juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Spined pygmy shark

The **spined pygmy shark** (_Squaliolus laticaudus_) is one of the smallest sharks in the world. It is only seven to eight inches long on average. Spined pygmy sharks are dark gray or black on top. Their bellies glow in the dark. These sharks live very deep in the water (down to 6,500 feet) but they migrate up to about 650 feet at night, to hunt.

Spined pygmy sharks are harmless to humans.
Tiger beetle

The **tiger beetles** are a large group of beetles in the family Carabidae. About 2,600 species and subspecies are known, with the richest diversity in the Oriental (Indo-Malayan) region, followed by the Neotropics.

All tiger beetles are predators.
They are known for their aggressive predatory habits and running speed. The fastest species of tiger beetle can run at a speed of 9 km/h (5.6 mph), which, relative to its body length, is about 22 times the speed of an Olympic sprinter, the equivalent of a human running at .

Tiger beetles live everywhere in the world except the Antarctic and Tasmania. They have powerful jaws, called mandibles, which they use to hold and crush their prey. They have long legs, big eyes, and a wide head. All are colourful.  Their elytra are usually bright and have bold markings.
The Plastic People of the Universe

**The Plastic People of the Universe** (or shortly **PPU**) is a rock band from Prague, Czechoslovakia (Today Czech Republic). In 60s and 70s was frontman bass player Milan "Mejla" Hlavsa (*1951-†2001) and current frontman is saxophonist Vratislav Brabenec (*1943). On his "debut" album _Egon Bondy's Happy Hearts Club Banned_, the group set to music poems by Egon Bondy. The band became famous when it was put in prison by the communist government.

## Selected discography

1. _Muž bez uší_ (live recordings 1969-72)
1. _Vožralej jak slíva_ (live recordings 1973-75)
1. _Egon Bondy's Happy Hearts Club Banned_ (1974)
1. _Ach to státu hanobení_ (live recordings 1976-77)
1. _Pašijové hry velikonoční_ (1978)
1. _Jak bude po smrti_ (1979)
1. _Co znamená vésti koně_ (1981)
1. _Kolejnice duní_ (1977–82)
1. _Hovězí porážka_ (1983–84)
1. _Půlnoční myš_ (1985–86)
1. _Líně s tebou spím - Lazy Love / In Memoriam Mejla Hlavsa_ (2001)
1. _Pašijové hry / Passion Play (with Agon Orchestra)_ (2004)
1. _Maska za maskou_ (The Mask Behind the Mask) (2009)
1. _Non Stop Opera_ (2011)
1. _Co znamená vésti koně_ (2017)

## Other websites

- Plastic People official site
- Article from Prague Life
- Interview with Paul Wilson
- Interview/profile from the Washington Post's Express

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: The Plastic People of the Universe
- **img**: Plastic People of the Universe (2010) - večer.JPG
- **background**: group_or_band
- **img capt**: from left to right: Joe Karafiát, Eva Turnová, Vratislav Brabenec, Jiří Kabeš and Josef Janíček
- **origin**: Prague, Czechoslovakia
- **genre**: Rock music, Rock, experimental rock, Prague underground (movement), Prague underground
- **years active**: 1968–1988
1997–present
- **label**: Globus
Guerilla
- **associated acts**: Půlnoc
Fiction
DG 307
Velvet Underground Revival
Garage (band), Garage
- **website**: [http://www.plasticpeople.eu/ Official website]
- **current members**: Vratislav Brabenec
Josef Janíček
Jiří Kabeš
Eva Turnová
Joe Karafiát
Jaromír Kvasnička
- **past members**: Milan Hlavsa, Milan "Mejla" Hlavsa
Paul Wilson
Jan Brabec
Ivan Bierhanzl
Pavel Zeman
Ludvík "Eman" Kandl
Vratislav Brabenec

**Vratislav Brabenec** (born April 28, 1943, Prague, Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, today Czech Republic) is a Czech musician, saxophonist, clarinetist a vocalist. He is member of Czech underground band The Plastic People of the Universe. Brabanec joined the Plastic People in 1972. He insisted that they no longer play songs by groups like the Velvet Underground. Brabenec wanted them to play their own songs and perform them in the Czech language. The band became famous in 1972 when some of the members were put in prison by the communist government. Brabenec was sent to prison for eight months because his music was "antisocial", he was disturbing the peace, and he his music was corrupting Czech youth.

## Other websites

- Plastic People of the Universe official site

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Vratislav Brabenec
- **img**: Vratislav_Brabenec.JPG
- **img alt**: Vratislav Brabenec at a concert in Kadaň
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth place**: Prague, Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia (today Czech Republic)
- **instrument**: Saxophone, clarinet, vocals
- **genre**: Rock music, Rock, jazz
- **occupation**: Musician, author, poet
- **years active**: 1957-present
- **associated acts**: The Plastic People of the Universe
Robert Fripp

**Robert Fripp** (born 16 May 1946, Wimborne Minster, Dorset, England) is an English guitarist, songwriter and record producer. He was ranked 42 on _Rolling Stone_ magazine's 2003 list of the "100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time". He is founder member of rock band King Crimson.

Fripp has been married to Toyah Willcox since 1986. His uncle was Alfie Fripp.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Robert Fripp
- **img**: Robert Fripp.jpg
- **image size**: 250
- **landscape**: yes
- **background**: non_vocal_instrumentalist
- **birth place**: Wimborne Minster, Dorset, England
- **instrument**: Guitar, Keyboard instrument, keyboards
- **genre**: Progressive rock, jazz fusion, psychedelic rock, ambient music, ambient, experimental rock, art rock, hard rock, new wave music, new wave
- **occupation**: Musician, songwriter, Record producer, producer
- **years active**: 1968–present
- **label**: E.G. Records, E.G., Polydor Records, Polydor, Discipline Global Mobile
- **associated acts**: King Crimson, Fripp & Eno, Brian Eno, David Bowie, Peter Gabriel, David Sylvian, League of Gentlemen (band), League of Gentlemen,  Van der Graaf Generator, G3 (tour), G3, Porcupine Tree, Toyah Willcox, Andy Summers, Trey Gunn, Theo Travis, Slow Music Project
- **website**: [http://www.dgmlive.com/diaries.htm?member=3 Robert Fripp's Diary]
Nico

**Nico** (born **Christa Päffgen**; 16 October 1938 – 18 July 1988) was a German singer, songwriter, actress, and Warhol Superstar. She is featured on the first album by the New York rock band The Velvet Underground, _The Velvet Underground & Nico_.

She was born in Cologne. She grew up in Brandenburg and Berlin.

She made seven studio albums.

She died on holiday in the Spanish island of Ibiza, of a cerebral hemorrhage while riding her bicycle.

Nico was born Christa Päffgen. When she was 16 the photographer Herbert Tobias gave her the name Nico. Nico moved to Paris and began working for Vogue, Tempo, Vie Nuove, Mascotte Spettacolo, Camera, Elle, and other fashion magazines.

### Studio albums

|Year|Album details||
| --- | --- | --- |
|rowspan="2"|1967|_The Velvet Underground & Nico_ * Release date: March 12, 1967 * Label: Verve Records|
|_Chelsea Girl_ * Release date: October 9, 1967 * Label: Verve Records|||
|1968|_The Marble Index_ * Release date: November 1, 1968 * Label: Elektra Records||
|1970|_Desertshore_ * Release date: December 20, 1970 * Label: Reprise Records||
|1974|_The End..._ * Release date: November 11, 1974 * Label: Island Records||
|1981|_Drama of Exile_ * Release date: July 3, 1981 * Label: Aura||
|1985|_Camera Obscura_ * Release date: July 12, 1985 * Label: Beggars Banquet Records||

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Nico
- **background**: solo_singer
- **img**: Nico Harmonium1974.png
- **birth name**: Christa Päffgen
- **origin**: Cologne, West Germany
- **death place**: Ibiza, Spain
- **genre**: Art rock, folk rock, protopunk, experimental music, avant-garde music
- **occupation**: Composer, singer, actress
- **years active**: 1955–1988
- **instrument**: Singer, Vocals, harmonium, harpsichord, piano, tambourine
- **associated acts**: The Velvet Underground, John Cale, Lou Reed, Brian Jones, Kevin Ayers, John Cooper Clarke, The Invisible Girls, Blue Orchids, Bob Dylan, Brian Eno
U.S. Route 4

**U.S. Route 4** is a highway in the United States. It travels from East Greenbush, New York, near Albany to Portsmouth, New Hampshire.  It passes through the state of Vermont.  It has a total length of 250 miles.  Before being a US highway, Route 4 was part of several New England highways.

## Infobox (road)

- **country**: USA
- **type**: US
- **route**: 4
- **length mi**: 249.84
- **length round**: 2
- **established**: 1926
- **direction a**: West
- **terminus a**: near Albany, New York, Albany, NY
- **junction**: near Albany, New York, Albany, NY
 in Rutland (city), Vermont, Rutland, VT
 in White River Junction, Vermont, White River Junction, VT
 in Lebanon, New Hampshire, Lebanon, NH
 in Concord, New Hampshire, Concord, NH
- **direction b**: East
- **terminus b**: in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, Portsmouth, NH
Karel Kryl

**Karel Kryl** (April 12, 1944 Kroměříž, Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, today Czech Republic – March 3, 1994 Passau, Germany) was a Czech singer-songwriter and poet. Kryl is sometimes called a "Básník s kytarou" _(poet with a guitar)_.

## Other websites

- Karel Kryl official website

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Karel Kryl
- **image**: Karel Kryl memorial plaque.jpg
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Karel Kryl
- **alias**: Poet with a guitar
- **death place**: Kroměříž, Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia
- **birth place**: Passau, Germany
- **instrument**: Guitar, vocals
- **genre**: folk music, folk, Protest song
- **occupation**: Poet, singer-songwriter, musician, graphic artist
- **years active**: 1968–1994
- **label**: Supraphon, Primaphon, Caston, Bonton, And the End Records
- **url**: [http://www.karelkryl.cz/ Official website]
U.S. Route 40

**Ohio. Route 40** is a federal highway from Park City, Utah to Atlantic City, New Jersey.  It is 2,286 miles long and passes through twelve states.  It used to go from Park City to Reno, Nevada and San Francisco, California, but that route is now part of Interstate 80.  Much of the eastern part of U.S. Route 40, from Vandalia, Illinois to Cumberland, Maryland (or from St. Louis, Missouri to Baltimore) was part of the **National Road**.  This part has been around since 1839.  Part of U.S. Route 40 was also called the "Lincoln Highway".

U.S. Route 40 passes or passed through many cities.  Some of these are:

The current capitals are Denver, Topeka, Indianapolis, and Columbus. Vandalia was a former capital of Illinois, Zanesville was a former capital of Ohio, and Wheeling was a former capital of West Virginia.

### Current

- Park City, Utah
- Vernal, Utah
- Craig, Colorado
- Denver, Colorado
- Oakley, Kansas
- Hays, Kansas
- Salina, Kansas
- Topeka, Kansas
- Lawrence, Kansas
- Kansas City, Kansas
- Kansas City, Missouri
- Warrensburg, Missouri
- Columbia, Missouri
- St. Louis, Missouri
- Vandalia, Illinois
- Effingham, Illinois
- Terre Haute, Indiana
- Indianapolis, Indiana
- Richmond, Indiana
- Dayton, Ohio
- Vandalia, Ohio
- Springfield, Ohio
- Columbus, Ohio
- Zanesville, Ohio
- Wheeling, West Virginia
- Washington, Pennsylvania
- Cumberland, Maryland
- Hagerstown, Maryland
- Baltimore, Maryland
- Wilmington, Delaware
- Atlantic City, New Jersey

### Former

- San Francisco, California
- Oakland, California
- Sacramento, California
- Reno, Nevada
- Winnemucca, Nevada
- Elko, Nevada
- Salt Lake City, Utah

## Infobox (road)

- **country**: USA
- **type**: US
- **route**: 40
- **alternate name**: National Road
Victory Highway
- **length mi**: 2285.74
- **length round**: 2
- **established**: 1926
- **direction a**: West
- **terminus a**: near Park City, Utah, Park City, UT
- **junction**: in Denver, Colorado, Denver, CO

in Kansas City, Missouri, Kansas City, MO

in St. Louis, Missouri, St. Louis, MO

in Effingham, IL

in Indianapolis, Indiana, Indianapolis, IN

near Dayton, Ohio, Dayton, OH

in Columbus, Ohio, Columbus, OH

in Washington, Pennsylvania, Washington, PA

in Hagerstown, Maryland, Hagerstown, MD

in Baltimore, Maryland, Baltimore, MD
- **direction b**: East
- **terminus b**: in Atlantic City, New Jersey, Atlantic City, NJ
Ozone depletion

Ozone is a Gas that is present in the ozone layer in the stratosphere of the Earth. There, it absorbs almost all ultraviolet light which is harmful to many organisms. The term **Ozone depletion** can refer to a number of distinct, but related phenomena:
- Since the 1970s, there has been a decrease in total volume of the Ozone in the ozone layer, of about 4%, per decade.
- There are seasonal variations in the ozone layers; in springtime, there is less ozone in the ozone layer over the polar regions, esp. the south pole. This is generally known as **ozone hole**.
- In addition to these well-known stratospheric phenomena, there are also springtime polar tropospheric ozone depletion events.

## Causes

The details of polar ozone hole formation differ from that of mid-latitude thinning, but the most important process in both is catalytic destruction of ozone by atomic halogens. The main source of these halogen atoms in the stratosphere is photodissociation of man-made halocarbon refrigerants (CFCs, freons, halons.) These compounds are transported into the stratosphere after being emitted at the surface.
Both types of ozone depletion were observed to increase as emissions of Halocarbons increased.

CFCs and other substances contributing to this effect are referred to as **ozone-depleting substances** (**ODS**). Since the ozone layer prevents most harmful UVB wavelengths (280–315nm) of ultraviolet light (UV light) from passing through the Earth's atmosphere, observed and projected decreases in ozone have generated worldwide concern. As a result, the Montreal Protocol has been adopted. The treaty bans the production of CFCs, halons as and other ozone-depleting chemicals such as carbon tetrachloride and trichloroethane. The biological consequences of this change in ozone levels may include increases in skin cancer, cataracts, damage to plants, and the reduction of plankton populations in the ocean.

## Regeneration of the ozone hole

Estimates of how quickly the ozone layer will regenerate vary by about two decades. NASA estimated in 2006, that it will take to 2068 for the ozone layer in Antarctica to recover to the level before human-induced thinning.  According to the World Meteorological Organization, the state of the ozone layer over Antarctica will not change noticeably in the next twenty years. The state before 1980 will be reached between 2060 and 2075, 25 years later than predicted in 2002. Over the Arctic, there will be bigger losses in ozone over the next fifteen years, especially in cold winters. For the Arctic regions, the state before 1980 will be reached around 2050.
Photodissociation

**Photodissociation**, **photolysis**, or **photodecomposition** is a chemical reaction in which a chemical compound is broken down by photons. One or more photons interact with the target molecule.

Photodissociation is not limited to visible light.  Any photon with sufficient energy can affect the chemical bonds of a chemical compound.  Since a photon's energy is inversely proportional to its wavelength, electromagnetic waves with the energy of visible light or higher, such as ultraviolet light, x-rays and gamma rays are usually involved in such reactions.

One example where this is used is the Light-dependent reaction of photosynthesis. Far more enegetic photons of ultraviolet light (240 nm and shorter) can break the bonds of oxygen molecules. The newly independent oxygen atoms create ozone in the ozone layer.
Audi Cup 2011

The **Audi Cup 2011** (the second edition of the Audi Cup) was a two-day tournament that took place in Munich, Germany. The tournament featured four teams, AC Milan, S.C. Internacional, FC Bayern Munich and FC Barcelona. The winners of the tournament were FC Barcelona, defeating Bayern Munich 2-0. S.C. Internacional took third place, defeating AC Milan 2(2) - 2(0).

## Infobox (international football competition)

- **year**: 2011
- **dates**: 26 – 27 July
- **country**: Germany
- **num teams**: 4
- **confederations**: 2
- **venues**: 1
- **cities**: 1
- **champion other**: FC Barcelona
- **count**: 1
- **second other**: FC Bayern Munich, Bayern Munich
- **third other**: S.C. Internacional, Internacional
- **fourth other**: A.C. Milan, Milan
- **matches**: 4
- **goals**: 12
- **top scorer**: Thiago Alcántara, Thiago
(3 goals)
- **prevseason**: Audi Cup 2009, 2009
- **nextseason**: Audi Cup 2013, 2013
Juanes

**Juan Esteban Aristizábal Vásquez** (born 9 August 1972), known as **Juanes**, is a one-time Grammy Award-winning and nineteen-time Latin Grammy Award-winning Colombian singer, songwriter, instrumentalist, record producer. He was a member of heavy metal band Ekhymosis and is now a solo artist. Juanes has sold more than 15 million albums worldwide.

Raised in Medellín, Colombia, Juanes began playing guitar at age seven.

## Discography

- Studio albums
- _Fíjate Bien_ (2000)
- _Un Día Normal_ (2002)
- _Mi Sangre_ (2004)
- _La Vida... Es un Ratico_ (2007)
- _P.A.R.C.E._ (2010)

- Live albums
- _Juanes MTV Unplugged_ (2012)

## Other websites

- Official website
    - English version
- Juanes to Twitter in Cuba Despite Exiles By Alfredo Prieto, _Havana Times,_ August 26, 2009
- Official Universal Music Latino Website
- Mi Sangre Foundation website
- Juanes Interview
- Juanes Interview on CorrienteLatina.com
- English version

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Juanes
- **img**: Juanes 2008.06.25 002.jpg
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Juan Esteban Aristizábal Vásquez
- **alias**: Juanes
- **origin**: Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
- **instrument**: Guitar, Keyboard instrument, keyboards, vocals
- **genre**: Latin American music, Latin, pop music, pop, rock music, rock, heavy metal music, heavy metal
- **occupation**: Singer-songwriter, musician
- **years active**: 1988–present
- **label**: Universal Music Group, Universal Geffen Records, Geffen
- **associated acts**: Ekhymosis, Nelly Furtado, Laura Pausini, Colbie Caillat, Juan Luis Guerra
- **website**: http://www.juanes.net/
Vector calculus

**Vector calculus** is a branch of mathematics that investigates vector fields and how they change over time. Vector calculus usually studies two- or three-dimensional vector fields, but can be used in higher dimensions, too. It is a part of the study of multivariable calculus. Vector calculus is useful in physics and engineering because of how it can look at _electromagnetic_ and _gravitational_ fields.

## Related pages

- Curl
- Divergence
- Gradient
Vector field

A **vector field** is a function that assigns to every point in space a vector. It can be imagined as a collection of arrows, each one attached to a different point in space. For example, the wind (the velocity of air) can be represented by a vector field. This is because in every point one can write an arrow showing the direction of the wind and its strength.

Vector calculus is the study of vector fields.

## Physical examples

In everyday life, gravity is the force that makes objects fall down. More generally, it is the force that pulls objects towards each other. If we describe for each point in space the direction and strength of the earth's pull, we will get a gravity vector field for the Earth.

The theory dealing with electricity and magnetism in physics is called electromagnetism. One of the basic assumptions is that there are two vector fields in all space which govern electric and magnetic forces. One is the electric field, which is often written as  and the second is the magnetic field, which is often written as .

Atmospheric circulation can be represented by a vector field. The more precisely the vector field describes the actual flow, the better the resulting weather forecast.
Multivariable calculus

In calculus, **multivariable calculus** or **multivariate calculus** is the extension of regular, one-dimensional calculus to more than one dimension. Most of the concepts from calculus, such as continuity and chain rule, still work in more than one dimension, though sometimes with greater complexity and counter-intuitive result.

Special multivariable uses include _partial derivatives_, or differentiation with only one dimension at a time, and _multiple integration_, or integrating over more than one dimension. The gradient operator , defined in terms of partial derivatives, is used to define higher concepts such as Laplace operator, divergence and curl. By integrating a multivariable function over several variables, one can define an integral over an area, surface or volume as well.

## Related pages

- Vector calculus
Leopard seal

The **leopard seal** (_Hydrurga leptonyx_), also known as the **sea leopard**, is the second largest species of seal in the Antarctic (after the Southern Elephant Seal). It is most common in the southern hemisphere along the coast of Antarctica and on most sub-Antarctic islands, but can also be found on the coasts of southern Australia, Tasmania, South Africa, New Zealand, Lord Howe Island, Tierra del Fuego, the Cook Islands, and the Atlantic coast of South America. It can live twenty-six years, possibly more. Killer whales, and large sharks are the only natural predators of leopard seals. They eat Crabeater seals, consuming 80% of their young. They are large and strong. They have a dark grey back and a light grey stomach. Its neck is a little bit white with black spots, which is the pattern of a leopard's coat. That is how it got its name. Leopard seals are carnivores. It eats penguins, seagulls, fish, squid, octopuses, krill, shrimps, crabs and even other seals. They are the only species of seals who eat warm-blooded prey.

They are the most formidable hunters of all the seals and the only ones that feed on warm-blooded prey. Leopard seals hunt alone, and they are ferocious solitary animals. They do not do well with other leopard seals and usually end up in a fight.

They are very aggressive, and their only predator is the killer whale. Their mouths can open 160° and clamp down with incredible force and can quickly emerge from the water to snatch prey, such as penguins on the ice's edge. Leopard seals can easily rip penguins and baby seals to shreds by jerking their heads from side to side. They have incredibly long teeth, up to one inch long. Also, they have spotted grey skin and are 10-12 feet long and have a slender bodies.

They can hold their breath for 15 minutes and are the second-largest type of seal in Antarctica and the third-largest worldwide. Leopard seals can even sing and smile underwater! They communicate by using clicking or trilling noises. When interacting with humans in the water, they are more curious than aggressive. They have a thick layer of fat called blubber under their skin to keep them warm under the icy freezing water. They weigh between 800 and 1,300 pounds which are heavier than a horse. They stay in Antarctica and sometimes come to New Zealand during the hot summer. Male seals are called bulls, females are called cows, and babies are called pups.
Loudoun County, Virginia

**Loudoun County** ( ) is a county in the U.S. state of Virginia. It is part of the Washington Metropolitan Area. The 2020 U.S. Census said 420,959 people live there.  Its county seat is Leesburg.

The number of people grew 84 percent from 2000 to 2010, and 34 percent from 2010 to 2020.

As of 2022, Loudoun County has the highest median household income of any county in the United States ($170,463). This is higher than nearby Falls Church, Virginia ($164,536).

## Infobox (u.s. county)

- **county**: Loudoun County
- **state**: Virginia
- **type**: County (United States), County
- **seal**: Seal of Loudoun County, Virginia.svg
- **flag**: Flag of Loudoun County, Virginia.svg
- **founded**: 1757
- **seat wl**: Leesburg
- **named for**: John Campbell, 4th Earl of Loudoun
- **largest city wl**: Leesburg
- **city type**: town
- **motto**: "I Byde My Time"
- **area total sq mi**: 521.33
- **area land sq mi**: 515.74
- **area water sq mi**: 5.6
- **area percentage**: 1.1
- **population as of**: 2020
- **population total**: 420959
- **population density sq mi**: 810
- **web**: http://www.loudoun.gov/
- **ex image**: Loudoun County, Virginia Courthouse.jpgborder
- **ex image cap**: Loudoun County Courthouse and a World War II monument (right) in Leesburg, Virginia, Leesburg, February 2021
- **ex image size**: 265px
- **time zone**: Eastern
- **district**: 10th
F.C. Saturn Ramenskoye

**FC Saturn Ramenskoye** (, or English: State-Owned Enterprise of the Moscow Region Football Club Saturn Moscow Region) is a Russian football team near the Moscow area of Ramenskoye. It was also known as FC Saturn Moscow Region. In 2006, the club broke the record for the most draws in a Russian Premier League season, 16 draws. The club closed down in 2011, as there were bad financial problems. However, it was revived on the base of their former farm club FC Saturn-2 Moscow Region.

The club's past names were Krylya Sovetov (1946-1957), Trud (1958-1959) and Saturn Ren-Tv (2002-2004).

## Titles

|scope="col" style="background:#efefef;"|European|scope="col" style="background:#efefef;"|Russia|scope="col" style="background:#efefef;"|Soviet Union|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|UEFA Cup : None|Russian Premier League : None|Soviet Top League : None||||
|UEFA Super Cup : None|Russian Cup : None|Soviet Cup : None||||

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: FC Saturn Ramenskoye
- **fullname**: State-Owned Enterprise
of the Moscow Region
Football Club Saturn Moscow Region
- **nickname**: Aliens
- **founded**: 1946
- **ground**: Saturn Stadium, Ramenskoye
- **capacity**: 16, 500
- **chairman**: Boris Gromov
- **league**: Russian Premier League
- **season**: 2010
- **position**: Russian Premier League, 10th
- **pattern b1**: _bluestripes
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- **leftarm1**: 0000FF
- **body1**: 000000
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- **socks2**: FFFFFF
FC Rubin Kazan

**FC Rubin Kazan** (Russian: Футбольный клуб Рубин Казань, or English: "A Ruby") is a Russian football team from Kazan. Rubin only won the Russian Premier League in 2008 and 2009.

Rubin was previously called Iskra (1958 - 1964) and Rubin-TAN (1992 - 1993).

Rubin never played in the Soviet Top League, but went to the Russian First Division in 1992, and then went to Russian Second Division in 1994. The mayor of that time, purchased the team, and the on the same year Rubin won the Second Division in 1997. Rubin then went back to Russian First Division and the games went on until Rubin was promoted to the Russian Premier League in 2003.

## Titles

|scope="col" style="background:#efefef;"|European|scope="col" style="background:#efefef;"|Russia|scope="col" style="background:#efefef;"|Soviet Union|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|UEFA Cup : 1998|Russian Premier League : 2007, 2008|Soviet Top League : 1968||||
|UEFA Super Cup : 1982|Russian Cup : 2002|Soviet Cup : 1988||||

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Rubin Kazan
- **current**: 2019–20 FC Rubin Kazan season
- **fullname**:

Municipal Institution Football Club Rubin Kazan
- **ground**: Kazan-arena, Kazan Arena
- **capacity**: 45,379
- **chrtitle**: General director
- **chairman**: Rustem Saymanov
- **manager**: Roman Sharonov (caretaker)
- **mgrtitle**: Head coach
- **league**: Russian Premier League
- **season**: 2018–19 Russian Premier League, 2018–19
- **website**: http://www.rubin-kazan.ru/
- **position**: 11th
- **pattern b1**: _rubin1819h
- **leftarm1**: FFFFFF
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PFC CSKA Sofia

**PFC CSKA Sofia** (), commonly known as CSKA or CSKA Sofia, is a Bulgarian football team from Sofia, Bulgaria. Since CSKA Sofia was created, the club has won 31 A PFG titles, more than any team in Bulgaria, ever. Also, CSKA Sofia has reached two European Cup semi-finals, four European Cup quarter-finals and one Cup Winners' Cup semi-final, making the team the best in Bulgaria.

## Titles

|scope="col" style="background:#efefef;"|European|scope="col" style="background:#efefef;"|Bulgaria|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|UEFA Cup : None|Bulgarian A Professional Football Group : 1948, 1951, 1952, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1966, 1969, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1975, 1976, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1987, 1989, 1990, 1992, 1997, 2003, 2005, 2008|||
|UEFA Super Cup : None|Bulgarian Cup : 1951, 1954, 1955, 1961, 1965, 1969, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1983, 1985, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1993, 1997, 1999, 2006, 2011, 2016, 2021|||

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: PFC CSKA Sofia
- **image**: CSKA Sofia logo.svg
- **fullname**: Professional Football Club CSKA Sofia
- **nickname**: The Army Men
- **founded**: 1948
- **ground**: Bulgarian Army Stadium, Sofia
- **capacity**: 22,015
- **league**: Bulgarian A Professional Football Group, First League
- **website**: http://cska.links.bg/
- **season**: 2022/23
- **position**: Bulgarian A Professional Football Group, First League, 2nd
- **pattern la1**: _kappa_white
- **pattern ra1**: _kappa_white
- **pattern sh1**: _hur1
- **leftarm1**: FF2020
- **body1**: FF2020arm1=FF2020
- **shorts1**: FFFFFF
- **socks1**: FF2020
- **pattern la2**: _kappa_white
- **pattern ra2**: _kappa_white
- **pattern sh2**: _kappa
- **leftarm2**: 000000
- **body2**: 000000arm2=000000
- **shorts2**: 000000
- **socks2**: 000000
Luzhniki Stadium

The **Grand Sports Arena of the Luzhniki Olympic Complex** (, also known as the **Luzhniki Stadium**) is the biggest sports stadium in Russia. The stadium is in Moscow.

## Infobox (stadium)

- **stadium name**: Luzhniki Stadium
- **location**: Moscow, Russia
- **opened**: July 31, 1956
- **surface**: FieldTurf (Grass For 2008 UEFA Champions League Final)
- **tenants**: PFC CSKA Moscow
FC Spartak Moscow
1973 Summer Universiade
1980 Summer Olympics
1998 First World Youth Games
1999 UEFA Cup Final
2008 Champions League Final
2013 Rugby World Cup Sevens
2013 World Championships in Athletics
2018 FIFA World Cup
- **seating capacity**: 78,360
2022 FIFA World Cup

The **2022 FIFA World Cup** was the 22nd FIFA World Cup. It was hosted in Qatar from 20 November 2022 to 18 December 2022. It was the first World Cup hosted in the Arab world, and the second to be hosted fully in Asia. This was the last World Cup played with a 32 team format. The tournament was played during the months of November and December to stay away from the hot weather during the summer months in Qatar. The reigning champions were France.

## Infobox (international football competition)

- **tourney name**: FIFA World Cup
- **year**: 2022
- **other titles**:

The Qatar 2022

- **image**: 2022 FIFA World Cup Qatar (Wordmark).svg
- **caption**: 2022 FIFA World Cup Logo
- **country**: Qatar
- **confederations**: 5
- **num teams**: 32
- **venues**: 8
- **cities**: 5
- **champion**: ARG
- **count**: 3
- **second**: FRA
- **third**: CRO
- **fourth**: MAR
- **matches**: 64
- **goals**: 176
- **top scorer**: Kylian Mbappé
- **player**: Lionel Messi
- **goalkeeper**: Emiliano Martínez
- **young player**: Enzo Fernández
- **prevseason**: 2018 FIFA World Cup, 2018
- **nextseason**: _2026 FIFA World Cup, 2026_
Elze

**Elze** is a town in district of Hildesheim, in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is next to the river Leine, approximately 15 km (9.3 miles) west of Hildesheim. Elze is also one oldest city in the area, and its name comes from Latin : _aula caesaris_

## Notable people

- Justus Gesenius (1601-1673), Lutheran theologian
- Johann Heinrich Louis Krüger (1857-1923), mathematician
- Philipp Furtwängler, (1800-1867), organ builder,
- Philipp Furtwängler, (1869-1940), mathematician (number theorist)
- Günter Halm, (born 1922), bearer of the Knight's Cross and Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany

## Twin town

- Écouché, France since 1972

## Infobox (german location)

- **type**: Stadt
- **image coa**: Wappen Elze.png
- **image plan**: Elze in HI.svg
- **state**: Niedersachsen
- **district**: Hildesheim
- **elevation**: 79
- **area**: 47.71
- **population**: 9519
- **stand**: 2004-12-31
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 03254014
- **postal code**: 31008
- **area code**: 05068
- **licence**: HI
- **website**: [http://www.elze.de/ www.elze.de]
- **mayor**: Pfeiffer
FC Spartak Moscow

**FC Spartak Moscow** (Russian: Футбольный клуб Спартак Москва) is a Russian football club from Moscow. The club is the most successful in Russia, winning 9 or 19 of the Russian Premier League championships. The team used to be part of the Spartak Moscow sports society, but left and declared to be an independent organization. Their biggest rival is PFC CSKA Moscow. Spartak won their last championship at 2017.

## Titles

|scope="col" style="background:#efefef;"|Russia|scope="col" style="background:#efefef;"|Soviet Union|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Russian Premier League : 1992, 1993, 1994, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2017|Soviet Top League : 1936, 1938, 1939, 1952, 1953, 1956, 1958, 1962, 1969, 1979, 1987, 1989|||
|Russian Cup : 1994, 1998, 2003|Soviet Cup : 1938, 1939, 1946, 1947, 1950, 1958, 1963, 1965, 1971, 1992|||

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Spartak Moscow
- **image size**: 250px
- **current**: 2019–20 FC Spartak Moscow season
- **fullname**: Футбольный клуб Спартак Москва

- **nickname**: _Narodnaya komanda_ (The People's Team)
_Krasno-Belye_ (The Red-Whites)
 _Myaso_ (Meat)
- **ground**: Otkritie Arena
- **capacity**: 45,360
- **owner**: Leonid Fedun
- **chrtitle**: General Director
- **chairman**: Thomas Zorn
- **mgrtitle**: Head coach
- **manager**: Domenico Tedesco
- **league**: Russian Premier League
- **season**: 2018–19 Russian Premier League, 2018–19
- **position**: 5th
- **website**: http://www.spartak.com/
- **pattern la1**: _spartak1819h
- **pattern b1**: _spartak1819h
- **pattern ra1**: _spartak1819h
- **pattern so1**: _eng18a
- **leftarm1**: CD0000
- **body1**: FF0000
- **rightarm1**: CD0000
- **shorts1**: FFFFFF
- **socks1**: FF0000
- **pattern la2**: _spartak1819a
- **pattern b2**: _spartak1819a
- **pattern ra2**: _spartak1819a
- **pattern so2**: _pol18H
- **leftarm2**: ffffff
- **body2**: 000000
- **rightarm2**: ffffff
- **shorts2**: ff0000
- **socks2**: ffffff
Ramenskoye

**Ramenskoye** is a city in Moscow Oblast, and was home to the football club Saturn Moscow Oblast. About 82,074 people lived there as of 2002.
Kreayshawn

**Natassia Gail Zolot** (born September 24, 1989 in San Francisco, California), known by her stage name, **Kreayshawn**, is an American rapper, editor and music video director. She has directed videos for rapper Lil B and is also a member of the group White Girl Mob. She is known for the song "Gucci Gucci" which gained three million YouTube views in just three weeks. She is currently signed to Columbia Records. She is set to direct the music video for "The Adventures of Rain Dance Maggie" which is the first song by Red Hot Chili Peppers on their album, I'm with You. She is nominated for "Best New Artist" at the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards.

### Albums

Kreayshawn has released 2 albums:
|Year|Album|
| --- | --- |
|2010|_Kittys X Choppas_|
|2011|_Kreayshawn X The Bay_|

## Other websites

- Kreayshawn's Tumblr

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Kreayshawn
- **img**: Kreayshawn performing 2011.jpg
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Natassia Gail Zolot
- **birth place**: San Francisco, California
- **origin**: Oakland, California, United States
- **genre**: Hip hop music, Hip hop
- **instrument**: Singing, Vocals
- **occupation**: Rapper, Editor, Music video director, Director
- **years active**: 2008–present
- **label**: Columbia Records, Columbia
- **associated acts**: White Girl Mob, The Chill Black Guys, Lil B
- **url**: [http://www.kreayshawn.tumblr.com Official tumblr]
Rostislav Olesz

**Rostislav Olesz** (born October 10, 1985 in Ostrava, Czechoslovakia) is a professional Czech ice hockey left winger and center. He currently plays for SC Bern of the National League A (NLA).

He was drafted by the Florida Panthers with the 7th overall pick in the 2004 NHL Entry Draft. He also played in the NHL for the Florida Panthers for 6 seasons. He was traded by the Florida Panthers to the Chicago Blackhawks for defenceman Brian Campbell on June 24, 2011.

He played 6 games with the Blackhawks and played a season with their AHL farm team, the Rockford IceHogs. On July 5, 2013, Olesz signed a 1-year deal with the New Jersey Devils. On November 21, 2013, he signed a contract with SC Bern of the NLA.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **team**: SC Bern
- **former teams**: **National Hockey League, NHL**:
Florida Panthers
Chicago Blackhawks
New Jersey Devils
**Czech Extraliga, CZE**:
HC Vítkovice Steel, HC Vítkovice
HC Sparta Praha
- **league**: National League A, NLA
- **image**: Rostislav Olesz 20131011.png
- **image size**: 230px
- **position**: Winger (ice hockey), Left Wing/Centre (ice hockey), Centre
- **shoots**: Left
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 0
- **weight lb**: 214
- **ntl team**: Czech Republic
- **birth place**: Ostrava, Czechoslovakia
- **draft**: 7th overall
- **draft year**: 2004
- **draft team**: Florida Panthers
- **career start**: 2005
Jamal Mayers

**Jamal Mayers** (born October 24, 1974 in Toronto, Ontario) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey right winger. He played a total of 15 seasons in the NHL. He currently works as an analyst for the NHL Network.

He was drafted with the 89th overall by the St. Louis Blues in the 1993 NHL Entry Draft. He made his NHL debut with the Blues during 1998-99 NHL season. He went on to play 10 seasons with the St. Louis Blues before he was traded to the Toronto Maple Leafs in exchange for a 3rd round pick in the 2008 NHL Entry Draft.

He played 2 seasons with the Maple Leafs before being traded to the Calgary Flames along with Matt Stajan, Niklas Hagman and Ian White in exchange for Dion Phaneuf, Fredrik Sjöström and prospect Keith Aulie. At the end of the 2009-10 he signed a one-year contract with the San Jose Sharks.

He was not resigned by the Sharks for the 2011–2012 season and he signed a one-year contract with the Chicago Blackhawks on July 1, 2011. On June 24, 2013, He won the Stanley Cup with the Blackhawks after they defeated the Boston Bruins 4 games to 2 in the 2013 Stanley Cup Finals.

On December 13, 2013, he announced that he was retiring from the National Hockey League.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **position**: Winger (ice hockey), Right Wing
- **shoots**: Right
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 1
- **weight lb**: 222
- **played for**: St. Louis Blues
Toronto Maple Leafs
Calgary Flames
San Jose Sharks
Chicago Blackhawks
- **league**: National Hockey League, NHL
- **ntl team**: CAN
- **birth place**: Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- **career start**: 1996
- **career end**: 2013
- **draft**: 89th overall
- **draft year**: 1993
- **draft team**: St. Louis Blues
- **image**: Jamal Mayers Flames.png
- **image size**: 230px
27 Club

The **27 club** is the name given to a group of musicians, artists, actors and other celebrities who died at age 27.  The members or number of members of this group is not fixed.

## Musicians often included in the 27 Club

|class="unsortable"|Picture|Name|When they died|class="unsortable"|How they died|class="unsortable"|What they did|Age|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||Robert Johnson|August 16, 1938|Poisoned|Played as a solo artist and became well known for being so good at guitar, he could play two different riffs at the same time.|27 years, 97 days||||
||Malcolm Hale|October 30, 1968|Carbon Monoxide poisoning|Sang and wrote songs for Spanky and Our Gang|27 years, 166 days||||
||style=white-space:nowrap||style=white-space:nowrap||Drowned in a swimming pool from asthmatic attack and drugs|Was in the band The Rolling Stones|style=white-space:nowrap||
||style=white-space:nowrap||style=white-space:nowrap||choked on vomit caused by intoxication by multiple substances|Sang, played guitar and wrote songs for The Jimi Hendrix Experience and Band of Gypsys|style=white-space:nowrap||
||style=white-space:nowrap||style=white-space:nowrap||Overdosed on heroin and other drugs|Sang and wrote songs for Big Brother and the Holding Company, The Cosmic Blues Band and Full Tilt Boogie Band|style=white-space:nowrap||
||style=white-space:nowrap||style=white-space:nowrap||Cardiac Arrytmia|Sang and wrote songs for The Doors|style=white-space:nowrap||
||style=white-space:nowrap|||Heroin overdose|Artist who rose to success during the 1980s as a part of the neo-expressionism movement.|style=white-space:nowrap|||
||style=white-space:nowrap||style=white-space:nowrap||Suicide by gunshot under the effects of heroin|Sang, played guitar and wrote songs for Nirvana|style=white-space:nowrap||
||style=white-space:nowrap||style=white-space:nowrap||Alcohol Intoxication|Singer|style=white-space:nowrap||
Ophiotaurus

In Greek mythology, the **Ophiotaurus** was a creature that was part bull and part serpent. Ovid's poem, _Fasti_ (3.793 _ff_) is the only work where it is mentioned. There, it is said that when the creature's entrails were burnt, the person to do so could defeat the gods.

The Ophiotaurus appears in the third book in the "Percy Jackson & the Olympians" series, The Titan's Curse. Percy Jackson first thinks it is a female and names it "Bessie". It reappears in Battle of the Labyrinth and The Last Olympian.

## References

- Theoi Project - Tauros Ophis (Ophiotauros)
Falling in Reverse

**Falling in Reverse** is a post-hardcore band formed in 2008 at Las Vegas, Nevada by Ronnie Radke, the former lead singer of Escape the Fate.

## History

The band formed in December 2008, by Ronnie Radke with the aid of Nason Schoeffler, under the name _From Behind These Walls_. This name was changed in August of 2009 due to copyright problems. At the time the band was started, Radke was in prison (which is the reason behind the band's original name), and he was the only member. In 2009, Radke released the demos _Listen Up_, _The Worst Time_, and _The Departure_, which in fact were not recorded by the band, but rather Radke himself alone in 2002.

In December 12, 2010, Ronnie Radke was released from prison, and was signed by the indie label Epitaph Records based on the demos he made while being in jail. Several months after his release, Radke and the rest of the band began to record their album. The album was quickly finished by February of 2011.

Falling In Reverse released two singles to promote their album. The first single, _Raised by Wolves_, was released July 7, 2011. _The Drug in Me Is You_ was released shortly after on July 27. The full-length album was released July 26, 2011, named _The Drug in Me Is You_, with Epitaph Records.

The band participated in the 'Warped Tour 2011', from August 10 to August 14.

## Discography

**Studio albums**
- _The Drug in Me Is You_ (2011)
- _Fashionably Late_ (2013)
- _Just Like You_ (2015)
- _Coming Home_ (2017)
- _Popular Monster_ (2024)

## Members

- Current members
- Ronnie Radke - lead/screamed vocals, acoustic guitar (2008-present)
- Jacky Vincent - lead guitar (2008-present)
- Derek Jones - rhythm guitar, screamed/backing vocals (2010-present)
- Ryan Seaman - drums, screamed/backing vocals (2011-present)
- Ron Ficarro - bass, backing vocals (2012-present) (Former I Am Ghost bassist)

- Former members
- Mika Horiuchi - bass, backing vocals (2011-2012)
- Nason Schoeffler - bass, backing vocals (2008-2011)
- Scott Gee - drums (2010-2011)
- Nick Rich - drums, backing vocals (2008-2009)

## Other websites

- Official Website
- MySpace Site
- Facebook Site

## Infobox (band)

- **name**: Falling In Reverse
- **img**: Falling in Reverse Chicago 2015.jpg
- **years active**: 2008-present
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Las Vegas, Nevada, United States, USA
- **label**: Epitaph Records
- **current members**: Ronnie Radke
Luke Holland
Tyler Burgess
Christian Thompson
Max Georgiev
- **past members**: Nason Schoeffler
Scott Gee
Nick Rich
Mika Horiuchi
Park City, Utah

**Park City** is a city in Utah in the United States.  It was settled by Mormons in the 1840s and 1850s.  There was a lot of mining there in the 1860s.  Today, it has many  ski resorts.  Park City has 8,396 people, as of 2020. It is at an elevation of 7,000 feet.  It is where the Sundance Film Festival takes place.  Some of the events of the 2002 Winter Olympics were held in or near Park City.
Alexis Mérodack-Jeanneau

**Alexis Mérodack-Jeanneau** (1 December 1873 – 8 March 1919) was a French painter from Angers. He was born in Angers in 1873, and died there in 1919. He is associated with the Fauvist movement.
Alesana

**Alesana** (pronounced Alice-Anna) is a emo band formed in Raleigh, North Carolina, in the year 2004.

## History

In June 2005, the band released the first EP, _Try This with Your Eyes Closed_, with Tragic Hero Records. On June 6, 2006, Alesana released the first album, _On Frail Wings of Vanity and Wax_, this album was reissued on Fearless Records in 2008, next to the first EP. In 2007, the band released the video to the song _Ambrosia_.

On June 3, 2008, with Fearless, the band released the album _Where Myth Fades to Legend_. The third studio album, _The Emptiness_, was released January 26, 2010. The fourth album, _A Place Where The Sun Is Silent_ will released October 19, 2011, with Epitaph Records.

## Members

- Current members
- Dennis Lee - screamed vocals (since 2004)
- Shawn Milke - lead vocals/screams, rhythm guitar, piano/keyboards (since 2004)
- Patrick Thompson - lead guitar, backing vocals (since 2004)
- Alex Torres - lead guitar (since 2010)
- Shane Crump – bass, screamed vocals (2007–2008; since 2008)
- Jeremy Bryan - drums, backing vocals (since 2005)

- Former members
- Adam Ferguson – rhythm guitar, screamed vocals (2005-2008; 2010)
- Jake Campbell – lead guitar (2008–2010), bass (2008)
- Steven Tomany – bass (2004–2007)
- Will Anderson – drums (2005)
- Daniel Magnuson – drums (2004–2005)

## Discography

- Albums/EPs
- _Try This with Your Eyes Closed_ (EP, 2005)
- _On Frail Wings of Vanity and Wax_ (2006)
- _Where Myth Fades to Legend_ (2008)
- _The Emptiness_ (2010)
- _A Place Where The Sun Is Silent_ (2011)

## Videography

- _Ambrosia_ (2007) - directed by Jeremy Jackson
- _Seduction_ (2008) - directed by Scott Hansen
- _The Thespian_ (2010) - directed by Stephen Penta

## Other websites

- Official Website

## Infobox (band)

- **name**: Alesana
- **img**: Shawnmilke.jpg
- **img capt**: Milke at Warped Tour 2010
- **years active**: 2004-2012
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- **genre**: Emo, post-hardcore, screamo
- **label**: Epitaph Records, Epitaph, Fearless, Tragic Hero
- **current members**: Shawn Milke
Shane Crump
Dennis Lee
Patrick Thompson
Jake Campbell
Jeremy Bryan
- **past members**: Alex Torres
Adam Ferguson
Steven Tomany
Will Anderson
Daniel Magnuson
Amateur Athletic Union

The **Amateur Athletic Union** (AAU) is a sports organization in the United States.  It was founded in 1888.  It holds meets in many sports for amateur athletes (athletes who do not get paid) of all ages.  These sports include baseball, basketball, football, golf, and track.  A long time ago, when most athletes were amateurs, winning an AAU title meant that you were one of the best in your sport.  In the United States, AAU meets used to also be trials for the Olympic Games.  Since 1978, the AAU has lost most of its power.  This is due to the Amateur Sports Act of 1978 and the fact that many good athletes are no longer amateurs.  It is currently based in Lake Buena Vista, Florida at Disney's Wide World of Sports.