juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Guadarrama

**Guadarrama** is a village in the nothwestern part of the community of Madrid, in Spain. The population of Guadarrama is almost 15,000 people. In summer, there can be 60,000 people.

Guadarrama has become an important tourist point. It is a second home for many people from Madrid.

Guadarrama is near the "Sierra of Guadarrama".

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Guadarrama
- **settlement type**: Municipalities in Spain, Municipality
- **image flag**: Flag_of_Guadarrama_Spain.svg
- **image seal**: Escudo de Guadarrama.svg
- **pushpin map**: Spain#Spain Community of Madrid
- **map caption**: Location of Guadarrama within Spain
- **subdivision type**: Countries of the world, Country
- **subdivision type1**: Autonomous Communities of Spain, Autonomous Community
- **subdivision type2**: Comarcas of Madrid, Comarca
- **subdivision name2**: Cuenca del Guadarrama
- **subdivision type4**: Municipalities in Madrid, Municipality
- **subdivision name4**: Guadarrama
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Diosdado Soto Pérez (PP)
- **area total km2**: 56.98
- **population density km2**: auto
- **population demonym**: guadarrameño, -ña
- **elevation m**: 981
- **blank name sec1**: Patron saint
- **website**: [http://www.ayuntamientodeguadarrama.es/ Guadarrama's Town Council]
Cia-Cia language

The **Cia-Cia language** (Hangul: 바하사 찌아찌아, Roman: Bahasa Ciacia), also known as **South Buton(ese)**, is an Austronesian language spoken principally around the town of Bau-Bau on the southern tip of Buton Island off the southeast coast of Sulawesi in Indonesia.

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Cia-Cia
- **nativename**: 바하사 찌아찌아 _Bahasa Ciacia_
- **region**: Buton Island, Sulawesi
- **speakers**: 80,000 (as of 2005)
- **script**: Hangul (as of 2009), formerly Gundul
- **familycolor**: Austronesian
- **fam2**: Malayo-Polynesian languages, Malayo-Polynesian
- **fam3**: Nuclear Malayo-Polynesian languages, Nuclear MP
- **fam4**: Celebic languages, Celebic
- **fam5**: Muna-Buton languages, Muna-Buton
- **fam6**: Buton languages, Buton
- **iso3**: cia
Elmer Gedeon

**Elmer John Gedeon** (April 15, 1917 – April 20, 1944) is one of only two Major League Baseball players killed in action during World War II. He was also a multi-sport star in college at the University of Michigan.

At Michigan, Gedeon became an All-American in track and field, and earned varsity letters in both American football and baseball. He tied a world record in the high hurdles in 1938. After graduating, Gedeon had a position in Major League Baseball as an outfielder for the Washington Senators. Gedeon spent most of the 1939 and 1940 baseball seasons in the minor leagues. He was called up to the Senators in September 1939.

Gedeon's was drafted by the United States Army in early 1941. Since he was drafted, he had to stop baseball. He trained as a bomber pilot. He served in combat, and was shot down and killed in France, April 1944.

## Infobox (military person)

- **name**: Elmer Gedeon
- **birth place**: Cleveland, Ohio
- **death place**: Saint-Pol-sur-Ternoise, Saint-Pol, German-occupied France
- **placeofburial**: Arlington National Cemetery
- **placeofburial label**: Place of burial
- **image**: Elmer gedeon 1938 UofM football team.jpg
- **caption**: Gedeon, 1938
- **branch**:  United States Army Air Forces
- **serviceyears**: 1941–1944
- **rank**:  Captain (OF-2), Captain
- **unit**: 586th Flight Test Squadron, 586th Bomb Squadron, 394th Bombardment Group
- **battles**: World War II
* European air campaign (World War II), European air campaign
- **awards**:  Soldier's Medal
 Purple Heart
- **alma mater**: University of Michigan
August Rush

***August Rush*** is a 2007 American drama movie. It was directed by Kirsten Sheridan. It was written by Paul Castro, Nick Castle, and James V. Hart. It was produced by Richard Barton Lewis. _August Rush_ has been thought to as an up-to-date reworking of the _Oliver Twist_ story by Charles Dickens.

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: August Rush
- **caption**: Theatrical release poster
- **director**: Kirsten Sheridan
- **producer**: Richard Barton Lewis
- **writer**: Nick Castle
James V. Hart
Paul Castro
- **starring**: Freddie Highmore
Keri Russell
Jonathan Rhys Meyers
with Terrence Howard
and Robin Williams
- **music**: Mark Mancina
- **cinematography**: John Mathieson (cinematographer), John Mathieson
- **editing**: William Steinkamp
- **distributor**: Warner Bros. (USA)
Entertainment Film Distributors (UK)
- **released**: November 21, 2007
- **runtime**: 114 minutes
- **language**: English
- **budget**: $25,000,000 (est.)
- **gross**: $66,121,062
Wikimania

**Wikimania** is an international conference on wikis like Wikipedia. It is organized by the Wikimedia Foundation and brings together authors, programmers, and researchers. It was started in 2005.

Wikimania has been in the following places:
- Frankfurt am Main, Germany (2005)
- Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA (2006)
- Taipei City, Taiwan (2007)
- Alexandria, Egypt (2008)
- Buenos Aires, Argentina (2009)
- Gdańsk, Poland (2010)
- Haifa, Israel (2011)
- Washington, DC (2012)
- Hong Kong (2013)
- London, United Kingdom (2014)
- Mexico City, Mexico (2015)
- Esino Lario, Italy (2016)
- Montreal, Quebec, Canada (2017)
- Cape Town, South Africa (2018)
- Stockholm, Sweden (2019)
- Bangkok, Thailand (2020, canceled due to COVID-19 pandemic)
- Online (2021-2022)
- Singapore (2023)
- Katowice, Poland (2024)
- Nairobi, Kenya (2025)

## Related pages

- Wikimania page on Wikimedia Foundation
- Wikimania website

## Infobox (recurring event)

- **name**: Wikimania
- **logo**: Wikimania logo.svg
- **logo caption**: The Wikimania logo
- **status**: Active
- **genre**: Conference
- **frequency**: Annually
- **last**: August 6-9, 2025
- **next**: August 2026
- **organizer**: Local volunteer teams
- **filing**: Non-profit
Open license

An **open license or free license** is a license that allows others to re-use an author's work as they wish. Without such a license, such use is generally prohibited by copyright law or a closed license.

### By type of license

- Public domain licenses
    - Creative Commons CC0
    - WTFPL
    - Unlicense
    - Public Domain Dedication and License (PDDL)
- Permissive licenses
    - BSD License
    - MIT License
    - Mozilla Public License (file-based permissive copyleft)
    - Creative Commons Attribution
- Copyleft & patentleft licenses
    - GNU GPL, LGPL (weaker copyleft), AGPL (stronger copyleft)
    - Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike
    - Mozilla Public License
    - Common Development and Distribution License
    - GFDL (without invariant sections)
    - Free Art License

### By type of content

- Open-source software
    - The Open Source Definition
- Open Content
    - Open Content License
    - Open Publication License
- Open-source hardware
- Open database
    - Creative Commons v4
    - Open Database Licence

### By authors

- Creative Commons
- Free Software Foundation
- Open Source Initiative
- Microsoft
    - Microsoft Public License
    - Microsoft Reciprocal License
- Open Content Project
- Open Data Commons from Open Knowledge Foundation
    - Public Domain Dedication and License (PDDL)
    - Attribution License (ODC-By)
    - Open Database License (ODC-ODbL)
- European Union
    - European Union Public Licence

## Related pages

- Open content
- Openness
Sulfate

In chemistry, a **sulfate** (_sulphate_ traditionally used in UK English but changed as per IUPAC guidelines) is a salt or ester of sulfuric acid. The sulfate ion is a group of atoms with the formula . It consists of a central sulfur atom surrounded by four (equivalent) oxygen atoms. It occurs when sulfuric acid loses two hydrogen atoms.

## Hydrogen sulfate

**Hydrogen sulfate**, also known as **bisulfate**, is a conjugate base of sulfuric acid and conjugate acid of sulfate. The chemical formula is HSO<sub>4</sub><sup>-</sup>. It is formed as part of sulfuric acid, H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> when it only loses one hydrogen atom.

Chemical compounds containing this ion are known as **bisulfates** or **hydrogen sulfates**. An example would be sodium bisulfate. Hydrogen sulfates are acidic. They can be used as a weaker form of acid than sulfuric acid. It is a salt of sulfuric acid when partially neutralized. In these compounds, sulfuric acid is deprotonated once.
Padlock

A **padlock** is a type of portable lock that has a U-shaped shackle that will not come apart from the body of the lock unless the correct key is inserted or the correct combination is dialed. The U-shape of the lock allows for a wide variety of uses. Typically the padlock is used to lock two things together, for example, a door and its frame, two or more chains, or a chain and a fixed object. Padlocks are not recommended for high-security applications because the shackle is easily cut with a bolt cutter or hacksaw. Some newer padlocks have hardened boron alloy shackles or shrouded (hidden or covered) shackles to make them more difficult to cut.

## Construction

The combination padlock is usually made with a metal "can" with three tumblers inside connected to a dial on the front. The mechanism is very similar to combination lock<nowiki/>s used in safes. When the correct combination is entered, the notches on the tumblers line up and allow a latch to fall into the notches, releasing the shackle. Combination locks of this type are not recommended for outdoor use because they can fill up with rain water which causes them to rust.

Some padlocks have a laminated body, constructed from a series of metal plates that are riveted together.

The shackle of most padlocks is made from hardened steel, although more expensive padlocks may have boron alloy steels to make them more difficult to cut. Inexpensive padlocks usually have a shackle made of ordinary steel. Corrosion-resistant padlocks usually have a brass or stainless steel shackle although these materials have low hardness and are easily cut with bolt-cutters. The material that the shackle is made of is usually stamped in the center of the shackle. For example, a hardened steel shackle will be stamped "HARDENED" or a boron alloy shackle will be stamped "BORON ALLOY". Alloy steels with appropriate heat treating provide much higher cutting resistance to bolt-cutters.  Alloy steel shackles are plated with another metal such as nickel or chrome to protect them from rust. The body of the padlock is usually also plated. Brass and stainless steel padlocks do not need plating, although they are sometimes plated anyway for appearance.

## Stamp on shackle

The stamp on the shackle indicates what material it is made of. The most common are:
- Hardened - Hardened steel, most common
- Case hard - Also hardened steel, found on older padlocks
- Stainless - Stainless steel
- Boron alloy - Boron alloy steel
- Boron carbide - Found on Master Lock Magnum.
- Special alloy - Found on some Abus padlocks
- Molybdenum - Molybdenum alloy steel
- Unstamped - Normal steel (when silver) or brass (when gold)

## Common uses

- School and gym lockers
- Cabinets
- Self-storage
- Gates
- Shed doors
- Windows
- Vending machines
- Truck doors
- Bicycles and motorcycles
- Safety switches
- Storage boxes
- Refrigerators and freezers
- Garage doors
- Trailers
- Toolboxes
- Small cash boxes

## Manufacturers

- Master Lock
- Abloy
- Abus
- American Lock
- CJSJ

- Medeco
- ASSA
- Sargent and Greenleaf
- Brinks
- Wordlock
Dial

A **dial** is

- The face of a watch, clock or other instrument
- a knob with numbers all around it. It can spin, and is usually used for the following purposes:
    - used to open some locks and lockers
    - used on old-modeled telephones for dialing
    - used on most safes
Market economy

A **market economy** is economy in which the prices of the products and services are chosen in a free price system that is decided by supply and demand. It began around the late 18th century, after the Industrial Revolution. A key work was Adam Smith's _The Wealth of Nations_, 1776.

Market economics has been widely used because of its efficiency (ability to work well). However, it has also been criticized for its selfishness and the difference between the rich and poor. In the real world, market economies are not purely market economies, as societies and governments control them in some ways instead of market forces. The expression _free-market economy_ is sometimes used as the same as market economy. Nobel Prize in Economics winner Ludwig von Mises said that a market economy is still a market economy even if the government joins in pricing.

In a market economy, the following will be true:
1. The Factors of production are privately owned. Production occurs from an initiative of the owners.
1. The only way to get revenue is through services, or through the profits of private companies.
1. There is no planned economy
1. There are no regulatory economics
1. The market participants are free to choose the products they buy, the profession they exercise, and whether to save or invest their money.

Sometimes, market economy does not work as expected, the following may be observed:
- For certain goods or services there may be monopolies or cartels.
- Some goods may be public.
- There may be externalities
- There may be Information asymmetry, that is not all participants have the same information

## Related pages

- command economy - contrary notion
- market
Epidexipteryx

***Epidexipteryx*** ('display feather') is a genus of small maniraptoran dinosaurs, known from one fossil specimen in Beijing. _Epidexipteryx_ is the earliest known example of ornamental feathers in the fossil record. It is a small maniraptoran dinosaur from the Middle or Upper Jurassic age Daohugou Beds of Inner Mongolia, China (perhaps 160 to 168 million years ago).

## Structure

It is known from a well preserved partial skeleton that includes four long feathers on the tail, composed of a central rachis and vanes. However, unlike in modern-style tail feathers, the vanes were not branched but made up of a single ribbon-like sheet. _Epidexipteryx_ also preserved a covering of simpler body feathers. They are unique in that some appear to arise from a "membranous structure".

In all, the skeleton of _Epidexipteryx hui_ measures 25 centimeters (10 inches) in length (44.5 cm or 17.5 in including the incomplete tail feathers), and the authors estimated a weight of 164 grams, smaller than most other early dinobirds.

The skull of _Epidexipteryx_ is also unique in a number of features. It had teeth only in the front of the jaws, with unusually long front teeth angled forward, a feature only seen in _Masiakasaurus_ among other theropods. The tail of _Epidexipteryx_ bore unusual vertebrae towards the tip which resembled the feather-anchoring pygostyle of modern birds and some oviraptors.

Despite its close relationship to avialan birds, _Epidexipteryx_ appears to have lacked wing feathers, and so it could not fly. Zhang _et al._ suggest that unless _Epidexipteryx_ evolved from flying ancestors and subsequently lost its wings, this may indicate that advanced display feathers on the tail may have predated flying or gliding flight.

## Dating

There is uncertainty about the age of the Daohugou Beds in which this fossil was found. Various papers have placed the fossils here anywhere from the Middle Jurassic (169 million years ago) to the Lower Cretaceous (122 ma). The age of this formation has implications for the relationship between similar dinosaurs, as well as for the origin of birds in general. A Middle Jurassic age would mean that the bird-like dinosaurs in the Daohugou beds are older than the 'first bird', _Archaeopteryx_, which was late Jurassic in age. Until this question is decided, the significance of _Epidexipteryx_ (and other early dinobirds from that area) is not clear.
Driver

A **driver** is a person who controls a vehicle. A driver may be a job such as a bus driver or a hobby such as a race car driver.
Taylor Lautner

**Taylor Daniel Lautner** (; born February 11 1992) is an American actor. He is best known for playing Jacob Black in the _Twilight Saga_ movie series, though he has also been in family movies and done voiceover work for animated cartoons.

## Early life

Lautner was born in Grand Rapids, Michigan. His parents are Deborah, who works for a software development company, and Daniel Lautner, a commercial airline pilot. Lautner was raised as a Roman Catholic in Hudsonville, Michigan. He went to Jamestown Elementary School until the age of eleven, when the family moved to the Santa Clarita area. Lautner is of mostly Dutch, French, and German ancestry, and claims some Native American ancestry through his mother. He has a younger sister, Makena. He has learnt karate since the age of six.

## Related pages

- _Twilight_ (2008 movie)

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Taylor Lautner
- **image**: Taylor Lautner at the 2009 San Diego Comic Con.jpg
- **caption**: Lautner at San Diego Comic-Con in July 2009
- **birthname**: Taylor Daniel Lautner
- **birth place**: Grand Rapids, Michigan, U.S.
- **yearsactive**: 2001–present
- **partner**: Taylor Dome (2018–present; engaged)
- **occupation**: Actor, voice actor
Hanyu Shuiping Kaoshi

The **Hanyu Shuiping Kaoshi**, (simplified Chinese: 汉语水平考试; traditional Chinese: 漢語水平考試; hanyu pinyin: Hànyǔ Shuǐpíng Kǎoshì), shortened as **HSK**, is the People's Republic of China's only standardized test of Standard Mandarin Chinese proficiency for non-native speakers, such as foreign students, overseas Chinese, and members of ethnic minority groups in China. It is also known as the "Chinese Proficiency Test".

Every year, HSK certificates are issued to those who score well enough. The HSK is primarily conducted in Simplified Chinese.

## Other websites

- Hong Kong Test Centre (Yale-China Chinese Language Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong)
United Service Organizations

The **United Service Organizations Inc.** (**USO**) offers recreational support for members of the U.S. military. The USO provides programs in 140 centers worldwide funded by private and public donations and support from the United States Department of Defense. It is not a government agency.

History: Dances were one kind of activity held by (local) organizations that were part of USO; These dances happened often during World War Two, and during the Korean war.

## USO Tours

USO works to boost military morale. Since 1941, the USO became the soldier's "home away from home" and began a tradition of entertaining the troops with live performances called _Camp Shows_ that continues today. These "tours" typically feature big name actors or actresses, comedians, pop musicians, and pin-up models.

## Support and services

The USO serves both in time of war and during time of peace. During the 1990s, the USO provided services to 5 million active duty service members and their families, and more support after start of the Afghanistan and Iraq wars.

## Other websites

- USO Clubs in World War II
- President Bush speech USO World Gala, 2008: Text and video, Oct. 1, 2008

## Infobox (non-profit)

- **non-profit name**: The United Service Organizations
- **non-profit type**: Services
- **founded date**: 4 February 1941
- **location**: Arlington, Va
- **key people**: Sloan D. Gibson
President and CEO
- **area served**: 140 centers worldwide
- **focus**: morale, welfare, recreational support for US military personnel and families
- **revenue**: Donations
- **num volunteers**: 44,000
- **non-profit slogan**: _Until Every One Comes Home_
- **homepage**: [http://www.uso.org/ USO Home]
Symphony No. 8 (Mahler)

**Symphony No. 8 in E-flat major** by Gustav Mahler (1860–1911) is one of the largest choral works in classical music.  It needs a huge orchestra to play it and a huge choir to sing.  Because so many performers are needed it is often called  "**Symphony of a Thousand**", but that is not a name that Mahler gave to it.

Mahler worked very hard at it, composing it in quite a short time at Maiernigg in southern Austria in the summer of 1906.  It was the last of Mahler's works that was to be given its first performance in his lifetime.  The symphony was given its first performance in Munich on 12 September 1910.

Symphonies are usually pieces of music played just by an orchestra, but Beethoven started a tradition of having singing in symphonies: his Ninth Symphony is the famous one with the Ode to Joy in the last movement.  Mahler took up this idea of combining singing with symphony.  His Symphonies Nos 2, 3, and 4 all have singing in them.  The next three are just for orchestra, but in No. 8 he uses singing again.

Symphony No. 8 is very unusual because he does not have the usual three or four movements with traditional forms such as sonata form.  The whole symphony is in two parts.  Part I is based on the Latin text of a ninth-century Christian hymn for Pentecost, _Veni Creator Spiritus_ ("Come, Creator Spirit").  Part II is in German.  The words come from the closing scene of Goethe's _Faust_.

The two parts have a common idea: the idea of being saved through the power of love. Musically Mahler does this by sharing tunes throughout the symphony.  The symphony expresses the confidence of the eternal human spirit.

For many years after Mahler’s death it was not often performed.  It is, of course, a very expensive symphony to perform because of the vast numbers of musicians needed.  It also needs to be performed in a very large concert hall.  Today it is played more often. The 100th anniversary of its first performance was celebrated in July 2010 in the opening concert of the BBC Proms is the Royal Albert Hall, London.

Opinions about the symphony have been divided.  Some people did not think the optimism expressed in the music was really convincing.  Other people have said it is one of the greatest musical expressions of humanity.
Fire hydrant

A **fire hydrant**, also known as a **fire plug** or **johnny pump**, is a tool used for fighting fires. They are usually found easily on streets, stuck to the road. The first fire hydrant recorded was in Philadelphia.

A fire hydrant is the primary method of firefighting in a municipal area. It is basically an outlet with a valve that provides water to the fire pumps or fire jeeps engaged in firefighting. Laws for keeping operational fire hydrants at specific intervals and with free access in buildings, factories, urban and developed areas are an important component of fire control and safety.
Charles Mackerras

**Sir Charles Mackerras**, (born 17 November 1925; died 14 July 2010) was an Australian conductor. He was very famous for his conducting of operas, especially the operas of Janáček and Mozart, and the comic operas of Gilbert and Sullivan.

Mackerras was born in Schenectady, New York, and was brought up in Sydney, Australia. He went to the New South Wales Conservatory to study oboe, piano and composing. He became an oboe player with the Sydney Symphony Orchestra during World War II, and was made the principal oboist in 1946. He conducted the orchestra at the opening of the Sydney Opera House in 1973. Five years later he was the first Australian conductor to be the orchestra's principal conductor.

Mackerras received many honours, including Companion of the Order of Australia, Order of the Companions of Honour, Commander of the Order of the British Empire (1979).

He died from cancer in London, where he lived for many years.

## Discography

- Studio albums
- _Gilbert & Sullivan: The Pirates of Penzance_ (1993)
- _Mozart: Don Giovanni_ (1996)
Renault Mégane

The **Renault Mégane** is a car produced by Renault in four generations since 1995.

## First generation (1995–2003)

The first Mégane arrived in late 1995 to replace the 19. It came in many bodystyles and engines, the model formed the basis for the Scénic, Europe's first compact MPV which arrived in late 1996. The range was facelifted in April 1999 and an estate/wagon version appeared but wasn't sold in the UK. Although a new Mégane arrived in late 2002, the original was sold into 2003 until all bodystyles were redesigned.

#### Petrol engines

- _1.4_ 51 kW (69 hp) and 55 kW (75 hp)
- _1.4 16V_ 70 kW (95 hp)
- _1.6_ 55 kW (75 hp) and 66 kW (90 hp)
- _1.6 16V_ 79 kW (107 hp)
- _1.8 16V_ 85 kW (115 hp)
- _2.0_ 84 kW (114 hp)
- _2.0 16V_ 110 kW (150 hp)
- _2.0 IDE_ 103 kW (140 hp)

#### Diesel engines

- _1.9 D_ 47 kW (64 hp)
- _1.9 dT_ 66 kW (90 hp)
- _1.9 dTi_ 59 kW (80 hp) and 72 kW (98 hp)
- _1.9 dCi_ 75 kW (102 hp)

## Second generation (2002–2010)

The second Mégane arrived in late 2002 with the hatchback models, other versions appeared during 2003. The hatchback models became known for their distinctive rear end styling which resulted in Renault doing an advert for it based on that. It was facelifted in early 2006.

#### Petrol engines

- _1.4 16V_ 60 kW (82 hp) and 72 kW (98 hp)
- _1.6 16V_ 82 kW (112 hp)
- _2.0 16V_ 99 kW (135 hp)
- _2.0 16V Turbo_ 120 kW (163 hp)
- _2.0 16V Turbo RS_ 165 kW (225 hp)

#### Diesel engines

- _1.5 dCi_ 60 kW (82 hp), 63 kW (86 hp), 74 kW (100 hp) and 78 kW (106 hp)
- _1.9 dCi_ 66 kW (90 hp), 81 kW (110 hp), 85 kW (115 hp), 88 kW (120 hp) and 96 kW (130 hp)
- _2.0 dCi_ 110 kW (150 hp)
- _2.0 dCi RS_ 127 kW (173 hp)

## Third generation (2008–2016)

The third Mégane arrived in late 2008 with the hatchback and coupé models. Other models arrived during 2009. It received a mild facelift in early 2012 then a more thorough one in late 2013. It entered its fourth generation in 2016.

#### Petrol engines

- _1.6 16V_ 74 kW (100 hp) and 81 kW (110 hp)
- _1.4 TCe_ 96 kW (130 hp)
- _2.0 16V_ 103 kW (140 hp)
- _2.0 TCe_ 132 kW (180 hp)
- _2.0 TCe Renault Sport_ 184 kW (250 hp)

#### Diesel engines

- _1.5 dCi_ 66 kW (90 hp), 78 kW (106 hp) and 81 kW (110 hp)
- _1.9 dCi_ 96 kW (130 hp)
- _2.0 dCi_ 118 kW (160 hp)

## Fourth generation (2016-present)

The fourth Mégane arrived in late 2015 with the hatchback model. The estate and the revived saloon model arrived in 2016. The coupé and CC was discontinued. It was facelifted in 2020.

## Mégane E-Tech Electric (2022-present)

The Mégane E-Tech was revealed in early 2022. It switched from a hatchback body style to a electric crossover SUV.
Ryan Atwood

**Ryan Atwood** is a fictional character on the show The O.C. He is played by Benjamin Mckenzie. He is from Chino, California. He is with Marissa Cooper as his girlfriend. He also graduated from Berkely University.

pl:Lista postaci serialu Życie na fali#Ryan Atwood
Renault Laguna

The **Renault Laguna** is a car produced by Renault in three generations from 1994 to 2015.

## First generation (1994–2001)

The first Laguna arrived in early 1994 to replace the 21, it came as a hatchback at first and then it was joined by an estate/wagon version in late 1995. It got a facelift in 1998.

#### Petrol engines

- _1.6 16V_ 79 kW (107 hp)
- _1.8_ 69 kW (94 hp)
- _1.8 16V_ 88 kW (120 hp)
- _2.0_ 84 kW (114 hp)
- _2.0 16V_ 102 kW (139 hp)
- _2.0 S_ 103 kW (140 hp)
- _3.0 V6_ 123 kW (167 hp) and 140 kW (190 hp)

#### Diesel engines

- _1.9 dTi_ 72 kW (98 hp)
- _1.9 dCi_ 79 kW (107 hp)
- _2.2 D_ 63 kW (86 hp)
- _2.2 dT_ 83 kW (113 hp)

## Second generation (2000–2007)

The second Laguna arrived at the end of 2000 and again, hatchback and estate/wagon bodystyles were offered. In 2001, it became the first car to receive 5 stars in the Euro NCAP crash testing, making it one the safest models at the time. It received a facelift in March 2005.

#### Petrol engines

- _1.6 16V_ 79 kW (107 hp) and 82 kW (112 hp)
- _1.8 16V_ 88 kW (120 hp)
- _2.0 16V_ 99 kW (135 hp)
- _2.0 IDE_ 103 kW (140 hp)
- _2.0 16V Turbo_ 120 kW (163 hp), 125 kW (170 hp) and 151 kW (205 hp)
- _3.0 V6_ 152 kW (207 hp)

#### Diesel engines

- _1.9 dCi_ 68 kW (92 hp), 77 kW (105 hp), 79 kW (107 hp), 81 kW (110 hp), 88 kW (120 hp) and 96 kW (130 hp)
- _2.0 dCi_ 110 kW (150 hp) and 127 kW (173 hp)
- _2.2 dCi_ 102 kW (139 hp) and 110 kW (150 hp)

## Third generation (2007–2015)

The third Laguna went on sale in October 2007 and became available in hatchback, estate/wagon and coupe bodystyles. It received a mild facelift in late 2010. Then in 2015 it was replaced by a new model called the Talisman.

#### Petrol engines

- _1.6 16V_ 81 kW (110 hp)
- _2.0 16V_ 103 kW (140 hp)
- _2.0 16V Turbo_ 125 kW (170 hp) and 150 kW (204 hp)
- _3.5 V6_ 175 kW (238 hp)

#### Diesel engines

- _1.5 dCi_ 81 kW (110 hp)
- _2.0 dCi_ 96 kW (130 hp), 110 kW (150 hp), 127 kW (173 hp) and 131 kW (178 hp)
- _3.0 V6 dCi_ 173 kW (235 hp)

## Talisman (2015-2022)

The Talisman was revealed in late 2015 as a successor to the Laguna. It switched from a liftback bodystyle to a conventional sedan. It was facelifted in 2020 and discontinued in 2022.
Tata Indica

The **Tata Indica** is a car produced by Tata Motors in two generations from 1998 to 2015. Between 2003 and 2005, it was sold in the UK as the Rover CityRover but the car was not a success there.

#### Petrol engines

- _1.2_ 49 kW (65 hp)
- _1.4_ 52 kW (70 hp)

#### Diesel engines

- _1.4 D_ 40 kW (44 hp)
- _1.4 TD_ 46 kW (62 hp) and 51 kW (69 hp)
- _1.4 Dicor_ 52 kW (70 hp)
- _1.9 TD_ 52 kW (70 hp)

#### Petrol engines

- _1.2 SaFire_ 48 kW (65 hp)

#### Diesel engines

- _1.3 Quadrajet 16V_ 55 kW (75 hp)
- _1.4 TD 16V_ 53 kW (72 hp)
Market capitalization

**Market capitalization** (often **market cap**) is a measurement of the size of a business corporation. It is equal to the price of one share of stock, times the number of shares of stock in a public company. Owning stock in a company is owning a part of the company. Market capitalization shows the public opinion of a company's value. The total market capitalization of all publicly traded companies in the world was US$51.2 trillion in January 2007. In May 2008 it rose to US$57.5 trillion, but by September 2008 had dropped to a little more than US$40 trillion.

## Valuation

Market capitalization represents the public opinion of the value of a company's equity. A public corporation, including all of its assets, may be bought and sold as stock. These purchases and sales will define the price of the company's share price. Market capitalization is the share price times by the number of shares in issue. This provides a total value for the company's shares and the value the company.

Some companies have stock that is privately owned, and not publicly traded. Many Stock markets adjust the market cap on the value of the publicly traded part of the company. In this case, market capitalization is based on the publicly traded stocks.

Note that market capitalization is a market estimate of a company's value. It is based how the public believes the company will perform in the future. There are many things that can affect the stock price. These include economic conditions and mergers and acquisitions.

## Categorization of companies by capitalization

In the past, companies were separated into **large-cap**, **mid-cap**, and **small-cap**. New categories 'micro-cap' and 'nano-cap' have been added. There are general guidelines to know what category a company is in. These guidelines are adjusted over time due to changes in the market and the economy. For example, $1 billion was a large market cap in 1950 but it is not very large now.

|Mega-cap|Over $200 billion|
| --- | --- |
|Large-cap|$10 billion–$200 billion|
|Mid-cap|$1 billion–$10 billion|
|Small-cap|$300 million–$1 billion|
|Micro-cap|$50 million-$300 million|

Different numbers are used by different stock markets. There is no official definition of the exact cutoffs. They also may be done by percentiles rather than fixed cutoffs.

## Related measures

Market cap reflects only the _equity_ value of a company. A more comprehensive measure is enterprise value (EV), which includes debt and other factors.
Insurance firms use a value called the embedded value (EV).

## Other websites

- How to Value Assets  - from the Washington State (U.S.) government web site
Fiat Stilo

The **Fiat Stilo** is a car produced by Fiat from 2001 to 2007. The car was a modest sales success across Europe.

### Petrol engines

- _1.2 16V_ 59 kW (80 hp)
- _1.4 16V_ 66 kW (90 hp) and 70 kW (95 hp)
- _1.6 16V_ 76 kW (103 hp) and 77 kW (105 hp)
- _1.8 16V_ 98 kW (133 hp)
- _2.4 20V_ 125 kW (170 hp)

### Diesel engines

- _1.9 JTD_ 59 kW (80 hp), and 85 kW (116 hp)
- _1.9 Multijet 8V_ 74 kW (100 hp) and 88 kW (120 hp)
- _1.9 Multijet 16V_ 103 kW (140 hp) and 110 kW (150 hp)
Fiat Doblò

The **Fiat Doblò** is a car produced by Fiat in two generations since 2000.

#### Petrol engines

- _1.2 8V_ 48 kW (65 hp)
- _1.2 16V_ 59 kW (80 hp)
- _1.4 8V_ 57 kW (78 hp)
- _1.6 16V_ 76 kW (103 hp)

#### Diesel engines

- _1.3 Multijet 16V_ 51 kW (69 hp), 55 kW (75 hp) and 62 kW (84 hp)
- _1.9 D 8V_ 46 kW (63 hp)
- _1.9 JTD 8V_ 74 kW (101 hp)
- _1.9 Multijet 8V_ 77 kW (105 hp) and 88 kW (120 hp)

#### BiPower engines

- _1.6 Natural Power 16V CNG_ 76 kW (103 hp)

#### Petrol engines

- _1.4 16V_ 70 kW (95 hp)
- _1.4 T-Jet_ 88 kW (120 hp)

#### Diesel engines

- _1.3 Multijet 16V_ 66 kW (90 hp)
- _1.6 Multijet 16V_ 66 kW (90 hp) and 77 kW (105 hp)
- _2.0 Multijet 16V_ 99 kW (135 hp)

#### BiPower engines

- _1.4 Turbo Natural Power 16V CNG_ 88 kW (120 hp)
Payment

A **payment** is the transfer of something from one party to another.  Giving money to a company is a payment, for example.  A payment is usually made for goods or services.

The oldest form of payment is barter.  Barter is a simple form of payment.  It is the transfer of one good or service for another.

Today, payment is usually with money, cheque, debit, credit, bank transfer, or mobile payment.  In transfers between businesses, sometimes payments can be complicated, with stock and other things.

In law, the _payer_ is the party that sends the payment and the _payee_ is the party that gets the payment.
Pedro Martinez

**Pedro Jaime Abreu Martínez**, known as **Pedro Martínez** (born October 25, 1971), is a Dominican pitcher who played for five Major League Baseball teams from 1992 to 2008—the Los Angeles Dodgers, Montreal Expos, Boston Red Sox, New York Mets, and Philadelphia Phillies. Martínez is one of 18 pitchers in MLB history with 3,000 career strikeouts, was named to eight All-Star Game rosters, won the Cy Young Award as the top pitcher in the National League once and the American League twice, and helped the Red Sox to a World Series victory in 2004, the team's first since 1918. Martínez was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 2015, the first year in which he could be elected.

He is also notable for having pushed aside New York Yankees bench coach Don Zimmer during a baseball brawl.
Remy Zero

**Remy Zero** was a alternative rock band. The band made the theme song for the television series _Smallville_. The band broke up in 2003.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Remy Zero
- **img size**: 240
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Birmingham, Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama, U.S.
- **genre**: Alternative rock
Post-grunge
Dream pop
Experimental rock
- **years active**: 1989–2003, 2010
- **label**: Capitol Records, Capitol

DGC Records
Warner Music, Warner/Elektra Records, Elektra
- **associated acts**: Spartan Fidelity
- **current members**: Cinjun Tate
Shelby Tate
Jeffrey Cain
Cedric LeMoyne
- **past members**: Gregory Slay
Romeo

**Romeo** might mean:

- Romeo (Shakespeare), the main character of _Romeo and Juliet_, a play by William Shakespeare
- Alfa Romeo, a car manufacturer.

## Given name

- Romeo Benetti, former Italian football player
- Romeo Castelen, Dutch football player
- Romeo Crennel, American football coach
- Romeo Santos, American singer, lead singer of Aventura
Everyone Says I Love You

***Everyone Says I Love You*** is a 1996 American movie directed by Woody Allen. It stars Allen, Alan Alda, Drew Barrymore, Tim Roth, Natalie Portman and Julia Roberts. It was released in December 1996.
Hurricane Allen

**Hurricane Allen** was an extremely powerful hurricane in 1980. The storm smashed through the Caribbean, Mexico and South Texas in August 1980. Over 200 were killed and damages were $1 billion (1980 USD). The winds of this hurricane reached 190 miles an hour, tying Hurricane Camille for highest wind speeds in any Atlantic Tropical Cyclone. Allen was one of the most powerful Atlantic tropical storms in recorded history. The name **Allen** was later retired in Spring of 1981 and replaced with **Andrew**, which in turn was retired because of the destructive 1992 hurricane.

## Meteorological History

Hurricane Allen originated from a tropical wave that emerged from

## Infobox (hurricane)

- **name**: Hurricane Allen
- **type**: Hurricane
- **year**: 1980
- **basin**: Atl
- **image location**: Allen 1980-08-07 1600Z.png
- **image name**: Hurricane Allen during it's peak intensity
- **formed**: July 31, 1980
- **dissipated**: August 11, 1980
- **1-min winds**: 180
- **pressure**: 899
- **damages**: $1.57B
- **inflated**: Unknown
- **fatalities**: 281
- **areas**: Lesser Antilles, Puerto Rico, Jamaica, Cayman Islands, Yucatan Peninsula, Northern Mexico, Southern Texas
Housecleaning

**Housecleaning** is what people do to remove mess, trash, and dirt from where they live and put things where they belong so the house looks neat.

Housecleaning makes it easier to see the floor and furniture without clutter in the way. It also leaves fewer places for spiders and insects to live and removes dust so that people in the house can breathe more easily. Housecleaning may be sweeping the floor with a broom, cleaning rugs with a vacuum cleaner, cleaning clothes and putting them away, and washing windows. Washing a sponge, squeezing out the water, and placing it on a dish rack to dry is also part of housecleaning.

## Clutter

Clutter is things that either should not be in the house at all or have been put in the wrong place.  A teacup in the middle of the floor is clutter.  A teacup on its shelf is not clutter.  Places people put things away on shelves, in drawers, and on hangers.

## Health

Cleaning the house removes germs, dust and other things that can harm health. Dust can make people sneeze, cough, and get watery eyes. Dust can give people rashes and trouble breathing. Dust can come from smoke, cotton, small bits of soap, pollen, mold spores, dried cat saliva, pieces of spider web, skin flakes, cloth fibers, insect fibers, or tiny bits of food.

## Cleaning chemicals

There are five main kinds of chemicals that people use for housecleaning:
1. Surfactants help water get things wet faster.
1. Alkaline chemicals like dish soap and baking soda can effectively cut through mud and grease making it easier to wash them away. Examples of alkaline products include All-purpose cleaners, and laundry detergents.
1. Acidic chemicals like vinegar, lemon juice and orange juice can make mustard, wine, tea, coffee, rust, dry soap suds, and limescale easier to wash away.
1. Flammable solvents like turpentine can make paint easier to wash away.
1. Disinfectants kill germs, fungus, and mold.

## References

- Bredenberg, Jeff, Managing Editor; Researchers, writers and others. 1998. _Clean It Fast, Clean It Right: THE ULTIMATE GUIDE to Making Absolutely Everything You Own Sparkle & Shine._ Emmaus, PA: Rodale, Inc     paperback www.rodalestore.com
- Gove, P. B. and others. 1961. Housecleaning. _Webster’s Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged._ Springfield, MA: G. & C. Merriam Company.

## Other websites

- Bredenberg, Jeff. 1998. _Clean It Fast, Clean It Right . . ._ Emmaus, PA: Rodale, Inc hardcover.
Tom Welling

**Tom Welling** (born 26 April 1977) is an American actor. He is known for playing Clark Kent on _Smallville_ from 2001 until 2011.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Tom Welling
- **image**: Tom Welling Comic Con (cropped).jpg
- **birth name**: Thomas John Patrick Welling
- **birth place**: Putnam Valley, New York, United States
- **occupation**: Actor, director, producer
- **yearsactive**: 2000–present
- **spouse**: Jamie A. White (2002–present)
Make Way for Ducklings

***Make Way for Ducklings*** is a children's picture book written and illustrated by Robert McCloskey. It was first printed in 1941. The book is about two mallard ducks who decide to raise their family on an island in the lagoon in Boston Public Garden, a park in the middle of Boston, Massachusetts.

_Make Way for Ducklings_ won the 1942 Caldecott Medal for McCloskey's pictures, drawn in charcoal, then lithographed on zinc. In 2003, the book had sold more than two million copies. The book was so popular a statue of a mother duck and her eight ducklings were set up in the Public Garden. In 1991, Barbara Bush gave a copy of this statue to Raisa Gorbachev as part of the START Treaty, and the work is in Moscow's Novodevichy Park.

The book is the official children's book of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. The book is still highly praised for over 60 years because of its pictures and pace. However, it was criticised for having a loose plot (story) and weak characters. The book is very popular around the world.

## Infobox (book)

- **name**: Make Way for Ducklings
- **author**: Robert McCloskey
- **illustrator**: Robert McCloskey
- **cover artist**: Robert McCloskey
- **country**: United States
- **genre**: Picture book, Children's picture book
- **publisher**: Viking Press, The Viking Press
- **release date**: 1941 in literature, 1941
- **media type**: Hardback
- **pages**: 68
- **isbn**: 0-670-45149-5
- **oclc**: 192241
Sequence dance

**Sequence dancing** is a form of dance in which there is a preset pattern of movements, to music. The music is usually also preset. Sequence dancing may include dances of many different styles. The term may include ballroom dances, which move round the floor, as well as line, square and circle dances.

Sequence dancing in general is much older than modern ballroom dances. With the exception of the waltz, invented around 1800, all dances in ballrooms were sequence dances until the early 20th century. The quadrille was one example, the minuet another.

After modern ballroom dancing developed, in England, sequence dancing continued. It included so-called 'Old Time' dances and also adapted versions of the new ballroom dances, and then versions of Latin dances. Sequence dancing is a competitive sport as well as a social pastime.

The British Sequence Championships is the most famous annual sequence dance competition and is part of the Blackpool Sequence Dance Festival.  This is held in the Empress Ballroom, Winter Gardens, Blackpool, England, since 1949.
Škoda Felicia

The **Škoda Felicia** was a automobile produced by Škoda Auto. It replaced the Favorit in 1994 with a facelift in 1998. Its successor, Škoda Fabia, was introduced in 1999, but the Felicia still continued until 2001 in estate form until it was replaced by the Fabia version.

## Engines

- _1.3_ 40 kW (54 hp) and 50 kW (68 hp)
- _1.6_ 55 kW (75 hp)
- _1.9 D_ 47 kW (64 hp)

## Infobox (automobile)

- **image**: Škoda Felicia 1.3 GLXi.jpg
- **name**: Škoda Felicia
- **manufacturer**: Škoda Auto
Minos

**Minos** was the mythical first king of Crete,  son of Zeus and Europa.  The following stories are mythological, and have no real historical basis.

Every nine years, he made King Aegeus pick seven young boys and seven young girls to be sent to Daedalus' creation, the labyrinth, to be eaten by the Minotaur. After his death, Minos became a judge of the dead in the underworld.

He once had a wife named Pasophae. Minos upset the Greek gods by cheating them in a sacrifice. He told Poseidon that he would sacrifice a beautiful bull that Poseidon gave him after he used it. Instead, he switched it with another bull. They punished him by having Pasophae fall in love with a bull.

Pasophae asked Daedalus to help her, so Daedalus made a mechanical cow for her, and she got into it. The bull mated with the wooden cow and Pasophae had a child. It was the Minotaur, half human, half bull.

King Minos took the Minotaur and put it in a labrynth, or maze, built by Daedalus.  When he was in possession of all of Crete he ordered that fourteen young people come to him to be sacrificed to the Minotaur.  Theseus volunteered to be one of them, and went there with daughter, Ariadne. He killed the Minotaur in the labyrinth.

The Minoan civilization was later named after him by Arthur Evans. Evans was the archaeologist who discovered and excavated the palace of Knossos in Crete.

## References

- http://www.makrigialos.com/default.php?param=minos
- http://www.maicar.com/GML/Minos2.html
- http://www.in2greece.com/english/historymyth/mythology/names/minos.htm
Paso doble

The **Paso doble** is a dance and music based on the Spanish bullfight. It is the music played at bullfights at the procession of the bullfighters, between stages, and at the end of each session. The dance is based on the way matadors perform in the ring.

## Dance

In the dance, the man takes the part of the matador, and the woman takes the part of the man's cape (_not_ the bull!). The man's stance (the way he stands) should be proud, and when he has a free arm it should be held slightly bent, rather as matadors do. The photograph of the ice dancers gives a perfect example of what dancers should aim for in this style.

The paso doble is one of the five International Latin ballroom dances. It gives a very good contrast in style with the four other dances. Although so Spanish in style and origin, the dance techniques were first developed in Paris. Later, in mid 20th century London, the Latin and American dances took on their present form.

## Music

The music is scored in 2/4 time. It is a march-like type of music, and as a dance it is a two-step (_paso doble_ = two-step). It is played at about 60/62 bars (measures) a minute for dancers.

The most famous piece of paso doble music is the _España Cañí_ or _Spanish Gypsy Dance_. A sample of _La Gracia de Dios_ gives an idea of the rhythm.
Daedalus

**Daedalus** was King Minos' head architect in ancient Greece and descended of Athena.  When King Minos of Crete was having some sovereignty problems, he asked Poseidon, god of the sea, for an offering to sacrifice to him as a sign as true kingship.  So Poseidon sent a snow-white bull straight out of the sea foam.  Once the people of Crete saw the bull, they all agreed that it was a sign of true kingship.  However, once King Minos saw the bull, he refused to sacrifice the bull, kept it for himself, and sacrificed another bull to Poseidon, thus angering him.  Poseidon put a curse on Minos’ wife, making her fall in love with the bull.  She loved it so much that she wanted to mate with it.  Minos called for the help of Daedalus, who built a wooden bull and put Queen Pasiphae inside it, thus calming her anxiety for mating with the bull.  She soon became pregnant with a half-man, half-bull named Asterion (also called the Minotaur).

King Minos was horrified and asked Daedalus to build some kind of prison to keep the Minotaur from destroying Crete.  So Daedalus built a labyrinth that was so complicated that the Minotaur could not get out.  Only Daedalus knew the course of the labyrinth.  Minos was afraid that Daedalus would tell the route through the labyrinth, and that he would tell that the Minotaur was the son of Minos' wife, he imprisoned Daedalus and his son Icarus, in a high tower.  Daedalus made some wings that he strapped to his and Icarus’ arms and together they escaped from the tower.  However, Icarus, forgetting his father’s words, flew too close to the sun, and the wax that held the feathers together melted.  Icarus fell into the ocean and drowned.  Daedalus landed safely on an island, and in grief, he named the sea that he and Icarus had flown across the Icarian Sea.

## Other websites

- http://www.pantheon.org/articles/m/minos.html
Emergency medical dispatcher

An **emergency medical dispatcher** is a person who answers telephone calls to the emergency medical services and sends out the ambulances. For each call they much decide if an ambulance is needed and which one should be sent. They also help the caller with their problems until the ambulance arrives.
Santa Cruz, Chile

**Santa Cruz** is a Chilean commune in the Province of Colchagua, O'Higgins. The town was founded as Santa Cruz de Unco, in an unknown date.