juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Wildfire

**Wildfire** is a general term which includes **forest fires**, **grassland fires**, **bushfires**, **brush fires** and any other vegetation fire in countryside areas.

Wildfires occur in every continent except Antarctica. They can occur naturally and spontaneously, but many are caused by humans, accidentally or deliberately. Fossil records and human history show that wildfires do occur at intervals. The Great Oxygenation Event and the spread of land plants made Earth a planet of the fizzled

While some wildfires burn in remote forested regions, they can cause extensive destruction of homes and other property in the zone between developed areas and undeveloped wilderness.

Wildfires can cause extensive damage to property and human life, but they also have various effects on wilderness areas.  Some plant species depend on the effects of fire for growth and reproduction, although large wildfires may be bad for other plant and animal species.

Strategies of wildfire prevention, detection, and suppression have varied over the years. One of the more controversial methods is controlled burn: People permit or light small fires to burn away some of the fuel for a potential wildfire.

## Plant adaptation

Plants in wildfire-prone ecosystems often have adaptations to their local conditions. Such adaptations include physical protection against heat, increased growth after a fire event, and flammable materials that encourage fire and eliminate competition. For example, plants of the genus _Eucalyptus_ contain flammable oils that encourage fire and hard sclerophyll leaves that resist heat and drought. This makes them dominant over less fire-tolerant species. Dense bark, shedding lower branches, and high water content in external structures may also protect trees from rising temperatures. Fire-resistant seeds and reserve shoots that sprout after a fire encourage species preservation, as in 'pioneer' species that specialize in restarting ecological succession after a fire.

Smoke, charred wood, and heat can stimulate the germination of seeds. Smoke from burning plants promotes contains orange butenolide, which induces germination of seeds.

Grasslands in Western Sabah, Malaysian pine forests, and Indonesian _Casuarina_ forests are believed to have resulted from previous periods of fire. The deadwood litter of Chamise (Californian greasewood shrub) is low in water content and flammable, and the shrub quickly sprouts after a fire. _Sequoia_ relies on periodic fires to reduce competition, release seeds from their cones, and clear the soil and canopy for new growth. Some have adapted to, and rely on, low-intensity surface fires for survival and growth. The optimum fire frequency for Caribbean pine in Bahamian pineyards is every 3 to 10 years. Too frequent fires favour herbaceous plants, and infrequent fires favour other tree species.

## Related pages

- Bushfire
- Deforestation
- Fire ecology
- Controlled burn
Bipod

A **bipod** is a V-shaped portable attachment that helps support and steady a device, usually a weapon such as a long gun or a mortar. The word "bipod" comes from the Latin and Greek words "bi" and "pod". "Bi" means "two" and "pod" means "foot", or "feet". A bipod is sometimes attached to a firearm to help support it. It also makes it more stable. It gives the best stability along two axes of motion: side-to-side and up-and-down.

## Firearms

On firearms, bipods are often used on rifles and shotguns to allow the gun to rest and stop it from moving. They can also be seen on long-barrelled weapons. The bipod allows the gunner to rest the weapon on the ground, a short wall or other object. This allows for more accuracy. Different types of bipods are set up in different ways. Some bipods are a specific length that can not be changed, but some bipods' length can be changed. Mostly, when bipods are not being used, they are folded forwards, not back towards the gunner. Some types of bipod can fold into grips for the gunner to hold to keep the weapon steady.

When firing a weapon without a bipod, it is harder to aim and keep the weapon steady.
The good thing about having a bipod is that it makes weapons more accurate. At first, the bipod was only used on long-barreled rifles, such as snipers. However, light and heavy machine guns now use them, as well as small pistols.

## Related pages

- Light machine gun
- Sniper rifle
- Tripod (photography)
Emperor Jomei

was the 34th Emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.  His reign started in 629 and ended in 641.  Historians consider details about the life of Emperor Jomei to be possibly legendary, but probable. The name Jomei_-tennō_ was created for him posthumously by later generations.

The conventionally accepted names and sequence of the early emperors were not to be confirmed as "traditional" until the reign of Emperor Kammu, who was the 50th monarch of the Yamato dynasty.

## Traditional history

Jomei was a grandson of Emperor Bidatsu and a great-grandson of Emperor Kimmei.

## Events in Jomei's reign

Suiko did not make it clear who was to succeed her after her death.

- **628**:  In the 35th year of Empress Suiko's reign, she abdicated her nephew succeeded her.  He became known as Emperor Jomei.  The succession was confirmed in ceremonies.
- **639**: In the 10 year of _Jomei_, former Empress Suiko died.

Jomei's reign lasted 13 years.

### After his death

The actual place of Jomei's grave is known.  This emperor is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine (_misasagi_) at Nara. The Imperial Household Agency designates this location as Jomei's mausoleum.  It is formally named _Osaka no uchi no misasagi_.

## Poetry

Some short poems are believed to have been written by Emperor Jomei.  For example,
        - Countless are the mountains in Yamato,
        - But perfect is the heavenly hill of Kagu;
        - When I climb it and survey my realm,
        - Over the wide plain the smoke-wreaths rise and rise,
        - Over the wide lake the gulls are on the wing;
        - A beautiful land it is, the land of Yamato!
                    - -- Emperor Jomei

## Related pages

- Emperor of Japan
- List of emperors of Japan
- Japanese imperial family tree

## Infobox (monarch)

- **name**: Jomei
- **title**: Emperor of Japan
- **reign**: 629–641
- **succession**: Emperor of Japan
- **predecessor**: Empress Suiko, Suiko
- **successor**: Empress Kōgyoku, Kōgyoku
- **royal house**: Yamato dynasty, Yamato
- **father**: Prince Oshisaka-no-hikohito-no-Ōe
- **mother**: Princess Nukate-hime
- **birth date**: 591
- **death date**: November 17, 641 (aged 49)
- **death place**: _Kudara no Miya_
- **place of burial**: _Osaka no uchi no misasagi_  (Nara)
Lawson Inada

**Lawson Fusao Inada** (born 1938 in Fresno, California) is an American poet and was the fifth poet laureate of the U.S. state of Oregon.

## Early life

Inada is a third-generation Japanese American (_Sansei_). As a child, Inada and his family were interned during World War II.

Inada became a jazz musician, and this affected his writing. Inada cites jazz and his time in the internment camps as his chief influences as a poet. He studied writing at the University of California, Berkeley, the University of Oregon, and the University of Iowa.

## Career

He joined the faculty of Southern Oregon University in 1966.

In 1994, Inada's _Legends from Camp_ won an American Book Award; and he was awarded poetry fellowships from the National Endowment for the Arts.

In 2006 Inada was named Oregon's poet laureate.

## Quotations

- With new hope.
        - We build new lives.
        - Why complain when it rains?
        - This is what it means to be free.
            - -- Lawson Inada, Japanese American Historical Plaza, Portland, Oregon

## Select works

- _Three Northwest Poets: Drake, Inada, Lawder, Madison_: Quixote Press, 1970.
- _Before the War; Poems as They Happened_, New York: Morrow, 1971.
- _Aiiieeeee! An Anthology of Asian-American Writers_, Washington, DC: Howard University Press, 1974 (Coeditor).
- _The Buddha Bandits Down Highway 99_, Mountain View: Buddhahead Press, 1978 (With Garrett Kaoru Hongo and Alan Chong Lau).
- _The Big Aiiieeeee!: An Anthology of Chinese American and Japanese American Literature_, New York: Penguin, 1990 (Coeditor).
- _Legends From Camp_, Minneapolis: Coffee House Press, 1993. Winner, American Book Award. Finalist, Los Angeles Times Book Award for Poetry.
- _In This Great Land of Freedom: The Japanese Pioneers of Oregon_, Los Angeles: Japanese American National Museum, 1993 (Contributor).
- _Touching the Stones: Tracing One Hundred Years of Japanese American History_, Portland: Oregon Nikkei Endowment, 1994 (Contributor).
- _Just Intonations_, Ashland, Oregon: Graven Images Gallery Press, 1996.
- _Drawing the Line_, Minneapolis: Coffee House Press, 1997. Winner, Oregon Book Award for Poetry. A New York Public Library Book for the Teen Age.
- _Only What We Could Carry: The Japanese American Internment Experience_, Berkeley: Heyday Books, 2000 (Editor and author of introduction).
- _Unfinished Message: Selected Works of Toshio Mori_, Berkeley: Heyday Books, 2000 (Author of introduction).
- _A Matter of Conscience: Essays on the World War II Heart Mountain Draft Resistance Movement._ Powell, Wyoming: Western History Publications, 2002 (Contributor).

## Related pages

- List of poets from North America

## Further reading

- Leonard, George. (1999). _The Asian Pacific American Heritage: A Companion to Literature and Arts._ London: Taylor & Francis.
- Niiya, Brian. (1993). _Japanese American History: An A-to-Z Reference from 1868 to the Present._ New York: Facts on File; Bonn: Verlag für die Deutsche Wirtschaft AG.   OCLC: 26853950

## Other websites

- PBS (US): Lawson Fusao Inada
Nobushige Hozumi

was a Japanese statesman and legal expert in Meiji period.

Hozumi was appointed to the House of Peers in 1890.

In 1915, he was ennobled with the title of _danshaku_ (baron) under the _kazoku_ system.

In 1916, Hozumi was named to the Emperor's Privy Council in 1916.

## After death

The people of Uwajima city named a bridge in his honor. He was also honored by a Japanese commemorative postage stamp in 1998.

## Selected works

- Hozumi, Nobushige. _Ancestor-Worship and Japanese Law._ University Press of the Pacific, 2003,
- Hozumi, Nobushige. _The new Japanese civil code,: As material for the study of comparative jurisprudence_. Maruzen 1912. ASIN: B000870Z46

## Further reading

- Marshall Byron K. _Professors and Politics: The Meiji Academic Elite_. Journal of Japanese Studies, Vol. 3, No. 1 (Winter, 1977), pp. 71–97
- Oda, Hiroshi. _Japanese Law_. Oxford University Press, 2001.
Sport Relief

**Sport Relief** is a charity event from Comic Relief that happens every two years. It is held in association with BBC Sport. The event brings together the worlds of sport and entertainment to raise money to help vulnerable people in both the UK and the world's poorest countries. At the heart of the campaign is the Sport Relief Mile.

## Related pages

- Children in Need

## Other websites

- Sport Relief Website
- Donate
- All Out For India
- Sport Relief Fairtrade Cotton Socks
- Bench Press Challenge
Pope Gregory I

**Pope Gregory I** (; c. 540 – 12 March 604), better known in English as **Gregory the Great**, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 64th Pope from 3 September 590 to his death in 604.

Gregory was born in Rome, but the date of his birth is not certain.  He was the son of a noble Roman family.

Gregory was elected pope in 590.

Gregory is one of the four original Doctors of the Church, the title given by the Catholic Church to saints for their significant contribution to theology or doctrine through their research study or writing.

Pope Gregory is venerated as saint and his feast day is celebrated on September 3.

## Related pages

- List of popes

## Other websites

- Catholic Hierarchy, Popes in sequence
- "Saint Gregory"/Saint_Gregory), _Encyclopædia Britannica_, 1911
- . Writings of Gregory I.

## Infobox (christian leader)

- **type**: pope
- **name**: Gregory I
- **image**: gregorythegreat.jpg
- **birth date**: unknown
- **birth place**: Rome
- **death date**: c. 540
- **death place**: Rome
- **term start**: 590
- **term end**: 3 March 604
- **predecessor**: Pope Pelagius II
- **successor**: Pope Sabinian
- **other**: Gregory
Casino Marina del Sol

The **Casino Marina del Sol** is the largest casino in Chile. It is in the city of Talcahuano. It opened in 2005 under a Chilean law allowing casinos. It contains a casino, hotel, gym, spa, disco, museum and car park.

## Related pages

- Greater Concepción

## Other websites

- Casino Marina del Sol
Functional magnetic resonance imaging

**Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging** (fMRI) is a special type of MRI that makes it possible to watch different areas of a person's brain while they do different tasks.

A functional MRI shows the use of oxygen in different brain areas. The Deoxyhemoglobin in blood absorbs a radiowave signal and later emits it (sends it back out). Oxyhemoglobin does not. When an area of the brain is active, the blood flow to that area increases and more oxyhemoglobin is delivered to supply the active cells with oxygen. This means less of the signal is absorbed. An active area of the  brain absorbs and emits less energy than a less active area. This can be seen live as it is happening when different areas of the brain 'light up' on the images as they become less active.

## Books

- Richard B. Buxton, _Introduction to functional magnetic resonance imaging: Principles and techniques_, Cambridge University Press, 2002,

## Related pages

- Medical test
- Radiography

## Other websites

- Columbia University - About fMRI (General)
- Oxford Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain
My Prerogative

"**My Prerogative**" is a song first released in 1988 in the United States and then recorded again in 2004. The earlier version was by Bobby Brown. The 2004 version was by Britney Spears. Other people have covered the song since then. It has been sampled in other songs.
Cultural icon

A **cultural icon** can be a symbol, logo, picture, name, face, person, building, or other image. It is easily recognized and generally represents an object or idea with great cultural significance to a wide cultural group. It has a special status as representing, or important to, or loved by, a particular group of people, a place, or a period in history.

In the media, many well-known examples of popular culture have been called "iconic". Some writers say that the word is overused.
- See World Heritage Site #Cultural_criteria
Sciadopitys

***Sciadopitys***,  the Japanese umbrella-pine, is a unique conifer. It is endemic to Japan, and the sole surviving member of the family **Sciadopityaceae**. It is a living fossil with no close relatives: its fossils date from 230 million years ago.

It is an evergreen tree that can grow 15-27m tall. It's brown main shoots have whorls of 7–12cm long flexible green "cladodes". These look like, and perform the function of, leaves but are actually composed of stem tissue. Occasionally, a cladode will fork and produce a bud in the 'v' of the fork, just like a normal stem.

The cones are 6–11 cm long, mature in about 18 months, and have flattish scales that open to release the seeds.

It is a very attractive tree and is popular in gardens, despite its slow growth rate and high cost. Koyamaki was chosen as the Japanese Imperial crest for Prince Hisahito of Akishino, currently third in line to the Chrysanthemum Throne.

The plant was first introduced to Europe by John Gould Veitch in September 1860.

Infrared microspectroscopy has identified conifers of the family Sciadopityaceae as the principal source of Baltic amber.
General-purpose machine gun

A **general-purpose machine gun** (**GPMG**) is a machine gun which gets its ammunition from a belt. It can be used in many different roles: it can support infantry from a bipod or tripod or be put onto a helicopter or armoured vehicle. It can provide fire support for vehicles or infantry from a variety of mounts.

A general-purpose machine gun is generally a medium machine gun. It also fires rifle cartridges like the 7.62×51mm NATO or 7.92x57mm Mauser. It is usually used from a bipod, tripod or on a vehicle. This is because it is usually too powerful and heavy to be fired well on foot or while moving.

## Examples

Some examples of general-purpose machine guns are:
- German Maschinengewehr 34.
- German Maschinengewehr 42.
- American M60.

## Related pages

- Light machine gun
- Heavy machine gun
- Squad automatic weapon
Yamashiro Province

was a old province of Japan in the area of Kyoto Prefecture on the island of Honshū.

Kyoto is in the former Yamashiro Province.

## History

In 794, the capital of Japan was in Yamashiro.  It remained in the province until the Imperial court moved to Tokyo in the 1870s.

During the Muromachi Period, the administrative seat of the Ashikaga Shogunate was in this province.

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  Maps of Japan and Yamashiro Province were reformed in the 1870s.

## Shrines and Temples

The Kamo Shrines were the chief Shinto shrines (_ichinomiya_) of Yamashiro.  These are the Kamigamo Shrine and the Shimogamo Shrine.

## Related pages

- Provinces of Japan
- Prefectures of Japan
- List of regions of Japan
- List of islands of Japan

## Other websites

- Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903
Symphyla

**Symphyla** are soil-dwelling arthropods in the subphylum Myriapoda.

They are relatives of centipedes. Symphylans look like centipedes, but are smaller and translucent. They move through the pores between soil particles. They are found from the surface down to a depth of about 50 cm. They eat decaying vegetation, and can do harm in agriculture by eating seeds, roots, and root hairs in cultivated soil.

They feed on decayed vegetation.
Pauropod

**Pauropods** are a type of myriapod. They form the only order in the class **Pauropoda**. About 500 species in four families are found worldwide, living in soil and leaf mold.

## Description

Pauropoda are tiny soil myriapods, 0.5-1.5mm in length, with 8-11 body segments. The body appears to have fewer segments when viewed from above, because the dorsal shields (tergites) are fused in pairs. The true segments can be seen from the ventral side, each segment bearing a single pair of walking legs. A characteristic feature of pauropods is their branched antennae.
Postgenderism

**Postgenderism** means 'beyond gender.'

The word is used to describe the idea, social current, or evolution that fades or eliminates gender and/or sex in humans and society.

It is also used to describe a set of social norms or a person's identity that goes beyond classical gender and sex-determinations and places them in the past, letting them fade or disappear.

Postgenderism argues that marking people into different sex of gender groups and gender roles is not needed and results in a limitation on the possibilities of people and what they can achieve in life.

It foresees that gender will disappear with humans that don't want this, as a result of always changing ways the human species organises their lives and as a result of new technology advances.
Kawachi Province

was a old province of Japan in the area of Osaka Prefecture on the island of Honshū.

## History

Kawachi province was established in the 7th century. In the 8th century, Izumi was separated from the older province during the reign of Empress Genshō.

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  Maps of Japan and Kawachi Province were reformed in the 1870s.

## Shrines and Temples

_Hiraoka jinja_ was the chief Shinto shrine (_ichinomiya_) of Kawachi.
 The shrine is located in Higashiōsaka.

## Related pages

- Provinces of Japan
- Prefectures of Japan
- List of regions of Japan
- List of islands of Japan

## Other websites

- Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903
Karl Friedrich Schinkel

**Karl Friedrich Schinkel** (13 March 1781 – 9 October 1841) was a Prussian architect, city planner, and painter.  He also designed furniture and stage sets. Schinkel was one of the most important architects of Germany and designed both neoclassical and neogothic buildings.

## Biography

Schinkel was born in Neuruppin, Brandenburg. When he was six, his father died in Neuruppin's disastrous fire. He became a student of architect Friedrich Gilly (1772–1800) (the two became close friends) and his father, David Gilly, in Berlin. He made a trip to Italy in 1805. Then he started to earn his living as a painter.He worked for the stage and created in 1816 a star-spangled backdrop for the appearance of the "Königin der Nacht" in Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's opera _The Magic Flute_. When he saw Caspar David Friedrich's painting _Wanderer above the Sea of Fog_ at the 1810 Berlin art exhibition he decided that he would never reach such mastery of painting and turned to architecture. After Napoleon's defeat, Schinkel worked at the Prussian Building Commission. In this position, he was not only responsible for reshaping the city of Berlin into a representative capital for Prussia, but also had to work projects in the expanded Prussian territories from the Rhineland in the west to Königsberg in the east.

From 1808 to 1817 Schinkel renovated and reconstructed _Schloss Rosenau_, Coburg, in the Gothic Revival style.

Schinkel's style was more influenced by Greek than by than Imperial Roman architecture. His most famous buildings are found in and around Berlin. These include Neue Wache (1816–1818), the Schauspielhaus (1819–1821) at the Gendarmenmarkt, which replaced the earlier theater that was destroyed by fire in 1817, and the Altes Museum (old museum, see photo) on Museum Island (1823–1830).

Later, Schinkel moved away from classicism altogether and preferred the Gothic Revival style.
Schinkel died in Berlin, Brandenburg.

Schinkel, however, is famous as well for his theoretical work and his architectural drafts. Some of his merits are best shown in his unexecuted plans for the transformation of the Athenian Acropolis into a royal palace for the new Kingdom of Greece and for the erection of the Orianda Palace in the Crimea. These and other designs may be studied in his _Sammlung architektonischer Entwürfe_ (1820–1837) and his _Werke der höheren Baukunst_ (1840–1842; 1845–1846).  He also designed the famed Iron Cross medal of Prussia, and later Germany.

## Literature

- Karl Friedrich Schinkel 1781 - 1841: the drama of architecture, ed. by John Zukowsky. With essays by Kurt W. Forster and Wolfgang Pehnt, .
- Jörg Trempler: _Schinkels Motive_. Matthes & Seitz, Berlin 2007, .
- Christoph Werner: Schloss am Strom. Die Geschichte vom Leben und Sterben des Baumeisters Karl Friedrich Schinkel. Bertuch-Verlag, Weimar 2004, .
Hey, Soul Sister

**"Hey, Soul Sister"** is a hit song under the musical group Train. The single was released in August 11, 2009 as the lead single on Train's fifth studio album _Save Me, San Francisco_. This song peaked at number 3 on Billboard Hot 100 and is Train's highest and its most commercially successful song, though the single was not eligible for any Grammy Award in the General Field.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Hey, Soul Sister
- **type**: single
- **artist**: Train (band), Train
- **album**: :en:Save Me, San Francisco, Save Me, San Francisco
- **recorded**: 2009
- **studio**: *Kensaltown Recording Studios, London
*Sound City Studios, Los Angeles
*Quad Studios, New York City
- **genre**: Pop rock
- **length**: 3:37
- **label**: *Columbia Records, Columbia
*Sony
- **writer**: *Pat Monahan
*Espen Lind
*Amund Bjørklund
- **producer**: *:en:Espionage (production team), Espionage
*Martin Terefe
*Gregg Wattenberg
- **prev title**: Am I Reaching You Now
- **prev year**: 2006
- **next title**: If It's Love (Train song), If It's Love
- **next year**: 2010
Michael Chabon

**Michael Chabon** (born May 24, 1963) is an American author. His first novel was called _The Mysteries of Pittsburgh_  and published in 1988. Chabon was 25 years old. The book made him famous among writers. He has also written genre fiction. Chabon published _The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier & Clay_ in 2000. It won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 2001.

### Early years

Michael Chabon was born in Washington, DC to Robert Chabon, a physician and lawyer, and Sharon Chabon, a lawyer. He knew he wanted to be a writer when he was a child.  He studied at Carnegie Mellon University for a year before transferring to the University of Pittsburgh. He earned a Bachelor of Arts degree there in 1984. Then Chabon went to graduate school at the University of California, Irvine and earned a Master of Fine Arts in creative writing.

## Personal life

In 1987, Chabon married the poet Lollie Groth. They divorced in 1991, and he married the writer Ayelet Waldman in 1993.

### Novels

- _The Mysteries of Pittsburgh_ (1988)
- _Wonder Boys_ (1995)
- _The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier & Clay_ (2000)
- _The Final Solution_ (2004)
- _The Yiddish Policemen's Union_ (2007)
- _Gentlemen of the Road_ (2007)
- _Telegraph Avenue_ (2012)

### Young-adult fiction

- _Summerland_ (2002)

### Children's books

- _The Astonishing Secret of Awesome Man_ (2011) (illustrator: Jake Parker)

### Short story collections

- _A Model World and Other Stories_ (1991)
- _Werewolves in Their Youth_ (1999)

### Essay collections

- _Maps and Legends_ (2008)
- _Manhood for Amateurs_ (October 2009)

### As contributor or editor

- _McSweeney's Mammoth Treasury of Thrilling Tales_ (editor and contributor) (2003)
- _JSA All Stars_ #7, "The Strange Case of Mr. Terrific and Doctor Nil" (writer) (2004)
- _McSweeney's Enchanted Chamber of Astonishing Stories_ (editor) (2004)
- _Michael Chabon Presents: The Amazing Adventures of the Escapist_ (comic book series published by Dark Horse Comics) (2004–2005) (Numbers 1–8; the first six are also collected in three books, two numbers per volume)
- _The Best American Short Stories 2005_ (editor, with Katrina Kenison) (2005)
- _The Escapists_ (six-issue comic book limited series published by Dark Horse Comics) (2006)

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Michael Chabon
- **image**: Chabonsigning.jpg
- **imagesize**: 215px
- **caption**: Chabon at a book signing in 2006.
- **pseudonym**: Leon Chaim Bach, Malachi B. Cohen, August Van Zorn
- **birth place**: Washington, D.C.
- **occupation**: Novelist, screenwriter, columnist, short-story writer
- **nationality**: American
- **period**: 1987–present
- **notableworks**: _The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier & Clay_ (2000), _The Yiddish Policemen's Union_ (2007)
- **spouse**: Lollie Groth
Ayelet Waldman
- **awards**: 1999 O. Henry Award
2001 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction
 2007 Nebula Award for Best Novel
 2008 Hugo Award for Best Novel
 2008 Sidewise Award for Alternate History
Izumi Province

was an old province of Japan in the area of Osaka Prefecture on the island of Honshū.

## History

Izumi Province was created during the reign of Empress Genshō.

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  Maps of Japan and Izumi Province were reformed in the 1870s.

## Shrines and Temples

_Ōtori Shrine_ was the chief Shinto shrine (_ichinomiya_) of Izumi.

## Related pages

- Provinces of Japan
- Prefectures of Japan
- List of regions of Japan
- List of islands of Japan

## Other websites

- Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903
Settsu Province

was a old province of Japan in the area of Hyōgo Prefecture and Osaka Prefecture on the island of Honshū.

The ancient capital city of the province was Osaka.

## History

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  Maps of Japan and Settsu Province were reformed in the 1870s.

## Shrines and Temples

_Sumiyoshi taisha_ was the chief Shinto shrine (_ichinomiya_) of Settsu.

## Related pages

- Provinces of Japan
- Prefectures of Japan
- List of regions of Japan
- List of islands of Japan

## Other websites

- Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903
Chloris

**Chloris** ("Khloris" or Χλωρίς, from "Khloros" or χλωρός, meaning "greenish-yellow," "pale green," "pale," or "fresh") refers to several figures in Greek mythology. Some stories refer to different characters. Others refer to the same Chloris, but have different details.

## Chloris (Nymph)

Chloris was a Nymph. She represented spring, flowers and new growth. Her Roman equivalent was the goddess Flora. She was kidnapped by and later married Zephyr.

## Chloris (Meliboea)

Meliboea was one of Niobe and Amphion's fourteen children, and the only one not killed when Artemis and Apollo killed the children as revenge. Meliboea was so scared by this that she turned permanently pale. She changed her name to Chloris ("pale one").

She later married Neleus and became queen in Pylos.

## Chloris (Mother of Mopsus)

Chloris married the seer Ampyx (son of Elatus). She had a child called Mopsus, who also became a famous seer and later joined the Argonauts.
Portable Network Graphics

**Portable Network Graphics** (often shortened to **PNG**) is a bitmapped image format that uses lossless data compression.

Their most common use is within transparent images, as it does support an alpha channel along with a 16-bit color channel.

It is commonly used on the internet due to its high quality to size ratio.
Ox Mountain

**Ox Mountain** () is a story by the Chinese philosopher Mencius.  In his time this mountain was in very bad shape, and everybody knew how it looked. Here is the story:

> Mencius said, "The woods on Ox Mountain were once beautiful! On account of its being on the edge of a large country, it had been attacked with axes and hatchets, and then how could it remain beautiful? The refreshing breezes of day and night, and the moisture provided by rain and fog, did not fail to give rise to sprouts of vegetation. But cows and sheep have been repeatedly pastured there, and for that reason it has remained desolate. People observe its denuded state and assume that it never had any good resources.  But how could this state be the true nature of this mountain?" — _Mencius_, 6A:8

Mencius argued that "bad" human natures were produced just as the bad condition of Ox Mountain had been produced, so the answer to "bad" humans was to protect and nurture them from birth. He also thought that punishment does not do much good. It does not cure the root of the problem.
Human zoo

A **human zoo** was an exhibition that showed people from other cultures. Very often, this was done in similar ways than animals are shown in zoological gardens today. Most such exhibitions were done between 1870 and 1940. Human zoos attracted many people in Europe. They were often based on the idea of unilinealism, scientific racism and social Darwinism. Unilinealism or unilineal evolution is the idea that evolution happens only in one direction; some animal will be "at the peak" of evolution. Because of these ideas, some human zoos placed indigenous people (particularly Africans) in a continuum somewhere between the great apes and humans of European descent. Ethnographic zoos have since been criticized as highly degrading and racist.

Usually, these exhibitions were made to follow stereotypes. These used ideas from racism.
Rye Beach, New Hampshire

**Rye Beach** is a community in the U.S. state of New Hampshire. It used to be called **Pannaway**. It is along the Atlantic Ocean. It is in Rye, New Hampshire, United States. It is along New Hampshire Route 1A, near the south of a town named "Rye".

In the community, there is a hostel. It is called the "Ocean house" and it was built in 1884. When it was built, it was small, but over time, it reached 4 stories and it had room for 250 guests. It was called the Philbrick Hotel when it was first built, but an Admiral called David Farragut visited the hotel, so it sometimes was called "Farragut House".
Ise Province

was an old province of Japan in the area of modern Mie Prefecture on the island of Honshū.

The province had borders with Iga, Kii, Mino, Ōmi, Owari, Shima, and Yamato.

When the province was created in 646, its capital city was Uji-Yamada.

## History

Before Nara period, Ise Shrine, the holiest Shinto shrine was established in this province and here is introduced by a word _Kamukaze_ in waka rhetorics in the Nara period. In the Edo period, the Tōkaidō road was the main route between the Imperial capital at Kyoto and the main city of the Tokugawa Shogunate.  The road passed through Ise.

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  The maps of Japan and Ise Province were reformed in the 1870s.

The World War II Japanese battleship _Ise_ was named after this province.

## Temples and Shrines

_Tsubakiōkamiyashiro_ (_Tusbaki jinja/Nakato jinja_) was the chief Shinto shrine (_ichinomiya_) for the province.

## Related pages

- Provinces of Japan
- Prefectures of Japan
- List of regions of Japan
- List of islands of Japan

## Other websites

- Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903
Iga Province

was an old province of Japan in the area of Mie Prefecture on the island of Honshū. It was sometimes called .

The province had borders with Ise, Ōmi, Yamato, and Yamashiro.

The capital city of the province was Ueno, also called Iga-Ueno.

## History

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  The maps of Japan and Iga Province were reformed in the 1870s.

## Geography

Iga is a small mountain ringed basin (the Ueno basin) in the center of the Kansai region.

## Shrines and Temples

_Aekuni jinja_ was the chief Shinto shrine (_ichinomiya_) of Iga.

## Related pages

- Provinces of Japan
- Prefectures of Japan
- List of regions of Japan
- List of islands of Japan

## Other websites

- Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903
Curing salt

**Curing salt** (or **pink salt** or **Prague powder #1**) is mixture of salt and sodium nitrate that is used to preserve or cure meats or in the making of sausages. It contains 93.75% table salt and 6.25% sodium nitrite. The sodium nitrite in curing salt is used to stop the growth of _Clostridium botulinum_ in order to prevent botulism. Curing salt may be dyed pink preventing it from being confused with table salt.

## Related pages

- Pickling salt
- Table salt
Neue Wache

The **Neue Wache** () is a building in central Berlin, the capital of Germany. It is located on the north side of the Unter den Linden. The Neue Wache was designed by the architect Karl Friedrich Schinkel, was built in 1816 and is a leading example of German neoclassicism. Originally it was built as a guardhouse for the troops of the Crown Prince of Prussia, the building has been used as a war memorial since 1931.

King Frederick William III of Prussia ordered the construction of the Neue Wache as a guard house for the nearby Palace of the Crown Prince, to replace the old Artillery Guard House. He commissioned Schinkel, the leading exponent of neoclassicism in architecture, to design the building: this was Schinkel's first major commission in Berlin.

## Other websites

- "The National Memorial to the Victims of War and Tyranny: From Conflict To Consensus", lecture with handout and bibliography by Harold Marcuse, covers history since 1816.
- Neue Wache travel photos by Galen Fry Singer, of facade, sculpture and inscriptions.
Transitivity (grammar)

**Transitivity** in grammar is about whether a verb has an object or not. A **transitive** verb has an object; an **intransitive** verb does not.<sup>p1051</sup> Examples:
- Transitive:
    - _We really enjoyed the trip_.
    - _She read the book_.
    - _What did you throw?_

- Intransitive:
    - _She relaxed_.
    - _She travels_.
    - _She slept_.
A transitive verb is an action verb. It expresses something doable (something possible to do). The direct object is something or someone who is the receiver of the action (verb). In the first two examples above, the 'trip' and the 'book' are the direct objects. 'Enjoyed' and 'read' are the transitive verbs.
Audio description

**Audio description** is an explanation for visually impaired or blind people of television, dance, opera, movies, museums or other visual art. A narrator makes a description of what's happening, usually when nobody is talking.

The first talking picture ever shown especially for the blind was a 1929 screening of _Bulldog Drummond_ for members of the New York Association for the Blind and New York League for the Hard of Hearing, which had a live description for the visually-impaired people.

Descriptive video service which was started by the  Public Broadcasting Service is used for the DVD<nowiki/>s of certain movies as part of the audio description.
Teak

**Teak** is the common name for the tropical hardwood tree _Tectona grandis_ and its wood products. _Tectona grandis_ is native to south and southeast Asia and grows in many countries. It has been introduced to Africa and the Caribbean. Burma produces nearly one third of the world's total teak.

The word teak comes from the Malayalam word _theka_ or _tekka_. This tree is mentioned in the seventh-century literature of the Tamil language known as the Tevaram.

_Tectona grandis_ is a large deciduous tree that is dominant in mixed hardwood forests. It has small, fragrant white flowers and papery leaves that are often hairy on the lower surface.
Gym Class Heroes

**Gym Class Heroes** are an American hip hop band from Geneva, New York. They are associated with other musicians, including but not limited to Patrick Stump and Adam Levine of Maroon 5. On their album _As Cruel as School Children_ is the song _Cupid's Chokehold_, which samples _Breakfast in America_ by Supertramp. The band's lead singer is Travie McCoy.

## Discography

- Studio albums
- _...For the Kids_ (2001)
- _The Papercut Chronicles_ (2005)
- _As Cruel as School Children_ (2006)
- _The Quilt_ (2008)
- _The Papercut Chronicles II_ (2011)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Gym Class Heroes
- **img**: Gym Class Heroes 2009.jpg
- **img capt**: Gym Class Heroes performing at the University of Tennessee on April 24, 2009
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Geneva, New York, U.S.
- **genre**: Alternative hip hop, rap rock
- **years active**: 1997–present
- **label**: Decaydance Records, Decaydance, Fueled by Ramen, Atlantic Records, Atlantic, BatSquad
- **associated acts**: Kill the Frontman, Ra Ra Riot, Adam Levine
- **current members**: Travis McCoy
Disashi Lumumba-Kasongo
Eric Roberts
Matt McGinley
- **past members**: Ryan Geise
Samm Shuffler
Milo Bonacci
Artificial cranial deformation

**Artificial cranial deformation**, also known as **head flattening** or **head binding** is when the skull of a human is changed permanently, and on purpose. It is done by changing how a child's skull grows by putting force on the skull. Flat shapes, long shapes and round shapes can be used to do this. It is done on young children. This is because the skull is easier to shape at this time. Usually, the shape that will be used to change the skull is attached about a month after the baby is born. It stays on for around six months after this.

The practice has been most often used in native societies in the Americas, but there are examples from Asia and Europe. The Toulouse deformation was caused by wrapping the head of the newborn, possible to protect it from damage. In pre-modern societies the practice was surprisingly common.
In most cases the reasons for the practice is not known.

## Related pages

- Foot binding
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination

**Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination** is an international treaty (agreement between countries) against racism and racial segregation as one of the series of international human rights law. The United Nations adopted the convention on 21 December 1965 in response to the apartheid policy of South Africa at that time. It came into effect on 4 January 1969. As of April 2019, 88 countries agreed to follow the rules of the Convention, and 190 countries agree in principle.

The Convention defines what racial discrimination is, so that every country in the treaty can agree on how to define discrimination. In **Article 1** (the first agreement in the treaty) that racial discrimination is:  "any distinction, exclusion, restriction or preference based on race, colour, descent, or national or ethnic origin which has the purpose or effect of nullifying [_getting rid of_] or impairing the recognition, enjoyment or exercise, on an equal footing, of human rights and fundamental freedoms in the political, economic, social, cultural or any other field of public life."

Article 4 of the Convention forbids encouraging any type of racism including hate speech and discrimination. If a country agrees to the Convention, they must make hate speech and participation in hate groups illegal. To make sure that countries follow this rule, the Convention also introduced Article 14, which allows complaints of discrimination to be heard by a committee. Article 14 gives a person, or group of people, from any country who have suffered any discrimination against them because of their race, the right to submit a claim to a committee of the United Nations. These complaints can influence the law in the countries of the people making complaints.

## Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination

The **Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination** is a body of human rights experts who monitor the implementation of the Convention.  Eighteen independent human rights experts are members. They are elected for four-year terms, with half the members elected every two years.  Nations that joined the treaty elect members by secret ballot. Each nation is allowed to nominate someone from its nation to run for election to the Committee.

Nations that have joined the treaty must submit regular reports to the Committee telling the legislative [l_ega_l], judicial [_court-based_], policy and other measures they have taken to give effect to the Convention.  The first report is due within a year of the Convention being used in a country; afterwards, reports are due every two years or whenever the Committee requests.  The Committee carefully reads each report and discusses its concerns and recommendations to the nation in the form of "concluding observations."

The Committee typically meets every March and August in Geneva.

## Related pages

- Racism
- Racial segregation
- Discrimination
- International human rights law

## Other websites

- Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Office of United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights)
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

The **International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights** is a treaty made by the United Nations. It is to help civil rights get better.

The rights are listed in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. It is one of the most important treaties in international human rights law. The Covenant was adopted on 16 December 1966 with the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. It was put into force in 1976. The United Nations set up the Committee on Civil and Political Rights (CCPR) to carry out the treaty.

## Main contents

- Article 1. Right to self-determination.
- Article 6. Right to life and on Genocide Convention.
- Article 7. Free from torture and any inhuman treatments.
- Article 8. Free from slavery and unfree labour.
- Article 9. Right to personal security and protection from arbitrary arrest and detention. Right to demand remedy if proved innocent.
- Article 10. The right to be treated with humanity and repected dignity while in detention.
- Article 12. Freedom of movement, freedom to leave and to enter one's own country.
- Article 14. The right to a fair trial and to be regarded as innocent until found guilty.
- Article 16. Right to be recognized as a person before law.
- Article 17. Right to privacy and protection from attack of honour.
- Article 18. Freedom of thought, conscience and freedom of religion.
- Article 19. Freedom of expression and freedom of speech but with special duty and responsibility not to harm others.
- Article 20. prohibition of propaganda of war and any inciting of hatred and discrimination.
- Article 21. Freedom of assembly.
- Article 22. Right to association and trade union.
- Article 23. Right to family and marriage with free will of each person (against forced marriage).
- Article 25. Right to free and fair voting.
- Article 26. Equality before law and protection from all discriminations by law.
- Article 27. Right to minority groups and ethnic group and to use their own language.

## Optional protocols

This Covenant has two optional protocols. One of them is to allow a citizen whose rights have been violated to claim before the CCPR. The other is to prohibit the death penalty. There are countries which ignore, or do not agree with, the optional protocols.

## Related pages

- Civil and political rights
- Civil rights
- International human rights law
- Universal Declaration of Human Rights
- Human rights

## Other websites

- International Covenant on Civil and political Rights
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

The **International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights** is a treaty made by the United Nations to ensure that the
economic, social and cultural rights are affirmed by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. It is one of the most important treaties on the international human rights law. This Covenant was adopted in 1966 together with the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and entered into force in 1976.

## Main contents

- Article 2. Right to enjoy all human rights in this Covenant without any discrimination
- Article 5~7. Right to work with decent conditions and to equal payment for equal work.
- Article 8. Right to join a trade union and to strike action for decent conditions, including fair payment and holiday leave.
- Article 9. Right to Social Security.
- Article 10. Right to marriage and to form a family with especial protection for mothers.
- Article 11. Right to an adequate standard of living, including food, clothing and the housing.
- Article 12. Right to the best possible standard of health.
- Article 13. Right to education; free primary education for all and equal access to secondary and higher education, which should also be as free as possible. Education should aim to allow everyone to develop their personality as much as possible, and respect for human rights, tolerance and peace.
- Article 15. Right to enjoy culture and science.

## Related pages

- Economic, social and cultural rights
- International human rights law
- Universal Declaration of Human Rights

## Other website

- International Convenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights