juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Lacoste, Vaucluse

**Lacoste** is a commune of 408 people (1999). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Lacoste
- **image**: Lacoste France.jpg
- **caption**: View of the village of Lacoste (Luberon)
- **image coat of arms**: Blason ville fr Lacoste (Vaucluse).svg
- **arrondissement**: Apt
- **canton**: Canton of Bonnieux, Bonnieux
- **insee**: 84058
- **postal code**: 84480
- **mayor**: Eliane Thomassin
- **elevation m**: 320
- **elevation min m**: 153
- **elevation max m**: 716
- **area km2**: 10.66
- **population**: 408
- **population date**: 1999
Lafare

**Lafare** is a commune of 97 people (1999). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Lafare
- **image**: Lafare 2 by JM Rosier.jpg
- **image coat of arms**: Blason ville fr Lafare (Vaucluse).svg
- **arrondissement**: Carpentras
- **canton**: Beaumes-de-Venise
- **insee**: 84059
- **postal code**: 84190
- **intercommunality**: Ventoux-Comtat Venaissin
- **elevation m**: 150
- **elevation min m**: 129
- **elevation max m**: 528
- **area km2**: 4.54
- **population**: 97
- **population date**: 1999
Lagarde-d'Apt

**Lagarde-d'Apt** is a commune of 26 people (1999). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Lagarde-d'Apt
- **image coat of arms**: Blason ville fr Lagarde-d'Apt (Vaucluse).svg
- **arrondissement**: Apt
- **canton**: Canton of Apt, Apt
- **insee**: 84060
- **postal code**: 84400
- **mayor**: Elisabeth Murat
- **term**: 2001–2008
- **elevation m**: 1087
- **elevation min m**: 829
- **elevation max m**: 1252
- **area km2**: 21.79
- **population**: 26
- **population date**: 1999
Lagarde-Paréol

**Lagarde-Paréol** is a commune of 297 people (1999). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Lagarde-Paréol
- **image coat of arms**: Blason ville fr Lagarde-Paréol (Vaucluse).svg
- **arrondissement**: Avignon
- **canton**: Bollène
- **insee**: 84061
- **postal code**: 84290
- **mayor**: Fabrice Leaune
- **elevation m**: 125
- **elevation min m**: 84
- **elevation max m**: 253
- **area km2**: 9.29
- **population**: 297
- **population date**: 1999
Lagnes

**Lagnes** is a commune of 1,674 people (2007). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Lagnes
- **image**: Lagnes bird view by Jm Rosier.jpg
- **caption**: View of Lagnes
- **image coat of arms**: Blason ville fr Lagnes (Vaucluse).svg
- **arrondissement**: Avignon
- **canton**: Canton of L'Isle-sur-la-Sorgue, L'Isle-sur-la-Sorgue
- **insee**: 84062
- **postal code**: 84800
- **mayor**: Robert Donnat
- **term**: 2001–2014
- **intercommunality**: Communauté de communes de Coustellet
- **elevation m**: 110
- **elevation min m**: 64
- **elevation max m**: 622
- **area km2**: 16.93
- **population**: 1,674
- **population date**: 2007
Lamotte-du-Rhône

**Lamotte-du-Rhône** is a commune of 416 people (1999). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Lamotte-du-Rhône
- **image**: La mairie de Lamotte-du-Rhône by JM Rosier.JPG
- **caption**: The town hall in Lamotte-du-Rhône
- **image coat of arms**: Blason ville fr Lamotte-du-Rhône (Vaucluse).svg
- **arrondissement**: Avignon
- **canton**: Bollène
- **insee**: 84063
- **postal code**: 84840
- **mayor**: Maurice Sabater
- **intercommunality**: Rhône-Lez-Provence
- **elevation m**: 42
- **elevation min m**: 38
- **elevation max m**: 57
- **area km2**: 11.97
- **population**: 416
- **population date**: 1999
Lapalud

**Lapalud** is a commune of 3,267 people (1999). It is in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in south France.
Lauris

**Lauris** is a commune of 3,102 people (1999). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Lauris
- **image**: Lauris - Paul Munhoven.JPG
- **caption**: Castle of Lauris
- **image coat of arms**: Blason ville fr Lauris (Vaucluse).svg
- **arrondissement**: Apt
- **canton**: Canton of Cadenet, Cadenet
- **insee**: 84065
- **postal code**: 84360
- **mayor**: Monique Roustan
- **term**: 2001–2008
- **intercommunality**: Communauté de communes des Portes du Luberon
- **elevation m**: 350
- **elevation min m**: 128
- **elevation max m**: 680
- **area km2**: 21.81
- **population**: 3102
- **population date**: 1999
Lioux

**Lioux** is a commune of 248 people (1999). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Lioux
- **image**: Lioux by JM Rosier - Gordes (fr).JPG
- **caption**: View of Lioux
- **image coat of arms**: CoA fr Lioux.svg
- **arrondissement**: Apt
- **canton**: Canton of Gordes, Gordes
- **insee**: 84066
- **postal code**: 84220
- **mayor**: Francis Farge
- **term**: 2001–2008
- **intercommunality**: Pied Rousset en Luberon
- **elevation m**: 315
- **elevation min m**: 237
- **elevation max m**: 885
- **area km2**: 38.89
- **population**: 248
- **population date**: 1999
Loriol-du-Comtat

**Loriol-du-Comtat** is a commune of 1,871 people (1999). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Loriol-du-Comtat
- **image**: Clochers à Loriol-du-Comtat.jpg
- **caption**: The centre of the village of Loriol-du-Comtat
- **image coat of arms**: Blason ville fr Loriol-du-Comtat (Vaucluse).svg
- **arrondissement**: Carpentras
- **canton**: Canton of Carpentras-Nord, Carpentras-Nord
- **insee**: 84067
- **postal code**: 84870
- **mayor**: Michel Nicolet
- **intercommunality**: Communauté d'agglomération Ventoux-Comtat Venaissin
- **elevation m**: 65
- **elevation min m**: 31
- **elevation max m**: 93
- **area km2**: 11.29
- **population**: 1,871
- **population date**: 1999
Lourmarin

**Lourmarin** is a commune of 1,119 people (1999). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Lourmarin
- **image**: Lourmarin.jpg
- **image coat of arms**: Blason ville fr Lourmarin (Vaucluse).svg
- **arrondissement**: Apt
- **canton**: Canton of Cadenet, Cadenet
- **insee**: 84068
- **postal code**: 84160
- **mayor**: Blaise Diagne
- **term**: 2001–2008
- **intercommunality**: Communauté de communes des Portes du Luberon
- **elevation m**: 200
- **elevation min m**: 169
- **elevation max m**: 818
- **area km2**: 20.18
- **population**: 1,119
- **population date**: 1999
Malaucène

**Malaucène** is a commune of 2,669 people (2008). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Malaucène
- **image**: 161003-Malaucene-01.jpg
- **caption**: Malaucène
- **image coat of arms**: Blason ville fr Malaucène (Vaucluse).svg
- **arrondissement**: Carpentras
- **canton**: Canton of Malaucène, Malaucène
- **insee**: 84069
- **postal code**: 84340
- **mayor**: Dominique Bodon
- **term**: 2008–2014
- **intercommunality**: Communauté d'Agglomération Ventoux Comtat Venaissin
- **elevation m**: 365
- **elevation min m**: 238
- **elevation max m**: 1132
- **area km2**: 45.33
- **population**: 2,538
- **population date**: 1999
Malemort-du-Comtat

**Malemort-du-Comtat** is a commune of 1,203 people (1999). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France. During the time of the Roman Empire, the village was called "Calvia." The name Malemort means "bad death" and was probably used after the destruction of the village by the Franks. Comtat means "county", the land belonging to a count. Wine making has been carried out in region for at least 2,400 years. When wine making started again in medieval times, the Archbishop of Carpentras gave his monks a vineyard in Malemort du Comtat in 882.

The village is in the mountains, surrounded by olive and cherry trees. The city was protected by high walls and eleven towers which were built in the 12th century. Three of the gateways in the wall are still standing. The church, Notre Dame de l’Assomption, was built in the 13th century.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Malemort-du-Comtat
- **image coat of arms**: Blason ville fr Malemort-du-Comtat (Vaucluse).svg
- **arrondissement**: Carpentras
- **canton**: Mormoiron
- **insee**: 84070
- **postal code**: 84570
- **intercommunality**: Terrasses du Ventoux
- **elevation m**: 208
- **elevation min m**: 160
- **elevation max m**: 364
- **area km2**: 11.92
- **population**: 1203
- **population date**: 1999
Maubec, Vaucluse

**Maubec** is a commune of 1,581 people (1999). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Maubec
- **image**: Maubec by JMRosier.jpg
- **caption**: The town hall of Maubec
- **image coat of arms**: Blason ville fr Maubec (Vaucluse).svg
- **arrondissement**: Apt
- **canton**: Cavaillon
- **insee**: 84071
- **postal code**: 84660
- **mayor**: René Valentino
- **term**: 2001–2014
- **intercommunality**: Coustellet
- **elevation m**: 105
- **elevation min m**: 97
- **elevation max m**: 663
- **area km2**: 9.13
- **population**: 1581
- **population date**: 1999
Mazan

**Mazan** is a commune of 4,943 people (1999). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.
Ménerbes

**Ménerbes** is a commune of 1,157 people (2006). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Ménerbes
- **image**: Menerbes Eglise.jpg
- **caption**: Church of Ménerbes
- **image coat of arms**: Blason ville fr Ménerbes (Vaucluse).svg
- **arrondissement**: Apt
- **canton**: Canton of Bonnieux, Bonnieux
- **insee**: 84073
- **postal code**: 84560
- **mayor**: Yves Rousset-Rouard
- **term**: 2001–2008
- **intercommunality**: Communauté de communes de Pied Rousset en Lubéron
- **elevation m**: 244
- **elevation min m**: 112
- **elevation max m**: 693
- **area km2**: 30.27
- **population**: 995
- **population date**: 1999
Mérindol

**Mérindol** is a commune of 1,923 people (2006). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France. The town has a Mediterranean climate with hot and dry summers and mild winters. It does not rain very often and snow is rare. Protected by the Luberon, a mountain range, the town is sheltered from the mistral, a cold dry wind that blows from the north. The town was first built on a hill which was easy to defend. After the town was destroyed in 1545, it was rebuilt on the plain, near the river.

## History

A ferry was in use to cross the Durance River in the year 1240. Mérindol was abandoned, probably because of plague, in the 15th century.

In the late Middle Ages, Louis II of Provence sold the land to the lords of Abacus-Cental and Rocca Sparviera. They moved in farming families from Piedmont. The farmers were followers of Pierre Vaudes (Peter Waldo). They were part of a group, known as the Vaudois or Waldensians, who had separated from the Catholic Church in 1170. They believed in a simple life based on a line in the Gospel of Matthew. This put them in opposition to the rich and powerful church. In 1530, a Dominican priest, Jean de Roma, began a campaign against the Vaudois because he said they were heretics. His gangs attacked the town and burnt many houses and killed many of the people.

In 1540, de Roma arrested a flour miller from Mérindol, took his mill, and then burned the man at the stake. On November 18 1540, 19 more people were sentenced to death by burning at the stake, and the town was ordered to be completely destroyed. A group from the town went to the king to save the people and the village. He gave them until 1545 AD to give up their religion and rejoin the Catholic Church. On April 18 1545, the village was completely burned and about 12 of the Vaudois still living there were killed. Over one week there were attacks on 11 other small villages, and it is thought that about 3000 people were killed. Many of the Vaudois from Mérindol were able to escape and ran away to Switzerland.

## The Path of Memory

In 1977, members of Vaudois organizations in Germany, France and Italy built a path in memory of the people who had been killed for their religious beliefs. The path leads to the ruins of the Vaudois church.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Mérindol
- **image**: Merindol 2 by JM Rosier.jpg
- **caption**: Town hall and church in Mérindol
- **image coat of arms**: Blason ville fr Mérindol (Vaucluse).svg
- **arrondissement**: Apt
- **canton**: Canton of Cadenet, Cadenet
- **insee**: 84074
- **postal code**: 84360
- **mayor**: Philippe Batoux
- **term**: 2008–2014
- **intercommunality**: Provence Luberon Durance
- **elevation m**: 168
- **elevation min m**: 100
- **elevation max m**: 620
- **area km2**: 26.59
- **population**: 1923
- **population date**: 2006
Méthamis

**Méthamis** is a commune of 397 people (1999). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Méthamis
- **image coat of arms**: Blason ville fr Méthamis (Vaucluse).svg
- **arrondissement**: Carpentras
- **canton**: Canton of Mormoiron, Mormoiron
- **insee**: 84075
- **postal code**: 84570
- **intercommunality**: Terrasses du Ventoux
- **elevation m**: 318
- **elevation min m**: 228
- **elevation max m**: 891
- **area km2**: 36.81
- **population**: 397
- **population date**: 1999
Mirabeau, Vaucluse

**Mirabeau** is a commune of 907 people (1999). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Mirabeau
- **image coat of arms**: Blason ville fr Mirabeau (Vaucluse).svg
- **arrondissement**: Apt
- **canton**: Canton of Pertuis, Pertuis
- **insee**: 84076
- **postal code**: 84120
- **mayor**: Henri Sumian
- **term**: 2001–2008
- **intercommunality**: Luberon-Durance
- **elevation m**: 330
- **elevation min m**: 214
- **elevation max m**: 628
- **area km2**: 31.66
- **population**: 907
- **population date**: 1999
Voice over Internet Protocol

**Voice over Internet protocol** (or **VoIP**) is a term used for a number of protocols that are used to carry _voice data_ over packet switched networks. Before, telephony used a dedicated line that was only for calls. This was known as PSTN (or "public switched telephony network"). Using VoIP will reduce costs, as the "dedicated line" for telephony (and fax) is no longer needed.

There are a number of technical problems that must be solved first, though:
- Carrying voice data needs service guarantees (mostly in the form of "throughput", and "response time"). Not having this will result in a loss of signal (or in "hiccups")
- Most telephony networks provide the possibility to operate a phone, even when the power is lost in the area. This is done so that emergency calls can still be made. VOIP usually does not provide this possibility.
- The LAN is now used both for voice and data, and becomes a single point of failure. If there are problems with the LAN, this can also affect VOIP calls.
- The encoding schemes used for voice calls are not good choices for fax or other uses of the telephony network.

The vast majority of VoIP systems rely on two main protocols:

**SIP** :- **SIP**, or also known as session initiation protocol, has become the standard for multimedia sessions on the internet. The Engineering Task Force thinks of this protocol as the standard for audio, video and even instant messaging solutions. This task force is simply a large, international community, composed of anyone involved in the networking evolution online. SIP is modular, meaning that it can be changed around in whatever way needed. Depending on the type of data your business is wishing to transmit, your SIP deployment will need to be designed specifically for this. With that being said, VoIP and IM communications will need to work around these aspects, and be designed for one total approach.

**H.323 :-** This protocol has become the international standard for all communication over packet-switched networks. This includes LAN, WAN and even the general internet networks we all connect to. H.323 is considered an umbrella that includes all types of standards, which is what the internet is based on. H.323 focuses on voice, video, and data communications, designed specifically to operate over IP networks. At this point, this protocol has become the world market leader for voice and voice communications over IP networks. H.323 was developed by the international telecommunications union, which is the organization responsible for building the public telephone network.
British royal family

The **British royal family** are the people who are relatives (family) of the monarch, currently Charles III, of the United Kingdom. They often attend events and help the monarch carry out their duty.

## Members

King Charles III and Queen Camilla

- The Prince and Princess of Wales
        - Prince George of Wales
        - Princess Charlotte of Wales
        - Prince Louis of Wales
    - The Duke and Duchess of Sussex
        - Prince Archie of Sussex
        - Princess Lilibet of Sussex
- The Princess Royal
- The Duke and Duchess of Edinburgh
- Princess Beatrice
- Princess Eugenie
- The Duke and Duchess of Gloucester
- The Duke of Kent
- Princess Alexandra, The Honourable Lady Ogilvy
- Prince and Princess Michael of Kent

## References

- Royal Gov website Retrieved 3 July 2012\
- https://www.ancestry.com/family-tree/person/tree/155209306/person/302050214240/story For HRH Blake Royall Shaner
MQV

**MQV** (**Menezes-Qu-Vanstone**) is an authenticated protocol for key agreement based on the Diffie-Hellman scheme. MQV provides protection against an active attacker.

## References

- Burton S. Kaliski Jr., An unknown key-share attack on the MQV key agreement protocol. ACM Trans. Inf. Syst. Secur. 4(3): pp275–288 (2001)
- Laurie Law, Alfred Menezes, Minghua Qu, Jerry Solinas, Scott A. Vanstone, An Efficient Protocol for Authenticated Key Agreement. Des. Codes Cryptography 28(2): pp119–134 (2003)
- Peter J. Leadbitter, Nigel P. Smart: Analysis of the Insecurity of ECMQV with Partially Known Nonces. ISC 2003: pp240–251
- A. Menezes, M. Qu, and S. Vanstone, Some new key agreement protocols providing implicit authentication, Preproceedings of Workshops on Selected Areas in Cryptography (1995).

## Other websites

- Articles on MQV and ECMQV in Certicom's newsletter _Code and Cipher_.
- HMQV: A High-Performance Secure Diffie-Hellman Protocol by Hugo Krawczyk
- Another look at HMQV
- An Efficient Protocol for Authenticated Key Agreement
Runtime

In computer science, **runtime** or **run time** describes the operation of a computer program, the duration of its execution, from beginning to termination.

The term **runtime** can also refer to a virtual machine to manage a program written in a computer language while it is running.

**Run time** is sometimes used to mean  runtime library, a library of basic code that is used by a particular compiler but when used in this fashion, **runtime library** is more accurate.

A **runtime environment** is a virtual machine state which provides software services for processes or programs while a computer is running.

Runtime activities include loading and linking of the classes needed to execute a program, optional machine code generation and dynamic optimization of the program, and actual program execution.

For example, a program written in Java calls for services from the Java Runtime Environment by issuing commands from which the expected result is returned by the Java Runtime. By providing these services, the Java Runtime Environment is considered the runtime environment of the program. Both the program and the Java Runtime Environment request services from the operating system. The operating system kernel provides services for itself and all processes and software running under its control. The Operating System may be considered as providing a runtime environment for itself.

## Related pages

- Compile time and compiling
- Interpreter (computing)
- Run-time system

## References

- Jon Byous, _Java technology: The early years_. Sun Developer Network, no date [ca. 1998]. Retrieved April 22, 2005.
- James Gosling, _A brief history of the Green project_ . Java.net, no date [ca. Q1/1998]. Retrieved April 29, 2007.
- James Gosling, Bill Joy, Guy Steele, and Gilad Bracha, _The Java language specification_, third edition. Addison-Wesley, 2005.  (see also online edition of the specification)
- Tim Lindholm and Frank Yellin. _The Java Virtual Machine specification_, second edition. Addison-Wesley, 1999.  (see also online edition of the specification).
Java virtual machine

A **Java virtual machine** (**JVM**) is a set of computer software programs and data structures which use a virtual machine model for the execution of other computer programs and scripts.  The model used by a **JVM** accepts a form of computer intermediate language commonly referred to as Java bytecode.

**Java virtual machines** operate on Java bytecode, which is normally (but not necessarily) generated from Java source code; a JVM can also be used to implement programming languages other than Java.

The **JVM** is an important component of the Java Platform. Because **JVM**s are available for many hardware and software platforms, Java can be both middleware and a platform in its own right – hence the expression "write once, run anywhere." The use of the same bytecode for all platforms allows Java to be described as "compile once, run anywhere", as opposed to "write once, compile anywhere", which describes cross-platform compiled languages.

## References

- _Clarifications and Amendments to the Java Virtual Machine Specification, Second Edition_ includes list of changes to be made to support J2SE 5.0 and JSR 45
- JSR 45 – Specifies changes to the class file format to support source-level debugging of languages such as JSP and SQLJ that are translated to Java

## Other websites

- The Java Virtual Machine Specification
- A decade after Java arrived, there have been improvements in the runtime performance of platform-independent virtual-machine based software.
- Sun to build virtual machine for iPhone - ComputerWorld
Station-to-Station protocol

The **Station-to-Station (STS) protocol** is a cryptographic (information-hiding) key agreement scheme based on the classic Diffie-Hellman key exchange that provides mutual key and entity (party) authentication.

In addition to protecting the established key from an attacker, the **STS** protocol uses no timestamps and provides perfect forward secrecy.  It also requires two-way explicit key confirmation, making it an _Authenticated key agreement with Key Confirmation_ (Acronym: AKC) protocol.

STS was originally presented in 1987 in the context of ISDN security , finalized in 1989 and generally presented by Whitfield Diffie, Paul C. van Oorschot and Michael J. Wiener in 1992.
Internet Key Exchange

**Internet Key Exchange** (**IKE** or **IKEv2**) is the protocol used to set up a security association (SA) in the IPsec protocol suite. IKE uses a Diffie-Hellman key exchange to set up a shared session secret, from which cryptographic keys are derived. Public key techniques or, alternatively, a pre-shared key, are used to mutually authenticate the communicating parties.

IKE builds upon the Oakley protocol.

## History

IKE was originally defined in November 1998 by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) in a series of publications (Request for Comments) known as RFC 2407, RFC 2408, and RFC 2409.
- RFC 2407 defined The Internet IP Security Domain of Interpretation for ISAKMP.
- RFC 2408 Internet Security Association and Key Management Protocol (ISAKMP)
- RFC 2409 defined The Internet Key Exchange (IKE)

IKE was updated to version two (IKEv2) in December 2005 by RFC 4306.  IKEv2 has been further expanded by RFC 4301 (Security Architecture for the Internet Protocol) through RFC 4310 (DNS Security Extensions Mapping for the EPP). More RFCs are being added all the time as the need arises to further develop the features of the protocol.

The parent organization of the IETF, The Internet Society (ISOC), has maintained the copyrights of these standards as being freely available to the Internet community.

## Related pages

- Key-agreement protocol

## Other websites

- RFC 2407 The Internet IP Security Domain of Interpretation for ISAKMP, Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
- RFC 2408 Internet Security Association and Key Management Protocol (ISAKMP), Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
- RFC 2409 The Internet Key Exchange (IKE), Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
- RFC 4306: Internet Key Exchange (IKEv2) Protocol, Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) _(obsoletes RFC 2407, 2408, 2409)_
- An architecture for the Internet Key Exchange Protocol
- Overview of IKE (from Cisco)
The following Open Source implementations of IKEv2 are currently available:
- OpenIKEv2,
- IKEv2,
- Racoon2  from the KAME project.
Shared secret

In cryptography, a **shared secret** is a piece of data only known to the parties involved in a secure communication. The shared secret can be a password, a passphrase, a big number or an array of randomly chosen bytes.

The shared secret is either shared before parties start to communicate; in this case it can also be called a pre-shared key. Or it is created at the start of the communication session by using a key-agreement protocol, for-instance using public-key cryptography such as Diffie-Hellman or using symmetric-key cryptography such as Kerberos.

The shared secret can be used for authentication (for instance when logging in to a remote system) using methods such as challenge-response or it can be fed to a key derivation function to produce one or more keys to use for encryption and/or MACing of messages.

To make unique session and message keys the shared secret is usually combined with an initialization vector (IV).  An example of this is the derived unique key per transaction method.

## References

- _Handbook of Applied Cryptography_ by Menezes, van Oorschot and Vanstone (2001), chapter 10 and 12.
Styphnolobium japonicum

**Pagoda Tree** or **Chinese Scholar Tree** (_Styphnolobium_) is a genus of flowering plants in the _Fabaceae_ family. After the segregation of Sophora, this genus comprises 9 species.

## Other websites

- http://www.fw.vt.edu/DENDRO/DENDROLOGY/distributionMap.cfm?family=Select%20a%20Family&genus=Styphnolobium%20(Sophora)&species=japonicum%20(japonica)&common=&state=&zone=%207&species=japonicum%20(japonica)&common=&state=&zone=%207),
- http://www.about-garden.com/a/en/3806-sophora-japonica-pendula-japanese-pagoda-tree/
Horsforth

**Horsforth** is a town and civil parish within the City of Leeds, in West Yorkshire, England, lying about five miles north-west of Leeds city centre. Historically within the West Riding of Yorkshire, it has a population of 18,895 according to the 2011 Census.[1] Horsforth was considered to have the largest population of any village in the United Kingdom during the latter part of the 19th century. It became part of the City of Leeds metropolitan borough in 1974. In 1999 the community created a civil parish to cover the area, which voted to rename itself a town council. The area sits within the Horsforth ward of Leeds City Council, which also includes the southern part of Rawdon.
Pre-shared key

In cryptography, a **pre-shared key** or **PSK** is a shared secret which was previously shared between the two parties using some secure channel before it is used. Such systems almost always use symmetric key cryptographic algorithms.

The characteristics of this secret or key are determined by the system which uses it; some system require that such keys be in a specific format. It can be a password like 'bret13i', a passphrase like 'Idaho hung gear id gene', or a hexadecimal string like '65E4 E556 8622 EEE1'. The secret is used by all systems involved in the cryptographic processes used to secure the traffic between the systems.

The term is used in Wi-Fi encryption such as WEP or WPA, where both the wireless access points (AP) and all clients _share_ the same key.

Since one weakpoint of the crypto system is the encryption algorithm's key, the key strength is important, and since the strength of a key is in part dependent on the key length, it is important to choose a key whose length is cryptographically secure (see password strength). There are several tools available to help one choose a strong key.  The Diceware method is one example.
Corse-du-Sud

**Corse-du-Sud** is a department in the south of France. Its prefecture is Ajaccio. As of 2006, about 125,000 people live there.

## Related pages

- Communes of the Corse-du-Sud department
Haute-Corse

**Haute-Corse** is a department in the south of France. Its prefecture is Bastia. Haute-Corse has a population of about 148,000 (2006 estimation).
Côtes-d'Armor

**Côtes-d'Armor** is a department found in the west of France. Its prefecture is Saint-Brieuc and its population is about 561,000 (). It is one of the 83 first French departments made during the French revolution.

Côtes-d'Armor has also 3 subprefectures: Dinan, Guingamp and Lannion.
Eure

**Eure** is a department found in the northwest of France in the Normandy region. Its prefecture is Évreux. Eure has a population of about 557,000 (2006 estimation). It is one of the 83 first French departments made during the French revolution.
Key-agreement protocol

In cryptography, a **key-agreement protocol** is a cryptographic protocol by which two or more parties can agree on a key in such a way that both have an effect on the results.
Finistère

**Finistère** is a department found in the west of France in the Brittany region. Its prefecture is Quimper. Finistère has a population of about 874,000 (2006 estimation). It is one of the 83 first French departments made during the French revolution.
Jigglypuff

**Jigglypuff**, known in Japan as **Purin** (プリン), is one of the fictional species of Pokémon from the _Pokémon_ media franchise owned by Nintendo and Game Freak. Since it was introduced early in the _Pokémon_ anime, it has become one of the most famous Pokémon.

Jigglypuff is perhaps most famous for the song it sings which puts everyone who hears it into a deep sleep. Jigglypuff then becomes upset because it assumes everyone is very bored by the song, and it draws all over their faces with a marker.

Jigglypuff is a small Pokémon, slightly shorter than Pikachu. It is shaped like a balloon and has a pink body with blue eyes, catlike ears, and a strange tuft of fur on its forehead.

## In video games

In the _Pokémon_ video games, Jigglypuff is famous among players because it learns the move Sing, which puts enemy Pokémon to sleep. This often causes them to lose the battle, and many players find it very annoying.

Jigglypuff was introduced in _Pokémon Red and Blue_, the first _Pokémon_ games. It has appeared in most of the games since then. It evolves into Wigglytuff, an "upgraded" form of Jigglypuff. Starting with _Pokémon Gold and Silver_, Jigglypuff has a pre-evolved evolutionary form, Igglybuff. Igglybuff was one of the 100 new Pokémon introduced in _Gold_ and _Silver_. Previously there were only 151.

Jigglypuff has also appeared in _Super Smash Bros.,_ _Super Smash Bros. Melee_, _Super Smash Bros. Brawl_, and _Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U_. It is a light and fast character who is great in the air. Its special moves are Rollout, Pound, Sing, and Rest. Its Final Smash is Puff Up.

## In anime

Jigglypuff is one of the most famous Pokémon, alongside Pikachu, Bulbasaur, Charmander, and Mewtwo, mostly because it has appeared many times in the still-running _Pokémon_ anime. It usually appears unexpectedly and puts Pokémon and humans near it to sleep for a few minutes by singing its trademark song. It has a black permanent marker, similar to a Sharpie, with which it often draws on people and Pokémon's faces while they are asleep. This is an act of revenge because everyone falls asleep when they hear Jigglypuff's song and Jigglypuff assumes it's because they are very bored by it. Since people are upset when Jigglypuff puts them to sleep, and Jigglypuff is upset when they fall asleep, it is a vicious circle.

In the episode "Beach Blank-Out Blastoise", Jigglypuff somehow got stuck in Blastoise's hydro cannon. When it was finally freed, it put everyone to sleep and then drew on their faces.

## Infobox (pokémon character)

- **name**: Jigglypuff
- **number**: 39
- **region**: Kanto
- **colour**: Pink
- **type**: Normal
- **attacktype**: Balloon
- **from**: Igglybuff
- **into**: Wigglytuff
- **previous**: Ninetales
- **next**: Wigglytuff
Al-Qa'im (Fatimid caliph)

**Muhammad al-Qaim Bi-Amrillah** (893 - 17 May, 946) () was the second Caliph of the Fatimids in Ifriqiya and ruled from 934 to 946. He is the 12th Imam according to Isma'ili Faatemi faith.

Al-Qaim (sometimes also spelled **Ka'im**) was born in Salamya in Syria in 895 with the name Abd ar-Rahman. After his father Ubayd Allah al-Mahdi Billah (910-934) seized power in Ifriqiya he was named heir to the throne in 912, and helped put down several revolts. But campaigns into Egypt failed because of the resistance of the Abbasids (914-915 and 919-921).

In 934, Al-Qaim succeeded his father as Caliph. The Fatimid realm became an important power in the Mediterranean. After the re-conquest of Sicily the Byzantine province of Calabria and the coast of Italy and France were plundered.

But from 944 to 947, there was a crisis by the revolt of Abu Yazid, who had united the Kharijite Berber tribes of eastern Algeria and overrun Ifriqiya. Imam Al-Qaim was able to hold out in Mahdia with the help of the navy for over a year, but died (17 May 946) before the revolt could be put down.

He was succeeded by his son Ismail al-Mansur (946-953).
He died on 13 th Shawwal 334 AH (Mahdiyya)/ 17th May 946 AD

## Other websites

- Imam al-Qaaim, the 12th Fatimi Imam.
Victoria Falls

**Victoria Falls** is a waterfall in south central Africa in the Zambezi River between southeast  and northwest . It is 108.3 m high and 1,703 m wide.

The falls were discovered by David Livingstone in November 1855, when he saw it on what is now known as Livingstone Island. He named it after Queen Victoria. The Chitonga name for the Falls is **Mosi-oa-Tunya**. That word means "the smoke that thunders". They call it that because the Falls are very misty.

The Falls more or less dry up in the dry season.

It is listed as one of the UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

## Related pages

- Iguaçu Falls
Vicente López y Portaña

**Vicente López y Portaña** (September 19, 1772, Valencia, Spain – July 22, 1850, Madrid, Spain) was a Spanish painter. He was one of the most well known portrait painters of his time. He became the court painter to Queen Isabella II. His most famous painting is a portrait of the artist Goya.
Théophile Gautier

**Pierre Jules Théophile Gautier** (August 30, 1811 – October 23, 1872) was a French poet, dramatist, novelist, journalist, and literary critic. He was a member of the Club des Hashischins, or Hashish Club. This group of French writers experimented with hashish to get ideas.
Gautier wrote the 1841 ballet story for _Giselle_ with Jules-Henri Vernoy de Saint-Georges.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Théophile Gautier
- **image**: Théophil Gautier 1856 Nadar.jpg
- **birth place**: Tarbes, France
- **death place**: Neuilly-sur-Seine, France
- **occupation**: Poet, dramatist, novelist, journalist, literary critic
- **nationality**: French
Anton Raphael Mengs

**Anton Raphael Mengs** (12 March 1728 – 29 June 1779) was a German painter. He worked in Rome, Madrid, and Saxony. Mengs painted many portraits, including members of the Spanish Royal family.
El Escorial

**El Escorial** is a famous royal site in Spain. It was built in the late 1500s. El Escorial is a monastery, a royal palace, a museum and a school. It is located about  northwest of the Spanish capital, Madrid, in the town of San Lorenzo de El Escorial. Five miles from the main building is a hunting lodge called Granjilla de La Fresneda, which is also part of the Escorial.

## Architecture

The building was designed by the architect Juan Bautista de Toledo to the plans of King Philip II. El Escorial is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It is a very popular tourist attraction.

El Escorial was one of 100 finalists for the 12 Treasures of Spain in 2007.

## Other websites

- El Escorial site
- El Escorial Monastery - History and Photos
- Maps showing areas of outstanding natural beauty, educational, scientific or cultural importance in Spain
- El Escorial tourist and travel connexions guide (Eng)

## Infobox (historic site)

- **name**: Royal Site of San Lorenzo de El Escorial
- **image**: Vista aerea del Monasterio de El Escorial.jpg
- **caption**: A distant view of the Royal Seat of San Lorenzo de El Escorial
- **locmapin**: Spain Community of Madrid
- **location**: San Lorenzo de El Escorial,  Spain
- **architect**: Juan Bautista de Toledo
- **governing body**: Ministry of the Presidency
- **designation1**: WHS
- **designation1 offname**: Monastery and Site of the Escorial, Madrid
- **designation1 date**: 1984 <small>(8th World Heritage Committee, session)</small>
- **designation1 number**: [http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/318 318]
- **designation1 criteria**: i, ii, iv
- **designation1 type**: Cultural
- **designation1 free1name**: State Party
- **designation1 free2name**: Region
- **designation1 free2value**: List of World Heritage Sites in Europe, Europe and North America
- **designation2**: Spain
- **designation2 offname**: Monasterio de San Lorenzo
- **designation2 type**: Real property
- **designation2 criteria**: Monument
- **designation2 date**: 3 June 1931
- **designation2 number**: (R.I.) - 51 - 0001064 - 00000
City council

A **city council** is a form of local government, usually covering a city or other urban area, such as a town.
Chuck Baldwin

**Charles Obadiah "Chuck" Baldwin ** (born May 3, 1952) is a founder-pastor of Crossroad Baptist Church in Pensacola, Florida, and 2008 presidential nominee of the Constitution Party. He was also the Constitution Party nominee for Vice President in 2004.

## Infobox (politician)

- **honorific-prefix**: Rev. Dr.
- **image name**: CBaldwin08.jpg
- **nominee**: United States presidential election, 2008, President of the United States
- **election date**: November 4, 2008
- **runningmate**: Darrell Castle
- **opponent**: Bob Barr (LPUS, L)
John McCain (Republican Party (United States), R<small></small>)
Cynthia McKinney (GPUS, G<small></small>)
Ralph Nader (Independent (politician), I)
Barack Obama (Democratic Party (United States), D)
United States presidential candidates, 2008, Others
- **incumbent**: George W. Bush
- **party**: USTP, Constitution Party
Darrell Castle

**Darrell Castle** (born October 11, 1948) is an American politician, activist and lawyer from Memphis, Tennessee, and the 2008 vice-presidential candidate of the Constitution Party. He was the party's presidential nominee for the 2016 presidential election.

## Infobox (politician)

- **name**: Darrell Lane Castle
- **image name**: DCastle08.jpg
- **imagesize**: 220
- **nominee**: United States presidential election, 2008, Vice President of the United States
- **election date**: November 4, 2008
- **runningmate**: Chuck Baldwin
- **incumbent**: Dick Cheney (Republican Party (United States), R)
- **nationality**: United States, American
- **party**: Constitution Party (United States), Constitution Party
- **alma mater**: East Tennessee State University
University of Memphis
- **occupation**: attorney
- **profession**: law
United States Electoral College

The **United States Electoral College** is a name used to describe the official 538 presidential electors who come together every four years during the presidential election to give their official votes for President and Vice President of the United States.

The number of electors each state has is determined by the number of representatives a state has, plus its two senators. No state can have fewer than three electors.  There are 435 representatives in total and 100 senators.  The 23rd Amendment to the Constitution awarded Washington, D.C. three electors.  Combined, there is a total of 538 electors.

Electors usually vote for the winner of the popular vote in their state.  In some states, they vote depending on the popular vote in each congressional district.  The Constitution leaves states to decide how electors will vote.  Faithless electors are electors that vote against the popular vote, although there is a fine for this in some states.

The Electoral College was created as the Founding Fathers were afraid the popular vote would be easily swayed.  Because congressional representatives is determined by population, electors are assigned based on representatives.  More populous states have more electors.  Because most states have a winner-take-all system, where the winner of the popular vote in a state gains all of the electors, several presidents have lost the popular vote and won the electoral vote.  A candidate needs to win a majority of electors, or 270, to become the president-elect.

The Electoral College plays a very important role in today's elections. It is the subject of controversy as some people approve of the system, but for various reasons, some don't. The people who approve of the system often argue and say that it gives smaller states more power, and that this a good thing, because if it were done by population, someone could win a majority of the votes in certain states but not win the majority of states. The Electoral College favors those who win more states, big and small. Even though it can be won with 11 states, often certain states stay Democratic or Republican ensuring it likely won't happen this way. Those who are against it bring up the latter argument that it can be won with 11 states and often the candidate who wins does not win the popular vote. Third parties can change the outcome of an election, and it is often debated whether they play a role.

## Other websites

- U.S. Electoral College FAQ (www.archives.gov)
- Historical Documents on the Electoral College
- U. S. Electoral College -Citizendium
Ille-et-Vilaine

**Ille-et-Vilaine** is a department found in the west of France in the Brittany region. Its prefecture is Rennes and its population is about 908,000 (2006 estimation). It is one of the 83 first French departments made during the French revolution.
Maine-et-Loire

**Maine-et-Loire** is a department found in the west of France in the Pays de la Loire region. Its prefecture is Angers and its population is about 810,000 (2015 estimation). It is one of the 83 first French departments made during the French revolution.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Maine-et-Loire
- **type**: Departments of France, Department
- **image alt**: Chateau de Montsoreau
- **image caption**: Chateau de Montsoreau in Montsoreau
- **image flag**: Drapeau fr département Maine-et-Loire.svg
- **flag size**: 125px
- **image shield**: Blason département fr Maine-et-Loire.svg
- **shield size**: 80px
- **image map**: Maine-et-Loire-Position.svg
- **map caption**: Location of Maine-et-Loire in France
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: France
- **subdivision type1**: Regions of France, Region
- **subdivision name1**: Pays de la Loire
- **established title**: Département
- **established date**: 4 March 1790
- **seat type**: Prefectures in France, Prefecture
- **seat**: Angers
- **parts type**: Prefectures in France, Subprefectures
- **parts style**: para
- **p1**: Saumur
- **p2**: Cholet
- **p3**: Segré
- **leader title**: President of the Departmental Council, President
- **leader name**: Christian Gillet
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area total km2**: 7106.64
- **population total**: 810186
- **population as of**: 2015
- **population density km2**: auto
- **blank name sec2**: Arrondissements of France, Arrondissements
- **blank info sec2**: 4
- **blank1 name sec2**: Cantons in France, Cantons
- **blank1 info sec2**: 21
- **blank2 name sec2**: Communes in France, Communes
- **blank2 info sec2**: 183
- **timezone1**: Central European Time, CET
- **utc offset1**: +1
- **timezone1 dst**: Central European Summer Time, CEST
- **utc offset1 dst**: +2
- **iso code**: FR-49
Manche

**Manche** is a department found in the west of France in the Normandy region. Its prefecture is Saint-Lô. Its population is about 486,000 (2006 estimation). It is one of the 83 first French departments made during the French revolution.
Meuse (department)

**Meuse** is a department found in the east of France in the Grand Est region. Its prefecture is Bar-le-Duc. Its population is about 193,000 (2006 estimation). It is one of the 83 first French departments made during the French revolution.
Morbihan

**Morbihan** (; , ) is a department found in the west of France in the Brittany region. Its prefecture is Vannes and its population is about 677,000 (2006 estimation). It is one of the 83 first French departments made during the French revolution.

Morbihan has also two subprefectures: Lorient and Pontivy.

## Related pages

- Cantons of the Morbihan department
- Communes of the Morbihan department
- Arrondissements of the Morbihan department
- La Baule - Guérande Peninsula

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Morbihan
- **native name lang**: fr
- **type**: Departments of France, Department
- **image skyline**: Vannes - préfecture (1).JPG
- **image caption**: Prefectures in France, Prefecture building of the Morbihan department, in Vannes
- **image flag**: Drapeau fr département Morbihan.svg
- **image shield**: Blason département fr Morbihan.svg
- **image map**: Morbihan-Position.svg
- **map caption**: Location of Morbihan in France
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: France
- **subdivision type1**: Regions of France, Region
- **subdivision name1**: Brittany (administrative region), Brittany
- **seat type**: Prefectures in France, Prefecture
- **seat**: Vannes
- **parts type**: Subprefectures in France, Subprefectures
- **parts style**: para
- **p1**: Lorient
Pontivy
- **leader title**: President of the general council, President of the General Council
- **leader name**: François Goulard
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area total km2**: 6823
- **population total**: 737778
- **population as of**: 2013
- **population rank**: List of French departments by population, 31st
- **population density km2**: auto
- **blank name sec1**: Departments of France, Department number
- **blank info sec1**: 56
- **blank name sec2**: Arrondissements of France, Arrondissements
- **blank info sec2**: arrondissements of the Morbihan department, 3
- **blank1 name sec2**: Cantons in France, Cantons
- **blank1 info sec2**: cantons of the Morbihan department, 21
- **blank2 name sec2**: Communes in France, Communes
- **blank2 info sec2**: communes of the Morbihan department, 253
- **timezone1**: Central European Time, CET
- **utc offset1**: +1
- **timezone1 dst**: Central European Summer Time, CEST
- **utc offset1 dst**: +2
- **footnotes**: French Land Register data, which exclude estuary, estuaries, and lakes, ponds, and glaciers larger than 1 km<sup>2</sup>
Oise

**Oise** is a department found in the north of France in the Hauts-de-France region. Its prefecture is Beauvais. Its population is about 780,000 (2006 estimation). It is one of the 83 first French departments made during the French revolution.