juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Billy Wara

**Billy Wara** (c. 1920 – November 2008) was an Australian Aboriginal craftsman who made wooden sculptures. He is best known for his sculptures of goannas, made from wood that is native to the central Australian desert. His sculptures were carved by hand and decorated by burning patterns into the wood. He also crafted traditional hunting tools, such as spears and spear-throwers.

## Life

Wara was born at Aṟan, in the south-west of the Northern Territory. He and his family were Pitjantjatjara. They lived a traditional nomadic way of life in the bush until Wara was a young man. The first "whitefella" he ever saw was Harold Lasseter, a gold prospector whose story later became an Australian legend. Wara was about 12 years old at the time, and thought Lasseter was a ghost. A portrait of him giving figs to Lasseter features in Winifred Hilliard's book _The People In Between_ (1968).

When he was a young man, Wara and his family settled at Ernabella, a Presbyterian mission at the time. He worked building fences, digging wells, and as a shepherd and sheep shearer. Later, he served as an advisor for the Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park on environmental and cultural issues. He began carving wooden sculptures shortly after Maṟuku Arts and Crafts opened in 1984. He originally made his sculptures at Muṯitjulu, in the national park. He later set up an outstation at Umutju, further south, so that he could work closer to his homelands.

## Artwork

Although he crafted other things, Wara was best known for his wooden sculptures (__ in Pitjantjatjara). He carved them by hand and burned designs into them with a hot wire stick (this is called pyrography). His sculptures are of the perentie lizard, a type of goanna from central Australia which is also Wara's totem.

His depictions of the perentie are taken from his , a set of beliefs about his spiritual ancestor, the  and their activities which shaped the land and its people during the Dreamtime. The  forms his family's sacred law, and the law associated with Wara's place of birth, Aṟan. Most of the knowledge of  is restricted to its senior custodians. Wara tells that  fled from the east with a stolen grindstone hidden in his tail. The men chasing after him caught up with him at Aṟan and searched his stomach for the stone, but could not find it.

Wara's work has been shown in several exhibitions, both in Australia and other countries. His sculptures are held in the Powerhouse Museum, the Museum of Victoria, the National Gallery of Australia, and the National Museum of Australia. It is also part of the National Museum of Ethnology in Japan, and the Kelton Foundation in the United States.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Billy Wara
- **birth date**: Circa, c. 1920
- **birth place**: Aṟan, Northern Territory
- **death date**: November 2008
- **nationality**: Australians, Australian
- **occupation**: Sculptor
- **years active**: 1980s – present
- **organization**: Maṟuku Arts and Crafts
- **style**: Aboriginal art, Western Desert art
Jämsä

**Jämsä** (in the local dialect, _Jämpsä_) is a town and municipality in Central Finland. It is 223 km from Helsinki, and 58 km from Jyväskylä. There were about 22,125 people living there in January 2014. Jämsä municipality was established in 1866. It is next to the municipalities of Juupajoki, Jyväskylä, Keuruu, Kuhmoinen, Luhanka, Mänttä-Vilppula, Orivesi and Petäjävesi. Isojärvi National Park, a popular hiking place, is near to Jämsä.

The former municipality of Kuorevesi was merged with Jämsä in 2001. The former municipality of Längelmäki was partly merged with Jämsä in 2007. The former municipality of Jämsänkoski was merged with Jämsä in 2009.

## Other websites

- Jämsä city pages
Audio feedback

**Audio feedback** is typically unwanted noise that occurs when an audio system oscillates. It often happens when microphones are pointed at loudspeakers. There are ways to avoid or reduce feedback, such as with equalization or reducing the room's echo.
Werner Leich

**Werner Leich** (born January 31, 1927 in Mühlhausen) is a Protestant clergyman. From 1978 to 1992 he was the bishop of the Evangelical Church in Thuringia, for the greater part during the era of the German Democratic Republic.

## Life

From 1942 to 1945 Leich was a voluntary member of the German Luftwaffe with the rank of Fahnenjunker. He volunteered to "_battle for the salvation of Germany_". After World War II he finished his school and from 1947 he started studying theology at the University of Marburg and Heidelberg University.

In 1951, he started his career as a clergyman. A year later he married Trautel, with whom he has a son and daughter. In 1960, he became a member of the Synod of the Evangelical Church. He was vice-president of the synod from 1967 to 1978 and bishop of the state of Thuringia from 1978 to 1992. In that year, he retired.

During a lot of his career, he had to deal with being able to worship God in an environment of anti-religious communism. He described it as "a lot of times we did hide being Christians".

## Autobiography

- 1992: _Wechselnde Horizonte. Mein Leben in vier politischen Systemen._
Eohippus

***Eohippus*** is small fossil proto-horse. It is an extinct genus of small equid ungulates. The only species is _E. angustidens_, which was long considered a species of _Hyracotherium_. Its remains have been found in North America and date to the early Eocene (4856 million years ago).

Much of the evolution of the horse took place in North America. That is where horses originated, but became extinct there about 10,000 years ago.
Emiel van Lennep

**Emile (Emiel) van Lennep** was a Dutch official (_treasurer general_), diplomat and Minister of State.

## Life

Van Lennep was born in Amsterdam on 20 January 1915, as a son of Louis Henri van Lennep and Catharina Hildegonda Enschede. He studied law from 1932 to 1937 at the Municipal University of Amsterdam.

From 1951 to 1969 he was the highest official of the Dutch Ministry of Finance. From 1969 to 1984 he was secretary general of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). At the OECD Van Lennep is remembered for making the organization a more effective forum for international cooperation. In the seventies he was named several times to be a candidate for a post in the government of the Netherlands, but he did not want to be a politician. After his career at the OECD he was appointed to be Minister of State from 1986 until his death in 1996.

He was married with met Alexa Labberton and they had two sons and two daughters. In 1990 he was rewarded with a Four Freedoms Award in the category _freedom from want_. Van Lennep died on October 2, 1996, when he was 81 years old.

## References

- Biografisch Woordenboek van Nederland 6, biography

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Emiel van Lennep
- **image**: Emiel van Lennep (1979).jpg
- **birth place**: Amsterdam, Netherlands
- **death place**: Den Haag, Netherlands
- **birthname**: Emile van Lennep
- **nationality**: Netherlands, Dutch
- **alma mater**: University of Amsterdam, Municipal University
Tubuai

**Tubuai** is the name for a group of islands in the Pacific. The island of Tubuai is about 640 km south of Tahiti. It is part of the Austral Islands, which belong to French Polynesia. Slightly over 2.000 people live on an area of  about 45 square kilometers. James Cook discovered the island in 1777, but saw no reason to land there. The natives looked hostile. Fletcher Christian landed there in 1789. They founded Fort George on the island, but soon left, because of troubles with the natives.
Christ's College, Cambridge

**Christ's College** is one of the colleges of the University of Cambridge, England. It was built in 1347 with the name _God House_. Then in 1505 Lady Margaret Beaufort, the mother of King Henry VII, gave some money to make the college much bigger. She also changed the name to Christ's College.

Christ's College has about 600 students. It has a tradition to do very well in the exams: it was the best college in the 20 years period from 1980 to 2000.

Some very famous people have studied here, for example Charles Darwin and John Milton.

## Other websites

- Official website
National Geographic Bee

The **National Geographic GeoBee** (called the **National Geography Bee** from 1989 to 2000 and the **National Geographic Bee** from 2001 to 2018, also referred to as the **Nat Geo Bee**) is an annual geography contest sponsored by the National Geographic Society. It takes place every year in the United States.

## Other websites

- National Geographic Bee Official Website

## Infobox (recurring event)

- **name**: National Geographic GeoBee
- **prev**: 31st National Geographic Bee
- **next**: 32nd National Geographic Bee
- **frequency**: Annual (late May)
- **location**: Washington, D.C.
- **first**: 1989
- **participants**: 2.4 million (as of the 2020 Bee)
- **genre**: Geography bee
- **patron**: National Geographic Society
- **website**: [http://www.nationalgeographic.org/bee www.nationalgeographic.org/bee]
Science Daily

***Science Dahttps://www.sciencedaily.com/ily*** is a news website. It publishes articles about new science and technology discoveries.

## Other websites

- https://www.sciencedaily.com
Limbdi

**Limbdi** is a city in Surendranagar district in India.  It is in the state of Gujarat.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Limbdi
- **settlement type**: city
- **pushpin map**: India Gujarat
- **pushpin label position**: right
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Gujarat, India
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: States and territories of India, State
- **subdivision name1**: Gujarat
- **subdivision type2**: List of districts of India, District
- **subdivision name2**: Surendranagar district, Surendranagar
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **elevation m**: 53
- **population total**: 40067
- **population as of**: 2001
- **population density km2**: auto
- **demographics type1**: Languages
- **demographics1 title1**: Official
- **demographics1 info1**: Gujarati language, Gujarati, Hindi language, Hindi
- **timezone1**: Indian Standard Time, IST
- **utc offset1**: +5:30
Shanghai Urban Planning Exhibition Center

The **Shanghai Urban Planning Exhibition Center** () is an Exhibition Center and Museum on People's Square in Shanghai, China. It is dedicated to the history of the architecture and urban planning of Shanghai. The center also introduced exhibitions in Expo 2010.

## Other websites

- Official website
Shchusev State Museum of Architecture

The **Shchusev State Museum of Architecture** is a museum in Moscow, Russia. The museum is dedicated to architecture and urban planning in Russia. It is the largest architecture museum in Russia. It includes an archive, library, and study center. The museum was opened in 1934. It is named for Soviet architect Alexey Shchusev.

## Other websites

- Shchusev State Museum of Architecture
Cable cars in Haifa

Cable cars in Haifa go from Mount Carmel to the Mediterranean coast. In 2007, the City Hall of Haifa decided to extend the line to the University of Haifa and open a new cable car line named Rakavlit from Mount Carmel to Haifa Bay. The new projects involved building a new central bus station and new bus routes across the city. The Rakavlit cable car line, opened on 8 March 2022, running  from sea level up to an altitude of , with four intermediate stops.

## Related pages

- Carmelit

## Other websites

- Urbanrail - Haifa Cable Cars (in English)
- Haifa Bay – Technion – University cable car  at Yefeh Nof (in Hebrew)
Earl Scruggs

**Earl Eugene Scruggs** (January 6, 1924 – March 28, 2012) was an American musician. He was known for playing a banjo in bluegrass. Playing the banjo in bluegrass is now known as "Scruggs Style". He is known for his songs such as _Dueling Banjos_, _Foggy Mountain Breakdown_, _Earl's Breakdown_, _The Swimming Song_, and in _Fireball Mail_. He won four Grammy Awards.

Scruggs was born on January 6, 1924 in Flint Hill, North Carolina. He was raised in Shelby, North Carolina. Scruggs was married to Louise Certain from 1948 until her death in 2006. They had two sons. Scruggs died on March 28, 2012 in Nashville, Tennessee from natural causes, aged 88.

## Other websites

- Official Website
- Interview with www.CountryMusicPride.com  Interview with www.CountryMusicPride.com
- at the Country Music Hall of Fame

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Earl Scruggs
- **image**: Earl Scruggs 2005.JPG
- **caption**: Scruggs in 2005
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Earl Eugene Scruggs
- **birth place**: Flint Hill, North Carolina, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Nashville, Tennessee, U.S.
- **origin**: Shelby, North Carolina, U.S.
- **instrument**: Banjo, 5-string banjo, guitar
- **genre**: Bluegrass music, Bluegrass, Country Music, country, Gospel music, gospel
- **occupation**: Bluegrass artist
- **years active**: 1945–2012
- **label**: MCA Nashville Records
- **associated acts**: Bill Monroe, Bill Monroe's Blue Grass Boys, Flatt and Scruggs, Earl Scruggs Revue
- **website**: [http://earlscruggs.com/ earlscruggs.com]
Jenni Rivera

**Jenni Rivera** (**Jenni Dolores Rivera Saavedra)**, July 12, 1969 – December 9, 2012) was an Mexican-American singer who is known for her Spanish albums such as _La Gran Señora_, _Jenni_, _Parrandera_, _Rebelde Y Atrevida_, _Joyas Prestadas_ She was nominated for four Latin Grammys.

## Early life

Rivera was born on July 2, 1969, in Long Beach, California Her parents were Mexican immigrants. She was raised in Long Beach California.

Rivera married José Trinidad Marín from 1984 until they divorced in 1992. After this, she married Juan López from 1997 until 2003. Finally, she married Esteban Loaiza in 2010 and they separated in 2012. They filed for divorce, but the divorce was not finalized due to her death. Rivera had three children with Marín and had two children with López.

On December 9, 2012, a plane that Rivera was flying in lost contact to air traffic control off the coast of Monterrey, Mexico. Mexican authorities confirmed that Rivera and four other people that were on the plane were dead.

## Other websites

- Jenni Rivera page (Universal Music Latin Entertainment)

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Jenni Rivera
- **image**: Jenni Rivera - Pepsi Center - 08.22.09 - Cropped.jpg
- **caption**: Jenni Rivera in August 2009
- **image size**: 200px
- **birth name**: Dolores Janney Rivera Saavedra
- **birth place**: Long Beach, California
- **death place**: Monterrey, Mexico
- **website**: [http://www.jenniriveramusic.com Jenni Rivera]
Elisabeth Murdoch

**Dame Elisabeth Joy Murdoch** (née Elisabeth Joy Greene, 8 February 1909 – 5 December 2012) was an Australian philanthropist. She was the widow of Keith Murdoch and the mother of Rupert Murdoch.

She became a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1963 for her charity work in Australia and overseas.

Murdoch was born on 8 February 1909 in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. She studied at St Catherine's School and at the Clyde School.

Murdoch was married to Keith Murdoch from 1928 until his death in 1952. They had four children, the eldest of whom died before her. Murdoch died on 5 December 2012 in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia from natural causes, aged 103.

## Other websites

- Biography in the Australian Women's Register
- _Enough Rope_ interview in June 2008
- Ancestry of Rupert Murdoch

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Dame Elisabeth Murdoch
- **image**: Elisabethmurdoch.jpg
- **image size**: 250px
- **caption**: Dame Elisabeth Murdoch, opening a drug rehabilitation centre in Melbourne, May 2005
- **birthname**: Elisabeth Joy Greene
- **birth place**: Melbourne, Victoria (Australia), Victoria, Australia
- **death place**: Melbourne, Victoria (Australia), Victoria, Australia
- **occupation**: Philanthropist
- **nationality**: Australian nationality law, Australian
- **spouse**: Keith Murdoch, Sir Keith Murdoch
(m. 1928–1952, his death)
- **children**: Helen Handbury (deceased)
Rupert Murdoch
Anne Kantor
Janet Calvert-Jones
- **parents**: Rupert Greene
Marie Grace De Lancey Forth
Churchill College, Cambridge

**Churchill College** is one of the colleges of the University of Cambridge, England. In 1958 a group of people was formed to get money to build a new college. This group had Winston Churchill as leader, so the college was named after him. It opened in 1960. Churchill College has more than 700 students, one of the biggest. Many of them study a science subject.

Churchill College was the first college in Cambridge to allow female students. This happened in 1972.

## Other websites

- Official website
Statler and Waldorf

**Statler and Waldorf** are a pair of Muppet characters. They are two grumpy old men who fight and laugh at mean things on their balcony. They both appeared in all _The Muppet Show_ episodes except for one in which Statler did not appear because he was sick, so Waldorf appeared with his wife who looks like Statler in a dress. Statler and Waldorf are named after two important hotels in New York (the Waldorf-Astoria and the Statler Hilton). They are mostly known for appearing as Marley and Marley in _The Muppet Christmas Carol_.

Statler wears a black suit. Waldorf has a mustache and wears a brown suit. Statler was originally performed by Richard Hunt and Adam Hunt. Waldorf was originally performed by Jim Henson and is now performed by Steve Whitmire and Matt Vogel.

The puppets were designed by Bonnie Erickson. They were named after two famous New York City hotels, the Statler Hilton and the Waldorf-Astoria.

## Other websites

de:Die Muppet Show#Statler und Waldorf
The Muppet Christmas Carol

***The Muppet Christmas Carol*** is a 1992 American musical-comedy movie based on Charles Dickens' _A Christmas Carol_. This was the first movie made after Jim Henson died.

The musical movie features the Muppets and Michael Caine as Ebenezer Scrooge. The songs were written by Paul Williams. Kermit the Frog starred as Bob Cratchit, Miss Piggy as Mrs. Cratchit, Gonzo the Great as Charles Dickens, Fozzie Bear as Fozziwig, Rizzo the Rat as himself, and Statler and Waldorf as Robert Marley and Jacob Marley.
Nurjol Boulevard

**Nurzhol Boulevard** (, formerly known as _сулы-нулы бульвар_ Green Water Boulevard) is the national boulevard of Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan. The boulevard is a pedestrian area. It is in the new business and administrative centre of Nur-Sultan. It runs from the President's residence Ak Orda to the Khan Shatyr Entertainment Centre. The Bayterek is in Nurzhol boulevard.  It is one of Nur-Sultans best-known buildings.

## Other websites

- Water Green Boulevard in Flickr site.
Jerusalem City Hall

**Jerusalem City Hall** is a building complex housing the city hall of Jerusalem. It is in Safra Square. The complex was built beside the old city hall on a corner of Jaffa Street between the Old City and the Russian Compound. In 1950, The Israeli municipal government in Jerusalem decided to build a new building for the city hall. After many proposed architectural plans, the final plan was decided on in 1986. Construction began in 1988, and a ceremony for the establishment of the new municipality was done in the old city hall. In 1993, the new municipal complex was opened by mayor Teddy Kollek and heads of state.
Clare College, Cambridge

**Clare College** is one of the colleges of the University of Cambridge, England. It opened in 1326, so it is the second oldest. Its first name was **University Hall** but it was changed to **Clare Hall** in 1338. This was because Elizabeth de Clare, granddaughter of Edward I, gave money to the college. In 1856 it changed name again to its current one.

The college building is next to King's College. It goes across the river Cam with a famous bridge which has fourteen spherical stones on it. One of the stones is missing a bit: there are many legends used to explain this fact. The bridge is the oldest on the river. Across the bridge there is a big and beautiful garden, which is usually only open to the Fellows (university teachers).

Very important people have studied here, like David Attenborough, Andrew Wiles, Charles Cornwallis and Thomas Pelham-Holles.

## Other websites

- Official website
The McGuire Sisters

**The McGuire Sisters** were a group of three American girls originally from Ohio: **Christine**, **Dorothy** and **Phyllis McGuire**. This trio began around 1952 and went on until 1968, during which time the group had many popular hit songs, _Sincerely_ and _Sugartime_, the earlier of which was in 1954 and the latter during 1958. The group were sometimes compared to the Andrews Sisters due to their sometimes similar singing style and behavior.

The group was composed of three sisters:

- **Ruby Christine McGuire** (July 30, 1926 – December 28, 2018)
- **Dorothy "Dottie" McGuire** (February 13, 1928 – September 7, 2012)
- **Phyllis McGuire** (February 14, 1931 – December 30, 2020)
Hasmonean dynasty

The **Hasmonean dynasty** was a family that led the Hasmoneans led the Maccabean Revolt and transformed Judah from a Seleucid possession that was becoming more Greek-like into an independent, Jewish nation-state. The Hasmoneans expanded Judah through conquest.

## History

After the Salome Alexandra's death in 67 B.C., Salome's sons Hyrcanus II, who was backed by Antipater (the father of Herod the Great), and Aristobulus II fought for control of the Judah. The Roman Pompey entered the conflict on Hyrcanus' side. Aristobulus surrendered to the Romans and was sent to Rome, where he was later executed.

In 40 B.C., the Parthian Empire and Aristobulus' son Antigonus II invaded Judah and captured Hyrcanus. The Romans then proclaimed Antipater's son Herod king of Judea. The Romans defeated the Parthians and captured and killed Antigonus, the last ruler of the Hasmonean dynasty. The Hasmonean leaders often fought among themselves for power. They also combined religious and political power, with some rulers serving as kings and high priests.
Rizzo the Rat

**Rizzo the Rat** is a Muppet, who was voiced by Steve Whitmire. He was first in _The Muppet Show_. He is known for being in a double act with Gonzo the Great. Rizzo is a rat with a New Jersey accent.

## Other websites

de:Die Muppet Show#Rizzo

## Infobox (character)

- **name**: Rizzo the Rat
- **series**: The Muppets
- **color**: #90CF00
- **first**: _The Muppet Show_
- **creator**: Jim Henson
- **lbl1**: Performed by
- **data1**: Steve Whitmire
- **species**: Muppet rat
- **gender**: Male
Greedy algorithm

A **greedy algorithm** is an algorithm used in solving optimization problems. Greedy algorithms select the best result at each iteration. The global optimum is obtained by repeatedly selecting the local optimum.

## Examples

- Kruskal's algorithm for finding the minimum spanning tree in a graph.
- Prim's algorithm for finding the minimum spanning tree in a graph.
- Dijkstra's algorithm for finding the shortest path in a graph with non-negative edge lengths.

There are some problems where greedy algorithms do not produce the best possible solution. In such cases, they often produce the worst possible one. Again look at the coin-changing example above, and imagine that there are coins for 25 cent, 10 cent and 4 cent. Now imagine that the sum of 41 cent needs to be changed. A greedy algorithm would pick 25 cent, 10 cent, and 4 cent, for a total of 39 cent. The algorithm is then stuck, because the remaining 2 cent cannot be changed. One possible way of solving the is to use the 25 cent coin, and four coins of 4 cent.
Zen at War

***Zen at War*** is a 1997 book by Brian Daizen Victoria. It reveals the close involvement of Zen Buddhist teachers with Japanese militarism from the Meiji period until WWII.

## Related pages

- State Shinto
- Nanking Massacre
Sunda clouded leopard

The **Sunda clouded leopard** (_Neofelis diardi_), or Bornean clouded leopard, is found on Sumatra and Borneo. It is a genetically distinct species, related to the Clouded leopard. It has now been filmed.

The Sunda clouded leopard is the largest cat in Borneo,  weighing around 12 to 25 kg (26 to 55 lb). The canine teeth are two inches long, which, in proportion, are longer than other living felines. Its tail, which may be as long as its body, helps it balance when running and jumping.

In Borneo, they occur in lowland rainforest. In Sumatra, they appear to live more in hilly, montane areas. It is not known if there are still Sunda clouded leopards on the small Batu islands close to Sumatra.

## Its taxonomy

In December 2006,  the genus Neofelis was reclassified into two distinct species:
- _Neofelis nebulosa_ from mainland Asia and
- _Neofelis diardi_ from Borneo and Sumatra
The Sunda clouded leopard in each island is different enough to be a separate subspecies.
Dynamic programming

**Dynamic programming**  is a method of solving problems, which is used in computer science, mathematics and economics. Using this method, a complex problem is split into simpler problems, which are then solved. At the end, the solutions of the simpler problems are used to find the solution of the original complex problem.

Dynamic programming can be used in cases where it is possible to split a problem into smaller problems, which are all quite similar.

Richard Bellman, a US mathematician, first used the term in the 1940s when he wanted to solve problems in the field of Control theory. He also stated what is now known as **Bellman's Principle of Optimality**:

## References

- R.Bellman,On the Theory of Dynamic Programming,Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1952 August; 38(8): 716–719. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1063639/
Karjala

**Karjala** is Finnish brand of beer. Sortavalan Panimo made the beer from 1932 to 1944. In 1948, it started to be made again. It is most popular in Finland.

## Products

- Karjala I (2,7%)
- Karjala III (4,6 %)
- Karjala IVA (Export) (5,2 %)
- Karjala IVB (8,0 %)
- Karjala Terva (4,6%)

## Other websites

- Hartwall's official webcite
Infrasound

**Infrasound** is a type of sound with a frequency lower than humans can hear. This frequency is lower than 20 hertz. When the frequency is lower but the volume is loud enough, humans can feel the vibrations but cannot hear the infrasound. Younger people have the ability to hear lower and higher frequencies. Some animals including whale<nowiki/>s and elephant<nowiki/>s can communicate long distances by infrasound.

## Related pages

- Ultrasound
Gorgias (Plato)

***Gorgias*** is a book of dialogue by Plato, written about the nature of  rhetoric, virtue and justice.

## Persons

The book is created by dialogues among persons as follow;
- Socrates
- Chaerephon, a friend of Socrates
- Gorgias, a sophist
- Polus, a student of Gorgias
- Callicles, a sophist

## Synopsis

In the preliminary discussion, Socrates and Gorgias agree that "persuasion is the chief end (goal) of rhetoric".

Socrates gets Gorgias to agree that there is a difference between belief and knowledge. A belief can be true or false, but there is no such thing as false knowledge (the word implies its correctness). The critical point in the dialogue is now reached:

_Socrates_: Shall we then assume two sorts of persuasion, one which is the source of belief without knowledge, as the other is of knowledge?

_Gorgias_: By all means.

_Socrates_: And which sort of persuasion does rhetoric create in courts of law and other assemblies... the sort of persuasion which gives belief without knowledge, or that which gives knowledge?

_Gorgias_: Clearly, Socrates, that which only gives belief.

_Socrates_: Then rhetoric, as would appear, is the artificer of a persuasion which creates belief about the just and unjust, but gives no instruction about them?

A bit later, the dialogue changes direction:

_Polus_: I will ask; and do you answer me, Socrates, the same question which Gorgias, as you suppose, is unable to answer: What is rhetoric?

_Socrates_: I should say a sort of experience.

_Socrates_: An experience in producing a sort of delight and gratification, Polus.

_Polus_: Then are cookery and rhetoric the same?

_Socrates_: No, they are only different parts of the same profession.

The dialogue continues. Socrates drives it towards a contrast between true knowledge produced by the art of philosophy, and the practical tricks of rhetoric. Rhetoric is pleasing and effective, but not an art, and  is closer to flattery.

Socrates says that virtue is more important than rhetoric. Rhetoric should depend on philosophy. Philosophy is an art, but rhetoric is just a skill.

So what started as an academic discussion ends as a very direct attack on the way law and politics were done in Athens.

## Related pages

- Gorgias
- Sophist
Full-range speaker

**Full-range speaker** is a type of loudspeaker that can be used to play sound at all or almost all frequencies that humans are able to hear. The frequency range can be anywhere from 55 to 17500 Hertz. The benefit is that all sound comes from the same point besides multi-way speakers. Also, audio crossover can be more simple.
Masato Nakae

**Masato Nakae** (December 20, 1917-September 4, 1998) was a United States Army soldier. He received the Medal of Honor because of his actions in World War II.

## Early life

Nakae was born in Hawaii to Japanese immigrant parents. He is a _Nisei_, which means that he is a second generation Japanese-American.

## Soldier

Two months after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Nakae joined the US Army in February 1942.

Nakae volunteered to be part of the all-_Nisei_ 100th Infantry Battalion.  This army unit was mostly made up of Japanese Americans from Hawaii and the mainland.

For his actions in August 1944, Nakae was awarded the Army's second-highest decoration, the Distinguished Service Cross (DSC).  In the 1990s, there was a review of service records of Asian Americans who received the DSC during World War II.  Nakae's award was upgraded to the Medal of Honor. In a ceremony at the White House on June 21, 2000, his family was presented with his medal by President Bill Clinton. Twenty-one other Asian Americans also received the medal during the ceremony, but only seven of them were still alive.

## Medal of Honor citation

Nakae's Medal of Honor recognized his conduct in frontline fighting in northern Italy in 1944. He held off an enemy attack and continued to fight after being wounded.

The words of Nakae's citation explain:
> Private Masato Nakae distinguished himself by extraordinary heroism in action on August 19, 1944, near Pisa, Italy. When his submachine gun was damaged by a shell fragment during a fierce attack by a superior enemy force, Private Nakae quickly picked up his wounded comrade’s M-1 rifle and fired rifle grenades at the steadily advancing enemy. As the hostile force continued to close in on his position, Private Nakae threw six grenades and forced them to withdraw. During a concentrated enemy mortar barrage that preceded the next assault by the enemy force, a mortar shell fragment seriously wounded Private Nakae. Despite his injury, he refused to surrender his position and continued firing at the advancing enemy. By inflicting heavy casualties on the enemy force, he finally succeeded in breaking up the attack and caused the enemy to withdraw. Private Nakae’s extraordinary heroism and devotion to duty are in keeping with the highest traditions of military service and reflect great credit on him, his unit, and the United States Army.

## Related pages

- List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II
- List of Asian American Medal of Honor recipients
- Posthumous recognition

## Other websites

- "Army Secretary Lionizes 22 World War II Heroes" at Defense.gov
Maeshowe

**Maeshowe**, also known as **Orkhaugr**, a burial mound in Orkney, Scotland, with underground passage graves. It was built during the Neolithic period, about 3000 years ago. It has been included in the World Heritage Site, Heart of Neolithic Orkney.

The mound used to be taller, with a depression in the top, looking like a small volcano. It measured 11 meters in height and had a diameter of 30 meters. This was changed in 1861 when the mound was dug into by archaeologist James Farrer.

It was built on a raised level area and surrounded by a ditch and a raised bank. It may have been built on top of an earlier structure. Research shows that the ditch used to be filled with water, and there was a large stone circle around the mound. The grave itself is a long narrow entrance opening into a large chamber. There are three smaller rooms which open into the main chamber. It has been built to line up with the sun at the Winter Solstice.

Maeshowe had been dug up in the 12th century by the Vikings. It has many Norse carvings on the rocks.
Clare Hall, Cambridge

**Clare Hall** is one of the colleges of the University of Cambridge, England. It was built in 1966. It has about 145 postgraduate students (students that already have a degree). It allows both men and women but no undergraduate students. It is one of the smallest colleges but has 125 Fellows (teachers), making the ratio fellows/students very high.

The college was built by Clare College to make it easier for people who are not students anymore to come back to university and do further education. This is why the college has many facilities for families and for sports.

## Other websites

- Official website
Corpus Christi College, Cambridge

**Corpus Christi College** (full name:**The College of Corpus Christi and the Blessed Virgin Mary**) is one of the colleges of the University of Cambridge, England. It was built in 1352 and is special because it was created by local people living in Cambridge, not by royals or nobles as most of the other colleges. It is one of the smallest colleges with about 450 students.

Corpus Christi College has the oldest court in Europe, Old Court, finished in 1356. The New Court, that also has the chapel (small church), was built in 1827. On the corner of the student's library there is the Corpus Clock, a clock made of gold which has a very complicated mechanism. The clock is visible on the main street of Cambridge, King's Parade. The college has another library, the _Parker library_, that has very old and precious books.

Some very famous people have studied here, like Thomas Cavendish.

## Other websites

- Official website
Ipse dixit

***Ipse dixit*** is a Latin phrase that means "He, himself, said it".

In logic, _ipse dixit_ is known as the **bare assertion fallacy**. One form of the fallacy may be summarized as follows:

- Fact 1: X claims statement A.
    - Fact 2: X claims that X is not lying.
    - Conclusion: Therefore, A is true or false or whatever X claims it is.

## History

In the _De natura deorum_ (_On the Nature of the Gods_), the Roman writer Cicero (106–43 BC) made the word _ipse dixit_ as an error in law. Cicero was describing the students of Pythagoras.

Jeremy Bentham changed the term _ipse-dixit_ into the word _ipse-dixitism_. He created this term to apply to political arguments.

## Examples

>     "When _I_ use a word," Humpty Dumpty said, in rather a scornful tone, "it means just what I choose it to mean—neither more nor less."
>     "The question is," said Alice, "whether you _can_ make words mean so many different things."
>     "The question is," said Humpty Dumpty, "which is to be master~~      ~~that's all."

## Issues

A bare assertion denies that an issue is debatable. In other words, that is just the way it is. In _Alice in Wonderland_, the problem of _ipse dixit_ is explained by example.

The most basic way to distort an issue is to deny that it exists. _Ipse dixit_ is used to identify and describe a dogmatic statement which the speaker expects the listener to accept as valid. _Ipse dixit_ is a sort of arbitrary dogmatism. The only proof we have of the fact is that this person said it.

The theory of _ipse dixit_ involves that an unproven statement that the speaker claims is true because it was uttered by "an authority" on the subject. The opinion may carry some weight based solely on the authority or standing of the person said it.

### United States

_Ipse dixit_ is made specific in American law. For example, in a 1997 case, the US Supreme Court recognized the problem of "opinion evidence which is connected to existing data only by the _ipse dixit_ of an expert".

## Related pages

- Truthiness
- False dilemma
- Intensity of preference
Darwin College, Cambridge

**Darwin College** is one of the colleges of the University of Cambridge, England. It was built in 1964, and it was the first college to have both men and women as students. The college has about 650 students: they are all postgraduate since Darwin does not allow undergraduates. The name comes from the famous scientist Charles Darwin and his family.

Some very famous people have studied here, like Elizabeth Blackburn. She won the 2009 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in medicine.

It is on the bank of River Cam opposite to Queens' College.

## Other websites

- Official website
Downing College, Cambridge

**Downing College** is one of the colleges of the University of Cambridge, England. It was built in 1800 and has around 650 students.

The name comes from Sir George Downing, who left money and land in his will to build a college when he died in 1749. However, not everyone in the family agreed with this. So, for many years until 1800 there were fights in courts until the judges decided that the will should be followed.

Some very famous people have studied at Downing College, like Quentin Blake, John Cleese and Thandie Newton.

## Further reading

Rawle, Tim, _A Classical Adventure: The Architectural History of Downing College, Cambridge_, Cantabrigia, Oxbridge Portfolio, 2015,

## Other websites

- Official website
Höðr

**Höðr** (also written **Hodhr**, **Hothr**, **Hothur**, **Hoder**, **Hodur**, **Hodor**, **Hodr**) is the blind twin brother of Baldr and son of Odin and Frigg in Norse mythology.

He is shown as having his eyes closed or covering them completely. Höðr is associated as the god of winter and the cold as well as being the god of darkness, unlike his brother Baldr, who is god of light. The only source of information of him thus far is when he is seen as being manipulated and tricked by Loki, and therefore accidentally killing his brother Baldr by throwing a shaft of mistletoe and piercing him in the heart. Höðr's sworn enemy is Váli, who is born to avenge his brother's death by killing Höðr. It was said that after Ragnarök, Höðr and Baldr shall survive to rule alongside each other.
The Power Within

***The Power Within*** is the fifth studio album by DragonForce. It was released on April 11, 2012 in Japan and on April 15, 2012 worldwide. It is the first album to have Mark Hudson on vocals.

### Band members

- Marc Hudson – Vocals
- Herman Li – Guitars, backing vocals, producing, mixing, engineering
- Sam Totman – Guitars, backing vocals, producing, mixing
- Vadim Pruzhanov – Keyboards, piano, theremin, Kaoss Pad, backing vocals
- Dave Mackintosh – Drums, backing vocals
- Frédéric Leclercq – Bass, backing vocals, additional guitars

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: The Power Within
- **type**: Album
- **artist**: DragonForce
- **released**: <sup>Japan</sup>
<sup>Global</sup>
- **genre**: Power metal
- **label**: Essential Music, Roadrunner Recoads, 3Wise, JVC Victor
- **producer**: Karl Groom, Herman Li, Sam Totman
- **prev title**: Ultra Beatdown
- **prev year**: 2008
John Hancock Tower

The **John Hancock Tower**, also called **Hancock Place**, **The Hancock Tower**, or **The Hancock**, is a 60-story, 790-foot (241 m) skyscraper in Boston. It was named for the John Hancock Insurance company. The tower was designed by Henry N. Cobb and was completed in 1976. It has been the tallest building in Boston for more than 30 years. It is also the tallest building in New England.

Its street address is 200 Clarendon Street. At first, John Hancock Insurance primarily used the building, but after 2004, some offices moved to a new building.

## Architecture

The John Hancock Tower was designed in 1972. It is a glass monolith. It was made in the minimalist and the modernist skyscraper design.

The largest panes of glass possible were used. There are no spandrel panels, and very few mullions. The floor plan has a parallelogram shape. The window glass is tinted slightly blue.

## History

The tower has an observation deck that was a famous attraction. However, the observation deck was closed after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks.

In 2006, Broadway Partners bought Hancock Place for $1.3 billion.  By 2009, they had defaulted on the loans they used to buy the building, and it was forclosed. On March 30, 2009, Hancock Place was sold at auction for $660 million to a consortium of "Normandy Real Estate Partners" and "Five Mile Capital Partners". In October 2010, Boston Properties bought the John Hancock Tower for $930 million.

The Hancock Tower was built by "John Hancock Insurance".

## References

- Oct. 15, 1973. "Those Window Pains" , _TIME_.
- Harl P. Aldrich, James R. Lambrechts (Fall 1986). "Back Bay Boston, Part II: Groundwater Levels ", _Civil Engineering Practice_, Volume 1, Number 2.

## Related pages

- John Hancock, for whom John Hancock Insurance was named
- Prudential Tower for an image of the Boston skyline from Cambridge in 1963, with the old 26-story Hancock building a conspicuous landmark.

## Other websites

- library-towers John Hancock Tower
- Architecture Week  When Bad Things Happen to Good Buildings
- The Perfect Skyscraper The Perfect Skyscraper
- Special Report on the Boston Globe; "The Hancock at 30" includes 4 audio slideshows
- Globe Critic, Robert Campbell, on the problems of the John Hancock Tower
- So, what should we call the John Hancock Tower now? (photos of construction)

## Infobox (building)

- **name**: 200 Clarendon Street
- **image**: John Hancock Tower.jpg
- **caption**: A view of Hancock Place from the Charles River
- **location**: 200 Clarendon Street, Boston, Massachusetts, Boston, Massachusetts 02116, United States
- **map type**: Boston#Massachusetts#USA
- **floor count**: 60
- **start date**: 1968
- **completion date**: 1976
- **building type**: Office
- **architect**: Henry N. Cobb of I.M. Pei & Partners
- **developer**: John Hancock Mutual Life Insurance Company
- **owner**: Boston Properties
4th century BC

The **4th century BC** started the first day of 400 BC and ended the last day of 301 BC.

## People

- Praxiteles
- Alexander the Great
Theophrastus

**Theophrastus** (; c. 371 – c. 287 BC), a Greek native of Eresos in Lesbos, was the successor to Aristotle in the Peripatetic school.

He came to Athens at a young age and studied in Plato's school. After Plato's death, he attached himself to Aristotle. Aristotle left his writings to Theophrastus, and named Theophrastus the new leader of the Lyceum.

Theophrastus led the Peripatetic school for thirty-six years, during which time the school was very successful. He is often considered the "father of botany" for his works on plants. After his death, the Athenians honoured him with a public funeral. His successor as head of the school was Strato of Lampsacus.

## Infobox (philosopher)

- **region**: Western Philosophy
- **era**: Ancient philosophy
- **image**: Teofrasto Orto botanico detail.jpg
- **image size**: 200px
- **caption**: Statue of Theophrastus
- **name**: Theophrastus
- **birth date**: c. 371 BC
- **birth place**: Eresos
- **death date**: c. 287 BC
- **death place**: Athens
- **school tradition**: Peripatetic school
- **main interests**: Botany, ethics, grammar, history, logic, metaphysics, natural history, physics
Commodores

The **Commodores** are an American funk and soul music group. They were most popular in the 1970s and 1980s. The band was formed in 1968 in Tuskegee, Alabama. They are signed with Motown. Their hit songs include _Three Times a Lady_, _Easy_ and _Brick House_. During the early times, Lionel Richie sang with the Commodores.
Cops (TV series)

***Cops*** is an American documentary-styled television reality series which follows police officers, constables and deputies during patrols and other activities which began in March 11, 1989 and has been aired in many countries. The show is broadcasted through Fox and has been shown in over 100 cities in the United States. Every episode is about twenty two minutes long. The show was cancelled due to the George Floyd protests. It was later released again on Fox Nation.
Hydrophone

Hydrophone is a microphone which is used to measure sound under water. It uses an echolocation system. You would use a hydrophone if you wanted to examine the sound of  fish or maybe if you wanted to listen to find out if there is any sea creature in this part of the ocean. Using several hydrophones make the sound better by making it louder and making it able to reach further distances it is even possible to listen in a specific direction.

The first hydrophone was used by Reginald Fessenden, a Canadian inventor in 1914.
Narva

**Narva** is the third biggest city in Estonia. Around 64,000 people were living in Narva as of January 2011. Danish people established Narva in 1223.

## Other webcites

- Narvan kaupunki
Rochester, Kent

**Rochester** is a town in Medway, North Kent. It is famous for Rochester Cathedral.

It also has a railway station called Rochester railway station.

## Education

Rochester has a few secondary schools and grammar schools, these are; The Thomas Aveling School, Rochester Grammar School and Sir Joseph Williamson's Mathematical School.

## Infobox (uk place)

- **official name**: Rochester
- **static image**: 2006SweepsCath1crop.jpg
- **static image caption**: <small>Rochester Cathedral viewed from the Castle Gardens</small>
- **unitary england**: Medway
- **lieutenancy england**: Kent
- **region**: South East England
- **country**: England
- **population**: 27,000
- **population ref**: (2001 Census)
- **constituency westminster**: Rochester & Strood (UK Parliament constituency), Rochester & Strood
- **post town**: ROCHESTER
- **postcode area**: ME
- **postcode district**: ME1, ME2
- **dial code**: 01634
- **os grid reference**: TQ739684
8th century BC

The **8th century BC** started the first day of 800 BC and ended the last day of 701 BC.

## Important people

- Homer