juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Rutgers University

**Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey** (also known as **Rutgers University**), is the largest institution for higher education in the state of New Jersey. It was originally chartered as _Queen's College_ in 1766 and is the eighth-oldest college in the United States.

## Scooters

Rental dockless e-scooters are available on Rutgers campus. Notably, Rutgers professor Juan A. Ayala is notable for doing wheelies on these scooters.

## Ranking

Rutgers was designated The State University of New Jersey by acts of the New Jersey Legislature in 1945 and 1956. The campuses of Rutgers are in New Brunswick, Piscataway, Newark and Camden. Rutgers is the largest university within New Jersey's state university system, and it was ranked 46th in the world academically in a 2006 survey conducted by the Institute of Higher Education at Shanghai Jiao Tong University. The university offers more than 100 distinct bachelor, 100 master, and 80 doctoral and professional degree programs across 175 academic departments, 29 degree-granting schools and colleges, 16 of which offer graduate programs of study.
Southern cassowary

The **southern cassowary** (_Casuarius casuarius_), also known as **double-wattled cassowary** or **two-wattled cassowary**, is a large flightless black bird with hard and stiff plumage, two dangling red wattles and a big bony lump on its head called a casque. It lives in tropical rainforest and feeds mostly on fallen fruit, red nape and two red wattles hanging down its throat.

The big female lays up to five enormous glossy green eggs on the ground. She then leaves the male bird to sit on them and raise the stripey chicks. The cassowary is a very rare bird in Australia but also lives in New Guinea.
Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education

The **Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education (PASSHE)** is the second largest provider of higher education in Pennsylvania after the Commonwealth system and a large public university system in the United States. It is the tenth-largest university system in the United States and 43rd largest in the world. The system is 14 state-owned schools, all of which are NCAA Division II members.

## History

The _Normal School Act of 1857_ was passed on the last day of session on 20 May 1857. It created 12 school districts.  Afterward, the School Code of 1911 made Pennsylvania buy all the schools. The "normal" schools evolved from state normal schools, to state teacher's colleges, to state colleges.  Act 188, which was signed into law on November 12, 1982 and came into effect on July 1, 1983, established the Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education, and converted those state colleges into universities.

## Universities and locations

The system is made up of the following 14 universities in Pennsylvania:

PASSHE universities also operate four branch campuses. The Office of the Chancellor is in the capital city of Harrisburg at the Dixon University Center.

## Other websites

- Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education official website
- PASSHE Foundation, Inc.

## Infobox (_university)

- **name**: Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education (PASSHE)
- **established**: July 1, 1983
- **type**: Public University System
- **faculty**: 5,500 [http://www.apscuf.org/about/message.html]
- **chancellor**: Dr. John C. Cavanaugh
- **vice chancellor**: Dr. Peter Garland
- **students**: 110,428
- **city**: Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, Harrisburg
- **state**: Pennsylvania
- **country**: United States, USA
- **campus**: 14 campuses
- **affiliations**: NCAA Division II, D-II; PSAC  Keystone Library Network
- **website**: http://www.passhe.edu/
Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade

The **Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade** is a parade that happens every Thanksgiving. It is held in Manhattan, New York City. It is presented, distributed and produced by chain store business Macy's. It was provided and started in 1924. The parade often includes many balloons, floats, celebrities, songs and more. It ends with the arrival of Santa Claus, which marks the start of the Christmas and holiday season. The hosts of _The Today Show_ also host this event by introducing new acts in the parade. It is broadcasted on NBC.

## Other websites

- Official website
Indiana University of Pennsylvania

**Indiana University of Pennsylvania** (or **IUP**) is a public university in the borough of Indiana, Pennsylvania, USA,  northeast of Pittsburgh. It is the largest university in the Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education (PaSSHE) and is the state's fifth largest university. It is governed by a local Council of Trustees and the Board of Governors of the Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education. IUP has branch campuses at Punxsutawney, Northpointe, and Monroeville.

## Infobox (_university)

- **motto**: _Beyond Expectations_
- **name**: Indiana University of Pennsylvania
- **established**: 1875
- **type**: Public school, Public, Coed
- **president**: Tony Atwater, Ph.D.
- **provost**: Gerald W. Intemann, Ph.D.
- **city**: Indiana, Pennsylvania, Indiana
- **state**: Pennsylvania, PA
- **country**: United States, USA
- **undergrad**: 11,748
- **postgrad**: 2,382
- **faculty**: 700
- **campus**: small town,
- **colors**: Crimson & Slate
- **nickname**: Crimson Hawks
- **endowment**: US$44.4 million
- **affiliations**: NCAA Division II, D-II; PSAC  Keystone Library Network
- **website**: [http://www.iup.edu/ www.iup.edu]
Rockville, Maryland

**Rockville** is the county seat of Montgomery County, Maryland, United States. According to the 2020 census, the city had a total population of 67,117, making it the fourth largest incorporated city in Maryland.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Rockville, Maryland
- **settlement type**: City
- **image skyline**: Rockville, Maryland Infobox Montage 1.png
- **image caption**: Downtown Rockville in 2001, the Montgomery County Judicial Center in 2010, the Rockville Town Square in 2010, the Beall-Dawson House in 2005, and downtown Rockville in 2008
- **image flag**: Flag of Rockville, Maryland.svg
- **image seal**: Seal of Rockville, Maryland.svg
- **image blank emblem**: Logo of Rockville, Maryland.png
- **blank emblem size**: 68px
- **blank emblem type**: Wordmark
- **image map**: Montgomery_County_Maryland_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Rockville_Highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 265x215px
- **map caption**: Location in Montgomery County and Maryland
- **pushpin map**: Maryland#USA
- **pushpin label**: Rockville
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Maryland
- **pushpin relief**: yes
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Maryland, County
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision name1**: Maryland
- **subdivision name2**: Montgomery County, Maryland, Montgomery
- **government type**: Council–manager
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **established title**: Settled
- **established title2**: Founded
- **established title3**: Municipal corporation, Incorporated
- **established date**: 1717
- **established date2**: 1803
- **established date3**: 1860
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total sq mi**: 13.64
- **area total km2**: 35.33
- **area land sq mi**: 13.60
- **area land km2**: 35.23
- **area water sq mi**: 0.04
- **area water km2**: 0.09
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 67117
- **population density sq mi**: 4933.62
- **population density km2**: 1904.92
- **timezone**: Eastern Standard Time Zone, EST
- **utc offset**: −5
- **timezone dst**: Eastern Daylight Time, EDT
- **utc offset dst**: −4
- **elevation m**: 137
- **elevation ft**: 451
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 20847-53 & 20857
- **area codes**: Area codes 301 and 240, 301, 240
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 24-67675
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 0586901
- **leader title1**: Council
Montgomery County, Maryland

**Montgomery County** of the U.S. state of Maryland is north of Washington, D.C. and southwest of Baltimore. It is one of the richest counties in the United States, and has one of the highest percentages (32.8%) of residents over 25 years old who hold a post-graduate degree. The county seat and largest municipality is Rockville.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Montgomery County, Maryland
- **settlement type**: County (United States), County
- **nickname**: "MoCo"
- **image flag**: Flag of Montgomery County, Maryland.svg
- **seal type**: Seal
- **image seal**: Seal of Montgomery County, Maryland.svg
- **blank emblem type**: Emblem
- **image shield**: Coat of arms of Montgomery County, Maryland.svg
- **image map**: Map of Maryland highlighting Montgomery County.svg
- **map caption**: Location in the U.S. state of Maryland
- **established title**: Founded
- **established date**: September 6, 1776
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: Maryland
- **subdivision type2**: County seat, Seat
- **subdivision name2**: Rockville, Maryland, Rockville
- **subdivision type3**: Largest community
- **subdivision name3**: Germantown, Maryland, Germantown
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total sq mi**: 506.91
- **area total km2**: 1312.89
- **area land sq mi**: 493.11
- **area land km2**: 1277.15
- **area water sq mi**: 13.80
- **area water km2**: 35.74
- **population as of**: 2020 United States census, 2020
- **population total**: 1062061
- **population density sq mi**: 2153.80
- **population density km2**: 831.59
- **demographics type2**: Gross Domestic Product
- **demographics2 title1**: Total
- **demographics2 info1**: US$93.746 billion (2022)
- **timezone1**: Eastern Time Zone, Eastern [EST]
- **utc offset1**: −05:00
- **timezone1 dst**: Eastern Time Zone, EDT
- **utc offset1 dst**: −04:00
- **postal code type**: ZIP Codes
- **postal code**: 20812–20918
- **named for**: Richard Montgomery
- **blank name sec1**: Congressional districts
- **blank info sec1**: Maryland's 4th congressional district, 4th, Maryland's 6th congressional district, 6th, Maryland's 8th congressional district, 8th
- **leader party**: Democratic Party (United States), D
- **leader title**: Executive
- **leader name**: Marc Elrich
Of a Revolution

**Of a Revolution**, better known as **O.A.R.**, is an American rock band consisting of Marc Roberge (vocals, guitar), Chris Culos (drums, percussion), Richard On (guitar, backing vocals), Benj Gershman (bass guitar), Jerry DePizzo (saxophone, guitar, backing vocals). The band has a lot of fans in college and many of the band's songs relate to the band members' lives at Ohio State University (Columbus) and growing up in Rockville, Maryland.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: O.A.R. (Of a Revolution)
- **img**: O.A.R. 2015.jpg
- **img capt**: O.A.R. performing at Lincoln Theater in 2015
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Rockville, Maryland, United States
- **genre**: Alternative rock, jam band, jam
- **years active**: 1996–present
- **label**: Lava Records, Lava, Everfine Records, Everfine
- **url**: [http://www.ofarevolution.com/ www.ofarevolution.com]
- **current members**: Marc Roberge
Chris Culos
Richard On
Benj Gershman
Jerry DePizzo
Mikel Paris
George Foreman Grill

The **George Foreman Lean Mean Fat-Reducing Grilling Machine**, commonly known as the **George Foreman Grill**, is an indoor, electrically-heated grill manufactured by Salton, Inc. George Foreman, a former champion boxer, is the main spokesperson for the grill. Since its introduction in 1994, over 80 million Foreman grills have been sold.

## Reception

Foreman has made over 150 million dollars from the sales of his grills, an amount that is more than he earned as a boxer.

The company has created many different sizes and designs for the grill since it was first made.  These include "The Champ" which was the first grill produced, a family size grill, and a "Super Large" grill that has 144 inches of grilling space.  There is also a deep fryer and roaster.

A website made an April Fools' Day joke by claiming to sell a USB version of the grill called the "iGrill."  The fake product was advertised as a grill that can be plugged into a computer and turned on by someone on the Internet.

## Design

The grill is designed to heat the top and bottom surfaces of the food, so the food does not need to be flipped while cooking. Both heating surfaces are grooved to reduce the contact area, and covered in a non-stick coating. The lower heating surface is angled to allow liquid fat and other fluids to drain through the grooves into a removable drip tray that also shows the amount removed from the food. This design has been marketed as a way to "knock out the fat", to appear as a healthier way to cook food.
Lava Records

**Lava Records** is an American record label that is owned by Warner Music Group.

## Infobox (record label)

- **parent**: Lava Music LLC
- **founder**: Jason Flom
- **distributor**: Republic Records <small>(United States)</small>
Universal Music Distribution <small>(Worldwide)</small>
Rhino Records, Rhino Entertainment <small>(Reissues of pre-2005 catalog)</small>
- **genre**: various
- **country**: United States
Treacle

**Treacle **(Also known as **Molasses **in the United States (Molasses in the UK refers to treacle not made for humans to eat)) is a type of syrup.  It is made when people are processing the plant sugarcane.  It is used in cooking to make things sweeter.  It is usually dark brown.

## Uses for medicine

Doctors used the word _treacle_ to describe a medicine with many ingredients, or medicines that would treat snakebites.  Wells that were thought to have water that would cure people were called "treacle wells".
Bulgarians

**Bulgarians** are a South Slavic people from southeast Europe. There are around 7.3 million Bulgarian nationals. The Bulgarians speak the Bulgarian language and most of them live in Bulgaria. There is also a large diaspora of Bulgarians in Germany, Ukraine, Spain, UK and USA.

### Language

The Bulgarian language is a South Slavic language that is very similar to the Macedonian language. It is spoken by around 9 million people. There are some notable differences in the Bulgarian language that set it apart from other Slavic languages. For example, Bulgarian lost almost all of the noun cases. The language also developed a definite article.

The Bulgarian language is written with the Cyrillic script. The Cyrillic script was developed in the First Bulgarian Empire, and is now used in 12 other languages.

### Religion

Bulgarian Orthodoxy has been the prominent religion in Bulgaria since 870 AD. There are also a small amount of Bulgarians who converted to Islam during Ottoman rule. Majority of the ethnic bulgarian muslims are Pomak.

## Infobox (ethnic group)

- **group**: Bulgarians
- **native name**: българи

- **population**: **7-8 million**

- **popplace**: 5,500,000 (2021)
- **pop1**: 410,885[
Romanian leu

The **leu** is the money that is used in Romania. The smaller kind of money used is the _ban_, or _bani_(plural). 100 bani make up a leu. Although Romania is a member of the European Union, they do not use the Euro as their currency.

## Infobox (currency)

- **currency name in local**: leu românesc <small></small>
- **image 1**: 1 leu. Romania, 2005 a.jpg
- **image title 1**: one leu
- **image title 2**: one ban
- **image width 2**: 107
- **image background 2**: black
- **iso code**: RON
- **using countries**:
former:
 Communist Romania, Socialist Republic of Romania (1965-1989)
 Communist Romania, Romanian People's Republic (1947-1965)
 Transnistria Governorate (1941-1944)
 (1881-1947)
 Principality of Romania (1867-1881)
- **inflation rate**: 1.88% (September 2013 / September 2012)
- **inflation source date**: National Bank of Romania
- **subunit ratio 1**: 1/100
- **subunit name 1**: ban
- **plural**: lei
- **plural subunit 1**: bani
- **frequently used coins**: Ten bani, 10, Fifty bani, 50 bani
- **rarely used coins**: One ban, 1 ban, Five bani, 5 bani
- **frequently used banknotes**: One leu, 1 leu, Five lei, 5, Ten lei, 10, Fifty lei, 50, One hundred lei, 100 lei
- **rarely used banknotes**: Two hundred lei, 200, Five hundred lei, 500 lei
- **banknote article**: Banknotes of the Romanian leu
- **issuing authority**: National Bank of Romania (since 1867)
Red Army (1944)
Transnistria Governorate, INFINEX (1941-1944)
General Romanian Bank (1917-1919)
- **issuing authority website**: www.bnr.ro
- **printer**: National Bank of Romania (since 1867)
Goznak (1944)
Reichsbank (1917-1919)
- **printer website**: www.bnr.ro
- **mint**: Monetăria Statului (since 1867)
Saint Petersburg Mint, Saint Petersburg Mint, temporary located in Krasnokamsk (1944)
Bundesdruckerei, Reichsdruckerei (1917-1919)
- **mint website**: www.monetariastatului.ro
Mandatory access control

In computer security, a **mandatory access control** (**MAC**) means a type of access control by which the operating system changes the way a _subject_ (e.g. a user or a program) can access or do some sort of action on an _object_ (e.g. a file or folder). Subjects and objects each have a set of security rules.  Whenever a subject tries to use an object, the operating system kernel looks at these security rules and decides whether the subject can use the object.
Access control

**Access control** is the ability to allow or deny the use of a certain object by a certain person or entity. Access control machine can be used in managing physical objects (such as a movie theater, to which only people with tickets are allowed in) or digital objects (for example, a private text document on a computer, which only certain users should be able to read).

Because every person’s fingerprint, iris, voice, retina, face, hand, vein and signature are unique, a biometric time clock provides a quick, accurate, and reliable way to record who is accessing an object or place. That is why many companies now employ biometrics (systems that identify people based on a body part).

In recent times, there are large number of biometric systems that are commercially available. Such biometric systems are based on unique characteristics of human being. The most common, reliable and successful system is the one based on fingerprints. Users are supposed to put their thumb/index finger (or any specified finger) in the finger reader. The system then compares the fingerprint that is read with the one in the central database for authentication.

Most biometric systems do not keep an image of the fingerprint but a template. A template is basically a number that is calculated based on various characteristics of the fingerprint. This is done so that persons may not sneak unauthorised images of fingerprints into the database. When a fingerprint is to be matched, its "template number" is computed and compared with that stored in the database. Most systems allow for dry, greasy, chaffed and minor cuts on the fingers. The other biometric systems are based on retina of the eye, palm, photograph or voice pattern recognition. The palm-based systems take the image of the palm from various angles and compare them.
Linux Security Modules

**Linux Security Modules** (**LSM**) is a framework that allows the Linux kernel to support a variety of computer security models while avoiding favoritism toward any single security implementation. The framework is licensed under the terms of the GNU General Public License and is standard part of the Linux kernel since Linux version 2.6.
Black swan

_For the movie, see Black Swan (movie)._

The **black swan** (_Cygnus atratus_) is a large waterbird that mostly breeds in the southeast and southwest areas of Australia. It is different from other swans because it is mostly black, though its flight feathers are white. Their bill is bright red and the tip is white.
Common Desktop Environment

The **Common Desktop Environment** (**CDE**) is a desktop environment for Unix. It is based on the Motif widget toolkit. HP uses CDE as the default desktop manager for OpenVMS which belongs to HP. This means it will be run without making any changes.

## Other websites

- AIX -
- HP-UX - CDE
- Solaris - CDE
- Tutorial for the CDE
- Open Group - CDE
- CDE source code repository

## Infobox (_software)

- **name**: Common Desktop Environment
- **caption**: DECwindows CDE on OpenVMS 7.3-1
- **developer**: The Open Group
- **operating system**: Unix, OpenVMS
- **genre**: Desktop environment
- **license**: GNU Lesser General Public License, LGPL
- **website**: [http://www.opengroup.org/cde www.opengroup.org/cde]
HMHS Britannic

The **HMHS _Britannic**_ was a British ocean liner.  The ship was also used as a war ship and a Royal Mail steamer. The _Britannic_ was finished on 26 February 1914

, for the White Star Line. It was a sister ship to the Olympic and the RMS Titanic. The building of the ship was held up when the Titanic sunk, and extra safety items were added to the Britannic.

## World War I, Last Voyage

The start of World War I meant the ship was not used for passenger work. It was set up as a hospital ship with 3,300 beds. She sailed to Mudros on the 23 December 1915, to pick up wounded soldiers from Gallipoli. She continued as a hospital ship until 1916 when it was turned back into a Royal Mail and passenger ship. Before this latest change was carried out, the ship was called back into war service and went back to Mudros.

There were 1,066 people on board: 673 crew, 315 Royal Army Medical Corps (RAMC), 77 nurses, and the captain. _Britannic_ was under the command of Captain Bartlett.

## Sinking of the _Britannic_

On 21 November 1916 the _Britannic_ was rocked by an explosion, after hitting a naval mine in the Kea Channel, off the Greek island of Kea. The mines had been put there by the German submarine U-73. A huge explosion tore a hole in the side of the ship which sunk one hour later. The ship was carrying 1,125 people, and nearly all were saved. Two lifeboats were struck by the ship's propellers and 30 people were killed. Bartlett finally stopped the propellers before they could suck in any more lifeboats. Bartlett re-engages _Britannic_’s engines one last time in one final attempt to the island of Kea, pausing the evacuation. At 9 A.M., he ordered the Britannic’s propellers to stop for one final time, and ordered and told everyone it was time leave and evacuate. The lifeboats were launched from the ship. Her final plunge began with her stern beginning to rise from the water, exposing the propellers. Then, as _Britannic_ began to slowly dip beneath the surface, survivors from the _Britannic_ said they heard what sound is like a tremendous roar or bang coming from the front section of the ship that was already submerged.

What they heard was the ship’s bow slamming into the sea floor. _Britannic_ was over 800 feet long, and it only sank in roughly 400 feet of water, so the bow hits the sea floor before the stern was completely submerged. Once this occurred, it caused massive structural damage to the _Britannic_’s hull and we can see the evidence of this in the wreck today there’s a massive hole in the bow section. Then, at roughly 9:07 AM, _Britannic_’s stern slowly dipped beneath the surface, 55 minutes after the explosion by a naval mine. The German newspapers claimed that the ship had been sunk by a torpedo because it might have been carrying soldiers. The captain of the U-73 said this was not true, he had only been laying the naval mines. The survivors believe the _Britannic_ was torpedoed.
Croatian Football League

**Prva HNL** is a football league which is top division in Croatia.

## Club 2009/10

- Dinamo Zagreb
- Hajduk Split
- Rijeka
- Slaven Belupo Koprivnica
- Zagreb
- Šibenik
- Osijek
- Cibalia Vinkovci
- Inter Zaprešić
- Varteks Varaždin
- Zadar
- Croatia Sesvete
- Istra
- Karlovac
- Lokomotiva
- Međimurje

## Champions

|Season|Champions|Runner-up|Third place|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2000/01|Hajduk Split|Dinamo Zagreb|Osijek|
|2001/02|Zagreb|Hajduk Split|Dinamo Zagreb|
|2002/03|Dinamo Zagreb|Hajduk Split|Varteks Varaždin|
|2003/04|Hajduk Split|Dinamo Zagreb|Rijeka|
|2004/05|Hajduk Split|Inter Zaprešić|Zagreb|
|2005/06|Dinamo Zagreb|Rijeka|Varteks Varaždin|
|2006/07|Dinamo Zagreb|Hajduk Split|Zagreb|
|2007/08|Dinamo Zagreb|Slaven Belupo Koprivnica|Osijek|
|2008/09|Dinamo Zagreb|Hajduk Split|Rijeka|

### Former champions

- 1992 : Hajduk Split
- 1992/93 : Croatia Zagreb
- 1993/94 : Hajduk Split
- 1994/95 : Hajduk Split
- 1995/96 : Croatia Zagreb
- 1996/97 : Croatia Zagreb
- 1997/98 : Croatia Zagreb
- 1998/99 : Croatia Zagreb
- 1999/00 : Croatia Zagreb

## Infobox (football league)

- **leaguename**: Prva HNL
- **country**: Croatia
- **confederation**: UEFA
- **founded**: 1992
- **level**: 1
- **number of teams**: 16
- **relegation to**: Druga HNL
- **current champions**: N.K. Dinamo Zagreb, Dinamo Zagreb
- **season**: 2008/09
- **most successful club**: N.K. Dinamo Zagreb, Dinamo Zagreb (11)
Eredivisie

The **Eredivisie** is a football league which is the top division in the Netherlands. It was created in 1956. Before 1956, the teams competed in the Netherlands Football League Championship.

The most successful team has been AFC Ajax, with 36 titles.

At the end of the 2014–15 season, the Eredivisie was ranked the 10th best league in the Europe.

## Clubs 2014–15

- ADO Den Haag
- Ajax
- AZ
- SC Cambuur
- FC Groningen
- FC Twente
- FC Utrecht
- Go Ahead Eagles
- PEC Zwolle
- Feyenoord
- Heracles Almelo
- NAC Breda
- Excelsior
- PSV Eindhoven
- FC Dordrecht
- Willem II
- SC Heerenveen
- Vitesse

## Champions

|Season|Champions|Runner-up|Third place|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2000/01|PSV Eindhoven|Feyenoord Rotterdam|Ajax|
|2001/02|Ajax|PSV Eindhoven|Feyenoord Rotterdam|
|2002/03|PSV Eindhoven|Ajax|Feyenoord Rotterdam|
|2003/04|Ajax|PSV Eindhoven|Feyenoord Rotterdam|
|2004/05|PSV Eindhoven|Ajax|AZ Alkmaar|
|2005/06|PSV Eindhoven|AZ Alkmaar|Feyenoord Rotterdam|
|2006/07|PSV Eindhoven|Ajax|AZ Alkmaar|
|2007/08|PSV Eindhoven|Ajax|NAC Breda|
|2008/09|AZ Alkmaar|FC Twente|Ajax|
|2009/10|FC Twente|Ajax|PSV Eindhoven|
|2010/11|Ajax|FC Twente|PSV Eindhoven|
|2011/12|Ajax|Feyenoord Rotterdam|PSV Eindhoven|
|2012/13|Ajax|PSV Eindhoven|Feyenoord Rotterdam|
|2013/14|Ajax|Feyenoord Rotterdam|FC Twente|
|2014/15|PSV Eindhoven|Ajax|AZ Alkmaar|

## Infobox (football league)

- **name**: Eredivisie
- **logo**: Eredivisie nieuw logo 2017-.svg
- **country**: Netherlands
- **confed**: UEFA
- **founded**: 1956
- **level**: 1
- **teams**: 18
- **relegation**: Eerste Divisie
- **domest cup**: KNVB Cup
- **confed cup**: UEFA Champions League
UEFA Europa League
UEFA Europa Conference League
- **champions**: AFC Ajax
- **season**: 2021–22
- **most successful club**: AFC Ajax, Ajax (36)
Propositional logic

**Propositional logic** is a formal system in mathematics and logic. Other names for the system are _propositional calculus_ and _sentential calculus_. The system is made of a set of propositions. Each proposition has a truth value, being either true or false. Propositions can be represented by capital roman letters such as ,  and , and joined together using logical connectives to make new propositions. Examples for logical connectives that are used often are logical and (), logical or (), logical if (), logical if and only if () and logical not ().

Propositional logic only looks at the propositions and how they are connected, and does not decompose them. That way, the proposition _All cats are dogs and the earth is a disc_ is made of two propositions, _All cats are dogs_, and _The Earth is a disc_. These are joined together with the logical connective AND.

There are other logic systems that build on propositional logic. One of these is predicate logic, which defines logical predicates, and looks at how they can be applied to arguments. Another system is called modal logic. It introduces two new junctors: _it is possible that_ and _it is necessary that_.

## If-then statements

A simple logic statement is an implication (statement of the form "If P, then Q"). For example, "If it rains for an hour, then the ground will be wet". In this example, P ("if it rains for an hour") is the antecedent, and Q ("the ground will be wet") is the consequent. The consequent must necessarily follow if the antecedent is true. Therefore, an if-then statement is wholly false if the consequent does not actually follow the antecedent. An example of this would be, "If a dog ate a whole meal, then it would be starving." In this case if P were true, Q would be false and the whole statement is false. Here is a truth table for an if-then statement:
|P|Q|Total Truth Value|
| --- | --- | --- |
|True|True|True|
|True|False|False|
|False|True|True|
|False|False|True|

Note that there are two logic errors that people often make from this:

1) "If Q, then P". In our example, this would mean "If the ground is wet, then it has been raining for an hour". However, the ground could be wet for other reasons, like if snow has melted or a water main has broken.

2) "If not P, then not Q".  In our example, this would mean "If it has not been raining for an hour, then the ground is not wet".  However, the ground could still be wet for the reasons listed above.

The only correct inference that can be made is "If not Q, then not P". This means, in our example, "If the ground is not wet, then it has not been raining for an hour".

## And/or statements

Another simple logic statement is "P or Q". For example, "Either I am in Hong Kong or I am in London."

## Related pages

- First order logic
- Mathematical logic
- Rule of inference
- Tautology (logic)
- Truth in logic and philosophy
- Truth table
BC Lions

The **BC Lions** are a professional Canadian football team that play in the Canadian Football League (CFL). They play their home games at BC Place in Vancouver, British Columbia. The Lions play in the West Division. The Lions were started in 1954 and used to play at Empire Stadium in East Vancouver. They also played at the Empire Stadium site in 2010 and 2011, in a temporary stadium called Empire Field. This was necessary because BC Place was closed in those seasons for major renovations. They are rivals with the Saskatchewan Roughriders.

The Lions have won the Grey Cup six times, most recently at BC Place in 2011.

## About

- **Name:** Named after "The Lions", which are mountain peaks in the Vancouver area.
- **Started:** 1954.
- **Colours:** Orange, Black, and White.
- **Stadiums:** Empire Stadium (1954-82), BC Place Stadium (1983-_today_), Empire Field (temporary stadium in 2010–11).
- **Western normal season championships (12):** 1963, 1964, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1987, 1999, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2011.
- **Grey Cup Appearances (10):** 1963, 1964, 1983, 1985, 1988, 1994, 2000, 2004, 2006, 2011.
- **Grey Cup Wins (6):** 1964, 1985, 1994, 2000, 2006, 2011.
- **Rivals:** Saskatchewan Roughriders.
- **Theme song:** "Roar, You Lions, Roar" _by Dal Richards and his Orchestra_

## Infobox (american football team)

- **name**: BC Lions
- **current**: 2025 BC Lions season
- **uniform**: CFL BCL Jersey.png
- **uniformsize**: 240px
- **logo**: 2015 BC Lions wordmark.png
- **logosize**: 225px
- **founded**: 1954
- **location**: Vancouver, British Columbia
- **field**: BC Place
- **league**: Canadian Football League
- **division**: West Division (CFL), West
- **colours**: Black, orange, fog grey, white

- **nickname**: Leos
- **coach**: Buck Pierce
- **manager**: Ryan Rigmaiden
- **owner**: Amar Doman
- **league champs**: **6** (52nd Grey Cup, 1964, 73rd Grey Cup, 1985, 82nd Grey Cup, 1994,
88th Grey Cup, 2000, 94th Grey Cup, 2006, 99th Grey Cup, 2011)
- **conf champ type**: Division championships
- **conf champs**: **10** (1963 CFL season, 1963, 1964 CFL season, 1964, 1983 CFL season, 1983, 1985 CFL season, 1985, 1988 CFL season, 1988, 1994 CFL season, 1994, 2000 CFL season, 2000, 2004 CFL season, 2004, 2006 CFL season, 2006, 2011 CFL season, 2011)
- **div champ type**: Division titles
- **div champs**: **13** (1963 CFL season, 1963, 1964 CFL season, 1964, 1983 CFL season, 1983, 1984 CFL season, 1984, 1985 CFL season, 1985, 1987 CFL season, 1987, 1999 CFL season, 1999, 2004 CFL season, 2004, 2005 CFL season, 2005, 2006 CFL season, 2006, 2007 CFL season, 2007, 2011 CFL season, 2011, 2012 CFL season, 2012)
- **mascot**: Leo the Lion & Rory the Lion
Transmission Control Protocol

The **Transmission Control Protocol** (**TCP**) is one of the main protocols of the Internet Protocol Suite. TCP is part of the popular "TCP/IP" combination used by the Internet. The Internet Protocol, or IP, makes sure data on the internet gets to the right place. Then TCP makes sure the data is put in the right order, and none of it is missing. TCP also helps to control traffic on the internet so it does not get overloaded. These protocols, which are kind of like languages that computers use, are designed so that any computer, and any program (such as a Web browser or e-mail client), can use them.

## Importance of TCP

TCP makes it easier for computer programs to communicate with each other, typically over a computer network. When a program wants to send a lot of data, TCP is in charge of dividing the data, sending it through the network, and putting it back together correctly on a different computer. In the process, IP chooses which wires and "intersections" get used to send all the data pieces in the fastest way. It does this using packets.

If there are a lot of people using the network, it can get overloaded. Also sometimes weather, power outages, and other problems can make communication hard. Routers on the Internet use something called _load balancing_ to try to fix some of these problems. But still, information can be delivered out of order, get lost, or even duplicated. **TCP** is designed to notice all of these problems and try to fix them. This can take a while, which is why the Internet sometimes seems slow. Once the TCP receiver has finally reassembled a perfect copy of the data originally transmitted, it passes that data to the computer program that asked for it. In this way, the program does not have to know about the network, and TCP does not have to know about the program's data.

## Further reading

- W. Richard Stevens. TCP/IP Illustrated, Volume 1: The Protocols.
- W. Richard Stevens and Gary R. Wright. TCP/IP Illustrated, Volume 2: The Implementation.
- W. Richard Stevens. TCP/IP Illustrated, Volume 3: TCP for Transactions, HTTP, NNTP, and the UNIX Domain Protocols.

## Other websites

- Dissertation about TCP improvements in wired and wireless networks  (Dissertation)
- IANA Port Assignments
- John Kristoff's Overview of TCP (Fundamental concepts behind TCP and how it is used to transport data between two endpoints)
- RFC 675 - Specification of Internet Transmission Control Program, December 1974 Version
- RFC 793 - TCP v4
- RFC 1122 - includes some error corrections for TCP
- RFC 1323 - TCP-Extensions
- RFC 1379 - Extending TCP for Transactions—Concepts
- RFC 1948 - Defending Against Sequence Number Attacks
- RFC 2018 - TCP Selective Acknowledgment Options
- RFC 2581 - TCP Congestion Control
- RFC 2988 - Computing TCP's Retransmission Timer
- RFC 4614 - A Roadmap for TCP Specification Documents
- TCP, Transmission Control Protocol
- TCP EFSM diagram - A detailed description of TCP states.
- The basics of Transmission Control Protocol
- The Law of Leaky Abstractions by Joel Spolsky
- Checksum example
Monologue

A **monologue** is a long, uninterrupted speech or poem by one person. The person may be speaking his or her thoughts aloud or directly addressing other persons, e.g. an audience, a character, reader, or inanimate object.

The term 'dramatic monologue' is used both for monologues  in plays and for the poetic genre.

## Rant

A **rant** (also called **harangue** or **declamation**) is a monologue that does not present a well-researched and calm argument; rather, it is typically an attack on an idea, a person, or an institution, and very often lacks proven claims.

Some rants are used not to attack something, but to defend an individual, idea or organization. Rants of this type generally occur after the subject has been attacked by another individual or group.

Rants are used often in situations requiring monologue. Comedians, such as Lewis Black, Adam Carolla, and Rick Mercer, use rants as a way to get their message or punch-line across to the listening audience.

For Example: When a politician gives a speech in a loud voice, he expresses his thoughts and feelings and the general public listens to it, the subject is monologue.

A rant can be used to flame members of an email group or electronic mailing list that are failing to reach a consensus on an issue.

## Related pages

- Debate
- Rhetoric
- Dialectic
- Interjection
- Stream of consciousness writing
Ann Dunham

**Stanley Ann Dunham** (November 29, 1942 – November 7, 1995), the mother of Barack Obama, the 44th President of the United States, was an American anthropologist. She was later known as Ann Dunham, Ann Obama, Ann Soetoro, Ann Sutoro (after her second divorce) and finally as Ann Dunham. Dunham spent her childhood in California, Oklahoma, Texas and Kansas. Dunham spent her teenage years in Mercer Island, Washington. Much of her adult life was spent in Hawaii.

## Early life

Dunham was born in Ascension Via Christi Hospital St. Francis in Wichita, Kansas. She is the only child of Madelyn Lee Payne and Stanley Armour Dunham. Wild Bill Hickok is her sixth cousin, five times removed.

Ancestry.com announced on July 30, 2012, after using a combination of old documents and yD1NA analysis, that Dunham's mother may have been descended from African John Punch, who was an indentured servant/slave in seventeenth-century colonial Virginia.

## Death

In 1995 in Hawaii, she died of uterine cancer which spread to her ovaries. Following a memorial service at the University of Hawaii, Obama and his sister spread their mother's ashes in the Pacific Ocean at Lanai Lookout on the south side of Oahu. Obama scattered the ashes of his grandmother (Madelyn Dunham) in the same spot on December 23, 2008, weeks after his election to the presidency.

Obama talked about Dunham's death in a 30-second campaign advertisement ("Mother") arguing for health care reform. The ad featured a photograph of Dunham holding a young Obama in her arms as Obama talks about her last days worrying about expensive medical bills. The topic also came up in a 2007 speech in Santa Barbara:

> I remember my mother. She was 52 years old when she died of ovarian cancer, and you know what she was thinking about in the last months of her life? She wasn't thinking about getting well. She wasn't thinking about coming to terms with her own mortality. She had been diagnosed just as she was transitioning between jobs. And she wasn't sure whether insurance was going to cover the medical expenses because they might consider this a preexisting condition. I remember just being heartbroken, seeing her struggle through the paperwork and the medical bills and the insurance forms. So, I have seen what it's like when somebody you love is suffering because of a broken health care system. And it's wrong. It's not who we are as a people.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Ann Dunham
- **birth name**: Stanley Ann Dunham
- **birth place**: Wichita, Kansas, United States
- **death place**: Honolulu, Hawaii, United States
- **children**: Barack Obama (b. 1961)
Maya Soetero (b. 1970)
- **spouse**: Barack Obama, Sr. (1961-1964)
Lolo Soetero (1965-1980)
- **parents**: Stanley Armour Dunham
Madelyn Lee Payne
- **known for**: Mother of Barack Obama
- **occupation**: Anthropology, Anthropologist
- **education**: PhD
- **alma mater**: University of Hawaii
- **resting place**: Ashes scattered into the Pacific Ocean off Koko Head, Oahu, Hawaii
Canadian Albums Chart

The **Canadian Albums Chart** is the official album sales chart in Canada.  It is compiled every Wednesday by U.S.-based music sales tracking company Nielsen Soundscan, and published every Thursday by _Jam!_ Canoe, along with its sister charts the Canadian Singles Chart and the Canadian BDS Airplay Chart.

The chart has 200 positions, however, _Jam!_ only publishes the top 100 for the public. Unlike the case with its CD single equivalent (the Canadian Singles Chart), album sales are not declining as rapidly in Canada as CD singles are, and the Canadian Albums Chart remains the most reliable source for the most popular albums in Canada.

## References

- Nielsen Soundscan
- _Jam!_ Canoe

## Other websites

- Top 100 Albums In Canada
Toothpaste

**Toothpaste** is a part liquid paste, applied to the bristles of a toothbrush in order to aid oneself with the act of toothbrushing.

This substance has several purposes, such as removing plaque from one's teeth, whitening one's teeth and freshening one's breath.

Several toothpaste brands specialize in caring for teeth sensitive to certain conditions (for example heat, cold) or flavours (such as sweetness). The majority of these products work by strengthening the tooth enamel, thus easing discomfort and providing the teeth with a protective outer layer.

Traditionally, toothpaste has a minty flavour, as this is said to allow a sense of freshness in the mouth. However, fruit and flavours have been popular in the past. Fruit toothpastes, however, are discouraged by dentists due to their acidic and tooth-eroding properties.

Toothpaste was originally made by rubbing sticks and leaves on the teeth.

## Swallowing

Swallowing big amounts of toothpaste can make humans very sick and is poisonous. Due to this, the FDA started making toothpaste companies to put a notice about swallowing from 1997 to present.
Karl Goldmark

**Karl Goldmark** (born in Keszthely, Hungary, 18 May 1830; died in Vienna 2 January 1915) was a Hungarian composer.  His music was largely forgotten for a long time after his death, but is now starting to be played much more.

## Life and career

Goldmark came from a large Jewish family. He was one of 20 children. His father was a chazan to the Jewish congregation at Keszthely. He learned to play the violin and was sent to Vienna to study music.  After the Revolution of 1848 the Conservatory had to close down and so he had to teach himself how to compose. He earned money by playing the violin in theatre orchestras and by teaching music.  For a short time one of his pupils was Jean Sibelius.

Wagner's music was an influence on his compositional style.  However, he could not form a proper friendship with Wagner because of Wagner's antisemitism.

Goldmark composed six operas, including _Die Königin von Saba_ ("The Queen of Sheba").  It was very popular during his lifetime and continued to be performed by the Vienna State Opera until 1938.  His Violin Concerto No. 1 was also very popular indeed, then it lay forgotten for many years.  It is very Romantic and sounds very Hungarian.

Other works include a symphony called _Ländliche Hochzeit_ (Rustic Wedding) and several other orchestral works, some chamber music and choral music.
Vulpecula

**Vulpecula** is a northern constellation (group of stars). People say that it looks like a fox. It is not very bright.  None of the stars in Vulpecula are brighter than the 4th magnitude in Vulpecula.  It is in the middle of the Summer Triangle, three stars that make the shape of a triangle in the sky.

## Deep sky objects

- Dumbbell nebula

## Infobox (constellation)

- **name**: Vulpecula
- **abbreviation**: Vul
- **genitive**: Vulpeculae
- **pronounce**: ,
genitive
- **symbolism**: the Fox
- **ra**: 20
- **dec**: +25
- **quadrant**: NQ4
- **areatotal**: 268
- **arearank**: 55th
- **numbermainstars**: 5, 20
- **numberbfstars**: 33
- **numberstarsplanets**: 4
- **numberbrightstars**: 0
- **numbernearbystars**: 0
- **brighteststarname**: Alpha Vulpeculae, α Vul (Anser)
- **starmagnitude**: 4.44
- **neareststarname**: Ross 165
- **stardistancely**: 33.54
- **stardistancepc**: 10.28
- **numbermessierobjects**: 1
- **bordering**: Cygnus (constellation), Cygnus
Lyra
Hercules (constellation), Hercules
Sagitta
 Delphinus
 Pegasus (constellation), Pegasus
- **latmax**: North Pole, 90
- **latmin**: 55th parallel south, 55
- **month**: September
Ferruccio Busoni

**Ferruccio Busoni** (1 April 1866 – 27 July 1924) was an Italian composer, pianist, teacher and conductor.

## His life

Ferruccio Busoni was born in Empoli in Tuscany in Italy.  His parents were both musicians.  His father played the clarinet and his mother played the piano.  They were often touring when Ferruccio was young.  He spent most of his childhood in Trieste.

Busoni was a child prodigy. He first played the piano in public at the age of seven. Two years later he played some of his own compositions in Vienna.  The composer Franz Liszt heard him.  He also met Liszt, Johannes Brahms and Anton Rubinstein.

For a short time he studied in Graz, then in Leipzig. He taught in several places including Helsinki, where he met Jean Sibelius as well as a young lady was to be his wife. In 1890 he won the Anton Rubinstein Competition with his Concert Piece for Piano and Orchestra.  He taught in Moscow in 1890, and in the United States from 1891 to 1894 where he also toured as a virtuoso pianist.

In 1894 he went to Berlin where he stayed.  He performed as a pianist and conductor and taught many gifted pianists.
He wrote a book called _Sketch of a New Aesthetic of Music_.  He did not agree with the strict rules that were used by most teachers for teaching composition.  He thought that music was "born to be free".  His thinking influenced his composition pupils who included Percy Grainger, Kurt Weill and Edgard Varèse.

During World War I, Busoni lived first in Bologna, where he was director of the conservatory, and later in Zürich. He refused to perform in any countries that were involved in the war. He returned to Berlin in 1920 where he gave master classes in composition.

Busoni died in Berlin from a kidney disease.

## Music

Busoni's music is based on the Romantic style, but it also starts to sound quite modern.  He uses a lot of complicated counterpoint. Sometimes it is quite atonal.  A lot of it is based on music of the past.  He made many transcriptions, including piano transcriptions of several works by Johann Sebastian Bach.

Busoni was a virtuoso pianist, and his works for piano are difficult to perform. His _Piano Concerto_ is extremely hard to play as well as being extremely long (about 70 minutes).  The British pianist John Ogdon, who played it, called it "the longest and grandest piano concerto of all".

Some of his best known works include his suite for orchestra _Turandot_ which he made into an opera, and his opera _Doktor Faust_ which he had not finished when he died.  It was finished by his student Philipp Jarnach, but in the 1980s Anthony Beaumont made a better version of it.

## Recordings

Busoni made a number of piano rolls, and a small number of these have been re-recorded onto CD. People who knew him disagree about whether these piano roll recordings show his playing at his best.