juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Street Fighter II

***Street Fighter II*** is a 1991 fighting game made by Capcom.

The player controls a martial arts fighter and has to knock out the opponent. There are many playable characters, including Ryu, Ken Masters, Guile and Chun Li. Each character has special moves that require special commands to perform. The game has 4 bosses - Balrog (M. Bison in Japan), Vega (Balrog in Japan), Sagat, and M. Bison (Vega in Japan). (Balrog and Sagat were also featured in the first _Street Fighter_ game). There have been many follow-up games to _Street Fighter II_. The franchise for the games became popular. The game was released for arcades and different consoles.

It is sequel to the first _Street Fighter_.
Office Space

***Office Space*** is a 1999 American comedy movie starring Ron Livingston and Jennifer Aniston. The movie was directed by Mike Judge. The movie is a satire of white collar office work in the United States.

## Reception

**Office Space** received mostly positive reviews from reviewers, which means that most of them thought that it was a good movie. However, it did not make very much money at movie theaters, only earning $10,827,810 from movie tickets. The movie went on to become a cult classic, becoming more popular over time.

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: Office Space
- **caption**: Theatrical poster
- **director**: Mike Judge
- **producer**: Daniel Rappaport
Michael Rotenberg
- **writer**: Mike Judge
- **starring**: Ron Livingston
Jennifer Aniston
David Herman
Ajay Naidu
Diedrich Bader
Gary Cole
Stephen Root
Richard Riehle
- **music**: John Frizzell
- **cinematography**: Tim Suhrstedt
- **editing**: David Rennie
- **distributor**: 20th Century Fox
- **released**: February 19, 1999
- **runtime**: 89 minutes
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **budget**: United States dollar, $10,000,000 (estimated)
Syriana

***Syriana*** is an 2005 American drama thriller movie, which has won Academy Award and Golden Globe Awards. It is directed by Stephen Gaghan and produced by Jennifer Fox, Michael Nozik, Georgia Kacandes, Steven Soderbergh, George Clooney. The movie stars Clooney, Matt Damon, Jeffrey Wright, Chris Cooper, and William Hurt.

## Plot

The movie is about a lot of people doing complicated things. One of the people is a CIA agent (Clooney) who is angered when his boss tries to invade his privacy. Another person, Damon, whose child dies, gets a better job working for a king. Then another person, a lawyer, Jeffrey Wright finds out that the oil company is actually not good and should be removed from power immediately. The last part of the movie is about two Muslims who become suicide bombers because they feel offended.
Shareware

**Shareware** is a way to sell software.

The user will get a preview or demo of the software for free. This way, the user can decide if they like the program or not before buying the complete program.

Users can get games for free this way but most of the time these games do not have all the levels. Sometimes Internet Relay Chat clients let users have a demo of their client for 30 days, but after that, in order to keep using it, the user will have to pay money.
Kill Bill

***Kill Bill*** is an American martial arts crime movie directed by Quentin Tarantino. It was released in two parts; _Volume 1_ and _Volume 2_. In most countries it is rated for adult viewing only because of extreme violence and profanity.

## Cast

- Sonny Chiba as Hanzō Hattori
Drive-by shooting

A **drive-by shooting** is when a gun is fired from a moving vehicle, at a single or multiple targets outside the vehicle. Drive-bys are known in gang violence. Many rappers have died in drive-by shootings such as Tupac Shakur and The Notorious B.I.G..
Granada

**Granada** is a Spanish city, capital of the province of Granada, in Andalusia. With 233,000 inhabitants, it is an important artistic and cultural center. The city has many famous monuments, such as the Alhambra, the Cathedral, the _Alcaiceria_, and the _Corral del Carbon_. It is near Sierra Nevada, the highest mountain range in Spain, in the valley where the Genil and Darro rivers meet. The Darro runs through the _Albaicin_ and the_ Sacromonte_, two charming historical areas of the city.

### Realejo

Realejo is where the Jewish people of Granada lived for hundreds of years. In 1492, Isabella of Castile forced the Jewish people of Granada to leave Spain. Now, it is known for its street art and food.

### Cartuja

Cartuja is named after an old monastery in this district. The area also contains many buildings that are part of the University of Granada.

### Bib-Rambla

This district is named after a big, important gate built by the Nasrid dynasty. The name means "Gate of the Ears." Bib-Rambla is in the middle of the city, and it has many important landmarks like the cathedral.

### Sacromonte

The Sacromonte is in the northern half of Granada, near the Albaicin. It is famous for the Romani people that have lived there. It has many houses made from caves dug into the hill. It is famous for flamenco dancing, as well as its views of the Alhambra.

### Albaicin

The Albaicin is one of the oldest areas of Granada. In fact, before the city of Granada, there was an older city here called Elvira. Like the Sacromonte, it is famous for its views of the Alhambra.

### Zaidin

Zaidin is an area in the far south of Granada. It has the most people of any district in Granada.

## Related pages

- Battle of Granada

## Other websites

- Detailed information about the Alhambra
- Website of the Granada Tourist Office
- Granada Local Tourist Guide
- Photos of Granada
- International Students Community
- More interesting information about the Alhambra
Cádiz

**Cádiz** is a Spanish city, capital of the Province of Cádiz, in Andalusia. It is the southernmost capital in the Iberian Peninsula. The population is 130,000, but it is the centre of a metropolitan area, the Bay of Cádiz, with more than 500,000 inhabitants. Majority of its inhabitants follow Catholic Church. The Cádiz Cathedral is the seat of the Diocese of Cadiz y Ceuta. The cathedral was declared _Bien de Interés Cultural_ in 1931.

Cádiz is known for its attractive beaches where many nautical sports can be practiced. This is possible thanks to the excellent climate all year round. It is one of the oldest cities in Western Europe and it used to be one of the most important Spanish ports during the Spanish Golden Age and the Age of Discovery.
Mérida, Spain

**Mérida** () is the capital of Extremadura, an autonomous community in Spain. It has 55,000 inhabitants and is an important Roman center, with the theatre and the bridge over the Guadiana river.

## Sister cities

- Rome, Italy
- Mérida,  Venezuela
- Mérida, Mexico
- Mérida, Philippines

## Other websites

- Roman Art National Museum
- Pictures of Roman Mérida
- Photos of Mérida: Roman monuments and other views of the city

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Mérida
- **settlement type**: Municipalities of Spain, Municipality
- **image skyline**: Collage de Mérida.jpg
- **image caption**: Collage of Mérida, Top:Merida Ancient Roman Theater, Second left:_Asanblea de Extremadura_ (Extremadura Assembly), Second right:_Acueducto de Los Milagros_ (Los Milagros Aqueduct), Third left:A interior of Merida National Roman Art Museum, Third upper right:Merida Roman Bridge, Third lower right:_Tempo de Diana_ (Diana Temple), Bottom:A night view of Lusitania Bridge and Guadiana River
- **image flag**: Bandera de Mérida.svg
- **flag size**: 125px
- **image shield**: Coat of Arms of Mérida (Spain).svg
- **pushpin map**: Spain Extremadura#Spain
- **pushpin map caption**: Location within Extremadura
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Autonomous communities of Spain, Autonomous community
- **subdivision type2**: Provinces of Spain, Province
- **subdivision name2**: Badajoz (province), Badajoz
- **subdivision type3**: Comarcas of Spain, Comarca
- **subdivision name3**: Mérida
- **subdivision type4**: Valley
- **subdivision name4**: Guadiana
- **subdivision type5**: Judicial district
- **subdivision name5**: Partido Judicial de Mérida, Mérida
- **elevation m**: 217
- **area total km2**: 865.6
- **established title**: Founded
- **established date**: 25 BC
- **population total**: 60,119 (2017)
- **population demonym**: Emeritenses
- **population density km2**: auto
- **blank name sec1**: Languages of Spain, Official language(s)
- **timezone**: Central European Time, CET
- **utc offset**: +1
- **timezone dst**: Central European Summer Time, CEST
- **utc offset dst**: +2
- **postal code type**: List of postal codes in Spain, Postal code
- **postal code**: 06800
- **area code type**: Telephone numbers in Spain, Dialing code
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Antonio Rodríguez Osuna (2015)
- **leader party**: PSOE
Cuenca

**Cuenca** is a Spanish city, capital of the Cuenca province, in Castile-La Mancha. Around 50,000 are living there. It is famous for its monuments: The hanging houses, the Cathedral and other churches. It is located over the Jucar river, near the Serrania of Cuenca.

## Other websites

- Cuenca

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Cuenca
- **image flag**: Bandera de Cuenca.svg
- **image shield**: Escudo de Cuenca.svg
- **image skyline**: Vista de Cuenca 076.jpg
- **image caption**: View of Los Canonigos, include Casas Colgantes (Hanging houses), San Pablo Bridge and Downtown Cuenca, from Palomera motorway
- **elevation m**: 946
- **postal code type**: Postal code
- **postal code**: 16000
- **pushpin map**: Spain
- **pushpin mapsize**: 300
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Spain
- **subdivision type1**: Autonomous communities of Spain, Autonomous community
- **subdivision name1**: Castile–La Mancha
- **subdivision type2**: Provinces of Spain, Province
- **subdivision name2**: Cuenca Province (Spain), Cuenca
- **subdivision type3**: Comarcas of Spain, Comarca
- **subdivision name3**: Serranía Media
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Juan Ávila
- **area total km2**: 911.06
- **population as of**: 2012
- **population demonym**: Conquense
- **population total**: 57,032
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone**: Central European Time, CET
- **utc offset**: +1
- **timezone dst**: Central European Summer Time, CEST
- **utc offset dst**: +2
Balearic Islands

The **Balearic Islands** (official name, Catalan: **Illes Balears**) are an autonomous community of Spain, formed by the Balearic Islands Province. The main islands are Mallorca (English: Majorca), Minorca, Ibiza (also called Eivissa) and Formentera. The capital is Palma de Mallorca, and other cities are Mahon, Ibiza, Inca, Ciutadella, and Calvia.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Balearic Islands
- **native name**:

- **settlement type**: Autonomous communities of Spain, Autonomous community
- **image flag**: Flag of the Balearic Islands.svg
- **flag size**: 125px
- **flag alt**: Flag of the Balearic Islands
- **image shield**: Coat of Arms of Balearic Islands.svg
- **shield size**: 90px
- **shield alt**: Coat-of-arms of the Balearic Islands
- **anthem**: La Balanguera
- **image map**:
- **map caption**: Location of the Balearic Islands east of mainland Spain
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Spain
- **seat type**: Capital
- **seat**: Palma de Mallorca
Provinces of Spain

There are fifty parts of Spain called provinces. They are:

|scope="col"|Province name|scope="col"|Capital|scope="col"|Autonomous community|scope="col" class="unsortable"|Lists of municipalities|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|**La Coruña** _(Spanish)_; **A Coruña** _(Galician)_|_(Spanish)_; A Coruña _(Galician)_||Municipalities|||||
|_(Spanish)_; **Araba** _(Basque)_|_(Spanish)_ Gasteiz _(Basque)_||Municipalities|||||
||||Municipalities|||||
|_(Spanish)_ **Alacant** _(Valencian)_|; Alacant _(Valencian)_||Municipalities|||||
||||Municipalities|||||
||||Municipalities|||||
||||Municipalities|||||
||||Municipalities|||||
|_(English)_; **Illes Balears** _(Catalan)_ **Islas Baleares** _(Spanish)_|||Municipalities|||||
||||Municipalities|||||
|_(Spanish)_; **Bizkaia** ''(Basque)|||Municipalities|||||
||||Municipalities|||||
||||Municipalities|||||
||||Municipalities|||||
||||Municipalities|||||
|_(Spanish)_; **Castelló** _(Valencian)_|Castelló de la Plana _(Valencian)_||Municipalities|||||
||||Municipalities|||||
||||Municipalities|||||
||||Municipalities|||||
|_(Spanish)_; **Gipuzkoa** _(Basque)_|_(Spanish)_ Donostia _(Basque)_||Municipalities|||||
|_(Spanish)_; **Girona** _(Catalan)_|_(Catalan)_; Gerona _(Spanish)_||Municipalities|||||
||||Municipalities|||||
||||Municipalities|||||
||||Municipalities|||||
||||Municipalities|||||
||||Municipalities|||||
||||Municipalities|||||
||||Municipalities|||||
||||Municipalities|||||
|**Lleida** _(Catalan)_; **Lérida** _(Spanish)_|_(Catalan)_; Lérida _(Spanish)_||Municipalities|||||
||||Municipalities|||||
||||Municipalities|||||
||||Municipalities|||||
||||Municipalities|||||
|; **Nafarroa** _(Basque)_; **Navarra** _(Spanish)_|; Iruña _(Basque)_||Municipalities|||||
|_(Galician)_; **Orense** _(Spanish)_|_(Galician)_; Orense _(Spanish)_||Municipalities|||||
||||Municipalities|||||
||||Municipalities|||||
||||Municipalities|||||
||||Municipalities|||||
||||Municipalities|||||
|; **Sevilla** _(Spanish)_|; Sevilla _(Spanish)_||Municipalities|||||
||||Municipalities|||||
||||Municipalities|||||
||||Municipalities|||||
||||Municipalities|||||
|; **València** _(Valencian)_|; València _(Valencian)_||Municipalities|||||
||||Municipalities|||||
||||Municipalities|||||
|; **Saragossa** _(English)_|; Saragossa _(English)_||Municipalities|||||
Cartagena

**Cartagena** is a municipality in the Region of Murcia, in Spain.

It has an area of 558.1 km² and a population of 215,826 people.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Cartagena
- **settlement type**: Municipalities of Spain, Municipality
- **imagesize**: 265px
- **image flag**: Bandera Cartagena.svg
- **image seal**: Escudo Cartagena.svg
- **pushpin map**: Spain
- **pushpin mapsize**: 265px
- **pushpin relief**: yes
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: Autonomous communities of Spain, A. community
- **subdivision type2**: Provinces of Spain, Province
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Noelia Arroyo
- **area total km2**: 558.1
- **population total**: 215,826
- **population as of**: January 1, 2021
- **population density km2**: 386.7
- **utc offset**: +01:00
- **postal code type**: Postal code
- **postal code**: 30200–30205, 30280, 30290, 30300, 30310, 30319, 30330, 30350, 30351, 30353,
30365–30370, 30380–30387, 30390–30399, 30593, 30594, 30835, 30868
- **blank name sec2**: Community Identification Number, MCN
- **blank info sec2**: 30016
Palermo

**Palermo** is an Italian city. It is the capital and largest city of Sicily. It has 720,000 people, with more than 1,000,000 in the metropolitan area. It has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate. The city started as a colony of Phoenicia. It was later Roman -for a century Islamic- and Norman and part of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. After Italian unification Palermo grew rapidly. The city was bombed heavily in 1942 and 1943.

## Infobox (italian comune)

- **name**: Palermo
- **official name**: Comune di Palermo
- **image shield**: Palermo-Stemma (1999).svg
- **image map**: File:Map of comune of Palermo (metropolitan city of Palermo, region Sicily, Italy).svg
- **map caption**: The municipality of Palermo within the
Metropolitan City of Palermo
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **image flag**: Flag of Palermo.svg
- **pushpin map**: Italy Sicily#Italy
- **region**: Sicily
- **metropolitan city**: Metropolitan City of Palermo, Palermo (PA)
- **established date**: 736 BC
- **mayor**: Roberto Lagalla
- **mayor party**: Union of the Centre (2002), UDC
- **elevation m**: 14
- **area total km2**: 160.59
- **population as of**: 2025
- **population total**: 625956
- **population demonym**: Palermitano
Panormito
Palermitan (English)
- **telephone**: 091
- **postalcode**: 90100
- **istat**: 082053
- **saint**: Saint Rosalia, Agatha of Sicily, Saint Agata, Olivia of Palermo, Saint Oliva and Saint Benedict the Moor
- **day**: 15 July
- **postal code**: 90100
- **area code**: 091
Reinheitsgebot

The **Reinheitsgebot** is a regulation about the purity of beer.  The regulation started in Ingolstadt, in Bavaria, in Germany, in 1516.

The regulation says several things:
- It says what can be part of beer, and what can not. Beer may only contain water, barley, and hops.
- It gives a price to beer. This is important for taxation. The price is set to 1-2 Pfennigs per Maß.

Some people talk about the _Bavarian_ Reinheitsgebot, or the _German_ Reinheitsgebot. They all mean the same thing.  There are similar acts in the other states which later became known as Germany.

The Reinheitsgebot is no longer part of German law. It has been replaced by the Provisional German Beer Law,  which allows things prohibited in the _Reinheitsgebot_, such as wheat malt and cane sugar, but which no longer allows unmalted barley.

Yeast was not a part of beer until Louis Pasteur discovered what it did during fermentation. This was around the year 1800. Brewers (the people brewing beer) usually re-used some of the sediments of the fermentation. They took some sediments of an older brew and added those sediments to the next brew.

Hops were added as a method of preservation (to stop the beer going bad quickly).   Hops were allowed to stop other things (like adding certain mushrooms to the beer, which was done in the Middle Ages) being done to preserve beer. Other herbs, like stinging nettles had been used. The stinging nettle is part of the same plant family as hops.

A brewer who broke the _Reinheitsgebot_ was punished: The beer barrels were taken by the state and destroyed and he/she did not receive any money for the loss.

Even today, many brewers are proud of the _Reinheitsgebot_; most German breweries say they follow it. Some only use it as a marketing tool.  The ''Reinheitsgebot' says that beer is made of barley, so all wheat beers were not allowed by the original Reinheitsgebot).

Belgian beers are different.  The brewers often add sugar (to boost fermentation). Nevertheless, Belgian beers have a brewing tradition at least as long as those of Germany. They taste totally different from the German ones.
Maß

A **Maß** or **Mass** is an old unit of measurement of liquid. Literally translated, it means _mass_. It is equal to 1.069 litre. Today, it is only used for measuring quantities of beer (one litre). Beer is usually served as 0.2 or 0.3 l (_small beer_) or as 0.5 l (_big beer_), but at some occasions (like the Oktoberfest) and some places it is also served as a _Maß_.

Usually this Maß is served in special mugs. These used to be made of ceramics, especially clay. During the 19th and 20th centuries most were replaced by ones made of glass.
Wolverine

The **wolverine** or **glutton** (_Gulo gulo_) is the largest member of the Mustelidae family (the weasels). It is a stocky and muscular carnivore, more like a small bear than other mustelids. The wolverine, a solitary animal, has a reputation for ferocity, and can kill prey many times larger than itself. It is a powerful and versatile predator and scavenger.

There is a clear difference between two subspecies: the Old World form _Gulo gulo gulo_ and the New World form _G. g. luscus_.

The male is about  tall, the female . Their length ranges from  (female) to  (male) and they reach a weight of around . Their tail measures about . Their brown fur protects them from the extremely cold temperatures and their big feet enable them to walk on top of snow.

## Distribution

Wolverines live primarily in isolated arctic and alpine regions of northern Canada, Alaska, Siberia, and Scandinavia. they are also native to European Russia, the Baltic countries, northeast China and Mongolia. In 2008 and 2009, wolverines were sighted as far south as the Sierra Nevada, near Lake Tahoe, for the first time since 1922. They are also found in low numbers in the Rocky Mountains and northern Cascades of the United States, and have been sighted as far south and east as Michigan. However, most New World wolverines live in Canada.

Wolverines feed on almost every type of food that they can find: mice, rats, birds, bird eggs, reindeer and other large prey. Wolverines prefer to hunt larger prey in winter, when the snow slows down the prey and gives the wolverine an advantage.

Wolverines are highly territorial. Wolverines reproduce every two or three years. The female gives birth to one to three young (called kits) in a tunnel called a den deep underneath snowdrifts.

## Protection

Humans are the wolverine’s main enemy. The wolverine’s thick, warm fur is used to manufacture the trim of a parka's hood or other winter clothes, as the dense guard hairs do not collect frost.

In February 2013, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service proposed giving Endangered Species Act protections to the wolverine largely because climate change (global warming) is whittling away its wintry habitat in the northern Rockies. Wolverines have poor eyesight but a keen sense of smell, they can smell prey 20 feet under the snow.
Republic of Mahabad

The **Republic of Mahabad** (also **Republic of Kurdistan**), established in Iranian Kurdistan, was the second independent Kurdish state of the 20th century after the Republic of Ararat in Turkey. Its capital was the Kurdish city of Mahabad in northwestern Iran. The Republic was part of the Iran crisis a conflict between the United States and USSR.

The republic was led by President Qazi Muhammad and Minister of Defense Mustafa Barzani. Prime Minister was Hadschi Baba Scheich. The Republic of Mahabad declared independence on January 22, 1946, but the movement was defeated a year later by the army of the central government of Iran. http://www.bartleby.com/67/3814.html . After the collapse of the republic in 1947, Qazi Muhammad was hanged in public in Chuwarchira Square in the center of Mahabad.

Massoud Barzani, the current President of Iraqi Kurdistan, was born in Mahabad when his father, the late General Mustafa Barzani, was chief of the military of Mahabad declared in Iranian Kurdistan http://www.kdp-ankara.org.tr/massoud_barzani.html .

Archibald Roosevelt son of the former US-President Theodore Roosevelt, wrote in _"The Kurdish Republic of Mahabad"_, that a main problem of the peoples Republic of Mahabad, was the Kurds needed the power of the USSR. Only with the Red army they had a chance. But these close relationship to Stalin and the USSR let many Kurdish tribes to be in opposition with this Kurdish state.

## References

1. "The Republic of Kurdistan: Fifty Years Later," International Journal of Kurdish Studies, 11, no. 1 & 2, (1997).
1. The Kurdish Republic of 1946, William Eagleton, Jr. (London: Oxford University Press, 1963)
1. Moradi Golmorad: _Ein Jahr autonome Regierung in Kurdistan, die Mahabad-Republik 1946 - 1947_ in: _Geschichte der kurdischen Aufstandsbewegungen von der arabisch-islamischen Invasion bis zur Mahabad-Republik_, Bremen 1992,
1. M. Khoubrouy-Pak: _Une république éphémère au Kurdistan_, Paris u.a. 2002,
1. Archie Roosevelt, Jr., "The Kurdish Republic of Mahabad", Middle East Journal, no. 1 (July 1947), pp. 247–69.
1. Kurdish Republic of Mahabad, Encyclopedia of the Orient. http://i-cias.com/e.o/kurdistan_republic.htm
1. The Kurds: People without a country, Encyclopædia Britannica http://www.britannica.com/worldsapart/3_timeline_print.html
1. Meiselas, Susan _Kurdistan In the Shadow of History_, Random House, 1997.
1. McDowall, _David A Modern History of the Kurds_, I. B. Tauris, 1996 (Current revision at May 14, 2004).
1. Yassin, Burhaneddin A., _Vision or Realty: The Kurds in the Policy of the Great Powers, 1941-1947_, Lund University Press, Lund/Sweden, 1995. ,  Lund University Press. ou  Chartwell-Bratt Ltd.

## Related pages

- Republic of Ararat
- Kurdish Autonomous Region
- Ethnic minorities in Iran

## Other websites

- Mahabad Republic at Britanica encyclopedia
- Kurds at the crossroad
- The Encyclopedia of World History
- The kurdish Republic of Mahabad at PDKI-Canada
Coat of arms of Iran

The **Emblem of Iran** was made after the Islamic Revolution in that country, in 1979. After the revolution, Iran decided to use a new flag. The old flag had a picture of a golden lion and a sabre, that was a symbol for the Shah (king) of Iran. This emblem is a symbol for the whole country and the Islamic character of the new government. It is drawn to look like a version of the word الله which means "God" in the Arabic language, which is not the official language in Iran. It looks like a tulip, which is an old symbol for Iran.
Teacher

A **teacher** is a person who helps people to learn. A teacher often works in a classroom.

There are many different kinds of teachers. Some teachers teach young children in kindergarten or primary schools. Others teach older children in middle, junior high, and high schools. Some teachers teach adults in colleges and universities. Some teachers are called professors.

Teachers are usually professionals with credentials from college and/or graduate school. They use various methods to teach. Teachers explain new knowledge using different pedagogical strategies. Teachers use various tools, from blackboards/whiteboards to computers. Many teachers are exploring artificial intelligence in their lesson planning.

Parents can become teachers by homeschooling.

## Related pages

- Education
- Pedagogy
- School
- Training

## Infobox (occupation)

- **name**: Teacher
- **image**:
- **caption**: A teacher in a classroom at a secondary school in Pendembu, Sierra Leone
- **official names**: Teacher, educator, schoolteacher
- **type**: Profession
- **activity sector**: Education
- **competencies**: Pedagogy, subject knowledge; competence in teaching the subject, in curriculum, in learner assessment; psychology; planning; leadership.
- **formation**: (varies by country) Certified teacher, Teaching certification
- **employment field**: Schools
- **related occupation**: Professor, academic, lecturer, tutor
Getafe

**Getafe** is a city 15 km south of Madrid, in the Community of Madrid, Spain. 158,363 people live there. It has great commercial and industrial activity and many mass media. In Getafe there is a university, a military air base, and has a football team in the first division of the Spanish's League.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Getafe
- **settlement type**: Municipalities of Spain, Municipality
- **image skyline**: Getafe Air Base - Aerial photograph (2).jpg
- **image flag**: Flag of Getafe.svg
- **image shield**: Coat of Arms of Getafe.svg
- **pushpin map**: Spain
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Spain
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Spain
- **subdivision type1**: Autonomous Community, Region
- **subdivision name1**: Community of Madrid
- **elevation m**: 622
- **elevation min m**: 540
- **elevation max m**: 704
- **area total km2**: 78.74
- **established title**: Founded
- **established date**: Around 1326
- **population urban**: 173057
- **population demonym**: _getafense_ (Spanish language, es)
- **population density km2**: auto
- **blank name sec1**: Languages of Spain, Official language(s)
- **timezone**: Central European Time, CET
- **utc offset**: +1
- **timezone dst**: Central European Summer Time, CEST
- **utc offset dst**: +2
- **postal code type**: List of postal codes in Spain, Postal code
- **postal code**: 28901–28909
- **area code type**: Telephone numbers in Spain, Dialing code
- **area code**: +34 (Spain, ES) + 91 (Community of Madrid, M)
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Sara Hernández Barroso (2015)
- **leader party**: Spanish Socialist Workers' Party, PSOE
Hadschi Baba Scheich

**Hadschi Baba Scheich** (Haji Baba Sheikh) (_Hecî Baba Şêx_ in Kurdish) was the prime minister of the Republic of Mahabad. After the republic was conquered by the Iranian army in 1947 he was the only one who was not hanged together with president Qazi Muhammad at the Chuwarchira Square in Mahabad in 1947.  He was immune because of his religious standing. The journalist and lyric Hemin Mukriyani was his secretary during the republic.

## Literature

- Archie Roosevelt, Jr., "The Kurdish Republic of Mahabad" ,Middle East Journal, no. 1 (July 1947), pp. 247-69
Boston Terrier

**Boston Terriers** are a dog breed. They are considered to be one of the few American breeds as they can trace their origins to Boston, Massachusetts. It is hard to believe that these comical, family friendly dogs were originally bred to be ferocious pit-fighting dogs tracing their ancestors to an English Bulldog and the now extinct English White Terrier.

They are usually very small, but can also be bred as medium sized dogs. They are considered to be cute dogs and are getting ever more popular. They are in many commercials and many celebrities have them.

Boston Terriers are a smart breed of dogs.  They can be extremely hyperactive, but overall are well behaved with training.  Their excitement and enthusiasm is a perk of their personality. They are compactly built with short, round heads, short tails, but strong limbs. They have a smooth coat, with colors of brindle, seal brown or black and evenly marked with white.

Boston Terriers are inside dogs that love affection. This breed is balanced with being independent (sometimes stubborn) and affectionate and wanting attention from humans. They require very little work when a part of a family and they are good dogs for children.

Caring for a Boston Terrier requires little work. With a short coat, Bostons might need a bath every one to two weeks. Brushing is not necessary although it helps remove loose hair and reduces shedding. Bostons love rawhides (a chewy animal skin) and other chew toys that help with keeping their teeth healthy. Brushing your dog's teeth is recommended by vets for any breed. Boston Terriers do have sensitive stomachs and will eat grass when their stomach is upset but for the most part, this breed does not have restrictions on what they can eat.
1750s

The **1750s** was a decade that began on 1 January 1750 and ended on 31 December 1759. It is distinct from the decade known as the ***176th decade*** which began on January 1, 1751 and ended on December 31, 1760.

## Events

- The Seven Years' War (1756–1763) fought between two rival alliances: the first side was the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the Electorate of Hanover, and Prussia; the second side was Austria, the Kingdom of France, the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Saxony, and Sweden.
- Gregorian Calendar accepted in Europe.
- The French and Indian War on the American Continent.
- Lisbon is destroyed by an earthquake.
- Great Upheaval: French settlers are moved out of Acadia by the British.
- The Battle of Plassey of 1757 in Bengal resulted in the beginning of British rule in India and the end of Indian independence.

## Births

- Betsy Ross, American seamstress
- Miguel Hidalgo, Mexican Catholic priest and revolutionary
- Marie Antoinette, Queen of France

## Deaths

- Johann Sebastian Bach, German musician
- King John V of Portugal
- Montesquieu, French writer
- Iyasus II, Emperor of Ethiopia
1798

**1798** (MDCCXCVIII) was a common year starting on Monday in the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Friday in the Julian calendar.

## Events

- January 22 – Coup d'état in the Netherlands (Batavian Republic). Unitarian Democrat Pieter Vreede makes an end to the power of the parliament (with a conservative-moderate majority).
- 7 March – French forces invade the Papal States and establish the Roman Republic
- April 7 – The Mississippi Territory is organized from territory from Georgia and South Carolina and is later twice made larger to include disputed land claimed by both the U.S. and Spain
- April 26 – France leaves Geneva
- May 24 – Irish nationalists start bloody rebellion against British occupation.
- June 12 – French take Malta
- June 12 – Coup d'état in the Netherlands (Batavian Republic). Moderates depose Pieter Vreede.
- July 1 – Napoleon's troops land in Egypt
- July 14 – The Alien and Sedition Acts become United States law making it a federal crime to write, publish, or utter false statements about the United States government
- July 21 – Napoleon defeats Mameluke forces near the Pyramids
- July 24 – Napoleon occupies Cairo
- July 30 – Selim III defeats Napoleon in Egypt
- July 31 – Second elections in the Netherlands (Batavian Republic). No general elections this time.
- August 1 – Horatio Nelson defeats the French navy under Admiral Brueys at the Battle of the Nile. Nelson himself is injured on the head.
- August 22 – French troops land at Killala in County Mayo to assist Irish rebellion.
- September 18 – _Lyrical Ballads_ published anonymously by Samuel Taylor Coleridge and William Wordsworth

- Franz Xaver, Baron Von Zach, Scientific Editor, Astronomer, begins editing journals about navigation and the geographic positions of cities.
- XYZ Affair in the U.S., followed by naval battles, but no war is declared.
- First mechanical music boxes
- Alessandro Volta and La Place discover electricity
- The Afghans Army occupied Lahore in Punjab
- Aarau is the temporary capital of the Helvetic Republic
- Alois Senefelder invents lithography
- Eli Whitney contracts with the US Federal Government for 10,000 rifles, which he produces with interchangeable parts
- Charles Brockden Brown publishes the first American Novel _Wieland_ or _The Transformation an American Tale_

### Ongoing events

- French Revolution (1789-1799) Revolutionary Wars (1792-1802)-Second Coalition/Egyptian Campaign
- May-October – Irish Rebellion of 1798
1160

## Events

- Erik den helige is succeeded by Karl Sverkersson. See Swedish monarchs.
- Heiji Rebellion in Japan
- Yasovarman II succeeds his uncle Dharanindravarman as ruler of the Khmer Empire. Dharanindravarman's son Jayavarman, acquieses to his cousin's succession and goes into exile in neighboring Champa.
- Spital am Semmering founded by Margrave Ottokar III of Styria
- The City of Tomar is founded in Portugal by Gualdim Pais
1169

## Events

- Nur ad-Din invades Egypt, and his nephew Saladin becomes the sultan over the territory conquered by Nur ad-Din.
- Prince Andrey Bogolyubskiy sacks the Kievan Rus' capital Kiev.
- Start of the conquest of Ireland. Richard fitzGilbert de Clare ('Strongbow') makes an alliance with the exiled Irish chief, Dermot MacMurrough, to help him recover his kingdom of Leinster.
- Eleanor of Aquitaine leaves the English court of Henry II to establish her great court in Poitiers where the Courts of Love flourished.
1196

## Events

- Spring, London, popular uprising of the poor against the rich led by William Fitz Osbern.
- According to a popular legend, Prince Madog of Gwynedd reached North America in what is present-day Alabama.
- Stefan Prvovencani becomes Grand Župan of Serbia
- Creation of water boards in the region of present-day Netherlands, thereby being one of the oldest democratic entities still in existence in the world today.

## Births

- January 3 — Emperor Tsuchimikado of Japan (d. 1231)
- Alice of Champagne, daughter of Henry II of Champagne and regent of Jerusalem (d. 1246)

## Deaths

- August 15 — Conrad II, Duke of Swabia (b. 1173)
- King Alfonso II of Aragon (b. 1152)
- Ivan Asen I of Bulgaria
- William Fitz Osbern
- Vsevolod Svyatoslavich, Prince of Trubchevsk and Kursk
1800

**1800** (MDCCC) was an exceptional common year starting on Wednesday in the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Sunday in the Julian calendar, the 1800th year of the Common Era (CE) and _Anno Domini_ (AD) designations, .  Because of a leap day in the Julian calendar, the Gregorian calendar moved ahead by 12 days.

## Events

- World population hits 1 billion.
- March 14 – Cardinal Barnaba Chiaramonti is elected pope as Pius VII.
- March 21 – Pius VII is ordained.
- April 24 – U.S. Library of Congress founded.
- May 5 – Great Britain passes the Act of Union to join Great Britain and Ireland into the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland to take effect on 1 January 1801. The act is signed by King George III in August.
- May 15 – Napoleon Bonaparte crosses the Alps and invades Italy.
- June 14 – Battle of Marengo, Napoleon defeats the Austrian troops near Marengo, Italy.
- June 2 – First smallpox vaccination in North America, at Trinity, Newfoundland.
- June 27 – Pascha Jussuf Karamanli of Tripoli declares war on Sweden by having the flagpole on the consulate chopped down.
- September 5 – The island of Malta, that was occupied by the French, is conquered by British troops.
- November 1 – U.S. President John Adams becomes the first President of the United States to live in the Executive Mansion (later renamed the White House).
- November 17 – The U.S. Congress holds its first Washington, DC session.
- December 3 – Battle of Hohenlinden, the French army defeats the Austrian troops.
- December 24 – An assault on Napoleon Bonaparte fails in Paris.
- December 24 – Pierre Coudrin and Henriette Aymer de la Chevalerie found the Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary in Paris.
- Invention of the voltaic pile by Alessandro Volta: the first chemical battery
- The infrared radiation is discovered by Wilhelm Herschel.
- The Althing of Iceland, the world's oldest parliament, is abolished.

January 7 - Millard Fillmore, thirteenth President of the United States (d. 1874)

November 30 - Charles Adams, son of John Adams (b. 1770)
Vigdís Finnbogadóttir

** Vigdís Finnbogadóttir**  (born April 15, 1930) was the 4th president of Iceland.  She was president from 1980 to 1996.  She was the world's first elected female head of state. With a presidency of exactly sixteen years, she also remains the longest-serving, elected female head of state of any country to date. Currently, she is a UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador, and a Member of the Club of Madrid. At her election in 1980 she was the first woman to be elected the head of state in a democratic election. She was re-elected unopposed in 1984 and 1992, and beat her opponent in the election of 1988. She studied literature and drama at the University of Grenoble and the Sorbonne in Paris, and also at the University of Iceland. She graduated in English and French literature, and has a degree in education.

## Other websites

- official cv
- Vigdís Finnbogadóttir Institute of Foreign Languages

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Vigdís Finnbogadóttir
- **image**: Vigdis Finnbogadottir (1985).jpg
- **caption**: Vigdis Finnbogadottir in September 1985
- **office**: 4th President of Iceland
- **primeminister**: Gunnar Thoroddsen
Steingrímur Hermannsson
Þorsteinn Pálsson
Steingrímur Hermannsson
Davíð Oddsson
- **term start**: 1 August 1980
- **term end**: 1 August 1996
- **predecessor**: Kristján Eldjárn
- **successor**: Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson
- **birth place**: Reykjavík, Kingdom of Iceland, Iceland
- **alma mater**: University of Paris
Université Grenoble Alpes, University of Grenoble
University of Copenhagen
University of Iceland
Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson

**Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson** (born May 14, 1943) is an Icelanic politician. He served as the fifth President of Iceland, from 1996 to 2016, re-elected without opposition in 2000, and was re-elected in 2004, 2008, and 2012.

He was born in Ísafjörður, Iceland.

From 1962 to 1970, he studied economics and political science at the University of Manchester. He was a professor at the University of Iceland for political science, served as a Member of the Althing, and was the Minister of Finance (1988–1991).

He married Guðrún Katrín Þorbergsdóttir in 1974, who gave birth to twin daughters the following year. Guðrún Katrín was very popular in Iceland, and her charm is without a doubt one of the main reasons her husband was elected; she charmed the nation from the start of his campaign. Her death from cancer in 1998 was a shock to the nation and her family.

Ólafur's second marriage was to Dorrit Moussaieff to whom he had been engaged since May 2000. This took place on his 60th birthday May 14, 2003.

He announced in his new year's message on 1 January 2016, that he would be stepping down from the presidency at the end of his fifth term, namely on 1 August 2016. He left office on 1 August 2016. He was succeeded by Guðni Th. Jóhannesson.
1811

**1811** (MDCCCXI) was a common year starting on Tuesday in the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Sunday in the Julian calendar.

## Births

- March 4 - Sir John Lawrence, British Indian administrator
- October 22 – Franz Liszt, Hungarian composer

## Events

- May 14 – Paraguay declares independence from Spain.
- Bolivia declares indepencence.
- Uruguay fights against Spain.
Coral Springs, Florida

**Coral Springs** is a planned city in Florida, United States. It was founded on July 10, 1963.
1560s

The **1560s** was a decade that started on 1 January 1560 and ended on 31 December 1569.

It is distinct from the decade known as the ***157th decade*** which began on January 1, 1561 and ended on December 31, 1570.

## Events

- In 1565 St. Augustine is founded by the Spanish admiral Pedro Menéndez de Avilés on August 28 in modern-day Florida. The city is the oldest continually occupied European settlement in the continental United States.
- In 1569, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth is founded.
- Start of Eighty Years' War.

### World leaders

- Queen Elizabeth I in England
- Philip II, King of Spain

## Births

- William Shakespeare, British writer
- Karl I of Liechtenstein, first Prince of Liechtenstein
- Jahangir, Mughal Emperor of India

## Deaths

- Pieter Brueghel the Elder, Flemish painter
- Vladimir of Staritsa, Russian prince
Affenpinscher

The **Affenpinscher** is a small breed of dog in the toy group. These dogs originally came from Germany. They are known to have existed since the 1600s. Their name comes from the German word "Affe," which means "monkey," because their faces remind people of monkeys. Originally, the dog was bred to be a "ratter," a type of dog that kills rats and mice in homes, farms, and stables. Now that mice are not so commonly found in the home, Affenpinschers are usually just kept as pets.

## Appearance

The Affenpinscher is a very small kind of dog. It weighs between . Its height is between  at the shoulder. Their face is flat and "monkey-like." The most common and preferred colour of fur for this breed is black, but they can also come in grey, beige, and other colours. In the American Kennel Club, a good example of these dogs could be any colour. In the French and British Kennel Clubs they must only be black.

## Temperament

Even though Affenpinschers were bred to hunt mice, they do not like to chase other animals, so they can happily live with other pets. They are playful but very stubborn. These dogs can be difficult to train, because they do not like to listen to instructions and often become bored. Affenpinschers are somewhat territorial (protective) when it comes to their toys and food, so they are not recommended for homes with very small children.

This dog is mostly quiet, and does not bark much. It can become very excited if attacked, and shows no fear. toward any aggressor.

## Health

A small study showed that these dogs live an average of 11.4 years, which is not very long for a small dog (small dogs usually live 14–15 years). One of their most common health problems is bladder disease, which happens most often when the dogs are older (8 years and up.) Their short faces can make it difficult for them to breathe and exercise in hot weather. Like many kinds of dogs, Affenpinschers often get a disease called hip dysplasia which makes it difficult for them to run or walk.

## Extinct variant

The Seidenpinscher (Silky coated Pinscher),  was bred from the Affenpinscher and the Maltese (dog) around 1800.
The dog had long, tousled, silky hair, a curly tail like the Maltese dog, a face like the Affenpinscher, and a size like an Affenpinscher or Maltese dog. All colors was allowed.

The Seidenpinscher is believed to have died out between the two world wars. A well-known painting is that of the Seidenpinscher Puss from 1863.
Yorkshire Terrier

The **Yorkshire Terrier** or **Yorkie** is a small breed of terrier dog. It originated in the United Kingdom in the town of Yorkshire, from where it gets its name.

They were first bred to catch mice and rats, so they are often fast and energetic. Yorkies usually weigh about 7 pounds (3.18 kg) and have a dark gray or black coat with a brown face. According to the American Kennel Club (AKC), Yorkies are the second most popular dog breed in America, behind only the Labrador Retriever. They are really playful, they will always want to play.
The Chiffons

**The Chiffons** was an all-woman singing group. They started in New York City in 1960.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: The Chiffons
- **img**: The-Chiffons.jpg
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: The Bronx, New York City, United States
- **years active**: 1960–present
- **label**: Laurie Records
- **current members**: Judy Craig
- **past members**: Patricia Bennett
Barbara Lee (singer), Barbara Lee (dead)
Sylvia Peterson
Connie Harvey
Mott the Hoople

**Mott the Hoople** was a English hard rock/glam rock band. They formed in 1969 and broke up in 1976.

The band began in 1969 after Ian Hunter's audition of 'Like A Rolling Stone' by Bob Dylan to join the band as the lead singer. Their first hit was 'All The Young Dudes' which was written by a close friend of theirs and also admirer, David Bowie. Bowie produced their album of the same name, which also added to their success. Mott The Hoople also staged a performance in the USA with Queen as their opening performance, also leading to more success. However, in November of 1974, whilst preparing to record a new Mott the Hoople album with guitarist, Mick Ronson in New York, Hunter collapsed and was hospitalized with nervous exhaustion. He and Ronson quit the band  soon after. The band split up, but are still partially known to this day.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Mott the Hoople
- **img**: Mott the Hoople.jpg
- **img capt**: Mott the Hoople reunion, 2009
- **img size**: 250
- **landscape**: Yes
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Herefordshire, England
- **genre**: Glam rock, hard rock
- **years active**: 1969–1974 (As Mott The Hoople)
1974–1976 (As Mott)
1976–1978 (As British Lions)
2009 (Reunion)
- **label**: Island Records, Island (UK), Atlantic Records, Atlantic (U.S.), CBS Records, CBS, Columbia Records, Columbia
- **associated acts**: Queen (band), Queen, Bad Company, Widowmaker (band), Widowmaker, David Bowie, Fantômas (band), Fantômas
- **past members**: Peter Watts (musician), Pete Overend Watts
Dale Griffin
Ian Hunter (singer), Ian Hunter
Mick Ralphs
Verden Allen
Morgan Fisher
Mick Bolton
Luther Grosvenor, Ariel Bender
Mick Ronson
Turner & Hooch

***Turner & Hooch*** is a 1989 American criminal comedy-drama movie. It stars Tom Hanks as Detective Turner and Beasley the Dog as Hooch. It was a very successful movie from A Dog’s Life. Turner & Hooch was released by Touchstone Pictures.
The Temptations

**The Temptations** are a successful R&B singing group. They formed in Detroit, USA in 1960.  The Temptations have four Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles and 14 Billboard R&B number-one singles. They have three Grammy Awards.  The Temptations were the first Motown act to earn a Grammy Award.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: The Temptations
- **img**: The Temptations, 1991 by Zoran Veselinovic.jpg
- **background**: group_or_band
- **alias**: Otis Williams & the Siberians, The Primes, The Distants, Otis Williams & the Distants, The Elgins, The Pirates
- **origin**: Detroit, Michigan, United States, U.S.
- **genre**: Rhythm and blues, R&B, Soul music, soul, funk, doo-wop, rock and roll
- **years active**: 1960–present
- **label**: Warwick, Miracle, Gordy, Motown, Atlantic Records, Atlantic, New Door/Universal
- **associated acts**: The Supremes, The Temptations Review, Smokey Robinson
- **current members**: Otis Williams
Ron Tyson
Terry Weeks
Joe Herndon
Bruce Williamson (singer), Bruce Williamson
- **past members**: Elbridge Bryant, Elbridge "Al" Bryant
 Melvin Franklin
 Eddie Kendricks
 Paul Williams (The Temptations), Paul Williams
 David Ruffin
 Dennis Edwards
 Ricky Owens
Richard Street
 Damon Harris
 Glenn Leonard
 Louis Price
 Ali-Ollie Woodson
 Theo Peoples
 Ray Davis (musician), Ray Davis
 Harry McGilberry
 Barrington "Bo" Henderson
 G. C. Cameron