juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Flip Saunders

**Philip Daniel "Flip" Saunders** (February 23, 1955 – October 25, 2015) was an American basketball player and coach. During his career, he coached the Minnesota Timberwolves, Detroit Pistons and Washington Wizards. He began his career as a coach in 1977. He retired in 2015, due to health reasons.

Saunders was born in Cleveland, Ohio. He studied at the University of Minnesota. Saunders died of Hodgkin's lymphoma in Minneapolis, Minnesota, aged 60.

## Other websites

- NBA.com Profile
Roman Polák

**Roman Polák** (born April 28, 1986) is a Czech ice hockey defenceman. He currently plays for the HC Vítkovice of the Czech Extraliga (ELH). He has also played for the St. Louis Blues, Toronto Maple Leafs, San Jose Sharks and Dallas Stars of the National Hockey League (NHL).

## Career

Before playing in the NHL, Polák played parts of 1 season with the Kootenay Ice of the Western Hockey League (WHL) and half of 1 season with HC Vítkovice Steel of the Czech Extraliga. Polák played for Czech Republic during the 2004 IIHF World U18 Championships and the 2005 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships. He won a bronze medal at both tournaments. He was drafted 180th overall by the St. Louis Blues in the 2004 NHL Entry Draft.

On October 9, 2006, Polák made his NHL debut in a 2-0 loss against the Anaheim Ducks. On December 20, 2008, he scored his first NHL goal against Niklas Bäckström of the Minnesota Wild in a 4-2 win. On June 2, 2011, the Blues resigned Polák to a five-year contract extension.

On June 28, 2014, the Blues traded Polák to the Toronto Maple Leafs in exchange for Carl Gunnarsson and a fourth-round pick in the 2014 NHL Entry Draft.

On June 15, 2020, Polák decided to sign a three-year contract and return to his old team, the HC Vítkovice of the Czech Extraliga (ELH).

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **image**: Roman Polak - Blues vs Lightning (1).jpg
- **image size**: 220px
- **caption**: Polák playing for the Blues on September 20, 2011
- **position**: Defenceman, Defense
- **shoots**: Right
- **birth place**: Ostrava, Czechoslovakia
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 1
- **weight lb**: 227
- **team**: HC Vítkovice Steel, HC Vítkovice
- **former teams**: **National Hockey League, NHL:**
Dallas Stars
St. Louis Blues
Toronto Maple Leafs
San Jose Sharks
- **league**: Czech Extraliga, ELH
- **ntl team**: CZE
- **draft**: 180th overall
- **draft year**: 2004
- **draft team**: St. Louis Blues
- **career start**: 2005
Evidence (law)

In law, **evidence** is an object of some kind, a document of some kind, or the testimony of a person in a court of law.  Evidence is used to show something is either true or false. Evidence has to follow rules in most jurisdictions. In the United States, for example, evidence was based on legal precedent until 1975. In that year Congress created the Federal Rules of Evidence. They became the official rules that all forms of evidence must follow in federal courts. Most states in the US use rules based on the federal rules. China, while a civil law country, has followed much of the US Federal Rules of Evidence in their " Uniform Provisions of Evidence".

A subpoena can be used to require a person or organization to provide documents used for evidence.

## Admissibility of evidence

In most jurisdictions there are exclusionary rules that automatically suppress certain kinds of evidence. For example, in the US, this may be evidence that violates the constitutional rights of a defendant. To be admissible in most jurisdictions, evidence must be relevant and it must be reliable. In most cases evidence that may prejudice a jury or judge against a defendant is inadmissible.

## Kinds of evidence

- **Testimony** is a statement made by a witness in a court. It is accepted as true or false based on other evidence.
- **Real evidence** (also called **Physical evidence**). Real evidence is a thing, an object of some kind, that can be inspected. This may to be to see it actually exists or that it makes an inference of some kind.
- **Hearsay evidence** is when a witness or other person makes a statement outside of court. It is a statement by a witness in court regarding something not of the person's own knowledge but that they heard from someone else. Generally, hearsay evidence is rarely admitted in court.
- **Documentary evidence** is any document presented as evidence so it may be inspected in court.
- **Demonstrative evidence** can be a model or demonstration of what happened at a particular time or place.
- **Eyewitness testimony** is an account given under oath to events the person witnessed. It depends on human memory and can be affected by a number of factors which may make the accounts inaccurate.
- **Circumstantial evidence** (also called **Indirect evidence**) is evidence that does not directly prove a fact of a case but may be inferred or presumed to have a bearing on a case. Circumstantial evidence can make a defendant appear to be guilty without directly proving guilt. Many courts consider circumstantial evidence to be more powerful than eyewitness testimony.
- **Corroborating Evidence** is evidence used to strengthen other pieces of evidence already given.
- **Expert testimony** is evidence given by experts in their fields. This may include "skilled witnesses" who by their experience may testify. Examples include bankers or landowners testifying to the value of a piece of land.

## Related pages

- Presumption of innocence
Gourd

**Gourds** are from the pumpkin  family. They are about 15 to 12 inches long. Gourds are mostly found in the United States or in Mexico. Their shape is like a squash. Their color is orange, brown, or green. It is eaten in curries, spaghetti, tacos, and salad.
Impartiality

An essential part of any of the world's legal systems is **impartiality**. It is important for tribunals, judges, juries and arbitrators to be impartial. It is equally important for the legal systems themselves to be impartial.

## Judges and tribunals

Judges cannot favor one party over another or give more weight to one side's claims than the other. Judges learn about the law from outside the courtroom and before a trial begins. Because of this a judge may have an opinion regarding the law. When a judge expresses these views he or she is not being impartial.

## Juries

In the US legal system, juries are screened and individuals selected by a process called _voir dire_. Both the prosecution and the defense question jury candidates before a judge. This is to see if they can remain impartial. Any person having a personal interest in the outcome of the trial or who is obviously biased may be removed. This is called _striking_ a juror. It is rare to have more than 10% of potential jurors struck from a trial. Trial by jury began in the United Kingdom. Except for cases where there is a provision by the law, it is the right of every person accused of a crime to have an impartial jury trial. More and more criminal trials are held without a jury. The less severe crimes are tried by magistrates. The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms guarantees the right to a fair trial. In Canada juries are made up of 12 ordinary persons, male or female, who are expected to be impartial triers of fact. They decide whether the Crown (the prosecution) has made its case. Judges have the option of increasing the jury to 13 or 14 jurors, but only 12 may vote on the guilt or innocence of the accused.

Juries in Scotland have 15 jurors. In many European civil law countries and Japan, juries can be made up of laypersons and judges. Also the opposing council may not be able to strike jurors as in the United States.

Many believe Magna Carta first guaranteed a right to trial by one's peers. The Latin _judicium parium_ does not mean a trial by jury. The word _judicium_ in the language of the day meant a judge. The term _liber homo_, usually translated as _freeman_, at that time were a limited class in England. So it did not mean every person.
Charles Russell

**Charles Russell** (1817-1892), known as "Black Douglas", was an Australian bushranger, who became famous for robbing miners on the road between Bendigo and Melbourne.

## Early life

Russell was born in Bristol, England in 1817. After coming to Australia, he was well known as a prize fighter, boxing for money. He began robbing people on their way to and from the goldfields at Bendigo. One report claimed he robbed 16 people and chained them to a log.

In 1860, Wilhelmine Guischard wrote a book called _Black Douglas: An Australian Romance_.

In 1926, his pistol was given to the police. Russell had forgotten it during a robbery in 1857. It was planned to be presented in the Castlemaine Art Gallery.
Black Douglas

The **Black Douglas** may refer to:
- Charles Russell, an Australian bushranger.
- James Douglas, Lord of Douglas, a Scottish soldier and knight.
Vivian Dandridge

**Vivian Alferetta Dandridge** (April 26, 1921 – October 26, 1991) was an American singer, dancer and actress. She was the older sister of actress Dorothy Dandridge. She was a member of the Dandridge Sisters music group until it ended in 1940. She played Melisse in the movie _I Walked with a Zombie_ (1943). She was in the 1940 movie _Irene_.

Dandridge was born in Cleveland, Ohio. She died of a stroke at age 70 in Seattle, Washington.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Vivian Dandridge
- **birth name**: Vivian Alferetta Dandridge
- **birth place**: Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.
- **death cause**: Stroke
- **death place**: Seattle, Washington (state), Washington, U.S.
- **occupation**: Actress, singer, dancer
- **spouse**: Jack Montgomery
(1942–43)
Warren Bracken
(1943–44)
Ralph Bledsoe
(1946–47)
Forace Stead
(1951–53)
Gustav Friedrich
(1958–67)
- **partner**: Emmett Wallace
- **children**: Michael Emmett Wallace
(b. 1943)
- **parents**: Ruby Dandridge
Cyril Dandridge
- **family**: Nayo Wallace (granddaughter)
Dorothy Dandridge (sister)
- **nationality**: United States, American
Moda Domani Institute

**Moda Domani Institute** was a French higher studies establishment. The school was in Paris, France. It started in 2014. Moda Domani Institute was specialist in the fields of luxury, fashion and design.

The school closes in September 2020, replaced by ISG Luxury Management.

## Other websites

- Official
Shigeru Yoshida

**Shigeru Yoshida** (22 September 1878 – 20 October 1967) was a Japanese diplomat and politician. He served as Prime Minister of Japan from 1946 to 1947 and from 1948 to 1954.

He was the Ambassador to England in 1936. By 1939 he had fallen out of favor with the government. He was against the military expansion Japan was engaged in at the time. All he felt he could do was retire. He was later imprisoned for these same views. When General Douglas MacArthur became the military governor of Japan, Yoshida was called to Tokyo to become the new foreign minister.
Andy Dalton

**Andrew Gregory Dalton** (born October 29, 1987) is an American football quarterback for the Carolina Panthers of the National Football League (NFL).  He played college football at Texas Christian University (TCU).  In his final college game, the 2011 Rose Bowl against the Wisconsin Badgers, Dalton led the Horned Frogs to a 21–19 victory.  He left the TCU program as its all-time leader in wins. He also holds several statistical passing records.

Dalton was selected by the Bengals in the second round (35th overall) of the 2011 NFL Draft. He signed a four-year, $5.2 million contract.  Under a West Coast-style offensive scheme, Dalton and receiver A.J. Green, the Bengals' 2011 first-round selection from the University of Georgia, have become a great quarterback/receiver combination. Dalton and Green broke NFL records for completions (completed passes) and yards for a rookie quarterback/receiver combination.

Dalton is one of five quarterbacks in NFL history to have thrown for over 3,000 yards in each of his first three seasons. The others are Cam Newton, Peyton Manning, Andrew Luck, and Russell Wilson. Dalton is also one of five to have passed for at least 20 touchdowns in each of his first three seasons. He joins Manning, Luck, Wilson, and Dan Marino. Dalton is the only quarterback to lead the Cincinnati Bengals to four consecutive Playoffs. He is just one of five quarterbacks to lead his team to the playoffs in each of his first four seasons. He is also the Bengals franchise record holder for passing yards and touchdowns in a season.

Due to his red hair, Dalton has been nicknamed **"The Red Rifle"** by Bengals fans.
Lisa Jardine

**Lisa Anne Jardine**, CBE FRS FRHistS (née **Bronowski**; 12 April 1944 – 25 October 2015) was a British historian of the early modern period.

## Early life

Jardine was born in Oxford, England. She studied at Cheltenham Ladies' College, Newnham College, Cambridge, and the University of Essex.

## Career

From 1990 to 2011, she was Centenary Professor of Renaissance Studies and Director of the Centre for Editing Lives and Letters at Queen Mary, University of London. From 2008 to January 2014 she was Chair of the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA).

She was elected a member of the Academia Europaea in 2013.

## Personal life

In 1969, she married scientist Nicholas Jardine, with whom she had a son and a daughter/ In 1982, she married the architect John Hare with whom she had one son. She was the cousin of television director Laurence Moody and actress Clare Lawrence Moody.

### Death

Lisa Jardine died of cancer on 25 October 2015, aged 71.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Lisa Jardine
- **image**: Professor Lisa Jardine CBE FRS.jpg
- **caption**: Lisa Jardine in 2014, portrait via the Royal Society
- **birth name**: Lisa Anne Bronowski
- **birth place**: Oxford, England
- **death cause**: Cancer
- **nationality**: British
- **occupation**: Historian
- **spouse**: John Hare
Ed Walker (radio personality)

**Ed Walker** (April 23, 1932 – October 26, 2015) was an American radio personality from Washington, D.C..  He hosted a weekly four-hour Sunday night program, _The Big Broadcast_, on WAMU-FM, featuring vintage radio programs from the 1930s to 1950s, such as _Gunsmoke_, _The Jack Benny Show_, _The Lone Ranger_, _Fibber McGee and Molly_, and _Superman_.

Walker began hosting _The Big Broadcast_ in 1990 when his friend John Hickman retired hosting due to illness. The show, which started in 1964 as _Recollections_, has been the longest running program on WAMU.  The show ranks first in its timeslot, and its audience is "remarkably young for a public radio crowd." Walker was blind.

Walker died in Rockville, Maryland from cancer, aged 83.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Ed Walker
- **image**: Broadcaster Ed Walker in 2003.jpg
- **image size**: 220px
- **caption**: Ed Walker in 2003
- **birth place**: Forrest, Illinois, U.S.
- **death place**: Rockville, Maryland, U.S.
- **occupation**: Radio broadcaster
- **spouse**: Nancy (1957–2015, his death)
- **education**: American University
Marsha Hunt

**Marsha Virginia Hunt** (October 17, 1917 – September 7, 2022) was an American movie, theater, and television actress. She was blacklisted by Hollywood movie studio executives in the 1950s. She was known for her roles in _Johnny Got His Gun_, _Raw Deal_, _Born to the West_, _Pilot No. 5_, and in _Pride and Prejudice_.

Hunt was born on October 17, 1917, in Chicago. She turned 100 in October 2017.

She was also supportive of humanitarian causes such as fighting world hunger. She has also donated to homeless shelters, supported same-sex marriage, raised awareness of climate change and supported peace in Third World countries.

In 1960, Hunt received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.

Hunt married producer Jerry "Jay" Hopper from 1938. They divorced in 1943. Hunt married her second husband, screenwriter and radio director Robert Presnell Jr. in 1946. She had a premature daughter who died in 1947. She and her second husband later became foster parents. They remained together until his death in 1986.

Hunt died on September 7, 2022 in Los Angeles, California at the age of 104.

## Other websites

- Marsha Hunt documentary film
- Interview with Glenn Lovell for _50 YEARS: SAG REMEMBERS THE BLACKLIST_
- Interview with Elizabeth Farnsworth on PBS's _"Newshour"_ about Blacklisting
- Attitude Toward Aging with Marsha Hunt, WebMD Live Events Transcript
- Marsha Hunt on the cover of _Life_ magazine ; March 6 1950
- Interview October, 2014 in the Indianapolis Star

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Marsha Hunt
- **image**: Marsha Hunt 1959.jpg
- **image size**: 220px
- **caption**: Marsha Hunt in 1959
- **birth name**: Marcia Virginia Hunt
- **birth place**: Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
- **death place**: Los Angeles, California, U.S.
- **occupation**: Actress
- **years active**: 1935–2008
- **spouse**: Jerry Hopper (1938–1945)
Robert Presnell Jr. (1946–1986) (his death) (1 child)
Ann Blyth

**Ann Marie Blyth** (born August 16, 1928) is an American actress and singer. She was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance as Veda Pierce in the 1945 movie _Mildred Pierce_.

Blyth also appeared in _Our Very Own_ (with Farley Granger), _The Great Caruso_ (with Mario Lanza), _One Minute to Zero_ (with Robert Mitchum), _The World in His Arms_ (with Gregory Peck), _Rose Marie_, _The Student Prince_, _Kismet_, _The Buster Keaton Story_, and _The Helen Morgan Story_ (with Paul Newman).

## Other websites

- Ann Blyth "Women's International Centre" biography and more recent photograph
- Photographs of Ann Blyth

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Ann Blyth
- **image**: Studio publicity Ann Blyth.jpg
- **caption**: Blyth in 1952.
- **birth name**: Ann Marie Blyth
- **birth place**: Mount Kisco, New York, U.S.
- **othername**: Anne Blyth
- **occupation**: Actress, singer
- **years active**: 1941–1985
- **spouse**: Dr. James McNulty (m. 1953–2007; his death, 5 children)
Janis Paige

**Janis Paige** (born **Donna Mae Tjaden**; September 16, 1922 – June 2, 2024) was an American movie, musical theatre and television actress. She was born in Tacoma, Washington. Her career began in 1944. She retired in 2001. Paige made her live dramatic TV debut June 27, 1957, in "The Latch Key" on _Lux Video Theatre_.

Paige appeared in many television shows during her career such as _87th Precinct (TV series)_,_The Pat Boone Chevy Showroom_, _Trapper John, M.D._, _All in the Family_, _Columbo_ and _Caroline in the City_, and in the 1975 television movie _John O'Hara's Gibbsville_ (also known as _The Turning Point of Jim Malloy_).

Paige turned 100 on September 16, 2022. She died at her Los Angeles, California home on June 2, 2024, at the age of 101.
Barbara Hale

**Barbara Hale** (April 18, 1922 – January 26, 2017) was an American actress. She was best known for her role as legal secretary Della Street on more than 270 episodes of the long-running _Perry Mason_ television series. She was also known for her roles in _The Window_, _The Giant Spider Invasion_, _Jolson Sings Again_, and in _Last of the Comanches_. She won an Emmy Award in 1959.

Hale died at her home in Sherman Oaks, California on January 26, 2017 of complications from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, aged 94.

## Other websites

- Barbara Hale Home Page
- Barbara Hale Annex

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Barbara Hale
- **image**: Barbara Hale in Jolson Sings Again trailer.jpg
- **caption**: Barbara Hale in _Jolson Sings Again_, 1949.
- **birth place**: DeKalb, Illinois, U.S.
- **death place**: Sherman Oaks, California, U.S.
- **known for**: _Perry Mason (TV series), Perry Mason_
- **occupation**: Actress
- **yearsactive**: 1943–2000
- **spouse**: Bill Williams (actor), Bill Williams
(married 1946–1992)
- **children**: Jodi Katt (b. 1947)
William Katt (b. 1950)
Juanita Katt (b. 1953)
Zwolle, Louisiana

**Zwolle** is a small town in Sabine Parish, Louisiana, United States. It is the second most populous municipality in Sabine Parish (after Many)

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Zwolle, Louisiana
- **official name**: Town of Zwolle
- **settlement type**: Town
- **image skyline**: Zwolle Train Station.jpg
- **image caption**: Old Zwolle Train Station on Main Street
- **map caption**: Interactive map of Zwolle
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: State
- **subdivision type2**: Parish
- **subdivision name2**: Sabine Parish, Louisiana, Sabine
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 12.90
- **area land km2**: 11.82
- **area water km2**: 1.09
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 1638
- **population density km2**: 138.63
- **timezone1**: North American Central Time Zone, CST
- **utc offset1**: -6
- **timezone1 dst**: North American Central Time Zone, CDT
- **utc offset1 dst**: -5
- **postal code type**: Zip Code
- **postal code**: 71486
- **area code type**: Area Code
- **area code**: Area code 318, 318
- **population density sq mi**: 359.05
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standards, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 22-83685
- **area total sq mi**: 4.98
- **area land sq mi**: 4.56
- **area water sq mi**: 0.42
Ringgold, Louisiana

**Ringgold** is a small town in Bienville Parish, Louisiana, United States. it is the second most populous municipality in Bienville Parish (after Arcadia)

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Ringgold, Louisiana
- **official name**: Town of Ringgold
- **settlement type**: Town
- **image skyline**: Downtown Ringgold, LA IMG 0699.JPG
- **imagesize**: 290px
- **image caption**: Downtown Ringgold
- **map caption**: Interactive map of Ringgold
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: State
- **subdivision type2**: Parish
- **subdivision name2**: Bienville Parish, Louisiana, Bienville
- **established title**: Founded
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Milton Vining (Independent (politics), I)
- **leader title1**: Chief of Police
- **leader name1**: Freddie Peterson
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 6.01
- **area total sq mi**: 2.32
- **area land km2**: 6.00
- **area land sq mi**: 2.31
- **area water km2**: 0.01
- **area water sq mi**: 0.01
- **elevation ft**: 279
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 1379
- **population rank**: Bienville Parish, Louisiana#Communities, BV: 2nd
- **population density km2**: 229.96
- **population density sq mi**: 595.68
- **timezone1**: North American Central Time Zone, CST
- **utc offset1**: -6
- **timezone1 dst**: North American Central Time Zone, CDT
- **utc offset1 dst**: -5
- **area code**: Area code 318, 318
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standards, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 22-64905
- **blank2 name sec2**: Wikimedia Commons
Gibsland, Louisiana

**Gibsland** is a small town in Bienville Parish, Louisiana, United States. it is the third most populous municipality in Bienville Parish (after Arcadia and Ringgold).

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Gibsland, Louisiana
- **official name**: Town of Gibsland
- **settlement type**: Town
- **image skyline**: Downtown Gibsland, LA IMG_0767.JPG
- **image caption**: Downtown Gibsland
- **map caption**: Interactive map of Gibsland
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: State
- **subdivision type2**: Parish
- **subdivision name2**: Bienville Parish, Louisiana, Bienville
- **established title**: Founded
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 6.87
- **area total sq mi**: 2.65
- **area land km2**: 6.82
- **area land sq mi**: 2.63
- **area water km2**: 0.06
- **area water sq mi**: 0.02
- **elevation ft**: 272
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 773
- **population density km2**: 113.36
- **population density sq mi**: 293.58
- **utc offset1**: -6
- **timezone1 dst**: North American Central Time Zone, CDT
- **utc offset1 dst**: -5
- **area code**: Area code 318, 318
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standards, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 22-28835
- **blank2 name sec2**: Wikimedia Commons
Injunction

An **injunction** is a court order that either commands or prevents a party from doing a specific act.

## US law

Injunctions can be temporary or permanent. A restraining order and a preliminary injunction are examples of temporary injunctions. Either may be issued early in a lawsuit to prevent either party from doing anything that might unfairly influence the outcome of the litigation. A permanent injunction is usually issued after a case is settled. It enforces the final decision of the court.

## Australian apprehended violence orders

In the state of New South Wales, an apprehended violence order (AVO) may be issued against a person from whom another person fears violence. They can be issued to prevent physical abuse, harassment or stalking. Any person who violates an AVO may be charged with a criminal offence.

## UK injunctions and super-injunctions

While the United Kingdom has injunctions much the same as other countries they also have super-injunctions. This is an injunction (sometimes called a gag-order) that prevents journalists from writing anything about a court case. It also prevents them from reporting that the injunction itself has been issued. If any injunction in the UK prevents details of the order from being known it is also called a super-injunction.

## Anti-suit injunctions

In common law countries anti-suit injunctions are court orders used to prevent a court or tribunal from assuming jurisdiction or taking over an ongoing lawsuit. An anti-suit injunction may also be used to prevent a party from filing a second lawsuit in another jurisdiction at the same time as the first case.

## Related pages

- Burden of proof
- Civil litigation
- Equity (law)
- Equity court
- Lawsuit
- Peace bond
- Anti-social behaviour order
Tullos, Louisiana

**Tullos** is a small town in La Salle and Winn Parishes in the U.S. state of Louisiana.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Tullos, Louisiana
- **official name**: Town of Tullos
- **settlement type**: List of municipalities in Louisiana, Town
- **map caption**: Interactive map of Tullos
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. State, State
- **subdivision type2**: Parish
- **subdivision name2**: Winn Parish, Louisiana, Winn, La Salle Parish, Louisiana, La Salle
- **area total sq mi**: 1.60
- **area land sq mi**: 1.58
- **area water sq mi**: 0.02
- **elevation ft**: 125
- **population total**: 304
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population density sq mi**: auto
- **timezone1**: Central Time Zone, Central (CST)
- **utc offset1**: -6
- **timezone1 dst**: Central Daylight Time, CDT
- **utc offset1 dst**: -5
- **postal code type**: ZIP code, ZIP code(s)
- **postal code**: 71479
- **area code**: Area code 318, 318
- **blank name sec1**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info sec1**: 22-76615
Abita Springs, Louisiana

**Abita Springs** is a town in St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana, United States.
Colville, Washington

**Colville**  (Ktunaxa: _xapqǂinik̓_) is a city in Stevens County, Washington, United States. The population was 4,917 at the 2020 census.  It is the county seat of Stevens County.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Colville, Washington
- **settlement type**: City
- **image skyline**: Colville Post Office.jpg
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **image caption**: Colville Post Office
- **image map**: Stevens_County_Washington_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Colville_Highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location of Colville, Washington
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: Washington (state), Washington
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Washington, County
- **subdivision name2**: Stevens County, Washington, Stevens
- **government type**: Mayor–council government, Mayor–council
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 7.99
- **area land km2**: 7.99
- **area water km2**: 0.00
- **area total sq mi**: 3.08
- **area land sq mi**: 3.08
- **area water sq mi**: 0.00
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 4917
- **population density km2**: 615.6
- **population density sq mi**: 1594.4
- **timezone**: Pacific Time Zone, Pacific (PST)
- **utc offset**: −8
- **timezone dst**: PDT
- **utc offset dst**: −7
- **elevation m**: 492
- **elevation ft**: 1614
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 99114
- **area code**: Area code 509, 509
- **area code type**: North American Numbering Plan, Area code
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 53-14170
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 1517983
- **website**: [http://www.colville.wa.us/ City of Colville]
Vivian, Louisiana

**Vivian** is a town in Caddo Parish, Louisiana, United States and is home to the Red Bud Festival. The population was 3,073 at the 2020 census. it is the fourth most populous municipality in Caddo Parish (after Shreveport, Blanchard and Greenwood).

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Vivian, Louisiana
- **official name**: Town of Vivian
- **settlement type**: Town
- **image skyline**: Vivian water tower IMG_5196.JPG
- **image caption**: Vivian water tower
- **image map**: File:Caddo Parish Louisiana Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Vivian Highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 260px
- **map caption**: Location of Vivian in Caddo Parish, Louisiana.
- **image map1**: Louisiana in United States (US48).svg
- **map caption1**: Location of Louisiana in the United States
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: State
- **subdivision name1**: Louisiana
- **subdivision type2**: Parish
- **subdivision name2**: Caddo Parish, Louisiana, Caddo
- **established title**: Founded
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Ronnie Festavan (R)
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 14.29
- **area total sq mi**: 5.52
- **area land km2**: 14.29
- **area land sq mi**: 5.52
- **area water km2**: 0.00
- **area water sq mi**: 0.00
- **elevation ft**: 256
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 3073
- **population rank**: Caddo Parish, Louisiana#Communities, CD: 2nd
- **population density km2**: 215.06
- **population density sq mi**: 557.01
- **timezone1**: North American Central Time Zone, CST
- **utc offset1**: -6
- **timezone1 dst**: North American Central Time Zone, CDT
- **utc offset1 dst**: -5
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 71082
- **area code**: Area code 318, 318
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standards, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 22-78890
- **blank2 name sec2**: Wikimedia Commons
Scott Barr

**Harvey Scott Barr, Jr.** (August 21, 1916 – October 26, 2015) was an American politician from the U.S. state of Washington. Barr was born in Spokane. He served the 7th district in the Washington House of Representatives from 1977 to 1983, and the same district from 1983 to 1993 in the Washington State Senate. His term ended with his resignation in December 1993. He was a Republican.

Barr died in Colville, Washington on October 26, 2015 from natural causes, aged 99.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Scott Barr
- **image**: Representative Scott Barr.jpg
- **image size**: 150px
- **caption**: Barr in 1977
- **state house**: Washington
- **district**: 7th
- **term start**: 1977
- **term end**: 1983
- **state senate2**: Washington
- **district2**: 7th
- **term start2**: 1983
- **term end2**: 1993
- **birth name**: Harvey Scott Barr, Jr.
- **birth place**: Spokane, Washington
- **death place**: Colville, Washington
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **occupation**: farmer
- **residence**: Colville, Washington
- **spouse**: Dollie Mae Barr
Coushatta, Louisiana

**Coushatta** is the parish seat of Red River Parish, Louisiana, United States. it is the most populous municipality in Red River Parish.

### Incorporated

- Edgefield, Louisiana
- Hall Summit, Louisiana
- Martin, Louisiana

### Unincorporated

- Armistead, Louisiana
- Cross Roads, Louisiana
- East Point, Louisiana
- Fairview Alpha, Louisiana
- Grand Bayou, Louisiana
- Hanna, Louisiana
- Harmon, Louisiana
- Lake End, Louisiana
- Liberty, Louisiana
- Piermont, Louisiana
- Redoak, Louisiana
- Womack, Louisiana

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Coushatta, Louisiana
- **official name**: Town of Coushatta
- **settlement type**: List of municipalities in Louisiana, Town & County seat, parish seat
- **image skyline**: Red River at Coushatta, LA IMG_0750.JPG
- **image caption**: The Red River of the South, Red River at Coushatta
- **map caption**: Interactive map of Coushatta
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: Louisiana
- **subdivision type2**: Parish
- **subdivision name2**: Red River Parish, Louisiana, Red River
- **established title**: Founded
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name1**: Johnny Cox (D) (elected 2012)
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 8.90
- **area total sq mi**: 3.44
- **area land km2**: 8.65
- **area land sq mi**: 3.34
- **area water km2**: 0.25
- **area water sq mi**: 0.10
- **elevation ft**: 141
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 1752
- **population density km2**: 202.52
- **population density sq mi**: 524.55
- **timezone1**: North American Central Time Zone, CST
- **utc offset1**: -6
- **timezone1 dst**: North American Central Time Zone, CDT
- **utc offset1 dst**: -5
- **postal code type**: Zip Code
- **postal code**: 71019
- **area code**: Area code 318, 318
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standards, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 22-18055
- **blank2 name sec2**: Wikimedia Commons
Judgment (law)

In law, a **judgment** is a decision of a court regarding the rights and liabilities of parties in a legal action or proceeding. Judgments also generally provide the court's explanation of why it has chosen to make a particular decision.

The phrase "reasons for judgment" is often used interchangeably with "judgment." The former refers to the court's reasons for arriving at the judgment it did. The latter refers to the final court order. a judgement, whether by a court or a tribunal, is the final part of a court case. The judgement is also called a legal decision.
Case law

**Case law** in a legal system are those laws based on previous judicial decisions. This is opposed to decisions based on existing statutes or regulations. In countries using common law, it is generally uncodified meaning there are no collections of legal rules, and laws to rely on. Instead they rely on legal precedent. Precedents are previous legal cases that are used as examples for deciding the present case. They are also binding on lower courts where the facts and issues are similar. In countries that use civil law, their laws are codified, and there is much less reliance on case law.

## Common law

Judges make judicial decisions based on precedent, and their own understanding when there are few or no precedents. This is "judge-made law" as compared to statuary law, which is made by legislatures, and governments. In the United States the courts can rule statutes, and regulations unconstitutional if they go beyond the authority given by the constitution. In the United Kingdom judge-made law, or common law cannot rule against statutes made by an act of Parliament. The judiciary, and legislative branches are not coequal. Judges, however, have traditionally used one of three ways of interpreting statutes:
- They may be interpreted literally or simply as the law was written.
- They may use the "golden rule" meaning that if the law is difficult to interpret the judiciary may use a less obvious meaning.
- They may apply the "mischief rule". If the act lends itself to more than one interpretation, choose the interpretation that best deals with the problem.

## Civil law

Judges make decisions by decisions based on the appropriate laws. They then investigate to learn all the facts. Finally they make a decision. Under civil law, judiciary decisions are not a critical part of forming civil laws. Under Dutch civil law for example, there are so many civil laws that it becomes difficult for lawyers and judges to know if they have found all the laws that apply to a case. Even with all the laws, not every situation is covered. The civil court will research everything it can on the subject, then make a decision. For this reason those who start a legal case never know for certain what the decision will be.

## Other websites

- Case law (or Common law), Library of Congress
- Case Law in the United Kingdom
Lien

A **lien** ( or ) is a form of security interest attached to property to secure the payment of a debt to a creditor. A lien is usually a public record. The owner of the property is called the _lienee_. The creditor or person holding the lien is called the _lienor_ or _lien holder_.

In the United States, the term lien generally refers to a wide range of legal interests. It includes other forms of mortgage or charge.  In the USA, a lien is a _non-possessory_ security interests meaning the lien holder does not usually possess the property.

In other common law countries, the term lien refers to a very specific type of security interest. The holder of a lien right to retain (but not sell) property until the debt or other obligation is discharged.  In contrast to the usage of the term in the USA, in other countries it refers to a purely _possessory_ form of security interest. When possession of the property is lost, the lien is released.
Lanfranc

**Lanfranc** (1005  1010 at Pavia — 24 May 1089 at Canterbury) was a cleric, teacher and jurist who became Archbishop of Canterbury under William the Conqueror.

This celebrated Italian jurist gave up his career to become a monk at Bec in Normandy.  In 1070 he became the Archbishop of Canterbury in England. This was the peak of an extraordinary life.

## Life

Lanfranc was born in the early years of the 11th century at Pavia in Italy. His father, Hanbald, held a rank equivalent to a magistrate.  He was orphaned at an early age. Lanfranc was trained in the liberal arts. He crossed the Alps, and took up the role of teacher in France and eventually in Normandy. About 1039 he became the master of the cathedral school at Avranches. He taught for three years with much success.

In 1042 he gave this up to become a monk in the newly founded Bec Abbey. He became the first prior of Bec Abbey in 1045. He became a friend of William, Duke of Normandy and by 1050 his counselor. Lanfranc then became the abbot of St Stephen in Normandy.

In 1067, when Maurilius, Archbishop of Rouen, died, Lanfranc declined the position.  He would not have been able to do so without the consent of William I. It is likely William had something bigger in mind for Lanfranc. In 1070 Stigand, the Archbishop of Canterbury was deposed by papal legates. William brought Lanfranc from Normandy to England to become the Archbishop of Canterbury.
Security interest

A **security interest** is a legal claim on collateral. The collateral can be real estate, personal property or any asset. Collateral is usually used to secure a loan.

The borrower is the party who borrows the funds. The lender is the one who lends the money in return for a security interest. The lender can repossess the asset if the borrower fails to repay the loan. The lender can then sell the asset to repay the loan. A loan secured by collateral is called a _secured loan_ (also called a lien). A loan with no collateral (such as a credit card) is an unsecured loan. There is nothing for the lender to repossess.

## Different types

There are different types of security interest or liens:
- **Consensual agreements** are entered into consensually between a borrower and a lender. For example, a borrower may want to purchase a car or house and the property purchased secures the buyer's obligation to pay for the property.
- **Statutory liens** are security interests that may be secured by statutes.
    - **Mechanic's Liens** are those that come about when a mechanic or contractor is not paid for work they performed. The owner may not sell the property (real or personal) until the debt is paid.
    - **Tax Liens** are a type of lien that is placed against property by the local, state or federal government. They are authorized by statute, for delinquent taxes, including property, income and estate taxes. If the taxes remain unpaid for a specified period of time, the property may be sold by the government in what is called a tax sale.
One Fierce Beer Coaster

***One Fierce Beer Coaster*** is the second studio album by Bloodhound Gang. The album was released on August 5, 1996.
Particle detector

A **particle detector**, also known as a **radiation detector**, is a device used to , , and/or  high-energy particles. These particles can be made by nuclear decay, cosmic radiation, or reactions in a particle accelerator. Particle detectors are used in particle physics, nuclear physics, and nuclear engineering. Modern detectors are also used as calorimeters to measure the energy of radiation. They can measure other things, such as the momentum, spin, or charge of the particles.

## Description

Detectors designed for modern accelerators are very big. They are also very expensive. They are called _counters_ when they simply count particles, but do not measure anything else. Usually, particle detectors can also track ionizing radiation (high energy photons or even visible light).

### Examples and types

Many of the detectors invented so far are ionization detectors (such as gaseous ionization detectors and semiconductor detectors) and scintillation detectors. Other principles, such as Čerenkov light and transition radiation, have also been applied to detect particles.

### Applications

Some detectors are used to measure the amount of radiation so that people can protect themselves from it. Others are used to study nuclear and particle physics.

Detectors have also been used in archaeology.  Muon detectors can "see" through solid material such as stone and concrete.  Used this way, archaeologists and physicists discovered a room (a burial chamber) behind a wall underground in Naples, Italy.

## Related pages

- Subatomic particle

## Further reading

- Movie instruction media:
- "_Radiation detectors_". H. M. Stone Productions, Schloat. Tarrytown, N.Y., Prentice-Hall Media, 1972.

- General Information:
Bad Tölz-Wolfratshausen

**Bad Tölz-Wolfratshausen** () is a district in Bavaria, Germany.

## Towns and municipalities

|width=33% align=left|Towns|width=33% align=left|Municipalities|width=33% align=left||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||#Bad Tölz #Geretsried #Wolfratshausen||#Bad Heilbrunn #Benediktbeuern #Bichl #Dietramszell #Egling #Eurasburg #Gaißach #Greiling #Icking||<ol start=10> <li> Jachenau <li> Kochel <li> Königsdorf <li> Lenggries <li> Münsing <li> Reichersbeuern <li> Sachsenkam <li> Schlehdorf <li> Wackersberg </ol>|

## Infobox (german district)

- **name**: Bad Tölz-Wolfratshausen
- **state**: Bavaria
- **image flag**: Flagge Bad Tölz-Wolfratshausen.svg
- **image coa**: Wappen Landkreis Bad Toelz-Wolfratshausen.svg
- **capital**: Bad Tölz
- **regierungsbezirk**: Upper Bavaria
- **region**: Oberland
- **area**: 1111
- **kreisschlüssel**: 09173
- **population**: 115,800
- **population as of**: 2002
- **district admin**: Josef Niedermaier
- **admin party**: FW
- **density**: 104
- **carsign**: TÖL, WOR
- **url**: [http://www.lra-toelz.de/ www.lra-toelz.de]
Hugo Schnars-Alquist

**Carl Wilhelm Hugo Schnars-Alquist** (October 29, 1855 – August 20, 1939) was a German painter who painted scenes of the sea. His family were merchants and he started working as a merchant himself. Schnars-Alquist was a self-taught painter. In 1886 he was a student of Hans Gude at the Berlin Art Academy. In 1893 he was the German representative for the fine arts at the World's Columbian Exposition. Schnars-Alquist made many sea voyages which taught him how to paint the sea at different Latitudes and from rough sea to calm. He was a member of the jury at the Chicago and Melbourne art exhibitions. He received a Gold medal at Melbourne. Schnars-Alquist was a member of the Hamburg Geographical Society. He also belonged to the Institute for Maritime Studies at the University of Berlin.

## Other websites

Hugo Schnars-Alquist (1855 - 1939)
Pleading

**Pleading** is usually the first step in a lawsuit. This is when parties formally submit their claims and defenses. A _complaint_ is the first pleading filed by a plaintiff which starts the lawsuit. A complaint lists the  relevant allegations of fact which leads to one or more legal causes of action. It also has a prayer for relief and sometimes a statement of damages claimed. This is called an _ad quod damnum_ clause.  In some situations, a complaint is called a _petition_. In this case the party filing a complaint is called the petitioner and the other party is the respondent.  In equity, sometimes called chancery, the initial pleading may be called either a _petition_ or a _bill of complaint in chancery_.

## Other terms

- When used in civil proceedings in England and Wales, the term "complaint" refers to how civil proceedings are started in the magistrates' court. The complaint may be either written or oral.

- A _demurrer_ is a pleading (usually filed by a defendant). It objects to the legal sufficiency of the opponent's pleading and demands that the court rule immediately about whether the pleading is legally adequate. This is before the party must plead on the merits in response.  Since demurrer procedure required an immediate ruling like a motion, many common law jurisdictions therefore went to a narrower understanding of pleadings. They are seen as framing the issues in a case but not being motions in and of themselves. The demurrer is replaced with the motion to dismiss for failure to state a cause of action or the application to strike out particulars of claim.

- An _answer_ is a pleading filed by a defendant. It admits or denies the specific allegations listed in a complaint. It also serves as a general appearance by a defendant.  In England and Wales, the equivalent pleading is called a _defence_.

- A defendant may also file a cross-complaint or _third-party complaint_. This is to bring other parties into a case by the process of impleader.

- A defendant may file a _counter-claim_. This raises a cause of action to defend, reduce or set off the claim of the plaintiff.
Complaint

In legal terminology, a **complaint** is any formal legal document that establishes the facts and legal reasons for a lawsuit. A complaint must list the reasons for the plaintiff's case, and it must ask for a specific legal remedy. Once a complaint is filed with the court a summons (an order from the court) is notifies the defendant a lawsuit has been filed against them. Once a defendant receives notice of a complaint, they must reply within a specified period of time with an answer. Complaints are pleadings that must be written carefully to properly state the facts and legal basis for the claim. Usually this requires the help of an attorney.

In some jurisdictions, specific types of criminal cases may also be started by the filing of a complaint. This is also called a **criminal complaint** or **felony complaint**. All criminal cases are prosecuted in the name of the governmental authority. This is the same authority whose criminal laws were broken and who enforces criminal statutes. The government is sometimes called _the state_, _the People_ or _the Crown_ (in Commonwealth realms). In the United States, the complaint is often associated with misdemeanor charges presented by the prosecutor without the grand jury process. In most US jurisdictions, the document presented to and authorized by a grand jury is called an indictment.