Hungary

**Hungary** ( ) is a landlocked country in southeastern Central Europe. It is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine to the northeast, Romania to the east and southeast, Serbia to the south, Croatia and Slovenia to the southwest, and Austria to the west. Hungary lies within the drainage basin of the Danube River and is dominated by great lowland plains. It has a population of 9.6 million. Hungarian is the official language, and is among the few in Europe outside the Indo-European family. Budapest is the country's capital and largest city, and the dominant cultural and economic centre.

### Medieval Hungary, 896-1526

The Magyars established Hungary in 896, after they had arrived there from their previous, Eastern European territories. Prince Árpád was their leader at the time; he also established the first royal house of the country, the Árpád-house. In 1000, after the first king, Saint Stephen had been crowned, the country became a Kingdom.

In 1241, the Mongol Empire invaded the country, causing the Hungarian king Béla IV to flee and approximately 500,000 Hungarians were killed, along with heavy damage. In 1301, the Árpád-house died out. Later on, kings from various houses ruled over Hungary. The greatest of them is Matthias Corvinus, famous for taking Austrian terrirories like Vienna, etc. and protecting the country against Ottoman aggression. However, some decades after he had died (1490), the Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent defeated the Hungarian king in the Battle of Mohács (1526). The Kingdom was cut up into three parts: the western and northern areas remained Hungary, the southern region fell under Ottoman rule, and the eastern part became an Ottoman vassal as the Principality of Transylvania.

### Between 1526 and 1867

The Kingdom of Hungary became a Habsburg dependency, because an agreement made in Vienna in 1515 said that the Habsburg family would take over the territory of the Jagellion family in Bohemia and Hungary if the line of kings should die out. In 1686, the Ottomans were forced to leave, and the country was reunified. Many nationalities were living in the country at this time. Along with Hungarians, there were also the ancestors of modern Slovaks, Serbs, Romanians and Germans (known as Danube Swabians).

In 1703, Francis II Rákóczi, a Hungarian nobleman, organized a revolution against the Habsburgs, as the Hungarians were not satisfied with them. However, his revolution failed in 1711, and he had to go into exile. The next most important event is the "Hungarian Revolution of 1848", when the inhabitants of the country mutinied again. Fighting ended in 1849, with Habsburg success. The leaders of the revolution were executed.

### Austria-Hungary, 1867-1918

The country tried to find the way towards consolidation: in 1867, the two most important Habsburg territories, Austria and Hungary signed a treaty, and they established the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. The new situation was feasible for both sides: the agreement brought massive economic growth.

### Between 1918 and 1946

In 1918 after the defeat in World War I, the Kingdom was abolished, and a republic was established, as people had enough of war. This republic was short-lived, and soon the Communists seized power (1919). Their rule was irresponsible and many people, including the peasants and the intelligentsia, were tortured. The communists had to abandon the country as Romanian troops invaded.

In late 1919, the Hungarian forces, led by Admiral Miklós Horthy, finally occupied the capital, Budapest. In response to the communist terror, they launched the "White Terror", in which they persecuted the communists and their supporters. The kingdom was re-established but there was no king. Horthy was elected as the regent of the country, as the assembly decided not to recall the Habsburgs.

Hungary lost the war. According to the Treaty of Trianon (1920), Hungary lost two thirds of its territory. In the majority of these territories, non-Hungarians were the majority; however, many Hungarians also found themselves outside their country, in the nation state of Romanians or Slovaks. Thus, the main political goal of the governments under Horthy was to revise this treaty, and at least, to regain the Hungarian-inhabited lands.

### Communist Hungary, 1946-1989

After the fall of Nazi Germany, Soviet troops occupied all of the country. So Hungary gradually became a communist satellite state of the Soviet Union. After 1948, Communist leader Mátyás Rákosi established Stalinist rule in the country. He forced collectivization and a planned economy. This led to the 1956 Hungarian Revolution. Hungary withdrew from the Warsaw Pact. But the Soviets sent in over 150,000 troops and 2,500 tanks. Nearly a quarter of a million people left the country during the brief time that the borders were open in 1956. János Kádár became leader of the communist party. In 1991 Soviet military presence in Hungary ended, and the transition to a market economy began.

### Republic of Hungary, 1989 onwards

Today, Hungary is a democratic republic. Elections are held every four years.

The current president of the country is Katalin Novák and the prime minister is Viktor Orbán. Orbán was Prime Minister from 1998 to 2002, and was elected again in 2010.

## Demographics

Hungarians make up the largest part of the population but there are also several other ethnic communities. The largest of these are the Roma and Germans. Hungarian is the most widely used language in Hungary. Ethnic communities often use their own languages as well. The majority of Hungarians are religious, mainly Roman Catholic and Calvinist (in Hungarian 'református' - 'reformed'). There are Jews, often in intellectual and artistic occupations, and some Muslims. Orthodox Christianity is practised by ethnic minorities from eastern Europe.

## Geography

Hungary's highest point is _Kékestető_ (1014 m; in the northeastern part of Hungary). The River Danube, one of Europe's largest rivers, divides Hungary into a western and an eastern part. The region west of the Danube is called Transdanubia (_Dunántúl_). Transdanubia has a hilly landscape and many small villages and towns. The large flat area in the eastern part is the Great Plains (_Alföld_). Along the Slovakian border there are mountains.

Lake Balaton, Central Europe's largest lake can be found in Hungary. This small country has several thermal spas too. Lake Hévíz is one of the world's largest thermal lakes. Hungary, however, is a landlocked country (it has no coastline).

Its biggest cities are Budapest, Debrecen, Miskolc, Szeged, Pécs, Győr, Nyíregyháza and Szolnok. Szolnok is found at the juncture of the Tisza River and the Zagyva River (stream).

## Related pages

- Hungary at the Olympics
- Hungary national football team
- List of rivers of Hungary

## Other websites

- STELLA Hungarian  – free online course Hungarian for beginners (requires Macromedia Flash).

## Infobox (country)

- **conventional long name**: Hungary
- **common name**: Hungary
- **image flag**: Flag of Hungary.svg
- **image coat**: Coat of Arms of Hungary.svg
- **symbol width**: 50px
- **national anthem**:

- **capital**: Budapest
- **largest city**: capital
- **languages type**: Official language
- **languages**: Hungarian language, Hungarian
- **ethnic groups year**: 2011
- **demonym**: Hungarians
- **leader title1**: President
- **leader name1**: Tamás Sulyok
- **leader title2**: Prime Minister
- **leader name2**: Viktor Orbán
- **leader title3**: Speaker of the National Assembly of Hungary
- **leader name3**: László Kövér
- **legislature**: National Assembly (Hungary), Országgyűlés _(National Assembly)_
- **sovereignty type**: Foundation
- **established event1**: Principality of Hungary
- **established date1**: 895
- **established event2**: Battle of Pressburg
- **established date2**: 4–6 July 907
- **established event3**: Kingdom of Hungary, Christian Kingdom
- **established date3**: 25 December 1000
- **established event4**: Golden Bull of 1222
- **established date4**: 24 April 1222
- **established date5**: 29 August 1526
- **established event6**: Battle of Buda
- **established date6**: 2 September 1686
- **established event7**: Hungarian Revolution of 1848
- **established date7**: 15 March 1848
- **established event8**: Austro-Hungarian Empire
- **established date8**: 20 March 1867
- **established event9**: Treaty of Trianon
- **established date9**: 4 June 1920
- **established event10**: Third Republic
- **established date10**: 23 October 1989
- **established event11**: Joined the European Union
- **established date11**: 1 May 2004
- **area km2**: 93,030
- **area rank**: 108th
- **area sq mi**: 35,919
- **percent water**: 0.74%
- **population estimate**: 9,797,561
- **population estimate year**: 2017
- **population estimate rank**: 92nd
- **population density km2**: 105.3
- **population density sq mi**: 274.4
- **population density rank**: 103rd
- **gdp ppp**: $283.592 billion
- **gdp ppp year**: 2017
- **gdp ppp rank**: 57th
- **gdp ppp per capita**: $28,909
- **gdp ppp per capita rank**: 45th
- **gdp nominal**: $132.034 billion
- **gdp nominal year**: 2017
- **gdp nominal rank**: 58th
- **gdp nominal per capita**: $13,459
- **gdp nominal per capita rank**: 54th
- **gini**: 27.9
- **gini year**: 2014
- **gini change**: decrease
- **gini rank**: 16th
- **hdi**: 0.836
- **hdi year**: 2015
- **hdi change**: increase
- **hdi rank**: 43rd
- **currency**: Hungarian forint
- **currency code**: HUF
- **time zone**: Central European Time, CET
- **utc offset**: +1
- **utc offset dst**: +2
- **time zone dst**: Central European Summer Time, CEST
- **date format**: yyyy/mm/dd
- **drives on**: right
- **calling code**: +36
- **patron saint**: Mary (mother of Jesus), Virgin Mary
- **cctld**: .hu<sup>a</sup>
- **footnote a**: Also .eu as part of the European Union