juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Château de Lunéville

The **Château de Lunéville** was the former royal residence of the ruling Dukes of Lorraine. It is often likened to the far grander and larger Palace of Versailles. It is no longer a royal residence and is today a museum. The restoration of the building and its decors is under way. In France it was referred to as the "Versailles of Lorraine" and is also sometimes referred to as the **Palace of Lunéville** in English.

## History

A building had been on the site since medieval times but nothing had been done to improve or update the building due to the poor finances of the Duchy of Lorraine.

Duke Leopold I of Lorraine was married to Élisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans herself a niece of Louis XIV of France who at the time of their marriage in 1698 was beginning to expand the Palace of Versailles. The ducal family of Lorraine had previously used the Ducal Palace of Nancy itself in the capital of the duchy. The new Duke and duchess had an ever growing family and Leopold took it upon himself to commission another palace reflecting his rank as a sovereign duke.

Following the death of Leopold of Lorraine in 1729 the duchy was inherited by his son Francis Stephen who eventually married Empress Maria Theresa and he spent most of his time in Austria with his large family.

A after war between France, Poland and Austria apeace was concluded in October 1735 and upheld in the Treaty of Vienna in November 1738. Under its terms, Stanisław Leszczyński, the father-in-law of King Louis XV and the losing claimant to the Polish throne, received Lorraine, while Francis, in compensation for his loss, was made heir to the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, which he would inherit in 1737. While the ex king of Poland was in residence the building was known as the _Château Stanislas_. Stanisław Leszczyński actually died at the Château in 1766 as did his wife Catherine Opalińska in 1747. After the Polish royals left the Château was largely ignored until it was created a French Historic monument in 1901. It is currently being restored.

## Other websites

- Château de Lunéville Official site
Jürg Neuenschwander (organist)

**Jürg Neuenschwander** (14 January 1947 – 23 March 2014) was a Swiss organist and musician. He was best known for his work with Schweizer Radio DRS from 1982 to 1989. He was born in Eggiwil, canton of Bern.

Neuenschwander died from a cerebral hemorrhage on 23 March 2014 in Bern. He was 67 years old.
Delta-v

**Delta-v**, meaning **delta velocity** and symbolized as **Δ_v**_,_ _is a measure of a spacecraft's ability to change it's trajectory (the path it will take in the future). Delta velocity in simple terms means 'the change in speed' It is measured by a unit of speed, usually meters per second (m/s).#

Factors that go into calculating delta-v are:

1. The mass of the spacecraft.
1. The amount of gravity in which the spacecraft currently finds itself.
1. The thrust and efficienty of the engine.
1. The amount of fuel the spacecraft has.

As an example of how delta-v is used, we can imagine a goal: flying a spacecraft into low Earth orbit. (In simple words, getting a rocket to spin around the Earth). We would first calculate how much delta-v will be required for that journey. Then, with the factors in the above list, we can calculate how much delta-v our spacecraft would need to go on that journey. Like if a person were to drive his car from point A to point B, he'd need to know how much fuel he needs in his car first. But in rocket science, using delta-v is much more relevant, as we have to completely design our spacecraft, including all factors mentioned above.

To reach Low Earth orbit, (LEO) our spacecraft would need roughly 10,000 m/s of delta-v.

Delta-v can be seen a budget, because if our spacecraft were to use up the 10,000 m/s of delta-v, it wouldn't be able to complete its journey to low Earth orbit.

Delta-v is calculated using this integral equation:

where

- is the thrust at time .
- is the mass at time .
Exotoxin

An **exotoxin** is a poison secreted by bacteria. An exotoxin can hurt a living creature by destroying cells or changing the way that cells work. They are very strong and can cause major damage.
Gerhard Bondzin

**Gerhard Bondzin** (29 July 1930 – 20 March 2014) was a German painter and printmaker. From 1946 to 1948, he made toys and ceramics in Sonnenberg. From 1948 to 1951, he studied painting with Hans Hoffmann Lederer at the University of Architecture and Fine Arts Weimar.

Bondzin entered the SED in 1953. He served as a member of the SED 1969 to 1984. From 1969 until the dissolution of the Academy of Arts in Berlin in 1993, he was a full member of the academy.

Bondzin died on 20 March 2014, aged 83.
Hobart Alter

**Hobart "Hobie" Alter** (October 31, 1933 – March 29, 2014) was an American inventor and businessman. He was a pioneer in the surfboard shaping industry. He was the creator of the Hobie Cat catamarans and founder of the Hobie company. He was born in Ontario, California.

Alter died on March 29, 2014 in Palm Desert, California from cancer, aged 80.
Windows 9x

**Windows 9x** is a general term referring to a series (or family) of Microsoft Windows computer operating systems. These were produced from 1995 to 2000. These were based on the Windows 95 kernel and its underlying foundation of MS-DOS. Both were updated in following versions. This includes all versions of Windows 95, Windows 98, and Windows ME. In common usage, the term _Windows 9x_ itself often includes Windows ME. However, this is not always the case and it is more often expressed as "Windows 9x/ME". Support for Windows 9x was terminated on July 11, 2006, when extended support for Windows 98 and Windows ME ended. Extended support for Windows 95 ended on December 31, 2001.

## Operating systems

Windows 9x can refer to either an individual or all of the following versions of Microsoft Windows:
- Windows 95 (codenamed "Chicago")
- Windows "Nashville" (previously codenamed "Cleveland"), a cancelled version
- Windows 98 (codenamed "Memphis")
- Windows ME (codenamed "Millennium")

## Other websites

- Microsoft Layer for Unicode English (United States) ; English (United Kingdom)
Manuel Valls

**Manuel Carlos Valls** (, born 13 August 1962) is a Spanish-born French politician. He became the Prime Minister of France on 31 March 2014.

Valls was born in Barcelona to a Swiss mother and Spanish painter Xavier Valls.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Manuel Valls
- **image**: Valls Schaefer Munich Economic Summit 2015 (cropped).JPG
- **office**: Prime Minister of France
- **president**: François Hollande
- **term start**: 31 March 2014
- **term end**: 6 December 2016
- **predecessor**: Jean-Marc Ayrault
- **successor**: Bernard Cazeneuve
- **office1**: Minister of the Interior (France), Minister of the Interior
- **primeminister1**: Jean-Marc Ayrault
- **term start1**: 16 May 2012
- **term end1**: 31 March 2014
- **predecessor1**: Claude Guéant
- **successor1**: Bernard Cazeneuve
- **office2**: Évry, Essonne, Mayor of Évry
- **term start2**: 18 March 2001
- **term end2**: 24 May 2012
- **predecessor2**: Christian Olivier
- **successor2**: Francis Chouat
- **office3**: Member of the National Assembly of France, National Assembly
from Essonne's 1st constituency
- **term start3**: 19 June 2002
- **predecessor3**: Jacques Guyard
- **birth place**: Barcelona, Spain
- **residence**: Hôtel Matignon, Paris
- **party**: Socialist Party (France), Socialist Party
- **spouse**: Anne Gravoin
- **nationality**: French people, French
- **alma mater**: Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne University, Pantheon-Sorbonne University
Andrej Kiska

**Andrej Kiska**  (born 2 February 1963) is a Slovak philanthropist, entrepreneur and politician. He became the President of Slovakia following 2014 Slovak presidential election. He ran as independent. He was appointed to the office on 15 June, 2014.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Andrej Kiska
- **image**: Andrej Kiska Senate of Slowakia.jpg
- **office**: 4th President of Slovakia
- **primeminister**: Robert Fico
Peter Pellegrini
- **term start**: 15 June 2014
- **term end**: 15 June 2019
- **predecessor**: Ivan Gašparovič
- **successor**: Zuzana Čaputová
- **birth place**: Poprad, Czechoslovakia

- **party**: Independent (politician), Independent
- **spouse**: Martina Kisková
- **children**: Andrej
Natália
Veronika
Viktor
- **alma mater**: Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Slovak University of
Technology
- **website**: [http://andrejkiska.sk Official website]
Irene Fernandez

**Irene Fernandez** (1 June 1946 – 31 March 2014) was a Malaysian human rights activist. She was a PKR supreme council member. She was the director and co-founder of the non-governmental organization Tenaganita. She helped the rights of migrant workers and other oppressed and poor people in Malaysia. She was arrested in 1996 and charged with 'maliciously publishing false news'.

She died on 31 March 2014 of heart failure.
Sam Mele

**Sabath Anthony "Sam" Mele** (January 21, 1922 – May 1, 2017) was a former right fielder, manager, coach and scout in Major League Baseball. As a manager, he led the Minnesota Twins to their first American League championship in 1965.

Mele played for the Boston Red Sox (1947-1949; 1954-1955), Washington Senators (1949-1952), Chicago White Sox (1952-1953), Baltimore Orioles (1954), Cincinnati Redlegs (1955), and for the Cleveland Indians (1956).

Mele was born on January 21, 1922 in Astoria, New York. He studied at William Cullen Bryant High School and at New York University. Mele died at his home in Quincy, Massachusetts on the night of May 1, 2017 from natural causes, aged 95.
Windows Server

**Windows Server** can refer to either an individual or following versions of Microsoft Windows:
- Windows 3.x Server (Windows NT 3.x Server)
- Windows 4.0 Server (Windows NT 4.0 Server)
- Windows 2000 Server (codenamed "5.0 Server (NT 5.0 Server)")
- Windows Server 2003 (Windows XP Server)
- Windows Home Server 2007 (Windows Server 2007/Windows Vista Home Server)
- Windows Server 2008 (Windows Vista Server)
- Windows Server 2008 R2 (Windows 7 Server)
- Windows Home Server 2011 (Windows Server 2011/Windows 7.x Server/Windows 7.x Home Server)
- Windows Server 2012 (Windows 8.x Server/Windows Server 8.x)
- Windows Server 2012 R2 (Windows 8.1 Server/Windows Server 8.1)
- Windows Server 2016 (Windows 10 Server/Windows Server 10)
- Windows Server 2019 (Windows 10 Server/Windows Server 10)
- Windows Server 2022 (Windows 10 Server/Windows Server 10)
- Windows Server 2025 (Windows 11 Server/Windows Server 11)
Harold Brown (Secretary of Defense)

**Harold Brown** (September 19, 1927 – January 4, 2019) was an American scientist and politician. He was the U.S. Secretary of Defense from 1977 to 1981 in the cabinet of President Jimmy Carter. He last served in the Lyndon Johnson administration as Director of Defense Research and Engineering and Secretary of the Air Force.

Brown died of pancreatic cancer on January 4, 2019 at his home in Rancho Santa Fe, California, aged 91.

## Other websites

- Annotated Bibliography for Harold Brown from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Harold Brown
- **image**: Secretary of the Air Force Harold Brown.jpg
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **order**: 14th
- **title**: United States Secretary of Defense
- **term start**: January 21, 1977
- **term end**: January 20, 1981
- **president**: Jimmy Carter
- **predecessor**: Donald Rumsfeld
- **successor**: Caspar Weinberger
- **birth place**: New York City, New York (state), NY, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Rancho Santa Fe, California, Rancho Santa Fe, California, U.S.
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
- **alma mater**: Columbia University
- **profession**: Physicist
- **spouse**: Colene Dunning McDowell (m. 1953; 2 children)
Windows NT x.0

**Windows NT x.00** can refer to either an individual or following versions of Microsoft Windows:
- Windows NT 4.0
- Windows NT 5.0
- Windows Vista
- Windows Server 2008
William J. Perry

**William James Perry** (born October 11, 1927) is an American mathematician, engineer, and businessman. He was the United States Secretary of Defense from February 3, 1994, to January 23, 1997, under President Bill Clinton. He also served as Deputy Secretary of Defense (1993–1994) and Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering (1977–1981).

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **birthname**: William James Perry
- **image**: Former U.S. Secretary of Defense William Perry (13758070063) (cropped).jpg
- **order**: 19th
- **title**: United States Secretary of Defense
- **term start**: February 3, 1994
- **term end**: January 23, 1997
- **president**: Bill Clinton
- **deputy**: John M. Deutch
John P. White
- **predecessor**: Les Aspin
- **successor**: William Cohen
- **order2**: 19th
- **title2**: United States Deputy Secretary of Defense
- **term start2**: January 21, 1993
- **term end2**: February 3, 1994
- **president2**: Bill Clinton
- **predecessor2**: Donald J. Atwood Jr.
- **successor2**: John M. Deutch
- **birth place**: Vandergrift, Pennsylvania
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democrat
- **alma mater**: Stanford University
Pennsylvania State University
Bob Kerrey

**Joseph Robert "Bob" Kerrey** (born August 27, 1943) is an American politician. He served as the 35th Governor of Nebraska from 1983 to 1987 and as a United States Senator from Nebraska from 1989 to 2001. He was a member of the Democratic Party. He ran for President in 1992. He was also awarded the medal of honor for his courageous actions while a part of SEAL team 1 in Vietnam.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Bob Kerrey
- **image**: Senator Bob Kerrey.jpg
- **jr/sr**: United States Senator
- **state**: Nebraska
- **term start**: January 3, 1989
- **term end**: January 3, 2001
- **predecessor**: David Karnes
- **successor**: Ben Nelson
- **order1**: 35th Governor of Nebraska
- **lieutenant1**: Donald McGinley
- **term start1**: January 6, 1983
- **term end1**: January 9, 1987
- **predecessor1**: Charles Thone
- **successor1**: Kay A. Orr, Kay Orr
- **birthname**: Joseph Robert Kerrey
- **birth place**: Lincoln, Nebraska, U.S.
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
- **alma mater**: University of Nebraska–Lincoln
- **rank**:  Lieutenant (junior grade)
- **serviceyears**: 1966-1969
- **unit**: United States Navy SEALs, SEAL Team 1
- **battles**: Vietnam War
- **awards**:  Medal of Honor
 Bronze Star Medal
 Purple Heart
Craig L. Thomas

**Craig Lyle Thomas**; better known as **Craig L. Thomas** (February 17, 1933 – June 4, 2007) was an American politician. He was a senior U.S. Senator from Wyoming and member of United States Republican Party. Before that he was a member of the United States House of Representatives for Wyoming from 1989 to 1995.

Thomas died of leukemia on June 4, 2007 in Bethesda, Maryland, aged 74.
Windows 20xx

**Windows 20xx** can refer to either an individual or following versions of Microsoft Windows:
- Windows 2000
- Windows 2001 (Whistler 2001, a beta version of Windows XP)
- Windows 2003
- Windows 2007
- Windows 2008
- Windows 2011
- Windows 2012
Windows x.0

**Windows x.0** can refer to either an individual or following versions of Microsoft Windows:
- Windows xT x.0
- Windows xE x.0
Pattullo Bridge

The **Pattullo Bridge** is the through arch bridge that crosses over the Fraser River. It goes from New Westminster to north bank of the river to the city of Surrey.

The bridge was opened in 1937. On January 18, 2009, there was a fire that started on the south end of the bridge in the structure under the bridge deck. The 60-foot long wooden trestle on the south side of the bridge which connects the steel and concrete structure to the earthen berm was burned and needed to be entirely rebuilt. The investigators treated the fire as suspicious. The bridge was reopened on January 26.

On July 31, 2008, TransLink planned to replace the bridge rather than try to refurbish the aging structure. The replacement is expected to cost $1.3 billion with it finalized in 2018. Construction began on April 1, 2021 with an expected opening date in 2024. The opening date was later pushed back until late 2025.

## Infobox (bridge)

- **bridge name**: Pattullo Bridge
- **image**: patullobridge.jpg
- **carries**: Four lanes of British Columbia Highway 1A/British Columbia Highway 99A, 99A, pedestrians and bicycles
- **crosses**: Fraser River
- **locale**: New Westminster
 Surrey, British Columbia, Surrey
- **maint**: TransLink (British Columbia), TransLink
- **design**: Through arch bridge
- **length**: 1227 m
- **traffic**: 75,700
Ladoora

**Ladoora** is a village in the Baramulla District, Jammu and Kashmir, India. It is near Sopore.
Frankie Knuckles

**Francis Warren Nicholls, Jr.** (January 18, 1955 – March 31, 2014), better known by his stage name **Frankie Knuckles**, was an American DJ, record producer, and remixer. He played a major role in house music in Chicago, Illinois during the 1980s when it was made. In 2005, he was added to the Dance Music Hall of Fame for his achievements. He was born in the Bronx borough of New York City. He was gay.

Knuckles died from complications of diabetes on March 31, 2014 in Chicago. He was 51 years old.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Frankie Knuckles
- **image**: Frankie Knuckles @ ADE 2012.jpg
- **caption**: Knuckles in 2012
- **background**: non_performing_personnel
- **birth name**: Francis Warren Nicholls Jr.
- **birth place**: New York (city), New York, New York (state), New York, U.S.
- **death place**: Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
- **years active**: 197?–2014
- **label**: Virgin Records, Virgin
Enrique Plancarte Solís

**Enrique Plancarte Solís** (14 September 1970 – 31 March 2014) was a claimed Mexican drug lord and high-ranking leader of the Knights Templar Cartel, a drug cartel based in the state of Michoacán. Before his tenure in the Knights Templar, he was a top leader of the split-off group La Familia Michoacana. He was born in Nueva Italia, Michoacán.

Plancarte Solís was killed in a gunfight with soldiers of the Mexican Navy on 31 March 2014 in Colón, Querétaro. He was 43 years old.
Host (network)

A **network host** is a computer connected to a computer network. A network host may offer information resources, services, and applications to users or other nodes on the network. Typically, the term is used when there are at least two computer systems connected together. The host computer is a computer that distributes services to other computers connected to it. Each host on a computer network must have a unique IP address.
Plant breeding

**Plant breeding** is the art and science of changing the traits of plants to produce desired characteristics.  Plant breeding can be done by many different techniques. Plants with desirable characteristics for propagation can be selected. More complex molecular techniques are also possible (see cultigen and cultivar).

Plant breeding has been practiced for thousands of years, since near the beginning of human civilization. It is now done worldwide by gardeners and farmers, or by professional plant breeders employed by government institutions, universities, crop-specific industry associations or research centres.

International development agencies believe that breeding new crops is important for preventing famine. New varieties are developed. They are higher-yielding, resistant to pests and diseases, drought-resistant or adapted to different environments and growing conditions.

## History

**Plant breeding** started with the domestication of the first agricultural plants, a practice dates back 9,000 to 11,000 years. Initially early farmers simply selected food plants with particular desirable characteristics, and employed these as progenitors for subsequent generations, resulting in an accumulation of valuable traits over time.

Gregor Mendel's experiments with plant hybridization led to his establishing laws of inheritance. Once this work became well known, it formed the basis of the new science of genetics, which stimulated research by many plant scientists dedicated to improving crop production through plant breeding.

Modern plant breeding is applied genetics, but its scientific basis is broader, covering molecular biology, cytology, systematics, physiology, pathology, entomology, chemistry, and statistics (biometrics). It has also developed its own technology.

## Related pages

- Genetically modified food
- Artificial selection
A Coruña

**A Coruña** is a city on the north coast of Spain. It is a municipality of Galicia, Spain, and the second-largest city in Galicia. It is the 17th largest city in Spain.

The city is the capital of A Coruña Province, and was the political capital of the Kingdom of Galicia.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: A Coruña
- **nickname**: _A Cidade de Cristal_ (The Glass City)
- **settlement type**: Municipalities of Spain, Municipality
- **motto**: _A Coruña, a cidade onde ninguén é forasteiro_
(A Coruña, the city where nobody is an outsider
- **image caption**: Top: Hercules Tower.
2nd: tramway (left),  City Hall (right).
3rd: Dársena Deportiva yacht marina.
4th row: A Coruña Marine Control Tower (left) San Antón Paseo waterfront area (right).
5th: Estadio Riazor.
Bottom: Panorama of A Coruña city centre and Orzán Beach.
- **image shield**: Escudo de A Coruña.svg
- **shield size**: 90px
- **image map**: Location A Coruña.svg
- **map caption**: Location of the municipality of A Coruña within Galicia
- **pushpin map**: Spain Province of A Coruña#Spain
- **pushpin label position**: bottom
- **pushpin map caption**: Location of A Coruña within Spain
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Spain
- **subdivision type1**: Autonomous communities of Spain, Autonomous
community
- **subdivision name1**: Galicia (Spain), Galicia
- **subdivision type2**: Provinces of Spain, Province
- **subdivision name2**: A Coruña (province), A Coruña
- **subdivision type3**: Comarcas of Spain, Comarca
- **subdivision name3**: A Coruña (comarca), A Coruña
- **parts type**: Parroquia (Spain), Parishes
- **parts style**: para
- **p1**: A Coruña
- **p2**: Elviña
- **p3**: Oza
- **p4**: San Cristovo das Viñas
- **p5**: Visma
- **government type**: Mayor-council government, Mayor-council
- **governing body**: Council of A Coruña
- **leader party**: Marea Atlántica
- **leader title**: Alcalde, Mayor
- **leader name**: :es:Xulio Ferreiro, Xulio Ferreiro
- **area total km2**: 37.83
- **population as of**: 2008
- **population footnotes**: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (Spain), INE
- **population total**: 246,056
- **population metro**: 419,800
- **pop est as of**: 2009
- **population density km2**: 6613
- **population demonym**: Corunnan
_coruñés_, _-esa_  (Spanish language, es / Galician language, gl)
- **timezone1**: CET (GMT +1)
- **timezone1 dst**: CEST (GMT +2)
- **postal code type**: Postcode
- **postal code**: 15001-15011
- **area code**: +34 981
- **website**: or
Open University of Israel

**Open University of Israel** (, _HaUniversita HaPtukha_) is a distance-education university in Israel. The main campus is located in the city of Ra'anana. , the Open University had taught around 39,000 students. Course examinations can be held at Israeli consulates and Jewish Agency offices around the world.

## Other websites

- Open University of Israel
Mexicans

**Mexicans** are citizens of Mexico.

There is a large Mexican diaspora in the United States. More than 38.5 million Mexican Americans and Mexican-born immigrants live in the United States. There is also a significant Mexican diaspora in Canada, Spain, Germany, the United Kingdom, Bolivia, Argentina, Switzerland, the Netherlands and Costa Rica.

Most Mexicans are racially mestizo, a mixture of Spanish and Native American.

Mexicans of European descent, including those who immigrated during the 20th century, are concentrated in Mexico City and in the northern and western regions. Mexicans of European descent and other lighter-skinned Mexicans dominate the wealthiest echelons of Mexican society. Most white Mexicans are of Spanish ancestry.

Mexico has the largest indigenous population in Latin America.  1.38 million Mexicans are Afro-Mexicans. The majority of Afro-Mexicans live in Veracruz and the Costa Chica region. Afro-Mexicans were brought to Mexico as slaves from Africa during the Spanish colonial era.

## Infobox (ethnic group)

- **group**: Mexicans
- **population**: ** 137.2 million**

- **pop embed**: 126,014,024
- **pop1**: 10,931,939
(by birth, 2021)
37,235,886
(by ancestry, 2021)
- **pop2**: 155,000
- **pop3**: 61,194
- **pop4**: 41,000
- **pop5**: 21,853
- **pop6**: 19,000
- **pop7**: 18,000
- **pop8**: 16,050
- **pop9**: 14,402
- **pop10**: 10,188
- **pop11**: 9,797
- **pop12**: 9,441
- **pop13**: 8,252
- **pop14**: 7,828
- **pop15**: 7,789
- **pop16**: 7,420
- **pop17**: 6,321
- **pop18**: 6,000
- **pop19**: 5,188
- **pop20**: 3,433
- **pop21**: 3,361
- **pop22**: 3,084[
- **pop23**: 3,050
- **pop24**: 2,745
- **pop25**: 2,654
- **pop26**: 2,437
- **pop27**: 2,416
- **pop28**: 2,080
- **pop29**: 2,055
- **pop30**: 1,805
- **pop31**: 1,744
- **pop32**: 1,579
- **pop33**: 1,543
- **languages**: Spanish language, Spanish, numerous indigenous languages
- **religions**: Roman Catholicism, indigenous beliefs
Birgitta Valberg

**Birgitta Valberg Hansson** (16 December 1916 – 29 March 2014) was a Swedish actress from Stockholm. She made 137 roles during her active years at Dramatens elevskola. She started acting in 1934 and retired in 1996.

Valberg died from natural causes on 29 March 2014 in Lidingö. She was 97.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Birgitta Valberg
- **image**: Birgitta-Valberg-392608664899.jpg
- **birth place**: Stockholm, Sweden
- **death place**: Lidingö, Sweden
- **occupation**: Actress
- **years active**: 1934–1996
Sonic Drive-In

**Sonic Corp.** founded as **Sonic Drive-In** and more commonly known as **Sonic**, is an American fast food restaurant founded in 1953 by Troy Smith, under the name Top Hat Drive-In. The owner changed its name to Sonic Drive-In in 1959. The company has more than 3545 locations in the United States and is currently owned by Inspire Brands, which also owns Dunkin', Arby's, and Buffalo Wild Wings. They sell hamburgers and chicken sandwiches.

The restaurant was founded by Troy Smith in 1953. The headquarters for Sonic is located in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. There are 3,561 restaurants in 43 U.S. states which serve approximately 3 million customers per day as of August 31, 2011.

In 2018, the company was acquired by Inspire Brands.

## Other websites

- Official website
- Sonic Menu
- Sonic Happy Hour
- Sonic Menu Prices
- Sonic Menu US

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: Sonic Corporation
- **logo**: SONIC New Logo 2020.svg
- **logo caption**: Logo since 2020
- **image**: Sonic Drive-In corporate headquarters.jpg
- **image caption**: Sonic's headquarters in Oklahoma City, United States.
- **type**: Subsidiary
- **foundation**: , in Shawnee, Oklahoma, U.S. (as Top Hat Drive-In)
- **founder**: Troy Smith (businessman), Troy Smith
- **location**: Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States
- **locations**: 3,545 (2025)
- **area served**: United States
- **genre**: Fast food
- **num employees**: 5,000 (2021)
- **revenue**: 5.482 billion (2021)
4.687 billion (2020)
- **net income**: 64.067 million (2016)
- **operating income**: 127.452 million (2016)
- **services**: Franchising
- **parent**: Inspire Brands (2018–present)
The Milk-Eyed Mender

***The Milk-Eyed Mender*** is the first album by singer-songwriter Joanna Newsom. It was released on March 23, 2004 on the Drag City label.

Joanna Newsom wrote all the songs on the album except for "Three Little Babes". Noah Georgeson produced the album.
Hilbert's tenth problem

**Hilbert's tenth problem** is a problem in mathematics that is named after David Hilbert who included it in Hilbert's problems as a very important problem in mathematics. It is about finding an algorithm that can say whether a Diophantine equation has integer solutions. It was proved, in 1970, that such an algorithm does not exist.

## Overview

As with all problems included in Hilbert's problems, it was unresolved and considered very difficult when the famous list was published in 1900. The first significant step towards finding the solution was made in 1950 by Julia Robinson, who created a hypothesis (known as the JR hypothesis) around which all later progress was centred. The problem was finally solved with a negative answer in 1970 when Yuri Matiyasevich proved the JR hypothesis. Previous research had shown that this was enough for a negative answer to the problem. The negative answer means that we cannot make an algorithm that can say whether a Diophantine equation has integer solutions.
Arrondissements of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department

There are 3 **arrondissements in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department**. The French departments, and in other countries, are divided into _arrondissements_, which may be translated into English as **districts** (in some cases, as **boroughs**).  The capital of an arrondissement is called a subprefecture.

If the prefecture (capital) of the department is in an arrondissement, that prefecture is the capital of the arrondissement, acting both as a prefecture and as a subprefecture.

Arrondissements are further divided into cantons and communes.

The arrondissements of Pyrénées-Atlantiques are:

1. Arrondissement of Bayonne, (subprefecture: Bayonne), with 123 communes.
1. Arrondissement of Oloron-Sainte-Marie, (subprefecture: Oloron-Sainte-Marie), with 155 communes.
1. Arrondissement of Pau, (prefecture of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department: Pau), with 269 communes.

## History

Since its creation, the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department has had few changes:
- 1790 : creation of the Basses-Pyrénées department with six districts: Pau, Oloron, Orthez, Mauléon, Saint-Palais, Ustaritz; the capital was Navarrenx
- 1790 : the capital is moved from Navarrenx to Pau
- 1795 : the capital is moved from Pau to Saint-Palais
- 1796 : the capital is moved from Saint-Palais to Pau
- 1800 : creation of the arrondissements: Pau, Bayonne, Mauléon, Oloron, Orthez
- 1926 : the arrondissements of Mauléon and Orthez are eliminated
- 1969 : the name of the department is changed to Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Kenny Hotz

**Kenneth Joel "Kenny" Hotz** (born May 3, 1967 in Toronto, Ontario) is a Canadian producer, writer, director actor, and comedian.

He used to be a consultant and writer for _South Park_, the creator and star of both _Kenny vs. Spenny_ and _Kenny Hotz's Triumph of the Will_, and the writer of _Testees_. Hotz has won many awards including Gemini Awards and Canadian Comedy Awards. He is also a Gulf War photo-journalist and an award-winning _Vice_ writer.

He owns The Hoxton and Dog & Bear restaurant and bars in Toronto, Canada. He is the Comedy Chair of the Banff World Media Festival Advisory Boards for the Banff World Media Festival and cofounded Aux Mode, an online content distribution and monetization firm in 2013. He currently hosts a weekly radio show with Sirius Radio in the U.S.

### Movies

- _It Don't Cost Nothin' to Say Good Morning_ (1994) (Short movie) (Director, DOP, Editor)
- _Pitch_ - Himself (1997) (Creator, Executive Producer, Writer, Director, Actor)
- _The Papal Chase_ - Himself (2004) (Executive Producer, Writer, Director, Actor)
- _Zack and Miri Make a Porno_ - Zack #2 (2008) (Actor)
- _Degrassi Takes Manhattan_ - Cameo (2010)

### Television

- _Ninja Turtles: The Next Mutation_ (1997) (Writer)
- _Kenny vs. Spenny_ - Himself (2003-2010) (Creator, Executive Producer, Writer, Director, Actor)
- _South Park_ (2004–06, 2012) (Writer, Consultant)
- _Elton vs. Simon_ (2005) (Executive Producer)
- _Odd Job Jack_ - Clay Shogen (voice) (2007)
- _Testees_ - Larry (2008) (Creator, Executive Producer, Writer, Director, Actor)
- _Pure Pwnage_ - Cameo (2009)
- _Kenny vs. Spenny Christmas Special_ - Himself (2010) (Creator, Executive Producer, Writer, Director, Actor)
- _Kenny Hotz's Triumph of the Will_ - Himself (2011) (Executive Producer, Creator, Writer, Director, Actor)

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: Kennyhotz.jpg
- **image size**: 180px
- **caption**: Hotz in 2006
- **birth name**: Kenneth Joel Hotz
- **birth place**: Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- **occupation**: Actor, Movie director, director, screenwriter, and Movie producer, producer
- **years active**: 1994–_present_
Dane Witherspoon

**Dane Witherspoon** (December 27, 1957 – March 29, 2014) was an American actor. He has appeared in such daytime TV soap operas as _Santa Barbara_ as Joe Perkins in 1984 and in _Capitol_ as Tyler McCandless from 1985 to 1986.

Witherspoon was born in Denton, Texas. He was raised in San Francisco, California. Witherspoon died on March 29, 2014 in Denver, Colorado, aged 56.
Jacques Le Goff

**Jacques Le Goff** (1 January 1924 – 1 April 2014) was a French historian and author. He wrote many books about the Middle Ages. Mostly during the 12th and 13th centuries. Le Goff was known for arguing that the Middle Ages created a new civilization. In 1984, he wrote _The Birth of Purgatory_.

He was elected a member of the Academia Europaea in 1989.

Le Goff was born in Toulon. He died in Paris, France from natural causes, aged 90.

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Jacques Le Goff
- **birth place**: Toulon, France
- **death place**: Paris, France
- **nationality**: French
- **genre**: Historian
- **occupation**: Historian, medievalist
- **alma mater**: École Normale Supérieure
Yngve A. A. Larsson

**Yngve Axel Andreas Larsson** (9 January 1917 – 22 March 2014) was a Swedish pediatrician, medicine professor and diabetologist. He was best known for his work at the Ethio–Swedish Pediatric Clinic (ESPC) at Haile Selassie I University in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia from 1965 until 1970. He was born in Stockholm.

Larsson died from natural causes on 22 March 2014 in Lidingö. He was 97 years old.
Gonzalo Anes

**Gonzalo Anes Álvarez de Castrillón** (10 December 1931 – 31 March 2014) was a Spanish economist, professor and historian. He was the Marquis of Castrillon from 2010 until his death in 2014. He was also a director of the Royal Academy of History. He was born in Trelles, Coaña, Asturias.

Anes died on 31 March 2014 in Madrid. He was 82 years old.

## Other websites

- Gonzalo Anes  at the Royal Academy of History

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Gonzalo Anes
- **image**: Gonzalo Anes.jpg
- **caption**: Anes in February 2009
- **birth place**: Trelles, Coaña, Asturias, Spain
- **death place**: Madrid, Spain
- **nationality**: Spanish people, Spaniard
- **occupation**: Economic History Professor, Bank of Spain Board Member, Prado Museum Board President, Real Academia de la Historia, Royal Academy of History Director
- **known for**: Marquess, Marquis of Castrillón <small>(2010-2014)</small>
Jan de Graaff

**Jan de Graaff** (21 April 1943 – 30 March 2014) was a Dutch television journalist. He started his job in 1962 for the news agency _UPI_, from 1966 he worked for VARA on radio and television, including as editor of _Behind the News_. He was born in The Hague, South Holland.

Jan de Graaff died on 30 March 2014 in Tilburg, North Brabant. He was 70 years old.

## Other websites

- Jan de Graaff  at ANP
Nive

The **Nive** (, ) is a river in France. It flows through the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department, Nouvelle-Aquitaine region. The river starts in the Pyrenees. It is a left tributary of the Adour river.

## Geography

The Nive river has a length of , and a drainage basin with an area of approximately .

Its average yearly discharge (volume of water which passes through a section of the river per unit of time) is  at Cambo-les-Bains in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department.

||
| --- |
|**Average monthly discharge (m<sup>3</sup>/s) at Cambo-les-Bains (1967 - 2017)**|

### Course

The Nive proper is formed from three small rivers in Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port:
- The Nive de Béhérobie (main stream)
- The Laurhibar -
- The Nive d'Arnéguy -

The Nive passes through the towns of Estérençuby (Nive de Béhérobie), Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port, Bidarray, Cambo-les-Bains, Ustaritz, Villefranque and Bayonne, where it flows into the Adour.

It joins the Adour in the city of Bayonne, on its left bank, at an altitude of  and at about  from the Bay of Biscay (Atlantic Ocean).

## Main tributaries

**Left tributaries**:
- Nive d'Arnéguy -
- Nive des Aldudes -
- Bastan -

**Right tributaries**:
- Laurhibar -
- Lakako Erreka -

## Related pages

- List of rivers of France

## Other websites

- Tour de la Haute vallée de la Nive
- Contrat de Rivière des Nives

## Infobox (river)

- **name**: Nive
- **image**: Bayonne Reflets dans la Nive.JPG
- **image caption**: Nive in Bayonne
- **map**: Nive (rivière).png
- **source1 location**: Pyrenees
- **mouth location**: Adour
- **subdivision type1**: Country
- **subdivision name1**: France
Pic Palas

**Pic Palas** or **Pic de Palas** is a mountain in the Pyrenees on the Spanish–French border. It is the highest point of the French region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine and of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department with an altitude of .

## Geography

Pic Palas is  high. It is on the _Massif du Balaïtous_, a mountain range within the Pyrenees.

The summit of this mountain is the point where the Spanish province of Huesca and the French departments of Pyrénées-Atlantiques (Nouvelle-Aquitaine) and Hautes-Pyrénées (Occitanie) meet.

### Geologie

The summit of Pic Palas, as well as the Massif du Balaïtous, is made of granite.

## History

The first ascent of this peak was made by the surveyors Pierre Peytier and Paul-Michel Hossard in 1825 when they were trying to get to the _Pic du Balaïtous_.

## Infobox (mountain)

- **name**: Pic Palas
- **photo**: Pic Palas descente Ossau from fipi.jpg
- **photo alt**: View of Pic Palas
- **photo caption**: Summit of Pic Palas
- **elevation m**: 2974
- **parent peak**: Massif du Balaïtous
- **location**: France
- **range**: Pyrenees
- **first ascent**: 1825 by Peytier and Hossard
- **map**: France
Evil Dead

***Evil Dead*** is a horror movie series from Renaissance Pictures, Rosebud Releasing, Viacom International, Paramount Pictures, MCA, Inc., Universal Pictures, Sony, and TriStar Pictures. There are evil demonic zombies (deadites) as antagonists in the movie's plot. _The Evil Dead_ was released in 1981, _Evil Dead 2_ was released in 1987, _Evil Dead 3_ was released in 1992 and _Evil Dead 1_ (Remake Version) was released in 2013.
Liberals in the United States

**Liberals in the United States** have many different political ideas about how individuals and government should act. The people listed below are, or were, thought to be as liberals.

## Liberal thinkers and leaders

These are some important liberals in America:

- **Politicians**
- President Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826)
- President Andrew Jackson (1767–1845)
- President Grover Cleveland (1837-1908)
- Governor Samuel J. Tilden (1814–1886)
- State Senator Eugene V. Debs (1955–1926)
- Mayor Carter Harrison, Jr. (1860–1953)
- President Woodrow Wilson (1856–1924)
- Vice President Thomas R. Marshall (1854–1925)
- President Franklin D. Roosevelt (1882–1945)
- President Harry S. Truman (1884-1972)
- Representative Don Edwards (1915-2015)
- Senator Harry F. Byrd, Jr. (1914-2013)
- President John F. Kennedy (1917-1963)
- President Lyndon B. Johnson (1908-1973)
- President Jimmy Carter (b.1924)
- Senator George McGovern (1922-2012)
- Senator Robert F. Kennedy (1925-1968)
- Governor Reubin Askew (1928-2014)
- Senator Edward Kennedy (1932-2009)
- Mayor Richard M. Daley (b.1942)
- President Bill Clinton (b.1946)
- Senator Frank Lautenberg (1924-2013)
- Senator Bernie Sanders (b. 1941)
- Senator Elizabeth Warren (b. 1949)
- Senator Kamala Harris (b.1964)
- Senator Cory Booker (b. 1969)
- Senator Harry Reid (b.1939)
- Senator Patrick Leahy (b.1940)
- Senator Daniel Inouye (1924-2012)
- Representative Tulsi Gabbard (b.1981)
- Representative Keith Ellison (b.1963)
- Representative Maurice Hinchey (1938-2017)
- Representative Louise Slaughter (1929-2018)
- State Senator Nina Turner (b.1967)
- County Commissioner Chuy García (b.1956)
- Mayor Mario Cuomo (1932-2015)
- Governor Pat Quinn (b.1948)
- Mayor Rahm Emanuel (b.1959)

- **Former liberals**
- President Ronald Reagan (1911-2004)
- Senator Strom Thurmond (1902-2003)

- **Judges**
- Chief Justice Roger Taney (1777–1864)
- Chief Justice Fred M. Vinson (1890–1953)
- Associate Justice Lewis F. Powell, Jr. (1907-1998)
- Judge James B. Bradwell (1828-1907)

- **Economists**
- James M. Buchanan (1919–2013)
- Dale T. Mortensen (1939–2014)
- Lyndon LaRouche (b.1922)
- Robert Fogel (1926-2013)

- **Writers and intellectuals**
- William Lloyd Garrison (1805–1879)
- John Dewey (1859–1952)
- Friedrich Hayek (1899-1992)

- **Media personalities**
- Michael Moore (b.1954)

## Relevant pages

- Liberalism

## Other websites

- Lewis H. Lapham, "Tentacles of Rage" in _Harper's_, September 2004, p. 31-41.
- Ericson, David F., Green, Louisa Bertch. "Introduction". In Ericson, David F., Green, Louisa Bertch (Eds.), _The liberal tradition in American politics: reassessing the legacy of American liberalism_.Llondon, UK: Routledge, 1999
Mark Kirk

**Mark Steven Kirk** (born September 15, 1959) is an American politician. He was elected to the United States Senate for Illinois in 2010, but lost re-election in 2016. Before being a senator, Kirk represented the 10th congressional district of Illinois from 2001 to 2010.

On November 8, 2016, he was defeated in his bid for re-election to his U.S. Senate seat by Democrat Tammy Duckworth.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **birthname**: Mark Steven Kirk
- **image**: Senator_Mark_Kirk_official_portrait.jpg
- **jr/sr**: jr
- **state**: Illinois
- **term start**: November 29, 2010
- **preceded**: Roland Burris
- **term end**: January 3, 2017
- **successor**: Tammy Duckworth
- **state2**: Illinois
- **district2**: Illinois's 10th congressional district, 10th
- **term start2**: January 3, 2001
- **term end2**: November 29, 2010
- **predecessor2**: John Porter (Illinois politician), John Porter
- **successor2**: Robert Dold
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **birth place**: Champaign, Illinois
- **alma mater**: Cornell University <small>(Bachelor of Arts, B.A.)</small>
London School of Economics <small>(Master of Arts, M.A.)</small>
Georgetown University Law Center <small>(Juris Doctor, J.D.)</small>
- **occupation**: Attorney, Navy Officer
- **spouse**: Kimberly Vertolli (2001–2009; divorced)
- **nationality**: American
- **residence**: Highland Park, Illinois
- **serviceyears**: 1989–present
- **rank**:  Commander (United States), Commander
- **battles**: Operation Northern Watch
- **unit**: Navy Intelligence
Palm Desert, California

**Palm Desert, California** is a city of California in the United States. It is in Coachella Valley. In 2020, 51,163 people lived in Palm Desert.
Airbus A300-600ST

The **Airbus A300-600ST** is a civil aircraft. It is a bigger cargo aircraft variant of the A300. Only five were built. It's also known as **Beluga**.

**Airbus A300-600ST** is used to transport parts of Airbus aircraft between all manufacturers of the group. All are registered in France.
Music! Music! Music!

**"Music! Music! Music!"** is a popular song. The best known version was by Teresa Brewer, recorded in 1949. The song became became #1 and a million seller in 1950. Some radio stations would not play the song because of the lyric "I'd do anything for you/Anything you want me to". That lyric was often thought to be indecent.

One version of the song was done by Petula Clark, also around 1950.

Brewer made several versions of the song. The one for the Coral label had a stronger beat and orchestra arrangement.
Richard Marx

**Richard Marx** (born September 16, 1963) is an American musician. He is best known for his hit singles "Endless Summer Nights", "Right Here Waiting", and "Hazard". He was born in Chicago, Illinois, the son of musician Dick Marx.
Fils de France

***Fils de France*** (, _Son of France_) was a title used by children of the reigning King of France. It entitled the holder of the title to the style of _Royal Highness_. However, that was rarely used. The French court preferred to use terms such as "Madame" and "Monsieur". The reigning king, his wife and their children were collectively referred to as the _Famille de France_ ("Family of France"). The grandchildren of the king were entitled to the rank of "Grandson or Granddaughter of France". But the more senior of the two titles was that of "Child of France" due to being a child of a monarch. In French a "Child of France" was a _Fils de France_.

## Examples

- Philippe, Duke of Orléans - the only brother of Louis XIV of France and known as _Monsieur_ all his life
- Marie Louise d'Orléans eldest daughter of the above and known simply as _Mademoiselle_ prior to her marriage
- Henrietta of England the first wife of "Monsieur" and known simply as _Madame_
- Marie Clotilde of France a granddaughter of Louis XV and known as _Madame Clotilde_ prior to her marriage
- Marie Adélaïde of Savoy daughter-in-law of Louis XIV and known as _Madame la Dauphine_
Derek Martinus

**Derek Martinus** (born Derek Buitenhuis, 4 April 1931 – 27 March 2014) was a British television and theatre director. He directed episodes of _Z-Cars_ and _Doctor Who_. Martinus also appeared in some plays, mostly based on Shakespeare. He also directed the award-winning _The Paper Lads_.

Martinus died on 27 March 2014 at the age of 82 from Alzheimer's disease.
Most Faithful Majesty

**Most Faithful Majesty** was the style of address traditionally used by the King or Queen of Portugal. **Most Faithful King** (_Rex Fidelissimus_) was a title awarded by the Pope as spiritual head of the Catholic Church to the Portuguese monarchy.  In Portuguese it is spelt as _Sua Majestade Fidelíssima_.

## Examples

- Queen Maria I was known as _Her Most Faithful Majesty_ The Queen of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves
- Queen Mariana Victoria was known in later years as _Her Most Faithful Majesty_ The Queen Mother of Portugal and the Algarves
Charles Keating

**Charles Humphrey Keating, Jr.** (December 4, 1923 – March 31, 2014) was an American lawyer, real estate developer, and banker. Keating is known for his crimes in the Savings and loan crisis of the late 1980s. He served four and a half years in prison before those convictions were overturned in 1996. In 1999, he pleaded guilty to a more limited set of wire fraud and bankruptcy fraud counts, and was sentenced to the time he had already served.

Keating was born on December 4, 1923 in Cincinnati, Ohio. He studied at St. Xavier High School, the University of Cincinnati and at the University of Cincinnati College of Law. Keating married Mary Elaine Fette in 1949. They had six children. He was also a successful swimmer and he worked to ban pornography.

Keating died aged 90 on March 31, 2014 in his home in Phoenix, Arizona after having been ill for several weeks.
Crurotarsi

The **Crurotarsi** are one of the two main groups of archosaurs. It includes the archosaurs (living today are crocodiles and birds). It also includes all their ancestors and relatives right back to the early Triassic period, including the Pseudosuchia.

**Crurotarsi**:
- Avemetatarsalia
    - †Pterosauria
    - †Dinosauria
        - Aves (birds)
- The crocodile line Pseudosuchia
    - †Phytosauria: semi-aquatic long-snouted types
    - †Aetosauria: quadrupedal armoured herbivores
    - †Ornithosuchidae: look rather like dinosaurs
    - Crocodylomorpha (Crocodilia and their ancestors)
    - †Rauisuchia ? uncertain group, includes some large-bodied quadrupedal predators

Both main groups of Archosaurs are defined by features of their ankle joints.