juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Salzgitter

**Salzgitter** is a city in the German state of Lower Saxony, founded in 1942.

It has about 108,000 inhabitants.

## Infobox (german location)

- **type**: City
- **image photo**: Schloss Salder Front Winter.jpg
- **image caption**: Salder castle
- **image coa**: DEU Salzgitter COA.svg
- **image flag**: Flagge Salzgitter.svg
- **state**: Lower Saxony
- **district**: Urban districts of Germany
- **elevation**: 80-275
- **area**: 223.96
- **population**: 106077
- **stand**: 2006-12-15
- **postal code**: 38226, 38228, 38229,
38239, 38259
- **area code**: 05341
- **licence**: SZ
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 03 1 02 000
- **divisions**: 7 towns
with 31 boroughs
- **mayor**: Frank Klingebiel
- **bürgermeistertitel**: Oberbürgermeister
- **party**: CDU
Witten

**Witten** is a city in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia, in the Ruhr Area and has about 100,000 inhabitants.

## Infobox (german location)

- **name**: Witten
- **image photo**: Witten Rathaus hinten.jpg
- **image caption**: Town hall in Witten
- **art**: Stadt
- **image flag**: Flagge Witten.svg
- **wappen**: DEU Witten COA.svg
- **bundesland**: Nordrhein-Westfalen
- **regierungsbezirk**: Regierungsbezirk Arnsberg, Arnsberg
- **kreis**: Ennepe-Ruhr Rural District, Ennepe-Ruhr-Kreis
- **höhe**: 104
- **fläche**: 72.40
- **einwohner**: 99976
- **stand**: 2006-08-31
- **plz**: 58401 - 58456
- **vorwahl**: 02302
02324 (Buchholz)
- **kfz**: EN
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 05 9 54 036
- **gliederung**: 8 districts
- **bürgermeistertitel**: Bürgermeisterin
- **bürgermeister**: Sonja Leidemann
- **partei**: SPD
Moers

**Moers** (, formerly _Mörs_) is a city in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia. Moers is near to Duisburg and belongs to the Ruhr area.
It has about 110,000 inhabitants.

## Infobox (german location)

- **art**: City
- **name**: Moers
- **image photo**: Moers schloss 211204.jpg
- **image caption**: The castle of Moers
- **wappen**: DEU Moers COA.svg
- **image flag**: DEU Moers Banner.svg
- **bundesland**: Nordrhein-Westfalen
- **regierungsbezirk**: Düsseldorf Government Region, Düsseldorf
- **kreis**: Wesel Rural District, Wesel
- **höhe**: 23
- **fläche**: 67.68
- **einwohner**: 107180
- **stand**: 2006-12-31
- **plz**: 47441 - 47447
- **vorwahl**: 0 28 41
- **kfz**: WES
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 05 1 70 024
- **gliederung**: 3
- **bürgermeister**: Christoph Fleischhauer
- **partei**: CDU
Castrop-Rauxel

**Castrop-Rauxel** is a town in the Ruhr area in the German state North Rhine-Westphalia. It has about 78,000 inhabitants.

## Infobox (german location)

- **art**: Stadt
- **name**: Castrop-Rauxel
- **image photo**: Altstadt Castrop mit Foerderturm Erin.jpg
- **image caption**: Zeche Erin, shaft 7
- **wappen**: DEU Castrop-Rauxel COA.svg
- **image flag**: Flagge Castrop-Rauxel.svg
- **bundesland**: Nordrhein-Westfalen
- **regierungsbezirk**: Regierungsbezirk Münster, Münster
- **kreis**: Recklinghausen Rural District, Recklinghausen
- **höhe**: 98
- **fläche**: 51.66
- **einwohner**: 77263
- **stand**: 2006-12-31
- **plz**: 44575–44581
- **vorwahl**: 02305,
02367 (Henrichenburg)
- **kfz**: RE
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 05 5 62 004
- **gliederung**: 15
- **bürgermeister**: Johannes Beisenherz
- **partei**: SPD
Ratingen

**Ratingen** (Low Franconian: _Rotinge_) is a town in the German state North Rhine-Westphalia. It is near Düsseldorf. It has about 90,000 inhabitants.

## Infobox (german location)

- **type**: Stadt
- **image coa**: DEU Ratingen COA.svg
- **image flag**: Flagge Ratingen.svg
- **image plan**: Ratingen in ME.svg
- **state**: Nordrhein-Westfalen
- **region**: Düsseldorf Government Region, Düsseldorf
- **district**: Mettmann Rural District, Mettmann
- **elevation**: 50
- **area**: 88.72
- **population**: 91408
- **stand**: 2009-06-30
- **postal code**: 40878–40885 (1962-1995: 4030)
- **area code**: 02102
- **licence**: ME, seit 1975 (1956-1974: D)
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 05 1 58 028
- **divisions**: 6 Gemeindebezirke mit 10 Stadtteilen
- **mayor**: Klaus Konrad Pesch
- **party**: Gemeinschaftskandidat von CDU, FDP, die Grünen, SPD
Gland (city)

**Gland** is a city in Switzerland, in the canton of Vaud. In the year 2005, about 10,000 people live there. The city is halfway between Geneva and Lausanne, near Nyon.

## Other websites

- Official website of the Town of Gland
Cần Thơ

**Can Tho** is a city in the south of Vietnam.

Can Tho had a population of about 1.57 million in 2019. It is the biggest city in the Mekong delta. It is about 160 km away from Ho Chi Minh City and the capitol of the district of Can Tho, until 1975 named Hau Giang.
There is a university in Can Tho.

## Other websites

- Can Tho online community
- Can Tho travel information at Wikivoyage

## Infobox (chinese)

- **vie**: Cần Thơ
Vinh

**Vinh** is a city in north-central Vietnam. About 230,000 people live there. Its name in the Vietnamese language does not have any diacritics. It is also the kingdom of the Albino Gorillas, one of the rarest mammals in the world. They can only can be found in and around the city of Vinh. The most recent sighting of an Albino Gorilla was in 2004 by a college professor that was in Vinh studying many human cultures. Many important people of the Vietnamese revolution were born in or nearby Vinh, including Ho Chi Minh.
Dalat

**Dalat** (Vietnamese: Đà Lạt) is a city in southern Vietnam. It was built in the early 1900s to be a resort city for the French. Much of the buildings are European style. This is why it has the nickname "Little Paris".

The city is known for its much cooler climate than most of the rest of Vietnam. It is known for having high altitude, many pine trees, and being an excellent place to grow many different kinds of fruits, vegetables, and flowers.

It has about 120,000 inhabitants.
Pleiku

**Pleiku** (also **Plei Cu** or **Plây Cu**) is a city in Central Việt Nam.
It has about 120,000 inhabitants and was a strategic airport in the Second Indochinese War in the 1960s and 1970s.  Its name is from the Việtnamese language (Vietnam).
Quảng Ngãi

**Quảng Ngãi** (Vietnamese: Thành phố Quảng Ngãi) is a city in Central Việt Nam. It has about 135,000 inhabitants.
Nantes

**Nantes** is a city in France, the prefecture of the Pays de la Loire region and the Loire-Atlantique department, on the Atlantic Ocean. From the 16th to the 19th centuries, it was the busiest slave trading port in France. Before 1941, Nantes was part of Brittany. The Gallo and Breton languages are spoken in the city. Jules Verne was a famous writer from Nantes.

Nantes has an oceanic climate (_Cfb_ in the Koeppen climate classification).

## Education

- Audencia Nantes School of Management
- École pour l'informatique et les nouvelles technologies
- Institut supérieur européen de gestion group
- E-Artsup
- Institut catholique d'arts et métiers
- Institut supérieur européen de formation par l'action

## Twin towns

Nantes has town twinning and cooperation agreements with:

### Friendship relations

The city has friendship relations with:
- Guinea, since 1992.
- St. Martinville, Louisiana, U.S., since 1993.
- Jericho, West Bank, since 2001.
- Desdunes and Petionville, Haiti, since 2005.
- Nantes, Quebec, Canada, since 2009.

## Other websites

- Nantes Tourist Office Official Website

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Nantes
- **commune status**: Prefectures of France, Prefecture and Communes of France, commune
- **image flag**: Flag_of_Nantes.svg
- **city motto**:
(Neptune (mythology), Neptune favours the traveller)
- **caption**: Top to bottom, left to right: the Loire (river), Loire in central Nantes; the Château des ducs de Bretagne, Castle of the Dukes of Brittany; the passage Pommeraye, Pommeraye Arcade, and the île de Nantes, Isle of Nantes between the branches of the Loire
- **arrondissement**: Nantes
- **intercommunality**: Nantes Métropole
- **mayor**: Johanna Rolland
- **term**: 2014–2020
- **area km2**: 65.19
- **population**: 298029
- **population date**: 2016 census
- **insee**: 44109
- **postal code**: 44000, 44100, 44200 and 44300
- **website**: [http://en.nantes.fr/home.html nantes.fr]
- **image coat of arms**: Grandes_Armes_de_Nantes.svg
- **time zone**: CET <small>(GMT +1)</small>
- **canton**: Cantons of Nantes, 7 cantons
- **party**: Socialist Party (France), PS
- **population ranking**: List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants (2006 census), 6th in France
- **urban area km2**: 537.70
- **urban area date**: 2008
- **urban pop**: 612782
- **urban pop date**: 2013
- **metro area km2**: 3302
- **metro area date**: 2013
- **metro area pop**: 908815
- **metro area pop date**: 2013
- **dialling code**: 02
Nice

**Nice** (pronounced "neece") is a city in southern France on the Mediterranean coast. It is a commune in the French department of Alpes-Maritimes. It has over 345,000 people living in the city as of 2012 (1,000,000 in its metropolitan area). It has many beaches. It has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (_Csa_ in the Koeppen climate classification). Summers are hot, dry, and sunny; winters are mild with moderate rainfall.

From the late 18th century, wealthy British visitors came to Nice, with its beauty and its warm climate. Queen Victoria was amongst them: she made several visits. The city's main seaside promenade, the _Promenade des Anglais_ owes its name to these visitors. The clear air and soft light appeals to painters. Marc Chagall and Henri Matisse spent years here and are well represented in  the city's museums, the _Musée Marc Chagall_, _Musée Matisse_ and _Musée des Beaux-Arts_.

Nice has the second largest hotel capacity in the country and is one of its most visited cities. It gets 5 million tourists every year. It also has the third busiest airport in France after the two main Parisian ones.

The cuisine is excellent. It benefits from the Mediterranean in the form of bouillabaisse (a shellfish dish). From the end of empire, immigration from Algeria has led to excellent North African dishes such as cous-cous. Ratatouille and (obviously) salade niçoise are more local dishes.

There is a local dialect, le nissard, nissart, or niçard. It is a variety of the regional language, Occitan. It is Italian in style, reminding that the area has been under different sovereignty in the past.

Over 70 people were killed in an attack on 14 July 2016.

## Sister city

Nice is twinned with:
- Edinburgh, Scotland

## Education

- EDHEC Business School
- École pour l'informatique et les nouvelles technologies
- Institut supérieur européen de formation par l'action
- Université Côte-d'Azur

## Other websites

- Dances and traditional musics from Nice
- Information on Nice Airport

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Nice
- **commune status**: Prefectures of France, Prefecture and Communes of France, commune
- **image**: Hafen von Nizza.jpg
- **caption**: Port Lympia of Nice
- **image coat of arms**: Arms of Nice.svg
- **image flag**: Comte de Nice flag.svg
- **city motto**: _Nicæa civitas fidelissima_
- **insee**: 06088
- **arrondissement**: Nice
- **canton**: Canton of Nice-1, Nice-1, Canton of Nice-2, 2, Canton of Nice-3, 3,  Canton of Nice-4, 4, Canton of Nice-5, 5, Canton of Nice-6, 6, Canton of Nice-7, 7, Canton of Nice-8, 8 and Canton of Nice-9, 9
- **mayor**: Christian Estrosi
- **term**: 2017–21
- **area km2**: 71.92
- **population date**: 2014
- **population**: 343895
- **population ranking**: List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants, 5th in France
- **urban pop**: 1004826
- **urban pop date**: 2013
- **intercommunality**: Métropole Nice Côte d'Azur
Strasbourg

**Strasbourg** is a city in eastern France, the prefecture of Grand Est. Today, about 275,000 people live there (with around 780,000 in the metropolitan area). It lies on the left bank of the Rhine, opposite the German city of Kehl.

Strasbourg is the seat Council of Europe, of the European Court of Human Rights and of the European Parliament. A lot of people also consider Strasbourg to be the capital of the European Union.

## History

Its old town, la Grande Île ("Grand Island") has been classified as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.

The city was founded in 12 BC by Drusus, the brother of Tiberius. Its Celtic name was _Argentorate_ (which the Romans called _Argentoratum_). People think this name is linked to the river Ill (that flows into the Rhine near Strasbourg).

At that time, it was on the Limes, a fortification the Romans built across Europe (to keep out the Germanic tribes). There was a fortification (named _castella drusi_, _drusus fort_) at that spot. Soldiers need to live from something, so a local civilian settlement developed there. Later, the Limes was pushed farther east.

## Climate

Strasbourg has an oceanic climate (_Cfb_ in the Köppen climate classification).

## Education

- École nationale supérieure d'informatique pour l'industrie et l'entreprise
- École pour l'informatique et les nouvelles technologies
- École pour l'informatique et les techniques avancées
- EM Strasbourg Business School
- Institut supérieur européen de gestion group
- ISG Programme Business & Management
- Web@cademie

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Strasbourg
- **commune status**: Prefectures of France, Prefecture and Communes of France, commune
- **caption**: From top left: Gare de Strasbourg, Central Station; Strasbourg Cathedral and the Grande Île, Strasbourg, Old Town; Ponts Couverts, Strasbourg, Ponts Couverts; Palais Rohan, Strasbourg, Palais Rohan; Petite France, Strasbourg, Petite France; Palais du Rhin; Hôtel Brion; Hemicycle of the European Parliament; Strasbourg skyline in 2014
- **image flag**: Flag of Strasbourg.svg
- **image coat of arms**: FRA Strasbourg (lesser arms) COA.svg
- **arrondissement**: Strasbourg
- **canton**: Cantons of Strasbourg, 6 cantons
- **mayor**: Roland Ries
- **party**: Socialist Party (France), PS
- **term**: 2014–2020
- **insee**: 67482
- **elevation min m**: 132
- **elevation max m**: 151
- **area km2**: 78.26
- **population date**: 1 January 2014
- **population**: 276,170
- **population ranking**: List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants (2006 census), 7th in France
- **urban area km2**: 224
- **urban area date**: 2013
- **urban pop**: 456,759
- **urban pop date**: 2013
- **metro area km2**: 1351.5
- **metro area date**: 2013
- **metro area pop date**: 2013
- **metro area pop**: 773,347
- **intercommunality**: Strasbourg Eurométropole
- **dialling code**: 0388, 0390, 0368
Montpellier

**Montpellier** is a city in south of France. About 280,000 people live there. It is the 8th largest city in France. It has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (_Csa_ in the Koeppen climate classification).

## Education

A campus of the École nationale de l'aviation civile (French civil aviation academy) is in Montpellier. The computer science school École pour l'informatique et les nouvelles technologies and E-Artsup are also in the city.

The University of Montpellier is one of the oldest in the world, as well as the Montpellier Business School.

## Transport

- Montpellier – Méditerranée Airport

## Sister cities

Montpellier is twinned with:

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Montpellier
- **commune status**: Prefectures in France, Prefecture and Communes of France, commune
- **image**: Montpellier PhotoMontage 01.jpg
- **caption**: Aqueduc Saint-Clément, the prefecture de l'Hérault (old hôtel de Ganges), the Place de la Comédie, Detail of the statue « The Strength Taming Love » of Jean-Antoine Injalbert, Injalbert, Château d'eau du Peyrou (Montpellier), Château d'eau du Peyrou, the Fountain of the Three Graces, the gate of the Peyrou and the Cathédrale Saint-Pierre de Montpellier.
- **image coat of arms**: Blason ville fr Montpellier.svg
- **arrondissement**: Montpellier
- **insee**: 34172
- **postal code**: 34000, 34070, 34080, 34090
- **population demonym**: Montpelliérains
- **mayor**: Hélène Mandroux-Colas
- **term**: 2008–2014
- **intercommunality**: Montpellier
- **elevation m**: 27
- **elevation min m**: 7
- **elevation max m**: 118
- **area km2**: 56.88
- **population**: 255080
- **population date**: 2009
Lille

**Lille** is a city in the northern part of France with a population of about 226,800 inhabitants. It is the capital of the region Hauts-de-France and the Nord

department., and is not far from the border with Belgium, where in Dutch it is called . About two million people live in the urban area (_conurbation_) shared with Kortrijk and Tournai, which is the fifth largest in France behind Paris, Lyon, Marseille, and Toulouse.

## Climate

Lille has an oceanic climate (_Cfb_ in the Koeppen climate classification).

## Education

- École pour l'informatique et les nouvelles technologies
- École spéciale de mécanique et électricité
- EDHEC Business School
- E-Artsup
- IÉSEG School of Management
- Institut catholique d'arts et métiers
- Institut supérieur européen de gestion group
- Institut supérieur européen de formation par l'action

## Transport

There are two big railway stations in Lille with many trains to and from different places around France and Belgium. Most of these serve  station and are operated by SNCF, including the TGV high-speed service. The other big station, , has Eurostar trains to and from Brussels, Paris, and St Pancras station in London via the Channel Tunnel to the United Kingdom.

Public transport in Lille is made up of buses, two metro lines, and two tram lines to the nearby towns of Tourcoing and Roubaix. The metro system is one of the first in the world that does not have drivers.

## Sister cities

Lille is twinned with:

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Lille
- **commune status**: Prefectures of France, Prefecture and Communes of France, commune
- **image**: Lille Collage.jpg
- **image size**: 270px
- **caption**: From top to bottom, left to right: the Tour de Lille, Lille Tower, some towers of Euralille, the Rue de la Clef in Old Lille, the Place du Général-de-Gaulle, the Shangri-La tulip sculpture for Lille 2004, the Porte de Paris with the belfry of the Hôtel de ville de Lille, City Hall and Lille-Flandres station, Lille-Flandres train station
- **image flag size**: 100px
- **image coat of arms**: Coat_of_Arms_of_Lille_(flat).svg
- **image coat of arms size**: 80px
- **insee**: 59350
- **postal code**: 59000, 59800
- **arrondissement**: Lille
- **canton**: Canton of Lille-1, Lille-1, Canton of Lille-2, 2, Canton of Lille-3, 3,  Canton of Lille-4, 4, Canton of Lille-5, 5 and Canton of Lille-6, 6
- **mayor**: Martine Aubry
- **term**: 2020–2026
- **party**: Socialist Party (France), PS
- **area km2**: 34.8
- **population ranking**: List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants, 10th in France
- **urban area km2**: 446.7
- **urban area date**: 2020
- **urban pop**: 1053636
- **urban pop date**: Jan. 2020
- **metro area km2**: 1666.4
- **metro area date**: 2020
- **metro area pop**: 1515061
- **metro area pop date**: Jan. 2020
- **intercommunality**: Métropole Européenne de Lille, European Metropolis of Lille
Rennes

**Rennes** is a city in France, the prefecture of Brittany and the Ille-et-Vilaine department. Its name is «  » in the Breton language.

## Education

The Rennes agglomeration has a large student population (around 63,000) and 2 universities :
- University of Rennes 1 (26 000 students)
- University of Rennes 2 - Upper Brittany (22 000 students)

A campus of the computer science schools _École pour l'informatique et les techniques avancées_ and _École pour l'informatique et les nouvelles technologies_ , the university in electric energy and information sciences Supélec, the engineering school CentraleSupélec.
The business schools Rennes School of Business and Paris School of Business are also in Rennes.

## Twin towns – sister cities

**Within France**

**Pacts of cooperation**

**Sponsorship**

## Infobox (french commune)

- **city motto**: _Live in harmony_ (French: "Vivre en intelligence")
- **name**: Rennes
- **native name**: _Roazhon_
- **commune status**: Prefectures of France, Prefecture and Communes of France, commune
- **caption**: Top to bottom, left to right : City hall, Marché des Lices, Rennes Metro, Esplanade Charles de Gaulle, Opera of Rennes by night, University of Rennes 2, Skyline of Rennes from Rennes Cathedral, Cathedral
- **image flag**: Drapeau Rennes.svg
- **image coat of arms**: Blason ville fr Rennes (Ille-et-Vilaine).svg
- **arrondissement**: Rennes
- **canton**: Canton of Rennes-1, Rennes-1, Canton of Rennes-2, 2, Canton of Rennes-3, 3, Canton of Rennes-4, 4, Canton of Rennes-5, 5 and Canton of Rennes-6, 6
- **insee**: 35238
- **postal code**: 35000, 35200, 35700
- **mayor**: Nathalie Appéré
- **party**: French Socialist Party, PS
- **term**: 2014-2020
- **intercommunality**: Rennes Métropole
- **elevation m**: 30
- **elevation min m**: 20
- **elevation max m**: 74
- **area km2**: 50.39
- **population**: 211373
- **population date**: 2013
Reims

**Reims** is a commune in France, in the Marne departments in the Grand Est region. NEOMA Business School is in the city.

## Reims Cathedral

Reims Cathedral (Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Reims) is famous for coronation of almost every king of France. The cathedral was destroyed by fire in 1914 (after an attack by the German army).

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Reims
- **commune status**: Subprefectures in France, Subprefecture and Communes of France, commune
- **image**: Hôtel de Ville de Reims, Southeast View 20140306 1.jpg
- **caption**: City hall (_hôtel de ville)_
- **image flag**: Flag of Rheims.svg
- **image coat of arms**: Rheims Arms.jpg
- **arrondissement**: Reims
- **canton**: Canton of Reims-1, Reims-1, Canton of Reims-2, 2, Canton of Reims-3, 3, Canton of Reims-4, 4, Canton of Reims-5, 5, Canton of Reims-6, 6, Canton of Reims-7, 7, Canton of Reims-8, 8 and Canton of Reims-9, 9
- **insee**: 51454
- **postal code**: 51100
- **mayor**: Arnaud Robinet
- **party**: The Republicans (France), LR
- **term**: 2014–2020
- **intercommunality**: Communauté urbaine du Grand Reims, CU Grand Reims
- **elevation min m**: 80
- **elevation max m**: 135
- **area km2**: 46.9
- **population**: 186971
- **population date**: 2014
Orléans

**Orléans** is a city in France, the prefecture of the Centre-Val de Loire region and the Loiret department. It is on the Loire River and was formerly a busy port.

## Sister cities

Orléans is twinned with:
- Dundee, United Kingdom
- Treviso, Italy
- Münster, Germany
- Kristiansand, Norway
- Wichita, United States
- Tarragona, Spain
- Saint-Flour, France
- Utsunomiya, Japan
- Lugoj, Romania
- Parakou, Benin
- Tyre, Lebanon
- Perm, Russia

It has a partnership with:
- Kraków, Poland

## Related pages

- Capital of France
- Siege of Orleans

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Orléans
- **commune status**: Prefectures of France, Prefecture, Communes of France, commune and city
- **image**: Orleans3.jpg
- **caption**: Rue Jeanne d'Arc and the Orléans Cathedral, Saint-Croix Cathedral
- **image flag**: Flag of Orléans, France.svg
- **image coat of arms**: Blason Orléans.svg
- **arrondissement**: Orléans
- **canton**: Canton of Orléans-1, Orléans-1, Canton of Orléans-2, 2, Canton of Orléans-3, 3 and Canton of Orléans-4, 4 and Canton of La Ferté-Saint-Aubin, La Ferté-Saint-Aubin
- **insee**: 45234
- **postal code**: 45000
- **mayor**: Olivier Carré
- **party**: The Republicans (France), LR
- **term**: 2015–present
- **intercommunality**: Orléans Métropole
- **elevation m**: 116
- **elevation min m**: 90
- **elevation max m**: 124
- **area km2**: 27.48
- **population**: 114286
- **population date**: 2012
Le Havre

**Le Havre** is a city in Normandy. It is one of the most important ports in France. It is located on the right bank of the Seine river along the English Channel.

The city and port were founded by the King Francis I of France in 1517.

The city was bombed during World War II. The damaged area was rebuilt by Auguste Perret from 1945 to 1964. This section was named a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.

The École de management de Normandie is in the city.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Le Havre
- **commune status**: Subprefectures in France, Subprefecture and Communes of France, commune
- **image**: Le Havre Vue Plage 14 07 2005.jpg
- **caption**: Le Havre in mid-2005
- **image coat of arms**: Blason ville fr Le Havre (Seine-Maritime).svg
- **time zone**: CET <small>(UTC +1)</small>
- **insee**: 76351
- **postal code**: 76600, 76610, 76620
- **arrondissement**: Arrondissement of Le Havre, Le Havre
- **canton**: Canton of Le Havre-1, Le Havre-1, Canton of Le Havre-2, 2, Canton of Le Havre-3, 3,  Canton of Le Havre-4, 4, Canton of Le Havre-5, 5 and Canton of Le Havre-6, 6
- **intercommunality**: Agglomeration community of Le Havre, CA havraise
- **mayor**: Édouard Philippe
- **party**: DVD
- **term**: since 2020
- **area km2**: 46.95
- **population date**: 2010
- **population**: 175,497
- **population ranking**: List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants (2010 census), 13th in France
- **urban area km2**: 194.9
- **urban area date**: 2009
- **urban pop**: 242,474
- **urban pop date**: 2009
- **metro area km2**: 678.4
- **metro area date**: 2009
- **metro area pop**: 293,361
- **metro area pop date**: 2009
Mountain range

A **mountain range**, also called **mountain chain** or **mountain belt**, is a geographic area with many mountains. A **mountain system**, or **system of mountain ranges**, includes geological features that are in the same region as a mountain range.

Mountain ranges usually include highlands or mountain passes and valleys. Individual mountains in the same range do not always have the same geology or petrology. They may be a mix of different orogenic expressions and terrains, such as thrust sheets, uplifted blocks, fold mountains, and volcanic landforms. That results in a variety of rock types.

## Major ranges

Most geologically young mountain ranges on the Earth's land surface are associated with either in the Pacific Ring of Fire or the Alpide Belt. The Pacific Ring of Fire includes the Andes of South America and extends through the North American Cordillera, along the Pacific Coast, the Aleutian Range, to the Kamchatka Peninsula, Japan, Taiwan, the Philippines, Papua New Guinea, and then New Zealand. The Andes is  long and is often described as the world's longest mountain system.

The Alpide belt includes Indonesia and Southeast Asia, through the Himalayas, and ends in the Alps. The belt also includes other European and Asian mountain ranges. The Himalayas contain the highest mountains in the world, including Mount Everest, at  of elevation.

Mountain ranges outside both systems include the Arctic Cordillera, the world's northernmost mountain system. If the definition of a mountain range includes underwater mountains, the ocean ridges form the longest continuous mountain system on Earth, with a length of .

## Divisions and categories

Many mountain ranges have sub-ranges within them that can be thought of as a parent-child relationship. For example, the Appalachian Mountains range is the parent of its own ranges, two of which are the White Mountains and the Blue Ridge Mountains. The White Mountains are a child of the Appalachians, and there are also children of the Whites like the Sandwich Range and the Presidential Range.

## Climate

The position of mountains influences climate such as rain or snow. When air masses move up and over mountains, the air cools, which causes precipitation (rain or snow). As the air descends on the leeward (downwind) side, it warms again and is drier since it has been stripped of much of its moisture. Often, a rain shadow occurs on the leeward side of a range.

## Erosion

Mountain ranges always have erosion at work while the mountains are being uplifted and long afterward until the mountains are reduced to low hills and plains. The basins next to an eroding mountain range are filled with sediments, which are buried and turned into sedimentary rock.

The early Cenozoic uplift of the Rocky Mountains of Colorado are an example. As the uplift occurred, some  of mostlyMesozoic sedimentary strata were removed by erosion and spread as sand and clays across the Great Plains to the east. This mass of rock was removed as the range actively underwent uplift.

## Other websites

- Peakbagger Ranges Home Page
- Bivouac.com
Straight edge

**Straight edge** (Often called **sXe**) is a lifestyle without drugs, tobacco, or alcohol. Some followers of _straight edge_ also abstain from illegal or casual sex.

For some, no drug use includes caffeine which is a stimulant drug. Some will accept drugs such as codeine or morphine for medical reasons.
Some followers of straight edge will not use Ny-Quil or Day-Quil because they contain alcohol.
Those straight edgers who quit casual or illegal sex would not have one-night stands and will wait until they are in a committed relationship to have sex.

Some cities have associated straight edge as gang affiliation, but advocates call it a way of life such as being a vegetarian.
Rouen

**Rouen** is a commune. It is the prefecture of Upper Normandy and the Seine-Maritime department.

First settlements in that region were from the 6th century before Christ.
The Romans founded Rotomagus about 100 A.D..
Since 384 Rouen is the seat of a bishop.
In 841 the Vikings conquered Rouen. It became the capitol of the Duchy of Normandy.
In 1204 the Frensh king reconquered Rouen.
In 1419 the English crown (Henry IV. of England) conquered the city in the 100-year War between France and England. On May, 30th of 1431 Jeanne D'Arc (the Virgin of Orleans) was burned in Rouen.
In 1494 the French got the city back.
In 1834 the railway connection Paris-Rouen was opened.
Rouen was occupied by the Germans in the Franco-German War of 1870 to 1873 and in both World Wars. In the World War II many buildings were destroyed.

Rouen has an oceanic climate (_Cfb_ in the Koeppen climate classification). It has a great marine harbor 60 km from the city. Tourism, transportation, the colleges and the university are most important economic factors.

The university of Rouen has about 40,000 students.

## Museums

- The _Musée des beaux-arts_ is the museum of art of the city
- The _Musée maritime fluvial et portuaire_ is a museum about the history of the port of the city and the navigation

## Education

- NEOMA Business School

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Rouen
- **image**: Rouen_montage.jpg
- **image coat of arms**: Blason_Rouen_76.svg
- **arrondissement**: Rouen
- **insee**: 76540
- **postal code**: 76000
- **mayor**: Yvon Robert
- **term**: 2014-2020
- **intercommunality**: Métropole Rouen Normandie
- **elevation min m**: 2
- **elevation max m**: 152
- **area km2**: 21.38
- **population**: 111557
- **population date**: 2012
Microcode

**Microcode** is the name for a number of instructions or data structures which are involved in implementing higher-level machine language in many processors, especially microprogrammed ones. Microcode is on memory that is very fast to access. When a machine level instruction needs to be executed, microcode tells the processor what electronic circuits should be used. When a new processor is designed, an engineer also writes the microcode for the instructions of machine language. This is called **Microprogramming**, the resulting code is called a **microprogram**.

In early processors, each instruction was hard-wired. This has several drawbacks, the most obvious is that correcting an error in processor design means that the processor needs to be replaced.

## Example

A processor should add two values, which are in registers A and B.

1. Configure the ALU for addition
1. Put the value of register A on one input of the ALU
1. Put the value of register B on one input of the ALU
1. After waiting a short time, to allow for the addition, the result needs to be copied into a register, which has not been used yet
1. The value of that register needs to be copied to register A
1. The next instruction needs to be fetched from memory

Items 1-3, as well as  5-6, can be coded as one instruction. It is also possible to hard-wire the logic needed for this operation. This has the benefit of being faster, but the drawback that it no longer allows changes that might be needed later on.

The concept of microprogramming was developed by Maurice Wilkes in 1951, using diode matrices for the memory element.
Computational complexity theory

**Computational complexity theory** is a part of computer science. It looks at algorithms, and tries to say how many steps or how much memory a certain algorithm takes for a computer to do. Very often, algorithms that use fewer steps use more memory (or the other way round: if there is less memory available, it takes more steps to do). Many interesting algorithms take a number of steps that is dependent on the size of the problem.

A way to assign the complexity of a problem is to see if the number of steps needed to solve it is bounded by some power of the problem's size. See P versus NP.

### Constant Complexity

Complexity theory also looks at how a problem changes if it is done for more elements. A problem of constant complexity class is the only class in which this is not true. A problem with constant complexity takes the same number of steps to complete no matter the size of the input or the number of elements it is computed on. Broadcasting a message can be thought of as a problem of constant complexity. No matter how many people need to receive a message, all can listen on to one single broadcast with no extra broadcasts needed.

### Linear complexity

Mowing the lawn can be thought of as a problem with linear complexity. Mowing an area that is double the size of the original takes twice as long.

### Quadratic complexity

Suppose you want to know which of your friends know each other. You have to ask each pair of friends whether they know each other. If you have **twice** as many friends as someone else, you have to ask **four** times as many questions to figure out who everyone knows. Problems that take four times as long when the size of the problem doubles are said to have **quadratic complexity**.

### Logarithmic complexity

This is often the complexity for problems that involve looking things up, like finding a word in a dictionary. If the dictionary is twice as big, it contains twice as many words as the original to compare to. Looking something up will take only one step more. The algorithm to do lookups is simple. The word in the middle of the dictionary will be either before or after the term that needs to be looked up, if the words do not match. If it is before, the term needs to be in the second half of the dictionary. If it is after the word, it needs to be in the first half. That way, the problem space is halved with every step, until the word or definition is found. This is generally known as **logarithmic complexity**

### Exponential complexity

There are problems that grow very fast. One such problem is known as the Travelling salesman problem. A salesman needs to take a tour of a certain number of cities. Each city should only be visited once, the distance (or cost) of the travelling should be minimal, and the salesman should end up where he started. This problem has **exponential complexity**. There are n factorial possibilities to consider. Adding one city (from n to n+1) will multiply the number of possibilities by (n+1). Most of the interesting problems have this complexity.
Average

An **average** is the "normal" number of a group of numbers made by mixing the group of numbers.

In math, an average is called a **mean**. It can be found by adding the numbers, then dividing the answer by the amount of numbers there were. There are different kinds of mean, and other things that are sometimes thought of as "average" such as median or mode (statistics).

## Sport

In some sports, such as cricket and baseball, averages are used to tell how good a player is (such as batting average). Sporting averages have special rules for how to find them.
Fluminense FC

**Fluminense Football Club** () or **Fluminense**, is a football club in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, based in the neighbourhood of Laranjeiras since its foundation, in 1902, making it the oldest football club of Rio de Janeiro.

## Notable Players

- Ademir Menezes
- Assis
- Branco
- Carlos Alberto Torres
- Castilho
- Conca
- Delei
- Denílson
- Didi
- Edinho
- Félix
- Flávio
- Gérson
- Henry Welfare
- Lula
- Manfrini
- Marco Antônio
- Marcos Carneiro de Mendonça

- Orlando
- Oswaldo Gomes
- Paulo César Caju
- Pintinho
- Preguinho
- Renato Gaúcho
- Ricardo Gomes
- Rivelino
- Romerito
- Romeu
- Samarone
- Telê
- Thiago Silva
- Tim
- Valdo
- Washington

### International

- Copa Rio Internacional: 1
    - 1952
- Olympic Cup: 1
    - 1949

### National

- Série A: 4
    - 1970, 1984, 2010,2012
- Brazil Cup: 1
    - 2007
- Campeonato Brasileiro Série C: 1
    - 1999

### Regional

- Torneio Rio-São Paulo: 2
    - 1957, 1960
- Taça Ioduran: 1
    - 1919
- Zona Sul da Taça Brasil: 1
    - 1960

### State

- Campeonato Carioca: 31
    - 1906/1907/1908/1909, 1911, 1917/1918/1919, 1924, 1936/1937/1938, 1940/1941, 1946, 1951, 1959, 1964, 1969, 1971, 1973, 1975/1976, 1980, 1983/1984/1985, 1995, 2002, 2005, 2012
- Taça Guanabara: 8
    - 1966, 1969, 1971, 1975, 1983, 1985, 1991, 1993, 2012
- Taça Rio: 2
    - 1990, 2005
- Torneio Início: 9
    - 1916, 1924, 1925, 1940/1941, 1943, 1954, 1956, 1965

## Other websites

- Official Website
- Best Attendances
- Ranking Carioca League
- Matches 1902/2005
- Canal Fluminense - Fluminense´s Daily News
- Torcida Tricolor

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Fluminense
- **pattern la1**: _fluminense23h
- **pattern b1**: _fluminense23h
- **pattern ra1**: _fluminense23h
- **pattern sh1**: _sport23a
- **pattern so1**: _fluminense22hl
- **leftarm1**: 990022
- **body1**: 990022
- **rightarm1**: 990022
- **shorts1**: FFFFFF
- **socks1**: FFFFFF
- **pattern la2**: _fluminense23a
- **pattern b2**: _fluminense23a
- **pattern ra2**: _fluminense23a
- **pattern sh2**: _fluminense23a
- **leftarm2**: FFFFFF
- **body2**: FFFFFF
- **rightarm2**: FFFFFF
- **shorts2**: A00101
- **socks2**: A00101
- **image size**: 200px
- **fullname**: Fluminense Football Club
- **nickname**: _Tricolor_
_Flu_
_Fluzão_ (Big Flu)
_Nense_
_Pó de Arroz_ (Rice Powder)
_Time de Guerreiros_ (Team of Warriors)
- **stadium**: Maracanã Stadium, Maracanã
- **capacity**: 78,639
- **chrtitle**: President
- **chairman**: Mário Bittencourt
- **mgrtitle**: Head coach
- **manager**: Renato Gaúcho
- **league**: Campeonato Brasileiro Série A
Campeonato Carioca
- **season**: 2024 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A, 2024
2024 Campeonato Carioca, 2024
- **position**: Campeonato Brasileiro Série A, Série A, 13th of 20
 Campeonato Carioca, Carioca, 4th
- **website**: http://www.fluminense.com.br/
- **american**: true
Romanization

**Romanization**, or **Latinization**, is how words from languages that normally do not use the Latin alphabet are converted into Latin letters. That allows people who do not know the original writing system to read the sounds of the language. Romanization is one way to show the pronunciation of the language's words.

There are often several ways to romanize a language. For the Russian language, the Soviet Union invented several systems, and the United Nations and the International Organization for Standardization invented two of the others. There are also several methods for Arabic, Japanese, and Chinese. Some romanization systems are based on the writing system of the original language, some are based on speech in the original language, and some are based on both. In other words, some romanization systems are based on transliteration, and others are based on transcription.

## Related pages

- Romanization of Russian
- Romanization of Bulgarian
- Romanization of Japanese and Korean language.
- Pinyin and Zhuyin.

## Other websites

- UNGEGN Working Group on Romanization Systems
- U.S. Library of Congress Romanization Tables in PDF format
- Java romanization app
- One of the few books with lists of romanizations is _ALA-LC Romanization Tables_, Randall Barry (ed.), U.S. Library of Congress, 1997, .
- Microsoft Transliteration Utility – A free tool for making and using transliteration systems from any alphabet to any other alphabet.
- G. Gerych. Transliteration of Cyrillic Alphabets. Ottawa University, April 1965. 126 pp.
Diaspora

**Diaspora** (, literally, "a scattering or sowing of seeds") is used (without capitals) to refer to any people or racial or ethnic group living outside their traditional homelands, emigrating, being scattered in distant places and making a new community due to a multitude of reasons. It was first used in the Septuagint to mean the scattering of Jews after the capture of Jerusalem by the Babylonians in 586 BC.

## Definition

In 1991, William Safran wrote that there is a diaspora when the people who emigrated share a collective memory of their homeland, they think about it as their true home, they want to go back and they are still influenced by it. He also wrote that the people have to be forced to emigrate in order for it to be a diaspora. However, Robin Cohen (1997) does not agree with Safran on the last point, because he believes there can be a diaspora even if the people wanted to emigrate.

In 2005, Rogers Brubaker wrote that there is a diaspora when a group of people live (because they were forced to or they wanted to) in a different place than they one their ancestors come from, when they identify with the same (real or not) homeland and when they keep a different cultural identity than the one of the place they currently live in.

## Related pages

- Jewish diaspora
Angers

**Angers** is a city in the west of France. Around 160,000 inhabitants live inside the city and 300,000 live in the metropolitan area.

It is the capital of the historical province called Anjou. Today, the name of Anjou is Maine-et-Loire. The inhabitants of Angers and of Anjou are called 'angevins'.

The city existed before the Roman Empire. After the Roman conquest, the city was called Juliomagus. Angers was an important French city during the Middle-Ages. There is one of the bigger castles of Europe in the city.

It is now the 16th city of France (for its population). It is an economic center, a touristic and cultural town. Many festivals happen every year in the city (film festival 'Premiers plans', street festivals 'Tours de scène' and the famous 'Accroches-coeurs'). It has many museums. The museum of Beaux-Arts (a famous Art museum) and "Apocalypse Tapestry" (the oldest and largest collection of medieval tapestries in the world) are very famous.

There are two universities. More than 17,000 students go to the 'Université d'Angers' (a state university) and 12,000 go to the 'Université Catholique de l'Ouest' (a private catholic university). The 'École supérieure des sciences commerciales d'Angers' is one of the most prestigious business school in France.

## Transport

- Road: Motorway A11 to Paris ~295 km and to Nantes ~90 km
- Railway: TGV (very quick train) from Angers-St Laud station to Paris in 92 minutes only
- International Airports: Angers-Marcé, Nantes-Atlantique

## Sister cities

Angers is twinned with:
- Haarlem, Netherlands, since 1964
- Osnabrück, Germany, since 1964
- Bamako, Mali, since 1974
- Pisa, Italy, since 1982
- Wigan, United Kingdom, since 1988
- Södertälje, Sweden, since 1998
- Seville, Spain, since 2000
- Yantai, China, since 2006

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Angers
- **image**: Angers_collage.jpg
- **image coat of arms**: Blason d'Angers.svg
- **arrondissement**: Angers
- **insee**: 49007
- **postal code**: 49000
- **term**: 2014-2020
- **intercommunality**: Communauté d'agglomération d'Angers Loire Métropole
- **elevation min m**: 12
- **elevation max m**: 64
- **area km2**: 42.70
- **population**: 149017
- **population date**: 2012
Toulon

**Toulon** is a city in the south of France. It has about 170,000 people. Toulon is the prefecture of Var. Toulon is the third biggest city of the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur after Marseille and Nice. It is the main base of the Mediterranean Sea fleet of the French Navy. It is  from the Italian border.

## Education

- Kedge Business School

## More reading

- _Le Chevallier à découvert_, Jean-Pierre Thiollet, Laurens Ed., 1998.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Toulon
- **commune status**: Prefectures of France, Prefecture and Communes of France, commune
- **image**: Montage Toulon.JPG
- **image size**: 300px
- **caption**: Top left: Toulon Opera House, Top right: Mayol Stadium (Le Stade du Mayol), 2nd: Panoramic view of downtown Toulon and its port, 3rd left: Place de la Liberté, 3rd right: The beaches of Mourillon, Bottom left: The cable car to Mount Faron, Bottom right: Fort Saint-Louis
- **image flag**: Flag of Toulon.svg
- **image coat of arms**: Armoiries ville fr Toulon (83).svg
- **arrondissement**: Toulon
- **canton**: Canton of Toulon-1, Toulon-1, Canton of Toulon-2, 2, Canton of Toulon-3, 3 and Canton of Toulon-4, 4
- **insee**: 83137
- **postal code**: 83000
- **mayor**: Hubert Falco
- **term**: 2008–2014
- **intercommunality**: Communauté d'agglomération Toulon Provence Méditerranée, CA Toulon Provence Méditerranée
- **elevation m**: 1
- **elevation min m**: 0
- **elevation max m**: 589
- **area km2**: 42.84
- **population**: 163974
- **population date**: 2011
Grenoble

**Grenoble** is a French commune in the Alpine foothills. It is the prefecture of the Isère department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region.

It has an oceanic climate  (_Cfb_ in the Koeppen climate classification).

It is an important centre for scientific research in France.

## Education

A campus of the École nationale de l'aviation civile (French civil aviation academy) is in Grenoble. Grenoble School of Management is also in the city, as well as the Université Grenoble-Alpes.

## Transport

- Grenoble-Isère Airport

## Twin towns — Sister cities

Grenoble is twinned with:

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Grenoble
- **commune status**: Prefectures of France, Prefecture and Communes of France, commune
- **image**: Panorama grenoble.png
- **image size**: 270px
- **caption**: From upper left:  Panorama of the city, Grenoble-Bastille cable car, Grenoble’s cable cars, place Saint-André, jardin de ville, banks of the Isère river
- **arrondissement**: Grenoble
- **canton**: Canton of Grenoble-1, Grenoble-1, Canton of Grenoble-2, 2, Canton of Grenoble-3, 3 and Canton of Grenoble-4, 4
- **insee**: 38185
- **postal code**: 38000, 38100
- **mayor**: Éric Piolle <small>(Europe Ecology – The Greens)</small>
- **image flag**: Flag of Grenoble.svg
- **image coat of arms**: Blason ville fr Grenoble (Isere).svg
- **term**: 2014–2020
- **intercommunality**: Grenoble-Alpes Métropole
- **elevation min m**: 212
- **elevation m**: 398
- **elevation max m**: 500
- **area km2**: 18.44
- **population**: 162780
- **population date**: 2013