juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Resuscitation

**Resuscitation** is a thing to do in a medical emergency. It is first aid which is given to a person who is unconscious, and where breathing or pulse can not be detected. It is done to make oxygen continue to reach the heart and the brain. That way, a doctor may be able to restart the heart, possibly without damaging the brain.

The most common cause for a stopping heart is a heart attack.

## What to do

The person helping must:
- Make sure there is no danger
- Get to the patient. Talk to them, ask direct questions (_Where are you hurt?_), give direct commands (_Open your eyes!_). The person helping tells them what he or she is about to do (_I am going to touch your shoulder_).
- Resuscitation is not needed if the patient responds.
- Call for help
Aubergine

The **aubergine** (also called **eggplant** or **brinjal**) is a plant. It is actually a fruit, but it is used like a vegetable. The plant is in the nightshade family of plants. It is related to the potato and tomato. Originally, it comes from India and Sri Lanka. The Latin/French term aubergine comes from the historical city of Vergina (Βεργίνα) in Greece. The aubergine **eggplant** is estimated to have been brought to Greece around 325 BC after the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC. Discovering this new vegetable during his conquest, Alexander the Great wanted to bring it back to his country on his return. After his death, members of his army brought aubergine seeds with them to Greece and specifically to the city of Vergina (Βεργίνα). The Latin/French term aubergine  (au·ber·gine) (\ˈō-bər-ˌzhēn\) is estimated around 1505 AD and is coined to Franco-Catalan gastronomist Sergius Rosario Silvestri, co-traveller and close friend to Amerigo Vespucci. Upon arrival to the historical site of Vergina (Βεργινα) and wanting to try the local delicacies, Silvestri came across the plant of aubergine. Not knowing its name, he referred to it as aubergine  (au Bergine or au Vergine) which in French means _at Vergina_ or _found at Vergina_.
Coral Sea Islands

The **Coral Sea Islands** (or **Coral Sea Islands Territory**) is a group of islands on the Great Barrier Reef, in the country of Australia. Some islands have automatic weather stations or lighthouses on them. Willis Island is the only island where people live; four people there run a weather station. They are in the Coral Sea, northeast of Queensland.
Pernambuco

**Pernambuco** is a state of Brazil. The capital city of the state is Recife. About 8 million people live in Pernambuco with 1.5 million of those living in Recife. The economy is largely based on agriculture, its main exports are sugar cane and manioc. It has a mainly tropical climate.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: State of Pernambuco
- **native name lang**: pt
- **settlement type**: States of Brazil, State
- **image flag**: Bandeira de Pernambuco.svg
- **image shield**: Brasão do Pernambuco.svg
- **image map**: Brazil State Pernambuco.svg
- **map caption**: Location of State of Pernambuco in Brazil
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **seat type**: Capital and Largest City
- **seat**: Recife
- **leader title**: Governor (Brazil), Governor
- **leader name**: Paulo Câmara
- **leader title1**: Vice Governor
- **leader name1**: Luciana Santos
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area total km2**: 98311.616
- **area rank**: List of Brazilian states by area, 19th
- **population total**: 8,931,028
- **population as of**: 2012
- **population rank**: List of Brazilian states by population, 7th
- **population density km2**: auto
- **population density rank**: List of Brazilian states by population density, 6th
- **population demonym**: Pernambucano
- **demographics type1**: GDP
- **demographics1 title1**: Year
- **demographics1 info1**: 2007 estimate
- **demographics1 title2**: Total
- **demographics1 info2**: R$ 32.255.687 (List of Brazilian states by gross domestic product, 10th)
- **demographics1 title3**: Per capita
- **demographics1 info3**: R$ 4.337 (List of Brazilian states by gross domestic product, 21st)
- **demographics type2**: Human Development Index, HDI
- **demographics2 title1**: Year
- **demographics2 info1**: 2005
- **demographics2 title2**: Category
- **demographics2 info2**: 0.718 – <span style="color:#fc0">Low</span> (List of Brazilian states by Human Development Index, 23rd)
- **timezone1**: Time in Brazil, BRT
- **utc offset1**: -3
- **timezone1 dst**: Time in Brazil, BRST
- **utc offset1 dst**: -2
- **iso code**: ISO 3166-2:BR, BR-PE
- **postal code type**: Postal Code
- **postal code**: 50000-000 to 56990-000
- **website**: [http://www.pe.gov.br/ pe.gov.br]
- **leader name3**: Fernando Bezerra Coelho (Democratic Movement (Brazil), MDB)
Humberto Costa (Worker's Party (Brazil), PT)
Jarbas Vasconcelos (Democratic Movement (Brazil), MDB)
- **leader title3**: Federal Senate, Senators
Manioc

**Manioc** (or **Cassava**, or **Yuca**, especially in Latin America) is a shrub. It belongs to the Spurge family of plants and it grows in tropical climates. It is cultivated for its edible root. The manioc must be cooked properly to detoxify it before it is eaten as it contains cyanide, and can be used in dumplings, soups, stews and gravies.
Manioc is a plant grown for its big white root. The root is an important food source for people in many tropical countries. Such countries are like Africa, South America and Asia. It is a tall, shrubby plant that grows to about 4-6 meters tall. It has large green leaves. The root of the plant is long and white. It is usually about 15 centimeters wide.

The root of the manioc plant is rich in carbohydrates. It also contains other important nutrients, such as vitamin C and iron. 100 grams of manioc root contains around 130 calories, 30 grams of carbohydrates, 2 grams of fiber, 1.6 gram of protein, and negligible amount of fat.

To eat the root, it must be cleaned, peeled, and sometimes grated. It can be cooked in different ways, like fry, boil, or bake. It is used to make different foods like cakes, bread, and fufu.

Manioc is also used to make flour and other food products. The flour is gluten-free. The it can be used for baking and making different dishes. It is commonly used to thicken sauces and soups. Tapioca the popular ingredient in many dishes also made with manioc.

People eat leaves of manioc as a vegetable. People also used the young shoots in salads or cooked as a green.

However, it is important to note that it contains a toxic chemical called linamarin. It needs to be removed before eating. This is done by grating, soaking and cooking the root. If it's not done well, it can make sick.

In some places, people make a drink from the root called "cassava beer". Also, it is used as food for animals, and its leaves as forage.

Manioc can be grown with little care and few things, making it a good crop for small farmers. It can also be grown on the same land for a few years in a row.

## Related pages

- Kinako
Yucca

**Yucca** is a family of shrubs and trees, related to the agaves. There are between 40 and 50 different kinds of Yucca. All come from the hot and dry places in North and Central America, as well as the Caribbean.

They have a very special way of pollination. There is an animal, the Yucca moth, which does the pollination. It also lays its eggs in the plant. The larvae will eat some of the seeds, but not all of them.

In many parts of the world, yuccas are grown as ornamental flowers.
Herb

**Herbs** are plants that are grown either as a food (usually as a condiment), or because they have some use in treating diseases (or making them better), or for spiritual reasons (for example, their smell). Some herbs may act as an aphrodisiac.

The word herb comes from the Latin word _herba_, meaning grass, green stalks, or blade<nowiki/>s.  Botanists use the word to mean any plant with soft, succulent tissues.  But many people use the word to mean only herbs with some economic value.

Herbs are small plants that have a fleshy or juicy stem when they are young.  The stems of some herbs develop hard, woody tissue when they grow old.

Most herbs are perennials.  This means that the top of each plant die each growing season, but the roots remain alive and produce new plants year after year.

Some herbs are annual<nowiki/>s.  They live for only one growing season and must be raised from seed each year.

## Uses

The leaves, stems, or seeds of herbs can be used fresh, or they can be dried for later use.  Dried herbs can be pounded to a fine powder, placed in airtight containers, and then stored.

Some herbs are used in cooking to flavor foods.  Others give scents to perfume<nowiki/>s.  Still others are used for medicines.  Some herbs, such as balm and sage, are valued for their leaves.  Saffron is picked for its buds and flowers.  Fennel seeds are valuable in relishes and seasoning.  Vanilla fruit pods yield vanilla flavoring.  Ginseng is valued for its aromatic roots.

## Growing herbs

People often grow herbs in their gardens.  Some people grow herb gardens for the patterned beds that they can create with these plants.  Many other gardeners grow herbs for the flavor that the fresh or dried plants add to food.

Herb seeds and seedlings are inexpensive, and the plants grow easily. People who do not have enough outdoor space for herb beds can grow most kinds of herbs in containers.

Many kinds of herbs can also be grown indoors. The plants grow well with little care.  Gardeners plant herbs in good soil that has been well-cultivated.  They choose a sunny spot near a window.

## Related pages

- List of herbs

## Other websites

- Herb Information Resources
Podcasting

**Podcasting** is a way to share information as digital audio files.  People often  subscribe, download, and share podcasts using a computer and listen to them on an MP3 player.

Many podcasts are similar to broadcast radio news or discussion programs.  Some use other formats such as a continuing story, comedy show, lecture, or audiobook.

As of 7 August 2022, there are at least 2,864,367 podcasts and 135,736,875 episodes.

Podcasts can be produced by individuals, organizations, or companies, covering a wide range of topics from entertainment to education and news.

## Different types

Podcasts can be found for almost any topic. Radio program<nowiki/>s, do-it-yourself projects, special interest group<nowiki/>s, religious sermons, comedy sketches, cartoons, and just about anything else can be found. A podcast can be found using a podcast search engine. Once a podcast is found, it can be subscribed to, like a magazine or newspaper, and streamed or downloaded. Podcasting services are used to stream or download podcasts and listen to them.

Podcasting has become so popular that many people who write for magazines or report news on television have also been putting out their own podcasts. Anyone can start a podcast and share their knowledge with the world with the help of different platforms that are currently available online.

## Other websites

- Podcasting News Directory
Alexander Fleming

Sir **Alexander Fleming** (6 August 1881 – 11 March 1955) was a Scottish biologist and pharmacologist. His father Hugh, died at 59 when Alexander was only seven. He is best known for discovering the antibiotic substance penicillin in 1928. He shared  Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1945 for this discovery with Howard Walter Florey and Ernst Boris Chain. His accidental finding of penicillin in the year 1928 marked the start of today's antibiotics.

Fleming was a captain in the Royal Army Medical Corps during World War I. He saw many soldiers die of infection after being wounded, and after the war did research in bacteriology. After accidentally finding penicillin he studied ways to use it.

Fleming died of a heart attack in London. He was buried in St. Paul's cathedral.

.

## Related pages

- List of biologists
Litter box

A **litter box** (sometimes called a **sand box**, a **litter tray** or a **litter pan**) is a place for cats and some other pets to use as a toilet. Litter boxes usually need to be cleaned regularly. Cats, for example, wish to have their box cleaned every two to three days. Some cats create litterboxes in places like playgrounds and sandpits. Litterboxes usually produce bad smells, which can be avoided by special litter. Many people buy a special kind of clay to fill the box, for this reason.
Playground

A **playground** is an area used by children to play in. They usually have equipment such as slides, swings and seesaws for children to play on. They are usually outside, but sometimes they are in a building. Having a playground can enhance your macadam surface and improve your kid’s time in the playground.

The equipment may be made of metal, wood or plastic. The ground beneath the equipment will not be hard in case a child falls. It may be a rubber floor, or there may be woodchips or sand.

Playgrounds give children a place for physical exercise.  This helps them get and keep physical fitness and be strong and healthy.  Daily exercise reduces the risks of obesity.
Phishing

**Phishing** is a way that people get sensitive information such as usernames or passwords. It is a method of social engineering. Very often, phishing is done by electronic mail. This mail looks as if it comes from a bank or other trusted company. It usually says that because of some change in the system, the users need to re-enter their usernames/passwords to confirm their identity. The emails usually have a link to a page that looks like that of the real bank.

Phishing allows criminals to get access to bank accounts or other accounts. Types of accounts that are often accessed include shopping, auction or gaming accounts. It can also be used for identity theft.

Most forms of phishing have not had much change over the lifetime of the Internet. During this time, some phishing tactics have gotten much more sophisticated. For example, many phishing techniques via e-mail involve spoofing the email address and creating emails that look just like emails sent from the real company. Not all phishing attempts do this, however.

Phishing can also be done over text using instant messaging apps such as Facebook Messenger or WhatsApp. It can even be done using snail mail. If someone gets a text from an unknown number that tells them to visit a specific website for any reason, it might be a phishing link.

## Filter evasion

Some people who do this started using images of text to make it harder for anti-phishing filters to see it. This can work because the filters look for words often used in phishing emails/messages. However, better filters have been invented that can still read the text using OCR (optical character recognition).

Some anti-phishing filters can even read cursive, hand-written, upside-down, distorted (for example, wavy or stretched) text, as well as writing on colored backgrounds.

## Other websites

- E-scams and Warnings Update  – Federal Bureau of Investigation
- Bank Safe Online – Advice to UK consumers
One Magic Christmas

***One Magic Christmas*** is a 1985 Christmas movie released by Walt Disney Pictures, starring Harry Dean Stanton and Mary Steenburgen. The other cast is Gany Basaraba, Elisabeth Harnois, Arthur Hill, Wayne Robson, Elias Koteas, Michelle Meyrink, Sarah Polley.
The genre of this movie is family, drama, fantasy movie. The director is Phillip Borsos.
Kidney failure

**Kidney failure** (also called **renal failure**) is a term used to describe when a person's kidneys stop working (functioning) properly, or fail. Kidney failure can be divided into two categories: chronic renal failure, and acute renal failure.

## Chronic renal failure

Chronic renal failure develops slowly, and there are not many noticeable symptoms at first. Chronic kidney disease causes tropinin levels (tropinin T only, in chronic kidney disease) to rise and elevation is less marked.

Chronic renal failure can be a sign of other diseases, like IgA nephritis, glomerulonephritis, chronic pyelonephritis, and urinary retention.

Chronic renal failure will eventually develop into end-stage renal failure if it is left untreated. End-stage renal failure can only be treated with dialysis or a kidney transplant.

## Acute renal failure

Acute renal failure develops in a short time, and symptoms are more noticeable. Signs and symptoms include:
- Urinating less than usual
- Changes in the amount of water in the body
- Electrolyte levels that are not normal
The cause of acute renal failure needs to be found quickly. Dialysis is often needed to prevent permanent damage to the body while the cause is being found.

## Acute-on-chronic renal failure

It is possible to have acute renal failure on top of chronic renal failure. This is called "acute-on-chronic renal failure."
Foxtrot (disambiguation)

**Foxtrot** has several meanings.

- The Foxtrot is a kind of ballroom dance.
- Foxtrot is the name of a comic strip written by Bill Amend.
- Foxtrot is the letter 'F' in the NATO phonetic alphabet.
Raoult's law

**Raoult's law** states that the vapour pressure of a binary solution containing a **non-volatile** solute is directly related to the mole fraction of solvent (i.e. volatile) in the solution.

Also, it states that the vapour pressure of each component in a binary solution containing **volatile** components is directly related to its respective mole fraction in the solution.

Relative going-down of vapour pressure is equal to mole fraction of non volatile and non-electrolytic solute. This is known as Raoult's law.

P-P(INITIAL)/P(INITIAL)=n(SOLUTE)/n(SOLVENT)
Overdose

An **overdose** is  when someone takes too much of a certain drug. This may be done voluntarily (as an attempt of suicide) or involuntarily (accidentally). The drug may be a drug taken to treat some medical condition, or it may be a drug taken for recreation. Overdoses are considered to be poisoning, usually. They may lead to death, depending on the drug used.

## What to do with people who had an overdose

If someone is thought to have had an overdose it is important to get them to a doctor, or hospital. It can be very hard to see what kind of drug was taken. Therefore, it can be hard for the doctor to find an antidote to give. For this reason, a packet (even if it is empty) of the drug should be taken.
- Act as described in medical emergency, call an ambulance.
- In addition, the person who has taken the overdose needs to be kept from the effects of the drug. In the case of pills that act like sleeping pills, they must be kept from falling asleep or unconscious. In the case of pills that act like stimulants, they must be calmed down, moved to a calm environment.

## Infobox (disease)

- **name**: Drug overdose
- **image**: CharcoalPO.jpg
- **caption**: Activated carbon is a commonly used agent for decontamination of the gastrointestinal tract in overdoses.
- **diseasesdb**: 3971
- **icd10**: -
- **icd9**: -
- **meshid**: D015537
Estate

**Estate** could mean:
- Estate (law), a word used in common law when talking about all of a person's property, entitlements and obligations
- Estate (social), a broad social category in the histories of certain countries
- Immovable property, real estate or real property
- Estate (house) may mean the grounds surrounding a very large property, such as a country house or mansion
- Types of built-up area:
    - A housing estate - this is mostly UK usage
    - A trading estate or industrial estate. This is mostly UK usage.
- Station wagon, called an "Estate car" in British English
- States-General, may refer to one or more parliaments
Shock (circulatory)

A person is in **shock** when blood is not sufficient to bring oxygen to the brain. The shock is progressive and can be deadly if it is not quickly made well.

The normal first aid action is the _Trendelenburg position_, the person is lying face upward, with legs lifted. The blood is forced to flow to the brain.

## Infobox (medical condition (new))

- **name**: Shock
- **image**: US Navy 120203-N-CD652-004 U.S. Naval Hospital Guantanamo Bay emergency technician (EMT) trainees work with Naval Station Guantanamo Bay firemen to.jpg
- **caption**: United States Navy, US Navy Emergency medical technician, EMT trainees and firemen using Intravenous therapy, IV fluid replacement in treating a trauma training mannequin to prevent hypovolemic shock
- **field**: Critical care medicine
- **symptoms**: **Initial**: Weakness, fast heart rate, fast breathing, sweating, anxiety, increased thirst
**Later**: Confusion, unconsciousness, cardiac arrest
- **types**: Hypovolemia#Stages of hypovolemic shock, Low volume, cardiogenic shock, cardiogenic, Obstructive shock, obstructive, distributive shock, distributive
- **causes**: **Low volume**: Severe bleeding, vomiting, diarrhea, dehydration, or pancreatitis
**Cardiogenic**: severe heart attack (especially of the left or right ventricles), severe heart failure, cardiac contusion
**Obstructive**: Cardiac tamponade, tension pneumothorax
**Distributive**: Sepsis, spinal cord injury, certain overdoses
- **diagnosis**: Based on symptoms, physical exam, laboratory tests
- **treatment**: Based on the underlying cause
- **medication**: Intravenous fluid, vasopressors
- **prognosis**: Risk of death 20 to 50%
- **frequency**: 1.2 million per year (US)
Big Ben

**Big Ben** is the nickname of a bell that hangs in the clock tower at the northern end of the Houses of Parliament in Westminster, London, England. Officially, the tower itself is called **Elizabeth Tower**. It was previously known as just the **Clock Tower**, but was renamed in September 2012 as a tribute to the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II. However, most people, including those that live in London, call the tower "Big Ben" because it is very large.

Designed by Edmund Beckett Denison, the clock took 13 years to build and it was completed in 1859. It has worked continuously since then except for a few months in 1976 when it broke down and had to be fixed.

Big Ben is one of England’s best-known landmarks. Some believe it got its name from Sir Benjamin Hall. The Elizabeth Tower which it is located in has become one of the most prominent symbols of the United Kingdom and is often in the establishing shot of films set in London.

In August 2017, repair work commenced on the clock, which was intended to take four years. However, Big Ben did not resume regular service until November 2022. For the safety of those doing the repair work, Big Ben no longer rang out every hour during construction. It was still heard on special occasions, such as the New Year and Remembrance Day.

## Description

The Elizabeth Tower is over  high and the turret clock mechanism that drives the clock alone weighs about 5 tons (5.08 tonnes). The clock on it has four faces that are  in diameter, making it one of the largest in the world for a clock that chimes and strikes every hour. The figures on the clock face are about  long and the minute spaces are  long. There are, however, clocks with much bigger faces that Big Ben. One of these is the Abraj Al Bait, a hotel in Mecca, Saudi Arabia. Its faces are more than ten times bigger than Big Ben.

The bell known as Big Ben weighs 13 tons and is the biggest of the five bells in the Elizabeth Tower. Big Ben only sounds at the top of every hour, and at that time it rings once for every hour (for example, it rings three times at 3 o'clock). The other four bells in the tower are smaller and play a short melody every 15 minutes. This melody, which is broadcasted live on BBC Radio 4 at 6 pm and midnight every day, can be heard in many other clocks around the world and is called the Westminster Chimes.

The bells are struck by hammers that are connected to the clock mechanism, which is powered by large weights that are wound three times a week. It does not use any electricity except for winding and to light the faces so that the clock could be seen when it is dark.

There are many possible ways Big Ben was made for.

Here are some reasons:

1. Some think that Big Ben was made to honor Queen Victoria.
1. The main reason though was to serve as a clock for the Palace of Westminister
Strontium

**Strontium** is a chemical element. It has the chemical symbol **Sr**. It has the atomic number 38. It is a metal. The color of the metal is silver-white or yellow-silver. The metal is soft, and highly reactive chemically.

In chemistry it is placed in a group of metal elements named the alkaline earth metals. Strontium has a high chemical reactivity. The metal turns yellow when exposed to air. Strontium has properties similar to those of its two vertical neighbors in the periodic table, calcium and barium.

It is found naturally in the minerals celestite and strontianite. The <sup>90</sup>Sr isotope is present in radioactive fallout and has a half-life of 28.9 years.

Strontium forms salts which make a red flame when they burn. They are used in flares for signalling the position of survivors or shipwrecks and to make the red color in fireworks.
It is named after the village of Strontian, Scotland.
Alkaline earth metal

The **alkaline earth metals** are the second group of metals on the periodic table. They are related to the Alkali metals, but they do not react as much because they need more energy to remove their two electrons, so they do not have to be stored in petrol.As ions they have a charge of +2a. The alkaline earth metals are mostly silver colored, soft metals, which react readily with _halogens_ and water to form salts, though not as rapidly as some of the alkali metals, to form_ alkaline hydroxides_. Many _prokatates and hantates_ can be found in the crust of  these metals

The alkaline earth metals are: Beryllium (Be), Magnesium (Mg), Calcium (Ca), Strontium (Sr), Barium (Ba), and radium (Ra).

Beryllium is very brittle metal that is used in gemstones.

Magnesium is used in making steel alloys.

Calcium can be used in dairy products like milk.

Strontium is used for making glass for TVs and to make fireworks red.

Barium is used in fireworks to turn them green.

Radium is a very radioactive metal used in glowing watches.
Dag Hammarskjöld

**Dag Hammarskjold** (Swedish: **Dag Hjalmar Agne Carl Hammarskjöld**) (29 July 1905 – 18 September 1961) was a Swedish diplomat and the second Secretary-General of the United Nations. He served as Secretary-General from April 1953 until his death in a plane crash in what is now Zambia, on 18 September 1961. He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize after his death in 1961.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Dag Hammarskjöld
- **nationality**: Sweden, Swedish
- **image**: Dag Hammerskjold, Bestanddeelnr 912-9459 (cropped).jpg
- **order**: 2nd Secretary-General of the United Nations
- **term start**: April 10, 1953
- **term end**: September 18, 1961
- **predecessor**: Trygve Lie
- **successor**: U Thant
- **birth place**: Jönköping, Sweden
- **death place**: Ndola, Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland
Yorkshire pudding

**Yorkshire pudding** is a British food, a baked pudding made from a batter of eggs, flour, and milk or water. It is usually served with roast meat and vegetables.

## Other websites

- How to make a Yorkshire Pudding
- Yorkshire Pudding Recipe
Extraterrestrial life

**Extraterrestrial life** is life that is not from the planet Earth. It is also called **alien life** or just **extraterrestrials** or **aliens**. The word '_Terra_' in Latin refers to our planet - Earth. Thus, extraterrestrial life refers to the life forms not originating on or from the planet Earth.

It is reasonable to say that planets rather like ours exist, and that life might evolve there also.  So far, none has been found, though it is possible that life once existed on Mars.  It is not a new idea.  Some philosophers have speculated on the existence of other planets like ours, with the idea that what happened here could also happen there.  One thing we do know is that many other star systems have exoplanets.

Searches like SETI have been made for signals from extraterrestrial life-forms. No clear signals from outer space have been detected yet.

## In fiction

Alien life is commonly seen in Science fiction and some Fantasy. Aliens in fiction are frequently shown as looking a lot like humans, but some authors have created much stranger aliens. H.P. Lovecraft, Kurt Vonnegut, and H.G. Wells all wrote about aliens that look very different than humans.

## In religion

Some religions believe in aliens and may treat them like divine beings in other religions. Examples are Raëlism, Scientology and the Heaven's Gate cult, who killed themselves because they thought it would allow their soul<nowiki/>s to go to an alien spaceship.

## In pseudoscience

Some people think that UFOs are alien spacecraft, or claim to have seen alien life on Earth. They may even claim they were kidnapped by aliens, who are often said to have big black eyes and grey skin. There is no good evidence for these claims and most scientists consider them Pseudoscience or Urban legends.

## Related pages

- Abiogenesis
- Astrobiology
- Earliest known life forms
- Extraterrestrial sky
- Panspermia
- Voyager Golden Record

## Other websites

- Actual Aliens : Extraterrestrial News and Current Events
- _PBS: Exploring Space - The Quest for Life_ by Scott Pearson
- _ufoskeptic.org_ by Bernard Haisch
- "What Aliens Might Look Like" from National Geographic
- Top stars picked in alien search
Christian Apologetics and Research Ministry

**Christian Apologetics Research Ministry** (**CARM**) is a religious organization that was created in 1995 by Matt Slick. It is an internet apologetics ministry. It writes things against what he considers cults. On the CARM website there is a chat room and internet forum. This lets people to talk to other people about things related to CARM and its teachings. On the CARM website there is a theology and apologetics school that is online. There is a cost to join the school. Matt Slick also has the website The Calvinist Corner.

## Other websites

- CARM
- Calvinist Corner website
- Evangelical Outreach
American University of Beirut

The **American University of Beirut** (**AUB**; ) is the first American university to be built in Beirut, Lebanon. Its old name was the **Syrian Protestant College**, and it was built in the year 1866. The name was changed to American University of Beirut on November 18, 1920.
Caliph

A **caliph** is a Muslim monarch who claims to be a successor to the Islamic prophet Muhammad, the founder of the Muslim Arab rule in the 7th century. Their rule is called a caliphate.  Some Caliphs were appointed by a Shura council.

Some of the early leaders of the Muslim community following Muhammad's (570–632) death called themselves _"Khalifat Allah"_, meaning _representative of God_.  But the other title of _"Khalifat rasul Allah"_, meaning the successor to the prophet of God, became the common title.  Some academics write the term as _Khalīf_.

Caliphs were often also called _Amīr al-Mu'minīn_ (), _leader of the Muslims_. This title has since been shortened to "emir". It is also found as a personal name in some countries.

After the first four caliphs (Abu Bakr, Umar ibn al-Khattab, Uthman ibn Affan, and Ali ibn Abi Talib), the title was used by the Umayyads, the Abbasids, and the Ottomans, as well as by other dynasties in Southern Pakistan, Spain, Northern Africa, and Egypt. Most historical Muslim rulers simply titled themselves sultans or emirs, and the caliph himself often had very little real authority. The title was not used after the Republic of Turkey abolished the Ottoman caliphate in 1924.

## Related pages

- Caliphate
- Emirate
- Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
- Shah
- Shaykh al-Islam
Bensheim

**Bensheim** is a city in Hesse, Germany. It is at the edge of the Odenwald and near to the river Rhine. It had 39,642 inhabitants in 2005 and is the biggest city of the Bergstraße district.

## Industry

Economically it is in an area where wine grapes are grown. Many small businesses in the areas such as electronics, software development or services can be found.

The city has also factories/offices of Sirona  former known as Siemens, Tyco International, Akzo Nobel , Suzuki and SAP SI .

## Bensheim-Auerbach - Fürstenlager State Park

The ”Fürstenlager” near Bensheim-Auerbach are simple buildings built like a village around the Good Well in the middle of a landscaped park. Its owners sought the peace of a rural idyll far removed from the court.

## Neighbouring communities and areas

To the West, Bensheim borders Lorsch and Einhausen; to the North Zwingenberg; to the East Lautertal; and to the South Heppenheim.

It is also known for its good traffic connections to other nearby cities. In the North Darmstadt and Frankfurt am Main; in the East Worms; and in the South Heidelberg, Mannheim and Ludwigshafen are all within an hour's drive.

## Other websites

- www.bensheim.de
- Fürstenlager Auerbach
- NITYA SEVA

## Infobox (german location)

- **art**: Stadt
- **wappen**: DEU Bensheim COA.png
- **bundesland**: Hesse
- **regierungsbezirk**: Regierungsbezirk Darmstadt, Darmstadt
- **landkreis**: Bergstraße Rural District, Bergstraße
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 06431002
- **höhe**: 123
- **fläche**: 57.83
- **einwohner**: 39521
- **stand**: 2006-12-31
- **plz**: 64601 – 64625
- **vorwahl**: 06251
- **kfz**: HP
- **bürgermeister**: Christine Klein
False prophet

A **false prophet** is a person who claims to be a true prophet but really is not. A false prophet is also someone who uses prophecy to do evil. The term is also used outside religion to describe someone who zealously promotes a theory considered by the speaker as false.

## Christianity

In Christianity, false prophets are thought of as being inspired by Satan, or the Devil. False prophets are the opposite of prophets. False prophets try to deceive people and bring them away from god. They use false information to lead people away from god. There are many false prophets in the Bible.
Paul Dirac

**Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac**, OM (August 8, 1902 in Bristol – October 20, 1984 in Tallahassee) was an English physicist.

Dirac's father came from the French-speaking part of Switzerland.

Dirac worked out a formulation of quantum mechanics, which includes Erwin Schrödinger's wave mechanics and Werner Heisenberg's matrix mechanics in 1926. In 1928 he found the Dirac equation and he found out that spin in quantum mechanics is an effect of relativity. The Dirac equation allowed Dirac to predict the existence of antimatter, which is the opposite of matter.

In 1933 he won the Nobel Prize in Physics.

Dirac was the Lucasian Professor of Mathematics chair at Cambridge University from 1932 until his retirement in 1969. He was Professor of Physics at Florida State University from 1972 until his death in 1984.

## Related pages

- Dirac delta function

## Other websites

- Dirac Medal  of the _International Centre for Theoretical Physics_
- Dirac Medal of the World Association of Theoretically Oriented Chemists (WATOC)
- Photographs of Dirac
- The Paul Dirac Collection at Florida State University
- The Paul A. M. Dirac Collection Finding Aid at Florida State University
- Photocopies of Dirac's papers from the Florida State University collection , held under Dirac's name in the Archive Centre of Churchill College, Cambridge, UK
- Letters from Dirac (1932-36) and other papers , held in the Personal Papers archives of St John's College, Cambridge, UK
- Annotated bibliography for Paul Dirac from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Paul Dirac
- **image**: Paul Dirac, 1933.jpg
- **caption**: Dirac, photographed in 1933
- **birth name**: Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac
- **birth place**: Bristol, England
- **death place**: Tallahassee, Florida, US
- **nationality**: Swiss (1902–19)
British (1919–84)
- **fields**: Theoretical physics
- **doctoral advisor**: Ralph Fowler
- **influences**: John Stuart Mill
Pipe (smoke)

A **pipe** is a tool that people use to smoke tobacco and other drugs. Pipe smokers do not usually breathe in the smoke. They let it go into their mouths and then exhale it. Pipe smoking is not a healthy alternative to cigarette smoking.

## Types of pipes

Tobacco pipes are used to smoke tobacco. In some Middle Eastern countries, people smoke tobacco with water pipes, which cool the smoke in water. Different types of pipes are also used to smoke marijuana, hashish, and crack cocaine. Some people who smoke marijuana or hashish use a special water pipe called a bong.

Native American tobacco pipes had two parts: a stone bowl and a wooden stem. Japanese "kiseru" pipes have a metal bowl and mouth piece with a wooden stem. Arabian "midwakh" pipes may be made from different materials. European tobacco pipes have been made from clay, tree root wood, meerschaum stone or even maize cobs.

Pipes to smoke opium may have clay or metal bowls with a wooden stem. Pipes for marijuana or hashish may be metal, wood or glass. Pipes to smoke other drugs may also be made of glass.

## History

Pipes were first used by Native Americans in religious ceremonies. When the English came to North America, they tried pipe smoking and liked it. They sent tobacco back to England.
Thomas Tallis

**Thomas Tallis** (born c.1505; died Greenwich November 23 1585) was the most important English composer of his generation.

We know very little about Tallis’s youth.  He may have started his career as organist at Dover and then Waltham Abbey.  After the Dissolution of the monasteries he had a job at Canterbury Cathedral for a short time. He was soon made a Gentleman of the Chapel Royal. He had a job in the royal household until his death. He worked for four monarchs: Henry VIII, Edward VI, Mary Tudor and Elizabeth I.

Tallis was an organist and composer.  He had to write music for the royal chapels.  He was given the lease of a big house in Kent and a salary of £91 12s a year (12s is 60p in modern money). That was a very good salary in those days.  In 1575, Queen Elizabeth I gave Tallis and William Byrd a licence which meant they were the only people allowed to print and publish music in England (music printing was a very new invention at the time). Tallis owned a house in Greenwich where he died in 1585.

In the early 16th century church music was often very polyphonic. Voices imitated one another and sang different things at the same time. Tallis wrote church music which was much simpler. In a lot of his music the choir sing homophonic music instead of using the older polyphony.  For a short time, during the reign of the Catholic Mary Tudor, polyphonic music was in fashion again.  This was the time when Tallis wrote an antiphon “Gaude gloriosa Dei mater” and a mass musical setting|mass “Puer natus est nobis”.  These two works are once more very complicated polyphonic works.  After that his works become simpler once more, but he was always keen to try out new ideas from the continent of Europe.  He wrote some very fine anthems.  Many of his works are settings of Latin words, but he also made settings of English texts.

One of his works is called _Spem in Alium_.  The choir divide into forty parts i.e. the choir need at least 40 people to sing it, and each person sings a different line.  It is possible that he wrote it for Queen Elizabeth I’s 40th birthday in 1573, but we cannot be sure.

His _Diliges Dominum_ is a collection of contrapuntal exercises which includes a very famous canon often simply called “Tallis’s canon”.
Homophony

**Homophony** means music in which the voices or instruments sing or play chords (chords are when two or more notes are played together.)  In **homophonic** music all the choir (sopranos, altos, tenors and basses) are singing the same words at the same time.  There is a tune on top and the lower parts are the accompaniment.  This is what happens in hymn singing. The opposite is **polyphony**.  **Polyphonic** writing is more complicated: the choir sing different melodic lines at the same time (see counterpoint).  The terms "homophony" (literally: "one sound")  and "polyphony" (literally: "many sounds") are mostly used for choir music.

In homophonic music it is easy to hear the words that are being sung.  In polyphonic music it is much harder for the listener to understand the words.  Composers often used polyphony when writing music for the mass because everyone knew the words anyway.  Homophonic music became more important when composers started to write operas and madrigals where a story is being told and the words must be heard clearly.
Technetium

**Technetium** is a radioactive chemical element that has the chemical symbol **Tc** and has the atomic number 43. It is the lightest synthetic element.

## Chemistry of Technetium

The color of technetium is silvery-grey and is a crystaline metal. In chemistry it is placed in a group of metal elements named the transition metals. The chemistry of technetium is similar to rhenium and manganese.

The isotope <sup>99m</sup>Tc is used in nuclear medicine. It is used for many diagnostic tests. It has a short half-life. <sup>99</sup>Tc is used as a source of beta particles without emitting gamma rays. The ion that has oxygen and technetium bonded together (TcO<sub>4</sub><sup>-</sup>) is named the pertechnetate ion. The pertechnetate ion could be used as to prevent anodic corrosion in steel.

## History

Before the element was found, many of the properties of element 43 were predicted by Dmitri Mendeleev. Mendeleev noticed a gap in his periodic table and named the element in the gap eka-manganese. In 1937 the technetium isotope <sup>97</sup>Tc was the first element to be artificially produced. This was the reason why he named it Technetium as in Greek, τεχνητος means "artificial". Most technetium made on Earth is a by-product of fission of uranium-235 in nuclear reactors. It is extracted from nuclear fuel rods. On earth, technetium occurs naturally only in uranium ores as a product of spontaneous fission. The amount of technetium in the ore is very small but has been measured. The longest half-life of Technetium is 4.2 million years (<sup>98</sup>Tc). This means that its detection in red giants in 1952 helped support the theory that stars can produce heavier elements.
Monastery

**Monasteries** are places where monks live. Although the word "monastery" is sometimes used for a place where nuns live, nuns usually live in a **convent** or **nunnery**.  The word **abbey** (from the Syriac/Aramaic word **': _father_) is also used for a Christian monastery or convent.  The monk in charge of an abbey is called an **abbot**; the nun in charge of an abbey is an **abbess'''.

Several religions have a system of monasteries. Christian monasteries have a chapel for the monks to worship. Monks are not allowed to marry (celibacy). They are also not allowed to own anything. Everything they use, including their clothes, belongs to the monastery. During the Middle Ages after the Roman Empire was defeated, monasteries were some of the few places where knowledge still existed.

Some monasteries were built in places far away from where other people lived. The monks who live there live very isolated lives, growing their own food and looking after one another.  Other monasteries were in or near towns. Monks do a lot of work in the community, including as teaching, medical care or telling people about God. Few monks live isolated lives nowadays.
Windows Neptune

**Windows Neptune** is a version of Microsoft Windows that was being made during 1999 and January 2000. Windows 2000 was released as an operating system for businesses and people that know how to use computers well. Windows Neptune was going to be a version of Windows 2000 that was easier for home users to use. Nobody knows if Microsoft was ever going to release Windows Neptune.  After Microsoft stopped developing it, some of its features were merged with Windows 2000's and a new project, "Whistler", was formed.  "Whistler" was later released as Windows XP.

Only one known confirmed version of Windows Neptune exists. which is Windows Neptune Build 5111.1. Windows Neptune Build 5111.1 exists on the Internet as an ISO image. It used to be hard to find, but now it can easily be found.

## Other websites

- Neptune: The Windows that wasn't  on Paul Thurrott's SuperSite for Windows.

## Infobox (os version)

- **name**: Windows Neptune
- **logo**: Windows Neptune logo.png
- **screenshot**: Windows Neptune login screen.png
- **caption**: Windows Neptune build 5111 logon screen
- **version of**: Windows NT
- **developer**: Microsoft
- **working state**: Historic, never released
- **latest preview version**: 5.00.5111 (kernel reports) 5.50.5111 (version in many files)
- **latest preview date**: December 27, 1999; 25 years ago
- **support status**: Cancelled due to endangerment
Alexander Lukashenko

**Alexander Grigoryevich Lukashenko** (born 30 August 1954) is the President of the country of Belarus. He has been its leader since 1994. He was the first leader of the country to be chosen by Belarus citizens.

Before becoming the leader, he belonged to the law making section of the government. He was also in the military of the Soviet Union and ran a factory that made things to help farming.

His re-election in 2020 was seen as controversial with many saying it was rigged and unfair. His re-election caused many to protest against the election results. After the contested election, the European Union, the United Kingdom, Canada, Ukraine and the United States do not recognize him as the legitimate president of Belarus.

In July 2020, he said that he had COVID-19 after telling people that to avoid the disease they should drink vodka and go to a sauna.

Alexander Lukashenko is under the sanctions of the United States, the European Union, the United Kingdom, Switzerland, Canada, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, and Ukraine.

On February 25, 2024, Alexander Lukashenko announced that he was running for the 2025 presidential elections, which means that he is running for an eighth consecutive term.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Alexander Lukashenko
- **image**: Alexander Lukashenko (2024-05-24) (cropped) 3.jpg
- **caption**: Lukashenko in May 2024
- **office**: President of Belarus
- **status**: Incumbent
- **term start**: 20 July 1994
International reactions to the 2020 Belarusian presidential election and protests, Disputed since 23 September 2020
- **predecessor**: Myechyslaw Hryb
(as head of state and Supreme Soviet of Belarus, Chairman of the Supreme Council)
- **office1**: Chairman of the Supreme State Council
of the Union State
- **1blankname1**: Chairman of the Council of Ministers
- **2blankname1**: General Secretary
- **term start1**: 26 January 2000
- **predecessor1**: _Office established_
- **office2**: Member of the Supreme Council of Belarus
- **term start2**: 25 August 1991
- **term end2**: 20 July 1994
- **predecessor2**: _Office established_
- **successor2**: _Office abolished_
- **birth name**: Alexander Grigoryevich Lukashenko
- **birth place**: Kopys, Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, Byelorussian SSR, Soviet Union
- **occupation**: Politician
- **profession**: Economist and collective farming, Collective Farmer
- **party**: Independent politician, Independent (1992–present)
- **mother**: Ekaterina Trofimovna Lukashenko
- **rank**: Commander-in-Chief
Podpolkovnik, Lieutenant Colonel
- **signature**: SigAlexanderLukashenko.svg
Shelf

A **shelf** is a piece of furniture that is used for storing items.

It could also mean:
- Shelf (computing), a user interface feature in the NeXTSTEP operating system
- Shelf, West Yorkshire, a village in West Yorkshire, England
- Continental shelf, the extended perimeter of a continent, usually covered by shallow seas
- Ice shelf, a thick platform of ice floating on the ocean surface
- Light shelf A reflective element placed outside of a window to enhance room illumination by natural light
- Sulphur shelf, an edible mushroom
- Shelf cloud, a type of cloud associated with a thunderstorm gust front or cold front
- Shelf life, the length of time that perishable items are considered suitable for sale or consumption
- Shelf registration, a registration arrangement for the sale of securities

de:Bauholz#Brett