juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Go-Jo

**Marty Jo Zambotto** (born 25 November 1995), is an Australian singer and songwriter. He represented Australia at the Eurovision Song Contest 2025 with the song "", where he finished 11th in the semi-final with 41 points.

## Biography

Zambotto was born on 25 November 1995 in Manjimup, Western Australia, Australia and grew up on a remote, self-sustaining estate, which helped to develop his musical style and artistic identity.

### Singles

|scope="col" rowspan="2"|Title|scope="col" rowspan="2"|Year|scope="col" colspan="6"|Peak chart positions|scope="col" rowspan="2"|Album|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2016|—|—|—|—|—|—|rowspan="24"|
|rowspan="2"|2018|—|—|—|—|—|—|
|—|—|—|—|—|—|||
|rowspan="2"|2019|—|—|—|—|—|—|
|—|—|—|—|—|—|||
|rowspan="3"|2020|—|—|—|—|—|—|
|—|—|—|—|—|—|||
|—|—|—|—|—|—|||
|rowspan="6"|2021|—|—|—|—|—|—|
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|rowspan="4"|2022|—|—|—|—|—|—|
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|—|—|—|—|—|—|||
|—|—|—|—|—|—|||
|rowspan="3"|2023|18|—|—|—|—|—|
|—|—|—|—|—|—|||
|—|—|—|—|—|—|||
|2024|—|—|—|—|—|—||
|rowspan="2"|2025|—|30|16|61|19|64|
|—|—|—|—|—|—|||
|colspan="20" style="font-size:85%"|"—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory.|||||||

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Go-Jo
- **image**: PrepartyES_-_Go-Jo_01_(cropped).jpeg
- **caption**: Go-Jo in 2025
- **birth name**: Marty Jo Zambotto
- **birth place**: Manjimup, Western Australia, Australia
- **genre**: Pop music, Pop
- **occupation**: Singer, songwriter, record producer
- **instrument**: Vocals
- **years active**: 2016–present
Karol Nawrocki

**Karol Tadeusz Nawrocki** (born 3 March 1983) is a Polish historian and politician who has been the President of Poland since 2025.

On 24 November 2024, Nawrocki was announced and endorsed by Law and Justice as an „independent candidate” for the 2025 Polish presidential election, in which he defeated the pro-democratic and progressive candidate Rafał Trzaskowski - Mayor of Warsaw and has been elected as a President of Poland.

## Career

He graduated in History from the University of Gdańsk, where he earned his PhD in 2013. In 2023, he completed an MBA in Strategy and Project Management at the Gdańsk University of Technology.

He worked at the Institute of National Remembrance (INR) since 2009, heading its Gdańsk office between 2013 and 2017. He was also Chairman of the Siedlce District Council in Gdańsk. In 2017, he was appointed Director of the World War II Museum, a position he held until 2021, when he returned to the INR as Vice President and then its President.

He is the author of several books and articles on the anti-communist opposition, organized crime in communist Poland, and the history of sports.

## 2025 presidential campaign

On November 24, 2024, he was announced as an independent presidential candidate for the Law and Justice party.

On 2 May 2025, Nawrocki met with President Donald Trump in the Oval Office. On 1 June 2025, Nawrocki was elected President of Poland winning a little over 50.9% of the vote, beating Rafał Trzaskowski by a small margin.

## Presidency (2025–present)

Nawrocki was inaugurated as president of Poland on 6 August 2025, replacing Andrzej Duda. On the same day he took part in the ceremony of accepting the authority of the President of Poland on the Polish Armed Forces. Early in his presidency, he pushed back against Prime Minister Donald Tusk's government.

## Honors

In 2016 he was awarded the Bronze Cross of Merit of the Republic of Poland. In 2021 he was awarded the Silver Cross of Merit.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Karol Nawrocki
- **honorific-prefix**: His Excellency
- **image**: Karol Nawrocki (2025) (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Nawrocki in 2025
- **office**: President of Poland
- **termstart**: 6 August 2025
- **primeminister**: Donald Tusk
- **predecessor**: Andrzej Duda
- **birth name**: Karol Tadeusz Nawrocki
- **birth place**: Gdańsk, Polish People's Republic, Poland
- **party**: Independent politician, Independent
- **spouse**: Marta Nawrocka
- **children**: 3
- **alma mater**: University of Gdańsk
Gdańsk University of Technology
- **office1**: Institute of National Remembrance, President of the Institute of National Remembrance
- **termstart1**: 23 July 2021
- **termend1**: 6 August 2025
- **predecessor1**: Jarosław Szarek
- **office2**: Museum of the Second World War, Director of the Museum of the Second World War
- **predecessor2**: Paweł Machcewicz
- **successor2**: Grzegorz Berendt
- **termstart2**: 19 October 2017
- **termend2**: 23 July 2021
- **awards**:
MBC America

MBC America is a Korean TV channel in the US.

## Infobox (television channel)

- **name**: MBC America
- **country**: United States
- **language**: Korean language, Korean
- **cable serv 1**: Charter Spectrum
- **cable chan 1**: Check local listings
- **sat serv 2**: Dish Network
- **sat chan 2**: Channel TBA
- **sat serv 1**: DirecTV
- **sat chan 1**: 2082 (HD)
- **iptv serv 2**: Verizon FiOS
- **iptv chan 2**: Channel 1758
- **iptv serv 1**: DirecTV Stream
- **iptv chan 1**: 2082
Emmy (Norwegian singer)

**Emmy Kristine Guttulsrud Kristiansen** (born 13 September, 2000), known mononymously as **Emmy**, is a Norwegian singer and songwriter. She represented Ireland at the Eurovision Song Contest 2025 with the song "", where she finished 13th in the semi-final with 28 points.

## Biography

Emmy was born on 13 September, 2000 in the village of Sande in Holmestrand Municipality, Norway. She sang in a choir as a child. In 2015, when she was 14 years old, she took part in the youth music show _Melodi Grand Prix Junior_ with the song "Aiaiaiai". Her older brother Erlend had previously participated in the contest in 2011.

### Singles

|scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:16em;"|Title|scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:1em;"|Year|scope="col" colspan="4"|Peak chart positions|scope="col" rowspan="2"|Album|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2015|—|—|—|—|rowspan="41"|||
|rowspan="2"|2016|—|—|—|—|||
|—|—|—|—|||||
|2018|—|—|—|—||||
|rowspan="2"|2019|—|—|—|—|||
|—|—|—|—|||||
|rowspan="2"|2020|—|—|—|—|||
|—|—|—|—|||||
|rowspan="4"|2021|—|—|—|—|||
|—|—|—|—|||||
|—|—|—|—|||||
|—|—|—|—|||||
|rowspan="4"|2022|—|—|—|—|||
|—|—|—|—|||||
|—|—|—|—|||||
|—|—|—|—|||||
|rowspan="4"|2023|—|—|—|—|||
|—|—|—|—|||||
|—|—|—|—|||||
|—|—|—|—|||||
|rowspan="12"|2024|—|—|—|—|||
|—|—|—|—|||||
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|—|—|—|—|||||
|—|—|—|—|||||
|—|—|—|—|||||
|rowspan="6"|2025|—|—|—|—|||
|49|77|87|91|||||
|—|—|—|—|||||
|—|—|—|—|||||
|—|—|—|—|||||
|—|—|—|—|||||
|rowspan="3"|2026|—|—|—|—|||
|—|—|—|—|||||
|—|—|—|—|||||
|colspan="20" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%;"|"—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released.|||||||

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Emmy
- **image**: PrepartyES_-_Emmy_02_(cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Emmy in 2025
- **birth name**: Emmy Kristine Guttulsrud Kristiansen
- **birth place**: Sande, Holmestrand, Norway
- **genre**: Pop music, Pop, Electronic dance music, dance music, electropop
- **occupation**: Singer, songwriter
- **instrument**: Vocals
- **years active**: 2015–present
First Lady of the Republic of Poland

**First Lady of the Republic of Poland** is a ceremonial title applied to the wife of the President of the Republic of Poland. The current holder is Marta Nawrocka since 2025.

The First Lady does not hold a constitutional position, and there are no established duties or obligations associated with the position.

## First ladies since 1989 (third republic)

|First Lady|Husband|From|To|Husband's title|Notes||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Barbara Jaruzelska|Wojciech Jaruzelski|1989|1990|rowspan="7"|President||
|Danuta Wałęsa|Lech Wałęsa|1990|1995||||
|Jolanta Kwaśniewska|Aleksander Kwaśniewski|1995|2005||||
|Maria Kaczyńska|Lech Kaczyński|2005|2010|Both died in a plane crash|||
|Anna Komorowska|Bronisław Komorowski|2010|2015||||
|Agata Kornhauser-Duda|Andrzej Duda|2015|2025||||
|Marta Nawrocka|Karol Nawrocki|2025|||||

## Other websites

- First Lady of Poland  (in Polish)

## Infobox (political post)

- **post**: First Lady
- **body**: Poland
- **incumbent**: Marta Nawrocka
- **residence**: Presidential Palace, Warsaw, Presidential Palace
- **incumbentsince**: 6 August 2015
- **preceded by**: Anna Komorowska
- **formation**: 14 November 1918
- **inaugural**: Maria Piłsudska
- **website**: [http://www.prezydent.pl/pierwsza-dama/aktywnosc-pierwszej-damy/ First Lady of Poland (Pierwsza Dama)]
Mandya

**Mandya** is a city in the Indian state of Karnataka. It is also the headquarters of Mandya district. The city is located between Bengaluru (the capital city of Karnataka) and Mysuru. It is about 100 kilometers from Bengaluru and 45 kilometers from Mysuru.

Mandya is sometimes called the **Sugar City** because it has many sugar factories and sugarcane farms.   The area is known for growing sugarcane, rice and other crops. Farming is the main job for many people in the district.

The Cauvery River flows through Mandya, and it helps the farmers with water for irrigation.  The **'Krishna Raja Sagara** (KRS) Dam, near Mandya, is a famous water reservoir and a popular tourist place.

Mandya has a long history and is part of the rich culture of Karnataka. Many people in Mandya speak Kannada, the official language of the state.

Mandya also has many schools and colleges. It is connected by road and train to major cities like Bengaluru and Mysuru.
Eupsophus nahuelbutensis

The **Nahuelbuta ground frog**  (_Eupsophus nahuelbutensis_) is a frog. It lives in Chile in the Nahuelbuta  mountains and Ramadillas.

## Home

People find this frog under logs near streams in forests with Nothofagus plants and in forests with pine trees. Sometimes people find them at the ends of eucalyptus tree farms. Scientists saw this frog between 100 and 1200 meters above sea level.

Scientists saw the frog in Nahuelbuta National Park.

## Young

The adult female frog lays eggs in water-filled holes in the groud.

## Danger

Scientists from the IUCN say this frog is in danger of dying out.  People change the places where the frog lives to get wood to burn and to make farms, for example pine and eucalyptus tree farms. Fires can also hurt the frog.
Metal carbonyl

**Metal carbonyls** are a type of chemical compound. They are a transition metal coordination complex where the metal atom is connected to molecules of carbon monoxide as ligands.

The term can mean both _homoleptic_ carbonyls, where  is the only ligand, and _heteroleptic_ carbonyls, which have other ligands as well as carbonyl. "Carbonyl compound" includes both metal carbonyls and organic compounds with a  functional group.
Garnierite

**Garnierite** is a name for an ore of nickel. It has a bright green color. Alongside pentlandite, it is one of the main sources of nickel metal.

Garnierite is not a single mineral, but a mixture of different nickel phyllosilicates. Garnierite can include minerals from the serpentine, smectite, and talc groups.
Richard Dedekind

**Julius Wilhelm Richard Dedekind** (1831-1916) was a German mathematician.

## Biography

At first Dedekind was only interested in physics and chemistry. At the age of 19, he entered the University of Göttingen. Two years later, he defended his doctoral thesis on Euler integrals before a jury which Carl Friedrich Gauss was a member. In 1854, Dedekind taught at the University of Göttingen. For the first time, in the academic year 1857-1858, he wrote a textbook on the theory of Évariste Galois and perhaps this was the first time this textbook was taught. He appreciated the importance of the concept of group in algebra and arithmetic. At the age of 26, Dedekind became the Professor at the University of Durich. After five years, he went to Brunswick Technical College for more than half a century. He had strong body and sharp mind. He never married.

## Studies

Richard Dedekind invented the theory of ideals in algebra . He axiomatized his arithmetic works. He also researched  probability. His most famous work was Dedekind cut.

## Friends

Dedekind was a friend of Georg Cantor, Johann Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet and Bernhard Riemann . Dedekind and Cantor first met in Switzerland, and then reunited in the Harz Mountains. Dedekind collected and published Dirichlet's lectures and research results on arithmetic under the name _Vorlesungen über Zahlentheorie_ (English: Lectures on arithmetic). As for Riemann, Dedekind became acquainted with him when Dedekind began teaching at the University of Göttingen.

## Honor

The asteroid 19293 Dedekind is named after Richard Dedekind.

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Richard Dedekind
- **image**: Dedekind.jpeg
- **image size**: 220px
- **birth date**: 6 October, 1831
- **birth place**: Braunschweig, Duchy of Brunswick
- **death place**: Braunschweig, German Empire
- **doctoral advisor**: Carl Friedrich Gauss
- **known for**: * Abstract algebra
* Arithmetic theory
* Real number
Arroyo Seco Municipality

**Arroyo Seco** is a municipality in the state of Querétaro in Mexico.
Pinal de Amoles Municipality

**Pinal de Amoles** is a municipality in the state of Querétaro in Mexico.
San Joaquín Municipality, Querétaro

**San Joaquín** is a municipality in the state of Querétaro in Mexico.
Peñamiller Municipality

**Peñamiller** is a municipality in the state of Querétaro in Mexico.
Colón Municipality, Querétaro

**Colón** is a municipality in the state of Querétaro in Mexico.
Tolimán Municipality, Querétaro

**Tolimán** is a municipality in the state of Querétaro in Mexico.
Huimilpan Municipality

**Huimilpan** is a municipality in the state of Querétaro in Mexico.
San Juan del Río Municipality, Querétaro

**San Juan del Río** is a municipality in the state of Querétaro in Mexico.
Tequisquiapan Municipality

**Tequisquiapan** is a municipality in the state of Querétaro in Mexico.
Ezequiel Montes Municipality

**Ezequiel Montes** is a municipality in the state of Querétaro in Mexico.
Pedro Escobedo Municipality

**Pedro Escobedo** is a municipality in the state of Querétaro in Mexico.
Amealco de Bonfil Municipality

**Amealco de Bonfil** is a municipality in the state of Querétaro in Mexico.
San Juan del Río Municipality, Durango

**San Juan del Río** is a municipality in the state of Durango in Mexico.
The Discovery

***The Discovery*** is a British American science fiction and romance movie directed by Charlie McDowell, who also co-wrote the script with Justin Lader. The film stars Jason Segel, Rooney Mara, Robert Redford, Jesse Plemons, Riley Keough, and Ron Canada.

It premiered at the Sundance Film Festival on January 20, 2017, and was released to the public by Netflix on March 31, 2017.

## Plot

In the near future, Dr. Thomas Harbor proves that there is life after death. This discovery causes a wave of suicides around the world, as people seek to reach the afterlife sooner. Meanwhile, a man and a woman fall in love while struggling with their past traumas and trying to understand what the afterlife really means.

## Cast

- Jason Segel as Will Harbor
- Rooney Mara as Isla
- Jesse Plemons as Toby Harbor
- Riley Keough as Lacey
- Robert Redford as Thomas Harbor
- Ron Canada as Cooper
- Kimleigh Smith as Pam
- Mary Steenburgen as Interviewer

## Production

Filming began on March 28, 2016, in Newport, Rhode Island, and concluded on May 1, 2016.

## Release

In June 2016, Netflix acquired the distribution rights to the film and scheduled it for a 2017 release. It premiered at the Sundance Film Festival and was released for streaming on March 31, 2017.
Red Sebastian

**Seppe Guido Yvonne Herreman** (born 13 May 1999), known professionally as **Red Sebastian**, is a Belgian singer and songwriter. He represented Belgium at the Eurovision Song Contest 2025 with the song "Strobe Lights", where he finished 14th in the first semi-final with 23 points.

## Biography

Herreman was born on 13 May 1999 in the coastal city Ostend in Belgium. He now lives in the city of Ghent. He identifies as part of the LGBTQ+ community.

### Studio albums

|scope="col" style="width:12em;"|Title|scope="col" style="width:20em;"|Details|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|* Released: 5 November 2021 * Label: Self-released * Format: Digital download, streaming||||

### Extended plays

|scope="col" style="width:12em;"|Title|scope="col" style="width:20em;"|Details|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|* Released: 8 December 2023 * Label: Self-released * Format: Digital download, streaming||||

### Singles

|scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:14em;"|Title|scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:1em;"|Year|scope="col" colspan="2"|Peak chart positions|scope="col" rowspan="2"|Album|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|rowspan="5"|2021|—|—|rowspan="2"|_You_|||
|—|—|||||||
|—|—|||||||
|—|—|rowspan="2"|_You_|||||
|—|—|||||||
|rowspan="3"|2023|—|—|||||
|—|—|rowspan="2"|_Bedroom Secrets_|||||
|—|—|||||||
|2024|—|—||||||
|rowspan="2"|2025|5|88|rowspan="2"||||
|—|—|||||||
|colspan="20" style="font-size:85%"|"—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory.|||||||

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Red Sebastian
- **image**: PrepartyES - Red Sebastian 01 (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Red Sebastian in 2025
- **birth name**: Seppe Guido Yvonne Herreman
- **birth place**: Ostend, Belgium
- **genre**: Electropop
- **instrument**: Vocals, piano
- **years active**: 2019–present
- **label**: CNR Records
Canada Water

**Canada Water** is a freshwater lake and nature reserve in Rotherhithe, London in the Docklands area. Canada Water station is named after the lake and is located immediately to the north, while the Surrey Quays Shopping Centre is adjacent to Canada Water to the south.

The lake was named after the former Canada Dock, a historic dock, the northern third of which now forms the lake. The rest was filled in. Canada Dock got its name because it was primarily used for ships from Canada . Like many Docklands facilities, the Surrey Commercial Docks, of which Canada Dock was a part, closed in the 1970s. In the 1980s, the _London Docklands Development Corporation_ (LDDC) took over the site and invested heavily in its development. About half of Canada Dock was filled in, and the Surrey Quais Shopping Centre was built on it. An ornamental canal, the _Albion Channel_ (through the now filled _Albion Dock_), was created, connecting Canada Water and _Surrey Water. The excavated material was used to create Stave Hill_ in the nearby Russia Dock Woodland.

The area around the Thames improved rapidly, and when the Jubilee Line was extended in 1999, the focus shifted to the lakeside area. The opening of Canada Water tube station provided good public transport links; Canary Wharf is just one stop away, Westminster less than 10 minutes, and Bond Street about 15 minutes.
Eupsophus septentrionalis

***Eupsophus septentrionalis*** is a frog. It lives in Chile.

## Home

People find this frog in pieces of forest with _Nothofagus obliqua_ and _Nothofagus glauca_ plants. People find them on the dead leaves on the ground, under logs, and near streams. Scientists saw this frog between 100 and 450 meters above sea level.

Scientists saw the frog in Reserva Nacional Los Ruiles and Reserva Nacional Los Queules.

## Young

The female frog lays about 200 eggs at a time. Scientists saw male and female adult frogs near holes in the dirt near streams. The holes had eggs or tadpoles in them. The adult female frog lays eggs in water-filled holes in the groud.  The tadpoles are dragged to streams, where they swim. The tadpoles do not eat.

## Danger

Scientists from the IUCN say this frog is in danger of dying out.  People change the places where the frog lives by cutting the forest into small pieces. People to get wood to burn and cut forests to make tree farms, for example pine and eucalyptus tree farms.
Mamagama

**Mamagama** is an Azerbaijani musical band that were formed in 2021. The band consists of Asaf Mishiyev, Hasan Heydar and Arif Imanov. They represented Azerbaijan at the Eurovision Song Contest 2025 with the song "Run with U", where they finished 15th in the first semi-final with 7 points.

### Current

- Asaf Mishiyev – vocalist
- Hasan Heydar – guitarist
- Arif Imanov – drummer

### Former

- Roman Zilyanev – guitarist
- Klim Gudin – drummer

### Extended plays

|scope="col" style="width:10em;"|Title|scope="col" style="width:19em;"|Details|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|* Release date: 30 May 2025 * Label: Beat Music * Formats: Digital download, streaming||||

### Singles

|scope="col" style="width:10em;"|Title|scope="col" style="width:1em;"|Year|scope="col"|Album|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|rowspan="3"|2022|rowspan="6"||||
|rowspan="2"|2023|||||
|2025||||||

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **image**: Mamagama.jpg
- **caption**: Mamagama in 2025
- **name**: Mamagama
- **origin**: Baku, Azerbaijan
- **genre**: Indie pop, alternative rock
- **years active**: 2021–present
- **current members**: * Asaf Mishiyev
* Hasan Heydar
* Arif Imanov
- **past members**: * Roman Zilyanev
* Klim Gudin
Edward Ludwig

**Edward Irving Ludwig** (October 7, 1899 – August 20, 1982) was a Russian-born American movie director and writer. He directed about 100 movies between 1921 and 1963. He sometimes used the names Edward I. Luddy and Charles Fuhr. His style was known for its use of montage. A collection of his scripts is held at the American Film Institute Louis B. Mayer Library.

Ludwig was born Isidor Litwack in Ukraine which was part of the Russian Empire at the time.  He came to the United States from Canada on March 6, 1911.  He became a naturalized citizen on December 23, 1932  He died in 1982 in Santa Monica, California, at age 82.

## Some movies he directed

- _Rip Van Winkle_ (1921)
- _The Man Who Waited_ (1922)
- _What an Eye_ (1924) a haunted house comedy for Universal Pictures
- _The Irresistible Lover_ (1927)
- _Spuds_ (1927)
- _Jake the Plumber_ (1927)
- _The Girl from Woolworth's_ (1929)
- _See America Thirst_ (1930)
- _Steady Company_ (1932)
- _They Just Had to Get Married_ (1932)
- _A Woman's Man_ (1934)
- _Let's Be Ritzy_ (1934)
- _Friends of Mr. Sweeney_ (1934)
- _The Man Who Reclaimed His Head_ (1934)
- _Age of Indiscretion_ (1935)
- _Three Kids and a Queen_ (1935)
- _Old Man Rhythm_ (1935)
- _Adventure in Manhattan (1936)
- _Fatal Lady_ (1936)
- _The Last Gangster_ (1937)
- _Her Husband Lies_ (1937)
- _That Certain Age_ (1938)
- _Coast Guard_ (1939)
- _Swiss Family Robinson_ (1940)
- _The Man Who Lost Himself_ (1941)
- _Born to Sing_ (1942)
- _They Came to Blow Up America_ (1943)
- _Bomber's Moon_ (co-director credited as "Charles Fuhr"; 1943)
- _The Fighting Seabees_ (1944) with John Wayne
- _Three Is a Family_ (1944)
- _The Fabulous Texan_ (1947)
- _Wake of the Red Witch_ (1948) with John Wayne
- _The Big Wheel_ (1949)
- _Smuggler's Island_ (1951)
- _Caribbean_ (1952)
- _The Blazing Forest_ (1952)
- _Sangaree_ (1953)
- _The Vanquished_ (1953)
- _Jivaro_ (1954)
- _Flame of the Islands_ (1956)
- _The Black Scorpion_ (1957)
- _New Comedy Showcase_ (TV series, 1960, Season 1 Episode 7: "Maisie")
- _The Gun Hawk'' (1963)

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Edward Ludwig
- **birth place**: Balta, Ukraine, Balta, Podolia Governorate, Russian Empire
- **death place**: Santa Monica, California, U.S.
- **yearsactive**: 1921–1963
- **birthname**: Isidor Litwack
Tungstate

**Tungstate** is a name for several related minerals and chemical compounds. Tungstates can be mixed oxides of tungsten or contain tungsten oxyanions. A common type of tungstate is **orthotungstate**, . Most tungsten ores are tungstates.

## Examples

The mineral scheelite and the solid solution wolframite are two important tungstates. They are orthotungstates of calcium, manganese, and iron. Most tungsten metal is made from one of these ores.
Chamarajanagar

**Chamarajanagar** is a district in the southern part of the Indian state of Karnataka. It is named after the famous king Chamaraja Wodeyar of Mysore. It shares its borders with the states of Tamil Nadu and Kerala. The district has many hills, forests and rivers. The main town and administrative center of the district is also called **Chamarajanagar**.

## Population and People

Many people live in this district, including different communities and tribes.   Agriculture is the main job for many people here.

## Economy

Farming is important in Chamarajanagar. Farmers grow crops like ragi, sugarcane and coconut. The district is also known for its silk production.

## Wildlife and Nature

Chamarajanagar is famous for its natural beauty and wildlife. It has many forests and wildlife sanctuaries. The Bandipur National Park is partly located in this district and is home to elephants, tigers and many other animals.

## Culture

The people of Chamarajanagar celebrate many festivals and traditions. Kannada is the main language spoken here.
Sine qua non

A ***sine qua non***, refers to a necessary action or condition for something.

## Origin

It came from a Latin legal term for "[a condition] without which it could not be". Also, _sine qua non_ causation is the formal word for "but-for causation." As a Latin word, it occurs in the work of Boethius (c. 480–524 AD) and came from Aristotelian expressions.

In Classical Latin, the phrase  was used. In later Latin, the phrase was also used with , an error in translation as  means _construction_ rather than _condition_. It has gone into common usage, including English, German, French, Italian and Spanish.
Mid West Rhinos

The **Rhinos** cricket franchise, formerly the **Mid West Rhinos**, is based at Kwekwe in the Midlands Province of Zimbabwe. The team has first-class status, and has competed in the Logan Cup since 2009–10. Rhinos have not won the trophy, but have been runners-up six times, most recently in 2024–25. Their home ground is Kwekwe Sports Club. The team also competes in the Pro50 Championship, and the Zimbabwe Domestic Twenty20 Competition.
Mountaineers cricket team

The **Mountaineers** cricket franchise is based at Mutare in the Manicaland Province of Zimbabwe. The team has first-class status, and has competed in the Logan Cup since 2009–10. Mountaineers have won the trophy six times, most recently in 2024–25. Their home ground is Mutare Sports Club. The team also competes in the Pro50 Championship, and the Zimbabwe Domestic Twenty20 Competition.
Mashonaland Eagles

The **Eagles** cricket franchise, formerly the **Mashonaland Eagles**, is based at Harare, the capital of Zimbabwe. The team has first-class status, and has competed in the Logan Cup since 2009–10. Eagles have won the trophy three times, most recently in 2022–23. Their home ground is Harare Sports Club. The team also competes in the Pro50 Championship, and the Zimbabwe Domestic Twenty20 Competition.

## Mashonaland Province

The Eagles franchise effectively replaced the old Mashonaland provincial team which held first-class status from January 1994 until March 2006. That team played a total of 52 first-class matches, mostly in the Logan Cup. They won the title nine times in eleven seasons between 1994–95 and 2004–05 inclusive.
Matabeleland Tuskers

The **Tuskers** cricket franchise, formerly the **Matabeleland Tuskers**, is based at Bulawayo in Zimbabwe. The team has first-class status, and has competed in the Logan Cup since 2009–10. Tuskers have won the trophy five times, most recently in 2021–22. Their home ground is the Queen's Sports Club in Bulawayo. The team also competes in the Pro50 Championship, and the Zimbabwe Domestic Twenty20 Competition.
Southern Rocks

The **Southern Rocks** (or **Rocks**) cricket franchise is based at Masvingo, in the Masvingo Province of Zimbabwe. The team has first-class status, and has competed in the Logan Cup since 2009–10. The Rocks have won the trophy once, in 2020–21. Their home ground is the Masvingo Sports Club. The team also competes in the Pro50 Championship, and the Zimbabwe Domestic Twenty20 Competition.
Ratu Sofya

**Safira Ratu Sofya** (born April 15, 2004) is an Indonesian actress and model. She became known for her roles in the series _Topeng Kaca_ and _Dari Jendela SMP_.

## Early life

Ratu was born with the name Safira Ratu Sofya on April 15, 2004 in Lhokseumawe, Aceh. She is the second of four children of Sofyan Hasan and Intan Mashtura. She has an older sister and two younger siblings, namely Hadza Mutiara Sofya, Nadia Bulan Sofya, and Adelia Bunga Sofya.

## Filmography

|Year|Title|Role|Note||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2017|_Satria Heroes: Revenge of Darkness_|Arsya|Debut work||
|rowspan="2"|2018|_Bisikan Iblis_|Teman Hilda||
|_Puppy Love: Cinta Anita_|Anita|Short film|||
|2020|_Sabar Ini Ujian_|Rahma|||
|2022|_DJS the Movie: Biarkan Aku Menari_|Lili|||
|2023|_Siksa Neraka_|Tyas|||
|rowspan="3"|2024|_Munkar_|Herlina||
|_Dinda_|Winona||||
|_Kromoleo_|Zia||||
|rowspan="2"|2025|_Almarhum_|Nuri||
|_Gundik_|Merry||||

## Awards and nominations

|Year|Awards|Category|Work|Results||||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|rowspan="2"|2020|rowspan="2"|_SCTV Awards 2020_|Pendatang Baru Paling Ngetop|align="center"|_Dari Jendela SMP_|rowspan="3"|rowspan="2" align="center"||
|Artis Paling Sosmed|align="center"|—||||||||
|2022|Festival Film Bandung 2022|Pemeran Wanita Terpuji Serial Televisi|align="center"|_Mantan IPA & IPS Season 2_|align="center"|||||

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Ratu Sofya
- **image**: Ratu Sofya in 2022.png
- **birth place**: Lhokseumawe, Aceh, Indonesia
- **occupation**: Celebrity
- **years active**: 2017 - present
2025 Boulder fire attack

On June 1, 2025, in Boulder, Colorado, United States, Mohamed Sabry Soliman, an Egyptian man living in Colorado, allegedly used a makeshift flamethrower and Molotov cocktails to attack a group of people taking part in a walk to raise awareness for the hostages taken from Israel by Hamas during the October 7 attacks.

The attack left thirteen people injured, including the suspect. Soliman yelled "Free Palestine" and said antisemitism was the reason for his attack.

The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) treated the attack as a targeted terror attack, and he was charged with a federal hate crime and other related state charges.

U.S. President Donald Trump announced in a post on Truth Social after the attack that Soliman would be deported under his Administration. Attorney General Pam Bondi said that the U.S. Department of Justice would hold the alleged attacker "accountable to the fullest extent of the law."

## Infobox (civilian attack)

- **title**: 2025 Boulder fire attack
- **partof**: violent incidents in reaction to the Gaza war
- **caption**: Police and first responders near the crime scene
- **location**: Pearl Street Mall, Boulder, Colorado, United States
- **target**: Walk participants
- **date**: June 1, 2025
- **time**: 1:26p.m.
- **timezone**: Mountain Time Zone, MDT
- **type**: Firebombing
- **fatalities**: 0
- **injuries**: 13 (including the suspect)
- **accused**: Mohamed Soliman
- **weapons**: Makeshift flamethrower, incendiary device
- **charges**: 42
- **motive**: Antisemitism
Josep-Lluís Serrano Pentinat

**Josep-Lluís Serrano Pentinat** (; born 19 March 1977) is a Spanish prelate of the Catholic Church. He has been the Bishop of Urgell and _ex officio_ episcopal Co-Prince of Andorra since 2025.

On 31 May 2025, Serrano became both the Bishop of Urgell and the co-prince of Andorra following the acceptance of the resignation of Vives by Pope Leo XIV.

## Infobox (christian leader)

- **embed**: yes
- **title**: Roman Catholic Diocese of Urgell, Bishop of Urgell
- **see**: Roman Catholic Diocese of Urgell, Urgell
- **appointed**: 12 July 2024 (Coadjutor)
- **term start**: 31 May 2025
- **predecessor**: Joan Enric Vives i Sicília
- **ordination**: 21 April 2002
- **ordained by**: Xavier Salinas i Vinyals
- **consecration**: 21 September 2024
- **consecrated by**: Edgar Peña Parra
- **previous post**: Coadjutor Bishop of Urgell (2024–2025)
- **birth place**: Tivissa, Catalonia, Spain
- **religion**: Catholic Church
- **coat of arms**:


## Infobox (royalty)

- **name**:
 Josep-Lluís Serrano Pentinat
- **image**: JLSerranoP.jpg
- **caption**: Official portrait, 2024
- **succession**: Co-Prince of Andorra
- **reign**: 31 May 2025 – present
- **reg-type**: Co-Prince
- **regent**: Emmanuel Macron
- **predecessor**: Joan Enric Vives i Sicília
Solid solution

A **solid solution** is a mixture of two or more solids that have the same crystal structure. A **mineral series** is a solid solution that is found in nature as a mineral. In general, solid solutions happen when part of one substance can replace part of another without changing how the substances are shaped.

Most solid solutions can be described in terms of "pure" compounds called **endmembers**. For example, olivine is a solid solution. It has a mixture of iron and manganese cations and orthosilicate anions. The chemical formula of olivine can be written as  or . The endmembers are the pure iron mineral fayalite and pure manganese mineral tephroite. These, and any mixture of them, are members of the olivine mineral series.
Chemical transport reaction

A **chemical transport reaction** is a type of chemical process. It is used to purify chemicals and grow crystals. Chemical transport reactions work by converting the chemicals into a gas with a chemical reaction, and then undoing that reaction somewhere else to leave behind the original compound.

## Examples

- The Mond process for purifying nickel
- The Van Arkel–de Boer process, used in the past to purify titanium
- Germanium can be purified by transport with iodine
Scheelite

**Scheelite** is the mineral form of calcium tungstate, . It is one of two main ores of tungsten. The other is wolframite (ferberite and hübnerite).

Scheelite was historically called "tungsten". Carl Wilhelm Scheele discovered a new mineral acid could be made from this mineral, and named it "tungstic acid". Scheele believed this acid contained a new chemical element, but could not make it. After the element was discovered and named "tungsten", the mineral was renamed after Scheele.
German Autumn (1977)

The **German Autumn** refers to a period in West Germany (September‒October 1977) when the Red Army Faction did a series of terrorist attacks. The Red Army Faction was a far-left terrorist group.

## Overview

The German Autumn involved the kidnapping and murder of German industrialist Hanns Martin Schleyer, the hijacking of Lufthansa Flight 181, and the suicides of the jailed Red Army Faction members.

### Murder of Jürgen Ponto

On July 30, 1977, Jürgen Ponto, Dresdner Bank AG's spokesman, was murdered in a failed kidnapping attempt. RAF member Susanne Albrecht, who knew Ponto personally, visited him along with Brigitte Mohnhaupt and Christian Klar. Unaware of Albrecht's beliefs, Ponto hosted her at his home. When Ponto resisted the kidnapping, Klar and Mohnhaupt shot him several times. The three fled the scene.

### Kidnapping of Hanns-Martin Schleyer

On September 5, 1977, Hanns Martin Schleyer, President of the Confederation of German Employers' Associations and the Federation of German Industries, was kidnapped in Cologne. His driver and three police officers were murdered. The kidnappers demanded the release of eleven jailed terrorists of their group.

### Lufthansa Flight 181 hijacking

As the German government did not give in to the blackmail, terrorists from the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, allied with the Red Army Faction, hijacking Lufthansa Flight 181 on October 13, 1977.

They murdered the pilot Captain Jürgen Schumann, and landed the plane at Somalia's Mogadishu International Airport, where it was stormed by the West German counter-terrorism unit GSG 9 on October 18 at around 00:05 Central European Time (CET).

Later that morning, a special report on Deutschlandfunk announced that "all hostages have been freed. We do not yet know whether there were any dead or injured among them..." All 87 hostages were rescued, including four of the five crew members. Three of the hijackers were killed and one hijacker heavily wounded.

## Infobox (military conflict)

- **conflict**: German Autumn
- **partof**: the Cold War
- **date**: September 5 – October 18, 1977
- **place**: West Germany, Somalia, other countries
- **combatant2**:  Red Army Faction
 Revolutionary Cells

- **commander1**: Helmut Schmidt
 Hans-Jürgen Wischnewski
 Ulrich Wegener
- **commander2**:  Andreas Baader
 Gudrun Ensslin
 Jan-Carl Raspe
 Zohair Y. Akache
- **casualties3**: 7 dead, 4 injured
- **result**: West German victory
Phantasmagoria (band)

**Phantasmagoria** (ファンタスマゴリア) was a Japanese visual kei rock band formed in 2004 in Osaka by Kisaki, owner of the record label Under Code Production.The band grew quickly, appearing in magazines such as _Shoxx_ and _Cure_ soon after their formation. On August 31, 2008, they officially closed their doors.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **website**: [http://under-code.net/artist-phantasmagoria.html Official Site (in Japanese)]
Mid-Life Crustacean

"**Mid-Life Crustacean**" is the second part of the 15th episode of the third season of _SpongeBob SquarePants_. It was first broadcast on Nickelodeon on November 6, 2002. The episode is about Mr. Krabs trying to prove that he isn't old.

## Story

Mr. Krabs wakes up one morning to a song on his clock radio that reminds him of his advancing age as he struggles to get out of bed. At breakfast, he asks Pearl if she thinks he's old, which Pearl says she does; he tries using the slang word "coral" as an alternative to "cool" to try to sound younger, which Pearl says ruins the term. On his way to work, he becomes increasingly agitated as he is continuously reminded of his age. At the Krusty Krab, after overhearing a patron comparing him to an "old and dried out" Krabby Patty, he asks to join SpongeBob and Patrick's "big night out" in order to feel young again.

During the evening, SpongeBob, Patrick, and Mr. Krabs partake in bizarre, bland, and/or childish activities, none of which satisfies Mr. Krabs. At an arcade, SpongeBob, Patrick and several children repeatedly ask Mr. Krabs if he is feeling younger now, causing him to lose his temper and berate the duo. Preparing to cancel his night out, Mr. Krabs changes his mind when Patrick reveals that they are going out on a panty raid.

When the trio sneaks into a house to grab a woman's pair of underwear from her dresser drawer, Mr. Krabs briefly rejoices, finally feeling young again, before they are caught by the home's owner, Krabs' mother; SpongeBob and Patrick never told him it was her house they were raiding. Because of the boys' lie by omission, she grounds Mr. Krabs for the rest of the night. SpongeBob follows him and apologizes, to which Mr. Krabs forgives him, quipping that spending the night in his childhood bedroom makes him feel younger. As SpongeBob leaves, Mr. Krabs' mother orders him to shut off his bedroom lights, to which he dejectedly abides.

## Infobox (spongebob episode)

- **title**: Mid-Life Crustacean
- **series**: SpongeBob SquarePants
- **episode**: 15b
- **season**: 3
- **production**: 5572-210
- **season article**: SpongeBob SquarePants season 3
- **writer**: *C. H. Greenblatt
*Kaz (cartoonist), Kaz
*Mark O'Hare
- **director**: *C. H. Greenblatt and Kaz (cartoonist), Kaz (storyboard directors)
*Chuck Klein (storyboard)
*Frank Weiss (animation director, animation)
*Derek Drymon (creative)
- **prev**: The Great Snail Race
- **next**: Born Again Krabs
- **season article**: SpongeBob SquarePants season 3, _SpongeBob SquarePants_ season 3
- **episode list**: List of SpongeBob SquarePants episodes, List of episodes
China population

It is estimated since the early 1980s, the number of people in China is over 1,000,000,000. People have said for decades that China has the highest population. However, India has more people than China now.

## The big five ethnic groups

During the 1910s, the scholars/ politicians said that there are 5 main groups of people. Han, Manchu, the Mongols, Hui and the Tibetans (漢滿蒙回藏).

### the list (in ABC order) (incomplete)

1. Bai people
1. Evenks
1. Han Chinese
1. Hui people
1. Inner Mongolia
1. Kazakhs
1. Li people
1. Manchu people
1. Tajik people
1. Tibetan people
1. Uyghur people
1. Uzbek people
1. Zhuang people

## The number of people

In 2023, the estimated number of people was 1,280,000,000.

### What is not included in this page

- the number of people in Taiwan
- the number of people in the special administrative regions of China

## Related pages

- List of cities in China by population
- COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China
- People%27s_Republic_of_China#People_and_culture
- Chinese language
Charlie Bartlett

***Charlie Bartlett*** is an American coming-of-age comedy-drama movie. It was first shown at the Tribeca Film Festival on May 1, 2007 and then released in theatres on February 22, 2008.
 It was directed by Jon Poll and produced by Sidney Kimmel, Barron Kidd, Jay Roach, and David Permut.

In the movie, Charlie Bartlett moves to a new high school after his father is arrested and put in prison for tax evasion. He trys to fit in and becomes a psychiatrist, giving advice to other students in an attempt to try and make friends.

## Cast

- Anton Yelchin as Charlie Bartlett
- Hope Davis as Marilyn Bartlett
- Kat Dennings as Susan Gardner
- Robert Downey Jr. as Nathan Gardner
- Tyler Hilton as Murphy Bivens
- Mark Rendall as Kip Crombwell
- Dylan Taylor as Len Arbuckle
- Megan Park as Whitney Drummond
- Jake Epstein as Dustin Lauderbach
- Jonathan Malen as Jordan Sunder
- Lauren Collins as Kelly
- Derek McGrath as Superintendent Sedgwick
- Stephen Young as Dr. Stan Weathers
- Abby Zotz as Mrs. Crombwell
- Drake as A/V Jones
- Sarah Gadon as Priscilla

## Reception

The movie received mixed to positive reviews from critics. It holds a 59% fresh rating on Rotten Tomatoes. The movie was unsuccessful at the box office. Worldwide it made $5.2 million from a $12 million budget.

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: Charlie Bartlett
- **director**: Jon Poll
- **writer**: Gustin Nash
- **starring**: Anton Yelchin
Hope Davis
Kat Dennings
Robert Downey Jr.
Tyler Hilton
- **music**: Christophe Beck
- **cinematography**: Paul Sarossy
- **editing**: Alan Baumgarten
- **studio**: Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Pictures
Sidney Kimmel Entertainment, SKE
Jay Roach, Everyman Pictures
Texon Entertainment
Permut Presentations
- **distributor**: MGM Distribution Co.
- **runtime**: 97 mins.
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **budget**: $12 million
- **gross**: $5.2 million
Menara Astra

The **Menara Astra** is a skyscraper located in Jakarta, Indonesia. Its construction began in 2013 and ended in 2017.  At 235 meters, it is the fourth tallest in Jakarta.

## Characteristics

It is a 63 story office building that includes a private helipad. The tower's podium has a retail area and a food court, as well as a conference hall with capacity for 1,000 people. It also has a Toyota showroom that occupies its first floor.

The office tower shares its site with Anandamaya Residences. This housing area covers 2.4 hectares and has three apartment towers called Anandamaya Residences 1, 2, and 3. The whole project cost about $600 million.
Katherine Plunket

**Catherine Plunket** (County Louth, Ireland, November 22, 1820 - Ib., October 14, 1932)  was an Irish illustrator, aristocrat and supercentenarian.

## Biography

She was the eldest of six siblings, all of whom she outlived. Her parents were Thomas Plunket (1792-1866) and Louisa Jane Foster (1804-1893).  She was baptized on 13 December 1820 as Catherine Plunket, although she spelled her name with a K throughout her life.  It is registered in the 1821 census.

She inherited Ballymascanlon House, near Dundalk, from her maternal family, where she lived until the end of his life.  Currently the house is a hotel.

She and her sister Frederica created about 1,200 flower pictures while traveling around Europe in countries such as France, Italy, Spain, and Germany. In 1903 they gave these pictures to the Royal College of Science for Ireland. The collection was later moved to the National Museum of Ireland, and in 1970 it was moved again to the National Botanic Gardens of Ireland.

Plunket said she lived so long because her life was calm and without worries. She stayed healthy and clear minded almost all her life, except for a case of bronchitis when she was 102. Even after turning 100, she still looked after her home and money matters herself.
Any Day Above Ground

"**Any Day Above Ground**" is a 1991 song by Australian singer James Reyne and is the second single from his third studio album "_Electric Digger Dandy_". It went to number 67 in Australia.

## Track listings

**CD single and 7" (VOZCD114SP)**
1. "Any Day Above Ground" <small>(Album Mix)</small>
1. "Any Day Above Ground" <small>(7" Mix)</small>
1. "Ferris Wheel"

**CD Maxi**
1. "Any Day Above Ground" <small>(Album Mix)</small> – 3:41
1. "Fall of Rome" <small>recorded live at The Palais, Melbourne, Australia, July 12, 1991)</small> – 5:58
1. "One More River" <small>(recorded live at The Palais, Melbourne, Australia, July 12, 1991)</small> – 4:55
1. "Ferris Wheel" – 4:09

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Any Day Above Ground
- **caption**: CD single cover
- **type**: single
- **artist**: James Reyne
- **album**: Electric Digger Dandy
- **b-side**: Ferris Wheel
- **released**: July 1991
- **genre**: Pop music, Pop/Rock music, Rock
- **label**: Virgin Records, Virgin
- **writer**: James Reyne
- **producer**: Simon Hussey
- **prev title**: Slave (James Reyne song), Slave
- **prev year**: 1989
- **next title**: Some People
- **next year**: 1991
Breakaway (2011 movie)

***Breakaway*** (***Speedy Singhs*** in India) is a Canadian sports-comedy movie. It was released in theatres on
23 September 2011. It was directed by Robert Lieberman and produced by Akshay Kumar, Paul Gross, and Ajay Virmani.

In the movie, Rajveer Singh drops out of college and spends his time with friends playing ice hockey. His father disapproves of his hockey dreams and wants him to work for his trucking company but Rajveer continue to play with his friends in secret before they start a team called the Speedy Singhs and get recruited by a coach. the team then beats their rivals, the Hammerheads, and win the tournament.

## Cast

**Cameos;**

## Reception

The movie received negative reviews from critics. It holds a 20% fresh rating on Rotten Tomatoes. The movie was unsuccessful at the box office.

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: Breakaway
- **director**: Robert Lieberman
- **screenplay**: Roberts Gannaway
Jeff Winfeld
- **story**: Tony Graig
Roberts Gannaway
- **starring**: Vinay Virmani
Camilla Belle
Rob Lowe
Anupam Kher
Russell Peters
- **music**: Paul Intson
 Sandeep Chowta
- **cinematography**: Steve Danyluk
- **editing**: Susan Shipton
- **studio**: Viacom 18 Motion Pictures
Hari Om Productions
First Take Entertainment
Don Carmody, Don Carmody Productions
Whizbang Films
- **distributor**: Alliance Films <small>(Canada)</small>
Viacom 18 Motion Pictures <small>(India)</small>
- **runtime**: 101 mins.
- **country**: Canada
India
United States
- **language**: English
Hindi
Punjabi
- **budget**: $12 million