juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Central Time Zone

The **Central Time Zone** subtracts six hours from UTC during standard time (UTC−6) and five hours during daylight saving time (UTC−5).

This time zone is called **Central Standard Time** (CST) during standard time (Winter). It is called **Central Daylight Time** (CDT) during daylight saving time (Summer). In the United States and Canada, this time zone is often just called **Central Time** (CT).

The zone is one hour ahead of the Mountain Time Zone and one hour behind the Eastern Time Zone.

The largest city in the Central Time Zone is Mexico City. In the United States, the largest city is Chicago, and the largest metropolitan area is the Chicago metropolitan area.

### Canada

In Canada, this time zone includes all of Manitoba, nearly all of Saskatchewan, a little part of western Ontario, and part of Nunavut (most of the Kivalliq Region and part of the Qikiqtaaluk Region).

### United States

In the United States, the time zone includes the entire area of the states of
Alabama,
Arkansas,
Illinois,
Iowa,
Louisiana,
Minnesota,
Missouri,
Mississippi,
Oklahoma, and
Wisconsin.

It also includes parts of Florida, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Michigan, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, Tennessee, and Texas.

### Mexico

Most of Mexico belongs to the Central Time Zone. The six northwestern states are not part of the time zone.

### Central America, South America, Oceania

Central Time Zone includes the Central American countries of Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua and Costa Rica. In South America, this zone includes the Ecuadorian province of Galápagos. In Oceania, the Chilean Easter Island also belongs to this time zone.

## Central Daylight Time

Daylight saving time occurs from the second Sunday of March to the first Sunday of November. During daylight saving, Central Time Zone is only 5 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time (UTC−5). Most of the locations in Central Time Zone observe daylight saving time. A few places do not. These include Saskatchewan, Central America and Galápagos. They stay on standard time all year.

## Other websites

|Website|
| --- |
|Accurate time for the Central Time zone|
Salerno

**Salerno** is a southern Italian city. It has a port. It faces the Mediterranean Sea. It is capital of the province of Salerno.
Opera house

An **opera house** is a building where operas and ballets are performed. It is similar to a theatre.

The first opera houses were built in the 1630s in Italy, about thirty years after the first operas were written. Traditionally they have a stage where the action takes place and a proscenium archway with a curtain that can be drawn back when the performance begins. In front of the stage is an orchestra pit which is a little lower than the stage so that the audience can still see the stage. The audience sit in the auditorium which is often horse-shoe shaped. The downstairs seats are called “stalls”. Round the stalls there are two or three tiers (storeys) of boxes. Each box can seat a small number of people. At the top towards the back there is a balcony and often a gallery along the sides as well. Some seats in the gallery may have restricted view (it is not possible to see all of the stage).

Some of the most famous opera houses in the world are Teatro alla Scala (or “La Scala”) in Milan, the Royal Opera House in Covent Garden, London, the Metropolitan Opera House in New York, the War Memorial Opera house in San Francisco, the Bolshoi Theatre in Moscow and the Sydney Opera House in Sydney which is a very modern building.
Kullervo

**Kullervo** is a person in the Finnish national epic Kalevala. He is a good looking man with golden hair. Bad things happen to him; his destiny is tragic.

In folk stories Kullervo is the son of the giant Kaleva. In the Kalevala however Kullervo is the son of a man called Kalervo.

In the Kalevala Kullervo's family is killed by Untamo's family before Kullervo is born. Only one woman is not killed. She gives birth to Kullervo who will be a slave of Untamo. Every work that Kullervo tries goes ill. This is why Untamo sells him to a smith called Ilmarinen.

Ilmarinen puts Kullervo to shepherd cows. Ilmarinen's wife gives Kullervo bread that has stones in it. While Kullervo cuts the bread his knife hits the stone and breaks. Kullervo gets angry and curses bears to eat cows and Ilmarinen's wife. Then he escapes.

While travelling Kullervo has sex with a girl. He does not know that this is his own sister. When he finds out he goes very angry and attacks Untamo and kills him and his family. Then he commits suicide.

The story of Kullervo differs from all other folktales in the respect that it describes the effects of child abuse in a very realistic way, and in the end of the poem Väinämöinen especially warns all parents from abusing their children.
Ephraïm Inoni

**Ephraïm Inoni** (born 16 August 1947) is the former Prime Minister of Cameroon, a country in central west Africa. H.E. Ephraim Inoni comes from the South West province in Cameroon, which is part of the Anglophone provinces in Cameroon. Ephraim Inoni is a member of the ruling party and a strong supporter of President Paul Biya. He was part of President Paul Biya's campaign team in 2006.

> "Chief Inoni Ephraim claimed his innocence after the judge gave him a 20 years sentence for his alleged participation in funds embezzlement in the Albatross affair."

Inoni was found guilty of conspiracy in the embezzlement of about $31 million in a fouled up 2001 deal to purchase an airplane for the President Paul Biya of Cameroon. He was sentenced to 20 years in prison by the Yaounde Special Criminal Tribunal.
Compton scattering

In physics, **Compton scattering**, or the **Compton effect**, is the name used for what happens to the energy (or frequency or wavelength) of an X-ray or gamma ray photon when it interacts with matter; the wavelength increases (or energy/frequency decreases) as it scatters off electrons. This scattering is one of the main things that happen when gamma rays meet matter. The Compton effect was studied by Arthur Holly Compton in 1923.
REO Speedwagon

**REO Speedwagon** is an American rock band. They formed in Illinois in the late 1960s. The band continues to record and tour to this day.  They were most popular in the 1980s, when they had a #1 album and two #1 singles.

## Discography

- Studio albums
- _REO Speedwagon_ (1971)
- _R.E.O./T.W.O._ (1972)
- _Ridin' the Storm Out_ (1973)
- _Lost in a Dream_ (1974)
- _This Time We Mean It_ (1975)
- _R.E.O._ (1976)
- _You Can Tune a Piano, but You Can't Tuna Fish_ (1978)
- _Nine Lives_ (1979)
- _Hi Infidelity_ (1980)
- _Good Trouble_ (1982)
- _Wheels Are Turnin_' (1984)
- _Life as We Know It_ (1987)
- _The Earth, a Small Man, His Dog and a Chicken_ (1990)
- _Building the Bridge_ (1996)
- _Find Your Own Way Home_ (2007)
- _No So Silent Night... Christmas with REO Speedwagon_ (2009)

## Other websites

- REO Speedwagon's Official website

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: REO Speedwagon
- **img**: REO Speedwagon at Red Rocks July 2010.jpg
- **img capt**: REO Speedwagon in 2010
- **img size**: 250px
- **landscape**: yes
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Champaign, Illinois, Champaign, Illinois, United States
- **genre**: Album-oriented rock, AOR, hard rock, arena rock, soft rock, power ballad, acid rock
- **years active**: 1967-_present_
- **label**: Epic Records, Epic, Castle Records, Castle. Speedwagon Recordings, Speedwagon,
- **associated acts**: Styx (band), Styx
- **url**: [http://www.reospeedwagon.com www.reospeedwagon.com]
- **current members**: Dave Amato
Kevin Cronin
Neal Doughty
Bruce Hall (musician), Bruce Hall
Bryan Hitt
- **past members**: Gary Richrath
Alan Gratzer
Gregg Philbin
Terry Luttrell
Mike Murphy
Bill Fiorio (aka Duke Tumatoe)
Jesse Harms
Graham Lear
Miles Joseph
Steve Scorfina
Mike Blair
Joe Matt
Bob Crownover
Joe McCabe
Will

**Will** may refer to:

## Common meanings

- Will and testament, instructions for the disposition of one's property after death
- Will (philosophy), or willpower
- Will (sociology)
- Will, volition (psychology)
- Will, a modal verb - see Shall and will

## People and fictional characters

- Will (comics) (1927–2000), a comic strip artist
- Will (given name), a list of people and fictional characters named Will or Wil
- Will (surname)
- Will (Brazilian footballer) (born 1973)
- Will (singer), Italian singer-songwriter

### Films

- _Will: G. Gordon Liddy_, a 1982 TV film
- _Will_ (1981 film), an American drama
- _Will_ (2011 film), a British sports drama
- _Bandslam_, a 2008 film with the working title _Will_

### Literature

- _Will_ (novel), by Christopher Rush
- _Will_, an autobiography by G. Gordon Liddy

### Music

- Will (band), a Canadian electronic music act
- _Will_ (Julianna Barwick album), a 2016 album by Julianna Barwick
- _Will_ (Leo O'Kelly album), a 2011 album by Leo O'Kelly
- _Will_, a 1999 album by Akina Nakamori
- "Will" (Ayumi Hamasaki song), 2005
- "Will" (Mika Nakashima song), 2002
- "Will" (Joyner Lucas song), 2020

### Radio

- WILL (AM), an NPR member station licensed to Urbana, Illinois, United States
- WILL-FM, an NPR member station licensed to Urbana, Illinois, United States
- WRMR (FM), a radio station licensed to Jacksonville, North Carolina, United States, which called itself "Will FM" from 2006 to 2008
- WYHW, a radio station licensed to Wilmington, North Carolina, which called itself "Will FM" from 2008 to 2009

### Other uses in arts, entertainment, and media

- _Will_ (TV series), a TV series on the life of William Shakespeare
- _Will: The Death Trap II_, a video game
- WILL-TV, a PBS member station licensed to Urbana, Illinois, United States

## Law

- Wisconsin Institute for Law and Liberty, a conservative law firm
- Women in Law and Litigation ("WILL"), in India

## Ships

- , a slave ship
- , a 1925 Thames sailing barge

## Other uses

- Will County, Illinois, United States
- WiLL, a brand used by a small group of Japanese companies
- Weakside linebacker, or will, in gridiron football
Carlisle

**Carlisle** is a city in the north of England near the border with Scotland. It is in  the county<nowiki/>of Cumbria. Carlisle has a population of 71,773 people.

Carlisle's football team is called Carlisle United and they play at Brunton Park.

Carlisle is famous for Carr's Table Water Biscuits. They are only made in Carlisle and are by appointment of her majesty the Queen.

Several rivers run through Carlisle, including the Rivers Eden, Caldew, Petteril and Constitution River and Carlisle River.
Stanislas Konarski

**Stanisław Konarski**, Sch.P. (actual name: **Hieronim Konarski**; 30 September 1700 – 3 August 1773) was a Polish teacher and writer. He wrote political books, poems, and plays. He was a monk - member of the order of Piarists; he brought the Enlightenment in Poland.

Between 1725 and 1727, Konarski learned at the Collegium Nazarenum in Rome, where he became a teacher of rhetoric. After that, in order to better his own learning, he traveled through France, Germany and Austria. In 1730 he went back to Poland and began to work on a new text of Polish law ("Volumina legum").

From 1736 Konarski taught at the Collegium Resoviense in Rzeszów and in 1740 he started the Collegium Nobilium in Warsaw, a school for sons of the people of high social class ("szlachta"). Thereafter, he improved teaching of Piarists in Poland, in a way that agrees with his program of teaching (_Ordinationes Visitationis Apostolicae..._, 1755). His improvements became an important point in the fight of 18th century to make the system of Polish teaching more modern.

In the beginning, Konarski was joined politically with King Stanislas Leszczynski; later, he came near to Czartoryski's "Familia" and to King Stanislas August Poniatowski. He took part in the well-known "Thursday dinners". Stanislas August Poniatowski caused that a medal was made in the honor of Konarski, with his likeness. There was written in Latin: _Sapere auso_ ("who was brave to be wise").
Gaetano Donizetti

**Gaetano Donizetti** (born Bergamo 29 November 1797; – Bergamo 8 April 1848) was an Italian composer. He was the most famous composer of operas in Italy in the years between the death of Bellini (1835) and the time when Verdi was becoming well-known. Bellini and Donizetti wrote operas in the bel canto style: music with beautiful, smooth melodies.

Donizetti’s family were very poor. His talent was discovered by Simon Mayr who was maestro di cappella (music director) at S Maria Maggiore in Bergamo. He opened a school which trained boys to sing in the church choir and gave them a good musical education. Donizetti learned a lot from Mayr and was always very grateful to him.

Donizetti’s first operas were performed in Venice. A rich lady who realized he was very talented paid so that he did not have to do military service. His opera _Zoraida di Granata_ was very successful in Rome and he was given a contract for an opera for Naples. For several years he composed between two and five operas every year. They were not particularly successful. One of the reasons was that the libretti he was given (the words he had to set) were not very good.

In the 1820s, while living in Rome, Donizetti met Virginia Vasselli, whom he would marry in 1828. None of their three children lived very long. His wife died in 1837 which made him very sad during his last years. This can be felt in his music.

His opera _Anna Bolena_ made him internationally famous. It was performed in London and Paris. His opera _Maria Stuarda_ was based on a play by Schiller. It was not popular at first. The audience did not like the tragic ending. Today it is recognized as containing some great music, especially in the final scene. After a visit to Paris he returned to Naples to produce _Lucia di Lammermoor_ which was based on Scott’s novel _The Bride of Lammermoor_. There is a French version as well as an Italian version of this opera.

In 1838, he moved to Paris where he had his operas performed in four theatres. Berlioz wrote very critical articles about him in a music journal. Donizetti had gone to Paris hoping that he would earn lots of money so that he could then retire, just like Rossini had done. However, his health was not good and he found it harder to concentrate. He managed to composed _Don Pasquale_ which is one of the best comic operas every written, but it does have a lot of music that he had written earlier. He was obviously finding it difficult to think of new ideas. Soon he became really ill. He was suffering from syphilis. He was put in a sanatorium near Paris for 17 months. In 1847, some friends arranged for him to stay with them, but he was very ill by then. He was paralysed and almost unable to speak. His friends looked after him until he died.

He was buried in Bergamo. His remains are now in a church there. The house where he was born is a museum.
St. Catherine

There are nine St. Catherines:

- Saint Caterina Volpicelli  (1839-1894)
- Saint Catherine of Alexandria (4th century)
- Saint Catherine of Bologna (1413–1463)
- Saint Catherine of Genoa (circa 1447–1510)
- Saint Catherine Laboure (1806–1876)
- Saint Catherine of Ricci, O.P. (1522–1590)
- Saint Catherine of Siena, O.P. (Doctor of the Church, 1347–1380)
- Saint Catherine of Sweden (circa 1332–1381)
- Saint Katharine Drexel (1858-1955)

There is a

- St Catherine, Somerset
- Saint Catherine's Monastery, Mount Sinai
- Saint Catherine Parish, Jamaica

See also:
- Sainte-Catherine
- Santa Caterina
Blonde

**Blond** or **blonde** is a light color of hair or a person with this color hair. The spelling _blonde_ means a person with this hair color, and the spelling _blond_ may mean another person with the same hair color. The color itself can have either spelling (_blonde_ or _blond_), according to _Merriam-Webster's Dictionary_.

Natural blonds have quite fair skins, and their skin is finer (less thick) than people with dark skin. Light skin is natural amongst people living (or whose ancestors lived) in northern climates. It is an adaptation for their skins to make vitamin D. This vitamin is essential for health, and people in northern climates may not make enough.

One thing to mention: hair color may change during life, and many children have blond hair at first, but it grows darker as they get older. That's a normal thing. Blondes do not make the melanin for their hair (and skin) to go dark. It is very unusual to see a blond person with dark skin, but it does happen occasionally.

People who are blonde have less pigment in their hair than dark haired people. To be blonde is usually to have blonde ancestors. It is not albinism. People may also use chemicals to make themselves blonde, but that is just a fashion thing.

_Natural_ blondes are most common around the Baltic Sea and Scandinavia. The Nordic countries such as Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Iceland, and Finland also have many blond people. Parts of the United Kingdom also have a high number of natural blondes.
Likewise in Poland), north-western parts of Russia.
Crucifixion

**Crucifixion** is a type of execution usually by being nailed to a cross. It was used as a capital punishment by some ancient kingdoms, such as ancient Persia and Rome.   Different types of crosses were used for crucifixion: T-shaped, X-shaped, and sometimes just trees.  It killed people by making them bleed, go into shock, and making it hard for them to breathe, eventually to die of suffocation.  Some of the people would live for several days before dying.

## Jesus

The most famous person to have been crucified was Jesus, the Son of God according to the Christian religion. He was crucified along with two thieves. The cross later became a symbol of Christianity. Six of the twelve apostles of Jesus were also crucified later on, but most of them asked to be crucified in a different way from Jesus. For example, Andrew (who later became the patron saint of Scotland) was crucified on an X-shaped cross. In the year 337 AD, Emperor Constantine I abolished crucifixion in the Roman Empire.
Steeple

A **steeple** is the tower at the top of a church, which is a building or temple of the Christian religion. It often has a cross at the top, in memory of Jesus' crucifixion.

## Related pages

- List of church architecture terms
Baltic paganism

**Baltic Paganism** are different religions and mythologies that people had in Baltic countries before Christianity and that some people still have. All of those religions have their own features but also between these religions many things are similar. Baltic pagans just like Scandinavian and Finnish pagans believes that greatest god is a male god of sky and thunder. He has a hammer or axe that makes lightning. This belief is very old. In the Stone Age, Corded Ware culture already had this kind of a god and that his weapon was a boat shaped stone axe. Corded Ware culture lived in a large area and many features of Nordic and Baltic people are derived from it.
Kaleva

**Kaleva** or **Kalevi** and his sons are people or creatures in Finnish, Karelian and Estonian stories. However many things about them are forgotten.

### Estonian history

The name of Estonian national Epos Kalevipoeg means "Sons of Kalevi" and the name of Finnish national epos Kalevala means "Land of Kaleva".

In Estonian stories sons of Kaleva are sons of King.

### Finnish history

Finnish people called Sirius _Kalevantähti_ which means "Star of Kaleva". Belt of Orion was called Kalevas sword.

In Finnish stories they are more often giants. People told that some things in nature, like big or weird stones, are made by Kalevas sons. Stories tells that while people became Christians, they started to hate Kaleva's sons who remained pagans. Soon Kaleva's sons had to go away. All the time Christian people took more land, Kaleva's sons had to go farther away. At one island they staid and did not want to leave. Priests came and they cursed Kaleva's sons until they took a big stone and sailed with it away. They have not been seen since that, but sometimes they come at night and hits crop or even forest down.

## Other creatures

Almost the same thing happened to Hiisi people who resembles trolls. Christian humans made them to flee also.
National park

A **national park** is a park or an area of land officially recognized and protected by a nation's government. National parks are often made to protect the animals that live inside them or the land itself.  There are many National Parks in the world.

The first one established (in 1872) was the United States Yellowstone National Park. It was the first national park in the world. But the idea of protecting areas from human development was proposed years earlier. American painter George Catlin offered the idea during the 1830s.

An international organization, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), and its World Commission on Protected Areas, has defined National Parks as its category II type of protected areas. The largest national park in the world meeting the IUCN definition is the Northeast Greenland National Park, which was established in 1974. According to the IUCN, there are about 7000 national parks worldwide (2010 figure).

## Definitions

In 1969 the IUCN (International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources) declared a national park to be a relatively large area with:

- with one or more ecosystems (or ecological system) not much altered by humans. It should have plants and animal species, geology sites and habitats. These should be of special scientific, educative and recreative interest, or contain a natural landscape of great beauty.
- the country has taken steps to prevent or eliminate exploitation or occupation in the area. They must enforce the respect for its ecological, geomorphological or aesthetic features.
- visitors are allowed to enter, under special conditions, for inspirational, educative, cultural and recreative purposes.
- a minimum size of 1,000 hectares within zones where the nature is protected
- statutory (or legal) protection
- a budget and staff to provide sufficient effective protection
- no business use of natural resources (including the development of dams) except such activities as sport, fishing, the need for management, facilities, etc.

While national parks are generally understood to be administered by national governments (hence the name), in Australia national parks are run by state governments and predate the Federation of Australia. Also in Japan, some of them are called "Quasi-national Parks" (国定公園), which are recognized by the government and managed by local authorities.

## Examples

- Manú National Park, Peru
- Everglades, Florida
- Hawaii Volcanoes National Park
- Yosemite National Park, California
- Grand Canyon, Colorado River, Arizona
- Yellowstone National Park, United States
- Great Barrier Reef, Queensland, Australia
- Dartmoor, Devon, England
- Galapagos National Park, Ecuador
- Teide National Park, Spain

## Other websites

- UNESCO — Man and the Biosphere Programme (Biosphere Reserves)
- World Heritage Sites
- UN Protected Areas database
- EUROPARC federation — Europe's protected areas
- United States National Park Service
- National Parks of Japan by Ministry of the Environment,  Japan
- South Korea- Korea National Park Service
- European National Parks Centre (ENPC)
- TeddyRoosevelt.com:  "The National Parks President"
Stanley Baldwin

**Stanley Baldwin, 1st Earl Baldwin of Bewdley**,  (3 August 186714 December 1947) was a Prime Minister of the United Kingdom three times. He presided over the economic crisis of the 1930s and abdication of King Edward VIII of the United Kingdom.

He also believed in being soft on Germany since many people in nearby countries were German and wanted to become part of it, the country stopped the Soviet Union from spreading its communism and most British people did not want another world war.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **image**: Stanley Baldwin ggbain.32267.jpg
- **caption**: 1920
- **office**: Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
- **term start**: 7 June 1935
- **term end**: 28 May 1937
- **predecessor**: Ramsay MacDonald
- **successor**: Neville Chamberlain
- **term start2**: 4 November 1924
- **term end2**: 4 June 1929
- **monarch2**: George V
- **predecessor2**: Ramsay MacDonald
- **successor2**: Ramsay MacDonald
- **term start3**: 22 May 1923
- **term end3**: 22 January 1924
- **monarch3**: George V
- **predecessor3**: Bonar Law
- **successor3**: Ramsay MacDonald
- **birth place**: Bewdley, Bewdley, Worcestershire, England
- **death place**: Stourport-on-Severn, Stourport-on-Severn, Worcestershire, England
- **resting place**: Worcester Cathedral
- **parents**: Alfred Baldwin (politician), Alfred Baldwin (father)
- **children**: 7, including Oliver Baldwin, 2nd Earl Baldwin of Bewdley, Oliver and Arthur Baldwin, 3rd Earl Baldwin of Bewdley, Arthur
- **occupation**: Industrialist
- **party**: Conservative Party (UK), Conservative
- **signature**: Stanley Baldwin Signature.svg
- **signature alt**: Cursive signature in ink
William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham

**William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham** (15 November 1708 – 11 May 1778) was a prime minister of Great Britain. He was appointed by King George III.

His London house, in St. James's Square, is now the home of the international affairs think tank called Chatham House.

In 1758, during the Seven Years' War, he came up with the strategy of blocking the St. Lawrence River so the French troops in Quebec and Montreal could not get more supplies. This weakened the French side, and helped to win the war.

His son, William Pitt the Younger, was also a prime minister.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: The Earl of Chatham
- **image**: Elderpitt.jpg
- **order**: Prime Minister of Great Britain
- **term start**: 30 July 1766
- **term end**: 14 October 1768
- **predecessor**: Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham, The Marquess of Rockingham
- **successor**: Augustus FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton, The Duke of Grafton
- **birth place**: Westminster, London, England
- **death place**: Hayes, Bromley, Hayes, Kent, England
- **party**: British Whig Party, Whig
Herbert Asquith

**Herbert Henry Asquith, 1st Earl of Oxford and Asquith** <small>KG PC KC</small> (12 September 1852 – 15 February 1928) served as the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1908 to 1916. Until 5 January 1988, he was the longest continuously-serving Prime Minister in the 20th century. He was not, however, in favour of the right of women to vote.

As Prime Minister, he led the Liberal Party to a series of domestic reforms, including social insurance and the reduction of the power of the House of Lords. He led the nation into the First World War, but a series of military and political crises led to his replacement in late 1916 by David Lloyd George. His falling out with Lloyd George played a major part in the downfall of the Liberal Party.

His ministry was significant for the Old Age Pension (1908), National Insurance Act (1911) and the Parliamentary Act (1911), the last of which restricted the power of the House of Lords.

Asquith's descendants include the ambassador Dominic Asquith (great-grandson), the actress Helena Bonham Carter (great-granddaughter) and the actress Anna Chancellor (great-great-granddaughter).

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: The Earl of Oxford and Asquith
- **image**: Herbert_Henry_Asquith.jpg
- **order**: Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
- **term start**: 5 April 1908
- **term end**: 5 December 1916
- **predecessor**: Henry Campbell-Bannerman, Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman
- **successor**: David Lloyd George
- **birth place**: Morley, West Yorkshire, Morley, Yorkshire, England
- **death place**: Sutton Courtenay, Oxfordshire, England
- **party**: Liberal Party (UK), Liberal
- **order2**: Chancellor of the Exchequer
- **term start2**: 10 December 1905
- **term end2**: 12 April 1908
- **predecessor2**: Austen Chamberlain
- **successor2**: David Lloyd George
- **honorific prefix**: The Right Honourable
- **honorific suffix**: KG Privy Council of the United Kingdom, PC Queen's Counsel, KC
Commerce

**Commerce** is another word for trade or business and can mean simply the buying and selling of goods and services. Car-sales and online-stores are among the biggest commercial activities.

Some commerce involves high finance and big companies and organisations. Commercial real estate is a place to do business.

Interstate commerce is the movement of goods, money or transportation between two or more states. International trade is the exchange of goods and services between countries.
Plantation

A **plantation** is a large farm on which usually grows only one type of crop. Plantations grow cash crops, mostly for export, and less for local use. Crops grown on plantations include banana, sugarcane, coffee, tea, cotton and tobacco.

Most plantations are monocultures, which means only one kind of crop is grown there. This means that the farms are more vulnerable to pests.

The latifundia of the Roman Empire were one of the first known types of plantations. They produced large amounts of wine and olive oil for export.

Before slavery was outlawed in the United States, many enslaved black people were forced to work on Southern plantations.

Plantation agriculture has increased because there has been more international trade and less subsistence farming. Like every economic activity, it has changed over time. Changes have been based on the amount of money people have had, who owns the land, and politics.
Pine

**Pines** are a large and important genus of conifers in the family Pinaceae. The Plant List of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and Missouri Botanical Garden lists 126 species of pines, plus a lot of synonyms.

Pines live in almost the entire Northern Hemisphere. In North America, they live in the southern part of Arctic to Nicaragua and Hispaniola. In Europe, they live in areas from Portugal and Scotland to Russia. In Asia, they live in areas from Russia to Japan and the Philippines. They also live in the Himalayas, some northern parts of Africa, and north of Majorca (Mallorca) on the rugged mountains.

Pines are long-lived trees (rarely large shrubs), typically reaching heights of 5–70 metres tall and ages of 100–1,000 years, some even more. The longest-lived is the Great Basin bristlecone pine, _Pinus longaeva_. One individual of this species, named "Methuselah", is the world's oldest living tree at around 4,600 years old. This tree can be found in the White Mountains of California.

## Cones

Pines usually have male and female cones on the same tree (monoecious). The male cones are small, typically 1–5 cm long, and are only present for a short period, usually in spring. They fall as soon as they have shed their pollen. The female cones take 1.5–3 years (depending on species) to mature after pollination, with actual fertilization delayed by one year. At maturity, the female cones are 3–60 cm long. Each cone has numerous spirally arranged scales, with two seeds on each fertile scale; the scales at the base and tip of the cone are small and sterile, without seeds. The seeds are mostly small and winged, and are wind-dispersed. Some have larger seeds that look like nuts and are dispersed by birds.

At maturity, the cones usually open to release the seeds, but in some of the bird-dispersed species (e.g. whitebark pine), the seeds are only released by the bird breaking the cones open. In others, the seeds are stored in closed ("serotinous") cones for many years until a forest fire triggers the cones to open, releasing the seeds. The resin on the cones holds the scales closed until it melts in the fire.
Philip II of France

**Philip II of France** (21 August 1165 – 14 July 1223), was King of France from 1180 to 1223.

## Early life

Philip was born on August 21st 1165. He was the son of Louis VII of France 'Louis The Younger' (1120-1180) and Adèle of Champagne. Philip was called at his birth 'Dieudonne' (meaning God-given), because he was the son that his father had longed for, for nearly 30 years.

## Ascension and early reign

Louis VII died in 1180 at the age of 60, this meant Philip was now King Philip II of France at the age of only 15.

Though he was just a teenager, Philip quickly showed that a competent and ambitious King.

## Infobox (monarch)

- **name**: Philip II Augustus
- **title**: King of France
- **image**: Philippe II Auguste.jpg
- **reign**: 18 September 1180 – 14 July 1223
- **coronation**: 1 November 1179
- **predecessor**: Louis VII of France, Louis VII
- **successor**: Louis VIII of France, Louis VIII
- **spouse**: Isabelle of Hainaut (1170-1190)
 Ingeborg of Denmark, Queen of France, Ingeborg of Denmark (1175-1236)
 Agnes of Merania (d.1201)
- **issue**: Louis VIII of France, Louis VIII (1187-1226)
 Marie of France (1198-1224)
Philippe Hurepel, Philip, Count of Clermont (1200-1234)
- **royal house**: House of Capet
- **father**: Louis VII of France (1120-1180)
- **mother**: Adèle of Champagne (1140-1206)
- **birth date**: 21 August, 1165
- **birth place**: Gonesse, France
- **death date**: 14 July, 1223
- **death place**: Mantes-la-Jolie, France
- **burial place**: Saint Denis Basilica
Pohjola

**Pohjola** is an evil country in Finnish and Karelian ancient stories. Pohjola is at north and it is very cold place. Ruler of Pohjola is Louhi, an evil witch woman. We think that Pohjola does not really exist, but long ago when people thought about Pohjola they thought about Lapland and a region of Pohjanmaa.

There was high wall around Pohjola and there were gates of Pohjola that could be seen from far away.

Many evil things, like diseases and cold are from Pohjola. In Pohjola lives people of Pohjola. They are great warriors and magicians. The ruler of Pohjola Louhi is ugly but powerful old woman who can do great magic. She had a husband and daughters. Daughters of Louhi were very beautiful. They were so white and bright that they were actually transparent; you could see flesh through their skin, bones through their flesh, and bone marrow through their bones. Daughters of Pohjola were sitting on the sky weaving gold and silver threads.

Many heroes went to Pohjola to ask daughters of Louhi them to be their wives. Louhi did not give her daughters easily. She made men to do almost impossible missions to have her daughters. One such mission was to make Sampo, a machine that would do money, crop and salt. One hero, Ilmarinen, did this machine, but still Louhi did not let her daughter to marry Ilmarinen. Ilmarinen and other heroes then stole Sampo from Louhi. Louhi attacked them. There was a big battle and Sampo was destroyed. Some pieces of Sampo drifted on sea and they came to shores of Finland. Since that they have made wealth to Finnish people.
Gulf of Finland

The **Gulf of Finland** is a body of water that points east from the Baltic Sea with Finland on its north side and Estonia on its south side. Both Finnish capital Helsinki and Estonian capital Tallinn are at shore of Gulf of Finland. At the bottom of the gulf of Finland is Russia and its most important coast city St. Petersburg.

The water is less salty in the eastern side of the Gulf. This is because the Neva River flows into the Gulf in the east.
Edmund II of England

**Edmund Ironside** or **Edmund II** (; c. 989 – 30 November 1016) was the son of Æthelred the Unready. When his father died he was king of England from 23 April to 18 October 1016 and of Wessex from 23 April to 30 November 1016.

## Infobox (royalty)

- **more**: england
- **name**: Edmund "Ironside"
- **title**: King of England
- **image**: Edmond II d'Angleterre.jpg
- **caption**: Fictional 18th century portrait
- **reign**: 23 April 1016 – 30 November 1016
- **predecessor**: Ethelred the Unready
- **successor**: Canute the Great
- **birth date**: 989
- **birth place**: Wessex, England
- **death date**: (age 27)
- **death place**: Glastonbury, England
- **burial place**: Glastonbury Abbey
- **spouse**: Ealdgyth (floruit 1015–1016), Ealdgyth
- **issue**: Edward the Exile
Edmund
- **father**: Ethelred the Unready
- **mother**: Ælfgifu of York
Arthur Balfour

**Arthur James Balfour, 1st Earl of Balfour,** <small>KG OM PC</small> (25 July 1848 – 19 March 1930) was a British Conservative statesman and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1902 until 1905.

He was minister of Foreign Affairs from 1916 to 1919. In this capacity he wrote the so-called Balfour Declaration in 1917.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: The Earl of Balfour
- **image**: A.J. Balfour LCCN2014682753 (cropped).jpg
- **order**: Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
- **term start**: 11 July 1902
- **term end**: 5 December 1905
- **predecessor**: Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury, The Marquess of Salisbury
- **successor**: Henry Campbell-Bannerman, Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman
- **birth place**: Whittingehame, East Lothian, Scotland
- **death place**: Woking, Surrey, England
- **party**: Conservative Party (UK), Conservative
- **honorific prefix**: The Right Honourable
- **honorific suffix**: KG OM Privy Council of the United Kingdom, PC
Henry Pelham

**Henry Pelham** (25 September 1694–6 March 1754) was a British Whig statesman. He was Prime Minister of Great Britain from 27 August 1743 to his death about ten years later.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: The Rt Hon Henry Pelham
- **image**: Henry Pelham.jpg
- **order**: Prime Minister of Great Britain
- **term start**: 27 August 1743
- **term end**: 6 March 1754
- **predecessor**: Spencer Compton, 1st Earl of Wilmington, The Earl of Wilmington
- **successor**: Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle upon Tyne, The Duke of Newcastle upon Tyne
- **birth place**: Laughton, Sussex
- **death place**: London
- **party**: n/a (British Whig Party, Whig)
- **order2**: Chancellor of the Exchequer
- **term start2**: 12 December 1743
- **term end2**: 6 March 1754
- **predecessor2**: Samuel Sandys, 1st Baron Sandys, Samuel Sandys
- **successor2**: William Lee (UK), William Lee
Household income in the United States

The **Household income in the United States** is a measure of current private income commonly used by the United States government and private institutions. To measure the income of a household, the before tax income of all residents over the age of 15 is added together. Most of this is wages and salaries (before withholding and other taxes), but many other forms of income, such as unemployment insurance, disability, child support, etc., are included as well. The people in the household do not have to be related to the householder for their income to be considered part of the household's income. Household income is among the most widely accepted measures as households tend to share a common economic fate. The size of a household which is commonly not considered may off-set gains in household income.

In 2005, the median annual household income according to the US Census Bureau was $46,326, similar to that of Canada which was roughly $41,510 (USD) in the year 2000. The median income per household member (including all working and non-working members above the age of 14) in the year 2003 was $23,535. In the year 2005, there were about 113,146,000 households in the United States. 17.23% of all households had annual incomes more than $100,000.  12.7% fell below the federal poverty threshold. The bottom 20% earned less than $19,178. The  income distribution tends to tilt towards the top with the top 6.37% earning roughly one third of all income. Those with upper-middle incomes also controlled a large, though declining, share of the total earned income. Households in the top 20%, 77% of which had two income earners, had incomes exceeding $91,705. Households in the mid 20%, with a mean of one income earner per household had incomes between $36,000 and 57,657.
Toxicology

**Toxicology** is the study of how chemicals hurt living things. Toxicologists use biology, chemistry, pharmacology, and medicine. Measuring toxicity of a substance (relation between does and effect), is a major part of the work.

Many chemicals that we call poison<nowiki/>s are only toxic when made into different chemicals by the body.  Many chemicals are made toxic in the liver by enzymes, for example paracetamol, which is a common drug. There is also some variation in liver enzymes (caused by genetic variation) in different people that can cause a substance to be more toxic in one person than it is in another. Some substances are also only toxic when they are with other chemicals, as one liver enzyme can cause activity in another enzyme.

## Some measures of toxicity

- LD<sub>50</sub> is a test that finds an average dose required to kill half of the animals being tested (normally rats in human toxicity).
- The Fixed Dose Procedure, an alternative to the LD50 which measures oral toxicity in a similar way, but using fewer animals and with less suffering.
- Minimum lethal dose (MLD, also LD<SUB>min</SUB>), the smallest amount of drug that can produce death in an animal species under controlled conditions.
- Draize test
- LD<SUB>Lo</SUB>
- IC<sub>50</sub>
- EC<sub>50</sub>

## Related pages

- In vitro toxicology
- Toxicity

## Other websites

- Society of Toxicology
Monte Carlo

**Monte Carlo** is the largest quarter in Monaco. Its area is , and around four hundred people live there.

## Overview

Monte Carlo is also the centre of  gambling, politics, fireworks and culture. Monte Carlo has a lot of casinos, hotels and historical buildings.

Monte Carlo is one of Europe's leading tourist resorts. Within the casino complex is the Grand Théâtre de Monte Carlo, the Opéra de Monte-Carlo and ballet house, and the headquarters of the Ballets de Monte Carlo.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Monte Carlo
- **settlement type**: Quarter and Ward of Monaco
- **image skyline**: Monaco Monte Carlo 1.jpg
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **image map**: Monte Carlo in Monaco.svg
- **mapsize**: 300px
- **map caption**: Monte Carlo in Monaco (Ward shown)
- **pushpin map**: France
- **pushpin label position**: left
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in relation to France
- **pushpin mapsize**: 300
- **subdivision type**: Countries of the world, Country
- **government type**: Principality
- **leader name1**: Albert II
- **established title**: Prince of Monaco
- **area urban sq mi**: .234
- **population total**: 15,200 (in the quarter)
 3,500 (in the ward)
- **postal code type**: Postcode
- **postal code**: 98000
Trickery

**Trickery** is the act of misdirection (leading into the wrong way of thinking) or an illusion (seeing things that are not true).

For example, magic tricks are when someone makes the person seeing it think that the magic they are doing is true, but it actually is not. But magic tricks can also be pleasant entertainment when the audience know it's all tricks.

A trick can also mean to lie or misdirect (lead to wrong way of thinking) a person so that someone who is _tricking_ the person can enjoy winning the game they are playing for example gambling.

Trick is also slang for a prostitute's client.

## Animal tricks

Some sort of useful action taught to an animal, for example from "shaking hands" to handing back tools or dropped objects so that people seeing the action can enjoy the trick

## In the Norse mythology

Loki is the God of **trickery** and cunning in the Norse Mythology.
Slideshow

**Slideshow** means a show of **slides**. It is a display of several slides  for information or for artistic purposes.

Slideshows are presented using a tool, such as a slide projector, an overhead projector  or in more recent years, a computer running presentation software. The word comes from the use of slides which have been around for many years. Slides originally were projected on movie theater screens by magic lanterns as part of early movie house shows.

The word **slideshow** does not appear in the _Webster’s New Twentieth Century Unabridged Dictionary_ (1973 edition), but is accepted as correct spelling in Microsoft Word in both _Office 2000_ and _Office XP_ editions.

## Other websites

- myPicPals - Online Sideshow Builder
- Myspace Slideshow  - Reviews of online slideshows
- Example of a show of objects of art
Slide

In photography, a **slide**  is a thin translucent photograph bound in paper, plastic or similar frame and often used for projection with use of a slide projector for a slideshow. The terms **reversal film** and **transparency** are also used.

One can distinguish it from negative and print.

## Related pages

- Slide projector
- Slide copier

## Other websites

- Agfa SCALA 200x Professional film
- Kodak TRI-X Reversal Film 7266
- Chemical Reversal Processing of B&W Negative Film
Slide (disambiguation)

**Slide** could be related to any of these.

- Photographic slide - a thin translucent photograph bound in paper, plastic or similar frame and often used for projection with use of a slide projector for a slideshow.
- Slide (website) - a website that offers groups the ability to discover, share, and talk about photos together.
- Landslide - the movement of soil, mud or rock down a slope.
- Slide rule - a simple analog calculator.
- Slide trombone, a musical instrument, see also slide (wind instrument).
- Slide guitar - a method of playing guitar, see also slide (guitar).
- Slide whistle - a musical/wind instrument.
- Microscope slide - a thin glass sheet used to hold objects for examination.
- Water slide - a  popular water sport.
- Dark slide - a skateboarding trick.
- Slide (dance) – a popping dance move giving the impression of gliding around effortlessly.
- Jakarta Slide - a Content Management System software.
- Pistol slide - the upper half of a pistol that contains the barrel.
- Playground slide - a smooth, sloped surface down which (usually) children slide while sitting down.
- Slide (baseball) - in baseball, dropping to the ground when going into a base to avoid a tag.
- Slide (band) - American rock band of the 1990s.
- _Slide_ - a single by the Goo Goo Dolls.
- _Slide (song)_ - a song by Dido on the album No Angel. This is not a cover version of any other song entitled Slide.
- _Step Back/Slide_ - a double a-side single by Superheist
- _Slide_ - an album by Lisa Germano
- A 'slide edit' - a video editing term for moving a clip around in a timeline.
- Another word for a linear bearing.
- A Sliding tackle
- Slide (Sword of Truth) - a magically created creature from The Sword of Truth series.
Projection

**Projection** can be any of:
- The display of an image by devices such as:
    - Movie projector
    - Video projector
    - Overhead projector
    - Slide projector

- Map projection, in cartography
- Graphical projection, the production of a two-dimensional image of a three-dimensional object
    - Isometric projection
    - Oblique projection
    - Orthographic projection

- In **chemistry**, any one of:
    - Fischer projection
    - Haworth projection
    - Newman projection
    - Stereochemical projection

- Projection (mathematics), any of several different types of functions, mappings, operations, or transformations
    - 3D projection
    - Projection (relational algebra)
    - Projection (linear algebra)
- Power projection, the capacity of a state to implement policy by means of force, or the threat thereof, in an area distant from its own territory
- Psychological projection, a defense mechanism in which one attributes to others, one’s own unacceptable or unwanted thoughts or emotions
- a forecasting of future developments based on current statistics and trends
- Enamel projections, extensions of dental enamel beyond the normally smooth cervical margin and onto the root of the tooth
- Projection (Cylon ability), the ability to perceive your environment in any form you choose, displayed by the humanoid Cylons in the television series _Battlestar Galactica_