juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Frauzio

**Frauzio** was a comic book Brazil floor monthly, created in 2001 by Marcatti distributed by Publisher SCALE.

Was launched with a circulation of 30 thousand copies and distributed at newsstands around the Brazil, became the first magazine underground to be published in an industrial scale worldwide.

In 2003, published four editions of the magazine **Misadventures of Frauzio** by **Publisher PRO-C**. In the same year the album special edition is published by Frauzio **Opera Graphica**. The book, under the title**Question of paternity**, brings a Frauzio adventure inspired by the book Lolita of Nabokov.

## Sources

- Site Marcatti

## Other websites

- Mundo HQ
- HQ maniacs
- Universo HQ
Daddy G

**Daddy G**, (born **Grantley Evan Marshall**, ,  Bristol, UK), is an English musician and a founding member of the band,  Massive Attack.

## Music

Marshall joined the Bristol music scene as a member of the DJ group The Wild Bunch in the 1980s, which included two other Massive Attack members, Robert Del Naja and Andrew Vowles. In 1986, The Wild Bunch dissolved. Del Naja, Vowles, and Marshall then formed the trip-hop group Massive Attack, which is considered to have pioneered the _Bristol Sound_ along with Portishead and Tricky.

In addition to appearing on Massive Attack's albums, Marshall has also mixed a CD for the _DJ-Kicks_ mix series.
Tau (particle)

**Tau (τ) leptons** (aka tauons, tau particle) are one of the very small elementary particles. This means that they are believed to be so small that they can not be divided any more. Tau leptons can be thought of as very heavy electrons, as they are both leptons. This is because they have about 3,500 times as much mass as electrons, and about 17 times as much mass as muons. Since they only live for 2.9x10<sup>–13</sup> seconds, they do not have a significant role in the regular world. However, they are very important in the decay of subatomic matter.

Like the other two basic leptons, tauons have a neutrino named after them (the tau neutrino).

Tau have a charge of -1, and can be written as τ<sup>–</sup>. Since antimatter has the opposite of charge of regular matter, anti-tauons have a charge of +1, and can be written as τ<sup>+</sup>. Tauons themselves are unstable, and can decay. Also, τ<sup>+</sup> and τ<sup>–</sup> can annihilate each other in a form of decay. When a single tauon decays, it is the only lepton that can decay into hadrons (things made of quarks). τ<sup>+</sup> and τ<sup>–</sup> can be formed by an electron-positron (antielectron) pair combining. The two tauons then decay into an electron and a positron or a muon and an antimuon, and four of the various neutrinos. However, a single tauon decays differently than a tauon and an antitauon.

A τ<sup>–</sup> will quickly decay into a tau neutrino and a W boson. The W boson will exist for 3x10<sup>–25</sup> seconds, before it decays into an electron and an electron antineutrino, a muon and a muon antineutrino, or a down quark and an up antiquark.
Thallium(I) bromide

**Thallium(I) bromide**, also known as **thallous bromide**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is TlBr. It has thallium and bromide ions in it. The thallium is in its +1 oxidation state.

## Properties

Thallium(I) bromide is a yellow-white solid. It is similar to silver bromide. It gets darker when light shines on it. It is very toxic, like all thallium compounds. It does not dissolve in water.

## Preparation

Thallium(I) bromide is made by reacting thallium and bromine or by reacting sodium or potassium bromide with any thallium compound.

## Uses

It is used in semiconductors and gamma ray and X-ray detectors.

## Related pages

- Thallium(I) chloride
- Sodium bromide
- Thallium(I) oxide
Thallium(III) hydroxide

**Thallium(III) hydroxide**, also known as **thallic hydroxide**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Tl(OH)<sub>3</sub>. It has thallium and hydroxide ions in it. The thallium is in its +3 oxidation state.

## Properties

Thallium(III) hydroxide is a weak base. It is a white solid. It is highly toxic. It is also an oxidizing agent. It breaks down to thallium(III) oxide when heated. If it is heated more, it breaks down to oxygen and thallium(I) oxide.

## Related pages

- Thallium(I) bromide
- Thallium(I) sulfate
Julian Assange

**Julian Paul Assange** (born 3 July 1971) is an Australian computer programmer, publisher and journalist.

In June 2024, he was released from the British justice system; He was put on an airplane. He went to the island of Saipan (in the Pacific Ocean). He stood in front of a judge in the _District Court for the Northern Mariana Islands_, and was released. He came (back) to Australia in June.

He is a spokesman and editor-in-chief of WikiLeaks, which is a website that posts news leaks. He started the website in 2006. He was born in Townsville, Queensland. He also made a program called Rubberhose (file system) to hide secret information in a specific way that protects against torture.

Assange was the Readers' Choice for Time Person of the Year in 2010 after getting the most Internet votes.

## Time in Britain (2012–2024)

In 2012, facing extradition to Sweden, he took refuge at the Embassy of Ecuador in London and was granted political asylum by Ecuador.

On 11 January 2018, it was announced that Assange had held Ecuadorian citizenship since 12 December 2017.

Ecuadorian President Lenín Moreno said on 27 July 2018 that he had begun talks with British authorities to withdraw the asylum for Assange. On 11 April 2019, Ecuador withdrew Assange's asylum and he was arrested by the Metropolitan Police shortly afterwards. His lawyers said they will fight extradition to the United States.

In November 2019, it was reported that Assange is in bad health, has depression and "could die in prison" if not hospitalised.

As of 2024's second quarter, Assange's extradition case [was still] under appeal, in the British justice system. Earlier (4 February  2020), the extradition to the United States hearing (a pre-trial discussion in a court) for Assange began in London. On 26 March 2024, London’s High Court gave "the U.S. government three weeks to provide _satisfactory assurances_ Assange will receive a fair trial; have his first amendment free speech rights protected; and will not face the death penalty if he is extradited from the U.K. to the United States".

In June 2024, he was released from the British justice system; He was put on an airplane that went to Saipan (in the Pacific Ocean).

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Julian Assange
- **image**: Julian Assange August 2014.jpg
- **image size**: 230px
- **caption**: Assange in the Ecuadorian Embassy, London (August 2014)
- **birth name**: Julian Paul Hawkins
- **birth place**: Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- **years active**: 1987–present
- **known for**: Founding WikiLeaks
- **title**: Board of directors, Director and editor-in-chief of WikiLeaks
- **criminal status**: Convicted of Bail#failure to comply, failure to surrender to the court
Arrest, Under arrest by the Metropolitan Police Service in London under extradition warrant.
- **spouse**: Stella Assange (m. 2022)
- **partner**: Sarah Harrison (journalist), Sarah Harrison
( 2009;  2012)
- **children**: 4
- **awards**: #Honours and awards, Full list
Kaon

**Kaons** are a specific type of meson (mesons are particles made of one quark and one antiquark). What makes kaons unique is that they are made of one up quark or down quark, and one strange quark. (One of the two quarks that make of a **kaon** must be an antiquark, and the other must be normal matter. For example, a kaon can be made of one up quark and a strange antiquark). The discovery of kaons was significant because it proved the existence of yet another flavour (type) of quark, the strange quark.

There are four types of kaons, but two of them are relatively easy to understand. There is the K<sup>+</sup> and the K<sup>0</sup>. The + and 0 above the letter K refer to whether the charge is positive, or 0 (neutral). The K<sup>+</sup> is made of one up quark, and one strange antiquark. Since antiparticles have the opposite charge of their counterpart (and since normal strange quarks have a charge of -1/3), 2/3 + 1/3 = a +1 charge, or simply a + charge. (Also because antiparticles have the opposite charge of their counterpart, if you change the up quark in a K<sup>+</sup> to an up antiquark and the strange antiquark to a normal strange quark, you get the opposite charge, forming a K<sup>–</sup>). Since down quarks and strange quarks have the same charge, if either one of them is an antiparticle, the overall charge is zero. Therefore, a K<sup>0</sup> can either be made of one down quark and  strange antiquark, or one down antiquark and one normal strange quark.
Thallium(III) oxide

**Thallium(III) oxide**, also known as **thallic oxide**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Tl<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>. It has thallium and oxide ions in it. The thallium is in its +3 oxidation state.

## Properties

Thallium(III) oxide is a white powder. It is very heavy and very toxic. It is a semiconductor. It reacts with acids to make other toxic thallium compounds. It does not dissolve in water.

## Preparation

It is made by oxidation of thallium(I) oxide.

## Uses

It may be used in solar cells.

## Related pages

- Thallium(I) chloride
- Silver(I) oxide
Thallium(I) chloride

**Thallium(I) chloride**, also known as **thallous chloride**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is TlCl. It has thallium and chloride ions in it. The thallium is in its +1 oxidation state.

## Properties

Thallium(I) chloride is a colorless odorless solid. It is very toxic. It is insoluble (does not dissolve) in cold water but dissolves a little in hot water. Otherwise, it is somewhat similar to potassium chloride in being colorless and silver chloride in being insoluble in water.

## Preparation

Thallium(I) chloride is made by reacting any soluble chloride such as hydrochloric acid with thallium(I) sulfate. This makes a thallium(I) chloride solid. It can also be made by reacting thallium metal with hydrochloric acid.

## Uses

It is the result of a certain way to make hexafluorophosphates from chlorides.

## Related pages

- Thallium(I) bromide
- Thallium(III) oxide
- Thallium(I) carbonate
Shuzo Matsuoka

is a Japanese professional athlete and sports commentator. He is best known as a tennis player.

He was a tennis player on the Japanese national team at the Summer Olympic Games in 1988 at Seoul, in 1992 at Barcelona and in 1996 at Atlanta.

## Tennis career

ATP tour, best singles rank:
- 46th place

ATP tour, singles rank:
- 1985. 691
- 1986. 370
- 1987. 260
- 1988. 82
- 1989. 181
- 1990. 144
- 1991. 67
- 1992. 64
- 1993. 134
- 1994. 124
- 1995. 57
- 1996. 149

KAL Cup:
- Victory

Stella-Artois Queen's Club grass court tournament:
- Lost the final in 1992 to Wayne Ferreira

Wimbledon:
- Best 8 in 1995 (quarterfinals), lost to Pete Sampras who won the tournament

## Related pages

- Sports in Japan
- Japan at the Olympics
Bully (video game)

***Bully*** (released in the PAL region on PlayStation 2 as ***Canis Canem Edit***) was released on 17 October 2006 published by Rockstar Games and developed by Rockstar Vancouver.
Because the game became very popular, Rockstar New England developed the remake called ***Bully: Scholarship Edition***.

This version was for the Xbox 360, Wii and Microsoft Windows. There are not many differences between the classic _Bully_ and the _Scholarship Edition_, however there are 4 new classes available: Biology, Music, Math and Geography. The graphics were also updated.

## Infobox (video game)

- **title**: Bully
- **image**:

- **developer**: Rockstar Vancouver
- **publisher**: Rockstar Games
- **genre**: Action adventure
- **released**: 17 October 2006
Poxviridae

**Poxviridae** are family of large complex DNA viruses, including the vaccinia and variola viruses, that are pathogenic to humans and animals and have an affinity for skin tissue. Smallpox is in the family Poxviridae.

Four genera of poxviruses may infect humans: orthopox, parapox, yatapox, molluscipox. **Orthopox**: variola virus, vaccinia virus, cowpox virus, monkeypox virus, smallpox (eradicated); **Parapox**: orf virus, pseudocowpox, bovine papular stomatitis virus; **Yatapox**: tanapox virus, yaba monkey tumor virus; **Molluscipox**: molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV).
National Science Foundation

The **National Science Foundation** (**NSF**) is a United States government agency where discoveries begin and supports fundamental research and education in all the non-medical fields of science and engineering. Its medical counterpart is the National Institutes of Health. With an annual budget of about US$6.87 billion (fiscal year 2010), the NSF funds approximately 20 percent of all federally supported basic research conducted by the United States' colleges and universities. In some fields, such as mathematics, computer science, economics and the social sciences, the NSF is the major source of federal backing.

The NSF's director, deputy director, and the 24 members of the National Science Board (NSB) are appointed by the President of the United States, and confirmed by the United States Senate. The director and deputy director are responsible for administration, planning, budgeting and day-to-day operations of the foundation, while the NSB meets six times a year to establish its overall policies.

## Other websites

- NASA
- NSF website
- Royal Society

## Infobox (government agency)

- **agency name**: National Science Foundation
- **logo**: Flag of the National Science Foundation.svg
- **logo caption**: Flag of the National Science Foundation
- **motto**: Where Discoveries Begin
- **seal**: NSF logo.png
- **seal caption**: Seal of the National Science Foundation
- **headquarters**: Alexandria, Virginia, Alexandria, Virginia, U.S.
- **employees**: 1700
- **budget**: $7.8 billion for 2018
- **chief1 name**: France A. Córdova
- **chief1 position**: Director
Y tu mamá también

***Y tu mamá también*** (Spanish for _And Your Mother Too_) is a 2001 award-winning Mexican road movie. It was directed by Alfonso Cuarón and written by him and his brother Carlos Cuarón. It has a MPAA rating of R, meaning mature.

It was released without a rating in the United States because the movie's distributors believed a market-limiting NC-17 was unavoidable. This movie was released during 2002 in the US.
Adriaan Blaauw

**Adriaan Blaauw** (April 12 1914—December 1 2010) was a Dutch astronomer. He was an expert on the development of groups of young stars and how they expand away from each other. He discovered that some massive stars, known as runaways, can be moving at speeds of hundreds of kilometers per second. He was the scientific director of the European Southern Observatory and later became its Director General. From 1976 to 1979 he was the President of the International Astronomical Union.

He was elected a member of the Academia Europaea in 1993.
Drosophila pseudoobscura

***Drosophila pseudoobscura*** is a species of fruit fly, used extensively in lab studies of the genetics of natural populations.

It was first used by Theodosius Dobzhansky and his colleagues. They collected samples from populations in western North America and Mexico, and grew them in 'population cages' in the laboratory. They were interested in natural selection, genetic drift, and other aspects of population genetics.

In 1989 Diane Dodd gave laboratory populations of _D. pseudoobscura_ two different food types, starch and maltose. They rapidly evolved into two distinct groups after only eight generations with the different foods. As the two groups both showed a strong preference for mating with their own type, this was claimed as an example of speciation by reproductive isolation. Dodd's experiment has been repeated by others, and works with other kinds of fruit flies and foods.

In 2005, _D. pseudoobscura_ was the second _Drosophila_ species to have its genome sequenced, after _Drosophila melanogaster_.
Substitute teacher

A **substitute teacher** is a person who teaches a school class when the normal teacher cannot be there. This may be if the normal teacher is sick or out of town. The term _substitute teacher_ is often used in the United States, but in the United Kingdom, the term **supply teacher** is often used. In Victoria, **Casual relief teacher (CRT)** is the term used.
Dana Delany

**Dana Welles Delany** (born March 13, 1956) is an Emmy Award-winning American movie and television actress. She is well known for her role as Colleen McMurphy on the ABC television show _China Beach_ (1988–1991), Katherine Mayfair on _Desperate Housewives_ (2007–2010) and Megan Hunt on _Body of Proof_ (2011–present).

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Dana Delany
- **image**: Dana_Delany_2010.jpg
- **birth place**: New York City, New York, U.S.
- **birthname**: Dana Welles Delany
- **occupation**: Actress
- **yearsactive**: 1974–present
- **website**: http://www.danadelany.com
Fastball

**Fastball** is an American rock band from Austin, Texas. It started in the 1990s with the name **Magneto U.S.A.**, but later changed its name to Fastball.

## Band history

Fastball became popular around Austin, Texas. It released its first album, _Make Your Mama Proud_, in 1996. However, the band did not became famous until it released its second album, _All The Pain Money Can Buy_ in 1998. The first song on this album, _The Way_, became a hit. This song was about an elderly couple who got lost while traveling to a family reunion and died. However, band member Tony Scalzo, who wrote the song, gave the story a happier ending in the lyrics. The album had another big hit, _Out Of My Head_, and the song _Fire Escape_ also was played on the radio. The band's next albums, _The Harsh Light Of Day_, _Keep Your Wig On_, and _Little White Lies_, did not sell as many copies as _All The Pain Money Can Buy_.

## Members

- Tony Scalzo (vocals, bass guitar, keyboards, guitar)
- Miles Zuniga (vocals, guitar)
- Joey Shufflefield (drums)

## Albums

- Make Your Mama Proud (1996)
- All the Pain Money Can Buy (1998)
- The Harsh Light of Day (2000)
- Keep Your Wig On (2004)
- Little White Lies (2009)
- Step into Light (2017)
- The Help Machine (2019)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Fastball
- **img**: FastballBySteveHopson.jpg
- **img capt**: Fastball live at Waterloo Park in Austin, Texas, August 6, 2006. From left to right: Harmoni Kelley (support musician), Miles Zuniga, Joey Shuffield and Tony Scalzo.
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Austin, Texas
- **genre**: rock music, Rock, powerpop, pop rock
- **years active**: 1994–present
- **label**: Megaforce Records, Megaforce, Jupiter Records, Jupiter, Rykodisc, Hollywood Records, Hollywood
- **current members**: Tony Scalzo
Joey Shuffield
Miles Zuniga
Time Person of the Year

**Person of the Year** is a special issue of the American magazine _Time_.  It has been published each year since 1927.  Until 1999, it was called "Man of the Year."

## Background

The "Person of the Year" is not always a person.  It can be a person, group, idea, or thing that "for better or for worse...has done the most to influence the events of the year".  This means that being chosen is not an award, like being chosen as the "best person of the year."  The Person of the Year may be an enemy of the United States, like Adolf Hitler (1938) or Joseph Stalin (1939 and 1942).  Every year, _Time_ chooses the person who they think has had the most effect on the things that have happened in that year (whether those things were good or bad).
Metalworking

**Metalworking** is the shaping of metals to create single parts, assemblies, or large scale buildings/objects. There are many ways of shaping metal, including machining, metalspinning, forging, casting, goldsmith and fabricating. Humans have been working metal for close to 7000 years.
DJ Shadow

**Joshua Paul Davis**, (born June 29, 1972) known by his stage name **DJ Shadow**, is an American music producer, DJ and songwriter. He is an important person in the history of instrumental hip hop. He became well known after his first album _Endtroducing....._, which was made entirely from samples. He has a collection of over 60,000 records.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: DJ Shadow
- **image**: DJ Shadow tim festival.jpg
- **image size**: 200px
- **background**: non_vocal_instrumentalist
- **birth name**: Joshua Paul Davis
- **alias**: DJ Shadow
- **birth place**: San Jose, California
- **origin**: Davis, California
- **instrument**: Keyboard instrument, Keyboards, Turntablism, turntables, Sampler (musical instrument), sampler, synthesizer
- **genre**: Hip hop music, Hip hop, Hyphy, instrumental hip hop, trip hop, turntablism
- **occupation**: Record producer, Producer, disc jockey, DJ
- **years active**: 1989–present
- **label**: Mo'Wax
Quannum Projects
Solesides
Universal Music Group, Universal
- **associated acts**: UNKLE
Quannum Projects, The Quannum Collective
- **url**: [http://www.djshadow.com/ Official Site]
Thallium(I) carbonate

**Thallium(I) carbonate**, also known as **thallous carbonate**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Tl<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>. It has thallium and carbonate ions in it. The thallium is in its +1 oxidation state.

## Properties

Thallium(I) carbonate is a white solid. It dissolves in water. It is the only heavy metal carbonate that can dissolve in water. It is similar to potassium carbonate. It is highly toxic, though. It reacts with acids like all carbonates do to make a thallium salt and carbon dioxide.

## Preparation

It is made by reacting thallium(I) oxide with carbon dioxide.

## Uses

It is used to make fake diamonds, to test for carbon disulfide, and to kill fungi.

## Related pages

- Thallium(III) oxide
- Thallium(I) chloride
Thallium(I) fluoride

**Thallium(I) fluoride**, also known as **thallous fluoride**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is TlF. It has thallium and fluoride ions. The thallium is in its +1 oxidation state.

## Properties

Thallium(I) fluoride is a white solid. It dissolves easily in water. It also dissolves in ethanol. It absorbs a little water in wet air.

## Preparation

It is made by reacting thallium(I) oxide or thallium(I) carbonate with hydrofluoric acid.

## Related pages

- Thallium(III) oxide
- Thallium(I) chloride
Thallium(I) hydroxide

**Thallium(I) hydroxide**, also known as **thallous hydroxide**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is TlOH. It has thallium and hydroxide ions in it. The thallium is in its +1 oxidation state.

## Properties

Thallium(I) hydroxide is a yellow solid at 25 degrees Celsius at standard atmosphere (a certain pressure).

It dissolves in water to make a yellow and very basic solution, similar to potassium hydroxide. It reacts with acids to make thallium salts. It breaks down to thallium(I) oxide when heated.

## Preparation

It is made by dissolving thallium(I) oxide in water or by reacting thallium with water or moist air.

## Related pages

- Thallium(III) hydroxide
- Thallium(I) chloride
Thallium(I) iodide

**Thallium(I) iodide**, also known as **thallous iodide**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is TlI. It has thallium and iodide ions in it. The thallium is in its +1 oxidation state.

## Properties

Thallium(I) iodide is a yellow solid. It does not dissolve in water. It turns red when heated gently. It is a reducing agent. It is very toxic like all thallium compounds.

## Preparation

It is made by reacting thallium with iodine or hydroiodic acid or by reacting any soluble thallium salt like thallium(I) sulfate with any iodide.

## Uses

Thallium(I) iodide is used in mercury-vapor lamps. It is also used in a detector of radiation.

## Related pages

- Thallium(III) oxide
- Thallium(I) bromide
- Thallium(I) chloride
Thallium(I) oxide

**Thallium(I) oxide**, also known as **thallous oxide**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Tl<sub>2</sub>O. It has thallium and oxide ions in it. The thallium is in its +1 oxidation state.

## Properties

Thallium(I) oxide is a black solid. It reacts with water to make a yellow solution of thallium(I) hydroxide. It reacts with carbon dioxide to make thallium(I) carbonate. It is a strong base. It reacts with acids to make other thallium salts. It is very toxic.

## Preparation

It is made by heating thallium(I) hydroxide or thallium(I) carbonate in air.

## Uses

It is used in some superconductors. It is also used to make certain special types of glass.

## Related pages

- Thallium(III) oxide
- Thallium(I) chloride
- Thallium(I) sulfate
Thallium oxide

**Thallium oxide** can refer to either of these thallium oxides:

- Thallium(I) oxide, black
- Thallium(III) oxide, white
Thallium(I) sulfide

**Thallium(I) sulfide**, also known as **thallous sulfide**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Tl<sub>2</sub>S. It has thallium and sulfide ions in it. The thallium is in its +1 oxidation state.

## Properties

Thallium(I) sulfide is a black solid. It reacts with acids to make hydrogen sulfide and a thallium salt.

## Occurrence and preparation

It is found as a mineral called carlinite, but it is rare. It is the only thallium sulfide mineral that does not have another metal in it. It is made in the laboratory by reacting thallium(I) sulfate with hydrogen sulfide or by heating thallium and sulfur together.

## Uses

It was used in some of the first infrared detectors. One of the first reliable infrared detectors used thallium sulfide and it was made in World War II.

## Related pages

- Thallium(I) chloride
- Thallium(III) oxide
- Thallium(I) oxide
Thallium(I) sulfate

**Thallium(I) sulfate**, also known as **thallous sulfate**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Tl<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>. It has thallium and sulfate ions in it. The thallium is in its +1 oxidation state.

## Properties

Thallium(I) sulfate is colorless, odorless, and tasteless. It is very toxic, though. It dissolves easily in water and is similar to potassium sulfate.

## Preparation

It is made by dissolving thallium ore or thallium metal in sulfuric acid.

## Uses

It was used in rat poison, but since it is so similar to other chemicals, it poisoned some people and was outlawed. It was also used for some medicines before it was found that it was too toxic. It stops plants from germinating. It is the main source of thallium in the laboratory and is used to make thallium(I) sulfide.

## Toxicity

Thallium sulfate, like all thallium compounds, is very toxic. This is because the size of the thallium ion is very similar to the size of the potassium ion. After it goes into the cells, it cannot be used like potassium is used and so kills the cell. It also gets absorbed through the skin. Eating more than 1/2 gram can kill. It gets deposited in the kidney, liver, brain, and similar places. It has been blamed for the extinction of the Brown Fish Owl.

## Related pages

- Thallium(I) chloride
- Thallium(III) halide
- Thallium(III) oxide
Thallium halide

The **thallium halides** come in two oxidation states: monohalides, where thallium has the oxidation state +1, and trihalides, where thallium generally has oxidation state +3.

## Monohalides

The monohalides all contain thallium with oxidation state +1.
- Thallium(I) fluoride, a white crystalline solid. It is soluble in water, unlike the other thallium monohalides.
- Thallium(I) chloride, sensitive to light. It is a white crystalline solid.
- Thallium(I) bromide, sensitive to light. A pale yellow crystalline solid.
- Thallium(I) iodide, at room temperature it is a yellow crystalline solid. At higher temperatures the colour changes to red.

## Trihalides

Thallium(III) halides are very rare. Some of them are unstable. The thallium(III) iodide does not form. They are quite different to aluminium, gallium and indium trihalides.

- **Thallium(III) fluoride**, also known as thallic fluoride, is made of thallium in its +3 oxidation state and fluoride ions. It is made by reacting thallium(III) oxide with bromine trifluoride, fluorine, or sulfur tetrafluoride at a warm temperature.
- **Thallium(III) chloride**, also known as thallic chloride, is made of thallium in its +3 oxidation state and chloride ions. It disproportionates above 40°C, making thallium(I) chloride and chlorine. It is made by reacting thallium(I) chloride with chlorine in an organic solution.
- **Thallium(III) bromide**, also known as thallic bromide, is made of thallium in its +3 oxidation state and bromide ions. It disproportionates at a low temperature to thallium(I) bromide and bromine. It can be made by reacting thallium(I) bromide with bromine in water or an organic solution.
- **Thallium(I) triiodide**, a black crystalline solid. It does not contain thallium(III), but has the same structure as CsI<sub>3</sub> containing the linear I<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup> ion.
Up quark

**Up quarks** are subatomic particles that help make up many larger particles, such as protons. Up quarks have a charge of +2/3, and are the lightest of the six types of quarks. Up quarks have a spin of 1/2, which is the spin all fermions have. They are affected by all four of the fundamental forces, which are gravity, the strong force, the weak force, and electromagnetism. Up quarks are elementary particles, similar to all other quarks. This means that they are so small that scientists believe that they can not be divided any more. The antiparticle of the up quark is kown as the **up antiquark** (sometimes called _antiup quark_), which differs some of its properties from each other, such as charge have equal magnitude but with opposite sign.

Protons (which have a total charge of +1) are made of two up quarks (which have a charge of +2/3) and one down quark (which has a charge of -1/3). Neutrons (which have a total charge of zero) are made of one **up quark**, and two down quarks. Up quarks can also be used to create more complex particles, such as pions.
The Rape of the Lock

***The Rape of the Lock*** is a poem written by Alexander Pope, mocking heros and heroines. It was first published anonymously in _Lintot's Miscellany_ in May 1712.

## Poem

The poem is sarcastically laughing at the epic world of the gods. It was based on an incident that was remembered by Pope's friend, John Caryll. Arabella Fermor and Robert Petre were both from Catholic families at a time in England when Anglicanism was very important. Petre, lusting after Arabella, had cut a lock of her hair to keep without permission, which made the two families have a big argument. This was because in those days, cutting off a lock of the lover's hair was scandalous and symbolized improper love. Pope, also a Catholic, wrote the poem to make the two families reconcile and be happy again. He made the character Belinda to represent Arabella in the poem.

Pope's poem mocks all the traditions of classics. Although the poem is funny at times, Pope keeps a sense that beauty is fragile, and that just because Belinda loses a lock of her hair she is very deeply hurt.

Three of Uranus's moons are named after characters from _The Rape of the Lock_: Belinda, Umbriel, and Ariel.

## Other websites

- "The Rape of the Lock:" Study Guide With Complete Text and Detailed Explanatory Notes
Gorgonopsid

The **Gorgonopsids**  were Therapsids, a group of tetrapods which eventually gave rise to the cynodonts, with the cynodonts ultimately giving rise to mammals. Gorgonopsids probably had rhino like skin and still laid eggs.

Gorgonopsids were a successful group which lived during the Permian period, about 260 million years ago. They were members of the Class Synapsida and possibly related to the pelycosaurs. They became extinct in the Permian–Triassic extinction event.

They were the major predators of their day, having large, powerful, square-shaped jaws with huge, sabre-like canines and interlaced, socket-like teeth. Many fossils have been found in South Africa.

The most famous of all, _Inostrancevia_, was the size of _Smilodon_ with a 45-cm long skull, and 12-cm long sabre-like teeth. The teeth were not as long as saber toothed cats but had a more robust skull. This predator could easily take down a _Scutosaurus_, or small animals such as _Dvinosaurus_.

The **Gorgonopsidae** are divided into three sub-families:
- Rubidginae, which had large, broad skulls,
- Gorgonopsinae, which included most of the gorgonopsid genera.
- Inostranceviinae
Gorgonops

***Gorgonops*** (literally "Gorgon' face") is the name given to an extinct genus of therapsid which lived about 255-250 million years ago, during the latest part of the Permian period. It was a typical representative of the Gorgonopsia, the dominant predators of their day, which in the largest forms grew to over four meters long.
Down quark

**Down quarks** (sometimes written as a "d") are subatomic particles that help make up many larger particles, like protons and neutrons. Down quarks have a charge of -1/3. Since Down quarks are fermions (which means that no two of them can exist in the same space at the same time), they have a spin of 1/2. Down quarks are the second lightest quark, the first being up quarks.

The antiparticle of a down quark is a down antiquark, or simply an antidown.
Strange quark

**Strange quarks** are the third lightest quarks, which are subatomic particles that are so small, they are believed to be the fundamental particles, and not further divisible. Like down quarks, strange quarks have a charge of -1/3. Like all fermions (which are particles that cannot exist in the same place at the same time), strange quarks have a spin of 1/2. What makes strange quarks different from down quarks–apart from having 25 times the mass of down quarks–is that they have something that scientists call "strangeness." Strangeness is basically a resistance to decay against strong force and electromagnetism. This means that any particle that contains a strange quark cannot decay due to strong force (or electromagnetism), but instead with the much slower weak force. It was believed that this was a 'strange' method of decay, which is why the scientists gave the particles that name.

Strange quarks can be found in particles such as kaons and some hyperons. Scientists began noticing strangeness when these particles did not decay as quickly as their masses would have suggested they would have. However, it took them a long time to even guess strangeness was the answer because it took over 16 years to predict it after the discovery of kaons.
Charm quark

**Charm quarks** or **c quarks** are the third most massive of the six quarks. Like all quarks, they are thought to be so small that they can not be divided. (They are called elementary particles for this reason). Similar to up quarks, charm quarks have a charge of +2/3. Although charm quarks are not extremely common, they can be found in particles created by particle accelerators (which smash atoms together at extremely high speeds), such as J/ψ mesons, D mesons, and other charmed particles. Since they are fermions (particles that can not have more than one of that particle at the same place at the same time), charm quarks have a spin of 1/2.

The discovery of charm quarks – and J/ψ mesons – led to a rapid series of scientific breakthroughs. These events are known as the November revolution.

## Antiparticle

The antiparticle of the charm quark is the charm antiquark. It has a charge of -2/3.
Ōsaka Station

**Ōsaka Station** (大阪駅,おおさかえき) is a railway station of JR West in Kita-ku, Osaka, Japan. This station is also connected to Umeda Station.

## Adjacent stations

- JR West
- Tōkaidō Line (JR Kyoto Line, JR Kobe Line)
    - Special Rapid Service, Rapid Service
        - Shin-Ōsaka - **Ōsaka** - Amagasaki
    - Local
        - Shin-Ōsaka - **Ōsaka** - Tsukamoto
- JR Takarazuka Line
    - Rapid Service, Tambaji Rapid Service, Local
        - **Ōsaka** - Amagasaki
- Osaka Loop Line
    - Yamatoji Liner
        - **Ōsaka** → Shin-Imamiya
    - Yamatoji Rapid Service, Kansai Airport Rapid Service, Kishuji Rapid Service, Rapid Service
        - Temma - **Ōsaka** - Nishikujo
    - Direct Rapid Service, Regional Rapid Service, Local
        - Temma - **Ōsaka** - Fukushima

## Related pages

- Umeda Station
Othniel Charles Marsh

**Othniel Charles Marsh** M.A PhD LL.D (October 29, 1831 – March 18, 1899) was one of the leading paleontologists of the 19th century. He discovered and named many fossils found in western North America.

## Early life

Marsh was born in Lockport, New York, into a family of modest means. However, he was the nephew of the very rich banker and philanthropist, George Peabody.

He graduated from Yale College in 1860. He later studied geology and mineralogy in New Haven, and afterwards paleontology and anatomy in Berlin, Heidelberg and Breslau. He returned to the United States in 1866 and was appointed professor of vertebrate paleontology at Yale University. He persuaded his uncle George Peabody to establish the Peabody Museum of Natural History at Yale.

## Career

Marsh and his many fossil hunters were able to uncover about 500 new species of fossil animals, which were named by Marsh himself.

In May 1871, Marsh uncovered the first pterosaur fossils found in America. He also found early horses, the Cretaceous and Jurassic dinosaurs _Apatosaurus_ and _Allosaurus_, and described the toothed birds of the Cretaceous; _Ichthyornis_ and _Hesperornis_.

Marsh is also known for the so-called "Bone Wars" waged against Edward Drinker Cope. The two men were fiercely competitive, discovering and documenting more than 120 new species of dinosaur between them. Marsh eventually won the Bone Wars by finding 80 new species of dinosaur, while Cope only found 56.

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Othniel Charles Marsh
- **image**: Othniel Charles Marsh - Brady-Handy.jpg
- **image size**: 200px
- **birth place**: Lockport, New York, Lockport, New York (state), New York, United States, USA
- **death place**: New Haven, Connecticut, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- **nationality**: United States
- **work institutions**: Yale University
- **known for**: Dinosaur fossils
Boron group

The **boron group**, also known as **Group III** and **Group 13**, is a group of elements on the periodic table. Most of its members are poor metals, except for boron. Boron is a semimetal. The rest of the elements are soft metals.

## List

- Boron, brittle hard black semimetal (used to make soap)
- Aluminium, common soft silvery metal (used to make cans)
- Gallium, easily melted silvery metal (used to make mirrors)
- Indium, soft silvery metal (used to make solar panels)
- Thallium, highly toxic very soft metal (used to make camera lenses)
- Nihonium, unstable manmade element (unknown)
Bottom quark

**Bottom quarks** or **beauty quarks** are the second most massive of the elementary particles (particles that are so small that they can not be divided any more). All quarks are elementary particles. Bottom quarks have a charge of -1/3, similar to down quarks. Although bottom quarks are not very common, they are found in particles such as B mesons, among others. All bottom quarks will decay into charm quarks or up quarks in about 10<sup>–12</sup>, due to weak force.
Top quark

**Top quarks** or **truth quarks** are the heaviest known elementary particles (particles that are so small that they can not be divided). All quarks are elementary particles, and since they are fermions (which means that no two of them can exist in the same place at the same time), they have a spin of 1/2. Top quarks interact with all four of the fundamental forces, which are gravity, electromagnetism, strong force, and weak force. Almost all of the time, top quarks will decay into a bottom quark and a W boson, although it can sometimes decay into a strange quark.

One top quark weighs about as much as one atom of tungsten. Since top quarks are so massive, scientists have been able to make predictions about the mass of the Higgs Boson, the only type of boson with an intrinsic spin of 0 (scalar boson). Unfortunately, top quarks are only believed to be able to exist for 5x10<sup>–25</sup> seconds.
Gauge boson

**Gauge bosons** are carrier particles for three of the four fundamental forces. In the Standard Model of particle physics, there are four kinds of gauge bosons. The three gauge bosons are as follows:

1. W and Z bosons, which carry the weak force
1. Gluons, which carry the strong force
1. Photons, which carry the electromagnetic force

The only remaining fundamental force that has no known gauge boson is gravity. The theoretical gauge boson for gravity is called a graviton.

All gauge bosons are bosons, which simply means that two or more of them can exist in the same place at the same time, unlike fermions. It also means that gauge bosons have a spin of 0, 1, or 2.

Gauge bosons are thought to interact with the Higgs field. This theoretical field is believed by many scientists to be responsible for why some gauge bosons – like W and Z bosons – have mass, while others – such as photons – do not have mass.
Henryk Sienkiewicz

**Henryk Adam Aleksander Pius Sienkiewicz** (May 5, 1846 – November 15, 1916) was a Polish journalist and Nobel Prize-winning novelist.

## Works

- _Quo Vadis_ (made into an Oscar-winning film starring Peter Ustinov)
- _In Desert and Wilderness_ ()
- _The Teutonic Knights_ ()
- The trilogy: _The Fire and the Sword_ (), _The Deluge_ () and _Colonel Wołodyjowski_ ().

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Henryk Sienkiewicz
- **image**: Henryk Sienkiewicz post 1892 (53054489) (cropped).jpg
- **birth name**: Henryk Adam Aleksander Pius Sienkiewicz
- **birth place**: Wola Okrzejska, Congress Poland
- **death place**: Vevey, Switzerland
- **occupation**: Novelist
- **nationality**: Polish
- **language**: Polish
- **period**: 19th–20th century
- **notableworks**: _Janko Muzykant_
_Ogniem i mieczem_
_The Deluge (novel), Potop_
_Pan Wołodyjowski_
_Quo Vadis (novel), Quo vadis_
_Krzyżacy_
_W pustyni i w puszczy_
- **signature**: Signature of Henryk Sienkiewicz.jpg
Hyperon

**Hyperons** are particles that are made of quarks. What makes them different from other baryons (particles made of three quarks) is that they must have at least one strange quark, but no charm quarks or bottom quarks. Strange quarks have a property known as strangeness. Strangeness causes the strange quark–and all other particles bonded with it–to not decay by strong force, but instead due to the much slower weak force. Since all quarks are fermions (which means that no two of them can be in the same point in space at the same point in time), each quark has a spin of 1/2, adding up to a total spin of 3/2 for a hyperon. This quickly decays into a 1/2 spin particle.

Hyperons themselves decay due to weak force. There are dozens of different hyperon combinations. For example, a Λ (lambda) hyperon has a charge of 0, and is often written as Λ<sup>0</sup>. When it decays, it usually creates one proton, and one antipion. Like many forms of weak force decay, there is more than one possible outcome. A Λ<sup>0</sup> also has a significantly lower, but still possible, chance to decay into a neutron and an uncharged pion. Λ<sup>0</sup> hyperons have an average lifespan of 2.6x10<sup>−10</sup> seconds, which makes it one of the longest living hyperons.

Scientists still study hyperons in labs across the world, such as CERN, Fermilab, and SLAC. Hyperons provide answers questions for problems such as CP Violation, in which symmetries that were believed to be true may not be true.
Dither

**Dithering** is the intentional use of noise to reduce the error of compression.

Example below:
Donner Party

The **Donner Party** were a group of at least 87 American settlers who tried to cross the Sierra Nevada into California in the winter of 1846–47. Most historians count 87 members of the party. Stephen McCurdy in the _Western Journal of Medicine_ includes three others, making the number 90. 39 of them died from starvation, disease and the cold weather. The rest reached California the following year. They became famous in the history of the American West.

## Journey

The party left Springfield, Illinois in April 1846. They were led by two brothers, Jacob and George Donner. The settlers followed the California Trail to Fort Bridger in Wyoming. From there, they left the trail to take a different route that was not used much. It was reportedly a shorter way to California. This route was called the Hastings' Cutoff. There was much hardship and suffering on this route. They wasted 18 very important days. Instead of being shorter, it took them much longer to get to the other side of Nevada.

On October 28, heavy snow trapped the settlers in the Sierra Nevada mountains. The group made shelters, but ran out of food to eat. Some of them resorted to cannibalism in order to not die of starvation.

On December 16, seventeen people tried to go west again. Of these, two went back to the camp. Of the fifteen that kept going, seven stayed alive and reached a settlement on the western side of the mountains after 32 days. After this, a rescue party went back, and in about two weeks made it to one of the camps set up in the mountains. After this, three more groups tried to rescue those trapped in the mountains. The last person was rescued on April 7,1847. 45 people from the original Donner Party died, and there were 36 who survived. All the alive members went to California, but they disagreed about what happened during the journey and who made it bad.

## Memorials

Today, there are a lot memorials to the group, including a monument and the Donner Memorial State Park. A lake was also named after them.

## In popular culture

_Puppet History_ talked about the Donner Party in the episode "The Grisly Journey of the Donner Party."
Body of Evidence

***Body of Evidence*** is a 1993 American erotic thriller movie starring Madonna, Willem Dafoe, Joe Mantegna, Anne Archer and Julianne Moore. The movie was written by Brad Mirman, directed Uri Edel and produced by Dino De Laurentiis. It was given an "NC-17" rating because it showed female nudity, sex scenes, and vulgar language. The movie performed very poorly at the box office and was rejected by critics; the New York Times described it as a "sluggish courtroom melodrama." The 99 minute long movie was released by MGM.

## Plot

Rebecca Carlson (Madonna) is on trial in Oregon for murder. The district attorney Robert Garret (Joe Mantegna) is sure she used her body as a weapon, causing her victim to die from a heart attack while having sex. She will inherit eight million dollars from the victim. She hires a good lawyer, Frank Dulaney (Willem Dafoe) to defend her in court.

## Infobox (film)

- **name**: Body of Evidence
- **director**: Uli Edel
- **producer**: Dino De Laurentiis
- **writer**: Brad Mirman
- **starring**: Madonna
Willem Dafoe
Joe Mantegna
Anne Archer
Julianne Moore
- **music**: Graeme Revell
- **cinematography**: Douglas Milsome
- **editing**: Thom Noble
- **studio**: Dino De Laurentiis, Dino De Laurentiis Communications
Constantin Film, Neue Constantin Films
- **distributor**: Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer

Guild Home Video, Guild Film Distribution

- **runtime**: 99 minutes
- **country**: Germany, United States
- **language**: English
- **budget**: United States dollar, $30 million
- **gross**: $13,275,426