juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Margaret Sanger

**Margaret Sanger** (September 14, 1883 – September 6, 1966) was a famous birth control rights activist. She established the American Birth Control League in 1921. This eventually became what we now know as Planned Parenthood in 1946. She helped finance biologist Gregory Pincus's creation of the birth control pill. Mrs. Sanger has been credited as the first person to use the term “birth control”. Birth control is used to describe contraception, or ways of preventing unwanted pregnancy. She paved the way for contraception to become a widely accepted social practice at a time when spreading information about birth control was prohibited by law.

She studied to become a nurse at Claverack College in the early 1900s. At this time a woman’s place was seen as in the home raising children. She defied this idea and chose to pursue one of the only career paths available to her. Her career in medicine exposed her to many women who went to desperate lengths to end their pregnancies. For many of these women, this was the cause of their deaths. Mrs. Sanger saw this misery and decided to dedicate her life to freeing women from what she viewed as a life of sexual enslavement. Her passion drew her to start the very first abortion clinic in the United States in 1916. This clinic was raided and closed by the police after a few weeks. However, the clinic had already served over 450 clients. Thanks to her activism, the Comstock laws were changed in 1936. These laws had previously made sharing information about many topics, including contraception, illegal. This change allowed for more freedom of information surrounding birth control. She also pushed the American Medical Association to legitimize birth control as a valid medical practice in 1937. She was known for using public protest and strong visuals to draw attention to her cause. In addition to demonstrations she relied heavily on her magazine, Woman Rebel, to spread the word about her fight.

As a rebel, feminist, and socialist, she spent the vast majority of her professional life fighting for what she saw as a basic human right: family planning.

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: MargaretSanger-Underwood.LOC.jpg
- **image size**: 220px
- **caption**: Sanger in 1922
- **birth name**: Margaret Higgins
- **birth place**: Corning (city), New York, Corning, New York,
United States
- **death place**: Tucson, Arizona,
United States
- **occupation**: Social reformer, sex educator, nurse
- **spouse**: William Sanger (1902–1921)
James Noah H. Slee (1922–1943)
Leaves of Grass

***Leaves of Grass*** is a collection of poetry by American writer Walt Whitman (18191892). The collection was first printed on July 4, 1855 in Brooklyn at a Fulton Street printing shop. About 800 copies were printed. The book was 95 pages long and had 12 poems. Whitman paid for this first printing. The book did not sell well.

Whitman added material to _Leaves of Grass_ and revised the book many times during his life. The most famous poems in the book are "Song of Myself", "I Sing the Body Electric", "Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking", and "When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd". The collection praised the human body, the material world, nature, and the experience of the senses at a time when poetry focused on religious experience and the life of the spirit.

## Related pages

- Calamus

## Reading list

- Callow, Philip. _From Noon to Starry Night: A Life of Walt Whitman_. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 1992. ISBN 0-929587-95-2
- Kaplan, Justin. _Walt Whitman: A Life_. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1979. ISBN 0-671-22542-1
- Loving, Jerome. _Walt Whitman: The Song of Himself_. University of California Press, 1999. ISBN 0-520-22687-9.
- Miller, James E., Jr. _Walt Whitman_. New York: Twayne Publishers, Inc. 1962.
- Reynolds, David S. _Walt Whitman's America: A Cultural Biography_. New York: Vintage Books, 1995. ISBN 0-679-76709-6

## Other websites

- The Whitman Archive--contains all editions of _Leaves of Grass_ published in Whitman's lifetime, including text and page images.
- _Leaves of Grass_ - The "Long Foreground"
- _Leaves of Grass_ at Project Gutenberg
- Poets.org guide to _Leaves of Grass_
- _Audio Book_ — complete & unabridged, public domain, Librivox Audio Recording of Leaves of Grass (1891 edition)

## Infobox (book)

- **name**: Leaves of Grass
- **image**: Whitman-leavesofgrass.gif
- **image caption**: Walt Whitman, age 37, Book frontispiece, frontispiece to _Leaves of Grass_
- **author**: Walt Whitman
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English language, English
- **genre**: Poetry
- **publisher**: Self
- **release date**: July 4, 1855
- **media type**: Print
Calamus

"**Calamus**" is a group of poems in Walt Whitman's _Leaves of Grass_. They are about gay love or, in Whitman-speak, "the manly love of comrades". The Calamus poems have their seeds in a group of poems called "Live Oak with Moss". Whitman wrote these poems before or in the spring of 1859. They were printed with other poems in the 1860 third edition of _Leaves of Grass_ to form a group of 45 poems about gay love. The "Live Oak" poems seem to be about relations between the Whitman and a male lover. Whitman sees the love of comrades as the backbone of all nations, the root of religious sentiments, the source of personal anguish and joy, and the answer to the big questions of life. The Calamus (_Acorus calamus_, or Sweet Flag) root is shaped like a phallus and has connections with a mythological story about gay lovers.

## Other websites

- Calamus On WikiSource
- Manuscript for "Live Oak With Moss" at the Walt Whitman Archive
Mount Isa

**Mount Isa** is a city in the north west region of Queensland, Australia. In June 2006 there 18,857 people living in the city. and 31,000 in the region. Mount Isa began in the 1920s as a mining town. Mount Isa Mines (MIM) is one of the most productive mines in the world, producing lead, silver, copper, and zinc.

## Infobox (australian place)

- **type**: city
- **name**: Mount Isa
- **state**: qld
- **image**: Panorama of Mount Isa, Queensland.jpg
- **caption**: Mount Isa
- **pop**: 21,998
- **pop year**: 2016
- **established**: 1923
- **postcode**: 4825
- **elevation**: 356
- **area**: 62.8
- **area footnotes**: (2011 urban)
- **timezone**: Australian Eastern Standard Time, AEST
- **utc**: +10
- **mayor**: Joyce Mcculloch
- **dist1**: 1830
- **dir1**: NW
- **location1**: Brisbane
- **dist2**: 904
- **dir2**: W
- **location2**: Townsville
- **lga**: City of Mount Isa
- **stategov**: Electoral district of Traeger, Traeger
- **fedgov**: Division of Kennedy, Kennedy
- **maxtemp**: 31.9
- **mintemp**: 17.3
- **rainfall**: 461.8
- **local map**: yes
- **zoom**: 8
Khonsu

**Khonsu** is the god of the moon, moonlight, and time in Egyptian mythology. In the beginning of the gods, he gambled time with the sky goddess Nut. The goddess Nut won so many times that she could then add five days to the calendar. These days were called the "devil days". Khonsu's father is Amun, and his mother is Mut.

## Infobox (deity)

- **type**: Egyptian
- **name**: Khonsu
- **image**: Khonsu.svg
- **caption**: Khonsu in human form
- **hiro**: <hiero>Aa1:N35:O34-M23-G45-G7</hiero>
- **cult center**: Thebes, Egypt, Thebes
- **symbol**: the moon disk, the Sidelock of youth, sidelock, falcon, crook and flail, was-scepter
- **parents**: Amun and Mut
Copycat (movie)

***Copycat*** is a 1995 American psychological thriller movie. It was directed by Jon Amiel, produced by Arnon Milchan and Mark Tarlov and written by Ann Biderman and David Madsen.

It is set in San Francisco, California. It stars Sigourney Weaver as criminal psychologist Dr. Helen Hudson and Holly Hunter as police detective M.J. Monahan. Dermot Mulroney plays her work partner, detective Reuben Goetz. Harry Connick, Jr. plays Daryll Lee Cullum and William McNamara plays Peter Foley. Cullum is imprisoned early in the movie for murder and for attacking Hudson. As a result of the attack, she has agoraphobia and posttraumatic stress disorder. Foley is a serial killer who is committing murders in the ways that they were done by notorious serial killers.

## Infobox (film)

- **name**: Copycat
- **writer**: Ann Biderman
David Madsen
- **director**: Jon Amiel
- **producer**: Arnon Milchan
Mark Tarlov
- **starring**: Sigourney Weaver
Holly Hunter
Dermot Mulroney
Harry Connick, Jr.
William McNamara
- **music**: Christopher Young
- **cinematography**: László Kovács (cinematographer), László Kovács
- **editing**: Jim Clark (film editor), Jim Clark
- **studio**: Regency Enterprises
- **distributor**: Warner Bros.
- **released**: October 27, 1995
- **runtime**: 123 minutes
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **budget**: United States dollar, $20,000,000
- **gross**: $32,051,917 (domestic)
The Piano

***The Piano*** is an award-winning 1993 romantic drama movie which stars Holly Hunter and Harvey Keitel. This drama is about a mute pianist and her daughter in 19th century New Zealand. The score for the piano by Michael Nyman became a bestselling soundtrack album.

_The Piano_ was a commercial and critical success, grossing more than $40 million, against its $7 million budget. At the 66th Academy Awards, _The Piano_ won three awards: Best Actress for Hunter, Best Supporting Actress for Paquin, and Best Original Screenplay. Paquin, who at the time was 11 years old, is the second youngest Oscar winner ever. The film won the Palme d'Or and a Best Performance Prize for Holly Hunter at the 1993 Cannes Film Festival.

## Infobox (film)

- **name**: The Piano
- **director**: Jane Campion
- **producer**: Jan Chapman
- **writer**: Jane Campion
- **narrator**: Holly Hunter
- **starring**: Holly Hunter
Harvey Keitel
Anna Paquin
Sam Neill
- **music**: Michael Nyman
- **cinematography**: Stuart Dryburgh
- **editing**: Veronika Jenet
- **studio**: Australian Film Commission
- **distributor**: Ciby 2000
- **runtime**: 116 minutes
- **country**: New Zealand
Australia
France
- **language**: English
Māori language, Māori
British Sign Language
- **budget**: $7 million
- **gross**: $40,157,856
The Firm (1993 movie)

***The Firm*** is a 1993 American legal thriller movie. It stars Tom Cruise and Holly Hunter and was directed by Sydney Pollack. The thriller is based on a novel of the same name by author John Grisham.

## Locations used to shoot the movie

- Memphis, Tennessee
- Owen Brennan's - Lunch scene in cocktail/bar area. Owen Brennan's commemorated the filming by placing plaques on the two cocktail chairs where Tom Cruise and Gene Hackman sat.
- Peabody Hotel - BBQ roof scene overlooking Mississippi River Bridge and downtown Memphis.
- Beale Street - Scene where Mitch and Abby see young tumblers as street performers
- Lausanne Collegiate School- Playground scene and others.
- Front Street Deli - Meeting at diner.
- Mud Island
- Blues City Cafe - FBI first meeting with Mitch.
- Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands
- Marion, Arkansas
- The Marion Hotel - Apartment room on top floor for a scene.

## Release

Critical reaction to _The Firm_ was mostly positive.  The movie got a 76% rating at Rotten Tomatoes.A Sequel Novel Was Released On October 2023, and Is Set To Be adapted To film.

## Infobox (film)

- **name**: The Firm
- **director**: Sydney Pollack
- **producer**: John Davis (producer), John Davis
Sydney Pollack
Scott Rudin
- **screenplay**: David Rabe
Robert Towne
David Rayfiel
- **starring**: Tom Cruise
Jeanne Tripplehorn
Gene Hackman
Ed Harris
Holly Hunter
Hal Holbrook
David Strathairn
- **music**: Dave Grusin
- **cinematography**: John Seale
- **editing**: William Steinkamp
Fredric Steinkamp
- **distributor**: Paramount Pictures
- **runtime**: 154 minutes
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **budget**: $42 million
- **gross**: $270,200,000
Hash table

A **hash table** is a type of tool for storing information. In computer science, these tools for keeping track of information, or data, are called data structures.
A hash table is a data structure that uses a hash function to keep track of where data is.
Each piece of information to be stored has a name, which is called a key. For example, a key might be a person's name. Each name is matched up to one piece of data called a value, like the person's telephone number.

The data is kept in another data structure called an array, which is like many boxes, or buckets, in a column to hold data. Each box has a number starting from 0 and counting up.

The idea behind a hash table is to find the box for a value using only its name. This means that no matter how many boxes there are, one can find information quickly by its name. It is very fast to use the box of an array by its number. A hash function reads a name and gives back a number. A hash table uses a hash function to find a box number for a name.

A good hash table will always find information at the same speed, no matter how much data is put in. A lot of hash tables also let the user put key/value pairs (a name and its data) in and take them out at the same speed.

Because of this, hash tables can often find information faster than other tools, such as search trees or other table lookup structures. As a result, they are used in many kinds of computer software. They are used most often for associative arrays, databases, caches, and sets.

## Uses

Many programming languages use hash tables, either as built-in associative arrays or as part of their standard library.

- .NET_Framework, which can be used from languages such as C# and VB.NET.
- JavaScript
- C++
- Java
- Python's built-in `dict` implements a hash table in the form of a type.
- Ruby
- Rust
- V (Vlang)

## Infobox (data structure)

- **name**: Hash table
- **type**: Unsorted associative array
- **invented year**: 1952
- **space avg**: O(_n_)
- **space worst**: O(_n_)
- **search avg**: O(1 + _n_/_k_)
- **search worst**: O(_n_)
- **insert avg**: O(1)
- **insert worst**: O(1)
- **delete avg**: O(1 + _n_/_k_)
- **delete worst**: O(_n_)
S.F.W.

***S.F.W.*** is a 1994 American thriller film based on Andrew Wellman's novel. It stars Reese Witherspoon, Stephen Dorff and Amber Benson.

S.F.W. was filmed in October and November 1993, in Los Angeles.

S.F.W.: The Original Motion Picture Soundtrack was released on CD on September 27, 1994 by A&M Records.

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: S.F.W.
- **director**: Jefery Levy
- **based on**: the novel by
- **screenplay**: Danny Rubin
Jefery Levy
- **starring**: Stephen Dorff
Reese Witherspoon
Jake Busey
Jack Noseworthy
- **producer**: Mike Nelson
Dale Pollock
Sigurjon Sighvatsson
- **distributor**: Gramercy Pictures
Metro Goldwyn Mayer
- **runtime**: 96 minutes
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **gross**: $63,513
Damage (1992 movie)

***Damage*** is a 1992 British-French erotic drama movie. It was directed by Louis Malle. It is based on the novel _Damage_ by Josephine Hart. It stars Jeremy Irons and Juliette Binoche. _Damage_ was originally rated NC-17, though it was edited to have an R rating. It is about a middle-aged, married politician who has an affair with his son's girlfriend.

Miranda Richardson was nominated for an Academy Award and won a BAFTA in the category of Best Supporting Actress.

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: Damage
- **director**: Louis Malle
- **producer**: Louis Malle
- **screenplay**: David Hare (dramatist), David Hare
- **starring**: Jeremy Irons
Juliette Binoche
Miranda Richardson
- **music**: Zbigniew Preisner
- **distributor**: New Line Cinema
- **runtime**: 111 minutes
- **country**: United Kingdom, France
- **language**: English
French language, French
- **gross**: United States dollar, $7,532,911
Human microbiome

The **human microbiome** (or **human microbiota**) is the collection of microorganisms which live on us. They live on the skin, in the saliva and mouth, in the eyes, and in the gut and the rest of the gastrointestinal tract. They include bacteria, archaea, fungi and single-celled eukaryotes ('protozoa'). Everyone carries around far more of these microbes than the number of human cells in the body. The human body has about 100 trillion cells, and carries about ten times as many microorganisms _in the intestines alone_.

The **microbiome **is "the ecological community of commensal, symbiotic, and pathogenic microorganisms that literally share our body space". The term was popularized by Joshua Lederberg. He thought the microorganisms living in the human body in health and disease were important. Many scientific articles distinguish "microbiome" and "**microbiota**" to describe either the collective genomes of the microorganisms that live in an environmental niche or the microorganisms themselves, respectively.  However, by the original definitions these terms are largely synonymous.

Some of these organisms are useful for humans. However, most have no known effect. They are just symbionts: they live with us. Those which are expected to be present are members of the _normal flora_. Under normal circumstances they do not cause disease, but may even help our health. Studies in 2009 asked whether our health is damaged if we reduce this biota. This is certainly the case with gut flora.

Although "flora" refers to plants rather than bacteria, the term 'gut flora' is widely used and familiar to biologists. 'Biota' refers to the total collection of organisms in an ecosystem. The term 'microbiota' is best for bacteria and other microorganisms, but no doubt 'flora' will often be used.

The microbes being discussed are generally non-pathogenic (do not cause disease unless they grow abnormally); they exist in harmony and symbiotically with their hosts.

Researchers have learned that much of the population of microbes found in the human body are not bacteria but a very old class of single-celled organisms called archaea. They include methanogens which produce methane and may cause flatulence.

## Related pages

- Enterotype
En passant

In chess, **en passant** (_in passing_ in French) is a special move for pawns to capture. First, if the pawn moves two squares from their starting square and stands next to an opponent pawn, the opponent's pawn can take the pawn one square diagonally in front of the pawn away from their square.

The en passant rule was invented to prevent pawns being stuck with the opponent's pawn on the same file. If there is no en passant rule, the game will be slower leading to blocking pieces and etc.

## Invention

Long ago, pawns could only move one square at a time. Between the 13th and 16th centuries, the two-square move was added to make games faster. The _en passant_ rule may have been added around the same time. The Spanish chess master Ruy López wrote about it in the 1500s.

This rule was one of the last big changes to European chess. In some places, like Italy, the rule wasn’t used at first. Italy adopted it in 1880 to follow international chess rules before the 1881 Milan tournament.

## About en passant

It is also not a bug, a glitch, a hack or an illegal move, it is actually a real move, because it is a special move for pawns to capture.

## Examples

If the white pawn moves two squares from their starting square and stands next to a black pawn, the black pawn can capture the white pawn one square diagonally away from their square in front of the white pawn by using en passant. Or, if the black pawn moves two squares from their starting square and stands next to a white pawn, the white pawn can capture the black pawn one square diagonally from their square in front of the black pawn by using en passant like the black pawn.

## Rules of en passant

- It has to be a pawn that moves two squares forward from their starting square and it stands next to an opponent pawn and the opponent pawn will capture it.
- It cannot be used for later turns.
- The pawn can capture one square diagonally away from their square beside the opponent's pawn and the opponent's pawn will be taken behind.

## Related pages

- Check and checkmate
- Castling
- Pawn (chess)
Salafi

**Salafism** (Arabic: جَمَاعَتْ السَّلَفَىتْ) is a conservative movement within Sunni Islam originating in Arabia. A Salafist or Salafi is a Sunni Muslim who thinks Islam should be practiced the way the first few generations of Muslims did during the time of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

The majority of Salafists follow the Athari creed of Sunni Islam.
The term is also used to talk about certain teachings of Sunni Islam that are based on "conservative" ideals.

The origin of the movement is in the 19th century. Muhammad Abduh (18491905) was an Islamic scholar who thought that the values of Islam were incompatible with a modern lifestyle. He is often called a Salafi. Another scholar, Ibn Taimiya (1263–1328) said that the teachings of Islam were not compatible with certain modern interpretations, such as Sufism. The ideology behind many of the jihadist wars in the Middle East and in the northern part of Africa is Salafism.

"Salafi Jihadism" was used to describe those Salafist Islamic militant groups who began to use armed jihad during the mid-1990s.

Salafi scholars such as Ibn Baz and Ibn al Uthaymeen who were alive at the time said Salafism has nothing to do with these "islamic" groups. Majority of Salafi scholars distanced the movement from these groups.

## Related pages

- Wahhabi
Extinct (disambiguation)

**Extinct** may refer to:
- Extinct volcano, a volcano that scientists consider unlikely to erupt again
- Extinction of species
- Extinct in the Wild, conservation status

## Related pages

- Extinct language
Hard Boiled

***Hard Boiled*** is a 1992 action crime thriller movie from Hong Kong. John Woo is the thriller's director. The movie stars Chow Yun-fat as Inspector "Tequila" Yuen, Tony Leung Chiu-Wai as Tony, an undercover cop, and Anthony Wong as Johnny Wong, a leader of criminal triads. _Hard Boiled_ received mixed to positive reviews from the critics.

Woo liked Clint Eastwood's and Steve McQueen's characters from their films _Dirty Harry_ and _Bullitt_.  He wanted to make his own Hong Kong-style _Dirty Harry_ police detective film.

_Hard Boiled_ took 123 days to shoot.

## After release

_Hard Boiled_ was released on April 16, 1992 in Hong Kong. The film grossed HK$19,711,048, which was not as strong as Woo's previous action films _A Better Tomorrow_ or _The Killer_. At the 12th Hong Kong Film Awards, David Wu and John Woo won the award for "Best Film Editing". Tony Leung was nominated for "Best Supporting Male Actor", but lost the award to Liu Kai-Chi in _Cageman_. The North American premiere of _Hard Boiled_ was in September 1992 at the Toronto International Film Festival. At the premiere the audience response was very positive with people stomping their feet and yelling at the screen. This reception surprised producer Terence Chang who did not expect such a positive reaction. _Hard Boiled_ received wide release in the United Kingdom on October 8, 1993.

## Infobox (film)

- **name**: Hard Boiled
- **alt**: Film poster illustrates the character Tequila holding a shotgun in one hand, and a new born baby under his other arm. The background depicts the underground hospital area seen in the film. Text at the bottom of the poster reveals the production credits.
- **caption**: Hong Kong film poster for _Hard Boiled_
- **director**: John Woo
- **producer**: Terence Chang
Linda Kuk
- **writer**: John Woo
Barry Wong
- **starring**: Chow Yun-fat
Tony Leung Chiu-Wai
Teresa Mo
Philip Chan
Philip Kwok
Anthony Wong Chau Sang
Bowie Lam
- **music**: Michael Gibbs (composer), Michael Gibbs
- **cinematography**: Wang Wing-Heng
- **editing**: John Woo
Kai Kit-Wai
David Wu
- **studio**: Golden Princess Film Production Limited
Milestone Pictures
- **distributor**: Golden Princess Film Production Limited (Hong Kong)
- **runtime**: 126 minutes
- **country**: Hong Kong
- **language**: Yue Chinese
- **budget**: US $4,500,000
- **gross**: HK $19,711,048
2010–11 Bundesliga

The **2010–11 Bundesliga** was the 48th season of the Fußball-Bundesliga, Germany's top football league. The season started on August 21, 2010 and ended on May 14, 2011. The defending champions were FC Bayern Munich. The Bundesliga also changed its logo this season.

## Teams

- Bayer 04 Leverkusen
- FC Bayern Munich
- Borussia Dortmund
- Borussia Mönchengladbach
- Eintracht Frankfurt
- SC Freiburg
- Hamburger SV
- Hannover 96
- TSG 1899 Hoffenheim
- 1. FC Kaiserslautern
- 1. FC Köln
- 1. FSV Mainz 05
- 1. FC Nuremberg
- FC Schalke 04
- FC St. Pauli
- VfB Stuttgart
- SV Werder Bremen
- VfL Wolfsburg

## League table

Below are the teams in the 2010/11 season. Borussia Dortmund, Bayer Leverkusen, Bayern Munich, Hannover 96 and FSV Mainz 05 all did well in the league and were allowed to play in either the UEFA Champions League, or the UEFA Europa League.

Also, Borussia Mönchengladbach went to the relegation play-off, and Eintracht Frankfurt and FC St. Pauli were relegated. Schalke 04 were allowed to play in the UEFA Europa League play-off round. Schalke 04 made it all the way to the Quarter-Finals in the 2011-12 UEFA Europa League.

## Relegation play-off

Borussia Mönchengladbach won the relegation play-off match against VfL Bochum and stayed in the Fußball-Bundesliga for the 2011/12 season.

---

### Top goalscorers

_Source: bundesliga.de _

- 28 goals
- Mario Gómez

- 22 goals
- Papiss Cissé

- 17 goals
- Milivoje Novakovič

- 16 goals
- Lucas Barrios
- Theofanis Gekas
- Srđan Lakić

- 15 goals
- André Schürrle

## Related pages

- Bundesliga

## Infobox (international football competition)

- **country**: Germany
- **champion other**: Borussia Dortmund
- **count**: 4
- **second other**: Bayer Leverkusen
- **third other**: FC Bayern Munich, Bayern Munich
- **fourth other**: Hannover 96
- **matches**: 306
- **goals**: 894
- **top scorer**: Mario Gómez (28)
- **prevseason**: 2009–10 Fußball-Bundesliga, 2009-10
- **nextseason**: 2011–12 Fußball-Bundesliga, 2011-12
Hatchet

The term **hatchet** in contemporary usage refers loosely to any short-handled ax or ax-like tool, including hand axes, belt axes, camp axes, etc., with handles less than 20 inches in length.

Traditionally, however, hatchets and hand axes were different categories of tools by manufactuers and retailers in their catalogs and literature. During the 19th through 20th centuries, hand axes were grouped and labeled as axes in the same section with long-handled axes, such as "boys" axes and "felling" axes. Hatchets, on the other hand, were lightweight, straight-handled, striking tools grouped with implements used by those in the construction trades. Hatchet heads featured ax-like blades on one side but, unlike hand axes, most often also included a hammer on the other side designed for a specific application. The most common hatchet designs appear to be the carpenter hatchet, shingling/roofing hatchet and lathing/drywall hatchet. Their names vary slightly among manufactuers and retailers while maintaining the distinction between hatchet and small axes unanimously.

The term hatchet also refers to any one-handed ax-like weapon, such as tomahawks used in battle, since it is a borrowing from the French language, the diminutive form of _hache,_ or battle-ax.
Outnumbered

***Outnumbered*** is a British sitcom shown on BBC One. It began on 28 August 2007 and is partly improvised. It is about the Brockmans, a middle-class family of five who live in a house in suburban south London. Hugh Dennis plays the father, Pete, who is a history teacher. Claire Skinner plays the mother, Sue, who is a part-time personal assistant. Tyger Drew-Honey plays the elder son, Jake, whose main interest is teenage girls. Daniel Roche plays the younger son, Ben, who has attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Ramona Marquez plays the daughter, Karen, who is intelligent and asks a lot of questions. The show was axed in 2015.

## Awards

_Outnumbered_ was nominated for the 2008 "_Broadcast_ Award" for "Best Comedy Programme". It lost the award to _The Thick of It_.

The show was given the "British Comedy Guide Editors' Award" in The Comedy.co.uk Awards 2007 and the "Best Returning British TV Sitcom" in The Comedy.co.uk Awards 2008, beating _Peep Show_ by six votes.

In 2009, it won the Royal Television Society Award for "Scripted Comedy", and two Broadcasting Press Guild Awards in the same year: "Best Comedy/Entertainment" and the "Writer's Award". _Outnumbered_ also won 3 awards at the 2009 British Comedy Awards: Best Sitcom, Best British Comedy and Best Female Newcomer for Ramona Marquez.

At the National Television Awards in 2011, Outnumbered was nominated for Best Comedy but lost out to _Benidorm_. It was nominated again the following year and won.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (television)

- **developer**: Hat Trick Productions
- **genre**: Sitcom
- **runtime**: 30 minutes
- **creator**: Andy Hamilton
Guy Jenkin
- **director**: Andy Hamilton
Guy Jenkin
- **producer**: Andy Hamilton
Guy Jenkin
- **starring**: Hugh Dennis
Claire Skinner
Tyger Drew-Honey
Daniel Roche (actor), Daniel Roche
Ramona Marquez
Samantha Bond
David Ryall
Rosalind Ayres
- **language**: English
- **country**: United Kingdom
- **network**: BBC One
            BBC One HD
- **executive producer**: Jon Rolph
- **num series**: 5
- **num episodes**: 29 (+ 5 shorts)
- **list episodes**: List of Outnumbered episodes
Lindisfarne Gospels

The **Lindisfarne Gospels** is an Illuminated manuscript book of the gospels. It was made at a monastery off the coast of Northumberland at Lindisfarne, about 700 AD.

The manuscript is now on display in the British Library. It is one of the finest works in the style which is called insular art. This combines Mediterranean, Anglo-Saxon and Celtic elements. At this time, Britain and Ireland shared a style which was different from that of the rest of Europe.

The Lindisfarne Gospels are thought to be by Eadfrith, a monk who became Bishop of Lindisfarne in 698 and died in 721. The Gospels are richly illustrated, and were originally in a fine leather binding covered with jewels and metals. During the Viking raids on Lindisfarne, this cover was lost, and a replacement was made in 1852. The text is written in a hand known as 'insular script'.

In the 10th century an Old English translation of the Gospels was written word-for-word between the lines of the Latin text. It was done by Aldred, Provost of Chester-le-Street. This is the oldest translation of the Gospels into English that we have. The Gospels may have been taken from Durham Cathedral during the Dissolution of the Monasteries, ordered by Henry VIII. In the 18th century the book was given to the British Museum. From there it went to the British Library when this was split off from the British Museum.
Lists of World Heritage Sites

A **World Heritage Site** is a place that is listed by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) as of special cultural or physical significance.

For lists of **World Heritage Sites**, see:
Dormant volcano

**Dormant volcanos** are the volcanos that are quiet but might erupt again in the future. If a volcano that has been silent for years erupts again or shows activity, it is called a "dormant volcano".  Vesuvius of Italy is a prime example. After many years of dormancy, it re-emerged in 1931.  Then it is dormant again. For example, Krakatoa in Indonesia, Aconcagua in Argentina, and Mount Fuji in Japan are dormant volcanoes.

## Difficult to classify

It is difficult to distinguish active and inactive volcanos.

For example, some scientists have described Mount Fuji as dormant or inactive.   That volcano has been dormant since its last eruption in 1707,  but is also classified as active.  The Geological Survey of Japan lists Mount Fuji as among the active volcanoes on the island of Honshu.

## Mis-labelled as dormant or extinct

Some volcanoes may remain dormant for a long time; and an eruption is a surprise.

Before 79 AD, Vesuvius was considered dormant.

Before 1991, the Pinatubo volcano in the Philippines was labelled as dormant.

Before 1995, the Soufriere Hills volcano on the island of Montserrat was dormant.

Before 1980, Mt. St. Helens in the United States was dormant.

## Select list

There are many examples of volcanoes which are considered dormant.

- Mauna Kea in Hawaii, the United States
- Mount Damavand in Iran
- Mount Edziza in Canada
- Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania
- Western Victorian Volcanic Plains in Australia
- Trou aux Cerf in Mauritius
- Mount Hood in Oregon, the United States
- Lake Toba in Indonesia

## Related pages

- List of volcanoes
- List of active volcanoes
- List of extinct volcanoes
Cher Lloyd

**Cher Lloyd** (born 28 July 1993) is an English singer, songwriter and rapper. She has several hit songs, including _Want U Back_. Lloyd became famous when she finished fourth in the seventh series of _The X Factor_.

Lloyd's first single "Swagger Jagger" was released in June 2011. Even though the song received mixed reviews, the single entered at number one on the UK Singles Chart and number two on the Irish Singles Chart. Her second single "With Ur Love" was released on 31 October 2011. It features Mike Posner, and reached number four in the UK, and number five in Ireland. Her first album _Sticks and Stones_ peaked at number four in the UK Albums Chart and at number seven on the Irish Albums Chart. _Sticks and Stones_ was released on 4 November 2011, in Europe, and produced three singles, "Swagger Jagger", "With Ur Love" featuring Mike Posner, and "Want U Back" featuring Astro, respectively. A re-release for North America was released on 2 October 2013, producing three singles as well. The singles released were "Want U Back", "Oath" featuring Becky G, and "With Ur Love". Lloyd released her second album, _Sorry I'm Late_ on 27 May 2014. _Sorry I'm Late_ only produced two singles - "I Wish" featuring T.I. and "Sirens". Lloyd was signed to Universal Music Group in early 2015, and is currently working on her third studio album. She married Craig Monk at a private ceremony on 18 November 2014.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Cher Lloyd
- **alias**: Cher Monk
- **img**: Cher Lloyd 2013.jpg
- **caption**: Cher Lloyd in 2013
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Cher Lloyd
- **birth place**: Malvern, Worcestershire, UK
- **origin**: Malvern, Worcestershire, UK
- **years active**: 2010–present
- **label**: Syco Music, Epic Records
British Academy Film Awards

The **British Academy Film Awards** are an annual award show hosted by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA). It is the British equivalent of the Oscars. As of 2008, it happens in the Royal Opera House, in London. Before, it was at the Odeon cinema in Leicester Square. The 65th British Academy Film Awards took place on 12 February 2012.

## History

BAFTA was formed in 1947 as The British Film Academy, by David Lean, Alexander Korda, Carol Reed, Charles Laughton, Roger Manvell and others. In 1958, the academy merged with The Guild of Television Producers and Directors to form The Society of Film and Television. This became The British Academy of Film and Television Arts in 1976.

BAFTA is supported by a membership of around 6,000 people from the movie, television and video game industries.

The academy's awards are look like a theatrical mask. They were designed by American sculptor Mitzi Cunliffe in 1955.

Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh was the host of the ceremony as the first president of BAFTA in 1960,1963, and 1965.

Princess Anne presented the first Fellowship Award to Alfred Hitchcock in 1971, and later attended the ceremony several times as President of BAFTA between 1973 and 2001.

William, Prince of Wales attended the ceremony for the first time in 2010 after being named president of BAFTA, and has attended frequently since, including together with Catherine, Princess of Wales. He presented the BAFTA Fellowship award to Mel Brooks in 2017 and Kathleen Kennedy in 2020.

## Annual ceremony

The ceremony used to take place in April or May. Starting in 2002 it takes place in February in order to be before the Oscars. The awards are mostly open to all nationalities. There is an award for "Outstanding British Film" and "Outstanding Debut by a British Writer, Producer or Director". The Short Film and Short Animation awards are also only for UK movies.

The Awards ceremony is broadcast on British television on BBC One. In the US the show was previously broadcast with a delay on BBC America until 2021, after which it has broadcast live on streaming service BritBox until 2025. In 2023, the BAFTA Film Awards included a live broadcasting of its major award categories during the final portion of the ceremony rather than a same day delay. In 2026, the U.S. broadcast of the ceremony will be on E! with a delay.

## British Academy Awards of Merit

- Movies
- BAFTA Award for Best Film (since 1948)
- BAFTA Award for Best British Film (since 1948)
- BAFTA Award for Best Foreign Film (since 1948)
- BAFTA Award for Best Short Film (since 1980)
- BAFTA Award for Best Animated Film (since 2006)
- BAFTA Award for Best Documentary (1948-1989, 2012)

- Crew

## Retired awards

- BAFTA Award for Best Screenplay (awarded 1969-1983)
- BAFTA Award for Best British Screenplay (awarded 1955-1968)

## British Academy Special Awards

- BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award (since 1971)
- Orange Rising Star Award (since 2006)

## Infobox (award)

- **name**: British Academy Film Awards
- **current awards**: 74th British Academy Film Awards
- **awarded for**: The best in film
- **website**: [http://www.bafta.org/ bafta.org]
Hollywood Boulevard

**Hollywood Boulevard** is a street in Hollywood, California. The street starts at Sunset Boulevard in the east and running northwest to Vermont Avenue. There it turns out and runs due west to Laurel Canyon Boulevard.

## Infobox (nrhp)

- **embed**: yes
- **name**: Hollywood Boulevard Commercial and Entertainment District
- **nrhp type**: hd
- **image**: Hollywood boulevard from kodak theatre.jpg
- **caption**: The revamped Hollywood Boulevard as seen from the Dolby Theatre
- **built**: 1939
- **added**: April 4, 1985
- **refnum**: 85000704
- **nocat**: yes


## Infobox (street)

- **name**: Hollywood Boulevard
- **maint**: Los Angeles County Department of Public Works, City of Los Angeles Department of Public Works
- **direction a**: West
- **terminus a**: Sunset Plaza Drive in Hollywood Hills West, Los Angeles, Hollywood Hills West
- **direction b**: East
- **terminus b**: Sunset Boulevard in Los Feliz, Los Angeles, Los Feliz
- **known for**: Hollywood and Vine
Hollywood Walk of Fame
University of Siena

The **University of Siena** (, **UNISI**) is in Siena, Italy. It was created in 1240. It is one of the oldest European universities and the 4th oldest in Italy. As of 2011, the university had about 17,290 students.

## Other websites

- University of Padua Website
- Museums of the University

## Infobox (university)

- **name**: University of Siena
- **native name**: Università degli Studi di Siena
- **established**: 1240
- **type**: State-supported
- **rector**: Angelo Riccaboni
- **students**: 17,290
- **city**: Siena
- **province**: Tuscany
- **country**: Italy
- **free label**: Sports teams
- **free**: CUS Siena (http://www.cussiena.it/)
- **affiliations**: Coimbra Group, IRUN
- **website**: [http://www.unisi.it/ www.unisi.it/]
Haplodiploidy

**Haplodiploidy** is a sex determination system in which males develop from unfertilized eggs and are haploid, and females develop from fertilized eggs and are diploid.

Haplodiploidy determines the sex in _all_ members of the insect order Hymenoptera (bees, ants, and wasps), and the Thysanoptera ('thrips').<sup>p408</sup> The system also occurs sporadically in some spider mites, coleopterans (bark beetles) and rotifers.

In this system, sex is determined by the number of sets of chromosomes an individual receives. An offspring formed from the union of a sperm and an egg develops as a **female**, and an unfertilized egg develops as a **male**. This means that the males have half the number of chromosomes that a female has, and are haploid.

The haplodiploid sex-determination system has a number of peculiarities. Most importantly, the relatedness between the sisterhood of worker bees in a hive or nest is 0.75. This means the workers are significantly more closely related than siblings in other sex determination systems. It is this point which drives the kin selection theory of how eusociality evolved.<sup>p465</sup> Whether haplodiploidy did in fact pave the way for the evolution of eusociality is still a matter of debate.

The thing to remember is that in normal sexual reproduction, the father has two sets of chromosomes, and crossing over takes place between the chromatids of each pair during the meiosis which produces the sperm. Therefore, _the sperms are not identical_, because in each chromosome of a pair there will be different alleles at many of the loci. But when the father is haploid _all the sperm will be identical_ (except for a small number where gene mutations have taken place in the germline). So, _as long as all the female queen mates only with one male_, all the female offspring will inherit the male's chromosome 100% intact. In fact in Hymenoptera, the males almost all produce enough sperm to last the female for a whole lifetime.

Another feature of the haplodiploidy system is that lethal and deleterious alleles will be removed from the population rapidly because they will automatically be expressed in the males.
Vladimir Zhirinovsky

**Vladimir Volfovich Zhirinovsky** (Russian: Влади́мир Во́льфович Жирино́вский) (born **Vladimir Volfovich Eidelstein**; 25 April 1946 – 6 April 2022) was a Russian politician, lawyer and a colonel in the Soviet Army and later the Russian Army.

## Works

He was the founder and Leader of the Liberal Democratic Party of Russia (LDPR). He was a member of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe. He was partly of Jewish descent (his father was Jewish). He was the Liberal Democratic presidential candidate in 1991, 1996, 2000, 2008, 2012 and 2018.

Zhironovsky was extremely racist and sexist.

## 2021 speech

Zhirinovsky predicted in a speech on December 27 2021, the exact date when the Russian military invaded eastern Ukraine. He said "At 4 a.m. on February 22, you will feel [our new policy]. I would like 2022 to be a peaceful year. But I love the truth, for 70 years I have been telling the truth. It will not be peaceful. It will be a year when Russia becomes great again."

## Death

In February 2022, Zhirinovsky was hospitalized in Moscow with COVID-19. A month later, it was reported he was being treated for COVID-related problems such as sepsis and respiratory failure.

Zhirinovsky died from problems caused by the virus on 6 April 2022, aged 75.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Vladimir Zhirinovsky
- **image**: Vladimir Zhirinovsky 2009 portrait.jpg
- **caption**: Official State Duma portrait
- **office**: Leader of the Liberal Democratic Party of Russia
- **term start**: 19 April 1991
- **term end**: 6 April 2022
- **office2**: Leader of the List of LDPR deputies in the State Duma, Liberal Democratic Party group in the State Duma
- **term start2**: 21 December 2011
- **term end2**: 6 April 2022
- **predecessor2**: Igor Lebedev (politician), Igor Lebedev
- **term start3**: 12 December 1993
- **term end3**: 18 January 2000
- **successor3**: Igor Lebedev (politician), Igor Lebedev
- **office4**: List of Deputy Chairmen of the State Duma, Deputy Chairman of the State Duma from Liberal Democratic Party
- **term start4**: 18 January 2000
- **term end4**: 21 December 2011
- **successor4**: Igor Lebedev (politician), Igor Lebedev
- **office5**: Member of the State Duma
- **constituency5**: Shchyolkovsky <small>(1993–95)</small>
Federal party list <small>(1995–2022)</small>
- **term start5**: 12 December 1993
- **term end5**: 6 April 2022
- **office6**: Leader of the Liberal Democratic Party of the Soviet Union
- **term start6**: April 1991
- **term end6**: 1992
- **party**: Liberal Democratic Party of Russia
- **birth place**: Almaty, Alma Ata, Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic, Kazakh SSR, Soviet Union

- **death place**: Moscow, Russia
- **nationality**: Russian
- **children**: Igor Lebedev (politician), Igor Lebedev
Oleg Gazdarov
Anastasia Petrova
- **alma mater**: Moscow State University
- **occupation**: Politician
- **profession**: Lawyer
- **allegiance**: Soviet Union
 Russian Federation
- **rank**: Colonel
- **birthname**: Vladimir Volfovich Eidelstein
- **signature**: Vladimir Zhirinovsky’s signature.svg
Brown sugar

**Brown sugar** is a type of table sugar. It is made by mixing white sugar with molasses, a sugar byproduct. Brown sugar can either be light or dark depending on how much molasses is in it. Brown sugar can harden after a while out of the package.
Infotainment

**Infotainment** (**info**rmation and enter**tainment**) is a type of media and therefore a type of communication. This media is designed to inform the media's recipient with information but at the same time to entertain them. It is often used to novels to explain scientific things like the greenhouse effect easily and mixed with entertainment.
UTC+02:00

**UTC+02:00** is an identifier for a time offset from UTC of +02:00. In ISO 8601.

## All year (as standard time)

Major cities: Pretoria, Cape Town, Johannesburg, Durban, Port Elizabeth, Khartoum, Lubumbashi, Kigali, Gaborone, Bujumbura, Manzini, Maseru, Tripoli, Lilongwe, Maputo, Windhoek, Omdurman, Juba, Lusaka, Harare, Kaliningrad

## As standard time (Northern Hemisphere winter only)

Principal cities: Athens, Thessaloniki, Nicosia, North Nicosia, Helsinki, Turku, Mariehamn, Kyiv, Bucharest, Jerusalem, Tallinn, Sofia, Riga, Vilnius, Chișinău, Tiraspol, Lviv, Dnipro, Luhansk, Donetsk, Odesa, Kaunas, Klaipėda

## As daylight saving time (Northern Hemisphere summer only)

Principal cities: Berlin, Frankfurt, Munich, Hamburg, Cologne, Düsseldorf, Stuttgart, Leipzig, Dortmund, Essen, Bremen, Hanover, Mainz, Rome, Milan, Naples, Venice, Florence, Palermo, Turin, Genoa, Vatican City, San Marino, Paris, Marseille, Bordeaux, Nantes, Lyon, Lille, Montpellier, Toulouse, Strasbourg, Nice, Monaco, Madrid, Barcelona, Valencia, Seville, Málaga, Bilbao, Andorra, Vienna, Salzburg, Innsbruck, Zurich, Geneva, Bern, Brussels, Antwerp, Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Luxembourg, Valletta, Copenhagen, Stockholm, Oslo, Warsaw, Prague, Zagreb, Budapest, Tirana, Sarajevo, Pristina, Podgorica, Skopje, Belgrade, Bratislava, Ljubljana

## Infobox (time zone)

- **utc**: yes