juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Red Bull Arena (Leipzig)

The **Red Bull Arena** is a football stadium in Leipzig, Germany. It is the homeground of RB Leipzig.

## History

The Zentralstadion was built between 1954 and 1956. 100,000 visitors could enter the stadium. It was used for the sport festivals of the GDR, GDR football team matches, and other sports. The largest number of visitors was during a football match between SC Wismut Karl-Marx-Stadt and FC Kaiserslautern when 110,000 people entered.

It was renovated between 2000 and 2004. The renovation reduced the number of visitors that can enter the stadium. The first match in the new stadium was FC Sachsen Leipzig – Borussia Dortmund (Amateure) in front of 28,000 visitors. Now it is only used for football matches and concerts.

In 2010, Red Bull bought the right to name the stadium for 30 years. It is now called "Red Bull Arena" and became the homeground of RB Leipzig, which is owned by Red Bull.

## 2005 FIFA Confederations Cup and FIFA World Cup 2006

The stadium was venue for the 2005 FIFA Confederations Cup and FIFA World Cup 2006.

### Confederation Cup 2005

- Australia-Tunesia 44,337 visitors
- Brazil - Greece 42,507 visitors

### World Cup 2006

<div style="clear: both"></div>
|Date|Time (CEST)|Team #1|Result|Team #2|Round|Attendance|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|11 June 2006|15:00|Serbia and Montenegro|0–1|Netherlands|Group C|37,216|
|14 June 2006|15:00|Spain|4–0|Ukraine|Group H|43,000|
|18 June 2006|21:00|France|1–1|Korea Republic|Group G|43,000|
|21 June 2006|16:00|Iran|1–1|Angola|Group D|38,000|
|24 June 2006|21:00|Argentina|2–1 <small>(AET)</small>|Mexico|Round of 16|43,000|

## Other websites

- erlebnis-stadion.de: History and renovation (German)
- wm-2006-leipzig.de: Pictures
- zentralstadion-le.de: Pictures

## Infobox (stadium)

- **stadium name**: Red Bull Arena
- **image**: Red Bull arena, Leipzig von oben Zentralstadion.jpg
- **location**: Leipzig, Saxony, Germany
- **built**: 1954 till 1956
- **opened**: Old stadium: 4 August 1956 new stadium: 17 November 2004
- **renovated**: December 2000 – March 2004
- **surface**: lawn
- **construction cost**: 90 mil.€
- **architect**: new:Wirth+Wirth, Glöckner Architekten, Körber, Barton, Fahle, IPL Ingenieurplanung Leichtbau GmbH, Zech Planungs GmbH Leipzig
- **former names**: Zentralstadion Leipzig (1956 till 2010)
- **tenants**: RB Leipzig, FC Sachsen Leipzig, 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig
- **seating capacity**: old:100 000 new: 44,345 (football) 50,000 (concert)
- **dimensions**: 105 × 68 m (344 × 223 ft)
- **scoreboard**: yes
Stolen base

In baseball, a **stolen base** is when a baserunner advances to the next base while the pitcher is throwing the ball to home plate.  In baseball statistics, stolen bases are displayed as **SB**. It is possible to steal second base, third base, or home plate, but not to steal first base.

If the defense does not try to put the baserunner out (for example, if the catcher does not even look his way), the play is called **defensive indifference** (also called **fielder's indifference**).  No stolen base is credited to the runner in this case.  Defensive indifference is usually only scored instead of a stolen base when the game is in a late inning and the team with the stealing baserunner is down by more than one run.  MLB Rule 10.07(g) defines defensive indifference.

## Strategy

A player who is good at stealing bases needs not just running speed, but also good base-running instincts, quickness, and split-second timing. The scoring and guidelines for awarding a stolen base to a runner are covered by rule 10.07 of the Major League Baseball rule book.

If a player is good at stealing bases, his manager may let him try to steal a base whenever he thinks he can. A player who is allowed to try to steal whenever he wants is said to have the "green light". Players who do not have the green light may only be allowed to steal when a coach or manager tells him to.

## Other websites

- Baseball-Almanac.com list of All-Time Career stolen bases leaders
Pasadena Star-News

The ***Pasadena Star-News*** is the local daily newspaper for Pasadena, California. The _Star-News_ is a member of the Los Angeles Newspaper Group, since 1996. It is also part of the San Gabriel Valley Newspaper Group, along with the _San Gabriel Valley Tribune_ and the _Whittier Daily News_.

Ridder Newspapers bought the _Star-News_ in 1956; Bernard J. Ridder took over as Publisher. Ridder merged with Knight to form Knight Ridder in 1974. The paper was sold in 1989 to a company owned by William Dean Singleton; the Thomson Corporation bought majority control of the paper a year later. Thomson sold the _Star-News_ to Singleton's MediaNews Group in 1996.

The Pasadena Star-News was first published in 1884. The paper was in a building at the corner of Colorado Blvd. and Oakland Avenue for years.  This building is now being used by Technique at Le Cordon Bleu College of Culinary Arts and 24 Hour Fitness.

The newspaper also published the _Rose Magazine_.

## Other websites

- Pasadena Star-News website

## Infobox (newspaper)

- **name**: Pasadena Star-News
- **type**: Daily newspaper
- **format**: Broadsheet
- **owners**: Los Angeles Newspaper Group
- **headquarters**: Pasadena, California
- **sister newspapers**: _Los Angeles Daily News_
_San Gabriel Valley Tribune_
_Whittier Daily News_
4319 Jackierobinson

**4319 Jackierobinson** (1981 ER14) is a main-belt asteroid discovered on March 1, 1981 by Schelte J. Bus at Siding Spring Observatory. It was found during the U.K. Schmidt-Caltech Asteroid Survey. It was named after Jackie Robinson, the first African-American major league baseball player of the modern era.

## Other websites

- JPL Small-Body Database Browser on 4319 Jackierobinson

## Infobox (planet)

- **minorplanet**: yes
- **bgcolour**: #FFFFC0
- **name**: Jackierobinson
- **discoverer**: Schelte J. Bus
- **discovery site**: Siding Spring Observatory
- **discovered**: March 1, 1981
- **mp name**: 4319
- **alt names**: 1981 ER14
- **named after**: Jackie Robinson
- **epoch**: May 14, 2008
- **aphelion**: 2.8609684
- **perihelion**: 1.8194878
- **eccentricity**: 0.2225169
- **period**: 1307.6325422
- **inclination**: 9.09728
- **asc node**: 325.18168
- **mean anomaly**: 111.54369
- **arg peri**: 340.06319
- **abs magnitude**: 13.8
Baseball-Reference.com

**Baseball-Reference.com** is a website that lists statistics for every player in Major League Baseball history. The site is often used by large media companies and baseball broadcasters as a source of information.

## History

The website came online in April 2000.  It had originally been published in February 2000 as part of the website for the _Big Bad Baseball Annual_. It was first built as a web version of the Lahman Baseball Database. Now it uses a variety of data sources. It has year-by-year team pages, a baseball encyclopedia (the Bullpen, powered by MediaWiki software, using the GFDL), box scores and game logs from every MLB game back to 1954 and minor league player stats back to 1900. The Oracle of Baseball can link any two players by common teammates. The Oracle of Baseball is based on the Oracle of Bacon website.

Its developer Sean Forman was a math professor at Saint Joseph's University before working for this project full-time.

In February 2009, Fantasy Sports Ventures bought part of Sports Reference, the parent company of Baseball-Reference, for a "low seven-figure sum". In reporting this purchase, journalist Eric Fisher wrote:> The Sports Reference sites combine to generate more than 1 million unique users per month, according to internal analytics. Company president and former college math professor Sean Forman has become something of a folk hero to baseball fans for the massive depth of data stretching to the 19th century and for the ease of navigation within Baseball-Reference.com.

## Other websites

- Baseball-Reference.com
- "The man behind the numbers: Former math professor creates statistics uber-site,"  _Sports Illustrated_ (February 6, 2007)

## Infobox (website)

- **name**: Baseball-Reference
- **logo size**: 250px
- **collapsetext**: Screenshot
- **type**: Baseball
- **owner**: Sports Reference
- **author**: Sean Forman
- **current status**: Active
Oreo

The **Oreo** is a cookie sandwich or cream biscuit. It is made by the Nabisco division of Mondelēz International. The cookie has a sweet, white filling of "creme" or "cream". The creme is in between two circle-shaped chocolate or golden cookie pieces.

Oreos come in many different flavours like chocolate, vanilla, red velvet, caramel coconut, chocolate marshmallow and many more.

The origin of the name "Oreo" is not known, but there are many ideas for why they are called that. It may have been named after a plant genus called Oreodaphne, but it could be named after the French word _or_ (which means gold in English) and it could be named after the Greek word  (), which means 'nice' or 'attractive'.

## Infobox (brand)

- **name**: Oreo
- **image**:
- **caption**: Oreo cookies
- **type**: Cookie
- **origin**: United States
- **introduced**: March 6, 1912
At bat

In baseball, an **at bat** (**AB**) or **time at bat** is used for certain statistics.  These statistics include batting average, on base percentage, and slugging percentage. It is a more narrow definition of a plate appearance. A batter starts with an at bat every time he faces a pitcher; however, the batter gets "no time at bat" in the following cases:
- He receives a base on balls (BB).
- He is hit by a pitch (HBP).
- He hits a sacrifice fly or a sacrifice hit (also known as sacrifice bunt).
- He is awarded first base due to interference or obstruction, usually by the catcher.
- The inning ends while he is still at bat (due to the third out being made by a runner caught stealing, for example). In this case, the batter will come to bat again in the next inning, though he now has no balls or strikes on him.
- He is replaced by another hitter before his at bat is completed (unless he is replaced with two strikes and his replacement strikes out).

Section 10.02.a.1 of the official rules of Major League Baseball defines an at bat as:
"Number of times batted, except that no time at bat shall be charged when a player: (1) hits a sacrifice bunt or sacrifice fly; (2) is awarded first base on four called balls; (3) is hit by a pitched ball; or (4) is awarded first base because of interference or obstruction..."

## Examples

An at bat is counted when:
- The batter reaches first base on a hit
- The batter reaches first base on an error
- The batter is called out for any reason other than as part of a sacrifice
- There is a fielder's choice
Battle of Finnburg

The **Battle of Finnburg** was a battle between the Frisians and the Danes.  It was mentioned in two early medieval writings, the Finnesburg Fragment and _Beowulf_. These may describe a real or a completelymythical event.

## Story

According to the Finnesburg Fragment, the Danish prince Hnaef came with sixty followers to visit and spent the winter at the Finnburg.  Finnburg was the fort of his brother-in-law Finn, king of the Frisians. There a fight started between the Frisians and the Danes.  A battle took place that lasted for three days. The verses of the story that were found (which is thought to be a small part of the original work) do not explain why the fight started, nor do they give the outcome of the battle.

In a passage of _Beowulf_, a bard sings a song about the ending of the battle, here named _Freswael_. This is the same story as in the Finnesburg Fragment.  While in less detail, the _Beowulf_ episode is complete. Here it is seen that the Frisians won the battle. The Danish prince Hnaef and Finn's son died in the battle. After the fighting, the parties make peace, and the new Danish leader _Hingest_ (who some have identified as Hengest) is allowed to leave with the surviving Danes.

## Sources

- Finnesburg Fragment
- Beowulf

## Infobox (military conflict)

- **conflict**: Battle of Finnburg
- **date**: ~ 400
- **place**: Finnburg
- **result**: Frisian victory
- **combatant1**: Frisians
- **combatant2**: Danish people, Danes
- **commander1**: Monarch, King Finn (Frisian), Finn
- **commander2**: Prince Hnaef †
Moose River Plains Wild Forest

The **Moose River Plains Wild Forest** is a  forest in Adirondack Park, which is in the Hamilton and Herkimer counties in the U.S. state of New York. It is designated a Wild Forest by the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation.
Caspar Wessel

**Caspar Wessel** (June 8, 1745 – March 25, 1818) was a Danish-Norwegian mathematician.

He was born in Jonsrud, Vestby, Akershus, Norway. In 1763, having completed secondary school, he went to Denmark for further studies (since Norway didn't have any university in 1763). In 1778 he got the degree of _candidatus juris_, which is one law degree. In 1794 he was hired as a surveyor; in 1798, a Royal inspector of Surveying.

As surveying is related to mathematics, he later studied the geometrical importance of complex numbers. His most important paper, _Om directionens analytiske betegning_, (_On the Analytical Representation of Direction_) was published in 1799 by the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters. Since it was in Danish, it was not noticed by many people. Later, Jean-Robert Argand and Carl Friedrich Gauss's paper showed the same results.

One of the more important, but missed ideas shown in Wessel's _Om directionens analytiske betegning_ was vectors. Wessel's main thing he wanted to show in the paper was not this, but he felt that the concept of numbers, with length and direction would be needed. Wessel's thoughts on addition was: "Two straight lines are added if we unite them in such a way that the second line begins where the first one ends and then pass a straight line from the first to the last point of the united lines. This line is the sum of the united lines". Today, the same idea is used when adding vectors.

His paper was printed in a French translation in 1899. It was released in English in 1999 as "_On the analytic representation of direction_" (ed. J. Lützen et al.).

Johan Herman Wessel, Wessel's brother was a famous person in Denmark-Norway.
Global Handwashing Day

**Global Handwashing Day** is a campaign to encourage people around the world to wash their hands with soap.  It takes place on October 15 of each year.  The campaign's goal is to raise awareness of handwashing with soap as a key way to prevent diseases with hygiene.

The holiday was made at the annual World Water Week 2008, which was held in Stockholm from August 17 to 23.  Out of this week came the Public Private Partnership for Handwashing (PPPHW). The Global Handwashing Day took place for the first time on October 15, 2008, the date appointed by United Nations General Assembly to go along with the year 2008 as the International Year of Sanitation.

The theme for Global Handwashing Day’s inaugural year was Focus on School Children. The members pledged to get the maximum number of school children handwashing with soap in more than seventy countries.

## Other websites

- Official site for Global Handwashing Day
- World Bank Sanitation Program
- UNICEF
Whittier Daily News

The ***Whittier Daily News*** is the local daily newspaper for Whittier, California. The _Daily News_ is a member of the Los Angeles Newspaper Group, a division of MediaNews Group. It is also part of the San Gabriel Valley Newspaper Group, along with the _San Gabriel Valley Tribune_ and the _Pasadena Star-News_.

Thomson Newspapers purchased the newspaper in 1982. Thomson sold the _Daily News_ to William Dean Singleton's MediaNews Group in 1996.

## Other websites

- Official website
- Mobile website
San Gabriel Valley Tribune

The ***San Gabriel Valley Tribune*** is the daily newspaper in West Covina, California.  It serves the San Gabriel Valley. The _Tribune_ is a member of the Los Angeles Newspaper Group, a division of MediaNews Group. It is also part of the San Gabriel Valley Newspaper Group, along with the _Pasadena Star-News_ and the _Whittier Daily News_.

The newspaper chain Brush-Moore bought the _Tribune_ in 1960.  Thomson Newspapers purchased Brush-Moore in 1967. Thomson sold the _Tribune_ to Singleton's MediaNews Group in 1996.

## Other websites

- Official website
District 9

***District 9*** is a 2009 science fiction thriller movie directed by Neill Blomkamp. It was written by Blomkamp and Terri Tatchell, and produced by Peter Jackson and Carolynne Cunningham. The movie stars Sharlto Copley, Jason Cope, and David James. The movie won the 2010 Saturn Award for Best International movie, which is awarded by the Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy & Horror Films, and was nominated for four Academy Awards in 2010, including Best Picture, Best Adapted Screenplay, Best Visual Effects, and Best Editing.

The plot is based on a 2005 short movie, _Alive in Joburg_, also directed by Blomkamp and produced by Sharlto Copley and Simon Hansen, pivots on the themes of racism, xenophobia, social segregation and forced migration. The title and plot of _District 9_ were based on real-life events that took happened in District Six, Cape Town during the apartheid era. The movie was produced for $30 million and shot on location in Chiawelo, Soweto, showing fictional interviews, new stories, and videos from surveillance cameras in a part-mock documentary style format. A viral marketing campaign began in 2008, at the San Diego Comic-Con, while the theatrical trailer appeared in July 2009. Released by TriStar Pictures, the movie opened to critical acclaim on August 14, 2009, in North America and made $37 million in its first weekend. Lots of people thought that the movie was a sleeper hit for its not very famous cast and modest-budget production, while having success and being popular while it was in theaters.

## References

**Notes**

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: District 9
- **director**: Neill Blomkamp
- **music**: Clinton Shorter
- **cinematography**: Trent Opaloch
- **editing**: Julian Clarke
- **distributor**: Sony Pictures Releasing
- **runtime**: 112 minutes
- **language**: English
Eyre Coote (British Army officer)

**Eyre Coote** (20 May 1762 – 10 December 1823) was a British soldier and politician who was born in Ireland.

He was known as General Sir Eyre Coote until 1816; GCB 1815 - 1816.

## Background

He was the second son of the Very Rev. Charles Coote (1713 - 12 February 1776), DD, Dean of Kilfenora.  After studying at Eton and Trinity College Dublin, Coote bought a commission in the 34th Regiment of Foot - of which his uncle was colonel - in 1774.

He was soon sent to  North America to fight in the Revolutionary War.  He fought in the Brooklyn in August 1776, as well as at Brandywine, Germantown and Monmouth Court House before finally being taken prisoner at the final Battle of Yorktown in 1781. Between 1790 and 1798, he represented Ballynakill in the Irish House of Commons. Then he sat for Maryborough until 1800.

He served in England and Ireland when they were threatened by French invasion and against the French on the Continent. He went on to serve in Holland, Egypt and eventually became Governor-General of Jamaica (1806–1808) where he possibly sired an ancestor of Colin Powell.

## Scandal and death

Sir Eyre was removed from the service on the 21 May 1816 because of the scandal he caused in the Christ's Hospital school for boys. On 25 November 1815 he entered the school and offered some boys money for an opportunity to flog them. After that he asked them to flog him and gave them money. He was caught by the school nurse, and charged with indecent conduct before the Lord Mayor of London.  He was acquitted after giving £1000 to the school:  after that there was a military inquiry in April 1816 which stripped him of his rank and honours. He was appointed GCB 1815 and stripped of it 1816.

## Other websites

- @ Stephen Wood Research

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Eyre Coote
- **image**: Sir Eyre Coote (born 1762).jpg
- **birth date**: 20 May 1762
- **death date**: 10 December 1823
Pilum

A **pilum** was a type of spear. It was used by the Roman army. Pila were generally 2 metres long. They were made up of a wooden shaft and an soft iron point.
Tree frog

**Tree frogs** are frogs that spend most of their life in trees.

There are several lines of Neobatrachia which have evolved into tree frogs. These groups are only distantly related, but they have evolved for a long time in similar conditions. The result is that now there are species from different groups which look very much like each other. This is convergent evolution. It goes so far that in almost all cases, where one group occurs, another does not. Their current distribution shows that the last common ancestor of the groups lived before the dinosaurs disappeared.

The frogs do not normally come down to the ground, except to mate and spawn. Some build foam nests on leaves and rarely leave the trees as adults. In some species the eggs develop directly into adults; in others the tadpole stage is spent in the water pool of a large tropical tree leaf.

Many tree frogs can change their colour for better camouflage. Others are poisonous (poison dart frog), and display warning colouration.

Tree frogs are usually tiny, as their weight has to be carried by the branches and twigs of their habitat. While some reach 10 cm (4 in) or more, they are typically smaller and more slender than terrestrial frogs.

Typical for "tree frogs" are well-developed discs on the finger and toe tips. The fingers and toes and the limbs tend to be rather long. This gives better grasping ability. The genus _Chiromantis_ is most extreme in this respect: it can oppose two fingers to the other two, resulting in a vice-like grip.

## Family

Tree frogs are members of these families or genera:

- Hylidae, or "true" tree frogs, are in the temperate to tropical parts of Eurasia north of the Himalayas, Australia and the Americas.
- Rhacophoridae, or shrub frogs, are the tree frogs of tropical regions around the Indian Ocean: Africa, South Asia and Southeast Asia east to Lydekker's line. A few are in East Asia.
- Centrolenidae, or glass frogs, are potentially closely related to hylids; these translucent frogs are native to Central and South America.
- Hyperoliidae, or reed frogs, are closely related to the burrowing Microhylidae; these small frogs are native to sub-Saharan Africa.
- _Boophis_ is a genus of highly arboreal frogs which evolved from the toxic terrestrial Mantellidae of Madagascar.
- _Pedostibes_, or tree toad, is a genus of highly arboreal members of the typically terrestrial Bufonidae.
Madagascar (soundtrack)

***Madagascar (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)*** is the soundtrack album to the 2005 DreamWorks film of the same name. It was released on May 24, 2005 by Geffen Records. It contains Hans Zimmer score, and songs from the movie.

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Madagascar (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)
- **type**: Soundtrack
- **artist**: various artists
- **released**: May 24, 2005
- **genre**: Disco
 New Age
- **label**: Geffen Records
Deportivo Cali

**Asociación Deportivo Cali** is a Colombian sports club in Cali, Colombia. It is famous for its football (soccer) team. Basketball, volleyball and swimming clubs are also sponsored by Deportivo Cali. Deportivo Cali is one of the best association football teams in Colombia and South America, having won nine national championships in 1965, 1967, 1969, 1970, 1974, 1996, 1998, 2005-II and 2015-I.

Estadio Deportivo Cali is the new stadium for Deportivo Cali can fit 55,000 people. It is the biggest football stadium in Colombia. Estadio Deportivo Cali was officially inaugurated on November 19, 2008. The old stadium, Estadio Olímpico Pascual Guerrero could fit capacity for 50,000 people.

Adidas, Honda, Aguardiente Blanco del Valle, and Tigo are the four largest sponsors of Asociación Deportivo Cali.
Jeff Bezos

**Jeffrey Preston Bezos** ( ; ; born January 12, 1964) is an American businessman who founded Amazon. He also was Amazon's chairman, president, and chief executive officer (CEO). However, Bezos said in a blog post he would soon step down from this position and become Executive Chair of the Amazon Board.

## Early life, Education, and Career

Jeff Bezos was born on January 12, 1964, in Albuquerque, New Mexico. He showed an early interest in technology and graduated from Princeton with degrees in electrical engineering and computer science. Before founding Amazon in 1994, he worked on Wall Street and later started an online bookstore, laying the foundation for his remarkable entrepreneurial journey.

On February 2, 2021, Bezos announced that he would step down as the CEO of Amazon, to be replaced by Andy Jassy. Bezos became executive chairman on July 5, 2021.

On July 19, 2021 Blue Origin successfully conducted its first human test flight with Bezos going to space.

## Net worth

When markets opened on July 27, 2017, Bezos briefly became the world's richest person, surpassing Bill Gates with a net worth of just over $90 billion. He lost the title later in the day when Amazon's stock dropped, returning him to second place with a net worth just below $90 billion. On October 27, 2017, Bezos again surpassed Gates on the _Forbes_ list as the richest person in the world.

In August 2020, Bezos became the first person in history to have a net worth of $200 billion, according to _Forbes_.

In January 2021, Elon Musk became the world's richest person. Since then, Bezos is now the world's second-richest person

## Hacking claim

In February 2019, Bezos published a blog post alleging that _National Enquirer_ publisher American Media, Inc. had attempted blackmail and extortion in connection with Bezos' alleged affair with Lauren Sánchez. Bezos would go on to marry Sánchez in 2025.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Jeff Bezos
- **image**: Jeff Bezos visits LAAFB SMC (3908618) (cropped).jpeg
- **caption**: Bezos in 2017
- **birth name**: Jeffrey Preston Jorgensen
- **birth place**: Albuquerque, New Mexico, U.S.
- **education**: Princeton University (Bachelor of Engineering, BSE)
- **known for**: Founding Amazon (company), Amazon
- **children**: 4
- **relatives**: Mark Bezos (half-brother)
- **signature**: Jeff Bezos signature.svg
Final Cut Pro X

**Final Cut Pro X** (**Final Cut Pro 10**) is a video editing software developed by Apple Inc. that was Announced on April 12, 2011. It is an updated version of the non-liner editing software Final cut Pro 7.

It was released on June 21, 2011 for sale in the Mac App Store and is the controversial successor to Final Cut Pro

## Features

Final Cut Pro X shares some of both its code and interface design philosophy with Apple’s consumer video editing software, iMovie.

### Improvements and New Features

- No need for Video Rendering
- Color Balancing
- Better Organization
- Improved Image Quality
- Support for 64-bit

## Infobox (software)

- **name**: Final Cut Pro X
- **developer**: Apple Inc.
- **latest release version**: 10.4
- **programming language**: Cocoa (API), Cocoa
- **operating system**: macOS 10.12, macOS 10.13
- **genre**: Video editing software
- **license**: Commercial software, Commercial proprietary software
Laurussia

**Laurussia** was a minor supercontinent which formed in the Devonian period. It is often called the **Old Red Sandstone Continent** or **Euramerica**.

Laurussia included much of what is now northern Europe, Greenland and North America.

## Lifespan

Laurussia formed when 3 continents Baltica, North America, and Avalonia collided with each other during the Silurian. Baltica and Avalonia collided with each other first in the Shelveian Phase of the Caledonian orogeny. Then Avalonia and Baltica collided with North America in the Acadian Phase of the Caledonian orogeny. This drift of Avalonia closed the Iapetus Ocean and opened the Rheic Ocean behind it.

Laurussia became part of Pangaea in the Permian. In the Jurassic, when Pangaea rifted into two supercontinents, Gondwana and Laurasia, Laurussia became part of Laurasia. The Atlantic ocean opened up in the middle of Laurussia, causing it to split into North America and Europe.
Astro Boy

**Astro Boy** (鉄腕アトム, _Tetsuwan Atomu_, lit. "Iron Arm Atom") is a Japanese manga series first published in 1952 and television program first broadcast in Japan in 1963. The story follows the adventures of a robot named _Astro Boy_ and a selection of other characters along the way.

_Astro Boy_ is the first, most popular Japanese television series that embodied the aesthetic that later became familiar worldwide as anime. It originated as a manga in 1952 by Osamu Tezuka, revered in Japan as the "God of Manga".

## Worldwide date

- April 3, 1952 (Japan)
- November 16, 1952 (UK)
- June 22, 1953 (France)
- May 15, 1954 (USA)
- July 26, 1955 (Australia)
- December 21, 1955 (Brazil)
- January 1, 1956 (Germany)
- June 23, 1956 (Iceland)
- November 23, 1956 (New Zealand)
- March 3, 1957 (Ireland)
- October 3, 1957 (Canada)
Arboreal

**Arboreal** is an adjective in biology for an animal which lives in the trees.

All forests have had animals living in them. Those animals have adaptations which enable them to live and move about in trees. The earliest one known is _Suminia_, a synapsid of the late Permian, about 260 million years ago.
Lamrim

**Lamrim** (Tibetan: "stages of the path") is a Tibetan Buddhist text which presents the stages in the complete path to enlightenment as taught by Buddha. In Tibetan Buddhist history there have been many different versions of _lamrim_, presented by different teachers of the Nyingma, Kagyu and Gelug schools. However, all versions of the _lamrim_ are elaborations of Atiśa's 11th Century root text _A Lamp for the Path to Enlightenment_.

There is a project to expand the Lamrim Teachings with several translated texts.
Norbulingka Institute

The **Norbulingka Institute** was founded in 1988, by the present 14th Dalai Lama at Sidhpur, near Dharamsala, India. The institute helps to preserve the Tibetan language and culture.

The institute is named after Norbulingka, the traditional summer residence of the Dalai Lamas, in Lhasa, Tibet.  The main building is a replica of the Norbulingka palace in Lhasa
Mobile genetic elements

**Mobile genetic elements** (MGE) are a type of DNA that can move around within the genome. They include:
- Transposons (also called transposable elements)
    - Retrotransposons
    - DNA transposons
    - Integrons
    - Insertion sequences
- Plasmids
- Bacteriophage elements, like Mu which integrates randomly into the genome
- Group II introns
The total of all mobile genetic elements in a genome may be referred to as the **mobilome**.

Barbara McClintock was awarded the 1983 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for her discovery of mobile genetic elements".

## Related pages

- Horizontal gene transfer

## References

- Miller W.J. and Capy P. (eds) 2004. _Mobile genetic elements : protocols and genomic applications_. Humana Press.
- Shapiro J.A. (ed) 1983. _Mobile genetic elements_. Academic Press.
Lineage (evolution)

When talking in terms of evolution, a **lineage** describes how a species developed from the species before it. The species adapted to its environment. Lineages are parts of the tree of life. Very often, genetic information is used to determine the lineage of a species.
Dietrich Stobbe

**Dietrich Stobbe** (25 March 1938 – 19 February 2011) was a German politician from Weepers, East Prussia.

Stobbe served as Mayor of West Berlin from 2 May 1977 till 23 January 1981. From 1 November 1978 till 31 October 1979 he was also President of the Bundesrat.

Stobbe was a member of the Social Democratic Party (SPD).

He died on the 19 February 2011 at the age of 72 after long illness.

## Other websites

- personal webpage of the late Dietrich Stobbe
Klaus Schütz

**Klaus Schütz** (17 September 1926 in Heidelberg – 29 November 2012 in Berlin) was a German politician of the Social Democratic Party (SPD).

## Biography

He was Mayor of West Berlin from 1967 to 1977, and was President of the Bundesrat in 1967/68. After his resignation he worked as German Ambassador to Israel until 1981 and Director General of the Deutsche Welle broadcaster from 1981 to 1987. He was also president of the German Red Cross.
Rabiu Afolabi

**Rabiu Afolabi** (born 18 April 1980 in Osogbo, Nigeria) is a former Nigerian soccer player.

## Career

After playing well in the UEFA-CAF Meridian Cup in 1997 he went to Europe and played for Standard Liège. He signed for SSC Napoli in 2000 in Serie A but did not break through. He went back to Belgium. From 2003 to 2005 the played in Austria for FK Austria Wien. After his time in France, playing for FC Sochaux from 2005 to 2009, he signed for F.C. Red Bull Salzburg. In 2011 he moved to AS Monaco.

## International

He started with the Nigerian team at the 1999 African Youth Championship. He was captain of the Nigerian team at the  1999 FIFA World Youth Championship in Nigeria, where they reached the quarter finals. On 17 June 2000, he played his first match in the senior team in a 2002 World Cup qualifing match against Sierra Leone. He was a member of the Nigerian team at the 2002 and 2010 World Cups.

## Other websites

- Official Website
- Guardian football stats-Rabiu Afolabi

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Rabiu Afolabi
- **image**: Rabiu Afolabi18.JPG
- **caption**: Afolabi with FC Red Bull Salzburg, RB Salzburg in 2011
- **birth place**: Osogbo, Nigeria
- **height**: 1.84 m
- **position**: Centre-back
- **years1**: 1997
- **clubs1**: NEPA Lagos
- **years2**: 1997–2003
- **clubs2**: Standard Liège
- **caps2**: 89
- **goals2**: 2
- **years3**: 2000–2001
- **clubs3**: → S.S.C. Napoli, Napoli (loan)
- **caps3**: 0
- **goals3**: 0
- **years4**: 2003–2005
- **clubs4**: FK Austria Wien, Austria Wien
- **caps4**: 60
- **goals4**: 1
- **years5**: 2005–2009
- **clubs5**: FC Sochaux-Montbéliard, Sochaux
- **caps5**: 123
- **goals5**: 5
- **years6**: 2009–2011
- **clubs6**: FC Red Bull Salzburg, Red Bull Salzburg
- **caps6**: 62
- **goals6**: 4
- **years7**: 2011–2012
- **clubs7**: AS Monaco FC, Monaco
- **caps7**: 14
- **goals7**: 1
- **years8**: 2013
- **clubs8**: SønderjyskE Fodbold, SønderjyskE
- **caps8**: 5
- **goals8**: 0
- **totalcaps**: 353
- **totalgoals**: 13
- **nationalyears1**: 2000–2010
- **nationalteam1**: Nigeria national football team, Nigeria
- **nationalcaps1**: 20
- **nationalgoals1**: 1
Scots-Irish

**Scotch-Irish** or **Scots-Irish** may refer to;

- Ulster Scots people, an ethnic group in the Ulster province of Ireland which can trace its roots back to settlers from Scotland and northern England
- Ulster Scots language a protected language under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages
- Scots-Irish American, descendents of the Ulster Scots people who first migrated to North America in large numbers beginning in the early 18th century
Ulster Scots people

**Ulster Scots** are an ethnic group in Ireland, descended from Lowland Scots and English from the border of those two countries, were "Border Reivers".  These people first began to occupy Ireland in large numbers with the Plantation of Ulster, ordered by James I of England on land taken from the Irish nobility, mostly in the Province of Ulster. The term "Ulster-Scots" refers to both these colonists of the 17th century and, less commonly, to the Gallowglass who began to arrive from what is now northwest Scotland centuries earlier.

Ulster-Scots were largely descended from colonists from Galloway, Ayrshire, and the Scottish Borders Country, although some descend from people further north in the Scottish Lowlands and the Highlands. Ulster-Scots emigrated in significant numbers to the United States and all corners of the British Empire — Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa — and to a lesser extent to Argentina and Chile in South America.

_Scotch-Irish_ is a traditional term for Ulster Scots who later emigrated to what is now the United States;  "Scots-Irish" is a more recent form of the American term, the term has usually been Scotch-Irish in America, as evident in Merriam-Webster dictionaries, where the term Scotch-Irish is recorded from 1744, while Scots-Irish is not recorded until 1972.  and is not to be confused with Irish-Scots, i.e., recent Irish immigrants to Scotland.
Dharamshala

**Dharamshala** is a city in northern India. It is the winter seat of government of the state of Himachal Pradesh and the district headquarters of the Kangra district.

McLeod Ganj, a village within Dharamshala municipality, is the home of the Dalai Lama and the exiled Tibetan government. It is a popular place for Indian and foreign tourists, including students studying Tibet.
Jasenovac concentration camp

**Jasenovac concentration camp** was the largest death camp and concentration camp in the Independent State of Croatia (ISC) during World War II.  It was created by the Ustaše regime in August 1941 and destroyed in April 1945.  It was part of the Holocaust.

## Infobox (civilian attack)

- **title**: Jasenovac concentration camp
- **image**: Logor Jasenovac.JPG
- **caption**: _Stone Flower_, a memorial to Jasenovac's victims
- **location**: Independent State of Croatia
- **date**: August 1941  April 1945
- **type**: Concentration camp, death camp
- **fatalities**: 350,000–1,000,000 (estimated)
- **perps**: Ustaše regime with support of Nazi Germany
- **weapons**: Poison gas, gunshot, shootings, stabbings, Disembowelment, evisceration, drowning, starvation
Geshe Sonam Rinchen

**Geshe Sonam Rinchen** was born in Kham in Eastern Tibet in 1933. In 1945, he joined Dhargyey Monastery, and entered Sera monastery in Lhasa in 1952, where he studied until he was forced to leave Tibet in 1959.

In India he completed his studies for the degree of Geshe Lharampa which he received in 1980. He also received the degree of Acarya from the Central Institute of Higher Tibetan Studies in Sarnath. He was appointed resident teacher at the Library of Tibetan Works and Archives in Dharamsala, India in 1978, where he teaches Buddhist philosophy and practice, mainly to westerners. He has also taught in Japan, Australia, Great Britain, South Korea, Ireland, New Zealand and Switzerland.

## Books

- Atisha's Lamp for the Path to Enlightenment,
- The Bodhisattva Vow,
- Eight Verses for Training the Mind,
- The Heart Sutra,
- How Karma Works,
- Nagarjuna's "Seventy Stanzas",
- The Six Perfections,
- The Thirty-seven Practices of Bodhisattvas,
- The Three Principle Aspects of the Path,
- Yogic Deeds of Bodhisattvas,
- Aryadeva's Four Hundred Stanzas on the Middle Way
- Buddha Nature, 2003 Library of Tibetan Works & Archives,

## Other websites

- Library of Tibetan Works and Archives
- Snow Lion Publications
Geshe Acharya Thubten Loden

**Geshe Acharya Thubten Loden** leads the Tibetan Buddhist Society in Australia. Geshe Loden established the Peaceful Land of Joy Meditation Centre in Victoria, and has written many books. In 2011, he was named Hume Citizen of the Year.

## History

Born in 1924, Geshe Loden became a monk at the age of seven. Completing his study of all divisions of Buddhist philosophy, he was awarded the Geshe Lharampa degree from Sera Monastery in Tibet, and an Acharya degree from Varanasi's Sanskrit university in India. He also gained a Master's qualification in Vajrayana Buddhism after six years' study at Gyudmed Tantric College. Geshe Loden originally came to Australia in 1976 as a Tibetan refugee.

## Books

Geshe Loden has written many books on Tibetan Buddhism, including:

- _Great Treasury of Mahamudra_ (2009)
- _Essence of the Path to Enlightenment_ (1997)
- _Meditations on the Path to Enlightenment_ (1996)
- _The Fundamental Potential for Enlightenment_ (1996)
- _Path to Enlightenment in Tibetan Buddhism_ (1993)

## Related pages

- Dalai Lama
- Gelug
- Lam rim

## Other websites

- Tibetan Buddhist Society
- Tushita Publications
- Pursuit of happiness leads to Yuroke
Foundation for the Preservation of the Mahayana Tradition

The **FPMT** (Foundation for the Preservation of the Mahayana Tradition) is a group of Buddhist centers focusing on the Gelugpa tradition of Tibet. Founded in 1975 by Lama Thubten Yeshe and Lama Thubten Zopa Rinpoche, who began teaching Buddhism to Western students in Nepal, the FPMT has grown to encompass 150 teaching centers, projects, and social services in 33 countries. Since the death of Lama Yeshe in 1984, the FPMT's spiritual director has been Lama Zopa Rinpoche.

## Related pages

- Dalai Lama
- Lam rim
Gerhard Tremmel

**Gerhard Tremmel** (born 16 November 1978 in Munich) is a German football goalkeeper. He plays for Swansea City in the Premier League.

## Career

He played in the youth teams of Bayern Munich and 1860 Munich and was transferred to SpVgg Unterhaching where he made his senior debut. He left Bavaria in 2002 and played for Hannover 96, Hertha BSC Berlin (1st and 2nd team) and for Energie Cottbus. After four seasons with Cottbus he intended to go back to Berlin, but finally he signed one year for FC Red Bull Salzburg to replace the injured goalkeeper Eddie Gustafsson. He only got 13 goals in the 2010/11 season, this made him to the best goalkeeper in the Austrian Bundesliga.

In 2011 he went to Swansea City which plays in the Premier League.

## Other websites

- Official Website(German)
- Club profile(german)

## Infobox (football biography)

- **playername**: Gerhard Tremmel
- **image**: Gerhard Tremmel.JPG
- **image size**: 200px
- **fullname**: Gerhard Tremmel
- **birth place**: Munich, Germany
- **position**: goalkeeper
- **currentclub**: F.C. Red Bull Salzburg, Red Bull Salzburg
- **clubnumber**: 28
- **years1**: 1998–2002
2002–2004
2004–2006
2004–2005
2006 - 2010
2010-2011
2011-
- **clubs1**: SpVgg Unterhaching
	Hannover96
Herha BSC II
Hertha BSC
Energie Cottbus
FC Red Bull Salzburg
Swansea City
- **pcupdate**: 27 April 2011
- **ntupdate**: 27 April 2011
Macropodiformes

**Macropodiformes** is one of the three suborders of the large marsupial order Diprotodontia. Kangaroos, wallabies and allies, bettongs, potaroos and rat kangaroos are all in this suborder.
Smoke (movie)

***Smoke*** is an American independent movie released in 1995. It was produced by Hisami Kuroiwa, Harvey Weinstein and Bob Weinstein. It was directed by Wayne Wang and Paul Auster. Auster also wrote the screenplay.

## Actors

Harvey Keitel, Snoop Dogg, William Hurt, Victor Argo, Forest Whitaker, Ashley Judd, Stockard Channing and Harold Perrineau Jr. all appear in the movie.

## Story

The movie follows the lives of several characters. Their lives are connected because they are all customers at a small tobacco shop in  Brooklyn, New York. The store manager is the main character, Auggie (Harvey Keitel). In the movie, the Brooklyn Cigar Co. was on the corner of 16th Street and Prospect Park West.

## Sequel

_Blue in the Face_ was the next movie by the same directors. It follows the lives of some of the same characters and new characters join the story.

## Awards

**Won**
- Silver Bear (Wayne Wang) Berlin International Film Festival, 1995
- Danish Film Critics Bodil Award for Best American Film, 1995
- German Film Award for Best Foreign Film, 1995
- Independent Spirit Award for Best First Screenplay (Paul Auster), 1995

**Nominated**
- Stockard Channing – Best Supporting Actress – Screen Actors Guild

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: Smoke
- **image**: Smoke.jpg
- **caption**: **Theatrical Release Poster**
- **director**: Wayne Wang, Paul Auster
- **producer**: Harvey Weinstein, Bob Weinstein, Hisami Kuroiwa
- **writer**: Paul Auster
- **starring**: Harvey Keitel,
 William Hurt,
 Harold Perrineau Jr.,
 Forest Whitaker,
 Stockard Channing,
 Ashley Judd
- **music**: Rachel Portman
- **distributor**: Miramax
- **released**: June 9, 1995
- **runtime**: 112 minutes
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
Yew

A **yew** is a coniferous tree. The name is mainly used for species of the genus ***Taxus***, and sometimes for other conifers in the family **Taxaceae**.

## Poison

All species of yew contain highly poisonous alkaloids known as taxanes. All parts of the tree except the arils (red 'fruits') contain the alkaloid.

The arils are edible and sweet, but the seeds are dangerously poisonous. Unlike birds, the human stomach can break down the seed coat and release the taxanes into the body. It can have fatal results if yew 'berries' are eaten without removing the seeds first.

The seeds and leaves will kill cattle and horses, but deer can break down the poisons and will eat yew foliage freely. Deer browsing of yews is often so extensive that wild yew trees are restricted to cliffs and steep slopes the deer cannot get to. The foliage is also eaten by the larvae of some Lepidopteran insects including the willow beauty moth.

## Description

Yews are slow growing and can be very long-lived, and reach heights of 1-40 m, with trunk diameters of up to 4 m. They have reddish bark, spear-shaped flat, dark-green leaves 1-4 cm long and 2-3 mm broad, arranged spirally on the stem, but with the leaf bases twisted to align the leaves in two flat rows either side of the stem.

The tree is dioecious: the sexes are on separate trees. The seed cones are highly modified, each cone containing a single seed 4-7 mm long partly surrounded by a modified scale which develops into a soft, bright red berry-like structure called an aril, 8-15 mm long and wide and open at the end.

The arils are mature 6-9 months after pollination, and are eaten by thrushes, waxwings and other birds, which disperse the hard seeds undamaged in their droppings.

The male cones are round, 3-6 mm diameter, and shed their pollen in early spring. Yews are mostly dioecious, but occasional individuals can be variably monoecious, or change sex with time.

All the yews are very closely related to each other, and often described together as _Taxus baccata_. They are Gymnosperms in the Pinophyta. They appear in the early Cretaceous  period.

Yew wood is reddish brown (with whiter sapwood), and is very springy. It was traditionally used to make bows, especially the longbow.
Wichita Falls, Texas

**Wichita Falls** is a city in Wichita Couty, Texas, United States. The population of Wichita Falls was 102,316 in 2020. The mayors of Wichita Falls are Glenn Barham, Linda Ammons, Michael Smith, Dorothy Roberts Burns, Rick Hatcher, Tim Ingle and Mary Ward. Wichita Falls was founded on Sept. 27, 1872 when the Choctaw Indians settled the area in the early 18th century and then white settlers arrived in the 1860s to form cattle ranches.

## Other websites

- Official city of Wichita Falls website

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Wichita Falls, Texas
- **settlement type**: City
- **image skyline**: Old map-Wichita Falls-1890.jpg
- **image caption**: A map of Wichita Falls in 1890
- **image map**: Wichita County WichitaFalls.svg
- **mapsize**: 215px
- **map caption**: Location in the state of Texas
- **pushpin map**: Texas#USA
- **pushpin label**: Wichita Falls
- **pushpin relief**: yes
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Texas, County
- **subdivision name2**: Wichita County, Texas, Wichita
- **government type**: Council–manager government, Council–manager
- **leader title**: List of mayors of Wichita Falls, Texas, Mayor
- **leader title1**: City Council
- **leader title2**: City Manager
- **leader title3**: Assistant City Managers
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total sq mi**: 72.03
- **area land sq mi**: 72.01
- **area water sq mi**: 0.02
- **area total km2**: 186.57
- **area land km2**: 186.51
- **area water km2**: 0.06
- **elevation ft**: 951
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 102316
- **population rank**: US: List of United States cities by population, 315th
- **population urban**: 97,039 (US: List of United States urban areas, 319th)
- **population metro**: 148,128 (US: List of Metropolitan Statistical Areas, 287th)
- **population density sq mi**: auto
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone**: North American Central Time Zone, CST
- **utc offset**: −6
- **timezone dst**: North American Central Time Zone, CDT
- **utc offset dst**: −5
- **postal code type**: ZIP codes
- **postal code**: 76301-11
- **area code**: Area code 940, 940
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 48-79000
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 2412261
- **website**: [http://www.wichitafallstx.gov City of Wichita Falls]