juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
F.C. Kuban Krasnodar

**FC Kuban** () is a Russian football club based in Krasnodar. In 2006 they won promotion to the Russian Premier League. Kuban have previously spent two seasons in Russian Premier League and three seasons in Soviet Top League.

## History

The club was founded as Dynamo in 1928, but was named Neftyanik in 1954, Kuban in 1958, and Spartak in 1960. In 1963 the club was renamed Kuban and has been known by this name ever since.

Kuban and their predecessors mainly played at the lower levels of Soviet football, winning the RSFSR championship four times. Kuban played in the Soviet Top League in 1980-1982, achieving their best result (13th position) in 1981.

In 1992, due to the dissolution of the USSR, Kuban were entitled to play at the top level instead of being relegated to the Second League. They finished 18th out of 20 teams and were relegated. After spending several seasons in First and Second divisions, they won promotion back to the Premier League for 2004, but were again relegated straight away. This happened again in 2006 when they won promotion for the 2006-2007 season and then finished second to bottom.

## Honours

- **RSFSR Championship: 4**
    - Winners: 1948, 1962, 1973, 1987

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Kuban
- **fullname**: Football Club
Kuban Krasnodar
- **nickname**: Kazaki (Cossacks), yellow-green
- **founded**: 1928
- **ground**: Kuban Stadium,
Krasnodar
- **capacity**: 32,000
- **chairman**: Alexander Nikolayevich Tkachyov, Aleksander Tkachyov
- **manager**: Sergey Pavlov
- **league**: Russian First Division,
- **season**: 2007 in Russian football, 2007
- **position**: Russian Premier League 15th
- **pattern la1**: _yellowshoulders
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- **pattern ra2**: _yellowshoulders
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Liiga

**Liiga** also known as **SM-liiga** from 1975 to 2013, is the top professional ice hockey league in Finland. It is generally thought of as one of the top leagues in Europe. It started in 1975. SM is a common abbreviation for _Suomen mestaruus_, "Finnish championship".
Aurochs

The **aurochs**, or **urus**, (_Bos primigenius_) was a large species of cattle. The aurochs used to be common in Europe. It is extinct now. It was a wild animal, not a domesticated animal. The extinct aurochs/urus is a not the same species as the _wisent_ (the European bison).

According to the Paleontologisk Museum, University of Oslo, aurochs developed in India some two million years ago, came into the Middle East and farther into Asia, and reached Europe about 250,000 years ago. People once thought that they were a different species from modern European cattle (_Bos taurus_). Today, people think that aurochs and modern cattle are the same species.

Modern cattle have become much smaller than their wild ancestors: the height of a large domesticated cow is about 1.5 meters (5 feet, 15 hands), while aurochs were about 1.75 meters (5.75 feet, 17 hands).

Aurochs also had several features not often seen in modern cattle, such as lyre-shaped horns set at a forward angle, a pale stripe down the spine, and different color according to the gender. Males were black with a pale stripe down the spine, while females and calves were reddish (these colours are still found in a few domesticated cattle breeds, such as Jersey cattle). Aurochs were also known to have very aggressive behaviour, and killing one was seen as an act of courage in ancient cultures.

## Subspecies

At one time there were three aurochs subspecies, namely _Bos primigenius namadicus_ (Falconer, 1859) that occurred in India, the _Bos primigenius mauretanicus_ (Thomas, 1881) from North Africa and the _Bos primigenius primigenius_ (Bojanus, 1827) from Europe and the Middle East. Only the European subspecies survived until recent times.

## References

- American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 4th edition (AHD4). Houghton Mifflin, 2000. Headwords _aurochs_, _urus_, _wisent_.
- Bunzel-Drüke, M. 2001. _Ecological substitutes for wild horse_ (_Equus ferus_ Boddaert, 1785 = _E. przewalslii_ Poljakov, 1881) and Aurochs (_Bos primigenius_ Bojanus, 1827). Natur- und Kulturlandschaft, Höxter/Jena, **4**, 10 p. AFKP. Online pdf (298 kB)
- Garfield, Richard van. 1995. _Magic the gathering: gatherer search: Aurochs._ http://gatherer.wizards.com/?first=1&last=100&term=aurochs&Field_Name=on&Field_Rules=on&Field_Type=on&setfilter=Allsets&colorfilter=All
- International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. 2003. _Opinion 2027 (Case 3010)._ Usage of 17 specific names based on wild species which are pre-dated by or contemporary with those based on domestic animals (Lepidoptera, Osteichthyes, Mammalia): conserved. Bull.Zool.Nomencl., 60:81-84.
Privas

**Privas** is a commune of France, capital (Prefecture) of the Ardèche department of the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in southeastern France. It is the smallest administrative centre of any department in France.

Today Privas is known for several confectionery made with chestnuts produced in the region, as the _marron glacé_.

## History

When the department of Ardèche was created on 4 March 1790, the capital was Privas alternating with Annonay, Aubenas, Le Bourg(-Saint-Andéol) and Tournon. In September of that year, Privas became the only capital of the department.

## Geography

The _commune_ of Privas is in the central eastern part of the Ardèche department, in the valley of the _Ouvèze_ river, a tributary of the Rhône river. The _commune_ of Privas is in the centre of a region known as the "Bassin Privadois".

The _commune_ has an area of , and its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .

The distances from Privas to other cities are:
- Paris, the national capital - ;
- Lyon, the regional capital - ;
- Marseille - ;
- Strasbourg - ;
- Reims - ;
- Bordeaux - ;
- Toulouse - ;
- Montpellier - ;
- Nice - .

Privas is surrounded by the _communes_:

### Climate

The Köppen climate classification type for the climate at Largentière is an "Oceanic climate" (also known as Maritime Temperate climate) and of the subtype "Cfb".

## Population

The inhabitants of Privas are known, in French, as _Privadois_ (women: _Privadoises_).

With a population of 8,313, Privas has a population density of  inhabitants/km<sup>2</sup>. It is the prefecture with fewest people living in it.

**Evolution of the population in Privas**

## Administration

Privas is the prefecture of the Ardèche department since 1800. It is also the capital of the _arrondissement_ of Privas and the administrative centre () of the canton Privas, formed by 15 _communes_, including Privas, with 20,402 inhabitants <small>(2014)</small>.

It is part of the intercommunality _Privas Centre Ardèche_, officially named as _Communauté d'agglomération Privas Centre Ardèche_.

### Sister cities

Privas is twinned with:
- Tortona, Italy
- Weilburg, Germany
- Wetherby, United Kingdom
- Zevenaar, Netherlands

## Related pages

- Arrondissement of Privas
- Communes of the Ardèche department

## Other websites

- City council website
- Site de la Communauté d'agglomération Privas Centre Ardèche

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Privas
- **image coat of arms**: Blason ville fr Privas 07.svg
- **image**: Privas2.jpg
- **caption**: A view of Privas.
- **arrondissement**: Privas
- **canton**: Privas
- **intercommunality**: Privas Centre Ardèche
- **mayor**: Michel Valla
- **term**: 2014-2020
- **elevation m**: 475
- **elevation min m**: 200
- **elevation max m**: 750
- **area km2**: 12.14
- **population demonym**: Privadois
- **population**: 8313
- **population date**: 2014
- **insee**: 07186
- **postal code**: 07000
- **website**: [http://www.mairie-privas.fr/ www.mairie-privas.fr]
Guilherand-Granges

**Guilherand-Granges** is a town and commune of the Ardèche _département_, in the southern part of France.

## Related pages

- Communes of the Ardèche department

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Guilherand-Granges
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Entrée Guilherand-Granges.JPG
- **image coat of arms**: Blason ville fr Guilherand-Granges (Ardèche).svg
- **arrondissement**: Tournon-sur-Rhône
- **canton**: Guilherand-Granges
- **insee**: 07102
- **postal code**: 07500
- **mayor**: Sylvie Gaucher
- **term**: 2020–2026
- **intercommunality**: Rhône Crussol
- **elevation m**: 123
- **elevation min m**: 106
- **elevation max m**: 407
- **area km2**: 6.55
F.C. Angusht Nazran

**FC Angusht Nazran** are a Russian football club from Nazran. In 2006 the club played in the Russian First Division, the second level of Russian professional football.

The club was founded in 1993 as _Ingushetia Nazran_ and entered the Russian Third League in 1994. In 1995 the club was renamed Angusht and finished second in their zone, securing promotion to the Second League. Angusht finished second in 1998 and third in 2000, and in 1995 they managed to win their Second Division zone to get another promotion. The club spent the 2006 season in the First Division, finishing last between 22 teams. After the season Angusht went bankrupt, were renamed FC Nazran and joined the Amateur Football League.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: FC Angusht Nazran
- **fullname**: Football Club Angusht Nazran
- **founded**: 1993
- **ground**: Rashid Aushev Central Stadium, Rashid Aushev
Central Stadium,
Nazran
- **capacity**: 3,200
- **chairman**: Murat Zyazikov
- **manager**: Umar Markhiyev
- **league**: Amateur Football League, _South_ zone
- **season**: 2006 in Russian football, 2006
- **position**: Russian First Division, 22nd
- **pattern b1**: _thinsidesonwhite
- **leftarm1**: FFFFFF
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Union Army

The **Union Army** was the name of the army that fought for the Union during the American Civil War. It was also known as the Federal Army, the U.S. Army, the Northern Army, or the National Army.

## Structure

It consisted of the small United States Army (the regular army), increased by many regiments supplied by the Northern states militias. Most soldiers were volunteers but some were drafted.

## History

The Union Army fought and defeated the Confederate States Army during the war, from 1861 to 1865. Of the 2.5 million men who served in the Union Army during the war, about 9.5% were African American, about 360,000 died from being hurt in battle, disease, and 280,000 were wounded.
Stand Watie

**Stand Watie** (December 12, 1806 – September 9, 1871) was a leader of the Cherokee Nation and a brigadier general of the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. He commanded the Native American cavalry made up mostly of Cherokee, Creek and Seminole people. He was also known as **Degataga**, meaning to "stand firm" and **Isaac S. Watie**.

Stand Watie was born in Georgia. He helped his brother run a newspaper. Watie helped lead the Cherokees from Georgia to Oklahoma in 1835.

When the American Civil War started in 1861, Watie started a cavalry regiment. He led the regiment in several battles with the Union Army. In 1862, he was elected as a chief of the Cherokees. Watie surrendered to the Union army in 1865.

Watie died in 1871.

## Other websites

- Stand Watie Biography
George Stoneman

**George Stoneman, Jr.** (August 22, 1822 – September 5, 1894) was a career U.S. Army officer, a Union cavalry general in the American Civil War, and the Governor of California between 1883 and 1887.

## Infobox (governor)

- **name**: George Stoneman Jr.
- **image**: General George Stoneman.jpg
- **order**: 15th
- **office**: Governor of California
- **term start**: January 10, 1883
- **term end**: January 8, 1887
- **lieutenant**: John Daggett
- **predecessor**: George Clement Perkins, George C. Perkins
- **successor**: Washington Bartlett
- **birth place**: Busti, New York, Busti, New York (state), New York
- **death place**: Buffalo, New York, Buffalo, New York
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democrat
- **allegiance**: United States of America
Union (American Civil War), Union
- **branch**: United States Army
Union Army
- **serviceyears**: 1846–1871
- **rank**:  Major general (United States), Major General
- **commands**: III Corps (Union Army), III Corps
Cavalry Corps (Union Army), Cavalry Corps
XXIII Corps (Union Army), XXIII Corps
- **battles**: American Civil War
Cornas

**Cornas** is a French _commune_ that can be found in the département of Ardèche in the region of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes. The name is Celtic for "burnt land."  It has a population of 2,082 people.

## Related pages

- Communes of the Ardèche department

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Cornas
- **image**: Cornas 2007-06-16 018.jpg
- **image coat of arms**: Blason Cornas.svg
- **arrondissement**: Tournon-sur-Rhône
- **canton**: Saint-Péray
- **insee**: 07070
- **postal code**: 07130
- **mayor**: Élios Bernard Giné
- **term**: 2008–2014
- **intercommunality**: Valence Major and Rhône Crussol
- **elevation min m**: 98
- **elevation max m**: 492
- **area km2**: 8.33
- **population**: 2255
- **population date**: 2008
Coux

**Coux** can be any of the following communes of France:

- Coux, Ardèche, in the Ardèche _département_
- Coux, Charente-Maritime, in the Charente-Maritime _département_
- Coux-et-Bigaroque, in the Dordogne _département_
Military history

**Military history** is the history of what happened in the history of humanity that are considered to be conflicts. This could mean anything as small as a fight between two tribes or a conflict as large as a world war. Military historians record military history.

## Related pages

- Military science

## Other websites

- Why Study War?, by Victor Davis Hanson, _City Journal,_ Summer 2007
- Military History Encyclopedia
- Military History Wiki
Coux, Ardèche

**Coux** is a commune of the Ardèche _département_ in the south-east of France.  The commune has a population of 1,466 people as of the year 1999.

## Related pages

- Communes of the Ardèche department
Cruas

**Cruas** is a village and commune that can be found by the Rhône River in the Ardèche _département_ of France.  The commune has a population of 2,405 people as of the year 1999.

## Related pages

- Communes of the Ardèche department

## Other websites

- http://www.cruas.com

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Cruas
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Centrale nucléaire de Cruas.jpg
- **arrondissement**: Privas
- **canton**: Le Pouzin
- **insee**: 07076
- **postal code**: 07350
- **mayor**: Rachel Cotta
- **term**: 2020–2026
- **intercommunality**: Ardèche Rhône Coiron
- **elevation min m**: 72
- **elevation max m**: 480
- **area km2**: 15.45
Davézieux

**Davézieux** is a village and commune in the Ardèche _département_ in the center of southern France.  The commune has a population of 2,629 people as of the year 1999.

## Related pages

- Communes of the Ardèche department
Désaignes

** Désaignes  ** is a village and commune in the Ardèche _département_ in the southern part of France.  The commune has a population of 1,105 people as of the year 1999.

## Related pages

- Communes of the Ardèche department
Félines

**Félines** can be the names of any of the following communes of France:

- Félines, Ardèche, a commune in the department of Ardèche
- Félines, Haute-Loire, a commune in the department of Hérault
- Félines-Minervois, a commune in the department of Hérault
- Félines-sur-Rimandoule, a commune in the department of Drôme
- Félines-Termenès, a commune in the department of Aude
Félines, Ardèche

**Félines** is a commune of the Ardèche _département_ in the south-east of France.  The commune has a population of 1,106 people as of the year 1999.

## Related pages

- Communes of the Ardèche department
Jaujac

**Jaujac** is a town and commune in the Ardèche _département_, in the southern part of France.  The commune had a population of 1,048 people as of the year 1999.

## Related pages

- Communes of the Ardèche department
Joyeuse (disambiguation)

**Joyeuse** is the name of Charlemagne's sword.

**Joyeuse** can also be any of the following:

- Joyeuse River, a river in France
- Joyeuse, Ardèche, a town in the French department of Ardèche
Joyeuse, Ardèche

**Joyeuse** ()is a _commune_ in the French department of Ardèche in the region of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes. It is the seat of the canton of Joyeuse.  Joyeuse has a population of 1,487 people as of the year 1999.

## Geography

Joyeuse can be found in the  region of Bas-Vivarais that has a lot of history.  It can be found in the valley of the Beaume, which is a tributary of the Ardèche River.

## People connected to Joyeuse

- Marcus Julius Bassus, Roman consul, whose tomb is near Joyeuse
- Charlemagne, starter of Joyeuse
- Duke Anne de Joyeuse
- Cardinal François de Joyeuse
- Duchess Henriette Catherine de Joyeuse
- La Grande Mademoiselle, Anne Marie Louise d'Orléans de Montpensier
- François Boissel

## Twin town

Joyeuse is twinned with Jupille and Vilassar de Dalt.

## Related pages

- Communes of the Ardèche department

## Other websites

- Mairie of Joyeuse

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Joyeuse
- **image**: joyeusevuegenerale.jpg
- **image coat of arms**: Blason de la famille de Chateauneuf-Randon (de Joyeuse).svg
- **arrondissement**: Largentière
- **canton**: Joyeuse
- **insee**: 07110
- **postal code**: 07260
- **mayor**: Jacques Lacour
- **intercommunality**: Pays Beaume Drobie
- **elevation m**: 180
- **elevation min m**: 120
- **elevation max m**: 323
- **area km2**: 13.04
- **population**: 1,483
- **population date**: 1999
Labégude

**Labégude** is a town and commune in the Ardèche _département_, in the southern part of France. The commune had a population of 1,337 people as of the year 1999.

## Related pages

- Communes of the Ardèche department

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Labégude
- **image**: La bégude (Ardèche) - Vallée de l'Ardèche (33762189623).jpg
- **arrondissement**: Privas
- **canton**: Vals-les-Bains
- **insee**: 07116
- **postal code**: 07200
- **mayor**: Jean-Yves Ponthier
- **term**: 2008–2014
- **intercommunality**: Vinobre
- **elevation m**: 242
- **elevation min m**: 226
- **elevation max m**: 520
- **area km2**: 3.12
- **population**: 1366
- **population date**: 2008
Lachapelle-sous-Aubenas

** Lachapelle-sous-Aubenas  ** is a village and commune in the Ardèche _département_ of the center of southern France.  The commune has a population of 1,264 people as of the year 1999.

## Related pages

- Communes of the Ardèche department
Druid

A **Druid** was a member of the priestly and learned class in the pre-Christian, ancient Celtic societies. These societies existed through much of Western Europe, until the Roman government took over and, later, Christianity arrived. Druids were part of the cultures of the tribal peoples who were called "Keltoi" (_Κέλτοι_) or "Keltai" (_Κέλται_) and "Galatai" (_Γαλάται_) by the Greeks and "Celtae" and "Galli" by the Romans. In the communities they served, druids combined the duties of priest, arbitrator, healer, scholar, and magistrate. Both men and women served as druids, although there is no early proof for female druids, or druidesses.

## History

From what little we know of late druidic practices, it appears deeply traditional and conservative, in the sense that druids were conserving the old culture and lore for their communities.  It is impossible now to judge whether this continuity had deep historical roots and originated in the social transformations of the late La Tène culture, or whether there had been a discontinuity and then a religious innovation.

Greek and Roman writers on the Celts commonly made at least passing reference to druids, though before Julius Caesar's report merely as "barbarian philosophers"; They were not concerned with ethnology or comparative religion and consequently our historical knowledge of druids is very limited. Druidic lore consisted of a large number of verses learned by heart, and Caesar remarked that twenty years were required to complete the course of study.

Druidic culture are believed to be practicers of rituals and such magic, Druids were believed to be a neutral people they were known as Druid(ae) similar to priests and scholars believed to have studied rituals of Human sacrifice and Familiars (Known currently as a form of a pet from a practicer; Witch, Druidae, Warlock). The Druidic culture was believed to have some form of religious complication.
Druids are known to have practiced such as reincarnation as animals of worship (Bird, Lion, Tiger, Cat, Monkey), but such cannot be proved as what we know so far.
They were said to have lived in Roman times in Great Britain and Ireland it is said that they have some form of connection to Stonehenge and other monuments.
Lalevade-d'Ardèche

** Lalevade-d'Ardèche  ** is a village and commune in the Ardèche _département_ in the center of southern France. The commune has a population of about 1,000 people as of the year 1999.

## Related pages

- Communes of the Ardèche department
Lamastre

** Lamastre  ** is a village and commune in the Ardèche _département_ in the center of southern France. The commune has a population of about 2,400 people as of the year 1999.

## Related pages

- Communes of the Ardèche department
Lavilledieu

**Lavilledieu** is a _commune_ in the Ardèche _département_ in the southern part of France.  The commune has a population of about 1,400 people as of the year 1999.

## Related pages

- Communes of the Ardèche department

## Other websites

- Lavilledieu website

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Lavilledieu
- **image coat of arms**: Blason ville fr Lavilledieu (Ardèche).svg
- **arrondissement**: Privas
- **canton**: Villeneuve-de-Berg
- **insee**: 07138
- **postal code**: 07170
- **mayor**: Yvon Eyrolet
- **term**: 2001-2008
- **intercommunality**: Berg et Coiron
- **elevation m**: 222
- **elevation min m**: 196
- **elevation max m**: 371
- **area km2**: 14.65
- **population**: 1,430
- **population date**: 1999
Druid (disambiguation)

**Druid** could mean:
- Druid, a priest of the religion of the ancient Celts
- Neo-druidism, a modern Neo-pagan religious practice where Archdruid is a high priest.
- Druid (character class), a character that represents a magical priest of nature in role-playing games
    - Druids, a character class in Dungeons & Dragons.
    - Druids, a character class in the MMORPG, _World of Warcraft_.
- a rank within the Gorsedd of Bards.
- Merlin, the wizard of Arthurian legend
- Druid (band), a British Progressive rock band from the late 1970's.
- _Druids_, a (2001) film about a Celtic druid resisting the Roman armies.
- Druid database designer
- Druid Theatre Company A Theatre company in Galway, Ireland.
- an open-source version of an automated computer Wizard
- Druids Celtic Cider, a cider available in the UK and Ireland
- _Druid_, a computer game for the Commodore 64.
- Druids are an order of historians, philosophers, magic-users, teachers and researchers in the Shannara series of fantasy novels by Terry Brooks.
- DRiving Under the Influence of Drugs, alcohol and medicine, EU-funded research project that will do in-depth research on drug use and traffic safety.
Saint-Péray

**Saint-Péray** (; ) is a town and commune in the Ardèche _département_, in the southern part France. The commune has a population of about 6,500 people as of the year 1999.

## Related pages

- Communes of the Ardèche department

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Saint-Péray
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image coat of arms**: Blason Saint-Péray.svg
- **image**: Ville de Saint Péray.jpg
- **caption**: A general view of Saint-Péray
- **arrondissement**: Tournon-sur-Rhône
- **canton**: Guilherand-Granges
- **insee**: 07281
- **postal code**: 07130
- **mayor**: Frédéric Gerland
- **term**: 2025–2026
- **elevation m**: 128
- **elevation min m**: 107
- **elevation max m**: 652
- **area km2**: 24.05
La Voulte-sur-Rhône

** La Voulte-sur-Rhône ** is a village and commune in the Ardèche _département_ in the center of southern France. The commune has a population of about 5,100 people as of the year 1999.

## Related pages

- Communes of the Ardèche department
Viviers

**Viviers** can be any one of the following communes in France:

- Viviers, Ardèche, in the Ardèche _département_, capital of the _Vivarais_ and episcopal see
- Viviers, Moselle, in the Moselle _département_
- Viviers, Yonne, in the Yonne _département_
- Viviers-du-Lac, in the Savoie _département_
- Viviers-le-Gras, in the Vosges _département_
- Viviers-lès-Lavaur, in the Tarn _département_
- Viviers-lès-Montagnes, in the Tarn _département_
- Viviers-lès-Offroicourt, in the Vosges _département_
- Viviers-sur-Artaut, in the Aube _département_
- Viviers-sur-Chiers, in the Meurthe-et-Moselle _département_
Viviers, Ardèche

**Viviers** is a commune in the French _département_ of Ardèche.  The commune has a population of about 3,400 people as of the year 1999.

## History

Viviers became the capital of the Gaulish Helvii tribe following the falling of nearby Alba-la-Romaine.

## Related pages

- Communes of the Ardèche department

## Other websites

- Viviers on the site of the Institut Géographique National
- Viviers on the site of the I<small>NSEE</small>
- Viviers on the site of the Quid
- Communes closest to Viviers
- Localisation de Viviers on a map of France
- Map of Viviers on Mapquest
Druidism

**Druidism** or **Druidry** (referred to as **Neodruidry** or **Neodruidism** by some followers) is a Celtic form of modern spirituality that generally promotes harmony with nature, often through the form of nature worship. It is considered to be a Neopagan faith.

Originally inspired by 17th, 18th and 19th century romantic movements, early neo-druidism was based upon largely historically incorrect depictions of the Iron Age Celtic druids, and has no direct relation to the ancient Celts or their culture.

## Beliefs and Practises

Neo-druidic beliefs vary wildly, and there is no set dogma or belief system by which all adherents follow. Main beliefs include the Earth and nature are sacred, and is worthy of worship itself. For this reason many druids are pantheistic, animistic, or polytheistic.

## Related pages

- Celts
- Druid
- Stonehenge
Shutter (2008 movie)

***Shutter*** is a 2008 American mystery horror thriller movie released on March 21, 2008. It is about a newly married couple finding disturbing, ghostly images in photographs they develop after a tragic accident. Fearing the manifestations may be connected, they investigate and learn that some mysteries are better left unsolved.

## Infobox (film)

- **name**: Shutter
- **director**: Masayuki Ochiai
- **producer**: Takashige Ichise
Roy Lee
Doug Davison
Sonny Mallhi
- **writer**: Luke Dawson
- **starring**: Joshua Jackson
Rachael Taylor
Megumi Okina
- **music**: Nathan Barr
- **cinematography**: Katsumi Yanagijima
- **editing**: Tim Alverson
Michael Knue
- **studio**: Regency Enterprises
New Regency Productions, New Regency
Roy Lee#Vertigo Entertainment, Vertigo Entertainment
- **distributor**: 20th Century Fox
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English And Japanese
- **runtime**: 85 minutes
90 minutes
- **budget**: $8 million
- **gross**: $47,879,410
Tit

**Tits** may mean:

- Passerine songbirds of the family Paridae
    - Great tit
    - Blue tit
    - Black-capped chickadee
- Female breasts
Rajput

**Rājput** or **Rajputra** (from Sanskrit _rājāputrā_ meaning: ‘son of a king_’_) also called **Thakur** is an Indo-Aryan community belonging to the Indian subcontinent. The Rajputs claim to be descendants or members of the Kshatriya (warrior and ruling) class.   According to historians like Vaidya, R.B. Singh, G.K. Ojha and several others, the Rajputs originated from the Vedic Aryan Kshatriyas of the epics- Ramayana and Mahabharata, and have been referred to as the most valiant and fearless warriors of Indian subcontinent. During 6th to 12th century, the Rajputs were at the pinnacle of their power, many parts of Northern India were ruled and dominated by various Rajput dynasties.

## Origin

They claim descent from various Kshatriya dynasties such as Agnivanshi, Chandravanshi and Suryavanshi.

Their origins are also traced back to ancient tribes, with some theories suggesting their origins from the Indo-Aryans or from the Scythians.

## Demographics

They are found in the Indian states of Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Gujrat, Haryana, Jammu and Kashmir, Maharashtra, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Bihar and Jharkhand and some parts of Pakistan.

## Present scenario

At present the real Rajputs, in all the states of India, are considered a General caste (forward caste). This means that they have no access to reservations in India’s positive discrimination of castes.

The Rajputs were regarded as a martial race by the Britishers due to their bravery, courage and rich historical background. This led to the formation of regiments such as the Rajput regiment and the Rajputana Rifles regiment.

They were high in number in the armed services of India and at present too this community gives a large number of soldiers to the Indian defence forces.(Army, Navy, Airforce).

## Related pages

- Rajput clans
- Rajputana Rifles
- Maharana Pratap
- Thakur

## Other websites

- RajputPedia.com, A Rajput Encyclopedia documenting everything Rajput and Kshatriya related.
- Rajputcommunity.in a site with hundreds of different post of Rajputs and their clans
- Origin of Rajputs
- Rajput Vansh and Clans
- Rajputs  _Columbia Encyclopedia_, Sixth Edition; 2005
- Rajput  _Encyclopedia Britannica_; 1911
- Rajputs in Rajoa, Dadyal
- Ek Tha Raja
Piety

**Piety** (from the Latin word pietas, meaning "devout" or "good") is generally used to refer either to Religious devotion or to spirituality. A common element in most ideas of **piety** is humility, or a lack of pride. It can also refer to a way to win the favor or forgiveness of God in Christianity.
Anne of Green Gables

***Anne of Green Gables*** is a book by Canadian author Lucy Maud Montgomery. It was published in 1908. It was written as fiction for readers of all ages. Since the middle 20th century it has been classified as a children's book. Montgomery wrote the book after seeing a newspaper article about a couple that were mistakenly sent an orphan girl instead of a boy, yet decided to keep her.

The book takes place on Prince Edward Island, Canada, where the author grew up.

## Sequels

Montgomery continued the story of Anne Shirley in a series of sequels. They are listed in the order of Anne's age in each of the novels.

|#|Book|Date published|Anne Shirley's age|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1|_Anne of Green Gables_|1908|11—16|
|2|_Anne of Avonlea_|1909|16—18|
|3|_Anne of the Island_|1915|18—22|
|4|_Anne of Windy Poplars_ (US&Canada) _Anne of Windy Willows_ (Other)||1936||22—25|||
|5|_Anne's House of Dreams_|1917|25—27|
|6|_Anne of Ingleside_|1939|34—40|
|7|_Rainbow Valley_|1919|41|
|8|_Rilla of Ingleside_|1921|49—53|
|colspan="4"||||
|colspan="4" align="center"  bgcolor="#f7f8ff"|_Related books in which Anne Shirley plays a lesser part_|||
|#|Book|Date published|Anne Shirley's age|
|—|_Chronicles of Avonlea_|1912|—|
|—|_Further Chronicles of Avonlea_|1920|—|

## Other websites

- .
- _Anne of Green Gables_ free downloads in pdf, pdb and lit formats
- ANNE OF GREEN GABLES Hypertext formatted version of the Project Gutenberg edition.
- Anne of Green Gables and L M Montomery in Spanish
- Anne of Green Gables - The Musical(tm) Official Homepage
- Anne3.com Home of the Sullivan Anne of Green Gables trilogy with info on the movies and the Avonlea Message Boards
- UPEI LMM Institute  University of Prince Edward Island L. M. Montgomery Institute

## Infobox (book)

- **name**: Anne of Green Gables
- **image**: Montgomery Anne of Green Gables.jpg
- **image caption**: Anne of Green Gables first edition cover.
- **author**: Lucy Maud Montgomery
- **illustrator**: M. A. and W. A. J. Claus
- **country**: Canada
- **language**: English language, English
- **series**: Anne of Green Gables
- **genre**: Children's literature, Children's novel
- **publisher**: L. C. Page & Co.
- **release date**: 1908
- **media type**: Print (Hardcover)
- **pages**: 429 pp _(first edition)_
- **followed by**: Anne of Avonlea
Secondary sex characteristic

**Secondary sex characteristics** are features which make it possible to tell the sexes of a species apart. They are not directly linked to reproduction.

Male birds usually have much more colourful feathers (plumage). Females are usually better able to hide, and their plumage is camouflaged. This makes sense, because the female birds carry the "precious package".

Well-known secondary sex characteristics in humans are for men: low voice tone, facial hair (mustache and beard) and more muscular build, shoulders wider, bones heavier, hands and feet bigger, height taller. In women, those characteristics usually cited are more prominent breasts, lips, eyes, long/fast growing hair, no facial hair, height shorter, wider hips, more fat, and a higher voice tone. Average length of the tongue is greater in females, sometimes quite noticeably. It is reasonable to think this is also a secondary sexual character.

Faces, generally, make a big impact. It is the part other people interact with when meeting each other.

Some features are based on necessity. The wider hips of women are needed to give birth. Babies are born through the space between the three bones of a woman's pelvis. So is doubtful to call this a _secondary_ characteristic, except so far as the width helps attract mates. Breasts are also essential, but in humans they are much larger in proportion to other mammals, and they do serve to attract males.

## Evolutionary ideas

Charles Darwin thought that sexual selection, or competition within a species for mates explains many of the differences between sexes. Behaviour, such as male-to-male combat and female choice of males is a kind of secondary sex characteristic. Many 'ornaments' such brighter plumage, colouration, and other features have no immediate function except to improve the male's chances of being selected by females for breeding. Weapons such as antlers may serve both as defence against predators, and as status symbols advertising health and fitness.

## Related pages

- Sexual dimorphism
- Sexual selection
- Sexual reproduction
Poltergeist

A  (from German _"poltern"_, which means _"rumble"_ or _"make noise"_, and _"geist"_, which means _"ghost"_, _"spirit"_ or _"embodiment"_) is a spirit or ghost that is able to move and influence objects. Poltergeists are said to be invisible.

Poltergeists are said to bother only one person at a time. This person is called their "focus". They are said to only last a few weeks, then will move on to another target. Often poltergeists are reported around children and adolescents.

Some scientists think that poltergeists only exist in a person's head as a result of psychokinesis. They think that the "poltergeist effect" is a result of mental trauma.

## Media

There is a 1982 movie called _Poltergeist_.

In _Harry Potter_ there is a poltergeist named Peeves. However, Peeves is not a classic poltergeist. He can be seen and does not focus on bothering just one person.

## Other websites

- Poltergeist: The Legacy Website
- Dehaunting Techniques
- International Journal of Parapsychology
- Princeton Engineering Anomalies Research
- Skeptic's Dictionary
- 1926 silent short film of the Eleonora Zugun poltergeist case On YouTube, with German title cards.
Mercy

**Mercy** can refer to a compassionate behavior by those in power (for example, _mercy_ shown by a judge toward a criminal by not punishing him (or her) as much as he (or she) might be punished). It may also mean compassionate action by a third party (e.g. a trip out of _mercy_ trying to treat sick children in Africa). The word is very common in several religions (for example, the mercy of God).

## Related pages

- Divine Mercy devotion

## Other websites

- Dictionary
Tatnet

**Tatnet** (short for "Tatar Internet") is the name Tatar-speaking Internet users commonly use for the "segment of the Internet" about the Tatar people or Tatarstan. It includes webpages and websites in many languages.

The first e-mail message in Tatar was probably sent and received in 1991 when employees of the Tatar-Bashkir Service of Radio Liberty/Radio Free Europe Inc. started using the Internet and electronic communication on a regular basis. In 1994, a Tatar-language mailing list (TMG, standing for Tatar Mailing Group) was established and this year is commonly regarded as the birthyear of the Tatar Internet. Since approximately 2000, Tatnet has been developing explosively, with many web pages and web sites added to it annually. The existence of Tatnet continues to contribute tremendously to the cohesion and consolidation of the Tatar people, a significant achievement because Tatars are despersed all over the world and a substantial majority of Tatars live outside their ethnic homeland, Tatarstan. Tatar Internet users employ Latin and Cyrillic scripts with the former gradually becoming more dominant.
Tatarstan

**Tatarstan** is an autonomous republic within Russia. The republic is about 800 kilometers (497 miles) east of Moscow. It is between the Volga River and the Kama River (a tributary of the Volga), and extends east to the Ural Mountains. Most of the people are Tatars,

Its capital is Kazan.

## Religion

Islam is the faith that most people in Tatarstan follow.

## Geography

The republic is in the center of the East European Plain.

### Rivers

Major rivers include (Tatar names are given in parentheses):
- Belaya River (Ağidel)
- Ik River (Iq)
- Kama River (Çulman)
- Volga River (İdel)
- Vyatka River (Noqrat)
- Kazanka River

### Lakes

Major reservoirs of the republic include (Tatar names are given in parentheses):
- Kuybyshev Reservoir (Kuybışev)
- Lower Kama Reservoir (Tübän Kama)

The biggest lake is Qaban. The biggest swamp is Kulyagash.

### Hills

- Bugulma-Belebey Upland
- Volga Upland
- Vyatskie Uvaly

### Natural resources

Major natural resources of Tatarstan include oil, natural gas, gypsum, and more.  It is estimated that the Republic has over one billion tons of oil deposits.

## Infobox (russian federal subject)

- **en name**: Republic of Tatarstan
- **ru name**: Республика Татарстан
- **loc lang1**: Tatar language, Tatar
- **image map**: Map of Russia (2014–2022) - Tatarstan.svg
- **image coa**: Coat of arms of Tatarstan.svg
- **coa caption**: Coat of arms of the Republic of Tatarstan
- **image flag**: Flag of Tatarstan.svg
- **flag caption**: Flag of the Republic of Tatarstan
- **anthem**: State Anthem of the Republic of Tatarstan
- holiday
- holiday_ref
- **political status**: Republic
- **political status link**: Republics of Russia
- **federal district**: Volga Federal District, Volga
- **economic region**: Volga economic region, Volga
- **adm ctr type**: Capital
- **adm ctr name**: Kazan
- **official lang list**: Tatar language, Tatar
Charles Chesnutt

**Charles Waddell Chesnutt** (June 20, 1858 – November 15, 1932) was an African-American writer.  He wrote several books like _The Marrow of Tradition_ and _The House Behind the Cedars_ as well as for a short story about a haunted yard called _The Goophered Grapevine_.

## Selected works

- _The Conjure Woman, and Other Conjure Tales_ (1899)
- _The Wife of His Youth, and Other Stories of the Color Line_ (1899)
- _Frederick Douglass_ (1899)
- _The Passing of Grandison_ (1899)
- _The House Behind the Cedars_ (1900)
- _The Marrow of Tradition_ (1901)
- _The Colonel's Dream_ (1905)
- _Mandy Oxendine_ (written in the 1890s; first published in 1997)
- _Paul Marchand, F.M.C._ (written in 1921; first published 1998, University Press of Mississippi)
- _A Business Career_ (written in the 1890s; first published 2005, University Press of Mississippi)
- _Evelyn's Husband_ (first published 2005, University Press of Mississippi)
Kansas City Royals

The **Kansas City Royals** are a Major League Baseball team based in Kansas City, Missouri. They began play in 1969. The Royals won a World Series title in 1985. From 1973 to the present, the Royals have played in Kauffman Stadium. They are owned by John Sherman, managed by Matt Quatraro, and their General Manager is J.J. Picollo .

The old minor league baseball team in Kansas City had been called the Blues. There was also a famous Negro league baseball team called the Kansas City Monarchs. The Royals name and their team color blue are at least partly in honor of those older teams. The Kansas City Royals first played in the World Series where they lost to the Philadelphia Phillies.  In 1985, they won their first championship, beating the St. Louis Cardinals in seven.  The Royals returned to the World Series in 2014 but lost to the San Francisco Giants.  However, they defeated the New York Mets 4 games to 1 in 2015 to win their second championship.

## Other websites

- Kansas City Royals Official Website
- Royals on Radio
- Around the Horn in KC - Official MLBlog of the Kansas City Royals front office.
- CBS SportsLine.com
- Sports E-Cyclopedia
Edwidge Danticat

**Edwidge Danticat** (born January 19, 1969) is a Haitian born American writer. Her books include _Krik? Krak!_ and _Breath, Eyes, Memory_, which was chosen for the Oprah Book Club in 1998.
Detroit Pistons

The **Detroit Pistons** are an American professional basketball team of the National Basketball Association (NBA). While billed as a Detroit team, its home arena  was the Pontiac Silverdome. In 1988, they moved to The Palace of Auburn Hills, located in the northern suburb of Auburn Hills, Michigan, from 1988 from 2018. The Pistons will move to the city of Detroit for the 2017–18 season, sharing the new Little Caesars Arena with the Detroit Red Wings of the NHL. In 1948, the team was in Fort Wayne, Indiana, but that was before moving to Detroit in 1957. The team has won three NBA championships in 1989, 1990, and 2004. Their head coach is J.B. Bickerstaff, they are owned by Tom Gores and their general manager is Troy Weaver.

## Infobox (basketball club)

- **name**: Detroit Pistons
- **current**: 2025–26 Detroit Pistons season
- **logo**: Logo of the Detroit Pistons.png
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **conference**: Eastern Conference (NBA), Eastern
- **division**: Central Division (NBA), Central
- **founded**: 1941
- **history**: **Fort Wayne Zollner Pistons**
1941–1948
**Fort Wayne Pistons**
1948–1957
**Detroit Pistons**
1957–present
- **arena**: Little Caesars Arena
- **location**: Detroit, Detroit, Michigan
- **colors**: Royal blue, red, chrome, navy blue, white

- **sponsor**: Flagstar Bank
- **owner**: Tom Gores
- **president**: Ed Stefanski
- **gm**: Troy Weaver
- **coach**: J.B. Bickerstaff
- **affiliation**: Grand Rapids Drive
- **league champs**: **3** (1989 NBA Finals, 1989, 1990 NBA Finals, 1990, 2004 NBA Finals, 2004)
- **conf champs**: **7**
**Western: 2** (1955 NBA playoffs, 1955, 1956 NBA playoffs, 1956)
**Eastern: 5** (1988 NBA playoffs, 1988, 1989 NBA playoffs, 1989, 1990 NBA playoffs, 1990, 2004 NBA playoffs, 2004, 2005 NBA playoffs, 2005)
- **div champs**: **9** (1987–88 NBA season, 1988, 1988–89 NBA season, 1989, 1989–90 NBA season, 1990, 2001–02 NBA season, 2002, 2002–03 NBA season, 2003, 2004–05 NBA season, 2005, 2005–06 NBA season, 2006, 2006–07 NBA season, 2007, 2007–08 NBA season, 2008)
- **ret nums**: **12** (Chauncey Billups, 1, Chuck Daly, 2, Ben Wallace, 3, Joe Dumars, 4, Bill Russell, 6, Dennis Rodman, 10, Isiah Thomas, 11, Vinnie Johnson, 15, Bob Lanier (basketball), 16, Dave Bing, 21, Richard Hamilton (basketball), 32, Bill Laimbeer, 40)
- **1 title**: Association
- **1 pattern b**: _2018-19_DET_association
- **1 pattern s**: _2018-19_DET_association
- **2 title**: Icon
- **2 pattern b**: _2018-19_DET_icon
- **2 pattern s**: _2018-19_DET_icon
- **3 title**: Statement
- **3 pattern b**: _2018-19_DET_statement
- **3 pattern s**: _2018-19_DET_statement
Lifeguard

A **lifeguard** is a person on the beach or at a public pool who shows people the correct way of using the water facility and stops accidents from happening. They are trained in rescue situations. Lifeguards are usually found at most public pools and lakes.
A Night at the Opera (Queen album)

***A Night at the Opera*** is a Queen album from 1975.  It is generally regarded as Queen's strongest and most influential album. The album is in the 2005 book _1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die_. It was reportedly the most expensive album ever recorded at the time of its release.

## Track listing

1. Death on Two Legs
1. Lazing on a Sunday Afternoon
1. I'm in Love with My Car
1. You're My Best Friend
1. '39
1. Sweet Lady
1. Seaside Rendezvous
1. The Prophet's Song
1. Love of My Life
1. Good Company
1. Bohemian Rhapsody
1. God Save The Queen

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: A Night at the Opera
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: Queen (band), Queen
- **border**: yes
- **released**: 21 November 1975
- **recorded**: August–November 1975
- **genre**: * Progressive rock
* Pop music, pop
* Heavy metal music, heavy metal
* hard rock
* avant-pop
- **length**: 43:08
- **label**: * EMI Records, EMI
* Elektra Records, Elektra
- **producer**: * Roy Thomas Baker
* Queen
- **prev title**: Sheer Heart Attack
- **prev year**: 1974
- **next title**: A Day at the Races (album), A Day at the Races
- **next year**: 1976
A Day at the Races (album)

***A Day at the Races*** is the fifth studio album by Queen and was released on 10 December 1976 by EMI Records in the United Kingdom and by Elektra Records in the United States. It topped the album charts in Japan, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, number 3 in Norway, number 4 in Canada and Finland, number 5 in the United States, number 8 in Australia, Austria and Sweden, number 10 in Germany and number 11 in New Zealand.

### Original release

All lead vocals by Freddie Mercury unless noted.

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: A Day at the Races
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: Queen (band), Queen
- **recorded**: 12 July – 24 August 1976
<small>Initial sessions</small>
5 September – 19 November 1976
<small>Final sessions</small>
- **genre**: * Hard rock
* symphonic rock
* glam rock
* pop music, pop
- **length**: 44:24
- **producer**: Queen
- **prev title**: A Night at the Opera (Queen album), A Night at the Opera
- **prev year**: 1975
- **next title**: News of the World (album), News of the World
- **next year**: 1977
News of the World (album)

***News of the World*** is the seventh studio album from the English rock band Queen, released in 1977.

## Track listing

1. We Will Rock You
1. We Are the Champions
1. Sheer Heart Attack
1. All Dead, All Dead
1. Spread Your Wings
1. Fight from the Inside
1. Get Down, Make Love
1. Sleeping on the Sidewalk
1. Who Needs You
1. It's Late
1. My Melancholy Blues

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: News of the World
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: Queen (band), Queen
- **released**: 28 October 1977
- **recorded**: 6 July – 16 September 1977
- **studio**: Basing Street Studios, Basing Street, Sarm West Studios, Sarm West, and Wessex Sound Studios, Wessex Sound, London
- **genre**: *Hard rock
*arena rock
- **length**: 39:10 (LP and Remastered 2011 CD)
 44:08 (1991 Hollywood Records Reissue CD)
- **prev title**: A Day at the Races (album), A Day at the Races
- **prev year**: 1976
- **next title**: Jazz (Queen album), Jazz
- **next year**: 1978