Yamagata Aritomo

was a Field Marshal in the Imperial Japanese Army. He was twice Prime Minister of Japan. Yamagata was the founder of the Imperial Japanese Army.

## Career

Yamagata was born June 14, 1838, in Hagi. Hagi was the capital of the feudal domain of Chōshū (present-day Yamaguchi prefecture). He was schooled by his father. Yamagata studied classical Japanese and Chinese literature. He learned the martial arts of _Jujutsu_. Yamagata also learned the military use of the spear and how to fence.

He went to _Shokasonjuku_, a private school run by Yoshida Shōin. There, he helped overthrow the Tokugawa shogunate in 1868. He was a commander in the _Kiheitai_. This was a semi-military organization created along semi-western lines by the Chōshū domain. He was a staff officer in the Boshin War (1867 to 1868).

After the Tokugawa were overthrown, Yamagata and Saigō Tsugumichi traveled abroad in 1869. They were sent to research the military systems of western countries. Yamagata was impressed with the Prussian military. After a year Yamagata returned and reported directly to Emperor Meiji in Tokyo. He was made "Assistant Vice Minister of Military Affairs". He used the military theories of Carl von Clausewitz and Prussian war games to change Japan's army. He became War Minister in 1873. He modernized the Imperial Japanese Army and made it like the Prussian army. He started military conscription in 1873.

## Personal life

Yamagata had no children. He adopted a nephew to be his heir. The nephew was Yamagata Isaburō, the second son of his oldest sister. Then, Isaburō became a career bureaucrat, cabinet minister, and head of the civilian administration of Korea. In his later life he enjoyed landscape architecture, poetry and the rituals of the tea ceremony. Yamagata died on February 1, 1922.

### Japanese

- Count (July 7, 1884)
- Genro (May 26, 1895)
- Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun with Paulownia Blossoms (August 5, 1895)
- Marquis (August 5, 1895)
- Marshal-General (January 20, 1898)
- Collar of the Order of the Chrysanthemum (September 21, 1908) (Grand Cordon: June 3, 1903)
- Grand Cordon of the Order of the Golden Kite, 1st Class (September 21, 1908) (Second Class: August 5, 1895)
- Prince (September 21, 1908)

### From other countries

- British Empire - Member of the Order of Merit (with swords) in 1906 by King Edward VII
- British Empire - Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **honorific-prefix**: His Excellency
- **name**: Yamagata Aritomo
- **native name**: 山縣 有朋
- **image**: Yamagata Aritomo.jpg
- **office**: List of Prime Ministers of Japan, 3rd Prime Minister of Japan
- **monarch**: Emperor Meiji, Meiji
- **term start**: November 8, 1898
- **term end**: October 19, 1900
- **predecessor**: Ōkuma Shigenobu
- **successor**: Itō Hirobumi
- **monarch2**: Emperor Meiji, Meiji
- **term start2**: December 24, 1889
- **term end2**: May 6, 1891
- **predecessor2**: Sanjō Sanetomi <small>(Acting)</small>
- **successor2**: Matsukata Masayoshi
- **birth place**: Hagi, Yamaguchi, Kawashima, Tokugawa shogunate, Japan
- **death place**: Odawara, Kanagawa, Odawara, Empire of Japan, Japan
- **party**: Independent (politician), Independent
- **serviceyears**: 1868–1905
- **rank**: Field Marshal
- **battles**: Boshin War
Satsuma Rebellion
First Sino-Japanese War
Russo-Japanese War
- **awards**: Order of the Golden Kite <small>(1st class)</small>
Order of the Rising Sun <small>(1st class with Paulownia Blossoms, Grand Cordon)</small>
Order of the Chrysanthemum
Order of Merit, Member of the Order of Merit (United Kingdom)
Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (United Kingdom)