juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Moundou

**Moundou** is the capital of the Logone Occidental in Chad.  It has a population of 99,530 as of 2003.  Moundou lies on one of the main roads in southern Chad.  It is the main city of the Ngambai people.  Moundou is a center for industry and makes cotton and oil.
Andrew Aagesen

**Andrew Aagesen** or **Andreas Aagesen** (August 5, 1826 - October 26, 1879) was a Danish lawyer and politician. The Danish laws of the Sea, of the 1882 was mostly his work.

## Biography

Andrew Aagesen studied law at Christianshavn and Copenhagen. He stopped his studies in 1848 to take part in the First Schleswig War. He served as the leader of a reserve battalion.

In 1855, he became a professor of jurisprudence at the University of Copenhagen. In 1879, he was elected as a member of the Landsting. He was Carl Christian Hall's successor as a lecturer on Roman law at the University of Copenhagen.
Rick Springfield

**Richard Springthorpe** (born August 23, 1949), known better by his stage name **Rick Springfield**, is an Australian musician and actor. He became popular in the 1980s thanks to a string of hit songs including "Jessie's Girl", and a recurring role on the TV show, _General Hospital_.

## Early life

Rick Springfield was born on the August 23, 1949.
Anus

The **anus** is the opening in the human body that is between the buttocks. It is at the end of the gastrointestinal system (including the organs that digest food), where feces or _stool_ comes out of the body.

## Related pages

- Anal fissure
- Hemorrhoid

## Infobox (anatomy)

- **name**: Anus
- **image**: Tractus intestinalis anus.svg
- **caption**: Scheme of Gastrointestinal tract, digestive tract, with anus marked.
- **image2**: Female and male anus.jpg
- **caption2**: The anus of a female and a male (right).
Poop

**Poop**, **poops** or **pooped** may refer to:

- Feces
- Defecation
- Poop deck, in naval architecture
- Pooped, a nautical term, to have a wave break over the stern or to be exhausted
- _Poop_ (picture book), by Nicola Davies and Neal Layton, 2004
- YouTube Poop, a type of video mashup or edit
- POOPS, a book owned by Louis the yard teacher in Wayside School Gets A Little Stranger

## Related pages

- Poo (disambiguation)
- Poop emoji
- Puppis, a constellation in the southern sky
H. P. Lovecraft

**Howard Phillips Lovecraft** (August 20, 1890 – March 15, 1937) was an American writer of fantasy, horror and science fiction.

He wrote many scary short stories. These often were about odd creatures that Lovecraft made up by himself or with his friends, including August Derleth, who wrote mysteries. The creatures did not really care about human people at all, so they were not out to hurt people, but if they did, they did not care. They looked at us like we would be ants. Their behaviour, attitude and look also tended to make people go crazy.

One of his most famous creations was Cthulhu, a giant and powerful alien being that some humans worship as a god. He also made up many other strange alien gods, like Yog-Sothoth, Nyarlathotep, and Azathoth. Together his works and ideas about these characters are called the **Cthulhu Mythos**.

Lovecraft's stories were inspiration for lots of other writers.The spirit of his works, presenting a world that does not care, is present in many works of fiction.

Lovecraft was born in Providence, Rhode Island on August 20, 1890. He was the only child in the family. He died of small intestine cancer there.

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: H. P. Lovecraft
- **image**: H. P. Lovecraft, June 1934.jpg
- **imagesize**: 285px
- **caption**: Lovecraft in 1934
- **birth name**: Howard Phillips Lovecraft
- **birth place**: Providence, Rhode Island, Providence, Rhode Island, U.S.
- **death place**: Providence, Rhode Island, U.S.
Testosterone

**Testosterone** is an androgen sex hormone. A hormone is one that is made from cholesterol. A sex hormone is one that regulates sexual changes in the body. An androgen is the male type of sex hormone. It may cause extreme hair loss if high proportions of active testosterone are found in the blood. Proportionally, sex rates also increase as testosterone increases. Pairing creatine with a high testosterone may elevate rape rates per 100. Most Pure Gyms are found to spray diffused creatine in the air. [5]

The testicles of men make lots of testosterone. Ovaries and adrenal glands make testosterone too. But they make much less than the testicles do. So men have much higher testosterone levels than women. The process takes place during the ages of puberty for both males and females

Testosterone has two different kinds of effects. One effect is anabolic. This effect causes growth of muscle and bone. The other effect of testosterone is androgenic. These effects make the body look male. This includes the effects that boys have at puberty: growing a beard, making the penis and testicles bigger [verification needed] and making the voice deeper.

## Related pages

- List of chemicals in doping cases in sport
Patio

A **patio** is a paved area in a garden often used for barbecues or relaxing outside.
Action theory

**Action theory** is an area in philosophy that talks about theories about the processes that cause intentional (willful) human body movements.

## The philosophy of action

Some Philosophers ask the question 'What is an action?' or 'What makes somebody do an action?'. Here are two theories.

### The belief-desire (want-think) theory

Some philosophers say that an action is caused by a person wanting something and thinking that by doing that action they can get it. For example, if I want an apple and think that by walking to a table with some apples on it I can get one, then I will walk to the table. It is important to have both a want (desire) and a thought about how to get it (belief).
If I think that by walking to a table with some apples on it I can get an apple, but want an orange and not an apple, then I will not walk to the table. If I want an apple, but think that the table across the room is just a picture of a table, then I will not walk to the table.

### The neurological (brain) theory

Other philosophers say that the want-think theory is not true. They say that it is my brain and my nerves that causes an action. They see the brain as working like a computer that directs small electric packages from some nerves to other nerves and stores some for a while in memory. These packages cannot be named, they are just like computer bits and bytes. These philosophers say that we talk about what we want and what we think because the brain is very complicated and we do not understand it yet.

These questions form part of the philosophy of mind.
Xiangqi

**Xiangqi** is a board game from China. In English, it is also known as **Chinese chess**.

Though derived from the original Indian Chaturanga, Chinese chess is quite different from modern international chess. The board is different, there are different pieces, and they have different moves. The _general_ and his _mandarin_ may not leave the nine-pointed fortress; they have only limited movement. Clearly, this is more similar to the old Indo-Arabic game than to modern chess.

Xiangqi is a chess game for two people to play. Each player's _palaces_ are located at the back row of their side with an X shaped. Each player has 16 pieces to move on the board. One player's set is red, and the other is black. The way to win is to checkmate or stalemate the other player's King. Each kind of piece has different ways to move. Xiangqi is one of the most popular chess games in China.<sup>p78</sup>

## Pieces

- General (King)
- Advisor (Guard)
- Elephant (Bishop)
- Horse (Knight)
- Chariot (Rook)
- Cannon
- Soldier (Pawn)

## Movement

- General: Moves one step vertically or horizontally and it only stays inside the palace.
- Advisor: Moves one step diagonally and it only stays inside the palace.
- Elephant: Moves exactly two steps diagonally and it cannot jump over a piece or cross the river.
- Horse: Moves like the knight in chess, but it cannot jump over a piece vertically or horizontally (diagonals are fine). It is known as blocking the horse leg.
- Chariot: Moves like the rook in chess and it cannot jump over a piece.
- Cannon: Moves the same as the Chariot but to capture, the cannon needs to jump over exactly one piece and then land on the other side.
- Soldier: Moves one step forward and after it crosses the river, the soldier can also move sideways.

## Points

- General: Infinite points
- Chariot: Nine points
- Cannon: 4.5 points in opening and four points in endgame, because the cannon in the endgame has less pieces to jump for capturing.
- Horse: Four points in opening and 4.5 points in endgame, because it can be more easily blocked (mostly in crowded positions) in the opening than in the endgame.
- Elephant: Two points in opening and 2.5 points in endgame, because the elephant in the opening can be blocked in the opening than the endgame.
- Advisor: Two points
- Soldier: One point before it crosses the river and two points after it crosses the river.

## Special rules

- Flying General: Generals cannot stand on the same column unless there is one piece between them.
- Stalemate: A stalemate in Xiangqi is not a draw, but a lost for the player that gets stalemated.

## Related pages

- History of chess
- Shogi
- Janggi
Governor

A **governor** is a leader of some kind. In some federations, the governor is the leader of a state or a province of the country.

For example, in the United States, each of the 50 states has a governor, who is elected by its own people. While the president is the leader of the whole country, a governor is the leader of the people living in or visiting a state. The governor is the executive for the state's administrative processes.

In other countries, a governor is the title of the viceroy. That is the case in Australia, Canada, and other Commonwealth realms, where the governor (or governor-general) represents the monarch in ceremonies. In many countries such as Pakistan, a provincial governor is appointed by the central government and acts as the ceremonial head of the provinces.

Territories still under British rule have a governor, who represents the monarch in that area.
Touch

- _This article is about one of the five main senses. For other uses, see Touch (disambiguation)_

**Touch** is one of the five main senses that animals have. It can be called the **sense of body** or the **sense of touch**. The system also has internal sensory receptors, and includes sensing temperature and pain. There is a special area in the brain used to processing input of touch. It is in the parietal lobe of the cerebral cortex.

An animal knows if something is against a part of its body. This is called the sense of touch. The process of touching something may be called feeling.

Tiny touch sense organs under the skin help animals feel hardness, softness, and sharpness, for example. Animals also have sense organs which feel temperature and pain. Some parts of the body, such as fingertips have many more sense organs than others.

When animals touch things, nerve fibres attached to the sense organ sends messages to the brain through the central nervous system. The brain interprets the messages, and animals feel things.

## Touch as communication

Humans, and mammals in general, often touch each other. Touch is a kind of non-verbal communication. Behaviours based on touch are very important for keeping family and group members together ('bonding'). It is part of the 'glue' of their social life. Monkeys grooming each other's fur is a good example.

## Related pages

- Braille
- Proprioception
- Touchscreen
Moai

**Moai** are stone statues on Easter Island. Each moai is made out of one large stone but some have an extra stone on top of the head. Most were made from the volcanic rock in the Rano Raraku area of the island. Moai are sometimes called "heads" but they do have shoulders, arms, and a body but these are usually too small for the head, also some of the best known ones had been partly buried over the years and only the heads were showing. Most moai are between 2.5 and 10 metres high and, usually, weigh 14 tonnes. There are about 1000 moai placed mainly around the coast of the island plus nearly 400 more which were left not yet finished at Rano Raraku.

When, why, and how they were made is still a mystery today. It is believed that they were made almost 1000 years ago by Polynesians, who lived there at the time and were made to honour their ancestors (older family members long dead) and bring good luck. Making the statues would have needed a lot of time and effort. To move them, they may have used wooden sledges or rollers or even "walked" them by rocking the moai along. The youngest moai found was built around 1350. It is believed that, around that time, there began a time of cold weather, little food, and war between the peoples. By the 19th century, all the moai had been pushed over. Today, some have been restored.

## References

- Grant McCall (1995). "Rapanui (Easter Island) ." _Pacific Islands Year Book_ 17th Edition. Fiji Times. Retrieved August 8, 2005.
- Thor Heyerdahl, Arne Skjølsvold, and Pavel Pavel  The "Walking" Moai of Easter Island. Retrieved August 8, 2005.
- Kathy Pelta (2001). _Rediscovering Easter Island_. North Minneapolis, USA:Lerner Publications. .
- Rupert Matthews (1988). _Ancient Mysteries_. East Sussex, England:Wayland. .

## Other websites

- Unofficial Easter Island Homepage
- PBS NOVA: Secrets of Easter Island
- PBS NOVA: Secrets of Lost Empires: Easter Island
- How to make Walking Moai: A hypothesis about transportation method on Easter island
Diogenes of Sinope

**Diogenes of Sinope** (or **Diogenes the Cynic**) was an Ancient Greek philosopher. He was born in the town of Sinope (now called Sinop, Turkey) around the year 412 BC and died in the city of Corinth, Greece, in the year 323 BC.

After being exiled for debasing the currency, he moved to Athens. He had a simple lifestyle and behaviour. That gave him a basis to criticize the social values and institutions of the corrupt and confused society that he saw around him.

Diogenes made a virtue of poverty. He begged for a living and often slept in a large ceramic jar in the marketplace. He became notorious for his philosophical stunts. He used to carry a lamp during the day and claimed he was looking for an honest man.

Diogenes criticized Plato and disputed his interpretation of Socrates. He sabotaged Plato's lectures by distracting attenders by bringing food and eating during the discussions. He was also noted for having publicly mocked Alexander the Great.

Diogenes helped Antisthenes create cynicism, a philosophy that focuses on living a simple life without the need for money, fame, power, or possessions. He also made a notion of "cosmopolitan" on world citizenship first time in history.

Diogenes was captured by pirates and sold into slavery. Eventually, he settled in Corinth. There he explained cynicism to Crates, who taught it to Zeno of Citium. Zeno worked on stoicism, which became one of the main schools of Greek philosophy.

None of Diogenes' writings survived, but there are some details of his life from anecdotes that come from Diogenes Laërtius' book _Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers_ and some other sources.
Toad the Wet Sprocket

**Toad the Wet Sprocket** is an American alternative rock band from California. They formed in 1986, while they were in high school. Their name comes from a monologue (one person doing all the talking) performed by Eric Idle, called "Rock Notes" on the 1980 album, _Monty Python's Contractual Obligation Album_.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Toad the Wet Sprocket
- **img**: Toad the Wet Sprocket 2014.jpg
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Santa Barbara, California, United States, USA
- **genre**: Alternative rock
- **years active**: 1986-1998, 2002
2006-present
- **label**: Columbia Records
- **url**: [http://www.toadthewetsprocket.com/ ToadTheWetSprocket.com]
- **current members**: Glen Phillips
Todd Nichols
Dean Dinning
Randy Guss
Boyz II Men

**Boyz II Men** is an American boy band from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. They were popular in the early 1990s. Founded in 1988 as a quintet (group of five people), Boyz II Men found fame as a quartet (group of four), with members Nathan Morris, Michael McCary, Shawn Stockman, and Wanya Morris, on Motown Records during the early 1990s.

Based on sales, Boyz II Men is the most successful R&B male vocal group of all time. It has recorded five #1 R&B hits between 1992 and 1997 and has since sold more than 90 million albums and 50 million singles. Three of its #1 hits, "End of the Road", "I'll Make Love to You", and "One Sweet Day" (with Mariah Carey), set and broke records for the longest period of time a single remained at #1 on the Billboard Hot 100.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Boyz II Men
- **img**: Boyz II Men - Live at Vega cropped.jpg
- **img capt**: Boyz II Men live at Vega
- **landscape**: yes
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- **years active**: 1988–present
- **label**: Motown Records, Motown, Universal Records, Universal, Maverick Records, Maverick, Up All Nite, MSM Music Group, Universal Music TV, UMTV
- **associated acts**: Babyface (musician), Babyface, Prodigy (rapper), Prodigy, Oh No, Mariah Carey, Big Boi, New Kids on the Block
- **url**: [http://www.boyziimen.com www.boyziimen.com]
- **current members**: Nathan Morris
Shawn Stockman
Wanya Morris
- **past members**: Michael McCary
Marc Nelson
Johnny Nash

**John Lester "Johnny" Nash Jr.** (August 19, 1940 – October 6, 2020) was an American reggae and soul singer. His best known singles were "I Can See Clearly Now", "Hold Me Tight" and "Tears on My Pillow".

## Career

His biggest hit was "I Can See Clearly Now" in 1972.

In his late teens Johnny Nash came to the attention of Arthur Godfrey and put in many appearances on his TV show. He also had a featured role in the motion picture "Take A Giant Step". Johnny began recording for the ABC Paramount label, and under the guidance of arranger producer Don Costa, he made a number of albums of standards. Including "Johnny Nash", "Let's Get Lost", "The Quiet Hour", "Studio Time" and "I Got Rhythm". Even though he possessed a superb singing voice, it seems that in the early 1960s, all young black male ballad singers were overshadowed by another Johnny. Johnny Mathis. Johnny Nash never really came into the forefront of pop music. He made a couple of obscure jazz tinged albums for the Argo label. Then after being off the scene for a couple of years, he emerged with a new music genre, the reggae, soul and caribbean type song stylings. This was the mid 70's and he found new fans and a new popularity.

On June 25, 2019, _The New York Times_ listed Johnny Nash among hundreds of artists whose material was reportedly destroyed in the 2008 Universal fire.

## Personal life

Nash was born in Houston, Texas. He died on October 6, 2020 in Houston at the age of 80.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Johnny Nash
- **image**: Johnny Nash.png
- **caption**: Nash in 1965
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: John Lester Nash Jr.
- **birth place**: Houston, Texas, U.S.
- **death place**: Houston, Texas, U.S.
- **genre**: Traditional pop, reggae
- **occupation**: Singer, songwriter, actor
- **years active**: 1956–2020
- **label**: Epic Records, Epic, JAD Records, JAD, Cayman Music
Linda Ronstadt

**Linda Ronstadt** (born July 15, 1946) is an American singer. She was born in Tucson, Arizona. She has won ten Grammy Awards and many other awards.

Ronstadt has never been married. She has an adopted daughter and adopted son. She has been diagnosed with Parkinson's disease. Her autobiography was published in 2013.

## Related pages

- List of country musicians from Arizona

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Linda Ronstadt
- **background**: solo_singer
- **image**: Linda Ronstadt 1976.jpg
- **caption**: Ronstadt in 1976
- **birth name**: Linda Maria Ronstadt
- **birth place**: Tucson, Arizona, U.S.
- **years active**: 19672011
Rainbow flag

The  **rainbow flag** is a multi-colored flag consisting of stripes in the colors of the rainbow that is displayed in many cultures around the world as a sign of diversity and inclusiveness. The German pastor Thomas Müntzer used a rainbow flag as a symbol of solidarity as early as the German Peasants' War of the 16th century. It is common as a symbol of the Peace movement, first used this way in a peace march in Italy in 1961.

## Meher Baba (1924)

In 1924 the Indian spiritual teacher Meher Baba designed a rainbow flag. It is flown each year near his tomb near Ahmednagar, India during the anniversary of his death on January 31, 1969. Baba explained the symbolism, saying, "The colors in the flag signify man's rise from the grossest of impressions of lust and anger – symbolized by red – to the culmination in the highest state of spirituality and oneness with God – symbolized by sky blue."

## Cursillo (1944)

The rainbow is also a symbol in the Christian and Jewish Bible. It shows God's promise to Noah and his family to never cover the world in water again.

A Christian movement known as Cursillo, founded in 1944, uses these traditional rainbow symbols, including flags.  Their version can have 5 to 7 colors, with red at the top, blue or purple at the bottom, and the Spanish words _De Colores!_ ("of colors") in large letters on the front.

## Peace movement (1961)

This rainbow flag in Italy was first used in a peace march in 1961, inspired by similar multi-coloured flags used in demonstrations against nuclear weapons. The most common variety has seven colours, purple, blue, light blue, green, yellow, orange and red, and is emblazoned in bold with the Italian word _PACE_, meaning "peace".

## Gay pride movement (1978)

It has also been the symbol of the LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender) community since its creation in 1978. It is also called the 'Pride Flag.' The flag was created by Gilbert Baker of San Francisco, California in 1978.
Dualism

**Dualism** is the idea or theory that something (an object, an idea, or the whole world) is split into two parts. The parts are separate from each other, and the thing cannot be divided up in any other way.

That contrasts with the idea or theory that something cannot be split into any parts, which is called monism, and with the idea or theory that something can be split into many parts, which is called pluralism.

In philosophy, there are many kinds of dualism.
- In the philosophy of mind dualism means that the mind and the body are two very different things. Nothing that is part of the body can be part of the mind, and nothing that is part of the mind can be part of the body. People like that sort of dualism because they think that the mind is too important or too strange to be part of the body. A contrasting idea is that the mind and the body are the same thing or that mind is just another word for the brain. (See also René Descartes.)
- In epistemology, dualism means that there is a barrier between a person and the world around them. The barrier splits the world into two for that person, into "myself" and "the world." Each person can see, hear, taste, smell and touch the world but cannot know it directly. For example, somebody cannot know just by looking that things are made up of many atoms. This means that something could happen in the world that we would not know about because we could not see, hear, taste, smell or touch it. A non-dualist idea is that a person is just another part of the world and that there is no barrier. For example, it could be said that if we cannot see, hear, taste, touch or smell something, it does not affect us.

Dualism is also a common sense idea. For example, it is a form of dualism to say that a thing is hot or cold, good or bad, mine or somebody else's. That has no allowance for possible states in between.

## Ditheism

In theology, dualism, also called _duotheism_, _bitheism_, or _ditheism_, refers to the doctrine or the belief that there are two independent divine beings or eternal principles: one good and the other evil. Examples of ditheism include Zoroastrianism, Wicca, and Marcionism. The Bible mentions Satan, but that is not ditheism since he is not equal to God but merely an angel (see Jude 6).

Ditheism is not the same as dualism, but they are similar. Ditheism implies (at least) two gods, but moral dualism does not imply any theism (belief in a god). The old dualist religion of the Roma people, Romanipen, is a simple belief in _Devla_ _(_God) and _Beng_ (Satan).
Vomit

**Vomiting**, also called **puking** or **emesis**, is emptying the contents of stomach through mouth. It can be either food or liquid in the stomach. It can be from infection, contaminated food or drink (food poisoning), foul smells or foul-tasting food, the brain being injured, a block in the small intestines so food and liquid cannot go through, too much alcohol or other drugs. Also, people can make themselves **vomit** (self-induced) which is called purging. Usually, people who have eaten or drunk poison are made to vomit any residual (leftover) poison. Excessive vomiting may lead to dehydration, which can be dangerous, if not fatal as it will shut down a person's organs and twist the intestines.
- Color of vomit
- Bright red in the vomit suggests bleeding from the esophagus.
- Dark red vomit with liver-like clots suggests bleeding in the stomach, such as from a perforated ulcer
- Coffee-ground-like vomit suggests less severe bleeding in the stomach because the gastric acid has had time to change the composition of the blood
- Yellow vomit suggests bile, indicating that the pyloric valve is open and bile is flowing into the stomach from the duodenum (this is more common in older people)

## Related pages

- _E. coli_
Blood vessel

A **blood vessel** is a tube that carries blood in the circulatory system. Blood vessels that take blood away from the heart are arteries. Blood vessels that take blood back to the heart are veins. Capillaries are between veins and arteries and they supply tissue with blood.

The heart plus all of the blood vessels in the body together are called the circulatory system. Blood is moved by the pumping of the heart and carries oxygen to the tissues.

The expansion of blood vessels is called vasodilation, it helps the body to get rid of heat energy (_vas-_ in Latin means "container" or "vessel").
The constriction of blood vessels is called vasoconstriction, it prevents the body from losing warmth.

Originally, August Krogh estimated that there was 100,000 km (60,000 miles) of combined blood vessels in the human body. However, his figure was based off of incorrect assumptions assuming that the density of blood vessels in the human body was significantly more than what we know today. He based his calculations on the assumption of a 143kg body with 50kg of pure muscle, an unrealistic body, leading to unrealistic estimations. A new study determined that the actual is somewhere between 9,000 km - 19,000 km (5,600 miles - 11,800 miles).

Growing new blood vessels is called angiogenesis.

## Structure

Different parts of the body have different kinds of blood vessels for different parts of their work.  The vessel wall consists of three shells:

- inner - represented by the endothelium (single-layer squamous epithelium), which is built of elongated endothelial cells located on the basement membrane, and the subendothelial layer, which is based on loose fibrous connective tissue;
- middle - consists of circular bundles of smooth muscle cells with layers of elastic fibers;
- external - is represented by loose fibrous connective tissue, which contains a lot of blood vessels and nerve fibers.
The structure of the vessel wall depends on hemodynamic conditions: blood flow velocity, volume and blood pressure. Arteries located close to the heart are characterized by a predominance of elastic elements that are able to counteract high hemodynamic parameters. As you move away from the heart, hemodynamic values decrease, the caliber of blood vessels decreases and the number of muscle elements in their walls increases, which are able to create additional force to push blood into the network of the smallest vessels.
Pink triangle

The **pink triangle** is one of the two big symbols of the LGBT community. The other is the rainbow flag.
The pink triangle was first used in Nazi Germany to mark homosexual prisoners. There was also a _black triangle_ that marked _anti-social women_. Many but not all of these women were lesbians. Jews were made to wear the famous yellow star of David. If a male prisoner was both Jewish and gay, they were made to wear a yellow triangle overlapped by a pink triangle, creating a star of David.

Homosexuality was illegal in Nazi Germany under a law called _Paragraph 175_, which made it a felony. About 100,000 people were arrested, with about 50,000 sent to prison. Some were sent to mental hospitals. Some were castrated. Some homosexual men were also sent to concentration camps, especially Jewish homosexuals. Between 15,000 and 600,000 homosexual men were sent to concentration camps. Most of them died there. We are not sure of the real number. Prisoners who were Jewish and homosexual may not have been counted as homosexual.

Homosexual prisoners were treated worse than other prisoners. Their death rates were higher than other _anti-social_ groups. One story by a gay man who lived in a concentration camp shows how it was. Pierre Seel was sent to the Schirmeck concentration camp. The Nazis said a public execution would happen. A man was brought out. Seel saw that the man was his 18 year old lover. The Nazis took all the clothes of Seel's lover and put a bucket over his head. Then Seel had to watch as the Nazis let German Shepherds (dogs) maul his lover to death.

After World War II, homosexual men were still not treated well in Germany. The law continued. It was used to hurt homosexuals and to put them in prison. Many spent years in prison.

The pink triangle observes the memory of the homosexual people who died in the Holocaust. It is important not to ignore these deaths. The killing of homosexuals both during World War 2 _and_ _after_ World War 2 ended is the secret story of the Holocaust. Using the pink triangle symbol puts these victims in the public view. It is in respect for those who died.
Chat room

A **chat room** is a virtual place on the Internet where people can get together and type messages to each other using text. People use programs like IRC to join a chat room and type messages or send pictures to the other people within that chat. There are also other programs called instant messengers to stay in contact with friends, colleagues and other people. Websites on the Internet often have types of chat rooms built into them, and lots of chat rooms also use .

Chat rooms are normally used as tools to talk with people that are far away, but many people still use them to talk to people who live near them, because it's very convenient. The first chat system was used by the U.S. government in 1971.

## Related pages

- Chat
Alan Wake

***Alan Wake*** is a video game made by Remedy Entertainment. It is a "thriller" game and was voted best game of E3 in 2005. It was released on Xbox 360 in May 2010 and Microsoft Windows on February 16, 2012.

A sequel, _Alan Wake 2_, was released in 2023.

## Other websites

- Official site
- Official forums. .
- Official Community site. .
Devil May Cry 4

***Devil May Cry 4*** is the fourth video game in the series of _Devil May Cry_.  It was released on the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 on February 5 2008.  Before to this game, all _Devil May Cry_ games had only been released on the PlayStation video game consoles.  This one was the first game to be released on the Xbox as well as The PlayStation.  In January, gamers could download a demo at the PlayStation Store and Xbox Live Marketplace .

One big difference in this game is that Dante is no longer the main character.  A new character named Nero is the new hero.  Lady and Trish from older games return in this game.  This game has more new characters, such as Kyrie, Credo, Agnus, Gloria, and Sanctus and new demons and bosses for the player to fight.

This game is just like the first games.  It follows the usual _Devil May Cry_ gameplay using a variety of melee and long-range weapons

## Infobox (vg)

- **title**: Devil May Cry 4
- **developer**: Capcom
- **publisher**: Capcom
- **designer**: Hiroyuki Kobayashi <small>(Game producer, Producer)</small>
Hideaki Itsuno <small>(Game director, Director)</small>
Yuji Shimomura <small>(Cutscenes)</small>
- **series**: _Devil May Cry (series), Devil May Cry_
- **engine**: MT Framework
- **released**: **PlayStation 3, Xbox 360**:**Microsoft Windows**:
- **modes**: Single player
- **genre**: Hack and slash, Action game, Action
- **platforms**: PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Microsoft Windows
Talk

**Talking** is communication using language and speech. See also chat and vocal chords. Talking is used to express feelings, emotions and thoughts.
Subject (school)

**Subjects** are the parts into which learning can be divided. At school, each lesson usually covers one subject only. Some of the most common subjects at school are Language arts, history, mathematics, physical education and science.

## Examples

Primary school subjects: (ages 4–11)
- Art
- Citizenship
- Geography
- History
- Languages (French, German, Spanish)
- Literacy
- Music
- Natural history
- Personal, social and health education (PSHE)
- Science
- Arithmetic
- Social Studies
- Reading
- Writing
- Math

Secondary school subjects: (ages 11–16)
- Art
- Business studies
- Citizenship
- Critical reading
- Dance
- Design & technology
- Drama
- English
- Geography
- History
- Information and communication technology (ICT)
- Languages
- Mathematics
- Modern studies
- Music
- PE: Physical education
- P.S.H.E: Personal, social and health education (PSHE)
- RE: Religious education
- Science
- Study skills

Other subjects include:
- Ancient Greek
- Animal husbandry
- Art
- Biology
- Chemistry
- Commerce
- Computer studies.
- Design technology
- Drama
- Ethic(s)
- Food technology
- Foreign languages: Spanish, French, German, Mandarin, Irish, Welsh, Italian, Japanese, etc.
- Geography
- Health and hygiene
- Home economics
- Latin
- Literature
- Music
- Physics
- Psychology
- Religion
- Sociology
- Woodwork
- Design Technology (Paper and Board, Resistant Materials, Food Technology, Textiles)
Learning English

**Learning English** is what people do when they want to use the English language. In language learning, we often talk about language skills and language systems. Language skills include: speaking, listening, reading, and writing. Language systems include vocabulary, grammar, pronunciation, and discourse.

A lot of people learn English at school, where English is a common subjects. Many people also want to spend their own personal time to learn English. Some of these people may not know any English, where others will have learned some English in school, and will want to advance their knowledge of it.

## Learning in schools

English is taught in many schools. It may be a required course for graduation, or students may choose to study it. For profit language schools are also common in many countries. These businesses sell English lessons.

English taught in community settings, for adult immigrants to English-speaking countries, is often referred to as ESOL (English for speakers of other languages).

## Individual learning

Other people try to learn English on their own, or in a less formal setting than in a group of people with a teacher.

People might meet with others who are trying to learn English, in order to practice speaking.

People can also listen to radio broadcasts in English, or watch television programmes in English to help them improve their listening ability.  A popular channel to listen to the radio on is broadcast by the BBC, called the BBC World Service .

People can also study English by reading books, or listening to English courses on recorded CDs or cassettes.

## Online learning

The internet boom has created lot of avenues for learning. People can get lot of ideas on how to improve English communication skills using search engines like Google, Yahoo, etc. Especially during the lockdown due to COVID-19, online classes and courses became a main source of learning. The BBC World Service has a free website for people who are learning English as a second or foreign language called BBC Learning English.

Duolingo is a popular language-learning app that offers gamified lessons to help users improve their English skills through interactive exercises. It provides a fun and engaging way to practice vocabulary, grammar, listening, and speaking.

## Testing

Major tests of English language proficiency include TOEFL, IELTS, TOEIC, Pearson English Test, Cambridge Assessment English, and the Duolingo English Test.

## Related pages

- English as an additional language
- Wikipedia: Basic English picture wordlist, 200 words in Basic English with pictures

## Other websites

- BBC English learning center
Ethical tradition

An **ethical tradition** is a group of things that one group of people think are right and wrong. People believe that these things are right and wrong because other people think that way and they have thought that way for a long time.

An ethical tradition can be like a set of laws because most people agree with it and only do what it says is right. However an ethical tradition is not normally written down and is not enforced by a police force.

The branch of philosophy called ethics is not the same as an ethical tradition. This is because ethics is about asking questions and not just thinking what other people think. However some ethical philosophers want to know why people follow ethical traditions. They also want to know what ethical traditions are the same for different groups of people. This type of ethics is sometimes called the science of morals.
Dildo

A **dildo** is a sex toy. It is most often used in place of an actual penis for sexual reasons. Dildos come in many different shapes, sizes, and materials (most often glass, plastic, rubber, metal, or wood) for different looks and feels, different uses, and to provide the best stimulation for different people. Some dildos vibrate and pivot for extra pleasure.

## Uses

Both men and women can use dildos. They are most often put into the vagina or anus, but are sometimes used in oral sex. Since dildos are very simple toys, they can be used in many different ways. They can produce arousal to the point of an orgasm. For this reason, dildos are commonly used for masturbation.

## Other websites

- SexInfo's "Guide to Dildos and Anal Plugs"
Alien

**Alien** might mean:
- Extraterrestrial life, a living being that is not from Earth, appearing in fiction
- _Alien_ (movie), a movie by Ridley Scott
- Another term for "foreigner"
Bioinformatics

**Bioinformatics** or **computational biology** is the study of large amounts of biological information or genome. It focuses on molecules like DNA. It is done often with the help of computers.

## Foundation

As species of living things change over time, the DNA contained in their cells change, because of evolution. If we can extract the information from living things today, and compare them to each other, we can see which living things are most closely related, the most similar can be thought to be the most closely related in time. Biologists can then construct family trees, or phylogenies. By combining each tree, a grand tree connecting all living things can be made, this is called the "Tree of Life". Bioinformatics uses integration of mathematical, statistical and computational method to analyze biological, biochemical and biophysical data.

## The process

All of the information needed by a cell is provided in its DNA. When a cell wants to build a protein, it finds the appropriate piece of DNA, makes a copy of it (called RNA), and uses the instructions in the copy to make the protein.

Proteins can perform many functions like transportation, structural support, movement and metabolism. Proteins are made from _amino acids_. There are twenty different amino acids that are used to build millions of different protein molecules.

These molecules can be studied using computers to analyze the DNA, RNA, and amino acid sequences from which they are created. Because there are so many different molecules, the best way we have of understanding how the entire system works is to use bioinformatics.

## Computers in bioinformatics

Chemists have developed ways to understand the shape and behavior of small molecules, using mathematical analysis. They might use computers to study these molecules. The DNA contained in just one cell of an organism is far too large to be read by any person, and to compare the DNA between two (or more) organisms, be they in the brother and sister, or of a completely different species, requires comparing large amounts of information to find differences. Computers are better suited to such comparisons, and computer programmers have worked with biologists to create very very large databases to store all the DNA information that has ever been learned.

## Related pages

- Biotechnology
- Computational biology
- Gel electrophoresis
- Sequence analysis
Economy of India

The **economy of India** is the fifth largest in the world with a GDP (a year's goods and services) of US$3.94 trillion. If considered PPP (purchasing power parity (how much that money can buy in India compared to other countries), the economy is the third largest (worth US$12.51 trillion).  Measured by population it was 125th in the world in 2022.

India's economy includes agriculture, handicrafts, industries, and a lot of services. The service sector is the main source of economic growth in India today, though two-thirds of Indian people earn their living directly or indirectly through agriculture. In recent times, due to its many well-educated people who can speak English, India became a pioneer in information technology.

For most of India's independent history, it had strict government controls in many areas such as telecommunications (communication over long distances), banking and foreign direct investment. In 1967 70% of the people earned less than 150 rupees a month. Since the early 1990s, India has slowly opened up its markets by reducing government control on foreign trade and investment. This was started by Manmohan Singh under the leadership of P. V. Narasimha Rao. From then, the Indian Economy grew at a rapid pace.

The Indian rupee (₹) is the money in India.  In 1947 an American dollar was worth about 3 rupees. In 2022 it was worth about 75 rupees.

The social and economic problems India faces are the increasing population, poverty, lack of infrastructure (buildings, roads, etc.) and growing unemployment.
Multiplayer video game

**Multiplayer** is a term for games, usually video games, meaning more than 2 people can play it.  It was popularized by gaming systems like the Nintendo 64 that allowed 4 joysticks to be plugged into a home console unit for head-to-head play, competitive, or cooperative play.
"Weird Al" Yankovic

**Alfred Matthew "Weird Al" Yankovic** (born October 23, 1959) is an American singer-songwriter, musician, parodist, record producer, satirist, music video director, movie producer, actor and writer. He is known mainly for his parodies of popular songs. He has also starred in the movie called _UHF_ (1989). Yankovic had a children's program for a short time. It was named _The Weird Al Show_. He has made parodies of songs such as "American Pie" (his ever popular "The Saga Begins"), "Ridin''" ("White and Nerdy"), "Bad" ("Fat"), "Like a Virgin" ("Like a Surgeon"), and "Gangsta's Paradise" ("Amish Paradise"). He voices Dill from Kate's Place.

He also has a band to help him perform his songs. His band members are: Jim West (guitar), Steve Jay (bass), Rubén Valtierra (piano), and Jon Schwartz (drums).

Yankovic has also written a children's book titled _When I Grow Up_.

## Early life

Alfred was born in Downey, California. He was raised in the town of Lynwood, California. He is the only child of Nick Louis Yankovic (June 4, 1917 – April 9, 2004) and Mary Elizabeth Yankovic (née Vivalda; February 7, 1923 – April 9, 2004). His father was born in Kansas City, Kansas, of Yugoslavian ancestry, and began living in California after serving during World War II; he believed "the key to success" was "doing for a living whatever makes you happy" and often reminded his son of this philosophy.  Nick Yankovic married Mary Elizabeth Vivalda in 1949. Mary, who was of Italian and English descent, and had come to California from Kentucky, gave birth to Alfred ten years later.  All of this can be shown in a biopic movie of his life "Weird: The Al Yankovic Story" made in 2022.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: "Weird Al" Yankovic
- **image**: "Weird Al" Yankovic.JPG
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Alfred Matthew Yankovic
- **alias**: "Weird Al" Yankovic
- **birth place**: Downey, California, U.S.
- **origin**: Lynwood, California, U.S.
- **instrument**: Vocals, accordion, keyboard instrument, keyboards, theremin
- **occupation**: Singer-songwriter, musician, parody, parodist, record producer, Satire, satirist, music video director, Movie producer, film producer, actor
- **years active**: 1976–present
- **genre**: Parody music, Parody, comedy, Comedy music, polka
- **label**: RCA Records, RCA, Capitol Records, Capitol, Placebo, TK Records, TK, Scotti Brothers Records, Scotti Brothers, Volcano Records, Volcano
- **associated acts**: Dr. Demento
Supertramp

**Supertramp** is a British rock band. They were created and managed by a Dutch millionaire and were very popular in the 1970s. The members of Supertramp included Rick Davies and Roger Hodgson, who wrote most of the songs. The band's best-known songs include "Dreamer", "Give a Little Bit", "The Logical Song", "Take the Long Way Home", and "It's Raining Again".

## Albums

- _Supertramp_ (1970)
- _Indelibly Stamped_ (1971)
- _Crime of the Century_ (1974)
- _Crisis? What Crisis?_ (1975)
- _Even in the Quietest Moments..._ (1977)
- _Breakfast in America_ (1979)
- _...Famous Last Words..._ (1982)
- _Brother Where You Bound_ (1985)
- _Free as a Bird_ (1987)
- _Some Things Never Change_ (1997)
- _Slow Motion_ (2002)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Supertramp
- **img**: Supertramp0062.jpg
- **img capt**: Supertramp, 1980: Dougie Thomson, Rick Davies, Roger Hodgson, John Helliwell, and Bob Siebenberg (hidden.)
- **img size**: 250
- **landscape**: yes
- **background**: group_or_band
- **alias**: Daddy (1969–1970)
- **origin**: United Kingdom
- **genre**: rock music, Rock, progressive rock, art rock, soft rock, pop rock
- **years active**: 1970–1988, 1993, 1996–2002, 2010–2012, 2015
- **label**: A&M Records, A&M, Oxygen, EMI Records, EMI, Super Cab, Chrysalis Records, Chrysalis
- **past members**: Rick Davies (d. 2025)
John Helliwell
Bob Siebenberg
Cliff Hugo
Lee Thornburg
Carl Verheyen
Jesse Siebenberg
Roger Hodgson
Tissue (disambiguation)

**Tissue** can mean different things.

- Tissue, a part of an organ or organism. It is a group of cells of the same type, such as 'muscle tissue'.
- Tissue paper, a type of thin paper.
- Facial tissue, a thin, soft, piece of paper used to wipe the nose.
1471

## Events

- March – The Yorkist King Edward IV returns to England to reclaim his throne.
- April 14 – Battle of Barnet – Edward defeats the Lancastrian army under Warwick, who is killed.
- May 4 – Battle of Tewkesbury – King Edward defeats a Lancastrian army under Queen Margaret and her son, Edward of Westminster the Prince of Wales, who is killed. This practically destroys the Lancastrian cause.
- May 20 – Henry VI of England is murdered in the Tower of London and Edward IV becomes sole King of England.
- October 10 – Battle of Brunkeberg in Stockholm. The forces of Regent of Sweden Sten Sture the Elder with help of farmers and miners repel an attack by Christian I, King of Denmark.
- First Inca Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui of the Inca Empire dies and is succeeded by his son Tupac Inca Yupanqui.
- Pedro Escobar and João Gomes first visit São Tomé and Principe.