juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Tin(II) sulfate

**Tin(II) sulfate** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is SnSO<sub>4</sub>. It contains tin and sulfate ions. The tin is in its +2 oxidation state.

## Properties

It is a white crystalline solid. It is not a reducing agent like other compounds containing tin(II), like tin(II) chloride. It absorbs water from the atmosphere and dissolves in the water it absorbed.

## Preparation

It is made by dissolving tin in sulfuric acid. It is also made by reacting tin with copper(II) sulfate.

## Uses

It is used as a source of tin(II) ions without any tin(IV) ions contaminating them.

## Related pages

- Tin(II) sulfide
- Tin(IV) sulfide
Tin(IV) chloride

**Tin(IV) chloride**, also known as **stannic chloride** or **tin tetrachloride**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is SnCl<sub>4</sub>. It contains tin and chloride ions. The tin is in its +4 oxidation state.

## Properties

It is a corrosive liquid (anhydrous) or solid (hydrated). It makes hydrochloric acid fumes which irritate the nose. It reacts with strong bases to make tin(IV) oxide hydrate. It also reacts with hydrochloric acid to make the SnCl<sub>6</sub><sup>2-</sup> ion.

## Preparation

It is made by reacting tin with chlorine.

Sn + 2 Cl<sub>2</sub> → SnCl<sub>4</sub>

## Uses

It was used in World War I to create irritating clouds of smoke. It is also used to make tin(IV) fluoride. It is also used to make organic compounds that have tin in them.

## Related pages

- Tin(II) chloride
- Tin(IV) bromide
- Tin(IV) iodide
Tin chloride

**Tin chloride** may refer to either of these compounds:

- Tin(II) chloride, stannous chloride, colorless solid, reducing agent
- Tin(IV) chloride, stannic chloride, irritating liquid, oxidizing agent
Caesium-137

**Caesium 137** is an isotope of caesium. It is radioactive. It is often a by-product of nuclear fission. It has a half life of about 30 years. Many areas where nuclear accidents have occurred, such as Chernobyl and Fukushima, are contaminated with caesium-137.
Tin(IV) oxide

**Tin(IV) oxide**, also known as **tin dioxide** or **stannic oxide **is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is SnO<sub>2</sub>. It has tin and oxide ions in it. It has tin in its +4 oxidation state.

## Properties

It is a white powdery solid. It reacts with acids to produce stannic salts, such as tin(IV) chloride with hydrochloric acid. It reacts with strong bases to make stannites. It reacts with carbon at a high temperature to make tin metal.

## Occurrence

It is found as cassiterite in the mineral form. Cassiterite is an ore of tin.

## Preparation

It can be made in pure form by burning powdered tin in air.

- Sn + O<sub>2</sub> → SnO<sub>2</sub>

## Uses

It is used to detect carbon monoxide. It is also used as a catalyst for certain reactions. It is also used to make ceramics opaque (not clear). It is used in sensors of gases that can burn. A tin(IV) oxide wire is heated. When a flammable gas flows over it, it can conduct a little electricity. The sensor measures the electricity.

## Related pages

- Tin(II) oxide
- Tin(II) chloride
Strontium-90

**Strontium-90** is a radioactive isotope of strontium. It has a half life of roughly 29 years. Strontium-90 and strontium-89 have medical applications. They are used for radiation therapy,  in the treatment of certain bone cancers. Because its application generates a lot of heat it is sometimes used instead of Plutonium in nuclear power plants.

## Infobox (isotope)

- **mass number**: 90
- **symbol**: Sr
- **num neutrons**: 62
- **num protons**: 38
- **decay product**: decay product
- **decay mass**: mass number of decay product
- **decay symbol**: chemical symbol
- **decay product2**: decay product
- **decay mass2**: mass number of decay product
- **decay symbol2**: chemical symbol
- **parent**: strontium
- **parent symbol**: Sr
- **decay mode1**: e
Tin(II) oxide

**Tin(II) oxide**, also known as **stannous oxide**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is SnO. It has tin in an oxidation state of +2. It also has oxide ions in it.

## Properties

It is normally a blue-black solid. It can be red but the red form is more unstable. It burns in air with a green flame to make tin(IV) oxide. It is a reducing agent. It is rarer than tin(IV) oxide. It dissolves in acids to make a colorless solution.

## Preparation

It can be made by reacting sulfuric acid with tin and reacting the tin(II) sulfate made with sodium hydroxide to make the tin(II) oxide hydrate. This is heated to get the tin(II) oxide.

## Uses

It is used in touchscreens. It is used to make a glass with gold in it called ruby glass.

## Related pages

- Tin(II) chloride
Tin oxide

**Tin oxide** may refer to either of the following compounds:

- Tin(II) oxide, rare, blue-black or red, flammable, stannous oxide
- Tin(IV) oxide, common, white, stannic oxide
Chemical stability

**Chemical stability** refers to the resistance of a chemical to change in a chemical reaction. Some chemicals, like gold, are very stable and resistant to change; but sodium is unstable and corrodes rapidly in the presence of air. When an atom has an extra electron or a missing electron, it is unstable. When that atom loses or gains the electron, it becomes stable. Stable atoms have lower energy than unstable ones.

## Related pages

- Chemical compound
- Chemical equation
- Chemistry
Pisces (astrology)

** Pisces** (****) is the twelfth astrological sign, related to the constellation Pisces. It is also considered a water sign and one of the four mutable signs. In western astrology this sign is no longer aligned with the constellation. This is because of the precession of the equinoxes. Under the tropical zodiac, the Sun meets Pisces from February 19 to March 20.

## The Symbol

The symbol represents the animal, the fish, swimming in different directions. The two shapes are also crescents, facing outward, which represents the idea that Pisceans are open to new things and to change.

## Astrology

Pisces has been traditionally ruled by the planet Jupiter, but since its discovery, Neptune has been considered a modern ruler of this sign. Being the twelfth sign, Pisces is associated with the astrological twelfth house.

Individuals born when the Sun was in this sign are considered "_Pisceans_". The Sun can be seen 1n Pisces from about February 19 to March 20, ending at the moment of vernal equinox by definition under the tropical zodiac.

Under the _sidereal zodiac_, it is generally there from about March 15 to April 13.

## Traditional relationships with Pisces

- Birthstone= Aquamarine
- Colors= Sea Green, Aqua Blue
- Gemstones = amethyst
- Starstone= Coral
- Metal= Silver, Platinum, Tin, Steel, white gold
Ultratop 40 Singles

**Ultratop 40 Singles**, often called **Ultratop 40**, is the weekly chart of best-selling singles in Wallonia, Belgium. Its equivalent covering the Flanders region is Ultratop 50.  Both charts are made and published by the Ultratop organization.  Like the UK Singles Chart, Ultratop creates charts based on retail record sales of around 500 retail outlets and legal digital downloads.  Currently GfK is the market observer of the charts. The chart broadcasts on Radio Contact on Saturdays from 12:00 to 14:00. The combined number of Ultratop chart listeners on radio or TV stations exceeds two million each week.  To celebrate the 10th anniversary of the charts in 2005 a jubilee book was published.  It covered all the 15,282 singles from 5,882 artists thus far.

## Related pages

- Ultratop 50
Ultratop 50 Singles

**Ultratop 50 Singles**, often called **Ultratop 50**, is the weekly chart of fifty best-selling singles in Flanders, Belgium.  Ultratop 50 and is produced and published by the Ultratop organization.  The chart has existed since March 31, 1995.  It is published in Dutch, French, and English, and is presented on several Belgian radio stations as well as on TMF Flanders television.

Its equivalent in the Wallonia region of Belgium is known as the "Ultratop 40 Singles" chart.

Three other charts from the Ultratop organization bear similar names: two separate and usually different charts named "Ultratop 50 Albums" tracking weekly album performance in the Dutch-speaking Flanders and French-speaking Wallonia regions, respectively; and one chart named "Ultratop 50 Alternative Albums". All of these charts, too, are published in three languages.

## Related pages

- Ultratop 40
Valencia Street Circuit

- _Not to be confused with Circuit de Valencia_

The **Valencia Street Circuit** is a semi-permanent street circuit in Valencia Spain. The circuit will host the Formula One European Grand Prix for seven years starting in  The first Formula One race on the circuit was held on 24 August 2008, with Felipe Massa winning the event, the European Grand Prix. The circuit uses the roads around the city's harbour and America's Cup port area. One section of the circuit uses a 140 metre long swing bridge.
It also includes some roads designed to be used only for racing purposes by the German architect Hermann Tilke. Tilke also designed the buildings used for the circuit.

## History

The deal to host the Valencia race was signed on 1 June 2007. It will last for seven years. The deal was made with the Valmor Sport group. The official track layout was unveiled by Valencia councillor and transport minister, Mario Flores, on 19 July 2007. The track was first used in the last weekend of July 2008. The circuit hosted a round of the Spanish F3 Championship and International GT Open. It was first used for the European Grand Prix on 24 August 2008.

## Layout

The track is  long and incorporates a total of 25 turns. There are 11 right-hand turns and 14 left-hand turns. It is estimated that the track has a top speed of around . Valencia is not as tight as Circuit de Monaco. There are not very many places to pass. The straights are not very straight; the track gets very dusty off line.

The circuit has been criticised by the drivers for its lack of overtaking opportunities. There have only been 4 recorded passes in the first race held in 2008, and no passes in 2009. There is little space in the circuit to make changes to improve passing.

## Other websites

- The F1 Valencia Street Circuit Official Site
- Valencia Street Circuit guide from Official F1 Site
- Valencia F1 Street Circuit in Google Maps

## Infobox (motorsport venue)

- **name**: Valencia Street Circuit
- **location**: Valencia, Spain, Valencia, Spain
- **time**: GMT +1
- **image**:
- **image caption**: The swing bridge, an important element of the Valencia Street Circuit
- **opened**: 2008
- **events**: **FIA Formula One**
European Grand Prix
- **layout1**:
- **surface**: Asphalt
- **length km**: 5.419
- **length mi**: 3.367
- **turns**: 25
- **record time**: 1:38.683
- **record driver**: Timo Glock
- **record team**: Toyota Racing, Toyota
- **record year**: 2009
Circuit Ricardo Tormo

**Circuit Ricardo Tormo** (also known as **Circuit de Valencia** and officially named "**Circuit de la Comunitat Valenciana Ricardo Tormo**") is a motorsport race track located in Cheste (Valencia, Spain) and built in 1999. It has a capacity of 120,000 spectators and seating for 60,000.  It is often used as a test track by the Formula One teams, because of the mild temperatures in winter. Anthony Davidson holds the unofficial lap record, set in 2006 while testing a Honda, with a time of 1 m 08.540sec. The track hosts the MotoGP Valencian Community Grand Prix.

The track is named after Spanish Grand Prix motorcycle racer Ricardo Tormo (September 7, 1952 – December 27, 1998). Circuit Ricardo Tormo has been featured in a number of video games and simulations.

## Other websites

- Circuit de Valencia – Official website

## Infobox (motorsport venue)

- **name**: Circuit de la Comunitat Valenciana Ricardo Tormo
- **nicknames**: Circuit de Valencia
- **location**: Cheste, Valencia (autonomous community), Valencia, (Spain)
- **time**: GMT +1 (Daylight saving time, DST: +2)
- **image**:
- **events**: **FIM MotoGP
**Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix
WTCC; DTM; F3; GP2; SBK
- **length km**: 4.051
- **length mi**: 2.517
- **turns**: 14
- **record time**: 1:23.489
- **record driver**: Marc Gené
- **record team**: LMS
- **record year**: 2007
Velvet Sky

**Jamie Szantyr** (born June 2, 1981) is an American female professional wrestler currently signed to Total Nonstop Action Wrestling. Velvet Sky is a former TNA Knockout Tag Team Champion. Sky also appeared in the WWE from 2005-06. Sky formerly dated Former WWE wrestler Gregory Helms but they broke up.

## Other websites

- Velvet Sky's TNA profile

## Infobox (wrestler)

- **name**: Velvet Sky
- **image**: Velvet Sky Tag Champion.jpg
- **caption**: Velvet Sky as the TNA Knockout Tag Team Champion.
- **names**: **Velvet Sky**
**Talia Madison**
Miss Talia
Talia Doll
Talia
- **birth place**: New Britain, Connecticut
- **billed**: **New York City, The Big Apple**
- **trainer**: Jason Knight
Kevin Landry
- **debut**: 2003
Sydney funnel-web spider

A **Sydney funnel-web spider** or **Atrax robustus** is a species of funnel-web spider. Their bite is very serious and venomous and has killed 13 people since 1927. It is found in Sydney, Australia. The funnel-web spider can be substantially larger than a 50 cent piece.

## Other websites

- Sydney funnel-web spider at the Museum of Australia
Season premiere

In television, a **season premiere** refers to the first episode of a new television season for a series that has been renewed.

In North America, a given show's season premiere often airs in September or October, after several months of reruns.

## Characteristics

A season premiere usually has one or more of the following characteristics:

- **Resolutions to cliffhangers** and other plots left unresolved in the previous season's season finale.
- **Introductions of new storylines**. Some stock examples might include a character having a new job (or losing one), a character gets a new love interest (or an existing relationship either ends or enters a new phase), children entering a new school, the core group of characters move to a new home (or hangout, etc.) ... and the list goes on.
- Often, one or more of these stories will introduce a fundamental change to a particular show. An example is _Archie Bunker's Place_, where Archie's wife, Edith, died and the characters deal with her death. Subsequent episodes had Archie adjusting to life as a widower and re-entering the dating scene.
- **One-up episodes** with plots or special guest stars meant to entice viewers. Some shows feature a special guest star (e.g., Don Drysdale on a season premiere episode of _The Brady Bunch_ or Jerry Seinfeld on a season premiere of _30 Rock_); others might have multi-part "adventures," such as the Bradys' family vacations to Grand Canyon and Hawaii.
- **A change in central setting** or, to a lesser extent, remodeling of the setting.
- **Introductions of new characters**, frequently to boost the ratings of a veteran show, two examples are John Doggett in season eight and Monica Reyes in season nine of _The X-Files_.
- In the case of **game shows**, the introduction of new (or revised) rules, new bonus games, rules concerning prizes (such as what can be won), and/or new models.
- The show airing at a **new day and/or timeslot**, either to improve sagging ratings or - if the ratings are high - to anchor a line-up of new and veteran programs.
Madison Rayne

**Ashley Nichole Lomberger** (née **Simmons**; born February 5, 1986) is an American professional wrestler. She is currently signed to All Elite Wrestling (AEW) under the ring name **Madison Rayne**, where she is also the coach of the women's division. She is best known for her time with TNA/Impact Wrestling, where she was the record three-time Knockouts World Tag Team Champion and a two-time Women's Knockout Champion. Rayne was part of the stable The Beautiful People. She has also wrestled for Ring of Honor and in WWE's 2018 Mae Young Classic tournament.

## Championships and accomplishments

- **Dynamite Championship Wrestling**
    - DCW Women's Championship (1 time)
- **International Wrestling Cartel**
    - IWC Women's Championship (1 time)
- ***Pro Wrestling Illustrated***
    - Ranked No. 5 of the top 50 female wrestlers in the _PWI Female Top 50_ in 2011
- **Ohio Championship Wrestling**
    - OCW Women's Championship (2 times)
- **Ohio Valley Wrestling**
    - OVW Women's Championship (1 time)
- **Shimmer Women Athletes**
    - Shimmer Tag Team Championship (1 time, first) – with Nevaeh
- **Total Nonstop Action Wrestling / Impact Wrestling**
    - TNA Knockouts Championship (5 times).
    - TNA / Impact Knockouts Tag Team Championship (3 times) – with Lacey Von Erich and Velvet Sky (1), Gail Kim (1), and Tenille Dashwood (1)
    - Queen of the Knockouts (2014)
- **Zero 1 USA**
    - Zero 1 USA Women's Championship (1 time)

## Other websites

- Madison Rayne's Official website
- Madison Rayne's TNA profile

## Infobox (professional wrestler)

- **name**: Madison Rayne
- **image**: MadisonRayneIMPACTTour.png
- **children**: 1
- **caption**: Rayne in April 2014
- **birth name**: Ashley Nichole Simmons
- **names**: Amber Lively
Ashley Lane
Ashley Rayne
Lexi Lane
**Madison Rayne**
- **birth place**: Columbus, Ohio, U.S.
- **billed**: Seattle, Washington
Columbus, Ohio
- **trainer**: Jeff Cannon
- **debut**: 2005
Tony Orlando

**Michael Anthony Orlando Cassavitis ** (born April 3, 1944), known professionally as **Tony Orlando**, is an American singer. He is best known for being in the singing group, Tony Orlando and Dawn, also the name of a television show that was popular for variety entertainment. They were known for singing the songs, "Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree", "Knock Three Times", and "He Don't Love You (Like I Love You)".

Orlando is from Greek, Latino, and Puerto Rican descent.

## Websites

- Tony Orlando's Official website

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Tony Orlando
- **image**: Tony Orlando by Gage Skidmore.jpg
- **caption**: Orlando in 2022
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Michael Anthony Orlando Cassavitis
- **origin**: Hell's Kitchen, Manhattan
- **genre**: Pop music, Pop
- **occupation**: Singer
- **years active**: 1961 – **Present**
- **label**: Columbia Records, Columbia
- **associated acts**: Tony Orlando and Dawn
- **url**: [http://www.tonyorlando.com/ www.tonyorlando.com]
Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir

**Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir** (_Pseudotsuga menziesii_ var. ***glauca***) is a large evergreen tree in the genus _Pseudotsuga_ in the plant family Pinaceae. The tree is native to British Columbia, Idaho and Colorado.
A1 road (Great Britain)

**A1** is the official title of the **Great Northern Road** in England. It runs up the eastern side of England from London to Edinburgh in Scotland. It is six hundred and sixty kilometres long, making it the longest numbered road in the U.K.. The A1 has six major junctions with motorways, and over twenty major junctions with other A roads.

The A1 follows, for much of the way, the course of a Roman road, Ermine Street, and the old coach route to Edinburgh. It is not a motorway, but a lot of it is now built to motorway standards. It is one of two main roads going from London to Northern England, the other being the M1 motorway.

Passing through Nottinghamshire, the road skirts the remains of Sherwood Forest. Scotch Corner, in North Yorkshire, marks the point where the traffic for Glasgow and the west of Scotland divides from that for Edinburgh, as it has for hundreds of years before car traffic. From North Yorkshire to Durham the road follows, for part of the way, another Roman road called Dere Street. This road ran from Eboracum (York) to the Antonine Wall in the lowlands of present-day Scotland.

Some parts of the A1 are motorways, and these parts are numbered **A1(M)**.

## Infobox (road)

- **country**: GBR
- **type**: A
- **route**: 1
- **length mi**: 410
- **direction a**: South
- **direction b**: North
- **terminus a**: in City of London
- **destinations**: London, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, Hatfield, Stevenage, Biggleswade, Huntingdon, Peterborough, Stamford, Lincolnshire, Stamford, Grantham, Newark-on-Trent, Retford, Doncaster, Pontefract, Leeds, Wetherby, Harrogate, Ripon, Scotch Corner, Darlington, Durham, England, Durham, Gateshead, Newcastle upon Tyne, Morpeth, Northumberland, Morpeth, Alnwick, Berwick-upon-Tweed, Haddington, East Lothian, Haddington and Edinburgh
- **terminus b**: Edinburgh
- **junction**:

- **e-road**:  European route E15, E15
- **previous type**: A
- **previous route**: 1
- **next type**: A
- **next route**: 2
Cam'ron

**Cameron Giles** (born February 4, 1976 in Harlem, New York) is an American rapper better known by his stage names **Cam'ron** or **Killa Cam**.

Cam'ron was known for popularising the color pink. He demonstrated in his music video for "Killa Cam", where he was wearing all pink clothing and drove a pink Range Rover.

Cam'ron started the "Stop Snitchin'" campaign after he was shot outside a nightclub in his Lamborghini. The gunman was trying to carjack him. Cam'ron said in a _60 Minutes_ interview that he did not know the gunman. He did not want to help the police because he did not want to be a snitch and it would hurt his record sales. He also mentioned his Stop Snitchin' campaign in another _60 Minutes_ interview when Anderson Cooper asked him, "If there was a serial killer living next to you, you wouldn't tell the police?" He replied, "I would probably move."

## Studio albums

Cam'ron has released 7 studio albums:

|Year|Album|
| --- | --- |
|1998|_Confessions of Fire_|
|2000|_S.D.E._|
|2002|_Come Home with Me_|
|2004|_Purple Haze_|
|2006|_Killa Season_|
|2009|_Crime Pays_|
|2010|_Killa Season 2_|

## Filmography

- _Paid in Full_ (2002)
- _Death of a Dynasty_ (2003)
- _State Property 2_ (2005)
- _Killa Season_ (2006)
- _Rap Sheet: Hip-Hop and the Cops_ (2006)
- _First Of The Month_ (2012)
- _Percentage_ (2013)
- _Love & Hip Hop: New York_ (2012; 2016–2017)
- _Honor Up_ (2018)
- _Queens_ (2021)

## Other websites

- Cam'ron's Myspace

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Cam'ron
- **img**: Cam'ron 2014 (portrait crop).JPG
- **img capt**: Cam'ron in 2014
- **birth name**: Cameron Ezike Giles
- **birth place**: Harlem, New York (state), New York
- **years active**: 1993–present
Kaihin-Makuhari Station

**Kaihin-Makuhari Station** (海浜幕張駅,かいひんまくはりえき) is a railway station of East Japan Railway Company (JR East) in Mihama-ku, Chiba City, Chiba Prefecture, Japan. This is the nearest station to Makuhari Messe, Chiba Marine Stadium, and the AEON headquarters.

## Adjacent stations

- JR East
- Keiyō Line
    - Commuter Rapid
        - **Pass**
    - Rapid
        - Minami-Funabashi - **Kaihin-Makuhari** - Kemigawa-Hama
    - Local
        - Shin-Narashino - **Kaihin-Makuhari** - Kemigawa-Hama

## Other websites

- JR East station information
- Kaihimmakuhari Station bus terminal map
- Keisei Bus Makuhari New City route map
Nihombashi Station

- _Not to be confused with Nippombashi Station in Osaka, Japan._

**Nihombashi Station** (, ) is a railway station of Tokyo Metro and Toei Subway in Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan.

## Adjacent stations

- Tokyo Metro
- Ginza Line
        - Kyōbashi （G 10） - **Nihombashi （G 11）** - Mitsukoshimae （G 12）
- Tōzai Line
    - Rapid, Local
        - Ōtemachi （T 09） - **Nihombashi （T 10）** - Kayabachō （T 11）
- Toei Subway
- Toei Asakusa Line
    - Airport Rapid, Airport Access Express, Airport Rapid Limited Express
        - Shimbashi （A 10） - **Nihombashi （A 13）** - Higashi-Nihombashi （A 15）
    - Local, Express, Rapid, Commuter Limited Express, Limited Express, Access Express, Rapid Limited Express
        - Takarachō （A 12） - **Nihombashi （A 13）** - Ningyōchō （A 14）

## Infobox (station)

- **name**:
 Nihombashi Station
- **native name**: 日本橋駅
- **native name lang**: ja
- **image**: Nihombashi Station July 9 2021 various.jpeg
- **caption**: Exit B10 in July 2021
- **address**: 1 Nihonbashi, Chūō-ku, Tokyo
- **country**: Japan
- **platforms**: 1 island platform, 1 side platform (Ginza Line)
2 side platforms (Asakusa Line)
 1 island platform (Tozai Line)
- **tracks**: 6
- **structure**: Underground
- **opened**: December 24, 1932
- **rebuilt**: 1963, 1967, 1984
- **former**: Edobashi (Asakusa Line, 1963–1989)
- **map type**: Japan Tokyo
- **map dot label**: Nihombashi Station
Hairpin turn

A **hairpin turn** (also hairpin bend, hairpin corner, or just hairpin), is a very tight corner. It makes a vehicle turn almost 180° to continue on the road. It gets its name from the way it looks like a hairpin or bobby pin. Hairpin turns may be called **switchbacks** in American English.

Hairpin turns may be built when a road or path climbs up or down a steep slope. This allows the path to travel the slope with a smaller slope. Hairpin turns may be used in race tracks to slow down the race cars after a long, fast straight.
Sepang International Circuit

The **Sepang International Circuit (SIC)** is a racing circuit in Sepang, Selangor, Malaysia. It is near the Kuala Lumpur International Airport, about 60 km south of the capital city Kuala Lumpur. It is the venue used for the Formula One Malaysian Grand Prix, A1 Grand Prix as well as the Malaysian MotoGP. The circuit was designed by German designer Hermann Tilke.

In the 1990s, during Mahathir Mohamad's government, Malaysia built the Sepang International Circuit near the new capital, Putrajaya. It was made to host the Malaysian Grand Prix.

The circuit opened on March 7, 1999, by Mahathir, at 20:30 MST. Later, he also inaugurated the first Moto GP Malaysian Grand Prix on April 20, 1999, and the first Formula One Petronas Malaysian Grand Prix on October 17, 1999.

## Layout

The main circuit is 5.54 km long. It is raced in a clockwise direction. It is noted for its sweeping corners and wide straights. The layout is unusual, with a very long back straight separated from the pit straight by just one very tight hairpin corner.

The circuit may be set-up with other configurations. The north circuit is the first half of the main circuit. The course turns back towards the pit straight after turn 6 and is 2.71 km long.

The south circuit is the other half of the circuit. The back straight of the main circuit becomes the pit straight. It joins onto turn 8 of the main circuit to form a hairpin turn. This circuit is 2.61 km in length.

Sepang International Circuit also features kart racing and motocross facilities.

## Other websites

- Sepang F1 International Circuit
- Official information about Sepang at the Formula 1 site
- Google Maps location

## Infobox (motorsport venue)

- **name**: Sepang International Circuit (SIC)
- **location**: Sepang, Selangor, Malaysia
- **time**: GMT +8
- **image**:
- **broke ground**: 1998
- **opened**: 1999
- **architect**: Hermann Tilke
- **events**: **FIA Formula One**
Malaysian Grand Prix
**FIM MotoGP**
Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix
A1 Grand Prix
SuperGT
Asian Touring Car Championship
- **layout1**:
- **length km**: 5.543
- **length mi**: 3.44
- **turns**: 15
- **record time**: 1:34.223
- **record driver**: Juan Pablo Montoya
- **record team**: WilliamsF1, Williams-BMW
- **record year**: 2004
Shanghai International Circuit

The **Shanghai International Circuit** is a Chinese motor racing venue. It is in the district of Jiading near Shanghai in the People's Republic of China. It was the venue of the first Formula One Chinese Grand Prix on 26 September 2004.

## History

The circuit costing about $450 million (USD). It was paid for by a government-funded joint-venture company. This company was made up of the Shanghai Juss Corporation, Shanghai National Property Management Co Ltd, and Shanghai Jia'an Investment and Development Co Ltd. Architectural and design experts began visiting the site by April 2003. The site was transformed from swampland to an international racetrack in 18 months.  A team of 3000 worked around the clock to finish the construction.

Other events held at the circuit include a round of the MotoGP world championship, the Australian-based V8 Supercar championship, and also the final round of the A1 Grand Prix in 2006 and 2007.

The 2008 MotoGP race was the last one at Shanghai International Circuit. The FIM didn't select the circuit for 2009 because of overcrowding problems.

## Layout

Like many new Formula One circuits, Shanghai International Circuit was designed by Hermann Tilke. It features his trademark track feature: a long back straight followed by a hairpin turn. Current-generation F1 cars can easily exceed  on the long straight between corners 13 and 14. The track layout was inspired from the Chinese character shang (上). Shang is the first character in the name of the city Shanghai, and means "above" or "ascend".

## Records

<small>Times below are driven over a distance of 5.451 km.</small>
|Category|Record|Driver/Rider|Car/Bike|Date|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|**Formula One**|**1:32.238**|Michael Schumacher|Ferrari|26 September 2004|
|**GP2 Asia Series**|**1:46.470**|Kamui Kobayashi|DAMS|18 October 2008|
|**A1GP**|**1:51.832**|Darren Manning|Team Great Britain|1 April 2006|
|**MotoGP**|**1:58.139**|Colin Edwards|Tech 3 Yamaha|3 May 2008|
|**250cc**|**2:04.543**|Jorge Lorenzo|Fortuna Aprilia|5 May 2007|
|**125cc**|**2:11.572**|Mika Kallio|Red Bull KTM GP 125|13 May 2006|
|**V8 Supercars**|**1:51.056 ***|Todd Kelly|Holden VZ Commodore|12 June 2005|
_Intermediate circuit (4.600 km/2.858 mi)_

## Other websites

- Shanghai International Circuit Statistics from official F1 site
- A1GP info of Shanghai International Circuit

## Infobox (motorsport venue)

- **name**: Shanghai International Circuit
- **location**: Shanghai, China
- **time**: GMT +8
- **image**:
- **image caption**: Main straight and pit lane area
- **opened**: 2004
- **construction cost**: United States Dollar, $450 million
- **architect**: Hermann Tilke
- **events**: **FIA Formula One**
Chinese Grand Prix
**V8 Supercars**
**A1 Grand Prix**
Grand Prix of Nations, China
- **layout1**:
- **length km**: 5.451
- **length mi**: 3.387
- **turns**: 16
- **record time**: 1:32.238
- **record driver**: Michael Schumacher
- **record team**: Scuderia Ferrari, Ferrari
- **record year**: 2004
Endeavour River National Park

The **Endeavour River National Park** is just north of Cooktown, Queensland, Australia. It protects the north banks of the Endeavour River. Both the river and the park are named after Captain James Cook's ship, HM Bark Endeavour. The ship was repaired in the river in 1770 after being damaged by coral on the Great Barrier Reef. Most of the park can only be reached by boat. There are no facilities in the park, and people are not allowed to camp there. The park covers an area of about 2400 hectares. It is next to the Cairns Marine Park and the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park.

The Endeavour River protects a number of different habitats including, coastal dunes, fresh water wetlands, river estuary, mangrove forests, heathland and tropical woodlands.
Nobuko Yoshiya

was a Japanese novelist. She wrote during the Taishō and Showa periods of Japan. She was one of modern Japan's most successful writers. She wrote many romance novels and adolescent girls’ fiction. She was also one of the first writers of Japanese lesbian books, including the Class S genre.

## Early life

Yoshiya was born in Niigata Prefecture, but grew up in the cities of Mooka and Tochigi, in Tochigi Prefecture. Her father was in the public service, so her family often moved. She was the only daughter and youngest child of her family. Both, her mother and her father, came from samurai families. She started writing when she was in her teens, although before this she had developed a love for writing which sapped her time for learning domestic skills from her mother.

### General references

- Frederick, Sarah. "Women of the Setting Sun and Men from the Moon: Yoshiya Nobuko's Ataka Family as Postwar Romance."U.S. - Japan Women's Journal, English Supplement 23. 2003.
- Frederick, Sarah. "Not that Innocent: Yoshiya Nobuko's Good Girls in Jan Bardsley and Laura Miller eds. Bad Girls of Japan. Palgrave, 2005.
- Mackie, Vera. _Feminism in Modern Japan: Citizenship, Embodiment and Sexuality_. Cambridge University Press (2003)

## Other websites

- Kamakura Yoshiya Nobuko Memorial Museum

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Nobuko Yoshiya
- **image**: Yoshiya Nobuko.jpg
- **caption**: Nobuko Yoshiya
- **birth place**: Niigata Prefecture, Niigata, Japan
- **death place**: Kamakura, Kanagawa, Japan
- **occupation**: novelist
Radioisotope heater unit

A **radioisotope heater unit** is a device that provides heat from the breakdown of radioactive material.  Radioactive material is added to a container within the heater.  Because the material is unstable, it breaks down, releasing energy as heat. The heater may be packaged with a thermocouple to make electricity.
Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya

The **Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya** is a racetrack in Montmeló, to the north of Barcelona, Catalonia. It is home to the Formula One Spanish Grand Prix and the motorcycle Catalonia Grand Prix. With long straights and a variety of corners, the Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya is seen as an all-rounder circuit. It is often used for off-season testing.

## History

The Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya was built in 1991. It was planned to host its first race in 1992 to go with the Olympic Games. The Olympic Games were scheduled to take place in Barcelona. The circuit is often referred to as 'Barcelona' in the racing community, even though it is located in Montmeló. The Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya should not be confused with the Montjuïc circuit, which hosted the Spanish Grand Prix four times between 1969 and 1975. Unlike the Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya, Montjuïc circuit is actually located within the city of Barcelona.

Because of so much testing is done at this circuit, Formula One drivers and mechanics are extremely familiar with it. This has led to criticism that drivers and mechanics are too familiar with Catalunya, reducing the amount of on-track action.

When the circuit opened, overtaking was frequent. Cars could closely follow each other through the last two corners. They would slipstream down the long straight for a pass. As aerodynamic balance became more important, this overtaking method became less effective. The cars were unable to follow each other as close. They would encounter turbulence created by the leading car. This made it hard for a car to get close enough to pass. In  the next to the last corner was replaced with a chicane. This was an effort to improve passing. The redesign did not increase the amount of overtaking.

The Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya also plays host to many other racing series, including Moto GP.  The chicane which was put in for Formula 1 does not exist in the track layout for Moto GP, and there are at least five points on the track where riders are known to pass. As in Formula 1, turn one is the most popular place for overtaking.

## Other websites

- Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya
- Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya at Google Maps
- Statistics from official F1 site

## Infobox (motorsport venue)

- **name**: Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya
- **location**: Montmeló, Barcelona (province), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- **time**: GMT +1
- **image**:
- **events**: **FIA Formula One**
Spanish Grand Prix
**FIM MotoGP**
Catalonian Grand Prix
GP2, Spanish GT, DTM
- **layout1**: Current
- **length km**: 4.655
- **length mi**: 2.875
- **turns**: 16
- **record time**: 1:21.670
- **record driver**: Kimi Räikkönen
- **record team**: Scuderia Ferrari, Ferrari
- **record year**: 2008
- **layout2**: 1991 Circuit
- **record time2**: 1:14.648
- **record driver2**: Fernando Alonso
- **record team2**: Renault F1, Renault
- **record year2**: 2006
Ross Island

**Ross Island** is an island which was formed by four volcanoes in the Ross Sea, which can be found near the continent, Antarctica.

## Geography

Because of the persistent presence of the ice sheet, the island is sometimes mistaken to be a part of Antarctica. Its area is 2,460 km² (950 sq mi); only a small portion of the island is free of ice and snow. The planet's southernmost active volcano, Erebus (3794 m), as well as the dormant volcano Terror (3230 m), are situated on the island. They were named by Ross after his ships HMS _Erebus_ and HMS _Terror_. The third highest peak is Mount Bird, and on its slopes are Shell Glacier and Endeavour Piedmont Glacier. Abbott Peak stands between Mount Erebus and Mount Bird.

Despite its relatively small size, Ross Island is the world's 6th highest island.

## Discovery

The island was discovered by Sir James Clark Ross in 1841, and it was later named in his honour by Robert F. Scott.

Ross Island was the base for many of the early expeditions to Antarctica. It was and still is the southernmost island reachable by sea. Huts built by Scott's and Shackleton's expeditions are still located on the island, preserved as historical sites.

Today Ross Island is home to New Zealand's Scott Base, and the largest Antarctic settlement, the U.S. Antarctic Program's McMurdo Station. Greenpeace established World Park Base on the island and it ran for five years, from 1987 to 1992.

## Claims

Ross Island lies within the boundaries of Ross Dependency, which is claimed by New Zealand.

## Wildlife

Ross Island supports a colony of about a half million (500 000) Adélie Penguins.

## Other websites

- NIWA New Zealand

## Infobox (islands)

- **name**: Ross Island
- **image name**: RossIslandMap.jpg
- **image caption**: Map of Ross Island
- **map**: Antarctica
- **location**: Antarctica
- **area km2**: 2460
- **highest mount**: Mount Erebus, Erebus
- **elevation m**: 3794
- **country**: Antarctica
- **additional info**: Administered under the Antarctic Treaty System
Excretion

**Excretion** is one of the most basic functions of life. It is the process of eliminating waste products of metabolism and other non-useful materials. It is an essential process in all forms of life. It contrasts with secretion, where the substance may have specific tasks after leaving the cell.

In single-celled organisms, waste products are discharged directly through the surface of the cell. Multicellular organisms use more complex methods. Higher plants eliminate gasses through the stomata on the surface of leaves. Animals have special excretory organs.

## Mammalian excretion

In mammals, excretion is the formation of urine in the kidneys, and expelling carbon dioxide from the lungs. These waste products are eliminated by urination and breathing out respectively. If excretion does not occur in an organism, waste products accumulate, which eventually kill the organism.

Also, food waste is expelled through the anus. Other substances are secreted into the bile, and then eliminated in the faeces. The skin and lungs also have excretory functions: the skin eliminates metabolic wastes like urea and lactic acid through sweating,<sup>p395</sup> and the lungs expel carbon dioxide.

### Some terms

- _Mucociliary excretion_ is the excretion of mucus in the respiratory system. Cilia work to clear the small passages, and coughing removes phlegm.
- _Biliary excretion_ goes through the bile duct to the duodenum and removed in the faeces.
- _Perspiration_ is the excretion of salts and water from the body, although the main purpose is to cool the body.

## Other vertebrates

Aquatic animals usually excrete ammonia directly into the water, as this compound is soluble and there is ample water available for dilution. In terrestrial animals ammonia-like compounds are converted into other nitrogenous materials as there is less water in the environment, and ammonia itself is toxic.

Reptiles and birds excrete their nitrogenous wastes as uric acid in the form of a white paste. This allows efficient water retention and it can be stored more easily in the egg. Both uric acid and faeces are expelled through a common opening called the cloaca. Their waste is usually two-coloured: part white (uric acid) and part green or black (organic waste).

Many bird species, especially seabirds, can also excrete salt via specialized nasal salt glands, the saline solution leaving through nostrils in the beak.
Vibration isolation

**Vibration isolation** is a system of devices to decouple a mechanical or structural object from its vibrating supports.

For example, the handles of the saw presented in the right photo are separated from the engine and cutting bar to reduce shaking for the operator. Here, the spring mount is a part of this vibration isolation system.

When the targeted object is rather heavy (e.g. building, bridge or the like), vibration isolation may be called base isolation. Vibration isolation is a branch of protective techniques known as vibration control.

## History

From the very beginning, the theory of vibration isolation, in general, and of base isolation, in particular, rested on two pillars: _heavy damping_ and _frequency separation_. Unfortunately, nobody paid any attention that the heavy damping was a sort of a strong connection between a _substructure_ and _superstructure_, and that the idea of decoupling them with the help of such connections was of no good.

## Related pages

- Damping
- Vibration
- Earthquake protector
Murder of Megan Kanka

**Megan Nicole Kanka** (December 7, 1986 – July 29, 1994) was an American child who was raped and murdered by her neighbor Jesse Timmendequas. It happened in Hamilton Township, Mercer County, New Jersey by a convicted sex offender, when she was seven years old.

Timmendequas tricked Kanka to come into his house by saying he had a puppy inside. Once Kanka noticed there was no puppy Timmendequas raped her, slammed her head into a dresser, wrapped her head in a plastic bag, and strangled her with a belt. He put her body in his car and assaulted her once more before placing her in a toy chest and dumping it in a park in nearby West Windsor, New Jersey. When he went to court the jury sentenced him to death after convicting him of kidnapping, rape, sodomy and murder.

The aftermath of this led the New Jersey Legislature to pass a law called "Megan's Law" which requires convicted sex offenders to tell the local police department when they move into a neighborhood.
Ueno Station

**Ueno Station** () is a railway station of JR East and Tokyo Metro in Taitō, Tokyo, Japan. Ueno Station should not be confused with the nearby Keisei-Ueno Station.

## Neighbor

- JR East
- Tōhoku Shinkansen
        - Tokyo - **Ueno** - Ōmiya
- Yamanote Line
        - Okachimachi - **Ueno** - Uguisudani
- Keihin-Tōhoku Line
    - Rapid
        - Akihabara - **Ueno** - Tabata
    - Local
        - Okachimachi - **Ueno** - Uguisudani
- Tōkaidō Line
    - Rapid
        - **Ueno** - Akabane
    - Local, Commuter Rapid
        - **Ueno** - Oku
- Jōban Line
        - **Ueno** - Nippori
- Tokyo Metro
- Ginza Line
        - Ueno-hirokōji （M 15） - **Ueno （G 16）** - Inarichō （M 17）
- Hibiya Line
        - Naka-Okachimachi （H 16） - **Ueno （H 17）** - Iriya （H 18）
Yuniesky Betancourt

**Yuniesky Betancourt** (born January 31, 1982 in Santa Clara, Cuba) is a Cuban baseball player. He currently plays as a shortstop for the Milwaukee Brewers of Major League Baseball (MLB).

Betancourt formerly played for the Seattle Mariners from 2005 to 2009 and the Kansas City Royals from 2009 to 2010 before being traded along with Zack Greinke to the Brewers for Alcides Escobar, Lorenzo Cain, Jeremy Jeffress, Jake Odorizzi, and $2,000,000 to reportedly offset the buyout of Betancourt's club option in 2012.

## Other websites

- Yuniesky Betancourt at mlb.com
Saitama-Shintoshin Station

**Saitama-Shintoshin Station** (さいたま新都心駅,さいたましんとしんえき) is a railway station of JR East in Saitama, Saitama Prefecture, Japan.

## Neighbor

- JR East
- Keihin-Tōhoku Line
    - Yono - **Saitama-Shintoshin** - Ōmiya
- Tōhoku Main Line
    - Urawa - **Saitama-Shintoshin** - Ōmiya
- Takasaki Line
    - Urawa - **Saitama-Shintoshin** - Ōmiya

## Other websites

- Saitama-Shintoshin Station (Official Site)
Tarawih

**Tarawih** (تراويح) also spelled **Taraweeh**, are Sunnah prayers (optional but recommended) which Muslims read at night in the month of Ramadan. The details of how the Tarawih are to be said is different between the different branches of Islam. Tarawih prayers are made up of a number of prayer phrases and actions, rakahs. Hanafis and Shafi'i say there are 20 rakahs, some Hanabalis say it is only eight, while others say 20. Malikis say there are 36, and the Ahl al-Hadeeth say it is 8.
Let's Go All the Way (song)

"**Let's Go All the Way**" is a 1986 dance-pop/new wave song by the American pop band Sly Fox. It is the first single from their only album _Let's Go All the Way_, which was released in 1985. The song was produced by Ted Currier and written by Gary "Mudbone" Cooper.

The song was used in the movie Ferris Bueller's Day Off and Loverboy and was also covered in 1999 by The Wondergirls and again in 2000 by the horrorcore band Insane Clown Posse.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Let's Go All the Way
- **artist**: Sly Fox (band), Sly Fox
- **album**: Let's Go Al the Way (album), Let's Go All the Way
- **released**: 1986
- **genre**: Dance-pop, New Wave music, New Wave
- **length**: 5:10
- **writer**: Gary "Mudbone" Cooper
Riddle Box

***Riddle Box*** is the third studio album by American Horrorcore band, Insane Clown Posse. It was released on October 10, 1995. The producers of the album were Insane Clown Posse and Mike E. Clark. The album was the third of the "Joker Cards" in the Dark Carnival mythology.

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Riddle Box
- **type**: Album
- **artist**: Insane Clown Posse
- **released**: October 10, 1995
- **length**: 70:40
- **prev title**: Ringmaster (album), Ringmaster
(1994)
- **next title**: The Great Milenko
(1997)
Privateer (motorsport)

In auto racing, a **privateer** is usually an person or race team that enters a race on their own. They are not directly supported by an automobile manufacturer. Privateer teams often build and maintain their own vehicles.

In the early years of Formula One, privately-owned teams would race using a race car built by another team or constructor. Many privateer entrants compete for the enjoyment of the sport, and are not paid to be racing drivers.

The modern F1 Concorde Agreement now requires teams to build their own cars. In modern F1 terms, privateer is more often used to refer to a team  who are not at least part-owned by large corporations, such as WilliamsF1.

## Related pages

- Contrast: Factory-backed
Factory-backed

**Factory-backed** is a term commonly used in motor sports to describe a racing team with support from a manufacturer. This support includes financial aid. Motor sports is an expensive pastime, and some amount of factory support is often necessary for success. Full factory backing is often seen in the top levels of competition.
Meriwether Lewis

**Meriwether Lewis** (August 18, 1774 – October 11, 1809) was an American explorer, soldier, and public administrator. He was best known for his role as the leader of the Lewis and Clark Expedition with William Clark. Their mission was to explore the territory of the Louisiana Purchase, establish trade and sovereignty over the natives near the Missouri River, and claim the Pacific Northwest and Oregon Country for the United States before European nations. They also collected scientific data, and information on indigenous nations. President Thomas Jefferson appointed him Governor of Upper Louisiana in 1806. He died of gunshot wounds in what was an act of suicide.

## Other websites

- Meriwether Lewis on The History Channel
- Meriwether Lewis Park and Burial Site
- Meriwether Lewis's grave on Find-A-Grave
- Lewis and Clark  at C-SPAN's _American Writers: A Journey Through History_

## Infobox (politician)

- **name**: Meriwether Lewis
- **image**: Meriwether Lewis-Charles Willson Peale.jpg
- **birth place**: Ivy, Virginia, Ivy, Virginia Colony
- **death place**: Hohenwald, Tennessee
- **title**: 2nd List of Governors of Missouri, Governor of Louisiana Territory
- **term start**: March 3, 1807
- **term end**: October 11, 1809
- **appointer**: Thomas Jefferson
- **predecessor**: James Wilkinson
- **successor**: Benjamin Howard (Missouri), Benjamin Howard
- **occupation**: explorer, soldier, politician
- **spouse**: none
- **signature**: Meriweather Lewis Signature.svg
- **alma mater**: Liberty Hall (Washington and Lee University), 1793