Josip Broz Tito

**Josip Broz**, nicknamed **Tito**, (May 7, 1892 – May 4, 1980) was a Yugoslav communist revolutionary, statesman, and dictator who was the leader of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, from 1945 until his death in 1980.  From 1945 to 1953 he was Prime Minister, and from 1953 to 1980 he was the President.  His funeral on May 4, 1980, was attended by representatives of 128 out of 154 UN member countries.  Tito was a controversial person, with people having strong and differing views about his leadership.  He has been described by some critics as an authoritarian and a benevolent dictator.

## Early life

Tito was born in Kumrovec, Croatia, where his parents had a small farm. He went to the village elementary school until 1905. In 1907 he was machinist's apprentice in Sisak. In 1910 he joined the union of workers and social-democratic party of Croatia and Slavonia. In 1912 and 1913 he worked in factories in Bohemia, Mannheim and Vienna. In May 1913 he was conscripted into the Austro–Hungarian Army and later was imprisoned for anti-war propaganda. During World War I he was wounded, captured, then imprisoned by Russians. After being set free, he became active in the bolshevik movement. After the October Revolution, he joined the Red Guards (Russia). In 1920 Tito came back to the new nation Yugoslavia and joined the Communist party. This was later renamed Yugoslav Communist League in 1952. Tito (Babo) was the leader of the Communist party from 1937 until his death. In 1921 the Yugoslav communist party was banned. Tito was imprisoned from 1928 until 1933  for being a communist. In 1934 he went back to Soviet Union and he was involved as secret agent in NKVD.

## Military chief

In 1937 Tito came back to Yugoslavia. During the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia in World War II, a civil war erupted between the collaborationists of Axis occupators (Ustaše, Croatian Home Guard, Slovene Home Guard, Serbian State Guards), royalist Yugoslav Army in the Fatherland who wanted to bring back the monarchy, and the self-organized guerilla force of Yugoslav Partisans. Tito had the leading role in organizing the Yugoslav People's Liberation Army and liberating Yugoslavia. Their struggles were recognized by the Allies of World War II as the true liberators of Yugoslavia. In 1945, Tito ordered the end of the _Kingdom of Yugoslavia_ and created the _Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia_ with six republics: Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia and Slovenia, and two autonomous provinces in Serbia: Vojvodina in the north, and Kosovo in the south, next to Albania.

## Presidency

Tito, under various positions, ruled Yugoslavia from 1945 to 1980. To be safe from assassination attempts, he was dramatically supported by the spy ring OZNA and political police UDBA. Following the Tito-Stalin split in 1948, Yugoslavia heavily opposed the influence of Soviet Union. His rule supressed all non-Titoist parties from forming, including nationalist, monarchist and liberal. He, along with other political personalities in third-world countries, started the Non-Aligned Movement. In the mid-1970s, federal republics of Yugoslavia were granted more autonomy, and the country underwent political decentralization. When he died in 1980 the political situation worsened, as the nationalist parties gained ground. The centralist rule of Slobodan Milošević culminated into brutal and bitter Yugoslav Wars during the 1990s, just ten years later.

## Death

Tito became ill over the course of 1979. On 7 January and again on 11 January 1980, Tito was admitted to the Medical Centre in Ljubljana, the capital city of the SR Slovenia, with circulation problems in his legs. His left leg was amputated soon afterward due to arterial blockages and he died of gangrene at the Medical Centre Ljubljana on 4 May 1980 at 3:05 pm, three days short of his 88th birthday. Many world leaders came to his funeral.

## Historical criticism

Accusations of culpability are related to crimes perpetrated during and after WWII, in pursuit of fleeing Nazi collaborators, such as the massacres of Foibe and Kočevski Rog butchery. Mass graves are evidences of massacres; accusations of genocide and ethnic cleansing by historians. Accusations of guilt in the Bleiburg massacre, the repression of the Croatian Catholic Church, and the crackdown on the Croatian Spring or MASPOK.
Accusation of Vojvodina massacre consists in retaliation against Germans and Hungarians citizen and supposed Chetnik Serbs but some historians consider these incidents also ethnic cleansing against Germans and Hungarians because during World War II, the German minority in occupied Yugoslavia enjoyed a status of superiority over the Yugoslav population.
The AVNOJ Presidium issued a decree that ordered the government confiscation of all property of Nazi Germany and its citizens in Yugoslavia, persons of German nationality (regardless of citizenship), and collaborators. The decision acquired the force of law on February 6, 1945.

Tito's repression involved many of his old friends such as Milovan Dilas and Vladimir Dedijer, who were both imprisoned but later wrote several books with gross accusations against him; with criticism heaped on Tito's lustful lifestyle: by 1974 he had 32 official residences, one of the ten richest men in the Balkans, _a communist who lived like a king_. Tito constructed huge personality cult around him, which kept Yugoslavia from falling apart.

## Funeral

The funeral of Josip Tito, President of Yugoslavia, was held on 8 May 1980, four days after his death on 4 May. His funeral was visited by most of world statesmen.

They included four kings, 31 presidents, six princes, 22 prime ministers and 47 ministers of foreign affairs. They came from both sides of the Cold War, from 128 different countries out of 154 UN members at the time.

The "Plavi voz" (_Blue train_, official presidential train) brought his body to the capital Belgrade and he lay in state in the Federal Parliament building until the funeral.

## Related pages

- Yugoslavia
- Titoism

## Bibliography

- Dedijer, Vladimir. _Tito_. New York: Arno Press, 1980

## Other websites

- Josip Tito Reference Archive at the Marxists Internet Archive
- Unseen pictures from US Archives
- Sign the first virtual memorial of Marshal Tito

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## Infobox (president)

- **name**: Josip Broz Tito
- **image**: Josip Broz Tito uniform portrait.jpg
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **caption**: Josip Broz Tito
- **order**: 2nd List of leaders of communist Yugoslavia, President of the Socialist Federative Republic of Yugoslavia
- **term start**: January 14, 1953
- **term end**: May 4, 1980
- **predecessor**: Ivan Ribar
- **successor**: Lazar Koliševski
- **birth place**: Kumrovec, Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia, Croatia, Austria-Hungary
- **death place**: Ljubljana, Socialist Republic of Slovenia, Slovenia, Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Yugoslavia
- **spouse**: Pelagija Broz (married and divorced)
 Jovanka Broz (married)
- **party**: League of Communists of Yugoslavia
- **order2**: 1st Prime Minister of Yugoslavia, Prime Minister of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
- **term start2**: November 29, 1945
- **term end2**: January 14, 1953
- **successor2**: Petar Stambolić
- **order3**: 1st Non-Aligned Movement#Secretaries-General, Secretary General of Non-Aligned Movement
- **term start3**: September 1, 1961
- **term end3**: October 10, 1964
- **successor3**: Gamal Abdel Nasser