juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Czech language

The **Czech language** (čeština in czech, ) is a Slavic language officially spoken by people in the Czech Republic. Ten million people speak it. It is very similar to the Slovak language; the differences between these two languages are small enough that speakers of Czech and Slovak usually understand each other.

It has three genders and is an inflected language like Latin. The grammar is much more complex than that of English.

## Other websites

- Ústav pro jazyk český – Czech Language Institute (in Czech)

- mluvtečesky.net  – website for learning Czech language (in English, Germany, Polish and Czech)

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Czech
- **ethnicity**: Czechs, Moravians
- **states**: Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland and other worldwide.
- **speakers**: 10 million
- **date**: 2007
- **familycolor**: Indo-European
- **fam2**: Balto-Slavic languages, Balto-Slavic
- **fam3**: Slavic languages, Slavic
- **fam4**: West Slavic languages, West Slavic
- **fam5**: Czech-Slovak languages, Czech-Slovak
- **nation**:

(partially)
- **script**: Latin script (Czech alphabet)
Czech Braille
- **agency**: Institute of the Czech Language
- **iso1**: cs
- **iso2b**: cze
- **iso2t**: ces
- **iso3**: ces
- **lingua**: 53-AAA-da < West Slavic languages, 53-AAA-b...-d
(varieties: 53-AAA-daa to 53-AAA-dam)
Monica Lewinsky

**Monica Samille Lewinsky** (born July 23, 1973 in San Francisco) is an American fashion designer, television personality, and anti-bullying activist.

In 1998, she became well known for being part of a scandal between her and then President of the United States, Bill Clinton. The scandal involved claims that she had had a sexual relationship with President Clinton. He said they had not. In the end Clinton had to admit that sexual activity of some kind took place between them.

Lewinsky is of Jewish descent. She grew up in a luxury $1.6 million home in Beverly Hills. She is the daughter of Bernard Lewinsky, a medical researcher and photographer.

She worked in the mid-1990s as an intern at the White House and the Pentagon.

Lewinsky experimented with designing handbags and purses for her company, "The Real Monica".

On December 14, 2006, Lewinsky graduated with a Master of Science degree in Social Psychology from the London School of Economics. Lewinsky's thesis is titled "In Search of the Impartial Juror: An exploration of the third person effect and pre-trial publicity". According to her publicist Barbara Hutson, Lewinsky was interviewing for jobs in the United Kingdom in early 2007.

In 2009, scholar Ken Gormley had communications with Lewinsky as a part of his in-depth study of the Clinton scandals. She said that Clinton had lied under oath when asked detailed and specific questions about his relationship with her.

In the 2010s, Lewinsky became an activist against cyberbullying, and gave a TED talk about it. BuzzFeed called her the Queen of Twitter.
1190

## Events

- March 16 — Massacre and mass-suicide of the Jews of York, England prompted by Crusaders and Richard Malebys kill 150–500 Jews in Clifford's Tower.
- June 10 — Third Crusade: Frederick I Barbarossa drowned in the Saleph River while leading an army to Jerusalem.
- October 4 — Richard I of England threatens war against Tancred of Sicily, and captures Messina
- "On the Harmony of Religions and Philosophy" (ar. Kitab fasl al-maqal) first published.
- Coronation of Richard I of England (_the Lion-Hearted_)
- Anti-Jewish riots in England.
- In Myanmar, Anawrahta's lineage regains control with the assistance of Sri Lanka. Pagan has been in anarchy. The new regime reforms Burmese Buddhism on Sri Lankan Theravada models.
- Henry I becomes Duke of Brabant.
- Richard I of England and Philip II of France meet at Vézelay, beginning the Third Crusade.
- Stevan Nemanja founds the Studenica monastery in Serbia.
- The feudal era of Japan begins.
- Cartmel Priory founded

## Births

- Vincent of Beauvais, Dominican friar and encyclopedist (d. 1264)
- Peter I, Duke of Brittany (d. 1251)
- William III of Sicily (d. 1198)
- William of Sherwood, English logician (d. 1249)

## Deaths

- March 15 Isabelle of Hainaut, queen of Philip II of France (b. 1170)
- June 10 — Frederick Barbarossa, Holy Roman Emperor, (drowned) (b. 1122)
- July 25 — Sibylla of Jerusalem, Queen of Jerusalem (b. c. 1160)
- William Fitzstephen, servant of Thomas à Becket and sheriff of Gloucester
- Ranulf de Glanvill, chief justiciar of England
- Robert de Beaumont, 3rd Earl of Leicester
William S. Burroughs

**William Seward Burroughs** (February 5, 1914 – August 2, 1997) was an American writer. He was a contemporary and friend of writers Allen Ginsberg and Jack Kerouac.

Burroughs was a member of the family who owned the Burroughs Cash Register Company. A family trust paid him an income, so he did not have to work a regular job. Sometimes he lived in Mexico and other countries, because he could live there in more luxury than in the United States. One favorite apartment he had in New York City was a windowless basement, nicknamed "Bill's Bunker" by his friends. Many of them were emerging writers and artists.

Burroughs told interesting, colorful stories, but did not think he could be a writer. This changed as he came to terms with tragedy; he had killed his common law wife Joan, in an accident when they were both drunk. Burroughs began to write to work through his grief and feelings of guilt. He also abused drugs, including heroin, and it affected his writing. His first novel, _Naked Lunch_, was a surreal work.

Besides writing, Burroughs also recorded spoken word and musical works. One of his works paired him with musician Kurt Cobain.

Burroughs died of a heart attack.

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: William S. Burroughs
- **image**: Burroughs1983 cropped.jpg
- **caption**: Burroughs in the 1980s
- **birth place**: St. Louis, Missouri, St. Louis, Missouri
- **death place**: Lawrence, Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas
- **occupation**: Novelist, Short story writer, Essayist
- **pseudonym**: William Lee
- **spouse**: Ilse von Klapper (1937-1946)
Joan Vollmer (1946-1951)
- **children**: William S. Burroughs, Jr.
- **relatives**: William Seward Burroughs I, grandfather
Ivy Lee, maternal uncle
- **genre**: Beat generation, Beat, science fiction, satire
- **movement**: Beat generation, Beat
Postmodern literature, Postmodern
- **notableworks**: _Naked Lunch_
1773

## Events

- December 16 – At the Boston Tea Party, the Sons of Liberty throw 342 chests of tea into Boston Harbor.  This will help start the American Revolutionary War.

## Births

- February 9 – William Henry Harrison, ninth President of the United States (d. 1841)
Mike Judge

**Mike Judge** (born October 17, 1962) is an American animator, actor, writer, and producer. He is most famous for creating and starring in the animated television series _Beavis and Butt-head_ and _King of the Hill_. Judge also wrote, directed, and played a small part in the 1999 movie _Office Space_, and directed the 2006 movie _Idiocracy_, which starred Luke Wilson. He was born in Guayaquil, Ecuador, grew up in New Mexico, and lives in Austin, Texas.
Missing Persons

**Missing Persons** was an American new wave band formed in the 1980s while working with Frank Zappa.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Missing Persons
- **img**: WarrenCuccurulloDaleBozzioMissingPersonsOct2010.jpg
- **img capt**: Warren Cuccurullo and Dale Bozzio performing in October 2009
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Los Angeles, California, United States
- **genre**: New Wave music, New Wave, synthpop, post-punk, pop rock
- **years active**: 1980–1986, 2001-2003, 2011-present
- **label**: One Way Records, One Way, Capitol Records, Capitol, Pioneer Records, Pioneer, Sumthing Distribution, Sumthing Else, Cleopatra Records, Cleopatra, Hypnotic Records, Hypnotic, Warner Records, Warner
- **associated acts**: Frank Zappa
Duran Duran
Liquid Mind
UK (band), UK
Chicanery
- **current members**: Warren Cuccurullo
Dale Bozzio
Ron Poster
Doug Lunn
Jake Hayden
- **past members**: Terry Bozzio
Patrick O'Hearn
 Chuck Wild
Wes Wehmiller
Joe Travers
Scheila Gonzalez
Blackpool

**Blackpool** is a seaside town in Lancashire, in the north west of England. The town is on the coast of the Irish Sea. Blackpool had a population of 142,283 as of the 2001 census.

Blackpool became important for tourism during the 19th century. It is known for its beaches and amusement parks. It is also the home to a famous international ballroom dancing competition.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Blackpool
- **type**: Town, Borough status in the United Kingdom, Borough & Unitary authority
- **image skyline**: Blackpool_tower_from_central_pier_ferris_wheel.jpg
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **image caption**: View of Blackpool Tower & the beach
- **image blank emblem**: Coat of arms of Blackpool Borough Council.png
- **blank emblem type**: Coat of Arms of the Borough Council
- **blank emblem size**: 150px
- **image map**: LancashireBlackpool.png
- **map caption**: Shown within ceremonial Lancashire
- **mapsize**: frameless
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Sovereign state
- **subdivision name**: United Kingdom
- **subdivision type1**: Constituent country
- **subdivision name1**: England
- **subdivision type2**: Regions of England, Region
- **subdivision name2**: North West England
- **subdivision type3**: Ceremonial counties of England, Ceremonial county
- **subdivision name3**: Lancashire
- **seat type**: Admin. HQ
- **seat**: Blackpool
- **government type**: Blackpool Borough Council
- **leader title**: Local government in England#Councillors and mayors, Leadership:
- **leader name**: Leader & Cabinet
- **leader title1**: Executive:
- **leader title2**: MPs elected in the United Kingdom general election, 2010, MPs:
- **leader name2**: Paul Maynard Conservative Party (UK), (C)
Gordon Marsden Labour Party (UK), (L)
- **established title**: Founded
- **area rank**: List of English districts by area|
- **population rank**: List of English districts by population, Ranked
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone**: Greenwich Mean Time
- **utc offset**: +0
- **timezone dst**: British Summer Time
- **utc offset dst**: +1
- **postal code type**: Postcode
- **postal code**: FY postcode area, FY1-FY4
- **blank name**: ISO 3166-2:GB, ISO 3166-2
- **blank1 name**: ONS coding system, ONS code
- **blank1 info**: 00EY (ONS)
E06000009 (GSS)
- **blank2 name**: British national grid reference system, OS grid reference
- **blank3 name**: Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics, NUTS 3
- **blank4 name**: Ethnicity
- **blank4 info**: 95.5% White
2.0% South Asian
0.9% Mixed
0.8% Black
0.6% Chinese
0.2% Other Asian
Estimate
- **website**: [http://www.visitblackpool.com/ visitblackpool.com]
[http://www.blackpool.gov.uk/ blackpool.gov.uk]
Police officer

A **police officer** is a serving member of a police force.  Police officers arrest criminals, prevent crime, protect and help the public, and keep public order. Officers have legally authorized powers, which in Britain is called a _warrant_.

## Powers and duties

A police officer's job is to protect the public, make sure people obey the law and make people feel safe.  Not all police officers wear a uniform and patrol.  Some police officers have specialist jobs, such as being a detective, a traffic officer or a police dog handler. In some countries, not all police carry guns, so a police officer could choose to become an armed police officer after a lot of experience.

As a part of their job, police officers have rights that other people do not have. This might include the power to arrest a person who they think has committed a crime, the power to search a person, the power to stop cars and direct traffic, the power to ask for a person's name and address, the power to give out tickets or fines or the power to make a person come to court.  Without these powers the police would not be able to gain any sort of control over society.

Being a police officer can be dangerous. Police officers are sometimes killed or hurt by criminals when they are sent to incidents, so that is why the police have to carry the equipment needed to defend themselves. Police officers have the right to carry weapons, such as a gun or a baton in order to stop crime even if the weapon laws are strict and limited to the general public.

## Equipment

In different countries, police officers are given different equipment to deal with the crime that is in their country.  Police officers are armed with weapons that they can use to defend themselves or other people that need help.  Most police officers carry some or all of the following items to complete their work:

- a gun or a baton/truncheon to injure or in some cases kill criminals if necessary.
- a canister of CS gas or pepper spray, which blinds a person for a short amount of time
- a set of handcuffs, for restraining a person
- a protection vest, to protect a police officer from knives and guns
- a flashlight, for lighting dark places
- a two-way radio, to call for help, give information to other officers and to get backup.

Police officers have to patrol and respond to emergencies as quickly as possible.  Some police officers will walk on foot patrol, but often police officers will perform patrol duties in a police car.  This is so that they can get to emergencies faster and carry more equipment.  Sometimes officers patrol on bicycles, motorbikes or on horses if they are in a unit that does this.
Account

**Account** might mean:
- Bank account, a record of the money you have in a bank.
- An account on a website records information about what you do at the website.

## Related page

- Accountancy
    - Financial accounting
    - Management accounting
Liquid Paper

**Liquid Paper**, also called **white out** and **correction fluid**, is used to correct mistakes made in writing on typewriters and with ink. It was originally called **Mistake Out** and was invented by Bette Nesmith Graham in 1951, who was working at a bank in the U.S. state of Texas at time and had trouble when she typed on the typewriter, which was part of her job. She made the product by mixing the required substances with her blender and sold it to friends starting in 1956. She sold the product to the Gillette Corporation for 47.5 million US Dollars in 1979. When she died the following year, her son, Michael Nesmith, a famous musician, formerly of The Monkees inherited the fortune.

Now people still use the correction fluid, but more seldom. With more advanced technology, people have computers allowing them to backspace easily, not needing to use it. Also, there is also another recent invention of the correction tape. To use the fluid, you squeeze the bottle, and let the fluid flow out to cover the mistakes. Usually you have to shake the bottle before using it, and after using, you need to wait for it to dry for a few minutes, which is considered quite fast. Then you can write on top of the dried fluid.

## Other websites

- http://inventors.about.com/od/lstartinventions/a/liquid_paper.htm
- http://www.camd.lsu.edu/msds/t/thinner_for_liquid_paper.htm
Doris Day

**Doris Mary Ann Kappelhoff** (April 3, 1922 – May 13, 2019) was an American singer, actress and animal welfare activist. She is known for her blonde, wholesome image. She was born in Cincinnati, Ohio. All her grandparents were German immigrants.

### Singing

She sang with the big bands. She started with Les Brown & His Band of Renown.  Her first hit song was Sentimental Journey.  This song was popular with soldiers returning from World War 2.

### Acting

She made (or appeared in) many movies from 1948 to 1968. Three of these movies also starred Rock Hudson.

## Personal life and death

Day was married to Al Jorden from 1941 until they divorced in 1943. She was married to George Weidler from 1946 until they divorced in 1949. She was married to Martin Melcher from 1951 until his death in 1968. She was married to Barry Comden from 1976 until they divorced in 1981. Day had a son, Terry Melcher (1942–2004), with Jorden.

Day died of pneumonia on May 13, 2019 in Carmel Valley, California.

## Related pages

- Traditional pop

## Other websites

- A Sentimental Journey with Les Brown band at YouTube.
- Doris Day & Andre Previn - album "Duet" at YouTube
Johnny Rivers

**Johnny Rivers** (born **John Ramistella** on November 7, 1942 in New York City) is an American rock and roll musician. He grew up in Louisiana. He was popular in the 1960s and 1970s for his songs like "Secret Agent Man", "The Poor Side of Town", "Baby I Need Your Lovin", "The Midnight Special", and "Swayin' To The Music (Slow Dancin')".

## Other websites

- Official website
Dr. John

**Malcolm John Rebennack** (November 20, 1941 – June 6, 2019), better known as **Dr. John**, was an American musician from New Orleans. He was known for his singles "I Walk on Guilded Splinters", "Right Place, Wrong Time" and "Down in New Orleans".

## Death

Rebennack died on June 6, 2019 from a heart attack at the age of 77.

## Filmography

- _Yakety Yak, Take it Back_ (1991) ... Himself/Yakety Yak (voice)
- _Looney Tunes: Back in Action_ (2003) ... Yakety Yak (voice)

## Awards and honors

Over his career he won six Grammy Awards,. Rebennack was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in March 2011.

In May 2013 Rebennack received an honorary doctorate of Fine Arts from Tulane University. On the university website, a comment was added about that 2013 ceremony: > _"The passing of Dr. John reminded me of one of my favorite Tulane moments. It was Dr. John, Allen Toussaint and the Dalai Lama on the same stage for one of our commencements. The Dalai Lama danced to their music. What a treat!"_

## Other websites

- Official website
- Dr. John on Rhythm & Blues Music Primer site

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Dr. John
- **img**: Dr._John_2.jpg
- **img capt**: Dr. John at the 2007 New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Malcolm John Rebennack, Jr.
- **alias**: Dr. John Creaux
Mac Rebennack
- **birth place**: New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.
- **instrument**: Vocals, piano, Keyboard instrument, keyboards, guitar
- **genre**: Blues, Rock music, rock, New Orleans rhythm and blues
- **occupation**: Vocalist, musician
- **years active**: 1950s–2019
- **label**: Atco Records, Atco, Blue Note
- **associated acts**: John Mayall's Bluesbreakers, Ringo Starr & His All-Starr Band, Van Morrison
- **url**: http://www.nitetripper.com/
Death metal

**Death metal** is a style of heavy metal that is very fast, mean and brutal. It has very angry and low singing that sounds like Cookie Monster from the TV show Sesame Street. Most death metal has very fast guitar and drum beats. Almost every death metal drummer plays with two bass drums (or a type of pedal that has two beaters on one bass drum), so that they can play the bass drum beats faster. It is a kind of music focused on the beat and low sounds more than anything. The lyrics in death metal sometimes involve topics such as death, war and pain. Some bands choose to write about thinking or God. Some bands try to write about things that other death metal bands do not write about such as ancient history. Some death metal singers don't just sing low like Cookie Monster, others scream really loud too. Some death metal bands focus on making very pretty sounds with the guitars, and others focus on making music that is very hard to play.

Some death metal artists and groups:

## Other kinds of death metal

- **Melodic death metal**, sometimes called ***melodeath*** – is slower and features screams instead of growls. It also has much more melody and clean vocals can even sometimes be heard.

- **Technical death metal**, or **progressive death metal** – is a much more complex type of death metal. These songs usually are longer and have unique song structures. These bands pretty much combine progressive rock and jazz with death metal.
- **Death-doom** – combines the dark atmosphere and slow tempos with growling vocals and double-kick drumming.
- **Goregrind**, **deathgrind** and **pornogrind** – mixes the intensity of Grindcore with the complexity of death metal. Guitar solos are usually rare, and vocalists usually scream instead of growl. Also, the songs are usually shorter.
- **Blackened death metal** – is a style that combines death metal with black metal.

## Infobox (music genre)

- **name**: Death metal
- **color**: white
- **bgcolor**: crimson
- **cultural origins**: Mid 1980s, United States (particularly Florida)
- **popularity**: Worldwide
Suffolk

**Suffolk** is an East Anglian county in England (UK) The counties around Suffolk are Norfolk to the north, Cambridgeshire to the west and Essex to the south. The North Sea is on the east. The county town is Ipswich and other big towns include Lowestoft and Bury St Edmunds. Felixstowe is one of the largest container ports in Europe.

## Geography

Suffolk is mostly flat and has very fertile soil which is good for both growing crops and grazing animals on.

## People from Suffolk

- Ed Sheeran - singer

## Other websites

- Suffolk Observatory - Suffolk's Vital Statistics

- - Suffolk County Council

- - BBC Suffolk

## Infobox (english county)

- **official name**: Suffolk
- **locator map**:
- **region**: East of England, East
- **established date**: Historic counties of England, Ancient
- **lord lieutenant office**: Lord Lieutenant of Suffolk
- **lord lieutenant name**: Clare FitzRoy, Countess of Euston
- **high sheriff office**: High Sheriff of Suffolk
- **high sheriff name**: Gulshan Kayembe  (2025–26)
- **area total km2**: 3798
- **area total rank**: 8th
- **county town**: Ipswich
- **largest town**: Ipswich
- **ethnicity**: 97.2% White
- **county council**: Suffolk County Council
- **admin hq**: Ipswich
- **area council km2**: 4106
- **area council rank**: 7th
- **iso code**: GB-SFK
- **ons code**: 42
- **gss code**: E10000029
- **nuts code**: UKH14
- **districts map**:
- **districts list**: #Ipswich
# West Suffolk (district), West Suffolk
- **mps**: List of Parliamentary constituencies in Suffolk, List of MPs
- **police**: Suffolk Constabulary
- **image caption**: The village of Orford, Suffolk,
Orford from Orford Ness, Ipswich waterfront, and the The Norman Tower (Bury St Edmunds), Norman Tower, Bury St Edmunds
Etymology

**Etymology** is the study of the origin and meaning of words and names.  It tells us how words have changed over time, and what other languages they came from. For example, the etymology of the word _etymology_ is from the Greek words ἔτυμον (_étymon_, "true meaning", from _etymos_ "true") and λόγος (_lógos_, "word" or "study").

## Bibliography

- Zuckermann, Ghil'ad (2003). _Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew_. Palgrave Macmillan.  /

## Related pages

- Historical linguistics

## Other websites

- Etimologio de Esperanto Has also English forms
Mule

A **mule** is a anima<nowiki/>l hybrid of a female horse (a mare) and a male donkey (a jack). The horse and the donkey are different species, with different numbers of chromosomes; of the two possible first-generation hybrids between them, the mule is easier to obtain and more common than the hinny, which is the offspring of a female donkey (a jenny) and a male horse (a stallion).

A mule is generally sterile. Although it is extremely unlikely for a mule to become pregnant (less than 300 reported cases worldwide), it is possible.

Mules vary widely in size, from small miniature mules under  to large and powerful mules standing up to  at the shoulders. The average weight range is between about .

A mule is generally larger than a donkey and smaller than a horse.  A mule has the long ears, thin limbs, small hooves and the short hair of the donkey, while its height, the shape of the neck and body, and its teeth are more similar to those of the horse. The color of its coat can be any color seen in the horse or in the donkey, which can be white, grey, brown or black.

They are used mostly for pulling carts and transportation. As trucks with four-wheel drive have become common, mules are little used for transport except in places without roads.
Dead Sea

The **Dead Sea** is a lake in the southwest of Asia. It is the Earth's lowest surface, located 420 meters (1,380 feet) below sea level. The sea is drying up as basin countries use water from its tributaries for drinking water and processes like irrigation.

The Dead Sea is almost nine times as salty as the ocean because a lot of water evaporates out of it, leaving salt behind. Most life cannot survive its high salinity, which is why it is called the "Dead Sea". However, some microbes have adapted to the high salinity and are able to survive in the Dead Sea's harsh environment.

Because the water is so salty, it weighs more than fresh water. This allows people to float in the Dead Sea without any effort. Tourists come from around the world to float in the water.

## Infobox (lake)

- **name**: Dead Sea
- **image lake**: Dead Sea by David Shankbone.jpg
- **caption lake**: A view from Palestine looking across to Jordan
- **lake type**: Endorheic basin, Endorheic
Hypersaline lake, Hypersaline
- **inflow**: Jordan River
- **outflow**: _None_
- **basin countries**: Israel, Jordan and Palestine
Grizzly bear

The **grizzly bear** (_Ursus arctos horribilis_), also known as the **North American brown bear** or simply **grizzly**, is a large subspecies of the brown bear that lives in North America. Grizzly bears were almost hunted to extinction in the United States because they were seen as a threat. In the late 20th century and early 21st century, rules were made to protect grizzly bears.

Grizzly bears eat a lot of different foods, including fish, fruit, berries, and other animals (such as squirrels, moose, and deer). Grizzly bears sometimes eat crops, livestock, and human food.
American black bear

The **American black bear** (_Ursus americanus_) is North America's smallest and most common species of bear. Black bears usually live in forested areas, but do leave forests in search of food. Sometimes they become attracted to human activity due to a lack of food. The American black bear is listed by the IUCN as Least Concern, because the species has a large global population estimated to be twice that of all other bear species combined. In the past century, only 37 people have been killed by these animals.

American black bears usually hibernate during winter. During this time, the black bear's metabolism and heart rate both decrease in relation to one another. In fact, during hibernation, an American black bear's heart can stop for twenty seconds. The body temperature of black bears also decreases to 31 °C (88 °F) during hibernation. When hibernation is over, the black bear's body temperature returns to normal. Black bears are omnivores (eating both meat and plants). They feed on fish, rodents, rabbits, insects, carrion, fruit, nuts, grass, leaves, honey, deer, and moose calves. Their predators are humans, grizzly bears, and american alligators, while wolves, coyotes, cougars, lynxes, foxes, birds of prey, and even other black bears are predators of black bear cubs.
Fur

**Fur** is the hair of mammals. Different species may have quite different styles of hair, making them more or less suitable to the fur trade, but many are as follows:

Fur usually consists of two main layers:
- Down hair (known also as undercoat or ground hair) — the bottom layer. They are wool hairs, usually wavy or curly without straight portions or sharp points; down hairs tend to be shorter, flat, curly, and more numerous than the top layer. Its principal function is thermoregulation; it keeps a layer of dry air next to the skin and repels water, thus providing thermal insulation.
- Guard hair — the top layer is longer, coarser, nearly straight shafts of hair. This protrudes through the down hair layer. The top ends of the guard hairs are visible. This top layer displays the most colour and gloss, including coat patterns adapted to display or camouflage. It is also adapted to shedding water and blocking sunlight, protecting the undercoat and skin from external factors such as rain and ultraviolet radiation. Many animals, such as domestic cats, erect their guard hairs as part of their threat display when agitated.

Many large mammals have little hair, because their body mass radiates proportionately less heat (elephants, rhinoceros, hippopotamus). When elephants lived in arctic conditions they did have fur (woolly mammoths).

Marine mammals usually have little or no fur: the fur would become waterlogged. They have a layer of fat (blubber) underneath their skin. A special case is the naked mole-rat, whose hairlessness is probably an adaptation to their underground life-style.
Otto Struve

**Otto Struve** (12 August 1897 – 6 April 1963) was a Russian astronomer. He was the grandson of Otto Wilhelm von Struve and the great-grandson of Friedrich Wilhelm von Struve.

Struve's education at the University of Kharkov was interrupted by World War I and the Russian Civil War, which left him a refugee in Turkey. He went to the United States in 1921, obtained a Ph.D. from the University of Chicago and eventually became head of the astronomy department there. In 1932, he was made joint director of the university's Yerkes Observatory and McDonald Observatory (which he founded and where a telescope is named after him). Struve may be regarded as the father of modern SETI. He was one of the few eminent astronomers in the pre-Space Age era to publicly express a belief that extraterrestrial intelligence was abundant.
15th century

The **15th century** was the century from 1401 to 1500.

## Decades and years

Note: years before or after the 15th century are in _italics_.

|***1390s***|_1390_|_1391_|_1392_|_1393_|_1394_|_1395_|_1396_|_1397_|_1398_|_1399_|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|**1400s**|_1400_|1401|1402|1403|1404|1405|1406|1407|1408|1409|
|**1410s**|1410|1411|1412|1413|1414|1415|1416|1417|1418|1419|
|**1420s**|1420|1421|1422|1423|1424|1425|1426|1427|1428|1429|
|**1430s**|1430|1431|1432|1433|1434|1435|1436|1437|1438|1439|
|**1440s**|1440|1441|1442|1443|1444|1445|1446|1447|1448|1449|
|**1450s**|1450|1451|1452|1453|1454|1455|1456|1457|1458|1459|
|**1460s**|1460|1461|1462|1463|1464|1465|1466|1467|1468|1469|
|**1470s**|1470|1471|1472|1473|1474|1475|1476|1477|1478|1479|
|**1480s**|1480|1481|1482|1483|1484|1485|1486|1487|1488|1489|
|**1490s**|1490|1491|1492|1493|1494|1495|1496|1497|1498|1499|
|**1500s**|1500|_1501_|_1502_|_1503_|_1504_|_1505_|_1506_|_1507_|_1508_|_1509_|
14th century

The **14th century** was the century from 1301 to 1400.

## Decades and years

Note: years before or after the 14th century are in _italics_.

|***1290s***|_1290_|_1291_|_1292_|_1293_|_1294_|_1295_|_1296_|_1297_|_1298_|_1299_|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|**1300s**|_1300_|1301|1302|1303|1304|1305|1306|1307|1308|1309|
|**1310s**|1310|1311|1312|1313|1314|1315|1316|1317|1318|1319|
|**1320s**|1320|1321|1322|1323|1324|1325|1326|1327|1328|1329|
|**1330s**|1330|1331|1332|1333|1334|1335|1336|1337|1338|1339|
|**1340s**|1340|1341|1342|1343|1344|1345|1346|1347|1348|1349|
|**1350s**|1350|1351|1352|1353|1354|1355|1356|1357|1358|1359|
|**1360s**|1360|1361|1362|1363|1364|1365|1366|1367|1368|1369|
|**1370s**|1370|1371|1372|1373|1374|1375|1376|1377|1378|1379|
|**1380s**|1380|1381|1382|1383|1384|1385|1386|1387|1388|1389|
|**1390s**|1390|1391|1392|1393|1394|1395|1396|1397|1398|1399|
|**1400s**|1400|_1401_|_1402_|_1403_|_1404_|_1405_|_1406_|_1407_|_1408_|_1409_|

## Related pages

- Italian Renaissance
- Wars of Scottish Independence
- Japan
    - Kamakura period
    - Muromachi period
    - Nanboku-chō period
    - Sengoku period
13th century

The **13th century** was the century from 1201 to 1300.

## Decades and years

Note: years before or after the 13th century are in _italics_.

|***1190s***|_1190_|_1191_|_1192_|_1193_|_1194_|_1195_|_1196_|_1197_|_1198_|_1199_|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|**1200s**|_1200_|1201|1202|1203|1204|1205|1206|1207|1208|1209|
|**1210s**|1210|1211|1212|1213|1214|1215|1216|1217|1218|1219|
|**1220s**|1220|1221|1222|1223|1224|1225|1226|1227|1228|1229|
|**1230s**|1230|1231|1232|1233|1234|1235|1236|1237|1238|1239|
|**1240s**|1240|1241|1242|1243|1244|1245|1246|1247|1248|1249|
|**1250s**|1250|1251|1252|1253|1254|1255|1256|1257|1258|1259|
|**1260s**|1260|1261|1262|1263|1264|1265|1266|1267|1268|1269|
|**1270s**|1270|1271|1272|1273|1274|1275|1276|1277|1278|1279|
|**1280s**|1280|1281|1282|1283|1284|1285|1286|1287|1288|1289|
|**1290s**|1290|1291|1292|1293|1294|1295|1296|1297|1298|1299|
|**1300s**|1300|_1301_|_1302_|_1303_|_1304_|_1305_|_1306_|_1307_|_1308_|_1309_|

## Related pages

- Kamakura period
12th century

The **12th century** was the century from 1101 to 1200.

## Decades and years

Note: years before or after the 12th century are in _italics_.

|**1100s**|_1100_|1101|1102|1103|1104|1105|1106|1107|1108|1109|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|**1110s**|1110|1111|1112|1113|1114|1115|1116|1117|1118|1119|
|**1120s**|1120|1121|1122|1123|1124|1125|1126|1127|1128|1129|
|**1130s**|1130|1131|1132|1133|1134|1135|1136|1137|1138|1139|
|**1140s**|1140|1141|1142|1143|1144|1145|1146|1147|1148|1149|
|**1150s**|1150|1151|1152|1153|1154|1155|1156|1157|1158|1159|
|**1160s**|1160|1161|1162|1163|1164|1165|1166|1167|1168|1169|
|**1170s**|1170|1171|1172|1173|1174|1175|1176|1177|1178|1179|
|**1180s**|1180|1181|1182|1183|1184|1185|1186|1187|1188|1189|
|**1190s**|1190|1191|1192|1193|1194|1195|1196|1197|1198|1199|
|**1200s**|1200|_1201_|_1202_|_1203_|_1204_|_1205_|_1206_|_1207_|_1208_|_1209_|

## Related pages

- Heian period
- Kamakura period
- Middle Ages
Mammalogy

**Mammalogy** is the study of the mammals. Mammalogy has also been known as "**mastology**," "**theriology**," and "**therology**."

Mammals are a group of vertebrate animals. There are about 4,200 different species of animals which are considered mammals. The major branches to study in the mammalogy career include:
- natural history
- taxonomy and systematics
- anatomy and physiology
- ethology
- ecology
- management and control

The approximate salary of a mammalogist varies from $20,000 to $60,000 a year, depending on their experience.  Mammalogists are typically involved in activities such as conducting research, managing personnel, and writing proposals.
Sexism

**Sexism** is generally defined as the bias, prejudice or discrimination against someone on the basis of gender, i.e. looking down on a person for being male or female.

## Overview

Sexism may also include stereotyped roles by gender. International laws, such as the _Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women_ or _Yogyakarta Principles_, demand the end of every form of sexism. Sexism can affect a person attending a party, getting a job, joining a game, trying to get a promotion, being selected and so on. Sexism is often discrimination against women due to the history of sexism in the Western world.

## Origin

The word _sexism_ was created by Pauline M. Leet on November 18, 1965.

## Misogyny

**Misogyny** refers to the bias, prejudice or discrimination against women.

## Misandry

**Misandry** refers to the bias, prejudice or discrimination against men. Misandry's existence is denied by a significant proportion of feminists. Feminists tend to see men as "inherently responsible" for the patriarchy, leading many to form the impression that men's suffering has not been given equal attention, while men in Western world are three to four times more likely to die by suicide.

## Gendered racism

Gendered racism is a form of oppression that happens due to stereotypes related to race and gender. While many engage in racism to divide others into "superior" and "inferior" to treat them differently, sexism is the prejudice or discrimination based on sex, e.g. bias against women. As a hybrid, gendered racism is related to racial understandings of masculinity and femininity, e.g. bias against women of a certain ethnic group based on their customs. The word was coined by Dutch-Surinamese sociologist Philomena Essed (1955 ‒ ) to refer to women facing racism and sexism at the same time. Essed said,

Those subject to gendered racism often find it hard to know whether others are biased against them because of their race or gender, or both. Nevertheless, both the race and gender of a person is said to _intersect_ to form his or her identity, whose lived experience is suggested to be analyzed based on both their race and gender.

## Civil rights movements

The women's rights and men's rights movements both claim to be fighting sexism.

## Education

World literacy is lower for women than for men. On October 9, 2012, the Pakistani schoolgirl Malala Yousafzai was shot in the head on her schoolbus by Taliban gunmen because she did activism for girls' rights to education.

## Related pages

- Sex segregation
- Feminization of poverty
- Men's rights movement
- Violence against women
- Women's rights movement
- Discrimination against non-binary people
- Violence against men
Gulf War

The **Gulf War** was a conflict between Iraq and 42 other countries, led by the United States. It started with Iraq's invasion of Kuwait on 2 August 1990. Iraq had claimed Kuwait as part of its territory. Iraq is said to have suffered around 80,000–100,000 soldier losses.

There were two military operations.

Operation Desert Shield brought Western troops to protect Dhahran, Saudi Arabia and the Arab Gulf states that Iraq had not attacked.

Operation Desert Storm attacked Iraq's forces both in Kuwait and in southern Iraq. It started on 17 January 1991 with an air strike on Baghdad. Ground operations started 24 February. Iraqi forces set fire to oil wells to slow the attack. The war ended on 28 February 1991 with a ceasefire.

The long Iran–Iraq War had ended in August 1988. Iraq owed a great amount of money to Saudi Arabia and had difficulty paying it back. Saddam Hussein declared the neighboring country of Kuwait to be siphoning Iraqi crude oil from across the border, and on 2 August 1990 the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait started.  On 17 January 1991 the US began the Persian Gulf War with a massive US led air offensive known as Operation Desert Storm.

The attacks were assisted by newly developed weapons, including stealth aircraft, cruise missiles and smart bombs.

After 42 days of fighting U.S. President Bush declared a ceasefire on 28 February. By that time most Iraqi forces in Kuwait had either surrendered or fled.

Operation Desert storm included a bombing campaign that targeted Iraqi aircraft, anti-aircraft systems, oil refineries, weapon factories, bridges, and roads. President George Bush decided not to depose Saddam Hussein.

Political issues after Operation Desert Storm lead to the second Persian Gulf War in 2003.

## Related pages

- Iran-Iraq War
- 2003 invasion of Iraq

## Infobox (military conflict)

- **conflict**: Gulf War
- **image**: WarGulf photobox.jpg
- **date**: 2 August 1990 – 28 February 1991
- **territory**: Kuwait, State of Kuwait resumes self-governance over all Kuwaiti sovereign territory
* Establishment of a United Nations Security Council Resolution 689, demilitarized zone and construction of a border barrier, separation barrier along the Iraq–Kuwait border
- **result**: Coalition of Gulf War, Coalition victory
- **combatant1**:

---

---
**Diplomatic support:**

- **combatant2**: Iraq
- **strength1**: 956,600, including 700,000 US troops
- **strength2**: 650,000 soldiers
Point of view

- _In Wikipedia, a Point of view, or POV, is one way of looking at an issue. Wikipedia seeks a neutral point of view by including all relevant POVs, not just what one person thinks. _

A **point of view**, **viewpoint** or **POV**, is the following:
- On a topic, a **point of view** is a perspective
- In stories a **point of view** is the experience of the narrator.  See point of view (literature).
- Viewpoint is a scrolling shooter video game released for Neo Geo and SEGA Genesis.
- A video game developer. See Point of View (developer).
Sicily

**Sicily**<sup>[p]</sup> is the largest island in the Mediterranean. Along with some smaller islands it is an autonomous region of Italy. The capital city of Sicily is Palermo. The population was about 5,087,000 (over 5 million) in 2004. Sicily is the biggest region in the nation of Italy.

Phoenician and Greek people colonized the island in the 8th Century BC and sometimes fought wars there. Carthage controlled most of the island until Ancient Rome conquered it. In later centuries, Saracens (who significantly impacted the Island genetically and culturally) fought against the Byzantine Greeks, and Normans ruled it for a few centuries. A German dynasty and a French one ruled in the 13th century. After the 1282 revolts of Sicilian Vespers, the crown of Aragon and Spain took over the Island. Later, Garibaldi in the Risorgimento conquered it and brought it into the Kingdom of Italy.

## Art

Among the Sicilian artists who succeeded in bringing to the international stage a language of strong civic engagement while at the same time narrating the history of the island, Mario Bardi, a representative of Existential realism, stands out. His painting, characterized by dramatic tones and a constant attention to labour and social tensions, offers a collective and powerful portrayal of Sicily.

## Provinces

- Agrigento
- Caltanissetta
- Catania
- Enna
- Messina
- Palermo
- Ragusa
- Siracusa
- Trapani

## Notes

- <small>[p]</small> - The word "Sicily" is pronounced as "SISS-uh-lee".

## Other websites

- Official Site of Regions Sicily (Italian site)
- La Sicilia In Rete

## Infobox (region of italy)

- **name**: Sicily
- **italian name**: Sicilia
- **region coa**: Coat_of_arms_of_Sicily.svg
- **map**: Italy Regions Sicily Map.png
- **flag**: Flag_of_Sicily.svg
- **capital**: Palermo
- **area**: 25708
- **population**: 5029683
- **pop rank**: 4th
- **gdp**: 83
- **gdp year**: 2006
- **website**: [http://www.regione.sicilia.it/ www.regione.sicilia.it]
- **leader**: Renato Schifani
- **nuts**: ITG
- **latd**: 37
- **latm**: 36
- **longd**: 14
- **longm**: 10
- **off lang**: Sicilian
Persian language

**Persian**, also called **Farsi**, is a Western Iranian language. It is one of the co official language<nowiki/>s of Iran, Afghanistan and Tajikistan and is also spoken by some people in Pakistan and Uzbekistan.

## Related pages

- Dari
- Kurdistan
- Near East
- Caucasus
    - Georgia
    - Armenia
    - Azerbaijan
- Tajik language
- History of Asia
- Parthian Empire
- Iranic languages
- Sassanid Empire
- Kurdish language
- Indo-Iranic peoples
- Achaemenid Empire
- Indo-European peoples
- Indo-European languages
- Persian Inscriptions on Indian Monuments

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Persian
- **image**: Farsi.svg
- **altname**: Farsi
- **states**: Iran

Afghanistan<small>(as Dari (Eastern Persian), Dari)</small>

Tajikistan<small>(as Tajik language, Tajik)</small>

Uzbekistan

Iraq

Pakistan
Bahrain

Azerbaijan
Kuwait
Turkey
Kurdistan
Syria (Rojava region aleppo)
- **speakers**: 25 million in Iran, 20 million in Afghanistan, 6 million in Tajikstan, and 4 million in Uzbekistan, and 1 million in Pakistan
- **date**: 2025
- **familycolor**: Indo-European
- **fam2**: Indo-Iranian languages, Indo-Iranian
- **fam3**: Iranian languages, Iranian
- **fam4**: Western Iranian
- **fam5**: Southwestern Iranian
- **ancestor**: Old Persian
- **ancestor2**: Middle Persian
- **dia1**: Western Persian
- **dia2**: Eastern Persian
- **dia3**: Tajik language, Central Asian Persian
- **dia4**: Bukharic
- **dia6**: Hazaragi dialect, Hazaragi
- **dia7**: Aimaq dialect, Aimaq
- **dia9**: Dehwari
- **dia10**: Juhuri
- **dia11**: Tat language (Caucasus), Caucasian Tat
- **dia12**: Armeno-Tat
- **script**: Persian alphabet
Cyrillic
Hebrew script
Persian Braille
- **nation**:

- **agency**: Academy of Karamni Language and Literature (Iran)
- **iso1**: fa
- **iso2b**: per
- **iso2t**: fas
- **iso3**: fas
- **lingua**: 58-AAC (Wider Persian) > 58-AAC-c (Central Persian)
- **lc1**: pes
- **ld1**: Western Persian
- **lc2**: prs
- **ld2**: Dari (Persian), Eastern Persian
- **lc3**: tgk
- **ld3**: Tajik language, Tajiki
- **lc4**: aiq
- **ld4**: Aimaq
- **lc5**: bhh
- **ld5**: Bukharic
- **lc7**: haz
- **ld7**: Hazaragi
- **lc8**: jpr
- **ld8**: Dzhidi
- **lc9**: phv
- **ld9**: Pahlavani
- **lc10**: deh
- **ld10**: Dehwari
- **lc11**: jdt
- **ld11**: Juhuri
- **lc12**: ttt
- **ld12**: Caucasian Tat
- **notice**: IPA
- **minority**:
Copenhagen

**Copenhagen** is the capital city of Denmark. It is also the largest city in Denmark. In 2014, 1,246,611 people lived in the urban area. Copenhagen is on the island of Zealand and the smaller island named Amager.

Founded as a Viking fishing village. Copenhagen was built in the 12th century A.D. and got City rights in 1254. A few years later, it was destroyed nearly completely. In 1443, Copenhagen became the capital of Denmark. In 1801, there were more than 100,000 inhabitants in Copenhagen for the first time. In the 1960s, more than 700,000 people lived in Copenhagen Municipality, and today there are 528,000 inhabitants in the municipality. Near the city centre there is the famous Freetown Christiania.

## Districts

Copenhagen is divided into 10 districts. The districts are:
- Indre By
- Christianshavn
- Vesterbro
- Nørrebro
- Østerbro
- Frederiksberg
- Amagerbro
- Hellerup
- Kastrup
- Bispebjerg

## Other websites

- Copenhagen Portal - Tourist & Visitors Guide to Copenhagen
- Insider Travel Tips and Tourist Guides to Copenhagen
- VisitCopenhagen.dk - Wonderful Copenhagen
- Copenhagen for Partiers - Tourist Guide
- WorldFlicks in Copenhagen: Photos and interesting places on Google Maps
- Official website of the city of Copenhaguen (Danish, English)
- Depiction of the City 1588 in _Civitates orbis terrarum_
- Guide to information about Denmark, Sweden, Copenhagen, Malmö, and the Øresund region
- Guide to popular attractions including Tivoli Gardens, Nyhavn, and Amalienborg Palace

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Copenhagen
- **image skyline**: Copenhagen Collage2.jpg
- **imagesize**: 280px
- **image caption**: From upper left: Christiansborg Palace, Frederik's Church, Tivoli Gardens and Nyhavn
- **image blank emblem**: Coat of arms of Copenhagen.svg
- **blank emblem type**: Lesser coat of arms
- **blank emblem size**: 100px
- **blank emblem link**: Coat of arms of Copenhagen
- **pushpin map**: Denmark
- **pushpin relief**: 1
- **subdivision type**: Lists of countries, Country
- **subdivision name**: Denmark
- **subdivision type1**: Regions of Denmark, Region
- **subdivision name1**: Capital Region of Denmark, Capital (_Hovedstaden_)
- **total type**: Copenhagen Municipality, Municipal
- **area urban km2**: 606.5
- **area total km2**: 86.39
- **population total**: 613,288 (Copenhagen Municipality, details)
- **population urban**: 1,308,893 (Copenhagen urban area, details)
- **population as of**: January 2018
- **population density km2**: auto
- **population demonym**: wikt:Copenhagener, Copenhagener
- **blank name**: GDP (nominal)
Capital Region of Denmark
- **timezone**: Central European Time, CET
- **utc offset**: +1
- **timezone dst**: Central European Summer Time, CEST
- **utc offset dst**: +2
- **elevation min m**: 1
- **elevation max m**: 91
- **area code**: (+45) 3
- **postal code type**: Postal code
- **postal code**: 1050–1778, 2100, 2150, 2200, 2300, 2400, 2450, 2500