juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Millerton, New York

**Millerton** is a community in Dutchess County, New York, United States. The town borders Taconic State Park.

## Local people of note

- Eddie Collins, Hall of Fame baseball player.
- Sandy Berger, United States National Security Advisor during the second term of Bill Clinton
- Don Hastings, Brooklyn born Actor residing in Millerton.
- Karl Moody, Actor/Entertainer raised in Millerton. Born in nearby Sharon, CT.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Millerton, New York
- **official name**: Village of Millerton
- **settlement type**: Village (United States), Village
- **image skyline**: Village_of_Millerton,_view_of_business_district.jpg
- **imagesize**: 270px
- **image caption**: Business district in Millerton
- **pushpin map**: New York
- **pushpin label**: Millerton
- **image map**: Dutchess County New York incorporated areas Millerton highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 220px
- **map caption**: Location of Millerton, New York
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: New York (state), New York
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in New York, County
- **subdivision name2**: Dutchess County, New York, Dutchess
- **subdivision type3**: Town (New York), Town
- **subdivision name3**: North East, New York, North East
- **established title**: Incorporated
- **established date**: 1875
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 1.60
- **area land km2**: 1.60
- **area water km2**: 0.01
- **area total sq mi**: 0.62
- **area land sq mi**: 0.62
- **area water sq mi**: 0.00
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 903
- **population density km2**: 565.64
- **population density sq mi**: 1465.91
- **timezone**: North American Eastern Time Zone, EST
- **utc offset**: -5
- **timezone dst**: Eastern Time Zone, EDT
- **utc offset dst**: -4
- **elevation m**: 216
- **elevation ft**: 709
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 12546
- **area code type**: North American Numbering Plan, Area codes
- **area code**: Area codes 518 and 838, 518, 838
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 36-47361
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 0957337
Pawling (village), New York

The **Village of Pawling** is a community in Dutchess County, New York, United States.
Red Hook (village), New York

The **Village of Red Hook** is a community in Dutchess County, New York, United States.
Rhinebeck (village), New York

The **Rhinebeck** is a village in Dutchess County, New York, United States.
Tivoli, New York

**Tivoli** is a community in Dutchess County, New York, United States.
Wappingers Falls, New York

**Wappingers Falls** is a community in Dutchess County, New York, United States.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Wappingers Falls, New York
- **settlement type**: Administrative divisions of New York (state)#Village, Village
- **pushpin map**: USA New York inset
- **image map**: Dutchess County New York incorporated areas Wappingers Falls highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 220px
- **map caption**: Location of Wappingers Falls, New York
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: New York (state), New York
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in New York, County
- **subdivision name2**: Dutchess County, New York, Dutchess
- **timezone**: North American Eastern Time Zone, Eastern (EST)
- **utc offset**: -5
- **timezone dst**: EDT
- **utc offset dst**: -4
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 12590
Joseph Schumpeter

**Joseph Alois Schumpeter** (8 February 1883 – 8 January 1950) was an Austrian-German-American researcher in economics and political science. He studied the theory of Marxism and capitalism. In his view, capitalism cannot work because of what he called creative destruction. This term was originally used by Karl Marx to describe the capitalist system, but Schumpeter used it differently: He says that each time innovation by entrepreneur occurs, it must (also) change what already exists. In this context, certain structures that already exist will also be destroyed. A current example of this is that digital photography has made the instant camera, such as Polaroid almost disappear.

Schumpeter was finance minister of Austria in 1919.

## Infobox (_scientist)

- **name**: Joseph Schumpeter
- **image**: Joseph Schumpeter ekonomialaria.jpg
- **caption**: Joseph Schumpeter
- **birth place**: Triesch, Moravia, formerly Austria-Hungary (now Czech Republic)
B. J. Habibie

**Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie** (25 June 1936 - 11 September 2019) was an Indonesian engineer who was President of Indonesia from May 21, 1998 to October 20, 1999.

## Related pages

- List of scientists
- List of Asian scientists by country

## Infobox (president)

- **honorific-prefix**: Excellency, His Excellency Professor, Prof Engineer, Dr. Ing Hajji, H.
- **name**: B. J. Habibie
- **image**: Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie official portrait.jpg
- **order**: 3rd
- **office**: President of Indonesia
- **term start**: 21 May 1998
- **term end**: 20 October 1999
- **vicepresident**: _none_
- **predecessor**: Soeharto
- **successor**: Abdurrahman Wahid
- **order2**: 7th
- **office2**: Vice President of Indonesia
- **president2**: Soeharto
- **term start2**: 11 March 1998
- **term end2**: 21 May 1998
- **predecessor2**: Try Sutrisno
- **successor2**: Megawati Soekarnoputri
- **office3**: State Minister for Research and Technology of Indonesia
- **order3**: 4th
- **term start3**: 29 March 1978
- **term end3**: 16 March 1998
- **president3**: Soeharto
- **predecessor3**: Soemitro Djojohadikoesoemo
- **successor3**: Rahardi Ramelan
- **birth name**: Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie
- **birth place**: Parepare, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
- **death place**: Jakarta, Indonesia
- **death cause**: Heart failure caused by cardiomyopathy
- **alma mater**: Bandung Institute of Technology <small>(Mechanical Engineering 1954)</small>
RWTH Aachen University, RWTH <small>(Bachelor of Engineering, B.E. 1955)</small>
RWTH Aachen University, RWTH <small>(Doctor of Engineering, Ing. 1962)</small>
- **children**: Ilham Akbar Habibie (b. 1963)
Thareq Kemal Habibie (b. 1966)
- **father**: Alwi Abdul Jalil Habibie
- **mother**: Tuti Marini Puspowardojo
- **party**: Golkar
- **signature**: Signature of B. J. Habibie.svg
Southern Tenant Farmers Union

The **Southern Tenant Farmers' Union** (STFU) was founded as a trade union to help organize the farmers in the Southern United States.

It was started in the Great Depression to improve money problems and work conditions for farmers in the United States.

At this time, landowners were being paid not to farm by the **Agricultural Adjustment Administration**, but they were not all sharing the money with farmers.

## Sources

- Cobb, William H. "The Southern Tenant Farmers' Union". _The Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture_.
Fjuckby

**Fjuckby** is a village in Uppsala Municipality, Uppsala County, Sweden.

It is known as a place for runestones, the village's unusual name has generated international interest.  Prior to the 1930s, the village was known as Fjukeby.  In the 1930s, the spelling of the name of this small historic town was changed to Fjuckby.

## Other websites

- Maps, Weather, and Airports for Fjuckby, Sweden
- Uppsala County Administrative Board

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Fjuckby
- **settlement type**: Hamlet
- **subdivision type**: Countries of the world, Country
- **subdivision name**: Sweden
- **subdivision type1**: Municipalities of Sweden, Municipality
- **subdivision name1**: Uppsala Municipality
- **subdivision type2**: Counties of Sweden, County
- **subdivision name2**: Uppsala County
- **subdivision type3**: Provinces of Sweden, Province
- **subdivision name3**: Uppland
- **established title3**: City status in Sweden, Charter
- **area total km2**: 0.18
- **population as of**: 2000
- **population total**: 65
- **timezone**: Central European Time, CET
- **utc offset**: +1
- **timezone dst**: Central European Summer Time, CEST
- **utc offset dst**: +2
Copa del Rey

The **Copa del Rey** is an annual football competition in Spain. The competition was founded in 1903, which makes it the oldest Spanish football competition. It is one of the so-called big tournaments of the season, along with LaLiga and the UEFA Champions League.

## Top goalscorers

**Bold** indicates an active player.

|width=1%|Rank|width=7%|Nat|width=15%|Name|width=1%|Pos|width=3%|Years|width=20%|Team|width=1%|Total|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1||align="left"||FW|1939–1957|align="left"|Athletic Bilbao (81)|**81**||||||
|2||align="left"||MF|1919–1934|align="left"|Barcelona (65), Real Madrid (5)|**70**||||||
|3||align="left"||FW|1929–1946|align="left"|Athletic Bilbao (37), Valencia (25)|**62**||||||
|4||align="left"|Quini|FW|1968–1987|align="left"|Sporting Gijón (38), Barcelona (17)|**55**||||||
|5||align="left"||FW|1939–1950|align="left"|Valencia (52)|**52**||||||
|6||align="left"|****|FW|2004–|align="left"|Barcelona (51)|**51**||||||
|rowspan="2"|7||align="left"||FW|1958–1966|align="left"|Real Madrid (49)|**49**|||||
||align="left"||FW|1951–1965|align="left"|Barcelona (49)|**49**|||||||
|9||align="left"|Santillana|FW|1970–1988|align="left"|Real Madrid (48)|**48**||||||
|10||align="left"||FW|1939–1960|align="left"|Granada (3), Barcelona (36), Elche (8)|**47**||||||

## Infobox (football tournament)

- **name**: Copa del Rey
- **organiser**: Royal Spanish Football Federation
- **founded**: 1903
- **qualifier for**: UEFA Europa League, Supercopa de España
- **number of teams**: 83
- **all time topscorer**: Telmo Zarra
 <small>(81 goals)</small>
- **broadcasters**: Copa del Rey#Broadcasters, List of broadcasters
- **website**: [http://www.rfef.es/copa-del-rey rfef.es]
- **current**: 2025–26 Copa del Rey
Kobuk River

The **Kobuk River** (also **Kooak**, **Kowak**, **Kubuk**, **Kuvuk**, or **Putnam**)
 is a river in the Arctic region of Alaska, in the United States. The river is about  long, and receives water from about 12,300 square miles (31,850 km<sup>2</sup>) of land. It is among the largest rivers in Alaska. It flows from the southernmost part of the Brooks Range, a mountain range 700 miles (1,100 km) long.
 Its mouth is at the **Kobuk River Delta**, which is about  long.

Its watershed, ranging from 0 to 11,400 feet (0 to 3,475 m) above sea level, has a wide variety of landforms, including mountains, plateaus, and plains. The average elevation is . The river's name, in the native Inuit language, means "big river".

The river has been an important part of the lives of nearby people. Native people (the Inuit, Koyukans and others) have used the river as a source of food and transport for over 12,000 years.

In 1898, a gold rush called the "Kobuk River Stampede" happened. In 1980, 110 miles (177 km) of the river were deemed the **Kobuk Wild and Scenic River**.

## Infobox (river)

- **name**: Kobuk
- **name other**: Kooak, Kowak, Kubuk, Kuwuk, Kuvuk, Putnam
- **image**: Kobuk River sunset.jpg
- **image caption**: Sunset over the Kobuk River
- **image size**: 300
- **map size**: 300
- **pushpin map**: USA Alaska
- **pushpin map size**: 300
- **pushpin map caption**: Location of the mouth of the Kobuk River in Alaska
- **subdivision type1**: Country
- **subdivision name1**: United States
- **subdivision type2**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name2**: Alaska
- **discharge1 location**: Bering Strait
- **source1**: Walker Lake (Northwest Arctic, Alaska), Walker Lake
- **mouth**: Kobuk Delta
- **tributaries left**: Squirrel River, Tutsuksuk River
- **tributaries right**: Salmon River (Kobuk River), Salmon River, Adillik River
Reichstag (institution)

The **Reichstag** was the German parliament during the Holy Roman Empire, the North German Confederation, the German Empire, the Weimar Republic and the Third Reich until 1945.  They met in the Reichstag building from 1894 to 1933. The Reichstag is now called Bundestag.
Superparamagnetism

**Superparamagnetism** is a form of magnetism. A superparamagnetic material has many small clusters of magnetic things in its structure, but they are not all pointed the same way, so the material is not magnetic by itself. If a magnetic field is applied to the material, then the clusters change direction to match the magnetic field and the material becomes magnetic. Superparamagnetism is like paramagnetism, except it can happen at near room temperature. It happens when materials are made up of very small parts (1-10 nm).
Safety

**Safety** is a feeling that no bad things will happen. Security avoids things to happen that you don't want to. The police keep public safety, which helps stop crimes from happening. Safety hats protect the head from injury. Houses provide safety from the weather.

The opposite of safety is danger.

## Measures

_Safety measures_ are activities and precautions taken to improve safety. Here are list of common safety measures include:

- Chemical analysis
- Geological surveys to determine whether land or water sources are polluted, how firm the ground is at a potential building site, etc.
- Destructive testing of samples
- Driving safety

## Related pages

- Sanctuary
- Security
Heidi

***Heidi*** is a book written by Johanna Spyri, published between 1880 and 1881. It is about a young orphan girl who grows up in the Swiss Alps (mountains in Switzerland) with her grandfather.

## Summary

When her guardians die, Heidi must live in the mountains with her grandfather, Alm-Uncle, who does not like people. He slowly changes and becomes more caring because of Heidi. Then, Heidi must move to Frankfurt, Germany to be the friend of Clara, a girl who is sick and cannot walk. Clara’s grandmother encourages Heidi to learn to read, and she also learns about God. She becomes very homesick, and a kind doctor says that she must return home to her grandfather. Later, Clara visits Heidi in the Alps and becomes strong enough to walk.

## Inspiration

Johanna Spyri wrote this story for her son, Berhard Diethelm Spyri. People and places in the story come from Spyry's own life. Catherine Eayrs, a literary critic, thinks that the village of Dorfli may come from Jenins in Switzerland, a place that Spyri visited as a child, however Dorfli is an actual town in Switzerland. Also, the kindly doctor is similar to Spyri's own father, and Klara's grandmother is a good storyteller, just like Spyri's own mother.

## Reception

Immediately after the book was published, _Heidi_ was popular, both with children and adults. It continues to be popular, and translations are available in more than fifty languages. About 50 million books have been sold. The story has also been told on movie and television. There is even a musical version.

Visitors to Switzerland can visit a tourist village called Heididorf in Maienfeld. The name means "Heidi's village" in German.

## Criticism

Some readers think that one problem of _Heidi_ is that the book teaches the Christian religion. Malcolm Usrey, a literary critic, thinks that nature is as important as Christianity in helping people, because Klara’s paralysis and Heidi’s home sickness are both healed in the “clean air of the Swiss mountains”.

## Related pages

- Johanna Spyri

## Other websites

- (illustrated)
Augustus d'Este

**Sir Augustus Frederick d'Este**, KCH (1794-1848) was the son of Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex and Lady Augusta Murray and the grandson of George III. His parents marriage was in contravention of the Royal Marriages Act 1772, which meant that Augustus d'Este was legally considered illegitimate.

## Infobox (royalty)

- **name**: Augustus d'Este
- **house**: House of Hanover
- **father**: Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex
- **mother**: Lady Augusta Murray
- **birth place**: London, Great Britain
- **death place**: Ramsgate, Kent
Michael Dennis Morgan

**Michael Dennis Morgan** (born December 19, 1946) is an Australian rower, who has competed in the Olympics. He attended Newington College (1957-1965).
Robert Trujillo

**Roberto Agustín "Rob" Trujillo** (born October 23, 1964) is an American musician who is most famous as the bass player for Metallica. He joined the band in 2003. Before that Trujillo played bass for Suicidal Tendencies, Infectious Grooves, Black Label Society, Jerry Cantrell and was a member of Ozzy Osbourne's band.

### Black Label Society

- 2002:

#### Jerry Cantrell

- 2002: _Degradation Trip_
- 2002: _Degradation Trip Volumes 1 & 2_

#### Infectious Grooves

- 1991: _The Plague That Makes Your Booty Move...It's the Infectious Grooves_
- 1993: _Sarsippius' Ark_
- 1994: _Groove Family Cyco_
- 2000: _Mas Borracho_

#### Suicidal Tendencies

- 1989: _Controlled By Hatred/Feel Like Shit...Déjà Vu_
- 1990: _Lights...Camera...Revolution!_
- 1992: _The Art of Rebellion_
- 1993: _Still Cyco After All These Years_
- 1994: _Suicidal for Life_

#### Glenn Tipton

- 1997: _Baptizm of Fire_

#### Ozzy Osbourne

- 2001: _Down to Earth_
- 2002: _Blizzard of Ozz_-reissue
- 2002: _Diary of a Madman_-reissue
- 2002: _Live at Budokan_

#### Metallica

- 2008: _Death Magnetic_
- 2016: _Hardwired.._
- _to Self-Destruct_
- 2023: _72 Seasons_

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Robert Trujillo
- **img**: Robert_Trujillo_live_in_London_2008-09-15.jpg
- **img capt**: Robert Trujillo in 2008
- **background**: non_vocal_instrumentalist
- **birth name**: Roberto Agustín Trujillo
- **birth place**: Santa Monica, California
- **instrument**: Bass guitar, Bass
- **genre**: Heavy metal music, Heavy metal
- **occupation**: Musician, songwriter
- **years active**: 1988–present
- **associated acts**: Metallica, Suicidal Tendencies, Infectious Grooves, Black Label Society, Ozzy Osbourne, Jerry Cantrell
- **url**: [http://www.metallica.com Official Metallica website]
President of Indonesia

The **President of the Indonesia Republic** is the head of state of Indonesia. The current President is Prabowo Subianto.

## Presidents

|rowspan="2"||rowspan="2" width="100px"|Portrait|rowspan="2"|Name|colspan="4"|Term of office|rowspan="2"|Political party|rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Vice president(s)|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|rowspan="3"||rowspan="3"|**Sukarno**|rowspan="2"|rowspan="2"||rowspan="2"|1945|rowspan="2"||rowspan="2"|Independent|||
|Mohammad Hatta||||||||||||||
|colspan="2"||||||||||||||
|colspan="7" align="left"||||||||||||||
|colspan="10"|_During this interval, Chief of Staff of the Indonesian Army Suharto was the acting president._|||||||||||||
|rowspan="8"||rowspan="8"|**Suharto**|||rowspan="7"|1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998|rowspan="7"||rowspan="7"|Golkar|colspan="2"||
|Hamengkubuwono IX||||||||||||||
|Adam Malik||||||||||||||
|Umar Wirahadikusumah||||||||||||||
|Sudharmono||||||||||||||
|Try Sutrisno||||||||||||||
|B. J. Habibie||||||||||||||
|colspan="7" align="left"||||||||||||||
|rowspan="2"||rowspan="2"|**B. J. Habibie**|||—||Golkar|colspan="2"|||||
|colspan="7" align="left"||||||||||||||
|rowspan="3"||rowspan="3"|**Abdurrahman Wahid**|rowspan="2"|rowspan="2"||rowspan="2"|1999|rowspan="2"||rowspan="2"|National Awakening Party|colspan="2"||
|Megawati Sukarnoputri||||||||||||||
|colspan="7" align="left"||||||||||||||
|rowspan="3"||rowspan="3"|**Megawati Sukarnoputri**|rowspan="2"|rowspan="2"||rowspan="2"|—|rowspan="2"||rowspan="2"|Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle|colspan="2"||
|Hamzah Haz||||||||||||||
|colspan="7" align="left"||||||||||||||
|rowspan="3"||rowspan="3"|**Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono**|||rowspan="2"|2004 2009|rowspan="2"|years|rowspan="2"|Democratic Party|||
|Jusuf Kalla||||||||||||||
|rowspan="1"|Boediono|||||||||||||
|colspan="7" align="left"||||||||||||||
|rowspan="4"||rowspan="4"|**Joko Widodo**|||rowspan="3"|2014 2019|rowspan="3"|years|rowspan="3"|Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle|||
|Jusuf Kalla||||||||||||||
|rowspan="2"||rowspan="2"||style="background:; color:white;"||rowspan="2"|Ma'ruf Amin|||||||
|colspan="7" align="left"||||||||||||||
|rowspan="2"||rowspan="2"|**Prabowo Subianto**|<small>20 October 2024</small>||2024||Great Indonesia Movement Party||||||
|rowspan="1"|Gibran Rakabuming Raka|||||||||||||
|colspan="7" align="left"||||||||||||||

## Infobox (political post)

- **post**: President
- **body**: the
Republic of Indonesia
- **insignia**: Coat of Arms of Indonesia Garuda Pancasila.svg
- **insigniasize**: 100px
- **image**: Prabowo Subianto 2024 official portrait.jpg
- **incumbent**: Prabowo Subianto
- **style**: Mr. President (title), Mr./Madam President

Excellency, His/Her Excellency

- **incumbentsince**: 20 October 2024
- **appointer**: Elections in Indonesia
- **termlength**: Five years, renewable once
(amended constitution)
- **formation**: 1945
- **inaugural**: Sukarno
- **website**: English site: [http://www.presidenri.go.id/index.php/eng/]

Indonesian site: [http://www.presidenri.go.id/]
Sergiu Celibidache

**Sergiu Celibidache** (; 14 August 1996) was a Romanian conductor.  He was one of the great conductors of his time, living in Germany all his adult life.

## His life

Celibidache was born in Romania.  He went to Berlin in 1936 and in 1939 studied there at the Hochschule für Musik.  He got a doctorate by writing about the Renaissance composer Josquin Desprez.  He was lucky very early in his career to be appointed as conductor of the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra.  He stayed with them until 1952 when Wilhelm Furtwängler returned.  He later worked with radio orchestras in Stockholm, Stuttgart and Paris. He also worked for a time in Britain, as well as touring in Europe and South America.   From 1979 until his death he was music director of the Munich Philharmonic.  He taught at Mainz University in Germany and in 1984 taught at the Curtis Institute in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.  He liked teaching and often let students come to his lessons without having to pay.

Celibidache did not like making recordings, although there are a few recordings of his concerts which have survived.  He was well known for asking for lots of rehearsals, and he rehearsed his orchestras in great detail.  He often chose very slow speeds for the slow movements and very fast speeds for the fast movements.

In Munich he had a long argument with the trombone player Abbie Conant because he did not want her in the orchestra.  Conant thought it was because she was a woman that he did not want her.  The argument lasted for 12 years.

Celibidache died near Paris in 1996 at 84.

## References

New Groves Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie;
Ludwig von Brenner

**Ludwig von Brenner** (born Leipzig, 19 September 1833; died 9 February 1902) was a German conductor and composer.

He studied at the Leipzig conservatory. He went to Saint Petersburg to play in the Saint Petersburg Philharmonic Orchestra. In 1872, he returned to Germany and conducted an orchestra called the _Berlin Symphony Orchestra_.  He then started an orchestra called _Neue Berliner Symphoniekapelle_. In 1882, he became the first conductor of a new orchestra, the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra, which was soon to become one of the world's best orchestras.
Vernier scale

A **Vernier scale** is a way to get a much better result when measuring how long something is or the size of an angle.

Sometimes when measuring things we need to get our measurement as accurate as possible. Accuracy is important in surveying the land, navigation of ships, making parts for machines like car engines, looking at stars and planets in astronomy and when doing experiments in science.

## The working of Vernier scale

Length has been measured with a straight ruler for hundreds of years. It measures up to 0.01cm. If the object we are measuring is somewhere in between two of the marks on our ruler then we would have to estimate where between the two marks to take the measurement. A Vernier scale on our ruler does this last fine piece of measuring between the two marks for us.

So , for example if the measurement with our eye said it was between 1.5 and 1.6 centimeters, we would look at the Vernier and we would be able to say the measure is actually 1.57, something it would be vary hard to see with the eye alone.

When measuring angles the same problem occurs and a vernier may be part of a device to measure fine angles in between two of the marks on the scale.

We don't need to be sharp eyed to read the Vernier scale because its marks are almost as big as our main measuring scale. We just count how many marks there are to the next place where there is a mark on both the main and vernier scales that are exactly lined up. That number of marks tells us the size of the small extra measurement.
Project AWARE

**Project AWARE Foundation** (or Project A.W.A.R.E.) is a nonprofit, worldwide, organization dedicated to "Conserving underwater environments through education, advocacy and action."

## Other websites

- Project AWARE Foundation website

## Infobox (non-profit)

- **non-profit name**: Project AWARE Foundation
- **non-profit type**: 501(c)(3)
- **founded date**: 1989
- **founder**: PADI
- **location**: Rancho Santa Margarita, California,
- **key people**: John J. Cronin
- **area served**: Global
- **focus**: Scuba diving
- **non-profit slogan**: _Conserving underwater environments through education, advocacy and action._
- **homepage**: http://www.projectaware.org
EarthEcho International

**EarthEcho International** is an environmental nonprofit organization founded in honor of Philippe Cousteau, by his children and widow. It is based in Washington, D.C..

## Other websites

"EarthEcho International"
2020

**2020** (MMXX) was a leap year starting on Wednesday in the Gregorian calendar.

The year 2020 was heavily defined by the COVID-19 pandemic.  The pandemic led to worldwide lockdowns, cancellations of several major events, and the worst economic recession since the Great Depression.
Adhan

The **adhān** () or the **azān** () is the Islamic call to prayer. The muezzin reads it out aloud. The root of the word is **' "to permit", and another derivative of this word is **', meaning "ear."

The muezzin reads Adhan in the mosque, sometimes from a minaret. He usually does this five times a day. Adhan is used to call other Muslims to do the prayers. There is a second call, known as iqama (set up) that is used to tell Muslims to line up for the start of the prayers. Sometimes, loudspeakers are used on the minarets.

Sunni and Shi'a use versions of adhan which are slightly different from each other.
Tiger quoll

The **tiger quoll** (_Dasyurus maculatus_) is a carnivorous marsupial of the order of Dasyuromorphia. It is also known as the **spotted-tail quoll** or the **spotted quoll**. It is mainland Australia's largest, and the world's longest carnivorous marsupial.
Louisa Maria Teresa Stuart

**Louisa Maria Teresa Stuart** was the last child of James II of England and Mary of Modena. She was born in 1692 and died in 1712.

## Infobox (royalty)

- **name**: Louisa Maria Teresa Stuart
- **title**: Princess of England, Scotland, and Ireland
- **image**: Princess Louisa Maria Teresa Stuart by Alexis Simon Belle 1704.jpg
- **caption**: Portrait of Princess Louisa Maria by Alexis Simon Belle, 1704
- **full name**: Louisa Maria Teresa Stuart
- **house**: House of Stuart
- **father**: James II of England, James II and VII
- **mother**: Mary of Modena
- **birth place**: Château of Saint-Germain-en-Laye
- **death place**: Chateau of Saint-Germain-en-Laye
- **burial place**: Church of the English Benedictines, Paris
Casa Colorada

**Casa Colorada** (translated into English as _Red House_) is a colonial house in Santiago, Chile.  [red ochre House] is raised with ashlar stone, his roof was mounted on beech beams, and the mezzanine on canelo wood. Timber framing is made of native bamboo. The constructor was Joseph de la Vega in 1769. This building served as home of Mateo de Toro y Zambrano and now is a Museum, managed by Santiago's Municipality. Kept there the collections, and scale models of the colony life.

Casa Colorada was the place were the Chilean Declaration of Independence was signed on September 18th, 1810.

The building consists of two storeys.
Al-Masjid an-Nabawi

**Al-Masjid an-Nabawī** (; **Prophet's Mosque**) is a mosque established and originally built by the Islamic prophet Muhammad. It is in the city of Medina in Saudi Arabia. Al-Masjid an-Nabawi was the third mosque built in the history of Islam and is now one of the largest mosques in the world. It is the second-holiest site in Islam, after Masjid al-Haram in Mecca.

The site was originally adjacent to Muhammad's house; he settled there after his Hijra (emigration) to Medina in 622 CE. He shared in the heavy work of building. The original mosque was an open-air building. The mosque served as a community center, a court, and a religious school. There was a raised platform for the people who taught the Quran. Subsequent Islamic rulers greatly expanded and decorated it. In 1909, it became the first place in the Arabian Peninsula to be provided with electrical lights. The mosque is under the control of the Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques. The mosque is located in what was traditionally the center of Medina, with many hotels and old markets nearby. It is a major pilgrimage site. Many pilgrims who perform the Hajj go on to Medina to visit the mosque due to its connections to the life of Muhammad.

After an expansion during the reign of the Umayyad caliph al-Walid I, it now incorporates the final resting place of Muhammad and the first two Rashidun caliphs Abu Bakr and Umar. One of the most notable features of the site is the Green Dome in the south-east corner of the mosque, originally Aisha's house, where the tomb of Muhammad is located. In 1279, a wooden cupola was built over the tomb which was later rebuilt and renovated multiple times in late 15th century and once in 1817. The current dome was added in 1818 by the Ottoman sultan Mahmud II, and it was first painted green in 1837, hence becoming known as the "Green Dome".

## Major Donation

The 7th Nizam of Hyderabad had built more than thirty grand buildings around Masjid al-Haraam in Makkah Mukarramah and Masjid un-Nabavii in Madinah Munawarrah, for the pilgrims visiting these sacred places for Hajj and Umrah.

## Infobox (religious building)

- **image**: The Enlightened City.jpg
- **caption**: Masjid an-Nabawi (Mosque of the Prophet)
- **building name**: Al-Masjid al-Nabawi
- **location**: Madinah, Saudi Arabia
- **religious affiliation**: Islam
- **region**: Hejaz
- **province**: Al Madinah, Madinah
- **architecture type**: Mosque
- **year completed**: 1817
- **capacity**: 600,000 - Capacity increased during Hajj season
- **minaret quantity**: 10
- **minaret height**: 105 m
Sarvestan palace

**Sarvestan Palace** is a monument of the Sassanid era (226-651). It was built during the reign of Bahram "Gur" (The Zebra-Hunter, 420-438 A.D.) as a leisure mansion. Its excavation revealed that the area was inhabited 6,000 years ago, 4,500 years older than previous estimates.
Hypostyle

In architecture, a **hypostyle** hall has a flat ceiling supported by columns.
Sacred architecture

**Sacred architecture** (also known as **religious architecture**) is concerned with the design and construction of places of worship and buildings such as churches, mosques, stupas, synagogues, and temples.
Iwan

An **iwan** ( _eyvān_) is defined as a vaulted hall or space, walled on three sides, with one end open.
Iwans were a trademark of the Sassanid architecture of Persia. They then found their way into Islamic architecture.

Typically, iwans open on to a central courtyard, and have been used in both public and residential architecture.
Hassan II Mosque

The **Hassan II Mosque** () is in Casablanca. It is the largest mosque in Morocco and the third largest mosque in the world after the Masjid al-Haram (Grand Mosque) of Mecca and the Al-Masjid al-Nabawi (Prophet's Mosque) in Medina. It was designed by the French architect Michel Pinseau. It was built by Bouygues. it stands on a promontory looking out to the Atlantic, which can be seen through a glass floor with room for 25,000 worshippers. A further 80,000 can fit in the mosque's adjoining grounds. Its minaret is the world's tallest at .

## Infobox (religious building)

- **building name**: Hassan II Mosque
- **location**: Casablanca, Morocco
- **religious affiliation**: Islam
- **region**: Greater Casablanca
- **prefecture**: Casablanca-Anfa
- **status**: Mosque
- **architecture type**: Mosque
- **year completed**: 1993
- **capacity**: 25,000
- **dome quantity**: 1
- **minaret quantity**: 1
- **minaret height**: 210m
Missa in angustiis

The **Missa in Angustiis** (_Mass for troubled times_) is one of fourteen masses written by Joseph Haydn. It is also called **Nelson mass**, because it was first performed after Lord Horatio Nelson won a battle against Napoleon Bonaparte. It was written in 1798. It is one of the six masses Haydn wrote towards the end of his life.
Victoria, Princess Royal

**Victoria, Princess Royal** (Victoria Adelaide Mary Louisa 21 November 1840 – 5 August 1901) was German Empress and Queen of Prussia from March to June 1888 as the wife of Frederick III, German Emperor. She was the eldest child and first daughter of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. She was also the mother of Wilhelm II, the last German Emperor.

She died on August 5, 1901 at 60 years old and was later buried to her husband in Potsdam.

## Infobox (royalty)

- **name**: Victoria
- **title**: Princess Royal
- **image**: Empress Viktoria of Germany (1840-1901).png
- **caption**: Photograph by T. H. Voigt, 1895–1896
- **alt**: Victoria aged 60
- **succession**: List of German royal consorts, German Empress consort
List of Prussian royal consorts, Queen consort of Prussia
- **reign**: 9 March – 15 June 1888
- **birth place**: Buckingham Palace, London, England
- **death place**: Schloss Friedrichshof, Kronberg im Taunus, Cronberg, Kingdom of Prussia, Prussia, German Empire
- **consort**: yes
- **full name**: Victoria Adelaide Mary Louisa
- **house**: House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
- **father**: Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
- **mother**: Queen Victoria
- **burial date**: 13 August 1901
- **burial place**: Friedenskirche, Potsdam, Kingdom of Prussia, German Empire
- **signature**: Signature of Princess Royal Victoria.svg
- **predecessor**: Augusta of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
- **successor**: Augusta Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein
Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn

**The Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn** KG, KT, KP, PC, GCMG, GCSI, GCIE, GCVO, GCB, GCStJ, (Arthur William Patrick Albert; 1 May 1850 – 16 January 1942) was a member of the British Royal Family, the third son and seventh child of Queen Victoria. Arthur served as the Governor General of Canada from 1911 to 1916. He was created Duke of Connaught and Strathearn and Earl of Sussex in 1874. He was the longest lived issue of Queen Victoria. He died in 1942 at age 91. He was the father of the Crown Princess of Sweden.

## Infobox (military person)

- **embed**: yes
- **serviceyears**: 1868–1942
- **rank**: Field Marshal (United Kingdom), Field Marshal
- **unit**: Royal Engineers
Royal Regiment of Artillery
Rifle Brigade
- **commands**: Inspector-General of the Forces
Commander-in-Chief, Ireland
III Corps (United Kingdom), Third Army Corps
Aldershot Command
Southern Command (United Kingdom), Southern Command
Bombay Army
- **battles**: Fenian Raids
*Battle of Eccles Hill
Anglo-Egyptian War
- **awards**: Volunteer Officers' Decoration
Territorial Decoration


## Infobox (royalty)

- **name**: Prince Arthur
- **title**: Duke of Connaught and Strathearn
- **image**: Duke of Connaught and Strathearn.jpg
- **caption**: Prince Arthur in 1907
- **succession**: 10th Governor General of Canada
- **reign-type**: In office
- **reign**: 13 October 1911
- **reg-type**: Monarch
- **regent**: George V
- **reg-type2**: Prime Ministers
- **predecessor**: Albert Grey, 4th Earl Grey, The Earl Grey
- **successor**: Victor Cavendish, 9th Duke of Devonshire, The Duke of Devonshire
- **birth place**: Buckingham Palace, London, England
- **full name**: Arthur William Patrick Albert Windsor
- **death place**: Bagshot Park, Surrey, England
- **burial date**: 19 March 1942
- **burial place**: Royal Burial Ground, Frogmore
- **house**: House of Windsor, Windsor (from 1917)
House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
(until 1917)
- **father**: Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
- **mother**: Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom
Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany

**The Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany** (Leopold George Duncan Albert; 7 April 1853 – 28 March 1884) was a member of the British Royal Family, a son of Queen Victoria and Albert, Prince Consort.  Leopold was later created the Duke of Albany, Earl of Clarence and Baron Arklow. He was diagnosed with haemophilia as a baby, which later led to his death as an adult after slipping on the floor.

## Infobox (_person)

- **name**: Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany
- **image**: Leopoldalbany.jpg
- **death cause**: Haemophilia
- **father**: Albert, Prince Consort, Prince Albert
- **mother**: Victoria of the United Kingdom, Queen Victoria
- **spouse**: Princess Helen of Waldeck and Pyrmont
Grub

**Grub** can refer to:

- Larva of insects, most commonly of beetles
- a slang term for food; also as a verb to scavenge for food
- a British word for a headless set screw
- a British word to take collective list of items

## Places

- Grub AR, Grub, in the canton of Appenzell Ausserrhoden, Switzerland
- Grub am Forst, a town in the district of Coburg in Bavaria, Germany
- Grub, Thuringia, a municipality in the district of Hildburghausen in Thuringia, Germany

## Computing

- GNU GRUB, the GNU project's bootloader software
- Grub (search engine), a distributed search crawler platform
- In Yahoo email group management terminology, a "grub" sometimes means a Yahoo email group that was formerly a club

## People

- Grub Smith, British television presenter
- Hugo Eric Louis van Lawick, son of Jane Goodall, nicknamed "Grub"
Mother Goose

**Mother Goose** is thought to be the most famous author of nursery rhymes. Some people say that the real "Mother Goose" lived in New England or France 300 years ago. A book of poems for children entitled _Mother Goose's Melody_ was published in England in 1781, and the name "Mother Goose" has been associated with children's poetry ever since.

## Related pages

- Poetry
Tripe

**Tripe** is part of an animal's stomach often served as food.
Fruiterer

A **fruiterer** is a fruit seller. Fruiterer known also as "greengrocer"
Jig

A **jig** is a type of lively dance, and also the music for the dance. Jigs became popular in the 16th century in the British Isles, and spread to mainland Europe.
Flemish

**Flemish** may refer to:

- Anything related to the Flemish Region in Belgium (often called _Flanders_)
- Flemish language
- Flemish people, an ethnic group in Europe, mostly from the Flemish Region

## Related pages

- Flemish Brabant
Ischaemia

In medicine, **ischaemia** is when the blood supply is blocked or restricted. This is usually caused by problems in the blood vessels, and causes damage to the body. If blood supply problems damage an organ, digits or limbs (fingers, finger tips, toes, arms, legs) they become ischaemic. It may also be spelled **ischemia** **ischæmia** in some countries or writing. It comes from the Greek words, _isch-_ to _restrict_ and _hema_ or _haema_ meaning _blood_.

Ischaemic heart disease (coronary heart disease) is the world’s biggest killer, responsible for 16% of the world’s total deaths. Since 2000, it has been responsible for the largest increase in deaths overall, rising by more than 2 million to 8.9 million deaths in 2019.

When a part of the body isn't getting enough oxygen-rich blood, the skin may turn pale or blue (cyanosis). When the heart doesn't get blood it turns white, and this would be because there is no blood in it. Pale or blue skin may be an early warning sign of blood perfusion issues, blockages or restrictions.

## Related pages

- Anoxia/Hypoxia
Angina pectoris

**Angina pectoris** (angina of the heart) is pain which is due to ischaemia of the heart muscle.  A common cause of angina pectoris is when the heart is working harder than normal e.g. during exercise.

## Related pages

- Troponins
- Osteoarthritis
Mu'awiya I

**Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan** (; , 603 or 605–April 680), commonly known as **Mu'awiya I**, was the founder and first caliph of the Umayyad Caliphate. He demanded Uthman's killers to be punished. Mu'awiya subsequently went to war with Ali for a few years. Ali was eventually martyred by the Kharijites in January 661 and Hasan was elected caliph. During Mu'awiya's reign, the Arab empire conquered much of North Africa, as well as Khurasan and Sijistan. Constantinople, the capital of the Roman Byzantine empire, was also besieged. During the last years of his caliphate, Mu'awiya declared his son Yazid to be his successor.

## Legacy

He is mentioned in the Maronite Chronicle.

Sunni Muslims consider Mu'awiya rightly-guided, and honor him as a noble companion of Muhammad and a scribe of divine revelation. The Shia believe Mu'awiya to be a tyrant and an enemy of Ali. Ibadis also disapprove of Mu'awiya, and modern Ibadi theologians defend the early Kharijite opposition to him. Mu'awiya has nevertheless been the subject of lavish praise in Arabic literature as the ideal ruler.

## Infobox (monarch)

- **name**: Mu'awiya I
<div style="text-decoration:none; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-size:75%;">مُعَاوِيَةُ بْنُ أَبِي سُفْيَانٍ</div>
- **reign**: 661 – 680
- **full name**: Muˁāwīya ibn ˁAbī Sufyān
- **predecessor**: unknown
- **successor**: Yazid I
- **dynasty**: Umayyad
- **father**: Abu Sufyan ibn Harb
- **mother**: Hind bint Utbah
- **birth date**: 597-605
 Mecca, Hejaz, Arabia
- **death date**: April or May 680 (aged 74-83)
 Damascus, Umayyad Caliphate
Bell tower

A **bell tower** (also **belfry** or ***campanile***) is a tower which contains one or more bells, or which is designed to hold bells, even if it has none. They are usually built at a height that allows the sound to be heard at some distance.

There are different ways to make the bells in a bell tower ring. In many cases, the bell is rung by pulling on a rope that is joined to the bell, making it swing on a hinge and the clapper hit the bell. Another way is to use a keyboard called a carillon. Sometimes, the bells are controlled by a clock mechanism or a computer. This lets them ring at certain times without the need for a human to do it.

## History

There are no examples of bell towers in antiquity. The first to use a bell tower in a church was Paulinus of Nola, about the start of the 5th century. Bell towers in Italy have almost always been plain vertical towers not attached to a building (). From the beginning, bell towers in northern Europe have been attached to churches. They were known of in England at least by the time of Bede. When Hilda, Abbess of Whitby died (680 AD), a nun reported hearing the sound of a bell. Bell towers are repeatedly mentioned during the 8th century. One was the campanile of St. Peter's Basilica at Rome.

### Bernini's bell towers

Gian Lorenzo Bernini was Pope Urban XIII's choice to design and build twin bell towers on the front of St. Peter's. His first tower shifted and large cracks appeared. Work on the second tower stopped. Bernini was blamed and called incompetent. When Pope Urban died in 1644 it was not decided what to do about the tower disaster. It was a major setback for Bernini's career and for the future of church bell towers. It was later discovered the ground under the towers was not stable. The towers were torn down. Bernini went on to have an otherwise brilliant career.
Muezzin

A **muezzin** is a man who calls Muslim people to prayer through the adhan from the minaret of a mosque.

He leads the call (_adhan_) to Friday service and the five daily prayers (also known as the salat) from one of the mosque's minarets. Blind people often got the position; this is so that they could not see the places where women gathered. Today, many mosques have electronic amplification, and the muezzin no longer needs to be on the minaret.

In the city of Abu Dhabi, the call to prayer is coordinated, all mosques transmit the call of the muezzin of Sheikh Zayed Mosque. The idea for a similar system in Cairo failed in 2004.
Iqama

**Iqama** () is the second call to Islamic Prayer. It is given immediately before the prayer begins.
Aleppo

**Aleppo** ( ['Halab], , ) is a city in northwestern Syria.  From 2012 to 2016 it was a battlefield in the Syrian civil war.

In 2010 it had an official population of 4.6 million. Then, Aleppo was the largest Syrian city. After 2010, however, Aleppo is probably the second-largest city in Syria after the capital Damascus.

Aleppo is one of the oldest continuously lived in (lived in all the time) cities in the world. People may have arrived in the 6th millennium BC.

There was a large earthquake near Aleppo in 1138.
Mihrab

The **Mihrab** () is a niche in the wall of a mosque. It indicates the _qibla_ (the direction of the Kaaba in Mecca, the direction that Muslims should face when praying). The wall in which a _mihrab_ appears is the "_qibla_ wall."
Culver City, California

**Culver City** is a city in western Los Angeles County, California. It is known for being the headquarters of NPR West, The Culver Hotel, Fox Hills Mall and Sony Pictures. It was at one time the home studios for NFL Network.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Culver City, California
- **settlement type**: List of municipalities in California, City
- **named for**: Harry Culver
- **image skyline**: CulverHotelday.jpg
- **image caption**: Culver Hotel
- **image flag**: Flag of Culver City, California.png
- **image seal**: Seal of Culver City, California.png
- **motto**: "The Heart of Screenland"
- **image map**: File:LA County Incorporated Areas Culver City highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 250x200px
- **map caption**: Location within Los Angeles County
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in California, County
- **subdivision name2**: Los Angeles County, California, Los Angeles
- **established title**: Municipal corporation, Incorporated
- **established date**: September 20, 1917
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total sq mi**: 5.14
- **area total km2**: 13.31
- **area land sq mi**: 5.11
- **area land km2**: 13.24
- **area water sq mi**: 0.03
- **area water km2**: 0.07
- **elevation ft**: 95
- **elevation m**: 29
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 40779
- **population density sq mi**: 7977
- **population density km2**: 3080
- **timezone**: Pacific Time Zone
- **utc offset**: −8
- **timezone dst**: Pacific Daylight Time, PDT
- **utc offset dst**: −7
- **postal code type**: ZIP Codes
- **postal code**: 90230–90232, 90066
- **area code type**: North American Numbering Plan, Area codes
- **area code**: Area codes 310 and 424, 310/424
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature IDs
- **blank1 info**: ,
Majority rule

**Majority rule** is a way of making decisions in government or in voting. A decision is made if it gets more than half of the votes. Majority rule is often used in referendums, which is when voters decide if they want to make a law by voting yes or no.

Majority rule is not the same as a plurality vote. In plurality voting, which is often used in elections, whoever gets the most votes wins. With a plurality vote, the winner can have fewer than half of the votes if there are more than two choices. Elections for the house of Commons and many similar parliamentary bodies are done by plurality. The United States also uses a plurality rule in their presidential elections.

Some people have criticized majority rule because it can lead to the tyranny of the majority, which is not true democracy - where people who are the majority might vote for something that helps them but hurts the people in the minority or may even cause the negation of universal human rights. To prevent this, limit of constitutionalism and rule of law are established by the German Constitution, the Council of Europe, and the European Union. This was also used in Greek voting.