Panthoibi

**Panthoibi** () or **Panthoipi** () is a goddess in the Meitei mythology and religion.  People in Ancient Kangleipak (Antique Manipur) worshipped her. She is the goddess of civilization, courage, having children, making things with hands, love, winning, war and wisdom. She is married to Nongpok Ningthou.

Col. John Shakespear wrote that Panthoibi is the most famous goddess in the Meitei religion.

People talk about Panthoibi with another goddess, Leimarel Sidabi. Sometimes people think of Panthoibi and Leimarel as the same goddess.

People say Panthoibi is bold, brave, and independent.  She always works for what is good and right for Meitei women.

## Etymology

The Meitei word "Panthoibi" (ꯄꯥꯟꯊꯣꯢꯕꯤ or ꯄꯥꯟꯊꯣꯏꯕꯤ) comes from three words, "Pan" (ꯄꯥꯟ), "Thoi" (ꯊꯣꯢ or ꯊꯣꯏ) and "Bi" (ꯕꯤ).

"Pan" (ꯄꯥꯟ) means _to rule over something_.

"Thoi" (ꯊꯣꯢ or ꯊꯣꯏ) means _to exceed_, or _to transcend_, or _to win_, or _to be very good at something_, or _to increase_.

In Meitei language, "Bi" ("Bee") (ꯕꯤ) or "Pi" ("Pee") (ꯄꯤ) means that the rest of the word has a feminine gender. For example, Thoibi is a name given to girls. It has "Thoi" and "Bi".

The word "Thoibi" (ꯊꯣꯢꯕꯤ or ꯊꯣꯏꯕꯤ) also means being perfect or beautiful and good at doing things.

## History

People began to worship Panthoibi when the Khaba dynasty ruled the Kangla. According to the National Archives of India, the Panthoibi Naheron (_Panthoibi Naheiron_) was written before Common Era. It has Meitei language worship songs in it.

The Loyumba Shinyen text, from 1100 c.e., says the Heishnam clan worshipped Panthoibi.

The Cheitharol Kumbaba says people built the first temple to Panthoibi in 1686, and a statue in 1699.

In the 18th century, fewer people worshipped Panthoibi. This because the religion Vaishnavism became common in Manipur. Hindu King Garib Niwaj Pamheiba (1709-1748) pulled down the temples to Panthoibi. He broke the statues of her. Her last temple was built in 1700. After that, people did not build new temples until modern times.

Starting in the 18th century, people said the Meitei goddess Panthoibi was the same goddess as the Hindu goddess Durga. People worshipped her for five days in September or October.

In the 1960s, some people started to worship Panthoibi instead of Durga.

## Jobs and names

Panthoibi is proud of being female. Legend says she can change shape and has different bodies.  For example, she can be Phouoibi, the goddess of grain.
Panthoibi rules birth and death.

### Panthoibi as a priestess goddess

According to the Anoirol text, the goddess Panthoibi is also _Khabi Lengnao Mombi_. Khabi Lengnao Mombi is the ancient amaibi (lit. _priestess_).  Different texts say different things about Panthoibi. Panthoibi was regarded as a pre-historical Maibi. Some texts say she is the goddess Nongthang Leima, another goddess amaibi.

### Panthoibi as a goddess of games

Panthoibi is a ruling deity of the _Kang_ game. Kang is an indoor Meitei tradition game that people in Manipur played. Kang players pray to Panthoibi before and during the game. People believe that good players need her blessing.

### Panthoibi as a goddess of potters

Goddess Panthoibi is the goddess of all potters. She taught the women of Manipur to make pots. She was taught the art of pottery by goddess Leimarel Sidabi before her disappearance. She has another mythology about this.

### Panthoibi as the goddess of death and fertility

Goddess Panthoibi is part of the legend of _Haoreibi Shampubi_ (alias _Haoreima_). Haoreibi Shampubi is a woman from the hills. She was killed when she went meet her lover. She turned into a ghost. People say she is an incarnation of Panthoibi. People started to think of Panthoibi as a goddess of death and fertility.

### Panthoibi as the goddess of sickness

When humans do bad things, Panthoibi does too. If a person has spit near Panthoibi's shrine, he or she will not be able to turn his or her neck. It could be healed only by a maiba. For this, the maiba will perform a ritual.

#### Learned from a spider

Goddess Panthoibi saw a spider. It was making cobwebs in a corner. So Panthoibi learned to spin thread and weave cloth.
Panthoibi imitated the pattern of weaving of the spider. Later, she introduced the art of weaving.

#### Learned from another goddess

In another legend, the goddess Leishambi taught Panthoibi to weave.

## Mythology

Panthoibi was very beautiful. She was a daughter of a Meitei king. Many kings and princes wanted to marry her. King Shapaiba () was one of them. He promised her he would build good roads, beautiful bridges, a big house and fish ponds. But she did not agree to marry him. Finally, Panthoibi married Tarang Khoinucha (alias Taram Khoinucha). He was the son of King Khaba Sokchrongba and Queen Teknga of the Khaba dynasty. Her marriage ceremony was wonderful.

### Meeting Nongpok Ningthou

Panthoibi first met Nongpok Ningthou (alias Angoupa Kainou Chingsangsompa) five days after her wedding. She was walking in the grass and swimming in a river. She liked his handsome looks and personality. They fell in love. Nongpok Ningthou asked her to run away from her husband and marry him. But she did not say yes then. She told him to wait.

Panthoibi and Nongpok Ningthou secretly met many times. Panthoibi's husband's parents started to think something was wrong. Tarang Khoinucha tried to win her heart many times.  Panthoibi and Nongpok Ningthou ran away together. They wore Tangkhul clothes as disguises.

Panthoibi and Nongpok Ningthou married on the sunny side of the Nongmaiching Hills. The gods celebrated with dancing and music (by the _Langmai people_ and not the _gods_ in another version). This celebration was the start of the Lai Haraoba festival.

#### Another version

In another way of telling the story, Panthoibi first met Nongpok Ningthou when she was helping her father at farming. The two fell in love before they had talked. But Panthoibi got married to another man even though she did not want to. Later, she left her husband's house to search for Nongpok Ningthou.  Nongpok Ningthou also left his home to look for Panthoibi. The two met at the Kangla. Kangla became the place of their divine union. This is why Meitei kings do their crowning ceremony there.

### Panthoibi and the Sun God

According to the Numit Kappa text (c. 1st century), in ancient times, there were two suns in the sky. An archer hero (_many men_ in some version) shot one of the suns with an arrow and hurt it. The two brother suns ran away out of the sky. They hid for ten long days. The world was dark. No men could work. Crops and cows died. Then the ten godly kings (or _kingly gods_) talked to the other gods. They asked each to talk to the Sun God. None succeeded. Finally, the ten gods came to Princess Panthoibi. She showed them magical ceremonies to get the Sun God to come back. The unhurt Sun God came back, but the archer hit with the arrow did not.

### Panthoibi and the weaving spider

Panthoibi saw a spider. It was making good, thin thread. It was also making a web. From this, she started weaving. The god of weaving is female because women were the ones who wove cloth.

### Pottery and human civilization

After the first human beings, Panthoibi made them a place to live. Humans started eating and drinking. Panthoibi realised they needed someplace to put food and water. So she started making pots. In the beginning, she did not know how to make a pot. Later, she looked around. She saw a flower - _Nura Khudonglei_ (_Malabar melastome_). She saw its shape. Then, she made a pot. Since then, humans could make pots for cooking food and drinking water.

## Worship

Panthoibi is mainly worshipped by the Heisnam family of Meitei ethnicity. So, she is also known as _Heisnam Lairembi_ (lit. Lairembi of the Heisnam).

## Identification with other deities

Panthoibi is regarded as one of the divine incarnations of Goddess Leimarel Sidabi. She is also regarded as an incarnation of goddess Nongthang Leima. She also has many forms including Phouoibi (goddess of grains). Goddess _Haoreibi Shampubi_ (alias _Haoreima_) is also regarded as an incarnation of Panthoibi.

### Panthoibi Iratpa

_Panthoibi Iratpa_ (_Panthoibi Eratpa_) is a religious festival dedicated to goddess Panthoipi. It is celebrated every year.

### Lai Haraoba

The Lai Haraoba festival is about Panthoibi and Nongpok Ningthou. There are legends and writings about them in Ancient Manipur.

### Panthoibi Jagoi

_Panthoibi Jagoi_ is a dance form in which two people dnace together while a maibi and a _Pena Khongba_  (pena player) play a love song about Panthoibi and Nongpok Ningthou. It also depicts the process of weaving.

### Panthoibi Sheishak

_Panthoibi Sheishak_ is a song in the Lai Haraoba festival. pena players play the song. It is about Panthoibi searching for Nongpok Ningthou.

It is one of the nine singing ways of singing in the Lai Haraoba.

### Tangkhul Nurabi Loutaba

_Tangkhul Nurabi Loutaba_ is play about what Tangkhul Pakhang (an incarnation of Nongpok Ningthou) and Tangkhul Nurabi (an incarnation of Panthoibi) said to each other. The two players wear Tangkhul Naga costumes of farming in the field. The play is on the last night of the Kanglei Haraoba (one of the 4 forms of Lai Haraoba festival).

#### Panthoibi Emporium

The _Panthoibi Emporium_ is a place for buying and selling things in New Delhi, India.

#### Panthoibi Housing

The _Panthoibi Housing Finance Company Limited_ is a housing financial company. Its office is near Flyover bridge in Uripok Tourangbam Leikai in Imphal.

#### Panthoibi Manipur Handicrafts Emporium

The _Panthoibi Manipur Handicrafts Emporium_ is a place in Delhi, India. It stores handmade by-products made of silk from Manipur.

## Related pages

- Thoibi
- Nongthang Leima

## Bibliography

- Ariba Manipuri Sahityagee Saklon by Nabachandra, Polem
- Chinglon Laihui by Manglem Meitei, Lairenjam
- Erat Laisol by Singh, Khulem Chandrashekhar
- Khannashi Neinnashi Leishatpa Puya by Manglem Meitei,l
- Lairemjam Manglem Gi Lai Haraoba by Manglem Meitei, Lairenjam
- Langgol Chinggoirol by Singh, Kulchandra Ngariyambam
- Manipuree Funggawaree Part 1 by Singh, Kabrabam Neelakanta
- Manipuree Funggawaree Part 2 by Singh, Kabrabam Neelakanta
- Yek Taretki Meihourol by Manglem Meitei,l
- Yek Taret Ki Meihouron by Manglem Meitei,l

## Other websites

- E-PAO, Panthoibi
- INTERNET ARCHIVE, Panthoibi
- Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary, Panthoibi

## Infobox (deity)

- **type**: Meitei
- **name**: Panthoibi
 ()
- **deity of**: Goddess of civilization, courage, fertility, handicraft, love, victory, warfare and wisdom
- **member of**: Lairembis and Umang Lais
- **image**: PANTHOIPI.jpg
- **caption**: Goddess Panthoipi charging forward riding on her white horse
- **other names**: * Ayang Leima
* Koirel Leima ()
* Koiren Leima ()
* Nongpok Leima
- **affiliation**: Meitei mythology (Manipuri mythology) and Meitei religion (Sanamahism)
- **cult center**: Nongmaiching Hill, Nongmaiching Hill (alias Selloi Langmai Hill)
- **abode**: Nongmaiching Hill, Nongmaiching Hill (alias Selloi Langmai Hill)
- **weapons**: Spear and Sword
- **artifacts**: Kajenglei
- **animals**: white horse or tiger
- **symbol**: Kajenglei
- **consorts**: Tarang Khoinucha and Nongpok Ningthou
- **mount**: white horse or tiger
- **texts**: * Panthoibi Khongul
* Panthoibi Naheirol
* Numit Kappa
- **gender**: female
- **greek equivalent**: Athena, Aphrodite
- **roman equivalent**: Minerva, Venus (mythology), Venus
- **etruscan equivalent**: Menrva, Turan (mythology), Turan
- **hinduism equivalent**: Durga
- **equivalent1 type**: Egyptian
- **equivalent1**: Neith, Hathor and Isis
- **region**: Ancient Kangleipak (Antique Manipur)
- **ethnic group**: Meitei ethnicity
- **festivals**: * Panthoibi Iratpa
* Lai Haraoba