juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Main-group element

The **main-group elements** are a collection of chemical elements. This is the first two and last six columns of the periodic table. Main group elements tend to have simpler chemistry than other blocks. They are often the focus of introductory chemistry.

The main group can be split by column into the alkali metals, alkali earth metals, boron group, carbon group, pnictogens, chalcogens, halogens, and noble gases.

In terms of blocks, the main group contains the _s_-block and _p_-block elements.

## Properties

These elements obey the octet rule, meaning they are most stable in chemical compounds that give them eight valence electrons. The exceptions are hydrogen, helium, and lithium, which instead obey the duplet rule for period 1 elements.

Beryllium and boron are also sometimes called exceptions. Compounds like beryllium oxide and boron trifluoride do not have enough electrons to obey the octet rule with normal main group chemistry. These compounds form coordinate covalent bonds to complete their octets. This also happens in covalent lithium compounds like organolithium reagents.

Main group elements tend to have one main oxidation state, with other oxidation states separated by steps of 2.

## Similar groups

The group 3 elements and group 12 elements have some properties in common with main-group elements. Like main group elements, these elements have one major oxidation state (+3 for group 3 elements, +2 for group 12).
Hanan Ashrawi

**Hanan Ashrawi** (October 8, 1946) is a Palestinian scholar, activist and politician. She spoke for Palestine at the Madrid Peace Talks in 1991. She was also the first woman to be elected to the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO).

## Early Life and Education

Ashrawi was born in Ramallah, Palestine (now occupied West Bank) to an Anglican Christian family. Her father helped found the PLO. She got her Master's degree at the American University in Beirut. She also has a PhD in English literature from the University of Virginia. She was part of the General Union of Palestinian Students during her studies.

## Scholarly Career

Ashrawi was a professor of medieval and comparative literature at Birzeit University in the West Bank from 1973 onwards. There she was also dean of the School of Arts. She worked there until the Israeli army closed it after the first intifāḍa in December 1987.  She spoke out against the Israeli occupation in Palestinian Territories using her academic work.

## Political Career

In 1996 she became the Authority Minister of Higher Education and Research in Palestine. She resigned 2 years later. She also represented Jerusalem in the Palestinian Legislative Council in 1996. Ashrawi became the first female member of the Executive Committee of the PLO in 2009.  In 2022, she made an important call in Washington, DC, on human rights, justice, and Palestine's future.  Hanan Ashrawi considers that Palestine should be a free and independent country that is backed by the international community and protected by international law.

## Civil Society Work

She founded the Independent Commission for Human Rights in 1994, where she served as commissioner-general for a year. Ashrawi founded the Palestinian Initiative for the Promotion of Global Dialogue and Democracy (MIFTAH) in 1998. She is the head of the board of directors. She is also the founder of the National Coalition of Accountability and Integrity in 1999. During her time at Birzeit University, she helped those affected by Israeli occupation.

## Awards

- 1992: Marissa Bellisario International Peace Award
- 1994: Pio Manzu Gold Medal Peace Award
- 1996: Jane Addams International Women's Leadership Award
- 1999: International Women of Hope "Bread and Roses"
- 2002: Olof Palme Prize
- 2003: Sydney Peace Prize
- 2005: Mahatma Gandhi International Award for Peace and Reconciliation
- 2006: d'Officier de l'Ordre national de la Légion d'Honneur

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Hanan Ashrawi
- **image**: Hanan-ashreawi.jpg
- **caption**: Hanan Ashrawi
- **birth place**: Nablus, Mandatory Palestine
- **nationality**: Palestinian
- **education**: American University of Beirut
University of Virginia (PhD)
- **occupation**: Politician, activist, professor
- **office**: Member of the Executive Committee of the Palestine Liberation Organization
- **term start**: 2009
- **term end**: 2020
- **other offices**: Minister of Higher Education and Research (1996–1998)
Member of the Palestinian Legislative Council (1996)
- **spouse**: Emile Ashrawi
- **children**: 2
Alfredo Poveda

**Alfredo Ernesto Poveda Burbano** (January 24, 1926 – June 7, 1990) was an Ecuadorian politician. He was the Interim President of Ecuador January 11, 1976, to August 10, 1979.

## Other websites

- Unofficial short Biography (broken)

## Infobox (president)

- **name**: Alfredo Poveda
- **image**: File:Jimmy Carter and Alfredo Poveda (cropped) (cropped).jpg
- **office**: President of Ecuador, Head of the Supreme Government Council
- **term start**: January 11, 1976
- **term end**: August 10, 1979
- **predecessor**: Guillermo Rodríguez (politician), Guillermo Rodríguez
- **successor**: Jaime Roldós Aguilera, Jaime Roldós
- **birth name**: Alfredo Ernesto Poveda Burbano
- **birth place**: Ambato, Ecuador, Ambato, Tungurahua Province, Tungurahua, Ecuador
- **death place**: Miami, Florida, U.S.
- **spouse**: other (1979)
- **children**: 4 daughters
- **rank**: Admiral
- **signature**: Alfredo Poveda Burbano signature.png
Frank Wolf (politician)

**Frank Rudolph Wolf** (born January 30, 1939) is an American Republican politician. He was the U.S. representative for  from 1981 to 2015.

In December 2013, Wolf announced that he would not run for reelection in 2014.

Wolf was the dean of the state's congressional delegation, having served for 34 consecutive years.

## Other websites

- Videos
- at Ethnic Community Campaign Rally, VA, September 9, 2006
- at GOP Civic Picnic at Vint Hill, September 16, 2006

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Frank Wolf
- **image**: Franklinwolf.jpeg
- **state**: Virginia
- **term start**: January 3, 1981
- **term end**: January 3, 2015
- **predecessor**: Joseph L. Fisher, Joe Fisher
- **successor**: Barbara Comstock
- **birth name**: Frank Rudolph Wolf
- **birth place**: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **spouse**: Carolyn Stover
- **children**: 5
- **education**: Pennsylvania State University (Bachelor of Arts, BA)
Georgetown University (Bachelor of Laws, LLB)
- **unit**: Signal Corps (United States Army), Signal Corps (United States Army Reserve, Reserve)
- **serviceyears**: 1962–1963 (active)
1963–1967 (reserve)
Barbara Comstock

**Barbara Jean Comstock** (née **Burns**; born June 30, 1959) is an American lawyer and politician. She was the U.S. representative for Virginia's 10th congressional district from 2015 to 2019. She was a member of the Republican Party. Comstock was a member of the Virginia House of Delegates from 2010 to 2014.

In 2019, she joined the lobbying firm Baker Donelson as a senior advisor.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Barbara Comstock
- **image**: Barbara Comstock official photo, 114th Congress.jpg
- **caption**: Official portrait, 2015
- **state**: Virginia
- **term start**: January 3, 2015
- **term end**: January 3, 2019
- **predecessor**: Frank Wolf (politician), Frank Wolf
- **successor**: Jennifer Wexton
- **state delegate1**: Virginia
- **district1**: Virginia's 34th House of Delegates district, 34th
- **term start1**: January 13, 2010
- **term end1**: November 10, 2014
- **predecessor1**: Margaret Vanderhye
- **successor1**: Kathleen Murphy (politician), Kathleen Murphy
- **birth name**: Barbara Jean Burns
- **birth place**: Springfield, Massachusetts, U.S.
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **otherparty**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic (formerly)
- **children**: 3
- **education**: Middlebury College (Bachelor of Arts, BA)
Georgetown University (Juris Doctor, JD)
Jennifer Wexton

**Jennifer Lynn Wexton** (née **Tosini**, May 27, 1968) is an American lawyer and Democratic politician. She was the United States representative for Virginia's 10th congressional district from 2019 to 2025.

In April 2023, Wexton announced that she had been diagnosed with Parkinson's disease. In September of that year, she announced that her diagnosis had been changed to progressive supranuclear palsy.

## Other websites

- Congresswoman Jennifer Wexton  official U.S. House website
- Campaign website

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Jennifer Wexton
- **image**: Jennifer Wexton, official portrait, 116th Congress.jpg
- **caption**: Official portrait, 2019
- **state**: Virginia
- **term start**: January 3, 2019
- **term end**: January 3, 2025
- **predecessor**: Barbara Comstock
- **successor**: Suhas Subramanyam
- **state senate1**: Virginia
- **district1**: Virginia's 33rd Senate district, 33rd
- **term start1**: January 24, 2014
- **term end1**: January 3, 2019
- **predecessor1**: Mark Herring
- **successor1**: Jennifer Boysko
- **birth name**: Jennifer Lynn Tosini
- **birth place**: Washington, D.C., U.S.
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
- **children**: 2
- **education**: University of Maryland, College Park (Bachelor of Arts, BA)
College of William & Mary (Juris Doctor, JD)
Suhas Subramanyam

**Suhas Subramanyam** (born September 26, 1986) is an American politician and attorney. He is the U.S. representative for Virginia's 10th congressional district since 2025. He is a member of the Democratic Party. He was in the Virginia Senate from 2024 to 2025 and in the Virginia House of Delegates from 2020 to 2024.

He worked as a White House advisor during the Obama administration. He was the first South Asian American elected to the Virginia General Assembly in 2019.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Suhas Subramanyam
- **image**: Subramayam Suhas 119th Congress 2.jpg
- **caption**: Official portrait, 2025
- **alt**: Official House portrait of Subramanyam smiling in front of the U.S. flag, wearing a black suit with Seal of Virginia lapel pin, light purple shirt, and striped red, black, and white tie.
- **state**: Virginia
- **term start**: January 3, 2025
- **predecessor**: Jennifer Wexton
- **state senate1**: Virginia
- **district1**: Virginia's 32nd Senate district, 32nd
- **term start1**: January 10, 2024
- **term end1**: January 3, 2025
- **predecessor1**: John Bell (Virginia politician), John Bell (redistricted)
- **successor1**: Kannan Srinivasan
- **state delegate2**: Virginia
- **district2**: Virginia's 87th House of Delegates district, 87th
- **term start2**: January 8, 2020
- **term end2**: January 10, 2024
- **predecessor2**: John Bell
- **successor2**: Kannan Srinivasan (redistricted)
- **birth place**: Houston, Texas, U.S.
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
- **children**: 2
- **education**: Tulane University (Bachelor of Arts, BA)
Northwestern University (Juris Doctor, JD)
Virginia General Assembly

The **Virginia General Assembly** is the legislative body of the Commonwealth of Virginia. It is the oldest continuous law-making body in the Western Hemisphere, and the first elected legislative assembly in the New World. It was created on July 30, 1619.

The General Assembly is a bicameral body made up of a lower house, the Virginia House of Delegates, with 100 members, and an upper house, the Senate of Virginia, with 40 members. Senators serve terms of four years, and delegates serve two-year terms.

## Infobox (legislature)

- **name**: Virginia General Assembly
- **legislature**: 163rd Virginia General Assembly
- **coa pic**: Seal of Virginia.svg
- **session room**: Richmond Virginia Capitol.jpg
- **house type**: Bicameral
- **houses**: Senate of Virginia, Senate
Virginia House of Delegates, House of Delegates
- **house1**: Senate
- **house2**: House of Delegates
- **structure1**: Virginia Senate (November 2023).svg
- **structure1 res**: 250px
- **structure2**: Virginia House of Delegates after 2023 elections.svg
- **structure2 res**: 250px
- **term length**: Senate: 4 years
House of Delegates: 2 years
- **term limits**: None
- **leader1 type**: Lieutenant Governor of Virginia, Senate President
- **leader1**: Winsome Sears
- **party1**: (Republican Party (United States), R)
- **election1**: January 15, 2022
- **leader2 type**: President pro tempore of the Senate of Virginia, Senate President pro tempore
- **leader2**: Louise Lucas
- **party2**: (Democratic Party (United States), D)
- **election2**: January 8, 2020
- **leader3 type**: List of Speakers of the Virginia House of Delegates, House Speaker
- **leader3**: Don Scott (Virginia politician), Don Scott
- **party3**: (D)
- **election3**: January 10, 2024
- **last election1**: 2023 Virginia Senate election, November 7, 2023
- **last election2**: 2023 Virginia House of Delegates election, November 7, 2023
- **members**: **140**
40 senators
100 delegates
- **meeting place**: Virginia State Capitol
Richmond, Virginia, Richmond
- **session res**: 275px
- **redistricting**: Commission of eight lawmakers and eight citizens
Virginia's 10th congressional district

**Virginia's 10th congressional district** is a U.S. congressional district in the Commonwealth of Virginia. It is represented by Democrat Suhas Subramanyam, who was first elected in 2024.

## Infobox (u.s. congressional district)

- **state**: Virginia
- **district number**: 10
- **image caption**: Interactive map of district boundaries since 2023
- **representative**:  Suhas Subramanyam
- **party**: Democratic
- **residence**: Ashburn
- **percent urban**: 85.53
- **percent rural**: 14.47
- **population**: 805,856
- **population year**: 2023
- **median income**: $154,020
- **percent white**: 55.2
- **percent hispanic**: 17.7
- **percent black**: 8.5
- **percent asian**: 15.5
- **percent more than one race**: 10.9
- **percent other race**: 0.8
- **cpvi**: D+6
James Comer

**James Richardson Comer Jr.** ( ; born August 19, 1972) is an American politician. He is the U.S. Representative for 1st congressional district since 2016. He is a member of the Republican Party. Before, he was in the Kentucky House of Representatives and also was the agriculture commissioner of Kentucky.

## Other websites

- Congressman James Comer official U.S. House website
- Campaign site

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: James Comer
- **image**: James Comer official photo (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Official portrait, 2020
- **office**: Chair of the United States House Committee on Oversight and Reform, House Oversight Committee
- **term start**: January 3, 2023
- **predecessor**: Carolyn Maloney
- **office1**: Ranking Member of the United States House Committee on Oversight and Reform, House Oversight Committee
- **term start1**: June 29, 2020
- **term end1**: January 3, 2023
- **predecessor1**: Jim Jordan
- **successor1**: Jamie Raskin
- **state2**: Kentucky
- **term start2**: November 8, 2016
- **predecessor2**: Ed Whitfield
- **office3**: 34th Agriculture Commissioner of Kentucky
- **term start3**: January 2, 2012
- **term end3**: January 4, 2016
- **predecessor3**: Richie Farmer
- **successor3**: Ryan Quarles
- **state house4**: Kentucky
- **district4**: 53rd
- **term start4**: January 1, 2001
- **term end4**: January 2, 2012
- **predecessor4**: Billy Polston
- **successor4**: Bart Rowland
- **birth name**: James Richardson Comer Jr.
- **birth place**: Carthage, Tennessee, U.S.
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **children**: 3
- **education**: Western Kentucky University (Bachelor of Science, BS)
Kentucky House of Representatives

The **Kentucky House of Representatives** is the lower house of the Kentucky General Assembly. It is up of 100 Representatives. Representatives are elected to two-year terms with no term limits. The Kentucky House of Representatives meet at the State Capitol in Frankfort.

## Infobox (legislature)

- **name**: Kentucky House of Representatives
- **legislature**: Kentucky General Assembly
- **coa pic**: Seal of Kentucky.svg
- **session room**: House of Representatives Chamber - Kentucky State Capitol -DSC09197.JPG
- **house type**: Lower house
- **term limits**: None
- **new session**: 2025 Kentucky General Assembly, January 7, 2025 (adjourned)
- **leader1 type**: List of speakers of the Kentucky House of Representatives, Speaker
- **leader1**: David Osborne (politician), David Osborne (Republican Party (United States), R)
- **election1**: January 8, 2019
- **leader2 type**: Speaker pro tempore
- **leader2**: David Meade (Republican Party (United States), R)
- **election2**: January 8, 2019
- **leader3 type**: Majority Leader
- **leader3**: Steven Rudy (Republican Party (United States), R)
- **election3**: January 5, 2021
- **leader4 type**: Minority Leader
- **leader4**: Pamela Stevenson (Democratic Party (United States), D)
- **election4**: January 7, 2025
- **members**: 100
- **structure1**: Kentucky House of Representatives 2022.svg
- **structure1 res**: 250px
- **political groups1**: *
*
- **last election1**: 2024 Kentucky House of Representatives election, November 5, 2024
(100 seats)
- **next election1**: 2026 Kentucky House of Representatives election, November 3, 2026
(100 seats)
- **term length**: 2 years
- **authority**: The Legislative Department, Section 29, Kentucky Constitution
- **salary**: $188.22/day + per diem (elected before January 1, 2023)
$203.28/day + per diem (elected after January 1, 2023)
- **redistricting**: Legislative Control
- **meeting place**: House of Representatives Chamber
Kentucky State Capitol
Frankfort, Kentucky, Frankfort, Kentucky
- **website**: [https://legislature.ky.gov/Legislators/house-of-representatives Kentucky Legislative Research Commission]
Kentucky General Assembly

The **Kentucky General Assembly**, also called the **Kentucky Legislature**, is the state legislature of the U.S. state of Kentucky.  It is made up of the Kentucky Senate and the Kentucky House of Representatives.

The General Assembly meets annually in the state capitol building in Frankfort, convening on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in January.

## Infobox (legislature)

- **name**: Kentucky General Assembly
- **legislature**: 2025 Kentucky General Assembly, 2025 session (adjourned)
- **coa pic**: Seal_of_Kentucky.svg
- **house type**: Bicameral
- **houses**: Kentucky Senate, Senate
Kentucky House of Representatives, House of Representatives
- **term length**: Kentucky Senate, Senate 4 years
Kentucky House of Representatives, House of Representatives 2 years
- **term limits**: None
- **foundation**: May 26, 1845
- **motto**: _United we stand, divided we fall_
- **leader1 type**: President of the Kentucky Senate, Senate President
- **leader1**: Robert Stivers
- **party1**: (Republican Party (United States), R)
- **election1**: January 8, 2013
- **leader2 type**: Speaker of the Kentucky House of Representatives, House Speaker
- **leader2**: David Osborne (politician), David Osborne
- **party2**: (Republican Party (United States), R)
- **election2**: January 8, 2019
- **house1**: Kentucky Senate, Senate
- **house2**: Kentucky House of Representatives, House
- **structure1**: 2023 Kentucky Senate.svg
- **structure1 res**: 250px
- **structure2**: Kentucky House of Representatives 2022.svg
- **structure2 res**: 250px
- **salary**: $188.22/day + per diem (elected before January 1, 2023)
$203.28/day + per diem (elected after January 1, 2023)
- **members**: **138** voting members

* 38 senators
* 100 representatives
- **last election1**: 2024 Kentucky Senate election, November 5, 2024
(19 seats)
- **last election2**: 2024 Kentucky House of Representatives election, November 5, 2024
- **next election1**: 2026 Kentucky Senate election, November 3, 2026
(19 seats)
- **next election2**: 2026 Kentucky House of Representatives election, November 3, 2026
- **session room**: U.S. Route 60 Frankfort, KY (23892062134).jpg
- **session res**: 275px
- **redistricting**: Legislative control
- **meeting place**: Kentucky State Capitol
Frankfort, Kentucky, Frankfort
- **website**: https://legislature.ky.gov/Pages/index.aspx
Kentucky Senate

The **Kentucky Senate** is the upper house of the Kentucky General Assembly.  The Kentucky Senate is made up of 38 members elected from single-member districts throughout the Commonwealth.  There are no term limits for Kentucky senators. The Kentucky Senate meets at the Kentucky State Capitol in Frankfort.

## Infobox (legislature)

- **name**: Kentucky Senate
- **legislature**: Kentucky General Assembly
- **coa pic**: Seal of Kentucky.svg
- **session room**: Senate Chamber - Kentucky State Capitol - DSC09173.JPG
- **term limits**: None
- **new session**: 2025 Kentucky General Assembly, January 7, 2025 (adjourned)
- **leader1 type**: President of the Kentucky Senate, President
- **leader1**: Robert Stivers (Republican Party (United States), R)
- **election1**: January 8, 2013
- **leader2 type**: President pro tempore of the Kentucky Senate, President pro tempore
- **leader2**: David P. Givens (Republican Party (United States), R)
- **election2**: January 8, 2019
- **leader3 type**: Majority Leader
- **leader3**: Max Wise (Republican Party (United States), R)
- **election3**: January 7, 2025
- **leader4 type**: Minority Leader
- **leader4**: Gerald Neal (Democratic Party (United States), D)
- **election4**: January 3, 2023
- **members**: 38
- **structure1**: 2023 Kentucky Senate.svg
- **structure1 res**: 250px
- **political groups1**: **Majority**
*
**Minority**
*
- **last election1**: 2024 Kentucky Senate election, November 5, 2024
(19 seats)
- **next election1**: 2026 Kentucky Senate election, November 3, 2026
(19 seats)
- **term length**: 4 years
- **authority**: The Legislative Department, Section 29, Kentucky Constitution
- **salary**: $188.22/day + per diem (elected before January 1, 2023)
$203.28/day + per diem (elected after January 1, 2023)
- **redistricting**: Legislative Control
- **meeting place**: Senate Chamber
Kentucky State Capitol
Frankfort, Kentucky, Frankfort, Kentucky
- **website**: [https://legislature.ky.gov/Committees/senate-standing-committee Legislative Research Commission]
Texas's 30th congressional district

**Texas's 30th congressional district** of the United States House of Representatives covers much of the city of Dallas and other parts of Dallas and Tarrant counties. The 30th district is also home to Dallas Love Field airport and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center.

The current Representative from the 30th district is Democrat Jasmine Crockett, who has represented the district since 2023. She replaced longtime representative Eddie Bernice Johnson, who was first elected in 1993.

## Infobox (u.s. congressional district)

- **state**: Texas
- **district number**: 30
- **image caption**: Interactive map of district boundaries since January 3, 2023
- **representative**: Jasmine Crockett
- **party**: Democratic
- **residence**: Dallas
- **percent urban**: 98.56
- **percent rural**: 1.44
- **population**: 772,920
- **population year**: 2023
- **median income**: $70,984
- **percent white**: 17.7
- **percent black**: 40.0
- **percent asian**: 3.3
- **percent more than one race**: 2.4
- **percent hispanic**: 36.0
- **percent other race**: 0.7
- **cpvi**: D+25
Maryland's 8th congressional district

**Maryland's 8th congressional district** is in Montgomery County, with a small portion in Prince George's County. The district is near Washington, D.C.. The 8th district takes in many of the city’s wealthiest inner-ring suburbs, including Bethesda, Chevy Chase, and Potomac. It also includes Rockville and Silver Spring.

Democrat Jamie Raskin has represented the seat since 2017.

## Infobox (u.s. congressional district)

- **state**: Maryland
- **district number**: 8
- **image caption**: Interactive map of district boundaries since January 3, 2023
- **representative**: Jamie Raskin
- **party**: Democratic
- **residence**: Takoma Park
- **english area**: 297.06
- **percent urban**: 88.08
- **percent rural**: 11.92
- **population**: 771,551
- **population year**: 2023
- **median income**: $132,789
- **percent white**: 44.3
- **percent hispanic**: 19.7
- **percent black**: 16.3
- **percent asian**: 14.0
- **percent more than one race**: 4.7
- **percent other race**: 1.0
- **cpvi**: D+30
Maryland's 6th congressional district

**Maryland's 6th congressional district** elects a representative to the United States House of Representatives from the northwest part of the state. The district is made up of Garrett, Allegany, Frederick, and Washington counties as well as parts of Montgomery County. April McClain Delaney (D) is its current representative.

## Infobox (u.s. congressional district)

- **state**: Maryland
- **district number**: 6
- **image caption**: Interactive map of district boundaries since January 3, 2023
- **representative**: April McClain Delaney
- **party**: Democratic
- **residence**: Potomac
- **english area**: 3062.27
- **percent urban**: 84.49
- **percent rural**: 15.51
- **population**: 799,719
- **population year**: 2023
- **median income**: $96,127
- **percent white**: 60.1
- **percent hispanic**: 13.4
- **percent black**: 12.6
- **percent asian**: 8.6
- **percent more than one race**: 4.6
- **percent other race**: 0.8
- **cpvi**: D+3
Maryland's 7th congressional district

**Maryland's 7th congressional district** of the United States House of Representatives makes up the entire city of Baltimore, and some parts of Baltimore County. It is a majority-African American district. Democrat Kweisi Mfume is the current representative since 2020. Mfume had previously held the seat from 1987 to 1996.

## Infobox (u.s. congressional district)

- **state**: Maryland
- **district number**: 7
- **image caption**: Interactive map of district boundaries since January 3, 2023
- **representative**: Kweisi Mfume
- **party**: Democratic
- **residence**: Baltimore
- **english area**: 294.25
- **percent urban**: 95
- **percent rural**: 5
- **population**: 744,512
- **population year**: 2023
- **median income**: $61,399
- **percent white**: 29.9
- **percent hispanic**: 8.5
- **percent black**: 53.2
- **percent asian**: 3.7
- **percent more than one race**: 3.9
- **percent other race**: 0.8
- **percent blue collar**: 16.2
- **percent white collar**: 66.8
- **percent gray collar**: 17
- **cpvi**: D+31
Maryland's 3rd congressional district

**Maryland's 3rd congressional district** covers all of Howard county as well as parts of Anne Arundel and Carroll counties. The seat is currently represented by Sarah Elfreth, a Democrat.

Three people who represented Maryland in the United States Senate were also former representatives of the 3rd district, including Ben Cardin, Barbara Mikulski, and Paul Sarbanes.

## Infobox (u.s. congressional district)

- **state**: Maryland
- **district number**: 3
- **image caption**: Interactive map of district boundaries since January 3, 2023
- **representative**: Sarah Elfreth
- **party**: Democratic
- **residence**: Annapolis
- **english area**: 292.74
- **percent urban**: 98.7
- **percent rural**: 1.3
- **population**: 778,152
- **population year**: 2023
- **median income**: $122,470
- **percent white**: 57.0
- **percent hispanic**: 9.0
- **percent black**: 17.2
- **percent asian**: 10.9
- **percent more than one race**: 5.1
- **percent other race**: 0.8
- **percent blue collar**: 15.7
- **percent white collar**: 71.7
- **percent gray collar**: 12.5
- **cpvi**: D+12
Maryland's 4th congressional district

**Maryland's 4th congressional district** is around the eastern edge of Washington, D.C., taking in most of Prince George's County and a small part of Montgomery County. It is home to College Park, Fort Washington, Greenbelt, and Laurel. With a median household income of $86,941, it is the wealthiest black-majority district in the United States.

## Infobox (u.s. congressional district)

- **state**: Maryland
- **district number**: 4
- **image caption**: Interactive map of district boundaries since January 3, 2023
- **representative**: Glenn Ivey
- **party**: Democratic
- **residence**: Cheverly
- **english area**: 318
- **percent urban**: 97.9
- **percent rural**: 2.1
- **population**: 723,299
- **population year**: 2023
- **median income**: $84,585
- **percent white**: 10.7
- **percent hispanic**: 25.1
- **percent black**: 55.2
- **percent asian**: 5.2
- **percent more than one race**: 3.0
- **percent other race**: 0.8
- **percent blue collar**: 15.0
- **percent white collar**: 70.7
- **percent gray collar**: 14.3
- **cpvi**: D+39
College Park, Maryland

**College Park** is a city in Prince George's County, Maryland, United States. It is about  from the northeast border of Washington, D.C. Its population was 34,740 at the 2020 United States census. It is the home of the University of Maryland, College Park.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: College Park, Maryland
- **settlement type**: City (Maryland), City
- **named for**: Proximity to a state college
- **image flag**: Flag of College Park, Maryland.png
- **image seal**: Seal of College Park, Maryland.png
- **image map**: Prince_George's_County_Maryland_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_College_Park_Highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 250x200px
- **pushpin map**: Maryland#USA
- **pushpin label**: College Park
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Maryland
- **pushpin relief**: yes
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Maryland, County
- **subdivision name2**: Prince George's County, Maryland, Prince George's
- **government type**: Council–manager government, Council–manager
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: S.M. Fazlul Kabir
- **established title**: Founded
- **established title2**: Municipal corporation, Incorporated
- **established date**: 1856
- **established date2**: 1945
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total sq mi**: 5.68
- **area total km2**: 14.72
- **area land sq mi**: 5.61
- **area land km2**: 14.53
- **area water sq mi**: 0.07
- **area water km2**: 0.18
- **population as of**: 2020 United States census, 2020
- **population total**: 34740
- **population density km2**: 2390.37
- **population density sq mi**: 6191.41
- **timezone**: Eastern Time Zone, EST
- **utc offset**: −5
- **timezone dst**: Eastern Daylight Time, EDT
- **utc offset dst**: −4
- **elevation m**: 21
- **elevation ft**: 69
- **website**: [http://www.collegeparkmd.gov www.collegeparkmd.gov]
- **postal code type**: ZIP Codes
- **postal code**: 20740–20742
- **area code**: Area codes 301 and 240, 301, 240
- **area code type**: North American Numbering Plan, Area code
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standards, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 24-18750
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 2390578
Glenn Ivey

**Glenn Frederick Ivey** (born February 27, 1961) is an American Democratic politician and attorney. He has been the U.S. representative for Maryland's 4th congressional district since 2023.

Ivey was a partner at the law firm of Ivey & Levetown. He was the state's attorney for Prince George's County, Maryland, from 2002 to 2011. Ivey won the 2022 Democratic primary for the 4th congressional district over Donna Edwards, who previously represented the district for four terms, and then defeated the Republican nominee.

## Other websites

- Congressman Glenn Ivey  official U.S. House website
- Glenn Ivey for Congress  campaign website

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Glenn Ivey
- **image**: Rep. Glenn Ivey official portrait, 118th Congress.jpg
- **state**: Maryland
- **term start**: January 3, 2023
- **predecessor**: Anthony Brown (Maryland politician), Anthony Brown
- **office1**: District attorney, State's Attorney of Prince George's County, Maryland, Prince George's County
- **term start1**: January 6, 2003
- **term end1**: January 3, 2011
- **predecessor1**: Jack B. Johnson
- **successor1**: Angela Alsobrooks
- **office2**: Chair of the Maryland Public Service Commission
- **governor2**: Parris Glendening
- **term start2**: March 18, 1998
- **term end2**: October 31, 2000
- **predecessor2**: Russell Frisby
- **successor2**: Catherine Riley
- **birth name**: Glenn Frederick Ivey
- **birth place**: Chelsea, Massachusetts, U.S.
- **residence**: Cheverly, Maryland, U.S.
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
- **children**: 6, including Julian Ivey, Julian
- **education**: Princeton University (Bachelor of Arts, BA)
Harvard University (Juris Doctor, JD)
- **signature**: Glenn Ivey signature.svg
Donna Edwards

**Donna Fern Edwards** (born June 28, 1958) is an American politician. She was the U.S. representative for  from 2008 to 2017. She is a member of the Democratic Party.

Edwards beat eight-term incumbent Albert Wynn in the 2008 Democratic primary. When Wynn resigned, she won a special election on June 17, 2008, to fill the remainder of this term. She was sworn in two days later on June 19, becoming the first African-American woman to represent Maryland in the United States Congress.

Edwards ran for U.S. Senate in 2016 in the primary to replace retiring Barbara Mikulski, but was defeated by Congressman Chris Van Hollen in the Democratic primary. In 2022, Edwards ran for the congressional seat she previously held but lost to Glenn Ivey in the Democratic primary.

## Other websites

- _Q&A_ interview with Edwards, C-SPAN, December 7, 2008
- Congresswoman Edwards on The Young Turks Show, June 2009

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Donna Edwards
- **image**: The hon donna edwards.jpg
- **state**: Maryland
- **term start**: June 17, 2008
- **term end**: January 3, 2017
- **predecessor**: Albert Wynn
- **successor**: Anthony Brown (Maryland politician), Anthony Brown
- **birth name**: Donna Fern Edwards
- **birth place**: Yanceyville, North Carolina, U.S.
- **residence**: Oxon Hill, Maryland, U.S.
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
- **education**: Wake Forest University (Bachelor of Arts, BA)
University of New Hampshire School of Law, University of New Hampshire (Juris Doctor, JD)
Maryland's 5th congressional district

**Maryland's 5th congressional district** is made up of all of Charles, St. Mary's, and Calvert counties as well as parts of Prince George's and Anne Arundel counties.

The district is currently represented by Democrat Steny Hoyer,  who from 2007 to 2011 and from 2019 to 2023 was House Majority Leader.

## Infobox (u.s. congressional district)

- **state**: Maryland
- **district number**: 5
- **image caption**: Interactive map of district boundaries since January 3, 2023
- **representative**: Steny Hoyer
- **party**: Democratic
- **residence**: Mechanicsville
- **english area**: 1,504.25
- **percent urban**: 74.19
- **percent rural**: 25.81
- **population**: 812,172
- **population year**: 2023
- **median income**: $122,220
- **percent white**: 43.7
- **percent hispanic**: 7.2
- **percent black**: 39.8
- **percent asian**: 3.1
- **percent more than one race**: 5.3
- **percent other race**: 0.9
- **percent blue collar**: 18.8
- **percent white collar**: 68
- **percent gray collar**: 12.9
- **cpvi**: D+17
Johnny Olszewski

**John Anthony Olszewski Jr.** ( ; born September 10, 1982), also known by his nickname **Johnny O**, is an American politician. He has been a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Maryland's 2nd congressional district since 2025. He is a member of the Democratic Party. He was the 14th county executive of Baltimore County, Maryland, from 2018 to 2025.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Johnny Olszewski
- **image**: Johnny Olszewski 119th congress.jpg
- **alt**: Official House portrait of Olszewski smiling in front of the U.S. flag, wearing a black suit with Maryland flag lapel pin, light blue shirt, and green tie.
- **caption**: Official portrait, 2025
- **state**: Maryland
- **term start**: January 3, 2025
- **predecessor**: Dutch Ruppersberger
- **office1**: 14th Baltimore County Executive, Executive of Baltimore County
- **term start1**: December 3, 2018
- **term end1**: January 3, 2025
- **predecessor1**: Donald Mohler
- **successor1**: D'Andrea Walker (acting)
- **state delegate2**: Maryland
- **district2**: Maryland Legislative District 6, 6th
- **term start2**: June 12, 2006
- **term end2**: January 14, 2015
- **appointer2**: Bob Ehrlich
- **predecessor2**: John S. Arnick
- **successor2**: Robin Grammer Jr.
- **birth place**: Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democrat
- **children**: 1
- **education**: Goucher College (Bachelor of Arts, BA)
George Washington University (Master of Arts, MA)
University of Maryland, Baltimore County (Doctor of Philosophy, PhD)
- **signature**: Johnny Olszewski signature.svg
Dutch Ruppersberger

**Charles Albert "Dutch" Ruppersberger III** ( ; born January 31, 1946) is an American lawyer and politician. He was the U.S. representative for  from 2003 to 2025. He is a member of the Democratic Party.

He was an assistant state attorney of Maryland from 1972 to 1980, a Baltimore County councilman from 1985 to 1994, and Baltimore County Executive from 1994 until 2002.

Ruppersberger announced in January 2024 that he would retire from congress.

## Other websites

- Congressman C.A. Dutch Ruppersberger  official U.S. House website
- Dutch Ruppersberger for Congress

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Dutch Ruppersberger
- **image**: Dutch Ruppersberger 2.jpg
- **office**: Ranking Member of the United States House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, House Intelligence Committee
- **term start**: January 3, 2011
- **term end**: January 3, 2015
- **predecessor**: Pete Hoekstra
- **successor**: Adam Schiff
- **state1**: Maryland
- **term start1**: January 3, 2003
- **term end1**: January 3, 2025
- **predecessor1**: Bob Ehrlich
- **successor1**: Johnny Olszewski
- **office2**: 10th Baltimore County Executive
- **term start2**: December 5, 1994
- **term end2**: December 2, 2002
- **predecessor2**: Roger B. Hayden
- **successor2**: James T. Smith Jr.
- **birth name**: Charles Albert Ruppersberger III
- **birth place**: Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
- **children**: 2
- **education**: Baltimore City College
University of Maryland, College Park (Bachelor of Arts, BA)
University of Baltimore (Juris Doctor, JD)
- **signature**: Dutch Ruppersberger signature.svg
Alex Warren

**Alexander Warren Hughes** (born September 18, 2000) is an American singer, songwriter and YouTuber. His 2025 single "Ordinary" topped the music charts in multiple countries, including spending 13 weeks at number one on the UK Singles Chart. His debut studio album, _You'll Be Alright, Kid_, was released on July 18, 2025. His music style has influences from worship music, Christian music and folk music.

## Career

In 2021, Warren released the singles "One More I Love You", "Screaming Underwater" and "Remember Me Happy". The songs "One More I Love You" and "Screaming Underwater" went viral on social media platforms. In 2022, he released the singles "Headlights" and "Chasing Shadows". In 2023, he released the singles "Give You Love", "Change Your Mind", "How Could You (Be OK)" and "Yard Sale". In September 27, 2024, he released his debut extended play _You'll Be Alright, Kid (Chapter 1)_, which included the singles "Yard Sale", "Before You Leave Me", "Save You a Seat", "Carry You Home", "Troubled Waters" and "Burning Down". In 2025, Warren released the "Ordinary" that topped the charts. He released his debut studio album _You'll Be Alright, Kid_ on July 18, 2025. The album included the singles "Ordinary", "Bloodline", "On My Mind" and "Eternity".

## Discography

_Main article_: __

### Studio albums

- _You'll Be Alright, Kid_ (2025)

## Awards and nominations

|Awards|Year|Category|Work|Result|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|IHeartRadio Music Awards||Social Star Award|rowspan="2"|Himself|||
|rowspan="2"||rowspan="2"||Best International New Act|||
|Best International Song|""||||||
|rowspan="4"|MTV Video Music Awards|rowspan="4"|||Himself||
||rowspan="4"|""|||||
|rowspan="2"|Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards|rowspan="2"||Favorite Viral Song|||
|Favorite Male Breakout Artist|rowspan="2"|Himself|||||
|Grammy Awards||Best New Artist|||||

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **embed**: yes
- **label**: Atlantic Records, Atlantic
- **genre**: Folk-pop


## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Alex Warren
- **image**: Image Alex W.jpg
- **caption**: Warren in 2023.
- **birth name**: Alexander Warren Hughes
- **birth place**: Carlsbad, California, U.S.
- **years active**: 2019–present
Maryland's 2nd congressional district

**Maryland's 2nd congressional district** elects a representative to the United States House of Representatives every two years.  The district is made up of parts of Carroll and Baltimore counties with parts of Baltimore City. The seat has been represented by Johnny Olszewski of the Democratic Party since 2025.

## Infobox (u.s. congressional district)

- **state**: Maryland
- **district number**: 2
- **image caption**: Interactive map of district boundaries since January 3, 2023
- **representative**: Johnny Olszewski
- **party**: Democratic
- **residence**: Sparrows Point
- **english area**: 359
- **percent urban**: 98.3
- **percent rural**: 1.7
- **population**: 767,891
- **population year**: 2023
- **median income**: $95,700
- **percent white**: 59.4
- **percent hispanic**: 6.0
- **percent black**: 23.7
- **percent asian**: 6.1
- **percent more than one race**: 4.1
- **percent other race**: 0.7
- **percent blue collar**: 23
- **percent white collar**: 61.5
- **percent gray collar**: 15.5
- **cpvi**: D+10
Sparrows Point, Maryland

**Sparrows Point** is an industrial area in unincorporated Baltimore County, Maryland, United States. Sparrows Point is home to many distribution centers that are owned by Under Armour, Amazon, Home Depot, Volkswagen, and McCormick & Company.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Sparrows Point, Maryland
- **settlement type**: Unincorporated area
- **pushpin map**: USA Maryland#USA
- **pushpin label**: Sparrows Point
- **pushpin label position**: top
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Maryland, County
- **subdivision name2**: Baltimore County, Maryland, Baltimore
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **population as of**: United States Census, 2000, 2000
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone**: Eastern Time Zone, Eastern (EST)
- **utc offset**: -5
- **timezone dst**: EDT
- **utc offset dst**: -4
- **postal code type**: ZIP codes
- **postal code**: 21219
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 591325
Maryland's 1st congressional district

**Maryland's 1st congressional district** is made up of the Eastern Shore of Maryland, including Salisbury, as well as Harford County and parts of Baltimore County.

The district is currently represented by Republican Andy Harris. With a Cook Partisan Voting Index rating of R+8, it is the only Republican district in Maryland.

## Infobox (u.s. congressional district)

- **state**: Maryland
- **district number**: 1
- **image caption**: Interactive map of district boundaries since January 3, 2023
- **representative**: Andy Harris (politician), Andy Harris
- **party**: Republican
- **residence**: Cambridge
- **english area**: 3,653.1
- **percent urban**: 64.1
- **percent rural**: 35.9
- **population**: 782,957
- **population year**: 2023
- **median income**: $89,269
- **percent white**: 72.1
- **percent hispanic**: 5.6
- **percent black**: 14.8
- **percent asian**: 2.5
- **percent more than one race**: 4.5
- **percent other race**: 0.6
- **cpvi**: R+8
Andy Harris (politician)

**Andrew Peter Harris** (born January 25, 1957) is an American Republican politician and physician. He has been the U.S. representative for  since 2011. He is the only Republican member of Maryland's congressional delegation.

Harris was first elected to Congress in 2010, after beating Democratic incumbent Frank Kratovil in the general election.

Harris became the chair of the House Freedom Caucus in September 2024, after his predecessor, Bob Good, lost his Republican primary in June 2024.

## Other websites

- Congressman Andy Harris official U.S. House website
- Andy Harris for Congress

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Andy Harris
- **image**: U.S. Representative Andy Harris 2024.jpg
- **caption**: Harris in 2024
- **office**: Chair of the Freedom Caucus, House Freedom Caucus
- **term start**: September 17, 2024
- **predecessor**: Bob Good
- **state1**: Maryland
- **term start1**: January 3, 2011
- **predecessor1**: Frank Kratovil
- **office2**: Member of the Maryland Senate
- **term start2**: January 13, 1999
- **term end2**: January 3, 2011
- **predecessor2**: F. Vernon Boozer, Vernon Boozer (9th)
Norman R. Stone Jr., Norman Stone (7th)
- **successor2**: Robert H. Kittleman, Robert Kittleman (9th)
J. B. Jennings (7th)
- **constituency2**: Maryland Legislative District 9, 9th district (1999–2003)
Maryland Legislative District 7, 7th district (2003–2011)
- **birth name**: Andrew Peter Harris
- **birth place**: New York City, New York (state), New York, U.S.
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **children**: 5
- **education**: Johns Hopkins University (Bachelor of Science, BS, Doctor of Medicine, MD, Master of Health Science, MHS)
- **signature**: Andy Harris' signature.jpg
- **branch**: *United States Navy
**United States Navy Reserve, Navy Reserve
- **serviceyears**: 1988-2005
- **rank**: Commander (United States), Commander
- **unit**: Medical Corps (United States Navy), Navy Medical Corps
- **battles**: Operation Desert Storm
Hypothetical element

A **hypothetical element** is a chemical element that has not been discovered or made by people.

Currently, all 118 elements in the first seven rows of the periodic table have been discovered or made. This makes all hypothetical elements part of the extended periodic table, beginning with ununennium.

Hypothetical elements are given systematic names based on the digits of their atomic number. For example, element 120 is unbinilium ("one-two-zero-ium").

All remaining hypothetical elements are expected to be very unstable, and are only of interest in research.

### Mendeleev's hypothetical elements

When Dmitri Mendeleev made his periodic table, he left empty spaces for three elements that his theory predicted would exist, but had not been discovered. He named these elements using the Sanskrit words "eka-", "dvi-", and "tri-" depending on how far down it was from a known element in his table.

Mendeleev's table successfully predicted the chemical properties of four elements: scandium as "eka-boron", gallium as "eka-aluminium", germanium as "eka-silicon", and technetium as "eka-manganese". Mendeleev predicted several more elements, like hafnium, but chemists did not understand the lanthanides at the time, so his predictions were less accurate.

The eka- notation was used for hypothetical elements long after Mendeleev. For example, flerovium was known as "eka-lead" before the standard IUPAC system for naming hypothetical elements was made.

### Actinides

At first, the actinides were believed to be transition metals. Uranium was placed on periodic tables as eka-tungsten, and neptunium and plutonium were thought to be eka-rhenium and eka-osmium. When these two elements were actually discovered, though, they had much more in common with uranium.

Glenn T. Seaborg suggested that these radioactive elements were not transition metals, but instead a series of metals like the lanthanides. This created a new series of hypothetical elements, the last of which (lawrencium) was discovered in 1961.

Seaborg also predicted the period 7 homologs of other elements, called transactinides, ending in eka-radon, now called oganesson. The last transactinide to be discovered was tennessine, made in 2009.

## Current hypothetical elements

There are theoretically infinite hypothetical elements, one for each possible natural number of protons. It is harder to find hypothetical elements that people may be able to make. Nuclear fusion making superheavy elements is very difficult.

Most current efforts are focused on ununennium and unbinilium, elements 119 and 120. The heaviest element that people have attempted to make is unbiseptium.