of the Ryukyu Islands.

During the Sengoku period and Edo period, Ōsumi was controlled by the Shimazu clan of Satsuma.

This region played a key role in the Meiji Restoration.  Important historical figures from Kagoshima are Saigo Takamori and Tōgō Heihachirō.

### Timeline

- **713** (_Wadō 6, 3rd month_) – Ōsumi Province was separated from Hyūga Province.
- **1543** (_Tenbun 12, 25th day of the 8th month_): 1st gun is brought to Japan by the Portuguese
- **1549** (_Tenbun 18, 3rd day of the 7th month_): Catholic Francis Xavier arrives in Kagoshima
- **1914** (_Taishō 3, 1st month_): Eruption of the Sakurajima volcano
- **2004** (_Heisei 16_): Kyushu Shinkansen line opens in Kagoshima

## Geography

Kagoshima borders Kumamoto Prefecture and Miyazaki Prefecture. It is in the southern part of Kyushu facing the Pacific Ocean.

### National Parks

National Parks are established in about 9% of the total land area of the prefecture.

## Shrines and Temples

_Kagoshima jinja_, _Hirasaki jinja_ and Nitta Hachiman-gū are the chief Shinto shrines (_ichinomiya_) in the prefecture.

## Related pages

- Provinces of Japan
- Prefectures of Japan
- List of regions of Japan
- List of islands of Japan

## Other websites

- http://www.pref.kagoshima.jp/foreign/english/index.html ;  

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Kagoshima
- **native name**: 鹿児島県
- **native name lang**: ja
- **settlement type**: Prefectures of Japan, Prefecture
- **translit lang1**: Japanese
- **translit lang1 type**: Romaji
- **translit lang1 info**: Kagoshima-ken
- **image flag**: Flag of Kagoshima Prefecture.svg
- **image seal**: Emblem of Kagoshima Prefecture.svg
- **seal type**: Symbol
- **image map**: Map of Japan with highlight on 46 Kagoshima prefecture.svg
- **map caption**: Location of Kagoshima in Japan
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Regions of Japan, Region
- **subdivision name1**: Kyushu (_Saikaidō_)
- **subdivision type2**: Island
- **subdivision name2**: Kyushu
- **seat type**: Capital
- **seat**: Kagoshima, Kagoshima, Kagoshima
- **leader title**: Governor
- **leader name**: Kōichi Shiota
- **area total km2**: 9,132.42
- **area rank**: 10th
- **population as of**: December 1, 2010
- **population total**: 1,703,406
- **population rank**: 24th
- **population density km2**: auto
- **iso code**: JP-46
- **blank name sec1**: Prefectural flower
- **blank info sec1**: Miyamakirishima (_Rhododendron kiusianum_)
- **blank1 name sec1**: Prefectural tree
- **blank1 info sec1**: Camphor laurel
 (_Cinnamomum camphora_)
- **blank2 name sec1**: Prefectural bird
- **blank2 info sec1**: Lidth's Jay (_Garrulus lidthi_)
- **blank3 name sec1**: Prefectural bird
- **blank name sec2**: Number of districts
- **blank info sec2**: 8
- **blank1 name sec2**: Number of municipalities
- **blank1 info sec2**: 43
- **website**: [http://www3.pref.kagoshima.jp/foreign/english/ www3.pref.kagoshima.jp/
foreign/english/]
Osaka Prefecture

is a prefecture in the Kansai region of Japan on the island of Honshu.  The capital city is Osaka.

## History

Osaka prefecture was created by merging the area of Kawachi Province, Izumi Province and Settsu Province.

In 1994, the Kansai International Airport opened.  This is one of the main international airport hubs of Japan.

## Geography

Osaka Prefecture has borders with Hyōgo Prefecture and Kyoto Prefecture in the north. Nara is east of Osaka. Wakayama Prefecture shares the prefecture's southern border. The west faces Osaka Bay.

The  flows through the prefecture.

### Cities

Thirty-three cities are located in Osaka Prefecture:

### National Parks

National Parks are established in about 11% of the total land area of the prefecture.

## Shrines and Temples

_Hiraoka jinja_, _Ōtori jina_, and _Sumiyoshi taisha_ are the chief Shinto shrines (_ichinomiya_) in the prefecture.

## Related pages

- Provinces of Japan
- Prefectures of Japan
- List of regions of Japan
- List of islands of Japan

### Osaka based organizations

- Cerezo Osaka
- Gamba Osaka
- Kansai Ki-in (Largest Go organization in Osaka)
- Osaka University (One of the largest national university in Japan)

## Other websites

- Osaka Prefecture website

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Osaka
- **native name**: 大阪府
- **native name lang**: ja
- **settlement type**: Prefectures of Japan, Prefecture
- **translit lang1**: Japanese
- **translit lang1 type**: Romaji
- **translit lang1 info**: Ōsaka-fu
- **image flag**: Flag of Osaka.svg
- **image seal**: Emblem of Osaka Prefecture.svg
- **seal type**: Symbol
- **image map**: Map of Japan with highlight on 27 Osaka prefecture.svg
- **map caption**: Location of Osaka in Japan
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Regions of Japan, Region
- **subdivision name1**: Kansai region, Kansai
- **subdivision type2**: Island
- **subdivision name2**: Honshu
- **seat type**: Capital
- **seat**: Osaka
- **leader title**: Governor
- **leader name**: Hirofumi Yoshimura
- **area total km2**: 1,905.14
- **area rank**: 46th
- **population as of**: April 1, 2018
- **population total**: 8,819,416
- **population rank**: 3rd
- **population density km2**: auto
- **iso code**: JP-27
- **blank name sec1**: Prefectural flower
- **blank info sec1**: Prunus mume, Japanese apricot (_Prunus mume_)
Primrose (_Primula sieboldii_)
- **blank1 name sec1**: Prefectural tree
- **blank1 info sec1**: Ginkgo tree (_Ginkgo biloba_)
- **blank2 name sec1**: Prefectural bird
- **blank2 info sec1**: Bull-headed shrike (_Lanius bucephalus_)
- **blank3 name sec1**: Prefectural bird
- **blank name sec2**: Number of districts
- **blank info sec2**: 5
- **blank1 name sec2**: Number of municipalities
- **blank1 info sec2**: 43
Garhwal

***'Garhwal Land ***' () is a region. It is in the state of Uttarakhand India. Garhwal's name is taken from Garhs (or forts). This is because this region had 52 forts belonging to local chiefs who ruled small areas near their forts. People who belong to this region are known as Gharhwalis. Now, this region is being looked onto as a tourist hub of India. This land has the districts Tehri, Chamoli, Uttarakashi, Pauri, some parts of Dehradun, and other areas.

## History

The history of Garhwal goes back to the dawn of Hindu civilization, but most of history of Garhwal is fairly unknown or not given any importance by historians. Also, some facts known about this land are vague and taken from Garhwali folk songs and Hindu epics. Most historians say that the name of Garhwal comes from the ancient regimes and rulers. However, most of the facts are unknown, and the things that _are_ known are very vague and unreliable.
**MARODA** is a very Important village of Pauri District. It is only  from Devprayag which is a holy place for Hindus as it is the starting point of the Holy river Ganga. Though the inhabitants of Maroda are well settled in Delhi and other cities for their studies and Jobs but still they are very deeply attached with this village and the tradition and culture of the Uttarakhand.

## Religious Aspect

Garhwal is mostly known as the land of sacred Devi Devta (gods) because the holy river Ganges, Yamuna comes from here and Char Dhams (Holy Pilgrimage) Badrinath, Kedarnath, Gangotri and Yamunotri are found here along with Panch Paryags (Lands where merging of Holy Rivers take place). These Paryags are Devprayag, Rudraparyag, Karanparyag, Nandparyag and Vishnuparyag. There are also some Shaktipeeths like Dhari Devi, Mathiyana, Kunjapuri, Surkunda and Punch Badri Kedarnath, Madhya Maheswer, Tungh Nath, Rudra Nath, Kalpeshwer and Panch Badri Adi Badri, Vridha Badri, Bhavisya Badri, Yog Badri, Badri Vishal.

## People

Garhwal is motherland of most of Gharwali people and language spoken by Garhwalis is also known as Garhwali. Most of the Garwalis are villagers and depends upon agriculture. Village in Garhwal are combine among some areas which is known as "Patti" for example Patti Bhillang may contain more than 30 villages. Garhwal land is facing troubles of unemployment and therefore most Garhwali youngsters migrate to the cities. Administration for education is fairly poor however some improvements are there but not so impressive as other states. Health and medical services need to be improved and cultivation is totally depends upon rain and rainfall is not consistent.

## Culture

The culture and dialect of Garhwal is different in different areas. The culture and dialect of one area can be different from another area but an important part of the culture is Hinduism. Hinduism is the soul of Garhwali culture. Garhwali culture is influenced a lot by Epics and Devi Devta.
National Pledge (Singapore)

The **Singapore's National Pledge** was written by Sinnathamby Rajaratnam in 1966, not long after Singapore's Independence. A draft was submitted to the then Prime minister Lee Kuan Yew, before he made it better and passed it to the Cabinet.

## The pledge

These are the words of the pledge

- We, the citizens of Singapore, pledge ourselves as one united people, regardless of race, language or religion, to build a democratic society based on justice and equality so as to achieve happiness, prosperity and progress for our nation

### Malay original

|Malay (Rumi)|Malay (Jawi)|
| --- | --- |
|<poem></poem>|<poem></poem>|

### Chinese translation

|Singaporean Mandarin (Simplified)|Singaporean Mandarin (Traditional)|Hanyu Pinyin|
| --- | --- | --- |
|<poem></poem>|<poem></poem>|<poem>Wǒmen shì Xīn jia po gōngmín, shìyuàn bù fēn zhǒngzú, yányǔ, zōngjiào, tuánjié yīzhì, jiànshè gōngzhèng píngděng de mínzhǔ shèhuì, bìng wèi shíxiàn guójiā zhī xìngfú, fánróng yǔ jìnbù, gòngtóng nǔlì.</poem>|

### Tamil translation

|Tamil script|Roman Tamil|
| --- | --- |
|<poem></poem>|<poem></poem>|

## Rules for using the Pledge

These are the rules for using the pledge. They are set by the government.

1. We will recite the pledge in schools, on SAF Day and during the National Day Parade (NDP).
1. Everyone should put their right fist at their left part of the chest to be loyal to Singapore.
1. We cannot use the pledge for what it should not be used as.
Fish pie

**Fish pie** is a savory pie that has fish in it. It is normally eaten by British people, and made with white fish (cod, haddock, or halibut) in a white sauce. Hard boiled eggs are sometimes added as well, and the pie is made in a deep dish. The fish is not covered by a pie crust, but there are mashed potatoes over it instead. The pie is sometimes also called the "fisherman's pie" because it is similar to the shepherd's pie.

## Related pages

- Pot pie
- Sweet potato pie

## Other websites

- Recipes for luxury fish pie and fisherman's pie  from BBC Food.
Boiled egg

A **boiled egg** is an egg boiled in its shell. This is a common way of cooking eggs. If the shells are broken, it is called a poached egg. There are two different types of boiled eggs: hard boiled eggs and soft-boiled eggs.

## Hard-boiled eggs

Hard-boiled eggs are completely cooked. The egg yolk is solid. They can be eaten warm or cold. Some dishes use them like egg salad. They can be stored for a long time in the refrigerator. Some machines called egg slicers can slice these easily.

## Soft-boiled eggs

Soft-boiled eggs have firmly cooked eggwhites, while at the same time, the yolks are liquid. They can have salmonella in them if you don't prepare them correctly. In Europe, soft-boiled eggs are a traditional breakfast cuisine, and you normally scoop them out of the shell and eat. In Asia, the soft-boiled egg is cracked into a cup with soy sauce and black pepper.
To make the perfect soft-boiled egg, bring the water up to a boil, then lower it to a rapid simmer. Add the eggs to the pot, and then begin timing. If you're just cooking one or two eggs, five minutes is perfect for a runny yolk, or cook as long as seven minutes for a more firmly set, but still spoonable, yolk.

## Related pages

- Fried egg
Yolk

The **yolk** is the yellow center of an egg. It is only one cell. It is commonly seen in fried eggs. When it is mixed with the whites, it makes scrambled eggs. It is sometimes used in cooking. It is much higher in calories than the egg white. It has fat-soluble vitamins in it. Some eggs have two egg yolks in them.
Egg white

The **egg white**, also known as **albumen**, is the clear liquid part of the egg. The yellow part is called the egg yolk. The egg white holds the egg yolk in place. Most of the egg white is water. It is low in calories. They are high in protein. They can be whipped into a foam. The egg white foam is used to make many things like mousse and meringue. They are also used in baking.

It is rich source of protein without high calorie or fat/cholesterol intake.
Spanakopita

***Spanakopita*** is a Greek savory pastry, a type of spinach pie. It is filled with spinach, feta cheese, eggs, onions, and seasoning. This filling is wrapped in a pastry with olive oil. It is normally eaten as a snack.

## Infobox (prepared food)

- **name**: Spanakopita
- **image**: Spanakopita.jpg
- **caption**: Spanakopita
- **country**: Greece
- **region**: Southern Europe
- **type**: Savoury pie
- **main ingredient**: Phyllo, spinach (or leeks, chard, or sorrel), feta and/or ricotta, onions or Spring onions, Egg (food), eggs
1861 in architecture

The year **1861 in architecture** involved some significant events.

## Buildings

- Arlington Street Church in Boston, Massachusetts, United States is completed.

## Awards

- Royal Gold Medal - J. B. Leseur.
- Grand Prix de Rome, architecture: (unknown).

## Births

- January 6 - Victor Horta (died 1947)
Old Schwamb Mill

The **Old Schwamb Mill** is the oldest continuously operating mill site in the United States. There has been a mill operating at this site since c.1650. The current mill is a 19th-century woodworking factory. The mill was built in 1861, and purchased by brothers Charles and Frederick Schwamb in 1864 for the manufacture of picture frames. It remained within the family's ownership and continued to operate, more or less unchanged in both equipment and processes, until 1969. Two wings were added during this time, however: one by 1881, and the other between that date and 1898. The mill still contains operational equipment and four preserved power systems.

## References

- Historic American Engineering Record (HAER) MASS, 9-ARL, 4-, _Old Schwamb Mill_, Stuart Campbell (historian) and Richard K. Anderson, Jr., (photographer), Library of Congress online collection. http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/hhh.ma1024

## Infobox (nrhp)

- **name**: Old Schwamb Mill
- **image**: Old Schwamb Mill.jpg
- **caption**: The Old Schwamb Mill in 2009
- **location**: 17 Mill Lane and 29 Lowell St
Arlington, Massachusetts
- **added**: October 7, 1971
- **refnum**: 71000081
Halifax Town Hall

**Halifax Town Hall** is a grade II listed, 19th century town hall in Halifax, West Yorkshire, England. It is notable for its design and interiors by Charles Barry and his son, Edward Middleton Barry, and for its sculptures by John Thomas.

## Other websites

- Halifax Town Online: Address and phone number of Town Hall.
- Hathi Trust: _Building News and Engineering Journal_ vol 5, 28 January 1859, p.82, "The new town hall at Halifax"

## Infobox (building)

- **image**: Town Hall, Halifax - geograph.org.uk - 1542645.jpg
- **name**: Halifax Town Hall
- **location town**: Halifax, West Yorkshire, Halifax
- **location country**: England
- **architect**: Charles Barry
Edward Middleton Barry
- **client**: Halifax Council
- **construction start date**: 1861
- **completion date**: 1863
- **cost**: £50,126
- **structural system**: Sandstone
- **style**: Classical architecture, Classical style
Annisquam Bridge

**Annisquam Bridge** is a historic bridge in Annisquam, Massachusetts, a village within the city of Gloucester.

Built in 1861 to cross Lobster Cove, the bridge was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. It is a wood pile bridge.

## Infobox (_nrhp)

- **name**: Annisquam Bridge
- **image**: Annisquam Bridge, Spanning Lobster Cove between Washington & River S, Gloucester (Essex County, Massachusetts).jpg
- **caption**: Annisquam Bridge in 1987
- **location**: Gloucester, Massachusetts
- **locmapin**: Massachusetts
- **built**: 1861
- **architect**: Hall, Fred T.
- **architecture**: No style listed, other
- **added**: June 23, 1983
- **governing body**: Local
- **refnum**: 83000572
Sleepy Hollow

***Sleepy Hollow*** is a 1999 American horror movie directed by Tim Burton. It stars Johnny Depp, Christina Ricci, Christopher Walken, Ian McDiarmid, Sir Michael Gambon, Sir Christopher Lee, Michael Gough, Richard Griffiths, Jeffrey Jones, Martin Landau and Miranda Richardson. The movie is based on a book by Washington Irving called The Legend of Sleepy Hollow. The story is set in 1799. It is about the murders of Sleepy Hollow, New York which Ichabod Crane (Johnny Depp) has to investigate and find out who is the killer. When the movie went to box office it was a success and it made roughly $207 million worldwide.

## Awards

|style="background:#B0C4DE;"|Awarding body|style="background:#B0C4DE;"|Award|style="background:#B0C4DE;"|Nominee(s)|style="background:#B0C4DE;"|Result|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|rowspan="3"|Academy Awards|Best Art Direction|Rick Heinrichs, Peter Young|won||||
|Best Cinematography|Emmanuel Lubezki|nomination||||||
|Best Costume Design|Colleen Atwood|nomination||||||
|rowspan="3"|British Academy Film Awards (BAFTAs)|Best Costume Design|Colleen Atwood|won||||
|Best Production Design|Rick Heinrichs|won||||||
|Best Visual Effects|Jim Mitchell, Kevin Yagher, Joss Williams, Paddy Eason|nomination||||||
|rowspan="11"|Saturn Awards|Best Actress|Christina Ricci|won||||
|Best Music|Danny Elfman|won||||||
|Best Horror Film||nomination||||||
|Best Direction|Tim Burton|nomination||||||
|Best Writing|Andrew Kevin Walker|nomination||||||
|Best Actor|Johnny Depp|nomination||||||
|Best Supporting Actor|Christopher Walken|nomination||||||
|Best Supporting Actress|Miranda Richardson|nomination||||||
|Best Costume Design|Collen Atwood|nomination||||||
|Make-up|Kevin Yagher, Peter Owen|nomination||||||
|Best Special Effects|Jim Mitchell, Joss Williams, Kevin Yagher, Mark S. Miller|nomination||||||
|MTV Movie Awards|Best Villain|Christopher Walken|nomination|||||

## Infobox (film)

- **name**: Sleepy Hollow
- **caption**: Theatrical release poster
- **director**: Tim Burton
- **producer**: Scott Rudin
Adam Schroeder
Francis Ford Coppola
- **screenplay**: Andrew Kevin Walker
- **story**: Kevin Yagher
Andrew Kevin Walker
- **starring**: Johnny Depp
Christina Ricci
- **music**: Danny Elfman
- **cinematography**: Emmanuel Lubezki
- **editing**: Chris Lebenzon
Joel Negron
- **studio**: Mandalay Pictures
American Zoetrope
 LionsGate Entertainment
- **distributor**: Paramount Pictures
- **runtime**: 105 minutes
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **budget**: United States dollar, $80 million
- **gross**: $207,068,340
Republic of Maryland

The **Republic of Maryland** (also known as the **Independent State of Maryland**) was a small nation of African Americans from 1854 to 1857. It was in Africa. After this, it joined what is now Liberia.

The area was first settled in 1834 by freed African-American slaves and African-Americans who were born free. Most of them were from the U.S. state of Maryland, and were there under the authority of the Maryland State Colonization Society. In 1838, other African-American settlements were joined to the Commonwealth of Liberia, which said that it was independent and not a part of Liberia in 1847. The Maryland in Liberia colony remained apart, as the state colonization society did not want anyone else to be able to trade goods. On 2 February 1841, Maryland-in-Africa became the State of Maryland. The state said that it was independent on 29 May 1854, and that it would be called Maryland in Liberia with its capital at Harper.

## History

In  December 1831, the Maryland state legislature said that it would give US$10,000 for 26 years to take free blacks and former slaves from the United States to Africa, and the Maryland State Colonization Society was started for this purpose.

### Declaration of Independence, and annexation by Liberia

On 29 May 1854 The State of Maryland declared its independence, naming itself Maryland in Liberia (it was also known as the Republic of Maryland), with its capital at Harper, Liberia. It held the land along the coast between the Grand Cess and San Pedro Rivers. However, it would last just three years as its own country.

Soon afterwards, local tribes, including the Grebo and the Kru, attacked the State of Maryland. Unable to defend itself, Maryland asked Liberia, its more powerful neighbor, for help. President Roberts sent military help, and an alliance of Marylanders and Liberian militia troops stopped the local tribesmen. However, it was now clear that the Republic of Maryland could not survive on its own, and 18 March 1857 Maryland was added by Liberia, and became known as Maryland County.

## References

- Freehling, William H., _The Road to Disunion: Volume I: Secessionists at Bay, 1776-1854_ Retrieved March 12, 2010
- Hall, Richard, _On Afric's Shore: A History of Maryland in Liberia, 1834-1857_
- Latrobe, John H. B., p.125, _Maryland in Liberia: a History of the Colony Planted By the Maryland State Colonization Society Under the Auspices of the State of Maryland, U. S. At Cape Palmas on the South - West Coast of Africa, 1833-1853_ (1885). Retrieved Feb 16 2010
Slumdog Millionaire

***Slumdog Millionaire*** is a 2009 British-Indian drama movie based on Vikas Swarup's novel _Q&A_ and directed by Danny Boyle. The movie has a different story from the book. It follows a homeless Mumbai resident who becomes a contestant for the game show _Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?_.

## Awards

_Slumdog Millionaire_ was nominated for ten Academy Awards. It won the following eight:
- Best Picture, Christian Colson
- Best Director, Danny Boyle
- Best Adapted Screenplay, Simon Beaufoy
- Best Cinematography, Anthony Dod Mantle
- Best Original Score, A. R. Rahman,
- Best Original Song – "Jai Ho", Music by A. R. Rahman, Lyric by Gulzar (lyricist)
- Best Film Editing, Chris Dickens
- Best Sound Mixing, Resul Pookutty, Richard Pryke, and Ian Tapp
It was also the highest-grossing film ever of an Indian film.

## Cast

- Dev Patel as Jamal Malik
    - Ayush Mahesh Khedekar as toddler Jamal
    - Tanay Chheda as teenage Jamal
- Freida Pinto as Latika
    - Rubina Ali as toddler Latika
    - Tanvi Ganesh Lonkar as teenage Latika
- Madhur Mittal as Salim K. Malik, Jamal's elder brother
    - Azharuddin Mohammed Ismail as toddler Salim
    - Ashutosh Lobo Gajiwala as teenage Salim
- Anil Kapoor as Prem Kumar
- Irrfan Khan as Police Inspector
- Saurabh Shukla as Police Constable Srinivas
- Mahesh Manjrekar as Javed Khan
- Ankur Vikal as Maman
- Rajendranath Zutshi as _Millionaire_ show producer
- Sanchita Choudhary as Jamal's mother
- Mia Drake Inderbitzin as Adele, an American tourist
- Siddhesh Patil as Arvind, blind beggar
- Shruti Seth as Call center instructor
- Arfi Lamba as Bardi
- Anjum Sharma as one of the Call center operators

## Infobox (film)

- **name**: Slumdog Millionaire
- **caption**: Theatrical release poster
- **director**: Danny Boyle
- **producer**: Christian Colson
- **screenplay**: Simon Beaufoy
- **starring**: Dev Patel
Freida Pinto
Madhur Mittal
Anil Kapoor
Irrfan Khan
- **music**: A.R. Rahman
- **cinematography**: Anthony Dod Mantle
- **editing**: Chris Dickens
- **studio**: Celador, Celador Films
Film4 Productions
- **distributor**: Pathé
Eros Entertainment
- **runtime**: 120 minutes
- **country**: United Kingdom
India
- **language**: English
Hindi
- **budget**: $15 million
- **gross**: $377,910,544
Sherry

**Sherry** is a fortified wine made from grapes. It is produced in Jerez de la Frontera, Spain. In Spanish, it is called vino de Jerez.

## Kinds of Sherry

There are many different kinds of Sherry:

- Fino
- Oloroso
- Amontillado
- Cream
- Pedro Ximenez
Scottish Conservative Party

The **Scottish Conservative & Unionist Party** (Scottish Gaelic: _Pàrtaidh Tòraidheach na h-Alba_), commonly known as the **Scottish Tories** is the Scottish wing of the British Conservative Party. It holds 5 of the 57 Scottish seats in the House of Commons and 28 of 129 seats in the Scottish Parliament.

The party promotes conservatism, economic liberalism and strongly supports Scotland remaining part of the United Kingdom.

The party is currently led by Russell Findlay, who was elected as leader in September 2024.

In 2016, the Scottish Conservatives replaced Scottish Labour as the largest opposition party in the Scottish Parliament, winning 31 seats. The party maintained this in 2021.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (political party)

- **name**: Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party
- **native name**: Pàrtaidh Tòraidheach na h-Alba
- **logo**: ScottishConservativeLogo2022.png
- **logo size**: 250px
- **leader1 title**: Leader
- **leader1 name**: Russell Findlay
- **leader2 title**: Deputy Leader
- **leader2 name**: Rachael Hamilton
- **foundation**: April 1965; 60 years ago
- **ideology**: Conservatism
 Economic liberalism
 Unionism in the United Kingdom, British unionism
- **position**: Centre-right to right-wing
- **national**: Conservative Party (UK), Conservatives
- **country**: Scotland
- **seats1 title**: House of Commons
- **seats2 title**: Scottish Parliament
Scottish Labour

The **Scottish Labour Party** is a political party in Scotland. It is part of the British Labour Party. The party's policies usually promote social democracy and democratic socialism. It also supports Scotland remaining part of the United Kingdom.

In the Scottish Parliament, it is the third party. It controls 22 out of 129 seats. The party also control 1 out of 59 Scottish seats in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom (having previously held 41)

Following a heavy defeat in Scotland in the United Kingdom general election, 2015, Jim Murphy announced his resignation as party leader on 16 May 2015. On 15 August 2015 Kezia Dugdale was elected leader of the party, with Alex Rowley as her deputy. In 2017 Dugdale resigned and Rowley became acting leader. Richard Leonard was elected as the party's leader on 18 November 2017.

## List of leaders since 1999

- Donald Dewar (1999–2000), 1st First Minister of Scotland, died in office
- Henry McLeish (2000–2001), 2nd First Minister of Scotland, resigned
- Jack McConnell (2001–2007), 3rd First Minister of Scotland, lost Scottish Parliament election
- Wendy Alexander (2007–2008), resigned
- Iain Gray (2008–2011), lost Scottish Parliament election
- Johann Lamont (2011–2014), resigned
- Jim Murphy (2014–2015), resigned following the United Kingdom general election, 2015
- Kezia Dugdale (2015–2017), resigned
- Richard Leonard (2017–2021), resigned
- Anas Sarwar (2021–present)

## Representation

- House of Commons - 37 out of 57 Scottish MPs
- Scottish Parliament - 23 out of 129 seats

## Other websites

- Official website
Scottish Liberal Democrats

The **Scottish Liberal Democrats** (, ) is a political party in Scotland that is part of the British Liberal Democrats. The party's policies usually promote liberalism and progressivism as well as the continuing of Scotland as part of the United Kingdom.

In the Scottish Parliament, the party's leader is Alex Cole-Hamilton and the party is an opposition party with 5 out of 129 seats. The party has 4 seats out of 59 Scottish seats in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (political party)

- **name**: Scottish Liberal Democrats
- **native name**: Pàrtaidh Libearalach Deamocratach na h-Alba
- **colorcode**: #FF6400
- **leader1 title**: Leader
- **leader1 name**: Alex Cole-Hamilton
- **leader2 title**: Deputy Leader
- **leader2 name**: Wendy Chamberlain
- **ideology**: Liberalism
 Social liberalism
 Federalism
 Unionism in the United Kingdom, British unionism
 Pro-Europeanism
- **european**: Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party
- **foundation**: 8 March 1988; 37 years ago
- **international**: Liberal International
- **country**: Scotland
- **colors**: Orange
- **position**: Centre to centre-left
- **national**: Liberal Democrats (UK), Liberal Democrats
- **seats1 title**: Scottish Parliament
- **seats2 title**: House of Commons of the United Kingdom, House of Commons (Scottish seats)
Scottish Greens

The **Scottish Green Party** (also known as the **Scottish Greens**) is a political party in Scotland that has close relations to the Green Party of England and Wales. The party's policies usually promote green politics, nuclear disarmament, anti-nuclear power, proportional representation, and the creation of an independent Scotland free from the United Kingdom but within the European Union. If Scotland becomes an independent country the party wants the country to be a republic, and no longer be part of the monarchy of the United Kingdom. It also wants an independent Scotland to have its own currency.

In the Scottish Parliament the party is an opposition party with 7 out of 129 seats. It does not have any seats in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom. The co-leaders of the party are Patrick Harvie (MSP) and Lorna Slater (MSP).

## Other websites

- Official website
Pnictogen

The **Group 15 elements**, also called the **pnictogens**, **Group V elements**, or **Group VB elements**, are a group on the periodic table. They have many different properties. Nitrogen is a colorless unreactive gas that helps us breathe. Phosphorus is a super reactive white or red solid nonmetal. Arsenic is a highly toxic semimetal. Antimony is also a semimetal. Bismuth is a radioactive metal. Moscovium is a man made element that is radioactive. They all have 5 valence electrons but most of them form +5 or -3 chemical compounds.
Phosphonium

**Phosphonium** is an ion. It is rare. Its chemical formula is PH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>. It is similar to ammonium. It is almost never found outside of an organic compound. Its molar mass is 35.01 g/mol.
Phosphide

**Phosphide** is an ion made of phosphorus. This can be the  ion, where one phosphorus atom has three extra electrons, or one of several **polyphosphides** where multiple phosphorus atoms are part of a larger polyatomic ion.

Phosphide is a reducing agent. Phosphides (chemical compounds having the phosphide ion in them) react with acids to make phosphine gas.  Sodium phosphide is an example. Some phosphides are semiconductors and are not ionic with P<sup>3-</sup> ions. They are less reactive. Some metals form alloys with phosphorus to make phosphides.

## Chemistry

In , phosphorus is in the -3 oxidation state. The oxidation states of polyphosphides are more complicated.
Sodium phosphide

**Sodium phosphide** is a chemical compound. It contains sodium and phosphide ions. Its chemical formula is Na<sub>3</sub>P.

## Properties

Sodium phosphide is a black solid. It is ionic. There are several other sodium phosphides that do not have the formula Na<sub>3</sub>P. It reacts with acids to make phosphine gas. It is a reducing agent.

## Preparation

It can be made by reacting liquid sodium with phosphorus(V) chloride. It can also be made by reacting sodium with phosphorus.

## Uses

It is used to make semiconductors. It can also be used as a catalyst.

## Safety

Sodium phosphide is flammable, making toxic gases when burned. It also makes toxic flammable gases when reacted with acids.

## Related pages

- Sodium phosphate
- Sodium phosphite
- Sodium hypophosphite
Phosphorus(V) chloride

**Phosphorus(V) chloride**, also known as **phosphorus pentachloride**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is PCl<sub>5</sub>. It contains phosphorus and chloride ions. The phosphorus is in the +5 oxidation state.

## Properties

Phosphorus(V) chloride is a colorless solid. It is one of the most important phosphorus chlorides. Sometimes it is yellowish. It reacts with hot water to make phosphoric acid and hydrochloric acid.

## Preparation

It is made by reacting a lot of chlorine with phosphorus. It can also be made by reacting chlorine with phosphorus(III) chloride.

## Uses

Phosphorus(V) chloride is used to add chloride to other chemical compounds.

## Safety

Phosphorus(V) chloride is acidic and toxic. It puts off toxic gases when reacted with water.

## Related pages

- Phosphorus triiodide
- Phosphorus(V) oxide
- Phosphorus(III) oxide
Phosphorus chloride

**Phosphorus chloride** can refer to either of these chemical compounds:

- Phosphorus(III) chloride
- Phosphorus(V) chloride
Fly agaric

**Fly agaric** (_Amanita muscaria_) is a poisonous and psychoactive mushroom, one of many in the genus _Amanita_. Native throughout the temperate and boreal regions of the Northern Hemisphere, this mushroom has been unintentionally introduced to many countries in the southern hemisphere, generally as a symbiont with pine plantations, and is now a true cosmopolitan species.

The quintessential toadstool, it is a large white-gilled, white-spotted, usually deep red mushroom, one of the most recognizable and widely encountered in popular culture. Although it is generally considered poisonous, deaths from its consumption are extremely rare, and it is eaten as a food in parts of Europe, Asia, and North America after parboiling. _Amanita muscaria_ is noted for its hallucinogenic properties, with its main psychoactive constituent being the compound muscimol. It was used as an intoxicant and entheogen by the peoples of Siberia and has a religious significance in these cultures. There has been much speculation on traditional use of this mushroom as an intoxicant in places other than Siberia; however, such traditions are far less well documented. It has for instance been suggested that the fly agaric was an ingredient of Soma and that it played a role in the Eleusinian Mysteries as well as early Christianity.

## Related pages

- Panther cap

## Other websites

- Webpages on _Amanita species_ by Tulloss and Yang Zhuliang
- Amanita on erowid.org
- Aminita muscaria, Amanita pantherina and others (Group PIM G026) by IPCS INCHEM
Amanita phalloides

***Amanita phalloides*** (also known as ***death cap***) is a deadly toxic basidiomycete fungus and mushroom, part of the genus _Amanita_. Originating in Europe, but it has appeared in other parts of the world since the late 20th century. _A. phalloides_ grow in summer and autumn, and the caps are mostly greenish with white stipe and gills.
Dilma Rousseff

**Dilma Vana Rousseff** (born 14 December 1947) is an economist and politician. She was the 36th President of Brazil from 2011 until 2016.

In 2003, in the government of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, she was the minister of Mines and Energy. She became Lula's Chief of Staff in 2005, after her predecessor, José Dirceu, resigned because of charges of corruption. On 31 October 2010, Rousseff won 55% of the vote. Her main contender was José Serra who won 44%. Serra was the candidate of the Brazilian Social Democratic Party. On 1 January 2011, she became the first woman president of the country. In August 2016, she was impeached and removed from office.

## Early career

She was against the military dictatorship that governed Brazil from 1964 to 1985.  In January 1970 she was sent to prison for being a member of a Marxist group which had carried out bank robberies and murders. She was released after three years. She joined the Workers Party in 1986.

## Presidency

Rousseff was an important ally of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, a labour activist who became President of Brazil. A left wing candidate, Lula was a popular president and Rousseff became his chosen successor. She won the 2010 Presidential election.

As President, Rousseff kept with many of Lula's policies. She also became known for bringing the World Cup and the Olympics to Brazil. Many Brazilians were against this, and felt that the money spent on these events would be better spent on other things. Rousseff was on the board of Petrobras, an oil company, in the 2000s. In 2015, reports of corruption at Petrobras became known. Although not named in the investigation, many people in her government were, and there were large protests against Rousseff's government, including Lula da Silva. She has also been accused of lying about economic numbers during her campaign to be reelected. On 3 December 2015, impeachment proceedings against Rousseff were officially approved by the Chamber of Deputies.

## Impeachment

On 12 May 2016, the impeachment process began when the Senate of Brazil temporarily suspended President Rousseff's powers and duties for up to six months or until the Senate reaches a verdict: to remove her from office if found guilty or to acquit her from the crimes charged. Vice President Michel Temer assumed her powers and duties as Acting President of Brazil during the suspension. Rousseff said she is innocent and that the impeachment is a coup. Rousseff was removed from office on 31 August 2016 when the Brazilian Senate voted 61-20 in favor of impeachment. She was succeeded by Vice President Michel Temer.

## Infobox (politician)

- **name**: Dilmo Feiasseff
- **image**: Dilma Rousseff - foto oficial 2011-01-09.jpg
- **birth date**: 1946
- **birth place**: Belo Horizonte, Feio Horrívelzonte, Brazil, Bostil
- **order**: 36th
- **successor**: My Dick, D*ck
- **death date**: 1967
- **occupation**: Being a Bitch, B*cth
- **status**: Dead (Happily)
- **birth name**: Dilma Rousseff, Dilmo Feiasseff Ngger
- **nationality**: Brazilian, Bostilzilian
- **children**: 0
Galba

**Servius Sulpicius Galba** (; ; 24 December 3 BC – 15 January 69 CE) was a Roman Emperor for seven months from 68 to 69 CE. Galba was a governor of Hispania Tarraconensis, which was the province near the Pyrenees. He was the first emperor of Year of the Four Emperors.

He was born near Terracina, "On the left as you travel towards Fundi" in the words of Suetonius. Galba was adopted by Livia Ocellina and took her family name until becoming emperor.

## Infobox (monarch)

- **name**: Galba
- **title**: Roman Emperor, Emperor of the Roman Empire
- **full name**: Servius Sulpicius Galba
 (at birth);
 Lucius Livius Ocella Sulpicius Galba
 (until ascension);
 Servius Sulpicius Galba Caesar Augustus
 (as emperor);
 Imperator Servius Galba Caesar Augustus
 (imperial name)
- **image**: Stockholm - Antikengalerie 4 - Büste Kaiser Galba.jpg
- **caption**: Bust of Galba
- **succession**: Roman emperor, 6th Emperor of the Roman Empire
- **reign**: 9 June 68 – 15 January 69
(7 months)
- **predecessor**: Nero
- **successor**: Otho
- **spouse**: Aemilia Lepida#Aemilia Lepida.28living 1st century.29.2C wife of the future emperor Galba, Aemilia Lepida
- **dynasty**: None
- **mother**: Mummia Achaica
- **birth date**: 24 December 3 BC
- **birth place**: Near Terracina, Italia (Roman Empire), Italy
- **death date**: (aged 70)
- **death place**: Rome
Vitellius

**Aulus Vitellius Germanicus**  {September 24, 15-December 22, AD 69} was later known as **Vitellius** was an Roman Emperor and general for eight months from 16 April to 22 December 69.
Vitellius was acclaimed emperor following quick succession of previous emperors Galba and Marcus Salvius Otho, in the year of civil war known as Year of the Four Emperors
Vitellius was the first add the honorific cognomen _Germanicus_ to his name was instead of _Caesar_ upon his accession; the latter name had fallen into disrepute in many quarters because of the actions of Roman Emperor Nero.

## Invading Britain

Vitellius was an Roman military commander of Germania Inferior. In AD 43 Roman Emperor Claudius conquers Britannia, Aulus Plautius, governor of Britannia. Roman conquest of Britain, and Claudius defeats Caratacus

## Rebellion

On 16 April 69 After Marcus Salvius Otho's death in Rome, He became in Roman Emperor of Rome. he was an third emperor of the Year of the Four Emperors. He ate a lot  He did a quick succession with Galba and Otho. After Otho's friend Nero's death.

## Infobox (roman emperor)

- **name**: Vitellius
- **title**: Roman Emperor, Emperor of the Roman Empire
- **full name**: Imperator Caesar Aulus Vitellius Germanicus Augustus
- **image**: Pseudo-Vitellius Louvre MR684.jpg
- **caption**: Pseudo-Bust of Roman Emperor Vitellius
- **reign**: 16 April - 22 December 69
- **predecessor**: Marcus Salvius Otho
- **successor**: Vespasian
- **spouse**: Galeria Fundania
- **dynasty**: None
- **birth place**: Rome, Italy
- **death place**: Rome
- **burial place**: Rome
- **father**: Lucius Vitellius the Elder
- **mother**: Sextilia


## Infobox (military person)

- **name**: Aulus Vitellius Germanicus
- **image**: Vittelius monnaie ag1.JPG
- **birth place**: Rome, Roman Empire
- **serviceyears**: AD 33-69
- **allegiance**: Roman Empire
- **battle**: **Germania Superior**
**Germania Inferior**
- **laterwork**: Roman consul, Consul of the Roman Empire and Emperor of Rome
Anton Mauve

**Anthonij (Anton) Rudolf Mauve** (18 September 1838, Zaandam, North Holland – 5 February 1888, Arnhem) was a Dutch realist painter who was a leading member of the Hague School. He signed his paintings 'A. Mauve' or with a monogrammed 'A.M.'.
He had a great influence on his cousin-in-law Vincent van Gogh.

Mauve mostly painted people and animals shown outdoors. The paining _Morning Ride_ shows well-dressed riders at the coast of the sea, as they ride away from the viewer. One detail which is uncommon, but shows his realism are the horse droppings shown in the foreground of the picture. His best-known paintings show peasants working in the fields, and sheep-herding scenes.

## Infobox (artist)

- **name**: Anton Mauve
- **image**: AntonMauve.jpg
- **birth place**: Zaandam
- **death place**: Arnhem
- **nationality**: Netherlands, Dutch
- **field**: Painting
- **movement**: Realism (art), Realism
- **patrons**: Goupil & Cie
Vespasian

**Verstappen** (Titus Flavius Vespasianus, 17 November 9 AD – 23 June 79), was Roman Emperor from 69 AD to 79.

Vespasian was the founder of the Flavian dynasty which ruled the empire for 27 years. Although he held the consulship in 51 AD, Vespasian became more highly regarded as a successful military commander. He took part in the Roman Invasion of Britain in 43 AD,<sup>p16</sup> and the Jewish rebellion of 66 AD.<sup>p29–38</sup>

While Vespasian was preparing to besiege Jerusalem during the latter campaign, emperor Nero committed suicide, plunging the empire into a year of civil war known as the Year of the Four Emperors. After the emperors Galba and Otho died in quick succession, Vitellius became emperor in April 69 AD.

In response, the armies in Egypt and Judaea declared Vespasian emperor on July 1.<sup>p43</sup> In his bid for imperial power, Vespasian joined forces with Mucianus, the governor of Syria, and Primus, a general in Pannonia. Primus and Mucianus led the Flavian forces against Vitellius, while Vespasian gained control of Egypt. On 20 December, Vitellius was defeated, and the following day Vespasian was declared emperor by the Roman Senate.

Little factual information survives about Vespasian's government during the ten years he was emperor. His reign is best known for financial reforms, the successful campaign against Judaea, and several ambitious construction projects such as the Colosseum. Upon his death in 79, he was succeeded by his eldest son Titus.

## Further reading

- Entry on Vespasian in historical sourcebook by Mahlon H. Smith

## Infobox (roman emperor)

- **name**: Vespasian
- **full name**: Titus Flavius Vespasianus (from birth to accession);
 Titus Flavius Caesar Vespasianus Augustus (as emperor)
- **title**: Roman Emperor, Emperor of the Roman Empire
- **image**: Vespasianus01 pushkin edit.png
- **caption**: Bust of Vespasian
- **reign**: 1 July 69  – 23 June 79
- **predecessor**: Vitellius
- **successor**: Titus
- **spouse 1**: Domitilla the Elder (died before 69)
- **spouse 2**: Caenis (mistress and de facto wife c. 65– 74)
- **issue**: Titus
Domitian
Domitilla the Younger
- **dynasty**: Flavian dynasty, Flavian
- **father**: Titus Flavius Sabinus I
- **mother**: Vespasia Polla
- **birth place**: Falacrina
- **death date**: (aged 69)
- **death place**: Rome
- **burial place**: Rome
RTL Television

**RTL Television** or short **RTL** is a German television station. It belongs to the RTL Group. It started on 2 January 1984.

## Other websites

- Official website