juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Orange Beach, Alabama

**Orange Beach** is a city in Baldwin County, Alabama, United States. At the 2020 census the population was 8,095. The city hosts popular annual events such as Viking longboat races, dolphin riding competitions, and para-gliding over the locally famous Bear Point Canyon.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Orange Beach, Alabama
- **settlement type**: City
- **image skyline**: Orange Beach, Alabama.jpg
- **image caption**: Condominiums and hotels on the beach
- **image map**: File:Baldwin County Alabama Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Orange Beach Highlighted 0157144.svg
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location of Orange Beach in Baldwin County, Alabama.
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Alabama, County
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision name1**: Alabama
- **subdivision name2**: Baldwin County, Alabama, Baldwin
- **established date**: 1984
- **area total km2**: 41.30
- **area total sq mi**: 15.95
- **area land km2**: 38.11
- **area land sq mi**: 14.71
- **area water km2**: 3.20
- **area water sq mi**: 1.23
- **elevation ft**: 0
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 8095
- **population density km2**: 212.43
- **population density sq mi**: 550.19
- **timezone**: Central Time Zone (North America), Central (CST)
- **utc offset**: -6
- **timezone dst**: CDT
- **utc offset dst**: -5
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 36561
- **area code**: Area code 251, 251
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 01-57144
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 0124297
- **unit pref**: Imperial
9 Metis

- _For the moon of Jupiter, see Metis (moon)._

**9 Metis** is one of the biggest main belt asteroids. It is made of silicates and metallic nickel-iron, and may be the core remnant of a big asteroid that was destroyed by an ancient collision.

## Discovery and naming

Metis was found by Andrew Graham on April 25, 1848; it was his only asteroid discovery. It is also the only asteroid to have been found as a result of observations from Ireland. Its name comes from the mythological Metis, a Titaness and Oceanid, daughter of Tethys and Oceanus. The name _Thetis_ was also considered and rejected (it would later devolve to 17 Thetis).

## Characteristics

Metis' direction of rotation is unknown at present.

Hubble space telescope images and lightcurve analyses are in agreement that Metis has a non-spherical stretched shape with one pointed and one broad end. Radar observations suggest the presence of a significant flat area, in agreement with the shape model from lightcurves.

What the surface is made of has been estimated as 30-40% metal-bearing olivine and 60-70% Ni-Fe metal.

Light curve data on Metis led to an assumption that it could have a moon. However, subsequent observations failed to confirm this. Later searches with the Hubble Space Telescope in 1993 found no moons.

## Occultations

Metis has been seen to occult stars no less than 5 times.

## Other websites

- shape model deduced from lightcurve
- "Notice of discovery of Metis", MNRAS **8** (1848) 146
- Irish Astronomical History: Markree Castle Observatory and The Discovery of the Asteroid Metis
- — Horizons can be used to obtain a current ephemeris.

## Infobox (planet)

- **bgcolour**: #FFFFC0
- **name**: 9 Metis
- **symbol**:
- **discoverer**: Andrew Graham (astronomer), A. Graham
- **discovered**: April 25, 1848
- **mp category**: Main belt
- **epoch**: July 14, 2004 (Julian day, JD 2453200.5)
- **semimajor**: 357.052 Giga, Gmetre, m (2.387 Astronomical unit, AU)
- **perihelion**: 313.556 Gm (2.096 AU)
- **aphelion**: 400.548 Gm (2.678 AU)
- **eccentricity**: 0.122
- **period**: 1346.815 day, d (3.69 Julian year (astronomy), a)
- **inclination**: 5.576degree (angle), °
- **asc node**: 68.982°
- **arg peri**: 5.489°
- **mean anomaly**: 274.183°
- **avg speed**: 19.21 km/second, s
- **dimensions**: 235×195×140 km
- **mass**: ~9 kilogram, kg
- **density**: ~2.7 g/cubic centimetre, cm³
- **surface grav**: ~0.070 m/s²
- **escape velocity**: ~0.11 km/s
- **rotation**: 0.2116 d (5.078 h)
- **spectral type**: S-type asteroid, S-type
- **magnitude**: 8.1 to 11.83
- **abs magnitude**: 6.28
- **albedo**: 0.243 (geometric albedo, geometric)
- **angular size**: 0.23"  to 0.071"
- **single temperature**: ~173 kelvin, K
_max:_ 282 K (+9° Celsius, C)
Ely

**Ely** is used as a name in several ways including:

## Places

- Ely, Cambridgeshire, England
- Ely, Cardiff, Wales
- Ely, Nevada
- Ely, Minnesota
- Ely, Iowa
- Ely Place, Camden
- Ely Shoshone Indian Reservation, Nevada
- Ely Township, Michigan
- The Isle of Ely, England
- River Ely, Wales
- Taff-Ely, a local government district in Wales from 1974 to 1996

## People named Ely

- Ely Buendia, a Filipino musician
- Ely Callaway, founder of Callaway Golf
- Eugene Burton Ely, aviation pioneer
- Joe Ely, a honky-tonk/country musician
- John Ely (further list)
- Melvin Ely, an American professional basketball player
- Michael Ely, an author
- Richard T. Ely, an American economist
- Ron Ely, stage name of an American actor born Ronald Pierce
- Smith Ely, Jr., a mayor of New York City
- William Ely, an Australian politician
- Saint Ermenilda of Ely, daughter of King Eorcenberht of Kent and Saint Seaxburh of Ely.
- Nicholas of Ely,  Lord Chancellor of England, Bishop of Worcester, Bishop of Winchester, and Lord High Treasurer in the 13th century
- Saint Seaxburh of Ely, an Anglo-Saxon princess, abbess and saint

## Other uses

- Diocese of Ely, a Church of England diocese in the Province of Canterbury
- Ely (band) from North England
- Ely Airport, also known as Yelland Field
- Ely-Criglar House (also known as the Francis R. Ely House), a historic site in Marianna, Florida
- Ely Professor of Divinity, University of Cambridge
- Ely Racecourse, Cardiff
- Ely railway station
- Marquess of Ely (also Earl of Ely), a title in the peerage of Ireland

## Acronym

**ELY** may refer to:
- ELY is the ICAO airline code for El Al.
- Ely Airport, also known as Yelland Field, has IATA code _ELY_.
- Ely railway station has National Rail code _ELY_.
- Elyria, Ohio rail station has Amtrak station code _ELY_.
- Callaway Golf Company has NYSE code _ELY_.
Ministry for Intra-German Relations

The **Federal Ministry of Intra-German Relations** () was a federal ministry of the Federal Republic of Germany. It was responsible for all relations with the East German government. This was because the West German government said there should be only one Germany. This meant they could not use the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, because they could not admit that East Germany was a foreign country.

The ministry was created in 1949 as the Federal Ministry of All-German Affairs (). This ministry was also in charge of matters about the German lands east of the Oder-Neisse-Line which had become a part of Poland. The ministry was renamed in 1969 when Willy Brandt signed a treaty with Poland which said that Poland's western border was along the Oder and Neisse Rivers. This was part of Willy Brandt's ideas of Ostpolitik. At that time Poland was under a communist government. They could not allow West Germany to sign a treaty about East Germany's borders, which is why the treaty says "the western border of Poland" and not "the border between Germany and Poland".

The ministry was abolished in 1991, about one year after German Reunification, after helping with the change to one country. All "intra-German affairs" are now jobs of the Ministry of the Interior.  The Minister of the Interior is now also _Commissioner for the New Bundesländer_ to show that there is still some work to make all  of the states equal.

## Ministers

|Minister|Term start!!Term end!!Party|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Jakob Kaiser|1949|1957|CDU|
|Ernst Lemmer|1957|1962|CDU|
|Rainer Barzel|1962|1963|CDU|
|Erich Mende|1963|1966|FDP|
|Johann Baptist Gradl|1966||CDU|
|Herbert Wehner|1966|1969|SPD|
|Egon Franke|1969|1982|SPD|
|Rainer Barzel|1982|1983|CDU|
|Heinrich Windelen|1983|1987|CDU|
|Dorothee Wilms|1987|1991|CDU|

## Publications

- BMgF (Hrsg.): _SBZ von A-Z_, Deutscher Bundes-Verlag, Bonn, 1. bis 10. Aufl., 1953 bis 1966, ca. 500 Seiten.
- BMgF (Hrsg.): _Sowjetische Auffassungen zur Deutschlandfrage 1945 – 1954. Dargestellt nach amtlichen Dokumenten_, Deutscher Bundes-Verlag, Bonn, 1954.
- BMgF (Hrsg.): _Wer ist wer in der SBZ? Ein biographisches Handbuch_, Verlag für Internationalen Kulturaustausch, Berlin, 1958.
- BMgF (Hrsg.): _Die Situation der Jugend im kommunistischen Herrschaftssystem der SBZ Deutschlands_ in _Bonner Berichte aus Mittel- und Ostdeutschland_, Bonn – Berlin, 1960.
- BMgF (Hrsg.): _Die Bemühungen der Bundesrepublik um Wiederherstellung der Einheit Deutschlands durch gesamtdeutsche Wahlen. Dokumente und Akten._ I. Teil, Oktober 1949 – Oktober 1953, Deutscher Bundes-Verlag, Bonn, 1958.
East Sussex

**East Sussex** is a county created on 1 April 1974. It is in South East England.

## Location

It is bordered by the counties of Kent, Surrey and West Sussex, and to the south by the English Channel.

## Infobox (england county)

- **name**: East Sussex
- **motto**: ?
- **flag image**:
- **arms image**:
- **map**:

- **region**: South East England
- **area km2**: 1792
- **largestcity**: Brighton and Hove
- **iso**: GB-ESX
- **ons**: 21
- **nuts3**: UKJ22
- **poprank**: List of ceremonial counties of England by population, Ranked
- **pop**: (ceremonial county)
- **adminpoprank**: List of non-metropolitan counties of England by population, Ranked
- **ethnicity**: 96.5% White
1.0% S. Asian
- **council**:
East Sussex County Council

http://www.eastsussexcc.gov.uk/
- **mps**: *Norman Baker Liberal Democrats (UK), (LD)
* Gregory Barker Conservative Party (UK), (C)
* Celia Barlow Labour Party (UK), (L)
* Michael Jabez Foster, Michael Foster Labour Party (UK), (L)
* Charles Hendry Conservative Party (UK), (C)
* David Lepper Labour Co-operative
* Desmond Stanley Turner, Desmond Turner Labour Party (UK), (L)
* Nigel Waterson Conservative Party (UK), (C)
Karl Carstens

**Karl Walter Claus Carstens** (14 December 1914 - 29 May 1992) was a German politician. He served as the fifth Federal President of West Germany.

## Biography

Born in Bremen, Carstens studied law and political science at the universities of Frankfurt am Main, Dijon, Munich, Königsberg, and Hamburg from 1933 to 1936. In 1949 he received a Master of Laws (LL.M.) degree from Yale Law School.

Carstens joined the Nazi Party in 1940. This was when he was a law clerk. He said he had to join the party or he would not be treated fairly. But this does not explain why Carstens had joined the SA, another Nazi party group, in 1933.

In 1955 he joined the CDU.

In July 1960 Carstens started to work for the government. He was a secretary of state in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In the same year he was also appointed as professor for public and international law at Cologne University. During the Grand coalition government (1966-1969), he was in the Ministry of Defence, and in 1968 he became Director of the Chancellor's Office.

In 1972 Carstens was elected into the Bundestag. He stayed a member until 1979. He often spoke against the left-wing ideas in German society and accused the governing SPD of being to soft on left-wing extremists. He also famously denounced the author Heinrich Böll as a supporter of the Baader-Meinhof Gang.

On 14 December 1976, the CDU/CSU became the largest group in parliament, and Carstens was elected president of the Bundestag.

On 23 May 1979 Carstens was elected as President of the Federal Republic of Germany. Carstens was well known for hiking around Germany during his term in order to decrease the gulf between politics and the people.

In December 1982, the recently elected Chancellor Helmut Kohl deliberately lost a motion of confidence in order to hold new general elections. On 7 January 1983, President Carstens dissolved the Bundestag and called for new elections. In February 1983 the Federal Constitutional Court said that deliberately losing the vote was allowed, so the general elections could take place.

In 1984 he decided not to seek a second term on account of his age and left office on 30 June 1984.

## Literature

- Michael F. Feldkamp (ed.), _Der Bundestagspräsident. Amt - Funktion - Person._ 16. Wahlperiode, München 2007,

## Infobox (president)

- **name**: Karl Carstens
- **nationality**: German
- **image**: Karl Carstens (cropped).jpg
- **order**: 5th President of Germany, President of the Federal Republic of Germany
- **term start**: 1 July 1979
- **term end**: 30 June 1984
- **predecessor**: Walter Scheel
- **successor**: Richard von Weizsäcker
- **birth place**: , Bremen
- **death place**: , Meckenheim (Rhineland), Meckenheim
- **spouse**: Veronica Carstens
- **party**: Christian Democratic Union of Germany, CDU (since 1955); NSDAP (1940-1945)
Rena Sinakin

**Rena Sinakin** (born March 1949) is an American singer, songwriter and record producer. She was educated at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. Sinakin started her career as a singer on Capitol Records. She later went on record on Atlantic/Atco.

During the 1970s, she moved into production. She produced Gladys Knight and the Pips, McFadden and Whitehead and John Lennon's band Elephants Memory.
Goodbye (Eurovision song)

"**Goodbye**" was the Bosnian and Herzegovinian entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 1997.

## Performance

The song was performed in Bosnian by Alma Čardžić.

## Meaning

The song is about the singer asking her lover not to end their relationship. She suggests many things that he could do, just as long as he does not "say the two words, which mean it's over" (the two words being "Goodbye, darling" – "__" in Bosnian).
Norbert Lammert

**Norbert Lammert** (born 16 November 1948 in Bochum) is a German politician, and a member of the CDU party.

After military service Lammert studied political science, sociology, modern history and social economics at the university of Bochum and the University of Oxford (England) from 1969 to 1975. He graduated in 1972 but carried on studying to get a doctorate in social sciences in 1975.

Although he has worked as a lecturer, Lammert became a member of the Bochum City Council in 1975. He was elected to the Bundestag in 1980, and has been a member ever since.

Lammert was a Vice-President of the Bundestag from October 2002 to 18 October 2005, when he became President.

In 2005, he was elected the President of the Bundestag, the German parliament. Even though the President of the Bundesrat acts as deputy for the Federal President, according to the German order of precedence, Lammert, as President of the Bundestag, is Germany's highest ranking official after the Federal President.

## Literature

- Michael F. Feldkamp (ed.), _Der Bundestagspräsident. Amt - Funktion - Person._ 16. Wahlperiode, München 2007,

## Other websites

- Official biography at the Bundestag
- Lammert's website
Amarna

**Amarna** ( _al-‘amārnä_) is on the east bank of the Nile in the modern Egyptian province of Minya. It is a big archaeological site. It has the remains of the capital city built by the Pharaoh Akhenaten of the late Eighteenth Dynasty (c. 1353 BC), and abandoned shortly afterwards. The Amarna period is the time when Amarna was the capital.

"Amarna" is the Arabic name for the place. The name for the city used by the ancient Egyptians is written as _Akhetaten_ in English. It translates to "the Horizon of the Aten" (_Akh-t-Aten_).

## Amarna art

The Amarna art-style broke with the old Egyptian conventions. It showed its people more realistically. It included informal scenes, such as affection within the royal family or playing with their children. It no longer portrayed women as lighter coloured than men. The art had a realism that sometimes shocks. This art had a more lasting legacy than the religion.

## Other websites

- The University of Cambridge's Amarna Project
- Amarna Art Gallery Shows just a few, but stunning, examples of the art of the Amarna period.
- Wallis Budge describes the discovery of the Amarna tablets
- Satellite image
- M.A. Mansoor Amarna Collection-
Decomposer

A **decomposer** is an organism that breaks down long chain polymers from dead organisms into smaller molecules. Decomposers are bacteria and fungi. What they do is use the parts and energy to build up their own materials, which are also organic.

Decomposers are heterotrophs. This means they use organic substrates to get their energy, carbon and nutrients for growth and development.

Decomposers break down cells of other organisms using biochemical reactions without need for internal digestion. This is different from detritivores, which actually digest dead organic matter.

Decomposition also involves abiotic decomposition. This is breakdown by chemical processes, such as hydrolysis, or physical processes, such as heat. This turns organic material into inorganic material, and so returns nutrients to the environment.

## Related pages

- Mushrooms
- Microbes
- Ecosystems
- Producers
- Consumers
Saleisha Stowers

**Saleisha Stowers** is the winner of the 9th season of America's Next Top Model, a model competition on 2007. She was born on January 10, 1986 and is now a model with Elite Model Management. Stowers also won CoverGirl cosmetics worth $100,000 and a cover on a magazine called Seventeen.

## Before_ America's Next Top Model_

Stowers worked at a service counter. She joined a camp by model Tyra Banks called T-Zone because she had no confidence in herself. After the camp, she had more confidence and became more contented as a person. Stowers was in the sixth season of the competition as a minor model with a one-second appearance. She also was a model on Tyra Banks' show.

## _America's Next Top Model_

Stowers joined the ninth season of America's Next Top Model and became one of the 13 girls to become contestants. She dated judge Nigel Barker in the show.

## Controversy

Stowers knew Tyra Banks, which made some people think it was unfair to the other girls. Stowers also was in an advertisement before the contest. The rule states that contestants must not be in advertisements in the previous five years.
James Hetfield

**James Alan Hetfield** (born August 3, 1963) is an American guitarist, singer, and songwriter. He is an original member of the heavy metal band Metallica.

## Personal life

Hetfield married his wife Francesca Tomasi on August 17, 1997. They have three children.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: James Hetfield
- **image**: James Hetfield live in Amesterdam 29 April 2023.jpg
- **caption**: Hetfield performing with Metallica in 2023, on tour. He Turns 60 on August 3.
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: James Alan Hetfield
- **alias**: The Monster of Rock
- **birth place**: Downey, California, United States
- **genre**: Heavy metal music, Heavy metal, thrash metal
- **instrument**: Guitar, Singing, vocals
- **occupation**: Musician, songwriter, Record producer, producer
- **years active**: 1978 - present
- **label**: Blackened Recordings
- **associated acts**: Metallica, Spastik Children, Leather Charm
- **url**: [http://www.metallica.com www.metallica.com]
Tyra Banks

**Tyra Banks** (born December 4, 1973 in Inglewood, California) is an American supermodel and actress. She is hosts her television programs, _America's Next Top Model_ and the popular _The Tyra Banks Show_.

Tyra is  tall. She is the CEO of her own company, TYInc. She was the first African American model to appear on the cover of _Sports Illustrated_ Swimsuit Edition. Tyra is the "Youth Correspondent" for the _Oprah Winfrey Show_. She signed modeling contract with the Elite Agency when she was 15 years old. Before she signed, Tyra planned on attending Loyola Marymount University.

## Acting

|colspan="4" style="background: LightSteelBlue;"|Film||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1995|_Higher Learning_|Deja|||
|1999|_Love Stinks_|Holly Garnett|||
|2000|_Love & Basketball_|Kyra Kessler|||
|_Life-Size_|Eve Doll|TV movie|||
|_Coyote Ugly_|Zoë||||
|2002|_Halloween: Resurrection_|Nora Winston|||
|_Eight Crazy Nights_|Victoria's Secret Gown|Voice|||
|2007|_Mr. Woodcock_|Herself|Cameo||
|2008|_Tropic Thunder_|Herself|Cameo||
|2009|_Hannah Montana: The Movie_|Herself|Cameo||
|1993|_The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air_|Jackie Ames|TV series (credited as "Tyra") *Where There's a Will, There's a Way: Part 1 *Where There's a Will, There's a Way: Part 2 *All Guts, No Glory *Father of the Year *Blood Is Thicker Than Mud *Fresh Prince After Dark *Take My Cousin... Please *You've Got to Be a Football Hero||
|1996|_All That_||||
|rowspan=2|1999|_Felicity_|Jane Scott|TV series *A Good Egg *Kissing Mr. Covington *One Ball, Two Strikes|
|_Just Shoot Me!_|Herself|TV series *Nina Sees Red: Part 1 *Nina Sees Red: Part 2|||
|2000|_MADtv_|Katisha Latisha Parisha Farisha Johnson|TV series *Episode #5.17 *Episode #5.25||
|2001|_Soul Food_|Nina Joseph|||
|2003–2015|_America's Next Top Model_|Host|Reality TV series created, judged and hosted by Banks||
|2004|_American Dreams_|Carolyn Gill|TV series *Chasing the Past||
|_All of Us_|Roni|TV series *O Brother, Where Art Thou?|||
|2005–2010|_The Tyra Banks Show_|Host|Talk show||
|2009|_Gossip Girl_|Ursula Nyquist|TV series,season 3 *Dan de Fleurette||
|2011|_Mexico's Next Top Model_|Guest judge|Reality TV Series *Episode Finale in _Mexico's Next Top Model, Cycle 2_||
|2012|_Vietnam's Next Top Model_|Guest judge|Reality TV Series *Episode Finale in _Vietnam's Next Top Model, Cycle 2_||
|_Shake It Up_|Miss Burke|Disney Channel Original Series *Episode: "Parent Trap It Up"|||
|_Top Model po-russki_|Guest judge|Reality TV Series *Episode Finale in _Top Model po-russki, Cycle 3_|||

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Tyra Banks
- **image**: Tyra Banks 2018 3.png
- **alt**: Tyra Banks
- **caption**: Tyra Banks in 2018
- **birth name**: Tyra Lynne Banks
- **birth place**: Inglewood, California, USA
- **alma mater**: Immaculate Heart High School (Los Angeles), Immaculate Heart High School
- **years active**: 1991–present
- **net worth**: $90 million (2011)
- **partner**: Erik Asla (2013–2017)
- **children**: 1
François Fillon

**Francois Fillon**, (born 4 March 1954) is a former Prime Minister of France. He was born in Le Mans. Nicolas Sarkozy gave him the job on 17 May 2007. He resigned on 15 May 2012, following the defeat of Sarkozy in the presidential elections.

In 2017, Fillon ran for President of France and at some point was seen as the front-runner. However, following an embezzlement investigation his popularity decreased and lost the first round to Emmanuel Macron and Marine Le Pen.

On February 24, 2020, Fillon became one of the few Prime Ministers to ever go on !trial. On June 29, 2020, he was convicted of fraud and sentenced to five years in prison.
1121

## Events

- Concordat of Worms condemns Pierre Abélard's writings on the Holy Trinity. Later in the year, Canon Fulbert (not to be confused with Fulbert of Chartres (960-1028)), uncle of Heloise, has Abélard castrated.
- Reading Abbey is founded.
- David the Builder, King of Georgia, with the army of 55,000 defeats the 200,000-strong Muslim coalition troops at Didgori, Eastern Georgia.

## Deaths

- December 11 — Al-Afdal Shahanshah, Caliph of Egypt (b. 1066)
- William of Champeaux, French philosopher
- Zhou Tong, archery teacher and second military arts tutor of famous Song Dynasty General Yue Fei.
1122

## Events

- September 23 — Resolution of Investiture Controversy in the Concordat of Worms.
- Pierre Abélard writes _Sic et Non_.
- Battle of Beroia

## Births

- Eleanor of Aquitaine, Queen of France and England (approximate date) (d. 1204).
- Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1190).

## Deaths

- Alexander I of Scotland, king of Scots
- Ralph d'Escures, archbishop of Canterbury
- Ilghazi, Ortoqid ruler of Mardin
- Arnulf of Montgomery, Anglo-Norman aristocrat (b. 1068)
- Margrave Ottokar II of Styria
1123

## Events

- First Council of the Lateran confirms Concordat of Worms and demands that priests remain celibate.
- End of the reign of Emperor Toba, emperor of Japan.
- Emperor Sutoku ascends to the throne of Japan.
- St Bartholomew's Hospital (Barts) founded in London, England.
- The Pactum Warmundi is established between the Republic of Venice and the Kingdom of Jerusalem.

## Births

- Minamoto no Yoshitomo, Japanese general (d. 1160)
- Leonardo Fibonacci, Mathematician born (d. 1209)

## Deaths

- August 29 — Eystein I of Norway (b. around 1088)
- Wanyan Aguda, chieftain of the Jurchen Wanyan tribe (b. 1068)
- Peter of Pappacarbone
1125

## Events

- May 23 — Lothair of Saxony becomes Holy Roman Emperor on the death of Henry V.
- War ends between Toulouse and Provence.
- The castle of Nassau is built.
- Magnus the Strong becomes ruler of Sweden.
- June 11 — The Crusaders defeat the Seljuk Turks at the Battle of Azaz.

## Births

- Renaud de Courtenay, Anglo-Norman nobleman (d. 1194)
- Lu You, Chinese poet (d. 1210)

## Deaths

- January 24 — King David IV of Georgia (b. 1073).
- April 12 — Vladislav I of Bohemia.
- May 19 — Vladimir Monomakh, Grand Duke of Kiev.
- May 23 — Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1081).
- October 21 — Cosmas of Prague, Bohemian chronicler.
- Eustace III of Boulogne.
- Ingold II, ruler of Sweden (b. 1105).
Amethyst (color)

The color **amethyst** is a moderate, transparent purple.  It is also known as a deep shade of lavender.  Its name is from the stone amethyst.  This stone is a form of quartz but it is not always purple. It was a very prized stone before more of it was found.

In a RGB color space, hex #9966cc (also known as Amethyst) is composed of 60% red, 40% green and 80% blue. Whereas in a CMYK color space, it is composed of 25% cyan, 50% magenta, 0% yellow and 20% black. It has a hue angle of 270 degrees, a saturation of 50% and a lightness of 60%.

## Color Codes

- **RGB Decimal:** 153, 102, 204

- **RGB Percent:** 60, 40, 80

- **Hex triplet:** 9966cc

- **HSL:** 270°, 50, 60
Sapphire (color)

**Sapphire** is a deep blue or bright blue color that is a representation of the color of a sapphire. Sapphire gems are most commonly found in a range of blue shades.  Other names for variations of the color _sapphire_ are **blue sapphire** or **sapphire blue**, shown below.

The first written use of _sapphire_ as a color name in English was in 1430.

## Meaning of sapphire

- In the Old Testament of the Bible, in the Book of Ezekiel, it is stated that God sits upon a sapphire throne in Heaven. It is possible that this may be the source of the importance of the color blue in Judaism.

## Tones of sapphire color comparison chart

|Name|width=100|Color|HEX Code|Red|Green|Blue|Hue|Sat|Lum|Source|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|**Sapphire**|style = "background-color: #0f52ba; color:#ffffff"||**#0F52BA**|**15**|**82**|**186**|**216°**|**85%**|**39%**|**(Sapphire (Maerz and Paul))**|
|Spanish Sapphire|style = "background-color: #6576b4; color:#ffffff"||#6576B4|101|118|180|227°|34%|55%|(_Zaffro Inspecifico_ (Gallego & Sanz))|
|Dark Spanish Sapphire|style = "background-color: #7573a6; color:#ffffff"||#7573A6|117|115|166|242°|22%|55%|(_Zaffro Estandar_ (Gallego & Sanz))|
|Sapphire Blue|style = "background-color: #0067a5; color:#ffffff"||#0067A5|0|103|165|203°|100%|32%|(ISCC-NBS)|
|Medium Sapphire|style = "background-color: #2d5dA1; color:#ffffff"||#2D5DA1|45|93|161|215°|56%|40%|(Sapphire (Crayola Gem Tones))|
|B'dazzled Blue|style = "background-color: #2e5894; color:#ffffff"||#2E5894|46|88|148|215°|53%|38%|(Crayola Metallic FX)|
|Blue Sapphire|style = "background-color: #126180; color:#ffffff"||#126180|18|97|128|197°|75%|29%|(Pantone TPX #18-4241)|
|Dark Sapphire|style = "background-color: #082567; color:#ffffff"||#082567|8|37|103|222°|86%|22%||

## Related pages

- List of colors
Tobago

**Tobago** is the smaller of the two main islands that make up the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago. It is in the southern Caribbean Sea, northeast of the island of Trinidad and southeast of Grenada. The island is not hit by hurricanes very often.

## Other websites

- Tobago House of Assembly
- WorldStatesmen Trinidad and Tobago
- Government of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago
- National Library and Information System Authority of Trinidad and Tobago
- Trinidad and Tobago Tourism Development Company

## Infobox (country)

- **conventional long name**: Tobago
- **common name**: Tobago
- **image flag**: Flag of Trinidad and Tobago.svg
- **map caption**: Map of Tobago (large island), Little Tobago (far right) Goat Island (between Tobago and Little Tobago) & St. Giles Island (top right).
- **national motto**:

- **national anthem**: _Forged From The Love of Liberty_
- **capital**: Scarborough, Tobago, Scarborough
- **largest city**: Scarborough
- **government type**: Autonomous island
- **leader name1**: Anthony Carmona
- **leader title3**: Chief Secretary of Tobago, Chief Secretary
- **leader name3**: Orville London
- **area km2**: 300
- **area sq mi**: 116
- **population census**: 60,874
- **population census year**: 2011
- **population density km2**: 202.9
- **currency**: Trinidad and Tobago dollar
- **currency code**: TTD
- **utc offset**: -4
- **calling code**: 1 868
- **cctld**: .tt
Saharan Air Layer

The **Saharan Air Layer** (SAL) is an intensely dry, warm and sometimes dust-laden layer of the atmosphere which often overlays the cooler, more-humid surface air of the Atlantic Ocean. In the Sahara Desert region of North Africa, where it originates, it is the prevalent atmosphere, extending from the surface upwards several kilometers. As it drives, or is driven, out over the ocean, it is lifted above the denser marine air. This arrangement is an inversion where the temperature increases with height. The boundary between the SAL and the marine layer suppresses or "caps" any convection originating in the marine layer. Since it is dry air, the lapse rate within the SAL itself is steep, that is, the temperature falls rapidly with height.

## Other websites

- NOAA FAQ: Saharan Air Layer
- Real Time SAL data
- HA! Look at 2006! Where are the Hurricanes?
- Research: Aerosols Slow Wind
Portland Point

**Portland Point** is the southernmost point in Jamaica. It is half-way along the island's south coast at the end of a hilly peninsula. A large bay, Portland Bight, lies to the east of it.
Yucatán Channel

The **Yucatán Channel** is a strait between Mexico and Cuba. It is also called the **Straits of Yucatán**. The channel connects the Caribbean Sea with the Gulf of Mexico. It is just over  wide. It is about  deep at its deepest point near the coast of Cuba.
George Town, Cayman Islands

**George Town**, Grand Cayman, is the capital of the Cayman Islands, in the British West Indies. The town has a population of 20,626 (1999 estimates).

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: George Town
- **image map**: Cayman_Islands-CIA_WFB_Map.png
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: United Kingdom
- **subdivision type1**: British overseas territory, Overseas Territory
- **subdivision name1**: Cayman Islands
- **subdivision type2**: Island
- **subdivision name2**: Grand Cayman
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **population as of**: 1999 est
- **population total**: 20636
Guanahacabibes Peninsula

**Guanahacabibes Peninsula** is the westernmost point on the island of Cuba. It is in the Pinar del Río Province, in the municipality of Sandino and is sparsely populated. The waters surrounding the peninsula are important lobster and red snapper fishing grounds. It also boasts the category of Biosphere Reserve, listed by UNESCO in 1987. Its western extremity, Cape San Antonio (), is the westernmost point of Cuba.

## Infobox (protected area)

- **name**: Guanahacabibes
- **iucn category**: II
- **photo**: La2-demis-cuba.png
- **photo caption**: Location of _Guanahacabibes _ in Cuba
- **location**: Cuba
- **nearest city**: Sandino, Cuba, Sandino
- **established**: 1987 (Biosphere Reserve)
Mobile Bay

**Mobile Bay** is an inlet of the Gulf of Mexico, lying within the state of Alabama in the United States. Its mouth is formed by the Fort Morgan Peninsula on the eastern side and Dauphin Island, a barrier island on the western side. The Mobile River and Tensaw River empty into the northern end of the bay, making it an estuary. Dog River, Deer River, and East Fowl River empty into the western side of the bay, and Fish River is across the bay on the eastern shore.
Delmarva Peninsula

The **Delmarva Peninsula** is a large peninsula on the East Coast of the United States, made up by parts of three U.S. states: **Del**aware, **Mar**yland, and **V**irgini**a**. Named as a portmanteau of the letters of the states that occupy it, it is almost 300 by 100 km or about 180 by 60 miles, and is bordered by the Chesapeake Bay on the west, and the Delaware River, Delaware Bay, and Atlantic Ocean on the east.

Delmarva Peninsula is home to beaches like Ocean City, Maryland and Bethany Beach, Delaware
1273

### Europe

- September 29 – Rudolph I of Germany is elected King of Germany over rival candidate King Otakar II of Bohemia, ending the Interregnum; Otakar refuses to acknowledge Rudolph as the new king, leading to the outbreak of war in 1276. Rudolph is the first of many Habsburgs to hold the throne.
- December 6 – Thomas Aquinas quit writing _Summa Theologica_ — a master work of Catholic theology — leaving it unfinished after having a mystical experience during Mass.
- King Otakar II of Bohemia captures Bratislava from Hungary.

### The Middle East

- December – Followers of the recently deceased Jalal al-Din Muhammad Rumi establish the Sufi order of the Whirling Dervishes in the city of Konya (in present-day Turkey).
- The "Holy Redeemer" khachkar, believed to be one of the finest examples of the art form, is carved in Haghpat, Armenia, by Vahram.
- The Constantinople suburb of Beyoğlu (then known as Pera) is given to the Republic of Genoa by the Byzantine Emperor Michael VIII Palaeologus in return for Genoa's support of the Empire after the Fourth Crusade and the sacking of Constantinople.

### Asia

- January 31 – The six-year long battle of Xiangyang ends as commander of the Song Dynasty's forces surrender to Kublai Khan. The battle is the first in which firearms are used in combat.
- In Korea, the Sambyeolcho Rebellion against the Goryeo Dynasty (a puppet government of the Mongol Empire) ends as rebel forces are defeated by combined Mongol and Goryeo forces.

## Births

- July 15 – Ewostatewos, Ethiopian monk and religious leader (died 1352)
- November 24 – Alphonso, Earl of Chester, son of Edward I of England (died 1284)
- Abu al-Fida, Arab historian (died 1331)
- David VIII of Georgia (died 1311)

## Deaths

- December 17 – Jalal al-Din Muhammad Rumi, Persian poet and Sufi mystic (born 1207)
- Baldwin II of Constantinople, last Latin Emperor of Constantinople (born 1217)
1246

## Events

- End of the reign of Emperor Go-Saga, emperor of Japan. Emperor Go-Fukakusa replaces him.
- Güyük Khan is enthroned as the 3rd Great Khan of the Mongol Empire.
- A papal mission under Giovanni da Pian del Carpine arrives at Karakorum and witnesses this event.
- The Mexica settle Chapultepec, a former Toltec stronghold.
- Sainte-Chapelle built.
- With the death of Duke Frederick II, the Babenberg dynasty ends in Austria
- Beaulieu Abbey dedicated.

## Births

- September 14 – John FitzAlan, 7th Earl of Arundel (died 1272)

## Deaths

- February 25 – Dafydd ap Llywelyn, King of Gwynedd
- May 31 – Isabella of Angouleme, queen of John of England
- June 15 – Duke Frederick II of Austria (born 1219)
- September 20 – Mikhail of Chernigov, Prince of Kiev
- September 30 – Yaroslav II of Russia (born 1190)
- November 8 – Berenguela of Castile, queen of Castile and León (born 1196)
1070

## Events

- Hereward the Wake begins a Saxon revolt in the Fens of eastern England, which later collapses.
- Lanfranc, an Italian lawyer, becomes William's formidable Archbishop of Canterbury.
- Central Asian poet Yusuf Balasagun completes the _Kutadgu Bilig_.
- Bergen, Norway is founded by the king Olav Kyrre. This will function as the main city and capital of Norway, until it is replaced by Oslo in 1314.
- Abu Bakr Ibn-Umar founds Marrakesh.
- Chinese Chancellor Wang Anshi starts the Xining Reforms (which last until 1085).
- The Temple of Literature is established in the capital of Vietnam.
- A successful Byzantine counter-attack drives the Seljuk Turks across the Euphrates.
- Song Dynasty Chinese astronomer, engineer, and statesman Su Song completes the compilation of the _Ben Cao Tu Jing_, a pharmaceutical treatise with related subjects of botany, zoology, mineralogy, and metallurgy.

## Deaths

- Baldwin VI of Flanders (b. 1030)
1967 Atlantic hurricane season

The **1967 Atlantic hurricane season** officially began on June 1, 1967, and lasted until November 30, 1967. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin. The season was fairly average, with eight storms forming.

Hurricane Beulah was the most notable Atlantic hurricane of 1967. A Category 5 hurricane, it killed 58 and made $217 million ($1.2 billion in 2005 US dollars) in damage as it crossed the Yucatán Peninsula and then made landfall a second time near the mouth of the Rio Grande river.

## Season summary

<div style="text-align: center;">

</div>

## Infobox (hurricane season)

- **track**: 1967 Atlantic hurricane season map.png
- **first storm formed**: August 28, 1967
- **last storm dissipated**: October 31, 1967
- **strongest storm name**: Hurricane Beulah, Beulah - 923 mbar (27.26 inHg), 160 mph (260 km/h)
- **total storms**: 8
- **major storms**: 1
- **damages**: 217
- **year**: 1967
- **damagespost**: $1.24 billion, 2005 USD
- **fatalities**: 64
- **basin**: Atlantic hurricane
- **five seasons**: 1965 Atlantic hurricane season, 1965, 1966 Atlantic hurricane season, 1966, **1967**, 1968 Atlantic hurricane season, 1968, 1969 Atlantic hurricane season, 1969
1234

## Events

- February 9 — Song Dynasty Chinese and Mongolian armies occupied the Jurchen capital at Caizhou, marking the collapse of the Jin Dynasty (1115-1234).
- Supposedly Mali begins revolt against oppressors.
- Canonization of Saint Dominic
- Pope Gregory IX called for a Crusade against Bosnia and replaced the Bogumil Bosnian Bishop with a Catholic Dominican German _Johann_
- Pope Gregory IX released the _Nova Compilatio Decretalium_
- King Andrew II of Hungary proclaimed herzeg _Coloman_ as Ban of Bosnia, who passed it on to Prijezda, a cousin of Ban Matej Ninoslav (_1234_ to 1239) despite Matej being the legitimate Ban of Bosnia

## Births

- Abaqa Khan, Mongol emperor of Persia (died 1282)

## Deaths

- April 16 – Richard Marshal, 3rd Earl of Pembroke (dob. unknown)
- June 18 – Emperor Chūkyō of Japan (born 1218)
- August 31 – Emperor Go-Horikawa of Japan (born 1212)
- Alan, Lord of Galloway
- Stefan Radoslav, King of Serbia (born 1192)

## Monarchs

- Aragon – James I King of Aragon and count of Barcelona (reigned from 1213 to 1276)
- Castile – Ferdinand III, the Saint King of Castile and León (reigned from 1217 to 1252)
- Navarre – Sancho VII the Strong King of Navarre (reigned from 1194 to 1234)
1235

## Events

- The Normans invade Connacht.
- St. Elizabeth of Hungary is canonized by Pope Gregory IX. She died on November 17 1231 at age 24, either from physical fatigue or from disease, in Marburg.
- A general inquisition begins in France.
- The Byzantine emperor John III Ducas Vatatzes and the Bulgarian tsar Ivan Asen II besiege Constantinople in an attempt to take it from its Latin rulers, John of Brienne and Baldwin II. Angelo Sanudo successfully negotiates a two-year truce.
- Sundiata Keita's victory at the Battle of Kirina marks the beginning of the Mali Empire.
- The Lancaster Royal Grammar School is founded.
- A Chinese text of this year records that Hangzhou City, the capital of the Song Dynasty, held various social clubs that included a West Lake Poetry Club, the Buddhist Tea Society, the Physical Fitness Club, the Anglers' Club, the Occult Club, the Young Girls' Chorus, the Exotic Foods Club, the Plants and Fruits Club, the Antique Collectors' Club, the Horse-Lovers' Club, and the Refined Music Society.

## Births

- Henry of Almain, King of the Romans (died 1271)
- Pope Boniface VIII (approximate date; died 1303)
- Dafydd ap Gruffydd, Prince of Wales (died 1283)
- Ramon Llull, Catalan writer and philosopher (died 1315)
- Saint Rose of Viterbo (died 1252)
- Arnold of Villanova, Spanish alchemist and physician (died 1311)
- Qian Xuan, Chinese painter (d. 1305)

## Deaths

- January 14 – Saint Sava of Serbia (born 1175)
- September 5 – Henry I, Duke of Brabant (born 1165)
- October 26 – Andrew II of Hungary (born 1175)
- Rabbi David Kimhi, Biblical commentator (born 1160)
Hurricane Beulah

**Hurricane Beulah** tracked through the Caribbean Sea, struck the Yucatán Peninsula of Mexico as a major hurricane, and moved west-northwest into the Gulf of Mexico, briefly gaining Category 5 status. It was the strongest hurricane during the 1967 Atlantic hurricane season. The cyclone then weakened before moving into Texas as a major hurricane. It spawned 115 twisters across Texas, which established a new record for the highest amount of tornadoes produced by a tropical cyclone. Due to its slow movement over Texas, Beulah led to significant flooding, and caused over $1 billion (2005 USD) in damages. There were 58 fatalities.

## Infobox (hurricane)

- **name**: Hurricane Beulah
- **type**: hurricane
- **year**: 1967
- **basin**: Atl
- **image location**: Hurricane Beulah.jpg
- **image name**: Hurricane Beulah in the Gulf of Mexico as a Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale, Category 5.
- **formed**: September 5, 1967
- **dissipated**: September 22, 1967
- **1-min winds**: 140
- **pressure**: 923
- **damages**: 1200
- **inflated**: 0
- **deaths**: 58 direct
- **areas**: Greater Antilles, Yucatán Peninsula, Northeast Mexico, South Texas
- **hurricane season**: 1967 Atlantic hurricane season
1150

## Events

- Åhus, Sweden gains city privileges
- City of Airdrie, Scotland founded
- King Sverker I of Sweden deposed and succeeded by Eric IX of Sweden
- Albrecht the Bear inhabits Brandenburg
- Peter the Lombard publishes _Sentences_
- University of Paris, now known as the Sorbonne, founded
- During Crusades, city of Ashkelon fortified with 53 towers by Fatimid rulers
- Earl of Bedford created
- Cubbie Roo's Castle built on Wyre, Orkney
- Mersey Ferry begins running between Liverpool and Birkenhead
- Neuruppin city founded in Brandenburg, Germany
- Rinteln city founded in Lower Saxony, Germany
- Middle Dutch begins to be spoken in what is now Benelux
- Joscelin II of Edessa taken prisoner during Second Crusade
- Tuam promoted to a Metropolitan Archdiocese, Ireland
- Earliest textual reference made to Gypsies working as musicians (in Constantinople)
- Castle Rising built in Norfolk, England by William d'Aubigny, 1st Earl of Arundel
- Garcia IV Ramirez ends reign as King of Navarre
- Bishopric of Aberdeen established
- Christian Malone writes Irish Chronology Chronicum Scotorum
- Christchurch Priory founded

## Births

- Leo II of Armenia (d. 1229).
- William de Braose, 4th Lord of Bramber (approximate date; d. 1211).
- Rosamund Clifford, mistress of Henry II of England (approximate date; d. 1176).
- Alix of France, daughter of Louis VII of France (d. 1198).
- Saxo Grammaticus, Danish historian (d. 1220).
- Baldwin V, Count of Hainaut (d. 1195).
- Stephen Langton, Archbishop of Canterbury (approximate date; d. 1228).
- Beatrice, Countess of Dia.

## Deaths

- Emperor Xizong of Jin, the third ruler of the Jurchen Jin Dynasty
- Suryavarman II, Khmer king, builder of Angkor Wat
- Barisan of Ibelin, figure in the crusader kingdom of Jerusalem
- Pribislav of Brandenburg, last king of the Hevelli (b. c. 1075)
Greater Antilles

The islands of the Caribbean Sea, collectively known as the West Indies are sorted by size and location into the Bahamas (or Lucayan archipelago), the Lesser Antilles and the **Greater Antilles**. The Greater Antilles are Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola (composed of Haiti on the west side and the Dominican Republic on the east side) and Puerto Rico. The smaller islands near these four major islands are sometimes also treated as part of the group. This includes the smaller islands thst surrounding the main islands, but are still part of the main island country (e.g. the Republic of Cuba consists of the island of Cuba and several smaller islands around it). The Cayman Islands are also often included in the Greater Antilles because they are close. The Greater Antilles are made up of continental rock, distinct from the Lesser Antilles, which are mostly young volcanic or coral islands.
1934 FIFA World Cup

The **1934 FIFA World Cup** was a football (soccer) sporting event that was held in Italy in 1934. Italy won the trophy after beating Czechoslovakia in the final.

### Africa

- • Squad

### Europe

- • Squad
- • Squad
- • Squad
- • Squad
- • Squad
- • Squad
- • Squad
- • Squad
- • Squad
- • Squad
- • Squad
- • Squad

### North and Central America

- • Squad

### South America

- • Squad
- • Squad

### Final

won the championship.

## References

- FIFA

|

## Infobox (international football competition)

- **tourney name**: FIFA  World Cup
- **year**: 1934
- **other titles**: World's Cup
Campionato Mondiale di Calcio
- **size**: 150px
- **caption**: Official poster
- **country**: Italy
- **dates**: 27 May – 10 June (15 days)
- **confederations**: 4
- **num teams**: 16
- **venues**: 8
- **cities**: 8
- **champion**: Italy
- **champion-flagvar**: 1861
- **count**: 1
- **second**: Czechoslovakia
- **third**: Germany
- **third-flagvar**: 1933
- **fourth**: Austria
- **matches**: 17
- **goals**: 70
- **attendance**: 363000
- **top scorer**: Oldřich Nejedlý (5 goals)
- **player**: Giuseppe Meazza
- **prevseason**: 1930 FIFA World Cup, 1930
- **nextseason**: 1938 FIFA World Cup, 1938
1938 FIFA World Cup

The **1938 FIFA World Cup** was a football sporting event that was held in France in 1938. Italy won the trophy after beating Hungary in the final.

### Asia

- Dutch East Indies (INH) • Squad

### Europe

- Belgium (BEL) • Squad
- Czechoslovakia (TCH) • Squad
- France (FRA) • Squad
- Germany (GER) • Squad
- Hungary (HUN) • Squad
- Italy (ITA) • Squad
- Netherlands (NED) • Squad
- Norway (NOR) • Squad
- Poland (POL) • Squad
- Romania (ROU) • Squad
- Sweden (SWE) • Squad
- Switzerland (SUI) • Squad

### North and Central America

- Cuba (CUB) • Squad

### South America

- Brazil (BRA) • Squad

### First round

---

---

---

---

---

---

---

#### Replays

---

---

### Quarter-finals

---

---

---

---

### Semi-finals

---

### Final

Italy won the championship.

## Other websites

- FIFA

|

## Infobox (international football competition)

- **tourney name**: 1938 FIFA World Cup
- **country**: France
- **dates**: 4 June – 19 June
- **num teams**: 15
- **venues**: 10
- **cities**: 10
- **champion**: Italy
- **champion-flagvar**: 1861
- **count**: 2
- **second**: Hungary
- **second-flagvar**: 1940
- **third**: Brazil
- **fourth**: Sweden
- **matches**: 18
- **goals**: 84
- **attendance**: 483000
- **top scorer**: Leônidas da Silva, Leônidas (7 goals)
- **prevseason**: 1934 FIFA World Cup, 1934
- **nextseason**: 1950 FIFA World Cup, 1950