juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Group home

A **group home,** also called an **, care home or congregate living facility** (depending on country and region) is a building that serves as a home for people who are not in the same family but have a common characteristic. In the United States and certain other countries, this would mean a home for people who need social assistance or who are not able to live alone or without proper care for safety reasons. Group homes provide a structured environment and assistance with some activities of daily living (Assisted living). In the past, these people might have lived in psychiatric hospitals, homes for the poor and orphanages.

People who live in a group home may be recovering drug addicts, developmentally disabled, abused or neglected youths, and/or young people with a criminal record. A group home is different from a halfway house because it is not restricted to recovering addicts or convicted criminals, and also because the people who live there usually have to help maintain the household by doing chores or helping to manage a budget. In most countries, people can still vote and attend university while in a group home.

The number of residents varies. There may be a resident manager or service staff. Residents may have their own room or share rooms, and share facilities such as laundry, bathroom in most cases, kitchen and common living areas.  The opening of group homes may be fought against by neighbours who fear that it will lead to a rise in crime and/or a drop in property values and thus is a form of NIMBYism.

A group home can also refer to family homes in which children and youth of the foster care system are placed until foster families are found for them.
Anfield

**Anfield** is a football stadium in Liverpool, England. The Football team Liverpool FC plays there. The stadium has just seen an expansion of the Main Stand increasing the capacity to 54,167.

Anfield is famous for the sign that is in the players' tunnel, which reads: "This is Anfield". One of their most famous rivals are Manchester United as well as  Everton FC. Liverpool v Everton is known as the Merseyside Derby. Anfield used to be owned by Everton F.C and Everton created Liverpool to use the stadium. They have won  6 European cups.

## Related pages

- Liverpool F.C.

## Infobox (stadium)

- **stadium name**: Anfield
- **image**:  **UEFA Stadia List, UEFA**
- **caption**: View from the Main stand opposite the Sir Kenny Dalglish stand
- **location**: Liverpool, Merseyside, England
- **opened**: 1884
- **owner**: Liverpool F.C.
- **operator**: Liverpool F.C.
- **surface**: Grass
- **tenants**: Everton F.C. (1884–92)
Liverpool F.C. (1892–present)
- **seating capacity**: 61 256
- **dimensions**: by
Crawford, Texas

**Crawford** is a town in Texas, in the United States. It is former President George W. Bush's hometown. George W. Bush and the First Lady Laura Bush own a 1600-acre ranch in Crawford. They bought the ranch in 1999. The first family's presence in Crawford, Texas, has helped the small town's economy to grow. The once nearly deserted streets are now busy with tourists.
Metalocalypse

***Metalocalypse*** is an animated comedy television series directed by Jon Schnepp. It is a part of Cartoon Network's Adult Swim. It is about a heavy metal group called Dethklok, who are the most famous and richest band in the world. The band is a very dangerous force to the people who like it and to world governments. Even though their fans often die or are hurt in the series, they still remain very popular. There is also a secret group of people who work for the U.S. Government who secretly spy on the band and plan to kill them.

## Band Members in Dethklok

- Nathan Explosion: The group's singer and leader, he is based on Glenn Danzig from The Misfits and Cannibal Corpse's George Fisher. He has long black hair, and is very large.
- Skwisgaar Skwigelf: Lead guitarist, who is from Sweden. He has long blonde hair, has blue eyes, and is skinny.
- Toki Wartooth: Plays rhythm guitar and is from Norway. He is very gullible and childlike. He has long brown hair and a "fu manchu" moustache.
- William Murderface: The bass guitar player, who is slightly overweight, very angry, and likes gross things including a new found love of "free-balling". He is partly based on Geezer Butler from Black Sabbath. He has triangular brown hair, and a mustache.
- Pickles-plays the drums, used to be leader of a band called "Snakes n' Barrels", a parody of Guns N' Roses. He is originally from Wisconsin. He has red cornrows.

## CD & DVD Release

Cartoon Network released a DVD of the first season of _Metalocalypse_ and an album of Dethklok's songs in the summer of 2007. The album has songs that are played during the series.
St. Lucia Day

**St. Lucia Day** is a holiday that is held on December 13 in several countries in Europe. Those countries include Sweden, Denmark, Norway, and Finland.

## Overview

The holiday is in honor of Saint Lucy, or St. Lucy. On this day, young girls – mostly the oldest daughter of the house – dress like Saint Lucia in a white robe and a crown of candles. There are parades, pageants, and the girl playing Lucia serves cakes. They also sing special songs. Here is one of the songs:
<poem>
_The night treads heavily_
_around yards and dwellings_
_In places unreached by sun,_
_the shadows brood_

_Into our dark house, she comes,_
_bearing lighted candles,_
_Saint Lucia, Saint Lucia._
</poem>
The Lucia celebrations also include ginger snaps and sweet, saffron-flavored buns (_lussekatter_) shaped like curled-up cats and with raisin eyes. People eat them with _glögg_ or coffee.

## Related pages

- Saint
- Christmas
- Christianity
- Scandinavia
- Canonization
Pride

**Pride** means having a feeling of being good and worthy. The adjective is **proud**.

The word _pride_ can be used in a good sense as well as in a bad sense.

In a good sense it means having a feeling of self-respect. People can be satisfied with their achievements. They can be proud of something good that they have done. They can be proud of (or _take pride in_) their work. They might be proud of their son or daughter or husband or wife or anyone else who is close to them and who has done something good. People can be proud of their country (patriotism). The opposite would be _to be ashamed_ of someone or something.

In a bad sense, _pride_ can mean that someone has an exaggerated sense of feeling good. This might mean that someone has no respect for what other people do, only respect for what he or she does. Someone who is described as _proud_ may be arrogant. The word is used in this sense in the saying: “Pride comes before a fall” or “Pride goes before destruction, a haughty spirit before a fall.” Prov.16:18 (meaning that someone is so overconfident that he or she might soon have a disaster).
Symmetry

**Symmetry** is a property of some geometrical objects. Objects with symmetry appear the same when reflected along an axis or when rotated around a point. An object with symmetry is said to be **symmetrical**. The opposite of symmetry is asymmetry, which describes an object that does not have symmetry.

In reflectional symmetry, the axis of symmetry must cross the shape through the middle, dividing it into equal halves. In rotational symmetry, the object is identical when it is rotated by a certain amount.

There are many ways to see the idea of symmetry in different things. Symmetrical objects can be material, such as a crystal, a quilt, a living being, floor tiles, or a molecule. Transformations such as moving across a regularly patterned tile floor and rotating an eight-sided vase show those objects' symmetry. A set of objects sharing a spatial relationship could be symmetrical.

Abstract structures can also have symmetry, such as a mathematical equation or in the way music is played (as in a series of tones). Symmetry may be found with respect to the passage of time; it can be seen as an aspect of scientific models, language, music and even knowledge itself.
Mount Ruapehu

**Mount Ruapehu** is an active volcano on North Island, New Zealand. It is the highest mountain in North Island with a height of . It is located in Taupo, New Zealand. It last erupted in September 2007.

## History

In 1948, an airplane crashed into the volcano. All the people in the airplane died.
Klang

**Klang** (also known as **Kelang**) is the royal capital of Selangor, Malaysia. A popular harbour called Port Klang is located there. It is one of the busiest ports in the world. The wife of Mahathir Mohamad, Siti Hasmah Mohamad Ali was born in this capital.

## History

- 1867 - 1874 Klang War
- 1880 - 1889 Klang became the capital of Selangor.
- 1945 - Klang Town Authority formed.
- 1954 - Klang Town Council formed (27.5 km²)
- 1971 - Klang District Council formed, including areas surrounding Kapar and Meru towns.
- 1974 - 1977 - Capital of Selangor when Kuala Lumpur became a Federal Territory and before Shah Alam was made the capital of Selangor.
- 1977 - Klang Municipal Council formed (60.9 km²)

## Weather

In Klang, it rains all year round. The monthly rainfall is slightly higher here in April and November. It might be because of the monsoon season.

The average temperature in Klang is around 25°C to 36°C (77°F to 96.8°F). There is no distinct seasonal difference in temperature in the town. Klang is hot and humid throughout the year.

## Districts

There are two districts in Klang, Klang North and Klang South. Both are divided by a river called the Klang River.

## Famous Local Food

Klang is famous for its Bak Kut Teh, a herbal soup which contains pork. Klang is also famous for its _Rojak Klang_.

Another popular delicacy here is the "Cendol Klang". The stall was opened in 1972.

## Other websites

- Klang Municipal Council website
- ODP's Klang category
- Klang travel guide at Wikivoyage
- Klang Community eSpace Forum
- Port Klang Free Trade Zone
- Klang North Port
Anchorage

**Anchorage** is where a ship lies at anchor.

It can also mean:
- Anchorage, Alaska
- Anchorage, Kentucky
- Anchorage, a source of emotional support
Monty Python and the Holy Grail

***Monty Python and the Holy Grail*** is the second movie made by Monty Python. It was made in 1974 and was very successful. It is still very popular, and considered one of the best comedy films ever made. It was also made into a musical called _Spamalot_.

## Story

This is a comedy about King Arthur's search for the Holy Grail. He gathers a group of knights around him. They do not ride horses - instead, they clap coconut halves together, to make the sound of a horse galloping. They search for the grail, but keep on getting distracted by peasants (poor farmers) who want to talk about politics, or French knights insulting them.

The movie was made in Scotland.
Yen

The Japanese **yen** or **en** is the currency used in Japan. It is usually written with the romanised symbol ¥, but in Japanese it is written with the kanji 円. The coins are very light and range from ¥1 up to ¥500. The highest paper note value is ¥10000. The Japanese currency is the third most traded currency in the world.

## Related pages

- Japan
If and only if

|**INPUT**|**OUTPUT**||
| --- | --- | --- |
|A|B|A  B|
|0|0|1|
|0|1|0|
|1|0|0|
|1|1|1|

In logic and mathematics, **if and only if** (sometimes abbreviated as **iff**) is a logical operator denoting a logical biconditional (often symbolized by  or). It is often used to conjoin two statements which are logically equivalent.

In general, given two statement A and B, the statement "A if and only if B" is true precisely when both A and B are true or both A and B are false. In which case, A can be thought of as the logical substitute of B (and vice versa).

An "if and only if" statement is also called a _necessary and sufficient condition_. For example:

- "Madison will eat the fruit if and only if it is an apple" is equivalent to saying that "Madison will eat the fruit if the fruit is an apple, and will not eat the fruit if it is not an apple". That the given fruit is an apple is both a _necessary_ and a _sufficient_ condition for Madison to eat the fruit.

Note that the truth table shown is also equivalent to the XNOR gate.

## Related pages

- Equality (mathematics)
- Implication (logic)
- Propositional logic
AppleTalk

**Appletalk** is a suite of protocols for computer networking. It allowed Apple Macintosh computers to connect one another. It also allowed a computer to use a printer connected to the network. Apple has switched from Appletalk to TCP/IP.
Miramax

**Miramax, LLC** is an American motion picture distribution and production company. It was headquartered in Los Angeles, California before being bought out by The Walt Disney Company.

It was created by the brothers Harvey and Bob Weinstein in Buffalo, New York in 1979. The name comes from combining the first names of their parents _Max_ and _Miriam_. The company was created to distribute independent films which the major movie studio did not think were worth distributing.

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: Miramax, LLC
- **logo**: Miramax logo.svg
- **logo caption**: Logo used since 2010
- **type**: Joint venture
- **founded**:
Buffalo, New York, United States
- **founders**: Harvey Weinstein, Harvey and Bob Weinstein
- **hq location city**: Los Angeles, California
- **hq location country**: U.S.
- **num employees**: 100+
Western States 100

The **Western States 100** is a 100 mile race that is held each July in California's Sierra Nevada Mountains.  It is the oldest regularly run ultramarathons. It is considered by some to be the most difficult.  Some of the best runners ever to compete in the Western States 100 race are Scott Jurek and Tim Twietmeyer.
Scott Jurek

**Scott Jurek** (b. October 26, 1973) is an famous runner who lives in Seattle, California.  He is perhaps best known for running the difficult Western States 100 Mile Race seven years in a row.  He has also won the Badwater Ultramarathon the past two years.
Badwater Ultramarathon

The **Badwater Ultramarathon** is a race run from the lowest point in North America to the trail head of Mt. Whitney.  It is 135 miles in very high heat.
Skate (fish)

_For the act of skating, see skating._

**Skates** are cartilaginous fish. They are the family **Rajidae**  in the order Rajiformes. They are chondrichthyes, and closely related to the rays. There are more than 200 species in 27 genera.

There are two subfamilies, the hardnose skates and the softnose skates.

## Skates and stingrays

Skates are a bit like stingrays (they are in the same group), but they are usually smaller with shorter, thicker tails. There is also a difference: skates do not have stings. Instead, their tails are thicker, with small "thorns" along the edges. At the base of the tail is a set of extra fins.

Skates and rays are also different in the way the give birth. Most rays are ovoviviparous (the eggs develop inside a mother's body), but skates lay their eggs. This means they are oviparous.
Melbourne Cup

The **Melbourne Cup** is Australia's major horse race. It happens once a year.  People say it is _The race that stops a nation_, it is for horses three-years-old and over, and it is 3200 metres long. The event has been held on the first Tuesday in November since 1861 (except on one year during the Second World War) by the Victoria Racing Club, on the Flemington Racecourse in Melbourne. Many people say it is the most important "two-mile" horse race in the world.

The race was first held over two miles, about 3,218 metres, but after Australia changed to the metric system in 1972 it was changed to 3,200 metres. This made it 61 ft 6in shorter, and Rain Lover's 1968 race record of 3min.19.1sec was changed to 3min.17.9sec. Now, the record holder is the 1990 winner Kingston Rule with a time of 3min 16.3sec.

The race starts at 3.00pm Melbourne (AEST) time.

## Attendance

The event is one of the most popular events to watch in Australia. Over 110,000 people attend the race. Some people dress in traditional formal raceday clothing. Other people dress in different kinds of strange and amusing costumes,
In 2005 a total of 383,784 race fans went to the Melbourne Cup Carnival annual event

## History

Seventeen horses raced in the first Melbourne Cup in 1861. The prize was a gold watch and 170 pounds cash. Some people say Archer (the winner) walked 800 km to the course from Nowra, New South Wales.  However, it is possible he travelled by ship. Four thousand people watched the race.

Archer won again the next year.  However, because the owner's application form arrived late the next year, Archer was unable to try for a third cup. Many owners boycotted (did not race in protest) the race, so it started with only seven horses.  That is the smallest number in the history of the cup.

The winner of the Melbourne Cup last year was Rekindling, from Great Britain.

## Off the track

'Fashions On The Field' is a major focus of the day.  Raceday fashion sometimes draws almost as much attention as the race itself.  The miniskirt received worldwide attention when model Jean Shrimpton wore one on Derby Day during Melbourne Cup week in 1965.

In Melbourne, the race day is a public holiday.  In the rest of Australia most people watch the race on television and gamble. Some people bet at the TAB (the Australian betting office).  Other people bet in workplace cup "sweeps".  (In "sweeps" each person pays a small amount [e.g. $3] and draws a random horse.  First, second, and third place then share the money.)  In 2000 it was estimated that 80 percent of the adult Australian population placed a bet on the race that year.

Betting on the Melbourne Cup has become more and more popular over the years, with one time a year punters having a crack at picking the winning horse.
King Philip's War

**King Philip's War** (**Metacom's War**) was a war between Native Americans and English colonists. King Philip's War was fought between 1675 and 1676 in the area of the United States that is now New England.

When the Pilgrims left England, they came to live in Massachusetts near the Indians. As more Puritans arrived, they needed more land and they took it.  Metacom, or "King Philip" as he was called in English was the leader of one of the Wampanoag Pokanoket tribes.  His father had made a treaty with the English.

The English began to fear the power of the natives.  The two sides accused each other of violating the treaty and preparing for war.  John Wussausmon was Christian convert and a trader.  He told the English that Philip was preparing an alliance to attack them.  When he was found dead, the English executed three Indians for his murder, and people on both sides became more angry.  Philip brought together a large force of Indians and attacked the Puritan settlements.  The resulting war was large.  The Indians lost and thousands of them died but not before the whole countryside suffered much loss.  Many towns burned and every inhabitant was enveloped some way in the conflict. When King Philip was killed by a native, his head was cut off by Benjamin Church to be brought back to Plymouth.  500 Indians were also taken prisoner and made slaves.
Lip balm

**Lip balm** is a product which is put on lips so they will not dry when a person is outside in the sun and wind. Lip balm is usually made from petrolatum. Some types of lip balm also include sunscreen to protect the lips from sunburn. Lip balm comes in tubes and small pots with screw-on lids. Lip balm is often used during the winter, because the cold winter winds can dry out a person's lips so that they are cracked and hurting (this is called having "chapped" lips).
Coprophagia

**Coprophagia** is the eating of faeces. Many animals eat faeces, either their own or that of other animal groups. It is particularly common in dogs and puppies of about six months old, but little is known why; lack of stimulus and variety in the lifestyle or diet have been cited as potential reasons.

Adding pineapple to their food is  a well recognized solution for many dogs. Humans do it only on rare occasions and it is looked down upon in society.  Eating one's feces can also spread disease.
Frankenwald

The **Frankenwald** (roughly translates to Franconian forest) is a mountain range. It is in the district of Oberfranken in Bavaria. It connects the Fichtelgebirge to the Thuringian forest. It is a long forested plateau. The hills in the plateau form a watershed between the Rhine and the Elbe rivers.

It was settled in the 13th century. The main branches of industry were porcelain-making, forestry, and the production of charcoal. Rafts were built to get the wood into the larger cities, along the Main river, and the Rhine. First, the people setlted on the plateau. They cut down some forest, and settled in the clearing that was created that way. A well preserved example of such a setltlement is Wilhelmsthal. Only at a later date did people settle in the valleys.

In the Frankenwald, the following landscapes are prevalent:

- plateaux where the forest has been cleared.
- forested slopes
- grassy valleys.
Municipality

A **municipality** is a word used for a city, a town or a village, or a small group of them. It has a clearly defined territory, and all the people living on that territory share one common local government.

In most countries, a municipality is the smallest administrative subdivision to have its own democratically elected representative leadership. A municipality is usually governed by a mayor and a city or municipal council. The municipality can be created as a municipal corporation.

The word used may be  "commune" (for example, French _commune_, Italian _comune_ or Swedish _kommun_), canton, district, civil parish or borough.
Order

**Order** has many meanings or uses:

## Religious

- Holy orders are the rites or sacraments in which priests are ordained
- Religious order, a group of people that live together, and share some ideals

## Honors

- Order (decoration), an award or medal

## Legal and military

- Court order, made by a judge
- Executive order, issued by the executive branch of government
- General order, a published directive from a commander
- Standing order, a general order of unset duration, and similar ongoing rules in a parliament
- Direct order

## In scientific classification

- Order (physics), the opposite of chaos or disorder (in the sense of randomness), or entropy
- Order (biology), a rank between class and family, or a taxon at that rank
- Order (chemistry), a concept of chemical kinetics
- Social order, a concept used in sociology, history and other social sciences. May mean lawfulness, but more often means class structure.

## In mathematics

- Order (group theory), the cardinality of a group
- Order theory, a branch of mathematics that studies many different kinds of binary relations called orders
- Order (ring theory), a kind of an algebraic structure
- Orders of approximation, Big O notation
- Order of magnitude, a class of scale or magnitude of any amount
- Order, or degree of a polynomial

## In computer science

- Canonical order, the order of elements that follows a certain rules or specifications

## In telecommunications

- Modulation order, the number of different symbols that can be sent using a given modulation

## Other uses

- Collating order, sequence for text, such as alphabetical
- Order (business), an instruction from a customer to buy
- Order (exchange), customer's instruction to a financial entity for a financial transaction
- Order (information processing), a measure of the number of objects or sub-systems in a system
- Order (organization), an organization of people united by a common fraternal bond or social aim.
- Architectonic orders
- Way of categorizing Electronic filters by steepness
- Way of categorizing the size of lighthouse Fresnel lenses
- "The Order"
- Order (food), a customer's choice of food at a restaurant or for delivery
Friedrichshafen

**Friedrichshafen** is a city in Germany. It is at the north shore of the Lake of Constance. It is the second largest city at the lakeside, after Konstanz. About 58,000 people live there. The city is famous for having one of the first Zeppelins.

## Infobox (german location)

- **art**: City
- **wappen**: DEU Friedrichshafen COA.svg
- **lageplan**: Friedrichshafen im Bodenseekreis.png
- **bundesland**: Baden-Württemberg
- **regierungsbezirk**: Tübingen
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 08435016
- **landkreis**: Bodenseekreis
- **höhe**: 400
- **fläche**: 69.91
- **einwohner**: 58068
- **stand**: 2005-12-31
- **plz**: 88045 – 88048
- **vorwahl**: 07541, 07544
- **kfz**: FN
- **bürgermeister**: Josef Büchelmeier
- **bürgermeistertitel**: Oberbürgermeister
- **partei**: SPD
Zeppelin

A **Zeppelin** is a type of airship. Airships are aircraft that float in air, because they are filled with a lightweight gas. A Zeppelin is a dirigible, which means it is a rigid airship, but can be moved around by itself. It was developed by Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin, in the early 20th century. The name Zeppelin is now used as a common name for all rigid airships. Zeppelins were used in the First World War. In the Second World War the Nazis largely used them for propaganda purposes.

One of the most well-known Zeppelins was the LZ 129 Hindenburg, which caught fire on May 6, 1937, during a landing after a non-stop trip from Germany to New Jersey in the United States.  After this, Zeppelin passenger service came to a stop.  The LZ 130 Graf Zeppelin was still in use, although some modifications had to be made.  Early the Second World War the remaining Zeppelins were demolished so their metal could be used for other things.

Plans have been proposed, to use Zeppelins to lift heavy weights.  Some are used as tourist attractions, or for advertising.
666

## Events

- Wighard became Archbishop of Canterbury.
- Chertsey Abbey was built in England.
- Barking Abbey was built in England.

## Births

- Zhang Jiazhen, Chinese general
Stanza

A **stanza** is a related group of lines or verses in a poem. A stanza also can be a verse in paragraph form. They can keep on going without punctuation. It may also be a line poem.

Two most important features of a stanza is the number of lines and the rhyme scheme. There are many kinds of stanza.

- Two-line stanza ().
- Three-line stanza ().
- Four-line stanza (, , , )
- Five-line stanza (for example )
- Six-line stanza (for example )
- Seven-line stanza (for example , it is called rhyme royal)
- Eight-line stanza (for example , it is Italian ottava rima)
- Nine-line stanza (for example , it is Spenserian stanza)
- Ten-line stanza (for example )

An Italian sonnet consists of two four-line stanzas and two three-line stanzas:

A French ballad is composed of three eight-line stanzas and a four-line one:

Some stanzas are named after poets, who invented or often used them. An example is Sapphic stanza that was named after famous Greek woman poet Sappho.

## Bibliography

Joseph Berg Esenwein, Mary Eleanor Roberts, _Art of Versification_. Revised edition. Springfield: 1920.
Nanga Parbat

**Nanga Parbat** is a mountain in Gilgit-Baltistan, between Chilas and Astore. It is the ninth highest mountain in the world. It is  above sea level. Nanga Parbat means "Naked Mountain". In 1953, an Austrian German named Hermann Buhl was the first to climb it.

Nanga Parbat is in the west of the Himalayas, and is the most western of the mountains higher than eight thousand meters. It lies just south of the Indus River, in the Astore District of the Northern Areas in the region of Kashmir. Not far to the north is the western end of the Karakoram mountains.

Nanga Parbat is the highest peak in the Nanga Parbat Range. The range covers an area of  in length and  in width. In the east it joins the Pir Panjal Range.

The steep incline of its peak that rises above the ground far below makes Nanga Parbat a difficult and dangerous climb. Many deaths in the mid and early 20th century gave it the nickname of "killer mountain".

## Other websites

- A mountain list ranked by local relief and steepness showing Nanga Parbat as the steepest
- Pictures from a winter expedition in 2013

## Infobox (mountain)

- **name**: Nanga Parbat
- **photo**: Nanga Parbat The Killer Mountain.jpg
- **photo caption**: Nanga Parbat, the killer mountain, in Gilgit Baltistan
- **elevation m**: 8126
- **elevation ref**:
<small>List of highest mountains, Ranked 9th</small>
- **prominence m**: 4608
- **prominence ref**:
<small>List of peaks by prominence, Ranked 14th</small>
- **listing**: Eight-thousander
Ultra prominent peak, Ultra
- **location**: Nanga Parbat lies in Gilgit Baltistan, an Area administered and owned by Pakistan.
- **range**: Himalayas
- **map**: Baltistan
- **map caption**: Location of Nanga Parbat in Baltistan
- **map size**: 250
- **label position**: right
- **first ascent**: July 3, 1953 by Hermann Buhl
- **easiest route**: Diamir district (West Face)
Respiration

**Respiration** is how nutrients change into useful energy in a cell. During respiration, energy is released in a form that can be used by cells. All living things respire. Both plant and animal cells use respiration to release energy from glucose.

There are two types of respiration. One is aerobic respiration and the other is anaerobic respiration. Aerobic respiration happens in the with presence of oxygen. Oxygen breaks down food (glucose) to release high amounts of energy. Anaerobic respiration happens in the presence of oxygen making lactic acid. During respiration in yeast and bacteria, oxygen is not involved in the oxidation of food. Food (glucose) is broken down into ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide this is called anaerobic respiration.

- Animals obtain carbohydrates, such as starch and sugars, by eating them. Some heat is released by these chemical reactions in cells, and it is this we experience as body heat.
- Plants make their own carbohydrates during photosynthesis. They get carbon dioxide from the environment and their energy from the sun.

Some use oxygen to break down glucose completely into CO<sub>2</sub> (Carbon dioxide) and H<sub>2</sub>O (Water).

- here are the differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration in animals

|aerobic respiration|anaerobic respiration|
| --- | --- |
|It requires oxygen|It doesn't require oxygen|
|releases CO2 and water|It releases  lactic acid|
|produces much more energy for the same amount of glucose|produces much less efficient at producing energy|

## Related pages

See these (in this order) for an outline of the biochemistry of aerobic respiration:
1. Cellular respiration
1. Glycolysis
1. Link reaction
1. Krebs cycle
1. Electron transport chain
69

**69** is a year in the 1st century.

## Events

- The Year of the Four Emperors: After Nero's death, Galba, Otho and Vitellius all serve as emperor for a short time each before Vespasian takes over.
- January 15 – Otho seizes power in Rome, proclaims himself Roman Emperor, and survives three months before committing suicide.
- First Jewish-Roman War – Vespasian lays siege to Jerusalem, which was captured by Titus Flavius Sabinus Vespasianus after Vespasian became Emperor.
- April 2– Galba, governor of Spain, names himself _legatus senatus populique Romani_, breaking the line of Roman emperors begun with Caesar and Augustus. He was assassinated by the Praetorian Guards in favor of Marcus Salvius Otho.
- April 14 – First Battle of Bedriacum: Vitellius defeats Otho's legions, Otho commits suicide.
- April 17 – After the First Battle of Bedriacum, Vitellius becomes Roman Emperor.
- October 24 – Second Battle of Bedriacum: Flavians under Antonius Primus defeats Vitellians.
- December 21 – Vespasian becomes emperor.
- The Batavians, under the leadeship of Gaius Julius Civilis, revolt (Batavian rebellion).
- Legio I _Macriana liberatrix_ is disbanded.

## Births

- Saint Polycarp of Smyrna

## Deaths

- January – Locusta
- January 15 – Galba
- April 15 – Otho
- December 22 – Vitellius killed by the army of Vespasian
410s

The **410s** was a decade that began on 1 January 410 and ended on 31 December 419.

## Events

- Sack of Rome by the Visigoths under Alaric
- Britain lost from the Roman Empire
340s

The **340s** decade ran from January 1, 340, to December 31, 349.

## Events

- Ulfilas missionary to the Goths

## Significant people

- Constans, Roman Emperor
- Constantius II, Roman Emperor
- Flavius Philippus, praetorian prefect of the East, consul
- Hypatia of Alexandria
Web 2.0

**Web 2.0** () is what people call new ways of showing or using things on the Internet.

Web 2.0 is considered beneficial because it is easy for people to publish their work, connect with other people, and share and exchange information.

To people who use the Internet, wikis and blogs are Web 2.0. Web 2.0 is mostly about user-generated and interactive content.

Before Web 2.0, Internet users could just read information on web pages. With Web 2.0, users can interact with the site and add information. In Web 1.0, the previous version, information was only written by the website author.

The Internet technology which is used for web 2.0 is not different from the old Internet technology, but the ways people use the web (the Internet) has changed.

Some people think that Wikipedia is a great example of "Web 2.0". Many other famous websites, such as Facebook and Youtube, are considered Web 2.0 Websites.
The Broons

***The Broons*** is a comic strip in the Scottish newspaper The Sunday Post. It is about a Scottish family with 11 members.

The strip is written in Scots.

## Family Members

- Maw
- Paw
- Granpaw
- Hen
- Joe
- Daphne
- Maggie
- Horace
- The Twins
- The Bairn
First Triumvirate

The **First Triumvirate** is the name most historians give to the political alliance between Gaius Julius Caesar, Marcus Licinius Crassus and Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (Pompey). They made it in 60 BC to give each other power. Each person helped the others to be more powerful.

Caesar was able to gain money from Crassus to finance his public works campaign. He also gained military power from Pompey's loyal legions. Crassus, who was much envied and hated for his wealth and the means he used to attain it, was also able to gain popularity from Pompey as well as Caesar who had a loyal following in the plebeian class. Pompey was grateful to Caesar for his support against slander in the senate. Caesar's speeches in the senate were in favor of giving the newly conquered land to Pompey's returned legions. Pompey and Crassus ended their old grudge that dated back to the Third Servile War because they realised the advantages they allowed each other. To cement the Triumvirate, Crassus told Caesar's numerous debt holders that he would pay Caesar's loans if Caesar defaulted. Pompey married Caesar's only child, Julia. The Triumvirate lasted until Crassus' death in the Battle of Carrhae in 53 BC.

Caesar and Pompey started fighting. Caesar won at the Battle of Pharsalus. Caesar became dictator in the year 44 BC.

## Related pages

- Second Triumvirate
Second Triumvirate

The **Second Triumvirate** was an alliance between Octavian, Mark Antony and Lepidus. It was formed to punish the conspirators who assassinated Julius Caesar.

The Triumvirate lasted from 43 BC to 33 BC. It ended the effort by Marcus Tullius Cicero to make the Senate once again the top body of the Republic. From then on Rome was ruled by an Emperor.

The Triumvirate army, led by Octavian and Mark Antony, defeated the Conspirators' army led by Cassius and Brutus.  The war ended with the Battle of Philippi in Roman Macedonia in 42 BC.  Cassius and Brutus committed suicide and the remainder of their army joined the Triumvirate forces.
Rio Grande do Sul

**Rio Grande do Sul** is a Brazilian state. It is in Southern Brazil. It has common borders with Uruguay to the south, and Argentina to the west. It has a very high standard of living. Its capital city is Porto Alegre. About 10 million people live in the state. The surface area of Rio Grande do Sul is about 282,000 square kilometres.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: State of Rio Grande do Sul
- **native name lang**: pt
- **settlement type**: States of Brazil, State
- **image flag**: Bandeira do Rio Grande do Sul.svg
- **image shield**: Brasao Estado RioGrandedoSul Brasil.svg
- **motto**: _Liberdade, Igualdade, Humanidade_ <small> (Portuguese)</small>
 "Liberty, Equality, Humanity" <small></small>
- **anthem**: Hino Rio-Grandense
- **image map**: Brazil State RioGrandedoSul.svg
- **map caption**: Location of State of Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **seat type**: Capital and largest city
- **seat**: Porto Alegre
- **leader title**: Governor (Brazil), Governor
- **leader name**: José Ivo Sartori
- **leader title1**: Vice Governor
- **leader name1**: José Paulo Dornelles Cairoli
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area total km2**: 281748
- **area rank**: List of Brazilian states by area, 9th
- **population total**: 10,770,603
- **population as of**: 2012
- **population rank**: List of Brazilian states by population, 5th
- **population density km2**: auto
- **population density rank**: List of Brazilian states by population density, 13th
- **population demonym**: Gaucho, Gaúcho or Sul-rio-grandense
- **demographics type1**: Gross domestic product, GDP
- **demographics1 title1**: Year
- **demographics1 info1**: 2008 estimate
- **demographics1 title2**: Total
- **demographics1 info2**: R$ 199,499,000,000 (List of Brazilian states by gross domestic product, 4th)
- **demographics1 title3**: Per capita
- **demographics1 info3**: R$ 18.378,17 (List of Brazilian states by gross domestic product, 6th)
- **demographics type2**: Human Development Index, HDI
- **demographics2 title1**: Year
- **demographics2 info1**: 2005
- **demographics2 title2**: Category
- **demographics2 info2**: 0.832 – <span style="color:green">high</span> (List of Brazilian states by Human Development Index, 4th)
- **postal code type**: Postal Code
- **postal code**: 90000-000 to 99990-000
- **timezone1**: Time in Brazil, BRT
- **utc offset1**: -3
- **timezone1 dst**: Time in Brazil, BRST
- **utc offset1 dst**: -2
- **iso code**: ISO 3166-2:BR, BR-RS
- **website**: [http://www.rs.gov.br/ rs.gov.br]
Turbofolk

**Turbofolk** or **Pop-folk** is a style of music from the Balkans that was invented in the early 1990s.  It mostly comes from Greece, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro, but it is also popular in other nearby countries.  It sounds like a mix of Arabic-style singing (in the Serbian language) with electronic music and rock music.

Turbofolk is sometimes associated with the recent Balkan wars and the Breakup of Yugoslavia but it is still popular.
Bérurier Noir

**Bérurier Noir** are a French punk band which formed in Paris in 1983. It is made up of Loran (guitar), François (vocals) and Dede (drum machine). In 1985 Masto joined, playing the saxophone. They sing about French politics and anarchism. They are one of the most famous French punk bands.

## Discography

- 1983: _Macadam massacre_
- 1985: _Concerto pour détraqués_
- 1987: _Abracadaboum_
- 1989: _Souvent fauché, toujours marteau_
- 1990: _Viva Bertaga_ (Live 1989)
- 1995: _Carnaval des agités_ (Best Of/Live 1983-1989)
- 1998: _La bataille de Pali-Kao_ (Best Of 1983-1989)
- 2003: _Même pas mort_ (DVD+CD Best Of+News)
- 2005: _L'Opéra des Loups_ (DVD+CD Live 16 titles or DVD only)
- 2006: _Chant des Meutes_ (Live 13 titles)
- 2006: _Invisible_

## Other websites

- Official site
- http://www.fzm.fr/

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Bérurier Noir
- **img capt**: Bérurier noir (2005)
- **img size**: 220
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Paris
- **genre**: Alternative rock, Punk rock
- **years active**: 1983–1989
2003-2006
- **label**: Last Call, Wagram Music
- **url**: [http://beruriernoir.fr/ http://beruriernoir.fr/]
- **current members**: François
Loran
Masto
Laul
990

## Events

- January 1 – Kievan Rus' adopts the Julian calendar.
- Construction of the Al-Hakim Mosque begins in Cairo.
- The Pax Ecclesiae, an edict by the church in southern France attempting to outlaw acts of war against non-combatants and the clergy, is promulgated.

## Births

- Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor (approximate)
- Edmund II of England, (approximate)
- Mieszko II of Poland, king of Poland from 1025 to 1031, duke from 1032 to 1034.
- Yorimichi, regent to the Japanese emperor from 1017 to 1020 and from 1020 to 1068.
- Johannes Skotus, Bishop of Mecklenburg (approximate)

## Deaths

- Kaneie, regent to the Japanese emperor from 986 to 990.
- Al-Uqlidisi, Middle-East mathematician.
- Dunash ben Labrat
1073

## Events

- April 22 – Pope Gregory VII (Cardinal Hildebrand) succeeds Pope Alexander II as the 155th pope.
- Emperor Shirakawa ascends the throne of Japan
- Rabbi Yitchaki Alfassi finishes writing the _Rif_, an important work of Jewish law.
- John IX bar Shushan ends term as Syrian Patriarch of Antioch
- Beginning of Sviatoslav II's reign as ruler of Kievan Rus
- Seljuk Turks conquer Ankara

## Births

- David the Builder, King of Georgia
- Margrave Leopold III of Austria

## Deaths

- April 21 – Pope Alexander II
- June 15 – Emperor Go-Sanjō of Japan (b. 1034)
- Zhou Dunyi – Neo-Confucian philosopher in Song Dynasty China
Salt evaporation pond

A **Salt evaporation pond** (or **saltern pond**) is a man-made shallow pond. Usually it is located near the sea. The ponds can be filled with salt water. The water is then left to evaporate. The salt is left behind, and can be harvested. Such ponds also provide a habitat for several kinds of animals. Most of these animals are birds.

The color tells how much salt there is left in the water. Green colors come from special algae. These algae are there in low to mid salinity ponds (ponds with little salt in the water). In middle to high salinity ponds, an alga called Dunaliella salina shifts the color to red. Millions of tiny brine shrimp create an orange cast in mid-salinity ponds. Other bacteria such as Stichococcus also contribute tints. These colors are especially interesting to airplane passengers or astronauts passing above due to their somewhat artistic formations of shape and color.

## Other websites

- NASA page on salt ponds
- Information on the San Francisco Bay salt ponds
- Interactive satellite view
Salinity

**Salinity** is a scientific term. Scientists use it to tell how much salt there is in water. Salinity is measured by the amount of sodium chloride found in 1,000 grams of water, if there is 1 gram of sodium chloride in 1,000 grams of water solution it is 1 part per thousand. This is written as 1‰.

- Fresh water contains less than 0.1% of salt . This is the usual case for rivers and lakes.
- Brackish water contains between 0.1% and 3% of salt. This environment is usually found at estuaries where a river flows into the sea.
- _Saline water_ contains between 3% and 5% of salt (per volume). Usually, there is about 3.5% salt in the water of the oceans.
- Water that has more than 5% salt in it, is called brine. Some lakes and bodies of water have that much salt in them. The Dead Sea has about 15% salt (150‰) on the surface.
Food preservation

**Food preservation** is about the ways and means which help to preserve food. Food spoils from bacteria if it is not treated.  For thousands of years, humans have used methods of preserving food, so that they can store food to eat later. The simplest methods of preserving food, such as drying strips of fish or meat in the hot sun have been used for thousands of years, and they are still used today by indigenous peoples. The other ancient method is to use salt, and often drying and salting are done together.

Food spoils mainly by decomposition by microorganisms. There are five basic techniques which make food last longer:
1. Killing the microorganisms, or preventing them from multiplying
1. Contact of microoganisms with food is prevented
1. Certain additives prevent or slow the growth of microoganisms; this is often called curing
Usually several of the techniques are combined.

## Methods of preserving food

Common ways of preserving food are:

- Heating the food or baking it (a hard corn-flour biscuit stays edible much longer than a bowl of fresh corn)
- Pasteurization: Louis Pasteur found that simply heating food kills most microorganisms and makes it last longer. Liquids such as milk are commonly pasteurized. However, the heating has to be done precisely according to a procedure
- Converting the food into a longer-lasting form (for example, fresh goat's milk can be converted into cheese or yogurt, which lasts much longer than fresh milk)
- Pickling: putting vegetables, meat, or fish in salty water (brine). Salting the food:  Covering it with dry salt
- Putting the food in a jar with alcohol (ethanol) or vinegar, also called pickling
- Putting large amounts of sugar into the food (for example, as with jam or fruit jarred in sugar and water)
- Drying in the sun or in an oven
- Smoking the food with the smoke from burning wood. Usually, this is done to food that was salted first.
- Keeping the food cold or frozen, including freeze-drying
- Adding other preservatives such as sorbates (sorbic acid), sulfites and nitrites.

## Multiple methods

Many common methods use several of these approaches at the same time. For example, pickles preserved in a jar are heated then put in a mixture of vinegar and brine. Fruit jams and jellies are heated and mixed with a large amount of sugar. Some preserved fruit is heated and then mixed with alcohol (for example, Brandy) and a large amount of sugar. Smoked hams are cured in brine and then exposed to the smoke from burning wood chips.
Shrimp

**Shrimp** are crustaceans. Shrimp are mainly found in three groups: **Caridea**, **Procarididea**, and Dendrobranchiata. There are thousands of species, and usually there is a species adapted to any particular habitat. Any small crustacean which resembles a shrimp tends to be called one.

Adult shrimp are filter feeding benthic animals that live close to the bottom. They can live in schools and can swim rapidly backwards. They have a high tolerance to toxins in polluted areas, and may contribute to high toxin levels in their predators. They play important roles in the food chain and are important food sources for larger animals from fish to whales.

Shrimp are related to prawns. In cooking, the criterion is often only the size of the animal (prawns are bigger). Biologically, prawns and shrimp can be told apart by the structure of their gills. In prawns, the gills are branching; in shrimp they are not. A shrimp's heart is in its head.

## Food

Many shrimp species are caught to be eaten. Usually, the head and the digestive tract are removed before the shrimp is eaten. The muscular tails of shrimp can be eaten, and they are widely caught and farmed for human consumption.

Commercial shrimp species support an industry worth 50 billion dollars a year. In 2010 the total commercial production of shrimp was nearly 7 million tonnes. Shrimp farming took off during the 1980s, particularly in China, and by 2007 the harvest from shrimp farms exceeded the capture of wild shrimp. There is often pollution damage done to estuaries when they are used for shrimp farming.

## Related pages

- Prawn
- Krill
Prawn

**Dendrobranchiata** is a suborder of decapod crustaceans, and contains shrimp and **prawn**.

Dendrobranchiata are commercially fished and are used for cooking. The difference between prawns and shrimp is usually that prawns are larger than shrimps. Prawns are crustaceans similar in appearance to shrimps, but they can be distinguished by the gill structure which branches out in prawns but not in shrimps. Prawns are also related to crabs and lobsters. Prawns have two pairs of antennae.

Prawns are found in calmer waters were the they can nest in water plants to lay their eggs. Like shrimps, prawns tend to prefer warmer waters in the tropics but some species of prawn are found in the Northern Hemisphere.

Prawns eat by filtering nutritious particles out of the water flowing around the prawn. Therefore, prawns are found near rocks or close to the sea floor.

Prawns are a common source of food for humans around the world, particularly in areas where the prawn exists naturally such as South-East Asia.