juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Gabby Douglas

**Gabrielle Christina Victoria Douglas** (born December 31, 1995 in Virginia Beach, Virginia) is an American gymnast. She competed with the United States' women's gymnastics team in the 2012 Summer Olympics.  She won gold medals in both the individual all-around and team competitions. (In the "all-around" competition, gymnasts do all four gymnastics activities - balance beam, vault, uneven bars, and floor exercise.)

Douglas is the first African-American woman in Olympic history to win first place in the individual all-around competition. She is also the first American gymnast who ever won gold medals in both the all-around and team competitions at the same Olympics.

Douglas started gymnastics at age 6.  Her sister Arielle, who had broken her wrist doing gymnastics, convinced their mother to let Gabby start taking gymnastics classes.  In October 2002, Douglas began her training at Gymstrada Gymnastics in Virginia Beach, Virginia. In July 2004, she left Gymstrada and began training at Excalibur Gymnastics.

At age 16, Douglas made it to the Olympic Trials. She won first place and got a spot on the United States' 2012 women's gymnastics Olympic team.  Her teammates were Jordyn Wieber, McKayla Maroney, Kyla Ross, and Aly Raisman. They won the team all-around gold medal, and Gabby also won the individual all-around gold medal.

## Other websites

- _AL HAMNIK: Olympic gymnast Gabbrielle Douglas doing it her way_. Al Hamnik, n.d. Web. 16 Oct. 2012.
- _Gabby Douglas Mother Sold Her Jewelry To Help Her Daughter Win Gold Medal_. Camira Powell, n.d. Web. 16 Oct. 2012.
- _Gabrielle Douglas_ . Gabrielle Douglas. United States Olympic Committee, 2012. Web. 9 Oct. 2012.
- Official website

## Infobox (gymnast)

- **name**: Gabby Douglas
- **image**: GabbyDouglasAtMetsGame.jpg
- **caption**: Douglas appearing at Citi Field to throw out the first pitch for a New York Mets, Mets-Colorado Rockies, Rockies game
- **fullname**: Gabrielle Christina Victoria Douglas
- **nickname**: Flying Squirrel
- **birth place**: Virginia Beach, Virginia
- **residence**: Los Angeles, California
- **discipline**: WAG
- **level**: Senior International Elite
- **natlteam**: 2010–present
- **formercoach**: Dena Walker, Gustavo Moure, Liang Chow
- **music**: "Bon, Bon" (Pitbull (entertainer), Pitbull, DJ Alvaro mix of "We No Speak Americano" by Yolanda Be Cool and DCUP)
- **show-medals**: yes
Gloria Gaynor

**Gloria Gaynor** (born **Gloria Fowles**, September 7, 1943 near Newark, New Jersey) is an American recording artist and musician. She performed disco in the 1970s. She is best known for her classic song "I Will Survive".
John Forsythe

**John Forsythe** (born **Jacob Lincoln Freund**; January 29, 1918  April 1, 2010) was an American stage, television, and movie actor.

## Early life

Forsythe born on January 29, 1918 in Penns Grove, New Jersey to Blanche Materson (née Blohm) and to Samuel Jeremiah Freund. Forsythe was the oldest of three siblings. Forsythe was raised in Brooklyn, New York. He was educated at Abraham Lincoln High School and at University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill along with late actors R. G. Armstrong and Andy Griffith.

## Career

His career began when he was an announcer for the Brooklyn Dodgers. Forsythe's movie career began in 1943 in the movie _Northern Pursuit_ and since then he had appeared in many movies such as; _Destination Tokyo_, _Escape from Fort Bravo_, _Madame X_, _Topaz_, _Scrooged_, and his final movie was the 2003 movie _Charlie's Angels: Full Throttle_ that is the sequel to the movie that is based on the television series _Charlie's Angels_ in which Forsythe starred in.

### Notable Television Works

Forsythe had starred in television series, but his most notable television works is in _Dynasty_ as Blake Carrington and  as Charles Townsend in the hit series _Charlie's Angels_. Forsythe was also in _The Powers That Be_, and was a Miss Universe host in 1989.

### Awards

Forsythe has won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Television Series Drama in 1984 for his role in _Dynasty_.

## Personal Life

Forsythe was married three times. He married Parker McCormick in 1939. They divorced in 1943. He married Julie Warren in 1943. She died in 1994 when Forsythe decided to turn her off of life support when she had breathing problems. He married Nicole Carter in 2003. They were married until his death in 2010. Forsythe had a son, two daughters, six grandchildren, and four great-grandchildren.

## Death

Forsythe died on April 1, 2010 from complications of pneumonia in Santa Ynez, California. He was 92 years old. His widow Nicole Carter died 40 days later. He is buried at Oak Hill Cemetery in Santa Barbara, California. He is survived by his son, his two daughters, six grandchildren, and four great-grandchildren.

## Other websites

- Official site

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: John Forsythe
- **image**: John Forsythe - 1957.jpg
- **caption**: Forsythe in 1957
- **birth place**: Penns Grove, New Jersey, U.S.
- **birth name**: Jacob Lincoln Freund
- **death place**: Santa Ynez, California, U.S.
- **resting place**: Oak Hill Cemetery, Ballard, California
- **death cause**: Pneumonia
- **nationality**: American
- **education**: Abraham Lincoln High School (Brooklyn, New York), Abraham Lincoln High School
- **alma mater**: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- **awards**: Golden Globe Award (1983, 1984); Golden Apple Award (1984); Soap Opera Digest Award (1984); TV Land Award (2007); Walk of Fame (Television, 1960)
- **years active**: 1943–2006
- **children**: Page Warren Forsythe
Brooke Warren Forsythe
Dall McCormick Forsythe
Spinal muscular atrophy

**Spinal muscular atrophy** (SMA) is a serious genetic disease which causes nerves and muscles to stop working. This causes the baby to lose its ability to eat, walk, and also breathe. Adults who develop the disease have Type 4 SMA, also called adult onset spinal muscular atropy. It gradually lose the ability to move their bodies. The muscle weakness is known to worsen as the patient ages.  The typical onset is for SMA is 30 years.

Spinal muscular atrophy affects 1 in 10,000 people per year. It is the most common genetic disease causing deaths of babies. One medicine helps in SMA, called Spinraza, is the only treatment.

Spinal muscular atrophy is inherited from parents who might or might not have the disease themselves but both of whom have a recessive fault (mutation) in their genes that predisposes to the disease. Around one in 25 to one in 50 persons, depending on the country, carries a faulty gene of SMA.

### Type 0

It can already be observed before birth. It is the most rare and most severe form of the condition. Infants who have it  tend to move less in the womb. As a result, they are often born with joint deformities or contractures. They have very weak muscle tone (hypotonia) at birth. Their respiratory muscles are also very weak. Most of them do not survive past infancy due to respiratory failure. Some also develop congenital heart defects.

### Type I

Also known as Werdnig-Hoffmann disease is the most common form of all. Its severe form can be seen at birth or within the first few months. Children affected cannot control their head movements. Others may struggle sitting down without any assistance. Others may have difficulty swallowing, which often lead to difficulty feeding. Some may also develop breathing problems because of the weakness of their respiratory muscles. Due to respiratory failure, most patients who suffer from this type of condition do not survive past early childhood.

### Type II

It is also called Dubowitz disease. It is identified by muscle weakness that develops in children between ages 6 and 12 months. They usually cannot sit without support. Apart from difficulty sitting, they usually cannot stand nor walk without help. Other signs include involuntary trembling (tremors) in their fingers, develop scoliosis, and respiratory muscle weakness that can be life-threatening. Many individuals with this type of condition often can only live up to their twenties or thirties.

### Type III

Another name is Kugelberg-Welander disease. It causes muscle weakness in mid-childhood. While many can stand and walk earlier on without much help, as the condition progresses over time, walking and climbing stairs tend to become increasingly difficult for them. Most individuals suffering from this condition tend to require wheelchair assistance later in their lives. Unlike other types, they usually have normal life span.

### Type IV

It is rare and usually manifests in early adulthood. Patients often experience mild to moderate muscle weakness, tremors, and very mild breathing problems.
Traditional African religions

**Traditional African religions** are the traditions of the religious groups in Africa. After Christianity and Islam, they are the third-biggest religious group in Africa. These religions still stick to their traditions. They are folk religions, and combine different beliefs.

In general, people in the cities belong to either Christianity or Islam. The people outside the cities believe in the traditional religions. These religions are omnipresent in everyday life. All that happens has a supernatural cause, rooted in religion.

People are born with a certain religion. Normally conversions from one belief system to another do not take place. There is a central belief in a _life force_ which links everyday life with the metaphysical. Generally, such religions are full of life, and have a low esteem for an ascetic lifestyle. There is also the fear of spirits, the dead, and of magic, which influence everyday life.

## Practices

A few practices of ATR (African traditional religion) in Uganda are:

The killing of twins

The killing of albinos

Building of shrines

The worship of ancestors, such as grandfathers.

A Ugandan legend says an entire tribe disappeared in one night
Helsingborg

**Helsingborg** is a city in Sweden. It is the seat of Helsingborg Municipality, Skåne County. In 2010, 97,122 people lived there.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Helsingborg
- **image skyline**: Helsingborg-300px.jpg
- **image shield**: Coat of arms of Helsingborg, Sweden.svg
- **pushpin map**: Sweden
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Sweden
- **subdivision type3**: Municipalities of Sweden, Municipality
- **subdivision name3**: Helsingborg Municipality
- **subdivision type2**: Counties of Sweden, County
- **subdivision name2**: Skåne County
- **subdivision type1**: Provinces of Sweden, Province
- **subdivision name1**: Scania
- **established title3**: City status in Sweden, Charter
- **established date3**: 1085
- **area total km2**: 38.41
- **population as of**: 31 December 2010
- **population total**: 97,122
- **population density km2**: 2529
- **timezone**: Central European Time, CET
- **utc offset**: +1
- **timezone dst**: Central European Summer Time, CEST
- **utc offset dst**: +2
- **website**: [http://www.helsingborg.se/ www.helsingborg.se]
Patty Hearst

**Patricia Campbell "Patty" Hearst** (born February 20, 1954) is an American socialite and kidnapping victim. On February 4, 1974, Hearst was kidnapped from her apartment. Her experience may have been a case of Stockholm syndrome. She went on to commit robbery with the gang who kidnapped her. Natasha Richardson played Hearst in the movie _Patty Hearst_.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Patricia Hearst Shaw
- **image**: PattyHearstmug.jpg
- **caption**: Police mugshot of Patricia Hearst
- **birth name**: Patricia Campbell Hearst
- **birth place**: San Francisco, California, U.S.
- **occupation**: Heiress, socialite, actress
- **nationality**: American
- **other names**: Patty Hearst
Patricia Hearst Shaw
- **known for**: Being taken hostage by the Symbionese Liberation Army and later recruited as a member
- **spouse**: Bernard Shaw
- **children**: Lydia Hearst-Shaw
Gillian Hearst-Shaw
- **parents**: Randolph Apperson Hearst
Catherine Wood Campbell
- **relatives**: William Randolph Hearst (grandfather)
George Hearst (great-grandfather)
Anne Hearst (sister)
Amanda Hearst (niece)
Beatrice Roberts

**Alice Beatrice Roberts** (March 7, 1905  July 24, 1970) was an American actress whose career lasted for 40 years. She is best known for being the wife of _Robert L. Ripley_ and the mistress of _Louis B. Mayer_.

She was born on March 7, 1905 in Manhattan, New York City, New York. Roberts died on July 24, 1970 in Plymouth, Massachusetts from complications of pneumonia. She was 65.

## Movies

- _Park Avenue Logger_ (1937)
- _Tall Timber_ (1937)
- _Love Takes Flight_ (1937)
- _Bill Cracks Down_ (1937)
- _Flash Gordon's Trip to Mars_ (1938)
- _The Devil's Party_ (1938)
- _Flash Gordon: Deadly Ray from Mars_ (1938)
- _Pioneers of the West_ (1940)
- _It Comes Up Love_ (1943)
- _Criss-Cross_ (1970)
- _Family Honeymoon_ (1970) (final movie)

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Beatrice Roberts
- **image**: Park Avenue Logger (1937) 1.jpg
- **caption**: Roberts (right) with George O'Brien (left) in _Park Avenue Logger_ (1937)
- **birth name**: Alice Beatrice Roberts
- **birth date**: March 7, 1905
- **birth place**: Manhattan, New York City, New York (state), New York, United States, U.S.
- **death date**: July 24, 1970 (aged 65)
- **death place**: Plymouth, Massachusetts, U.S.
- **death cause**: Pneumonia
- **nationality**: American
- **occupation**: Actress
- **years active**: 1936  1970
- **spouse**: (divorced),
John Wesley Smith (19??  19??)
- **partner**: Louis B. Mayer (19??  19??)
Barbara Eden

**Barbara Eden** (born **Barbara Jean Morehead**: August 23, 1931) is an American actress. She is best known for her acting in the sitcom _I Dream of Jeannie_. She has been featured in other television series. She was born in Tucson, Arizona. She was raised in San Francisco.

## Personal life

Eden has been married three times. Her first marriage was to Michael Ansara in 1958. They divorced in 1972. They had a son, Matthew Michael Ansara. On September 3, 1977, She married Charles Donald Fegert. They got divorced in 1983. She married Jon Eicholtz in January 1991.
Mike Beebe

**Mickey Dale Beebe** (better known as **Mike Beebe**; born December 28, 1946) is an American politician. He was the Governor of Arkansas from 2007 to 2015. He was elected in 2006 as governor and re-elected in 2010. He is a member of the Democratic Party of the United States.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Mike Beebe
- **image**: Governor Mike Beebe.jpg
- **order**: 45th
- **office**: Governor of Arkansas
- **lieutenant**: Bill Halter
Mark Darr
- **term start**: January 9, 2007
- **term end**: January 13, 2015
- **predecessor**: Mike Huckabee
- **successor**: Asa Hutchinson
- **office1**: 54th Arkansas Attorney General, Attorney General of Arkansas
- **governor1**: Mike Hutchinson
- **term start1**: January 3, 2003
- **term end1**: January 9, 2007
- **predecessor1**: Mark Pryor
- **successor1**: Dustin McDaniel
- **state senate2**: Arkansas
- **district2**: 21st
- **term start2**: 1993
- **term end2**: 2003
- **predecessor2**: do you know/
- **successor2**: Barbara Horn
- **birth name**: Mickey Dale Beebe
- **birth place**: Amagon, Arkansas, Amagon, Arkansas, USA
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic Party
- **spouse**: Ginger Beebe
- **alma mater**: Arkansas State University, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro
University of Arkansas, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville
- **profession**: Lawyer
- **branch**:  United States Army
- **serviceyears**: 1968-1974
- **unit**: United States Army Reserve, Reserves
Common juniper

The **common juniper** (_Juniperus communis_) is a species in the genus _Juniperus_, in the family Cupressaceae. It has the largest range of any woody plant.  It is all over the cool temperate Northern Hemisphere.  It can be found in North America, Europe and Asia.

## Description

_Juniperus communis_ is a shrub or small coniferous evergreen tree.  It is a low spreading shrub.  Sometimes it can reach 10 m tall.

The seed cones are berry-like.  They are green when ripening.  In 18 months they change to purple-black with a blue waxy coating.

### Crafts

It is too small to be used for lumber. In Scandinavia, however, juniper wood is used for making containers.  These containers store small amounts of dairy products such as butter and cheese. In Estonia juniper wood is valued for its long lasting and pleasant aroma. Various decorative items (often eating utensils) are common in most Estonian handicraft shops and households.

### Culinary

Its astringent blue-black seeds, commonly known as "Juniper berries", are too bitter to eat raw.  They are usually sold dried and used to flavour meats, sauces, and stuffings. They are generally crushed before use to release their flavour. The berries are used to flavour certain beers and gin. The Slovak national alcoholic beverage Borovička is also flavoured with juniper berry extract.

### Traditional medicine

Juniper berries have long been used as medicine by many cultures.  Juniper berries act as a strong urinary tract disinfectant if eaten.  They were used by Native Americans as an herbal remedy for diabetes. Western American tribes combined the berries of _Juniperus communis_ with Berberis root bark in a herbal tea.  Native Americans also used juniper berries as a female contraceptive.
Snail kite

The **snail kite** (_Rostrhamus sociabilis_) is a bird of prey.  It is in the family Accipitridae, which also includes the eagles, hawks, and Old World vultures.

## Description

Snail kites are  long with a  wingspan. They weigh from .

They have long, broad, and rounded wings. Its tail is long with a white rump. The dark, deeply hooked beak measures .

It flies slowly with its head facing downwards to see its prey.  It mostly eats large apple snails.

The snail kite lives in tropical South America, the Caribbean, and central and southern Florida in the United States. It nests in a bush or on the ground and lays 3–4 eggs.
Old World vulture

**Old World vultures** belong to the family Accipitridae.  This family also includes eagles, buzzards, kites, and hawks.

Old World vultures are not closely related to New World vultures and condors.  They do not share that group's good sense of smell.

Both Old World and New World vultures are scavenging birds.  They feed mostly from carcasses of dead animals. Old World vultures find carcasses only by sight. Many vultures have a bald head, with no feathers or short down feathers.  Because of how a vulture eats, their head is spattered with blood and other fluids.  They are able to keep clean by not having long feathers on their head.

There are two groups of Old World vultures.  The first group has the Egyptian vulture, bearded vulture, and palm-nut vulture. Some scientists put this group into a separate subfamily called "Gypaetinae", which means "eagle-vultures". It is related to the group of bazas, honey-buzzards and cuckoo-hawks, which are much smaller birds.  The second group has all the other species.  It is related to the booted eagles, which is a group of eagles that have feathers on their legs down to their toes.

The palm-nut vulture is unusual, because it feeds mainly on the fruit of the oil palm.

### Subfamily Gypaetinae

**Genus _Gypaetus***
- Lammergeier or bearded vulture, _Gypaetus barbatus_
**Genus _Neophron***
- Egyptian vulture, _Neophron percnopterus_
**Genus _Gypohierax***
- Palm-nut vulture, _Gypohierax angolensis_

### Subfamily Aegypiinae

**Genus _Aegypius***
- Cinereous vulture, _Aegypius monachus_
**Genus _Gyps***
- Griffon vulture, _Gyps fulvus_
- White-rumped vulture, _Gyps bengalensis_
- Rüppell's vulture, _Gyps rueppelli_
- Indian vulture, _Gyps indicus_
- Slender-billed vulture, _Gyps tenuirostris_
- Himalayan vulture, _Gyps himalayensis_
- White-backed vulture, _Gyps africanus_
- Cape vulture, _Gyps coprotheres_
**Genus _Necrosyrtes***
- Hooded vulture, _Necrosyrtes monachus_
**Genus _Sarcogyps***
- Red-headed vulture, _Sarcogyps calvus_
**Genus _Torgos***
- Lappet-faced vulture, _Torgos tracheliotus_
**Genus _Trigonoceps**_
- White-headed vulture, _Trigonoceps occipitalis_
Kite (bird)

**Kites** are raptors.  They have long wings and weak legs.  They spend most of the time soaring. Most feed mainly on carrion.  Some take live prey.

They are birds of prey which, along with hawks  and eagles, are from the family Accipitridae.

## Species list

- **Subfamily Elaninae**
    - Genus _Elanus_
        - Black-winged kite, _Elanus caeruleus_
        - Black-shouldered kite, _Elanus axillaris_
        - White-tailed kite, _Elanus leucurus_
        - Letter-winged kite, _Elanus scriptus_
    - Genus _Chelictinia_
        - Scissor-tailed kite, _Chelictinia riocourii_
    - Genus _Machaerhamphus_
        - Bat hawk, _Machaerhamphus alcinus_
    - Genus _Gampsonyx_
        - Pearl kite, _Gampsonyx swainsonii_
    - Genus _Elanoides_
        - Swallow-tailed kite, _Elanoides forficatus_
- **Subfamily Milvinae**
    - Genus _Harpagus_
        - Double-toothed kite, _Harpagus bidentatus_
        - Rufous-thighed kite, _Harpagus diodon_
    - Genus _Ictinia_
        - Mississippi kite, _Ictinia mississippiensis_
        - Plumbeous kite, _Ictinia plumbea_
    - Genus _Rostrhamus_
        - Snail kite, _Rostrhamus sociabilis_
    - Genus _Helicolestes_
        - Slender-billed kite, _Helicolestes hamatus_ - formerly in _Rostrhamus_
    - Genus _Haliastur_
        - Whistling kite, _Haliastur sphenurus_
        - Brahminy kite, _Haliastur indus_
    - Genus _Milvus_
        - Red kite, _Milvus milvus_
            - Cape Verde kite, _Milvus (milvus) fasciicauda_ - extinct (2000)
        - Black kite, _Milvus migrans_
        - Black-eared kite, _Milvus (migrans) lineatus_
        - Yellow-billed Kite, _Milvus (migrans) aegyptius_
    - Genus _Lophoictinia_
        - Square-tailed kite, _Lophoictinia isura_
    - Genus _Hamirostra_
        - Black-breasted buzzard, _Hamirostra melanosternon_

A few of the Perninae are also called kites.

- Grey-headed kite, _Leptodon cayanensis_
- White-collared kite, _Leptodon forbesi_
- Hook-billed kite, _Chondrohierax uncinatus_
Buzzard

A **buzzard** in biology is a member of the genus ***Buteo***. In general talk it may be one of several large birds.

## Old World

In the Old World buzzard can mean:
- One of several  medium-sized, wide-ranging raptors with a robust body and broad wings.
- In particular, those in the genus ***Buteo***. In the Old World, members of this genus are called "buzzards", but "hawk" may be more common in North America.
- Specifically, in Europe, the common buzzard is _Buteo buteo_. Most people call this bird a 'buzzard'.
- Any other raptor with the word _buzzard_ as part of its name.

## New World

In the New World 'buzzard' may mean:
- A vulture.  Mostly the American black vulture and turkey vulture.  It may be used as a general name for vultures.
- In parts of the United States where they are thought to be a pest, the name is used in a bad way to mean a bird of prey.  Mostly it is used for the Cooper's hawk, the sharp-shinned hawk the red-tailed hawk or the duck hawk.

## _Buteo_ species

Scientifically, these are all buzzards.
- Common buzzard (_Buteo buteo_)
    - Steppe buzzard (_Buteo buteo vulpinus_)
- Red-tailed hawk (_Buteo jamaicensis_)
- Long-legged buzzard (_Buteo rufinus_)
- Rough-legged buzzard (_Buteo lagopus_)
- Ferruginous hawk (_Buteo regalis_)
- Red-shouldered hawk (_Buteo lineatus_)
- Broad-winged hawk (_Buteo platypterus_ )
- Swainson's hawk (_Buteo swainsoni_)
- Roadside hawk (_Buteo magnirostris_)
- Ridgway's hawk (_Buteo ridgwayi_)
- White-rumped hawk (_Buteo leucorrhous_)
- Short-tailed hawk (_Buteo brachyurus_)
- White-throated hawk (_Buteo albigula_)
- White-tailed hawk (_Buteo albicaudatus_)
- Galápagos hawk (_Buteo galapagoensis_)
- Red-backed hawk (_Buteo polyosoma_)
- Puna hawk (_Buteo poecilochrous_)
- Gray hawk (_Buteo nitidus_)
- Zone-tailed hawk (_Buteo albonotatus_ )
- Hawaiian hawk (_Buteo solitarius_)
- Rufous-tailed hawk (_Buteo ventralis_)
- Mountain buzzard (_Buteo oreophilus_)
- Madagascar buzzard (_Buteo brachypterus_)
- Upland buzzard (_Buteo hemilasius_)
- Red-necked buzzard (_Buteo auguralis_)
- Augur buzzard, _Buteo augur_
- Archer's buzzard, _Buteo archeri_
- Jackal buzzard (_Buteo rufofuscus_)

## Other species known as "buzzard"

- Black-breasted buzzard (_Hamirostra melanosternon_)
- Lizard buzzard (_Kaupifalco monogrammicus_)
- Grasshopper buzzard (_Butastur rufipennis_)
- White-eyed buzzard (_Butastur teesa_)
- Rufous-winged buzzard (_Butastur liventer_)
- Grey-faced buzzard (_Butastur indicus_)
- Black-chested buzzard-eagle (_Geranoaetus melanoleucus_)
- The honey-buzzards, genus _Pernis_, look something like _Buteo_ buzzards.  They feed on wasp nests and larvae.
    - European or Eurasian Honey buzzard (_Pernis apivorus_)
    - Oriental honey buzzard (_Pernis ptilorhynchus_)
    - Barred honey-buzzard (_Pernis celebensis_)
- Other genus of honey buzzards
    - Black honey buzzard (_Henicopernis infuscatus_)
    - Long-tailed honey buzzard (_Henicopernis longicauda_)
Sacred kingfisher

The **sacred kingfisher** (_Todiramphus sanctus_) is a medium sized woodland kingfisher.

They live in mangroves, woodlands, forests, and river valleys in Australia, New Zealand, and other parts of the western Pacific. In New Zealand the species is also known by its Māori name **Kōtare**.

The sacred kingfisher is mostly turquoise, with white underparts and collar feathers. Both sexes are similar.  The females are usually more dull colored. Juveniles have rusty-brown edges on the collar and underparts. The bird is  long.  They feed on insects, small crustaceans, fish, small rodents and reptiles. Usually, a bird will sit on a low branch and wait for prey to pass by. It swoops down to grab the prey and returns to its perch to eat, much like a hawk.

Once a pair of birds has mated, both members of the pair dig the nest.  The nest is usually on a burrow in a river bank or a large, empty branch. The female lays about five eggs.  Both birds incubate the eggs and take care of the young.
Bill Finnegan

**William Robinson "Bill" Finnegan** (June 29, 1928 in Kansas City, Missouri  November 28, 2008 in Sag Harbor, New York) was an American television and movie producer who is well known for his works in _The Fabulous Baker Boys_, _Hawaii Five-O_, and _Reality Boys_. He was a five time Emmy Award nominee. He was born in Kansas City, Missouri on June 29, 1928. He died from Parkinson's disease in Sag Harbor, New York on November 28, 2008, aged 80.

## Television movies

- _Summer of Fear_ (1978)
- _The Ordeal of Patty Hearst_ (1979)
- _The $2.50 an Hour Dream_ (1980)
- _World War III_ (1982)
- _The Dollmaker_ (1984)
- _Amos_ (1985)
- _The Atlanta Child Murders_ (1985)
- _Circle of Violence_ (1986)
- _Hoover_ (1987)

## Movies

- _Support Your Local Gunfighter_ (1971)
- _North Shore_ (1987)
- _The Fabulous Baker Boys_ (1989)
- _White Palace_ (1990)
- _The Babe_ (1992)
- _CrissCross_ (1992)
- _Reality Bites_ (1994)
- _Ed_ (1996)

## Television

- _Hawaii Five-O_ (1977)
- _The Days and Nights of Molly Dodd_ (1987)
- _Northern Exposure_ (1990  1995)

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Bill Finnegan
- **birth name**: William Robinson Finnegan
- **birth place**: Kansas City, Missouri, U.S.
- **death place**: Sag Harbor, New York, U.S.
- **death cause**: Parkinson's disease
- **nationality**: American
- **years active**: 1950  2003
- **occupation**: Television producer, movie producer
- **spouse**: Patricia Robinson
(19??  2008; his death)
- **children**: 4
- **family**: Charles Robinson (brother)
Operation Barbarossa

**Operation Barbarossa** (, named after Frederick I) was the code name for the European Axis invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II. It began on 22 June 1941. More than 3 million men attacked along the 2,900 km (about 1802 mile) front, which made it the largest military invasion in human history. It also involved 600,000 motor vehicles and 750,000 horses.

In the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact of 1939 Germany and the Soviet Union agreed not to fight each other. Planning for the German surprise attack started in December 1940. The attack was to start on May 15, and its main objective was to destroy the Soviet military power. Some Nazi ideological goals were included, as were Soviet deposits of natural resources, which would be helpful to keep fighting the war against the Allies.

Even though the Soviet Red Army suffered huge losses, the attack did not complete its objectives. The Germans held some of the most important economic areas of the Soviet Union, mainly in Ukraine. However, the Germans were pushed back from Moscow.

The German attack opened the Eastern Front, which in Russia is called the "Great Patriotic War". In the following years Axis powers could not do another attack as large and long as Operation Barbarossa.

## Related pages

- Eastern Front (World War II)

Operation Barbarossa was the largest military operation in human history by the number of men involved and by the number of people who died. The operation opened a theatre in which more men were involved than any other in history.

## Infobox (military conflict)

- **conflict**: Operation Barabarossa
- **image**: Operation Barbarossa corrected border.png
- **partof**: the Eastern Front (World War II), Eastern Front of World War II
- **place**: Soviet Union
- **date**: June 22, 1941 – December 5, 1941
- **result**: The Axis conquers huge areas of the Soviet Union and causes heavy losses on the Red Army but fails in its overall strategy, strategic goal of defeating the Soviets in a Blitzkrieg campaign.
- **combatant1**: ****

- **commander1**: **Adolf Hitler**
 Franz Halder
 Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb
 Fedor von Bock
 Gerd von Rundstedt
Giovanni Messe
 Ion Antonescu
 Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim
- **commander2**: **Joseph Stalin**
 Georgy Zhukov
 Aleksandr Vasilevsky, Aleksandr Vasilyevskiy
 Semyon Budyonny
 Kliment Voroshilov
 Semyon Timoshenko
 Markian Popov
 Fedor Isodorovich Kuznetsov, Fedor Kuznetsov
 Dmitry Pavlov
 Ivan Tyulenev
- **strength1**: ~3 million
3,600 tanks,
4,389 aircraft
46,000 artillery pieces
- **strength2**: ~5.7 million
12,000-15,000 tanks,
35,000-40,000 aircraft (11,357 combat ready on 22 June 1941)
- **casualties1**: 186,452 killed
40,157 missing
655,179 hurt
2,827 aircraft destroyed
2,735 tanks destroyed
- **casualties2**: 802,191 killed
1,336,147 hurt
2,835,000 captured.
21,200 aircraft destroyed
20,500 tanks lost
Hoxne

**Hoxne** (pronounced 'Hoxen') is an ancient village in Suffolk, England, about five miles (8 km) east-southeast of Diss, Norfolk

The area around the village is of great archaeological significance.
1. It was one of the first places where flint hand axes were found (late 18th century). John Frere [17401807], who lived at Roydon Hall in Diss, was the first person to recognise and write about the hand axes. He wrote a letter to the Society of Antiquaries. In this letter he connected the flints to strata in the site of an interglacial lake, part of the Hoxnian interglacial.
1. It is the archaeological type site for the **Hoxnian Stage** or Hoxnian interglacial. The Hoxnian Stage is a middle Pleistocene stage of the geological history of the British Isles. It is equivalent to Marine Isotope Stage 11, which started 424,000 years ago and ended 374,000 years ago.
1. It is the find-spot of the Hoxne Hoard of Roman treasure.

The village is also home to The Swan Inn. The Swan occupies a 15th Century, Grade II listed lodge, formerly known as Bishops Lodge. This pub is set at the bottom end of the village green, near Saint Edmund's memorial and bridge. Built in 1480 by the Bishop of Norwich, The Swan has a long history; both the restaurant and bars reflect Hoxne's ecclesiastical past, with ornate ceiling beams and wide-planked floors.

## Infobox (uk place)

- **official name**: Hoxne
- **country**: England
- **region**: East of England
- **post town**: EYE
- **postcode area**: IP
- **postcode district**: IP21
- **shire county**: Suffolk
- **shire district**: Mid Suffolk
- **hide services**: Yes
- **static image**: Village Hall, Hoxne - geograph.org.uk - 789470.jpg
- **static image caption**: <small>Village Hall, Hoxne</small>
Type (biology)

In biology, a **type** is a specimen, or example, of a specific living thing or taxon, which is a group of specific living things.  For example, if a scientist catches one frog that is not any species of frog that scientists already know, then that frog is the _type_ of a new species of frog. That species will have a new scientific name. In older English writings from before 1900, plant scientists used the word _type_ for groups of living things instead of specimens.

A taxon is a group of living things with a scientific name. Taxons can be small or large.  A species is a taxon.  A genus is a taxon.  A kingdom is a taxon. Taxons are based on published papers with lots of information in them and on type material.  Scientists show the type material to other scientists so they can study it.  They usually do this by putting the material in museums' research collections.

## Type specimen

The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) and the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN) make rules for type specimens.  In these rules, the scientific name of every taxon is almost always based on just one _specimen_. Types are usually specimens that are kept in a museum or herbarium research collection.  These types are usually whole organisms in a preservative, for example alcohol. Sometimes they are just pictures of the organisms. Describing species and appointing type specimens is part of scientific nomenclature and alpha taxonomy.

Depending on the naming code for the organism, a type can be a specimen, a culture, a drawn picture, or (for bacteria) a description.

For example, in the research collection of the Natural History Museum in London, there is a bird specimen numbered 1886.6.24.20. This is the specimen for the spotted harrier, _Circus assimilis_. This specimen is the holotype for that species; the name _Circus assimilis_ is, by definition, the species of that particular specimen.

Scientists do not need to make sure that the specimen they use as a type is a "typical" individual in that taxon. The type can be a different color from other members of its taxon.  It can be deformed or different.

The use of the term _type_ is complicated because botany and zoology use it differently. In the _PhyloCode_, type-based definitions are replaced by phylogenetic definitions.

## Type locality

The type locality is the place where the scientists found the type specimen.

## Older words

In some older books about taxonomy, writers use the word "type" differently. Some use it to mean "taxon."

## Related pages

- Type species

## Other websites

- _ICZN Code_: International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, the official website
- Fishbase Glossary section (archived)
- A compendium of terms (archived)
- Zoological Type Nomenclature (Evenhuis)  (PDF)
Type species

The term **type species** is used in the scientific naming of living things, and is part of a system using a so-called "type".

The type system is central to the scientific naming of living things (organisms). How exactly it works is different depending on exactly what living thing is considered, but in a very general (and imprecise) sense it may be said that it fixes each name _to a particular specimen_, the type specimen. This helps in finding out what particular name is to be used for a particular living thing (or a group of living things, a taxon). There are international Codes of nomenclature which set out exactly how types are to be designated and used.

For animals, the type species of a genus (or subgenus) is the type of that genus (or subgenus). The species (hopefully) has a specimen (or in some cases a group of specimens) as its type, so the type species is the link between a genus (or subgenus) and a type specimen.

For algae, fungi and plants, it is different: the type species of a genus is the species that has the same type (specimen or illustration) as the genus. For example, _Malus sylvestris_, the European Wild Apple, is the type species of the genus _Malus_. Thus, for algae, fungi and plants, a type species plays no great role; it is not an official term, but only a term of convenience.
Type site

In archaeology, a **type site** (or **type-site**, or **typesite**) is a site that is typical of a particular archaeological culture. A type site contains artifacts which are typical of that culture. Type sites are often the first or foundational site discovered about the culture they represent.

For example, the type site of the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A culture is Jericho, in the West Bank. The type site of the pre-celtic/Celtic Bronze Age Hallstatt culture is the lakeside village of Hallstatt, Austria.

In geology the term is used similarly for a site considered to be typical of a particular rock formation, etc. The use of this term is similar to that of the type specimen in biology.
Sportsperson

A **sportsperson**, also known as **sportsmen** or **sportswomen**, is a person who is involved in sports. It may mean someone who is known for the promotion of sport or athletic activities.

A sportsperson can be a man or a woman who is person trained to compete or interested in a sport involving physical strength, speed or endurance.  A sportsman is a player  in a sport; but the term also means someone who plays sport in a way that shows respect and fairness towards the opposing player or team.

The term sportsman can also be used to describe a former competitor who continues to promote the sport in later years.  For example, Tsunekazu Takeda is a sportsman who competed in two Summer Olympic Games and who was the President of the Japanese Olympic Committee before he was elected to the International Olympic Committee (IOC) in 2012.

Sportspeople may be professionals or amateurs.    Sportsmen and sportswomen often have particularly well-developed physiques obtained by extensive physical training and strict exercise accompanied by a strict dietary regimen, but term is also used more broadly.  For example, Hou Yifan was honored in 2011, as the best sportsperson of the year in a non-Olympic event.

The term athlete may be used as a synonym for sportspeople in general, but the word  has strong connotations of people who compete in team sports, as contrasted with other sporting types such as horse riding and driving. For example, a fisherman may be called a sportsman, but not an athlete.  In British English (as well as other variants in the Commonwealth) athlete can also have a more specific meaning of people who compete in traditional athletics (track and field) events.

## Olympic games

The term "World's Greatest Athlete" was first to describe the sportsman Jim Thorpe in the 1912 Summer Olympics at Stockholm in Sweden. Thorpe won the gold medal in the decathlon.  When King Gustav V of Sweden awarded Thorpe, he said, "You, sir, are the greatest athlete in the world."

The title of "World's Greatest Athlete" traditionally belongs to the world's top competitor in the decathlon (males) and heptathlon (females) in track and field. These competitions require an sportsman to possess the whole spectrum of athletic ability in order to be successful including speed, strength, coordination, jumping ability, and endurance.

## Related pages

- Olympic games
- Arjuna Award
- Sportsmanship
Salt-n-Pepa

**Salt-n-Pepa** are an American hip hop trio. They started in New York City in 1985. Among their hit singles are _None of Your Business_, _Whatta Man_, _Push It_ and _You Showed Me_. The group have gone through several lineup changes since their starting. They released their first album _Hot, Cool & Vicious_ in 1986. "None of Your Business" won the Grammy Award for Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group in 1995.
Volkswagen Bora

The **Volkswagen Bora** is a car produced by Volkswagen. It replaced the Vento in 1998, and was replaced by the Jetta in 2005.

## Engines

- _1.4 16V_ 55 kW (75 hp)
- _1.6_ 74 kW (100 hp) and 75 kW (102 hp)
- _1.6 16V_ 77 kW (105 hp)
- _1.6 FSI_ 81 kW (110 hp)
- _1.8 20V_ 92 kW (125 hp)
- _1.8 T_ 110 kW (147 hp) and 132 kW (180 hp)
- _2.0_ 85 kW (115 hp)
- _2.3 V5_ 110 kW (150 hp) and 125 kW (170 hp)
- _2.8 VR6_ 150 kW (204 hp)
- _1.9 SDI_ 50 kW (68 hp)
- _1.9 TDI_ 66 kW (90 hp), 74 kW (100 hp), 81 kW (110 hp), 85 kW (115 hp), 96 kW (130 hp) and 110 kW (150 hp)
Audi 80

The **Audi 80** was a car produced by Audi from 1972 to 1994. It was replaced by the Audi A4.
Miki Kanie

is a sportswoman.  She is best known as a archer who competed in the Summer Olympic Games.

## Career

Kanie was part of a team which won the bronze medal in women's archery at the 2012 Summer Olympics.

This was Japan's first Olympic medal in any team archery event.

## Related pages

- Sports in Japan
- Japan at the Olympics
- Ren Hayakawa
- Kaori Kawanaka
Kaori Kawanaka

is a female Japanese sportswoman.  She is best known as an archer who competed in the Summer Olympic Games.

## Career

Kawanaka was part of a team which won the bronze medal in women's archery at the 2012 Summer Olympics.

This was Japan's first Olympic medal in any team archery event.

## Related pages

- Sports in Japan
- Japan at the Olympics
- Ren Hayakawa
- Miki Kanie
Ryohei Kato

|}

is a Japanese gymnast.

He is the son of Hiroyuki Kato who is the Olympic team coach for gymnastics.

## Career

Kato was part of a team which won the team silver medal in gymnastics at the 2012 Summer Olympics.

## Related pages

- Sports in Japan
- Japan at the Olympics
- Kazuhito Tanaka
- Yusuke Tanaka
- Kōhei Uchimura
- Koji Yamamuro

## Other websites

- Ryohei Kato at London2012.com
Néstor Carbonell

**Nestor Gastón Carbonell** (born December 1, 1967 in New York City, New York) is an American television and movie actor. He is known for playing Richard Alpert in _Lost_, and for playing Mayor Anthony Garcia in Christopher Nolan's _The Dark Knight_ (2008) and in _The Dark Knight Rises_ (2012). He is also known for his role in _Suddenly Susan_, and as Batmanuel in _The Tick_.

Carbonell was born on December 1, 1967 in New York City, New York to a Spanish family. Carbonell was educated at Harvard University. He has been married to Shannon Kenny since 2001. They have two children together.

## Filmography

- _Garage Sale_ (1996)
- _Attention Shoppers_ (2000)
- _Agua Dulce_ (2001)
- _Jack the Dog_ (2001)
- _New Suits_ (2001)
- _The Laramie Project_ (2001)
- _Manhood_ (2003)
- _The Lost City_ (2005)
- _Smokin' Ages_ (2006)
- _The Dark Knight_ (2008)
- _Killer Movie_ (2008)
- _Noah's Ark: The New Beginning_ (2010)
- _Cristiada_ (2011)
- _The Dark Knight Rises_ (2012)
Amuca tribe

The **Amuca tribe** (), (), is one of the Alevism-Bektashi groups of the Turkish tribes of the Oghuz Turks who traces back to Gündüz Bey older Brother to Osman I. This was a group of people in the Ottoman Empire which moved from Anatolia to the Balkans. At the end of 14th century, this clan settled in Thrace. Today they live in Kırklareli Province. The first founded village of this tribe was Keşirlik, located in the Mahya Dağı. The Men are wellknown Wrestlers in Turkish Oil Wrestling.
Kazuhito Tanaka

is a Japanese sportsman.  He is best known as a gymnast.

## Career

Tanaka was part of a team which won the team silver medal in gymnastics at the 2012 Summer Olympics.

## Related pages

- Sports in Japan
- Japan at the Olympics
- Ryohei Kato
- Yusuke Tanaka
- Kōhei Uchimura
- Koji Yamamuro

## Other websites

- Kazuhito Tanaka at London2012.com

## Infobox (sportsperson)

- **name**: Kazuhito Tanaka
- **fullname**: Kazuhito Tanaka
- **birth place**: Wakayama Prefecture, Wakayama, Japan
- **discipline**: MAG
- **level**: Senior International Elite
- **show-medals**: yes
Sportsmanship

**Sportsmanship** is traditional value in sports and competition.  It means playing clean and handling both victory and defeat with grace, style, and dignity.

Sportsmanship is generally understood to include
- playing fair
- following the rules of the game
- respecting the judgment of referees and officials
- treating opponents with respect

The ideal of sportsmanship argues that "it doesn't matter whether you win or lose, but how you play the game".

Sportsmanship can be different  depending on the game itself or the culture of the group. For example, in the sport of cricket, a player will sometimes acknowledge that he is out by walking off the field, even though the umpires (game officials) had thought that he was not out. In another example, a tennis player who sees a ball go in but is called out by the linesperson could concede the point or suggest the opponent make a challenge, as was the case with professional tennis player Jack Sock on at least two occasions.

## Olympic Games

In the context of the Olympic Games, athletes are expected to do their best. Otherwise, they would go against the Olympic motto of "Faster, Higher, Stronger".

### Select examples of good sportsmanship

- Eugenio Monti in the bobsleigh at the 1964 Winter Olympics at Innsbruck
- Lawrence Lemieux in sailing at the 1988 Summer Olympics at Seoul
- Shin Lam in fencing at the 2012 Summer Olympics at London

### Select examples of bad sportsmanship

In the London Olympics, some athletes attempted to lose their badminton matches, including
- Tian Qing, Zhao Yunlei, Wang Xiaoli and Yu Yang of China
- Jung Kyung-eun, Kim Ha-na, Ha Jung-eun and Kim Min-jung of South Korea
- Greysia Polii and Meilana Jauhari of Indonesiaз

## Related pages

- Pierre de Coubertin medal
- Sportsperson
- Unsportsmanlike conduct
Multi-touch

In computing, **multi-touch** is the name for a piece of technology that lets you use a trackpad or touchscreen by pressing on more than one place on the screen at one time. This often lets you do things that you could not do by other ways, such as pinch to zoom.

One of the first products to have multi-touch was the iPhone. Its iOS operating system was meant to be used using gestures such as tapping, pinching, spreading, rotating, and more. At the time, Apple, the company who made the iPhone, tried to register the word "multi-touch" as a trademark, but they could not do so as the term became used by everyone else.

Today, multi-touch can be found on many electronic devices with touchscreens, such as smartphones, tablet computers, and even some PCs.