juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Team Milram

**Team Milram** is an Italian-registered UCI ProTeam established in 2006. The team is often called a German team because its main sponsor is Milram, part of the Nordmilch company  from the German state of Bremen.

Milram took over the ProTeam licence of Domina Vacanze. Erik Zabel and Alessandro Petacchi are the team’s top cyclists. There are 25 other riders, mainly from Germany and Italy. Milram is the third team in the UCI ProTour with a German main sponsor.

The team manager is led by Italian Gianluigi Stanga, who has been a team manager in professional cycling since 1983. The directeurs sportifs (_Sports Directors_) are the Italians Vittorio Algeri, Antonio Bevilacqua and Oscar Pellicioli . Gerry van Gerwen from the Netherlands is the commercial manager.

Milram only joined the UCI ProTour in 2006.  Since then they have won 88 podium positions (that is, finished a race either first, second, or third) (24 first, 29 second, 35 third ).

Team MILRAM reorganised itself for its second season. Five new riders joined and eight riders left the team. The most prominent new rider is Igor Astarloa, 2003 World Champion from Spain. Additionally, the team added Brett Lancaster, the up-and-coming riders Marcel Sieberg and Niki Terpstra, as well as neo pro Sebastian Schwager. After breaking his kneecap in 2006, Alessandro Petacchi regained his top form and won some races.

There is a MILRAM Continental Circuit Team, and those young riders and those from other U23 teams are helped so they can develop their skills

### Results in the Continental Tour

|Date|Race|Rider|
| --- | --- | --- |
|10 February|Grand Prix Costa degli Etruschi|Alessandro Petacchi|
|18 February|6th stage Tour Méditerranéen|Mirco Lorenzetto|
|23 February|3rd stage Algarve-Tour|Alessandro Petacchi|
|24 February|4th stage Algarve-Tour|Alessandro Petacchi|
|25 February|5th stage Algarve-Tour|Alessandro Petacchi|
|21-25 February|**Overall classification** Algarve-Tour|Alessandro Petacchi|
|28 February|2nd stage Valencia-Tour|Alessandro Petacchi|

## 2007 ProTeam

As of January 5, 2007.

## Other websites

- Official page

## Infobox (cycling team)

- **teamname**: Team Milram
- **code**: MRM
- **founded**: 2006
- **manager**: Gianluigi Stanga
- **discipline**: Road
- **status**: ProTour
- **season**: 2006–
- **oldname**: Team Milram
Perrierbambus

A **Perrierbambus** is a kind of bamboo that grows in Madagascar.
Chi-square distribution

In probability theory and statistics, the **chi-square distribution** (also **chi-squared** or **  distribution**) is one of the most widely used theoretical probability distributions. Chi-square distribution with  degrees of freedom is written as . It is a special case of gamma distribution.

Chi-square distribution is primarily used in statistical significance tests and confidence intervals. It is useful, because it is relatively easy to show that certain probability distributions come close to it, under certain conditions. One of these conditions is that the null hypothesis must be true. Another one is that the different random variables (or observations) must be independent of each other.

## Related pages

- Chi-squared test

## Other websites

- Chi-Square Tutorial by Khan Academy
Null hypothesis

In statistics, a **null hypothesis**, often written as , is a statement assumed to be true unless it can be shown to be incorrect beyond a reasonable doubt. The idea is that the null hypothesis generally assumes that there is nothing new or surprising in the population. The most common null hypothesis is the "no-change" or "no-difference" hypothesis (as in "there is no difference between a sample mean and a population mean"). When testing whether something works, one would start with the null hypothesis that it will not work. The term was first used by Ronald Fisher in his book _The Design of Experiments_.

Every experiment has a null hypothesis. For example:
- When performing an experiment to see if a medicine works, the null hypothesis is that it does not work.
- When performing an experiment to see if people prefer chocolate or vanilla ice cream, the null hypothesis is that people like them equally.
- When performing an experiment to see if either boys or girls can play piano better, the null hypothesis is that boys and girls are equally good at playing the piano.

The opposite of a null hypothesis is an **alternative hypothesis**. Some examples of alternative hypotheses are:
- This medicine makes people healthier.
- People like chocolate ice cream better than vanilla.
- Boys are better at playing the piano than girls.

## Related pages

- Statistical hypothesis test
- Statistical significance
Timothy Leary

**Timothy Francis Leary**, (October 22, 1920 – May 31, 1996) was an American writer and psychologist from Springfield, Massachusetts. He is seen as a modern pioneer. He was in favor of  research on psychedelic drugs and their use. He was one of the first people whose remains have been sent into space. As an icon of the counterculture of the 1960s, he is most famous as a person who stood in for the therapeutic and spiritual benefits of using LSD. He coined and popularized the catch phrase "Turn on, tune in, drop out."

## Death

Leary died of prostate cancer.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Timothy Leary
- **image**: Timothy-Leary-Los-Angeles-1989.jpg
- **image size**: 172px
- **birth place**: Springfield, Massachusetts, Springfield, Massachusetts, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Los Angeles, California, U.S.
- **spouse**: Marianne Busch
(m. 1945-1955, her death)
Mary Della Cioppa
(m. 1956-1957, divorced)
Nena von Schlebrügge
(m. 1964-1965, divorced)
Rosemary Woodruff
(m. 1967-1976, divorced)
Barbara Chase
(m. 1978-1992, divorced)
- **children**: Daughter (deceased), 2 sons
Ralph Metzner

**Ralph Metzner** (May 18, 1936 – March 14, 2019) was an American psychologist, and writer. He was born in 1936, in Germany. With Timothy Leary and Richard Alpert he was involved in a series of tests done at Harvard University, in the 1960s. These tests involved psychedelic drugs.

In the 1960s, professors Timothy Leary, Ralph Metzner and Richard Alpert collaborated on a book titled _The Psychedelic Experience_, which adapted portions of the _Tibetan Book of the Dead_ as a guide for use in LSD experiences. They hoped to give users of LSD a simulation of death and rebirth, to "liberate" them from past problems or mistakes in their lives.
Rock band

A **rock band** is a group (a band) of musicians who play rock music. The standard line up for a rock band is four musicians playing lead guitar, rhythm guitar, bass guitar and drums. One or more of the band can sing. This was the line up used by the Beatles. Especially rock band music in Romania.

## Related pages

- Rock and roll

## Other websites

- Rock Hall of Fame
- Virtual Rock Band
- San Francisco Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
Book of the Dead

The ***Book of the Dead*** is a name for an Egyptian text. It is also known as ***The Book of Coming ***[or ***Going***] *** Forth By Day***, or as the papyrus of Ani. It contains a number of texts, and spells. These allow the dead person to safely get to the place of the afterlife.

The book of the dead was most commonly written on a papyrus scroll. It was placed in the coffin of the dead person, or their burial chamber. The book of the dead in its most familiar form was first used in the New Kingdom, but many of the spells had their origins in the funerary texts of the Old and Middle Kingdoms.

The name "Book of the Dead" was the invention of the German Egyptologist Karl Richard Lepsius, who published a selection of the texts in 1842.

Missing sections of the book were found in the Queensland Museum in 2012. Historians are hoping that the missing pieces will give them a copy of the complete book.
Team Gerolsteiner

Team **Gerolsteiner** (_UCI Team Code:_ **GST**) is a German road bicycle racing team in the UCI ProTour.  It is sponsored by the drinks company Gerolsteiner Brunnen and the bike company "Specialized".

The team was founded in 1998 with manager Hans-Michael Holczer and sports directors Rolf Gölz and Christian Henn.  The contract with Georg Totschnig in 2001 helped make the team enter Division I.  In 2003 the team participated in the Tour de France for the first time.

The Leader is Georg Totschnig, who has finished in the top 10 in the Tour de France and is an excellent climber. In 2005, Totschnig won stage 14 of the Tour, showing his skill on the 15km long climb up the Port de Pailhères (2000m at 8.2%). He was the first Austrian to win a tour stage since Max Bulla in 1931. In 2007, Georg Totschnig retired and Levi Leipheimer moved to the Discovery Channel Pro Cycling Team. The team used  youngsters Markus Fothen and Stefan Schumacher to captain the team in the 2007 Tour de France.

In September 2007 Gerolsteiner said it would not renew its sponsorship.

## Team honours

- 1st, Team classification, Deutschland Tour 2006
- 1st, 2005 Eindhoven Team Time Trial

## 2007 ProTeam

As of January 1, 2007

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (cycling team)

- **teamname**: Gerolsteiner
- **code**: GST
- **disbanded**: 2008
- **manager**: Reimund Dietzen
- **discipline**: Road
- **status**: ProTour
- **season**: 1997–1998
1999–2008
- **oldname**: Schauff Oeschelbronn
Gerolsteiner
2006–07 UCI Oceania Tour

The **2006-2007 UCI Oceania Tour** is the third season of the UCI Oceania Tour of professional road bicycle racing held in various countries throughout the Oceania region. The season begins with the Jayco Herald Sun Tour stage race in October 2006 and runs until September 2007.

The points leader, based on the cumulative results of previous races, wears the UCI Oceania Tour cycling jersey. The final points leader is crowned the 2006-2007 UCI Oceania Tour champion. Gordon McCauley is the 2005-2006 champion of the UCI Oceania Tour.

## Events

The **UCI Oceania Tour** consists of the following one-day races and stage races:

### October 2006

|width="50"||||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|8.-14.||Jayco Herald Sun Tour||Simon Gerrans|Australia|
|21.||Melbourne to Warrnambool Cycling Classic||Robert McLachlan|Drapac Porsche|

### November 2006

|width="50"||||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|6.-11.||PowerNet Tour of Southland||Hayden Roulston|Health Net-Maxxis|

### January 2007

|width="50"||||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|17.-21.||**Tour Down Under**||Martin Elmiger|ag2r Prévoyance|
|24.-28.||Trust House Tour of Wellington||Hayden Roulston|Trek-Zookeepers Cafe|

### May 2007

|width="50"||||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|3.||_Oceanic Time Trials Championsionships_||Cameron Wurf|Australia|
|5.||_Oceanic Road Championsionships_||Robert McLachlan|Australia|

### June 2007

|width="50"||||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|29.||_B-World Time Trials Championsionships_||Hai Jun Ma|People's Republic of China|

### July 2007

|width="50"||||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1.||_B-World Road Championsionships_||Ivan Stević|Serbia|

### September 2007

|width="50"||||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|26.||_2007 Time Trial Road World Championships U23_||||
|27.||_2007 Time Trial World Championships_||||
|29.||_2007 Road World Championships U23_||||
|30.||_2007 Road World Championships_||||

## Point standings

<small>(As of : 25 June 2007)</small>
|style="background:#efefef;"|Rank|style="background:#efefef;"|Ride|style="background:#efefef;"|Nation|style="background:#efefef;"|Points|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|valign="top"|{| class="prettytable"|||||||
|1.|Robert McLachlan||238|||||
|2.|Karl Menzies||215|||||
|3.|David Pell||154,66|||||
|4.|Hayden Roulston||145,66|||||
|5.|Chris Jongewaard||94|||||
|6.|Darren Lapthorne||86|||||
|7.|Gordon McCauley||76,66|||||
|8.|Hilton Clarke||64|||||
|9.|Cameron Wurf||45|||||
|10.|Ashley Whitehead||44|}|valign="top"|{| class="prettytable"||
|1.|Drapac Porsche||410|||||
|2.|Health Net-Maxxis||262|||||
|3.|SouthAustralia.com-AIS||191|||||
|4.|Savings & Loans||171,32|||||
|5.|Navigators Insurance||165|||||
|6.|The Jittery Joe's||110|||||
|7.|Plowman Craven||76,66|||||
|8.|Chocolade Jacques||67|||||
|9.|Priority Health||50|||||
|10.|DFL-Cyclingnews-Litespeed||41|}|valign="top"|{| class="prettytable"||
|1.||1303,66||||||
|2.||474,32|} {| class="prettytable"|||||
|1.||333||||||
|2.||92,32|}|||||

## Related pages

- Continental circuits

## Other websites

- UCI Oceania Tour
Devanagari

**Devanāgarī** (देवनागरी) is an abugida and brahmic script used to write many North Indian languages, including Sanskrit, Hindi, Marathi, Bihari, Bhili, Konkani, Bhojpuri, Nepal Bhasa and Nepali from Nepal and sometimes Kashmiri or Sindhi. About a hundred smaller languages also use Devanāgarī.

## Other websites

- Unicode
Continental circuits

The UCI ProTour is the series of races for the top cycling teams.  The **Continental circuits** are for teams that are not so good.

Some teams, such as Team Milram, have one team on the ProTour, a team of younger riders on the continental circuit as well as being linked with U23 teams.  In this way teams can spot talented riders.

There are five circuits, one each for
- Africa
- America
- Australasia
- Europe
- Oceania

Usually organisers of a ProTour event can invite one or two teams from the continental circuit to compete.  Also a ProTour team might decide to compete in a continental circuit race
Zac Efron

**Zachary David Alexander "Zac" Efron** (18 October 1987) is an American actor and singer. He is most famous for his role in the _High School Musical_ series. Other movies including _17 Again_ and _Charlie St. Cloud_.

## Personal life

His mother, Starla Baskett, is a former secretary and his father, David is engineer. He is the older of two sons. He has a little brother, Dylan. He was dating Vanessa Hudgens.

## Filmography

- _Melinda's World_ (2003) - _Stuart Wasser_
- _Miracle Run_ (2004) - _Steven Morgan_
- _The Derby Stallion_ (2005) - _Patrick McCardle_
- _High School Musical_ (2006) - _Troy Bolton_
- _Hairspray_ (2007) - _Link Larkin_
- _High School Musical 2_ (2007) - _Troy Bolton_
- _High School Musical 3: Senior Year_ (2008) - _Troy Bolton_
- _17 Again_ (2009) - _Mike O'Donnell (teen)_
- _Me and Orson Welles_ (2010) - _Richard Samuels_
- _Easy A_ (2010) - _Himself/Zac Efron_
- _Charlie St. Cloud_ (2010) - _Charlie St. Cloud_
- _Dr. Seuss' The Lorax_ (2012) - _Ted Wiggins_
- _That Awkward Moment_ (2014) - _Jason_
- _Neighbours (2014) - _Teddy Sanders_
- _Neighbours 2: Soroity Rising (2016) - _Teddy Sanders_
- _Baywatch_ (2017) - Matt Brody
- _Scoob!_ (2020) - Fred Jones

## Awards and nominations

|Year|Award|Category|Work|Result||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2008|Teen Choice Awards|Choice Other: Red Carpet Fashion Icon – Male|rowspan="4"|_Himself_||
|rowspan="2"|2010|Nickelodeon Australian Kids' Choice Awards|Cutest Couple (shared with Vanessa Hudgens)|rowspan="3"||
|Bravo Otto|Best TV Star – Male|||||
|2011|Teen Choice Awards|Choice Other: Red Carpet Fashion – Icon||||

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Zac Efron
- **image**: IMG zac efron.jpg
- **caption**: Efron in 2023
- **birth name**: Zachary David Alexander Efron
- **nationality**: Americans, American
- **birth place**: San Luis Obispo, California, U.S.
- **occupation**: Actor, Singer
- **years active**: 2002–present
Fiddle

The word **fiddle** refers to a violin when used in folk music. Many people also use it simply as a fun word for "violin". Someone who plays the fiddle is a "fiddler". The bow is sometimes called a "fiddling stick". **Fiddle playing**, or **fiddling**, is a style of folk music.

The word _fiddle_ is also used for instruments of several hundred years ago which developed into the violin. These instruments varied a lot from one country to another and one time to another. They were of different shapes and sizes, and even had many different names. Often they were held against the chest instead of being tucked under the chin. In the Middle Ages a small, narrow violin called a kit was often used by dancing masters. It was small enough to be put in a pocket. In south eastern Europe there was even a fiddle with a belly (the front of the instrument) made of skin. Fiddle strings were usually made of gut.

Many fiddles have bridges which are flatter on top than those of classical violins. The flatter bridges makes it easier to play chords and to bow quickly from one string to another. The strings are tuned in a variety of ways. A player might even change the tuning for playing different pieces of music. Tunings other than the regular G-D-A-E tuning, such as G-D-G-D or A-E-A-E, are common. One, two or three of the strings may have been used for a drone (continuous note) while playing the tune on the top string(s).

Many fiddlers have not received classical training but have learned by listening to other fiddlers and copying them. The music they play is dance music. Classical violin playing developed out of country fiddle playing. Most fiddlers use bows which are the same as violin bows, but in some countries such as Hungary they use shorter, heavier bows with horse hair that is tied around the frog (the heel of the bow). With this type of bow the player tightens the hair by squeezing it while playing.

Fiddles were played by people from all areas of society: from noble people to simple peasants. Many of them were minstrels who entertained important people. Some of them may have been able to read music, but many would have learned by copying other players and memorizing the music. At important feasts the minstrels may have played music while walking up to the high table when the food was brought in. They played to accompany dancers and singers, and even acrobats. We can see from old paintings that they sometimes played with other instruments such as trumpets, drums or percussion. We do not know the music they played because it was never written down, but some tunes we still hear today may have come from those old tunes, since some people still learn tunes by ear, from people who learned them by ear, and so on. Some American "old-time" tunes, and some Breton tunes may have come to us in this way, for example.

## Related pages

- Violin
- Rebec
- Hardanger fiddle
Hardanger fiddle

A **hardanger fiddle** or **hardingfele** in Norwegian, is a traditional string instrument used mainly in the south west of Norway. It is similar to the violin, but it has eight or nine strings and the wood is thinner. Four of the strings are strung and played like a violin, while the other strings are sympathetic strings (they vibrate when the others are played).

The hardingfele is used for dancing.  The player stamps his foot loudly while playing.  It was the Norwegian tradition for a  bridal procession to be led to the church by a hardanger fiddler.

The instrument has a lot of decoration, with a carved animal (usually the Lion of Norway) or a carved woman's head as part of the scroll at the top of the pegbox, mother of pearl in the tailpiece and fingerboard, and black ink decorations called 'rosing' on the body of the instrument.  Sometimes pieces of bone are used to decorate the pegs and the edges of the instrument.

The earliest known instrument is dated 1651 although we do not know whether this date is correct. By 1850 it had developed into the hardanger fiddle known today.

The hrdanger fiddle can be tuned in lot of different ways, depending on the music to be played.  The Norwegian composer Edvard Grieg liked Norwegian folk music.  When he wrote the famous tune “Morning” for the music for _Peer Gynt_ he was thinking of the notes that would be played on the hardanger fiddle.

In the 20th century the hardanger fiddle has become very popular in Norway through competitions. The players have to play in the style of the area they come from.

## Other websites

- The Norwegian Collection of Folk Music  The Fiddle Volumes: Hardingfeleslåtter (University of Oslo, Department of Musicology)
Auguste Rodin

**Auguste Rodin** (born **François-Auguste-René Rodin**; 12 November 1840 – 17 November 1917) was a French sculptor. Rodin was born in Paris. He made solid objects from stone or clay. His most famous works are 'The Thinker' and 'The Kiss'.

Although Rodin is generally considered the start of modern sculpture, he did not set out to rebel against the past. His training was old-school. He took a craftsman-like approach to his work, but he was rejected three times to Paris's foremost school of art.

Rodin had a unique ability to model a complex, turbulent, deeply pocketed surface in clay. Many of his most notable sculptures were roundly criticized during his lifetime. They clashed with the sculpture tradition, in which works were decorative, formulaic, or highly thematic.

Rodin's most original work departed from traditional themes of mythology and allegory. He modelled the human body with realism, with individual character and physicality. Rodin refused to change his style. Gradually there came increasing favour from the government and the artistic community.

His statue of writer Honoré de Balzac for the _Société des Gens des Lettres_ was heavily criticised. Rather than try to convince skeptics of its merit, Rodin repaid the Société his commission and moved the figure to his own garden. After this experience, Rodin did not complete another public commission. Only in 1939 was Monument to Balzac cast in bronze. It is now thought to be a masterpiece.

Rodin's reputation grew, and he became the top French sculptor of his time. By 1900, he was a world-renowned artist. Rich private clients sought Rodin's work after his 1900 World's Fair exhibit. For example, a Japanese patron, Matsukata Kojiro, paid for some of Rodin's best castings, including "The Gates of Hell."

Rodin kept company with a variety of high-profile intellectuals and artists. He married his lifelong companion, Rose Beuret, in the last year of both their lives.

His sculpture suffered a decline in popularity after his death in 1917.

## Other websites

- Musée Rodin, Paris
- Rodin Museum, Philadelphia
- Views of the Musée Rodin
- Rodin-Web.org: Academic site on Rodin
- Biography resources dedicated to Auguste Rodin
Rebec

The **rebec** is a bowed string musical instrument that was played many hundreds of years ago. It was either held under the chin, like a violin, or held against the arm. The name “rebec” was spelt in a variety of ways.

## Origins

The rebec dates back to the Middle Ages and was particularly popular in the 15th and 16th centuries. The instrument is European, but probably developed from the Afghan instrument called the “rebab”. Instruments like the rebec were being played in the 10th century.

## Tuning

The rebec can have any number of strings from one to five, although three is the most common number. The strings are often tuned in fifths. The instrument played high notes like the violin, but in later years bigger rebecs were made that played lower notes.

## Use of the rebec

The rebec was mostly used for dance music. Dancing masters often used a kind of pocket-sized rebec called a “kit”.

The rebec was also used in folk music, especially in eastern Europe, Spain and North Africa.

In medieval and Renaissance times the rebec in Europe was played by minstrels. They dressed in special livery and played at important feasts and in processions. They were also played by cowherds. King Henry VIII has several rebec players at his court.

Today many Middle Ages re-enactors like to play rebec since it is an authentic Medieval instrument.
Resonator

A **resonator** is something that resonates.  This may make a particular frequency of a sound or other vibration become bigger.

## Electromagnetics

In electromagnetics a **cavity resonator** is a resonator composed of a space that is usually surrounded by a dielectric or metal which allows standing wave patterns at particular frequencies, eigenmodes, correlated to their size, shape, and material.

## Music

Most musical instruments have resonators.  They are the parts which makes the sound louder.  A vibraphone, for example, has long tubes underneath the keys.  It also has a special effect: a mechanism which, when it is turned on, opens and shuts the resonators very quickly so that a trembling sound is heard.

The body of a violin is a resonator: without the body the sound of the string vibrating would hardly be heard, just as the sound of an elastic band stretched between two fingers can hardly be heard.
Elastic modulus

An **elastic modulus**, or **modulus of elasticity**, is the mathematical description of an object or substance's tendency to be deformed elastically (i.e. non-permanently) when a force is applied to it.

The elastic modulus of an object is defined as the slope of its stress-strain curve in the elastic deformation region:

where <var>λ</var> is the elastic modulus; <var>stress</var> is the force that causes the deformation divided by the area to which the force is applied; and <var>strain</var> is the ratio of the change caused by the stress to the original state of the object.

If one specifies how stress and strain are to be measured, that allows for many types of elastic moduli to be defined.

## Related pages

- Elasticity (physics)
- Tensile strength
ISO 3166-1

<onlyinclude>
**ISO 3166-1**, is part of the ISO 3166 standard. It gives a code for the names of countries and dependent territories, and is published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). The official name of the standard is _Codes for the representation of names of countries and their subdivisions – Part 1: Country codes_
- ISO 3166-1 alpha-2, a two-letter system, used in many applications, for example internet country code top-level domains (ccTLDs).
- ISO 3166-1 alpha-3, uses three letters, and makes it easier to work out the country name and code.
- ISO 3166-1 numeric, uses three digits. Using numbers is useful in countries that do not use the Latin alphabet. This is identical to codes defined by the United Nations Statistics Division.</onlyinclude>

ISO 3166-1 is not the only standard for country codes. Many international organizations use their own country codes, where some of them closely correspond to the ISO 3166-1 codes.
Lira da braccio

The ***lira da braccio*** was a European string instrument that was played with a bow.  It was used during the Renaissance. Italian poet-musicians in court in the 15th and 16th centuries often played it to accompany the poems they were reading.  The lira da braccio was very similar to the medieval fiddle.  Changes continued to be made to the way the lira da braccio was made until the end of the 16th century.  In paintings it is often seen being played by the gods Orpheus and Apollo. Sometimes it was used in groups of instruments.

The instrument was a similar shape to a violin, but with a wider fingerboard and flatter bridge. It usually had seven strings, five of them tuned like a violin with a low D added to the bottom, and two other strings for drones.  It is likely that the player often played the tune on the top strings and chords on the lower strings.

The lira da braccio was very popular at court.  Later, in the 16th century, the madrigal became very popular and also the violin, so the lira da braccio was used less.  It continued to be used in plays, especially when it was associated with Apollo.  By the middle of the 17th century people no longer played it.

## Infobox (instrument)

- **name**: Lira da braccio
- **image**: Lira da braccio.png
- **image capt**: "Italianische lyra de bracio" as illustrated by Michael Praetorius
- **classification**: String instrument
Atlas (missile)

**Atlas** was a missile built by the _Convair_ Division of _General Dynamics_.

It was originally designed as an ICBM in the late 1950s. It launched the Mercury project space capsules and became the foundation for a family of successful space launch vehicles now built by _United Launch Alliance_. The Atlas rocket family is today used as a launch platform for commercial and military satellites, and other spacecraft.

## History

The Atlas, first tested in 1957, was the United States' first successful ICBM (Intercontinental Ballistic Missile).

Atlas, named for the Atlas of Greek mythology, got its start in 1946 with the award of a United States Army Air Force research contract to Convair for the study of a 1,500 to 5,000 mi. (2,400 to 8,000 km) range nuclear armed missile.

The missile was originally given the military designation "XB-65", thus making it a bomber; from 1955 it was redesignated "SM-65" and, from 1962, it became "CGM-16". This letter "C" stood for "coffin" or "Container", because the rocket was stored in a semi-hardened container; it was prepared for launch by being raised and fueled in the open. The Atlas-F (HGM-16) was stored vertically underground, but launched after being lifted to the surface.

## Current Atlas Family

- Atlas II
- Atlas III
- Atlas V

## References

- Gunston, Bill (1979). _Illustrated Encyclopedia of the World's Rockets & Missiles._ London: Salamander Books.
- Walker, Chuck, & Powell, Joel (2005). _Atlas The Ultimate Weapon_ Burlington, Ontario, Canada: Appogee Books.

## Other websites

- Video of an early Atlas launch in 1960
- bio Karel J. Bossart
- Karel Jan Bossart, Ir.
- Atlas launch vehicle profile
- 1958 Video of "Atlas in Orbit" Newsreel
- Atlas D from Encyclopedia Astronautica
- Atlas ICBM History site
- Atlas ICBM Launch on 5/23/1960  Video
- Atlas ICBM Information/History
Flag of Dominican Republic

The Dominican Constitution says that the **flag of the Dominican Republic** has a white cross in the centre; the arms of the cross get to the sides of the flag and divides the flag into four rectangles —the left rectangles are blue (top) and red (bottom), and the right ones are red (top) and blue (bottom). The width of the white cross is half the height of one of the rectangles.

The National Flag, like the state and war flags of other Latin American countries, has a small coat of arms in the centre of the white cross but there is not a coat of arms in the ensign (the flag used by commercial ships).

The Dominican flag was created the first day of Independence (27 February 1844); it was created from the Haitian flag but with a white cross; that is, two blue rectangles on the top and two red rectangles on the bottom. The colors are from the French flag. That was the _First National Flag_.

The first Dominican Constitution of 6 November 1844 did not say anything about the distribution of the rectangles but from the start the flag was represented with alternation of the colors (that is, blue and red on top and red and blue on bottom); this is the _Second National Flag_. Only the Constitution of 1908 is specific about the color distribution.

## Infobox (flag)

- **name**: Dominican Republic
- **image**: Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg
- **use**: 011011
- **proportion**: 2:3
- **design**: A white Saint George's Cross with the national coat of arms in the centre that divides the flag into four rectangles, blue and red at the top and red and blue at the bottom
- **designer**: Juan Pablo Duarte
- **image2**: Civil Ensign of the Dominican Republic.svg
- **use2**: 100100
- **design2**: Quarterly, the first and fourth quarters blue and the second and third quarters red, with a white Saint George's Cross overall
Lhasa Apso

The **Lhasa Apso** is a small breed of dog. It originated in Lhasa, Tibet, which it is named after. Male Lhasas generally weigh about 14 to 18 pounds, and female Lhasas weigh 12 to 14 pounds. Lhasas have developed a thick coat of fur because they were bred in Tibet, which can get very cold. Their coat comes in many different colors, and they usually have dark brown eyes and a black nose. Lhasas generally live long lives, some surviving into their twenties. Lhasa Apsos do tend to develop arthritis in their legs, which is due to the fact they are excitable, energetic dogs.

Behavior problems are minimal, but the Lhasa Apso can be a little headstrong and stubborn, which may make it slightly difficult to train. The coat can also require a lot of effort to maintain.

## Other websites

- Lhasa World Forum
The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show

***The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show*** is an alternative name for two separate American television animated shows: _Rocky and His Friends_ (1959–1961) and _The Bullwinkle Show_ (1961–1964).

## Cast

- Bill Scott as Bullwinkle, Dudley Do-Right, Fearless Leader, Mister Peabody, Gidney, Mr. Big and various others
- June Foray as Rocky, Natasha Fatale, Nell Fenwick, various witches, princesses and hags in Fractured Fairy Tales and every other female character on the show
- Paul Frees as Boris J. Badenov, Captain Peter "Wrongway" Peachfuzz, Cloyd, Inspector Fenwick, narrator for Dudley Do-Right and various historical figures in Peabody's Improbable History
- Walter Tetley as Sherman
- Daws Butler as Aesop Jr. and various characters in Fractured Fairy Tales and Aesop and Son
- Charles Ruggles as Aesop
- Hans Conried as Snidely Whiplash
- William Conrad as narrator for Rocky and Bullwinkle and narrator for Dudley Do-Right (shared)
- Edward Everett Horton as narrator for Fractured Fairy Tales
- Hal Smith as various other characters
Jimmy Finlayson

**James Henderson "Jimmy" Finlayson** (August 27, 1887 – October 9, 1953) was a Scottish-American actor who worked in both silent and sound comedies. Finlayson was bald, with a fake moustache, and had many trademark comic mannerisms and is famous for his squinting, outrageous "double-take, "fade away" head reaction, and characteristic expression _D'oh!_.

## Other websites

- James Finlayson Biography
- Yes Yes Nanette Public domain short comedy for free download

## Infobox (actor)

- **name**: James Finlayson
- **image**: Silent film actor James Finlayson (SAYRE 772).jpg
- **caption**: Finlayson in 1923
- **birth place**: Larbert, Scotland, UK
- **death place**: Los Angeles, California, United States
Middle age

- _For the time in history, see Middle Ages._

**Middle age** is the period of life between youth and before old age. There is no fixed age, but most people think it begins when someone is about 40 years old, until the person is about 60 years old.

In most countries, people that think that by middle age, people should be mature, perhaps with a good, steady job and a family. Due to promotion, middle age is sometimes a time when adults have greater wealth and influence than earlier in their careers, although they may have less disposable income due to having children. However, it is also common for some adults to suffer from mid-life crisis, helped moslty by widespread and socially accepted ageism, when they are unsure about their life and sometimes become depressed because of it. Women and men often have different experiences of middle age partly depending on whether they choose to work or care for their family full-time.

## Health

Middle-aged people begin to look older, with more wrinkles in their skin, and start to have grey hair. They become less fit and usually gain more weight.

Middle-aged females find it harder to become pregnant. If they do have a baby, there is a higher chance that it will have a genetic disease (Down syndrome, for example). Females usually have their menopause in middle age, when they stop bleeding every month. When that happens, they cannot have children anymore.
Tribute

A **tribute** (from Latin _tribulum_, contribution) is when one party gives something to another as a sign of respect or, as was often case in historical situations, of submission or loyalty.

This is trade between the parties under a contractual relationship formed upon pressure, and based upon the possibility of threats if improved relationships did not happen.

## Imperial China

In Imperial China, the term "tribute" is used to describe a kind of regulated trade in goods and services between China (the only great power in East Asia) and other trading partners.

Despite the term "tribute" state, China did not get involved in the domestic affairs and diplomacy of its trading partners, such as Joseon, Japan, Siam, Cochinchina and the Ryūkyū Kingdom.
- 1403: The Ming Dynasty emperor of China gave a patent and a gold seal to  Taejong of Joseon.  This confirmed his legal status as the ruler of the Korean peninsula.
- 1784: The earliest imperial device in Japan was lost.  It was found in the late 18th century.  A Han Dynasty emperor of China gave the gold object to the emperor of Japan in the first century (57 AD).  This is a relic of the Chinese tribute system.

## Musical tribute

In music, a tribute is when a singer, musician or band plays the music of another musical group. These artists may make an entire album called a "tribute album" that is nothing but songs that were first played by other musicians. A "tribute band" is a band that only plays songs that were made famous by one other band. They will often dress like that band and try to look like them as they perform. For example, a Kiss tribute band will only play songs by the band Kiss. They will also dress like the band and use the same makeup designs as members of the bands.

## Related pages

- Tributary state
- Diplomacy
Brandy Norwood

**Brandy Rayana Norwood** (born February 11, 1979),  known mononymously as **Brandy**, is an American singer, songwriter, record producer, model, dancer, and actress.

Brandy became famous as a teenager in the early 90s with the debut _Brandy_ which received a platinum certification in the US. In 1997 she became the first African American in history to play the role of Cinderella in the movie with the same title. Her second album _Never Say Never_ followed which sold over 16 million copies worldwide. A couple of highly successful singles were released from the record, including "The Boy Is Mine", a duet with Monica, which spent 13 weeks at number one on the US singles chart. In 1999 Brandy starred in the horror movie _I Still Know What You Did Last Summer_. Brandy earned the title "Princess of R&B" due to her success in the 1990s.  She starred in the sitcom _Moesha_ as the title character.

Her third album _Full Moon_ was released in 2002. The album went platinum a month after its release. The follow-up titled _Afrodisiac_ was released in 2004. Thereafter Brandy's career suffered from several setbacks, most notably the 2006 car accident where another driver was killed. The singer's sixth album was expected for release in 2012.

To date, Brandy has sold over 30 million records worldwide which makes her one of the best-selling female artists in she is top teen music history. In 2010 she was ranked amongst the 50 most successful teenagers in American history.

Brandy was a contestant in the late 2010 season of _Dancing with the Stars_.

### Albums

- 1994: _Brandy_
- 1998: _Never Say Never_
- 2002: _Full Moon_
- 2004: _Afrodisiac_
- 2008: _Human_
- 2012: _Two Eleven_
- 2020: _B7_

### Additional releases

- 1999: _U Don't Know Me...Like U Used To_ <small> (EP) </small>
- 2000: _The Videos_ <small> (Video DVD) </small>
- 2005: _The Best of Brandy_ <small> (Compilation album) </small>
- 2011: _A Family Business_ <small> (Album together with Ray J and Willie Norwood) </small>

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **embed**: yes
- **instrument**: Vocals


## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Brandy
- **image**: Brandy Norwood3.jpg
- **alt**: Picture of Brandy Norwood
- **caption**: Norwood performing in 2019
- **birth name**: Brandy Rayana Norwood
- **birth place**: McComb, Mississippi, U.S.
- **partner**: Quentin Richardson (2004)
Ryan Press (2012–14)
- **years active**: 1993–present
- **children**: 1
- **father**: Willie Norwood
- **relatives**: Ray J (brother)
- **awards**: List of awards and nominations received by Brandy, List of awards and nominations
Kew Gardens

**Kew Gardens** or the **Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew** is a UNESCO World Heritage Site in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames in the United Kingdom.

Kew’s historic landscapes and buildings are a collection of gardens and parks and glasshouses.

Kew has the world's largest collection of plant specimens, and is one of the most important centres of research in botany.

Kew Gardens are open to visitors who pay to enter.

## History

Early work on the gardens started in the 17th century when King Henry VII built Richmond Lodge in the area.

The land was a private royal garden until the Victorian era. In 1840, the Royal Botanic Garden was established.

The great expansion of the British Empire in the 19th century brought an expanded interest in exotic plants, so the gardens expanded.

In the 20th century, the gardens continued to grow larger and even more important in plant science.

The gardens were named a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2003.

The Temperate glass house was fixed over 5 years. It opened again in 2018.

## Related pages

- List of World Heritage Sites of the United Kingdom
- List of botanical gardens

## Other websites

- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew website
- Millennium Seed Bank Project
- Images and some highlights of Kew
- BBC, Marianne North collection of plant paintings

## Infobox (unesco world heritage site)

- **child**: yes
- **official name**: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
- **criteria**: (ii), (iii), (iv)
- **id**: 1084
- **year**: 2003


## Infobox (park)

- **name**: Kew Gardens
- **photo**: Kew Gardens Temperate House from the Pagoda - geograph.org.uk - 227173.jpg
- **photo width**: 300px
- **photo caption**: Kew Gardens Temperate House from the Pagoda
- **map image**: Kew Map.jpg
- **type**: Botanical
- **location**: London Borough of Richmond upon Thames, England
- **species**: 30,000
- **visitation num**: more than 1.35 million per year
- **publictransit**: Kew Gardens station (London), Kew Gardens
Post (album)

***Post*** is the second studio album by Icelandic rock singer Björk. She sent it out on June 7, 1995. It includes a mix of electronic and dance styles such as techno, trip hop and house but also ambient, jazz, industrial, and experimental music.

Post was one of the most popular albums of Björk. It was ranked #26 in _Spin_ magazine's "100 Greatest Albums, 1985–2005".

## Related pages

- Media studies
- Contemporary art

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Post
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: Björk
- **recorded**: Late 1994–April 1995
- **genre**: * Art pop
* electronica
* trip hop
* experimental music, experimental
- **label**: * One Little Independent Records, One Little Indian
* Elektra Records, Elektra
* Mother Records, Mother
* Polydor Records, Polydor
- **producer**: * Björk
* Nellee Hooper
* Graham Massey
* Tricky (musician), Tricky
* Howie B
- **prev title**: The Best Mixes from the Album-Debut for All the People Who Don't Buy White-Labels, The Best Mixes from the Album Debut...
- **prev year**: 1994
- **next title**: Telegram (album), Telegram
- **next year**: 1996
Component

**Component** could mean:
- Electronic component, part of electronic circuits
- Component ingredient, the main ingredient in a food
- Component video, a type of analog video information that is sent or stored as two or more separate signals
- Symmetrical component, in electrical engineering, analysis of unbalanced three-phase power systems
- Component-based software engineering, a field of study within software engineering dealing with software components, reusable software elements with a specification
- Component (thermodynamics), a chemically distinct part of a phase of a system
- Component (VTA), a light-rail station in San Jose, California
- Lumped component, a model of spatially distributed systems

## In math

- Component (group theory), a quasisimple subnormal subgroup
- Connected component (analysis), a maximal set where there exists a path between any two elements, also known as a _path component_
- Connected component (graph theory), a maximal connected subgraph
- Connected component (topology), a maximal connected subspace of a topological space
- Vector component, a term in the breaking down of a vector into various directions such as axial, radial or tangential
Landscape

A **landscape** means an area of land as one can see it. This includes landforms, flora, fauna and human elements, for instance human activity or the built environment.

According to its meaning, lighting and weather conditions are part of landscape as well. Objects inside the building can sometimes be considered part of landscape as well.

## Geology

The landscape is determined mainly by the underlying geology. This can be seen clearly in the East African Great Rift Valley. There almost everything in the landscape is caused by or connected with the pulling apart of Africa which is happening there. Even in Great Britain, a geologically quiet place, the whole landscape can be understood by understanding its geological past.One geological place is the rain forest

## Etymology

The word was borrowed as a painters' term from Dutch during the 16th century, when Dutch artists began to become masters of the landscape genre. The Dutch word _landschap_ had earlier meant simply “region, tract of land” but now meant “a picture depicting scenery on land”.

## Related pages

- Landscape architecture
- Landscape painting
- Landscape urbanism
Dell

**Dell Inc.** is an American technology company formed in 1984 by Michael Dell, the CEO and founder of the company. Dell makes and sells laptops, desktop computers, servers, software, and computer accessories, including computer monitors and printers. They used to make portable music players, called the Dell DJ, and PDAs too.

Dell is headquartered in Round Rock, Texas. In 2006, they employed over 78,000 people. Some of their computers have a Linux operating system. Most computers for consumer usage will come with Microsoft Windows.

## History

Michael Dell — Founder of the Company.

Founded by Michael Dell, in 1984 in the city of Austin (Texas) as PC Limited, since 1988 — Dell Computer, after 2003 — Dell, Inc.

In 1987, Dell entered the European market, in 1994 they went to the market of the Asia-Pacific region. In 2005, Fortune called Dell "the company causing the greatest admiration in the United States" (in the world ranking, Dell was third place). The growth rates of profit and sales volumes of the late 1990s to the early 2000s significantly exceeded industry indicators.

In 2013, Michael Dell at the expense of its own funds and funds provided by the investment company Silver Lake Partners, for $25 billion bought a controlling stake in the company from the exchange. 75% of the company passed under the control of Dell.

### Mergers and acquisitions

Dell acquired Perot Systems, Ross Perot's IT infrastructure services company, for approximately $3.9 billion.

On October 12, 2015, the American corporation Dell signed an agreement to acquire EMC for $67 billion, which is the largest deal in the history of the IT industry.

On September 7, 2016, the acquisition of EMC was completed. The acquired EMC became part of the updated Dell Technologies Corporation as a subsidiary with the name "Dell EMC". Moreover, it is planned to transfer Dell units involved in the sale of corporate servers to this business unit, data storage systems and some others related to the corporate market.

## Other websites

- Dell website
Svartahrid

**Svartahrid** is a black metal band from Norway. The band was formed in Skien, Telemark in 1994.

## Members

- Istar - guitarist and singer
- Forn - drummer
- NidGrim - bassist

## Studioalbums

- Forthcoming Storm (1999)
- As The Sunrise Flickers (2000)
- Sadness And Wrath (2007)
- Malicious Pride (2008)

## Other websites

- Svartahrid at Encyclopaedia Metallum

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **background**: group_or_band
- **name**: Svartahrid
- **origin**: Norway
- **years active**: 1994–
- **genre**: black metal
- **label**: Soulseller Records
- **current members**: Istar (énekes), Istar
Forn
NidGrim
- **past members**: Ilvastar
Frank Iberg
Bjoern Andre
- **url**: www.myspace.com/svartahrid