juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Mehmed VI

**Mehmed VI** (14 January 1861 – 16 May 1926) was the 36th and last Sultan of the Ottoman Empire. His reign lasted from 1918 to 1922. He succeeded his brother, Mehmed V, as the eldest male member of the House of Osman after the 1916 suicide of the heir to the throne, Yusuf Izzettin Efendi. He was presented with the Sword of Osman on 4 June 1918 in the traditional coronation ceremony. His father was Sultan Abdulmejid I and mother was Gülüstü (1831 – May 1861). His reign saw the collapse of the Ottoman Empire after its defeat in the First World War. The collapse of the Ottoman state resulted in its partitioning by Britain, France, Italy, Greece and Armenia. It was during this desperate time that the popular war hero Mustafa Kemal Atatürk assembled a Turkish resistance army in Ankara and fought off the Allied occupants of Anatolia during the Turkish War of Independence which he won. After removing the Western powers along with Greece from Anatolia in September 1922, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk then proceeded to abolish the Ottoman caliphate. Mehmed was removed from the throne when the Ottoman sultanate was abolished in 1922. As the sultan fled on an Allied warship, the Turkish army then liberated Istanbul in October 1923 which cemented the foundation of the new republic of Turkey with Mustafa Kemal Atatürk as its first president.

## More reading

- Fromkin, David, 1989. _A Peace to End All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East_

## Infobox (royalty)

- **image**: Sultan Mehmed VI of the Ottoman Empire.jpg
- **caption**: Mehmed VI
- **title**: Caliph of Islam
<small>His Imperial Majesty
Sultan of the Ottomans
Commander of the Faithful
Ottoman Caliphate, Successor of the Prophet of the Universe</small>
- **succession**: List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire, Ottoman Sultan
- **moretext**: Ottoman titles#The Ottoman dynasty, (full titles)
- **coronation**: 4 June 1918
- **predecessor**: Mehmed V
- **regent**: List of Ottoman Grand Viziers, _See list_
- **successor**: _Abolition of the Ottoman Sultanate, Sultanate abolished_
- **succession1**: Caliph of Islam
- **coronation1**: _None_
- **predecessor1**: Mehmed V
- **successor1**: Abdulmejid II
- **spouse**: Emine Nazikeda, Emine Nazikedâ Marjim-Abaza Kadın Efendi
Inshira Kadın Efendi
Sadiye Mevedett Kadın Efendi
Nevare Kadın Efendi
Nimit Nevzad Kadın Efendi
- **spouse-type**: Imperial Harem, Spouse
- **issue**: Münire Sultan
Fatma Ulviye Sultan
Rukiye Sabiha Sultan Hanım Efendi
Şehzade Ertuğrul Mehmed Efendi
- **house**: House of Osman, Osman
- **father**: Abdulmejid I
- **mother**: Gülüstü, Gülüstü Sultan
- **birth place**: Constantinople, Ottoman Empire
- **death place**: Sanremo, Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946), Italy
- **burial place**: Damascus, French Mandate of Syria, Syria
- **signature**: Tughra of Mehmed VI.JPG
- **religion**: Islam
Vienna Bend, Louisiana

**Vienna Bend** is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana United States. The population was 1,314 at the 2020 census.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Vienna Bend, Louisiana
- **settlement type**: Census-designated place & Unincorporated area, unincorporated community
- **image skyline**: Vienna Bend 4-24-2018 11.jpg
- **image caption**: Church off Highway 494
- **pushpin map**: Louisiana#USA
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: State
- **subdivision name1**: Louisiana
- **subdivision type2**: Parish
- **subdivision name2**: Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana, Natchitoches Parish
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **elevation ft**: 112
- **population total**: 1314
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
Morelos Municipality, Coahuila

**Morelos** is a one of the 38 municipalities of Coahuila, in north-eastern Mexico. The municipal seat is Morelos. The municipality covers an area of 606.2 km².

In 2005, the municipality had a total population of 1,516.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Morelos
- **settlement type**: Municipality (Mexico), Municipality
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **image shield**: Escudo-Morelos-Coahuila.JPG
- **image map**: Morelos en Coahuila.svg
- **mapsize**: 300px
- **map caption**: Municipality of Morelos in Coahuila
- **pushpin map**: Mexico
- **pushpin label position**: above
- **pushpin mapsize**: 300
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Mexico
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Mexico
- **subdivision type1**: Administrative divisions of Mexico, State
- **subdivision name1**: Coahuila
- **subdivision type2**: Municipal seat
- **subdivision name2**: Morelos, Coahuila, Morelos
- **area total km2**: 606.2
- **population as of**: 2005
- **population total**: 1,516
Municipalities of Campeche

The state of Campeche in Mexico is made up of **11 municipalities** _(municipios)._

|INEGI code|Municipality|Municipal Seat|Population (2010)|Area (Km2)|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|001|Calkiní|Calkiní|52,890|2,324.43|
|002|Campeche|Campeche|259,005|3,244.17|
|003|Carmen|Ciudad del Carmen|221,094|8,621.20|
|004|Champotón|Champotón|83,021|6,856.04|
|005|Hecelchakán|Hecelchakán|28,306|1,294.85|
|006|Hopelchén|Hopelchén|37,777|7,956.72|
|007|Palizada|Palizada|8,352|2,143.28|
|008|Tenabo|Tenabo|9,736|1,058.42|
|009|Escárcega|Escárcega|54,184|4,733.87|
|010|Calakmul|Xpujil|26,882|14,116.57|
|011|Candelaria|Candelaria|41,194|5,574.80|
Syn (goddess)

**Syn** is a goddess (one of the Æsir) in Norse mythology. Syn guarded the door of Frigg's great hall, Sessrumnir, keeping out all unwelcome visitors. Syn was also called upon to guide or protect defendants in trials. She is considered a goddess of justice.

Her name means "refusal" in Old Norse.
Gerðr

**Gerðr** (or **Gerda**) is a jötunn and goddess in Norse mythology. She is the daughter of the jötunn (giant) Gymir and Aurboda; the sister of Beli; the wife of Frey, whose servant Skirnir, wooed and won her for his master. Gerðr spurned apples and gold but finally gave in at the terrible threat of eternal cold and loneliness, thus personifying winter giving in at last to the warm sunshine of spring. The nine nights of waiting between her consent to become Frey’s bride and the actual union is symbolic of the long nine months of hard winter in northern countries before spring arrives. In some mythologies the radiance of Gerda personifies the aurora borealis (northern lights).
Rindr

In Norse mythology, **Rindr** is a jotun. She is the daughter of Billing, king of the Ruthenians; mate of the god Odin; mother of Vali. She appears only once in the existing Norse manuscripts, as the temporary wife of Odin. Rinda is a personification of the hard, frozen rind of the Earth. At first, she resists the woohooing of Odin (the Sun) but finally succumbs to his warmth and gives birth to Vali, the light god of spring. And bous, who would later grow up to Balderus.
Geoffrey IV, Count of Anjou

**Geoffrey IV** ( – 11 May 1106), called **Martel** (the Hammer), was a French nobleman who was the Count of Anjou from 1096 until his death.

## Early career

Geoffey, born  was the oldest son of Fulk IV Réchin and his second wife Ermengarde of Bourbon. She was the daughter of Archambaud IV, Sire de Bourbon. In his youth his bravery in battle won him the nickname "Martel the second". He was so named after his great-uncle Geoffrey II of Anjou. Elias I, Count of Maine intended to go on crusade with Robert "Curthose", Duke of Normandy, who had already left. Elias asked Robert's brother William Rufus for protection for a crusader's lands while he was away. William flatly refused and made it known he wanted Maine (province) for himself. Elias was then captured, brought to William Rufus in chains and imprisoned. Geoffrey IV had been contracted to marry Elias's daughter, Eremburge. Geoffrey hurried to Maine to defend against any attacks by William Rufus. At the same time his father created a diversion on the border of Normandy. Elias however, did not trust Fulk Réchin and agreed to give William Rufus control of Maine for his release. William Rufus took Maine back and held it until his death in 1100.

## Count of Anjou

In 1096 Geoffrey IV's father released his brother Geoffrey III the legitimate but deposed count of Anjou. This was through the intervention of Pope Urban II in 1096. The pope directed that Geoffrey IV Martel was to take over the countship of Anjou. Fulk IV consented to stepping down and making his son count of Anjou. According to Orderic Vitalis Geoffrey restored peace in Anjou and was a very effective count for several years. In 1103 Fulk le Réchin disinherited his son Geoffrey. He favored his younger son by Bertrade de Montfort, Fulk "Le June". By now Fulk le Réchin was old but he still tried to regain control of the countship. There was some brief fighting. Fulk le Réchin was supported by his son-in-law William IX, Duke of Aquitaine. Geoffrey Martel was supported by Elias I, Count of Maine. In the end Fulk le Réchin lost and Geoffrey remained the count of Anjou. Three years later Geoffrey was laying siege to Candé. When the rebels wanted to negotiate for peace and surrender. While Geoffrey was discussing the situation suddenly a crossbowman shot a bolt (short arrow) from the castle and hit Geoffrey in the arm. Geoffrey died the next day, 11 May 1106. Geoffrey died unmarried.
Candelaria, Campeche

**Candelaria** is a city in the Mexican state of Campeche. It is a largest city in the municipality of Candelaria. In 2010, 118,614 people lived there.
Erysimum caboverdeanum

***Erysimum caboverdeanum*** is a plant species that belongs to the Brassicaceae family, the cabbage or mustard family. It is found only in the Fogo island, Cape Verde.

It was named for the first time by the French botanist Auguste Jean Baptiste Chevalier in 1935. _Caboverdeanum_ (or the original _caboverdeana_) is a Latin word that means "Cape Verdean" or "from Cape Verde".

## Synonym

Chevalier named, in 1935, this species as _Matthiola caboverdeana_; this name now is a synonym because Sunding changed it to the present name, _Erysimum caboverdeanum_.

## Common names

It is locally known as _crabo bravo_ ("wild carnation") and _alecrim branco_ ("white rosemary").

## Description

_Erysimum caboverdeanum_ is a biennial small bush, up to  high; its stems are woody and they stand upright. The narrow leaves are about  long and  wide and their margins are finely toothed.

The flowers, which are white or lilac coloured, are in groups (inflorescences) at the end of the stems. The fruits are very narrow and stand upright.

## Where it grows

_Erysimum caboverdeanum_ is an endemic species of the Cape Verdean island of Fogo on the volcano _Pico do Fogo_. It is common in soils with a recent volcanic origin at an altitude between ; it is found on the slopes of the volcano and in the _Chã das Caldeiras_, the plain in the volcanic crater.

## Uses

The species is used for traditional medicinal purposes mainly as an infusion.

It is possible to use it as an ornamental plant, even in places like central Europe.

## Other websites

- Catalogue of Life: _Erysimum caboverdeanum_ (Chev.) Sunding , retrieved on 21 August 2013
- _Erysimum caboverdeanum_ at NCBI, retrieved on 21 August 2013
1999 Bridge Creek–Moore tornado

The **1999 Bridge Creek-Moore tornado** was a very violent F5 tornado that hit the Bridge Creek and Moore areas of Oklahoma on the evening of May 3, 1999. It had the highest wind speed ever recorded at 301 miles per hour (484 km/h). It killed at least 36 people and injured 583 others. It caused $1 billion in damage. The tornado's strength led to the National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Norman issuing the first-ever tornado emergency. In 2013, Moore was again hit by an another tornado with the highest ranking (EF5) also but this time it used the Enhanced Fujita scale and abandoned the Fujita scale.

## Other websites

- Doppler radar animation of the tornado
- The Great Plains Tornado Outbreak of May 3–4, 1999

## Infobox (storm)

- **name**: 1999 Bridge Creek–Moore tornado
- **caption**: The tornado near peak intensity
- **formed**: May 3, 1999, 6:23 p.m. Central Time Zone, CDT (UTC−05:00)
- **active**: 1 hour, 25 minutes
- **dissipated**: May 3, 1999, 7:48 pm. CDT (UTC−05:00)
- **fujitascale**: F5
- **highest winds**:

- **total fatalities**: 36 fatalities (+5 indirect),
583 injuries
- **damages**: $1 billion (1999 United States dollar, USD)
$ billion ( USD)
- **affected**: Grady County, Oklahoma, Grady, McClain County, Oklahoma, McClain, Cleveland County, Oklahoma, Cleveland and Oklahoma County, Oklahoma, Oklahoma counties in Oklahoma; with the worst impacts occurring in the towns/cities of Bridge Creek, Oklahoma, Bridge Creek, Moore, Oklahoma, Moore, Oklahoma City, Del City, Oklahoma, Del City, and Midwest City, Oklahoma, Midwest City
- **partof**: the **1999 Oklahoma tornado outbreak**
Division of Jagajaga

The **Division of Jagajaga** is an Australian Electoral Division in the state of Victoria. It covers the north-eastern suburbs of Melbourne north of the Yarra River. It includes the suburbs of Ivanhoe, Eaglemont, Bellfield, Heidelberg, Rosanna, Viewbank, Lower Plenty, Macleod, Yallambie, Eltham, Watsonia, Bundoora, Greensborough, Montmorency, Briar Hill, St Helena, Research, North Warrandyte and Kangaroo Ground.

The Division was set up in 1984, and named after three Wurundjeri indigenous Australian men. They signed the Batman Treaty with one of the founders of Melbourne, John Batman, in 1835.

## Members

|Member|Party|Term|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|||Peter Staples|Labor|1984–1996|
|||Jenny Macklin|Labor|1996–2019|
|||Kate Thwaites|Labor|2019–present|

Peter Staples held several positions during the Hawke and Keating Governments. These included the Minister for Consumer Affairs, Minister for Housing and Aged Care, Minister for Aged, Family and Health Services. Jenny Macklin is the Minister for Families, Housing, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs and former Deputy Leader of the Australian Labor Party.

## Other websites

- Division of Jagajaga – Australian Electoral Commission
- Jenny Macklin's website

## Infobox (australian electorate)

- **federal**: yes
- **name**: Jagajaga
- **image**: Division of Jagajaga 2010.png
- **imagesize**: 300
- **caption**: Division of Jagajaga (green) in Victoria (Australia), Victoria
- **created**: 1984
- **mp**: Kate Thwaites
- **mp-party**: Australian Labor Party, Labor
- **namesake**: Three Wurundjeri Indigenous Australians, Aborigines
- **electors**: 95,146 (2010)
- **area**: 128
- **class**: Inner Metropolitan
Division of Mallee

The **Division of Mallee** is an Australian Electoral Division in the state of Victoria. It is in the far north-west of the state. At , it is the largest Division in Victoria. It includes Mildura, Ouyen, Swan Hill, St Arnaud, Warracknabeal and Horsham.

The Division was set up in 1949 was named after the Mallee region of Victoria, where it is located.  Mallee is a variety of eucalyptus. The Division also includes the Wimmera region of Victoria.

For the 2013 election, Mallee is the safest Coalition seat in federal parliament with a swing of 24% needed for it to change parties.

## Members

|Member|Party|Term||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|||(Sir) Winton Turnbull|Country|1949–1972||
|||rowspan="3"|Peter Fisher|Country|1972–1975|
|||National Country|1975–1982|||
|||National|1982–1993|||
|||John Forrest|National|1993–2013||
|||Andrew Broad|National|2013–2019||
|||Anne Webster|National|2019–present||
Winton Turnbull was a prisoner of war during World War Two, and held at the infamous Changi prison in Singapore. He never missed a single sitting day in Parliament during his 26 years and 8 months as a member.

## Other websites

- Division of Mallee - Australian Electoral Commission

## Infobox (australian electorate)

- **federal**: yes
- **name**: Mallee
- **image**: Division of Mallee 2010.png
- **imagesize**: 300
- **caption**: Division of Mallee (green) in Victoria (Australia), Victoria
- **created**: 1949
- **mp**: Anne Webster
- **mp-party**: National Party of Australia, National
- **namesake**: Mallee (Victoria), The Mallee
- **electors**: 89,824 (2010)
- **area**: 70694
- **class**: Rural
Morgan

**Morgan** is a given name and a surname. It might also mean:

- Morgan le Fay, a fictional character from the Arthurian legend
- Morgan horse, a horse breed
- A superior being, a human almost on the level of being a God.

## People with the given name

- Morgan De Sanctis, Italian football player
- Morgan Fairchild, American actor
- Morgan Freeman, American actor
- Morgan Oey, Indonesian singer
- Morgan Paull, American actor

## People with the surname

- Adams Morgan, American actor
- C. Lloyd Morgan, British ethologist and psychologist
- Dan Morgan (bushranger), Australian bushranger
- Frank Morgan, American actor
- Harry Morgan, American actor
- J. P. Morgan, American banker and art collector
- Lorrie Morgan, American singer
- Matt Morgan, American professional wrestler
- Michael Dennis Morgan
- Piers Morgan, British journalist and television personality
- Thomas Hunt Morgan
- Trevor Morgan (footballer), British football player and coach
- Vanessa Morgan, Canadian actress

## Related pages

- Morgan County, a disambiguation page
Division of Maribyrnong

The **Division of Maribyrnong** is an Australian Electoral Division in the state of Victoria. It is in the north-western suburbs of Melbourne. It includes Moonee Ponds, Essendon, Niddrie, Keilor East, Avondale Heights, Tullamarine, Airport West, Sunshine and Brooklyn. Over the years the boundaries have been redrawn and the Division has been slowly moving west. It originally included the suburbs of Footscray and North Melbourne. According to the 2006 census, this electorate has the most Catholics in Australia with 44.4% of population.

The Division was set up in 1906 and named after the Maribyrnong River, which runs through it. _Maribynong_ is an Indigenous Australian word for yam or edible root.

## Members

|Member|Party|Term||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|||rowspan="2"|Samuel Mauger|Protectionist|1906–1909|
|||Commonwealth Liberal|1909–1910|||
|||rowspan="2"|James Fenton|Labor|1910–1931|
|||United Australia|1931–1934|||
|||Arthur Drakeford|Labor|1934–1955||
|||Philip Stokes|Liberal|1955–1969||
|||Moss Cass|Labor|1969–1983||
|||Alan Griffiths|Labor|1983–1996||
|||Bob Sercombe|Labor|1996–2007||
|||Bill Shorten|Labor|2007–2025||
Samuel Mauger was the Post-Master General in 1908. James Fenton was the Minister for Trade and Customs in the Scullin Government, and Post-Master General in the Lyons Government. Arthur Drakeford was the Minister for the Air, Minister for Civil Aviation, and for a short time Minister for the Navy during the Curtin and Chifley Governments. Moss Cass was the Minister for the Environment and Conservation in the Hawke Government. Alan Griffiths was the Minister for Resources in 1990, the Minister for Tourism in 1991 and the Minister for Industry, Technology and Regional Development in 1993. Bill Shorten is the former National Secretary of the Australian Workers' Union. He was Minister for Employment and Workplace Relations and Minister for Education during the Gillard and Rudd governments. In 2013 he became the leader of the Australian Labor Party, and the Leader of the Opposition.

## Other websites

- Division of Maribyrnong – Australian Electoral Commission
- Bill Shorten's website

## Infobox (australian electorate)

- **federal**: yes
- **name**: Maribyrnong
- **image**: Division of Maribyrnong 2010.png
- **imagesize**: 300
- **caption**: Division of Maribyrnong (green) in Victoria (Australia), Victoria
- **created**: 1906
- **namesake**: Maribyrnong River
- **electors**: 88,413 (2010)
- **area**: 71
- **class**: Outer Metropolitan
Division of McEwen

The **Division of McEwen** is an Australian Electoral Division in the state of Victoria. It is north of the capital city of Melbourne. It includes Broadford, Craigieburn, Doreen, Kilmore, Lancefield, New Gisborne, Riddells Creek, Romsey, Seymour, Sunbury, Wallan and Whittlesea.

It was set up in 1984 and named after Sir John McEwen, leader of the Country Party of Australia. McEwen was caretaker Prime Minister of Australia after the disappearance of Harold Holt in 1967.

In 2007 Fran Bailey lost the election by only six votes. She asked for the votes to be recounted and she won by 12 votes The result was challenged in the High Court of Australia and was referred to the Federal Court of Australia. Seven months later, and after carefully checking 643 individual ballot papers, the court found Bailey had won by 31 votes. Later Bailey called for big changes the voting system.

## Members

|Member|Party|Term|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|||Peter Cleeland|Labor|1984–1990|
|||Fran Bailey|Liberal|1990–1993|
|||Peter Cleeland|Labor|1993–1996|
|||Fran Bailey|Liberal|1996–2010|
|||Rob Mitchell|Labor|2010–present|
Fran Bailey was  Minister for Employment Services, Assistant Minister for Defence, and later Minister for Small Business and Tourism during the Howard Government.

## Other websites

- Division of McEwen – Australian Electoral Commission
- Rob Mitchell's website

## Infobox (australian electorate)

- **federal**: yes
- **name**: McEwen
- **image**: Division of McEwen 2010.png
- **imagesize**: 300
- **caption**: Division of McEwen (green) in Victoria (Australia), Victoria
- **created**: 1984
- **mp**: Rob Mitchell (Victorian politician), Rob Mitchell
- **mp-party**: Australian Labor Party, Labor
- **namesake**: John McEwen
- **electors**: 115,811 (2010)
- **area**: 10675
- **class**: Rural
Santorini caldera

**Santorini caldera** is a large, mostly submerged caldera. It is in Greece, in the southern Aegean Sea, 120 kilometers north of Crete. Visible above water is the circular Santorini island group.

The caldera measures about , with  high steep cliffs on three sides. There are two small volcanic islands at the center of the caldera, Nea ("New") Kameni and Palea ("Old") Kameni. The main island, Santorini has an area of  km2.

The extraordinary beauty of Santorini's high walls, draped by whitewashed villages, combined with a sunny climate and clear air, have made it a magnet for tourists and volcanologists.

## Geology

The volcanic complex of Santorini is the most active part of the South Aegean Volcanic Arc. This marks the subduction of the African tectonic plate underneath the Aegean part of the Eurasian tectonic plate, at a rate of up to 5 cm per year in a northeasterly direction. It has earthquakes at depths of 150–170 km.

Non-volcanic rocks are exposed on Santorini at the Profitis Ilias Mountain, Mesa Vouno, the Gavrillos ridge, Pirgos, Monolithos and the inner side of the caldera wall between Cape Plaka and Athinios.

The Kameni islands at the center of the caldera are made of lava rocks.

## Volcanology

The caldera is composed of overlapping shield volcanoes, cut by at least four partially overlapping calderas, of which the oldest southern caldera was formed about 180,000 years ago. The subsequent Skaros caldera was created about 70,000 years ago, and the Cape Riva caldera about 21,000 years ago. The current caldera was formed about 3600 years ago during the Minoan eruption.

Palea Kameni and Nea Kameni were formed as a result of multiple, initially submarine eruptions at the center of the caldera.

Although dormant, Santorini is an active volcano. Numerous minor and medium-sized, mainly effusive eruptions have built the dark-colored lava shields of Nea and Palea Kameni inside the caldera.

Their last eruption was in 1950, and now only smoke and gases come out. GPS instruments have registered renewed deformation around the caldera in 2011 and 2012.

The huge Minoan eruption of Santorini in the 17th century BC may have inspired the legend of Atlantis. It was rated 7, the highest score for a historical eruption, in the Smithsonian Global Volcanism Program's Volcanic Explosivity Index.

## Infobox (mountain)

- **name**: Santorini Caldera
- **photo**: Santorini Caldera ASTER.jpg
- **photo caption**: Santorini island group from space
- **location**: Aegean Sea, Greece
- **type**: Caldera (active)
- **last eruption**: 1950
Coptic language

The **Coptic language**, otherwise referred to as **Copt** for short, is an Egyptian language that was spoken by many people in Egypt until at least the 17th century. Now, only a few people speak it.

Egyptian began to be written using the Greek alphabet in the 1st century. The new writing system became the Coptic script, an adapted Greek alphabet with the addition of six or seven signs from the Demotic script to represent Egyptian sounds that the Greek language did not have. The two most common dialects are Sahidic and Bohairic.

Coptic and Demotic Egyptian are very similar to the earlier Egyptian language, written in the hieroglyphic script. Coptic flourished as a literary language from the 2nd to 13th centuries, and its Bohairic dialect continues to be the liturgical language of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria. It was supplanted by Egyptian Arabic as a spoken language toward the early modern period. The Copts have tried to revive the language since the 19th century.

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Coptic
- **states**: Egypt
- **ethnicity**: Egyptians
- **era**: 2nd – 17th century; survives as the liturgical language of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria, with sporadic attempts at revival
- **familycolor**: Afro-Asiatic
- **fam2**: Egyptian language, Egyptian
- **ancestor**: Archaic Egyptian language, Archaic Egyptian
- **ancestor2**: Old Egyptian language, Old Egyptian
- **ancestor3**: Middle Egyptian language, Middle Egyptian
- **script**: Coptic alphabet
- **iso2**: cop
- **iso3**: cop
- **notice**: IPA
- **ancestor4**: Late Egyptian language, Late Egyptian
- **ancestor5**: Demotic (Egyptian), Demotic
- **glotto**: copt1239
- **glottorefname**: Coptic
Richard Warren

**Richard Warren** (ca. 1580 - ca.1628) was a passenger on the _Mayflower_ on its 1620 voyage from the Old World to the New. He was one of the 41 signers of the Mayflower Compact.

## Descendants

His descendants in the United States are legion and include many notable Americans:
- American Civil War general and United States President Ulysses S. Grant,
- United States President Franklin Delano Roosevelt,
- astronaut Alan Shepard,
- children's author Laura Ingalls Wilder,
- actors Richard Gere, Orson Welles, and Joanne Woodward,
- writers Henry David Thoreau and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow,
- Lavinia Warren (the wife of General Tom Thumb),
- aviator Amelia Earhart,
- United States Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan,
- Wilbur Wright and Orville Wright,
- _Tonight Show_ host Johnny Carson,
- chef Julia Child, and many more.

## References

- Rootsweb
Brian Sims

**Brian Kendall Sims** (born September 16, 1978) is an American Democratic politician and football captain. He was the first college American football captain to come out as gay. He is also the first openly gay person elected to the Pennsylvania General Assembly. He was a candidate for Lieutenant Governor of Pennsylvania in the 2022 election.

## Life

Sims's parents were both colonels in the U.S. Army. He has a twin brother, an older brother, and a younger sister. He went to high school in Chester County, Pennsylvania.

Sims has a bachelor of science degree from Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania. He also has a juris doctor degree from the Michigan State University College of Law.

At Bloomsburg, Sims was the captain of the 2000 National Championship Division II football team. He was a first-string defensive tackle. He became the only openly gay college football captain in NCAA history.

Sims was elected to the Pennsylvania House of Representatives, 182nd District. Sims was the first openly gay person elected to the Pennsylvania General Assembly.

In June 2013, the Defense of Marriage Act was ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. Sims was not allowed to make a speech supporting the decision in the Pennsylvania House. House Speaker Daryl Metcalfe, a Republican, said that allowing him to speak would be a violation of God's law.
In May 2019, Sims posted an eight minute video of himself confronting a woman who was protesting outside a Planned Parenthood facility in Philadelphia by praying with a rosary.  On May 15, 2019 he was served a summons for federal case 5:19-cv-00834 at his office on Chestnut Street.  On July 15, 2019 at 3:00 PM the Default judgement entered on June 18, 2019 was used as collateral for trying to help Hahnemann Hospital stay open case # 19-11466 Delaware Bankruptcy Court.

On February 15, 2021 Sims announced on Twitter that he was running for lieutenant governor in the 2022 election. He lost the Democratic nomination in May 2022 to Austin Davis.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Brian Sims
- **image**: File:State Rep Brian Sims.jpg
- **caption**: Sims speaking in 2021
- **state house**: Pennsylvania
- **district**: Pennsylvania House of Representatives, District 182, 182nd
- **predecessor**: Babette Josephs
- **birth name**: Brian Kendall Sims
- **birth place**: Washington, D.C., U.S.
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic Party
- **education**: Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania (Bachelor of Science, BS)
Michigan State University (Juris Doctor, JD)
Psychopathology

**Psychopathology** is the study of mental illnesses. Study started during the 6th century B.C.

## Related pages

- Psychiatry

## Other websites

- Science daily
Sid Bernstein

**Sid Bernstein** (August 12, 1918 – August 21, 2013) was an American music producer and promoter. Bernstein changed the American music scene in the 1960s by bringing The Beatles, The Rolling Stones, Herman's Hermits, The Moody Blues, and The Kinks to America. He was the first impresario to organize rock concerts at sports stadiums.

Bernstein was born in New York City, New York on August 12, 1918. He was married to Geraldine Gale until his death in 2013. They had six children. Bernstein died on August 21, 2013 from natural causes in his home in Manhattan, New York, aged 95.
Lee Thompson Young

**Lee Thompson Young** (February 1, 1984 – August 19, 2013) was an American actor. He was known for his role as Jett Jackson in _The Famous Jett Jackson_ and as Chris Comer in the movie _Friday Night Lights_. His last starring role was portraying Boston police detective Barry Frost in _Rizzoli & Isles_.

Young was born in Columbia, South Carolina on February 1, 1984. He studied at the University of Southern California. Thompson committed suicide by shooting himself in his Los Angeles, California apartment on August 19, 2013. He was 29 years old.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Lee Thompson Young
- **birth place**: Columbia, South Carolina, U.S.
- **death place**: Los Angeles, California, U.S.
- **death cause**: Suicide
- **occupation**: Actor
- **years active**: 1998–2012
Nickelodeon (Italian TV channel)

**Nickelodeon** is an Italian television channel. It launched on 1 November 2004 on Sky Italia.
From 1997 until 2000, Rai Sat 2 broadcast Nickelodeon cartoons for three hours a day.

## History

The channel was launched on 1 November 2004. At first, it shared its frequency with Comedy Central. Nickelodeon broadcast during the day and Commedy Central broadcast at night. On 31 July 2009 a +1 timeshift version was launched. The same day Nick Jr. was launched. It replaced RaiSat YOYO. RaiSat YOYO became free and is now named Rai Yoyo. On 9 September 2013, Nickelodean and the +1 version of the network changed to a 16:9 widescreen wikt:aspect:aspect ratio.

## Infobox (television channel)

- **name**: Nickelodeon
- **logo**: Nickelodeon 2023 logo.svg
- **logo caption**: Logo used since 2023
- **logo size**: 275px
- **picture format**: 576i (standard-definition television, SDTV)
- **owner**: ViacomCBS Networks EMEAA
- **sister channels**: Nick Jr. (Italy), Nick Jr.
- **country**: Italy
- **language**: Italian language, Italian, Original
- **area**: Italy
San Marino
Vatican City
- **timeshift service**: Nickelodeon +1
- **website**: [http://www.nicktv.it/ nicktv.it]
- **sat serv 1**: Sky Italia
- **sat chan 1**: Channel 605 (SD)
Channel 606 (+1)
- **online serv 1**: Sky Go
- **online chan 1**: Nickelodeon
- **online serv 2**: Sky Kids
- **online chan 2**: Nickelodeon
- **online serv 3**: Now TV (Sky), Now TV
- **online chan 3**: Nickelodeon
Gyrocompass

A **gyrocompass** is a type of compass that does not use magnetism to point north. Normal compasses do not work around magnets, or big pieces of ferrous metal. Gyrocompasses do. This makes them very useful.

A gyrocompass is a non-magnetic compass based on a fast-spinning disc and the rotation of the Earth  It automatically finds geographical direction.

Although one part of a gyrocompass is a gyroscope, these are not the same devices. A crucial ingredient is needed to turn a gyroscope into a gyrocompass, so it would automatically position to true north. This is some mechanism that applies torque whenever the compass's axis is not pointing north. Successful methods have two significant advantages over magnetic compasses:
- they find _true_ north as determined by Earth's rotation, which is different from, and more useful than,  _magnetic_ north, and
- they are unaffected by ferromagnetic materials, such as ship's steel hull, which change the magnetic field
Division of McMillan

The **Division of McMillan** was an Australian Electoral Division in the state of Victoria. It covered the western part of the Gippsland region. It included Drouin, Erica, Foster, Inverloch, Korumburra, Leongatha, Mirboo North, Moe, Neerim South, Newborough, Nyora, Pakenham, Trafalgar, Walhalla, Warragul, Wonthaggi, Yallourn North and Yarragon. It was the southernmost electoral division in continental Australia. It was replaced by the Division of Monash in 2019.

The Division was set up in 1949, and named after Angus McMillan, one of the first Europeans to explore the Gippsland region.

In 1972 Country Party candidate Arthur Hewson won the seat with a primary vote of 16.6%. This is the lowest primary vote for a winning candidate in any federal election.

## Members

|Image|Member|Party|Term|Notes|||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||||Geoffrey Brown|Liberal|1949–1955|Died in office|||
|||rowspan=2||rowspan="2"|Alexander Buchanan|Liberal|1955–1972|Lost preselection, then lost seat.|
|||Independent|1972–1972||||||
||||Arthur Hewson|Country|1972–1975|Previously a member of the Victorian Legislative Council. Lost seat|||
||||Barry Simon|Liberal|1975–1980|Lost seat|||
||||Barry Cunningham|Labor|1980–1990|Served as Chief Government Whip under Hawke. Lost seat|||
||||John Riggall|Liberal|1990–1993|Lost seat|||
||||Barry Cunningham|Labor|1993–1996|Lost seat|||
||||Russell Broadbent|Liberal|1996–1998|Previously held the Division of Corinella. Lost seat|||
||||Christian Zahra|Labor|1998–2004|Lost seat|||
||||Russell Broadbent|Liberal|2004–2019|Transferred to the Division of Monash after McMillan was abolished in 2019|||

## Election results

- 2004 election results
- 2007 election results
- 2010 election results
- 2013 election results
- 2016 election results

## Other websites

- Division of McMillan - Australian Electoral Commission
- Russell Broadbent's website

## Infobox (australian electorate)

- **federal**: yes
- **name**: McMillan
- **image**: Division of McMillan 2010.png
- **imagesize**: 300
- **caption**: Division of McMillan (green) in Victoria (Australia), Victoria
- **created**: 1949
- **abolished**: 2019
- **namesake**: Angus McMillan
- **electors**: 93,285 (2010)
- **area**: 8328
- **class**: Rural
Michael Mifsud

**Michael Mifsud** (born 17 April 1981) is a Maltese football player. He plays for Malta national team.

## Honours

- Maltese Premier League: 2003–04, 2011–12
- Maltese Cup: 2000
Division of Melbourne Ports

The **Division of Melbourne Ports** was an Australian federal electoral division in the inner south-eastern suburbs of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. It was set up for the first election in 1901. At the time it was named Melbourne Ports as it covered both Port Melbourne and Williamstown. Later it included the suburbs of Albert Park, Balaclava, Caulfield, Caulfield East, Caulfield North, part of Elsternwick, Elwood, Middle Park, Port Melbourne, Ripponlea, St Kilda, St Kilda East, St Kilda West, Southbank, South Melbourne and parts of South Yarra and Docklands. It was abolished in 2019, and renamed as Macnamara.

## Members

|Image|Member|Party|Term|Notes|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||||Samuel Mauger|Protectionist|1901–1906|Previously held the Victorian Legislative Assembly seat of Footscray. Transferred to the Division of Maribyrnong|
||||James Mathews|Labor|1906–1931|Retired|
||||Jack Holloway|Labor|1931–1951|Previously held the Division of Flinders. Served as minister under John Curtin, Frank Forde and Ben Chifley. Retired|
||||Frank Crean|Labor|1951–1977|Previously held the Victorian Legislative Assembly seat of Albert Park. Served as minister and Deputy Prime Minister under Gough Whitlam. Retired|
||||Clyde Holding|Labor|1977–1998|Previously held the Victorian Legislative Assembly seat of Richmond. Served as minister under Bob Hawke. Retired|
||||Michael Danby|Labor|1998–2019|Retired|
Samuel Mauger was later elected to the Division of Maribyrnong. Jack Holloway  became Minister for Social Services  and Minister for Health in 1941. From 1943–1949 he was Minister for Labour and National Service. Frank Crean was Treasurer and Minister for Trade in the Whitlam Government. In 1975 he was Deputy Prime Minister of Australia. Clyde Holding had been the Leader of the Opposition in the Victorian Parliament. He held several positions in the Hawke Government including  Aboriginal Affairs, Employment Services and Youth Affairs, Transport and Communications Support, Immigration, Local Government and Ethnic Affairs.

## Election results

- 2004 election results
- 2007 election results
- 2010 election results
- 2013 election results

## Other websites

- Division of Melbourne Ports – Australian Electoral Commission
- Michael Danby's website

## Infobox (australian electorate)

- **federal**: yes
- **name**: Melbourne Ports
- **image**: Division of Melbourne Ports 2010.png
- **imagesize**: 300
- **caption**: Division of Melbourne Ports (green) in Victoria (Australia), Victoria
- **created**: 1901
- **abolished**: 2019
- **namesake**: Port Melbourne, Victoria, Port Melbourne
- **electors**: 97,766 (2010)
- **area**: 44
- **class**: Inner Metropolitan
Coburger Hütte

The **Coburger Hütte** is a mountain refuge in Tyrol, Austria. It is in the Mieminger Chain in Tyrol. It is a few meters above the Drachensee and 200 meters from Seebensee. Tourist accommodation is usually open from June to early October. A winter room is available. Its altitude is 1917 meters. From there, mountain climbers can make a few other climbs (including Sonnenspizte, Taja-Kopf, Hinterer).
Seebensee

The **Seebensee** is a lake in Austria. It is at  above the Ehrwalder Alm in Mieminger. It is in the east of Middle Tajakopf. The Seebensee has a drain on the Seebenbachfall and Geißbach in the Loisach. From Seebensee, people can climb up to Coburger Hütte. The location is known for its cows and its unofficial mascot Ben the Seebensee Cow.
Lady with an Ermine

***Lady with an Ermine (Portrait of Cecilia Gallerani)***  ( ; ) is a painting by Leonardo da Vinci. It was painted between 1489 and 1490. The subject of the portrait is Cecilia Gallerani, the mistress of Ludovico Sforza, Duke of Milan. Cecilia was pregnant at the time of the portrait. Leonardo was in the service of the Duke, who's nickname was 'white ermine'. The ermine was a symbol of purity for Leonardo. The painting was done in three stages and we know this because it went under reflective light technology and a multi lens camera was used. The first was a portrait just of Cecillia, the second he added a thin, small ermine and in the final stage, Leonardo made the ermine look more powerful and muscular. _Lady with an Ermine_ is displayed in the Czartoryski Museum, Kraków, Poland.

## Other websites

- Czartoryski Museum
- BBC article on _Lady with an Ermine_
- BBC News Lady w Ermine - Bing video

## Infobox (artwork)

- **title**: Lady with an Ermine
- **image**: The Lady with an Ermine.jpg
- **image upright**: .99
- **other language 1**: Italian language, Italian
- **other title 1**: Dama con l'ermellino
- **other language 2**: Polish language, Polish
- **other title 2**: Dama z gronostajem
- **artist**: Leonardo da Vinci
- **year**: 1489–90
- **type**: Oil painting, Oil on wood panel
- **subject**: Cecilia Gallerani
- **height metric**: 54
- **width metric**: 39
- **metric unit**: cm
- **imperial unit**: in
- **museum**: National Museum, Kraków, National Museum
- **city**: Kraków, Poland
Mixed forest

**Mixed forests**  are a temperate and humid biome. The forests have four layers. The uppermost layer is the forest canopy of tall, mature trees from 33 to 66 m (100 to 200 feet) high.

Below the canopy is the three-layered understory, about 9 to 15 m (30 to 50 feet) shorter than the canopy. The top layer of the understory has smaller mature trees, saplings. There are also suppressed juvenile canopy layer trees waiting for an opening in the canopy. Below the sub-canopy is the shrub layer of low-growing woody plants. Most of the time, the lowest growing (and most diverse) layer is the ground cover or herbaceous layer.

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Ancient woodland

**Ancient woodland** is the name used in the United Kingdom for woodland which has existed continuously since 1600 or before in England and Wales (or 1750 in Scotland). Before those dates, planting of new woodland was uncommon, so a wood present in 1600 was likely to have developed naturally. The American name for these forests is "old growth forest".

For many species of animal and plant, ancient woodland sites provide the only habitat. For many others, conditions on these sites are much more suitable than those on other sites. Ancient woodland in the UK, like rainforest in the tropics, is home to rare and threatened species, more than any other UK habitat. For these reasons ancient woodland is often described as an irreplaceable resource, or 'critical natural capital'.

Ancient woodland is formally defined on maps by Natural England and equivalent bodies. Many ancient woodlands have legal protection, but an ancient woodland is not automatically protected.

## Examples

- Cannock Chase, Staffs
- Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire
- Cherry Tree Wood, London
- Edford Woods and Meadows, Somerset
- Epping Forest, Essex
- Forest of Dean West Gloucestershire
- Foxley Wood, Norfolk
- Hatfield Forest, Essex
- Highgate Wood, London
- Holt Heath, Dorset
- New Forest, Hampshire
- Parkhurst Forest, Isle of Wight
- Queen's Wood, London
- Savernake forest, Wiltshire
- Sherwood Forest, Nottinghamshire
- Wentwood, Monmouthshire
- Windsor Great Park, Berkshire
- Wyre Forest bordering Shropshire and Worcestershire
- Yardley Chase, Northants

## Other websites

- Ancient Tree Guides by the Woodland Trust
Bluebell wood

A **bluebell wood** is a woodland that in springtime has a carpet of flowering bluebells (_Hyacinthoides non-scripta_) underneath a newly forming leaf canopy. The thicker the summer canopy, the more the ground-cover is suppressed. This encourages a dense carpet of bluebells, whose leaves mature and die down by early summer.

Bluebell woods may be found in all parts of Great Britain and Ireland, as well as elsewhere in Europe. Bluebells are a common indicator species for ancient woodlands, so bluebell woods are likely to date back to at least 1600.

Gerard Manley Hopkins, one of the romantic poets, was very keen on bluebells, as his poem "May Magnificat" shows.
> <poem>And azuring-over greybell makes
> Wood banks and brakes wash wet like lakes</poem>

In his journal entry for 9 May 1871 Hopkins says:

> In the little wood opposite the light they stood in blackish spreads or sheddings like spots on a snake.  The heads are then like thongs and solemn in grain and grape-colour.  But in the clough through the light they come in falls of sky-colour washing the brows and slacks of the ground with vein-blue, thickening at the double, vertical themselves and the young grass and brake-fern combed vertical, but the brake struck the upright of all this with winged transomes.  It was a lovely sight. - The bluebells in your hand baffle you with their inscape, made to every sense.  If you draw your fingers through them they are lodged and struggle with a shock of wet heads; the long stalks rub and click and flatten to a fan on one another like your fingers themselves would when you passed the palms hard across one another, making a brittle rub and jostle like the noise of a hurdle strained by leaning against; then there is the faint honey smell and in the mouth the sweet gum when you bite them.
Ardennes

**Ardennes** might mean:

- Ardennes (forest), a mountain range in Belgium, Luxembourg and France
- Ardennes (department), a department in France
Ardennes (forest)

The **Ardennes** (also known as **Ardennes Forest**) is a mountain range in eastern Belgium (eastern Wallonia), northern Luxembourg (the Oesling) and bordering France (Ardennes (department)).

It consist of hills of an altitude up to nearly 700 meters. It has many forests and few people.

The Ardennes are primarily made of slate, and borders in the east at the German Eifel. Important river is the Meuse.
Ginevra de' Benci

***Ginevra de' Benci*** is an oil on wood painting by Leonardo da Vinci. The painting was made by Leonardo between 1479 and 1480. It hangs in the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C. It is the only Leonardo painting on view in the United States.
Fatin Shidqia

**Fatin Shidqia Lubis** (born in Jakarta, 30 July 1996) is an Indonesian singer. She won the talent show _X Factor Indonesia_.

## Other websites

- Fatin Shidqia official website

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Fatin Shidqia
- **image**: Fatin Shidqia Lubis.jpg
- **caption**: Fatin Shidqia in 2019
- **birth name**: Fatin Shidqia Lubis
- **birth place**: Jakarta, Indonesia
- **occupation**: Singer
- **years active**: 2013 - present
- **nationality**: Indonesia, Indonesian
- **instrument**: Vocal
- **genre**: Pop
- **label**: Sony Music Entertainment Indonesia
- **associated acts**: *The Sam Willows
Oh! Susanna

"**Oh! Susanna**" is a song by Stephen Foster. It was Foster's first hit song. The song debuted in the Eagle Ice Cream Saloon in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, on September 11, 1847 and was published by W. C. Peters of Cincinnati, Ohio in 1848.  It became the unofficial anthem of the California Gold Rush in 1849.

Foster had little appreciation of the worth of his songs. His brother Morrison wrote: "While in Cincinnati [Stephen] wrote "Oh, Susanna", a song which soon became famous ... There was then in Cincinnati in the music business, W. C. Peters, whom Stephen had known in Pittsburgh, and who had taught music in our family ... [Stephen] made a present of "Old Uncle Ned" and "Oh, Susanna" to Mr. Peters. The latter made ten thousand dollars out of them, and established a music publishing house which became the largest in the West. The fame of these two songs went around the world, and thousands sang and played them who never heard the name of the author or whence they came."

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Oh! Susanna
- **cover**: Oh! Susanna 1.jpg
- **caption**: Original sheet music (1848)
- **published**: 1848
- **writer**: Stephen Foster