juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Black Flag

**Black Flag** was an American hardcore punk band. They formed in California in 1976 and broke up in 1986. There were many different members in the band, but the leader was Greg Ginn. Ginn was the guitarist and wrote many of the songs.

Black Flag was one of the groups that created the hardcore punk style. They toured the United States and Canada to play many live shows. They influenced many other musicians and fans to make their own hardcore bands. The band's first album, _Damaged_ (1981), has been recognized as a classic punk album and one of the most influential punk records ever made.

After breaking up, the lead singer Henry Rollins formed a new band by himself, Rollins Band and guitarist Greg Ginn worked on a separate career in the early 90s.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Black Flag
- **image**: Black Flag 2011-12-18 03.jpg
- **caption**: Black Flag (2011)
- **image size**: 250px
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Hermosa Beach, California, United States
- **genre**: Hardcore punk
- **years active**: 1976–1986, 2003
- **label**: SST Records, SST
- **associated acts**: Circle Jerks, Descendents (band), Descendents, Minutemen (band), Minutemen, Dos (band), Dos, Gone (band), Gone, Nig Heist, October Faction, Tom Troccoli's Dog, Rollins Band, S.O.A., Chuck Dukowski Sextet, SWA (band), SWA, Misfits (band), The Misfits, Redd Kross, DC3 (band), DC3
- **past members**: Greg Ginn
Keith Morris
Raymond Pettibon
David Horvitz
Spot (producer), Spot
Chuck Dukowski
Brian Migdol
Robo (musician), ROBO
Ron Reyes
Dez Cadena
Henry Rollins
Emil Johnson
Chuck Biscuits
Bill Stevenson (musician), Bill Stevenson
Kira Roessler
Anthony Martinez (drummer), Anthony Martinez
C'el Revuelta
Crazy Frog

The **Crazy Frog** is a 3D animated creature, featured on music albums.

## History

Before becoming a ringtone to download  onto mobile phones, The Crazy Frog started as a TruboForce 3D animated creature. It was called “The Annoying Thing” in 2003 by its creator, Erik Wernquist of Sweden. With big eyes and a bigger mouth, the high resolution anthropomorphic “thing” is dappled grey-blue and nude save for a helmet, goggles and biker vest. All original videos and images also show small male humanoid genital in a relaxed state that move realistically. Some sources pixel out or remove the genitals.

## Music remixes

Members of Bass Bumpers had a dance remix of Harold Faltermeyer’s “Axel F”  in early-2005, the Beverly Hills Cop theme, adding Daniel Malmedahl’s impression of a moped engine (Ring-a-ding-dong) and a Max Headroom, “What’s going on?” (among other dubbed words). In the music video for that remix the “Thing” says featured bites from Daniel’s bit (Ding, ding.) and zooms around on a mimed bike to escape a robot minion on a hover bike.

The internet and media dubbed it both a Frog and crazy. Erik went along with it.

First, it was simply a vocal imitation of a two stroke, internal combustion engine. Daniel Malmedahl of Sweden created a recording of his imitation in 1997 that eventually spread through peer to peer file sharing on the Internet.

## Sales and revenue

The company that sells **Crazy Frog** ringtones (Jamba!) has made £14 million from it.
Surrey

_For the city in British Columbia, see Surrey, British Columbia._

**Surrey** is a county in southern England. The size of Surrey is about 1,663 km² and it has about 1,059,000 people (2002). It is near London. Surrey's largest town is Guildford. In Guildford there is also a university. The River Thames forms part of Surrey's north border.

Surrey is a setting of _War of the Worlds_ by H. G. Wells (Woking, Leatherhead in particular).

Surrey is near London's Heathrow and Gatwick airports. It has access to major road routes (including the M25, M3 and M23). It has frequent rail services into Central London.

## Infobox (english county)

- **official name**: Surrey
- **image caption**: **Clockwise from top**: Guildford and its Guildford Cathedral, cathedral; the view from Leith Hill; and Epsom
- **region**: South East England, South East
- **established date**: Historic counties of England, before 1066
- **lord lieutenant office**: Lord Lieutenant of Surrey
- **lord lieutenant name**: Michael More-Molyneux
- **high sheriff office**: High Sheriff of Surrey
- **high sheriff name**: Julie Llewelyn (2021–22)
- **county council**: Surrey County Council
- **admin hq**: Woodhatch Place, Reigate
- **largest town**: Woking
- **area council km2**: 1663
- **iso code**: GB-SRY
- **gss code**: E10000030
- **nuts code**: UKJ23
- **districts map**:
- **districts list**: # Borough of Spelthorne, Spelthorne
# Tandridge District, Tandridge

Post-2027 Unitary authorities of England, unitary authorities:

* West Surrey (pink)
* East Surrey (light green)
- **mps**: List of Parliamentary constituencies in Surrey, List of MPs
- **police**: Surrey Police
Edip Yuksel

**Edip Yüksel** (born December 20, 1957 in Güroymak, Turkey) is an American thinker and activist. He has written many books on the Qur'an and is very an influential figure in modern Islamic reform. Yüksel was a student of Rashad Khalifa and was a member of his group United Submitters International. He sometimes works as a legal researcher and a community college teacher, but is mostly a supporter to change the Islamic religion. He lives in Tucson, Arizona.

## Some works in English

- _The Prime Argument/Asal Tartışma_ (1995). An argument with 2 "rounds", or parts, with Professor Carl Sagan on how the Qur'an is set up and what it means to the people who follow it.
- _Running Like Zebras_ (1995). An Internet debate with Abdurrahman Lomax on how the Qur'an is set up.
- _Unorthodox Essays_ (1994). A small book that has essays on loaning people money with unfair amounts to pay back, beating up wives, and abortion. One of the essays, "Distinguished usury from interest" suggested a new way to translate for the verse 4:34 in the Qur'an.
- _Nineteen Questions for Christian Clergy/Hristiyan Din Adamlarına 19 Soru_ (1993–1999). A study about the Christian religion and what is taught to people who are Christians.
- _Nineteen Questions for Muslim Clergy/Müslüman Din Adamlarına 19 Soru_ (1991). Some questions to the leaders of the Muslim faith about how much power they should have and if what they teach is biased, or narrow-minded.

## Other websites

- Edip Yüksel's official site
- Online Quran Project  includes the Qur'an translation by Edip Yüksel.
Epididymitis

**Epididymitis** is a painful inflammation of the epididymis, usually resulting from bacterial infection, but also occasionally caused by injury or viral infection.
Perth, Western Australia

**Perth** () is the capital city of the state of Western Australia. It is built on the banks of the Swan River. Almost 2.1 million people live in the city.
It is the fourth biggest city in Australia, behind Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane. Perth was founded in 1829 by Captain James Stirling.
The native population of the city are the Whadjuk people, a group of the Aboriginal Noongar tribe. Perth is famous for its beautiful white, sandy beaches. Popular local beaches include Cottesloe and Scarborough. These beaches are ideal for swimming and bodysurfing. A popular local tourist attraction is Rottnest Island, which is populated by small native mammals called Quokkas. Another famous attraction is Kings Park, which is one of the biggest city parks in the world. Perth has a public transport system called Transperth.

## Sister cities

Perth is a sister city with many other cities. Sister cities can share students and business contacts. Perth is a sister city to these cities:

- Kagoshima, Japan
- Houston, Texas
- Rhodes, Greece
- Megisti, Greece
- San Diego, California
- Vasto, Italy
- Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- Taipei, Taiwan
- Chengdu, People's Republic of China

Perth also has some other agreements with Perth, Perth and Kinross in Scotland and formerly Grenoble, France.

## Universities

Perth is home to four public and one private university. These are:

- University of Western Australia
- Murdoch University
- Curtin University
- Edith Cowan University
- University of Notre Dame (Western Australia) (private)

## Climate

Perth has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate with hot dry summers and cool wet winters. Perth is the sunniest city in Australia, with 138.7 clear days annually.

## Famous people from Perth

- Amy Fuller, singer
- Troye Sivan
- Heath Ledger
- Daniel Ricciardo
- Katherine Langford
- Sam Worthington
- Birds of Tokyo
- Tame Impala

## Infobox (australian place)

- **type**: city
- **name**: Perth
- **state**: WA
- **caption**: Clockwise from top: Perth's skyline viewed across the Swan River (Western Australia), Swan River from South Perth, Western Australia, South Perth; Elizabeth Quay; Perth Stadium; Kings Park, Western Australia, Kings Park;  Cottesloe Beach; WA Museum Boola Bardip and the Crawley Edge Boatshed
- **force national map**: yes
- **pop**: 2,192,229
- **pop year**: 2021
- **poprank**: 4th
- **est**: Western Australia Day, 4 June 1829
- **area**: 6417.9
- **area footnotes**: (GCCSA)
- **timezone**: Time in Australia#Western Australia, AWST
- **utc**: +08:00
- **dist1**: 2130
- **location1**: Adelaide
- **dist2**: 2652
- **location2**: Darwin, Northern Territory, Darwin
- **dist3**: 2721
- **location3**: Melbourne
- **dist4**: 3087
- **location4**: Canberra
- **dist5**: 3297
- **location5**: Sydney
- **stategov**: Electoral district of Perth, Perth (and 41 others)
- **fedgov**: Division of Perth, Perth (and 11 others)
- **maxtemp**: 23.3
- **mintemp**: 13.3
- **rainfall**: 868.3
- **local map**: yes
- **zoom**: 8
Mayflower (ship)

In 1620, the ***Mayflower*** brought 102 passengers from England and Holland to what is now Cape Cod, Massachusetts. The group included people seeking religious freedom. This voyage is one of the most famous in early American history.

The Pilgrims aboard the _Mayflower_ intended to sail to the Virginia Colony. They landed instead on Cape Cod and formed the Plymouth Colony.

## Voyage

The _Mayflower_ left England with the ship _Speedwell_ on 15 August 1620, carrying Pilgrims from England and Holland. However, the _Speedwell_ turned out to be unseaworthy. Both ships were twice forced to return to England.

The _Mayflower_ finally left Plymouth, England on 16 September 1620. On 19 November 1620 they spotted land. However, because of storms and navigation problems, they were much farther north than they intended. On 21 November 1620 they landed on Cape Cod.

The passengers lived on the ship for a few months.  They went ashore to build shelters during the day, then returned to the ship at night. During the winter of 1620-1621, about half of the passengers died. By March 1621, there were enough shelters for everyone to live on land.

### Mayflower Compact

_See the main article: Mayflower Compact_

While still aboard the _Mayflower_, the Pilgrims wrote a set of rules about how they would live and treat each other. This is an important document in American history. It includes democratic ideals, and it designed a framework for the first government in what is now the United States.

## Related pages

- Mayflower passenger list

## Other websites

- Pilgrim Hall Museum of Plymouth, Massachusetts
- General Society of Mayflower Descendants
- The Mayflower And Her Log ; Azel Ames, Project Gutenberg edition.
- Mayflower Descendants Chart .
- Pilgrims and the Mayflower  Mayflower Interior Pictured
Reykjavík

**Reykjavík** is the capital city of the island country of Iceland. It is also the largest city in that country. The population of Reykyavík is over 117,000 people. There is a geothermal bath, both natural and unnatural in appearance. It is in the capital and people relax in this hot spring during the cooler months. Björk, an Icelandic singer, is from Reykyavík.

## People from Reykjavik

- Jón Kalman Stefánsson (born 1963), writer, poet
- Magnús Scheving (born 1964), writer, entrepreneur, producer, actor and athlete
- Björk (born 1965), singer, songwriter, actress, record producer and DJ
- Þorgerður Katrín Gunnarsdóttir (born 1965), politician

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: City of Reykyavík
- **native name**: Reykjavíkurborg
- **image skyline**: Reykjavík séð úr Hallgrímskirkju 6.JPG
- **image caption**: Reykjavik seen from Hallgrímskirkja
- **image shield**: Reykjavik Coat of Arms.svg
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Iceland
- **pushpin map**: Iceland
- **subdivision type**: Constituencies of Iceland, Constituency
- **subdivision name**: Reykjavík North
Reykjavík South
- **leader title**: Mayor (Borgarstjóri)
- **leader name**: Heiða Björg Hilmisdóttir
- **area total sq mi**: 106
- **area total km2**: 274.5
- **area metro km2**: 777
- **population as of**: October 1 2008
- **population total**: 120,165
- **population metro**: 201,847
- **population density km2**: 436.5
- **population density metro km2**: 259.4
- **website**: http://www.rvk.is/
- **footnotes**: Postal Codes: 101-155
- **timezone**: GMT
- **utc offset**: +0
- **image flag**: Flag of Reykjavik, Iceland.svg
Uniform

**Uniforms** are special clothes to show that a group of people belong together. The group of people will all be dressed in the same way, where _uni-_ means "one", and _form_ means "shape".

## Introduction

People may wear uniforms for several reasons. The uniform will help the people to feel a team spirit so that they work well together. They may also help members of the public to know who they are, e.g. in a department store a customer can tell who is a member of staff, or in the street people will recognize a police officer.

Uniforms may also be worn because they are practical, e.g. it might keep them safe when operating machinery or keep them clean when doing their work.

### General

Soldiers wear uniforms. They also wear things such as badges and insignias on their uniform to show their rank, specialty, military unit, and other information about them.

Nurses in hospitals wear uniforms. domestic workers sometimes wear uniforms when working for their employer. Important domestic workers may wear special smart uniforms called "livery" e.g. porters (doormen) at luxury hotels.

### By region

In some countries, such as India, Japan, China, Korea, Australia and the United Kingdom, many school children wear uniforms. These uniforms tend to be a set of clothes with the school crest or symbol. It helps them feel proud of their school and children from rich families and poor families all look the same.

In Britain, for example, most young children wear school uniforms. In state schools. the children may wear polo-necked T-shirts with a school logo. Other schools, especially private schools, may have a formal uniform, or they may be free to choose their own clothes so long as they are the school color.
Battle of Trafalgar

The **Battle of Trafalgar** was a sea battle fought on 21 October 1805 between the navies of France and Spain on one side and United Kingdom on the other. The battle took place near **Cape Trafalgar**, in southwestern  Spain. The battle ended with a clear victory for the British forces and allowed Britain to become the world's largest sea power for 100 years. It was the most important sea battle of the 19th century.

## Background

The Napoleonic Wars had gone on for some time. France had built the strongest army in Europe and controlled much of its land. Because they lived on islands, the British had built a strong Royal Navy and used it to blockade France to prevent its ships from leaving their ports. The French leader, Napoleon Bonaparte, wanted to invade and to conquer Britain, which meant that he had to sink the Royal Navy before his army could land there.

The British knew that France might try to attack them and so placed ships outside the important French ports like Toulon. The admiral in charge of the British fleet was Lord Horatio Nelson. He had become famous in Britain for his victories over the French such as at the 1798 Battle of the Nile.

However, the French Navy managed to avoid Nelson's fleet, left Toulon during a storm and met a group of Spanish ships. Spain then an ally of France. The small fleet first sailed to the West Indies and returned across the Atlantic Ocean to the Spanish port of Cadiz. The fleet wanted to join with more French ships to make a stronger fleet. The British had chased them both ways across the ocean.

## Battle

The French learned that some British ships had been seen in Gibraltar and thought that meant that the British fleet was less strong than it had been. The French decided that it was the best time to leave Cadiz.

The next day, the 33 ships of the French and the Spanish fleets were met by the 27 ships of the British. Nelson had put his ships into two lines. Before the battle started, he sent a message that would become famous: "England expects that every man will do his duty".

The two British lines sailed through the French and Spanish line, split it and caused great damage to its ships by using their cannons

However, on board his ship, HMS _Victory_, Nelson was hit by a musket bullet fired by a sniper from the French ship _Redoutable_. The bullet entered via his shoulder, went into his lung and lodged in his spine. He was taken below the deck and died shortly before 4:30pm, as the battle was dying down. The French and Spanish had lost 22 ships, but the British lost none.

## Aftermath

Because France was unable to invade Britain, British soldiers fought on Continental Europe with the armies of other countries against those of Napoleon. In the end, Napoleon was finally defeated in 1815 at the Battle of Waterloo. With control of the seas, Britain built up a large empire during the years that followed, and the Royal Navy was the world's largest navy for over 100 years.

Nelson's body was brought back to Britain, where he was given a hero's funeral. In 1843, the famous Trafalgar Square and Nelson's Column were built in London to honour him.
Peter Frampton

**Peter Frampton** (born 22 April 1950) is an English guitarist. He is best known for the album _Frampton Comes Alive_.

## Other websites

- Peter Frampton's website
- FOX Television Celebrity Duets season premier recap
- Audio interview at BBC Wiltshire
- Five audio interview segments with Peter Frampton from 1986

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **image**: Peter Frampton at the 2011 Ottawa Bluesfest (cropped).jpg
- **name**: Peter Frampton
- **caption**: Frampton in 2008
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Peter Kenneth Frampton
- **birth place**: Bromley, London, England
- **instrument**: Singing, Vocals, guitar, talk box, keyboard instrument, keyboard, Drum kit, drums, Bass guitar, bass
- **genre**: Rock music, Rock, hard rock, pop rock
- **occupation**: Singer-songwriter, musician
- **years active**: 1966–present
- **label**: A&M Records, A&M, Virgin Records, Virgin, Atlantic Records, Atlantic, 33rd Street Records, 33rd Street
- **associated acts**: Humble Pie (band), Humble Pie, Bee Gees, The Bee Gees, The Herd (UK band), The Herd, Frampton's Camel,  Casey Carleton & His All-Starr Band
1537

## Births

- October 12 – Edward VI of England

## Deaths

- October 24 – Jane Seymour, queen of Henry VIII of England (born about 1507)
Nairobi

**Nairobi** is the capital and largest city of Kenya. Its name comes from The Masaai word 'Enkare Nyorobi' meaning 'place of cool waters'. It is far from the coastline of Kenya. About three million people live there. The city was founded in 1899 as a railway depot linking Uganda to Mombasa. Nairobi is the fourth largest city in Africa with a population of more than 6 million people. There are several popular shopping malls, including the Yaya Center,The Thika Road Mall, The Hub Karen, Junction Mall, the Village Market, and the Sarit Center.  The Israeli owned, Westgate Mall was another popular destination until it was attacked by al Shaabab terrorists in 2013. Nairobi is headed by a governor, who is called Mike Mbuvi 'Sonko' and he's Deputy, Polycarp Igathe who were inaugurated after the August 8,2017 election.

Nairobi has become very highly populated due to high rural to urban migration rates. Violent crime is also fairly common in many areas, leading to the nickname "Nairobbery."

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Nairobi
- **official name**: City and County of Nairobi
- **settlement type**: List of cities and towns in Kenya by population, Consolidated city-county
- **image skyline**: Nairobi Montage A.jpg
- **image caption**: Clockwise from top: Central business district, Nairobi National Park, Parliament of Kenya, Nairobi City Hall and the Kenyatta International Conference Centre
- **image flag**: Flag of Nairobi.svg
- **flag size**: 100px
- **image shield**: Coat of Arms of Nairobi.svg
- **shield size**: 130px
- **nickname**: "Green City in the Sun", "Nai","Silicon Savannah"
- **pushpin map**: Kenya#Africa
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Kenya
- **pushpin relief**: yes
- **map caption**: Location of Nairobi
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: Counties of Kenya, County
- **subdivision name1**: Nairobi County, Nairobi
- **established title**: Founded
- **established date**: 1899
Derek and the Dominos

**Derek and the Dominos** was an American blues rock band. The band's members were Eric Clapton, Carl Radle, Bobby Whitlock, Jim Gordon, and Duane Allman. They made the album _Layla and Other Assorted Love Songs_. "Layla", with the well-known guitar riff, came from that same album. The band broke up after one album.

## Discography

- Studio albums
- _Layla and Other Assorted Love Songs_ (1970)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Derek and the Dominos
- **img**: Derek and the Dominos.png
- **img size**: 250px
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: New York City, New York, New York, USA
- **genre**: Blues-rock, Blues rock
- **years active**: 1970–1971
- **label**: Polydor Records, Polydor
- **associated acts**: Delaney, Bonnie & Friends, The Allman Brothers Band
- **past members**: Eric Clapton
 Duane Allman
 Bobby Whitlock
 Carl Radle
 Jim Gordon
Carl Radle

**Carl Dean Radle** (born June 18, 1942 Tulsa, Oklahoma, died May 30, 1980) was an American musician, best known for being the bassist in Derek and the Dominos. Radle worked with many well-known artists and worked on many gold and platinum singles and albums. Radle is thought by many to have been the best bass guitar sideman in the music business.

On May 30, 1980, Radle died at age 37, of problems from a kidney infection caused by his alcoholism and drug addiction.
Grover Cleveland

**Stephen Grover Cleveland** (March 18, 1837June 24, 1908) was an American politician who served as the 22nd president of the United States from 1885 to 1889 and as the 24th president from 1893 to 1897. He was the first president to serve nonconsecutive (not back-to-back) terms.

He was known for his honesty, integrity, and firm stance against corruption. He used the presidential veto power over 500 times, far more than most other presidents, to reject bills that he opposed. He did not want the United States to get its military involved in Latin America.

Cleveland was born on March 18, 1837 in Caldwell, New Jersey, and was raised in Cleveland, Ohio. He studied at New York Institute for the Blind. He was married to Frances Folsom, who was over 20 years younger. In fact, many people expected Cleveland to marry her mother, Emma. He was the first president to marry in the White House. They had one child, Ruth Cleveland, during his presidency.

During his second term, he had an emergency surgery for jaw cancer on a boat in the middle of a river to avoid publicity. Cleveland died on June 24, 1908, from a heart attack in Princeton, New Jersey, aged 71.

## Other websites

- Grover Cleveland's White House biography

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **image**: StephenGroverCleveland.jpg
- **caption**: Official portrait, 1892
- **order**: 22nd & 24th
- **office**: President of the United States
- **vicepresident**: Adlai Stevenson I
- **term start**: March 4, 1893
- **term end**: March 4, 1897
- **predecessor**: Benjamin Harrison
- **successor**: William McKinley
- **term start1**: March 4, 1885
- **term end1**: March 4, 1889
- **predecessor1**: Chester A. Arthur
- **successor1**: Benjamin Harrison
- **order2**: 28th
- **office2**: Governor of New York
- **lieutenant2**: David B. Hill
- **term start2**: January 1, 1883
- **term end2**: January 6, 1885
- **predecessor2**: Alonzo B. Cornell
- **successor2**: David B. Hill
- **order3**: 35th
- **office3**: Mayor of Buffalo
- **term start3**: January 2, 1882
- **term end3**: November 20, 1882
- **predecessor3**: Alexander Brush
- **successor3**: Marcus M. Drake
- **order4**: 17th
- **office4**: Sheriff of Erie County
- **term start4**: January 1, 1871
- **term end4**: December 31, 1873
- **predecessor4**: Charles Darcy
- **successor4**: John B. Weber
- **birth name**: Stephen Grover Cleveland
- **birth place**: Caldwell, New Jersey, U.S.
- **death place**: Princeton, New Jersey, U.S.
- **resting place**: Princeton Cemetery
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
- **father**: Richard Falley Cleveland
- **children**: 6, including Ruth Cleveland, Ruth, Esther Cleveland, Esther, Richard F. Cleveland, Richard, and Francis Cleveland, Francis
- **signature**: Grover Cleveland Signature 1882.svg
- **signature alt**: Cursive signature in ink
Bassist

A **bassist** is a musician whose musical instrument is a bass guitar or a double bass. In rock, pop, country, metal, jazz fusion, and funk music, most bassists play a bass guitar. In some types of jazz, and in rockabilly, bluegrass, and in symphony orchestras, bassists play a double bass.

## Training

Many professional rock, pop, country, metal, and funk, rockabilly, and bluegrass, bassists learn to play by performing in groups for many years and by taking private lessons with bass teachers.

Bassists who play in symphony orchestras, or who play jazz or jazz fusion often learn to play the bass in a conservatory, music school, college, or university. College or university degrees in double bass include the Bachelor of Music degree (which takes four years) and the Master of Music degree (which takes two years).

There are fewer Bass players than traditional guitar players. Some believe the bass is harder to play, although it has fewer strings

## Income

Bassists, like other musicians, have a much lower average income than many other job categories, such as accountants or administrators. Although a tiny number of famous bassists make a large amount of money, and a small number of bassists have full-time jobs in bands or orchestras, most bassists have low incomes. Many bassists do not earn enough from playing, so they do other music-related jobs, such as teaching bass.
President of the United States of America (disambiguation)

**President of the United States (of America)** is the head of state and leader of the government of the United States of America.

**The Presidents of the United States of America** may also refer to:
- The Presidents of the United States of America (band), a rock band, or
- _The Presidents of the United States of America,_ the first album of that band.
Mother

A **mother** (also called **mom, mum and** **mommy**) is a female parent. A mother gives birth to babies after pregnancy. Pregnancy is usually nine months. If a woman raises an adopted or biological child, then she is a mother as well. Adopted children are also part of that person's family. Also see Maternal insult.

## Breastfeeding

After the birth of a baby, breastfeeding is an important part of taking care of the baby.

## Other names for "mother"

- In American English, other words for mother are "Mom," "Mommy," Momma," "Mama" and "Ma."
- In British English, "Mum" and "Mummy" are usually used instead of "Mom" and "Mommy". Another variant, often found in the North of England, particularly Yorkshire and Lancashire, is "Mam".
- In Irish English, "Mum", "Mummy is most common, often "Mother" or her first name is said, another variant in Dublin is "Ma" (with a hard A)
- In Australian English, "Mum", "Mother", "Mummy" and "Mother dearest"
- In Indonesian, "Ibu", "Emak", "Bunda"
- In Filipino, "Nanay", "Ina"
- In German "Mama", "Mami“, "Mutti“, "Mutter"
- In Tamil "அம்மா", "Am'mā"
- In Mandarin Chinese "妈妈", "Māmā"
- In slang "ur mom", "yo mama"

_Madre_ is Mother in Spanish. _Mamma_ or _Mor_ is Mother in Norwegian. _Mater_ is Mother in Latin. _Mutter_ is Mother in German. _Mat_ is Mother in Russian. _Mama_ is mother in Swahili

## Maternal

The word _maternal_ is an adjective used to describe thing that are related to a mother. Common uses include:

- Maternal instinct: The instinct mothers are said to have when it comes to dealing with their children
- Maternal grandparent: The grandparents of a person on their mothers side of the family. The maternal grandparents are the father and mother of that person's mother.

## Related pages

- Matriarchy
Democrat

**Democrat** may refer to:
- A person who supports democracy
- A member of a Democratic Party, such as:
    - Democratic Party of Japan
    - Democratic Party (Serbia)
    - Democratic Party (United States)

## Related pages

- Republican
Caribbean Sea

The **Caribbean Sea** is a tropical sea in the center of the Caribbean area. The body of water is part of the Atlantic Ocean. The sea is southeast of the Gulf of Mexico. This entire sea covers an area of . It is bordered by Cuba, Hispaniola and Puerto Rico in the north, Central America in the west and South America in the south.

This sea is also as deep as the oceans. Its deepest point is believed to be even lower than 25,220 ft (7,686 m). That makes this point one of the lowest points on the surface of the earth, and the Caribbean Sea one of the deepest seas in the world.

The Caribbean Sea has many islands, which are popular among North American tourists because of their tropical climate. The Caribbean Sea is famous around the world as a tourist destination.

## History

Christopher Columbus came across a group of islands in the Caribbean region. When he did so, he thought he had reached another part of the world. Because of this, he named the islands the ‘West Indies’. However, later it was realized that he found an entire region. It still had its natural resources. The name ‘Caribbean’ was later given to it by the Amerindian tribe, the Caribs. That is how it got its name: the Caribbean Sea.
Junior Certificate

The **Junior Certificate** is earned by passing a required exam that takes place in secondary schools in the Republic of Ireland.

The exams take place every June, with English always the first exam. For example, the English exam took place on June 8 this year (2005). Exams usually end with the subjects that the fewest people take. For example, Italian took place on June 24 this year (2005).

Three exams must be passed in order to receive a certificate: They are English, Mathematics, and Irish. If a student has not lived in Ireland for at least seven years before the exam, he is not required to sit for the Irish exam. A student may then take 3-6 other subjects to get his certifcate.

The results of the exams are given in mid-September.
Leaving Certificate

The **Leaving Certificate** is the final exam in the Republic of Ireland secondary school education system. Students have to do the Junior Certificate before they can take the Leaving Certificate. Students also have to take Maths and English. If they took Irish during the Junior Certificate, they also have to take Irish.

Students have to take exams on at least six subjects. They can take either High or Ordinary level tests. In Irish and Maths, there is also a Foundation level. This is for people who have trouble with that subject.

The results are given out in the middle of August. A leaving certificate is required in order to go on to college or university.
Empire

An** empire** is a political unit which exercises control over territory of great extent or a number of territories or peoples through formal annexations or various forms of informal domination.

Well-known empires include the Persian Empire, founded by Cyrus the Great, The Indian Mauryan empire, the Roman Empire, Arab Muslim empires such as the  Rashidun Caliphate and the Umayyad Caliphate, Berber empires such as the Almohads and the Almoravids, the Russian Empire, the Greek Macedonian Empire, the Holy Roman Empire and the British Empire. The oldest empire was the Akkadian Empire, whose founder was Sargon of Akkad.

Empires that are known for conquering much territory with speed include the Greek Macedonian Empire (during the time of Alexander the Great) and the Arab Empire. According to Scottish historian James Buchan: "In speed and extent, the first Arab conquests were matched only by those of Alexander the Great, and they were more lasting."

Sea empires grew mostly by sailing to distant places and conquering them. Mediterranean sea empires were the Phoenician states of Tyre, Sidon and Carthage; the Italian maritime republics of Venice and Genoa. Others were the Chola dynasty of Tamil Nadu in India; the Omani Empire of Arabia; and the Austronesian empires of Srivijaya and Majapahit in Maritime Southeast Asia. The Aztec Empire and the Mongol Empire were land empires.

Before Christopher Columbus, there were several empires in America including the Aztec Empire, and the Inca Empire.  The Spanish and the Portuguese were the first Europeans to discover America.  Later came the English, later to be called the British Empire which controlled most of North America, and the Spanish Empire controlled most of South America and Latin America.

## Modern empires

The newest created empire was The Soviet Union created in 1922, which included Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova, Azerbaijan, Armenia and Georgia.

Today, the only monarch to use the title "emperor" is the Emperor of Japan although his power is mostly ceremonial and the _de facto_ head of government is the Prime Minister of Japan.
Writer

A **writer** can mean anyone who makes a written work or who writes, but the word more usually means people who write creatively or as a job, or those who have written in many different forms.

## Overview

A "person who writes books or articles to be published"; That is one of the ways that media explains what a writer does. l Skilled writers demonstrate skills in using language to portray certain ideas and images, whether in fiction or non-fiction.

## Types

- Myth
- Plays
- Lyrics
- Prose
- Novel
- Music
- Poetry
- Legend
- Magazine
- Monologue
- Screenplay
- Non-fiction
- Newspaper

This list consists of merely a few examples of the many types of writing.

## Types of writers

Writers often specialize in one of the following categories:

- Poet
- Novelist
- Columnist
- Blog writer
- Head writer
- Ghostwriter
- Business writing
- Newspaper reporter

## Related pages

- Author
- Scholar
- Journalist
- English literature
Inventor

An **inventor** is a person who makes new inventions, devices that perform some kind of function. The devices are mostly electrical or mechanical. Someone that invents new ideas or methods on how to do things may also be called an inventor. Inventors can receive a patent.

Many inventors make small changes to old inventions. For example, people have invented new ways to make clocks over history.  Early clocks were sundials, later clocks used water, and pendulums.  Modern clocks are often electronic.  Other machines such as vehicles are made of many inventions.

## Famous inventors

- Nikola Tesla invented the alternating current motor, Tesla coil and many other things.
- Michael Faraday, scientist, discoverer of electromagnetic induction, inventor of the electric motor, founder of  electromagnetism.
- Thomas Edison, inventor of the phonograph and many other things.
- John Kemp Starley, many improvements to bicycles.
- Karl Drais, inventor of the Laufmaschine ("running machine") the first bicycle.
- Guglielmo Marconi (1874 – 1937) pioneer of radio communication.
- Alessandro Volta, inventor of the battery.
- Gottlieb Daimler, inventor of the first four-wheel successful car.
- Karl Benz, inventor of the first successful car.
- George Stephenson (1803 – 1859) inventor of the improved locomotive.
- James Watt, inventor of the improved steam engine.

- Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot, inventor of the first car (propelled with steam engine).
- Nikolaus August Otto, inventor of the first internal-combustion engine.

- Richard Trevithick, inventor of the locomotive.
- Rudolf Diesel, inventor of the diesel engine.
Bear

**Bears** (singular: bear) are a group of large mammals found all over the world in many different habitats. They form the family **Ursidae**, in the suborder Caniformia of the order Carnivora. There are 8 living bear species.

- Family **Ursidae**: Bears
    - Giant panda, _Ailuropoda melanoleuca_
    - Spectacled bear, _Tremarctos ornatus_
    - Brown bear, _Ursus arctos_
    - Polar bear, _Ursus maritimus_
    - American black bear, _Ursus americanus_
    - Moon bear, _Ursus thibetanus_ or _Selenarctos thibetanus_
    - Sloth bear, _Melursus ursinus_
    - Sun bear, _Ursus malayanus_

## Appearance

Bears usually have a big body with short and thick legs. They have a broad head and a very short tail. They have small eyes and round ears. They usually have longer, shaggy fur. On each foot they have five claws, which they cannot pull back. They use their claws for digging, climbing, and hunting. They can stand up on their back legs and their front paws are flexible. Usually bears can climb and swim very well. Males are usually bigger than females. Most bears except the giant panda are only one color. Most bears are russet, brown, or black.

Bears do not have good hearing. They have powerful senses of smell and sight. They have good sight and can see colors, which is different from other carnivores. Bears mostly use their sense of smell to know what is around them. They can smell better than dogs. Bears also have good memory, which lets them remember where they can find food.

## Life

They are mostly active at night, except for the Polar Bear. Some bears hibernate, meaning they sleep during the winter to save energy.

Bears are usually omnivorous, which means that they eat plants and meat. They eat berries, grass, and fish. An exception is the polar bear, which eats mostly meat.

Bears usually live alone, except when they are mating season or if they have cubs. The father does not raise the cubs. The mother raises the cubs for months or a few years depending on how much food there is. The mother protects her young, even at the cost of her life.

## Distribution

Bears live all over the world, mostly in the Northern hemisphere. They are found in North America, South America, Europe, and Asia. There used to be bears in northern Africa but they are now extinct.

## In popular culture

Some fictional bears in popular culture include Yogi Bear, The Berenstain Bears, and Winnie the Pooh.

Teddy bears toy that look like a bear also made, named after Theodore Roosevelt.
Meteorology

**Meteorology** is the science that focuses on the Earth's atmosphere. People who study meteorology are called meteorologists. Meteorologists record air pressure, wind speed and direction, temperature, humidity, weather patterns, and other information. Meteorologists use this data to understand weather and to predict it. Meteorology is a major branch of earth science. Meteorologists study the causes of particular weather conditions using information obtained from the land, sea and upper atmosphere.

They use computerized and mathematical models to make short and long-range forecasts concerning weather and climate patterns. A variety of organizations use meteorological forecasts including:
- transport services, particularly air and sea travel
- shipping and sea fishing industries and sailing organisations
- government services, e.g. firefighter<nowiki/>s or for advice on climate change policy
- armed forces
- farmers;
- public services
- mass media
- industry and retail businesses
- insurance companies
- health services

In addition to forecasting, meteorologists study the impact of weather on the environment and conduct research into weather patterns, climate change and models of weather prediction.

## Related pages

- World Meteorological Organization
Technology

**Technology** is the skills, methods, and processes used to achieve goals. The word has been in use since the 17th century.

People can use technology to:

- Produce goods or provide customer services
- Carry out goals, such as scientific investigation or sending a spaceship to the moon
- Solve problems, such as disease or famine
- Do things we already do, but more easily.

Technology can be knowledge of how to do things.  Some machiness have automatic controls.  This lets others use the machines without knowing how they work.  **Technological systems** use technology by taking something, changing it, then producing a result. They are also known as **technology systems**.

The most simple form of technology is the development and use of basic tools. The discovery of fire and the Neolithic Revolution made food easier to get. Other inventions, such as the wheel and the ship, helped people to transport goods and themselves. This, along with information technology such as the printing press, the telephone, and the Internet, has led to globalization.

People have used technology for millions of years.  Without food technology, most people would die.

## Etymology

The word "technology" comes from two Greek words:

- τέχνη, _techne_, meaning "art, skill, or cunning of hand"
- -λογία, _-logia,_ a suffix meaning "the study of"

## Related pages

- Engineering
- Inventor
Daughter

A **daughter** is a female child. A daughter is a sister, if she has siblings.

## Related pages

- Family
- Son
Son

A **son** is a male child of a mother and father. A female child is a daughter.

## Related pages

- Family
- Daughter
1516

## Events

- The Royal Mail is established

## Births

- January 16 – King Bayinnong, king of the Toungoo dynasty of Burma
- February 18 – Mary I of England

## Deaths

- January 23 – King Ferdinand II of Aragon
- August 9 – Hieronymus Bosch, Dutch painter
- November 26 – Giovanni Bellini, Italian Renaissance painter
Salt water

**Salt water** (or **saline water**) is water with a large amount of salt in it. It usually means the water from the seas and oceans (**sea water**). Almost all the water on Earth is saline. River water, however, is usually not saline.

Salt water used for making or preserving food, is usually saltier than sea water and is called **brine**. Drinking sea water alone is dangerous. A summary of 163 life raft voyages showed the risk of death at 39% for those who drank seawater, compared to 3% for those who did not. Experiments on rats showed the danger.

When scientists measure salt in water, they are testing the **salinity** of the water. Salinity is measured in _parts per thousand_ or _ppt_. Most sea water is about 35 ppt salt. Salt lakes can be up to ten times as salty. Above that level precipitation creates a salt plain.

Brackish water, in contrast, is less salty than seawater.

Salt water is more dense than fresh water. Fresh water has a density of 1 g/ml, while salty seawater has an average density of about 1.025 g/ml.

## Related pages

- Desalination
- Fresh water
- Water cycle
Oceanography

**Oceanography** (also called **oceanology** or **marine science**) is the study of the ocean, its properties and its characteristics. This can include, and is not limited to, studying the marine life, the geography of the ocean floor, and the water itself. Many sciences are useful in oceanography, so it is a multidisciplinary field. Oceanographers spend much time on boats.

## Sub-Categories

The study of oceanography may be divide branches:
- **Marine biology** or **biological oceanography**
- **Chemical oceanography** or **marine chemistry**
- **Marine geology** or **geological oceanography**
- **Physical oceanography**
- **Marine engineering**
Diamanto Manolakou

**Diamanto Manolakou** (born 1 March 1959,) is a Greek politician and member of the European Parliament for the Communist Party of Greece; part of the European United Left–Nordic Green Left.
Arthur C. Clarke

Sir **Arthur Charles Clarke** (Minehead, Somerset, 6 December 1917 – Colombo, Sri Lanka, 19 March 2008) was a British writer and inventor. He was most famous for his science fiction novel _2001: A Space Odyssey_, and for working with director Stanley Kubrick on the movie of the same name. Clarke and Isaac Asimov were probably the two best-known science fiction writers of their day.

Some of Clarke's novels include _Childhood's End_, _A Fall of Moondust_, _The Songs of Distant Earth_, _The Sands of Mars_, and _Meeting with Medusa_. He also wrote many short stories, and several serious works on science.

Clarke served in the Royal Air Force as a radar instructor and technician from 1941 to 1946. He proposed a satellite communication system in 1945 which won him the Franklin Institute Gold Medal in 1963.

He was the chairman of the British Interplanetary Society from 1947 to 1950 and again from 1951 to 1953.

Clarke emigrated to Sri Lanka in 1956 largely to pursue his interest in scuba diving; That year, he discovered the underwater ruins of the ancient Koneswaram temple in Trincomalee. He lived in Sri Lanka until his death. He was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II in 1998, and was awarded Sri Lanka's highest civil honour, Sri Lankabhimanya, in 2005.

Clarke died from heart and respiratory failure at the age of 90.

## Related pages

- Arthur C. Clarke Award

## Other websites

- Arthur C. Clarke Awards Official site
- Arthur C. Clarke links & image archive

## Infobox (writer)

- **image**: Arthur C. Clarke cropped.jpg
- **caption**: Arthur C. Clarke in 2005
- **pseudonym**: Charles Willis
E. G. O'Brien
- **birth name**: Arthur Charles Clarke
- **birth place**: Minehead, Somerset, England
- **death place**: Colombo, Sri Lanka
- **alma mater**: King's College London
- **period**: 1946–2008
- **genre**: Science fiction
Popular science
- **subject**: Science
- **notableworks**: _2001: A Space Odyssey_
- **honorific prefix**: Sir
Anthony Burgess

**Anthony Burgess** (25 February 1917 – 22 November 1993) was an English author.

One of these was named _A Clockwork Orange_. It was about evil. He had the idea for the story after a group of bad young men raped and beat his wife for no reason.

Burgess also made songs and music. And he wrote a lot about writers he loved, such as James Joyce, a novelist, and Gerard Manley Hopkins, a poet.

Burgess was born in Harpurhey, Manchester, in the north of England. Before he became a writer, he was a soldier, then a teacher. When he was 37 years old, he left his home country to work in Malaysia and Brunei. Later, he lived in the USA, Italy, and France.

He was born very poor, the son of a man who made a meagre living out of selling cigarettes to workmen. But when Burgess died, he had grown rich. This was because he worked so hard at his art, which is the art of literature. He wrote at least 1,000 words every day of his life. But he always found time to be kind to other writers. He was friendly to the many people who came to visit with him at his seaside home in Monaco.

Burgess died of lung cancer aged 76, in St John's Wood, London.

The books by Burgess that people say they like the most are called _Earthly Powers_, about the Pope; _Enderby_, about a poet; and _Nothing Like the Sun_, about William Shakespeare.