juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Wiltshire

**Wiltshire** (short: _Wilts_) is an English county. It borders the counties of Hampshire, Dorset, Somerset, Gloucestershire, Oxfordshire and Berkshire, and contains the unitary authority of Swindon. The county town is Trowbridge, in the west of the county at . The county covers 858,931 acres (3476 km²) also Trowbridge is the Capital of Wiltshire.

## Settlements

Notable towns and cities in Wiltshire are:
- Bradford on Avon
- Calne
- Chippenham
- Devizes
- Malmesbury
- Marlborough
- Salisbury (city)
- Swindon
- Trowbridge
- Warminster
- Westbury

A full list of settlements is at List of places in Wiltshire.

## Places of interest

<div style="float: right; clear: both">

</div>
Notable places of interest in Wiltshire are:

Notable areas of countryside in Wiltshire are:
- Cranborne Chase
- Marlborough Downs
- Salisbury Plain
- Vale of Pewsey

Notable routes through Wiltshire are:
- A4 road
- M4 motorway
- A303 trunk road
- Fosse Way old Roman road
- Great Western Main Line railway
- Wessex Main Line railway
- Kennet and Avon Canal
- Swindon and Cricklade Railway
- Thames Path, a long-distance footpath
- Wiltshire Cycleway
- National Cycle Route 4

Wiltshire is "Mid-Wessex" in the novels of Thomas Hardy

## Other websites

- Wiltshire County Council
- List of Councillors
- Wiltshire Constabulary Online
- BBC Wiltshire
- Wiltshire Tourist Office
- John Aubrey's The Natural History of Wiltshire
- White horses of Wiltshire
- Wiltshire Gazette & Herald
- Wiltshire Times & Chippenham News
- Geology map of Wiltshire (PDF)
- Wiltshire & Swindon Intelligence Network

## Infobox (english county)

- **official name**: Wiltshire
- **locator map**: Wiltshire UK locator map 2010.svg
- **map caption**: Wiltshire within England
- **region**: South West England, South West
- **image caption**: Marlborough Downs, Salisbury Cathedral, and a view of Swindon
- **established date**: Historic counties of England, Ancient
- **lord lieutenant office**: Lord Lieutenant of Wiltshire
- **lord lieutenant name**: Sarah Troughton
- **high sheriff office**: High Sheriff of Wiltshire
- **high sheriff name**: Martin John Nye
- **ethnicity**: 85.1% White British (2021)
- **unitary council1**: Wiltshire Council
- **unitary council2**: Swindon Borough Council
- **districts map**:
- **districts key**: Unitary
- **districts list**: #Wiltshire (district), Wiltshire
#Borough of Swindon, Swindon
- **mps**: List of parliamentary constituencies in Wiltshire, List of MPs
- **police**: Wiltshire Police
Conurbation

<imagemap>
File:Randstad.png|400px|thumb|right|Clickable schematic map of the Randstad, a big conurbation in the Netherlands.
circle 528 380 26 Schiphol
rect 426 356 498 436 Haarlemmermeer
rect 399 166 479 245 Velsen
circle 250 716 32 Delft
circle 220 642 60 The Hague
circle 456 569 27 Alphen aan den Rijn
circle 555 201 52 Zaanstad
circle 999 168 42 Lelystad
circle 798 474 29 Hilversum
circle 492 692 34 Gouda
circle 347 654 31 Zoetermeer
circle 944 532 40 Amersfoort
circle 521 24 33 Alkmaar
circle 442 294 44 Haarlem
circle 466 943 36 Dordrecht
circle 334 537 30 Leiden
circle 840 314 50 Almere
rect 245 738 400 869 Rotterdam
rect 13 725 81 789 Port of Rotterdam
rect 82 749 116 788 Port of Rotterdam
rect 117 778 148 803 Port of Rotterdam
rect 120 804 209 835 Port of Rotterdam
rect 158 826 247 857 Port of Rotterdam
circle 742 617 53 Utrecht (city)
circle 615 324 88 Amsterdam
</imagemap>
A **conurbation** is an urban area that includes a number of cities, towns and villages which, through population growth and expansion, have physically merged to form one continuous built up area. It is a sort of agglomeration.

A metropolitan area usually combines one or several conurbations.
Dunkirk

**Dunkirk** (, pronounced  or ; ) is a harbour city in the northernmost part of France, 10 km (6 mi) from the Belgian border.

The population of the whole metropolitan area was of 265,974 at the 1999 census.

Until the middle of the 20th century the city was in the Dutch language area; today the local Dutch dialect still can be heard but has largely given way to French.

## History

Dunkirk was first mentioned in 1067 as _Dunkerk_ ().

In World War II, heavy fighting took place around Dunkirk during the German invasion in 1940 (Battle of Dunkirk), but a lull in the action unexpectedly allowed a large number of French and British soldiers to escape to England. The British evacuation of Dunkirk through the English Channel was codenamed _Operation Dynamo_.
During the war, Dunkirk was largely destroyed by bombing.

### Postwar Dunkirk

On 14 December 2002, the Norwegian auto carrier _Tricolor_ collided with the Bahamian-registered _Kariba_ and sank off Dunkirk harbour, causing a hazard to navigation in the English Channel.

### Communes

Since 9 December 2010, the former communes of Fort-Mardyck and Saint-Pol-sur-Mer were merged into the commune of Dunkirk.

## Economy

Dunkirk has the third largest harbour in France, after those of Le Havre and Marseille. It is also an industrial city, heavily dependent on the steel, food processing, oil refining, ship building and chemical industries.

## Tourist attractions

- The _Musée Portuaire_ hosts exhibits images about the history and presence of the port.
- The _Musée des Beaux-Arts_ has a large collection of Flemish, Italian and French paintings and sculptures.
- The Carnival of Dunkirk

### Transport

Dunkirk has a ferry connection with Dover in England.

### Twin towns

Dunkirk is twinned with:
- Krefeld, Germany since June 15, 1974
- Middlesbrough, United Kingdom since April 12, 1976

Dunkirk has cooperation agreements with:
- Dartford district, United Kingdom since March 1988
- Thanet district, United Kingdom since June 18, 1993

## Other websites

- City council website
- Tourist office website

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Dunkirk
- **native name**: Dunkerque
- **commune status**: Subprefectures in France, Subprefecture and Communes of France, commune
- **image**: Dunkerque hotel de ville vu port.jpg
- **caption**: Dunkirk Town Hall and port
- **image flag**: Flag of Dunkirk.svg
- **image coat of arms**: Greater Coat of Arms of Dunkerque.svg
- **arrondissement**: Dunkirk
- **canton**: Canton of Dunkerque-1, Dunkerque-1 and Canton of Dunkerque-2, 2, Canton of Grande-Synthe, Grande-Synthe
- **insee**: 59183
- **postal code**: 59140, 59240, 59640
- **mayor**: Patrice Vergriete
- **term**: 2014–2020
- **intercommunality**: Communauté urbaine de Dunkerque, CU Dunkerque
- **elevation m**: 4
- **elevation min m**: 0
- **elevation max m**: 17
- **area km2**: 43.89
- **population**: 90995
- **population date**: 2012
Limburg-Weilburg

**Limburg-Weilburg** is a Landkreis (rural district) in the west of Hesse, Germany.

## History

1867 the _Oberlahnkreis_ with the capital Weilburg was created. In 1886 _Limburg an der Lahn_ district was set up, with the capital Limburg. In 1974 both districts were joined together.

## Geography

The district is located between the two mountain areas Westerwald and Taunus. The main river is the Lahn.

## Towns and municipalities

|align=left width=33%|Towns|align=left width=33%|Municipalities|align=left width=33%||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||# Bad Camberg # Hadamar # Limburg an der Lahn # Runkel # Weilburg||# Beselich # Brechen # Dornburg # Elbtal # Elz # Hünfelden # Löhnberg||<ol start=8> <li>Mengerskirchen <li>Merenberg <li>Selters <li>Villmar <li>Waldbrunn <li>Weilmünster <li>Weinbach </ol>|

## Other websites

- Official website  (German)

## Infobox (german district)

- **name**: Limburg-Weilburg
- **image coa**: DEU Landkreis Limburg-Weilburg COA.svg
- **image flag**: Flagge Landkreis Limburg-Weilburg.svg
- **state**: Hesse
- **capital**: Limburg an der Lahn, Limburg (Lahn)
- **regierungsbezirk**: Gießen Government Region, Gießen
- **kreisschlüssel**: 06533
- **area**: 738.44
- **population**: 175,679
- **population as of**: 2001
- **density**: 238
- **carsign**: LM
- **url**: [http://www.region-online.de/gemeinde/kreislw/default.htm www.kreis-limburg.de]
- **map**: Hessen_LM.png
Small white

The **small white** (_Pieris rapae_) is a small to mid-sized butterfly of the 'yellows' & 'whites' Pieridae family. It is also commonly known as the **small cabbage white** or just the **cabbage white**.

## Distribution

It is common across Europe, North Africa and Asia and has also been accidentally introduced to North America, Australia and New Zealand where they have become pests on cultivated cabbages and other mustard family crops.

## Description

It looks like a smaller version of the Large White. The upperside is creamy white with black tips to the forewings. Females also have two black spots in the center of the forewings. Its underwings are yellowish with black .

## Habits

Like its close relative the large white this is a strong flyer and the British population is increased by continental immigrants in most years. Like other 'white' butterflies it hibernates as a pupa. Like the large white, it is sometimes known as the cabbage white' or cabbage butterfly.

## Lifecycle

It has two flight periods, April–May and July–August.

### Eggs

Its caterpillars can be a pest on cultivated cabbages. . It also lays eggs on wild members of the cabbage family such as the charlock _Sinapis arvensis_ and hedge mustard _Sisybrium officinale_. The eggs are laid singly on foodplant leaves.

### Caterpillars

Known in the United States as "imported cabbage worms", the caterpillars are green and well camouflaged. Unlike the large white they do not store the mustard oils from their foodplants and so are not distastful to predators like birds.

## References

- Asher J. _et al._ _The millennium atlas of Britain and Ireland_ Oxford University Press
- Evans W.H. 1932. _The identification of Indian butterflies_. 2nd ed, Bombay Natural History Society, Mumbai, India.
Protection

**Protection** means when any group of people or things try to defend the people or things that they care about (so that they would not get hurt). Protection can also mean other things, for example:

- Civil protection, or civil defense, protecting life, health, property and environment of citizens
- Environmental protection, is a political action that is to do with protecting nature by preservation (keeping them), and restoration (making something that was lost to come back)
- Contraception (euphemism)
- Protectionism, in world trade, making people stop buying what other countries make, so they must buy things made in their own country
- Protective clothing, clothing that protect the body from danger
- A protectorate, in politics and history, is the protector (the person who protects), for example:
    - A Lord protector, guarding as the country like a minor Monarch or during The Protectorate as a British republic
    - The protectorate between a strong power (the _protector_) and a weaker one, who can ask for help when needed, or are obliged to agree
- _Protection_ (album), a 1994 album by the group Massive Attack
- Protection (song), a song by trip-hop band Massive Attack. It was released in 1995
- Protection (band) is an American band, based in San Francisco
- The Protection of the Mother of God, a feast day in the Eastern Orthodox Church
Minor

**Minor** can mean:

- Minor (law), a young person who has not yet reached the age of majority or some other legal age. Or a person who relies upon another (usually a parent or legal guardian) due to intellectual or developmental disability.
- Minor scale, a minor key in music
Extant

In biology, an **extant** group is one which has survived to the present day, and so it is a living group. This distinguishes it from an extinct group.

The term 'extant' can also be used to describe species or higher groups (such as genera or families) which are still in existence (living).

Example: in the group of molluscs known as the cephalopods, there are about 600 extant species and 7500 extinct species.
Argonaut

The word **Argonaut** might refer to:
- Argonauta, a genus of octopus
- Jason and the Argonauts, a tale from Greek mythology
- Argonaute (protein), a kind of protein
- The Toronto Argonauts, a Canadian Football League team that plays in Toronto, Ontario
Väki

In Finnish mythology, **Väki** means races of Haltijas (Finnish elves) and their magical powers. Different things in nature had their own väki guarding them. For example, Väki of water lived in and protected water. Väki is the name of both the magical power and Haltijas'. Väki could sometimes be seen and they looked like little man-like creatures. Sometimes Väki went inside people and made people ill. Väki made people ill if they behaved badly in their kingdom. For example, if someone shouted in a forest without reason then the Väki of forest may make then ill. Shaman could heal these illnesses by telling the Väki to leave the person and go back to its original place.

The other version of Väki refers to the realm of the dead. Väki was the anonymous pack of dead people. The Väki had once being their beloved ones and relatives, but after spending some time in the afterlife, they all became unknown masses of dead creatures without any personal markings.
Sudetenland

The **Sudetenland** was a mountainous area of Czechoslovakia. The name comes from the Sudetes, a mountain range, but it was also used for other places in Bohemia in which mostly-German people lived. They wanted their homes to be part of Germany, not Czechoslovakia. Nazi Germany took small parts of the Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia in September 1938.  After the Munich Agreement, they took the rest of Sudetenland, which contributed to the start of World War II.

## Other websites

- WW2DB: Annexation of Sudetenland
1375

## Events

- The English, weakened by the plague, lose so much ground to the French that they agree to sign the Treaty of Bruges, leaving them with only the coastal towns of Calais, Bordeaux and Bayonne.
- The Russian town of Kostroma is destroyed by the ushkuinik pirates from Novgorod.
- October 24 – Death of Valdemar IV of Denmark.
- Petru I succeeds his father, Costea, as ruler of Moldavia (now Moldova & eastern Romania).
- The Mamluks from Egypt conquer the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia. Leo VI of Armenia is imprisoned for several years in Cairo until a ransom is paid by King John I of Castile.
- Mujahid Shah succeeds his father, Mohammad Shah I, as Sultan of the Bahmanid Empire in Deccan, southern India.
- Moscow & Tver sign a truce. Tver agrees to help Moscow fight the Blue Horde.

## Births

- Richard of Conisburgh, 3rd Earl of Cambridge (approximate date; d.1415)
- Nicolas Grenon, French composer (approximate date; d. 1456)
- Lan Kham Deng, King of Lan Xang 1416-1428 (d. 1428)

## Deaths

- July 5 – Charles III of Alençon, French archbishop (b. 1337)
- October 24 – King Valdemar IV of Denmark
- December 21 – Giovanni Boccaccio, Italian writer (born 1313)
Coral (color)

**Coral** is a reddish or orangeish shade of pink.  The color is named after the sea animal, also called corals.

The first written use of _coral_ as a color name in English was in 1513.

## Meaning of coral

- Coral and coral blue color for painting a room to give a calm feeling of warmth.

- In some sects of Hinduism, coral red instead of red is shown as being the color which represents the first (_muladhara_) chakra in Hindu philosophy.

## Tones of coral color comparison chart

|Name|width=100|Color|HEX Code|Red|Green|Blue|Hue|Sat|Lum|Source|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Coral Pink|style = "background-color: #f88379;"||#F88379|248|131|121|05°|90%|72%|ISCC-NBS Queen Coral (Plochere)|
|Light Coral|style = "background-color: #f08080;"||#F08080|240|128|128|00°|79%|72%|web color|
|**Coral**|style = "background-color: #ff7f50;"||**#FF7F50**|**255**|**127**|**80**|**16°**|100%|66%|**web color**|
|Coral Red|style = "background-color: #ff4040;"||#FF4040|255|64|64|0°|100%|63%|PerBang.dk|
|Dark Coral|style = "background-color: #cd5b45; color:#ffffff"||#CD5B45|205|91|69|10°|58%|54%|PerBang.dk|

## Related pages

- List of colors
Maroon (color)

**Maroon** is a dark red color.

The word _maroon_ comes from the French word _marron_ which means "chestnut".

The first recorded use of _maroon_ as a color name in English was in 1789.

## Meaning of maroon

- Vajrayana Buddhist monks wear robes that are colored various shades of maroon.

## Tones of maroon color comparison chart

|Name|width=100|Color|HEX Code|Red|Green|Blue|Hue|Sat|Lum|Source|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Bright Maroon|style = "background-color: #c32148; color: #ffffff "||#C32148|195|33|72|346°|71%|45%|(**Maroon**  (Crayola))|
|**Rich Maroon**|style = "background-color: #b03060; color: #ffffff "||#B03060|176|48|96|338°|57%|44%|(**Maroon** (X11)) (web color)|
|Mystic Maroon|style = "background-color: #ad4379; color: #ffffff "||#AD4379|173|67|121|329°|44%|47%|(Crayola Silver Swirls)|
|Aztec Maroon|style = "background-color: #915f6d; color: #ffffff "||#915F6D|145|95|109|343°|21%|47%|(ISCC-NBS)|
|Dark Red|style = "background-color: #8b0000; color: #ffffff"||#8B0000|139|0|0|000°|100%|27%|(web color)|
|**Maroon**|style = "background-color: #800000; color: #ffffff"||**#800000**|**128**|**0**|**0**|**000°**|**100%**|**25%**|**(HTML/CSS) (web color)**|
|Tibetan Red|style = "background-color: #7d3443; color: #ffffff"||#7B1113|125|52|67|359°|76%|27%|(Pantone TPX 19-1934)|
|UP Maroon|style = "background-color: #7b1113; color: #ffffff"||#7B1113|123|17|19|359°|76%|27%|(University of the Philippines)|
|Catawba|style = "background-color: #703642; color: #ffffff"||#703642|112|54|66|348°|35%|33%|(Maerz & Paul)|
|Royal Maroon|style = "background-color: #5a3839; color: #ffffff"||#5A3839|90|56|57|358°|23%|29%|(British Standards BS 1-079)|

## Related pages

- List of colors
Ochre

**Ochre** or **Ocher** is a golden-yellow or light yellowish brown colour.  The word is from the Greek _ochros_, meaning "yellow".  Ochre is natural earth pigment containing hydrated iron oxide.

## Meaning of ochre

The use of ochre is particularly intensive: it is not unusual to find a layer of the cave floor impregnated with a purplish red to a depth of eight inches. The size of these ochre deposits raises a problem not yet solved. The colouring is so intense that practically all the loose ground seems to consist of ochre. One can imagine that the Aurignacians regularly painted their bodies red, dyed their animal skins, coated their weapons, and sprinkled the ground of their dwellings, and that a paste of ochre was used for decorative purposes in every phase of their domestic life. We must assume no less, if we are to account for the veritable mines of ochre on which some of them lived.

## Tones of ochre colour comparison chart

<ul>
<li style = "background-color: #cccc33;"> Banana Yellow (Yellow Ochre) (Human Feces) (Hex: #CCCC33) (RGB: 204, 204, 51)</li>
<li style = "background-color: #cc7722;"> Ochre (Hex: #CC7722) (RGB: 204, 119, 34)<li>
</ul>
Jochen Rindt

**Karl Jochen Rindt** (born  18 April 1942 in Mainz, Germany – died 5 September 1970 in Monza) was a German racing driver who represented Austria during his career. In 1970, he won the Formula One World Drivers' Championship, but died in a crash in Monza. He was the only driver to win the championship after he died.

In 1965 he won the 24 Hours of Le Mans race.

## Infobox (f1 driver)

- **name**: Jochen Rindt
- **image**: Rindt, Jochen 1968.jpg
- **nationality**: Austrian
- **years**: -
- **team(s)**: Brabham-BRM, Cooper Car Company, Cooper-Coventry Climax, Climax, Cooper Car Company, Cooper-Maserati in motorsport, Maserati, Brabham-Repco, Team Lotus, Lotus-Ford Motor Company, Ford
- **races**: 62 (60 starts)
- **championships**: 1  (1970 Formula One season, 1970)
- **wins**: 6
- **podiums**: 13
- **points**: 107 (109)
- **poles**: 10
- **fastest laps**: 3
- **first race**: 1964 Austrian Grand Prix
- **first win**: 1969 United States Grand Prix
- **last win**: 1970 German Grand Prix
- **last race**: 1970 Italian Grand Prix


## Infobox (le mans driver)

- **years**: 1964 - 1967
- **teams**: North American Racing Team, NART
Comstock Racing
Porsche in motorsport, Porsche
- **best finish**: 1st <small>(1965)</small>
- **class wins**: 1 <small>(1965)</small>
Claudio Arrau

**Claudio Arrau León** (; February 6, 1903 – June 9, 1991) was a Chilean classical pianist.

Arrau started to play the piano as a boy and was giving concerts at the age of 5. The Chilean government heard of the child prodigy and quickly organized to have him sent to Germany to study with the best music teachers. At the age of 7 Arrau started to study music seriously at the Stern Conservatory, Berlin, Germany.

By the age of 11, Arrau was playing like a master, and performed the works of Franz Liszt, Frédéric Chopin and Johannes Brahms in recitals.

Later in life Arrau became an important teacher of the piano and taught some of the most famous pianists in the world. Arrau married Ruth Schneider, an opera singer, and settled in the United States. Throughout his career he won the highest awards for piano playing. He died in Austria in 1991.
Patriotism

**Patriotism** means loyalty of a person to his/her own nation or the leaders of the nation. A **patriot** is a person who is on the side of his/her own nation or its leaders. Patriotism is different from nationalism.
Also, contrary to a nationalist, patriots do not favor imperialism, while nationalists tend to but don’t always favor imperialism. An example of a nationalist favoring imperialism would be Adolf Hitler.

The English term "patriot" is first known from the Elizabethan era, via Middle French from Late Latin (6th century) patriota "countryman", ultimately from Greek πατριώτης (patriōtēs) "countryman", from πατρίς (patris), "fatherland". The abstract noun patriotism appears in the early 18th century.
Patriot

A **patriot** is a person with patriotism.

**Patriot** may also refer to:

## Observances

- Patriot Day, a U.S. commemoration day for the remembrance of the losses of the September 11 attacks
- Patriots' Day, a holiday in the U.S. states of Massachusetts, Maine, and Wisconsin in honor of Lexington and Concord (American Revolutionary War)

## Places

- Patriot, Indiana, a town in the United States

## Sports

- New England Patriots, in the National Football League and based in Massachusetts

## Other uses

- Patriot Act, a law in the United States in response to the September 11 attacks
Misogyny

**Misogyny** is the hatred of women, or the belief that women should be kept down at a lower place in society, under the control of men. Using sexist ideas and violence against women, misogyny punishes women who try to rise in society. A society or a system that sets men above women is called patriarchy. Misogyny supports patriarchy by constantly keeping women under men. Sometimes misogyny rewards women for accepting a lower place.

Misogyny is a very old idea. It can be seen in stories, religion, laws, and customs around the world. It is both a belief held by individuals, and a social custom or system. A **misogynist** is a person, usually a male who hates women. Misogynists may hate women because they believe there is something wrong with them, such as being stupid, dirty or evil. Some misogynists claim to love women, or certain women, while keeping them at a lower place.

When women practice misogyny on themselves or each other, this is called _internalized misogyny_. Women who have internalized misogyny may view other women as an enemy. This may damage friendships among women.

There are some communities that have been described as misogynist such as the manosphere.

## Related pages

- Child sexual abuse
- Gendered racism
- Sexism
- Violence against women
Malmeneich

**Malmeneich** is a village in Hesse, Germany. It belongs to the municipality of Elz. The postal code for Malmeneich is 65604 and its dialing code is 06433. 345 people live in the village.

## Geography and Climate

Malmeneich is in the Westerwald. The average elevation is 250m above sea level. The highest point is in the forest and is 292m high. The average temperature is 9,9°C. The village get between 700-720mm of rain each year. Though this seems moderate, temperatures can vary between -20°C and 35°C.

## Malmeneich and the media

There was an entry about Malmeneich on the Hessian television in 2002. This was for a project of hr3 which aimed to report about Hessian villages with less than 1000 people living in them.

Every year Malmeneich is mentioned in the regional newspaper because of the "Malmeneicher Kirmes".

At the European elections in 2005, a citizen of Malmeneich was caught after voting five times. He got judged and this crime went through the regional media.

## Other websites

- Traveljournals.net Information on Malmeneich
- Official website of the municipality of Elz
Maroon

The word ***Maroon*** can have the following meanings:
- Maroon (colour), a dark red
- Maroon (people), runaway slaves in the Caribbean
- Marooning, the act of leaving someone on a deserted island
- Maroon (rocket), a loud rocket used for signaling
- _Chicago Maroon_, an independent student newspaper of the University of Chicago
- Colgate Maroon-News newspaper of Colgate University and the oldest university weekly newspaper in America
- Saint Maroon
- Marooned (Red Dwarf episode), an episode of _Red Dwarf_

In **sports**:
- The Queensland Maroons, officially called Queensland State of Origin Team, a representative rugby league team that plays Rugby League State of Origin
- The Montreal Maroons were a professional ice hockey team, in existence from 1924 to 1938
- The Toledo Maroons were a National Football League team, in existence from 1922 to 1923
- The Kenosha Maroons were a National Football League team, in existence in 1924
- The Fighting Maroons, the athletic teams of the University of the Philippines
- The Chicago Maroons, the athletic teams of the University of Chicago
- The **Maroons**, all the athletic teams of Roanoke College
- The **Maroons**, all the athletic teams of Moline High School

In the **military**:
- The Maroon Beret is the internationally recognised symbol for elite airborne forces.

In **music**:
- _Maroon (album)_, a 2000 album by the Barenaked Ladies
- Maroon (band), a German vegan and straight edge band
- Maroon 5, a United States pop band
- "Maroon", the adopted name Russell Shoatz, a former Black Liberation Army member
- Maroons (Hip hop group) from Oakland, California (Lateef & Chief Xcel)

In **art**:
- _Maroon_, Bugs Bunny's civil wording for Moron
United Parcel Service

**United Parcel Service** (**UPS**) is an American company that transports packages. It is the largest package delivery company in the world. UPS delivers more than 14 million packages a day to more than 200 countries. It is based in Sandy Springs, Georgia, USA. The company started in 1936 when several smaller companies merged and took the new name. It was owned by employees until 1999 when it offered stock to outsiders.

The company uses brown uniforms and delivery trucks. The company trademarked the color so other delivery companies cannot use a brown logo.

_UPS Airlines_ is a part of UPS that handles the transportation of packages over long distances and between countries. UPS has almost 300 airplanes in its fleet.

## Other websites

- UPS corporate website, shipping, tracking, service information

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: United Parcel Service, Inc.
- **logo**: United Parcel Service logo 2014.svg
- **logo size**: 150px
- **type**: Public company
- **founded**: in Seattle, Washington, U.S. as the American Messenger Company
- **hq location**: Sandy Springs, Georgia, U.S.
- **founder**: James E. Casey
- **area served**: Worldwide
- **industry**: Courier
- **revenue**: (2024)
- **operating income**: (2024)
- **net income**: (2024)
- **assets**: (2024)
- **equity**: (2024)
- **num employees**: (2024)
Gómez Pereira

**Gómez Pereira** (1500 – 1567) was a Spanish philosopher, doctor, and humanist from Medina del Campo. He was most famous for his work in medicine, but he did many different things such as business, engineering, and especially philosophy. As a doctor, he was in favor of using the empirical method, instead of more medieval ideas about medicine.

His ideas in philosophy may have helped René Descartes come up with the  famous idea _"cogito ergo sum"_. This is Latin for: "I think, therefore I am".

## Life

Little is known about his life. He was the second of five brothers; his father, Antonio, had a small store that sold clothes, and his mother, Margarita, died when he was 15, so the children were raised by his aunt, Ana de Avila.  Some of his ancestors were Jews from Portugal who had become Christians.

He studied philosophy at the University of Salamanca.  His professor, Juan Martinez, was later the archbishop of Toledo, Spain. He also studied medicine and graduated in 1520. He then settled down as a doctor in his home town, Medina, living with his wife, Isabel Rodriguez, and becoming quite successful in business, even having his own warehouses of wine, and renting rooms to other merchants. He never had children.

He became famous as a doctor, being well known in other cities of Spain.  He even went to the court of Philip II of Spain and saved the life of the prince,  Don Carlos, when he had an accident.  He was also famous as an inventor, and in 1563, he and another inventor named Francisco Lobato got a patent for a type of flour mill powered by water.
Spore (video game)

***Spore*** is a computer game made by Will Wright. He also made _The Sims_ and _SimCity_. It consists of five phases of gameplay, the cell, creature, tribal, civilization and space phases. It is a game in which the player is able to create and evolve a species from a germ into a galactic superpower. It was released on September 7, 2008 in America, and September 5 in Europe.
Initially, it was going to be 6 different phases, but they merged the city and civilization phases, so it's only 5 phases now.

One of the biggest parts of the game is the different editors. Almost all things in the game can be made by the player, from buildings in the civilization phase to the creature in the creature phase. The player uses different parts that he can place as he wants. He can also change things like size and "stretch" the parts. All these things made by players can be uploaded as pictures to the "sporepedia". A picture has all the info needed for the game to make the thing, and is very small in size, usually less than 30 kilobytes. This means, that a player can find a picture of a car made in Spore that he likes, copy it, and put it in the Spore folder. Then they can play with it.

All the different phases of the game offer many choices. Roughly, the player can choose to be peaceful, aggressive, or both. For example, in the cell phase, there is a choice to eat other animals, just fruit, or both. And in the civilization phase, there is a choice to be military, religious, economic, or a little of all of them.
Tilia

***Tilia*** is a genus of about 30 species of trees in the Northern Hemisphere, in Asia (where the greatest species diversity is found), Europe and eastern North America; it is absent from western North America.

The trees are generally called **linden** in North America, and **lime** in Britain. Both names are from the Germanic root _lind_. The modern forms in English went from _linde_ or _linne_ in Anglo Saxon and old Norse, and in Britain the word transformed more recently to the modern British form _lime_. In the United States, the modern German name _Linde_, from the same root, became more common, partly to avoid confusion with any other uses of the name.

_Tilia_ species are large deciduous trees, reaching typically between 20m and 40m tall, some species grow as shrubs. Plants of this genus are found through the north temperate regions.

## History

The Germanic tribes associated the Linden tree with the goddess Freya. Very often, these tribes held their assemblies, called Thing near or under such a tree. Often, trees that were standing alone somewhere were chosen. These assemblies were used to make laws. They usually lasted three days.

## Species

- _Tilia americana_
- _Tilia amurensis_
- _Tilia begoniifolia_
- _Tilia caroliniana_
- _Tilia chinensis_
- _Tilia chingiana_
- _Tilia cordata_
- _Tilia dasystyla_
- _Tilia henryana_
- _Tilia heterophylla_
- _Tilia hupehensis_
- _Tilia insularis_
- _Tilia intonsa_
- _Tilia japonica_
- _Tilia kiusiana_
- _Tilia mandshurica_
- _Tilia maximowicziana_
- _Tilia mexicana_
- _Tilia miqueliana_
- _Tilia mongolica_
- _Tilia nasczokinii_
- _Tilia nobilis_
- _Tilia occidentalis_
- _Tilia oliveri_
- _Tilia paucicostata_
- _Tilia platyphyllos_
- _Tilia rubra_
- _Tilia tomentosa_
- _Tilia tuan_

### Hybrids and cultivars

- _Tilia × euchlora_ (_T. dasystyla × T. cordata_)
- _Tilia × europaea_ Common Lime (_T. cordata × T. platyphyllos_; syn. _T. × vulgaris_)
- _Tilia × petiolaris_ (_T. tomentosa × T. ?_)
- _Tilia_ 'Flavescens' (_T. americana × T. cordata_)
- _Tilia_ 'Moltkei' (hybrid, unknown origin)
- _Tilia_ 'Orbicularis' (hybrid, unknown origin)
- _Tilia_ 'Spectabilis' (hybrid, unknown origin)

## Uses

The tree produces fragrant and nectar-producing flowers, the medicinal herb lime blossom. They are very important honey plants for beekeepers, producing a very pale but richly flavoured monofloral honey. The flowers are also used for herbal tea, and this infusion is particularly popular in Europe.

## Other websites

- GRIN: _Tilia_
Cartesian coordinate system

In mathematics and geometry, the **Cartesian coordinate system** is a coordinate system used to give the location of points on a plane by using two numbers for each point. It is also called the _rectangular coordinate system_. The numbers are usually called the  _coordinate_ and the  _coordinate_ or sometimes the _abscissa_ and _ordinate_. To find the coordinates of a point, two perpendicular lines, called _axes_ (singular: _axis_), are drawn. The point where the axes meet is the coordinate **origin**, written (0,0). The  _coordinate_ gives the position of a point measured along the  axis, and the  _coordinate_ gives the position along the  axis. The coordinate system stretch's on to infinity in both _axes._

Cartesian coordinates can be used in three dimensions (3D), by adding a third number, the  _coordinate_. In four dimensions (4D), a fourth number, the  _coordinate_, is added. Each coordinate represents a dimension of space.

Using the Cartesian coordinate system, many shapes, like straight lines and parabolas can be described by using algebraic equations. The results of the equations can be seen by plotting (drawing) a point for each solution to the equations. For example, the  axis is described by the equation . A circle having radius  and centered at the origin can be described with the equation  (see Figure 2).

The name **Cartesian** comes from the French mathematician and philosopher René Descartes (Latin: _Cartesius_), who worked to merge algebra and Euclidean geometry. This work was important in creating calculus and cartography.

The idea of this system was developed in 1637 in two works by Descartes. In part two of his _Discourse on Method_, Descartes explains plotting the position of a point or object on a surface, using two perpendicular axes as measuring guides. In _La Géométrie_ (_Geometry_), he further explores these ideas.

## Related pages

- Polar coordinate system
Provinces of Cuba

**Cuba** is divided into fourteen **provinces** and one special municipality.

## List of provinces

From west to east, Cuba's provinces are:
1. Isla de la Juventud
1. Pinar del Río
1. Artemisa
1. City of Havana (Ciudad de La Habana)
1. Mayabeque
1. Matanzas
1. Cienfuegos
1. Villa Clara
1. Sancti Spíritus
1. Ciego de Ávila
1. Camagüey
1. Las Tunas
1. Granma
1. Holguín
1. Santiago de Cuba
1. Guantánamo

Cuba's "special municipality" is the _Isla de la Juventud_ ("Island of Youth"), known until the 1970s as the _Isla de Pinos_ ("Isle of Pines") and previously as "Evangelista", "Isle of Santiago" and "Isle of Parrots".

## History

Prior to 1976, Cuba was divided into the following provinces (from west to east):
- Pinar del Río
- La Habana
- Matanzas
- Las Villas (before 1940, "Santa Clara")
- Camagüey (before 1899, "Puerto Príncipe")
- Oriente (before 1905, "Santiago de Cuba")

These provinces were used to be the following areas on the map: Pinar del Rio (item 2), La Habana (items 1, 3, 4), Matanzas (5), Las Villas (approximately 6, 7, and 8 on map), Camaguey (roughly 9 and 10) and Oriente (11, 12, 13, 14 and 15).

## Demographics

_<span style="font-size:90%;">Pop. = Population. Source: Cuba census 2002</span>_ 
|Banner|width="*"|Province|width="*"|Capital|width="*"|Pop. (2005)|width="*"|Pop. (%)|width="*"|Area (km²)|width="*"|Area (%)|width="*"|Density|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|align="left"|Camagüey||7.02||13.2|50.22|||||||||
|align="left"|Ciego de Ávila||3.68||5.6|60.70|||||||||
|align="left"|Cienfuegos||3.54||3.9|94.54|||||||||
|align="left"|Havana||19.70|727|0.7||||||||||
|align="left"|Bayamo||7.36||7.9|98.20|||||||||
|align="left"|Guantánamo||4.54||6.0|82.22|||||||||
|align="left"|Holguín||9.14||8.5|109.90|||||||||
|align="left"|Nueva Gerona||0.77||2.1|35.78|||||||||
|align="left"|Havana||6.36||5.3|124.06|||||||||
|align="left"|Victoria de Las Tunas||4.70||6.0|79.77|||||||||
|align="left"|Matanzas||6.00||10.0|56.80|||||||||
|align="left"|Pinar del Río||6.50||10.2|66.63|||||||||
|align="left"|Sancti Spíritus||4.12||6.3|68.33|||||||||
|align="left"|Santiago de Cuba||9.27||5.9|168.32|||||||||
|align="left"|Santa Clara||7.31||7.6|97.17|||||||||
|align="left"|***Ciudad de La Habana***|******||******||***101.72***|||||||||

## References

<div class="references-small"></div>

## Other websites

- Map of contemporary provinces of Cuba on webhavana.com
- Cuban Census 2002
Jeddah

**Jeddah** (also spelled Jedda, Jiddah, Jidda, or Juddah; جدّة Ǧiddah) is a Saudi Arabian city. It is on the coast of the Red Sea (21.50° N 39.1667° E). It is the major urban center in western Saudi Arabia. Jeddah is the largest city in the Western Province, and the second largest city in Saudi Arabia after the capital city Riyadh. The city has over 3.4 million people. It is seen as the business capital of Saudi Arabia and the richest city in the Middle East and western Asia.

Jeddah is the main gateway to Mecca, the holiest city of Islam, where able-bodied Muslims must go to at least once in a lifetime.

## Sister cities

Jeddah has 23 sister cities (aka "twin towns"):

- Almaty, Kazakhstan
- Amman, Jordan
- Baku, Azerbaijan
- Alexandria, Egypt
- Cairo, Egypt
- Stuttgart, Germany
- Dubai, United Arab Emirates
- Jakarta, Indonesia
- Istanbul, Turkey
- Adana, Turkey
- Johor Bahru, Malaysia
- Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia
- Karachi, Pakistan
- Mari, Turkmenistan
- Odesa, Ukraine
- Osh, Kyrgyzstan
- Plovdiv, Bulgaria
- Casablanca, Morocco
- Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Shimonoseki, Japan
- St. Petersburg, Russia
- Strasbourg, France
- Xi'an, People's Republic of China

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Jeddah
- **nickname**: _The Bride of the Red Sea_
- **native name**: جدّة _Jidda_
- **settlement type**: City
- **image skyline**: Jeddah Seafront.jpg
- **image caption**: Jeddah Skyline
- **image flag**: Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg
- **flag link**: Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia
- **flag size**: 80px
- **image shield**: Emblem of Saudi Arabia.svg
- **shield link**: Coat of arms of Saudi Arabia
- **shield size**: 40px
- **pushpin map**: Saudi Arabia
- **map caption**: Location in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- **subdivision type**: Countries of the world, Country
- **subdivision name**: Saudi Arabia
- **subdivision type1**: Provinces of Saudi Arabia, Province
- **subdivision name1**: Makkah Province, Makkah (Mecca)
- **leader title**: City Mayor
- **leader name**: Hani Abu Ras
- **leader title2**: Governorate Mayor
- **leader name2**: Saleh Al-Turki
- **established title**: Established
- **established date**: From the 6th century BC
- **established title2**: Joined Saudi Arabia
- **established date2**: 1925
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area total km2**: 1570
- **area metro km2**: 3000
- **area urban km2**: 1686
- **elevation m**: 12
- **population note**: Jeddah City estimate
- **population as of**: 2012
- **population total**: 5,112,018
- **population density km2**: 2921
- **population density sq mi**: 1826
- **population urban**: 3,855,912
- **population metro**: 5,318,636
- **timezone**: EAT
- **utc offset**: +3
- **timezone dst**: EAT
- **utc offset dst**: +3
- **postal code type**: Postal Code
- **postal code**: (5 digits)
- **area code**: +966-2
- **website**: [http://www.jeddah.gov.sa/english/index.php Jeddah Municipality]
Horatio Nelson

Vice-Admiral **Horatio Nelson** (29 September 1758 – 21 October 1805) was an British sea captain in the Royal Navy.

Born at the rectory of the village of Burnham Thorpe, Norfolk, Nelson commanded the British fleet during the Napoleonic Wars, fighting the French and the Spanish. Nelson was blind in one eye after he had been wounded in battle.

During the Battle of Trafalgar, his greatest victory, he was killed by a French sniper.

## Last words

At least three versions of his last words exist and are shown in Wikiquote.

His most well-known last words are "Kiss me, Hardy".

Another statement during his last hours was "Thank God I have done my duty."

An alternative version is that he said both of those statements. He said "Kiss me, Hardy," When Hardy kissed him on the cheek. Then, Nelson said, "Now I am satisfied. Thank God I have done my duty." Next, Hardy kissed him again on the forehead, when Nelson called out, "Who is that?" Hardy replied, "It is Hardy." Nelson said, "God bless you, Hardy." Finally, he murmoured to those around him to look after Emma Hamilton and his daughter.

Most recently, accounts of his chaplain, Alexander Scott; his steward, Chevalier; and the purser, Walter Burke state that Nelson said, "Drink, drink. Fan, fan. Rub, rub." That was a request to ease the symptoms of thirst, heat, and the pains of his wounds.

Scott, who remained by Nelson as he died, recorded Nelson's last words as "God and my country."
Turquoise (color)

**Turquoise** is the color of the gem turquoise.  It is a slightly greenish shade of cyan.  Turquoise is sometimes described as a mixture of pale blue and green.  The name comes from the French word for _Turkish_.

## Meaning of turquoise

- People who practise holistic medicine say that turquoise has a calming effect on patients.  They use this color to treat patients prone to panic attacks or mania. To a lesser degree, mainstream psychiatric hospitals also use turquoise and other light shades of blue and green to calm patients by painting the walls in these colors.
- "The Turquoise" is slang for the waters of the Caribbean.  In the sunlight these waters look turquoise because they are shallow.
- Wearing Turquoise can help Cancerians (astrological sign) express their feelings more openly and heal from emotional wounds.

## Tones of turquoise color comparison chart

|Name|width=100|Color|HEX Code|Red|Green|Blue|Hue|Sat|Lum|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Pale Turquoise (web color)|style="background-color:#afeeee"||#AFEEEE|175|238|238|180°|26%|93%|
|Light Turquoise|style="background-color:#afe4de"||#AFE4DE|175|228|222|173°|50%|79%|
|Turquoise Blue|style="background-color:#00ffef"||#00FFEF|0|255|239|176°|100%|50%|
|Bright Turquoise|style="background-color:#08e8de"||#08E8DE|8|232|222|177°|93%|47%|
|**Turquoise**(web color)|style="background-color:#40e0d0"||#40E0D0|64|224|208|174°|71%|88%|
|Medium Turquoise (web color)|style="background-color:#48d1cc"||#48D1CC|72|209|204|178°|66%|82%|
|Dark Turquoise (web color)|style="background-color:#00ced1"||#00CED1|0|206|209|181°|100%|82%|
|Deep Turquoise|style="background-color:#00ced1"||#00DED1|0|206|209|176°|100%|87%|

## Related pages

- List of colors
Sea captain

A **sea captain**, also known as a **ship captain**, **sailing captain**, **sea master**, **ship master**, **sailing master**, **sea skipper**, **ship skipper** or **sailing skipper** or simply a **captain**, **master** or **skipper**, is the leader on a ship.  They are responsible for the safety of everyone on board.  If the ship is in trouble, most captains will not leave unless everyone is safe.

## Related pages

- Captain
Brain stem

The **brainstem** is the rear part of the brain. It has two sections: the **hindbrain**, which includes the **pons and medula**, and the **midbrain**.

Though the brainstem is small, it is extremely important. The motor (movement) and sensory connections from the main part of the brain to the rest of the body pass through the brain stem. Also, from the brainstem come the main motor and sensory nerves to the face and neck. These nerves are called the cranial nerves. The brainstem controls many bodily functions(called involuntary or unconscious) of which we are not normally aware, such as breathing, heart beat, and sweating. The brainstem controls functions which are unconscious, but necessary for life.

The hindbrain consists of the pons, and the medulla oblongata; which is an extension of the spinal cord.  It connects the other parts of the brain (the cerebrum and cerebellum) to the spinal cord. Its neurons are the control centre of bodily functions, such as breathing and blood pressure.

## Functions of the brainstem

- Conduction: All information going between the body and the cerebellum and the cerebrum must go through the brainstem.
- Nerves: Cranial nerves 3–12 emerge from the brainstem. There are motor neurons in the brainstem that allow movement in the face, including speech and swallowing.
- Integration: It is involved in cardiovascular system control, respiratory control, pain sensitivity control, alertness, awareness, and consciousness. Thus, brainstem damage is a serious and often life-threatening problem.
Ideology

An **ideology** is a collection of ideas or beliefs shared by a group of people. It may be a connected set of  ideas, or a style of thought, or a world-view. It was coined by a French philosopher, Destutt de Tracy in 1801/5.

There are two main types of ideologies: _political ideologies_, and _epistemological ideologies_. Political ideologies are sets of ethical ideas about how a country should be run in matters of economic, social, internal, foreign and fiscal policies. Epistemological ideologies are sets of ideas about the philosophy, the Universe, and how people should make decisions.

There are many different types of ideologies. Communism, socialism, and capitalism are political/economical ideologies.

Many political parties base their political action and program on an ideology. In social studies, a political ideology is a certain ethical set of values, principles, doctrines, myths, or symbols of a social movement, institution, or class which explains how society should work. It offers a political and cultural blueprint for a certain social order. A political ideology largely concerns itself with how to allocate power and to what ends it should be used. Some parties follow a certain ideology very closely, while others may take broad inspiration from a group of related ideologies without specifically embracing any one of them.

Political ideologies have two dimensions:
1. _Goals_: how society should work (or be arranged).
1. _Methods_: the most appropriate ways to achieve the ideal arrangement.

An ideology is a collection of ideas. Typically, each ideology contains certain ideas on what it considers to be the best form of government (e.g. democracy, theocracy, etc.), and the best economic system (e.g. capitalism, socialism, etc.). Sometimes the same word is used to identify both an ideology and one of its main ideas. For instance, "socialism" may refer to an economic system, or it may refer to an ideology which supports that economic system.

Ideologies also identify themselves by their position on the political spectrum (such as the left, the center or the right), though this is very often controversial. Finally, ideologies can be distinguished from political strategies (e.g. populism) and from single issues that a party may be built around (e.g. legalization of marijuana).

Today, many commentators claim that we are living in a post-ideological age, in which redemptive, all-encompassing ideologies have failed. This is often associated with Francis Fukuyama's writings on "the end of history".
Germ

**Germ** may refer to:

- Microorganism, especially a pathogen
    - Germ theory of disease
- Germ cell, an ovum or sperm, or one of its progenitors