juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Altdorf, Switzerland

**Altdorf** is the capital of the canton of Uri in Switzerland.  It has an area of 10.23 square kilometers.

## Other websites

- Altdorf  Official site

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Altdorf
- **image photo**: Altdorf Schweiz 1900.jpg
- **municipality name**: Altdorf
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: Altdorf-coat_of_arms.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Altdorf.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Uri
- **iso-code-region**: CH-UR
- **district**: n.a.
- **postal code**: 6460
- **municipality code**: 1201
- **area**: 10.23
- **elevation**: 458
- **highest**: Eggberge
- **highest m**: 1720
- **lowest**: Wildried
- **lowest m**: 432
- **population**: 8577
- **populationof**: 2007
- **website**: www.altdorf.ch
- **mayor**: Barbara Bär-Hellmüller
- **neighboring municipalities**: Attinghausen, Bürglen, Uri, Bürglen, Flüelen, Seedorf, Uri, Seedorf
- **twintowns**: Altdorf b. Nürnberg (Germany)
Andermatt

**Andermatt** is a municipality of the canton of Uri in Switzerland.  Around 1,500 people live in Andermatt.

## Other websites

- Official site

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Andermatt
- **municipality name**: Andermatt
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **image photo**: Andermatt Dorf.jpg
- **snow image**: Andermatt Winter.jpg
- **imagepath coa**: Andermatt-coat of arms.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Andermatt.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Uri
- **iso-code-region**: CH-UR
- **district**: n.a.
- **postal code**: 6490
- **municipality code**: 1202
- **area**: 62.15
- **elevation**: 1447
- **population**: 1312
- **populationof**: 2002
- **website**: www.gemeinde-andermatt.ch
- **mayor**: Hansueli Kumli
- **neighboring municipalities**: Airolo (TI), Göschenen, Gurtnellen, Hospental, Tujetsch (GR)
Attinghausen

**Attinghausen** is a municipality in the canton of Uri in Switzerland.  Around 1,500 people live in Attinghausen. Its area is 46.83 square kilometers.

## Other websites

- Official website of Attinghausen

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Attinghausen
- **municipality name**: Attinghausen
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: Attinghausen-coat of arms.svg
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Uri
- **iso-code-region**: CH-UR
- **district**: n.a.
- **postal code**: 6468
- **municipality code**: 1203
- **area**: 46.83
- **elevation**: 469
- **population**: 1535
- **populationof**: December 2004
- **popofyear**: 2004
- **website**: www.attinghausen.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Altdorf, Switzerland, Altdorf, Bürglen, Uri, Bürglen, Engelberg (OW), Erstfeld, Isenthal, Schattdorf, Seedorf, Uri, Seedorf, Wassen
Eurovision Song Contest 2009

The **Eurovision Song Contest 2009** was the 54th Eurovision Song Contest, it was held in Moscow, Russia after Dima Bilan won the 2008 contest for Russia with _Believe_. The semi finals took place on May 12 and May 14 and the final was held on May 16. It was won by Alexander Rybak for Norway with _Fairytale_.

There were 42 countries taking part with Slovakia making a return for the first time in 11 years and San Marino and Georgia, two countries from last year, not appearing in the contest.

|Draw|Country|Language|Artist|Song|English translation|Place|Points|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|01||English|Andrea Demirović|"Just get out of my life"|-|11|44|
|_02_|__|Gypsy|Gipsy.cz|Aven Romale|Come on, Gypsy|18|0|
|03||English|Copycat|Copycat|-|17|1|
|04||English|Petr Elfimov|Eyes that never lie|-|13|25|
|**05**|****|English, French|**Malena Ernman**|**La voix**|**The voice**|4|105|
|**06**|****|English, Armenian|**Inga & Anush**|**Jan Jan**|-|5|99|
|07||English, Spanish|Susanne Georgi|"La teva decisió (Get a life)"|-|15|8|
|08||English|Lovebugs|The highest heights||14|13|
|**09**|****|English|**Hadise**|**Düm tek tek**|-|2|172|

## Spokespersons

- Albania – Leon Menkshi
- Armenia – Sirusho
- Belgium – Maureem Louys
- Bosnia and Herzegovina – Elvir Laković Laka
- Estonia – Laura Põldvere
- Germany – Thomas Anders
- Greece – Alexis Kostas
- Hungary – Éva Novodomszky
- Russia – Ingeborga Dapkunaité
- Serbia – Jovana Janković
- Slovenia – Peter Poles
- Turkey – Meltem Yazgan
- Ukraine – Marysia Horobets

## References

- Eurovision Fun Clup ESC
The Fray (album)

***The Fray*** is an American rock album by piano rock band The Fray. The album was released February 2nd. Singles include "You Found Me", "Syndicate", and "Absolute".

## Track Listing

1. "Syndicate"
1. "Absolute"
1. "You Found Me"
1. "Say When"
1. "Never Say Never"
1. "Where the Story Ends"
1. "Enough for Now"
1. "The Ungodly Hour"
1. "We Build, Then We Break"
1. "Happiness"

### iTunes Bonus Track(s)

1. "Fair Fight"

### iTunes Acoustic Version Bonus Tracks

1. "Where the Story Ends (Piano Version)"
1. "Absolute (Acoustic Version)"
1. "You Found Me (Acoustic Version)"
1. "Enough for Now (Acoustic Version)"

## Singles / Other Songs

- 2008 - _You Found Me_
- 2009 - _Syndicate_

## #1 Album

- #1 Album on the _U.S. Billboard 200_
- #1 Album on the _U.S. Billboard of Rock Tracks_
You Found Me

"**You Found Me**" is an American hit single by The Fray. It was released on November 21, 2008. The single came off the #1 U.S. Billboard 200 chart album _The Fray_.
Violone

The **violone** (pronounced: "Vee-o-LOH-ne") is a very big string instrument that used to be used in the 16th and 17th centuries.  It is like a double bass, but it belongs to the viol family.  The name "violone" means "large viol".  It was really a "double-bass viola da gamba".  It usually had six strings, and the fingerboard had frets (like a guitar) which showed where to put the fingers of the left hand to make the notes.  The bow was held underhand (with the palm of the hand facing up).

## Usage

The violone is sometimes heard today in early music groups who are playing Renaissance and early Baroque music music.  The instruments used today are usually ones that have been made recently to look and sound like the old ones.

## History

The violone was the last member of the viol family to die out.  When the other sizes of viol had been replaced by orchestras with violins, violas and cellos the violone was often used instead of a double bass. Bach used the violone in his cantatas. Eventually the violone was no longer used, and the double bass was used instead.  The double bass still looks a little bit like the old viol because it has sloping shoulders and the strings are tuned in fourths.

## Use of the name "violone" in organs

In organs "Violone" is the name given to a soft organ stop made of  metal or wood, usually in the pedals.

## Related pages

- Viol
- Double bass
Tragedy of the commons

**The tragedy of the commons** was an article published by Garrett Hardin in the journal _Science_ in 1968. It describes a problem where many people with their own ideas can make something they all share worse, even if no one wants to. For example, even if no one wants to pollute water because that makes it unhealthy, it can still end up like that because so many want to use the water for their own reasons, like washing and throwing away rubbish. Each person thinks that their small bit of pollution of the water is too small to affect the quality of the water, but because there are many people the total effect ends up making the water too polluted for mostly anybody to use for drinking or even washing. This may occur in slums and other overcrowded places like refugee camps.

The idea was not Hardin's, but a person named William Forster Lloyd who wrote about it in 1833. In those days herders often grazed cows on common land. Lloyd pointed out that each cow added benefit to its owner but damaged the land overall for all herders by overgrazing.

The tragedy of the commons is often used in modern debates on ecology and externality. It is also a topic in game theory.
Andrew Manze

**Andrew Manze** (pronounce: "MAN-zee"), (born Beckenham, 14 January 1965)
is an English violinist and conductor who is famous for performing music from the Baroque period.

Manze spent his childhood in Bedford. He went to Bedford School where he learned to play the violin. While studying Classics at Cambridge University he started to play the Baroque violin. Then he studied with Simon Standage at the Royal Academy of Music, and then he studied with Lucy van Dael at The Hague and with Marie Leonhardt.

In 1988 he became first violinist of the Amsterdam Baroque Orchestra which was conducted by Ton Koopman. He also played with two other musicians: the harpsichordist John Toll and the lutenist Nigel North, in a trio called Romanesca.

From 2003 to 2007 he directed The English Concert. He also introduced many music programmes on BBC Radio 3 and appeared in television programmes, e.g. Handel's Water Music. He often performed with the harpsichordist Richard Egarr. He has appeared twice at the BBC Proms.

Manze is now taking a rest from playing the violin and concentrating on conducting. He lives in Sweden where he is Principal Conductor of the Helsingborg Symphony Orchestra and Principal Guest Conductor of the Norwegian Radio Orchestra. He is also Associate Conductor of the BBC Scottish Symphony Orchestra.

In 2011 Andrew Manze was awarded the Rolf Schock Prize laureate in Musical Arts, a Swedish prize which is awarded every three years
Frederick William II of Prussia

**Frederick William II** (; 25 September 1744 – 16 November 1797) was the fourth King of Prussia.  He ruled from 1786 until his death. He was a successor and grandson of Frederick I, the first king of Prussia.

## Infobox (royalty)

- **name**: Frederick William II
- **succession**: King of Prussia
 Elector of Brandenburg
- **image**: Anton Graff - Frederick William II of Prussia.png
- **caption**: Portrait by Anton Graff
- **reign**: 17 August 1786 – 16 November 1797
- **predecessor**: Frederick the Great, Frederick II
- **successor**: Frederick William III of Prussia, Frederick William III
- **house**: House of Hohenzollern, Hohenzollern
- **father**: Prince Augustus William of Prussia
- **mother**: Duchess Luise of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
- **birth place**: Stadtschloss, Berlin, Kingdom of Prussia, Holy Roman Empire
- **death place**: Marmorpalais, Potsdam, Kingdom of Prussia, Holy Roman Empire
- **place of burial**: Berliner Dom
- **religion**: Calvinist
- **signature**: Frederick William II signature.svg
Finnish Wikipedia

The **Finnish Wikipedia** is the Finnish-language edition of Wikipedia. This edition began in 2002.

It is the 27th largest edition.

As of February 2026, it had over 613 200 articles.

## Other websites

- Finnish Wikipedia main page

## Infobox (website)

- **name**: _'Finnish Wikipedia_
- **logo**: Wikipedia-logo-v2-fi.svg
- **url**: [http://fi.wikipedia.org fi.wikipedia.org]
- **type**: Internet encyclopedia project
- **language**: Finnish
- **owner**: Wikimedia Foundation
- **author**: Finnish wiki community
- **websitename**: Wikipedia
São Francisco River

The **São Francisco River** is a river in Brazil. It is around 3,100 kilometers long.  The main tributaries of the São Francisco River are the Paraopeba, Abaeté, das Velhas, Jequitaí, Paracatu, Urucuia, Verde Grande, Carinhanha, Corrente, and Grande rivers. It is an important river for Brazil, called “the river of national integration” because it unites diverse climes and regions of the country, in particular the Southeast with the Northeast.
São Francisco

**São Francisco** (Portuguese: _Saint Francis_) can be any of the following:

- São Francisco River, a river in Brazil.
- São Francisco, São Paulo, a municipality in São Paulo, Brazil.
- São Francisco, Minas Gerais, a municipality in Minas Gerais, Brazil.
- São Francisco, Cape Verde, a village in Cape Verde.

## Related pages

- San Francisco (disambiguation)
Data Base Task Group

The **Data Base Task Group** (DBTG) was a working group founded in 1965 by the _Cobol Committee_, formerly _Programming Language Committee_, of the _Conference of Data Systems Language_ (CODASYL).

In April 1971, The DBTG published a report containing specifications of a _Data Manipulation Language_ (DML) and a _Data Definition Language_ (DDL) for standardization of network database models. The first DBTG proposals had already been published in 1969. The specification was subsequently modified and developed in various committees and published in other reports in 1973 and 1978. The specification is often referred to as the DBTG database model or the CODASYL database model. As well as the data model, many basic concepts of database terminology were introduced by this group, notably the concepts of schema and subschema.

## References

- Gunter Schlageter, Wolffried Stucky: _Datenbanksysteme: Konzepte und Modelle_, B. G. Teubner Stuttgart, 1983,
David Popper

**David Popper** (born Prague, 18 June 1843; died Baden, Austria, 7 August 1913) was a Bohemian cellist and composer.  He composed many works for the cello which today are performed by cellists all over the world.

## Life

Popper was born in the old Jewish part of  Prague.  His father was a Cantor in two synagogues.   When he was three years old he was imitating his father’s singing.  He learned the violin when he was six and, at the age of twelve, he got a place to study music at the Prague Conservatory, but he had to learn the cello.   His cello teacher was Julius Goltermann.  His first job was as cellist to the Prince of Hohenzollern who soon gave him the title “Kammervirtuoso”.   He was only 21 when he played a difficult concerto by Robert Volkmann.  The conductor, Hans von Bülow, was very impressed and so were the critics.  He gave many concerts in Vienna and became very famous.  He started to travel around Europe, visiting England and Russia.  He had a lot of energy and was able to compose a lot while travelling.  He composed many short cello pieces.   His _Elfentanz_ (Dance of the Elves) and _Spinning Song_ were especially popular with the audiences.

## Budapest

In 1886 Popper married for the second time.  In the same year he took up a job at the Royal Hungarian Academy of Music in Budapest.  He was a famous teacher and charged a high fee for lessons.  He formed a string quartet with three other musicians including the violinist Jenő Hubay.  Hubay and Popper often played piano trios with Johannes Brahms.

Popper made a long visit to England and Scotland where he was described as the world’s greatest cellist by many people including George Bernard Shaw.  When he returned to Prague he played with Béla Bartók who was only 19 years old and not yet famous.  He was also impressed when he heard the young Pablo Casals, although he did not agree with his technique.

Popper had one son who died of tuberculosis in 1911.  Two years later Popper slipped on an icy pavement.  He was never able to use his right arm again.  He died the next summer of a heart attack.

## His music

Popper composed a very large number of cello pieces, many of which are short pieces suitable for encores at a recital.  One of the most popular (and not too difficult) is the _Gavotte in D major_.  He composed a _Requiem_ for three cellos and orchestra, and he wrote four cello concertos.  However, his most important work for cellists is a collection of studies called _Hochschule des Violoncellspiels_ (_High School of Cello Playing_).  This book contains 40 etudes, or musical exercises to develop technique, and is widely used today by cello students to improve their playing.

## References

- “The Great Cellists” by Margaret Campbell, London 2004,
- “The New Grove Dictionary of Music & Musicians” ed. Stanley Sadie; London 1980,
Herbert Backe

**Herbert Backe** (1 May 1896 – 6 April 1947) was a German politician and war criminal.

He was born in Batumi, Georgia in the Russian Empire  . He worked in the Third Reich government and was made Minister of Food in May 1942 and Minister of Agriculture in April 1944. He had that job in the short-lived Cabinet of Admiral Karl Dönitz in the last days of World War II, from late April to May 1945, as the political request of Adolf Hitler. During the war, Alfred Rosenberg said that Backe should become the leader of the Ukraine Reichskommissariat (Nazi government in Ukraine).

He was one of the people who planned and made happen the Hunger Plan - a plan to starve to death tens of millions of Slavic people in order to make sure there was enough food available for the German people and military.

He was taken prisoner by the Allies after the war, he was to be tried in the Ministries Trial, but he killed himself by hanging in his cell at Nuremberg on 6 April 1947.

## Notes

<div class='references-small'>

</div>

## Other websites

- Photo & Brief Bio
Joseph Berchtold

**Joseph Berchtold** (March 6, 1897 in Ingolstadt – August 23, 1962 in Herrsching am Ammersee), a former salesman who sold office products, became Reichsführer SS after Julius Schreck in 1926.

Berchtold was in the World War I and had the rank of second lieutenant at the end of the war. In 1920 he joined the NSDAP and in 1922 also the SA. He was thought to be better than Julius Schreck, but was still not able to keep the people who started the party under control. After a lot of arguing he resigned in 1927 and was replaced by his deputy, Erhard Heiden.

During Nazi Germany he was a councillor of Munich from 1934 to 1945, and a member of the Reichstag from 1936 to 1945.
Black smoker

A **black smoker** is a kind of hydrothermal vent that can be found on the ocean floor. It is a crack in the planet's surface from which geothermally heated water comes out. Hydrothermal vents are commonly found near volcanically active places, areas where tectonic plates are moving apart, ocean basins, and hotspots.

Hydrothermal vents are common on earth because it is both geologically active and has large amounts of water on its surface and within its crust. Common land types include hot springs, fumaroles and geysers. The most famous hydrothermal vent system on land is probably within Yellowstone National Park in the United States. Under the sea, hydrothermal vents may form features called "black smokers".

Relative to the majority of the deep sea, the areas around submarine hydrothermal vents are biologically more productive, often hosting complex communities fueled by the chemicals dissolved in the vent fluids. Chemosynthetic archaea form the base of the food chain, supporting diverse organisms, including giant tube worms, clams, limpets and shrimp.
Active hydrothermal vents are believed to exist on Jupiter's moon Europa, and ancient hydrothermal vents have been speculated to exist on Mars.

## Other websites

- Ocean Explorer (www.oceanexplorer.noaa.gov) - Public outreach site for explorations sponsored by the Office of Ocean Exploration.
- NOAA, Ocean Explorer Gallery.
RPM (disambiguation)

**RPM** may refer to:
- Revolutions per minute
- Revenue per mille, related to cost per mille, in advertising
- _Rassemblement pour le Mali_, a political party in Mali
- RPM International Inc, a chemical sealant company
- RPM Package Manager, a software package manager, originally Red Hat Package Manager.
- Les Mills International fitness program (RPM)
- Raised pavement marker, on U.S. roads
- Randle Patrick McMurphy, the protagonist of Ken Kesey's novel _One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest_
- Raven's Progressive Matrices, a cognitive test
- Rendezvous Pitch Maneuver, performed by a space shuttle
- Resale price maintenance, in economics
- Respiration, pulse (or perfusion), and mental status, a mnemonic used in simple triage and rapid treatment
- Revenue passenger mile, a measure of passenger traffic
- Rounds per minute, used to quantify a weapon's rate of fire

- Power Rangers: R.P.M., the upcoming seventeenth season of the popular television series.
- RPM (Cars), a character in the movie Cars
- RPM (TV series), a long-running Australian motorsport show on Network Ten

In music:

- RPM (Brazilian band)
- RPM (magazine), a defunct Canadian music and radio industry magazine
- RPM Records, USA
- Revolutions Per Minute (album), by Rise Against
- Rock Productions Music, a Christian rock band
- RPM Records UK, subsidiary of Cherry Red
RPM Package Manager

**RPM Package Manager** is a package management system. The name RPM refers to two things: a software package file format, and software packaged in this format. RPM was intended mainly for Linux distributions; the file format _RPM_ is the baseline package format of the Linux Standard Base.

## RPM-based Linux distributions

Several Linux distributions are based on RPM. These include, but are not limited to:
- Fedora
- Mandriva Linux and derivatives:
    - AltLinux
    - PCLinuxOS
    - Caixa Mágica
- Linux for PlayStation 2
- Red Flag Linux
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux and derivatives:
    - CentOS
    - ASPLinux
    - Scientific Linux
- SUSE Linux/openSUSE
- ArkLinux
- Yellow Dog Linux
- PLD Linux Distribution
- Linux XP
- TurboLinux
- openmamba

## Infobox (software)

- **name**: RPM (Package Manager)
- **author**: Red Hat
- **latest release version**: 4.6
- **operating system**: Linux, Unix-like
- **genre**: Package management system, Package management
- **license**: GNU General Public License
- **website**: [http://rpm.org/ rpm.org]
Chocolate Bayou, Texas

**Chocolate Bayou** is an unincorporated area of Brazoria County in the state of Texas, United States.
England men's cricket team

The **England** men's cricket team has been active since 1859, when a team captained by George Parr visited North America. The team is governed by the England and Wales Cricket Board (ECB), which is a Full Member of the International Cricket Council (ICC). England play all forms of international cricket: Test, One Day International (ODI), and Twenty20 International (T20I).

## Infobox (cricket team)

- **name**: England
- **image**: Flag of England.svg
- **caption**: National flag
- **association**: England and Wales Cricket Board (ECB)
- **test status year**: 1877
- **first test**: v.  at the Melbourne Cricket Ground (15/19 March 1877)
- **first odi**: v.  at the Melbourne Cricket Ground (5 January 1971)
- **first t20i**: v.  at the Rose Bowl (cricket ground), Rose Bowl, Southampton (13 June 2005)
Bernhard Lippert

**Bernhard Lippert** (7 October 1904 – 10 October 1946) was a German diplomat. He was the nephew of the founder of the Nazi Sturmabteilung (SA), Ernst Röhm.

He was a member of the NSDAP. In 1934 he became the Attaché for Eastern Europe. On May 8, 1934 he became a commissar in the German consulate in Geneva.
Franz Ritter von Epp

**Franz Ritter von Epp** (October 16, 1868 in Munich – December 31, 1946 in Munich) was a German politician and a military officer in the German Empire.

Between 1928 and 1945 he was a member of the German Reichstag. From 1933 to 1945 he was the _Reichsstatthalter_ of Bavaria.
Heinrich Brüning

**Heinrich Aloysius Maria Elisabeth Brüning** (26 November 1885 in Münster – 30 March 1970 in Norwich, Vermont) was a German politician during the Weimar Republic. Between 1930 and 1932 he was the Chancellor of Germany.

Brüning opposed Nazism and stayed during the Nazi period in the United States, where he taught political science, after the war also in Germany.
Theodor Eicke

**Theodor Eicke** (17 October 1892 in Hampont, Alsace–Lorraine, Germany (Today part of France) – 26 February 1943 near Lozova, Ukraine, Soviet Union) was an SS-Obergruppenführer of the SS and General of the Waffen-SS. He worked for the Bavarian Army from 1909-1919 before and after World War I in the German Empire which was led by Kaiser Wilhelm II (Emperor/Kaiser ; 1888-1918). He joined the Schutzstaffel (aka the SS) in 1930 during the Weimar Era Germany and was later commandant of Dachau from June 1933-July 1934 and together with his adjutant Michael Lippert (1897-1969). In December 1934, Eicke met Rudolf Höss. He also was one of the executioners of SA chief Ernst Röhm during the Night of the Long Knives purge taking orders from Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler and SS-Obergruppenfuhrer Reinhard Heydrich in Nazi Germany. In 1939 Eicke became commander of the SS Division Totenkopf of the Waffen-SS lead the division during World War 2 in the Battle of France in 1940 on the Western Front, the Invasion Of Yugoslavia (1941) and Operation Barbarossa in 1941 and the Third Battle Of Kharkov in 1943 on the Eastern Front. He died in a plane crash when his plane was shot down during the Third Battle Of Kharkov of 1943, 24-days after the Battle Of Stalingrad in the RSFSR, Soviet Union and just a year after Nazi Offical Fritz Todt died in a Plane Crash in February 1942.

He was the commander of the concentration camp of Dachau. During the World War II was he the leader of the Totenkopf Division.

Eike was on behalf of the Nazi Party a member of the Reichstag. He was also a member of the SA.

**Promotions in the Schutzstaffel (1930-1943)**

SS-Mann ; private and SS-Truppfuhrer ; Sergeant First Class,SS-Sturmfuhrer ; Second Lieutenant (1930)

SS-Sturmbannfuhrer ; Major and Standartenfuhrer ; Colonel (1931)

SS-Oberfuhrer ; Colonel (1932-1934),SS-Brigadefuhrer ; Major General (1934)

SS-Gruppenfuhrer ; Lieutenant-General (1934-1941)

SS-Obergruppenfuhrer ; General (1942-1943)
House of Hanover

The **House of Hanover** began in the United Kingdom in 1714 on the death of the last Stuart monarch Anne.

It began with George I and ended with Queen Victoria in 1901 in the United Kingdom.

It was still in use in other countries.

The monarchs of the British House of Hanover are as follows.
|style="background-color: #ffce08;"|Name||style="background-color: #ffce08;"|Rule from||style="background-color: #ffce08;"|Rule to||style="background-color: #ffce08;"|Notes|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|George I of Great Britain|1714|1727|Ruler of Hanover since 1698||||||||
|George II of Great Britain|1727|1760|||||||||
|George III of the United Kingdom|1760|1801|as King of Great Britain and Elector of Hanover||||||||
|1801|1820|as King of the United Kingdom and King of Hanover|||||||||
|George IV of the United Kingdom|1820|1830|||||||||
|William IV of the United Kingdom|1830|1837|Never visited Hanover as King, left its government to his brother Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge as Viceroy||||||||
|Victoria of the United Kingdom|1837|1901|**George V of Hanover** (Georg Friedrich Alexander Karl Ernst August; 27 May 1819 – 12 June 1878) was the last king of Hanover, reigning from 18 November 1851 to 20 September 1866. The only child of King Ernest Augustus and Queen Frederica, he succeeded his father in 1851. George's reign was ended by the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, after which Prussia annexed Hanover. His Father Ernest Augustus became king of Hanover in 1837 as Queen Victoria was not allowed to succeed under Salic law which disallowed a queen regnant.||||||||
Audio

**Audio** most commonly refers to sound, as it is transmitted in signal form. It may also refer to:

## Sound

- Audio signal, an electrical representation of sound
- Audio frequency, a frequency in the audio spectrum
- Digital audio, representation of sound in a form processed and/or stored by computers or digital electronics
- Audio, audible content (media) in audio production and publishing
- Semantic audio, extraction of symbols or meaning from audio
- Stereophonic audio, method of sound reproduction that creates an illusion of multi-directional audible perspective
- Audio equipment

## Entertainment

- AUDIO (group), an American R&B band of 5 brothers formerly known as TNT Boyz and as B5
- _Audio_ (album), an album by the Blue Man Group
- _Audio_ (magazine), a magazine published from 1947 to 2000
- Audio (musician), British drum and bass artist
- "Audio" (song), a song by LSD

## Computing

- , an HTML element, see HTML5 audio

## Related pages

- Acoustic (disambiguation)
- Audible (disambiguation)
- Audiobook
- Radio broadcasting
- Sound recording and reproduction
- Sound reinforcement
Princess Amelia of the United Kingdom

**The Princess Amelia** (7 August 1783 – 2 November 1818) was a member of the British Royal Family.

Amelia was the youngest daughter of King George III and Queen Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. She was her father's favorite daughter. After her death at the age of 35 in 1818, King George III had his final descent into madness.

|rowspan="8" align="center"|**Princess Amelia of the United Kingdom**|rowspan="4" align="center"|**Father:** George III of the United Kingdom|rowspan="2" align="center"|**Paternal Grandfather:** Frederick, Prince of Wales|align="center"|**Paternal Great-grandfather:** George II of Great Britain|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|align="center"|**Paternal Great-grandmother:** Caroline of Ansbach|||||||
|rowspan="2" align="center"|**Paternal Grandmother:** Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha|align="center"|**Paternal Great-grandfather:** Frederick II, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg|||||
|align="center"|**Paternal Great-grandmother:** Magdalena Augusta of Anhalt-Zerbst|||||||
|rowspan="4" align="center"|**Mother:** Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz|rowspan="2" align="center"|**Maternal Grandfather:** . Duke Charles Louis Frederick of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Prince of Mirow|align="center"|**Maternal Great-grandfather:** Adolf Frederick II, Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz|||
|align="center"|**Maternal Great-grandmother:** Christiane Emilie of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen|||||||
|rowspan="2" align="center"|**Maternal Grandmother:** Princess Elizabeth Albertine of Saxe-Hildburghausen|align="center"|**Maternal Great-grandfather:** Ernest Frederick I, Duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen|||||
|align="center"|**Maternal Great-grandmother:** Sophia Albertine of Erbach-Erbach|||||||

## Infobox (royalty)

- **name**: Princess Amelia
- **image**: Princess Amelia (1783-1810).jpg
- **image size**: 200
- **house**: House of Hanover
- **father**: George III of the United Kingdom, George III
- **mother**: Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
- **birth place**: Royal Lodge, Windsor, Berkshire, Windsor
- **death place**: Augusta Lodge, Windsor, Berkshire, Windsor
- **burial date**: 13 November 1818
- **burial place**: St. George's Chapel at Windsor Castle, St George's Chapel, Windsor, Berkshire, Windsor
300 North LaSalle

**300 North LaSalle** is a skyscraper in Chicago, United States.  It is 239 meters (785 feet) tall and has 60 floors.  It was built in 2009 and is one of the tallest buildings in the world.

## Other websites

- Official Website
- Emporis.com - 300 North LaSalle
- SkycraperPage.com – 300 North LaSalle

## Infobox (skyscraper)

- **building name**: 300 North LaSalle
- **image**: 300 North LaSalle in 2011.JPG
- **location**: Chicago

- **floor count**: 60
- **completion date**: 2009
- **antenna spire**: 239 m (785 ft)
Three First National Plaza

**Three First National Plaza** is a skyscraper in Chicago, United States.  It is 234 meters (767 feet) tall and has 57 floors.  It was built in 1981 and is one of the tallest buildings in Chicago

## Related pages

- List of tallest buildings in Chicago

## Other websites

- Official Website
- Emporis.com - Three First National Plaza
- SkycraperPage.com – Three First National Plaza

## Infobox (skyscraper)

- **building name**: Three First National Plaza
- **location**: Chicago
- **location country**: United States
- **floor count**: 57
- **completion date**: 1981
- **antenna spire**: 234 m (767 ft)
Chicago Title & Trust Building

**Chicago Title & Trust Building** is a skyscraper in Chicago, United States.  It is 230 meters (756 feet) tall and has 50 floors.  It was built in 1992 and is one of the tallest buildings in Chicago

## Related pages

- List of tallest buildings in Chicago
- List of tallest buildings in the world

## Other websites

- Emporis.com - Chicago Title & Trust Building
- SkycraperPage.com – Chicago Title & Trust Building

## Infobox (skyscraper)

- **building name**: Chicago Title & Trust Building
- **image**: 2004-08-31 1600x2840 chicago chicago title and trust building.jpg
- **caption**: (2004)
- **location**: Chicago
- **location country**: United States
- **floor count**: 50
- **completion date**: 1992
- **antenna spire**: 230 m (756 ft)
One Museum Park

**One Museum Park** is a skyscraper in Chicago, United States.  It is 224 meters (734 feet) tall and has 62 floors.  It was built in 2009 and is one of the tallest buildings in Chicago

## Related pages

- List of tallest buildings in Chicago
- List of tallest buildings in the world

## Other websites

- Emporis.com - One Museum Park
- SkycraperPage.com – One Museum Park

## Infobox (skyscraper)

- **building name**: One Museum Park
- **image**: OneMuseumPark 05 25 08 edit4.jpg
- **location**: Chicago
- **location country**: United States
- **floor count**: 62
- **completion date**: 2009
- **antenna spire**: 224 m (734 ft)
Olympia Centre

**Olympia Centre** is a skyscraper in Chicago, United States.  It is 221 meters (725 feet) tall and has 63 floors.  It was built in 1986 and is one of the tallest buildings in Chicago

## Related pages

- List of tallest buildings in Chicago
- List of tallest buildings in the world

## Other websites

- Emporis.com - Olympia Centre
- SkycraperPage.com – Olympia Centre

## Infobox (skyscraper)

- **building name**: Olympia Centre
- **image**: Olympia Centre 060527.jpg
- **caption**: The Olympia Centre
- **location**: Chicago, Illinois
- **location country**: United States
- **status**: Complete
- **start date**: 1981
- **completion date**: 1986
- **building type**: Mixed-use
- **floor count**: 63
- **structural engineer**: Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP
- **parking**: 430
- **antenna spire**: 221 m (725 ft)
Titanoboa

***Titanoboa cerrejonensis*** is an extinct species of giant boid. It was the second largest known snake. It was the largest known snake until 2005 when _Vasuki indicus_ was found.

Now extinct, the snake was a relative of the _anaconda_ and the _boa constrictor_.  It was about 43 feet long (13 m), and weighed over a ton (about 1135 kg or 2,500 pounds).  The snake lived in the Palaeocene epoch, about 58 million years ago.  It ate crocodiles.

The fossil was found in an open-cast coal mine in Colombia, in 2009. Plant fossils at the site proved the climate at the time was a tropical rainforest. The site was in the Cerrejón Formation in La Guajira, Colombia. Other large reptile fossils have been found at this site.

Researchers found three skulls of the snake in 2002. A life-size replica is on view at the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History in Washington D.C. It was sent on a world tour to be shown at various museums.

## Habitat

_Titanoboa_ lived in the first recorded tropical forest in South America. It shared the ecosystem with large Crocodylomorpha and large turtles. The paleogeography of the late Paleocene was a sheltered paralic (coastal) swamp, with an open connection to the proto-Caribbean in the north. In this environment tropical aquatic ferns like _Salvinia_ flourished. The ferns were found as fossils in the Bogotá Formation and the Palermo Formation.

## Related pages

- _Gigantophis_
- _Vasuki indicus_
Abitur

The **Abitur** (from Latin _abire_ = go away) is a final exam in Germany, Lithuania and the Czech Republic at the end for the secondary education. The Abitur takes usually 12 or 13 years. The official term in Germany for this certificate is _Allgemeine Hochschulreife_. The _Abiturzeugnis_ get pupils when they passed the final exams. It formally enables the possibility to attend a university.
Fanjunkare

The **Fanjunkare** is a military rank in some countries. In the German air force and the German army it is the rank of Officer Candidates.
Bad Wiessee

**Bad Wiessee** is a spa town on Lake Tegernsee in Bavaria, Germany.

Bad Wiessee is known for the murder of Ernst Röhm on the "Night of the Long Knives".

## Other websites

- The town of Bad-Wiessee - official web site

## Infobox (german location)

- **image coa**: DEU Bad Wiessee COA.svg
- **image photo**: Bad Wiessee Luftaufnahme 1.jpg
- **image caption**: Bad Wiessee
- **image plan**: Bad Wiessee in MB.svg
- **state**: Bayern
- **region**: Oberbayern
- **district**: Miesbach
- **elevation**: 740
- **area**: 32.79
- **population**: 4777
- **stand**: 2014-12-31
- **postal code**: 83707
- **area code**: 08022
- **licence**: MB
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 09 1 82 111
- **mayor**: Peter Höß
Fox McCloud

is a video game character from the _Star Fox_ series.  He was created by Shigeru Miyamoto and designed by Takaya Imamura. He is a red fox and the main character of the series.

In the English version of _Star Fox 64_, he was voiced by Mike West. In both the Japanese version of _Star Fox 64_ and _Super Smash Bros._, Fox's voices were done by Shinobu Satouchi. For English dialogue of _Super Smash Bros. Melee_ and _Star Fox Adventures_, Fox's voice was done by Steve Malpass. In _Star Fox: Assault_ and _Super Smash Bros. Brawl_, his voice was done by Jim Walker in the English version and by Kenji Nojima in the Japanese version.
Martina Sáblíková

**Martina Sáblíková**  (born 27 May 1987 in Nové Město na Moravě) is a Czech speedskater, specializing in long distance races. She is the elder sister of fellow speedskater Milan Sáblík.

In 2007, she won her first major tournament, the 2007 European Speed Skating Championships in Collalbo, with an outdoor world record samalog score 162.954 points. She won both the 3,000-metre and the 5,000-metre in an outdoor world record time. She did not perform so well at the World alround championships in Heerenveen, where she finished fifth, but she managed to win the 2006–07 Speed Skating World Cup on the 3,000-metre and 5,000-metre track. At the end of the season she won two gold medals at the 2007 World Single Distance Speed Skating Championships in Salt Lake City on 3,000-metre and 5,000-metre tracks. She also beat here the 5,000-metre track world record and set it for 6:45.61, 1.3 seconds faster than the previous record of Claudia Pechstein.

## Other websites

- at SpeedSkatingResults.com
- Martina Sáblíková - official website
- Photos of Martina Sablikova
Dianetics

**Dianetics** is an alternative mental health therapy created by science fiction writer L. Ron Hubbard, who published a book about it  in 1950 with the title "Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health". It is about the way people think.  Hubbard also started the religion of Scientology, which uses Dianetics.

The photo at the right shows a person learning about Dianetics by doing a stress test. The idea of the stress test is to show people something in their own minds.

Most psychologists think that Dianetics is a pseudoscience. That means that it is not really a science, and it only looks like one.
Hungarian Wikipedia

The **Hungarian Wikipedia** (In Hungarian: _Wikipédia_) is the Hungarian-language edition of Wikipedia. This edition began in July 2003.

It is 24th largest edition.

It currently has over 180,000 articles.

## Other websites

- Hungarian Wikipedia main page

## Infobox (website)

- **name**: **Hungarian Wikipedia**
_Wikipédia_
- **logo**: Wikipedia-logo-v2-hu.svg
- **url**: [http://hu.wikipedia.org hu.wikipedia.org]
- **type**: Internet encyclopedia project
- **owner**: Wikimedia Foundation
- **author**: Hungarian wiki community
Ukrainian Wikipedia

The **Ukrainian Wikipedia** (, _Ukrayins’ka Vikipediya_) is the Ukrainian language edition of the Wikipedia online encyclopedia.

It started in 2004 and is the 14th largest edition by article count.

## Other websites

- The Ukrainian Wikipedia's Main Page

## Infobox (website)

- **name**: **Ukrainian Wikipedia**
_Українська Вікіпедія_
- **logo**: Wikipedia-logo-for-Ukraine.png
- **url**: [http://uk.wikipedia.org uk.wikipedia.org]
- **type**: Online encyclopedia project
- **owner**: Wikimedia Foundation
- **author**: Ukrainian wiki community
Adjutant

An **Adjutant** is a military rank in some armies. Adjutants support the Officers.

The word Adjutant is first time used in the French army. Adjutants worked there for the Majors as an assistant.
Konstantin von Neurath

**Konstantin Freiherr von Neurath** (2 February 1873 in Vaihingen – 14 August 1956 in Vaihingen) was a German politician and diplomat. He was the Foreign minister of Germany between 1932 and 1938. In those early years of Adolf Hitler's regime, Von Neurath played an important role in the foreign policy. He helped the Nazi dictator to get around the Treaty of Versailles. He also helped in the territorial expansion before World War II. Hitler replaced Von Neurath with the more compliant and fervent Nazi Joachim von Ribbentrop.

Von Neurath served as _Reichsprotektor of Bohemia and Moravia_ between 1939 and 1943. When he started to work for _SS-Obergruppenführer_ Reinhard Heydrich his authority became nominal. He was one of the 24 accused at the Nuremberg Trials. He was sentenced to 15 years in Spandau Prison. He was freed in 1954.

Von Neurath was ambassador in Italy from 1921 to 1930 and ambassador in the United Kingdom from 1930 to 1932.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Konstantin von Neurath
- **order**: List of German foreign ministers, Reich Minister of Foreign Affairs

- **image**: Bundesarchiv N 1310 Bild-135, Konstantin von Neurath.jpg
- **caption**: _Reichsprotektor_ von Neurath, 1939
- **term start**: 1 June 1932
- **term end**: 4 February 1938
- **president**: Paul von Hindenburg (1932-1934)
Adolf Hitler (1934-1938)
- **chancellor**: Franz von Papen (1932)
Kurt von Schleicher (1932-1933)
Adolf Hitler (1933-1938)
- **predecessor**: Heinrich Brüning
- **successor**: Joachim von Ribbentrop
- **birth place**: Vaihingen an der Enz, Kleinglattbach
German Empire
- **death place**: Vaihingen an der Enz, Enzweihingen
West Germany
- **party**: Independent (1932-1937)
Nazi Party, Nazi (1937-1945)
- **order2**: Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, Protector of Bohemia and Moravia
- **appointed2**: Adolf Hitler
- **term start2**: 21 March 1939
- **term end2**: 24 August 1943
- **predecessor2**: New post
- **successor2**: Reinhard Heydrich (de facto from 29 September 1941)
Wilhelm Frick (de iure)
Wilhelm Frick

**Wilhelm Frick** (12 March 1877 in Alsenz - 16 October 1946 in Nuremberg) was a well-known Nazi official. Between 1933 and 1943, he was a minister of the Third Reich.

After Reinhard Heydrich was assassinated in 1942, Frick took Heydrich's place in the Gestapo.

After the end of World War II, Frick was found guilty of war crimes at the Nuremberg Trials. He was executed in 1946 at Nuremberg.

## Related pages

- The Nazi Party
- World War II
- The Holocaust
- War crimes
- Nuremberg Trials

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Wilhelm Frick
- **image**: Wilhelm Frick 72-919.jpg
- **caption**: Frick at the Nuremberg Trials in 1946
- **office**: Hitler Cabinet, _Reichsminister_ of the Interior
- **term**: 30 January 1933 – 20 August 1943
- **president**: Paul von Hindenburg
(1933–1934)
Adolf Hitler
(1934–1943; as _Führer_)
- **chancellor**: Adolf Hitler
- **predecessor**: Franz Bracht
- **successor**: Heinrich Himmler
- **office2**: Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, Protector of Bohemia and Moravia
- **term start2**: 24 August 1943
- **term end2**: 8 May 1945
- **appointed2**: Adolf Hitler
- **predecessor2**: Konstantin von Neurath _(de jure)_
Kurt Daluege _(de facto)_
- **successor2**: Position abolished
- **birth place**: Alsenz, Kingdom of Bavaria, German Empire
- **death place**: Nuremberg, Bavaria, Allied-occupied Germany
- **nationality**: Germans, German
- **party**: Nazi Party
- **children**: 5
- **occupation**: Attorney
Artur Schnabel

**Artur Schnabel** (17 April 1882 – 15 August 1951) was an Austrian classical pianist, composer and teacher. He was one of the best pianists of the twentieth century. He was most famous for playing music by Mozart, Beethoven, and Schubert.

### Early life

Schnabel was born in Kunzendorf, near a town called Bielitz in Austria-Hungary. Today Bielitz is called Bielsko-Biała and is in Poland, while Kunzendorf is called Lipnik.

When he was two years old, Schnabel's family moved to Vienna. He started to play the piano when he was four.

When he was nine he started to take piano lessons with the famous teacher Theodore Leschetizsky. He studied with Leschetizsky for seven years, until 1897. He also studied music theory and composition with Eusebius Mandyczewski.

He gave his first concert in Vienna in 1897. After that he played more concerts in Budapest, Prague, and Brno.

### In Berlin

Schnabel moved to Berlin in 1898. He gained fame by playing concerts with the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra. He also played chamber music, which he loved and played throughout his life. Many famous musicians played chamber music with Schnabel, including violinists Carl Flesch, Joseph Szigeti and Bronislaw Huberman; violist Paul Hindemith; and cellists Pablo Casals, Gregor Piatigorsky and Pierre Fournier.

### Marriage & children

Schnabel also played piano for the contralto singer Therese Behr (1876-1959). In 1905 they married. They had two sons. Karl Ulrich Schnabel (1909-2001) was a pianist and Stefan Schnabel (1912-99) was an actor.

### World War II & after

In 1933 Adolf Hitler became the leader of Germany, and Schnabel, who was Jewish, moved to England. He moved to the United States in 1939.

After the end of World War II, Schnabel went back to Europe. He gave concerts there and in the United States for the rest of his life.

### Death & burial

Schnabel died in Axenstein, Switzerland, in 1951.

He was buried in the nearby town of Schwyz. His wife Therese was buried in the same grave.

Their son Karl Ulrich and his wife Helen (1911-1974), who was a pianist as well, were buried in the same tomb as Schnabel and his wife. So was their grandson Claude Alain Mottier (1972-2002), also a pianist, who was killed in a traffic accident.

In 2006, the town of Schwyz declared the family grave a monument. This means that the site is protected and will not be dissolved.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Artur Schnabel
- **image**: ArturSchnabel.png
- **caption**: Artur Schnabel, about 1906
- **birth name**: Artur Schnabel
- **birth place**: Lipnik, Bielsko-Biała, Lipnik (Kunzendorf) near Bielsko, Bielitz, Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, Galicia, Austria–Hungary, Austro-Hungarian Empire (today a part of Bielsko-Biała, Poland)
- **death place**: Axenstein, Switzerland
- **resting place**: Schwyz, Switzerland
- **occupation**: Pianist and Composer
Recognition signal

A **recognition signal** is a signal where a person, a ship, an airplane or something else is recognized. They can be used during war or can be used to help the police recognize each other during undercover operations. It can also be used in biology to signal that a molecule or chemical is to be bound to another molecule.

## Recognition in war

These signals are often used to recognize friends and enemies in a war. For military use these signals often use colored lights or the International marine signal flags

## Recognition of police

Other uses of the signal include the police who sometimes use a recognition signal so that officers in uniform can recognize officers in normal clothing (undercover). The NYPD often use headbands, wristbands or colored clothing as recognition signals which are known as the "color of the day".

## Recognition in biology

A recognition signal is also a chemical signal used in biology to signal the end of a section of DNA or RNA during gene duplication in cells.

## Related pages

- Signal
- Communication
- Enrique Peña Nieto
- International Code of Signals

## Other websites

- Signalman manual
Undercover

Being **undercover** means that a person is wearing normal clothing and is hiding their identity from people. It is often used by police officers when they are investigating crimes or criminals. It is done to gain trust and also possibly to gather evidence. It is not the same as a police officer who is wearing normal clothing (a **plain-clothes** officer) but who is not hiding their real name and that they are a police officer.

## Related pages

- Secret police