juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Central Bank of Azerbaijan

The **Central Bank of Azerbaijan** () is the central bank of Azerbaijan. The headquarters of the bank is in the capital city Baku. The bank has regional branch offices in Nakhchivan, Ganja, Yevlakh, Khachmaz, Goychay and Bilasuvar.

## History

The bank was first established on September 16, 1919 shortly after the establishment of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic on May 28, 1918. It was closed when Azerbaijan was occupied and annexed by the Soviet Union, and was established again in February 11, 1992 after the Soviet Union ended and Azerbaijan became independent again on October 18, 1991.

## Responsibilities

The main tasks of the Central Bank of Azerbaijan are:
1. to control the supply of money and its exchange with other currencies
1. to control banks and make sure the economy is stable
1. to regularly determine and announce an official exchange rate of the national currency, the Azerbaijani manat
1. to print banknotes and coins, and to introduce and withdraw them from circulation
1. to make money
1. to control how much money goes in and out of Azerbaijan
1. to control all commercial banks

## Executive Board

The Executive Board is made up of the Governor, who is the Chairperson of the Board of directors, and 4 members who are appointed by the President of Azerbaijan and the National Assembly of Azerbaijan. The current governor is Elman Rustamov.

## Related pages

- Economy of Azerbaijan
- Azerbaijani manat
- Baku Stock Exchange
- List of banks in Azerbaijan

## Infobox (central bank)

- **headquarters**: Baku, Azerbaijan
- **president**: Elman Rustamov
- **leader title**: Governor
- **currency**: Azerbaijani manat
- **currency iso**: AZN
- **reserves**: 6,566,000,000/United States dollar, $8,566,000,000 (January 1, 2011)
- **borrowing rate**: 5.25%
Harbin International Snow and Ice Festival

The **Harbin International Ice and Snow Festival** (or simply Harbin Ice Festival) is a festival held every year in Harbin, China. It involves ice sculptures and winter activities. The festival exhibits open from late December to late February.

The festival has been held since 1963. It started as a local traditional ice lantern show and garden party during Chinese Spring Festival.

## Background

The festival was stopped for a number of years during the Cultural Revolution. It was resumed on 5 January 1985, when the Harbin city government hosted it at Zhaolin Park. It was then announced as an annual event. In 2001, the festival was merged with Heilongjiang International Ski Festival and got its current formal name. The Harbin Ice Festival is one of the world's top ice and snow festivals. It attracts a growing number of visitors from around the world.

## Things to see and do

The festival has a series of shows at theme parks and ice activities on the Songhua River.
- Sun Island International Snow Sculpture Art Fair
- Ice Sculptures Show at Ice and Snow World
- Zhaolin Park Ice Lantern Show
- Siberian Tiger Park
- Harbin Jewish New Synagogue
- St. Sophia Cathedral
- Zhongyang Dajie

## Other websites

- Harbin Ice Festival
- Harbin International Ice and Snow Festival
Division of Gippsland

The **Division of Gippsland** is an Australian Electoral Division in Victoria. It was set up for the first federal election in 1901. It is named for the Gippsland region of eastern Victoria, which in turn is named for Sir George Gipps, Governor of New South Wales 1838–46. It covers an area of 35,054 km² including the towns of Bairnsdale, Morwell, Sale and Traralgon.

## Members

|Member|Party|Term||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|||rowspan="2"|Allan McLean|Protectionist|1901–1904|
|||Anti-Socialist|1904–1906|||
|||rowspan="2"|George Wise|Protectionist|1906–1909|
|||Independent|1909–1913|||
|||James Bennett|Commonwealth Liberal|1913–1914||
|||rowspan="2"|George Wise|Independent|1914–1917|
|||Nationalist|1917–1922|||
|||Thomas Paterson|Country|1922–1943||
|||George Bowden|Country|1943–1961||
|||rowspan="3"|Peter Nixon|Country|1961–1975|
|||National Country|1975–1982|||
|||National|1982–1983|||
|||Peter McGauran|National|1983–2008||
|||Darren Chester|National|2008–present||

Peter McGauran held several ministerial postions in the Howard Government

## Other websites

- Division of Gippsland – Australian Electoral Commission
- Darren Chester's website

## Infobox (australian electorate)

- **federal**: yes
- **name**: Gippsland
- **image**:
- **imagesize**: 300
- **caption**: Division of Gippsland (green) in Victoria (Australia), Victoria
- **created**: 1901
- **mp**: Darren Chester
- **mp-party**: National Party of Australia, National
- **namesake**: Gippsland
- **electors**: 97,521 (2010)
- **area**: 33054
- **class**: Rural
Division of Goldstein

The **Division of Goldstein** is an Australian Electoral Division in Victoria. It was set up in 1984. It is named for Vida Goldstein, the first woman in the British Empire to stand for election to parliament. It covers an area of 50 km² in the bayside suburbs of Melbourne, including Beaumaris, Bentleigh, Brighton and Sandringham.

## Members

|Member|Party|Term|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|||Ian Macphee|Liberal|1984–1990|
|||David Kemp|Liberal|1990–2004|
|||Andrew Robb|Liberal|2004–2016|
|||Tim Wilson|Liberal|2016–2022|
|||Zoe Daniel|Independent|2022–2025|
|||Tim Wilson|Liberal|2025–present|

Andrew Robb was the Federal Director of the Liberal Party from 1990–1997. He served as Minister for Vocational and Further Education in the Howard Government, and Minister for Trade and Investment in the Abbott Government.

## Other websites

- Division of Goldstein – Australian Electoral Commission
- Andrew Robb's website

## Infobox (australian electorate)

- **federal**: yes
- **name**: Goldstein
- **image**: Division of Goldstein 2010.png
- **imagesize**: 300
- **caption**: Division of Goldstein (green) in Victoria (Australia), Victoria
- **created**: 1984
- **mp**: Tim Wilson
- **mp-party**: Liberal Party of Australia, Liberal
- **namesake**: Vida Goldstein
- **electors**: 93,918 (2010)
- **area**: 50
- **class**: Inner Metropolitan
Linear independence

**Linear independence** is a concept from linear algebra. It is used to talk about vector spaces. Each vector space has a null vector. This vector is expressed as a linear combination (a sum) of other vectors. A set of these vectors is called _linearly independent_ if and only if all of them are needed to express this null vector. This is equivalent to saying that at least one of the vectors can be expressed as a linear combination of the others. If the vectors are not linearly independent, they are called _linearly dependent_.

As an example, take the three-dimensional Euclidean space:
Here the first three vectors are linearly independent; but the fourth vector equals nine times the first plus five times the second plus four times the third, so the four vectors together are linearly dependent. Linear dependence is a property of the family, not of any particular vector; for example in this case we could just as well write the first vector as a linear combination of the last three.
Division of Blair

The **Division of Blair** is an Australian Electoral Division in Queensland. Created in 1998, it is named after Harold Blair, an Aboriginal singer and civil rights campaigner. It covers an area of 6,409 km² west of Brisbane and includes Kilcoy, Toogoolawah, Esk, Cominya, Lowood, Fernvale, Ipswich, Minden, Marburg, Rosewood, and Walloon.

During the 2007 election campaign Blair received more funding promises from the Howard Government than any other electorate in the country.

## Members

||Image|Member|Party|Term|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||||Cameron Thompson|Liberal|nowrap|3 October 1998 – 24 November 2007|
||||Shayne Neumann|Labor|nowrap|24 November 2007 – present|

## Other websites

- - Division of Blair (Qld) — Australian Electoral Commission
- Shayne Neumann's website

## Infobox (australian electorate)

- **federal**: yes
- **name**: Blair
- **caption**: Interactive map of boundaries
- **created**: 1998
- **mp**: Shayne Neumann
- **mp-party**: Australian Labor Party, Labor
- **namesake**: Harold Blair
- **electors**: 83,045 (2010)
- **area**: 6409
- **class**: Rural
Mary Kom

**Mangte Chungneijang Mary Kom** (b. 1 March 1983) is an Indian boxer. Kom is a member of the Kom tribe of north-east India. She was born in Kangathei, Churachandpur, Manipur.

Since childhood, Kom has liked athletics boxing and was good at them. She became interested in boxing after watching Dingko Singh in 2000. That same year, she began training with M. Narjit Singh (Manipur State Boxing Coach) at Khuman Lampak, Imphal.

Kom has won the World Boxing championship five times in a row. She is the only woman to get a medal and trophy  in all six world championships. She is also the only Indian woman to qualify for boxing in the 2012 London Olympics. At the 2013 Games, she competed in the flyweight category 51kg and won a bronze medal. She had also been ranked as No. 1 AIBA World Women's Ranking Light Flyweight category.

## Personal life

Kom is married to K Onler Kom. They have twin sons named Rechungvar and Khupneivar. She lives with her family in Manipur.
Count of Anjou

**Count of Anjou** was a title first given to Ingelger. His male line ended with Geoffrey II of Anjou. The next line of counts of Anjou were descended from Geoffrey's sister Ermengarde-Blanche and her husband Geoffrey II, Count of Gâtinais. Their descendants include the Plantagenet kings of England.

### House of Ingelger

- Ingelger (died )
- Fulk I 'the Red' (929–942)
- Fulk II 'the Good' (942–960)
- Geoffrey I 'Greymantle' (958–987)
- Fulk III 'Nerra' (987–1040)
- Geoffrey II 'Martel' (1040–1060)The countship passed through his sister Ermengarde-Blanche of Anjou to his nephew Geoffrey III below:

### Angevins and Plantagenets

- Geoffrey III 'the Bearded' (1060–1067)
- Fulk IV 'le Rechin' (1067–1096), (1106–1109)
- Geoffrey IV 'Martel' (1096–1106)
- Fulk V 'le June' (1109—1143), Count of Anjou, Maine and King of Jerusalem (1131–1143)
- Geoffrey V 'Plantagenet' (1129–1151), Count of Anjou, Maine and Duke of Normandy (1144–1150)
- Henry II 'Curtmantle' (1150–1189), Duke of Normandy (1151-1189), King of England (1154–1189)
- Richard I 'Lionheart' (1189–1199), King of England (1189–1199)
- Arthur I (1199–1203)

In 1204, Anjou was lost to king Philip II of France. It was re-granted as an appanage for Louis VIII's son John. He died in 1232 at the age of thirteen. Anjou was then given to Louis's youngest son, Charles. He later became the king of Sicily.

#### Capetian House of Anjou

- Charles I (1246–1285), King of Sicily, King of Jerusalem, Count of Maine, of Provence, of Forcalquier
- Charles II (1285–1290)
- Margaret I (1285–1299)

In 1290, Margaret married Charles of Valois, the younger brother of king Philip IV of France. He became Count of Anjou in her right.

#### House of Valois

- Charles III (1270–1325), count of Valois
- Philip I (1293–1350), Philip the Fortunate, count of Maine, of Valois
- John II (1319–1364), John the Good
- Louis I (1339–1383)
Ingelger

**Ingelger** (or **Ingelgarius**) (died ) was a Frankish nobleman who became the first count of Anjou. He began a dynasty known as House of Ingelger.

## Career

Ingelger was the son of a Frankish nobleman Tertullus and his wife Petronilla. She was the niece of Raino, Bishop of Angers. Petronilla was also a relative of Hugh the Abbot, an counselor to both Louis II and Louis III of France. His mother's influence was one of the reasons for Ingelger's success. Records of the time call Ingelger a _miles optimus_ (a great military man). Louis II appointed Ingelger as viscount of Orléans which at the time was under the rule of the Bishop of Orléans. While at Orléans Ingelger married Adelais. Later Ingelger was appointed prefect (military commander) at Tours. Some time after this Ingelger was made Count of Anjou. At this time the county went only as far west as the Mayenne River. He was buried in the church of Saint-Martin at Châteauneuf-sur-Sarthe.

## Family

Ingelger married Adelis, a close relative of Raino, Bishop of Angers. He was succeeded by their son:

- Fulk I of Anjou.
Tyndall effect

The **Tyndall effect** is when light is scattered by particles of matter in its path. It makes a beam of light visible by lighting the particles.

Under the Tyndall effect, the longer-wavelength light is more transmitted while the shorter-wavelength light is more reflected by scattering. In effect, blue light is scattered much more strongly than red light.

The blue of a clear sky, and the blue of blue eyes is caused by the Tyndall effect, not by a pigment. Its named after John Tyndall.
Tyndall effect can also be observed when sunlight passes through the canopy of a dense forest.
It happens due to the scattering of light by the particles of smoke and dust.
Bandai-Azuma Roadway

is a highway in Fukushima Prefecture in Japan.

## Other websites

- Bandai-Azuma Roadway on the Fukushima city web site
Mid-Sea Road

**Mid-Sea Road** is a road in Uruma, Okinawa in Japan. It connects two islands.

## Other websites

- Mid-Sea Road in the Japanese geocities web site
Arrondissements of the Pyrénées-Orientales department

There are 3 **arrondissements in the Pyrénées-Orientales department**. The French departments, and in other countries, are divided into _arrondissements_, which may be translated into English as **districts** (in some cases, as **boroughs**). The capital of an arrondissement is called a subprefecture.

If the prefecture (capital) of the department is in an arrondissement, that prefecture is the capital of the arrondissement, acting both as a prefecture and as a subprefecture. Arrondissements are further divided into communes.

The arrondissements of Pyrénées-Orientales are:

|INSEE code !! Arrondissement !! Capital !! Population <small>(2014)</small> !! Area <small>(km²)</small> !! Density <small>(inh./km²)</small> !! _Communes_|||||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|661|Céret|Céret|73,192|953.5||40|
|662|Perpignan|Perpignan|349,959|1,317.4||86|
|663|Prades|Prades|43,176|1,845.1||100|

## History

Since its creation, the Pyrénées-Orientales department, first with the name of Roussillon, has had few changes:
- 1790 : creation of the department with three districts: Perpignan, Prades, Cèret
- 1800 : creation of the arrondissements: Perpignan, Prades, Cèret

## Related pages

- Arrondissement of Céret
- Arrondissement of Perpignan
- Arrondissement of Prades
- List of arrondissements of France
East German mark

The **East German mark** was the official currency of East Germany from 1948 until 1990 when it was replaced by the Deutsche Mark.

## Other websites

- Banknotes of the German Democratic Republic

## Infobox (currency)

- **currency name**: Mark of the German Democratic Republic
- **symbol**: M
- **obsolete notice**: Y
- **issuing authority**: Staatsbank, Staatsbank der DDR
- **used banknotes**: 5 M, 10 M, 20 M, 50 M, 100 M
- **rarely used coins**: 10 M, 20 M
- **frequently used coins**: 1 pf, 5 pf, 10 pf, 20 pf, 50 pf, 1 M, 2 M, 5 M
- **nickname**: alu-chips
- **plural subunit 1**: Pfennig
- **plural**: Mark
- **symbol subunit 1**: pf
- **subunit name 1**: Pfennig
- **subunit ratio 1**: 1/100
- **pegged with**: Deutsche Mark = (1 DM – 1 M)
- **iso number**: 278
- **iso code**: DDM
- **image title 2**: 1 Mark banknote with an adhesive stamp on a 1 Rentenmark banknote, issued in 1948
- **image 2**: GDR-1-Soviet Germany-1 Deutsche Mark (1948).jpg
- **image title 1**: <div style="min-width:5em">1 Mark coin</div>
- **image 1**: 1 Mark DDR Wertseite.JPG
- **footnotes**: the East German Mark was officially a nonconvertible domestic currency.
Fulk I of Anjou

**Fulk I of Anjou** (870 – 942), called _the Red_ (, ), was first the viscount of Anjou, then Count of Anjou until his death. He was the Count of Tours, Count of Nantes, and a lay abbot. Fulk increased the size of the county of Anjou as well as the prestige of his family.

## Career

Born , Fulk was the son of Count Ingelger and Adelais de Amboise.

He ruled the county of Anjou from  to 942, first as Viscount then in 929 as Count. It is not known why there was a period of time between Ingelger's rule and his son Fulk's. In 899 he became Viscount of Tours and in 905, Count of Tours. About 900-918 he was Count of Nantes. He increased the territory of the county of Anjou. During his reign, he was permanently at war with the Normans and the Bretons. He lost Nantes to the Normans in 919. Normans and their Viking allies often invaded Brittany and Anjou. , Ingelger, Fulk's oldest son was killed defending Anjou against Norman attacks.

Fulk built important connections for his family. His wife's family helped secure his countship of Nantes. His son Guy became the Bishop of Soissons. Fulk also succeeded his father-in-law, Warnerius, as lay abbot of Saint-Aubin. Fulk was lay abbot of St. Lézin as well. Through these many positions Fulk elevated his family's status and fortune. Fulk I died .

## Family

Fulk married Roscille de Loches. She was the daughter of Warnerius (Widone),Seigneur de Loches, de Villentrois, & de la Haye, and his wife Tecandra. He and Roscille had:

- Ingelger (died before 927).
- Guy (Wido), Bishop of Soissons (died 970).
- Fulk II. Succeeded his father as Count of Anjou.
Charles University

**Charles University** is a university in Prague. It is one of the oldest universities in the world. King Charles IV signed an official letter to start the university on April 7, 1348.

## Other websites

- Charles University
Fanny Elssler

**Fanny Elssler** (23 June 1810 – 27 November 1884) was an Austrian ballerina of the Romantic period.
Wells Fargo

**Wells Fargo** is a global bank network based in California. They operate all across the world. Wells Fargo is the 4th largest bank in the United States. The bank was established in New York City in March of 1852. The founders of the bank system were Henry Wells and William Fargo, who had already made American Express.

Like many U.S. companies, the bank has a history of racism in its past. In 2008, Wells Fargo bought Wachovia, another bank, and took over its business. Wachovia also had a history of slavery and discrimination.

Wells Fargo has been sued for discriminating in the loans it offers customers, like Bank of America and other global bank networks. On February 2, 2018, the US Federal Reserve Bank barred Wells Fargo from growing its nearly US$2 trillion-asset base any further, until Wells Fargo fixes its internal problems to the satisfaction of the Federal Reserve.

In April 2018, _The Wall Street Journal_ reported that the US Department of Labor had launched a probe into whether Wells Fargo was pushing its customers into more expensive retirement plans and into retirement funds managed by Wells Fargo itself. In May 2018, _The Wall Street Journal_ reported that Wells Fargo's business banking group had improperly altered documents about business clients in 2017 and early 2018.
Division of Brand

The **Division of Brand** is an Australian electoral division in the state of Western Australia. The division was named after Sir David Brand, a former state premier. It was created in 1984 because of the large increase in population. It covers an area of 411 km² south of Perth. It includes the City of Kwinana, City of Rockingham and the northern section of the City of Mandurah.

According to the 2006 census, Brand is the electorate with the lowest proportion (12.6%) of residents with a university qualification.

## Members

||Image|Member|Party|Term|Notes|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||||Wendy Fatin|Labor|nowrap|1984 Australian federal election, 1 December 1984 – 1996 Australian federal election, 29 January 1996|Previously held the Division of Canning. Served as minister under Bob Hawke and Paul Keating. Retired|
||||Kim Beazley|Labor|nowrap|1996 Australian federal election, 2 March 1996 – 2007 Australian federal election, 17 October 2007|Previously held the Division of Swan. Served as Opposition Leader from 1996 to 2001, and 2005 to 2006. Retired|
||||Gary Gray|Labor|nowrap|2007 Australian federal election, 24 November 2007 – 2016 Australian federal election. 9 May 2016|Served as minister under Julia Gillard and Kevin Rudd. Retired|
||||Madeleine King|Labor|nowrap|2016 Australian federal election, 2 July 2016 – present|Incumbent|
Wendy Fatin was  Minister for the Arts in the early 1990s. Kim Beazley was Minister for Defence in the Hawke Government, and Deputy Prime Minister to Paul Keating. He took over the seat in 1996. He had been the member for Swan but changes in the boundaries showed he would lose it. At the 1996 election, Beazley won Brand by just 387 votes. Gary Gray was Minister for Resources and Energy, Minister for Tourism and Minister for Small Business in the Rudd Government.

## Other websites

- Division of Brand – Australian Electoral Commission
- Gary Gray's website

## Infobox (australian electorate)

- **federal**: yes
- **name**: Brand
- **image**: Division of BRAND 2016.png
- **caption**: Division of Brand in Western Australia, 2016.
- **created**: 1984
- **mp**: Madeleine King
- **mp-party**: Australian Labor Party, Labor
- **namesake**: David Brand, Sir David Brand
- **electors**: 106963
- **electors year**: 2019
- **area**: 377
- **class**: Outer Metropolitan
Aji Pangeran Tumenggung Pranoto Airport

**Aji Pangeran Tumenggung Pranoto Airport**  or **APT Pranoto Airport**, also known as **Sungai Siring Airport** is the airport of Samarinda, Indonesia. It is in the Sungai Siring district of Samarinda. It is one of the leading airports in Kaltim, and it is the hub for Kaltim Airlines. It is the busiest airport in terms of passengers in Kaltim.

The airport has a railway system linking it to the city of Samarinda. It was designed by PT Waskita Karya. The aim of the airport was to increase traffic and capacity which the old Temindung Airport could not handle.
Morgan Stanley

**Morgan Stanley** is an American multinational bank club. Its headquarters is in Manhattan, New York. Morgan Stanley operates in over forty countries. The group was founded in 1935.
Bracket fungus

**Bracket fungi**, or **shelf fungi**, are among the many groups of fungi in the phylum Basidiomycota.

They produce shelf- or bracket-shaped fruiting bodies called **conks**. These lie in a close group of horizontal rows. Brackets can range from only a single row of a few caps, to dozens of rows of caps that can weigh several hundred pounds. They are mainly found on trees (living and dead) and woody debris. Some form annual fruiting bodies while others are perennial and grow larger year after year. Bracket fungi are usually tough and sturdy. Their spores, called basidiospores, are in pores on the undersurface.
Jelly fungus

**Jelly fungi** are a paraphyletic group of several fungal orders from different classes of the subphylum Agaricomycotina. The name comes from their form, or growth habit. Their fruiting body is foliose or irregularly branched. It looks like jelly. Actually, many are somewhat rubbery and gelatinous. When dried, jelly fungi become hard and shriveled; when exposed to water, they return to their original form.

Some jelly fungi can be eaten raw; poisonous jelly fungi are rare. However, many species have an unpalatable texture or taste. However, some species, _Tremella fuciformis_ for example, are not only edible but prized for use in soup and vegetable dishes.
Stinkhorn

The **stinkhorns** are a family of fungi, the  **Phallaceae**. Belonging to the fungal order Phallales, the Phallaceae have a worldwide distribution, but are especially common in tropical regions. Their mushrooms are foul-smelling, sticky spore masses, or gleba, on the end of a stalk.

Their mushroom distinguishes the Phallaceae from other families in the Phalalles. The spore mass smells of carrion or dung, and attracts flies and other insects to help disperse the spores. Although a great diversity of body structure shape exists between the various genera, all species in the Phallaceae begin their development as oval or round structures known as "eggs". According to a 2008 estimate, the family contains 21 genera and 77 species.
Todd Graff

**Todd Graff** (October 22, 1959) is an American actor, writer, director, producer and former singer. He is best known for his independent movie _Camp_. This was released in 2003, at the Sundance Film Festival. It was successfully shown at many festivals, including the Festival of New Films / New Directors of Lincoln Center, the Sydney Film Festival (where it won first prize), and the Provincetown Film Festival (where it won best film). Graff replaced recently departed Stephen Gustafson from The Electric Company in 1975.

Graff acted in movies such as _The Abyss_ (1989). He also acted on stage in the Broadway musical _Baby_. He was later able to build a reputation as a writer.

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: Toddgraffkekepalmer.jpg
- **caption**: Keke Palmer and Todd Graff
- **name**: Todd Graff
- **birth place**: Queens, New York City, New York, U.S.
- **occupation**: Actor, writer, director
- **yearsactive**: 1970–present
- **spouse**: John Lafaurie (2014–present)
Second Battle of Bull Run

The **Second Battle of Bull Run** (also called the Battle of Second Manassas) was a battle during the American Civil War. It was fought from August 28 to August 30, 1862. It ended in a Confederate victory.

## Background

Union president Abraham Lincoln formed the Army of Virginia near Washington, D.C. in July 1862. He put Major General John Pope in command of the army. Lincoln wanted Pope to attack the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia.

Confederate General Robert E. Lee commanded the Army of Northern Virginia. He was trying to protect Richmond from another Union army on the Peninsula. The Union Army of the Potomac had just tried to capture Richmond a few weeks before but failed. Lee would be outnumbered if the two Union armies united. He moved his army north to fight Pope.

## The battle

Lee planned to send Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson's corps to the rear of Pope's army. He wanted to surround Pope. Jackson camped near the Bull Run on August 28, where the First Battle of Bull Run was fought in 1861. Jackson attacked part of Pope's army on August 28 but was defeated.

Pope then tried to attack Jackson on August 29 and destroy his corps. All of the Union attacks failed. Lee arrived during the evening with James Longstreet's corps.

Pope tried to attack Jackson again on August 30 but again was defeated. Lee then attacked Pope and routed the Union army.

## Aftermath

There were 13,826 Union casualties in the battle. Pope retreated back to Washington. His army was combined with the Army of the Potomac. Pope was sent to Minnesota after the battle.

There were 8,353 Confederate casualties in the battle. Lee decided to invade Maryland after the battle.
Cytotoxic T cell

A **cytotoxic T cell** is a type of white blood cell. It is a T lymphocyte which kills cancer cells, cells  infected with viruses, or cells that are damaged in other ways.

Most cytotoxic T cells have T-cell receptors (TCRs) which recognize a specific antigen from a cancer cell or virus.

Antigens inside a cell are brought to the surface of the cell by major histocompatibility complex molecules, where they can be recognized by the T cell. If the TCR is specific for that antigen, it binds to the complex of MHC molecule and antigen, and the T cell destroys the cell.
Lockheed C-141 Starlifter

The **Lockheed C-141 Starlifter** is a US military transport aircraft. It was used by the US Air Force between 1965 and 2006. It flew missions during the Vietnam War and the Gulf War. It also helped bring supplies for humantarian missions. It was only used by the United States. A total of 285 were built.

The C-141 Starlifter was the world's first strategic jet military transport aircraft as well as first of the United States. Starlifters supplied U.S. forces throughout the world, aiding in humanitarian efforts and military conflicts in Grenada and Panama and providing support to Israeli forces during several flare-ups in the Middle East.

The development of the C-141 Starlifter was in response to a request by members of the Military Air Transport Service for a jet transport aircraft. Lockheed Corporation had an advantage since they had created the Lockheed C-130 Hercules. In 1961, United States president John F. Kennedy announced that Lockheed Corporation had won the contract for the creation of a new jet transport aircraft. The first production aircraft was finished on 22 August 1963, being accepted for U.S. service 6 days later.

Its purpose was to replace older aircraft such as the Douglas C-124 Globemaster II and Douglas C-133 Cargomaster. Itself would be replaced by the Boeing C-17 Globemaster III.

## Related pages

- Military transport aircraft

## Infobox (aircraft begin)

- **name**: C-141 Starlifter
- **image**: File:A 7th Airlift Squadron (7th AS) C-141B Starlifter aircraft flies over the base F-3282-SPT-92-000174-XX-0696.jpg
- **caption**: **Lockheed C-141 Starlifter** in flight.
- **alt**: Bottom view of four-engine jet transport (C-141 Starlifter) in-flight.


## Infobox (aircraft type)

- **type**: Strategic airlifter
- **national origin**: United States
- **manufacturer**: Lockheed Corporation
- **introduction**: April 1965
- **status**: Retired
- **primary user**: United States Air Force
- **number built**: 285
Fuji FA 200

The **Fuji FA 200** is a civilian light aircraft. It was built in Japan between 1968 and 1986. There were 275 of them built. It is a single-engine aircraft.
War (U2 album)

***War*** is the third studio album by Irish rock band U2, released in 1983.

The band's first album, _Boy_ is about childhood and the second album, _October_ is about spirituality. This album is about war and politics. This is because of songs like "Sunday Bloody Sunday". The album was named _War_ because of what was happening in the world while they were recording. Bono said that "everywhere you looked, from the Falklands to the Middle East and South Africa, there was war."

_War_ sold well for the band right away. Michael Jackson's album, _Thriller_ fell from the top of the charts. _War_ became U2's first album in the United Kingdom to reach #1. It was not well liked by British critics at first, but over the years has gained approval.

## Recording

U2 began recording _War_ in May 1982.  Bono and his bride Alison, had just been married. The band took a break while Bono and Alison went on a honeymoon in Jamaica. But Bono worked on the lyrics for the upcoming album while on vacation.

## Track listing

All of the songs and the lyrics were written by U2.

1. Sunday Bloody Sunday - 4:38
1. Seconds - 3:09
1. New Year's Day - 5:38
1. Like a Song… - 4:48
1. Drowning Man - 4:12
1. The Refugee - 3:40 (produced by Bill Whelan)
1. Two Hearts Beat as One - 4:00
1. Red Light - 3:46
1. Surrender - 5:34
1. 40 - 2:36

## People

- U2
- Bono – lead vocals, additional guitar
- The Edge – guitar, piano, lap steel, backing vocals, lead vocals on "Seconds," bass and guitar on "40"
- Adam Clayton – bass, except on "40"
- Larry Mullen Jr. – drums

- Others
- Kenny Fradley – trumpet on "Red Light"
- Steve Wickham – electric violin on "Sunday Bloody Sunday" and "Drowning Man"
- The Coconuts: Cheryl Poirier, Adriana Kaegi, Taryn Hagey, Jessica Felton – backing vocals on "Like A Song…", "Red Light", and "Surrender"

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: War
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: U2
- **released**: 28 February 1983
- **recorded**: 17 May–20 August 1982, Windmill Lane Studios, Dublin, Ireland, Dublin
- **genre**: Rock music, Rock, post-punk
- **length**: 42:03
- **label**: Island Records, Island
- **producer**: Steve Lillywhite
- **prev title**: October (album), October
- **prev year**: 1981
- **next title**: The Unforgettable Fire
- **next year**: 1984
Sweet roll

A **sweet roll** (or **sweet bun**) refers to any kind of bread roll or bun that is made to taste sweet. They are eaten as a breakfast or dessert food. They may contain spices, nuts, fruits, and are often glazed or topped with icing. Compared to regular bread dough, sweet roll dough generally has more sugar, fat, eggs and yeast. They are often round, and are small enough to be eaten by one person. They are different to pastries, which are made from a paste-like batter, and cakes, which are usually not leavened like bread is. They are also not the same as doughnuts, which are deep fried.

## Related pages

- Waffle
- Banana bread

## Infobox (food)

- **name**: Sweet roll
- **image**: Chelsea Buns.jpg
- **caption**: A Chelsea bun, a type of fruit bun popular in the United Kingdom
- **alternate name**: Sweet bun
- **type**: Sweet bread
Margaret Pellegrini

**Margaret Pellegrini** (September 23, 1923 – August 7, 2013) was an American actress. She was one of the last surviving munchkins from the 1939 movie _The Wizard of Oz_. Pellegrini was one of only two surviving female munchkins from the movie.

Pellegrini was born on September 23, 1923 in Tuscumbia, Alabama. She was married to Willie Pellegrini until his death. They had two children. Pellegrini died on August 7, 2013 in Glendale, Arizona from a stroke, aged 89.
Pterois

***Pterois***, also known as **lionfish**, is a genus of venomous marine fish. They are found mostly in the Indo-Pacific.

_Pterois_ is characterized by warning coloration with red, white, creamy, or black bands, showy pectoral fins and venomous spiky fin rays. _Pterois_ are classified into a number of different species, but _Pterois radiata_, _Pterois volitans_ and _Pterois miles_ are the most commonly studied. _Pterois_ are popular aquarium fish and are readily used for cooking.

_Pterois_ are about 2.44in (6.2cm) to 16.69in (42.4 cm) with typical adults measuring 14.96in (37.9 cm) . They weigh an average of 1.05 lbs (0.47 kg).
Viscount

A **Viscount** (, ) is a member of the European nobility. A viscount usually ranks above a baron and below a count. The female equivalent is a Viscountess.

### In France and Western Europe

Beginning in the early ninth century the Carolingian kings appointed counts to run local county governments. The counts used viscounts or deputy counts to assist them.

The viscounts served as deputies of the county. They had military, financial, administrative and judicial authority. They carried out court orders and held courts of their own. Viscounts also collected money for the king. Starting with the reign of Philip the Fair they were paid regular salaries. In the early tenth century, viscounts in the south of France gave themselves the rights of counts for their own profit. In Narbonne and Nimes the office became hereditary just like that of a count. Elsewhere in France viscounts began replacing counts where they could. A Viscounty (or Viscountship) was the office, area or jurisdiction of a viscount. By the eleventh century viscounts had become hereditary offices in most of Western Europe. In Normandy, before 1066, Duke William I began to view the position of a viscount as being removable. After 1066, and as King of England, William made several of his viscounts in Normandy, earls in England (an English earl was about the same as a count in Europe). But there were no viscounts in the English peerage and he did not create any.

In eleventh century Italy, the office and the lands of a viscount began to be thought of as the hereditary property of the family. The title, as with that of count or marquis was used by all members of a family.

### In England

The first introduction of the title of viscount in England was in the fifteenth century. The first to be recognized, John Beaumont was already a viscount in Maine. This was to give him a rank above the barons in the English peerage. Afterward it became a regular rank in the peerage. In England, and later in the United Kingdom, a viscount ranks above a baron but below an earl. The wife of a viscount is called a vicountess.
Montacute, South Australia

**Montacute** is a small town and suburb in Adelaide Hills, South Australia. The town is on Fifth Creek. It is mostly a rural area. Rostrevor is to the west of the suburb, while Lenswood is to the east, Castambul is to the north, and Norton Summit and Cherryville are to its west.  The small town of **Montacute Heights** is on top of the ridge between Fifth and Sixth Creeks.

Copper was discovered in the area in 1843, and a mine was built soon after. One of the people who gave money for the mine was Sir John Baker. He named the area after Montacute in Somerset, which was close to the place where he was born. Gold was discovered in 1846. The "Victoria Mine" became the first gold deposit to be commercially mined in Australia.

The main industries are now orchards and market gardens. The 200-hectare Montacute Conservation Park was founded in 1971.

Corkscrew Road is a popular route for cyclists and people on day-trips. It is a small road linking Montacute Heights with Gorge Road via a precipitous route with many twists and turns.

## Infobox (australian place)

- **type**: town
- **name**: Montacute
- **state**: sa
- **lga**: Adelaide Hills Council
- **postcode**: 5134
- **pop**: 338
- **pushpin label position**: top
- **elevation**: 291
- **stategov**: electoral district of Morialta, Morialta
- **fedgov**: Division of Mayo, Mayo
- **dist1**: 14
- **location1**: Adelaide
- **local map**: yes
Division of Cowan

The **Division of Cowan** is an Australian Electoral Division in Western Australia. It was created in 1984 and is named for Edith Cowan, the first woman elected to an Australian Parliament. It covers the northern suburbs of Perth, including Girrawheen, Greenwood, Kingsley, Landsdale, Woodvale and Marangaroo.

## Members

||Image|Member|Party|Term|Notes|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||||Carolyn Jakobsen|Labor|nowrap|1984 Australian federal election, 1 December 1984 – 1993 Australian federal election, 13 March 1993|Lost seat|
||||Richard Evans|Liberal|nowrap|1993 Australian federal election, 13 March 1993 – 1998 Australian federal election, 3 October 1998|Lost seat|
||||Graham Edwards|Labor|nowrap|1998 Australian federal election, 3 October 1998 – 2007 Australian federal election, 17 October 2007|Previously a member of the Western Australian Legislative Council. Retired. Last veteran of the Vietnam War to serve in the House of Representatives|
||||Luke Simpkins|Liberal|nowrap|2007 Australian federal election, 24 November 2007 – 2016 Australian federal election, 2 July 2016|Lost seat|
||||Anne Aly|Labor|nowrap|2016 Australian federal election, 2 July 2016 – present|Incumbent|
Graham Edwards had been a member of the Western Australian Legislative Council, and a minister in the Lawrence Government.

## Other websites

- Division of Cowan – Australian Electoral Commission
- Luke Simpkin's website

## Infobox (australian electorate)

- **federal**: yes
- **name**: Cowan
- **image**: Division of COWAN 2016.png
- **caption**: Division of Cowan, Western Australia, 2016.
- **created**: 1984
- **mp**: Anne Aly
- **mp-party**: Australian Labor Party, Labor
- **namesake**: Edith Cowan
- **electors**: 98668
- **electors year**: 2019
- **area**: 180
- **class**: Outer Metropolitan
Division of Curtin

The **Division of Curtin** is an Australian Electoral Division in Western Australia. It was created in 1949 and is named for John Curtin, who was Prime Minister of Australia 1941–45. Much of the area was part of the Division of Fremantle, which Curtin represented from 1928 to 1945. It covers the beachside suburbs of Perth, including Claremont, Cottesloe, Mosman Park, Nedlands, Subiaco and Swanbourne.

## Members

|Member|Party|Term||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|||Paul Hasluck|Liberal|1949–1969||
|||Victor Garland|Liberal|1969–1981||
|||rowspan="2"|Allan Rocher|Liberal|1981–1995|
|||Independent|1995–1998|||
|||Julie Bishop|Liberal|1998–2019||
|||Celia Hammond|Liberal|2019–2022||
|||Kate Chaney|Independent|2022–present||

Its most famous member was Paul Hasluck, a Cabinet minister and later Governor-General of Australia. Julie Bishop was Minister for Education, Science and Training and Minister Assisting the Prime Minister for Women's Issues in the Howard Government. She is the Deputy Leader of the parliamentary Liberal Party, making her the first woman to hold this role.

## References

- https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-02-21/julie-bishop-to-retire/10834480
- https://www.aph.gov.au/Senators_and_Members/Parliamentarian?MPID=80072

## Other websites

- Division of Curtin – Australian Electoral Commission
- Julie Bishop's website

## Infobox (australian electorate)

- **federal**: yes
- **name**: Curtin
- **image**: Division of Curtin 2010.png
- **imagesize**: 300
- **caption**: Division of Curtin (green) in Western Australia
- **created**: 1949
- **mp**: Kate Chaney
- **mp-party**: Independent politician, Independent
- **namesake**: John Curtin
- **electors**: 90,430 (2010)
- **area**: 104
- **class**: Inner Metropolitan
Malachi Favors

**Malachi Favors** (August 22, 1927 – January 30, 2004) was an American jazz bassist. He was best known for his work with the Art Ensemble of Chicago.

Favors was born on August 22, 1927 in Lexington, Mississippi. He was raised in Chicago, Illinois.

Well known records of his include Natural and the Spiritual (solo bass, 1977) and _Sightsong_ (duets with Muhal Richard Abrams, 1975). In 1994 he played with Roman Bunka (Oud) at Berlin Jazz Fest and recorded the _German Critics Poll Winner_ album _Color me Cairo_.

Favors died on January 30, 2004 in Chicago, Illinois from pancreatic cancer, aged 76.

## Other websites

- JazzWeekly.com: A Fireside Chat with Malachi Favors
R. Hunter Middleton

**Robert Hunter Middleton** (May 6, 1898 – August 3, 1985) was an Scottish-American book designer, painter, and type designer.

Middleton was born in Glasgow, Scotland on May 6, 1898. He came to Chicago in 1908 where he studied at the School of the Art Institute.

He joined the design department of the Ludlow Typograph Company in 1923 and served as director of the department of typeface design from 1933 to 1971. In 1944 he began operating a private press, The Cherryburn Press. He died in Chicago.

Middleton died on August 3, 1985 from natural causes in his home in Chicago, Illinois, aged 87.

## Infobox (artist)

- **name**: R. Hunter Middleton
- **birth name**: Robert Hunter Middleton
- **birth place**: Glasgow, Scotland
- **death place**: Chicago, Illinois
- **field**: typography
- **works**: Tempo (typeface), Tempo, Radiant (typeface), Radiant
Povilas Tautvaišas

**Povilas Tautvaišas** (English:  Paul Tautvaisas / Tautvaisis) (born 6 May 1916, Mogilev – died November 1980, Chicago) was a Lithuanian-American chess master.

He played twice for the Lithuanian team in the Chess Olympiads, at eighth board (+4 –8 =2) at Munich 1936 (unofficial Olympiad), and at fourth board (+5 –9 =6) in the 8th Olympiad at Buenos Aires 1939, during which World War II broke out.

Tautvaisas returned to Europe, unlike many other players in that event (Najdorf, Stahlberg, Eliskases, Frydman, _et al._). He took 5th, behind Birmanas, Arlauskas, Abramavičius, and Vaitonis, at the 1943 Lithuanian chess championship in Vilnius.

Tautvaišas died in November 1980 in Chicago, Illinois from a heart attack, aged 64.
Carl Wright (actor)

**Carl Wright** (February 2, 1932 – May 19, 2007) was an American tap dancer, actor, and comedian. He was known for his roles in _Soul Food_, _Barbershop_, and _Big Momma's House_.

For several years, Wright teamed up with Chicago radio legend Pervis Spann playing a misguided and mischievous reverend on his Chicago television show, "Blues and More".

Wright was born in Orlando, Florida on February 2, 1932. He toured as a tap dancer as a young man, and for a time performed as The Three-Leggers with a one-legged partner. Wright died of cancer at his home in Chicago.

## Movies

- _The Cookout_ (2004) .... Grandpa
- _Barbershop 2: Back in Business_ (2004) .... Checkers Fred
- _Platinum Playaz_ (2003) .... Mr. Green
- _M.I.T.: Murder Investigation Team_ .... Darren (1 episode, 2003)
    - Rubbish (2003) TV episode .... Darren
- _When Thugs Cry_ (2003) .... Minister
- _Barbershop_ (2002) .... Checkers Fred
- _Just Visiting_ (2001) .... Station Master
- _Big Momma's House_ (2000) .... Ben Rawley
- _Early Edition_ .... Henderson (1 episode, 1998)
    - Walk, Don't Run (1998) TV episode .... Henderson
- _Soul Food_ (1997) .... Reverend Williams

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Carl Wright
- **birth date**: February 2, 1932
- **birth place**: Orlando, Florida, U.S.
- **death place**: Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
- **occupation**: Tap dancer, actor, comedian
Fulk II of Anjou

**Fulk II of Anjou** (–960), called **the good** (), was a French nobleman and the Count of Anjou from 942 to his death in 960.

## Career

Fulk II was born about 905. He was the son of Fulk the Red and his wife Roscilla de Loches. She was the daughter of Warnerius, Seigneur de Villentrois. He succeeded his father in 942 as the second count of Anjou (also called the count of Angers) and remained in power until 960.

The Angevins, Fulk II included, had become very good at making marriage alliances that helped their goals. His father, Fulk the Red, had arranged his marriage to a Carolingian, Gerberga, the daughter of Ratburnus I Viscount of Vienne. Among other things, this marriage made it possible for their daughter Adelaide-Blanche to marry a future king of France. It made them important enough for their son Guy to become Bishop of Le Puy.

After Gerberga died  Fulk made another astute political marriage. He married Adelaide, the widow of Alan II, Duke of Brittany. Alan II had also been Count of Nantes, and the marriage probably gave Fulk control of Nantes. Adelaide was also the sister of Theobald I, Count of Blois. This allowed Fulk II to form an alliance with the House of Blois. Fulk died in 960. He was succeeded by his son Geoffrey Greymantle.

## Family

By his wife, Gerberge,  Fulk II had several children:

- Adelaide-Blanche of Anjou, married five times.
- Geoffrey I, Count of Anjou, married Adelaide of Vermandois.
- Bouchard, Count of Vendome.
- Guy of Anjou, Bishop of le Puy.
- Humbert d'Anjou, mentioned 957.

By his second wife Adelaide, he had no children.
Morpho

A ***Morpho*** is a butterfly in one of over 29 species and 147 subspecies in the genus _Morpho_.

Morphos are Neotropical butterflies found mostly in South America, Mexico and Central America. Morphos range in wingspan from the 7.5 cm (3 inch) _M. rhodopteron_ to the imposing 20 cm (8 inch) Sunset Morpho, _M. hecuba_.

## Colours

Many Morpho butterflies are coloured in metallic, shimmering shades of blue and green. These colours are not caused by pigment. They are an example of iridescence: light reflects through the microscopic scales covering the Morpho's wings.

### Sexual dimorphism

The blue Morpho species have sexual dimorphism. In some species only the males are iridescent blue, the females are camouflaged brown and yellow. In other species the females are partially iridescent but less blue than the males.

### Habitat

Their habitat is the primary forests of the Amazon and Atlantic. They can  breed in other forested habitats, for instance the dry deciduous woodlands of Nicaragua and in secondary forests.

### Flight

Morphos are strong fliers, found at altitudes between sea level and about 1400 m. Morphos are diurnal: males spend the mornings patrolling along forest streams and rivers. They are territorial and will chase any rivals. Morphos typically live alone out of the mating season.

### Protection

The adults are usually palatable, but hard to catch because they are such strong fliers. Birds find it very hard to catch them.

The conspicuous blue coloration shared by most _Morpho_ species may be a case of Müllerian mimicry, or may be 'pursuit aposematism'. This means the bird learns that the colour says, in effect, "don't waste your energy, you can't catch me".

### Life cycle

The entire life cycle of the Morpho butterfly, from egg to death, is approximately 115 days.

Although the adults are palatable, the larvae are not. Their hairs are irritating, and when disturbed they secrete a noxious fluid which smells like rancid butter. The strong odour is a defence against predators.

The caterpillar will molt five times before entering the pupal stage. The bulbous chrysalis is pale-green or jade-green and emits a repulsive, ultrasonic sound when touched. It is suspended from a stem or leaf of the foodplant.