juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Bill Dana

**Bill Dana** (October 5, 1924 – June 15, 2017) was an American comedian, actor and screenwriter. He often appeared on television shows such as _The Ed Sullivan Show_. He was known for appearing as a heavily accented Bolivian character named José Jiménez.  Dana often portrayed the Jiménez character as an astronaut.

Dana died at his home in Nashville, Tennessee on June 15, 2017 at the age of 92.

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: Bill Dana Jose Jimenez Bill Dana Show 1964.JPG
- **caption**: Dana in 1964
- **name**: Bill Dana
- **birth name**: William Szathmary
- **birth place**: Quincy, Massachusetts, United States, U.S.
- **alma mater**: Emerson College (1950)
- **death place**: Nashville, Tennessee, U.S.
- **spouse**: Evelyn Shular Dana (1981-2017)
- **occupation**: Actor, comedian, screenwriter
- **yearsactive**: 1956–1994
Annie Glenn

**Anna Margaret "Annie" Glenn**, (née **Castor**; February 17, 1920 – May 19, 2020) was an American activist and philanthropist. She was the widow of former astronaut and Senator John Glenn. She was added into the National Stuttering Association Hall of Fame.

She was known for her works to raise awareness of children and adults with disabilities such as stuttering. She suffered from it during her early years until it went away when she was in her 50s.

Glenn was born in Columbus, Ohio. She studied at Muskingum College. Glenn married John Glenn in 1943. Together, they had two children. Glenn died at a nursing home in St. Paul, Minnesota on May 19, 2020 at the age of 100. The cause of death was COVID-19.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Annie Glenn
- **image**: Annie Glenn in 1965.jpg
- **image size**: 220px
- **caption**: Glenn in 1965
- **birth name**: Anna Margaret Castor
- **birth place**: Columbus, Ohio, U.S.
- **death place**: St. Paul, Minnesota, U.S.
- **death cause**: COVID-19
- **resting place**: Arlington National Cemetery
- **alma mater**: Muskingum University
- **children**: 2
Li Peng

**Li Peng** (20 October 1928 – 22 July 2019) was a Chinese politician. He served as the fourth Premier of the People's Republic of China, between 1987 and 1998. He also served as the Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, China's top legislative body from 1998 to 2003.

Li is controversial for his role in the Tiananmen Square protests in 1989. As Premier, he declared martial law and supported the military's action against the protesters, which led to many deaths. This decision made him a widely criticized figure.

Li died on 22 July 2019, at the age of 90 from an illness at a hospital in Beijing.

## Other websites

- Li Peng human rights lawsuit
- Li Peng biography @ China Vitae, the web's largest online database of China VIPs

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Li Peng
- **image**: Chinese Premier Li Peng 1996.jpg
- **imagesize**: 240px
- **nationality**: Chinese
- **order**: Premier of the People's Republic of China
- **president**: Yang Shangkun
Jiang Zemin
- **term start**: 25 March 1988
- **term end**: 17 March 1998
<small>acting from 24 November 1987</small>
- **predecessor**: Zhao Ziyang
- **successor**: Zhu Rongji
- **order1**: Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, Chairman of the Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, Standing Committee of the National People's Congress
- **term start1**: 15 March 1998
- **term end1**: 15 March 2003
- **predecessor1**: Qiao Shi
- **successor1**: Wu Bangguo
- **order2**: Member of the 13th, 14th, 15th CPC Politburo Standing Committee
- **term start2**: 2 November 1987
- **term end2**: 15 November 2002
- **1blankname2**: General Secretary
- **1namedata2**: Zhao Ziyang
Jiang Zemin
- **order3**: Vice Premier of the People's Republic of China
- **alongside3**: Wan Li, Yao Yilin, Tian Jiyun
- **premier3**: Zhao Ziyang
- **term start3**: 6 June 1983
- **term end3**: 24 November 1987
- **office4**: Member of the
National People's Congress
- **constituency4**: Beijing At-large
- **term start4**: 25 March 1988
- **term end4**: 5 March 2003
- **birth place**: Shanghai, Republic of China
- **death date**: 22 July 2019 (aged 90)
- **death place**: Beijing, China
- **spouse**: Zhu Lin
- **children**: Li Xiaopeng (politician), Li Xiaopeng
Li Xiaolin
Li Xiaoyong
- **party**: Communist Party of China
- **alma mater**: Moscow Power Engineering Institute
- **profession**: Politician
civil engineer
The Selfish Gene

***The Selfish Gene*** is a book on evolution by Richard Dawkins, published in 1976. It builds upon the work of George C. Williams's  book: _Adaptation and Natural Selection_, and helped popularize W.D. Hamilton's work.

Dawkins used the term "selfish gene" as a way of expressing the "gene-centred view of evolution". From the gene-centred view, it follows that the more two individuals are genetically related, the more sense (at the level of the genes) it makes for them to behave selflessly with each other.

An organism evolves to maximise its inclusive fitness—the number of copies of its genes passed on globally (rather than by a particular individual).

Dawkins proposes the idea of the "replicator":
- "[About] the central role in natural selection... One way of sorting this whole matter out is to use the terms ‘replicator’ and ‘vehicle’. The fundamental units of natural selection, the basic things that survive or fail to survive, that form lineages of identical copies with occasional random mutations, are called replicators. DNA molecules are replicators. They generally, for reasons that we shall come to, gang together into large communal survival machines or ‘vehicles’."
    - — Richard Dawkins, _The Selfish Gene_, p. 253 (Anniversary Edition)

The book also coins the term _meme_ for a unit of human cultural evolution analogous to the gene.

## Infobox (book)

- **name**: The Selfish Gene
- **author**: Richard Dawkins
- **country**: United Kingdom
- **language**: English
- **subject**: Evolutionary biology
- **publisher**: Oxford University Press
- **release date**: 1976
Second edition in 1989
Third edition in 2006
- **media type**: Print, e-book
- **pages**: 224
- **isbn**: 0-19-857519-X
- **oclc**: 2681149
- **followed by**: The Extended Phenotype
Miss Israel

**Miss Israel** is a beauty contest in Israel. It has been held every year since 1950. The winner competes in the Miss Universe contest and the second place competes in the Miss World contest.
Panzerchrist

**Panzerchrist** is a Danish blackened death metal band. It was formed in 1993–1994 by Michael Enevoldsen (after he left Illdisposed) and Danish artist Lasse Hoile.

## History

Panzerchrist recorded a few demos and was signed by Serious entertainment. _Six Seconds Kill_ was released by Serious Entertainment in 1996, and in 1998 they released _Outpost Fort Europa_. In 2000, Panzerchrist was joined by drummer Reno Killerich (ex-Exmortem, Vile, etc.) and Bo Summer (also of Illdisposed). They recorded _Soul Collector_, which focused on World War II and had German lyrics. _Soul Collector_ was released by Mighty Music in 2000.

In 2002, the band was joined by Frederik O'Carroll and Rasmus Henriksen. They began work on the violent _Room Service_. It featured compositions that were very loud and fast, including a cover of the Metal Church classic "Metal Church". _Room Service_ was recorded at Tue Madsen's "Antfarm Studios" (The Haunted, Illdisposed, Mnemic etc.) and was released by Mighty Music in 2003. The name of each song on the album _Room Service_ are the first word(s) to be sung on each song. Each song on the album _Room Service_ ends with the words "Death, forever panzer" – except the song "Metal Church", since it is a cover.

In 2006, Panzerchrist drummer Killerich and Karina Bundgaard, now on keyboards, rejoined for the recording of _Battalion Beast_. This was released by Neurotic Records in 2006. This album features the words "Christ, thy name is panzer" at the end of each song.
Whip (disambiguation)

A **whip** is a long strand of leather with a hard handle, used for directing or hitting animals or people.

**Whip** may also refer to:

- Chain whip, a martial arts weapon
- Flogging, punishment using a whip
- Whip (dance), a popular dance move
- Whip (instrument), a percussion instrument
- Whip (politics), a political party's discipline official
Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party

The **Central Politburo of the Communist Party of China** is a group of 25 people who oversee the Communist Party of China. It is formally called the **Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee**. It was previously called the **Central Bureau** () before 1927. Unlike politburos (political bureaus) of other Communist parties, power within the politburo is centralized in the Politburo Standing Committee. The members of the Politburo are nominally elected by the Central Committee.

The power of the Politburo is mostly due to the fact that its members generally also hold positions within the government of the People's Republic of China. It also appoints people to high-ranking jobs. The topics for discussion at the meetings appears to be controlled by the General Secretary. Decisions are made by consensus rather than by majority vote.
State Council of the People's Republic of China

The **State Council** is the cabinet of the People's Republic of China. Currently, the council has 35 members: the premier, four vice premiers, five state councilors (of whom two are also ministers), and 25 additional ministers and chairs of major agencies, including the Taiwan Affairs Office. Constitutionally, the State Council is the same as the **Central People's Government** since 1954 (particularly in relation to local governments).

In the politics of China, the Central People's Government forms one of three interlocking branches of power, the others being the Communist Party of China and the People's Liberation Army. The State Council directly oversees the various subordinate People's Governments in the provinces, and in practice maintains membership with the top levels of the Communist Party of China.
National People's Congress

The **National People's Congress** (usually abbreviated **NPC**) is the national legislature of the People's Republic of China. It had 2,987 members in 2013. It is the largest parliament in the world. Under China's current Constitution, the NPC is unicameral; it is not divided into a lower house and an upper house. It the power to legislate, to oversee the operations of the government, and the power to elect the major officers of state.
Laser pointer

A **laser pointer** (or **laser pen**) is a small device that shines a low-powered laser light. The pointer is usually powered by a battery. It contains a laser diode that emits a very narrow laser beam of visible light. When pointed at an object, it shines a small bright spot of colored light. The pointer is held in a hand. It is used to highlight something of interest. Power is restricted in most jurisdictions not to exceed 5 milliwatts.
Hu Chunhua

**Hu Chunhua** (; born April 1963) is a Chinese politician born in Hubei Province.

In 1979, Hu was admitted to Beijing University. He graduated from Beijing University in 1983. After graduation, Hu volunteered to work in Tibet autonomous region. During 1988 ~ 1992 he worked in Tibet, Hu Jingtao was the local Communist Party chief. In 1997, he left Tibet and worked as leader in Communist Youth League of China.

In 2001, Hu Chunhua returned to Tibet. This time he worked there as senior party and government official. After 5 years of rich experience, in December 2006, he was promoted to the chief of Communist Youth League of China in Beijing.

In March 2008, Hu was appointed as deputy party chief of CPC in Hebei province; and nominated to be the candidate of provincial governor. In April, he was appointed as Hebei governor; and officially elected as governor in January 2009.

In November 2009, Hu was appointed as CPC party chief on Inner Mongolia autonomous region.

In November 2012, Hu was promoted to the powerful Communist Party's Politburo. He was assigned the Communist Party Secretary of Guangdong province, the province's top political office. Hu and another Communist Party's Politburo member Sun Zhengcai Hu were seen as promising candidates in the 'sixth generation' of Chinese leadership. However, Xi Jinping, the General Secretary of the Communist Party of China, changed the traditional power transfer rule. While Hu was not as unfortunate as Sun who was charged and sentenced (in 2018) due to corruption, he failed to enter the leadership core of CPC - the Politburo Standing Committee.
Upsala-Lenna Jernväg

**Upsala-Lenna Jernväg** (**ULJ**) is a railway line in Sweden. It runs from the city of Uppsala to various small towns in Uppsala Municipality. It is  long. It is a part of the Roslagen network. It is a heritage railway.
Sun Zhengcai

**Sun Zhengcai** (; born September 25 1963) was a Chinese politician and senior regional official before his fall from power in 2017.

Sun joined Communist Party of China (CPC) in July 1988. He was a member of the CPC Central Committee since 2007. Since November 2012, Sun has been the Communist Party Secretary of Chongqing, an interior municipality, and a member of the Politburo of the Communist Party of China. Before that, he served as the Party Secretary of Jilin province, and Minister of Agriculture of China.

Sun is the youngest member of the 18th Politburo, and one of only two members born after 1960, the other being Hu Chunhua. As such, Sun and Hu were considered to be a leading candidate for a top leadership position in the "6th Generation of Chinese leadership". However, Xi Jinping, the General Secretary of the Communist Party of China, changed the game by abandoning the successors designated by his predecessors.

In July 14, 2017, Sun was removed from the post of Communist Party Secretary of Chongqing, and investigated for wrong-doings. On July 24, the Chinese official news agency reported that Sun violated CPC's disciplines. On September 29, Sun was stripped of his CPC membership, fired from his government position, and charged for crime. On May 8, 2018, Sun was sentenced for life in prison.
Undue burden standard

The **undue burden standard** is a constitutional test created by the Supreme Court of the United States. The test, first developed in the late 19th century, is widely used in American constitutional law. In short, the Undue Burden standard says the legislature cannot make a particular law that is too burdensome or restrictive of one's fundamental rights.

One use of the standard was in _Morgan v. Commonwealth of Virginia,_ 328 U.S. 373 (1946). In a 7-to-1 ruling, Associate Justice Stanley Forman Reed fashioned an "undue burden" test to decide the constitutionality of a Virginia law requiring separate but equal racial segregation in public transportation. "There is a recognized abstract principle, however, that may be taken as a postulate for testing whether particular state legislation in the absence of action by Congress is beyond state power. This is that the state legislation is invalid if it unduly burdens that commerce in matters where uniformity is necessary—necessary in the constitutional sense of useful in accomplishing a permitted purpose."

More recently, the standard has been used in cases involving state restrictions on a woman's access to abortion. The standard was applied by Associate Justice Sandra Day O'Connor in her dissent in _City of Akron v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health,_ 462 US 416 (1983). O'Connor used the test as an alternative to the strict scrutiny test applied in _Roe v. Wade,_ 410 U.S. 113 (1973).
Castillo

**Castillo** may refer to:

### Dominican Republic

- Castillo, Dominican Republic, a town in Duarte Province, Dominican Republic

### Spain

- Castillo, Álava, a village in the Basque Country
- Castillo-Albaráñez, a municipality in Cuenca, Castile-La Mancha
- Castillo de Garcimuñoz, a municipality in Cuenca, Castile-La Mancha
- Castillo-Nuevo, a town in Navarre
- Montealegre del Castillo, a municipality in Albacete, Castile-La Mancha

### Nicaragua

- El Castillo (municipality), a municipality in the Río San Juan department
- El Castillo (village), a village in the Río San Juan department
Castillo-Albaráñez

**Castillo-Albaráñez** is a municipality in Cuenca, Castile-La Mancha, Spain. It has a population of 28.
Castillo de Garcimuñoz

**Castillo de Garcimuñoz** is a municipality in Cuenca, Castile-La Mancha, Spain. It has a population of 209.
El Oasis

**El Oasis** is a rural community in Ojinaga Municipality, Chihuahua, Mexico. It had a population of 475 inhabitants at the 2010 census. It is also situated at 1,204 meters above sea level.
February 2016 Ankara bombing

The **February 2016 Ankara bombing** was a car bombing in Ankara, Turkey, in the afternoon of 17 February 2016. It set several vehicles alight. An operation was launched against the suspected attackers.

## Infobox (civilian attack)

- **title**: February 2016 Ankara bombing
- **image**: Merasim Sokak 2016 bombing.jpg
- **location**: Ankara, Turkey
- **timezone**: UTC+1
- **type**: Car bombing, suicide bombing
- **fatalities**: 30
- **injuries**: 60
- **perpetrators**: Kurdistan Freedom Falcons
Bursitis

**Bursitis** is a painful condition. Small sacs called bursae get inflamed. Bursae are pockets between your muscles and your bones. Your bursa help you move without pain. In bursitis, the inflammation is often caused by extra fluid in the bursae. The most common places to have bursitis are in your hip and shoulder. You can also have bursitis in your elbow, knee and toe.

## Symptoms

One of the most common symptoms of bursitis is pain. It can also cause stiffness and swelling. Pain happens when you move your joints.

## Causes

The most common cause of bursitis is moving your joints too much. Swelling can happen when the joint locks.

## Treatment

There are a few ways to treat bursitis. The best way to treat bursitis is to rest the joint and to lift it up. You can also put a medicine called cortisone into the hurt bursa. You should put it on ice for twenty minutes three to four times a day.
Mohamed Hassanein Heikal

**Mohamed Hassanein Heikal** (23 September 1923 – 17 February 2016) was an Egyptian journalist. For 17 years (1957–1974), he was editor-in-chief of the Cairo newspaper _Al-Ahram_. He was a commentator on Arab affairs for more than 50 years. He was born in Cairo, Egypt.

Heikal died in Cairo, Egypt from renal failure on 17 February 2016. He was aged 92.

## Other websites

- Various articles, _Al-Ahram Weekly_
Akbar Kakkattil

**Akbar Kakkattil** (7 July 1954 – 17 February 2016) was an Indian short-story writer and novelist. He was born in Kerala state. His works are known for their unique narrative style which has been seen as full of humour. His work, "Sarga Sameeksha", about a young writer with the iconic writers of the old generation is perhaps the first of its kind in an Indian language.

Kakkattil died in a hospital in Kerala from lung cancer on 17 February 2016. He was aged 62.

## Other websites

- The Hindu Thursday, February 26, 2009 : – Award for Malayalam writer Akbar Kakkattil
- http://qa.in.movies.yahoo.com/news-detail.html?news_id=46429
- The Hindu Sunday, Feb 08, 2004-Akbar Kakkattil wins best novelist award
Andrzej Żuławski

**Andrzej Żuławski** (; 22 November 1940 – 17 February 2016) was a Polish movie director and writer. He was born in Lwów, Poland (now Ukraine).

In the late 1950s, he studied filmmaking in France. His second movie _The Devil_ (1972) was banned in Poland, and Żuławski went to France. After the success of _That Most Important Thing: Love_ in 1975, he returned to Poland where he spent two years making _On the Silver Globe_ (1988). After that, Żuławski moved to France where he became known for controversial and violent art-house movies. Żuławski is also known for his work with actresses including Romy Schneider, Isabelle Adjani and Sophie Marceau.

Żuławski died of pancreatic cancer in Warsaw on 17 February 2016. He was aged 75.

## Other websites

- Andrzej Żuławski atCulture.pl

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Andrzej Żuławski
- **image**: Andrzej_Zulawski2.jpg
- **caption**: Andrzej Żuławski in 2001
- **birth place**: Lwów, General Government, Poland
- **death place**: Warsaw, Poland
- **occupation**: Film director
- **years active**: 1971–2016
- **children**: 3
Mies Bouwman

**Maria Antoinette "Mies" Bouwman** (31 December 1929 – 26 February 2018) was a retired Dutch television presenter. She was born in Amsterdam. She started her career on the very first broadcasting evening of the Dutch broadcasting association KRO (Catholic Radio Broadcaster) on 16 October 1951.

Bouwman developed and hosted _Eén van de acht_. It was known in the UK as _The Generation Game_. She hosted many talk shows, as well as the Dutch version of _This Is Your Life_. She stopped her regular work after falling sick but has occasionally returned for special programs.

Bouwman died on 26 February 2018 in Elst, Netherlands of cardiomyopathy at the age of 88.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Maria Antoinette Bouwman
- **image**: NOS televisieprogramma Europaquiz. Mies Bouwman, Bestanddeelnr 930-2994.jpg
- **image caption**: Mies Bouwman in 1979
- **birth place**: Amsterdam, Netherlands
- **death place**: Elst, Netherlands
- **known for**: Television shows
- **occupation**: Television presenter
- **nationality**: Dutch
Ludwig (surname)

**Ludwig** is German name. It can be a given name for males or a surname. It is derived from the Old High German name Hludwig, which means "famous warrior." The name Ludwig has a strong and powerful meaning, making it an excellent choice for parents who want to give their child a name that will inspire strength and courage. The name is also associated with intelligence and creativity, making it a great choice for parents who want to encourage their child to pursue their passions and interests. The pronunciation of the name is [ **luhd**-wig, **l_oo_d**-vig, -wig; _German_ **loot**-vikh, **lood**- ].  This is a unique name (not in the top 1000 newborn names in the US in 2021).

## People

- Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, a German American architect

- Ludwig von Mises, an Austrian economist
- Ludwig I of Bavaria, king of Bavaria (1825–1848)
- Ludwig II of Bavaria, king of Bavaria (1864–1886)
- Ludwig III of Bavaria, last king of Bavaria (1913–1918)
- Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827), German composer and pianist
- Ludwig Wittgenstein, Austrian philosopher
- Ludwig Erhard, a West German chancellor
- Ludwig Beck, a general in Nazi Germany
- Ludwig Leichhardt, a Prussian explorer
- Alexander Ludwig (born 1992), Canadian actor
- Ludwig Rellstab, German poet and music critic
- Ludwig Von Drake, Disney character
Casas

**Casas** may refer to:

## People

- Casas (surname)

### Argentina

- Casas, locality in the province of Santa Fe.

### Mexico

- Casas Municipality, Tamaulipas
- Casas Grandes, prehistoric archaeological site in Chihuahua
- Casas Grandes, Chihuahua
- Casas Grandes Municipality
- Nuevo Casas Grandes, Chihuahua
- Nuevo Casas Grandes Municipality

#### Andalusia

- Benalup-Casas Viejas, municipality in the province of Cádiz;
- Casas Bajas, locality in the province of Granada.

#### Castilla-La Mancha

- Casas de Juan Núñez, municipality in the province of Albacete
- Casas de Lázaro, municipality in the province of Albacete
- Casas de Ves, municipality in the province of Albacete
- Casas-Ibáñez, municipality in the province of Albacete
- Casas de Benítez, municipality in the province of Cuenca
- Casas de Fernando Alonso, municipality in the province of Cuenca
- Casas de Garcimolina, municipality in the province of Cuenca
- Casas de Guijarro, municipality in the province of Cuenca
- Casas de Haro, municipality in the province of Cuenca
- Casas de los Pinos, municipality in the province of Cuenca

#### Extremadura

- Casas de Don Antonio, municipality in the province of Cáceres
- Casas de Don Gómez, municipality in the province of Cáceres
- Casas de Millán, municipality in the province of Cáceres
- Casas de Miravete, municipality in the province of Cáceres
- Casas del Castañar, municipality in the province of Cáceres
- Casas del Monte, municipality in the province of Cáceres
- Casas de Don Pedro, municipality in the province of Badajoz
- Casas de Reina, municipality in the province of Badajoz

### Other

- CASAS (testing organization)
Casas de Haro

**Casas de Haro** is a municipality in Cuenca, Castile-La Mancha, Spain. It has a population of 910.
Casas de los Pinos

**Casas de los Pinos** is a municipality in Cuenca, Castile-La Mancha, Spain. It has a population of 531.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Casas de los Pinos
- **settlement type**: Municipalities of Spain, Municipality
- **image skyline**: Casas de los Pinos 02.jpg
- **image flag**: Bandera de Casas de los Pinos.svg
- **image shield**: Escudo de Casas de los Pinos.svg
- **pushpin map**: Spain
- **pushpin map caption**: Location of Casas de los Pinos in Spain
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: Spain
- **subdivision type1**: Autonomous communities of Spain, Autonomous community
- **subdivision name1**: Castile-La Mancha
- **subdivision type2**: Provinces of Spain, Province
- **subdivision name2**: Province of Cuenca, Cuenca
- **subdivision type3**: Comarcas of Spain, Comarca
- **subdivision name3**: La Mancha Conquense
- **leader title**: Alcalde, Mayor
- **leader name**: Oliverio Ruiz Nieto
- **leader party**: People's Party (Spain), PP
- **area total km2**: 68.21
- **elevation m**: 725
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone**: Central European Time, CET
- **utc offset**: +1
- **timezone dst**: Central European Summer Time, CEST
- **utc offset dst**: +2
- **postal code type**: Postal code
Casas de Guijarro

**Casas de Guijarro** is a municipality in Cuenca, Castile-La Mancha, Spain. It has a population of 135.
Casas de Garcimolina

**Casas de Garcimolina** is a municipality in Cuenca, Castile-La Mancha, Spain. It has a population of 39.
Casas de Fernando Alonso

**Casas de Fernando Alonso** is a municipality in Cuenca, Castile-La Mancha, Spain. It has a population of 1,405.
Casas de Benítez

**Casas de Benítez** is a municipality in Cuenca, Castile-La Mancha, Spain. It has a population of 1,118.
Yacouba Sawadogo

**Yacouba Sawadogo** (4 April 1946 — 4 December 2023) was a farmer from Burkina Faso, a country in West Africa. He used a traditional farming technique called Zaï to help soil damaged by drought. He is notable for spreading an improved soil and water conservation practice in Burkina Faso.

## Early life

He went to a religious school where the students often didn't have enough to eat. Since he was the smallest and youngest, he was the one who ate the least food.

## Background

The northern parts of Burkina Faso are very dry and often have droughts. The most recent big drought in happened in the 1970s, resulting in a famine which killed a lot of people.

The drought caused a lot of desertification. There were also other problems like overgrazing, bad land management, and overpopulation. These problems meant that a lot of land could not be used to grow food.

Together with Mathieu Ouédraogo, another local farmer, Yacouba Sawadogo tried different ways of fixing bad soil in about 1980. He uses simple traditional things: cordons pierreux (lines of stones) and zaï holes. Both Sawadogo and Ouédraogo have tried to get other people to do the same things.

### Cordons pierreux (stone lines)

Cordons pierreux are thin lines of fist-sized stones laid across fields. They catch water. When rain falls, it pushes silt (special dirt) across top of the field. The rocks slow down the water so it soaks into the ground more. The silt also makes a good place for seeds of local plants to grow. The plants slow the water even more, and their roots break up the soil, so it's easier for more water to soak in.

### Zaï holes

Zaï holes are holes dug in the soil. They also catch water, but in a different way. They used to only be used a little bit to make land better for growing plants. Yacouba Sawadogo had the idea to fill the holes with manure and other things to make food for the plants. The manure attracts termites, whose tunnels help break up the soil even more. He also made the holes slightly bigger than the traditional ones. Zaï holes have been used to help cultivate trees, and crops like sorghum and millet.

### Education

Yacouba Sawadogo holds "Market Days" to get other people to do these things, especially zaï holes. People come to share seeds and learn from each another.

## Problems with Burkina Faso Government

Yacouba Sawadogo's work with zaï holes helped him make a forest of about fifty acres (20 hectares). The nearby city of Ouahigouya took the land to make money.  Sawadogo and his family members each get one tenth of  out of the plot, and don't get any other payment.
Zaï

**Zaï** is a technique used in agriculture. Holes are dug in the soil to catch water. They have been used in the western Sahel area to make soil healthier and grow more plants.

Yacouba Sawadogo, a farmer from Burkina Faso, is bringing back zaï holes. He came up with the idea of filling them with manure and compost as food for plants. The manure attracts termites, whose tunnels help further break up the soil. He also made the holes slightly bigger than the traditional ones. Zaï holes help trees, sorghum, and millet make up to 500% more food or wood.
Jury trial

A **jury trial** or **trial by jury** is a legal proceeding in which a jury either makes a decision or makes findings of fact, which is called a verdict. The judge usually follows the jury's verdict in his ruling. It is distinguished from a bench trial in which a judge or panel of judges makes all of the decisions.

## History

William the Conqueror brought to England a system of having witnesses who had any knowledge of a crime tell the court what they knew after they had first sworn an oath. The English word "juror" comes from the French word _jurer_ (to swear).

In the 12th century, juries were used by the king to discover and present facts, usually in answer to questions from the king or his ministers, who made the final decision in the case. Eventually, that led to a system in which the jury made a verdict based on evidence.

In the late colonial period, juries became a tool used to express American discontent with British rule. A series of Navigation Acts prohibited the American colonies from trading directly with the Netherlands, Spain, France, and their colonies. As more and more trade restrictions were imposed, the American colonists turned to smuggling. When smugglers were caught, they were brought before juries made up of other colonists. The sympathetic juries often acquitted their fellow colonists. The British government, angered at the lawbreakers going free, created new courts, whhich did not allow juries. That was a breach of common law practice and infringed on the colonists' rights as British citizens. After the American Revolutionary War, the Seventh Amendment declared the right to a jury to limit the powers of the executive and the judicial branches of the new federal government.

## Criminal trials

Jury trials are changing worldwide. In 2008, Russia abolished jury trials in cases of treason and terrorism. Even in England, where juries started, is using them less in cases of serious fraud and may ban them from some inquests. In the United States, jury trials are on the decline.

However, many Asian countries have legal systems that are moving towards using jury trials more often.

## Civil trials

The right to a jury trial in civil cases is found in the United States but very few other countries. England, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand have all but replaced with civil jury trials with bench trials. Less than 1% of US civil trials are jury trials. The Seventh Amendment prevents judges from overturning a jury verdict in federal cases if the finding of fact is reasonably supported by the evidence. Also, the Sixth Amendment guarantees the right to a speedy trial by an impartial jury in criminal cases.

## Other websites

- US Jury System
- The Good, The Bad and the Ugly of a Jury Trial
- Why Trial by Jury is Usually a Better Choice than a Bench Trial
- Should I Waive a Jury Trial and Instead Have a Bench Trial?
Lacrimal bone

The **lacrimal bone** is the smallest bone in the face; about the size of the little fingernail. It is at the front of the inside wall of the eye socket.

The lacrimal bone is involved in crying. It is part of the tear duct, where tears drain from the eye. The lacrimal sac is where tears flow when you cry. The tears then go down a duct inside the nose. This is why you can get a runny nose from crying.

## Infobox (bone)

- **name**: Lacrimal bone
- **latin**: os lacrimale
- **image**: Lacrimal bone - lateral view6.png
- **caption**: Position of the lacrimal bone (shown in green).
- **image2**: Lacrimal and nasal bones.jpg
- **caption2**: Medial wall of the Orbit (anatomy), orbit. Lacrimal bone is in yellow.
Civil law (common law)

**Civil law** is a branch of the law in common law countries. The other branch of common law is criminal law. Civil law is concerned with the duties individuals owe to other people or to their government. This excludes the duty not to commit crimes. The American form of civil justice is considerably different from European systems. Two features stand out, class actions and the awarding of punitive damages in tort cases. Many people in other countries are amazed at the number of civil cases in the United States. Americans sue in a wide variety of cases for compensation and medical expenses that are covered in other countries by national health insurance and government compensation programs.

## Civil cases

Civil law is concerned with cases such as divorce, child custody and support and related lawsuits. Contract cases, tort cases (when someone is hurt and seeks compensation) and crimes which are tried in a criminal court and then tried in a civil case. Examples would be cases resulting from drunk driving or hit and run.

Civil cases use a lower preponderance of the evidence standard of proof whereas criminal cases use the higher standard of beyond a reasonable doubt. An example of the differences and that the same crime can result in both criminal and civil trials is the O. J. Simpson trials. In his criminal trial a jury decided the evidence did not meet the higher standard so he was acquitted of murder charges. But in the civil wrongful death trial he was found guilty.

## Civil jury trials

The right to a jury trial in civil cases is found in the United States but in very few other places. England, Canada, Australia and New Zealand have all but done away with civil jury trials in favor of bench trials. Fewer than 1 percent of civil trials in the US are jury trials. Where juries are used, the presence of a jury has changed the form of civil proceedings. A jury has to be impaneled, they must hear witnesses and go over evidence before reaching a verdict. The verdict, in turn, must follow the instructions given by a judge.

## Civil bench trials

Bench trials in civil cases are usually conducted differently than jury trials. Judges usually prefer settlements to trials and prefer bench trials because they save time. A judge can streamline a case by asking for what he wants to see and hear, not what is presented for the benefit of a jury.

Bench trials have several advantages. They are usually much less formal than a jury trial. Attorneys for both sides can usually agree on the facts of a case before the trial starts. This can save a great deal of time otherwise spent on hearing witnesses and reviewing evidence. This can save on the costs of a trial. In a jury trial, the judge is required to give instructions to the jury before they deliberate. If a judge makes an error in his instructions, this is called a reversible error and can be used as a basis for an appeal. In a bench trial, the judge gives no instructions since there is no jury. This means the judge cannot be reversed due to an error in the instructions.

## Related pages

- Civil code
- Administrative law
- Federal Rules of Civil Procedure
CBGB

**CBGB** was a New York City music nightclub. The letters "CBGB" stand for _country, bluegrass, blues_. The club was opened in 1973 by Hilly Kristal. CBGB, soon afterward, became a place where new wave and punk rock bands played. These included Patti Smith Group, Blondie, Ramones and Talking Heads. From the early 1980s onward, CBGB was known for hardcore punk.

One store next to CBGB became the "CBGB Record Canteen", a record shop and café. In the late 1980s, CBGB Record Canteen was changed into an art gallery and second performance space. The name was "CB's 313 Gallery." CB's Gallery was played by artists of milder sounds, such as acoustic rock, folk, jazz or experimental music. On the other side, CBGB had a small cafe and bar in the mid 1990s. The cafe served classic New York pizza.

In October 2006, the original CBGB closed after its final concert. The concert was by Patti Smith. CBGB Radio started on the iHeartRadio platform in 2010. In 2013, its previous building, 315 Bowery, was added to the National Register of Historic Places as part of the Bowery Historic District.

## Infobox (nrhp)

- **nocat**: 1
- **embed**: yes
- **name**: CBGB
- **nrhp type**: cp
- **partof**: The Bowery Historic District
- **partof refnum**: 13000027
- **location**: 315 Bowery, Manhattan, New York City, New York, United States
- **built**: 1878
- **added**: February 20, 2013


## Infobox (venue)

- **name**: CBGB
- **image**: CBGB club facade.jpg
- **image caption**: Front of CBGB, circa 2005
- **owner**: Hilly Kristal
- **opened**: December 10, 1973
- **closed**: October 15, 2006
- **pushpin map**: Manhattan#New York
- **location**: Manhattan, New York City, New York, United States, USA
- **capacity**: 350
- **website**: [http://www.CBGB.com CBGB.com]
2015–16 UEFA Champions League – Group stage

The **2015–16 UEFA Champions League group stage** began on 15 September and ended on 9 December 2015. A total of 32 teams competed in group stage to decide the 16 places in the knockout phase of the 2015–16 UEFA Champions League.

### Group A

<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group A
|teamwidth=210 |match_col_width=35 |class_rules=Group stage tiebreakers
|source=UEFA
Wilberforce (cat)

**Wilberforce**  was a cat who lived and worked at 10 Downing Street, the home of the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. He lived there between October 1973 and 13 November 1987.  His title was "Chief Mouser to the Cabinet Office".

He served under four British Prime Ministers: Edward Heath, Harold Wilson, Jim Callaghan, and Margaret Thatcher. His chief job was to catch mice. While he was alive, he was said to be "the best mouser in Britain" as fit his role.

He retired on 3 April 1987, and was succeeded by Humphrey who was born in 1988, the year Wilberforce died.

## History and career

Wilberforce was just a kitten when he was adopted from a London branch of the RSPCA in 1973.  This was while Edward Heath was Prime Minister. He was appointed the Office Manager's cat, with a living allowance for his care. The black-and-white cat turned out to be a terrific mouser. The policeman on security duty at the front door of Number 10 had to ring the bell for Wilberforce whenever he wanted to come in.

According to Bernard Ingham, the former press secretary to Margaret Thatcher, Wilberforce was a normal cat for whom Thatcher once bought "a tin of sardines in a Moscow supermarket". Ingham was allergic to cats and did his best to avoid Wilberforce. "Bloody Wilberforce used to sit under my desk and I would have a fit of sneezing. I hate cats", he said.

On the BBC coverage of the 1983 UK general election, presenter Esther Rantzen was allowed to hold Wilberforce and introduce him to viewers.

Wilberforce retired in 1986, after 13 years of loyal service. He went to live with a retired caretaker from No. 10 in the country. He died in his sleep on 19 May 1988.

## Other websites

- In pictures: animals at Downing Street: Wilberforce @ The Daily Telegraph

## Infobox (animal)

- **name**: Wilberforce
- **species**: Cat
- **gender**: Male
- **birth date**: 1972 or 1973
- **death date**: 1988
- **death place**: London, United Kingdom
- **nationality**: United Kingdom
- **occupation**: Pet, wiktionary:mouser, Mouser
- **title**: "Chief Mouser to the Cabinet Office"
- **term**: 1973 – 1987
- **predecessor**: Peta
- **successor**: Humphrey (cat), Humphrey
- **owner**: Cabinet Office
- **appearance**: Bicolor cat (black and white)
- **namedafter**: William Wilberforce
Delegate

A **delegate** someone who is either chosen or elected to vote or act for others. In organizations like the United Nations, each country sends delegates to represent them.

## Political delegates

Before a general election in the US, the process to select candidates begins with delegates. At the state level each of the major political parties selects delegates to attend a national convention. The two ways delegates are selected are the caucus and the Primary election. Each state may have different ways to select delegates as do political parties. The Republican Party lets each state decide how to select delegates. The Democratic Party uses a proportional method for awarding delegates. The percentage of delegates each candidate is awarded depends on the caucus or how many are elected for each candidate. Candidate "X" may have 40 percent, candidate "Y" may have 20 percent while candidate "Z" may have 50 percent. Any remaining percent may be undecided votes or for other candidates.

A candidate becomes his or her party's presidential nominee after the delegates sent to the convention give that person a majority of the votes. Because there are often multiple rounds of votes taken to select a presidential candidate, delegates sometimes change their votes. But in recent elections that has become unnecessary. Since 1976, it was fairly clear who was the front-runner even before the first vote was taken.
Glenwood, Illinois

**Glenwood** is a village in northeastern Illinois, near Chicago. At the 2020 Census, about 8,662 people were living there.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Glenwood, Illinois
- **settlement type**: Village
- **image map**: File:Cook County Illinois Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Glenwood Highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 260px
- **map caption**: Location of Glenwood in Cook County, Illinois.
- **image map1**: Illinois in United States (US48).svg
- **map caption1**: Location of Illinois in the United States
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: State
- **subdivision name1**: Illinois
- **subdivision type2**: County (United States), County
- **subdivision name2**: Cook County, Illinois, Cook
- **subdivision type3**: Civil township, Townships
- **subdivision name3**: Thornton Township, Cook County, Illinois, Thornton, Bloom Township, Cook County, Illinois, Bloom
- **established title**: Municipal corporation, Incorporated
- **established date**: 1903
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area water percent**: 0
- **area total sq mi**: 3.26
- **area land sq mi**: 3.26
- **area water sq mi**: 0.00
- **population total**: 8662
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population density sq mi**: 2653.80
- **postal code type**: ZIP code, <span style="white-space:nowrap;">ZIP code(s)</span>
- **postal code**: 60425
- **area code type**: North American Numbering Plan, <span style="white-space:nowrap;">Area code(s)</span>
- **area code**: 708
- **geocode**: 30029
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standards, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 17-30029
- **area total km2**: 8.45
- **area land km2**: 8.45
- **area water km2**: 0.00
- **population density km2**: 1024.57
Pareidolia

**Pareidolia** ( ) is the bias of the human mind towards perceiving familiar patterns in stimuli even when the patterns are not really there.

Common examples are perceived images of animals, faces, or objects in cloud formations, the "man in the moon", the "moon rabbit", and hidden messages within recorded music played in reverse or at higher- or lower-than-normal speeds.

## Etymology

The word comes from Ancient Greek.
Gillette, Wyoming

**Gillette** is a city in the U.S. state of Wyoming. It is the county seat of Campbell County.
Charles Caldwell Ryrie

**Charles Caldwell Ryrie** (March 2, 1925 – February 16, 2016) was an American writer and Christian theologian. He served as professor of systematic theology and dean of doctoral studies at Dallas Theological Seminary. He also served as president and professor at what is now Cairn University.

Ryrie was born in St. Louis, Missouri. He was raised in Alton, Illinois. Ryrie studied at Haverford College and at University of Edinburgh.

He was the editor of _The Ryrie Study Bible_ by Moody Publishers. It contains more than 10,000 of Ryrie's explanatory notes. First published in 1978, it has sold more than 2 million copies. He was a notable advocate of classic premillennial dispensationalism.

Ryrie died in Dallas, Texas on February 16, 2016 from pneumonia. He was aged 90.
Abdul Rashid Khan

**Abdul Rashid Khan** (19 August 1908 – 18 February 2016) was an Indian singer of Hindustani music. He performed khayal, dhrupad, dhamar and thumri.

Khan made several musical compositions. He was also a productive writer and poet. For his writing, he used the name **Rasan Piya**. He trained many students in his lifetime and became regarded as a "guru" at the ITC Sangeet Research Academy in Kolkata.

Khan died in 18 February 2016 from multiple organ failure. He was aged 107.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Abdul Rashid Khan
- **image**: Ustad A R Khan.jpg
- **caption**: Abdul Rashid Khan
- **background**: solo_singer
- **alias**: Rasan Piya
- **birth date**: 19 August 1908
- **death date**: 18 February 2016 (aged 107)
- **origin**: Uttar Pradesh, India
- **genre**: Hindustani classical music
- **occupation**: Singer, resident guru at ITC Sangeet Research Academy, Kolkata
- **years active**: 1973–2013
Alexander Gutman

**Alexander Ilyich Gutman** (; January 29, 1945 – February 17, 2016) was a Russian movie director of Jewish origin. His career began in 1986. Gutman made over 50 documentary movies, 13 of them as director. He won awards at several Russian and international movie festivals. His most famous movie is _Journey Back to Youth_.

Gutman was born in St. Petersburg. He graduated from the Leningrad Polytechnical Institute (now known as St. Petersburg State Polytechnic University) (1968) and VGIK (1978). Gutman died in Moscow on February 17, 2016 from heart failure. He was aged 71.
Axillary nerve

The **axillary nerve** is a nerve in the armpit. It comes from the brachial plexus. It has nerve fibers from the C5 and C6 nerve roots. The axillary nerve goes through the quadrangular space. It is sometimes called the **circumflex nerve**.

## Function

The axillary nerve sends and receives signals from three muscles in the arm: deltoid (a muscle of the shoulder), teres minor (one of the rotator cuff muscles) and the long head of the triceps brachii.

The axillary nerve sends signals to two muscles in the forearm, and to muscles in the hand. The axillary nerve also sends signals to the brain from the shoulder joint, and from the skin.

## Injuries and problems

The axillary nerve can get injured from shoulder dislocation, squashing the armpit using a crutch or a broken arm. Injury to the nerve results in:

- Paralysis (meaning it can't move) of the teres minor muscle and deltoid muscle, resulting in trouble moving the arm. Paralysis of deltoid and teres minor muscles results in flat shoulder deformity.
- Loss of feeling in the skin over a small part of the lateral upper arm.