juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
London Stock Exchange

**The London Stock Exchange** (LSE) is a stock exchange in London, England. It is the biggest stock exchange in the Europe and third largest in the world.

The Royal Exchange, London was officially opened on 23 January 1571 by Queen Elizabeth I. This is where the regulated stock market started.  From 1801 dealers had to pay a subscription.  The government used the Exchange's organised market (and would most likely not have managed without it) to raise the enormous amount of money required for the wars against Napoleon.

The new Stock Exchange Tower was opened on 8 November 1972; it was a new City landmark, with a 23,000 sq ft (2,100 m<sup>2</sup>) trading floor.  From 1973 women and foreign-born members were allowed. The  London Stock Exchange formally merged with the eleven British and Irish regional exchanges.  It became a company, no longer owned by its members in 2001.

In 2004 it moved to a brand-new headquarters in Paternoster Square.  It bought Refinitiv, a  financial data company, in 2019 for $27 billion. It then sold Borsa Italiana, the owner of Milan’s stock exchange.

The growth of the electronic processing of financial transactions means that face-to-face trading no longer happens.  Normal trading sessions  are from 08:00 to 16:30 local time every day of the week except Saturdays, Sundays and holidays declared by the exchange in advance.

In 2011 there were 2,938 companies from over 60 countries listed on the London Stock Exchange. The total value of these companies is £3.9 trillion.

The FTSE 100 Index (often called the "Footsie") is like the Dow Jones Industrial Average in the United States. FTSE stands for Financial Times Stock Exchange. The 100 most valuable companies listed are tracked. The value of a company is calculated by multiplying the share price of the company by the total number of shares they have issued. The index took the place of the FT30 in January 1984.

The FTSE 250 follows the share prices of the 101st to the 350th largest companies. There is also the FTSE 350 Index which combines the FTSE 100 and 250, and the FTSE SmallCap Index, which tracks the 351st to the 619th largest-listed companies. The FTSE All-Share Index is an index of all 620 companies listed.

They are calculated by computers in real time, and the cost of shares in the companies is reported every minute.

In 2023 data and analytics businesses made most of the company's money. Less than  4% came from listing and trading cash equities. Microsoft bought 4% of the company in 2022.
The 4400

***The 4400*** was a science fiction television series. The series ran from 2004 to 2007.

## The story

"The 4400" is a reference to 4400 people who disappeared mysteriously over the last century. These people all returned near Seattle, Washington at the same time from a large ball of light. They had not gotten older. After a short time, each person that came back started showing some special abilities, for example: healing, precognition (seeing the future), and persuasion.

## Characters

- Tom Baldwin — Joel Gretsch
- Diana Skouris — Jacqueline McKenzie
- Richard Tyler — Mahershalalhashbaz Ali
- Lily Moore Tyler — Laura Allen
- Shawn Farrell — Patrick Flueger
- Isabelle Tyler — Megalyn Echikunwoke
- Maia Skouris — Conchita Campbell
- Nina Jarvis — Samantha Ferris
- Alana Mareva — Karina Lombard
- Dennis Ryland — Peter Coyote
- Jordan Collier — Billy Campbell

- Recurring
- Kyle Baldwin — Chad Faust
- Danny Farrell — Kaj-Erik Eriksen
- Nikki Hudson — Brooke Nevin
- April Skouris — Natasha Gregson Wagner
- Kevin Burkhoff — Jeffrey Combs
- Matthew Ross — Garret Dillahunt
- Marco Pacella — Richard Kahan
- Tess Doerner - Summer Glau

## Infobox (television)

- **creator**: René Echevarria
 Scott Peters (writer), Scott Peters
- **runtime**: about 42 minutes
- **starring**: _#Characters, see below_
- **country**: Canada
 United Kingdom
 United States
- **network**: USA Network
- **num episodes**: 44
- **opentheme**: "Amanda Abizaid, A Place in Time"
Foyle's War

***Foyle's War*** is a British detective drama television show. It started on 27 October 2002 and ended on 18 January 2015. The show is set during and after World War II.

On 12 January 2015, it was announced by ITV that they would not commission any more episodes because of how much production costs and their intention to air original drama commissions. The last episode of the series aired on 18 January 2015.

## Infobox (television)

- **runtime**: 86–99 min
- **creator**: Anthony Horowitz
- **producer**: Jill Green
Simon Passmore (Series 2)
Keith Thompson (Series 3-5)
- **executive producer**: Jill Green
- **starring**: Michael Kitchen
Honeysuckle Weeks
Anthony Howell
- **opentheme**: Jim Parker
- **country**: United Kingdom
- **language**: English language, English
- **network**: ITV
- **num episodes**: 28
Giant anteater

The **giant anteater**, _Myrmecophaga_, is an animal that lives in Central and South America. It is also known as the **ant bear**.

It the only mammal without teeth. Its diet consists of termites and ants, hence the name. It is the largest anteater: its length is between 182 cm (5.9 ft) and 217 cm (7.1 ft). Males weigh between 33 (72.7 lb) and 41 kg (90.3 lb), female are 27 (59.5 lb) and 39 kg (85.9 lb). This species lives on the ground, in contrast to other living anteaters and sloths which are arboreal or semi-arboreal. It forages in open areas and rests in more forested habitats.

## Mode of life

The giant anteater is adapted to eat termites and ants, and does not have any teeth in its mouth. It uses its front claws to dig them up and its long, sticky tongue to collect them. They eat about 30,000 ants and termites every day.

The tongue can reach up to , longer than the length of the skull, and move in and out around 160 times per minute (nearly three times per second). The anteater's tongue has little to no attachments to the hyoid and this is what allows it to flick its tongue at such distances and speed. The hyoid apparatus is large, V-shaped and flexible and supports the tongue as it goes in and out of the mouth. Before being swallowed, insects are crushed against the palate.

The giant anteater knuckle-walks, meaning its front toes are curled under like a fist when it moves.  It is one of only a few animals other than primates that do this.

## Related pages

- Anteater
- Termite
- Ant
Sanctuary (TV series)

***Sanctuary*** is a Canadian science-fiction-fantasy television series.

The show originally started out as a no-cost eight-webisode series and later expanded into a television-based 13-episode season after Syfy decided to buy the rights to it. The show ran for 4 seasons before Syfy said that the show had been cancelled.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (television)

- **creator**: Damian Kindler
- **executive producer**: Damian Kindler
Amanda Tapping
Martin Wood
Keith Beedie
N. John Smith
Sam Egan
Andrea Gorfolova
Carrie Mudd
- **starring**: Amanda Tapping
Robin Dunne
Ryan Robbins
Christopher Heyerdahl
Agam Darshi
Emilie Ullerup
- **country**: Canada
- **language**: English
- **network**: Syfy
- **runtime**: 43 minutes
- **first aired**: **Webisode series:**
March 14, 2007 – August 30, 2007
**Television series:**
October 3, 2008 – December 30, 2011
- **num seasons**: 4
- **num episodes**: 8 (webisodes)
59 (television)
William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne

**William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne** (15 March 1779 – 24 November 1848) was a Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.

Lamb was elected to Parliament in 1806 as a member of the Whig party.
Lamb served as Irish Secretary in the government.

Lamb became Lord Melbourne when his father died. His family home was in Melbourne in Derbyshire. Melbourne in Australia is named after William Lamb.

Melbourne became Home Secretary during Lord Grey's government. Grey resigned in 1834 and Melbourne became Prime Minister.

Melbourne was dismissed by King William IV who wanted the Robert Peel's party.  Melbourne came back when the Whigs won the next election.

Melbourne was Prime Minister when Queen Victoria became queen.  He helped her learn about how the government worked.

Melbourne helped to reduce the number of people killed for doing crimes.  Melbourne also made changes to local government.

Melbourne resigned in 1841, and died on 24 November 1848.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: The Viscount Melbourne
- **smallimage**: William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne, painted by John Partridge.jpg
- **order**: Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
- **term start**: 16 July 1834
- **term end**: 14 November 1834
18 April 1835–30 August 1841
- **predecessor**: Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey, The Earl Grey
Robert Peel, Sir Robert Peel, Bt
- **successor**: Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, The Duke of Wellington
Robert Peel, Sir Robert Peel, Bt
- **birth place**: London, England
- **party**: British Whig Party, Whig
Signal (biology)

A **signal** in biology is any kind of coded message sent from one organism to another, or from one place in an organism to another place.

- Vocal calls
- Some social behaviours
- Chemical signals
    - inside organisms
        - nerve transmission
        - hormones
    - inside cells
    - between organisms

In biology, especially in electrophysiology, a **signal** or **biopotential** is an electric quantity (voltage or current or field strength), that is caused by chemical reactions of charged ions. Biological signals can also be seen as an example of signal (electrical engineering).

Another use of the term lies in the transfer of information between and within cells, as in signal transduction.

## Related pages

- Signal transduction
Electrophysiology

**Electrophysiology** is the study of the electrical properties of biological cells and tissues. It involves measurements of voltage change or electrical current flow on a wide variety of scales from single ion channel proteins, to whole tissues like the heart. In neuroscience, it includes measurements of the electrical activity of neurons, and particularly action potential activity.

### Classical electrophysiologic techniques

Classical electrophysiology involves placing electrodes into various preparations of biologic tissue. The principle types of electrodes are: 1) simple solid conductors, such as discs and needles (singles or arrays), 2) tracings on a printed circuit boards, and 3) hollow tubes filled with an electrolyte, such as glass pippettes. The principal preparations include 1) living organisms, 2) excised tissue (acute or cultured), 3) dissociated cells from excised tissue (acute or cultured), 4) artificially grown cells or tissues, or 5) hybrids of the above.

If an electrode is small enough in diameter (on the order of microns), then the electrophysiologist may choose to insert the tip into a single cell.

Many particular electrophysiological readings have specific names:
- Electrocardiography - for the heart
- Electroencephalography - for the brain
- Electrocorticography - from the cerebral cortex
- Electromyography - for the muscles
- Electrooculography - for the eyes
- Electroretinography - for the retina
- Electroantennography - for the olfactory receptors in arthropods

## Other websites

- EP Lab Digest - Trade Publication for EP Professionals
Ion channel

An **ion channel** is a pore-forming protein that helps to establish and control the small voltage gradient across the plasma membrane of all living cells (see resting potential) by allowing the flow of ions down their electrochemical gradient. They are present in the membranes that surround all biological cells.

An ion channel is an integral membrane protein or more typically an assembly of several proteins.

The 2003 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Peter Agre and Roderick MacKinnon for their discovery of ion channels.

## Notes

- Bertil Hille: _Ion channels of excitable membranes_, 3rd ed., Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA (2001).

## Related pages

- Electrophysiology

## Other websites

- An Interview with Roderick MacKinnon Freeview video by the Vega Science Trust.
- The Voltage Sensor in Voltage-Dependent Ion Channels
- X-ray crystal structure of a potassium channel
- Neuromuscular Disease Center at Washington University
- Nobel Prize Press Release
- International Union of Pharmacologists, Ion channel compendium
Henry Addington, 1st Viscount Sidmouth

**Henry Addington, 1st Viscount Sidmouth**, PC (30 May 1757–15 February 1844) was a British statesman. He was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1804.

His father was a physician specialising in the treatment of mental illness.  His father was one of George III's doctors and this resulted in Addington  being known (in no friendly spirit) as "The Doctor".  Before becoming Prime Minister he had been Speaker of the House of Commons.

He tried but failed to negotiate a lasting peace with Napoleon's France.

He was not well regarded as Prime Minister and his capabilities were summed up in the rhyme: "Pitt is to Addington as London is to Paddington".  As Viscount Sidmouth, he was a very reactionary Home Secretary in the Government of the Earl of Liverpool but he was eventually persuaded to retire in favour of Sir Robert Peel.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: The Rt Hon Henry Addington
- **image**: Henry Addington.jpg
- **order**: Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
- **term start**: 17 March 1801
- **term end**: 10 May 1804
- **predecessor**: William Pitt the Younger
- **successor**: William Pitt the Younger
- **birth place**: Holborn, London
- **death place**: Richmond upon Thames, Richmond, Surrey
- **party**: Tory
- **order2**: Chancellor of the Exchequer
- **term start2**: 17 March 1801
- **term end2**: 10 May 1804
- **predecessor2**: William Pitt the Younger
- **successor2**: William Pitt the Younger
Augustus FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton

**Augustus Henry FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton**, KG, PC (1 October 1735 – 14 March 1811) was a British Whig statesman. He was one of a handful of dukes who were Prime Minister of Great Britain.

## Education

He studied at Westminster School and then got a degree from Peterhouse College in Cambridge.

## Titles from birth to death

- Mr. Augustus FitzRoy (1735-1747)
- Earl of Euston (1747-1756)
- Earl of Euston, MP (1756-1757)
- _His Grace_ The Duke of Grafton (1757-1765)
- _His Grace_ The Duke of Grafton, PC (1765-1769)
- _His Grace_ The Duke of Grafton, KG, PC (1769-1811)

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: His Grace The Duke of Grafton
- **image**: Augustus-Henry-FitzRoy-3rd-Duke-of-Grafton.png
- **order**: Prime Minister of Great Britain
- **term start**: 14 October 1768
- **term end**: 28 January 1770
- **predecessor**: William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham, The Earl of Chatham
- **successor**: Frederick North, Lord North, Lord North
- **birth place**: London, England
- **death place**: Euston Hall, Suffolk
- **party**: British Whig Party, Whig
- **alma mater**: Peterhouse, Cambridge
William Wyndham Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville

**William Wyndham Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville** PC (25 October 1759–12 January 1834), was a British Whig statesman and Prime Minister. Grenville was the son of Prime Minister George Grenville.

He was educated at Eton College, Christ Church, Oxford and Lincoln's Inn.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Lord Grenville
- **smallimage**: Epmis05Wyndham.jpg
- **order**: Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
- **term start**: 11 February 1806
- **term end**: 31 March 1807
- **predecessor**: William Pitt the Younger
- **successor**: William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland, The Duke of Portland
- **birth place**: Wotton House, Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom of Great Britain
- **death place**: Burnham, Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
- **party**: British Whig Party, Whig
- **alma mater**: Christ Church, Oxford
Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool

**Robert Banks Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool** (7 June 1770–4 December 1828) was an English politician and the longest serving Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (Robert Walpole held office for longer, but only as Prime Minister of Great Britain) During his time as Prime Minister from 1812 to 1827, Liverpool became known for the harsh rules he put in place to restore order, but he also led the country through the bad period that followed the Napoleonic Wars. Important events during his time as Prime Minister included the Congress of Vienna, the Corn Laws, Catholic emancipation and the Peterloo Massacre.

## Titles

- Robert Jenkinson (1770 - c. 1786)
- Baron Hawkesbury (c. 1786 - 1796)
- Lord Hawkesbury (1796 - 1808)
- 2nd Earl of Liverpool (1808 - 1828)

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: The Earl of Liverpool
- **smallimage**: Earl of Liverpool.jpg
- **order**: Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
- **term start**: 8 June 1812
- **term end**: 9 April 1827
- **predecessor**: Spencer Perceval
- **successor**: George Canning
- **birth place**: London
- **death place**: Kingston upon Thames, Surrey
- **party**: Tory
Frederick John Robinson, 1st Viscount Goderich

**Frederick John Robinson, 1st Earl of Ripon** PC (1 November 1782 – 28 January 1859) was a British statesman and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (when he was known as Lord Goderich).

## Titles

- Frederick John Robinson (1782 – 1827)
- The Viscount Goderich (1827 – 1833)
- The Earl of Ripon (1833 – 1859)

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: The Viscount Goderich
- **image**: Frederick John Robinson, 1st Earl of Ripon by Sir Thomas Lawrence.jpg
- **order**: Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
- **term start**: 31 August 1827
- **term end**: 21 January 1828
- **predecessor**: George Canning
- **successor**: Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, The Duke of Wellington
- **birth place**: London
- **death place**: Putney Heath, London, England, United Kingdom
- **party**: Tory
- **order2**: Chancellor of the Exchequer
- **term start2**: 31 January 1823
- **term end2**: 20 April 1827
- **predecessor2**: Nicholas Vansittart, 1st Baron Bexley, Nicholas Vansittart
- **successor2**: George Canning
Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey

**Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey**, KG, PC (13 March 1764 – 17 July 1845) was a British Whig statesman and Prime Minister. Earl Grey tea, a type of tea with a bergamot orange flavour is named after him. He was the son of Major General Charles Grey, 1st Earl Grey.

## Titles

- Charles Grey (1764 - 1806)
- Viscount Howick (1806 - 1807)
- 2nd Earl Grey (1807 - 1845)

## Infobox (prime minister)

- **name**: The Earl Grey
- **image**: Charlesgrey2.jpg
- **order**: Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
- **term start**: 22 November 1830
- **term end**: 16 July 1834
- **predecessor**: Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, The Duke of Wellington
- **successor**: William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne, The Viscount Melbourne
- **birth date**: 13 March 1764
- **birth place**: Fallodon, Northumberland, England
- **death date**: 17 July 1845
- **party**: British Whig Party, Whig
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell

**John Russell, 1st Earl Russell**, KG, GCMG, PC (18 August 1792 – 28 May 1878) was an English Whig and Liberal politician. He served twice as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom in the mid-19th century.

## Biography

Russell was known as "Lord John Russell", which is called a courtesy title. As the third son of the then Duke of Bedford, he was entitled to use one of the family's lower titles. Before becoming Prime Minister, he served in other important posts, such as Home Secretary, Colonial Secretary and Foreign Secretary.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: The Rt Hon The Earl Russell
- **image**: John Russell, 1st Earl Russell by Lowes Cato Dickinson detail.jpg
- **order**: Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
- **term start**: 30 June 1846
- **term end**: 23 February 1852
29 October 1865 – 28 June 1866
- **predecessor**: Robert Peel, Sir Robert Peel, Bt
Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston, The Viscount Palmerston
- **successor**: Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby, The Earl of Derby
- **birth place**: London, England
- **party**: British Whig Party, Whig and Liberal Party (UK), Liberal
Henry Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston

**Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston**, KG, GCB, PC (20 October 1784 – 18 October 1865) was a British statesman who served twice as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom in the mid-19th century. He began his parliamentary career as a Tory and ended it as a Liberal.

He is best remembered for his leading of British foreign policy in a period of time when the United Kingdom was at its strongest. He served as both Foreign Secretary and Prime Minister. Some of his actions, now sometimes called 'liberal interventionist', were disliked by the Queen and by many of his fellow politicians.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **honorific prefix**: The Right Honourable
- **name**: The Viscount Palmerston
- **honorific suffix**: Order of the Garter, KG Order of the Bath, GCB Privy Council of the United Kingdom, PC
- **image**: Henry John Temple (cropped).png
- **order**: Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
- **term start**: 6 February 1855
- **term end**: 19 February 1858
12 June 1859 – 18 October 1865
- **predecessor**: George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen, The Earl of Aberdeen
Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby, The Earl of Derby
- **successor**: Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby, The Earl of Derby
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell, The Earl Russell
- **birth place**: Broadlands, Hampshire
- **death place**: Brocket, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
- **party**: Liberal Party (UK), Liberal
George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen

**George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen**, KG, KT, PC (28 January 1784–14 December 1860) was a Scottish Tory/Peelite politician. He served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1852 until 1855.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: The Earl of Aberdeen
- **image**: George_Hamilton_Gordon,_4th_Earl_of_Aberdeen_by_John_Partridge.jpg
- **order**: Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
- **term start**: 19 December 1852
- **term end**: 30 January 1855
- **predecessor**: Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby, The Earl of Derby
- **successor**: Henry Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston, The Viscount Palmerston
- **birth place**: Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
- **death place**: London, England, United Kingdom
- **party**: Peelite
Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby

**Edward George Geoffrey Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby**, KG, PC (29 March 1799–23 October 1869) was an English statesman. He served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom three times. To date, Derby was the longest serving leader of the Conservative Party. Derby is one of only four British Prime Ministers to have been in office three or more times.  However each time he was only in office for less than two years. Derby was Prime Minister for a total of just over four years, less than many other Prime Ministers.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: The Earl of Derby
- **image**: 14th Earl of Derby.jpg
- **order**: Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
- **term start**: 23 February 1852
- **term end**: 19 December 1852
20 February 1858–12 June 1859
28 June 1866–27 February 1868
- **predecessor**: John Russell, 1st Earl Russell, The Lord John Russell
Henry Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston, The Viscount Palmerston
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell, The Earl Russell
- **successor**: George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen, The Earl of Aberdeen
Henry Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston, The Viscount Palmerston
Benjamin Disraeli, 1st Earl of Beaconsfield, Benjamin Disraeli
- **birth place**: Knowsley Hall, Knowsley Park, Lancashire, England
- **death place**: Knowsley Hall, Lancashire, England
- **party**: Conservative Party (UK), Conservative
Henry Campbell-Bannerman

**Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman** <small>GCB</small> (7 September 1836 - 22 April 1908) was a Scottish- born British Liberal statesman. He served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 5 December 1905 until resigning because of bad health on 3 April 1908.

Campbell-Bannerman was born in Glasgow, Scotland, in 1836 as **Henry Campbell**.  The surname _Bannerman_ was added to his surname in 1871 as required by his uncle's will. It was a requirement of his inheritance of his uncle's Kent estate, Hunton Court.

Seriously ill by the time of his resignation as Prime Minister, he died just nineteen days later. He remains the most recent Prime Minister to die in 10 Downing Street.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman
- **smallimage**: campbell-bannerman.jpg
- **order**: Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
- **term start**: 5 December 1905
- **term end**: 3 April 1908
- **predecessor**: Arthur Balfour
- **successor**: H. H. Asquith, Herbert Henry Asquith
- **birth place**: Kelvinside, Glasgow, Scotland
- **death place**: 10 Downing Street, Whitehall, London, England
- **party**: Liberal Party (UK), Liberal
- **honorific prefix**: The Right Honourable
- **honorific suffix**: GCB
Pitch

**Pitch** can mean:

- Pitch (music), a term in music
- Pitch (card game)
- Pitch (resin), a substance from plants or from petroleum
- Pitch (baseball), a throw of a baseball from the pitcher to the catcher
- A field of play, usually outdoors. A lawn.
    - Association football pitch
    - Cricket pitch
    - Rugby pitch
- Sales pitch
- _Pitch_ (movie)
- Pitch, yaw, and roll, the directions in which an airplane can turn
United States Census Bureau

The **United States Census Bureau** (officially **Bureau of the Census**) is a part of the United States government that is responsible for the United States Census.
The Census Bureau is a part of the United States Department of Commerce.

## Legal mandate

The Constitution of the United States says that the population must be counted at least once every ten years (through the U.S. Census). This is done to calculate how many Federal Representatives in Congress each state should have. The Census Bureau is in charge of doing this. It collects statistics about the nation, its people, and its economy. The Census Bureau's legal authority is listed in Title 13 of the United States Code. The first census bureau was in 1790.

## Organizational structure

Since 1903, The Bureau of the Census has been the census-taking organization of the United States government. The Bureau is led by a Director, who is helped by a deputy director and associate directors.

The Census Bureau headquarters is located at 4600 Silver Hill Road, Suitland, Maryland. There are regional offices in 12 cities: Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Detroit, Chicago, Kansas City, Seattle, Charlotte, Atlanta, Dallas, Denver, and Los Angeles. More offices are set up and used when it comes time to do the census every 10 years.

## Population estimates

The Census Bureau also use real-time extrapolation of information on population, birth, and death to give their estimates of the number of people in the United States and the world.

## References

- The original version of this article was adapted from U.S. Census Bureau text.
- What the U.S. Census Bureau does and how it does it are detailed in Title 13 of the United States Code. http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/html/uscode13/usc_sup_01_13.html

## Other websites

- United States Census Bureau website
- U.S. and World Population Clocks - POPClocks
- RSS Feed
Signal processing

**Signal processing** is the analysis, interpretation and manipulation of signals.  Signals of interest include sound, images, biological signals such as ECG, radar signals, and many others.

Processing of such signals includes storage and reconstruction, separation of information from noise (e.g., aircraft identification by radar), compression (e.g., image compression), and feature extraction (e.g., converting text to speech).

## Signal classification

For analog signals, signal processing may involve the amplification and filtering of audio signals for audio equipment or the modulation and demodulation of signals for telecommunication. For digital signals, signal processing may involve the compression, error checking and error detection of digital signals.

- Analog signal processing—for signals that have not been digitized, as in classical radio, telephone, radar, and television systems
- Digital signal processing—for signals that have been digitized.  Processing is done by digital circuits such as ASICs, FPGAs, general-purpose cad_microprocessors or computers, or specialized digital signal processor chips.
- Statistical signal processing—analyzing and extracting information from signals based on their statistical properties
- Audio signal processing—for electrical signals representing sound, such as music
- Speech signal processing—for processing and interpreting spoken words
- Image processing—in digital cameras, computers, and various imaging systems
- Videos signal processing—for interpreting moving pictures
- Array processing—for processing signals from arrays of sensors

## Method of Signal processing

Signal processing is the analysis, interpretation and manipulation of acquired signals.  Acquired signals must to be processed depending on the purpose of measurement, a method of measurement, and a property of acquired signals.

When signals are processed, statistics is used because it's essential to know a distribution of data and represent data by numerical formulas. In other words, to study signal processing, it's demanded to study statistics (like the theory of error, the arithmetical mean, probability, a stochastic variable, accuracy, and detailed drawing, etc.).

In most cases, signals are regular, as it is acquired from electric instruments like telemeter, or communications equipment, etc. But there are also many accidentally occurred irregular signals which make it difficult to find formulas that fit exactly. Here, the irregular means it's hard to predict the result which is not yet occurred. When irregular signals are acquired, photon is necessary, so it is measured, and calculated.

## Related pages

- Signal (electrical engineering)
Henri Troyat

**Henri Troyat**, born **Levon Aslan Torossian** or **Lev Aslanovich Tarasov**, (1 November 1911 – 2 March 2007) was a French author, biographer, historian and novelist. Originally, his family was from Armenia.

He was born in Moscow. His family fled Russia, because they feared the coming revolution. After a long exile, the family  settled in Paris in 1920, where young Troyat was schooled and later earned a law degree.

He won his first literary award at the age of 24, "le prix du Roman populaire". At the age of 27 he was awarded the prestigious Prix Goncourt.

He  published more than 100 books, novels and biographies, among them those of Anton Chekhov, Catherine the Great, Rasputin, Ivan the Terrible and Leo Tolstoy. He was at his death the dean of the Académie française.

His best-known work is _La neige en deuil_, which was adapted as an English-language movie in 1956 under the title _The Mountain_.
Singular

In linguistics, noun phrases have grammatical number. **Singular** is one kind of grammatical number. A singular noun phrase usually refers to something that you would count as one only (e.g., _one time_, _a glass_, _the sun_, _my mother_, _Jennifer_). Noun phrases that cannot be counted are also singular in English (e.g., _water_, _the meat_, _some space_, etc.). In contrast, plural noun phrases are counted as more or less than one (e.g., _no bananas_, _0.5 liters_, _1.2 grams_, _two times_, _three fish_, _20 mothers_).
Nervous system

The **nervous system** is a body system which sends signals around the body. It lets animals respond to what is around them. The _central nervous system_ is the brain and the spinal cord. It is present in almost all animals. It is there to process the input from the senses, and to coordinate movement. Neuroscience is the scientific study of the nervous system.

The nervous system is made up of neurons. Other cells, such as glial cells keep the neurons safe and in good condition.

The structure of the system includes the brain and spinal cord, which together are called the _central nervous system._  The brain has billions of nerve cells to help think, walk, and breathe. The nervous system can react in 1/100 of a second to a stimulus, like a pain signal.

The system of nerves in your body that sends messages for controlling movement and feeling between the brain and the other parts of the body anatomy of nervous systems can be sub-divided as follows:

- Central nervous system
    - Brain
    - Spinal cord
- Peripheral nervous system
    - Autonomic nervous system
        - Sympathetic nervous system
        - Parasympathetic nervous system
    - Somatic nervous system
Conjunctivitis

**Conjunctivitis** (also known as **pinkeye**) is a medical condition when the _Conjunctiva_ (a transparent membrane that lines the outer eye, and inner part of the eyelid) becomes inflamed, which can cause it to become pink or red. The cause of conjunctivitis can be either bacterial or viral infection.

## Other websites

- Mayo Clinic - Pink-eye
- All About Vision
- Kid's Health
- MedicineNet
- WebMD
- Learning the Herbs  - Natural treatment for pink-eye
Cerulean

**Cerulean** is a range of colours from teal-blue, sky-blue, bright blue, or azure to deep cyan. The word cerulean comes from the Latin word _caeruleum_, which means "sky" or "heavens". This was in turn from Latin _caeruleus_ deep blue: resembling the blue of the sky.

In classical times, this term was used to describe blue pigments, particularly mixtures of copper and cobaltous oxides, called genuine cerulean. These early attempts to create sky blue colours were often less than satisfactory due to greenish hues and lack of permanence. When the artificial pigment cerulean blue was invented people started using this instead.

The first recorded use of _cerulean_ as a colour name in English was in 1590.

## Meaning of cerulean

- Cerulean represents the "sky" or "heavens", or sometimes the ocean.

- The United States Navy Blue Angels aerobatics team wears uniforms that are a bright rich tone of cerulean.

## Tones of cerulean color comparison chart

|Name|width=100|Color|HEX Code|Red|Green|Blue|Hue|Sat|Lum|Source|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Spanish Cerulean|style = "background-color: #a8d9f3; color: #000000"||#A8D9F3|168|217|243|201°|76%|81%|Gallego & Sanz (_Ceruleo Inspecifico_)|
|Pale Cerulean|style = "background-color: #98b4d4; color: #000000"||#98B4D4|152|180|212|212°|41%|71%|Pantone TPX 15-4020|
|Cerulean Frost|style = "background-color: #6d9bc3; color: #ffffff"||#6D9BC3|109|155|195|208°|42%|60%|(Crayola Silver Swirls)|
|Light Artificial Cerulean|style = "background-color: #3aa1c1; color: #ffffff"||#3AA1C1|58|161|193|194°|54%|49%|(Gallego & Sanz) _Ceruleo Sustituto Aclarado_|
|Bright Cerulean|style="background-color: #02a4d3; color: #ffffff"||#02A4D3|2|164|211|193°|98%|42%|(Crayola Cerulean)|
|Genuine Cerulean|style = "background-color: #0096d2; color: #ffffff"||#0096D6|0|150|210|198°|100%|42%|Gallego & Sanz _Ceruleo Genuino_|
|French Cerulean|style = "background-color: #0f9deb; color: #ffffff"||#0F9DEB|15|157|235|201°|88%|49%|Pourpre.com (Intense) _Ceruleen Intense_|
|French Cerulean|style = "background-color: #357ab7; color: #ffffff"||#357AB7|53|122|183|208°|55%|46%|Pourpre.com (Somber) _Ceruleen Sombre_|
|Cerulean Blue Hue|style="background-color: #3176af; color: #ffffff"||#3176AF|49|118|173|207°|56%|44%|Liquitex Basic Colors #470|
|Cerulean Blue|style = "background-color: #2a52be; color: #ffffff"||#2A52BE|42|82|190|224°|64%|45%|Maerz & Paul (Cerulean blue pigment)|
|**Cerulean**|style = "background-color: #007bA7; color: #ffffff"||#007BA7|**0**|**123**|**167**|**196°**|**100%**|**33%**|** (Cerulean pigment)**|
|Artificial Cerulean|style = "background-color: #006594; color: #ffffff"||#006594|0|101|148|199°|100%|29%|Gallego & Sanz _Ceruleo Sustituto_|
|Dark Cerulean|style = "background-color: #08457e; color: #ffffff"||#08457E|8|69|126|209°|88%|26%||

## Related pages

- List of colors
John Barrowman

**John Scot Barrowman** <small>MBE</small> (born 11 March 1967) is a Scottish-American actor, author, presenter and singer.

## Early life

Barrowman was born on 11 March 1967 in Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom, but moved to Joliet, Illinois, United States when he was 8 years old and grew up there. He is citizen of both the United Kingdom and the United States because of this. Barrowman was a contestant on the first series of _Dancing on Ice_ in 2006.

## Acting and presenting

Barrowman is most known for playing the character Captain Jack Harkness in the television series _Doctor Who_ and _Torchwood_. He is also a famous musical actor and singer. He has appeared in many musicals, as well as television shows about musicals. He also has been a presenter for series such as _Live & Kicking and, the Hollow Earth trilogy_. He is currently starring in CW's Arrow as Malcolm Merlyn.

## Personal life

Barrowman is openly gay. He has been in a relationship with Scott Gill since 1993. They have been civil partners since 2006. They married in 2013.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: John Barrowman
- **post-nominals**: MBE
- **image**: John Barrowman.jpg
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **birth name**: John Scot Barrowman
- **birth place**: Glasgow, Scotland
- **nationality**: Scottish people, Scottish, Americans, American
- **occupation**: Actor, author, presenter, singer
- **alma mater**: Alliant International University
- **yearsactive**: 1987–present
- **height**: 6'1" (1.85 m)
- **homepage**: [http://www.johnbarrowman.net JohnBarrowman.net]
Swamp

A **swamp** is a type of wetland ecosystem. Swamps are forested, low, spongy land generally saturated with water and covered with trees and aquatic plants. Big parts of swamps are often flooded with water. Swamps are nesting and breeding grounds for birds and other animals.

The water of a swamp may be fresh water, brackish water, or seawater. Freshwater swamps form along large rivers or lakes. Saltwater swamps are found along tropical and subtropical coastlines.

About 6 percent of Earth's surface is covered by swamps. Swamps are also filters for groundwater and protect against flooding. Swamps are one of the key wetland areas which are protected by the international agency Ramsar.

Some well-known swamps are:
- The Pantanal is the world's biggest wetland. It covers an area of 140,000 square kilometers, bigger than the area covered by the country Greece. The Panatal is in South America. It is shared by Brazil, Bolivia and Paraguay.
- The Everglades
- The Okefenokee
- The Sundarbans

Peat accumulates in these swamps. Some of the world's largest swamps are found along major rivers such as the Amazon, the Mississippi, and the Congo.
Diego Rivera

**Diego Rivera** (December 8, 1886 – November 24, 1957) was a famous Mexican painter and muralist. He was born in Guanajuato City, Guanajuato.

Rivera is famous for his 1933 mural, "Man at the Crossroads," for the lobby of the RCA Building at Rockefeller Center. Before he finished the mural, people saw that there was an image of Vladimir Lenin and other communist images in it. Rivera was fired because of this and the mural was destroyed.

Rivera's wife, Frida Kahlo, was also a famous Mexican painter. He died in Mexico City of congestive heart failure at the age of 70.

## Related pages

- List of Mexican painters
David Alfaro Siqueiros

**David Alfaro Siqueiros** (December 29, 1896 in Camargo, Chihuahua, Mexico – January 6, 1974 in Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico) was a famous painter and muralist. He was famous for large public murals using the latest in equipment, materials and technique.

## Other websites

- Short biography and some of his artwork
- David Alfaro Siqueiros Online - more information and art galleries
Avenged Sevenfold

**Avenged Sevenfold** (or **A7X**) is an American heavy metal band from Huntington Beach, California, formed in 1999. The band is sometimes called "A7X", which is a title started by the band's guitarist, Zacky Vengeance.

Avenged Sevenfold's first few albums were metalcore, before the band became more hard rock/heavy metal. In December 2009, the band's drummer, The Rev, died from a drug overdose. He was 28 years old.

## Band members

- Brooks Wackerman (Drums)
- M. Shadows (Vocals)
- Zacky Vengeance (Guitar)
- Synyster Gates (Guitar)
- Johnny Christ (Bass)

## Former members

- The Rev (shortened from The Reverend Tholomew Plague) (died 2009)

- Mike Portnoy (Spring 2010- December 2010)
- Arin Ilejay – drums <small>(2011–2015)</small>
- Justin Sane – bass guitar <small>(2000–2001)</small>
- Dameon Ash – bass guitar <small>(2001–2002)</small>
- Matt Wendt – bass guitar <small>(1999–2000)</small>

### Extended plays

Avenged Sevenfold has released three extended plays.
- _Warmness on the Soul_, 2001
- _Welcome To the Family_, 2011
- _Black Reign_, 2018

### Albums

- _Sounding the Seventh Trumpet_, 2001
- _Waking the Fallen_, 2003
- _City of Evil_, 2005
- _Avenged Sevenfold_, 2007
- _Live in the LBC & Diamonds in the Rough_, 2008
- _Nightmare_, 2010
- _Hail to the King_, 2013
- _The Stage_, 2016
- _Live Is but a Dream..._, 2023

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Avenged Sevenfold
- **image**: Avenged_Sevenfold 2.jpg
- **landscape**: yes
- **caption**: Avenged Sevenfold in 2016. From left to right: M. Shadows, Zacky Vengeance, Johnny Christ, Synyster Gates, and Brooks Wackerman
- **alias**: A7X
- **origin**: Huntington Beach, California, US
- **years active**: 1999–present
- **associated acts**: Pinkly Smooth
- **current members**: * M. Shadows
* Zacky Vengeance
* Synyster Gates
* Johnny Christ
* Brooks Wackerman
- **past members**: * Matt Wendt
* Justin Sane
* Dameon Ash
* The Rev†
* Arin Ilejay
* Mike Portnoy
Siege

A **siege** is a military blockade of a city or fortress. The purpose is to conquer by starvation, lack of water, or by a well-prepared assault.

Siege warfare is a form of constant, low-intensity conflict. The defender inside has a strong, static, defensive position. Negotiation between combatants is common.

A siege happens when the attacker gets to a city or fortress which cannot be taken by storm, and which refuses to surrender. Sieges block the  supplies and reinforcements or escape of men. Siege engines, artillery bombardment, and undermining are frequent. Deception and treachery are common.

Sieges can be decided by starvation, thirst, or disease. This form of siege can take many months or even years, depending upon the size of the stores of food the fortified position holds.

Well known sieges were:

- Siege of Petersburg
- Siege of Yorktown
- Siege of Odessa
- Siege of Orleans
- Siege of Fort Zeelandia
- Siege of Leningrad
- Siege of Tobruk
- Siege of Vicksburg
Hull

A **hull** can be:
- Husk or hull, the outer covering of a fruit or vegetable
- Hull (watercraft), the body or frame of a ship
- The main body of an armored tank
- in economics, the Hull-White model of interest rates

In **mathematics**:
- the affine hull in affine geometry
- the convex hull in geometry
- Carathéodory's theorem for convex hulls
- the holomorphically convex hull in complex analysis
- the injective hull of a module
- the Skolem hull of mathematical logic

Other **places**:
- Kingston upon Hull (Usually abbreviated to Hull), a city in England named after the River Hull.
- Hull, a former city in Québec, Canada (now part of the city of Gatineau)
- Orona, an island in Kiribati was formerly called Hull Island.
- Hull, Tuscaloosa County, Alabama, USA
- Hull, Walker County, Alabama, USA
- Hull, Florida, USA
- Hull, Georgia, USA
- Hull, Illinois, USA
- Hull, Iowa, USA
- Hull, Massachusetts, USA
- Hull, Minnesota, USA
- Hull, North Dakota, USA
- Hull, Ohio, USA
- Hull, Texas, USA
- Hull, West Virginia, USA
- Hull, Marathon County, Wisconsin, USA
- Hull, Portage County, Wisconsin, USA

There are several **people named Hull**:
- Hull, Blair, an American businessman and politician,
- Hull, Bobby, a former Canadian ice hockey player
- Hull, Brett, a former Canadian ice hockey player, and son of Bobby Hull
- Hull, Cordell, United States Secretary of State from 1933 to 1944 under Franklin Delano Roosevelt, and the recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1945
- Hull, Isaac, Early United States Naval officer, Captain of the USS Constitution during the battle with HMS Guerriere
- Hull, John, a Professor of Derivatives and Risk Management at the University of Toronto
- Hull, Merlin, Congressman
- Hull, William, an American general during the American Revolutionary War and War of 1812.

There is also:
- Hull House, Settlement house in Chicago, Illinois
- River Hull, for which Kingston upon Hull is named
- Hull City A.F.C., an English football (soccer) team
- Hull RLFC, rugby league club formed in 1865, based in the West of the City
- Hull Kingston Rovers, rugby league club formed in 1882, based in the East of the City
- The University of Hull, a university in England
- USS Hull, any of four U.S. Navy ships
River Hull

The **River Hull** is a river in Yorkshire in the north of England.

It has its source in the Yorkshire Wolds. It joins the River Humber estuary in the centre of Kingston upon Hull.

The river separates the industrial area of the city, and several opening bridges have been constructed. These continue to cause traffic delays during high tides, though river traffic is not so heavy any more in recent years.

## Bridges

These are the bridges in the Hull area:-
- Footbridge to _The Deep_
- Myton Bridge on Garrison Road A1033
- Drypool Bridge
- North Bridge
- Scott Street Bridge (permanently raised)
- Sculcoates Bridge (its not called Chapman Street Bridge)
- Wilmington Bridge (former railway, now footpath and cycles). Built by the North Eastern Railway in 1907.
- Hull Bridge (railway). Built by the Hull and Barnsley Railway in 1885, still used by freight trains.
- Stoneferry Bridges
- Sutton Road Bridge
- Ennerdale Link Road. The most recent bridge, replacing a failed flooded tunnel.

## Other websites

- Driffield canal history
- Tour of the River Hull by boat
- Google Maps Satellite View
Buoyancy

In physics, **buoyancy (lit: float force)** () is a force on an object making that object rise or move upward. It comes from the Spanish word for "float", _boyar_. Buoyancy is made by the difference in pressure put on the object by the Fluid or air that the object is in.

The net upward buoyancy force is equal to the magnitude of the weight of fluid that is displaced by the body. This force enables the object to float or at least to seem lighter. Buoyancy is important for many vehicles such as boats, ships, balloons, and blimps.

## Density

If the object has exactly the same density as the liquid, then its buoyancy is the same as its weight. It will not sink or float.

If the object has a higher average density than the liquid, then its buoyancy is less than its weight. It will sink. That is why pebbles do not float.

If the object has a lower average density than the liquid, then its buoyancy is greater than its weight. That is why, although a ship may be made of steel which is more dense than water, it floats because it encloses a volume of air and the resulting shape has an average density less than that of the water.

## Related pages

- Submarine
- Thrust

## Other websites

- Falling in Water (Animation 1)
- Falling in Water (Animation 2)
- Falling in Water
Intercontinental ballistic missile

An i**ntercontinental ballistic missile** (acronym: **ICBM**) is a missile that can travel so far that it be used from one continent to another. The United States and the Soviet Union made thousands of them during the Cold War, primarily to deliver nuclear weapons.

An ICBM is guided, which means it can be controlled to hit a target, usually by an inertia<nowiki/>l guidance system. The missile carries a warhead, which is usually a nuclear weapon but may be also a chemical or biological weapon. It can be launched from a silo in the ground or underwater from a submarine. Some of them can be launched from large ground vehicles.

## Other websites

- Intercontinental Ballistic Missile -Citizendium