juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
N-factorial

In mathematics, the **-factorial** is the generalized formula for the factorial.

When , it is called the double factorial, and generally it is written as .
Life skills

**Life skills** are abilities which help people to deal with the demands and challenges that they face in life.

The World Health Organization in 1999 identified cross-cultural areas of life skills:

- Decision-making and problem solving.
- Creative thinking (see also lateral thinking and critical thinking)
- Communication and social skills.
- Self-awareness and empathy.
- Assertiveness and equanimity;

Most of the times children get life skills when they play or discover new things with adults.
Fordtown, Tennessee

**Fordtown** is an unincorporated community in Sullivan County, Tennessee, United States, The community's name was adopted due to the number of people with the last name Ford, who lived in the area. It is accessed by the road named after it, Fordtown Road.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Fordtown, Tennessee
- **settlement type**: Unincorporated community
- **pushpin map**: Tennessee#USA
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: Tennessee
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Tennessee, County
- **subdivision name2**: Sullivan County, Tennessee, Sullivan
- **timezone**: Eastern Time Zone, Eastern
- **utc offset**: -5
- **timezone dst**: EDT
- **utc offset dst**: -4
- **elevation m**: 447
- **elevation ft**: 1467
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 37663
- **area code**: Area code 423, 423
- **blank name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank info**: 1303455
Edward Said

**Edward Wadie Said** (1935-2003) was a Palestinian academic. He came up with the theory of Orientalism (1978) and wrote the book _Culture and Imperialism_ (1993).

## Early life

Said was born on 1 November 1935, son of Hilda Said and Wadie Said. He was born during the time the British ruled over Palestine. He was raised as a Christian Palestinian, though he would later become agnostic. He was trained as a pianist, though this was not the main focus of his career.

## Education

Said attended St George's School, which is a British boys' school in East Jerusalem. He would later study in Victoria College, Alexandria, before moving to the United States. He graduated from Princeton University in 1957. He completed his master's degree and PhD at Harvard University.

## Career

Said published _Orientalism_ in 1978. He published _Culture and Imperialism_ in 1993. He was a leading founder of a field of academic study known as Postcolonial Studies.

## Death

Said died on 24 September 2003. The cause of his death was leukaemia.
Bloomingdale, Tennessee

**Bloomingdale** is a census-designated place (CDP) in Sullivan County, Tennessee, United States. The population was 8,918 at the 2020 census.
It is part of the Kingsport–Bristol (TN)–Bristol (VA) Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is a component of the Johnson City–Kingsport–Bristol, TN-VA Combined Statistical Area – commonly known as the "Tri-Cities" region.

## Geography

Bloomingdale is located at .

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of , all of it land.

As of the 2020 United States census, there were 8,918 people, 3,977 households, and 2,449 families residing in the CDP.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Bloomingdale, Tennessee
- **settlement type**: Census-designated place, CDP
- **image map**: TNMap-doton-Bloomingdale.PNG
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location of Bloomingdale, Tennessee
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: Tennessee
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Tennessee, County
- **subdivision name2**: Sullivan County, Tennessee, Sullivan
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 25.59
- **area land km2**: 25.59
- **area water km2**: 0.00
- **area total sq mi**: 9.88
- **area land sq mi**: 9.88
- **area water sq mi**: 0.00
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 8918
- **population density km2**: 348.51
- **population density sq mi**: 902.63
- **timezone**: North American Eastern Time Zone, Eastern (EST)
- **utc offset**: -5
- **timezone dst**: EDT
- **utc offset dst**: -4
- **elevation m**: 439
- **elevation ft**: 1440
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 37660
- **area code**: Area code 423, 423
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 47-06640
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 1277714
Shane Baxley

**Shane Baxley** (born February 13, 1986), is an American concept designer for media projects.

Baxley has created concept art for vehicles, characters and environments for movies and television programs, including _Alita: Battle Angel_, _Bumblebee_ and the _Loki_ series, He has also worked on the Spike Jonze's award-winning Apple Home Pod commercial. Most recently he has contributed designs to James Gunn's _The Suicide Squad_ including Starro and The Thinker as well as designs for the to be released _Peacemaker_ series and _Guardians of the Galaxy Volume 3_. Other contributions \include _Star Wars_ _Obi-Wan Kenobi_, _Furiosa_, _Black Panther 2_ and _Blue Beetle_.

## Early life and education

Shane Baxley was born in Santa Clara, California. He graduated from Los Gatos High School in 2004. Having graduated from Art Center College of Design's Transportation Design Department.

## Career

In 2012, he worked as a freelance designer for several automotive and product design studios including: Gruppo bertone, Boombang, Design by Eleven and Astro studios before shifting to film. In 2014, he appeared in eight episodes of the reality show Motor City Masters.

In 2015, Baxley launched _Baxley Corp_ which handles a wide array of design and art direction.

In 2019, during the Covid pandemic he created the motorcycle brand known as _BAX MOTO_ which is currently seeking prototype funding.

Most recently he contributed a short story to the book _TRAVERSE: Vehicles From the Outer Rim of Imagination_ which donated profits to the _Williams Syndrome Association_.

## Other websites

- Official Website

## Infobox (artist)

- **name**: Shane Baxley
- **nationality**: American
- **image**: Shane in 2020.png
- **birth name**: Shane Baxley
- **birth place**: Santa Clara, California
- **field**: Conceptual art, production design
- **training**: ArtCenter College of Design
Muni Metro

**Muni Metro** is a light rail system serving San Francisco, California, United States, operated by the San Francisco Municipal Railway (Muni).

## Operations

Muni Metro runs from approximately 5 am to 1 am weekdays, with later start times of 7 am on Saturday and 8 am on Sunday. Owl service, or late-night service, is operated on much of the L and N lines by buses that show the same route designation.

### Market Street subway

On February 18, 1980, the Muni Metro officially began. It started with a weekday N-line service in the subway. The Metro service was put in phases. The subway was served only on weekdays until 1982. The K Ingleside line began using the entire Metro subway on weekdays on June 11, 1980, the L Taraval and M Ocean View lines on December 17, 1980, and the J Church line on June 17, 1981. Meanwhile, weekend service on all five lines (J, K, L, M, N) continued to use PCC streetcars operating on the surface of Market Street to the Transbay Terminal. The Muni Metro was closed on weekends. At the end of the service day September 19, 1982, streetcar operations on the surface of Market Street were discontinued entirely. The remaining PCCs taken out of service, and weekend service on the five light rail lines switch to buses for a while. Finally, on November 20, 1982, the Muni Metro subway began operating seven days a week.

## Routes

, the L Taraval is replaced by bus service, while other routes have resumed rail operation.
|rowspan=2|Line|rowspan=2|Year began|class="unsortable" colspan="2"|Terminal|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||1917|||||
||1918||Balboa Park|||
||1919|Embarcadero|(SF Zoo)|||
||1925|Embarcadero||||
||1928||(Ocean Beach)|||
||2001|Embarcadero||||
||2007|||||

## Other websites

- – Live display of trains in the subway

## Infobox (public transit)

- **box width**: 280px
- **name**: Muni Metro
- **image**: Inbound T Third Street train at Castro station, August 2013.jpg
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **image2**: Inbound N Judah train boarding at 48th Avenue, September 2019.JPG
- **imagesize2**: 300px
- **caption2**: An inbound N Judah train at the 48th Avenue in September 2019
- **owner**: San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency, SFMTA
- **locale**: San Francisco, California
- **transit type**: Light rail/streetcar
- **lines**: 7 (1 currently suspended)
- **ridership**: 157,700 (2019)
- **annual ridership**: 49,519,600 (2019)
- **operator**: San Francisco Municipal Railway
- **map**:
- **map state**: show
Wörthersee Stadion

**Wörthersee Stadion**  is a  stadium in Klagenfurt, Austria. It is the home ground of SK Austria Klagenfurt.

## History

The first Wörtherseestadion was built in 1960 as the home ground of the old SK Austria Klagenfurt with a capacity of 10,900. Although Austria Klagenfurt was relegated in 2004 the Carinthian government was for building a new stadium for the UEFA Euro 2008.

The new stadium was for 32,000 visitors. It was opened on 7 September 2007 with a friendly match between Austria and Japan in front of 26,500 spectators. For the 2007-08 season FC Pasching was relocated to the stadium to ensure matches after the Euro 2008. Till the  bankruptcy in 2010 Pasching played under the name SK Austria Kärnten in the stadium. 2010 the stadium was renamed Wörthersee stadium because the name sponsor so far ( Hypo Group Alpe Adria) was in economic troubles. The stadium is now the homeground of SK Austria Klagenfurt. It also hosted final matches of the Austrian Cup.

Since July 2022 it is named 28 Black stadium for sponsorship reasons.

## Euro 2008 matches

The  _Wörthersee Stadion_ hosted 3 matches of Euro 2008.
|Date|Team #1|Result|Team #2|Stage|Attendance|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|June 8th, 2008||2–0||Group B|30 461|
|June 12th, 2008||2–1||Group B|30 400|
|June 16th, 2008||1–0||Group B|30 400|

## Cup finals at Wörthersee stadium

|Date|Team #1|Result|Team #2|Attendance|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|May 16th, 2010|SC Wiener Neustadt|0-1|SK Sturm Graz|28 000|
|May 18th, 2014|FC Red Bull Salzburg|4-2|SKN St. Pölten|11 700|
|June 3rd, 2015|FK Austria Wien|0:2 a.e.t|FC Red Bull Salzburg|16 200|
|May 19th, 2016|Admira Wacker|0:5|FC Red Bull Salzburg|10 200|
|June 1st, 2017|SK Rapid Wien|1-2|FC Red Bull Salzburg|20 200|
|May 9th, 2018|SK Sturm Graz|1-0 a.e.t.|FC Red Bull Salzburg|27 100|
|May 1st, 2019|FC Red Bull Salzburg|2-0|SK Rapid Wien|24 200|
|May 29th, 2020|FC Red Bull Salzburg|5-0|SC Austria Lustenau|0|
|May 1st, 2021|LASK|0-3|FC Red Bull Salzburg|0|

## Other websites

- Sportpark Klagenfurt Official Website

## Infobox (stadium)

- **stadium name**: Wörthersee Stadion
- **location**: Klagenfurt, Austria
- **rebuilt**: 2006–2007
- **opened**: 1960
- **demolished**: 2005
- **owner**: City of Klagenfurt
- **surface**: Grass
- **construction cost**: Euro, € 66,5 million
- **architect**: Albert Wimmer
- **former names**: Wörtherseestadion
successor of the nearby Wörtherseestadion demolished 2005
- **tenants**: SK Austria Kärnten (2007–2010)
 SK Austria Klagenfurt (2007), SK Austria Klagenfurt (2010–present)
- **seating capacity**: 30,000
- **dimensions**: 105 x 68 m
Duvar (movie)

***Duvar*** is a 1983 Turkish-French drama movie directed by Yılmaz Güney and starring Tuncel Kurtiz, Zeynep Kuray, Ayse Emel Mesci Kuray, Malik Berrichi, Nicolas Hossein, Ahmet Ziyrek, Jacques Dimanche, Jean-Pierre Colin, Ali Berktay.
Challenge Cup

The **Challenge Cup** was a tournament for football clubs of the Austro-Hungarian Empire It was played from 1897 to 1911.

## History

It started in 1897 and was invented by John Gramlick. He was one of the founders of Vienna Cricket and Football-Club. The competition was  for all clubs in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. All teams came from the three major cities Vienna, Budapest and Prague. It was played in a knockout format.

The trophy is now in the possession of its last winner Wiener Sport-Club. The Challenge Cup was played for the last time in 1911. Today it is seen as a early version of the Austrian Cup (first held in 1918).

### List of finals

|width=60px|Season|width=80px|Country|width=170px|Champion|width=200px|Runner-up|width=40px|Result|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1897–98|Austria|Vienna Cricket FC|Wiener FC 1898|7–0||||||
|1898–99|Austria|First Vienna FC|AC Viktoria Wien|4–1||||||
|1899–00|Austria|First Vienna FC|Vienna Cricket FC|2–0||||||
|1900–01|Austria|Wiener AC|SK Slavia Prague|1–0||||||
|1901–02|Austria|Vienna Cricket FC|Budapesti TC|2–1||||||
|1902–03|Austria|Wiener AC|ČAFC Královské Vinohrady|w/o||||||
|1903–04|Austria|Wiener AC|Vienna Cricket FC|7–0||||||
|1904–05|Austria|Wiener Sport-Club|Magyar AC|2–1||||||
|1905–06|_(Not held)_|||||||||
|1906–07|_(Not held)_|||||||||
|1907–08|_(Not held)_|||||||||
|1908–09|Hungary|Ferencvárosi|Wiener Sport-Club|2–1||||||
|1909–10|_Not Held_|||||||||
|1910–11|Austria|Wiener Sport-Club|Ferencvárosi|3–0||||||

### Titles by club

|width=80px|Country|width=120px|Club|width=40px|Titles|width=150px|Winning season|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Austria|Wiener AC|3|1901, 1903, 1904|||||
|Austria|Vienna Cricket FC|2|1898, 1902|||||
|Austria|Wiener Sport-Club|2|1905, 1911|||||
|Austria|First Vienna FC|2|1899, 1900|||||
|Hungary|Ferencvárosi|1|1909|||||

### Titles by country

|width=120px|Country|width=60px|Titles|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Austria|9|||
|Hungary|1|||

## Infobox (football tournament)

- **name**: Challenge Cup
- **founded**: 1897
- **region**: Austria-Hungary, Austro-Hungarian Empire
- **current champions**: Wiener Sport-Club (1911)
- **most successful club**: Wiener AC
(3 titles)
Getting Even (1986 movie)

***Getting Even*** is a 1986 American Cold War movie directed by Dwight H. Little and starring Edward Albert, Audrey Landers, Joe Don Baker, Caroline Williams. It was distributed by Vestron Video.
Dustin Poirier

**Dustin Poirier** Nickname "The Diamond" (born January 19, 1989 in Lafayette, Louisiana ) is an American professional mixed martial artist who currently competes in the Featherweight and Lightweight division of the Ultimate Fighting Championship. He is a former Interim UFC Lightweight Champion (One time).  In the lightweight division, he holds notable wins over former UFC champions Anthony Pettis, Eddie Alvarez, and Conor McGregor.

## Other websites

- Dustin Poirier Profile at UFC.com
Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba

**Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba** (born 2 January 1981) is a Burkinabé military officer. He was the 4th President of Burkina Faso and Chairman of the Patriotic Movement for Safeguard and Restoration from January to September 2022. He removed President Roch Marc Christian Kaboré from power on 24 January 2022 during the 2022 Burkinabé coup d'état.

Damiba was removed from power by Ibrahim Traoré in the September 2022 coup d'état.

## Infobox (military person)

- **embed**: yes
- **battles**: Jihadist insurgency in Burkina Faso
January 2022 Burkina Faso coup d'état, 2022 Burkinabé coup d'état


## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba
- **image**: Le lieutenant-colonel Paul Henri Sandaogo Damiba, Ouagadougou le 27 janvier 2022 (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Damiba in January 2022
- **office**: 4th List of heads of state of Burkina Faso, President of Burkina Faso
- **primeminister**: Albert Ouédraogo
- **term start**: 31 January 2022
- **term end**: 30 September 2022
Acting: 24–31 January 2022
- **predecessor**: Roch Marc Christian Kaboré
- **successor**: Ibrahim Traoré
- **birth place**: Ouagadougou, Republic of Upper Volta, Upper Volta (now Burkina Faso)
- **nationality**: Burkina Faso, Burkinabé
- **alma mater**: École militaire
- **branch**: Burkina Faso Armed Forces#Ground forces, Army of Burkina Faso
- **rank**: Lieutenant colonel
- **unit**: Regiment of Presidential Security (until 2011)
- **serviceyears**: 2003–present
- **office2**: Patriotic Movement for Safeguard and Restoration, President of the Patriotic Movement for Safeguard and Restoration
- **termstart2**: 24 January 2022
- **termend2**: 30 September 2022
- **successor2**: Ibrahim Traoré
Nanobiotix

**Nanobiotix** is a biotechnology company. It uses nanomedicine to develop new radiotherapy techniques for cancer patients. The home office of the company is in Paris. Also, it has offices in New York and Massachusetts.

Nanobiotix is a spin-off of the State University of New York (SUNY) at Buffalo.

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: Nanobiotix
- **traded as**:
CAC Small
- **foundation**: 2003
- **location city**: Paris, France
- **key people**: Laurent Levy
<small>( Chief executive officer, CEO)</small>
- **industry**: Biotechnology
- **products**: NBTXR3 (Hensify®)
- **operating income**: €2.54 million (2019)
- **assets**: €54.9 million (2019)
- **num employees**: 110 <small>(2020)</small>
- **homepage**: [http://nanobiotix.com/ www.nanobiotix.com]
Marco Cappato

**Marco Cappato** (born 25 May 1971) is an Italian activist and politician. Cappato was an Italian Member of the European Parliament from 1999 to 2009. He was a candidate for President of Italy in the 2022 elections.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Marco Cappato
- **image**: Marco Cappato all'Europarlamento.jpg
- **order**: Member of the European Parliament
- **constituency**: European Parliament Election, 2004 (Italy)#Seats, North-East
- **term start**: 13 June 1999
- **term end**: 7 June 2009
- **order2**: Italian Chamber of Deputies, Member of the Chamber of Deputies
- **term start2**: 27 April 2006
- **term end2**: 29 April 2008
- **birth place**: Milan, Italy
- **nationality**: Italian
- **party**: Italian Radicals
Paolo Maddalena

**Paolo Maddalena** (born 27 March 1936) is an Italian lawyer and academic. He was a Judge of the Constitutional Court of Italy from 2002 to 2011. In 2022, he was nominated by members of the Italian Parliament as a candidate for President of Italy.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Paolo Maddalena
- **image**: Paolo_Maddalena_2010.jpg
- **office1**: Vice President of the Constitutional Court of Italy, Constitutional Court
- **term start1**: 10 December 2010
- **term end1**: 30 July 2011
- **president1**: Ugo De Siervo
Alfonso Quaranta
- **predecessor1**: Ugo De Siervo
- **successor1**: Alfio Finocchiaro
- **office2**: Judge of the Constitutional Court of Italy, Constitutional Court
- **term start2**: 30 July 2002
- **term end2**: 30 July 2011
- **appointer2**: Court of Audit (Italy), Court of Audit
- **predecessor2**: Massimo Vari
- **successor2**: Aldo Carosi
- **birth place**: Naples, Italy
- **nationality**: Italian
- **alma mater**: University of Naples Federico II
- **profession**: Magistrate, academic
2022 Montenegrin pro-government protests

Protests began in Montenegro on 19 January 2022 against the proposition of URA to remove Prime Minister Zdravko Krivokapić and his cabinet from power. They are also against the formation of a temporary minority government. Since most ministers of the cabinet are close to Krivokapić, most ministers supported or attended these protests.

The protests are being held in multiple cities such as Podgorica, Bijelo Polje and Berane. While most have been peaceful, there have been cases of violence at the protests, such as the assault of a reporter.

Krivokapić was removed from power in a motion of no confidence on 4 February 2022.

## Infobox (civil conflict)

- **place**: Podgorica, Bijelo Polje, Berane and other cities
- **side1**: *Government supporters
*Followers of the Serbian Orthodox Church (partly)
- **leadfigures1**: Zdravko Krivokapić
most of the Krivokapić Cabinet
- **leadfigures2**: Dritan Abazović
Vladimir Joković
- **causes**: *Opposition to the proposition to dismiss the Krivokapić Cabinet
*Preserving the election results of the 2020 Montenegrin parliamentary election
- **side2**: * United Reform Action, URA
*Liberalism in Montenegro, Liberals
*Anti-fascism, Anti-fascists
*Secularism, Secularists
- **status**: Ongoing
Sheldon Silver

**Sheldon Silver** (February 13, 1944 – January 24, 2022) was an American Democratic Party politician, lawyer, and convicted felon. He was Speaker of the New York State Assembly from 1994 to 2015. He was a member of the New York State Assembly from 1977 to 2015. Silver was born in New York City.

Silver was arrested on federal corruption charges in early 2015, and resigned as Speaker of the Assembly shortly afterward. At his trial that November, he was convicted of all charges. Silver was resentenced in July 2020 to  years in prison.

Silver died on January 24, 2022 at a prison hospital in Ayer, Massachusetts from problems caused by kidney disease, aged 77.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **image**: NYS Assembly Speaker Sheldon Silver (6162420311).jpg
- **caption**: Silver in 2011
- **name**: Sheldon Silver
- **order**: 119th List of speakers of the New York State Assembly, Speaker of the New York State Assembly
- **term start**: February 11, 1994
- **term end**: February 2, 2015
- **predecessor**: Saul Weprin
- **successor**: Carl Heastie
- **office2**: Member of the New York State Assembly
- **term start2**: January 1, 1977
- **term end2**: November 30, 2015
- **preceded2**: Anthony G. DiFalco
- **succeeded2**: Alice Cancel
- **constituency2**: New York's 63rd State Assembly district, 63rd district

New York's 62nd State Assembly district, 62nd district
New York's 64th State Assembly district, 64th district
New York's 65th State Assembly district, 65th district
- **birth place**: Manhattan, New York, U.S.
- **death place**: Ayer, Massachusetts, U.S.
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democrat
- **spouse**: Rosa Mandelkern
- **website**: [https://web.archive.org/web/20150927222959/http://assembly.state.ny.us/mem/Sheldon-Silver/ Archived Assembly website]
- **1blankname**: Governor
- **1namedata**: Mario Cuomo
George Pataki
Eliot Spitzer
David Paterson
Andrew Cuomo
- **signature**: Sheldon Silver Signature.png
Ayberk Pekcan

**Ayberk Pekcan** (22 May 1970 – 24 January 2022) was a Turkish actor. He was born in Mersin, Turkey. His career began in 1995. He was known for playing Hıdayet in _Winter Sleep_ (2014) and Erol in _Mustang_ (2015).

Pekcan died on 24 January 2022 in Mersin from lung cancer, aged 51.
Szilveszter Csollány

**Szilveszter Csollány** (; 13 April 1970 – 24 January 2022) was a Hungarian gymnast. He was born in Sopron, Hungary. He won a gold medal at the 2000 Summer Olympics. He also won a silver medal at the 1996 Summer Olympics.

Csollány was hospitalised in November 2021 with COVID-19 and put on a ventilator in Budapest. He died from the infection on 24 January 2022, at the age of 51.
Caetano Veloso

**Caetano Emanuel Viana Teles Veloso** (; born August 7, 1942) is a Brazilian composer, singer, guitarist, writer, and political activist. Veloso first became known for his participation in the Brazilian musical movement Tropicalismo. Veloso has won nine Latin Grammy Awards and two Grammy Awards. He was born in Santo Amaro, Bahia, Brazil. His career began in 1957.
Vaccine hesitancy

**Vaccine hesitancy** is the avoidance and dislike of the use of vaccines. Some people believe that vaccines cause more harm than help. Others, especially parents of children with allergies, think that kids are getting more vaccines than they need.

## Anti-Vaccination activism

Anti-vaccination activism is about the disapproval of vaccination; in more recent years, anti-vaccinationists have been known as _anti-vaxxers_ or _anti-vax_. Vaccine hesitancy may be situation-specific, changing across time, place, and types of vaccines.

## Causes of vaccine hesitancy

It can be caused by a lack of scientifically-based knowledge and understanding of how vaccines are made, or how vaccines work. It can also be caused by other psychological factors, including fear of vaccination needles, or the doubt of public figures and politicians. Some anti-vaxxers believe that vaccines cause autism, which is not true.

### Parental influence

Vaccine hesitancy for infants is also related to the health beliefs of parents. Parents with higher education levels are more likely to have their children vaccinated. On the other hand, children from families with incorrect beliefs or inaccurate teachings, or who also believe that vaccines cause allergies, are likely to have their vaccinations delayed by their parents.

### Religious influence

Religion also plays an important part in anti-vaccination activism. Religious anti-vaccinationists may say vaccines are unnatural and as a result, unhealthy. Other opponents of vaccination question the need for vaccinating against rare diseases. This is ironic, because the lack of disease is a result of successful vaccination

The contradictions of scientific evidence also has confused the public when making vaccine decisions. This is because the nature of scientific evidence encourages critical thinking and looking for facts. This can make the public struggle in believing existing vaccine science.
Theresa Amayo

**Theresa Guichard Amayo Brasini** (13 July 1933 – 24 January 2022) was a Brazilian actress. She was born in Belém, Brazil. Her career began in 1953. Her best known roles were as Sonia in _S.O.S. Mulheres ao Mar_ (2014) and Lillisa in _The Pilgrim_ (2014). She also played Vitoria in the telenovela _Pecado Capital_ (1975–1976).

Amayo died of kidney cancer on 24 January 2022 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil at the age of 88.
Alon Wieland

**Alon Carl Wieland** (April 26, 1935 – January 22, 2022) was an American Republican politician and businessman. He was a member of the North Dakota House of Representatives, from 2002 to 2014. He was the Commissioner of Cass County, North Dakota from 1983 to 2003. Wieland was born in Underwood, North Dakota.

Wieland died in West Fargo, North Dakota on January 22, 2022, at the age of 86.
Underwood, North Dakota

**Underwood** is a city in McLean County, North Dakota, United States. The population was 784 at the 2020 census.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Underwood, North Dakota
- **settlement type**: City
- **image map**: ND McLean County Underwood.svg
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location of Underwood in McLean County
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: North Dakota
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in North Dakota, County
- **subdivision name2**: McLean County, North Dakota, McLean
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **established title**: Founded
- **established date**: July 4, 1903
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 2.63
- **area land km2**: 2.63
- **area water km2**: 0.00
- **area total sq mi**: 1.01
- **area land sq mi**: 1.01
- **area water sq mi**: 0.00
- **population as of**: 2020 United States census, 2020
- **population total**: 784
- **population density km2**: 298.35
- **population density sq mi**: 772.41
- **timezone**: Central Time Zone, Central (CST)
- **utc offset**: -6
- **timezone dst**: CDT
- **utc offset dst**: -5
- **elevation m**: 617
- **elevation ft**: 2024
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 58576
- **area code**: Area code 701, 701
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 38-80660
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 1036303
Washburn, North Dakota

**Washburn** is a city in southern McLean County, North Dakota, United States. It is on the upper Missouri River. It is the county seat of McLean County. The population was 1,300 at the 2020 census.
Combined Statistical Area

**Combined statistical area** (**CSA**) is a term for a combination of nearby metropolitan (MSA) and micropolitan statistical areas (µSA) across the 50 US states and the territory of Puerto Rico that can demonstrate economic or social links. The OMB defines a CSA as consisting of various combinations of adjacent metropolitan and micropolitan areas with economic ties measured by commuting patterns. These areas that combine retain their own designations as metropolitan or micropolitan statistical areas within the larger combined statistical area.
Gernot Böhme

**Gernot Böhme** (3 January 1937 – 20 January 2022) was a German philosopher and author. He was the director of the Institute for Practical Philosophy in Darmstadt, Hesse from 2005 until his death. Böhme was born in Dessau, Anhalt, Germany.

As a research scientist he worked at the Max-Planck-Institute with Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker. From 1977 to 2002 he was Professor of Philosophy at Technical University of Darmstadt.

Böhme died on 20 January 2022 in Darmstadt, at the age of 85.
Stephen Churchett

**Stephen George Churchett** (10 April 1947 – January 2022) was an English actor and writer. He was born in Bromley, Kent, England. His career began in 1969. He was known for playing Marcus Christie in _EastEnders_.

Churchett died in January 2022, at the age of 74.
Dick Halligan

**Richard Bernard Halligan** (August 29, 1943 – January 18, 2022) was an American musician and composer. He was best known as a founding member of the jazz-rock band Blood, Sweat & Tears. He won a Grammy Award in 1970. He composed the movie scores for _Go Tell the Spartans_ (1978), _Cheaper to Keep Her_ (1981), _Fear City_ (1984), and the Chuck Norris movies _A Force of One_ (1979) and _The Octagon_ (1980).

Halligan died in Rome on January 18, 2022, at the age of 78.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Dick Halligan
- **birth name**: Richard Bernard Halligan
- **birth place**: Troy, New York, U.S.
- **death place**: Rome, Italy
- **instrument**: Piano, organ, trombone, flute
- **genre**: Rock, pop, jazz, chamber music
- **occupation**: Musician, songwriter
- **years active**: 1968–2022
- **associated acts**: Blood, Sweat & Tears
- **website**: [http://www.richardhalligan.com richardhalligan.com]
Bill Owens (Massachusetts politician)

**William Owens** (July 6, 1937 – January 22, 2022) was an American politician and businessman. He was the first Black state senator in the Massachusetts State Senate. Owens was born in Demopolis, Alabama. He was a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives from 1973 until 1974. He was a Democrat. He was in the state senate from 1975 to 1982 and from 1989 to 1992.

Owens died on January 22, 2022 from COVID-19 in Boston, Massachusetts at the age of 84.
Lyudmyla Yanukovych

**Lyudmyla Oleksandrivna Yanukovych** (; née **Nastenko**; October 9, 1949) is a Ukrainian engineer. She is the ex-wife of fourth Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovych. She was the First Lady of Ukraine between 2010 until 2014. She has worked at the Yenakiyeve Iron and Steel Works, in the design and appraisal bureau.

After her divorce from Yanukovych, she moved to Crimea.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Lyudmyla Yanukovych
 Людмила Янукович
- **image**: Lyudmila Yanukovych (1).JPG
- **birth name**: Lyudmyla Oleksandrivna Nastenko
- **birth place**: Yenakiieve, Donetsk Oblast, Ukraine SSR, Soviet Union
- **order1**: 4th First Lady of Ukraine
- **term label1**: In role
- **term start1**: 25 February 2010
- **term end1**: 22 February 2014
- **president1**: Viktor Yanukovych
- **predecessor1**: Kateryna Yushchenko
- **successor1**: Hanna Turchynova
- **alma mater**: Donbas National Academy of Civil Engineering and Architecture
- **spouse**: Viktor Yanukovych <small>(divorced)</small>
- **children**: Oleksandr Yanukovych, Viktor Viktorovych Yanukovych, Viktor Yanukovych
Olena Zelenska

**Olena Volodymyrivna Zelenska** (; born 6 February 1978) is a Ukrainian screenwriter serving as the first lady of Ukraine since 2019 as the wife of President Volodymyr Zelenskyy.

### Early life and education

Olena Kyiashko was born on 6 February 1978 in Kryvyi Rih, Soviet Ukraine. She studied at Kryvyi Rih National University, where she met her future husband, Volodymyr Zelenskyy. In 2000, she graduated from Kryvyi Rih Technical University and received a specialist diploma. She also graduated from a music school with a piano class.

### Marriage and family

In 2003, she and her husband got married. They have two children named Oleksandra and Kyrylo.

## First Lady of Ukraine (2019–present)

On August 23, 2021, the First Kyiv Summit of First Ladies and Gentlemen took place in Kyiv at the initiative of Zelenska. Eleven first ladies from different countries joined the event. The main topic of discussion was the COVID-19 pandemic.

On 19 July 2022, Zelenska started her visit to the United States. On the first day of the visit, Zelenska met with the U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken and Samantha Power.

On the second day of the visit, she held a meeting with U.S. First Lady Jill Biden at the White House. Zelenska was also met U.S .President Joe Biden and U.S. Vice President Kamala Harris.

Zelenska also addressed the U.S. Congress on the second day of her visit. She became first presidential wife of another country to address the U.S. Congress.

### Olena Zelenska Foundation

On 22 September 2022, Olena Zelenska presented her foundation at a charity evening in New York City during the 77th UN General Assembly.

The Foundation has three key directions: medicine, education and humanitarian aid.

## Awards and honors

She was honored as one of the BBC 100 Women in December 2022.

In November 2023, Zelenska was named one of the 25 most influential women in the world.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Olena Zelenska
- **image**: Olena Zelenska 2021.jpg
- **caption**: Official portrait, 2021
- **term label**: Assumed role
- **term start**: 20 May 2019
- **president**: Volodymyr Zelenskyy
- **predecessor**: Maryna Poroshenko
- **birth name**: Olena Volodymyrivna Kyiashko
- **birth place**: Kryvyi Rih, Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union
- **children**: 2
- **awards**: 100 Women (BBC), BBC 100 Women (2022)
- **status**: Current
- **profession**: Screenwriter
- **education**: Kryvyi Rih National University
- **title**: First Lady of Ukraine
Sean Rad

**Sean Rad** (born May 22, 1986) is an entrepreneur and co-founder of Tinder, the online dating app.

## Early life and education

Rad was born on May 22, 1986 in Los Angeles, California. Rad began his studies at the University of Southern California (USC) but dropped out after two years.

## Career

Rad started his first company, Orgoo an application for messaging and video chat integration tool in 2004. He also founded Adly an influencer social media management company in 2009.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Sean Rad
- **image**: File:Sean Rad 2018.jpg
- **birth place**: Los Angeles, California, U.S.
- **education**: University of Southern California (dropped out)
- **known for**: Co-founder of Tinder (app), Tinder
Affiliated Computer Services

**Affiliated Computer Services Inc. (ACS)**  was a company that provided information technology services as well as business process outsourcing solutions to businesses, government agencies, and non-profit organizations. ACS was based in Dallas, Texas. Founded in 1988, by Darwin Deason, ACS operated in nearly 100 countries, generating over $6 billion per year.

Affiliated Computer Services, Inc. (ACS) was founded by Darwin Deason in 1988. At first created as a data services provider to the financial services industry, Deason expand ACS's influence on the communications, education, financial services, government, healthcare, insurance, manufacturing, retail, and travel and transportation industries.

In 1995 ACS became a public company and stopped bank data processing. By FY 1996 ACS became the fourth-largest commercial outsource provider in the United States.

In February 2010, following its purchase by Xerox, ACS was replaced by Urban Outfitters on the Standard & Poor 500 Index.

On July 1, 2015, Xerox sold the IT Outsourcing business to Atos. Xerox pointed out that ITO did not line up with its vision of integration of BPO (business process outsourcing) and the legacy document handling concerns. On July 29, 2016, the US District Court for the Southern District of New York dismissed the suit at law by Matthew Sciabacucchi. The lawsuit contended that some Xerox Corp directors and officers had cancelled their fiduciary duties because of purchasing ACS for $6.4 billion in 2010.

On January 3, 2017, a company called Conduent was spun off as a divestiture from Xerox. The business scope of Conduent was generally identical to that of the former Affiliated Computer Services (ACS).

In February 2020 efforts to take down the company's former headquarters building in Dallas failed.

## SEC Investigation

In 2006, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) reported ACS that they were conducting an informal investigation into certain stock option grants made by the company from October 1998 through March 2005. This was associated with the inadequate and unethical practice of reverse back-dating to specific low points available. ACS said the managers incorrectly backdated the price of grant options from 1994 to 2005.

During that time, ACS said they chose days on purpose the days when ACS's shares fell a dip as the effective date for the options, making them more valuable when exercised. Rich, King, and Edwards "used retrospect to select favorable grant dates," ACS said in a statement. CEO Mark King and CFO Warren Edwards, both involved in the wrongdoing. So they immediately resigned. The former CEO Jeff Rich previously retired at the beginning of the year.

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: ACS, A Xerox Company.
- **logo size**: 167px
- **type**: Subsidiary
- **industry**: Information Technology Services
- **founded**: 1988
- **founder**: Darwin Deason
- **hq location**: Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States, USA
Northern Territory Government

The **Government of the Northern Territory of Australia**, also referred to as the **Northern Territory Government**, is the Australian territorial democratic administrative authority of the Northern Territory formed in 1978.
Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly

The **Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly** is the only chamber of the unicameral legislature of the Australian Capital Territory. It sits in the Legislative Assembly Building in Canberra.

## Infobox (legislature)

- **background color**: #224C98
- **name**: Legislative Assembly
- **legislature**: Members of the Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly, 2024–2028, 11th Assembly
- **coa pic**: Coat of Arms of the Australian Capital Territory.svg
- **coa caption**: Coat of Arms of Canberra
- **logo caption**: Legislative Assembly logo
- **house type**: Unicameral
- **preceded by**: Australian Capital Territory House of Assembly, House of Assembly
- **leader1 type**: Acting Speaker of the Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly, Speaker
- **leader1**: Andrew Braddock (politician), Andrew Braddock
- **party1**: ACT Greens, Greens
- **election1**: 10 November 2025
- **leader2 type**: Deputy Speaker
- **leader2**: Andrew Braddock (politician), Andrew Braddock
- **party2**: ACT Greens, Greens
- **election2**: 6 November 2024
- **leader3 type**: Manager of Government
Business
- **leader3**: Tara Cheyne
- **party3**: Australian Labor Party (Australian Capital Territory Branch), Labor
- **election3**: 7 November 2024
- **leader4 type**: Government whip
- **leader4**: Caitlin Tough
- **party4**: Australian Labor Party (Australian Capital Territory Branch), Labor
- **leader5 type**: Chief Minister of the Australian Capital Territory, Chief Minister
- **leader5**: Andrew Barr
- **party5**: Australian Labor Party (Australian Capital Territory Branch), Labor
- **election5**: 11 December 2014
- **leader6 type**: Leader of the Opposition (Australian Capital Territory), Leader of the Opposition
- **leader6**: Mark Parton
- **party6**: Liberal Party of Australia (A.C.T. Division), Liberal
- **election6**: 10 November 2025
- **seats**: 25
- **structure1**: 11th ACT Legislative Assembly.svg
- **structure1 res**: 200px
- **political groups1**:

* Australian Labor Party (Australian Capital Territory Branch), Labor (10)
**Opposition (7)**

* Liberal Party of Australia (Australian Capital Territory Division), Liberal (7)
**Crossbench (8)**

*
* Independent Liberal (Australia), Independent Liberal (2)
* Fiona Carrick Independent, Carrick (Fiona Carrick, 1)
* Independent politicians in Australia, Independents (Thomas Emerson (politician), 1)
- **term length**: 4 years
- **voting system1**: Hare–Clark electoral system
- **first election1**: 1989 Australian Capital Territory election, 4 March 1989
- **last election1**: 2024 Australian Capital Territory election, 19 October 2024
- **next election1**: 2028 Australian Capital Territory election, 21 October 2028
- **session room**: Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly.jpg
- **meeting place**: Legislative Assembly Building, Canberra, Legislative Assembly Building, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
Etchika Choureau

**Etchika Choureau** (19 November 1929 – 25 January 2022) was a French actress. She was known for her relationship with Hassan II of Morocco from 1958 until 1961. Her best known roles were in _Children of Love_, _A Girl from Paris_ and _Darby's Rangers_.

Choureau died on 25 January 2022, at the age of 92.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Etchika Choureau
- **image**: Etchika Choureau in Darby's Rangers.JPG
- **caption**: Etchika Choureau in _Darby's Rangers_ (1958)
- **birth place**: Paris, France
- **othername**: Jeannine Verret
- **occupation**: Actress
- **yearsactive**: 1953–1966 (movie)
- **partner**: Hassan II of Morocco, Moulay Hassan (1958–1961)
- **spouse**: Philippe Rheims (1968)
Sverre Stensheim

**Sverre Malvin Stensheim** (31 October 1933 – 22 January 2022) was a Norwegian cross-country skier. He competed in the 30 km and 50 km events at the 1960 and  1964 Winter Olympics. He came in fifth place in the 50 km in 1964. Stensheim was born in Oppdal, Norway.

Stensheim died on 22 January 2022 at the age of 88.
Luigi Manconi

**Luigi Manconi** (born 21 February 1948) is an Italian academic, journalist and politician. He was a Member of Senate of the Republic between 1994 until 2001 and again from 2013 until 2018. He was nominated by the Italian Parliament as a candidate for President of Italy in the 2022 elections.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Luigi Manconi
- **image**: 20180413_IJF_Perugia_Luigi_Manconi.jpg
- **caption**: Luigi Manconi in 2018
- **office**: Senate of the Republic (Italy), Member of Senate of the Republic
- **term start**: 16 March 2013
- **term end**: 22 March 2018
- **constituency**: Sardinia
- **term start2**: 15 April 1994
- **term end2**: 29 May 2001
- **constituency2**: Marche
- **birth place**: Sassari, Italy
- **party**: Lotta Continua, LC
Federation of the Greens, Greens
Democrats of the Left, DS
Democratic Party (Italy), PD
- **spouse**: Bianca Berlinguer
- **children**: 3
- **alma mater**: University of Milan
- **occupation**: Academic, politician, journalist
Elisabetta Casellati

**Maria Elisabetta Casellati**, née **Alberti** (born 12 August 1946), is an Italian lawyer and politician. She was the President of the Italian Senate from 2018 to 2022. She is the first woman to have ever held this position. In 2022, she was nominated as a candidate for President of Italy by centre-right coalition. Election president, the crash of lawyer Casellati who was already seen at the Quirinale. She became Minister for Institutional Reforms	in the Giorgia Meloni cabinet in 2022.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Maria Elisabetta Alberti Casellati
- **image**: Elisabetta Alberti Casellati cropped.jpg
- **office**: Minister for Institutional Reforms
- **primeminister**: Giorgia Meloni
- **predecessor**: _Position established_
- **term start**: 22 October 2022
- **office1**: List of presidents of the Senate (Italy), President of the Italian Senate
- **term start1**: 24 March 2018
- **term end1**: 12 October 2022
- **predecessor1**: Pietro Grasso
- **successor1**: Ignazio La Russa
- **order2**: Member of the Senate of the Republic (Italy), Senate
- **term start2**: 23 March 2018
- **constituency2**: Venice
- **term start3**: 30 May 2001
- **term end3**: 15 September 2014
- **constituency3**: Padua <small>(2001–2006)</small>
Veneto <small>(2006–2014)</small>
- **term start4**: 15 April 1994
- **term end4**: 8 May 1996
- **constituency4**: Cittadella
- **birth name**: Maria Elisabetta Alberti
- **birth place**: Rovigo, Italy
- **spouse**: Giambattista Casellati
- **children**: 2
- **alma mater**: University of Ferrara
Pontifical Lateran University
Ivanoe Bonomi

**Ivanoe Bonomi**  (18 October 1873 – 20 April 1951) was an Italian statesman. He was the 25th Prime Minister of Italy from 1921 until 1922 and again during 1944 until 1945.

## Infobox (prime minister)

- **name**: Ivanoe Bonomi
- **image**: Ivanoe Bonomi portrait.png
- **order1**: Prime Minister of Italy
- **monarch1**: Victor Emmanuel III
- **1namedata1**: Umberto II of Italy, Prince Umberto
- **term start1**: 18 June 1944
- **term end1**: 21 June 1945
- **predecessor1**: Pietro Badoglio
- **successor1**: Ferruccio Parri
- **monarch2**: Victor Emmanuel III of Italy, Victor Emmanuel III
- **term start2**: 4 July 1921
- **term end2**: 26 July 1922
- **predecessor2**: Giovanni Giolitti
- **successor2**: Luigi Facta
- **order3**: President of the Italian Senate
- **term start3**: 8 May 1948
- **term end3**: 20 April 1951
- **predecessor3**: Pietro Tomasi Della Torretta
- **successor3**: Enrico De Nicola
- **nationality**: Italians, Italian
- **birth place**: Mantua, Lombardy, Kingdom of Italy
- **death place**: Rome, Lazio, Latium, Italy
- **party**: Italian Socialist Party
<small>(1893–1912)</small>
Italian Reformist Socialist Party
<small>(1912–1922)</small>
 Labour Democratic Party
<small>(1943–1948)</small>
Italian Democratic Socialist Party, Socialist Party of Italian Workers
<small>(1948–1951)</small>
Enrico De Nicola

**Enrico De Nicola**,  (; 9 November 1877 – 1 October 1959) was an Italian jurist, journalist, politician. He was the head of state of republican Italy from 1946 to 1948. He became the first president of Italy on 1 January 1948.

## Infobox (president)

- **name**: Enrico De Nicola
- **image**: Enrico De Nicola.jpg
- **caption**: Official portrait
- **office**: 32nd President of Italy
- **primeminister**: Alcide De Gasperi
- **term start**: 1 January 1948
- **term end**: 12 May 1948
- **predecessor**: _Position established_
- **successor**: Luigi Einaudi
- **order1**: List of presidents of Italy#Substitute of the head of state, Head of State of the Provisional Government of Italy
- **term start1**: 28 June 1946
- **term end1**: 1 January 1948
- **primeminister1**: Alcide De Gasperi
- **predecessor1**: Alcide De Gasperi
- **successor1**: _Position abolished_
- **order3**: List of Presidents of the Constitutional Court of Italy, President of the Constitutional Court
- **term start3**: 23 January 1956
- **term end3**: 26 March 1957
- **predecessor3**: Position established
- **successor3**: Gaetano Azzariti
- **order4**: List of Presidents of the Senate (Italy), President of the Senate
- **term start4**: 28 April 1951
- **term end4**: 24 June 1952
- **predecessor4**: Ivanoe Bonomi
- **successor4**: Giuseppe Paratore
- **order5**: List of Presidents of the Chamber of Deputies (Italy), President of the Chamber of Deputies
- **term start5**: 26 June 1920
- **term end5**: 25 January 1924
- **monarch5**: Victor Emmanuel III of Italy, Vittorio Emanuele III
- **predecessor5**: Vittorio Emanuele Orlando
- **successor5**: Alfredo Rocco
- **birth place**: Naples, Campania, Kingdom of Italy
- **death place**: Torre del Greco, Campania, Italy
- **alma mater**: University of Naples Federico II
- **profession**: Lawyer
- **nationality**: Italians, Italian
- **party**: Italian Liberal Party (1943), Italian Liberal Party
- **signature**: Enrico De Nicola signature.svg