juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Verticillium

_Verticillium_ is a genus of fungi that are responsible for causing the plant disease verticillium wilts.

## Appearance

Fungi of this genus are largely lightly coloured. Some areas on them may be darker due to pigments being made. The group is named _Verticillium_ after the “verticillate” (meaning whorled) shape of their asexual reproductive organs (conidia).

Other than this shared feature, the fungi in this group are often very unlike each other. _Verticillium dahliae_ has dark pigmented storage organs while _Verticillium afalfalfae_ has a dark pigmented mycelium as a resting stage in between hosts.

## Habitat

Most members of this group live in the temperate or subtropical regions. A few species such as _V. dahliae_ are also found in the tropics as well.

## Classification

There are ten known species in the genus _Verticillium_.

## Disease

_Verticillium_ fungi cause the plant disease verticillium wilts. This disease has been reported in over 200 host plant species including; fruit, flowers, oilseed crops, cereal crops, and trees.

The fungus lives in the soil and infects plants by entering through their roots. Once in the plant, the fungus will live in the plant’s water vessels (called Xylem). This causes disruption to the plant’s ability to transport water. Less water results in the plant wilting and turning yellow. Plants infected with _Verticillium_ species will produce lower crop yields.

The different _Verticillium_ species infect different crop plants. _V. dahliae_ is especially damaging to beets, strawberries, and potatoes yields, while _V. longisporum_ infects rapeseed. _V. albo-atrum_ is known to cause a lot of damage to hops monocultures. Especially when farmers fertilise their fields with the leftovers of last year's hop harvest. This is because the fungus can survive in the stored hops so by adding them as fertiliser, the farmer accidentally infects their new crops.

It has also been reported that the round worm parasites that feed on the plants make infection more likely. It is not thought that the round worms carry the fungus but instead they make holes in the plant when they eat. This allows the fungi to get inside easier. The plant then has two problems (worms and fungi) and cannot fight both at the same time so dies faster.

A big problem with _Verticillium_ fungi is that they are difficult to kill using fungicides, ultraviolet light, and high (or low) temperatures. Also, no one has made effective fungicides or crops that can survive infection. The best way to avoid infection is to have good crop rotation (never plant the same crop in the same field two or more years in a row). Planting the crops at a different time in the year can also reduce the number of infections.
Nasib

**Nasib** (Fate) is a 1949 black-and-white romantic drama film from Singapore. It was directed by B. S. Rajhans and stars S. Roomai Noor, Siput Sarawak, Daeng Harris, and P. Ramlee. It was one of eight popular films made by Shaw Brothers Studio in the 1940s.

## Related pages

- P. Ramlee filmography

## Infobox (film)

- **director**: B. S. Rajhans
- **starring**: S. Roomai Noor
 Siput Sarawak
 Daeng Harris
 P. Ramlee
- **music**: Osman Ahmad
- **studio**: Shaw Brothers Studio
- **runtime**: 91 minutes
- **country**: Singapore
- **language**: Malay language, Malay
Bujang Lapok (movie series)

The ***Bujang Lapok*** ("Old Bachelor") film series has five comedy films:

1. _Bujang Lapok_ (1957)
1. _Pendekar Bujang Lapok_ (1959)
1. _Ali Baba Bujang Lapok_ (1960)
1. _Seniman Bujang Lapok_ (1961)
1. _Bujang Lapok Kembali Daa_ (1985)

The first _Bujang Lapok_ film came out in 1957. It was directed by P. Ramlee, who also acted in it. The other two main actors were S. Shamsuddin and Aziz Sattar. P. Ramlee made three more Bujang Lapok films in the late 1950s and early 1960s. These films are famous for their funny look at Malay life. In 1986, Aziz Sattar made a new Bujang Lapok film with P. Ramlee's son, Nasir P. Ramlee. This new film is not a direct sequel because it doesn't continue the story from the earlier films.

## Related pages

- P. Ramlee filmography
Bujang Lapok

***Bujang Lapok*** (English: ***The Three Over-aged Bachelors***) is a 1957 comedy movie from Singapore. It is in Malay and black-and-white. P. Ramlee directed and starred in it. This is the first movie in the _Bujang Lapok_ series.

## Cast

- P. Ramlee as Ramli
- Aziz Sattar as Aziz
- S. Shamsuddin as Sudin
- Normadiah as Normah
- Zaiton as Zaiton
- Dayang Sofia as Sapiah
- Siti Tanjung Perak as Mak Zaiton
- Rahayu Sudarmaji as Ayu
- M. Babjan as Bapak Sapiah
- Sa'amah as Mak Sudin
- Shariff Dol as Sharif
- Malek Sutan Muda as Tuan Manager
- Prani Pramat
- Rokiah
- Kemat Hassan
- M. Rafiee
- Norsiah Yem
- Habibah Haron
- Nyong Ismail
- Minah Yem
- Mahmud Hitam

## Production

The film is directed by P. Ramlee, who is also part of the main cast.
- Assistants: S. Sudarmadji (Director), Yaakob Mahmud (Camera), Chua Soh Tong & P.V Jhon (Sound), K.K Raman (Editors), Kassim Masdor (Music)
- Story: B. H. Chua
- Continuity: Kassim Masdor
- Lyrics: S. Sudarmadji
- Orchestra: B. Yusoff
- Playback Singers: Asiah, Nen Junaidah, Normadiah, Jasni, P. Ramlee
- Sound Designer: Kamal Mustafa
- Art Director: Mustafa Yassin

## Songs

- Tunggu Sekejap (Opening Theme-Instrumental)
- Nak Dara Rindu
- Resam Dunia (Dunia ini Hanya Palsu)

## Legacy

The movie series inspired the 2007 animated movie, Budak Lapok.

## Related pages

- P. Ramlee filmography

## Infobox (film)

- **director**: P. Ramlee
- **producer**: Run Run Shaw
- **writer**: P. Ramlee
- **screenplay**: P. Ramlee
- **story**: B. H. Chua
- **cinematography**: A. Bakar Ali
- **editing**: HR Narayana
- **production companies**: Malay Film Productions
- **distributor**: Shaw Brothers
- **language**: Malay
Pendekar Bujang Lapok

***Pendekar Bujang Lapok*** (English: ***The Three Over-age Bachelor Warriors***) is a 1959 black-and-white comedy film from Singapore. Directed by P. Ramlee, it is the second film in the _Bujang Lapok_ series and stars P. Ramlee, S. Shamsuddin, and Aziz Sattar. The film was shot at Jalan Ampas, Singapore.

_Pendekar Bujang Lapok_ features the same main characters, actors, and personalities as the earlier _Bujang Lapok_ film, but it is not a sequel since it doesn't connect to the events of the first film.

In October 2014, _The Straits Times_ named it one of the top five Malay films made in Singapore. The film won Best Comedy at the 6th Asian Film Festival in 1959.

## Cast

- P. Ramlee as Ramli
- Aziz Sattar as Ajis
- S. Shamsuddin as Sudin
- Roseyatimah as Rose
- Hj. Mustar bin Ahmad a.k.a. Mustarjo as Pendekar Mustar
- Momo Latif as Pendekar's wife
- Aini Jasmin as Aini
- Ibrahim Pendek as Abang Brahim
- Ahmad Nisfu as Rich man or Towkay Sampan/ River Jetty Boss
- Shariff Dol as Sharif, Ketua Samseng/ Leader of the thugs
- Ali Fiji as Ali (Samseng/thug)
- Kemat Hassan as Kemat (Samseng/thug)
- A. Rahim as Rahim (Samseng/thug)
- Ahmad C as Ahmad (Samseng/thug)
- Omar Suwita as Omar (Samseng/thug)
- M. Rafee as Rafi (Samseng/thug)
- Sarban Singh
- Ahmad Chetty

## Songs

- Pok Pok Pok, Bujang Lapok (_The Bujang Lapok Theme Song_)
- Maafkan Kami (_Forgive Us_)
- Malam Bulan di Pagar Bintang (_The Moonlight in the Edge of the Stars_)

## Related pages

- P. Ramlee filmography

## Other websites

- Pendekar Bujang Lapok at FilemKita.com
- http://cinemamalaysia.com.my/film/info/?id=Pendekar_Bujang_Lapok_470

## Infobox (film)

- **name**: Pendekar Bujang Lapok
- **caption**: The Three Bachelors as Warriors
- **director**: P. Ramlee
- **producer**: Run Run Shaw
- **writer**: P. Ramlee
- **screenplay**: P. Ramlee
- **starring**: P. Ramlee
S. Shamsuddin
Aziz Sattar
- **music**: P. Ramlee
- **cinematography**: A. Bakar Ali
- **editing**: H.R. Narayanan
- **studio**: Malay Film Productions
- **distributor**: Shaw Organization
- **story**: P. Ramlee
- **runtime**: 104 minutes
- **country**: Singapore
- **language**: Malay
Seniman Bujang Lapok

***Seniman Bujang Lapok*** (English: ***The Nitwit Movie Stars***) is a 1961 Singaporean Malay comedy movie directed by P. Ramlee. It is the fourth film in the _Bujang Lapok_ series and the last one with P. Ramlee, S. Shamsuddin, and Aziz Sattar. This film does not continue the story from the previous Bujang Lapok movies.

The film is a comedy about the Malay film industry in the late 1950s and early 1960s. It shows a group of friends trying to become actors and gives a fictional look at how films were made back then. It mixes real places and actors using their real names.

Most of the original film reels were damaged and couldn't be fixed, but in 2017, one company saved the last 8 minutes of the film.

## Songs

- Menchecheh Bujang Lapok
- Gelora
- Senandung Kasih
- Embun Menitik (by late Ahmad Patek)

The songs were sung by Saloma, P. Ramlee, S.Shamsuddin, Aziz Sattar, and Pancha Sitara band.

## Cast

- P. Ramlee as Ramli
- S. Shamsuddin as Sudin
- Aziz Sattar as Ajis
- Saloma as Miss Salmah
- Shariff Dol as Sharif Dol
- Ahmad Nisfu as Director Ahmad Nisfu
- H. M. Busra as Fat Trumpeting neighbor
- M. Rafiee as Loud Motorcycle neighbor
- Mariam Baharum as Auntie Salmah
- Nyong Ismail as Hang Kebun
- S. Kadarisman as Actor (Belacan scene)
- Hashimah Yon as Actress (Belacan scene)
- Kemat Hassan as Studio Manager Kemat Hassan
- S. Sudarmaji as Assistant Director
- A. Rahim as Extra Studio Actors
- Ali Fiji as Extra Studio Actors
- Mustarjo as Extra Studio Actors
- Ahmad C as Mr. Ahmad
- Pritam Singh as Mr. Singh
- Ahmad Mahmud as Doctor
- M. Zain as Indian neighbor
- Kuswadinata as Loud Music neighbor
- Hartinah Zainuddin as Timah
- K. Fatimah as Fatimah
- Aini Jasmin as Shariff Dol's mother
- Dayang Sofia as Dayang Sofia
- Zaiton as Zaiton
- Rahayu Sudarmaji (Ayu) as Ayu
- Leng Hussain as the Chinese Karung guni Man (Rag-and-Bone Man)
- Ahmad Chetty as Ring Stone Seller

## Related pages

- P. Ramlee filmography

## Other websites

- Seniman Bujang Lapok at FilemKita.com

## Infobox (film)

- **name**: Seniman Bujang Lapok
- **director**: P. Ramlee
- **writer**: P. Ramlee
H. M. Rohaizad
- **story**: P. Ramlee
- **screenplay**: H. M. Rohaizad
- **starring**: P. Ramlee
S. Shamsuddin
Aziz Sattar
Saloma (actress), Saloma
Zaiton (actress), Zaiton
- **music**: P. Ramlee
- **cinematography**: A. Bakar Ali
- **editing**: Lee Thian Yak
- **studio**: Malay Film Productions
- **distributor**: Shaw Organisation
- **runtime**: 120 minutes
- **country**: Singapore
- **language**: Malay
Ari Melber

**Ari Naftali Melber** (born March 31, 1980) is an American attorney and Emmy-winning journalist who is the Chief Legal Correspondent for MSNBC and host of _The Beat with Ari Melber._

Melber won a 2016 Emmy Award for Supreme Court reporting, and was nominated for Emmy Award<nowiki/>s in 2020 and 2025 in the "Outstanding Live Interview" category.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Ari Melber
- **image**: Ari Melber (2018).png
- **caption**: Melber in 2018
- **birth name**: Ari Naftali Melber
- **birth place**: Seattle, Washington, U.S.
- **education**: University of Michigan (Bachelor of Arts, AB)
Cornell University (Juris Doctor, JD)
- **occupation**: Journalist
- **employer**: NBCUniversal
PlayStation 3 system software

The PlayStation 3 (PS3) has come a long way since it first hit the shelves. When it launched on November 17, 2006, it came with version 1.00 of its system software. This version introduced the XrossMediaBar (XMB) interface, Blu-ray playback, and basic online features.

Over the years, Sony rolled out several major updates. For instance, version 2.00, released on November 8, 2007, brought themes, remote start, and the ability to turn off the system using the controller. Then, on September 1, 2009, version 3.00 came out with a redesigned XMB, dynamic themes, and better Trophy support. A year later, version 3.50 added support for 3D Blu-ray playback.

In December 2011, version 4.00 prepared the PS3 for PlayStation Vita connectivity and added new PSN features. Fast forward to April 19, 2016, version 4.80 focused on improving system stability and adding minor features. Subsequent updates, like versions 4.81 through 4.91, continued to enhance system stability and security, with the latest update being on February 27, 2024.

The PS3 runs on a custom operating system called CellOS or GameOS, which is based on FreeBSD and NetBSD. The XMB interface, also used in other Sony products like the PSP and certain BRAVIA TVs, is the main graphical user interface. Updates can be downloaded directly to the PS3, transferred via USB from a PC, or installed from game discs.

Overall, the PS3 system software has evolved to improve user experience, security, and compatibility with new technologies.

## References

https://www.playstation.com/en-us/support/hardware/ps3/system-software/
Computer City

Computer City was a computer retailer headquartered in Costa Mesa, California. It was founded in 1981. At their height they operated approximately 100 locations in the United States. It was acquired by Tandy Corp. in 1991. They closed all of their stores in 1998.
Good Luck, Babe!

"**Good Luck, Babe!**" is a song written and recorded by American singer-songwriter Chappell Roan. It was released April 5, 2024. Roan wrote the song with Justin Tranter and its producer, Dan Nigro. It reached number one in Ireland and the top ten in various countries, including the US, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand.

The song speaks of a woman denying her romantic feelings for another woman.

### Weekly charts

|scope="col"|Chart (2024)|scope="col"|Peak position|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|9||||
|12||||
|117||||
|11||||
|22||||
|24||||
|14||||
|13||||
|21||||
|10||||
|33||||
|14||||
|82||||
|4||||
|100||||
|18||||
|4||||
|9||||
|1||||

### Year-end charts

|Chart (2024)|Rank|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|align=left|Canada (Canadian Hot 100)|align=center|19|
|align=left|UK Singles (OCC)|align=center|8|
|align=left|US _Billboard_ Hot 100|align=center|18|
|align=left|US Pop Airplay (_Billboard_)|align=center|19|

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Good Luck, Babe!
- **released**: April 5, 2024
- **type**: single
- **artist**: Chappell Roan
- **length**: 3:38
- **label**: Island Records, Island
- **producer**: Dan Nigro
- **prev title**: Red Wine Supernova
- **prev year**: 2023
- **year**: 2024
- **next title**: The Giver
- **next year**: 2025
Andinobates viridis

The **green poison frog** (_Andinobates viridis_) is a frog.  It lives in Colombia.

## Home

This frog lives in the dead leaves on the ground in forests that have never been cut down and some forests that have been cut down and are growing back. It lives on hills and mountains. Scientists do not know where it lays eggs or where the tadpoles swim. People have seen this frog between 100 and 1350 meters above sea level.

## Young

The female frog lays eggs on the ground. After the eggs hatch, the adult frogs carry the tadpoles on their backs. They take the tadpoles to water in bromeliad plants. The tadpoles swim and grow in the water.

## Danger

Scientists say this frog is in big danger of dying out. Many of them disappeared in the 1990s.  Scientists know the fungal disease chytridiomycosis killed other animals near where the frog lives, but they do not know if it killed these frogs.  Human beings change the places where the frog used to live to make farms and dig things out of the ground.

One of the places this frog lives is a protected park: Farallones National Park
Art the Clown

**Art the Clown** is a fictional character and the main antagonist in the _Terrifier_ franchise. He was created by Damien Leone.

The character first appeared in the short movies _The 9th Circle_ (2008) and _Terrifier_ (2011). Both shorts were part of the movie _All Hallows' Eve_ (2013).

He is mainly played by David Howard Thornton and began appearing in _Terrifier_ (2017), _Terrifier 2_ (2022) and _Terrifier 3_ (2024). He will reprise his role in the upcoming movie _Terrifier 4_.

Art became a pop culture figure and iconic evil clown after the success of _Terrifier 2_. The character's background is unknown, although all of his appearances show him having supernatural powers.

His archenemies are the final girls Sienna Shaw (Lauren LaVera) and Victoria Heyes (Samantha Scaffidi). Leone wrote Sienna and Art as a symbolism of good and evil.

Leone's idea of Art came from his idea of a woman getting off work and taking the city bus home, where a clown gets on and sits across from her, teasing her. He also sees Art as a combination of being uncomfortable and funny to viewers, but with the character becoming more aggressive.

The character has been called "the horror icon of the 2020s".
David Howard Thornton

**David Howard Thornton** is an American actor. He is known for his role as Art the Clown in _Terrifier_ (2016), _Mistress Peace Theatre_ (2020), _Terrifier 2_ (2022), _Bupkis_ (2023) and _Terrifier 3_ (2024).

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: David Howard Thornton by Gage Skidmore.jpg
- **caption**: Thornton in 2023
- **birth name**: David Howard Thornton
- **birth place**: Huntsville, Alabama, U.S.
- **occupation**: Actor
- **known for**: Art the Clown
- **years active**: 2010-present
Terrifier

***Terrifier*** is a 2017 American independent slasher movie written and directed by Damien Leone. The movie stars Jenna Kanell, Samantha Scaffidi, David Howard Thornton, and Catherine Corcoran.

The movie is about Tara Heyes (Kanell) and her sister Victoria (Scaffidi), who were coming back from a party and soon become targets of the clown-like serial killer Art the Clown (Thornton) on Halloween night.

The movie had mixed reviews, however it quickly became a cult movie. A sequel, _Terrifier 2_, was released on October 6, 2022.
Victoria Heyes

**Victoria Heyes** is a fictional character in the _Terrifier_ franchise. She first appears in _Terrifier_ (2016) as a young woman who fights the clown-like serial killer Art the Clown on Halloween night. However she is disfigured by Art the Clown, causing her to go mad. She is played by Samantha Scaffidi in _Terrifier_, _Terrifier 2_ (2022) and _Terrifier 3_ (2024).
Samantha Scaffidi

**Samantha Scaffidi** (born March 3, 1989) is an American actress, writer, and director. She is known for her role as Victoria Heyes in the _Terrifier_ movie franchise, appearing in _Terrifier_ (2016), _Terrifier 2_ (2022) and _Terrifier  3_ (2024).

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Samantha Scaffidi
- **birth place**: New York City, U.S.
- **yearsactive**: 2012–present
- **alma mater**: Salve Regina University
William Esper Studio
Damien Leone

**Damien Leone** is an American movie director, screenwriter, and movie producer. He is known for writing and directing _All Hallows' Eve_ (2013), _Terrifier_ (2016), _Terrifier 2_ (2022), _Terrifier 3_ (2024), each of which has his character Art the Clown.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Damien Leone
- **image**: Damien Leone by Gage Skidmore.jpg
- **caption**: Leone in 2023
Terrifier 2

***Terrifier 2*** is a 2022 American supernatural slasher movie written, directed, edited and produced by Damien Leone. It is a sequel to _Terrifier_ (2017). It is the second movie about Art the Clown. It is the second movie in the _Terrifier_ franchise.

It stars David Howard Thornton as Art the Clown and Samantha Scaffidi as Victoria Heyes. It also stars Lauren LaVera as Sienna Shaw.

It was released on October 6, 2022 to positive reviews. Some audience members were said to have vomited and faint because of some gory and violent scenes in the movie. A sequel, _Terrifier 3_ was released in 2024.

## Infobox (film)

- **name**: Terrifier 2
- **director**: Damien Leone
- **writer**: Damien Leone
- **cinematography**: George Steuber
- **editing**: Damien Leone
- **distributor**: Cineverse, Cinedigm
- **runtime**: 138 minutes
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **budget**: $250,000
- **gross**: $15.7 million
Terrifier 3

***Terrifier 3*** is an American Christmas slasher movie written and directed by Damien Leone. It stars Lauren LaVera, Elliott Fullam, David Howard Thornton, and Samantha Scaffidi. The movie is a sequel to _Terrifier 2_ (2023).

The third movie is about Art the Clown and Sienna Shaw. The movie was released on October 11, 2024 to positive reviews.

## Infobox (film)

- **name**: Terrifier 3
- **director**: Damien Leone
- **writer**: Damien Leone
- **cinematography**: George Steuber
- **editing**: Damien Leone
- **distributor**: Cineverse
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **budget**: $2 million
Sienna Shaw

**Sienna Shaw**  is a fictional character in the _Terrifier_ franchise who has been called the "final girl" of the franchise.

Sienna first appears in _Terrifier 2_ (2022) as a teenager who likes cosplay and fights the clown-like serial killer Art the Clown. She is played by Lauren LaVera.

_Collider_ calls Sienna as the Wonder Woman of horror movies and that she breaks from the final girl trope because of her resurrection after death.

## Infobox (character)

- **series**: Terrifier (movie series), Terrifier
- **first**: _Terrifier 2_ (2022)
- **caption**: Lauren LaVera as Sienna
- **creator**: Damien Leone
- **portrayer**: Lauren LaVera
- **full name**: Sienna Shaw
Lauren LaVera

**Lauren LaVera** (born June 14, 1994) is an American actress, stunt performer and martial artist. She is known for her role as Sienna Shaw in Damien Leone's slasher movies _Terrifier 2_ (2022) and _Terrifier 3_ (2024).

She started her career as Anya Taylor-Joy's stunt double in the psychological thriller _Split_ (2016).

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Lauren LaVera
- **image**: Lauren LaVera - 2024 - A30386 - 54084059593 (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: LaVera in 2024
- **birth place**: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
- **occupation**: Actress
- **years active**: 2016–present
Dorothy Dworkin

**Dorothy Dworkin** (née **Goldstick**; 1889 – 13 August 1976) was a Jewish Canadian nurse, businesswoman and philanthropist.

## Life

Dworkin was the first trained nurse in Toronto's Jewish community and among its most important healthcare workers.

By moral of her family travel business, she helped thousands of Eastern European Jews immigrate to Canada and escape the Holocaust. Dworkin worked with many community charities and was a supporter of the Jewish. She was also the editor of a Yiddish newspaper and produced a Yiddish radio program. In 2009, she was known as a Person of National Historic Significance in Canada.
Bujang Lapok Kembali Daa

***Bujang Lapok Kembali Daa***, or _The Return of the Three Bachelors_ is a 1985 Malaysian Malay-language comedy movie. It was directed, written, and acted in by Aziz Sattar. In this movie, Nasir P. Ramlee (1953–2008), the son of P. Ramlee, took over his late father's place in the trio. This is the fifth and final movie in the _Bujang Lapok_ series.

## Cast

- Aziz Sattar as Aziz
- S. Shamsuddin as Sudin
- Nasir P. Ramlee as Nasir
- Mahmud Jun as Oto-San
- Norlida Ahmad
- Norakma Yunos
- M. Rajoli as Thief
- M. Fauzi as Thief
- Rose Hazira Hashim
- A. R Ayappan

## Other websites

- _Bujang Lapok Kembali Daa_ / 1985 - Filem Malaysia

## Infobox (film)

- **name**: Bujang Lapok Kembali Daa
- **director**: Aziz Sattar
- **writer**: Aziz Sattar
- **story**: Aziz Sattar
- **screenplay**: Aziz Sattar
- **starring**: Aziz Sattar
S. Shamsuddin
Nasir P. Ramlee
Mahmud Jun
Norlida Ahmad
M. Rajoli
- **music**: Nasir P. Ramlee
- **runtime**: 90 min
- **country**: Malaysia
- **language**: Malay
Iron Man's armor

**Iron Man's armor** is an arc-powered sophisticated high-tech armored battle suit designed and built by Tony Stark. It appears in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The known wearers are Tony Stark and James Rhodes, their respective hero names being Iron Man and War Machine.

The armors Tony Stark has created are very unique and powerful. Many of them have a different purpose in the field.
Batsuit

The **Batsuit** (or **Bat-Suit**) is the costume of DC Comics's fictional superhero Batman. There have been many variations over the years.

The Batsuit has an electrical system that can shock assailants as a last resort. The Batsuit is made of triple-weave Kevlar centered around the most obvious target, the chest-mounted Bat symbol. That is partly to lure gunshots to the armor's thickest point. Though the suit has been drawn many different ways by different artists, and the stories themselves have described Batman as changing the details of his costume from time to time, it is most often shown as having a scalloped cape, a bat-like cowl, a pair of gloves, boots, a yellow utility belt, and a tight-fitting body suit with the image of a bat on the chest.

Batman wears this costume both to hide who he is and to frighten criminals. Most versions of the Batsuit include some form of body armor, and often night vision, gas filters, and other things that help combat effectiveness or protection. All versions of the outfit have a utility belt containing a variety of crime fighting equipment.
Nicholas Latifi

**Nicholas Daniel Latifi** (born 29 June 1995) is a Canadian former racing driver who last raced in Formula One. Latifi made his Formula One debut at the 2020 Austrian Grand Prix and competed with Williams for two full seasons and the second half of the 2020 season, managing to score 9 championship points. Prior to that, he served as a test and reserve driver for Renault, Force India, and Williams itself.

Previously, he finished runner-up in the 2019 Formula 2 Championship with DAMS in his third year in the category.

## Infobox (racing driver)

- **embed**: yes
- **prev series**: Formula 2 Championship
GP2 Series
World Series Formula V8 3.5, Formula Renault 3.5 Series
Porsche Carrera Cup GB
FIA European Formula 3 Championship, European Formula 3
Toyota Racing Series
British Formula 3 Championship, British Formula 3
Italian Formula Three Championship, Italian Formula Three
Continental Tire Sports Car Challenge, Continental Tire SCC
- **prev series years**: 2017 Formula 2 Championship, 2017–2019 Formula 2 Championship, 19
 2014 GP2 Series, 2014–2016 GP2 Series, 16
2014 Formula Renault 3.5 Series, 2014–2015 Formula Renault 3.5 Series, 15
2014 Porsche Carrera Cup Great Britain, 2014–2015 Porsche Carrera Cup Great Britain, 15
2013 FIA Formula 3 European Championship, 2013–2014 FIA Formula 3 European Championship, 14
2013 Toyota Racing Series, 2013
2013 British Formula 3 season, 2013
2012 Italian Formula Three Championship, 2012
2012 Continental Tire Sports Car Challenge season, 2012
2015 FIA Formula One World Championship
2016 FIA Formula One World Championship
2017 FIA Formula One World Championship
2018 FIA Formula One World Championship
2019 FIA Formula One World Championship
2020 FIA Formula One World Championship
2021 FIA Formula One World Championship


## Infobox (f1 driver)

- **name**: Nicholas Latifi
- **image**: Nicholas Latifi at Singapore in 2022.jpg
- **caption**: Latifi in 2022
- **nationality**: Canadian
- **birth place**: Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- **birth name**: Nicholas Daniel Latifi
- **teams**: Williams Grand Prix Engineering, Williams , Ferrari, Aston Martin, Red Bull
- **car number**: 6
- **years**: –
- **races**: 61 (61 starts)
- **championships**: 0
- **wins**: 0
- **podiums**: 0
- **points**: 9
- **poles**: 0
- **fastest laps**: 0
- **first race**: 2020 Austrian Grand Prix
- **last race**: 2022 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix
Yuki Tsunoda

**Yuki Tsunoda** (Japanese: 角田 裕毅, _Tsunoda Yūki_, ; born 11 May 2000) is a Japanese racing driver currently competing in Formula One for the Oracle Red Bull Racing. Supported by Honda since 2016 through the , he was the 2018 Japanese F4 champion and in 2019 also received backing from Red Bull. He finished third in the 2020 Formula 2 Championship and made his Formula One debut in 2021 for AlphaTauri which is now called Racing Bulls

## Infobox (racing driver)

- **child**: yes
- **prev series**: FIA Formula 2 Championship
Toyota Racing Series
FIA Formula 3 Championship
Euroformula Open
Formula Beat, JAF Japan Formula 4
F4 Japanese Championship
Super FJ, Super-FJ Okayama Series
- **prev series years**: 2020 FIA Formula 2 Championship, 2020
2020 Toyota Racing Series, 2020
2019 FIA Formula 3 Championship, 2019
2019 Euroformula Open Championship, 2019
Formula Beat, 2017
2016 F4 Japanese Championship, 2016–2018 F4 Japanese Championship, 18
Super FJ, 2016
- **titles**: F4 Japanese Championship
Formula Beat, JAF Formula 4 - East Series
Super FJ, Super FJ - Japan Finals
- **title years**: 2018 F4 Japanese Championship, 2018
Formula Beat, 2017
Super FJ, 2016
- **awards**: FIA Prize Giving Ceremony#Rookie of the Year, FIA Rookie of the Year
FIA Formula 2 Championship#Anthoine Hubert Award, Anthoine Hubert Award
- **award years**: 2020
2020 Formula 2 Championship, 2020


## Infobox (f1 driver)

- **name**: Yuki Tsunoda
- **image**: 2021 US GP, Tsunoda.jpg
- **caption**: Tsunoda in 2021
- **nationality**: Japanese
- **birth place**: Sagamihara, Kanagawa Prefecture, Kanagawa, Japan
- **team**: Red Bull Racing-Honda RBPT
- **car number**: 22
- **races**: ( starts)
- **championships**: 0
- **first race**: 2021 Bahrain Grand Prix
- **last season**: 2025
- **last position**: 15th (10 pts)
Logan Sargeant

**Logan Hunter Sargeant** (born December 31, 2000) is an American racing driver. who most recently competed in Formula One from 2023 to 2024.

He previously competed in the FIA Formula 2 Championship driving for Carlin Motorsport, finishing fourth overall in the standings. He is the younger brother of former NASCAR driver Dalton Sargeant.

A member of the Williams Driver Academy from 2021 to 2022, Sargeant signed for Williams in 2023, making his Formula One debut at the Bahrain Grand Prix. He scored his only career point at the 2023 United States Grand Prix. Despite retaining his seat for the 2024 season, Sargeant was replaced by Franco Colapinto after the Dutch Grand Prix.

## Infobox (racing driver)

- **child**: yes
- **prev series**: FIA Formula 2 Championship
FIA Formula 3 Championship
Formula Renault Eurocup
Formula Renault Northern European Cup, Formula Renault NEC
F4 British Championship
Formula 4 UAE Championship, F4 UAE Championship
- **prev series years**: 2021 FIA Formula 2 Championship, 2021–2022 FIA Formula 2 Championship, 22
2019 FIA Formula 3 Championship, 2019–2021 FIA Formula 3 Championship, 21
2017 Formula Renault Eurocup, 2017–2018 Formula Renault Eurocup, 18
2017 Formula Renault Northern European Cup, 2017–2018 Formula Renault Northern European Cup, 18
2017 F4 British Championship, 2017
2016–17 Formula 4 UAE Championship, 2016–17


## Infobox (f1 driver)

- **embed**: yes
- **team**: Williams Grand Prix Engineering, Williams-Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains, Mercedes
- **car number**: 2
- **races**: ( starts)
- **championships**: 0
- **first race**: 2023 Bahrain Grand Prix
- **last race**: 2024 Dutch Grand Prix


## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Logan Sargeant
- **image**: Logan Sargeant NYC (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Sargeant in 2024
- **nationality**: United States
- **birth name**: Logan Hunter Sargeant
- **birth place**: Fort Lauderdale, Florida, U.S.
- **relatives**: Dalton Sargeant (brother)
Harry Sargeant III (uncle)
Sevenoaks (UK Parliament constituency)

**Sevenoaks** is a constituency in Kent represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament since 2019 by Laura Trott, a Conservative. This constituency has existed since the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885.

## Infobox (uk constituency main)

- **name**: Sevenoaks
- **parliament**: uk
- **caption**: Boundaries since 2024
- **image2**:
- **caption2**: Boundary of Sevenoaks in South East England
- **year**: 1885
- **type**: County
- **previous**: West Kent (UK Parliament constituency), West Kent
- **electorate**: 73,684 (2023)
- **mp**: Laura Trott (politician), Laura Trott
- **party**: Conservative Party (UK), Conservative
- **region**: England
- **county**: Kent
- **elects howmany**: One
Shadow Chief Secretary to the Treasury

The **shadow chief secretary to the treasury** is the most junior member of the Shadow Cabinet, and is the deputy to the shadow chancellor of the exchequer.

## List of shadow chief secretaries to the treasury

|colspan=2|Name|width=50|Portrait|Entered office|Left office|width=50|Political party|Leader of the Opposition|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|rowspan="2"|Robert Sheldon|rowspan="2"||rowspan="2"|1 July 1981|rowspan="2"|1 July 1983|rowspan="2"|Labour|Michael Foot|
|rowspan="5"|Neil Kinnock||||||||||
|colspan="3"|Unknown|1 July 1986|30 October 1986|Unknown|||||||
|Bryan Gould||30 October 1986|13 July 1987|rowspan="8"|Labour||||||
|Gordon Brown||13 July 1987|9 January 1989||||||||
|Margaret Beckett||9 January 1989|18 July 1992||||||||
|rowspan="2"|Harriet Harman|rowspan="2"||rowspan="2"|18 July 1992|rowspan="2"|21 July 1994|John Smith|||
|rowspan="2"|Margaret Beckett||||||||||
|rowspan="2"|Andrew Smith|rowspan="2"||rowspan="2"|21 July 1994|rowspan="2"|25 July 1996||||
|rowspan="2"|Tony Blair||||||||||
|Alistair Darling||25 July 1996|2 May 1997||||||||
|David Heathcoat-Amory||19 June 1997|26 September 2000|rowspan="8"|Conservative|rowspan="2"|William Hague||||
|Sir Oliver Letwin||26 September 2000|18 September 2001||||||||
|John Bercow||18 September 2001|11 November 2003|Iain Duncan Smith|||||||
|Howard Flight||11 November 2003|14 June 2004|rowspan="3"|Michael Howard||||||
|George Osborne||14 June 2004|10 May 2005||||||||
|Philip Hammond||10 May 2005|6 December 2005||||||||
|Theresa Villiers||6 December 2005|2 July 2007|rowspan="2"|David Cameron||||||
|Philip Hammond||2 July 2007|11 May 2010||||||||
|Liam Byrne||11 May 2010|8 October 2010|rowspan="11"|Labour|Harriet Harman|||||
|Dame Angela Eagle||8 October 2010|7 October 2011|rowspan="3"|Ed Miliband||||||
|Rachel Reeves||7 October 2011|7 October 2013||||||||
|Chris Leslie||7 October 2013|11 May 2015||||||||
|Shabana Mahmood||11 May 2015|13 September 2015|Harriet Harman|||||||
|Seema Malhotra||13 September 2015|26 June 2016|rowspan="3"|Jeremy Corbyn||||||
|Rebecca Long-Bailey||27 June 2016|9 February 2017||||||||
|Peter Dowd||9 February 2017|6 April 2020||||||||
|Bridget Phillipson||6 April 2020|29 November 2021|rowspan="3"|Sir Keir Starmer||||||
|Pat McFadden||29 November 2021|4 September 2023||||||||
|Darren Jones||4 September 2023|5 July 2024||||||||
|Laura Trott||8 July 2024|4 November 2024|Conservative|Rishi Sunak||||||

## Infobox (political post)

- **post**: Shadow Chief Secretary to the Treasury
- **appointer**: Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom), Leader of the Opposition
- **incumbent**: Vacant
- **incumbentsince**: 4 November 2024
Botulinum toxin

**Botulinum toxin**, or **botulinum neurotoxin** (commonly called **botox**), is a very powerful neurotoxic protein created by the bacterium _Clostridium botulinum_. It stops the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine from axon endings at the neuromuscular junction.

The neurotoxin creates flaccid paralysis. The toxin causes the disease botulism. The toxin is also used widely for medical and cosmetic reasons.
Oxted

**Oxted** is a town and civil parish in the Tandridge district of Surrey, England. It is near the North Downs.

It is about  south-east of Croydon,  west of Sevenoaks, and  north of East Grinstead.

## Infobox (uk place)

- **country**: England
- **label position**: bottom
- **static image name**: North side of Station Road, Oxted - geograph.org.uk - 272492.jpg
- **static image caption**: The timber-framed stucco façades of buildings in Oxted
- **official name**: Oxted
- **map type**: Surrey
- **population**: 11,314
- **population ref**: (civil parish as of 2011)
13,452 (built-up area)
- **area total km2**: 15.15
- **civil parish**: Oxted
- **os grid reference**: TQ3953
- **shire district**: Tandridge District, Tandridge
- **shire county**: Surrey
- **region**: South East England
- **constituency westminster**: East Surrey
- **london distance mi**: 17.9
- **post town**: Oxted
- **postcode district**: RH8
- **postcode area**: RH
- **dial code**: 01883
Claire Coutinho

**Claire Coryl Julia Coutinho** (born 8 July 1985) is a British politician and former investment banker. She was the Secretary of State for Energy Security and Net Zero from August 2023 to July 2024. She is a member of the Conservative Party. Coutinho has been the Member of Parliament (MP) for East Surrey since 2019.

She was Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Disabled People from September to October 2022 and Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Children, Families and Wellbeing from October 2022 to August 2023.

Coutinho was born on 8 July 1985 in London. Her parents emigrated from India in the late 1970s and are from Goa.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **honorific-prefix**: The Right Honourable
- **name**: Claire Coutinho
- **image**: Official portrait of Claire Coutinho MP crop 2, 2024.jpg
- **caption**: Official portrait, 2024
- **office1**: Secretary of State for Energy Security and Net Zero
- **primeminister1**: Rishi Sunak
- **term start1**: 31 August 2023
- **term end1**: 5 July 2024
- **predecessor1**: Grant Shapps
- **successor1**: Ed Miliband
- **office2**: Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Children, Families and Wellbeing
- **primeminister2**: Rishi Sunak
- **termstart2**: 28 October 2022
- **termend2**: 31 August 2023
- **predecessor2**: Kelly Tolhurst
- **successor2**: David Johnston (British politician), David Johnston
- **office3**: Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Disabled People, Health and Work
- **primeminister3**: Liz Truss
- **termstart3**: 21 September 2022
- **termend3**: 28 October 2022
- **predecessor3**: Chloe Smith
- **successor3**: Tom Pursglove
- **office4**: Member of Parliament (United Kingdom), Member of Parliament
 for East Surrey
- **term start4**: 12 December 2019
- **predecessor4**: Sam Gyimah
- **majority4**: 7,450 (15.1%)
- **birth name**: Claire Coryl Julia Coutinho
- **birth place**: London, England
- **party**: Conservative Party (UK), Conservative
- **alma mater**: Exeter College, Oxford
- **office**: Shadow Secretary of State for Energy Security and Net Zero
- **predecessor**: Ed Miliband
- **term start**: 8 July 2024
- **leader**: Rishi Sunak
 Kemi Badenoch
Kevin Hollinrake

**Kevin Paul Hollinrake** (born 28 September 1963) is a British Conservative Party politician and businessman. He has been the Shadow Secretary of State for Levelling Up, Housing and Communities since 2024. He has been the Member of Parliament (MP) for Thirsk and Malton since May 2015. He was the Minister of State for Enterprise, Markets and Small Business from 2022 to 2024.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Kevin Hollinrake
- **image**: Official portrait of Kevin Hollinrake MP crop 2.jpg
- **caption**: Official portrait, 2019
- **office**: Shadow Secretary of State for Levelling Up, Housing and Communities
- **leader**: Kemi Badenoch
- **term start**: 5 November 2024
- **predecessor**: Kemi Badenoch
- **office1**: Shadow Secretary of State for Business and Trade
- **leader1**: Rishi Sunak
- **term start1**: 8 July 2024
- **term end1**: 5 November 2024
- **predecessor1**: Jonathan Reynolds
- **successor1**: Andrew Griffith
- **office2**: Minister of State for Enterprise, Markets and Small Business
- **primeminister2**: Rishi Sunak
- **term start2**: 27 October 2022
- **term end2**: 5 July 2024
- **predecessor2**: Dean Russell
- **successor2**: Justin Madders
- **office3**: Member of Parliament (United Kingdom), Member of Parliament
for Thirsk and Malton
- **term start3**: 7 May 2015
- **predecessor3**: Anne McIntosh
- **majority3**: 7,550 (15.1%)
- **birth name**: Kevin Paul Hollinrake
- **birth place**: Easingwold, North Riding of Yorkshire, England
- **party**: Conservative Party (UK), Conservative
- **children**: 4
- **alma mater**: Sheffield City Polytechnic
Allenton, New Zealand

**Allenton** is a western suburb of Ashburton and is located on State Highway 77. It has a primary school and a rugby club. The hospital is situated within the suburb.

## Infobox (mapframe)

- **zoom**: 11


## Infobox (new zealand suburb)

- **name**: Allenton
- **image**: Ashburton hospital 27.jpg
- **caption1**: Ashburton Hospital
- **city1**: Ashburton, New Zealand, Ashburton
- **council**: Ashburton District Council
- **ward**: Ashburton
- **area**: 626
- **hospitals**: Ashburton Hospital
The Satanic Temple

**The Satanic Temple** (**TST**) is a non-theistic religious organization and new religious movement. The Satanic Temple was created in January 2013 by Lucien Greaves and Malcolm Jarry.

They can be found in Australia, Canada, Finland, Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States.

The Temple is known for their activism and have been involved in many different cause such as LGBTQ+ rights by allowing same-sex marriages to be held in the temple, launching the Protect Children Project to help children from mental or physical abuse in schools, and counter-protesting members of Planned Parenthood and other anti-abortionists.

In 2016, they opened their official headquarters in Salem, Massachusetts. The temple has tax-exemption status from the Internal Revenue Service (IRS).

Greaves says that TST is an updated version of LaVeyan Satanism and is different from the Church of Satan. Greaves disagrees with views and philosophies of the Church of Satan, calling them autocratic, hierarchical, and obsessed with authoritarianism.
MP1

**MPEG-1 Audio Layer I (MP1)**, is a lossy data compression format for audio. It is a deliberately simplified version of the MP2 file, but both formats have been largely made obsolete in favour of the more popular and higher quality MP3.

## Infobox (file format)

- **name**: MPEG-1 Audio Layer I
- **extension**: .mp1
- **mime**: audio/mpeg, audio/MPA
- **type**: Lossy compression, Lossy Audio file format, audio
- **latest release version**: ISO/IEC 13818-3:1998
Lemerig

**Lemerig** is the least spoken language in the world. Only two remaining humans speak Lemerig.

## Phonology

Lemerig has 11 phonemic vowels. These are all short monophthongs .
|rowspan=2||colspan=2|Front|rowspan=2|Back|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"||||||

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Lemerig
- **altname**: Pak, Päk, Sasar
- **states**: Vanuatu
- **region**: Vanua Lava
- **speakers**: 2
- **date**: 2010
- **familycolor**: Austronesian
- **fam2**: Malayo-Polynesian languages, Malayo-Polynesian
- **fam3**: Oceanic languages, Oceanic
- **fam4**: Southern Oceanic languages, Southern Oceanic
- **fam5**: North-Central Vanuatu languages, North-Central Vanuatu
- **fam6**: North Vanuatu languages, North Vanuatu
- **fam7**: Torres–Banks languages, Torres-Banks
- **iso3**: lrz
- **glotto**: leme1238
- **glottorefname**: Lemerig
- **dialects**: Alo-Teqel, Pak, Sasar
- **map**: Lang Status 20-CR.svg
Mount Somers

**Mount Somers** is a small town in the Ashburton District, New Zealand. It is located 40 kilometers west of Ashburton and is situated in the Southern Alps. It has a general store and a primary school that opened in 1876.

## Infobox (mapframe)

- **zoom**: 7


## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Mount Somers
- **settlement type**: Rural settlement
- **image skyline**: Mount Somers 727.JPG
- **image caption**: Mount Somers General Store
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: New Zealand
- **subdivision type1**: Regions of New Zealand, Region
- **subdivision name1**: Canterbury, New Zealand, Canterbury
- **subdivision type2**: Territorial authorities of New Zealand, Territorial authority
- **subdivision name2**: Ashburton, New Zealand, Ashburton District
- **subdivision type3**: Ward
- **subdivision name3**: Western
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area total km2**: 2.60
- **population total**: 147
- **population as of**: 2018 Census
- **population density km2**: auto
Pokémon Sword and Shield: The Isle of Armor

is the first of two downloadable content expansion packs in the _Pokémon Sword and Shield Expansion Pass_ for the 2019 role-playing video games _Pokémon Sword_ and _Shield_ on Nintendo Switch. It was made by Game Freak and released by The Pokémon Company and Nintendo for the Nintendo Switch. It was released globaly on June 17, 2020. It follows _The Crown Tundra_ (released on October 22, 2020)_._ The _Pokémon Sword and Shield Expansion Pass_ physical bundle pack was released on November 6, 2020.

## Infobox (video game)

- **title**: Pokémon Sword and Shield: The Isle of Armor
- **developer**: Game Freak
- **director**: Hiroyuki Tani
- **writer**: Toshinobu Matsumiya
- **series**: _Pokémon (video game series), Pokémon_
- **platforms**: Nintendo Switch
- **genre**: Role-playing video game, Role-playing
- **modes**: Single-player
Adit Sopo Jarwo

***Adit Sopo Jarwo*** is an Indonesian animated television series created by MD Animation. It has a total of more than 300 episodes.

## Synopsis

Adit is a 12-year old boy that have an adventure with his two companions, namely Sopo and Jarwo.

## Related pages

- List of programming blocks
Upin & Ipin

***Upin & Ipin*** is a Malaysian animated television series created by Les' Copaque Production. It has a total of more than 500 episodes, making it the longest running Malaysian animated television series in history for more than 15 years.

## Synopsis

Upin and Ipin is a 5-year old boy twins that have an adventure with their companions from Tadika Mesra Kindergarten, including Jarjit, Mei Mei, Susanti, etc.

## See also

- List of programming blocks
Jack the Ripper (1976 movie)

***Jack the Ripper*** () is a 1976 Swiss-German thriller movie. It was directed by Jesús Franco and stars Klaus Kinski as Jack the Ripper.

## Cast

- Klaus Kinski as Dr. Dennis Orloff / Jack the Ripper
- Josephine Chaplin as Cynthia
- Andreas Mannkopff as Inspektor Selby
- Herbert Fux as Charlie, the Fisherman
- Lina Romay as Marika Stevenson
- Nikola Weisse as Frieda
- Ursula von Wiese as Miss Higgins (as Ursula v. Wiese)
- Hans Gaugler as Mr. Bridger, the blind man
- Francine Custer as Sally Brown, first victim
- Olga Gebhard as Ms. Baxter
- Angelika Arndts as Ms. Stevenson
- Peter Nüsch as Sergeant Ruppert (as Peter Nuesch)
- Esther Studer as Jeanny, second victim
- Regine Elsener as Blondy
- Lorli Bucher as Lulu
- Mike Lederer as Coach Driver
- Otto Dornbierer as Charlie's friend

## Infobox (film)

- **name**: Jack the Ripper
- **director**: Jesús Franco
- **writer**: Jesús Franco
- **starring**: Klaus Kinski
- **editing**: Marie-Luise Buschke
- **studio**: Ascot Film
- **distributor**: Avis Filmverleih
- **runtime**: 92 minutes
- **language**: German
Andinobates bombetes

The **Cauca poison frog** (_Andinobates bombetes_) is a frog.  It lives in Colombia.

## Body

The adult male frog is about 17.76 mm long from nose to rear end and the adult female frog is about 18.63 mm. The skin of the frog's back is black or dark brown in color with red or orange marks from the nose to the middle of the body. There is more red or orange color on the head.  The sides of the body are black in color, even if the rest of the back is brown. There are yellow or yellow-green spots on the sides. The front legs can be red or orange in color but are always the same color as the stripes. The outside of the mouth can be the same color as the stripes or it can be green with some red. The tops of all four feet can have some blue, green, or yellow color.  The toes of all four feet are light brown or gray in color. The bottoms of the feet are dark gray in color. The bottoms of the front legs are black with lighter marks. The belly can be black with green, yellow, or blue-green marks. The tongue and mouth are dark gray in color. The iris of the eye is brown, so dark that the pupil is hard to see.

## Home

This frog lives in cloud forests high in the hills. People have seen this frog between 850 and 2300 meters above sea level.  It sits on bromeliad plants because pools of water stay in the leaves.  It can live in places that human beings have changed if bromeliad plants grow there.

## Young

The female frog lays eggs in dead leaves on the ground. The tadpoles swim in water in bromeliad plants. Scientists have seen the male frogs carrying tadpoles on their backs. The tadpoles are gray-brown in color and part of the tail is clear. The tadpoles have large beaks.

## Danger

Scientists say this frog is in some danger of dying out.  Human beings change the places where the frog lives to make farms and places for cows to eat grass. They also cut down trees to get wood to build with and plant pine trees to cut down later. People sometimes catch this frog to sell as a pet, even though that is against the law. Bad chemicals from farms, for example chemicals that make plants grow and chemicals that kill insects can also kill this frog.