July 31

### Up to 1900

- 781 – The oldest recorded eruption of Mt. Fuji (Traditional Japanese date: July 6, 781)
- 904 – Thessaloniki falls to the Arabs, who destroy the city.
- 1009 – Pietro Boccapecora becomes Pope Sergius IV
- 1423 – Hundred Years' War: Battle of Cravant – The French army is defeated at Cravant on the banks of the river Yonne.
- 1492 – Jews are expelled from Spain, when the Alhambra Decree takes effect.
- 1498 – On his third voyage to the Western Hemisphere, Christopher Columbus becomes the first European to land on the island of Trinidad.
- 1588 – The Spanish Armada is spotted off the coast of England.
- 1655 – Russo-Polish War of 1654 to 1667: The Russian army enters the Lithuanian capital Vilnius.
- 1658 – Aurangzeb is proclaimed Mughal Emperor of India.
- 1667 – The Treaty of Breda ends the Second Anglo-Dutch War. The Dutch colony of New Amsterdam gets tranferred to British control, being renamed New York. The Dutch get the previously British colony in present–day Suriname.
- 1703 – Daniel Defoe is placed in a pillory for the crime of seditious libel after publishing a politically satirical pamphlet, but is pelted with flowers.
- 1712 – Great Northern War: Danish and Swedish ships clash in the Baltic Sea, with an inconclusive result.
- 1715 – An 11–ship Spanish treasure fleet is lost in a hurricane between the Florida Keys and Havana, Cuba, killing at least 1,000 people.
- 1741 – Charles Albert of Bavaria invades Upper Austria and Bohemia.
- 1763 – Pontiac's War: The Odawa Chief Pontiac's forces defeat British troops at the Battle of Bloody Run.
- 1790 – First US patent issued; granted to inventor Samuel Hopkins for a potash process.
- 1856 – Christchurch, New Zealand is chartered as a city.
- 1865 – The first Narrow gauge mainline railway in the world opens at Grandchester, Queensland, Australia.

### 1901 – 1950

- 1901 – With hot–air balloon _Preussen_, Arthur Berson and Reinhard Suering reach a record height of 10,800 meters.
- 1913 – The Balkan States sign an armistice in Bucharest.
- 1914 – French Socialist politician Jean Jaurès is assassinated in a Paris café by the Nationalist Raoul Villain.
- 1917 – The Third Battle of Ypres starts in Flanders.
- 1919 – German national assembly adopts the Weimar constitution (to enter into force August 14)
- 1930 – The radio mystery program _The Shadow_ airs for the first time.
- 1932 – Adolf Hitler's Nazi Party wins over 38% of the vote in German elections.
- 1936 – The International Olympic Committee announces that the 1940 Summer Olympics were to be held in Tokyo. However, the games were given back to the IOC after the Second Sino-Japanese War broke out, and were eventually cancelled altogether because of World War II.
- 1941 – Holocaust: Under instructions from Adolf Hitler, Nazi official Hermann Göring orders SS general Reinhard Heydrich to "submit to me as soon as possible a general plan of the administrative material and financial measures necessary for carrying out the desired final solution of the Jewish question."
- 1945 – Pierre Laval, fugitive former leader of Vichy France, surrenders to Allied soldiers in Austria.
- 1948 – At Idlewild Field in New York, New York International Airport (later renamed John F. Kennedy International Airport) is dedicated.

### 1951 – 2000

- 1951 – Japan Airlines is established.
- 1954 – First ascent of K2, by an Italian expedition led by Ardito Desio, also involving Lino Lacedelli and Achille Compagnoni. The lack of credit given to Walter Bonatti causes a lot of controversy in the years to come.
- 1956 – Jim Laker sets extraordinary record at Old Trafford in the fourth Test of taking nineteen wickets in a first-class match (the previous best was seventeen.
- 1961 – At Fenway Park in Boston, Massachusetts, the first All-Star Game tie in major league baseball history occurs when the game is stopped in the 9th inning due to rain.
- 1964 – Ranger program: Ranger 7 sends back the first close–up photographs of the moon, with images 1,000 times clearer than anything ever seen from earth–bound telescopes).
- 1969 – The Mariner 6 probe flies by Mars and sends photographs to Earth.
- 1971 – Apollo program: Apollo 15 astronauts become the first to ride in a lunar rover.
- 1973 – A Delta Air Lines jetliner crashes while landing in fog at Logan Airport, Boston, Massachusetts killing 89
- 1975 – In Detroit, Michigan, Teamsters Union president Jimmy Hoffa is reported missing.
- 1976 – NASA releases the famous Face on Mars photo, taken by Viking 1.
- 1976 – Flooding on the Big Thompson River in Colorado kills 143 people.
- 1977 – David Berkowitz, the Son of Sam serial killer, carries out his last murder, shooting Stacey Moskowitz.
- 1981 – A 7–week strike by Major League Baseball players ends.
- 1987 – A rare, class F–4 tornado rips through Edmonton, Alberta, killing 27 people and causing $330 million in damage.
- 1988 – 32 people are killed when a bridge collapses in Penang, Malaysia.
- 1991 – The United States and Soviet Union sign the START I arms reduction treaty.
- 1991 – A Soviet OMON attacks a Lithuanian customs post in Medininkai.
- 1992 – China General Aviation flight 7552 crashes at take–off from Nanking, to Xiamen.
- 1992 – A Thai Airways Airbus A300–310 crashes into mountain south of Kathmandu, Nepal killing 113.
- 1992 – The Republic of Georgia joins the United Nations.
- 1996 – MIL–STD–1750A is declared inactive for use in new designs.
- 1998 – The United Kingdom imposes a total landmine ban.
- 1999 – NASA intentionally crashes the Lunar Prospector spacecraft into the Moon, thus ending its mission to detect frozen water on the moon's surface.
- 2000 – The Knesset (Israeli parliament) chooses Moshe Katsav as the next President.

### From 2001

- 2006 – Fidel Castro transfers power in Cuba to his brother Raul Castro.
- 2007 – Operation Banner, the presence of the British Army in Northern Ireland, and the longest–running British Army operation ever, comes to an end.
- 2008 – Scientists report that the Phoenix spacecraft had confirmed the presence of frozen water on the planet Mars.
- 2012 – Michael Phelps beats Larisa Latynina's record number of Olympic medals.
- 2013 – Zimbabwe holds a Presidential election. The main candidates are long–time President Robert Mugabe and Prime Minister Morgan Tsvangirai. Mugabe's ZANU-PF Party claims a landslide victory, but Tsvangirai's Movement for Democratic Change declares the election null and void on the grounds of vote–rigging.
- 2014 – Shortly before midnight, gas explosions occur in the city of Kaohsiung, Taiwan, killing at least 26 people.
- 2015 – Beijing is given the right to host the 2022 Winter Olympics.
- 2017 – Los Angeles, California, volunteers to host the 2028 Summer Olympics, effectively giving the 2024 Summer Olympics to Paris.
- 2017 – US President Donald Trump fires White House Communications Director Anthony Scaramucci, only ten days after giving him the job.

### Up to 1900

- 1143 – Emperor Nijo of Japan (d. 1165)
- 1396 – Philip III, Duke of Burgundy (d. 1467)
- 1443 – Albert III, Duke of Saxony (d. 1500)
- 1526 – Augustus, Elector of Saxony (d. 1586)
- 1527 – Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1576)
- 1598 – Alessandro Algardi, Italian sculptor and architect (d. 1654)
- 1702 – Jean Denis Attiret, French Jesuit missionary and painter (d. 1768)
- 1704 – Gabriel Cramer, Swiss mathematician (d. 1752)
- 1718 – John Canton, English physicist (d. 1772)
- 1720 – Emmanuel-Armand de Richelieu, duc d'Aiguillon, French soldier and statesman (d. 1788)
- 1724 – Noël-François de Wailly, French lexicographer (d. 1801)
- 1737 – Princess Augusta of Great Britain (d. 1813) (sources vary between July 31 and August 31)
- 1777 – Pedro Ignacio de Castro Barros, Argentine statesman and priest (d. 1849)
- 1800 – Friedrich Wöhler, German chemist (d. 1882)
- 1803 – John Ericsson, Swedish engineer (d. 1889)
- 1804 – George Baxter, English engraver and printer (d. 1867)
- 1812 – Amélie of Leuchtenberg, Empress of Brazil (d. 1873)
- 1816 – Maria Theresa of Austria, Queen of the Two Sicilies (d. 1867)
- 1816 – George Henry Thomas, American general (d. 1870)
- 1822 – Abram Stevens Hewitt, Mayor of New York City (d. 1903)
- 1824 – Antoine, Duke of Montpensier, French aristocrat (d. 1890)
- 1825 – William S. Clark, American senator and scholar (d. 1885)
- 1826 – George Hoadly, 36th Governor of Ohio (d. 1902)
- 1828 – François-Auguste Gevaert, Belgian composer (d. 1908)
- 1831 – Ilya Ulyanov, Russian teacher and father of Vladimir Lenin (d. 1886)
- 1835 – Henri Brisson, French politician (d. 1912)
- 1839 – Ignacio Andrade, 25th President of Venezuela (d. 1925)
- 1843 – Peter Rosegger, Austrian poet (d. 1918)
- 1847 – Ignacio Cervantes, Cuban pianist and composer (d. 1905)
- 1854 – José Canalejas, Prime Minister of Spain (d. 1912)
- 1858 – Richard Dixon Oldham, English geologist (d. 1936)
- 1863 – Sidney Johnston Catts, 22nd Governor of Florida (d. 1936)
- 1875 – Jacques Villon, French painter and printmaker (d. 1963)
- 1875 – Kunio Yanagita, Japanese scholar (d. 1962)
- 1877 – Louisa Bolus, South African botanist and taxonomist (d. 1970)
- 1880 – Munshi Premchand, Indian writer (d. 1936)
- 1886 – Fred Quimby, American movie producer (d. 1965)
- 1886 – Harry Tate, American soccer player (d. 1954)
- 1892 – Joseph Charbonneau, French–Canadian Roman Catholic archbishop (d. 1959)
- 1892 – Herbert W. Armstrong, American evangelist (d. 1986)

### 1901 – 1950

- 1901 – Jean Dubuffet, French painter and sculptor (d. 1985)
- 1902 – Gubby Allen, Australian–English cricketer (d. 1989)
- 1904 – John Carberry, American cardinal (d. 1998)
- 1907 – Roy Milton, American jump blues singer, drummer and bandleader (d. 1983)
- 1908 – Franz Meyers, German politician (d. 2002)
- 1911 – George Liberace, American musician (d. 1983)
- 1912 – Milton Friedman, American economist (d. 2006)
- 1912 – Irv Kupcinet, American columnist (d. 2003)
- 1913 – Bryan Hextall, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 1984)
- 1914 – Louis de Funès, French actor and comedian (d. 1983)
- 1914 – Mario Bava, Italian movie director, cameraman and screenwriter (d. 1980)
- 1914 – Raymond Aubrac, French Resistance activist (d. 2012)
- 1916 – Bill Todman, American game show producer (d. 1979)
- 1918 – Paul D. Boyer, American chemist (d. 2018)
- 1918 – Hank Jones, American pianist (d. 2010)
- 1919 – Primo Levi, Italian writer and chemist (d. 1987)
- 1919 – Robert Morgenthau, American lawyer (d. 2019)
- 1921 – Peter Benenson, British founder of Amnesty International (d. 2005)
- 1922 – Lorenzo Antonetti, Italian cardinal (d. 2013)
- 1923 – Ahmet Ertegün, Turkish–born record company executive (d. 2006)
- 1923 – Jimmy Evert, American tennis player and coach (d. 2015)
- 1923 – Stephanie Kwolek, American chemist, engineer and inventor of Kevlar (d. 2014)
- 1926 – Hilary Putnam, American philosopher (d. 2016)
- 1927 – Bunny Carr, Irish television presenter (d. 2018)
- 1928 – Bill Frenzel, American politician (d. 2014)
- 1929 – Don Murray, American actor
- 1929 – José Santamaría, Uruguayan footballer
- 1930 – Oleg Popov, Russian clown (d. 2016)
- 1931 – Nick Bollettieri, American tennis coach
- 1931 – Ivan Rebroff, German singer (d. 2008)
- 1932 – Ted Cassidy, American actor (d. 1979)
- 1932 – John Searle, American philosopher
- 1932 – Prince Johann Georg of Hohenzollern (d. 2016)
- 1933 – Cees Nooteboom, Dutch writer
- 1935 – Yvon Deschamps, Canadian comedian, actor and author
- 1935 – Geoffrey Lewis, American actor (d. 2015)
- 1937 – Isabelle Daniels, American sprinter (d. 2017)
- 1938 – Saeed Saleh, Egyptian actor (d. 2014)
- 1939 – Ignacio Zoco, Spanish footballer (d. 2015)
- 1939 – France Nuyen, French actress
- 1940 – Roy Walker, Irish comedian, actor and television host
- 1941 – Amarsinh Chaudhary, Indian politician (d. 2004)
- 1943 – Lobo, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
- 1943 – William Bennett, American politician
- 1944 – Jonathan Dimbleby, British journalist and TV presenter
- 1944 – Robert C. Merton, American economist
- 1944 – Geraldine Chaplin, American–British actress
- 1944 – David Norris, Irish scholar, senator and activist
- 1945 – William Weld, 68th Governor of Massachusetts
- 1947 – Richard Griffiths, British actor (d. 2013)
- 1947 – Hubert Védrine, French politician
- 1948 – Russell Morris, Australian singer
- 1950 – Richard Berry, French actor, director and singer

### 1951 – 1975

- 1951 – Evonne Goolagong, Australian tennis player
- 1951 – Barry Van Dyke, American actor
- 1952 – Alan Autry, American football player, actor and politician
- 1952 – Helmuts Balderis, Latvian ice hockey player
- 1952 – Faye Kellerman, American author
- 1953 – Ted Baillieu, Australian politician
- 1956 – Deval Patrick, American politician, 71st Governor of Massachusetts
- 1956 – Mark Arden, British actor
- 1956 – Michael Biehn, American actor and movie producer
- 1957 – Mark Thompson, English media executive, former Director–General of the BBC
- 1957 – Daniel Ash, English singer-songwriter and guitarist
- 1958 – Bill Berry, American musician in band R.E.M.
- 1959 – Andrew Marr, British broadcast journalist
- 1959 – Stanley Jordan, American jazz guitarist
- 1960 – Dale Hunter, Canadian ice hockey player
- 1961 – Frank Gardner, English journalist and correspondent
- 1961 – Peter O'Brien, American drummer (Orleans)
- 1962 – Jackie Bird, Scottish broadcast journalist
- 1962 – Stanley Jordan, American jazz guitarist
- 1962 – Wesley Snipes, American actor
- 1963 – Brian Skrudland, Canadian ice hockey player
- 1963 – Fatboy Slim, English DJ and musician
- 1964 – Wendell Alexis, American basketball player
- 1964 – Jean-Paul Vonderburg, Swedish footballer
- 1964 – Jim Corr, Irish musician
- 1965 – J. K. Rowling, British writer (Harry Potter)
- 1965 – Pat Finn, American actor
- 1965 – Scott Brooks, American basketball coach
- 1965 – Mario Von Appen, German canoeist
- 1966 – Tatsuya Ishihara, Japanese animator and director
- 1966 – Yoshiyuki Matsuyama, Japanese footballer
- 1966 – Dean Cain, American actor
- 1966 – Valdas Ivanauskas, Lithuanian footballer and football manager
- 1967 – Minako Honda, Japanese singer and musical actress (d. 2005)
- 1969 – Antonio Conte, Italian footballer
- 1969 – Loren Dean, American actor
- 1970 – Ben Chaplin, English actor
- 1971 – Christina Cox, Canadian actress
- 1971 – Elivélton, Brazilian footballer
- 1973 – Jacob Aagaard, Danish–Scottish chess player
- 1973 – Abdulaziz Khathron, Saudi Arabian footballer
- 1973 – Wail al-Shehri, Saudi Arabian terrorist (d. 2001)
- 1974 – Emilia Fox, British actress
- 1975 – Ruben Patterson, American basketball player

### From 1976

- 1976 – Paulo Wanchope, Costa Rican footballer
- 1978 – Will Champion, English musician (Coldplay)
- 1978 – Justin Wilson, English racing driver (d. 2015)
- 1978 – Zac Brown, American country music singer
- 1979 – Carlos Marchena, Spanish footballer
- 1979 – B. J. Novak, American actor, comedian, screenwriter and director
- 1980 – Mils Muliaina, New Zealand rugby player
- 1981 – Clemente Rodríguez, Argentine footballer
- 1981 – Titus Bramble, English footballer
- 1981 – M. Shadows, American musician (Avenged Sevenfold)
- 1982 – Hayuma Tanaka, Japanese footballer
- 1982 – Mira Craig, Norwegian singer
- 1982 – Michael Jung, German equestrian
- 1982 – DeMarcus Ware, American football player
- 1984 – Joseph Benavidez, American mixed martial artist
- 1985 – Alissa White-Gluz, Canadian singer
- 1986 – Shinzo Koroki, Japanese footballer
- 1987 – Michael Bradley, American footballer
- 1987 – Brittany Byrnes, American actress
- 1988 – Krystal Meyers, American singer-songwriter
- 1988 – Michelle Sabogal, Colombian actress
- 1989 – Victoria Azarenka, Belarusian tennis player
- 1989 – Zelda Williams, American actress
- 1990 – Besart Abdurahimi, Macedonian footballer
- 1992 – Lizzy, South Korean singer, dancer and actress
- 1992 – Kyle Larson, American racing driver
- 1996 – Blake Michael, American actor, director and producer
- 2000 – Kim Sae-ron, South Korean actress

### Up to 1900

- 54 BC – Aurelia Cotta, mother of Julius Caesar (b. 120 BC)
- 855 – Ahmad ibn Hanbal, Arab scholar and theologian (b. 780)
- 1099 – El Cid, Spanish warrior (b. 1044)
- 1396 – William Courtenay, Archbishop of Canterbury
- 1508 – Na'od, Emperor of Ethiopia (killed in battle)
- 1556 – Ignatius Loyola, Spanish priest, founder of the Jesuits (b. 1491)
- 1726 – Nicolaus II Bernoulli, Swiss mathematician (b. 1695)
- 1750 – King John V of Portugal (b. 1689)
- 1784 – Denis Diderot, French philosopher and encyclopedist (b. 1713)
- 1805 – Dheeran Chinnamalai, Indian soldier (b. 1756)
- 1849 – Sandor Petofi, Hungarian poet (b. 1823)
- 1875 – Andrew Johnson, 17th President of the United States (b. 1808)
- 1884 – Kien Phuc, Vietnamese Emperor of the Nguyen Dynasty (b. 1869)
- 1886 – Franz Liszt, Hungarian composer (b. 1811)

### 1901 – 2000

- 1914 – Jean Jaurès, French politician (b. 1859)
- 1917 – Francis Ledwidge, Irish poet (b. 1881)
- 1920 – Ion Dragoumis, Greek diplomat, writer and revolutionary (b. 1878)
- 1929 – José de Castro, Prime Minister of Portugal (b. 1868)
- 1940 – Udham Singh, Indian revolutionary (b. 1899)
- 1944 – Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, French pilot and writer disappeared (b. 1900)
- 1952 – Waldemar Bonsels, German writer (b. 1880)
- 1953 – Robert Taft, U.S. Senator from Ohio and Presidential candidate (b. 1889)
- 1966 – Bud Powell, American pianist (b. 1924)
- 1969 – Charles Edison, Governor of New Jersey (b. 1890)
- 1971 – Walter P. Carter, American activist (b. 1923)
- 1972 – Paul-Henri Spaak, Prime Minister of Belgium (b. 1899)
- 1973 – Azumafuji Kin'ichi, Japanese sumo wrestler (b. 1921)
- 1980 – Mohammed Rafi, Indian playback singer (b. 1924)
- 1980 – Pascual Jordan, German physicist (b. 1902)
- 1981 – Omar Torrijos, military leader of Panama (b. 1929)
- 1986 – Chiune Sugihara, Japanese diplomat (b. 1900)
- 1990 – Albert Leduc, French–Canadian ice hockey player (b. 1902)
- 1993 – King Baudouin I of Belgium (b. 1930)

### From 2001

- 2001 – Poul Anderson, science fiction writer (b. 1926)
- 2001 – Francisco da Costa Gomes, 16th President of Portugal (b. 1914)
- 2003 – Guido Crepax, Italian comics artist (b. 1933)
- 2004 – Laura Betti, Italian actress and singer (b. 1927)
- 2004 – Virginia Grey, American actress (b. 1907)
- 2005 – Wim Duisenberg, Dutch banker and economist (b. 1935)
- 2009 – Bobby Robson, English footballer and manager (b. 1933)
- 2010 – Suso Cecchi d'Amico, Italian screenwriter (b. 1914)
- 2010 – Mitch Miller, American entertainer (b. 1911)
- 2011 – Eliseo Alberto, Cuban–Mexican writer (b. 1951)
- 2012 – Alfredo Ramos de Oliveira, Brazilian footballer (b. 1924)
- 2012 – Gore Vidal, American writer (b. 1925)
- 2013 – John Graves, American writer (b. 1920)
- 2013 – Michael Ansara, Syrian–American actor (b. 1922)
- 2014 – Jorge Jacobson, Argentine journalist (b. 1936)
- 2014 – Kenny Ireland, Scottish actor (b. 1945)
- 2014 – Warren Bennis, American scholar and academic (b. 1925)
- 2014 – Mukku Raju, Indian actor (b. 1931)
- 2014 – Nabarun Bhattacharya, Indian author (b. 1948)
- 2015 – Billy Pierce, American baseball player (b. 1927)
- 2015 – Alan Cheuse, American writer and critic (b. 1940)
- 2015 – Roddy Piper, Canadian professional wrestler (b. 1954)
- 2015 – Howard W. Jones, American physician (b. 1910)
- 2015 – Richard Schweiker, American politician (b. 1926)
- 2016 – Chiyonofuji Mitsugu, Japanese sumo wrestler (b. 1955)
- 2016 – Fazil Iskander, Abkhazian writer (b. 1929)
- 2016 – Seymour Papert, South African–American mathematician and computer scientist (b. 1928)
- 2016 – Destin Onka Malonga, Congolese footballer (b. 1988)
- 2017 – Liu Wen-hsiung, Taiwanese politician (b. 1954)
- 2017 – Jeanne Moreau, French actress (b. 1928)
- 2017 – Les Murray, Hungarian–Australian broadcaster (b. 1945)
- 2017 – Francesco La Macchia, Italian sprint canoeist (b. 1938)
- 2018 – Hélio Bicudo, Brazilian politician (b. 1922)
- 2018 – Alex Fergusson, Scottish politician (b. 1949)
- 2018 – Bassano Staffieri, Italian Roman Catholic prelate (b. 1931)
- 2019 – Harold Prince, American theatre director and producer (b. 1928)

## Observances

- Ka Hae Hawaii Day
- Ignatius of Loyola (Roman Catholicism)