juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Intensity (physics)

In Physics, **intensity** can usually be understood as the strength of something like a beam of light while Intensity in general refers to the amount of light that is falling at a point. To figure out (i.e., compute) the exact intensity of a beam of light or a fire hose spraying water, we need to know how many units of light or water are coming to some area in some period of time. A factory might have an "intensity" of 100 cars per day delivered to the loading dock. A fire hose might have an intensity of 100 buckets of water per minute per open window of a certain size in a burning building.

Usually, when talking about intensity, you are talking about the amount of energy of particles or radiation per unit area. Since each particle spreads out from the source in a sphere, the area is measured as the surface area of this sphere, or , where  is the distance from the source to the observer.
Baked Alaska

**Baked Alaska** is a dessert made of ice cream on top of slices of sponge cake or Christmas pudding and covered with meringue. The whole dessert is then baked in a very hot oven for just long enough to cook the meringue.  The meringue is a good insulator, and the short cooking time prevents the heat from getting through to the ice cream.

Its name, but not the recipe, was made at Delmonico's Restaurant in 1867 to honour the new American territory of Alaska.

February 1 is Baked Alaska Day.

## Variations

A slightly changed dessert called **Bombe Alaska** came from Noel, Alaska. Some dark rum is splashed over the Baked Alaska, and the whole dessert is flambéed while being served.
Dean Koontz

**Dean Koontz** (born July 9, 1945 in Everett, Pennsylvania) is a writer from the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. He is known for writing in the suspense thriller genre. Many of his books have been New York Times Bestsellers.

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Dean Koontz
- **imagesize**: 275px
- **birth place**: Everett, Pennsylvania
United States, U.S.
- **pseudonym**: Aaron Wolfe
Brian Coffey
David Axton
Deanna Dwyer
John Hill
K.R. Dwyer
Leigh Nichols
Anthony North
Owen West
Richard Paige
- **occupation**: Author
- **language**: English
- **nationality**: United States, American
- **genre**: Suspense
Horror
Science fiction
Thriller (genre), Thrillers
- **spouse**: Gerda Koontz
Everett, Pennsylvania

**Everett** is a borough in the state of Pennsylvania in the United States. The population is 1,765 as of the 2020 census.

Writer Dean Koontz was born here.
Christmas pudding

**Christmas pudding** or **plum pudding** is a steamed dessert that originated in the 1420s and is served on Christmas Day (December 25). It tastes like steamed pudding, with lots of dried fruits and nuts, and made with suet (animal fat). It is eaten in large amounts during the Christmas holidays. It is a traditional food to have at Christmas.

## Other websites

- Christmas pudding Nutrition facts
Anna Bergendahl

**Anna Henrietta Bergendahl** (born December 11, 1991) in Katrineholm, Sweden is a singer. She was a contestant on _Swedish Idol 2008._ Bergendahl won Melodifestivalen 2010 and represented Sweden in the Eurovision Song Contest 2010 in Oslo.  However, her song did not qualify.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Anna Bergendahl
- **img**: Anna Bergendahl1.jpg
- **img capt**: Anna Bergendahl in 2010
- **image size**: 200px
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Anna Henrietta Bergendahl
- **origin**: Katrineholm, Sweden
- **instrument**: Voice, Guitar
- **genre**: Pop music, Pop, Soul music, Soul
- **occupation**: Singer
- **years active**: 2008 — present
- **label**: Lionheart Records
- **associated acts**: Idol 2008 contestants
Nordic skiing

**Nordic skiing** is a sport in the Winter Olympics.  It is called that because it comes from the Nordic countries.  It includes cross-country skiing, which involves skiing over very long distances.  It also involves ski jumping.

## Infobox (sport)

- **name**: Nordic skiing
- **image**: Nordic combined pictogram.svg
- **union**: International Ski Federation
- **first**: 1892, Holmenkollen Ski Festival, Oslo
- **team**: Individuals or groups
- **mgender**: no
- **olympic**: Since the first ever Winter Olympics in 1924
Gene McEver

**Eugene T. "Gene" McEver** (September 15, 1908 - July 12, 1985) was a Hall of Fame college football player for the University of Tennessee. He was born in Bristol, Virginia in 1908.

## Playing career

McEver was the first ever All American for the Tennessee Volunteers football team. He played for them in 1928, 1929, and 1931 for coach Robert Neyland. McEver missed the 1930 season with a knee injury. McEver scored 130 points for the Volunteers in 1929, helping them to a 9-0-1 record. The total led the NCAA in scoring that year. That total is still the record for most points in one year at Tennessee. McEver also holds the record for career scoring at Tennessee among non-kickers.

McEver finished his career with 44 touchdowns and 12 points after touchdown for 276 points. He was named to the All-Southern team in 1928, 1929, and 1931, with teammates Bobby Dodd and Herman Hickman. McEver was elected to the College Football Hall of Fame in 1954.

## Coaching career

McEver coached at Davidson College in North Carolina from 1937 through 1943. His record there was 16-43-4. McEver also coached the University of North Carolina to a 1-7-1 record in 1944. He was an assistant coach at Virginia Tech from 1944 to 47.

## Sources

- College Football Hall of Fame Bio
- 2006 University of Tennessee Football Media Guide
United States Football League

The **United States Football League** was a football league in the 1980s. The spring and summer is when the USFL would play football. Entrepreneur Donald Trump owned some parts of the league. John Bassett was the late owner of the Tampa Bay Bandits, of the USFL.

## Other websites

- History
Whistler, British Columbia

**Whistler** is a village in the British Columbian province of Canada. The population as of 2021 is 13,982 and the mayor of Whistler is Jack Crompton. It is located on the Sea to Sky Highway (Highway 99), which goes from the Peace Arch Border Crossing in Surrey, British Columbia to the Cariboo Highway (Highway 97) 10 kilometres north of Cache Creek, British Columbia. Over two million people visit Whistler annually, and it is usually for alpine skiing and mountain biking at the Whistler-Blackcomb ski resort. Whistler was the host Mountain Resort of the Vancouver 2010 Winter Olympics and Paralympic Games.

## Other websites

- Whistler's Official website
- Whistler Tourism
Bundeswehr

The **Bundeswehr** (German for "Federal Defence Force"; ) are the military of Germany. The Bundeswehr has a military part (Streitkräfte) and a civil part, with the military part having the Army, Navy, Air Force, Joint Support Service, Joint Medical Service and Cyber and Information Domain Service.

The Heer (Army), Marine (Navy) and Luftwaffe (Air Force) form one unified force, not three separate fighting forces. And two smaller ones: _Joint Support Service_ (Streitkräftebasis) and _Joint Medical Service_ (Zentraler Sanitätsdienst).

In peace-time the commander-in-chief is the Federal Minister of Defence, and in wartime the Chancellor of Germany. This is unlike most countries where the head of state is commander in chief.

In March 2012, there were about 207,000 soldiers serving in the Bundeswehr; there are another 200,000 in reserve. Conscription for the Bundeswehr has been abolished in July 2011.

## Related pages

- NATO
- Luftwaffe
- Wehrmacht

## Infobox (national military)

- **name**: Federal Defence Forces of Germany
- **native name**: Bundeswehr
- **image**:
- **caption**: Insignia of the Bundeswehr
- **headquarters**: Bonn, Berlin and Potsdam
- **commander-in-chief**: Federal Ministry of Defence (Germany), Defence Minister Thomas de Maizière
after declaration of State of Defence (Germany), state of defence: Chancellor of Germany, Chancellor Angela Merkel
- **minister**: Thomas de Maizière
- **commander**: General Volker Wieker (Heer)
- **active**: 207,247 active
- **reserve**: 200,000 reserves
- **amount**: € 31.1 billion (FY09)
- **percent gdp**: 1.5% (FY09)
- **founded**: November 12, 1955
- **current form**: October 2, 1990
- **branches**: German Army, Heer (Army)
German Navy, Marine (Navy)
Luftwaffe (Air Force)
Streitkräftebasis (Joint Support Service)
Joint Medical Service, Zentraler Sanitätsdienst (Joint Medical Service)
- **age**: 17
- **manpower age**: 17–49
- **available**: 19,594,118 (2009 est.)
- **fit**: 15,747,493 (2009 est.)
- **reaching**: 445,048 (2009 est.)
- **conscription**: No (Suspended on 1 July 2011)
- **domestic suppliers**: EADS
Heckler & Koch
Rheinmetall
Krauss-Maffei Wegmann
Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft
Walther arms
ThyssenKrupp
- **foreign suppliers**:

- **exports**: Volume of about $9 bln (2009 est.)
- **imports**: Volume of about $1 bln (2009 est.)
Bobby Dodd Coach of the Year Award

The **Bobby Dodd Coach of the Year Award** is a college football award given every year to the Division I Football Bowl Subdivision head coach whose team does well on the field, in the classroom, and in the community.  The award is named for Bobby Dodd.  Dodd was head football coach at Georgia Tech.  The award was made in 1976 to honor the values that Dodd held.  Coaches who win the award are chosen by a committee of college football experts and all previous winners.  The winner is announced during half-time of the Chick-fil-A Bowl on December 31 in Atlanta, Georgia.   A formal presentation is held later, usually on the university campus of the winner.

## Winners

Only Joe Paterno of Penn State has received the award twice, in 1981 and in 2005.  Four schools have had two different coaches given the award: Michigan with Bo Schembechler in 1977 and Lloyd Carr in 2007; Air Force with Ken Hatfield in 1983 and Fisher DeBerry in 1985, Georgia Tech with Bobby Ross in 1990 and George O'Leary in 2000 and TCU with Jim Wacker in 1984 and Gary Patterson in 2009.

|Year|Coach|School|
| --- | --- | --- |
|1976|Vince Dooley|University of Georgia|
|1977|Bo Schembechler|Michigan|
|1978|Tom Osborne|Nebraska|
|1979|LaVell Edwards|Brigham Young University|
|1980|Bobby Bowden|Florida State University|
|1981|Joe Paterno|Penn State University|
|1982|George MacIntyre|Vanderbilt University|
|1983|Ken Hatfield|United States Air Force Academy|
|1984|Jim Wacker|Texas Christian University|
|1985|Fisher DeBerry|United States Air Force Academy|
|1986|Dick Sheridan|North Carolina State|
|1987|Dick MacPherson|Syracuse University|
|1988|Don Nehlen|West Virginia University|
|1989|Bill Curry|University of Alabama|
|1990|Bobby Ross|Georgia Institute of Technology|
|1991|George Welsh|University of Virginia|
|1992|Eddie Robinson|Grambling State University|
|1993|Barry Alvarez|University of Wisconsin–Madison|
|1994|Fred Goldsmith|Duke University|
|1995|Gary Barnett|Northwestern University|
|1996|Bob Sutton|United States Military Academy|
|1997|Mike Price|Washington State University|
|1998|Bill Snyder|Kansas State|
|1999|Frank Beamer|Virginia Tech|
|2000|George O'Leary|Georgia Institute of Technology|
|2001|Ralph Friedgen|University of Maryland|
|2002|Jim Tressel|Ohio State University|
|2003|Bob Stoops|University of Oklahoma|
|2004|Paul Johnson|United States Naval Academy|
|2005|Joe Paterno|Penn State University|
|2006|Jim Grobe|Wake Forest University|
|2007|Lloyd Carr|Michigan|
|2008|Mack Brown|University of Texas|
|2009|Gary Patterson|Texas Christian University|
|2010|Chris Petersen|Boise State|
|2011|Dabo Swinney|Clemson|
|2012|Bill Snyder (2)|Kansas State|
|2013|David Cutcliffe|Duke|
|2014|Nick Saban|Alabama|
|2015|Kirk Ferentz|Iowa|
|2016|Mike MacIntyre|Colorado|
|2017|David Shaw|Stanford|
|2018|Brian Kelly|Notre Dame|
|2019|Kyle Whittingham|Utah|
|2020|Pat Fitzgerald|Northwestern|
|2021|Luke Fickell|Cincinnati|
|2022|Willie Fritz|Tulane|

## Other websites

- Bobby Dodd Coach of the Year Foundation official website
Shane Mosley

**Shane Andre Mosley** (born September 7, 1971) is a retired American professional boxer from Pomona, California. Mosley has held world titles in three weight divisions.  He held the IBF Lightweight Championship, WBC & WBA (Super) Welterweight Championships and WBC, WBA (Super) & _The Ring_ Light Middleweight Championships.

## References

- official website
- Sugar Shane Mosley record

## Infobox (boxer)

- **image**: 'Sugar' Shane Mosley 2018 by Glenn Francis.jpg
- **caption**: Mosley in Hollywood California on December 12, 2018
- **name**: Shane Mosley
- **realname**: Shane Andre Mosley
- **nickname**: Sugar Shane
- **nationality**: Americans, American
- **weight**: Lightweight
Welterweight
Light Middleweight
- **birth place**: Pomona, California, USA
- **home**: La Verne, California, USA
- **style**: Orthodox stance, Orthodox
- **total**: 56
- **wins**: 46
- **ko**: 39
- **losses**: 8
- **draws**: 1
- **no contests**: 1
Craftsman

**Craftsman** may refer to:

- Someone who practices a craft
- Craftsman architecture, a style of architecture
- Craftsman Truck Series, a race for trucks
Mississippi State University

**Mississippi State University** is a university in Oktibbeha County, Mississippi, just outside the city limits of Starkville.  It has 22,649 students and has the largest single-campus enrollment of any college in the state of Mississippi. (The University of Mississippi has more total students, but almost all of its health science programs are housed in its medical center in Jackson instead of its main campus near Oxford.)

The college was opened in 1878 as a land-grant university.  Its sports teams, nicknamed Bulldogs, play in the Southeastern Conference.

## Other websites

- Official website
- Official sports website
University of Mississippi

The **University of Mississippi** (also called **Ole Miss**) is a university with its main campus in Lafayette County, Mississippi, just outside the city limits of Oxford. Most of its academic programs in the health sciences are housed at the University of Mississippi Medical Center in the state capital of Jackson. The college was founded in 1848.  Its sports teams, called the Rebels, play in the Southeastern Conference.

## History

In September 1962, James Meredith won a lawsuit to secure admission to the previously segregated University of Mississippi. He attempted to enter campus on September 20, on September 25, and again on September 26.  He was blocked by Mississippi Governor Ross Barnett, who said, "[N]o school will be integrated in Mississippi while I am your Governor."  The Fifth U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals held Barnett and Lieutenant Governor Paul B. Johnson, Jr. in contempt, with fines of more than $10,000 for each day they refused to allow Meredith to enroll.

Attorney General Robert Kennedy sent U.S. Marshals. On September 30, 1962, Meredith entered the campus under their escort. Students and other whites began rioting that evening, throwing rocks and then shooting guns at the U.S. Marshals guarding Meredith. Two people were killed; 28 marshals suffered gunshot wounds; and 160 others were injured. After the Mississippi Highway Patrol withdrew from the campus, President John F. Kennedy sent regular US Army forces to the campus to quell the riot.  Meredith began classes the day after the troops arrived.

## Other websites

- Ole Miss website

## Infobox (university)

- **name**: The University of Mississippi
- **image upright**: 0.65
- **motto**: _Pro scientia et sapientia_ (Latin)
- **mottoeng**: _For knowledge and wisdom_
- **type**: State university system, Public flagship research university
- **academic affiliations**: Oak Ridge Associated Universities, ORAU
Association of Public and Land-Grant Universities, APLU
Southeastern Universities Research Association, SURA
National Sea Grant College Program, Sea-grant
National Space Grant College and Fellowship Program, Space-grant
- **chancellor**: Glenn Boyce
- **vice chancellor**: Katrina Caldwell
- **provost**: Noel E. Wilkin
- **city**: University, Mississippi, University
- **state**: Mississippi
- **country**: United States
- **campus**: Rural (small college town) 2,000+ acres
- **faculty**: 871
- **students**: 23,258 (fall 2017)
- **endowment**: $736.3 million (2019)
- **budget**: $2.448 billion (2016)
- **nickname**: Ole Miss Rebels, Rebels
- **sporting affiliations**: NCAA Division I NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision, FBS – Southeastern Conference, SEC
- **colors**: Cardinal red and Navy blue

- **logo upright**: 1.0
Targovishte

**Targovishte** is a town in the northeastern part of Bulgaria. It is a capital of Targovishte Province. It is 125 km to the west of the Black Sea. About 37,000 people live in the town.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Targovishte
- **native name**: Търговище
- **native name lang**: bg
- **settlement type**: City
- **image shield**: Targovishte-coat-of-arms.png
- **pushpin map**: Bulgaria
- **pushpin map caption**: Location of Targovishte
- **subdivision type**: Countries of the world, Country
- **subdivision name**: Bulgaria
- **subdivision type1**: Provinces of Bulgaria, Province <small>(Oblast)</small>
- **subdivision name1**: Targovishte Province, Targovishte
- **subdivision type2**: Municipalities of Bulgaria, Municipality
- **subdivision name2**: Targovishte Municipality, Targovishte
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Darin Dimitrov (GERB)
- **image skyline**: Targovishte-MainSquare.jpg
- **area total km2**: 87.427
- **elevation m**: 170
- **population total**: 37,341
- **population urban**: 56,868
- **population as of**: 2012
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone**: Eastern European Time, EET
- **utc offset**: +2
- **timezone dst**: Eastern European Summer Time, EEST
- **utc offset dst**: +3
- **postal code type**: List of postal codes in Bulgaria, Postal Code
- **postal code**: 7700
- **area code**: 0601
- **blank name sec1**: Vehicle registration plates of Bulgaria, License Plate
- **blank info sec1**: T
- **website**: [http://www.targovishte.bg/ Official website]
The Gits

**The Gits** was a punk rock band that formed in Seattle, Washington in 1986 and disbanded in 1993 after the mysterious murder of their lead singer Mia Zapata. Joan Jett who is a long time fan of The Gits wrote a song entitled "Go Home" which was inspired by the death of Mia Zapata.

The band's original name was _"Snivelling Little Rat Faced Gits"_ which was named after a Monty Python skit but they later shortened it to _The Gits_.

## Discography

- _Frenching the Bully_ (C/Z Records) (1992).
    - (Reissued on Broken Rekids), (2003)
- _Enter: The Conquering Chicken_ (C/Z Records) (1993).
    - (Reissued on Broken Rekids), (2003)
- _Kings & Queens_ (Broken Rekids) (1996)
- _Seafish Louisville_ (Broken Rekids) (2000)
- _Best of The Gits_ (Liberation) (2008)

## Other websites

- The Gits Official Site
- The Gits Site (Spanish)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: The Gits
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Seattle, Washington, United States, USA
- **genre**: Punk rock
- **years active**: 1986—1993
- **label**: Broken Rekids
C/Z Records
Empty Records
Big Flaming Ego Records
- **past members**: Mia Zapata - Singing, vocals
Andy Kessler - guitar
Matt Dresdner - Bass guitar, bass
Steve Moriarty - Drum kit, drums
Bruce Ducheneaux - Drum kit, drums
Bob Lee - Drum kit, drums
Penalty shoot-out

A **penalty shootout** in association football is a way of deciding who wins match if both teams have scored the same number of goals.

If the score is a draw after 90 minutes, usually the teams will play an extra 30 minutes of extra time. If the score is still equal, then a penalty shootout takes place. Usually each team takes five penalties each, and the team who scores the most wins. If both teams are equal after these penalties, then each team will take one more penalty until one team is ahead.

Penalty shootouts are normally only used in cup matches, and not league matches. If nobody wins in a league match, both teams get one point for the draw. In a cup match often a winner is needed to go to the next round.

Many famous cup finals have been won by penalty shootouts, like the 2006 World Cup final, the 2005 UEFA Champions League final and the 1994 World Cup final.

## Sources

FIFA laws of the game
Jersey Shore (TV series)

***Jersey Shore*** is an MTV reality series that features eight housemates who spend their summers in New Jersey and partying in their beach house and working at a store. Season 1 was shot in Seaside Heights, New Jersey and season 2 was shot in Miami, Florida. The cast later returned to Seaside Heights for Season 3 with a new cast member Deena. MTV has later reported that Season 4 of _Jersey Shore_ will be filmed in Italy during spring and summer 2011. Also, cast members Snooki and JWoww have a spinoff show. The show has brought a lot of controversy about its use of the slang word "guido/guidette" and how they portray Italian American stereotypes. Despite this, the show has brought record high ratings for MTV, making it the network's most viewed reality show ever. MTV announced that they were going to cancel the series after 6 seasons.

## Cast members

- **Angelina "Jolie" Pivarnick** (Season 1–2), a New York City bartender
- **Jenni "JWoww" Farley** (Season 1–6), graphic designer and club promoter from Franklin Square, New York
- **Michael "The Situation" Sorrentino** (Season 1–6), assistant manager of a fitness center in Staten Island, New York
- **Nicole "Snooki" Polizzi** (Season 1–6), aspiring veterinary technician from Marlboro, New York
- **Paul "DJ Pauly D" DelVecchio** (Season 1–6), disc jockey from Johnston, Rhode Island
- **Ronnie Ortiz-Magro** (Season 1–6), tries not to fall in love at the Jersey Shore
- **Sammi "Sweetheart" Giancola** (Season 1–6), entered for the sole intent of having fun
- **Vinny Guadagnino** (Season 1–6), entered to enjoy his first summer as a 21-year-old
- **Deena Nicole Cortese** (Season 3–6), a friend of Polizzi's from New Egypt, New Jersey, who auditioned for Season 1 and was cast but had to leave before filming due to personal issues. She was going to be part of season 3 if Angelina left or not. There is a common misconception that she was a replacement.

## Other websites

- Jersey Shore's Official MTV website

## Infobox (television)

- **runtime**: 60 mins
- **genre**: Reality
- **creator**: MTV
- **starring**: Pauly D, Paul DelVecchio
Snooki, Nicole Polizzi
Michael Sorrentino
Sammi Giancola
Ronnie Ortiz-Magro
JWoww, Jennifer Farley
Vinny Guadagnino
Angelina Pivarnick
Deena Nicole Cortese
- **country**: United States
- **network**: MTV
- **num episodes**: 58
- **language**: English
- **num seasons**: 6
Bloodhound Gang

**Bloodhound Gang** is a comedy rock band from Pennsylvania. Many of their songs have humorous rap and sexual innuendo. They are best known for their hit singles "Fire Water Burn" and "The Bad Touch". Formed in 1992, their music style slowly changed from rap to alternative rock. The Bloodhound Gang has sold more than 6 million albums.

### Final line-up

Jimmy Pop – lead vocals, rhythm guitar, songwriter (1991-2015)

Evil Jared Hasselhoff – bass guitar (1995-2015)

Q-Ball – turntables, keyboard, backing vocals (1995-2015)

The Yin – drums, percussion (2006-2015)

Daniel P. Carter - lead guitar (2009-2015)

### Former members

Foof – vocals (1992)

Bubba K. Love – drums (1992-1993)

Daddy Long Legs – vocals, bass guitar (1992-1995)

M.S.G. – turntables (1993-1995)

Skip O'Pot2Mus – drums (1993-1995)

Tard-E-Tard – turntables (1995)

Spanky G – drums (1995-1998)

Lupus Thunder - lead guitar (1994-2008)

Willie The New Guy – drums (1999-2006)

### Studio albums

|Year|Album details|
| --- | --- |
|1995|_Use Your Fingers_ * Release date: July 18, 1995 * Label: Columbia Records|
|1996|_One Fierce Beer Coaster_ * Release date: August 5, 1996 * Label: Republic Records|
|2000|_Hooray for Boobies_ * Release date: February 29, 2000 * Label: Geffen Records|
|2005|_Hefty Fine_ * Release date: September 27, 2005 * Label: Geffen Records|
|2015|_Hard-Off_ * Release date: December 18, 2015 * Label: Jimmy Franks Recording Company|

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Bloodhound Gang
- **image**: The Bloodhound Gang.jpg
- **image upright**: 1.2
- **caption**: Performing live in 1999
- **alias**: Bang Chamber 8 <small>(1988–1992)</small>
- **origin**: King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
- **years active**: 1988–2015
- **past members**: See members list article
Savior (Rise Against song)

"**Savior**" is a hit single from the American punk rock band Rise Against's 2008 fifth studio album _Appeal to Reason_. It was released as the album's third single on June 3, 2009, and it peaked at number three on _Billboard_s Alternative Songs chart, better than the peak set by the same album's first single, Re-Education (Through Labor), and at number seven on the Rock Songs chart. It became the band's second single to reach the Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks chart, peaking at number 16.  It is also Rise Against's highest charting single on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles, peaking at number 2.

The song is downloadable, plus content for the Rock Band series along with "Prayer of the Refugee" and "Re-Education (Through Labor)". Also, in the trailer for the PC game _The Sims 3: Ambitions_ the song plays in the background in Simlish.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Savior
- **artist**: Rise Against
- **album**: Appeal to Reason
- **released**: June 3, 2009
- **recorded**: January–June 2008 at the Blasting Room, Fort Collins, Colorado
- **genre**: Melodic hardcore
- **length**: 4:02
- **label**: DGC, Interscope Records, Interscope
- **writer**: Tim McIlrath
- **producer**: Bill Stevenson, Jason Livermore
- **prev title**: Audience of One (song), Audience of One
- **prev year**: 2009
- **next title**: Long Forgotten Sons
- **next year**: 2010
The Unraveling

***The Unraveling*** is the debut album by the American punk rock band Rise Against. Released on April 24, 2001 and produced by punk producer Mass Giorgini. It is the only Rise Against studio album where frontman Tim McIlrath does only lead vocals and does not play guitar. Two songs, "My Life Inside Your Heart" and "The Art of Losing" were used for the unreleased Dreamcast game Propeller Arena.

## Track listing

1. "Alive and Well" – 2:06
1. "My Life Inside Your Heart" – 3:02
1. "Great Awakening" – 1:35
1. "Six Ways 'Till Sunday" – 2:36
1. "401 Kill" – 3:19
1. "The Art of Losing" – 1:50
1. "Remains of Summer Memories" – 1:17
1. "The Unraveling" – 3:12
1. "Reception Fades" – 2:10
1. "Stained Glass and Marble" – 1:36
1. "Everchanging" – 3:47
1. "Sometimes Selling Out Is Giving Up" – 1:09
1. "3 Day Weekend" – 1:03
1. "1000 Good Intentions" – 3:07
1. "Weight of Time" – 2:00
1. "Faint Resemblance" – 2:51

### Bonus tracks

1. "Join the Ranks"* – 1:26
1. "Gethsemane"* – 2:30

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: The Unraveling
- **type**: Album
- **artist**: Rise Against
- **released**: April 24, 2001
August 23, 2005 (reissue)
- **recorded**: December 2000
- **genre**: Punk rock, hardcore punk, melodic hardcore
- **length**: 40:26
- **label**: Fat Wreck Chords
- **producer**: Mass Giorgini
- **prev title**: Transistor Revolt
(2000)
- **next title**: Revolutions per Minute (Rise Against album), Revolutions per Minute
(2003)
Picture book

A **picture book** is a book that combines words and pictures to tell a story. They are usually for young children to read. The pictures are illustrations that show different parts of the story. The written part of the book is often short and basic, using words that a child can understand.

The earliest illustrated book made for children was _Orbis Pictus_ by John Amos Comenius. It was published in 1658. One of the earliest picture books in English was Lewis Carroll's _Alice's Adventures in Wonderland_ from 1866. The drawings in it were done by John Tenniel. Beatrix Potter's _The Tale of Peter Rabbit_ was published in 1902. Potter did all her own illustrations, which are watercolour paintings. Some of the best-known picture books are _Make Way for Ducklings_, _The Cat in the Hat_, and _Where the Wild Things Are_.
Physical Graffiti

***Physical Graffiti*** is the sixth album from rock band Led Zeppelin. It was released on February 24 1975 as a double album. This is the first double album the band released, and the songs were recorded over many years, some were old songs that they did not use for other albums, and some were new ones made for this album. The album was very popular with both critics and fans, and it still is, it has one of their most well known songs, the Arab-sounding "Kashmir". The band had a big tour when the album was released, they played concerts in Europe,the US and ended the touring in May 1975 with five concerts at Earl's Court in London. Some of the songs from their London concerts are on their 2003 DVD.

## Other websites

Official website

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Physical Graffiti
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: Led Zeppelin
- **released**: 24 February 1975
- **recorded**: July and December 1970 – March 1971, May 1972, January–February 1974 at multiple locations
- **genre**: Hard rock, blues rock, Heavy metal music, heavy metal
- **length**: 82:15
- **label**: Swan Song Records, Swan Song
- **producer**: Jimmy Page
- **prev title**: Houses of the Holy
(1973)
- **next title**: Presence (album), Presence
(1976)
Tropical Storm Mekkhala (2008)

**Tropical Storm Mekkhala** (internationally called: ***0816***, JTWC designation: ***20W***) was the 16th Tropical Storm of the 2008 Pacific typhoon season by the Japan Meteorological Agency who are the Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre for the North Western Pacific Ocean. The Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) have also recognised Mekkhala as the 20th tropical depression, and the 18th tropical storm of the 2008 Pacific typhoon season. Tropical Storm Mekkhala formed off the coast of China on September 25, 2008.
Igor Shpilband

**Igor Shpilband** (, born July 1964) is a former Soviet ice dancer and current ice dancing coach of Scott Moir and Tessa Virtue, who won the gold medal for ice dancing at the 2010 Winter Olympics.

## Personal life

Shpilband was born in Moscow, Soviet Union. He defected to the United States in January 1990  with Veronica Pershina, Gorsha Sur, and Elena Krikanova and went to live with Lucile Begrow in Huntington Woods, Michigan for a few months. Shpilband became a United States citizen in 2000.

He was married to Veronica Pershina.  Their daughter Ekaterina Shpilband is also an ice skater.

## Competitive & coaching career

He won the 1983 World Junior Figure Skating Championships with his partner Tatiana Gladkova. They were coached by Ludmila Pakhomova. Shpilband retired from competitive skating after Ludmila died in 1986.

He worked as a coach at the Detroit Skating Club when he came to the US. He later began coaching in Canton, Michigan.
David Lange

**David Lange** (4 August 1942—13 August 2005) was the Prime Minister of New Zealand from 1984 to 1989.

## Early life

Lange was born in Otahuhu, Auckland. In 1954, he went to a political meeting which made him want to go into politics. After his father was charged with indecent assault, he decided that he would become a solicitor. After finishing school at Otahuhu College, he went to Auckland University to study law in 1960, and graduated in 1966.

In 1967, he was working as a barrister and solicitor in New Zealand. He took over a legal practice in Kaikohe in 1968. He married Naomi Crampton in 1968. He completed his Master of Laws with Honours in 1970.

## Politics

Lange became active in politics when he joined the Labour Party in 1963, while he was still at university. He first tried to get elected to the Auckland City Council in 1974, but did not get enough votes. In 1975, he tried to get a seat in Parliament, but again was unsuccessful. A third attempt in 1977 was successful and he won the seat of Mangere. He held this seat until he left politics in 1996. His first speech in the parliament was very successful and he was seen as a possible leader of the Labor Party. In 1979 he was made the Deputy Leader, and in 1982 Lange was made the leader. When the Labor Party won the elections in 1984, David Lange became Prime Minister of New Zealand.

While he was prime minister, Lange passed a policy in 1985 to not let nuclear-armed ships into New Zealand waters.

He resigned in 1989. He and his wife Naomi separated in the same year after 21 years of marriage. Lange married Margret Pope in 1992.

## Further reading

- _My Life_ by David Lange, 2005, Viking, Auckland NZ,
- David Lange Memorial Trust Website
Asian emerald cuckoo

The **Asian emerald cuckoo**  is a species of cuckoo in the Cuculidae family.

It lives in Southeast Asia, in Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Vietnam. The Asian emerald cuckoo is a protected animal in Malaysia.
Its scientific name is _Chrysococcyx maculatus_.

This bird is not in the Cuculinae subfamily, and so it is not a nest parasite. They raise their own young, like most birds.  Emerald cuckoos lay eggs in a nest built by the parents.

## Other websites

- Google search
Molecular clock

The **molecular clock** is the figurative term for a technique which estimates when two taxa diverged in evolution. It is based on comparing the detailed structure of key molecules. The method may be done for species, or any high data used for such calculations is often nucleotide sequences in genome analysis, or amino acid sequences for proteins such as haemoglobin. It is sometimes called a _gene clock_ or _evolutionary clock_.

## Issues

The key assumption behind the technique is that, in the long run, changes in molecular structure happen at a steady rate.
Researchers such as Ayala have challenged this assumption. According to Ayala, these factors combine to limit the application of molecular clock models:

- Changing generation times: a mutation generally becomes fixed only from one generation to another. The shorter this timespan is, the more mutations can become fixed.
- Population size: apart from effects of small population size, genetic diversity will "bottom out" as populations become larger, and the fitness advantage of any one mutation becomes smaller.
- Species-specific differences due to differing metabolism, ecology, evolutionary history, etc.

Nevertheless, the method is now used widely in taxonomy and phylogeny.
Strawberry

A **strawberry** is a short plant  belonging to the wild strawberry genus of the rose family.It is a widely cultivated hybrid species of the genus _Fragaria._The name strawberry  refers both to the plant and to its sweet, edible fruit.The fruit is popular for its pleasant flavor and also used to describe flavors that taste like it.

The true fruit of the strawberry plant are the tiny "seeds" on the surface.What we call the strawberry fruit is actually the swollen ,sweet part of the plants stem surrounding the real fruit, which contains the seeds.Despites it's name,the strawberry are is not a true berry.

The modern strawberry is a hybrid of two wild strawberry species.It was first cultivated in the 1750's.

## Name

The Latin name of the strawberry used in science is **'× **'. **' is the name of the genus of "strawberry-like" plants. The × mark means that it is a hybrid, a mix of two other species. The Latin name **' says the hybrid is "pineapple-like". The strawberry is sometimes called the "**gardenstrawberry**" so that people don't mix it up with the other wild strawberries of the genus __.

The name is a bit misleading and is special to English. The other Germanic languages do not have a name like it. No one is really sure where the name came from. The plant is not a kind of straw, and its fruit is not really a berry.

## History

People have eaten different kinds of wild strawberries for thousands of years. Today's bigger strawberry was first made around Brest in Brittany (northwest France) in the 1750s. It was made by joining the Virginia strawberry from eastern North America to the European Hautbois and the Chilean strawberry from western South America.

## Farming

Most strawberries are grown on farms. Strawberry farmers often have bees in hives. The bees pollinate the strawberries.

Strawberry stems are called runners. They grow above ground. They are a type of stolon.

## Fruit

The real fruit of the strawberries are the achenes, which people usually think of as the little seeds around the outside of the larger red "fruit". This kind of fruit, where different ovaries grow into a single larger "fruit", is called an "aggregate fruit".

Strawberries are rich in vitamin C and manganese.

## Related pages

- Wild strawberry
Key lime pie

**Key lime pie** is an American dessert made of key lime juice, egg yolks, and sweetened condensed milk in a pie crust. One version uses the egg whites and has a meringue topping. The dish is named after key limes (_Citrus aurantifolia_ 'Swingle'), but it is sometimes made with other types of lime.

The filling in key lime pie is yellow, mostly because of the egg yolks. When it is being mixed, the condensed milk and the acidic lime juice react and make the filling become thick. Many early recipes for key lime pie did not tell the cook to bake the pie because they used this reaction to make the filling thick. Today, because of food safety, the pies are often baked for a short time. The baking thickens the filling even more.
Molecular evolution

**Molecular evolution** is the process of evolution in DNA, RNA, and proteins.

Molecular evolution emerged as a scientific field in the 1960s as researchers from molecular biology, evolutionary biology and population genetics sought to understand the structure and function of nucleic acids and protein. Some of the key topics have been the evolution of enzyme function, the use of nucleic acid changes as a molecular clock to study species divergence, and the origin of non-functional or junk DNA.

Recent advances in genomics, including whole-genome sequencing, and bioinformatics have led to a dramatic increase in studies on the topic. In the 2000s, the role of gene duplication, the extent of adaptive molecular evolution versus neutral genetic drift, and the identification of molecular changes responsible for various human characteristics especially those pertaining to infection, disease, and cognition.

## Molecular study of phylogeny

Molecular systematics is the process of using data on the DNA, RNA, or proteins to resolve questions in phylogeny and taxonomy. The idea is to place groups in their correct position on the evolutionary tree. This corrects their biological classification from the point of view of evolution. The technique has already led to major changes in the taxonomy of living things, including the names for higher categories, which had been stable for well over a century.

Molecular systematics has been made possible by techniques for sequence analysis. This gives the exact sequence of nucleotides or bases in either DNA or RNA. At present it is still expensive to sequence the entire genome of an organism, but it has been done for over 100 species.
Phylogeny

A **phylogeny** is a proposal of how organisms are related by their evolutionary history.<sup>p336</sup> It is based on the evidence that all living things are related by common descent. The evidence for phylogeny  comes from palaeontology, comparative anatomy, and DNA sequence analysis.

The main product of **phylogenetics** is a **phylogenetic tree** or tree of life. This is a diagram showing a pattern of ancestor/descendent relationships. Information may be related to geological periods or estimated dates. A biological classification is another type of product.
Asana

**Asana** is a body position in Yoga. It can mean where a person sits, and the way that they sit. It helps to balance the mind and body. It is meant to be firm, yet comfortable.

All the many different body positions in Yoga are _Asana_s:  they all have their own names and every name ends with  _asana_, such as sav_asana_ (correct lying). Many have names of animals, such as bujang_asana_ (cobra). Others have names that describe the position, such as shirsh_asana_ (head).
Fedora

A **fedora** is a hat.  The name of the hat comes from a play called Fédora by Victorien Sardou, named after the main character. Popular in the early 20th century, it has become a stereotype for gangsters or private investigators (PIs).

They mainly come in black, sometimes with a band of coloured fabric around the rim.

Some people, such as Jack Abramoff and Richard W. Lariviere, become known for wearing fedoras.
Black francolin

The **black francolin** (_Francolinus francolinus_) is a gamebird in the pheasant family Phasianidae of the order Galliformes, gallinaceous birds.
Giant Gippsland earthworm

The **giant Gippsland earthworm** (_Megascolides australis_) is one of Australia's 1,000 native earthworm species. These Giant earthworms average at 100 cm long and 2 cm in diameter and can reach 3 m in length. It is difficult to measure length, as the worms will stretch, so scientists use weight to estimate the size. The average weight of a fresh adult worm is about 200 grams. They have a dark purple head and a blue-gray body.

The worms are found in the Bass River Valley of South Gippsland, near Korumburra and Warragul. They are only found in a small area, of about 100,000 hectares. They live in small pockets of blue-grey clay close to water. They live in burrows about 500mm deep, and can burrow as deep as 1.5m.

The habitat the worms used to live in was tall eucalypt forests. Most of this has been cleared for farming, but the worms have continued to survive because they live deep underground. They have been listed a vulnerable species because of these changes. The worms only lay a single egg, between 4-7cm in size. These can take up to one year to hatch, and the worms take several years to become adults, and be able to reproduce. This slow rate of growth, also makes them a vulnerable species.
Himalayan monal

The **Himalayan monal** (_Lophophorus impejanus_), also known as the **Impeyan monal** or **pheasant**, is a bird in the pheasant family, Phasianidae.  Its discoverer, Latham, wrote in his _General History of Birds_ (1821): "[the monal] inhabits India, but is not common, being brought from the hills in the northern parts of Hindustan to Calcutta, as a rarity. Lady Impey attempted, with great prospect of success, to bring some of them to England, but after living on board for two months they caught a disorder from the other poultry, and died".

It is the national bird of Nepal, where it is known as the **danphe** (or Danfe), and is mentioned frequently in Nepali songs. It is also the state bird of Uttarakhand, India. In Kashmir, it is the state/regional bird of the disputed territory.

## Description

The Himalayan monal is a relatively large-sized pheasant. The males of this species look quite different from the females of the species. The male Himalayan monals have bright and colorful feathers of blue, green, purple, and red. They have a white patch of feathers underneath the base of their tail, but the rest of their underside is black. The males also have a crest (several feathers) on top of their heads. Both the male and female of the species have blue circles of skin around their eyes. The females and the young birds (chicks) have an overall brown appearance. Their feathers also have white and black strips on certain parts. The females have a white throat.

The male chicks look like the females chicks until a little after a year when they begin to become more colorful. Before then you could tell the young male and females apart because of their larger size and black feathers, instead of white feathers, on the throat.

## Other websites

- ARKive
- Animal Diversity Web
- BirdLife Species Factsheet
- Catalogue of Life
- CITES
- Galliforms and Pheasants
- ITIS
- Tree of Life - Lophophorus
- National Center for Biotechnology Information
- UICN
Himalayan snowcock

The **Himalayan snowcock** (_Tetraogallus himalayensis_)  is a snowcock in the pheasant family Phasianidae of the order Galliformes, gallinaceous birds.
Kashmir nuthatch

The **Kashmir nuthatch** (_Sitta cashmirensis_) is a species of bird in the Sittidae family.
Snow partridge

The **snow partridge** (_Lerwa lerwa_) is a gamebird in the pheasant family Phasianidae of the order Galliformes, gallinaceous birds.
Richard Baer

**Richard Baer**  (September 9, 1911 - June 17, 1963) was the third German commander of the concentration camp Auschwitz.
Black-throated loon

The **black-throated loon** (_Gavia arctica_), also known as the **Arctic loon** and the **black-throated diver**, is a medium-sized member of the loon or diver family, the Gaviidae.

It is a migratory aquatic bird found in the northern hemisphere. It usually breeds in freshwater lakes in northern Europe and Asia. It winters along sheltered, ice-free coasts of the north-east Atlantic Ocean and the eastern and western Pacific Ocean.
Little grebe

The **little grebe** (_Tachybaptus ruficollis_), also known as **dabchick**, is 23 to 29 cm in length.
Tampa Bay

**Tampa Bay** is a bay in St. Petersburg, Florida, USA that spreads trough Hillsborough Bay, Old Tampa Bay, Middle Tampa Bay, and Lower Tampa Bay.
Tibetan partridge

The **Tibetan partridge** (_Perdix hodgsoniae_) is a gamebird in the pheasant family Phasianidae of the order Galliformes, gallinaceous birds.
Tibetan sandgrouse

The ** Tibetan sandgrouse** (_Syrrhaptes tibetanus_) is a large bird in the sandgrouse family. This species breeds on the dry stony plateaus in Tibet and neighbouring parts of central Asia.
Tibetan snowcock

The **Tibetan snowcock** (_Tetraogallus tibetanus_)  is a cock in the pheasant family Phasianidae of the order Galliformes, gallinaceous birds.
Upland buzzard

The **upland buzzard** (_Buteo hemilasius_) is a species of bird of prey in the Accipitridae family.
Western tragopan

The **western tragopan** or **western horned tragopan** (_Tragopan melanocephalus_) is a medium-sized brightly plumaged pheasant found along the Himalayas.
Red-necked grebe

The **red-necked grebe** (_Podiceps grisegena_) is an aquatic bird that is found in the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere. It breeds in small lakes and flies to the coast to spend the winter at sea. It is mostly grey, with a red neck in summer which also turns grey in the winter. The bill is dark, with a yellow patch at the base.
Horned grebe

The **horned grebe** or **Slavonian grebe** (_Podiceps auritus_) - _Podiceps_: Latin for _podicis_ (rump) and _pedis_ (foot), referring to the placement of the legs on its body; _auritus_: Latin for _eared_ - is a member of the grebe family of water birds. It inhabits Eurasia and North America.
Black-necked grebe

The **black-necked grebe** (_Podiceps nigricollis_), known in North America as the **eared grebe**, is a member of the grebe family (biology) of water birds. It occurs on every continent except Australia and Antarctica.
Jouanin's petrel

**Jouanin's petrel** (_Bulweria fallax_) is a seabird in the Procellariidae family. It is present in the northwest Indian Ocean and south Arabian Sea.

It is native to Oman, Somalia and Yemen. Its natural habitats are open seas and shallow seas. It has been recorded breeding on Socotra.
Flesh-footed shearwater

The **Flesh-footed Shearwater**, _Puffinus carneipes_, is a small shearwater. Its plumage is black. It has pale pinkish feet, and a pale bill with a black tip.
Wedge-tailed shearwater

The **wedge-tailed shearwater** (_Puffinus pacificus_) is a medium-large shearwater in the seabird family Procellariidae.
Population (statistics)

In statistics, a **population** is a set of things from which samples may be drawn. This allows statistical inferences to be drawn, or estimates made of the total population. For example, if we were interested in crows, then we would sample the set of crows which is of interest. The population of crows is limited to crows that exist now or in the future. Probably, geography will be a limitation in practice.  To fairly represent the whole population a sample needs to be random.

Population is also used to refer to a set of measurements or values, not only cases actually observed. Suppose, for example, we are interested in the set of all adult crows now alive in the county of Cambridgeshire, and we want to know the mean weight of these birds. For each bird in the population of crows there is a weight, and the set of these weights is called the population of weights.