juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Uniformitarianism

**Uniformitarianism** is the idea that the same physical laws of today have always operated. It was the centerpiece of James Hutton's 1795 geology book _Theory of the Earth, with proofs and illustrations_.

In this work Hutton proposed that the causes acting on the world today also acted in the past. This means that the rocks of the Earth were formed by processes which we can see operating today. These processes, though very slow (gradualism), made the world what it is today. The idea is part of a wider philosophy called the philosophy of naturalism.

The term 'uniformitarianism' was invented by William Whewell in 1837 to describe Hutton's basic idea. This idea is the foundation of modern geology.

Hutton's ideas were popularised by John Playfair in 1802 in _Illustrations of the Huttonian theory of the Earth_, and by Charles Lyell in his _Principles of geology_ (1830 to 1833). The phrase "the present is the key to the past" is Lyell's most famous quotation.

Uniformitarianism in geology is opposed by catastrophism, the idea that major changes in the Earth take place through sudden and violent events.
Upper Sorbian language

**Upper Sorbian** () is a West Slavic language spoken by the Sorb people in Germany. The language is spoken in the province of Upper Lusatia. Today this province is part of Saxony.

There are around 40,000 speakers of Upper Sorbian living in Saxony. Upper Sorbian is a minority language in Germany according to the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages.

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Upper Sorbian
- **states**: Germany
- **region**: Saxony, Brandenburg
- **ethnicity**: Sorbs
- **date**: 2007
- **ref**: e18
- **familycolor**: Indo-European
- **fam2**: Balto-Slavic languages, Balto-Slavic
- **fam3**: Slavic languages, Slavic
- **fam4**: West Slavic languages, West Slavic
- **fam5**: Sorbian languages, Sorbian
- **script**: Latin script, Latin (Sorbian alphabet)
- **nation**: Regional language in Brandenburg and Saxony.  Lost support after the reunification of Germany, with many Sorbian schools closing.
- **iso2**: hsb
- **iso3**: hsb
- **glotto**: uppe1395
- **glottorefname**: Upper Sorbian
- **lingua**: 53-AAA-bb < Sorbian languages, 53-AAA-b < West Slavic languages, 53-AAA-b...-d (varieties: 53-AAA-bba to 53-AAA-bbf)
- **notice**: ipa
Saint Seiya

**Saint Seiya** (聖闘士星矢, _Seinto Seiya_), also known as **Saint Seiya: Knights of the Zodiac** or simply **Knights of the Zodiac**, is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Masami Kurumada and serialized in Weekly Shōnen Jump from 1986 to 1991 and adapted into an Anime TV series by Toei Animation from 1986 to 1989.

The story follows five mystical warriors called the "Saints" (or "Knights") who fight wearing sacred armors named "Cloths", the designs of which derive from the various constellations the characters have adopted as their destined guardian symbols. These Saints have sworn to defend the reincarnation of the Greek goddess Athena in her battle against the other Olympian gods who want to dominate Earth.

## Infobox (animanga/header)

- **name**: Saint Seiya
- **ja kanji**: 聖闘士星矢
- **ja romaji**: Seinto Seiya
- **genre**: Action genre, Action, fantasy, Mythic fiction, mythological


## Infobox (animanga/print)

- **type**: manga
- **author**: Masami Kurumada
- **publisher**: Shueisha
- **demographic**: _Shōnen manga, Shōnen_
- **magazine**: Weekly Shōnen Jump
- **first**: January 1, 1986
- **last**: December 12, 1990
- **volumes**: 28
- **volume list**: List of Saint Seiya chapters (series)


## Infobox (animanga/video)

- **type**: tv series
- **music**: Seiji Yokoyama
- **studio**: Toei Animation
- **network**: TV Asahi
- **first**: October 11, 1986
- **last**: April 1, 1989
- **episodes**: 114
- **episode list**: List of Saint Seiya episodes


## Infobox (animanga/print)

- **type**: light novel
- **title**: Saint Seiya – Gigantomachia
- **author**: Tatsuya Hamazaki
- **publisher**: Jump J Books
- **demographic**: Male
- **first**: August 23, 2002
- **last**: December 16, 2002
- **volumes**: 2


## Infobox (animanga/video)

- **type**: ova
- **title**: Saint Seiya: Hades
- **producer**: Hiroyuki Sakurada
Yoichi Shimizu
- **music**: Seiji Yokoyama
- **studio**: Toei Animation
- **first**: November 9, 2002
- **last**: August 1, 2008
- **episodes**: 31
- **episode list**: List of Saint Seiya episodes#OVA list


## Infobox (animanga/video)

- **type**: ona
- **title**: Knights of the Zodiac: Saint Seiya
- **director**: Yoshiharu Ashino
- **writer**: Eugene Son
- **licensee**: Netflix
- **studio**: Toei Animation
- **released**: Q3 2019
- **episodes**: 12


## Infobox (animanga/other)

- **title**: Related works
- **content**: * List of Saint Seiya films, _Saint Seiya_ films
* _Saint Seiya Episode.G, Saint Seiya: Episode.G (List of Saint Seiya Episode.G chapters#Saint Seiya Episode.G: Assassin, Assassin)_
* _Saint Seiya: Next Dimension_
* _Saint Seiya: The Lost Canvas (List of Saint Seiya: The Lost Canvas chapters#Anecdotes chapters, Anecdotes)_
* _Saint Seiya Omega_
* _Saint Seiya: Saintia Shō_
* _Saint Seiya: Soul of Gold_


## Infobox (animanga/footer)
Cornellà

**Cornellà de Llobregat** is a municipality in Baix Llobregat in Catalonia, Spain. It is on the left of the Llobregat river.

## History

The history of Cornellà de Llobregat is defined by three principal factors: its proximity to the city of Barcelona, its being an area of passage from the capital of Catalonia, and the presence of the Llobregat River. Its name is of Roman origin (Cornelianus) and the first written reference to the city dates from 980 AD, although the city was incorporated into Barcelona's territory in the thirteenth century.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Cornellà de Llobregat
- **settlement type**: Municipalities of Spain, Municipality
- **imagesize**: 265px
- **image seal**: Escut de Cornellà de Llobregat.svg
- **pushpin map**: Spain#Catalonia
- **pushpin mapsize**: 265px
- **pushpin relief**: yes
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: Autonomous communities of Spain, A. community
- **subdivision type2**: Provinces of Spain, Province
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Antonio Balmón
- **area total km2**: 6.820
- **population total**: 89,158
- **population as of**: January 1, 2021
- **population density km2**: 13,073
- **utc offset**: +01:00
- **postal code type**: Postal code
- **postal code**: 08940
- **blank name sec2**: Community Identification Number, MCN
- **blank info sec2**: 08073
Caron

A **caron** ( ˇ ) or **haček** (from ), is a diacritic. This is a special symbol that is written over some letters to show that they are pronounced differently. Some other names for the caron are: **wedge**, **inverted circumflex**, and **inverted hat.**

The caron is used in Baltic, Slavic and Finno-Lappic languages to show that a letter is pronounced differently than normal. Sometimes the caron is drawn over a letter to show that it _used_ to be pronounced differently. Usually the caron shows:
- palatalization, a softer pronunciation
- iotation, a _y_ sound before a vowel
- postalveolar consonant, letter sounds made with the tongue touching the back of the alveolar ridge in the mouth

The caron looks like an upside-down circumflex ( ˆ ). It looks a lot like the breve symbol, but is more pointed at the bottom. It is also used as a symbol in mathematics.
Roger Starr

**Roger Starr** (1918 - 2001) was an intelligence officer during World War II, businessman, active in community organizations, and New York City housing administrator. Later in life, he became a writer for the New York Times. One of his books was called "The Living End".

## Planned shrinkage

He proposed a "planned shrinkage" in 1976. He wanted people to leave the depressed areas like the South Bronx. The mayor he served as the Housing and Development administrator did not support the idea. Members of the City Council called it "inhuman", "racist" and "genocidal". Protesters would make disturbances on his public appearances.
Arctic ecology

**Arctic ecology** is the science that studies the ecology of the arctic. The arctic is all land and water north of the Arctic Circle (66 33’). This area is very cold and has little rain. In the winter there is almost no sunlight. The growing season, when farmers can grow crops, is very short.

The arctic biomes are taiga, boreal forest, and tundra. Many of the ecosystems in the arctic are fragile, and can be easily destroyed. These ecosystems are being hurt by global warming.

## Environment

The arctic environment includes both land and water. Two important parts of this environment are sea ice and permafrost.

Sea ice is ice that floats in the ocean. It is made of frozen seawater. It is important because animals live and sleep on the ice, especially in winter. Sea ice lasts all year and never melts completely. There is less ice during the summer than during the winter.

Lots of land in the arctic is frozen all year long. Permafrost is a substrate (layer of soil) that has been frozen for two or more years. The dirt on top of the permafrost is called the "active layer". This dirt melts during the summer and is important for plants to grow.

## Food Chain

In the arctic region there is less food. The algae is eaten by small insects. These insects are eaten by plankton. These are eaten by small fish these are eaten by big fish. Now, these are eaten by seals. Seals are at last eaten by polar bears.
Mechanism

A **mechanism** is a mechanical device for doing something. It includes the idea of tools and machines, but is used for a wider range of objects, processes and ideas.

Palaeolithic hand axes were one of the first tools used. Simple modern mechanisms would be rope pulleys or levers. The internal combustion engine is a mechanism for turning oil into motion. A complicated example would be computers and the web.

The word "mechanism" is also used as a metaphor. The celestial mechanics  of Kepler and Newton is a way of predicting and explaining planetary motions in the Solar System. Darwin's natural selection is his proposed mechanism as to how evolution took place.

In that way, a mechanism in science or technology is an explanation of how something works or might work.
Caps lock

**Caps lock** is the name of a key on a computer keyboard. When you press this key, letters that you type will be capital letters (like this, "ABC"), instead of lowercase ("abc"). The caps lock key is usually above the Shift key and below the Tab key on the left side of the keyboard. However, some people prefer it to be in other locations.

The way the caps lock key works is that once you press it, a light may come on, or you may get a message on the screen. This lets you know that text that you type will be in uppercase letters. When you press the key again, the light turns off, or another message may appear, saying that caps lock has been turned off and text you type will be back to lowercase letters.

Some keyboards and typewriters have a key called **shift lock**. It is a lot like the caps lock key in that letters you type will be in uppercase instead of lowercase. But shift lock also does something else: when it is on, keys which have two symbols on them, such as the number keys in the top row, will print the symbol on top, instead of the symbol on the bottom. For example, pressing the key with the number 1 on it will print the exclamation mark ("!") instead of the number 1. The caps lock key does not do this; it only affects the letter keys.

People who type a lot, such as those who use typewriters, use the shift key instead of the caps lock or shift lock keys unless they have to type many capital letters in a row. But there is also a neat trick you can do with the caps lock and shift keys: when caps lock is on, you can hold the shift key while typing and what you type will be in lowercase letters instead of capitals. This can be done on some computers, such as those running Microsoft Windows computers.

Not all computers have a caps lock key. Some of those that don't have been made for the One Laptop Per Child program.
Page Up and Page Down keys

The **Page Up and Page Down keys** are two computer keys that you press to either scroll up or scroll down on documents. The page up and page down scrolling distance sometimes varies depending on which documents you are reading. If the page up of page down key is pressed together with the shift key it will highlight all the text. The page up and page down keys are sometimes called **PgUp** or **PgDn** and they are located on the right of the keyboard with page up on top and page down on the bottom.
Scroll lock

**Scroll lock** (or ScrLk) is the name of a key on a computer keyboard that was meant to lock all scrolling methods. The scroll lock key is rarely used and only came about because the original IBM PC keyboard had it. It was supposed to change how the arrow keys work. For example, when the scroll lock mode was turned on, the arrow keys would scroll the contents of a text window instead of moving the cursor. Today, the key doesn't do anything in most programs, and as a result, many keyboards today, especially those on laptops and mobile devices, do not have the scroll lock key.
Organ donation

**Organ donation** means that an organ is transferred from the body of one person to that of another person. This is done by a type of surgery called an organ transplant. The donor, the person whose organ is used, may be alive or recently dead. The person receiving the organ is called the recipient.

Organs that can be transplanted are the heart, kidney, liver, lung, pancreas, intestine, skin, and thymus.
Tissues that can be transplanted include bone, muscle, tendon, cornea, heart, and veins.

The most commonly transplanted organs worldwide is the kidney, followed closely by the liver, the heart. The most commonly transplanted tissues are the cornea, bones, and muscle.

There is a great demand for organs and tissues. Donors must give permission. Iran is the only country regulating donors selling one of their kidneys for payment, and there is no waiting list. There is a field of medicine called "regenerative medicine" that has made scientific advances to grow or create organs or tissues from stem cells.
Karakoram Highway

The **Karakoram Highway** is a road that connects China and Pakistan. It runs through the Karakoram range. It is about 1300 km long, and runs from Kashgar in China, to Hasan Abdal in Pakistan. Because it runs through the mountains, it is also a popular tourist attraction.

## Infobox (road)

- **country**: PAK
- **type**: N
- **route**: 35
- **alternate name**: Karakoram Highway
- **ahn**: China National Highway 314, G314
- **length km**: 1300
- **length notes**: Pakistan:
China:
- **direction a**: North
- **terminus a**: Kashgar, Xinjiang, China
- **cities**: Hasanabdal, Abbottabad, Thakot, Chilas, Gilgit, Aliabad (Hunza), Aliabad, Sust, mandi gobindgarh, Kashgar
- **direction b**: South
- **terminus b**: Hasan Abdal, Punjab, Pakistan
- **formed**: 1966
- **history**: Completed in 1979, open to the public since 1986
- **junction**: N-5 National Highway, N-5
N-15 National Highway, N-15
- **maint**: National Highway Authority (Pakistan), NHA, State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission, SASAC
Renault 25

The **Renault 25** was a car made by Renault. It replaced the Renault 20 in 1983, and was replaced by the Renault Safrane in 1992.

## Engines

- _2.0_ 76 kW (103 hp)
- _2.0 i_ 88 kW (120 hp)
- _2.0 i 12V_ 99 kW (135 hp)
- _2.2 i_ 79 kW (107 hp) and 90 kW (122 hp)
- _2.5 V6 Turbo_ 134 kW (182 hp) and 151 kW (205 hp)
- _2.7 V6_ 106 kW (144 hp)
- _2.9 V6_ 102 kW (139 hp), 112 kW (152 hp) and 118 kW (160 hp)
- _2.1 Diesel_ 48 kW (65 hp)
- _2.1 Turbodiesel_ 65 kW (88 hp)
Motorcade

A **motorcade** (or **convoy**, **carcade**, **autocade**) is a number of vehicles driving in the same direction on official business.

### VIPs

Motorcades can be used to transport a very important person (VIP), usually a political figure. Such a motorcade is usually accompanied by police cars and other protection. This is to make sure the people in the motorcade are safe. For instance, motorcades for presidents often have four to six armoured cars, with police motorcycles and cars going in front and behind.

Depending on the size of the motorcade and who it is carrying, streets may be completely blocked off so no-one else can use them. This is common for the security of heads of state or government.

### Protests and demonstrations

Motorcades can be used as protests and demonstrations. A large, organised, group of vehicles will travel a busy route at very slow speed. They do this to deliberately cause traffic disruption. This is often in relation to protest groups that have access to many large vehicles, such as truckers and farmers.

### Funerals

A _funeral cortege_ is a group of mourners following a hearse in a motorcade of cars.

## Other websites

- Detailed description of the motorcade of the President of the United States
Doctors Without Borders

**Doctors Without Borders** or **Médecins Sans Frontières** (MSF) is a non profitable international medical humanitarian organization created by doctors and journalists in France in 1971. MSF gives emergency aid to people affected by wars, epidemics, famine, natural disasters and man-made disasters, or areas where there is no health care available. It provides this help to all people, regardless of their race, religion or political beliefs.

In 1999 Doctors Without Borders was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. On 7 October 2015, President Barack Obama, also Nobel Peace Prize winner and at that time commander in chief, issued an apology to Doctors Without Borders for Kunduz hospital airstrike.

## Infobox (non-profit)

- **non-profit name**: Médecins Sans Frontières
- **non-profit type**: Medical humanitarian organisation
- **founded date**: 1971
- **location**: Geneva, Switzerland
- **homepage**: [http://www.msf.org www.msf.org] [http://www.doctorswithoutborders.org www.doctorswithoutborders.org]
Occluded front

An **occluded front** is a weather pattern.  It brings cold weather and leaves cold weather.  It happens when a cold front overtakes a slow-moving warm front.  The cold front is heavier than the warm front and will push it up.  The warm front slides over the cold one.   Cloud and rain form along the occluded front until temperatures become equal as the cold and warm air mix.  Some occluded fronts make tropical cyclogenesis.
Tab key

The **tab key** (short for **tabulator key** or **tabular key**) is a key on a computer keyboard, found right above the caps lock key on the far left. It is used to take the cursor to the next tab stop.

In word processor applications, the tab key usually moves the cursor to the next tab stop. In most other graphical applications, the tab key shifts the focus to the next control or widget.

## Related pages

- Indent style

## Other websites

- _Tabs versus Spaces: An Eternal Holy War_ by Jamie Zawinski
- _Why I prefer no tabs in source code_ by Adam Spiers
- _Why I love having tabs in source code_
- _Elastic tabstops - the solution to the tabs-versus-spaces issue_
Bomis

**Bomis** was an Internet company created in 1996 by Jimmy Wales, Tim Shell, and Michael Davis. Bomis is best known for having supported the creation of the projects Nupedia and Wikipedia.

Bomis was popular for hosting entertainment-, sports- and sexual-themed sites. When Nupedia started, Larry Sanger was hired to be the editor-in-chief for the project. But Nupedia resulted too slow to grow and too expensive to maintain, and Wikipedia was started as a side project to help Nupedia grow. In the end, Wikipedia became more popular than Nupedia; it closed in 2003 and Wikipedia was transferred to the newly created Wikimedia Foundation in 2003. Bomis closed in 2006.

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: Bomis
- **logo**: Bomis oval.svg
- **type**: Private
- **genre**: Internet
- **foundation**: 1996
- **founder**: Jimmy Wales,
wmf:Former Board of Trustees members, Tim Shell,
 and wmf:Former Board of Trustees members, Michael Davis.
- **location city**: Florida
- **location country**: United States
- **industry**: Internet
- **products**: Webrings
Nupedia
Wikipedia
- **services**: Advertising
- **num employees**: ~10
- **homepage**: [http://www.bomis.com www.bomis.com] (not available)
Marco Meilinger

**Marco Meilinger** (born 8 August 1991 in Salzburg) is an Austrian footballer. He plays for F.C. Red Bull Salzburg as midfielder.

## Club career

He started playing football with USK Anif, a team from a suburb of Salzburg. In 2002 he went to Austria Salzburg, and 2005, after the club was bought by Red Bull, he played with F.C. Red Bull Salzburg.In 2009 he played for the second team of Red Bull Salzburg, Red Bull Juniors. He signed with FC Red Bull Salzburg in 2010. In 2011 he played on loan for SV Ried.

## International career

Since 2008 Marco Meilinger played for Austria in different youth teams. In 2010 he played with the U-19 team in the European Championship in France and was qualified with the team for the U 20-World championship in 2011.

## Honours

- Champion of Austrias Regionalliga West 2010/11
- Member of the Austrian team for the FIFA U20 World Cup 2011

## Other websites

- Transfermarkt.at Spielerprofil Marco Meilinger
- Spoxx.com Marco Meilinger
- Homepage FC Red Bull Salzburg

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Marco Meilinger
- **image**: Marco Meilinger4.JPG
- **image size**: 200
- **birth place**: Salzburg, Austria
- **position**: Midfielder
- **youthyears1**: –2002
- **youthyears2**: 2002–2005
- **youthyears3**: 2005–2009
- **youthclubs1**: USK Anif
- **youthclubs2**: SV Austria Salzburg
- **youthclubs3**: FC Red Bull Salzburg, Red Bull Salzburg
- **years1**: 2009–2011
- **years2**: 2011–2014
- **years3**: 2011–2013
- **years4**: 2014–2016
- **years5**: 2016–2017
- **years6**: 2018–2022
- **clubs1**: FC Red Bull Salzburg, Red Bull Juniors Salzburg
- **clubs2**: FC Red Bull Salzburg, Red Bull Salzburg
- **clubs3**: → SV Ried (loan)
- **clubs4**: FK Austria Wien, Austria Wien
- **clubs5**: AaB Football, AaB
- **clubs6**: SC Rheindorf Altach, Rheindorf Altach
- **caps1**: 54
- **caps2**: 16
- **caps3**: 62
- **caps4**: 45
- **caps5**: 27
- **caps6**: 77
- **goals1**: 15
- **goals2**: 0
- **goals3**: 8
- **goals4**: 2
- **goals5**: 3
- **goals6**: 4
- **nationalyears1**: 2008
- **nationalyears2**: 2009–2010
- **nationalyears3**: 2010–2011
- **nationalyears4**: 2011–2012
- **nationalteam1**: Austria U18
- **nationalteam2**: Austria national under-19 football team, Austria U19
- **nationalteam3**: Austria national under-20 football team, Austria U20
- **nationalteam4**: Austria national under-21 football team, Austria U21
- **nationalcaps1**: 1
- **nationalcaps2**: 5
- **nationalcaps3**: 3
- **nationalcaps4**: 3
- **nationalgoals1**: 0
- **nationalgoals2**: 0
- **nationalgoals3**: 0
- **nationalgoals4**: 0
- **club-update**: 09:44, 5 June 2022 (UTC)
Fernando Llorente

**Fernando Llorente** (born 26 February 1985 in Pamplona) is a Spanish footballer who plays for Athletic Bilbao and the Spanish National Team, as a striker. He won the FIFA World Cup with the Spanish National Team. Llorente has scored 90 goals in his career. He said no to offers from important teams such as Real Madrid.

He has been selected by the Spanish national team 21 times and has scored 7 goals.

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Fernando Llorente
- **image**: Fernando Llorente JUVE.JPG
- **fullname**: Fernando Llorente Torres
- **birth place**: Pamplona, Spain
- **height**: 195 cm
- **position**: Forward (association football), Striker
- **currentclub**: Athletic Bilbao
- **clubnumber**: 9
- **youthyears1**: 1994–1995
- **youthclubs1**: FC Funes
- **youthyears2**: 1995–1996
- **youthclubs2**: CA River Ebro, River Ebro
- **youthyears3**: 1996–2003
- **youthclubs3**: Athletic Bilbao
- **years1**: 2003–2004
- **clubs1**: CD Baskonia, Baskonia
- **caps1**: 33
- **years2**: 2004–2005
- **clubs2**: Bilbao Athletic
- **caps2**: 16
- **years3**: 2005–
- **clubs3**: Athletic Bilbao
- **caps3**: 236
- **nationalyears1**: 2003
- **nationalteam1**: Spain national under-17 football team, Spain U17
- **nationalcaps1**: 3
- **nationalgoals1**: 2
- **nationalyears2**: 2005
- **nationalteam2**: Spain national under-20 football team, Spain U20
- **nationalcaps2**: 4
- **nationalgoals2**: 5
- **nationalyears3**: 2005–2006
- **nationalteam3**: Spain national under-21 football team, Spain U21
- **nationalcaps3**: 9
- **nationalgoals3**: 5
- **nationalyears4**: 2008–
- **nationalteam4**: Spain national football team, Spain
- **nationalcaps4**: 21
- **nationalgoals4**: 7
- **pcupdate**: 20 August 2012
- **ntupdate**: 15 August 2012
Pectinase

A **pectinase** is one of a class of enzymes which are able to split pectin. Pectin is a polysaccharide in the primary cell walls of terrestrial plants. Pectinases occur normally in flowering plants.

Pectinases are used commercially to isolate the protoplasts that occur in plants. They are also used in the production of fruit juice, for plant-based coloring agents, and in the production of wine.
The Forsyte Saga

***The Forsyte Saga*** was a drama mini-series on PBS. Main characters including Daimen Lewis as Soames Forsyte and Gina McKee as Irene.
Heinrich event

A **Heinrich event** is one of the events which occurred during the coldest point of _Bond Cycles_ in which many icebergs were discharged into the North Atlantic and melted.

Evidence for this can be found in the north Atlantic sediment cores which show poorly sorted, angular and contain rocks. These were originally in the icebergs but dropped to the bottom of the ocean when the icebergs melted.

Heinrich events are a possible trigger to the onset of mini ice ages which follow a long period of thaw. An example might be the Younger Dryas, a brief cold period from about 12.8 thousand years ago to about 11.5 thousand years ago.

The Younger Dryas stadial is thought to have been caused by the collapse of the North American ice sheets, although rival theories have been proposed.
Hubert Cecil Booth

**Hubert Cecil Booth** (4 July 1871 - 14 January 1955) was a British engineer. He invented the vacuum cleaner. He was born in Gloucester, England. He died in Croydon, Surrey.

In 1900, Booth saw that if you put a handkerchief between your mouth and the floor, you can inhale dust from the carpet. When he saw this, he wanted to invent something get out the dust. Finally in 1901 he patented the vacuum, with a mechanical system.
Dominique Strauss-Kahn

**Dominique Strauss-Kahn** (born 25 April 1949) is a French politician and economist of Jewish descent. He studied economics and is a professor for economics at a university in Paris. He has held different posts in the French government, and was the head of the International Monetary Fund from 2007 to 2011. In France, his name is usually abbreviated **DSK**.

He is a full professor at the Paris Institute for Political Studies ("Sciences Po").He was a Professor of Economics at Paris West University Nanterre La Défense and Sciences Po, and was Minister of Economy and Finance from 1997 to 1999, as part of Lionel Jospin's Plural Left government. He belongs to the right wing of the Socialist Party (PS) (which is on the center-left of French politics). He was nominated in the 2006 primary elections of his party to become a candidate for the French presidential election in 2007. Ségolène Royal defeated him in these elections in November 2006.

On 14 May 2011, Strauss-Kahn was arrested and charged with sexually assaulting a woman in a hotel in New York. Strauss-Kahn denies all charges. A judge later approved his release on bail.

On 18 May 2011 he resigned from his post at the IMF, in order to be able to focus on his defense.

On 29 June 2011, French finance minister Christine Lagarde was elected IMF Managing director and took office on 5 July 2011.

From 1995 till 1997 he was mayor of Sarcelles.

## Early Life

Dominique Strauss-Kahn was born on 25 April 1949 in the wealthy Paris suburb of Neuilly-sur-Seine, Hauts-de-Seine. He is the son of lawyer Gilbert Strauss-Kahn. Strauss-Kahn's father was born to an Alsatian Jewish father and a Catholic mother from Lorraine; Strauss-Kahn's mother is from a Sephardic Jewish family in Tunisia.

## Political Life

Strauss-Kahn was first an activist member of the Union of Communist Students, before joining in the 1970s the Centre d'études, de recherches et d'éducation socialiste (Center on Socialist Education Studies and Research, CERES) led by Jean-Pierre Chevènement, future presidential candidate at the 2002 election. There, he befriended the future Prime Minister of France Lionel Jospin (PS).
Gully

A **gully** is an area where rain and wind wash the topsoil away, leaving a deep channel in the ground. it may also make a hill that varies in looks.
Abadeh

**Abadeh** is a  city in southwestern Iran. In the year 2006 there were 52,042 people living there. The city is the capital of Abadehy County.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Abadeh
- **native name**: آباده
- **settlement type**: city
- **image skyline**: کلاه فرنگی آباده 2.jpg
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **image caption**: Abadeh Kiosk
- **image seal**: Abadeh Logo.png
- **pushpin map**: Iran
- **pushpin label position**: bottom
- **pushpin mapsize**: 300
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Iran
- **subdivision type**: Countries of the world, Country
- **subdivision type1**: Provinces of Iran, Province
- **subdivision name1**: Fars Province
- **subdivision type2**: County
- **subdivision name2**: Abadeh County
- **subdivision type3**: Bakhsh, District
- **subdivision name3**: Central District (Abadeh County), Central
- **established date**: 1925 (1304 Hejry Shamsi)
- **leader title**: Mayor
(Shahrdar)
- **leader name**: Mehdi Rahnema
- **leader title1**: Member of Parliament
نماینده مجلس
- **leader name1**: Rahim Zaree
رحیم زارع
- **unit pref**: metric
- **population as of**: 2009
- **population total**: 55758(est. 2009)
- **timezone**: Iran Standard Time, IRST
- **utc offset**: +3:30
- **timezone dst**: Iran Daylight Time, IRDT
- **utc offset dst**: +4:30
- **elevation ft**: 6200
- **postal code type**: Postal Code
- **postal code**: 73911-***** to 73991-*****
- **area code**: 0751
- **website**: [http://www.sh-abadeh.ir Abadeh Municipality]
Rob Niedermayer

**Robert Wade Niedermayer Jr.** (born December 28, 1974) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player who played 17 National Hockey League (NHL) seasons for the Florida Panthers, Calgary Flames, Anaheim Ducks, New Jersey Devils, and Buffalo Sabres.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **image**: Rob Niedermayer Sabres.jpg
- **image size**: 230px
- **played for**: Florida Panthers
Calgary Flames
Anaheim Ducks
New Jersey Devils
Buffalo Sabres
- **position**: Winger (ice hockey), Right Wing
- **shoots**: Left
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 2
- **weight lb**: 204
- **ntl team**: CAN
- **birth place**: Cassiar, British Columbia, Cassiar, British Columbia, BC, Canada, CAN
- **draft**: 5th overall
- **draft year**: 1993
- **draft team**: Florida Panthers
- **career start**: 1993
- **career end**: 2011
Doric

**Doric** could mean:
- the **Doric** language of Scotland.
- the **Doric order**, a style of architecture from Ancient Greece.
- **Doric Greek**, or **Dorian**, a language from Ancient Greece.
Go-Ahead London

**Go-Ahead London** is made up of lots of bus companies. It first opened in August 2008.
It is the largest bus operator in London. They have 115 routes given to them by Transport For London. Here are the different names of the companies that make up Go-Ahead London:

## Companies

The following companies are part of Go-Ahead London.

- London Central
- London General
- Docklands Buses
- Blue Triangle
- East Thames Buses
Doric order

**Doric order** was one of the three orders of architecture in Ancient Greece; the other two orders were Corinthian order and Ionic order. The order was named after the style of columns used in buildings. It included the base, the shaft, the top (capital), and the part supported at the top; the architrave, the frieze and the cornice. Each order has its own style.

Doric was the earliest style and used by the Greeks for most of their buildings and temples, including the Parthenon. It is believed that the style was first made using wood. The style features heavy columns, a saucer shaped capital on the top, and no base.

## Doric style

_<small>The numbers refer to the picture on the right</small>_

The columns (17) are fluted (18), which means they have about 20 grooves cut into them. The top of the column, the capital (14) is made up of a group of annulets. The saucer shaped piece is called the echinus (16). Above this is a square piece of stone, called the abacus (15), on the top. This supports the entablature, which is about one third of the height of the column. This is made up of a plain architrave (13) and a frieze with triglyphs (8). Between the triglyphs are square spaces, called metopes (9), which can be used for sculptures. Above this is a cornice with large blocks called mutules (5), which overhang the frieze. The lower surface of these blocks are called the soffit. Above this the block of stone has a plain vertical face called the corona. It is finished on the top with more decorations.

Parts of the frieze sculptures from the Parthenon were removed in the 1800's and taken to the British Museum. They are known as the Elgin Marbles.
Clint Malarchuk

**Clint Malarchuk** (born May 1, 1961 in Grande Prairie, Alberta) is a retired Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender. He played 11 seasons in the NHL. He played 5 seasons with the Quebec Nordiques, 2 seasons with the Washington Capitals and 4 seasons with the Buffalo Sabres. He is probably best known for the serious throat injury that he received from a skate blade during a game.

## Injury

On March 22, 1989, Malarchuk was injured during a game between the Sabres and St. Louis Blues. Steve Tuttle of the St. Louis Blues and Uwe Krupp of the Buffalo Sabres became entangled when they were chasing the puck and they both crashed into Malarchuk's net, Tuttle's skate hit Malarchuk on the neck and severed his internal carotid artery which caused puddles of blood that collected on the ice. Malarchuk left the ice on his own two feet but he thought he was going to die so he said "All I wanted to do was get off the ice". "My mother was watching the game on TV, and I didn't want her to see me die." He knew that his mother was watching the game on TV and he had an equipment manager call and tell her he loved her. He also asked for a priest. His life was saved when the team's trainer, Jim Pizzutelli who was a former Army medic who had served in Vietnam. had reached into Malarchuk's neck and pinched off the bleeding. He did not let go until the doctors arrived to begin closing the wound. After the doctors spent 90 minutes and used over 300 stitches to close the wound he returned to practice four days later and was back in the net against the Quebec Nordiques after about a week. He made in time for the playoffs but the Sabres lost to the Boston Bruins 4 games to 1.

Malarchuk suffered mental health issues from this incident later on. He was diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder. On October 7, 2008, Malarchuk attempted to commit suicide with a .22 Long Rifle.

In November 2014, he released an autobiography called _The Crazy Game_ also known by the title _A Matter of Inches—How I Survived In The Crease And Beyond_ in the United States. Since the book release, Malarchuk and his wife have traveled around speaking about mental health issues and suicide prevention.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **name**: Clint Malarchuk
- **image**: Clint Malarchuk cadré.jpg
- **image size**: 230px
- **caption**: Malarchuk playing for the Quebec Nordiques in 1986
- **birth place**: Grande Prairie, Alberta, Grande Prairie, Alberta, Canada
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 1
- **weight lb**: 185
- **position**: Goaltender
- **catches**: Left
- **played for**: Quebec Nordiques
Washington Capitals
Buffalo Sabres
- **draft**: 74th overall
- **draft year**: 1981
- **draft team**: Quebec Nordiques
- **career start**: 1981
- **career end**: 1996
Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf

The **Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf** (; _Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf_) is a political party in Pakistan.  PTI was founded by former Pakistani cricket captain and philanthropist Imran Khan (Pakistani cricketer).  The party's slogan is "Justice, Humanity and Self Esteem".

## Founding

Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf was founded by Imran Khan on April 25th, 1996 in Lahore, Pakistan.  The constitution of Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf was approved on January 24th, 1999 by the CEC in Lahore, Pakistan.

The PTI manifesto states "The PTI agenda of resurgence articulates the long neglected aspirations of our people and spells out the vision of a modern Islamic republic that advocates tolerance, moderation and freedom to practice the religion of one’s choice."

## Notable members

- Imran Khan, Founding Chairman
- Shah Mehmood Qureshi, Vice Chairman
- Changaiz Ahmed Khan Kakar, senior member
- Murad Saeed, Senior Member
- Salman Akram Raja, Secretary-General
- Muhammad Ahsan Ullah Chaudhary, Senior member and politician
- Riaz Kataria is an Pakistani Major Export Businessperson tycoon from Sialkot, an Senior member of PTI.
- Ejaz Chaudhary, senior member
- Shandana Gulzar, senior member
- Ali Muhammad Khan, senior member
International Day Against Homophobia, Transphobia and Biphobia

The **International Day Against Homophobia, Transphobia and Biphobia** is held every May 17.

## Origins

On the 17th of May in 1990, the World Health Organization removed homosexuality from the International Classification of Diseases, where it was listed as a mental illness.

International Day Against Homophobia started off in Canada in 2003 as the National day against Homophobia, and was initiated by Fondation Emergence .

In 2006 The Declaration of Montreal (pronounced in Montreal during the first Outgames) demanded all countries to recognize this day, and several countries, including the European Union and Brazil have already recognized it formally.

In 2014 Fondation Emergence changed the day's name from "international day against homophobia" to "international day against homohobia and transphobia" in order to include trans realities to its mission. As well in 2015 the day's name to "international day against homophobia, transphobia and biphobia" in order to include bisexual realities to the mission.

## Campaigns

Each year, since 2003, Fondation Emergence launches a campaign to fight homophobia and transphobia in the world with a particular angle such as homoparentality, allies, age and trans people.

Their last campaign has been translated into 18 languages.

## Related pages

- Homophobia
- Transphobia
- Biphobia
- Transgender Day of Remembrance
- Declaration of Montreal
Redwood

The **redwood** are a subfamily of conifers, the **Sequoioideae**. They are in the Cypress family Cupressaceae.

They are common in the coastal forests of Northern California and are perhaps the largest tree in the world. There are three living genera. There were once more species of redwood trees, but most have become extinct.

These trees are pyrophytes; they have adapted to survive forest fires. Because fire is common where they grow, redwood trees have developed thick, fire-resistant bark. _Their cones open only after a fire_. Because fire control is better these days, the trees are endangered.

Redwood trees can grow to be very large. The largest species, _Sequoiadendron giganteum_, can get to 94.8 m tall and 17 m across. The tallest tree in the world is claimed to be a _Sequoia sempervirens_ named Hyperion. The largest tree in the world by volume is claimed to be a _Sequoiadendron giganteum_ named the General Sherman Tree, after William Tecumseh Sherman.

## Species

- _Sequoiadendron giganteum_ trees are also called _giant sequoias_. Their native habitat is only on the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada range of California. They are the largest trees on Earth.
- _Sequoia sempervirens_ trees are also called _coast redwoods_. Their native habitat is only in the Northern California coastal forests ecoregion, on the Northern California coast and several miles into Oregon. They are the tallest trees on Earth.
- _Metasequoia glyptostroboides_ trees are also called _dawn redwoods_. They are so rare they were thought to be extinct, until rediscovered by a Chinese forester in 1943. They were found on mountainous slopes in remote parts of the Hubei region of China.

However, in principle, they can grow in many other places. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-68518623
Artesian aquifer

An **artesian aquifer** is an underground layer which holds groundwater under pressure. This causes the water level in the well to rise to a point where the pressure is equal to the weight of water putting it under pressure. This type of well is called an **artesian well**. Water may even reach the ground surface if the natural pressure is high enough, in which case the well is called a **flowing artesian well**.

An aquifer is a geologic layer which can hold water such as sand and gravel, limestone, or sandstone, through which water flows and is stored. An artesian aquifer is trapped between rocks or clay which causes the pressure. Water returns to the aquifers when the water table at its recharge zone is at a higher elevation than the head of the well.

Fossil water aquifers can also be artesian if they are under sufficient pressure from the surrounding rocks.  This is similar to how many newly tapped oil wells are pressurized.

## Origin

**Artesian wells** were named after the old province of Artois in France.  Many artesian wells were drilled there by Carthusian monks from 1126.

## Location

There are artesian aquifers in many countries including Australia, the USA, Spain, Italy, the United Kingdom, Fiji and Canada. The Great Artesian Basin is the largest and deepest artesian basin in the world, occupying 23% of the Australian continent.
2010 Pakistan floods

The **2010 Pakistan floods** began on 26 July 2010 and continued into the following month. They resulted from heavy monsoon rains in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Sindh, Punjab and Balochistan regions of Pakistan and affected the Indus River basin. Approximately one-fifth of Pakistan's total land area was underwater, approximately . According to government data, the floods directly affected about 20 million people, mostly by destruction of property, livelihood and infrastructure, with a death toll of 1,781 in 2010.
David Reed (American football)

**Brandon David Reed** (born March 22, 1987) is an American former professional football wide receiver. He played parts of 4 years in the National Football League (NFL). He played for the Baltimore Ravens and Indianapolis Colts.

Reed was drafted out of the University of Utah by the Baltimore Ravens with the 156th pick in the fifth round of the 2010 NFL Draft. He won Super Bowl XLVII with the Ravens when they defeated the San Francisco 49ers 34-31.

On August 21, 2013, the Ravens traded Reed to the Indianapolis Colts in exchange for Delone Carter. He played 7 games with the Colts. He was waived on November 26, 2013.

On January 14, 2014, he signed with the San Francisco 49ers but was released August 25, 2014.

## Other websites

- David Reed at nfl.com

## Infobox (nfl player)

- **name**: David Reed
- **image**: David Reed 2011 stadium practice.jpg
- **caption**: Reed with the Ravens in August 2011
- **number**: 16, 85
- **position**: Wide receiver
- **birth place**: Dubuque, Iowa
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 0
- **weight lbs**: 190
- **high school**: New London High School (Connecticut), New London (CT)
- **college**: Utah Utes football, Utah
- **draftyear**: 2010
- **draftround**: 5
- **draftpick**: 156
- **pastteams**: * Baltimore Ravens (−)
* Indianapolis Colts ()
* San Francisco 49ers ()*
- **pastteamsnote**: yes
- **highlights**: * Super Bowl, Super Bowl champion (Super Bowl XLVII, XLVII)
* 2009 All-Mountain West Conference, MWC First Team
- **statlabel1**: Receptions
- **statvalue1**: 6
- **statlabel2**: Receiving yards
- **statvalue2**: 68
- **statlabel3**: Total return yards
- **statvalue3**: 1,740
- **statlabel4**: Total touchdowns
- **statvalue4**: 1
- **nfl**: REE177257
Trevor Pryce

**Trevor W. Pryce** (born August 3, 1975 in Brooklyn, New York) is a retired American football defensive end that played 14 seasons in the National Football League (NFL).

## Life

Trevor Pryce was born August 3, 1975 in Brooklyn, New York. He was drafted out of Clemson University by the Denver Broncos with the 28th pick in the first round of the 1997 NFL Draft. He also played in the NFL with the Denver Broncos who he won Super Bowls XXXII and XXXIII with. He also played for the Baltimore Ravens from 2006 to 2010 and the New York Jets in 2010. After the 2010 AFC Championship Game, he announced that he was retiring from professional football. He retired in 2011.

## Other websites

- Trevor Pryce at nfl.com

## Infobox (nfl player)

- **name**: Trevor Pryce
- **image**: Trevor Pryce.jpg
- **image size**: 250
- **caption**: Pryce with the Ravens in January 2010.
- **number**: 90, 93
- **position**: Defensive end/Defensive tackle
- **birth place**: Brooklyn, New York
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 6
- **weight lbs**: 290
- **high school**: Lake Howell High School, Lake Howell
(Winter Park, Florida)
- **college**: Clemson Tigers football, Clemson
- **draftyear**: 1997
- **draftround**: 1
- **draftpick**: 28
- **pastteams**: * Denver Broncos (–)
* Baltimore Ravens (–)
* New York Jets ()
- **highlights**: * 2× Super Bowl champion (Super Bowl XXXII, XXXII, Super Bowl XXXIII, XXXIII)
* 4× Pro Bowl (2000 Pro Bowl, 1999–2003 Pro Bowl, 2002)
* 3× All-Pro (1999 All-Pro Team, 1999–2001 All-Pro Team, 2001)
* Denver Broncos, Denver Broncos 50th Anniversary Team
- **statlabel1**: Tackle (football move), Tackles
- **statvalue1**: 440
- **statlabel2**: Quarterback sacks
- **statvalue2**: 91.0
- **statlabel3**: Interceptions
- **statvalue3**: 2
- **statlabel4**: Forced fumbles
- **statvalue4**: 12
- **nfl**: PRY103822
Ben Grubbs

**Benjamin Richard Grubbs** (born March 10, 1984 in Eclectic, Alabama) is an American former professional football offensive guard. He played parts of 9 years in the National Football League (NFL). He played for the Baltimore Ravens, New Orleans Saints, and Kansas City Chiefs. Grubbs was drafted out of Auburn University by the Baltimore Ravens with the 29th pick in the first round of the 2007 NFL Draft.  He made two Pro Bowls; one in 2012 and one in 2014.

The Kansas City Chiefs released Grubbs at the end of the 2015 NFL season.  Grubbs retired shortly after because of a neck injury.

## Other websites

- Ben Grubbs at nfl.com

## Infobox (nfl player)

- **name**: Ben Grubbs
- **image**: Ben Grubbs.jpg
- **image size**: 220
- **caption**: Grubbs with the Ravens in August 2009
- **number**: 66
- **position**: Offensive guard
- **birth place**: Columbus, Georgia
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 3
- **weight lbs**: 310
- **high school**: Elmore County High School, Eclectic (AL) Elmore Co.
- **college**: Auburn Tigers football, Auburn
- **draftyear**: 2007
- **draftround**: 1
- **draftpick**: 29
- **pastteams**: * Baltimore Ravens (–)
* New Orleans Saints (–)
* Kansas City Chiefs ()
- **highlights**: * 2× Pro Bowl (2012 Pro Bowl, 2011, 2014 Pro Bowl, 2013)
* PFWA All-Rookie Team (PFWA All-Rookie Team#2007, 2007)
- **statlabel1**: Games played
- **statvalue1**: 129
- **statlabel2**: Games started
- **statvalue2**: 125
- **nflnew**: bengrubbs/2495615
London Central

**London Central** is a major bus company in London. It was made in 1988 and became part of Go-Ahead London in 2008.

## Infobox (bus transit)

- **name**: London Central
- **image**: London Bus route 171.jpg
- **image size**: 240px
- **image caption**: A London Central bus on route 171 at Waterloo Station.
- **parent**: Go-Ahead Group
- **headquarters**: London Borough of Merton, Merton
- **locale**: South London
- **service area**: United Kingdom
- **service type**: Bus
- **routes**: 49
- **hubs**: Bexleyheath
Camberwell
New Cross
Peckham
- **fleet**: Alexander Dennis Enviro400
Dennis Dart SLF
Mercedes-Benz Citaro, Mercedes-Benz Citaro G
Volvo B7TL
Volvo Olympian
VDL SB120, DAF SB120
Volvo B9TL
Scania OmniTown
- **operator**: Go-Ahead London
- **website**: http://www.londoncentral.com/