juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Mercyful Fate

**Mercyful Fate** are a heavy metal band from Denmark. The band was formed in Copenhagen in 1980.

### Current members

- King Diamond - vocals, keyboard (1981–1985, 1992–present)
- Hank Shermann - guitar (1981–1985, 1992–present)
- Mike Wead - guitar (1996–present)
- Bjarne T. Holm - drums (1994–present)
- Sharlee D'Angelo - bass (1993–present)

### Former members

- Michael Denner - guitar (1981, 1982–1985, 1992–1996)
- Timi Hansen - bass (1981–1985, 1992–1993)
- Kim Ruzz - drums (1981–1985)
- Tommie "Snowy Shaw" Helgesson - drums (1993–1994)

### Session members

- Lars Ulrich - drums (1993)
- Old Nick - drums (1981)
- Morten Nielson - drums (1993)

### Studio albums

- _Melissa_ (1983)
- _Don't Break the Oath_ (1984)
- _In the Shadows_ (1993)
- _Time_ (1994)
- _Into the Unknown_ (1996)
- _Dead Again_ (1998)
- _9_ (1999)

### Compilation albums

- _The Beginning_ (1987)
- _Return of the Vampire_ (1992)
- _A Dangerous Meeting_ (1992)
- _The Best of Mercyful Fate_ (2003)

### Extended plays

- _The Mercyful Fate EP_ (1982)
- _The Bell Witch_ (1994)

## Other websites

- Official Website

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Mercyful Fate
- **img**: King Diamond live 2006 Moscow 01.jpg
- **img capt**: Mercyful Fate Frontman King Diamond
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Copenhagen, Denmark
- **genre**: Heavy metal music, Heavy metal, black metal
- **years active**: 1981–1985, 1992–1999 (hiatus)
- **label**: Combat Records, Combat, Roadrunner Records, Roadrunner, Metal Blade Records, Metal Blade, Rave On (record label), Rave On
- **associated acts**: Fate (band), Fate, Black Rose (band), Black Rose, King Diamond (band), King Diamond, Brats (band), Brats, Force of Evil (band), Force of Evil, Memento Mori (band), Memento Mori, Arch Enemy, Spiritual Beggars, Metallica
- **current members**: King Diamond
Hank Shermann
Sharlee D'Angelo
Bjarne T. Holm
Mike Wead
- **past members**: Michael Denner
Timi Hansen
Kim Ruzz
Snowy Shaw
Basic

**Basic** may be:
- BASIC (programming language)
- Basic (chemistry), the opposite to acidic, reacting with acids to form salts
- Basic access authentication in HTTP
- Basic (cigarette), owned by the Altria Group (Philip Morris Company)
- Basic (dance move), the name of the basic dance step in many dances
    - Lindy Basic (dance move), in Lindy Hop
- Basic English
- Basic (geology), of rock: containing between 45 and 52% of silica
- Basic (movie), 2003 movie starring John Travolta and Samuel L. Jackson
- Basic (Star Wars), the common interstellar language in the _Star Wars_ universe
- Basic Training or Recruit training is training received by military personnel when first entering service
- Basic is also used as the name for whatever common tongue is usually used between species in many science fiction works
- Basic is a name used to describe the level of certification for an EMT (Emergency Medical Technician)
- Basic Replay, a record label
- Basic (album), a 1984 album by Robert Quine and Fred Maher (1996 on CD)
Quiz

A **quiz** is a type of game in which players (as individuals or in teams) try to answer questions correctly. Quizzes are also  used in education and similar fields to improve the growth of someone's  knowledge, abilities, and/or skills.

Quizzes are usually scored in points. Many quizzes are designed for people to determine the winner of a group of participants - usually the participant with the highest score.
John Hancock

**John Hancock ** (January 12, 1737 – October 8, 1793) was an early American patriot, a leader in the American Revolutionary War, and an American statesman. He was the first man to sign America's Declaration of Independence. Today in the United States, "John Hancock" is a synonym for signature.

Hancock's ancestors arrived in the English colonies in 1652. In 1737, Hancock was born in Braintree (now Quincy, Massachusetts). When his father died, he was adopted by his uncle, a merchant in Boston, Massachusetts. At his uncle's death in 1754, Hancock inherited the business. He became a leading merchant in Boston and one of the richest in the colonies.

In 1768, British officials seized Hancock's ship, the _Liberty,_ and accused him of smuggling. The _Liberty_ was carrying a shipment of wine at the time. Patriots in Boston rioted, and Hancock was acquitted. This was one of the events that led to the American Revolutionary War.

Hancock had several important jobs in Colonial America and the early United States of America. He was president of the Massachusetts Provincial Congress in 1774 and 1775. He used his money to support American independence. The British thought him a very dangerous man.

Hancock was president of the Continental Congress in 1775 to 1777. He wanted to lead the Continental Army, but George Washington got the job instead. With 5,000 troops, he tried to free Rhode Island from the British, but was not successful.

Hancock led the convention that adopted the Massachusetts Constitution in 1780. He was the first Governor of Massachusetts, and served nine terms.

In his later life, Hancock suffered from gout.  He died in 1793.
Huldrych Zwingli

**Huldrych** (or **Ulrich**) **Zwingli** or **Ulricus Zuinglius** (January 1, 1484 – October 11, 1531) was the leader of the Protestant Reformation in Switzerland and the founder of the Swiss Reformed churches. Separately from Martin Luther, Zwingli arrived at similar final beliefs by studying the Bible from the point of view of a humanist scholar.

## Early life

His father was also called Ulrich Zwingli, and his mother was Margaret Meili. Zwingli had two sisters and seven brothers.

Zwingli was born in Toggenburg, Wildhaus, St. Gallen, Switzerland, to an important family in the middle class.

## Reformation

Zwingli's Reformation was supported by the judge and the people of Zürich. That led to major changes in the lives of the people and the government in Zürich.

Zwingli was killed at Kappel am Albis in a battle against the Roman Catholic cantons of Switzerland.

## Related pages

- John Calvin
- Erasmus
Cuxhaven

**Cuxhaven** ( , ; ) is an independent town and seat of Cuxhaven, in Lower Saxony, Germany. The town includes the northernmost point of Lower Saxony. It is on the shore of the North Sea at the mouth of the Elbe River. Cuxhaven has a footprint of  (east–west) by  (north–south). Its town quarters Duhnen, Döse and Sahlenburg are popular vacation spots on the North Sea and home to about 52,000 residents.

## Geographical and cultural background

The town is served by Cuxhaven station.

The island of Neuwerk is  off the coast from Cuxhaven.

## Twin towns – sister cities

Cuxhaven is twinned with:
- Binz, Germany (1990)
- Hafnarfjörður, Iceland (1988)
- Penzance, England, United Kingdom (1967–1974, 2009–present)
- Sassnitz, Germany (1990)
- Vannes, France (1963)

## Other websites

- Official site
- Operation "Backfire" and rocket experiments at Cuxhaven
- Further Tourist Information

## Infobox (german location)

- **type**: Stadt
- **name**: Cuxhaven
- **image photo**: Kugelbake2010.jpg
- **image caption**: Kugelbake, symbol of Cuxhaven
- **image coa**: DEU Cuxhaven COA.svg
- **image plan**: Cuxhaven in CUX.svg
- **state**: Niedersachsen
- **district**: Cuxhaven
- **elevation**: 2
- **area**: 161.91
- **postal code**: 27472, 27474, 27476, 27478
- **area code**: 04721-04724
- **licence**: CUX
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 03 3 52 011
- **website**: [https://www.cuxhaven.de/ www.cuxhaven.de]
- **mayor**: Uwe Santjer
- **leader term**: 2019–24
- **bürgermeistertitel**: Lord Mayor
- **party**: SPD
Haifa Wehbe

**Haifa Wehbe** (, born 10 March 1972) is a female Lebanese singer, actress, model, and jewelry designer who is known in the Arab world. Wehbe was born to Shia parents in a rural town in Southern Lebanon and currently lives in Beirut. She started her music career with her debut album _Huwa az-Zaman_ (, _It is Time_).

## Early life and career

Haifa Wehbe was born to Lebanese Shia parents in Southern Lebanon. Before she became a singer, she was a model. She won title "Miss South Lebanon" when she was sixteen. In 1995, she was the runner-up for Miss Lebanon before the public found out she had a daughter named Zeinab.

Her second 2005 album was _Baddi 'Ayš_ (, _I Want to Live_). Her second songs was "Ana Haifa" (_I am Haifa_).

She also appeared in Pepsi ad with French footballer Thierry Henry.

## Other websites

- Official website
- Official Facebook page

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Haifa Wehbe
- **image**: Haifawehbe2015.jpg
- **alt**: Haifa in Abu Dhabi
- **caption**: Haifa Wehbe in 2015
- **citizenship**: Lebanese
- **occupation**: Musician, Singer
Dynamics (music)

In music, the **dynamics** in the  piece is the variation in loudness between notes or phrases.

In written music the dynamics are shown by letters which stand for Italian words for the dynamic levels. They are listed in the table below. Notice that “piano”, as a dynamic level, is pronounced the Italian way (“pi-AH-no”).

<div align="center">
|Abbreviation|Italian word|English meaning|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|align="left"|* ***pp*** * ***p*** * ***mp*** * ***mf*** * ***f*** * ***ff*** * **< ( cresc )** * **> ( dim./decrescendo )**||align="right"|very quiet quiet medium quiet medium loud Loud very loud getting louder getting quieter|
</div>

Use more than two ***p***s or ***f***s to show that the music is very, very quiet, or very, very loud. Tchaikovsky sometimes used five ***p***s or ***f***s, though only up to three are normally found in sheet music.

Dynamic levels are not something that can be measured exactly. Exactly how loud ***mp*** should be depends on several things: what is happening in the music, the instrument, the size of the room in which the music is being played etc. The important thing is that dynamic levels should be correct in relation to one another.

Some composers are very precise about writing the dynamics they want. Others leave a lot to the performer to decide. Historically, composers several centuries ago, such as Bach, only wrote occasional dynamic marks. Even Mozart only wrote a few, mostly ***p*** and ***f***. By the 19th century composers were writing dynamics in much more detail in their music.

Sometimes accents are shown by marks similar to dynamic marks. _Sforzando_ means a strong, sudden accent and is abbreviated as ***sf***, ***sfz*** or ***fz***. The notation ***sfzp*** (or ***sfp***) means a _sforzando_ followed immediately by _piano_

The terms _crescendo_, and _diminuendo_ (or sometimes _decrescendo_), mean a gradual getting louder or quieter. They can also be shown by signs known as "hairpins". A hairpin opening out is a _crescendo_, one which closes is a _diminuendo_.

For a quick change in dynamics, ***molto cresc.*** and ***molto dim.*** are often used (_molto_ means _a lot_). For slow changes ***poco a poco cresc.*** and ***poco a poco dim.*** are used (_poco a poco_ means _little by little_, i.e. very gradually.)
Francesco Botticini

**Francesco Botticini** (real name Francesco di Giovanni, 1446 – 16 January 1498) was an Italian painter. He lived in the early part of the Renaissance period. He was born in Florence about 1446 and is best known for his painting called "Assumption of the Virgin".

He died in 1497 or 1498. After he had been an assistant to the painter Neri di Bicci he started his own workshop. The shop was famous for its decorative works, a few of which can be seen in the cloistered church of Empoli. Botticini was influenced by Filippino Lippi and Botticelli who were two very famous Florentine painters.

## Related pages

- List of Italian painters
Grana Padano

**Grana Padano** is a type of hard cheese. It is similar to parmesan cheese. The name comes from the noun _grana_ (‘grain’), which refers to the distinctively grainy texture of the cheese, and the adjective _Padano_, which refers to the river Po.

Grana Padano was created by the Cistercian monks of Chiaravalle. They used ripened cheese as a way of preserving extra milk. By the year 1477, it was regarded as one of the most famous cheeses of Italy. Today, this product is made in the regions of Piedmont, Lombardy and Veneto, and in the province of Trento.

Like Parmigiano Reggiano, Grana Padano is a semi-fat hard cheese which is cooked and ripened slowly (for up to 18 months). It is produced by curdling the milk of grass-fed cows. The cows are milked twice a day, the milk is left to stand, and then partially creamed. It is produced all year round and the quality can vary seasonally as well as by year.

A wheel of Grana Padano is cylindrical, with slightly convex or almost straight sides and flat faces. The rind, which is thin, is white or straw yellow.

Grana Padano cheese has been produced since the 12th century, and production and quality are now overseen by the Consorzio per la Tutela del Formaggio Grana Padano.

## Other websites

- Consorzio per la Tutela del Formaggio Grana Padano
- Zeppa, Giuseppe _GRANA PADANO a cheese from Piedmont_
- _Disciplinare di produzione_
Language revival

**Language revival** is people trying to make a language spoken often again when it is not spoken or is spoken very little. Language death happens when a language is not used by the people who used to speak it.

Language revival tries to save a language that is dead or endangered. The Hebrew language was once a language that was not spoken, but the language was revived, and people now speak and use it again. Many people are now trying to revive their languages. The revival of languages is useful as it can give insight to older languages.
Ukrainian

**Ukrainian** might mean:

- Something related to the country Ukraine
- Something related to the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, which existed from 1922 to 1991
- Ukrainians, the people of Ukraine
- Ukrainian language
Objectivity (science)

**Objectivity** in science means that scientific ideas and measurements are tested. That means they are independent from the individual scientist (the subject) who proposes them. In other words, if scientist A claims something, scientist B must be able to check whether A is right.

The evidence can (in principle) be shown to anyone who doubts it. The "in principle" bit is because some science needs complex machinery, and if you don't understand the machinery, you won't understand the results. But elementary science can often be shown in a classroom, or on television.

Some science does need a proper scientific education. To some extent the general public has to trust a qualified scientist to present the idea in some suitable form. That means on television or on the web, or perhaps in published articles or books. Most awards of the Nobel Prize in science are followed by presentations on various web channels.

It is generally agreed that, at least in some subjects, modern science needs a person to have some education before they can understand it. Specialist communicators often do this on television or the web. 150 years ago, people read science directly from books written by scientists like Faraday and Darwin. Now most people get their science from people who act as communicators of science.

## Objectivity in measurement

To avoid the variety in subjective (ambiguous) interpretation of quantifying terms such as "green", "hot", "large", "considerable", and "negligible", scientists try hard, where possible, to eliminate human senses by use of standardized measuring tools (meter stick, stopwatch, thermometer, etc.) and mechanical/electronic measuring instruments (spectrometer, voltmeter, timer, oscilloscope, gravimeter, etc.) for performing the actual measuring process, eliminating much of the perceptive variability of individual observers. The results of measurements are expressed on a numerical scale of standard units - so that everybody else understands them the same way. Where data must need be used, the ideal is to use "hard", "objective" criteria for assigning the classifications (see definition), such that different classifiers would get the same results.

## Literature

- Dawkins, Richard 2003. _A Devil’s Chaplain: selected essays_. Phoenix.
- Kuhn, Thomas 1962. _The Structure of Scientific Revolutions_. University of Chicago Press, 3rd ed. 1996.
- Porter, Theodore M. 1995. _Trust in Numbers: the pursuit of objectivity in science and public life_. Princeton University Press.
- Restivo, Sal 1994. _Science, Society, and Values: toward a sociology of objectivity_. Lehigh University Press.
- Sokal, Alan & Bricmont, Jean 1997. _Intellectual Impostures: postmodern philosophers’ abuse of science_. Profile Books 2003.
Roundhay Garden Scene

***Roundhay Garden Scene*** is a short silent movie made on October 14, 1888 in the garden of _Oakwood Grange_, Roundhay, Leeds, West Yorkshire, England. It was made by a French man named Louis Le Prince. The movie had Adolphe Le Prince, Sarah Whitley, Joseph Whitley, and Harriet Hartley walking in the garden of Oakwood Grange. It is believed to be the oldest surviving movie by many people. It is 1.66 seconds long. The digitalized version lasts 2.11 seconds.

## Other websites

- Louis Le Prince Centre for Cinema, Photography, and Television
- YouTube video of _Roundhay Garden Scene_
Herpetology

**Herpetology** is the branch of zoology concerned with reptiles and amphibians. It is about cold-blooded animals like salamanders, frogs, toads, snakes, lizards, turtles, tuataras and crocodilians.

## Herp

"Herp" is a vernacular term for reptiles and amphibians. It is derived from the old term "herpetile". Linnaeus  grouped reptiles and amphibians together in the same class, and that is where the term comes from. The term has persisted, particularly in the names of herpetology, the scientific study of reptiles and amphibians, and herpetoculture, the captive care and breeding of reptiles and amphibians. There are over 6700 species of amphibians and over 9000 species of reptiles.

## Batrachology

**Batrachology** is the study of amphibians. Batrachology can also mean that a person enjoys amphibians and are among their favorite pets.
Hector Barbossa

Captain **Hector Barbossa** is a fictional character and a recurring antagonist of the _Pirates of the Caribbean_ franchise. He appeared in the first five movies of the series.

At first he was the main antagonist as an undead pirate in _The Curse of the Black Pearl_ (2003). The character dies at the end of the movie, however, he is revealed to have been brought back to life at the end of _Dead Man's Chest_.

He later became an antihero in supporting roles as a Pirate Lord in _At World's End_ (2007), a privateer with the Royal Navy in _On Stranger Tides_ (2011), and finally as the rich pirate in _Dead Men Tell No Tales_ (2017).

He is seen as the evil version of Captain Jack Sparrow.
Alpha Kappa Alpha

**Alpha Kappa Alpha** is the first sorority founded by African-American women.  The sorority was founded on January 15, 1908, at Howard University. The sorority has more than 300,000 women in over one thousand chapters. They are in the United States, the Caribbean, Germany, Korea and Japan.

## Other websites

- Official website
Objectivity

**Objectivity** can mean:

- Objectivity (philosophy)
- Objectivity (journalism)
- Objectivity (science)
- Objectivity in historiography

## Related pages

- New Objectivity, German art movement
Fraud

**Fraud** (or **defrauding** or **scamming**) is a crime in which someone tricks somebody else to get unfair or unlawful gain. Frauds are almost always about money, either directly or indirectly.

A _fraudster_ or a _fraud_ is the person who commits the fraud. Something that involves fraud is _fraudulent_ (as in _He tried to pass a fraudulent cheque)._ To _defraud_ someone is to commit a fraud against them.

## Methods

Fraudsters may find people to defraud by phone calls, emails, or websites.

Fraud often starts by saying there is a free or low-price item. The fraudster then asks for personal information, such as a home address and bank account numbers. Instead of giving an item in return, the fraudster takes their money. Fraudsters often target senior citizens.

Ponzi schemes and pyramid schemes are forms of investment fraud. In 2009 Bernie Madoff was charged for defrauding over 40,800 people in a $64 billion Ponzi scheme. The scheme has been described as "the largest fraudulent scheme in history" and "one of the most prolific financial crimes in American history”.

Some fraudsters use ransomware and/or phishing to gather private information from their victims.

## Laws

Fraud is a criminal wrong: a fraudster may be prosecuted and imprisoned. It is also a civil wrong: a fraud victim may sue the fraudster to get compensation.

Laws against fraud differ in each jurisdiction.

### England

In England an Act of Parliament defines three kinds of fraud.
1. fraud by false representation,
1. fraud by failing to disclose information, and
1. fraud by abuse of position.
Lesser cases are heard in a Magistrates' Court; more serious offences are tried in the High Court (jury proceedings).

## Related pages

- Phishing
- Ponzi scheme
- Pyramid scheme
- Welfare fraud
- Internet (online) fraud
Pump

A **pump** is a machine which moves a liquid from one place to another, often upwards.

Pumps need some kind of power, often kinetic energy, to make them work. Sometimes the power comes from a person. Sometimes the power comes from a motor.

## Types of pumps

There are many different kinds of pumps. Some types of pumps are:
- Air pump
- Boiler feedwater pump
- Fire pump
- Heat pump

## Related pages

- Gas compressor

## Resources

- Pumps history - 2000 BC to Now
Alpha (disambiguation)

**Alpha** may mean:

## The Greek letter alpha

Alpha, a letter in the Greek alphabet. **α** may be used as the symbol for:
- Angle of attack in aerodynamics
- Common-base current gain of a transistor in electronics
- In physics:
    - Fine-structure constant, a fundamental physical constant
    - Alpha particle, form of particle radiation
    - H-alpha, or **H-α**, an emission line created by hydrogen atoms
- The alpha carbon in organic chemistry
- In Bayer designation, the typically brightest star in a constellation
- The significance level in statistical hypothesis testing
- Alpha channel, describing transparency and opacity in computer graphics
- The alpha coefficient in evaluating financial returns
- Thermal diffusivity

## Place names

- Alpha, Michigan
- Alpha, Minnesota
- Alpha, New Jersey
- Alpha, Queensland

## Media, literature and fiction

- Alpha (band), a British electronic music group
- Alpha Magazine, Australian men's sport magazine
- Alpha (search engine), a search engine by Yahoo!
- Alpha TV, a Greek terrestrial channel
- Alpha the Ultimate Mutant, a character featured in Marvel Comics

## Science and mathematics

- The Bayer designation of the brightest star in a constellation, for example
    - Alpha Centauri, the brightest star system in the southern constellation of Centaurus
- Alpha (biology), "alpha male" and "alpha female", the highest ranking individuals in a community of social animals
- Alpha (investment), a measurement of risk-adjusted performance
- Alpha waves, recorded by electroencephalography
- Cronbach's alpha, a statistical measure of reliability
- ALPHA, the Antihydrogen Laser PHysics Apparatus, an experiment at CERN.

## Computing

- Alpha (machine learning), the degree to which a learning agent takes into account new information
- ALPHA refers to the set of ASCII characters A-Z and a-z, as defined in RFC 4234
- The ALPHA programming language
- Alpha, a development stage of software release
- DEC Alpha, a microprocessor/central processing unit (CPU)
- AlphaServer - DEC now HP machine successor to the VAX
- AlphaStation - DEC now HP workstation successor to the VAX

## Other

- Latin alpha, an open back unrounded vowel
- Space Station Alpha, the original name and unofficial call sign for the International Space Station
- The first letter in the NATO phonetic alphabet
- Alpha (radio navigation), a Russian radio navigation system similar to the former Omega Navigation System
- Alpha 2000, a light aircraft built in New Zealand
- Alpha Group, a dedicated counter-terrorism unit that belonged to OSNAZ
- Alpha class submarine, a Russian fast attack nuclear submarine
- Sony α or Sony Alpha, a digital SLR series by Sony
    - Minolta α or Minolta Alpha, the Japanese name for a series of SLR cameras known as Maxxum or Dynax elsewhere, and predecessor to Sony's brand of the same name
- Tropical Storm Alpha (2005)
- Alpha Industries, clothing company

## Related pages

- Beta
Ioan P. Culianu

**Ioan Petru Culianu** (5 January 1950 – 21 May 1991) was a Romanian historian of religion, culture, ideas, philosopher, political essayist, poet, mystic and short story writer.

He was 41 when he was shot in the head in the men's room in his University, Divine School where he was teaching on May 21 1991. At times he preached against communism and its system of brainwashing youth. It is alleged that he was killed on the orders of outgoing Romanian Communist Party leaders.

## Other websites

- Biography - The life and death of Romanian mystic, The Forces of Darkness- professor Ioan Culianu
- Culianu's works
Single (music)

In popular music marketing, a **single** is a record release with only one to three songs. The first song (usually the one given the most promotion, and heard more often in the media) is called an **A-side**, while any other song on the single is called a **B-side**.

The pairing of recordings on a single comes from the days of shellac and vinyl records, when discs had two playable sides. Modern compact disc singles may contain more than one version of either the A- or B-side, or sometimes an additional recording by the same performer. B-sides may be selections from an album, or songs not otherwise issued for sale.

Many times the chance to get a new song issued as an A-side creates competition between members of bands, or teams of songwriters. John Lennon and Paul McCartney of The Beatles tried to write better songs than each other, to get more A-sides than the other. George Harrison, also a Beatle, rarely had his songs chosen for singles, but had a hit with "Something" for the band.

In the days of vinyl singles, royalties for both A- and B-sides were paid equally. Many listeners never played B-sides more than once, and radio focused on A-sides. Many people who made recordings knew this, and used it to earn extra money from sales, or to promote other music they made. Phil Spector sometimes used short jam sessions by his studio band as B-sides to singles he produced.

Michael Nesmith of The Monkees wanted his songs to appear on Monkees singles. He would settle for B-sides, if he could not get an A-side. Don Kirshner, who oversaw the band's early music, wanted the B-sides to come from other songwriters who worked for him. Nesmith and Kirshner disagreed, and it caused tension for the Monkees and their company.

Records that include more than two or three songs are usually called EPs (for "extended play"), and may include four or more distinct songs, but not as many as on an album.

## Related pages

- Album
- Extended play
- Vinyl (or gramophone record)
Captain America

**Captain America** is a fictional superhero from the Marvel Comics. He made his first appearance in the comic book _Captain America Comics #1_ in 1941_._ He wears a suit that has a white star on his chest with 2 stripes (still white) on each side next to the star. His suit is blue. He also has an indestructible shield with a bullseye and a star on the front of it. He is also known as his alter ego **Steve Rogers**. Captain America had a sidekick (friend), Bucky who later became the Winter Soldier, is a very good fighter, both hand-to-hand and using his guns to take care of his enemies easily. Captain America has an nemesis called Red Skull. He later joins a team called the Avengers to help protect the world.

## Power and abilities

Although Captain America has enhanced body strength, speed, agility, endurance, reflexes, reaction time, and natural self-healing ability, he actually has no superpowers. The reason why he has all these abilities is because of the Super Soldier Serum.

## Film and TV

The character has adapted to different forms of media, including toys, movies, television series, and video games.

He first appeared in the serial (film) Captain America, which was from 1940.

He appears in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, played by Chris Evans. He was in _Captain America: The First Avenger_ (2011), _Captain America: The Winter Soldier_ (2014) and _Captain America: Civil War_ (2016), as well as Marvel's _The Avengers_ (2012), and Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015), Avengers: Infinity War (2018), and Avengers: Endgame (2019).

## In Real Life

In 1966, Joe Simon (one of the people who helped make Captain America) sued Marvel, saying that he was the one who should be able to use the character, not them. It was agreed that Captain America was made under the publisher's rules, and belonged to them. This meant that Marvel won.
Objectivity (journalism)

**Objectivity** is a significant principle of journalistic professionalism. It involves presenting information that can be relied upon.

Objectivity may have several meanings in the eye of the public. "Fairness" involves making sure that multiple sides of an issue are presented. "Disinterestedness" means that the presenters are neutral in a story in which the people involved try to influence them. "Factuality" bases story content on facts that can be checked by an independent agent. "Nonpartisanship" means not taking sides, especially on political matters. Depending on the topic of a story, any or all of these factors may be relevant in the journalist's remaining objective.

The editorial board of media outlets such as the press or broadcast news chooses what information to present, so the editors' selection may be biased toward one position or belief system.

In many countries, "advocacy journalism," which supports a particular position, is considered as a legitimate sort of professional journalism. These stories may be either news or analysis. They may or may not be objective.

## Definitions

Few journalists would make a claim to total neutrality or impartiality.  However, most try to keep distance from their own personal biases in their news work.  In _Discovering the News_ (1978), sociologist Michael Schudson argues that "the belief in objectivity is a faith in 'facts,' a distrust in 'values,' and a commitment to their segregation."  In the United States, an objective story is typically considered to be one that steers a middle path between two poles of political rhetoric.

Journalism without any bias, as if one just came to Earth from another planet and had no opinions about our behavior or ways is rarely practiced, although some argue it would lead to radical changes in reporting. (See, for example, Noam Chomsky, The Journalist from Mars.)

## Related pages

- Objectivity
- Objectivity (philosophy) for a general discussion of objectivity
- Objectivity (science)

## References

- Herman, Edward and Noam Chomsky.  1988.  _Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media._  New York: Pantheon.
- Mindich, David T. Z.  1998.  _Just the Facts: How “Objectivity” Came to Define American Journalism._  New York: New York University Press.
- Schudson, Michael.  1978.  _Discovering the News: A Social History of American Newspapers._  New York: Basic Books.
- Schudson, Michael.  1997.  "The Sociology of News Production."  In _Social Meaning of News: A Text-Reader._  Dan Berkowitz, ed.  Pp. 7-22. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Sega Nomad

The **Sega Nomad** is a portable video game console released by the Sega Corporation. It has a colour screen and can play most games designed for the Sega Mega Drive/Genesis, as it shares similarities with the hardware of the Sega Genesis (Mega Drive)

It cannot be used with the Sega CD and Sega 32X unless special modifications are made. But such special modifications may not be safe.

Fewer than one million Genesis Nomads were sold.

## History

The Sega Genesis was Sega's entry into the 16-bit era of video game consoles. In Japan, Sega released the Mega Jet, a portable version of the Mega Drive for use on Japan Airlines flights. The Mega Jet requires a connection to a television screen and a power source, and so outside of airline flights can only be used in cars equipped with a television set and cigarette lighter receptacle. On planes, the Mega Jet was connected into armrest monitors. It had a limited consumer release in Japanese department stores in 1994 but did not see success.

## Infobox (information appliance)

- **title**: Genesis Nomad
- **aka**: Sega Nomad
- **image**: Sega-Nomad-Front.jpg
- **image size**: 250px
- **manufacturer**: Sega
- **type**: Handheld game console
- **generation**: Fifth generation of video game consoles, Fifth
- **media**: Sega Genesis ROM cartridge
- **power**: 6 AA batteries, 4 hours
- **cpu**: Motorola 68000
- **predecessor**: Game Gear
Mega Jet
Erlasee Solar Park

The **Erlasee Solar Park**  is in one of the sunniest regions of Germany. On the former wine-producing Erlasee estate near Arnstein in Bavaria, in southern Germany, SOLON has constructed what is currently the largest tracking photovoltaic solar power station in the world with an output of 12 MW. Just under 1,500 "SOLON-Movers" modules convert sunlight into environmentally friendly power, generating as much as the average consumption of the nearby town of Arnstein.

The solar power plant cost £35 million and covers 77 hectares of land.

## Related pages

- Photovoltaics

## Other websites

- SunPower Celebrates the Dedication of SOLON's Gut Erlasee Solar Park
Khula

**Khula** is the right of a woman to ask her husband for a divorce and to offer him a compensation in case he does so. Following the Sharia the husband has no right to ask for a compensation of a higher value than that what he gave his wife when they married.

After divorce the former husband is responsible for education, food and residence of children. The children live with the mother for 7 years. After 7 years children have the right to live with father or mother, as they decide.
Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani

**Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani** (, _Akbar Hāshemī Rafanjānī_), **Hashemi Bahramani** (; August 25, 1934 – January 8, 2017) was an influential Iranian politician. He was the Chairman of the Expediency Discernment Council of Iran from 1989 to his death.

_Forbes_ magazine listed Rafsanjani in its list of richest people in the world and wrote that as the real power behind the Iranian government, he "has more or less run the Islamic Republic for the past 24 years." His wealth has earned him the infamous nickname of _Akbar Shah_ in Iran.

Rafsanjani was President of Iran from 1989 to 1997 and lost on the second ballot to Mahmoud Ahmadinejad in the 2005 election on his attempt for a third term in office. He then ntried to use his position in the Expediency Discernment Council to denounce Ahmadinejad's administration. He wanted to carry out privatizations and change foreign policy. However,  Ahmadinejad noted Rafsanjani's failure to make a difference between  privatizations and taking over government-owned companies. Ahmadinejad also commmented on  the foreign policies of Rafsanjani's administration, which led  to sanctions against Iran in 1995 and 1996.

Currently, one of his sons has been accused of receiving a bribe of $80,000,000 from Total oil company. Analysts expect that his son will not be put on trial, however.

Rafsanjani died on January 8, 2017 in Tehran from a heart attack at the age of 82.

## Other websites

- Profile: Akbar Hashemi-Rafsanjani at BBC News
- Profile:  Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani  at www.aljazeera.com

### Video clips

- Rafsanjani and Al-Qaradhawi on Muslim Unity - Part 1
- Rafsanjani and Al-Qaradhawi on Muslim Unity - Part 2

## Infobox (president)

- **name**: Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani
 اکبر هاشمی رفسنجانی
- **nationality**: iranian
- **image**: Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani by Fars 01 (cropped).jpg
- **order**: 4th President of Iran
- **term start**: August 3, 1989
- **term end**: August 2, 1997
- **vicepresident**: Hassan Habibi
- **predecessor**: Ali Khamenei
- **successor**: Mohammad Khatami
- **birth place**: Nough, Pahlavi dynasty, Iran
- **death place**: Tehran, Iran
- **party**: Combatant Clergy Association
Evander Holyfield

**Evander Holyfield** (born October 19, 1962) is an American boxer. He held both the world heavyweight championship and the world cruiserweight championship. He also won a bronze medal at the 1984 Summer Olympics.

Holyfield was born in Atmore, Alabama. He became a professional boxer in 1984 and won the cruiserweight championship from Dwight Muhammad Qawi in 1986. He moved to the heavyweight division in 1988 and won the world championship from James "Buster" Douglas in 1990. He defended the title three times, including fights against former champions Larry Holmes and George Foreman. He lost the title to Riddick Bowe in 1992 but won it back the next year. In 1994 he lost to Michael Moorer and briefly retired. He soon fought again, however, and surprised many by knocking out Mike Tyson in 1996. He had a draw against Lennox Lewis in 1998 and then lost a rematch to him in 1999.

In 2005, Holyfield  was a contestant on season 1 of _Dancing with the Stars_. He was a housemate in the January 2014 series of Celebrity Big Brother (UK).

## Other websites

- Boxing record
Porthmadog F.C.

**Porthmadog Football Club** is a football team, playing in the Cymru North. The club was started in 1884.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Porthmadog
- **fullname**: Clwb Pêl Droed Porthmadog
Porthmadog Football Club
- **nickname**: Port
- **founded**: 1884
- **ground**: Y Traeth, Porthmadog
- **capacity**: 2,000 (500 seated)
- **chairman**: Phil Jones
- **pattern b1**: _blackstripes
- **leftarm1**: 000000
- **body1**: FF0000
- **rightarm1**: 000000
- **shorts1**: 000000
- **socks1**: #FF0000
- **leftarm2**: FFFFFF
- **body2**: FFFFFF
- **rightarm2**: FFFFFF
- **shorts2**: 000000
- **socks2**: #FF0000
Sharia

**Sharia**, **Sharia law** or **Islamic law** is a set of religious principles which form part of the Muslim faith. The Arabic word _sharīʿah_ () refers to the revealed law of God and originally meant "way" or "path".

Classical sharia deals with many aspects of public and private life, including religious rituals, family life, business, crimes, and warfare. In former times, sharia was interpreted by independent jurists, who based their legal opinions on Qur'an, Hadith and centuries of debate, interpretation and precedent. Some parts of sharia can be described as "law" in the usual sense of that word, while other parts are better understood as rules for living life in accordance with God's will.
Wadowice

**Wadowice**  () is a town in Poland in Lesser Poland Voivodeship in the mountainous range known as Zakopane region,  southeast of Krakow - (former Polish capital).

Pope John Paul II (Karol Wojtyla) was born there on May 18 1920. He also attended elementary and high school there, graduating with honors in 1938.

The town is twinned with 4 others, all in Italy.

## Other websites

- History of Wadowice

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Wadowice
- **image skyline**: Wadowice LuftB.jpg
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **image caption**: Aerial view of Main Square
- **image shield**: Wadowice herb.svg
- **pushpin map**: Poland
- **pushpin label position**: bottom
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Poland
- **subdivision type1**: Voivodeships of Poland, Voivodeship
- **subdivision name1**: Lesser Poland Voivodeship, Lesser Poland
- **subdivision type2**: Powiat, County
- **subdivision name2**: Wadowice County
- **subdivision type3**: Gmina
- **subdivision name3**: Gmina Wadowice
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Ewa Filipiak
- **established title**: Established
- **established date**: 14th century
- **established title3**: Town rights
- **established date3**: 1430
- **elevation min m**: 250
- **elevation max m**: 318
- **area total km2**: 12.98
- **population as of**: 2007
- **population total**: 19149
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone**: Central European Time, CET
- **utc offset**: +1
- **timezone dst**: Central European Summer Time, CEST
- **utc offset dst**: +2
- **postal code type**: Postal code
- **postal code**: 34–100
- **area code**: +48 33
- **blank name**: Polish car number plates, Car plates
- **blank info**: KWA
- **website**: http://www.wadowice.pl
Piano six hands

Music described as **piano six hands** is for three pianists at one piano, as distinct from piano duet which is music for two pianists at one piano, and from piano trio which is music for piano, violin and cello.  Not much music has been written for this combination, although there are several arrangements of music originally written for other forces.

## Examples

Compositions include 5 pieces by Percy Grainger, Sergei Rachmaninoff's Romance and Valse, Alfred Schnittke's Hommage, Carl Czerny's op.17 and 741, Jean Cras's "Âmes d’enfants", Paul Robinson (composer)'s "Pensees" and "Monmartre", various pieces by German composer Armin Fuchs, Bulgarian composer Tomislav Baynov's "Metrorhythmia 1", John Pitts's "Are You Going?", Greek composer Dionysis Boukouvalas's "Fantasy on a theme by Steve Reich", Canadian composer Paul Frehner's "Slowdown" and Italian composer Fabio Mengozzi's "Promenade".
Pedal

A **pedal** is something that is made to work by someone's foot.  The word "pedal" comes from the Latin word for "foot".  Many things can be made to work by pedals.  These include:

- a car (automobile) which has a brake pedal, an accelerator pedal and sometimes a clutch;
- a musical instrument such as piano, harp or organ (see pedal (music));
- a spinning wheel
- a sewing machine (in the days before electricity)
Rice wine

**Rice wine** is a word some people use to talk about alcoholic drinks. However, it is not a true wine, despite the name. True wine is made by fermenting grapes, and perhaps other fruit. In rice wine, the starch in the rice is first changed into sugar. This sugar is then fermented. This process is more like the fermentation as it is done in beer.

The _rice wines_ made in this manner have more alcohol in them than normal wines (18–25% alcohol compared to 10–14% for normal wines). Beers on the other hand usually have 4–8% alcohol in them.

Many people use the term _rice wine_ to refer to sake (which is just one variant of many different kinds of rice wines).
Alcopop

An **alcopop** is an alcoholic drink, also known as **ready-to-drink** (**RTD**), **flavored alcoholic beverage** (**FAB**) or **flavored malt beverage** (**FMB**). They are usually available in bottles or cans. They contain about the same amount of alcohol as a beer. Usually, they are very sweet, so that the alcohol can not be tasted.

There are two different kinds of this drinks. In Europe, they are usually spirits mixed with lemonade, like vodka with lemon juice (and a lot of sugar, so the alcohol cannot be tasted),  or rum with fruit juice (also very sweet). In the US, they tend to be beers, which taste very sweet.

Because they are very sweet, alcopops tend to be more popular among young people. Since the fact that they contain alcohol is usually not obvious from the taste, these drinks are considered to be dangerous for young people by many countries. These have either raised the taxes on the drinks, or they have outlawed the sale of these drinks to people under a certain age (usually 18, sometimes 21 years).

## Related pages

- Mixed drink
Pedal (music)

**Pedals** on musical instruments are used to control parts of the instrument, or provide extra notes.

There are several musical instruments which have pedals for various reasons.

## Piano

The piano has at least two pedals; large concert grand pianos always have three.  The pedal on the right (operated by the player's right foot) sustains the sound of the notes for as long as the pedal is depressed. It does this by lifting the dampers from the strings.  Some of the other strings even start to vibrate as well ("in sympathy").

The pedal on the left makes the sound quieter.  It is called the "una corda" pedal (Italian for "one string").  This is because, in the early days of the piano, the una corda pedal made all the hammers move over so that a hammer would only hit one string for each note instead of three (most notes on a piano each have three strings to make a bigger sound).  On modern pianos the hammers actually hit two strings instead of just one.  They also tend to hit the string at a point where the hammer is softer, away from the grooves which get worn in the hammerhead.  On an upright piano the una corda pedal moves the hammers closer to the strings so that they do not hit them so hard.

On pianos which have a middle pedal (called a sostenuto pedal) any note or chord which the player is holding down when the pedal is pressed will be sustained, but any more notes he plays afterwards will not be affected.

## Organ

On pipe organs there is a pedalboard with pedals which play notes in the same way that the fingers are playing notes.  An organ pedalboard usually has two and a half octaves of notes.  These are low notes written in the bass clef.  An organist has to learn to play with the feet at the same time as with the hands.  He uses the toes or the heels of his shoes.  It is even possible to play four notes at once (four part chords) but this is very difficult and usually found in some modern French music.

## Harp

There are seven pedals on a concert harp.  Each pedal can be in a high, middle or low position.  The strings of the harp can be thought of like the white notes of a piano, tuned to naturals (C,D,E etc.).  Each pedal can change one of the letter-named notes one semitone higher or lower. For example: the pedal on the left changes all the Ds to D flat (if the pedal is in the highest position) or D sharp (in the lowest position).  From left to right the pedals operate the Ds, Cs, Bs, Es, Fs, Gs and As.

## Timpani

Pedal timpani are timpani with a pedal which will tighten or loosen the drumhead.  This will make the note go up or down in pitch.  It is a fairly new invention.  Composers in the Classical music period never had pedal timpani.  Their timpani always had to be tuned by hand using the taps around the side.  Composers like Béla Bartók wrote for pedal timpani.

## Harpsichord

Modern harpsichords often have pedals which change the sound in the same way that stops on an organ change the sound.  In earlier harpsichords the sound was more often changed by pushing in or pulling out hand stops.

## Related pages

- Pedal point
Sprain

A **sprain** is a type of injury in which a person hurts the part really bad, but it is not broken. It has common side effects of a broken bone, but it is less serious.

## Degrees

The first degree is only a minor tear or stretch of a ligament.

The second degree is a tear of a ligament, which is usually followed by pain or swelling.

The third degree is a complete rupture.

## Signs and symptoms

The typical signs and symptoms associated with a sprain are the main signs of inflammation:
- localized pain
- swelling
- loss of function

## Joints involved

Although any joint can experience a sprain, some of the more common include:
- the ankle. It is the most common.
- the knee. Perhaps one of the more talked about sprains is that to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) of the knee. This is a disabling sprain common to athletes, especially basketball, soccer, and judo players.
- the fingers.
- the wrist. The wrist is also a popular sprain area.

## Prevention

Sprains can best be prevented by proper use of safety equipment (wrist, ankle guards), warm-ups and cool-downs (including stretching), being aware of your surroundings and maintaining strength and flexibility. Physical conditioning is the best way to avoid or lessen the degree of sprains.

## Other websites

- More information and treatment at nhsdirect.nhs.uk