juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Slug

**Slug** is a general term for a gastropod mollusc which has no shell, or just a small internal shell.

Slugs belong to several different families which also include snails with shells. Snails are gastropods with a coiled shell large enough for the animal to pull back inside. The families of land slugs are not very closely related, despite looking similar. The shell-less slug type is an example of convergent evolution, and so the category "slug" is not a taxonomic category.

The name "slug" is used for air-breathing land slugs, while the marine forms are usually known as sea slugs. Land gastropods with a shell that is too small to hide the body are sometimes called _semislugs_.

## Body parts and behaviour

Like land snails, most slugs have four 'feelers' or _tentacles_ on their head. The upper two (the "optical tentacles") see light and have eyespots at the ends, while the lower two (the "sensory tentacles") are used for smelling. The tentacles are retractable and can regrow if lost.

On top of the slug, behind the head, is a body part called the _mantle,_ and under this are the genital opening and anus. On one side (almost always the right side) of the mantle is a breathing hole, which is easy to see when open, but difficult to see when closed. Inside the mantle in some species is a very small, flat shell.

The bottom of a snail is called a "foot". Like other snails, a slug moves by rhythmic waves of muscle contraction on the bottom of its foot. At the same time, it secretes a layer of mucus on which it travels, which helps prevent damage to the foot. Around the edge of the foot is the 'foot fringe'.

Some slug species hibernate underground during the winter in places with cold winters, but in other species, the adults die in the autumn.
Ruwer

**Ruwer** could mean:

- Ruwer River, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany
- Ruwer (municipality), a convention community (Verbandsgemeinde) in Rhineland-Palatinate
- Ruwer (suburb), a suburban part of Trier
- Ruwer (region), a part of the German wine-growing region Mosel-Saar-Ruwer near Trier
Gunpowder

**Gunpowder** (or **gun powder**) is a mix of chemical substances (75% saltpeter, 15% charcoal and 10% sulfur). It is used primarily in firearms, burns very quickly, and creates gases. Those gases use up more space than the gunpowder they come from, so they push outward. If the gunpowder is in a small space, the gases will push on the walls of the space, building up pressure. In a gun, the pressure pushes against a bullet, causing it to fly out at high speeds. If the pressure became too high, it could destroy the gun barrel.

Gunpowder was invented by the Chinese. The first references of black powder, the original form of gunpowder, date to the 9th century. According to legend, Chinese alchemists were looking for a formula to create the elixir of life, or the mythical potion that causes whoever drinks it to become immortal, when they accidentally created gunpowder. Because the powder was highly flammable, or burned very easily, they decided to call it "fire medicine" (Simplified Chinese: 火药 / Traditional Chinese: 火藥). The Chinese soon weaponized the substance, or made weapons out of it. In later centuries they made many weapons using gunpowder, including rockets, bombs, flamethrowers, and land mines, before making cannons and guns. The oldest weapon that uses gunpowder dates back to a bronze handheld cannon made in northeastern China in 1288. The first mention in Europe was in the 13th century when Roger Bacon described the formula of black powder. Gunpowder was extremely valuable to the Chinese civilization, in fact so valuable that sometimes it was traded for gold.

## Other websites

- Gunpowder -Citizendium
Mayor

A **mayor** is a person who is in charge of the administration of a city.  Some mayors are elected by the people who live in that city.  For other cities, a central government body may choose the mayor.  Some large cities have a Lord Mayor.

In federal countries like Germany the mayor can also be head of the government of a city state. The Mayor of Hamburg runs the government just like the Minister President of Bavaria runs the Bavarian government. In some big cities such as Tokyo the Mayor is a Governor.

In many countries, such as the United Kingdom and Australia, the mayor is not in charge of the daily functions of a city or town. That job is done by a Town Clerk or Chief Executive, who is appointed to a full-time paid job. The mayor works part-time, usually without payment, and represents the city at events and civic functions.
Churning of the Ocean

**Churning of the Ocean** is a mythical story of Hinduism and Hindu mythology. It is described in many Hindu scriptures, especially in the Mahabharata and the Puranas. The story tells about the churning of the ocean by the gods and the demons.

From this churning of the ocean, several things came out of the ocean. Some of them were:

1. Surabhi: She was a cow. She was called the cow of plenty.
1. Varuni: He was the goddess of wine.
1. Parijata: It was a tree. The story tells that this tree granted all the wishes of the person standing below it.
1. Apsaras (Angels): They were beautiful women. They would never grow old. They used to dance in the court of Indra, a god of the Indo-Aryan period.
1. The moon: The Hindu scriptures name the moon as the Chandra. It rose from the ocean when the gods and the demons were churning the ocean.
1. Kalakuta: It was a dangerous poison. When it came out of the ocean, Shiva drank it.
1. Dhanvantari: He was the first physician of Ayurvedic system of medicine and medication.
1. Lakshmi: She came out of the ocean seated on a lotus. She is a goddess of Hindus.
1. Uchchaishravas: It was a horse with seven heads. The legend states that it pulls the chariot of the sun-god, Surya.
1. Airavata: It was a three-headed elephant. It was taken by Indra.
1. Kaustuba: It was a very important gem. God Vishnu kept it.

The Hindu scriptures and the Hindu mythology tells that all the above things came out of the ocean for the betterment of human beings.

## References

- _Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend_ () by Anna Dallapiccola
Martha Washington

**Martha Dandridge Custis Washington** (June 2, 1731 – May 2, 1802) was the wife of George Washington, the first President of the United States.  Although people only started using the term decades after her death, Martha Washington is considered to be the first First Lady of the United States.

## Early life

She was born  on June 2, 1731, at Chestnut Grove Plantation near Williamsburg, Virginia.  Her parents were John Dandridge, an immigrant from England, and his wife Frances Jones. Her education consisted of the womanly arts such as needlework and playing musical instruments. Later in life, she would learn to manage a plantation.

## Marriage

At 18, she married Daniel Parke Custis, a wealthy tobacco planter 20 years older than her. She bore him four children. Only two, John "Jacky" and Martha "Patsy", survived to young adulthood. She was widowed in 1757 at age 26. In 1759, she married George Washington, a colonel in the colonial militia. Their marriage was one of mutual affection and respect, but not one of passion.  The Washingtons had no biological children.

## Personal life

During the American Revolutionary War, Martha visited the cold and starving Continental troops spending the winter at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania. She donated as much food as possible, and sewed clothing for the soldiers.  She nursed those who were ill or dying. She urged local women to do the same. Her commitment to the welfare of the veterans of the Revolution would remain lifelong. They addressed her as "Lady Washington."

## First Lady

Washington was unanimously elected president in 1789. Martha served as First Lady from April 30, 1789 to March 4, 1797. She found the job unpleasant. She complained of the journalists who followed her everywhere (even to the circus with her grandson), and of the many restrictions placed upon her as First Lady (she was not allowed to accept dinner invitations, for example).

She set many of the customs and standards that were observed by future First Ladies. She retired to Mount Vernon with her husband after serving her country.

## Death

She died in Mount Vernon on May 22, 1802. Her obituary (death notice) was widely printed in regional newspapers. She is buried in the vault at Mount Vernon. She was the first historical female figure to be depicted by the United States government on postage stamps and currency.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Martha Washington
- **image**: Martha Washington (1796).jpg
- **imagesize**: 175px
- **birth place**: Chestnut Grove Plantation, New Kent County, Virginia
- **death place**: Mount Vernon, Virginia
- **occupation**: First Lady of the United States
- **order**: 1st First Lady of the United States
- **term label**: In role
- **term start**: April 30, 1789
- **term end**: March 4, 1797
- **president**: George Washington
- **predecessor**: _Position established_
- **successor**: Abigail Adams
- **spouse**: Daniel Parke Custis (1749-1758)
 George Washington (1759-1799)
- **children**: Daniel Parke Custis, Jr., Frances Custis, John Parke "Jacky" Custis, Martha Parke "Patsy" Custis
- **relations**: John Dandridge (father) and Frances Jones (mother)
Abigail Adams

**Abigail Smith Adams** (November 22, 1744 – October 28, 1818) was the wife of John Adams, the second President of the United States. She was also the mother of John Quincy Adams, the sixth president. Later on, people started to address the wife of the president as the First Lady. So, she became the second First Lady of the United States.

Adams was born in Weymouth, Massachusetts. She belonged to a famous Massachusetts family (the Quincy Family).

In 1801, John and Abigail retired to Quincy, Massachusetts. Abigail died from typhoid fever in 1818, at the age of 73.

## Early life

Abigail Adams advocated for an equal education in public schools for boys and girls. In her earliest years, she was often in poor health. She spent most of her time reading and, she corresponded with family and friends before getting married.

Adams did not get any formal education in any school or college. Her father had a big library, so she studied many books and educated herself that way.

She married John Adams in 1764. In the next ten years, she had five children (a sixth was stillborn). One of her children was John Quincy Adams, the sixth President of the United States.

## Political involvement

Adams was a vital confidant and adviser to her husband John Adams. She opposed slavery and supported women's rights. In 1776, her husband participated in the First Continental Congress in Philadelphia. There, Adams wrote her most famous letter to the Founding Fathers, asking them to "remember the ladies."

In 1784, Adams joined at her husband at his diplomatic post in Paris. She became interested in the manners of the French. After 1785, she filled the difficult role of wife of the First United States Minister to Great Britain.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Abigail Smith Adams
- **image**: Abigail Adams.jpg
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **caption**: Abigail Adams by Benjamin Blythe, 1766
- **birth place**: Weymouth, Massachusetts, Weymouth, Province of Massachusetts Bay
- **death place**: Quincy, Massachusetts, Quincy, Massachusetts, United States, U.S.A.
- **occupation**: First Lady of the United States, Second Lady of the United States
- **spouse**: John Adams
- **children**: Abigail “Nabby” Adams Smith, Abigail "Nabby", John Quincy Adams, John Quincy, Susanna, Charles Adams (1770–1800), Charles, Thomas Boylston Adams, Thomas,(stillborn)
- **relations**: William and Elizabeth Quincy Smith
- **title**: 2nd First Lady of the United States
- **term label**: In role
- **term start**: March 14, 1797
- **term end**: March 14, 1801
- **president**: John Adams
- **predecessor**: Martha Washington
- **successor**: Martha Jefferson Randolph
- **title2**: 1st Second Ladies and Gentlemen of the United States, Second Lady of the United States
- **term label2**: In role
- **term start2**: May 16, 1789
- **term end2**: March 4, 1797
- **vicepresident2**: John Adams
- **predecessor2**: _Position established_
- **successor2**: Martha Jefferson Randolph
Martha Jefferson Randolph

**Martha Washington Jefferson Randolph** (September 27, 1772 – October 10, 1836) was the daughter of Thomas Jefferson and his wife Martha Wayles Skelton Jefferson. Thomas Jefferson was the third President of the United States. Because her father was a widower, Martha Washington Jefferson Randolph acted as the First Lady of the United States from March 4, 1801 to March 3, 1809.

Martha was born in Monticello, near Charlottesville, Virginia. She was named Martha Washington in honor of Martha Washington, the wife of the first President of the United States, George Washington. She was educated in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and Paris.

In 1790, Martha married Thomas Mann Randolph Jr. They had twelve children. Shortly before her death, she and her husband developed differences. She died in 1836 in Albemarle County, Virginia at the age of 64.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Martha Jefferson Randolph
- **image**: Martha Jefferson Randolph.png
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **birth place**: Monticello, Monticello, Virginia
- **death place**: Albemarle County, Virginia, United States, U.S.A.
- **occupation**: First Lady of the United States
- **spouse**: Thomas Mann Randolph, Jr.
- **children**: *Anne Cary
*Thomas Jefferson
*Ellen Wayles
*Ellen Wayles
*Cornelia Jefferson
*Virginia Jefferson
*Mary Jefferson
*James Madison
*Benjamin Franklin
*Meriwether Lewis
*Septimia Anne
*George Wythe
- **relations**: Thomas Jefferson and Martha Jefferson, Martha Wayles Skelton Jefferson
- **title**: First Lady of the United States
- **term label**: In role
- **term start**: March 4, 1801
- **term end**: March 4, 1809
- **president**: Thomas Jefferson
- **predecessor**: Abigail Adams
- **successor**: Dolley Madison
Aracaju

**Aracaju** is the modern capital city of the state of Sergipe in the northeastern region of Brazil. It has about 470.000 inhabitants (estimate 2003) and lies between the cities of Salvador and Maceio, also in the northeast of Brazil. It was planned and built to be the state capital in 1855.
Leprosy

**Leprosy** is a contagious disease. It has been known for a very long time. Today, it is mostly called **Hansen's disease**, named after the person who discovered bacterium, Gerhard Armauer Hansen. It is caused by a bacterium, Mycobacterium leprae. A person with leprosy is called a leper.

As of 2004, the estimated number of new infections was about 400,000.

Getting the disease is hard, since it requires close contact with someone who has it, over a long period of time. In addition, about 95% of people seem to be naturally immune to it.

Most cases of leprosy occur in India, and other developing countries. It has known to have been in the US before. There are practically no cases of leprosy in the developed world. This is because there are excellent drugs and people regularly take antibiotics which will kill the leprosy bacteria.

In former times, leprosy was seen as a divine punishment for sins committed.

## Symptoms

The symptoms of leprosy are irregular spots and patches on the skin. These are either lighter colored than the surrounding skin, or reddish in color. On those patches, hair will fall out, and they will feel numb to the patient. Nerves will form knots there.
With the illness progressing the sense of touch will become less and less (until the patient feels completely numb). So called leptomes and ulcers will eat away the skin, the flesh and the organs on the patches.

Usually people do not die of leprosy, but of secondary infections and diseases they get.

For many years there was a leprosy colony on the Hawaiian Island of Molokai called Kalaupapa. Tens of thousands of people from the United States that had the disease were sent there.
Dolley Madison

**Dolley Payne Todd Madison** (May 20, 1768 – July 12, 1849) was the wife of US President  James Madison. James Madison was president from 1809 to 1817 while Dolley Madison was the First Lady of the United States. She is best known for saving Washington's portrait when the British burned the White House in the War of 1814. Though she is also a famous entertainer, the first to serve ice cream in the White House.

Dolley was born in New Garden. Now the place is known as Guilford County. It is in North Carolina. Some other account tells that she was born in a village named Payne’s Tavern. It is in Person County, North Carolina.

Her father’s name was John Payne. As an unsuccessful farmer, he always faced shortage of money. Dolley’s mother was Mary Coles.

Dolley spent her teenage years in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. On January 7, 1790, she married John Todd, Jr. (1764-1793). Todd was a lawyer. They had two sons. Their names were John Payne (1792-1852) and William Temple (born and died in 1793). William died in a yellow fever epidemic. In the same year, her husband also died of the same yellow fever epidemic.

Dolley Todd married James Madison on September 14, 1794. They had no children, but they raised Dolley's son from her first marriage, John Payne Todd. John Payne Todd was a notorious drunkard and gambler, which caused his mother many financial problems, especially after Madison died.

In 1814, the British army had burnt the White House. Fleeing from her burning home, Dolley saved many records and papers. Legend states she also saved a painting of George Washington, though had to break it out of its frame.

On the National First Lady Library she says, "There is one secret, and that is the power we have in forming our own destinies."

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Dolley Madison
- **image**: Mrs_James_Madison_(Dolley_Madison),_by_Bass_Otis.jpg
- **office**: First Lady of the United States
- **president**: James Madison
- **term start**: March 4, 1809
- **term end**: March 4, 1817
- **term label**: In role
- **predecessor**: Martha Jefferson Randolph, Martha Randolph
- **successor**: Elizabeth Monroe
- **birth name**: Dolley Payne
- **birth place**: Guilford County, North Carolina, Guilford County,
Province of North Carolina, Province of North-Carolina,
British America
- **death place**: Washington, D.C., Washington,
District of Columbia (until 1871), District of Columbia,
 U.S.A.
- **resting place**: Montpelier (Orange, Virginia), Montpelier, Orange, Virginia
- **spouse**:

- **children**: John Payne Todd, John
William
- **signature**: Dolley Todd Madison Signature.svg
Elizabeth Monroe

**Elizabeth Kortright Monroe** (June 30, 1768 – September 23, 1830) was the wife of James Monroe. James Monroe was the fifth President of the United States.

Elizabeth Monroe was born in an old family of New York. When she was a girl of 17 years, she married James Monroe. At that time, Monroe was a lawyer. He was aged 27 years. Once, the government sent Monroe as an envoy to Versailles. She also went along with her husband.

During her last years, Elizabeth Monroe became very sick. She could not take part in social functions. She became more distant from people. Some people thought her to be a snob. But, her husband always understood her problems. After a long illness, she died on September 23, 1830 at her home in Oak Hill at age 62.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Elizabeth Monroe
- **image**: Elizabeth Monroe.jpg
- **caption**: Monroe depicted in an early 19th century portrait
- **office**: First Lady of the United States
- **president**: James Monroe
- **term start**: March 4, 1817
- **term end**: March 4, 1825
- **term label**: In role
- **predecessor**: Dolley Madison
- **successor**: Louisa Adams
- **office2**: First Lady of Virginia
- **governor2**: James Monroe
- **term start2**: December 28, 1799
- **term end2**: December 1, 1802
- **term label2**: In role
- **predecessor2**: Jean Moncure Wood
- **successor2**: Margaret Lowther Page
- **governor3**: James Monroe
- **term start3**: January 16, 1811
- **term end3**: April 2, 1811
- **term label3**: In role
- **predecessor3**: Agnes Sarah Bell Cabell _(1808)_
- **successor3**: Jane Reade Smith
- **birth name**: Elizabeth Kortright
- **birth place**: New York City, Province of New York, New York, British America
- **death place**: Oak Hill (James Monroe house), Oak Hill in Aldie, Virginia, U.S.
- **resting place**: Hollywood Cemetery (Richmond, Virginia), Hollywood Cemetery in Richmond, Virginia, Richmond, U.S.
- **children**: 3, including Eliza Monroe Hay, Eliza and Maria Hester Monroe Gouverneur, Maria
- **signature**: Elizabeth Monroe Signature.svg
Celestia

**Celestia** is a free 3D astronomy program for Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux. It was created by Chris Laurel and is licensed under the GPL.

The program is based on the Hipparcos Catalogue (118,218 Stars) and allows users to display objects from artificial satellites to entire galaxies in three dimensions in OpenGL. Different from other planetarium software, the user is free to travel in the universe.

NASA and ESA have used Celestia, but it is not to be confused with Celestia 2000, ESA's own program.

On 31st October 2022, a Chinese game developer named Linfeng Li created a mobile version of Celestia for android devices.

## Related pages

- Astronomy

## Infobox (software)

- **name**: Celestia
- **screenshot**: Celestia Europe Io Jupiter.jpg
- **caption**: Europa (moon), Europa, Io (moon), Io, and Jupiter in Celestia.
- **author**: Chris Laurel
- **developer**: Chris Laurel, Celestia Development Team
- **latest release version**: 1.6.1
- **latest preview version**: 1.6.2-beta2
- **programming language**: C++
- **operating system**: AmigaOS 4, BSD, Linux, macOS and Microsoft Windows
- **size**: **Linux:**       27.7 MB
**AmigaOS 4:**     44.4 MB
**macOS:**    38.7 MB
**Windows:**     32.8 MB
**Source code:** 52.6 MB
- **language count**: 28
- **genre**: Educational software
- **license**: GNU General Public License
Bill Cullen

**Bill Cullen** (February 18, 1920 – July 7, 1990) was an American television game show host.  His full name was **William Lawrence Cullen**.

Cullen was originally from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.  He suffered from polio as a child. He had a limp for the remainder of his life.

Cullen was best known for hosting the original version of _The Price is Right_ on the television networks NBC and ABC.  That show is now on CBS and hosted by Drew Carey.  He also hosted a version of _The $25,000 Pyramid_, _Child's Play_, and _Blockbusters_.

Bill Cullen died in Bel Air, California in 1990 from lung cancer after smoking for most of his life.
Rudi Carrell

**Rudi Carrell** (real name **Rudolf Wijbrand Kesselaar**) was a very successful comedian, singer and television presenter. He was born on December 19, 1934 in Alkmaar, in the Netherlands. He died of lung cancer on July 7, 2006 in Bremen, Germany. He was very popular in Germany, for shows like _Die Rudi Carrell Show_.

He was awarded various prizes, amongst others the _Goldene Kamera_ for a lifetime of good work, in February of 2006 (which was his last public appearance) as well as the Bundesverdienstkreuz (the only award given by the Federal Republic of Germany, for extraordinary achievements in politics or culture) in 1985.
Whitchurch, Shropshire

**Whitchurch** is a small market town in the north of the county of Shropshire, England. It is the oldest town inhabited in Shropshire.  The town lies 2 miles (3 km) east of the Welsh border. As of 2011, the town has a population of 9,781.

The town was founded by the Romans and there are still some Roman artefacts that can be visited in a Museum.

The town has a railway station on the Welsh Marches Line.

## Infobox (uk place)

- **country**: England
- **official name**: Whitchurch
- **population**: 9,781
- **population ref**: (2011 census)
- **civil parish**: Whitchurch Urban
- **unitary england**: Shropshire
- **lieutenancy england**: Shropshire
- **region**: West Midlands
- **constituency westminster**: North Shropshire (UK Parliament constituency), North Shropshire
- **post town**: WHITCHURCH
- **postcode district**: SY13
- **postcode area**: SY
- **dial code**: 01948
- **os grid reference**: SJ541415
- **static image**: Whitchurch_-_Bargates_-_geograph.org.uk_-_218966.jpg
- **static image caption**: Bargates, Whitchurch
Panthera

***Panthera*** is a genus of the family Felidae.
It has five living species, which are the biggest cats in the Felidae.  The tiger is the largest _Panthera_ species, and the largest of all cats. The leopard is the smallest _Panthera_ species.

Results of genetic analysis indicate that the snow leopard also belongs to the _Panthera_, a classification that was accepted by IUCN assessors in 2008. The genus _Neofelis_ is also closely related.

## Taxonomy

- Genus _Panthera_
    - Lion, _Panthera leo_
    - Jaguar, _Panthera onca_
    - Leopard, _Panthera pardus_
    - Tiger, _Panthera tigris_
- Snow leopard, _Uncia uncia_, now _Panthera uncia_
Superpower

A **superpower** is a country that is one of the most powerful countries in the world. It is more powerful than a great power and less powerful than a hyperpower. Right now, only the United States is a superpower. However, China may become a superpower in the future. Some say it is already one. Others say that it will not become a superpower.

In the years following World War II, the United States, United Kingdom and the Soviet Union were global superpowers.

But the United Kingdom declined as a superpower after the 1950s. For most of the century, the United States and Soviet Union remained a superpower until it declined in the late 1980s. After the Soviet Union split into a lot of smaller countries in 1991, it was not a superpower anymore. Russia got most of the Soviet Union's nuclear weapons but not the status of a superpower. In order to be a superpower, a country must dominate economic, cultural, and military as well as diplomatic influence.

## Related pages

- Great power
- Hyperpower
Yonkers, New York

**Yonkers** is the 3rd largest city in the American state of New York. It is the southwestern part of Westchester County

Yonkers borders the New York City borough of The Bronx and is 2 miles (3 km) north of Manhattan. Broadway runs through all three, and railroads also connect them to Grand Central Terminal. The Bronx River separates Yonkers from Mount Vernon, New York on the east. The Hudson River is on the west. The city's best-known attraction is Yonkers Raceway, a harness racing track. There is a large shopping area along Central Park Avenue. It is sometimes called "Central Avenue" by area residents.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Yonkers
- **settlement type**: City (New York), City
- **nicknames**: The Central City, The City of Gracious Living, The City of Seven Hills, The City with Vision, The Sixth borough, Sixth Borough, The Terrace City
- **image skyline**: Yonkers, NY (53566551424).jpg
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **image caption**: Saw Mill River, Getty Square (2023)
- **image flag**: Flag of Yonkers, New York.svg
- **image seal**: Seal of Yonkers, New York.svg
- **image map**: Westchester County New York incorporated and unincorporated areas Yonkers highlighted.svg
- **map caption**: Location of Yonkers in Westchester County, New York
- **map caption1**: Interactive map of Yonkers
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in New York, County
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision name1**: New York (state), New York
- **subdivision name2**: Westchester County, New York, Westchester
- **government type**: Strong Mayor, Strong mayor–council
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **established title**: Founded
- **established title2**: Municipal corporation, Incorporated
- **established date**: 1646  (village)
- **established date2**: 1872 (city)
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total sq mi**: 20.27
- **area total km2**: 52.49
- **area land sq mi**: 18.01
- **area land km2**: 46.63
- **area water sq mi**: 2.26
- **area water km2**: 5.85
- **population as of**: 2020 United States census, 2020
- **population total**: 211569
- **population density km2**: 4536.75
- **population density sq mi**: 11749.92
- **population demonym**: Yonkersonian
Yonkersite
Yonker
- **timezone**: Eastern Time Zone, EST
- **utc offset**: −5
- **timezone dst**: Eastern Daylight Time, EDT
- **utc offset dst**: −4
- **elevation m**: 25
- **elevation ft**: 82
- **postal code type**: ZIP Codes
- **postal code**: 10701, 10702 (post office), 10703–10705, 10707 (shared with Tuckahoe, NY), 10708 (shared with Bronxville, NY), 10710, 10583 (shared with Scarsdale, NY)
- **area code**: Area code 914, 914
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 36-84000
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 0971828
- **website**: [http://www.yonkersny.gov/ www.yonkersny.gov]
- **population rank**: US: List of United States cities by population, 107th NY: List of cities in New York (state), 3rd
Louisa Adams

**Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams** (February 12, 1775 – May 15, 1852) was the wife of the 6th President of the United States, John Quincy Adams. As the wife of the president of the United States, she was the First Lady of the United States from 1825 to 1829.

She was born in London. Her mother, Catherine Nuth Johnson was an English lady. Her father, Joshua Johnson, was from the US and a citizen of the USA. Louisa Adams was then the only First Lady not born in the United States. John Adams, the second president of the US, was her father-in-law.

In 1794, John Quincy Adams met Louisa in London. At that time, Adams was a US diplomat. After about three years, they married. The couple also lived in Berlin where Adams got a posting. Louisa along with her husband arrived to the US in 1801. They lived in different places before her husband became the President.She went to school in London and France.

She died in 1852, aged 77. She is buried in the United States Parish Church, Quincy, Massachusetts.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Louisa Adams
- **image**: Louisa Adams.jpg
- **caption**: Portrait by Gilbert Stuart
- **office**: First Lady of the United States
- **president**: John Quincy Adams
- **term start**: March 4, 1825
- **term end**: March 4, 1829
- **term label**: In role
- **predecessor**: Elizabeth Monroe
- **successor**: Emily Donelson (acting)
- **birth name**: Louisa Catherine Johnson
- **birth place**: City of London, England
- **death place**: Washington, D.C., U.S.
- **resting place**: United First Parish Church
- **signature**: Louisa C Adams Signature.svg
Angelica Van Buren

**Angelica Singleton Van Buren** (February 13, 1818 – December 29, 1877) acted as the First Lady of the United States. She was the daughter-in-law of Martin Van Buren, the 8th president of the USA. Angelica Singleton had married the President's son, Abraham Van Buren. She took over the role of the First Lady, as the president's wife had died 17 years earlier.

Angelica Singleton belonged to a high society. She was also related to Dolley Madison, wife of US President James Madison. Angelica brought a special style to her role as the First Lady.

She and Abraham Van Buren married in 1838. After marriage they took a long tour of Europe. When they came back to the US in 1839, she took up the role of the First Lady during the presidency of her father-in-law. In 1841, Martin Van Buren was defeated, she and her husband shifted to Kinderhook, Lindenwald. During the winter, they lived in their family home in South Carolina. From 1848 until her death in 1877, she lived in New York City.

Angelica was from the cream of southern society and was the great-granddaughter of Gen. Richard Richardson and Mary Cantey (Richardson). Gen. Richardson was the progenitor of six South Carolina governors, three Manning and three Richardson governors. One descendant, Elizabeth Peyre Richardson, was so closely related to all of these governors that she appears in Ripley's Believe it or Not. Angelica's sister, Marion, has a bio that, although sad, is actually more interesting than hers. See "A Tale of Two Sisters," by Joseph C. Elliott, Sandlapper: The Magazine of South Carolina.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Angelica Singleton Van Buren
- **image**: Henry Inman - Angelica Singleton Van Buren (Mrs. Abraham Van Buren) - Google Art Project.jpg
- **caption**: Official portrait, 1840
- **office**: Acting First Lady of the United States
- **president**: Martin Van Buren
- **term start**: November 27, 1838
- **term end**: March 4, 1841
- **term label**: In role
- **predecessor**: Sarah Yorke Jackson, Sarah Jackson
- **birth name**: Sarah Angelica Singleton
- **birth place**: Wedgefield, South Carolina, U.S.
- **death place**: New York City, U.S.
- **alma mater**: Madame Grelaud's French School
- **nationality**: American
- **children**: Rebecca Van Buren
Singleton Abraham Van Buren
Martin Van Buren II
Travis Coles Van Buren
- **signature**: Presidents Angelica Van Buren signature.jpg
Jane Irwin Harrison

**Jane Irwin Harrison** (July 23, 1804 – May 11, 1847) was the First Lady of the United States for a very brief period. She was married to William Henry Harrison Jr. William was the son of William Henry Harrison, ninth President of the United States. As the daughter-in-law of the president, she acted as the First Lady for about a month in 1841. She acted as his official hostess during his brief tenure in office, which lasted for a month in 1841. President’s wife Anna Harrison was very ill, and she could not go out of their home in Ohio, when her husband moved to take up the presidency.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **office**: Acting First Lady of the United States
- **image**: Harrison jane.jpg
- **alongside**: Anna Harrison
- **term start**: March 4, 1841
- **term end**: April 4, 1841
- **term label**: In role
- **predecessor**: Angelica Singleton Van Buren, Angelica Van Buren
- **president**: William Henry Harrison
- **successor**: Letitia Christian Tyler
- **birth name**: Jane Findlay Irwin
- **birth place**: Mercersburg, Pennsylvania, U.S.
- **death date**: May 11, 1847 (aged 42)
- **death place**: Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.
Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis

**Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis** ( ; July 28, 1929May 19, 1994) was an American socialite who served as the first lady of the United States from 1961 to 1963 as the wife of John F. Kennedy, the 35th U.S. president. As first lady, she worked to preserve the history of the White House, restore historic landmarks and architecture along with her interest in American history, culture and arts.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis
- **image**: File:Mrs Kennedy in the Diplomatic Reception Room cropped.jpg
- **caption**: Kennedy in the Diplomatic Reception Room, December 1961
- **president**: John F. Kennedy
- **term start**: January 20, 1961
- **term end**: November 22, 1963
- **predecessor**: Mamie Eisenhower
- **successor**: Lady Bird Johnson
- **term label**: In role
- **birth name**: Jacqueline Lee Bouvier
- **nickname**: Jackie
- **blank1**: Other names
- **birth place**: Southampton, New York, Southampton, New York (state), New York, United States, U.S.
- **death cause**: Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
- **resting place**: Arlington National Cemetery
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
- **partner**: Maurice Tempelsman
(1980–1994; her death)
- **occupation**: socialite, writer, photographer, book editor
- **education**: Vassar College
George Washington University (Bachelor of Arts, BA)
- **relatives**: Lee Radziwill
- **signature**: Jacqueline Kennedy Signature.svg
- **title**: First Lady of the United States
Bornean orangutan

The **Bornean orangutan** (_Pongo pygmaeus_) is a species of orangutan native to the island of Borneo.
Missile

In military terminology, a **missile** is a guided airborne ranged weapon capable of self-propelled flight. In general, a missile may refer to anything thrown or launched object at a target like a javelin or darts. Nowadays, it means, mostly, a self-propelled guided weapon system. Missiles are used in war to destroy military targets. Missiles can carry explosives or other destructive loads. The loads a missile may carry are called a "payload". It is not always harmful to people.

For example, cruise missiles have carried "graphite bombs" to destroy electrical power systems without much collateral damage. Missiles are also one of the causes of explosions.

## Types of missiles

The two main kinds of missiles are simple "rockets" and "guided missiles". A rocket is no longer controlled once it has been launched. Most guided missiles are also propelled by a rocket engine but can be controlled after they have been launched. Some missiles used in anti-aircraft warfare, such as the AIM-9 Sidewinder, guide themselves with temperature. Others guide themselves by radar or are under radio control.

Cruise missiles are big missiles that carry large payloads to hit ground targets or to badly damage/sink ships. Ballistic missiles look similar, but they keep the engine off and don't stay at a lower height to be more accurate like cruise missiles do. Instead, they go high up to the edge of space and turn off the engine. Since there's no air friction in space, they don't need the engine on to continue moving forward at the same speed. They then crash into the target from the sky. The Topol M is the missile in the picture and is a ballistic missile. In short, cruise missiles have an engine always running and fly low through the atmosphere to get to a target. Ballistic missiles go to the edge of space and turn off their engine to fall to a target. You could say cruise missiles fly while ballistic missiles fall.

The V-1 flying bomb was an early cruise missile, a little pilotless airplane with a bomb, propelled by a jet engine instead of a rocket.

## Related pages

- Intercontinental ballistic missile
- Scramjet
- V-2 rocket
Salford

**Salford** is a city in England. It was made a free borough by Ranulf, Earl of Chester in about 1230. and was granted city status in 1926. Salford is unusual because it borders the city of Manchester at its center, rather than its outskirts. The two cities are divided by the River Irwell.

Salford shares the industrial history of its neighbour Manchester. It hosts several museums and art centres, chiefly: The Lowry and the Imperial War Museum, both on Salford Quays.  There was a major cotton and silk spinning and weaving factory district in the 18th and 19th centuries.  It was an inland port on the Manchester Ship Canal from 1894.  Broadcasters moved to the Salford Quays development called MediaCityUK.
1290s

The **1290s** was a decade that began on 1 January 1290 and ended on 31 December 1299. It is distinct from the decade known as the ***130th decade*** which began on January 1, 1291 and ended on December 31, 1300.

## Events

- Mongol invasion of Russia, Hungary, and Poland
The Nightmare Before Christmas

***The Nightmare Before Christmas*** is a 1993 stop-motion animated dark fantasy comedy movie directed by Henry Selick and produced/co-written by Tim Burton. _The Nightmare Before Christmas_ was released on October 29, 1993 by Touchstone Pictures. _The Nightmare Before Christmas_ was re-issued in Disney Digital 3-D in 2007 and 2009. It tells the story of Jack Skellington, a skeleton from "Halloween Town" who opens a portal to "Christmas Town". This new town makes Jack realize he wants to do something different than Halloween every year. Jack tries Christmas out but soon realizes that Christmas may not be for him. Danny Elfman wrote the music to the movie and provided the singing voice of Jack, as well as other characters. Other voices in the movie include Chris Sarandon, Catherine O'Hara, William Hickey, Ken Page and Glen Shadix.

## Cast & Characters

- Chris Sarandon as Jack Skellington, the main protagonist.
- Danny Elfman as Jack Skellington’s (singing voice), Barrel, one of the four secondary antagonists, and one of the trick-or-treaters working for Oogie Boogie. Barrel’s costume is a skeleton. Danny also voices Clown with the Tearaway Face, who has a minor role in the film, but has a tear-away face that makes his voice way lower and scarier.
- Catherine O'Hara as Sally, the main protagonist’s wife that escaped from Doctor Finkelstein’s lab and Shock, one of the four secondary antagonists, and one of the trick-or-treaters working for Oogie Boogie. Shock wears a witch costume, and has electrocuted hair.
- William Hickey as Doctor Finkelstein, one of the four secondary antagonists that “created” Sally.
- Glenn Shadix as Mayor of Halloweentown, the mayor that works with Jack to make Halloween and Christmas.
- Paul Reubens as Lock, one of the four secondary antagonists, and one of the trick-or-treaters working for Oogie Boogie. Lock wears a Devil costume, and has a blue and white face.
- Ken Page as Oogie Boogie, the main antagonist that attempts to kill Santa, also known as Sandy in Halloween Town.
- Ed Ivory as Santa Claus, the hero that saves Christmas and undoes the damage that Jack and Oogie caused.

## Other websites

- _The Nightmare Before Christmas_  at The Tim Burton Collective

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: The Nightmare Before Christmas
- **director**: Henry Selick
- **producer**: Tim Burton
Denise Di Novi
**2009 reissue:**
Don Hahn
- **writer**: **Story:**
Tim Burton
**Lyrics:**
Danny Elfman
**Adaptation:**
Michael McDowelll
**Screenplay:**
Caroline Thompson
- **starring**: Danny Elfman
Chris Sarandon
Catherine O'Hara
William Hickey
Glen Shadix
Ken Page
- **music**: Danny Elfman
- **cinematography**: Pete Kozachik
- **editing**: Stan Webb
- **studio**: **1993 release:**
Touchstone Pictures
**Disney Digital 3-D:**
Walt Disney Pictures
- **distributor**: Buena Vista Pictures Distribution
- **released**: October 29, 1993
- **runtime**: **76 minutes:**
United States
**73 minutes:**
United Kingdom
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **budget**: United States dollar, $18 million
- **gross**: **1993:**
$50 million
**2006:**
$8.7 million
**2007:**
$15.8 million
**2008:**
$1.1 million
Crumple zone

**Crumple zones** in a car help to reduce the impact of force on the people in the car when the car crashes into a solid object or another vehicle. The car is designed to crumple in a way so it absorbs energy to decelerate for longer and so reduce the force and severity of the crash on the people in the car.
Harriet Lane

**Harriet Rebecca Lane Johnston** (May 9, 1830 – July 3, 1903), niece of lifelong bachelor United States President James Buchanan, acted as First Lady of the United States from 1857 to 1861. She was one of the few women to hold the position of First Lady while not being married to the President.

## Early life

Her parents were Elliot Tole Lane and Jane Buchanan Lane. When she was 9 years old, her mother died. Two years later, her father also died. She became an orphan. She requested that her uncle, James Buchanan, be made her guardian.  Thus, Buchanan became her guardian. He arranged for her education. She received a very good education.

## Personal life

In 1854 she went to London to live with her uncle, James Buchanan. There she attracted the attention of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom. She gave her the title of “dear Miss Lane”.

## First Lady

In 1857, her uncle became the President of the United States. She became the First Lady. She was a popular First Lady, and was very active. Women of that time even copied her hair style and style of dressing. People describe her as the first of the modern first lady.

## After First Lady

After her uncle retired, they went to live in his big home at, Wheatland near Lancaster, Pennsylvania. From her young age, she had met many persons.

Within next 18 years, she saw many deaths: her uncle, her husband, and her two young sons.

After this, she moved to Washington to live. She gifted a large collection of her art works to the government. An official of the Smithsonian Institute once described her as the **First Lady of the National Collection of Fine Arts**. She also donated a large amount to build a facility for invalid children at the  Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore.

## Marriage

She married when she was 36. Her husband was Henry Elliot Johnston. Her husband was a banker from Baltimore.

## Death

After her death, she was buried at Baltimore, Maryland.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Harriet Lane
- **image**: Harriet Lane.jpg
- **birth place**: Franklin County, Pennsylvania, USA
- **death place**: Narragansett, Rhode Island, USA
- **order**: First Lady of the United States
- **term label**: In role
- **term start**: March 4, 1857
- **term end**: March 4, 1861
- **president**: James Buchanan
- **predecessor**: Jane Pierce
- **successor**: Mary Todd Lincoln
- **spouse**: Henry Elliott Johnston
- **children**: James Buchanan Johnston
 Henry Elliott Johnston
- **relations**: James Buchanan (uncle)
- **signature**: Harriet R Lane Signature.svg
Afelia

**Afelia** is a Greek food. It is popular in the island nation of Cyprus. Afelia is made from pork, red wine, mushrooms, potatoes and coriander seed.

## Other websites

- How to cook afelia  – The Worldwide Gourmet
Sarah Childress Polk

**Sarah Childress Polk** (September 4, 1803 – August 14, 1891) was the wife of the US President James K. Polk. She was the First Lady of the United States from 1845 to 1849.

## Early life and education

She was born in Murfreesboro, Tennessee. She was the elder daughter of her parents, Captain Joel and Elizabeth Childress. As a child, she lived on a plantation near Murfreesboro, Tennessee.  She got a good education and studied at Salem College in Winston-Salem, North Carolina.

## Marriage and family

On 1 January 1824, she married James K. Polk. At the time of her marriage, she was 20 years old. Polk was aged 28 years. At the time of this marriage, Polk had just begun his first year's service in the Tennessee legislature.

The Polk couple did not get any children of their own. They raised a nephew, Marshall Polk (1831-1884). After her husband’s death, Sarah Polk raised a niece, Sarah Polk Jetton (1847–1924).

## First Lady tenure

She also helped privately her husband in preparing his speeches and in his correspondence. During her term as the First Lady, the functions at the White House were famous for their calmness and soberness. One of the reasons being her young age when she became the First Lady. She became the First Lady when she was only 41. The other reason that she was having a good health.

## After being First Lady

Her husband died just after three months of her retirement as the President. At that time the couple was living at their new home named Polk Place in Nashville. After her husband’s death she always dressed in black. She lived in that house for about 42 years, the longest retirement and widowhood of any former US First Lady.

## Living longer

Only three other First Ladies, namely, Anna Harrison, Edith Bolling Wilson, Lady Bird Johnson and Bess Truman had lived longer than Sarah Polk. Sarah Polk, as the First Lady of the United States, even outlived several of her successors. She lived longer than Margaret Taylor, Abigail Fillmore, Jane Pierce, Mary Todd Lincoln, Eliza McCardle Johnson and Lucy Webb Hayes.

## Death

She died in Nashville, Tennessee just three weeks before her 88th birthday.

## Legacy

As the First Lady, and even after her retirement as the First Lady, she earned a lot of respect from all section of the society.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Sarah Childress Polk
- **image**: Polk sarah.jpg
- **caption**: A copy of 1846 portrait by George Dury
- **birth place**: Murfreesboro, Tennessee, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Nashville, Tennessee, Nashville, Tennessee, United States, U.S.
- **office**: First Lady of the United States
- **president**: James K. Polk
- **term start**: March 4, 1845
- **term end**: March 4, 1849
- **term label**: In role
- **predecessor**: Julia Gardiner Tyler
- **successor**: Margaret Taylor
- **children**: 5
- **spouse**: James K. Polk
- **signature**: Sarah Polk Signature.svg