juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
John O. Pastore

**John Orlando Pastore** (March 17, 1907July 15, 2000) was an American lawyer and politician. He was a member of the Democratic Party. Pastore served as a United States Senator from Rhode Island from 1950 to 1976. He served as the 61st Governor of Rhode Island from 1945 to 1950. He was the first Italian American to be elected as a senator.

Pastore was best known taking part in a 1969 hearing involving a $20 million grant for the funding of PBS. President Richard Nixon had wanted to cut the proposed funding to $10 million due to the demands of the Vietnam War. Fred Rogers, host of _Mister Rogers' Neighborhood_, appeared before the committee to argue for the full $20 million. After hearing Rogers's testimony Pastore restored the funding. The following year's appropriation increased PBS funding from $9 million to $22 million.

Pastore won his final Senate race in 1970 by a 68%–32% margin over John McLaughlin. McLaughlin later became the host of the television program _The McLaughlin Group_.

Pastore died in Cranston, Rhode Island on July 15, 2000 of kidney failure at the age of 93.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: John Pastore
- **image**: John O. Pastore.jpeg
- **jr/sr**: United States Senator
- **state**: Rhode Island
- **term start**: December 19, 1950
- **term end**: December 28, 1976
- **predecessor**: Edward L. Leahy
- **successor**: John Chafee
- **order1**: 61st List of Governors of Rhode Island, Governor of Rhode Island
- **lieutenant1**: John S. McKiernan
- **term start1**: October 6, 1945
- **term end1**: December 19, 1950
- **predecessor1**: J. Howard McGrath
- **successor1**: John S. McKiernan
- **office2**: List of lieutenant governors of Rhode Island, Lieutenant Governor of Rhode Island
- **governor2**: J. Howard McGrath
- **term start2**: January 1945
- **term end2**: October 6, 1945
- **predecessor2**: Louis Cappelli
- **successor2**: John S. McKiernan
- **birth name**: John Orlando Pastore
- **death place**: Cranston, Rhode Island, United States, U.S.
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
- **spouse**: Elena Caito
- **children**: 3
- **education**: Northeastern University (Bachelor of Laws, LLB)
Messier 32

**Messier 32** (also known as **NGC 221**) is a dwarf "early-type" galaxy about 2.65 million light-years from Earth. It is seen in the constellation Andromeda.

M32 is a satellite galaxy of the large Andromeda Galaxy (M31). It was discovered by Guillaume Le Gentil in 1749. M32 measures 6.5 ± 0.2 thousand light-years in diameter at the widest point.

The galaxy is a compact elliptical galaxy type. Compact ellipticals are rather rare.
Half the stars are inside an effective radius of only 100 parsecs.

Densities in the central area increase steeply, over 3×10<sup>7</sup> M<sub>⊙</sub> pc<sup>−3</sup> as seen by the HST. The half-light radius of this central star cluster is around 6 parsec.  In other words, this small centre of the galaxy emits half the light of the central 100 parsecs.

Like more ordinary elliptical galaxies, M32 contains mostly older faint red and yellow stars with practically no dust or gas and consequently no current star formation. It does, however, show hints of star formation in the relatively recent past.

M32 contains a supermassive black hole.
Its mass is between 1.5 and 5 million solar masses.

It is believed by astronomers that Messier 32 is the remnant of the former galaxy in the local group called M32p.
Barnard's galaxy

**Barnard's galaxy**  (also known as **NGC 6822**, **IC 4895**, or **Caldwell 57**) is an irregular barred spiral galaxy. It is about 1.6 million light-years away, in the constellation Sagittarius.
The galaxy is part of the Local Group of galaxies. It was discovered by E.E. Barnard in 1884 with a six-inch refractor telescope.

The galaxy is one of the closest to the Milky Way.  It is similar in structure and makeup to the Small Magellanic Cloud. It is about 7,000 light-years in diameter.

The galaxy is famous because it is where cepheid variables were used to find out how far away the galaxy was. Edwin Hubble found 11 cepheid variable stars, and used them to find the distance to the galaxy. This settled a great debate in the 1920s about the scale of the universe and the nature of spiral galaxies. It became clear that all "spiral nebulae" were in fact spiral _galaxies_. They are far outside our own Milky Way.
Bilat Paswan Vihangam

**Bilat Paswan**, who writes under the nome de plume, **Vihangam**, was an Indian writer and politician, known for his writings in Hindi & Maithili literature. He is a former chairman of Bihar Public Service Commission & former chairman of Bihar Inter University Board. Born in 1940 to Bhutai Paswan in Bihar, he represented Rajnagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency) at the Bihar Legislative Assembly for two terms in 1968 and 1972 & Khajauli (Vidhan Sabha constituency) at the Bihar Legislative Assembly for two terms in 1985 and 1990, running under Indian National Congress candidature, defeating Ram Lakhan Ram of the Communist Party of India on both the elections. He also ran in two elections unsuccessfully, in 1980 and 2000. The Government of India awarded him the fourth highest civilian honour of the Padma Shri, in 2005, for his contributions to literature.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Bilat Paswan Vihangam
- **birth date**: 1940
- **birth place**: vill+Po-Eakhuttha,PS-Khutauna,Disst-Madhubani Bihar, India
- **death place**: Patna
- **occupation**: Writer
Politician
- **known for**: Hindi & Maithili literature
- **spouse**: late Bhulkun Devi
- **parents**: late Bhutai Paswan
- **awards**: Padma Shri
Cheerleader effect

The **Cheerleader effect**, or **group attractiveness effect** is a kind of cognitive bias: People who are part of a group are seen as more attractive, than those who are not. This observation is valid for both men and women. The effect was coined by Barney Stinson (played by Neil Patrick Harris) in American sitcom How I Met Your Mother. It was first academically described in a study done 2013, and the result is backed up by another in 2015.

Showing the effect may be difficult: The study done in 2015 was repeated, but did not show the same result. According to the research team, this may be due to cultural differences, since the new study was performed in Japan.
Patna Junction railway station

**Patna Junction**, station code _PNBE_, is a major railway station in the capital city of Patna  in the Indian state of Bihar. Located in heart of the city, it is the main railway station serving Patna. It falls under the Danapur division of the East Central Railway zone of the Indian Railways. Patna Junction is one of the busiest railway stations of the country.

The Patna Junction railway station is connected to most of the major cities in India by the railway network.
Patna lies in between New Delhi and Kolkata which is one of the busiest rail routes in India. Patna has trains running frequently to Delhi and Kolkata. The city is a major railway hub and has six major stations: Patna Junction, Rajendranagar Terminal, Gulzarbagh Station, Danapur railway station, Patliputra Junction and Patna Sahib Station. Patna is well connected with Gaya, Jehanabad Biharsharif, Rajgir, Islampur through daily passenger and express train services.

## Infobox (station)

- **name**: Patna Junction
- **type**: Indian Railways, Indian Railway Station
- **style**: Indian railway
- **image**: Patna Jn.jpg
- **image caption**: The main entrance of the station
- **address**: Station Road, Near Mahavir Mandir, Patna- 800001 Bihar
- **country**: India
- **line**: Howrah-Delhi main line
Asansol-Patna section
Patna-Mughalsarai section
Patna-Gaya line
Patna-Sonepur-Hajipur Section
- **structure**: Standard (on ground station)
- **platform**: 10
- **tracks**: 15
- **parking**: Available
- **opened**: 1862
- **electrified**: 2003–2004
- **code**: PNBE
- **zone**: East Central Railway Zone, East Central Railway
Donaueschingen

**Donaueschingen** is a German town in the Black Forest in the southwest of the state of Baden-Württemberg in the Schwarzwald-Baar district.

As of 2003, it has about 21,300 people.

It stands near the confluence of the two sources of the river Danube (in ; the town's name is an eponym).

Donaueschingen stands in a basin within low mountainous terrain. It is about  south of Villingen-Schwenningen,  west of Tuttlingen, and about  north of the Swiss town of Schaffhausen. It is the second largest town in the district (_Kreis_) of Schwarzwald-Baar. The location of the town is favourable for its role as a regional rail hub.

## Partner cities

Donaueschingen has partnerships with the following cities:
- Kaminoyama, Yamagata, Japan (since 1995)
- Saverne, France (since 1964)
- Vác, Hungary (since 1993)

## Other websites

- Official Homepage for Donaueschingen
- Information about the Donaueschingen region
- Sport in Donaueschingen

## Infobox (german location)

- **type**: Stadt
- **image photo**: Rathaus D.jpg
- **image caption**: Town hall and musicians' fountain in Donaueschingen
- **image coa**: DEU Donaueschingen COA.svg
- **image plan**: Donaueschingen in VS.svg
- **state**: Baden-Württemberg
- **region**: Freiburg
- **district**: Schwarzwald-Baar-Kreis
- **elevation**: 686
- **area**: 104.63
- **population**: 21532
- **stand**: 2006-12-31
- **postal code**: 78151–78168
- **area code**: 0771
- **licence**: VS
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 08 3 26 012
- **divisions**: Kernstadt und 7 Stadtteile
- **mayor**: Erik Pauly
- **bürgermeistertitel**: Oberbürgermeister
- **party**: CDU
Open set

In set theory an open set is a set where all elements have the same properties. Simply put, an open set is a set that does not include its edges or endpoints. For each point in the set, you can make a bubble around that point, such that all points in the bubble are also in the set.

On the other hand, a closed set includes all its edges or endpoints. A set that includes some of its edges or endpoints is neither open nor closed.

An open set is very similar to an open interval.

## Examples

The set **(0,1)** is open. If we choose a very small value, there will always be a small bubble which are all in the set **(0,1)**.

If we choose a very small value h ∈ (0,1), we can make a bubble , in which all the values are in **(0,1)**.

However, **[0,1]** is closed. If we choose the value 0, and choose a very small value k, 0-k ∉ **[0,1]**, which means that it's closed.
Reinhard Hardegen

_Korvettenkapitän_ **Reinhard Hardegen** (18 March 1913 – 9 June 2018) was a German U-boat commander during World War II, oil businessman and politician. He was born in Bremen, Germany. He was the last surviving **Ace of the Deep** member. He was the 24th-most-successful commander of the war, known for sinking 22 ships.

After the war, he spent a year and a half in British captivity before starting a successful oil trading business and serving as a member of Bremen's city council (the _Bürgerschaft_) from 1959 to 1979.

Hardegen turned 100 in March 2013. He died in Bremen on 9 June 2018 of respiratory failure at the age of 105.
Charles Vinci

**Charles Thomas Vinci Jr.** (February 28, 1933 – June 13, 2018) was an American weightlifter and Olympic champion.
He was born in Cleveland, Ohio. He won gold medals at the 1955 and 1959 Pan American games. He won a gold medal at the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne, with a world-record three-lift (snatch, clean and jerk, overhead press) total of . He won gold again at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome.

## Infobox (sportsperson)

- **caption**: Charles Vinci at first place
- **nickname**: Mighty Mite
- **birth place**: Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.
- **death place**: Elyria, Ohio, U.S.
- **height**: 4 ft 11+1/2 in
- **weight**: 123 lb
Robert Downey Sr.

**Robert John Downey Sr.** (born **Robert Elias Jr.**; June 24, 1936 - July 7, 2021) was an American movie director, screenwriter and actor. He was the father of actor Robert Downey Jr.. Downey Sr. was best known for writing and directing the underground movie _Putney Swope_. He retired in 2013. Downey Sr. was born in New York City. Downey Sr. starred in _Johnny Be Good_, _Hail Caesar_ and _Tower Heist_.

Downey Sr. died in his sleep at his home in New York City on July 7, 2021 from problems caused by Parkinson's disease, aged 85.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Robert Downey Sr.
- **image**: Robert Downey Sr. in 2016 (cropped).png
- **birth name**: Robert Elias Jr.
- **birth place**: New York City, New York (state), New York, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: New York City, New York, U.S.
- **children**: 2; including Robert Downey Jr., Robert Jr.
- **occupation**: Actor, Director, Producer, Writer, Cinematographer
- **parents**: Robert Elias Sr.
Elizabeth McLauchlen
- **years active**: 1953 - 2013
Stanislav Govorukhin

**Stanislav Sergeyevich Govorukhin** PAR (; 29 March 1936 – 14 June 2018) was a Russian movie director, screenwriter, politician and actor. He was born in Berezniki, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union. For directing, he was known for the movie _The Meeting Place Cannot Be Changed_. In screenwriting, he was known for _Voroshilov Sharpshooter_. In acting, he was known for his roles as Commander in _Encore, Once More Encore!_ and as Zosima in _Heads and Tails_.

Govorukhin was a member of the State Duma from 1993 until his death in 2018 serving as a conservative member of the Democratic Party of Russia. He ran for President of Russia as an Independent in the 2000 presidential election, but lost to Vladimir Putin. In the 2000s, he worked for the Putin administration and election campaigns. He was a supporter of Putin.

Govorukhin died on 14 June 2018 in Barvikha, Russia of a heart attack at the age of 82.

## Other websites

- Stanislav Govorukhin's Official site
- Stanislav Govorukhin's Bio
Louis Sachar

**Louis Sachar** ( ; born March 20, 1954) is an American children's book author. His best known books are the _Wayside School_ series and the award-winner, _Holes_ novel.

_Holes_ won the 1998 U.S. National Book Award for Young People's Literature and the 1999 Newbery Medal for the year's "most distinguished contribution to American literature for children". In 2013, it was ranked number six among all-time children's novels in a survey published by _School Library Journal_.

Louis Sachar was born in East Meadow, New York United States

## Works

- _Wayside School_
- _Sideways Stories from Wayside School_ (1978)
- _Wayside School is Falling Down_ (1989)
- _Sideways Arithmetic From Wayside School_ (1989)
- _More Sideways Arithmetic From Wayside School_ (1994)
- _Wayside School Gets A Little Stranger_ (1995)

- _Marvin Redpost_
- _Kidnapped at Birth?_ (1992)
- _Why Pick on Me?_ (1993)
- _Is He a Girl?_ (1993)
- _Alone In His Teacher's House_ (1994)
- _Class President_ (1999)
- _A Flying Birthday Cake?_ (1999)
- _Super Fast Out of Control!_ (2000)
- _A Magic Crystal?_ (2000)

- _Holes_ series**
**
- _Holes_ (1998) — winner of the National Book Award and Newbery Medal
- _Stanley Yelnats' Survival Guide to Camp Green Lake_ (2003)
- _Small Steps_ (2006)

- Other books
- _Johnny's in the Basement_ (1981)
- _Someday Angeline_ (1983)
- _Sixth Grade Secrets_ (1987) (known as _Pig City_ in the UK)
- _There's a Boy in the Girls' Bathroom_ (1987)
- _The Boy Who Lost His Face_ (1989)
- _Dogs Don't Tell Jokes_ (1991)
- _The Cardturner_ (2010)
- _Fuzzy Mud_ (2015)

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Louis Sachar
- **image**: Louis Sachar.jpg
- **caption**: Sachar at the 2006 Texas Book Festival
- **birth place**: East Meadow, New York, U.S.
- **occupation**: Writer
- **alma mater**: University of California, Berkeley
Hastings College of the Law
- **genre**: Children's fiction
- **spouse**: Carla Askew
- **children**: 1
Alexander Rutskoy

**Alexander Vladimirovich Rutskoi** (; born 16 September 1947) is a Russian politician and a former Soviet military officer.

Rutskoy served as the only Vice President of Russia from 10 July 1991 to 4 October 1993, and as the Governor of Kursk Oblast from 1996 to 2000. In the Russian constitutional crisis of 1993, he was made acting President of Russia, in opposition to President Boris Yeltsin.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Alexander Rutskoi
- **native name lang**: Russian
- **image**: Alexander Rutskoy MoscowRia 08-2016.jpg
- **caption**: Alexander Rutskoy in 2016
- **office**: Governor of Kursk Oblast
- **term start**: 23 October 1996
- **term end**: 18 November 2000
- **president**: Boris Yeltsin
Vladimir Putin
- **predecessor**: Vasily Shuteev
- **successor**: Alexander Nikolayevich Mikhaylov, Alexander Mikhaylov
- **office2**: President of Russia

- **term start2**: 22 September 1993
- **term end2**: 4 October 1993
- **president2**: Boris Yeltsin
- **office3**: Vice President of Russia
- **term start3**: 10 July 1991
- **term end3**: 4 October 1993
- **president3**: Boris Yeltsin
- **predecessor3**: Office created
- **successor3**: Office abolished
- **birth place**: Proskuriv, Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union
- **citizenship**: *Soviet (1947–1991)
*Russian (1991–present)
- **spouse**: Nellie Zolotukhin <small>(div.)</small>
 Lyudmila Novikova <small>(div.)</small>
 Irina Popova
- **children**: Dmitry
 Alexander
 Rostislav
 Catherine
- **party**: Patriots of Russia
- **footnotes**: Boris Yeltsin expelled Rutskoy from army after his victory in the 1993 coup d'état
- **allegiance**:

- **branch**: Soviet Air Force
Russian Air Force
- **serviceyears**: 1971–1993
- **rank**: Major general
- **awards**: Hero of the Soviet Union (1988)
Wheeler Winston Dixon

**Wheeler Winston Dixon** (born March 12, 1950) is an American movie director, critic, screenwriter, historian and scholar. He is an expert on movie history.

From 1999 to 2014, he was co-editor, along with Gwendolyn Audrey Foster, of the _Quarterly Review of Film and Video._ He is thought to be as a top reviewer of movies alongside Roger Ebert. In addition, he is known as a filmmaker, and the _Museum of Modern Art_ exhibited his works in 2003.

Dixon taught at Rutgers University, The New School in New York, the University of Amsterdam in the Netherlands, and is currently the James E. Ryan professor emeritus professor of movie studies and English at the University of Nebraska in Lincoln.

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Wheeler Winston Dixon
- **image**: Dixon in 2016.jpg
- **caption**: Wheeler Winston Dixon in 2016
- **occupation**: Movie  critic, movie historian, filmmaker, scholar
- **nationality**: American
- **alma mater**: Rutgers University <small>(B.A., Ph.D.)</small>
- **language**: English
- **subject**: Film
- **notableworks**: _A Short History of Film_,
_A History of Horror_
Experimental films
- **partner**: Gwendolyn Audrey Foster
Pedro Pascal

**José Pedro Balmaceda Pascal** (born April 2, 1975), known professionally as **Pedro Pascal**, is a Chilean-American actor. He is best known for playing the roles of Oberyn Martell in the HBO series _Game of Thrones_, Javier Peña in the Netflix series _Narcos,_ Din Djarin in _The Mandalorian_, and Joel Miller in _The Last of Us_.

He played Maxwell Lord in the 2020 DC Extended Universe movie _Wonder Woman 1984_. He also played Reed Richards / Mister Fantastic in the 2025 MCU movie _The Fantastic Four: First Steps_.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Pedro Pascal
- **image**: Pedro Pascal at the 2025 Cannes Film Festival 06 (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Pascal at the 2025 Cannes Film Festival
- **birth name**: José Pedro Balmaceda Pascal
- **birth place**: Santiago, Chile
- **alma mater**: Orange County School of the Arts
Tisch School of the Arts
- **occupation**: Actor
- **years active**: 1996–present
- **relatives**: :es:Lux Pascal, Lux Pascal
Citigroup Centre, London

**Citigroup Centre** is a building complex in London. It houses Citigroup's EMEA headquarters and is located in Canary Wharf in the city's Docklands. The centre provides  of floor space across two merged buildings - **33 Canada Square** (known as "CGC1") and **25 Canada Square** (known as "CGC2"), and houses the bulk of Citi's UK employee base. Together, both buildings form the Citigroup Centre complex.

25 Canada Square, or Citigroup Centre 2, stands at  and, alongside HSBC Tower (with which it was built in tandem), is the joint 4th-tallest building in the United Kingdom (behind The Shard, One Canada Square and Heron Tower). Designed by César Pelli & Associates, construction of the 45-storey tower - undertaken by Canary Wharf Contractors - began in 1998 and was completed in 2001, with Citigroup leasing the building from the outset. The building was bought by RBS in 2004 along with 5 Canada Square (leased to Bank of America) for $1.12 billion. Subsequently, on 2 July 2007, CGC2 was individually sold to a joint venture between Quinlan Private and PropInvest for £1 billion (US$2 billion). Citigroup pay £46.5 million a year in rent for the tower, generating a yield of 4.6% to the owners. The east-facing side of 25 Canada Square up to level 40 is configured for use by tenants.

33 Canada Square, or Citigroup Centre 1, is the smaller of the two buildings in the complex, designed by Norman Foster and completed in 1999, two years before its neighbour. At  tall, the building is made up of eighteen floors, all of which are adjoined to their equivalent floors in 25 Canada Square. The building is owned by Citigroup, and was built before the completion of the Jubilee line extension in late 1999.

In addition to main entrances from both Canada Square and Upper Bank Street, Citigroup Centre is also accessible via underground walkways from Canada Place shopping mall and Canary Wharf London Underground station - served by the Jubilee line. The centre is also close to DLR stations Canary Wharf and Heron Quays, which provide connections with the City, London City Airport and surrounding areas.

## Infobox (building)

- **name**: Citigroup Centre
- **image**: Citigroup EMEA Centre.jpg
- **image size**: 240px
- **location**: Canary Wharf
London,
United Kingdom
- **start date**: 1998
- **building type**: Commercial
- **floor count**: 45
- **floor area**: <sup>2</sup>
- **architect**: CGC1: Foster and Partners
CGC2: César Pelli, Pelli Clarke Pelli
- **owner**: Quinlan Private and PropInvest
Janny Sikazwe

**Janny Sikazwe** (born 26 May 1979) is a Zambian teacher and also an international football referee. He was one of the referees for the AFCON 2015, and he was the referee at the 2016 FIFA Club World Cup Final in Japan and also at 2017 AFCON final in Gabon.

## Other websites

- Janny Sikazwe , WorldReferee.com
- Profile on RateTheRef.net

## Infobox (football official)

- **name**: Janny Sikazwe
- **birth place**: Kapiri Mposhi, Zambia
- **otheroccupation**: Teacher
- **internationalyears1**: 2007
- **confederation1**: FIFA International Referees List, FIFA listed
- **internationalrole1**: Referee
Deinococcus–Thermus

**Deinococcus–Thermus** is a phylum of extremophile bacteria that are highly resistant to environmental hazards.

These bacteria have thick cell walls that give them gram-positive stains, and they have a second membrane. They are closer in structure to that of gram-negative bacteria.
Cavalier-Smith calls this clade **Hadobacteria** (from Hades, the Greek underworld).
Radioresistance

**Radioresistance** is a property of some living things. It means they can resist the effects of gamma radiation, ultra-violet radiation, and similar types of radiation. A good example is the bacterium _Deinococcus radiodurans_. It has enzymes which repair the DNA strands which have been split by the radiation.
Alpine County, California

**Alpine County** is a county in the U.S. state of California. As of the 2020 census, the population was 1,204, making it California's least populous county. The county seat is the census-designated place of Markleeville. There are no incorporated cities in the county.

Alpine County is in the Sierra Nevada, between Lake Tahoe and Yosemite National Park.

The county was founded on March 16, 1864.
Jan Mayensfield

**Jan Mayensfield** () is an aerodrome or airfield in Jan Mayen, Norway. It is run by the Norwegian Armed Forces. The aerodrome serves both the civilians and the military on the island. The airfield was opened in 1960. The runway is made of dirt and is  long. The runway is labeled 06-24.

Eight times a year, a Lockheed C-130 Hercules from the 335 Squadron from Bodø Main Air Station brings supplies and new people.  Landing safely can be difficult because the volcano nearby called Beerenberg causes wind vortexes.

## History

The airfield was made by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and the Norwegian Armed Forces. They started to work on the airfield in 1958. To make the work easier, the workers made the runway from a   existing dirt road. The first airplane to land at the airfield was a Consolidated PBY Catalina on September 17, 1960.

The first non-military aircraft to land at the airfield was a Douglas DC-4 which brought journalists on October 29, 1961. Grumman HU-16 Albatrosses and the Douglas DC-6s have also landed at the airfield. The airfield was named after movie star Jayne Mansfield as a joke, but the name stuck.

In 1970, the volcano called Beerenberg erupted and all the people were evacuated. A C-130 was sent to the island to get the people and was able to land on the dirt runway. More and more supplies were delivered by aircraft after that. Most supplies were delivered by ship.

## Facts

The C-130 from the Royal Norwegian Air Force visits the island only eight times a year. The runway is not open for regular commercial use. The runway can be used for research and search and rescue.

The dirt runway is . One end of the runway points to 060 degrees on a compass and the other end points to 240 degrees.

The Jan Mayensfield airdrome's weather can change a lot. It is often foggy.  Kármán vortexes can make the winds quickly change direction.

## Accidents

IN 1991, a C-130 aircraft almost crashed after take off due to the wind shifting.

A World War II plane crashed near where the airfield was built.

## Infobox (airport)

- **name**: Jan Mayensfield
- **icao**: ENJA
- **type**: Military
- **operator**: Norwegian Armed Forces
- **location**: Olonkinbyen, Jan Mayen, Norway
- **elevation-f**: 39
- **elevation-m**: 12
- **pushpin map**: Europe
- **pushpin relief**: yes
- **pushpin mapsize**: 250
- **pushpin label**: **ENJA**
- **pushpin label position**: bottom
- **metric-rwy**: yes
- **r1-number**: 06–24
- **r1-length-m**: 1,500
- **r1-length-f**: 4,921
- **r1-surface**: Dirt
Kiyonori Kikutake

(April 1, 1928 – December 26, 2011) was an important Japanese architect. He start the Japanese Metabolist group of architects. He also taught several important Japanese architects, such as Toyo Ito, Shōzō Uchii and Itsuko Hasegawa.

## Early life

Kikutake was born in 1928 in Kurume, Japan. He graduated from Waseda University in 1950.

## Career

Kikutake's most important work is his "Marine City" project in 1958. This project became part of the Metabolist Manifesto at the World Design Conference in Tokyo in 1960. Kenzo Tange and Kisho Kurokawa were asked to show work at the "Visionary Architecture" exhibition in New York of 1961. This made the Metabolists known internationally.

He became assistant professor at Waseda University in 1959 in the Faculty of Science and Engineering. He became a professor at Chiba Institute of Technology in 1989. He returned to Waseda from 1993-1998 as a visiting professor in the Research Institute for Science and Engineering.

Kikutake worked until he died in 2011. He designed several important public buildings in Japan. He also taught internationally. He was President and then Honorary President of the Japan Institute of Architects.

## Awards

Kikutake won many awards both in Japan and internationally. These include the Japan Academy of Architecture Prize (1970) and the UIA (Union Internationale des Architectes) Auguste Perret Prize (1978).

## List of works

- Sky House, Tokyo, 1958
- Marine City, 1958
- Tatebayashi Civic Centre, 1963
- Administrative building of Izumo Shrine,  1963
- Pacific Hotel, Chigasaki, 1966
- Miyakonojo Civic Hall, 1966
- Expo Tower, Expo '70, Osaka, 1969
- Matsumi Tower, 1976
- Tanabe Art Museum, 1979
- Hotel Seiyo, Ginza, Tokyo, 1987
- Edo-Tokyo Museum, 1993
- Hotel Sofitel, Tokyo, 1994
- Shimane Art Museum, 1999
- National Showa Memorial Museum, 1999
- Kyushu National Museum, 2005

## References

- Kisho Kurokawa, "The Origin and History of the Metabolist Movement" - Charles Jencks, Kisho Kurokawa. Studio Vista, 1976
- Botond Bognar, "Beyond the Bubble: Contemporary Japanese Architecture" ; Phaidon, 2008

## Other websites

- K. Kikutake Architects
- Marine City, 1958
Mu Cephei

**Mu Cephei**, also known as **Herschel's Garnet Star** due to its red, garnet-like color, is a red hypergiant star in the Cepheus constellation. With a radius between 1,260 and 1,420 solar radii, or a diameter between 1.7 and 2 billion kilometers, it is one of the largest stars known. This means Mu Cephei is twice the size of the more famous star Betelgeuse. Mu Cephei is also 269,000 times brighter than the Sun. Mu Cephei is also the "prototype" of the semiregular variable star type.

## Related pages

- 119 Tauri
- Pi1 Gruis
- Antares
- Betelgeuse
- VV Cephei
- VY Canis Majoris
Enoch zu Guttenberg

**Enoch zu Guttenberg**, (29 July 1946 – 15 June 2018) was a German conductor. He also owned the large winery estate Weingut Reichsrat von Buhl. He was born in Guttenberg, Bavaria, Germany. He was a member of the House of Guttenberg.

Guttenberg died on 15 June 2018 at the age of 71.

## Other websites

- Georg Etschelt: Abendzeitung-Muenchen.de Ein Nachruf /	Enoch zu Guttenberg (†71): Ein inbrünstiger Überzeugungstäter Abendzeitung Munich, 16 June 2018
- Enoch zu Guttenberg (Conductor) Bach Cantatas Website
- Joseph Haydn (1732–1809) / Die Schöpfung (The Creation) musicweb-international.com
Sonia Scurfield

**Sonia Scurfield**, B.A (née **Onishenko**; September 19, 1928 – June 14, 2018) was a Canadian businesswoman. She was a co-owner of the Calgary Flames hockey team from 1985 to 1994. She became only the second  woman, and the only Canadian woman, to have her name engraved on the Stanley Cup when the Calgary Flames won the National Hockey League championship in 1989. She was born in Hafford, Saskatchewan.

Scurfield died from stomach cancer on June 14, 2018 in Calgary, Alberta at the age of 89.

## Other websites

- Photo of Sonia Scurfield with the Stanley Cup
- Stanley Cup Engraving Facts
- "Calgary Flames" . _Canadian Encyclopaedia_.
- Calgary Flames Team History
- The Ultimate Canadian Sports Trivia Book by Edward Zawadzki, page 82
Mongi Kooli

**Mongi Kooli** (March 15, 1930 – June 14, 2018) was a Tunisian politician and diplomat. He joined the Socialist Destourian Party. He was the governor of the Jendouba Governorate and the Bizerte Governorate. He was the Tunisian Health Minister in 1976–1977. Kooli was born in Ksar Hellal, Tunisia.

Kooli died on June 14, 2018 in Gammarth, Tunisia from complications of gallbladder cancer at the age of 88.
Fazlullah (militant leader)

**Fazal Hayat** (1974 – 14 June 2018), more commonly known by his pseudonym ** Fazlullah** (), was a militant. He served as the leader of the Tehreek-e-Nafaz-e-Shariat-e-Mohammadi. He was the leader of the Tehreek-e-Taliban-e-Pakistan in Swat Valley.

On 7 November 2013, he became the emir of the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan, and presided over the descent of the group into factions who are often at war with each other. Fazlullah was added to the U.S. State Department's Rewards for Justice wanted list on March 7, 2018.

On 14 June 2018, Fazlullah was killed in an American drone Strike in Kunar Province, Afghanistan at the age of 43-44.

## Other websites

- "Imam warns police against his arrest; FIR registered" 3 March 2007

## Infobox (military person)

- **embed**: yes
- **allegiance**:  Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan
 <small>(2007–2018)</small>
- **serviceyears**: 1992–2015
- **rank**: Emir of the Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan
- **battles**: War in North-West Pakistan
* Operation Black Thunderstorm
* Operation Zarb-e-Azb


## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Maulana Qazi Fazlullah
- **caption**: Maulana Fazlullah, in Swat District, Swat, Pakistan, 2008
- **birth name**: Fazal Hayat
- **birth date**: 1974
- **birth place**: Swat District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
- **death place**: Marawara District, Kunar Province, Afghanistan
- **children**: Muhammad Hakim,
 Abdul Basit (deceased)
Vincent R. Gray

**Vincent Richard Gray** (24 March 1922 – 14 June 2018) was a British-born New Zealand chemist. He was a founder of the New Zealand Climate Science Coalition. He was born in London. He was known for being a critic of global warming.

Gray was featured on the Australian Broadcasting Corporation program Counterpoint in a debate entitled "Nine Lies about Global Warming". In 2002, Gray also published a book, _The Greenhouse Delusion: A Critique of "Climate Change 2001"_.

Gray died in Petone, New Zealand of pneumonia on 14 June 2018, aged 96.

## Publications

- _The Global Warming Scam_ (2015), ISBN 9781941071236

## Other websites

- The New Zealand Climate Science Coalition
- IPCC too blinkered and corrupt to save
- Support for call for review of UN IPCC
Frank Bresee

**Frank Bresee** (August 20, 1929 – June 5, 2018) was an American radio personality and historian. Bresee was born in Los Angeles, California. He hosted the "Golden Days Of Radio" program which began in 1949 and aired on the Armed Forces Radio Network from 1967 to 1995.

Bresee died on June 5, 2018 of complications from dementia at the age of 88.
Richard Hadlee

**Sir Richard John Hadlee**  (born 3 July 1951) is a New Zealand former cricketer. He is thought to be one of the greatest fast bowlers and all-rounders in cricketing history. He was born in St Albans, New Zealand.

Hadlee was appointed MBE in 1980 and knighted in 1990 for services to cricket. In December 2002, he was chosen by Wisden as the second greatest Test bowler of all time.

On 3 April 2009, Sir Richard Hadlee was inducted into the ICC Cricket Hall of Fame.

In June 2018, Hadlee was diagnosed with bowel cancer and underwent tumour removal surgery.
Jerry Butler

**Jerry "Iceman" Butler, Jr.** (December 8, 1939 – February 20, 2025) was an American Hall of Fame singer-songwriter, musician, record producer, television presenter and politician. He was born in Sunflower, Mississippi. He is a guitarist, pianist, drummer and saxophonist. His genres include funk, soul and R&B. He was raised in Cabrini–Green, Chicago.

He was known as being the original lead singer of the R&B vocal group The Impressions. He served as a Commissioner for Cook County, Illinois, having first been elected in 1985 as a Democrat. He chaired the Health and Hospitals Committee, and served as Vice Chair of the Construction Committee.

In 1991, Butler was added to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame along with other The Impressions' members.

In his last election, Butler won reelection in March 2014 with over 80 percent of the vote. Butler retired from the board in 2018.

In recent years, he was host of PBS TV music specials such as _Doo Wop 50_ and _51_, _Rock Rhythm and Doo Wop_, and _Soul Spectacular: 40 years of R&B_, among others. He has was chairman of the board of the Rhythm and Blues Foundation.

Butler died from problems caused by Parkinson's disease at his home in Chicago, on February 20, 2025, at the age of 85.

## Other websites

- Mississippi musicians: Jerry Butler.  Erica Covin
- Jerry Butler Biography on VH1.com
- Jerry Butler on Philly Soul Classics
2019 Chicago mayoral election

An election for Mayor of Chicago in which the first round was held on February 26, 2019. Since no candidate received a majority of votes, a runoff election will be held on April 2, 2019. Incumbent Rahm Emanuel was able to run for a third term, as there are no term limits for the office of Mayor of Chicago, but on September 4, 2018 declined to seek a third term.

Emanuel was first elected in 2011, when he took 55.19% of the vote in a four candidate field. He was reelected in 2015, receiving 55.7% of the vote in the runoff election.

## Infobox (election)

- **election name**: 2019 Mayoral elections in Chicago, Chicago mayoral election
- **country**: Chicago
- **type**: presidential
- **ongoing**: no
- **previous election**: 2015 Chicago mayoral election
- **previous year**: 2015
- **next election**: 2023 Chicago mayoral election
- **next year**: 2023
- **election date**: February 26 and April 2, 2019
- **turnout**: 35.32%  5.78 Percentage point, pp (first round)
_31.28%_  _4.04_ Percentage point, pp (second round)
- **1blank**: First-round vote
- **2blank**: First-round percentage
- **3blank**: Second-round vote
- **4blank**: Second-round percentage
- **image1**: Lori Lightfoot at MacLean Center (10a).png
- **image1 size**: 150x150px
- **candidate1**: Lori Lightfoot
- **colour1**: c0c0c0
- **1data1**: **97,330**
- **2data1**: **17.54%**
- **3data1**: ***364,965***
- **4data1**: ***73.69%***
- **image2**: Toni Preckwinkle (3107244285).jpg
- **image2 size**: 150x150px
- **candidate2**: Toni Preckwinkle
- **colour2**: c0c0c0
- **1data2**: **88,998**
- **2data2**: **16.04%**
- **3data2**: _130,327_
- **4data2**: _26.31%_
- **image3**: William M. Daley official portrait (cropped).jpg
- **image3 size**: 150x150px
- **candidate3**: William M. Daley, Bill Daley
- **colour3**: c0c0c0
- **1data3**: 82,019
- **2data3**: 14.78%
- **image4**: Willie Wilson 2015.jpg
- **image4 size**: 150x150px
- **candidate4**: Willie Wilson (businessman), Willie Wilson
- **colour4**: c0c0c0
- **1data4**: 58,831
- **2data4**: 10.60%
- **image5**: Susana Mendoza Blue Suit (a).jpg
- **image5 size**: 150x150px
- **candidate5**: Susana Mendoza
- **colour5**: c0c0c0
- **1data5**: 50,199
- **2data5**: 9.05%
- **image6**: Amara Enyia 2018.jpg
- **image6 size**: 150x150px
- **candidate6**: Amara Enyia
- **colour6**: c0c0c0
- **1data6**: 44,372
- **2data6**: 8.00%
- **image7**: Jerry Joyce (cropped).jpg
- **image7 size**: 150x150px
- **candidate7**: Jerry Joyce
- **colour7**: c0c0c0
- **1data7**: 40,014
- **2data7**: 7.21%
- **image8**: Gery Chico 2018 (a).jpg
- **image8 size**: 150x150px
- **candidate8**: Gery Chico
- **colour8**: c0c0c0
- **1data8**: 34,420
- **2data8**: 6.20%
- **image9**: Paul Vallas 2018 (a).jpg
- **image9 size**: 150x150px
- **candidate9**: Paul Vallas
- **colour9**: c0c0c0
- **1data9**: 30,154
- **2data9**: 5.44%
- **map image**: Chicago mayoral election, 2019 runoff (Lori Lightfoot).svg
- **map caption**: Lightfoot won all 50 wards in the runoff

- **title**: Mayor
- **before election**: Rahm Emanuel
- **after election**: Lori Lightfoot
Sunflower, Mississippi

**Sunflower** is a town in Sunflower County, Mississippi. As of the census of 2020, there were 964 people, 354 households, and 248 families residing in the town.

As of 2022, the median income for a household in the town was near $23,295, and the median income for a family was near $44,750.

Musicians Matt Murphy and Jerry Butler were born here.
Bose gas

**Bose gas** is a concept in quantum mechanics.

Classical mechanics has a concept called ideal gas. This concept describes how a gas usually behaves, in different settings. A **bose gas** is the analogous concept in quantum mechanics.

A bose gas is made of bosons with a positive spin value. These bosons also follow the Bose-Einstein statistics. The statistical mechanics of bosons were developed by Satyendra Nath Bose for photons.  Albert Einstein extended the theory, when he realized that an ideal gas of bosons would form a condensate at a low enough temperature. This condensate is known as a Bose–Einstein condensate. This is not the case with  a classical ideal gas.
2018 FIFA World Cup disciplinary record

In the 2018 FIFA World Cup, which is taking place in Russia from 14 June to 15 July 2018, the main disciplinary actions taken against players come in the form of red and yellow cards.

## Disciplinary statistics

<onlyinclude>{{Ifcs
| type = discipline
| line-breaks = yes
Aram Shah

**Aram Shah** was the second king of the Mamluk dynasty. The Mamluk dynasty was the first dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate. He ruled the dynasty from 1210 to 1211.

## Succession

Aram Shah was not a good ruler. The forty nobles group, Chihalgani called Iltutmish to rule over the dynasty. Iltutmish defeated Aram Shah in the war. He also became the next king of the dynasty.
Katie Harman

**Katie Marie Harman** (born August 18, 1980) is an American classical vocalist and actress. She was Miss America 2002. Before that, she was Miss Oregon 2001.

After her pageant career, Harman worked as a singer and actress. She appeared in various stage productions in the United States. In 2001, on the Saturday after the September 11 attacks, Harman was chosen as Miss America.

Harman was born in Portland, Oregon.
Markleeville, California

**Markleeville** (formerly, **Markleville**) is a census-designated place (CDP) in California, United States. It is the county seat of Alpine County. The population was 191 at the 2020 census.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Markleeville
- **settlement type**: census-designated place
- **image skyline**: Markleeville - General Store.jpg
- **image caption**: General Store
- **image map**: Alpine_County_California_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Markleeville_Highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 250x200px
- **map caption**: Location in Alpine County, California, Alpine County and the state of California
- **pushpin map**: California#USA
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in California##Location in the United States
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in California, County
- **subdivision name2**: Alpine County, California, Alpine
- **unit pref**: US
- **area total sq mi**: 6.531
- **area land sq mi**: 6.531
- **area water sq mi**: 0
- **area total km2**: 16.915
- **area land km2**: 16.915
- **area water km2**: 0
- **area water percent**: 0
- **elevation ft**: 5531
- **elevation m**: 1686
- **population as of**: 2020
- **population total**: 191
- **population density km2**: auto
- **population density sq mi**: auto
- **timezone**: Pacific Time Zone, Pacific (PST)
- **utc offset**: -8
- **timezone dst**: PDT
- **utc offset dst**: -7
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 96120
- **area code**: Area code 530, 530
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 06-45988
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature IDs
- **blank1 info**: ,
Amador County, California

**Amador County**, officially the **County of Amador**, is a county in the U.S. state of California, in the Sierra Nevada. As of the 2020 census, the population was 40,474. The county seat is Jackson.
Norma Bessouet

**Norma Bessouet** (October 15, 1940 – June 11, 2018) was an Argentine painter and sculptor. Bessouet's work was mainly about around portraits, domesticity and the female nude. Her paintings were abstract in their style and she also created equally as abstract wooden dolls. She was born in Buenos Aires.

Bessouet lived and worked in New York City. She died of breast cancer in Buenos Aires on June 11, 2018 at the age of 77.
Wayne Flynt

**James Wayne Flynt** (born October 4, 1940) is an American educator, editor and historian. He was born in Pontotoc, Mississippi. He is Professor Emeritus in the Department of History at Auburn University. He has won many teaching awards and been a Distinguished University Professor for many years.

His research focuses on Southern culture, Alabama politics, Southern religion, education reform, and poverty.  He is Editor-in-Chief of the Online _Encyclopedia of Alabama_.

Flynt had two sons with his late wife Dorothy - they were named Sean and David.

He was a longtime friend of Harper Lee, the author of _To Kill a Mockingbird_ and gave the eulogy at her funeral.

## Other websites

- _Mockingbird Songs: My Friendship with Harper Lee,_ 2017, published by HarperCollins.
- _Keeping the Faith: Ordinary People, Extraordinary Lives,_  2011, published by the University of Alabama Press
- _Alabama: The History of a Deep South State,_  2010, published by the University of Alabama Press
- _Alabama in the Twentieth Century,_  2006, published by the University of Alabama Press
- Alabama Academy of Honor, Flynt bio on web page (as of 2/2011)
Beavis and Butt-Head Do America

***Beavis and Butt-Head Do America*** is an American 1996 comedy and adventure movie. Beavis and Butt-head are the main characters in the movie. They're played by Mike Judge. The teenage boys are from the fictional town of Highland, Texas.

## Cast

- Mike Judge as:
    - Beavis
    - Butt-Head
    - Tom Anderson
    - Principal McVicker
    - Mr. Van Driessen
- Demi Moore as Dallas Grimes
- Bruce Willis as Muddy Grimes
- Robert Stack as ATF Agent Flemming
- Cloris Leachman as Old woman
- Richard Linklater as Tour bus driver
- Dale Reeves as President Bill Clinton
- Greg Kinnear as ATF Agent Bork
- David Letterman and Tony Darling as Mötley Crüe roadies
- Kristofor Brown as Man on plane / Man in confession booth / Old guy / Jim
- Eric Bogosian as Old Faithful ranger / White House press secretary / Strategic Air Command lieutenant
- Jacqueline Barba as Agent Hurly
- Pamela Blair as Flight attendant / White House tour guide

### Box office

The movie went to theaters in North America on December 20, 1996. It made over $63.1 million at the U.S. box office. It opened at #1 with $20 million. The budget was $12 million.

### Critic reviews

As of September 2015, the movie had a 72% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 54 reviews. On Metacritic, the movie has a 64 out of 100 rating, meaning "generally favorable reviews".

Roger Ebert and Gene Siskel gave the movie "two thumbs up".

### Awards and nominations

|Organization|| Awardee || Result || Citation||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|BMI Film & TV Awards|BMI Film Music Award|John Frizzell|||
|1997 MTV Movie Awards|Best On-Screen Duo|Beavis and Butt-Head|||
|17th Golden Raspberry Awards|Worst New Star|Beavis and Butt-Head|||
|Worst Screen Couple|Beavis and Butt-Head||||

## Home Media

The movie was released on VHS on June 10, 1997. It was released on DVD on November 23, 1999.
Liberation (Christina Aguilera album)

***Liberation*** is the eighth studio album by American singer Christina Aguilera.  It was released on June 15, 2018, by RCA Records.  The album is Aguilera's first in nearly six years and her last one with RCA Records before leaving in 2024.

She started working on it in 2014 and worked  with different music producers and songwriters to create the sound she wanted. Some artists who helped with the album included Anderson .Paak, Kanye West, and Tayla Parx. She also sang with Demi Lovato, Keida, Shenseea, GoldLink, Ty Dolla Sign, 2 Chainz, and Lewis Hamilton (who used the name “XNDA”).

The album had three singles: “Accelerate,” “Fall in Line,” and “Like I Do”. People liked the album, especially Christina’s voice and the mix of different sounds. It was a success in many countries, reaching the top 10 in nine places, including the U.S., where it was number six on the Billboard charts. It was also number one in Spain, number three in Switzerland, and number five in Canada.

Two songs, “Fall in Line” (with Demi Lovato) and “Like I Do” (with GoldLink), were considered for Grammy Awards. To promote the album, Christina went on The Liberation Tour in September 2018, her first tour in almost ten years. Liberation was also considered for International Album of the Year at the GAFFA Awards in 2018.

## Infobox (album)

- **type**: studio
- **length**: 49:19
- **released**: June 15, 2018
- **recorded**: 2017-2018
- **artist**: Christina Aguilera
- **name**: Liberation
- **prev title**: Lotus (album), Lotus
- **prev year**: 2012
- **label**: RCA Records, RCA