juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Okapi

The **okapi** (_Okapia johnstoni_) also known as the forest giraffe, zebra giraffe, Congolese giraffe, African unicorn, and deerbra is an even-toed ungulate mammal from central Africa. With the giraffe they form the family Giraffidae.

## Appearance

The okapi has a reddish brown body, a whitish gray face, and white and black stripes on its legs. The okapi has a few features that show its link to giraffes. Its height is not as large as giraffes.

## Life

Okapis live in the rainforests of central Africa, in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

They are mostly active during the day. Okapis eat mostly leaves and buds from trees, but also grass, ferns, fruit, and fungi.

Okapis usually live alone. After 420 to 450 days of pregnancy the mother gives birth to one baby okapi, which drinks milk for up to 6 months. Okapis become mature when they are 4-5 years old. In captivity, okapis can live for 30 years or so.

## Other information

The okapi was unknown and a mystery to western researchers for a long time. In the past, scientists thought that the okapi was a mix between the giraffe and the zebra.

The _International Society for Cryptozoology_ uses the okapi as its symbol, because the okapi was unknown for a long time.

## Other websites

- Okapi fact sheet at BBC.com
Giraffidae

**Giraffids** are mammals, in the order of the even-toed ungulates. The family has two living species, the giraffe and the okapi.

## Taxonomy

- Family **Giraffidae**
    - Giraffe, _Giraffa camelopardalis_
    - Okapi, _Okapia johnstoni_

## Habitat

The giraffe and the okapi both live in Africa, south of the Sahara Desert. The giraffe lives in open savannas, while the okapi lives in the rainforests of the Congo.

## Appearance

Both animals have long necks and legs and long blue tongues. Male and female giraffes and male okapis have small horn-like stumps on their heads which are covered with skin.

Giraffes are the tallest animal living on land, with a height of over 5 m. Okapis are smaller, only up to 2 m tall.
Popular culture

**Popular culture** is culture which interests the general masses of people. It is influenced and spread by mass media. People experience or learn popular culture by hearing popular music on the radio, watching television, playing video games, or reading popular books and magazines. Popular culture may affect all kinds of knowledge or thought, including art, religion, or language.

Popular culture does not follow any one system of ideas, customs, philosophy, religion, or morality. Some of its forms include grammar, language, or pictures that are not accepted under a society's customs. For this reason a society or government may not approve of popular culture. If a government thinks that any form of it may harm people or cause society to change in a bad way, the government may ban it. This practice is known as censorship. In some countries popular culture is protected under freedom of speech or other rights.

## American popular culture

The United States is an industrialized country (see industrialization) in which citizens use mass media. Its government protects language and cultures under freedom of speech. The U.S. has had periods of popular culture since the 20th century. For instance, after World War II a group of children known as Baby boomers experienced a sudden expansion of popular culture.

## Related pages

- Folklore
Psychiatric hospital

A **psychiatric hospital** is a residential facility where people with mental illnesses can be kept safe and receive treatment.

On some occasions, a person might choose to enter a psychiatric hospital to address their mental health. On other occasions, people can be forced into psychiatric facilities if a doctor thinks they are a danger to others or themselves.

Doctors who work at psychiatric hospitals are called psychiatrists.

### "Lunatic asylums"

Psychiatric hospitals used to be called lunatic asylums. Earlier asylums like the old Bethlem Royal Hospital in London (nicknamed "Bedlam") were like prisons. Patients received no treatment and were often imprisoned and chained. When he took over Bethlem, Philippe Pinel made a radical change: he got rid of the chains in his asylum.

### Institutionalization

In the 19th century, new asylums were built. These were designed to be pleasant places with gardens and airy rooms, and later became known as psychiatric hospitals. Although they no longer looked like prisons, patients still had little freedom or hope of leaving. Many experienced _institutionalisation_ - they had lived in the hospital for so long that they could not cope with living outside of it.

### Deinstitutionalisation

In the middle of the 20th century, new drugs were invented that made it easier to treat mental illness. Governments began to look for ways to care for patients outside of hospitals. They believed it would lead to better care for patients and save money. This is known as _deinstitutionalisation_.

Since the 1970s, many countries have closed large numbers of psychiatric hospitals. Mentally ill patients are now also cared for in local hospitals, small clinics and in their own homes.

## References

This section needs to be filled in.
Military camp

A **military camp** or **bivouac** is a semi-permanent facility for where an army stays when it is not at its military base. Camps are erected when a military force travels away from a major installation or fort during training. It is also used for operations, and often form large campsites.

In the Roman era the military camp served an entire legion. Archaeological investigations have revealed many details of these Roman camps in places such as England and Scotland.
Private (rank)

A **private** is the lowest rank of the Army or Marines. The rank is earned after joining the service or graduating from a military camp.
Spinster

A **spinster** is an older word for an unmarried woman. A word used more often today is "single woman" or _bachelorette_.

## Other meanings

A spinster is also someone who spins yarn from wool using a spinning wheel. Spinsters use the yarn to make clothes like a tailor, seamster, seamstress. One famous spinster is the girl in the story of Rumpelstiltskin.
Dick Clark

**Dick Clark** (November 30, 1929 — April 18, 2012) was an American television entertainer. He was nicknamed "the world's oldest teenager". From the 1950s to the 2000s, he entertained people from around the United States, as well as the rest of the world. He became famous due to his show _American Bandstand_. He also hosted game shows, including _The $100,000 Pyramid_. His other shows included _Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve with Ryan Seacrest_. Clark died on the morning of April 18, 2012 in Santa Monica, California from a heart attack.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Dick Clark
- **image**: Dick Clark American Bandstand 1961.JPG
- **caption**: Dick Clark in 1961
- **birth name**: Richard Augustus Wagstaff Clark, Jr.
- **birth place**: Mount Vernon, New York, Mount Vernon, New York (state), New York, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Santa Monica, California, Santa Monica, California, U.S.
- **death cause**: Cardiac arrest Heart attack
- **resting place**: Cremated
- **nationality**: American
- **other names**: World's Oldest Teenager (nickname)
- **education**: A.B. Davis High School
- **alma mater**: Syracuse University
- **occupation**: Businessman
Game show host
Radio/television personality
- **years active**: 1945-2012
- **boards**: Dick Clark Productions
- **spouse**: Barbara Mallery
<small>(m. 1952–1961; divorced)</small>
Loretta Martin
<small>(m. 1962–1971; divorced)</small>
Kari Wigton
<small>(1977–2012, his death)</small>
- **children**: Richard Augustus Wagstaff Clark III
Duane Clark
Cindy Clark
- **parents**: Julia Fuller (née Barnard),
Richard A.W. Clark Sr.
- **family**: Bradley Clark
(Brother)
Perl

**Perl** is a programming language invented by Larry Wall to process text. The programming language has been changed many times to do some other things. Some of these things are tasks like making web pages show information in a better way than before, or take information and show it in a way that makes more sense to people.  Perl code is written using some symbols besides letters and numbers.

## Usage

Perl is very good at searching through text looking for patterns, which lets people find words that they may be looking for, or also let people find words they are looking for, and change them with different words much more quickly than they would if they had to do it one word at a time.

Perl is also a high-level programming language. A high-level language has advanced features which let the programmer tell the computer what to do without having to worry about how the computer is going to do it as compared to low-level programming languages which often require more programmer effort.

## Example

An example Hello World program in Perl:

You can use variables in Perl.

A variable is a box where you can put items. In Perl, some variables starts with their own sigil. A sigil is the way to tell the Perl interpreter about what type of variable you are using. Variables can be scalar, array, hash, handle, regular expression, typeglob or subroutine.

For example:

## Perl packages

The Comprehensive Perl Archive Network, aka CPAN, hosts a large number of extensions to Perl which may be downloaded for free.

## Other websites

- Perl.org
- CPAN
- The Perl Foundation

## Infobox (programming language)

- **name**: Perl
- **paradigm**: multi-paradigm: Functional programming, functional, Imperative programming, imperative, Object-oriented programming, object-oriented (Class-based programming, class-based), Reflective programming, reflective, Procedural programming, procedural, Event-driven programming, Event-driven, Generic programming, generic
- **year**: 1987
- **designer**: Larry Wall
- **developer**: Larry Wall
- **latest release version**: 5.24.0
- **latest preview version**: 5.23.2
- **turing-complete**: Yes
- **influenced by**: AWK (programming language), AWK, Smalltalk 80, Lisp (programming language), Lisp, C (programming language), C, C++, sed, Unix shell, Pascal (programming language), Pascal
- **influenced**: Python (programming language), Python, PHP, Ruby (programming language), Ruby, ECMAScript/Javascript, LPC (programming language), LPC, Windows PowerShell, Falcon (programming language), Falcon, Perl 6, Qore (programming language), Qore, Julia (programming language), Julia
- **programming language**: C (programming language), C
- **operating system**: Cross-platform
- **license**: GNU General Public License or Artistic License
- **file ext**: .pl .pm .t .pod
- **wikibooks**: Perl Programming
Pascal

**Pascal** is a programming language.
It was created in 1970 by Niklaus Wirth, to help people learn how to make computer programs.

## Development

Now, there are many different dialects of the language, some of which support object-oriented programming.
In 1990 the “Pascal” and “Extended Pascal” standards were registered with the International Organization for Standardization.

## Description

Every variable has to be declared before it is used.
Pascal is a strongly typed programming language:
Every variable has a data type.
You are only allowed to assign values to the variable that are valid for the data type.
This ensures that the programmer does not make unintentional mistakes.

Pascal is a imperative language.
The language distinguishes between procedures and functions.
A  returns a value, a  does not.
As such, a  call appears in an expression, whereas a  invocation is a statement.

## Code samples

This code prints Hello world program at console window:

This code calculate factorial of a positive integer, using recursion.

## Pascal variants

- GNU Pascal
- Object Pascal
- Free Pascal
- Delphi – Modern IDE for creating GUI programs for Microsoft Windows. There is an open source clone of it for Windows, Mac OS X and FreeBSD, named Lazarus.
- Turbo Pascal
Hymen

The **hymen** (also called the **maidenhead**) is a thin fold of membranous connective tissue which "encompasses (surrounds) the lumen of the vagina". It surrounds and partially covers the opening of the vagina all around the edges, or sometimes completely blocks it (called a imperforate hymen) until it is fixed. It is close to behind or deeper inside the labia minora.

The hymen has no known use. People used to believe that the hymen always tears after having sexual intercourse for the first time, and that you could tell if a woman was a virgin by looking at her hymen and seeing if it was torn. However, it turns out that it is impossible to tell if someone is a virgin by looking at their hymen. Studies have confirmed that all girls are born with hymens.

## Types

There are several different types of hymen. In about 1 in 2,000 females, the hymen does not develop at all. The hymen may also not have a hole in it; this is called an "imperforate hymen". In this case a hole will need to be surgically cut into it to allow menstrual fluid (period blood) or other secretions out. Without this surgery, the patient might feel discomfort, pain, or be more prone to vagina infections.

Other types of hymen are:

- crescent-shaped
- folding in on itself
- has one or more bands going across the opening
- has several holes

## What might damage the hymen

When a girl reaches puberty, the hymen becomes stretchy. The hymen may be damaged by girls fall directly onto sharp objects .

Sexual intercourse is an easy way to damage the hymen along with horseback riding and biking. A woman's hymen can also break while playing some sports.

## Hymens in other animals

These animals all have a hymen:

There are many more animals which have hymens, but not all are listed here.

## The stages of growth

When a fetus is developing, there is no vaginal opening. The hymen comes from the skin covering the vagina at that time.

In young babies, the hymen is thick and pink. This is because the mother is giving the baby hormones through breast feeding which keeps it thick. In adolescent girls, the hymen becomes thin, smooth and delicate because she has stopped taking in hormones. The hymen becomes very sensitive and can easily cause pain if touched. From puberty, the hymen gets thicker again and becomes pale pink. This is because of the hormone estrogen.

## Other websites

- The Female Hymen and its Significance
- Hymen gallery  - Pictures of hymens
- The Hymen Revealed  - by The-Clitoris.com

## Infobox (anatomy)

- **name**: Hymen
- **latin**: hymen
- **greek**: ὑμήν
- **image**: File:Gray1229.png
- **caption**: A schematic drawing of a vulva with hymen labelled.
Maidenhead

**Maidenhead** is a town in England in Berkshire. About 60,000 people live in the town. The town is about 25 miles (41 kilometres) from London. It is named after a wharf that was built there in 1297. It lies on the River Thames.

## Infobox (uk place)

- **country**: England
- **official name**: Maidenhead
- **static image name**: Maidenhead Bridge and River Thames - geograph.org.uk - 205285.jpg
- **static image caption**: <small>Maidenhead on the River Thames</small>
- **population**: 78,000
- **population ref**: _(2001)_
- **unitary england**: Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead, Windsor and Maidenhead
- **lieutenancy england**: Berkshire
- **region**: South East England
- **constituency westminster**: Maidenhead (UK Parliament constituency), Maidenhead
- **post town**: MAIDENHEAD
- **postcode district**: SL6
- **postcode area**: SL
- **dial code**: 01628
- **os grid reference**: SU889811
G-spot

The **Gräfenberg spot** (usually called **G-spot**) is defined as a highly sensitive area near the entrance inside of the human vagina. It is believed to be a part of the urethral sponge. Some people believe it is a bundle of nerves in the female human reproductive system. If the area is stimulated, this can cause pleasurable sensations, female ejaculation and a strong orgasm in some women. Some doctors and researchers who specialize in the anatomy of women say that there is no anatomical evidence for the spot.

## Origin

The "G-spot" concept was named by Addiego and others in 1981 or by Beverly Whipple and others in 1982. It is named after the German gynaecologist, Ernst Gräfenberg. Gräfenberg wrote first about _The Role of Urethra in Female Orgasm_ in 1950. A book was first published about the G-spot in 1982, called _The G Spot and Other Recent Discoveries About Human Sexuality_, by three authors from the United States: Alice Kahn Ladas, a psychologist; Beverly Whipple, a registered nurse and sex counselor; and John D. Perry, a psychologist.

## Location

Although typically described as near the entrance inside of the vagina, reports of the G-spot's location vary and therefore it has no specific place to be found. However, there are two methods which are used to find it:
- self-reported levels of sexual arousal/pleasure
- stimulating an area in the vagina leads to female ejaculation

Some women say that they have "deeper" orgasms when the G-spot is stimulated. One research team experimented with the vagina by trying to touch the G-spot in certain places under experimental conditions; they found that in most cases, women had a sensitive area near the front of the vagina.

### Public views

Some people, including doctors, do not believe that the G-spot exists. When the book _The G Spot and Other Recent Discoveries About Human Sexuality_ was published in 1982, there was significant criticism. Some people who are not doctors simply say that it is a "highly sensitive area" in the vagina.

### Scientific views

Scientists have carried out tests trying to find the G-spot and have not found any consistent or definitive evidence of it, and most of them believe that, if it does exist, it is an extension of the clitoris.

## Other websites

- The G-Spot  from UCSB's SexInfo
Skene's gland

**Skene's glands** (also called **lesser vestibular glands** or **paraurethral glands**) are glands in the upper wall of the vagina. They empty into the urethra. Their location is known as the Gräfenberg spot. In males, their homologue is the prostate gland.

The glands are named after the person who described them first, Alexander Skene. He was a physician.

## Infobox (anatomy)

- **name**: Skene's gland
- **latin**: glandula vestibularis minor
- **image**: Skenes_gland.jpg
- **caption**: Human female external reproductive anatomy
- **precursor**: Urogenital sinus
Bartholin's gland

The **Bartholin's glands** are two glands found slightly below and to the left and right of the opening of the vagina in women.

## History

They were first found in the 17th century, by the Danish anatomist, Caspar Bartholin the Younger (1655-1738).

## Anatomy

The glands secrete mucus to make sexual intercourse easier. Bartholin's glands secrete relatively minute amounts (one or two drops) of fluid when a woman is sexually aroused.

Sometimes, the Bartholin's glands become infected and can be swollen or painful. This can be treated by a doctor with antibiotics.

## Related pages

- Clitoris
- Prostate

## Other websites

- - "The Female Perineum: Muscles of the Superficial Perineal Pouch"

## Infobox (anatomy)

- **name**: Bartholin's gland
- **latin**: glandula vestibularis major
- **image**: Skenes gland.jpg
- **caption**: Female genital organs with Bartholin's gland circled
- **precursor**: Urogenital sinus
- **artery**: Deep external pudendal artery, External pudendal artery
- **nerve**: Ilioinguinal nerve
- **lymph**: Superficial inguinal lymph nodes
Gland

A **gland** is a group of cells in the body which make substances such as hormones. They are in humans and other animals, and in plants.
- If the substance is put directly into the bloodstream, the gland is called **endocrine gland**.
- If the substance is carried by a duct, the gland is called an **exocrine gland**. Exocrine  ducts empty outside the body, or into cavities inside the body.

Examples of glands in humans are:
- Sweat glands that produce sweat for perspiration.
- The pineal gland in the brain, which produces the hormone melatonin at night.
Sevastopol

**Sevastopol** (, formerly called  **Sebastopol**) is a large seaport and city. It is on the Crimean Peninsula, on the north side of the Black Sea. 380,000 people live in the city. It was started in 1783. The port was shared by naval forces of Ukraine and Russia until 2014 when Russia took control.
Aegukka

"**Aegukka**" (; <small>say: </small>), officially translated as "**Patriotic Song**", is the national anthem of North Korea. To celebrate the country's independence from Japan, it was written by Pak Se-yong and composed by Kim Won-gyun, then it was adopted in 1947 shortly after.

It should not be confused with South Korea's national anthem, which has the same name but uses a different romanisation scheme. It is sometimes also known by the first bit of the song, "Achhimŭn pinnara" (), meaning "Let Morning Shine".

## Lyrics

|Korean original|Romanization|IPA transcription|English translation|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|<poem></poem>|<poem>Ach'imŭn pinnara i kangsan Ŭn'gŭme chawŏndo kadŭkhan Yi sesang arŭmdaun nae choguk Panmannyŏn oraen ryŏksaë 𝄆 Ch'allanhan munhwaro charanan Sŭlgiron inminŭi i yŏnggwang Momgwa mam ta pach'yŏ i Chosŏn Kiri pattŭse 𝄇 Paektusan kisangŭl ta anko Kŭlloŭi chŏngsinŭn kittŭrŏ Chilliro mungch'yŏjin ŏksen ttŭt On segye apsŏ nagari 𝄆 Sonnŭn him nododo naemirŏ Inminŭi ttŭsŭro sŏn nara Hanŏpsi puganghanŭn i Chosŏn Kiri pinnaese 𝄇</poem>|<poem>[a̠.ˈt͡sʰim.ɯn ˈpin.na̠.ɾa̠ i ka̠ŋ.ˈsʰa̠n] [ɯn.ˈgɯm.e̞ ˈt͡sa̠.wɔn.do̞ ˈka̠.dɯ.kʰa̠n] [sʰa̠m.ˈt͡sʰɔɭ.ʎi ˈa̠.ɾɯ̆m.da̠.(w)ʊn nɛ̝ t͡so̞.ˈgʊk̚] [pa̠n.ˈma̠n.ɲʲɔn ˈo̞.ɾɛ̝n ˈɾʲɔk̚.s͈a̠.(j)e̞] 𝄆 [t͡sʰa̠ɭ.ˈɭa̠n.ɦa̠n ˈmʊn.(βʷ)a̠.ɾo̞ ˈt͡sa̠.ɾa̠.na̠n] [sʰɯɭ.ˈgi.ɾo̞n ˈin.min.ɛ̝ (j)i jɔŋ.ˈgʷa̠ŋ] [mo̞m.ˈgʷa̠ ma̠m ta̠ pa̠.t͡sʰjɔ (j)i t͡so̞.ˈsʰɔn] [kiɾ.ˈi ˈpa̠t̚.t͈ɯ.sʰe̞] 𝄇 [pɛ̝k̚.ˈt͈ʊ.sʰa̠n ˈki.sʰa̠ŋ.ɯɭ ta̠ a̠n.ko̞] [kɯɭ.ˈɭo̞.ɛ̝ ˈt͡sɔŋ.sin.ɯn ˈkit̚.t͈ɯɾ.ɔ] [t͡siɭ.ˈʎi.ɾo̞ ˈmʊŋ.t͡sʰʲɔ.d͡zin ˈɔk̚.s͈e̞n t͈ɯt̚] [o̞n ˈsʰe̞.ɡʲe̞ ˈa̠p̚.s͈ɔ na̠.ga̠.ˈɾi] 𝄆 [sʰo̞n.ˈnɯn ɦim ˈno̞.do̞.do̞ ˈnɛ̝.miɾ.ɔ] [in.ˈmin.ɛ̝ ˈt͈ɯsʰ.ɯ.ɾo̞ sʰɔn na̠.ˈɾa̠] [ha̠n.ˈɔp̚s͈.i ˈpʊ.ga̠ŋ.ɦa̠.nɯn i t͡so̞.ˈsʰɔn] [kiɾ.ˈi ˈpin.nɛ̝.sʰe̞] 𝄇</poem>|<poem>Shine bright, you dawn, on this land so fair, This world, my beautiful homeland So rich in silver and in gold you are, Five thousand years of your history. 𝄆 Our people ever were renowned and sage, And rich in cultural heritage, And as with heart and soul, we strive, Korea shall forever thrive! 𝄇 And in the spirit of Mount Paektu, With the love of toil that shall never die, With a will of iron fostered by the truth, We'll lead the whole world by and by. 𝄆 We have the might to foil the angry sea, Our land more prosperous still shall be, As by the people's will we strive, Korea shall forever thrive! 𝄇 </poem>|

## Infobox (anthem)

- **english title**: Patriotic Song
- **en alt title**: Song of a Devotion to a Country
- **prefix**: National
- **author**: Pak Se-yong
- **lyrics date**: 1946
- **composer**: Kim Won-gyun
- **music date**: 1945
- **sound title**: "Aegukka"
Conquest

The word **conquest** can refer to different things:
- A military invasion
- Action of a Conquistador
- Impressing someone, possibly through courageous actions
- A town in the state of New York
- A British historian, named Robert Conquest
Sunni Islam

**Sunni Islam** () is the biggest branch of Islam and came through the Rashidun Empire, which started with Abu Bakr and ended by Ali ibn Abi Talib. Sunni beliefs are based on the Qur'an and the Kutub al-Sittah. Sunnis make up around 90% of the world's Muslim population. With approximately 1.8 billion followers, it is the largest religious denomination of any religion in the world.  Catholicism is the second-largest religious denomination in the world. There are four sub-groups (madh'habs) of Sunni Islam; Hanbalis, Malikis, Shafi'is and Hanafis.

Adherents of Sunni Islam are **Sunnis** or **Sunnites**. The word _Sunni_ comes from the word sunna (), which means the tradition of the prophet of Islam, Muhammad. Sunnis are also called _ahl as-Sunnah wa l-Jamāʻah_ (), which means people of tradition and congregation and means that the Sunnis are united.

## Definition

In the Meeting of the Aqidah Expert Panel of the Department of Islamic Development Malaysia (JAKIM) held on 28 December 2010 at the Malaysian Islamic Training Institute (ILIM), Bangi, the panel decided that the definition of _Ahl al-Sunnah wa’l-Jama‘ah_ is:

**“A group who understands and adheres to the Qur’an and the Sunnah of the Prophet through the Companions, the Tabi‘in, and the Tabi‘ al-Tabi‘in, who remained steadfast with them in the principles of creed (_aqidah_), law (_shari‘ah_), and ethics (_akhlaq_).”**  <p style="display:none;"> ﷺ </p>

### Explanation of the definition

- a) They are a group who understands and adheres to the Qur’an and the Sunnah of the Prophet  according to the methodology and approach of the _salaf_ and _khalaf_ (the Atharites).  <p style="display:none;"> ﷺ </p>

- b) They are a group with a balanced (_wasatiyyah_) understanding — neither extreme nor overly lax. This excludes the Khawarij, Shi‘ah Rafidah, Qadariyyah, Jabariyyah, Mu‘tazilah, anti-hadith groups, liberal Islam, religious pluralism, and the like.

- c) They are a group who prioritizes Islamic unity and brotherhood over enmity, peace over conflict, and uphold the principle of not idolizing leaders, not being fanatical to the extent of declaring other Muslims as disbelievers (_takfir_) or deviants.

## Related pages

- Shia Islam
- Uthmaniyya
- Sunnah
- Non-denominational Muslims
Hunting

**Hunting** is going out to find and kill animals. Animals and some humans, hunt for food. People have hunted at least since the stone age. They used spear<nowiki/>s, and now people mostly use guns and bows. Some people kill the animals for fur, to make clothes and shelter, or to decorate their homes, or to sell. Fox hunting is sometimes a keeping animal populations from getting too high. Hunting too much, though, can kill off species of animals, making them extinct. Hunting once made the dodo, a bird, become extinct.

Before they invented herding people got meat by hunting.  Boar hunting and fox hunting became became popular in early modern times.  Another form of hunting is not to use guns, bows and arrows or spears, but by animal trapping.

Animal rights activists oppose to hunting. Anti-hunting laws (English Hunting Act 2004) strive to reduce hunting.

## Related pages

- Animal trapping
- Farming
- Fox hunting
- Fishing
Tycho Brahe

**Tycho Brahe ** (14 December 1546 — 24 October 1601) was an astronomer from Denmark. He observed the night sky before the invention of the telescope. With money from the King of Denmark he built a large observatory called Uraniborg on the island of Hven in Denmark.

He discovered that the universe outside the Solar System could change when he studied a supernova and a comet. Johannes Kepler was his assistant. Tycho made very careful observations of the planets. When Tycho died in 1601, Kepler continued Tycho's work.

Tycho was not a modern scientist. He believed in astrology, and his astronomy was a strange mixture of scientific observation and religious belief. Although he rejected the Ptolemaic system, he also rejected the Copernican system. He developed a geocentric theory that imagined the Sun and Moon orbited the Earth, but the other planets orbited the Sun.

Unlike most astronomers of his time, he did not believe in the unchanging celestial realm or spheres. Tycho's Nova, now called SN 1572, proved that changes did take place. Also, he worked out that comet<nowiki/>s were real celestial objects, and that their orbits were different from those of the planets.

## Related pages

- Johannes Kepler
- List of Danish writers

## Other websites

- Tycho Brahe – Accomplishments, Biography, & Facts. Encyclopædia Britannica

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Tycho Brahe
- **image**: Tycho Brahe.JPG
- **caption**: Brahe wearing the Order of the Elephant
- **birth name**: Tyge Ottesen Brahe
- **birth date**: 14 December 1546
- **birth place**: Knutstorp Castle, Scania, Denmark
(now Sweden)
- **death place**: Prague, Habsburg Bohemia, Holy Roman Empire
(now Czech Republic)
- **alma mater**: University of Copenhagen
Leipzig University
University of Rostock
- **occupation**: Nobility, Nobleman, Astronomy, astronomer, writer
- **known for**: Tychonic system
_Rudolphine Tables_
- **spouse**: Kirsten Barbara Jørgensdatter
- **parents**: Otte Brahe
 Beate Clausdatter Bille
- **children**: 8
- **nationality**: Danish
- **signature**: Tycho Brahe Signature.svg
Ellipse

An **ellipse**  is a shape that looks like an oval or a flattened circle.

In geometry, an **ellipse** is a plane curve which results from the intersection of a cone by a plane in a way that produces a closed curve.

Circles are special cases of ellipses, created when the cutting plane is perpendicular to the cone's axis.

A circle has one center, called a focus. An ellipse has two foci.

An ellipse is simply all points on a graph that the sum of the distances from 2 points are the same. For example, an ellipse can be made by putting two pins into cardboard and a circle of string around those two, then putting a pencil in the loop and pulling as far as possible without breaking the string in all directions. The orbits of the planets are ellipses, with the sun at one focus.

In analytic geometry the equation of an ellipse is

where the center of the ellipse is (h,k). 2A is the length from each end of the longer skinnier side.  2b is the length of the 2 ends of the short side.  A²-B²=C² for c is the length between the foci and the center.

An ellipse can also be expressed as

In this case, it will be taller than it is wide.

## Other websites

- Ellipse & Hyperbola Construction  - An interactive sketch showing how to trace the curves of the ellipse and hyperbola. (Requires Java.)
- Ellipse Construction  - Another interactive sketch, this time showing a different method of tracing the ellipse. (Requires Java.)
- Ellipse on MathWorld - More on Ellipse
- The Shape and History of The Ellipse in Washington, D.C. by Clark Kimberling
- Collection of animated ellipse demonstrations. Ellipse, axes, semi-axes, area, perimeter, tangent, foci.
- Woodworking videos showing how to work with ellipses in wood.
Mantra

In Hinduism and Hindu mythology, **Mantra** means a group of words. There are many such groups of words. Some mantras have meanings. However, there are many mantras which are just syllables, with or without any words. Such mantras do not carry meanings. From the ancient times, Hindus, as well as in many cases, texts of Buddhism and Jainism contain many mantras.

Traditionally, people associate the mantras with various powers. However, it is more a matter of individual faith and experience than a fact of science.

The earliest examples of mantras are many hymns and verses of Vedas. People read them aloud. They thought that by doing so they would get the blessings of the gods and other beings. The system continued in Hindu practices of worship and meditation. Even now, many Hindus believe in the power of mantras to gain health and wealth. Mantras may form part of worship or people may simply recite them loudly or slowly. Some time no recitation may take place, and the person would just think of the mantra silently for long time.

## References

Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend () by Anna Dallapiccola
https://vedic7.blogspot.com/2022/12/mantras.html
Fruit tree

A **fruit tree** is a tree that produces edible fruits to hold its seeds. However, although every tree produces fruit, not all fruit is edible for humans. Nut trees bear such fruits as almonds, walnuts, brazil nuts.

## Examples of tree fruit

- Apricot
- Apple
- Cherry
- Citrus (Orange, Lemon, etc.)
- Coconut
- Damson
- Durian
- Fig
- Mango
- Medlar
- Nectarine
- Peach
- Pear
- Plum
- Quince
Line of Control

The **Line of Control** (**LOC**) is the line that marks where the region of Kashmir is divided. The land on one side of the line is controlled by India, and the land on the other side is controlled by Pakistan. It is not a legal international border, but is the effective boundary between the two countries. India and Pakistan fought over Kashmir between 1947 and 1948. The line originally marked the military front when the two countries declared a ceasefire on 1/2 January 1949. The fronts gradually became a solid boundary. It was formally named the Line of Control after the Simla Agreement, which was signed on 3 July 1972.

All of Kashmir was previously the princely state of Kashmir and Jammu. The part of the region that is now under Indian control is known as the State of Jammu and Kashmir. The two parts that are under Pakistani control are known as Gilgit-Baltistan and Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK). The Line of Control is  long.

Another cease-fire line separates the Indian-controlled part of Kashmir from the Chinese-controlled area of Aksai Chin. This is further to the east and is called the Line of Actual Control (LAC). Although the other side is controlled by India, China regards this line as part of its border with Pakistan. China and Pakistan have agreed on a border, but India has not.

## Fencing

India has built a fence along its side of the Line of Control. It is currently  long. It only runs part of the length of the line, the rest of the Line of Control is too inaccessible for construction of a barrier. Its stated purpose is to exclude arms smuggling and infiltration by Pakistani-based separatist militants. Pakistan has objected to the construction of the barrier, saying it violates both bilateral accords and relevant United Nations Security Council resolutions on the region.

## Related pages

- Wagah
- Indo-Bangladeshi barrier
- Line of Actual Control
- Kashmir conflict
- Wakhan
- Border dispute
Detmold

**Detmold** (; West Low German: _Deppelt_) is a town in the German state North Rhine-Westphalia. It has about 74,000 inhabitants. Detmold is the cultural capital of the District of Lippe.

## Other websites

- Google Maps

## Infobox (german location)

- **art**: Stadt
- **image photo**: Detmold Schloss01.jpg
- **image caption**: The princely castle.
- **wappen**: DEU Detmold COA.svg
- **lageplan**: Lokal Ort Detmold.png
- **bundesland**: Nordrhein-Westfalen
- **regierungsbezirk**: Detmold Government Region, Detmold
- **kreis**: Lippe Rural District, Lippe
- **höhe**: 134
- **fläche**: 129.39
- **einwohner**: 73707
- **stand**: 2006-12-31
- **plz**: 32701–32760
- **vorwahl**: 05231/05232
- **kfz**: LIP
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 05 7 66 020
- **gliederung**: 26
- **website**: [http://www.detmold.de/ www.detmold.de]
- **bürgermeister**: Rainer Heller
- **partei**: SPD
Arnsberg

**Arnsberg** (;  is a town in the German state North Rhine-Westphalia. It has about 74,000 inhabitants, who are mostly Catholic.

## Infobox (german location)

- **name**: Arnsberg
- **art**: Stadt
- **image photo**: Blick auf Arnsberger Altstadt.JPG
- **image caption**: Arnsberg
- **wappen**: DEU Arnsberg COA.svg
- **bundesland**: NRW
- **regierungsbezirk**: Regierungsbezirk Arnsberg, Arnsberg
- **landkreis**: Hochsauerland Rural District, Hochsauerland
- **höhe**: 212
- **fläche**: 193.45
- **einwohner**: 80536
- **stand**: 2007-12-31
- **plz**: 59755, 59757, 59759, 59821, 59823
- **vorwahl**: 02931 Arnsberg
02932 Neheim-Hüsten
02935 Wennigloh
02937 Oeventrop
- **kfz**: HSK
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 05 9 58 004
- **gliederung**: 15
- **bürgermeister**: Ralf Paul Bittner
- **partei**: SPD
Siegen

**Siegen** is a city in the German state North Rhine-Westphalia. About 110,000 people live there and a university.

## Twin Towns

It has been twinned with the borough of Spandau in Berlin since 1952. Other twin cities are:
- , Rijnsburg, since 1963, continuation of partnership with amalgamated town of Katwijk as of 2006
- United Kingdom Morley, since 1966 continuation of partnership with amalgamated City of Leeds as of 1974
- , Leeds, since 1974
- , Ypres, since 1967
- , Zakopane, since 1989
- , , Plauen, since 1990

## Infobox (german location)

- **art**: City
- **wappen**: Wappen Siegen.svg
- **image flag**: Flagge Siegen.svg
- **lageplan**: Stadtgliederung Siegen.png
- **lageplanbeschreibung**: Gliederung des Stadtgebiets
- **bundesland**: Nordrhein-Westfalen
- **regierungsbezirk**: Regierungsbezirk Arnsberg, Arnsberg
- **kreis**: Siegen-Wittgenstein Rural District, Siegen-Wittgenstein
- **höhe**: 250
- **fläche**: 114.67
- **einwohner**: 104289
- **stand**: 2007-07-31
- **plz**: 57001 – 57080
- **vorwahl**: 0271
- **kfz**: SI
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 05 9 70 040
- **gliederung**: 6 Stadtbezirke mit 23 Stadtteilen
- **bürgermeister**: Tristan Vitt
- **partei**: SPD
Graz

**Graz** is a city in Austria and capital of Styria.

After Vienna, Graz has the second highest number of people living in the city. In 2014 the city and surrounding areas had 605,143 people. The city has six universities.

## History

The oldest reference to Graz in historical documents is from 1128. In 1379 Graz became the capital of Inner Austria. (_Inner Austria_ included Styria, Carinthia, Krain, Inner Istria and Trieste.) The Roman Empire used Graz as a stronghold to defend against enemies on the southeast. Two of the buildings created at that period (_Glockenturm_ which is a clock tower, and _Uhrturm_ which is a bell tower) have become landmarks of Graz.

The Historic Centre and Schloss Eggenberg is named a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.

## Other websites

- Official Webpage of Graz

## Infobox (unesco world heritage site)

- **child**: yes
- **official name**: City of Graz – Historic Centre and Schloss Eggenberg
- **id**: 931
- **year**: 1999
- **extension**: 2000
- **criteria**: Cultural: ii, iv


## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Graz
- **image skyline**: 16-07-06-Rathaus_Graz_Turmblick-RR2_0275.jpg
- **imagesize**: 270px
- **image caption**: The Schlossberg (Castle Hill) with the clock tower (Uhrturm), as seen from town hall
- **image flag**: Flag of Graz.jpg
- **image shield**: AUT Graz COA.svg
- **shield size**: 80x110px
- **pushpin map**: Austria
- **pushpin mapsize**: 270
- **pushpin map caption**: Location within Austria
- **map caption**: Location within Statutory city (Austria), Statutory city district
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Austria
- **subdivision type1**: States of Austria, State
- **subdivision name1**: Styria
- **subdivision type2**: District (Austria), District
- **subdivision name2**: Statutory city (Austria), Statutory city
- **parts style**: para
- **leader title**: Burgomaster, Mayor
- **leader name**: Elke Kahr (Communist Party of Austria, KPÖ)
- **elevation m**: 353
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone**: Central European Time, CET
- **timezone dst**: Central European Summer Time, CEST
- **utc offset**: +1
- **utc offset dst**: +2
- **registration plate**: Vehicle registration plates of Austria, G
- **postal code type**: List of postal codes in Austria, Postal code
- **postal code**: A-801x, A-802x, A-803x, A-804x, A-805x
- **area code type**: Telephone numbers in Austria, Area code
- **area code**: +43 316
- **website**: [http://www.graz.at www.graz.at]
Linz

**Linz** is a city in Austria with nearly 200,000 inhabitants. It has a humid continental climate (Dfb in the Köppen climate classification). It is the third largest city in Austria, after Vienna and Graz. Linz is the capital city and a district of Upper Austria. There is the famous artcenter "Lentos" or the "Brucknerhaus" for concerts.

## Education

- AeronautX Luftfahrtschule

## Other websites

- Linz  a picture tour through Linz
Innsbruck

**Innsbruck** (;  ; ) is a city in Austria. About 120,000 people live there. It is the capital of the Austrian federal state of Tyrol and of the Tyrolean district of Innsbruck-Land District. It is one of the biggest cities of Austria. It has an area of 104.91 km2. The highest area is the Praxmarerkarspitze (2641m). The deepest one is the Inn near Ampass (565m).

The name Innsbruck comes from the German words _Inn_, a river which crosses the city, and _brücke_, a bridge. It means "bridge over the Inn".

## Other websites

- The official website of Innsbruck

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Innsbruck
- **image skyline**: Blick vom Stadtturm des Alten Rathauses zum Innsbrucker Dom 1.JPG
- **image caption**: Innsbruck
- **image flag**: Banner Innsbruck.svg
- **image shield**: AUT Innsbruck COA.svg
- **shield size**: 80x110px
- **pushpin map**: Austria
- **pushpin mapsize**: 270
- **pushpin map caption**: Location within Austria
- **map caption**: Location within Statutarstadt district
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Austria
- **subdivision type1**: States of Austria, State
- **subdivision name1**: Tyrol (state), Tyrol
- **subdivision type2**: District (Austria), District
- **subdivision name2**: Statutory city (Austria), Statutory city
- **parts style**: para
- **leader title**: Burgomaster, Mayor
- **leader name**: Georg Willi
- **elevation m**: 574
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone**: Central European Time, CET
- **timezone dst**: Central European Summer Time, CEST
- **utc offset**: +1
- **utc offset dst**: +2
- **registration plate**: Vehicle registration plates of Austria, I
- **postal code type**: List of postal codes in Austria, Postal code
- **postal code**: 6010–6080
- **area code type**: Telephone numbers in Austria, Area code
- **area code**: 0512
- **website**: [http://innsbruck.at/ innsbruck.at]
Basel

**Basel** (French: _Bâle_) is a city in the north of Switzerland. It is sometimes called **Basle** in English. Basel is the capital of the Swiss canton of Basel-Stadt.

The city has a population of about 170,000 people and is the third largest city in Switzerland after Zürich and Geneva.

Basel borders Germany and France in the north and the canton of Basel-Land in the south. The Rhine river flows through the city.

## History

Basel was a prince-bishopric from 999 until 1803. Most of the city was destroyed in the 1356 Basel earthquake, the strongest earthquake ever recorded in Central Europe. Basel joined Switzerland in 1501.

## Economy

Basel is well known for the many chemical and pharmaceutical companies that are located in the city, such as Novartis, Syngenta and Hoffmann-La Roche.

The only ports in Switzerland are located along the Rhine river in Basel, which makes the city important for imports and exports to and from Switzerland. Water transport using cargo ships on the Rhine river connects Basel with the seaport of Rotterdam. Basel ports are connected to the Swiss railway and road network.

Basel shares the international airport EuroAirport Basel Mulhouse Freiburg with the French city Mulhouse.

## Education

The University of Basel was founded in 1460 and is the oldest in Switzerland and one of the oldest in the world. Erasmus, Paracelsus, Daniel Bernoulli, Leonhard Euler and Friedrich Nietzsche worked here.

## Other websites

- Official website of the city of Basel

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Basel

- **municipality type**: municipality, city, and canton
- **image photo**: Rhine Rhein Basel 2006 871.JPG
- **image caption**: View from the Rhine
- **imagepath coa**: Wappen Basel-Stadt matt.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Basel 2007.png
- **canton**: Basel-Stadt
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BS
- **district**: n.a
- **postal code**: 4000
- **municipality code**: 2701
- **area**: 22.75
- **mayor**: Beat Jans
- **mayor asof**: 2020
- **mayor party**: SP
- **mayor title**: Regierungspräsident/in
- **executive name**: Basel#Government, Regierungsrat
- **executive number of members**: 7
- **parliament name**: Basel#Parliament, Grosser Rat
- **parliament number of members**: 100
- **demonyms**: , ,
- **neighboring municipalities**: Allschwil (BL), Hégenheim (FR-68), Binningen, Switzerland, Binningen (BL), Birsfelden (BL), Bottmingen (BL), Huningue (FR-68), Münchenstein (BL), Muttenz (BL), Reinach, Basel-Country, Reinach (BL), Riehen (BS), Saint-Louis, Haut-Rhin, Saint-Louis (FR-68), Weil am Rhein (DE-BW)
- **twintowns**: Shanghai, Miami Beach
- **website**: www.bs.ch
Lausanne

**Lausanne** is a city in Switzerland. It has a population of about 140,000 people. The city is the capital of the district Lausanne. It is also the capital of the canton of Vaud. Lausanne is the fourth biggest city of Switzerland. The syndic of Lausanne (syndic is the French word for mayor in the canton of Vaud) is Grégoire Junod, from the Socialist Party, since 2016.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Lausanne
- **image photo**: Lausanne img 0586.jpg
- **image caption**: Aerial view of Lausanne
- **municipality name**: Lausanne
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Lausanne COA.svg
- **map**: Commune Lausanne FR.svg
- **languages**: French
- **canton**: Vaud
- **iso-code-region**: CH-VD
- **district**: Lausanne (district), Lausanne
- **postal code**: 1000–1018
- **municipality code**: 5586
- **area**: 41.37
- **elevation**: 495
- **highest**: Jorat (Switzerland), Jorat
- **highest m**: 929.4
- **lowest**: Lake Léman
- **lowest m**: 372
- **population**: 144'426 url=http://www.lausanne.ch/lausanne-officielle/administration/securite-et-economie/controle-des-habitants/statistiques/evolution-mensuelle-nombre-habitants-en-2017.html
- **mayor**: Grégoire Junod
- **mayor asof**: 2016
- **mayor party**: PS
- **mayor title**: Syndic
- **list of mayors**: List of mayors of Lausanne
- **parliament name**: Lausanne#Parliament, Conseil communal
- **parliament number of members**: 100
- **executive name**: Lausanne#Government, Municipalité
- **executive number of members**: 7
- **places**: Le Chalet-à-Gobet, Montblesson, Montheron, Ouchy, Vernand-Dessous, Vernand-Dessus, Vers-chez-les-Blanc
- **neighboring municipalities**: Bottens, Bretigny-sur-Morrens, Chavannes-près-Renens, Cheseaux-sur-Lausanne, Crissier, Cugy, Vaud, Cugy, Ecublens, Vaud, Ecublens, Epalinges, Évian-les-Bains (FR-74), Froideville, Switzerland, Froideville, Jouxtens-Mézery, Le Mont-sur-Lausanne, Lugrin (FR-74), Maxilly-sur-Léman (FR-74), Montpreveyres, Morrens, Neuvecelle (FR-74), Prilly, Pully, Renens, Romanel-sur-Lausanne, Saint-Sulpice, Vaud, Saint-Sulpice, Savigny, Switzerland, Savigny
- **website**: www.lausanne.ch
Fürth

**Fürth** (; East Franconian:  ; ) is a city in the [German state Bavaria, next to Nuremberg (_Nürnberg_).
It has about 118,000 inhabitants. The first German railway connection was between Nürnberg and Fürth.

## Infobox (german location)

- **name**: Fürth
- **type**: City
- **image photo**: Fuerther Innenstadt Mrz 2020.jpg
- **image caption**: View over the city center in direction to Nuremberg
- **image flag**: Fürth flag.jpg
- **wappen**: DEU Fürth COA.svg
- **bundesland**: Bavaria
- **regierungsbezirk**: Middle Franconia
- **landkreis**: urban
- **höhe**: 295
- **fläche**: 63.35
- **einwohner**: 118358
- **stand**: 2012-12-31
- **plz**: 90701 – 90768
- **vorwahl**: 0911
- **kfz**: FÜ
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 09 5 63 000
- **bürgermeister**: Thomas Jung
- **bürgermeistertitel**: Oberbürgermeister
- **partei**: SPD
Reutlingen

<div style="float: right; width: 310px; margin-left: 1em;">

</div>
**Reutlingen** is a city in the German state of Baden-Württemberg.
About 110,000 people live there.

## Infobox (german location)

- **art**: City
- **wappen**: Wappen Stadt Reutlingen.svg
- **bundesland**: Baden-Württemberg
- **regierungsbezirk**: Tübingen
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 08415061
- **landkreis**: Reutlingen (district), Reutlingen
- **höhe**: 382
- **fläche**: 87.06
- **einwohner**: 110681
- **stand**: 2012-12-31
- **plz**: 72760 – 72770
- **vorwahl**: 07121, 07072, 07127
- **kfz**: RT
- **bürgermeister**: Barbara Bosch
- **bürgermeistertitel**: Oberbürgermeisterin
- **partei**: parteilos


## Infobox (former country)

- **native name**: _Reichsstadt Reutlingen_
- **conventional long name**: Imperial City of Reutlingen
- **common name**: Reutlingen
- **era**: Middle Ages
- **status**: City-state
- **empire**: Holy Roman Empire
- **government type**: Republic
- **year start**: 1240
- **year end**: 1803
- **event pre**: Founded
- **date pre**: 4th century, 4th – 5th century
- **event start**: Gained _Reichsfreiheit_
- **event1**: Co-founded Swabian League, Swabian
    League
- **date event1**:  
1331
- **event2**: Signed Augsburg Confession, Augsburg
    Confession
- **date event2**:  
1530
- **event3**: Destroyed by fire
- **date event3**: 1726
- **event end**: German Mediatisation, Mediatised to
    Electorate of Württemberg, Württemberg
- **date end**:  
1803
- **p1**: Duchy of Württemberg
- **image p1**:
- **s1**: Electorate of Württemberg
- **flag s1**: Flagge Königreich Württemberg.svg
- **capital**: Reutlingen