juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Today (American TV program)

***Today*** (also known as ***The Today Show***) is a morning talk/news show. It airs on the NBC television network.

During the week, the hours of _Today_ (7:00 a.m. – 9:00 a.m.) are co-anchored by Savannah Guthrie (2012–present) and Craig Melvin (2025–present). Al Roker (weather anchor, 1996–present) forecasts the weather, and Carson Daly (features anchor, 2013–present) contributes to the program too.

The show also has a third and fourth hour, but they are treated like separate shows. The third hour, called ***3rd Hour Today***, is hosted by Roker, Melvin, Sheinelle Jones and Dylan Dreyer. The fourth hour, called ***Jenna and Friends***, is hosted by Jenna Bush Hager.

On Saturdays, the show is co-anchored by Peter Alexander and Laura Jarrett. On Sundays, Willie Geist hosts _Sunday Today with Willie Geist_.

Former anchors include Bryant Gumbel, Ann Curry, Katie Couric, Meredith Vieira, and Matt Lauer.

## Infobox (television)

- **image**: Today 2023.svg
- **image size**: 150
- **genre**: Breakfast television, Morning news program, news/talk show, talk
- **creator**: Sylvester Weaver (executive), Sylvester Weaver
- **opentheme**: 2012 Today AGOpen1 (2013–present)
- **endtheme**: "Energetic Today"
"Slow Today"
- **composer**: Adam Gubman & Non-Stop Music
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **num seasons**: 68
- **num episodes**: 18,201 (as of July 31, 2020)
- **executive producer**: Libby Leist, Tom Mazzarelli
- **location**: Studio 1A, NBC Studios (New York City), NBC Studios
New York City, U.S.
- **camera**: Multiple-camera setup, Multi-camera setup
- **runtime**: 4 hours (weekdays),
2 hours (Saturdays),
1 hour (Sundays)
- **company**: NBC News Productions
- **network**: NBC
- **last aired**: present
- **related**: _Early Today_
Apportionment

**Apportionment** or **apportionment by population** is a concept in United States law of allocating representatives or taxes among the US states. Apportionment is based on the United States Census taken every ten years. Seats in the United States House of Representatives are then apportioned among the states. Each state gets a number of seats based on its population (the minimum is one seat). Congress enacted new apportionment legislation following every census until the mid-20th century. Article I, Section 2 of the United States Constitution requires that direct taxes be apportioned among the states by population. Apportionment by population proved to be a nearly impossible, uneven and unfair requirement for collecting taxes since the states had different populations. This was overturned by the Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution which removed the apportionment requirement from Congress imposing direct taxes.
David Muir

**David Muir** (born November 8, 1973) is the anchor of World News Tonight on ABC News. Muir also hosts special events and breaking news stories. He formerly anchored the weekend version of the show until he replaced Diane Sawyer in 2014. He was born in Syracuse, New York.

He co-moderated a Republican and a Democratic debate for ABC News alongside of Martha Raddatz.
Ikeja

**Ikeja** is a town and local government area of Lagos State, Nigeria. It serves as the capital of Lagos State. Ikeja is known for being a well-planned commercial settlement with shopping malls, pharmacies and government reservation areas.

## History

Ikeja, originally known as "Akeja," was named after a god of the Awori tribe of Ota. The Awori people first settled there, and the territory was attacked for slaves until the mid-nineteenth century. It formed an agricultural hinterland for Lagos in the early twentieth century. The construction of the Lagos-Ibadan railway in 1901, as well as the expansion of Lagos as a port, converted Ikeja into a residential and industrial district of Lagos. In the mid-1960s, an industrial estate was constructed, and in 1976, Ikeja was designated as the state capital of Lagos.

## Communities

Communities in the city of Ikeja include;
1. Agidingbi
1. Alausa
1. Akiode
1. Anifowose
1. Oregun
1. Ojodu
1. Opebi
1. Ogba
1. Magodo
1. Maryland
1. Onigbongbo
1. Government Reserved Area (GRA) Ikeja.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Ikeja
- **official name**: Ikeja Local Government Area
- **settlement type**: City
- **image map**: Ikeja Location map.png
- **map caption**: Ikeja shown within the Lagos State, State of Lagos
- **pushpin map**: Nigeria
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Nigeria
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Nigeria
- **subdivision type1**: States of Nigeria, State
- **subdivision name1**: Lagos State
- **subdivision type2**: Local Government Areas of Nigeria, LGA(s)
- **subdivision name2**: Ikeja
- **unit pref**: metric
- **area total km2**: 49.92
- **area land km2**: 49.92
- **population as of**: 2015 estimate
- **population total**: 861,300
- **population density km2**: 17254
- **timezone**: West Africa Time, WAT
- **utc offset**: +1
- **elevation m**: 39
- **blank name**: Köppen climate classification, Climate
- **blank info**: Tropical savanna climate, Aw
Saheed Osupa

**Saheed Akorede Okunola** (born 1969), popularly known as **Saheed Osupa** or **King Saheed Osupa** is a Nigerian musician, performer and film actor. His genre of music is majorly fuji.

## Biography

Saheed Osupa was born in Ibadan, Oyo State but grew up in Lagos State where he completed his early education.

In 1983, Saheed Osupa chose music as his profession and went on to release his first record album titled _Fuji Fa Disco_ which earned him fame. He has released over 25 record albums.

## Related pages

- List of Nigerians

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Saheed Osupa
- **image size**: 220px
- **caption**: Saheed Osupa performing at an event in 2016
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Saheed Akorede Okunola
- **alias**: King of Fuji
- **birth place**: Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
- **origin**: Ajegunle, Lagos, Lagos State
- **occupation**: Singer-songwriter
- **instrument**: Vocals
- **years active**: 1983–present
Perlin noise

**Perlin noise** was made by Ken Perlin in 1983. He made it because when computers created pictures that were supposed to look natural, they didn't look very good. Noise can be used to draw things that look natural, like clouds or smoke. It helps computer artists draw patterns that look more real.

In 1997, Perlin was awarded an Academy Award for Technical Achievement for discovering the algorithm:
Mireia Lalaguna

**Mireia Lalaguna Royo** (born 28 November 1992) is a Spanish model and actress. She is the winner of the Miss Spain 2015 and Miss World 2015 beauty competitions.
Heliobatis

***Heliobatis*** is an extinct genus of stingray.  At present the genus contains the single species ***Heliobatis radians***.

The fossil is found in the early Eocene, Wasatchian stage, Fossil Lake deposits. Fossil Lake is part of the Green River Formation in southwest Wyoming.

_Heliobatis_ is one of only two known rays to have been found in the Green River formation. The other species, _Asterotrygon maloneyi_, was recognized and described in 2004.
Taxing and Spending Clause

The **Taxing and Spending Clause** contained in Article I, Section 8, Clause 1 of the United States Constitution, grants the federal government of the United States its power of taxation. It authorizes Congress to levy taxes for two purposes: to pay the debts of the United States and to provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United States. Contained in the Taxing and Spending Clause are two additional clauses: the **General Welfare Clause** and the **Uniformity Clause**.

## Background

The Articles of Confederation (1781–1789) did not grant the central government the power to levy taxes. Only the states had this power. Congress could get money only by asking the states for funds. They could also borrow money from foreign governments or sell off western lands. This was designed to keep a weak central government with the majority of the governing powers reserved for the independent states. Congress had no revenues to pay its debts or to enforce its laws and treaties. This was one of the issues taken up by the Constitutional Convention in 1787 and changed in the Constitution.

## Kinds of taxes

The power of Congress to levy taxes has an exception and two qualifications in the Constitution. Any goods exported from any state may not be taxed. Direct taxes must follow the rule of apportionment

### General Welfare Clause

The power granted to “provide . . . for the general welfare” is granted by the Constitution. In 1791 Thomas Jefferson wrote:

He was writing about the constitutionality of having a national bank. Here he was making the point that the clause was not an independent power granted to Congress, but was intended to qualify that taxing power. The Supreme Court has not since had any occasion to make a formal ruling on the point.

There was a different of opinion on the meaning of “the general welfare” between the two authors of this clause. Alexander Hamilton adopted a very plain view that the clause meant just what it said. The general welfare meant for every citizen's benefit. James Madison took a more limited view. He believed the clause gave Congress the power of taxation just to support itself and remain in power. Congress has followed Hamilton's view from the start. They have made increasing appropriations for spending for the general welfare often requiring matching funds from the states.

### Uniformity clause

Indirect taxes are subject to the rule of uniformity. This states "all Duties, Imposts and Excises shall be uniform throughout the United States". At first, the Supreme court declared that a tax is uniform "if it "operates with the same force and effect in every place where the subject of it is found." In United States v. Ptasynski (1983), the Court concluded unanimously that any tax in which the subject is defined in non-geographic terms satisfies the Uniformity Clause. Secondly, where a subject is defined geographically, the tax needs to carefully look for any "actual geographic discrimination."

## Other websites

- Taxing and Spending Power, YouTube
Steve Biko

**Stephen Bantu Biko** (18 December 1946 – 12 September 1977) was a South African activist. He is famous for his activism against apartheid in South Africa during the 1960s and 1970s. He created the Black Consciousness Movement.

## Life

Biko was born in Ginsberg Township (now called the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa). He started high school at Lovedale High School.  However, he was kicked out of school because of his political ideas about South Africa.  He finished high school at St. Francis College.

During the late 1960s, Biko was a medical student at the University of Natal.  During this time, he helped create the South African Students' Organisation. The organization later changed into the Black Consciousness Movement, and elected Biko as its first president in 1968.

As a student, during the early 1970s, Biko fought against apartheid in many ways. Eventually, in 1972, he was kicked out of the University of Natal. In February 1973, the South African apartheid government banned Biko.  This severely limited his freedom of speech.

Biko and the Black Consciousness Movement played key roles in organizing protests, led by South African high school students, that resulted in the Soweto Uprising.

## Death

On 18 August 1977, Biko was arrested.  He died on 12 September 1977 due to injuries he got while in police custody.

## Cultural references

In the movie _Cry Freedom_ (1987), which was about Biko's role in the anti-apartheid struggle and about his death while in police custody, Biko was played by American actor Denzel Washington.

## Other websites

- Young Black Leader Dies in Detention in South Africa, Raising Fears of New Unrest By John F. Burns, special to the New York Times
- Thesis on the prospects of Bikoism in today's South Africa
- The Steve Biko Foundation
- The relevance of Black Consciousness today
- Donald Woods talks in 1987 about his friendship with Steve Biko
- New Introduction to _I Write What I Like_ by Lewis Gordon
- Black Consciousness: The dialectics of liberation

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Stephen Biko
- **birth name**: Stephen Bantu Biko
- **birth place**: Eastern Cape, Ginsberg Township, Union of South Africa, South Africa
- **death place**: Pretoria, South Africa
- **occupation**: Activist
- **spouse**: Ntsiki Mashalaba
- **children**: Nkosinathi Biko, Samora Biko, Lerato Biko, Motlatsi Biko and Hlumelo Biko
It's Garry Shandling's Show

***It's Garry Shandling's Show*** is an American sitcom. It is about the everyday life of Garry Shandling (portraying a fictionalized version of himself). It aired from 1986-1990.
Milton Obote

**Apollo Milton Obote** (28 December 1925  10 October 2005) was a Ugandan politician who led Uganda to independence in 1962 from British colonial rule.

Betweeen 1962 to 1966, Obote served as Prime Minister of Uganda. He also went on to serve twice as President of Uganda from 1966 to 1971 then from 1980 to 1985.

On 10 October 2005, Obote died of kidney failure in a hospital in Johannesburg, South Africa, aged 79.

## Infobox (prime minister)

- **name**: Apollo Milton Obote
- **image**: Obote cropped.png
- **order**: 2nd President of Uganda
- **term start1**: 15 April 1966
- **term end1**: 25 January 1971
- **predecessor1**: Mutesa II of Buganda, Edward Mutesa <small>(non-executive)</small>
- **successor1**: Idi Amin
- **vicepresident1**: John Babiiha
- **term start2**: 17 December 1980
- **term end2**: 27 July 1985
- **predecessor2**: Presidential Commission of Uganda, Presidential Commission
- **successor2**: Bazilio Olara-Okello
- **vicepresident2**: Paulo Muwanga
- **office3**: 2nd Prime Minister of Uganda
<small>1st Executive Prime Minister</small>
- **term start3**: 30 April 1962
- **term end3**: 15 April 1966
- **predecessor3**: Benedicto Kiwanuka<small> (non-executive)</small>
- **successor3**: _None (post abolished)_
- **birth place**: Apac, Apac District, Uganda Protectorate, Uganda
- **death place**: Johannesburg, South Africa
- **spouse**: Miria Obote
- **children**: 5
- **party**: Uganda People's Congress
Jimmy MacDonald

**John James "Jimmy" MacDonald**  (May 19, 1906 – February 1, 1991) was a British-born American foley artist, voice actor, musician and conductor. He was also known for being the voice of Mickey Mouse from 1947 to 1977. After MacDonald's resignment in 1977, Wayne Allwine took over the role as Mickey from 1977 until his death in 2009.

## Other websites

- Biography at Disney Legends website
- The Voice of Mickey Mouse at The Scotsman website
- The Voice of Mickey Mouse at BBC Radio Scotland

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Jimmy MacDonald
- **birth name**: John James MacDonald
- **birth place**: Dundee, Scotland, U.K.
- **death place**: Glendale, California, Glendale, California, U.S.
- **death cause**: Congestive heart failure
- **resting place**: Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale), Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery, Glendale, California, U.S.
- **years active**: 1934–1989
- **spouse**: Roberta MacDonald
(m. ?–1991, his death)
Katherine Dunn

**Katherine Karen Dunn** (October 24, 1945 – May 11, 2016) was an American novelist, journalist, voice artist, radio personality, book reviewer and poet. She was born in Garden City, Kansas, but was raised in Portland, Oregon.  She was best known for the novel _Geek Love_ (1989).

Dunn died of lung cancer on May 11, 2016 in Portland, aged 70.

## Other websites

- An interview with _Guernica Magazine_ about her new book, _One Ring Circus_
- What The Hell Ever Happened To... Katherine Dunn? LitReactor, 2012
- Entry in _The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction_

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Katherine Dunn
- **birth name**: Katherine Karen Dunn
- **birth place**: Garden City, Kansas, U.S.
- **death place**: Portland, Oregon, U.S.
- **death cause**: Lung cancer
- **nationality**: American
- **occupation**: Writer
- **alma mater**: Reed College
Pacific University
- **notable works**: _Geek Love_
Ismail Kadare

**Ismail Kadare** (, also spelled _Kadaré_; 28 January 1936 – 1 July 2024) was an Albanian novelist and poet. He was known for writing short stories until the publication of his first novel, _The General of the Dead Army_.

In 1996, he became a lifetime member of the Academy of Moral and Political Sciences of France. In 2005, he won the first Man Booker International Prize and in 2016, he was _Commandeur de la Légion d'Honneur_ recipient.

Some have said that Kadare should have won the Nobel Prize in Literature. His works have been published in about 30 languages.

Kadare died of a heart attack on 1 July 2024 in Tirana, Albania at the age of 88.

## Other websites

- Vepra e plote e Kadarese
- National Library of Albania
- In the Palace of Nightmares’: An Exchange - _New York Review of Books_

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Ismail Kadare
- **image**: Ismail Kadare.jpg
- **birth place**: Gjirokastër, Kingdom of Albania (1928–39), Kingdom of Albania (today Albania)
- **death place**: Tirana, Albania
- **occupation**: Novelist, poet
- **nationality**: Albanians, Albanian
- **period**: 1954–2024
- **notableworks**: _The General of the Dead Army (novel), The General of the Dead Army 1963_

_The Castle (Kadare), The Castle 1970_

_Chronicle in Stone 1971_

_Broken April 1978_

_The Three-Arched Bridge 1978_

_The Palace of Dreams 1981_

_The Concert (Kadare), The Concert 1988_

_The File on H 1990_

_The Pyramid (Kadare), The Pyramid 1992_
Mercedes-Benz O405

The **Mercedes-Benz O405** is a bus that was produced by Mercedes-Benz from 1980 to 2000. It was the last VöV SL-II standard bus to be made.
Mike Agostini

**Michael George Raymond "Mike" Agostini** (23 January 1935 – 12 May 2016) was a Trinidadian track and field athlete. He was from Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago.

In 1954, he became the first athlete from that country to take a gold medal at the Commonwealth Games when he won the 100 yards final in Vancouver, Canada, on 31 July. He competed in the 1956 Summer Olympics.

Agostini died on 12 May 2016 in Sydney, Australia from pancreatic cancer, aged 81.
Susanne Blakeslee

**Susanne Blakeslee** is an American actress and voice artist. best known for voicing Wanda in The Fairly OddParents, Cruella de Vil and for Maleficent's voice in the Kingdom Hearts. She was born in Los Angeles, California.

## Animated roles

- _Chowder_ - Witch, Abigail and Turtle Lady (episode "The Big Hat Biddies")
- _Cow and Chicken_ - Additional Voices
- _The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy_ - Crabina (episode "My Fair Mandy")
- _The Loud House_ - Mrs. Agnes Johnson, Mrs. Jelinsky
- _The Powerpuff Girls_ - Sandra Practice (episode: "Girls Gone Mild")
- _The Powerpuff Girls (2016)_ - Ms. Marlene Moss, Additional Voices (replaced Tress MacNeille in season 3)
- _The Secret Saturdays_ - Rani Nagi, Dr. Miranda Gray

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Susanne Blakeslee
- **image**: Susanne Blakeslee (54353396470).jpg
- **othername**: Susan Blakeslee, Suzanne Blakeslee, Suzanne Blakesley
- **occupation**: Actress, voice artist
- **years active**: 1985–present
- **known for**: Voice of Cosmo and Wanda, Wanda and Mr. and Mrs. Turner, Mrs. Turner in _The Fairly OddParents_ (2001 - present)
Voice of Maleficent in _Kingdom Hearts_ (2002 - present)
- **nationality**: United States, American
- **awards**: Ovation Award
Sammy Ellis

**Samuel Joseph Ellis** (February 11, 1941 – May 13, 2016) was an American professional baseball pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Cincinnati Reds (1962 – 1967), California Angels (1968), and Chicago White Sox (1969). He was born in Youngstown, Ohio. His career began in the early 1960s. He retired in 1970.

Ellis was an MLB All-Star in 1965.

Ellis died of cancer at his home in Temple Terrace, Florida on May 13, 2016, aged 75.

## Other websites

or Baseball Almanac or Retrosheet or Venezuelan Professional Baseball League
Dick McAuliffe

**Richard John "Dick" McAuliffe** (November 29, 1939 – May 13, 2016) was an American professional baseball player. He played in Major League Baseball as a shortstop and second baseman for the Detroit Tigers from 1960 to 1973 and for the Boston Red Sox from 1974 to 1975. He was born in Hartford, Connecticut.

McAuliffe died on May 13, 2016 in Farmington, Connecticut after suffering a stroke and Alzheimer's disease, aged 76.
Seán Ardagh

**Seán Ardagh** (25 November 1947 – 17 May 2016) was an Irish Fianna Fáil politician. He served as a Teachta Dála (TD) for the Dublin South-Central constituency from 1997 to 2011.

Ardagh died on 17 May 2016 after a long-illness in Dublin, aged 68.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Seán Ardagh
- **nationality**: Irish
- **office**: Teachta Dála
- **constituency**: Dublin South-Central (Dáil Éireann constituency), Dublin South-Central
- **party**: Fianna Fáil
- **term start**: Irish general election, 1997, June 1997
- **term end**: Irish general election, 2011, January 2011
- **birth place**: Dublin, Ireland
- **death place**: Dublin
- **spouse**: Maire Ardagh
- **alma mater**: University College Dublin,
University of Toronto
Guy Clark

**Guy Charles Clark** (November 6, 1941 – May 17, 2016) was a Grammy Award winning American country and folk singer, musician, songwriter, recording artist, and performer. He has released more than twenty albums.

His songs have been recorded by other artists including Jerry Jeff Walker, Jimmy Buffett, Lyle Lovett, Ricky Skaggs, Steve Wariner, and Rodney Crowell.

Clark won the 2014 Grammy Award for Best Folk Album: _My Favorite Picture Of You_.

Clark died in Nashville, Tennessee from lymphoma on May 17, 2016, aged 74.

## Other websites

- Official website
- Guy Clark's “Someday The Song Writes You” review at CountryMusicPride.com
- Guy Clark and His Craft: The Turnstyled Junkpiled Interview
- Slipcue.Com profile
- Feature story and reviews of Guy Clark at Country Standard Time

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Guy Clark
- **image**: Guy Clark at the 2009 Newport Folk Festival.jpg
- **caption**: Clark at the 2009 Newport Folk Festival
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth place**: Monahans, Texas, United States
- **death place**: Nashville, Tennessee
- **instrument**: Guitar, vocals
- **genre**: Country music, Country, Texas country, outlaw country, folk music, folk
- **occupation**: Musician, singer-songwriter, producer
- **years active**: 1970s–2016
- **label**: RCA Records, RCA, Warner Bros. Records, Warner, Sugar Hill Records (bluegrass), Sugar Hill, Elektra Records, Elektra, Dualtone Records, Dualtone
Huguette Dreyfus

**Huguette Dreyfus** (30 November 1928 – 17 May 2016) was a French musician and educator. She was known for playing the harpsichord. She was born in Mulhouse, Alsace. Dreyfus taught at the Schola Cantorum, at the Sorbonne in Paris, and at the National Conservatory of Music and Dance of Lyon.

Dreyfus died on 17 May 2016 in Lyon, aged 87.
Michael Roberds

**Michael Roberds** (April 29, 1950 – May 30, 2022) was a Canadian actor. He starred on Fox Family's _The New Addams Family_ as Uncle Fester. He also starred in _Da Vinci's City Hall_ and _Police Academy_. He was also known for his movies roles in _Elf_ and _Hot Tub Time Machine_.

Roberds died from a suspected heart attack at a hospital in Langley, British Columbia on May 30, 2022, aged 72.

## Other websites

- TV.com : Michael Roberds
- Brenna and Brittany Interview - Michael Roberds - August 1999
- Michael Roberds(Aveleyman)

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Michael Roberds
- **birth place**: Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- **death place**: Langley, British Columbia (city), Langley, British Columbia, Canada
- **occupation**: Actor
- **yearsactive**: 1991–2016
Yūko Mizutani

was a Japanese actress, voice actress, narrator and singer from Ama District, Aichi. Throughout her life, she was attached to Production Baobab; she was attached to Aoni Production at the time of her death. Mizutani was best known for her roles of Sakiko Sakura in _Chibi Maruko-chan_, Mihoshi Kuramitsu in _Tenchi Muyo!_, Excellen Browning in _Super Robot Wars_, Sora Takenouchi in _Digimon Adventure_, Leina Stol in _Machine Robo: Revenge of Cronos_, Sarah Zabiarov and Cheimin Noa in _Mobile Suit Zeta Gundam_ and Pinoko in _Black Jack_. Mizutani was the official Japanese voice actress for Minnie Mouse from 1991 until her death; she also voiced her in the _Kingdom Hearts_ franchise.

On May 17, 2016, Mizutani died as a result of breast cancer. She was 51 years old at the time of her death.

## Other websites

- Aoni Production (Japanese)
Marco Pannella

**Marco Pannella** (born **Giacinto Pannella**; 2 May 1930 – 19 May 2016) was an Italian politician and political and human rights activist.

He was the leader of the Radical Party. Between 1979 and 2009, he was a Member of the European Parliament, where he sat as a full member in the Committee on Legal Affairs, in the Committee on Budgetary Control and in the Delegation for relations with Israel.

He was also President of the Nonviolent Radical Party. He was a bisexual. He was an atheist.

Pannella died on 19 May 2016 of lung and liver cancer in Rome, aged 86.

## Other websites

- Nonviolent Radical Party official website
- Rome Set To Lead Peace-Keeping Mission

## Infobox (politician)

- **honorific-prefix**: Italian honorifics, The Honourable
- **name**: Marco Pannella
- **image**: Marco Pannella crop.jpg
- **office**: Radical Party (Italy), Secretary of the Radical Party
- **term start**: 1981
- **term end**: 1983
- **predecessor**: Francesco Rutelli
- **successor**: Roberto Cicciomessere
- **term start1**: 1963
- **term end1**: 1967
- **predecessor1**: Bruno Villabruna
- **successor1**: Gianfranco Spadaccia
- **office3**: Italian Chamber of Deputies, Member of the Chamber of Deputies
- **term start3**: 21 April 1976
- **term end3**: 9 May 1994
- **office4**: Member of the European Parliament
- **term start4**: 17 July 1979
- **term end4**: 6 June 2009
- **profession**: Journalist
politician
- **death date**: (aged 86)
- **death place**: Rome, Italy
- **birth place**: Teramo, Kingdom of Italy, Italy
- **nationality**: Italian
- **otherparty**: Transnational Radical Party
Alexandru Lăpușan

**Alexandru Lăpușan** (1 February 1955 – 17 May 2016) was a Romanian politician. He served as Minister of Agriculture from 1992 through 1996. He was member of the Chamber of Deputies from 1990 through 1992. He was born in Țăndărei, Romania.

Lăpușan died on 17 May 2016, aged 61.

## Other websites

- Alexandru Lăpușan  on Chamber of Deputies official site.
Alexandre Astruc

**Alexandre Astruc** (13 July 1923 – 19 May 2016) was a French movie critic and movie director. He was known for being part of the French New Wave. He was born in Paris.

Astruc was known for his movies _The Crimson Curtain_, _La Putain respectueuse_, _Les Mauvaises rencontres_, _Amour de poche_, _Une vie_, and _La proie pour l'ombre_.

In 1994, he was given the René Clair Award.

Astruc died in Paris on 19 May 2016, aged 92.

## Other websites

- Alexandre Astruc on NewWaveFilm.com
- Foco - Revista de Cinema, special edition devoted to Alexandre Astruc
Fritz Stern

**Fritz Richard Stern** (February 2, 1926 – May 18, 2016) was a German-born American historian of German history, Jewish history, and historiography.

He was a University Professor Emeritus at New York's Columbia University.  His work focused on the relationships between Germans and Jews in the 19th and 20th centuries and on the rise of National Socialism in Germany during the first half of the 20th century.

Stern died on May 18, 2016 in New York City, aged 90.

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Fritz R. Stern
- **image**: STERNFFM.jpg
- **birth place**: Wrocław, Breslau, Lower Silesia Province (Prussia), Silesia
- **death place**: New York City
- **nationality**: United States, American
- **fields**: Historiography
- **workplaces**: Columbia University
- **alma mater**: Columbia University
- **influences**: Lionel Trilling
Lino Toffolo

**Lino Toffolo** (31 December 1934 – 17 May 2016) was an Italian actor, singer, author and television presenter. He was born in Murano, Italy. He was  known for his roles in _Yuppi du_, _Brancaleone at the Crusades_, and _Million Dollar Eel_.

Toffolo died in Murano, Italy on 17 May 2016, aged 81.

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: Lino Toffolo 1971.jpg
- **caption**: Toffolo in 1971
- **name**: Lino Toffolo
- **birth place**: Murano, Kingdom of Italy, Italy
- **death place**: Murano, Italy
Luis H. Álvarez

**Luis Héctor Álvarez Álvarez** (October 25, 1919 – May 18, 2016) was a Mexican industrialist and politician. Álvarez was a member of the National Action Party. In 1958 he was a candidate for the Presidency of Mexico. He has also served as Mayor of Chihuahua. He served as President of the National Action Party from 1987 through 1993.

## Other websites

- Biography of Luis H. Álvarez

## Infobox (president)

- **name**: Luis H. Álvarez
- **image**: Luis H. Alvarez.jpg
- **order**: National Action Party (Mexico), President of the National Action Party
- **term start**: 1987
- **term end**: 1993
- **predecessor**: Pablo Emilio Madero
- **successor**: Carlos Castillo Peraza
- **birth name**: Luis Héctor Álvarez
- **birth place**: Camargo, Chihuahua, Camargo, Chihuahua (state), Chihuahua
- **death place**: León, Guanajuato
- **spouse**: Blanca Magrassi Scagno (1923-2015)
- **profession**: Businessman
- **party**: National Action Party (Mexico), National Action Party
- **alma mater**: University of Texas at Austin
Giovanni Coppa

**Giovanni Coppa** (9 November 1925 – 16 May 2016) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He has served as a diplomat of the Holy See. He was elevated to cardinalate in 2007. He was born in Alba, Italy.

Coppa died on 16 May 2016, aged 90.

## Other websites

- Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church
- Catholic-Hierarchy__
- Catholic-pages
David Rendel

**David Digby Rendel** (15 April 1949 – 16 May 2016) was a British politician. He was a member of the Liberal Democrats. He was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Newbury from 1993 to 2005. He lost re-election in 2005 to Conservative candidate Richard Benyon. At the time he lost his seat, he was the Liberal Democrats' spokesman on Higher and Further Education.

In September 2014, Rendel was selected as Liberal Democrat candidate in the 2015 general election for the seat of Somerton and Frome in Somerset; however, he lost to the Conservative candidate, David Warburton.

Rendel died on 16 May 2016 in Berkshire, England from cancer, aged 67.

## Other websites

- David Rendel  official site
- David Rendel  profile at the site of Liberal Democrats
- Guardian Politics Ask Aristotle – David Rendel
- TheyWorkForYou.com – David Rendel
- The Public Whip – David Rendel voting record
- BBC News – David Rendel  profile 10 February 2005

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: David Rendel
- **image**: David Rendel - Newbury declaration.jpg
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **caption**: David Rendel at the Newbury declaration for the 2005 election
- **office**: Member of Parliament (United Kingdom), Member of Parliament
 for Newbury (UK Parliament constituency), Newbury
- **term start**: 6 May 1993
- **term end**: 5 May 2005
- **predecessor**: Judith Chaplin
- **successor**: Richard Benyon
- **birth place**: Athens, Kingdom of Greece, Greece
- **death place**: Berkshire, England
- **death cause**: Cancer
- **nationality**: United Kingdom, British
- **party**: Liberal Democrats (UK), Liberal Democrats
- **alma mater**: Magdalen College, Oxford, St Cross College, Oxford
Jim McMillian

**James M. "Jim" McMillian** (March 11, 1948 – May 16, 2016) was an American professional basketball player. He was born in Raeford, North Carolina. He played for the Los Angeles Lakers from 1970 through 1973, the Buffalo Braves from 1973 through 1976, the New York Knicks from 1976 through 1978 and the Portland Trail Blazers from 1978 through 1979. At the end of his career, he moved to Italy and played for Sinudyne Bologna for two seasons from 1979 through 1981. He retired in 1981.

McMillian died on May 16, 2016 in Winston-Salem, North Carolina from heart failure, aged 68.

## Other websites

- Player Profile  @ basketball-reference.com
- The book "Buffalo, Home of the Braves", complete narrative and photo history of the Buffalo Braves
John Berry (musician)

**John Berry, Jr.** (August 29, 1963 – May 19, 2016) was an American punk-genre guitarist. He was born in New York. Berry was known for being an original member of the rap band Beastie Boys. He was known for creating the name of the band. He joined the band in 1981, but left in 1983. His most famous album recorded with the band was "Polly Wog Stew".

Berry died from complications of dementia in a hospital in Danvers, Massachusetts on May 19, 2016, aged 52.

## Other websites

- Partial biography  at Rock & Roll Hall of Fame.com
François Maistre

**François Maistre** (14 May 1925 – 16 May 2016) was a French, television and theatre actor. He was born in Demigny, Saône-et-Loire, France. He appeared in nearly 100 movies between 1960 until his retirement in 2003. He was known for his roles in _Angélique, Marquise des Anges_ and _The Discreet Charm of the Bourgeoisie_.

Maistre died in France on 17 May 2016, aged 91.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: François Maistre
- **birth place**: Demigny, Saône-et-Loire, France
- **death place**: France
- **occupation**: Actor
- **yearsactive**: 1960–2003
President of Nigeria

The **President of Nigeria** is the head of state and head of the executive of Nigeria. The first President of Nigeria was Nnamdi Azikiwe. The current President is Bola Tinubu, since 29 May 2023.

## Requirements

The 1999 Constitution of Nigeria of Nigeria sets the requirement. A president must:
- be a citizen of Nigeria;
- be at least 40 years old;
- be a member of a political party and is sponsored by that political party.

## Powers of the president

These powers include:
- Appointing ambassadors and diplomatic and consular representatives
- Approving and signing of bills
- Conferring honours
- Receiving and recognising foreign diplomatic and consular representatives
- Referring a Bill to the Constitutional Court for a decision on the Bill's constitutionality
- Summoning the National Assembly, or Parliament to an extraordinary sitting to conduct special business

## Other websites

- State House Abuja Official Website

## Infobox (political post)

- **post**: President
- **body**: Nigeria
- **insignia**: Seal of the President of Nigeria.svg
- **insigniasize**: 125px
- **insigniacaption**: Seal of the President of Nigeria, Seal of the President
- **image**: Asiwaju Bola Ahmed Tinubu (5980497975) (Cropped).png
- **incumbent**: Bola Tinubu
- **incumbentsince**: 29 May 2023
- **style**: Mr. President
<small>(Informal)</small>
<small>(Formal)</small>
His Excellency
<small>(diplomatic, outside the U.S.)</small>
- **residence**: Aso Villa
Abuja
- **termlength**: Four years
<small>renewable once</small>
- **formation**: 1 October 1963
- **salary**: ₦3,514,705 ($17,657) annually
- **inaugural**: Nnamdi Azikiwe
1 October 1963
- **website**: [http://www.statehouse.gov.ng/ The State House Abuja]
Free Walking Tour

**Free Walking Tour** – free of charge walking tour, where participants give tips tour guide for his work. Guide can take money or give it to his Free Walking Tour organization. Free Walking Tour typically has a schedule. Weather and number of coming participants doesn’t matter.

## History

The movement appeared in 2004 in Berlin. According to the portal freetoursnetwork in 2016 free walking tour exists in 206 cities in 75 countries around the world.

The logotype Free Walking Tour has often picture of the legs or left traces.

## Analogy

The concept of Free Walking Tour in the tourism branch can be compared with a freeware on the IT-market. Free software can be an advertising of the commercial product or its manufacturer. The organizers of the Free Walking Tour often provide some business services such as a shuttle service, different entertainment, thematic, motorized and individual tours; however, the free tour model has developed as a hugely popular way to tour cities in its own right in recent years, with more and more tour companies offering free walking tours exclusively, such as Generation Tours in Dublin, Ireland, for example. Following this trend, online platforms offering free walking tours were also created. The first such platform was FREETOUR.COM in 2014. In Spain, local initiatives also emerged, such as Free walking tours Seville by Sevilla a Pie, offering cultural experiences with accredited local guides. Later, other platforms of this type started, such as GuruWalk in 2017. The concept can be a little confusing, the traveler has to pay the guide at the end of the tour based on his experience. This concept is commonly referred to as a pay-what-you-please walking tour, because it empowers the client to pay based on their satisfaction with the tour and encourages the guide to always do their best. Free Walking Tour guides can be compared with the street performers who entertain passers-by and offer for donations as well as compared to history professors who bring a city and its stories to life. Because tour guides only work for gratuities, the quality of a free tour tends to be significantly and consistently better than traditional "pay first" tours, which can take advantage of unknowing travelers.
Lathe

A **lathe** is a type of machine used to shape things.  Various kinds of work such as woodturning, metalworking, metal spinning, spin welding and glassworking use lathes.  A lathe works by turning an object on an axis and applying a tool to shape it.  Most lathes turn the workpiece on a horizontal axis; the potter's wheel uses a vertical axis.  There are various types of lathe machine but horizontal lathes are used widely.

CNC (Computer numerical control) lathes can perform the same jobs more accurately than manual lathes.  Lathes work by using accessories such as cutting tools and rests.

Examples of objects that can be made using a lathe are, candlestick holders, gun barrels, cue sticks and baseball bats.

## Wood lathes

The lathe is driven by a motor that rotates a blank of wood between two centres – the fork centre and the centre – that hold it in place. The machine rotates the wood and the user uses a variety of chisels to shape the wood by moving the chisels along a tool rest.

### Tools

Lathes feature the following kinds of tools: -

- **Gouge** – scooped in shaped and is used for removing material and rough cutting of the material
- **Parting** – used for creating inserts, notches or grooves in the workpiece
- **Scraper** – used to smooth the shape before finishing. These can be either square or round
- **Skew** – used to create more detailed shapes and grooves

## Metal lathes

A metal lathe is like the wood lathe in the type of shapes it can produce but for designed to work on metals. Due to the material the machine is more controlled. The machine is driven by motor that rotates a blank of metal on chuck. The machine rotates the metal and cutting tool moves in different directions to shape metal.

How metal lathes work
Types of processes involved in metal lathe manufacturing: -

- **Facing off** – this when the end of a metal bar is cut level so the end is flat
- **Parallel** – this when the cutting tool cuts parallel to the centre to reduce the outside diameter
- **Chamfer** – this is when the cutting tool cuts an angle or taper
- **Parting** – this is when the cutting tool cuts a notch or groove or can completely cut through the work piece to separate it from the rest
Woodturning

**Woodturning** is a type of woodworking. It is used to create different types of wooden object using a lathe. Woodturning is different from other types of woodworking because the wood is spinning while on a lathe when it is being designed. There are many different types of objects that can be made from this process.
Metalspinning

**Metal spinning** is a process where a piece of sheet metal is rotated on a machine (often a lathe) to produce an object. The  object usually has the qualities of being round, hollow and symmetrical. Metal spinning dates back thousands of years to Ancient Egypt. It is closely related to the potter's wheel.

## Process

The process begins with a flat piece of metal or a metal cylinder. It is cut to a specific size based on the size of the finished part. A form is used to create the internal shape of the spun metal part. The form is often made of aluminum or hardened steel. Metal spinning used to be used for creating prototypes and where only a few parts needed to be made. With the introduction of automatic lathes, metal spinning can be used to create a larger number of parts inexpensively.

## Other websites

- Metal Spinning a Bowl on a Lathe
Spin welding

**Spin welding** (also called _thermal welding_) is a technique used to model thermoplastic materials. The material is remodelled by using enough friction to make it so the material will be heated so much that is able to change its shape or have something attached to it. This is done by using a lathe, drill press or milling machine.
Glassworking

**Glassworking** refers to techniques and styles that use glass. Some common forms of glassworking are:
- Glassblowing
- Glass sculpture
- Stained glass
Quispamsis

**Quispamsis** is a suburb is southern New Brunswick, Canada. It is located 20 kilometres northeast of Saint John. The population of Quispamsis was 18,768 people in 2021.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Quispamsis
- **nickname**: Quispam
- **settlement type**: Town
- **motto**: "Quispamsis Floreat"(Latin)
"Quispamsis Flourish"
- **image skyline**: Quispamsis NB.JPG
- **image caption**: Quispamsis Town Hall
- **pushpin map**: New Brunswick
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Canada
- **subdivision type1**: Province
- **subdivision name1**: New Brunswick
- **subdivision type2**: County
- **subdivision name2**: Kings County, New Brunswick, Kings County
- **subdivision type3**: List of parishes in New Brunswick, Parish
- **subdivision name3**: Rothesay Parish, New Brunswick, Rothesay Parish
- **seat type**: Electoral Districts
List of Canadian federal electoral districts, Federal
- **seat**:
Fundy Royal
- **parts type**: List of New Brunswick provincial electoral districts, Provincial
- **parts**: Quispamsis (electoral district), Quispamsis
- **government type**: Town Council
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Libby O'Hara
- **leader title1**: Deputy Mayor
- **leader title2**: Councillors
- **leader title3**: House of Commons of Canada, MP
- **leader name3**: Rob Moore (politician), Rob Moore (Conservative Party of Canada, Con.)
- **leader title4**: Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick, MLA
- **leader name4**: Aaron Kennedy (New Brunswick Liberal Association, Lib)
- **established title**: First settled
- **established date**: 1783
- **established title2**: Municipal corporation, Incorporated (village)
- **established date2**: 1966
- **established title3**: Incorporated (town)
- **established date3**: December 22, 1982
- **area land km2**: 56.97
- **population as of**: 2021
- **population total**: 18,768
- **population density km2**: 329.4
- **population demonym**: Quispammer, Pammer
- **timezone**: Atlantic Standard Time Zone, AST
- **utc offset**: -4
- **timezone dst**: Atlantic Standard Time Zone, ADT
- **utc offset dst**: -3
- **postal code type**: Canadian postal code
- **postal code**: List of E Postal Codes of Canada, E2E, List of E Postal Codes of Canada, E2G, List of E Postal Codes of Canada, E2S
- **area code**: Area code 506, 506
- **blank name**: Telephone Exchanges
- **blank info**: 847, 848, 849
- **blank1 name**: National Topographic System, NTS Map
- **blank1 info**: 021H05
- **blank2 name**: Geographical Names Board of Canada, GNBC Code
- **blank2 info**: DAVTW
Essential fatty acid

**Essential fatty acids**, or **EFAs**, are fatty acids that humans and other animals must eat. The body needs them  for good health but cannot make them.

Only two fatty acids are needed for humans. When the two EFAs were discovered in 1923, they were called "vitamin F", but in 1929, research on rats showed that the two EFAs are fats rather than vitamins.

Some other fatty acids are "conditionally essential", meaning that they may become essential under some circumstances.
Balto-Slavic languages

The **Balto-Slavic language** group is a hypothetical group made up of the Baltic and Slavic languages. They are part of this family group because it is claimed by some Germanic and Slavic linguists that these two language groups share some similarities involving the linguistic traits of the two language families.

However, these claims are not universally accepted. Some scholars claim they are two different decendants of the wider Proto-Indo-European (PIE) langauge family.

## Distribution

The Balto-Slavic languages are mainly spoken in areas of eastern, northern and southern parts of Europe. The Balto-Slavic languages are daughter languages of the now extinct PIE. There are only two Baltic languages spoken today: Lithuanian and Latvian.

## Today

Some of Balto-Slavic languages spoken today:
- Baltic languages
    - Latvian (Baltic)
    - Lithuanian (Baltic)
- Slavic languages
    - Polish (Slavic)
    - Slovak  (Slavic)
    - Serbian (Slavic)
    - Russian (Slavic)
    - Croatian  (Slavic)
    - Ukrainian (Slavic)
    - Belarusian (Slavic)

For a complete list of Balto-Slavic languages, feel free to visit here.

## Related pages

- Baltic states
- Eastern Europe
- Uralic languages
- Finno-Ugric languages
- Indo-European peoples
- Indo-European languages

## Infobox (language family)

- **name**: Balto-Slavic
- **map**: Balto Slavic countries.svg
- **mapcaption**: Countries where the national language is:
- **region**: Eastern Europe, Eastern, Southern Europe, Southern and Northern Europe
- **familycolor**: Indo-European
- **protoname**: Proto-Balto-Slavic language, Proto-Balto-Slavic
- **child1**: Slavic languages, Slavic
- **child2**: Baltic languages, Baltic
- **glotto**: balt1263
- **glottorefname**: Balto-Slavic
Baltic languages

The **Baltic languages** are part of the Balto-Slavic branch of the Indo-European language family. Baltic languages are mostly spoken in the Baltics, around the Baltic sea.

## Branches

There are three branches of Baltic languages, two of which are extinct.

#### Extinct languages

- Old Prussian †
- (Western) Galindian †
- Sudovian (Yotvingian) †
- ? Skalvian † (unattested)

### Eastern Baltic languages

- Latvian (~2.2 million speakers, whereof ~1.75 million native speakers, 0.5 million second language speakers)
- Lithuanian (~3 million native speakers)
- Latgalian (150,000–200,000 speakers)

#### Extinct languages

- Selonian †
- Semigallian †
- Old Curonian (sometimes considered Western Baltic) †

### Dnieper Baltic languages †

- (Eastern) Galindian (the language of the Eastern Galindians, also known by its name in ) †

**†: Extinct language**

## Related pages

- Baltic states
- Eastern Europe
- Uralic languages
- Finno-Ugric languages
- Balto-Slavic languages
- Indo-European peoples
- Indo-European languages

## Infobox (language family)

- **name**: Baltic
- **region**: Northern Europe
- **ethnicity**: Balts
- **familycolor**: Indo-European
- **fam2**: Balto-Slavic languages, Balto-Slavic
- **child1**: Western Baltic †
- **child2**: Eastern Baltic
- **child3**: Dnieper Baltic †
- **iso5**: bat
- **lingua**: 54= (phylozone)
- **glotto**: none
- **glotto2**: east2280
- **glottoname2**: East Baltic
- **glotto3**: prus1238
- **glottoname3**: Prussian
Daughter language

A **daughter language** is a language that descended from another language, which usually happens over a long period of time.

## Examples

- Italian is a daughter language of Latin, which is a daughter language of Proto-Indo-European.
- English is a daughter language of West Germanic, which is a daughter language of Proto-Indo-European.
- Icelandic, Norwegian, Swedish, and Danish are daughter languages of Old Norse, which was a daughter language of Proto-Norse.
- Hindi and Urdu are daughter languages of Hindustani, which was the official language of British India until India gained independence. After Pakistan split apart from India, the language became two different languages, Urdu and Hindi.
- Dungan is a daughter language of Mandarin Chinese (Gansu and Shaanxi dialects), which is a daughter language of Proto-Sino-Tibetan.