juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Remembrance Day

**Remembrance Day** (in Australia, Canada, and the United Kingdom) is a day to remember people who fought and died in wars. It is on November 11. On that day in 1918 came the end of World War I with Armistice with Germany.

Remembrance Day was started in 1919 by King George V of the United Kingdom.  On the same day, other countries also have days to remember war and soldiers.  There is Veteran's Day in the United States,  and Armistice Day in France, Belgium, New Zealand and other countries.

## Traditions

There are some things that people do on Remembrance Day at 11:00 AM. That is when World War I ended. At a ceremony for Remembrance Day, a tune called "The Last Post" is played on a bugle (or sometimes a trumpet). Then there are two minutes of silence. At the end of the silence, the bugle plays a tune called "Reveille".

In many countries, many people wear a poppy on Remembrance Day, and for a few days before. The remembrance poppy is an artificial flower to commemorate those who died in war. People bring wreaths made of poppies to Remembrance Day ceremonies. The poppy is a symbol to show they remember the wars and the soldiers who fought in them. Poppies were chosen as a symbol because they often grew in battlefields after the soldiers stopped fighting.

## Related pages

- Veterans Day
Division (botany)

- _This article discusses taxonomy. For a different meaning in biology, see cell division._

In biology, a **division** is the equivalent of a phylum in a kingdom. Botanists use the word "division" where zoologists use the word "phylum".

## References

- Carroll, Robert L. 1988. _Vertebrate paleontology and evolution_. New York: W.H. Freeman. .
- Milner, Andrew. 1988. "The relationships and origin of living amphibians." In M.J. Benton (ed.), _The phylogeny and classification of the tetrapods, Volume 1: Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds_, pp. 59–102. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Trinny Woodall

**Trinny Woodall** (born **Sarah-Jane Woodall** on 8 February 1964) is an English expert in fashion, author, television presenter and journalist.

Trinny Woodall first became famous when she presented a reality show called _What Not to Wear_ with Susannah Constantine on the BBC. She then was on _The Oprah Winfrey Show_ in 2004 and helped American people with their clothes and appearance. She then presented _Trinny & Susannah Undress_ on ITV in 2006 and _Trinny & Susannah Undress The Nation_ in 2007.

She has also written lots of fashion books with Constantine in Britain and America which have been made into many languages. Their first major book, _What Not to Wear_, sold 670,000 copies and won a British Book Award.

## List of books

- _Ready 2 Dress: How to Have Style Without Following Fashion_, Weidenfeld Nicolson (February 14, 2000) ()
- _What Not to Wear_, Weidenfeld Nicolson (September 5, 2002) ()
- _What Not to Wear: The Rules_, Weidenfeld Nicolson (June 1, 2004) ()
- _What Not to Wear: For Every Occasion_, Weidenfeld Nicolson (June 1, 2004) ()
- _What You Wear Can Change Your Life_, Weidenfeld & Nicolson (September 17, 2004) ()
- _What Your Clothes Say About You_, Weidenfeld & Nicolson (September 29, 2005) ()
- _Trinny and Susannah: The Survival Guide_, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, (September 20,  2006) ()
- _Trinny & Susannah Take on America: What Your Clothes Say about You_, HarperCollins Publishers (October 2006) ()
- _The Body Shape Bible_, Weidenfeld & Nicolson (September 18,  2007) ()

## Other websites

- Trinny and Susannah's official website

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Trinny Woodall
- **image**: Trinny Woodall Press.png
- **caption**: Trinny Woodall
- **birth place**: Marylebone, London, England
- **occupation**: Fashion and make-over expert, television presenter, author
- **years active**: 1994–present
- **children**: Lyla Elichaoff
 Zak Elichaoff (stepson)
- **website**: http://trinny.london
- **birthname**: Trinny Woodall
- **spouse**: Johnny Elichaoff (1999–2009)
- **networth**: £5 million (estimated)
- **credits**: _What Not to Wear (UK), What Not to Wear_
_Trinny & Susannah Undress..._
_Trinny & Susannah Undress the Nation_
Susannah Constantine

**Susannah Caroline Constantine** (born June 3, 1962) is an English television presenter, fashion expert, author and journalist. In her early career, Constantine worked with famous fashion designers like John Galliano. She met Trinny Woodall in 1994 at a party and wrote about fashion in a newspaper called _The Telegraph_. Susannah Constantine also dated the member of the British royal family, David, Viscount Linley, in the 1980s.

Constantine and Woodall became famous when they presented a reality show in Britain called _What Not to Wear_. In 2002, they won a Royal Television Award for being the best presenters. In 2006 Constantine hosted another fashion show on ITV called _Trinny & Susannah Undress_. She has also been on _The Oprah Winfrey Show_ with Trinny Woodall, and helped women with their clothes. They have made many fashion books which have been successful in America and Britain, and have been translated into many languages. It is thought that the books have sold 2.5 million copies around the world.

## List of books

- _Ready 2 Dress: How to Have Style Without Following Fashion_, Weidenfeld Nicolson (February 14, 2000) ()
- _What Not to Wear_, Weidenfeld Nicolson (September 5, 2002) ()
- _What Not to Wear: The Rules_, Weidenfeld Nicolson (June 1, 2004) ()
- _What Not to Wear: For Every Occasion_, Weidenfeld Nicolson (June 1, 2004) ()
- _What You Wear Can Change Your Life_, Weidenfeld & Nicolson (September 17, 2004) ()
- _What Your Clothes Say About You_, Weidenfeld & Nicolson (September 29, 2005) ()
- _Trinny and Susannah: The Survival Guide_, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, (September 20,  2006) ()
- _Trinny & Susannah Take on America: What Your Clothes Say about You_, HarperCollins Publishers (October 2006) ()
- _The Body Shape Bible_, Weidenfeld & Nicolson (September 18,  2007) ()

## Other websites

- Trinny and Susannah's official website
- _Trinny & Susannah Undress_  at itv.com
The Misfits

**The Misfits** were a punk rock band from New Jersey. They are usually classified as a hardcore punk or horror punk band. They often played in theatrical makeup to look spooky. They had themes mostly from old movies, especially horror movies. The lead singer was Glenn Danzig. Danzig later formed Samhain and then Danzig. Other members went on to form a new version of the Misfits in the late 2000s. That version eventually included members of the Ramones and Black Flag.

The Misfits had many of their records released in limited collectible versions. Sometimes they were released through their fan club called The Fiend Club. They had a huge influence on everything from the way punk is marketed (the Misfits rival Kiss in marketing of their skull logo) to the many celebrities wearing their T shirts.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Misfits
- **background**: group_or_band
- **image**: Misfits 2012-11-08 01.JPG
- **caption**: Left to right: Only, Arce, and Cadena in 2012
- **alias**: The Original Misfits (2016)
- **origin**: Lodi, New Jersey, U.S.
- **genre**: Horror punk, hardcore punk, punk rock, Heavy metal music, heavy metal
- **years active**: 1977–1983, 1995–present
- **label**: Plan 9 Records, Plan 9/Blank, Slash records, Slash, Caroline Records, Caroline, Geffen Records, Geffen, Roadrunner Records, Roadrunner, Misfits Records, Misfits
- **associated acts**: The Undead, Black Flag (band), Black Flag, Samhain (band), Samhain, Kryst the Conqueror, Danzig (band), Danzig, Necros, Dr. Chud's X-Ward, Gorgeous Frankenstein, Graves (band), Graves, Gotham Road, Ramones, Osaka Popstar, Murphy's Law (band), Murphy's Law, Balzac (band), Balzac, Slayer
- **current members**: *Glenn Danzig
*Jerry Only
*Doyle Wolfgang von Frankenstein
*Acey Slade
*Dave Lombardo
- **past members**: Manny Martínez
Franché Coma
Mr. Jim
Bobby Steele
Joey Image
Arthur Googy
Robo (musician), Robo
Dr. Chud
Michale Graves
Marky Ramone
Dez Cadena
Eric "Chupacabra" Arce
Jerry "Jerry Other" Caiafa II
Vistula

The **Vistula** (Polish: Wisła) is the longest river in Poland. It is 1,047 km (678 miles) long.

### Tributaries

The following is the list of right and left tributaries and the name of a city close by, listed from source to mouth:

**Right tributaries**
- Brennica – Skoczów
- Iłownica
- Biała – Czechowice-Dziedzice
- Soła
- Skawa – Zator
- Skawinka – Skawina
- Wilga – Kraków
- Drwinka
- Raba
- Gróbka
- Uszwica
- Kisielina
- Dunajec
- Breń
- Brnik
- Wisłoka
- Babulówka – Baranów Sandomierski
- Trzesniówka – Sandomierz
- Łęg – Sandomierz
- San
- Sanna – Annopol
- Wyżnica – Józefów
- Chodelka
- Bystra – Kazimierz Dolny
- Kurówka – Puławy
- Wieprz – Dęblin
- Okrzejka
- Promnik
- Wilga – Wilga
- Świder – Otwock, Józefów
- Kanał Żerański – Warsaw
- Narew – Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki
- Mołtawa
- Słupianka – Płock
- Rosica – Płock
- Brzeźnica – Płock
- Skrwa Prawa – Płock
- Mień – Nieszawa
- Drwęca – Toruń
- Bacha – Toruń
- Struga
- Osa – Grudziądz
- Liwa

**Left tributaries**
- Krajka – Strumień
- Pszczynka
- Gostynia
- Przemsza – Chełmek
- Chech
- Rudno
- Sanka – Kraków
- Rudawa – Kraków
- Prądnik – Kraków
- Dłubnia – Kraków
- Roporek – Nowe Brzesko
- Szreniawa
- Nidzica
- Nida – Nowy Korczyn
- Strumień
- Czarna – Połaniec
- Koprzywianka – Sandomierz
- Opatówka
- Kamienna
- Krępianka – Solec nad Wisłą
- Iłżanka
- Zwoleńka
- Plewka – Janowiec
- Zagożdzonka – Kozienice
- Radomka
- Pilica – Warka
- Czarna – Góra Kalwaria
- Jeziorka – Konstancin-Jeziorna
- Bzura – Wyszogród
- Skrwa Lewa – Płock
- Zgłowiączka – Włocławek
- Tążyna
- Zielona
- Brda – Bydgoszcz
- Wda – Świecie
- Wierzyca – Gniew
- Motława – Gdańsk
- Radunia – Gdańsk

## Infobox (river)

- **name**: Vistula River
- **image**: Modlin spichlerz.jpg
- **image caption**: Confluence (geography), Confluence of the Narew and the Vistula at Modlin (village), Modlin
- **source1 location**: Barania Góra, Silesian Beskids
- **mouth**: Gdańsk Bay, Baltic Sea
- **subdivision type1**: Countries
- **subdivision name1**: Poland, Ukraine, Belarus, Slovakia
- **length**: 1,047 km (651 mi)
- **source1 elevation**: 1,106 m (3,629 ft)
- **discharge1 avg**: 1,080 m³/s (at mouth)
- **basin size**: 194,424 km²; (75,067 mi²)
Sunnah

**Sunnah** (Arabic: سَنَةٌ) is an Arabic word meaning "tradition" or "way." For Muslims, it means "the way of the prophet." The Sunnites try to follow Muhammad's words, actions, and teachings.

Most Muslims learn about the Sunnah by studying thousands of stories, called hadith, about Muhammad, his family, and his first followers. However, some Muslims, such as Ahl al-Kalam and Mu'tazilites, have distinguished between the Sunnah and hadiths and generally do not regard the hadiths as being part of the sunnah of Muhammad.

## Related pages

- Sunni Islam
- Quranism
Al-Aqsa Mosque

**Al-Aqsa Mosque,** Al-Aqsa Mosque ("The Farthest Mosque") is one of the many buildings where Muslims go to pray in the Al-Aqsa Compound, in East Jerusalem.

The other major  mosque in the complex is us. The other name for this mosque is "the Dome of the Rock".

They are two of the most important and sacred mosques in the Muslim world. The compound is a symbol of Palestinian national identity.

Jews and Christians call the compound containing both these buildings "the Temple Mount".

## History

Abdul Malik ibn Marwan asked for the mosque to be built, but he died before they finished building it, and it was finished by his son Al-Walid I in 705 AD. The Al-Aqsa Mosque is a part of the Al-Haram al-Qudsi al-Sharif, or "The Noble Sanctuary". This area is known as the Temple Mount by Jews, and it is believed to be the location where the Jewish Temple was built. The mosque is the 3rd most important place in Islam. Muslims believe that Muhammad went from the Sacred Mosque in Mecca to the Al-Aqsa Mosque in the story of the "Night Journey". Also, some Islamic traditions say Muhammad led prayers there before his ascension.

## Attacks

In September of 2000 Ariel Sharon visited Al-Aqsa, and Palestinians who were at the mosque threw objects at the police force that was with Sharon. In return the police shot rubber bullets at the group of Palestinians. Palestinians said Sharon visited the mosque to make people angry, but Sharon said he had gone there with a message of peace. This visit is what some believe caused the Second Intifada.

## Name

"Al-Aqsa Masjid" means "the farthest Mosque". The masjid's name comes from a story in the Quran called "The Night Journey". In the story Muhammad goes from Makkah to East Jerusalem, where the Al-Aqsa Masjid is. Then he went up to Heaven (Jannah).

## History

The mosque was first built in 705 AD. The first mosque was destroyed in an earthquake in 748 AD and had to be built again. We do not know when it was built again, but it was probably in 771 AD, and this mosque was destroyed soon after they finished building it. The third mosque was built around 780 AD. In 1033 AD there was another earthquake, and the mosque had to be built again.

East Jerusalem was taken over by the Crusaders in 1099. Instead of taking down the mosque, the crusaders used the mosque as a palace. In 1119 it was changed into the headquarters for the Templar Knights.
Balkh Province

**Balkh** () is a province in the northern part of Afghanistan. Its capital is Mazar-i-Sharif. Most of its people are Tajiks, Hazaras and Uzbeks.

## Related pages

- Balkh

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Balkh
- **settlement type**: Provinces of Afghanistan, Province
- **image skyline**: Outskirts of Mazar-e Sharif in northern Afghanistan.jpg
- **image map**: Balkh in Afghanistan.svg
- **map caption**: Map of Afghanistan with Balkh highlighted
- **subdivision type**: list of sovereign states, Country
- **seat type**: Capital
- **seat**: Mazar-i-Sharif
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area total km2**: 16186.3
- **population total**: 1245100
- **population as of**: 2012
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone1**: UTC+4:30
- **iso code**: AF-BAL
- **blank name sec1**: Languages of Afghanistan, Main languages
- **blank info sec1**: Dari Persian, Uzbek language, Uzbek, Turkmen language, Turkmen
Dwight Hicks

**Dwight Hicks** was born April 5, 1956 in Mount Holly, New Jersey. He was a professional American football player. He played the defensive back position for the Toronto Argonauts in 1978. He also played in the National Football League (NFL) for the San Francisco 49ers from 1979 to 1985 and for the Indianapolis Colts in 1986. Before that, Dwight Hicks played for the University of Michigan. He is a four-time Pro Bowl selection from 1981 to 1984. He helped the 49ers to win 2 NFL Championships in Super Bowl XVI and Super Bowl XIX.

Hicks led the NFL in interceptions in the 1981 season, and return yards. He went on to be very important in the Super Bowl. After the 49ers lost a fumble on the opening kickoff, the Cincinnati Bengals got the football to San Francisco 5-yard line. Hicks made an interception and stopped the Bengals from scoring.

In Hicks eight NFL seasons, he had 32 interceptions, 602 interception return yards, 14 fumble recoveries, 112 fumble return yards, and 4 touchdowns.

Hicks went on to become a popular character actor in movies such as _The Rock_, _Jack_, _Armageddon_, and _In the Mix_ after his football career. He also made appearances on many television programs. Some shows that he appeared on include _Nash Bridges_, _The Pretender_, _The Practice_, _The X-Files_, _ER_ and _The O.C._
Surface gravity

The **surface gravity**, _g_, of an astronomical or other object is the gravitational acceleration experienced at its surface. The surface gravity may be thought of as the acceleration caused by the gravity experienced by a hypothetical test particle which is very close to the object's surface and which, in order not to disturb the system, has negligible mass.

Surface gravity is measured in units of acceleration, which, in the SI system, are meters per second squared. It may also be described as a multiple of the Earth's gravity, _g_ = 9.80665 m/s<sup>2</sup>.  In astrophysics, the surface gravity may be expressed as log _g_, which is obtained by first expressing the gravity in cgs units, where the unit of acceleration is centimeters per second squared, and then taking the base 10 logarithm.

## Other websites

- Newtonian surface gravity
Rotation period

In astronomy, a **rotation period** is the time an astronomical object takes to complete one revolution around its rotation axis relative to the background stars. For the Earth this is a sidereal day. It is different from a solar day, which is measured by the passage of the Sun across the local meridian.

All celestial objects spin. The rotation period differs according to whether the body in question is solid or fluid (gaseous). A solid object has one value, but a fluid object such as a star spins differently at the poles compared to the equator (Sun: about 25 days at the equator and about 35 days near the poles).

## Related pages

- Tidal locking
Angular size

**Angular size** is a measurement of how large or small something is using rotational measurement. It is useful for measuring things that are so far away that they appear two dimensional.

## Other websites

- Small-Angle Formula
- Visual Aid to the Apparent Size of the Planets
Albedo

The **albedo** of an object is the extent to which it reflects light, more specifically light which comes from the Sun. It is defined as the ratio of reflected to incident electromagnetic radiation. It is a unitless measure indicative of a surface's or body's diffuse reflectivity. The word is derived from _albus_, a Latin word for "white".

## Other websites

- Albedo - Encyclopedia of Earth
- NASA MODIS Terra BRDF/albedo product site
- NASA MODIS BRDF/albedo product site
- A discussion of Lunar albedos
Robin Olds

**Robin Olds** (July 14, 1922 – June 14, 2007) was a member of the United States Air Force. He was one of the first jet fighter pilots. In World War II, he flew a P-38 Lightning and a P-51 Mustang. In the Vietnam War, he was a commander and was angry about lack of dogfight training. He flew an F-4 Phantom II. In 1973, he retired from the Air Force at the rank of brigadier general. He had made 16 kills (12 in World War II, 4 in Vietnam). He had prostate cancer and died of heart failure.
Lady Mary Grey

**Lady Mary Grey** (20 April 1545 – 20 April 1578) was the sister of Lady Jane Grey and Lady Katherine Grey. Her parents were Lady Frances Brandon and Henry Grey.

## Life

Mary Grey's parents were disappointed with her birth, because she was a girl and a hunchback. She was described as "four foot tall and hunchbacked".

Mary's life was not as exciting as her sisters, Jane and Katherine Grey. But after their death she was the last surviving grandchild of Mary Tudor, and therefore some people thought she might be heiress to the English throne. She married the royal gatekeeper Thomas Keyes in 1565 but this was without Queen Elizabeth's permission. But like her sister Katherine's marriage to Edward Seymour, Earl of Hertford, Queen Elizabeth was angry. Elizabeth claimed that she wanted "no bastard Keyes". Elizabeth put Mary under house arrest. She was released after the death of her husband in 1572 and was permitted to attend Court occasionally.

She died childless at age 33.

## Other websites

- Britannia.com
- Life in Elizabethan England
Balkan Mountains

The **Balkan mountain range** (Bulgarian and Serbian: Стара планина, _Stara planina_, "Old Mountain") is an extension of the Carpathian mountain range, separated from it by the Danube River. The People who lived in the Balkan Mountains are called Balkandjii.

The Balkan range runs 560 km from eastern Serbia eastward through central Bulgaria to Cape Emine on the Black Sea.

The highest peak on the Balkan peninsula is Musala in the Rila mountains near Sofia (Rila range), with 2,925 m, closely followed by Mount Olympus in Greece and Vihren (Pirin range).

The highest peaks of the Stara planina itself are in central Bulgaria. The highest peak is Botev (2,376 m), in the Central Balkan National Park (established 1991).

## Passes

There are paved roads crossing Stara Planina at the following passes (listed from west to east):
- Petrohan Pass: Sofia–Montana
- Iskar Gorge (Iskarski prolom ): Sofia–Vratsa (also railroad)
- Vitinya Pass: Hemus motorway (A2), Sofia–Botevgrad
- Beklemeto Pass: Troyan–Karnare
- Shipka Pass: Gabrovo–Kazanlak (also railroad)
- Pass of the Republic (Prohod na republikata): Veliko Tarnovo – Gurkovo
- Vratnik Pass: Elena–Sliven
- Kotel Pass (Kotlenski prohod): Kotel–Petolachka (_Pentagram_) crossroads
- Varbitsa Pass (Varbishki prohod): Shumen–Petolachka crossroads
- Rish Pass (Rishki prohod): Shumen–Karnobat
- Luda Kamchiya Gorge (Ludokamchiyski prolom): Dalgopol–Karnobat (also railroad)
- Dyulino Pass (Dyulinski prohod): Varna–Aitos
- Obzor Pass (Obzorski prohod): Varna–Burgas, future Cherno More motorway (A3)

## Peaks

- Midžor 2,169 m is the highest peak in Central Serbia
- Botev Peak 2,376 m (named after Hristo Botev)
- Vezhen
- Kom
- Buzludzha
- Levski (named after Vasil Levski)

## Related pages

- Balkans

## Other websites

- Regional tourist association
- Stara Planina
Carpathian Mountains

The **Carpathian Mountains** are the eastern wing of the great Central Mountain System of Central Europe, curving 1500 km (~900 miles) along the borders of Romania, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, Ukraine, Austria, Serbia, and northern Hungary.

## Geography

The Carpathians begin on the Danube near Bratislava. They surround Transcarpathia and Transylvania in a large semicircle, sweeping towards the south-west, and end on the Danube near Orşova, in Romania. The total length of the Carpathians is over 1,500 km, and the mountain chain's width varies between 12 and 500 km.

The Carpathians are separated from the Alps by the Danube.

### Horizontal division

- **Outer Carpathians**, containing the Outer Western Carpathians and Outer Eastern Carpathians, usually including the corresponding Outer Carpathian Depressions
- **Inner Carpathians**, containing the Inner Western Carpathians, Inner Eastern Carpathians, and all the remaining Carpathians

A major part of the western and northeastern Outer Carpathians in Poland, Ukraine and Slovakia is traditionally called Beskids.

### Vertical and general division

What follows is a practical outline of the Carpathian subdivisions (clockwise from the west, numbers refer to the map):
- Western Carpathians:
    - **1** Outer Western Carpathians:
        - Austrian - South-Moravian Carpathians
        - Central Moravian Carpathians
        - Slovak-Moravian Carpathians
        - West-Beskidian Piedmont
        - Western Beskids
        - Central Beskids
        - Eastern Beskids
        - Podhale-Magura Area
    - **2** Inner Western Carpathians:
        - Slovenské rudohorie (Slovak Ore Mountains)
        - Fatra-Tatra Area
        - Slovenské stredohorie
        - Lučensko-košická zníženina
        - Mátra-Slanec Area/Northern Medium Mountains
- South Eastern Carpathians (= Eastern Carpathians in a wider sense):
    - Eastern Carpathians:
        - **3** Outer Eastern Carpathians:
        - **4** Inner Eastern Carpathians:
    - **5** Southern Carpathians (also known as _Transylvanian Alps_):
        - Făgăraş Mountains group
        - [arâng Mountains group
        - Retezat-Godeanu Mountains group
    - **6** Romanian Western Carpathians:
        - Apuseni Mountains
        - Poiana Ruscă Mountains (sometimes considered part of the Southern Carpathians)
        - Banat Mountains (sometimes considered part of the Southern Carpathians)
    - **7** Transylvanian Plateau (sometimes not considered part of the Carpathians at all):
        - Transylvanian Plateau
        - Mureş-Turda Depression
        - Făgăraş Depression
        - Sibiu Depression
    - **8** Serbian Carpathians (sometimes considered part of the Southern Carpathians, or not considered part of the Carpathians at all)
- Outer Carpathian Depressions (they surround the Carpathians and are normally considered part of the corresponding adjacent above main groups)
Tatra mountains

The **Tatra Mountains**, **Tatras** or **Tatra** (**Tatry **in both Slovak and Polish), constitute a mountain range which forms a natural border between Slovakia and Poland. They occupy an area of 750 km², the major part (600 km²) of which lies in Slovakia. The highest Tatra peak, at 2655 m, is Gerlachovský štít, located in Slovakia. Rysy, at 2499 m, is the highest Polish peak.

The Tatra Mountains are the highest mountain range in the Carpathian Mountains. Although considerably smaller than the Alps, they are classified as having an alpine landscape. Their high mountain character, combined with great accessibility, makes them popular with tourists and scientists.

## Bibliography

Ján Lacika, _Tatras_ (2nd edition), Bratislava 2006.

## Other websites

- Town of Vysoké Tatry  – municipal website
- Zakopane – municipal website
- TANAP  – Slovak Tatra National Park
- TPN – Polish Tatra National Park

### Commercial tourism-oriented websites

- Tatry.cz  – travel guide (mainly Slovak side)
- Go-Zakopane.com – travel guide (mainly Polish side)

### Mountaineering

- Tatry on ogdos.com  – mountaineer's notes

### Photography

- Atypical images of the Tatras
- Spherical panoramas
- Panoramic view from Rysy (2499 m)

#### Movies

- Ski movie filmed in 1930
Frank G. Wells

**Franklin G. Wells** (March 4, 1932 – April 3, 1994) was the former President of Warner Bros. (1973–1977) and the Walt Disney Company (1984–1994). He climbed the highest mountain of every continent, but he did not reach the summit of the Mount Everest.

Frank Wells was born in 1932. At age 37, he became the Vice President of Warner Brothers, in 1973 the President and in 1977 the Vice Chairman. In 1982 he left Warner Bros. to pursue his dream of climbing to the top of the highest mountain on each continent. In 1984, he became part of the Disney concern as the second man behind Michael Eisner. Since 1984 he was the President and the Chief Operating Officer (COO). With Wells and Eisner at the top Disney became again one of the leading entertainment companies.
Frank Wells died in a helicopter crash on April 3, 1994 at age 62 while returning from a ski trip. The Disney animation movie, _The Lion King_, is dedicated to him.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Frank Wells
- **birth name**: Franklin G. Wells
- **birth place**: Coronado, California, U.S.
- **death place**: Lamoille, Nevada, U.S.
- **death cause**: Helicopter crash
- **occupation**: President (corporate title), President, The Walt Disney Company
- **years active**: 1969–1994
- **alma mater**: Oxford University
Perfect

**Perfect** could mean:

- Perfection (concept), a philosophical concept
- Perfection (law), a legal concept
- Perfect aspect, a grammatical concept

In **mathematics**:
- Perfect number
- Perfect group
- Perfect set
- Perfect graph

In **biology**:
- In botany and mycology, an organism is considered perfect if it is capable of sexual reproduction; otherwise it is imperfect.
    - Fungi in the Division Deuteromycota (informally called the _Fungi imperfecti_) are so classified because sexual reproduction is unknown (or may not occur) in these species.
    - A flower is called "perfect" (or _synoecious_) if it has both male and female reproductive parts. A perfect or hermaphroditic flower has both stamens and an ovary. If a flower has just male or just female parts it is termed 'imperfect'.

In **music**:
- Perfect interval, one of these music intervals:
    - Perfect octave
    - Perfect fifth
    - Perfect fourth
    - Perfect unison

As a proper name:
- _Perfect_ (film)
- Perfect Records, a record label
- Perfect Developer, a tool for developing computer
- Perfect, Alanis Morissette song
- Perfect, Fairground Attraction song
- Perfect John Cale song
- "Perfect" (Sara Evans song)
- Perfect, Simple Plan song
- Perfect, Smashing Pumpkins song
- "Perfect" (True Faith song)
- "Perfect" (Flyleaf song)
- Perfect (Exceeder), a song by Mason vs. Princess Superstar
- Perfect (Princess Superstar song), the original, unremixed, version of the aforementioned song
- Perfect (band), a band from Poland
- _Perfect_ (Sam Shaber album)
Bob Hope

**Leslie Townes Hope**  (May 29, 1903 – July 27, 2003), better known as **Bob Hope**, was a British-American comedian, vaudevillian, actor, singer, and dancer. He was the only person who received five honorary Oscars.

## Early life

Bob Hope was born on May 29, 1903, in London, England to a Welsh mother and English father. In 1908, the Hopes migrated to Cleveland, Ohio. In 1920, at age 17, Hope became a U.S. citizen.

## Career

Before he was an actor, Hope became a professional boxer. In this time he was called "Packey East". Years later, he was popular because of some musicals he played in. He was also part of some television and radio shows. At the same time, Bob Hope became a comedian. Hope visited the United States armed forces between 1941 and 1991 during the conflicts in that time period. These shows made Hope a household name and well liked by most Americans. Hope also entertained eleven U.S. Presidents.

In 1934, Bob Hope married Dolores DeFina (May 27, 1909 - September 19, 2011). The couple adopted four children: Eleanora, Anthony, Linda, and Kelly.

## Awards

Bob Hope was honoured with more than 1500 awards. Among them are five special Oscars in 1941, 1945, 1953, 1960, and 1966. Between 1940 and 1978 he hosted the Academy Awards record seventeen times.

And in 1998 he was appointed an honorary Knight Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (KBE) by Queen Elizabeth II. Upon accepting the appointment, Hope quipped, "I'm speechless. 70 years of ad lib material and I'm speechless."

## Death

Bob Hope died of pneumonia on July 27, 2003, 2 months after his 100th birthday. He was buried 3 days later, reburied on July 22, 2005 in custom made grave in California.

## Other websites

- An obituary on BBC

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Bob Hope
- **image**: Bob Hope in 1984 (cropped).JPEG
- **caption**: Bob Hope in 1984
- **birthname**: Leslie Townes Hope
- **birth place**: Eltham, London, England
- **death place**: Toluca Lake, Los Angeles, California, US
- **yearsactive**: 1922-1999
- **children**: 4
Port-au-Prince

**Port-au-Prince** (**Pòtoprens** in Kreyòl) is the capital city of Haiti.  Haiti is also divided into ten _Départements_; Port-au-Prince is the capital of the Ouest _Département._

Port-au-Prince is Haiti's largest city.  According to the country's 2015 census, over 2.6 million people lived there.

## History

Port-au-Prince was built in 1749.  At that time, Haiti was a French colony called _Saint-Domingue_.  Before 1770, _Cap-Français_ (now Cap-Haïtien) was the capital of Saint-Domingue.  In 1770, Port-au-Prince replaced _Cap-Français_ as the capital of Saint-Domingue.

In 1804, the people of Haiti won the Haitian Revolution, and Haiti became an independent country.  Port-au-Prince became the capital of this new country.  During the French and Haitian Revolutions, it was called _Port-Républicain_, before Jean-Jacques Dessalines renamed it Port-au-Prince.

Shortly after it won its independence, Haiti's new leaders divided the country between a kingdom in the north and a republic in the south.  Port-au-Prince remained the capital of the republic.

## Port-au-Prince today

Port-au-Prince is the cultural centre of Haiti. The State University of Haiti (_L'Université d'État d'Haïti,_ or UEH, in French); the Université Quisqueya; and the _Université Caraïbe_ are all located in the city.

Port-au-Prince is the nation's largest centre of economy and finance. It has the most important port in the country, where coffee and sugar are exported. Port-au-Prince has soap, textile, and cement factories, and others to process foods.

There is also an international airport about  north of the city.  It is named _Aéroport International Toussaint L'ouverture_ after national hero Toussaint L'ouverture.

The city was very badly damaged and more than 100,000 people died in the 2010 Haiti earthquake, which is one of the deadliest earthquakes in history. Due to extreme poverty, the city has still not recovered from the earthquake, and many ruins still remain.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Port-au-Prince
- **native name**: (Kreyòl): _Pòtoprens_
- **image skyline**: Port-au-Prince, Haiti - panoramio (26).jpg
- **image caption**: Port-au-Prince from space
- **image shield**: Armes de la Ville de Port-au-Prince.svg
- **shield size**: 200px
- **pushpin map**: Haiti
- **pushpin label position**: bottom
- **pushpin map caption**: Port-au-Prince in Haiti
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Haiti
- **subdivision type1**: Province, Département
- **subdivision name1**: Ouest Department, Ouest
- **subdivision type2**: Arrondisement
- **subdivision name2**: Port-au-Prince
- **established title**: Founded
- **established date**: 1749
- **established title2**: Colonial seat
- **established date2**: 1770
- **population as of**: 2007
- **population total**: 1082800
- **population metro**: 1728100
- **population blank1 title**: Demonym
- **population blank1**: Port-au-Princien
(female, Port-au-Princienne)
- **timezone**: Eastern Time Zone (North America), Eastern
- **utc offset**: -5
- **timezone dst**: Eastern Time Zone (North America), Eastern
- **utc offset dst**: -4
- **elevation m**: 98
Hamelin

**Hameln** (English name sometimes _Hamelin_) is a city in Germany. In 2005, about 58,000 people lived there. A very well-known story from there is called The Pied Piper of Hamelin (_Der Rattenfänger von Hameln_). The story dates from the Middle Ages.

## Other websites

- Official website
- Historic Photographer of Hameln

## Infobox (german location)

- **german name**: Hameln
- **image photo**: Hameln Panorama 3-2006 small.jpg
- **image caption**: Panorama of Hamelin
- **type**: Town
- **image coa**: DEU Hamelin COA.svg
- **image plan**: Hameln in HM.svg
- **state**: Lower Saxony
- **district**: Hamelin-Pyrmont
- **elevation**: 68
- **area**: 102.30
- **population**: 68696
- **stand**: 2006-12-30
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 03252006
- **postal code**: 31785–89, 3250
- **area code**: 05151
- **licence**: HM
- **website**: [https://www.hameln.de/ www.hameln.de]
- **mayor**: Claudio Griese
- **bürgermeistertitel**: Oberbürgermeister
- **party**: CDU
Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-25

The **MiG-25 Foxbat** is a fast fighter plane made made by Russian airplane company Mikoyan. Its primary goal is to attack enemies at high speed and altitude. It first flew in 1964 and was introduced in 1970. In 1976, a Soviet MiG-25 pilot left the Soviet Union and flew his plane to Japan, where it was looked at. It is very fast, and can go Mach 3.2 (3.2 times the speed of sound). However, the engines could be destroyed if the plane is flown this fast. It can carry 4 radar guided missiles and 4 heat seeking missiles. It is now being replaced by the MiG-31 Foxhound, but is used a little in other countries.

## Related pages

- F-15 Eagle
Semi-major and semi-minor axes

In geometry, the **semi-major axis** is the distance from the center of an ellipse to the farthest point on the perimeter of the ellipse. The semi-major axis is half of the major axis, which goes all the way across the ellipse at the widest part. The **semi-minor axis** is a line segment that is at 90 degrees with the semi-major axis. For the circle, the lengths of the semi-axes are both equal to the radius.
Apsis

In astronomy, an **apsis**, plural _apsides_ (IPA: //) is the point of greatest or least distance of the elliptical orbit of an astronomical object from its center of attraction, which is generally the center of mass of the system.

The point of closest approach is called the **periapsis** or **pericentre** and the point of farthest excursion is called the **apoapsis** (Greek από, _from_, which becomes απ before a vowel, and αφ before rough breathing), **apocentre** or **apapsis** (the latter term, although etymologically more correct, is much less used). A straight line drawn through the periapsis and apoapsis is the _line of apsides_. This is the major axis of the ellipse, the line through the longest part of the ellipse.

Similar words are used to identify the body being orbited. The most common are **perigee** and **apogee**, referring to orbits around the Earth, and **perihelion** and **aphelion**, referring to orbits around the Sun (Greek ‘ήλιος _hēlios_ sun). During the Apollo program, the terms **pericynthion** and **apocynthion** were used when referring to the moon.

## Perihelion and aphelion

The perihelion is the point in the orbit of an object that is nearest to the Sun. The aphelion is the point in the orbit of an object where it is farthest from the Sun.

All planets, comets and asteroids in our solar system have approximately elliptical (a kind of non-circular) orbits. Thus, they all have a closest and a farthest point from the sun: a perihelion and an aphelion. Orbital eccentricity measures the flatness of the orbit. Any single revolution of a body around the sun is only approximately elliptical, because the precession of the perihelion prevents the orbit from being a simple closed curve such as an ellipse. This causes Milankovich cycles.

Earth comes closest to the sun every year around January 3. It is farthest from the sun every year around July 4. The difference in distance between Earth's nearest point to the sun in January and farthest point from the sun in July is . Earth is about  from the Sun in early January, in contrast to about  in early July.

When Earth is closest to the Sun, it is winter in the northern hemisphere and summer in the southern hemisphere. Thus it is possible to see that Earth's distance from the Sun does not noticeably cause the seasons to change; the relatively minor effects of differences in distance is somewhat masked by the mainly oceanic southern hemisphere vs the half-continental northern hemisphere. Therefore, the Earth's seasons come and go mainly because Earth does not rotate with its axis exactly upright with respect to the plane of the Earth’s orbit around the sun. Earth's axial tilt is 23.5 degrees. This puts the Sun farther south in December and January, so the north has winter and the south has summer. Thus winter falls on that part of the globe where sunlight strikes least directly. Summer falls on that part of the globe where sunlight strikes most directly.

## Related pages

- Orbital inclination
Orbital eccentricity

In astrodynamics, **orbital eccentricity** shows how much the shape of an object's orbit is different from a circle.

**Eccentricity** () is defined for all circular, elliptic, parabolic and hyperbolic orbits. It can take the following values:
- for circular orbits:  is equal to zero,
- for elliptical orbits:  is more than zero but less than 1,
- for parabolic trajectories:  is equal to 1,
- for hyperbolic trajectories:  is more than 1.

## Finding eccentricity

Here is a formula to find eccentricity:

Where e<sub>obj</sub> is the eccentricity, r<sub>a</sub> is the apoapsis (far point) of the object's orbit, and r<sub>p</sub> is the periapsis (near point) of the object's orbit. The near and far points are the apsides.
Astronomical unit

The **astronomical unit** (**AU**) is a unit of length derived from the Earth's orbit.  It is the average distance the Earth gets from the Sun _on the long axis of the ellipse_. Its definition is:  the length of the semi-major axis of the Earth's elliptical orbit around the Sun. _Semi-major_ means half the long axis.

The AU is about 150 million kilometers or 93 million miles. Astronomers usually measure distances within the Solar System in astronomical units.  Mars is about 1.4 AU from the Sun, Jupiter lies at roughly 5.2 AU, and Neptune is roughly 30 AU from the Sun. Light travels an AU in about 8.317 minutes.

## More accuracy

From 1976 to 2012 the AU was defined as "the radius of an unperturbed circular Newtonian orbit about the Sun of a particle having infinitesimal mass, moving with a mean motion of 0.01720209895 radians per day (known as the Gaussian constant)".  In 2012, the IAU redefined it to be the exact value .

In the IERS numerical standards, the speed of light in a vacuum is defined as _c_<sub>0</sub> = , in accordance with the SI units. The time to cover an AU is τ<sub>A</sub> = , resulting in the astronomical unit in metres as _c_<sub>0</sub>τ<sub>A</sub> = . It is very roughly the distance from the Earth to the Sun.

## Infobox (unit)

- **name**: Astronomical unit
- **image**: File:Astronomical unit.png
- **caption**: The average distance between the Sun and the Earth is 1 AU
- **standard**: Astronomical system of units
Non-SI units mentioned in the SI, (Accepted for use with the SI)
- **quantity**: length
- **symbol**: au, ua, or AU
- **units1**: metric system, metric (International System of Units, SI) units
- **units2**: Imperial units, imperial & United States customary units, US units
- **units3**: Astronomical system of units, astronomical units
- **inunits3**:
Degree (angle)

In mathematics, a **degree** is a common way to measure plane angle. It is written with the symbol , where  corresponds to the entire circle.

It is not an SI unit. The SI uses radian to measure plane angle. However, according to the SI brochure, it is an accepted unit by SI.

## History

The actual reason of choosing the degree as a way to measure plane angle is unknown. One theory says that it is related with the fact that a year is approximately 360 days. Some ancient calendar<nowiki/>s, for example the Persian calendar and the Babylonian calendar used 360 days for a year.

Another theory says that the Babylonians divided the circle using the angle of an equilateral triangle. The angle was then divided into 60 parts. This is because they used sexagesimal or base-60 numeral system.

## Related pages

- Degree of a polynomial

## Infobox (unit)

- **name**: Degree
- **standard**: Non-SI units mentioned in the SI, Non-SI accepted unit
- **quantity**: Angle
- **symbol**: °
- **symbol2**: deg
- **units1**: Turn (unit), turns
- **inunits1**: turn
- **units2**: radians
- **inunits2**: rad
- **units3**: Gon (unit), gons
- **inunits3**: <sup>g</sup>
- **image**: Degree diagram.svg
- **caption**: One degree (shown in red) and 89 degrees (shown in blue)
Epoch (astronomy)

In astronomy, an **epoch** (or sometimes **epochal moment**) is a moment in time for which the position or the orbital elements of a celestial body are specified.

The position at other times can be measured by taking into account proper motion or orbital motion. In the case of orbital elements for a solar system body, these change due to perturbation by other bodies in our solar system.
Julian day

The **Julian day** or **Julian day number (JDN)** is the number of days that have passed since the initial epoch defined as noon Coordinated Universal Time (UCT) Monday, 1 January 4713 BC in the Julian calendar. That noon-to-noon day is defined as Julian day 0.  Thus all JDNs that are evenly divisible by 7 are Mondays.  Negative values may also be used, although those predate recorded history.

For example, right now at  the JDN is  (). When this JDN is divided by 7, the remainder is , which is an integer expression for the day of the week with 0 representing Monday.

The **Julian date** (JD) is a continuous count of days and fractions elapsed since the same initial epoch. Currently the JD is . The integral part (its floor) gives the Julian day number. The fractional part gives the time of day since noon UT as a decimal fraction of one day or fractional day, with 0.5 representing midnight UT. Typically, a 64-bit floating point (double precision) variable can represent an epoch expressed as a Julian date to about 1 millisecond precision.

A Julian date of 2454115.05486 means that the date and Universal Time is Sunday 14 January 2007 at 13:18:59.9.

The decimal parts of a Julian date:

0.1 = 2.4 hours or 144 minutes or 8640 seconds

0.01 = 0.24 hours or 14.4 minutes or 864 seconds

0.001 = 0.024 hours or 1.44 minutes or 86.4 seconds

0.0001 = 0.0024 hours or 0.144 minutes or 8.64 seconds

0.00001 = 0.00024 hours or 0.0144 minutes or 0.864 seconds.

Almost 2.5 million Julian days have elapsed since the initial epoch. JDN 2,400,000 was November 16, 1858. JD 2,500,000.0 will occur on August 31, 2132 at noon UT.

The Julian day number can be considered a very simple calendar, where its calendar date is just an integer. This is useful for reference, computations, and conversions. It allows the time between any two dates in history to be computed by simple subtraction.

The Julian day system was introduced by astronomers to provide a single system of dates that could be used when working with different calendars and to unify different historical chronologies. Apart from the choice of the zero point and name, this Julian day and Julian date are not directly related to the Julian calendar, although it is possible to convert any date from one calendar to the other.
Meatball

A **meatball** is meat that is ground up (finely cut), mixed with other ingredients, then shaped like a ball. Most meatballs are made out of beef. Meatballs can also be made out of chicken, fish, or other kinds of meat. The other ingredients (parts) are usually bread, onion, and eggs. Meatballs can be cooked by frying, baking, or steaming them. Meatballs are sometimes served with pasta or in a sauce. There are many types of meatball like foggots, polpette, albondigas etc.
Mandé people

**Mandé** or Manding is a region between southern Mali and eastern Guinea. The Hunters from Wagadou (or Ouagadou) founded Mandé, the Mandingo country, notably the mythical ancestors Kontron and Sanin, at the origin of the Malinké and Bambaras hunter brotherhood. This country was famous for the large number of animals and game that it sheltered, as well as its dense vegetation. A very popular hunting ground. The Camara (or Kamara) are considered to be the oldest family to have lived in Mandé, after having left, due to the drought, Ouallata, a region of Wagadou, in the south-east of present-day Mauritania. They founded the first village of Mandé, Kirikoroni, then Kirina, Siby, Kita. Many of the families that make up the Mandingo community were born in Mande. Mandé is the province from which the Mali Empire started, under the leadership of Soundiata Keïta.
Amadou Toumani Touré

General (ret) **Amadou Toumani Touré** (November 4, 1948 – November 10, 2020) was the president of Mali.  He took power from a military ruler, Moussa Traoré in 1991, then he gave power to civilian (non-military) authorities in 1992.  He won the presidential election in 2002. He won the next election easily in 2007. He was born in Mopti, Mali.

Touré died on November 10, 2020 in Istanbul, Turkey just one week after his 72nd birthday.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Amadou Toumani Touré
- **image**: Amadou Toure.jpg
- **office**: 3rd List of heads of state of Mali, President of Mali
- **primeminister**: Ahmed Mohamed ag Hamani
Ousmane Issoufi Maïga
Modibo Sidibé
Cissé Mariam Kaïdama Sidibé
- **term start**: 8 June 2002
- **term end**: 22 March 2012
- **predecessor**: Alpha Oumar Konaré
- **successor**: Amadou Sanogo <small>(Chairperson of the National Committee for the Restoration of Democracy and State)</small>
- **primeminister2**: Soumana Sacko
- **term start2**: 26 March 1991
- **term end2**: 8 June 1992
- **predecessor2**: Moussa Traoré
- **successor2**: Alpha Oumar Konaré
- **birth place**: Mopti, French Sudan
<small>(now Mali)</small>
- **death place**: Istanbul, Turkey
- **party**: Independent (politician), Independent
- **spouse**: Lobbo Traore
- **branch**: Military of Mali, Army