juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Michel Legrand

**Michel Legrand** (24 February 1932 – 26 January 2019) was a French musical composer, arranger, conductor, and pianist. He was born Courbevoie, in present-day France.

Legrand was a well-known composer. He has written over 200 movie and television scores, as well as many memorable songs.

He was best known for his movie music, such as _The Umbrellas of Cherbourg_ (1964) and _The Thomas Crown Affair_ (1968). _The Thomas Crown Affair_ featured the song "The Windmills of Your Mind". Legrand won his first Academy Award for this song. He would win another Academy Award in 1971 for _Summer of '42_.

Legrand died suddenly from sepsis after suffering from a lung infection in Paris on 26 January 2019 at the age of 86.

## Other websites

- Biography of Michel Legrand , from Radio France Internationale
- non official website of Michel Legrand

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Michel Legrand
- **image**: Michel Legrand Cabourg 2015.jpg
- **caption**: Legrand in 2015 at the Cabourg Film Festival.
- **birth name**: Michel Jean Legrand
- **birth place**: Paris, France
- **death place**: Paris, France
- **years active**: 1954–2019
- **occupation**: Film score composer
Jazz pianist
- **awards**: **Academy Awards**
* Academy Award for Best Original Song, Best Original Song
:1968 _The Thomas Crown Affair_
*Academy Award for Best Original Score, Best Original Score
:1971 _Summer of '42_
:1983 _Yentl_
**Australian Film Institute Awards**
* Best Original Score
:1991 _Dingo_
**BAFTA Awards**
* BAFTA Award for Best Film Music, Best Film Music
:1971 _Summer of '42_
**Golden Globe Awards**
* Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song, Best Original Song
:1968 _The Thomas Crown Affair_
Pressurized heavy-water reactor

A **pressurized heavy-water reactor** (**PHWR**) is a nuclear reactor developed by Canada. It commonly uses uranium as its fuel. It uses heavy water (deuterium oxide D<sub>2</sub>O) as its coolant and neutron moderator. The heavy water coolant is kept under pressure. This allows it to be heated to higher temperatures without boiling. While heavy water is a lot more expensive than ordinary water, it creates greatly enhanced neutron economy. This allows the reactor to operate without fuel-enrichment facilities (offsetting the additional expense of the heavy water).

## Related pages

- Pressurized water reactor
Whirlpool galaxy

The **Whirlpool Galaxy**, is also known as **Messier 51a**, **M51a**, or **NGC 5194**. It is a large galaxy with well-defined spiral arms, with a smaller companion galaxy. They have been through a collision, and are still interacting.

The Whirlpool was the first galaxy to be classified as a spiral galaxy. Different methods put its distance as between 15 to 35 million light-years. Recently it was estimated to be 23 ± 4 million light-years from the Milky Way. Messier 51 is one of the best known galaxies in the sky.

Its spiral arms are so impressive and well-defined that it is called a "grand design" spiral galaxy. It has an active galactic nucleus, no doubt fuelled by a massive black hole.

The galaxy and its companion, NGC 5195, are easily seen by amateur astronomers, in the constellation Canes Venatici. The two galaxies can be seen with binoculars. The Whirlpool Galaxy is also a popular target for professional astronomers. They study its galaxy structure (particularly the spiral arms) and galaxy interactions.

## Related pages

- IC 1101
- Milky Way
- Andromeda Galaxy

## Infobox (galaxy)

- **name**: Whirlpool Galaxy
- **image**: Messier51 sRGB.jpg
- **caption**: <small>Whirlpool Galaxy (M51A or NGC 5194). The smaller object in the upper right is M51B or NGC 5195. Credit: NASA/European Space Agency, ESA</small>
- **constellation name**: Canes Venatici
- **type**: SA(s)bc pec
- **size**: ~60,000ly in diameter
- **epoch**: Epoch (astronomy)#Julian years and J2000, J2000
- **dist ly**: 23 ± 4 light-year, Mly (7.1 ± 1.2 parsec, Mpc)
- **z**: 463 ± 3 metre per second, km/s
- **appmag v**: 8.4
- **size v**: 11′.2 × 6′.9
- **notes**: Interacting with NGC 5195
- **names**: Question Mark Galaxy, Rosse's Galaxy, Messier object, M51a, New General Catalogue, NGC 5194, Uppsala General Catalogue, UGC 8493, Principal Galaxies Catalogue, PGC 47404, VV 001a, VV 403, Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies, Arp 85, Boss General Catalogue, GC 3572
Museo del Prado

The **Museo del Prado** is a museum established on 19 November 1819, located in Madrid. It is one of the biggest and most important museums in the world. Its collection includes works of European artists, from the 12th to the 19th century. It was founded as a museum for paintings and sculptures, but also contains other types of works of art. The collections include many works of Francisco de Goya, Diego Velázquez, El Greco, Titian and Peter Paul Rubens and Hieronymus Bosch. In 2012, about 2.8 million people visited the museum. Some of the most famous paintings in the museum include: Las Meninas, The Garden of Earthly Delights, The Third of May 1808, and La Maja Desnuda. The architects that constructed the museum are Rafael Moneo and Juan de Villanueva.
John King Jr.

**John B. King Jr.** (born January 5, 1975) is an American politician. He was the Secretary of Education at the U.S. Department of Education from 2016 to 2017. Before, he served as its Acting Deputy Secretary, and from 2011 to 2014, he was the New York State Education Commissioner.

The former Secretary of Education, Arne Duncan, was given the job of putting into effect the No Child Left Behind Act. However, King is required to put into effect the law that replaces that law, the Every Student Succeeds Act.

In April 2021, King announced that he would be running for the Democratic nomination for Governor of Maryland in the 2022 election. He lost the Democratic nomination in July 2022.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **image**: John B. King official portrait.jpg
- **office**: 10th United States Secretary of Education
- **president**: Barack Obama
- **deputy**: James Cole Jr. (acting)
- **term start**: March 14, 2016
- **term end**: January 20, 2017
- **predecessor**: Arne Duncan
- **successor**: Betsy DeVos
- **office1**: United States Deputy Secretary of Education
- **status1**: Acting
- **president1**: Barack Obama
- **term start1**: January 4, 2015
- **term end1**: March 14, 2016
- **predecessor1**: James H. Shelton
- **successor1**: Mick Zais
- **office2**: Commissioner of Education of the State of New York, Education Commissioner of New York
- **term start2**: June 15, 2011
- **term end2**: January 4, 2015
- **predecessor2**: David Steiner (academic), David Steiner
- **successor2**: MaryEllen Elia
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
- **spouse**: Melissa Steel
- **children**: 2
- **education**: Harvard University (Bachelor of Arts, BA)
Columbia University (Master of Education, MEd, Doctor of Education, EdD)
Yale University (Juris Doctor, JD)
Sally Jewell

**Sarah Margaret Roffey Jewell** (born February 21, 1956) is a British-born American businesswoman. She is the 51st United States Secretary of the Interior. She served in the government of President Barack Obama from April 2013 to 2017. She is the second woman to hold the position, after Gale Norton.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Sally Jewell
- **office**: 51st United States Secretary of the Interior
- **image**: Sally Jewell official portrait.jpg
- **president**: Barack Obama
- **deputy**: Michael L. Connor, Michael Connor
- **term start**: April 12, 2013
- **term end**: January 20, 2017
- **predecessor**: Ken Salazar
- **successor**: Ryan Zinke
- **birth name**: Sarah Margaret Roffey
- **birth place**: London, United Kingdom
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
- **spouse**: Warren Jewell
- **children**: 2
- **alma mater**: University of Washington
Antennae galaxies

The **Antennae galaxies** (**NGC 4038**/**NGC 4039**) are two colliding galaxies. They are in the constellation Corvus. The process takes hundreds of millions of years, maybe even a billion years.

The collision, with its clouds of gas, dust and magnetic fields, causes extremely rapid star formation. This is their starburst phase, and might last a few hundred million years. They were discovered by William Herschel in 1785.

They are in the NGC 4038 group with five other galaxies. Before The Collision, NGC 4038 was a barred spiral galaxy and NGC 4039 was a spiral galaxy. These two galaxies are known as the Antennae galaxies because they have two long tails of stars, gas and dust ejected from the galaxies as a result of tidal force in the collision that look like an insect’s antennae. The nuclei of the two galaxies are joining to become one giant galaxy, sometime in the future to form an Elliptical galaxy.

These interacting galaxies are nearer and less remote to the Milky Way than previously thought—at 45 million light-years instead of 65 million light-years.

## Infobox (galaxy)

- **name**: Antennae galaxies
- **image**: Antennae Galaxies reloaded.jpg
- **caption**: NGC 4038 (left) and NGC 4039 (right)
- **constellation name**: Corvus (constellation), Corvus
- **epoch**: J2000
- **type**: SB(s)m pec / SA(s)m pec
- **ra**: /
- **dec**: /
- **dist ly**: 45 Light-year, Mly / 65 Light-year, Mly
- **z**: 1642 ± 12 / 1641 ± 9 km/second, s
- **appmag v**: 11.2 / 11.1
- **size v**: 5′.2 × 3′.1 / 3′.1 × 1′.6
- **notes**: Interacting galaxies
- **names**: Ringtail Galaxy, New General Catalogue, NGC 4038 / 4039,
Principal Galaxies Catalogue, PGC 37967 / 37969, Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies, Arp 244, Caldwell catalogue, Caldwell 60/61
Yisroel Belsky

**Chaim Yisroel Belsky** (August 22, 1938 – January 28, 2016) was an American rabbi and posek of Orthodox and Haredi Judaism. He was one of the roshei yeshivas at Yeshiva Torah Vodaas, and rabbi of the summer camp network run by Agudath Israel of America. He was born in Brooklyn, New York.

Belsky was criticized by other rabbis for his repeated defense of sexual abusers. Some have claimed that he intimidated victims of abuse. Belsky has publicly stated that victims should not report their rape to the police.

Belsky was taken to hospital on January 22, 2016 in Brooklyn. He had a "serious illness". He died eight days later on January 30, at the age of 77.
Jean-Marie Doré

**Jean-Marie Doré** (12 June 1938 – 29 January 2016) was a Guinean politician. He was the Prime Minister of Guinea from January 2010 until December 2010.

Doré was the President of the Union for the Progress of Guinea (UPG). He was opposition leader for years before being chosen to lead a transitional government that was in place during the preparation and conduct of the 2010 presidential election.

Doré died in Conakry on 29 January 2016, at the age of 77.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Jean-Marie Doré
- **office**: Heads of government of Guinea, Prime Minister of Guinea
- **president**: Sékouba Konaté <small>(Acting)</small>
Alpha Condé
- **term start**: 26 January 2010
- **term end**: 24 December 2010
- **predecessor**: Kabiné Komara
- **successor**: Mohamed Said Fofana
- **birth place**: Guinée Forestière, Guinea
- **death place**: Conakry, Guinea
- **party**: Union for the Progress of Guinea
T. N. Gopakumar

**T. N. Gopakumar** (1957 – 30 January 2016) was an Indian writer, movie director and journalist. He was the news editor in chief of Asianet News. Gopakumar was also the producer and anchorperson of the popular weekly programme _Kannadi_ on Asianet.

Gopakumar died of cancer in a private hospital in Thiruvananthapuram on 30 January 2016. He was aged 58.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: T.N Gopakumar
- **image**: TN Gopakumar.jpg
- **birth date**: 1957
- **birth place**: Suchindram, Kanyakumari, India
- **death date**: 30 January 2016 (aged 58)
- **death place**: Thiruvananthapuram, India
- **othername**: T.N.G
- **occupation**: Journalist, Writer, Film Director
- **spouse**: Hether Gopakumar
- **children**: Gayathri (daughter)
 Kaveri (daughter)
- **parents**: P. Neelakanda Sharma (Father)
 L. Thankamma (Mother)
Georgia Davis Powers

**Georgia Montgomery Davis Powers** (October 19, 1923 – January 30, 2016) was an American politician and civil rights activist. She served for 21 years as a member of the state Senate of Kentucky. When elected in 1967, she became the first non-White person and the first woman elected to the Kentucky Senate. She was born in Springfield, Kentucky.

Powers died of congestive heart failure in Louisville, Kentucky on January 30, 2016. She was aged 92.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Georgia Davis Powers
- **image**: GeorgiaDavisPowers-SonjaFeistPrice.jpg
- **image size**: 180 px
- **caption**: Kentucky legislator and civil rights activist
- **office**: Member of the Kentucky State Senate
- **term start**: January 1968
- **term end**: January 1989
- **party**: Democratic
- **birth place**: Springfield, Kentucky, US
- **death place**: Louisville, Kentucky, US
- **occupation**: Politician, civil rights activist
- **spouse**: Norman F. Davis (m.1943–1968)
James L. Powers (m.1973–2016; her death)
- **parents**: Frances Walker and Ben Gore Montgomery
- **children**: William "Billy" Davis
Karolína Kurková

**Karolína Kurková** (born 28 February 1984), is a Czech model. She is best known as a former Victoria's Secret Angel.

## Career

Kurková was discovered by Miuccia Prada in 1999. She became the face of Louis Vuitton in 2001, Chanel in 2003. In 2002, Kurková was the youngest model to be elected the Model of the Year at the VH1/Vogue Fashion Awards. After walking for Victoria's Secret since 2001, she was an Angel from 2005 to 2009. In 2002 and 2006, Kurková wore the Fantasy Bra, a multimillion dollar bra, during the Victoria's Secret Fashion Show. In 2008, E! named her the sexiest woman of the year.

## Infobox (model)

- **name**: Karolína Kurková
- **image**: Karolina Kurkova 2011 Shankbone.JPG
- **caption**: Kurková in 2011
- **birth place**: Děčín, Ústí nad Labem Region, Ústí nad Labem, Czechoslovakia
- **haircolor**: Blonde
- **eyecolor**: Green
- **agency**: Wilhelmina Models (New York)Marilyn Agency (Paris) d'management group (Milan) Storm Model Management (London)Stockholmsgruppen (Stockholm)
- **nationality**: Czech Republic
- **children**: 2
Jean Paul Gaultier

**Jean Paul Gaultier** (; born 24 April 1952) is a French haute couture fashion designer. He created his own ready-to-wear brand in 1976. His first couture fashion show was in 1997. From 1993 to 1997, Trademark co-hosted _Eurotrash_ with Antoine de Caunes on Channel 4 (UK).

## Career

He was the creative director of Hermès from 2003 to 2010. Gaultier ended his ready-to-wear line in 2014 in order to focus on haute couture and his perfume range.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Jean Paul Gaultier
- **image**: Jean-Paul Gaultier.jpg
- **nationality**: French people, French
- **occupation**: Couture fashion designer
- **birth place**: Arcueil, Val-de-Marne, France
- **partner**: Francis Menuge
- **website**: [http://www.jeanpaulgaultier.com/en www.jeanpaulgaultier.com]
Piers Corbyn

**Piers Richard Corbyn** (born 10 March 1947) is a British businessman and conspiracy theorist. He was born in Chippenham. He is the owner of the business **WeatherAction** which makes weather forecasts.  It claims to make accurate forecasts up to a year in advance. He is the older brother of former Labour Party leader Jeremy Corbyn.
Jeremy Corbyn: Accidental Hero

***Jeremy Corbyn: Accidental Hero*** is a book by British writer W. Stephen Gilbert. It was published in 2015 by Eyewear Publishing.

The book is an analysis of the rise of long-serving MP Jeremy Corbyn to the leadership of the Labour Party. The book talks about Corbyn's life and career and future as Labour leader. It received positive reviews.

## Infobox (book)

- **name**: Jeremy Corbyn: Accidental Hero
- **author**: W Stephen Gilbert
- **country**: United Kingdom
- **language**: English
- **published**: London
- **publisher**: Eyewear Publishing
- **pub date**: 2015
- **pages**: 160
- **isbn**: 9781908998897
2015 Jeremy Corbyn Labour Party leadership campaign

In 2015, Jeremy Corbyn, the Member of Parliament for Islington North, stood as a candidate in the British Labour Party leadership election. His campaign that would eventually result in his becoming the leader of the Labour Party.

His campaign was announced in an article for the _Islington Tribune_ on 3 June 2015. Corbyn promised support for the anti-austerity movement and because he wanted to "give Labour Party members a voice" in the debate.

### Announcement

He was originally seen as an "outsider" in the leadership race. This means that, though he was a member of the Labour Party, he was not someone people expected to be leader. Bookmakers had his odds of winning at 200-to-1. However, following a series of televised and radio debates with the other three candidates – Andy Burnham, Yvette Cooper and Liz Kendall – Corbyn went on to gain the support of six of the fourteen trade unions affiliated with the Labour Party. This included the UK's two largest trade unions, Unite and UNISON. He received the highest number of supporting nominations from Constituency Labour Parties, winning over 100 by the end of July.

Many politicians, unions and celebrities supported Corbyn such as Ken Livingstone, Emma Thompson, Russell Brand, Daniel Radcliffe, Joseph Stiglitz, Bernie Sanders and Michael Meacher.

## Victory

To become a candidate in the party's election, 35 nominations from Labour MPs are needed. Commentators in the media widely predicted that Corbyn would struggle to get this many. However, he managed at a very late stage, to secure enough support, with 36 nominations in total. Around 12 of the MPs who nominated him actually supported other candidates, but "lent" him their support in order to widen the contest. Corbyn was reported to say: "We had two minutes to spare, it was easy."

On September 12, 2015, at a special conference held in the Queen Elizabeth Conference Centre, Corbyn was announced to have been elected Leader of the Labour Party. He won 59.5% of first-preference votes.

## Other websites

- Campaign website
- Jeremy Corbyn Campaign 2015 (Supporters) Ltd, Companies House
- Labour Party website

## Infobox (u.s. federal election campaign)

- **name**: Jeremy Corbyn for Labour Leader
- **logo upright**: 0.5
- **campaigned for**: Labour Party (UK) leadership election, 2015, Labour Party leadership election, 2015
- **candidate**: Jeremy Corbyn MP
- **status**: Announced: 3 June 2015
Nominated: 15 June 2015
Elected: 12 September 2015
- **headquarters**: Walkden House, 10 Melton St, Kings Cross, London, Kings Cross, London Borough of Camden, Camden, London, NW1 2EJ
- **slogan**: Straight Talking, Honest Politics
- **chant**: "Jez We Can"
Islington North (UK Parliament constituency)

**Islington North**  is a constituency in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament. The seat has been held since 1983 by Jeremy Corbyn of the Labour Party. Corbyn was Leader of the Labour Party and the Leader of the Opposition from September 2015 to April 2020.

At , it is the smallest UK Parliamentary constituency.

## Infobox (uk constituency)

- **name**: Islington North
- **parliament**: uk
- **map1**: IslingtonNorth2007
- **map size**: 200px
- **map entity**: Greater London
- **year**: 1885
- **type**: Borough
- **elects howmany**: One
- **previous**: Finsbury (UK Parliament constituency), Finsbury
- **electorate**: 75,162 (December 2019)
- **mp**: Jeremy Corbyn
- **party**: Independent politician, Independent
- **region**: England
- **county**: Greater London
- **european**: London
Tom Watson (Labour politician)

**Thomas Anthony Watson** (born 8 January 1967) is a British Labour Party politician. He was elected as Deputy Leader of the Labour Party in September 2015. He was the Member of Parliament (MP) for West Bromwich East from 2001 through 2019. He was Minister for Digital Engagement and the Civil Service at the Cabinet Office from 2008 to 2009.

On 6 November 2019 Watson announced that he would be standing down both as an MP and as Deputy Leader, and leave office on 12 December 2019, stating that his reasons for standing down were "personal, not political."

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Tom Watson
- **image**: Portrait of Tom Watson in 2018.jpg
- **caption**: Watson in 2018
- **office**: Deputy Leader of the Labour Party (UK), Deputy Leader of the Labour Party
- **leader**: Jeremy Corbyn
- **term start**: 12 September 2015
- **term end**: 12 December 2019
- **predecessor**: Harriet Harman
- **successor**: Angela Rayner
- **office1**: Shadow Secretary of State for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport
- **leader1**: Jeremy Corbyn
- **term start1**: 7 October 2016
- **term end1**: 12 December 2019
- **predecessor1**: Kelvin Hopkins
- **successor1**: TBA
- **office2**: Chairman of the Labour Party (UK), Chairman of the Labour Party
- **leader2**: Jeremy Corbyn
- **term start2**: 12 September 2015
- **term end2**: 14 June 2017
- **predecessor2**: Harriet Harman
- **successor2**: Ian Lavery
- **office3**: Minister for the Cabinet Office, Shadow Minister for the Cabinet Office
- **leader3**: Jeremy Corbyn
- **term start3**: 14 September 2015
- **term end3**: 7 October 2016
- **predecessor3**: Lucy Powell
- **successor3**: Ian Lavery
- **office4**: Minister for the Civil Service, Minister for Digital Engagement and Civil Service Issues
- **primeminister4**: Gordon Brown
- **term start4**: 25 January 2008
- **term end4**: 5 June 2009
- **predecessor4**: Position established
- **successor4**: Shriti Vadera, Baroness Vadera, Shriti Vadera
- **office5**: Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom), for Defence
- **primeminister5**: Tony Blair
- **term start5**: 5 May 2006
- **term end5**: 6 September 2006
- **predecessor5**: Don Touhig
- **successor5**: Derek Twigg
- **office6**: Lord Commissioner of the Treasury
- **primeminister6**: Tony Blair
- **term start6**: 10 May 2005
- **term end6**: 5 May 2006
- **predecessor6**: Nick Ainger
- **successor6**: Frank Roy
- **office7**: Member of Parliament (UK), Member of Parliament
for West Bromwich East (UK Parliament constituency), West Bromwich East
- **term start7**: 7 June 2001
- **term end7**: 6 November 2019
- **predecessor7**: Peter Snape, Baron Snape, Peter Snape
- **successor7**: Nicola Richards
- **birth name**: Thomas Anthony Watson
- **birth place**: Sheffield, England
- **party**: Labour Party (UK), Labour
- **otherparty**: Future Britain Group
- **spouse**: Siobhan Watson

- **children**: 2
- **alma mater**: University of Hull
University of North London

The **University of North London** was a university in London, England, from 1992 to 2002. It was merged with London Guildhall University to form London Metropolitan University. Its former campus are now the university's north campus, on Holloway Road and Highbury Grove, Islington. In 1996, the university celebrated its centenary year.

## Other websites

- Internet Archive (University of North London, 17 January 2004)
Michael O'Halloran (British politician)

**Michael Joseph O'Halloran** (20 August 1933 – 29 November 1999) was a British politician. He was a member of the Labour Party and the Social Democratic Party.

He was elected Member of Parliament (MP) for Islington North in a by-election in 1969 after the death of MP Gerry Reynolds. He was secretary of the Constituency Labour Party. O'Halloran was among the Labour MPs who moved to the new Social Democratic Party (SDP) in 1981.

In 1983, the SDP chose John Grant, the MP for Islington Central (which was being abolished in boundary changes), to be its candidate in Islington North. O'Halloran left the SDP to stand as an independent Labour candidate in the 1983 general election. The official Labour candidate Jeremy Corbyn won while O'Halloran came in fourth with 11% of the vote. Grant came third with 22% of the vote.

He retired to County Wexford. He died on 29 November 1999 from a heart attack at the age of 66.

## Other websites

- About Michael O'Halloran
Union representative

A **union representative**, **union steward** or **shop steward** is an employee of an organization or company who represents and defends the interests of her/his fellow employees but who also works for a trades union.

Ordinary members of the union are elected to this position by fellow workers or sometimes by appointment of a higher union body. While working as a representative, they keep their role as an employee of the company.

As a result, the union steward becomes an important link and source of information between the union leadership and ordinary workers.
Plainfield

**Plainfield** is the name of several places

## Canada

- Plainfield, Ontario

## United States

- Plainfield, California
- Plainfield, Connecticut
    - Plainfield Village, Connecticut
- Plainfield, Illinois
- Plainfield, Indiana, a town in Hendricks County
- Plainfield, LaPorte County, Indiana, an unincorporated community
- Plainfield, Iowa
- Plainfield, Massachusetts
- Plainfield, New Hampshire
- Plainfield, New Jersey
- Plainfield, New York
- Plainfield, Ohio
- Plainfield, Pennsylvania
- Plainfield, Vermont
- Plainfield (town), Wisconsin
    - Plainfield, Wisconsin, a village mostly within the town
- Plainfield Township, Kent County, Michigan
- Plainfield Township, Iosco County, Michigan
- Plainfield Township, Northampton County, Pennsylvania
Torrington

**Torrington** may refer to:

## Places

In **Australia**:
- Torrington, New South Wales
- Torrington, Queensland

In **Canada**:
- Torrington, Alberta

In the **United Kingdom**:
- Black Torrington, a village in Devon
- East Torrington, a small village in Lincolnshire
- Great Torrington, a market town in north Devon
- Little Torrington, a village in Devon
- West Torrington, a small village in Lincolnshire
- Torrington (UK Parliament constituency), in Devon

In the **United States of America**:
- Torrington, Connecticut
- Torrington, Wyoming

## Related pages

- Thorrington
Constituency Labour Party

A **constituency Labour Party (CLP)** is an organisation of members of the British Labour Party who live in a particular UK parliamentary constituency in England, Scotland and Wales. The Labour Party in Northern Ireland has, since February 2009, been organised as a single constituency.

For much of the Labour Party's history, especially during the 1980s, CLPs were perceived as the more left wing faction in the Labour Party. The unions were said to be a more moderate or pragmatic force.
Lost River

**Lost River** may refer to:

## Communities

In Canada:
- Lost River, Quebec, part of Harrington, Quebec
In the United States:
- Lost River, Idaho
- Lost River, Indiana
- Lost River Township, Martin County, Indiana
- Lost River, Kentucky
- Lost River, West Virginia

## Related pages

- Lost
Whip (politics)

A **whip** (also called a **party whip**) is a legislator who acts as an "enforcer" for their political party. Their job is to make sure the other legislators in their party vote according to the official party policy. If a legislator votes against party policy, they might "lose the whip", being effectively expelled from the party.

A whip must also make sure that the elected representatives of their party are in attendance when important votes are taken. The usage comes from the hunting term "whipping in", which means to stop hounds from wandering away from the pack.

Whips exist in the legislatures of many countries, including the United States, Great Britain, and New Zealand.
Lost River, Kentucky

**Lost River** is an unincorporated community in Warren County, Kentucky, United States.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Lost River
- **settlement type**: Unincorporated area, Unincorporated community
- **pushpin map**: USA Kentucky
- **pushpin label position**: left
- **pushpin map caption**: Location within the state of Kentucky
- **map caption**: Location within Warren County
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: Political divisions of the United States, State
- **subdivision name1**: Kentucky
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Kentucky, County
- **subdivision name2**: Warren County, Kentucky, Warren
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **population as of**: United States Census, 2000, 2000
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone**: Central Time Zone, Central (CST)
- **utc offset**: -6
- **timezone dst**: CST
- **utc offset dst**: -5
- **elevation ft**: 548
- **postal code type**: ZIP codes
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 497197
New Labour

**New Labour** refers to a period in the history of the British Labour Party. This period was from the mid-1990s to the early 2000s, under leaders Tony Blair and Gordon Brown. The name dates from a conference slogan first used by the party in 1994. This slogan was later seen in a draft manifesto published in 1996, called _New Labour, New Life For Britain_. It was presented as the brand of a newly reformed party that had changed Clause IV and supported market economics.
Bridgeport

**Bridgeport** may refer to:

## Places

In  **Canada**:
- Bridgeport, Nova Scotia

In the **United States**:
- Bridgeport, Alabama
- Bridgeport, California, in Mono County
- Bridgeport, Mariposa County, California
- Bridgeport, Nevada County, California
- Bridgeport, California, former name of Winslow, California, in Glenn County
- Bridgeport, California, former name of Bridgeville, California, in Humboldt County
- Bridgeport, Connecticut
- Greater Bridgeport, the metropolitan area of the city of Bridgeport, Connecticut
- Bridgeport, Illinois
- Bridgeport, Chicago, a neighborhood of Chicago in Illinois
- Bridgeport Township, Lawrence County, Illinois
- Bridgeport, Indiana
- Bridgeport, Kansas
- Bridgeport, Kentucky
- Bridgeport, Michigan
- Bridgeport Charter Township, Michigan
- Bridgeport, Nebraska
- Bridgeport, New Jersey
- Bridgeport, New York
- Bridgeport, Ohio
- Bridgeport, Union County, Ohio
- Bridgeport, Oklahoma
- Bridgeport, Pennsylvania
- Bridgeport, Tennessee
- Bridgeport, Texas
- Bridgeport, Utah
- Bridgeport, Washington
- Bridgeport, West Virginia
- Bridgeport, Wisconsin, town
    - Bridgeport (community), Wisconsin
Bridgeport, New Jersey

**Bridgeport** is an unincorporated community in Logan Township, Gloucester County, New Jersey, United States. The area is served as United States Postal Service ZIP Code 08014.
Anti-austerity movement

The **anti-austerity movement** refers to the mobilization of street protests and grassroots campaigns that has happened across many countries, especially in Europe, since the onset of the worldwide Great Recession.

Anti-austerity actions are different and ongoing. They continue as of the present day. The global Occupy movement has arguably been the most noticeable physical enactment of anti-austerity and populist sentiment.
United Kingdom government austerity programme

The **United Kingdom government deficit reduction programme** is a series of reductions in public spending, intended to reduce the government budget deficit and the welfare state in the United Kingdom. However, the NHS and education were "ringfenced" and protected from spending cuts.

## Background

The programme was created in 2010 by the Conservative and Liberal Democrat coalition government. Its original stated goal was to, "achieve cyclically-adjusted current balance by the end of the rolling, five-year forecast period." At the June 2010 budget, the end of the forecast period was 2015–16. However, in 2014 the Treasury extended the proposed austerity period until at least 2018.
Anti-war movement

An **anti-war movement** (also _antiwar_) is a social movement, usually against to a nation's decision to start or continue a war. It does not matter whether the nation has a just cause for war.

The term can also refer to pacifism, which is the opposition to all use of military force during conflicts. Many activists distinguish between anti-war movements and peace movements. Anti-war activists work through protest and other peaceful means to attempt to pressure a government (or governments) to put an end to a particular war or conflict.

## Related pages

- Antiwar.com
- Conscientious objector
- Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War
- Nuclear disarmament
- Pacifism
- Protests against the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine

## Other websites

- Guide to anti-war websites by _The Guardian_
- Essays and speeches from the Antebellum Era peace movement
Non-interventionism

**Non-interventionism** or **non-intervention** is a foreign policy that holds a country should avoid all wars unless it is defending itself from attack. It promotes neutrality and discourages alliances with other nations, but still encourages diplomacy.

The original, more formal definition is that non-interventionism is a policy of not interfering in the affairs of another country without its permission.

## Related pages

- Non-Aligned Movement
- Peace of Westphalia
Cayetano Paderanga Jr.

**Cayetano Paderanga Jr.** (October 9, 1948 – January 29, 2016) was a Filipino economist. He was Director-General of the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA), an agency of the government of the Philippines responsible for economic development and planning. He held this position twice, from 1990 to 1992 and from 2010 to 2012.

In his first term, Paderanga served under President Corazon Aquino. He was a member of the Monetary Board of the Central Bank of the Philippines from 1993 to 1999. He was also executive director for the Philippines in the Asian Development Bank (ADB) from 2001 to 2003.

Paderanga died in Taguig City, Philippines, from complications after heart surgery, on January 29, 2016. He was aged 67.

## Related pages

- List of Filipino scientists

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Cayetano Paderanga Jr.
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **president**: Benigno Aquino III
- **office**: 13th National Economic and Development Authority, Director-General of the National Economic and Development Authority
<small>Concurrently Secretary of Socio-Economic Planning</small>
- **term start**: August 3, 2010
- **term end**: May 10, 2012
- **predecessor**: Ralph Recto
Augusto Santos (acting)
- **successor**: Arsenio Balisacan
- **office1**: 7th National Economic and Development Authority, Director-General of the National Economic and Development Authority
<small>Concurrently Secretary of Socio-Economic Planning</small>
- **president1**: Corazon Aquino
- **term start1**: 1990
- **term end1**: 1992
- **predecessor1**: Jesus Estanislao
- **successor1**: Cielito Habito
- **birth place**: Camiguin Province, Philippines
- **death place**: Taguig City, Philippines
- **nationality**: Filipino people, Filipino
- **spouse**: Delia C. Paderanga
- **alma mater**: Stanford University
University of the Philippines School of Economics
University of Asia and the Pacific
De La Salle University
- **occupation**: Economist, NEDA Director General
Unilateral disarmament

**Unilateral disarmament** is a policy option where a single country disarms or renounces weapons without expecting other nations or rivals to also renounce their use of weapons. It was most commonly used in the twentieth century in the context of _unilateral nuclear disarmament_, a recurrent mission of peace movements in countries such as the United States and the United Kingdom.

Nations do not often choose to dismantle their entire military capability. Unilateral disarmament is usually sought in one technical competency, such as weapons of mass destruction. Non-violent political movements from that of Mahatma Gandhi to the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament have recommended unilateral disarmament as a step toward world peace.
Nuclear disarmament

**Nuclear disarmament** talks about the act of reducing or eliminating nuclear weapons and to the end state of a nuclear-weapon-free world, in which nuclear weapons are completely eliminated.

Nuclear disarmament groups include the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, Peace Action, Greenpeace,  International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War, Mayors for Peace, Global Zero, the International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (winner of the Nobel Peace Prize in 2017), Nihon Hidankyo (winner of Nobel Peace Prize in 2024) and the Nuclear Age Peace Foundation.

There have been many large anti-nuclear demonstrations and protests. On June 12, 1982, one million people demonstrated in New York City's Central Park against nuclear weapons and for an end to the cold war arms race. It was the largest anti-nuclear protest and the largest political demonstration in American history.

In recent years, some U.S. elder statesmen have also advocated nuclear disarmament. Sam Nunn, William Perry, Henry Kissinger, and George Shultz have called upon governments to embrace the vision of a world free of nuclear weapons, and in various op-ed columns have proposed an ambitious program of urgent steps to that end. The four have created the Nuclear Security Project to advance this agenda. Organisations such as Global Zero, an international non-partisan group of 300 world leaders dedicated to achieving nuclear disarmament, have also been established.

## Other page

- Anti-nuclear movement
- Anti-war movement
- Trust, but verify
Insubordination

**Insubordination** is when people do not obey an authority. In the military, for example, insubordination is when a serviceman or servicewoman disobeys the orders of a higher-ranking officer.

In civil life, a person may refuse to obey a law or order that he or she thinks is wrong. This is called civil disobedience.
Socialist Campaign Group

The **Socialist Campaign Group** is a left-wing, democratic socialist group of Labour Party Members of Parliament in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom. It was formed in December 1982 as an alternative Parliamentary left-wing group to the Tribune Group. The Campaign Group, as it's commonly known, is often considered on the hard left of the Labour Party and has been very critical of New Labour.
Palestine Solidarity Campaign

The **Palestine Solidarity Campaign** (PSC) is an activist organisation in England and Wales. It supports the Palestinian people. It was founded in 1982 during the build-up to Israel's invasion of Lebanon. It was incorporated in the UK in 2004 as Palestine Solidarity Campaign Ltd.
Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament

The **Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament** (**CND**) is an organisation that supports nuclear disarmament by the United Kingdom. It also supports disarmament by other countries and stricter weapons rules through international agreements such as the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. It opposes military action that may result in the use of nuclear, chemical or biological weapons. It also opposes the building of nuclear power stations in the UK.
Abjad

An **abjad** (Pashto: ابْجِدْ) is a writing system in which all of the letters are consonants. Although vowels can be added in some abjads as diacritics, they are not needed to write a word correctly. Abjad are commonly written from right to left, rather than left to right, like in other writing systems. Well-known examples of abjads are the Arabic alphabet and the Hebrew alphabet.

## History

Abjads were the first phonetic writing systems and show only a word's pronunciation (instead of its meaning like ideographs or logograms. Abjads would later inspire the creation of alphabets, such as the Greek alphabet, which have letters for both consonants and vowels.

The earliest known abjad in the world is the Phoenician alphabet. Since in Afro-Asiatic languages, the root meaning of a word is found in its consonants, abjads are widely used in those languages. There are also languages without consonant roots that use abjads, such as Persian and Urdu, both of which use the Arabic alphabet.

## Related pages

- Writing system
Stop the War Coalition

The **Stop the War Coalition** (**StWC**; informally **Stop the War**) is a British group created on 21 September 2001, shortly after the September 11 attacks. It was created to campaign against what it believes are unjust wars.

The group has campaigned against the wars that are part of the "War on Terror" of the United States and its allies. It has campaigned against the war in Afghanistan and the Iraq War. The demonstration against the Iraq War on 15 February 2003 was organised with Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND) and the Muslim Association of Britain (MAB). It is claimed to be the largest public demonstration in British history.

_Stop the War_ has been accused of supporting Bashar al-Assad in Syria, and the Russian annexation of Crimea in 2014.

## Infobox (organization)

- **name**: Stop the War Coalition
- **type**: Advocacy group
- **founded date**: 21 September 2001
- **location**: London, England, UK
- **key people**: Andrew Murray (campaigner and journalist), Andrew Murray, Lindsey German, Tony Benn, George Galloway, Jeremy Corbyn
- **area served**: United Kingdom
- **focus**: Anti-war, Peace
- **method**: Demonstration (people), Demonstration
- **homepage**: [http://stopwar.org.uk/ stopwar.org.uk/]
Frank Finlay

**Francis Finlay**, CBE (6 August 1926 – 30 January 2016) was an English stage, movie and television actor. Finlay was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role as Iago in the 1965 movie version of William Shakespeare's _Othello_. He was also known for his role as Jacob Marley in the 1984 movie _A Christmas Carol_. He won a BAFTA Award in 1974.

Finlay died on 30 January 2016 at his home in Weybridge, Surrey. He died from heart failure after suffering from Alzheimer's disease. He was aged 89.

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: Chiave3.jpg
- **caption**: Frank Finlay as the Witchsmeller Pursuivant in The Black Adder
- **birth name**: Francis Finlay
- **birth place**: Farnworth, Lancashire, England
- **death place**: Weybridge, Surrey, England
- **occupation**: Actor
- **website**: http://www.frankfinlay.net/
- **spouse**: Doreen Shepherd (1954-2005) (her death) (3 children)
- **children**: 3
- **yearsactive**: 1958–2009
Kington St Michael

**Kington St Michael** is a village and civil parish in Wiltshire, England. It is located about  north of Chippenham. It is about  west of the A350 which links Chippenham with junction 17 of the M4 motorway; the village is about  southwest of the junction.

## Other websites

- Village website.
Pave Lane

**Pave Lane** is a hamlet in Shropshire, England. It is in the borough of Telford and Wrekin. It is located   south of Newport, near the border with Staffordshire. The hamlet is in a very rural area. It has excellent views of the Shropshire countryside. Pave Lane is near the former estate, Lilleshall Hall.

Pave Lane was located on a toll road between Newport and Wolverhampton. Because of this, the area had many inns and coach houses. The road later became the A41.

## Infobox (uk place)

- **official name**: Pave Lane
- **country**: England
- **region**: West Midlands
- **static image name**: The_Pave_Lane_milestone_in_its_setting_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1381641.jpg
- **static image caption**: Pave Lane
- **os grid reference**: SJ759166
- **map alt**: Map of Shropshire, with a red dot showing the location of Pave Lane
- **label position**: left
- **post town**: Newport, Shropshire, NEWPORT
- **postcode area**: TF
- **postcode district**: TF10
- **dial code**: 01952
- **civil parish**: Chetwynd Aston and Woodcote
- **constituency westminster**: The Wrekin (UK Parliament constituency), The Wrekin
- **unitary england**: Telford and Wrekin
- **lieutenancy england**: Shropshire
Castle House School

**Castle House School** is a preparatory day school for boys and girls in England. It was first established in 1944, at Chetwynd End, Newport, Shropshire. The school is owned and operated by the Castle House School Trust Ltd, a registered charity, by up to twelve governors of the Trust.
Newport, Shropshire

**Newport** is a market town and civil parish in the county of Shropshire in England. It is in the borough of Telford and Wrekin, near to the border with Staffordshire. It is around 6 miles (10 kilometres) north of Telford and around 12 miles (19 km) west of Stafford, Staffordshire's county town.

In 2011, a census revealed that the parish's population was 11,387 people.

The town has won seven Britain in Bloom gold medals, more than any other town in Great Britain.

Newport town centre has a lot of old buildings and architecture. The main street has a Norman design with a very wide High Street.

## Infobox (uk place)

- **official name**: Newport
- **country**: England
- **region**: West Midlands
- **static image name**: Newport_high_street.jpg
- **static image caption**: Newport High Street
- **static image alt**: High Street, Newport, Shropshire
- **static image 2 name**: Newport,_Shropshire_Coat_of_Arms.png
- **static image 2 width**: 100px
- **static image 2 caption**: Coat of arms of Newport
- **population**: 11,387
- **population demonym**: Novaportan
- **os grid reference**: SJ745191
- **map alt**: Map of Shropshire, with a red dot showing the position of Newport
- **label position**: bottom
- **post town**: NEWPORT
- **postcode area**: TF
- **postcode district**: TF10
- **dial code**: 01952
- **constituency westminster**: The Wrekin (UK Parliament constituency), The Wrekin
- **unitary england**: Telford and Wrekin
- **civil parish**: Newport
- **lieutenancy england**: Shropshire
Haberdashers' Adams

**Haberdashers' Adams** (previously named **Adams' Grammar School**) is a Co-educational boys' and girls' grammar school in England. It is located in Newport, Shropshire.

It was founded in 1656 by William Adams, a wealthy member of the Worshipful Company of Haberdashers (one of the Great Twelve Livery Companies of the City of London). It is now one of the country's best-performing schools. It was rated by the Ofsted as a Grade 1 outstanding school.

In 2017, changed its name to Haberdashers' Adamshttps://www.shropshirestar.com/news/local-hubs/telford/newport/2017/12/06/petition-launched-against-school-name-change/ ,

In 2022, the school announced that from September 2024 it would be accepting girlshttps://www.shropshirestar.com/news/education/2022/07/08/historic-newport-school-set-to-offer-education-to-girls-from-11/ ending its 400 year history of being a boys-only grammar school.

## Other websites

- Official website
Chiune Sugihara

was a Japanese diplomat. He served as Vice-Consul for the Empire of Japan in Lithuania during World War II. He was best known for helping about 20,000 Jews leave Lithuania during the Holocaust. He gave them visas to Japan. In 1985, Israel named him to the Righteous Among the Nations for his actions. He was sometimes called the "Japanese Schindler".

Sugihara was born in Yaotsu, Gifu. He was first married to Klaudia Semionovna Apollonova until their divorce in 1935. He was later married to Yukiko Sugihara. They had four sons.

Sugihara died on 31 July 1986 at a hospital in Kamakura. He was 86.

## Other websites

- Chiune Sugihara at the Jewish Virtual Library
- Chiune Sugihara  at Yad Vashem

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Chiune Sugihara
- **image**: Sugihara b.jpg
- **alt**: A photographic portrait of Chiune Sugihara.
- **caption**: Sugihara, before 1945
- **native name**: 杉原 千畝
- **native name lang**: ja
- **birth place**: Kozuchi Town, Empire of Japan (now Mino, Gifu, Mino, Gifu Prefecture, Japan)
- **death place**: Kamakura, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan
- **resting place**: Kamakura Cemetery
- **other names**: "Sempo", Sergei Pavlovich Sugihara
- **occupation**: Vice-consul for the Japanese Empire in Lithuania
- **known for**: Rescue of 5,558 Jews during the Holocaust
- **children**: 4
Ramón Castro Jijón

Admiral **Ramón Castro Jijón** (15 November 1915 – 1 November 1984) was an Ecuadorian politician. He was the President of Ecuador from 11 July 1963 to 29 March 1966. He was appointed commander of the Ecuadorian Navy by Carlos Julio Arosemena Monroy. He later overthrew Arosemena in a military coup. For his entire term as President he was chairman of a military junta.

## Other websites

- Official Website of the Ecuadorian Government about the country President's History