juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The Helix Bridge

**The Helix Bridge** (before called the **Double Helix Bridge**) is a pedestrian bridge across the opening to Marina Bay in Singapore. It links the new Marina Centre with Marina South. It is located beside the Benjamin Sheares Bridge and the Bayfront Bridge, which are for vehicles (cars, etc.). It was first opened on 24 April 2010, but part of it stayed closed because of nearby construction. The whole bridge was opened on 18 July 2010. It was the last link in the pedestrian walkway that goes all the way around Marina Bay. The bridge is also used as an art gallery where children's paintings and drawings are shown to the public.

The bridge was built as part of a major development plan in the area. Other projects included the huge modern-style Marina Bay Sands hotel and casino, the Singapore Flyer, the Gardens by the Bay, and a  business and financial zone. All of it was to be finished by 2012.

## Design and architecture

The team who designed the bridge included Australian and Singaporean architects. The main design idea is based on the double helix model of DNA. This can be seen best at night, when the bridge is lit up by a series of lights that show the double helix structure. Pairs of coloured letters (_c_ and _g_, as well as _a_ and _t_) on the bridge which are lit up in red and green. They represent cytosine, guanine, adenine and thymine, the four bases of DNA.

The bridge has four viewing platforms that give views over the Singapore skyline and events happening within Marina Bay.

The bridge is made of about 650 tonnes of stainless steel and 1000 tonnes of carbon steel. The construction of the bridge was done by two local engineering and construction companies.
Type of bridge
The Helix Bridge is a temporary Truss bridge. As you probably already know the Helix Bridge can only support living beings. The support is by triangle beams. The Helix Bridge has triangle beams because the triangle is the strongest shape for building and so they made triangle beams to support the bridge. Now it is

## Other websites

- 360° Interactive VR image of the Helix Bridge
- New Bridge at Marina Bay
- New landmark bridge for Marina Bay

## Infobox (bridge)

- **bridge name**: The Helix Bridge
- **image**: HelixBridge-MarinaBaySands-Singapore-20100525.jpg
- **image size**: 300
- **alt**: Spiral bridge spotted with red lights, spanning across a still river at night. A tall building with a boat-shaped top is in the background.
- **caption**: The Helix Bridge lit up on its opening night in 2010, overlooked by the Marina Bay Sands hotel
- **official name**: The Helix
- **carries**: Pedestrians
- **crosses**: Singapore River
- **locale**: Marina Bay, Singapore, Marina Bay
- **designer**: Architects 61 (Singapore)
COX Group Pte Ltd (Australia)
ARUP Pte Ltd (Australia)
- **material**: Steel and glass
- **length**: 280m
- **open**: 24 April 2010
Ross Bridge

**Ross Bridge** is an historic bridge in the town of Ross in central Tasmania, Australia, completed in July 1836. It crosses the Macquarie River. It replaced an earlier bridge built in 1822 made of uncemented stone piers, with a road surface of logs and clay. This bridge was repaired after several piers fell down in 1828, and the bridge finally collapsed in 1831.

The sandstone bridge was built by convicts. It is the third oldest bridge still in use in Australia. The bridge was designed by architect John Lee Archer. Several attempts were made to build a new bridge. Corrupt officials sold materials the government had bought to make the bridge. Archer changed his designs, and a number of different overseers were put in charge. It was not until two convict stonemasons, James Colbeck and Daniel Herbert joined the building team that any progress was made. In 13 months they completed the bridge on which work had started seven years earlier. Herbert is responsible the detailed carvings along both sides of the bridge.
 The bridge was opened by the Governor of Tasmania, George Arthur, on 21 October, 1836. The bridge was registered on the Register of the National Estate in 1978.

## Further reading about the Bridge

- R Smith, Early Tasmanian bridges, Launceston, 1969;
- L Newitt, Convicts & carriageways, Hobart, 1988.

## Other websites

- Tasmanian Times stories focusing on the likenesses of Jorgen Jorgenson
- Sydney Morning Herald Travel article about Ross
- Tasmanian visitors' guide tourism article about Ross
- Ross Bridge on the Australian Heritage Database

## Infobox (bridge)

- **bridge name**: Ross Bridge
- **native name lang**: en
- **image**: Ross Bridge.jpg
- **image size**: 250 px
- **caption**: Ross Bridge with church in the background
- **carries**: Motor vehicles
- **crosses**: Macquarie River, Tasmania, Macquarie River
- **locale**: Ross, Tasmania, Ross, Tasmania,
- **designer**: John Lee Archer
- **design**: Deck arch bridge
- **material**: Sandstone
- **spans**: 3
- **begin**: 1830
- **complete**: 1836
- **heritage**: Register of the National Estate, Registered
Spean Praptos

**Spean Praptos** (Khmer: <big>ស្ពានប្រាប់ទិស</big>) is an ancient stone bridge in Cambodia. It is on the road from Angkor to Phnom Chisor, near the village of Kampong Kdei. It used to be the longest stone-arch bridge in the world. It has more than 20 arches spanning 285 ft (87m). The bridge was built in the 12th century during the reign of the Khmer emperor Jayavarman VII.
Carly Rae Jepsen

**Carly Rae Jepsen** (born November 21, 1985) is a Canadian singer-songwriter and actress.  She was born in Mission, British Columbia to Alexandra Lanzarotta and Larry Jepsen.

She first came to public attention in 2007 by being a contestant on the fifth season of _Canadian Idol_, where she came third. Her debut album _Tug of War_ was released on 30 September 2008. In 2011 her single "Call Me Maybe" was released. It is the best selling single by a female artist of the 21st century, and topped the charts not only in her home country of Canada, but also in the United States.

Her first EP _Curiosity_ and her second album _Kiss_ were both released in 2012. In 2015, she released _Emotion_, a pop album inspired by the music of the 1980s, which gained a cult following as well as very positive critical reviews. The album's first single "I Really Like You" charted in several countries such as the United Kingdom, where it reached number 3. She released her second EP _Emotion: Side B_ in 2016 featuring eight tracks that were cut from _Emotion_.

### Studio albums

- _Tug of War_ (2008)
- _Kiss_ (2012)
- _Emotion_ (2015)
- Dedicated(2019)
- Dedicated Side B(2020)
- The Loneliest Time(2022)

### Popular songs

- _Call Me Maybe_ (2012)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Carly Rae Jepsen
- **img**: Carly Rae Jepsen Primavera19 -146 (48986111926) (cropped).jpg
- **img capt**: Jepsen at the 2019 Primavera Sound music festival in Barcelona, Spain
- **image size**: 250
- **landscape**: no
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Carly Rae Jepsen
- **birth place**: British Columbia,  Canada
- **instrument**: Vocals, guitars, bass
- **genre**: Pop music, Pop, dance music, dance, pop rock
- **occupation**: Musician, singer, songwriter, producer
- **years active**: 2007-_present_
- **label**: MapleMusic Recordings, MapleMusic, 604 Records, 604, School Boy Records, School Boy, Interscope Records, Interscope
- **url**: [http://www.carlyraemusic.com Official website]
Richmond Bridge (Tasmania)

The **Richmond Bridge** is a historic bridge in Richmond,  north of Hobart in Tasmania, Australia. It is the oldest bridge still in use in Australia.

## History

The foundation stone for the Richmond Bridge was laid on 11 December 1823 and the bridge was built by convicts. It was  completed in 1825. The bridge was originally named Bigge's Bridge after Royal Commissioner, John Thomas Bigge, who recognised the need for the bridge in 1820.

In 2005, the bridge was recognised as an outstanding historic place and added to the Australian National Heritage List.

### Murder of George Grover

In 1832 a guard from the Richmond Gaol was murdered at Richmond bridge.  George Grover work including flogging (whipping) the prisoners. He was hated by the convicts. He died after being pushed off the edge of Richmond Bridge while drunk. No one was convicted of his murder.

## Construction

The Richmond Bridge is made from sandstone dug at Butchers Hill, and carried by convicts using hand carts. It has four main arches, with spans of , , , ,  and . These arches rise from sloping fins with angular leading edges pointed to the flow of the river.

## Other websites

- Discover Tasmania Website , Accessed May 2006.
- Tasmanian Communities Online , Accessed May 2006.
- Australian National Heritage listing for Richmond Bridge, last accessed 9 July 2008.
- _Historic Richmond Bridge a National Heritage jewel_ , Australian Government Department of the Environment and Heritage, press release, 2005

## Infobox (_bridge)

- **bridge name**: Richmond Bridge
- **image**: Richmond Bridge Panorama Restitch.jpg
- **carries**: automobile, Motor vehicles, pedestrians and bicycles
- **crosses**: Coal River (Tasmania), Coal River
- **locale**: Richmond, Tasmania
- **mainspan**: Department of Infrastructure, Energy and Resources
- **length**: 41m (135ft)
- **width**: 7.2m (25ft)
- **open**: 1825
Red Bridge (Tasmania)

The **Red Bridge** in Tasmania crosses the Elizabeth River at Campbell Town. It was built between 1836 and 1838 by convicts using red clay bricks made on site. It has a solid stone base with sandstone piers and cappings. It is the oldest brick arch bridge in Australia, as well as the oldest bridge anywhere on an Australian National Highway. The bridge has three arches with spans of  each. It is wide enough for two lanes of traffic as well as pedestrian walkways. It is on the Midland Highway, about halfway between Hobart and Launceston, and carries over two million vehicles per year.

It is said to have been designed by James Blackburn, an architect and a convict who had been sent to Tasmania for the crime of forgery. It was made from 1,250,000 hand-made bricks on dry land. After it was finished the course of the river was changed to flow under the bridge.

The Red Bridge is registered on the Register of the National Estate since 1978.

## Other websites

- Bridge on the Australian Heritage Database

## Infobox (bridge)

- **bridge name**: Red Bridge
- **native name lang**: en
- **image**: Red Bridge, Tasmania.jpg
- **image size**: 250
- **caption**: Red Bridge, Tasmania
- **carries**: Motor vehicles and pedestrians
- **crosses**: Elizabeth River (Tasmania), Elizabeth River
- **locale**: Campbell Town, Tasmania, Campbell Town, Tasmania,
- **designer**: James Blackburn (architect), James Blackburn
- **design**: Arch bridge
- **material**: Brick and Stone
- **spans**: 3
- **begin**: 1836
- **complete**: July 1838
- **heritage**: Register of the National Estate,  Registered
Cable-stayed bridge

A **cable-stayed bridge** is a bridge that has one or more columns (called _towers_ or _pylons_), with cables directly supporting the bridge deck.

There are two main types of cable-stayed bridges. In the _harp_ design, the cables are nearly parallel. This is done by attaching them to various points on the tower(s). The height of attachment of each cable on the tower is similar to the distance from the tower along the roadway to its lower attachment. In a _fan_ design, the cables all connect to or pass over the top of the tower(s).

Compared to other bridge types, the cable-stayed is best for longer spans than used for cantilever bridges, and shorter than those needing a suspension bridge. Cantilever spans become too heavy if they were made longer. A cable-stay bridge is cheaper to build than a suspension bridge over a short distance.
Pontoon bridge

A **pontoon bridge** is a bridge that floats on water. It is a **floating bridge** with barges or boats ('pontoons') to support the bridge deck.

Pontoon bridges are usually temporary structures, but some are used for long periods. Permanent floating bridges are useful for sheltered (quiet)  water-crossings. It may be too expensive to suspend a bridge from anchored piers. Pontoon bridges may need a section that is elevated, or can be raised or removed, to allow ships to pass.

Pontoon bridges are often used in wartime as river crossings. They are usually temporary, and are sometimes destroyed after crossing (to keep the enemy from using them), or collapsed and carried (if on a long march). They were used to great advantage in many battles. Pontoon bridges have been in use since ancient times. It is thought that the first London Bridge was a Roman pontoon bridge. Roman legions had men and equipment to build pontoon bridges, and often made them. The first pontoon bridge was made by the Zhou Dynasty.

## Infobox (bridge type)

- **image**: US Army crossing the Rhine on heavy ponton bridge at Worms, March, 1945.png
- **image title**: U.S. Army troops cross the Rhine on a heavy pontoon bridge, March 1945
- **carries**: Pedestrian, automobile, truck
- **span range**: Short to long
- **material**: Various: steel, concrete, boats, barrels, plastic floats, appropriate decking material
- **movable**: Generally not, but may have movable sections for watercraft passage
- **design**: low
- **falsework**: No
Marion Barber III

**Marion Sylvester Barber III** (June 10, 1983 – June 1, 2022) was an American football running back in the National Football League. After playing college football for the Minnesota Golden Gophers, he was drafted by the Dallas Cowboys in the fourth round of the 2005 NFL Draft. He was selected to the Pro Bowl in 2007 during his six-year career with the Cowboys. He played for the Chicago Bears in 2011.

## College

Barber played college football for Minnesota Golden Gophers. He had 35 rushing touchdowns, one more than his father, Marion Barber Jr. He and Laurence Maroney helped make the Golphers backfield one of the best in the NCAA.

### Dallas Cowboys

Barber was drafted by the Dallas Cowboys in the 4th round (109 overall) of the 2005 NFL Draft. Despite his talent, Barber's career has been harmed by injuries. he never rushed for 1,000 yards or over. He was voted to the Pro Bowl in 2007 after 204 rushing yards, 975 yards, and 10 touchdowns. He added 44 catches, 282 yards, and two receiving touchdowns in 2007.

Barber was released by Dallas after the 2010 season and was signed by the Chicago Bears.

### Chicago Bears

Barber was signed by the Chicago Bears as a backup to Matt Forte. His fumble against the Denver Broncos lost the game. In his only season in Chicago, Barber rushed for 442 yards and 6 touchdowns on 114 carries.

### Retirement

On March 23, 2012, Barber announced his retirement. “I want to thank everyone who gave me the opportunity to play, and I'm very thankful to have had the chance to suit up for two of the NFL’s most storied organizations,” Barber said on the Bears' team website.

## Personal

Barber was the older brother of Houston Texans safety Dominique Barber and the son of former New York Jets running back Marion Barber, Jr..

Barber was found dead in his Frisco, Texas apartment on June 1, 2022, nine days before his 39th birthday.

## Other websites

- Marion Barber among Dallas Cowboys to be released-ESPN
- Barber announces retirement-MSN

## Infobox (nfl biography)

- **name**: Marion Barber
- **image**: Marion the Barbarian.jpg
- **image size**: 200
- **caption**: Barber with the Cowboys in 2007
- **number**: 24
- **position**: Running back
- **birth place**: Plymouth, Minnesota, U.S.
- **death place**: Frisco, Texas, U.S.
- **height ft**: 5
- **height in**: 11
- **weight lbs**: 221
- **high school**: Wayzata High School, Plymouth (MN) Wayzata
- **college**: Minnesota Golden Gophers football, Minnesota
- **draftyear**: 2005
- **draftround**: 4
- **draftpick**: 109
- **pastteams**: * Dallas Cowboys ()
* Chicago Bears ()
- **highlights**: * Music City Bowl MVP (2004 Music City Bowl, 2004)
* Pro Bowl (2008 Pro Bowl, 2007)
- **statlabel1**: Rushing attempts
- **statvalue1**: 1,156
- **statlabel2**: Rushing yards
- **statvalue2**: 4,780
- **statlabel3**: Rushing touchdowns
- **statvalue3**: 53
- **statlabel4**: Receptions
- **statvalue4**: 179
- **statlabel5**: Receiving yards
- **statvalue5**: 1,330
- **statlabel6**: Receiving touchdowns
- **statvalue6**: 6
- **nfl**: BAR059695
- **pfr**: B/BarbMa01
The Sixth Sense

***The Sixth Sense*** is a 1999 American psychological horror thriller film. It is set in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and was directed by M. Night Shyamalan. It stars Haley Joel Osment and Bruce Willis.

It is the second highest-grossing horror movie of all time (behind _It_).

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: The Sixth Sense
- **director**: M. Night Shyamalan
- **producer**: Kathleen Kennedy (film producer), Kathleen Kennedy
Frank Marshall (film producer), Frank Marshall
Barry Mendel
- **writer**: M. Night Shyamalan
- **starring**: Bruce Willis
Haley Joel Osment
Toni Collette
Olivia Williams
- **music**: James Newton Howard
- **cinematography**: Tak Fujimoto
- **editing**: Andrew Mondshein
- **studio**: Walt Disney Pictures
Hollywood Pictures
Spyglass Entertainment
The Kennedy/Marshall Company
- **distributor**: Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures, Buena Vista Pictures
- **released**: (USA)
 (Thailand--premiere)
- **runtime**: 107 minutes
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **budget**: United States dollar, $40 million
- **gross**: $672,806,292
Orc

An **Orc** is a mythical creature.

In the 20th century, orcs most often refer to the creatures in J. R. R. Tolkien's Middle-earth books. Tolkien's orcs are human-shaped creatures, and servitors of evil.

The word can probably be traced to Orcus. This is a different name for Pluto or Hades. Pliny the Elder writes about orcs in his _Naturalis historia_. They are long-toothed sea monsters. Ludovico Ariosto (1474-1533)wrote an epic _Orlando Furioso_: There, the virgin Angelica is captured by a sea monster called orc. The hero, Rogero, is able to free her as he rode a Hippogriff. The Latin name of the Killer Whale, _Orcinus orca_ is }likely to come from that story. There is another creature called _orc_ in _Orlando Furioso_: a blind man-eating giant who abducts King Norandin of Damascus and his lover Lucina. This orc cannot be vanquished; only fooled by trickery.

There is another Orc that lives in the Alps. It is a demon living on mountain tops. It sometimes is described as protector of the forest. At other times it is said to be an evil spirit who brings doom to cattle and wild beasts.

From the early Middle Ages, the orc was seen as an evil creature, much like other creatures of Celtic origin.
Hideo Shinojima

was a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.

## Biography

Shinojima was born in Nikko on January 21, 1910. In May 1930, when he was a Tokyo Imperial University student, he was selected the Japan national team for Far Eastern Championship Games in Tokyo and Japan won the championship. At this competition, on May 25, he debuted against Philippines. On May 29, he also played and scored a goal against Republic of China. He played 2 games and scored 1 goal for Japan in 1930.

After retirement, Shinojima joined Japan Football Association (JFA). In 1965, he became vice-present of JFA. In 1975, he resigned for health reasons.

On February 11, 1975, Shinojima died of heart failure in Minato, Tokyo at the age of 65. In 2006, he was selected Japan Football Hall of Fame.

## Statistics

|-
|1930||2||1
|-
!Total||2||1
|}

## Other websites

- Japan Football Hall of Fame at Japan Football Association

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Hideo Shinojima
- **fullname**: Hideo Shinojima
- **birth place**: Nikko, Tochigi, Nikko, Tochigi Prefecture, Tochigi, Japan
- **death place**: Minato, Tokyo, Minato, Tokyo Metropolis, Tokyo, Japan
- **position**: Forward
- **youthyears1**: 1928–1931
- **youthclubs1**: University of Tokyo, Tokyo Imperial University
- **nationalyears1**: 1930
- **nationalteam1**: Japan national football team, Japan
- **nationalcaps1**: 2
- **nationalgoals1**: 1
Azimuntium

**Azimuntium** (Azimus, or Esimontou) was a fortified town in Thracian region near the Illyrian border of the Eastern Roman Empire (present day Greece). The town is described by the Greek historian Priscus of Panium as the being the only one of the 182 forts and castles of Thrace to resist during the Attilan War of 443-446 AD and separately negotiating an exchange of captives with Attila after the peace was declared in 446 AD.

The town is thought by Priscus to have still been in existence up the reign of the Emperor Justinian after which it "extirpated by the jealousy of the Roman princes". In Chapter 34 of his book "The history of the decline and fall of the Roman empire", Gibbons describes the town as follows:
Districts of Japan

were areas of  traditional local government in Japan before the Meiji period.  The function of districts has changed over time, but they continue to exist in contemporary Japan.

Districts are not all the same size.  They are roughly equivalent to a county in the United Kingdom or the United States.  They are smaller than prefectures and larger than towns and villages.

## History

Districts were established in the 8th century.

Until the 10th century, the chief government official of a district (_gun_) was called the _gunji_. During the Edo period, the head of a district (_gun_) was called the _gundai_.

Between 1878 and 1921, the Meiji period and Taishō period, districts were given specific powers and responsibilities which are now diffused.

## Related pages

- List of regions of Japan
- List of islands of Japan
- Municipalities in Japan
Tokizo Ichihashi

was a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.

## Biography

Ichihashi was born in Hyogo Prefecture on June 9, 1909. He played for Keio BRB which was consisted of his alma mater Keio University players and graduates.

In May 1930, when Ichihashi was a Keio University student, he was selected the Japan national team for Far Eastern Championship Games in Tokyo and Japan won the championship. At this competition, on May 25, he debuted and scored a goal against Philippines. On May 29, he also played against Republic of China. He played 2 games and scored 1 goals for Japan in 1930.

## Statistics

|-
|1930||2||1
|-
!Total||2||1
|}

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Tokizo Ichihashi
- **fullname**: Tokizo Ichihashi
- **birth place**: Hyogo Prefecture, Hyogo, Japan
- **position**: Forward
- **youthclubs1**: Kobe High School, Kobe Daiichi High School
- **youthclubs2**: Keio University
- **clubs1**: Keio BRB
- **nationalyears1**: 1930
- **nationalteam1**: Japan national football team, Japan
- **nationalcaps1**: 2
- **nationalgoals1**: 1
Saizo Saito

was a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.

## Biography

Saito was born in Osaka Prefecture on September 24, 1908. He played for Kwangaku Club which was consisted of his alma mater Kwansei Gakuin University players and graduates. At the club, he won 1929 Emperor's Cup with Yukio Goto, Hideo Sakai and so on.

In May 1930, when Saito was a Kwansei Gakuin University student, he was selected the Japan national team for Far Eastern Championship Games in Tokyo and Japan won the championship. At this competition, on May 25, he debuted against Philippines. On May 29, he also played against Republic of China. He played 2 games for Japan in 1930.

After graduating from Kwansei Gakuin University, Saito retired playing career and want to England and studied football at University of Bristol. In 1933, he joined Osaka Mainichi Shimbun and he was engaged in the management and reporting of All Japan High School Soccer Tournament until 1940. After that, he worked at Hino Motors and some affiliates until 1989. He also served as the president at some Hino Motors affiliates.

Saito died in 2004.

## Statistics

|-
|1930||2||0
|-
!Total||2||0
|}

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Saizo Saito
- **fullname**: Saizo Saito
- **birth place**: Osaka Prefecture, Osaka, Japan
- **death place**: Japan
- **position**: Goalkeeper
- **youthclubs1**: Kwansei Gakuin University
- **clubs1**: Kwangaku Club
- **nationalyears1**: 1930
- **nationalteam1**: Japan national football team, Japan
- **nationalcaps1**: 2
- **nationalgoals1**: 0
Masao Nozawa

was a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team. His brother Akira Nozawa also played for Japan national team.

## Biography

Nozawa was born in Hiroshima Prefecture. In May 1930, when he was a Tokyo Imperial University student, he was selected the Japan national team for Far Eastern Championship Games in Tokyo and Japan won the championship. At this competition, on May 25, he debuted against Philippines. On May 29, he also played against Republic of China. He played 2 games for Japan in 1930.

## Statistics

|-
|1930||2||0
|-
!Total||2||0
|}

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Masao Nozawa
- **fullname**: Masao Nozawa
- **birth place**: Hiroshima Prefecture, Hiroshima, Japan
- **position**: Midfielder
- **youthclubs1**: University of Tokyo, Tokyo Imperial University
- **nationalyears1**: 1930
- **nationalteam1**: Japan national football team, Japan
- **nationalcaps1**: 2
- **nationalgoals1**: 0
Hiroshi Kanazawa

was a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.

## Biography

In May 1934, when Kanazawa was a Kyoto Imperial University student, he was selected the Japan national team for Far Eastern Championship Games in Manila. At this competition, on May 13, he debuted against Dutch East Indies. On May 15, he also played against Philippines. He played 2 games for Japan in 1934.

## Statistics

|-
|1934||2||0
|-
!Total||2||0
|}

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Hiroshi Kanazawa
- **fullname**: Hiroshi Kanazawa
- **birth place**: Japan
- **position**: Goalkeeper
- **youthclubs1**: Kyoto University, Kyoto Imperial University
- **nationalyears1**: 1934
- **nationalteam1**: Japan national football team, Japan
- **nationalcaps1**: 2
- **nationalgoals1**: 0
Yukio Goto

was a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.

## Biography

Goto was born in Kobe. He played for Kwangaku Club which was consisted of his alma mater Kwansei Gakuin University players and graduates. He won 1929 and 1930 Emperor's Cup at the club.

In May 1930, when Goto was a Kwansei Gakuin University student, he was selected the Japan national team for Far Eastern Championship Games in Tokyo and Japan won the championship. At this competition, on May 25, he debuted against Philippines. In 1934, he was also selected Japan for Far Eastern Championship Games in Manila. At this competition, he played 2 games as Japan team captain. He played 4 games for Japan until 1934.

Goto died in 1976.

## Statistics

|-
|1930||2||0
|-
|1931||0||0
|-
|1932||0||0
|-
|1933||0||0
|-
|1934||2||0
|-
!Total||4||0
|}

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Yukio Goto
- **fullname**: Yukio Goto
- **birth place**: Kobe, Hyogo Prefecture, Hyogo, Japan
- **death date**: 1976
- **death place**: Japan
- **position**: Defender (football), Defender
- **youthclubs1**: Kwansei Gakuin High School
- **youthclubs2**: Kwansei Gakuin University
- **clubs1**: Kwangaku Club
- **nationalyears1**: 1930–1934
- **nationalteam1**: Japan national football team, Japan
- **nationalcaps1**: 4
- **nationalgoals1**: 0
Akira Nozawa

was a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team. His brother Masao Nozawa also played for Japan national team.

## Biography

Nozawa was born in Hiroshima Prefecture. In May 1934, when he was a Waseda University student, he was selected the Japan national team for Far Eastern Championship Games in Manila. At this competition, on May 13, he debuted against Dutch East Indies. He also played against Philippines and Republic of China. He played 3 games and scored 3 goals for Japan in 1934.

## Statistics

|-
|1934||3||3
|-
!Total||3||3
|}

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Akira Nozawa
- **fullname**: Akira Nozawa
- **birth place**: Hiroshima Prefecture, Hiroshima, Japan
- **position**: Forward
- **youthclubs1**: Waseda University
- **nationalyears1**: 1934
- **nationalteam1**: Japan national football team, Japan
- **nationalcaps1**: 3
- **nationalgoals1**: 3
Teiichi Matsumaru

was a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.

## Biography

Matsumaru was born in Bunkyo, Tokyo on February 28, 1909. He played for Keio BRB which was consisted of his alma mater Keio University players and graduates. At Keio BRB, he won 1932 and 1936 Emperor's Cup. He also played for Tokyo OB Club and won 1933 Emperor's Cup with Shigemaru Takenokoshi and Shiro Teshima.

In May 1934, Matsumaru was selected the Japan national team for Far Eastern Championship Games in Manila. At this competition, on May 13, he debuted against Dutch East Indies. He also played against Philippines and Republic of China. He played 3 games for Japan in 1934.

Matsumaru died on January 6, 1997 at the age of 87. In 2015, he was selected Japan Football Hall of Fame.

## Statistics

|-
|1934||3||0
|-
!Total||3||0
|}

## Other websites

- Japan Football Hall of Fame at Japan Football Association

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Teiichi Matsumaru
- **fullname**: Teiichi Matsumaru
- **birth place**: Bunkyo, Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo Metropolis, Tokyo, Japan
- **death place**: Japan
- **position**: Midfielder
- **youthclubs1**: Keio University
- **clubs1**: Keio BRB
- **clubs2**: Tokyo OB Club
- **nationalyears1**: 1934
- **nationalteam1**: Japan national football team, Japan
- **nationalcaps1**: 3
- **nationalgoals1**: 0
Convex function

In mathematics, a **convex function** is any function with value of the weighted average of 2 points is less than or equal to the weighted average of the function at those points.  Also, a function is convex if and only if its epigraph is a convex set.

## Examples

Three examples are:
- A line:
- A parabola:
- Absolute value:
Koichi Oita

was a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.

## Biography

Oita was born in Tokyo Metropolis on April 9, 1914. In 1936, when he was a Tokyo Imperial University student, he was selected the Japan national team for 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin. At this competition, on August 4, he debuted against Sweden. Although he was a midfielder, he played as a defender. Japan completed a come-from-behind victory against Sweden. The first victory in Olympics for the Japan and the historic victory over one of the powerhouses became later known as "Miracle of Berlin" (ベルリンの奇跡) in Japan. In 2016, this team was selected Japan Football Hall of Fame. On August 7, he also played against Italy. He played 2 games for Japan in 1936.

After retirement, in 1947, Oita became a manager for new club Sumitomo Metal and managed until 1956.

September 11, 1996, Oita died of heart failure in Bunkyo, Tokyo at the age of 82.

## Statistics

|-
|1936||2||0
|-
!Total||2||0
|}

## Other websites

- Japan Football Hall of Fame (Japan team at 1936 Olympics) at Japan Football Association

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Koichi Oita
- **fullname**: Koichi Oita
- **birth place**: Tokyo Metropolis, Tokyo, Japan
- **death place**: Bunkyo, Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo Metropolis, Tokyo, Japan
- **position**: Defender (football), Defender
- **youthyears1**: ????
- **youthclubs1**: Mito High School
- **youthyears2**: ????–1937
- **youthclubs2**: University of Tokyo, Tokyo Imperial University
- **nationalyears1**: 1936
- **nationalteam1**: Japan national football team, Japan
- **nationalcaps1**: 2
- **nationalgoals1**: 0
- **manageryears1**: 1947–1956
- **managerclubs1**: Kashima Antlers, Sumitomo Metal
Weighted average

A **weighted average** is the average of values which are scaled by importance. The weighted average equals the sum of weights times values divided by the sum of the weights.

## Simple case

This collection of four integers is called a multiset because the integer  appears more than once:

The straight average (or arithmetic mean) of these four variables is the sum divided by :

In the above equation, we used the overline to express the fact that this is the average over four variables. These variables can also be expressed using subscripts:

You get the same answer by calculating this as a _weighted average_ of three variables. But you need to include a weight-value of  for the integer :

Here the hat  is used to mark weight values, which represent how many times each of the three values  appear. While it is not common to put hats over numbers in calculations, this  representation allows us to see how the weights influence the calculation. We can also write the weighted average as:

In conclusion, we have shown how an _arithmetic mean_ over four variables (1, 3, 3, 5) can be understood as a **weighted average** over only three variables (1, 3, 5). This is accomplished by multiplying the repeated variable  by the number of times it is repeated (two).

## Summation notation

To understand how to express this using summation notation, we place a tilde  over variables that involve the weighted average. First we define:

Note that the sum of the three weights equals :

The ordinary average (with four terms) equals the weighted average (with three terms):

Simplify this by replacing  with the sum over all the weights:

<div class="equation-box" style="margin: 0 0 0 3em; padding: 5px; border-width:2px; border-style: solid; border-color: black; background-color: white; text-align: center; display: table">

</div>

## Application to exam scores

Given two school classes, one with 20 students, and one with 30 students, the grades in each class on a test were:

- Morning class = 62, 67, 71, 74, 76, 77, 78, 79, 79, 80, 80, 81, 81, 82, 83, 84, 86, 89, 93, 98

- Afternoon class = 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 87, 88, 88, 89, 89, 89, 90, 90, 90, 90, 91, 91, 91, 92, 92, 93, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99

The straight average for the morning class is 80 and the straight average of the afternoon class is 90. The straight average of 80 and 90 is 85, the mean of the two class means. But this does not account for the difference in number of students in each class, so the value of 85 does not reflect the average student grade (independent of class). The average student grade can be calculated by averaging all the grades, without regard to classes (add all the grades up and divide by the total number of students):

Or, this can be accomplished by weighting the class means by the number of students in each class (using a weighted mean of the class means):

Thus, the weighted mean makes it possible to find the average student grade in the case where only the class means and the number of students in each class are available.

## Related pages

- Expected value
Epigraph (mathematics)

In mathematics, the **epigraph** of a function is the set of paired values so the output of the function at the first value is less than or equal to the second value.  In math terms this means  if and only if .
Kunitaka Sueoka

was a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.

## Biography

Sueoka was born in Hiroshima Prefecture on February 1, 1917. He played for Waseda University. He won 1938 Emperor's Cup with Sei Fuwa, Sekiji Sasano, Shogo Kamo, Hidetoki Takahashi and so on. He also won the 2nd place at 1939 Emperor's Cup. He also played for Waseda WMW which was consisted of his alma mater Waseda University players and graduates. At the club, he won the 2nd place at 1940 Emperor's Cup. This tournament was the last Emperor's Cup before the war because Emperor's Cup was suspended for World War II from 1941 to 1945.

On June 16, 1940, when Sueoka was a Waseda University student, he debuted for the Japan national team against Philippines and Japan won the match. This match was the first match since 1936 Summer Olympics and the only match in the 1940s in Japan's "International A Match" due to World War II.

Sueoka died in November 1998 at the age of 81.

## Statistics

|-
|1940||1||0
|-
!Total||1||0
|}

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Kunitaka Sueoka
- **fullname**: Kunitaka Sueoka
- **birth place**: Hiroshima Prefecture, Hiroshima, Japan
- **death place**: Japan
- **position**: Defender (football), Defender
- **youthclubs1**: Hiroshima Kokutaiji High School, Hiroshima Daiichi High School
- **youthclubs2**: Waseda University
- **clubs1**: Waseda WMW
- **nationalyears1**: 1940
- **nationalteam1**: Japan national football team, Japan
- **nationalcaps1**: 1
- **nationalgoals1**: 0
Kim Sung-gan

**Kim Sung-Gan** (Hangul:김성간, November 17, 1912 – May 19, 1984) was a South Korean footballer and manager. He was a member of the Japan national team in 1940.

## International career statistics

|-
|1940||1||0
|-
!Total||1||0
|}

## Other websites

- Japan Football Association
- Japan National Football Team Database

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Kim Sung-gan
- **image**: 김성간 선수 사진.jpg
- **image size**: 250px
- **caption**: Kim in 1972
- **fullname**: Kim Sung-gan
- **birth place**: Pyongyang, Heian'nan-dō, Korea under Japanese rule, Korea, Empire of Japan
- **death place**: Springfield, Illinois, United States
- **position**: Forward (association football), Forward
- **youthclubs1**: Kwangsung Middle School
- **youthyears2**: 1928–1930
- **youthclubs2**: Soongsil Middle School
- **collegeyears1**: 1932
- **college1**: Soongsil University, Soongsil College
- **collegeyears2**: 1934–1940
- **college2**: Yonsei University, Yonhi College
- **years1**: 1933
- **clubs1**: Pyongyang Football Club, Pyongyang FC
- **years2**: 1933
- **clubs2**: Korean Students in Japan FC, Korean Students in Japan
- **years3**: 1934
- **clubs3**: Joseon FC
- **years4**: 1934–1939
- **clubs4**: Kyungsung FC
- **nationalyears1**: 1940
- **nationalteam1**: Japan national football team, Japan
- **nationalcaps1**: 1
- **nationalgoals1**: 0
- **manageryears1**: 1956
- **managerclubs1**: South Korea national football team, South Korea
Taro Kagawa

was a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team. His brother Hiroshi Kagawa is a former footballer and football journalist.

## Biography

Kagawa was born in Kobe on August 9, 1922. After graduating from Kobe University of Economics, he joined Tanabe Pharmaceutical in 1948. He also played for Osaka SC. At Osaka SC, he won the 2nd place at Emperor's Cup 3 times (1951, 1952 and 1953).

In March 1951, Kagawa was selected to the Japan national team for Japan's first game after World War II, at the 1951 Asian Games. At this competition, on March 7, he debuted against Iran. He also played at the 1954 Asian Games. He played 5 games for Japan until 1954.

Kagawa died on March 6, 1990 at the age of 67. In 2006, he was selected to the Japan Football Hall of Fame.

## Statistics

|-
|1951||2||0
|-
|1952||0||0
|-
|1953||0||0
|-
|1954||3||0
|-
!Total||5||0
|}

## Other websites

- Japan Football Hall of Fame at Japan Football Association

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Taro Kagawa
- **fullname**: Taro Kagawa
- **birth place**: Kobe, Hyogo Prefecture, Hyogo, Japan
- **death place**: Japan
- **position**: Forward
- **youthclubs1**: Kobe High School, Kobe Daiichi High School
- **youthclubs2**: Kobe University, Kobe University of Economics
- **years1**: 1948–????
- **clubs1**: Tanabe Mitsubishi Pharma SC, Tanabe Pharmaceutical
- **clubs2**: Osaka SC
- **nationalyears1**: 1951–1954
- **nationalteam1**: Japan national football team, Japan
- **nationalcaps1**: 5
- **nationalgoals1**: 0
Takashi Mizuno

(former name; **Takashi Tokuhiro**, 徳弘 隆) is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.

## Biography

Mizuno was born on April 28, 1931. After graduating from Kwansei Gakuin University, he joined Yuasa Batteries in 1954. He also played for Kwangaku Club (All Kwangaku) which was consisted of his alma mater Kwansei Gakuin University players and graduates. He won 1953, 1955 and 1958 Emperor's Cup.

On October 9, 1955, Mizuno debuted for Japan national team against Burma.

## Statistics

|-
|1955||1||0
|-
!Total||1||0
|}

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Takashi Mizuno
- **fullname**: Takashi Mizuno
- **birth place**: Japan
- **position**: Forward
- **youthyears1**: 1947–1949
- **youthclubs1**: Kwansei Gakuin High School
- **youthyears2**: 1950–1953
- **youthclubs2**: Kwansei Gakuin University
- **years1**: 1954–????
- **clubs1**: Yuasa Batteries SC, Yuasa Batteries
- **nationalyears1**: 1955
- **nationalteam1**: Japan national football team, Japan
- **nationalcaps1**: 1
- **nationalgoals1**: 0
Super Bowl XL

**Super Bowl XL** was an American football game in the National Football League between the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Pittsburgh Steelers against the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Seattle Seahawks to decide the Super Bowl champion for the 2005 season. It was played on February 5, 2006. It features the Steelers beat the Seahawks, 21-10.  Steelers receiver Hines Ward, who caught 5 passes for 123 yards and a touchdown, while also rushing for 18 yards, was named Super Bowl MVP. Pittsburgh finished the regular season with an 11-5 record and became the fourth wild card team, and third in nine years, to win the Super Bowl. Pittsburgh also became the first #6 seed in the NFL playoffs to win a Super Bowl (and the first #6 seed to win a conference title).  The Steelers became the second franchise, following the Oakland Raiders, to appear in the Super Bowl in four different decades (1970s, 1980s, 1990s, 2000s), and the first to appear in four consecutive decades. Also, Steelers runningback Jerome Bettis was able  win a Super Bowl thanks to this game.

However, many have criticized the officiating in that game, as they believe Seattle was cheated during some questionable calls by referee Bill Leavy.

## References

- Super Bowl referees foul, yet so was everything else-USA Today
- Game recap

## Infobox (superbowl)

- **sb name**: XL
- **visitor**: Seattle Seahawks
- **home**: Pittsburgh Steelers
- **visitor abbr**: SEA
- **home abbr**: PIT
- **visitor conf**: National Football Conference, NFC
- **home conf**: American Football Conference, AFC
- **visitor total**: 10
- **home total**: 21
- **visitor qtr1**: 3
- **visitor qtr2**: 0
- **visitor qtr3**: 7
- **visitor qtr4**: 0
- **home qtr1**: 0
- **home qtr2**: 7
- **home qtr3**: 7
- **home qtr4**: 7
- **stadium**: Ford Field
- **city**: Detroit, Michigan
- **attendance**: 68,206
- **odds**: Steelers by 4
- **mvp**: Hines Ward, wide receiver
- **anthem**: Aaron Neville, Aretha Franklin and Dr. John, ASL performed by Angela LaGuardia
- **coin toss**: Tom Brady representing previous Super Bowl MVPs
- **referee**: Bill Leavy
- **pre-game**: Stevie Wonder
- **halftime**: The Rolling Stones
- **trophy**: Bart Starr
- **network**: Monday Night Football, ABC
- **announcers**: Al Michaels, John Madden, Michele Tafoya and Suzy Kolber
- **rating**: 41.6

- **share**: 62
- **commercial**: $2.5 million
- **last**: XXXIX
- **next**: XLI
Gulf of Honduras

The **Gulf** or **Bay of Honduras** is a large inlet of the Caribbean Sea. It indents the coasts of Belize, Guatemala, and Honduras. From north to south, it runs for approximately 200 km from Dangriga, Belize, to La Ceiba, Honduras.

The inner Gulf of Honduras is lined by the Belize Barrier Reef. It forms the southern part of the 900 km long Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System. This is the second-largest coral reef system in the world. The Belize Barrier Reef has a number of small islands. They are called cays, and collectively known as the Pelican Cays.

The Gulf of Honduras contains complex dynamics of coastal and open waters, and ocean currents. These have produced a very diverse and unique ecosystem with a wide variety of coastal marine waters. It includes coastline estuaries, barrier beaches, lagoons, intertidal salt marshes, mangrove forests, seagrass beds, keys and barrier reefs.

The gulf receives the runoff from the watersheds of 12 rivers . They discharge at 1232 m³ s<sup>-1</sup>. These rivers include the Moho, Sarstún, Río Dulce, Motagua, and Ulúa. Volume of sediment from these rivers is increasing. This damages the marine ecosystem.

Many American anglers visit the Gulf of Honduras to catch the marlin that abound there. Tourists are often taken on boat trips to the **Pelican Cays**, notably Caye Caulker and Ambergris Caye.

In 1961 Hurricane Hattie swept across the Gulf of Honduras. It destroyed buildings in Belize.
Swan Islands, Honduras

The **Swan Islands**, or **Islas Santanilla**, are a chain of three islands. They are in the northwestern Caribbean Sea. They are about ninety miles off the coastline of Honduras. They have a land area of .

## Detailed location and features

They are within the EEZ of Honduras and belong to the Islas de la Bahía department of Honduras. They consist of three islands:
- Great Swan Island (3 km long, 5.5 km²)
- Little Swan (2.4 km long, 0.5 km wide, 2.5 km²)
- Booby Cay (90 metres long, 70 m off the southwest corner of Great Swan, <0.01 km²)

Rosario Bank and Misteriosa Bank are 130 to 150 km north of the Swan Islands. The >5000 metres deep Cayman Trench separates them.

The islands have no people in them, except for a small Honduran navy garrison. Great Swan has a 3800′ (1158 m) grass airstrip (ICAO code MHIC, IATA code SWA).

## Historical background

Both the United States and Honduras claimed the Swan Islands until the United States dropped its claim. This was under the Guano Islands Act in 1972. The islands gained attention in the early 1960s. This was because of Radio Swan, which began broadcasting in May 1960 during preparation for, and during, the Bay of Pigs Invasion of Cuba. The station was removed from the islands in the late 1960s. Its main transmitter was transferred for use in the Vietnam War.

In October 1998, Hurricane Mitch moved over Swan Island with winds of 180 mph.

## Other websites

- History of the Swan Islands

## Infobox (islands)

- **name**: Swan Islands
- **image name**: Little Swan Island.jpeg
- **image caption**: Little Swan Island
- **image size**: 240
- **location**: Caribbean Sea
- **archipelago**: Bay Islands (department), Bay Islands
- **country**: Honduras
- **country admin divisions title**: Departments of Honduras, Department
- **country admin divisions**: Bay Islands (department), Bay Islands
- **country admin divisions title 1**: Municipality
- **country admin divisions 1**: Islas de la Bahia
- **country largest city population**: 0
- **population**: 0
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Concepción

The **Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Concepción** () is an archdiocese in Concepción, Chile.

## History

It was established in 1563 as _Diocese of La Imperial_. On 1603, it was renamed _Diocese of Concepción_. On 1939 it was promoted to _Archdiocese of Concepción_.

## Suffragan dioceses

- Chillán
- Los Ángeles
- Temuco
- Valdivia
- Villarrica

## Other websites

- Giga-Catholic Information
- Catholic Hierarchy
- Diocese website
Matthew Hopkins

**Matthew Hopkins** (c. 1620 – 12 August 1647) was a witch-hunter. His 3-year career began in 1645 during the time of the English Civil War and ended in 1647. Matthew and his colleague John Stearne were responsible for the rising number of witch hunts during that time. At the end, more people were hanged for being witches because of witch accusations than in the previous 100 years.  It is believed the number of deaths due to them was about 300 women. His witchhunts mainly took place in the eastern counties of Suffolk, Essex, Norfolk, and occasionally in Cambridgeshire, Northamptonshire, Bedfordshire, and Huntingdonshire.

Very little is known of Matthew Hopkins before 1644. There are no documents from that time about him or his family. He was born in Great Wenham, Suffolk. His father, James Hopkins, was a Puritan clergyman in Suffolk.

Hopkins wrote in his book _The Discovery of Witches_ that he "never travelled far... to gain his experience".

In the early 1640s Hopkins moved to Manningtree, Essex near Colchester. According to tradition Hopkins used his inheritance to establish himself as a gentleman and to buy the Thorn Inn in Mistley.

From the way that he gave evidence in trials, Hopkins is thought to have been trained as a lawyer, but there is little evidence to prove this.

Matthew Hopkins died at his home in Manningtree, Essex, on 12 August 1647, probably of tuberculosis.