juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Satguru

In some eastern religions, a **Satguru** (or **Sadguru**) is a person who is considered to have achieved enlightenment, and who can help others to achieve the same. The word means "true teacher" in Sanskrit (), _sat_ meaning "true" and a guru meaning "teacher". The title means that his students have faith that the guru can be trusted and will lead them to moksha, nirvana or inner peace. It is based on a long line of Hindu understandings about the importance of the guru.

## Ancient and  traditional sources

In  the _Guru Gita_, Shiva says to Parvati:

- The body, the senses, the Prana, wealth, one’s own relations, the self, wife etc., all these should be surrendered to the Satguru. (38)
- One who cuts asunder, for the disciple, the eight kinds of attachment (doubts, pity, fear, shyness, censure, position in society, high birth and wealth), by the sword of mercy and bestows absolute Bliss is called Satguru. (57)
- Just as the ocean is the king of waters, the Param Guru(Satguru) is the King among Gurus. (179)
- A Param Guru is free from attachment, etc.; peaceful, always contented in Himself, independent, and one who considers the status of *Brahma and Vishnu like a blade of grass. (180)
- One who is independent at all times and places, who possess an unshakable mind and always blissful, who experiences the homogenous essence of the Self, such a one is the Param Guru. (181)
- One who is free from the feeling of duality and non-duality, who shines by the light of His self-realization, who is able to destroy the deep darkness of ignorance, and is omniscient, He is a Param Guru. (182)
- By whose mere Darshan, one attains calmness, cheerfulness, and peace and steadfastness, and peace of mind, such a one is Param Guru. (183)
- One who looks upon his own body as a corpse, and his Self as the non-dual Brahman, and who has killed the infatuation for  wealth and women, such a person is a Param Guru. (184)
- Family traditions, wealth, strength, shastras, relatives, brothers, - none of these are useful to you at the time of death. Satguru is the only saviour. (188)

The Kularnava Tantra (XIV/65) states,
> "It is very rare to find a Satguru who can give _Shaktipat_ and rare to find a disciple worthy of receiving it.  One gets such a Guru only as a result of past meritorious actions."

In the Upanishads, five signs of satguru (true guru) are mentioned.

> In the presence of the satguru; Knowledge flourishes (_Gyana raksha_); Sorrow diminishes (_Dukha kshaya_); Joy wells up without any reason (_Sukha aavirbhava_); Abundance dawns (_Samriddhi_); All talents manifest (_Sarva samvardhan_).

According to Satguru Sivaya Subramuniyaswami, a Hindu Satguru is always a _sannyasin_, an unmarried renunciate.

## Related pages

- Guru
- Guru-shishya tradition
- Parampara
- Sampradaya
Physicist

A **physicist** is a scientist who studies physics.

Here are some famous physicists:

- Robert J. Lang
- Albert Einstein
- Archimedes
- Benjamin Franklin
- Blaise Pascal
- Enrico Fermi
- Erwin Schrödinger
- Galileo Galilei
- Henri Poincaré
- Isaac Newton
- James Watt
- Johannes Kepler
- Julius Robert Oppenheimer
- Leó Szilárd
- Marie Curie
- Max Planck
- Donna Strickland
- Niels Bohr
- Nikola Tesla
- Rene Descartes
- Richard Feynman
- Satyendra Nath Bose
- Stephen Hawking
- Werner Heisenberg
- C.V. Raman
- Abdul Kalam
- Jagadish Chandra Bose
Ravenna

**Ravenna** is a city and _comune_ in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy.  The city is inland, but is connected to the Adriatic Sea by a canal.  Ravenna once was the seat of the Western Roman Empire and later the Ostrogothic kingdom. It is presently the capital of the province of Ravenna. At 652.89 km² (252.08 sq mi), Ravenna is the second-largest _comune_ in land area in Italy, although it is only a little more than half the size of the largest, Rome.

## Twin cities

- **Chichester**, United Kingdom
- **Dubrovnik**, Croatia, since 1969
- **Speyer**, Germany, since 1989

## Other websites

- Tourism and culture Official website  (English)
- _Ravenna, A Study _ (1913) by Edward Hutton, from Project Gutenberg
- _Catholic Encyclopedia_: Ravenna's early history and its monuments
- ItalianVisits.com
- Adrian Fletcher's Paradoxplace Ravenna Pages   (photos)
- Ravenna Photo Gallery  Pictures of the most important travel attractions in Ravenna

## Infobox (italian comune)

- **name**: Ravenna
- **image skyline**: Ravenna collage.jpg
- **image caption**: Collage of Ravenna
- **image flag**: Flag of Bergamo.svg
- **image shield**: Ravenna-Stemma.svg
- **pushpin map**: Italy Emilia-Romagna#Italy#Europe
- **region**: Emilia-Romagna
- **province**: Province of Ravenna, Ravenna (RA)
- **mayor party**: Democratic Party (Italy), PD
- **mayor**: Michele De Pascale
- **area total km2**: 652.89
- **population total**: 158784
- **population as of**: 1 January 2014
- **population demonym**: Ravennate, Ravennese
- **elevation m**: 4
- **saint**: Apollinaris of Ravenna, Saint Apollinaris
- **day**: July 23
- **postal code**: 48100
- **area code**: 0544


## Infobox (unesco world heritage site)

- **whs**: Early Christian Monuments of Ravenna
- **image**: Mosaic of Justinianus I - Basilica San Vitale (Ravenna).jpg
- **caption**: Mosaic of the Emperor Justinian from the Basilica of San Vitale.
- **id**: 788
- **criteria**: Cultural: i, ii, iii, iv
- **year**: 1996
- **area**: 1.32 ha
Ravenna (disambiguation)

**Ravenna** is name of
- John of Ravenna
- Pierfelice Ravenna, a botanist

**Ravenna** is the name of several places in the world:

- Ravenna, a city in Italy and capital of the Province of Ravenna
- Ravenna Calcio Italian football club based in Ravenna
- In the United States:
    - Ravenna, Kentucky
    - Ravenna, Michigan
    - Ravenna, Nebraska
    - Ravena, New York, a village in Albany County
    - Ravenna, Ohio
    - Ravenna, Texas
    - Ravenna Creek, a stream in Seattle, Washington
    - Ravenna, a neighborhood in Seattle
    - Ravenna Township, Michigan
    - Ravenna Township, Minnesota
    - Ravenna Training and Logistics Site, a military base near Ravenna, Ohio commonly known as the Ravenna Arsenal.

- _Ravenna (butterfly)_ is a genus of butterflies

- Ravenna is also a poem by Oscar Wilde

- The Ravenna Cosmography was a 7th century map of the known world.

- "No Antenna In Ravenna" is also a song by Jason Trachtenburg of The Trachtenburg Family Slideshow Players.
Social democracy

**Social democracy** is a political ideology within socialism. The ideology is named for democracy where people have a say in government actions and it works to introduce socialism while also helping people in need by providing healthcare, education and social welfare. This makes it easier for people to support themselves in society by having more protection if they are unemployed or fall into poverty. As an ideology within socialism, it places an emphasis on equal rights for everyone, and there is plenty of government ownership or regulation of various industries to protect the public interest and reform capitalism. The ideology's movement has seen some interest in other countries whose economic systems do not work this way, because it has worked well for those who have it.

Social democracy is supportive of Keynesian economics, where the government should step in and help people in need or without jobs. Social democracy strives to achieve a balance between capitalism and socialism or a balance between the public sector and private sector in the economy.

## Practice versus theory

Some would argue that capitalist systems are not without help for the poor and the needy. An example is England, where relief for the poor was available in every parish in the land, long before there were any government social services. The practice was known as charity. Also, Britain saw the growth of an important middle class after industrialisation took hold. So it is not completely right to think of such societies as simply composed of owners and workers, or rich and poor.

Social democrats are divided in how they see their theory and it has been a subject of much debate around the world. Terms like "market socialism" and "the third way" are efforts to rethink what social democracy means today.

## Related pages

- Socialist International
- Nationalization
- Welfare state
Magliaso

**Magliaso** is a municipality in the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Magliaso
- **municipality name**: Magliaso
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: Magliaso-coat_of_arms.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Magliaso 2012.png
- **languages**: Italian
- **canton**: Ticino
- **iso-code-region**: CH-TI
- **district**: Lugano (district), Lugano
- **postal code**: 6983
- **municipality code**: 5193
- **area**: 1.09
- **elevation**: 287
- **population**: 1412
- **populationof**: December 2004
- **popofyear**: 2004
- **website**: www.magliaso.ch
- **mayor title**: Sindaco
- **neighboring municipalities**: Agno, Carabietta, Caslano, Collina d'Oro, Neggio, Pura, Switzerland, Pura
Mairengo

**Mairengo** was a municipality of the district Leventina in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 1 April 2012, the former municipalities of Anzonico, Calpiogna, Campello, Cavagnago, Chironico, Mairengo and Osco merged to form the municipality of Faido.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Mairengo
- **municipality name**: Mairengo
- **municipality type**: former
- **imagepath coa**: Mairengo-coat of arms.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Mairengo.png
- **languages**: Italian
- **canton**: Ticino
- **iso-code-region**: CH-TI
- **district**: Leventina (district), Leventina
- **postal code**: 6763
- **municipality code**: 5074
- **area**: 6.65
- **elevation**: 920
- **population**: 413
- **populationof**: December 2004
- **popofyear**: 2004
- **neighboring municipalities**: Blenio, Calpiogna, Dalpe, Faido, Osco
Malvaglia

**Malvaglia** was a municipality of the district Blenio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 1 April 2012, the former municipalities of  Ludiano, Malvaglia and Semione merged to form the new municipality of Serravalle. The reservoir Bacino di Val Malvaglia is found above the village.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Malvaglia
- **municipality name**: Malvaglia
- **municipality type**: former
- **image photo**: Malvaglia.jpg
- **image caption**: Malvaglia
- **imagepath coa**: Malvaglia-coat of arms.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Malvaglia.png
- **languages**: Italian
- **canton**: Ticino
- **iso-code-region**: CH-TI
- **district**: Blenio (district), Blenio
- **postal code**: 6713
- **municipality code**: 5041
- **area**: 80.3
- **elevation**: 389
- **population**: 1276
- **populationof**: December 2004
- **popofyear**: 2004
- **neighboring municipalities**: Acquarossa, Biasca, Blenio, Hinterrhein, Switzerland, Hinterrhein (GR), Ludiano, Mesocco (GR), Rossa, Switzerland, Rossa (GR), Semione
Manno

**Manno** is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Manno
- **municipality name**: Manno
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: Manno-coat of arms.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Manno 2012.png
- **languages**: Italian
- **canton**: Ticino
- **iso-code-region**: CH-TI
- **district**: Lugano (district), Lugano
- **postal code**: 6928
- **municipality code**: 5194
- **area**: 2.4
- **elevation**: 341
- **population**: 1134
- **populationof**: December 2004
- **popofyear**: 2004
- **website**: www.manno.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Alto Malcantone, Bioggio, Cadempino, Gravesano, Lamone, Vezia
Maroggia

**Maroggia** was a municipality in Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 10 April 2022, the former municipalities of Maroggia, Melano and Rovio merged to form the new municipality of Val Mara.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Maroggia
- **municipality name**: Maroggia
- **municipality type**: former
- **imagepath coa**: Maroggia-coat of arms.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Maroggia 2012.png
- **languages**: Italian
- **canton**: Ticino
- **iso-code-region**: CH-TI
- **district**: Lugano (district), Lugano
- **postal code**: 6817
- **municipality code**: 5195
- **area**: 1.0
- **elevation**: 277
- **population**: 566
- **populationof**: December 2004
- **popofyear**: 2004
- **neighboring municipalities**: Arogno, Bissone, Melano, Riva San Vitale, Rovio
Massagno

**Massagno** is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Massagno
- **municipality name**: Massagno
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: Massagno-coat_of_arms.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Massagno 2012.png
- **languages**: Italian
- **canton**: Ticino
- **iso-code-region**: CH-TI
- **district**: Lugano (district), Lugano
- **postal code**: 6900
- **municipality code**: 5196
- **area**: 0.74
- **elevation**: 352
- **population**: 5750
- **populationof**: December 2004
- **popofyear**: 2004
- **website**: www.massagno.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Lugano, Savosa
- **twintowns**: Onex, Switzerland, Onex (Switzerland)
Medeglia

**Medeglia** was a municipality of the district Bellinzona in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 21 November 2010, the former municipalities of Bironico, Camignolo, Medeglia, Rivera and Sigirino merged to form the new municipality of Monteceneri.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Medeglia
- **image photo**: Medeglia.JPG
- **image caption**: Medeglia
- **municipality name**: Medeglia
- **municipality type**: former
- **imagepath coa**: Medeglia-coat of arms.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Medeglia 2007.png
- **languages**: Italian
- **canton**: Ticino
- **iso-code-region**: CH-TI
- **district**: Bellinzona (district), Bellinzona
- **postal code**: 6809
- **municipality code**: 5011
- **area**: 6.2
- **elevation**: 714
- **population**: 355
- **populationof**: December 2004
- **popofyear**: 2004
- **neighboring municipalities**: Bironico, Cadenazzo, Camignolo, Camorino, Capriasca, Isone, Pianezzo, Ponte Capriasca, Sant'Antonio, Switzerland, Sant'Antonio
Melano

**Melano** was a municipality in Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 10 April 2022, the former municipalities of Maroggia, Melano and Rovio merged to form the new municipality of Val Mara.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Melano
- **image photo**: Maroggia Bahnhof.JPG
- **image caption**: Maroggia-Melano train station
- **municipality name**: Melano
- **municipality type**: former
- **imagepath coa**: Melano-coat of arms.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Melano 2012.png
- **languages**: Italian
- **canton**: Ticino
- **iso-code-region**: CH-TI
- **district**: Lugano (district), Lugano
- **postal code**: 6818
- **municipality code**: 5197
- **area**: 4.64
- **elevation**: 294
- **population**: 1172
- **populationof**: December 2004
- **popofyear**: 2004
- **website**: www.melano.ch
- **mayor**: Daniele Maffei
- **mayor title**: Sindaco
- **neighboring municipalities**: Capolago, Castel San Pietro, Maroggia, Mendrisio, Riva San Vitale, Rovio
Melide, Switzerland

**Melide** is a municipality  of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Melide is known world-wide for the famous Swissminiatur, a museum that shows famous buildings in Switzerland presented in miniature form.

## Other websites

- Official website
- Web site of Swissminiatur

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Melide
- **municipality name**: Melide
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: Melide-coat of arms.png
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Melide 2012.png
- **languages**: Italian
- **canton**: Ticino
- **iso-code-region**: CH-TI
- **district**: Lugano (district), Lugano
- **postal code**: 6815
- **municipality code**: 5198
- **area**: 1.7
- **elevation**: 279
- **population**: 1671
- **populationof**: December 2004
- **popofyear**: 2004
- **website**: www.melide.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Bissone, Brusino Arsizio, Campione d'Italia (IT-CO), Carona, Switzerland, Carona, Lugano
Wilmersdorf

**Wilmersdorf** was a village near Berlin. In 1920 Wilmersdorf became a borough of Greater Berlin Groß Berlin. In 2001 it became a part of the new borough of Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf. The Kurfürstendamm runs through the area. The former borough of Wilmersdorf included the localities Halensee, Schmargendorf and Grunewald.

## Related pages

- Charlottenburg
- Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf
Able Label

**The Able Label** was an independent record label from Brisbane, Australia.

Grant McLennan & Robert Forster of The Go-Betweens
released their first two singles "Lee Remick" & "People Say" on it in 1978 and 1979. Later, it allowed other _Brisbane_ groups, The Numbers (later to become The Riptides), The Apartments and the Four Gods to make their own records using the Able Label logo.

## Discography

|Song|Artist|Release date|Catalogue|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|"Lee Remick"/"Karen"|The Go-Betweens|September 1978|AB001|
|"Sunset Strip"|The Numbers|1978|AB003|
|"Sunset Strip" / "Magic Castle" / "Rules of Love"|The Numbers|July 1979|AB004|
|"People Say" / "Don't Let Him Come Back"|The Go-Betweens|September 1979|AB005|
|"The Return of the Hypnotist"|The Apartments|October 1979|AB006|
|"Enchanted House" / "Restless"|The Four Gods|1981|AB007|

## Related pages

- List of record labels

## Other websites

- Able Logo image
Goosebumps

***Goosebumps*** is a collection of children's horror fiction books written by R. L. Stine.

The _Goosebumps_ series sometimes contained too much violence, so some American libraries disagreed with having the books there; the novels were fifteenth on the American Library Association's list of most frequently challenged books from 1990 to 1999.

After the series, many different spinoffs were made, also written by Stine, including _Give Yourself Goosebumps_ and _Goosebumps: Series 2000_ which appeared in 1995 and 1998.

Two board games were created after the _Goosebumps_ series, these were called "Terror in the Graveyard" and "Escape from Horrorland". a 1996 PC game was also produced, entitled _Goosebumps: Escape from Horrorland_.

Front covers and most other Goosebumps-related art was done by artist Tim Jacobus, while the covers for the later _Give Yourself Goosebumps_ series were digitally created by Craig White.

In 2015, a movie based on the book was released starring Jack Black as R. L. Stine.
Azuli Records

**Azuli Records** is an independent record label, focusing on house music and other forms of electronic dance music. The label was founded by DJ Dave Piccioni in London, England in the early 1990s.

Releases include the Late Night Tales / Another Late Night DJ mix albums, and the "Choice" series.

## Related pages

- List of record labels

## Other websites

- Official site

## Infobox (record label)

- **founded**: 1991
- **founder**: Dave Piccioni
- **country**: England
- **location**: London
- **genre**: Electronic music, Electronic
- **url**: http://www.azuli.com/
Carluke

The town of **Carluke** is in the centre of the Scottish countryside in South Lanarkshire, Scotland, 5.4 miles North-West of Lanark and 5 miles South-East of Wishaw. Many people in Carluke are commuters, with a variety of small stores and supermarkets available at the centre of the town.

## Notable Figures

Three people who were born in the town have received the Victoria Cross.  The famous ex-Motherwell striker Dougie Arnott lives in Carluke.

## Infobox (uk place)

- **static image name**: Carluke - geograph.org.uk - 122432.jpg
- **static image caption**: <small>Carluke Public Park, next to the Town Centre. </small>
- **official name**: Carluke
- **country**: Scotland
- **population**: 15,133
- **os grid reference**: NS848504
- **map type**: Scotland
- **post town**: CARLUKE
- **postcode district**: ML8
- **postcode area**: ML
- **dial code**: 01555
- **constituency westminster**: Lanark and Hamilton East (UK Parliament constituency), Lanark and Hamilton East
- **london distance**: 329.39 miles
- **gaelic name**: Cathair MoLuaig
- **unitary scotland**: South Lanarkshire
- **lieutenancy scotland**: Lanarkshire
- **constituency scottish parliament**: Clydesdale (Scottish Parliament constituency), Clydesdale
Marvel Universe

The **Marvel Universe** (**MU**) is a comic book fictional universe created by Marvel Comics. The MU is where most of the main stories published by Marvel Comics takes place. The MU is actually just one of an infinite number of different dimensions. Each one can be called a Marvel universe, but the term is commonly used for just one. This one is also called **Earth-616** when looking at all the universes as a group. The other universes vary from very similar to the Earth-616 universe to completely different. This lets the writers create stories which have a large effect to the universe they take place in without affected the main universe used by all of the writers as a group. It is home to a number of heroes, such as Iron Man, Spider-Man, and the Human Torch.
Kreuzberg

**Kreuzberg**, south of Berlin-Mitte, was one of the best-known boroughs of Berlin, famous for its nightlife and its left-leaning electorate as well as its problems with crime the drug scene and a very high number of immigrants.

Kreuzberg consists of two different parts, the southeastern 'SO 36' (or simply '36') part and the southwest 'SW 61' (or simply '61'). Until the Berlin Wall fell, these were the last two numbers of the postal codes for the two areas.

It was a separate borough from 1920, when it became a part of Groß-Berlin, until the borughs were changed in 2001. Then it was joined with Friedrichshain to form the new borough of Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg. Since these two localities are linked only by a single bridge over the Spree river, the Oberbaumbrücke, this joining seemed awkward to many residents. The two areas could not agree on where the new borough's town hall should be. Friedrichshain was chosen by tossing a five-Mark coin.

## Summary

Kreuzberg is known to many for numerous Turkish immigrants from eastern parts of Turkey, and the yearly May Day riots. This is because before the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, Kreuzberg was isolated. Its eastern parts were almost entirely surrounded by the Wall. This area consequently had cheap rents and lower-income families as well as squatters from the radical left. The western part of Kreuzberg also bordered onto the wall, and it was here where Checkpoint Charlie was.

## History

Kreuzberg got its name is from its highest point, the Kreuzberg (literally, "cross hill"). It is of  above sea level.. The hill was a traditional place for weekend trips, and had a lot of small restaurants for the visitors. The hill got its name from a monument built in 1821 by Karl Friedrich Schinkel. It was to remember the wars against Napoleon I of France.

After 1860 industry began moving into Kreuzburg. There was also an _Exportviertel_ (export quarter) along Ritterstraße which had a lot of many profitable small businesses, and the "press quarter" along Kochstraße was the home of most of Germany's large newspapers as well as the Ullstein, Scherl, and Mosse book publishers.

Both of these industrial quarters were almost entirely destroyed during World War II, with the bombings of a single night from 3 February 1945. To remember old tradition, the Axel Springer press company built its new headquarters at Kochstraße again, right next to the Berlin Wall.

After World War II, Kreuzberg's housing rents were regulated by law, which made investments unattractive. As a result, housing was of low quality, but cheap, which made the borough a prime target for immigrants coming to Germany (and Berlin).

## Other websites

- friedrichshain-kreuzberg.de, the website of the combined borough (in German)
Civil War (comics)

***Civil War*** was a large comic book story created by Marvel Comics. The story was the main focus of a seven issue series that started in May 2006 and ended in February 2007. It involved every major Marvel character and a large number of minor ones. Nearly every main Marvel title during this time dealt with this story.

The story was about the United States dealing with an accident during a superhero battle that caused 613 deaths. To prevent this from happening again, the government created the Superhero Registration Act (SRA). This was a law that forced all people with superhuman powers to identify them self to the government. Many superheroes believed this was a good thing and that it would save lives. Others believed it was bad. They felt that if the government knew who they were, they would be in danger of others finding out. They believed that the SRA took away many of their freedoms. This caused the superheros to split into two groups. Those supporting the SRA were led by Iron Man. Those against it were led by Captain America.

Many people have compared the story of _Civil War_ to that of the United States after 9/11 and the Patriot Act.

## In other media

The series polarized critics and fans, but was a commercial success. A sequel, _Civil War II_, debuted in June 2016. The 2016 Marvel Cinematic Universe movie _Captain America: Civil War_ loosely adapted the storyline.
Brunstad Conference Center

**Brunstad Conference Center** (**BCC**) is a conference centre in Stokke, Vestfold in Norway. The centre is owned and managed by the Christian fellowship called _Den Kristelige menighet_. They are often called _Smith's Friends_. The Smith's friends bought the farm at Brunstad near Stokke in Melsomvik in 1956.

The center was used for their own conferences. In 2000 Smith's Friends, decided to let others use the building. The old meeting hall which seated 4,700 was replaced by a new meeting hall, with space for 6,800 people, and a tent camp with over 600 caravan spots was fixed and replaced with just as many cabins, which were rented by the members of the church.

Maintenance and development of Brunstad is still done by volunteers. During the building project and during arrangements, members are used as voluntary workers, or paid expenses. Money for the expansion project came for the most from the effort from the "A-lag" (A-team), where the church's youth from all over the world participate and do voluntarily work.

BCC is now a modern location for events and conferences. Brunstad has several restaurants, a cafeteria style restaurant, a large coffee bar, and a grocery store.

BCC got a lot of stories in the media in 2004 when BCC bought Østre Bolærne island from the Norwegian Military. After a lot of media attention, BCC agreed to cancel the sale, and the town of Vestfold Fylkeskommune became the new owner. Instead, BCC was able to buy property on Syningen in Hallingdal.

## Events

Every year one of the biggest shows at Brunstad Conference Center is the Arctic Equestrian Games, Norway's biggest horse show. It was first held in February, 2006.

## Other websites

- brunstad.org  The Christian Church on Brunstad, Stokke, Norway, Smith's Friends
- bcc.no Brunstad Conference Center AS
Stig Claesson

**John Stig Claesson** (2 June 1928 – 4 January 2008) was a Swedish writer and illustrator. He also was known by his signature **Slas**.

## Biography

Claesson was born on June 2, 1928 in Huddinge, south of Stockholm. He went to the Royal Swedish Academy of Arts between 1947 and 1952, when he began to illustrate Swedish classical books such as those written by Per Anders Fogelström.

Claesson was the father of actor Leif Claesson. Stig died on January 4, 2008 in Stockholm.

## Other websites

- Obituary in the _Dagens Nyheter_ (Swedish)

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Stig Claesson
- **image**: Stig Claesson 1966.jpg
- **image size**: 200px
- **caption**: Stig 'Slas' Claesson, writer and artist, at Berns Salonger, Berns in Stockholm as winner of the 1966 Bernsstipendiatet.
- **birth place**: Huddinge Municipality, Huddinge, Sweden
- **death place**: Stockholm, Sweden
- **occupation**: writer, illustrator
- **language**: Swedish language, Swedish
- **nationality**: Swedish
- **period**: 1956 in literature, 1956-2006 in literature, 2006
- **genre**: children's literature, children-youth
Dagens Nyheter

***Dagens Nyheter*** (**DN**) is a daily newspaper in Sweden. Based in the town of Stockholm, it was started on 23 December 1864.

## Other websites

- Official website
Chihuahua (state)

**Chihuahua** is a state in north central Mexico.

## Other websites

- Chihuahua state government
European Space Agency

**European Space Agency** or **ESA** (**ESA**; , **ASE**) is an international organisation with 22 member countries. Its job is to explore space.

Its headquarters are in Paris, France. ESA has a staff of more than 2,000 with an annual budget of about €4.43 billion / US$5.51 billion (2015).

The member countries of ESA are Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.

ESA's space flight programme includes
- human spaceflight,
- the launch and operations of unmanned exploration missions to other planets and the Moon,
- Earth observation.
- running a major spaceport, the Guiana Space Centre at Kourou, French Guiana,
- designing launch vehicles.

The main European launch vehicle Ariane 5 is operated through Arianespace with ESA sharing in the costs of launching and further developing this launch vehicle.

On February 21, 2024, the agency's ERS-2 satellite came into the atmosphere of the Earth. The gravitational field (or gravity) of Earth [resulted] in the satellite ending up hitting the ocean. Earlier the satellite functioned (or worked) as a European Remote-Sensing Satellite.

## Related pages

- Hera (space mission)

## Other websites

- ESA website

## Infobox (space agency)

- **name**: European Space Agency
- **headquarters**: Paris, Île-de-France, France
- **spaceport**: Guiana Space Centre
- **image**: ESA Headquarters in Paris, France.JPG
- **caption**: ESA Headquarters in Paris, France
- **administrator**: Johann-Dietrich Wörner
Director General of the European Space Agency, Director General
- **budget**: Euro, €5.72 billion
(~US$6.43 billion) (2019)
- **language**: English, French and German
Management

**Management** means directing and controlling a group of people or an organization to reach a goal. Management often means the deployment and manipulation of human resources, financial resources, technological resources, and natural resources. In other word **Management** can also mean the person or people who manage, the managers.  European Management is specifically defined by academic Andreas M. Kaplan as a cross-cultural, societal management approach based on interdisciplinary principles.In the late 90s it used to be the only principal administration for one to operate in the business Field.

## Other websites

- Association of Professionals in Business Management (APBM)
- Management Courses  at MIT Sloan, OpenCourseWare
- Research on Organizations: Bibliography Database and Maps
- (United States) Academy of Management: dedicated to the scholarship and practice of management
- Institute of Certified Professional Managers
Republic of Texas

The **Republic of Texas** was a sovereign state in North America between the United States and Mexico that existed from 1836 to 1845. It was started on March 2 1836, when the people living in Texas declared themselves independent from Mexico. The Mexican army led by Santa Anna marched into Texas and attacked the new country. However the Mexican army was defeated and Santa Anna was captured at a battle near the site of Houston. The new republic did not have an easy time. It did not have a proper government, or any money. Its borders were often raided by Mexico, and there was fighting between the settlers and the Native Americans. The US government did not recognize the Republic of Texas.

In 1841, Santa Anna again became president of Mexico and the border attacks increased. By this time, thousands of new settlers had moved into Texas, and people in the US supported the people of Texas. The idea of annexation of Texas into the US became popular.

The Republic of Texas ended on December 29, 1845, when Texas became the 28th state of the United States of America.
Nestorianism

**Nestorianism** is a movement within Christianity. The idea behind its doctrine is that Jesus has two different natures: the man Jesus and the son of God (Greek: _Logos_). Perhaps the most prominent supporter of the idea was Nestorius, an archbishop of Constantinople who lived about from 380 to 450 AD. The Council of Ephesus condemned his view in 431, which led to a split of the church into the Assyrian Church of the East and the Byzantine Church.

For that reason, the Assyrian Church of the East is sometimes called "Nestorian". It holds the view that Christ has two essences (_qnome_), which are united in one person (_parsopa_).

The only two churches that teach Nestorianism today are the Assyrian Church of the East and the Church of the East & Abroad.
Daikokuten

In Japan, **Daikokuten** (大黒天), is one of the Seven Lucky Gods. Daikokuten came from the Indian god, Shiva. Daikoku wears Japanese robes and has a happy and smiling personality.

## Location

Daikoku's pictures are found in the temples of Tibet and China and the god enjoys a high position as a household god in Japan. Daikoku's connection with wealth and success started a strange ritual known as Fuku-nusubi. This ritual started with the belief that the person who stole figures of gods and goddesses was promised good luck, if they were not caught while stealing. Eventually, stealing divine figures became so common that the Toshi-no-ichi or the ‘year-end-market’ held in the Asakusa Kannon temple became the main place where the sale of these images was held.

## Purpose

Daikoku is considered to be the god of wealth or the household, mostly the kitchen. He is recognised from his wide face, smile, and a flat black hat. He is often shown holding a golden mallet and sitting on bales of rice.

## References

- Japan and Indian Asia by Hajime Nakamura. Publisher: Firma KLM, 1961. Publication Date: 1961
- India and Japan: A Study in interaction during 5th cent - 14th century - By Upendra Thakur .
Seesaw

A **seesaw** (also known as a **teeter-totter**) is a long, narrow board which is fixed in the middle, a little way above the ground. When one end of the seesaw goes up the other goes down.

Children often like to play on seesaws. Two children sit on the seesaw, one at each end. The child who is down pushes the ground with his feet so that he goes up and his friend goes down.  Then the friend pushes up so the first child goes down. They continue to go back and forth until they are ready to stop playing on the seesaw.

It works best with two children who are about the same size, or else the heavy person will make his end stay down.  On some seesaws there is room for two or three children on each end.  There is a handle for each child to hold on to so that they do not fall off.

In mechanics (a kind of physics) anything that is balanced in the middle and goes up and down like a seesaw might be described as something that "seesaws".
Playground slide

**Playground slides** are slides for children to play on in playgrounds.  The child climbs up a ladder or some stairs, then sits down at the top and slides all the way down.  Some children like to slide down on their backs or on their stomachs.  This can sometimes be dangerous on big slides.

Slides are made of metal, plastic or wood.  They must have a smooth surface so that the child does not hurt himself.  Sometimes, in amusement parks, there are giant slides called "helterskelters".

There are slides at swimming pools where people can slide down into the water with a splash.  These are called "water slides" or "shutes".
Antipsychotic

**Antipsychotic drugs** or **Neuroleptics** are drugs that act on the central nervous system, and that usually have sedating properties. The name _neuroleptic_ was introduced in 1955. From the 1990s, the term _antipsychotic_ is the name  that is more commonly used instead. Neuroleptics make the patient calm.  In many of the conditions they are used for, the patients _lose touch with reality._ This is called psychosis. As the name suggests, antipsychotics are also used to lessen the symptoms of psychosis. Today, they are mostly used for the treatment of psychosis, as it occurs in schizophrenia and  bipolar disorder. They can also be used to treat depression and mood swings.

Commonly they are also  used for the following classes of conditions:

- Obsessive–compulsive disorder and Tourette syndrome
- Depression and personality disorders
- ADHD in children
- Autism-spectrum disoders (mostly against irritability, and self-harming behavior)

## History

The first inventor of this drug was William Perkin whom at the time (1856) was 18 when he made it, when the chemical group was first made, it was only a dye which was coloured blue or mauve. W. Perkins began "the aniline dye industry".

At a place named Rhône-Poulenc Laboratories either Charpentier, Courvoisier, Koetschet or Paul Charpentier invented  chlorpromazine during 1951, or, during  December 1950. They were trying to make a new antihistamine but discovered that it was a good anesthetic for surgery. In 1952, a director of a mental hospital named Jean Delay gave chlorpromazine to 38 patients and they all showed improvement of their symptoms.

Antipsychotics were previously described as "major tranquilisers" but the use of this name was stopped because the effect isn't in fact to make people experience tranquility.

Antipsychotics were the first drugs  that allowed to treat people with psychoses. Beforehand, people with an acute psychose would be given cold showers, against their wlll, or they might be chained to a wall. In the Middle Ages, they would be whipped. Sometimes, people might say that they were possessed, and they might then be burned at the stake. Up to the middle of the 20th century, people would be put in a psychiatric hospital. The only "treatment" available was locking them up and sedating them. They would then no longer pose a threat to themselves, or to others. Especially in the United States, lobotomy was done. This is a special kind of surgery to the brain where they attempt to "remove" the mental illness from the brain. This often had serious side effects, such as severe brain damage.

Anything and everything anti of psychotic began after Canstatt created the word psychosis for 1841.
Kintarō

**Kintarō** (金太郎, Kintarō? sometimes means "Golden Boy") is a folk (story) hero from Japanese folklore. A child born really strong. He was raised by a girl ogre in a mountain called Mount Ashigara. He became friendly with the animals and imaginary things of the mountain. Later, after catching the terror of the region around Mount Ooe, Shutendouji, he became a great follower of Minamoto no Yorimitsu under the new name **Sakata no Kintoki** (坂田公時, Sakata no Kintoki?).
490 Veritas

<div style="float: right; text-align: center;">
**490 Veritas**
|bgcolor="#ffffcc" colspan="2"|Name||
| --- | --- | --- |
|**Name**|Veritas||
|**Designation**|1902 JP||
|width="140"|**Discoverer**|Max Wolf|
|**Discovery date**|September 3, 1902||
|**Discovery site**|Heidelberg||
|colspan="2" align="center"|<small>Epoch August 18, 2005 (JDCT 2453600.5)</small>||
|**Eccentricity _(e)**_|0.099||
|**Semimajor axis _(a)**_|3.170 AU||
|**Perihelion _(q)**_|2.856 AU||
|**Aphelion _(Q)**_|3.483 AU||
|**Orbital period _(P)**_|5.643 a||
|**Inclination _(i)**_|9.264°||
|**Longitude of the ascending node _(Ω)**_|178.513°||
|**Argument of Perihelion _(ω)**_|196.985°||
|**Mean anomaly _(M)**_|50.159°||
</div>

**490 Veritas** is a big asteroid, which may have been involved in one of the more huge asteroid-asteroid collisions of the past 100 million years.

At 115 and 125 km in diameter, Veritas and 92 Undina are the biggest of the 300-strong Veritas family of asteroids. David Nesvorný of the Southwest Research Institute in Boulder traced the orbits of these bodies back in time, and calculated that they formed in a collision of a body at least 150 km in diameter with a smaller asteroid some 8 million years ago. Veritas and Undina would have been the biggest pieces of that collision.

The thought Veritas collision would have been too far from Jupiter for the pieces to have been slung into a collision course with Earth. However, solar radiation would have caused the resulting dust to drift inward to Earth orbit over a time span consistent with the record of dust in the ocean sediment.

Today continuing collisions among Veritas-family asteroids are estimated to send five thousand tons of cosmic dust to Earth each year, 15% of the total.

It was found by Max Wolf in 1902. Its provisional name was **1902 JP**.

## References

- Kenneth A. Farley, David Vokrouhlický, William F. Bottke, David Nesvorný, "A late Miocene dust shower from the break-up of an asteroid in the main belt." _Nature_ 439, 295-297 (19 January 2006) Nature article

## Other websites

- "Asteroid Smashup Yields Dust Shower on Earth"  from SkyandTelescope.com, Jan. 20, 2006.
Cart

A **cart** is a vehicle with two wheels and usually pulled by one horse.  Other animals such as ox, cattle or donkeys are sometimes used instead of a horse. A **handcart** is pulled or pushed by a person.

Carts have been used for over 4,000 years around the world. Today we use the shopping cart. Shopping carts first made their appearance in Oklahoma City in 1937.
Lanark Grammar School

**Lanark Grammar School** is a medium-sized secondary school in Lanark, South Lanarkshire which has over 1000 students.

## Available subjects

- Art and Design
- Biology
- Business Education
- Chemistry
- Classical Studies
- Computing Studies
- Craft and Design
- English
- French
- German
- Geography
- Graphics Communications
- History
- Home Economics
- Mathematics
- Physics
- Religious Education

## Library

The school library has lots of books on all the subjects studied at the school. It also has a wide range of fiction books for juniors and seniors. There are 15 computers in the library which can be used by any of the students who need to do work.
Johannes Vermeer

**Johannes Vermeer** or **Jan Vermeer** (baptised 31 October 1632, died December 1675) was a Dutch Baroque painter. He spent his life in the town of Delft. Vermeer came from a Protestant family but he married a Catholic, named Catherina Bolnes, in April 1653. They had eleven children.

Vermeer mainly painted people in daily life. He painted people in detail and used rich colors. He kept the backgrounds simple. This contrast makes the viewer focus on the main point.

He used perspective technique to draw lines from one dot on the canvas. He used this technique on his 17 paintings. Those paintings have a little dot which may be used for perspective.

Vermeer’s painted women often wear blue clothes. This color blue is made from a natural mineral called lapis lazuli.

There is no self portrait of Jan Vermeer. His face may be in some other paintings, especially _The Art of Painting_ (_De Schilderkunst_) and _The Procuress_ (_De Koppelaarste_), but there is no proof that the man is Vermeer.

When Vermeer died his family had financial troubles, and after his death many of his paintings were sold at auction.

Vermeer became more famous after being rediscovered by art historians and art collectors in the 1800s.

## Sources

- Essential Vermeer, This site covers much of Vermeer's life, works, and environment
- Virtual Vermeer , Familiar biography, interesting entries
- Van Meegeren's Fake Vermeers at Arttube (Museum Boijmans)
- Vermeercentrum , Short biography of Vermeer and his life in Delft.
- Entry in Britannica encyclopaedia
Richard Adams

**Richard George Adams** (9 May 1920 – 24 December 2016) was an English author. His most famous book, _Watership Down_, began as a story to tell his daughters. Adams won both important British children's book awards, the Carnegie Medal and the Guardian Children's Fiction Prize.

Adams was in the British Army during World War II. Later he joined the British Civil Service. Two years after _Watership Down_ was published, Adams became a full-time author. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature in 1975.

Adams died on 24 December 2016 at the age of 96 in Oxford, England from heart failure caused by blood disease.

## Select books

- _Watership Down_
- _Shardik_
- _Nature Through the Seasons_
- _The Tyger Voyage_
- _The Plague Dogs_
- _Voyage Through the Antarctic_ (with Ronald Lockley)
- _Daniel_ (2006)

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Richard Adams
- **birth name**: Richard George Adams
- **image**: Richard Adams 20081116.jpg
- **image size**: 250px
- **caption**: Richard Adams reads from Watership Down
- **birth place**: Newbury, Berkshire, Newbury, Berkshire, England
- **death place**: Oxford, Oxfordshire, England
- **occupation**: Novelist
- **nationality**: English
- **notableworks**: _Watership Down_
Mergoscia

**Mergoscia** is a municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. The village is found above Lago di Vogorno in the Verzasca valley.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Mergoscia
- **municipality name**: Mergoscia
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: Mergoscia-coat_of_arms.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Mergoscia 2013.png
- **languages**: Italian
- **canton**: Ticino
- **iso-code-region**: CH-TI
- **district**: Locarno (district), Locarno
- **postal code**: 6647
- **municipality code**: 5117
- **area**: 12.2
- **elevation**: 735
- **population**: 185
- **populationof**: December 2004
- **popofyear**: 2004
- **website**: www.mergoscia.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Avegno, Switzerland, Avegno, Brione sopra Minusio, Corippo, Gordevio, Gordola, Tenero-Contra, Vogorno
Meride

**Meride** was a municipality of the district Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 14 April 2013, the former municipalities of Besazio, Ligornetto and Meride merged into the municipality of Mendrisio.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Meride
- **municipality name**: Meride
- **municipality type**: former
- **image photo**: Camino Spinirola CIMG0557.jpg
- **image caption**: Camino Spinirolo near Meride village
- **imagepath coa**: Meride-coat of arms.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Meride.png
- **languages**: Italian
- **canton**: Ticino
- **iso-code-region**: CH-TI
- **district**: Mendrisio (district), Mendrisio
- **postal code**: 6866
- **municipality code**: 5255
- **area**: 7.46
- **elevation**: 583
- **population**: 314
- **populationof**: Dec 2011
- **website**: www.meride.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Arzo, Besano (IT-VA), Brusino Arsizio, Porto Ceresio (IT-VA), Riva San Vitale, Saltrio (IT-VA), Tremona, Viggiù (IT-VA)
Mezzovico-Vira

**Mezzovico-Vira** is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Mezzovico-Vira
- **municipality name**: Mezzovico-Vira
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Mezzovico-Vira COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Mezzovico-Vira 2012.png
- **languages**: Italian
- **canton**: Ticino
- **iso-code-region**: CH-TI
- **district**: Lugano (district), Lugano
- **postal code**: 6805
- **municipality code**: 5199
- **area**: 10.2
- **elevation**: 460
- **population**: 972
- **populationof**: December 2004
- **popofyear**: 2004
- **neighboring municipalities**: Camignolo, Capriasca, Rivera, Switzerland, Rivera, Sigirino
Miglieglia

**Miglieglia** is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Miglieglia
- **image photo**: Miglieglia Monte Lema.JPG
- **municipality name**: Miglieglia
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: Miglieglia-coat of arms.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Miglieglia 2012.png
- **languages**: Italian
- **canton**: Ticino
- **iso-code-region**: CH-TI
- **district**: Lugano (district), Lugano
- **postal code**: 6986
- **municipality code**: 5200
- **area**: 5.13
- **elevation**: 717
- **population**: 260
- **populationof**: December 2004
- **popofyear**: 2004
- **neighboring municipalities**: Alto Malcantone, Aranno, Curiglia con Monteviasco (IT-VA), Dumenza (IT-VA), Novaggio