juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Protest the Hero

**Protest the Hero** are a Canadian progressive metal band from Whitby, Ontario.

Protest the Hero was formed in 2001 under the original name, **Happy Go Lucky**. They changed their name to **Protest the Hero** the next year and recorded their first EP, _Search for the Truth_.

The band released their debut full-length album _Kezia_ on August 30, 2005 in Canada and on April 4, 2006 in the United States. They released their second studio album _Fortress_ on January 29, 2008. Their third studio album _Scurrilous_ was released on March 16, 2011 in Japan and on March 22, 2011 in both Canada and the Unites States. The band announced that they were releasing their fourth studio album in Summer 2013. The band said that the album would be crowdfunded through Indiegogo. The album had a fundraising goal of $125,000 and was reached within 30 hours. The band eventually reached $341,146 in fundraising which nearly tripled their original set goal.

## Band members

- Current
- Rody Walker - lead vocals (2001–_present_)
- Luke Hoskin - Lead guitar, piano, backing vocals (2001–_present_)
- Tim Millar - Rhythm guitar, piano, backing vocals (2001–_present_)
- Arif Mirabdolbaghi - Bass guitar, backing vocals (2001–_present_)
- Moe Carlson - Drums (2001-_present_)

### Albums

- _Kezia_ (2005)
- _Fortress_ (2008)
- _Scurrilous_ (2011)
- _Volition_ (2013)

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Protest the Hero
- **img**: Protest the Hero live 3.jpg
- **img capt**: Protest the Hero performing at the Warped Tour 2008
- **img size**: 250px
- **landscape**: yes
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Whitby, Ontario, Whitby, Ontario, Canada
- **years active**: 2001–_present_
- **label**: Vagrant Records, Vagrant, Underground Operations
- **associated acts**: Cheddar Cheese & the Mousetrap
- **url**: [http://protestthehero.ca/ Official website]
- **current members**: Moe Carlson
Rody Walker
Tim Millar
Arif Mirabdolbaghi
Luke Hoskin
Reaction intermediate

A **reaction intermediate** or simply **intermediate** is a molecule that is formed during a chemical reaction. It is not the final product, but it is something that is more like the product than the reactants. After every step in a reaction mechanism, an intermediate is formed.

Intermediates usually stay around for a little time because they are very reactive. However, it is important not to confuse an intermediate with a transition state. The latter is at a point of maximum energy. An intermediate instead is at a point of minimum energy, i.e. it is a stable molecule. Intermediates can be isolated from a reaction if needed.

For example, in the reaction:

A + B → X → C + D

X is the intermediate. In going from A + B to X and from X to C + D, the reaction will go through a transition state.
Gulf of Aqaba

The **Gulf of Aqaba** (, transliterated: __) is a large gulf which is east of the Sinai Peninsula and west of the Arabian Peninsula. The gulf is an extension of the Red Sea. It is  long and  at its widest point. Its coastline is divided among four countries: Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, and Palestine.

## Cities

At the northern end of the gulf are three important cities: Aqaba in Jordan, Umm Al Rashrash in Palestine, and Taba in Egypt. They are strategically important commercial ports and popular resorts for tourists seeking to enjoy the warm climate.

The largest population center is Aqaba, with a population of over 95,000 (2021).

## Other websites

- Arab Sovereignty over the Gulf of Aqaba and the Straits of Tiran page on the Institute for Palestine Studies - a source of information for the history of Palestine
Erythema ab igne

**Erythema ab igne** is a rash of the skin, which is usually caused by the long-term exposure to heat or infrared radiation, and which is not a burn. Usually the name is abbreviated _EAI_. Other names include **hot water bottle rash** **fire stains**, **laptop thigh**, **granny's tartan** and **toasted skin syndrome**.

Some people may complain of mild itchiness and a burning sensation. When a change in skin pigmentation can not be seen, it is often not noticed at all.

## Infobox (disease)

- **name**: Erythema ab igne
- **image**: Hotbottlerash.JPG
- **caption**: Erythema ab igne in a person with chronic abdominal pain who found some relief from the application of heat.
- **diseasesdb**: 4438
- **emedicinesubj**: derm
- **emedicinetopic**: 130
Ayalon River

**Ayalon River** (, _Nahal Ayalon_, _Nahr el barideh_ or **Wadi Musrara**, in Arabic) is a river in central Israel. The river starts in the Judaean Mountains and flows as a dry river from the mountains to the Ayalon Valley in the Shfela region. After this, it flows into a floodplain in the Ayalon Park and gets filled with water. After that it turns into a channel flowing alongside Road 20 in Tel Aviv and also a railway track beside it and flows to the Yarkon River inside the Yarkon Park at the end.

## Infobox (river)

- **name**: Ayalon River
- **name other**: Wadi Musrara (in Arabic language, Arabic)
- **name etymology**: Driving from the Hebrew root for tree
- **image**: Ayalonriver.JPG
- **image size**: 150px
- **image caption**: The Ayalon River between Tel Aviv and Ramat Gan
- **map**: Ayalon River.jpg
- **map size**: 260px
- **map caption**: The historic course of Ayalon in the area of Tel Aviv, which had later been converted to Ayalon Highway
- **subdivision type1**: Country
- **subdivision name1**: Israel
- **subdivision type3**: Region
- **subdivision name3**: Central Israel
- **subdivision type5**: Cities
- **subdivision name5**: Ramat Gan, Tel Aviv
- **source1**: Giv'at Ze'ev
- **mouth location**: Yarkon River, Yarqon
Capella

**Capella** (α Aurigae, α Aur, Alpha Aurigae) is the brightest star in the constellation Auriga, the eleventh brightest star in the night sky and the third brightest star in the northern celestial hemisphere, after Arcturus and Vega.

Although it appears to be a single star to the naked eye, it is actually a star system of four stars in two binary pairs.  The first pair consists of two bright, large type-G giant stars, both with a radius about 10 times the Sun's, in close orbit around each other.  These two stars are thought to be cooling and expanding on their way to becoming red giants.

The second pair, around 10,000 astronomical units from the first, consists of two faint, small and relatively cool red dwarfs.  The Capella system is relatively close, at only  from Earth.

The system is a member of the Hyades moving group, a group of stars moving in the same direction as the Hyades cluster.
Yarkon River

**Yarkon River** (, __) is a river in central Israel that flows into the Mediterranean Sea. The river starts in the Yarkon National Garden near Rosh HaAyin and flows past the city of Petah Tikva. After then it flows through the Yarkon Park in the north of the Tel Aviv Metropolitan Area beside the cities of Bnei Brak and Ramat Gan, and then flows through Tel Aviv and into the Mediterranean Sea next to the Yarkon River Peninsula and the Tel Aviv Port.

The Yarkon River has a written history of 2000 years. It is described in the Hebrew Bible as a border of the Tribe of Dan of Israelite.

## Other websites

- Yarkon River Authority
Mountifort Longfield Conner

**Mountifort Longfield Conner** was a South Australian politician. He represented the electorates of Light (1871—1873) and Albert (1875). In 1874 he was a made a Commissioner of the Goldfields Commission, which supervised mining leases in the Northern Territory. Mount Conner in the Northern Territory was named after him by explorer William Gosse in 1873.
Kishon River

The **Kishon River** is a river in northern Israel. It is the second biggest river of the shores of the Mediterranean Sea in Israel. The river starts in the Samaria Mountains. It goes through the Jezreel Valley. It goes north beside Mount Carmel. It flows to the Mediterranean sea.

The Kishon River is in the Jewish Bible book of Book of Judges.

For many years, this the river was very polluted from of the factories around it. It was the biggest polluted river in Israel. In 2010 the Israeli government started a project to clean the river. It built a big public urban park that will be finished within 10 years.

## Other websites

- Kishon River Authority (Hebrew)
- Greenpeace Press Release on Kishon River
- Eco Park For A Green Peace
Going the Distance

_Going the Distance_ may also mean:

- Going the Distance (2004 movie)
- Going the Distance (2010 movie)
Wolf 359

**Wolf 359** is a red dwarf in the constellation Leo first measured in 1919 by Max Wolf. About 7.8 light years from the Earth, it has an apparent magnitude of 13.5 and can only be seen with a large telescope.

Wolf 359 is one of the nearest stars to the Solar System. Only the Alpha Centauri system (including Proxima Centauri), Barnard's Star, and WISE 1049-5319 are closer. It is mentioned in several works of fiction.

Wolf 359 is one of the faintest and lowest-mass stars known. At the light-emitting layer called the photosphere, it has a temperature of about 2,800 K, which is low enough for chemical compounds to form and survive. The absorption lines of compounds such as water and titanium(II) oxide are in the spectrum.

The surface has a magnetic field which is stronger than the average magnetic field on the Sun. As a result of magnetic activity caused by convection, Wolf 359 is a flare star that has sudden increases in luminosity for several minutes. These flares give off strong bursts of X-ray and gamma ray radiation. Wolf 359 is a relatively young star with an age of less than a billion years. No companions or disks of debris have been detected in orbit around it.
Gloria Loring

**Gloria Loring** (December 10, 1946) is an American actress and singer. She began her career at the age of 14. She starred in the soap opera Days of Our Lives. She has also carried several hit songs.

Loring was born in New York City. She was married to Alan Thicke from 1970 until they divorced in 1984. The couple had two sons, Brennan and Robin.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Gloria Loring
- **image**: Gloria Loring 1969.JPG
- **caption**: Loring in 1969
- **birthname**: Gloria Jean Goff
- **birth place**: New York City, U.S.
- **occupation**: Actress, singer
- **years active**: 1961–present
- **children**: 2, including Robin Thicke
Cao Yuan

**Cao Yuan** (; born February 7, 1995 in Beijing) is a Chinese diver. He competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics in the Men's synchronized 10 metre platform, winning the gold medal.

## Infobox (sportsperson)

- **name**: Cao Yuan
- **image**: Cao Yuan at the Rio Olympics.jpg
- **caption**: Cao Yuan at the 2016 Olympics
- **birth place**: Beijing
- **sport**: Diving
- **event**: 3 m,10m,3m&10m synchro
- **show-medals**: no
Pedro Almodóvar

**Pedro Almodóvar Caballero** (born 25 September 1949) is a Spanish movie director, producer and screenwriter. His best-known movies include: _All About My Mother,_ _Talk to Her,_ and _Volver_.

Almodóvar is openly gay.

Pedro Almodóvar is known for bold colors, complex characters, taboo themes, and nonlinear narratives.

## Related pages

- List of gay, lesbian or bisexual people

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Pedro Almodóvar
- **image**: Pedro Almodóvar-69720 (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Pedro Almodóvar in 2024
- **birthname**: Pedro Almodóvar Caballero
- **birth place**: Calzada de Calatrava, Province of Ciudad Real, Ciudad Real, Spain
- **nationality**: Spanish people, Spanish
- **occupation**: Filmmaker
- **yearsactive**: 1974–present
- **url**: [http://www.pedroalmodovar.es/ pedroalmodovar.es]
Old Town, Oslo

**Old Town** (_Gamlebyen_, in Norwegian) is a part of the city of Oslo, Norway. It is the original town settlement of Oslo.

The bishop's estate or _Oslo bispegård_ was a building as far back as 1197. Its cellar still remains.

There was a great fire in the town in 1624. After the fire, a new city was started on the other side of Bjørvika. After those things happened, Old Town lost its city privileges. After that, Old Town remained a suburb of the city, Christiania.

In 1725, Oslo Ladegård was built on top of the cellar of _Bishop's estate_. Oslo did not become the largest city in Norway, until the 19th century.

The Norwegian Royal Family previously lived here. There were also several churches and the home for the Bishop of Oslo here. Today, there are still ruins left of the old town, protected in parks.
Panama Canal Zone

The **Panama Canal Zone** () is a  former International concession of United States . It is now the country of Panama.

In 1903, the territory was controlled by the United States. As a part of the United States, the zone had several towns and military bases.

The Zone was disestablished in October 1, 1979 as part of a treaty signed in 1977 by President Jimmy Carter and Omar Torrijos, the unofficial leader of Panama.

The Panama Canal was operated by the United States until December 31, 1999, when it returned to Panama.

## History

The treaty was approved by the provisional Panamanian government on December 2, 1903, and by the US Senate on February 23, 1903. While the treaty was approved, the Panamanians received US$10 million, much of which the United States required to be invested in that country. The Canal Zone was formally turned over by Panama on May 4, 1904, when American officials reopened the Panama City offices of the canal company and raised the American flag.

## Notable people

- John McCain – U.S. Senator from Arizona and the Republican nominee for President for the 2008 US presidential election

## Infobox (country)

- **conventional long name**: Panama Canal Zone
- **common name**: Canal Zone
- **status**: International Concession of the United States
- **today**: Panama
- **year start**: 1903
- **event start**: Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty
- **date start**: November 18,
- **year end**: 1979
- **date end**: October 1,
- **image flag**: Flag of Panama Canal Zone.svg
- **image coat**: Seal of the Panama Canal Zone.svg
- **symbol type**: Seal
- **image map**: CanalZone.png
- **p1**: Panama
- **s1**: Panama
- **map caption**: Map of Panama Canal Zone. The Caribbean Sea is at the top left, the Gulf of Panama is at bottom right
- **capital**: Balboa, Panama, Balboa
- **common languages**: Spanish language, Spanish, American English, English
- **national motto**: The Land Divided, The World United
- **currency**: United States dollar
Panamanian balboa
- **demonym**: Zonian
- **area km2**: 1432
- **flag p1**: Flag of Panama (1903).svg
- **flag s1**: Flag of Panama.svg
Wii Zapper

The **Wii Zapper** is a light gun add-on for the Wii Remote made for the Wii game console. It was first released in Japan on October 25, 2007 with _Ghost Squad_. It was later released in a package with _Link's Crossbow Training_, a shooter video game based on _The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess_. It was released in North America on November 19, 2007, in Europe on December 7, 2007, and in Australia on December 13, 2007. It allows players to aim at the screen and hit targets. To hit targets, players have to point the device at the television and pull the trigger. It is mainly used for shooter games, including first-person shooters and third-person shooters. The name is a reference to the NES Zapper, a light gun accessory released for the Nintendo Entertainment System.
Pam Grier

**Pamela Suzette Grier** (born May 26, 1949) is an American actress. Her movies include _Jackie Brown_. She was born in Winston-Salem, North Carolina.
Barbara Ann Scott

**Barbara Ann Scott** (May 9, 1928 – September 30, 2012) was a Canadian figure skater. Scott was born in Ottawa, Ontario. She was a champion in the 1948 Winter Olympics, a two-time World Champion and a four time Canadian national champion. She was known as "Canada's Sweetheart" when she returned. Admirers greeted her as she returned from the 1948 Olympic games, and March 9th was then declared Barbara Ann Scott Day. In that very same skating season, she dominated North American, European, and World championships, and did this all at a young age.

She was the only Canadian to win the Olympic ladies' singles gold medal, the first North American to win three major titles in one year and the only Canadian to win a European Championship. Long after her victory, sixty-one years later, Scott carried the Olympic torch into the chamber before the 2010 Vancouver Olympic games. Two months later, she carried the Olympic flag along with seven other Canadians into the Opening Ceremonies.

Barbara was a great figure skater. It is an honor to be able to carry both the Olympic torch and the Olympic flag. She was known well by all of the people in Ottawa, Ontario, where she was born. Barbara was truly a wonderful figure skater for Canada in ladies’ singles (skating by themselves).

Scott died on September 30, 2012 at her home in Fernandina Beach, Amelia Island, Florida at age 84. A local arena was named after her in Nepean, Ontario, as part of the Pinecrest Recreation Centre.

## References

- "Barbara Ann Scott." Almanac of Famous People. Gale, 2011. Biography in Context. Web. 1 Apr. 2014.
- "A shared history." Maclean's. 10 Mar. 2014: n/a. eLibrary. Web. 24 Mar. 2014.*
Card trick

A **card trick** is something using playing cards that does not do what you think it should. People called magicians do card tricks. Some examples include finding a certain card in a deck of cards.
Fork bomb

A **fork bomb** is a way of stopping a computer from running by making many copies of a program. A fork bomb copies itself into more than two copies, which then copy themselves into four copies. Then both the original and the copy will keep making copies until the computer can no longer handle it and crash.

For example, a simple fork bomb using the bash shell script is :

Here, a function is defined by the name " : ". Inside the curly braces, this function is called and its output is given again to the same function. The " & " is used to run the process in background. The semicolon (" ; ") marks end of the function. The last colon (" : ") calls the function for first time. After that the function keeps on calling itself until computer runs out of memory.
Pope Gregory IX

**Gregory IX** (; c. 1145 – 22 August 1241), born **Ugolino dei Conti di Segni**, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 178th Pope from 19 March 1227 until his death in 1241.

## Early life

The Count of Segni lived in Anagni when his son Ugolino was born. The exact date of this birth is not known, but it was around 1145.  Ugolino was a nephew of Pope Innocent III.

## Cardinal

He was created Cardinal in 1198.

## Pope

Cardinal di Conti was elected pope in 1227.  He chose to be called Pope Gregory.

## Related pages

- List of popes

## Other websites

- "Gregory IX"/Gregory_IX), _Encyclopædia Britannica_, 1911
- Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Gregory IX
- Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church , Cardinal Segni

## Infobox (christian leader)

- **type**: pope
- **name**: Gregory IX
- **image**: PopeGregoryIX.jpg
- **birth name**: Ugolino dei Conti di Segni
- **birth date**: c. 1145
- **birth place**: Anagni, Italy
- **death date**: 22 August 1241
- **death place**: Rome
- **term start**: 19 March 1227
- **term end**: 22 August 1241
- **predecessor**: Pope Honorius III
- **successor**: Pope Celestine IV
- **other**: Gregory
Tutu (plant)

**Tutu** is a common name of Māori origin for plants in the genus _Coriaria_ (Coriariaceae) found in New Zealand.

Six New Zealand native species are known by the name:
- _Coriaria angustissima_
- _Coriaria arborea_
- _Coriaria lurida_
- _Coriaria plumosa_
- _Coriaria pteridoides_
- _Coriaria sarmentosa_

They are shrubs or trees; some are endemic to New Zealand. Most of the plant parts are poisonous, containing the neurotoxin tutin.

Both the seeds and sap of tutu are highly poisonous, resulting in many cattle deaths in the early days of European settlement. After removing the poisonous seeds, Māori people prepared a drink from the fruit, which they often boiled with a type of seaweed (**rimu**). The resulting jelly (**rehia**) was then fermented.

Honey containing tutin can be produced by honey bees feeding on honeydew produced by sap-sucking vine hopper insects (_Scolypopa australis_) feeding on tutu. The toxin is in the sap of the Tutu bush. This sap is eaten by the hoppers, but not all is digested. The undigested sap which contains a lot of plant sugars as well as tutin is excreted as honeydew onto the leaves of the bush. Bees then gather the honeydew and toxic honey is the result.

The last recorded deaths from eating honey containing tutin were in Northland, New Zealand, in 1890, although sporadic outbreaks of toxic honey poisoning continue to occur. Poisoning symptoms include delirium, vomiting, and coma.
Melanie Amaro

**Melanie Ann Amaro** (born June 26, 1992) is an American singer. She won the first season of _The X Factor USA_ in 2011. For winning, she got a $5 million recording contract with Syco Music and Epic Records. Amaro was also the youngest contestant to win the competition.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Melanie Amaro
- **image**: Melanie_Amaro_2013.jpg
- **caption**: Amaro in Hollywood, California, in June 2013
- **birth name**: Melanie Ann Amaro
- **birth place**: Fort Lauderdale, Florida, U.S.
- **origin**: Tortola, British Virgin Islands
- **occupation**: Singer
- **years active**: 2011–present
- **associated acts**: R. Kelly
- **website**: https://www.melanie-amaro.com
Pest control

**Pest control** is group of methods to control some species of animals and plants that humans think are harmful to their health, economy or ecology.

Pest control is as old as agriculture, because there has always been a need to keep crops free from pests. In order to get best results from food production there was always need to protect crops from competing plants trying to kill a crop to grow in its place.

Managing or controlling pests can be done several ways. Killing them is common (using the services of an exterminator or doing it yourself). But, there are humane methods of pest control too. These include using sound to deter or repel pests and making changes around the property to prevent pests from entering.

Insects and wildlife enter buildings mainly for food, shelter, and warmth. The areas typically affected are the attic, the basement, and the roof. Homeowners can do some things to make sure they do not make an environment that's attractive to pests.

## References

https://termitehub.com/pest_control_and_termite_inspection_companies.html
Happy Wheels

***Happy Wheels*** is a browser game created by Jim Bonacci in 2010.  The game features several playable characters who use different, sometimes unique vehicles to travel the game levels. The game is best known for its violence and the amount of user-generated content its players create.

## Controls

- Up - Push arms above the head and straighten legs.
- Down - Curl into ball.
- Left - Push all joints backwards excluding head.
- Right - Straighten legs and press arms forward.
- Space - Grab.

## Infobox (video game)

- **title**: Happy Wheels
- **state**: Working
- **image**: Happy Wheels Logo.png
- **caption**: _The Happy Wheels logo_
- **developer**: Jim Bonacci, Jason Schymick
- **publisher**: Fancy Force
- **engine**: Box2D Physics Engine
- **released**: June 4, 2010
- **genre**: Ragdoll physics
Black comedy
Indie game
Platform game, Platformer
Splatter film, Splatter
- **modes**: Single-player
- **platforms**: Web browser
Les Blank

**Les Blank** (November 27, 1935 – April 7, 2013) was an American documentary filmmaker who is best known for his portraits of American traditional musicians.

Blank was born on November 27, 1935 in Tampa, Florida. He was raised in Tampa, Florida and in Berkeley, California. Blank studied at Tulane University and at the University of Southern California. He had two children. Blank died on April 7, 2013 from bladder cancer in his Berkeley Hills, California home, aged 77.

## Other websites

- Flower Films/Les Blank official site
- Les Blank at IMDB
- "Food Filmmaker Les Blank Puts The Scent In Cinema" by Ann Hornaday, _Washington Post_, 9 March 2005
- http://www.southcoasttoday.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080507/SC2470202/80507009/-1/SC247  Courtney Fathom Sell interviews Les Blank
Equivocation

In logic, **equivocation** is an informal fallacy involving using a certain word in multiple contexts within an argument. It is a type of ambiguity coming from a phrase with two or more meanings ‒ rather than the grammar of the sentence.

## Fallacy of four terms

Equivocation in a syllogism produces a _fallacy of four terms_. Below is an example:

- Since only man [human] is rational.
- And no woman is a man [male].
- Therefore, no woman is rational.

The first instance of _man_ implies the entire human species, while the second implies only those who are male.

## Motte-and-bailey fallacy

Equivocation can involve equating two similar positions, one modest and easy to defend, and the other more controversial. The arguer then promotes the controversial one, while insisting that they are advancing the more modest one when being criticized.
Richard Brooker

**Richard J. Brooker** (1954 – 8 April 2013) was an English stuntman and actor. He is best known for his role in _Friday the 13th Part III_ as Jason Voorhees.

Brooker was born in 1954 in London, England. Brooker died on April 8, 2013 in the United Kingdom from unknown causes, aged 59.

## Infobox (person)

- **birth name**: Richard J. Brooker
- **image**: Richard Brooker 2013 Full Moon Tattoo & Horror Convention (March 30, 2013).JPG
- **birth date**: 1954
- **birth place**: London, England, United Kingdom, U.K.
- **death date**: 8 April 2013 (aged 59)
- **death place**: United Kingdom
- **nationality**: English
- **occupation**: Stuntman, trapeze artist, actor, director, producer, businessman.
- **known for**: **Jason Voorhees** in _Friday the 13th Part III_
Aboriginal Land Trust

In Australia, an **Aboriginal Land Trust** (**ALT**) is a type of non-profit organisation that holds the freehold title to an area of land on behalf of a community of Aboriginal Australians. The land is granted to a community by the government under a perpetual lease, usually after the community makes a legal claim of traditional ownership. Land granted under Aboriginal title is inalienable, meaning it can not be bought, sold, traded or given away. The Land Trust is the organisation appointed by the community to legally hold the title deeds.

Several states and territories have enacted laws to establish Aboriginal Land Trusts, but not all. In South Australia, there is a single Aboriginal Lands Trust. It was created under the Aboriginal Lands Trust Act, 1966. It holds title to Aboriginal land in South Australia and organises the management and control of those lands. The Aboriginal Lands Trust in Western Australia was created by the Aboriginal Affairs Planning Authority Act, 1972. It acquires and holds land and manages it for the benefit of Aboriginal communities. It holds about 27 million hectares (11%) of the state's land, most of which was previously held by the state government. In Queensland, there are multiple Land Trusts. They were created under the state's Aboriginal Land Act, 1991. In the Northern Territory, Land Trusts are governed under the Aboriginal Land Rights Act, 1976, which also governs the way in which groups can make claims to land. The ALTs hold the title to land handed back to the traditional Aboriginal owners through the Land Rights Act.

## Other websites

- Legal documents by state, from the _Agreements, Treaties and Negotiated Settlements Project_:
    - Aboriginal Lands Trust, Western Australia
    - Aboriginal Lands Trust, South Australia
    - Aboriginal Land Trusts in Queensland
    - Aboriginal Land Trusts in the Northern Territory
Petermann Aboriginal Land Trust

The **Petermann Aboriginal Land Trust** is a land trust for a large block of land in the southwest corner of the Northern Territory, Australia. It was created by law in July 1978. The block of land (called **Northern Territory Portion 1634**) covers an area of . It makes up most of the area of the old **Petermann Reserve** (1920–1977). The land's traditional owners are mostly Pitjantjatjara, Yankunytjatjara and Luritja people. This includes residents of Kaltukatjara and over 50 family outstations.

The block held by the Petermann ALT is surrounded by other Aboriginal land blocks on all sides. It borders the Ngaanyatjarra Lands to the west (in Western Australia), the Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Lands to the south (in South Australia), Haasts Bluff Aboriginal Land Trust to the north, and Katiti and Urrampinyi Iltjiltajarri Aboriginal Land Trusts to the east.

## History

In March 1920, an area of land in the southwest corner of the Northern Territory was made into an aboriginal reservation, called the Petermann Reserve. It was meant to be a temporary refuge (safe place) for the Aboriginal families living in the area, many of whom were still living traditional, nomadic lifestyles. It bordered other large reserves created in Western Australia and South Australia, and together the area was known as the Central Australian Aboriginal Reserve. In 1940, the Petermann Reserve was made smaller, to allow people to look for gold. It was made smaller again in 1958, when the government excised the area around Uluṟu and Kata Tjuṯa to create the Ayers Rock–Mt Olga National Park.

In 1976, the Commonwealth Parliament passed the Aboriginal Land Rights Act, which allowed for Aboriginal communities to be granted freehold title to land if they could show that they lived on the land for many years. Section 4 of the act gave the Minister for Aboriginal Affairs the power to establish Aboriginal Land Trusts to look after the title. The trusts would be established by publishing notices in the government gazette. In 1977, the old Petermann Reserve land was transferred to the Petermann Land Trust and to other Aboriginal land-owning corporations. The boundaries of the Petermann trust were first described in the _Gazette_ on 21 July 1978. They were later made into law by Act No. 109 of 1985, which went into effect on 16 October 1985.
The Cartful

**The Cartful _車仔檔_ **, also known as portable stall and mobile stall, is a style of hawker stall originated from the street vendors selling inexpensive street food, like eggette, Tang Cong Bing 糖葱餅, and cart noodle, in the 1950s.This style of selling is part of Hong Kong traditional culture. It reflects people’s way of living and their spirits. In recent years, the operation of the cartful faces challenges due to the government policies and modernization.

## History

Hong Kong has been experiencing economic downturn in the 1950s, meanwhile, refugees from the Mainland fled to Hong Kong constantly after the establishment of The People's Republic of China, leading to an increase in population. People struggled to make a living, they started to operate mobile stall using wooden carts with a low production cost. With the portable carts, street vendors could get away in time from being arrested by the police. In the 1970s and 1980s, a wide variety of products are sold then. Besides food and snacks, household goods, clothing and kitchenware could be found in the carful in place like Sham Shui Po.

## Features

The cartful sells mainly two kinds of products, street food and clothes. Some traditional street food such as eggette, curry fish balls and fried chestnuts are favored by teenagers. These $10-odd snacks are cheap but delicious. They smell very nice so that they drive people queuing for them. The cartful owners make the snacks once they are ordered so as to keep them hot and fresh. Apart from the street snacks, the carful also sells clothes, sometimes handbags. Women love buying free-sized legging and socks. Though customers cannot try fitting the products, they are willing to buy them.

## Owners and locations

There are mainly two types of owners which are the unemployed middle-aged and the unlicensed hawkers. Both of them are the main support of their family while they cannot find a suitable job. As a result, they choose to run the carful because it can help them make a decent living and avoid the high rent. The carful of these kinds are operated by family units.
Most of the cartful can be found near the public housings, schools and MTR stations, because a steady stream of people from these places can help increase their business turnover.

## Relationship with Hong Kong

The cartful fully reveals Hong Kong spirits: diligence and fast paced lifestyle. With a small amount of capital and time, owners can earn huge profit from the whole day sales by moving their cart around without paying high rent.
This traditional hawking style is threatened because of the government policy and modernization. As the law  prohibits unlicensed hawking, many mobile stalls have been demolished. Yet, the government sets up markets in different districts like Tin Sau Hui  and Wan Chai Tai Yuen Street  in order to gather the mobile stalls.
Some of the citizens support the government plan since they think it is hygienic and peaceful without the mobile stalls on street, while others object to the cruel government policy due to the reminiscence of the cartful.
Celestial equator

The **celestial equator** is a term in observational astronomy. It is a great circle on the imaginary celestial sphere, in the same plane as the Earth's equator. In other words, it is a projection of the terrestrial equator out into space.  As a result of the Earth's axial tilt, the celestial equator is inclined by 23.4° with respect to the ecliptic plane.

An observer standing on the Earth's equator visualizes the celestial equator as a semicircle passing directly overhead through the zenith. As the observer moves north (or south), the celestial equator tilts towards the southern (or northern) horizon. At the poles, the celestial equator is parallel to the horizon.

The observer always sees the ends of the semicircle disappear over the horizon exactly due east and due west, regardless of the observer's position on Earth.
Epictetus

**Epictetus** was an Ancient Greek philosopher. He was born in Hierapolis, Phrygia around 55 AD. The name his parents gave him is unknown; the word _epíktetos_ (επίκτητος) in Greek simply means "acquired." He spent his youth as a slave in Rome to Epaphroditos, a rich freedman and secretary to Nero. The city was near the modern-day town of Pamukkale in Turkey. He died around 135 AD in Nikopolis in Epirus, in Greece. He was one of the most influential philosophers of the late Stoa. Epictetus founded a school of philosophy, where he also taught. None of his writings survive, but one of his pupils, Arrian, wrote what Epictetus taught.

Philosophy, Epictetus taught, is a way of life and not just a theoretical discipline. To Epictetus, all external events are determined by fate, and so are beyond our control; we should accept whatever happens calmly and dispassionately. However, individuals are responsible for their own actions, which they can examine and control through rigorous self-discipline.

Suffering occurs from trying to control what is uncontrollable, or from neglecting what is within our power. As part of the universal city that is the universe, it is our duty to care for all our fellow men. Those who follow these precepts will achieve happiness and peace of mind.
Data type

In computer science, a **data type** is the combination of a value range with permissible operations.
_Datatype_ is frequently shortened to _type_.

## Programming

Data types in programming allow the programmer to perform operations on a datum.
Every datum has an associated data type.

In the Pascal programming language, the data  has the data type .
- The data type  has a certain range of allowed values. For example, on an 8-bit computer, this range includes all whole numbers between  and . The value , however, is not an allowed  value.
- Furthermore, the data type  allows certain operations: The operation  can take two  dates and calculates their combined sum. There are many more operations. All those operations characterize the data type .
A data type forms a unit:
Together, the specific permissible range and legal operations are referred to as a “concrete data type.”
When a programmer or the compiler reads the word  in the source code, they automatically understand which values and operations are allowed.

### High-level

Data types are an abstract concept.
This concept primarily appears in high-level programming languages.
Virtually all high-level programming language explicitly include the notion of data type.
Common basic data types may include:
- integers
- Boolean values
- characters (individual letters) and strings
- a subset of real numbers

Usually, these and other basic data types can be combined to _custom_ data types using structure concepts like:
- arrays
- sets
- records

### Low-level

The notion of data types as presented above is unknown in assembly language, a _low-level_ programming language.
All computers know integer number values.
Modern computers also know real numbers in binary.
But there is no rigid enforcement of proper “data type” use.
Assembly language does not prevent using an integer as if it were a real number.
This is intentional, because assembly language is the basis of all (high-level) programming languages.

Yet, the processor’s machine code sets the limits.
Usually, the only “data types” are:
- register names
- memory addresses
- immediate values
All of which may be further differentiated by their size, how many Bytes each of those occupies, or—in the case of memory address—how many Bytes the referenced object occupies.

## Related pages

- File format: describes how to read or write a computer file (legal operations) and what this file may contain (permissible value range)
- variable: variables in computer programming frequently require a data type

## Sources

</references>
Jean-Léon Gérôme

**Jean-Léon Gérôme** (11 May 1824 – 10 January 1904) was a French painter and sculptor. Today he is mostly known for painting people in historical settings.

## Infobox (artist)

- **name**: Jean-Léon Gérôme
- **image**: Jean-Leon Gerome.jpg
- **birth place**: Vesoul, Haute-Saône, France
- **death place**: Paris, France
- **nationality**: French
- **field**: Painting, Sculpture
- **training**: Paul Delaroche, Charles Gleyre
- **movement**: Orientalism
Bloods Range

**Bloods Range** (or **Blood's Range**) is a mountain range in central Australia. It stretches roughly east to west across the border between the Northern Territory and Western Australia. It consists of several sets of hills, separated by valleys; the two main valleys are formed by the Hull and Docker Rivers. There are numerous ravines and gorges all throughout the hills. Bloods Range connects with the Petermann Ranges at its western end. In the centre are Mounts Harris (840 m) and Carruthers (1000 m), which are the highest peaks. Further east, the range splits into several branches, including the Rowley Range, McNichol's Range and the Pinyinna Range.

Bloods Range was given its name on 14 March 1874 by the explorer Ernest Giles, when he saw it from the top of Mount Curdie. He named it after the owner of an early pastoral station in South Australia, whose surname was "Blood". On 12 June 1889, Giles' second-in-command, W. H. Tietkins, returned on his own expedition and surveyed the range. He named the two highest peaks Mount Harris and Mount Carruthers. From the top of Mount Harris, he wrote that he could see Kata Tjuṯa, the Petermann Ranges and the Tomkinson Ranges.

## Other websites

- Bloods Range Formation at Geoscience Australia
Jerusalem Botanical Gardens

**Jerusalem Botanical Gardens** (JBG) are the national botanical gardens of Israel. The gardens are on the Hebrew University of Jerusalem campuses of Mount Scopus and Givat Ram. The first garden was established in 1926 at Mount Scopus. After 1948, when the university in Mount Scopus was occupied by Jordan, it was opened in a new site, in 1954, on the new campus university, in Givat Ram. After the 1967 war, when Mount Scopus was reoccupied by Israel, the garden in Mount Scopus was opened again. The visitor center is in Givat Ram, next to Nayot neighborhood.

## Related pages

- Tomb of Nicanor
- List of botanical gardens

## Other websites

- Official website of the botanical garden in Givat Ram
- Official website of the botanical garden in Mount Scopus
- Jerusalem Botanical Garden blossoms with flora
- JBG Pictures

## Infobox (zoo)

- **zoo name**: Jerusalem Botanical Gardens
- **image**: Jerusalem Botanical Garden Givat Ram.JPG
- 250px
- **image caption**: Visitor center at the Botanic Garden in Givat Ram campus
- **date opened**: 1926
- **location**: Mount Scopus and Givat Ram, Jerusalem
Azerbaijan (newspaper)

The ***Azerbaijan*** () is a state-owned newspaper and public journal published by the National Assembly of Azerbaijan.

## Other websites

- _Azərbaycan_ official web site

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: **Azərbaycan**
- **foundation**: 1918
- **location**: Baku, Azerbaijan
- **industry**: State newspaper, public journal
- **products**: News, publications
- **owner**: National Assembly of Azerbaijan
- **homepage**: [http://www.azerbaijan-news.az www.azerbaijan-news.az]
Birja

***Birja*** is a popular  Azerbaijani weekly free-of-charge announcements and advertising newspaper published by the Birja VDV. It was founded by Rafiq Abasov. The newspaper has one of the widest circulation in Azerbaijan (averaging over 10,000 copies every week).

_Birja_ was founded in 1992 with the goal of providing an advertising newspaper in the Azerbaijani market, where generally only a single local advertising newspaper was available.

_Birja_ supports a nationwide project of Khinalug village.

## Other websites

- _Birja_ website

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: **Birja**
- **foundation**: 24 January 1992
- **location**: Baku, Azerbaijan
- **industry**: Weekly advertising newspaper
- **products**: Advertisement
- **owner**: BIRJA VDV, Inc.
- **homepage**: [http://www.birja-vdv.az/ www.birja-vdv.az/]
SoulDecision

**soulDecision** was a Canadian pop band from Vancouver, British Columbia.

soulDecision was formed in 1993 under the original name, **Indecision**. They changed their name to **soulDecision** because of naming conflicts. Even though the band started during the boy band era, they were not a boy band, as they played their own instruments and  wrote their own music. The band released their debut full-length album _No One Does It Better_ on August 22, 2000 in Canada. The album featured their hit single "Faded" which reached #1 on Canada's singles chart as well as #22 in the United States. The album also featured the single "Ooh It's Kinda Crazy" which reached #1 in Canada and was the number one request on MTV's Total Request Live at the time. The band toured with Destiny's Child, Christina Aguilera and 'N Sync.

Lead singer Trevor Guthrie left the band in 2005 to write and record his first solo record. The group split up after.

### Albums

- _No One Does It Better_ (2000)
- _Shady Satin Drug_ (2004)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: soulDecision
- **img size**: 250px
- **landscape**: yes
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- **genre**: Pop music, Pop, Rhythm and blues, R&B
- **years active**: 1993–2005
- **label**: Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, MGM, Sextant Records, Sextant
- **past members**: Trevor Guthrie
David Bowman
Ken Lewko
James Reid
Adam Stillman
Moscow Urban Forum

**Moscow International Urban Forum** is an international event that is held in Moscow, Russia every year. It has been held since 2011. It talks about globalization.

## Other websites

- Moscow Urban Forum - official website
- Moscow Urban Forum in Moscow City Hall site
- Moscow Urban Forum  in Urban Land Institute site
- Moscow Urban Forum in Moscow International Financial Centre
Corn Belt

The **Corn Belt** is the part of the Midwestern United States. It is where corn has been predominant crop, since the 1850s. Corn replaced native tall grasses there. The area includes southern Minnesota, eastern Nebraska and part of Missouri and Kentucky. The whole of Iowa, Indiana and Illinois are also included. This region consists of relatively level land and deep fertile soils.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Corn Belt
- **settlement type**: Agricultural or cultural region of the United States
- **image map**: File:Corn Belt 2018.svg
- **map caption**: 2018 production of corn in the United States
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Subregion
- **subdivision type2**: Subregion
- **subdivision type4**: Country
- **subdivision type5**: States
- **subdivision name5**:
Centipede (song)

**"Centipede"** is the first single by Rebbie Jackson. It is from her first record, _Centipede_. It was her highest charting single to date. It peaked at #4 on the Billboard R&B charts. The song was released in 1984. It is available in three different mixes, one of them extended.
Transplant (surgery)

**Transplants** are a type of surgery. Both tissues and organs can be transplanted.

## Types

Types of transplants include:
- Heart transplant
- Lung transplant
- Heart-lung transplant
- Kidney transplant
- Skin graft
- Xenotransplantation
- Autotransplantation

An organ transplant is a kind of surgery where the person being operated on will need an organ replaced, and gets a healthy one from someone else, a donor. Usually the organ is taken from someone who is recently deceased, except for organs like bone marrow or kidneys, which can be taken without harming the donor too much.

### Rejection

The critical problem with all transplants is transplant rejection by the host's immune system. Unless the host and donor are a very close genetic match, the host's immune system will reject the transplant. To stop this happening, drugs are used to suppress, or limit, the host's immune system. This in turn makes the host more vulnerable to various kinds of infection.

To keep this problem to a minimum, transplants are only done when surgeons are satisfied that the host and donor are a fairly close match. Tests are done to see how closely the donor's organ or tissue matches the person who needs the organ.
Asiana Airlines

**Asiana Airlines** is a major South Korean airline. It is based at Incheon International Airport near Seoul.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (airline)

- **airline**: Asiana Airlines
- **logo**: File:Asiana Airlines.svg
- **logo size**: 250
- **fleet size**: 86
- **iata**: OZ
- **icao**: AAR
- **callsign**: ASIANA
- **founded**: 1988
- **headquarters**: Seoul, South Korea
- **hubs**: *Gimpo Airport

*Incheon Airport
- **website**: [http://flyasiana.com/gateway.html]
Cannabis drug testing

**Cannabis drug testing** describes many drug testing methods for the use of cannabis in medicine, sport, and law.
Cannabis use is easy to detect using urine testing, hair analysis and breath. There are some ways to cheat such a test using synthetic urine or human hair - making blood testing the most effective.

Unlike alcohol, Cannabis testing is time consuming, expensive and cannot give accurate time of consuming and level of intoxication.
The lack of good testing methods and universal intoxication level scale is an issue in the legality of cannabis debate, especially regarding intoxicated driving.
Premium economy

**Premium economy** is a travel class offered on some airlines to give better experience than economy class but for much less money than business class. In 1991, EVA Air became the first airline company to offer such a service.

The Premium economy class is not regulated among airlines, and can be much different between airlines and routes. Premium economy is often limited to just small extras like more leg room, free meal and drinks.
Composite decking

**Composite decking** (also called wood-plastic) is an alternative to timber. It is made with recycled plastic and wood. This type of decking is becoming more and more popular as it is eco-friendly in nature and helps to save forests as it can be used as an alternative to wood. It is being used in many environments projects including outdoor dining, leisure areas, balconies and caravan decks, in addition to many decks of all shapes and sizes.