Mexico

**Mexico**, officially the **United Mexican States**, is a country in North America. It borders the United States to the north, and Guatemala and Belize to the southeast; while having maritime boundaries with the Pacific Ocean to the west, the Caribbean Sea to the southeast, and the Gulf of Mexico to the east.

Mexico is the thirteenth-largest country in the world by land area. With a population exceeding 130 million, Mexico is the tenth-most populous country in the world. Mexico City is the capital and largest city, which ranks among the most populous metropolitan areas in the world.

## History

Before the Europeans came, many Native American cultures existed in Mexico. The earliest was the Olmec culture in the south. The Olmecs are famous for the large stone heads they made. On the Yucatán Peninsula lived the Mayans. The Mayans lived in city states ruled by kings. The Mayans were most powerful between 200 and 900 A.D. Another powerful empire belonged to Teotihuacan. Teotihuacan was a very large city, one of the largest at that time. After Teotihuacan declined the Toltecs became powerful. Things made by the Toltecs have been found from the southern parts of the U.S. all the way to Costa Rica. A famous Toltec god is Quetzalcoatl. The Toltec culture declined too, and it was succeeded by the Aztecs. The Aztecs called their own empire Mexico. A famous Aztec king was Moctezuma II.

In 1519 the Spanish explorer Hernán Cortés came to Mexico. The Aztecs thought he was the returned Quetzalcoatl, so they did not want to fight against him. Cortes allied himself with the enemies of the Aztecs. In 1521 they conquered the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan. The Aztec Empire became part of Spain. It was called New Spain.

In 1810 the Mexican priest Miguel Hidalgo started the Mexican war of independence. In 1821 the Spanish finally retreated and Mexico became independent. The first leader of independent Mexico was Agustin de Iturbide. He set up the First Mexican Empire and became emperor. But the Mexicans were not happy with him, and in 1823 the country became a republic.

A man who was very important in Mexico in the early 19th century was Antonio López de Santa Anna. He was the president of Mexico 11 times. When he became a dictator, Texas declared independence (1836). The Battle of the Alamo was part of this Texas Revolution. Between 1846 and 1848 there was war between Mexico and the United States. In this war Mexico lost its large northern areas, which became the southwestern United States. After this war Santa Anna was sent away to Venezuela.

Between 1858 and 1861 there was war again, between liberals and conservatives. The liberal Benito Juárez won the war and became president afterwards. Juarez stayed president until France invaded Mexico and made Maximilian of Habsburg emperor of the Second Mexican Empire. But Maximilian was very unpopular. After more war he was executed in 1867, and Juarez became president again.

Conservatives thought Juarez had too much power. In 1876 they ousted him, and made Porfirio Díaz, a general who had won a battle against the French, president. Porfirio Díaz made the country wealthier, but the poor people became poorer. Franciso I. Madero started the Mexican Revolution in 1910.

The next 10 years the country was in chaos. There were many presidents who ruled for a short time and all kinds of people fought against each other. Famous people from this period are Emiliano Zapata, Pancho Villa and Francisco I. Madero. When Álvaro Obregón became president in 1920 the fighting calmed down.

In 1929 President Plutarco Elías Calles founded the National Mexican Party, PNM. The party was later renamed Institutional Revolutionary Party, PRI. The party would rule for a very long time. Most PRI presidents were not popular, it was said that they were only president to become richer themselves. An exception was president Lázaro Cárdenas. He was president between 1934 and 1940.

After several decades more and more people became unhappy with the PRI. In 1968 security forces shot at protesters, this caused several hundred deaths and became known as the Tlatelolco massacre. Another uprising was in 1994 when Zapatistas rebelled in the province Chiapas.

Mainly through election fraud, the PRI managed to stay into power until 2000, when Vicente Fox of the National Action Party, PAN, was elected president. In total the PRI had governed Mexico for 71 years.

## Politics

Mexico is a constitutional federal democracy ruled by a president. The president is elected every 6 years. The current president is Claudia Sheinbaum. Parliament has a Senate and House of Deputies.

## Geography

Mexico is in the southern part of North America. It is roughly shaped like a triangle. Mexico is more than 3000 km (1,850 miles) long from northwest to southeast. Mexico is between two large seas: the Pacific Ocean in the West and the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea in the East. Mexico has two large peninsulas. Baja California in the northwest, and Yucatán in the southeast. In central and western Mexico are the Sierra Madre mountains. In the Sierra Madre is the Pico de Orizaba, the highest mountain of Mexico. In central Mexico there are also a few volcanoes like the Popocatépetl and the Iztaccíhuatl. The Pico de Orizaba is also a volcano. In the north of Mexico are deserts. In the south are tropical rainforests. Some rivers in Mexico are the Río Bravo (known in the US as the Rio Grande), the Río Balsas, the Río Pánuco, and the Río Yaqui.

## People

Mexico is the most populous Spanish-speaking country in the world. It is also the second most populous country in Latin America (after Brazil). 60% of Mexicans have Native American and Spanish forefathers (mostly Native American); these are called mestizos. Almost 30% of Mexicans are pure Native American and 10% are pure Spanish. Most Mexicans (90%) speak Spanish. 10% of the Mexicans speak a Native American language, like Nahuatl, the language of the Aztecs, Maya or Zapotec. Non-indigenous ethnic groups in Mexico speak another foreign language such as Arabic or Japanese.  Most people in Mexico are Catholic (89%) Christians and the vast majority of Mexicans are religious and strongly believe in the Catholic Christian faith.

## Related pages

- North America
- Mexican food

## Infobox (country)

- **conventional long name**: United Mexican States
- **common name**: Mexico
- **native name**: <span style=white-space:nowrap;></span>
- **image flag**: Flag of Mexico.svg
- **image coat**: Coat of arms of Mexico.svg
- **symbol type**: Coat of arms
- **national anthem**:

()

- **capital**: Mexico City
- **largest city**: Mexico City
- **official languages**: Mexican Spanish, Spanish
- **languages type**: Co-official languages
- **ethnic groups**: _#Ethnicity and race, See below_
- **demonym**: Mexicans, Mexican
- **government type**: Federal Presidential system, presidential republic
- **leader title1**: President of Mexico, President
- **leader name1**: Claudia Sheinbaum
- **leader title2**: President of the Senate (Mexico), President of the Senate
- **leader name2**: Laura Itzel Castillo
- **leader title3**: President of the Chamber of Deputies (Mexico), President of the Chamber of Deputies
- **leader name3**: Kenia López Rabadán
- **leader title4**: Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation#Presidents, Chief Justice
- **leader name4**: Hugo Aguilar Ortiz
- **legislature**: Congress of the Union, Congress
- **upper house**: Senate of the Republic (Mexico), Senate
- **lower house**: Chamber of Deputies (Mexico), Chamber of Deputies
- **sovereignty type**: Mexican War of Independence, Independence
- **sovereignty note**: from Spain
- **established event1**: Cry of Dolores, Start of War of Independence
- **established date1**: 16 September 1810
- **established event2**: Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire, Declared
- **established date2**: 27 September 1821
- **established event3**: Spanish American wars of independence#New Spain and Central America, Recognized
- **established date3**: 28 December 1836
- **established event4**: 1824 Constitution of Mexico, First constitution
- **established date4**: 4 October 1824
- **established event5**: Federal Constitution of the United Mexican States of 1857, Second constitution
- **established date5**: 5 February 1857
- **established event6**: Constitution of Mexico, Current constitution
- **established date6**: 5 February 1917
- **area km2**: 1,972,550
- **area rank**: 13th
- **area sq mi**: 761,606
- **percent water**: 1.58 (as of 2015)
- **population estimate**: 131,946,900
- **population census**: 126,014,024
- **population estimate year**: 2025
- **population estimate rank**: 10th
- **population census year**: 2020
- **population density km2**: 61
- **population density sq mi**: 157
- **population density rank**: 142nd
- **gdp ppp**: $3.396 trillion
- **gdp ppp year**: 2025
- **gdp ppp rank**: 13th
- **gdp ppp per capita**: $25,463
- **gdp ppp per capita rank**: 77th
- **gdp nominal**: $1.693 trillion
- **gdp nominal year**: 2025
- **gdp nominal rank**: 15th
- **gdp nominal per capita**: $12,692
- **gdp nominal per capita rank**: 74th
- **gini**: 40.2
- **gini year**: 2022
- **gini change**: decrease
- **hdi**: 0.789
- **hdi year**: 2023
- **hdi change**: increase
- **hdi rank**: 81st
- **currency**: Mexican peso
- **currency code**: MXN
- **time zone**: _See_ Time in Mexico
- **utc offset**: −8 to −5
- **utc offset dst**: −7 to −5
- **time zone dst**: varies
- **date format**: dd/mm/yyyy
- **drives on**: right
- **calling code**: Telephone numbers in Mexico, +52
- **cctld**: .mx
- **footnote a**: Article 4 of the General Law of Linguistic Rights of the Indigenous Peoples
- **footnote b**: Spanish is _de facto_ the official language in the Mexican federal government.
- **religion year**: 2020