juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Robert II, Archbishop of Rouen

**Robert II** Archbishop of Rouen (989–1037) and Count of Évreux. He was an important and influential member of the clergy of Normandy. Robert was an advisor to five dukes of Normandy.

## Career

Robert was the son of Richard I the Fearless by his wife Gunnora. He was a younger brother of duke Richard II and the uncle of duke Robert I. He was appointed the Archbishop of Rouen by his father . He was also given the countship of Évreux at the same time. Robert had always been involved in Norman politics and was a strong supporter of the Norman dukes. His nephew Richard III had a troubled and short reign of just over a year. When he was succeeded by his brother Robert I, as Duke of Normandy, Archbishop Robert had a great deal of trouble helping the new duke. In 1028 the duke attacked him and then made him leave Normandy. Duke Robert I then laid siege to Hugh d'Ivry, Bishop of Bayeux who also questioned his authority as duke. From exile in France, Archbishop Robert excommunicated his nephew Duke Robert and placed Normandy under an interdict.

The Archbishop and Duke finally came to an agreement. Archbishop Robert lifted the interdict and excommunication; Duke Robert restored the Archbishop to his see. He also gave back his countship of Evereux, and returned all his properties. Duke Robert also returned all the property that he or his vassals had taken from the church. By 1033 Duke Robert was starting a major campaign against his cousin Alan III, Duke of Brittany. He and Alan had been raiding back and forth but finally a peace was negotiated between them by Archbishop Robert, their mutual uncle. In 1035 Duke Robert had decided on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem. After making his illegitimate son William (William the Conqueror) his heir he asked the archbishop to watch over and protect his young son. Duke Robert then set out on his pilgrimage to Jerusalem never to return to Normandy. He died on his return journey.

Archbishop Robert kept his promise and ruled Normandy as regent for William until his death in 1037. When Robert died it caused an increase in lawlessness in Normandy. Robert was a witness to at least fifteen ducal charters during his career. He influenced Norman politics for nearly fifty years.

## Family

Robert married Herlevea  and they had the following children:

- Richard, Count of Évreux (d. 1067).
- Ralph de Gacé, Sire de Gace. He married Basilla, daughter of Gerard Flaitel.  They had one son, Robert, who died without heirs. Basilla

married secondly Hugh de Gournay.
- William d'Évreux, married Hawise de Echauffour, daughter of Giroie, Lord of Échauffour, and had a daughter, Judith, who married Roger I of Sicily.
- Herleva de Evereux (married Gerard Flaitel)
Federal Institute of Bahia

**Federal Institute of Bahia** (_Instituto Federal da Bahia_, short **IFBA**) is a public university of the Brazilian state of Bahia. It was established in 1910. It is one of the largest universities in Bahia as well as one the country's most successful universities.

## Infobox (university)

- **name**: Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia da Bahia
- **image**: Logotipo IFET.svg
- **established**: 2 June 1910, transformed to IFBA on 29 December 2008
- **type**: Public university
- **rector**: Aurina Oliveira Santana
- **city**: Salvador, Bahia, Salvador
- **state**: Bahia
- **country**: Brazil
- **campus**: Urban area, Urban
- **website**: [http://www.ifba.edu.br/ www.ifba.edu.br]
Hippocamp (moon)

**S/2004 N 1** _(Hippocamp)_ is a small moon of Neptune. It was discovered in 2013. It was the 14th moon of Neptune to be discovered. It will likely receive a name relating to the mythological Neptune sometime soon.
Coca-Cola Cherry

**Coca-Cola Cherry**, originally known as **Cherry Coke**, is a cherry-flavored type of Coca-Cola. It was introduced in 1985. It is a product of The Coca-Cola Company.

In Ireland, it is no longer available since August 2015, which the redesign of the logo commenced there.
Aegaeon (moon)

**Aegaeon** is a small moon of Saturn, only half a kilometer in diameter. It was discovered in 2009 from images dating from 2008.
Uncobasidium

***Uncobasidium*** is a genus of fungi in the family Meruliaceae.

## Other websites

- _Uncobasidium_ at Index Fungorum
Jorge Cardona

**Jorge Cardona Marquez** (born November 2, 1987 in Zaragoza) is a table tennis athlete from Spain.  He has a physical disability: he is class 10 player. He played table tennis at the 2008 Summer Paralympics and the 2012 Summer Paralympics. In 2008, he finished second in team table tennis.  In 2012, he finished third in team Class 9-10.

## Infobox (sportsperson)

- **image**: Jorge Cardona, 2013 (cropped).jpg
- **name**: Jorge Cardona Marquez
- **birth place**: Zaragoza
- **nationality**: Spain, Spanish
- **sport**: Table tennis (Class 10)
- **show-medals**: yes
Susana Echeverria Martínez

**Susana Echeverria Martínez** (born August 24, 1976 in Pamplona, Navarra) is a track and field athlete from Spain.  She has an intellectual disability: She is a T20/F20 type athlete. She competed at the 2000 Summer Paralympics.  She was the third best thrower in the F20 javelin.
Bloodletting

- _Blood donation is about donating blood; it does not affect the health of the person donating._

**Bloodletting** is the practice  of withdrawing blood from a patient to cure a disease. The practice was widely used in Antiquity and the Middle Ages. People stopped using it in the 19th century. The idea of bloodletting comes from an ancient system of medicine called Humorism: This system states, that there are different _humors_ in the body. To remain healthy, a patient had to keep these humours in balance. Bloodletting was the most common medical practice performed by physicians from antiquity until the late 19th century, a span of almost 2,000 years.

It was found that only in very few cases, this treatment helps cure a disease. The practice has now been abandoned for all except a few very specific conditions. There was no other treatment for hypertension. Bloodletting could sometimes have had a beneficial effect in temporarily reducing blood pressure by reducing blood volume. The problem with hypertension is that it is difficult to diagonse from its symptoms. Modern methods directly measure blood pressure. In Antiquity, this  effect was therefore unintentional. In most cases, the historical use of bloodletting was harmful to patients.

The diseases where bloodletting actually helps include Polycythemia vera. In this disease, the number of red blood cells is increased, which changes the viscosity of the blood. Another disease is Polycythemia, which also leads to an increased number of red blood cells.
Paloma

**Paloma** [ p_uh_-**loh**-m_uh_ ] is a female given name. It comes from the Latin word _palumba_, which means "dove". This name is often understood to mean a Christian type of symbol of The Holy Spirit in this bird. The name is common in Italy, Spain and Hungary.

In November 2008, Hurricane Paloma caused heavy destruction over the Cayman Islands and Cuba. The name _Paloma_ was then retired and replaced with _Paulette_ for 2014. This name was ranked #886 on the US Popular Names in 2021.

## People

- Paloma Faith, British musician
- Paloma Cordero, First Lady of Mexico
B2 (classification)

B2 is a group to allow athletes with different vision to compete against each other in sports.

## Definition

B2 is a group to allow athletes with different vision to compete against each other in sports. The International Blind Sports Association (IBSA) says B2 athletes are: "From ability to recognise the shape of a hand to a visual acuity of 2/60 and/or visual field of less than 5 degrees." The Canadian Paralympic Committee says B2 athletes havve "Up to approximately 3-5% functional vision." B2 is used in other sports than sports run by the IBSA.  Other sports using B2 are blind golf. Blind golf rules say B2 golfers include "From ability to recognise the shape of a hand up to visual acuity of 2/60 or visual field of less than 5 degrees".

B2 is equal to other disability classifications for other sports. In adaptive rowing, the similar B2 class is LTA-B2. In horse riding, Grade 4 is the similar group to B2. For swimming, the similar disability group for B2 is S12.

## History

B2 has its history in the early history of blind sports.  When blind people first started competing, people believed people who had better vision could unfairly compete against people with worse vision.  Different groups around vision problem were developed by the IBSA to make playing sport more fair for people with different levels of blindness.

The IBSA B2 is mostly the same since it was created, even as the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) changed methods to allow people to fairly compete against each other based on functional ability.

## Equipment

Equipment used by B2 sportspeople may include sighted guides, guide rails, beeping balls and clap sticks. The use of a sighted guide by B2 athletes depends on the sport. For blind archery, B2 sportspeople use a sighting device based on the sense of touch and must not be able to see well enough to use a bowsight.
Penelope (given name)

**Penelope** [ p_uh_-**nel**-_uh_-pee ] is a female given name. Penelope is a name that has been in vogue for many centuries, and it carries a rich legacy and significance. It has a Greek origin and translates to "weaver" or "loom worker". According to Greek mythology, Penelope was the wife of Odysseus and was admired for her loyalty, intelligence, and attractiveness. This name was ranked # on the US Popular Names in 2021. People named Penelope include Penélope Cruz and Penelope Ann Miller. Fictional Penelopes include Penelope Pussycat from Warner Bros' _Looney Tunes_ and Penelope Clearwater in the _Harry Potter_ novels.

## People

- Penelope Wilton, British actress
- Penelope Lively, British novelist
José Antonio Expósito

**José Antonio Expósito Pineiro** (born in Águilas on May 2, 1978) is a Paralympic athlete from Spain.

## Personal

He was born on May 2, 1978 in Águilas, Murcia. He has an intellectual disability,

## Athletics

Antonio competes in T20 (track) and F20 (field) events. He has held the F20 Long Jump world record since 2005. He competed at the 2008 INAS World Indoor Athletics Championships held in Tallinn, Estonia, and finished first in the 60 meters and long jump, and third in the 4x400 meter event. He finished first in the 2010 European championships in the 100 meters and long jump events.

Expósito competed in 2010 INAS European Athletics Championship and finished first in the long jump and 100 meter events. He competed in the 2011 IPC Athletics World Championships where he was one of thirty-two athletes from Spain. He competed in the 2011 INAS World Games, and finished second in the 4x100 meter relay with teammates Francisco Santiago, Alberto Palomo and Dionibel Rodríguez Rodríguez.

Expósito has finished first at the Spanish national championships.  He competed in the 2012 Spanish national championships held in San Javier. In 2012, he had a Plan ADO €23,000 athlete scholarship with a €3,000 reserve and a €2,500 coaching scholarship. He competed in the 2013 World Athletics Championships for people with intellectual disabilities hosted by the Czech Republic.  He finished first in the long jump.  He injured himself after his final jump.

### Paralympics

Expósito competed at 2000 Summer Paralympics for Spain in the javelin and shot put.  He did not finish in the top three in those events.  He finished first in the 100 meters and the long jump. He could not compete in the 2004 Summer Paralympics and 2008 Summer Paralympics because cheating at the 2000 Games which included people with intellectual disabilities resulted in people with intellectual disabilities not being allowed to compete in those years. People with intellectual disabilities were allow to compete at the 2012 Summer Paralympics. Expósito finished first in the F20 Long Jump event at the 2012 Summer Paralympics.

## Infobox (sportsperson)

- **name**: José Antonio Expósito
- **birth place**: Águilas, Murcia, Spain
- **nationality**: Spain, Spanish
- **sport**: Track and field (T20 (classification), T20)
- **show-medals**: yes
Vicente Galiana Sánchez

**Vicente Galiana Sánchez** (born August 3, 1977 in Alicante) is a goalball athlete from Spain.  He has a disability: he is blind.  He became blind when he was three years old. His job is working as a coupon seller. He played goalball at the 2000 Summer Paralympics. His team was third.  He played goalball at the 2004 Summer Paralympics. His team was six.  He played goalball at the 2008 Summer Paralympics.  His team was 12.
Raul García Gutierrez

**Raul García Gutierrez** (born December 3, 1971 in Garrovillas, Cáceres) is a goalball athlete from Spain.  He has a disability: he is blind and is a B2 type athlete.  His job is working as a coupon seller. He played goalball at the 2000 Summer Paralympics. His team was third.   He played goalball at the 2008 Summer Paralympics.  His team was 12.
Aranzazu González Muñoz

**Aranzazu Gonzalez Muñoz** (born June 5, 1975 in San Sebastian, Guipúzcoa) is a swimmer from Spain.  She has a disability and is an S4 type swimmer.   She raced at the 1996 Summer Paralympics in Atlanta, Georgia. She finished first in the 50 meter breaststroke, 50 meter freestyle and 100 meter freestyle races.
Antonia

The name **Antonia** [an-toh-nee-uh, -tohn-yuh]is a female given name. This name is from Roman origin. It is a feminine form of the name **Antonio**. The meanings of the name are "priceless", "beautiful" and "praiseworthy".

There are several princesses and famous people named _Antonia_. A French form of the name is **Antoinette**.This is a unique name (not in the top 1000 newborn names in the US in 2021).

## People

- Antonia Fraser, British historian and novelist
- Antonia Thomas, British actress
- Antonia Happel-Verduijn, Dutch water polo player and sport administrator
- Antonia San Juan, Spanish actress, director and screenwriter
- Antonia Novello, 14th Surgeon General of the United States

## Places

- Antonia, Masovian Voivodeship, east-central Poland
- Antonia, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, north Poland
- Antonia Fortress, Jerusalem
- Pico d'Antónia, Cape Verde

## Science

- Antonia (plant), a genus in the Loganiaceae family
- 272 Antonia, an asteroid
Javier Goñi Lopéz

**Javier Goñi Lopéz** (born 12 April 1986 in Madrid) is a swimmer from Spain. He has a disability: He cannot see everything and is an S11/B1 type swimmer.   He raced at the 2004 Summer Paralympics in Athens, Greece. He finished second in the 100 meter backstroke race.
Jordi Gordillo Brunet

**Jordi Gordillo Brunet** (born August 16, 1983 in Barcelona) is a swimmer from Spain.  He has a disability: He has cerebral palsy and is an S5 type swimmer.  He raced at the 2000 Summer Paralympics in Sydney, Australia. He raced at the 2004 Summer Paralympics in Athens, Greece. He finished third in the 4 x 50 meter 20 point medley relay. He raced at the 2004 Summer Paralympics in Beijing, China. He finished second in the 4 x 50 meter 20 point medley relay.
Iván Hompanera Alvarez

**Ivan Hompanera Alvarez** (born January 26, 1969 in Barcelona) is a track and field athlete from Spain.  He has a disability: He has cerebral palsy and a T38 type athlete. He raced at the 2000 Summer Paralympics in Sydney, Australia. He finished first in the 5,000 meter race and the 800 meter race. He raced at the 2004 Summer Paralympics in Athens, Greece.
Jesus Iglesias Cortes

**Jesus Iglesias Cortes** (born December 25, 1968 in Barcelona) is a swimmer from Spain.  He had a disability: he is an S7 type swimmer.  He raced at the 1996 Summer Paralympics.  He finished first in the 100 meter breaststroke.  He finished second in the 4 x 50 meter 20 points freestyle relay race. He finished third in the 50 meter S7 freestyle race and the 4 x 50 meter 20 points medley relay race.
Juan Francisco Jimenez Romano

**Juan Francisco Jimenez Romano** (born March 16, 1981 in Castello De La Plana, Castellón) is a swimmer from Spain.  He had a disability: he is an S8 type swimmer.  He raced at the 1996 Summer Paralympics.  He finished third in the 4 x 100 meter 34 Points freestyle men's race. He raced at the 2000 Summer Paralympics. He finished second in the 400 meter Freestyle race. He raced at the 2004 Summer Paralympics.  He finished third in the 100 meter Freestyle race.
Helsingin Sanomat

***Helsingin Sanomat***, nickname _Hesari_, is a newspaper published in Helsinki, Finland. It is the largest subscription newspaper in Finland and the Nordic countries. It is owned by Sanoma. Except after certain holidays, it is published daily.

## Infobox (newspaper)

- **name**: Helsingin Sanomat
- **image**: Helsingin Sanomat wordmark.svg
- **type**: Daily newspaper
- **format**: Tabloid (newspaper format), Tabloid
- **foundation**: 1889 as _Päivälehti_
 1905 as _Helsingin Sanomat_
- **owners**: Sanoma
- **language**: Finnish language, Finnish
- **political**: Objectivity (philosophy), Neutral
- **headquarters**: Helsinki, Finland
- **editor**: Riikka Venäläinen
- **website**: [http://www.hs.fi www.hs.fi]
Letter box

A **letter box** (or **mail box**) is a box or hole for receiving mail at a house or office. For collecting mail that is being sent, a post box is generally used instead.
Bridget

**Bridget** [brij-it]is a female given name. It comes from the Irish word _brígh_, which means "power, vigor, strength, virtue". Another meaning for this name is "exalted one".

The name is very popular in Ireland as a result of the popularity of Saint Brigid of Kildare. In the United States, _Bridget_ was most often used in the 1970s, when it ranked near 153. The name has since dropped in its being popular in the United States. This name was ranked #722 on the US Popular Names in 2021.

People named _Bridget_ include Bridget Fonda.

## People

- Bridget Fonda, actress
- Bridget Marquardt, from _The Girls Next Door_
- Bridget Perrier (born 1977), Canadian anti-prostitution activist
- Bridget Sloan, American gymnast, Olympic silver medalist, world champion
- Bridget Regan , American actress
- Bridget Layburn , New Zealand water polo player
- Bridget Riley, British painter

## Other

- Bridget Jones's Diary, a novel and feature film
Memorial Stadium (Bristol)

The **Memorial Stadium** is a sports ground in Bristol, England. It is the home stadium of Bristol Rovers F.C.. It is dedicated to the memory of the rugby union players of the city killed during World War I.

## History

The stadium opened in 1921.
Horfield

**Horfield** is a suburb of the city of Bristol, in southwest England.

Horfield is home to the Memorial Stadium, a sports stadium built for the Bristol Rugby Club. In 1996, the stadium also became home to Bristol Rovers Football Club.
Nick Higgs

**Nicholas Higgs** is a former businessman and previous chairman of Bristol Rovers Football Club. He became chairman of the football club in August 2008, when he replaced Ron Craig, and stepped down in 2016.
Meredith

**Meredith** is a mostly female given name, though a few males have the name. Meredith is a Welsh name. People named _Meredith_ include Meredith Baxter and Meredith Vieira. Fictional Merediths include Meredith Gordon in the TV series _Heroes_.The name Meredith has been used in literature, music, and film. In literature, the name has been used in works such as "The Merry Wives of Windsor" by William Shakespeare and "The Eustace Diamonds" by Anthony Trollope. In music, the name has been used in songs such as "Meredith" by The Goo Goo Dolls and "Meredith" by The Sisters of Mercy. In film, the name has been used in movies such as "The Parent Trap" and "The Stepford Wives." The pronunciation of the name is [ **mer**-i-dith ].  This name was ranked #570 on the US Popular Names in 2021.

## People

- Meredith Vieira, American broadcast journalist and television personality
- Meredith Monroe, American actress (born 1968)
- Meredith Baxter, American actress and producer (born 1947)
- Meredith Salenger, American actress
John Ward

**John Ward** (born 7 April 1951) is an English football manager and retired player.

## Managerial statistics

- _As of 18 December 2015._

|rowspan="2" width="180"|Team|rowspan="2" width="130"|From|rowspan="2" width="130"|To|colspan="7"|Record|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|align="left"|York City|align="left"|1 October 1991|align="left"|1 March 1993|||
|align="left"|Bristol Rovers|align="left"|1 August 1993|align="left"|10 May 1996|||
|align="left"|Bristol City|align="left"|27 March 1997|align="left"|28 October 1998|||
|align="left"|Wolverhampton Wanderers (caretaker)|align="left"|18 December 2000|align="left"|3 January 2001|||
|align="left"|Cheltenham Town|align="left"|6 November 2003|align="left"|2 October 2007|||
|align="left"|Carlisle United|align="left"|2 October 2007|align="left"|3 November 2008|||
|align="left"|Colchester United|align="left"|31 May 2010|align="left"|24 September 2012|||
|align="left"|Bristol Rovers|align="left"|17 December 2012|align="left"|28 March 2014|||
|align="left"|Walsall (caretaker)|align="left"|30 November 2015|align="left"|18 December 2015|||

### Manager

**Bristol City**
- Football League Second Division runner-up: 1997–98

**Cheltenham Town**
- Football League Two play-offs: 2006

**Individual**
- Football League Two Manager of the Month: November 2005
- Football League One Manager of the Month: February 2008, March 2008

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: John Ward
- **image**: John Ward 24-08-2013 1.jpg
- **caption**: Ward as manager of Bristol Rovers F.C., Bristol Rovers in 2013
- **full name**: John Patrick Ward
- **birth place**: Lincoln, England, Lincoln, Lincolnshire, England
- **position**: Forward (association football), Forward
- **years1**: 1970–1979
- **clubs1**: Lincoln City F.C., Lincoln City
- **caps1**: 240
- **goals1**: 91
- **years2**: 1972
- **clubs2**: → Workington A.F.C., Workington (loan)
- **caps2**: 11
- **goals2**: 3
- **years3**: 1979–1981
- **clubs3**: Watford F.C., Watford
- **caps3**: 27
- **goals3**: 6
- **years4**: 1981–1982
- **clubs4**: Grimsby Town F.C., Grimsby Town
- **caps4**: 3
- **goals4**: 0
- **years5**: 1982
- **clubs5**: Lincoln City F.C., Lincoln City
- **caps5**: 1
- **goals5**: 0
- **totalcaps**: 282
- **totalgoals**: 100
- **manageryears1**: 1991–1993
- **managerclubs1**: York City F.C., York City
- **manageryears2**: 1993–1996
- **managerclubs2**: Bristol Rovers F.C., Bristol Rovers
- **manageryears3**: 1997–1998
- **managerclubs3**: Bristol City F.C., Bristol City
- **manageryears4**: 2000–2001
- **managerclubs4**: Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C., Wolverhampton Wanderers (caretaker)
- **manageryears5**: 2003–2007
- **managerclubs5**: Cheltenham Town F.C., Cheltenham Town
- **manageryears6**: 2007–2008
- **managerclubs6**: Carlisle United F.C., Carlisle United
- **manageryears7**: 2010–2012
- **managerclubs7**: Colchester United F.C., Colchester United
- **manageryears8**: 2012–2014
- **managerclubs8**: Bristol Rovers F.C., Bristol Rovers
- **manageryears9**: 2015
- **managerclubs9**: Walsall F.C., Walsall (caretaker)
Bristol Rugby

**Bristol Rugby** are a rugby club based in Bristol, England who play in the RFU Championship. Their greatest success was winning the John Player Cup in 1983, which was at the time the sole national competition in English rugby.

## League position

|Season|League|Position|
| --- | --- | --- |
|2010/11|RFU Championship|8th|
|2011/12|RFU Championship|1st|
|2012/13|RFU Championship|5th|

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Bristol
- **fullname**: Bristol Rugby
- **founded**: 1888
- **ground**: Memorial Stadium (Bristol), Memorial Stadium
Horfield, Bristol
- **capacity**: 12,011
- **chairman**: Steve Gorvett
- **coach**: Andy Robinson
- **league**: RFU Championship
- **season**: 2012/13
- **position**: RFU Championship, 5th
- **pattern la1**: _white_hoops
- **pattern b1**: _white_hoops
- **pattern ra1**: _white_hoops
- **pattern so1**: _hoops_white
- **leftarm1**: 000080
- **body1**: 000080
- **rightarm1**: 000080
- **shorts1**: 000080
- **socks1**: 000080
English Premiership (rugby union)

The **English Premiership** is a professional league competition for rugby union clubs in the top division of the English rugby union system. It is currently known as the **Gallagher Premiership** because of the league's sponsorship by Authur J. Gallagher & Co.

## Champions

Courage League
- 1987–88: Leicester Tigers
- 1988–89: Bath
- 1989–90: Wasps
- 1990–91: Bath
- 1991–92: Bath
- 1992–93: Bath
- 1993–94: Bath
- 1994–95: Leicester Tigers
- 1995–96: Bath
- 1996–97: Wasps
Allied Dunbar Premiership
- 1997–98: Newcastle Falcons
- 1998–99: Leicester Tigers
- 1999–2000: Leicester Tigers
Zurich Premiership
- 2000–01: Leicester Tigers
- 2001–02: Leicester Tigers
- 2002–03: London Wasps
- 2003–04: London Wasps
- 2004–05: London Wasps
Guinness Premiership
- 2005–06: Sale Sharks
- 2006–07: Leicester Tigers
- 2007–08: London Wasps
- 2008–09: Leicester Tigers
- 2009–10: Leicester Tigers
Aviva Premiership
- 2010–11: Saracens
- 2011–12: Harlequins
- 2012–13: Leicester Tigers
- 2013–14: Northampton Saints
- 2014–15: Saracens
- 2015–16: Saracens

## Infobox (football league)

- **leaguename**: Gallagher Premiership Rugby
- **country**: England
- **founded**: 1987
- **level**: 1
- **number of teams**: 12
- **current champions**: Saracens F.C., Saracens
- **season**: 2015–16
- **most successful club**: Leicester Tigers (10)
- **website**: [http://www.premiershiprugby.com PremiershipRugby.com]
David Julián Levecq Vives

**David Julián Levecq Vives** (born March 16, 1981 in Béziers, France) is a swimmer from Spain.  He has a disability: he is an S10 type swimmer.  In 2012, he lived in San Cugat del Vallés, Barcelona.  He raced at the 2004 Summer Paralympics. He finished second in the 50 meter freestyle and the 100 meter freestyle.   He raced at the 2008 Summer Paralympics. He finished second in the 100 meter butterfly.  He raced at the 2012 Summer Paralympics.
Gabriele Ferzetti

**Gabriele Ferzetti** (born ** Pasquale Ferzetti**; 17 March 1925 – 2 December 2015) was an Italian actor. He has appeared in over 160 movies and television programs. His career was at its peak in the 1950s and 1960s. He was known for his roles in _Lo Zappatore_, _Puccini_, _Casa Ricordi_, _The Bible: In the Beginning_, _On Her Majesty's Secret Service_, and in _Once Upon a Time in the West_.

Ferzetti was born on 17 March 1925 in Rome, Italy. He died in Rome on 2 December 2015 at the age of 90.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Gabriele Ferzetti
- **image**: Grazie zia (1968) Gabriele Ferzetti.jpg
- **caption**: Ferzetti in _Come Play with Me_ (1968)
- **birth name**: Pasquale Ferzetti
- **birth place**: Rome, Italy
- **death place**: Rome, Italy
- **occupation**: Actor
- **years active**: 1942–2015
Bath Rugby

**Bath Rugby** are a rugby club based in Bath, England who play in the Aviva Premiership. The club were a major force in English rugby during the '80s and '90s where they regularly won both league and cup competitions. Their greatest achievement however came when they won the Heineken Cup in 1998.

Bath are also one of only four teams (along with Gloucester, Leicester and Wasps) never to have been relegated from the top flight.

## League position

|Season|League|Position|
| --- | --- | --- |
|2010/11|Aviva Premiership|5th|
|2011/12|Aviva Premiership|8th|
|2012/13|Aviva Premiership|7th|

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Bath
- **fullname**: Bath Rugby
- **founded**: 1865
- **ground**: Recreation Ground (Bath), The Recreation Ground
Bath, Somerset, Bath
- **capacity**: 12,300
- **chairman**: Bruce Craig
- **coach**: Gary Gold
- **league**: English Premiership (rugby union), Aviva Premiership
- **season**: 2012/13
- **position**: English Premiership (rugby union), Aviva Premiership, 7th
- **pattern la1**: _thickblackthinwhitehoops
- **pattern b1**: _thickblackthinwhitehoops
- **pattern ra1**: _thickblackthinwhitehoops
- **leftarm1**: 0000FF
- **body1**: 0000FF
- **rightarm1**: 0000FF
- **shorts1**: 000000
- **socks1**: 0000FF
Exeter Chiefs

**Exeter Chiefs** are a rugby club based in Exeter, England who play in the Aviva Premiership.

## League position

|Season|League|Position|
| --- | --- | --- |
|2010/11|Aviva Premiership|8th|
|2011/12|Aviva Premiership|5th|
|2012/13|Aviva Premiership|6th|

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Exeter Chiefs
- **fullname**: Exeter Rugby Club
- **founded**: 1871
- **ground**: Sandy Park
Exeter
- **capacity**: 10,744
- **chairman**: Tony Rowe
- **coach**: Rob Baxter
- **league**: English Premiership (rugby union), Aviva Premiership
- **season**: 2012/13
- **position**: English Premiership (rugby union), Aviva Premiership, 6th
- **leftarm1**: 000000
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Gloucester Rugby

**Gloucester Rugby** are a rugby union club based in Gloucester, England who play in the Aviva Premiership. They are known as the 'Cherry and Whites' in reference to their traditional red and white hooped shirts.

Gloucester's fiercest rivals are Bath, Bristol and Worcester with matches between the three being referred to as west country derbies.

## League position

|Season|League|Position|
| --- | --- | --- |
|2010/11|Aviva Premiership|3rd|
|2011/12|Aviva Premiership|9th|
|2012/13|Aviva Premiership|5th|

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Gloucester
- **fullname**: Gloucester Rugby
- **founded**: 1873
- **ground**: Kingsholm Stadium
Gloucester
- **capacity**: 16,500
- **chairman**: Ryan Walkinshaw
- **coach**: Nigel Davies
- **league**: English Premiership (rugby union), Aviva Premiership
- **season**: 2012/13
- **position**: English Premiership (rugby union), Aviva Premiership, 5th
- **pattern la1**: _red_hoops
- **pattern b1**: _redhoops
- **pattern ra1**: _red_hoops
- **shorts1**: 000000
- **socks1**: 000000
Centralism

**Centralism** is an idea on how to organize a state or government. The idea is to focus this organization under a single government instead of using many local government bodies. In many cases, this makes communication easier. An organization that is an example for centralism is the Roman Catholic Church.

## Related pages

- Devolution, the opposite concept
- Democratic centralism, a concept of Vladimir Lenin; he used the idea of centralism to organize political parties.
Wasps RFC

**Wasps** are an English rugby club historically based in London, but playing home games in Coventry, who play in the Aviva Premiership.

Formed in 1867 at the now defunct Eton and Middlesex Tavern, Wasps had been, before their December 2014 move to Coventry, London's most successful club with six championships and two Heineken Cups.

The club have not played their home games in London proper since 2002. They first moved to Adams Park in High Wycombe, but were unable to expand the stadium to meet their needs. In late 2014, they bought Ricoh Arena in Coventry, and moved their home matches there in December 2014.

## League position

|Season|League|Position|
| --- | --- | --- |
|2010–11|Aviva Premiership|9th|
|2011–12|Aviva Premiership|11th|
|2012-13|Aviva Premiership|8th|
|2013-14|Aviva Premiership|7th|

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Wasps
- **former**: Wasps (1867-1999)
London Wasps (1999–2014)
- **fullname**: London Wasps Holdings Ltd
- **nickname**: Wasps
- **founded**: 1867
- **ground**: Ricoh Arena
Coventry
- **capacity**: 32,609
- **chairman**: Mark Rigby
- **coach**: Dai Young
- **league**: English Premiership (rugby union), Aviva Premiership
- **season**: 2013–14
- **position**: English Premiership (rugby union), Aviva Premiership, 7th
- **pattern so1**: _color_3_stripes_amber
- **leftarm1**: 000000
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Sale Sharks

**Sale Sharks** are a rugby club based in Manchester, England who play in the Aviva Premiership.

The club, originally based at Heywood Road in Sale, share the Salford City Stadium with the Salford City Reds.

The Sharks won the Aviva Premiership in 2006.

## League position

|Season|League|Position|
| --- | --- | --- |
|2010/11|Aviva Premiership|10th|
|2011/12|Aviva Premiership|6th|
|2012/13|Aviva Premiership|10th|

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Sale Sharks
- **fullname**: Sale Sharks
- **nickname**: Sharks
- **founded**: 1861
- **ground**: Salford City Stadium
Salford, Greater Manchester
- **capacity**: 12,000
- **chairman**: Steve Diamond
- **manager**: Bryan Redpath
- **league**: English Premiership (rugby union), Aviva Premiership
- **season**: 2012/13
- **position**: English Premiership (rugby union), Aviva Premiership, 10th
- **pattern la1**: _white_hoops
- **pattern b1**: _white_hoops
- **pattern ra1**: _white_hoops
- **pattern so1**: _hoops_white
- **leftarm1**: 0000FF
- **body1**: 0000FF
- **rightarm1**: 0000FF
- **shorts1**: 0000FF
- **socks1**: 0000FF
Leicester Tigers

**Leicester Tigers** are a rugby union club based in Leicester, England who play in the Aviva Premiership. They are the most successful English club with a record 10 championships and are the current champions.

The 'Tigers' are one of only four teams (along with Gloucester, Bath and Wasps) never to have been relegated from the top flight and are also the most successful English side in Europe having made five Heineken Cup finals, winning back to back titles in 2001 and 2002.

## League position

|Season|League|Position|
| --- | --- | --- |
|2010/11|Aviva Premiership|Runners-up|
|2011/12|Aviva Premiership|Runners-up|
|2012/13|Aviva Premiership|Champions|

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Leicester Tigers
- **fullname**: Leicester Tigers
- **nickname**: Tigers
- **founded**: 1880
- **ground**: Welford Road Stadium, Welford Road
Leicester
- **capacity**: 24,000
- **chairman**: Peter Tom
- **coach**: Richard Cockerill
- **league**: English Premiership (rugby union), Aviva Premiership
- **season**: 2012/13
- **position**: English Premiership (rugby union), Aviva Premiership, Champions
- **leftarm1**: 00FF00
- **body1**: 00FF00
- **rightarm1**: 00FF00
- **shorts1**: FFFFFF
- **socks1**: 000000
London Irish

**London Irish** are a rugby club based in Sunbury, England who play in the Aviva Premiership.

## League position

|Season|League|Position|
| --- | --- | --- |
|2010/11|Aviva Premiership||
|2011/12|Aviva Premiership||
|2012/13|Aviva Premiership||

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: London Irish
- **fullname**: London Irish
- **founded**: 1898
- **ground**: Madejski Stadium
Reading, Berkshire, Reading
- **capacity**: 24,161
- **chairman**: Andrew Coppel
- **coach**: Brian Smith
- **league**: English Premiership (rugby union), Aviva Premiership
- **season**: 2012/13
- **position**: English Premiership (rugby union), Aviva Premiership, 9th
- **leftarm1**: 00FF00
- **body1**: 00FF00
- **rightarm1**: 00FF00
- **shorts1**: FFFFFF
- **socks1**: 00FF00
Saracens F.C.

**Saracens** are a rugby club based in London, England who play in the Aviva Premiership.

## League position

|Season|League|Position|
| --- | --- | --- |
|2010/11|Aviva Premiership|Champions|
|2011/12|Aviva Premiership|3rd|
|2012/13|Aviva Premiership|1st|

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Saracens
- **fullname**: Saracens F.C.
- **nickname**: Sarries
- **founded**: 1876
- **ground**: Barnet Copthall, Allianz Park
London
- **capacity**: 10,000
- **chairman**: Nigel Wray
- **coach**: Mark McCall
- **league**: English Premiership (rugby union), Aviva Premiership
- **season**: 2012/13
- **position**: English Premiership (rugby union), Aviva Premiership, 1st
- **leftarm1**: 000000
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- **socks1**: FF0000
Newcastle Falcons

**Newcastle Falcons** (formerly Gosforth/Newcastle Gosforth) are a rugby club based in Newcastle, England who play in the Premiership Rugby.

The club was formed in 1877 as Gosforth Football Club and were well known for their successes in cup competition. The advent of League rugby saw their first name change to Newcastle Gosforth as well as a move to the Kingston Park. At the start of the professional era the club adopted its current name of Newcastle Falcons and in 1998 they won the Premiership within a year of winning promotion from the second tier, a feat that has yet to be repeated.

## League position

|Season|League|Position|
| --- | --- | --- |
|2010/11|Aviva Premiership|11th|
|2011/12|Aviva Premiership|12th|
|2012/13|RFU Championship|Champions|

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Newcastle Falcons
- **fullname**: Newcastle Falcons
- **nickname**: Falcons
- **founded**: 1877
- **ground**: Kingston Park (stadium), Kingston Park
Newcastle upon Tyne
- **capacity**: 10,200
- **chairman**: Semore Kurdi
- **coach**: Steve Diamond
- **league**: English Premiership (rugby union), Premiership Rugby
- **season**: 2023/24
- **position**: 10th
- **leftarm1**: 000000
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Harlequin F.C.

**Harlequins** are a rugby club based in London, England who play in the Aviva Premiership.

They are perhaps most well known for their distinctive multi-coloured shirts. The official colours are listed as: light blue, magenta, chocolate, French grey, light green and black.

Their ground is not far from Twickenham Stadium (The home of the RFU) which was also the venue where they became Aviva Premiership champions in 2012.

## League position

|Season|League|Position|
| --- | --- | --- |
|2010/11|Aviva Premiership|7th|
|2011/12|Aviva Premiership|Champions|
|2012/13|Aviva Premiership|3rd|

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Harlequins
- **fullname**: Harlequin F.C.
- **nickname**: Quins
- **founded**: 1866
- **ground**: Twickenham Stoop
London
- **capacity**: 14,816
- **chairman**: David Morgan
- **coach**: Conor O'Shea
- **league**: English Premiership (rugby union), Aviva Premiership
- **season**: 2012/13
- **position**: English Premiership (rugby union), Aviva Premiership, 3rd
- **leftarm1**: 000000
- **body1**: 2202060
- **rightarm1**: 00FF00
- **socks1**: 000000
Northampton Saints

**Northampton Saints** are a rugby club based in Northampton, England who play in the Aviva Premiership. They play at Franklin Gardens.

## League position

|Season|League|Position|
| --- | --- | --- |
|2010 – 11|Aviva Premiership|4th in league; semifinalists|
|2011 – 12|Aviva Premiership|4th in league; semifinalists|
|2012 – 13|Aviva Premiership|4th in league; playoff runners up|
|2013 – 14|Aviva Premiership|2nd in league; playoff champions|
|2014-15|Aviva Premiership|1st in league; semifinalists|
|2015-16|Aviva Premiership|5th|
|2016-17|Aviva Premiership|7th ===Former position=== ==Other websites== * Fansite * Official Site * Northampton Chronicle and Echo * BBC page|

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Northampton Saints
- **current**: 2025-26
- **fullname**: Northampton Saints
- **founded**: 1880
- **ground**: Franklin's Gardens
Northampton
- **capacity**: 13,591
- **coach**: Jim Mallinder
- **league**: English Premiership (rugby union), Aviva Premiership
- **season**: 2024-25
- **position**: English Premiership (rugby union), Aviva Premiership, 8th of 10
- **leftarm1**: 008000
- **body1**: 008000
- **rightarm1**: 008000
- **shorts1**: 000000
- **socks1**: 000000
Worcester Warriors

**Worcester Warriors** are a rugby club based in Worcester, England who play in the Aviva Premiership.

## League position

|Season|League|Position|
| --- | --- | --- |
|2010/11|Aviva Premiership||
|2011/12|Aviva Premiership||
|2012/13|Aviva Premiership||

## Other websites

- Official Site
- Come On You Warriors, Unofficial Supporters site on Sportnetwork
- Independent Supporters Site
- Official club sponsor: Fragrance Mad
- BBC Rugby Union
- Guinness Premiership
- European Rugby
- Worcester News

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Worcester Warriors
- **fullname**: Worcester Warriors
- **founded**: 1871
- **ground**: Sixways Stadium
Worcester
- **capacity**: 12,024
- **chairman**: Cecil Duckworth OBE
- **coach**: Dean Ryan
- **league**: English Premiership (rugby union), Aviva Premiership
- **season**: 2012/13
- **position**: English Premiership (rugby union), Aviva Premiership, 11th
- **pattern b1**: _goldhorizontal
- **leftarm1**: 000080
- **body1**: 000080
- **rightarm1**: 000080
- **shorts1**: 000080
- **socks1**: 000080
Welford Road Stadium

**Welford Road** is a rugby union stadium in Leicester, England and is the home ground for Leicester Tigers.
Recreation Ground (Bath)

The **Recreation Ground** (commonly _the Rec_) is a large open space in the centre of Bath, England used for recreational purposes by Bath residents and the public generally.

## Other websites

- The Recreation Ground Trust website
- History of The Recreation Ground
- The Real Friends Of The Rec
Adams Park

**Adams Park** is a football stadium in High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire.

## Other websites

- The Adams Park Website
- Wycombe Wanderers FC
- London Wasps
- Expansion 'key to Wasps future'

## Infobox (stadium)

- **name**: Adams Park
- **stadium name**: Adams Park
- **fullname**: Adams Park Stadium
- **former names**: The Causeway Stadium, Loakes Park, Hillbottom Road End
- **location**: Hillbottom Road,High Wycombe,HP12  4HJ
- **built**: 1990
- **opened**: 1990
- **renovated**: 1990', 2001, 2002, 2005, 2013, 2014
\
- **owner**: Frank Adams Legacy Ltd
- **operator**: Wycombe Wanderers F.C.
- **surface**: Desso GrassMaster (hybrid grass)
- **scoreboard**: Yes
- **cost**: £3.5m
- **expanded**: 1996, 2001
- **capacity**: 10,137
- **record attendance**: 10,000 (football) Wycombe VS Chelsea Pre Season game 13 July 2005, 10,516 (rugby union) London Wasps VS Newcastle Falcons Aviva Premiership Game 5 May 2012
- **tenants**: Wycombe Wanderers 1990-present
Kingston Park (stadium)

**Kingston Park** is a multi-purpose stadium in Kingston Park, Newcastle upon Tyne, England. It is used mostly for rugby union and rugby league matches. It is the home stadium of Premiership Rugby side Newcastle Falcons and Betfred Championship Rugby League side Newcastle Thunder.

## Other websites

- Kingston Park  at Newcastle Falcons
Piano sonata

A **piano sonata** is a sonata written for a solo piano. Piano sonatas are usually written in three or four movements, with the first usually in sonata form.
Giulietta Guicciardi

**Julie ("Giulietta") Guicciardi** (23 November 1782 – 22 March 1856) was an Austrian countess. For a short time, she was a piano student of Ludwig van Beethoven. He dedicated his Piano Sonata No. 14 to her, which is now commonly known as the _Moonlight Sonata_.

Julie Guicciardi, as she was called by her family, was born in Przemyśl, Galicia in 1782.
Musical composition

**Musical composition** can mean an original piece of music, the structure of a musical piece, or the process of making a new piece of music.  A composition is a piece of music (the word "composition" means "putting together", so a composition is something where music notes have been put together).  When a composer writes a piece of music he or she is making a musical composition.

The word "composition" can also mean learning the skill of how to compose.  Music students may go to music college to study composition.  They will do this by looking at famous pieces of music to see how the composers of the past wrote music.  They will study musical form, harmony, orchestration, counterpoint and learn about all the instruments and how to write well for them so that it sounds nice.

## Other websites

- How to Compose Music www.artofcomposing.com
- Composition Today News, competitions, interviews and other resources for composers.
- Internet Concert Project: Album for the Young Student New Music , an online performance and documentary feature from Bloomingdale School of Music (January 2010)
- A Beginner's Guide to Composing , an online feature from Bloomingdale School of Music (February 2008)
- Gems of compositional wisdom
- A Practical Guide to Musical Composition
- ComposersNewPencil  - Information, articles and music composition resources.
- How to compose music
- Répertoire International des Sources Musicales, online database to locations of musical manuscripts from around the world
- How to Compose for New Age Piano
- Music composer | Music Arranger | Music Idea | Minus One
- best music composing software
H. Price McGrath

**H. Price McGrath** (1813-July 1881) was a "sporting-man" who opened the first gambling house in the American South, and bred the race horse, Aristides, the winner of the first Kentucky Derby in 1875.

## Life

McGrath was born in Versailles, Woodford County, Kentucky. His father was a tailor and taught his son the trade, but McGrath sought something more to his taste and became a card sharp.

He travelled about the American South and West. In 1852, he opened the first gambling house in the South, at New Orleans, Louisiana. He and his partners conducted pools, finally having to charge $10 a head to enter the house. With the wealth he accumulated, McGrath bought 500 acres near Lexington, Kentucky.

This land became one of the great stock farms in the United States and was called "McGrathiana". McGrath bred the race horse, Aristides, the winner of the first Kentucky Derby in 1875. McGrath lived like a lord, conducted his business honestly and openly, always backed his own horses, and died with an estate worth $200,000.

## References

- Appleton's Annual Cyclopedia ... 1891. p. 686
- Coldstream Stud, Lexington, Kentucky
Piano Sonata No. 13 (Beethoven)

**Piano Sonata No. 13 in E-flat major _""**_, Op. 27, No. 1, is a sonata which was composed by Ludwig van Beethoven in 1800–1801.

## References

- Gordon, Steward (2005) Editorial matter to his edition of the Beethoven piano sonatas, Volume II. Alfred Music Publishing.
- Jones, Timothy (1999) _The "Moonlight" and other sonatas, Op. 27 and Op. 31_. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Lockwood, Lewis (1996) "Reshaping the genre: Beethoven's piano sonatas from Op. 22 to Op. 28 (1799–1801)". _Israeli Studies in Musicology_ 6: 1–16.
- Marson, Nicholas (2000) "The sense of an ending": goal directedness in Beethoven's music. In Glenn Stanley, ed., _The Cambridge Companion to Beethoven_. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Rosen, Charles (2002) _Beethoven's Piano Sonatas: A Short Companion_. New Haven: Yale University press.
- Sisman, Elaine (1998) After the heroic style: "fantasias" and the characteristic sonatas of 1809. In Stanley, Glenn (1998) _Beethoven Forum VI_. University of Nebraska Press.

## Other websites

- , including the first edition.
- A lecture by András Schiff on Beethoven's piano sonata Op. 27, No. 1
- Piano Sonata No. 13 in E-flat major, Op. 27, No.1, Musopen
- European Archive Copyright free LP recording of the Sonata No. 13, Op. 27, No.1 in E-flat major by Hugo Steurer, piano at the European Archive (for non-American viewers only).
Beethoven House

The **Beethoven House** (German: ***Beethoven-Haus***) in Bonn, Germany, is a memorial site, museum and cultural institution serving various purposes. Founded in 1889 by the Beethoven-Haus association, it studies the life and work of composer Ludwig van Beethoven.

## Other websites

- Official site

## Infobox (museum)

- **name**: Beethoven-Haus Bonn
- **image**: Beethoven-Haus.jpg
- **caption**: Beethoven's birthplace at Bonngasse (center), next to the house "Im Mohren"
- **alt**: Beethoven's birthplace at Bonngasse
- **location**: Bonn
- **type**: Museum, cultural institution, memorial site
- **visitors**: 100,000
- **director**: Malte Boecker
- **website**: www.beethoven-haus-bonn.de