juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
1598

## Events

- The Franco-Spanish War ends
- The Eighth War of Religion ends

## Births

- April 17 – Giovanni Battista Riccioli
- Bonaventura Cavalieri
1600

**1600** (MDC) was a century leap year starting on Saturday in the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Tuesday in the Julian calendar.  It was the last year of the 16th century.

1600 was also the last century leap year until the year 2000.

## Events

- Scotland adopts the Gregorian Calendar
- The Polish-Swedish War begins
- October 8 – San Marino adopts its constitution
- October 30- Sekigahara- Ieyasu unifies Japan after warring sates period by defeating the western army, lead by Mitsunari Ishida.

## Deaths

- September 16 – Gracia Hosokawa
- December 13 – Mitsunari Ishida

## Births

- Charles I of England (d. 1649)
Adult

**Adult** may mean different things. In law and social norms, an adult is a human who has reached the age of majority. The age of majority is the age at which an individual will be legally considered an adult. That age varies: in most countries, an adult is a person who is 18 years old or older. Once someone is adult, they no longer have to take directions from a parent or guardian but can make decisions for themselves, and _be held responsible for their own actions_. Legal penalties for crimes are different before and after the age of majority.

An adult is much more than turning the age of 18. The definition in the dictionary states an adult means being completely grown: fully developed and mature. In the United States an adult is considered to be someone who takes responsibility for themselves and their actions. An adult has stability in their life and is able to take care of themselves physically, mentally, financially and emotionally. In other countries and cultures their definition of an adult differs. Adults are unique in many ways. Every person is an entity having their own identity, thought process, and way they see things.

In contrast, a person who has not yet reached the age of majority is a minor.

There are additional laws that decide from what age a person is allowed to do something; for example, vote, drink alcohol, and have sexual intercourse. For example, in the United States, a person becomes an adult on their 18th birthday, but they cannot buy alcoholic beverages until they turn 21. To verify their age, a young person must have an I.D. card for inspection by the bartender.

There are also some cultures that says a person is an adult from an age of 13 years on, for example see Bar Mitzi, which usually corresponds to puberty.

In biology, an animal is an adult when they are sexually mature. This means that they are able to sexually reproduce.

## Related pages

- Adolescence
- Middle age
- Old age
- Teenager
Colony

A **colony** is a piece of land controlled by another country. The metropolitan state is the country that owns the colony. The phrase _dependent territory_ is now used instead of _colony_. **Colony** can also refer to a commune or a currently hypothetical human settlement in the sea (ocean colony) or outer space (space colony).

A country that has many colonies is often called an empire. A colonist is a person from the metropolitan state who lives in a colony.

Colonial means having to do with a colony. Colonial land is land that belongs to the colony. A colonist is sometimes called a colonial. The philosophy of having colonies is called colonialism. There must be many people to start a colony. There are many colonies, or countries that were once colonies, in the world. Most countries that were once colonies of Britain are part of the British Commonwealth.

## Related pages

- Dependent territory

## Other websites

- http://www.un.org/Depts/dpi/decolonization/trust3.htm - Non-self governing territories as listed by the United Nations General Assembly in 2002
Sonic boom

A **sonic boom** is created when an object travels faster than the speed of sound. When an airplane reaches the speed of sound, it makes a bang sound or an explosive noise. This is often called "breaking the sound barrier." The visible part of a sonic boom is actually air that becomes squashed by sound waves, which is known as a vapor cone. The thunder you hear when lightning strikes near enough, is also a sonic boom, caused by the lightning moving faster than the speed of sound, and making a sonic boom.

The first plane to fly at a level altitude above the speed of sound was the Bell X-1 in 1947 and was piloted by Chuck Yeager.
Spelling bee

A **spelling bee** is a spoken spelling competition. In a spelling bee, children are asked to spell words. The child who spells the most words correctly is the winner. Schools hold spelling bee competitions to encourage children how to read. As well, spelling bees encourage children to learn about spelling words and improve their vocabulary. One type of spelling bee is the Scripps National Spelling Bee, in Washington, D.C.

The United States National Spelling Bee was started in 1926 by _The Courier-Journal_, the newspaper of Louisville, Kentucky. Contests may have been held before that year. A key impetus for the contests was Noah Webster's spelling books. Webster's spelling books were an essential part of the curriculum of elementary school children in the United States for five generations. They were first published in 1786 and known as "The Blue-backed Speller". Now the key reference for the contests is the Merriam-Webster unabridged dictionary.

In a spelling bee it is actually best to go first rather than last because words usually go by levels in a school competition, so if you go first in line, you will most likely get the less difficult words.

**Type of game**: Nytimes Spelling Bee for free online.
Role-playing game

A **role-playing game** (also called an **RPG**) is a game in which one plays the role of one or several characters (people), either verbally (traditional RPGS), in a computer or video game, or alone (gamebooks). Often the characters gain experience (EXP) during the game, which makes them stronger.

## Traditional RPGs

A traditional role-playing game, or tabletop role-playing game, is a form of role-playing game (RPG) in which each person playing the game will make-believe that he or she is a character in the game. A person playing the game will tell the action of his or her character, and a system of rules will tell whether the action can be done or not.  The game will happen in a made-up world that is controlled by another person playing the game, called a gamemaster (GM). The gamemaster tells the game's story to the players, tells them where they are in the game world, and plays the part of all the Non-Player Characters (NPCs) and monsters that the players meet.

The gamemaster will also give quests or tasks for the characters to complete. Characters usually have things about them that limit their actions, such as strength or speed, and as the character completes the quests, he or she is awarded experience points which can be used to make the character better.

Most tabletop RPGs use dice rolls when a player tries to do something hard in the game (Like attacking a monster, or jumping over a gap). This means that there is luck in the game, as well as skill. Most games have a system of bonuses so that they can succeed more often.

A short example:

> **GM:** "You enter a small room. It is wet and smells bad. You hear water dripping from somewhere. You see a small, shaking pile of gray jelly in the middle of the room."
> **Player:** "I touch the pile with the tip of my sword."
> **GM:** "The jelly starts to move up your sword."
> **Player:** "I drop my sword."
> **GM:** "The jelly starts to eat your sword, but you are safe."

Good GMs balance challenges and rewards, giving the players the chance to recover from mistakes, but at the same time providing consequences for the player's actions. One example of this type of RPG is Dungeons & Dragons

## Live action role-playing game (LARP)

In LARP, the people play their characters themselves, much like a play. They act out the things their character does, dress like their character, and often talk in the way their character would.
Dresden

**Dresden** () is the capital of the Free State of Saxony. It is in the southeast of Germany, on the River Elbe near the border with the Czech Republic. It has an oceanic climate (**Cfb** in the Köppen climate classification).

## History

Dresden was already settled in the Neolithic part of the Stone Age, but the first written record of the city was in 1206, when Dresden began to develop as a royal residence.

Dresden was bombed a lot at the end of World War II. It was bombed by American and British bombers between 13 February and 15 February 1945. Most of the city's buildings were damaged beyond repair after the bombings. The city had to rebuild most of its buildings after the war.

In 2002 Dresden was flooded in Germany's so-called "century flooding".

## Politics and cultural

Dresden is the political and cultural centre of Saxony. It is the seat of the governmental district of Dresden and of many universities. The city had a popiulation that exceeded 100,000 around 1852.

Dresden has about 488,000 inhabitants (2005). Dresden forms the core of the densely-populated area of the same name in Central Europe and is a traffic junction and an economic centre. Together with the population centres of Chemnitz, Zwickau and Leipzig, it forms the population centre known as the _Metropolregion Saxonia Triangle_ .

## Traffic

Dresden has got an international airport _(Flughafen Dresden-Klotzsche)_ which has about 2 million passengers/year. This Airport has got daily flight connections to Frankfurt and Munich (Lufthansa), Moscow (Aeroflot), Cologne and Stuttgart (germanwings), Düsseldorf (germanwings)  as well as to Zurich (InterSky), Hamburg (eurowings on behalf of germanwings) and London-City (CityJet). The biggest station is _Dresden Hauptbahnhof_ (Dresden Main station) with an ICE (InterCityExpress) connection to Leipzig, Erfurt, Frankfurt and Wiesbaden. There's an EuroCity connection to Prague, Graz and Vienna just as an InterCity connection to Berlin and Hamburg. The metropolitan of Dresden has got four highwas:
- A4:   Frankfurt - **Dresden** - Goerlitz - Wrocław - Kraków

- A13: **Dresden** - Berlin
- A14: **Nossen (near Dresden)** - Leipzig - Magdeburg (- Schwerin)
- A17: **Dresden** - Prague
Dresden has 3 S-Bahn (Metropolitan overground railway) lines and a big tram network.

## Infobox (german location)

- **name**: Dresden
- **art**: City
- **image photo**: TyDresden20050921i0636.jpg
- **wappen**: Dresden_Stadtwappen.svg
- **image flag**: Flag of Dresden.svg
- **bundesland**: Saxony
- **regierungsbezirk**: Regierungsbezirk Dresden, Dresden Region
- **landkreis**: urban
- **höhe**: 113
- **fläche**: 328.8
- **einwohner**: 504635
- **stand**: 2006-12-31
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 14612000
- **plz**: 01001 - 01462
- **vorwahl**: 0351
- **kfz**: DD
- **bürgermeister**: Helma Orosz
- **bürgermeistertitel**: Oberbürgermeister
- **partei**: CDU
Irrigation

**Irrigation** is when people add water to plants, to help them grow when there is not enough rain. Irrigation water can be pumped from rivers, natural lakes or lakes created by dams, from wells or allowed to flow to the fields by or open canals.

## Types of Irrigation

There are many different types of irrigation methods. The most common ones are:
1. Sprinkler Irrigation
1. Drip irrigation
1. Surface irrigation
1. Sub surface irrigation
1. Manual irrigation
Sprinkler irrigation mimics natural rainfall where water falls on the plants.
In sprinkler irrigation, water is moved through pipes to sprinklers scattered around and within the field. The Sprinklers shoot water from pressurized outlets or guns from pipes into the air which then fall on the plants. Center pivot irrigation is a type of sprinkler irrigation. It's basically, sprinklers on wheels.

In drip irrigation, water drips directly to the roots of plants from pipes which have small holes or special emitters spaced along the pipe. Drip irrigation is more efficient than other irrigation methods because water is applied directly or close to plants' roots i.e. where it is needed. Thus, it uses less water, reduces leeching of soil nutrients and erosion of top soil.

In Surface irrigation, water from a source such as rivers, pipes, dams, canals e.t.c. floods the soil surface. Surface irrigation uses a lot of water compared to other irrigation methods. It could also drain nutrients beyond the reach of the plant roots. If the water is excessive, it could cause damage to the plant. However, surface irrigation is used extensively in rice farming. This is because the permanent flooding acts as a natural pest control method and rice can survive waterlogged soil.

Sub-Surface irrigation is when water comes from below the surface of the soil. Sub-surface irrigation create an artificial water table to place water right within reach of plants. Water seeps through the walls into the soil of farms from canals passing through and/or around the farm. Drip irrigation becomes sub-surface irrigation when the pipes are placed underground.

With Manual irrigation irrigation is done by humans using buckets, pipes or watering cans. It is labor-intensive and inefficient.

## Impacts

Irrigation can let more crops be grown on the same land, or allow a crop to grow in a dry period. It is expensive and care should be taken to ensure that the benefits from increased crop yields are not exceeded by the installation and operating costs of the irrigation scheme.

Irrigation causes a subsequent rise in water-tables. If saline water is below, it may rise to the surface. Sometimes salinity becomes high enough to kill the plants. Irrigation water itself can carry salt and sometimes other toxic materials that hurt the plants. To prevent this, irrigation projects must also assure good drainage.
Glastonbury Festival

The **Glastonbury Festival** is a very big music festival. It is held at Worthy Farm near Glastonbury, Somerset, England, most years, during the last weekend in June. About 100,000 people come to the festival every time. The festival is hosted and organized by local farmer Michael Eavis. It is a widely known festival with many big and popular bands playing there every year.

## Controversy

In Glastonbury 2009, there was a great deal of controversy when Jay-Z was asked to headline the festival. The most infamous response to this was when Noel Gallagher from Oasis said that Glastonbury should only be for rock musicians.
War communism

**War communism** is the name for the economic policies that introduced to Russia in 1918 by Vladimir Lenin, leader of Russia from 1917 to 1924. The policy was ended in 1921 because it was not successful. Instead, Lenin introduced the New Economic Policy in 1921.

War Communism was introduced for many reasons. However, the most important ones were:
- to feed and supply the hungry Red Army of Bolsheviks during the Russian Civil War
- to move towards complete communism

It was bad for the Russian economy because the government took away extra grain produced by the peasants. This was known as grain requisitioning. Peasants were not allowed to sell their extra food, so they stopped producing more than they needed to eat. This created a Russian famine with millions of people foodless and starving.
New Economic Policy

**New Economic Policy (**NEP) was an economic policy introduced by Lenin after the failed methods of War communism. These New Economic Policies were to revive the Russian economy. The new policy was a combination of private enterprise and state socialism. This is because the people did not believe in War communism.

The New Economic Policies meant that Russia returned to a partly capitalist society. This sorted out the problems of mass starvation and Famine which War communism had caused.

Lenin did not want Russia to stay in this way, he only introduced them to be supported again by the Russian people, and to revive the economy. In 1928 Joseph Stalin abolished the NEP.
Foreign aid

**Foreign aid** is one country helps another country, usually a poorer country, by giving money, supplies, or sending people to help during a disaster.

Some aid is for supporting economic development and help those in need, especially in places where wealthy countries and companies often shape trade, rules, and spread of money to their own benefit. Sometimes foreign aid is given to protect the donor country’s own interests by influencing politics or supporting their own businesses abroad. Experts say that helping people meet their basic needs through aid can reduce the chances of them joining dangerous groups or being forced to flee their homes.

This aid not only comes from a country's government, but sometimes a country's ordinary people also donate. Charities play a major role and deliver food, clean water, and healthcare services in developing countries.

The poorer countries are called LEDCs (Less Economically Developed Countries). The richer countries are called MEDCs (More Economically Developed Countries). The United Nations and the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development also work for such aid for poorer countries.
Mallaig

**Mallaig** is a small town in Scotland. It is also a port. Ferries link Mallaig, which is on the mainland, to some islands. About 797 lived there in 2001.
Cramlington

**Cramlington** is a town in the county of Northumberland, in the north-east of England.

Cramlington is about five miles from the coast. The nearest beach is at Blyth, which is to the east. The county town of Morpeth is rather nearby.

Newcastle city is also close, which people of Cramlington can go and enjoy.

Cramlington is rather new, with lots of parks. The bicycle track system means cyclists can travel around the entire town without having to travel on the roads. The underpasses under the major roads mean children can walk around safe from traffic.

## History

It was thought the Vikings were the first to settle in Cramlington. Until relatively recently it was made up of a few small mining villages, but was chosen to be a new town and since the 1960s, builders have enlarged the town to become the town of 40,000 it is today.

## Facilites

The headquarters of The Officers Club menswear store is in Cramlington.

A large indoor shopping mall, Manor Walks, serves as the main shopping centre, next to the old village centre. There is a large leisure centre, Concordia, next to the shopping centre which has an indoor pool, climbing wall and well-equipped gym.

There are lots of Christian churches in the town including two Methodist, an Anglican church with two plants, as well as a Catholic church and a few Pentecostal and charismatic churches.

Cramlington Community High School is the only secondary school in the town, which passed the recent OFSTED inspection with 'outstanding' grades. The school system is about to be replaced with the two tier system, in which the high school will cater for 11-18 year olds.

## Famous People

The comedian Ross Noble grew up in Cramlington.

## Infobox (uk place)

- **official name**: Cramlington
- **label position**: top
- **country**: England
- **population**: 39,000
- **population ref**: <small>(2004 est.)</small>
- **civil parish**: Cramlington
- **unitary england**: Northumberland County Council, Northumberland
- **lieutenancy england**: Northumberland
- **region**: North East England
- **constituency westminster**: Blyth Valley (UK Parliament constituency), Blyth Valley
- **post town**: CRAMLINGTON
- **postcode district**: NE23
- **postcode area**: NE
- **dial code**: 01670
- **os grid reference**: NZ270760
- **static image name**: St nicholas cramlington.jpg
- **static image caption**: <small>The parish church of St. Nicholas</small>
- **static image alt**: A church with a red tiled roof and a square tower. Trees in the foreground partially obscure the building. The sky is overcast and grey.
Belfast

**Belfast** (Irish: _Béal Feirste_) is the capital of Northern Ireland. It is the second largest city in Ireland, after Dublin. About 270,000 people live in the city. It became capital of Northern Ireland when Northern Ireland was created in 1921. A lot of famous ships were built by the Belfast shipyard Harland and Wolff. In 1911 they built the RMS Titanic.
Dungeness

**Dungeness** is a place on the coast in Kent, England. There are two power stations there called Dungeness Nuclear Power Station. There are also two lighthouses.
Power station

A **power station** (or **power plant**) is a place where electricity is produced. Most do this by  a big spinning electrical generator. In big powers stations the spinning is usually driven by a steam turbine. The steam may come from:

- Burning fossil fuels
- Nuclear power, using radioactive sources
- Using the earth's heat, called geothermal energy
- Using the sun's heat

Some do not use steam engines to spin the generator. Rather they use:
- Hydropower, which uses the power of moving water to drive turbines
- Using the wind to drive wind turbines
- Internal combustion engine power

A few power stations use the sun's rays to generate solar power without motion.  There are many power stations around the world, because many things need electricity to work.

Stations may be operated as Load following power plant, peaking power plant, or base load power plant.

### Renewable energy resources

- **Renewable heat energy**
- Solar thermal power
- Geothermal energy

- **Renewable flow energy**
- Hydro-electric power
- Wind power
- Wave power
- Tidal power

### Non-renewable energy resources

These all use heat as a source of energy.
- Coal
- Oil
- Natural gas
- Nuclear power

### Solid-state electricity sources

These sources have no moving parts. They are more expensive than generators, and are used where other questions are more important.
- Solar cell
- Battery
- Thermocouple
Reality

**Reality** means anything that exists. An event that has actually happened, or a thing which really exists is said to have "reality." Something close to reality is _realistic_.

Reality is the state of things as they are, rather than as they may appear or might be imagined. In a wider definition, reality includes everything that is and has been, whether or not we can see it and understand it. An even wider definition includes everything that has existed, exists, or will exist.

Reality is often contrasted with what is imaginary, delusional, in the mind, dreams, what is false, what is fictional, or what is abstract.

All the same, what is abstract plays a role in everyday life and in academic research. For instance, causality, virtue, life and justice are abstract concepts. They are difficult to define, but they are not pure delusions.

Television programs that are not scripted are called Reality TV.

## Viewpoints on reality

- Philosophy looks at the nature of reality itself, and the relationship between the mind (as well as language and culture) and reality.
- Science: the view that the world described by science is the real world. The scientists' view of reality depends on evidence, tests and experiments, worked out by specialists. In the end, what ends up in textbooks is what an "invisible college" of scientists has agreed on.

## Related pages

- Virtual reality
Sum

The **sum** of two numbers is their value added together. This operation is called **additive summation** or **addition**. There are many ways of writing sums, including:
- Addition ()
- Summation ()
- Code:
- Sum = 0
- For I = M to N
- Sum = Sum + X(I)
- Next I (in Visual BASIC)

## Sigma notation

**Sigma notation** is a mathematical notation to write long sums in a short way. Sigma notation uses the Greek letter Sigma (), and takes upper and lower bounds which tell us where the sum begins and where it ends. The lower bound usually has a variable (called the index, often denoted by ,  or ) along with a value, such as "". This tells us that the summation begins at 2, and goes up by 1 until it reaches the number on the top.

## Applications

Sums are used to represent series and sequences. For example:
The geometric series of a repeating decimal can be represented in summation. For example:

The concept of an integral is a limit of sums, with the area under a curve being defined as:
Calculating the mean of a set of numbers can be expressed like this, where each  can be any number.

So, because , you could also calculate the mean like  as well.

## Related pages

- Product (mathematics)

## Further reading

- Nicholas J. Higham, "The accuracy of floating point summation", _SIAM J. Scientific Computing_ **14** (4), 783–799 (1993).

## Other websites

- Sigma Notation  on PlanetMath
- Derivation of Polynomials to Express the Sum of Natural Numbers with Exponents
Nelson Mandela

**Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela** (18 July 1918 – 5 December 2013) was a South African politician and activist. On 27 April 1994, he became the first President of South Africa, elected in a fully represented democratic election. He was also the first black President of his country, South Africa.

Mandela was born in Mvezo, South Africa to a Thembu royal family.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **honorific-prefix**: His Excellency
- **name**: Nelson Mandela
- **image**: Nelson Mandela 1994 (2).jpg
- **caption**: Mandela in 1994
- **order**: 1st black
- **office**: President of South Africa
- **term start**: 10 May 1994
- **term end**: 16 June 1999
- **deputy**: Thabo Mbeki
F. W. de Klerk
- **predecessor**: F. W. de Klerk <small>(_State President of South Africa, State President_)</small>
- **successor**: Thabo Mbeki
- **deputy1**: Walter Sisulu
Thabo Mbeki
- **term start1**: 7 July 1991
- **term end1**: 20 December 1997
- **predecessor1**: Oliver Tambo
- **successor1**: Thabo Mbeki
- **office2**: 19th Secretary General of the
Non-Aligned Movement
- **term start2**: 2 September 1998
- **term end2**: 16 June 1999
- **predecessor2**: Andrés Pastrana Arango
- **successor2**: Thabo Mbeki
- **birth place**: Mvezo, Cape Province, Union of South Africa, South Africa
- **death cause**: Respiratory infection
- **death place**: Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
- **restingplace**: Mandela Graveyard
Qunu, Eastern Cape, South Africa
- **birthname**: Rolihlahla Mandela
- **party**: African National Congress
- **otherparty**: South African Communist Party
- **children**: 6 (including Thembekile Mandela, Thembekile, Makgatho Mandela, Makgatho, Makaziwe Mandela, Makaziwe, Zenani Mandela-Dlamini, Zenani and Zindzi Mandela-Hlongwane, Zindziswa)
- **parents**: Nosekeni Fanny
Gadla Henry Mphakanyiswa
- **blank1**: Known for
- **data1**: Internal resistance to apartheid, Anti-Apartheid Movement
- **blank2**: Awards
- **blank3**: Notable work(s)
- **data3**: _Long Walk to Freedom_
The Lost World: Jurassic Park

***The Lost World: Jurassic Park*** (known also as ***The Lost World***) is an American movie directed by Steven Spielberg. It was released in 1997. It is the sequel to the movie _Jurassic Park_. _The Lost World_ is the second in a series of three movies. It was followed by _Jurassic Park III_ and _Jurassic World_. It is based on a book by Michael Crichton, and sticks generally to the plot of the book. The movie was quite successful but not as much as the first.
Mario Party 6

***Mario Party 6*** is a party board video game for the Nintendo GameCube. It is the sixth game in the _Mario Party_ series. It was released in Japan on November 18, 2004, in North America on December 6, 2004, and in Europe on March 18, 2005. It is the first _Mario Party_ game to use the Nintendo GameCube's microphone add-on.

## Gameplay

_Mario Party 6_ plays the same as previous games in the _Mario Party_ series. Players go around on boards to collect coins, which they can use to buy stars. Movement is done with the use of a dice block with the numbers one through 10. After all four players take their turns, a mini-game is played. The player who wins the mini-game wins coins. The winner is the player with the most stars at the end of the game. In multiplayer, the sun will rise and fall every three turns. Changes that happen include spaces moving, new characters appearing, and changes to mini-games.

Six boards are in the game. The last one has to be unlocked. Players can play as 11 characters. One of them, Toadette, makes her first playable appearance in a _Mario Party_ game in this game.

## Infobox (video game)

- **title**: Mario Party 6
- **developer**: Hudson Soft
- **publisher**: Nintendo
- **composer**: Hironobu Yahata
Shinya Outouge
- **series**: _Mario Party_
- **genre**: Party game#Party video games, Party
- **modes**: Single-player, Multiplayer video game, multiplayer
- **platforms**: Nintendo GameCube
Don Quixote

***Don Quixote*** is a novel by Miguel de Cervantes. The book was published in two parts (1605 and 1615). It was first written in Spanish. Soon afterwards it was translated to English by Thomas Shelton. It is considered by many scholars to be the first modern novel. The main character, Don Quixote, is very good at chivalry but in a very flawed and impractical way. Don Quixote is so influential as a character that the word "quixotic" is used to describe his type of behavior.

The story is about Alonso Quixano, a rich middle-aged man. Quixano, having read many tales about chivalry and knights, goes crazy and believes that he is a knight named Don Quixote. He rides around the country with his squire, Sancho, having adventures. He believes his adventures are real, but everyone else laughs at him.

One of the most famous stories in the book is Don Quixote's fight with windmills. He sees some windmills and thinks they are giants. When he rides to fight with them, he is knocked off his horse. Sancho tells him they are only windmills, but Don Quixote does not believe him. He is sure a magician changed windmills into the giants to hurt him.

At the end of the book, Don Quixote (Alonso Quixano) returns home, hurt badly from a fight with another knight. He becomes sane (being sane means to see reality) again, then dies from a high fever.
Swim

For living creatures, a **swim** or **swimming** is a way of moving in water. Swimming is an activity that can be both useful and recreational. Its primary uses are bathing, cooling, fishing, recreation, exercise, and sport.

## Human swimming

Swimming has been known amongst humans since prehistoric times; the earliest record of swimming dates back to Stone Age, from around 7,000 years ago.  Competitive swimming started in Europe around 1800 and was part of the first modern 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens, though not in a form comparable to the contemporary events.  It was not until 1908 that regulations were implemented by the International Swimming Federation to produce competitive swimming.

## Related pages

- List of water sports
- Winter swimming
Vandalism

**Vandalism** is a crime that is done by destroying or damaging the property of someone else without their permission. This can include graffiti and website damage.

A person that does this is called a **vandal**. The name comes from the Vandals, a tribe that attacked and damaged the city of Rome in 455 CE.

## Examples

Examples of physical vandalism include salting lawns, cutting trees without permission, egg throwing, breaking windows, burning things down, spraying paint on others' properties, and tagging.

### Internet

Many websites, such as wikis, forums, and blogs, can be changed by anyone. Because of this, they can be "vandalized" by adding comments or replacing everything on the page with spam, nonsense or other silly content. It is a kind of trolling, and some of these websites have special users, called administrators and moderators, whose job is to remove the vandalism and to block or ban users who do not stop vandalizing.
Still Standing

***Still Standing*** is a CBS sitcom starring Mark Addy. It is about a working-class couple who live in Chicago, Illinois. Addy's character is a father of three with a wife named Judy (Jami Gertz). Judy and Addy's character, Bill Miller, deal with having an annoying relative, Aunt Linda (Jennifer Irwin), and with having children of different ages. It was first shown in September 2002. Lifetime had the rights to have the show in 2005. It ended in March 2006.

## Other websites

- CBS
- Lifetime
IGN

**IGN** is a gaming website that was first launched in 2000. It has FAQ's, guides, and walkthroughs about many of the games on GameCube, PC, PlayStation 2, Xbox, Wii, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Xbox One, and the PlayStation 4, as well as older systems. IGN's main competitor is GameSpot, another gaming website.

IGN also features a popular message board, with a lot of members.

## Other websites

- Official website
Sock

**Socks** are often worn on a person's feet. They absorb sweat and help to keep the foot dry. Socks also give comfort to people's feet and keep them warm in cold weather.

## Overview

Socks are usually made of cotton or wool. Some socks can cover only the foot and ankle, and others may be long enough to cover the entire lower leg up to the knee. **Toe socks** are socks that wrap each toe separate from the others, like glove<nowiki/>s but for the feet. Socks are made in many colors. Generally, white socks are worn for everyday or athletic use, and dark socks (black, brown, gray, or navy blue) are worn with business or formal wears. Some dress socks have patterns on them; these are called "argyles."

## Phone socks

People often refer to sleeves that cover mobile phones or other device with "socks". These come in many different forms, colorful or plain. Introduced by Apple in 2004, they usually help to protect the device whilst also being a stylish addition.
Everybody Loves Raymond

***Everybody Loves Raymond*** is an American television series. It stars Ray Romano. The series was a popular sitcom on the CBS network.

## Overview

Ray Romano plays Ray Barone, a sports writer in Lynbrook, New York. Patricia Heaton plays his wife, Debra. Ray and Deborah have a fun set of neighbors: Ray's parents. Robert, Ray's "loser" brother, is a police officer, and is very unlucky in love. By the end of season seven, however, he marries a woman named Amy. The show aired from September 13, 1996 to May 16, 2005.
Lighthouse

A **lighthouse** is a tall building that sends out light for use in navigation. Lighthouses are built on the coast of an ocean or lake. The lighthouse protects ships from crashing into shore, by sending the light out towards the sea. When sailors see the light, they know to avoid hitting the shore. The light usually turns in a circle so that ships see a flashing light.  The light is usually covered by a Fresnel lens.  This lens enables the light to travel a far distance.

One of the most famous lighthouses was the Lighthouse of Alexandria. It was on an island near the coast. That island was called _Pharos_. Even today, in many languages, the word for _lighthouse_ comes from the name of the island.

Almost all lighthouses are automatic now.
Joan of Arcadia

***Joan of Arcadia*** was a CBS drama television series. It starred Amber Tamblyn. Tamblyn's character was Joan Girardi, a teenager with the ability to talk to God.

In its second season, the show had 8.5 million viewers per episode. However, after declining ratings the show was canceled. A third season was never made.
Lunchbox

A **lunchbox** is used to carry a person's lunch. They can come in many shapes and sizes and by a number of manufacturers. They can also be in the form of a brown paper bag.
The first aluminium lunch box was created in 1954 by a man by the name of Leo May when he happened to crush his tin lunch box.
The Game of Life

**The Game of Life** is a popular board game. Players spin a spinner, which tells them where to go next. They then go through an imaginary "life," getting married and having children. The object of the game is to have more money than the other players by the end of the game.
Poster

A **poster** is a large piece of printed paper that has a message, usually with picture of something. Posters are made to be shown in public on a wall or other flat surfaces. They were the main form of public advertising before the web, and they are still used.

Posters are used for advertising, education, propaganda, and decoration. They may also be copies of famous works of art.

## Chromolithography and the poster

Chromolithography (color lithography) was invented by Engelmann & Son, who were granted a patent in 1837. After that, it was a matter of time before it reached full commercial development.

Because of its low production costs, over the 50 years after the American Civil War, millions of chromolithographs were printed and were sold for under $10. Louis Prang, a Bostonian, produced fine-art subjects, such as still lifes, landscapes, and classical subjects. Nevertheless, it was only after 1847 that the Jules Chéret posters showed their real potential.

### 19th century posters in the US

- General source:

## Posters in the first half of the 20th century

Posters were used for war propaganda, to encourage young people to enlist in the army, and to sell government war bonds. From a strictly artistic view, the posters were unimaginative and far from the masterpieces of the late 19th century posters. The posters almost all came with a caption to bang the message home.
Gretchen Wilson

**Gretchen Wilson** (born June 26, 1973) is a country music singer.

In 2004 she had her first number one album on Billboard's Hot Country Songs music chart. As late 2013 she had a song on Billboard's Country Airplay music chart.

## Career

Wilson got a contract with Epic Records in 2003.

## Discography

- Studio albums
- _Here for the Party_ (2004)
- _All Jacked Up_ (2005)
- _One of the Boys_ (2007)
- _I Got Your Country Right Here_ (2010)
- _Right on Time_ (2013)
- _Under the Covers_ (2013)
- _Ready to Get Rowdy_ (2017)

## Related pages

- List of country musicians from Illinois

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Gretchen Wilson
- **img**: Gretchen Wilson at Little Creek Amphibious Base, 8 August 2008.jpg
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Gretchen Frances Wilson
- **origin**: Pocahontas, Illinois, United States, U.S.
- **instrument**: Singer, Vocals, guitar
- **genre**: Country music, Country
- **occupation**: Singer-songwriter
- **years active**: 2004–present
- **label**: Epic Records, Columbia Records, Redneck Records
- **associated acts**: Miranda Lambert
- **url**: https://www.gretchenwilson.com
Blue Balliett

**Elizabeth "Blue" Balliett Klein** (born in 1955) is an American writer. Her first book is _Chasing Vermeer_. _Chasing Vermeer_ made the Children's bestseller list in 2004.  In the story, two sixth graders help solve a mystery involving a Vermeer painting.  The story has to do with pentominoes, patterns, and coincidences.  The sequel to _Chasing Vermeer_ is _The Wright 3,_ a mystery centered around the Robie House designed by Frank Lloyd Wright and his talisman- a superstitious good luck object- that is a jade Japanese fish. This time, the two main characters, Petra and Calder, are joined by Calder's old friend, Tommy Segovia. The sequel, called The Wright 3, was published in April 2006.
Eyelash

An **eyelash** is a hair that grows at the edge of the eyelids. They protect the eye from small things like dust. The average person has hundreds of eyelashes. They have a life span of about 3 months.
Wallet

A **wallet** is a small flat container, mostly of leather or fabric, that a person uses to hold cash, credit cards, identification cards, etc. Most men usually keep their wallets in their pockets, while women usually keep them in larger bags called purses.

Wallets, particularly in Europe, where larger coins are prevalent, contain also a coin purse compartments. Some wallets have built-in clasps or bands to keep them closed.

As European banknotes, such as Euros and Pounds, are typically larger than American banknotes in size, they do not fit in some smaller American wallets.

A cryptocurrency wallet is a device, program, or service that stores public and/or private keys for cryptocurrency transactions. In addition to this basic function, a cryptocurrency wallet most often also offers provides encryption and/or the use of a digital signature.

## Other websites

- Collection of Unique Wallet Designs
- Some images for wallet design
- Wallet stealing
Memory card

A **memory card** is a form of flash memory that is used in a range of electronic devices, such as a digital camera or video game console. The memory card stores data, like images, music, saved games or other computer files.

Flash memory devices like this contain no moving parts so they are not easily damaged. This means that they are ideal for use in portable devices such as MP3 players, digital cameras, mobile phones, etc.

The amount of data memory cards can store depends on the _capacity_ of the card. As of 2025, the largest memory cards widely available can store 2 terabytes of data. As the technology improves, larger capacity cards are expected.

There are many types of memory cards, for example MultiMediaCard or CompactFlash, but the most common cards in use in the 21st century are of the SD card type, like MicroSD.
Chasing Vermeer

***Chasing Vermeer*** is a children's novel. It is about two children noticing strange coincidences relating to art. The book was written by Blue Balliett and published (printed) by Scholastic in 2003. It says many things about the Dutch painter Johannes Vermeer.

The sequel to the book is _The Wright 3_.

## Characters

- Petra Andalee
- Calder Pillay
- Mrs. Sharpe
- Ms. Hussey
- Tommy Segovia

## Infobox (book)

- **name**: **Chasing Vermeer**
- **image caption**: First US edition cover
- **author**: Blue Balliett
- **cover artist**: Brett Helquist
- **country**: United States of America
- **language**: English language, English
- **genre**: Children's Mystery Fiction
- **publisher**: Scholastic Press
- **release date**: 2003
- **media type**: Print Hardcover
- **pages**: 254
- **isbn**: 0-439-37294-1
- **followed by**: The Wright 3
 The Calder Game
Care Bears

The **Care Bears** are a very successful toy franchise from the 1980s. Over forty million of these stuffed teddy bears, made with a variety of colours, were sold from 1983 to 1987. Each Bear had a name, a job, and a symbol tied to it. For example, Funshine Bear makes sure people have a good time, no matter what they  are doing  and has a sun on his stomach.

The toys were first made as characters on cards in 1981; the original artwork was done by Elena Kucharik. Later, other toys called the Care Bear Cousins were introduced.

They also gave way to three animated movies for the cinema in the mid-1980s. A related TV series from DIC and, later, Canada's Nelvana Limited came out at almost that same time.

Recently, Care Bear toys have been brought back in a new edition for the twenty-first century. As part of this comeback, the Bears have appeared in their first two DVD movies (both computer-animated), as well as a few video games.

## Characters

There are lots of characters of the Care Bears and the Care Bear Cousins. Both of these groups live in the Kingdom of Caring, which is made up of Care-a-Lot (the home of the Care Bears proper) and the Forest of Feelings (the home of the Care Bear Cousins).

## The movies

1. _The Care Bears Movie_ (1985)
1. _Care Bears Movie II: A New Generation_ (1986)
1. _The Care Bears Adventure in Wonderland_ (1987)
1. Care Bears The Nutcracker (1988)
1. _Care Bears: Journey to Joke-a-lot_ (2004) (direct to video)
1. _The Care Bears' Big Wish Movie_ (2005) (direct to video)
1. _Care Bears: Oopsy Does It!_ (2007) (direct to video)
1. _Care Bears: Share Bear Shines_ (2009) (direct to video)
1. _Care Bears: To the Rescue!_ (2009) (direct to video)
1. _Care Bears: The Giving Festival_ (2009) (direct to video)

## Other websites

- The Official Site
- Care Bears Forever
- Take Care Bear's Place
- The Memories Board
- The Care Bear Zone
Bolzano

**Bozen** (; ; , Southern Bavarian: _Bozn_) is the capital city of the province of Province of Bolzano-Bozen in northern Italy's Alto Adige.

Its population is 98.057 (March 2005) and the area of the municipality is 52.34 km<sup>2</sup>. Bolzano has had Italian-speaking inhabitants since the Middle Ages.

## City districts and neighboring communities

Bozen has five city districts:
- Centro-Piani-Rencio (German: _Zentrum-Bozner Boden-Rentsch_)
- Don Bosco
- Europa-Novacella (German: _Europa-Neustift_)
- Gries-San Quirino (German: _Gries-Quirein_)
- Oltrisarco-Aslago (German: _Oberau-Haslach_)

Communities next to Bozen are: Eppan, Karneid, Laives, Deutschnofen, Ritten, Jenesien, Terlan, and Vadena.

Other important towns near Bozen are: Brixen, Bruneck and Merano.

## Twin cities

- Sopron, Hungary

## Other websites

- City of Bolzano-Bozen (only in Italian and German)
- Tourism Board
- University
- Eurac Research
- Airport
- Archaeology Museum

## Infobox (italian comune)

- **name**: Bozen
- **native name**:
_Bozn_ (Southern Bavarian, Bavarian)
- **official name**: Comune di Bolzano
Stadt Bozen
- **image skyline**: Panoramic_view_of_Bolzano.jpg
- **image caption**: Panorama of Bozen
- **image flag**: Flag of Bozen.svg
- **image shield**: ITA Bolzano COA.svg
- **pushpin map**: Italy Trentino-South Tyrol#Italy#Europe
- **region**: Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol
- **province**: South Tyrol (BZ)
- **mayor party**: Democratic Party (Italy), PD
- **mayor**: Renzo Caramaschi
- **area total km2**: 52.3
- **population total**: 107436
- **population as of**: March 2018
- **population demonym**: Italian: bolzanini
 German: Bozner
 Ladin: bulsanins
- **elevation m**: 262
- **postal code**: 39100
- **area code**: 0471
Flubber

***Flubber*** is a 1997 American science-fiction comedy film directed by Les Mayfield (who had previously directed another John Hughes scripted remake, _Miracle on 34th Street_) and written by Hughes, based on an earlier screenplay by Bill Walsh. A color remake of _The Absent-Minded Professor_ (1961), the film was produced by Walt Disney Pictures and stars Robin Williams, Marcia Gay Harden, Christopher McDonald, Ted Levine, Raymond J. Barry, Wil Wheaton and Clancy Brown with Jodi Benson providing a voice. The film grossed $178 million worldwide despite negative reviews. In selected theaters, the _Pepper Ann_ episode "Old Best Friend" was featured before the film.

## Infobox (film)

- **name**: Flubber
- **director**: Les Mayfield
- **screenplay**: John Hughes (filmmaker), John Hughes
- **cinematography**: Dean Cundey
- **music**: Danny Elfman
- **studio**: Walt Disney Pictures
Great Oaks Entertainment, Great Oaks
- **distributor**: Buena Vista Pictures
- **runtime**: 93 minutes
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **budget**: $80 million
- **gross**: $178 million