juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Ramsey theory

**Ramsey theory** is a field of mathematics (specifically combinatorics, the mathematics of counting and countable structures) that studies how large, arbitrary structures must have smaller, more orderly substructures. It is named after the British mathematician and philosopher Frank Plumpton Ramsey (19031930).

A typical result in Ramsey theory starts with some mathematical structure that is then cut into pieces. How big must the original structure be to guarantee that at least one of the pieces has a given interesting property? This idea is called partition regularity.

## Examples

A common introduction to Ramsey theory is called the theorem on friends and strangers: at any party with at least six people, there are always three people who are either (a) mutual acquaintances (each one knows the other two) or (b) mutual strangers (each one does not know either of the other two).

This is a representation of a problem in graph theory. Consider a complete graph of order _n_; that is, there are _n_ vertices and each vertex is connected to every other vertex by an edge. A complete graph of order 3 is called a triangle.  Now colour every edge red or blue. How large must _n_ be in order to ensure that there is either a blue triangle or a red triangle? Ramsey theory shows that the answer is 6. These sizes are called Ramsey numbers; in the language of Ramsey theory, we say "the Ramsey number for red three and blue three is six".

Ramsey theory is now a complete branch of mathematics.
Captivity narrative

**Captivity narratives** are stories of people captured by enemies who are not civilized. Historians - people who study history - do not trust a lot of these stories. A lot of them are not written from a neutral point of view. Some historians that study Native American cultures are careful when they use these stories as sources.

Captivity narratives from North America were published through the 18th and 19th centuries. They are a part of English literature, and more stories were written in India and East Asia later on.

## Background

Colonists in New England were often captured by Canadians and their Indian allies. This was because New France and New England had competition at the time. (This happened to the Canadians as well). The number of captives taken from the fifteenth through the nineteenth centuries are unclear, however. Some think that about 1,641 New Englanders were taken hostage during King Phillip's War (1675). When the whites and Indians had conflicts in the mid-nineteenth century, hundreds of women and children were captured.
Escape reflex

Many animals have one or more special **escape reflexes**. These get the animal out of trouble quickly. They use special nervous structures to do this.

Examples:
- Crayfish: the sensory hairs of the tail fan of crayfish are connected to a reflex arc. Giant sensory and motor nerves are connected with electrical synapses. This flicks the tail, and shoots the crayfish away from the stimulus. The neurons bypass the main neural system that controls locomotion, so shortening the reaction time. The lateral giant connection to motor giant fast flexor neurons was the first known example of an electrical synapse.
- Squid: The squid giant axon is the very large (up to 1 mm in diameter; typically around 0.5 mm) axon that controls part of the water jet propulsion system in squid. It was first described by L.W. Williams  in 1909, but this discovery was forgotten until English zoologist J.Z. Young demonstrated the axon’s function in the 1930s. Squids use this system for making brief but very fast movements through the water.
- Most fish have a special response system known as "C-start". It is done by the Mauthner cells. They are a pair of big neurons (one for each half of the body) in the rhombomere 4 of the hindbrain in fish and amphibians. The cells are also notable for their unusual use of both chemical and electrical synapses.
- Humans: We do have some escape reflexes (not just reflex arcs). We have a head ducking reflex, and a fast hand withdrawal if we touch a painful object. These reflexes are subconscious: the conscious brain only knows about them afterwards.

Escape reflexes have high survival value.
The Wild Baby

**The Wild Baby** () is a children's book series about a wild young infant boy named Ben. The books were written in Swedish by Barbro Lindgren and illustrated by Eva Eriksson. It was made into puppetry in 2010.

## Books

|Title|Year|
| --- | --- |
|The Wild Baby (Mamman och den vilda bebin)|1980 - English edition (1981)|
|The Wild Baby Goes to Sea|1982 - English edition (1983) adapted by Jack Prelutsky|
|The Wild Baby's Dog|1985|

## Infobox (book series)

- **name**: The Wild Baby
- **author**: Barbro Lindgren
- **title orig**: Den vilda bebin
- **illustrator**: Eva Eriksson
- **cover artist**: Eva Eriksson
- **country**: Sweden
- **language**: Swedish
- **genre**: children's literature, children
- **pub date**: 1980–1985
- **number of books**: 3
Max (book series)

**Den Max** is a children's book series. The books were written by Barbro Lindgren. Eva Eriksson illustrated the books.

## Books

- _Max bil_ - 1981
- _Max kaka_ - 1981
- _Max nalle_ - 1981
- _Max balja_ - 1982
- _Max boll_ - 1982
- _Max lampa_ - 1982
- _Max potta_ - 1986
- _Max dockvagn_ - 1986
- _Titta Max grav!_ - 1991
- _Max blöja_ - 1994
- _Max napp_ - 1994

## References

- Worldcat

## Infobox (book series)

- **name**: Max
- **image caption**: Max boll
- **author**: Barbro Lindgren
- **illustrator**: Eva Eriksson
- **cover artist**: Eva Eriksson
- **country**: Sweden
- **language**: Swedish language, Swedish
- **genre**: children's literature, children
- **pub date**: 1981-1994
- **number of books**: 11
Nélida Romero

**Nélida Romero** (17 January 1926 – 14 January 2015) was an Argentine actress. She starred in the movies _Madame Bovary_ (1947), _Arroz con leche_ (1950), and _The Honourable Tenant_ (1951).

Romero was born in Lanús. She was married to the movie director Carlos Schlieper from 1944 to 1957.

Romero died on 14 January 2015 in Buenos Aires, aged 88.
Mordechai Shmuel Ashkenazi

**Mordechai Shmuel Ashkenazi** (‎; 1943 – 14 January 2015) was an Israeli Orthodox rabbi and writer. He was a member of the Chabad Hasidic movement. He was the chief rabbi of the Chabad community of Kfar Chabad, Israel, from 1983 until his death. He was also an authority on Halakha (Jewish law) and Hasidic philosophy.

Ashkenazi was educated in Tel Aviv and Brooklyn, New York in the United States. He had nine sons, some of whom also became rabbis.

Ashkenazi died from a heart attack on 14 January 2015, aged 71.
Sonja Härdin

**Sonja Härdin**, born 1945, is a Swedish illustrator. She illustrated all Bert books in the old series However, the first Bert book was illustrated by Sören Olsson. She also illustrated the reversion edition of the first Bert book. She gave Bert and the other figures in the Bert Diaries their cahracteristic looks. From _Berts bekännelser_ the style was changed. Darker images were added. She has also illustrated articles in Kamratposten. Also, she illustrated school coursebooks like _Nya Min matematik_. Nya Min matematik is a series of mathematics books for Swedish elementary schools. She has also illustrated Trafik-Trolle.

## Other websites

- Illustratörscentrum - _Sonja Härdin_

## Infobox (artist)

- **name**: Sonja Härdin
- **birth date**: 1945
- **nationality**: Swedish
- **notable works**: Berts Diaries, Bert
Kamratposten
textbook, school coursebooks
Trafik-Trolle
Eva Eriksson

**Eva Eriksson** (born 13 May 1949 in Halmstad, Sweden) is a Swedish illustrator and writer. She has illustrated several children's books Among her illustrations are books by writers like Barbro Lindgren and Viveca Lärn.

She educated herself at Konstfack in Stockholm. Between 2003-2012 she held seat number 1 of the Swedish Academy for Children's Books.

## Infobox (artist)

- **name**: Eva Eriksson
- **image**: Eva Eriksson 01.JPG
- **image size**: 200px
- **caption**: Eva Eriksson during the Gothenburg Book Fair of 2012
- **birth place**: Halmstad, Sweden
- **nationality**: Swedish
- **notable works**: Eddie
Max (book series), Max
Den vilda bebin
Mimmi (book series), Mimmi
SummerSlam (2005)

**SummerSlam (2005)** was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). It was held on August 21, 2005 at MCI Center in Washington, D.C.. It was the eighteenth SummerSlam event held by the WWE.

The main match for the _Raw_ brand saw Hulk Hogan defeat Shawn Michaels. Hogan defeated Michaels by pinfall after he hit Michaels with the leg drop. The main match for the _SmackDown!_ brand saw Batista defeat John "Bradshaw" Layfield in a No Holds Barred match to retain his World Heavyweight Championship. Batista won the match by pinfall after he performed two Batista Bombs, with the second one on the steel ring steps. Another main match for the _Raw_ brand saw John Cena defeat Chris Jericho and retain his WWE Championship. Cena won the match by pinfall after he hit Jericho with the FU. The main match on the undercard saw Rey Mysterio defeat Eddie Guerrero in a ladder match for the custody of Mysterio's son Dominik. Mysterio won the match after he climbed a ladder and grabbed the briefcase that was hanging above the ring.

## Matches

|style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|**#**|style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|**Matches**|style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|**Stipulations**|style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|**Times**|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1<sup>H</sup>|Chris Masters defeated The Hurricane (with Rosey and Super Stacy)|Singles match|1:56|||||
|2|Chris Benoit defeated Orlando Jordan (c) by submission|Singles match for the WWE United States Championship|0:25|||||
|3|Edge (with Lita) defeated Matt Hardy by referee stoppage|Singles match|4:50|||||
|4|Rey Mysterio defeated Eddie Guerrero (with Vickie Guerrero)|Ladder match for custody of Mysterio's son Dominik|20:19|||||
|5|Kurt Angle defeated Eugene (with Christy Hemme) by submission|Singles match for Kurt Angle's Olympic gold medal|4:31|||||
|6|Randy Orton (with Bob Orton) defeated The Undertaker|Singles match|17:17|||||
|7|John Cena (c) defeated Chris Jericho|Singles match for the WWE Championship|14:49|||||
|8|Batista (c) defeated John "Bradshaw" Layfield|No Holds Barred match for the World Heavyweight Championship|9:05|||||
|9|Hulk Hogan defeated Shawn Michaels|Singles match|21:24|||||
|colspan="4" align=center|(c) – is the champion(s) going into the match H – match was shown before the pay-per-view on _Sunday Night Heat_|||||||

## Other websites

- Official SummerSlam 2005 website

## Infobox (wrestling event)

- **name**: SummerSlam (2005)
- **tagline**: "Hogan vs. Michaels: For the First Time Ever."
- **theme**: "Remedy (Seether song), Remedy" by Seether
"Get It Poppin' (Fat Joe song), Get it Poppin" by Fat Joe feat. Nelly
- **promotion**: WWE, World Wrestling Entertainment
- **sponsor**: THQ
- **date**: August 21, 2005
- **venue**: Verizon Center, MCI Center
- **city**: Washington, D.C.
- **lastevent**: The Great American Bash (2005)
- **nextevent**: Unforgiven (2005)
- **event**: SummerSlam
- **lastevent2**: SummerSlam (2004)
- **nextevent2**: SummerSlam (2006)
Swedish Academy for Children's Books

The **Swedish Academy for Children's Books** () is a nonprofit society. It was established on 26 May 1989 at the Skärholmen Library in Stockholm in Sweden. It is based on the Swedish Academy. Its ambitions is to promote children's and youth literature.

Since 1990, the society awards the _Eldsjälen Award_.

## Other websites

- official website

## Infobox (organization)

- **name**: Swedish Academy for Children's Books
- **native name**: Svenska barnboksakademin
- **headquarters**: Skärholmen, Sweden
- **membership**: 18
- **language**: Swedish language, Swedish
- **leader title**: chairman, chairperson
University of Copenhagen

The **University of Copenhagen** was founded in 1479. It is the oldest university and research institution in Denmark. it is the second oldest institution for higher education in Scandinavia after Uppsala University (1477). The university has 23,473 undergraduate students, 17,398 postgraduate students, 2,968 doctoral students and more than 9,000 employees. It has four campuses located in and around Copenhagen. The headquarters are located in central Copenhagen. Most courses are taught in Danish. However, many courses are also offered in English. A few are taught in German. The university has several thousands of foreign students. About half come from Nordic countries.

The university is a member of the International Alliance of Research Universities (IARU). The Academic Ranking of World Universities, compiled by Shanghai Jiao Tong University, ranked the University of Copenhagen as the leading university in Scandinavia. It is ranked 39th best university in the world in 2014. It is ranked 45th in the 2014 QS World University Rankings.

## Other websites

- University of Copenhagen Website
Desert Island Discs

***Desert Island Discs*** is a biographical and factual radio programme produced by Bob Symes. It is broadcast on BBC Radio 4 in the United Kingdom. It was first broadcast on the BBC Home Service on 29 January 1942.

Each week a person (called a "castaway") is asked to choose eight pieces of music, a book and a luxury item that they would take if they were to be cast away on a desert island (an island that is not lived on by humans). They discuss their lives and the reasons for their choices.

More than 3,000 episodes have been recorded. There aren't that many castaways, though, because a few castaways have appeared more than once. Some programmes had two people as the castaway.

The programme was created by Roy Plomley. After Plomley's death in 1985, the programme was presented by Michael Parkinson. From 1988 to 2006, it was presented by Sue Lawley. Since 2006, the show has been presented by Kirsty Young. She interviewed illustrator Quentin Blake on her first show, broadcast on 1 October 2006.

The light music composition by Eric Coates called "By the Sleepy Lagoon" is the signature tune of the programme.

## Other websites

- Desert Island Discs at BBC Radio 4
- Sue Arnold, "The Lagoon Show", _The Observer_, London, 17 March 2002
Olympia Dukakis

**Olympia Dukakis** (June 20, 1931 – May 1, 2021) was an American actress. She acted in movies and television and on stage. In 1987, she received an Academy Award, a Golden Globe Award and a BAFTA Award for her performance in the movie _Moonstruck_. She also received an Emmy Award nomination for her performance as Anna Madrigal in the miniseries _Tales of the City_.

Dukakis was the daughter of Greek immigrants. She was born in Lowell, Massachusetts on June 20, 1931. She was a cousin of 1988 presidential candidate Michael Dukakis. From 1962 until his death in 2018, she was married to actor Louis Zorich.

## Death

Dukakis died at her home in New York City on May 1, 2021. She was 89 years old.
The Substitute (1996)

***The Substitute*** is a 1996 action and crime-thriller movie. The movie is about high school gangs in an inner-city area. Ernie Hudson plays Principal Claude. Glenn Plummer plays Darrell Sherman.

The movie got mixed to negative review from critics.
Gerard 't Hooft

**Gerardus 't Hooft** (born July 5, 1946) is a Dutch physicist. He shared the 1999 Nobel Prize in Physics with his doctoral advisor Martinus J. G. Veltman.

't Hooft is well known for his theories about gauge theory, black holes, and quantum gravity.

## Personal life

He is married to Albertha Schik (Betteke) and has two daughters, Saskia and Ellen.

### Early life

Gerard 't Hooft was born in Den Helder on July 5, 1946, but grew up in The Hague.  He was the middle child of a family of three.

### Education

After Gerard 't Hooft passed his high school exams in 1964, he studied physics at Utrecht University. In 1969, 't Hooft started on his PhD with Martinus Veltman as his advisor. In 1971 his first paper was published.

### Career

After 't Hooft got his PhD in 1972, he moved to Geneva for a research position at CERN. In 1974, he moved back to the Netherlands to work at Utrecht University again. He became a full professor in 1977 and spent the rest of his career at Utrecht University. He retired in 2011, but is still connected to Utrecht University.

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Gerard 't Hooft
- **image**: Gerard_'t_Hooft.jpg
- **image size**: 250px
- **caption**: November 2008
- **birth place**: Den Helder, Netherlands
- **nationality**: Dutch
- **field**: Theoretical physics
- **work institution**: Utrecht University
- **known for**: Quantum Field Theory, Quantum Gravity
- **prizes**: Dannie Heineman Prize for Mathematical Physics, Heineman Prize
Wolf Prize
Lorentz Medal
Spinoza Prize
Franklin Medal
Nobel Prize in Physics
Lomonosov Gold Medal
Johanna Thydell

**Johanna Thydell** (born 14 November 1980 in Nässjö, Sweden) is a Swedish wrtier. Her 2003 book _In the Ceiling the Stars Are Shining_ was given the August Prize.

She was born in Nässjö. She grew up in Värnamo. After secondary school she attended a writer's course. She then got contact with writer Magnus Utvik. He assisting her to become a writer. She was a 2004 Sommar host. She studied at the writer's line course at Fridhems Folk High School in Svalöv. She also studied culture-courses focusing at literature and film at the Stockholm University.

## Bibliography

- 2003 – _In the Ceiling the Stars Are Shining_ ("I taket lyser stjärnorna")
- 2006 – _Det fattas en tärning_
- 2010 – _Ursäkta att man vill bli lite älskad_
- 2012 – _There's a Pig in my Class!_ ("Det är en gris på dagis")

## Awards

- 2003 – Slangbellan
- 2003 – August Prize for _In the Ceiling the Stars Are Shining_
- 2003 – BMF Plaque
- 2007 - Partille Bookstore's Writer's Schoolarship
- 2012 - BMF Plaque

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Johanna Thydell
- **birth place**: Nässjö, Sweden
- **occupation**: writer
- **language**: Swedish language, Swedish
- **nationality**: Swedish
- **period**: 2003 in literature, 2003-
- **genre**: children's literature, children-youth
- **notableworks**: In the Ceiling the Stars Are Shining (2003)
Max Lundgren

**Max Lundgren**, born 22 March 1937, dead 27 May 2005, was a Swedish children's books writer. His debut book, _Hunden som äntligen visslade_, was released in 1962. He wrote totally circa 50 books. Some of his books also TV series. Among his more famous works are _Pojken med guldbyxorna_ and the books about fictional Swedish soccer club _Åshöjdens BK_.

## Bibliography

- 1962: _Hunden som äntligen visslade_
- 1963: _Kandidaterna_
- 1964: _Alla barns ansikten_
- 1965: _Gangsterboken_
- 1965: _Äventyrets fyra färger_
- 1966: _Omin Hambbe i Slättköping_
- 1967: _Pojken med guldbyxorna_
- 1967: _Åshöjdens bollklubb_
- 1968: _Dörrarna låsta inifrån_
- 1968: _Regnbågskriget_
- 1968: _Åshöjden går vidare_
- 1969: _Kris i Åshöjdens BK_
- 1969: _Sagan om Lotta från Dösjöbro_
- 1969: _Ole kallar mej Lise_
- 1970: _Mats farfar_
- 1971: _Sommarflickan_
- 1971: _Åshöjden i kvalet_
- 1972: _Snapphanepojken_
- 1972: _IFK Trumslagaren_
- 1973: _IFK Trumslagaren och Lillis_
- 1975: _IFK Trumslagaren och Chris_
- 1976: _Myrorna_
- 1978: _Ännu minns jag Birthe_
- 1978: _Boken om Birthe_
- 1978: _Lättsinniga berättelser och andra noveller_
- 1979: _IFK Trumslagaren och Lasse_
- 1979: _Våning för fyra_
- 1980: _Matchens hjälte_
- 1980: _Inga Eliasson, affärsbiträde_
- 1981: _IFK Trumslagaren och Jack_
- 1982: _Mitt livs äventyr_
- 1982: _Benny, boxaren_
- 1982: _Hela gänget_
- 1983: _Torsten och Greta_
- 1984: _Benny Boxaren och kärleken_
- 1985: _Max Lundgrens Åshöjdens BK_
- 1986: _Samlade diktförsök_
- 1987: _Djävulens kontrakt_
- 1987: _Benny Boxaren nere för räkning_
- 1988: _Töser!_
- 1988: _På äventyr med Gula hissen_
- 1989: _BK Framåt_
- 1990: _Roseli, älskade Rosa_
- 1990: _Kåsebergaskräcken_
- 1991: _En kort tid av lycka_
- 1991: _Benny Boxaren i Amerika_
- 1992: _Åshöjdens BK_
- 1992: _Drömmen om Mallorca och andra berättelser_
- 1994: _Eriksfält leder med 1-0_
- 1996: _21 nästan sanna berättelser_
- 1997: _Råttan_
- 1997: _Benny, mästaren_
- 1999: _Dubbelspel_
- 2003: _Lina, Gulan och kärleken_
- 2004: _De magiska handskarna_

## Awards

- 1967: Expressens Heffaklump
- 1968: Nils Holgersson Plaque
- 1983: 91:an-stipendiet
- 1987: ABF:s litteraturpris
- 1991: Astrid Lindgren-priset

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Max Lundgren
- **image**: Max Lundgren.jpg
- **caption**: in _Dagens Nyheter_ 1968-12-01 Sunday supplement page 5.
- **birth place**: Landskrona, Sweden
- **death place**: Malmö, Sweden
- **occupation**: author
Åshöjdens BK

**Åshöjdens BK** is a book series about a fictional soccer club in northwestern Scania in Sweden. The stories were created by Max Lundgren

## Plot

The series consists of four novels. It depicts a soccer club which is promoted across a promotion and relegation-based Swedish league system. Finally, they lose the Allsvenskan qualifying game. In 1985, a TV series based on the book series was made.

Sometimes, sports journalists talk of the "real Åshöjdens BK". That occurs when a club, often in rural districts, quickly is promoted from the lower to higher divisions within some seasons. An example is Ljungskile SK. That club was promotion higher and higher during the early-mid 1990s.

## Books

- Åshöjdens bollklubb (1967)
- Åshöjden går vidare (1968)
- Kris i Åshöjdens BK (1969)
- Åshöjden i kvalet (1971)
1888 Sundsvall fire

The **1888 Sundsvall Fire** () was a fire in the town of Sundsvall in Sweden. The fire happened on 25 June 1888. The fire occurred during a storm. The storm allowed the fire to spread fast among the wooden houses in town. The same day a fire also occurred in the town of Umeå.
Yao Beina

**Yao Beina** (born **姚贝娜**; 26 September 1981 – 16 January 2015) was a Chinese singer and actress. She was born in Wuhan, Hubei. She sang "Let It Go" for the Chinese version of _Frozen_. She was known for her song "The Painted 2" and "Life in the River"

Beina died of breast cancer in Shenzhen, Guangdong, aged 33.

## Other websites

- Yao Beina Memorial website
Ian Athfield

**Sir Ian Charles Athfield** (15 July 1940 – 16 January 2015) was a New Zealand architect. He was born in Christchurch. In 1963, he joined Structon Group Architects, and he became a partner in 1965. In 1968 he was a principal partner in setting up Athfield Architects with Ian Dickson and Graeme John Boucher (Manson).

## Other websites

- Athfield Architects
- Documentary of Ian Athfield on NZ On Screen. Made in 1977 after winning International competition to design housing in Manila
- The Wellingtonian interview: Ian Athfield, 25 June 2009

## Infobox (architect)

- **name**: Sir Ian Athfield
- **image**: Ian Athfield (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Athfield in 2013
- **nationality**: New Zealand
- **birth place**: Christchurch, New Zealand
- **death place**: Wellington, New Zealand
- **alma mater**: University of Auckland
- **practice**: Athfield Architects
Jean-Claude Baker

**Jean-Claude Baker** (born **Jean-Claude Julien Léon Tronville**, April 18, 1943 – January 15, 2015) was a French-American restaurateur. He was born in Dijon, France.

He met U.S.-born French entertainer Josephine Baker while he was working as a bellhop in Paris at the age of fourteen in 1958. He became the last of twelve children adopted into Baker's Rainbow Family. In 1994 he co-authored a biography of Josephine Baker, _Josephine: The Hungry Heart_, described as a "shocking look into the star's seriously whitewashed past".

Baker was found dead at his home in East Hampton, New York on January 15, 2015, of an apparent suicide.  He was 71.
Malese Jow

**Malese Jow** (born February 18, 1991) is an American actress and singer-songwriter. She played Geena in the sitcom _Unfabulous_. She played Julia in _Star-Crossed_.

She was born in Tulsa, Oklahoma.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Malese Jow
- **image**: Malese Jow 2, 2012.jpg
- **caption**: Jow in 2012
- **birth name**: Elizabeth Melise Jow
- **birth place**: Tulsa, Oklahoma, U.S.
- **occupation**: Actress, singer, model, songwriter
- **years active**: 1997–present
SummerSlam (2004)

**SummerSlam (2004)** was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). It was held on August 15, 2004 at Air Canada Centre in Toronto, Ontario. It was the seventeenth SummerSlam event held by the WWE.

The main match for the _Raw_ brand saw Randy Orton defeat Chris Benoit to win the World Heavyweight Championship. Orton won the match by pinfall after he performed an RKO on Benoit. By winning the championship, Orton became the youngest World Heavyweight Champion in WWE history. The main match for the _SmackDown!_ brand was a match between John "Bradshaw" Layfield and The Undertaker for the WWE Championship. JBL won the match by disqualification after The Undertaker hit him with the championship.

## Matches

|style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|**#**|style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|**Matches**|style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|**Stipulations**|style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|**Times**|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1<sup>H</sup>|Rob Van Dam defeated René Duprée|Singles match|9:38|||||
|2|The Dudleys (Bubba Ray, D-Von, and Spike Dudley) defeated Rey Mysterio, Billy Kidman, and Paul London|Six-man tag team match|8:07|||||
|3|Kane defeated Matt Hardy (with Lita)|"Till Death Do Us Part" match|6:08|||||
|4|John Cena defeated Booker T|Singles match; this was match one of a best of five series for the WWE United States Championship|6:26|||||
|5|Edge (c) defeated Chris Jericho and Batista|Triple threat match for the WWE Intercontinental Championship|8:25|||||
|6|Kurt Angle (with Luther Reigns) defeated Eddie Guerrero by submission|Singles match|13:39|||||
|7|Triple H (with Ric Flair) defeated Eugene|Singles match|14:08|||||
|8|John "Bradshaw" Layfield (c) (with Orlando Jordan) defeated The Undertaker by disqualification|Singles match for the WWE Championship|9:05|||||
|9|Randy Orton defeated Chris Benoit (c)|Singles match for the World Heavyweight Championship|20:07|||||
|colspan="4" align=center|(c) – refers to the champion(s) heading into the match H – indicates that the match was shown before the pay-per-view on _Sunday Night Heat_|||||||

## Other websites

- Official SummerSlam 2004 website

## Infobox (wrestling event)

- **name**: SummerSlam (2004)
- **tagline**: Let the Games Begin
- **theme**: "Feedback (Rush album), Summertime Blues" by Rush (band), Rush
- **promotion**: WWE, World Wrestling Entertainment
- **sponsor**: Stacker 2
- **date**: August 15, 2004
- **venue**: Air Canada Centre
- **city**: Toronto, Ontario
- **lastevent**: Vengeance (2004)
- **nextevent**: Unforgiven (2004)
- **event**: SummerSlam
- **lastevent2**: SummerSlam (2003)
- **nextevent2**: SummerSlam (2005)
Robert Gover

**Robert Gover** (November 2, 1929 – January 12, 2015) was an American journalist. He became a best-selling novelist at age 30. He was known for his books _One Hundred Dollar Misunderstanding_ and _Time and Money_.

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Robert Gover
- **birth date**: November 2, 1929
- **birth place**: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
- **death date**: January 12, 2015 (age 85)
- **death place**: Rehoboth Beach, Delaware, U.S.
- **occupation**: Novelist, journalist, teacher
- **notableworks**: _One Hundred Dollar Misunderstanding_
James Naanman Daman

**James Naanman Daman** (April 10, 1956 – January 12, 2015) was a Nigerian Roman Catholic bishop. He was ordained to the priesthood in 1982. Daman was named bishop of the Diocese of Jalingo, Nigeria, in 2000. He was named the first bishop of the Diocese of Shendam in 2007.

Daman died on January 12, 2015 at the age of 58 in Jalingo.
Frank Glazer

**Frank Glazer** (February 19, 1915 – January 13, 2015) was an American pianist, composer and professor of music. In 1939 Glazer performed with the Boston Symphony Orchestra under Sergei Koussevitzky. Glazer served in the US Army as an interpreter from 1943 to 1945 in Germany and France. In 1980 Glazer left Eastman and became artist in residence at Bates College in Maine. In the 1960s he recorded the complete piano music of Erik Satie for the Vox label.

Glazer died in New York City, aged 99.
Ted Harrison

**Edward Hardy** "**Ted**" **Harrison**, CM (August 28, 1926 – January 16, 2015) was an English Canadian artist. He was known for his paintings of the Yukon. Harrison died in his sleep at the age of 88 on January 16, 2015.

## Other websites

- Official web site

## Infobox (artist)

- **name**: Ted Harrison
- **birth name**: Edward Hardy Harrison
- **birth place**: Wingate, County Durham, England
- **death place**: Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
- **alma mater**: West Hartlepool School of Art
University of Durham
- **nationality**: British and Canadian
- **field**: Painting
Missy Franklin

**Melissa Jeanette Franklin** (born May 10, 1995) is an American competition swimmer. At the 2012 Olympics in London, she won five medals, four of them were gold. At the 2016 Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, she won one gold medal.

Franklin also won medals at other sporting events.

Franklin was born in Pasadena, California.
Jerry Dempsey

**Jerome Richard "Dick, Jerry" Dempsey** (April 21, 1933 – January 14, 2015) was an American businessman, educator, and politician.

Dempsey was born in Henderson, Minnesota. Dempsey served in the United States Army from 1955 to 1957. He received his bachelor's degree from the University of St. Thomas. Dempsey was also in the banking business. From 1993 until 2006, Dempsey served in the Minnesota House of Representatives. He was a Republican. His brother Terry Dempsey also served in the Minnesota Legislature.

Dempsey died in Hastings, Minnesota where he had lived since 1960.
Rimma Markova

**Rimma Vasilievna Markova** (; 3 March 1925 – 15 January 2015) was a Russian movie actress. She began acting in 1951. She was named a People's Artist of Russia in 1994. Her younger brother Leonid Markov was named a People's Artist of the USSR in 1985. She was best known her roles in the movies _The Alive and the Dead_ (1964), _The Pokrovsky Gate_ (1982), _The Outskirts_ (1998), _Night Watch_ (2004), _Day Watch_ (2006), _The Best Movie_ (2008), and _Burnt by the Sun 2_ (2010).

Markova was born in the Samara Oblast.

Markova died on 16 January 2015 in Moscow, aged 89.
Ethel Lang

**Ethel Lang** (née **Lancaster**; 27 May 1900 – 15 January 2015) was a British supercentenarian and, at the time of her death, the oldest living person in the United Kingdom (after the death of Grace Jones on 14 November 2013), the ninth oldest living person in the world and the second-oldest living person in Europe after Emma Morano.

Lang was born in Worsbrough, near Barnsley, to Charles and Sarah Lancaster. She left school at the age of 13 to work in a shirt factory. She married William Lang in 1922 and their daughter Margaret was born in 1923. Lang's mother lived to the age of 91, and her great-grandmother to the age of 92.

Lang was the last living British person to have been born during the reign of Queen Victoria.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Ethel Lang
- **birth name**: Ethel Lancaster
- **birth place**: Worsbrough, West Riding of Yorkshire, England
- **death date**:
(aged )
- **death place**: Barnsley, South Yorkshire, England
- **known for**: Oldest living person in the UK between 14 November 2013 and 15 January 2015
Joseph Mukasa Zuza

**Joseph Mukasa Zuza** (2 October 1945 – 15 January 2015) was a Malawian Roman Catholic bishop. He became a priest on 2 July 1986. He was appointed the bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Mzuzu on 3 March 1995.
Emma Morano

**Emma Morano-Martinuzzi** (29 November 1899 – 15 April 2017) was an Italian supercentenarian. At the age of 117, she was the oldest living person in the world from 13 May 2016 until her death on 15 April 2017. She was the last verified person living to have been born in the 1800s.

She was the 4th-oldest person in history at her death, behind Jeanne Calment, Sarah Knauss and Marie-Louise Meilleur. She is the oldest person from Italy or to have ever lived in Italy and was the oldest living Italian and European person after the death of Maria Redaelli on 2 April 2013.

## Biography

She was born on 29 November 1899 in Civiasco (Province of Vercelli) in the region of Piedmont to Giovanni Morano and Matilde Bresciani, the eldest of eight children, five daughters and three sons.

In October 1926, she married Giovanni Martinuzzi (1901-1978) and in 1937 her only child was born; unfortunately he died when he was only six months old. The marriage was not happy so in 1938, Morano decided to separate from her husband. On her 115th birthday, Morano was still living alone in her home.

Morano died of heart disease, at her home in Pallanza, Italy, on 15 April 2017, at the age of 117 years and 137 days. She was succeeded as the world's oldest living person by Violet Brown of Jamaica, and as the Europe's oldest living person by Ana Vela-Rubio of Spain.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Emma Morano
- **image**: Emma Morano.jpg
- **caption**: Photo of Morano in 1943
- **birth name**: Emma Martina Luigia Morano
- **birth date**: 29 November 1899
- **birth place**: Civiasco (Province of Vercelli), Italy
- **death place**: Pallanza (Province of Verbano-Cusio-Ossola), Italy
- **death cause**: Heart disease
- **occupation**: Jute factory worker
- **spouse**: Giovanni Martinuzzi (1901–1978)
(m. 1926–1978; his death) (separated in 1938)
- **children**: One child (1937–1937)
- **parents**: Giovanni Morano and Matilde Bresciani
- **title**: *Oldest living person in the World
*Last living person born in the 1800s
*Oldest verified person ever to live in Italy
Arrondissements of the Allier department

There are 3 **arrondissements in the Allier department**. The French departments, and in other countries, are divided into _arrondissements_, which may be translated into English as **districts** (in some cases, as **boroughs**).  The capital of an arrondissement is called a subprefecture.

If the prefecture (capital) of the department is in an arrondissement, that prefecture is the capital of the arrondissement, acting both as a prefecture and as a subprefecture.

The arrondissements are further divided into communes.

The arrondissements of the Allier department are:

|INSEE code !! Arrondissement !! Capital !! Population <small>(2014)</small> !! Area <small>(km²)</small> !! Density <small>(Inh./km²)</small> !! _Communes_|||||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|031|Montluçon|Montluçon|114,756|2,327.9||89|
|032|Moulins|Moulins|106,039|2,996.2||109|
|033|Vichy|Vichy|122,267|2,016.0||119|

## History

Since its creation, the Allier department has had few changes:
- 1790 : creation of the Allier department with seven districts: Cérilly, Moulins, Le Donjon, Cusset, Gannat, Montmarault and Montluçon; Moulins was the capital.
- 1800 : the seven districts were changed into four _arrondissements_: Moulins, Gannat, Lapalisse and Montluçon.
- 1926 : the _arrondissement_ of Gannat was eliminated.
- 1942 : the capital of the _arrondissement_ of Lapalisse was moved to Vichy, then capital of the French State; because of this change, the _arrondissement_ changed its name to _arrondissement_ of Vichy.

## Related pages

- Arrondissement of Montluçon
- Arrondissement of Moulins
- Arrondissement of Vichy
- List of arrondissements of France
Pamela Cundell

**Pamela Isabel Cundell** (born 15 January 1920  – 14 February 2015) was an English character actress. Her best-known role was as Mrs Fox in the long-running TV comedy _Dad's Army_. She was born in Croydon, Surrey.

## Other websites

- Dad's Army Appreciation Society website

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Pamela Cundell
- **image**: Pamela Cundell.jpg
- **caption**: Pamela Cundell in May 2011
- **birth name**: Pamela Isabel Cundell
- **birth place**: Croydon, Surrey, England
- **occupation**: Actress
- **spouse**: Bill Fraser 1981 - 5 September 1987 (his death)
Reagan coalition

**Reagan coalition** is a phrase that describes a kind of politician in the United States. Reagan coalitionists are Republicans who believe in the same ideas that President of the United States Ronald Reagan had. They are often from very conservative states. The term began during the Reagan Era when Reagan won his major landslide election in 1980 and in 1984.
Byron Janis

**Byron Janis** (March 24, 1928 – March 14, 2024) was an American classical pianist. He made several recordings for RCA Victor and Mercury Records, and occupies two volumes of the Philips series _Great Pianists of the 20th Century_.

His discography covers music inspired by Beethoven to David W. Guion and includes major piano concertos from Mozart to Rachmaninoff and Prokofiev. Janis and his wife, Maria Cooper, daughter of screen  actor Gary Cooper, wrote his autobiography _Chopin and Beyond: My Extraordinary Life in Music and the Paranormal_, which was released in November 2010. In the DVD _A Voyage With Byron Janis_, he hosts a musical journey through Chopin's life. Martin Scorsese is developing a Byron Janis Biopic for Paramount Pictures from a script by Peter Glanz. The project is based on Janis' autobiography. Janis died of natural causes on March 14, 2024 at the age of 95.

## Other websites

- Official website (includes Flash intro)
- , WNCN-FM, 25-Mar-1983

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Byron Janis
- **image**: Byron Janis 1962.JPG
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **caption**: Janis (1962)
- **birth name**: Byron Yanks
- **birth date**: March 24, 1928
- **birth place**: McKeesport, Pennsylvania, U.S.
- **death date**: March 14, 2024 (aged 95)
- **occupation**: Classical music, classical pianist
- **years active**: 1940–2024
- **children**: 1
- **family**: Gary Cooper (father-in-law)
Veronica Cooper (mother-in-law)
Barbara Cook

**Barbara Cook** (October 25, 1927 – August 8, 2017) was an American singer and actress. She became known during the 1950s after starring in the original Broadway musicals _Plain and Fancy_ (1955), _Candide_ (1956) and _The Music Man_ (1957) among others, winning a Tony Award for the last.

Cook died from respiratory failure on August 8, 2017 in New York City at the age of 89.

## Other websites

- The Official Barbara Cook Online Resource
- Barbara Cook  - _Downstage Center_ interview at American Theatre Wing.org
- TonyAwards.com Interview with Barbara Cook
- Barbara Cook  Rehearsal with James Taylor at Carnegie Hall.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Barbara Cook
- **image**: Barbara Cook Shankbone Metropolitan Opera 2009.jpg
- **caption**: Cook at the 2009 premiere of the Metropolitan Opera
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth place**: Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.
- **death place**: New York City, New York (state), New York, U.S.
- **genre**: Musical theatre, traditional pop
- **occupation**: Singer, actress
- **years active**: 1951–2017
- **label**: Urania<small>(1958–1959)</small>
Columbia Records, Columbia <small>(1975–1977)</small>
Moss Music Group <small>(1981-1988)</small>
DRG Records, DRG <small>(1993–2017)</small>
- **website**: [http://www.barbaracook.com Official website]
Dolores Gray

**Dolores Gray** (June 7, 1924 – June 26, 2002) was an American actress and singer. She was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Lead Actress in a Musical twice, winning once for her role in _Carnival in Flanders_.

Gray died of a heart attack in Manhattan, aged 78.

## Other websites

- Dolores Gray Biography

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Dolores Gray
- **image**: Dolores Gray in Designing Woman trailer.jpg
- **imagesize**: 220px
- **caption**: _Designing Woman_ film trailer (1957)
- **birth name**: Dolores Stein
- **birth place**: Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
- **death place**: New York City, New York, U.S.
- **years active**: 1941–1989
- **occupation**: Actress, Singer
- **father**: Henry Stein
- **spouse**: Andrew J. Crevolin (1966-1992) (his death)
- **awards**: **Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Musical**
_Carnival in Flanders (musical), Carnival in Flanders_ (1954)
Mildred Miller

**Mildred Miller** (December 16, 1924 in Cleveland, Ohio – November 29, 2023) was an American classical mezzo-soprano. He had a major career performing in operas, concerts, and recitals during the mid twentieth century. She was known as a principal artist at the Metropolitan Opera from 1951 through 1974.

In 1978 she founded the Opera Theater of Pittsburgh, serving as the company's Artistic Director through 1999.

Mildred Miller died on November 29, 2023, at the age of 98.

## Other websites

- Biography of Mildred Miller at Lakewood Public Library Online
- Rome News-Tribune, 1965
- Metropolitan Opera Archives
- Flying Without a Safety Net: The 80 Years of Mildred Miller Posvar, _Pitt Chronicle_, December 13, 2004
Jon Vickers

**Jonathan Stewart Vickers**, (October 29, 1926 – July 10, 2015), known professionally as **Jon Vickers**, was a Canadian heldentenor. In 1957 Vickers joined London’s Royal Opera House, Covent Garden company. In 1960 he joined the Metropolitan Opera. He became world famous for a wide range of German, French and Italian roles.

## Other websites

- The Essential Jon Vickers.
- Interview with Jon Vickers by Bruce Duffie (originally published 1981 in _Wagner News_, the newsletter of the Wagner Society of America)
- Jon Vickers at IMDB

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Jon Vickers
- **birth place**: Prince Albert, Saskatchewan, Canada
- **birth name**: Jonathan Stewart Vickers
- **death place**: Ontario, Canada
- **death cause**: Alzheimer's disease
- **occupation**: Tenor
- **awards**: Order of Canada
Philippe Entremont

**Philippe Entremont** (born 7 June 1934 in Reims) is a French classical pianist and conductor. His recordings as a pianist include concertos by Tchaikovsky, Rachmaninoff, Saint-Saëns and others.

## Other websites

- Brief biography
- Columbia Artists Management
- Some programs, introduction and photos from his 3 acclaimed tours of Southern Africa, 1958-74
- Brief 2002 interview that includes an interesting discussion about stage fright
- Short 1968 news article mentioning his first dual-role recording
- 1988 English-language interview with Philippe Entremont
- [ Biography at allmusic.com]
Echo and the Bunnymen

**Echo and the Bunnymen** is an English alternative rock band formed in Liverpool in 1978.

## Discography

- Studio albums
- _Crocodiles_ (1980)
- _Heaven Up Here_ (1981)
- _Porcupine_ (1983)
- _Ocean Rain_ (1984)
- _Echo and the Bunnymen_ (1987)
- _Reverberation_ (1990)
- _Evergreen_ (1997)
- _Flowers_ (2001)
- _Siberia_ (2005)
- _The Fountain_ (2009)
- _Metorites_ (2014)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Echo and the Bunnymen
- **image**: Bunnymen 2005-08-06 detail.png
- **caption**: Will Sergeant (left) and Ian McCulloch (right) at the Frequenze Disturbate Festival in August 2005
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Liverpool, England
- **genre**: Post-punk, alternative rock, neo-psychedelia
- **years active**: 1978-1993
1996-present
- **label**: Warner Music, Cooking Vinyl
- **current members**: Ian McCulloch
Will Sergeant
The Fountain

***The Fountain*** is the tenth studio album by Echo and the Bunnymen. The album was released on November 10, 2009.

## Track listing

All tracks written by Ian McCulloch, John McLaughlin, Simon Perry, David Thomas, and Will Sergeant, except where noted.

1. "Think I Need It Too" – 3:41
1. "Forgotten Fields" – 3:46
1. "Do You Know Who I Am?" – 2:52
1. "Shroud of Turin" (McCulloch, Sergeant) – 4:10
1. "Life of a Thousand Crimes" (McCulloch, Sergeant) – 3:22
1. "The Fountain" (McCulloch) – 4:01
1. "Everlasting Neverendless" – 3:08
1. "Proxy" (McCulloch) – 3:15
1. "Drivetime" – 4:11
1. "The Idolness of Gods" (McCulloch) – 4:26
Andrew Chan

**Andrew Chan** (12 January 1984 – 29 April 2015) was an Australian citizen convicted and executed in Indonesia for drug smuggling.

Chan was born in Sydney, New South Wales on 12 January 1984. He was the son of Cantonese-speaking Chinese immigrants. He was convicted in Indonesia for drug trafficking as a member of the Bali Nine. In 2005, he was arrested at Ngurah Rai International Airport in Denpasar, Bali. Chan and Myuran Sukumaran were believed to have arranged the heroin smuggling operation. After a criminal trial on 14 February 2006, Chan was sentenced to execution by firing squad. While in prison, Chan converted to Christianity.
On 16 January 2015, Chan and Sukumaran were ordered to be executed after nine years in jail. On 6 February 2015, the government said that this would take place at the end of the month.

On 11 February 2015 the government said that Chan and Sukumaran would be moved from Kerobokan prison to Nusakambangan Island where the execution would take place. On 24 February 2015 their lawyers challenged Indonesian President Joko Widodo's refusal to grant clemency. This legal challenge failed. The prisoners were moved to Nusakambangan Island on 4 March. On 6 April 2015, Chan and Sukumaran's lawyers went to the state administrative court in a last try to stop the executions; this was unsuccessful. On 24 April 2015, the government ordered the final preparations for the execution of Chan and Sukumaran, as well as eight others on death row. The pair, along with seven other death row inmates, were given a 72-hour notice of their executions on 25 April (ANZAC Day).

On 27 April 2015, Chan married his Indonesian fiancée Febyanti Herewila.

He was executed by firing squad on 29 April 2015. On 2 May 2015, the bodies of Chan and Sukumaran arrived back in Sydney along with the Sukumaran family and Chan's widow Febyanti Herewila, while the rest of Chan's family arrived back a day earlier.

## Infobox (criminal)

- **name**: Andrew Chan
- **image caption**: Chan in the Denpasar courtroom,
October 2005
- **birth date**: 12 January 1984
- **birth place**: Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- **death date**: 29 April 2015 (aged 31)
- **death place**: Nusa Kambangan, Central Java, Indonesia
- **death cause**: Execution by firing squad
- **nationality**: Australian
- **penalty**: Death
- **conviction status**: Executed
- **spouse**: Febyanti Herewila
- **conviction**: Illegal drug trade, Drug trafficking (2006)