Ascension Island

**Ascension Island** is an isolated and relatively young volcanic island in the South Atlantic Ocean, some  west of the mid-Atlantic Ridge,  from Liberia (Cape Palmas), and  from Brazil (Recife). The nearest land is Saint Helena,  to the south-east.

The Ascension Island is named after the day of its recorded discovery, Ascension Day. It is part of the British Overseas Territory of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, of which the main island is St Helena.

The island is the location of a Royal Air Force station with a United States Air Force presence, a European Space Agency station and the BBC World Service Atlantic Relay Station. There is in the island one antenna of the five that assist in the operation of the Global Positioning System (GPS) navigational system (others are on Kwajalein Island, Diego Garcia, Colorado Springs and Hawaii).

## History

The Galician explorer João da Nova, working for Portugal, saw the Ascension island in the South Atlantic in 1501, when he was going to India; named it _ilha da Conceição_ (Conception Island). En 1503 when the Portuguese navigator Afonso de Albuquerque saw the island on Ascension Day, in the church calendar, he named it after the feast day.

Organised settlement of Ascension Island began in 1815, when the British sent soldiers to the island as a precaution after imprisoning Napoleon I on Saint Helena to the southeast.

In 1836, Charles Darwin visited the Saint Helena and Ascension islands during his voyage in the Beagle. He described Ascension as an arid treeless island, with nothing growing near the coast. Sparse vegetation inland supported "about six hundred sheep, many goats, a few cows & horses", and large numbers of guineafowl imported from the Cape Verde islands, as well as rats, mice and land crabs.

In 1843, botanist and explorer Joseph Hooker visited the island. Four years later, Hooker advised the Royal Navy that with the help of Kew Gardens, they should develop a long-term plan of shipping trees to Ascension. So, from 1850 and continuing year on year, ships came each with different plants from botanical gardens in Argentina, Europe and South Africa. By the late 1870s Norfolk pines, eucalyptus, bamboo, and banana trees grew at the highest point of the island, Green Mountain, creating a tropical forest covered with clouds.

In 1899, the Eastern Telegraph Company (now part of Vodafone) installed the first underwater cable from the island, connecting the UK with its colonies in South Africa. In 1922, the Ascension island was made a dependency of Saint Helena. The island was managed by the head of the Eastern Telegraph Company on the island until 1964 when the British Government appointed an Administrator to represent the Governor of Saint Helena on Ascension.

In 1981, the British government changed the status of Saint Helena and the other Crown colonies to "British Dependent Territories".

In 2009, Saint Helena and its two territories received equal status under a new constitution, and the British Overseas Territory was renamed Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha.

## Geography

The island is roughly triangular in plan, about 13 km across, with
an area of , and has about 100 km of coastline. While the west and north-west coasts have sandy beaches, the south and southeast coasts form steep cliffs.

The highest point of the island is Green Mountain, or just _The Peak_ (), which is  high. Other high mountains are Weather Post (680 m - 1,995 ft), White Hill (525 m - 1,722 ft) and Sisters Peak (445 m - 1,460 ft).

There are several small islands (islets) and rocks surrounding the Ascension Island; the largest is Boatswainbird Island,  north of the eastern part of the island.

### Climate

Ascension island has a tropical but oceanic climate, with little changes from one season to another. The island is in the path of the South-East Trade Winds, and southeast and easterly winds blow for more than half of every month.

The Köppen climate classification subtype for this climate is **Am** (_Tropical Monsoon Climate_).

The temperature is constant throughout the year. Monthly average maximum temperatures at sea-level vary only between about 27 °C and 31 °C. At 660 m on Green Mountain maximum temperatures are typically about 13 °C lower and minimum temperatures about 7 °C lower than
at sea-level. The relative humidity at sea-level is around 70%.

The average temperature for the year in Georgetown is 25.6 °C (78.0 °F). The warmest month, on average, is March with an average temperature of 27.8 °C (82.0 °F). The coolest month on average is August, with an average temperature of 24.4 °C (76.0 °F).

## Demographics

The human population is about 1,000, made up of civilians
working for the RAF and USAF, and a small number of military personnel. The personnel are mainly from the UK, USA and St Helena, none of whom are permanent residents.

There are five settlements:

- Georgetown (the main civilian settlement and capital of the island)
- Two Boats (a civilian village, with its school)
- Cat Hill (the United States' main base on the island)
- Traveller's Hill (Royal Air Force base)
- Wideawake Airfield (with the Royal Air Force station)

Two Boats School is the only school on the island and provides education to all resident children 3½–16 years old.

## Related pages

- Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
- Saint Helena
- Tristan da Cunha

## Other websites

- Official Ascension Island Government site
- Ascension Island Government
- Ascension Island Newsletter
- Ascension Conservation
- Encyclopedia Astronautica - Rocket launches from Ascension
- Global Volcanism Program: Ascension Island
- Detailed description of the BBC Atlantic Relay Station
- Colonial History of Ascension Island
- Ascension Island at Britlink – British Islands & Territories
- Army Ornithological Society Ascension Island Research
- Ascension Island & St Helena community website

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Ascension Island
- **settlement type**: British overseas territories, Overseas territory of the UK
- **image skyline**: Green Mountain3.JPG
- **image caption**: The island viewed from atop Green Mountain.
- **image flag**: Flag of Ascension Island.svg
- **flag alt**: Flag of Ascension Island
- **seal alt**: Royal Coat of arms of UK
- **anthem**: _God Save the Queen_
- **image map**: Ascension Island Location.jpg
- **map caption**: Location of Ascension Island in the Atlantic Ocean.
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: British overseas territories, Overseas territory
- **subdivision name1**: Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
- **subdivision type2**: Island
- **subdivision name2**: Ascension
- **subdivision type3**: Capital
- **subdivision name3**: Georgetown, Ascension Island, Georgetown
- **established title**: First inhabited
- **established date**: 1815
- **established date2**: 2009
- **named for**: Ascension Day
- **government type**: Monarchy
- **leader title**: British monarchy, Monarch
- **leader name**: Charles III
- **leader title1**: Governor
- **leader name1**: Mark Capes
- **leader title2**: Administrator of Ascension Island
- **leader name2**: Colin Wells
- **area total km2**: 88
- **elevation max m**: 859
- **elevation min m**: 0
- **population density km2**: 10
- **population est**: 880
- **pop est as of**: 2010
- **timezone1**: Greenwich Mean Time, GMT
- **utc offset1**: +0
- **area code**: +247
- **blank name sec1**: Country code top-level domain, Internet TLD
- **blank info sec1**: .ac
- **blank1 name sec1**: Currency
- **website**: [http://www.ascension-island.gov.ac www.ascension-island.gov.ac]
- **image shield**: Coat of Arms of Ascension Island.svg