juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Desiccant

A **desiccant**, **drying agent** or **dehydrating agent** is a substance that is (good at or) effective at removing water; "desiccate" means "make very dry". Many types of desiccants exist, and are used for different purposes.

Desiccants are packaged with many goods that could be damaged by water and humidity, like dried food and medical drugs. These desiccants are usually chemically inert materials. Silica is a very common food-safe desiccant. Some dehumidifiers use desiccants to remove water from the air.

## Chemistry

(Inert) desiccants like silica work by hydration: they attract water molecules into their structures without changing themselves or the water. Reactive desiccants like phosphorus pentoxide undergo a chemical reaction with water, usually hydrolysis, and produce a different chemical.

Desiccants are used in the chemical industry to safely handle chemicals that are sensitive to water. Calcium chloride is a common desiccant for laboratory drying tubes, which remove water from vapors; oil refineries use zeolite molecular sieves to dry petroleum products and prevent ice from damaging pipes. Solvents for water-sensitive chemicals need to be dried with a desiccant before they can be used.

The chemical industry also uses reactive desiccants in dehydration reactions. Phosphorus pentoxide and thionyl chloride are powerful reactive desiccants that can both desiccate solutions and prepare many compounds by reversing a hydrolysis reaction.
Acid anhydride

An **acid anhydride** is a chemical compound made by removing a molecule of water from two equivalents of some oxoacid(s), especially carboxylic acids, and connecting them with the remaining oxygen atom. They can also be thought of as the result of replacing an acidic hydrogen atom with an acyl group.

There are different kinds of _acid anhydrides_. They have different chemical formulas.

Some anhydrides can be made (as the description suggests), by the dehydration reaction of two equivalents of acid, usually with a strong desiccant like phosphorus pentoxide. Others are too unstable and must be made in other ways.

Formic anhydride is the simplest acid anhydride, but it is too unstable to be made as a pure compound. Acetic anhydride is the simplest stable anhydride, and is an important commodity chemical.

## Types

When the two acids in an anhydride are the same, it makes a **symmetric anhydride**; when they are different, a **mixed anhydride**.

Some polyprotic acids can form a **cyclic anhydride**, connecting two parts of one molecule. Maleic anhydride and phthalic anhydride are important cyclic anhydrides. The simplest known cyclic anhydride is malonic anhydride; oxalic anhydride has not been made as an isolated compound, only as the unstable dimer dioxane tetraketone.

Acidic oxides are anhydrides of inorganic acids.
Tim Mckeon

**Tim McKeon** is an American writer, director and producer. He is the co-creator and head writer for the PBS Kids series _Odd Squad_. He also worked as a writer on Adventure Time, Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends, Gravity Falls, Fish Hooks, Wander Over Yonder, among others. He is currently the showrunner of the upcoming series adaptation of _Unlimited Squirrels._
Argentine Air Force

The **Argentine Air Force (FAA)** is one of the branches of the Armed Forces, along with the Army and Navy, whose main mission is to repel external military aggression. It was created in 1945 with the creation of the Secretariat of Aeronautics, constituting the youngest armed force.

In peacetime, the Air Force conducts air traffic control operations in coordination with the Joint Aerospace Command, provides logistical and transportation support for Antarctic campaigns within the framework of the Joint Antarctic Command, and provides support to the community in the event of a disaster.

## History

The Air Force's history began with the establishment of the Army Aviation Service's _Escuela de Aviación Militar_ ('Military Aviation School') on 10 August 1912.

## Infobox (military unit)

- **unit name**: Argentine Air Force
- **image**: File:Argentine airforce wings emblem (color).svg
- **image size**: 250
- **caption**: Argentine Air Force wings
- **type**: Air force
- **role**: Aerial warfare
- **size**: 13,837 personnel
- **command structure**: Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic, Argentine Armed Forces
- **nickname**: FAA
- **march**:
 "Argentine Wings"
- **anniversaries**: 10 August (anniversary)
 1 May (Baptism of fire during the Falklands War)
- **battles**: * Operation Independence
* Operation Soberanía
* Falklands War, Malvinas War
* Gulf War
* United Nations Protection Force, Bosnia
* United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus, Cyprus
* Kosovo Force, Kosovo
* United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti, Haiti
- **commander1**: President of Argentina, President Javier Milei
- **commander1 label**: Commander-in-chief#Argentina, Commander-in-Chief
- **commander2**: Brigadier Gustavo Javier Valverde
- **commander2 label**: List of Chiefs of the General Staff of the Argentine Air Force, Chief of General Staff
- **commander3**: Brigadier Néstor Guajardo
- **commander3 label**: Deputy Chief of General Staff
- **identification symbol**:
- **identification symbol label**: Military aircraft insignia, Roundel
- **identification symbol 2**:
- **identification symbol 2 label**: Fin flash
- **aircraft attack**: A-4AR Fightinghawk, A-4AR, FMA IA 63 Pampa, Pampa
- **aircraft fighter**: A-4AR Fightinghawk, A-4AR
- **aircraft helicopter**: Bell 412, Bell 212, Hughes 500D, SA315, Mil Mi-17, Mil Mi-171
- **aircraft patrol**: Embraer EMB 312 Tucano, Tucano
- **aircraft recon**: FMA IA 58 Pucará, Pucará
- **aircraft trainer**: Beechcraft T-6 Texan II, T-6 Texan II, Embraer EMB 312 Tucano, Tucano, FMA IA 63 Pampa, Pampa, Grob G 120TP, Grob 120TP
- **aircraft transport**: C-130 Hercules, C-130, De Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter, DHC-6, Beechcraft C-12 Huron, C-12 Huron
Equivalent (chemistry)

In chemistry, an **equivalent** is a measure of how much of a substance is needed to react with or produce one mole of another substance.

The **equivalent mass** of a compound is the mass of one equivalent. Unlike molar mass, which is a property of a compound, equivalent mass of a compound depends on the reaction being used as a reference.

## Example

The Arrhenius acid-base theory treats acids and bases as equivalents of the hydrogen and hydroxide ions. The table shows the acid-base reactions of two different bases and three different acids:

One  and one  make one , so we say that hydrochloric acid is _one equivalent of acid_ and sodium hydroxide is _one equivalent of base_. When  reacts with , twice as much acid is used to produce twice as much water:  is _two equivalents of base_. One unit of phosphoric acid makes three units of water,  has _three equivalents of acid_.
Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic

The **Argentine Armed Forces** constitute the military instrument for the national defense of Argentina. The Armed Forces are exclusively the Army, the Navy and the Air Force. In addition to national defense, they participate in supporting the community in emergency situations, deploying troops in peacekeeping operations under UN mandate, and providing logistical and transportation support to the Argentine presence in Antarctica.

The President of Argentina is the commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces and is responsible for the leadership of the military instrument, in accordance with the powers conferred by Article 99 of the Argentine Constitution.

## Infobox (national military)

- **country**: Argentina
- **name**: Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic
- **image**:
- **founded**: 29 May 1810
- **current form**: 9 September 1948
- **commander-in-chief**: President of Argentina, President Javier Gerardo Milei
- **commander-in-chief title**: Commander-in-chief
- **minister**: Luis Petri
- **minister title**: Ministry of Defense (Argentina), Minister of Defense
- **commander**: Brigadier General Xavier Isaac
- **commander title**: Chief of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (Argentina), Chief of the Joint General Staff
- **amount**: $2.9 billion (2022)
- **domestic suppliers**: Argentine defense industry
- **foreign suppliers**:

- **history**: Military history of Argentina
:Category:Wars involving Argentina, Warfare directory of Argentina
List of wars involving Argentina, Wars involving Argentina
:Category:Battles involving Argentina, Battles involving Argentina
- **ranks**: Military ranks of Argentina
Paliperidone

**Paliperidone** is sold under the brand name, **Invega** and others, is an atypical antipsychotic. It is found in treatment of schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. It is made by Johnson & Johnson Innovative Medicine.

## References

- [Chue P, Chue J (December 2012). "A review of paliperidone palmitate". Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics. 12 (12): 1383–1397. doi:10.1586/ern.12.137. PMID 23237346. S2CID 36437470]
- ["Invega- paliperidone tablet, extended release" DailyMed. Archived from the original on January 24, 2016. Retrieved August 19, 2020]
Argentine National Gendarmerie

The **Argentine National Gendarmerie (GNA)**, sometimes referred to as the **National Gendarmerie (GN)**, is one of the Federal Security Forces of Argentina (along with the Argentine Naval Prefecture, the Argentine Federal Police, the Airport Security Police, and the Federal Penitentiary Service). It is a military force with internal security functions.

It was created on July 28, 1938, and historically was under the control of the Argentine Army. It was involved in numerous armed conflicts, including its participation in the 1982 Malvinas War. It is currently under the control of the National Executive Power, through the Ministry of Security.

In 2019, it administered 2,300 units and checkpoints; 3,505 transport, support, and operational vehicles; 764 horses and mules; 358 security, anti-narcotics, and rescue dogs; along with 25 aircraft. The total number of officers was not officially reported in the Institutional Public Report for that year.

## History

The gendarmerie was created in 1938 by the National Congress and replaced the regiments of the Army which previously fulfilled the gendarmerie's missions. The gendarmerie was particularly tasked with providing security in isolated and sparsely populated frontier regions which had only been settled relatively recently. In many senses the gendarmerie may still be considered an adjunct of the Argentine Army.

## Personnel and training

Non-commissioned personnel of the gendarmerie are all volunteers and receive their training in the force's own comprehensive system of training institutions. Officers graduate after a three-year course at the National Gendarmerie Academy. Both officers and non-commissioned personnel have access to the specialist training establishments of the Army.

## Infobox (law enforcement agency)

- **agencyname**: Argentine National Gendarmerie
- **abbreviation**: GNA
- **logo**: Insignia de la Gendarmería de Argentina.svg
- **logocaption**: Emblem of the Force
- **flag**: Bandera de la Gendarmeria Argentina II.svg
- **flagcaption**: Gendarmeria flag
- **mottotranslated**: _Centinela de la Patria_
()
- **formed**: 1938
- **employees**: 75,000
- **volunteers**: All non commissioned personnel are volunteers.
- **country**: Argentina
- **gendarmerie**: yes
- **federal**: Yes
- **legaljuris**: opsjuris
- **headquarters**: Ave. Antártida Argentina and Gendarmería Nacional St., Buenos Aires
- **minister1name**: Patricia Bullrich
- **minister1pfo**: Ministry of Security (Argentina), Minister of Security
- **chief1name**: Commandant General Andrés Severino
- **chief1position**: National Director of the Gendarmerie
- **chief2name**: Commandant General Javier Alberto Lapalma
- **chief2position**: Deputy National Director
- **officetype**: Regional Headquarter
Aromobates duranti

**Durant's rocket frog** (_Aromobates duranti_) is a frog.  It lives near La Culata in the Andes Mountains in Venezuela.

## Home

This frog is awake during the day. It lives near streams in grassy places called páramo and subpáramo and in cloud forests. The frog lives in shady places with many plants and rocks. Sometimes the frog lives in water that does not move. Scientists saw the frog between 2600 and 3000 meters above sea level.

The frog lives near one protected place, Sierra de La Culata National Park but scientists do not know if it lives in the park.

## Young

The female frog lays her eggs on land. The male frog watches the eggs. After the eggs hatch, the male frogs carry the tadpoles to pools near the streams.

## Danger

Scientists say this frog is in very big danger of dying out.  They say it is because a few things happened at the same time in the 1980s: The El Niño ocean current changed the weather where the frog lives, making it drier.  At the same time, the dangerous fungus _Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis_ came to the frogs' home. This fungus can give frogs and other amphibians the fungal disease chytridiomycosis.  Climate change might have made this worse. People also change the places where the frog lives to make farms and places for people to raise animals. Visitors also come to the places where the frog lives, and they leave their waste behind.

Scientists caught some of the frogs and took them to the REVA Conservation Center. They plan to raise tadpoles and put healthy adult frogs back in the wild.
Gran Hermano

**Gran Hermano** is a reality show produced by the Argentine franchise Banijay, of the Dutch program Big Brother, created by John de Mol. It had eleven regular editions since 2001 and one edition with celebrities, first broadcast on Telefe until 2012, between 2015 and 2016 it was broadcast on América TV. In 2022 he returned to his original channel Telefe. It aired for the first time on March 10, 2001.

The show consists of that for approximately five months, a group of participants will be isolated from society, without telephones or connections to the outside world, and will try to avoid the "nominations" made by themselves and overcome the eliminations that the audience periodically decides and thus win the final prize.

## History

**Big Brother** made its debut on Argentine television on March 10, 2001 on Telefe under the production of **Endemol**, who had created the format in the Netherlands. Argentina was the first Latin American country to produce the format, followed by Big Brother Brazil, Big Brother Mexico, Big Brother Colombia, Big Brother Ecuador and Big Brother of the Pacific (Ecuador, Chile and Peru).

On March 3, 2022, the tenth season of the reality show was confirmed, which ended up returning to the Telefe screen for the second half of the year, thus marking the return to the channel after a decade.

Officially the channel launched the announcement, promotion, and call on June 21, through Telefe Noticias and social networks. The program began on October 17, 2022.

On December 7, 2023, the Chilean channel Chilevisión (owned by Paramount Global and sister channel of Telefe) announced the broadcast of the first chapter of Big Brother in Argentina that premiered on December 11 of the same year, which would go down in history for being the longest Argentine edition (6 months and 209 days in total) and the fifth longest of the entire franchise, only behind seasons 5, 6, 9 and 10 of Big Brother Germany. On December 2, 2024, the twelfth season began, with a prize of $70,000,000.

## Infobox (television)

- **genre**: Reality television
- **country**: Argentina
- **language**: Spanish
- **num episodes**: 406
- **last aired**: present
Distributed temperature sensing

**Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS)** is a technology that uses fiber optic cables to measure temperature along the entire length of the fiber. It provides continuous, real-time temperature monitoring for industrial, environmental, and safety applications.

## How DTS works

DTS systems use Raman scattering in optical fibers to measure temperature changes. The system sends laser pulses through the fiber, and light scatters back in two different wavelengths:

- Stokes signal: Temperature-dependent
- Anti-Stokes signal: Changes in intensity based on temperature variations

By analyzing these signals, the system can determine precise temperature values at different points along the fiber.

## Applications of DTS

DTS is widely used in various industries, including:
- Oil & Gas Pipelines: Detecting leaks and monitoring pipeline integrity.
- Power Cables & Electrical Grids: Preventing overheating and failures.
- Fire Detection: Identifying early signs of fire in tunnels and large structures.
- Geothermal & Environmental Monitoring: Measuring temperature variations underground.
- Industrial Processes: Controlling temperature in chemical and manufacturing plants.

## Advantages of DTS

- Long-range temperature sensing (up to several kilometers).
- Continuous real-time monitoring along the entire fiber.
- Immune to electromagnetic interference, unlike electrical sensors.
- Uses existing fiber optic infrastructure, reducing installation costs.

## Related Technologies

DTS is part of a larger group of fiber optic sensing technologies, including:
- Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) – Uses fiber optics to detect sound and vibration.
Kuarzo Entertainment Argentina

**Kuarzo Entertainment Argentina** is an Argentine television production company that was part of the EndemolShine Group which, in 2016, came into the hands of Martín Kweller, who renamed it Kuarzo. It was launched in 2017 and has its headquarters in Buenos Aires. It is on the corner of Avenida Ravignani and Cabrera, Palermo, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Its general director is Martin Kweller.

## Productions

Kuarzo is dedicated to the production of entertainment programs and fiction series, especially reality shows. He has created and produced programs for television networks in Argentina and around the world such as History Channel, Discovery Channel and Star Channel, as well as a production hub, marking television milestones such as Hombre al agua, XXS: extra small, Fear Factor, Laten corazón, Bachelor Party, Big Brother and Talento Fox. He has made novels such as For loving you like this, Rizhoma Hotel or Double life.

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: Kuarzo Entertainment Argentina
- **type**: Production of television programs and series and reality shows
- **industry**: Entertainment
- **founder**: Martín Kweller
- **location city**: Buenos Aires
- **location country**: Argentina
- **area served**: *
*
*
*
- **key people**: * Martin Kweller
* Guido Kaczka
* Eduardo Cohen
* Gerardo Waisburg
* Clara Vangowert
* Banijay, Banijay Group
Kip Sabian

**Simon James Kippen** (born 19 May 1992) is an English professional wrestler. He currently wrestles for All Elite Wrestling (AEW) and their sister promotion Ring of Honor (ROH) under the ring name **Kip Sabian**. He is a member of the Patriarchy stable.

Sabian has also wrestled in Ring of Honor (ROH) before it was bought by AEW.

### All Elite Wrestling

In February 2019, Sabian signed a contract with All Elite Wrestling (AEW). At Double or Nothing, Sabian made his AEW in-ring debut in a loss to Sammy Guevara. He also faced "Hangman" Adam Page at Fight for the Fallen but lost again. He began a feud with The Elite. He went on to face Kenny Omega on the December 10 episode of _Dark_ and Cody on the January 29, 2020 episode of _Dynamite_ but lost both times. Sabian announced that he and his real-life girlfriend Penelope Ford were going to get married and teased who his best man was going to be. The reveal was held on the 9 September episode of _Dynamite_ and Miro was revealed as Sabian's best man. Sabian began teaming with Miro and they feuded with Best Friends. On the 28 April episode of _Dynamite_, the partnership between Sabian and Miro ended after Miro turned on and attacked him backstage.

On the 24 August 2022 episode of _Dynamite_, Sabian made his return to AEW after injury and attacked Pac. At All Out: Zero Hour, Sabian challenged Pac for his AEW All-Atlantic Championship but lost. At AEW Battle of the Belts V, Sabian challenged Orange Cassidy for the All-Atlantic Championship but lost.

After a confrontation at Blood & Guts, Sabian began a feud with Nick Wayne and The Patriarchy. Sabian eliminated Wayne during the Royal Rampage match. On the 23 October episode of _Dynamite_, Sabian turned heel and saved Christian Cage from being attacked by Hook. Sabian officially joined The Patriarchy two weeks later.

## Personal life

Kippen is married to fellow professional wrestler and AEW employee Penelope Ford. They got legitimately married at Beach Break on 3 February 2021.

## Infobox (wrestler)

- **name**: Kip Sabian
- **names**: **Kip Sabian**
Kip Sabin
- **image**: Kip Sabian 2024 (2).png
- **caption**: Sabian in 2024
- **birth place**: Great Yarmouth, England
- **billed**: **Gorleston-on-Sea, Gorleston, Norfolk, England**
Great Yarmouth, Great Yarmouth, England
- **trainer**: World Association of Wrestling
- **debut**: 2010
Komander

**Komander** (born December 15, 1998) is a Mexican masked luchador (professional wrestler). He currently wrestles for All Elite Wrestling (AEW) and their sister promotion Ring of Honor (ROH).

Komander has also competed in Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide (AAA), Lucha Memes, MDA Lucha Libre, War City Wrestling, and Game Changer Wrestling (GCW).

In AAA, Komander was a one-time AAA World Cruiserweight Champion and one-time AAA World Tag Team Champion with Arez. In ROH, he has been a one-time ROH World Television Champion.

### All Elite Wrestling

On March 1, 2023 episode of _Dynamite_, Komander made his AEW debut and participated in the Face of the Revolution ladder match but lost. At Supercard of Honor, he made his Ring of Honor (ROH) debut and challenged El Hijo del Vikingo for the AAA Mega Championship but lost. On the April 5 episode of _Dynamite_, Komander made his AEW singles debut in a loss to Sammy Guevara. On April 19, AEW owner and co-founder Tony Khan announced that Komander had signed a contract to become a member of the AEW roster. At Double or Nothing, he competed in the 21-man Blackjack Battle Royal for the AEW International Championship but Orange Cassidy won. On the June 30 episode of _Rampage_, Komander challenged Claudio Castagnoli for the ROH World Championship but the match ended in a referee's decision and a loss for him. On the August 2 episode of _Dynamite_, El Hijo del Vikingo & Komander challenged Aussie Open (Kyle Fletcher & Mark Davis) for the ROH World Tag Team Championships but lost. On the October 7 episode of _Collision_, Komanader once again challenged for the ROH World Championship against Eddie Kingston this time but lost again.

On the January 26, 2024 episode of _Rampage_, Komander won a Freshly Squeezed Four Way Match to become the number one contender for the AEW International Championship. He challenged Orange Cassidy for the championship on the January 27 episode of _Collision_ but failed to win. At Grand Slam, Komander teamed with Private Party (Isiah Kassidy & Marq Quen) to challenge the Death Riders (Claudio Castagnoli, PAC & Wheeler Yuta) for the AEW World Trios Championships but lost.

At Final Battle, Komander won the Survival of the Fittest match to become the new ROH World Television Champion.

## Infobox (wrestler)

- **name**: Komander
- **names**: Aracno
**Komander**
Komander CR
- **image**: Komander Luchador (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Komander in March 2018
- **birth place**: Reynosa, Tamaulipas, Mexico
- **billed**: Reynosa, Tamaulipas
- **trainer**: Black Shadow Jr.
Nacho Zapata
Super Chucky
- **debut**: 2012
Kota Ibushi

is a Japanese professional wrestler. He currently wrestles for All Elite Wrestling (AEW).

Ibushi has also competed in DDT Pro-Wrestling (DDT), New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW), WWE, and Pro Wrestling Noah. He has also wore a mask and went by the ring name **Tiger Mask W** based on the anime.

Ibushi has won many Championships over his career. In DDT, he was a one-time IMGP World Heavyweight Champion, one-time Independent World Junior Heavyweight Champion, three-time Ironman Heavymetalweight Champion, two-time KO-D 6-Man Tag Team Champion, three-time KO-D Openweight Champion, five-time KO-D Tag Team Champion, and the winner of the Go-1 Climax in 2014, the KO-D Openweight Championship Contendership Tournament in 2009, the KO-D Tag League with Daichi Kakimoto in 2015, and the DDT48/Dramatic Sousenkyo in both 2012 and 2014. In NJPW, Ibushi was a one-time and the first IWGP World Heavyweight Champion, one-time and last IWGP Heavyweight Champion, two-time and last IWGP Intercontinental Champion, three-time IWGP Junior Heavyweight Champion, one-time IWGP Junior Heavyweight Tag Team Champion, one-time IWGP Tag Team Champion, one-time NEVER Openweight Champion, as well as, the winner of the Best of the Super Juniors tournament in 2011, the G1 Climax in both 2019 and 2020, the New Japan Cup in 2015, and the Concurso in 2020.

### All Elite Wrestling

After multiple teases in the weeks leading up, it was revealed on the July 13, 2023 episode of _Dynamite_ that Ibushi was going to be The Elite's partner for their Blood & Guts match. This meant that the Golden☆Lovers with Kenny Omega had reformed and the stable was called The Golden Elite. At Blood & Guts, The Golden Elite team of Ibushi, Omega, "Hangman" Adam Page, Matt Jackson, Nick Jackson defeated the Blackpool Combat Club team of Jon Moxley, Claudio Castagnoli, and Wheeler Yuta with Konosuke Takeshita, and Pac. On November 15, it was announced by AEW owner Tony Khan that Ibushi had signed a contract with AEW to become a member of the roster. At All In London, Ibushi teamed with The Golden Elite again but they lost to Bullet Club Gold (Jay White and Juice Robinson) and Konosuke Takeshita in a trios match. At WrestleDream, Ibushi and Omega teamed with Chris Jericho in a losing effort to The Don Callis Family (Konosuke Takeshita, Will Ospreay, and Sammy Guevara).

## Infobox (wrestler)

- **name**: Kota Ibushi
- **names**: **Kota Ibushi**
Hustle Kamen Orange
Oda Nobunaga
Robin Mask
Sammy Lee Jr.
Tiger Mask W
- **image**: Kota Ibushi 2023 07 19-0001 (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Ibushi in 2023
- **birth place**: Aira, Kagoshima (Aira District), Aira, Kagoshima Prefecture, Kagoshima, Japan
- **billed**: Kagoshima Prefecture
- **trainer**: Kyohei Mikami, Mikami
Shuji Kondo
- **debut**: August 18, 2012
Jhala Koli

The **Jhala Koli** (also spelled as **Zala Koli** and **Jala Koli**) is a clan of the Koli caste mainly found in the Indian state of Gujarat and nearby regions.

During the formation of the organisation known as the Gujarat Kshatriya Sabha, there were matrimonial ties between Kolis and other caste groups of Gujarat state. The other rich and prosperous caste jagirdars married with the Kolis of Gujarat that gave them an uplift in their social position in society.

## Infobox (tribe)

- **name**: Jhala Koli
- **local name**: ઝાલા કોલી
- **type**: Clan (Gotra) of Koli caste
- **ethnicity**: Koli caste
- **location**: *Gujarat
- **parent tribe**: Kolis of Gujarat
- **demonym**: Koli caste, Koli
- **language**: *Koli language, Koli
*Gujarati language, Gujarati
*English language, English
*Hindi
- **religion**: Hinduism
- **surnames**: *Koli clans and titles#Titles (Upadhi)
- **caption**: Jhala Koli caste
Wrong Road Again

"**Wrong Road Again**" is a 1974 song by country singer Crystal Gayle and was taken from her debut studio album _Crystal Gayle_. It went to number 6 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart and number 17 on the Canadian Country Tracks chart.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Wrong Road Again
- **type**: single
- **artist**: Crystal Gayle
- **album**: Crystal Gayle (album), Crystal Gayle
- **b-side**: They Come Out at Night
- **released**: September 1974
- **studio**: Jack Clement Recording Studio, Jack Clement Recording (Nashville, Tennessee)
- **genre**: Country music, Country
- **length**: 2:17
- **label**: United Artists Records, United Artists
- **writer**: Allen Reynolds
- **producer**: Allen Reynolds
- **prev title**: Restless
- **prev year**: 1974
- **next title**: Beyond You
- **next year**: 1975
All Night Long (Rainbow song)

"**All Night Long**" is a 1980 song by British band Rainbow and was taken from their fourth studio album _Down to Earth_. It went to number 5 in the United Kingdom, number 6 in Ireland and number 110 in the United States.

## Track listings

**7" UK:**

1. "All Night Long" – 3:50
1. "Weiss Heim" – 5:07

**7" US:**

1. "All Night Long" – 3:49
1. "Danger Zone" – 4:30

**7" Netherlands:**

1. "All Night Long" – 3:49
1. "No Time To Lose" – 3:41

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: All Night Long
- **caption**: UK 7" vinyl single
- **type**: single
- **artist**: Rainbow (rock band), Rainbow
- **album**: Down to Earth (Rainbow album), Down to Earth
- **b-side**: "Weiss Heim"
- **genre**: * Hard rock
* Heavy metal music, heavy metal
- **label**: Polydor Records, Polydor
- **producer**: Roger Glover
- **prev title**: Since You Been Gone
- **prev year**: 1979
- **next title**: I Surrender (Rainbow song), I Surrender
- **next year**: 1981
Zod (DC Extended Universe)

**General Dru-Zod**, a character from the DC Extended Universe (DCEU), is primarily represented by General Zod, a Kryptonian antagonist famously associated with Superman from DC Comics publications. The character has been portrayed notably by actor Michael Shannon in the film _Man of Steel_, which was released in 2013 and directed by Zack Snyder.

General Zod is a military leader from the planet Krypton and has a complex and often antagonistic relationship with Superman (Kal-El). In various iterations of the DC Comics lore, Zod is often depicted as a powerful being who possesses similar abilities to Superman, including super strength, flight, heat vision, and invulnerability, due to Earth's yellow sun.

In _Man of Steel_, Zod returns to Earth after Krypton's destruction, seeking to rebuild his home world and impose his rule on Earth. His character is driven by a strong sense of duty to his people and a desire to restore Krypton, even at the expense of Earth's inhabitants. The film explores themes of power, responsibility, and the moral dilemmas faced by both Zod and Superman.

Michael Shannon's portrayal of Zod received praise for bringing depth to the character, showing him as both a ruthless warrior and a tragic figure motivated by loss and a desire to protect what remains of his race.

General Zod has appeared in various forms of media beyond the DCEU, including comic books, animated series, and other Superman adaptations. He is often depicted as one of Superman's most iconic villains, embodying the conflict between duty to one's people and moral integrity.

Overall, Zod's role in the DCEU contributes to the overarching narrative of Superman's journey and struggles as he navigates his identity as both a Kryptonian and a protector of Earth.

### Movie appearances

|Year|Movie|Portrayed by||
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2013|_Man of Steel_|rowspan="3"|Michael Shannon|
|2016|_Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice_ (Credit only)|||
|2023|_The Flash_|||
Rent (song)

"**Rent**" is a 1987 song by Pet Shop Boys and is the third single from their second studio album _Actually_. It went to number 8 in the United Kingdom, number 5 in Ireland, number 11 in Italy, number 10 in Switzerland and Germany, number 12 in Finland and number 23 in New Zealand. It was not released as a single in the United States.

## Track listing

- **7": Parlophone / R 6168 (UK)**
1. "Rent" – 3:35
1. "I Want a Dog" – 4:57

- **12": Parlophone / 12R 6168 (UK)**
1. "Rent" (Extended Mix) – 7:06
1. "Rent" (Dub) – 6:06
1. "I Want a Dog" – 4:57

- also available on **CD (Parlophone / CD R 6168)**

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Rent
- **type**: single
- **artist**: Pet Shop Boys
- **album**: Actually
- **b-side**: I Want a Dog
- **released**: 12 October 1987
- **genre**: Synth-pop
- **length**: 5:08 (album version)
3:35 (single version)
7:06 (extended version)
- **label**: Parlophone
- **writer**: * Neil Tennant
* Chris Lowe
- **producer**: Julian Mendelsohn
- **prev title**: What Have I Done to Deserve This? (song), What Have I Done to Deserve This?
- **prev year**: 1987
- **next title**: Always on My Mind#Pet Shop Boys version, Always on My Mind
- **next year**: 1987
Valtteri

**Valtteri** is a (first name or) given name. It is the Finnish form of Walter. Notable people with the name include:

- Valtteri Bottas (born 1989), Finnish Formula One driver
- Valtteri Filppula (born 1984), Finnish ice hockey forward
- Valtteri Hietanen (born 1992), Finnish ice hockey player
- Valtteri Hotakainen (born 1990), Finnish ice hockey player
- Valtteri Järviluoma (born 1993), Finnish ice hockey player
- Valtteri Jokinen, Finnish judoka
- Valtteri Karnaranta (born 2002), Finnish ice hockey player
- Valtteri Kemiläinen (born 1991), Finnish ice hockey player
- Valtteri Moren (born 1991), Finnish football player
- Valtteri Laurell Pöyhönen (born 1978), Finnish jazz guitarist and bandleader
- Valtteri Parikka (born 1994), Finnish ice hockey player
- Valtteri Pihlajamäki (born 1996), Finnish ice hockey player
- Valtteri Puustinen (born 1999), Finnish ice hockey player
- Valtteri Vesiaho (born 1999), Finnish footballer
- Valtteri Viljanen (born 1994), Finnish ice hockey player
- Valtteri Virkkunen (born 1991), Finnish ice hockey player
The Bug

"**The Bug**" is a 1992 song by British rock band Dire Straits and was taken from their sixth studio album _On Every Street_. It went to number 21 in Canada and was covered by Mary Chapin Carpenter in 1993.

## Track listings

**7-inch vinyl single**
1. "The Bug"
1. "Twisting by the Pool"

**5-inch CD single**
1. "The Bug"
1. "Twisting by the Pool"
1. "Expresso Love"
1. "Walk of Life"

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: The Bug
- **type**: single
- **artist**: Dire Straits
- **album**: On Every Street
- **released**: (UK)
- **genre**: Rockabilly
- **length**: 4:16
- **label**: Vertigo Records, Vertigo
- **writer**: Mark Knopfler
- **producer**: Mark Knopfler
- **prev title**: On Every Street (song), On Every Street
- **prev year**: 1992
- **next title**: You and Your Friend
- **next year**: 1992
BNA Records

**BNA Records**, formerly known as **BNA Entertainment**, was a label group that shared ties with Arista Nashville and RCA Nashville from parent company Sony Music Nashville, which itself is a subsidiary of Sony Music Entertainment. Based in Nashville, Tennessee, BNA featured country music acts on its roster. The company derived its name from the IATA and ICAO airport codes for Nashville International Airport.

## Former artists

- Kenny Chesney
- Mindy McCready
- K. T. Oslin
- Kellie Pickler
- Keith Whitley
- Doug Supernaw
- Lorrie Morgan
- Pat Green

## Infobox (record label)

- **name**: BNA Records
- **parent**: Sony Music Entertainment
- **founded**: April 1991
- **founder**: Boomer Castleman
- **status**: Defunct (absorbed into Columbia Nashville)
- **distributor**: Sony Music Entertainment, Sony Music Nashville (US)
- **genre**: Country
- **country**: United States
- **location**: Nashville, Tennessee, Nashville, Tennessee
Stars & Stripes

***Stars & Stripes*** is the eighth studio album by American country music artist Aaron Tippin. The album was released on September 10, 2002.

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Stars & Stripes
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: Aaron Tippin
- **released**: September 10, 2002
- **recorded**: 2001–2002
- **genre**: Country music, Country
- **length**: 38:54
- **label**: Lyric Street
- **producer**: Mike Bradley, Aaron Tippin, Biff Watson
- **prev title**: People Like Us
- **prev year**: 2000
- **next title**: In Overdrive
- **next year**: 2009
AMU Journal

**AMU Journal** is an independent educational community and media organization based in Aligarh Muslim University founded in 2016 by Hashim Azmi to cover campus activities and raise campus issues. Later it became a media portal and educational community.

AMU Journal relaunched its website on 17 October 2016 via Aligarh Muslim University Public relations officer, Proctor and Deputy in collaboration with University Training and placement office.

## Newsletter

In another important step, the AMU Journal launched a Monthly Newsletter in the historic Streachy Hall on the occasion of the 206th birth anniversary of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan on 17 October 2023.

## Other websites

- Official Website

## Infobox (magazine)

- **name**: AMU Journal
- **logo**: AMU Journal Logo.jpg
- **language**: English, Urdu, Hindi
- **founded**: 2016
- **founder**: Hashim Azmi
Cardiotocography

**Cardiotocography** (**CTG**) is a way (technique) to follow or monitor the fetal heartbeat and uterine contractions. This is useful in women's health such as during pregnancy and labour. The machine that is used for that is called a 'cardiotocograph.

Origin of word: It comes "from the Greek words kardia meaning heart and tokos meaning labor and childbirth", according to media.

## Related pages

- Ultrasound and 3D ultrasound (medical imaging used in pregnancy)
- Amniocentesis
- Electrocardiogram (ECG), sometimes called EKG (the German word)
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

## Infobox (medical intervention)

- **name**: Cardiotocography
- **image**: Kardiotokograf.jpeg
- **caption**: A cardiotocograph recording fetal heart rate and uterine contractions
- **meshid**: D015148
- **cpt**: 59050
Name reaction

A **name reaction** is a chemical reaction named after a person, usually the scientist or scientists who discovered it. Because there are tens of thousands of reactions in chemistry, name reactions help identify reactions quickly without using long and complicated systematic names.

Some famous name reactions include the Grignard reaction and Diels-Alder reaction.
The Wild Ones

**The Wild Ones** (), also known as (), is a Burmese rock band. The band was formed in 1973 in Mandalay, Myanmar. The Wild Ones are famous for mixing Western rock music with traditional Burmese music. They were very popular in the 1970s and 1980s and helped change the rock music scene in Myanmar.

## History

The Wild Ones were formed in 1973 in Mandalay. The band was led by singer and songwriter Sai Htee Saing. During a time when Myanmar's music was mostly traditional, The Wild Ones brought in new sounds by adding Western rock and country music styles. They became popular with younger people and helped start modern Burmese popular music. Over the years, they released many albums and became known as one of the first Burmese rock bands.

## Musical Career

The Wild Ones were known for their lively performances and music that mixed electric guitars and drums with Burmese melodies. In the 1970s and 1980s, their songs became very popular and helped make rock music well-known in Myanmar. One of their most famous songs, _Nya-mway-pann_, is still loved by many people and often covered by other bands.

## Discography

The band released many albums and singles during their active years. Some of their most important albums are:
- ပျောက်ဆုံးနေသောနိဗ္ဗာန်ဘုံ (1975)
- နမ်းခမ်းနွဲ့အတွက် သီချင်းတပုဒ် (1976)
- ကျေနပ်ပါတော့ (1977)
- နွေနံနက်ခင်း (1980)
- သဘာဝရဲ့ရင်သွေးငယ် (1981)
- ရေဒီယိုကမာရွတ် (1985)
- ဘဝမီးအိမ် (1987)
- အချစ်ဆုတောင်း (1990)

They also had many singles, including _Nya-mway-pann_, which became very popular.

## Legacy

The Wild Ones are considered one of the first rock bands in Myanmar. They combined Western rock with traditional Burmese music, which influenced later Burmese musicians. Their style and the work of their leader, Sai Htee Saing, continue to be important in Myanmar’s music history.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: The Wild Ones
- **native name lang**: my
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Mandalay, Myanmar
- **genre**: Rock, Burmese rock, pop rock, folk rock
- **instrument**: Guitar, vocals, drums
- **years active**: 1973–1980s
- **past members**: Sai Htee Saing, Sai Kham Leik
Alfredo Pieroni

**Alfredo Pieroni** (14 may 1923 – 28 September 2011) was an Italian writer and journalist. He was chief-director of the newspaper _Il Resto del Carlino_ in Bologna from 1975 to 1977.

When he was correspondent working in USA, he had a relationship with Oriana Fallaci.

Pieroni died in 2011 and is buried in Monumental Cemetary of Trento.

## Books published

- Alfredo Pieroni, Dizionario degli italiani che contano, Milano, Sperling & Kupfer, 1986.
- Alfredo Pieroni, E se USA e URSS si alleassero?, Milano, Sperling & Kupfer, Collana "SAGGI", 1988.
- Alfredo Pieroni, I russi. L'anima e la storia di un popolo, Milano, Mondadori, 1992.
- Alfredo Pieroni, Perché le sinistre non vinceranno mai più a meno che, Milano, Longanesi & Co, 1996.
- Alfredo Pieroni, Il figlio segreto del Duce. La storia di Benito Albino Mussolini e di sua madre, Ida Dalser, Milano, Garzanti. ISBN 9788811600503, 2006

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Alfredo Pieroni
- **image**: Cimitero monumentale di Trento - Tomba di Alfredo Pieroni.jpg
- **caption**: Pieroni's grave
- **birth place**: Trieste, Italy
- **death place**: Trento, Italy
- **nationality**: Italian people, Italian
- **occupation**: Journalist, writer
- **partner**: Oriana Fallaci, 1958-1963
Lucia Solmi
Sticky (Tyler, the Creator song)

"**Sticky**" is a song by Tyler, the Creator from his album _Chromakopia_. It features GloRilla, Sexyy Red, and Lil Wayne, and was released on October 28, 2024, by Columbia Records. The song samples "Get Up Offa That Thing" by James Brown and "Get Buck" by Young Buck.

## Critical reception

The song "Sticky" received positive reviews from music critics. Alexander Cole from _HotNewHipHop_ praised its interesting features, noting that Tyler's decision to keep the feature list a secret adds an element of surprise for fans. Steven Loftin from The Line of Best Fit highlighted the song's confident vibe, especially after a weaker track on the album. Jonah Krueger from Consequence described it as fun and focused on carefree themes. Niall Smith from Clash called it a standout Southern rap moment in the album's midsection. Jeff Ihaza from Rolling Stone referred to it as an iconic collaboration piece. However, Paul Attard from Slant Magazine felt that Tyler's attempts to create a banger sometimes overwhelmed the excitement with too many elements. Heven Haile from Pitchfork noted that the collaboration with black women rappers brings a lighter aspect to Tyler's music. Lastly, Sam Moore from HipHopDX commented that Tyler sounds happiest while performing with his featured artists, focusing on playful themes of materialism and fun. Jake Hawkes from Dork described the song as a lively and chaotic collaboration reminiscent of Tyler’s earlier work with Odd Future.
Thionyl chloride

**Thionyl chloride** is a chemical compound with the formula . It is related to sulfurous acid by replacing the  groups in its structure with chlorine (an acyl chloride). It is mostly used in the chemical industry and research to add chlorine atoms to other molecules (chlorination) or to remove water from mixtures or hydrates (dehydration).

### Removing water

Thionyl chloride is a reactive desiccant: it reacts strongly with water and will remove it from a solution or the air. Thionyl chloride reacts with water to make sulfur dioxide and hydrogen chloride:
Because both of the products are gases, it is easy to purify anything left after the reaction. This makes  useful for removing water from hydrated chlorine compounds like magnesium chloride and iron(III) chloride.

### Adding chlorine

Thionyl chloride is very reactive with chemicals containing an  functional group. This includes not only water and hydroxides, but also organic chemicals like alcohols and carboxylic acids. These reactions almost always involve replacing the  with a chlorine atom, and the release of  and .

With an alcohol like ethanol, it normally makes the matching organic chloride:
If a lot of alcohol is used, and the reaction temperature is controlled, it can make sulfite esters instead:

With a carboxylic acid like acetic acid, it makes the matching acyl chloride:

### Other reactions

Thionyl chloride also reacts with primary amides to make nitriles.
It can also react with secondary amides in a name reaction called the von Braun amide degradation. This produces a nitrile and organic chloride:
Dicarboxylic acid

A **dicarboxylic acid** is an organic chemical compound that has two  functional groups. They are also known as **diacids**.

The simplest dicarboxylic acid is oxalic acid , where the acid groups are directly connected. Malonic acid, , is shown in the picture. In general, diacids have the structure , where R can be any organic structure.

Dicarboxylic acids are important ingredients in making some plastics, like nylon (made from adipic acid) and polyethylene terephthalate (made from terephthalic acid). Derivatives of dicarboxylic acids, especially their acyl chlorides and acid anhydrides, are also used in plastics.
Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory

The **Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory** (also called **proton theory of acids and bases**) is one of the two main definitions of acids and bases in modern chemistry, alongside the Lewis acid-base theory. Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted and Thomas Martin Lowry developed the theory in 1923.

A chemical is a **Brønsted–Lowry acid** if it can give a hydrogen ion to another chemical, and a chemical is a **Brønsted–Lowry base** if it can take a hydrogen ion from another chemical. When an acid loses a hydrogen, it becomes its **conjugate base**, and when a base gains a hydrogen ion, it becomes its **conjugate acid**.

According to these definitions, an acid-base reaction always takes the form
where AH is a Brønsted-Lowry acid, B is a Brønsted-Lowry base,  is the acid's conjugate base, and  is the base's conjugate acid.

## Comparison to Arrhenius theory

The Brønsted-Lowry theory (adds to or) expands the Arrhenius theory to understand amphoteric compounds, compounds like ammonia that act like a base without containing hydroxide, and solvents other than water.

In the Arrhenius theory, sodium hydroxide is a base, and hydrochloric acid is an acid, which has the Arrhenius neutralization reaction
that produces a salt (sodium chloride) and water.

In the Brønsted-Lowry theory, sodium hydroxide is no longer considered a base, but rather an equivalent of the actual base, the hydroxide ion . When sodium hydroxide dissolves, it splits into  and . The sodium is considered a spectator ion that does not participate in the actual reaction. The acid-base reaction is
Here, the chloride ion is the conjugate base of , while water is the conjugate acid of . The dissolved ions making sodium chloride is not part of the acid-base reaction.
Spectator ion

A **spectator ion** is an ion that is present in a solution where a chemical reaction happens, but is not part of the reaction itself. They do not change their formula or precipitate out of the solution.

## Example

Potassium iodide and silver nitrate both dissolve in water. One solution contains the ions  and , and the other contains  and . Mixing the solutions causes a precipitate to form, with the total ionic equation:
The insoluble silver iodide comes out of solution, but the potassium and nitrate ions are still dissolved. In this reaction,  and  are spectators, because they are in the same state they were before the reaction.