juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Douglas SBD Dauntless

The **SBD Dauntless** (SBD means **Scout Bomber Douglas**) was a dive bomber made by Douglas Aircraft Company (now Boeing) during World War II. It first flew in 1940 and was introduced the same year. It was made from the Northrop BT. The Dauntless's first bombing in the war happened on December 10, 1941. The target was a Japanese submarine.

The SBD-3 Dauntless was a unique **American dive-bomber**. This was used by the **U.S. Nav**y in many ship attack missions, such as the **Battle Of Midway**. It was credited for sinking the **Akag**i, and many other Japanese **aircraft-carriers and other battleships**. This dive-bomber had unique **airbrakes** to prevent it from ripping apart at high speeds. These air brakes were painted in a bright red, which was a noticeable feature of the SBD-3. Also, the SBD was a **carrier based aircraf**t, meaning it had an arrester hook, and many antennas for communication.

In the War, the Dauntless was used to take off aircraft carriers and attack enemy ships and submarines.
The SBD-5 (5th version) could go 255 miles per hour (410 kilometers per hour), and it had a Wright R-1820-60 Cyclone air-cooled radial piston engine with 1,200 horsepower. It had two 12.7 mm and two 7.62 mm machine guns and it could carry one bomb or torpedo. It weighed around 6,404 pounds (2,905 kilograms) to 10,699 pounds (4,853 kilograms). It could fly for 1,115 miles (1,795 kilometers) without running out of fuel. It could go as high as 25,525 feet (7,780 meters) above the ground.

The Dauntless was retired in the late 1940s.

## Infobox (aircraft begin)

- **name**: SBD Dauntless
 A-24 Banshee
- **image**: File:Douglas SBD Dauntless dropping a bomb, circa in 1942.jpg
- **caption**: A U.S. Navy SBD releasing a bomb. Note the extended dive brakes on the trailing edges.


## Infobox (aircraft type)

- **type**: Dive bomber
Scout plane
- **national origin**: United States
- **manufacturer**: Douglas Aircraft
- **designer**: Ed Heinemann
- **first flight**: 1 May 1940
- **introduced**: 1940
- **retired**: 1959 (Mexico)
- **produced**: 1940–1944
- **primary user**: United States Navy
- **more users**: United States Marine Corps
 United States Army Air Forces
Free French Air Force
Royal New Zealand Air Force
- **number built**: 5,936
- **developed from**: Northrop BT
John Bardeen

**John Bardeen** (23 May 1908 – 30 January 1991) was an American physicist and electrical engineer. He is the only person to win two Nobel Prizes in Physics.

## Early life

Bardeen was born in Madison, Wisconsin. His father, Charles Bardeen was a Professor at the Medical School of the University of Wisconsin. He completed his bachelor's degree and master's degree in Electrical Engineering at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. He completed his PhD in Physics at Princeton University in 1936.

## Works

Bardeen worked with William Shockley and Walter Brattain to invent the transistor on 23 December 1947. They shared the Nobel Prize in Physics for 1956.

Later, Bardeen worked with Leon Cooper and John Robert Schrieffer. They created the BCS theory of superconductivity, named after them. For this work they shared the Nobel Prize in Physics for 1972.

Bardeen was a Professor of Electrical Engineering and Physics at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign from 1951 to 1991.

## References

- Hoddeson, Lillian and Vicki Daitch. 2002. _True Genius: the life and science of John Bardeen_. National Academy Press.

## Other websites

- Biography from PBS
Reconnaissance

**Reconnaissance**, sometimes called **scouting**, is the act of exploring to gain military information. Often referred to as _recce_ (UK, Canada and Australia, ) or _recon_ (U.S., ), the associated formal verb is _reconnoitre_ (British spelling) or _reconnoiter_ (American spelling).  In informal English, both _recce_ and _recon_ are often also used as a verb. The term is sometimes used in civilian / paramilitary and various government contexts.

## Reconnaissance-in-force

Often, units sent out for reconnaissance are armed only for self-defense. They rely on stealth to gather information. Others are well-enough armed to also deny information to the enemy by fighting and or destroying their reconnaissance parties.

_Reconnaissance-in-force_ (RIF) is a method of probing an enemy's position. An attack, even with a small force, may get a strong reaction by the enemy. Hopefully that reveals the enemy's strength, deployment, and other tactical information. The RIF commander can fall back with the information or expand the conflict into a full engagement. Other methods consist of hit-and-run tactics using moving very fast. In some cases light-armored vehicles are used for added fire superiority, as the need arises.
Cape Verde-type hurricane

A **Cape Verde-type hurricane** is an Atlantic hurricane that develops near the Cape Verde islands, off the west coast of Africa. The average hurricane season has about two Cape Verde-type hurricanes, which are usually the strongest storms of the season because they often have plenty of warm open ocean over which to develop before coming across land.
Windward Islands

The **Windward Islands** are the southern islands of the Lesser Antilles in the West Indies. They are south of the Leeward Islands.

The Antillean Windward Islands from north to south are:
- Dominica
- Martinique (an overseas department of France)
- Saint Lucia
- Saint Vincent
- Grenadines
- Grenada

Barbados and Trinidad and Tobago are not part of the Windward Islands.
Batista

**Batista** is a Spanish or Portuguese surname. Notable persons with the name include:

- Batista (footballer, born 1955), Brazilian football player
- Dave Bautista, American actor and professional wrestler, also known as **Batista**
- Edina Alves Batista, Brazilian football referee
- Eike Batista, Brazilian mining businessman
- Felix Batista, American security expert who was kidnapped in 2008
- Fulgencio Batista, Cuban general, president, and dictator
- Miguel Batista, Dominican baseball player
- Randas Batista, Brazilian medical doctor and cardiac surgeon
- Sergio Batista, Argentine football player and coach
- Tony Batista, Dominican baseball player
- Wesley Batista (born 1972), Brazilian billionaire businessman
- William Batista, Brazilian footballer

- Fictional characters
- Angel Batista, a character in _Dexter_

## Related pages

- Batiste (disambiguation)
- Baptiste (disambiguation)
- Baptista (disambiguation)
- Baptist (disambiguation)
- Batista (grape), Spanish name for the French wine grape Canari noir
- Batista procedure, a surgical operation
- Batiste (surname)
- Battista
- Bautista
Birth certificate

A **birth certificate** is a vital record that documents the birth of a child. The certificate itself usually includes some or all of the following information:

- Birth name
- Date and time of birth
- Sex of the child
- Place and/or location of birth
- Names of the parents of the child
- Occupations of parents of the child
- Birth weight and length
- Name of informant registering the birth
- Date of registration of birth
- A birth registration number or file number

Most countries have statutes and laws that regulate the registration of births. In the United States, it is the responsibility of the mother's physician, midwife, or a hospital administrator to prepare the official birth certificate.

The birth certificate itself is not proof of a person's identity, but only a record stating that a birth occurred at the time, date, and place stated on the certificate.
To prove one's identity, a person may need a photo ID, generally issued to an adult.

## Related pages

- Vital record
- Passport

## Other websites

- U.S. Standard Birth Certificate
- Florida Short Form (Computer Certification) Birth Certificate Sample
- Florida Long Form (Photocopy) Birth Certificate Sample
- U.S. Birth Certificates: Long Form vs. Short Form
Vital record

**Vital records** are records of life events. They include birth certificates, marriage licenses, and death certificates.  In some jurisdictions, vital records may also include records of civil unions or domestic partnerships.  In modern times these would be state-held records, though prior to civil registration these were often church-held records.

## Other websites

- Where to Write for Vital Records in the US - National Center for Health Statistics
Tzitzernavank Monastery

**Tzitzernavank Monastery** (, _Swallows Monastery_) is an Armenian monastery in the region of Kashatagh (under control of the Nagorno Karabakh Republic). The monastery dates from the fourth to sixth centuries and recognized as a native Armenian example of an “oriental” architectural type.

The church of St. Gregory was reopened after a restoration in 1999-2000.

## Other websites

- Tzitzernavank, The Armenian Studies Program, Csufresno.edu
- Dzidzernavank , Adriano Alpago Novello, ARCHITETTURA ARMENA - Catalogo della MOSTRA DI ARCHITETTURA ARMENA tenuta a Bergamo, presso il Palazzo della Ragione, 1975 - Torino
- Photoes of Tzitzernavank at RAA official site
Hérens District

**Hérens** is a district in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

It contains the following municipalities:
- Ayent
- Evolène
- Hérémence
- Les Agettes
- Mase
- Nax
- Saint-Martin
- Vernamiège
- Vex
Leuk District

The district of **Leuk** in the canton of Valais contains the following municipalities:

<div style="padding:1em 20px 1em 20px;">
|colspan="1" align=left bgcolor="#EFEFEF" width="190"|**Name of municipality**|colspan="1" align=center bgcolor="#EFEFEF" width="100"|**Population** <small>(31 Dec 2002)</small>|colspan="1" align=center bgcolor="#EFEFEF" width="100"|**Area in km²**|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Agarn|757|7.6||||
|Albinen|266|15.5||||
|Bratsch|490|6.2||||
|Ergisch|150|29.8||||
|Erschmatt|312|11.2||||
|Gampel|1385|16.9||||
|Guttet-Feschel<sup>1</sup>|425|10.5||||
|Inden|103|9.9||||
|Leuk|3376|44.1||||
|Leukerbad|1430|67.2||||
|Oberems|136|84.6||||
|Salgesch|1258|11.4||||
|Turtmann|1023|6.8||||
|Unterems|139|1.4||||
|Varen|857|12.8||||
</div>

<sup>1</sup>The municipalities of Guttet and Feschel were combined on October 1, 2000
Martigny District

**Martigny** is a district in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

It contains the following municipalities:

- Bovernier
- Charrat
- Fully
- Isérables
- Leytron
- Martigny
- Martigny-Combe
- Riddes
- Saillon
- Saxon
- Trient
Mariner 10

**Mariner 10** was a robotic NASA space probe. It was launched on November 3, 1973, to fly by the planets Mercury and Venus. It passed Mercury three times and photographed much of it. Mariner 10 is no longer working today but is still orbiting the Sun. It was launched about two years after Mariner 9 and was the last spacecraft in the Mariner program. Mariner 10 was the first space probe sent to Mercury.
Saccharide

**Saccharide** can mean different things:
- _Saccharides_ are the anions and salts of the sweetener saccharin (_sodium saccharide_, _denatonium saccharide_). Saccharin is sometimes used to replace sugar.
- _Saccharide_ is a general synonym for sugars. Common kinds of sugar are monosaccharide, disaccharide, and polysaccharide.
Fender

**Fender** is a well known company that produces guitars and bass guitars. These are sold all over the world. The founder is Leo Fender. Fender makes the Stratocaster and Telecaster guitars; and the Precision and Jazz basses.
Myra

**Myra** is an ancient town in Lycia. The small town of Kale (Demre) is near it today. It is in Antalya Province of Turkey.  It was on the river Myros (Demre Çay), in the fertile alluvial plain between Alaca Dağ, the Massikytos range and the Aegean Sea.

Nicholas of Myra (also known as _Saint Nicholas_) did many things there.
Metis (moon)

**Metis** or ***', is Jupiter's closest moon.

Metis was found in 1979 by Stephen P. Synnott in images taken by the Voyager 1 probe.  Its designation was ***'.  In 1983 it was named after the mythological Metis, a Titaness who was the first wife of Zeus (the Greek equivalent of Jupiter).

Metis is not a sphere and measures 60×40×34 km across. The composition and mass of Metis are not known, but assuming that its mean density is like that of Amalthea (~0.86 g/cm³), its mass can be estimated as ~7×10<sup>16</sup> kg. Amalthea's density implies that moon is composed of water ice with a porosity of 10-15%, and Adrastea may be similar.

The surface of Metis is very cratered. It is dark and appears to be reddish in color.

## Orbit

Metis is the closest moon to Jupiter. It orbits Jupiter at a distance of ~128,000 km.  It has a very small orbital eccentricity (~0.0002) and inclination (~ 0.06°) relative to the equator of Jupiter.7

## Exploration

The images taken by _Voyager 1_ showed Metis only as a dot, and very little was known about Metis until the arrival of the _Galileo_ spacecraft. _Galileo_ took pictures of almost all of the surface of Metis and put constraints on its composition.

## Other websites

- Metis Profile  by NASA's Solar System Exploration

## Infobox (planet)

- **name**: Metis
- **bgcolour**: #a0ffa0
- **image**: Metis.jpg
- **caption**: Image of Metis was taken by Galileo probe, Galileo's solid state imaging system between November 1996 and June 1997.
- **discoverer**: Stephen Synnott, S. Synnott
- **discovered**: March 4, 1979
- **mean orbit radius**: 128,000 kilometer, km (1.792 R<sub>J</sub>)
- **eccentricity**: 0.0002
- **period**: 0.294780 d (7 h 4.5 min)
- **periapsis**: 127,974 kilometer, km
- **apoapsis**: 128,026 kilometer, km
- **avg speed**: 31.501 km/s
- **inclination**: 0.06° (to Jupiter's equator)
- **satellite of**: Jupiter (planet), Jupiter
- **mean radius**: 21.5 ± 2.0 km
- **volume**: ~42,700 cubic kilometre, km³
- **mass**: 3.6  kilogram, kg
- **density**: 0.86 g/cm³ (assumed)
- **surface grav**: 0.005 Acceleration, m/s² (0.0005 g)
- **escape velocity**: 0.012 km/s
- **rotation**: synchronous rotation, synchronous
- **axial tilt**: zero
- **albedo**: 0.061 ± 0.003
- **single temperature**: ~123 K
Goblin Valley State Park, Utah

The **Goblin Valley State Park** is a State park in the southern Utah.

## Goblins

The valley, which is only about  across and  long, is full of thousands of mushroom-shaped pinnacles. These pinnacles are each a few meters high. Because of their height and shape, people referred to them as goblins. They are made of large orange-brown boulders of hard rock on top of weaker sandy layers. The sandy layers have eroded more quickly causing their shape. The "Goblins" are well hidden from the nearby road. The land to the east is flat and empty. It is near a long narrow ridge with eroded layers of grey and red-brown rocks. The far side of this empty land gives the best views of the landscape. The Goblins look as if they join with the cliffs. This gives giving the look of a strange skeletal structure with skull-like rocks and bony ridges.

## The park

There are several trails passing through the park. These trails are not easy to notice and people can walk almost anywhere.

## Wilderness

The land west of Goblin Valley State Park is part of the San Rafael Swell. It is similar to much of south Utah. The land is far away from most things and beautiful. It is crossed only by a few dirt tracks. 4WD vehicles are very useful here. There are many slot canyons in this area. Some of these, for example Little Wild Horse Canyon, may be explored easily.
European Article Number

The **European Article Number** (often shortened to _EAN_) is a standard to encode product numbers. The EAN is a special case of a Global Trade Item Number. The EAN is made of either 8 or 13 digits (EAN-8, and EAN-13). In many cases, the EAN allows to uniquely identify the item. Most of the time, the EAN is printed on the packaging of a product. Special scanners are able to decode these numbers. They then look up the product-specific data (such as the price) and print it on the bill, for example.

Note that the EAN is often encoded using a barcode (such as the ones in the example), but this does not have to be the case. There are other machine-readable codes which can also be used.

## EAN-13/GTIN-13

The standard EAN has 13 digits. The EAN is composed of different sections:

- Country-specific part: 3 digits
- Company part
- Article number: 3-5 digits
- Checksum digit

## EAN-8/GTIN-8

The normal length of an EAN is 13 digits. There is also a shorter version called EAN-8, for small packages, where the full 13-digit number would take too much space on the package. The EAN-8 consists of:

- Country-specific part: 2-3 digits
- Article number: 4-5 digits
- Checksum digit

There are special organisations which give out both EAN-8 and EAN-13 numbers. Since EAN-8 numbers with a starting digit 2 are free use, many retailers (such as Aldi) use them for their own products. As an example, Aldi uses EAN-8 codes starting with 290 or 221; 290 and 221 are the country-specific parts "for internal use".
Eta (disambiguation)

**Eta** or **ETA** may mean:

Words:
- Eta, of the Greek alphabet (Η, η)
- Eta Aircraft eta, a very high performance German glider
- Burakumin, a Japanese social minority group (Eta is an old, derogatory name)
- Eta reduction in mathematics: see lambda calculus
- Eta (Potato Chip), a New Zealand brand of potato chip, produced by Griffin's Foods
- Eta Carinae, a highly luminous hypergiant double star
- Eta meson, a physics particle: see list of mesons
- Eta (letter in Greek alphabet, lower case only), symbol for efficiency in scientific discourse
Abbreviations:
- Estimated time of arrival
- Estimated Time Amount when using μTorrent, Azureus, and other BitTorrent clients.
- Education And Training Administration, flight training software by Talon Systems
- Euskadi Ta Askatasuna () is a Basque paramilitary nationalist organization.
- ETA SA, a watchmaking company
- ETA, a. s., electrotechnical company from Hlinsko, Czech Republic http://www.eta.cz/export/
- Electronic Technician's Association
- Electronic Travel Authority, Australian electronic visa
- Elektrosektionens Teletekniska Avdelning, An electronics club at Chalmers University, Sweden http://www.eta.chalmers.se
- Employment and Training Administration, a branch of the US Department of Labor
- Engineering and Technology Academy, a school is San Antonio, and part of NEISD
- Environmental Transport Association, a UK motor car breakdown and rescue organisation
- Eric the Actor, see Eric the Midget
- Estonian Broadcasting Agency (_Eesti Teadete Agentuur_), a defunct Estonian news service
- Ethiopian Teachers' Association, a trade union centre for Ethiopia
- Ethiopian Telecommunication Agency
- Evangelical Theological Association, an associated teaching institute of the Melbourne College of Divinity
- Eidiko Tmima Alexiptotiston, Greek special operations unit
- A numerical weather prediction model formally known as the Eta
Carrefour, Haiti

**Carrefour** is a poor district in the Ouest Department of Port-au-Prince, Haïti. Its population is 408,000. The neighborhood is very poor and ill-serviced however as of recently, small-scale construction has gone on in the area along with street renovations. A slum called Feuilles of Carrefour is notorious for the illegal execution of eleven young men that took place there in 1999.
Mochi

**Mochi** is a type of Japanese confectionery made from pounded glutinous rice, then molded into shape. Mochi often has a filling inside, such as ice cream, azuki (red bean) paste, and others. In Japan, mochi is often eaten in New Year's Day in one of two dishes: ozōni (お雑煮) or oshiruko (おしるこ).

Mochi is similar to _dango_, which is made with rice flour instead of pounded rice grains.

## Mochitsuki(餅つき）

Mochitsuki is a traditional mochi-making ceremony in Japan. It requires two people. One person pounds steamed rice into the dough with a traditional mortar (臼:usu) and a mallet (杵:kine). The other person turns over rice each time it is pounded. They have to keep rhythm to make mochi well. These days, normal families rarely do classic mochitsuki, but it is still popular at community events or with children's groups.

## Mochi dishes

- Yaki mochi (grilled mochi)
- Kusa mochi (mochi produced by mixing mugwort into glutinous rice and pounding the mixture)
- Kinako mochi (mochi with powdered soybeans)
- Ozōni (soup dish which contains mochi and other ingredients)
- Oshiruko (mochi in a sweet soup which is obtained by boiling red beans)
- Daifuku (soft round mochi stuffed with sweet filling, such as sweetened bean paste or fruit)

## Choking hazard

Mochi can be dangerous food for old people because it is difficult to bite off and is sticky.
Many old people choke to death while eating mochi every year.
Japanese know mochi is dangerous traditional food, so the accident is one's own responsibility.

## See also

- Japanese food
- _Tteok_, similar rice cakes from Korea

## Other websites

- http://janmstore.com/mochitsuki.html/
Léogâne

**Léogâne** is the name of both a coastal city and a district in Ouest Department, Haiti. The city of Léogâne is around . The arrondissement of Léogâne contains three communes: Petit-Goâve, Grand-Goâve, and the city of Léogâne. The town was at the epicenter of the 12 January 2010 earthquake and was catastrophically affected, with 80–90% of buildings damaged. This is because the country could not afford earthquake-proof buildings as it is very poor.

The port town is about  West of the Haitian capital Port-au-Prince. Léogâne is the birthplace of the Taíno queen Anacaona (the town was originally called  the Amerindian name _Yaguana_ and the city's name is a corruption of that) and of Marie-Claire Heureuse Félicité, the wife of the Haitian revolutionary Jean-Jacques Dessalines (1758).
Atlantic Beach, Florida

**Atlantic Beach** is a city in Duval County, Florida,  United States. When the majority of communities in Duval County consolidated with Jacksonville, Florida in 1968, Atlantic Beach, along with Jacksonville Beach, Neptune Beach, Ponte Vedra Beach and Baldwin, Florida, remained quasi-independent. Like the other towns, it maintains its own municipal government but its residents vote in the Jacksonville mayoral election and have representation on the Jacksonville city council. The population was 13,513 at the 2020 census.

## Other websites

- City of Atlantic Beach
- City of Jacksonville

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Atlantic Beach, Florida
- **official name**: City of Atlantic Beach
- **settlement type**: City
- **nickname**: "AB"
- **image skyline**: AtlanticBeachFLColl.png
- **image caption**: Images top, left to right: City Hall, sunrise at the beach, Adele Grage Cultural Center, One Ocean Resort
- **image map**: File:Duval County Florida Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Atlantic Beach Highlighted 1202400.svg
- **mapsize**: 250x200px
- **map caption**: Location of Atlantic Beach in Duval County, Florida.
- **pushpin map**: Florida#USA
- **pushpin label**: Atlantic Beach
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Florida
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: Florida
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Florida, County
- **established date2**: 1926
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 34.10
- **area land km2**: 9.53
- **area water km2**: 24.57
- **area total sq mi**: 13.17
- **area land sq mi**: 3.68
- **area water sq mi**: 9.49
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 13513
- **population density km2**: 1417.46
- **population density sq mi**: 3672.01
- **timezone**: North American Eastern Time Zone, Eastern (EST)
- **utc offset**: -5
- **timezone dst**: EDT
- **utc offset dst**: -4
- **elevation m**: 3
- **elevation ft**: 10
- **postal code type**: ZIP codes
- **postal code**: 32233
- **area code**: Area code 904, 904
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 12-02400
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 0277982
- **website**: [http://www.coab.us City of Atlantic Beach]
Pity

**Pity** means feeling for others, particularly feelings of sadness or sorrow. In a positive sense it means "sympathy" and "empathy". More commonly 'pity' is a negative judgement of others and their situation. An example of pity is how most people feel about the homeless. Pity and compassion are simillar words but have small differences. The difference is that compassion usually involves help. Meanwhile, pity usually does not include any personal involvement or interaction.

## Positive Sense

In a positive sense, pity can mean that a person is sorry for another person, usually because something bad happened to the other person. It can also involve mercy. However, mercy often involves taking action, like compassion.

## Negative Sense

Pity can imply **superiority**, or a person's belief that he or she is better or is in a better situation than another person. Superiority is implied because the person who pities the other person seems to be pitying because he or she is in a better situation than the other person.

### Sadness

The main difference between **pity** and **sadness** is that pity is a feeling for _other people_, while sadness is a sad feeling for _oneself_.

### Worry

Pity and **worry** can both be felt towards other people. However, worry is felt towards something that might happen in the **future**, while pity is felt towards something in the **present**.

## Related pages

- Empathy
- Sympathy
- Compassion
First ascent

In climbing, the first climb to reach the top of a mountain is called **first ascent**.
The risks for the climbers are often very high, because the way to the top is not known. That is why first ascents are often carefully recorded as part of the history of a mountain and usually mentioned in books about that mountain.

Some use the words **"last ascent"** as a joke for a way that was no pleasure and no one wants to do it like the first climbers.

## Other websites

- Alpinist Magazine  Peter Mortimer's _First Ascent_. Issue - 17
Eastern European Time

**Eastern European Time** (**EET**) is one of the names of UTC+2 time zone, 2 hours ahead of Coordinated Universal Time. It is used in some European, North African, and Middle Eastern countries. Most of them also use Eastern European Summer Time (UTC+3) as a summer daylight saving time.

## Where it is used

Two countries uses **Eastern European Time** all the year:
- Libya
- Egypt

The following countries, parts of countries, and territories use **Eastern European Time** during the winter only:
- Bulgaria, since 1894
- Cyprus, (Northern Cyprus abolished daylight saving and has switched to Moscow Time all year long in September 2016, but returned to EET in October 2017)
- Estonia, in years 1921-40 and since 1989
- Finland, since 1921
- Greece, since 1916
- Israel, since 1948
- Jordan
- Latvia, in years 1926-40 and since 1989
- Lebanon
- Lithuania, in 1920 and since 1989
- Moldova, in years 1924-40 and since 1991
- Palestinian territories
- Romania, since 1931
- Syria
- Ukraine, in years 1924-30 and since 1990

Moscow used EET between 1922-30 and 1991-92. In Poland this time was used between 1918-22.
Turkey, used EET between 1910-2016 except for the years 1978-85 and has switched to Moscow Time all year long.

In time of World War II MET (CET) was used in eastern countries, occupied by Germany.

## Major metropolitan areas

- Athens, Greece
- Beirut, Lebanon
- Brasov, Romania
- Bucharest, Romania
- Cluj Napoca, Romania
- Chişinău, Moldova
- Damascus, Syria
- Helsinki, Finland
- Jerusalem, Israel
- Kyiv, Ukraine
- Lviv, Ukraine
- Minsk, Belarus
- Nicosia, Cyprus
- Riga, Latvia
- Sofia, Bulgaria
- Tallinn, Estonia
- Tel Aviv, Israel
- Thessaloniki, Greece
- Timişoara, Romania
- Vilnius, Lithuania
Mount Thor

**Mount Thor** is a mountain on Baffin Island, Nunavut, Canada. It is the steepest mountain on Earth. It has a straight drop at 1,250 m (4,100 feet), with an average angle of 105 degrees.
Waluigi

**Waluigi** is a character in Nintendo's series of _Mario_ video games. He is the villainous version of Luigi in the same way that Wario is the evil version of Mario. Waluigi is a very tall and skinny man who wears purple and black.

## Characteristics

Waluigi is very tall and thin. He wears black overalls with a purple shirt, and has brown, pointed shoes. He has an upside-down L (Γ) on his hat, gloves and moustache that looks like a Greek letter Gamma.

He was made as a partner for Wario by the company Camelot in _Mario Tennis_ and other Mario spinoff games and has no real story behind him. He is in _Super Smash Bros. Brawl_, _Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U_, and _Super Smash Bros. Ultimate_ as an Assist Trophy. Waluigi is known to be smarter than Wario but acts sillier.

## Reception

Waluigi was ranked in the tenth slot on GameDaily's top 10 Nintendo characters that deserve their own games. They also listed him as one of the top 25 videogame anti-heroes, saying that it was too bad that he has never had the spotlight.

However, he also ranked number one on the Top 10 Worst _Mario_ Characters list from Game Daily, which said, "_for every likable character there's one that continues to annoy us even years after we're done with the game they came from_". Waluigi has been criticised by others as well. Cracked.com said that he was a lazy excuse to add a new villain to the spin-off games and even called him an "abomination".

## Other websites

- Waluigi on Giant Bomb

## Infobox (vg character)

- **name**: Waluigi
- **image**:
- **caption**: Waluigi's emblem
- **series**: _Mario (series), Mario_
- **firstgame**: _Mario Tennis_ (2000)
- **creator**: Fumihide Aoki
- **voiceactor**: Charles Martinet (2000-2023)
Kevin Afghani (2024-present)
Alexander von Humboldt

**Alexander von Humboldt**  (Berlin, 14 September 1769 – Berlin, 6 May 1859) was a Prussian naturalist and explorer. Humboldt's work on botanical geography was very important in the field of biogeography.

## Life

Humboldt was born in Berlin. His father, Alexander Georg von Humboldt, was a major in the Prussian Army. He married Maria Elizabeth von Colomb in 1766. The couple had two sons, the younger was Alexander. Alexander's elder brother was the Prussian minister, philosopher, and linguist Wilhelm von Humboldt.

In his childhood Humboldt already liked to collect plants, shells, and insects. Humboldt's father died very early (in 1779). From that time on his mother took care of his education.

Between 1799 and 1804, Humboldt travelled to Latin America and was the first scientist who wrote about it. He was one of the first who said that South America and Africa were once one continent.

Late in his life he attempted to bring together different fields of science in his work _Kosmos_.

Honors and namesakes: Many places and species are named after him, as is the Humboldt Current.

## Relevant pages

- List of science books#19th century

## Other websites

- The website of the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation
- Works by Alexander von Humboldt at Internet Archive
- of the Brothers Humboldt" an extensive biography available from the Million Book Project:
- Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie: biography of Humboldt at Wikisource

- Online version of _Travels to the Equinoctial Regions of the New World_
- "Alexander von Humboldt", from _In our time_, a 45 minutes BBC Radio 4 program.
Nike, Inc.

**Nike, Incorporated** is a company formed in the United States. It is based near Beaverton, Oregon.

Nike is the world’s biggest brand of sports shoes, clothes and equipment.

Nike has approximately 62,600 employees worldwide as of 2015.

Their net income is $2.7 billion and their revenue is $27.8 billion.

## History

The company was founded on 25 January 1964. Nike was named Blue Ribbon Sports at first ( it changed to Nike in 1971). The original founders of Nike are Bill Bowerman and Philip Knight. The company is named after Nike, the Greek goddess of victory.

## Products

Nike sells its products under its own name as well as Nike Golf, Nike Pro, Nike + iPod, Air Jordan, and Team Starter. Nike also owns the brands Bauer, Cole Haan, Hurley International, and Converse. _Nike, Incorporated_ also funds certain sports events such as the FIFA World Cup 2014.

## Other websites

- Corporate website
Vestfold

**Vestfold** is a county in Norway. (It became a county again in 2024.)

It bordered Buskerud and Telemark. The county administration was in the city of Tønsberg. Vestfold was west of the Oslo Fjord. The river Numedalslågen runs through the area. Many islands are at the coast. Vestfold is mostly lowland areas. It is among the best agricultural areas of Norway.

On 1 January 2020 the county merged with Telemark to the county of Vestfold og Telemark.

Vestfold used to be a headquarters for whaling fleets. The economy of the coastal towns of Vestfold now is centered around fishing and shipbuilding. Some lumbering is done away from the coast. The district also has some of the best farmland in Norway.
Buskerud

**Buskerud** is a county of Norway. It became a county again, in 2024. (It was a county, before 2020.) The main city of Buskerud is Drammen.

## History

On 1 January 2020 the county merged with Akershus and Østfold to the current county of Viken.
Telemark

**Telemark** is a county in Norway. Skien is the main city in Telemark.

Geology: The Fen Complex has Europe's largest reserves of rare earth metals; No permits for commercial mining have been given (as of 2024); The place is in Nome municipality.

## History

On 1 January, 2020 the county merged with Vestfold to the county of Vestfold og Telemark. On 1 January, 2024, they split apart again.
Akershus

**Akershus** is a county of Norway. It became a county again, in 2024.

It is bordered by Buskerud, Oslo and Østfold and former counties Hedmark and Oppland.

It has a short border with Sweden. Akershus was the second largest county in population after Oslo.

It has more than half a million people living in it.

The county administration is in Oslo, which was not part of the county.

Animal life: Wolves exist in the county. The government has no policy for causing extinction, but at least two wolves were killed in 2024.

The county is named after Akershus Fortress.

## Geography

Most of the county is in the districts Follo and Romerike. There are also the two smaller districts of Asker and Bærum which are west of Oslo.

Akershus includes some of the lake Mjøsa and some of the river Glomma. Because it includes many suburbs of Oslo, notably Bærum, Akershus has a large number of people living in a small area. The main national railway lines into Oslo run through Akershus with many stations such as Asker, Ullensaker, Ski and Lillestrøm.

The county includes the historical place Eidsvoll, 48 km north of Oslo. This is where the National assembly voted the Norwegian constitution in 1814. South of Eidsvoll is the international airport of Oslo Airport at Gardermoen. The home of the crown prince is in Asker.

## Buildings

The county has a major international airport, the Oslo Airport. It also has two university hospitals, Akershus University Hospital and Sunnaas Hospital.

## History

Akershus became a fief in the 16th century. At that time it included the current counties of Hedmark, Oppland, Buskerud and Oslo. It also included municipalities of Askim, Eidsberg and Trøgstad in the county of Østfold. In 1685 Buskerud was separated from Akershus. In 1768 Hedmark and Oppland were also separated from Akershus. In 1842 Christiania (Oslo) was made separate as well. In 1948 Aker was transferred to the county of Oslo.

On 1 January 2020 the county merged with Buskerud and Østfold to the current county of Viken.

## Origin

The county is named after Akershus Fortress. The fortress was built in 1299. Its name means "the (fortified) house of (the district) Aker".

## Municipalities

1. Asker
1. Aurskog-Høland
1. Bærum
1. Eidsvoll
1. Enebakk
1. Fet
1. Frogn
1. Gjerdrum
1. Hurdal
1. Lørenskog
1. Nannestad
1. Nes
1. Nesodden
1. Nittedal
1. Oppegård
1. Rælingen
1. Skedsmo
1. Ski
1. Sørum
1. Ullensaker
1. Vestby
1. Ås

## Other websites

- Akershus county website
West Highland White Terrier

The **West Highland White Terrier** or **Westie** is originally a Scottish dog.

The Westie was first used for hunting foxes and otters. The breed is well known for high stamina, courage and agility. Westies have a double white coat which protects them from attacks and cold weather. They have dark black eyes.

They are small dogs and are lively, playful and alert. They are loyal to their owner, but can be stubborn at times. They are known to kill small animals, such as moles, squirrels, chipmunks and birds. They like to be outdoors.
Soldier (song)

"**Soldier**" is an R&B/hip hop song written by Beyoncé Knowles, Kelly Rowland, Michelle Williams, Rich Harrison, Sean Garrett, T.I., and Lil Wayne for Destiny's Child's fourth studio album, _Destiny Fulfilled_ (2004). It was produced by Knowles and Harrison and released as the album's second single in fall 2004. The song reached number 3 in Australia and the United States. It became the group's tenth and final consecutive top 10 hit in the US. It peaked in the top 10 in New Zealand, the UK, Denmark, Ireland, Israel, Finland, Italy, Greece and Switzerland. The song also was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration category. It won the Soul Train Lady of Soul Award for Best R&B/Soul Single by a Group, Band or Duo.

## Credits and personnel

- Lead vocals - Beyoncé Knowles, Kelly Rowland, Michelle Williams
- Vocal production - Beyoncé Knowles, Kelly Rowland
- Recorded by Jim Caruna at Sony Music Studios, NYC
- Additional vocals recorded by Tom Tapley, Fabian Marasciullo
- Audio mixing - Dexter Simmons
- Additional pro tools editing - Rommel Nino Villanueva
- Mastered by Tom Coyn

## Official versions

- "Soldier Part II" (feat Rohff)
- "Soldier" (Remix) (feat Stack Bundles, Lil' Wayne & T.I)
- "Soldier" (DJ Noodles Remix) (feat. T.I. & Trazz)
- "Soldier" (JS Nu Soul Remix)
- "Soldier" (Kardinal Beats Remix)
- "Soldier" (Maurice's Joshua Nu Anthem Remix)
- "Soldier" (Maurice's Joshua Soul Remix)
- "Soldier" (Maurice's Joshua Nu Beat Remix)
- "Soldier" (Danny Howell & Dick Trevor's Kinkyfunk Remix) (feat. T.I.)
- "Soldier" (Grizz Blackmarket Remix) (feat. T.I. & Lil' Wayne)
- "Soldier" (MGM Antiloop Confusion Mix)
- "Soldier" (Bizarre Remix)
- "Soldier" (Remix) (feat. B.G.)
- "Soldier" (Remix) (feat. Bizarre of D-12)
- "Soldier" (Gogh's In House Mix)
- "Soldier" (Soldja Boy Crank Mix) (performed by Beyoncé Live on her 2007 Tour)

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Soldier
- **border**: yes
- **type**: single
- **artist**: Destiny's Child featuring T.I. and Lil Wayne
- **album**: Destiny Fulfilled
- **b-side**: * "Lose My Breath"
* "Survivor (Destiny's Child song), Survivor"
- **recorded**: 2004
- **studio**: Sony Music Studios, Sony (New York City)
Abrasion (medical)

In dermatology, an **abrasion** is a damage to the skin that affects only the surface, generally not deeper than the epidermis. But it can give mild bleeding. Mild abrasions, also known as 'grazes' do not scar, but deep abrasions may lead to the development of scarring tissue.

Abrasion injuries occur rather often when exposed skin comes into moving contact with a rough surface causing trauma to the upper layers of the epidermis.

Such injuries, where caused by abrasive contact with textiles or carpet, are sometimes referred to as **'rug burn**' or **'carpet burn**'.

## Related pages

- Wound
Abrasion (disambiguation)

**Abrasion** may mean:

- Abrasion (medical), damage to the skin, generally not deeper than the epidermis
- Abrasion (dental), the loss of tooth structure by mechanical forces from a foreign element
- Abrasion (geology) (_corrsion_), mechanical scraping of a rock surface by friction between rocks and moving particles during their transport in wind, glacier, waves, gravity or running water.
- **Abrasion** (materials science), abrasive wear is the erosion of material from a solid surface by the action of another solid.
- Abrasion (band), a heavy metal trio formed in Melbourne, Australia.
Wear (erosion)

In materials science, **wear** is the erosion of material from a solid surface by the action of another solid. The study of the processes of wear is part of the discipline of tribology.
There are four principal wear processes:

1. Adhesive wear
1. Abrasive wear
1. Corrosive wear
1. Surface fatigue

## Explanation

The definition of wear does not include loss of dimension from plastic deformation, although wear can happen without loss of material. Also this definition does not include impact wear where there is no sliding motion or cavitation  (also corrosion) where counterbody is  a fluid..

Wear, along with other aging processes such as fatigue, creep, and fracture toughness, causes progressive degradation of materials with time leading to failure of material at an advanced age. Under normal circumstances, the property changes during usage normally occur in three different stages as follows:-
•	Primary or early stage or run-in period, where rate of changes can be high.
•	Secondary or mid-age process where a steady rate of aging process is                                                      maintained. The useful or working life is at this stage.
•	Tertiary or old-age stage, where rapid rate of aging leads to early failure.

With increasing severity of environmental conditions, such as, higher temperatures, strain rates, stress and sliding velocities, the secondary stage is shortened and the primary stage tends to merge with the tertiary stage, thus drastically reducing the working life. Surface engineering processes are used to minimize wear and extend working life of material.

## Adhesive wear

Adhesive wear is also known as scoring, galling, or seizing. It happens when two solid surfaces slide over one another under pressure.

## Abrasive wear

This happens when material is removed by contact with hard particles. The particles either may be present at the surface of a second material or may exist as loose particles between two surfaces.
Abrasive wear can be measured as loss of mass by the Taber Abrasion Test according to ISO 9352 or ASTM D 1044.

## Corrosive wear

Often referred to simply as “corrosion”, corrosive wear is deterioration of useful properties in a material due to reactions with its environment.

## Surface fatigue

Surface fatigue is a how the surface of a material is weakened by cyclic loading, which is one type of general material fatigue.

## References

- R.Chattopadhyay; _Surface Wear- Analysis, Treatment, and Prevention_, ASM-International, OH, USA, 2001, ..
- R.Chattopadhyay, _Advanced Thermally Assisted Surface Engineering Processes_ Kluwer Academic Publishers, MA, USA (now Springer, NY), 2004, , E-.
Compacted oxide layer glaze

**Compacted oxide layer glaze** describes the often shiny, wear-protective layer of oxide formed when two metals (or a metal and ceramic) are slid against each other at high temperature in an oxygen-containing atmosphere. The layer forms on either or both the surfaces in contact and can protect against wear.

## References

- I.A. Inman. 2003. _Compacted oxide layer formation under conditions of limited debris retention at the wear interface during high temperature sliding wear of superalloys_. Ph.D. dissertation, Northumbria University.  (preview)

## Related pages

- Wear (erosion)
Wear

**Wear** can mean:
- Wear (erosion), the erosion of material from a solid surface by the action of another material
- The River Wear, a river in northeast England
- WEAR-TV, an ABC affiliate, in Pensacola, Florida
- Wear is a lesser used synonym for jibe, generally referring to tall ships.
- To have on one's person, like an item of clothing.
- _Wear_ (journal), a scientific journal
Wound

In medicine, a **wound** is a type of physical injury where in the skin is torn, cut or punctured (an _open_ wound), or where blunt force trauma causes a bruise (a _closed_ wound). In pathology, it specifically means a sharp injury which damages the dermis of the skin. A **mortal wound** is one that  leads directly to the death of the victim.

## Healing

To heal a wound, the body undertakes a series of actions collectively known as the wound healing process.

## Related pages

- Injury

## Other websites

- WOUNDS, online open-access journal featuring articles about wound care and related research.
- Ostomy Wound Management, online open-access journal featuring articles about wound care, ostomy care, incontinence care and nutrition
- Journal of Burns and Wounds , online open-access journal featuring articles about wound care and related research
Chick Corea

**Armando Anthony "Chick" Corea** (June 12, 1941 – February 9, 2021) was a famous American jazz pianist/keyboardist and composer.

He was born in Chelsea, Massachusetts, and learned to play drums and piano with his father.  His career began in 1962 and he moved to New York City where he went to music schools and played with famous jazz musisicans such as Stan Getz, Sarah Vaughan and Miles Davis.  In 1972 he started his own jazz band called Return to Forever, where he played electric piano.  In the 1980s he formed one band called the Acoustic Band and one called the Electric Band.  He also had small trios and bigger bands. One of his recents bands was called "Spanish Heart Band" and had 8 members.

All together, he made around 80 records and won 23 Grammy Awards.  Some of his best known jazz compositions were called "Spain", "500 Miles High", "Fiesta", "Armando's Rhumba", and "Windows".

Corea died from cancer at his home in the Tampa Bay Area of Florida on February 9, 2021, at age 79.
Monthey District

**Monthey** is a district of the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

It contains the following municipalities:

- Champéry
- Collombey-Muraz
- Monthey
- Port-Valais
- Saint-Gingolph
- Troistorrents
- Val-d'Illiez
- Vionnaz
- Vouvry
Raron (district)

**Raron** was a district in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

It contains the following municipalities:

- Ausserberg
- Betten
- Bister
- Bitsch
- Blatten
- Bürchen
- Eischoll
- Ferden
- Filet
- Grengiols
- Hohtenn
- Kippel
- Martisberg
- Mörel
- Niedergesteln
- Raron
- Riederalp
- Steg
- Unterbäch
- Wiler
Street children

Children that are homeless, and that have to look for themselves are called **street children**. They may have run away, or they may have no relatives who look after them.

Looking at it more closely, there are two different concepts:

- Children on the street: They spend most of the day on the street, because they have to work. They sleep at home.
- Street children in the proper sense: The center of the lives of these children is on the street. They also sleep there (because they have nowhere else to go).
According to the European Federation for Street Children, they are an extremely vulnerable group living in very difficult conditions. The human rights of many of these children are often violated: They are exposed to violence or sexual exploitation and abuse. They may be addicted to drugs.

Article 27 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) says that the state recognises the right of every child to a standard of living that is adequate for the development of the child.

“State parties recognize the right of every child to a standard of living adequate for the child's physical, mental, spiritual, moral and social

development.” Homelessness denies each one of those rights. According to an Inter-NGO Program on street children and youth, a street child is “any girl or boy who has not reached adulthood, for whom the street (in the widest sense of the word, including unoccupied dwellings, wasteland, etc.) has become his or her habitual abode and/or source of livelihood, and who is inadequately protected, directed, and supervised by responsible adults.”

Children who have no home but the streets, and no family support. They move from place to place, living in shelters and abandoned buildings.
1. ‘Child on the street': children who visit their families regularly and might even return every night to sleep at home, but spends most days and some nights on the street because of poverty, overcrowding, child sexual abuse or physical abuse at home.
1. Part of a street family: these children live on sidewalks or city squares with the rest of their families. They may be displaced due to poverty, wars, or natural disasters. The families often live a nomadic life, carrying their possessions with them. Children in this case often work on the streets with other members of their families.
In institutionalized care: children in this situation come from a situation of homelessness and are at risk of returning to a life on the street or facing at the child labour or child prostitution.