juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Archimedes' screw

**Archimedes' screw** is a hydraulic machine. It is a type of pump used for raising water up. It is a screw inside a fairly tight-fitting cylinder. With the bottom end in water, the screw lifts water up to the top, where it pours out of a spout. The screw can be turned by hand, or by a windmill, or by an engine. The screw is often used for filling irrigation ditches.

Archimedes wrote about it when he was in Alexandria, Egypt. It is not known for certain whether he did invent it, but it is always attributed to him. The Archimedes screw is still much in use all over the world.

There is also a kind of reverse Archimedes' screw. Water poured in on top turns the screw. The turning drives an electric generator, which makes electricity. It is good for rivers with modest water drops ('low heads'). The reverse screw has the same benefits as using the screw for pumping: it can handle very dirty water and widely varying rates of flow, with high efficiency.

## References

- P. J. Kantert: „Manual for Archimedean Screw Pump“, Hirthammer Verlag 2008, .
    - P. J. Kantert: „Praxishandbuch Schneckenpumpe“, Hirthammer Verlag 2008, .
Ezra

**Ezra** (; , _Ezra_; fl. 480–440 BC), is a highly respected figure in Judaism.

## Name

He is called **Ezra the Scribe** (, _Ezra ha-Sofer_) and **Ezra the Priest** in the Book of Ezra. In an early Greek translation of the bible, the Septuagint, the name is written as _Esdras_ (), from which comes . His name may be an abbreviation of __, "God-helps".

In Islam he is known as Uzair (). He was mentioned in the Qur'an.

## Early bible history

The _Book of Ezra_ and _Book of Nehemiah_ are the oldest sources for the history of Ezra,. Many of the other books they say are written by Ezra (First Esdras, 3-6 Ezra) are written after that. Those books take the story from the books of Ezra and Nehemiah.

Ezra was a member of the family of Seraiah the high priest. He lived in Babylon when in the seventh year (~ 457 BCE) of Artaxerxes, king of Persia, the king sent him to Jerusalem to teach the laws of God to any who did not know them.

Ezra led a large group of exiles back to Jerusalem. He discovered that Jewish men had been marrying non-Jewish women. He worked to stop this from happening again.

Some years later the king Artaxerxes sent a Jewish nobleman, Nehemiah, to Jerusalem. He had to rebuild the city walls. Once this was done, Nehemiah asked Ezra to read the Law of Moses (the Torah) to the people. The people and priests agreed to keep to this law and to separate themselves from all other peoples.

## Later literature

The second book of Esdras was written a lot later, c. AD 100. In this book, Ezra talks with an angel or God three times and has four visions. At the end, he is taken up to heaven like Enoch and Elijah. Ezra is seen as a new Moses in this book.

## Ezra in rabbinic literature

Judaism believes Ezra started the Great Assembly of scholars and prophets. Later, this would become the Sanhedrin, the authority when it comes to religious law.

It is said that Ezra was the writer of the Books of Chronicles.

## Ezra's tomb

His tomb at Al-ʻUzair on the banks of the Tigris near Basra, Iraq, is a pilgrimage site for the local Marsh Arabs.

## Related pages

- Esdras -  about the classification of the books ascribed to Ezra
- Book of Ezra and Book of Nehemiah - the non-rabbinical tradition
- 1 Esdras and 2 Esdras - the Greek version of the texts

## Other websites

- Jewish Encyclopedia: Ezra the Scribe
- Catholic Encyclopedia: Esdras
Olga Prokhvatylo

**Olga Borisovna Prokhvatylo** (; July 18, 1968 – June 8, 2013) was a Russian actress and comedian most famous for her roles in Russian TV Series of 2000s.

## Death

After having back pains, Prokhvatylo died in Moscow on June 8, 2013 from heart failure.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Olga Prokhvatylo
- **birth place**: Sverdlovsk, RSFSR, USSR
- **death place**: Moscow, Russia
- **death cause**: Heart failure
- **occupation**: Actress, comedian
- **years active**: 1992–2013
Turkana boy

**Turkana boy**, or **Nariokotome boy**, is the nickname for a fossil skeleton found in 1984. Its official name is **KNM-WT 15000**. It is a nearly complete skeleton of a hominid who died in the early Pleistocene epoch 1.5 million years ago (mya), near present-day Lake Turkana in northwest Kenya.

This specimen is the most complete early human skeleton ever found. It was first classified as _Homo erectus_; after much heated debate, it was re-classified as _Homo ergaster_. The shape of the pelvis shows that the specimen was a male.

The skeleton was discovered in 1984 by Kamoya Kimeu, a member of a team led by Richard Leakey, at Nariokotome near Lake Turkana.

### Height

Scientists first thought that Turkana boy would have been 1.85 meters tall, but recently a height of 1.63 meters was proposed.

### Age

Scientists do not know exactly how old Turkana boy was when he died. Estimates say he was between 7 years six months and 15 years old. The most recent scientific review suggests he was 8 years old.

His estimated age at death depends upon whether the maturity stage of his teeth or skeleton is used, and whether that maturity is compared to that of modern humans or chimpanzees.

### Adolescent growth

Research showed that Turkana boy's growth differed from that of modern humans: he would have had a shorter and smaller adolescent growth spurt.

A key factor here is that while modern humans have a marked adolescent growth spurt, chimpanzees do not. While initial research assumed a modern human type of growth, more recent evidence from other fossils suggests this was less present in early _Homo_. This affects the estimation of both his age and his likely stature as a fully grown adult.

## Morphology

The pelvis is narrower than in _Homo sapiens_, which might indicate more efficient running, whether to run down small game or to avoid predators. The Boy was relatively tall, which would have increased his surface area and helped him to lose heat.

Body hair was lost in the shift towards savanna living. The Boy's body hair may also been thinner to hasten cooling. In equatorial Africa, modern humans evolved this trait an estimated one million years ago.

The skeleton still had features not seen in _H. sapiens_ (such as a low sloping forehead, strong brow ridges, and the absence of a chin). The arms were slightly longer. Turkana Boy had a projecting nose rather than the open flat nose seen in apes.

### Sources

- – Good popular level presentation
- – Technical papers

## Infobox (fossil)

- **img**: Turkana Boy.jpg
- **image width**: 514px
- **catalog number**: KNM-WT 15000
- **common name**: Turkana Boy
- **species**: Tentatively assigned _Homo ergaster_
- **age**: 1.6 mya
- **place discovered**: Lake Turkana, Kenya
- **date discovered**: 1984
- **discovered by**: Kamoya Kimeu/Richard Leakey
Heinkel He 114

The **Heinkel He 114** is a Nazi German two-seated biplane seaplane. It is used by Luftwaffe, and Romanian, Spanish, and Swedish air forces for aerial reconnaissance. Maiden flight was in 1936 and it started on unit on 1939. It was built by Heinkel.
Short 330

The **Short 330** is a British twin-engines airliner used for regional and domestic flights. It can carry about 30 passengers. It was built between 1974 and 1992 by Short Brothers in Belfast. It is used by the US Army and US Air Force as **C-23 Sherpa**. Short 360 is a modernized variant.
Short 360

The **Short 360** is a twin-engined British airliner built by Short Brothers in Belfast. Used for domestic flights, it can carry about 30 passengers. It is a variant of the Short 330. Its first test flight was in 1981. It was built between 1981 and 1991.
Raindrop Prelude

The **Prelude Op. 28, No. 15,** by Frédéric Chopin is known as the "Raindrop" prelude. It is one of the 24 Chopin preludes.  This is the longest of the preludes.  It lasts between five and seven minutes. The prelude is famous for its repeating A-flat. This note appears throughout the piece. It sounds like raindrops to many listeners. It is known for it's repetitive raindrop motif.

## Composition

Some of the Preludes were written during Chopin and George Sand's stay at a monastery in Valldemossa, Majorca in 1838.  In her _Histoire de ma vie_, Sand told how one evening she and her son Maurice, returning from Palma, Majorca, in a terrible rainstorm, found a frantic Chopin who cried, "Ah! I knew well that you were dead." While playing his piano he had a dream:
> "He saw himself  drowned in a lake. Heavy drops of icy water fell in a regular rhythm on his breast, and when I made him listen to the sound of the drops of water indeed falling in rhythm on the roof, he denied having heard it. He was even angry that I should interpret this in terms of imitative sounds. He protested with all his might – and he was right to – against the childishness of such aural imitations. His genius was filled with the mysterious sounds of nature, but transformed into sublime equivalents in musical thought, and not through slavish imitation of the actual external sounds."

Sand did not say which prelude Chopin played for her at that time. Most music critics think it was no. 15, because of the repeating A flat, with its suggestion of the "gentle patter" of rain. Peter Dayan points out that Sand accepted Chopin's protests that the prelude was not an _imitation_ of the sound of raindrops, but a _translation_ of nature's harmonies within Chopin's "génie". Frederick Niecks says that the prelude "rises before one's mind the cloistered court of the monastery of Valdemosa, and a procession of monks chanting lugubrious prayers, and carrying in the dark hours of night their departed brother to his last resting-place.

## Description

The prelude opens with a "serene" theme in D flat. It then changes to a "lugubrious interlude" in C sharp minor, "with the dominant pedal never ceasing, a basso ostinato". The repeating A flat, which has been heard throughout the first section, here becomes more insistent. Following this, the prelude ends with a repetition of the original theme. Niecks says, "This C sharp minor portion...affects one like an oppressive dream; the re-entrance of the opening D flat major, which dispels the dreadful nightmare, comes upon one with the smiling freshness of dear, familiar nature – only after these horrors of the imagination can its serene beauty be fully appreciated.

## Related pages

- Preludes (Chopin)

## Other websites

- , performed by Martha Argerich
- , performed by Valentina Igoshina
Sisseton, South Dakota

**Sisseton** is a city in the northeastern part of the U.S. state of South Dakota. It is the county seat of Roberts County, and 2,479 people lived there at the 2020 census. Sisseton became a city in 1907.

## Other websites

- City of Sisseton website

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Sisseton, South Dakota
- **settlement type**: City
- **image skyline**: Welcometosisseton.JPG
- **image caption**: Welcome to Sisseton
- **image map**: Roberts_County_South_Dakota_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Sisseton_Highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location in Roberts County, South Dakota, Roberts County and the state of South Dakota
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: South Dakota
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in South Dakota, County
- **subdivision name2**: Roberts County, South Dakota, Roberts
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **established title**: Founded
- **established date**: August 1, 1864
- **established title1**: Municipal corporation, Incorporated
- **established date1**: August 17, 1907
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 4.12
- **area land km2**: 4.12
- **area water km2**: 0.00
- **area total sq mi**: 1.59
- **area land sq mi**: 1.59
- **area water sq mi**: 0.00
- **population as of**: 2020 United States census, 2020
- **population total**: 2479
- **population density km2**: 601.52
- **population density sq mi**: 1558.14
- **timezone**: Central Time Zone, Central (CST)
- **utc offset**: –6
- **timezone dst**: CDT
- **utc offset dst**: –5
- **elevation m**: 376
- **elevation ft**: 1234
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 57262
- **area code**: Area code 605, 605
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 46-59260
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 1267567
- **blank2 name**: Sales tax
Neurodiversity

**Neurodiversity** is a word for differences in people's brains. It is a type of biodiversity (diversity in living creatures).

It describes the vast range of neurotypes that humans have as a species, and the variation from person to person.

## Movement

The neurodiversity movement is an approach to mental disability in which some neurological conditions are variations of the human brain. The term was first used in the late 1990s as a challenge to the idea that neurological differences are disorders instead of features. The movement believes that these variations should be recognised as a social category along with gender, human race and sexual orientation, the people with the neurological variations in question often adopt the label of Neurodivergent (as opposed to Neurotypical; refering to the subjectively typical brain function of someone who isn't neurodivergent.)

## Related pages

- Autism rights movement
- Biodiversity
Luo Meizhen

**Luo Meizhen** (July 9, 1885 – June 11, 2013) was a Chinese woman who claimed to be the world's oldest person. It is unknown if Meizhen was the world's oldest person since there China did not keep birth certificates when she was born. She was allegedly, probably, the world's oldest woman.

Meizhen died of natural causes at the claimed age of 127 on June 11, 2013 in Guangxi
Hampstead Heath

**Hamstead Heath** is a large park and countryside located in Hampstead, North London, which is taken care of by the City of London.

## See

- Website
Milt Schmidt

**Milton Conrad Schmidt** (March 5, 1918 – January 4, 2017) was a Canadian professional ice hockey centre, coach and general manager, mostly for the Boston Bruins of the National Hockey League. He was an Honoured Member of the Hockey Hall of Fame. From 2014 until his death in 2017, Schmidt was the oldest living former NHL player.

Schmidt was born on March 5, 1918 in Kitchener, Ontario. He was raised in Toronto, Ontario. Schmidt died on January 4, 2017 from a stroke in Needham, Massachusetts, aged 98.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **image**: miltschmidt.png
- **caption**: Milt Schmidt at a public signing on March 6, 2011
- **image size**: 230px
- **position**: Centre (ice hockey), Centre
- **shoots**: Left
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 0
- **weight lb**: 185
- **played for**: Boston Bruins
- **birth place**: Kitchener, Ontario, Kitchener, Ontario, ON, Canada, CAN
- **death place**: Needham, Massachusetts, Needham, Massachusetts, MA, United States, USA
- **career start**: 1936
- **career end**: 1942
1946–1955
- **halloffame**: 1961
Gordon B. Hinckley

**Gordon Bitner Hinckley** (June 23, 1910 – January 27, 2008) was an American religious leader and author. He was the 15th President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from March 12, 1995 until his death. Considered a prophet, seer, and revelator by church members. Hinckley was the oldest person to preside over the church in its history.

Hinckley was born on June 23, 1910 in Salt Lake City, Utah. He studied at the University of Utah. Hinckley was married to Marjorie Pay in 1937. She died in 2004. They had five children. Hinckley died on January 27, 2008 in Salt Lake City, Utah from cancer, aged 97.

## Other websites

- Obituary in _The Times_, January 29, 2008
- Official Church History - Basic Facts about Gordon B. Hinckley
- A biography of three recent Church Presidents: Ezra Taft Benson, Howard W. Hunter and Gordon B. Hinckley
- Larry King Live - Gordon Hinckley: Distinguished Religious Leader of the Mormons (Aired December 26, 2004)
- Transcript: National Press Club Q&A with President Gordon B. Hinckley  (Questions from Jack Cushman, The New York Times)
- Feature story — President Gordon B. Hinckley on lds.org
- Official Church tribute to Gordon B. Hinckley
- Quotes, teachings, stories, and videos of President Hinckley
- Grandpa Bill's G.A. Pages: Gordon B. Hinckley
Happy Feet Two

***Happy Feet Two*** is a 2011 Australian-American 3D computer-animated family musical movie directed by George Miller. It is a sequel to Miller's 2006 movie _Happy Feet_. It stars Elijah Wood, Robin Williams, Hugo Weaving, Magda Szubanski and Anthony LaPaglia reprising their roles from the first movie. Brad Pitt also stars in the movie.

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: Happy Feet Two
- **director**: George Miller (director), George Miller
- **narrator**: Robin Williams
- **music**: John Powell (composer), John Powell
- **editing**: Christian Gazal
- **runtime**: 100 minutes
- **language**: English
- **budget**: $135 million
- **gross**: $150.4 million
Mario Kart 8

***Mario Kart 8*** (stylized as ***MARIOKART8***) is a racing video game released on May 30, 2014 in North America and Europe It was released a day earlier in Japan on May 29, 2014, and a day later in Australia on May 31, 2014 for the Wii U game console. It is part of the _Mario Kart_ series.

The game is like the other _Mario Kart_ games, where characters from the _Mario_ series race each other in go-karts. Players are able to use items from item boxes to keep their opponents from winning. Along with go-karts, the game also has motorcycles. There are 12 players in a race. Like in _Mario Kart 7_, karts have hang-gliding attachments, and players are able to drive underwater. For the first time in the series, players are able to drive on walls and ceilings. There is one new type of vehicle: four-wheel buggies. There is local and online multiplayer for up to 12 players. Players include Mario, Luigi, Princess Peach, etc. The first DLC track pack was revealed in February 2013.

On April 8th, 2024, online services for the Wii U were discontinued. This includes _Mario Kart 8_.

An improved port titled ***Mario Kart 8 Deluxe*** was released on the Nintendo Switch in 2017, having all the original DLC come with the game and changed some in-game mechanics such as the battle mode. All characters are unlocked from the start except Gold Mario. The port received widespread critical acclaim due to big improvements over the original game.

In 2022, a new wave of DLC called "Booster Course Pass" was announced and released.

Mario Kart 8 sold 8.45 million copies and Mario Kart 8 Deluxe sold 33.41 million copies.

## Infobox (video game)

- **image**: Mario Kart 8 - Monochrome logo (1).svg
- **developer**: Nintendo EAD, Nintendo EAD Group No. 1
- **publisher**: Nintendo
- **producer**: Hideki Konno
- **series**: _Mario Kart_
- **platforms**: Wii U
- **released**: **Wii U**
**Nintendo Switch**
- **genre**: Racing video game, Racing
- **modes**: Single-player video game, Single-player, Multiplayer video game, multiplayer
Holden Monaro

The **Holden Monaro** was a sports car created by Holden. It was produced between 1968 and 1977 and again between 2001 and 2006. The Monaro was named after a region of New South Wales.

The 1968 Monaro came in 7 different models, ranging from a straight-six cylinder engine up to a V8 engine. The Monaro had eight different models over two generations.
The HK, HT and HG, were first generation models. It was also sold in South Africa as the Chevrolet SS. The HQ, HJ, HX, HX Limited Edition and HZ GTS form the second generation.

The 2001 Monaro came in two models over four years, with both platforms being based Holden Commodore that was produced at the time. It came with a 3.8-litre supercharged V6 engine or a 5.7-litre V8 engine. It was also sold in the United States as the Pontiac GTO and in England as the Vauxhall Monaro. It was also modified by Holden Special Vehicles and sold as the HSV Coupé.
Super Mario 3D World

***Super Mario 3D World*** is a 2013 platform video game released for the Wii U. It is part of the _Mario_ series. It is the sequel to the 2011 Nintendo 3DS game _Super Mario 3D Land_. It was released in Japan on November 21, 2013, in North America on November 22, 2013, in Europe on November 29, 2013, and in Australia on November 30, 2013. A Nintendo Switch remaster, ***Super Mario 3D World + Bowser's Fury***, was announced during a _Super Mario Bros. 35th Anniversary_ themed Nintendo Direct and was released worldwide on February 12, 2021.

## Gameplay

Players control Mario, Luigi, Princess Peach, and Toad. Like in _Super Mario Bros. 2_, each character has its own unique abilities. Luigi can jump higher than other characters, Princess Peach can float in midair for a short time, and Toad can run fast. Rosalina also appears as a fifth playable character, who needs to be unlocked in order to play as her. She can use the spin attack move that is seen in _Super Mario Galaxy_ and _Super Mario Galaxy 2_, but is the slowest character. There is a new item called the Super Bell that turns the player into their cat form, which allows players to climb up walls, run faster, perform unique attacks, and run up to the top of the goal pole at the end of each level. The game features a multiplayer mode.

## Infobox (video game)

- **developer**: Nintendo Entertainment Analysis & Development, Nintendo EAD Tokyo
- **publisher**: Nintendo
- **director**: Koichi Hayashida
- **producer**: Yoshiaki Koizumi
- **composer**: Mahito Yokota
Koji Kondo
- **series**: _Super Mario (series), Super Mario_
- **platforms**: Wii U
Nintendo Switch
- **released**: **Original release:**
**Nintendo Selects:**
**Nintendo Switch:**

- **genre**: Platform game, Platform
- **modes**: Single-player video game, Single-player, Multiplayer video game, multiplayer
Ann Turner Cook

**Ann Turner Cook** (November 20, 1926 – June 3, 2022) was an American mystery novelist, who was the model for the familiar Gerber Baby artwork seen on baby-food packages of the Gerber Products Company.

Cook was born on November 20, 1926. She studied at the University of Southern Florida.

After retiring from teaching, Cook became a novelist. A member of the Mystery Writers of America, she was the author of the Brandy O'Bannon series of mystery novels set on Florida's Gulf Coast. The adventures of Florida reporter and amateur sleuth O'Bannon are detailed in _Trace Their Shadows_ (2001) and _Shadow over Cedar Key_ (2003).

She died at her home in St. Petersburg, Florida, on June 3, 2022, at age 95.

## Other websites

- Ann Turner Cook's website
- USF 50th Anniversary—College of Education Philanthropic Activities (with photo of Ann Turner Cook)
Shane

**Shane** is a male first name, or a surname. Shane has been a favored name for males for centuries, with Irish roots and a derivation from the Gaelic name Seán, signifying "God is gracious." The name has been in use in Ireland since the 6th century and has subsequently spread to other regions of the globe. It is a form of the Irish name Sean, or Shawn, which means John. The pronunciation of the name is [ sheyn ].  This name was ranked #493 on the US Popular Names in 2021.

## People

- Paul Shane, English actor
- Shane Warne, Australian cricketer
- Shane MacDougall, Canadian comedian
- Shane MacGowen, lead singer of The Pogues.
- Shane McMahon, wrestler
- Shane Mosley, boxer
- Shane Johnson, ice hockey player
- Shane Lechler, football player
- Shane O'Connor, rugby player
- Shane Harper, American actor, singer-songwriter, and dancer
- Shane Doan, Canadian ice hockey player
- Shane Gillis, American comedian and a very serious Norte Dame football enthusiast

## Fiction

- Shane (1953 movie), a Western starring Alan Ladd.
Donkey Kong Country: Tropical Freeze

***Donkey Kong Country: Tropical Freeze*** is a platform video game for the Wii U game console. It was developed by Retro Studios and published by Nintendo. It is the seventh game in the _Donkey Kong Country_ series. It is the sequel to the 2010 Wii game _Donkey Kong Country Returns_. It was released on February 21, 2014.

The story is about a group of Viking animals that invade Donkey Kong Island. Players are able to play as Donkey Kong, Diddy Kong, Dixie Kong, and Cranky Kong. This game is the first game to have Dixie Kong as a playable character since _Donkey Kong Country 3: Dixie Kong's Double Trouble!_ It has two-player multiplayer.

The music for this game was composed by David Wise. David Wise wrote the music for the original Super Nintendo _Donkey Kong Country_ games a very long time ago. He was not involved in _Donkey Kong Country Returns_, which was released in 2010. A port was released for the Nintendo Switch on May 4, 2018.

## Infobox (video game)

- **image**: E3 - 2013 (9030637888).jpg
- **title**: Donkey Kong Country: Tropical Freeze
- **developer**: Retro Studios
Monster Games
Nintendo SPD Group No. 3
- **publisher**: Nintendo
- **series**: _Donkey Kong_
- **platforms**: Wii U, Nintendo Switch
- **released**: **Original release:**
**Nintendo Selects:**
**Nintendo Switch:**

- **genre**: Platform game, Platforming
- **producer**: Kensuke Tanabe
The Pogues

**The Pogues** are an English Celtic punk band. The band was founded in 1982 in London by Shane MacGowan, Spider Stacy, and Jem Finer. MacGowan was the lead singer. Joe Strummer also played with them. They are best known for their Christmas song "Fairytale of New York", recorded with Kirsty MacColl.

The band broke up in 2014, but got back together in 2024. Current members are Spider Stacy, Jem Finer, and James Fearnley. They are all from England.

## Other websites

- Band's web site
Unpaid work

**Unpaid work** is work without pay. It may be provided by people who are members of a family; volunteer workers who work for charity or recreation; students who take internship or apprenticeship positions for experience. This may be different to forced labour, in which the worker is a prisoner or a slave.
Jeanne Tripplehorn

**Jeanne Marie Tripplehorn** (born June 10, 1963) is an American actress. She began her career on stage, acting in several plays throughout the early 1990s, including Anton Chekhov's _Three Sisters_ on Broadway. Her movie career began with the role of a police psychologist in the erotic thriller _Basic Instinct_ (1992). Her other movie roles include _The Firm_ (1993), _Waterworld_ (1995) and _Sliding Doors_ (1998). In television, she starred as Barbara Henrickson on the HBO drama series _Big Love_ (2006–2011) and as Dr. Alex Blake on the CBS police drama _Criminal Minds_ (2012–2014), and she received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for her performance as Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis in the 2009 HBO movie _Grey Gardens_.
Tripplehorn was born in Tulsa, Oklahoma.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Jeanne Tripplehorn
- **image**: Jeanne Tripplehorn 1992.jpg
- **caption**: Tripplehorn in 1992
- **birth name**: Jeanne Marie Tripplehorn
- **birth place**: Tulsa, Oklahoma, U.S.
- **occupation**: Actress
- **years active**: 1990–present
- **children**: 1
- **education**: University of Tulsa
Juilliard School (Bachelor of Fine Arts, BFA)
Outback Steakhouse

**Outback Steakhouse** (or simply **Outback**) an American restaurant chain. The chain has an Australian theme. The chain has casual dining restaurants. It opened in February 1988 in Tampa, Florida. Almost one thousand Outback restaurants are in operation worldwide as of mid 2012.
May Disease

**May Disease** is a common kind of minor depression in Japan. Almost all students enter new schools or universities in April. Most new company employees also start in April each year. Then there is a long Golden Week holiday at the beginning of May. People return to  their new school or job after a holiday, and it is not new or exciting anymore. May Disease describes this common feeling of disappointment or being let down.
Gravitational field

In physics, a **gravitational field** is a model used to explain the influence that a massive body has. The influence extends into the space around itself, producing a force on another massive body. Thus, a gravitational field is used to explain gravitational phenomena (effects). It is measured in newtons per kilogram (N/kg).

In the original Newtonian concept, gravity was a force between point masses. Following Newton, Laplace attempted to model gravity as some kind of radiation field or fluid. Since the 19th century explanations for gravity have in terms of a field model, rather than a point attraction. This revolution was brought about by Einstein's general theory of relativity. Most scientists believe that the gravitational field and its gravitational waves are the physical interpretations of Einstein's equations of general relativity.

In a field model, rather than two particles attracting each other, the mass of objects distort spacetime. This distortion is what is perceived and measured as a "force". In such a model matter moves in certain ways in response to the curvature of spacetime. One can say either _there is no gravitational force_, or that _gravity is a fictitious force_.
One Ok Rock

**One Ok Rock** (written as ***ONE OK ROCK***) is a Japanese rock band formed in 2005. The band is composed of Taka, Toru, Ryota, and Tomoya. Originally there were five members in the band, but a guitarist Alex left the group in 2009, and it is a four-piece band now.

The band had various singles that entered the Oricon charts and their songs are getting more and more popular.

## Members

- Taka – vocalist
- Toru – guitarist
- Ryota – bass guitarist
- Tomoya – drummer

## History

2005
In April, Toru, Ryota, Alex, and Tomo started activities of One Ok Rock. In May, Toru invited Taka, and he started singing in the band.

2006
Tomo gave up his membership in One Ok Rock. On July 26th, they released the first album "ONE OK ROCK" and it became an indie rock band.

2007
In March, for the substitution of Tomo, Tomoya became a new member. In March 25th, they released the 1st single "naihishinsho", and that allowed this band to made a major debut.

2009
In April, Alex was accused of sexual assault(groping) on a train. Because of that, One Ok Rock made a statement that it would stop its activity for a while. In the next month, Alex dropped out of the band. However, the rest of the members decided not to quit working and they restarted the activity of One Ok Rock.

2010
In February, One Ok Rock released the fourth single "完全感覚Dreamer". On November twenty eighth, they did a live in Budoukan for the first time of their career.

## Discography

- _Zeitakubyo_ (2007)
- _Beam of Light_ (2008)
- _Kanjō Effect_ (2008)
- _Niche Syndrome_ (2010)
- _Zankyo Reference_ (2011)
- _Jinsei×Boku=_ (2013)
- _35xxxv_ (2015)
- _Ambitions_ (2017)
- _Eye of the Storm_ (2019)
- _Luxury Disease_ (2022)

## Other websites

- One Ok Rock's official website (Japanese)
- One Ok Rock's official website(English)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: ONE OK ROCK
- **image**: One_Ok_Rock_in_Budapest,_Dürer_Kert,_2019-05-19.jpg
- **caption**: One Ok Rock in 2019
- **image size**: 20&5
- **landscape**: yes
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Japan
- **genre**: Alternative rock, emo, post-hardcore, pop punk, emo pop, post-grunge (early)
- **years active**: 2005–present
- **label**: Fueled by Ramen
Warner Records, Warner
A-Sketch
- **current members**: Takahiro Moriuchi
Toru Yamashita
Ryota Kohama
Tomoya Kanki
- **past members**: Alexander Reimon Onizawa

Yu Koyanagi
Bouquinistes

The **Bouquinistes** of Paris are small bookstores on each side of the River Seine. They are green boxes made of wood. They were classified as a World Heritage Site in 1991.

The word _bouquinistes_ is used only in Paris. The word comes from _bouquin_, book in French slang.
My First Story

**My First Story** (Written as ***MY FIRST STORY***) is a Japanese rock band that formed in 2011.

## Members

- Hiro – vocalist. He is the younger brother of One Ok Rock's vocalist Taka)
- Sho – guitarist
- Teru – guitarist
- Nob – bass guitarist
- Kid'z – drummer

### Albums

- 2012.4.4 release, 1st album "MY FIRST STORY"
- 2013.2.6 release, 2nd album "THE STORY IS MY LIFE"
- 2014.10.29 release, 3rd album "NEUROSE"
- 2016.6.29 release, 4th album "ANTITHESE"

### Singles

- 2013.7.3 release, 1st single "STORY" (Saishuukai STORY)
- 2014.7.16 release, 2nd  single "Black Rail"
- 2014.9.24 release, 3rd single "" (Fukagyaku Replace)
- 2015.8.5 release, 4th single "ALONE"

## Other websites

- My First Story's official website
- My First Story's twitter
Asparagus officinalis

**Asparagus officinalis** is a perennial from the genus _Asparagus_ of the Asparagaceae family. It is commonly grown as a vegetable, eaten in spring. When people talk about Asparagus as a vegetable, they usually mean this plant. It was once classified in the lily family, like its _Allium_ cousins, onions and garlic, but the Liliaceae have been split and the onion-like plants are now in the family Amaryllidaceae and asparagus in the Asparagaceae. _Asparagus officinalis_ is native to most of Europe, northern Africa and western Asia, A. officinalis is widely cultivated as a vegetable crop.
Allium

**Allium** is a genus of flowering plants. It contains garlic, leek,  onions and chives. There are hundreds of species, some of which have been cultivated for much of human history. Today, about a dozen species are economically important. The type species of the genus is _Allium sativum_, commonly known as _garlic_. The taxonomy of _Allium_ is difficult, because the boundaries between species are often unclear. For this reason, the number of recognised species varies between 260, and 860. Most people think there are about 750 species.
Marimekko

**Marimekko** is a textile design company. It was started in 1951 in Finland. It is famous for its original prints, for instance, prints of red and blue flowers. The company makes high-quality items, not only furnishing fabrics to tableware but also clothes, bags and other accessories. Its fabrics have been introduced inside the airplanes of Finnair.

## Other websites

- Marimekko | We as a company
Yoshitaka Amano

is a Japanese artist. He designs characters and costumes. His works are delicate and mysterious. His works are exhibited in many places in the world.

## Other websites

- Yoshitaka Amano's Official Blog (Japanese)
- Yoshitaka Amano Museum  (Japanese)
- _Deva Zan_ Official website

## Infobox (artist)

- **name**: Yoshitaka Amano
- **image**: Yoshitaka Amano Oct 2006.jpg
- **image size**: 200px
- **birth place**: Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
- **field**: character creation, character design, illustration, printmaking, painting, sculpting
- **notable works**: Final Fantasy series
Vampire Hunter D
- **awards**: Seiun Award
Dragon Con Award
Julie Award
Environmental economics

**Environmental economics** is a domain of economics that looks at problems of the environment from an economical perspective.  Natural resources, such as clean water are  limited, because of pollution. They are also seen as _free_ public goods. This means that if there are no rules on how to use these goods, they will be used too much. There are externalities for using these goods, and there is the problem of free riders. In this perspective, the solution is to convert these resources into economic goods, which are integrated in the market. This will lessen the problem of free-riding, and give incentives to use these goods sparingly. An example for this is a  tax which is tied to pollution. Proper legislation and observation of property right  on how to regulate the use of these public goods is also another important factor in ensuring that market inefficiencies don't result.

## Related pages

- Ecology
- Ecological economics
- Exploitation of natural resources
- Green economy
- Natural capital
Kate Flannery

**Katherine Patricia "Kate" Flannery** (born June 10, 1964) is an American actress. She acts mostly on television. She played Meredith Palmer in the NBC sitcom _The Office_. Flannery was born in Philadelphia.
Free-rider problem

In economics, the term **free-rider** refers to someone who benefits from resources, goods, or services without paying for the cost of the benefit. The term "free rider" was first used in economic theory of public goods, but similar concepts have been applied in to other contexts, such as collective bargaining, antitrust law, psychology and political science. Free riding may be considered as a **free-rider problem** when it leads to under-provision of goods or services, or when it leads to overuse or degradation of a common property resource.

Although the term originated in economic theory, similar concepts have been cited in political science, social psychology, and other disciplines. Some individuals in a team or community may reduce their contributions or performance if they believe that one or more other members of the group may free ride.
Gauss-Bonnet theorem

The **Gauss-Bonnet theorem** is a theorem that connects the geometry of a shape with its topology. It is named after the two mathematicians Carl Friedrich Gauß (1777-1855) and Pierre Ossian Bonnet (1812-1872) who both found it, independently of one another. The Curvature of the shape is used, as well as its Euler characteristic.
Bangladesh–Russia relations

Relations between Bangladesh and Russia. Russia has an embassy in Dhaka and Bangladesh has an embassy in Moscow. Diplomatic relations were established on 25 January 1972, when Russia was the Soviet Union.

Bangladeshi Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina has visited Russia twice to meet with Russian President Vladimir Putin. The first time was in 2009 and then in 2013.

## Soviet-era relations

Relations between the Soviet Union and Bangladesh were good in the years immediately after Bangladesh's independence in 1971. The Soviet Union supported Indian actions in aiding the war of liberation, and after the war the Soviet Navy sent a floating workshop to Bangladesh for clearing Pakistani mines from the Chittagong and Chalna harbors. Mujib visited Moscow in 1972, and high-level officials from both countries made numerous reciprocal visits until 1975. The Soviets supported the socialist programs of the Mujib government and its very exceptionally close ties with India. Early Soviet aid was limited, however. During the first four months of its existence, Bangladesh received economic aid worth US$142 million from India, but only US$6 million from the Soviet Union.

It also believed that the Communist Party of Bangladesh was funded and supported in the erstwhile volatile region of the former _East Pakistan_ since then it was part of a United Pakistan itself allied with the United States and the China which were hostile towards rival Soviet Union, the party itself was based on the idealogical principals of Marxism.

Bangladeshi-Soviet relations rapidly improved in 1984 and regained a level of cordiality in the mid- and late 1980s. In 1985 the Soviet Cultural Centre reopened in Dhaka. In 1986 a Soviet special envoy visited Dhaka, and later the Bangladeshi foreign minister visited Moscow. Although Soviet aid to Bangladesh was still small compared with assistance from Japan, the United States, or even China, by 1987 Bangladesh had entered into sixteen different economic accords with the Soviet Union. Soviet assistance has concentrated on the energy sector, especially several power plants at Ghorasal, near Dhaka.

## Infobox (bilateral relations)

- Bangladesh–Russia Relations
- Bangladesh
- Russia
- **map**: Bangladesh Russia Locator.svg
- **envoytitle1**: Dr. Saiful Haqoue
- **envoytitle2**: Alexander l. Ignatov
- **mission 1**: Embassy of Bangladesh, Moscow
- **mission 2**: Embassy of Russia, Dhaka
SNCASE SE-313 Alouette II

The **SNCASE SE-313 Alouette II** (, _Lark_) is a French helicopter built between 1956 and 1975 by Société Nationale de Construction Aéronautique du Sud-Est and later by Aérospatiale. It was the first helicopter in the world that has a gas turbine for engine.

It was the basis of two majors variants : SA-315 Lama and SA-316 Alouette III.

## Bibliography

- Jackson, Robert, _Helicopters: Military, Civilian, and Rescue Rotorcraft_ (The Aviation Factfile).  London: Grange Books Ltd, 2005. .
- Gaillard, Pierre, _Avions et hélicoptères militaires d'aujourd'hui_ Paris, France : Larivière éditions, 1999.  .
- Boulay, Pierre, _Les hélicoptères français_, Paris, France :  Larivière éditions, 1998.

## Infobox (aircraft begin)

- **name**: SNCASE SE-313 Alouette II.
- **image**: File:Blue_Eagle_Alouette.JPG
- **caption**: Alouette II.


## Infobox (aircraft type)

- **type**: Helicopter
- **national origin**: France
- **manufacturer**: SNCASE.
- **first flight**: March 12th 1955
- **introduction**: 1956
- **status**: Active
- **primary user**: French Army
- **number built**: 1305
Sud Aviation SA-316 Alouette III

The **Sud Aviation SA-316 Alouette III** is a French helicopter built between 1961 and 1985 by Sud Aviation and later by Aérospatiale. It is a modernized variant of Alouette II helicopter. Alouette III was built for civil and military users for light liaison duties, light transport, search and rescue, and sometimes for air attack.

The most famous users were Indian Air Force, French Gendarmerie, and French Sécurité Civile. Some were used by Ireland air force.

## Bibliography

- Jackson, Robert, _Helicopters: Military, Civilian, and Rescue Rotorcraft_ (The Aviation Factfile).  London: Grange Books Ltd, 2005. .
- Boulay, Pierre, _Les hélicoptères français_, Paris, France :  Larivière éditions, 1998.

## Infobox (aircraft begin)

- **name**: Sud Aviation SA-316 Alouette III
- **image**: File:Alouette_III_de_la_Sécurité_Civile.jpg
- **caption**: Alouette III of the France, French Sécurité Civile.


## Infobox (aircraft type)

- **type**: Helicopter
- **national origin**: France
- **manufacturer**: Sud Aviation.
- **first flight**: february 1959
- **introduction**: 1961
- **status**: Active
- **primary user**: French Army
- **number built**: 1453
Al-Abbas brigade

The **al-Abbas brigade** (, or _Kata'ib al-Abbas_) is a Shia militant group in Syria. It was formed in late 2011. Its leaders are Abu Ajeeb and Abu Hajar. Their main aim is to protect sensitive Shia holy sites and to help Bashar al-Assad's army during the Syrian Civil War. Its fighting style is mostly defensive.
Abu Hurairah

**Abu Hurairah** (603 – 681), also known as **Horayra**, was a companion of Muhammad and he narrated the most hadiths in the Kutub al-Sittah.

## Related pages

- Islam
Edward Snowden

**Edward Joseph Snowden** (born June 21, 1983) is an American-Russian former contractor who worked for the National Security Agency (NSA) of the United States. He released top secret NSA documents proving the United States government was monitoring phone calls, emails, webcams of its own citizens. His job at the NSA allowed him access to them. He has said, "I do not want to live in a world where anything I do or say is recorded."

Snowden traveled to Moscow after giving the documents to American journalists in Hong Kong. He had asylum in Russia for one year. Then he was granted permission to stay in the country for three more years. This has increased tensions between Russia and the United States. In October 2020 he was granted permanent residency in Russia.

In 2013 Snowden was voted Person of the Year by _The Guardian_.

After Snowden published information that pointed to mass surveillance by the US government, NPR reported sales of the novel Nineteen Eighty-Four by George Orwell had gone up.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Edward Snowden
- **image**: Edward Snowden.jpg
- **caption**: Screen capture from the interview with Glenn Greenwald and Laura Poitras, June 6, 2013
- **birth place**: Elizabeth City, North Carolina, Elizabeth City, North Carolina, United States
- **occupation**: System administrator
The Legend of Zelda: A Link Between Worlds

***The Legend of Zelda: A Link Between Worlds*** is a  action-adventure video game for the Nintendo 3DS game console. It is part of _The Legend of Zelda_ series. It is the second _The Legend of Zelda_ game released on the Nintendo 3DS, after _The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time 3D_. It takes place in the same world as _The Legend of Zelda: A Link to the Past_.

The game features the top-down two-dimensional gameplay seen in the past _Zelda_ games. Dungeons feature 3D effects. Link is able to move between levels to solve puzzles and get through the dungeons. New to the series is the ability for Link to enter walls and become a painting. Link is able to move along walls to reach new areas, using Ravios bracelet. Link needs to purchase items from Ravio to traverse Hyrule. Link can travel to Hyrule's dark counterpart, Lorule. Link's main quest is to defeat Yuga, Lorules's evil counterpart to Ganondorf, and restore the triforce to Lorule. In Lorule, counterparts to Zelda, Link, and Ganondorf can be found. You will find Ravio, the cowardly hero, Yuga, the insane sorcerer, and Hilda, the rash princess.

## Infobox (video game)

- **title**: The Legend of Zelda: A Link Between Worlds
- **developer**: Nintendo Entertainment Analysis and Development, Nintendo EAD Group No. 3
- **publisher**: Nintendo
- **producer**: Eiji Aonuma
- **series**: _The Legend of Zelda_
- **platforms**: Nintendo 3DS
- **genre**: Action-adventure game, Action-adventure
- **modes**: Single-player video game, Single-player
David García del Valle

**David Garcia Del Valle** (born June 13, 1981 in Almeria) is a judo athlete from Spain. He has a disability: He is blind and a B2 type athlete. He competed in judo at the  2000 Summer Paralympics, 2004 Summer Paralympics, 2008 Summer Paralympics and 2012 Summer Paralympics. He was the number two judo athlete in the Up to 66 Kg men's group at the 2000 and 2004 Games.
María del Carmen Herrera Gómez

**María Del Carmen Herrera Gomez** (born September 26, 1974 in Málaga) is a judo athlete from Spain. She has a disability: She is blind and a B3 type athlete. She competed in judo at the 2004 Summer Paralympics, 2008 Summer Paralympics and 2012 Summer Paralympics. She was the number one judo athlete in the Up to 70 kg women's group at the 2004, 2008 and 2012 Games.
Sonic Lost World

***Sonic Lost World*** is an action-adventure platform video game for the Nintendo 3DS and Wii U game consoles. It is part of the _Sonic the Hedgehog_ series. It was developed by Sonic Team and published by Sega. It was released on October 18, 2013 in Europe, on October 19, 2013 in Australia, on October 24, 2013 in Japan, and on October 29, 2013 in North America.

The game takes its inspiration from the Genesis-era _Sonic_ games. It has both side-scrolling 2D levels and 3D spherical levels like the ones seen in _Super Mario Galaxy_. The Nintendo 3DS and Wii U versions are separate games with different level designs. The Nintendo 3DS version has local and online multiplayer.  It is able to connect with the Wii U version.

## Infobox (vg)

- **developer**: Sonic Team
Dimps <small>(3DS)</small>
- **publisher**:

- **director**: Morio Kishimoto
Heido Bayashi <small>(3DS)</small>
- **producer**: Takashi Iizuka (game designer), Takashi Iizuka
- **writer**: Ken Pontac
Warren Graff
- **composer**: Tomoya Ohtani
- **series**: _Sonic the Hedgehog (series), Sonic the Hedgehog_
- **platforms**: Wii U, Nintendo 3DS
- **genre**: Action game, Action-adventure, Platform game, platformer
- **modes**: Single-player video game, Single-player, Multiplayer video game, Multiplayer
Yoshi's New Island

***Yoshi's New Island*** is a platform video game for the Nintendo 3DS game console. It is a part of the _Yoshi_ series. It is the third game in the _Yoshi's Island_ series. It is the sequel to _Yoshi's Island DS_. It was released on March 14, 2014.

The gameplay of _Yoshi's New Island_ is similar to the previous two games in the _Yoshi's Island_ series. The player moves Yoshi through many stages. Yoshi has to get through the stages by not getting hit by enemies or losing the baby he is holding.

## Infobox (video game)

- **developer**: Arzest
- **publisher**: Nintendo
- **release**: **Original release:**
**Nintendo Selects:**

- **producer**: Takashi Tezuka
- **series**: _Yoshi_
- **platforms**: Nintendo 3DS
- **genre**: Platform game, Platform
- **modes**: Single-player video game, Single-player