juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
DiC

**DiC Entertainment** (DiC) was an international/Canadian-American movie and television production company founded in 1971 as **D.i.C. Audiovisuel** by Jean Chalopin in France. In 2008 Cookie Jar Group bought out DiC and then merged it with Cookie Jar Entertainment. Dic Entertainment is now owned by DHX Media. In the 1985-1988 DiC theme, the 7th Yamaha DX7 internal factory patch "Marimba" or 7th Yamaha DX7 internal factory patch "Marimba" mixed with the synth noise/noise/Fairlight CMI III (1984-1989) patch "Choir" that is similar to the Roland D-50 synth noise/Roland D-50 noise.

### 1980s

Its American arm was started in 1982 as **DiC Enterprises**. The company's United States headquarters were in Burbank, California.

In 1986, Andy Heyward bought the company, making the US headquarters the main base of operations.

### 1990s

In 1993, DiC Animation City (as it was then known) and Capital Cities/ABC formed DIC Entertainment LP and in 1995 it became a subsidiary of The Walt Disney Company.

### 2000s

In 2000 with an investment by Bain Capital, Heyward re-purchased DiC Enterprises (as it was then known). He purchased Bain Capital's part in 2004.

In 2003 DiC started a syndicated children's programming block called DiC Kids Network.

In early 2006, DiC Entertainment and CBS Corporation signed a multi-year deal for a new 3-hour long programming block for Saturday mornings on CBS. The resulting _KOL Secret Slumber Party on CBS_ was started the following fall.

In April 2007, DiC Entertainment, Corus Entertainment's Nelvana and Sparrowhawk Media Group announced plans to start KidsCo, a new international children's entertainment network.

On June 20, 2008, it was announced that DiC would be bought out by Cookie Jar Group. On July 23, 2008, Cookie Jar completed the buy out of DiC Entertainment, and then it was merged with Cookie Jar Entertainment.

## Productions

See List of Cookie Jar Entertainment programs

## Other websites

- DIC Entertainment (Archive)
- Streaming Episodes
- DIC Entertainment Cartoons  at the Big Cartoon Database

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: DIC Entertainment Corporation
- **logo**: DIC Entertainment 1987.svg
- **type**: Limited liability company
- **fate**: Merged with and folded into Cookie Jar Group
- **successor**: Cookie Jar Group
DHX Media
- **location**: Burbank, California, Burbank, California, United States, U.S.
<small>Former headquarters:</small>
France
- **founder**: Jean Chalopin
- **key people**: Andy Heyward (Chairman & CEO)
- **industry**: Animation
- **products**: Children's television shows
- **owner**: RTL Group, Radio Television Luxembourg (1971–1986)
Independent (1986–1993, 2000–2008)
Capital Cities/ABC, Inc. (Limited Partnership, 1993–1995)
The Walt Disney Company (Limited Partnership, 1971–2000)
- **homepage**: www.dicentertainment.com (closed)
Minehead

**Minehead** is a seaside town and civil parish in Somerset, England. It is in the borough of Somerset West and Taunton.

In 2011, the town had a population of 11,981. It is close to the border with Devon.

The town is 21 miles (34 km) north-west of Taunton, Somerset's county town.

It is close to the Exmoor National Park.

Minehead is famous for being the location of Butlin's Minehead, a popular holiday camp owned by Butlin's.

The town is the starting point of the South West Coast Path, the longest countryside walking trail in the United Kingdom.

## Twinning

Minehead has one twin town. It is twinned with:
- Saint-Berthevin, France

## Infobox (uk place)

- **official name**: Minehead
- **country**: England
- **region**: South West England
- **static image name**: Minehead_from_Grabbist_Hill_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1410053.jpg
- **static image caption**: Minehead viewed from Grabbist Hill
- **static image alt**: Minehead viewed from Grabbist Hill
- **population**: 11,981
- **os grid reference**: SS970460
- **map alt**: Map of Somerset, with a red dot showing the location of Minehead
- **label position**: right
- **post town**: MINEHEAD
- **postcode area**: TA
- **postcode district**: TA24
- **dial code**: 01643
- **constituency westminster**: Bridgwater and West Somerset (UK Parliament constituency), Bridgwater and West Somerset
- **civil parish**: Minehead
- **unitary england**: Somerset West and Taunton
- **lieutenancy england**: Somerset
Hank Azaria

**Henry Albert "Hank" Azaria** ( ; born April 25, 1964) is an American actor, voice actor, comedian and producer.  He is famous for voicing many characters in the Fox animated television series _The Simpsons_. He also appeared in movies such as _The Birdcage_ (1996), and on stage as Sir Lancelot in the Monty Python-inspired musical, _Spamalot_. He married Helen Hunt from 1999 to 2000. Azaria makes a relationship with Katie Wright. He starred in Showtime's original series _Huff_.

### Film

|Year|Title|Role|Notes||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|rowspan="2"|1990|_Pretty Woman_|Detective||
|_Cool Blue_|Buzz|Direct-to-video|||
|1993|_Cannibal! The Musical_|Israel Swan|||
|1994|_Quiz Show_|Albert Freedman|||
|rowspan="2"|1995|_Now and Then_|Bud Kent||
|_Heat_|Alan Marciano||||
|1996|_The Birdcage_|Agador Spartacus|||
|rowspan="2"|1997|_Grosse Pointe Blank_|Steven Lardner||
|_Anastasia_|Bartok|Voice|||
|rowspan="4"|1998|_Great Expectations_|Walter Plane||
|_Homegrown_|Carter||||
|_Godzilla_|Victor "Animal" Palotti||||
|_Celebrity_|David||||
|rowspan="4"|1999|_Cradle Will Rock_|Marc Blitzstein||
|_Mystery Men_|Jeff / The Blue Raja||||
|_Bartok the Magnificent_|Bartok|Voice Direct-to-DVD Also producer|||
|_Mystery, Alaska_|Charles Danner||||
|2001|_America's Sweethearts_|Hector Gorgonzolas|||
|2002|_Bark!_|Sam|||
|2003|_Shattered Glass_|Michael Kelly|||
|rowspan="4"|2004|_Nobody's Perfect_|Ray|Short film Also director, producer and writer|
|_Along Came Polly_|Claude||||
|_DodgeBall: A True Underdog Story_|Young Patches O'Houlihan||||
|_Eulogy_|Daniel Collins||||
|rowspan="3"|2007|_The Grand_|Mike "The Bike" Heslov||
|_The Simpsons Movie_|Various|Voices|||
|_Run Fatboy Run_|Whit||||
|2008|_Immigrants_|Jóska|Voice||
|rowspan="2"|2009|_Night at the Museum: Battle of the Smithsonian_|Kahmunrah, The Thinker, Abraham Lincoln||
|_Year One_|Abraham||||
|2010|_Love & Other Drugs_|Dr. Stan Knight|||
|rowspan="4"|2011|_Hop_|Carlos, Phil|Voices|
|_The Smurfs_|Gargamel||||
|_Happy Feet Two_|The Mighty Sven|Voice|||
|_The Smurfs: A Christmas Carol_|Gargamel|Voice Short film|||
|rowspan="2"|2013|_Lovelace_|Gerard Damiano||
|_The Smurfs 2_|Gargamel||||
|2016|_Norman: The Moderate Rise and Tragic Fall of a New York Fixer_|Srul Katz|||

## Other websites

- Fresh Air interview with Terry Gross
- Hank Azaria 1999 Interview  on _Sidewalks Entertainment_

## Infobox (actor)

- **name**: Hank Azaria
- **image**: Hankazaria05.jpg
- **caption**: Azaria in November 2005
- **birth place**: Queens, New York (state), New York, USA
- **nationality**: Americans, American
- **occupation**: Actor, Voice actor, Comedian, Producer
- **spouse**: Helen Hunt (m. 1999-2000; divorced)
Katie Wright (m. 2007–present)
- **children**: 1
- **birth name**: Henry Albert Azaria
- **years active**: 1986-present
- **awards**: **Screen Actors Guild Award for Best Cast in a Motion Picture**
 1996 _The Birdcage_
- **known for**: Acting roles:
**Moe Szyslak**, **Chief Wiggum**, **Comic Book Guy**, and **Apu** on _The Simpsons_
**Agador Spartacus** in _The Birdcage_
1821

## Deaths

- January 4 – Elizabeth Ann Seton, American saint (b. 1774)
- February 23 – John Keats, British poet (b. 1795)
- March 13 – John Hunter, second Governor of New South Wales (b. 1737)
- May 5 – Napoleon I of France (b. 1769)
- May 19 –  Camille Jordan, French politician (b. 1771)
- September 10 – Johann Dominicus Fiorillo, German painter and art historian
John Hinckley Jr.

**John Warnock Hinckley, Jr.** (born May 29, 1955) is the man who attempted to assassinate President Ronald Reagan. On March 30, 1981, shortly after Reagan was elected, Hinckley shot at Reagan in Washington, D.C. Reagan was injured, but recovered quickly. Hinckley was tried, but was found not guilty, due to his insanity. He said the reason he shot the President was to get the attention of actress Jodie Foster, of whom he was a fan.

Hinckley has schizophrenia, dysthymia, narcissistic personality disorder and schizoid personality disorder. He also has borderline and passive-aggressive features. He was born in Ardmore, Oklahoma.

He also became a singer and song creator after he was released from psychiatric care.He posted an original and a cover song to YouTube in 2020.

Following his release, Hinckley has also created multiple paintings, often using his pet cat as a reference, to sell online.
Tampico, Illinois

**Tampico** is a village in Whiteside County, Illinois.  The 2020 census said the village had a total population of 689.

## History

On February 6, 1911, Ronald Reagan, who used to be President of the United States (1981-1989) was born in a two-story apartment over the local bank.  The building where the apartment is near the main street (Illinois Highway 172).  Reagan was born in the front bedroom of the apartment.

## Geography

Tampico is located at 41°37'50" North, 89°47'8" West (41.630559, -89.785573).

The United States Census Bureau says the village has a total area of 1.0 km² (0.4 mi²). None of it is water-covered.

Tampico is about 50 miles east of the Quad Cities (the cities of Davenport, Bettendorf, Iowa, Moline and Rock Island, Illinois).  It's about 130 miles west of Chicago.

## Demographics

The census of 2020 says there are 689 people living in the village. The population density is 675/km² (1,750/mi²).  There are 319 houses at an average density of 313/km² (810/mi²).  The  village is 91.9% White.

There are 288 households out of which 31.6% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.4% are married couples living together, 12.5% are unmarried couples living together, 24.7% are single women, and 20.5% are single men. 29.2% of all households are made up of individuals and 15.6% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older.  The average household size is 2.39.

In the village the population is spread out with 24.8% under the age of 18, 7.7% from 18 to 24, 25.1% from 25 to 44, 25.4% from 45 to 64, and 17.0% who are 65 years of age or older.  The median age is 37.8 years.  For every 100 females there are 105.7 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 103.9 males.

As of 2021, the average income for a household in the village is $80,272, and the average income for a _family_ is $95,420. The per person income for the village is $29,506.  10.9% of the population and 10.3% of families are below the poverty line.  Out of the total population, 3.9% of those under the age of 18 and 14.7% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.

The city was also the birthplace of Admiral Joseph M. Reeves.
Surface area

**Surface area** is the measure of the total area that the surface of the object occupies (3D object). The surface area of a polyhedron is found by finding the sum of the area of all of the faces. The surface area is found between many three-dimensional (3D) shapes using formulas.

The surface area is useful because it tells us how much material is required in order to cover the object—for example, how much paint is needed to paint a table. Surface area is the sum of the faces, or surfaces, of a three dimensional shape.

## Surface area and evaporation

Surface area increases rate of evaporation because there are more molecules touching the surface. There the surface molecules can draw heat energy from the surroundings, which makes the molecules heat up faster and escape faster. This process is also known as evaporation. For example, a bowl filled with water will evaporate much faster than a flask filled with the same amount.
Al Hirschfeld

**Albert Hirschfeld** (June 21, 1903 – January 20, 2003) was an American cartoonist and illustrator. He was known mostly for his caricatures (funny drawings) of entertainers and famous people.
Mobile Army Surgical Hospital

A **Mobile Army Surgical Hospital** (or **M.A.S.H.** or **MASH**) was a medical center used during wars, to care for and fix injured soldiers who got hurt in the fighting. They were an alternative to field hospitals and real hospitals which were used in World War II. During the Korean War, thanks to these kinds of hospitals, soldiers had a 97% chance of surviving an injury. They were also used in the Vietnam War and the first Gulf War, but were gradually replaced by Combat Support Hospitals or CSHs which are used today.
Many people know about these places due to a well-known movie and later TV show called _M*A*S*H_, which was set in a hospital like this during the Korean War.
Kiefer Sutherland

**Kiefer William Sutherland** (born December 21, 1966) is a Canadian actor and director. Is best known for his starring role as President Tom Kirkman in the ABC - Netflix drama series _Designated Survivor_.

He was born in London, England in 1966 to Canadian actor Donald Sutherland and his wife Shirley Douglas, an actress and daughter of Canadian statesman Tommy Douglas. He also has a twin sister, named Rachel, who looks similar to him. He grew up in London, Corona, California and Toronto, Ontario.

In the 1980s, he was part of a group of young actors called the "Brat Pack" and appeared in movies _Stand by Me_ (1986), _The Lost Boys_ (1987), _Young Guns_ (1988), _Flatliners_ (1990), and _The Three Musketeers_ (1993). In 2001, he starred as Jack Bauer in _24_, which was intended as a one-shot mini-series, but became one of the most popular shows on TV. For this role, Kiefer won the Emmy Award for Best Actor in 2006, the Golden Globe for best actor in 2001, the SAG Award for Best Actor in 2003 and 2005 and the Satellite Award for Best Actor in 2002 and 2003. The show had eight seasons before ending, with one movie currently released.

He is also in the Fox drama, _Touch_ as the role of Martin Bohm.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Kiefer Sutherland
- **image**: Kiefer_Sutherland_at_24_Redemption_premiere_1_(headshot).jpg
- **birth name**: Kiefer William Frederick Dempsey George Rufus Sutherland
- **birth place**: London, England
- **years active**: 1983–present
- **partner**: Cindy Vela (2014–present; engaged)
- **children**: Sarah Sutherland
- **father**: Donald Sutherland
- **mother**: Shirley Douglas
- **signature**: Kiefer Sutherland Signature.svg
Stirling

**Stirling** () is a city in the middle of Scotland. Stirling was very important a long time ago because it is at the centre of Scotland. Battles were fought at Bannockburn and Stirling Bridge, and there is a castle in the city. During part of the Middle Ages it was the capital of the Kingdom of Scotland.

## Famous places

- Bannockburn
- Braehead
- Broomridge
- Cambusbarron
- Cambuskenneth
- Causewayhead
- Cornton
- Kings Park
- Raploch
- Riverside
- Stirling Castle
- St. Ninians
- Top of the Town
- Torbrex

## Related pages

- Robert I of Scotland
- William Wallace
Tuvaluan language

**Tuvaluan** is an Austronesian language spoken in Tuvalu. It is closely related to Tokelauan language. Tuvaluan has over 11 000 speakers. The language is divided into two main dialects.

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Tuvaluan
- **nativename**: (southern dialects)
 (northern dialects)
- **states**: Tuvalu, Fiji, Kiribati, Nauru, New Zealand
- **speakers**: 10,670 in Tuvalu. 13,051 total.
- **familycolor**: Austronesian
- **fam2**: Malayo-Polynesian languages, Malayo-Polynesian
- **fam3**: Oceanic languages, Oceanic
- **fam4**: Polynesian languages, Polynesian
- **fam5**: Ellicean–Eastern
- **fam6**: Tuvalu–Eastern
- **nation**: Tuvalu
- **iso2**: tvl
- **iso3**: tvl
Tokelau

**Tokelau** is a group of islands in the Pacific Ocean. It is made of three atolls. These atolls have a surface area of about . About 1,500 people live there. The territory belongs to New Zealand. The atolls are Atafu, Nukunonu, and Fakaofo. Together with Swains Island (which is now part of American Samoa) they are known as the **Union Islands.** Swains Island is about 180 km to the south of Fakaofo. Less than 50 people live on Swains Island. Tokelau is about halfway between New Zealand and Hawaii.

Tokelau does not have an official capital. The most important languages spoken in Tokelau are English and Tokelauan.

The people who live in Tokelau mostly live in four villages: Two of them are on Fakaofo. The islands Atafu and Nukunonu each have one village. The most common language is Tokelauan, about half the people speak English.

According to the UN, many people on Tokelau are overweight: Many of the 15 to 64 age group also suffer from diabetes.

Tokelau is among the most remote areas in the Pacific: There are no airports; the islands can only be reached by ship: there are no sea ports, which makes travelling difficult, even between the atolls. New Zealand pays for a ship, which connects Tokelau with the next bigger seaport (Apia, on Samoa). The trip from Apia to Fakaofo takes about a day, reaching the northernmost atoll Atafu will take another three to four hours. There is no large pier on any of the islands, which means that smaller boats (called barges) are needed to reach the shore. The ship reaches Tokelau about once every two weeks.

In 2004 there was a vote to change the status of Tokelau: Rather than being a dependent territory of New Zealand, the proposal was to be "in association with" New Zealand, much like Cook Islands and Niue. At the time, the people of Tokelau voted against this independence.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Tokelau
- **image flag**: Flag of Tokelau.svg
- **settlement type**: Dependent territory
- **image seal**: Badge of Tokelau.svg
- **seal size**: 70
- **image map**: Tokelau-CIA WFB Map.png
- **area total km2**: 10
- **population as of**: 2016
- **population total**: Around 1,500
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: New Zealand
- **population density km2**: auto
- **utc offset**: +13
- **leader title**: Administrator of Tokelau, Administrator
- **leader name**: Don Higgins
- **leader title1**: Ulu-o-Tokelau
- **leader name1**: Alapati Tavite
- **government type**: Devolved parliamentary constitutional monarchy
Communist state

A **communist state** is a state whose constitution claims to follow the principles of communism, despite following the ideology of Marxism–Leninism. Its form of government has only a single political party, the communist party. The governance of the state is guided by the principles of Leninism, Marxism, Maoism, or any other form of socialist ideology.

Technically, "communist state" is a contradictory term. In principle, a communist society is a stateless society. In practice, communist states do not actually refer to themselves as "communist states". They do not consider themselves to be communist societies at present. Instead, their constitutions call them _socialist states_ or _workers' states_.

During the 20th century, a "communist state" came to be understood as any country ruled by a single party and guided by a Marxist–Leninist or Maoist ideology. These countries would also have a planned economy. The ruling class is the working class (the proletariat).

As of July  2024, there are five countries that are called communist states. They are China, Cuba, Laos, Vietnam and North Korea. North Korea does not follow Marxism–Leninism but rather the ideology of Juche. Nonetheless, it is otherwise still considered to be in the same category.

## Historically

There were, at one time, many countries that followed some type of Marxism. One of the most famous is the Post-Soviet states. However, many of these are now no longer regarded as socialist.

List of Eastern Bloc and Warsaw Pact:
- Soviet Union
- East Germany
- Yugoslavia
- Romania
- Hungary
- Czechoslovakia
- Poland
- Bulgaria
- Democratic Kampuchea
- Somalia
- Albania
- Angola
- Afghanistan
- Mongolia
List of five main communist states:
- Cuba
- Vietnam
- North Korea
- China
- Laos
1792

## Events

- March 11 - The city of Freetown is founded in Sierra Leone.
- April 2 - The Coinage Act of 1792 standardizes the U.S. currency.
- June 1 - Kentucky becomes a U.S. state.
- September 22 - The Kingdom of France is replaced by the French First Republic.
- Unknown - James Johnstone proves that Vancouver Island is an island.

## Births

- April 4 - Thaddeus Stevens, American Republican politician
- May 13 - Pope Pius IX, 256th Pope
- June 15 – Thomas Livingstone Mitchell, Australian explorer
- July 10 - George M. Dallas, 11th Vice President of the United States
- August 18 - John Russell, 1st Earl Russell, English politician
- October 20 - John Pascoe Fawkner, pioneer and politician who started the city of Melbourne
- December 6 - William II of the Netherlands, King of the Netherlands and Grand Duke of Luxembourg

## Deaths

- March 29 - Gustav III of Sweden, King of Sweden
- May 15 - Maria Luisa of Spain, Holy Roman Empress
- August 4 - John Burgoyne, British general
1873

**1873** (MDCCCLXXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday in the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Monday in the Julian calendar, the 1873rd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, .

## Events

- February 11 – King Amadeus I of Spain abdicates.
- Blue jeans patented.

## Births

- Alexis Mérodack-Jeanneau – French painter (d. 1919)
1849

## Events

- February 8 – Start of the new Roman Republic
- April 12 – Ludwig von Welden becomes commander of Austrian forces in Hungary.
- May – The Second Carlist War ends in Spain.
Deaths

June 15 - James K. Polk, 53, eleventh President of the United States, cholera (b. 1795)

- October 7 – Edgar Allan Poe
Solitaire (card game)

**Solitaire** is a card game for one player using a pack of playing cards.

There are many types of solitaire, such as Klondike, FreeCell, Pyramid, Golf, and Spider. Most computer operating systems include simple solitaire games such as Spider Solitaire on Microsoft Windows.

In Klondike, the player wins the game when the player has all the cards in four stacks organized by color ("suit") and number.

In many countries (for example, UK), solitaire is called **Patience**.

## Types of games

- **Patience**, also known as "solitaire with cards", usually involves placing cards in a layout and sorting them by the game's rules.
- **Klondike** is the most common kind of solitaire. It is bundled with the Microsoft Windows operating system under the title _Solitaire_.
- **Mahjong solitaire**
- **Peg solitaire** is a board game in which the goal is to empty the board of pegs through movement and capturing. It is more of a puzzle than a game.
- **Concentration**, also known as _Memory_, _Pelmanism_ (UK), _Shinkei-suijaku_ (Japan), _Pexeso_ (Czechia) or simply _Pairs_, is a card game in which the cards are laid face down on a surface and two cards are flipped face up over each turn. The object of the game is to turn over pairs of matching cards.
Optics

**Optics** is the science of light and how it interacts with the world. Optics explains how rainbows exist, how light reflects off mirrors, how light refracts through glass or water, and what splits light shining through a prism. In addition to visible light in the standard "spectrum" of red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet, optics also deals with invisible parts of the whole electromagnetic spectrum of which visible light is only a small part.

Optics is both a science and an area of engineering. It has been used to make many useful things, including eyeglasses, cameras, telescopes, and microscopes. Many of these things are based on lenses, which focus light and can make images of things that are bigger or smaller than the original.

While optics is an old science, new things are still being discovered in it. Scientists have learned how to make light travel through a thin optical fiber made of glass or plastic. Light can go long distances in a fiber. Fibers are used to carry phone calls and the Internet through cities and around the world.

## Related pages

- Spectroscopy
Barbra Streisand

**Barbara Joan "Barbra" Streisand** (born April 24, 1942) is an American singer, actress, producer, and director. She has won multiple Emmy Awards, Grammy Awards and Golden Globe Awards.

Her grandparents on her father's side of the family were from Galicia. (That region is now in Ukraine and Poland.). She is of Jewish descent.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Barbra Streisand
- **img**: File:Barbra.jpg
- **img capt**: Barbra Streisand in 2013
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Barbara Joan Streisand
- **origin**: Brooklyn, New York City, United States
- **genre**: Pop music, Traditional pop, adult contemporary, vocal, showtunes, disco
- **occupation**: Singer, actress, movie producer, producer, movie director, director
- **years active**: 1960–present
- **label**: Columbia Records
- **url**: [http://www.barbrastreisand.com barbrastreisand.com]
Carl Lewis

**Frederick Carlton "Carl" Lewis** (born July 1, 1961) is an American retired track and field athlete. He has won nine Olympic gold medals and eight World Championships. Lewis became an actor and has appeared in a number of movies.

## Infobox (sportsperson)

- **name**: Carl Lewis
- **image**: Carl Lewis (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Lewis in 2023
- **full name**: Frederick Carlton Lewis
- **nickname**: Carl Lewis
- **hometown**: Willingboro Township, New Jersey, Willingboro, New Jersey, U.S.
- **height**: 6 ft 2 in
- **weight**: 176 lb
- **sport**: Track and field
- **event**: 100 meters, 200 meters, long jump, 4 × 100 m relay
- **collegeteam**: Houston Cougars
- **club**: Santa Monica Track Club
- **retired**: 1997
- **show-medals**: yes
- **medaltemplates**:
Bleach

**Bleach** is the name for a number of chemical substances which can be used to remove colors, or to make things white. Very often, they act through oxidation. Bleaches on the base of sulfur have been in use for thousands of years. Modern bleaches are usually based on chlorine or on oxygen.

Many bleaches can kill bacteria easily. For this reason, they are often used for disinfecting or sterilisation.

## Dangers of using bleach

Mixing bleach with some things commonly found at home, like vinegar or even fruit juice can produce chemicals like chlorine that are irritating or even dangerous. Bleach should also not be mixed with ammonia because a hazardous chemical reaction will occur. This effect can kill people.

Certain types of bleaches produce toxic waste. Some of them produce dioxins.

## Examples of bleaches

- Sulfur dioxide, one bleach that is a reducing agent
- Hydrogen peroxide
- Sodium hypochlorite, household bleach
- Bleaching powder
Bleach made from hydrogen peroxide is used to make hair lighter in color, orange, blonde, or even white. It is often used by dark-haired people to make highlights, and most hair dyes contain it.

## Other websites

- Bleach (MSDS)
Sign

A **sign** is something you see (or hear) which means something. A sign may be natural or man-made.

A natural sign shows something significant. Leaves turn brown and fall off deciduous trees in the autumn. Temperatures drop, daylight hours shorten. It suggests winter is coming. Many birds migrate and some mammals hibernate in response to natural signs like these. Humans, as usual, are a bit different. They make their own signs.

A man-made sign is called a signal or symbol. It is an artificial thing, which people decide means something in their society. For example, the stop sign on the road tells the person that they must stop their car there. So does a red traffic light. They are signals with a legal meaning, and people learn what these meanings are.

Sometimes a person may not know what a sign means. Feeling a cold wind could be a sign that someone left a door or window open.

In medicine, a sign is something seen, whereas a symptom is something felt, like a pain. A sign might be something like high blood pressure, which can be measured.

Sign is also a shortened form of the word signature, which is a unique mark or writing that identifies a person and is often used to signify approval, endorsement, agreement or transaction.

## Road signs

A road sign or traffic sign is something that gives information by means of a symbol, or in only 1 or 2 words. It helps people in their vehicles on the road. Some signs include: Give way, Stop, Keep left, No U-turn, no parking, Zebra crossing and much more. Signs are very useful. Without signs and traffic lights there would be many accidents and arguments on the road.
Barley

**Barley** is a member of the grass family of plants. Its seeds are a cereal grain. It is a staple food of humans and other animals, and it is one of mankind's oldest crops. It can be made into flour or beer.

Its Latin name is _Hordeum vulgare_. Barley is an annual plant.

## Production

|Rank|Country|quantity  (in t)|rank|Country|quantity  (in t)|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1||15.663.110|9||5.149.000|
|2||11.822.100|10||4.611.940|
|3||11.684.000|11||4.065.800|
|4||11.034.200|12||3.851.000|
|5||9.472.000|13||3.104.200|
|6||7.423.000|14||3.000.000|
|7||6.000.000|15||2.600.000|
|8||5.920.000||World|136.207.179|
|colspan=2 style="font-size:90%;"|_Source: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)_|||||
1853

## Events

- October 4–5 – the Crimean War begins when the Ottoman Empire begins war with the Russian Empire
- August 24 - George speck, AKA George Crum, prepares the first ever Potato chip in Saratoga Springs, New York.

## Births

- March 30 – Vincent van Gogh, painter
- July 18 – Hendrik Lorentz, Dutch physicist and mathematician

## Deaths

- March 30 – Abigail Fillmore, wife of U.S. President Millard Fillmore
1371

## Births

- May 28 – John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy
Mineralogy

**Mineralogy** is the study of minerals. Minerals are things that make rocks. There are many different types of minerals. Some are hard, like diamonds. Some are soft, like talc. Some are metal, like gold or silver. Minerals are put into special groups of minerals made of similar chemicals, or that have similar structures inside. For example, the chemicals that make up some minerals line up in chains, while in other minerals, they make bow-tie shapes.

Studying minerals can be useful for figuring out certain things about a rock. Sometimes the shape or size of the mineral can tell something about the rock as well. For example, minerals in igneous rocks can help figure out how long the rock took to cool down (turn from lava into a rock). Larger minerals mean the rock cooled slowly (probably underground). Smaller minerals mean the rock cooled down quickly (probably above ground, like from a volcano). The type of mineral in a rock can also tell what kind of a rock it is, or what has happened to the rock since it formed. Many rocks are named based on what kinds of minerals they have.

Mineralogists (people who study minerals) study minerals in rocks with hand lenses (a magnifying glass), and in thin section (thin slices of rock) with microscopes. They record things about the minerals like how big they are, what shape they are, what color they are, and if the mineral changes colors when you turn it. Mineralogists also record what color minerals turn in a special light. These details can help mineralogists figure out what minerals they are looking at.

Minerals can be used in a lot of different things, like mining, jewelry, farming, pottery, making metals, and more . Mineralogists can help find important minerals in the Earth using what they know and learn.

## Other websites

- International Mineralogical Association
- Mineralogical Association of Canada
- Virtual Museum of the History of Mineralogy
- The Giant Crystal Project
- The Geological Society of America
1515

## Events

- January 25 – Coronation of Francis I of France
- August 25 – Conquistador Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar founds Havana, Cuba.

- September 22 – Anne of Cleves
1495

## Births

- March 28 – Mary Tudor, Queen of France (died 1533)
1397

## Events

- Richard II of England takes revenge on his political opponents, the Lords Appellant.
Orlando (disambiguation)

The word ***Orlando*** has several meanings

There are several places that have the name
- Orlando, Florida, in the United States of America
- Orlando, Oklahoma, in the United States of America
- Orlando, Soweto, in the Republic of South Africa

There are several artistic works that use the name
- Orlando can be a character in literature or music from the 16th and 17th centuries
- _Orlando_ is the name of an opera composed by George Frideric Handel in 1733
- _Orlando: A Biography_ is a novel written by Virginia Woolf in 1928
- _Orlando_ is the title of a movie based on the above novel, produced in 1992
- _Orlando_ is the title of a British television series in the 1960s
- Orlando is the name of a British indie-pop band in the 1990s
- Orlando is the name of a fictional cat that stars in a series of children's illustrated books by Kathleen Hale

The following people use "Orlando" as their surname, or family name
- Vittorio Orlando, an Italian diplomat and politician
- Tony Orlando, an American singer

The following people use "Orlando" as their given name
- Orlando Bloom, a British actor
- Orlando Cepeda, a former Hispanic-American baseball player in the Baseball Hall of Fame
- Orlando Cabrera, a current Hispanic-American baseball player.  He plays in Major League Baseball for the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim.
Glossary

A **glossary** is a list of words and what they mean.  They are usually found at the end of a book or report that uses hard words to read or special words.  Websites about complicated subjects also sometimes have glossaries.

For example, in a book about philosophy that has the word "epistemology", there might be a glossary at the end of the book with the definition of this word.
1527

## Events

- January 5 – Felix Manz, co-founder of the Swiss Anabaptists, is drowned in the Limmat River in Zürich by the Zürich Reformed state church.
- May 6 – Spanish and German troops led by the Duke of Bourbon sack Rome (the infamous Sacco di Roma), forcing Pope Clement VII to make peace with Charles V.
- May 16 – Florentines drive out the Medici for a second time and Florence re-establishes a republic.
- Spanish conquest of Guatemala highlands completed; first Guatemala City founded (Ciudad Vieja).
- Spanish Conquistador Francisco de Montejo invades Yucatán.
- Battle of Tokay: Ferdinand of Austria defeats John Zapolya and takes over most of Hungary. John appeals to the Turks for help.
- Protestant Reformation begins in Sweden.
- Ahmed Gragn of Somalia defeats the Ethiopian army with his new firearms.
- People of the University of Wittenberg flee plague to Jena.
- Bishop Vesey's Grammar School in Sutton Coldfield, West Midlands, UK is founded by Bishop John Vesey.

## Births

- March 21 – Hermann Finck, German composer and music theorist (died 1558)
- April 14 – Abraham Ortelius, cartographer and geographer (died 1598)
- July 13 – John Dee, English mathematician, astronomer, and geographer (died 1608)
- July 31 – Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor (died 1576)
- Giuseppe Arcimboldo, Italian artist (died 1593)
- Charles of Guise, French Cardinal and member of the powerful House of Guise (died 1574)
- Lawrence Humphrey, president of Magdalen College, Oxford (died 1590)
- Luis Ponce de León, Spanish lyric poet (died 1591)
- Sakuma Nobumori, Japanese retainer and samurai (died 1581)
- Annibale Padovano, Italian composer and organist (died 1575)
- Philip II of Spain

## Deaths

- January 21 – Juan de Grijalva, Spanish conquistador (born 1489)
- June 21 – Niccolò Machiavelli, Italian writer and statesman (born 1469)
- July 28 – Rodrigo de Bastidas, Spanish conquistador and explorer (born 1460)
- Boabdil, last Moorish king of Granada (of the Nasrid dynasty)
- Charles III, Duke of Bourbon, Count of Montpensier and Dauphin of Auvergne (born 1490)
- Francesco Colonna, Italian Dominican priest (born 1433)
- Thomas Docwra, Grand Prior of the Knights Hospitaller (born 1458)
- Felix Manz, co-founder of the original Swiss Brethren Anabaptist congregation in Zürich
- Cristoforo Solari, Italian sculptor and architect
- Jan "Ciezki" Tarnowski, Polish nobleman
1373

### January–December

- March 24 – The Treaty of Santarém is signed between D. Fernando of Portugal and Henrique II of Castile, ending the second war between the two countries.
- May 13 – Julian of Norwich receives the sixteen _Revelations of Divine Love_.

### Date unknown

- Bristol is made an independent county.
- The Anglo-Portuguese alliance is signed (currently the oldest active treaty in the world).
- The city of Phnom Penh (now the capital city of Cambodia) is founded.
- Philip II of Taranto hands over the rule of Achaea (now southern Greece) to his cousin, Joanna I of Naples.
- Leo VI succeeds his distant cousin, Constantine VI, as King of Armenian Cilicia (now southern Turkey).
- A city wall is built around Lisbon, Portugal to resist invasion by Castile.
- Tran Kinh succeeds Tran Phu as King of Vietnam.
- Byzantine co-emperor Andronikos IV Palaiologos rebels against his father, John V Palaiologos, for agreeing to let Constantinople become a vassal of the Ottoman Empire. After the rebellion fails, Ottoman Emperor Murad I commands John V Palaiologos to blind his son.
- The death of Sultan Muhammad as-Said begins a period of political instability in Morocco.
- Merton College Library is built in Oxford, England.
- The Adina Mosque is built in Bengal.
- The Chinese emperor of the Ming Dynasty, the Hongwu Emperor, suspends the traditional civil service examination system after complaining that the 120 new _jinshi_ degree-holders are too incompetent to hold office; he instead relies solely upon a system of recommendations until the civil service exams are reinstated in 1384.

## Births

- March 29 – Marie of Alencon, French princess (d. 1417)
- June 23 – Queen Joan II of Naples (d. 1435)
- September 22 – Thomas le Despenser, 1st Earl of Gloucester (d. 1400)
- _date unknown_
    - Edward of Norwich, 2nd Duke of York (d. 1415)
    - Margery Kempe, writer of the first autobiography in English

## Deaths

- January 16 – Humphrey de Bohun, 7th Earl of Hereford (b. 1342)
- February – Ibn Kathir, Islamic scholar (b. 1301)
- July 23 – Saint Birgitta, Swedish saint (b. 1303)
- November 3 – Jeanne de Valois, Queen of Navarre (b. 1343)
- December 7 – Rafał z Tarnowa, Polish nobleman (b. c. 1330)
- _date unknown_
    - Constantine VI of Armenia (assassinated)
    - Robert le Coq, French bishop and councillor
Comedian

A **comedian** is a person who tells jokes, or acts in comedies. Some people use the French loanword _comedienne_ to refer to female comedians. A comedian can also be called a comic or a comic actor.
Turin

**Turin** ( , <small>Piedmontese:</small> ;  ; , then _Taurinum_) is a major industrial city on the west bank of the Po river in Piedmont, northwest Italy. Over 800,000 people live in it. Turin is the fourth largest city in Italy, after Rome, Milan and Naples. Turin is the capital of Piedmont. Fiat's first car factory was in Turin. The city was the host of the 2006 Winter Olympics.

In Turin there are two major rivers, the Po and the Dora, and two minor rivers, the Stura and the Sangone.

Turin was the first capital of Italy in 1861. It had previously been the capital of the Kingdom of Sardinia and before that it was the capital of the Duchy of Savoy. Filippo Juvarra designed many churches and palaces in the city.
Hobart

**Hobart** (Palawa Kani: _Nipaluna_) is a city in Australia. It is the capital city of the state of Tasmania, and it has about 200,000 people. It is on the western shore of the Derwent River, although some of its suburbs are on the eastern shore. In the western suburbs of Hobart is Kunyani/Mount Wellington.

Hobart was founded in 1803 as a penal colony. Today it is a busy seaport, and is the home port of Antarctic expeditions. Tourist attractions include Salamanca Markets, the Cadbury chocolate factory and the Cascade Brewery.

Hobart has an oceanic climate (_Cfb_ in the Köppen climate classification).

## Infobox (australian place)

- **type**: city
- **name**: Hobart
- **state**: tas
- **native name**: **Nipaluna**
- **image**: Franklin Wharf 2015.jpg
- **caption**: Hobart city centre, 2015
- **image2**:
- **caption2**: Coat of arms
- **force national map**: yes
- **pop**: 251047
- **pop year**: 2021
- **poprank**: 11th
- **density**: 145.7
- **density footnotes**: (2021)
- **area**: (metropolitan)
- **timezone**: Australian Eastern Standard Time, AEST
- **utc**: +10
- **timezone-dst**: Australian Eastern Daylight Time, AEDT State: Tasmania.
- **utc-dst**: +11
- **location1**: Huonville
- **dist1**: 38
- **location2**: Swansea, Tasmania, Swansea
- **dist2**: 134
- **location3**: Launceston, Tasmania, Launceston
- **dist3**: 198
- **location4**: Queenstown, Tasmania, Queenstown
- **dist4**: 248
- **location5**: Burnie, Tasmania, Burnie
- **dist5**: 297
- **lga**: City of Clarence
- **lga2**: City of Glenorchy
- **lga3**: City of Hobart
- **lga4**: Kingborough Council
- **stategov**: Division of Clark (state), Clark, Division of Franklin (state), Franklin
- **fedgov**: Division of Clark, Clark, Division of Franklin, Franklin
- **elevation**: 17
- **maxtemp**: 17.6
- **mintemp**: 9.0
- **rainfall**: 565.3
- **local map**: yes
- **zoom**: 8
New Testament

The **New Testament** is part of the Christian Bible, and the most important religious writing of Christianity. It tells the story of Jesus Christ, his followers, and the beginnings of Christianity. It was written in Ancient Greek.

The New Testament is made up of different parts. In total, there are 27 texts in the New Testament. The Eastern Orthodox Church, the Roman Catholic Church and the Protestant Churches have the same texts, but their arrangement varies; the Syriac Churches and the Ethiopian Churches have different versions. The Syriac Churches do not put Peter 2, John 2 and 3, Jude and the Revelations in the New Testament. The Ethiopian Churches do not have a common canon.

Four of the Books of the New Testament are the Gospel<nowiki/>s. Most of the others are Epistles.

## The Four Gospels

Each of the Gospels tells the story of Jesus Christ, or the young Messiah, who Christians believe is the "Son of God who is born to save the world from sin". Each of the Gospels tell this same story, with a little more or less detail from the other. The other books tell about the history of the church and explain the Christian faith through letters written to persons and groups that have believed in Jesus

The traditional author is listed after each entry.
- The Gospel of Matthew, traditionally the Apostle Matthew, son of Alphaeus.
- The Gospel of Mark, traditionally Mark, who wrote down the narrative given by the Apostle Simon, called Peter.
- The Gospel of Luke, traditionally Luke, who was a companion of the Apostle Paul, who was formerly called Saul.
- The Gospel of John, traditionally John the Apostle.

## Acts of the Apostles

- Acts of the Apostles (or Acts), the story of the apostles after the Gospels' story

## Pauline epistles

Pauline epistles, the 13 or 14 letters believed to be written by Saint Paul the Apostle. They are named for the person or group to which they were sent.
- Romans
- First Corinthians
- Second Corinthians
- Galatians
- Ephesians
- Philippians
- Colossians
- First Thessalonians
- Second Thessalonians
- First Timothy
- Second Timothy
- Titus
- Philemon
- Hebrews was traditionally attributed to Paul, but nowhere is the author mentioned.

## General epistles

General epistles are other letters which are named for the person traditionally believed to have written them.

- James
- First Peter
- Second Peter
- First John
- Second John
- Third John
- Jude

## Book of Revelation

- Book of Revelation

## Other websites

- The New Testament Gateway
- Full text in original Greek
Gospel

**Gospel** originally meant the Christian message ("the gospel"), but in the 2nd century it came to be used also for the books in which the message was set out.

The word gospel came from the Old English word “gōdspel”, which literally means “good news”, since it narrates Jesus Christ's life and teaching to invite anyone to believe that he was born to save the world from sin and make humans truly know God as a Father. It includes the Death and Resurrection of Jesus.

The Gospel was originally spoken, not written. Eventually gospel came to mean an ancient book about Jesus, especially one of the four books collected by the Church in the Bible.

These books are the first part of the New Testament of the Bible, and are put in a group of this order: the Gospel of Matthew, the Gospel of Mark, the Gospel of Luke and the Gospel of John.

"Injil" (Arabic: إنجيل) is the Arabic name for the Gospel of Jesus (Isa). The Injil is mentioned many times in the Qur'an. In Islam, Jesus is believed to be the second-to-last prophet and messenger of God (Allah) and the Messiah. Muslims believe that God revealed the Injil to Jesus, while also declaring the truth of the previous revelations: the Tawrat (the Torah) and the Zabur (the Psalms).

## The Essence of the Gospel as the Good News

> “For God so loved the world, that he gave his only Son, that whoever believes in him should not perish but have eternal life. (John 3:16)> Now I would remind you, brothers, of the gospel I preached to you, which you received, in which you stand, and by which you are being saved, if you hold fast to the word I preached to you—unless you believed in vain.
> For I delivered to you as of first importance what I also received: that Christ died for our sins in accordance with the Scriptures, that he was buried, that he was raised on the third day in accordance with the Scriptures, (1 Corinthians 15:1-4)

Passages are from the English Standard Version (ESV) of the Holy Bible.

See also: Isaiah 53, Titus 2-3, Galatians 3

## Related pages

- Gospel music