juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Paul the Apostle

**Paul the Apostle**, (born as **Saul of Tarsus**) and also often called **Saint Paul** (2BC–64/65), was a Messianic Jewish-Roman writer and rabbi. He was a convert to Christianity. It is believed that he wrote thirteen books of the Bible, together called the Pauline epistles. They are letters to churches and Christians. He wrote these letters to encourage them, to help them understand Christian teaching, and to help them to live Christian lives.

### Anti-Christian

Paul's name was originally **Saul** (not to be confused with King Saul from the books of Samuel in the Old Testament). He grew up learning both the Jewish law and the Greek ways of discussing things. We are first introduced to Saul in the Bible near the end of Acts 7. The Christian movement had begun with the resurrection and ascension of Jesus. Saul was strongly against this, and he was happy as he watched Saint Stephen, the first martyr of Jesus, being killed by stoning after giving a speech that made the Jewish court angry.  He worked for the Roman Government and helped lead the arrests and killing of many Christians in Israel and the nearby area.

Later on, Saul was told to go to Damascus to find and bring back Christians there to be punished. On the way, God came down from heaven and spoke to Saul. The Bible tells of what happened like this:

### Saul becomes Paul

When Saul reached Damascus, he was taken to Ananias, one of Jesus's disciples, where he got his sight back and was baptized as a Christian. He spent the next three years studying the Jewish scriptures again to find explanations for the Christian teachings. His experiences changed his view on Christianity completely. In Acts 13:9, he begins to be called Paul.  This was the Hellenized version of the name Saul. He used his earlier education to explain his new faith to other people and to discuss things with people who had other beliefs.

He travelled around the Roman Empire, teaching others about Christianity, and wrote letters back and forth with the churches he helped to begin. The letters contain many important parts of Christian teaching and have since been part of the New Testament of the Bible, coming between the Acts of the Apostles and the General Epistles. It is not known whether Paul actually wrote all of these letters, or whether other people could have written the letters for him. Parts of these letters are read at Mass as the second of two readings that come before the Gospel.

Although the Bible does not say how Paul died, various writers said Paul was put to death by orders of the emperor Nero in Rome, in 64/65 AD. He had the rights of Roman citizenship, which meant that he could be put to death by decapitation with a sword, rather than by crucifixion. Some stories say he was decapitated.

## Related pages

- Twelve Apostles

## Other websites

- Online study about the early Christians in simple English
- Jewish Encyclopedia: Saul of Tarsus (known as Paul, the Apostle of the Heathen)
- "Saint Paul, the Apostle". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2009.
Painting

**Painting** is using colors to make visual art. It is also the word for a painted work of art. Many kinds of paints are used to create art. They include watercolors, acrylics and oils. Other artists like working with pencil or chalk. Sometimes charcoal can be used.

Famous paintings are often kept in art galleries, like the National Gallery in London and the Louvre (Paris) where one of the most famous paintings in the world hangs, the _Mona Lisa_, painted by Leonardo da Vinci. People do not have to go to a famous gallery to view art. There are private art galleries in many cities around the world.

Painting is an important type of art that you look at. It uses things like drawing, arranging the picture, brush strokes, telling stories, and simple shapes. There is a basic difference between drawing and painting. In drawing, a single layer is the entire image. In painting, one layer is painted over another to get the final image. As a result, most of the time the image will not be clear until it gets to the final stage.

There are four basic stages in painting: preparation, divide, layer, and touch up.
1. Preparation: most artists prepare a canvas or other surface. A thin and uniform cover or "wash" of white or other color is laid on the whole surface. This may help the later layers to get the same fix all over the surface. Also, the unseen wash may help the reflection of light from the surface, thus improving the effect for the viewer. For really uneven or colored surfaces, such as wood or rough canvas, a more substantial covering is needed. That is called gesso, traditionally a mixture of chalk and gelatin, but nowadays available as a thick white acrylic. Painting on some surfaces requires a special technique. Painting on plaster uses the fresco method.
1. In the divide stage, the canvas is divided into a few major areas (depending on the image you paint), and background for those areas are plotted.
1. In the layer stage, a layer is plotted over another layer, to get the desired shape in each area. By the end of this stage, all objects in the image will be easily and clearly identifiable.
1. The touch-up stage needs extra effort. This stage is to provide an extra look to the image, like precise bordering, merging layers and other visual effects.

## Related pages

- Landscape painting
- Still life
Afterlife

The **afterlife** is what some people believe happens after death. Different religions teach different things about the afterlife.

## Characteristics

Some religions believe in reincarnation (to come back to life as a different person or even animal). These religions include Buddhism and Hinduism. Hinduism specifically believes that at death the soul leaves the physical body but does not die. It lives in an astral body in an astral plane. Here the soul continues until it is born again in another physical body as a baby. Salvation (called Moksha) in these religions is a release from this endless cycle of re-births.

Most people in the world believe you go to another place after you die, such as heaven or hell. Christianity, Judaism, Islam and Jainism are religions that believe in this. For example, those that follow Christianity believe that if you accept the Christ (Jesus of Nazareth, the son of the Virgin Mary) as your saviour, you will spend eternity in heaven after death; if you do not accept him, you will be separated from him after death.

Many other religions believe in an afterlife of some kind. Ancient Egyptians believed in an 'afterlife'. They put things into the graves of important people. These were to be used in the next life. The Vikings had some similar beliefs. Others (like African animists) believe that some people change into spirits called ghosts.

There are also those who do not believe that there is an afterlife, and that you simply cease to exist once you die. Atheists believe there is no God and no afterlife. The Sadducees were a sect of Judaism in the time of Jesus. They believed there was no spirit in man. So, after death there was no more life. .

There are several reports around the world of visions of a supposed afterlife in near death experiences, which, although varying in accounts, typically contain drawing closer to a light, or seeing one's dead relatives. Some people who experience clinical death, but are revived afterwards, report still being able to think and see things even after their vitals flatlined. Several people who have claimed to have visited the afterlife have often claimed to have had new information revaled to them, and are sometimes able to describe events that occurred during their clinical death or provide knowledge of past/future events.

## Related pages

- Funeral
- Immortality
Prayer

**Prayer** is a worship and communication to God.  Prayer can be spoken, silent (no talking), or in a song.  It can be used to praise God or to ask for something including help and forgiveness.

Prayer can take a variety of forms: it can be part of a set ritual or an individual invocation and can take the form of a hymn, a ritual statement, or a spontaneous expression. It can be done alone or in groups.

In Christianity, prayers are varied. They can be completely spontaneous, or read entirely from a text, like the Anglican Book of Common Prayer. The most common prayer among Christians is the Lord's Prayer which, according to the gospel accounts, is how Jesus taught his disciples to pray.

In Islam, salat is observed three or (most commonly) five times every day at prescribed times.

Hinduism has prayer to various divinities or holy beings.

## Dua

**** () is a prayer or request made by Muslims in which they ask for help from their God. Muslims see dua as a very serious way of worship.

Dua has been done by Muslims for a long time, as it is seen as very important by a lot of Muslims and Muslim families. They have been carried on as traditions.
Joseph (Hebrew Bible)

In the Bible, **Joseph** was a son of Jacob. Joseph's brothers hated him, because he was their father's favorite son, and his father gave him a coat with many colours. Joseph had dreams about his brothers bowing to him. One day they decided to kill him but changed their minds. According to Genesis they sold him as a slave. In Islamic tradition they threw him in a large well that had only a little salt water but when he drank it, by the will of God, it was very sweet. A passing caravan found him and took him as a slave to Egypt.

Joseph became the slave of the chief of the Pharaoh's guards but was put in prison, where he interpreted the dreams of other prisoners. The Pharaoh heard of his power and asked for interpretations of his own dreams. Joseph became the Pharaoh's prime minister. This caused the Israelites to leave Canaan and live in Egypt.

## Infobox (character)

- **name**: Joseph
- **portrayer**: Jackson Jaberg
(Broadway)
- **nickname**: Josey
- **gender**: Male
- **occupation**: Unknown
- **relatives**: Josey
Joseph
- **origin**: Jesus's life
- **home**: Bethlehem
- **fullname**: Joseph (Gensis)
- **series**: Jesus's life (Bible), Jesus's life
Mary Magdalene

**Mary Magdalene** is a woman in all four gospels of the New Testament. She became a faithful follower of Jesus after he delivered her from seven demons.
 She witnessed the crucifixion and burial of Jesus, and was the first person to see and talk with him after he arose from the dead.
 She told the apostles that she had seen him alive.

Mary is a saint in the Catholic church. She is remembered on July 22.
Witness

A **witness** is someone who sees something happen. They are often used in court to help find the truth. During a trial, the two lawyers will bring in witnesses to help back up their arguments.

In a criminal trial, the prosecution lawyer will often bring in the victim of the crime to say what happened, and anyone else who can prove the accused person did the crime. The defense lawyer will nearly always call up the accused person to explain why they are not guilty, and bring in other witnesses who can prove the accused person is not guilty. Each time a lawyer brings in a witness, the other lawyer will _cross examine_ the witness - they will ask them questions to make sure they are telling the truth.

Witnesses have to swear to tell the truth during the trial. If a witness lies in court, it is known as _perjury_, which is a crime. A witness can be subpoenad, which means they are required to testify in court. If the witness does not testify when given a subpoena, they can be punished.

## Related pages

- Notary

## Other websites

- Witness statements (UK)
- Bergerandgreen
Corinthians

**Corinthians** is the name of different things:

- Two books in the New Testament. They are letters by Saint Paul to the church at Corinth.  They are called the First Epistle to the Corinthians and the Second Epistle to the Corinthians.

- Sport Club Corinthians Paulista, a Brazilian football team from São Paulo. It is very famous in Brazil and has the second biggest number of football supporters in this country.
Corinth

**Corinth** is a city in Greece. It gave its name to the Corinth Canal. This is in the middle of the Isthmus of Corinth, a narrow strip of land which joins the Peloponnese peninsula with mainland Greece. It has a castle called the acrocorinth. Corinth is in the north of Peloponnese. It is a coastal city. It had 60,000 people at the 2011 census.

## History

During antiquity, Corinth was one of the most important Greek cities. It was often the opponent of Athens and these two cities competed with each other. It founded many colonies in south Italy and Sicily such as Siracusa. Corinth was conquered by Romans in 146 B.C. Two epistles of Paul the Apostle to the Corinthian Christians are in the Bible.

The modern city of Corinth is about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) northeast of the ancient ruins. Since 1896, the Corinth excavations by the American School of Classical Studies at Athens have revealed large parts of the ancient city. Recent excavations by the Greek Ministry of Culture have brought to light important new discoveries.

During Middle Ages, it was an important city with a fortification. In 1460 it came under Turkish rule and it was liberated in 1830, after the Greek War of Independence.
Christian cross (symbol)

The **Christian cross** is the main symbol of the Christian religion. These crosses are usually found on Christian churches.

Jesus, who many Christians believe is God the Son and their Messiah, was crucified (nailed to a large wooden cross). This was a commonly used method for killing people in Roman times.

Christians believe that Jesus' death made the sins of all humans who trust in him, go away, and that they are forgiven. They also believe that Jesus was resurrected (came back to life) after three days. Because of this, the cross is a symbol for Jesus' sacrifice and suffering, but also a symbol of hope, forgiveness of sins, and victory over death.

There are several different Christian crosses that are symbols for different Christian groups or persons.

A cross with the body of Jesus on it is called a **Crucifix**.

The empty cross is usually favoured by Protestants and Eastern Orthodox, and the symbol reminds them of the Resurrection of Jesus, though the Orthodox will add a slanted footbar, as well. The crucifix is favoured by Catholic churches and is a reminder of Christ's sacrifice. Jehovah's Witnesses believe that Jesus died on a simple upright pole, a "torture stake" ; and only display it as a picture of an impaled Jesus in their literature.

Christians remember the death of Jesus on the cross on Good Friday every year.

## Latin Cross

The most common cross is the Latin Cross. The cross represents and memorializes Christ's death.

This cross is a symbol of hope over death, and of victory in returning to life. (See Philippians 2:8-9)

## Other uses

The non-Christian religion of Scientology, also uses the Latin cross (but with a star in the middle) as its symbol.

## Related pages

- St. Andrew's Cross
- Latin cross
- Greek cross
- Celtic cross
Peloponnese

The **Peloponnese** is a large peninsula in Greece. It is the part of Greece which is south of the Isthmus of Corinth.

The Peloponnese has many mountains and a long jagged coastline. The highest part is Mount Taygetus in the south.

There are four south-pointing peninsulas within the Peloponnese. They are called Messenia, the Mani Peninsula, Epidaurus, and the Argolid.

There are also two groups of islands near the Peloponnese. In the east there are the Argo-Saronic Islands and in the west there are the Ionian Islands. There is also the island of Kythira, which is near to the Epidaurus peninsula. Kythira is often thought of as part of the Ionian Islands.

The Peloponnese has had people living on it since prehistoric times. Its name means _Island of Pelops_. Pelops was a person from Greek mythology, who took over the island. During the Middle Ages and the Ottoman Empire, the peninsula was known as the Morea.
Isthmus of Corinth

The **Isthmus of Corinth** is a narrow bit of land which connects the Peloponnese peninsula with mainland Greece.  It is near to the city of Corinth. The narrow Corinthian Canal cuts through the isthmus, connecting the Aegean Sea to the Gulf of Corinth.

hr:Korintski kanal

## Infobox (landform)

- **name**: Isthmus of Corinth
- **type**: Isthmus
- **photo**: Kanal-Korinth-2011.jpg
- **photo caption**: Aerial photograph of the isthmus of Corinth
- **map**: Greece
- **water bodies**: Gulf of Corinth and Saronic Gulf
- **width**: 6.3 km
Tripoli

**Tripoli** is a city in northwest Libya.  It is the capital of the country.  More than three million people live in the metropolitan area.

Originally a Phoenician colony, Tripoli became in turn part of Greek and Roman Cyrenaica, a pirate port, a part of the Ottoman Empire, and the capital of the Italian empire in North Africa.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Tripoli
- **settlement type**: List of cities in Libya, Capital city
- **official name**: Ṭarābulus
- **image skyline**: Tripoli Montage.jpg
- **imagesize**: 265px
- **image caption**: **Top:**: That El Emad Towers; **Middle**: Martyrs' Square, Tripoli, Martyrs' Square; **Bottom left:** Marcus Aurelius Arch; **Bottom right:** Souq al-Mushir – Tripoli Medina
- **image flag**: Flag of Tripoli, Libya.svg
- **image seal**: Coat of arms of the Municipality of Central Tripoli.svg
- **pushpin map**: Libya
- **pushpin mapsize**: 265px
- **map caption**: **Tripoli** in Libya
- **subdivision type**: List of countries, Country
- **subdivision type1**: Region
- **subdivision name1**: Tripolitania
- **subdivision type2**: District
- **subdivision name2**: Tripoli District
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Abdulrauf Beitelmal
- **population as of**: 2019
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone**: Eastern European Time, EET
- **utc offset**: +02:00
Argos

**Argos** is a city in south Greece, the capital of Argos-Mycenae Municipality. It is in the Argolis prefecture, which is on the Peloponnese peninsula. It is named after the child of Zeus and Niobe in Greek mythology. It is the biggest city in Argolida prefecture but the capital of prefecture is Nauplion. Argos is very historical city. The first residents arrived more than 7,000 years ago. It is considered the oldest city in Greece from ancient Greek writers.

The city houses numerous archaeological monuments. Agriculture is an important sector of the local economy.
Olympia

**Olympia** ( _Olympía_) was a place in ancient Greece. It was in Elis, which is now called Ilia; and is in the east of the city Pyrgos. It was the site of the Olympic Games in classical times, the most famous games in history. The Olympic Games were held every four years throughout Classical Antiquity, from the 8th century BC to the 4th century AD. The first Olympic Games were in honour of Zeus.

## History

Olympia was a sanctuary, consisting of various buildings. These included a hippodrome, Palaestra, Gymnasium and several temples. The Olympic Games began here in 776 BC. They were founded by king Pelopas. They happened every four years, in the summers. All the ancient Greek towns competed. The winners of the Olympic games were important people. The Olympic games were abolished in 394 AD by the Christian Roman emperor Theodosius I, who declared that all Pagan religious practices should end.

During ancient history, Olympia was a powerful and rich town. It ruled over the west of Peloponnese. Olympia kept its strength and during Roman period. During the Middle Ages it was an unimportant city.

### Gymnasium

The Gymnasium at Olympia was a large, open air, quadrangle surrounded on all four sides by colonnades of the Doric order. Only the southern and eastern sides survive. They date to the second century BC. The River Kladeos has destroyed the western side. The gymnasium was used by runners and pentathlon athletes for training. Athletes trained in the nude. In bad weather, training took place under the eastern colonnade (210.51 meters) and the other three colonnades. Little of the gymnasium has been excavated. About 200 BC, a portico of the Corinthian order was built to join the gymnasium and the palaestra.

### Hippodrome

The Hippodrome was the site of horse and chariot races at Olympia, Greece. It was 1,153 meters long. It was south of the stadium, but none of it survives. It was washed away by the Alpheios River.

## Infobox (greek dimos)

- **name**: Ancient Olympia
- **image skyline**: Ancient Olympia, Greece2.jpg
- **lat deg**: 37
- **lat min**: 38
- **lon deg**: 21
- **lon min**: 37
- **elevation**: 63
- **periph**: West Greece
- **periphunit**: Elis (regional unit), Elis
- **pop municipality**: 13409
- **area municipality**: 544.9
- **pop municunit**: 8128
- **pop community**: 972
- **population as of**: 2011
- **postal code**: 270 25
- **area code**: 26240
- **licence**: OG
Pyrgos

**Pyrgos** is a city in Greece.  It is the capital of the Ilia prefecture on the Peloponnese peninsula. Pyrgos is in the west of Peloponnese peninsula. It is in the south of Patras and in the north of Kalamata. It has 24,765 people. Near Pyrgos is the ancient town of Olympia.
Florina

**Florina** (known also by the South Slavic name Lerin) is a city in Greece in the region of Macedonia.  It is the capital of the **Florina** prefecture. Its population is 15,265 inhabitants. Florina is build at the foot of Varnus mountain. It is built at an altitude of 600 meter approximately. Around Florina there are many forests.
Argolis

**Argolis** is one of 51 prefectures of Greece.  It is on the Peloponnese peninsula.  The capital of Argolis is the Nafplio.
Ilia

**Ilia** is one of 51 prefectures of Greece.  It is on the Peloponnese peninsula.  The capital of Ilia is the Pyrgos.
Achaea

**Achaea** is one of 51 prefectures of Greece. It is on the Peloponnese peninsula. The capital of Achaea is Patras.
Arcadia

**Arcadia** is one of 51 prefectures of Greece. It is on the Peloponnese peninsula. The capital of Arcadia is Tripoli.
Laconia

**Laconia** is one of 51 prefectures of Greece. It is on the Peloponnese peninsula. The capital of Laconia is Sparta.
Pella

**Pella** is one of 51 prefectures of Greece.  The capital of Pella is the Edessa and the largest town is Giannitsa. It is also the site of the ancient city of Pella, the capital of the kingdom of Macedon where Alexander the Great and Philip II of Macedon lived.
Attica

**Attica** is one of 51 prefectures of Greece. Attica contains Athens, the capital of Greece. In ancient period was the area of ancient Athenian state. Attica today is the prefecture with the largest number of people in Greece being the area where Athens, the capital of Greece, is. There are about 3,500,000 people.

## Geography

Attica is in the south of Greece. It is a peninsula between Peloponnese and Euboea. Its the southest point is the cape Sounion. Attica has five mountains with an elevation over 1000 meters, Parnitha (the highest of all), Penteli, Hymettus, Pateras mountain and Kithairon. Attica has borders with Boeotia prefecture  to the north and Corinthia prefecture to the west. Attica is surrounded by the sea of Saronic gulf to the west and South Euboean golf to the east. These seas are a part of Aegean sea.
Kastoria

**Kastoria** is a Greek city, and it is one of 51 prefectures of Greece in the region of Macedonia. Kastoria it is built on the bank of Lake Orestiada. There are 17,038 people living in the city. Kastoria has an old neighbourhood which is picturesque, and it is named Doltso. It has nice old houses with particular local architecture.

The name _Kastoria_ means "place of the beavers" which used to live in the lake. These have all been hunted and killed for their fur.
Kozani

**Kozani** is a city in northern Greece. It is the capital of Kozani Prefecture and of the region of Macedonia. The population of the city is 38,591, according to 2001 census. In district of Kozani products the main amount of electrical energy of Greece.
Magnesia

**Magnesia** is one of 51 prefectures of Greece. The capital of Magnesia is the Volos.
Messenia

**Messinia** is one of 51 prefectures of Greece.  The capital of Messinia is the Kalamata.
Chalkidiki

**Chalkidiki**, also known as **Halkidiki** or **Chalcidice**, is one of 51 prefectures of Greece in the region of Macedonia. It is the area of the ending of Central Macedonia which accesses deeply in the Aegean Sea forming three small peninsulas. The capital of Chalcidice is the Polygyros.

## Official links

Official website
Euboea

**Euboea** is an island of Greece. It is also one of the 51 prefectures of Greece. Euboea is the second largest island of Greece. Its total area is 3,655 km<sup>2</sup>. It is to the east of Boeotia and Attica prefectures. The island is surrounded by the Aegean Sea. The capital of Euboea and the biggest city on the island is Chalkida.
Grevena

**Grevena** is a Greek city and it is one of 51 prefectures of Greece. Grevena is a small city which is in the west of Macedonia. Its population is 12,037 inhabitants according to 2001 census. It is built at a height of 500 meter approximately. West of Grevena is the mountain range of Pindos with many forests and with a ski center which it is named Vasilitsa. This ski center has a lot of snow throughout the winter.

## Geography

Greneva has a total area of 1,860 square kilometers.
Arta

**Arta** is a Greek city. It is the capital of Arta Prefecture, one of 51 prefectures of Greece. Its population is 24,725. Arta is known because of Arta's bridge. It is an old bridge on the Arachthos river.
Trikala

**Trikala** is a Greek city and it is one of 51 prefectures of Greece. Trikala is in the center of Greece in the Thessaly periphery. According to the 2001 census, 57,914 people lived there. Trikala is built on a large plain. This plain is one of the biggest plain in Greece. In the west of Trikala is the Pindus range. Trikala is crossed by Litheus river.
Lesbos

**Lesbos**, also called **Lesvos**, is an island in Greece. It is in the northeastern Aegean Sea. It is one of 51 prefectures of Greece. The capital of Lesbos is the Mytilene. According to Classical Greek mythology, Lesbos was the patron god of the island.

The word 'lesbian' comes from Lesbos. An ancient poet, Sappho, lived on Lesbos. Many of her love poems are written to women.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Lesbos
- **native name**: <small>Περιφερειακή ενότητα / Δήμος</small>
Λέσβου
- **native name lang**: el
- **settlement type**: regional units of Greece, Regional unit
- **image skyline**: Mytilene 2010-04-03.jpg
- **image caption**: View of Mytilene
- **image map**: 2011 Dimos Lesvou.png
- **map caption**: Lesbos within the North Aegean
- **mapsize**: 150px
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Greece
- **subdivision type1**: modern regions of Greece, Region
- **subdivision name1**: North Aegean
- **established date**: 2011
- **seat type**: Capital
- **seat**: Mytilene
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area total km2**: 1632.8
- **population total**: 86436
- **population as of**: 2011
- **population density km2**: auto
- **population demonym**: Lesvian
- **timezone**: Eastern European Time, EET
- **utc offset**: +2
- **timezone1 dst**: EEST
- **utc offset1 dst**: +3
- **postal code type**: Postal codes in Greece, Postal codes
- **postal code**: 81x xx
- **area code type**: Telephone numbers in Greece, Area codes
- **area code**: 225x0
- **blank name**: Vehicle registration plates of Greece, Car plates
- **blank info**: ΜΥ
Samos

**Samos** is a Greek island. It is the eighth largest Greek island. It is in the east of Aegean sea. Opposite Samos is the west coasts of Turkey. Samos is one of 51 prefectures of Greece. The prefecture in addition includes the Ikaria island and Fournoi Island. The capital of Samos is Samos City, commonly referred to by the locals as Vathi. The area of the island is 478 km squared.  It is separated from Asia Minor, by the approximately 1 mile wide Mycale Strait. While largely mountainous, Samos has several relatively large and fertile plains. A great portion of the island is covered with vineyards, from which wine is made. The island of Samos is a lush, very green island with forests and with many places to visit. It is also the birthplace of the mathematician Pythagoras. Today Samos is an island which attracts tourists from all over the world for the <strong>wonderful nature</strong>, the impressive mountainous and verdant landscape and the plethora of <strong>archaeological sites</strong>.

## Places of interest

The most interest sight of Samos is the ancient aqueduct. It was construct by the ancient Greek mechanic Eupalinos, so it is called "Eupalinio Orygma" in Greek. It is a big tunnel which is  long. It had been constructed to carry water in the town of ancient Samos. Other important places is the ancient town which is in the south of island and the contemporary beautiful villages of Samos.
Evros

**Evros** is one of 51 prefectures of Greece.  The capital of Evros is Alexandroupoli.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Evros
- **native name lang**: el
- **settlement type**: regional units of Greece, Regional unit
- **image skyline**: 2010 Dimi Evrou numbered.svg
- **image caption**: Municipalities of Evros: 3 Orestiada
- **imagesize**: 150px
- **image map**: Nomos Evrou.png
- **map caption**: Evros within Greece
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Greece
- **subdivision type1**: modern regions of Greece, Region
- **subdivision name1**: East Macedonia and Thrace
- **established date**: 2011
- **seat type**: Capital
- **seat**: Alexandroupoli
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area total km2**: 4242
- **population total**: 147530
- **population as of**: 2011
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone**: Eastern European Time, EET
- **utc offset**: +2
- **timezone1 dst**: EEST
- **utc offset1 dst**: +3
- **postal code type**: Postal codes in Greece, Postal codes
- **postal code**: 68x xx
- **area code type**: Telephone numbers in Greece, Area codes
- **area code**: 255x0
- **blank name**: Vehicle registration plates of Greece, Car plates
- **blank info**: ΕΒ, ΟΡ
- **iso code**: GR-71
Evritania

**Evritania** is one of 51 prefectures of Greece.  The capital of Evritania is the Karpenisi.
Cyclades

**Cyclades** is an island group in Greece. The group of Cyclades includes many islands. The larger islands of the group is Naxos, Andros, Tinos, Mykonos, Paros, Milos, Thira (or Santorini), Syros, Amorgos, Ios, Kythnos, Kea, Sifnos, Serifos, Sikinos, Folegandros and Anafi. The group, also includes many others small islands and islets. Also Cyclades is one of 51 prefectures of Greece. The capital of Cyclades is the Ermoupolis in the island of Syros.
Serres

**Serres** is a Greek city. It is also one of 51 prefectures of Greece. There are 56,400 people in Serres. Serres is built on the large plain. It is in the north of Greece, in the region of Macedonia. It is near the Strymonas river.

## Other websites

- Serres Prefecture Official Website
Kilkis

**Kilkis** is a Greek town and it is one of 51 prefectures of Greece. It is in the north of Greece, in the region of Macedonia. Kilkis is built on the large plain. It is an agricultural city. It has 19,247 people.
Chania

**Chania** is a Greek city which is the capital of Chania prefecture. It is in the west of Crete. 55,838 people live there. Chania has an important port which connects Chania with the port of Piraeus.

## History

Chania had an significant development from 13th century till 17th century. Then it was under Venetian rule. After the Venetians, ruled the Ottomans until 1912. This year Crete was liberated and it is united with Greece.
Xanthi (regional unit)

**Xanthi** is a Greek city and its one of 51 prefectures in Greece. Its population is 46,464 inhabitants. It is located in the north-east of Greece, in the district of Western Thrace. Many Muslims live in Xanthi. So this city has an oriental color.
Batha (prefecture)

**Batha** was one of fourteen prefectures of Chad. The area is part of the Batha Region since 2002.
Biltine (prefecture)

**Biltine** was one of fourteen prefectures, or areas, of Chad.  The capital of Biltine is **Biltine**. In 1993, it had a population of 148,807 people and an area of 46,850 square kilometers of land.

As of 2002, the area is now part of Wadi Fira Region
Bourkou-Ennedi-Tibesti

**Bourkou-Ennedi-Tibesti** was one of fourteen prefectures of Chad.  The capital of Bourkou-Ennedi-Tibesti was Faya.

Since 2002, Chad is divided into regions.
Faya-Largeau

**Faya-Largeau** is the largest city in northern Chad. 9,867 people were living there in 1993. It is the capital of Bourkou-Ennedi-Tibesti Prefecture.

The town was first called **Faya**, then it was renamed **Largeau** after Chad became a colony of France in 1900.  When Chad won independence from France in 1960, the town changed its name to **Faya-Largeau**.
Chari-Baguirmi (prefecture)

**Chari-Baguirmi** was one of fourteen prefectures of Chad.  The capital of was Ndjamena. Since 2002, Chad is divided into regions.

## Infobox (former subdivision)

- **native name**: _Préfecture du Chari-Baguirmi_
- **conventional long name**: Chari-Baguirmi Prefecture
- **common name**: Chari-Baguirmi
- **subdivision**: Prefectures of Chad, Prefecture
- **nation**: Chad
- **government type**: Prefecture
- **capital**: Fort-Lamy
<small>(1960–1973)</small><hr/>N'Djamena
<small>(1973–1999)</small>
- **political subdiv**: <hr/>
*Bokoro
*Bousso
*Massakory
*Massénya
*N'Djamena-Rural
*N'Djamena-Urban
- **year start**: 1960
- **year end**: 1999
- **event start**: Established
- **date start**: 13 February
- **event end**: Disestablished
- **date end**: 1 September
- **era**: Cold War
- **image flag**: Flag of Chad.svg
- **flag**: Flag of Chad
- **image map**: Chad-Chari-Baguirmi.PNG
- **p1**: Chari-Baguirmi Region
- **flag p1**: Flag of Chad.svg
- **s1**: Baguirmi Department
- **flag s1**: Flag of Chad.svg
- **s2**: Dababa Department
- **flag s2**: Flag of Chad.svg
- **s3**: Hadjer-Lamis Department
- **flag s3**: Flag of Chad.svg
- **stat year1**: 1960
- **stat area1**: 100000
- **stat pop1**: 300043
- **stat year2**: 1993
- **stat area2**: 82910
- **stat pop2**: 720941
- **footnotes**: Area and population source:
Guéra (prefecture)

**Guéra** was one of fourteen prefectures of Chad.  The capital city of Guéra was Mongo. Since 2002, Chad is divided into regions.
Kanem (prefecture)

**Kanem** () was one of fourteen prefectures of Chad. The capital of Kanem was Mao. Since 2002, Chad is divided into regions.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Kanem
- **native name**: كانم
- **native name lang**: ar
- **settlement type**: Regions of Chad, Region
- **image map**: Map of Kanem Region.jpg
- **image caption**: Oasis in Mao, capital of Kanem Region
- **map caption**: Map of Chad showing Kanem.
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: Chad
- **subdivision type1**: Departments of Chad, Departments
- **subdivision type2**: Sub-prefectures of Chad, Sub-prefectures
- **subdivision name1**: 3
- **subdivision name2**: 10
- **seat type**: Regional capital
- **seat**: Mao, Chad, Mao
- **leader title**: Governor
- **leader name**: Ngamai Djari (2008)
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **population total**: 354603
- **population as of**: 2009
- **population density km2**: auto
Lac (prefecture)

**Lac** is one of fourteen prefectures of Chad.  The capital of Lac is the Bol.
Logone Occidental (prefecture)

**Logone Occidental** was one of fourteen prefectures of Chad.  The capital city of Logone Occidental was Moundou. Since 2002, Chad is divided into regions.
Logone Oriental (prefecture)

**Logone Oriental** was one of fourteen prefectures of Chad.  The capital of Logone Oriental was Doba. Since 2002, Chad is divided into regions.

}
Mayo-Kébbi

**Mayo-Kébbi** was one of fourteen prefectures of Chad.  The capital of Mayo-Kébbi was Bongor. Since 2002, Chad is divided into regions.
Moyen-Chari (prefecture)

**Moyen-Chari** was one of fourteen prefectures of Chad.  The capital of Moyen-Chari was Sarh. Since 2002, Chad is divided into regions.
Ouaddaï (prefecture)

**Ouaddaï** was one of fourteen prefectures of Chad.  The capital of Ouaddaï was Abéché. Since 2002, Chad is divided into regions.
Salamat (prefecture)

**Salamat** was one of fourteen prefectures of Chad.  The capital of Salamat was Am Timan. Since 2002, Chad is divided into regions.
Tandjilé (prefecture)

**Tandjilé** was one of fourteen prefectures of Chad.  The capital of Tandjilé was Laï. Since 2002, Chad is divided into regions.
Abéché

**Abéché** is a city in Chad. It is the capital city of the Ouaddaï prefecture.
Mongo

**Mongo** is a city in Chad.  It is the capital city of the Guéra prefecture.
Ron Howard

**Ronald William Howard** (born March 1, 1954) is an American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter.

Ron Howard was born in Duncan, Oklahoma. His father is actor Rance Howard. He started acting as a young child. As an actor he was best known for his roles on television, as Opie Taylor on _The Andy Griffith Show_ and Richie Cunningham on _Happy Days_. He appeared in movies like _The Music Man_ (1962) and _American Graffiti_ (1973).

He later quit acting and became a director. Some of the movies he has directed are: _Splash_ (1984), _Cocoon_ (1985), _Willow_ (1988), _Parenthood_ (1989), _Apollo 13_ (1995), _How the Grinch Stole Christmas_ (2000), _A Beautiful Mind_ (2001), and _Cinderella Man_ (2005).

His father Rance Howard, brother Clint Howard and daughters Bryce Dallas Howard and Paige Howard are also actors, as was his mother, Jean Speegle Howard.

Recently, he returned to television and made the TV show _Arrested Development_.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Ron Howard
- **image**: Ron Howard.jpg
- **birth name**: Ronald William Howard
- **birth place**: Duncan, Oklahoma, USA
- **nationality**: Americans, American
- **party**: Democratic
- **spouse**: Cheryl Alley (m. 1975)
- **children**: Bryce Dallas Howard
Paige Howard
Jocelyn Howard
Reed Howard
- **relatives**: Clint Howard (brother)
- **parents**: Jean Speegle Howard
Rance Howard
Playboy

***Playboy*** was a monthly American men's magazine. It was founded by Hugh Hefner in Chicago, Illinois in 1953. Marilyn Monroe was the magazine's first cover model. The logo was created by Art Paul.

The magazine featured articles about men's interests including clothing, sports, consumer goods, men's health, politics, and public figures.  The magazine always showed large pictures of nude women, except for one year in 2016–2017.

In each issue, a provocatively posed "Playmate of the Month" was featured in a pictorial several pages in length at the center of the magazine with an accompanying "centerfold" photograph. Unlike traditional pin up art, _Playboy_ humanized their models by describing their real world jobs, accomplishments, and goals.

In 1963 Hefner was arrested for obscenity in Chicago after publishing nude photos of actress Jayne Mansfield that were taken on the set of _Promises! Promises!_  He was acquitted at trial by a hung jury.

Starting with the March 2016 issue, the magazine no longer had pictures of nude women. According to the company, "times change." Times changed again in February 2017 when nudity returned. In March 2020 the company announced that it would stop publishing the magazine on paper and only use digital copies instead. Between 1970 and 1985 _Playboy_ was also printed in braille. It is also one of the few magazines whose microfilm format was in color, not black and white.

## Infobox (magazine)

- **title**: Playboy
- **logo**: Playboy Logo (cropped).jpg
- **logo size**: 200px
- **image caption**: The Playboy logo

- **editor**: Hugh Hefner
- **editor title**: Editor-in-Chief
- **category**: Men's magazine
- **frequency**: Monthly
- **circulation**: 800,000
- **publisher**: Playboy Enterprises, Inc.
- **founder**: Hugh Hefner
- **founded**: 1953
- **firstdate**: December 1953
- **country**: United States
- **based**: Chicago, Illinois
- **language**: English
- **website**: [http://www.playboy.com/ Playboy.com]
- **issn**: 0032-1478
- **oclc**: 3534353
1845

## Births

- February 25 – George Reid, 4th Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1918)
- March 27 – Wilhelm Röntgen, German physician and Nobel Prize Laureate
- 10 March - Alexander III of Russia , Czar of Russia and father of Czar Nicholas II .
Deaths

June 8 - Andrew Jackson, 78, seventh President of the United States, tuberculosis, dropsy and heart failure (b. 1767)

## New Books

- _Queen Margot_ by Alexandre Dumas, père
1165

## Events

- The city of Leipzig is founded.

## Birthdays

- Ibn Arabi
Larry David

**Larry David** (born July 2, 1947 in Brooklyn, New York City) is an American actor and writer of Jewish descent.

He worked as a writer on _Fridays_ and _Saturday Night Live_. He co-created the television series _Seinfeld_. He also created and stars in his own series called _Curb Your Enthusiasm_.  On the series, he appears as a caricature of himself.
Joint Base Pearl Harbor–Hickam

**Joint Base Pearl Harbor–Hickam** is a United States Navy and United States Air Force base in the U.S. state of Hawaii, on the south lagoon shore of Oahu. The navy base was started in 1899 and merged with the air force base in 2010. It is 8 miles (15 km) west of downtown Honolulu.

The Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor, on December 7, 1941, which was a surprise. The attack led to America's fighting in World War II. The reason the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor was to destroy the U.S. Navy (Seventh Fleet), and prevent the U.S. from stopping the Japanese expansion in Asia.

## Other websites

- WW2DB: Attack on Pearl Harbor
Loch Ness

**Loch Ness** is a loch in the Scottish Highlands. It is also on the Great Glen Fault and part of the Caledonian Canal.

## Geography

Loch Ness is 36 kilometres long and only 1.5 kilometres wide. It is the second largest Scottish loch by surface area at , after Loch Lomond. Because of its great depth, it is the largest by volume. Its deepest point is . This is deeper than any other loch except Loch Morar.

It has more freshwater than all the lakes in England and Wales combined, and is the largest body of water on the Great Glen Fault, which runs from Inverness in the north to Fort William in the south. In popular legend, it is the home of the "Loch Ness Monster", a mythological creature in Scottish folklore.

## Infobox (body of water)

- **name**: Loch Ness
- **islands**: 1 (Cherry Island)
- **type**: Fresh water, freshwater loch, dimictic, oligotrophic
- **pushpin map**: Scotland
- **outflow**: River Ness
- **location**: Scottish Highlands
- **inflow**: River Oich/Caledonian Canal, River Moriston, River Foyers, River Enrick, River Coiltie
- **caption**: With Urquhart Castle in the foreground
- **cities**: Abriachan, Dores, Drumnadrochit, Foyers, Fort Augustus, Inverfarigaig, Invermoriston, Lochend; Whitebridge.
- **basin countries**: Scotland
- **image**: LochNessUrquhart.jpg
Gary Burghoff

**Gary Burghoff**  (born May 24, 1943) is an American actor, artist, and musician. He is probably best known for his role as Walter "Radar" O'Reilly, a company clerk that had extraordinary hearing, in the 1970 movie _M*A*S*H_ and on the television series of the same name.  Burghoff also has a deformed hand which was hidden on the show by special camera tricks and he held it behind his back a lot.
1847

## Events

- The book _Wuthering Heights_ is published
- February 22 – The Battle of Buena Vista in the Mexican–American War
- March 29 – Veracruz is taken by General Winfield Scott
- May 7 – The American Medical Association is founded
- July 24 – The Mormon pioneers under Brigham Young arrive in Salt Lake City to begin settling Utah.
- July 26 – Liberia becomes a country

## Births

- February 11 – Thomas Edison
- March 3 – Alexander Graham Bell
- April 10 – Joseph Pulitzer
- September 5 – Jesse James

## Deaths

- March 11 – Johnny Appleseed
- November 4 – Felix Mendelssohn
Fred Gwynne

**Fred Gwynne** (born July 10, 1926 - July 2, 1993) was an American actor. He is best known for his role as Herman Munster in _The Munsters_.  He played Francis Muldoon in _Car 54, Where Are You?_.  _The Munsters_ and _Car 54, Where Are You?_ were television situation comedies.  He also wrote children's literature.

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: Fred Gwynne.jpg
- **caption**: Gwynne in 1961
- **birthname**: Frederick Hubbard Gwynne
- **birth place**: New York City, United States
- **death place**: Taneytown, Maryland, United States
- **death cause**: Pancreatic cancer
- **yearsactive**: 1951 in film, 1951-1992 in film, 1992
- **spouse**: Foxy Gwynne
(m. 1952–1980, divorced)
Deb Gwynne
(m. 1988–1993, his death)
Kapingamarangi

**Kapingamarangi** is an atoll in the Pacific Ocean. It is part of the Federated States of Micronesia. There are about 700 people living in Kapingamarangi. The inhabitants speak the Kapingamarangi language, a Polynesian dialect, but about 200 of them speak the Spanish language.

The Kapingamarangi people live a simple life. They believe that it's not what you have that is important. They help each other, neighbors, relatives, and everybody. They share what they have. The sea provides a significant source of food. And the people are very talented in doing all the different types of fishing.
Bisexuality

**Bisexuality** is a sexual orientation. Bisexual _(sometimes shortened to bi)_ people are romantically or sexually attracted to both men and women. It can also mean attraction to more than one gender. A third meaning can be an attraction to the same gender and another gender. Sometimes it is talked about as having romantic or sexual attraction to someone regardless of their sex or gender identity. This is also known as _pansexuality_. Some bisexual people love men and women the same and some people love one more than the other. Some bisexual people have preferences to one or more sexes, however some may not. A slang expression for bisexuality is "to swing both ways."

In 1948, Alfred Kinsey published the Kinsey scale. The Kinsey scale shows that sexuality is a continuum. This means it moves little by little from heterosexuality to homosexuality. On the Kinsey scale, a _0_ is someone who is only heterosexual. A _6_ is someone who is only homosexual. Someone who is equally homosexual and heterosexual (bisexual) is a _3_.

In biology, bisexual can define an organism that has both male and female organs. This mostly refers to plants.

## Definitions

Bisexuality is romantic or sexual attraction to both males and females, or to more than one gender. Attraction can be different for bisexuals. This can be sexual, romantic, emotional, or physical attraction. Some sources say that bisexuality means romantic or sexual attraction to all gender identities or sexual orientations. Some sources say that it is romantic or sexual attraction to a person no matter what that person's sex or gender is. This would make it the same as pansexuality. Pansexuality ignores or rejects the gender binary (the idea that there is two genders and related sexual orientations). This is because pansexuals are open to relationships with people who do not identify as men or women. Sometimes the phrase _bisexual umbrella_ or _bisexual community_ is used to talk about any non-monosexual behaviors, attractions, and identities. The phrase "bisexual community", or the word "plurisexuality", includes people who identify as bisexual, pansexual, omnisexual, biromantic, polysexual, or sexually fluid.

## Symbols

A common symbol of the bisexual community is the bisexual flag. This flag has a deep pink stripe at the top for homosexuality, a dark blue stripe for heterosexuality, and a purple stripe in the middle for bisexuality. The purple stripe is a mix of the blue and pink colors, representing a mix of homosexuality and heterosexuality.

Another symbol of bisexuality is the biangles. The biangles are a pair of overlapping pink and blue triangles. These triangles form purple where they cross.

## Related pages

- LGBT
- Bisexual flag
- Pansexuality
- Bicurious
- Biphobia

## Further reading

- Sexual orientation and bisexuality FAQ's from the American Psychological Association
- James D. Weinrich, Sexual Landscapes: Why We Are What We Are, Why We Love Whom We Love, Charles Scribner's Sons, December 1987.