juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Lapua

**Lapua** is a city in Southern Ostrobothnia, Finland. It had almost 14,700 people living there in January 2014. The municipalities next to it are Alajärvi, Kauhava, Kuortane, Lappajärvi and Seinäjoki.

## Other websites

- Perhekoon kaypunki
Vesilahti

**Vesilahti** is a municipality in Pirkanmaa, Finland. It had about 4,4800 people living there in January 2014. The municipalities next to it are Akaa, Lempäälä, Nokia, Pirkkala, Sastamala and Urjala.

## Other websites

- The official Vesilahti page
Pirkkala

**Pirkkala** is a municipality in Pirkanmaa, Finland. It had about 18,500 people living there in January 2014. The municipalities next to it are Tampere, Nokia, Lempäälä, and Vesilahti. Pirkkala has been growing fast but doesn't yet have the status of a town or city.

## Other websites

- The official Pirkkala page
Tamás Nádas

**Tamás Nádas** (20 March 1969 – 7 March 2014) was a Hungarian aerobatics pilot and world champion air racer. He was born in Kiskunlacháza, Hungary.

Nádas was killed when his plane crashed during an inverted (upside down) flyover at the Al Khor Airport in Al Khor, Qatar. He was 44 years old.
Victor Shem-Tov

**Victor Shem-Tov** (, ; 1 February 1915 – 8 March 2014) was an Israeli politician. He was minister without portfolio from 1969 to 1970, minister of health from 27 July 1970 to 20 June 1977, and also minister of welfare and social services from 3 June 1974 to 29 October 1974.

Shem-Tov was born in Samokov, Bulgaria and mostly lived in the capital Sofia. In 1939, at the age of 24, he made aliyah. The same year he joined Hashomer Hatzair.

Shem-Tov died on 8 March 2014. He was 99 years old.

## Other websites

- Bio at Knesset Website
Jeremy Thorpe

**John Jeremy Thorpe** (29 April 1929 – 4 December 2014) was a British Liberal politician.

Thorpe was born in South Kensington, London, the son of former Conservative Member of Parliament John Henry Thorpe. He was educated at Eton College and Trinity College, Oxford. He was the MP for North Devon from 1959 until 1979. He was leader of his party from 1967 until 1976.

In 1979 at the Central Criminal Court in London, Thorpe was acquitted of conspiracy to murder model Norman Scott.

## The Scott affair

In 1961, Norman Scott (b. 12 February 1940), a former model, met Thorpe while working as a stable lad. He claimed that he and Thorpe had a sexual relationship between 1961 and 1963, when homosexual acts were illegal in Britain.

Enquiries led to Thorpe and three others being charged with conspiracy to murder Scott. During the investigation, an antique firearms collector, Dennis Meighan, confessed he had been hired by a representative of a person called "a Mr Big in the Liberal Party" to kill Scott for £13,500. Meighan later claimed that his 1975 oral confession was significantly shortened when it was offered to him for signing: "I read the statement, which did me no end of favours, but it did Jeremy Thorpe no end of favours as well, because it left him completely out of it..."

The judge's summing-up was widely criticised for its bias, and it made headlines when he described Scott as "a crook, an accomplished liar ... a fraud".   The four defendants were all acquitted on 22 June 1979. Dennis Meighan was never called to give evidence and remained silent until 2014, when he acknowledged his involvement and commented: "It was a cover-up, no question, but it suited me fine".

The Scott Affair ruined Thorpe, who resigned as leader of the Liberal Party, and was defeated at the next general election in 1979.

## Personal life

Thorpe was married to Caroline Allpass from 1968 until she was killed in a car crash in 1970. The couple's son was born in 1969. Thorpe was married to pianist Marion Stein (1926-2014) from 1973 until her death. Thorpe was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease. He died from the disease in London on 4 December 2014, aged 85.
Bristol Belvedere

The **Bristol Belvedere** was a British helicopter used for military transport. It was a tandem-rotor (2 rotor) aircraft with two turboshafts.

## Infobox (aircraft begin)

- **name**: Bristol Belvedere
- **image**: File:Bristol Belvedere.jpg


## Infobox (aircraft type)

- **type**: Military transport helicopter
- **national origin**: UK
- **manufacturer**: Bristol Aeroplane Company, Bristol.
- **first flight**: 1958.
- **introduction**: 1961
- **status**: Out of service.
- **primary user**: Royal Air Force
- **number built**: 26 examples.
Chocolate Starfish and the Hot Dog Flavored Water

***Chocolate Starfish and the Hot Dog Flavored Water*** is the third studio album by American nu metal band, Limp Bizkit. _Chocolate Starfish and the Hot Dog Flavored Water_ was released on October 10,1999.

The album debuted at #1 on the Billboard 200 and sold 1.05 million copies in its first week which made it the fastest-selling rock album ever, breaking the record which was held for 7 years by Pearl Jam's Vs. The album was also the 18th best-selling album of the 2000s in the US.

The album featured the singles "My Generation", "Rollin' (Air Raid Vehicle)", "Take a Look Around", "Boiler", and "My Way".

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Chocolate Starfish and the Hot Dog Flavored Water
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: Limp Bizkit
- **released**: October 17, 1999
- **recorded**: 1998 - 2000
- **studio**: Westlake Recording Studios, Westlake Studios, Los Angeles
- **length**: 74:55
- **producer**: Terry Date
- **prev title**: Significant Other (album), Significant Other
- **prev year**: 1999
- **next title**: New Old Songs
- **next year**: 2001
Significant Other (album)

***Significant Other*** is the second studio album by American nu metal band, Limp Bizkit. _Significant Other_ was released on June 22, 1999.

The album featured the singles "Nookie", "Re-Arranged", "N 2 Gether Now", and "Break Stuff".

The band performed at Woodstock '99. When they performed, the crowd turned violent especially when the band performed the song "Break Stuff". Many several sexual assaults were reported in the aftermath of the concert. Durst announced during the concert that "People are getting hurt. Don't let anybody get hurt. But I don't think you should mellow out. That's what Alanis Morissette had you motherfuckers do. If someone falls, pick 'em up. We already let the negative energy out. Now we wanna let out the positive energy". Durst later said in an interview, "I didn't see anybody getting hurt. You don't see that. When you're looking out on a sea of people and the stage is twenty feet in the air and you're performing, and you're feeling your music, how do they expect us to see something bad going on?".

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Significant Other
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: Limp Bizkit
- **released**: June 22, 1999
- **recorded**: November 1998–February 1999
- **genre**: Nu metal, rap metal
- **length**: 62:35
- **language**: English language, English
- **label**: Flip Records (1994), Flip/Interscope Records, Interscope
- **producer**: Terry Date and Limp Bizkit
- **prev title**: Three Dollar Bill, Y'all, Three Dollar Bill Y'all$
- **prev year**: 1997
- **next title**: Chocolate Starfish and the Hot Dog Flavored Water
- **next year**: 2000
Three Dollar Bill, Y'all

***Three Dollar Bill, Y'all$*** is the debut studio album by American nu metal band, Limp Bizkit. _Three Dollar Bill, Y'all$_ was released on July 1, 1997.

The album featured the singles "Counterfeit", "Sour", and a cover of George Michaels' song "Faith". Guitarist Wes Borland said in an interview that George Michael hated Limp Bizkit's cover and "hates us for doing it".

The album had attracted controversy when Interscope Records paid a Portland, Oregon radio station $5,000 to play the single "Counterfeit" fifty times which attracted criticism of "payola" toward both the band and the label.

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Three Dollar Bill, Y'all
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: Limp Bizkit
- **released**: July 1, 1997
- **studio**: Indigo Ranch Studio, Malibu, California
- **genre**: * Nu metal
* rap metal
* rapcore
- **length**: 61:26
- **label**: * Flip Records (1994), Flip
* Interscope Records, Interscope
- **producer**: Ross Robinson
- **next title**: Significant Other (album), Significant Other
- **next year**: 1999
Vyond

**Vyond** (formerly **GoAnimate**) is an American Cloud computing-based website service. It is for making and posting animated videos online. It was founded by Alvin Hung on November 1, 2007.

Vyond allows users to make narrative videos, in which characters speak with lip synching and move around. Users can also make video presentations with voices. The program lets the user select backgrounds, and place objects in a scene.

The service has multiple prices based on subscription level. Some are aimed for use by businesses, others in schools, and others for a single person to use. There is a basic free version also.

At first, GoAnimate was powered by Adobe Flash. Back then, it had multiple theme styles, each with their own objects and different kinds of characters. In October 2015, Vyond announced it was migrating to HTML5 starting on January 4, 2016.

## Infobox (company)

- **image caption**: Headquarters in San Mateo, California
- **former name**: GoAnimate (2007–18)
- **logo**: Vyond 2018.svg
- **logo caption**: Logo used since May 6, 2018
- **type**: Privately held company, Private
- **founder**: Alvin Hung
- **hq location**: 2 East 3rd Avenue
- **hq location city**: San Mateo, California
- **hq location country**: United States
- **owner**: GoAnimate, Inc.
- **services**: Video production
Convair R3Y Tradewind

The **Convair R3Y Tradewind** is a US military flying boat. It was first flown in 1954. The R3Y was used by Squadron VR-2 of the US Navy. It has four turboprop engines. The front of the R3Y-2 would open for loading and it had a high cockpit. It was intended to be taxied (moved in the water) to a beach like a landing craft. But pilots found it too hard to control.
Shaanxi KJ-200

The **Shaanxi KJ-200** is a Chinese military aircraft. It is designed to be an Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS) aircraft. It is a modification of the Y-8 transport aircraft. There are 3 examples in service in China.

## Similar aircrafts

- Grumman E-2 Hawkeye
- SAAB S-100
Tachikawa Ki-36

The **Tachikawa Ki-36** was a single-engine light attack aircraft. It was flown by Japan during World War II. The Ki-36 was first flown in 1938. It was not very fast having a top speed of only 217 mph.
The End (novel)

***The End*** is the thirteenth and last book in the series _A Series of Unfortunate Events_ by Lemony Snicket. The book was released on Friday, October 13, 2006.

It reveals many secrets including the real meaning of V.F.D.; the secret organisation. It tells what is hidden in the famous Sugar Bowl.
Dara Ó Briain

**Dara Ó Briain** (; born 4 February 1972) is an Irish comedian and television presenter. He is best known for hosting panel shows such as _The Panel_ (2003–2011), _Mock the Week_ (2005–present), _Dara Ó Briain: School of Hard Sums_ (2012–present) and _The Apprentice: You're Fired!_ (2006–present). He has also been on _Don't Feed the Gondolas_ (1997–2001), _Three Men in a Boat_ (2006–2011), _Have I Got News for You_ (1990–present), _QI_ (2003–present), _Stargazing Live_ (2011–present), _Dara Ó Briain's Science Club_ (2012–2013) and _School of Hard Sums_ (2012–2014).

Ó Briain was born in Bray, County Wicklow. He has two children with his wife, Susan, a surgeon. They live in London, England.
Graham Norton

**Graham William Walker** (born 4 April 1963), better known by his stage name **Graham Norton**, is an Irish actor, comedian and television presenter. He is best known for hosting _So Graham Norton_ (1998–2002), _V Graham Norton_ (2002–03), _The Graham Norton Effect_ (2004), _Graham Norton's Bigger Picture_ (2004–05) and _The Graham Norton Show_ (2007–present).

In the United Kingdom, he is known for being the UK commentator for the Eurovision Song Contest.

Norton was born in Clondalkin, Dublin and grew up in Bandon, County Cork. He comes from a Protestant family. He is openly gay.
Baarle

|align="center"|Baarle||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|{| class="wikitable" |-|||||
|align="cIenter"||align="center"||} {| class="wikitable"|
|**Country**|Netherlands|Belgium|||
|**Province**|North Brabant|Antwerp|||
|**Commune**|Baarle-Nassau|Turnhout|||
|**Area**|76.30 km<sup>2</sup>|7.48 km<sup>2</sup>|||
|**Population**|6668|2592|||
|**Density**|87/km<sup>2</sup>|350/km<sup>2</sup>|||
|**Timezone**|||||
|**Area Code**|013|014|||
|**Postal Code**|5111|2387|||
|**House Numbers**|||||
|**Website**|||||
|colspan="3"|||||
|}|||||
**Baarle**, legally consists of two towns **Baarle-Nassau**, is a town in the Netherlands.

During the twelfth century the area was swampland.  In 1198 Hendrik I, the Duke of Brabant made over some of the land to Godfried of Schoten, the Lord of Breda. Hendrick kept the lands that were paying him a rent. The area that Hendrick kept is now part of Belgium. The area that was given to Gotfried is now in the Netherlands. The title "Lord of Breda" is now held by Willem-Alexander, king of the Netherlands.  The title, "Duke of Brabant" is now a courtesy title of the heir to the Belgian throne.

Baarle-Hertog and Baarle-Nassau each have a burgermeester (mayor). Each town has its own elected town council and each has a police station. Each town has its own church. In some areas the two town councils can cooperate. They have set up a joint council to look after things like electricity, water and gas supplies, highway maintenance and refuse collection.

Both councils also fund a joint cultural centre that houses a combined library. The cultural centre has two official entrances. The international border passes through the building. The Dutch entrance is at 7 Pastoor de Katerstraat. The Belgian entrance is at 5 Pastoor de Katerstraat. The tourist office is affiliated to both the Dutch and the Belgian tourist boards.

Dutch trading law applies to the Dutch parts of the town. Belgian trading laws apply to the Belgian parts of the town. Difference in the laws have encouraged smuggling. After the Second World War many people smuggled butter from the Netherlands into Belgium. In modern times many people buy fireworks in Belgium and smuggle them into the Netherlands.
Tethys

**Tethys** can refer to:

- Tethys (mythology), a Titaness in Greek mythology
- Tethys (moon), a natural satellite of Saturn
- Tethys Ocean, a Mesozoic-era ocean between the continents of Gondwana and Laurasia
- _Tethys_ (gastropod), genus of gastropods in the family Tethydidae
SAAB S-100

The **SAAB S-100** is a Swedish military aircraft. It is designed to be an AWACS aircraft. It was built from the SAAB 340's airliner.

Ukraine got (2025) an [ Argus radar airplane or Saab radar airplane or] _Saab 340 AEW&C_. It is an Airborne early warning and control (picture) airplane.

Militaries that use these airplanes:  Ukraine is using its first Saab 340 AEW&C; It got it in 2025.
Tethys Ocean

The **Tethys Ocean**, also called the **Tethys Sea** or the **Neo-Tethys**, was a prehistoric ocean during much of the Mesozoic Era and early Cenozoic Era, located between the ancient continents of Gondwana and Laurasia, before the opening of the Indian and Atlantic oceans during the Cretaceous Period.

The Tethys Ocean existed between the continents of Gondwana and Laurasia during much of the Mesozoic era. Several smaller versions have existed down to the present day. Today's Black Sea, Caspian Sea, and Aral Sea are remnants of the Tethys Ocean.

## Names

This is a list of names which have been used for different stages of the Tethys:
- Proto-Tethys, from the latest Ediacaran to the Carboniferous 550–330 million years ago (mya)
- Palaeo-Tethys or Paleo-Tethys, from Carboniferous to early Jurassic
- Tethys Ocean proper, or Neo-Tethys, existed between the continents of Gondwana and Laurasia before the opening of the Indian and Atlantic oceans during the Cretaceous period. Roughly, a bigger Mediterranean, continuing right through to the Indian Ocean.
- Alpine or Paratethys sea to the north of the Tethys, roughly where the Alps are today.
Hornchurch

**Hornchurch** is a large suburban town in the London Borough of Havering in Greater London.
Nord N-262

The **Nord N-262** is a civilian and military aircraft. It was a twin-turboprop. It was built by Société Nationale de Construction Aéronautique du Nord, also known as Nord. It was built in all-metal. It flown for the first time in 1962.

### Civilians variants

- N-262 : Initial production variant.
- N-262B : Variant produced for french airline Air Inter.
- N-262C : Variant of N-262 with more powerful turboprops and greater wing.
- Mohawk 298 : Variant built in USA.

### Military variants

- N-262C : Transport variant for the _Armée de l'Air_.
- N-262E : Training and maritime patrol variant for French Navy.

## Infobox (aircraft begin)

- **name**: Nord N-262
- **image**: File:Nord 262E.JPG
- **caption**: France, French Navy **Nord N-262E**.


## Infobox (aircraft type)

- **type**: Civil and military aircraft
- **national origin**: France.
- **manufacturer**: Société Nationale de Construction Aéronautique du Nord
- **first flight**: 1962
- **introduction**: 1964
- **status**: Out of service
- **primary user**: French Air Force
- **produced**: Out of order
- **number built**: 110.
Punjab States Agency

The **Punjab States Agency** was a political office of the British Indian Empire. The agency was created in the 1930s, on the model of the Central India Agency and Rajputana Agency. It dealt with forty princely states in northwest India. formerly dealt with by the British province of the Punjab province. The Punjab Hill States agency was created from it in 1936.

After 1947, most of the states agreed to join the Union of India. The rest joined the Dominion of Pakistan.

## Infobox (former subdivision)

- **conventional long name**: Punjab States Agency
- **common name**: Punjab States Agency
- **nation**: British India
- **status text**: British Residency
- **era**: New Imperialism
- **year start**: 1930
- **event end**: Partition of India, British withdrawal from India
- **year end**: 1947
- **image coat**: Arms of British Punjab.jpg
- **image map**: Punjab 1909.jpg
- **image map caption**: Map of the Punjab (British India), British Punjab in 1909.
Rye, East Sussex

**Rye** is a small town of about 4,500 people in Rother, East Sussex, England. Rye's postcode is TN31.
Chandragupta I

**Chandra Gupta** founded the Gupta Empire around 320 AD and was its first emperor. The Gupta empire later grew into a powerful kingdom. The Gupta period is known as the ‘Golden age of India’. He made alliances with many powerful families of the Ganges region.

## Infobox (monarch)

- **name**: Chandra Gupta I
- **title**: Maharajadhiraja
Paramabhagvata
- **image**: Queen Kumaradevi and King Chandragupta I on a coin.jpg
- **caption**: Queen Kumaradevi and King Chandragupta I, depicted on a coin of their son Samudragupta, 350–380 AD
- **reign**: 320–335 AD
- **religion**: Hinduism
- **predecessor**: Ghatotkacha (king), Ghatotkacha
- **successor**: Samudragupta
- **queen**: Kumaradevi
- **spouse 1**: Queen Kumaradevi
- **royal house**: Gupta Empire
Juankoski

**Juankoski** is a town in Northern Savonia, Finland. About 5,000 people lived there in January 2014. The municipalities next to it are Juuka, Kaavi, Kuopio, Rautavaara and Tuusniemi. Since 2017, it was merged into the city of Kuopio.

## Other websites

- Juankoski website
Shraddha Kapoor

**Shraddha Kapoor** is an Indian actress and singer who appears in Hindi movies of Bollywood. Shraddha made her career in 2010 alongside Amitabh Bachchan in _Teen Patti_. She gained wide recognition for playing a singer in the commercially successful romantic drama film _Aashiqui 2_ (2013), which was starred by Aditya Roy Kapur.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Shraddha Kapoor
- **image**: Shraddha Kapoor at IBJA awards and fashion showcase.jpg
- **caption**: Shraddha Kapoor in 2014
- **birth place**: Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- **years active**: 2010 – present
- **height**: 162 cm
- **mother**: Shivangi Kolhapure Kapoor
- **father**: Shakti Kapoor
Lavia

**Lavia** is a municipality in Satakunta, Finland. About 1,900 people lived there in January 2014. The municipalities next to it are Kankaanpää, Kokemäki, Pori, Pomarkku, Sastamala and Ulvila.

The designer of Finish Euro coin comes from Lavia.

## Other websites

- The official page
Painkiller (Judas Priest album)

***Painkiller*** is the twelfth studio album by British heavy metal band, Judas Priest. _Painkiller_ was released on 3 September 1990.

The album featured the singles "Painkiller", "A Touch of Evil", and "Night Crawler".

The album was the first to feature drummer Scott Travis who replaced Dave Holland. It was also the last album to feature Rob Halford who left the band after the tour of the album because of growing tensions within the band. Halford returned in 2003. The album was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance at the 33rd Annual Grammy Awards in 1991 but lost to Metallica's cover of _Stone Cold Crazy_.

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Painkiller
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: Judas Priest
- **released**: 3 September 1990
- **recorded**: January – March 1990
- **genre**: Power metal, Heavy metal music, heavy metal, speed metal
- **length**: 54:38
- **language**: English language, English
- **label**: Columbia Records, Columbia
- **producer**: Judas Priest and Chris Tsangarides
- **prev title**: Ram It Down
- **prev year**: 1988
- **next title**: Jugulator
- **next year**: 1997
Ram It Down

***Ram It Down*** is the eleventh studio album by British heavy metal band, Judas Priest. _Ram It Down_ was released on 17 May 1988.

The album featured the singles "Johnny B. Goode", a cover of the Chuck Berry song, "Ram It Down/Heavy Metal", "Blood Red Skies", and "I'm a Rocker".

It was the last album to feature drummer Dave Holland who was replaced by Scott Travis. It was also the last album to feature producer Tom Allom. Allom returned to co-produce A Touch of Evil: Live in 2009. Halford said that "'Ram It Down' is a harder song, from the _British Steel_ time."

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Ram it Down
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: Judas Priest
- **released**: 17 May 1988
- **recorded**: 1987–1988
- **genre**: Heavy metal music, Heavy metal, speed metal
- **length**: 58:12
- **language**: English language, English
- **label**: Columbia Records, Columbia
- **producer**: Tom Allom, Glenn Tipton, Rob Halford, K. K. Downing
- **prev title**: Priest...Live!
- **prev year**: 1987
- **next title**: Painkiller (Judas Priest album), Painkiller
- **next year**: 1990
Defenders of the Faith

***Defenders of the Faith*** is the ninth studio album by British heavy metal band Judas Priest. _Defenders of the Faith_ was released on January 4, 1984.

The album featured the singles "Freewheel Burning", "Some Heads Are Gonna Roll" and "Love Bites".

The song "Eat Me Alive" was listed #3 on the Parents Music Resource Center's "Filthy Fifteen" which is a list of 15 songs the organization finds most objectionable. The co-founder Tipper Gore said that the song was about oral sex at gunpoint. In response to the allegations, the band recorded the song "Parental Guidance" on their next album _Turbo_.

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Defenders of the Faith
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: Judas Priest
- **released**: January 4, 1984
- **recorded**: September – November 1983
- **genre**: Heavy metal music, Heavy metal
- **length**: 39:43
- **language**: English language, English
- **label**: Columbia Records, Columbia
- **producer**: Tom Allom
- **prev title**: Screaming for Vengeance
- **prev year**: 1982
- **next title**: Turbo (Judas Priest album), Turbo
- **next year**: 1986
Benjamin Franklin Butler

**Benjamin Franklin Butler** was an American politician and political general during the American Civil War. He was born in New Hampshire in 1818. He became a lawyer in 1840. During the Civil War, he was one of the first generals in the Union Army. He also didn't return escaped slaves to their masters, claiming that they were Contraband of War. After the war, he was governor of Massachusetts from January 1883 to January 1884. He died in 1893.
Irvin McDowell

**Irvin McDowell** was a Union general during the American Civil War. He was born in 1818 in Ohio. He graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1838. He fought in the Mexican-American War. At the start of the Civil War, he became a brigadier general and commanded the Union army in the First Battle of Bull Run. He was blamed for the Union defeat in the battle. He then commanded a corps in the Second Battle of Bull Run. After that battle, he was sent to command the U.S. soldiers in California. He retired from the army in 1882. He helped build parks in San Francisco, California until he died in 1885.
John Schofield

**John Schofield** was a Union general in the American Civil War. He was born in 1831 in Ohio. He graduated from the United States Military Acadamy in 1853. He fought mostly in the Western Theater of the Civil War. After the war, he was Secretary of War from June 1868 to March 1869. He was the commanding general of the U.S. army from 1888 to 1895, when he retired. He died in 1905.
Appomattox Campaign

The **Appomattox Campaign** was a military campaign during the American Civil War. It happened in 1865 in Virginia. At the start of the campaign from March 30–April 1, 1865, Union general U.S. Grant captured Petersburg, Virginia. Confederate general Robert E. Lee tried to get the Army of Northern Virginia moved to North Carolina, so he could fight along with other Confederate soldiers. But Grant surrounded Lee's army at Appomattox Courthouse and forced Lee to surrender. After Lee's surrender, other Confederate armies started to surrender too.
Military campaign

A **military campaign** is a series of battles or operations in a particular area within a certain period of time. Usually, one army is trying to capture the area from another army. A war may have several campaigns.
The Free Lance–Star

***The Free Lance–Star*** is a newspaper based in Fredericksburg, Virginia. The newspaper is published daily and serves many counties surrounding Fredericksburg.

_The Free Lance_ was first published on January 27, 1885. In 1900, the _Free Lance_ operation merged with its competitor, _The Fredericksburg Daily Star_. The two merged newspapers changed the name to _The Free Lance–Star_.

## Other websites

- Official site
- Online version of print newspaper
Chewbacca

**Chewbacca** is a fictional character in _Star Wars_. Chewbacca is portrayed by Peter Mayhew. Chewbacca is a Wookiee, a fictional species of bipeds in the _Star Wars_ universe.
Utatsusaurus

***Utatsusaurus*** is the earliest-known form of an ichthyopterygian. It lived in the earliest Lower Triassic period, about 250245 millions years ago. It is nearly 3m (about 9 feet) long with a slender body.

The name _Utatsusaurus_ was given after the city Utatsu-cho where the first specimen was found. The fossils have been found in the Lower Triassic of Miyagi Prefecture, Japan and British Columbia, Canada.

_Utatsusaurus_ is one of the most primitive (basal) types of ichthyosaur. It has transitional features between its ancestral land-dwelling forms and the more derived ichthyosaurs. Unlike the more advanced ichthyosaurs, _Utatsusaurus_ has no dorsal fin and has a broad skull. The snout gently tapers, compared to the more rounded one of more derived ichthyopterygians. The tail had a long low fin, quite different from the tail shape of later forms. This suggests that the animal swam by undulation, waving its body to & fro, rather than using its paddles and tail.

The 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami destroyed the local museum, but fortunately the specimens were not there at the time.
Fried egg

A fried egg is an egg cooked in a pan, typically with oil or butter. It is a common dish that can be prepared in different ways, including sunny side up (with the yolk facing up and not flipped), over easy (flipped to cook the other side slightly), or well-done (cooked until the yolk is firm). Fried eggs can be served alone or as part of other dishes, such as sandwiches, hamburgers, salads, or alongside rice and other sides.
Paco Peña

**Paco Peña** (born 1 June 1942) is a Spanish flamenco composer and guitarist. He is regarded as one of the world's foremost traditional Flamenco players.

Born in Córdoba, Spain as Francisco Peña Pérez, Paco Peña began learning to play the guitar from his brother at age 6 and made his first professional appearance at 12. Encouraged by his family, he left home and began performing throughout Spain as part of a government-sponsored folk music and dance program. This led to calls from professional Flamenco companies in Madrid and the Costa Brava, where Peña established himself as a highly regarded accompanist to Flamenco dance and singing.

Seeking a new challenge, he moved to London he become a soloist in the late 1960s. Initially the star attraction in the Restaurante Antonio in Covent Garden, Peña got so much interest that he soon found himself sharing concerts with stars. He made his solo debut at Wigmore Hall in 1967. It was not long before Peña was touring the world, both as a soloist and an accompanist with performances at Carnegie Hall in New York City, the Royal Albert Hall in London and the Concertgebouw in Amsterdam.

He founded the world's first university course on flamenco guitar, at the Rotterdam conservatory of music. In 1984 Peña was interviewed by Julian Bream for the Channel 4 television series _Guitarra!_ which traces the development of the guitar in Spain.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Paco Peña
- **image**: Paco Peña in 1984.jpg
- **caption**: Paco Peña in the Alcázar de los Reyes Cristianos, Córdoba. Photo: Paul Magnussen
- **landscape**: Yes
- **background**: non_vocal_instrumentalist
- **birth name**: Francisco Peña Pérez
- **birth place**: Córdoba, Spain
- **instrument**: Guitar
- **genre**: Flamenco, Instrumental music
- **occupation**: Composer, Guitarist, Dramatist, Mentor
- **years active**: 1967–present
- **associated acts**: John Williams (guitarist), Inti-Illimani, Paco Peña Flamenco Dance Company, Eduardo Falú
Gerard Mortier

**Gerard Alfons August, Baron Mortier** (25 November 1943 – 8 March 2014) was a Belgian opera director and administrator. He was the general director of La Monnaie/De Munt (1981–91) and of the Salzburg Festival of Salzburg, Austria (1990–2001). He was born in Ghent and was Flemish.

Mortier died from pancreatic cancer on 8 March 2014 in Brussels. He was 70 years old.
Richard Phillips

**Richard Phillips** (born May 16, 1955) is an American merchant mariner and author. He served as captain of the MV _Maersk Alabama_ during its hijacking by Somali pirates in April 2009. He was played by Tom Hanks in the 2013 movie ''Captain Phillips.

Phillips was born in Winchester, Massachusetts. He was raised in Vermont.
Maersk Alabama hijacking

The **_Maersk Alabama_ hijacking** it was a hijacking of the _Maersk Alabama_ sea ship in 2009. It was hijacked by four pirates in the Indian Ocean. It was  southeast of Eyl, Somalia. The four pirates soon took its captain, Richard Phillips, as hostage on the _Maersk Alabama's_ lifeboat.

The hijacking ended after a rescue effort by the U.S. Navy on 12 April 2009, by shooting three of the four pirates. The leader of the attack was in the USS _Bainbridge_ looking for a ransom agreement. He was arrested on site. The pirates wanted a ransom of 10 million dollars. Only three people died (all were the hijackers) during the attack.

The book _A Captain's Duty: Somali Pirates, Navy SEALs, and Dangerous Days at Sea_ (2010) by Stephan Talty and Captain Richard Phillips was published soon afterwards. The hijacking also inspired the 2013 movie _Captain Phillips_ starring Tom Hanks.

The leader of the attack, Abduwali Muse, is currently serving time in prison in Indiana.
Brentwood, Essex

**Brentwood** is a wealthy town in Brentwood borough in Essex. About 75,000 people live in the town. It is just outside London.
William Guarnere

**William J. "Wild Bill" Guarnere** (April 28, 1923 – March 8, 2014) was an American World War II veteran and author. He was known for being played in the HBO miniseries _Band of Brothers_. He fought during the Battle of Normandy and at the Battle of the Bulge. He was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Guarnere died on March 8, 2014 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania from natural causes, aged 90.
Lauro Cavazos

**Lauro Fred Cavazos Jr.** (January 4, 1927 – March 15, 2022) was an American politician. He served as Secretary of Education from 1988 to 1990. He was the first Hispanic to serve in the United States Cabinet.

Cavazos was born in Kingsville, Texas. He was of Mexican descent. Cavazos died on March 15, 2022 in Concord, Massachusetts at the age of 95.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Lauro F. Cavazos, Jr.
- **image**: Cavazos.jpg
- **caption**: Official photograph of Cavazos
- **order**: 4th
- **title**: United States Secretary of Education
- **term start**: September 20, 1988
- **term end**: December 12, 1990
- **predecessor**: William Bennett
- **successor**: Lamar Alexander
- **president**: Ronald Reagan
George H. W. Bush
- **birth place**: Kingsville, Texas, U.S.
- **death place**: Concord, Massachusetts, U.S.
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
- **spouse**: Peggy Ann Cavazos (née Murdock)
- **alma mater**: Texas Tech University
Iowa State University
- **profession**: Educator
William Bennett

**William John "Bill" Bennett** (born July 31, 1943) is an American politician. He was the third United States Secretary of Education. He was in Ronald Reagan's cabinet. He served from February 1985 through September 1988. From 1989 to 1990, he served as the first Director of the Office of National Drug Control Policy.

Bennett was born in Brooklyn, New York. He studied at Williams College, at the University of Texas-Austin, and at Harvard Law School.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: William Bennett
- **image**: William Bennett official portrait.jpg
- **office**: 1st Director of the Office of National Drug Control Policy
- **president**: George H. W. Bush
- **term start**: March 13, 1989
- **term end**: December 13, 1990
- **predecessor**: Position established
- **successor**: Bob Martinez
- **office1**: 3rd United States Secretary of Education
- **president1**: Ronald Reagan
- **term start1**: February 6, 1985
- **term end1**: September 20, 1988
- **predecessor1**: Terrel Bell
- **successor1**: Lauro Cavazos
- **office2**: Chair of the National Endowment for the Humanities
- **president2**: Ronald Reagan
- **term start2**: December 24, 1981
- **term end2**: February 6, 1985
- **predecessor2**: Joseph Duffey
- **successor2**: John Agresto
- **birth name**: William John Bennett
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **spouse**: Elayne Glover
- **children**: 2
- **education**: Williams College
University of Texas at Austin, University of Texas, Austin
Harvard University
Terrel Bell

**Terrel Howard Bell** (November 11, 1921 – June 22, 1996) was an American politician. He was the second United States Secretary of Education. He was in the Ronald Reagan cabinet. He served from January 1981 through January 1985.

Bell was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. He studied at Southern Idaho College of Education. Bell died in Salt Lake City from pulmonary fibrosis, aged 74.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Terrel H. Bell
- **image**: TerrelBell.jpg
- **order**: 2nd
- **title**: United States Secretary of Education
- **term start**: January 22, 1981
- **term end**: January 20, 1985
- **president**: Ronald Reagan
- **predecessor**: Shirley Hufstedler, Shirley M. Hufstedler
- **successor**: William Bennett, William J. Bennett
- **birth place**: Lava Hot Springs, Idaho, Lava Hot Springs, Idaho, United States
- **death place**: Salt Lake City, Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
- **resting place**: Larkin Sunset Gardens in Sandy, Utah, Sandy, Utah, United States
- **spouse**: Betty Fitzgerald Bell
- **children**: Mark F. Bell
Warren T. Bell
Glenn M. Bell
Peter F. Bell
- **parents**: Willard Dewain Bell
Alta Martin Bell
- **alma mater**: Albion State Normal School, Southern Idaho College of Education
- **profession**: Educator
- **branch**: United States Marine Corps
- **rank**: Sergeant#United States, Sergeant
- **battles**: World War II
James B. Edwards

**James Burrows Edwards** (June 24, 1927 – December 26, 2014) was an American politician. He served as the 110th Governor of South Carolina from January 1975 through January 1979. He served as the third United States Secretary of Energy under Ronald Reagan's cabinet from January 1981 through January 1982.

Edwards was born in Hawthorne, Florida. Edwards died at his home in Mount Pleasant, South Carolina on December 26, 2014 at the age of 87 from complications from a stroke.

## Other websites

- SCIway Biography of James Burrows Edwards

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: James Burrows Edwards
- **smallimage**: James B. Edwards.jpg
- **order**: 110th
- **title**: Governor of South Carolina
- **term start**: January 21, 1975
- **term end**: January 10, 1979
- **lieutenant**: W. Brantley Harvey Jr.
- **predecessor**: John C. West
- **successor**: Richard Riley
- **order2**: 3rd
- **office2**: United States Secretary of Energy
- **term start2**: January 23, 1981
- **term end2**: November 5, 1982
- **president2**: Ronald Reagan
- **predecessor2**: Charles Duncan, Jr.
- **successor2**: Donald P. Hodel
- **office3**: Member of the South Carolina Senate from the 13th District
- **term3**: January 9, 1973 – December 6, 1974
- **birth place**: Hawthorne, Florida
- **death place**: Mount Pleasant, South Carolina
- **nationality**: American
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **alma mater**: College of Charleston <small>(B.A.)</small>
University of Louisville <small>(D.M.D.)</small>
University of Pennsylvania
- **profession**: Oral surgery, Oral Surgeon
- **branch**: United States Maritime Service
United States Navy
- **battles**: World War II
William Clay Ford Sr.

**William Clay Ford, Sr.** (March 14, 1925 – March 9, 2014) was an American businessman. He was the last surviving grandchild of Henry Ford. Ford owned and served as chairman of the Detroit Lions football team.

Ford was born on March 14, 1925 in Detroit, Michigan. He studied at Yale University. Ford died on March 9, 2014 in Grosse Pointe, Michigan from pneumonia, aged 88.
Frank Jobe

**Frank Wilson Jobe** (July 16, 1925 – March 6, 2014) was an American orthopedic surgeon and co-founder of the Kerlan-Jobe Orthopaedic Clinic. Jobe invented a kind of elbow operation for baseball players. This surgery is called Tommy John surgery.

Jobe died on March 6, 2014 in Santa Monica, California, aged 88.

## Infobox (person)

- **birth name**: Frank Wilson Jobe
- **birth place**: Greensboro, North Carolina, U.S.
- **death place**: Santa Monica, California, U.S.
- **nationality**: American
- **spouse**: Beverly Jobe; 4 children
- **occupation**: Orthopedic surgery, Orthopedic surgeon
- **known for**: Pioneering Tommy John surgery
- **education**: La Sierra University
Loma Linda University
Peter Mayhew

**Peter William Mayhew** (May 19, 1944 – April 30, 2019) was an English actor. He is best known for playing Chewbacca in the _Star Wars_ movies. Mayhew was 7 feet 3 inches tall.

Mayhew was born in London, England. On 30 April 2019, he died at his home in Boyd, Texas from a heart attack, aged 74.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Peter Mayhew
- **image**: Peter Mayhew 2015.jpg
- **caption**: Peter Mayhew at the 2015 Florida SuperCon
- **birth name**: Peter William Mayhew
- **birth place**: Barnes, London, Barnes, Surrey, England
- **death place**: Boyd, Texas, U.S.
- **resting place**: Azleland Memorial Park and Mausoleum

Reno, Parker County, Texas, Reno, Texas, U.S.
- **known for**: Playing Chewbacca in the _Star Wars_ franchise
- **height**: 221 cm
- **occupation**: Actor, author
- **years active**: 1977–2016
- **children**: 3
Grosse Pointe, Michigan

**Grosse Pointe** is a city near Detroit in Wayne County in the U.S. state of Michigan. It had a population of 5,678 at the 2020 census.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Grosse Pointe, Michigan
- **settlement type**: City
- **image skyline**: Grosse Pointe, MI city hall.jpg
- **imagesize**: 275
- **image caption**: Grosse Pointe City Hall
- **pushpin map**: Michigan#USA
- **pushpin label position**: left
- **pushpin label**: Grosse Pointe
- **pushpin map caption**: Location within the State of Michigan##Location within the United States
- **image map**: Grosse Pointe, MI location.png
- **mapsize**: 250
- **map caption**: Location of Grosse Pointe in Wayne County, Michigan, Wayne County
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Michigan, County
- **subdivision name2**: Wayne County, Michigan, Wayne
- **government type**: Mayor–council government, Mayor–council
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader title1**: City manager, Manager
- **leader title2**: Municipal clerk, Clerk
- **established title**: Incorporated
- **established date**: 1880 (village)
1934 (city)
- **area total km2**: 5.84
- **area total sq mi**: 2.25
- **area land km2**: 2.75
- **area land sq mi**: 1.06
- **area water km2**: 3.09
- **area water sq mi**: 1.19
- **elevation ft**: 587
- **elevation m**: 179
- **population as of**: 2020 United States census, 2020
- **population total**: 5678
- **population density km2**: 2064.33
- **population density sq mi**: 5346.52
- **timezone**: Eastern Standard Time Zone, EST
- **utc offset**: -5
- **timezone dst**: EDT
- **utc offset dst**: -4
- **postal code type**: ZIP Codes
- **postal code**: 48230, 48236
- **area code**: Area code 313, 313
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 26-35480
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 0627461
- **unit pref**: Imperial
Zdeněk Hajný

**Zdeněk Hajný** (30 January 1942 – 1 March 2014) was a Czech painter, graphic artist and psychologist. In 1994, he founded Galerie Cesty ke světlu. He was born in Vsetín, Zlín Region, Czechoslovakia.

Hajný died on 1 March 2014.
Juva

**Juva** is a municipality in Southern Savonia. It had about 6,700 people living there in January 2014. The municipalities next to it are Joroinen, Mikkeli, Pieksämäki, Puumala, Rantasalmi and Sulkava.

## Other websites

- The official  page
Barbro Kollberg

**Barbro Anna Elisabet Hildestrand** (née **Kollberg**; 27 December 1917 – 6 March 2014) was a Swedish actress. She is best known for her roles in _Hem från Babylon_ (1941), _It Rains on Our Love_ (1946), _A Life for the Taking_ (1995) and _As It Is in Heaven_ (2004). She was born in Eskilstuna, Södermanland County.

Kollberg died on 6 March 2014 in Stockholm. She was 96 years old.

## Other websites

- Barbro Kollberg at the Swedish Film Database

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Barbro Kollberg
- **image**: Malmsten och Kollberg.jpg
- **caption**: Barbro Kollberg and Birger Malmsten
- **birth name**: Barbro Anna Elisabet Hildestrand
- **birth place**: Eskilstuna, Södermanland County, Sweden
- **death place**: Stockholm, Sweden
- **occupation**: Actress
- **years active**: 1939–2006
Sigmundur Davíð Gunnlaugsson

**Sigmundur Davíð Gunnlaugsson** (; born 12 March 1975) is an Icelandic politician. He was the Prime Minister of Iceland from 23 May 2013 through 5 April 2016. He has been chairman of the Progressive Party since 2009. He resigned on 5 April 2016 as a result of the Panama Papers leak.

Sigmundur Davíð was born in Reykjavík. He is married to Anna Sigurlaug Pálsdóttir. They have a child together.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Sigmundur Davíð Gunnlaugsson
- **image**: Sigmundur Davíð Gunnlaugssonin Oct, 2014.jpg
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **caption**: Sigmundur Davíð in October 2014.
- **office**: Prime Minister of Iceland
- **president**: Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson
- **term start**: 23 May 2013
- **term end**: 5 April 2016
- **predecessor**: Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir
- **successor**: Sigurður Ingi Jóhannsson
- **birth place**: Reykjavík, Iceland
- **spouse**: Anna Sigurlaug Pálsdóttir
- **children**: 1
- **party**: Progressive Party (Iceland), Progressive Party
- **alma mater**: University of Iceland
Gum arabic

**Gum arabic**, also known as **acacia gum**, or ***meska***, is a natural gum. It is made of hardened sap from two species of acacia tree; _Senegalia (Acacia) senegal_ and _Vachellia (Acacia) seyal_. The gum is got from wild trees throughout the Sahel from Senegal to Somalia. In the past it has also been cultivated in Arabia and west Asia.

Gum arabic is a complex mixture of glycoproteins and polysaccharides. It was historically the source of the sugars arabinose and ribose, both of which were first discovered and isolated from it.

## Production

Acacia gum has been harvested in Arabia, Sudan, and west Asia since antiquity, and sub-Saharan acacia gum has a long history as a prized export. Traditionally harvested by semi-nomadic desert tribes on their travels, acacia gum is a main export of several African nations. The hardened gum is collected in the middle of the rainy season (harvesting usually begins in July), and exported at the start of the dry season (November).

From the 1950s to the early 1990s Sudan did about 80% of gum arabic production. Today, the figure is under 50%. Hundreds of thousands of Sudanese are dependent on gum arabic for their livelihoods. It is still the world's largest single producer, and the production of gum arabic is heavily controlled by the Sudanese government.

### Food

In food, gum arabic is used as a stabilizer. It is edible and has E number E414. Arab populations use the natural gum to make a chilled, sweetened, and flavored gelato-like dessert.

### Ink

Gum arabic has been used from ancient times as part of black ink. The main constituent is carbon soot from lamps or burnt plant material. Apart from water and gum arabic, the ancient Egyptian ink was made of not much else. Written on paper or papyrus, this ink has survived for over three thousand years.

Gum arabic is a key ingredient in traditional lithography and is used in printing, paint production, glue, cosmetics and various industrial applications, including viscosity control in inks and in textile industries. Nowadays less expensive materials compete with it for many of these roles.

### Painting and art

Gum arabic is used as a binder for watercolor painting because it dissolves easily in water. Pigment of any colour is suspended in the acacia gum to get in watercolor paint. Water acts as a vehicle to thin the watercolor paint and helps to transfer the paint to a surface such as paper. When all moisture evaporates, the acacia gum binds the pigment to the paper surface. After the water evaporates, the acacia gum in the paint film increases luminosity and helps prevent the colors from lightening. Gum arabic allows more precise control over washes, because it prevents them from flowing or bleeding beyond the brush stroke. In addition, acacia gum slows evaporation of water, giving slightly longer working time.

### Photography

The historical photography process used gum arabic mixed with ammonium or potassium dichromate and pigment to create a coloured photographic emulsion that becomes relatively insoluble in water upon exposure to ultraviolet light. In the final print, the acacia gum permanently binds the pigments onto the paper.
Henry Halleck

**Henry Halleck** was a general in the United States army. He was born in 1815 in New York. He graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1839. He fought in the Mexican-American War. During the American Civil War, he became the commander of the Union armies in the Western Theater in 1862. In July 1862, Lincoln made Halleck the general-in-chief of all Union armies. However, Lincoln did not like the way Halleck ran the army, so in March 1864 Halleck was replaced as general-in-chief by U.S. Grant. Halleck was Grant's chief of staff and stayed in Washington, D.C. In 1865 he was transferred to the West Coast. In 1869, he was transferred to Kentucky, where he died in 1872.