juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Dakota Fanning

**Hannah Dakota Fanning** (born February 23, 1994) is an American actress and model. She is best known for her starring roles in the movies _Dreamer_, _Hounddog_, and _Fragments_ (also known as Winged Creatures).

## Early life

Fanning was born in Conyers, Georgia. Her mother, Heather Joy (née Arrington), played tennis professionally and her father, Steven J. Fanning, played minor league baseball and now works as an electronics salesman in Los Angeles, California. Her maternal grandfather is former American football player Rick Arrington, and her aunt is former ESPN reporter Jill Arrington. Dakota is the elder sister of Elle Fanning, also an actress.

Fanning is of English, French, Irish and German ancestry. She and her family are Southern Baptist.

## Child actress

Dakota was famous for her performance at age seven in the 2001 film _I Am Sam_. This earned her a nomination for a Screen Actors Guild Award at age eight in 2002, as the youngest nominee in history.

Later, she appeared in high-profile films such as _Man on Fire_ (2004), _War of the Worlds_ (2005) and _Charlotte's Web_ (2006). Fanning then began the transition to more adult roles with _Hounddog_ (2007) and _The Secret Life of Bees_ (2008). Her recent film roles have included the named character in _Coraline_ (2009), Cherie Currie in _The Runaways_ (2010), Annie James in "The Motel Life" (2013), and Jane in _The Twilight Saga_ (2009–12).

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Dakota Fanning
- **image**: Dakota Fanning VF 2012 Shankbone 3.JPG
- **caption**: Dakota Fanning at the _Vanity Fair (magazine), Vanity Fair_ party for the 2012 Tribeca Film Festival
- **birth name**: Hannah Dakota Fanning
- **birth place**: Conyers, Georgia, U.S.
- **occupation**: Actress, model
- **years active**: 1999–present
- **relatives**: Elle Fanning (sister)
- **education**: Campbell Hall School
- **alma mater**: New York University
Hindbrain

The **rhombencephalon** (or **hindbrain**) is a name for parts of the central nervous system in vertebrates.

## Infobox (brain)

- **name**: Hindbrain
- **image**: EmbryonicBrain.svg
- **caption**: Diagram depicting the main subdivisions of the embryonic vertebrate brain. These regions will later differentiate into forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain structures.
- **image2**: Gray708.svg
- **caption2**: Scheme of roof of fourth ventricle.
Spanish broom

**Spanish broom** (_Spartium junceum_, syn. _Genista juncea_), also known as **weaver's broom**, is a perennial, leguminous shrub that grows in the Mediterranean region in southern Europe, southwest Asia and northwest Africa, where it is found in sunny sites, usually on dry, sandy soils. It is the sole species in the genus ***Spartium***, but is closely related to the other brooms in the genera _Cytisus_ and _Genista_.

Spanish broom typically grows to 2-4 m tall, rarely 5 m, with main stems up to 5 cm thick, rarely 10 cm.

## References

- Germplasm Resources Information Network: _Spartium junceum_
Salvia

***Salvia*** is a genus in the mint family, Lamiaceae. It is one of three genera commonly referred to as **Sage**. Sage generally means common sage (_Salvia officinalis_). This genus includes shrubs, herbaceous perennials, and annuals. Different species of sage are grown as herbs and as ornamental plants. The ornamental species are commonly referred to by their scientific name _Salvia_.

## References and other websites

- _A Book of Salvias: Sages for Every Garden_ by Betsy Clebsch, Timber Press, 1997, . An excellent reference on salvias. Also, an updated (2004 edition) is available.
- http://www.itis.usda.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=32680  ITIS 32680 2002-09-06
- Akhondzadeh S, Noroozian M, Mohammadi M. R. 2003, Salvia Officinalis extract in the treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease: A double blind and placebo-controlled  trial. British Journal of Pharmacology, Vol. 140, p22P-22P, 1/2p
Common sage

**Common sage** (_Salvia officinalis_) is a small evergreen subshrub, with woody stems, grayish leaves, and blue to  purplish flowers that grows in southern Europe and the Mediterranean region.

It is much cultivated as a kitchen and medicinal herb, and is also called Garden sage, Kitchen sage, and Dalmatian sage. In southern Europe similar species are sometimes cultivated for the same purpose, and may be confused with the common sage.

It likes warm, quite dry soil with some shade but it will grow in almost any garden soil. It can live through winter but after three to five years the plant is past its best and should be replaced.

## Related pages

- Salvia

## References

- _The Herb Society of America New Encyclopedia of Herbs & Their Uses_,i like herbs Deni Bown (New York: DK, 2001)
- _A Modern Herbal_ Mrs M Grieves (Surrey, UK: Merchant, 1973)

## Other websites

- Medicinal use: from appliedhealth.com
- Medicinal use, modern and historical: from botanical.com
Subshrub

A **subshrub** (Latin _suffrutex_) is a woody perennial plant. Gardeners use the word to distinguish plants from a shrub that have lower height, typically less than 10–20 cm tall, or that are only weakly woody and/or persist only for a few years. Small, low shrubs such as lavender, periwinkle, and thyme, and many members of the family Ericaceae, such as cranberries, are often classed as subshrubs.
Vinca

***Vinca*** (from Latin  _vincire_ "to bind, fetter") is a genus of five species in the family Apocynaceae, that grows in Europe, northwest Africa and southwest Asia. The common name, shared with the related genus _Catharanthus_, is **Periwinkle**.

They are subshrubs or herbaceous, and have slender stems 1–2 m (3–6 feet) long but not growing more than 20–70 cm (8-30 inches) above ground; the stems frequently take root where they touch the ground, so the plant can spread widely

## References

- Blamey, M., & Grey-Wilson, C. (1989). _Flora of Britain and Northern Europe_. Hodder & Stoughton.
- Huxley, A., ed. (1992). _New RHS Dictionary of Gardening_ 4: 664-665. Macmillan.

## Other websites

- Flora Europaea: _Vinca_
- Virtual Flowers Vinca
Vinca (disambiguation)

**Vinca** can mean

- _Vinca_, one of two genera of plants with the common name Periwinkle
- Vinča, a suburb of Belgrade
- Vinča culture, an early European culture named after the Belgrade suburb
- Vinça, a commune of the Pyrénées-Orientales département in France
Shikoku dog

The **Shikoku** is a Japanese breed of dog. Other names for it is Tosa-ken. It is different from Tosa-touken. It looks like Japanese Wolf. It has a life span of ten to twelve years.
Jennifer Connelly

**Jennifer Lynn Connelly** (born December 12, 1970) is an American movie actress. She also worked as child model. Although she has been working in the movie industry since she was a teenager and became famous for her roles in movies like _Labyrinth_ and _Career Opportunities_, she did not become a big movie star until the 2000 drama _Requiem for a Dream_, and the 2001 biopic film _A Beautiful Mind_, for which she won an Oscar for Best Supporting Actress.

## Movies

<div style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
- _Once Upon a Time in America_ (1984)
- _Dario Argento's World of Horror_ (1985) (documentary)
- _Phenomena_ (1985)
- _Seven Minutes in Heaven_ (1985)
- _Labyrinth_ (1986)
- _Some Girls_ (1988)
- _Ballet_ (1989)
- _The Hot Spot_ (1990)
- _Career Opportunities_ (1991)
- _The Rocketeer_ (1991)
- _Of Love and Shadows_ (1994)
- _Higher Learning_ (1995)
- _Mulholland Falls_ (1996)
- _Far Harbor_ (1996)
- _Inventing the Abbotts_ (1997)
- _Dark City_ (1998)
- _Waking the Dead_ (2000)
- _Requiem for a Dream_ (2000)
- _Pollock_ (2000)
- _A Beautiful Mind_ (2001)
- _Hulk_ (2003)
- _House of Sand and Fog_ (2003)
- _Dark Water_ (2005)
- _Little Children_ (2006)
- _Blood Diamond_ (2006)
- _Reservation Road_ (2007)
- _Born_ (2008)
- _9_ (2009)
- _He's Just Not That Into You_ (2009)
- _Creation_ (2009)
- _Alita: Battle Angel_ (2018)
</div>

## Other websites

- Jennifer Connelly interview

## Infobox (actor)

- **name**: Jennifer Connelly
- **image**: Jennifer Connelly 2005.jpg
- **imagesize**: 150px
- **caption**: Jennifer Connelly in Central Park, New York City, June 2, 2005
- **birth place**: Catskill Mountains, New York (state), New York, United States, USA
- **birthname**: Jennifer Lynn Connelly
- **children**: Kai Dugan (b.1997)
 Stellan Bettany (b.2003)
 Agnes Lark Bettany (b.2011)
- **awards**: **Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress**
2001 _A Beautiful Mind (movie), A Beautiful Mind_
**BAFTA Award for Best Supporting Actress**
2001 _A Beautiful Mind (movie), A Beautiful Mind_
**Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress - Motion Picture**
 2002 _A Beautiful Mind (movie), A Beautiful Mind_
Liza Minnelli

**Liza May Minnelli** (born March 12, 1946 ) is an American actress and singer, who has won the Oscar and the Tony Award, and also many others.

She was born at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, California, She is the daughter of famous actress and singer Judy Garland and her second husband, movie director Vincente Minnelli. She acted and sang in many famous movies, including _Cabaret_. Her half sister is actress and singer Lorna Luft.

## Movies

- _In the Good Old Summertime_ (1949)
- _The Long, Long Trailer_ (1954) (scenes deleted)
- _Charlie Bubbles_ (1967)
- _The Sterile Cuckoo_ (1969)
- _Tell Me That You Love Me, Junie Moon_ (1970)
- _Cabaret_ (1972)
- _Just One More Time_ (1974) (short subject)
- _That's Entertainment!_ (1974) (narrator)
- _Journey Back to Oz_ (1974) (voice)
- _Lucky Lady_ (1975)
- _Silent Movie_ (1976)
- _A Matter of Time_ (1976)
- _New York, New York_ (1977)
- _Arthur_ (1981)
- _The King of Comedy_ (1983)
- _The Muppets Take Manhattan_ (1984)
- _That's Dancing!_ (1985)
- _Pinocchio and the Emperor of the Night_ (1987) (voice)
- _Rent-A-Cop_ (1987)
- _Arthur 2: On the Rocks_ (1988)
- _Stepping Out_ (1991)
- _A Century of Cinema_ (1994) (documentary)
- _Unzipped_ (1995) (documentary)
- _The OH in Ohio_ (2006)

## Other websites

- The Liza Minnelli Rules Website
- Genealogy
- Liza Online  (UK fan site)
- Liza Minnelli  (Official site)
- Liza May Minnelli  (European fanclub)
- The Muppet Show - Liza Minnelli episode

## Infobox (actor)

- **name**: Liza Minnelli
- **image**: Liza Minnelli 2006.jpg
- **caption**: Liza Minnelli in New York City, June 24, 2006
- **birth place**: Los Angeles, California, USA
- **spouse**: Peter Allen (1967-1972)
Jack Haley Jr. (1974-1979)
Mark Gero (1979-1992)
David Gest (2002-2007)
- **known for**: Acting roles:
**Pookie Adams** in _The Sterile Cuckoo_
**Sally Bowles** in _Cabaret (movie), Cabaret_
**Francine Evans** in _New York, New York (movie), New York, New York_
**Lucille Austero** in _Arrested Development (TV series), Arrested Development_
- **awards**: **Academy Award for Best Actress**
1972 _Cabaret_
**BAFTA Award for Best Actress**
1972 _Cabaret_
**Emmy Award for Outstanding Single Program - Variety and Popular Music**
1973 _Liza with a 'Z**
**Golden Globe Award for Best Actress - Motion Picture Musical/Comedy**
1973 _Cabaret_
**Golden Globe Award for Best Actress - Miniseries**
1986 _A Time to Live_
**Grammy Legend Award**
1990
**Tony Award for Best Leading Actress - Musical_'
1965 _Flora the Red Menace (musical), Flora the Red Menace_
1978 _The Act (musical), The Act_
2007 Atlantic hurricane season

The **2007 Atlantic hurricane season** was a time of year when tropical cyclones happened in the year 2007. The season started June 1, 2007, and ended on November 30, 2007, but the last storm did not die until December 12, 2007. Most of the storms that form in the Atlantic Ocean during the year happen between these two dates. But Subtropical Storm Andrea formed early on May 9, 2007, which was before the start of the season. This was the second time in five years that a storm formed before the season start date. Tropical Storm Ana in the 2003 Atlantic hurricane season also formed before June 1.

## Infobox (hurricane season)

- **basin**: Atl
- **year**: 2007
- **track**: 2007 Atlantic hurricane season summary map.png
- **first storm formed**: May 9, 2007
- **last storm dissipated**: December 12, 2007
- **strongest storm name**: _Hurricane Dean (2007), Dean_
- **strongest storm pressure**: 905
- **strongest storm winds**: 150
- **total depressions**: 17
- **total storms**: 15
- **total hurricanes**: 6
- **total intense**: 2
- **damagespre**: ~
- **damages**: 7500
- **fatalities**: ≥420
- **five seasons**: 2005 Atlantic hurricane season, 2005, 2006 Atlantic hurricane season, 2006, **2007**, 2008 Atlantic hurricane season, 2008, 2009 Atlantic hurricane season, 2009
Yul Brynner

**Yul Brynner** (July 11, 1920 – October 10, 1985) was a Broadway and Hollywood actor. He was born in Russia. He moved to the United States and became an American citizen. He appeared in many movies and stage productions in the United States. He is famous for his role as King Mongkut in the musical _The King and I_ in theatre and in the movie, as well as Rameses II in the 1956 Cecil B. DeMille movie _The Ten Commandments_ and as _Chris Adams_ in _The Magnificent Seven_.  He played a killer robot in the 1976 science fiction film _Westworld_.

He was known for his shaved head which he kept as a personal sign since his role in _The King and I_.

He is mentioned in the song "One Night in Bangkok".

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Yul Brynner
- **image**: Actor Yul Brynner in The Ten Commandments (1956).jpg
- **caption**: Brynner in _The Ten Commandments (1956 movie), The Ten Commandments_ (1956)
- **birth name**: Yuliy Borisovich Brynner
- **birth place**: Vladivostok, Russia
- **death place**: New York City, United States
- **yearsactive**: 1944 - 1980
- **death cause**: Lung cancer
- **nationality**: Russian-Americans, American
- **citizenship**: United States, American
- **spouse**: **Virginia Gilmore**
(m. 1944 - 1960, divorced) 1 child
**Doris Kleiner**
(m. 1960 - 1967, divorced) 1 child
**Jacqueline de Croisset**
(m. 1971 - 1981, divorced) 2 children
**Kathy Lee**
(m. 1983 - 1985, his death)
- **credits**: **King Mongut of Siam** in _The King and I_, **Chris Adams** in _The Magnificent Seven_ (1960)
- **awards**: **Academy Awards**
* Best Actor
:1956 _The King and I (1956 movie), The King and I_
**Tony Awards**
* Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a Musical
:1952 _King and I_
:1985 Special Award
Salvia pratensis

***Salvia pratensis*** (**Meadow Clary** or **Meadow Sage**; syn _Salvia virgata_) is a perennial sage in the family Lamiaceae, that grows in Europe, western Asia and northern Africa.

It is a herbaceous perennial plant and grows up to 1.5 m tall. The leaves are arranged in opposite pairs, the leaves on the lower part of the stem up to 15 cm long, higher up the stem they are smaller. The flowers are dark blue-purple, rarely pink or white.

It is usually grows in unimproved soils, which is typical for grasslands, scrub edges, and woodland borders.

It is grown as an ornamental plant.

## Other websites

- _Salvia pratensis_
Raymond Burr

**Raymond William Stacey Burr** (May 21, 1917 – September 12, 1993) was a Canadian actor and vintner, famous for his roles in the television dramas _Perry Mason_, for which he was awarded two Emmy Awards, and _Ironside_.

Burr's mother was of English and Scottish ancestry; his father was Irish.

Burr may have been a closeted homosexual.

## Other websites

- French biography of Raymond Burr
- Raymond Burr Performing Arts Centre - New Westminster, BC
- Raymond Burr Vineyards

## Infobox (actor)

- **name**: Raymond Burr
- **image**: Perry-Mason-Look-1961 (cropped).jpg
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **caption**: Burr in 1961
- **birthname**: Raymond William Stacey Burr
- **birth place**: New Westminster, British Columbia, Canada
- **death place**: Healdsburg, California, United States
- **death cause**: Kidney cancer
- **spouse**: Annette Sutherland (1942-1943)
Robert Benevides (1955-1993)
- **yearsactive**: 1940-1993
- **known for**: Acting roles:
**Perry Mason** in
_Perry Mason_
**Robert T. Ironside** in _Ironside (TV series), Ironside_
 **Steve Martin** in _ Godzilla, King Of The Monsters_ and _Godzilla 1985_
- **awards**: Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor - Drama Series
1961, _Perry Mason_
1959, _Perry Mason_
NNDB

**NNDB**, standing for **Notable Names Database**, produced by Soylent Communications, is an online database of biographical information of notable people. As of March 2007, NNDB contains more than 60,000 articles for over 22,000 important people. Readers may suggest additions or corrections which are later checked by a NNDB staff member.

## Other websites

- NNDB - Notable Names Database
- _Village Voice_ article, October 7th, 2005

## Infobox (website)

- **name**: Notable Names Database
- **logo**: NNDBLogo.png
- **commercial**: Yes
- **type**: Online biography, biographical database
- **language**: English language, English
- **registration**: No
- **owner**: Soylent Communications
- **launch date**: August 7, 2002
- **current status**: Active
Vascular plant

The **vascular plants**, or **tracheophytes**, are plants that have specialized tissues for conducting water, minerals, and photosynthetic products through the plant. They include the ferns, clubmosses, horsetails, flowering plants, conifers and other gymnosperms. They are often called the **higher plants**.

The vascular plants are set apart in two main ways:
1. Vascular plants have vascular tissues, which circulate resources through the plant.  This feature allows vascular plants to grow to a larger size than non-vascular plants, which lack these specialized conducting tissues and are therefore restricted to relatively small sizes.
1. In vascular plants, the principal generation phase is the _sporophyte_, which is diploid with two sets of chromosomes per cell.

Water transport happens in either xylem or phloem: xylem carries water and inorganic solutes upward toward the leaves from the roots, while phloem carries organic solutes throughout the plant.

## Members

- Spore-bearing vascular plants
    - Equisetophyta ~ horsetails
    - Lycopodiophyta ~ clubmosses, spikemosses, quillworts
    - Pteridophyta ~ ferns

- Seed-bearing vascular plants - Superdivision Spermatophyta
    - Pinophyta ~ conifers
    - Cycadophyta ~ cycads
    - Ginkgophyta ~ ginkgoes
    - Gnetophyta ~ gnetophytes
    - Magnoliophyta ~ flowering plants

## Related pages

- Non-vascular plant
- Embryophyte
Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

The **Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany** (  ) is sometimes called the **2 + 4 Treaty**.

It was signed by the two Germanies (West and East) and the four Wartime Allies (France, the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union (USSR)) on 12 September 1990, in Moscow, USSR.

The treaty formally ended the Second World War. The Allies of World War II gave up the powers and duties they had had in the two Germanies and in Berlin since the Nazi Surrender in 1945 stopped the fighting in World War II.

Six countries signed the treaty but only five ratified (confirmed) it. This is because Germany united under one government on 3 October 1990, three weeks after the treaty was signed.

The treaty allowed East and West German reunification into one country.  It said that Germany will be peaceful, and not start wars.  Germany promised to limit the size of its Army, Navy, and Air force, and not to make nuclear bombs.

The treaty also set guidelines about moving the foreign troops that were in Germany.  The USSR was to move all of its troops out of Eastern Germany and Eastern Berlin by 1994.  The three Western allies were asked to keep their troops in Berlin until the Soviets had left.  Germany also promised not to allow NATO troops to move into Eastern Germany, and not to allow certain types of weapons in the East either.

The treaty also set Germany's borders, and the German government confirmed that the treaty it made with Poland in 1970 about the border between the countries, was to stay in force.

On 15 March 1991, the treaty treaty took effect, and Germany became fully sovereign (that is, able to control everything in its own territory, including Berlin).
Non-vascular plant

**Non-vascular plants** is a general term for those plants without a vascular system (xylem and phloem).  Although non-vascular plants do not have these tissues, some of them have other tissues for internal transport of water.

Nonvascular plants have no roots, stems, or leaves. These structures always have some vascular tissue.

## Non-vascular groups

The term "non-vascular plant" is no longer used in biological classification.  Non-vascular plants include two quite different groups:

- The Bryophyta (mosses), the Marchantiophyta (liverworts), and the Anthocerotophyta (hornworts). Because these plants have no water-conducting tissues, they do not have the structural complexity and size of most vascular plants.
- Algae - especially the green algae. Recent studies have demonstrated that the algae actually consist of several unrelated groups. It turns out that common features of living in water and photosynthesis were misleading as indicators of close relationship. Only the green algae are still considered relatives of the plants.

In the past, the term _non-vascular plant_ included all the algae, but also the fungi as well. Today, it is recognized that these groups are not closely related to plants, and have a very different biology.

## Related pages

- Vascular plant
Vascular tissue

- _This is an article about vascular tissue in plants. For transport in animals, see Circulatory system._

**Vascular tissue** is a complex tissue found in vascular plants. Complex means that it is composed of more than one cell type.

The primary components of vascular tissue are the xylem and phloem. These two tissues transport fluid and nutrients internally. There is a meristem associated with vascular tissue: the vascular cambium. All the vascular tissues within a particular plant together constitute the **vascular tissue system** of that plant.

## Related pages

- Xylem
- Phloem
- Vascular plant
Phloem

In vascular plants, **phloem** is the living tissue made up of small tubes which carry watery sap containing sugar and other organic nutrients to all parts of the plant where the nutrients are used for growth, or stored until needed. The sugar is made by photosynthesis. In trees, the phloem is the innermost layer of the bark, therefore the name, that comes from the Greek word φλοιος (_phloios_) for "bark".

Aphids (greenfly) and other insects feed on the phloem by inserting a fine tube into the plant, penetrating the tiny phloem cells deep within the plant. The high pressure in the phloem tubes forces the phloem sap into the insect.  Most of the sugar passes right through the insect, so that nearby surfaces get sticky and often become black due to the growth of fungus.

Water, which is absorbed by the plant's roots, travels up the stem to the leaf through the xylem. This means that the xylem helps during photosynthesis by bringing water up the plant. It does the same job that blood vessel<nowiki/>s do in animals.

## Related pages

- Xylem
Walter Matthau

**Walter Matthau** (October 1, 1920–July 1, 2000) was an American actor, comedian and film director. He starred with Jack Lemmon in _The Odd Couple_ and its sequel _The Odd Couple II_. He won the Academy Award for _The Fortune Cookie_.

## movies

- _Atomic Attack_ (1950) (short subject)
- _The Kentuckian_ (1955)
- _The Indian Fighter_ (1955)
- _Bigger Than Life_ (1956)
- _A Face in the Crowd_ (1957)
- _Slaughter on Tenth Avenue_ (1957)
- _King Creole_ (1958)
- _Voice in the Mirror_ (1958)
- _Ride a Crooked Trail_ (1958)
- _Onionhead_ (1958)
- _Gangster Story_ (1960) (also director)
- _Strangers When We Meet_ (1960)
- _Lonely are the Brave_ (1962)
- _Who's Got the Action?_ (1962)
- _Island of Love_ (1963)
- _Charade_ (1963)
- _Ensign Pulver_ (1964)
- _Fail-Safe_ (1964)
- _Goodbye Charlie_ (1964)
- _Mirage_ (1965)
- _The Fortune Cookie_ (1966)
- _A Guide for the Married Man_ (1967)
- _The Odd Couple_ (1968)
- _The Secret Life of an American Wife_ (1968)
- _Candy_ (1968)
- _Hello, Dolly!_ (1969)
- _Cactus Flower_ (1969)
- _A New Leaf_ (1971)
- _Plaza Suite_ (1971)
- _Kotch_ (1971)
- _Pete 'n' Tillie_ (1972)
- _The Laughing Policeman_ (1973)
- _Charley Varrick_ (1973)
- _The Taking of Pelham One Two Three_ (1974)
- _Earthquake_ (1974) (credited as "Walter Matuschanskayasky")
- _The Front Page_ (1974)
- _The Lion Roars Again_ (1975) (short subject)
- _The Gentleman Tramp_ (1975) (documentary)
- _The Sunshine Boys_ (1975)
- _Bad News Bears_ (1976)
- _Casey's Shadow_ (1978)
- _House Calls_ (1978)
- _California Suite_ (1978)
- _Portrait of a 60% Perfect Man_ (1980) (documentary)
- _Little Miss Marker_ (1980)
- _Hopscotch_ (1980)
- _First Monday in October_ (1981)
- _Buddy Buddy_ (1981)
- _I Ought to Be in Pictures_ (1982)
- _The Survivors_ (1983)
- _Movers & Shakers_ (1985)
- _Pirates_ (1986)
- _The Little Devil_ (1988)
- _The Couch Trip_ (1988)
- _JFK_ (1991) as Senator Russell B. Long
- _Beyond 'JFK': The Question of Conspiracy_ (1992) (documentary)
- _Dennis the Menace_ (1993)
- _Grumpy Old Men_ (1993)
- _I.Q._ (1994)
- _The Grass Harp_ (1995)
- _Grumpier Old Men_ (1995)
- _I'm Not Rappaport_ (1996)
- _Out to Sea_ (1997)
- _The Odd Couple II_ (1998)
- _The Life and Times of Hank Greenberg_ (1998) (documentary)
- _Hanging Up_ (2000)

## Other websites

- Humorous Quotes
- Walter Matthau & Jack Lemmon (In German)

## Infobox (actor)

- **name**: Walter Matthau
- **image**: Walter Matthau - 1952.jpg
- **caption**: Walter Matthau in 1952
- **birthname**: Walter John Matthow
- **years active**: 1948–2000
- **birth place**: New York City, New York
- **death place**: Santa Monica, California
Tigran Chukhajian

**Tigran Chukhajian** (1837-1898) was a famous Armenian composer and the founder of the first opera institution in the Ottoman Empire. He composed the first Armenian opera, _Arshak II_, about the life of Armenian king Arshak II.
People's Republic

**People's Republic** (sometimes called **Popular Republic**) is a name for a communist, usually Marxist-Leninist country. Currently, the People's Republic of China (PRC) is the only Marxist-Leninist state in the world that uses the title "People's Republic". Because of this, "People's Republic" is sometimes used to refer to China.

The term is also found in the official name of Bangladesh - People’s Republic of Bangladesh. Also in the official name of North Korea - Democratic People's Republic of Korea.
Hurt (Christina Aguilera song)

**"Hurt"** is a song sung by Christina Aguilera, from her 2006 album _Back to Basics_. The song was written by Aguilera, Linda Perry and Mark Ronson. It is a slow, emotional ballad. It was released as the second single from her _Back to Basics_ album, after "Ain't No Other Man". It charted in many countries in the world.
Movie producer

A **movie producer** creates the conditions for making movies. The producer checks and controls things such as getting the money to make the movie, employing personnel, and arranging for distributors. The producer is involved in all parts of the process of making a movie from the beginning to completion of a project. Usually, the producer is considered the chief of staff and  is in control of the non-artistic side of movie making, while the director is in charge of the filming and the artistic part. Video can also be a film genre that deals with music videos and other styles, as in the case of Marc Engelhard. It is used in various areas.

## Other websites

- Producers Guild of America Frequently Asked Questions
Gastroenteritis

**Gastroenteritis** is a medical term for inflammation of the stomach and intestines. It causes diarrhea, vomiting and stomach pain. It usually happens because of infection by a virus or bacteria. Another term for **Gastroenteritis** is Stomach Flu.

Other common terms for gastroenteritis include infectious diarrhea, stomach bug, and stomach virus. It is sometimes called stomach flu or gastric flu, but it is _not_ related to the influenza virus (which is often shortened to 'flu').
Television pilot

**Television pilot**, usually called just a _pilot_, is a test episode made to sell a television series. It may be broadcast as the first episode if the series is sold to a network or cable channel, and sometimes has different actors or other differences to the real series. There are also many series whose pilot episodes are titled _"Pilot"_. While many pilots are made, few make it to the screen, and even fewer go on to become full television series because of big competition between networks and producers. There are many types of television pilots. Some pilots are put on other shows first to start the show. These are called "backdoor pilots". An example of a backdoor pilot is "Gloria: The First Day" is an episode in _Archie Bunker's Place_ but is used to start _Gloria_. A "put pilot" is a pilot that a network agrees to put on television and if they do no they have to pay a lot of money to the television studio. An "unsold pilot" is a pilot episode that are made by a studio but are not put on television.
James Doohan

**James Montgomery Doohan** (March 3, 1920 – July 20, 2005) LVO was a Canadian actor and voice actor. He is best known for his role as _Montgomery "Scotty" Scott_ in the movie and television series _Star Trek_. Doohan's character was one of the most typical elements in the _Star Trek_ franchise.

Doohan was also a veteran of World War II. After his success with _Star Trek_, he showed a lot of support through the years for his fans by making many public appearances.

## Other websites

- Doohan in Slashdot thread
- Washington Post obituary "The Actor, Boldly Going With the Flow"

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: James Doohan
- **honorific suffix**: LVO
- **image**: Doohan-portraet1.jpg
- **caption**: James Doohan
- **birthname**: James Montgomery Doohan
- **birth date**: March 3, 1920
- **nationality**: Canadians, Canadian
- **birth place**: Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- **occupation**: Actor, Voice actor
- **death place**: Redmond, Washington, U.S.
- **death cause**: Pneumonia, Alzheimer's disease
- **height**: 180 cm (71 in)
- **other names**: Jimmy Doohan
- **spouse**: Wende Doohan (1974–2005)
Anita Yagel (1967–1972)
Janet Young (1949–1964)
Javanese

**Javanese** may refer to:

## Of Java

- Javanese people, and their culture
- Javanese language
    - Javanese script, traditional letters used to write Javanese language
    - Javanese (Unicode block),
    - Old Javanese,  the oldest phase of the Javanese language
- Javanese beliefs
- Javanese calendar
- Javanese cuisine
- Javanese Surinamese, an ethnic group of Javanese descent in Suriname

## Other

- Javanese cat, a breed of domestic cat
Michael Douglas

**Michael Kirk Douglas** (born September 25, 1944) is an American retired actor, producer and activist. He has acted in movies and on television, who came to fame as _Insp. Steve Keller_ in the popular 1970s television series _The Streets of San Francisco_.

He later became a successful movie star, and won the Academy Award in 1987 for his work in _Wall Street_. Douglas has acted in many other successful movies, including _Fatal Attraction_ and _Basic Instinct_.

He is the eldest son of actor Kirk Douglas, but also Krirk Douglas and Mrirk Douglas. He is the husband of actress Catherine Zeta-Jones. In 2010, he was diagnosed with throat cancer; in 2011 he said he had recovered.

## Other websites

- Michael Douglas  Unofficial Fan website
- Michael Douglas  Personal Documents Archive at the Wisconsin Historical Society
- News

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Michael Douglas
- **image**: Michael Douglas Navy3.jpg
- **caption**: Douglas in 2006
- **birthname**: Michael Kirk Douglas
- **birth place**: New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States, U.S.
- **party**: Democratic Party ,  Democratic
- **spouse**: Diandra Luker
(m. 1977-2000, divorced)
Catherine Zeta-Jones
(m. 2000-present)
- **children**: Cameron Douglas (born 1978)
Dylan Michael Douglas (born 2000)
Carys Zeta Douglas (born 2003)
- **parents**: Kirk Douglas
 Diana Dill
- **relatives**: Joel Douglas (brother)
Peter Douglas (half-brother)
Eric Douglas (half-brother, dead)
- **notable works**: **Insp. Steve Keller**
in _The Streets of San Francisco_
**Jack Colton**
 in _Romancing the Stone_ and _The Jewel of the Nile_
**Gordon Gekko**
in _Wall Street (film), Wall Street_
**Det. Nick Curran**
 in _Basic Instinct_
**William "D-Fens" Foster**
in _Falling Down_
**Dan Gallagher**
 in _Fatal Attraction_
**President Andrew Shepherd**
in _The American President (movie), The American President_
**Robert Wakefield**
in _Traffic (2000 movie), Traffic_
**Prof. Grady Tripp**
in _Wonder Boys (movie), Wonder Boys_
- **awards**: **Best Picture**
1975 _One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest_
**Best Actor**
1987 _Wall Street (movie), Wall Street_
**Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Motion Picture Drama**
1988 _Wall Street (movie), Wall Street_
**Cecil B. DeMille Award**
2004 Lifetime Achievement
Kirk Douglas

**Kirk Douglas** (born **Issur Danielovitch**; December 9, 1916 – February 5, 2020) was an American actor and movie director. Douglas acted in many of Hollywood's well-known movies, including _Spartacus_. He also starred as Vincent van Gogh in _Lust for Life_.

His parents were Jews from the Russian Empire. He was the father of actor and producer Michael Douglas.

He came in at #17 on AFI's list of the greatest male American screen legends of all time and was one of two living actors on the list (Sidney Poitier is the other).

In 2005, he was given an Honorary Academy Award. In 1986, he won a Golden Globe Award.

Kirk Douglas died on February 5, 2000 in Beverly Hills, California.

## Other websites

- Personal papers of Kirk Douglas at the Wisconsin Historical Society - Roughly 180,000 documents on Douglas's personal and professional life
- Newcritics.com: Meeting Kirk Douglas
- Kirk Douglas, le champion de Hollywood (in French)

## Infobox (military person)

- **embed**: yes
- **branch**:  United States Army
- **serviceyears**: 1981–1985
- **rank**:  Captain (United States O-3), Captain
- **unit**:  Army Medical Department (United States)#Medical Service Corps (MS), Army Medical Administrative Corps
- **battles**: World War II
- **awards**:  Good Conduct Medal (United States), Army Good Conduct Medal
 American Defense Service Medal
 American Campaign Medal
 Asiatic–Pacific Campaign Medal
 European–African–Middle Eastern Campaign Medal
 World War II Victory Medal (United States), World War II Victory Medal


## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Kirk Douglas
- **image**: Studio publicity Kirk Douglas.jpg
- **caption**: Douglas in 1993
- **birthname**: Issur Danielovitch Demsky
- **birth place**: Amsterdam (city), New York, Amsterdam, New York (state), New York, U.S.
- **death place**: Beverly Hills, California, U.S
- **height**: 5ft 9in (1.75 m)
- **othername**: Issur Danielovitch
- **notable works**: **Michael Kelly**
in _Champion (1989 movie), Champion_
**Jonathan Shields** in _The Bad and the Beautiful_
**Vincent van Gogh**
in _Lust for Life (movie), Lust for Life_
 **Spartacus**
in _Spartacus (movie), Spartacus _
- **awards**: **Academy Honorary Award**
2006 Lifetime Achievement
**Honorary César**
1996 Lifetime Achievement
 **Best Actor - Motion Picture Drama**
1987 _Lust for Life (movie), Lust for Life_
**Cecil B. DeMille Award**
1988 Lifetime Achievement
- **spouse**: Diana Dill (1983-1981, divorced)
Anne Buydens (1984-2001)
- **parents**: Herschel Demsky
Bryna Sanglel
- **signature**: KirkDouglas.png
James Stewart

**James Maitland Stewart** (May 20, 1908 – July 2, 1997) was an American actor and military officer. In his career, he starred in many movies considered classics and was nominated for five Oscars, winning one in competition and one life achievement. Stewart became so familiar to the American public that he was most usually referred to by them as "Jimmy" Stewart.

He was named the third Greatest Male Star of All Time by the American Film Institute.

Stewart was an outspoken conservative Republican.

## Other websites

- Obituary, NY Times, July 3, 1997, _James Stewart, the Hesitant Hero, Dies at 89_
- The Jimmy Stewart Museum
- Presidential Medal of Freedom: Jimmy Stewart

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: James Stewart
- **image**: Annex - Stewart, James (Call Northside 777) 01.jpg
- **caption**: Studio publicity photograph, 1948
- **birth name**: James Maitland Stewart
- **birth place**: Indiana, Pennsylvania, United States
- **death place**: Los Angeles, California, United States
- **othername**: Jimmy Stewart
- **years active**: 1932–1991
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **spouse**: Gloria Hatrick (1949–1994)
- **children**: 4
- **awards**: **Academy Awards**
* Best Actor
: 1940 _The Philadelphia Story_
* Academy Honorary Award
: 1985 Lifetime Achievement
**Golden Globe Awards**
* Best TV Actor - Drama
: 1974 _Hawkins (TV series), Hawkins_
* Cecil B. DeMille Award
: 1965 Lifetime Achievement
**SAG Awards**
* Screen Actors Guild Life Achievement Award, Life Achievement Award
: 1968 Lifetime Achievement
NYFCC Award for Best Actor
: 1939 _Mr. Smith Goes to Washington_
: 1959 _Anatomy of a Murder_
James Edward Keeler

**James Edward Keeler** (September 10 1857 – August 12 1900) was an American astronomer.

He worked at Lick Observatory beginning in 1888 but was appointed director of the University of Pittsburgh's  Allegheny Observatory in 1891. He returned to Lick Observatory as its director in 1898, but died not long after in 1900. He had married in 1891 and left a widow and two children.

He discovered two asteroids, although the second was lost and only recovered about 100 years later.
Cassini–Huygens

{{Infobox spaceflight |auto=all
| name                  =_Cassini–Huygens_
| names_list            =
| image                 = Cassini Saturn Orbit Insertion.jpg
| image_caption         = Artist's concept of _Cassini_{{'s}} orbit insertion around Saturn
| image_size            = 276px
| mission_type          = _Cassini_: Saturn orbiter
_Huygens_: Titan lander
| operator              = _Cassini_: NASA{{\}}JPL
 _Huygens_: ESA{{\}}ASI
| COSPAR_ID             = 1997-061A
| SATCAT                = 25008
| website               =
- {{url|https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/|NASA}}
- {{url|http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Cassini-Huygens|ESA}}
- {{url|http://www.asi.it/en/activity/solar-system-exploration/cassini-huygens|ASI}}
| mission_duration      = {{plainlist|
- **Overall**:
    - {{pad|1em}}<small>{{time interval|15 October 1997 08:43|15 September 2017 12:08|show= yd|sep=,}} </small>
    - {{pad|1em}}<small>{{time interval|1 July 2004 02:48|15 September 2017 12:08|show= yd|sep=,}} at Saturn</small>
- **En route**:
    - {{pad|1em}}{{time interval|15 October 1997|1 July 2004 02:48|show= yd|sep=,|duration= on}}
- **Prime mission**:
    - {{pad|1em}}{{time interval|1 July 2004 02:48|30 June 2008|show= y|sep=,|duration= on}}
- **Extended missions**:
    - {{pad|1em}}<small>Equinox: {{time interval|31 July 2008|30 September 2010|show= yd|sep=,|duration= on}}</small>
    - {{pad|1em}}<small>Solstice: {{time interval|30 September 2010|22 April 2017|show= yd|sep=,|duration= on}}</small>
    - {{pad|1em}}<small>Finale: {{time interval|23 April 2017 03:46|15 September 2017 12:08|show= md|sep=,|duration= on}}</small>
 }}
| manufacturer          = _Cassini_: Jet Propulsion Laboratory
 _Huygens_: Thales Alenia Space
| launch_mass           = {{convert|5712|kg|lb|abbr= on}}
| dry_mass              = {{convert|2523|kg|lb|abbr= on}}
| payload_mass          =
| dimensions            =
| power                 = ~885 watts (BOL)
 ~670 watts (2010)
 ~663 watts (EOM/2017)

| launch_date           = {{start-date| October 15, 1997, 08:43:00}} UTC
| launch_rocket         = Titan IV(401)B B-33
| launch_site           = Cape Canaveral SLC-40
| launch_contractor     =
Fern

**Fern**s are a group of about 20,000 species of plants. About 10,000 are living: they are in the division **Pteridophyta**.

Unlike bryophytes, ferns have xylem and phloem, which makes them vascular plants. Unlike seed plants like angiosperms (flowering plants) or gymnosperms, ferns do not have seeds. Instead, they reproduce by releasing their spores into the environment where the germinate into a  Prothallus.

Most ferns belong to the Class Leptosporangiata (or Pteridopsida). This includes most of those you see in gardens and woods. The horsetails belong to another class, the Equisetopsida, which was extremely important in the Carboniferous period. Only one genus survives. The other classes of fern are also quite small today.

Ferns do not have waxes or special cells on their surface that keep water from evaporating. This means that they best live in a place where there is a lot of fog or has a lot of rainfall and is in a shade that protects them from direct sunlight. Most do have roots, stems, and leaves. Their stems may form runners, called stolons above the ground, or rhizomes below ground. The leaves are green and large, and may have spores on the underside. Some ferns grow large in moist places. They can survive in more places than mosses, but not as much as seed plants.

During the Carboniferous period – from 350 million years ago – ferns lived everywhere on land. These ferns, called tree ferns grew up to 30 metres. There were huge forests of ferns and mosses, giant horsetails, full of giant insects, etc. Today, there are no large forests of tree ferns and tree ferns are not so large.

## Further reading

- Pryer, Kathleen M., Harald Schneider, Alan R. Smith, Raymond Cranfill, Paul G. Wolf, Jeffrey S. Hunt and Sedonia D. Sipes. 2001. Horsetails and ferns are a monophyletic group and the closest living relatives to seed plants. _Nature_ 409: 618-622 (abstract here).
- Pryer, Kathleen M., Eric Schuettpelz, Paul G. Wolf, Harald Schneider, Alan R. Smith and Raymond Cranfill. 2004. Phylogeny and evolution of ferns (monilophytes) with a focus on the early leptosporangiate divergences. _American Journal of Botany_ 91:1582-1598 (online abstract here ).
- Moran, Robbin C. 2004. _A natural history of ferns_. Portland, OR: Timber Press. .
- Lord, Thomas R. 2006. _Ferns and fern allies of Pennsylvania_. Indiana, PA: Pinelands Press. http://www.paferns.com
- Smith A.R., K.M. Pryer, E. Schuettpelz, P. Korall, H. Schneider & P.G. Wolf. 2006. A classification for extant ferns. _Taxon_ 55(3):705–731.online available

## Other websites

- Tree of Life Web Project: Filicopsida
- A classification of the ferns and their allies
- A fern book bibliography
- Register of fossil Pteridophyta
- L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (2004 onwards). The Ferns (Filicopsida) of the British Isles.
- Non-seed plant images at bioimages.vanderbilt.edu
Horror movie

A **horror movie** is a movie made to scare the viewer. The main stories of horror movies often involve supernatural forces or characters of evil origin. Horror movies are often confused with thrillers, which are similar.

Popular horror movie characters usually include monsters. Early horror movies often took ideas from classic literature, such as _The Mummy_, _Dracula_ and _The Wolf Man_.

## Slasher movies

Slasher movies are a subgenre of horror movies. They are often also a type of thriller movie. Slasher movies normally have a psychopathic killer killing a sequence of people. This is usually in a very violent way. The genre may have been inspired by _giallo_, a similar movie genre originating in Italy.

While movies made as early as 1932 had aspects of slasher movies in them, the genre was not really defined until the late 1970s. The 1974 movie _Black Christmas_ is considered the first slasher movie.. _Halloween_ (1978),  _Friday the 13th_ (1980) and _Scream_ (1996) did very well at the box office and showed that slasher movies could make lots of money.

## Psychological horror movies

Psychological horror movies are a subgenre of traditional horror movies which focuses more on the mental instability of its characters than on graphic violence, serial killers or monsters, for example. Most of the time this genre deal with the character's phobias, psychological traumas, paranoia, and etc. The genre often overlaps with psychological thriller as well. _Dead Silence_ (2007), _The Shining_ and _The Babadook_ (2014), are some examples of psychological horror movies.

## Comedy horror movies

Those are movies which blends horror and comic elements in its plot. Unlike common, traditional horror movies, in this movie genre, the viewer may be scared and laugh at the same time. Most of time, the type of humour used in these movies is black comedy.

Some examples includes _Zombieland_ (2009), _The Raven_ (1963), _Scary Movie_ (2000), and _Shaun of the Dead_ (2004).
Martin Sheen

**Martin Sheen** (born August 3, 1940) is a Spanish-Irish-American actor. He is best known for his role as _Captain Willard_ in the film _Apocalypse Now_ and, most recently, as President _Josiah Bartlet_ on the acclaimed and long-running television drama series _The West Wing_. He won both the Emmy and Golden Globe Awards for his works. His mother was an Irish immigrant; his father was a Spanish immigrant.

## Other websites

- _The Progressive_ magazine interview
- Martin Sheen: Catholic President on Prime Time  article at AmericanCatholic.org
- PBS interview with audio clips : Martin Sheen on Poverty, Faith and Social Activism
- 2001 NPR Interview about his experiences filming _Apocalypse Now_

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Martin Sheen
- **image**: Martinsheennavy.jpg
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **caption**: Martin Sheen filming an episode of _The West Wing_
- **birth name**: Ramón Gerardo Antonio Estévez
- **birth place**: Dayton, Ohio, United States, USA
- **nationality**: United States, American
- **known for**: **Capt. Benjamin L. Willard** in _Apocalypse Now_
**President Josiah "Jed" Bartlet** in _The West Wing (TV series), The West Wing_
**Capt. Oliver Queenan** in _The Departed_
**Robert E. Lee** in _Gettysburg (film), Gettysburg_
**Carl Fox** in _Wall Street_
- **awards**: **Emmy Awards**
*Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series
:1994 _Murphy Brown_
**Golden Globe Awards**
* Best Actor, Drama
:2001 The West Wing (TV series), The West Wing
- **television**: _The West Wing (TV series), The West Wing_
- **spouse**: Janet Templeton
(m. 1961-present)
- **children**: Emilio Estévez
Ramón Luis Estévez
Charlie Sheen
Renée Estévez
Northern Kurdistan

**Northern Kurdistan** (Kurdish: _Bakûrê Kurdistanê_ or _Kurdistanê Bakûr_) or **Turkish Kurdistan**, refers to the eastern and southeastern part of Turkey where Kurds make up majority of the population. According to Kurdish Institute of Paris, the total population of region is 14,2 million in 2016 and according to several surveys, 86% of them are Kurds.

## Demographics

In the first census of Turkey in 1927, Kurdish was the largest first language in the provinces of Ağrı (58%), Bitlis (75%), Diyarbakır (69%), Elazığ (53%), Hakkâri (89%), Mardin (61%), Siirt (74%, includes present-day Batman) and Van (77%). Moreover, Kurdish was the largest first language with a plurality in Şanlıurfa with 42%. 69% of the population in Muş Province had Kurdish as their first language in the census of 1935, the first census conducted there after the province was split from Bitlis earlier. Dersim's (Tunceli) language distribution is 69.5% Kurdish and Zaza in 1927. Bingöl Province was separated from Muş in 1935, while Tunceli Province was separated from Elazığ in 1936 and Kurdish was also the first language in these newly-established provinces in their first census in 1945 with 56% and 53%, respectively.

## Sources

tr:Kürdistan#Türkiye Kürdistanı