juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Statistician

A **statistician** is someone who works with theoretical or applied statistics. The profession exists in both the private and public sectors. The core of that work is to measure, interpret, and describe some events in the world and spot patterns within them. The field shares much common history with social science, but often with a greater view on complex mathematical methods. Statisticians commonly have higher college degrees or other credentials as proof that they are qualified for the job.

It is common to combine statistical knowledge with expertise in other subjects. The applications are varied. Statisticians apply their knowledge to production, research, finance, medicine, insurance, census-taking, government, etc. They often are employed to support managerial decisions or to supervise quality control in manufacturing.

## Nature of the work

According to the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, as of 2008, there were 22,600 jobs listed as _statistician_ in the United States. Of these people, approximately 30% worked for governments (federal, state, or local). Additionally, there are substantial numbers of persons who use statistics in their work but have job titles other than _statistician_. The job of statistician is considered a profession. Most statisticians work in offices and have regular working hours and can therefore be considered to be white-collar workers. A lower number of statisticians are self-employed as statistical consultants.

Most employment as a statistician requires a minimum of a masters degree in statistics or a related field. Many professional statisticians have a PhD.

## History

Civilizations have used the work of statisticians for thousands of years. Statistics was employed in ancient Egypt in censuses of population and cattle. Typical work might involve developing a model and sampling plans, analyzing survey results, or making agricultural or econometric forecasts.

## Related pages

- Statistical Process Control

## Other websites

- Statistician entry, Occupational Outlook Handbook, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
- Careers Center, American Statistical Association
- Careers information, Royal Statistical Society  (UK) 
- Listing of tasks and duties - The International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO)
- Listings of nature of work etc - O*NET
Doabi dialect

**Doabi**, which means "the land between two rivers", is one of the Punjabi dialects spoken in Indian Punjab. This dialects is spoken between the rivers of Beas and Sutlej. It includes the districts of Jalandhar, Hoshiarpur, Kapurthala and Nawanshahr (now known Shahid Bhagat Singh Nagar).
Alan Rickman

**Alan Sidney Patrick Rickman** (21 February 1946 – 14 January 2016) was an English actor and theatre director. He was a well known stage actor in modern and classical productions and he used to be a member of the Royal Shakespeare Company. Rickman was known for being in movies.

## Personal life

Rickman was born on 21 February 1946 in Acton, London. He studied in London at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Arts. Rickman married his partner of 50 years, Rima Horton, in 2012. He lived in London and in Los Angeles, California.

Rickman died in a hospital in London from pancreatic cancer on 14 January 2016 at the age of 69. He was cremated in the West London Crematorium in Kensal Green on February 3, 2016. His widow, Rima Horton, kept his ashes.

## Movie roles

- Hans Gruber in _Die Hard_
- Severus Snape in the Harry Potter movie series
- Eamon de Valera in _Michael Collins_
- Phil Allen in _Blow Dry_
- Alexander Dane in _Galaxy Quest_
- Colonel Brandon in _Sense and Sensibility_
- Harry in _Love Actually_
- Judge Turpin in _Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street_
- Absolem the Caterpillar in _Alice in Wonderland_ and in _Alice Through the Looking Glass_
- Sheriff of Nottingham in _Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves_
- President Ronald Reagan in _The Butler_

## Harry Potter

In _Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone_, Rickman portrays Severus Snape, a cold and angry professor in Hogwarts who hates Harry. This is because Severus hated James Potter, Harry's father, because James and his best friend Sirius bullied him when they were both in Hogwarts in their younger years and he sees qualities of his father in Harry. Another reason he hated Harry's father is because he loved a girl called Lily who James took and later becomes Harry's mother. However, in _Deathly Hallows Part 2,_ it is revealed that Snape is in fact a hero. He sacrifices himself to save the wizarding world. Harry recognizes this and names a child after him in honor of his bravery.

## Other websites

- Alan Rickman at Emmys.com

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: Alan Rickman after Seminar (3).jpg
- **birth name**: Alan Sidney Patrick Rickman
- **birth place**: Acton, London, Acton, Middlesex, England
- **death place**: London, England
- **death cause**: Pancreatic cancer
- **occupation**: Actor
- **years active**: 1978–2016
Aram Khachaturian

**Aram Ilyich Khachaturian** (,  in Tiflis – 1 May 1978 in Moscow) was a significant Soviet-Armenian composer. He studied the cello in the 1920s and went to the Moscow Conservatory in 1929. He composed several symphonies and a ballet called Gayane. His music was largely influenced by the folk music of Armenia. His most popular piece, the "Sabre Dance" from _Gayane_, has been used extensively in popular culture and has been covered by a number of musicians worldwide.
Wonderwall

**Wonderwall** may mean one of the following:

- _Wonderwall_ (movie), a 1968 movie.
- _Wonderwall Music_, George Harrison's soundtrack to the _Wonderwall_ movie.
- "Wonderwall" (song), a song by the  band Oasis, from their 1995 album _(What's the Story) Morning Glory?_.
- Wonderwall (band), a German pop band.
- "The Wonderwall", the bonus round on the game show _Winning Lines_.
Alvin and the Chipmunks (movie series)

The fictional animated singing group **Alvin and the Chipmunks** created by Ross Bagdasarian have appeared in eight feature-length movies since their debut.

### _Alvin and the Chipmunks_ (2007)

In a tree farm, three musically inclined chipmunks, Alvin (Justin Long), the mischievous troublemaker, Simon (Matthew Gray Gubler), the smart one in the trio, and Theodore (Jesse McCartney) the chubby sweethearted chipmunk, find their tree cut down and are transported to Los Angeles. Once there, they meet frustrated songwriter David Seville (Jason Lee), and despite a poor house-wrecking first impression, they impress him with their singing talent. Seeing the opportunity for success, both human and chipmunks make a pact for them to sing his songs. While that ambition proves a frustrating struggle with the difficult trio, the dream does come true after all. However, that success presents its own trials as their unscrupulous record executive, Ian Hawke (David Cross), plans to break up this family to exploit the boys. Can Dave and the Chipmunks discover what they really value amid the superficial glamour around them?

### _Alvin and the Chipmunks: The Squeakquel_ (2009)

Pop sensations Alvin (Justin Long), Simon (Matthew Gray Gubler) and Theodore (Jesse McCartney) end up in the care of Dave Seville (Jason Lee)'s twenty-something cousin Toby (Zachary Levi). The boys must put aside music super stardom to return to school, and are tasked with saving the school's music program by winning the $25,000 prize in a battle of the bands. But the Chipmunks unexpectedly meet their match in three singing chipmunks known as The Chipettes—Brittany (Christina Applegate), Jeanette (Anna Faris) and Eleanor (Amy Poehler). Romantic and musical sparks are ignited when the Chipmunks and Chipettes square off.

### _Alvin and the Chipmunks: Chipwrecked_ (2011)

Dave (Jason Lee), the Chipmunks, and the Chipettes enjoy fun and mischief on a luxury cruise before their seafaring vacation takes an unexpected detour to an uncharted island. Now, the harder Alvin (Justin Long) and friends search for a way back to civilization, the more obvious it becomes that they aren't alone on this secluded island paradise.

### _Alvin and the Chipmunks: The Road Chip_ (2015)

Through a series of misunderstandings, Alvin (Justin Long), Simon (Matthew Gray Gubler) and Theodore (Jesse McCartney) come to believe that Dave (Jason Lee) is going to propose to his new girlfriend in Miami...and dump them. They have three days to get to him and stop the proposal, saving themselves not only from losing Dave but possibly from gaining a terrible stepbrother.
Acanthaceae

**Acanthaceae** is one of 23 families in the mint order of flowering plants containing approximately 230 genera and nearly 3,500 species distributed predominantly in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. The greater part of the Acanthaceae family are herbs or shrubs, but climbers (vines) and trees occur as well. The range of habitats extends from marshes to extremely dry situations, but most of these plants are found in damp tropical forests.
Gesneriaceae

**Gesneriaceae** is a one of 23 families in the order Lamiales of flowering plant, consisting of 147 genera and about 3,200 species of mostly tropical and subtropical herbaceous or slightly woody plants. Many are of economic importance as horticultural ornamentals. Among these are the African violets and gloxinias.
Novella

A **novella**, also called a **novellette**, is a book shorter than a novel but longer than a short story.

## Examples

- _Flatland_ by Edwin A. Abbot (1884)
- _Of Mice and Men_ by John Steinbeck (1937)
Bignoniaceae

**Bignoniaceae** or the **Trumpet creeper** or catalpa family of the mint order of flowering plants. It contains about 112 genera and more than 725 species of trees, shrubs, and, most commonly, vines, chiefly of tropical America, tropical Africa, and the Indo-Malayan region. They form an important part of the tropical forest vegetation because of the numerous climbing vines. A few are found in temperate regions, notably the catalpa tree (_Catalpa_), the trumpet creeper (_Campsis_), and the cross vine (_Bignonia_).
Polite society

**Polite society**, often shortened to **society**, is a euphemism for the upper class.

It can also refer to:

- Polite society, the etiquette of the upper class
- Polite society, the manners of the upper class
- _Polite Society_, a 1995 novel by Melanie Sumner, winner of that year's Whiting Writers' Award
- The Polite Society, an American organization that holds shooting events
Compromise

To **compromise** is to make a deal where one person gives up part of his or her demand. In arguments, _compromise_ is a concept of finding agreement through communication, through a mutual acceptance of terms, while often involving variations from an original goal or desire.

Extremism is often considered as antonym to compromise, which, depending on context, may be associated with concepts of balance or tolerance. In the negative connotation, compromise may be referred to as _capitulation_, referring to a "surrender" of objectives, principles, or material, in the process of negotiating an agreement.

In human relationships, "compromise" is frequently said to be an agreement that no party is happy with, this is because the parties involved often feel that they either gave away too much or that they received too little.

From cultural background and influences, the meaning and perception of the word "compromise" may be different: In the UK, Ireland and Commonwealth countries, the word "compromise" has a positive meaning (as a consent, an agreement where both parties win something); in the U.S., it can have rather negative connotations, as in "compromising principles" as a sell-out of basic beliefs.

## Academic research

Defining and finding the best possible compromise is an important problem in fields, such as game theory and the voting system.

Research has indicated that less-than-optimal compromises are often the result of negotiators failing to realize when they have interests that are completely compatible with those of the other party, and hence, they settle for suboptimal agreements. Mutually-better outcomes can often be found by careful study of both parties' interests, especially if done early in negotiations.

## Related pages

- Constitution
- Interpersonal relationship
- Compromise of 1850 (USA)
- Missouri Compromise (USA)
- Three-Fifths Compromise (USA)
Gunnysacking

**Gunnysacking** is a metaphor, used in conflict resolution, which involves the act of "storing up" grievances acquired in the course of a relationship, rather than resolve them when they first occurred. The word is based on the idea of using a gunny sack (burlap bag) storing a number of items.

A typical example might occur in a marriage facing occasional difficulty. Partners may have small grievances or annoyances, which by themselves are not critical. However, over time one partner gets less happy and more annoyed. Then some incident occurs, and a full-blown argument follows. By analogy, this is the gunny sack bursting, with an 'overblown reaction'.

The term may also refer to bringing up past grievances when trying to resolve some present problem in a relationship. In which case, gunnysacking (as a tactic) has the dual effect of raising additional problems (in what is typically already a volatile, difficult situation) and presents a side-track obstacle to dealing with the current issues. Additionally, once the practice becomes a familiar pattern used by one person in a relationship, other persons may avoid reporting new issues or problems for the sake of avoiding a repeat of the gunnysacking behavior.
Bent Larsen

**Jørgen Bent Larsen** (4 March 1935–9 September 2010) was a Danish chess Grandmaster. He was a six-time Danish champion, and a candidate for the World Chess Championship on four occasions: 1965, 1968, 1971, and 1977. He won three Interzonal tournaments: Amsterdam 1964, Sousse 1967, and Biel 1976. Larsen won several dozen major international tournaments during his career, and was awarded the first Chess Oscar in 1967. At his best he was rated (FIDE rating list) fourth in the world.

Larsen was the strongest chess player born in Denmark, and the strongest Scandinavian until the emergence of Magnus Carlsen. From the early 1970s, he lived for part of the year in Las Palmas, and in Buenos Aires, with his Argentinian-born wife.

## Olympiad performances

Bent represented Denmark six times in Chess Olympiads, always on first board, and compiled an aggregate score of 75/109 (+61 =28 −20), for 68.8%, according to olimpbase.org. He always played a very high number of games, almost all of the rounds, and won three board medals, one gold and two bronze.

- Amsterdam 1954, board one, 13½/19 (+11 =5 −3), board bronze medal;
- Moscow 1956, board one, 14/18 (+11 =6 −1), board gold medal;
- Munich 1958, board one, 13/19 (+11 =4 −4);
- Havana 1966, board one, 11/18 (+9 =4 −5);
- Lugano 1968, board one, 10½/18 (+8 =5 −5);
- Siegen 1970, board one, 13/17 (+11 =4 −2), board bronze medal.

## Disaster in Denver

The worst result of his career was his 6–0 defeat by Bobby Fischer in the semi-finals of the Candidates matches in 1971. The match was played in Denver, Colorado. Larsen later claimed in a Kasparov.com interview (1998) that his one-sided loss to Fischer was due in part to his condition during the match: "The organizers chose the wrong time for this match. I was languid with the heat and Fischer was better prepared for such exceptional circumstances... I saw chess pieces through a mist and, thus, my level of playing was not good". Fischer was the great player of the day, and went on to beat Spassky in 1972 for the World Championship.

- Bent Larsen 1970. _Larsen's selected games of chess_. Bell, London.

## Other websites

- Lubomir Kavalek: Chess great Bent Larsen dies

## Infobox (chess player)

- **playername**: Bent Larsen
- **image**: Bent Larsen.jpg
- **birthname**: Jørgen Bent Larsen
- **birth place**: Tilsted near Thisted, Denmark
- **death place**: Buenos Aires
- **title**: Grandmaster (chess), Grandmaster
- **rating**: 2415 (January 2009)
- **peakrating**: 2660 (January 1971)
Google Search

**Google Search** or **Google Web Search** is a web search engine owned by Google Inc. and it is the most widely used search engine on the World Wide Web. Google receives several hundred million queries each day through its various services.
The main purpose of Google Search is to hunt for text in webpages, as opposed to other data, such as with Google Image Search. Google search was originally developed by Larry Page and Sergey Brin in 1997, based on earlier search-engine designs.

Google Search provides at least 22 special features beyond the original word-search capability. These include synonyms, weather forecasts, time zones, stock quotes, maps, earthquake data, movie showtimes, airports, home listings, and sports results. (_see below:_ Special features). There are special features for numbers, including ranges (70..73), prices, temperatures, money/unit conversions ("10.5 cm in inches"), calculations ( 3*4+sqrt(6)-pi/2 ), package tracking, patents, area codes, and language translation of displayed pages.

## Infobox (website)

- **name**: Google Search
- **logo**: Google 2015 logo.svg
- **screenshot**: Google Search screenshot in 2025 (EN).png
- **caption**: The Google homepage
- **url**: [http://www.google.com/ http://www.google.com]
#Domain names, list of domain names
- **commercial**: Yes
- **type**: Web search engine, Search Engine
- **language**: #International, Multilingual (124)
- **registration**: Optional
- **owner**: Google
- **author**: Sergey Brin and Larry Page
- **launch date**: September 15, 1997
- **current status**: Active
- **revenue**: From AdWords
Centenary Medal

The **Centenary Medal** is an award given by the Australian Government in 2001. It was set up to celebrate the Centenary of Federation of Australia and to honour people who have made a contribution to Australian society or government. Possible winners were studied by a group headed by the historian Professor Geoffrey Blainey.

### Award

The front of the medal has a seven-pointed Commonwealth Star, for the six Australian states, with the seventh point for Australia's territories. At the centre of the star is an image showing the Indigenous Australian traditions at the heart of the continent. Around the edge are 100 dots for 100 years of federation. The other side has a seven pointed star, with the words "For Contribution Made to Australian Society" around the edge.

### Bar and Ribbon

The colours in the ribbon are crimson, which represents federation, and blue and gold for the beginning of the 21st Century. The seven gold and red lines signify the states' pathways to federation. The bar and ribbon are the same so that a person with the award can be recognized easily.

## Some medal winners

- Jack Brabham, motor sport
- Barry Marshall, Nobel Prize winner

## Infobox (military award)

- **name**: Centenary Medal
- **image**:

- **caption**: Ribbon
- **awarded by**: Australia
- **type**: Medal
- **for**: People who made a contribution to Australian society or government
- **status**: The award is now closed, but people who meet the "centenarian" guidelines may still qualify
- **established**: 14 February 2001
- **total**: 15,841
- **higher**: Australian Sports Medal
- **lower**: Defence Force Service Medal
Australian Sports Medal

The **Australian Sports Medal** was an award given during 2000 to recognise achievements in Australian sport.

Winners of the award included competitors, coaches, sports scientists, office holders, and people who maintained sporting facilities and services.  Over 18,000 Medals were awarded.

## Description

- The medal is circular and made of nickel-silver with a highly polished finish. The front design symbolises Australian sport showing the stars of the Southern Cross, and lines representing the athletics track at the Australian Sports Stadium.
- The other side has the same lines as the front, and the words ‘to commemorate Australian sporting achievement’ appearing in the raised edge of the medal. It is also marked with the year ‘2000’.
- The medal hangs from a 32 mm ribbon by a connector piece and ring. The ribbon’s colours are Australia’s national colours green and yellow.

## Other websites

- It's an Honour  - Australian Government site
- http://www.itsanhonour.gov.au/honours/honour_roll/search.cfm?aus_award_id=969978&search_type=simple&showInd=true  - Stanley Brooks (Australian Government Site)

## Infobox (military award)

- **name**: Australian Sports Medal
- **image**:

- **caption**: Ribbon
- **awarded by**: Australia
- **type**: Medal
- **eligibility**: Australian citizens
- **for**: Sporting achievements [http://www.itsanhonour.gov.au/honours/awards/medals/sports_medal.cfm]
- **description**: Introduced to recognise Australian sporting achievements.
- **established**: 23 December 1999
- **first award**: 2000
- **last award**: 2000
- **total**: 18,000+
- **higher**: 80th Anniversary Armistice Remembrance Medal
- **lower**: Centenary Medal
Marin Mersenne

**Marin Mersenne**, (born 8 September 1588, in modern-day Sarthe, died 1 September 1648, in Paris) was a French theologian and mathematician. He developed the first laws of acoustics, which was known by his name for a long time. Today, he is mainly remembered for the Mersenne primes. Together with Galileo Galilei he built the laws which describe how a mass falls in an empty space. He was in favour of modern science, and did not agree with "occultist" movements.

He often travelled to meet great scientists, which made him an important mediator. This is especially true for mathematicians such as Pierre Gassendi, Gilles Personne de Roberval, Blaise Pascal und Pierre de Fermat. To tell Mersenne of a discovery was like publishing it. He told Gassendi to reply to the _Meditations_ of Descartes. Mersenne gave Huygens the idea of using a pendulum to measure time. This led to the development of pendulum clocks.
Land Transport Authority

The **Land Transport Authority** (Abbreviation: **LTA**; Chinese: 陆路交通管理局 (shortform: 陆交局); Malay: Penguasa Pengangkutan Darat; ) of Singapore is a statutory board of the Ministry of Transport. It was founded in 1 September 1995, by merging four agencies, which are Registry of Vehicles, Mass Rapid Transit Corporation, Roads & Transportation Division of the Public Works Department of Singapore and Land Transport Division of the then-Ministry of Communications. LTA leads the development of land transport in Singapore.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (government agency)

- **agency name**: Land Transport Authority
- **logo caption**: Logo of LTA
- **formed**: 1 September 1995
- **preceding1**: Registry of Vehicles
- **preceding2**: Mass Rapid Transit Corporation
- **preceding3**: Roads & Transportation Division of the CPG Corporation, Public Works Department
- **preceding4**: Land Transportation Division of the Ministry of Communications
- **jurisdiction**: Government of Singapore
- **headquarters**: 1 Hampshire Road Singapore 219428
- **chief1 name**: Chan Heng Loon Alan
- **chief1 position**: Chairman
- **chief2 name**: Ngien Hoon Ping
- **chief2 position**: Chief Executive
- **parent agency**: Ministry of Transport (Singapore), Ministry of Transport
- **agency id**: T08GB0027D
Usage share of web browsers

The **usage share of web browsers** is the percentage (%) of viewers at a group of websites who use a particular web browser. For example, when it is said that Google Chrome has 64% usage share (May 2022), it means that all versions of Chrome (including the related Chromium) are used by 64 of every 100 visitors who visit a  set of websites.

## Other websites

- Chuck Upsdell's Browser Stats  lists web stats from many different stats sources and gives the approximate current usage share of the most popular layout engines.
- W3Schools' Browser Statistics lists the web stats only from the W3 Schools site, which gives the approximate usage share of browsers among "people with an interest for web technologies."
- Wikimedia's most recent squid report  lists web stats for Wikipedia and its sister projects.
Plumbaginaceae

**Plumbaginaceae** is a family of flowering plants are about 560 species in 10 genera found all over the world. They are annual or perennial herbs, shrubs and climbers. Thrift (_Armeria_) and Sea Lavender (_Limonium_), have small flowers in dense clusters. They are generally grown for garden decoration or as cut flowers, either fresh or dried, and medicinal extracts are obtained from some species.
Polygonaceae

**Polygonaceae** is a family of flowering plants are herbs, shrubs, or rarely trees comprising about 30 genera and 1,000 species. The leaves are simple, alternate or rarely opposite, and usually stipulate. Some well known members include buckwheat (_Fagopyrum_), sorrel (_Rumex_), rhubarb (_Rheum_), and knotweed (_Polygonum_).
Charles

**Charles** is a boy's name of German origin.  There are many famous people named Charles:

- Charles Aznavour, Armenian-French singer
- Charles Babbage, English inventor
- Charles Barkley, American basketball player
- Charles Blanvillain, French rapper
- Charles Bronson, American actor
- Charles Carroll of Carrollton, signer of the Declaration of Independence
- Charles Chaplin, American actor
- Charles Chesnutt, American author
- Charles Colson, American lawyer
- Charles Cornwallis, British general and politician
- Charles Court, Australian politician
- Charles Curtis, Vice-President of the United States
- Charles Darwin, who came up with the theory of evolution
- Charles G. Dawes, Nobel Laureate and Vice-President of the United States
- Charles Ellis, English physicist
- Charles de Gaulle, French general and President
- Charles Dickens, English author
- Charles Ebbets, owner of the Brooklyn Dodgers
- Charles Foster, Ohio Congressman
- Charles Gounod, French composer
- Charles Hendry, British MP
- Charles Higounet, French historian
- Charles Hoare, English computer scientist
- Charles Evans Hughes, Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court
- Charles Ives, American composer
- Charles Lindbergh, American pilot
- Charles Lummis, American author and historian
- Charles-Louis Montesquieu, French philosopher
- Charles Spurgeon, British preacher
- Charles de Tornaco, Belgian racecar driver
- Charles Doolittle Walcott, American paleontologist
- Charles Frederick Worth, fashion designer

## Rulers and noblemen named Charles

- Charles I of England, King of England, 1625-49
- Charles II of England, King of England, 1660-85
- Charles IV of France, King of France, 1322-28
- Charles I of Spain, King of Spain and Holy Roman Emperor, 1519-58
- Charles IV of Spains, King of Spain 1788-1808
- Charles, Duke of Berry, grandson of Louis XIV
- Charles, Duke of Guelders, Dutch nobleman
- Charles I of Austria , final monarch of AUSTROHUNGARIAN KINGDOM
- Charles Edward Stuart, a.k.a. Bonnie Prince Charlie, Jacobin pretender
- Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy from 1638 to 1675
- Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia, Duke of Savoy and King of Sardinia 1730-1773
- Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia, King of Sardinia 1796-1802
- Charles Felix of Sardinia, King of Sardinia 1821-1831
- Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey, British PM
- Charles, Prince of Wales, heir to the British throne
Eschborn

**Eschborn** is a town near Frankfurt am Main in the Main-Taunus district, Hesse, Germany. The town has a population of 20,789.
Tinamou

A **tinamou** is one of an family of birds called the **Tinamidae**. They are the only species within the family. There are 47 species of tinamou in Central and South America. They are one of the most ancient living groups of bird, and are related to the ratites. Generally ground dwelling, they are found in a range of habitats.

## Taxonomy and evolution

Of Gondwanan origin, tinamous are related to the ratites. Although the fossil record in South America is poor, the known tinamiform fossil record goes back 10 million years. Together with the ratites, they make up Palaeognathae ("old jaws"), while all other living birds are members of Neognathae ("new jaws"). Unlike the other palaeognaths, tinamous do have a keeled sternum. Like the other palaeognaths, they also have a distinctive palate (thin bony plate at top of mouth).

Recent phylogenetic studies place tinamids as the sister group of Australasian/Oceanian ratites. Those are the (cassowaries, emus, and kiwi). South American ratites (rheas) and African ratites (ostriches) are also related, but more distantly. Tinamous themselves are monophyletic.
Musette

**Musette** is the French word for small bellows played bagpipes. Some composers liked to use a drone (especially one in fifths) to make it sound like bagpipes or other folk instruments. Johann Sebastian Bach, François Couperin and other Baroque composers often called such pieces "Musette". Sometimes they did this in orchestral music: Joseph Haydn used a drone in the last part of his Symphony No. 104 to accompany a folk tune.

## Infobox (instrument)

- **name**: Musette
- **image**: Musette MIM 5262.jpg
- **image capt**: A musette
- **classification**: Woodwind
- **related**: Bagpipes
Gram-Schmidt process

**The Gram-Schmidt process** is a way of converting one set of vectors that forms a basis into another, more friendly one.

Suppose we have a set of vectors  that form a basis for , and that we wish to convert these into a "friendly" basis which is easier to work with later. We begin by finding out which component of a vector is being unfriendly to a second vector, which we may do with inner products. If we have two vectors , then we may find the component of  being unfriendly to  with . By subtracting this from , we get the component friendly to . By returning to our abstract set , we may make use of this observation to construct a general algorithm to convert an arbitrary basis into a friendly basis.  Like from our original set, each time we use the process on a new vector, it is guaranteed to be mutually friendly with all the previous vectors.

Define:

=

=

et cetera, with the general term:

Should we wish to make this a friendly and cute basis, we can simply make each new element of the basis cute, by replacing both  with .
Pigeonhole principle

The **pigeonhole principle** explains that when there are (n) pigeon-sized holes in a pigeon container, then it's impossible to fit more than (n) pigeons in that container, without having at least one hole containing more than one. The pigeons are used here as an example for anything that can be put into containers or subdivisions.

This theorem is important in computer science and mathematics, especially in graph theory.

## Example

In one suitcase there are 12 blue socks and 18 black socks. If we close our eyes, how many socks must we pull out to be sure we have a pair of the same color?

If we think of the colors as _holes_ or categories, we have 2 holes, so (n) = 2. If we pull three socks from the suitcase, at least two of them must be the same color, because 3 is a number greater than 2. So the correct answer here is **three.**
Nickel (United States coin)

A **nickel** is a coin. It is in the United States currency. It is worth 5 cents. It is made of _cupronickel_, an alloy of copper and nickel. It is 75% copper, and 25% nickel. So, it is made primarily of copper, not nickel.

## Related pages

- Penny
- Dime
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

The **Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation** (FDIC) aims to keep people’s money safe. Specifically, the money people put into American banks. If money is lost they will replace it. The FDIC will replace up to $250,000 per person, per bank.  the FDIC insured 7,895 different banks or institutions. The FDIC also watches banks or institutions for problems or failings.

The FDIC was made during the Great Depression by President Franklin Roosevelt in June 1933. This is an important occurrence in United States history because it guaranteed people their money. This also helped people feel safer when using banks in the United States.

## Other websites

- Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (official website)
- FDIC Statistics at a Glance  (FDIC.gov)
- FDIC List of Failed Banks
- The Federal Deposit Insurance Reform Conforming Amendments Act of 2005
- History including Boards of Directors
- 60 Minutes - Your Bank Has Failed: What Happens Next?

## Infobox (government agency)

- **agency name**: Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
- **logo**: US-FDIC-Logo.svg
- **logo width**: 150px
- **seal**: Seal of the United States Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.svg
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- **jurisdiction**: Federal government of the United States
- **headquarters**: Washington, D.C.
- **employees**: 8,713 (December 2012)
- **chief1 name**: Martin J. Gruenberg
- **chief1 position**: Chairman
- **chief2 name**: Travis Hill
- **chief2 position**: Vice Chairman
- **website**: [http://www.fdic.gov www.fdic.gov]
Vehicle insurance

**Vehicle insurance** (also called **auto insurance** or **car insurance**) is a kind of insurance that protects people if they have a car accident. Somebody with vehicle insurance would not have to pay the entire cost of damage a car accident causes. In many places, it is against the law to drive without vehicle insurance.

The driver pays a premium to the car insurance company. In exchange, the company covers the potential cost of damages and financial loss that are a result of driving.

The bare minimum everyday driver should require to purchase liability coverage. It varies from state to state and it is important to have the minimum amount as required by law. You can receive a ticket, have your driver's license revoked, or even be arrested.

Liability is there to protect the other drivers on the road from the damages you cause.

Insurance prices vary a lot by the company. The car you drive can affect your auto insurance rates. If you get in an accident the repairs on the car may be different from others.

## Premium

Somebody with vehicle insurance would pay what is called a _premium_  (perhaps every month). The insurance company would decide how big the premium is and might consider several factors. These include some of the following:

- Age
- Type of car
- Type of job
- Gender
- Home
- History of insurance
- Past accidents
When you pay a premium, the insurance company agrees to pay your losses as outlined in your policy. Depending on different factors, the insurance company may not pay all or any of your losses.

## References

For introductory articles on vehicle Insurance cost analysis Know The Factors Determine Your Car Insurance Cost
Umbrella insurance

***Umbrella insurance*** protects all items of economic value and future income. It is also known as a type of liability insurance. A liability is a legal debt or obligation. The umbrella refers to how the policy shields insured assets. It covers damages caused by you and your dependents. People who have large sums of money usually have this type of insurance because they have high premiums. Premiums are the total cost of the policy. It guarantees you higher liability limits. It provides additional limits of coverage if you are at risk of being sued.

The umbrella policy is there to fill the gaps in other insurance policies. Where one policy does not cover, the umbrella policy picks up where it doesn’t cover. The umbrella policy covers all insurances such as house, car, etc. The umbrella policy covers in increments of 1,000,000 dollars. So if you had car insurance that only covered 200,000 dollars, the coverage would then be 1,200,000 dollars. The same goes for home owners insurance, if you had 500,000 dollars in coverage the total coverage would become 1,500,000 dollars in coverage.
Argument from false premises

An **argument from false premises** is a line of reasoning which can lead to wrong results. A **false premise** is an untrue proposition that forms part of the basis of a _logical syllogism_.  Since the premise (assumption) is not correct, the conclusion drawn may also be wrong.

However, it should be noted that whether or not an argument is "valid" does not depend on whether its premises are true. It rather depends on whether the conclusion follows from them, which is to say, on whether _under the assumption_ that the premises are true, the conclusion must be true as well.

For example, consider this syllogism:

- If the streets are wet, it has rained recently. (premise)
- The streets are wet. (premise)
- Therefore, it has rained recently. (conclusion)

This argument is logically valid. But its premises are not always true. The first premise can be false – someone could have hosed down the streets, a street cleaner could have passed, the local river could have flooded, and so on.  A simple logical analysis will not reveal the error in this argument, since that analysis assumes that all the argument's premises are true.  For this reason, an argument based on false premises can be much more difficult to refute, or even discuss, than one featuring a normal logical error, as the truth of its premises must be established to the satisfaction of all parties.

Another feature of an argument based on false premises that can bedevil critics, is that its conclusion can in fact be true.  Consider the above example again.  It may well be that it has recently rained, and that the streets are wet.  This of course does nothing to prove the first premise, but can make its claims more difficult to refute.

A false premise can also be a premise that is poorly defined, which makes the conclusion questionable.  The following joke from _Plato and a Platypus Walk Into a Bar_ illustrates the point: > "An old cowboy goes into a bar and orders a drink.  As he sits there sipping his whiskey, a young lady sits down next to him.  ... She says, 'I'm a lesbian.  I spend my whole day thinking about women. ...' A little while later, a couple sits down next to the old cowboy and asks him, 'Are you a real cowboy?' He replies, 'I always thought I was, but I just found out I'm a lesbian'." The mistake the cowboy makes is that he assumes that the definition of a lesbian is somebody who spends the "whole day thinking about women", without including the fact that a lesbian is a homosexual female.  The cowboy is neither homosexual nor female; therefore, he is not a lesbian.

## Related pages

- Predicate logic
Nichrome

**Nichrome** is an alloy. It is made of nickel and chromium. It has an 80/20% composition. It is used as a heating element. It gets hot when electricity goes through it. It is normally silver in colour and a wire.

## Related pages

- Cupronickel
Cupronickel

**Cupronickel** is an alloy. It is made of copper and nickel. It is used in nickels, the US coins. It does not corrode. It is silvery in color. It has 75% copper and 25% nickel.

## Related pages

- Nichrome
Nickel oxide

**Nickel oxide** can refer to either of these chemical compounds:

- Nickel(II) oxide, green
- Nickel(III) oxide, black
Nickel(II) oxide

**Nickel(II) oxide**, also known as **nickelous oxide**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is NiO. It contains nickel in its +2 oxidation state. It also contains oxide ions.

## Properties

Nickel(II) oxide is a light green solid. It does not dissolve in water. Sometimes it is gray because all of the nickel is not in the +2 oxidation state. It reacts with acids to make nickel(II) salts. For example, it reacts with hydrochloric acid to make nickel(II) chloride. It does not react with bases easily.

## Preparation

Nickel(II) oxide can be made by heating nickel powder in air at . This normally makes a black nickel oxide. It also can be made by reacting nickel with water at . The simplest way to make it is to heat nickel(II) hydroxide, nickel(II) carbonate, or nickel(II) nitrate.

## Uses

It is used to make alloys. It is also used in ceramics. It is used to make other nickel compounds.

## Safety

Nickel(II) oxide can irritate skin and make problems when breathed in.

## Related pages

- Nickel(II) sulfate
Margaret Cho

**Margaret Cho** (born ***Moran Cho*** on 5 December 1968) is an American comedian and actress. She was born in San Francisco, California. She is bisexual and liberal.
Nicaraguan Sign Language

***Idioma de Signos Nicaragüense***, or **Nicaraguan Sign Language**, is a sign language that was spontaneously invented by deaf schoolchildren in Nicaragua in the 1970s and 1980s.  The language developed when the Sandinist government of Nicaragua created the first (elementary) school for deaf people, in the 1970s. The language is of special interest to linguists, because it allows them to study how languages develop.

In the 1970s, the deaf people of Nicaragua rarely met. They lived isolated lives and used simple gestures to communicate with their friends and family. In 1977, a special programme for the deaf was started in a suburb of Managua. At first, fifty children took part. When the Sandinist came to power, the number of pupils rose to hundred. In 1980, a vocational school for deaf people was opened in another part of Managua. In 1983, both schools together had about 400 pupils.

The teaching was centered on lip reading and the use of a hand alphabet. This was mostly unsuccessful, because most pupils had trouble spelling words in this way. The children were cut off from their teachers, and used recreational breaks, and free time spent together to create a system that allowed them to communicate with each other. Gestures and signs used at home were used to create a pidgin. Later the pidgin developed into a Creole language. The first step, that is to say the pidgin is called _Lenguaje de Signos Nicaragüense_ (LSN) today. Pupils who left the school before the creole language was created, continue to use the pidgin.

The staff of the school missed the fact that a language was developing before their eyes. All they saw were some mimics, and the failure to learn Spanish. As they did not know what the pupils were saying, they asked for help. In 1986, Judi Kegl, an expert on the topic of American Sign Language was asked to help. When she analysed the language, she found out that the pidgin NSL had been made more complex by the younger pupils — it now included a fixed grammar, and the arrangement of verbs. Today, this extended form is known as _ISN_.

## Other websites

- 5 minute PBS documentary video showing examples of Nicaraguan Sign Language (QuickTime and RealPlayer formats).
- http://www.unet.maine.edu/courses/NSLP/
- http://cf.linguistlist.org/cfdocs/new-website/LL-WorkingDirs/forms/langs/LLDescription.cfm?code=NCS
- https://www.nytimes.com/library/magazine/home/19991024mag-sign-language.html
- http://www-news.uchicago.edu/citations/04/041014.coppola-ct.html

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Nicaraguan Sign Language
- **nativename**: Idioma de Señas de Nicaragua, ISN
- **states**: Nicaragua
- **region**: The Managua region and spreading throughout the country
- **speakers**: 3,000
- **ref**: e18
- **date**: 1997
- **familycolor**: sign language
- **family**: Deaf-community sign language: developed as a creole language from a home sign, home and idioglossic sign, with the addition of an American Sign Language, ASL-influenced manual alphabet
- **iso3**: ncs
- **glotto**: nica1238
- **glottorefname**: Nicaraguan Sign Language
Nickel(II) nitrate

**Nickel(II) nitrate**, also known as **nickelous nitrate**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Ni(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>. It contains nickel in its +2 oxidation state. It also contains nitrate ions.

## Properties

Nickel(II) nitrate is a green crystalline solid. It dissolves in water. Because it has nitrate ions, it is an oxidizing agent. It normally has water molecules attached to it, making it hydrated.

## Preparation

It is made by dissolving nickel metal in nitric acid.

## Uses

It is used as a source of nickel(II), but nickel(II) chloride and nickel(II) sulfate are used more commonly.

## Safety

It is an oxidizing agent, so it should be kept away from things that can burn. It also is toxic to things that live in the water. It is a carcinogen.

## Related pages

- Nickel(II) oxide
- Nickel(II) carbonate
Nickel(II) chloride

**Nickel(II) chloride**, also known as **nickelous chloride**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is NiCl<sub>2</sub>. It contains nickel in its +2 oxidation state. It also contains chloride ions.

## Properties

It is a yellow-green solid. It dissolves in water. It normally is attached to water molecules (hydrated). It reacts with ammonia to make a purple solution. It also reacts with hydrochloric acid to make a yellow solution. It reacts with bases to make nickel(II) hydroxide. Solutions of nickel(II) chloride have a pH of 4.

## Preparation

It is made by dissolving nickel metal in hydrochloric acid. It also can be made by reacting nickel(II) oxide, nickel(II) carbonate, or nickel(II) hydroxide with hydrochloric acid.

## Uses

It is used to electroplate nickel metal on metal objects. It is also used as a catalyst.

## Safety

Nickel(II) chloride irritates skin and eyes. It can also cause cancer.

## Related pages

- Nickel(II) sulfate
- Nickel(II) nitrate
Facial composite

A **facial composite** is a reconstructed image of the face of a person. Such images are usually based on descriptions of eyewitnesses. They are mostly used by police, to help them find people who have committed a serious crime.
Nickel(II) hydroxide

**Nickel(II) hydroxide**, also known as **nickelous hydroxide**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Ni(OH)<sub>2</sub>. It contains nickel in its +2 oxidation state. It also contains hydroxide ions.

## Properties

It is a light green solid. It does not dissolve in water. It dissolves in acids to make other nickel(II) salts.

## Preparation

It is made by reacting a base containing hydroxide ions with a nickel(II) salt, such as nickel(II) chloride.

## Uses

Nickel(II) hydroxide is used in the nickel cadmium battery and the nickel-metal hydride battery.

## Related pages

- Nickel(II) nitrate
- Nickel(II) sulfate
Nickel(II) carbonate

**Nickel(II) carbonate**, also known as **nickelous carbonate**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is NiCO<sub>3</sub>. It contains nickel in its +2 oxidation state. It also contains carbonate ions.

## Properties

Nickel(II) carbonate is a pale green solid. It does not dissolve in water. It reacts with acids to make carbon dioxide. It turns into carbon dioxide and nickel(II) oxide when heated.

## Preparation

It is made by reacting sodium carbonate with nickel(II) chloride or nickel(II) sulfate.

## Uses

It is used in pigments and catalysts that have nickel in them.

## Related pages

- Nickel(II) hydroxide
- Nickel(II) nitrate
Nickel(II) sulfate

**Nickel(II) sulfate**, also known as **nickelous sulfate**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is NiSO<sub>4</sub>. It contains nickel in its +2 oxidation state. It also contains sulfate ions.

## Properties

Nickel(II) sulfate is a bluish solid. It dissolves in water. It is normally attached to some water molecules (hydrated). When it is anhydrous (not attached to water molecules), it is yellow. It reacts with bases to make nickel(II) hydroxide.

## Preparation

It is made by dissolving nickel(II) oxide or nickel metal in sulfuric acid.

## Uses

Nickel(II) sulfate is used to make other nickel compounds. It is also used in the electroplating of nickel on metal objects. It is used in the lab.

## Related pages

- Nickel(II) chloride
- Nickel(II) nitrate