juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Beautiful Dreamer

"**Beautiful Dreamer**" is a song by Stephen Foster written about 1862. It was first published (posthumously) in 1864 by William A. Pond & Co. It has been promoted as Foster's last song, but that distinction cannot be confirmed. It is similar in some respects to his first published song, "Open They Lattice, Love". Both have a triple rhythm and share imagery of the sea and marine life.

The arpeggiated accompaniment recalls bel canto opera. The dreamer in this song is either asleep or dead. The song does not distinguish. It is a song though about dissolution  of melting, of dissolving, of vanishing into mists, and, finally into death. The song is not held in the highest esteem by some musicologists and has been described by one as "saccharine" and "[smacking] somewhat of the idiom of Irving Berlin."

## Lyrics

> <poem>
> 1.
> Beautiful dreamer, wake unto me,
> Starlight and dewdrops are waiting for thee;
> Sounds of the rude world, heard in the day,
> Lull'd by the moonlight have all pass'd away!
> Beautiful dreamer, queen of my song,
> List while I woo thee with soft melody;
> Gone are the cares of life's busy throng,
> Beautiful dreamer, awake unto me!
> Beautiful dreamer, awake unto me!
> 2.
> Beautiful dreamer, out on the sea,
> Mermaids are chanting the wild lorelei;
> Over the streamlet vapors are borne,
> Waiting to fade at the bright coming morn.
> Beautiful dreamer, beam on my heart,
> E'en as the morn on the streamlet and sea;
> Then will all clouds of sorrow depart,
> Beautiful dreamer, awake unto me!
> Beautiful dreamer, awake unto me!
> </poem>
Box-Ironbark forest

**Box-Ironbark forest** is a forest or woodland ecosystem found in central Victoria in south-eastern Australia. It is named after the Box and Ironbark trees which grow in the forest. These tree species produce a lot of nectar and pollen throughout the year. This is important for the conservation of many species of birds and other animals.

## History

Box-Ironbark forest lies mainly within the Goldfields region of Victoria. During the main years of the gold rush (1851-1870) it underwent intensive digging and clearing in the goldfields. Large areas of forest were cut down for use in the gold mines and for firewood in surrounding areas.  After the gold rush, the forests were still heavily cut for firewood and cleared for farming.

## Description

Box-Ironbark forest is found on rocky, often auriferous (gold-bearing), soils, in flat and undulating landscapes at altitudes of 150–600 m above sea level. The average annual rainfall of is 500–800 mm.  About 40% of the original forest ecosystem in Victoria is public land, with about 20% protected in conservation reserves.  About 55% has been permanently cleared for agriculture, mining and urban development.  Remaining forest is in small scattered areas.

### Vegetation

Box-Ironbark forest has a canopy of box, ironbark and gum-barked eucalypts, growing to 25 m in height. Below them is an understorey of wattles, small-leaved and prostrate shrubs, herbs and grasses.  The main trees are White Box, Red Box, Red Ironbark, Mugga Ironbark, Yellow Gum and Red Stringybark.  In some areas they may grow with, or be replaced by, Yellow Box, Long-leaf Box or Silver Bundy.  The mix of plants in the groundcover includes the largest concentrations of orchids of any Victorian ecosystem. Small herbs and shrubs found in Box-Ironbark forests include _Cheiranthera cyanaea_, _Philotheca verrucosa_, _Xerochrysum viscosum_, _Pultenaea largiflorens_, _Acacia williamsonii_ and _Stuartina muelleri_.

### Animals

The trees of the Box-Ironbark forest produce a lot of flowers and nectar. They are a major source of nectar and pollen for honeyeaters, lorikeets and many kinds of invertebrates. Flowering of the different species of eucalypts takes place at different times of year so there is always a nectar or pollen source available for migratory, nomadic and resident birds. This means there are both more species, and greater numbers of individuals, of honeyeaters and lorikeets than in any other ecosystem. These birds include Black-chinned, Regent, Fuscous and Brown-headed Honeyeaters, Swift Parrots and Musk Lorikeets.  The forest supports the largest numbers of Eastern Grey Kangaroos in Victoria and is a stronghold for Brush-tailed Phascogales, Yellow-footed Antechinuses and Squirrel Gliders.

## Further reading

- Tzaros, Chris. (2005). _Wildlife of the Box-Ironbark Country_. CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.
Ironbark

**Ironbark** is a common name of a number of species within the genus _Eucalyptus_ that have dark, deeply furrowed bark.

Many eucalypts shed their bark very year, but on an Ironbark the dead bark stays on the trees, forming the furrows. It becomes rough after drying out and becomes full of kino, a dark red tree sap exuded by the tree. The bark is resistant to fire and heat and protects the living tissue within the trunk and branches from fire. In cases of extreme fire, where leaves and shoots are removed, the bark protects the epicormic buds which allow the tree to reshoot.

## Examples of Ironbark species

- _Eucalyptus crebra_, narrow-leaved ironbark or  narrow-leaved red ironbark
- _Eucalyptus fibrosa,_ broad-leaved red ironbark
- _Eucalyptus melanophloia_, silver-leaved ironbark
- _Eucalyptus paniculata_, grey ironbark
- _Eucalyptus siderophloia_, Northern Grey Ironbark
- _Eucalyptus sideroxylon_, red ironbark or mugga
- _Eucalyptus placita_, Grey Ironbark
- _Eucalyptus staigeriana_, lemon ironbark
- _Eucalyptus tricarpa_, red ironbark.
- fax
Belanglo State Forest

**Belanglo State Forest** is a planted forest in the Australian state of New South Wales covering an area of about 3,500 hectares. It is south of Berrima in the Southern Highlands, five kilometres west of the Hume Highway between Sydney and Canberra. The forest is owned by the New South Wales Government and has some of the earliest pine plantings in the state. The public has free access to the forest; it is popular with recreational trail bike riders.

### Backpacker Murders

In 1992 and 1993, seven skeletons were found in the forest. These became known as _The Backpacker Murders_ and was thought to be the work of a serial killer.  Eventually, Ivan Milat was convicted of the murders in 1996 and sentenced to life imprisonment.

### Other murders

On the 29 August 2010 trail bike riders discovered another human skeleton in the forest. At first this was thought to be another victim of Ivan Milat, but later forensic evidence suggests that the remains were left there at a later date.

On 22 November 2010, three teenagers (including one related to Ivan Milat) were arrested over the murder of David Auchterlonie, in the Belanglo State Forest. He had been murdered by friends on his birthday, and left in a shallow grave.
One of the teenagers reported the murder to the police.
Forest (disambiguation)

A **forest** is an area of land with a lot of trees.

**Forest** might also mean:
- Forest, Belgium, a municipality in Belgium
- Forest, Ontario, a town in Ontario, Canada
- Forest Whitaker, American actor
- Foreste, a commune in Aisne, France
- Woodland: in British English, "forest" and "woodland" can be interchangeable.
Kaiju

**Kaiju** is a Japanese word meaning "strange creature". In English, it has come to mean "monster" or "giant monster", referring to creatures of a large size seen in movies from Asia. Many kaiju movies are made in Japan. It is a type of tokusatsu entertainment. Kaiju movies usually show a monster attacking a major Japanese city or battling other monsters.

The most famous kaiju character is Godzilla. Other well-known kaiju include King Kong, Gamera, Mothra, King Ghidorah, Mechagodzilla, and Rodan.

Terms that are related to kaiju include **kaijū eiga**, movies with several large monsters or a single monster, **kaijin**, movies with a human-like monster, and **daikaiju**, movies with very large monsters. other films like _Yongary, Monster from the deep_, _Goliathon_, _Pulgasari_, _Yonggary_, Thunder of Gigantic Serpent, etc.  The film Pacific Rim shows many famous kaiju.

## List of kaiju

- Godzilla
- King Kong
- Gamera
- Mothra
- King Ghidorah
- Mechagodzilla
- Rodan

## Filmography

- Godzilla
Liz Smith (actress)

**Liz Smith** MBE (11 December 1921 – 24 December 2016) was an  English actress. She is best known for her roles as Annie Brandon in _I Didn't Know You Cared_, Bette and Aunt Belle in _2point4 children_, as Norma Speakman in the BBC comedy _The Royle Family_, and as her role as Letitia Cropley in _The Vicar of Dibley_ (1994–96).

Smith was born **Betty Gleadle** in the Crosby area of Scunthorpe, Lincolnshire on 11 December 1921. She was married to Jack Thomas from 1945 until they divorced in 1959. They had two children. She died on Christmas Eve 2016 in Worthing, West Sussex, aged 95.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Liz Smith
- **birth name**: Betty Gleadle
- **birth place**: Scunthorpe, Lincolnshire, England
- **death place**: Worthing, West Sussex, England
- **occupation**: Actress
- **yearsactive**: 1970–2010
- **spouse**: Jack Thomas (1945-1959; divorced); 2 children
Eileen Essell

**Eileen Essell** (8 October 1922 - 15 February 2015) was an English actress. She was known for her roles in _Charlie and the Chocolate Factory_ and in _Duplex_.

She also starred in _The Bill_, _Doc Martin_, _Holby City_, _Hustle_, _Casualty_, _Ideal_ and _Sensitive Skin_.

She guest starred as Christine in the episode "Out of the Rain" in season 2 of the BBC spin-off show _Torchwood_.

Essell was born on 8 October 1922 in London, England and died on 15 February 2015 in London, England.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Eileen Essell
- **image**: Eileen Essell 2015.jpg
- **caption**: Eileen Essell in 2015
- **birth place**: London, England
- **death place**: London, England
- **occupation**: Actress
- **yearsactive**: 2001-2015
Jetty Paerl

**Jetty Paerl** (**Henriette Nanette Paerl**; 27 May 1921 – 22 August 2013) was a Dutch singer. She was most famous in the 1950s and 1960s.

Paerl was born on 27 May 1921 in Amsterdam, Netherlands. She was married to Dutch artist Cees Bantzinger. Paerl died in Amstelveen on 22 August 2013 from natural causes, aged 92.
Gilbert Taylor

**Gilbert Taylor** (12 April 1914 – 23 August 2013) was a British cinematographer. He worked on several movies such as _Dr. Strangelove_, _A Hard Day's Night_, _The Omen_ and _Star Wars_.

Taylor was born on 12 April 1914 in Bushey Heath, Hertfordshire, England.

After six years service in World War II as an officer in the Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve, he became an operational cameraman flying in Avro Lancaster bombers, documenting the damage after British bombing raids.

Taylor died on 23 August 2013 in Newport, Isle of Wight from natural causes, aged 99.

## Other websites

- Profile and interview by the American Society of Cinematographers, on the occasion of his International Achievement Award

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Gilbert Taylor
- **birth place**: Bushey, Bushey Heath, Hertfordshire, England
- **death place**: Newport, Isle of Wight, England
- **occupation**: Cinematographer
Orville Redenbacher

**Orville Clarence Redenbacher** (July 16, 1907 – September 19, 1995) was an American businessman. He was most often associated with the brand of popcorn called Orville Redenbacher's.

Redenbacher was born on July 16, 1907 in Brazil, Indiana. He studied at Purdue University.

Redenbacher was married to Corinne Strate from 1928 until her death in 1971. He was married to Nina Redenbacher from 1971 until her death in 1991.

Redenbacher died on September 19, 1995. He drowned after having a heart attack in the Jacuzzi in his Coronado, California home, aged 88.

## Other websites

- Orville Redenbacher Popcorn

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Orville Redenbacher
- **image**: Orville Redenbacher 1979.jpg
- **caption**: Redenbacher in 1979
- **birth name**: Orville Clarence Redenbacher
- **birth place**: Brazil, Indiana
- **death place**: Coronado, California
- **death cause**: Drowning
- **nationality**: United States, American
- **alma mater**: Purdue University
- **occupation**: Entrepreneur
- **spouse**: Corinne Strate Redenbacher (1928–1971)
Nina Redenbacher (1971–1991)
Tommy Chong

**Thomas B. Kin Chong** (born May 24, 1938) is a Canadian-American actor, comedian, director, musician and writer.

He is well known for his marijuana-themed Cheech & Chong comedy movies with Cheech Marin, as well as playing the character Leo on Fox's _That '70s Show_.

Chong was born on May 24, 1938 in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. He was raised in Calgary, Alberta. Chong studied at Crescent Heights High School.

Chong first married Maxine Sneed, from 1960 until their divorce in 1970. They had two daughters, Robbi and Rae Dawn. His second marriage was to Shelby Fiddis in 1975. They had three children.

He announced on June 9, 2012, that he has prostate cancer. He described the cancer "as a slow stage one [that I've] had for a long time." He said that he was drug-free for about three years, during which time he began having prostate-related problems.

On July 15, 2012 Chong tweeted that the hemp oil he has been using to treat his cancer is working and that "he is 99% cancer free". However, on June 16, 2015, Chong stated he has rectal cancer and was "using cannabis like crazy" in order to endure the treatment. In 2019, Chong announced that he is "cancer-free".

## Other websites

- Chong's Bongs Gone Wrong A Newsweek article by Brian Braiker about Tommy Chong's various legal problems
- HoboTrashcan's One on One with Tommy Chong An in-depth interview about politics, Cheech and Chong and Tommy's wife and kids
- An Interview With Tommy Chong A Stumped? magazine article by Zach Freeman
- Video interview with Tommy Chong on 'Connected Life'
- Donald E. Wilkes, Jr. , "Pot Pope Imprisoned."  Published in Flagpole Magazine, p. 31 (December 20, 2006).
2012 (movie)

***2012*** is a 2009 American science fiction disaster movie directed and co-written by Roland Emmerich. It was produced by Centropolis Entertainment, Emmerich's production company, and distributed by Columbia Pictures. It is based upon the 2012 phenomenon, which was a number of beliefs that destructive events would occur on or around December 21, 2012. It was released on November 13, 2009. Critics gave it mixed reviews. They liked its special effects, but were critical of its length (158 minutes) and screenwriting. It made $770 million worldwide.

## Plot

Neutrinos from a very large solar flare from the sun cause the temperature of Earth to increase at a very fast rate, eventually causing  a very large geological and meterological disaster. The plot follows Jackson Curtis (John Cusack) as he tries to bring his children, Noah (Liam James) and Lilly (Morgan Lily), ex-wife Kate Curtis (Amanda Peet), and her boyfriend, Gordon Silberman (Thomas McCarthy) to safety from the destructive events that occur. Among these events, a very large earthquake causes California to fall into the Pacific Ocean, the Yellowstone supervolcano erupts, and a very large tsunami hits the United States.

## Cast

- John Cusack as Jackson Curtis
- Chiwetel Ejiofor as Dr. Adrian Helmsley
- Amanda Peet as Kate Curtis
- Thandie Newton as Laura Wilson
- Oliver Platt as Carl Anheuser
- Thomas McCarthy as Gordon Silberman
- Danny Glover as the President Thomas Wilson
- Woody Harrelson as Charlie Frost
- Liam James as Noah Curtis
- Morgan Lily as Lily Curtis
- Zlatko Buric as Yuri Karpov
- Beatrice Rosen as Tamara
- Jimi Mistry as Dr. Satnam Tsurutani
- John Billingsley as Professor West
- Blu Mankuma as Harry Helmsley
- George Segal as Tony Delgatto
- Johann Urb as Sasha
- Stephen McHattie as Captain Michaels

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: 2012
- **director**: Roland Emmerich
- **producer**: Harald Kloser
Mark Gordon
Larry J. Franco
- **writer**: Harald Kloser
Roland Emmerich
- **starring**: John Cusack
Chiwetel Ejiofor
Amanda Peet
Oliver Platt
Thandie Newton
Danny Glover
Woody Harrelson
- **music**: Harald Kloser
Thomas Wander
- **cinematography**: Dean Semler
- **released**: November 13, 2009
- **editing**: David Brenner
Peter S. Elliott
- **studio**: Centropolis Entertainment
- **distributor**: Columbia Pictures
- **runtime**: 158 minutes
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **budget**: United States dollar, $200 million
- **gross**: $769,679,473
Băneasa Forest

The **Băneasa Forest** is a forest in the north of Bucharest, Romania. It is close to Băneasa neighborhood and Băneasa Airport. On its southern edge, it has a zoological garden, known as Zoo Băneasa.

After the Romanian Revolution of 1989 and the end of Romania's communist era, a large part of the area was transformed back from state property to private individuals, who had obtained judicial recognition of their family's titles. According to a 2007 estimate in the national newspaper Jurnalul, some 10,000 hectares had been reallocated through this process.
Leith

**Leith** is a place in Scotland, within the city of Edinburgh. It is a port.

## Related pages

- Leith Athletic F.C.

## Other websites

- Leith
Mount Cole State Forest

The **Mount Cole State Forest** is in western Victoria, Australia, near the town of Beaufort. The forest is around Mount Cole, which formed 390 million years ago. The Indigenous Australians, the Beeripmo balug people, called it _Bereep-bereep_, which means _wild_. The forest covers an area of 12,150 hectares, including the forest around Mount Lonarch.

The forest is on a plateau which is above grassy plains. The plateau is about 760 metres above sea level. High peaks in the forest include Mount Buangor (1,090 metres), Mount Cole (899 metres) and Ben Nevis (877 metres).

The main trees in the southern part of the forest are Messmate (Eucalyptus oblique), Manna Gum (Eucalyptus viminalis), and Blue Gums (Eucalyptus st johnii). In the north, which is drier, there are Yellow Box (Eucalyptus melliodora), and Red Stringybark (Eucalyptus macrorryncha). There is also the rare Mount Cole Grevillea, Grevillea montis-cole. On the high peaks there are groups of Snow Gums (Eucalyptus pauciflora).

There have been 130 different birds seen in the forest. Animals include kangaroos, wallabies, echidna, koalas and possums. In 1954, 160 koalas were set free in the forest to as part of a plan to re-establish the animals in Victorian forests. In the 19th century, deer were introduced and Sambar deer are still living in the wet gullies in the south of the forest.

Activities in the forest include camping, walking, four wheel driving, horse riding, and bird watching.

The purpose of the forest is to supply good quality hardwood logs for sawmills. The management plan for the forest also protects the water catchments of several creeks which supply water to nearby towns.

## Mount Buangor State Park

An area of 1,940 hectares, the Mount Buangor State Park, was protected from logging in 1973. This park includes the waterfalls on Middle Creek, and the large rock faces and caves on Cave Hill.
Royal forest

A **royal forest** is an area of land with various meanings, but basically it is woodland once owned by monarchs.

In Anglo-Saxon England, the kings were great huntsmen but they never set aside areas forbidden to other users.  Historians find no evidence of the Anglo-Saxon monarchs (c.500 to 1066) creating forests.

However, under the Norman kings (after 1066), no hunting was allowed on Royal lands except by authority of the King. The law was designed to protect the _venison_ and the _vert_, the "noble" animals of the chase – notably red and fallow deer, the roe, and the wild boar – and the greenery which sustained them.

Royal forests were designed as hunting areas reserved for the monarch or (by invitation) the aristocracy. The concept was introduced by the Normans to England in the 11th century, and in the late 12th and early 13th centuries, one-third of the land area of southern England was designated as royal forest. At one stage in the 12th century, all of Essex was afforested, and on his accession Henry II declared all of Huntingdonshire to be royal forest.

Afforestation, in particular the creation of the New Forest, figured large in the folk history of the "Norman Yoke":
- "the picture of prosperous settlements disrupted, houses burned, peasants evicted, all to serve the pleasure of the foreign tyrant, is a familiar element in the English national story .... The extent and intensity of hardship and of depopulation have been exaggerated".

Forest law prescribed harsh punishment for anyone who committed any offence within the forests. Killing game was a capital offence. By the mid-17th century, enforcement of this law died out, but many English woodlands still bear the title _Royal Forest_. The practice of reserving areas of land for the sole use of the aristocracy was common throughout Europe during the mediaeval period.

Royal forests usually included large areas of heath, grassland and wetland – anywhere that supported deer and other game. In addition, when an area was designated forest, any villages, towns and fields that lay within it were also subject to forest law. Local inhabitants were restricted in the use of land they had previously relied on for their livelihood. However, common rights were not extinguished, but merely restricted.
Lapiș Forest

**Lapiș Forest** () is a forest in northwestern Romania. It is near the village of Nușfalău, which is about 9 km from Șimleu Silvaniei. It was declared a natural protected area by the Government Decision No. 2151 in 2004 (publishied in _Romanian Official Paper_ Number 152 on April 12, 2005)

## Infobox (protected area)

- **name**: Lapiș Forest
- **alt name**: Pădurea Lapiș
- **iucn category**: IV
- **map**: Romania
- **map caption**: Location within Romania
- **location**:
  Sălaj County
- **nearest city**: Șimleu Silvaniei
- **established**: 2005
Hürtgen Forest

The **Hürtgen forest** (also: **Huertgen Forest**; ) is along the border between Belgium and Germany. The forest is in the southwest corner of the German federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia. The Rur River runs along the eastern edge of the forest.

During World War II, the U.S. and German armies took part in the Battle of Hürtgen Forest. In 1998, HBO made _When Trumpets Fade_, which is a movie about the battle.
Zitter Forest

The **Zitter Forest** () is found in the Eifel region in the German district of Euskirchen (North Rhine-Westphalia) and in the Belgian province of Liège (Wallonia). Its highest point is 692 m above sea level. It is part of the Hohes Venn – Eifel Nature Park.

The Zitter Forest is one of the last habitats of the wildcat in Germany.
High Wood

**High Wood** () is a small forest near Bazentin le Petit in the Somme département of northern France. The Battle of the Somme took place there. The French name for the wood was Bois des Foureaux (now called Bois des Fourcaux) but to the British who fought there, it was known as High Wood.
Natural England

**Natural England** is a quango, a public body funded by government. It is responsible for protecting and preserving England's natural environment. This includes the land, flora and fauna, freshwater and marine environments, geology and soils. It also has a responsibility to help people enjoy, understand and access the natural environment.

Natural England work aims for:
- a healthy natural environment
- enjoyment of the natural environment
- sustainable use of the natural environment
- a secure environmental future

## Infobox (government agency)

- **agency name**: Natural England
- **formed**: 1 October 2006
- **jurisdiction**: England
- **headquarters**: Sheffield, England
- **employees**: 2,291 (2012)
- **chief1 name**: Mr Poul Christensen
- **chief1 position**: Chair
- **chief2 name**: Dave Webster
- **chief2 position**: Interim Chief Executive
- **parent agency**: Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
- **budget**: pound sterling, £199 million (2012)
- **website**: [http://www.naturalengland.org.uk www.naturalengland.org.uk]
Sclerophyll

**Sclerophyll** is a type of vegetation which has hard leaves and short internodes (the distance between leaves along the stem). The word comes from the Greek _sclero_ (hard) and _phyllon_ (leaf).

Sclerophyllous plants occur in many parts of the world. They are shaped by a Mediterranean climate, with mild, wet winters and long hot dry summers. Wildfires often occur. These conditions feature summer drought-tolerant plants with hard sclerophyllous evergreen leaves,

This kind of climate occurs in:
1. The Americas, in the chaparral biomes
    1. Californian woodlands
    1. Chilean Matorral
1. Australia, this type of biome occurs throughout western (Perth), eastern (Sydney) and southern (Adelaide) areas.
1. Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub biome that cover the Mediterranean Basin
1. Cape Province of South Africa.
Chelsea Manning

**Chelsea Elizabeth Manning**, (born **Bradley Edward Manning**; December 17, 1987) is a United States Army soldier who was diagnosed with gender identity disorder while in the Army. After Adrian Lamo exposed Manning leaking secret government files to WikiLeaks in 2011, readers of _The Guardian_ chose her as 2012's person of the year.

On 21 August 2013 Manning was sentenced to 35 years in prison, but was released on 17 May 2017 by order of President Barack Obama on 17 January 2017.

On January 11, 2018, she announced plans to run for the U.S. Senate in Maryland to challenge the state's senior senator, two-term incumbent Ben Cardin, as a Democrat in the June 26, 2018 primary election. She lost the primary election to Cardin.

On March 8, 2019, she was held in contempt of court by a United States District Court judge for refusing to testify to a federal grand jury investigating WikiLeaks and except for a brief period of release between May 9 and May 16 has been jailed continuously.

On March 11, 2020, she tried to commit suicide in the federal detention center in Alexandria, Virginia.

## Early life

Manning was born in Crescent, Oklahoma.

## Infobox (military person)

- **embed**: yes
- **branch**: United States Army
- **rank**: Private (rank), Private (formerly Specialist (rank), Specialist)
- **unit**: 2nd Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division (United States), 2nd BCT, 10th Mountain Division (former)


## Infobox (person)

- **image**: Chelsea Manning 2022.jpg
- **alt**: photograph
- **caption**: Manning in 2022
- **birth place**: Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, U.S.
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
- **known for**: Classified document disclosure to WikiLeaks
- **criminal charge**: Violating the Espionage Act of 1917, Espionage Act, stealing government property, violation of the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act, multiple counts of disobeying orders
- **criminal penalty**: 35 years Military prison#United States, imprisonment (commuted to 7 years total confinement), reduction in rank to Private (rank)#United States Army, private United States Army enlisted rank insignia, (E-1 or PVT), forfeiture of all United States military pay, pay and allowances, Military discharge#Dishonorable discharge (DD), dishonorable discharge
- **signature**: Chelsea Manning signature.svg
- **signature alt**: Chelsea Manning
- **signature size**: 135
Charnwood Forest

**Charnwood Forest** is an area in north-western Leicestershire, England, near Leicester, Loughborough, and Coalville.

Although called a forest, it is extremely varied, with many different areas. It has 45 sites of geological or wildlife interest. Above all, it is the only site in Europe where the Ediacaran fossil _Charnia_ is found.

The area has some extensive tracts of woodland. It is undulating, rocky and picturesque, with barren areas. It is generally 600 ft (180 m) and upwards. On its western side is an abandoned coalfield, with Coalville and other former mining villages. This is now being regenerated and replanted as part of the National Forest. The M1 motorway cuts through Charnwood Forest.

The hard stone of Charnwood Forest has been quarried for centuries, and was a source of grind-stones. The granite quarries are of national importance and supply crushed stone ("aggregate") to much of southern Britain.

Charnwood Forest includes a National Nature Reserve (NNR), 19 SSSIs, four geological conservation sites of international importance, and another six conservation sites, 13 Regionally Important Geological Sites (RIGS), five local nature reserves (LNRs), and seven Leicestershire and Rutland Wildlife Trust (LRWT) nature reserves.

The Forest is an important recreational area with woodland walks, noted for their displays of bluebells in the early spring. Rockclimbing and walking are popular.
Neil Hamilton (actor)

**James Neil Hamilton** (September 9, 1899 – September 24, 1984) was an American actor. He is known for his role as Commissioner Gordon in _Batman_. During the 1920s he was a minor leading man to major stars.

Hamilton was born on September 9, 1899 in Lynn, Massachusetts. He was married to Elsa Whitmer from 1922 until his death in 1984. They had one child. He is a distant cousin of Margaret Hamilton. Hamilton died on September 24, 1984 in Escondido, California from an asthma attack, aged 85.

## Other websites

- 1966 Batman TV Heroes – Neil Hamilton
- 1941 They Meet Again – Neil Hamilton as Governor John C. North – at Internet Archive
- Photographs of Neil Hamilton
- Hamilton's passport photo, 1924, creepy!

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Neil Hamilton
- **image**: Neil Hamilton, Stars of the Photoplay.jpg
- **imagesize**: 175px
- **birth name**: James Neil Hamilton
- **birth place**: Lynn, Massachusetts
- **death place**: Escondido, California
- **death cause**: Asthma, asthma attack
- **nationality**: American
- **television**: Batman (TV series), Batman
- **years active**: 1918–1971
- **occupation**: actor
- **spouse**: Elsa Whitmer
<small>(m.1922–1984; his death)</small>
Alan Napier

**Alan William Napier-Clavering** (7 January 1903 – 8 August 1988) was an English-American actor. He is best known for his role as Alfred the butler in the 1960s live-action _Batman_ television series.

Napier was born on 7 January 1903 in King's Norton, Worcestershire, England. His cousin was Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain. Napier studied at Clifton College and at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art.

He was married to Emily Nancy Bevill Pethybridge from 1930 until they divorced in 1944. He was married to Aileen Dickens Hawksley from 1944 until her death in 1961. Aileen was the granddaughter of Charles Dickens. Napier was a close friend of actor Michael Gough.

Napier died on 8 August 1988 in Santa Monica, California from a stroke, aged 85.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Alan Napier
- **image**: Alan Napier 1949.GIF
- **caption**: Napier in 1949
- **birthname**: Alan William Napier-Clavering
- **birth place**: King's Norton, Worcestershire, England, UK
- **death place**: Santa Monica, California
- **resting place**: Chapel of the Pines Crematory, CA
- **death cause**: Stroke
- **nationality**: United Kingdom, British
- **education**: Clifton College
- **alma mater**: Royal Academy of Dramatic Art
- **height**: 6 ft 6 in (1.98 m)
- **yearsactive**: 1930–81
- **spouse**:
Cratfield

**Cratfield** is a village and civil parish in Suffolk Coastal, Suffolk, England. In 2001 there were 299 people living in Cratfield. Cratfield has a church called St Mary.

## References

- GENUKI

## Infobox (uk place)

- **country**: England
- **official name**: Cratfield
- **population**: 299
- **shire district**: Suffolk Coastal
- **shire county**: Suffolk
- **region**: East of England
- **os grid reference**: TM314748
Culpho

**Culpho** is a village and civil parish in Suffolk Coastal, Suffolk, England. In 2001 there were 44 people living in Culpho. Culpho is pronounced _Cull-Foe_.

## References

- GENUKI

## Infobox (uk place)

- **country**: England
- **official name**: Culpho
- **population**: 44
- **shire district**: Suffolk Coastal
- **shire county**: Suffolk
- **region**: East of England
- **os grid reference**: TM215495
Stafford Repp

**Stafford Alois Repp**' (April 26, 1918 – November 5, 1974) was an American actor. He was best known for his role as Police Chief O'Hara in the 1960s television series _Batman_.

Repp was born on April 26, 1918 in San Francisco, California. He studied at Lowell High School.

Repp was married four times in which three of them ended in divorce. His last marriage to Sharon D. Currier would last until his death.

Repp died on November 5, 1974 in Inglewood, California from a heart attack, aged 56. After his death, his sister, a television writer, created the Stafford Repp Memorial Scholarship for alumni of his alma mater, Lowell High School.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Stafford Repp
- **image**: Stafford Repp in One Step Beyond (Father Image).jpg
- **birth name**: Stafford Alois Repp
- **birth place**: San Francisco, California, San Francisco, California, USA
- **death place**: Inglewood, California, Inglewood, California
- **death cause**: Myocardial infarction, Heart attack
- **resting place**: Westminster Memorial Park in Westminster, California, Westminster, California
- **alma mater**: Lowell High School (San Francisco), Lowell High School
- **years active**: 1954–1974
- **spouse**: Patricia Breslin Repp, Berta J. Slack, Theresa Valenti Moriarty, Sharon D. Currier
William Dozier

**William Dozier** (February 13, 1908 – April 23, 1991) was an American movie and television producer and actor. He is probably best known for being the narrator and creator of the 1960s Batman television series _Batman_.

Dozier was born on February 13, 1908 in Omaha, Nebraska.

He was briefly married to Katharine Foley from 1929 until they divorced months later. Then he was married to Joan Fontaine from 1946 until they divorced in 1951. Then he was married to Ann Rutherford from 1953 until his death in 1991.

Dozier died on April 23, 1991 from a stroke in Santa Monica, California, aged 83.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: William Dozier
- **birth place**: Omaha, Nebraska
- **death place**: Santa Monica, California
- **death cause**: Stroke
- **spouse**: Katharine Foley
<small>(m.1929; divorced)</small>
Joan Fontaine
<small>(m.1946-1951; divorced)</small>
Ann Rutherford
<small>(m.1953-1991;)</small>
Byron Keith

**Byron Keith** (November 17, 1917 – January 19, 1996) was an American actor.

He made his movie debut in the 1946 Orson Welles thriller _The Stranger_ and appeared mostly in supporting character roles in movie and television productions.

He is best known for his recurring part as Gotham City's Mayor Linseed on the 1960s television series _Batman._

Keith was born on November 17, 1917 in El Paso, Illinois. His career began in 1946 until his retirement in 1970. Keith died on January 19, 1996 from a heart attack in his Los Angeles, California home, aged 78.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Byron Keith
- **image**: The Stranger 1946 (2).jpg
- **birth place**: El Paso, Illinois,
United States
- **death place**: Los Angeles, California,
United States
- **occupation**: Actor
- **yearsactive**: 1946-1970
Madge Blake

**Madge Cummings Blake** (May 31, 1899 – June 19, 1969) was an American character actress.

She was best remembered for her roles as Margaret Mondello in _Leave It to Beaver_, as Flora MacMichael in _The Real McCoys_, and as Aunt Harriet in the first two seasons in _Batman_. She also played Dora Bailey in the opening scene of the 1952 movie _Singing in the Rain_.

Blake was born on May 31, 1899 in Kinsley, Kansas. Her uncle was actor Milburn Stone. Blake died on June 19, 1969 in Pasadena, California from a heart attack, aged 70.

## Other websites

- 1966 Batman TV Heroes - Madge Blake

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Madge Blake
- **image**: Madge Blake in The Public Defender (Failure).jpg
- **birth place**: Kinsley, Kansas, Kinsley, Kansas, USA
- **death place**: Pasadena, California, Pasadena, California, USA
- **death cause**: Myocardial infarction, Heart attack
- **resting place**: Grand View Memorial Park Cemetery in Glendale, California, Glendale, California, USA
- **occupation**: Movie, stage, television actress
- **yearsactive**: 1949–69
- **relations**: Milburn Stone (uncle)
Yvonne Craig

**Yvonne Joyce Craig** (May 16, 1937 – August 17, 2015) was an American ballet dancer and actress.

She is best known for her role as Batgirl from the 1960s TV series _Batman_ and as the Orion Marta in the _Star Trek: The Original Series_.

Craig was born on May 16, 1937 in Taylorville, Illinois. She was raised in Columbus, Ohio.

Craig was married to Jimmy Boyd from 1960 until they divorced in 1962. She was married to Kenneth Aldrich from 1988 until she died.

Craig died of breast cancer at her home in Pacific Palisades, Los Angeles, aged 78.

## Other websites

- Yvonne Craig's Official Personal Home Page
- Ty's Yvonne Craig Homepage
- MSN Entertainment – Yvonne Craig
- Yvonne Craig  at TV.com
- Bat-Bios – Yvonne Craig
- Yvonne Craig as Batgirl
- Yvonne Craig Interview at Elvis2001.net

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Yvonne Craig
- **image**: Yvonne Craig 1960.JPG
- **imagesize**: 180px
- **caption**: Craig in March 1960
- **birth place**: Taylorville, Illinois, Taylorville, Illinois, USA
- **death place**: Pacific Palisades, Los Angeles, California, USA
- **yearsactive**: 1957–1990, 2003 (acting), 2008–2015 (voice acting)
- **spouse**: Jimmy Boyd
(m. 1960–62, divorced)
Kenneth Aldrich
(m. 1988–2015, her death)
- **website**: http://www.yvonnecraig.com/
Dallinghoo

**Dallinghoo** is a village and civil parish in Suffolk Coastal, Suffolk, England. In 2001 there were 168 people living in Dallinghoo. Dallinghoo has a church called St Mary.

## References

- GENUKI

## Infobox (uk place)

- **country**: England
- **official name**: Dallinghoo
- **population**: 168
- **shire district**: Suffolk Coastal
- **shire county**: Suffolk
- **region**: East of England
- **os grid reference**: TM266550
Bluebell

**Bluebells** are a genus of flowering plants in the family Asparagaceae, ***Hyacinthoides***.

Bluebells are famous as indicator species (markers) for ancient woodland, where they carpet the forest floor in springtime. They grow in shade rather than in sunny areas.

_Hyacinthoides_ is differentiated by the presence of two bracts at the base of each flower, rather than one bract per flower or no bracts in other closely-related genera.

## Species

According to the _World Checklist of Selected Plant Families_ , the genus contains 11 species and one interspecific hybrid. Most species are distributed around the Mediterranean Basin, with only one species in northwestern Europe.
The World's End (movie)

***The World's End*** is a 2013 British-American-Japanese science-fiction comedy movie directed by Edgar Wright. It stars Simon Pegg, Nick Frost, Paddy Considine, Martin Freeman, and Eddie Marsan.

It is the third in the _Three Flavours Cornetto trilogy_, following _Shaun of the Dead_ (2004) and _Hot Fuzz_ (2007). It was released on 19 July 2013 in the United Kingdom and on 23 August 2013 in the United States. It received positive reviews.
Darsham

**Darsham** is a village and civil parish in Suffolk Coastal, Suffolk, England. In 2001 there were 291 people living in Darsham. Darsham is half way between Ipswich and Lowestoft. Darsham has a church called All Saints.

## References

- GENUKI

## Infobox (uk place)

- **country**: England
- **official name**: Darsham
- **population**: 291
- **shire district**: Suffolk Coastal
- **shire county**: Suffolk
- **region**: East of England
- **os grid reference**: TM421700
Chã das Caldeiras

The ***Chã das Calderas*** ("Plain of the calderas"), sometimes abbreviated **Chã** ("Plain"), is a caldera on the island of Fogo, Cape Verde. With a diameter of  and open to the east, it is surrounded on the west by the _bordeira_, a mountainous wall which rises to . It was made by the eruption of _Monte Armarelo_, which was replaced by the smaller Pico do Fogo.

## Geography

The **Chã das Caldeiras** is in southwestern Cape Verde and occupies the north-east of the island of Fogo. It is shared between the municipalities of Mosteiros to the north and Santa Catarina do Fogo to the south.

A little more of a thousand people live permanently inside the caldera, in the small towns of _Bangaeira_ and _Portela_; these towns are at about , where sometimes the temperature gets to . Part of the **National Park of Fogo**, it is one of the main tourist destinations of Cape Verde. It is accessed by a single central road  long from São Filipe.

The vegetation is sparse but several endemic plants  nevertheless grow there, especially _Echium vulcanorum_ (**') and _Erysimum caboverdeanum_ (**') that can not be found anywhere else. Others are _Sarcostemma daltonii_ (**'), _Verbascum cystolithicum_ (**'), _Lavandula rotundifolia_ (**') ou _Euphorbia tuckeyana_ (**').

## Economy

Where land is not covered by lava, farmers grow fruit trees, grains and vineyards. A cooperative produces a local wine, the _manecon_, which is not send to other countries.

## Infrastructure

A school had 158 students in 2010. The village of Portela has two churches, one Catholic and one Adventist.

In 2012 there was no electricity in the villages of Bangaeira and Portela but the connection is expected in 2016.

## Other websites

- Fogo, Cape Verde Islands at NASA Earth Observatory

## Infobox (cape verde settlement)

- **image skyline**: Chã das Caldeiras-Deux villages (1).jpg
- **image caption**: Village of Chã das Caldeiras before the 2014–15 eruption
- **key**: 83102
Dennington

**Dennington** is a village and civil parish in Suffolk Coastal, Suffolk, England. In 2001 there were 554 people living in Dennington. Dennington lies along the A1120. Dennington has a church called St Mary.

## References

- GENUKI

## Infobox (uk place)

- **country**: England
- **official name**: Dennington
- **population**: 554
- **shire district**: Suffolk Coastal
- **shire county**: Suffolk
- **region**: East of England
- **os grid reference**: TM282670
Earl Soham

**Earl Soham** is a village and civil parish in Suffolk Coastal, Suffolk, England. In 2001 there were 426 people living in Earl Soham.

## References

- GENUKI

## Infobox (uk place)

- **country**: England
- **official name**: Earl Soham
- **population**: 426
- **shire district**: Suffolk Coastal
- **shire county**: Suffolk
- **region**: East of England
- **os grid reference**: TM236633
Easton, Suffolk

**Easton** is a village and civil parish in Suffolk Coastal, Suffolk, England. In 2001 there were 320 people living in Easton. Easton is 2 and a half miles away from Wickham Market and 5 miles away from Framlingham.

## References

- GENUKI

## Infobox (uk place)

- **country**: England
- **official name**: Easton
- **population**: 320
- **shire district**: Suffolk Coastal
- **shire county**: Suffolk
- **region**: East of England
- **os grid reference**: TM283588
Oil sands

**Oil sands**, or **tar sands** are an unconventional source of petroleum. The oil sands are a mixture of sand, clay and water in a dense and extremely sticky form of petroleum called bitumen.

Natural bitumen is found in many countries, with the largest quantities in Canada, Kazakhstan and Russia.

The worldwide deposits may be over two trillion barrels (320 billion cubic metres). These estimates include deposits that have not yet been discovered. Around 70% of all known reserves are in Canada.

Oil produced from bitumen sands is often said to be unconventional oil. The production process takes energy, so the net energy gain is smaller than traditional oil. Making liquid fuels from oil sands makes 12 percent more greenhouse gases per barrel of oil than traditional oil. Oil sands have only recently been needed. Higher prices allow this more expensive type of oil production to sell.

## Environmental issues

Getting the oil sands off the ground often destroys large areas of land. Much water is used to separate the oil from the sand and then left polluted. Carbon dioxide and other emissions from the extraction process are polluting the air.
The environmental destruction caused by oil sand extraction is criticized by environmental groups such as Greenpeace, The Climate Reality Project, 350.org, MoveOn.org, the Sierra Club and the Energy Action Coalition.

In 2012 the European Union (EU) said that it may declare oil sands oil as "highly polluting".  This caused stress between the EU and Canada.

## Related pages

- Petroleum industry
- Shale gas
350.org

**350.org** is an international environmental organization. It was started by author Bill McKibben, with the goal of building a global grassroots movement to fight against global warming and the climate change denial of global warming. However the main goal is to lower the emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in order to avoid climate change problems.

The name 350.org comes the research of scientist Dr. James Hansen. He wrote in a scientific paper in 2007 that the level of carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) in the atmosphere should not be higher than 350 parts-per-million (ppm). According to scientific research this is a safe maximum to avoid a climate tipping point.

## Membership

350.org works with over 300 other organizations around the world. It has had people supporting the organization as "messengers". Among them are Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Alex Steffen, Bianca Jagger and David Suzuki.  Van Jones and Gus Speth are on 350's U.S. Advisory Council.  350.org has a Board of Directors.

### Keystone XL pipeline

350.org is strongly against the Keystone XL pipeline project. The pipeline is currently being built to transport tar sand oil from Canada through the United States to oil refineries in the Gulf of Mexico. NASA climatologist James Hansen described the Keystone XL pipeline as "game over" for the planet, and called the amount of carbon stored in Canadian tar sands a "fuse to the largest carbon bomb on the planet".

### Fossil Fuel Divestment

350.org wants colleges and universities, as well as cities, religious institutions, and pension funds to withdraw their investments from fossil fuel companies. They propose the money should rather be invested in sustainable companies.

### Do The Math: The Movie

The _Do The Math_ movie is a 42-minute documentary about the movement, the science behind the climate crisis and how to end the age of fossil fuels.

### Connect the Dots 5.May.2012

The organization's efforts continued into 2012 with a Climate Impacts Day on May 5th of worldwide series of rallies under the slogan "Connect the Dots," to draw attention to the links between climate change and extreme weather.

### People's Climate March

350 helped helped organize the People's Climate March, which took place on September 21, 2014.

## Related pages

- Greenpeace
- World Wildlife Fund
- IPCC
- Climate change

## Other websites

- 350.org
- Photos of 350.org activities on Flickr.
- Check the current level of CO<small>2</small> in the Earth's atmosphere

## Infobox (non-profit)

- **image**: 350 organisation logo.svg
- **non-profit name**: 350.org
- **non-profit type**: NGO
- **location**: USA (international)
- **key people**: Bill McKibben
- **area served**: Worldwide
- **focus**: Climate change
- **method**: Direct action, lobbying
Pacific Rim (movie)

***Pacific Rim*** is a 2013 American science fiction monster movie. It was directed by Guillermo del Toro, and written by Toro and Travis Beacham. It was produced by Legendary Pictures and distributed by Warner Bros.. It was released on July 12, 2013. Critics gave it good reviews. They liked its special effects and action scenes. It made more than $384 million worldwide.

## Plot

In 2013, the Earth's cities are attacked by Kaiju, very large monsters who come from a portal on the floor of the Pacific Ocean. To battle them, the nations in the Pacific Rim build the Jaegars: very large robots piloted by two people whose brains are linked to the robots. This allows the pilots to control the robots using their mind, and the robots do the same actions that the pilots do. Although the Jaegars work well in killing the Kaiju, the attacks happen more often and are more powerful. By 2025, the governments of the Pacific Rim have ended the Jaegar project and build very large walls to protect humans from the Kaiju. Most of the film is set in this period, focusing on the war's later days.

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: Pacific Rim
- **director**: Guillermo del Toro
- **story**: Travis Beacham
- **music**: Ramin Djawadi
- **cinematography**: Guillermo Navarro
- **studio**: Legendary Pictures
- **distributor**: Warner Bros., Warner Bros. Pictures
- **runtime**: 132 minutes
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **budget**: $190 million
- **gross**: $384,691,252