juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
John Graves Simcoe

**John Graves ** Simcoe was a British General and politician.

## Family

Simcoe's father John Simcoe died of pneumonia just before the Battle of Quebec during the Seven Years War while serving in the Royal Navy. To honour his late father, John Graves Simcoe enlisted as an Ensign in the British Army.

## Military service

He was then sent to Boston in the 1770s at the beginning of the American Revolution. He fought for Great Britain against the Rebels during the Siege of Boston. He was  promoted to captain and fought for the British in Pennsylvania in the Battle of Brandywine. Rumor has it that at Brandywine Simcoe commanded his men not to shoot at a number of fleeing rebels one of whom was George Washington. Simcoe wanted to raise a Black Loyalist regiment made entirely of freed slaves. Instead, he was asked to replace Robert Rogers as the commander of the Queen's Rangers. As Lieutenant-Colonel and Commander of the Queen's Rangers he was in several important battles of the Revolutionary War. Simcoe was captured by the French and later freed.  Simcoe also tried to expose Washington's Culper spy ring. Simcoe was shot in the Battle of Yorktown and sent back to England where he wrote a history of the revolutionary war from a British perspective.

## Politics

Simcoe got married to Elizabeth Posthuma Gwillim and he was elected to the House of Commons as a supporter of Prime Minister William Pitt the Younger. He supported banning the slave trade and having Warren Hastings removed from his position as Governor of India. He voted in favor of the Constitutional Act of 1791 which split Quebec into two provinces called Upper Canada and Lower Canada. He offered to lead the British in their war with Spain but instead he was named Lieutenant-Governor of Upper Canada. Because Simcoe wanted to abolish slavery a group of Upper Canadians sold a woman named Chloe Cooley to Americans and forcibly dragged her onto a boat to the United States of America. Simcoe was horrified by the Chloe Cooley Incident and used it to justify abolishing slavery. Simcoe said " The principles of the British Constitution are fundamentally at odds to that vile practice of slavery which Christianity condemns. When I assume the governorship of Upper Canada I shall never allow discrimination by dishonest practice against those of African, Indian or American descent." Because a number of people in the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada were slaveowners Simcoe wasn't able to ban slavery outright. Instead he issued An Act to Prevent the Further Introduction of Slaves also known as the Act to Limit Slavery which said that from now on one who was born in Upper Canada could not be born a slave and it became illegal to buy or sell slaves. Since there were not  many slaves in Upper Canada Simcoe's law abolished slavery within his own lifetime. After that a lot of slaves fled the United States to Upper Canada where they would be free to escape giving rise to what became known as the Underground Railroad.

## Popular Culture

Simcoe is the main villain of the television show Turn.
Robert L. Johnson

**Robert Louis Johnson**  (born April 8, 1946 is American entrepreneur, media magnate, executive, philanthropist, and investor.He is the co-founder of BET, which was acquired by Viacom in 2001 . He is also the founder of RLJ Companies which is a holding company that invests in various business sectors. Johnson is the former majority owner of the Charlotte Bobcats.His company is listed d among the most prominent African-American businesses in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries

## Early Life and Education

Johnson was born in 1946 in French Camp, California.  His mother was a schoolteacher and his father was a farmer . Johnson graduated from the University of Illinois in 1968 with a bachelor's degree in social studies . At the University of Illinois, Johnson became a member of the Beta chapter of Kappa Alpha Psi fraternity . He received a master's degree in public affairs from the Woodrow Wilson School at Princeton University in 1972 .

## Personal life

He married Shelia Johnson in 1969 and have 2 children .They divorced in 2001 .Johnson dated Lauren Wooden, who is 33 years younger, in 2010.They married in May 2016, Greg Mathis officiated.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Robert L. Johnson
- **image**: Robert L. Johnson watches Donald Trump.jpg
- **caption**: Johnson in 2018
- **birth name**: Robert Louis Johnson
- **birth place**: Hickory, Mississippi, Hickory, Mississippi, U.S.
- **alma mater**: University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign
Princeton University
- **known for**: Co-founder of BET
- **net worth**: United States dollar, US$ 600 million
Stewart Butterfield

**Daniel Stewart Butterfield** (born **Dharma Jeremy Butterfield**; March 21, 1973) is a Canadian entrepreneur. He helped create Flickr, which allows you to share photos online. He also helped create Slack, which is a messaging app with more advanced features.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Stewart Butterfield
- **image**: Stewart b.jpg
- **caption**: Stewart Butterfield in 2006
- **birth name**: Dharma Jeremy Butterfield
- **birth place**: Lund, British Columbia, Canada
- **alma mater**: University of Victoria (1996)
Clare College, Cambridge (1998)
- **occupation**: Entrepreneur and businessman
- **known for**: Co-founder of Flickr
Founder of Slack (software), Slack
- **net worth**: US$1.69 billion
- **spouse**: Caterina Fake (2001–2007)
William Allen White

**William Allen White** (February 10, 1868 – January 29, 1944) was an American newspaper editor, politician, author, and leader of the Progressive movement. Between 1896 and his death, White became a spokesman for middle America.

## Early life

White was born in Emporia, Kansas. White moved to El Dorado, Kansas with his parents, Allen and Mary Ann Hatten White. He spent most of his childhood in El Dorado. He loved animals, and he loved reading various books.

## Politics

White became a leader of the Progressive movement in Kansas. He created the Kansas Republican League in 1912. He did this to oppose railroads.  White helped Theodore Roosevelt form the Progressive (Bull-Moose) Party in 1912. He did this to oppose the conservatives helping Republican president William Howard Taft.

## Family

White married Sallie Lindsay in 1893. They had two children, William Lindsay, born in 1900, and Mary Katherine, born in 1904. Mary died in a 1921 horse-riding accident. This led to her father to writing a famous eulogy, "Mary White," on August 17, 1921.

## Other websites

- Emporia Gazette & Museum
- William Allen White
- Profile from Kansas State Historical Society
- William Allen White House
- William Allen White's printing press, Kansas Museum of History
- This Might Be a Wiki: the tmbg knowledge base

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: William Allen White
- **image**: WP William Allen White.jpg
- **birth place**: Emporia, Kansas, United States
- **death place**: Emporia, Kansas
- **education**: College of Emporia and University of Kansas
- **occupation**: Newspaper editor, author
- **spouse**: Sallie Lindsay
- **parents**: Allen, Mary Ann
- **children**: William Lindsay White, Mary
Roeland Park, Kansas

**Roeland Park** is a city in Johnson County, Kansas, United States. It is part of the Kansas City metropolitan area. In 2020, 6,871 people lived there.

## Geography

Roeland Park is at  (39.034705, −94.639211). The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . All of it land.

### 2020 census

The 2020 census says that there were 6,871 people, 3,201 households, and 1,740 families living in Roeland Park. Of the households, 71.8% owned their home and 28.2% rented their home.

The median age was 34.5 years. Of the people, 80.5% were White, 3.7% were Black, 2.0% were Asian, 0.4% were Native American, 0.2% were Pacific Islanders, 4.0% were from some other race, and 9.2% were two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 12.0% of the people.

### 2010 census

The 2010 census says that there were 6,731 people, 3,065 households, and 1,732 families living in Roeland Park.

## Education

The city is part of the Shawnee Mission School District.

Roesland Elementary School, St. Agnes Elementary School and Bishop Miege High School are in Roeland Park.

## Other websites

- City
- City of Roeland Park
- Roeland Park - Directory of Public Officials
- Maps
- Roeland Park City Map , KDOT

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Roeland Park, Kansas
- **settlement type**: City
- **image map**: Johnson_County_Kansas_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Roeland_Park_Highlighted.svg
- **map caption**: Location within Johnson County, Kansas, Johnson County and Kansas
- **map caption1**: Interactive map outlining Roeland Park
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: Kansas
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Kansas, County
- **subdivision name2**: Johnson County, Kansas, Johnson
- **subdivision type3**: List of townships in Kansas, Township
- **established title**: Founded
- **established title1**: Platted
- **established title2**: Municipal corporation, Incorporated
- **established date2**: 1951
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **area total sq mi**: 1.62
- **area land sq mi**: 1.62
- **area water sq mi**: 0.00
- **area total km2**: 4.19
- **area land km2**: 4.19
- **area water km2**: 0.00
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **elevation ft**: 991
- **population as of**: 2020 United States census, 2020
- **population total**: 6871
- **population density sq mi**: auto
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone**: Central Time Zone, CST
- **utc offset**: -6
- **timezone dst**: CDT
- **utc offset dst**: -5
- **postal code type**: ZIP codes
- **postal code**: 66205 and 66202
- **area code type**: North American Numbering Plan, Area code
- **area code**: Area code 913, 913
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 20-60825
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS ID
- **blank1 info**: 485646
Yana Rhinoceros Horn Site

The **Yana Rhinoceros Horn Site** is an excavation in Siberia.  It has ancient human remains and artifacts.  These remains are 31,000 years old.  Human teeth from the site have been used to analyze DNA. The results show that the people were _Homo sapiens_ .  These people were different from already known people.  The archaeologists have named them Ancient North Siberians.  They are more like modern Europeans than like modern Asians.

Siberia was very cold when these people lived.  They hunted large animals like woolly mammoths, woolly rhinoceroses, and bison.
Laramie County, Wyoming

**Laramie County** is a county in the U.S. state of Wyoming. As of the 2020 United States Census, 100,512 people lived there. The county seat is Cheyenne, the state capital. The county lies west of the Nebraska state line and north of the Colorado state line.

The city of Laramie, Wyoming, is in neighboring Albany County.

## History

Laramie County was created on January 9, 1867.

## Geography

According to the US Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which  is land and  (0.06%) is water.

### Bordering counties

- Goshen County – north
- Banner County, Nebraska – northeast
- Kimball County, Nebraska – east
- Weld County, Colorado – south
- Larimer County, Colorado – southwest
- Albany County – west
- Platte County – northwest

### City

- Cheyenne (county seat)

### Towns

- Albin
- Burns
- Pine Bluffs

### Census-designated places

- Carpenter
- Fox Farm-College
- Hillsdale
- Ranchettes
- South Greeley
- FE Warren AFB

### Unincorporated communities

- Altvan
- Egbert
- Granite
- Horse Creek
- Meriden

## Other websites

- Laramie County official website

## Infobox (u.s. county)

- **county**: Laramie County
- **state**: Wyoming
- **flag**: Flag of Laramie County, Wyoming.gif
- **founded year**: 1867
- **founded date**: January 9
- **seat wl**: Cheyenne
- **largest city wl**: Cheyenne
- **area total sq mi**: 2688
- **area land sq mi**: 2686
- **area water sq mi**: 1.6
- **area percentage**: 0.06%
- **population as of**: 2020
- **population total**: 100512
- **population density sq mi**: 37.39
- **time zone**: Mountain
- **web**: laramiecounty.com
- **ex image**: City and County Building, Cheyenne.jpg
- **ex image cap**: City/County Building at Cheyenne in 1981
- **district**: At-large
- **named for**: Jacques La Ramee
Lincoln County, Wyoming

**Lincoln County** is a county in the U.S. state of Wyoming. As of the 2020 census, 19,581 people lived there. Its county seat is Kemmerer.

Its western border abuts the east border of the state of Utah.

## History

Lincoln County was created on February 21, 1911. The county was named for Abraham Lincoln, 16th President of the United States.

## Geography

According to the US Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which  is land and  (0.5%) is water.

### Bordering counties

- Teton County – north
- Sublette County – northeast
- Sweetwater County – east
- Uinta County – south
- Rich County, Utah – southwest
- Bear Lake County, Idaho – west
- Caribou County, Idaho – northwest
- Bonneville County, Idaho – northwest

### City

- Kemmerer (county seat)

### Towns

- Afton
- Alpine
- Cokeville
- Diamondville
- La Barge
- Opal
- Star Valley Ranch
- Thayne

### Census-designated places

- Alpine Northeast
- Alpine Northwest
- Auburn
- Bedford
- Etna
- Fairview
- Fontenelle
- Freedom
- Grover
- Nordic
- Oakley
- Osmond
- Smoot
- Taylor
- Turnerville

### Unincorporated communities

- Alpine Junction
- Border Junction
- Frontier
- Hamsfork
- Sage

## Other websites

- Lincoln County, Wyoming official website
- Star Valley Wyoming in Lincoln County

## Infobox (u.s. county)

- **county**: Lincoln County
- **state**: Wyoming
- **founded**: February 21, 1911 (authorized)
1913 (organized)
- **seat wl**: Kemmerer
- **largest city**: Kemmerer
- **area total sq mi**: 4095
- **area land sq mi**: 4076
- **area water sq mi**: 19
- **area percentage**: 0.5%
- **population as of**: 2020
- **population total**: 19581
- **population density sq mi**: auto
- **web**: www.lcwy.org
- **ex image**: Kemmerer WY - Lincoln County Courthouse.jpg
- **ex image cap**: Lincoln County Courthouse in Kemmerer
- **time zone**: Mountain
- **district**: At-large
- **named for**: Abraham Lincoln
Kemmerer, Wyoming

**Kemmerer** is a city in the U.S. state of Wyoming. It is the county seat of Lincoln County. The population was 2,415 at the 2020 census.

## Other websites

- City of Kemmerer
Alpine, Wyoming

**Alpine** is a town in Lincoln County, Wyoming, United States. The population was 1,220 at the 2020 census.

## Other websites

- Town website
Karnes City, Texas

**Karnes City** is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. It is the county seat of Karnes County.
Kaufman, Texas

**Kaufman** is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. It is the county seat of Kaufman County.

## History

Kaufman was founded in 1840.

## Geography

Kaufman has a total area of 9 square miles.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Kaufman
- **official name**: Kaufman
- **settlement type**: Town
Franklin, Texas

**Franklin** is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. It is the county seat of Robertson County.
Bremond, Texas

**Bremond** is a city in the U.S. state of Texas.
Battle of Aqaba

**The Battle of Aqaba** was a major battle during World War I. It was fought on July 6, 1917 between the Ottoman Empire and Arab Revolt, who part of the Central Powers and Allied Powers in the same order. The city of Aqaba, Jordan was an important coastal city and port controlled by the Ottomans. Even though the city was heavily defended on the coast, there was little defense inland. This was because the Ottomans thought the Arabian Desert outside the city was impossible to cross. Led by Arab chief Auda Abu Tayi and British officer T. E. Laurence, the Arab Revolt marched across the Arabian Desert to Aqaba. This surprised the Ottomans and the Arab Revolt captured the city.
Pahumara

The **Pahumara River** is a river in the Barpeta district of Assam in India. It is located at latitude 26° 17'0" and longitude 26°17'0". It is a tributary of the Brahmaputra River.

It flows through the areas of Puthimari, Medhikuchi, Pathsala, Dhumarkur, Bhawanipur, Kayakuchi and the Barpeta district.

Frequent rains in monsoon season often make the Pahumara river flood in many places, such as paddy fields (underwater fields for growing rice) and roads in the Bahari sub-division of the Barpeta district. During this time the river is quite dangerous. Sometimes the river floods when the Kurichhu hydroelectric plant in Bhutan opens its dam.

According to local people, a type of boat race on the Pahumara river has been a tradition of the area for more than 100 years.
Allied Powers of World War I

**The Allied Powers of World War I** were the countries who fought against the Central Powers in World War I. Major countries included the British Empire, France, the Russian Empire, the United States, Italy, and Japan. Most of these countries would fight alongside each other again in World War II, except that Italy and Japan would fight alongside Germany instead.

The Allied Powers in Europe were already allies before the war began. Serbia was an ally of Russia, and Russia was an ally of Britain and France. The war started because the Austro-Hungarian Empire declared war on Serbia in 1914, which led to a chain reaction of countries declaring war on each other.

At first, the United States was neutral, it was not part of either side. However, after several acts made by Germany against the US, the US declared war on Germany in 1917 and would fight for the Allied Powers.

Russia's campaign against the Central Powers went very poorly. Many Russian soldiers were poorly equipped and trained, many Russians were killed, and poverty and starvation became worse problems than before. Many Russians blamed Czar Nicholas II's poor leadership for Russia's problems, so he was overthrown and sent to exile. The Russian Provisional Government who replaced him also made many Russians upset because they promised that Russia would continue fighting the war. After the March Revolution that overthrew the Czar, communist revolutionary Vladimir Lenin made a deal with Germany. The deal was that he would stop the fighting between Russia and Germany if they sent him to Russia to overthrow the government. Lenin's slogan for his communist government was "peace, land, and bread". This meant that the communist government promised no more fighting in the war, land redistribution so that everyone in Russia could have an equal amount of property, and that food would be plentiful. After the Communist Party took over Russia in the October Revolution, they fulfilled their promise to Germany and ended Russia's fighting in the war.

In World War II, Italy would join Germany in the Axis Powers because its leader, Benito Mussolini, had a similar ideology to Nazism. Japan was disappointed with the end of World War I because it did not gain as much as it wanted. Japan would also join the Axis Powers because it thought it would help the Japanese Empire grow faster than if it did with the Allies.
Calvert, Texas

**Calvert** is a city in Texas. According to the 2020 United States Census, the city has a population of 962 people.
Hearne, Texas

**Hearne** is a city of Robertson County in the state of Texas in the United States.
Hondo, Texas

**Hondo** is a city in and the county seat of Medina County, Texas, United States. As of the 2020 census, the population was 8,289.

## Other websites

- City of Hondo official website
Floydada, Texas

**Floydada** is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. It is the county seat of Floyd County.
Dodd City, Texas

**Dodd City** is a town in the U.S. state of Texas.
Ottawa Dragon Boat festival

The **Ottawa Dragon Boat festival** is held every year in Ottawa,  the National capital of Canada. The festival was founded in 1993. In 2019 the festival had 200 teams competing. The  festival lasts for four days and offers  free admission to concerts, amusement attractions, sports demonstrations,  artisans, exhibitors,  culinary treats, children’s area and non-stop dragon  boat racing.

The Festival is made possible through Celebrate Ontario and the City of Ottawa _Partnership Program_.

## Other websites

- http://www.dragonboat.net/info/about.aspx
Tower of Babel

The **Tower of Babel** (, _Migdal Bavel_) story in Genesis 11:1–9 is a story that explains why the world's peoples speak different languages.

According to the story, a united humanity in the generations following the Great Flood, speaking a single language and migrating westward, comes to the land of Shinar (). There they agree to build a city and a tower tall enough to reach heaven. God, observing their city and tower, felt insulted and confused the humans so that they could no longer understand each other. He then scatters them around the world.

Some modern scholars have associated the Tower of Babel with known structures, notably the Etemenanki, a ziggurat dedicated to the Mesopotamian god Marduk in Babylon. A Sumerian story with some similar elements is told in _Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta_.
Standard German

**Standard German**, **High German**, or **Standard High German**, (, , or in Swiss Standard German ), is the standardized variety of the German language used in formal occasions, and for communication between different dialect areas. It has three specific regional variants: German Standard German, Austrian Standard German, and Swiss Standard German.

## Related pages

- History of the German language
- Standard language

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Standard German, High German, Standard High German
- **nativename**: _Standarddeutsch, Hochdeutsch_
- **region**: German-speaking Europe
- **date**: 2012
- **speakers2**: 8,000,000 L2 in Germany (2012)
- **ref**: e19
- **familycolor**: Indo-European
- **fam2**: Germanic languages, Germanic
- **fam3**: West Germanic languages, West Germanic
- **fam4**: High German languages, High German
- **script**: Latin script, Latin (German alphabet)
German Braille
- **sign**: Signed German, LBG
_(Lautsprachbegleitende/Lautbegleitende Gebärden)_
- **nation**: Austria
Belgium
Germany
South Tyrol <small>(Italy)</small>
Liechtenstein
Luxembourg
Switzerland

List of territorial entities where German is an official language, Minority/Cultural/National language in various other countries/dependencies
- **agency**: _No official regulation_

(German orthography regulated by the Council for German Orthography).
- **stand1**: German Standard German
- **stand2**: Austrian Standard German
- **stand3**: Swiss Standard German
- **iso1**: de
- **iso2b**: ger
- **iso2t**: deu
- **iso3**: deu
- **glotto**: stan1295
- **glottorefname**: German
Standard German phonology

The **phonology of Standard German** is the standard pronunciation or accent of the German language. It deals with current phonology and phonetics as well as with historical developments thereof as well as the geographical variants and the influence of German dialects.

### Single vowels

|rowspan="3"||colspan="4"|Front|colspan="2" rowspan="2"|Central|colspan="2" rowspan="2"|Back|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|||||colspan="2"||||
|||||()||||
||()|||()||||
|colspan="2"||colspan="2"||||colspan="2"||

## Consonants

German has 25 phonemes, which is average among other languages. One of its more unique sounds is the unusual affricate .
|colspan="3"||Labial|Dental/ Alveolar|Palatal|Velar/ Uvular|Glottal|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|||||()|||
|||()|||||
|||()|||||
||()||||||
||()||||||
||colspan="3"||||||

### _Ich-Laut_ and _ach-Laut_

'' is the voiceless palatal fricative  (found in the word   'I'), and **** is the voiceless velar fricative  (as in   the interjection 'oh', 'alas').   is the German word for 'sound, phone'.

In German, these two sounds are allophones occurring in complementary distribution. The allophone  occurs after back vowels and  (for instance in   'book'), the allophone  after front vowels (for instance in   'me/myself') and consonants (for instance in   'fear',   'sometimes'). (This happens most regularly: if the  in  is pronounced as a consonant,  represents ; however if, as often happens, it is vocalized as , resembling the vowel , then  may represent , yielding .)

## Other websites

- Listen to the pronunciation of German first names
Abyssinia Crisis

The **Abyssinia Crisis** happened in 1935. It started with the Walwal incident, a conflict between the Kingdom of Italy and the Empire of Ethiopia (then commonly known as "Abyssinia"). The League of Nations said Italy could not intervene and voted to punish Italy's economy. But the League did not follow through, and Italy quit the League, made special deals with Britain and France and invaded Abyssinia. The crisis made the League look bad, and made Fascist Italy closer friends with Nazi Germany.

Both Italy and Ethiopia did not like each other. The League of Nations said:> At places where there is not a single Italian national, a consul establishes himself in an area known as consular territory with a guard of about ninety men, for whom he claims jurisdictional immunity. This is an obvious abuse of consular privileges. The abuse is all the greater that the consul's duties, apart from the supplying of information of a military character, take the form of assembling stocks of arms, which constitute a threat to the peace of the country, whether from the internal or the international point of view.

## Related pages

- Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1929
- Munich Crisis of 1938

## Notes

- Footnotes

## Further reading

- Baer, George W. _Test Case: Italy, Ethiopia, and the League of Nations_ (1976).
- Corthorn, Paul Steven. "The British labour party and the League of Nations 1933-5" (PhD disst. Durham University, 1999). online.
- Fronczak, Joseph. "Local People’s Global Politics: A Transnational History of the Hands Off Ethiopia Movement of 1935" _Diplomatic History_ (2014):
- Kent, Peter G. "Between Rome and London: Pius XI, the Catholic Church, and the Abyssinian Crisis of 1935–1936." _International History Review_ 11#2 (1989): 252–271.
- Post Jr, Gaines. "The Machinery of British Policy in the Ethiopian Crisis." _International History Review_ 1#4 (1979): 522–541.
- Strang, G. Bruce. "'The Worst of all Worlds:' Oil Sanctions and Italy's Invasion of Abyssinia, 1935–1936." _Diplomacy and Statecraft_ 19.2 (2008): 210–235.

## Other websites

- Ethiopia 1935 to 1936
Culper spy ring

The **Culper spy ring** was a network of civilian spies which played an important role in the American Revolutionary War. They gave information about British troop movements to General George Washington.

The network was led by Abraham Woodhull, who used the pseudonym _Samuel Culper_. For this reason, the network was called the Culper spy ring.

## Infobox (organization)

- **name**: Culper Spy Ring
- **image**: File:Benjamin_Tallmadge_by_Ralph_Earl.jpeg
- **image size**: 250px
- **caption**: Colonel Benjamin Tallmadge, leader of the Culper Ring, in a 1790 portrait with his son William
- **formation**: 1778
- **founder**: George Washington
- **extinction**: 1783
- **type**: military spy ring
- **purpose**: to provide military intelligence from British-occupied New York
- **headquarters**: Setauket, New York, Setauket and New York City
- **leader title**: Leader
- **leader name**: Colonel Benjamin Tallmadge
- **key people**: Abraham Woodhull, Robert Townsend (spy), Robert Townsend, Caleb Brewster, Austin Roe, Anna Strong (spy), Anna Strong, Agent 355
Upper Canada

**Upper Canada** is an old British name for the Canadian province of Ontario.

## Infobox (former country)

- **conventional long name**: Province of Upper Canada
- **common name**: Upper Canada
- **era**: Canada under British rule (1763–1867), British Era
- **status**: Colony
- **empire**: United Kingdom
- **government type**: Family Compact oligarchy
under a
Constitutional monarchy
- **event start**: Constitutional Act of 1791
- **year start**: 1791
- **date start**: 26 December
- **event end**: Act of Union 1840
- **year end**: 1841
- **date end**: 10 February
- **p1**: Province of Quebec (1763–1791)
- **flag p1**: Union flag 1606 (Kings Colors).svg
- **s1**: United Province of Canada
- **flag s1**: Flag of the United Kingdom.svg
- **image flag**: Civil Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg
- **image map**: Canada upper.PNG
- **image map caption**: Map of Upper Canada (in orange) with 21st-century Canada (in pink) surrounding it
- **capital**: Niagara-on-the-Lake, Newark 1792–1797 (renamed Niagara 1798, Niagara-on-the-Lake 1970)
York, Upper Canada, York (later renamed Toronto in 1834) 1797–1841
- **common languages**: Canadian English, English
- **currency**: Halifax pound
- **leader1**: George III of the United Kingdom, George III
- **year leader1**: 1791–1820
- **leader2**: George IV of the United Kingdom, George IV
- **year leader2**: 1820–1830
- **leader3**: William IV of the United Kingdom, William IV
- **year leader3**: 1830–1837
- **leader4**: Queen Victoria, Victoria
- **year leader4**: 1837–1841
- **title leader**: List of British Monarchs#House of Hanover, Sovereign
- **deputy1**: See List of lieutenant governors of Ontario#Lieutenant Governors of Upper Canada, 1791–1841, list of Lieutenant-Governors
- **title deputy**: Lieutenant governor (Canada), Lieutenant-Governor; Executive Council of Upper Canada
- **legislature**: Parliament of Upper Canada
- **house1**: Legislative Council of Upper Canada, Legislative Council
- **house2**: Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada, Legislative Assembly
- **stat year1**: 1823
- **stat pop1**: 150196
- **stat year2**: 1836
- **stat area2**: 258999
- **stat pop2**: 358187
Constitutional Act 1791

The Contitution Act of 1791 is a law issued by the British Parliament under King George III in response to the demands of the United Empire Loyalists asking for elected representation.  It split a British colony called the Province of Quebec into two separate provinces.  The province of Upper Canada since renamed Ontario and the province of Lower Canada since renamed Quebec.  Each was given elected representatives to let the government know what they wanted but who didn't have any actual power.

## Infobox (uk legislation)

- **short title**: _The Clergy Endowments (Canada) Act 1791_
- **parliament**: Parliament of Great Britain
- **long title**: _An Act to repeal certain Parts of an Act, passed in the fourteenth Year of his Majesty's Reign, intituled, Quebec Act, An Act for making more effectual Provision for the Government of the Province of Quebec, in North America; and to make further Provision for the Government of the said Province._
- **year**: 1791
- **statute book chapter**: 31 Geo 3 c 31
Lower Canada

The **Province of Lower Canada** was a British colony in Canada. It included Labrador and the southern part of Quebec. It was created in 1791 when Britain split Quebec into two provinces. It was merged in 1841 with the rest of Quebec to form the Province of Canada.

## Infobox (country)

- **native name**: _Province du Bas-Canada_
- **conventional long name**: Province of Lower Canada
- **common name**: Lower Canada
- **era**: Canada under British rule, British Era
- **status**: Colony
- **empire**: United Kingdom
- **government type**: Château Clique oligarchy
 under a
Constitutional monarchy
- **event start**: Constitutional Act of 1791
- **year start**: 1791
- **date start**: 26 December
- **event end**: Act of Union 1840
- **year end**: 1841
- **date end**: 10 February
- **p1**: Province of Quebec (1763–1791)
- **flag p1**: Flag of Great Britain (1707-1800).svg
- **s1**: United Province of Canada
- **flag s1**: Flag of the United Kingdom.svg
- **s2**: Colony of Newfoundland
- **flag s2**: Flag of the United Kingdom.svg
- **flag**: Flag of Quebec
- **image flag**: Civil Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg
- **image map**: Évolution territoriale du Bas-Canada.gif
- **capital**: Quebec City
- **common languages**: Canadian French, French, Canadian English, English
- **currency**: Canadian pound
- **leader1**: George III of the United Kingdom, George III
- **year leader1**: 1791–1820
- **leader2**: George IV of the United Kingdom, George IV
- **year leader2**: 1820–1830
- **leader3**: William IV of the United Kingdom, William IV
- **year leader3**: 1830–1837
- **leader4**: Queen Victoria, Victoria
- **year leader4**: 1837–1841
- **title leader**: List of British Monarchs#House of Hanover, Sovereign
- **deputy1**: See Lieutenant-Governors of Quebec#Lieutenant-Governors of Lower Canada, list of Lieutenant-Governors
- **title deputy**: Lieutenant-Governor (Canada), Lieutenant-Governor and Executive Council of Lower Canada
- **legislature**: Parliament of Lower Canada
- **house1**: Legislative Council of Lower Canada, Legislative Council
- **house2**: Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada, Legislative Assembly
- **stat year1**: 1839
- **stat area1**: 534185
- **stat pop1**: 700000
Evergy

**Evergy** is an electric utility in Kansas City, Missouri, United States. The company was created from a merger of **Westar Energy** of Topeka and **Great Plains Energy** of Kansas City, Missouri. Evergy is the largest electric company in Kansas. They serve 690,000 residential, commercial and industrial customers in the eastern third of Kansas.

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: Evergy
- **logo**: Westarenergytopeka.jpg
- **logo size**: 250px
- **type**: Public company, Public
- **foundation**: 1909
- **location**: Kansas City, Missouri, Kansas City, Missouri, United States, U.S.
- **key people**: Terry Bassham
- **industry**: Electric utility
- **area served**: **Western 1/2 of Missouri &Eastern 1/2 of Kansas**
1.6 Million customers
- **products**: Electricity generation, Electric power transmission, transmission and Electricity distribution, distribution,
- **num employees**: 5,000
Jimi system

The **Jimi system** () is a way to organize the government to rule over far-away foreign lands. It uses barbarians to rule over barbarians or the people you conquered to rule over the people you conquered.

It was used in China between the 7th century and 10th century. It was used during the Tang Dynasty from 650s-740s. It was also used in the Song, Mongol Yuan, Ming dynasties. But then it was also called the _Tusi system_ (). It ended around 1726. Then the Qing dynasty created a new system.

## Origin of term

The term "Jimi" was first seen in the annotation of _Shiji_ quoted by Sima Zhen in a book from the Eastern Han era. It means that a man uses a reign to lead a horse.

Jimi roughly translates as "loose reigns". It was an indirect way to rule over people.

It is also known as **Jimi fuzhou** () or the **loose-control administrative units**, they were not commonly confused with Zhengzhou () or the **regular administrative units**.

## What is it?

China back then often conquered foreign lands. For example when China would conquer barbarians in the north, it would gain a lot of land. How does China govern so much land? They needed a way to govern these foreigners (or "barbarians").

China tells one of the barbarians they conquered to rule over the land for them. That ruler would have to follow orders from China, pay money, and help with China's military. This is Jimi.

The jimi ruler would received instructions from the central authorities in China. They would pass their power to their first sons.

Each year they would pay money to China (tribute). They helped with China's military.

There were three levels: the command (, like the central government), prefecture (, like a state) and county (). Together these were known as jimi fuzhou.

## Examples

The Tang conquered the Gokturks and made two jimi governments (_duhufu_ 都護府) in 658. They were around the Tarbagatai Mountains and Lake Balkhash. Sometimes the term was applied to military camps created within Tang China.

## References

- Zhou, Weiyan, "Jimizhou" . _Encyclopedia of China_, 1st ed.
- Yuan, Bolan, Min, Shenglan and Huang, Li. "Tang Song Minzu Zhengce Jimi Wenti Zhi Bijiao Yanjiu" ("Ethnic Policy of the Tang and Song Dynasties, A Comparative Study on the Question  of Jimi") . Journal of Northwest University for Nationalities. 2004.5. ISSN 1001-5140.
- Liu, Tong (1998). _The Study of Tang Dynasty's Jimifuzhou_. Xi'an: Northwest University Press. .
- Tian, Suisheng et al. (1994). _A Comprehensive Knowledge of Local Government_. Beijing: China's Archives Press. .
- Zhang, Youjun et al. (1992). _General Discussion of Ethnic Policy in China_. Nanming: Guangxi Education Press. .

## Other websites

- The Tang Dynasty's Domination Strategy towards the Korean Peninsula in the Mid-7th Century
Julian year

In astronomy, a **Julian year** (symbol: **a**) is a unit to measure time. It has exactly 365 days of 86,400 seconds each. That is the average length of the year in the Julian calendar used in Western societies in previous centuries, and for which the unit is named. Nevertheless, because a Julian year measures duration rather than designates date, the Julian year does not correspond to years in the Julian calendar or any other calendar. Nor does it correspond to the many other ways of defining a year. It is also not connected to the Julian day used in astronomy.
Isekai

is a genre of Japanese manga, anime, light novel, video game, etc. It has character(s) who go into a different world.

## The types of Isekai

There are mainly two ways for the character(s) to go to a different world.

One is . In some stories, the character goes to the different world keeping their memory. But there are also stories that the character remembers their previous life after being grown up.

The other is . The way of moving to a different world is different between stories. For example, the character may suddenly move to a different world, or be made to move to a different world by somebody like god.

## Examples

Anime that are regarded as Isekai include _Re:Zero − Starting Life in Another World_, _That Time I Got Reincarnated as a Slime, Overlord, No Game No Life, Log Horizon,_ etc.

There is some debate as to whether some anime such as _Sword Art Online._ In this anime, the protagonist goes into a virtual world and eventually get out.
Greek government-debt crisis

The **Greek government-debt crisis** happened after the financial crisis of 2007–08. In Greece it is known as **The Crisis** (). It started with sudden  reforms and austerity measures. But this made people poor and lose money and land.

The Greek economy is in the longest recession of any advanced capitalist economy to date. It is even longer than the US Great Depression. Many well-educated Greeks left the country.

A trade deficit means that a country is buying more than it produces, so it has to borrow from others. Both the Greek trade deficit and budget deficit rose from below 5% of GDP in 1999 to peak around 15% of GDP in the 2008–2009 periods. Greece was perceived as a higher credit risk alone than it was as a member of the Eurozone. Thus investors felt the EU would help out Greece.

Reports in 2009 of Greek government disorganization increased borrowing costs. Greece could no longer borrow to finance its trade and budget deficits at an affordable cost.

## The Great Recession

The Greek crisis was triggered by the Great Recession, which led the budget deficits of several Western nations to reach or exceed 10% of GDP. Greece had high budget deficit (10.2%  and 15.1% of GDP in 2008 and 2009, respectively). But at the same time it had high public debt to GDP ratio. Greece appeared to lose control of this ratio, which already reached 127% of GDP in 2009. Being a member of the Eurozone, the country had essentially no autonomous monetary policy flexibility.

## Internal factors

In January 2010, the Greek Ministry of Finance published the _Stability and Growth Program 2010_. The report listed five main causes: poor GDP growth, government debt and deficits, budget compliance and data credibility. Causes found by others included excess government spending, current account deficits, tax avoidance and tax evasion.

## Bibliography

- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
Austerity

**Austerity measures** (political-economics) are government actions that try to reduce government budget deficits. They do this by spending less, increasing tax, both, or some other clever ways.

Austerity measures are used by governments that find it difficult to pay their debts. The measures are meant to reduce the budget deficit by bringing government revenue closer to spending.

In most macroeconomic models, austerity policies generally increase unemployment as government spending falls. Decreased government spending reduces public and maybe private employment. Also, tax increases can reduce consumption by cutting household disposable income. Some say that reducing spending may result in a higher debt-to-GDP ratio because government expenditure itself is a part of GDP.

For example, after the Great Recession, austerity measures in many European countries were followed by increasing unemployment and debt-to-GDP ratios despite smaller budget deficits. When an economy is operating at or near capacity, higher short-term deficit spending (stimulus) can cause interest rates to rise. This results in a reduction in private investment. This then reduces economic growth. Where there is excess capacity, the stimulus can result in an increase in employment and output.

## Related pages

- Functional finance
- Neoliberalism
- Planned shrinkage
- Trickle-down economics

## Other websites

- The Austerity Zone: Life in the New Europe – videos by _The New York Times_
- Socialist Studies Special Edition on Austerity (2011)
- Panic-driven austerity in the Eurozone and its implications Paul De Grauwe, Yuemei Ji, 21 February 2013
- NYT Review of Books – Paul Krugman – How the Case for Austerity Has Crumbled – June 2013
- IMF Working Paper-Olivier Blanchard and Daniel Leigh-Growth Forecast Errors and Fiscal Multipliers-January 2013
- How Austerity Kills. _The New York Times._ 12 May 2013.
- _The Austerity Delusion; Why a Bad Idea Won Over the West_ May/June 2013 Foreign Affairs
- Video: Richard Koo debates Kenneth Rogoff about the need for austerity, Institute for New Economic Thinking inaugural conference, 22 April 2010
- _"Debt may be 'Schuld' in German, but it's 'belief' in Italian and 'faith' in English"_ Interview with Mark Blyth Science Portal L.I.S.A., 26 January 2015
- Austerity’s Greek Death Toll: Study Connects Strict Measures to Rise in Suicides. _Truthdig._ 4 February 2015.
- Hundreds of mental health experts issue rallying call against austerity. _The Guardian._ 17 April 2015.
- Juice Rap News (April 2015). The EuroDivision Contest, a satire/parody of austerity
- Is austerity the new normal? A look at Greece and France, Tony Cross
- Life Under Austerity. _Jacobin._ 12 July 2015.
- Austerity policies do more harm than good, IMF study concludes. _The Guardian._ 27 May 2016.
- When left-leaning parties support austerity, their voters start to embrace the far right. _The Washington Post_. November 20, 2018
Swadeshi movement

The **Swadeshi movement** was part of the Indian independence movement. It aimed at removing the British Empire from power and improving economic conditions in India. It was begun on 7 August 1905 in Calcutta.
Lawrence University

**Lawrence University** is a four-year college in Appleton, Wisconsin, United States. It was founded in 1847.  It is a private school not affiliated with any church. In addition to the men's and women's liberal arts colleges, Lawrence has a Conservatory of Music.  In 2018 there were 1,472 students in the university. Of these, 13% were foreign students from  over 45 countries.  There were 405 faculty members (76% were full time).

## Degrees granted

Lawrence University grants two four-year degrees: B.A. and B.Mus.  It also grants a five-year combined B.A./B.Mus. degree.

## Affiliation

The university is a member of the Associated Colleges of the Midwest (ACM), which has off-campus programs in the United States and many other countries. Students from Lawrence and the other member schools may take part in these programs.

Lawrence has been a member of the Midwest Conference sports league since it began in 1921.

## Costs

One year's tuition and fees are $47,475.  Room and board are $10,341.

## Accreditation

The University is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission. The Conservatory of Music is an accredited institutional member of the National Association of Schools of Music.

## Infobox (university)

- **name**: Lawrence University
- **motto**: Light More Light!
Veritas est lux
- **mottoeng**: _Truth is Light_
- **established**: 1847
- **type**: Private school, Private - Liberal arts colleges in the United States, liberal arts
National Space Grant College and Fellowship Program, Space-grant
- **president**: Mark Burstein
- **city**: Appleton, Wisconsin, Appleton
- **state**: Wisconsin
- **country**: United States, U.S.
- **students**: 1,555 undergraduates
(fall 2013)
- **staff**: 164 faculty
- **campus**: Urban area, Urban -
Björklunden -
- **free label**: Athletics
- **free**: Division III (NCAA)
23 varsity teams
- **affiliations**: Oberlin Group
Consortium of Liberal Arts Colleges, CLAC
Annapolis Group
Associated Colleges of the Midwest
- **former names**: Lawrence College (1913-64)
Lawrence Institute (1847-49)
- **endowment**: $318.2 million
Gadfly

**Gadfly** is used for term for horse-fly or botfly. They are ectoparasites of mammals which drive the animals almost crazy with irritation.
Botfly

**Botflies**, also known as warble flies or  gadflies, are a family of flies: the Oestridae. Their larvae are internal parasites of mammals, some species growing in the host's flesh and others within the gut.
Warble fly

A **warble fly** is a large fly of the genus _Hypoderma_. It is an ectoparasite on horses, sheep, goats and humans. They lay their eggs on the front legs of large animals. They bore their way in, causing damage and distress. They have been eliminated from European countries, but reinfestations occur regularly.
1957 Indian presidential election

The Election Commission of India held indirect 2nd presidential elections of India on May 6, 1957. Dr. Rajendra Prasad won his re-election with 459,698 votes over his rivals Chowdhry Hari Ramwho got 2,672 votes and Nagendra Narayan Das who got 2,000 votes. Rajendra Prasad, has been the only person, to have won and served two terms, as President of India.

## Infobox (election)

- **election name**: 1957 Indian presidential election
- **country**: India
- **type**: presidential
- **ongoing**: no
- **previous election**: 1952 Indian presidential election
- **previous year**: 1952
- **next election**: 1962 Indian presidential election
- **next year**: 1962
- **election date**: May 6, 1957
- **image1**: Food Minister Rajendra Prasad during a radio broadcast in Dec 1947 cropped.jpg
- **nominee1**: **Rajendra Prasad**
- **party1**: Independent (politician)
- **home state1**: Bihar
- **electoral vote1**: 459,698
- **image2**: No image.svg
- **nominee2**: Chowdhry Hari Ram
- **party2**: Independent (politician)
- **home state2**: Punjab (India), Punjab
- **electoral vote2**: 2,672
- **title**: President
- **before election**: Rajendra Prasad
- **before party**: Independent (politician)
- **after election**: Rajendra Prasad
- **after party**: Independent (politician)
Kara Swisher

**Kara Swisher** is an opinion writer at the NY Times.

## Other websites

- https://www.nytimes.com/column/kara-swisher