juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
A. Q. M. Badruddoza Chowdhury

**Abul Qasim Muhammad Badruddoza Chowdhury** (11 October 1930 – 5 October 2024) was the 13th President of Bangladesh, serving from 14 November 2001 until his resignation on 21 June 2002. He was the founding secretary-general of Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP).

He was also a known physician, and former cultural activist, an author, essayist, playwright, television presenter and an orator of distinction.

Chowdhury died from a lung infection at a hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh on 5 October 2024, at the age of 93.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: AQM Badruddoza Chowdhury
<small>একিউএম বদরুদ্দোজা চৌধুরী</small>
- **image**: A. Q. M. Badruddoza Chowdhury.jpg
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **office**: List of Presidents of Bangladesh, 13th President of Bangladesh
- **primeminister**: Khaleda Zia
- **term start**: 14 November 2001
- **term end**: 21 June 2002
- **predecessor**: Shahabuddin Ahmed
- **successor**: Muhammad Jamiruddin Sarkar <small>(Acting)</small>
- **birth place**: Munsif Bari, Comilla, Bengal Presidency, British India
(now in Bangladesh)
- **death place**: Dhaka, Bangladesh
- **alma mater**: Dhaka Medical College
- **children**: Mahi B. Chowdhury
- **party**: Bangladesh Nationalist Party <small>(1978–2002)</small>
Bikalpa Dhara Bangladesh <small>(2004–2024)</small>
- **otherparty**: Four Party Alliance <small>(2001–2003)</small>
- **awards**: Independence Day Award (1993)
- **spouse**: Hasina Warda Chowdhury
Renzo Calegari

**Renzo Calegari** (5 September 1933 – 5 November 2017) was an Italian comics artist. He was born in Genoa, Italy. His best known work was the long lasting comic book series _Storia del West_, which run from 1967 until 1980, and for which he illustrated many stories.

Calegari died on 5 November 2017 in Chiavari, Italy of complications from a stroke at the age of 84.

## Other websites

- Renzo Calegari at _Lambiek_
William Deane

**Sir William Patrick Deane** (born 4 January 1931) is an Australian lawyer and judge. He served as the 22nd Governor-General of Australia, in office from 1996 to 2001. He was appointed to the Supreme Court of New South Wales in 1977, and later that year was also appointed to the Federal Court of Australia. He was a Justice of the High Court of Australia from 1982 to 1995.

Deane had a low profile during his five-year term, having no major constitutional issues, but did become notice by the global scale by officially opening the 2000 Summer Olympics.

Deane was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE) on 10 August 1982, a few weeks after being appointed to the High Court.

## Other websites

- Governor General of Australia – Official biography of Sir William Deane and Lady Deane , published by Government House, Canberra.
- A Mirror to the People, documentary film on the Office of Governor-General of Australia (1999), featuring Deane, Zelman Cowen and Ninian Stephen.
- High Court biography Retrieved 20 August 2014.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **honorific-prefix**: The Honourable
- **name**: Sir William Deane
- **image**: William Deane cropped.jpg
- **order**: List of Governors-General of Australia, 22nd Governor-General of Australia
- **monarch**: Elizabeth II
- **primeminister**: Paul Keating
John Howard
- **term start**: 16 February 1996
- **term end**: 29 June 2001
- **predecessor**: Bill Hayden
- **successor**: Peter Hollingworth
- **office2**: List of Justices of the High Court of Australia, Justice of the High Court of Australia
- **nominator2**: Malcolm Fraser
- **term start2**: 25 June 1982
- **term end2**: 11 November 1995
- **predecessor2**: Ninian Stephen
- **successor2**: Michael Kirby (judge), Michael Kirby
- **birth place**: Melbourne, Victoria
- **spouse**: Helen Russell
- **children**: 2
- **alma mater**: University of Sydney
- **profession**: Barrister
Judge
Bill Hayden

**William George "Bill" Hayden** (23 January 1933 – 21 October 2023) was an Australian politician. He served as the 21st Governor-General of Australia, in office from 1989 to 1996. He had been leader of the Labor Party from 1977 to 1983, as well serving as a cabinet minister in the Whitlam and Hawke Governments.

Hayden was elected to the House of Representatives when he was 28 years old. He replaced Jim Cairns as Treasurer in 1975, but served for only five months.

In early 1977, Hayden challenged Whitlam for the party leadership and was defeated by just two votes. He replaced Whitlam as Leader of the Opposition at the end of the year when Whitlam resigned as a result of Labor's defeat at the 1977 election. He was replaced by Bob Hawke in 1983.

Hayden died in Queensland, Australia on 21 October 2023, after a long illness at the age of 90.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **honorific-prefix**: The Honourable
- **name**: Bill Hayden
- **image**: Bill Hayden 1971.jpg
- **order**: List of Governors-General of Australia, 21st Governor-General of Australia
- **term start**: 16 February 1989
- **term end**: 16 February 1996
- **monarch**: Elizabeth II
- **primeminister**: Bob Hawke
Paul Keating
- **predecessor**: Ninian Stephen, Sir Ninian Stephen
- **successor**: William Deane, Sir William Deane
- **order1**: List of Australian Leaders of the Opposition, Leader of the Opposition
- **term start1**: 22 December 1977
- **term end1**: 3 February 1983
- **primeminister1**: Malcolm Fraser
- **deputy1**: Lionel Bowen
- **predecessor1**: Gough Whitlam
- **successor1**: Bob Hawke
- **order2**: Leader of the Australian Labor Party, Leader of the Labor Party
- **term start2**: 22 December 1977
- **term end2**: 3 February 1983
- **deputy2**: Lionel Bowen
- **predecessor2**: Gough Whitlam
- **successor2**: Bob Hawke
- **order3**: Minister for Foreign Affairs (Australia), Minister for Foreign Affairs and Trade
- **primeminister3**: Bob Hawke
- **predecessor3**: Tony Street
- **successor3**: Gareth Evans (politician), Gareth Evans
- **term start3**: 11 March 1983
- **term end3**: 17 August 1988
- **order4**: Treasurer of Australia
- **primeminister4**: Gough Whitlam
- **predecessor4**: Jim Cairns
- **successor4**: Phillip Lynch
- **term start4**: 6 June 1975
- **term end4**: 11 November 1975
- **order5**: Minister for Human Services (Australia), Minister for Social Security
- **primeminister5**: Gough Whitlam
- **term start5**: 19 December 1972
- **term end5**: 6 June 1975
- **predecessor5**: Lance Barnard
- **successor5**: John Wheeldon
- **constituency mp6**: Division of Oxley, Oxley
- **parliament6**: Australian
- **term start6**: 9 December 1961
- **term end6**: 8 October 1988
- **predecessor6**: Donald Alastair Cameron, Donald Cameron
- **successor6**: Les Scott
- **birth name**: William George Hayden
- **birth place**: Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- **death place**: Queensland, Australia
- **children**: 4
- **party**: Australian Labor Party, Labor
- **education**: Brisbane State High School
- **alma mater**: University of Queensland
- **occupation**: Police officer
(Queensland Police Service)
- **profession**: Politician
John K. Singlaub

**John Kirk Singlaub** (July 10, 1921 – January 29, 2022) was an American OSS officer. He was a founding member of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), and a major general in the United States Army.

## Early life

Singlaub was born in Independence, California. He studied at the University of California, Los Angeles. He served in the United States Army during World War II and parachuted into Occupied France to fight with the French Resistance.

## Criticism of Carter

In 1977, Singlaub was relieved from his position as Chief of Staff of US forces in South Korea after he had criticized President Jimmy Carter's decision to withdraw US troops from the Korean Peninsula in an interview with the _Washington Post_. Less than a year later, Singlaub was forced to retire after he had publicly questioned Carter's national security policies.

## Political activity

In 1979 Singlaub founded the Western Goals Foundation, a private intelligence network that was found to have supplied weapons to the contras during the Iran-Contra affair during the Ronald Reagan administration. Singlaub contributed to several books and wrote an autobiography.

Singlaub served as a leading figure in US national security and defense matters under both Democratic and Republican Presidents from Franklin Roosevelt, Harry Truman, John F. Kennedy, and Lyndon Johnson to Dwight D. Eisenhower and Richard Nixon.

## Death

Singlaub turned 100 in July 2021, and died on January 29, 2022 in Franklin, Tennessee.

## Infobox (military person)

- **image**: John K Singlaub.jpg
- **caption**: Major General John K. Singlaub
- **birth name**: John Kirk Singlaub
- **birth place**: Independence, California, U.S.
- **death place**: Franklin, Tennessee, U.S.
- **placeofburial label**: Place of burial
- **allegiance**: United States, United States of America
- **branch**:  United States Army
- **serviceyears**: 1943–1977
- **rank**:  Major general
- **battles**: World War II
Korean War
Vietnam War
- **awards**: Distinguished Service Medal (U.S. Army), Distinguished Service Medal (2)
Silver Star
Legion of Merit (3)
Bronze Star Medal, Bronze Star (2)
Air Medal (2)
Purple Heart
Aminoglycoside

**Aminoglycosides** are antibiotics used for gram negative infections. Gram-negative means that the bacteria which cause the infection don't hold the color of a particular dye (Crystal Violet) when they're tested.

Since they are not absorbed from the gut, they are usually taken by an injection into the vain or muscle but they can be given as a cream or ointment to prevent and treat skin infections, as eye drops for eye infections, as ear drops for ear infections and as a pill for intestinal infections but not for other internal infections.

Antibiotics from this family can be used in patients who are not able to take some regular antibiotics, such as Penicillin because of allergies.  The most common Aminoglycosides used as alternatives to Penicillin are Erythromycin (lit. _Red fungus_) and Clarithromycin (lit. _Yellow fungus_).  They're most commonly used in the treatment of bacterial infections, such as Bronchitis.
Normandy landings

The **Normandy landings** (codenamed **Operation Neptune**) were the landings on Tuesday, June 6, 1944, during World War II.  Invasion forces landed at Gold Beach, Sword Beach, Omaha Beach, Juno Beach, Pointe du Hoc, and Utah Beach.

The Allies of World War II: the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and other countries landed, starting on the designated  D-Day (military term). The whole invasion was codenamed "Operation Overlord" and was intended to open the Western Front in the war.  General Dwight D. Eisenhower was the commander of Overlord.

After the landing, the Allied forces failed to take any of the planned towns and places. However, they controlled the beaches, and in the following days, they moved inland.  German casualties on D-Day have been estimated at 4,000 to 9,000 men.  Allied casualties were at least 10,000, with 4,414 confirmed dead.  The Normandy landings were the largest and deadliest amphibious invasion in history.

## Other websites

- The Normandy Invasion  at the US Army Center of Military History
- Neptune Operations Plan
- Naval details for _Overlord_ at Naval-History.Net
- Quiz questions
- Documents on D-Day: The Invasion of Normandy  at the Eisenhower Presidential Center

## Infobox (military conflict)

- **conflict**: D-Day
- **place**: Beaches of Normandy
- **partof**: The Second World War
- **date**: 6 June 1944
- **result**: Allies of World War II, Allied victory
- **combatant1**:
 United Kingdom

(Allies of World War II, and others)
- **image**: Into the Jaws of Death 23-0455M edit.jpg
Joel Kinnaman

**Charles Joel Nordström Kinnaman** (born 25 November 1979) is a Swedish American actor,  known for his television roles as Detective Stephen Holder in AMC's _The Killing_, Takeshi Kovacs in the first season of _Altered Carbon,_ and Governor Will Conway in the U.S. version of _House of Cards._ He has also played Alex Murphy in the 2014 _RoboCop_ remake, and Rick Flag in the film adaptation of _Suicide Squad_ (2016). Kinnaman is also known in Sweden for playing the lead role in the Swedish movie _Easy Money_.

Joel Kinnaman is now married to Kelly Gale.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Joel Kinnaman
- **image**: Joel Kinnaman (28494159712) (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Kinnaman in 2014
- **birth name**: Charles Joel Nordström Kinnaman
- **birth place**: Stockholm, Sweden
- **occupation**: Actor
- **years active**: 1990–present
- **relatives**: Melinda Kinnaman (half-sister)
Jack Nichols (activist)

**John Richard "Jack" Nichols Jr.** (March 16, 1938 – May 2, 2005) was an American gay rights activist. He co-founded the Washington, D.C. branch of the Mattachine Society in 1961 with Frank Kameny. He was born in Washington, D.C.. Nichols led the first gay rights march on the White House, in April 1965, and participated in the Annual Reminder pickets at Independence Hall in Philadelphia.

In 1967, Nichols became one of the first Americans to talk openly about his homosexuality on national television when he appeared in _CBS Reports: The Homosexuals_, a CBS News documentary.

Nichols died of complications from salivary gland cancer in Cocoa Beach, Florida on May 2, 2005 at the age of 67.
Hugo de Jonge

**Hugo Mattheüs de Jonge** (born September 26, 1977 in Bruinisse) is a Dutch politician. He is a member of the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA) and a minister in the Fourth Rutte cabinet.

De Jonge studied at Ichthus University of Applied Sciences in Rotterdam  and subsequently worked as a school teacher for five years.

From 2004 to 2006, he was an assistant to the CDA parliamentary group in the House of Representatives. The next four years he worked at the Ministry of Education, Culture and Science.

He became an alderman of the city of Rotterdam in 2010, which lasted till 2017. Education, youth and family matters were in his portfolio. In between he was also a councillor of Rotterdam for a brief period (after the municipal elections in 2014).

From 2017 to 2022, he was minister of Health, Welfare and Sports, and also a Deputy Prime Minister in Rutte III. He was the first one to replace Prime Minister Mark Rutte. At the public presentation of the government he received attention by wearing dark-dotted white shoes made of crocodile leather.

He was leading the CDA in 2020 (succeeded by Wopke Hoekstra). Since January 2022, he has been minister of Housing and Spatial Planning in Rutte IV.

Hugo de Jonge is married with two children, and a member of the Protestant Church in the Netherlands (PKN).

## Other websites

- Bio at Government.nl

## References

- Bio at Parlement.com

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Hugo de Jonge
- **image**: Hugo de Jonge 2016.jpg
- **office**: Minister of Housing and Spatial Planning
- **primeminister**: Mark Rutte
- **term start**: 10 January 2022
- **office1**: Party leader
- **term start1**: 15 July 2020
- **term end1**: 10 December 2020
- **predecessor1**: Sybrand van Haersma Buma
- **successor1**: Wopke Hoekstra
- **office2**: First Deputy Prime Minister
- **status2**: Third Rutte cabinet
- **term start2**: 26 October 2017
- **term end2**: 10 January 2022
- **alongside2**: Kajsa Ollongren
and Carola Schouten
- **predecessor2**: Lodewijk Asscher
- **successor2**: Sigrid Kaag
- **office3**: Minister of Health, Welfare and Sport
- **primeminister3**: Mark Rutte
- **term start3**: 26 October 2017
- **term end3**: 10 January 2022
- **predecessor3**: Edith Schippers
- **successor3**: Ernst Kuipers
- **office4**: Municipal councillor of Rotterdam
- **term start4**: 27 March 2014
- **term end4**: 15 May 2014
- **office5**: Alderman of Rotterdam
- **term start5**: 27 May 2010
- **term end5**: 26 October 2017
- **birthname**: Hugo Mattheüs de Jonge
- **birth place**: Bruinisse, Zeeland, Netherlands
- **nationality**: Netherlands, Dutch
- **party**: Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA)
- **residence**: Rotterdam, South Holland, Netherlands
- **occupation**: political, civil servant, teacher
- **website**: [https://www.parlement.com/id/vk8mbozteky0/h_m_hugo_de_jonge www.parlement.com]
Bruinisse

**Bruinisse**, Zeelandic: _Bru_, is a village in the municipality-island of Schouwen-Duiveland, in the Province of Zeeland, the Netherlands.

About 4,000 people are living there. It is located on the very east of the island.

Bruinisse is an agricultural and fishing community. Breeding of the blue mussel is an important business there.

## Well-known people

- Hugo de Jonge (born 1977), politician
Agulu lake

**Agulu lake** is a lake in Anambra State, Nigeria. The lake is connected to Ulasi Okija and River Nigeria.
Mahadev Ghurhu

**Mahadev Ghurhu** is a town in the Siddharth Nagar district in Basti division of the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It is next to Nepal. Mahadev Ghurhu is  from the state's capital city Lucknow.

## Overview

The city Mahadev Ghurhu is  from Itwa,  from the Basti and  from Gorakhpur.

This village founded by Baba Gainlal Srivastav. The nearest railway station is Barhni which is  from Mahadev Ghurhu. It is on the Gonda-gorakhpur loop line and is being converted into broad gauge line. Another railway station near to Mahadev Ghurhu is Basti,  which is well connected to Delhi, Mumbai, Lucknow, Gorakhpur etc.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Mahadev Ghurhu
- **settlement type**: Village
- **pushpin map**: India Uttar Pradesh
- **pushpin label position**: right
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: India
- **subdivision type1**: States and territories of India, State
- **subdivision name1**: Uttar Pradesh
- **subdivision type2**: List of districts of India, District
- **subdivision name2**: Siddharthnagar district, Siddharth Nagar
- **named for**: Mahadev Ghurhu
- **government type**: Rural
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **population density km2**: auto
- **demographics type1**: Languages
- **demographics1 title1**: Official
- **demographics1 info1**: Hindi language, Hindi, Awadhi language, Awadhi, English language, English, Bhojpuri language, Bhojpuri
- **timezone1**: Indian Standard Time, IST
- **utc offset1**: +5:30
- **postal code type**: Postal Index Number, PIN
- **postal code**: 272192
- **registration plate**: UP 55
Revenue Village

A **Revenue Village** is a small administrative region in India, a village with fixed (defined) borders. One revenue village may contain many small settlements called hamlets.

The _Village Administrative Officer (VAO)_ is the head officer of the Revenue Village
Revenue block

**Revenue blocks**, revenue circles or firka are the local revenue sub-divisions of the various districts of the states of India. These blocks should not be confused with the similar Panchayath union blocks (Blocks) and taluks. The revenue blocks exist to simplify local administration, and each consists of a small number of revenue villages, governed by a Revenue Inspector. The Revenue Inspector is charged with a number of key administrative roles, most notably the identification and collection of tax revenue. Sometimes the land area in a revenue circle is identified as an ILRC (Inspector Land Revenue Circle) for administrative purposes.

While Revenue blocks may be as large as or larger than a tehsil, revenue circles are generally smaller. In the state of Tamil Nadu alone, there are 1,127 revenue blocks.
Nagar panchayat

A **Nagar Panchayat** or **Notified Area Council** (NAC) or **City Council** in India is a council helps in the transformation of from rural to urban.

The 74th Amendment of the Constitution of India made laws relating to urban local government. The three-tier structure is municipal corporation, municipal council and nagar panchayat.

Each Nagar Panchayat has a committee consisting of a chairman / mayor, vice chairman / deputy mayor along with ward/counselors members. There are at least ten elected ward members and three nominated members.

There are seats reserved for scheduled castes, scheduled tribes, backward classes and women. The councillors or ward members are chosen by direct election from electoral wards in the Nagar Panchayat.

## Functions

- Essential services and facilities to the urban area.
- Sanitation program.
- Street lighting and providing roads in wards and main roads of town.
- Schools in urban areas.
- Program for adult literacy and run city libraries.
- Water supply to every ward of urban area.
- Drainage system to clear the solid and liquid wastes from town.
- Maintaining records of births and deaths.
Chidambaram taluk

**Chidambaram taluk** is a taluk of Cuddalore district of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The headquarters of the taluk is the town of Chidambaram.

## Demographics

According to the 2011 census, the taluk of Chidambaram had a population of 469,416 with 236,170  males and 233,246 females. There were 988 women for every 1000 men. The taluk had a literacy rate of 75.15. Child population in the age group below 6 was 23,599 Males and 21,446 Females.
Kattumannarkoil taluk

**Kattumannarkoil taluk** is a taluk of Cuddalore district of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The headquarters of the taluk is the town of Kattumannarkoil.

## Demographics

According to the 2011 census, the taluk of Kattumannarkoil had a population of 276,170 with 138,962 males and 137,208 females. There were 987 women for every 1000 men. The taluk had a literacy rate of 70%. The children population is 14,000.
Dharmapuri taluk

**Dharmapuri taluk** is a taluk in the Dharmapuri district of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The headquarters of the taluk is the town of Dharmapuri.

## Demographics

According to the 2011 census, the taluk of Dharmapuri had a population of 441,115 with 225,969  males and 215,146 females. There were 952 women for every 1000 men. The taluk had a literacy rate of 64.96. Child population in the age group below 6 was 24,262 Males and 22,372 Females.
Palacode taluk

**Palacode taluk** is a taluk in the Dharmapuri district of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The headquarters of the taluk is the town of Palacode.

## Demographics

According to the 2011 census, the taluk of Palakkodu had a population of 345,906 with 178,514  males and 167,392 females. There were 938 women for every 1000 men. The taluk had a literacy rate of 41.04. Child population in the age group below 6 was 20,954 Males and 18,600 Females.

## List of Village Panchayats in Palacode Taluk

1. Adilam
1. Annamalai Hally
1. Athimutlu
1. Baisuhally
1. Bandarahalli
1. Baragur
1. Battalahalli
1. Beharahalli
1. Belamaranahalli
1. Bellarahalli
1. Bevuhalli
1. Bikkanahalli
1. Bodikuttapalli
1. Bolapakutthanahalli
1. Bommaandahalli
1. Bommahalli
1. Booganahalli
1. Boppidi
1. Budihalli
1. Chettihalli
1. Chikkadoranabetta
1. Chikkamarandahalli
1. Chinnagoundanahalli
1. Chinnamanahalli
1. Elumichanahally
1. Erranahalli
1. Erraseegalahally
1. Erukuttahalli
1. Eruthukuttahalli
1. Gidanahalli
1. Gudlanahalli
1. Gujjarahalli
1. Gummanur
1. Guttalahalli
1. Hanumanthapuram
1. Indamangalam
1. Jaggasamudram
1. Jarthalav
1. Jittandahally
1. Kalappanahalli
1. Kanavanahalli
1. Kandenahalli
1. Karagoor
1. Karagathahalli
1. Karimangalam
1. Karugkamaranahalli
1. Karukkanahalli
1. Kattanahally
1. Keragodahalli
1. Kondasamanahalli
1. Kottumaranahalli
1. Kumbarahally
1. Kuravandahalli
1. Mahendramangalam
1. Mallikuttai
1. Marandahalli
1. Maravadi
1. Modugulahalli
1. Molapannahalli
1. Mottalur
1. Mukkulam
1. Murukalnatham
1. Murukkampatty
1. Naganampatty
1. Nallur
1. Nammandahalli
1. Nariyanahalli
1. Nelamaruthahalli
1. P.Chettihalli
1. P.Gollahalli
1. Padi
1. Palacode
1. Panjapalli
1. Pappanaickanpatty
1. Patchikanapalli
1. Periyanahalli
1. Periyanur
1. Poonadanahalli
1. Pothalahalli
1. Pulikallu
1. Pulikarai
1. Rangampatty
1. Salliampatty
1. Samanoor
1. Sanganpasuvanthalav
1. Sekkodi
1. Senrayanahalli
1. Serandapuram
1. Serenahalli
1. Sethikanahalli
1. Sikkadoranabettam
1. Sikkarthanahalli
1. Soddanur
1. Thandukaranahalli
1. Thellanahalli
1. Thimarayanahalli
1. Thindal
1. Thirumalvadi
1. Thomalahalli
1. Thonenahalli
1. Thumbalahalli
1. Upparahalli
1. Velakalahalli
Formic acid

**Formic acid**, or ** methanoic acid**, is the simplest carboxylic acid. The chemical formula is HCOOH. Many animals use for defence. The word "formic" comes from the Latin word for ant, formica, referring to its early isolation by the distillation of ant bodies, and the trivial name in some languages means "ant-acid", such as Dutch mierenzuur, Danish myresyre, Faroese meyrusýra, Français acide formique and German Ameisensäure. Esters, salts, and the anions derived from formic acid are called formates.

In the 15th century, many alchemists reported that ants use an acidic fluid for defense. English naturalist John Ray was the first to get formic acid, by distilling ants, in 1671.

In nature, it is found in most ants. The wood ants from the genus Formica can spray formic acid on their preys or to defend the nest. It is also known from the trichomes of stinging nettle (_Urtica dioica_). Formic acid is a naturally occurring component of the atmosphere due primarily to forest emissions.
Salvador Minuchin

**Salvador Minuchin** (October 13, 1921 – October 29, 2017) was an Argentine-American family psychotherapist. He was born and raised in San Salvador, Argentina. Minuchin developed structural family therapy, which talked about problems within a family by talking about the relationships between family members, or between subsets of family.

When Minuchin moved to New York in 1981, he established the Family Studies Institute, where he could teach family therapists and interface directly with the foster care system through consultation services.

Minuchin died of heart disease at a care facility in Boca Raton, Florida on October 29, 2017 at the age of 96.

## Other websites

- The Minuchin Center
- The Philadelphia Child and Family Therapy Training Center
Peter Schutz

**Peter Werner Schutz** (April 20, 1930 – October 29, 2017) was a German-American businessman. He served as the president and CEO of Porsche between 1981 and 1987, a time in which the company greatly expanded sales such as in the United States. He was a motivational speaker and co-founder of Harris and Schutz Inc..

Schutz was born in Berlin, Germany. His family moved to Havana, Cuba in 1937 after the rise of the Nazi Party. In 1939, his family moved to Chicago, Illinois where he was raised. He studied at the Illinois Institute of Technology.

Schutz died in Naples, Florida of complications from Alzheimer's disease on October 29, 2017 at the age of 87.

## Other websites

- Serge Schmemann, "American to Depart As Head of Porsche", _The New York Times_, 17 December 1987
Michael Augustine

**Monsignor Michael Augustine** (12 June 1933 – 4 November 2017) was an Indian archbishop (emeritus) of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Pondicherry and Cuddalore from 1999 through 2004. He served as Bishop of Vellore from 1981 through 1992.

He served the Church for 39 years as a bishop and for 56 years as a priest. He was born in Kovilanoor, Tamil Nadu. He resigned in 2004 due to health problems along with Pope John Paul II accepting his resignation. Since 2004 until his death, Augustine held the title of _Emeritus_ Archbishop of Pondicherry and Cuddalore.

Augustine died on 4 November 2017 at a hospital in Pondicherry, India of a heart attack at the age of 84.

## Other websites

- Archbishop Michael Augustine at catholic-hierarchy.org
- Archbishop Michael Augustine at Vellore Diocese
- Archbishop Michael Augustine at Derrick Augustin Website
Muse Watson

**Muse Watson** (born July 20, 1948) is an American actor. He is best known for his roles as Ben Willis in the _I Know What You Did Last Summer_ franchise, Charles Westmoreland on the Fox television series _Prison Break_ and as Mike Franks in CBS television series _NCIS_.

Watson was born in Alexandria, Louisiana. He studied at Louisiana Tech and at Berea College in Kentucky.

## Other websites

- Muse Watson  on TV.com
- Stars4Autism
Polity IV

The Polity IV scale is a yearly assessment that assesses most sovereign states with a population above 500,000. They are split into five categories: full democracies, democracies, open anocracies, closed anocracies, and autocracies.

**Status by country:**

**Full Democracies** (Score of 10):

United States
Canada
United Kingdom
Germany
Japan

**Democracies** (Score of 9 to 6):

Mexico (8 points)
Brazil (8 points)
France (9 points)
Turkey (9 points)
India (9 points)

**Open anocracies** (Score of 5 to 1):

Venezuela (4 points)
Nigeria (5 points)
Russia (4 points)

**Closed anocracies** (Score of -1 to -5):

Morocco (-3 points)
Egypt (-3 points)
Afghanistan (-1 point)

**Autocracies** (Score of -6 to -10):

Cuba (-7 points)
Syria (-9 points)
Iran (-7 points)
China (-7 points)
North Korea (-10 points)
Norman Hardie

**Norman David Hardie** (28 December 1924 – 31 October 2017) was a New Zealand climber. He was involved in the first ascent of 8,586-metre (28,169 ft) Kangchenjunga, the third highest mountain in the world. He was born in Timaru, New Zealand.

A close friend of Edmund Hillary, for 22 years Hardie was on the board of Edmund Hillary's Himalayan Trust. He visited the Himalayas on 14 trips. He has also been to Antarctica on three occasions, including as leader of Scott Base.

In the 1992 New Year Honours, Hardie was appointed a Companion of the Queen's Service Order for community service.

Hardie died on 31 October 2017 in Auckland, New Zealand at the age of 92.
Joe Brown (climber)

**Joseph Brown**, usually **Joe Brown**, CBE (26 September 1930 – 15 April 2020) was an English climber. He was born in Ardwick, Manchester, Lancashire, England. Brown's mountaineering achievements in the Alps and Himalayas have often been little known. In 1956 he made the first ascent of the west summit of the Muztagh Tower in the Karakoram with Ian McNaught-Davis. He was a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE), Brown was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2011 New Year Honours for services.

Brown died on 15 April 2020 at the age of 89.
Tony Streather

Lieutenant Colonel (Retired) **Harry Reginald Anthony "Tony" Streather** OBE (24 March 1926 – 31 October 2018) was a British army officer. He served in the Gloucestershire Regiment. He was one of the mountaineers who first-ascended Tirich Mir and Kangchenjunga.

## Biography

In 1955, Streather took part in the first ascent of Kangchenjunga, the third highest mountain in the world. With Norman Hardie, he reached the summit the day after the first summit party of Joe Brown.

In 1976 Streather led the Joint British Army, Royal Nepalese Army Everest expedition, which successfully put two British Army climbers on the summit.

He died on 31 October 2018 at the age of 91.
Achille Silvestrini

**Achille Silvestrini** (25 October 1923 – 29 August 2019) was an Italian prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served in the Vatican diplomatic corps, either in Rome or abroad, from 1953 to 1990. He was Prefect of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches from 1991 to 2000. He was born in Brisighella, Italy.

Silvestrini was ordained a priest on 13 July 1946 in the cathedral of Faenza by Giuseppe Battaglia, Bishop of Faenza. He earned a doctorate at the University of Bologna in 1948 and a doctorate in canon and civil law at the Pontifical Lateran University.

As of 2016, Silvestrini was chair of the Collegio universitario Fondazione Comunità Domenico Tardini, which was founded in 1946 to support war orphans.

In the 1990s, Silvestrini was mentioned as a successor to Pope John Paul II in the secular press, though Vatican observers noted that his advanced age made his election unlikely.

Silvestrini died in Vatican City on 29 August 2019 at the age of 95.

## Other websites

- Biography: Silvestrini Card. Achille, Press Office of the Holy See
- Silvestrini, Achille, Catholic News Agency
- Biography , Florida International University Libraries
Mecklenburg County, North Carolina

**Mecklenburg County** is a county in North Carolina. In 2020, 1,115,482 people lived there. The county seat is Charlotte.

## History

The county was created in 1762. It was split from Anson County. It was named in honor of the marriage of King George III to Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz.

## Communities

Mecklenburg County has seven municipalities including the City of Charlotte and the towns of Cornelius, Davidson, and Huntersville (north of Charlotte); and the towns of Matthews, Mint Hill, and Pineville (south and southeast of Charlotte). Small portions of Stallings and Weddington are also in Mecklenburg County, though most of those towns are in Union County.

### City

- Charlotte (county seat)

### Towns

- Cornelius
- Davidson
- Huntersville
- Matthews
- Mint Hill
- Pineville
- Stallings
- Weddington

### Unincorporated communities

- Caldwell
- Hopewell

### Townships

- Berryhill
- Charlotte
- Clear Creek
- Crab Orchard
- Deweese
- Huntersville
- Lemley
- Long Creek
- Mallard Creek
- Morning Star
- Paw Creek
- Pineville
- Providence
- Sharon (extinct)
- Steele Creek
Churchill County School District

The **Churchill County School District** is a K-12 school district serving Churchill County, Nevada.

## Schools

The school district operates 3 elementary schools, one middle school, and 1 high school: Churchill County High School.
Arthrostylidium simpliciusculum

***Arthrostylidium simpliciusculum*** is a species of _Arthrostylidium_ bamboo in the grass family.

## Distribution

The species is native to Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.

## Description

_Arthrostylidium simpliciusculum_ is a tufted perennial with short rhizomes. It grows to between 1 m and 1.2 m in height.

## Other websites

- Specimens in United States National Herbarium
Bambusa dissimulator

***Bambusa dissimulator*** is a species of bamboo from Hong Kong. It is fast growing and has plentiful branches.

## Distribution

It can grow up to 15.24 meters and has a diameter of 4.2 centimeters.
Bambusa farinacea

***Bambusa farinacea*** is a species of _Bambusa_ bamboo.

## Distribution

It is endemic to Ecuador.
Bambusa affinis

***Bambusa affinis*** is a species of _Bambusa_ bamboo, and a member of the grass family

## Description

The perennial plant can grow to 500–600 cm long and the stem can go up to 25–35 mm diameter.

## Distribution

It can be found in the tropical regions of Indo-China.
Bambusa balcooa

***Bambusa balcooa*** is a clumping bamboo native to Indochina and the Indian subcontinent. It is thick walled clumping or sympodial bamboo.
Bambusa blumeana

***Bambusa blumeana***, also known as **spiny bamboo** or **thorny bamboo**, is a species of bamboo occurring in Tropical Asia.

This bamboo is known locally as: _kawayang tinik_ in the Philippines, _buluh duri_ in Malay and _tre gai_ or _tre lá ngắn_ in Vietnam.
Ampelocalamus scandens

***Ampelocalamus scandens*** is a species of bamboo native to the Guizhou province of China. It can reach heights of 10 m and a stem diameter of 0.8 cm and grows at an altitude of between 265 - 320m.
Pennagaram taluk

Pennagaram taluk is a taluk in Dharmapuri district in Tamil Nadu. The headquarters is Pennagaram town.

## Population

2011 Census states that the total population of this taluk is 234,406 with 123,101 males and 111,305 females. There were 904 females for every 1000 males.
Harur taluk

Harur taluk is a taluk in Dharmapuri district in Tamil Nadu. The headquarters is the town of Harur.

## Population

2011 Census states that the total population of this taluk is 240,356 with 122,216 males and 118,141 females. There were 967 females for every 1000 males.

## List of villages in Harur Taluk

1. Achalvadi
1. Agraharam
1. Agraharam
1. Alambadi
1. Ammapettai
1. Andipatty
1. Andipatty
1. Andiyur
1. Appiyampatty
1. Avallur
1. Avlampatty
1. Bairnayakkampatty
1. Bannikulam
1. Battalahalli
1. Bodinaickenhalli
1. Chandrapuram
1. Chellampatti
1. Chettikuttai
1. Chinnakoundampatti
1. Chinnapannimaduvu
1. Dasirihalli
1. Dodampatty
1. Elavadi
1. Ellepudayampatti
1. Ettipatty
1. Ganapathipatty
1. Gettupatty
1. Gobinathampatti
1. Gudalur
1. Harur (TP)
1. Ichampadi
1. Ilaiyampatty
1. Ittaiampatty
1. Ittalapatti
1. Jadaiyankombai
1. Jangalvodi
1. K. Vetrapatti
1. Kadambarahalli
1. Kalladipatti
1. Kalladipatty
1. Kambalai
1. Kammalampatty
1. Kangavembu
1. Karapadi
1. Kattiripatty
1. Kattur
1. Kattuvadichampatti
1. Kavoipatty
1. Kelapparai
1. Kilanur
1. Kilchengampadi
1. Kilomorappur
1. Kiraipatty
1. Kodamandapatti
1. Konampatty
1. Kondampatti
1. Kondayampatty
1. Kosapatty
1. Kothanampatti
1. Kottapatti Extension R.F.
1. Kottapatty
1. Kottapatty R.F.
1. Kottarapatty
1. Kudumiyampatty
1. Kulunthambinatham
1. Kumrampatty
1. Kurumbapatty
1. Kurumbapatty
1. Kurumbatty
1. Kuruthampatty
1. Kuttipatti
1. M.Vetrapatti
1. Mambadi
1. Mampatty
1. Mandikulampatti
1. Mangalapatty
1. Marudipatti
1. Mattiyampatti
1. Mattiyampatti
1. Maveripatti
1. Meithangi
1. Melachengambadi
1. Melanur
1. Mettuvalasai
1. Mobirippatti
1. Mondukuli
1. Mookanurpatti
1. Morappur
1. Morasapatti
1. Mottayampatti
1. Mugilipatti
1. Nachanampatti
1. H.Nachanampatty
1. Nadupatti
1. Naripalli
1. Nariyampatt
1. Navalai
1. Nayinakavundampatti
1. Neruppandalkuppam
1. Obilinayakkanpatti
1. Pachanampatty
1. Palaiyam
1. Palayam
1. Palayampalli
1. Pallipatti
1. Panamarathupatti
1. Pappinayakkenvalasai
1. Pariayapatti
1. Periyapatti
1. Periyappannimaduvu
1. Ponneri
1. Poyyapatti
1. Pudinattam
1. Pudur
1. Rasalampatti
1. Reddipatti
1. Runganavalasai
1. Sakkilipatti
1. Samanattam
1. Samandahalli
1. Sandappatti
1. Sekkampatti
1. Selambai
1. Sengandipatti
1. Sennampatti
1. Senrayampatti
1. Setrapatti
1. Sikkalur
1. Singilipatty
1. Sittilingi
1. Sittilingi R.F.
1. Sittilingi Extension R.F.
1. Soorapatti
1. Soriyampatti
1. Sundangipatti
1. Suramatham
1. Tadaravalasai
1. Tamaleripatti
1. Tamarakoliyampatti
1. Tambal
1. Tandekuppam
1. Tariasal
1. Thadampatti
1. Thambichettipatti
1. Thanippadi
1. Thathampatti
1. Thedampatti
1. Theerthamalai
1. Theerthamalai R.F.
1. Thekkanampatti
1. Thippampatti
1. Thoppampatti
1. Thoranampatti
1. Vadapatti
1. Vadugapatti
1. Valaduppu
1. valaithottam(rural site)
1. Vallimadurai
1. Vedakadamaduvu
1. Vedapatti
1. Velampatti
1. Velampatti
1. Velanur
1. Venakkampatti
1. Vengiampatti
1. Veppampatti Extension R.F.
1. Veppampatti RF
1. Veppanatham
1. Veppasennampatti
1. Virappanayakkampatti
Appukutty

**Sivabalan** (Popularly called **Appukutty**) is an actor and comedian in Tamil cinema. He became a well known actor since his role in the movie _Vennila Kabaddi Kuzhu_. His role in _Azhagarsamiyin Kudhirai_ won him National Film Award for Best Supporting Actor.

## Career

He was born in a village named Nathan Kinaru in Thoothukudi district of Tamil Nadu. He worked as a cleaner in hotels in Chennai. He was given small roles by movie personalities. He wanted to become a comedian. He was recognised by the Tamil cinema in the movie _Vennila Kabaddi Kuzhu_ of director Suseenthiran. The director gave a role for Appukutty in the movie _Azhagarsamiyin Kudhirai_. The movie won him the National Film Award for Best Supporting Actor. in 2011. The movie also won National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment.  His roles in the movies _Sundarapandian_ and _Veeram_ are also notable ones.
MGR Kazhagam

**MGR Kazhagam** is a political party founded and led by R. M. Veerapan. He is the former Minister under All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam for 5 terms at different periods.
MGR Kazhagam which was divided and created from AIADMK supported the DMK alliance in 2004 Lok Sabha elections.
Sergei Ignashevich

**Sergei Nikolayevich Ignashevich** (Russian: Сергей Николаевич Игнашевич; born on 14 July 1979 in Moscow) is a Russian football player. Since 2004, he has played for CSKA Moscow. He is the most capped player (meaning he has made the most appearances) for the Russia national team.

## Career statistics

|rowspan="2"|Club|rowspan="2"|Div|rowspan="2"|Season|colspan="2"|League|colspan="2"|Cup|colspan="2"|Europe|colspan="2"|Total|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|rowspan="2" valign="center"|Znamya Truda|rowspan="1"|D2|1999|17|1|1|0|-|18|1|||
|rowspan="3" valign="center"|Krylya Sovetov|rowspan="2"|RFPL|1999|6|1|1|0|-|7|1|||
|2000|25|1|2|0|-|27|1|||||||
|rowspan="4" valign="center"|Lokomotiv Moscow|rowspan="3"|RFPL|2001|22|0|2|0|10|1|34|1||
|2002|29|1|0|0|10|2|39|3||||||
|2003|25|3|2|0|12|2|39|5||||||
|rowspan="14" valign="center"|CSKA Moscow|rowspan="13"|RFPL|2004|22|1|3|0|7|0|32|1||
|2005|22|5|6|0|16|2|44|7||||||
|2006|26|2|7|1|6|0|39|3||||||
|2007|26|3|6|1|7|0|39|4||||||
|2008|28|4|2|1|6|0|36|5||||||
|2009|29|3|5|0|9|0|43|3||||||
|2010|28|2|2|0|10|1|40|3||||||
|2011–12|38|5|5|2|12|1|55|8||||||
|2012–13|28|0|3|0|2|0|33|0||||||
|2013–14|30|2|2|1|6|0|38|3||||||
|2014-15|30|0|3|0|6|0|39|0||||||
|2015-16|25|3|3|0|10|1|38|4||||||
|2016-17|24|4|1|0|4|0|29|4||||||

## International statistics

|colspan=3|Russia football team||
| --- | --- | --- |
|2002|3|0|
|2003|9|3|
|2004|4|0|
|2005|5|0|
|2006|6|0|
|2007|7|0|
|2008|11|0|
|2009|10|1|
|2010|7|0|
|2011|9|1|
|2012|13|0|
|2013|9|0|
|2014|13|2|
|2015|8|1|
|2016|6|0|

## Other websites

- Official website
- Profile at CSKA Moscow website

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Sergei Ignashevich
- **image**: Sergei Ignashevich 2014.jpg
- **image size**: 240
- **caption**: Ignashevich with Russia national football team, Russia in 2014
- **fullname**: Sergei Nikolayevich Ignashevich
- **birth place**: Moscow, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union
- **currentclub**: PFC CSKA Moscow, CSKA Moscow
- **clubnumber**: 4
- **position**: Defender (association football)#Centre-back, Centre back
- **youthyears1**: 1988-1997
- **youthclubs1**: FC Torpedo Moscow, Torpedo Moscow
- **youthyears2**: 1997
- **youthclubs2**: FC Spartak Moscow, Spartak Moscow
- **years1**: 1998–1999
- **clubs1**: FC Znamya Truda Orekhovo-Zuyevo, Spartak Orekhovo
- **caps1**: 17
- **goals1**: 1
- **years2**: 1999–2000
- **clubs2**: FC Krylia Sovetov Samara, Krylia Sovetov
- **caps2**: 31
- **goals2**: 2
- **years3**: 2001–2003
- **clubs3**: FC Lokomotiv Moscow, Lokomotiv Moscow
- **caps3**: 76
- **goals3**: 4
- **years4**: 2004–
- **clubs4**: PFC CSKA Moscow, CSKA Moscow
- **caps4**: 367
- **goals4**: 34
- **nationalyears1**: 2000–2001
- **nationalteam1**: Russia national under-21 football team, Russia U-21
- **nationalcaps1**: 11
- **nationalgoals1**: 0
- **nationalyears2**: 2002–2016
- **nationalteam2**: Russia national football team, Russia
- **nationalcaps2**: 120
- **nationalgoals2**: 8
- **club-update**: 27 October 2017
- **nationalteam-update**: 20 June 2016
Alp Buğdaycı

**Alp Buğdaycı** (born 21 July 1964 Diyarbakır, died 12 June 2016 Istanbul) is a Turkish businessman, newscaster, and voice artist.

## Career

Between 1982 and 1988, he started his career as a reporter for various newspapers and news agencies in Bâb-ı Âli. In 1990, he made a news announcer on Turkey's first private television channel, Star 1 (Magic Box). In 1991, he passed on Show TV and was on the morning show called "Hello to the Sun".
Piet Derksen

**Piet Derksen** (1913, Rotterdam - 24 February 1996, Westerhoven) was a Dutch businessman who founded Center Parcs. He was also a philanthropist. He donated all his fortune to charity.

## Business

Piet's father thought he was reading too much, so he said to his son that he should go and play tennis. Pieter listened to the advice of his father, but he was more interested in making money from tennis. He borrowed money from his family and built a tennis court near Kralingen in Holland with it.

Later on, Pieter had the idea to sell his tennis course and start a sport store. It was called "Sporthuis-centrum" which means "Sporthouse-centre". He bought a tent factory in North Brabant. At the time, lots of people wanted bigger, better tents. Pieter decided to rent out tents on a piece of land he bought near Reuver. This was a great success, so the tents were  replaced with bungalows. In 1978 Pieter decided to sell his sports stores - he did this so he could concentrate on "Sporthuis Centrum". He built a house for himself on the Center Parcs site "De Kempervennen" near Eindhoven. He did this so he could see his company working and be close to his customers.
Westerhoven

**Westerhoven** is a village in the Dutch province of North Brabant. It is in the municipality of Bergeijk. It is about 15 km southwest of Eindhoven.

## History

Westerhoven is in a valley between the rivers 'Keersop' and 'Beekloop'. The rivers both flow just outside the middle of the village. There is evidence that prehistoric people lived in the area. The hill connecting to the nearby village Riethoven is from the Roman times. Frankish ceramics were found when some people  removed an old oak shore. Westerhoven used to be part of the ‘heerlijkheid’ Bergeyk but became separated from it in 1810. Westerhoven became part of Bergeijk in 1997.

Kempenlands (an East Brabantian kind of language, which is similar to normal Dutch) is spoken in the area.

## Other websites

- http://atlas1868.nl/nb/westerhoven.html This is a map of the old municipality from around 1868.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Westerhoven
- **image flag**: Flag of Westerhoven.png
- **flag size**: 100x67px
- **image shield**: Westerhoven wapen.svg
- **shield size**: 100x80px
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: Netherlands
- **subdivision type1**: Province
- **subdivision name1**: North Brabant
- **subdivision type2**: Municipality
- **subdivision name2**: Bergeijk
- **population**: 2003
Qatar Foundation

**Qatar Foundation for Education, Science and Community Development** is an NPO organization based in Qatar, founded by former Emir of  Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani and his second wife Moza bint Nasser in 1995.
The President of the Qatar Foundation is shaikha Moza bint Nasser. In February 2016, her daughter Hind bint Hamad Al Thani, the sister of the current Emir of Qatar, is appointed CEO of the foundation.
Qatar Foundation has created a campus, Education City, which houses branches of reputable American universities. To link these universities to industry, and has established the Qatar Science and Technology Park to host technology and innovation-based companies.

On December 10, 2010, FC Barcelona announced that it has signed a five-year, 150 million euro contract with the Qatar Foundation.

## Infobox (organization)

- **type**: Non-profit organization
- **headquarters**: Education City, Doha, Qatar
- **key people**: Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani, founder
Sheikha Moza bint Nasser, chairperson
- **name**: Qatar Foundation
- **location**: Doha, Qatar
- **website**: [http://www.qf.org.qa qf.org.qa]
Silatech

**Silatech** () is a private, international and non-governmental organization in Qatar, founded by Moza bint Nasser in 2008, mother of the current Emir of Qatar. The current CEO of this organization is Sabah Ismail AlHaidoos. Silatech try to create new job for young people (18 to 30 years old) in Arab world by teaching them. By 2016, Silatech has created over than 200,000 jobs for Arab people and Silatech is active in 16 countries. The Founding partners of Silatech include Cisco, Gallup, and ImagineNations.

## Infobox (organization)

- **type**: Private
- **headquarters**: Doha, Qatar
- **key people**: Moza bint Nasser, founder
Sabah Ismail  AlHaidoos, acting CEO
- **name**: Silatech
- **website**: [http://www.silatech.com/ silatech.com]
Ballast

A **Ballast** is a large resistor that regulates the amount of electrical current in a circuit. Most ballasts are used for fluorescent lamps to regulate the current thru it, which might rise to a dangerous level and burn it out.

**Ballast** is also crushed stone used in railway track<nowiki/>s. See ballast tamper.
Frank Holder

**Frank Holder** (2 April 1925 – 29 October 2017) was a Guyanese jazz singer and percussionist. He was a member of bands led by Leslie George "Jiver" Hutchinson, John Dankworth and Joe Harriott. Holder recorded early in his career for the major record companies Parlophone, Decca and London Records. He was best known for his work in the early 1950s with The Dankworth Seven. He was born in Georgetown, Guyana.

Holder died in Georgetown on 29 October 2017 of congestive heart failure at the age of 92.

## Other websites

- FrankHolderMusic.com
- Camdenreview.com
- Crazykelvin.com