juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Marche

**Marche** is one of the twenty regions of Italy, in Central Italy on the Adriatic Sea. The capital is the city of Ancona.

## Geography

The region is located in Central Italy bordered by Emilia-Romagna and the republic of San Marino to the north, Tuscany to the west, Umbria to the southwest, Abruzzo and Lazio to the south, and the Adriatic Sea to the east.

Marche is the 15th largest region in Italy, with a total area of . The main rivers in the region are:
- Metauro,
- Tronto,
- Potenza,
- Chienti,
- Esino,

The Nera river is  long but is a tributary of the Tiber and flows mainly in the Lazio region.

The highest mountain in the region is Monte Vettore, in the Ascoli Piceno province, with an altitude of .

## Provinces

The region is divided into five provinces:

|Province|Abbreviation|Capital|width=90px|Area <small>(km²)</small>|Population <small>(1 January 2017)</small>|Density (<small>inh./km²)</small>|_Comuni_|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|align=left|Ancona|align=center|AN|align=left|Ancona|1,963.22|474,124||47|
|align=left|Ascoli Piceno|align=center|AP|align=left|Ascoli Piceno|1,228.27|209,450||33|
|align=left|Fermo|align=center|FM|align=left|Fermo|862.77|174,849||40|
|align=left|Macerata|align=center|MC|align=left|Macerata|2,779.34|318,921||55|
|align=left|Pesaro e Urbino|align=center|PU|align=left|Pesaro|2,567.78|360,711||54|
|colspan="3"|**Total**|9,401.38|1,538,055||229|||||

### Largest municipalities

The 10 comuni with more people living in it are:
|No.|Comuni|Province|Population <small>(2017)</small>|Area <small>(km<sup>2</sup>)</small>|Density <small>(inh./km<sup>2</sup>)</small>|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|**1**|align="left"|Ancona|align="left"|AN|100,696|124.84||
|**2**|align="left"|Pesaro|align="left"|PU|94,813|126.77||
|**3**|align="left"|Fano|align="left"|PU|60,852|121.84||
|**4**|align="left"|Ascoli Piceno|align="left"|AP|49,203|158.02||
|**5**|align="left"|San Benedetto del Tronto|align="left"|AP|47,420|18.00||
|**6**|align="left"|Senigallia|align="left"|AN|44,706|117.77||
|**7**|align="left"|Civitanova Marche|align="left"|MC|42,251|46.07||
|**8**|align="left"|Macerata|align="left"|MC|42,209|92.53||
|**9**|align="left"|Jesi|align="left"|AN|40,318|108.90||
|**10**|align="left"|Fermo|align="left"|FM|37,396|124.53||

## Other websites

- Blog in English just about Le Marche Italy

- Official Site

## Infobox (region of italy)

- **name**: Marche
- **region coa**: Coat of arms of Marche.svg
- **coa size**: 50px
- **flag**: Flag of Marche.svg
- **anthem**: _Inno delle Marche_
- **map**: Marches in Italy.svg
- **capital**: Ancona
- **leader**: Luca Ceriscioli
- **area**: 9401.38
- **population**: 1538055
- **pop date**: 1 January 2017
- **population demonym**: marchigiano
- **gdp**: 41.7
- **gdp year**: 2010
- **nuts**: ITE3
- **website**: [http://www.regione.marche.it/ www.regione.marche.it]
Umbria

**Umbria** is one of the twenty regions of Italy, in center Italy. It is the one of the smallest Italian region. Its capital is Perugia.

It is the only region without a coastline or a border with another country.

## Geography

The region is located in Central Italy with an area of . It is bordered by Marche to the east and northeast, Tuscany to the west and northwest, and Lazio to the south and southwest.

The main river in the region is the Tiber. Other important rivers are the Nera, Paglia, Topino, Chiascio and Nestore.

The largest lake of Umbria is the Trasimeno, one of the largest lake of Italy.

The highest mountain in the region is Cima del Redentore, in the Sibillini Mountains (), with an altitude of .

## Provinces

Umbria is divided into two provinces:

|Province|Abbreviation|Capital|width=90px|Area <small>(km²)</small>|Population <small>(1 January 2017)</small>|Density (<small>inh./km²)</small>|_Comuni_|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|align=left|Perugia|align="center"|PG|align="left"|Perugia|6,337.15|662,110||59|
|align=left|Terni|align="center"|TR|align="left"|Terni|2,127.18|229,071||33|
|colspan="3"|**Total**|8,464.33|888,908||92|||||

### Largest municipalities

The 10 comuni with more people living in it are:
|No.|Comuni|Province|Population <small>(2017)</small>|Area <small>(km<sup>2</sup>)</small>|Density <small>(inh./km<sup>2</sup>)</small>|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|**1**|align="left"|Perugia|align="left"|PG|166,676|449.51||
|**2**|align="left"|Terni|align="left"|TR|111,455|212.43||
|**3**|align="left"|Foligno|align="left"|PG|57,164|264.67||
|**4**|align="left"|Città di Castello|align="left"|PG|39,740|387.32||
|**5**|align="left"|Spoleto|align="left"|PG|38,035|348.14||
|**6**|align="left"|Gubbio|align="left"|PG|31,939|525.78||
|**7**|align="left"|Assisi|align="left"|PG|28,379|187.19||
|**8**|align="left"|Bastia Umbra|align="left"|PG|21,784|27.60||
|**9**|align="left"|Corciano|align="left"|PG|54,311|63.72||
|**10**|align="left"|Orvieto|align="left"|TR|21,349|281.27||

## Other websites

- Official Site

## Infobox (region of italy)

- **name**: Umbria
- **region coa**: Regione-Umbria-Stemma.svg
- **coa size**: 50px
- **flag**: Flag of Umbria.svg
- **map**: Umbria in Italy.svg
- **capital**: Perugia
- **area**: 8464.33
- **population**: 888908
- **pop date**: 1 January 2017
- **population demonym**: umbro
- **gdp**: 21.8
- **gdp year**: 2008
- **website**: [http://www.regione.umbria.it/ www.regione.umbria.it]
- **leader**: Catiuscia Marini
- **leader party**: Democratic Party (Italy), PD
- **nuts**: ITE3
Mont Blanc

**Mont Blanc** (_Monte Bianco_ in Italian) is a mountain in the Alps. Its height is 4810.90 metres. When Mount Elbrus (5,642 m) in the Caucasus is left out, Mont Blanc is often considered the highest point in Europe.

Mont Blanc is on the Italy/France border.
Shia crescent

The **Shia Crescent** (sometimes referred to as the "Shiite Crescent") is used as a political and geopolitical term to describe the different countries in the Middle East whose majority is Shia or who have a strong Shia minority in the population. It is often used to describe the rivalry and the potential of a conflict between the Shia majority and Sunni majority countries in the Middle East.

The countries where Shia Muslims form a dominant majority are Azerbaijan, Iran, Bahrain and Iraq. The shape of these countries put together resembles a crescent or half moon. Large minorities also exist in Turkey, Lebanon, Yemen, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, India, UAE, and Syria. However, Pakistan, India and Azerbaijan are excluded from the Shiite Crescent, and although Shias are a large majority in Azerbaijan, the country is a secular state and the percentage who worship Shia Islam, Islam or any religion are much lower.

## Related pages

- Shiaphobia

## Literature

- Ferhad Ibrahim: _Iran und die arabische Welt _, in: Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte, Nr. 9, Bonn 2004, S. 39-47. (German)
- Vali Nasr: When the Shiites Rise  in: Foreign Affairs July/August 2006 pp. 58– 74.
- Asher Susser: Aufgang des schiitischen Halbmonds, in: Internationale Politik,  Nr. 9, 61. Jahr, (2006),  pp. 68-S.74 (German)

## Other websites

- Le Monde diplomatique: Die Schiiten und ihr Kampf um Gott
- Deutsche Welle: Die Hisbollah in der arabischen Misstrauensfalle
- Brockhaus: Ulrich Ladurner: Machtpoker am Persischen Golf
- Der Tagesspiegel: Der schiitische Halbmond
Air gun

An **air gun** is a gun which uses gas to fire a projectile instead of burning gunpowder that an ordinary gun uses.

The oldest air guns used a bellows to compress (squeeze) air in a tube. When the gun was fired the air was released. The only way for the air to go was by pushing the pellet out.

A later invention was the spring piston, these can only fire one shot before the spring has to be reset. Newer guns use air or another gas in a small cartridge, these guns can fire many more shots before the cartridge needs to be changed or refilled.

The projectile for an air gun is usually a pellet. Some guns of this sort fire small round pellets call "bb"s. Some people think this means ball bearing, but it does not. The letters bb stood for a size of shot that was used to make shotgun cartridges, This was used in the first bb guns.

The most popular calibres (pellet sizes) for air weapons are  mm  (also called .177 to .22). In many countries there are strict rules that limit the sales of air guns so not everyone can have one.

They are not as powerful as other guns but they can still hurt or even kill people.

Many people enjoy air rifle and pistol shooting either for fun or hunting. In the Olympics and target games, air pistols are used in some of the shooting events.
Carcass

A **carcass** or **corpse** is another word for a dead body. The dead body may be of any animal, including Homo sapiens.

## Related pages

- Autopsy
Unit circle

In mathematics, a unit circle is a circle with a radius of 1. The equation of the unit circle is . The unit circle is centered at the Origin, or coordinates (0,0). It is often used in Trigonometry.

## Trigonometric functions in the unit circle

In a unit circle, where  is the angle desired,  and  can be defined as  and . Using the function of the unit circle, , another equation for the unit circle is found, . When working with trigonometric functions, it is mainly useful to use angles with measures between 0 and  radians, or 0 through 90 degrees. It is possible to have higher angles than that, however. Using the unit circle, two identities can be found:  and  for any integer .
Middle East Airlines

**Middle East Airlines** is an airline based in Lebanon. It flies between the Asia, Europe and Africa.

## History

Middle East Airlines opened for business on May 31, 1945. It was opened by Saeb Salam, with support from BOAC. MEA's work started on January 1, 1946 with flights between Beirut and Nicosia. Then its airplanes started to fly to Iraq, Egypt, Syria, and Cyprus. The company bought two Douglas DC-3 planes in mid-1946.  Pan American World Airways bought a stake and management contract in September 1949.

Pan Am was replaced when BOAC acquired 49% of MEA's shares in 1955.  It  merged with Air Liban on 7 June 1963 and took over Lebanese International Airways.

On September 7, 2006, Israel ended its 8-week long air blockade on Lebanon. A Middle East Airlines plane from Paris flew to the Rafik Hariri International Airport at 6:06 p.m. Lebanese time (3:03 p.m. GMT). MEA resumed its normal flight timetable on September 11, 2006. The MEA has a large assortment of airplanes including the a321neo as its newest plane.

## Destinations

Middle East Airlines flies its planes to these countries and their cities (since June 2006):

### Africa

- Côte d'Ivoire
    - Abidjan
- Egypt
    - Cairo
    - Sharm el Sheikh (sometimes)
- Ghana
    - Accra
- Nigeria
    - Kano
    - Lagos
- Niger

### Asia

- Jordan
    - Amman
- Kuwait
    - Kuwait City
- Qatar
    - Doha
- Saudi Arabia
    - Dammam
    - Jeddah
    - Riyadh
- United Arab Emirates
    - Abu Dhabi
    - Dubai

### Europe

- Cyprus
    - Larnaca
- Denmark
    - Copenhagen (sometimes)
- France
    - Nice (sometimes)
    - Paris
- Germany
    - Düsseldorf (sometimes)
    - Frankfurt am Main
- Greece
    - Athens
- Italy
    - Milan
    - Rome
- Switzerland
    - Geneva
- Turkey
    - Istanbul
- United Kingdom
    - London

## Infobox (airline)

- **airline**: Middle East Airlines – Air Liban S.A.L.

- **iata**: ME
- **icao**: MEA
- **callsign**: CEDAR JET
- **aoc**: MEA-A001
- **hubs**: Beirut–Rafic Hariri International Airport
- **frequent flyer**: Cedar Miles
- **alliance**: SkyTeam
- **fleet size**: 24 aircraft (22 commercial airliners + 2 private jets)
- **destinations**: 33
- **parent**: Banque du Liban
- **headquarters**: Beirut, Lebanon
- **key people**: Mohammad El Hout (chairman & director general)
- **profit**: US$-45,000,000 (2021)
- **num employees**: 5000+ (MEA, MEAG, MEAS, LBACC, MASCO) (2023)
Blackmail

**Blackmail** means threatening to say something bad about someone unless that person pays some money.

If someone has committed a crime, another person might blackmail them. The blackmailer might, for example, say that if the criminal does not give them a large amount of money, they will tell the police.

A blackmailer may threaten to say something embarrassing that someone unless they hand over a sum of money. For example, it maybe something about an intimac<nowiki/>y that they are having that they do not want everyone to know about.

Sometimes, a business may blackmail another business. They might threaten to harm that business in some way unless money is paid.

Blackmail is against the law. People who are caught blackmailing may be sent to jail.

## History

Blackmail started on the borders of England and Scotland. Blackmail was the money left out by landowners in England so that raiders from Scotland did not steal their animals or damage the property.

## Related pages

- Bribery
Bribery

**Bribery** means offering something (such as money) to a person in return for some favour that is bad in some way.

A **bribe** is the money that is offered, and the verb is **to bribe**.  **Active bribery** is offering payment and asking for favour, and **passive bribery** is asking for payment and offering favour.  It is still called bribery if the trade is never done.

It is sometimes difficult to decide whether something is a bribe or just a reward. If a father pays his son for washing the car, that is just a reward or payment. However, if a parent pays a child for eating up its dinner, that might be thought of as a bribe because most people would think that is not right.

Bribery can be a crime in more serious cases, such as when a person offers money to hide their own wrongdoing. If a motorist is caught speeding by a policeman and offers the policeman money or a bottle of vodka to persuade him not to report him, that is bribery. If people want to take something into a country that is forbidden (or that would be taxed), they might offer the customs officer a bribe to persuade him to let them through. Some corrupt people will not do their jobs at all (like delivering a package) unless they get a bribe on top of their normal pay.

Those examples are clearly illegal (against the law) and are rare in many countries, but bribery is quite common in business in many parts of the world, where it is difficult to get anything done without offering bribes. Giving business people presents in the hope that they will want to do business may at times seem just like good manners, but in some cases, it may seem more like bribery.

People who are found to be taking bribes can sometimes lose their jobs. In some cases like the case of the motorist, both parties become criminals.

## Related pages

- Blackmail
Rubella

**Rubella** (also known as **German measles**) is a disease caused by the ***Rubella virus***.

It is often mild and an attack can pass unnoticed. However, this can make the virus very difficult to diagnose.

The disease can last 1–5 days. Children recover more quickly than adults.

The virus usually enters the body through the nose or throat. Like most viruses living along the respiratory tract, it is passed from person to person by tiny droplets in the air that are breathed out.

Rubella can also be transmitted from a mother to her developing baby (fetus) through the placenta.  This can be very dangerous to the fetus, especially if the mother gets rubella early on in her pregnancy.  Rubella can cause deafness, heart problems, intellectual disability, and many other problems in developing fetuses.

The virus has an incubation period of 2 to 3 weeks during which it becomes established. Common symptoms are a red/pink rash, swollen lymph nodes, and a high fever.

The disease is named _German measles_ because it has a similar red rash to measles and was first described in detail by German doctors.

## Eliminated in North and South America

On April 29, 2015, it was announced that rubella has been eliminated in North American and South America. A scientific group of experts said it took 15 years of work for this to happen. Among the groups are: Pan American Health Organization, United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, UNICEF, and the United Nations Foundation.
Hobsonville

**Hobsonville** is a suburb of Auckland, New Zealand. It is on the Western shores of the Waitemata Harbour in Waitakere City.
Papatoetoe

<div style="float: right; margin-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 1ex; width: 210px;">

|Suburb:|**Papatoetoe**|
| --- | --- |
|City:|Manukau|
|Island:|North Island|
|Surrounded by  - to the north  - to the east  - to the south  - to the west|Middlemore Otara Puhinui Mangere East|
</div>

**Papatoetoe** is a suburb of Auckland, New Zealand. It is in South Auckland, in the Manukau District.

## Other websites

- http://www.papatoetoe.org.nz
Bognor Regis Town F.C.

**Bognor Regis Town F.C.** is a football club in England. They started in 1883 and have managed to enter the 2nd Round of the FA Cup 4 times in their history. At the moment they are playing in the Conference South, which is the 6th level of English Football. Their ground is called Nyewood Lane and their pitch is thought to be one of the best in non-league football.

In the 2005/2006 season they finished 12th in the Conference South division, with an average match attendance of 338 people.
Humour

**Humour** or **humor**  () is the way that some experiences can make people laugh or feel happy. Most people are able to be amused (laugh or smile at something funny) and have a **sense of humor**. People can use puns with words that sound similar but have different meanings, or a word that has two meanings. Other examples of humor are satire, saying yes or no when it is not expected, and using different kinds of logic. People of different ages and cultures can find different things humorous. For example, adults may like satire, which children could find hard to understand. A comedian is someone who is paid to make people laugh.
Humor is describing things in a funny way, having the ability to make the jokes.

## Related pages

- Comedy
- Joke
Anthony Kiedis

**Anthony Kiedis** (born November 1, 1962 in Grand Rapids, Michigan) is an American singer. He is the lead singer of the rock band the Red Hot Chili Peppers. He was put in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2012.

He has been in the band since it started in 1983. He is known for his fast rapping, but in more recent albums he has also started singing. Kiedis is a popular rock singer, but he had many problems singing until the band made _Californication_ (1999). This is when he felt that he could control his voice well. His singing ability has greatly improved over the years. He is known for his on stage charisma. He released a memoir book called _Scar Tissue_ in 2004. It sold many copies around the world. Kiedis has had many drug problems. He has been clean since December 24, 2000. Kiedis was with Heather Christie who is also the mother to his son Everly Bear Kiedis. He lives with his son in Malibu, California.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Anthony Kiedis
- **image**: Anthony Kiedis at Prudential Center.jpg
- **caption**: Kiedis in 2012
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Anthony Kiedis
- **birth place**: Grand Rapids, Michigan
- **genre**: Rock
- **instrument**: Vocals
- **years active**: 1983–present
- **label**: Warner Bios
- **associated acts**: Red Hot Chili Peppers
Treviso

**Treviso** is a _comune_ and city in the Veneto region, in Northeast Italy. Treviso is the capital of the province of the same name. The city is about  north of Venice, the capital of the region.

## Geography

Treviso is at the confluence of the _Botteniga_ and _Sile_ rivers,  north of Venice,  east of Vicenza,  north-east of Padua, and  south of Cortina d'Ampezzo.

The city is at about  southwest the right bank of the Piave river, on the plain between the Gulf of Venice (Adriatic Sea) and the Alps.

The _comune_ of Treviso has an area of  and its altitude is .

Treviso borders with the following _comuni_ː Carbonera, Casier, Paese, Ponzano Veneto, Preganziol, Quinto di Treviso, Silea, Villorba, Zero Branco.

### Climate

The climate of Treviso is an oceanic climate with template summers, **Cfb** (Marine West Coast Climate) in the Köppen climate classification.

The average temperature for the year in Treviso is . The warmest month, on average, is July with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of .

The average amount of precipitation for the year in Treviso is . The month with the most precipitation on average is June with  of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is February with an average of .

<div style="width:50%">

</div>

## Population

, there are 83,731 persons living in the _comune_, for a population density of  inhabitants/km².

**Evolution of the population in Treviso**

## Twinned towns

Treviso is twinned with:
- Orléans, France
- Timișoara, Romania
- Sarasota, Florida, United States
- Caen, France
- Curitiba, Brazil
- Neuquén, Argentina

## Other websites

- Treviso official website

## Infobox (italian comune)

- **name**: Treviso
- **official name**: Città di Treviso
- **image skyline**: Piazza dei Signori e Palazzo dei Trecento.jpg
- **image alt**: Piazza dei Signori
- **image caption**: _Piazza dei Signori_.
- **image shield**: Treviso-Stemma.svg
- **image map**: Map of comune of Treviso (province of Treviso, region Veneto, Italy).svg
- **map alt**: Treviso in the province
- **map caption**: The _comune_ Treviso, in red, in the province.
- **region**: Veneto
- **province**: Province of Treviso, Treviso (TV)
- **mayor**: Giovanni Manildo
- **area total km2**: 55.58
- **population total**: 83731
- **population as of**: 1 January 2016
- **population demonym**: Trevigiani or Trevisani
- **elevation m**: 15
- **elevation min m**: 6
- **elevation max m**: 31
- **saint**: St. Liberalis
- **day**: 27 April
- **postal code**: 31100
- **area code**: 0422
Tony Hoare

Sir **Charles Antony Richard Hoare** (**Tony Hoare** or **C. A. R. Hoare**, born 11 January 1934) is an English computer scientist. He is probably best known for the development of Quicksort. Quicksort is the world's most widely used sorting algorithm. He also developed Hoare logic. Hoare received the Turing Award in 1980 "for his fundamental contributions to the definition and design of programming languages".

## Life

Hoare was born in Colombo, in Sri Lanka. He got his Bachelor's degree in Classics from the University of Oxford in 1956. He stayed in Oxford for one more year to study graduate-level statistics.

From 1956 to 1958, he served in the Royal Navy. He then studied computer translation of human languages at _Moscow State University_ in the Soviet Union in the school of Andrey Nikolayevich Kolmogorov.

In 1989 he was elected a member of the Academia Europaea.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Tony Hoare
- **birth name**: Charles Antony Richard Hoare
- **image**: CAR Hoare.jpg
- **caption**: Tony Hoare at the 2005 VMCAI conference
Flea (musician)

**Flea** (**Michael Peter Balzary**) is an Australian-American bassist. He was born on October 16, 1962, in the city of Melbourne, Australia. He plays in the rock band Red Hot Chili Peppers. He has been with the band since its beginning in 1983 along with vocalist Anthony Kiedis. He is also known onstage for wearing weird costumes that largely appeal to the audience.

Flea is known for his unique bass style. He uses a wide range of bass guitar techniques, mainly popping and slapping and changing the speed of his tempo during songs and his quick improvisation. Flea is also a skilled trumpet player. Flea was responsible for getting John Frusciante back into Red Hot Chili Peppers.

In September 2009, it was announced that Flea would be playing with Radiohead frontman Thom Yorke, to perform some of Yorke's material.

Flea is generally regarded by the public as the greatest rock bassist of all time, among similar artists such as Les Claypool and Victor Wooten.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Flea
- **img**: 2016 Red Hot Chili Peppers - Michael Flea Balzary (cropped).jpg
- **img capt**: Flea performing with Red Hot Chili Peppers in 2016
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Michael Peter Balzary
- **birth place**: Burwood, Victoria, Burwood, Melbourne, Australia
- **instrument**: Bass guitar, trumpet, guitar, keyboard instrument, keyboards, singing, vocals
- **genre**: Funk rock, experimental rock, punk rock, alternative rock, hardcore punk, jazz, psychedelia
- **occupation**: Musician, actor
- **years active**: 1982–present
- **label**: Warner Bros. Records, EMI
- **associated acts**: Red Hot Chili Peppers, Rocketjuice and The Moon, Atoms for Peace (band), Atoms for Peace, Fear (band), Fear, Jane's Addiction, John Frusciante, What Is This?, **P (band), P**, The Mars Volta, River Phoenix
Andrey Kolmogorov

**Andrey Nikolaevich Kolmogorov** (, 25 April 1903 – 20 October 1987) was a Soviet mathematician and computer scientist. He made major advances in the fields of probability theory and topology. Born in a Russian family in Tambov, he worked early in his career on intuitionistic logic, and Fourier series. He also worked on turbulence, classical mechanics, and information theory; and was a founder of algorithmic complexity theory which is often referred to as simply Kolmogorov complexity theory.

Kolmogorov worked at Moscow State University. He studied under Nikolai Luzin, earning his Ph.D. in 1929. In 1931 he became professor at this university. In 1939 he received the title of academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences. He died in Moscow.
Chad Smith

**Chad Smith** (born October 25, 1961 in Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States) is a drummer in the rock band Red Hot Chili Peppers. He joined the band in 1988 with John Frusciante when guitarist Hillel Slovak died of a heroin drug overdose, and Jack Irons left because of his friend dying. Chad has stayed in the band since then, playing the drums for every single album up to today.

## Discography

**With Red Hot Chili Peppers**
- _Mother's Milk_ (1989)
- _Blood Sugar Sex Magik_ (1991)
- _One Hot Minute_ (1995)
- _Californication_ (1999)
- _By the Way_ (2002)
- _Stadium Acradium_ (2006)
- _I'm With You_ (2011)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Chad Smith
- **image**: Chadsmithclinic.jpg
- **background**: non_vocal_instrumentalist
- **birth place**: Saint Paul, Minnesota
- **instrument**: Drums
- **years active**: 1980–present
- **associated acts**: Red Hot Chili Peppers
Hillel Slovak

**Hillel Slovak** (April 13, 1962 – June 25, 1988) was an Israeli-American musician. Slovak was the guitarist for the rock band Red Hot Chili Peppers. He was born in Haifa, Israel. His family moved to California in 1967. He was a close friend of singer Anthony Kiedis during high school, and in 1983, they decided to make a band. The band was called "Tony Flow and the Majestic Masters of Mayhem". They played a show, but never took the band seriously. In 1984 he left the Red Hot Chili Peppers to play in his other band "What Is This". He rejoined in 1985 to record "Freaky Styley" and "The Uplift Mofo Party Plan" in 1987. He died in 1988 from a fatal drug overdose.
Jack Irons

**Jack Irons** (born 18 July 1962 in Los Angeles, California) was the drummer for the rock band Red Hot Chili Peppers. He was in the original band when they formed in 1983. He left Red Hot Chili Peppers to play in his other band What Is This? with his friend Hillel Slovak. He came back to the band in 1986 to record _The Uplift Mofo Party Plan_. In 1987, Hillel Slovak, the guitarist, died of a drug overdose. He quit the band because of this. Jack Irons has also played in many other bands, most notably Pearl Jam.
Dave Navarro

**David Michael Navarro** (born June 7, 1967 in Santa Monica, California), better known as **Dave Navarro**) is an American guitarist. He played in many different bands, most notably Jane's Addiction and Red Hot Chili Peppers. With the Red Hot Chili Peppers, they recorded _One Hot Minute_ in 1995. Also, he was married to Carmen Electra from 2003 to 2006. He was in Red Hot Chili Peppers from 1993 until 1998.
Charles Babbage

**Sir Charles Babbage** (26 December 1791 – 18 October 1871) was an English mathematician, analytical philosopher, mechanical engineer and computer scientist. He was the first person to invent the idea of a computer that could be programmed. Unfinished parts of his mechanisms are on display in the London Science Museum.

Charles Babbage was born in England, at 44 Crosby Row, Walworth Road, London. Babbage's father, Benjamin Babbage, was a banker in London who owned the Bitton Estate in Teignmouth. His mother was Betsy Plumleigh Babbage. In 1808, the Babbage family moved into the old Rowdens house in East Teignmouth.

His Brain is also on display in the Science Museum in London.

## Works

Babbage worked and wrote on many ideas of science, engineering and mathematics, but he is most famous for two machines he started and never finished. His Difference Engine would have been a much better calculator than any made before then. His Analytical Engine would have been the first real computer.

Knowing that there were many errors in the calculation of mathematical tables, Babbage wanted to find a way to calculate them mechanically, removing errors made by humans. Three different factors seem to have influenced him: a dislike of untidiness; his experience working on logarithmic tables and differential calculus; and work on calculating machines already done by Wilhelm Schickard, Blaise Pascal, and Gottfried Leibniz. He first talked about the principles of a calculating engine in a letter to Sir Humphrey Davy in 1822.

Babbage's engines were among the first mechanical computers. His engines were not actually completed because he did not have enough money. Babbage realized that a machine could do the work better and more reliably than a human being. Babbage controlled building of some steam-powered machines that more or less did their job; calculations could be mechanized to an extent. Although Babbage's machines were large machines they were organized in a way similar to modern computer architecture. The data and program memory were separated, operation was instruction based, control unit could make conditional jumps and the machine had a separate I/O unit. Ada Lovelace studied how to program them.

## Related pages

- Analogue computer

## Other websites

- Charles Babbage -Citizendium

## Infobox (scientist)

- **honorific prefix**: Sir
- **name**: Charles Babbage
- **image**: CharlesBabbage.jpg
- **caption**: Charles Babbage
- **birth place**: London (likely Southwark)
- **death place**: Marylebone, London, UK
- **nationality**: English
- **citizenship**: British
- **field**: Mathematics, engineering, political economy, computer science
- **work institutions**: Trinity College, Cambridge
- **alma mater**: Peterhouse, Cambridge
- **known for**: Difference engine
- **signature**: Charles Babbage Signature.svg
Ticket (admission)

A **ticket** is a piece of printed paper that gives you the right to enter somewhere or do something. Tickets are often used as proof that you have paid for public transport, theaters, cinemas or sporting events. Tickets often display printed information like serial number, barcode, price, expiry date, seat number and class of ticket.

Sometimes, you have to take a ticket, such as at the start of a toll road, to help calculate how much you should pay the at end of your journey. Some tickets are becoming electronic barcodes, and are displayed on a screen instead of paper.
Bergamo

**Bergamo** is a city in northern Italy. It is in the Lombardy Region, with a population of 120 thousand inhabitants.

Bergamo is surrounded by hills an has a citadel in its center.
Brescia

**Brescia** is a city in northern Italy. Brescia is in the Lombardy Region. It has 192,165 people.
Como

**Como** is a city in northern Italy. Como is in the Lombardy Region. 83,016 people live there.
Cremona

**Cremona** is a city in northern Italy. Cremona is in the Lombardy Region with a population of 71,533 inhabitants. It is in the Po Valley on the North side of the Po River.

## History

In the year 218 BCE, Romans founded the city. Before that, it was a village of the Gauls.
Lecco

**Lecco** is a city in northern Italy in the Lombardy Region. It has with 46,477 inhabitants. Lecco borders Lake Como.
Lodi

**Lodi** (; Lombard: _Lòd_) is a city in northern Italy. Lodi is in the Lombardy Region with a population of 43,488 people (as of 2008). The people who live in Lodi are called Lodigiani. Lodi is famous for a cake called Tortionata.

Lodi was built after the destruction of the ancient roman city of Laus Pompeia during the war with Milan.

The construction of the new city was aided by the German emperor Frederick I Barbarossa.

## Sister Cities

- Constance, Germany
- Lodi, California, United States
- Omegna, Italy.
- Fontainebleau, France.

## References

- Mario-Giuseppe Genesi, Gli Organi Storici del Lodigiano, Piacenza, L.I.R. Editrice, 2017, pp. 720.

## Infobox (italian comune)

- **name**: Lodi
- **official name**: Comune di Lodi
- **image skyline**: Piazza duomo lodi.jpg
- **image caption**: Piazza della Vittoria
- **image flag**: Flag of Lodi.svg
- **image shield**: Lodi-Stemma.png
- **image map**: Map - IT - Lodi - Lodi.png
- **province**: (LO)
- **frazioni**: Fontana, Olmo, Riolo, San Grato
- **mayor party**: Lega Nord
- **mayor**: Sara Casanova
- **area total km2**: 41
- **population total**: 43325
- **population as of**: 30 November 2012
- **population demonym**: Lodigiani or Laudensi
- **elevation m**: 87
- **saint**: St. Bassianus
- **day**: 19 January
- **postal code**: 26900
- **area code**: 0371
Mantua

**Mantova** (or **Mantua**) is a city in northern Italy. Mantova is in the Lombardy Region. It has a population of 48,103 people. The Etruscans founded the city, Today, Mantua is one of the biggest markets for agricultural products in northern Italy. Vergil was born in a small village near Mantua.

Mantua was named "Capital of the Italian culture 2016".

## Twin cities

- Azuchi, Japan, 2005
- Madison, United States, 2001
- Weingarten, Germany, 1998
- Pushkin, Russia, 1993
- Charleville-Mézières, France, 1963

- Nevers, France, 1963
- Hyderabad, India
- Oradea, Romania
- Vitória, Brazil
Sondrio

**Sondrio** is a city in northern Italy. Sondrio is in the Lombardy Region with a population of 21,790 inhabitants.
Varese

**Varese** is a city in northern Italy.  Varese is in the Lombardy Region with a population of 96,917 inhabitants.

## Infobox (italian comune)

- **name**: Varese
- **official name**: Comune di Varese
- **image skyline**: Varese vista aerea.jpg
- **image caption**: Varese views from Campo dei Fiori (Varese), Campo dei Fiori
- **image flag**: Flag of Varese.svg
- **image shield**: Varese-Stemma.svg
- **image map**: Map of comune of Varese (province of Varese, region Lombardy, Italy).svg
- **map caption**: Location in his province
- **mapsize**: 150px
- **region**: Lombardy
- **province**: province of Varese, Varese (VA)
- **mayor**: Davide Galimberti
- **mayor party**: Democratic Party (Italy), PD
- **area total km2**: 54
- **elevation m**: 382
- **population total**: 96917
- **population as of**: December 31, 2004
- **population demonym**: Varesini
- **postal code**: 21100
- **area code**: 0332
- **istat**: 012133
- **saint**: Victor Maurus
- **day**: 8 May
- **website**: [https://www.comune.varese.it www.comune.varese.it]
Terni

**Terni** () is a _comune_ and city in the Umbria region, in central Italy. Terni is the capital of the province of Terni. It is one of the most important industrial towns of Umbria.

The **University of Perugia** () is a university based in Perugia that offers its main courses in Perugia and Terni.

## Geography

The _comune_ of Terni is in the valley of the Nera river; it has an area of  and its altitude is .

Terni borders with the  _comuni_ Stroncone, San Gemini, Montefranco (a small part), Arrone, Narni, Montecastrilli (a very small part), Acquasparta, Spoleto (Province of Perugia) and two _comuni_ of the province Rieti in the Lazio regionː Rieti and Labro.

### _Frazioni_

The following _frazioni_ (hamlets) are part of Terniː Acquapalombo, Appecano, Battiferro, Cecalocco, Cesi, Collegiacone, Collescipoli, Collestatte, Giuncano Alto, Giuncano Scalo, Marmore, Miranda, Papigno, Piediluco, Poggio Lavarino, Polenaco, Porzano, Pracchia, Rocca San Zenone, San Carlo, San Liberatore, Titurano, Torreorsina.

## Population

, there are 112,133 persons (52,703 males and 59,430 females) living in the _comune_, for a population density of  inhabitants/km².

## People from Terni

- Saint Valentine, bishop and martyred saint

## Twinned and partner towns

Terni is twinned with:
- Cartagena, Spain
- Saint-Ouen, France
- Prague 8, Czech Republic
- Dunaújváros, Hungary

Terni is also partner withː
- Kobe, Japan
- Aousserd, Western Sahara

## Related pages

- List of comuni of the Province of Terni

## Other websites

- Terni official website

## Infobox (italian comune)

- **name**: Terni
- **official name**: Comune di Terni
- **image skyline**: Terni panorama visto da sant erasmo di cesi.jpg
- **image alt**: Landscape of Terni
- **image caption**: Landscape of Terni
- **image flag**: Flag of Terni (City).svg
- **image shield**: Terni-Stemma.svg
- **image map**: Map of comune of Terni (province of Terni, region Umbria, Italy).svg
- **map alt**: Terni in the province
- **map caption**: The _comune_ Terni, in red, in its province
- **region**: Umbria
- **province**: Province of Terni, Terni (TR)
- **frazioni**: see #Frazioni, list
- **mayor**: Leopoldo Di Girolamo
- **area total km2**: 212.43
- **population total**: 112133
- **population as of**: 31 December 2015
- **population demonym**: Ternani
- **elevation m**: 130
- **elevation min m**: 102
- **elevation max m**: 1120
- **saint**: Saint Valentine
- **day**: Valentine's Day, 14 February
- **postal code**: 05100
- **area code**: 0744
Truman Capote

**Truman Garcia Capote** (born Truman Streckfus Persons, September 30, 1924 – August 25, 1984) was an American author. He was born in New Orleans, Louisiana and grew up in Monroeville, Alabama, New York City and Greenwich, Connecticut. He is best known for writing the half-true novel, _In Cold Blood_. The novel is based on a murder that happened in Kansas in the 1950s. He became good friends with the man accused of the murder.

Capote was openly gay. He died of liver cancer in Los Angeles, California, aged 59.

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Truman Capote
- **image**: Truman Capote by Jack Mitchell.jpg
- **caption**: Truman Capote, 1980
- **birth name**: Truman Streckfus Persons
- **birth place**: New Orleans, Louisiana, United States
- **death place**: Los Angeles, California, United States
- **resting place**: Westwood Memorial Park, Los Angeles
- **partner**: Jack Dunphy
- **occupation**: Artist, novelist, short story writer, screenwriter, playwright
- **movement**: Southern Gothic
- **period**: 1943–1984
- **notableworks**: _In Cold Blood_, _Breakfast at Tiffany's_ (novella)
- **signature**: Truman Capote signature.svg
The Second Coming (TV)

***The Second Coming*** was a television drama shown by ITV, starring Christopher Eccleston and Annabelle Apsion.

The story is about a man named Steve who goes away for 40 days and 40 nights (like Jesus). When he comes back he is convinced he is the Son of God but nobody believes him. He turns day into night and everyone believes him then. He has a message from God to find the "Third Message". He finds from his friend July that the Third Message is her writings and one of her writings demands that he die. When Steve dies, he does not go to Heaven as it is destroyed, along with God, Satan and Hell. This is so humanity can work things out for itself.
Eid festival

In Islam, **Eid** is the name of two Islamic festivals:
- Eid ul-Fitr, after fasting the month of Ramadan, on the first day of Shawwal.
- Eid ul-Adha, remembering Prophet Ibrahim's willingness to sacrifice his son to Allah, on the tenth day of Dhu al-Hijjah, for those not on pilgrimage.

The Eids are celebrated by Muslims all around the world.

## Other websites

- Are the two Eids pagan? Quranaloneislam.org
Alessandria

**Alessandria** is an Italian city in Piemonte. It has 94,280 people.
Asti

**Asti** () is an Italian city in Piemonte. It has 74,392 people living in it.

## Infobox (italian comune)

- **name**: Asti
- **official name**: Città di Asti
- **image skyline**: Asti Panoramica 3 1.jpg
- **image caption**: Panorama of Asti
- **image flag**: Asti bandiera.svg
- **image shield**: Coat of arms of Asti.svg
- **shield size**: 90px
- **region**: Piedmont
- **province**: Province of Asti, Asti (AT)
- **frazioni**: see Asti#Frazioni, list
- **mayor party**: Democratic Party (Italy), PD
- **mayor**: Fabrizio Brignolo
- **area total km2**: 151.82
- **population total**: 75793
- **population as of**: 30 April 2009
- **population demonym**: Astigiani
- **elevation m**: 123
- **saint**: Saint Secundus of Asti
- **day**: First Tuesday of May
- **postal code**: 14100
- **area code**: 0141
Biella

**Biella** () is an Italian city in Piemonte. It has 45,822 people.

A.S.D. Junior Biellese Libertas is the football club of the town.

## Infobox (italian comune)

- **name**: Biella
- **official name**: Comune di Biella
- **image skyline**: Battistero Biella-1.jpg
- **image caption**: Baptistery of Biella
- **image shield**: Biella-Stemma.svg
- **region**: Piedmont
- **province**: Province of Biella, Biella (BI)
- **frazioni**: Barazzetto, Chiavazza, Colma, Cossila San Giovanni, Cossila San Grato, Favaro, Oropa, Pavignano, Vaglio, Vandorno
- **mayor party**: Lega Nord, LN
- **mayor**: Claudio Corradino
- **area total km2**: 46.68
- **population total**: 44,324
- **population as of**: 31-12-2017
- **population demonym**: Biellese(i)
- **elevation m**: 420
- **saint**: St. Stephen
- **day**: December 26
- **postal code**: 13900
- **area code**: 015
Cuneo

**Cuneo** is an Italian city in Piemonte. It has 54,992 people.
Novara

**Novara** () is an Italian city in Piemonte. There are 102,630 people living there.

## Infobox (italian comune)

- **official name**: Comune di Novara
- **image flag**: Flag of Novara.svg
- **image shield**: Novara-Stemma.svg
- **region**: Piedmont
- **province**: Province of Novara, Novara (NO)
- **elevation m**: 162
- **name**: Novara
- **area total km2**: 103
- **image skyline**: Novara PiazzaGramsci.jpg
- **image caption**: Piazza Gramsci in Novara.
- **population as of**: December 2007
- **population total**: 102862
- **frazioni**: Lumellogno, Olengo, Pernate, Torrion Quartara, Agognate, Casalgiate, Cascina Montà, Cascina Roggia Mora, Gionzana, Pagliate
- **area code**: 0321
- **postal code**: 28100
- **population demonym**: Novaresi
- **saint**: Saint Gaudentius, San Gaudenzio
- **day**: January 22
- **website**: [http://www.comune.novara.it/ www.comune.novara.it]
Vercelli

**Vercelli** () is an Italian city in Piemonte. About 46,000 people live there.
Lake Tahoe

**Lake Tahoe** or **Tahoe** is a fresh water lake in the Sierra Nevada. It is on the borders of the states of California and Nevada, in the United States of America.

Lake Tahoe is one of the deepest (1645 feet/501 m), largest (192 sq. mi./497 km²), and highest elevation (6229 feet/1898 m) lakes in the United States. Of the lakes in the United States, only Oregon's Crater Lake is deeper at 1930 feet (588 m).

Some visitors experience altitude sickness, because there is less oxygen in the air at higher altitudes. To fight this, experts recommend avoiding heavy exercise or drinking alcohol until the body adjusts to the lower oxygen level.
Dull, Perth and Kinross

- _"Dull" redirects here. For information on the word _dull_, please see dull._
**Dull** is a village located in the county of Perth & Kinross in Scotland.  It is in the Highland part of the county. There is only one street of houses in Dull, on the north side of the valley of the River Tay.  The place-name means 'meadow' in Gaelic.  The parish church, unused since the 1970s, is on the site of an early Christian monastery founded by St. Adomnán, Abbot of Iona.
Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde

***Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde*** is a book by Robert Louis Stevenson. It was published in 1886. The book has been adapted to movies, comic books, and other media.

## Story

Dr Henry Jekyll is a respected doctor. He believes that man has both good and evil sides. He creates a serum of a special drug. It is supposed to separate the two different sides. He tests it on himself. The experiment succeeds all too well. Dr Jekyll changes into his evil self, Edward Hyde. Hyde commits horrible crimes in London, and changes back into Dr Jekyll. Eventually, Jekyll turns into Hyde without wishing to, resulting in Jekyll committing suicide.

## Themes

The novel is based on the Victorian English idea of pretending to be someone else, and acting a different way around other people to look more respectable. This is shown by Jekyll changing into Hyde. It is also a variation on the theme of "scientist meddling with nature comes to grief".

## Infobox (book)

- **name**: Strange Case of Dr Jekyll
and Mr Hyde
- **image**: Jekyll and Hyde Title.jpg
- **caption**: Title page of the first London edition (1886)
- **author**: Bob Louis Stevenson
- **language**: English
- **genre**: Horror
Thriller
- **release date**: 5 January 1886
- **media type**: Print
Hafez al-Assad

**Hafez al-Assad** (; 6 October 1930 – 10 June 2000) served as the 18th president of Syria from 1971 until his death of a heart attack in 2000. He was also the general of Syrian Air Force from 1955 - 1972. He was born in Qardaha and died in Damascus. He had four sons and a daughter. His eldest son Bassel al-Assad died in 1994. He was succeeded as president by his second-oldest son Bashar al-Assad (born 1965).

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **honorific-prefix**: His Excellency
- **name**: Hafez al-Assad
- **native name**: حَافِظ ٱلْأَسَد
- **native name lang**: ar
- **image**: Hafez al-Assad official portrait.jpg
- **caption**: Official Portrait, 1987
- **order**: 18th
- **office**: President of Syria
- **term start**: 12 March 1971
- **term end**: 10 June 2000
- **vicepresident**: Mahmoud al-Ayyubi
Rifaat al-Assad
Abdul Halim Khaddam
- **signature**: Signature of Hafez al-Assad.svg
- **primeminister**: _Himself_
Abdul Rahman Khleifawi
Mahmoud al-Ayyubi
Abdul Rahman Khleifawi
Muhammad Ali al-Halabi
Abdul Rauf al-Kasm
Mahmoud Zuabi
Muhammad Mustafa Mero
- **predecessor**: Ahmad al-Khatib
- **successor**: Abdul Halim Khaddam
- **office2**: Prime Minister of Syria
- **term start2**: 21 November 1970
- **term end2**: 3 April 1971
- **president2**: Ahmad al-Khatib
_Himself_
- **predecessor2**: Nureddin al-Atassi
- **successor2**: Abdul Rahman Khleifawi
- **office3**: Regional Secretary of the Regional Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region, Regional Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region, Syrian Regional Branch
- **deputy3**: Mohamad Jaber Bajbouj
Zuhair Masharqa
Sulayman Qaddah
- **term start3**: 18 November 1970
- **term end3**: 10 June 2000
- **predecessor3**: Nureddin al-Atassi
- **successor3**: Bashar al-Assad
- **birth place**: Qardaha, Alawite State, French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon
- **death place**: Damascus, Syria
- **restingplace**: Qardaha, Syria
- **party**: Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction), Ba'ath Party (Syrian faction)
- **otherparty**: Arab Ba'ath Party Ba'ath Party
- **spouse**: Anisa Makhlouf
- **relations**: Jamil al-Assad, Jamil, Rifaat al-Assad, Rifaat (brothers)
- **children**: Bushra al-Assad, Bushra, Bassel al-Assad, Bassel, Bashar al-Assad, Bashar, Majd al-Assad, Majd, Maher al-Assad, Maher
- **parents**: Ali Sulayman al-Assad
Na'sa al-Assad
- **alma mater**: Homs Military Academy