juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Chinese people

**Chinese people** are the various ethnic groups from China, including Taiwan.

The largest of these groups is the Han Chinese. This group is often called "Chinese" or "ethnic Chinese" in English. Large numbers of Han Chinese live in countries other than China. They may make up as much as 29% of the world's population.

Other ethnic groups in China include the Zhuang, Hui, Manchu, and Uyghurs, among many others. The People's Republic of China (PRC) officially recognises 56 ethnic groups. Taiwan (Republic of China, ROC) officially recognises 14 tribes of Taiwanese aborigines. The list of ethnic groups in China includes the major ethnic groups of China (PRC) and Taiwan.

## Related pages

- Chinese American
- British Chinese
- Chinese Canadian
- China population
- List of Chinese scientists

## Infobox (ethnic group)

- **group**: Chinese people
- **image**: Flag of China.svg
- **languages**: Chinese language, Chinese
- **religions**: Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism, Chinese folk religion
Wonder (R.J. Palacio novel)

## Overview

***Wonder*** is a children's novel written by R.J. Palacio. _Wonder_ was ranked #1 on The New York Times Best Seller list. It was also on the Texas Bluebonnet Award master list.

This novel is about a boy named August "Auggie" Pullman. He is not a normal boy because he has a disease called Treacher Collins Syndrome. He has had two or three face surgeries every year, but will not need one for a couple of years as of the beginning of the book. He was home-schooled for most of his life due to having to have many surgeries, and him being very small and sickly, but is going to Beecher Prep middle school as he has become more healthy.

The book is from the point of view of August and different people in his life.

## Characters

|Character Name|Relation to August|
| --- | --- |
|Daisy|The families pet - a dog, who dies fairly early, but in the end, the family get a new dog, named 'Bear'. Full name is 'Darth Daisy' but is usually only referred to as 'Daisy'.|
|Oliva "Via" Pullman|August's only sister, who's, despite envious, is very supportive, and protective (which August sometimes describes as over protective)|
|Isabelle and Nate Pullman|August's Parents, who's very protective for him|
|Jack Will|Best friend - despite occasional arguments|
|Mr. Tushman|August's headteacher, who is very supportive for him.|
|Julian Albans|The main bully of the book, and doesn't hide his disgust to August, often leaving him hurt.|
|Summer Dawson|A very good friend, who was the only person who was willing to sit with him on August's first day|
|Mrs. Garcia|Mr Tushman's assistant, who August reports that she has a 'shiny' smile|
|Mr. Browne|One of August's teachers at Beecher Prep, who gives monthly precepts to his English class.|
|Edward "Eddie" Johnson|Another bully, like Julian, who is only introduced during the camp.|
|Miranda Navas|A very good friend of August, despite Via and her falling out. She is the one who gave August his astronaut helmet, which he wore for 2 years without taking it off before August's father threw it away.|
|Ella|Via's good friend ; Accepeting of August but not as close as Miranda.|
Alice in Videoland

**Alice in Videoland** is an electroclash band from Sweden. The band started in 2002. Toril Lindqvist is the singer.

## History

In 2003 the band released their first album _Maiden Voyage_ in Sweden. In 2005 they released their second album _Outrageous!_. The band was signed by the American record label Storming The Base. In 2008 the band's third album _She's a Machine!_ was released. "She's a Machine" was released as the album's first single. In 2010 the band's fourth album _A Million Thoughts and They're All About You_ was released.
Molly Meldrum

**Ian Alexander** "**Molly**" **Meldrum** <small>AM</small> (born 29 January 1943) is an Australian music critic, journalist, record producer and entrepreneur. He is best known for presenting the popular music program _Countdown_ (1974–87). His trademark accessory is his Stetson hat which is commonly mistaken for an Akubra.

Meldrum was born in Orbost, Victoria. He is openly gay. In December 2011, he fell from a ladder in his backyard. After being rushed to The Alfred Hospital, he was placed under intensive care in a sedated state and had surgery for his head injuries. As well as the head injuries, he also had a broken shoulder, broken ribs, a punctured lung and cracked vertebrae.
Space debris

**Space debris** is the collection of useless objects that are in orbit around Earth, for example broken satellites, empty rocket stages, pieces of metal, and many more. Because of how much space debris there is, collisions happen between space debris and sometimes even operational spacecraft, creating more debris.

Since the start of space programs and the launch of Sputnik 1, NORAD has an active list of all known space launches and objects that are in Earth orbit, including waste parts, for example booster rockets. This is the Space Object Catalog.

## Related pages

- Kessler Syndrome

## Other websites

- https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/science-environment-56845104 Space junk map tracks 200 ‘ticking time bombs’.
- Space debris -Citizendium
Kessler Syndrome

The **Kessler syndrome** (or **Kessler effect**, is a cascade effect. It was suggested by NASA scientist Donald J. Kessler in 1978. The scenario occurs when the  space pollution is high enough for collisions between objects to occur.

There is a satellite in orbit that is large and inactive, making it count as space debris, but it is in an orbit with a large amount of space debris. Two known objects get within 200m of it every year. This could cause a lot of space debris, inducing a domino effect with more collisions.

## Avoiding Kessler syndrome

Satellite manufacturers must demonstrate that their satellite can safely destroy itself or boost itself into a higher or lower orbit, known as a graveyard orbit, to avoid keeping unused satellites in common orbits for other satellites.

## Related pages

- Space debris
- _Gravity_ (movie), a 3D movie showing space debris and a form of Kessler Syndrome.
Egon Bahr

**Egon Karl-Heinz Bahr** (18 March 1922 – 20 August 2015) was a German SPD politician.

During World War II Bahr was expelled from the Wehrmacht because he was partly of Jewish descent.

After the war he worked as a journalist and a diplomat before entering into politics.

Bahr was promoted by West German Chancellor Willy Brandt to serve as Secretary of the Prime Minister's Office from 1969 until 1972. Between 1972 and 1990 he was an MP in the Bundestag of the Federal Republic of Germany and from 1972 until 1976 was also a Minister of the Federal Government.

## Infobox (politician)

- **image**: Egonbahr2005.jpg
- **name**: Egon Bahr
- **birth place**: Treffurt, Thuringia, Germany
- **office**: Federal Minister for Special Affairs of Germany
- **term start**: 1972
- **term end**: 1974
- **office2**: Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (Germany), Minister for Economic Cooperation
- **term start2**: 1974
- **term end2**: 1976
- **predecessor2**: Erhard Eppler
- **successor2**: Marie Schlei
- **party**: SPD
- **occupation**: Politician, statesman, journalist
Robert Sumner

**Robert L. Sumner**  (August 3, 1922 – December 5, 2016) was an American Christian author, Baptist pastor and evangelist. He was the editor of the fundamentalist newspaper _The Biblical Evangelist_.

Sumner was born in Norwich, New York. He studied at Norwich High School and Baptist Bible College & Seminary.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Robert L. Sumner
- **birth name**: Robert L. Sumner
- **image**: Robert L Sumner 2003.jpg
- **caption**: Sumner in 2003
- **birth place**: Norwich (city), New York, Norwich, New York (state), New York, United States
- **death place**: Lynchburg, Virginia, United States
- **occupation**: Baptist Christianity, Christian evangelism, Evangelist
- **website**: [http://www.biblicalevangelist.org/ biblicalevangelist.org]
Parainen

**Parainen**, _Pargas_, is a city in Southwest Finland. About 15,500 people lived there in January 2014. The municipalities next to it are Brändö, Sottunga, Kökar, Kemiönsaari, Sauvo, Kaarina, Turku, Naantali and Kustavi.

It was created as Väståboland on 1 January 2009, when the former municipalities of Pargas, Nagu, Korpo, Houtskär and Iniö were merged into a single municipality.

Most people speak Swedish.
Hans Erni

**Hans Erni** (21 February 1909 – 21 March 2015) was a Swiss painter, designer and sculptor. He was known for illustrating postage stamps, activism, lithographs for the Swiss Red Cross, and participation on the International Olympic Committee. The Hans Erni Museum, in the grounds of the Swiss Museum of Transport, contains a large collection of artwork.

Erni was born in Lucerne. He was the third of eight children. Ernie died in Lucerne on 21 March 2015 at the age of 106.
Sodankylä

**Sodankylä** is a municipality in Lapland. Almost 8,890 people lived there in January 2014. The municipalities next to it are Inari, Kemijärvi, Kittilä, Pelkosenniemi, Rovaniemi and Savukoski.

## Some villages

Some villages in Sodankylä are Kersilö, Kierinki, Lismanaapa, Luosto, Torvinen.
Evijärvi

**Evijärvi** is a municipality in Finland. In January 2014, 2,689 people lived there. The municipalities next to it are Kauhava, Kruunupyy, Lappajärvi, Pedersöre and Veteli.
Historical linguistics

**Historical linguistics** is the study of language change. It has five main concerns:
1. to study changes in particular languages
1. to discover the pre-history of languages, and group them into language families (comparative linguistics)
1. to develop theories about how and why language or sound changes
1. to describe the history of speech communities
1. to study the history of words, etymology.

## History and development

Modern historical linguistics dates from the late 18th century. It grew out of the earlier discipline of philology, the study of ancient texts and documents dating back to antiquity.

At first, historical linguistics was comparative linguistics. The focus was on the well-known Indo-European languages, many of which had long written histories. Scholars also studied the Uralic languages, another language family for which less early written material exists.

Since then, there has been linguistic work in non-European languages, such as on the Austronesian languages and various families of Native American languages.

Comparative linguistics is now part of a discipline of historical linguistics. For Indo-European languages, comparative study is now a well-developed field. Most research is being carried out on their later development, such as the development of the modern standard varieties.

Some scholars have done studies attempting to establish super-families. They have, for example, linked Indo-European, Uralic, and other families into Nostratic. Such attempts have not been accepted widely. The information needed to establish relatedness becomes thinner the farther back. The time depth of linguistic methods is limited because of chance word resemblances and variations between language groups. Scholars can trace language changes back to around 10,000 years. The dating of the various proto-languages is also difficult; several methods are available for dating, but only approximate results are possible.
Nostratic

**Nostratic** is a hypothetical language family which includes many of the present-day language families of Eurasia. The idea is that Nostratic was spoken after the ice sheets melted but before people spread out throughout Europe and Asia.

Many of today's languages are descendants of Nostratic, so it is thought. These include the Indo-European, Uralic, Altaic and Kartvelian languages. The Afroasiatic languages, native to North Africa, the Horn of Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, and the Near East, as well as the Dravidian languages of the Indian subcontinent, are usually included as well.

The name "Nostratic" is derived from the Latin _nostrates_, meaning "us" (in other words, fellow countrymen). The idea was expanded in the 1960s by Soviet linguists, called the "Moscovite school" by Bomhard. It has received renewed attention in English-speaking academia since the 1990s.

The hypothesis is controversial and has varying degrees of acceptance amongst linguists worldwide. Some linguists are unsure.

The hypothetical ancestral language of the Nostratic family is called **Proto-Nostratic**. It would have been spoken between 15,000 and 12,000 BC, in the Epipalaeolithic period, near the end of the last glacial period.

## Related pages

- Historical linguistics

## Infobox (language family)

- **name**: Nostratic
- **altname**: (controversial)
- **region**: Europe, Asia except for the southeast, North Africa, North and Horn of Africa, Northeast Africa, the Arctic
- **familycolor**: superfamily
- **family**: **Nostratic**
- **child1**: Indo-European languages, Indo-European
- **child2**: Uralic languages, Uralic
- **child3**: Altaic languages, Altaic
- **child4**: Kartvelian languages, Kartvelian
- **child5**: Afroasiatic languages, Afroasiatic (usually included)
- **child6**: Dravidian languages, Dravidian (usually included)
- **child7**: Elamite language, Elamite (sometimes included)
- **child8**: Sumerian language, Sumerian (sometimes included)
Seligman, Arizona

**Seligman** () is a census-designated place (CDP) in Yavapai County, Arizona, United States. The population was 446 at the 2020 census.

Delgadillo's Snow Cap Drive-In is a popular tourist attraction in the town.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Seligman, Arizona
- **settlement type**: Census-designated place
- **image skyline**: SeligmanArizona.JPG
- **image caption**: Welcome sign
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **image map**: Yavapai_County_incorporated_areas_Seligman_highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location in Yavapai County within the state of Arizona
- **pushpin map**: USA Arizona#USA
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Arizona, United States
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Arizona, County
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision name1**: Arizona
- **subdivision name2**: Yavapai County, Arizona, Yavapai
- **area total km2**: 16.62
- **area total sq mi**: 6.42
- **area land km2**: 16.62
- **area land sq mi**: 6.42
- **area water km2**: 0.00
- **area water sq mi**: 0.00
- **elevation ft**: 5242
- **elevation m**: 1598
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 446
- **population density km2**: 26.84
- **population density sq mi**: 69.52
- **timezone**: Mountain Standard Time Zone, MST
- **utc offset**: −7
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 86337
- **area code**: Area code 928, 928
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 04-65420
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **unit pref**: Imperial
Mediant (mathematics)

In mathematics, the mediant of two fractions

is

- .

It is commonly referred to as the **freshman sum**, due to it being a common mistake when people learn about the addition of fractions. The operation is between two fractions, therefore the way these fractions are represented influence the mediant. For example, the mediant of 1/1 and 1/2 is 2/3, but the mediant of 2/2 and 1/2 is 3/4, even though the sum of both is 3/2.
Chamaerops

***Chamaerops*** is a genus of flowering plants in the family Arecaceae (palm family). There is one species called ***Chamaerops humilis*** (**European fan palm**, **Mediterranean dwarf palm** or **dwarf fan palm**). It is the only palm species native to continental Europe. It is found in coastal areas of southern France, Morocco and Italy. It is a shrub-like clumping palm, with several stems growing from a single base. The stems grow slowly and often tightly together, eventually reaching 2–5 m tall.
Eurocopter UH-72 Lakota

The **Eurocopter UH-72 Lakota** is a Franco-German military helicopter design. It is built from the EC145 twin-turboshaft helicopter. It replaces the Bell UH-1 Iroquois in medical flights. The UH-72 can also replace Bell OH-58A & C in communication and observation duties. The helicopter is built in the United States by American Eurocopter, a branch of Eurocopter.

## Users

- Royal Thai Army.

- US Army.
- US Navy.

In the US Navy this helicopter is used by US Naval Test Pilot School in support filghts.

## Infobox (aircraft begin)

- **name**: Eurocopter UH-72 Lakota
- **image**: File:Lakotas land first time in Louisiana.jpg


## Infobox (aircraft type)

- **type**: Military Helicopter, light helicopter
- **national origin**: France & Germany
- **manufacturer**: Eurocopter.
- **first flight**: 2006
- **introduction**: 2007
- **status**: Active
- **primary user**: US Army
- **unit cost**: 5.9 millions $.
Eurocopter EC145

The **Eurocopter EC145** is a civil and military twin-turboshaft helicopter. It is built in Germany. It is a modernized variant of the MBB/Kawasaki BK117. It is used for both transport and SAR. The UH-72 Lakota is a military variant for the US Army. The military variants are mainly known as **Eurocopter EC645**.

## Infobox (aircraft begin)

- **name**: Eurocopter EC145
- **image**: File:Eurocopter-Kawasaki EC-145 (BK-117C-2) (7032145857).jpg
- **caption**: **Eurocopter EC145** from the France, French _Sécurité Civile_.


## Infobox (aircraft type)

- **type**: Helicopter, Light helicopter
- **national origin**: France & Germany
- **manufacturer**: Eurocopter.
- **first flight**: 1999
- **introduction**: 2002
- **status**: Active
- **produced**: 2000-Present.
- **unit cost**: 5.5 millions $.
Theodore Miller Edison

**Theodore Miller Edison** (July 10, 1898 – November 24, 1992) was an American inventor and businessman. He was the fourth son of Thomas Edison.

Edison worked for his father's company, Thomas A. Edison, Inc., starting as a lab assistant. He later started his own company, Calibron Industries, Inc. After that, he built his own laboratory in West Orange, New Jersey. He earned over 80 patents in his career.
Alexis Hunter

**Alexis Jan Atthill Hunter** (4 November 1948 – 24 February 2014) was a contemporary New Zealand painter and photographer. She used feminist theory in her work and was a member of Stuckism.

Hunter was born in Epsom, Auckland. Her and her sister, Alyson, were twins. Her parents were from Australia. She married to Baxter Mitchell from 1986 until her death.

Hunter died from motor neurone disease on 24 February 2014 in London, England. She was 65.
Maurice Faure

**Maurice Faure** (2 January 1922 – 6 March 2014) was a French politician and diplomat. He was a member of the French Resistance and a minister in several French governments. He was born in Azerat, Dordogne.

Faure died on 6 March 2014 in Cahors, Lot. He was 92 years old.

## Other websites

- Maurice Faure at the European Parliament
Manlio Sgalambro

**Manlio Sgalambro** (9 December 1924 – 6 March 2014) was an Italian philosopher, poet and writer. He wrote poetry between the 1940s until his death. He was born in Lentini, Province of Syracuse.

Sgalambro died on 6 March 2014 in Catania. He was 89 years old.
Shamrock Summit

The **Shamrock Summit** was a summit meeting that took place in Quebec City, Quebec, Canada on 17-18 March 1985. It was a meeting between Prime Minister of Canada Brian Mulroney and President of the United States Ronald Reagan.

It was nicknamed the "Shamrock Summit" because both leaders had an Irish background. The meeting is well known because both leaders began to sing the song "When Irish Eyes are Smiling" with their wives at the Grand Théâtre de Québec in Quebec City at the end of the summit. The leaders discussed military, environment and free trade issues.
Coleen Gray

**Coleen Gray** (October 23, 1922 – August 3, 2015) was an American movie, stage and television actress.

She was known for her roles in _Nightmare Alley_, _Kiss of Death_, _Red River_, and in _The Killing_. She began her acting career in 1944. Gray retired in 1988.

Gray was born in Staplehurst, Nebraska. She studied at Hamlin University.

Gray was married to Rodney Amateau from 1945 until they divorced in 1949. Then, she was married to William Bidlack from 1953 until his death in 1978. They had a son, Bruce Bidlack. She was last married to Fritz Zeiser from 1979 until his death in 2012.

Gray died in Los Angeles, California, aged 92.
Naantali

**Naantali** is a city in Finland. It had 19,000 living there in February 2014. The municipalities next to it are Parainen, Masku, Raisio, Taivassalo and Turku.

## Other websites

- The official page
Aaron Carter

**Aaron Carter** (December 7, 1987–November 5, 2022) was an American pop singer. He was born in Tampa, Florida. He became famous in the late 1990s.

## Career

Carter started his music career when he was seven years old as the singer of Dead End. He left the band after two years.

Carter performed for the first time on his own in Berlin in March 1997 as the opening act for Backstreet Boys. He was 9 years old. After this he was signed to Edel America. His first album _Aaron Carter_ was released in December 1997 in Europe. It was released in the United States on June 16, 1998.

Carter acted in the 2004 movie _Fat Albert_ and _Popstar_ in 2005 with the soundtrack "Saturday Night".

Carter had an older brother, Nick, and three sisters, Angel (twin sister), B.J. and Leslie.

On November 5, 2022, Carter died at home at the age of 34.

## Other websites

- http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0004809/ IMDB

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Aaron Carter
- **image**: Aaron Carter Performing at the Gramercy Theatre - Photo by Peter Dzubay (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Carter performing at the Gramercy Theatre in 2014
- **birth name**: Aaron Charles Carter
- **birth place**: Tampa, Florida, U.S.
- **death place**: Lancaster, California, U.S.
- **years active**: 1995–2022
- **associated acts**: Leslie Carter
Nick Carter (musician), Nick Carter (musician)
Backstreet Boys
Drake Bell
Alejandro Zaffaroni

**Alejandro Zaffaroni** (February 27, 1923 – March 1, 2014) was a Uruguayan–American entrepreneur. He is best known for founding several successful biotechnology companies in Silicon Valley. He was born in Montevideo.

Zaffaroni died from complications of dementia on March 1, 2014 at his home in Atherton, California. He was 91 years old.

## Other websites

- Alejandro Zaffaroni interview  at the TheTech
Martin Nesbitt (politician)

**Martin Luther Nesbitt, Jr.** (September 25, 1946 – March 6, 2014) was an American Democratic member of the North Carolina Senate. He represented the 49th district (Buncombe County). He was born in Asheville, North Carolina.

Nesbitt died from stomach cancer on March 6, 2014 in his hometown of Asheville, North Carolina. He was 67.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Martin Nesbitt
- **image**: Martin Nesbitt.jpg
- **state**: North Carolina
- **title**: Minority Leader of the North Carolina Senate
- **term start**: January 2011
- **term end**: March 6, 2014
- **predecessor**: Philip E. Berger
- **successor**: Daniel T. Blue Jr.
- **state2**: North Carolina
- **state senate2**: North Carolina
- **district2**: 49th
- **term start2**: February 2004
- **term end2**: March 6, 2014
- **preceded2**: Steve Metcalf
- **succeeded2**: Terry Van Duyn
- **birth name**: Martin Luther Nesbitt Jr.
- **birth place**: Asheville, North Carolina, U.S.
- **death place**: Asheville, North Carolina, U.S.
- **nationality**: United States, American
- **party**: North Carolina Democratic Party, Democratic
The Stone Roses

**The Stone Roses** are an English rock band fronted by Ian Brown. It was started in Manchester in 1983.

## History

In 1989 the band released their first album _The Stone Roses_. Seven singles were released from the album which went on to be voted the best British album of all time.

In 1994 the band released their second album, _Second Coming_. In 1996 the band broke up. The band got back together in 2011. On May 21, 2012 the band announced a reunion tour and performed for the first time in 16 years. In 2013 a documentary called _The Stone Roses: Made of Stone_ was released.

The band split up for a second time in 2017.

## Discography

- Studio albums
- _The Stone Roses_ (1989)
- _Second Coming_ (1994)
Folland Gnat

The **Folland Gnat** is a British fighter aircraft. It was also used as a training aircraft. The Folland Gnat is a single-turbojet aircraft. It is completely made of metal. The Gnat was used by RAF's Red Arrows as a team plane. Finland also used it. In India the aircraft company Hindustan Aeronautics Limited built this aircraft as **HAL Ajeet**.

## Infobox (aircraft begin)

- **name**: Folland Gnat.
- **image**: File:HS Gnat T1 XS111 (G-TIMM) (9529309642).jpg
- **caption**: Red Arrows **Folland Gnat**.


## Infobox (aircraft type)

- **type**: Training and fighter aircraft.
- **national origin**: UK.
- **manufacturer**: Folland
- **first flight**: 1954
- **introduction**: 1958
- **status**: Out of order
- **primary user**: Royal Air Force
- **produced**: Out of production.
- **number built**: 450 examples.
IAR-99

The **IAR-99** is a military training jet aircraft. It was designed and built in Romania by IAR (Industria Aeronautică Română). The IAR-99 was flown for the first time in 1985. It is used only by the Romanian Air Force.

## Bibliography

- Frawley, Gerard, _The international directory of military aircraft 2002/2003_ .  London : Aerospace Publication, 2002. .
- Gaillard, Pierre, _Avions et hélicoptères militaires d'aujourd'hui_ Paris, France : Larivière éditions, 1999.  .
Arado Ar 234

The **Arado Ar 234** was the first twin-turbojet bomber in the world. It was designed and built by the Arado company in Nazi Germany. The Ar 234 was used by the German Air Force (the _Luftwaffe_) near the end of World War II. It was flown for the first time in 1943.
Boeing C-40 Clipper

The **Boeing C-40 Clipper** is a military variant of the Boeing 737-700C. It is used by the US Air Force and the US Navy. Only 19 versions have been built. The C-40A version is built for the US Navy. It is used to provide logistics support. The C-40A is capable of carrying 121 passengers, cargo, or cargo and passengers. The C-40B is the US Air Force model. It is designed to be an "office in the sky" for senior military, senators and government leaders.
Chernóbil, la noche del fin del mundo

***Chernóbil, la noche del fin del mundo*** () is a Spanish documentary. It was produced by Plural Entertainment. It is hosted by Iker Jiménez and his partner and wife, Carmen Porter.

The documentary is about the 1986 Chornobyl disaster. It was broadcast for the first time on 11 June 2008 at Yelmo Islazul cinemas in Madrid.
Luis Villoro

**Luis Villoro Toranzo** (3 November 1922 – 5 March 2014) was a Spanish–Mexican philosopher,  researcher, university professor, diplomat, academic and writer. He published more than ten books between 1950 and 2007. He was born in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.

Villoro died from respiratory failure on 5 March 2014 in Mexico City. He was 91 years old.

## Other websites

- Luis Villoro  at the Instituto de Investigaciones Filosóficas
Welsh English

**Welsh English**, or **Wenglish** (), is a mixture of Welsh and English that is spoken mainly by people in Wales. Welsh English also has variations, with the use of different words and grammar, in different parts of Wales. That is in addition to the several different accents that are used throughout Wales.
Lappajärvi

**Lappajärvi** is a municipality in Finland. It had 3,310 people living there in January 2014. The municipalities next to it are Alajärvi, Evijärvi, Kauhava, Lapua, Veteli and Vimpeli.

## Some villages

Mynkelinmäki, Nissi, Itäkylä, Savonkylä, Tarvola and Karvala.

## Other websites

- Tervetuloa Lappajärvelle!
Eye contact

**Eye contact** occurs when "two people look at each other's eyes at the same time".

Eye contact is a form of nonverbal communication. It is a meaningful sign of social communication, but exactly what it means depends on the situation. The customs and significance of eye contact vary widely between cultures, with religious and social differences often altering its meaning greatly.

Eye contact and facial expressions give social and emotional information. People, perhaps without consciously doing so, probe each other's eyes and faces for positive or negative mood signs. Sometimes, the meeting of eyes arouses strong emotions.

Eye contact is also an important element in flirting, where it may serve to establish and gauge the other's interest in some situations.

## Different societies

In traditional societies, the role of women is usually very different from men. So, women lower their eyes, and do not to look directly at a man's face.  Lustful glances at the opposite sex, young or adult, are forbidden.

Another social difference is that of status. Japanese children are taught in school to direct their gaze at the region of their teacher's Adam's apple or tie knot. As adults, Japanese lower their eyes when speaking to a superior as a gesture of respect.

In many cultures, such as East Asia and Nigeria, it is respectful not to look the dominant person in the eye, but in Western culture this can be interpreted as being "shifty-eyed", or untrustworthy.
Lexington, Massachusetts

**Lexington** is a city in the U.S. state of Massachusetts. Its population in the 2020 census was 34,454. It is famous for being the place where the American Revolutionary War began, with the Battle of Lexington on April 19, 1775.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Lexington, Massachusetts
- **etymology**: Likely from Laxton, Nottinghamshire
- **nickname**: Birthplace of American Liberty
- **motto**: "What a Glorious Morning for America!"
- **image skyline**: File:Lexington Minuteman Statue Beautiful.jpg
- **image caption**: _The Lexington Minuteman_ statue in Lexington
- **image seal**: Seal of Lexington, Massachusetts.png
- **image flag**: Flag of Lexington, Massachusetts.gif
- **image map**: Middlesex County Massachusetts incorporated and unincorporated areas Lexington highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location in Middlesex County in Massachusetts
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Massachusetts, County
- **subdivision name2**: Middlesex County, Massachusetts, Middlesex
- **established title**: Settled
- **established date**: 1642
- **established title2**: Incorporated
- **established date2**: 1713
- **government type**: Representative town meeting
- **area total km2**: 42.8
- **area total sq mi**: 16.5
- **area land km2**: 42.5
- **area land sq mi**: 16.4
- **area water km2**: 0.4
- **area water sq mi**: 0.1
- **population as of**: 2020
- **settlement type**: New England town, Town
- **population total**: 34,454
- **population density km2**: auto
- **population demonym**: Lexingtonian
- **elevation m**: 64
- **elevation ft**: 210
- **timezone**: Eastern Time Zone, Eastern
- **utc offset**: −5
- **timezone dst**: Eastern Time Zone, Eastern
- **utc offset dst**: −4
- **website**: [http://www.lexingtonma.gov/ www.lexingtonma.gov]
- **postal code type**: ZIP Codes
- **postal code**: 02420–02421
- **area code**: Area code 339, 339/Area code 781, 781
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 25-35215
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 0619401
- **subdivision type3**: List of regions in the United States, Region
- **subdivision name3**: New England
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **pushpin map**: Boston Metro#Massachusetts#USA
- **pushpin label**: Lexington
Hellmuth Walter

**Hellmuth Walter** (26 August 1900 in Wedel near Hamburg – 16 December 1980 in Upper Montclair, New Jersey) was a German engineer. He pioneered research into rocket engines and gas turbines.

His most noteworthy contributions were rocket motors for the Messerschmitt Me 163 and Bachem Ba 349 fighter planes. He designed JATO (jet-assisted take-off) units for various Luftwaffe aircraft during World War II, and a revolutionary new propulsion system for submarines known as air-independent propulsion (AIP).

In 1945 he got the Knight's Cross for his work. After the war he worked for the Royal Navy and in America. Finally, in 1956, he founded the company Hellmuth Walter GmbH in Kiel. In 1967 he built a civilian submarine, STINT, with Walter propulsion.
Kronoby

**Kronoby** () is a municipality in Ostrobothnia, Finland. It had about 6,700 people living there in January 2014. The municipalities next to it are Evijärvi, Kaustinen, Kokkola, Luoto, Pedersöre and Veteli.

The municipality was established in 1607.

## Other websites

- The official page

## Infobox (finnish municipality)

- **leader name2**: Hans-Erik Lindgren
- **subregion**: Jakobstad sub-region
- **settlement type**: Municipality
- **region**: Ostrobothnia (region), Ostrobothnia
- **swedish official**:

- **native name**: –
- **map caption**: Location of Kronoby in Finland
- **leader title2**: Municipal Administration Chairman
- **leader title1**: Municipal Council Chairwoman
- **leader title**: Municipal Manager
- **leader name1**: Marketta Widjeskog
- **leader name**: Michael Djupsjöbacka
- **image skyline**: Kronoby riverside.jpg
- **image shield**: Kruunupyy.vaakuna.svg
- **image caption**: Kronoby riverside
- **finnish official**: 1
- **established title**: Charter
- **established date**: 1607
- **image map**: Kruunupyy sijainti.PNG
- **website**: [http://www.kronoby.fi/ www.kronoby.fi]
Kaustinen

**Kaustinen** is a municipality in Central Ostrobothnia, Finland. It had 4,293 people living there in January 2014. The municipalities next to it are Halsua, Kokkola, Kruunupyy and Veteli.

The municipality was established in 1868.

## Other websites

- The official page
Instagram

**Instagram**, often known as **Insta** or **IG**, is an American online photo and video sharing social networking service, which allows users to take photo and videos. It also allows their addition of digital filters and sharing to followers, from where they can be further shared to other social networking services, such as Facebook, Twitter, Tumblr and Flickr.

### 2015

In 2015, Instagram confined photos to a square shape, similar to Kodak Instamatic and polaroid images.

### 2016

In August 2016, Instagram launched Instagram Stories, a feature that allows users to take photos by adding effects and layers to be placed into user stories. Photos uploaded to user stories will expire after 24 hours. This was different than the 4:3 aspect ratio typically used by digital cameras. Users were able to share very short videos.

### 2017

In 2017, the length limit was raised to ten minutes. Instagram was created by Kevin Systrom and Mike Krieger. When Kevin Systrom and Mike Krieger talked to famous photographer Peter Parker, a photographer for the Daily Bugle, Systrom and Krieger were inspired to make an app just for photography. It was released on October 6, 2010.

### 2021

As of December 2021, Cristiano Ronaldo was the user with the highest number of followers on the platform.

## Related pages

- Threads (app)

## Infobox (software)

- **title**: Instagram
- **name**: Instagram
- **logo**: Instagram logo 2022.svg
- **logo size**: 100px
- **screenshot**: Instagram app on smartphone (grass background).jpg
- **author**: Kevin Systrom, Manith Liyange (Burbn, Inc.)
- **developer**: Meta, Inc.
- **operating system**: iOS 7.0 or later;
Android (operating system), Android 2.2 or later
Windows Phone 8
Windows 10 Mobile
- **size**: Varies per device
- **language**: 25 languages
- **genre**: Photography, Photo and video
- **license**: Freeware
- **alexa**: 16 ()
Guy Lafleur

**Guy Damien Lafleur** OC, CQ (September 20, 1951 – April 22, 2022) was a Canadian professional ice hockey right winger. Lafleur became the first player in the National Hockey League to score 50 goals and 100 points in six straight seasons. He spent 17 seasons in the NHL, playing for the Montreal Canadiens, New York Rangers and Quebec Nordiques. During his time in the NHL, he won five Stanley Cups. He went by the nicknames "The Flower" and "The Demon Blond".

He was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1988. Lafleur died on April 22, 2022 in Montreal, Canada from lung cancer, aged 70.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **position**: Winger (ice hockey), Right Wing
- **shoots**: Right
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 0
- **weight lb**: 185
- **played for**: Montreal Canadiens
New York Rangers
Quebec Nordiques
- **league**: National Hockey League, NHL
- **ntl team**: Canada
- **birth place**: Thurso, Quebec, Thurso, Quebec, Canada
- **death place**: Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- **career start**: 1971
- **career end**: 1985
1988–1991
- **draft**: 1st overall
- **draft year**: 1971
- **draft team**: Montreal Canadiens
- **image**: Guy Lafleur 2010.jpg
- **image size**: 230px
- **caption**: Lafleur in 2010
- **halloffame**: 1988
Halsua

**Halsua** is a municipality in Central Ostrobothnia, Finland. It had 1,233 people living there in January 2014. The municipalities next to it are Kaustinen, Kokkola, Lestijärvi, Perho and Veteli.

Halsua was established in 1868.

Many swamps cover the municipality's area, up to 60%.

## Other websites

- The official Halsua page
Battle of Glorieta Pass

The **Battle of Glorieta Pass** was a battle during the American Civil War. It was fought in New Mexico Territory on 28 March 1862.  It was one of the farthest west battles of the war. There was a skirmish (or minor battle between small groups) on March 26. This was between scouting parties from each army. The main battle took place on March 28. The Confederates were able to push the Union force back through the pass. However, the Confederates had to retreat when their supply train was destroyed and most of their horses were run off. Eventually, the Confederates had to leave the territory and return to Texas.

## Other websites

The Battle of Glorieta Pass: A Shattered Dream, _National Park Service_
Bugsy Siegel

**Benjamin Siegel** (February 28, 1906 – June 20, 1947) was an American mobster with the Luciano crime family. He was Jewish.

Siegel was a sociopath who had a criminal record for rape, robbery and murder. Siegel was one of the founders and leaders of Murder, Inc. and became a bootlegger during Prohibition. After Prohibition was repealed in 1933, he turned to gambling. He was one of the key people in the rise of Las Vegas in the 1940s.

Warren Beatty starred as Siegel in the 1991 movie of his life, Bugsy. Siegel was the model for the character Moe Greene in _The Godfather_ (Godfather part I).

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Bugsy Siegel
- **image**: Mugshot_Benjamin_Siegel.jpg
- **image size**: 280px
- **caption**: Mugshot of Benjamin "Bugsy" Siegel, 1928
- **birth name**: Benjamin Siegel
- **birth place**: Williamsburg, Brooklyn, New York City, U.S.
- **death place**: Beverly Hills, California, U.S.
- **death cause**: Shot (homicide)
- **resting place**: Hollywood Forever Cemetery
- **other names**: Bug, Bugs, Bugsy, Ben
- **occupation**: Racket (crime), Racketeer, gangster, casino owner
- **parents**: Max Siegel
Jennie Riechenthal
- **signature**: Bugsy Siegel signature.svg
Mid Suffolk

**Mid Suffolk** is a local government district of Suffolk in the East of England. It was formed on 1 April 1974. It has 122 parishes and towns. In 2011, 97,100 people lived there.
Chicagoland (TV series)

***Chicagoland*** is a documentary series based in Chicago, Illinois. It is produced by Robert Redford. Its pilot episode was premiered at the 2014 Sundance Film Festival on January 19. It was aired on CNN on March 6, 2014. The documentary is about the problems facing both the city and its mayor Rahm Emanuel. The series ended on April 24, 2014.
Nicolaas Bloembergen

**Nicolaas "Nico" Bloembergen** (March 11, 1920 – September 5, 2017) was a Dutch-American physicist. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1981.

He won the award with Arthur Schawlow and Kai Siegbahn. He won the prize for his works in laser spectroscopy.

Bloembergen was born in Dordrecht, Netherlands. He studied at Leiden University and at the University of Utrecht. Bloembergen became a naturalized citizen of the United States in 1951.

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Nicolaas Bloembergen
- **image**: Nicolaas Bloembergen 1981.jpg
- **caption**: Bloembergen in 1981
- **birth place**: Dordrecht, Netherlands
- **death place**: Tucson, Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States, U.S.
- **citizenship**: Netherlands
United States
- **field**: Applied physics
- **work institution**: University of Arizona
- **alma mater**: Leiden University
University of Utrecht
- **known for**: Laser spectroscopy
- **doctoral advisor**: Edward Mills Purcell, Edward Purcell
- **academic advisors**: Cornelis Jacobus Gorter
- **doctoral students**: Peter Pershan
- **awards**: Nobel Prize in Physics (1981)
Lorentz Medal (1978)
IEEE Medal of Honor
Yulia Lipnitskaya

**Yulia Lipnitskaya** (; born on 5 June 1998) is a Russian figure skater. She is a 2014 Olympic champion in the figure skating team event, the 2014 World Championships silver medalist, the 2014 European champion, the 2013/14 Grand Prix Final silver medalist, the 2012 World Junior champion.

## Other websites

- Julia Lipnitskaia at the International Skating Union
- Yulia Lipnitskaya  at the 2014 Winter Olympics

## Infobox (figure skater)

- **name**: Yulia Lipnitskaya
- **native name**: Юлия Вячеславовна Липницкая
- **native name lang**: ru
- **image**: Julia Lipnitskaia Olympics 2014.jpeg
- **imagesize**: 238px
- **caption**: Lipnitskaya at the 2014 Winter Olympics
- **fullname**: Yulia Vyacheslavovna Lipnitskaya
- **altname**: Julia Lipnitskaia
 Romanization of Russian, Schol.: Julia Vjačeslavovna Lipnickaja
- **country**: Russia
- **birth place**: Yekaterinburg, Russia
- **residence**: Moscow, Russia
- **coach**: Eteri Tutberidze, Sergei Dudakov
- **formercoach**: Elena Levkovets, Marina Voitsekhovskaya
- **choreographer**: Ilia Averbukh
- **formerchoreographer**: Nikolai Morozov (figure skater), Nikolai Morozov
- **currenttraininglocations**: Moscow
- **formertraininglocations**: Yekaterinburg
- **beganskating**: 2002
- **worldranking**: **2** (**')
- **pbrankings**: **5** (_2013–14 figure skating season, 2013–14_)
**5** (_2012–13 figure skating season, 2012–13_)
 **5_' (_2011–12 figure skating season, 2011–12'')
- **combined total**: 209.72
- **combined date**: 2014 European Figure Skating Championships, 2014 Europeans
- **sp score**: 74.54
- **sp date**: 2014 World Figure Skating Championships, 2014 Worlds
- **fs score**: 141.51
- **fs date**: Figure skating at the 2014 Winter Olympics – Team trophy, 2014 Winter Olympics (Team)
- **show-medals**: yes
- **medaltemplates**:
Francis George

**Francis Eugene George** OMI (January 16, 1937 – April 17, 2015) was an American cardinal of the Catholic Church. He was the eighth Archbishop of Chicago. George resigned in September 2014 because of health issues. Blase J. Cupich succeeded him. From 2007 to 2010, he was President of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops.

George was born in Chicago, Illinois. He was diagnosed with bladder cancer in 2012. George died in Chicago from the disease at the age of 78.
Harrison Dillard

**William Harrison "Bones" Dillard** (July 8, 1923 – November 15, 2019) was an American track and field athlete. He was the only male so far to win Olympic titles in both sprinting and hurdling events.

Dillard was born in Cleveland, Ohio. He studied at East Technical High School and at Baldwin-Wallace College. Dillard died of stomach cancer in Cleveland on November 15, 2019 at the age of 96.
The Hunger Games

***The Hunger Games*** may refer to:
- The Hunger Games trilogy, a trilogy of adventure novels by Suzanne Collins.
- _The Hunger Games_ (movie), the first movie in the series
Fred Phelps

**Fred Waldron Phelps Sr.** (November 13, 1929 – March 19, 2014) was an American pastor, civil rights activist, anti-gay activist and disbarred lawyer. He was born in Meridian, Mississippi. He is best known for heading the Westboro Baptist Church (WBC), an independent Baptist church based in Topeka, Kansas. He was often called "the most hated man in America".

## Early life

On September 3, 1935, when Phelps was five years old, his mother died of esophageal cancer.  After the death of their mother, Phelps and his younger sister were raised by their great-aunt Irene Jordan in Meridian. In 1950, Jordan died in a car accident. On December 25, 1944, Phelps' father married Olive Briggs, and Phelps and his sister were raised by their father and stepmother in Meridian.

## Legal career

Phelps earned a law degree from Washburn University in 1964. He started the Phelps Chartered law firm. In 1989 Phelps' legal career ended.

## Political views

Phelps was a member of the Democratic Party.

## Death

Phelps died from congestive heart failure on the morning of March 19, 2014 in Topeka, Kansas. He was 84 years old.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Fred Phelps
- **image**: Fred Phelps 10-29-2002.jpg
- **caption**: Phelps in October 2002
- **birth name**: Fred Waldron Phelps
- **birth place**: Meridian, Mississippi, U.S.
- **death place**: Topeka, Kansas, U.S.
- **organization**: Westboro Baptist Church
- **occupation**: Pastor, lawyer
- **children**: 13, including
Shirley Phelps-Roper and
Nathan Phelps
- **relations**: Megan Phelps-Roper (granddaughter)
Flight of the Conchords

**Flight of the Conchords** is a New Zealand comedy duo. They consist of Bret McKenzie and Jemaine Clement. Together they are actors, comedians and musicians. Their work spawned a BBC radio series and then a HBO television program _Flight of the Conchords_ (2007–09).

The group was formed in Wellington during 1998.
Jemaine Clement

**Jemaine Atea Mahana Clement** (born 10 January 1974) is a New Zealand comedian, actor and musician. He is best known as one half of the Grammy Award-winning comedy duo Flight of the Conchords with Bret McKenzie. He has starred in movies such as _Gentlemen Broncos_ (2009), _Rio_ (2011), _Men in Black 3_ (2012), _The BFG_ and _Moana_ (both 2016).

Clement was born in Masterton, Wellington Region. He is of Māori ancestry. He has a son with his wife, theatre actress and playwright Miranda Manasiadis.

## Infobox (comedian)

- **embed**: yes


## Infobox (musical artist)

- **embed**: yes
- **background**: solo_singer
- **label**: Sub Pop


## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Jemaine Clement
- **image**: Black Sea, Golden Ladder album preview party DM1 3180-2 - Jemaine Clement.jpg
- **caption**: Clement in 2021
- **alias**: Hiphopopotamus, Mad Dog
- **birth name**: Jemaine Atea Mahana Clement
- **birth place**: Masterton, New Zealand
- **occupation**: Actor, musician, comedian, director, writer
- **years active**: 1994 - present
- **height**: 185 cm
- **children**: 1
Geneva Summit (1985)

The **Geneva Summit** of 1985 was a meeting in Geneva, Switzerland. It was held on November 19 and 20, 1985. It was between U.S. president Ronald Reagan and Soviet General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev.

The two leaders met for the first time. They met to hold talks about not to use nuclear weapons and to seek a partnership between the United States and the Soviet Union.
Moscow Summit (1988)

The **Moscow Summit** was a summit meeting between U.S. President of the United States Ronald Reagan and General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Mikhail Gorbachev.

It was held on May 29 through June 2, 1988. The summit was held in order to seek peace and to ban nuclear weapon use between the Soviet Union and the United States. The treaty they signed was the INF Treaty.
Washington Summit (1987)

The **Washington Summit** of 1987 was Cold War-era summit meeting between U.S. president Ronald Reagan and General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Mikhail Gorbachev. It took place between December 8-10 in Washington, D.C..

Reagan and Gorbachev talked about problems in Afghanistan, Central America, and South Africa, arms control problems for chemical weapons, the status of START agreements, and human rights.

Reagan achieved the signing of the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty during the summit.
Ristijärvi

**Ristijärvi** is a municipality in Kainuu, Finland. It had 1,434 people living there in January 2014. The municipalities next to it are Puolanka, Hyrynsalmi, Kuhmo, Sotkamo, and Paltamo.

## Other websites

- The official page