juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Singaporean English

**Singaporean English** or **Standard Singaporean English** is a dialect of English used in Singapore. It is used as a lingua franca between Chinese Singaporeans, Malay Singaporeans, Indian Singaporeans and White Singaporeans. It (along with Mandarin, Malay and Tamil) is an official language of Singapore. It is the main language of government, business and school in Singapore.

## Related pages

- Languages of Singapore
- Malaysian English
- Manglish
- Singlish
Damon Albarn

**Damon Albarn** (, born 23 March 1968) is an English singer-songwriter and record producer who has been involved in many high-profile projects and groups throughout his career. He is perhaps best known internationally for his current role as the frontman and songwriter of Gorillaz, whose first two studio albums had sold more than 20 million copies together by 2007. Albarn also serves as the frontman and primary songwriter of Britpop band Blur, and has been in the projects _The Good, the Bad & the Queen_, _Monkey: Journey to the West_ and _Mali Music_.

Albarn was born in Whitechapel. He grew up in Leytonstone and Aldham, Essex. He was voted the 4th greatest frontman of all time in a national 2010 _Q_ magazine poll.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **img**: Damon Albarn live29.07.2013 in Rome.JPG
- **name**: Damon Albarn
- **img capt**: Damon Albarn in 2013
- **landscape**: yes
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Damon Albarn
- **birth place**: Whitechapel, London, England
- **origin**: Colchester, Essex, England
- **instrument**: vocals, guitar, piano, organ (music), organ, violin, recorder, vibraphone, synthesiser, melodica, bass guitar, drums, Keyboard instrument, keyboards
- **genre**: Alternative rock, Britpop
- **occupation**: Musician, singer-songwriter, record producer, composer
- **years active**: 1988–present
- **associated acts**: Blur
Gorillaz
The Good, the Bad & the Queen
Monkey: Journey to the West
Massive Attack
- **url**: [http://www.blur.co.uk/ Blur]
[http://www.gorillaz.com/ Gorillaz]
[http://www.thegoodthebadandthequeen.com/ The Good, the Bad & the Queen]
Maxinquaye

***Maxinquaye*** is the first album of the English actor and musician Tricky, released in 1995. Expanding on the  music template of fellow Bristolians Massive Attack, and featuring then-girlfriend Martina Topley-Bird on vocals, _Maxinquaye_ is a dark, strange album featuring a combination of hip-hop, soul, dub, rock and electronica.

_Maxinquaye_, named after Tricky's late mother Maxine Quaye, who died when he was four, received great critical attention upon release. The album was re-issued in the UK on 2 November 2009 by Universal Island with a second disc of remixes as a "Deluxe Edition".

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Maxinquaye
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: Tricky
- **released**: <small>(United Kingdom, UK)</small>
 <small>(United States, US)</small>
- **recorded**: 1994–1995
- **genre**: Trip hop
- **length**: 57:13
- **label**: Island Records, Island
- **producer**: Tricky, Mark Saunders
- **next title**: Nearly God
- **next year**: 1996
Ernst Chain

**Sir Ernst Boris Chain**, FRS (19 June 1906 – 12 August 1979) was a German-born British biochemist.

He shared the 1945 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, with Alexander Fleming and Howard Florey, for the discovery of penicillin and how it could cure bacterial infections. Later he worked on the chemical structure of penicillin and other natural antibiotics.

Chain was Jewish￼ and moved to England in 1933. In 1939, he took British citizenship, and was knighted in 1969.

He won many awards: he was made a Commander of the Légion d'Honneur and awarded the Grande Ufficiale al Merito della Repubblica Italiana.

## Life and career

Chain was born in Berlin, the son of Margarete (née Eisner) and Michael Chain, who was a chemist and industrialist dealing in chemical products. His family was Jewish. His father emigrated from Russia to study chemistry abroad and his mother was from Berlin. In 1930, he received his degree in chemistry from Friedrich Wilhelm University. He left Nazi Germany and worked at universities and laboratories in England.

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Sir Ernst Boris Chain
- **image**: Ernst Boris Chain 1945.jpg
- **caption**: Ernst Boris Chain (1945)
- **birth place**: Berlin, Germany
- **death place**: Castlebar, Ireland
- **citizenship**: German (until 1939)
British (from 1939)
- **field**: Biochemistry
- **work institutions**: Imperial College London
 University of Cambridge
 University of Oxford
 Istituto Superiore di Sanità
- **alma mater**: Humboldt University of Berlin, Friedrich Wilhelm University
- **known for**: The development of Penicillin
- **prizes**: Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine ()
Fellow of the Royal Society ()
Knight Bachelor()
- **spouse**: Anne Beloff-Chain (m. 1948–1979, his death)
- **children**: Benjamin and Danny
Benoît de Maillet

**Benoît de Maillet** (Saint-Mihiel, 12 April 1656 – Marseille, 30 January 1738) was a well-travelled French diplomat and naturalist.

He was French consul general at Cairo, and overseer in the Levant. He formulated an evolutionary hypothesis to explain the Earth and its contents.

Maillet's geological observations convinced him that the Earth could not have been created in an instant because the features of the crust indicate a slow development by natural processes. He also believed that creatures on the land were ultimately derived from creatures living in the seas. He believed in the natural origin of man.

## Age of the Earth

Maillet made the first reasonable estimate of the Earth's age based on evidence. He thought the Earth must have developed by slow, natural forces. He studied geology in the field. He could see signs of erosion on land and sedimentation in the sea.

He hid his ideas under the guise of a talk with an Indian philosopher, to avoid conflict with the Catholic Church. His work stayed in manuscript until after his death, when it was published after its editor had made changes which damaged it. Now there is a better modern edition based on the manuscripts.

Maillet estimated that the Earth was older than two billion years. He also recognized the true nature of fossils, and had early ideas about evolution.
Heinrich Biber

**Heinrich Ignaz Franz Biber von Bibern** (baptised 12 August 1644 – died 3 May 1704) was a Bohemian-Austrian composer and violinist.  He was the most famous German violinist of his time.  He is particularly famous for his violin sonatas.

## Life

Biber was born in a small Bohemian town near Reichenberg.  Nothing is known about his music education.  We know that in the mid-1660s he went to work for Prince-Bishop Karl, Count Liechtenstein-Kastelkorn of Olomouc.  The prince loved music and kept many musicians at his court.  During the winter of 1670-1671 Biber became a member of the Kapelle at Salzburg court.  He was married there in 1672.  There he played the violin and trained the choirboys and composed a lot of music.  He probably had a lot of contact with other well-known musicians such as Georg Muffat.  Although he was the greatest virtuoso of his time he hardly seems to have travelled about to play.

In 1690 Biber was raised to the nobility.  During his last years he seems to have spent much of his time composing works for the theatre as well as sacred music.

## Related pages

- Scordatura
Ilium

The **ilium** is one of the three bones which make up the pelvis in tetrapods. These include the bones that are usually called "hips", e.g. 'putting your hands on your hips'.

he:אגן#כסל
Ulna

The **ulna** is one of the two bones which make up the lower forearm in tetrapods. The other one is the radius. Above them is the elbow and humerus; below are the hands or front feet.

When the forearm is in its normal anatomical position, the ulna—a long bone that extends from the elbow to the wrist—is located on the medial side. It narrows as it gets closer to the wrist and widens near the elbow. The olecranon process, a bony bone at the elbow, resembles a hook and inserts into the humerus's olecranon fossa. This creates a hinge joint with the humeral trochlea and avoids hyperextension. Additionally, there is a radial notch for the ulnar tuberosity, which muscles attach to, and the head of the radius.
Radius (bone)

The **radius** is one of the two bones which make up the lower forearm in tetrapods. The other one is the ulna. Above them is the elbow and humerus; below are the hands or front feet.

## Infobox (bone)

- **name**: Radius
- **latin**: radius
- **image**: Radius - anterior view2.png
- **caption**: The radius (shown in red) is a bone in the forearm.
- **image2**: Illu upper extremity.svg
- **caption2**: The human arm
Humerus

The **humerus** is the upper forearm bone in tetrapods. It connects to the shoulder blade (scapula) at the upper end, and the elbow below.
Scapula

The **scapula** is the shoulder blade or pectoral girdle bone in tetrapods. It connects to the humerus and the clavicle.
Femur

The **femur** is the thighbone in tetrapods. It connects to the pelvis (hip) at the upper end and to the knee at the lower end. It connects with the hip by a ball-and-socket joint which allows freedom of movement.

The lower end of the femur forms a hinge with the lower leg known as the knee. This has two 'articulations': with the patella (knee-cap), and with the tibia (the main lower leg bone).The femur is also the longest and strongest bone in your body.
Rites of Spring

**Rites of Spring** was an American emo band from Washington, D.C. They formed in 1984. The band was known for its fast, energetic live performances. Rites of Spring was a part of the D.C. hardcore punk scene. They increased the violence and passion of hardcore while at the same time experimenting with its rules. Compared to other bands of the time, their lyrics were very personal. This led to them being considered the first emo band.

The band only performed 15 concerts during their time. The band disbanded in 1986.  Singer and guitarist Guy Picciotto and drummer Brendan Canty went on to play in the post-hardcore band Fugazi in the late-1980s through the 2000s.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Rites of Spring
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Washington, D.C., USA
- **genre**: Emo, hardcore punk
- **years active**: 1984–1986
- **label**: Dischord Records
- **associated acts**: Happy Go Licky, One Last Wish, Fugazi (band), Fugazi, Miighty Flashlight
- **past members**: *Guy Picciotto
*Eddie Janney
*Mike Fellows
*Brendan Canty
Fibula

The **fibula** is one of the two bones which make up the lower leg (humans), or back leg in tetrapods. The other one is the tibia. Above them is the knee and femur; below are the feet. Muscles are attached to the top of the fibula which help move the knee. It is also used to support the knee and the tibia.

## Structure

The bone has the following components:
- Lateral malleolus
- Interosseous membraneconnecting the fibula to the tibia, forming a syndesmosis joint
- The superior tibiofibular articulation is an arthrodial joint between the lateral condyle of tibia of the tibia and the head of the fibula.
- The inferior tibiofibular articulation (tibiofibular syndesmosis) is formed by the rough, convex surface of the medial side of the lower end of the fibula, and a rough concave surface on the lateral side of the tibia.

## Infobox (bone)

- **name**: Fibula
- **latin**: (os) fibula
- **image**: Fibula - anterior view.png
- **caption**: Position of fibula in human body (shown in red)
- **image2**: Braus 1921 293.png
- **caption2**: Cross section of human lower leg, showing fibula in centre (_latin terminology_)
- **articulations**: Superior tibiofibular joint, Superior and inferior tibiofibular joint

Ankle
Category theory

**Category theory** is a type of mathematics.  Category theorists show how different ideas in mathematics are alike. For example, some ideas from topology and abstract algebra are similar. Ideas in category theory are written down in formulas or diagrams. Category theory can be used to make computer programs more secure or easy to write.

A category is a mathematical object. It can be drawn with dots and arrows. Each arrow goes from one dot to one other dot. There can be many dots, sometimes so many that you cannot count them. An arrow is the abstract idea of a function and the dots are the domain and codomain of the function.

Composition is a way to make a new arrow out of two arrows.  If two arrows form an elbow shape, then they have a composition arrow from the start of the first to the end of the second. Composition obeys some equations called axioms.

Many ideas in abstract algebra are examples of categories or can be used to make categories.  Often, this makes the ideas seem more similar.
Radio drama

**Radio drama** (or **audio drama**, **audio play**, **radio play**, **radio theatre**, or **audio theatre**) is a dramatized, purely acoustic performance without visual elements. It is usually heard on radio or published as audiobook. Radio drama is often described as "cinema for the ears". It had its greatest popularity in the Golden Age of Radio, before television was introduced.
Casimir I the Restorer

**Casimir I the Restorer** (; b. Kraków, 25 July 1016 - d. Poznań, 28 November 1058), was a Duke of Poland. He was a part of the Piast dynasty and father of Boleslaw II. He is known as "the Restorer" because he reunited the Polish Kingdom.
Jundallah

**Jundallah** (or **Jondallah**, translates to **Soldiers of God**), or **People's resistance movement of Iran** (PRMI) is a militant organisation based in Balochistan. The organisation claims to be fighting for the rights of Sunni muslims in Iran. Most muslims in Iran are Shi'a, Sunni make up the largest minority group that is not Shi'a. Iran says the group is a terrorist organisation. Iran has blamed the organisation for many acts of smuggling illegal drugs, and of kidnapping. The organisation is believed to have 1.000 fighting soldiers.

Many observers believe the group is linked to al-Qaeda.  For a long time, Iran has believed that the U.S. government supported Jundallah. Several other sources such as the ABC News, Daily Telegraph, and journalist Seymour Hersh have also reported that Jundullah has received support from the United States against the government of Iran, although the US denies any involvement.

In August 2007, the Israeli Mossad chief, Meir Dagan, pushed for using ethnic groups (among others, people from Balochistan) in Iran to make the Iranian government weaker and try to change the people in charge of the government.

The group is called a terrorist group by the United States and Iran.
ABC News

**ABC News** is the news division of the American Broadcasting Company, which is owned by The Walt Disney Company.

Their shows they have include Good Morning America, World News Now, 20/20, and ABC World News Tonight.
The X Factor (album)

***The X Factor*** is a studio album by Iron Maiden.  It is their tenth studio album, and went on sale on 2 October 1995.

The album was not liked much by people who reviewed it; one person said that it had "[a] lack of energy" and that it was "merely adequate."

## Musicians

- Blaze Bayley - vocals
- Dave Murray – guitar
- Janick Gers – guitar
- Steve Harris – bass guitar
- Nicko McBrain – drums

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: The X Factor
- **type**: Studio album
- **artist**: Iron Maiden
- **released**: 2 October 1995
- **genre**: Heavy metal music, Heavy metal
- **length**: 71:02
- **label**: EMI
- **producer**: Steve Harris (musician), Steve Harris and Nigel Green (music producer), Nigel Green
- **prev title**: Fear of the Dark (Iron Maiden album), Fear of the Dark
- **prev year**: 1992
- **next title**: Virtual XI
- **next year**: 1998
Flame retardant

A **flame retardant** is a chemical substance that makes things harder to burn. Some flame retardants are minerals or inorganic compounds like antimony trioxide or asbestos. Other flame retardants are special types of plastics and polymers. There are several ways flame retardants work. Some absorb heat when they are heated, stopping the thing from igniting. Others stop the heat from the fire from going into the thing. Flame retardants are used in textiles and bedding to prevent them from burning easily.
Solingen arson attack

The **Solingen arson attack of 1993** happened on the night of 29 May 1993 when five Turkish people were killed in Solingen, Germany. They died when four young German men, belonging to the political far right, firebombed a house. The dead were women and children, aged four, nine, 12, 18 and 27, all of whom who were related.

The attack caused many protests in Germany, and many German government officials were at a memorial service for the dead.  Some of the protests were violent, but others were peaceful.

Because of the attack, Germany decided to make sure fewer people from other countries came into Germany for political asylum. It also banned some right-wing political groups.

On 14 October 1995, a German court sentenced the four people who did the attack. Three men, aged 18, 19 and 22, were given prison terms of ten years. The fourth man, 25, was given a term of 15 years. The sentences were opposed by the men and their families, though most of the Turkish people in Germany approved of them. Some Turkish people wanted the men to get life terms in jail.
Hyperthermophile

**Hyperthermophiles** are extremophile organisms that live best in very hot environments– from 60°C (140°F) up to 100°C (212°F). The best temperature for hyperthermophiles to grow at is around 80°C (176°F). Hyperthermophiles are mostly in the Archaea domain, but some bacteria are able to tolerate temperatures of around 100°C (212°F) as well. Many hyperthermophiles are also able to tolerate other environmental extremes, like high acidity or radiation levels.
Solder

**Solder** is a metal or alloy with a low melting point. There are two types of solder; soft solder and hard solder. Soft solder melts easily with soldering irons and is used for electronics and electrical work. Hard solder melts at a higher temperature with a torch. Using solder is called soldering.

There are two main types of soft solder; lead solder and lead-free solder. Lead solders have about 60% (or 63%) tin and 40% (or 37%) lead in them. They are toxic because they have lead in them. They melt at around 185°C. Lead solder is cheap, so it used to be popular. In plumbing, a 50% tin and 50% lead mixture was used. People thought this was safe, but then they saw that the lead was coming into the water. Now lead solder is illegal for use on pipes that carry water. Lead solder was once used for food cans. After many years, the lead could come into the food. The cans poisoned people who ate the food. Lead solder is still used in electronics.

In 2006 the European Union, China, and California banned lead in consumer products. Lead solder became illegal in electronic devices in some places. Lead-free solder was needed. Many lead-free solders have tin, silver, and copper in them. They melt around 217°C. Sometimes indium is added to the solder to make it better, but indium is very expensive. Lead-free solder can also be made of a tin-bismuth alloy, sometimes with 0.4% or 1% silver added. This alloy has a lower melting point than other lead-free solders and behaves much more like leaded solder.

Many times when a metal is being soldered, it oxidizes, making a layer of metal oxide that does not hold solder. Flux is added to react with the metal oxide and turn it back into the metal again. That helps the solder connect to the metal. Rosin is a common flux. Some electronics makers use fluxes that can be washed away with water. Some solders have a flux core, where the flux is inside the solder.

Another type of solder is used to connect glass to other things. They melt around 450-550°C.
Antimony pill

An **Antimony pill** is a pill made from metallic antimony. It was a popular remedy in the nineteenth century, used to purge and revitalise the bowels. In use, it is swallowed and allowed to pass through the body, after which it is recovered for reuse. They called it the **everlasting pill**.
Aluminium antimonide

**Aluminium antimonide** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is AlSb. It has aluminium and antimonide ions in it. Compounds like it, such as gallium antimonide and indium antimonide can be made into LED<nowiki/>s and detectors for Infrared radiation but aluminium antimonide doesn't work as well. It is used instead to make the other compounds work better by stopping defects forming as they are made.

## Properties

Aluminium antimonide is a black solid. It is a semiconductor. It reacts with acids to make stibine. It is a reducing agent. It has properties between a salt and an alloy.

## Related pages

- Aluminium chloride
- Zinc antimonide
Antimonide

**Antimonide** is an ion. Its chemical formula is Sb<sup>3-</sup>. It has antimony in its -3 oxidation state. Antimonides are reducing agents. They react with acids to make stibine. Many antimonides have properties between a salt and an alloy. Many transition metal and post-transition metal antimonides are semiconductors.

## Related pages

- Nitride
- Phosphide
Stibine

**Stibine**, also known as **antimony hydride** or **hydrogen antimonide**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is SbH<sub>3</sub>. It is a covalent compound. It could be seen as having antimonide and hydrogen ions, or antimony and hydride ions.

## Properties

Stibine is a colorless gas. It is very toxic. It has a bad smell like hydrogen sulfide. Its structure is similar to ammonia. It can be found in the Marsh test, a test for arsenic. Antimony is reacted with a mixture of zinc and hydrochloric acid in a tube, making stibine. The stibine is heated and a shiny area of antimony is made in the heated part of the tube.

Stibine easily decomposes into antimony and hydrogen at room temperature. This decomposition can be explosive. It burns very easily in air to make antimony trioxide and water. It can be deprotonated by very strong bases. Stibine melts at -88°C and boils at -17°C.

## History

Stibine was first found in 1837. It was difficult to find its properties because people did not know of a good way to make it. In 1901, Alfred Stock found a good way to make this gas and found most of its properties.

## Preparation

Stibine is made by reacting any antimonide with a strong acid. Some antimonides react with water to make this gas. Stibine can also be made by reacting any antimony(III) compound such as antimony trioxide with any hydride.

## Uses

Stibine is used to dope semiconductors with antimony. Some claim that it is used as a fumigant, but phosphine works much better.

## Safety

Stibine is a highly toxic gas, similar in toxicity to phosphine. It is too unstable to be of any hazard outside the laboratory, though.

## Related pages

- Arsine
- Bismuthine
- Aluminium antimonide
Zinc antimonide

**Zinc antimonide** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is ZnSb. It has zinc and antimonide ions in it.

## Properties

Zinc antimonide is a gray solid. Its properties are between an alloy and a salt. It reacts with water to make stibine. It is a reducing agent. It is a semiconductor.

## Preparation and Uses

It is made by heating zinc and antimony. It is used in transistors and infrared detectors.

## Related pages

- Aluminium antimonide
- Zinc sulfate
- Zinc chloride
Antimony tribromide

**Antimony tribromide**, also known as **antimony(III) bromide**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is SbBr<sub>3</sub>. It has antimony and bromide ions in it. The antimony is in its +3 oxidation state.

## Properties

Antimony tribromide is a colorless solid. It absorbs water from the air. It reacts with water to make antimony trioxide and hydrobromic acid. It has covalent bonds in it and melts easily.

## Preparation

It is made by reacting antimony and bromine or by reacting concentrated hydrobromic acid with antimony trioxide.

## Uses

It is used as a fire retardant. It is also used in dyeing, and analytical chemistry.

## Related pages

- Antimony trichloride
- Antimony sulfide
Antimony trichloride

**Antimony trichloride**, also known as **antimony(III) chloride**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is SbCl<sub>3</sub>. It has antimony and chloride ions in it. The antimony is in its +3 oxidation state.

## Properties

Antimony trichloride is a white or pale yellow solid. It has a strong odor and absorbs water from the air. It reacts with water to make antimony trioxide and hydrochloric acid or hydrogen chloride.

## Preparation

It is made by reacting chlorine with antimony, antimony trioxide, or antimony trisulfide.

## Uses

It is used to detect Vitamin A. It is used to get horns off calves. It is also used as a catalyst.

## Related pages

- Antimony pentachloride
- Phosphorus trichloride
- Bismuth trichloride
- Antimony trifluoride
Antimony trifluoride

**Antimony trifluoride**, also known as **antimony(III) fluoride** or **Swart's reagent**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is SbF<sub>3</sub>. It has antimony and fluoride ions in it. The antimony is in its +3 oxidation state.

## Properties

Antimony trifluoride is a light gray solid. It dissolves easily in water. It is very corrosive. It has a strong odor.

## Preparation

It is made by reacting antimony trioxide with concentrated hydrofluoric acid or by reacting antimony with a little fluorine.

## Uses

It is used to add fluoride ions to other chemical compounds in organic chemistry. A Belgian chemist reacted a chloride with antimony trifluoride and chlorine to make a fluoride from the chloride. It was used to make Freon. It is also used in pottery and dyeing.

## Safety

Antimony trifluoride is highly corrosive. It is acidic and can burn the digestive system. It also makes ulcers.

## Related pages

- Bismuth trifluoride
- Antimony tribromide
Antimony triiodide

**Antimony triiodide** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is SbI<sub>3</sub>. It has antimony and iodide ions in it. The antimony is in its +3 oxidation state.

## Properties, preparation, and uses

Antimony triiodide is a red solid. It is made by reacting antimony with iodine or by reacting concentrated hydriodic acid with antimony trioxide. It is used as a dopant.

## Related pages

- Antimony trifluoride
- Antimony trichloride
- Antimony tribromide
Antimony trioxide

**Antimony trioxide**, also known as **antimony(III) oxide**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Sb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>. It has antimony and oxide ions in it. It has antimony in its +3 oxidation state.

## Properties

Antimony trioxide is a white solid. It is the most common antimony compound. It does not dissolve in water. It reacts with oxidizing agents to make antimony pentoxide and with reducing agents to make antimony or stibine. It reacts with concentrated acids to make antimony(III) salts and dissolves in strong bases.

## Occurrence

Antimony trioxide is found in two minerals, valentinite and senarmontite. Valentinite is a white mineral that is sometimes pale yellow.

## Preparation

Antimony trioxide is made when antimony is made. Stibnite is heated with air to make antimony trioxide. It is separated from arsenic by the boiling of the arsenic trioxide before the antimony trioxide boils. Antimony trioxide can also be made by a two step process. Stibnite is burned in air with calcium chloride to make calcium sulfate and antimony trichloride, which is reacted with water to make antimony trioxide.

## Uses

Antimony trioxide is mainly used as a flame retardant. It is also used to make glass, enamel, and ceramic opaque (not clear). Some pigments have antimony in them. It is also used as a catalyst for making plastics. It is also used as a catalyst for vulcanizing rubber, making it more "rubbery" and less likely to crack.

## Safety

Antimony trioxide is somewhat carcinogenic. It is somewhat toxic when eaten or breathed in.

## Related pages

- Antimony tribromide
- Antimony pentafluoride
- Bismuth trioxide
Valentinite

**Valentinite** is a mineral. Its chemical formula is Sb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>. It is a mineral form of antimony trioxide. It has a Mohs hardness of 2.5 to 3. It is colorless to white. Its specific gravity is 5.76. It is made when stibnite is oxidized.
Antimony trisulfide

**Antimony trisulfide**, also known as **antimony(III) sulfide**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Sb<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3</sub>. It has antimony and sulfide ions in it. The antimony is in its +3 oxidation state.

## Properties

Antimony trisulfide is a gray solid. It reacts with hydrochloric acid to make hydrogen sulfide and an antimony(III) compound. It dissolves in potassium hydroxide. It burns in air to make antimony(III) oxide and sulfur dioxide. It is a reducing agent.

## Occurrence

Stibnite is the mineral form of antimony trisulfide.

## Preparation

Antimony trisulfide is made in the laboratory by reacting any antimony(III) compound with hydrogen sulfide.

## Uses

Antimony trisulfide is used in cosmetics; in this area it is called kohl. It is used in pyrotechnics to make a glitter effect. It is also used in the heads of safety matches. It used to be used in flash powder before electronic flashes were used.

## Related pages

- Antimony trichloride
- Bismuth(III) sulfide
Stibnite

**Stibnite** is a mineral. Its chemical formula is Sb<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3</sub>. It is the main ore of antimony. The American Museum of Natural History has a huge crystal of stibnite. Stibnite is soft, with a Mohs hardness of 2. Its specific gravity is 4.63.

### Historical

Stibnite was used to make kohl, a type of eyeliner. Use of stibnite in cosmetics dates to Ancient Egypt.

### Ore of antimony

Stibnite is the primary ore used to make elemental antimony. In most smelting processes, stibnite is heated with oxygen from the air to produce antimony trioxide and sulfur dioxide:
The antimony dioxide is then treated with a strong reducing agent like carbon monoxide to yield the purified antimony metal:
Antimony tetroxide

**Antimony tetroxide**, also known as **antimony tetraoxide** or **antimony(III,V) oxide**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Sb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>. It has antimony and oxide ions in it. The antimony is both in the +3 and the +5 oxidation state.

## Properties

Antimony tetroxide is a white solid. It is an oxidizing agent. It turns yellow when heated and turns white again when cooled.

## Occurrence and preparation

Antimony tetroxide is found as the mineral cervantite. It is made by heating antimony trioxide with air, burning antimony in air, or heated antimony pentoxide strongly.

## Related pages

- Antimony trichloride
- Phosphorus pentoxide
- Bismuth pentoxide
Antimony pentachloride

**Antimony pentachloride**, also known as **antimony(V) chloride**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is SbCl<sub>5</sub>. It has antimony and chloride ions in it. The antimony is in its +5 oxidation state.

## Properties

Antimony pentachloride is a colorless or yellow liquid. It releases toxic and odorous (bad odor) fumes in air. It melts at 2.8°C and boils at 140°C. It reacts with water to make antimony pentoxide and hydrochloric acid. It dissolves in hydrochloric acid. It dissolves in chloroform. It absorbs water to form a solid hydrate. It is a strong oxidizing agent.

## Preparation

It is made by reacting liquid antimony trichloride with chlorine.

## Uses

It is used in a test for caesium. It is also used in the making of chemicals and dyes.

## Related pages

- Antimony pentafluoride
- Antimony trifluoride
- Bismuth pentafluoride
Antimony chloride

**Antimony chloride** can refer to either of these chemical compounds:

- Antimony trichloride, SbCl<sub>3</sub>
- Antimony pentachloride, SbCl<sub>3</sub>
Antimony pentafluoride

**Antimony pentafluoride**, also known as **antimony(V) fluoride**, is a chemical compound made of antimony and fluorine. Its chemical formula is . It has five antimony-fluorine bonds. The antimony is in its +5 oxidation state.

## Properties

Antimony pentafluoride is a colorless, viscous fuming liquid (at 25 degrees Celsius at standard atmosphere, a pressure). It is an extremely powerful oxidizing and fluorinating agent and very reactive. Sodium, potassium and phosphorus (red or yellow) can burn on contact with it. It can oxidize oxygen in the present of fluorine, which makes  one of the strongest oxidizers. It is not normal as oxygen normally oxidizes other things; it does not get oxidized commonly. It can make extremely strong acids (fluoroantimonic acid) when mixed with hydrogen fluoride. It was used in the first reaction that used fluorides to make fluorine.

Antimony pentafluoride is a Lewis acid, because the antimony atom can accept a lone pair of electrons from another molecule. The high Lewis acidity of  allows it to be mixed with strong Brønsted acids to make superacids. Examples of  superacids include fluoroantimonic acid () and magic acid ().

## Preparation

It is made by reacting antimony pentoxide or antimony pentachloride with hydrofluoric acid. It can also be made by reacting antimony trifluoride with fluorine.

## Uses

Antimony pentafluoride is mostly used to make superacids for research. It can also produce fluoroantimonates, a family of weakly coordinating anions, from a source of fluoride.

It was also used in the first chemical reaction that made fluorine gas from fluorine compounds. This reaction is not widely used, as fluorine is normally made by electrolysis.

## Safety

Antimony pentafluoride is a component of the strongest acids in the world. It reacts with most chemical compounds. It is extremely corrosive and hazardous to health. It is one of the most poisonous known chemicals by volume. It is a notoriously powerful oxidizer and should be kept away from combustible materials. It violently forms Hydrogen Fluoride in contact with water and biological tissues. It's one of the most hazardous substances known, as mentioned in the EPA list of extremely hazardous substances.

## Related pages

- Antimony tribromide
- Bismuth pentafluoride
- Antimony tetroxide
Antimony pentoxide

**Antimony pentoxide**, also known as **antimony pentaoxide** and **antimony(V) oxide**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Sb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>. It has antimony and oxide ions in it. The antimony is in its +5 oxidation state.

## Properties

It is a yellow solid. It is a strong oxidizing agent. It reacts with hydrochloric acid and hydrofluoric acid to make antimony pentachloride and antimony pentafluoride. It breaks down to antimony tetroxide when heated to a high temperature.

## Preparation

It is made by reacting antimony trioxide with nitric acid. It can also be made by reacting antimony pentafluoride or antimony pentachloride with water.

## Uses

Antimony pentoxide is used in fire retardants and the making of titanium dioxide. It is also used as a catalyst.

## Related pages

- Antimony trichloride
- Antimony triiodide
- Bismuth pentoxide
Lucas Cruikshank

**Lucas Alan Cruikshank** (born August 29, 1993) is an American comedian and television actor.

He was born in Columbus, Nebraska on August 29, 1993.

He created his character Fred Figglehorn, and his _Fred_ series for his channel, on the video-sharing website YouTube. These videos are about Fred Figglehorn, a fictional 6-year-old who has a weird home life and "anger management issues".

Cruikshank is openly gay. In a video released August 20, 2013, he came out saying "I'm gay. I feel so weird saying it on camera. But my family and friends have known for like three years. I just haven't felt the need to announce it on the Internet."

## Other websites

- Fred Figglehorn official website

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Lucas Cruikshank
- **image**: Lucas Cruikshank by Gage Skidmore.jpg
- **caption**: Cruikshank in 2014
- **birth name**: Lucas Alan Cruikshank
- **occupation**: Actor
- **years active**: 2005–present
Flaviviridae

***Flaviviridae*** is a family of viruses that are primarily spread through arthropod vectors (mainly ticks and mosquitoes). The family gets its name from Yellow Fever virus, a type virus of Flaviviridae; _flavus_ means "yellow" in Latin.

They include the following genera:
- Genus _Flavivirus_ (type species Yellow fever virus, others include West Nile virus and Dengue fever)
- Genus _Hepacivirus_
- Genus _Pestivirus_
Paramyxovirus

**Paramyxoviruses** (from Greek _para_-, beyond, -_myxo_-, mucus or slime, plus virus, from Latin poison, slime) are viruses of the ***Paramyxoviridae*** family of the Mononegavirales order; they are negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses responsible for a number of human and animal diseases.
Netherlands during World War II

During World War II, the Netherlands was taken by Germany by military force, and occupied it between 1940–1945. It started with the Battle of the Netherlands in 10 May 1940. On May 15, the Dutch government surrendered and the Germans took over. The Dutch government went to London. The country was liberated on 5 May 1945, when the Germans surrendered to the British and Canadian forces.

## Related pages

- Dutch resistance (people who fought against the Nazi occupation of the Netherlands)

## Infobox (military conflict)

- **conflict**: German occupation of the Netherlands
- **partof**: The Western Front (World War II), Western Front of World War II
- **image**: Rotterdam, Laurenskerk, na bombardement van mei 1940.jpg
- **caption**: The Dutch City of Rotterdam after Heavy bombing May 14, 1940
- **date**: May 10 1940 - May 5 1945
- **place**: Netherlands
- **territory**: The Netherlands occupied by Nazi Germany, Germany from 1940-1945
- **result**: Dutch and Allied victory
- **combatant2**: Netherlands
* Dutch resistance
 (1940)

(1944-1945)
 (1944-1945)
Protection (album)

***Protection*** (1994) is Bristol-based trip-hop band Massive Attack's second album.

## Sound

_Protection_ was featured in the top ten of _Rolling Stone_ magazine's 'Coolest Albums of All Time List,' calling it "great music for when you're driving around a city at 4 am," due to the 'chill out' nature of the album.  Like most of Massive Attack's albums, the music often forgets about categorisation, ranging from R&B (title track, Sly) to hip hop/rap (Karmacoma, Eurochild) to reggae-tinged synthpop (Spying Glass) to classical-influenced electronica instrumentals (Weather Storm, Heat Miser).

Paul Evans of _Rolling Stone_ gave the album three and a half of five stars calling it "Cool, sexy stuff, it smoothly fuses dub, club and soul, grounding its grace in sampled hip-hop beats."

It is the second and last Massive Attack album listed in the book _1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die_.

The track "Karmacoma" featured vocals from Tricky, and the video was directed by Jonathan Glazer. The song also features a sample from the track "Dream Time in Lake Jackson" by The KLF, which can be found 2:00 minutes in.

DJ Mad Professor remixed the album in 1995 under the name _No Protection_.

## Track listing

1. "Protection" <small>(Vowles/Del Naja/Marshall/Thorn)</small> – 7:51
1. "Karmacoma" <small>(Vowles/Del Naja/Marshall/Tricky/Norfolk/Locke)</small> – 5:16
1. "Three" <small>(Vowles/Del Naja/Marshall/Hooper/Suwoton)</small> – 3:49
1. "Weather Storm" <small>(Vowles/Del Naja/Marshall/Hooper/Armstrong/Harmon/Napoleon/Lloyd /Murray)</small> – 4:59
1. "Spying Glass" <small>(Vowles/Del Naja/Marshall/Hooper/Andy)</small> – 5:20
1. "Better Things" <small>(Vowles/Del Naja/Marshall/Thorn/Watt/Brown)</small> – 4:13
1. "Eurochild" <small>(Vowles/Del Naja/Marshall/Tricky/Norfolk/Locke)</small> – 5:11
1. "Sly" <small>(Vowles/Del Naja/Marshall/Hooper/Suwoton/Goldman)</small> – 5:24
1. "Heat Miser" <small>(Vowles/Del Naja/Marshall/Hooper/de Vries)</small> – 3:39
1. "Light My Fire" (live) <small>(The Doors Cover)</small> – 3:15

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Protection
- **type**: Album
- **artist**: Massive Attack
- **released**: 26 September 1994
- **studio**: Wild Bunch Studios, London
- **genre**: Trip-Hop, Chillout music, Chillout
- **length**: 48:57
- **label**: Circa Records, Circa/Virgin Records, Virgin
- **producer**: Massive Attack and Nellee Hooper
- **prev title**: Blue Lines
(1991)
- **next title**: No Protection (Massive Attack album), No Protection
(1995)
Neneh Cherry

**Neneh Marianne Karlsson** (born 10 March 1964), known as **Neneh Cherry** is a Swedish singer-songwriter and rapper of mixed African-European descent. Cherry is also an occasional DJ and broadcaster. Cherry blends hip hop with other influences, and experienced some mainstream success with several of her recordings.

## Early life

Cherry was born in Stockholm. A biracial woman, Cherry's father is from the Sierra Leone in West Africa and her mother, Moki, is from Sweden. However, she was raised by the African American jazz musician  Don Cherry (1936-1995), whom her mother married early in her life.

### Early days in London

Cherry left school at 14 and moved to London, where she joined the punk rock band "The Cherries". Cherry moved through several bands, including New Age Steppers, Rip Rig + Panic (with whom she appeared on an episode of cult sitcom _The Young Ones_ in 1982), and Float Up CP. She also DJ'd, playing early rap music on the reggae pirate Dread Broadcasting Corporation.

### Raw Like Sushi

In 1988 "Buffalo Stance" was released. Cherry's first album _Raw Like Sushi_ was released on 2 May 1989.

### Homebrew

In 1992 Cherry's second album _Homebrew_ was released. It did not sell as many copies as _Raw Like Sushi_.

### Man

In 1996 Cherry released _Man_.

### Blank Project

In February 2014 Cherry released her first solo album in 18 years, _Blank Project_.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Neneh Cherry
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Neneh Marianne Karlsson
- **image**: File:Neneh Cherry.jpg
- **caption**: Neneh Cherry in 2013
- **birth place**: Stockholm, Sweden
- **genre**: hip hop music, Hip hop, trip hop, alternative hip hop
- **occupation**: Singer-songwriter, rapping, rapper, disc jockey, DJ
- **years active**: 1980–present
- **label**: Virgin Records, Virgin, Tent Music
- **associated acts**: Eagle-Eye Cherry, Titiyo, Don Cherry (jazz), Don Cherry, Massive Attack
Blue Lines

***Blue Lines*** is the first album by British electronica group Massive Attack, released on 8 April 1991 (see 1991 in music) by Virgin Records.

_Blue Lines_ is usually considered the first trip hop album, although the term was not used commonly until years later. The album was a success in the United Kingdom, reaching #13 in the albums chart; sales were limited elsewhere. A mix of electronic music, hip hop, dub music, '70s soul music and reggae, the album established Massive Attack as one of the most best British bands of the 1990s and the founder of trip hop's Bristol Sound. Music critic Simon Reynolds stated that the album also marked a change in electronic/dance music, "a shift toward a more interior, meditational sound. The songs on _Blue Lines_ run at 'spliff' tempos – from a mellow, moonwalking 90 beats per minute ...down to a positively torpid 67 bpm." The group also drew inspiration from concept albums in various genres by artists such as Pink Floyd, Public Image Ltd., Billy Cobham, Herbie Hancock and Isaac Hayes.

_Blue Lines_ featured breakbeats, sampling, and rapping on a number of tracks, but the design of the album differed from common hip hop. Massive Attack approached the American-born hip hop movement from an underground British perspective, as well as incorporating live instruments into the mixes. It features the vocals of Shara Nelson and Horace Andy, along with the rapping of Tricky Kid. _Blue Lines_ proved to be popular in the club scene, as well as on college radio stations.

Daddy G said about the making of the album:

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Blue Lines
- **type**: Album
- **artist**: Massive Attack
- **released**: 8 April 1991 (UK)
6 August 1991 (US)
- **recorded**: 1990, Bristol and London
- **genre**: Trip hop
- **length**: 45:02
- **label**: Virgin Records, Circa
- **producer**: Massive Attack, Cameron McVey, Jonny Dollar
- **next title**: Protection (album), Protection
(1994)
Instant camera

An **instant camera** is a type of camera that will generate a developed photo. The best-known examples were the instant film cameras developed by Polaroid.
Antimony oxide

**Antimony oxide** can refer to any of these chemical compounds:

- Antimony trioxide, Sb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, white solid
- Antimony tetroxide, Sb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>, white solid
- Antimony pentoxide, Sb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>, yellow solid
Shinji Ikari

**Shinji Ikari** (碇シンジ) is a main character in the anime, _Neon Genesis Evangelion_. He is the pilot of Evangelion Unit 01.

## Profile

Shinji was born on June 6, 2001. His father, Gendo (ゲンドウ), is the commander of NERV. His mother, Yui (ユイ), died when Shinji was a child. Shinji lives in "Tokyo-3", a city built, after the original Tokyo was destroyed. He is a junior high school student and the pilot of Unit 01. He plays the cello. His blood type is A.

## Personality

Shinji has low self-esteem. He is scared of piloting, and has left NERV a few times. He always returns to NERV for various reasons. Shinji makes a few friends throughout the series. He courageously tries to help them when they have problems, even if he could get hurt.

### Asuka Langley Soryu

Asuka is a selfish American-German pilot of Unit-02. She insults anyone who tries to support her. (especially Shinji.)

### Gendo Ikari

Shinji does not spend time with his father often.

### Rei Ayanami

Rei feels more lonely than Shinji, but acts like she does not have feelings. He is curious about her.

### Misato Katsuragi

Shinji's guardian who lives in her apartment.

## Quotes

- "I mustn’t run away."

## References

GAINAX NET , GAINAX Official web site. Retrieved 22.12.2010

Nihon TV Official web site , Nihon TV Official web site. Retrieved 22.12.2010

## Infobox (character)

- **series**: Neon Genesis Evangelion
- **gender**: Male
- **family**: * Gendo Ikari (father)
* Yui Ikari (mother)
* Rei Ayanami (related)
- **nationality**: Japanese
- **origin**: Neon Genesis Evangelion (1995)
Ice-T

**Tracy Lauren Marrow** (born February 16, 1958), better known by his stage name **Ice-T**, is an American rapper, songwriter, actor, and producer. He was born in Newark, New Jersey and moved to Summit, New Jersey during his childhood. He moved to Los Angeles, California in his early teens. His movies include _Ricochet_ and _New Jack City_. He is best known for his role in the TV series _Law & Order: Special Victims Unit_.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **embed**: yes
- **background**: solo_singer
- **origin**: Crenshaw, Los Angeles, Crenshaw, Los Angeles, California
- **instrument**: Vocals
- **current member of**: Body Count (band), Body Count
- **past member of**: Uncle Jamm's Army


## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Ice-T
- **image**: Body Count feat. Ice-T - 2019214172411 2019-08-02 Wacken - 2311 - AK8I3133 (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Ice-T with Body Count (band), Body Count at Wacken Open Air 2019
- **birth name**: Tracy Lauren Marrow
- **birth place**: Newark, New Jersey
New Edition

**New Edition** is an American R&B boy band from the Roxbury neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts It was formed in 1978. There are seven band members. The members of the group are Ricky Bell, Michael Bivins, Ronnie DeVoe, Bobby Brown, Johnny Gill and Ralph Tresvant. They released hit songs, including "Mr. Telephone Man", "Cool it Now" and "Candy Girl" during the 1980s and 1990s. They were one of the first boy bands.

Brown left the group around 1985. Gill was later added to the group in 1987. Brown, Gill, and Tresvant became solo while the remaining three members formed the trio Bell Biv DeVoe. All six members reunited in the 1990s for their sixth album _Home Again_ (1996) with their hit comeback single "Hit Me Off".