juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Oppidum

An **oppidum** (plural: _oppida_) is a large fortified Iron Age settlement.

In the 2nd and 1st centuries BC, oppida were in all parts of Europe. They continued until the Romans conquered Southern and Western Europe. In Germania, north of the rivers Danube and Rhine, oppida were used into the 1st century AD.

Julius Caesar called the larger Celtic Iron Age settlements he found in Gaul _oppida_. The word is now used to describe the large pre-Roman towns that existed across Western and Central Europe.

## Features

Many oppida grew from hill forts, but not all of them had an important defensive role. The main features of the oppida are:
- the planned building of the walls and gates
- the spacious layout
- a view of the surrounding area.

## Impact

The development of oppida was an important step in the urbanisation of Europe. They were the first large settlements north of the Mediterranean that could be described as towns. Caesar pointed out that each tribe of Gaul would have several oppida, but that they were not all of equal importance. This suggests that there was some form of hierarchy.

In conquered lands, the Romans took over the oppida to administer their Empire. Many became full Roman towns. This often involved a change of location from the hilltop into the plain.

One of the best preserved oppida is at Enserune in France. It was occupied continuously from 6th century BC until the 1st century. Other oppida are now buried beneath large cities, such as Vindobona (which is covered by Vienna).
Patrick Murphy (Irish Politician)

**Patrick Stephen Murphy** (13 May 1889 – 1 May 1968) was an Irish politician. He was first elected to the lower house of the parliament of Ireland (Dáil Éireann) in 1932. He was a member of the Fianna Fáil political party. He was the member of parliament (Teachta Dála or TD) for the Cork East constituency.
Visací zámek

**Visací zámek** () is a Czech punk rock band. The band was formed in 1982. This band is thought to be the oldest Czech punk band. Its early work influenced the sound of an entire generation of bands. The early works of Visací zámek are strongly influenced by early nihilism and post-modernism.

## Band members

- Jan "Hony" Haubert – vocals
- Michal "Pixies" Pixa – kytara, vocals
- Vladimír "Savec" Šťástka – bass guitar
- Ivan "Hroch" Rut – kytara, vocals
- Jiří "Sweet P" Pátek – drums

### Albums

- _Visací zámek_ (1990)
- _Start 02_ (1991)
- _Three Locks_ (1992)
- _Traktor_ (1993)
- _Jako vždycky_ (1994)
- _Sex_ (1996)
- _Visací zámek znovu zasahuje_ (2000)
- _Punk!_ (2005)
- _Klasika_ (2010)

### Compilations and live records

- _Raritky_ (1989)
- _Zámkománie_ (1998)
- _19 let – Live at Akropolis_ (2001)
- _Žofín_ (2002)
- _20 let – Live at Akropolis_ (2003)
- _Visací zámek 25 let_ (2008, CD + DVD)
- _Beat hall of fame_ (Live-Split-CD with Tři sestry, Fanánek and Synové výčepu) (2009)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Visací zámek
- **img**: Visaci3.jpg
- **origin**: Czech Republic
- **background**: group_or_band
- **alias**: Visáči
- **genre**: punk rock, Punk
- **years active**: 1982 - present
- **url**: [http://www.visaci.cz Official website]
- **current members**: Jan Haubert
Michal Pixa
Vladimír Šťástka
Ivan Rut
Jiří Pátek
The Isley Brothers

**The Isley Brothers** are a very successful American music group based in Cincinnati, Ohio United States. The group originated in the late 1950s with Ronald Isley serving as the lead singer and founder. They had many songs in the 1950s through the 2000s. Their songs included "Shout" , "Twist and Shout" , "It's your Thing", "That Lady", For the Love of You" and "Contagious". Their music is mixed R&B, funk and soul. The group is named after six African American brothers who last name is **Isley**.
Venus as a Boy

**"Venus as a Boy"** is a song from Björk. It was the second single from her album _Debut_. The song was used in the movie _Léon_ (_The Professional_).
Mandarin orange

The **Mandarin orange**, also known as the **mandarin** or **mandarine** (both lower-case), is a small citrus tree (_Citrus reticulata_) with fruit that looks like other oranges. Mandarin oranges are usually eaten plain or in fruit salads. The mandarin is tender, and is damaged easily by cold. It can be grown in tropical and subtropical areas.

Mandarin oranges contain many nutrients but is highest in vitamin C and calcium. A medium mandarin contains approximately 22 grams of vitamin C and 31 grams of calcium.

The mandarin is easily peeled with the fingers, and can be easily split into even segments without squirting juice. This makes it more convenient to eat, as utensils are not required to peel or cut the fruit. Mandarin segments are also sold in cans.

During Chinese New Year, Mandarin oranges and tangerines are considered traditional symbols of good fortune. During the two-week celebration, they are frequently displayed as decoration and presented as gifts to friends, relatives, and business partners.

## Production volume

|colspan=2|Tangerines, mandarins, clementines Top ten producers in 2007  (1000 tonnes)|
| --- | --- |
||15,185|
||1,974|
||1,206|
||1,066|
||1,042|
||778|
||748|
||744|
||702|
||670|
||640|
|All other|4,156|
|**World total**|**27,869**|
|colspan=2|_Source: UN Food & Agriculture Organisation (FAO)_, http://faostat.fao.org/site/339/default.aspx(http://faostat.fao.org/site/339/default.aspx)|

## Other websites

- Mandarin Orange Nutrition Facts
- UC Riverside Mandarin Variety Descriptions
- Tangerines Nutrient Content
Marco Simoncelli

**Marco Simoncelli** (20 January 1987 – 23 October 2011) was an Italian motorcycle racer. He competed in the Road Racing World Championship for 10 years from 2002 to 2011.

## Death

Simoncelli died after an accident during the 2011 Malaysian Grand Prix at Sepang on 23 October 2011.
Rhys Ifans

**Rhys Ifans** (born **Rhys Owain Evans**; 22 July 1967) is a Welsh actor and musician. In movies, he has played Spike in _Notting Hill_ (1999), Eyeball Paul in _Kevin & Perry Go Large_ (2000), Danny Morgan in _Danny Deckchair_ (2003), Jed Parry in _Enduring Love_ (2004), Xenophilius Lovegood in _Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1_ (2010), Howard Marks in _Mr. Nice_ (2010), Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford in _Anonymous_ (2011) and Dr. Curt Connors / The Lizard in _The Amazing Spider-Man_ (2012) and _Spider-Man: No Way Home_ (2021). In 2005, Ifans won a BAFTA Award for his role as Peter Cook in _Not Only But Always_ (2004). He is known on television for roles in _Elementary_ and _Berlin Station_.

Ifans was born in Haverfordwest, Pembrokeshire. He is a native Welsh speaker. His brother is actor Llŷr Ifans. He dated actress Anna Friel between 2011 and 2014.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Rhys Ifans
- **image**: Rhys Ifans 2011 cropped (cropped).jpg
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **caption**: Ifans in 2011
- **birthname**: Rhys Owain Evans
- **birth place**: Haverfordwest, Pembrokeshire, Wales
- **yearsactive**: 1991–present
- **occupation**: Actor, musician
- **partner**: Anna Friel (2011–2014)
- **relatives**: Llŷr Ifans (brother)
Sandra Bernhard

**Sandra Bernhard** (born June 6, 1955) is an American actress, singer, comedian and writer. She has been seen in many movies, sitcoms and on live stage since the 1970s. She also wrote several books and animated shows like _The Powerpuff Girls_, _Disney's Hercules_, _Spider-Man The Animated Series_.

Bernhard was born in Flint, Michigan. She moved to Scottsdale, Arizona. She is openly bisexual. She is in a long-term relationship with a woman. Bernhard has a daughter.
Symbian

**Symbian OS** is an operating system for mobile devices.  It is designed for smartphones.

## History

Nokia, Motorola, Ericsson, Psion and others joined to create Symbian association. This let them promote using EPOC designed for mobile phones.  Symbian is a follower of EPOC system.  It is used in pocket PC Psion, running on the ARM processors.  This operating system has had many changes since it was first created.  Nokia smartphones are the major users of Symbian OS. The last Symbian phone is the Nokia 808 PureView. The Nokia 808 PureView was released in May 2012.

## Versions

||The first usable version of Symbian. It was used on Nokia 9210 communicator. Nokia sold over 500 000pcs of this type. Basic changes were: add bluetooth support, VGA camera.||
| --- | --- | --- |
|Symbian 7.0 / 7.1|Very important version of Symbian OS. Developers add support of EDGE technology and IPv6. Change from pJava to Java ME. A virus, spread by bluetooth, caused problems with this version.||
|Symbian 8.0 / 8.1|Safer version of Symbian (because of the first virus), with CDMA, 3G, DVB-H and OpenGL support.||
|Symbian 9.0|There was only few changes, mostly for developers.||
|Symbian 9.x||Version 9.1 was released in 2005. Nokia added support of Bluetooth 2.0, but some developers were angry because of the new security changes.|

A new version came out every year after 2005. Because of fast technology research, mobile phones and operation systems made very large improvement quickly. The most recent Symbian OS is designed for touch phones and the newest technologies.

## Infobox (os)

- **name**: Symbian OS
- **developer**: Symbian Ltd. (1998–2008)
Symbian Foundation (2008–11)
Nokia (2010–11)
Accenture on behalf of Nokia (2011–13)
- **source model**: Closed source software, Closed source, previously Open-source software, open source (2010–11)
- **kernel type**: Real-time microkernel, EKA2
- **supported platforms**: ARM architecture, ARM, x86
- **ui**: S60 (software platform), S60 (from 2009)
- **family**: RTOS
- **released**: (as EPOC32)
- **latest release version**: Nokia Belle Feature Pack 2
- **latest release date**: 2 October 2012
- **working state**: Discontinued
- **license**: Proprietary software, Proprietary, previously licensed under Eclipse Public License, EPL
- **programmed in**: C++
- **language**: Multi-lingual
- **flagship**: Nokia 808 PureView (2012)
- **updatemodel**: 65
- **package manager**: .sis, .sisx, .jad, .jar
- **website**: (defunct as of May 2014),  (defunct as of 2009–10)
Victoria Jackson

**Victoria Jackson** (born August 2, 1959) is an American actress and comedian. She was a cast member on the series _Saturday Night Live_ from 1986 to 1992.

## Early life

Jackson was born in Miami, Florida, Her mother was Marlene Esther (née Blackstad) and her father was James McCaslin Jackson, a gym coach. From the age of 5 until she was 18, Jackson's father trained her in gymnastics.

After graduating from high school, Jackson went to Florida Bible College in Hollywood, Florida, later moving to Furman University in Greenville, South Carolina on a gymnastics scholarship. At Furman, she was cast in her first play. She moved to Auburn University in 1979, for her senior year, changing her major to theater. Halfway through her senior year, she left Auburn to start an acting career.

In the 2000s, Jackson got a degree in theatre from Palm Beach Atlantic University.

## Health

Jackson was diagnosed with breast cancer in 2015. She announced in August 2024 that her breast cancer had metastasized to her windpipe and was terminal.

## Filmography

- _Bizarre_ (1985)
- _Stoogemania_ (1986) - Nurse Grabatit
- _Baby Boom_ (1987) - Eve
- _The Pick-up Artist_ (1987) - Lulu
- _Casual Sex?_ (1988) - Melissa
- _The Couch Trip_ (1988) - Robin
- _Dream a Little Dream_ (1989) - Kit
- _UHF_ (1989) - Teri Campbell
- _Family Business_ (1989) - Christine
- _I Love You to Death_ (1990) - Lacey
- _Sesame Street_ (1991) - Sid
- _The Undercover Kid_ (1993) - Cat
- _In the Heat of the Night_ (1994) - Beverly
- _The Weird Al Show_  (Sept-Dec 1997) - Herself
- _Nightmare Ned_ (1997) - Sarah Needlemeyer (voice)
- _No More Baths_ (1998) -  Charlotte
- _Touched by an Angel_ (1998)- Waitress
- _The X-Files_ (1999) - Shelia Fontaine
- _Sabrina the Teenage Witch (1996 TV series)_ (2000) - Annabelle Saberhagen
- _Elmo Aardvark: Outer Space Detective_ (2000) - Vava LaVoom
- _The Wheels on the Bus_ (2000s) - Moon Mouse
- _Brother White_ (2012) - Victoria
- _Fat Chance_ (2015) - Nancy
- _The Matchbreaker_ (2016) - Mrs. Taylor
- _Altar Egos_ (2017) - Barbara
- _Heaven Bound_ (2017) - Miss Thompson
- _Jingle Smells_ (2023) - Enchantress Kale

## Books

- _Is My Bow Too Big? How I Went from Saturday Night Live to the Tea Party_, 2012,
- _Lavender Hair: 21 Devotions for Women with Breast Cancer_, 2017,

## Related pages

- List of people from Miami

## Other websites

- Victoria Jackson Official Website

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Victoria Jackson
- **image**: Victoria Jackson 2011b2.jpg
- **caption**: Jackson in 2011
- **birth place**: Miami, Florida, U.S.
- **years active**: 1982–present
- **education**: Florida College
Furman University
Auburn University
Palm Beach Atlantic University (Bachelor of Arts, BA)
- **spouse**: Paul Wessel
- **children**: 2
Flint, Michigan

**Flint** is an industry city in east central Michigan. The city of Flint is where General Motors was born. As of 2020, it is the 12th largest city in Michigan. In June 1953 a deadly tornado cut through the area, which killed more than 110 in the area. This is also where the Flint water crisis happened, where the water source was contaminated with lead.
Thermal expansion

In physics, **thermal expansion** is the likelihood of matter to change in volume in response to a change in temperature. When a substance is heated, its basic particles move around more quickly and by doing so generally maintain a greater average separation. Materials that contract with an increase in temperature are very uncommon; this effect is limited in size, and only occurs within limited temperature ranges. The degree of expansion divided by the change in temperature is called the material's coefficient of thermal expansion and generally varies with temperature.

Thermometers are an example of using thermal expansion. They contain a liquid which can only move in one direction (along the tube) when volume changes along with temperature.

Thermal expansion can become a problem for trains because it can cause the rails to buckle. On the rails they will have monitors so that if it does get abnormally high in temperature they can be warned and trains could be told to slow down to reduce the heat of friction. Sometimes on the inner parts of the rails they will be painted white to reflect the sun's hot rays so that it won't cause buckling.
FC Bergheim

**FC Bergheim** is an Austrian football club from  Bergheim from the federals state Salzburg. The women's section  plays in the ÖFB-Frauenliga, the highest league in women's football in Austria. The second team is playing in the Future League.

## History

The women's soccer club started as USK Hof in 1999. The club played in the Salzburger Frauenliga (3rd level). From 2001 till 2005 the team was member of the 2. Division Mitte (2nd level). 2006-07 the won the league but lost the relegation matches to the Bundesliga versus FC St. Veit. The next season they became also champions and won versus SV Groß-Schweinbarth and were promoted to the ÖFB-Frauenliga.

For the 2020-11 season they made a syndicate with FC Bergheim. In the 2012-13 season they were relegated to the 2. Liga Mitte/West. They won the league in the following two seasons but lost the relegation matches versus ASK Erlaa and  Carinthians Soccer Women. In the season 2015-16 they played for the first time as FC Bergheim. After the championship they won the relegation versus ASK Erlaa and were promoted to the Frauen-Bundesliga.

Since the 2025/26 Austrian Women's Football Championship season, the former women's section of FC Bergheim has competed in the Austrian Bundesliga as FC Red Bull Salzburg (including the Future League team). The Future League team won the 2024-25 championship. Their home ground is now the Academy in Salzburg-Liefering. The only women's team remaining in Bergheim is the former 1c team, which still competes in the Salzburg Women's League under its old name.

## Honours

- Winners of 2. Liga (5x): 2007, 2008, 2014, 2015, 2016 (FC Bergheim)
- Winners Future League  (1x)ː2025 (FC Red Bull Salzburg Women)

### Coaching staff

- 2025-26 season
- Dusan Pavlovic Headcoach
- Isabella Schweighofer Assistant coach
- Carolin Grössinger Goalkeeper coach

### Coaching staff

- 2025-26 season
- Lukas Hiermann Headcoach
- Magdalena Schörgenhuber Assistant coach
- Michael Wimmer Goalkeeper coach

### Former players

- Maria Plattner
- Sarah Zadrazil
- Laura Feiersinger

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: FC Bergheim
- **fullname**: Fußballclub Bergheim
- **founded**: 1999 (as USK Hof)
2014 FC Bergheim
- **ground**: Sportplatz Bergheim
- **capacity**: 300
- **chrtitle**: President
- **chairman**: Gerhard Hofer
- **manager**: Dragan Terzic
- **league**: ÖFB-Frauenliga
- **season**: 2021-22
- **position**: ÖFB-Frauenliga, 9th
- **website**: http://www.fc-bergheim.at/
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees

The **Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees** (**UNHCR**) is a part of the United Nations. The purpose of this agency is to protect and support refugees when governments or the UN ask for help. The UNHCR helps refugees return home out of their voluntary will, settle locally, or move to a third country according to the Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and other international law. The agency's headquarters are in Geneva, Switzerland. It is a member of the United Nations Development Group chaired by United Nations Development Programme. The UNHCR has won two Nobel Peace Prizes in 1954 and in 1981.

## List of High Commissioners

|#|Photo|High Commissioners|Nationality|Time|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|**–**||||1922–1927 League of Nations High Commissioner|
|**1**||||1951–1956|
|**2**||||1956–1960|
|**3**||||1960–1965|
|**4**||||1965–1977|
|**5**||||1978–1985|
|**6**||||1986–1989|
|**7**||||1990|
|**8**||||1990–2000|
|**9**||||2001–2005 (Resign due to internal investigation)|
|**10**||||2005–2015|
|**11**||||**2016–present**|
|_Elect_|||||

## Related pages

- Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees
Nara period

The  is a time in the history of Japan which lasted from 710 to 794.  This grouping of years is named after city of Nara.

## History

In 710, Empress Gemmei established the capital of Japan at Heijō-kyō, which is present-day Nara.  Gemmei's palace was named Nara-no-miya.  Except for two brief times, the reigns of the next seven monarchs were centered in the palace which was built by Gemmei.

The capital at Nara was modeled after Chang'an, the capital city of Tang China.  The Nara period was marked by the introduction of Tang systems and culture.

## Timeline

- **710** (_Wadō 3_): Japan's capital city was established in Nara (_Heijō-kyō_).
- **712** (_Wadō 5_): The _Kojiki_ was finished.
- **720** (_Yōrō 4_): _Nihon Shoki_ completed.
- **749-752** (_Tenpyō-shōhō 1-4_): Emperor Shōmu orders the creation of a large statue of Buddha (_Daibutsu_) at Tōdai-ji
- **760** (_Tenpyō-hōji 4_): _Man'yōshū_ completed.
- **784** (_Enryaku 3_): The emperor moves the capital to Nagaoka
- **788** (_Enryaku 7_): The Buddhist monk Saichō establishes a monastery on Mt Hiei
- **December 17, 794** (_Enryaku 13, 21st day of the 10th month_): The Emperor moves by carriage in a grand procession from Nara to Heian-kyō.

## Related pages

- List of Japanese eras

## Other websites

- Metropolitan Museum of Art, Asuka and Nara Periods (538–794)
- British Museum, Nara period (AD 710-794)
- Japan-guide.com, Nara and Heian Periods (710 - 1185)
Dialogue

**Dialogue** or **dialog** is a shared inquiry or the art of thinking together. Dialogue is a rhetorical, literary and theatrical format.  It means a written or spoken conversational exchange between two or more people, or a literary work showing such an exchange.

The historical origins of dialogue are in classical Greek and Indian literature. The Socratic method is a way of learning things by dialogue.

## Related pages

- Online chat
- Communication
- Conflict resolution
- Conversation
- Xiangsheng
- Manzai

## Other websites

- National Coalition for Dialogue and Deliberation
- Smith, M. K. (2001) _Dialogue and conversation_, the encyclopaedia of informal education
- The Journal of Inter-Religious Dialogue
Pyroxene

The **pyroxenes** are a group of important rock-forming inosilicate minerals found in many igneous and metamorphic rocks. They share a common structure consisting of single chains of silica crystals with the general formula XY(Si,Al)<sub>2</sub>O<sub>6</sub> where X and
Y represents metal ions.
Although aluminium substitutes extensively for silicon in silicates such as feldspars and amphiboles, the substitution occurs only to a limited extent in most pyroxenes.

**Pyroxenite** is an igneous rock made up of minerals from the pyroxene group.
China Central Television

**China Central Television** or **Chinese Central Television**, commonly abbreviated as **CCTV**, is the major state television broadcaster in mainland China.

CCTV has a network of 50 channels. Each channel broadcasts different programs to more than one billion viewers.  The CCTV programs are a mixture of history, documentary, comedy, entertainment, and drama.

## History

CCTV Peking (Beijing) Television (北京电视台) broadcast its first program on September 2, 1958.

The network changed its name to CCTV on May 1, 1978.

## Related pages

- CCTV New Year's Gala

## Other websites

- CCTV Live Site
- CCTV Official Site
- CCTV-News
- CCTV-E
- CCTV-F
- CCTV-Arabic
- CCTV-Pусский
- CCTV News Channel Site

## Infobox (company)

- **company name**: China Central Television (CCTV)
中國中央電視台
中国中央电视台
- **company logo**: CCTVNewLogo.svg
- **company type**: Television network,
Satellite television and
Cable television
- **foundation**: 2 September 1958
- **location**: Beijing, People's Republic of China
- **key people**: Jiao Li (President)
Zhang Changming (Vice-President)
- **industry**: Broadcasting, Television Broadcasting
- **products**: Television content, television programming
- **operating income**: RMB 1.12 Billion
- **num employees**: 10,000
- **parent**: State Administration of Radio, Film, and Television
Naco, Arizona

**Naco** is a census-designated place in Cochise County, Arizona, United States. At the 2020 census, its population was 824. It is across the United States–Mexico border from Naco, Sonora. The Naco border entrance is open 24 hours a day.

## Other websites

- Naco history and prehistory, by National Park Service (English & Spanish)
- Video about Fiesta Binacional which takes place in Naco, on both sides of the border
Algal bloom

An **algal bloom** is an accumulation of algae (typically microscopic) or a rapid increase in the amount of algae in a body of water. This can occur in fresh water or salt water. Algal bloom concentrations may reach millions of cells per milliliter of water.

While they are usually green, algal blooms can be red, yellow-brown, or other colors depending on the species of algae. Some kinds of algal blooms, such as red tides, are poisonous.

## Cause

They are often caused by eutrophication, where an abnormal amount of nutrients (especially phosphorous and nitrogen) enter a body of water. Cyanobacteria like _Aphanizomenon flosaquae_ (which are no longer classified as algae) can grow quickly in this environment.

Algal blooms are a big problem to ecosystems. Like any sudden unnatural growth, it harms the other animals in that ecosystem, usually decreasing their numbers quickly.

## Consequences

Because there is so much algae in a bloom, the bottom layers of algae do not get sunlight. The top layers, which do get sunshine, are able to photosynthesize and continue living. However, the layers that lack sunlight die and start to decompose.

The lack of nutrients and dissolved oxygen in the eutrophic water inhibits other life. Fish become unable to breathe and other aquatic vegetation cannot photosynthesize. All the organisms in the water start to die and decompose. The decomposition of the dead organisms use up most of the remaining dissolved oxygen in the water.

Without a sufficient amount of nutrients and dissolved oxygen, all living organisms in the water die, which leads to a dead zone.
Smoky Hill Chalk

The **Smoky Hill Chalk** is an Upper Cretaceous conservation Lagerstätte, or fossil-rich geological formation. It is known for its exceptionally well-preserved marine reptiles from the Western Inland Sea.

The Smoky Hill Chalk outcrops in parts of northwest Kansas, its most famous localities for fossils, and in southeastern Nebraska. Large well-known fossils excavated from the Smoky Hill Chalk include marine reptiles such as plesiosaurs, large bony fish such as _Xiphactinus_, mosasaurs, pterosaurs (namely _Pteranodon_), flightless marine birds such as _Hesperornis_,  and turtles.  Many of the most well-known specimens of the marine reptiles were collected by dinosaur hunter Charles H. Sternberg and his son George. The son collected a unique fossil of the giant bony fish _Xiphactinus audax_ with the skeleton of another bony fish, _Gillicus arcuatus_ inside the larger one.  Another excellent skeleton of _Xiphactinus audax_ was collected by Edward Drinker Cope during the late nineteenth century heyday of American paleontology.
CCTV New Year's Gala

The **CCTV New Year's Gala** (Simplified Chinese: 中国中央电视台春节联欢晚会; Traditional Chinese: 中國中央電視台春節聯歡晚會; Pinyin: _Zhōngguó zhōngyāng diànshìtái chūnjié liánhuān wǎnhuì_) is a Chinese New Year special produced by China Central Television. It was presented by Zhao Zhongxiang.

## History

Since 1983, the variety program has been broadcast on the eve of Chinese New Year.

The show features various acts, including
- Skits (小品) with a focus on comedy.
- _Xiangsheng_ (相声) or Stand-up comedy
- Song and dance (歌舞)
- Acrobatics_ (杂技)

Across the span of years, viewers have had mixed reactions.  According to _The_ _New York Times__,'' "complaining about the show - with its blend of comedy, singing, dancing and propaganda - is as much a tradition as watching it."

### Guest appearances

Performers who are famous in China are featured:

- Jackie Chan (2005; 2009)
- Dashan
- Zhang Ziyi (2000; 2001; 2008)

## Other websites

- 2007 CCTV New Year's Gala
Army men

**Army men**, or **plastic soldiers**, are simple toy soldiers molded from green or other colored plastic. Unlike the  toy soldiers, which cost more, army men are sold at low prices in discount stores, supermarkets, and dollar stores. Also, unlike many toy soldiers, army men are sold unpainted and almost always dressed in modern military uniforms and armed with 20th Century weapons.

## Description

Army men are sold in plastic bags or buckets and often include colors such as green, tan, or gray to represent different sides. They have a lot of different kinds of weapons, from World War II to the current era. These include rifles, machine guns, submachine guns, sniper rifles, pistols, grenades, flamethrowers, and bazookas. They may also have radio men, minesweepers, and men armed with bayonets. Army men are sometimes packaged with additional accessories including tanks, jeeps, half tracks, artillery, helicopters, jets, and buildings. Their vehicles are usually manufactured in the same size to save money.

## History and varieties

The first American plastic toy soldiers were made by Bergen Toy & Novelty Co. (Beton for short) in 1938.
Samuel Morse

**Samuel Finley Breese Morse** (April 27, 1791 – April 2, 1872) was an American inventor. He was the first person to make a telegraph with only one wire, and also helped come up with the idea of Morse code.

Since the 1700s, there were different types of telegraphs being made, but they were hard to use because they had several wires. (The first telegraph ever built had 26 wires, which made it almost impossible to use.) Morse spent years trying to build one with only one wire, and managed to do it in 1836. Morse and his assistant made a code with "dots and "dashes", which were two different types of "clicks" on the telegraph.

Morse's invention made it possible to quickly communicate with people far away, and many telegraph lines were built. A telegraph line using his invention was built between Washington, D.C. and Baltimore in 1844. By the 1860s, there were telegraph lines all around North America, and in 1866, a telegraph line was built across the Atlantic Ocean.

## Life

Samuel F. B. Morse was born in Charlestown, Massachusetts

Morse was a painter before he was an inventor. He was a professor of art at New York University. He wanted to do some paintings that were going to be done at the United States Capitol, but was not chosen to do them. He was so disappointed that he gave up painting.

Morse was a devout Christian. The first message he sent on his 1844 telegraph line was "What hath God wrought?", which comes from the Book of Numbers in the Bible.

He died in New York City on April 2, 1872.
Ehime Prefecture

is a prefecture in the Shikoku region of Japan on the island of Shikoku. The capital city is Matsuyama.

## History

Until the Meiji Restoration, Ehime prefecture was known as Iyo Province. The name Ehime comes from the _Kojiki_.  It means "beautiful maiden."

After the Battle of Sekigahara, the Tokugawa shogun gave the area to his allies.  Kato Yoshiaki built Matsuyama Castle which became the center of the modern city of Matsuyama.

Drought is common in Ehime history.

## Geography

Ehime faces the Seto Inland Sea in the southwestern part of Shikoku.  The prefecture is bordered by Kagawa Prefecture and Tokushima Prefecture in the east.  Kōchi is to the south.  The prefecture has a long coastline and it includes many islands.

The Yanase Dam was built in 1953.

### National Parks

National Parks are established in about 7% of the total land area of the prefecture.

## Shrines and Temples

_Ōyamazumi jinja_ is the chief Shinto shrine (_ichinomiya_) in the prefecture.

## Related pages

- Provinces of Japan
- Prefectures of Japan
- List of regions of Japan
- List of islands of Japan
- Ehime F.C.

## Other websites

- http://www.pref.ehime.jp/index-e.htm ; [http://www.pref.ehime.jp/ ]

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Ehime
- **native name**: 愛媛県
- **native name lang**: ja
- **settlement type**: Prefectures of Japan, Prefecture
- **translit lang1**: Japanese
- **translit lang1 type**: Romaji
- **translit lang1 info**: Ehime-ken
- **image flag**: Flag of Ehime Prefecture.svg
- **image seal**: Emblem of Ehime Prefecture.svg
- **seal type**: Symbol
- **image map**: Map_of_Japan_with_highlight_on_38_Ehime_prefecture.svg
- **map caption**: Location of Ehime in Japan
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Regions of Japan, Region
- **subdivision name1**: Shikoku region, Shikoku
- **subdivision type2**: Island
- **subdivision name2**: Shikoku
- **seat type**: Capital
- **seat**: Matsuyama, Ehime, Matsuyama
- **leader title**: Governor
- **leader name**: Tokihiro Nakamura (since December 2010)
- **area total km2**: 5,676.44
- **area rank**: 26th
- **population as of**: November 1, 2010
- **population total**: 1,430,086
- **population rank**: 27th
- **population density km2**: auto
- **iso code**: JP-38
- **blank name sec1**: Prefectural flower
- **blank info sec1**: Satsuma mandarin (_Citrus unshiu_)
- **blank1 name sec1**: Prefectural tree
- **blank1 info sec1**: Pine (_Pinus_)
- **blank2 name sec1**: Prefectural bird
- **blank2 info sec1**: Japanese robin (_Erithacus akahige_)
- **blank3 name sec1**: Prefectural bird
- **blank3 info sec1**: Red sea bream (_Pagrus major_)
- **blank name sec2**: Number of districts
- **blank info sec2**: 7
- **blank1 name sec2**: Number of municipalities
- **blank1 info sec2**: 20
- **website**: [http://www.pref.ehime.jp/index-e.htm www.pref.ehime.jp/index-e.htm]
Tokushima Prefecture

is a prefecture in the Shikoku region of Japan on the island of Shikoku. The capital city is the city of Tokushima.

## History

Until the Meiji Restoration, Tokushima prefecture was known as Awa Province.

### Timeline

- **4th century BC** – Rice farming of the Yayoi period in Awa
- **3rd century AD** – Burial mounds of the Kofun period in Awa
- **8th century** – Wooden tablets (_mokkan_) used for record-keeping in Awa
- **1586** (_Tenshō 14_): Tokushima castle.
- **1625** (_Kan'ei 2_): Indigo monopoly established
- **1945** (_Shōwa 20_): Tokushima City bombed by Allied planes

## Geography

Tokushima is in the northeastern part of Shikoku. The prefecture faces the Seto Inland Sea and the Pacific Ocean. Kagawa Prefecture is to the northeast. Ehime Prefecture is to the west. Kōchi Prefecture is to the southeast.

Tokushima and Kagawa have disagreed about sharing water for a since the 1850s. The Yanase Dam was built in 1953.

### Towns and villages

Towns and villages in each district:

### National Parks

National Parks are established in about 9% of the total land area of the prefecture.

## Shrines and Temples

_Ōasahiko jinja_ is the chief Shinto shrine (_ichinomiya_) in the prefecture.

## Related pages

- Provinces of Japan
- Prefectures of Japan
- List of regions of Japan
- List of islands of Japan
- Tokushima Vortis

## Other websites

- http://www.pref.tokushima.jp/english/ ; http://www.pref.tokushima.jp/

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Tokushima
- **native name**: 徳島県
- **native name lang**: ja
- **settlement type**: Prefectures of Japan, Prefecture
- **translit lang1**: Japanese
- **translit lang1 type**: Romaji
- **translit lang1 info**: Tokushima-ken
- **image flag**: Flag of Tokushima Prefecture.svg
- **image seal**: Emblem of Tokushima Prefecture.svg
- **seal type**: Symbol
- **image map**: Map of Japan with highlight on 36 Tokushima prefecture.svg
- **map caption**: Location of Tokushima in Japan
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Regions of Japan, Region
- **subdivision name1**: Shikoku region, Shikoku
- **subdivision type2**: Island
- **subdivision name2**: Shikoku
- **seat type**: Capital
- **seat**: Tokushima, Tokushima, Tokushima (city)
- **leader title**: Governor
- **leader name**: Masazumi Gotōda
- **area total km2**: 4,144.95
- **area rank**: 36th
- **population as of**: October 1, 2001
- **population total**: 824,108
- **population rank**: 44th
- **population density km2**: auto
- **iso code**: JP-36
- **blank name sec1**: Prefectural flower
- **blank info sec1**: Sudachi (_Citrus sudachi_)
- **blank1 name sec1**: Prefectural tree
- **blank1 info sec1**: Yamamomo (_Myrica rubra, Myrica rubra_)
- **blank2 name sec1**: Prefectural bird
- **blank2 info sec1**: White heron
- **blank3 name sec1**: Prefectural bird
- **blank name sec2**: Number of districts
- **blank info sec2**: 8
- **blank1 name sec2**: Number of municipalities
- **blank1 info sec2**: 24
- **website**: [http://www.pref.tokushima.jp/english/  pref.tokushima.jp/english/]
Mount Vernon, New York

**Mount Vernon** is the 8th most populated city in the State of New York. It is in south central Westchester County. The city's neighbors include the Bronx on the south, and Yonkers on the west, separated by the Bronx River. Mount Vernon is primarily African American.

Anne Hutchinson started Mount Vernon in the 1640s in New Netherland which later became New York.
Chicken nuggets

**Chicken nuggets** are chicken meat pieces made into a big oval shape. They are usually  found at fast food restaurants, or in grocery stores. The fast food chain McDonald's produces their own type of nuggets, called Chicken McNuggets.
Lake George

**Lake George** is a glacial lake in the Adirondack Mountains in New York. Isaac Jogues found the lake in 1646. Many tourists visit Lake George.
John Bryson

**John E. Bryson** (July 24, 1943 – May 13, 2025) was an American politician. He was the 37th Secretary of Commerce. The Senate confirmed him by a 74–26 vote on October 20, 2011.  He became Secretary on October 21, 2011. He is the former Chairman, Chief Executive Officer, and President of Edison International, the parent company of Southern California Edison. He left office on June 11, 2012.

From 1976 to 1979, Bryson was chairman of the California State Water Resources Control Board. From 1979 to 1982, he was president of the California Public Utilities Commission.

Bryson helped start the Natural Resources Defense Council after he graduated from law school.

## Other websites

- Profile at _Bloomberg Businessweek_
- Profile  at _Forbes_
- Profile at The Walt Disney Company
- John Bryson is the Right Man at the Right Time to Lead Commerce Department , Frances Beinecke, President of NRDC, May 31, 2011

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: John Bryson
- **image**: John Bryson official portrait.jpg
- **order**: 37th
- **office**: United States Secretary of Commerce
- **president**: Barack Obama
- **deputy**: Rebecca Blank <small>(Acting)</small>
- **term start**: October 21, 2011
- **term end**: June 11, 2012
- **predecessor**: Rebecca Blank <small>(Acting)</small>
- **successor**: Rebecca Blank <small>(Acting)</small>
- **birth place**: New York City, New York (state), New York, U.S.
- **death place**: San Marino, California, U.S.
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic Party
- **alma mater**: Stanford University
Yale Law School, Yale University
Pinetop Perkins

**Joe Willie** "**Pinetop**" **Perkins** (July 7, 1913 – March 21, 2011) was an American blues musician. He died in Austin, Texas. He was 97 years old when he died. Perkins was a famous pianist. He helped form the style of other musicians. He played with B. B. King for a short time and was part of Muddy Waters' band for more than ten years. He won the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 2005.

## Selected discography

- 1976: _Boogie Woogie King_ (recorded 1976, released 1992)
- 1977: _Hard Again_ (Muddy Waters)
- 1988: _After Hours_
- 1992: _Pinetop Perkins with the Blue Ice Band
- 1992: _On Top_
- 1993: _Portrait of a Delta Bluesman_
- 1995: _Live Top_ (with the Blue Flames)
- 1996: _Eye to Eye_ (with Ronnie Earl, Willie "Big Eyes" Smith and Calvin “Fuzz” Jones)
- 1997: _Born in the Delta_
- 1998: _Sweet Black Angel_
- 1998: _Legends_ (with Hubert Sumlin)
- 1998: _Down In Mississippi_
- 1999: _Live at 85!_ (with George Kilby Jr)
- 2000: _Back On Top_
- 2003: _Heritage of the Blues: The Complete Hightone Sessions_
- 2003: _All Star Blues Jam_ (with Bob Margolin _et al._)
- 2004: _Ladies Man_
- 2007: _10 Days Out: Blues From The Backroads_ (with Kenny Wayne Shepherd and the Muddy Waters Band—Live)
- 2008: _Pinetop Perkins and Friends_
- 2010: _Joined At the Hip'' (with Willie "Big Eyes" Smith)
Pope Innocent IV

**Pope Innocent IV** (; c. 1195 – December 7, 1254), born **Sinibaldo Fieschi**, was an Italian cleric of the Roman Catholic Church and the 181st Pope from June 25, 1243 until his death in 1254.

## Early life

Fieschi was born in Genoa.  The Fieschi were a noble family of Liguria.

His nephew will become Adrian V.

He studied at the universities of Parma and Bologna.

## Cardinal

Pope Gregory IX made Fieschi a cardinal on September 18, 1227.

## Pope

Cardinal Fieschi was elected pope on June 25, 1243.  He chose the name Innocent IV. Ottobuono Fieschi was the pope's cardinal-nephew during this reign.

Pope Innocent was involved in Italian and European political disputes.  The central problem of his papacy was a conflict with Frederick II, who was the Holy Roman Emperor.

In 1245, Pope Innocent called church leaders to the Council of Lyons in France.

Innocent granted the use of the red hat to the cardinals in 1245. The red had was a symbol of the cardinal's readiness to shed their blood in the cause of the church.

## Related pages

- List of popes
- List of popes from the Fieschi family

## Other websites

- Catholic Hierarchy, Popes in sequence
- Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church , Cardinal Fieschi

## Infobox (christian leader)

- **type**: pope
- **name**: Innocent IV
- **image**: Inocenc IV.jpg
- **birth name**: Sinibaldo Fieschi
- **birth date**: c. 1195
- **birth place**: Genoa
- **death date**: 16 July
- **death place**: Naples
- **term start**: June 25, 1243
- **term end**: December 7, 1254
- **predecessor**: Pope Celestine IV
- **successor**: Pope Alexander IV
- **other**: Innocent
Cancale

**Cancale** (; Gallo: _Cauncall_) is a small commune in western France. It is near Saint-Coulomb. A famous place there is the Pointe du Grouin.

## Related pages

- Communes of the Ille-et-Vilaine department

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Cancale
- **native name**: Kankaven
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image coat of arms**: Blason ville fr Cancale (Ille-et-Vilaine).svg
- **image**: Cancale.jpg
- **caption**: Cancale, Port de la Houle
- **arrondissement**: Saint-Malo
- **canton**: Saint-Malo-1
- **insee**: 35049
- **postal code**: 35260
- **mayor**: Pierre-Yves Mahieu
- **term**: 2014–2020
- **intercommunality**: Communauté d'agglomération du Pays de Saint-Malo, CA Pays de Saint-Malo
- **elevation m**: 45
- **elevation min m**: 0
- **elevation max m**: 56
- **area km2**: 12.6
- **population**: 5341
- **population date**: 2008
Red Norvo

**Kenneth "Red" Norvo** (31 March 1908, Beardstown, Illinois - 6 April 1999, Santa Monica, California) was an American jazz musician and dancer. He performed from the 1920s through the 1980s. During the 1920s, he was a tap dancer in Vaudeville. His main musical instrument was the vibraphone. He was also a member of The Three Ickkies.

## Other websites

- Red Norvo at AllMusic
Vanilla Ice

**Robert Matthew Van Winkle** (born October 31, 1967 in Dallas, Texas), best known as **Vanilla Ice**, is an American rapper, actor, and singer. He had songs under SBK Records. His most notable song is "Ice Ice Baby". The song was nominated for a Grammy Award in 1991. He has had other songs released over the years. Comedian Jim Carrey did a spoof on the song, called "White White Baby".

Vanilla Ice was a contestant in the second season of _The Surreal Life_ in 2004 and in the sixth series of _Dancing on Ice_ in 2011.

## Other websites

- https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0406678/bio

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Vanilla Ice
- **image**: Vanilla Ice 2010 (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Vanilla Ice in 2010
- **birth name**: Robert Matthew Van Winkle
- **birth place**: Dallas, Texas, U.S.
- **origin**: Dallas, Texas, U.S.
Miami, Florida, U.S.
- **years active**: 1985–present
Wilson Phillips

**Wilson Phillips** are a California based girl group who formed in 1989, disbanded in 1993 and then regrouped in 2004. They are a trio whose names are Carnie and Wendy Wilson, and Chynna Phillips. They had several hit songs over the years.

## Albums

- Wilson Phillips (1990)
- Shadows and Light  (1992)
- California (2004)
- Christmas in Harmony (2010)
- Decitated (2012)

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Wilson Phillips
- **image**: Wilson Phillips.jpg
- **caption**: Wilson Phillips at Cerritos Arts Center, 2011
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Los Angeles, California, United States, U.S.
- **genre**: Pop rock, Adult contemporary music, Adult contemporary
- **label**: SBK Records, SBK
Columbia Records, Columbia
Sony Masterworks, Sony
- **current members**: Chynna Phillips
Wendy Wilson
Carnie Wilson
Peter Yates

**Peter Yates** (24 July 1929 – 9 January 2011) was an English movie director and producer. He was born in Aldershot, Hampshire. He was nominated for the Academy Award for the movies _Breaking Away_ and _The Dresser_. He was also nominated several time for BAFTA Awards. One of his best-known movies is _Bullitt_ (1968), starring Steve McQueen. Yates died in London on 9 January 2011. He was 81 years old.

## Films as director

- _The Saint_ (1962) (TV)
- _Summer Holiday_ (1963)
- _One Way Pendulum_ (1964)
- _Koroshi_ (1966) (TV)
- _Robbery_ (1967)
- _Bullitt_ (1968)
- _John and Mary_ (1969)
- _Murphy's War_ (1971)
- _The Hot Rock_ (1972)
- _The Friends of Eddie Coyle_ (1973)
- _For Pete's Sake_ (1974)
- _Mother, Jugs & Speed_ (1976)
- _The Deep_ (1977)
- _Breaking Away_ (1979)
- _Eyewitness_ (1981)
- _Krull_ (1983)
- _The Dresser_ (1983)
- _Eleni_ (1985)
- _Suspect_ (1987)
- _The House on Carroll Street_ (1988)
- _An Innocent Man_ (1989)
- _Year of the Comet_ (1992)
- _The Run of the Country_ (1995)
- _Roommates_ (1995)
- _Curtain Call_ (1998)
- _Don Quixote_ (2000) (TV)
- _A Separate Peace_ (2004) (TV)

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Peter Yates
- **birth name**: Peter James Yates
- **birth place**: Aldershot, Hampshire, England, UK
- **death place**: London, England
- **occupation**: Film director, producer
- **yearsactive**: 1958–2010
- **nationality**: British
- **television**: _The Saint (TV series), The Saint_
_Danger Man_
- **children**: Son and daughter
- **parents**: Robert and Constance Yates
Kingswood, South Gloucestershire

**Kingswood** is an area in South Gloucestershire, South West England. It has a population of 32,000 people. Its postcode is BS15. It is a suburb of Bristol.

## Other websites

- Kingswood, England at Infoplease
Robin Gibb

**Robin Hugh Gibb**, CBE (22 December 1949 – 20 May 2012) was a British singer, songwriter and record producer, best known as a member of the British-Australian pop group The Bee Gees. Gibb gained worldwide fame with his brothers Barry and Maurice Gibb. Their younger brother Andy Gibb was also a singer.

Gibb died of colorectal cancer in London, England.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Robin Gibb
- **image**: RobinGibb-2008.jpg
- **caption**: Gibb at the meet-and-greet after the Dubai Jazz Festival on 1 March 2008.
- **honorific suffix**: CBE
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Robin Hugh Gibb
- **birth place**: Isle of Man
- **death place**: London, England
- **instrument**: Vocals, keyboards, guitar, bass guitar
- **genre**: Rock music, Rock, Pop music, pop, adult contemporary, blue-eyed soul, disco, New wave music, new wave, synthpop, Country music, country
- **occupation**: Singer, songwriter, record producer
- **years active**: 1955–2012
- **label**: Leedon, Festival, Spin, Polydor, Atco, RSO, Mirage, EMI America, SPV
- **associated acts**: The Rattlesnakes, The Bee Gees, One World Project
National Museum of Natural History

The **National Museum of Natural History** is a natural history museum on the National Mall in Washington, D.C., United States. It is administered by the Smithsonian Institution. Admission is free and the museum is open 364 days a year.

The museum's collections total over 500 million specimens of plants, animals, fossils, minerals, rocks, meteorites, and human cultural artifacts (made objects). With 7.4 million visitors in 2009, it is the most visited of all of the Smithsonian museums. It is home to about 185 professional natural history scientists – the largest group of scientists dedicated to the study of natural and cultural history in the world.

The main building includes a popular "Insect Zoo" and an IMAX theater.

## Collections and research

The museum includes a collections storage facility in Suitland, Maryland. The museum has a marine science research facility in Ft. Pierce, Florida, and field stations in Belize, Alaska, and Kenya. The museum has seven research departments:
1. Anthropology
1. Botany
1. Entomology
1. Invertebrate zoology
1. Mineral sciences
1. Paleobiology
1. Vertebrate zoology
    1. Amphibia & reptiles
    1. Birds
    1. Fish
    1. Mammals

Staff collect specimens of fossils, minerals, rocks, plants and animals, tools and artworks. There are a total of 5,285,754 on-line specimen records are available from this work, and a total of 126 million individual specimens. Trained people look after these finds, and keep the collections in good condition.

The NMNH claims to have the largest, most comprehensive natural history collection in the world.

## Links with other organizations

The museum has research links with a number of U.S. government agencies, which have staff working with and at the museum. These include the Department of the Interior (U.S. Geological Survey Biological Resources Division), the Department of Agriculture (Systematic Entomology Laboratory), the Department of Commerce (National Marine Fisheries Service Systematics Laboratory), and the Department of Defense (Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit).

## Infobox (museum)

- **name**: National Museum of Natural History
- **image**: Smithsonian-Museum of Natural History.jpg
- **imagesize**: 250
- **caption**: Main facade
- **pushpin map**: United States Washington, D.C. central
- **map caption**: Location within Washington, D.C.
- **location**: National Mall in Washington, D.C., United States
- **type**: Natural History
- **visitors**: 6 million (2017)
- **director**: Kirk Johnson (Scientist), Kirk Johnson
- **publictransit**: at Federal Triangle (WMATA station), Federal Triangle