juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Pica d'Estats

**Pica d'Estats** (Catalan and Spanish: _Pica d'Estats_, French: _Pic d'Estats_) is a 3,143-m-high mountain in the Montcalm Massif, Pyrenees. on the Spanish–French border.

In France, it is the highest point in the Department of Ariège. In Spain, it is the highest point of the autonomous community of Catalonia and of the province of Lleida.

## Geography

The summit of this mountain is on the border of the Regional Natural Park of the Pyrenees of Ariége (). The Pica d'Estats is in a group of mountains that forms the _Massif du Montcalm_, and is the highest of the mountains in the East-Central Pyrennes.

The summit has three peaks, all very close to each other:
- Central peak, or _Pica d'Estats_, ( 3,143 m)
- Western peak, or _Pic de Verdaguer_, (3,131 m)
- Eastern peak, or _Punta Gabarró_, (3,115 m); here there is a triangulation station.

The group of three peaks runs north-northwest to southeast along the Spanish–French border.

### Geologie

The summit of Pica d'Estats is made of granite.

### Climate

Even with its altitude, the Pica d'Estats does not have much snow.

## History

The first ascent of this peak was made by Corabœuf & Jean-Jacques Testu in 1827. Henry Russell climbed this peak in June 1864.

## Other websites

- Altituderando: Pic du Montcalm - Pic d'Estats - Pic Verdaguer
- Camptocamp.org

## Infobox (mountain)

- **name**: Pica d'Estats
- **other name**: Pic d'Estats
- **photo**: Pica Estats.jpg
- **elevation m**: 3143
- **prominence m**: 1277
- **location**: Pallars Sobirà, Spain
Ariège (department), Ariège, France
- **range**: Pyrenees
- **map**: Pyrenees
- **map caption**: Pyrenees
- **first ascent**: 1864 by Henry Russell (explorer), Henry Russell and Jean-Jacques Denjean
Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte

The **Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte** was signed in the autumn of 911. It was a treaty between Charles the Simple and Rollo, one of the leaders of the Vikings living in Neustria. It was to protect Charles' kingdom from any new invasion by the "Northmen. In 911, a group of Vikings lead by Rollo besieged Paris and Chartres. After a victory near Chartres on 26 August, Charles decided to try to reach an agreement with Rollo. The talks were led by Hervé, the Archbishop of Reims. The result was the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte. The treaty granted Rollo all land between the river Epte and the sea in exchange for his fealty. In addition, the treaty granted Rollo Brittany "for his livelihood". At the time, Brittany was an independent region which France had not been able to control. In exchange, Rollo promised the king his loyalty, which involved military assistance for the protection of the kingdom. As a token of his good will, Rollo also agreed to be baptised and marry Gisela a daughter of king Charles.

The territory covered by the treaty is nearly the same as today’s Upper Normandy down to the Seine river. It would later extend west beyond the Seine to form the Duchy of Normandy, named for the northmen who ruled it. The treaty was entered into after the death of Alan I, King of Brittany and at the time another group of Vikings occupied Brittany. Around 937 Alan I's son, Alan II returned from England to expel those Vikings from Brittany. This happened in 939. During this period the Cotentin Peninsula was lost by Brittany and gained by Normandy.
Epte

The **Epte** is a river in Seine-Maritime and Eure, in Normandy, France. It is a tributary of the river Seine. It begins in Seine-Maritime department in the Pays de Bray, near Forges-les-Eaux.  The river empties into the Seine not far from Giverny.

In 911, the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte established the river as the historical boundary between Normandy and Île-de-France. This divided the traditional county of the Vexin into two parts. The Norman Vexin became a part of Normandy while the French Vexin remained a part of the Île-de-France. A series of castles were built on both banks of the Epte to guard this frontier.

Claude Monet lived at Giverny near the river for more than forty years.  In his garden, by diverting a branch of the Epte, he established a water garden with its famous water-lily pond and a Japanese-style bridge. The river appears in several of his works, including _Peupliers au bord de l'Epte_ (Poplars on the Banks of the Epte).

## Other websites

- http://www.geoportail.fr
- The Epte at the Sandre database
Puzzle & Dragons

***Puzzle & Dragons*** is a Japanese mobile game. It was developed by GungHo Online Entertainment. There is a role-playing game at the top where the player gets to fight dragons and other monsters. The lower part of the screen is a puzzle game. Players have to replace the gems and connect three gems of the same color.

## Other websites

- Official English website of _Puzzle & Dragons_
Electrostatic loudspeaker

An **electrostatic loudspeaker** is a design of speaker. The sound is generated by force placed on a membrane suspended in an electrostatic field. The electrostatic loudspeaker is almost like magnetostatic loudspeaker but it does not use high currents, it uses high voltages. The membrane (a thin film) is controlled by voltage, and it moves between metal plates which are full of small holes.

The sound quality from modern models of electrostatic loudspeaker is good.
Public address system

A **public address system**, commonly known as a **PA system**, is a network of sound devices that can play sound to several people. They are often used to make announcements in large buildings or neighbourhoods. In big spaces outdoors, amplifiers and loudspeakers have to be very loud. Otherwise the volume would be too small to be heard by everybody.
Ion Luca Caragiale

**Ion Luca Caragiale** (1 February 1852, Haimanale, Romania – 9 June 1912, in Berlin, Germany) was a Romanian playwright, novelist, poet, theatre director and journalist.

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Ion Luca Caragiale
- **image**: Ion Luca Caragiale - Foto03.jpg
- **imagesize**: 180px
- **caption**: Ion Luca Caragiale
- **pseudonym**: Car., Ein rumänischer Patriot, Luca, i, Ion, Palicar
- **birth place**: I.L. Caragiale, Dâmboviţa, Haimanale, Wallachia
- **death place**: Berlin, German Empire
- **occupation**: short story writer, playwright, journalist, essayist, actor, translator, poet, civil servant, restaurateur
- **nationality**: Romanian
- **period**: 1873–1912
- **genre**: drama, comedy, tragedy, short story, sketch story, novella, satire, parody, aphorism, Fantasy literature, fantasy, reportage, memoir, fairy tale, epigram, fable
- **subject**: everyday life, morals and manners, politics, social criticism, literary criticism, music criticism
- **movement**: _Junimea, Junimism_, Naturalism (literature), Naturalism, Neoclassicism, Neo-romanticism, Neoromanticism, Literary realism, Realism
- **signature**: Caragiale signature.jpeg
Amazing Alex

***Amazing Alex*** was a puzzle game developed by Rovio Entertainment. It is one of the first Rovio games to not be in the _Angry Birds_ series since the original _Angry Birds_ game.

## Reception

On Google Play, this game is rated as 4.3 out of 5 stars.

Harry Slater of Pocket Gamer a player of this game, prefers _Angry Birds_ to _Amazing Alex_. He said, "That's not to say that _Amazing Alex_ isn't an addictive experience - it's just that compared to _Angry Birds_, there's less excitement involved. You rarely feel like throwing your arms in the air when you've completed a puzzle, for example, and the absence of any kind of antagonist reduces the stakes slightly."

## Infobox (video game)
Tolleshunt Knights

**Tolleshunt Knights** is a village and civil parish in Maldon District, Essex, England. In 2001, there were 1028 people living there. Tolleshunt Knights is located about 1 mile south-east of Tiptree.

## Infobox (uk place)

- **country**: England
- **official name**: Tolleshunt Knights
- **population**: 1028
- **shire district**: Maldon District
- **shire county**: Essex
- **region**: East of England
- **os grid reference**: TL909149
Woodham Mortimer

**Woodham Mortimer** is a village and civil parish in Maldon District, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 502 people living in Woodham Mortimer.

## References

- GENUKI

## Infobox (uk place)

- **country**: England
- **official name**: Woodham Mortimer
- **population**: 502
- **shire district**: Maldon District
- **shire county**: Essex
- **region**: East of England
- **os grid reference**: TL809045
Woodham Walter

**Woodham Walter** is a village and civil parish in Maldon District, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 583 people living in Woodham Walter.

## References

- GENUKI

## Infobox (uk place)

- **country**: England
- **official name**: Woodham Walter
- **population**: 583
- **shire district**: Maldon District
- **shire county**: Essex
- **region**: East of England
- **os grid reference**: TL807069
Canewdon

**Canewdon** is a village and civil parish in Rochford District, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 1477 people living in Canewdon. Canewdon is between Ashingdon, Paglesham and Stambridge.

## References

- GENUKI

## Infobox (uk place)

- **country**: England
- **official name**: Canewdon
- **population**: 1477
- **shire district**: Rochford District
- **shire county**: Essex
- **region**: East of England
- **os grid reference**: TQ900945
Hullbridge

**Hullbridge** is a village and civil parish in Rochford District, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 6445 people living in Hullbridge.

## References

- GENUKI

## Infobox (uk place)

- **country**: England
- **population**: 6445
- **shire district**: Rochford District
- **shire county**: Essex
- **region**: East of England
- **os grid reference**: TQ810947
Rawreth

**Rawreth** is a village and civil parish in Rochford District, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 1003 people living in Rawreth.

## References

- GENUKI

## Infobox (uk place)

- **country**: England
- **official name**: Rawreth
- **population**: 1003
- **shire district**: Rochford District
- **shire county**: Essex
- **region**: East of England
- **os grid reference**: TQ783933
La Rosaleda

**La Rosaleda** is a football stadium in Málaga, Spain. The Rosaleda Stadium was one of the seventeen host stadiums of the 1982 FIFA World Cup, hosting three matches.

## Other websites

- Stadium site
Little Burstead

**Little Burstead** is a village and civil parish in Basildon Borough, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 397 people living in Little Burstead.

## References

- GENUKI

## Infobox (uk place)

- **country**: England
- **official name**: Little Burstead
- **population**: 397
- **shire district**: Basildon Borough
- **shire county**: Essex
- **region**: East of England
- **os grid reference**: TQ666920
Lyriel

**Lyriel** is a German band. The band plays folk rock.

## Members

- Jessica Thierjung (singer)
- Linda (cello)
- Oliver (guitar)
- Joon (violin)
- Marcus Fidorra (drums)
- Martin (keyboard)
- Sven (bass)
Ramsden Bellhouse

**Ramsden Bellhouse** is a village and civil parish in Rochford District, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 730 people living in Ramsden Bellhouse. Ramsden Bellhouse is located between the towns of Wickford and Billericay.

## Infobox (uk place)

- **country**: England
- **official name**: Ramsden Bellhouse
- **population**: 730
- **shire district**: Rochford District
- **shire county**: Essex
- **region**: East of England
Kelvedon Hatch

**Kelvedon Hatch** is a village and civil parish in Brentwood District, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 2563 people living in Kelvedon Hatch.

## References

- GENUKI

## Infobox (uk place)

- **country**: England
- **official name**: Kelvedon Hatch
- **population**: 2563
- **shire district**: Brentwood District
- **shire county**: Essex
- **region**: East of England
- **os grid reference**: TQ570989
Mountnessing

**Mountnessing** is a village and civil parish in Brentwood District, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 1132 people living in Mountnessing.

## References

- GENUKI

## Infobox (uk place)

- **country**: England
- **official name**: Mountnessing
- **population**: 1132
- **shire district**: Brentwood District
- **shire county**: Essex
- **region**: East of England
- **os grid reference**: TQ630975
Stondon Massey

**Stondon Massey** is a village and civil parish in Brentwood District, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 748 people living in Stondon Massey. The word 'Stondon' means stone hill’ and the word Massey is comes from Serlo de Marci.

## References

- GENUKI

## Infobox (uk place)

- **country**: England
- **population**: 748
- **shire district**: Brentwood District
- **shire county**: Essex
- **region**: East of England
- **os grid reference**: TL583006
West Horndon

**West Horndon** is a village and civil parish in Brentwood District, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 1482 people living in West Horndon.

## References

- GENUKI

## Infobox (uk place)

- **country**: England
- **official name**: West Horndon
- **population**: 1482
- **shire district**: Brentwood District
- **shire county**: Essex
- **region**: East of England
- **os grid reference**: TQ624882
Shelland

**Shelland** is a village and civil parish in Mid Suffolk, Suffolk, England. In 2001 there were 39 people living in Shelland. Shelland has a church called King Charles the Martyr.

## References

- GENUKI

## Infobox (uk place)

- **country**: England
- **official name**: Shelland
- **shire district**: Mid Suffolk
- **shire county**: Suffolk
- **region**: East of England
- **os grid reference**: TM005605
Richmond, North Yorkshire

**Richmond** is a town and civil parish in Richmondshire, North Yorkshire, England. In 2011 there were 8413 people living in Richmond.

## References

- GENUKI

## Infobox (uk place)

- **country**: England
- **official name**: Richmond
- **population**: 8413
- **shire district**: Richmondshire
- **shire county**: North Yorkshire
- **region**: Yorkshire and The Humber
- **os grid reference**: NZ172010
Bishop Auckland

**Bishop Auckland** is a town and civil parish in County Durham, England. In 2011 there were 16,276 people living in Bishop Auckland.

## References

- GENUKI

## Infobox (uk place)

- **static image name**: Bishop Auckland Town Hall.jpg
- **country**: England
- **official name**: Bishop Auckland
- **population**: 16276
- **shire county**: County Durham
- **region**: North East
- **os grid reference**: NZ200290
Todmorden

**Todmorden** is a town and civil parish in Calderdale, West Yorkshire, England. In 2011 there were 15481 people living in Todmorden. The town hall is found in the middle of the settlement overlooking the main market area. The market attracts many visitors. Wednesday, Friday and Saturday are the main days to find traders on the outdoor stalls. However, the indoor market is open six days a week.
There is also a park that usually has two ice-cream vans. There are seven primary schools in Todmorden. In Todmorden there are three churches, but only one is still functional. There are many monuments in Todmorden, including Stoodley Pike, the John Fielden Statue and The Lucky Dog. The Lucky dog sits in the left hand back corner of what used to be the old Todmorden Hospital that was used in the war to treat injured soldiers and citizens.

## References

- GENUKI

## Infobox (uk place)

- **country**: England
- **official name**: Todmorden
- **population**: 15481
- **shire district**: Calderdale
- **shire county**: West Yorkshire
- **region**: Yorkshire and The Humber
- **os grid reference**: SD935241
Russell Howard

**Russell Joseph Howard** (born 23 March 1980) is a British stand-up comedian. He has a show on BBC3 called _Russell Howard's Good News_. He was born on 23 March 1980. He is 1.77 metres tall. He used to be on the TV panel show _Mock the Week_ hosted by Dara Ó Briain.

## Infobox (comedian)

- **name**: Russell Howard
- **image**: Russell Howard.jpg
- **caption**: Russell Howard in 2008
- **birth name**: Russell Joseph Howard
- **birth place**: Bristol, England
- **medium**: Stand-up comedy, Stand up, television, radio
- **nationality**: British
- **active**: 1999–present
- **genre**: Satire, Social satire
Observational comedy
anecdotes, Anecdotal humour
Absurdist humour
- **influences**: Billy Connolly, Lee Evans (comedian), Lee Evans, Richard Pryor, Frank Skinner
- **notable work**: _The Milk Run
Mock the Week
Russell Howard's Good News_
Horten

**Horten** is a city on the coast of Vestfold county, Norway. About 25,011 lived there in 2007.

The mayor, Christina Bratli, is elected until late 2027.

## Related pages

- List of mayors in Norway that are elected until 2027

## Other websites

- city homepage
Alajärvi

**Alajärvi** is a city in Southern Ostrobothnia, Finland. As of January 2014, about 10,250 people lived there. Nearby municipalities are Alavus, Kuortane, Kyyjärvi, Lappajärvi, Lapua, Soini, Vimpeli and Ähtäri. Alajärvi means also a lake, lake Alajärvi.

The former municipality of Lehtimäki was merged with Alajärvi on 1 January 2009.

## Famouse people

- Alvar Aalto
- Jukka Haavisto
- Merja Rantamäki
Jakobstad

**Jakobstad** () is a city in Ostrobothnia, Finland. As of January 2014, almost 20,000 people lived there. The municipalities next to it are Larsmo, Pedersöre, and Nykarleby. Kokkola is also nearby.

Jakobstad was established in 1652. The people speak two languages: Finnish and Swedish.

## Other websites

- The official page
Stavanger

**Stavanger** is city in Norway. About 129,191 lived there in 2013. It is in the southwest of Norway. It has a temperate oceanic climate.

The mayor, Tormod Wilson Losnedal, is elected until late 2027.

## Related pages

- List of mayors in Norway that are elected until 2027

## Other websites

- City homepage
Chords Bridge

The **Chords Bridge** (, _Gesher HaMeitarim_), also called the **Bridge of Strings** or **Jerusalem Light Rail Bridge**, is a bridge for the Jerusalem Light Rail. It is at the western entrance to Jerusalem next to the Central Bus Station and the Jerusalem Binyanei HaUma Railway Station. The bridge was designed by the Spanish architect and structural engineer Santiago Calatrava. The bridge was opened in 2008, three years before the new light rail started in the city.

## Other websites

- Bridges, string art and Bézier curves — mathematical analysis of the shape.

## Infobox (bridge)

- **bridge name**: Chords Bridge
- **native name**: גשר המיתרים
- **native name lang**: he
- **image**: Jerusalem Chords Bridge 5.JPG
- **image size**: 240px
- **alt**: View of the bridge in 2008.
- **other name**: Bridge of Strings,
Jerusalem Light Rail Bridge
- **carries**: Jerusalem Light Rail, pedestrians
- **crosses**: Shazar Boulevard
- **locale**: Jerusalem, Israel
- **architect**: Santiago Calatrava
- **engineering**: Santiago Calatrava
- **design**: Side-spar cable-stayed bridge
- **material**: Steel, reinforced concrete
- **begin**: 2005
- **complete**: 2008
- **cost**: Israeli new shekel, NIS 246 million
- **inaugurated**: June 25, 2008
- **num track**: 2
- **electrification**: Overhead lines
Delhi Ring Road

**Delhi Ring Road** refers to a double ring road surrounding Delhi, India. The inner road is 55 kilometers and the outer is 87 kilometers.

## Other websites

- Achievements of Delhi's Traffic Planners
2nd Ring Road

The **Second Ring Road** in Beijing is the first ring road from six ring roads around the walls of the Old City of Beijing. The road was opened in 1980. The Beijing Subway moves under the road like the other ring roads around Beijing.
Curtiss P-36 Hawk

The **Curtiss P-36 Hawk** is a US single-engine fighter aircraft. It was used in World War II by the Royal Air Force and the French Air Force. Before that, it was used by the US Army Air Corps. Its first flight was in 1935. It was the basis of the P-40 Warhawk.
Ariège (river)

The **Ariège** (; ) is a river in the south of France. It is  long. It is a right tributary of the Garonne. The Ariège department is named after this river.

## Geography

The Ariège river is  long. It has a drainage basin of .

Its average yearly discharge (volume of water which passes through a section of the river per unit of time) is  at Pinsaguel, near the confluence with the Garonne, in the Haute-Garonne department, for a period of 30 years.

**Average monthly discharge (m<sup>3</sup>/s) at Pinsaguel**

### Course

The source of the Ariège is in the _Lac of Font Nègre_, at the Pyrenees on the border between France and Andorra, just south of Pas de la Casa (Andorra) on the western side of the _Pics Orientaux de Font Nègre_, in the _commune_ of Porta, Pyrénées-Orientales department, at an altitude of about .

In its first part, it flows to the north, forming the border between France and Andorra, up to Pas de la Casa, and then turns to the north-east.

After flowing through the Ariège plain, the river gets out of the department of Ariège and into the department of Haute-Garonne and, finally, joins the Garonne river at Portet-sur-Garonne, near the city of Toulouse.

The Ariège flows to the northeast, in general, and passes through the following regions, departments and communes:

**Andorra**
- Parish of Canillo: Pas de la Casa
**France**
- Occitanie region
    - Pyrénées-Orientales : Porta, Porté-Puymorens
    - Ariège : L'Hospitalet-près-l'Andorre, Ax-les-Thermes, Les Cabannes, Tarascon-sur-Ariège, Montgaillard, Foix, Varilhes, Pamiers, Saverdun
    - Haute-Garonne : Cintegabelle, Auterive, Venerque, Labarthe-sur-Lèze, Pins-Justaret, Pinsaguel

The Ariège river flows through a total of 58 _communes_.

Finally, it flows, as a right tributary, into the Garonne at Portet-sur-Garonne, in the Haute-Garonne department to the south of Toulouse, at  of altitude.

## Main tributaries

Some of the tributaries are:
- Right tributaries:
    - **Oriège** (); its source is on the northern side of the peak Carlit and flows into the Ariége at Ax-les-Thermes.
    - **Lauze** ().
    - **Hers-Vif** or **Hers** (). It is the tributary more important of the Ariége; it joins the Ariége at Cintegabelle (Haute-Garonne).
    - **Aïse** ().
- Left tributaries
    - **Aston** ().
    - **Vicdessos** (). It joins the Ariége at Tarascon-sur-Ariége.
    - **Courbière** (). It joins the Ariège before Tarascon-sur-Ariège.
    - **Arget** (). It joins the Ariège on the foot of the Foix castle. Its valley is named as _la Barguillière_.
    - **Lèze** ().

## Related pages

- List of rivers of France

## Other websites

- Fédération de pêche de la Haute-Garonne
- Eauxvives - L'Ariége
- History and real-time water heights of Ariege river, Garonne river, and other tributaries

## Infobox (river)

- **name**: Ariège
- **image**: N20-ariège2.jpg
- **image caption**: The Ariège near Ax-les-Thermes
- **map**: Ariège.png
- **source1 location**: Pyrenees
- **mouth location**: Garonne
- **subdivision type1**: Countries
- **source1 elevation**: ±
Pretty Little Liars

***Pretty Little Liars*** is an American television series based on several books written by Sara Shepard. The show began on June 8, 2010 on the ABC Family channel. The show has been aired for seven seasons. A spin-off show called _Ravenswood_ was created because the series was so populary.

The series involves a group of 5 teenage girls; Spencer (Troian Bellisario), Aria (Lucy Hale), Emily (Shay Mitchell), Hanna (Ashley Benson) and their disappeared friend Alison (Sasha Pieterse). Also, their love intrests; Ezra (Ian Harding), Caleb (Tyler Blackburn), Toby (Keegan Allen) and Paige (Lindsey Shaw).

The four main relationships are Ezria (Ezra and Aria), Emison (Emily and Alison), Haleb (Hanna and Caleb) and Spoby (Spencer and Toby).
Seremban

**Seremban** is the capital of the Malaysian state of Negeri Sembilan, it is in district of Seremban, one from the seven districts of Negeri Sembilan. The town's administration is run by the Seremban Municipal Council also known as Majlis Perbandaran Seremban. On 9 September 2009, Seremban was to be declared as a city, however it was later deferred due to technical reasons. However, the idea of granting city status has been brought up again and Seremban is expected to become a city on September 9, 2013. Finally, Seremban gained its city status on 20 January 2020

## Sister cities

Although Seremban does not have a city status, it has nevertheless three sister cities.
- Dongguan, China
- Bandung, Indonesia
- Bukittinggi, Indonesia
- Padang, Indonesia

## Related pages

- Negeri Sembilan

## Other websites

- Majlis Perbandaran Seremban
- Negeri State Library
- Seremban Maya
- Virtual Drive Through Street of Seremban
- Seremban Live

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Seremban
- **nickname**: S'ban
- **image skyline**: Seremban.JPG
- **imagesize**: 275px
- **image flag**: Flag of Sungei Ujong.svg
- **pushpin map**: Malaysia West
- **pushpin mapsize**: 300
- **pushpin label position**: right
- **map caption**: Location of Seremban in the Malaysian peninsula
- **subdivision type**: Countries of the world, Country
- **subdivision type1**: States of Malaysia, State
- **subdivision type2**: District
- **subdivision name**: Malaysia
- **subdivision name1**: Negeri Sembilan
- **subdivision name2**: Seremban (district), Seremban District
- **established title**: Establishment
- **established date**: 1840
- **established title1**: Granted municipal status
- **established date1**: 1979
- **leader title**: Administered by
- **leader name**: Majlis Perbandaran Seremban
- **leader title1**: Yang DiPertua
(President)
- **leader name1**: Dato' Haji Abd. Halim
- **area total km2**: 959
- **area metro km2**: 2,980
- **population as of**: 2010
- **population total**: 555,935 (List of urban areas in Malaysia by population, 9th)
- **population density sq mi**: 1266.51
- **population metro**: 806,920
- **population blank1 title**: Demonym
- **population blank1**: Serembanese
- **timezone**: Malaysian Standard Time, MST
- **utc offset**: +8
- **timezone dst**: Not observed
- **blank name**: Mean solar time
- **blank info**: UTC + 06:46:48
- **elevation m**: 79
- **elevation ft**: 259
- **postal code type**: List of postal codes in Malaysia, Postal code
- **postal code**: 70xxx to 75xxx
- **blank1 name**: Telephone numbers in Malaysia, National calling code
- **blank1 info**: 06
- **blank2 name**: Malaysian vehicle license plates, License plate prefix
- **blank2 info**: Nxx <small> (for all vehicles include taxis) </small>
- **blank3 name**: ISO 3166-2
- **blank3 info**: MY-14
- **website**: [http://www.mpsns.gov.my/ Official Seremban Municipal Council Website]
Cliché

A **cliché**, in English, is a phrase, idea or concept which is used too much. Originally, the word meant (in French) a stereotype plate, which is a term in printing.

A cliché is a stock concept used again and again. It has "lost its freshness and vigour through overuse, and suggests insincerity, lack of thought or laziness on the part of the writer".

## Examples

Some examples of clichéd expressions:

- eureka
- leave no stone unturned
- none the worse for wear
- explore every avenue
- food for thought
- dead as a doornail
- avoid like the plague
- the name of the game
- the bottom line
- there's no smoke without fire
- from time immemorial

Style guides advise writers to avoid clichés.
Seremban (district)

**Seremban district** is one from 7 districts in Negeri Sembilan. This is where the capital of Negeri Sembilan, Seremban town is located.

## Administration

There are two local councils in Seremban district:
- Seremban Municipal Council (MPSNS) (Inner Seremban town)
- Nilai Municipal Council (MPN) (Outer Seremban town)

### Seremban core

The Seremban core areas come under jurisdiction of Seremban Municipal Council (MPS).

- Seremban
- Rasah
- Rasah Jaya
- Rahang
- Mambau
- Senawang
- Temiang
- Lobak
- Paroi
- Bukit Chedang
- Bukit Blossom
- Seremban 2
- Ampangan
- Oakland
- Bukit Kepayang
- Kemayan
- Sikamat

### Outer Seremban

The outer Seremban areas come under jurisdiction of Nilai Municipal Council (MPN).

- Nilai
- Bandar Baru Nilai
- Rantau
- Mantin
- Sungai Gadut
- Labu
- Lenggeng
- Taman Seremban Jaya
- Bandar Seremban Selatan
- Taman Tuanku Jaafar
- Rasah Kemayan
- Pantai
- Ulu Beranang
- Pajam

### Seremban 2

Seremban 2 is a new satellite township about 4 kilometres south-east of the existing old Seremban town centre. It is located in western side of the North-South Expressway, Seremban 2 is a planned township built on former oil palm estate land with the aim of relocating to the administrative and business district from the crowded old town centre to a more organised area.

Spanning over  of land, Seremban 2 will be the site of the new
- Seremban District administrative offices
- Seremban Court Complex.
- District Police headquarters
- State Fire Brigade headquarters

The RM2 billion township will also sustain a large portion of the population of Seremban through various housing estate projects in and around Seremban 2 such as
- Green Street Homes
- Sri Carcosa
- Central Park
- Emerald Park
- Garden Homes
- Garden Avenue
- Garden City Homes
- Vision Homes
- S2 Heights
- Park Avenue

The residents here have enjoy many facilities with ÆON Seremban 2 Shopping Centre, City Park, Seremban 2's very own Lake Gardens and comparably less traffic than the town centre.

### Food

Seremban is famous for its special delicacies comprising Malay, Chinese, Indian cuisine.

- Lemak cili padi. Seremban also famous with its _masak lemak cili padi_ or call as _gulai lemak cili api_, a traditional Negeri Sembilan hot dish.
- Siew pau. It is a type of baked bun with flaky pastry bun and meat (usually pork) filling.
- Beef noodles. This beef noodles, are the best in Seremban, and the best beef noodles which can be found in Seremban is located at the main Seremban market in town (Pasar Besar Seremban). This stall has been operating for nearly 3 generations now.
- The beef or meat can be found at Pasar Ampangan near Ampangan. Beef that sell there are very cheap and high in quality (stall no.18 and 17). Its also has been operating for 3 generation. The beef noodle get their beef at this stall for 3 generations.

- ABC or air batu campur means shaved ice with brown sugar syrup and rose flavouring, corn, beans, and cendol.
- Tasty Traditional Mutton Soup.
- Seremban Laksa
Division of Bruce

The **Division of Bruce** is an Australian Electoral Division in Victoria. It was created in 1955 and is named for Stanley Bruce, who was Prime Minister of Australia from 1923 to 1929. It covers an area of 73 km² in the eastern suburbs of Melbourne. Until 1996, it was based on Glen Waverley and Mount Waverley. It now includes parts of Dandenong, Noble Park and Springvale.

## Members

|Member|Party|Term|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|||(Sir) Billy Snedden|Liberal|1955–1983|
|||Ken Aldred|Liberal|1983–1990|
|||Julian Beale|Liberal|1990–1996|
|||Alan Griffin|Labor|1996–2016|
|||Julian Hill|Labor|2016–present|
Its most famous member has been Sir Billy Snedden, Liberal Party leader from 1972 to 1975 and Speaker of the Australian House of Representatives from 1976 to 1983. Alan Griffin was the Parliamentary Secretary to the Prime Minister, Kevin Rudd.

## Other websites

- Division of Bruce - Australian Electoral Commission
- Alan Griffin's website

## Infobox (australian electorate)

- **federal**: yes
- **name**: Bruce
- **image**: Division of Bruce 2019.png
- **imagesize**: 300
- **caption**: Division of Bruce in Victoria (Australia), Victoria, as of the Australian federal election, 2019, 2019 federal election.
- **created**: 1955
- **mp**: Julian Hill (politician), Julian Hill
- **mp-party**: Australian Labor Party, Labor
- **namesake**: Stanley Bruce
- **electors**: 96716
- **electors year**: Australian federal election, 2016, 2016
- **area**: 73
- **class**: Outer Metropolitan
Division of Calwell

The **Division of Calwell** is an Australian Electoral Division in Victoria. It was created in 1984 and is named for Arthur Calwell, who was Minister for Immigration 1945–1949 and Leader of the Australian Labor Party 1960–1967.

It covers an area of 175 km2 in the northern suburbs of Melbourne and the boundary was last changed in 2010. It includes Broadmeadows, Craigieburn, Sunbury and Tullamarine.

## Members

|Member|Party|Term||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|||rowspan="2"|Andrew Theophanous|Labor|1984–2000|
|||Independent|2000–2001|||
|||Maria Vamvakinou|Labor|2001–2025||
Andrew Theophanous left the ALP in 2000 after claims he was taking bribes. He stood for the seat at the 2001 election as an independent but was defeated. He became the first Australian politician to be put in prison for bribery.

## Other websites

- Division of Calwell - Australian Electoral Commission
- Maria Vamvakinou's website

## Infobox (australian electorate)

- **federal**: yes
- **name**: Calwell
- **image**: Division of Calwell 2010.png
- **imagesize**: 300
- **caption**: Division of Calwell (green) in Victoria (Australia), Victoria
- **created**: 1984
- **namesake**: Arthur Calwell
- **electors**: 101,342 (2010)
- **area**: 504
- **class**: Outer Metropolitan
Division of Casey

The **Division of Casey** is an Australian Electoral Division in Victoria. It was set up in 1969 and is named for Richard Casey, who was Governor-General of Australia 1965–69. It covers an area of 2337 km<sup>2</sup> in the outer eastern suburbs of Melbourne including Croydon, Montrose and Olinda.

## Members

|Member|Party|Term|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|||Peter Howson|Liberal|1969–1972|
|||Race Mathews|Labor|1972–1975|
|||Peter Falconer|Liberal|1975–1983|
|||Peter Steedman|Labor|1983–1984|
|||Bob Halverson|Liberal|1984–1998|
|||Michael Wooldridge|Liberal|1998–2001|
|||Tony Smith|Liberal|2001–2022|
|||Aaron Violi|Liberal|2022–present|
Peter Howson was the member for Fawkner from 1955–1969. He served as the Minister for Air and the Minister for the Environment, Aborigines and the Arts. Bob Halverson was Speaker of the House of Representatives 1996–98. Michael Wooldridge was Minister for Health and Family Services, and later Minister for Health and Aged Care in the Howard Government. He was also Deputy Leader of the Opposition

## Other websites

- Division of Casey – Australian Electoral Commission
- Tony Smith's website

## Infobox (australian electorate)

- **federal**: yes
- **name**: Casey
- **image**: Division of Casey 2010.png
- **imagesize**: 300
- **caption**: Division of Casey (green) in Victoria (Australia), Victoria
- **created**: 1969
- **mp**: Aaron Violi
- **mp-party**: Liberal Party of Australia, Liberal
- **namesake**: Richard Casey, Baron Casey, Richard Casey
- **electors**: 92,317 (2010)
- **area**: 409
- **class**: Outer Metropolitan
Division of Chisholm

The **Division of Chisholm** is an Australian Electoral Division in Victoria. It was set up in 1949 and is named for Caroline Chisholm, a social worker and supporter of women's immigration. It is covers an area of 65 km2 in the eastern suburbs of Melbourne. In the 1980's it was based on the suburb of Camberwell, but later changes have moved it south-east to Box Hill, Burwood and parts of Clayton.

## Members

|Member|Party|Term||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|||(Sir) Wilfrid Kent Hughes|Liberal|1949–1970||
|||Tony Staley|Liberal|1970–1980||
|||Graham Harris|Liberal|1980–1983||
|||Helen Mayer|Labor|1983–1987||
|||Michael Wooldridge|Liberal|1987–1998||
|||Anna Burke|Labor|1998–2016||
|||rowspan= 2|Julia Banks|Liberal|2016–2018|
|||Independent|2018–2019|||
|||Gladys Liu|Liberal|2019–2022||
|||Carina Garland|Labor|2022–present||
The first member for Chisholm, Sir Wilfrid Kent Hughes, was one of Australia's most important soldiers, who held the seat until his death on 31 July 1970. Anna Burke was the Speaker of the House of Representatives during 2013.

## Other websites

- Division of Chisolm – Australian Electoral Commission
- Anna Burke's website

## Infobox (australian electorate)

- **federal**: yes
- **name**: Chisholm
- **image**: Division of Chisholm 2010.png
- **imagesize**: 300
- **caption**: Division of Chisholm (green) in Victoria (Australia), Victoria
- **created**: 1949
- **mp**: Carina Garland
- **mp-party**: Australian Labor Party, Labor
- **namesake**: Caroline Chisholm
- **electors**: 86,220 (2010)
- **area**: 61
- **class**: Inner Metropolitan
Paint.net

**paint.net** is a free software picture maker. Rick Brewster wrote the program as a student project at Washington State University. It was a simple replacement for Microsoft Paint. There have been many versions of the program and it has become more powerful. Users can create logos. They can also edit photographs, making them bigger or smaller, changing colors. Users can also change the file format of an image.

## Other websites

- Web site
Division of Corangamite

The **Division of Corangamite** is an Australian Electoral Division in Victoria. It was one of the 75 divisions set up for the first federal election in 1901. It is named for Lake Corangamite.

It covers an area of 7624 km2 in the Western District of Victoria. It has always included Colac, but now most of its voters live in the southern suburbs of Geelong and coastal towns including Anglesea and Queenscliff.

Corangamite was identified as the most marginal seat in Australia for the 2013 election. It only needed a swing of 0.3% to change to the Liberal Party. The Liberals received a swing of 4.22% and won the seat.

## Members

|Member|Party|Term||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|||Chester Manifold|Protectionist|1901–1903||
|||rowspan="2"|Gratton Wilson|Free Trade, Anti-Socialist|1903–1909|
|||Commonwealth Liberal|1909–1910|||
|||James Scullin|Labor|1910–1913||
|||rowspan="2"|Chester Manifold|Commonwealth Liberal|1913–1917|
|||Nationalist|1917–1918|||
|||William Gibson|Country|1918–1929||
|||Richard Crouch|Labor|1929–1931||
|||William Gibson|Country|1931–1934||
|||Geoffrey Street|United Australia|1934–1940||
|||rowspan="2"|Allan McDonald|United Australia|1940–1944|
|||Liberal|1944–1953|||
|||Dan Mackinnon|Liberal|1953–1966||
|||Tony Street|Liberal|1966–1984||
|||Stewart McArthur|Liberal|1984–2007||
|||Darren Cheeseman|Labor|2007–2013||
|||Sarah Henderson|Liberal|2013–2019||
|||Libby Coker|Labor|2019–present||
Famous members include James Scullin who later became Prime Minister of Australia, and Richard Crouch who gave the money to set up the Prime Ministers Avenue in the Ballarat Botanical Gardens. Tony Street held a number of important roles in the Fraser Government including Minister for Foreign Affairs.

## Other websites

- Division of Corangamite – Australian Electoral Commission
- Sarah Henderson's website

## Infobox (australian electorate)

- **federal**: yes
- **name**: Corangamite
- **image**: Division of Corangamite 2022.png
- **imagesize**: 300
- **caption**: Division of Corangamite (green) in Victoria (Australia), Victoria
- **created**: 1901
- **mp**: Libby Coker
- **mp-party**: Australian Labor Party, Labor
- **namesake**: Lake Corangamite
- **electors**: 101,512 (2010)
- **area**: 7724
- **class**: Provincial
Division of Corio

The **Division of Corio** is an Australian Electoral Division in Victoria. It was one of the first 75 divisions set up for the first federal election in 1901. It is named for Corio Bay. It covers an area of 989 km2 based on the city of Geelong. In the past it has also included parts of the western suburbs of Melbourne.

## Members

|Member|Party|Term||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|||rowspan="2"|Richard Crouch|Protectionist|1901–1909|
|||Commonwealth Liberal|1909–1910|||
|||Alfred Ozanne|Labor|1910–1913||
|||William Kendell|Commonwealth Liberal|1913–1914||
|||Alfred Ozanne|Labor|1914–1917||
|||John Lister|Nationalist|1917–1929||
|||Arthur Lewis|Labor|1929–1931||
|||Richard Casey|United Australia|1931–1940||
|||John Dedman|Labor|1940–1949||
|||Hubert Opperman|Liberal|1949–1967||
|||Gordon Scholes|Labor|1967–1993||
|||rowspan="2"|Gavan O'Connor|Labor|1993–2007|
|||Independent|2007–2007|||
|||Richard Marles|Labor|2007–present||

Its famous members include Richard Crouch who was the youngest member of the first parliament, and later gave money to set up the Prime Ministers Avenue in the Ballarat Botanical Gardens.  Richard Casey, a leading Cabinet member in the 1930s and later Governor-General. Hubert Opperman was a former cycling champion and a minister in the Menzies Government. Gordon Scholes  was Speaker during the Whitlam Government and a minister in the Hawke Government. In 2007, Labor party changed its candidate for the next election. Gavan O'Connor resigned and sat as an independent and unsuccessfully stood in the 2007 election. Richard Marles was ACTU Assistant Secretary and Minister for Trade in the Rudd Government. In 2022, following the election of the Albanese Labor government, Marles became Deputy Prime Minister.

## Other websites

- Division of Corio – Australian Electoral Commission
- Richard Marles' website

## Infobox (australian electorate)

- **federal**: yes
- **name**: Corio
- **image**: Division of Corio 2010.png
- **imagesize**: 300
- **caption**: Division of Corio (green) in Victoria (Australia), Victoria
- **created**: 1901
- **mp**: Richard Marles
- **mp-party**: Australian Labor Party, Labor
- **namesake**: Corio Bay
- **electors**: 91,924 (2010)
- **area**: 815
- **class**: Provincial
Lee Kyu-wan

**Lee Kyu-wan** (, 1862 – 1946) was a Korean military leader and a politician during the Joseon dynasty. He was involved in the Gapsin Coup, He was a follower of Park Young-hyo and Seo Jae-pil.

## Life

Lee Kyu-wan was born in Kwangju or Paju. His family was 16th generation descended from Sejong the Great and Queen Soheon, but they were of a disgraced line. He lived off the benefits of Park Young-hyo, who was the son-in-law of Emperor Choljong of Joseon.

In 1883, Lee went to study in Japan, with the support of Park Young-hyo and Seo Jae-pil. He graduated in August 1884, and returned to Korea. On 4 December, he participated in the Gapsin Coup. he was Killing to Han Kyu-jik other some Senior officials But the coup lasted only three days, and then failed. Lee escaped by boat to Japan. In 1894, he was given a royal pardon and returned to Korea.

In June 1895, Lee was accused of being involved in Park Young-hyo's attempted assassination of Queen Myongseong. He again escaped to Japan, with Park. In 1907, he was given another royal pardon and returned to Korea. He was appointed a vice-member of the Privy Council. In November, he was made Governor of Gangwon Province. He was reappointed as governor in 1910 after the Japanese military took over Korea. In 1917, he was appointed governor of South Hangyong. He resigned in 1924.

## Related pages

- Gapsin coup
- Park Young-hyo
- Seo Kwang-pum
- Seo Jae-pil
- Yun Chi-ho

## References

- ‘남자’ 노릇하는 다양한 방법  한겨레21 2006년05월18일 제610호
- 비상한 시대 특별한 재주 아쉬운 죽음  신동아 2012년 06월호 633호 (p524~543)
Division of Deakin

The **Division of Deakin** is an Australian Electoral Division in Victoria. It is named for Alfred Deakin, was the Prime Minister of Australia three times. Set up in 1937, it covers an area of 70 km2 in the eastern suburbs of Melbourne. Once a rural area is now includes the suburbs of Blackburn, Forest Hill, Mitcham, Nunawading, and Ringwood.

## Members

|Member|Party|Term||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|||rowspan="2"|William Hutchinson|United Australia|1937–1944|
|||Liberal|1944–1949|||
|||Frank Davis|Liberal|1949–1966||
|||Alan Jarman|Liberal|1966–1983||
|||John Saunderson|Labor|1983–1984||
|||Julian Beale|Liberal|1984–1990||
|||Ken Aldred|Liberal|1990–1996||
|||Phil Barresi|Liberal|1996–2007||
|||Mike Symon|Labor|2007–2013||
|||Michael Sukkar|Liberal|2013–2025||
|||Matt Gregg|Labor|2025–present||

## Other websites

- Division of Deakin – Australian Electoral Commission
- Michael Sukkar's website

## Infobox (australian electorate)

- **federal**: yes
- **name**: Deakin
- **image**: Division of Deakin 2010.png
- **imagesize**: 300
- **caption**: Division of Deakin (green) in Victoria (Australia), Victoria
- **created**: 1937
- **namesake**: Alfred Deakin
- **electors**: 87,710 (2010)
- **area**: 61
- **class**: Outer Metropolitan
Division of Dunkley

The **Division of Dunkley** is an Australian Electoral Division in Victoria. It was set up in 1984 and is named for Louisa Margaret Dunkley, a trade unionist and campaigner for equal pay for women. It covers an area of 140 km2 in the southern suburbs of Melbourne. It includes Frankston, Mornington and Mount Eliza.

## Members

|Member|Party|Term|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|||Bob Chynoweth|Labor|1984–1990|
|||Frank Ford|Liberal|1990–1993|
|||Bob Chynoweth|Labor|1993–1996|
|||Bruce Billson|Liberal|1996–2016|
|||Chris Crewther|Liberal|2016–2019|
|||Peta Murphy|Labor|2019–2023|
|||Jodie Belyea|Labor|2024–present|
In 2013 Bruce Billson became the Minister for Small Business in the Abbott Government.

## Other websites

- Division of Dunkley – Australian Electoral Commission
- Bruce Billson's website

## Infobox (australian electorate)

- **federal**: yes
- **name**: Dunkley
- **image**: Division of Dunkley 2022.png
- **imagesize**: 300
- **caption**: Division of Dunkley (green) in Victoria (Australia), Victoria
- **created**: 1984
- **mp**: Jodie Belyea
- **mp-party**: Australian Labor Party, Labor
- **namesake**: Louisa Margaret Dunkley
- **electors**: 95,299 (2010)
- **area**: 138
- **class**: Outer Metropolitan
Arrondissements of the Ariège department

There are 3 **arrondissements in the Ariège department**. The French departments, and in other countries, are divided into _arrondissements_, which may be translated into English as **districts** (in some cases, as **boroughs**).  The capital of an arrondissement is called a subprefecture.

If the prefecture (capital) of the department is in an arrondissement, that prefecture is the capital of the arrondissement, acting both as a prefecture and as a subprefecture.

Arrondissements are further divided into communes.

The arrondissements of Ariège are:
|INSEE code !! Arrondissement !! Capital !! Population <small>(2014)</small> !! Area <small>(km²)</small> !! Density <small>(Inh./km²)</small> !! _Communes_|||||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|091|Foix|Foix|51,473|2,077.8||135|
|092|Pamiers|Pamiers|73,702|1,315.0||115|
|093|Saint-Girons|Saint-Girons|27,399|1,497.2||82|

## History

Since its creation, the Ariège department has had few changes:
- 1790 : creation of the department with three districts: Mirepoix, Saint-Girons, Tarascon
- 1800 : creation of the arrondissements: Foix, Pamiers, Saint-Girons
- 1926 : the arrondissement of Pamiers is eliminated
- 1942 : restoration of the arrondissement of Pamiers

## Related pages

- List of arrondissements of France
Division of Gellibrand

The **Division of Gellibrand** is an Australian Electoral Division in Victoria. Created in 1949, it is named after Joseph Gellibrand, a lawyer and explorer. It covers an area of 102 km² in the inner western suburbs of Melbourne. It includes Footscray, Maidstone, Newport, Altona and Williamstown.

## Members

|Member|Party|Term||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|||rowspan="2"|Jack Mullens|Labor|1949–1955|
|||Labor (Anti-Communist)|1955–1955|||
|||Hector McIvor|Labor|1955–1972||
|||Ralph Willis|Labor|1972–1998||
|||Nicola Roxon|Labor|1998–2013||
|||Tim Watts|Labor|2013–present||
Famous members have included Ralph Willis, a Cabinet minister in the Hawke and Keating Governments. Nicola Roxon was a Cabinet minister in the first Rudd Government and the Gillard Government. She was Australia's first female Attorney General.

## Other websites

- Division of Gellibrand – Australian Electoral Commission
- Tim Watts' website

## Infobox (australian electorate)

- **federal**: yes
- **name**: Gellibrand
- **image**: Division of Gellibrand 2010.png
- **imagesize**: 300
- **caption**: Division of Gellibrand (green) in Victoria (Australia), Victoria
- **created**: 1949
- **mp**: Tim Watts
- **mp-party**: Australian Labor Party, Labor
- **namesake**: Joseph Gellibrand
- **electors**: 95,571 (2010)
- **area**: 91
- **class**: Inner Metropolitan