juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Richard Carmona

**Richard Henry Carmona** (born November 22, 1949) is an American physician, policeofficer, public healthadministrator, and politician. He was the 17th Surgeon General of the United States. Carmona was chosen as Surgeon General by President George W. Bush in 2002. He left office at the end of July 2006 at the end of his term. After leaving, Carmona was highly critical of the Bush administration.

In August 2006, Carmona returned home to Tucson, Arizona. In November 2011, he said he would try to become the Democratic Party's choice for United States Senate. He won the nomination, but lost the election to Jeff Flake.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **birth name**: Richard Henry Carmona
- **image**: Richard Carmona.jpg
- **office**: Surgeon General of the United States
- **president**: George W. Bush
- **term start**: August 5, 2002
- **term end**: July 31, 2006
- **predecessor**: Kenneth P. Moritsugu, Kenneth Moritsugu
- **successor**: Kenneth P. Moritsugu, Kenneth Moritsugu
- **birth place**: New York City, New York (state), New York, U.S.
- **party**: Independent (politician), Independent
Democratic Party (United States), Democratic Party
- **alma mater**: Bronx Community College, CUNY <small>(Associate of Arts, A.A.)</small>
University of California, San Francisco <small>(BS, MD)</small>
University of Arizona <small>(Master of Public Health, M.P.H.)</small>
Crime in Bulgaria

**Crime in Bulgaria** has been frequent.

In 2006 the European Commission made goals for Bulgaria to improve its fight against corruption and organised crime.  In 2011 Bulgaria ranked 86th out of 182 countries on how corrupt they are thought to be. They scored a 3.3 with 10 the highest possible.

## Human trafficking

Bulgaria is a source for women and children who are trafficked for prostitution.  Men, women, and children are also used for forced labor.

## Crime in Varna

Varna is known to be the main place for Bulgarian organized crime. Some parts of the economy, including gambling, corporate security, tourism, real estate, and professional sports, are believed to be controlled by these groups.
Crocus

***Crocus*** (plural: crocuses, croci) is a genus of flowering plants in the iris family comprising about 80 species of perennials growing from corms. Many are cultivated for their flowers appearing in autumn, winter, or spring. Crocuses are native to woodland, scrub and meadows from sea level to alpine tundra in central and southern Europe, North Africa and the Middle East, on the islands of the Aegean, and across Central Asia to western China.
Student's t-test

A **t-test** is a statistical hypothesis test. People use it when they want to compare a mean (average) of a measurement from one group A to some theoretical, expected value. People also use it when they want to compare the mean (average) of a measurement of two groups A and B. They want to decide if the mean in group A is different to the theoretical value or to the mean in group B.

## Example

For example, pretend there are two groups of people. One group exercises a lot and the other doesn't. Do the people who exercise tend to live longer than those who don't? Then the property of interest is the average life time. Is the average life time of people who exercise different to the average life time of people who don't? A t-test can help answer this question.

## When this is used

The t-test is used when the property's variance in the groups is unknown. When people want to do the t-test they have to calculate the variance from the sample (the collection of data). This calculated variance is almost always different to the true variance in the group. The t-test was created to care about this difference.
Pakpattan

**Pakpattan** (also called **Pākpattan Sharīf**) is a city in Punjab (Pakistan).  It is the capital city of Pakpattan District.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Pakpattan
- **settlement type**: City
- **pushpin map**: Pakistan
- **pushpin label position**: right
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Pakistan
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: Regions of Pakistan, Region
- **subdivision name1**: Punjab (Pakistani province), Punjab
- **subdivision type2**: Districts of Pakistan, District
- **subdivision name2**: Pakpattan District, Pakpattan
- **subdivision type3**: Tehsil
- **population as of**: 1998
- **population total**: 107781
- **timezone1**: Pakistan Standard Time, PST
- **utc offset1**: +5
1800 United States census

The **United States Census of 1800** was the second Census in the United States. It was done on August 4, 1800.

It showed that 5,308,483 people were living in the United States. 893,602 were slaves. The 1800 Census included the new District of Columbia. The census for the following states were lost: Georgia, Kentucky, New Jersey, Tennessee, and Virginia.
1810 United States census

The **United States Census of 1810** was the third Census in the United States. It was done on August 6, 1810. It showed that 7,239,881 people were living in the United States. 1,191,362 of the total were slaves.

The 1810 Census included one new state: Louisiana. The original census returns for the District of Columbia, Georgia, Mississippi, New Jersey, Ohio, and Tennessee were lost or destroyed over the years.
1820 United States census

The **United States Census of 1820** was the fourth census in the United States. It was completed on August 7, 1820. The total population was found to be 9,638,453. 1,538,022 of the total were slaves.

## Further reading

- Historic US Census data
1830 United States census

The **United States Census  of 1830** was the fifth Census in the United States. It was completed on June 1, 1830. It found the population of the 24 states to be 12,866,020. 2,009,043 of the total were slaves.

The center of population was about 170 miles (274 km) west of Washington, D.C. in Grant County, Virginia.

## Further reading

- Historic US Census data
1840 United States census

The **United States Census of 1840** was the sixth census of the United States. It was completed on June 1, 1840. It found the population of the United States to be 17,069,453. This was an increase of 32.7 percent from the 1830 Census. The total population included 2,487,355 slaves. In 1840, the center of population was about 260 miles (418 km) west of Washington, D.C., near Weston, West Virginia.
1850 United States Census

The **United States Census of 1850** was the seventh census of the United States. It was completed on June 1, 1850.  It found the population of the United States to be 23,191,876. This was an increase of 35.9 percent from the 1840 Census. The total population included 3,204,313 slaves.

This was the first census where there was an attempt to collect information about every member of every household, including women, children, and slaves. It was also the first census to ask about place of birth.

Hinton Rowan Helper made use of the 1850 census results in his politically notorious book _The Impending Crisis of the South_.
1860 United States Census

The **United States Census of 1860** was the eighth Census in the United States. It was completed after November 1, 1860. It found the population to be 31,443,321. This was an increase of 35.4 percent from the 1850 Census. The total population included 3,953,761 slaves.
Talokar

**Talokar** is the name of a village in the Haripur District of Hazara, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (formerly North-West Frontier Province) in Pakistan. It is situated at Latitude 33.9852778 degrees; and Longitude 72.9419444 degrees. It is quite closely situated to Haripur town (approx 2 km) the local area headquarters.

## History

It was originally founded during the 12th or 13th century AD by the Talokar khoker Awan tribe. Since then, it has remained the principal seat of a _Jagir_ estate during the British Raj, of a famous aristocratic family which also produced Khan Sahib Abdul Majid Khan Tarin, OBE, Jemadar Abdul Latif Khan Tarin IDSM, and others.

## Population and economy

The approximate population of the main Talokar village at the  time of the last major national census  was about 4800-5000.  and it is primarily an agrarian area. It is well known for its fine vegetables, wheat and maize crops and orchards of loquats, oranges and other fruits. Although the majority of the residents are engaged in farming activities, a fairly large number are also in government and military service and some few working in local industries or working abroad as immigrant labour.

## Ethnic groups

The main tribes and ethnic groups include Gurjars, Maliars, Pathans, Syeds, Awans and some others. The principal families and landowners are still mostly Tarin/Tareen Pathans (Pashtuns). In terms of religious practices, the population is overwhelmingly Muslim, mostly of the Sunni Islamic persuasion. The main language spoken here are Hindko, Northern Punjabi language (Chhachi dialect) and some Pashto.

## Education

The general level of literacy/education is quite high by Pakistani standards, with schooling for both boys and girls available until high school level and an average literacy rate of 74%. For further education, most students go to colleges in Haripur town or nearby Abbottabad and some even as far as  Peshawar, Islamabad and Rawalpindi.

## Popular pastimes

Among popular pastimes here are sports such as Cricket, Football (soccer), Field hockey and Volleyball. Many people also engage in hunting, horse riding and the traditional martial art of Gatka.
Awan

**Awan**  was the second daughter of Adam and Eve in the Abrahamic religions. Awan was also the sister-wife of Cain. Although Awan was first paired in a sibcestual pairing with Abel, after Abel was killed by her twin Cain, her marriage to him became a twincestual marriage.
Dervish

**Dervish**, **Darvesh**, or **Darwīsh** (from , _Darvīsh_) in Islam is a type of Sufi.

It is someone living a Sufi Muslim ascetic way or "Tariqah". They are poor, and live simply. In this respect, dervishes are most similar to mendicant friars in Christianity, or Hindu/Buddhist/Jain sadhus.

## Whirling dervishes

The whirling dance that is associated with dervishes is best known in the West by the performances of the Mevlevi order in Turkey. It is part of a ceremony known as the Sema. It is also done by other orders. The Sema is only one of many Sufi ceremonies performed to try to reach religious ecstasy (_majdhb_, _fana_).

The name _Mevlevi_ comes from the Persian poet Rumi, who was a dervish himself. This practice, though not intended as entertainment, has become a tourist attraction in Turkey.
Hazara

**Hazara Division** is part of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.

The division is made up of eight districts, these are:

- Abbottabad District
- Battagram District
- Haripur District
- Lower Kohistan District
- Upper Kohistan District
- Kolai Palas District
- Mansehra District
- Tor Ghar District

The native language spoken in the area is Hindko.
Don Dunstan

**Donald Allan** "**Don**" **Dunstan** AC, QC (21 September 1926 – 6 February 1999) was a South Australian politician. He was the leader of the state's Labor Party from 1967, and was Premier of South Australia between June 1967 and April 1968, and again between June 1970 and February 1979.

## Early life

Dunstan was born in Fiji to a rich Australian couple. He moved to Adelaide when he was a teenager. He moved to go to school on a scholarship. He later studied law and arts at the University of Adelaide.

## Career

He entered politics in 1953. He got a seat in the South Australian parliament at the age of 26. He became well known for his campaign against the death penalty during the 1950s, and his status in the Labor Party rose quickly. As a member of the opposition, he was able to get the parliament to pass changes to Aboriginal civil rights. He was also an important figure in his party's abandoning the White Australia Policy.

Dunstan was a socially progressive premier. His government recognised native title over Aboriginal lands, decriminalised (made legal) homosexuality, and abolished the death penalty. Appointed during his term were the first female judge, the first non-British governor, and later, the first indigenous governor. Dunstan also relaxed censorship and drinking laws in the state, created a ministry for the environment, and made laws against discrimination. His nine years in office during the 1970s are remembered as the _Dunstan Decade_. However, there were also problems: the state's economic growth began to slow down, and led to major infrastructure plans being abandoned. Unemployment in South Australia began to rise, as well as rumours of corruption. Dunstan became strained after the death of his wife, and he suddenly resigned from the premiership in 1979 after collapsing from illness. He lived for another two decades, and remained very outspoken in public about social policies.

## Other websites

- Past Premier profile: SA Parliament
- Don Dunstan Foundation

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## Infobox (officeholder)

- **honorific-prefix**: <small>The Honourable</small>
- **name**: Don Dunstan
- **honorific-suffix**: <small>Order of Australia, AC, Queen's Counsel, QC</small>
- **image**: Don Dunstan 1968 crop.jpg
- **order**: 35th Premier of South Australia
<small>Elections: South Australian state election, 1968, 1968, South Australian state election, 1970, 1970, South Australian state election, 1973, 1973, South Australian state election, 1975, 1975, South Australian state election, 1977, 1977</small>
- **deputy1**: Des Corcoran
- **deputy2**: Des Corcoran
- **term start**: 1 June 1967
- **term end**: 17 April 1968
- **term start2**: 2 June 1970
- **term end2**: 15 February 1979
- **predecessor1**: Frank Walsh
- **predecessor2**: Steele Hall
- **successor1**: Steele Hall
- **successor2**: Des Corcoran
- **birth place**: Suva, Fiji
- **death place**: Norwood, South Australia, Norwood, Adelaide
- **party**: Australian Labor Party
David Tonkin

Dr **David Oliver Tonkin** AO (20 July 1929 – 2 October 2000) was the 38th Premier of South Australia, from 18 September 1979 to 10 November 1982. He was elected to the South Australian parliament in the 1970 election. He became the state's leader of the Liberal Party in 1975. His party won the state elections in 1979, after Don Dunstan of the Labor Party had resigned as premier.

Tonkin's government focused on the economy while also continuing the socially progressive ideas of the previous government. He developed copper and uranium mining in the state, and made laws against discrimination. He also passed a land rights act through parliament that gave the Pitjantjatjara and Yankunytjatjara people ownership over most of their homeland in South Australia.

Tonkin's party ran for a second term in 1982, but was defeated by the Labor Party, which was led by John Bannon.

## Infobox (president)

- **honorific-prefix**: <small>The Honourable</small>
 Doctor (title), Dr
- **name**: David Tonkin
- **honorific-suffix**:
 <small>Order of Australia, AO</small>
- **order**: 38th Premier of South Australia
Elections: South Australian state election, 1977, 1977, South Australian state election, 1979, 1979, South Australian state election, 1982, 1982
- **deputy**: Roger Goldsworthy
- **term start**: 18 September 1979
- **term end**: 10 November 1982
- **predecessor**: Des Corcoran
- **successor**: John Bannon
- **constituency mp2**: Electoral district of Bragg, Bragg
- **parliament2**: South Australian
- **predecessor2**: New seat
- **successor2**: Graham Ingerson
- **birth date**: 20 July 1929
- **birth place**: Adelaide, South Australia
- **death date**: 2 October 2000
- **death place**: Mengler Hill, South Australia
- **party**: Liberal Party of Australia
- **nationality**: Australian
TB

**TB** may mean:

- Tuberculosis
- Terabyte
- Taco Bell
Kashan

**Kashan** is a city in Iran. It is near Isfahan, about  from Tehran. The city is known for its textiles. In the Middle Ages, it was also known for ceramics. As of 2012, about 275,000 people live in the city, about 317,000 in its metropolitan area. The city is along the road from Qom to Kerman. Kashan is located at the edge of a desert, along the first oasis. The city has a desert climate, with hot summers, and cold winters.

## Education

There is a university in the city, which offers higher education in medicine.

## Industry

Rose water is produced in the city.

In Natanz, about  south of Kashan, there is an uranium enrichment plant. This plant uses gas centrifuges. It is part of the Iranian nuclear program.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Kashan
- **native name**: کاشان
- **settlement type**: City
- **image skyline**: Tabatabaei2.jpg
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **image caption**: Khaneh Tabatabaei ha, Tabatabaei House, early 1800s, Kashan. A fine example of traditional Persian architecture.
- **pushpin map**: Iran
- **pushpin label position**: bottom
- **pushpin mapsize**: 300
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Iran
- **subdivision type**: List of countries, Country
- **subdivision type1**: Provinces of Iran, Province
- **subdivision name1**: Isfahan Province, Isfahan
- **subdivision type2**: Counties of Iran, County
- **subdivision name2**: Kashan County, Kashan
- **subdivision type3**: Bakhsh
- **subdivision name3**: Central District (Kashan County), Central
- **established date**: :
- **timezone**: Iran Standard Time, IRST
- **utc offset**: +3:30
- **timezone dst**: Iran Standard Time, IRDT
- **utc offset dst**: +4:30
- **website**: [http://www.kashan.ir Kashan.ir]
Great Victoria Desert

The **Great Victoria Desert** is the largest desert in Australia. It consists of sand dunes, small sandhills, grassland plains, areas with closely packed  pebbles (called desert pavement or gibber plains) and salt lakes. The desert is an Australian IBRA.

The desert covers a large area, about  in the states of New South Whales and Victoria . The distance from east to west is about . It is very dry, getting only between  and  of rain each year. It is surrounded by other very dry areas including the Nullabor Plain to the south, the Gibson Desert to the north, Sturt's Stony Desert to the east. It was named by the explorer Ernest Giles in 1875, after Queen Victoria. Aboriginal people have lived in the desert for more than 24,000 years.

Between 1953 and 1957, the British government exploded nine atomic bombs in the Great Victoria Desert at Maralinga and Emu.

## Geography

The area of the Great Victoria Desert is shared roughly equally by the states of South and Western Australia. It is north of the Nullarbor Plain and south of the Musgrave Ranges. The desert is bounded on the west by Laverton and the goldfields and to the east by Coober Pedy and the Stuart Highway.

## Environment

The Great Victoria Desert can be very dry and sandy. However, plants and animals still live there. The plants are adapted to the dry, arid climate, otherwise they would not be able to survive. Wallabies, bandy  snakes (List of Desert Snakes  In the World), lizards, kangaroos and many birds live in the Great Victoria Desert. These animals have also adapted to survive in extreme heat and extreme cold.
Natanz

**Natanz** is a city in the arid center of Iran. The city lies in an oasis in the desert. The city is located about  southeast of Kashan. About 12,000 people live in the city. The city is well known for the pears grown there. There are shrines in the area, for example that of Abdas-Samad Esfahani. He was a Sufi who died in Natanz in 1299 CE. King Darius III was killed in the mountains near the city, about 330 BC. The village Abyaneh, near Natanz is a well-known holiday resort today. Before Ismail I made Twelver Islam the state religion, it was a center of Zoroastrianism. Zoroastrianism originated in Iran, around 1000 BC.

Around  east of Natanz, there is a mine for Fluorite and Baryte. Southeast of the city, there is an uranium enrichment plant which is part of Iran's nuclear programme.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Natanz
- **native name**: نطنز
- **settlement type**: city
- **image skyline**: Tomb_of_Sheikh_Abdolsamad,_Natanz.jpg
- **imagesize**: 260px
- **image caption**: Tomb of Abdas-Samad Esfahani, Abd al_Samad, built in 1304.
- **pushpin map**: Iran
- **mapsize**: 150px
- **subdivision type**: List of countries, Country
- **subdivision type1**: Provinces of Iran, Province
- **subdivision name1**: Isfahan Province, Isfahan
- **subdivision type2**: Counties of Iran, County
- **subdivision name2**: Natanz County, Natanz
- **subdivision type3**: Bakhsh
- **subdivision name3**: Central District (Natanz County), Central
- **population as of**: 2006
- **population total**: 12060
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone**: Iran Standard Time, IRST
- **utc offset**: +3:30
- **timezone dst**: Iran Daylight Time, IRDT
- **utc offset dst**: +4:30
Kings Canyon (Australia)

**Kings Canyon** is a canyon in the Northern Territory of Australia. It is part of Watarrka National Park, about  southwest of Alice Springs. The walls of Kings Canyon are over 100 metres high, with Kings Creek at the bottom. The rock is sandstone. At the top of the gorge is a maze of weathered rock domes, a lot like those found in Purnululu.

Kings Canyon and the area around it is Aboriginal land. It is part of the Luritja people's traditional country, and title over the land was granted to them in July 2012. Before the arrival of Europeans in the region, the damp climate at the bottom of the gorge was an important refuge during droughts. Rock engravings at the base of the canyon date are many hundreds of years old. Many of them are sacred sites for Luritja and are closed to visitors. The name _Waṯarrka_ refers to the area around the sacred Dreaming path that runs through the park; it comes from the Luritja name for the _Acacia ligulata_ tree.

## Other websites

- General information
Kings Canyon

**Kings Canyon** may refer to:
- Kings Canyon National Park, in California, United States
- Kings Canyon (Australia), in the Northern Territory
- Kings Canyon (Utah), in Utah, United States
Ollie

An **Ollie** is a basic skateboarding trick. It is when the person riding the board leaps into the air with the board still attached to their feet. No hands are used; the board is moved into the air by kicking the back of the board down so the front is raised. From there it uses a combination of grip and momentum to keep the board with the rider.
Madagascar (2005 movie)

***Madagascar*** is a 2005 American computer-animated movie made by Dreamworks. The story is about a group of animals from the zoo in Central Park, New York City. The main characters are Alex the Lion (Ben Stiller), Marty the Zebra (Chris Rock), Melman the Giraffe (David Schwimmer) and Gloria the Hippotamus (Jada Pinkett Smith). With the penguins Skipper (Tom McGrath), Private (Christopher Knights), Kowalski (Chris Miller) and Rico (John DiMaggio) also living in the zoo, they end up in Madagascar with King Julien (Sacha Baron Cohen), Maurice (Cedric the Entertainer) and Mort (Andy Richter). The movie has two sequels: Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa and Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted, as well as a Christmas special, a spinoff series, and the movie of the same name.

It was released on May 27, 2005.

## Plot

Alex the lion, Marty the zebra, Melman the giraffe and Gloria the hippopotamus become best friends in the movie.

## Voice Cast

- Ben Stiller as Alex, a lion.
- Chris Rock as Marty, a zebra.
- David Schwimmer as Melman, a giraffe.
- Jada Pinkett Smith as Gloria, a hippopotamus.
- Sacha Baron Cohen as King Julien, a ring-tailed lemur who is the king of Madagascar.
- Cedric the Entertainer as Maurice, an aye-aye who is Julien’s royal adviser.
- Andy Richter as Mort, a mouse lemur.
- Tom McGrath as Skipper, the leader of a group of penguins.
- Chris Miller as Kowalski, one of the penguins.
- Christopher Knights as Private, one of the penguins.
- Jeffery Katzenberg as Rico, one of the penguins.
- Conrad Vernon as Mason, a chimpanzee.

## Video games

A video game titled Madagascar, is an adaptation on the same name of the movie. Release in 2005 for
PlayStation 2, Xbox, Nintendo DS, GameCube, Game Boy Advance and Microsoft Windows.
Peter Griffin

**Peter Griffin** is an animated character and the main protagonist in the television comedy _Family Guy_.

## Information

He is the husband of Lois Griffin. He has three children, Meg, Chris, and Stewie. His main friends are Glenn Quagmire, Cleveland Brown, and Joe Swanson. He is voiced by the shows creator, Seth MacFarlane, who also voices Stewie Griffin and the family's pet dog Brian.

He was a redesign of the protagonist, Larry, from Seth MacFarlane's animated short films he made a few years before Family Guy.

Peter used to work in a Toy factory, before it was shut down when the manager of the factory died. He then worked on a boat before he started working at "Pawtucket Patriot Brewery".

Peter always believed his full name was **Peter Löwenbräu Griffin**, however, later in the show, he finds out his actual full name is **Justin Peter Griffin**, and that he was born in Mexico. He also used to believe that Francis Griffin was his father, however, when Peter visited his father on his deathbed, he and his mother would reveal that his real father is an Irishman called Mickey McFinnigan, whom his mother met while she was in Ireland.

A long-running joke in the show is his relationship with Ernie the Giant Chicken. When Ernie appeared, it was result in a long fight between the two, often taken up to five minutes and randomly happening in an episode.

Peter and Brian Griffin could be said to have originated as Larry and Steve respectively, with the two being introduced in the 1995 short film The Life of Larry, and elaborated and refined upon in Larry & Steve. https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0259394/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0312908/

## Infobox (character)

- **name**: Peter Griffin
- **image**:
- **series**: Family Guy
- **first**: "Death Has a Shadow"
- **creator**: Seth MacFarlane
- **voice**: Seth MacFarlane
- **spouse**: Lois Griffin
- **children**: Meg Griffin, Meg, Chris Griffin, Chris, and Stewie Griffin
- **nationality**: American
- **gender**: Male
- **caption**: A man dressed up as Peter Griffin
H. Paul Varley

**Herbert Paul Varley** (February 8, 1931 – December 15, 2015) was an American academic, historian, author, and Japanologist.  He was a professor at Columbia University and Sen Sōshitsu XV Professor of Japanese Cultural History at the University of Hawaii.

## Career

Varley's early work was influenced by Kan'ichi Asakawa at Yale University.

Among other interests, his research focused on the Kamakura period and Muromachi period in the history of Japan.

## Selected works

In an overview of writings by and about Varley, OCLC/WorldCat lists roughly 30+ works in 120+ publications in 6 languages and 8,200+ library holdings.
- _This list is not finished; you can help Wikipedia by adding to it._
- _The Onin War; history of its origins and background with a selective translation of the Chronicle of Onin,_ 1967
- _A Syllabus of Japanese Civilization,_ 1968
- _Imperial Restoration in Medieval Japan,_ 1971
- _Japanese Culture: a Short History,_ 1973
- _A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns: Jinnō Shōtōki of Kitabatake Chikafusa,_ 1980
- _Warriors of Japan as Portrayed in the War Tales,_ 1994

## Honors

- Order of the Rising Sun, 1969.

## Other websites

- Varley, H. Paul at Virtual International Authority File (VIAF)
Sen Sōshitsu XV

was the 15th in a series of Japanese tea masters of the Urasenke family.

## Lineage

Sen Sōshitsu was the name of the head (_iemoto_) of the Urasenke school of the Japanese tea ceremony.

The first person in this line of the Sen family to use the name Sōshitsu was the youngest son of Sen Sōtan. He was a great-grandson of Sen Rikyū.

## Death

Sen Genshitsu died from respiratory failure at a hospital in Kyoto on 14 August 2025, at the age of 102.

## Other websites

- Urasenke official home page

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Sen Genshitsu XV
- **office**: Iemoto of Urasenke
- **term start**: 1964
- **term end**: 2002
- **predecessor**: Sen Sōshitsu XIV
- **successor**: Sen Sōshitsu XVI
- **birth place**: Kyoto, Japan
- **death place**: Kyoto, Japan
- **image**: 2007 06 19 Sen Genshitsu (玄室) during a meeting with Maria Kaczynska.jpg
- **caption**: Sen Sōshitsu XV on 19 June 2007
- **spouse**: Tomiko
- **children**: 2
- **relatives**: Masako Sen (daughter-in-law)
Sen Sōshitsu

is a traditional name taken on by a series of tea masters of the Uranseke family.

## Lineage

Sen Sōshitsu is the name of the head (_iemoto_) of one of the three schools of the Japanese tea ceremony

### List of Urasenke tea masters

- Sen Rikyū (1522-1591)
- Shōan Sōjun (1546-1614)
- Genpaku Sōtan (1578-1658)

## Other websites

- Urasenke official home page
Brassica rapa

***Brassica rapa*** L. (syn. ***Brassica campestris*** L.), commonly known as **turnip**, **turnip rape**, **fast plants**, **field mustard**, or **turnip mustard**, is a plant widely cultivated as a leaf vegetable (see mizuna and napa cabbage), a root vegetable (see turnip), and an oilseed (but not normally rapeseed oil, from a different _Brassica_ species).

The oilseeds known as canola are sometimes particular varieties of _Brassica rapa_ (termed Polish Canola) but mostly the related species _Brassica napus_ and _Brassica juncea_.
Energy transition

**Energy transition** () is the transition of Germany and several other countries to sustainable economies by means of renewable energy, energy efficiency and sustainable development. The final goal is the abolishment of nuclear, coal, and other non-renewable energy sources.

## Germany

The key policy document outlining the _Energiewende_ was published by the German government in September 2010, some six months before the Fukushima nuclear accident.  Legislative support was passed in 2011.  Important aspects include:

- greenhouse gas reductions : 80–95% reduction by 2050
- renewable energy targets : 60% share by 2050
- energy efficiency : electricity efficiency up by 50% by 2050
- an associated research and development drive
Sensō Sōshitsu

, also known as , is the 4th in a series of Japanese tea masters of the Urasenke family.

## Lineage

Senso Sōshitsu was first person in the Sen family to use the name "Sōshitsu". He was the youngest son of Sen Sōtan; and he was a great-grandson of Sen Rikyū.

Today, Sen Sōshitsu is the name of the head (_iemoto_) of the Urasenke school of the Japanese tea ceremony.

## Other websites

- Urasenke official home page
Kashgar

**Kashgar** or **Kashi** is an oasis county-level city with about 350,000 residents in the province of Xinjiang in the far west of China, near the border with Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan. Kashgar is the administrative centre of Kashgar Prefecture of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region which has a population of approximately 4 million. The city's urban area covers , though its administrative area extends for .

Kashgar was the meeting point for the southern and northern ancient Silk Routes for 2000 years because of its situation. The Taklamakan Desert is to the east of the city while westwards are the high mountains of Pamir so camels must be exchanged for yaks (or vice versa). Kashgar remains very much a predominantly Uighur city; its market called Sunday Bazaar http://www.thesilkroadchina.com/photo-v152-sunday-bazaar.html is resorted to by merchants from nearby countries such as Kazakhstan, Tadjikistan, and Kirghizistan and is reputed the largest in Central Asia.

## Other websites

- Official website
- Kashgar Photos
Conrad Vernon

**Conrad Vernon** (born July 11, 1968) is an American movie director, screenwriter, producer, voice actor and comedian. He is best known for his work in DreamWorks and Blue Sky Animation animated movies. These include _Shrek 2_, _Monsters vs. Aliens_ and especially _Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted_.

## Life and career

Vernon was born and raised in Lubbock, Texas. He studied at CalArts. Vernon worked as a storyboard artist in Ralph Bakshi's  _Cool World_, _2 Stupid Dogs_, _Rocko's Modern Life_, _Nightmare Ted_ and _Morto the Magician_. Vernon joined DreamWorks in 1996 and worked as a storyboard artist again in _Antz_. After the success of _Antz_, he became one of the writers for _Shrek_, where he also made the voice of Gingerbread Man. He also appeared in _Shrek 4-D_ and _Sinbad: Legend of the Seven Seas_. Conrad also worked in _Shrek 2_, which was his first work as a director. The movie was nominated for an Academy Award. Later, he created the voice of Mason the chimpanzee in the popular DreamWorks movies _Madagascar_, _Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa_, _Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted_ and The Maggie and the Ferocious Beast Movie. He also co-directed the third _Madagascar_ movie. Vernon also wrote the original story and directed _Monsters vs. Aliens_, where he also created the voice of Insectosaurus. He also produced _The Annoying Orange and Gumball_ TV series.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Conrad Vernon
- **birth place**: Lubbock, Texas, United States, USA
- **occupation**: Director, Screenwriter, Producer, Voice Actor, Comedian
- **years active**: 1991-present
- **notable works**: _Shrek_
_Monsters vs. Aliens_
_Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted_
_Maggie and the Ferocious Beast, The Maggie and the Ferocious Beast Movie_
_The Amazing World of Gumball_
_The High Fructose Adventures of Annoying Orange_
Qadiri

The **Qadiri**  or **Qadiriyya**  _tarika_ or _tariqah_ (Arabic: قَادْرِي) (Way/Path) is one of the major Sufi orders or schools. It was founded by Hazrat Sheikh Abd al-Qadir al-Gillani a Sufi sage and holy man in Baghdad.
Suhrawardi

The **Suhrawardi** or **Suhrawardiyya** _tarika_ (Way/Path) is one of the main Sufi orders or schools. It was founded by the Sufi sage Shahab-ud-din Suhrawardi.
Naqshbandi

The **Naqshbandi** or **Naqshbandiyya**  _tarika_ (Arabic: نَقْشَبَنْدِيٌّ) (Way/Path/School) of Sufism is a Sufi mystic order of Sunni Islam founded by the Sufi sage, Baha-ud-din Naqshband.
Mevlevi

The **Mevlevi** or **Mevleviyya** order (Arabic: المَولْوَي) (**whirling dervishes**) is a  school (_tarika_) of Sufism was founded by Hazrat Sheikh _Mevlana_ Jalal-ud-din Rumi. He was also sometimes known as Jalal-ud-din Balkhi as he came from Balkh, Afghanistan, and settled in Konya, (modern Turkey). This order is also called the 'Order of the Whirling Dervishes' because of the famous _sema_ whirling/dancing ritual that they practice.
1870 United States Census

The **United States Census of 1870** was the ninth United States Census. It was done by the Census Bureau in June 1870. The 1870 Census was the first census to give detailed information on the black population. The population was 38,555,983 individuals. This was a 22.62% increase since 1860.
1880 United States Census

The **United States Census of 1880** was the tenth United States Census.  It was done by the Census Bureau during June 1880. It was the first time that women were allowed to be enumerators. The Superintendent of the Census was Francis Amasa Walker.

The 1880 census found the population of the United States to be 50,189,209. This was an increase of 30.2 percent from the 1870 Census.
1890 United States Census

The **Eleventh United States Census** was taken June 2, 1890. The total population was found to be 62,947,714. Most of the 1890 census materials were destroyed in a 1921 fire.

The data was tabulated by punched card machines for the first time. Herman Hollerith invented this way of tabulating data. This technology made the time to tabulate the census change from eight years for the 1880 census to one year for the 1890 census.

It showed a total of 248,253 Native Americans living in America, down from 400,764 Native Americans in the 1850 census.

The 1890 census said that the frontier part of the United States no longer existed,
Platonic

**Platonic** may refer to:
- Anything related to the ancient Greek philosopher Plato (if capitalized **Platonic**)
- Platonic love, love that is not romantic
- Platonic solid, a three dimensional shape
- Platonic crystal, a periodic structure designed to guide wave energy through thin plates
1900 United States Census

The **Twelfth United States Census** was done by the Census Office on  June 1, 1900. It found the population of the United States to be 76,212,168. This was an increase of 21.0 percent from the 1890 Census.

## Other websites

- Historic US Census data

## Infobox (census)

- **name**: Twelfth Census
of the United States
- **logo**: Old Department of the Interior seal.gif
- **logo caption**: U.S. Department of the Interior seal
- **image**: 1900 census Kershaw Lindauer.gif
- **image caption**: Population Schedule
- **country**: United States
- **region type**: state
- **date**: June 1, 1900
- **population**: 76,212,168
- **percent change**: 21.0%
- **most populous**: New York (state), New York
7,268,894
- **least populous**: Nevada
42,335
Chishti

The **Chishtī Order**  or **Chishtiyya** 'is a Sufi order or school within the mystic tradition of Islam. It began in Chisht, a small town near Herat, Afghanistan in  about 930 AD. The Order is known for its emphasis on love, tolerance, and openness.

The order was founded by Abu Ishaq Shami ("the Syrian") who taught Sufism in the town of Chisht, some 95 miles east of Herat in present-day western Afghanistan.

The Chishti Order is mostly followed in Afghanistan and South Asia. It was the first of the four main Sufi orders (Chishti, Qadiriyya, Suhrawardiyya and Naqshbandi) to be established in this region. Moin-ud-din Chishti was a medieval saint who first introduced the Chishti Order in Lahore (Punjab) and Ajmer (Rajasthan),  in the early or middle of the 12th century AD. From these places it spread out throughout medieval India. There are now several branches of the order, which has been the most prominent South Asian Sufi brotherhood since that time. Chapters and branches are also found as far as Europe, North America and Australia, introduced there by immigrants from present India and Pakistan.
1910 United States Census

The **Thirteenth United States Census** was done by the Census Bureau on April 15, 1910.  It found the population of the United States to be 92,228,496.  This was an increase of 21.0 percent from the 1900 Census.

## Other websites

- Historic US Census data

## Infobox (census)

- **name**: Thirteenth Census
of the United States
- **logo**: Seal of the United States Census Bureau.svg
- **logo caption**: U.S. Census Bureau Seal
- **image caption**: Population Schedule
- **country**: United States
- **region type**: state
- **date**: April 15, 1910
- **population**: 92,228,496
- **percent change**: 21.0%
- **most populous**: New York (state), New York
9,113,614
- **least populous**: Nevada
81,875
1920 United States Census

The **Fourteenth United States Census** was done by the Census Bureau in January 1920.  It found the population of the United States to be 106,021,537.  This was an increase of 15.0 percent from the 1910 Census.

## Infobox (infobox)

- **abovestyle**: background:#0099CC
- **above**: Fourteenth Census
of the United States
- **image**:
- **caption**: **U.S. Census Bureau Seal**
- **headerstyle**: background:#0099CC
- **header1**: General Information
- **label2**: Date Taken
- **data2**: January 5, 1920
- **label3**: Total U.S. Population
- **data3**: 106,021,537
- **label4**: Percent Change
- **data4**: 15.0%
- **label5**: Most Populous State
- **data5**: New York (state), New York
10,385,227
- **label6**: Least Populous State
- **data6**: Nevada
77,407
- **header7**: Population Schedule
1930 United States Census

The **Fifteenth United States Census** was done by the Census Bureau in April 1930. It found the population of the United States to be 122,775,046.  It was an increase of 13.7 from the 1920 Census.

## Infobox (infobox)

- **abovestyle**: background:#0099CC
- **above**: Fifteenth Census
of the United States
- **image**:
- **caption**: **U.S. Census Bureau Seal**
- **headerstyle**: background:#0099CC
- **header1**: General Information
- **label2**: Date Taken
- **data2**: April 1, 1930
- **label3**: Total U.S. Population
- **data3**: 122,775,046
- **label4**: Percent Change
- **data4**: 13.7%
- **label5**: Most Populous State
- **data5**: New York (state), New York
12,588,066
- **label6**: Least Populous State
- **data6**: Nevada
91,058
- **header7**: Population Schedule
- **data8**:
- **header9**: Indian Census Roll
- **data10**:
1940 United States Census

The **Sixteenth United States Census** was done by the Census Bureau.  It found the  population of the United States to be 132,164,569.  This was an increase of 7.3 percent from the 1930 population.  The census date of record was April 1, 1940.

A number of new questions were asked.  These included where people were 5 years before, highest level of education, and information about wages.

## Infobox (census)

- **name**: Sixteenth Census
of the United States
- **logo**: Seal of the United States Census Bureau.svg
- **logo caption**: U.S. Census Bureau Seal
- **image**: 1940 census form large.jpg
- **image caption**: Population Schedule
- **country**: United States
- **region type**: state
- **population**: 132,164,569
- **percent change**: 7.3%
- **most populous**: New York (state), New York
13,479,142
- **least populous**: Nevada
110,247
David Lean

**Sir David Lean** (25 March 1908 – 16 April 1991) was a British movie director. He was born in Croydon, Surrey. He directed _Dr Zhivago_, _Lawrence of Arabia_ and _The Bridge on the River Kwai_. He died in Limehouse, east London.

## Infobox (person)

- **honorific prefix**: Sir
- **name**: David Lean
- **honorific suffix**: Order of the British Empire, CBE
- **image**: Aankomst filmster Ann Todd en haar echtgenoot filmregisseur David Lean op Schiph, Bestanddeelnr 905-4605 (2).jpg
- **caption**: Lean in 1952
- **birth place**: Croydon, Surrey, England
- **death place**: Limehouse, London, England
- **resting place**: Putney Vale Cemetery, London, England
- **years active**: 1930–1991
- **children**: Peter Lean
Isaac Yamma

**Isaac Yamma** (1940 – January 1990) was a country singer from central Australia. He was one of the earliest musicians in Australia to become well known singing Western-style songs in an indigenous language. Isaac was a Pitjantjatjara man who was born by a waterhole near Docker River. He started his musical career as a member of a band called Areyonga Desert Tigers. He later formed his own band, the Pitjantjatjara Country Band. It was made up of his sons Hector, Frank, Peter and Paul and his cousin Russell Yamma. His song were mostly sung in Pitjantjatjara.

## Discography

- Albums
- _Isaac Yama and the Pitjantjatjara Country Band_ (1987) - CAAMA
- _Isaac Yama and the Pitjantjatjara Country Band No.2_ (1987) - CAAMA
- Compilations
- _Papal Concert, Alice Springs_ (1982) - CAAMA
- _Desert Songs 1_ (1982) - CAAMA
- _Desert Songs 2_ (1983) - CAAMA
- _From the Bush_ (1990) - CAAMA
- _AIDS: How Could I Know_ (1989) - CAAMA
- _25th Anniversary Compilation 2_ (2006) - CAAMA

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Isaac Yamma
- **image**: Isaac Yama outside Ininti Store, Uluru. 1983.JPG
- **caption**: Isaac Yama outside Ininti Store, Uluru, NT, Australia. 1983
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth date**: 1940
- **birth place**: Kaltukatjara, Northern Territory, Australia
- **death date**: January 1990
- **instrument**: Singing, vocals, acoustic guitar
- **genre**: Country music, Country
- **occupation**: Musician
- **years active**: 1960–1989
- **label**: Central Australian Aboriginal Media Association, CAAMA Records
- **associated acts**: Frank Yamma
Pitjantjatjara Country Band
Bicentenaria

***Bicentenaria*** is a genus of carnivorous coelurosaurian theropods which lived during the early Upper Cretaceous (about 90 million years ago) in what is now Argentina. It contains only the type species, _Bicentenaria argentina_. Estimates suggest that it was  in length. This name was first reported in June 2012.

The small carnivore is an early relative of the much later giant _Tyrannosaurus_.
Elasticity of substitution

**Elasticity of substitution** is a measure of how easily something is able to be substituted with something else. It is often used in marketing and economics. A product has a low elasticity if it is unable to raise its price because similar products (substitutes) are available. A product that is unique is able to charge higher prices because there are not as many choices. For example, in a fish market, there are many fishermen selling many fish. The price is not elastic because there is competition between many suppliers of fish.
Suicide Silence

**Suicide Silence** is an American deathcore band from Riverside, California. Suicide Silence has four members in the band; the current band members are Chris Garza, Mark Heylmun, Alex Lopez and Dan Kenny.

The band was formed in 2002. They released a self-titled EP on September 30, 2005 and released their debut album "_The Cleansing_" on September 18, 2007. The band won the Revolver Golden God award for "Best New Talent" in 2009.

On November 1, 2012, the Orange County Coroners Office said that lead singer Mitch Lucker had died from injuries that were caused by a motorcycle accident. In 2013, the band said that Hernan "Eddie" Hermida would become the lead singer for the band. Hermida was the vocalist for All Shall Perish before he joined Suicide Silence.

## Band members

- Current
- Chris Garza – rhythm guitar (2002–present)
- Mark Heylmun – lead guitar (2006–present)
- Alex Lopez – drums (2006–present)
- Dan Kenny – bass guitar (2008–present)
- Hernan "Eddie" Hermida – lead vocals (2013–present)

- Former
- Tanner Womack – co-lead vocals (2002)
- Rick Ash – lead guitar (2002–2006)
- Josh Goddard – drums (2002–2006)
- Mike Bodkins – bass guitar, backing vocals (2002–2008)
- Mitch Lucker – lead vocals (2002–2012; deceased)

## Discography

So far, Suicide Silence have released 5 albums:

### Albums

- _The Cleansing_ (2007)
- _No Time to Bleed_ (2009)
- _The Black Crown_ (2011)
- _You Can't Stop Me_ (2014)
- _Suicide Silence_ (2017)

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Suicide Silence
- **img**: Suicide Silence - Rock am Ring 2017-AL3048.jpg
- **img capt**: Suicide Silence performing at 2017's Rock am Ring festival.
- **img size**: 250px
- **landscape**: yes
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Riverside, California, Riverside, California
United States
- **genre**: Deathcore, nu metal
- **label**: Nuclear Blast, Century Media Records, Century Media
- **associated acts**: Light This City, Animosity (band), Animosity, The Funeral Pyre, Blackheart Eulogy, Oblige, Commissioner
- **url**: [http://www.suicidesilence.net/ Official website]
- **current members**: Chris Garza
Mark Heylmun
Alex Lopez
Dan Kenny
Hernan Hermida
- **past members**: Mitch Lucker (deceased)
Mike Bodkins
Rick Ash
Josh Goddard
Tanner Womack
Kirklees

**Kirklees** is a part of West Yorkshire in Northern England. Huddersfield is the largest place.
Helen Hardacre

**Helen Hardacre** (born May 20, 1949) is an American academic and Japanologist.  At Harvard University, she is the Reischauer Professor of Japanese Religions and Society.

## Early life

Hardacre is the daughter of British historian Paul H. Hardacre.

Her research was supported by a Gugghenheim fellowship.

## Career

Hardacre was Director of the Edwin O. Reischauer Institute of Japanese Studies from 1995 through 1998.

Her research interests focused on religion in Japan and the history of Japan.

## Selected works

In a statistical overview derived from writings by and about Helen Hardacre, OCLC/WorldCat encompasses roughly 30+ works in 80+ publications in 3 languages and 5,000+ library holdings

- _Lay Buddhism in Contemporary Japan : Reiyūkai Kyōdan,_ 1983
- _The Religion of Japan's Korean Minority : the Preservation of Ethnic Identity,_ 1984
- _Kurozumikyō and the New Religions of Japan,_ 1985
- _Maitreya, the Future Buddha,_ 1988
- _Marketing the Menacing Fetus in Japan,_ 1988
- _Shintō and the State, 1868-1988,_ 1989
- _Asian Visions of Authority Religion and the Modern States of East and Southeast Asia,_ 1994
- _New Directions in the Study of Meiji Japan,_ 1997
- _The Postwar Development of Japanese Studies in the United States,_ 1998
- _Religion and Society in Nineteenth-Century Japan: a Study of the Southern Kantō Region, using late Edo and early Meiji Gazetteers,_ 2002

## Other websites

- Hardacre, Helen, 1949-  at Virtual International Authority File (VIAF)
Shandy

**Shandy** is a drink made of beer and something else, usually soda or lemonade. It is like a cocktail with beer instead of spirits.