juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
22nd century BC

The **22nd century BC** is a century which was from the year 2200 BC to 2101 BC.

## Events

- 4.2 kiloyear event – the land became very dry, an event that probably lasted the entire 22nd century BC and caused the end of several Old World civilizations.
- 2217 BC – 2193 BC: Nomadic invasions of Akkad.
- 2200 BC: Sixth dynasty of Egypt ended.
- c. 2190 BC: Caused by a severe drought, Old Kingdom finished in Ancient Egypt. Start of First Intermediate Period. 7th–10th Dynasties.
- c. 2184 BC: Pharaoh Pepi II Neferkare dies (other date is 2289 BC?).
- c. 2181 BC: Old Kingdom ends in Ancient Egypt (other date is 2190 BC).
- c. 2181 BC: First Intermediate Period starts in Ancient Egypt (other date is 2190 BC).
- 2181 BC: Egypt: Pharaoh Nitocris died. End of Sixth Dynasty, start of Seventh Dynasty. Pharaoh Neferkara I started to reign.
- 2180 BC: Old Kingdom ends in Ancient Egypt. First Intermediate Period of Egypt starts.
- c. 2180 BC: Akkadian Empire fell under attack by the Guti (Mesopotamia), a mountain people from the northeast.
- 2173 BC: Egypt: End of Seventh Dynasty, start of Eighth Dynasty.
- 2160 BC: Egypt: Pharaoh Neferirkara died. End of Eighth Dynasty, start of Ninth Dynasty. Pharaoh Neferkare started to reign.
- c. 2160 BC: Beginning of Middle Minoan period in Crete.
- c. 2150–2030 BC: Gilgamesh epic was written.
- c. 2150 BC: Lagash.
- c. 2144 BC: Gudea, the ruler (ensi) of the city of Lagash, started to reign.
- 2138 BC: Babylon: A solar eclipse on 9 May and a lunar eclipse on 24 May occurred and are believed to be the double eclipse that took place 23 years after the ascension of king Shulgi of Babylon by those holding to the long chronology.
- 2130 BC: Egypt: End of Ninth Dynasty, start of Tenth Dynasty. Ninth Dynasty wars in Egypt started.
- c. 2125 BC – 2055 BC: "Model of a house and garden, from Thebes". Eleventh dynasty of Egypt. It is now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City.
- 2124 BC: Gudea, the ruler (ensi) of the city of Lagash, died.
- c. 2120 BC: Votive statue of Gudea from Lagash (Iraq) was made. It is now in the Musée du Louvre.
- 2119 BC – 2113 BC: (middle chronology), Utu-hengal, first king of the third dynasty of Ur.
- 2116 BC – 2110 BC: Uruk–Gutian war.
- 2112 BC – 2095 BC: Sumerian campaigns of Ur-Nammu.
- 2104 BC – 2103 BC: Date of the Biblical flood according to the Hebrew Calendar.

## Significant persons

- Gudea
- Ur-Nammu
29th century BC

The **29th century BC** is a century which was from the year 2900 BC to 2801 BC.

## Events

- c. 2900 BC – 2400 BC: Sumerian pictographs evolve into phonograms.
- 2900 BC – 2334 BC: Mesopotamian wars of the Early Dynastic period.
- c. 2900 BC – 2600 BC: Votive statues, from the Square Temple, Eshnunna (modern Tell Ashmar, Iraq) was made. It is now in the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. Excavated 1932–1933.
- 2897 BC: Hùng Vương established the Hồng Bàng Dynasty in Vietnam (then known as Văn Lang).
- 2890 BC: Egypt: Pharaoh Qa'a died. End of First Dynasty, start of Second Dynasty. Pharaoh Hotepsekhemwy started to rule.
- 2880 BC: Estimated germination of the Prometheus Tree
- c. 2874 B.C.: The 365-day calendar year was started in ancient Egypt, with fixed lunar months of 30 days + 5 epagomenal days.
- 2852 BC: The beginning of the period of the Three August Ones and Five Emperors in China.
- 2832 BC: Estimated germination of the Methuselah Tree, the oldest known living organism
- 2807 BC: Possible date for an asteroid or comet impact occurring between Africa and Antarctica, around the time of a solar eclipse on May 10, based on flood stories. Possibly causing the Burckle crater and Fenambosy Chevron.
- Ur becomes one of the richest cities in Sumer
Pacific Northwest tree octopus

The **Pacific Northwest Tree Octopus** is a fake animal created in 1998 by Lyle Zapato. Zapato's website says the tree octopus is real, and that it lives on both land and water.  Zapato created this website about the fake tree octopus to show how important it is to think carefully about whether things on the Internet are true or not.

The original website that described the fake species is commonly used as an example in internet literacy classes to teach students to check more carefully if sources of information are reliable.

The text included other hoax species and organizations, mixed with links to pages about _real_ species and organizations. Despite the falsehoods shown on the site, all 25 seventh-grade students involved in one well-publicized test believed the content. All but one of the 25 rated the site as "very credible".

## Other websites

- Official site
26th century BC

The **26th century BC** is a century which was from the year 2600 BC to 2501 BC.

## Events

- **c. 2900 BC – 2334 BC**: Mesopotamian wars of the Early Dynastic period continue.
- **c. 2600 BC**: The Harappan civilization rises to become a powerful civilization.
- **c. 2600 BC**: Pre-Palace Period, phase I, in Crete
- **c. 2600 BC – 2500 BC**: Wild horses still provide hunting feasts in Denmark. )
- **c. 2600 BC – 1900 BC**: Large water tank, possibly a public or ritual bathing area, Mohenjo-Daro, Indus Valley Civilization, Harappan, is made.
- **c. 2589 BC**: Pharaoh Khufu starts to rule (other date is 2601 BC).
- **c. 2578 BC**: Khufu died.
- **c. 2575 BC**: Old Kingdom in Egypt 4th Dynasty Snofru is Pharaoh.
- **c. 2570 BC**: Khafra started to rule in Ancient Egypt.
- **c. 2566 BC**: Pharaoh Khufu dies (other date is 2578 BC).
- **c. 2558 BC**: Pharaoh Khafra starts to rule (other date is 2570 BC).
- **c. 2550 BC**: Completion of the Great Pyramid of Giza.
- **c. 2550 BC**: Egyptian rulers contact Western Desert oases, such as Dakhla Oasis.
- **c. 2550 BC**: About this time, Mesannepada is king of Ur (followed by his son, A-annepadda) who founds the First dynasty of Ur and overthrows the last king of Uruk, as well as Mesalim of Kish.
- **c. 2550 BC – 2400 BC**: Great Lyre with bull's head, from the tomb of King Meskalamdug, Ur (modern Muqaiyir, Iraq, is made. It is now kept at University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, Philadelphia.
- **c. 2544 BC**: Khafra died.
- **c. 2533 BC**: Menkaura started to rule in Ancient Egypt.
- **c. 2532 BC**: Pharaoh Khafra dies (other date is 2544 BC).
- **c. 2532 BC**: Pharaoh Menkaura starts to rule (other date is 2533 BC).
- **c. 2515 BC**: Menkaura died.
- **c. 2510 BC – 2460 BC**: Ti watching a hippopotamus hunt, tomb of Ti, Saqqara, Fifth dynasty of Egypt, is made. Discovered by French archeologist Auguste Mariette in 1865.
- **c. 2503 BC**: Pharaoh Menkaura dies (other date is 2515 BC).
- **c. 2500 BC**: The legendary line of Sanhuangwudi rulers of China is founded by Huang Di.
- **c. 2500 BC**: The construction of the stone circle at Stonehenge begins and continues for the next five hundred years.
- **c. 2500 BC**: "Menkaura and a Queen, perhaps his wife, Queen Khamerernebty II" sculpture, later found at Giza. Fourth Dynasty. It is now in Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.

## Significant people

- **c. 2601 BC–2578 BC**—reign of Pharaoh Khufu of Egypt's Fourth Dynasty

- **2599 BC**—Huni is Pharaoh.
- **2575 BC**—Old Kingdom in Egypt; 4th Dynasty; Sneferu is Pharaoh.
- **2528 BC**—Ra'djedef is Pharaoh.
- **2520 BC**—Khep-heren (Ra'kha'ef) is Pharaoh.

## Deaths

- Khufu dies

## Inventions, discoveries, introductions

- Rock drawings at Rødøy in Norway show the use of skis
- Bactrian Camel and Dromedary are domesticated
600 BC

The year **600 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. In the Roman Empire, it was known as **year 154 _Ab urbe condita**_. The denomination 600 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

#### India

- Lord Mahavir, the last and 24th Tirthankar, of the ancient Indian religion, Jainism was born.

#### Middle East

- Zoroaster's religion becomes popular in Persia. (approximate date)
- Smyrna is sacked and destroyed by Alyattes I. (approximate date)
- The country of Armenia is created. (approximate date)

#### Western Europe

- The first dwelling at Emain Macha (now Navan Fort) is built (approximate date).
- Milan is founded by Celts.
- Capua is founded by Etruscans. (approximate date)
- Pompeii is founded. (approximate date)
- The Etruscans seize possession of Rome, making it into a prosperous trade center. (approximate date)
- Victorious over the Carthaginians in a naval battle, the Greeks of Phocaea establish the city of Marseille in today's France.
- Athens is suffering severe economic problems (approximate date).

#### North America

- The calendrical system begins appearing in areas with strong Olmec influence, continuing to appear until 500 BC (approximate date).

#### Art and architecture

- Archaic period of sculpture begins in Greece (approximate date).
- Kouros (representation of a male youth) begins to be made, being finished in 580 BC (approximate date).
- Pitcher (container) (olpe), from Corinth, is made. It is now at The British Museum, London. (approximate date)
- The Temple of Artemis, Korkyra in Corfu begins to be built (approximate date).
- The Doric and Ionic orders are well developed (approximate date).

## Births

- Cambyses I, father of Cyrus the Great and future king of Anshan (Persia) (approximate date)
- King Gong of Chu, king of the Chinese state of Chu

## Deaths

- Battus I of Cyrene, founder and first king of the Greek colony of Cyrenaica
- Duke Cheng of Jin, ruler of the Chinese state of Jin
- Cyrus I, king of Anshan, according to some sources
Xenon difluoride

**Xenon difluoride** is a chemical compound with the formula XeF<sub>2</sub>. This noble gas compound can be used as a good fluorinating agent. Xenon difluoride is the most stable compound of all xenon compounds.

The compound shows a trigonal bipyramidal pseudostructure or a linear real structure in VSEPR theory.

Xenon difluoride is solid in state of matter. It is achromatic (without color) and in crystal form. Under high pressure and temperature, the compound can be produced from xenon and fluorine directly.

Xenon difluoride is used in organic syntheses as fluorinating agent.

Xenon difluoride can be destroyed by heating. It then results in the pure substances fluorine and xenon. This reactions happens explosively, even though that the enthalpy of reaction is negative (). That is because the reaction changes the state of matter from solid to gas. The gas needs more space in room.

## Further reading

- Synthesis, Properties and Chemistry of Xenon(II) Fluoride
600s BC (decade)

## Events and trends

- 609 BC—The Babylonians defeat the Assyrian army of Ashur-uballit II and gain Harran. Ashur-uballit, the last Assyrian king, disappears from history.
- 609 BC—King Josiah of Judah dies in the Battle of Megiddo against Pharaoh Necho II of Egypt, who is on his way north to aid the Assyrian state of Ashur-uballit II. Jehoahaz succeeds his father Josiah as King of Judah.  He is quickly deposed by Necho, who puts Jehoahaz's brother Jehoiakim in his place.
- 607 BC—Death of Zhou Kuang Wang, King of the Zhou Dynasty of China.
- 606 BC—Zhou Ding Wang becomes King of the Zhou Dynasty.
- 605 BC—Battle of Carchemish: Crown Prince Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon defeats the army of Necho II of Egypt, securing the Babylonian conquest of Assyria. The Babylonians pursue through Syria and Palestine.
- 605 BC—Nebuchadnezzar II succeeds his father Nabopolassar as King of Babylon.
- 601 BC—Foundation of Perinthus by settlers from Samos.
- 600 BC— Foundation of Marseille by Focei winners in a naval clash on Carthaginians; It was the beginning of Greek-punic Wars.
- 600 BC—Radiocarbon dating for first circular inhabitation enclosure at Emain Macha.
- 600 BC—Creation of Armenia.
- 600 BC—Foundation of Capua.
- 600 BC—Foundation of Milan by Celts (approximate date).
- 600 BC—Smyrna sacked and destroyed.
- 600 BC—Nebuchadnezzar builds the Hanging Gardens of Babylon.
- c. 600 BC—Orientalizing period of vases ends in Ancient Greece.
- c. 600 BC—Archaic period of sculpture starts in Ancient Greece.
- c. 600 BC—Pitcher (container) (olpe), from Corinth, is made. It is now at The British Museum, London.
- c. 600 BC—Kouros is made. It is now at The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City.
- c. 600 BC–580 BC—Temple of Artemis, Korkyra (Corfu) is built.
- c. 600 BC—Pompeii is founded.
- c. 600 BC—Zarathustra's religion becomes popular in Persia.
- c. 600 BC—Beginning of the construction of the largest Mound at Cahokia, near East St. Louis, Illinois. Construction continues until AD 200.
- c. 600 BC—The Etruscans take the settlement of Rome, making it into a prosperous trading centre.
- c. 600 BC—Athens had severe economic problems.
- c. 600 BC—Doric order and Ionic order are well developed.
- c. 600 BC - 500 BC - Calendrical system appears in areas with strong Olmec influence in Mesoamerica.

## Significant people

- 605 BC—Death of Nabopolassar, first ruler of the Neo-Babylonian Empire.
- c. 600 BC—Birth of King Cambyses I of Anshan, head of the Achaemenid dynasty.
- c. 600 BC—Thales, Greek philosopher.
580s BC

## Events and trends

- 589 BC—Apries succeeds Psamtik II as king of Egypt.
- 588 BC—Nebuchadrezzar II of Babylon begins siege of Jerusalem; the opera _Nabucco_ sets the date at 587 BC.
- 587 BC—Jerusalem falls to the Babylonians, ending the Kingdom of Judah. The conquerors destroy the Jewish Temple of Jerusalem and exile some of the land's inhabitants.
- 586 BC—Death of Zhou ding wang, King of the Zhou Dynasty of China.
- 28 May 585 BC—A solar eclipse occurs as predicted by Thales, while Alyattes II is battling Cyaxares. This leads to a truce. This is one of the cardinal dates from which other dates can be calculated.
- 585 BC—Lucius Tarquinius Priscus, king of Rome, defeats the Sabines, takes the town of Collatia, and celebrates a triumph for his victories on 13th September.
- 585/584 BC—Astyages succeeds Cyaxares as King of the Medes.
- 585 BC—Zhou jian wang becomes King of the Zhou Dynasty of China.
- 585 BC—Fall of the Kingdom of Urartu following a Median invasion. (The Scythians ruined the Kingdom of Urartu.)
- 582 BC—Military battle of the major Classical antiquity powers Egypt and Babylon.
- 582 BC—Pythian Games reorganised at Delphi. (This is the traditional date.)
- 581 BC—Isthmian Games founded at Corinth.
- 580 BC—Cambyses I succeeds Cyrus I as king of Anshan and head of the Achaemenid dynasty. (approximate date)
- c. 580 BC—Gorgon Medusa, detail of sculpture from the west pediment of the Temple of Artemis, Korkyra, is made. It is now at the Archaeological Museum of Corfu.
- c. 580 BC—Standing Youth (Kouros) is made. It is now at The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City.

## Significant people

- Nebuchadnezzar II, King of Babylon
- 585 BC—Birth of Anaximenes of Miletus, Greek philosopher (d. 525 BC)
- 585 BC—Death of Emperor Jimmu of Japan
- 582 BC—Birth of Pythagoras in Samos, Greek philosopher and mathematician (d. 496 BC)
- 580 BC—Death of Cyrus I of Anshan (approximate date)
200

__NOTOC__
Year **200** (**CC**) was a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar.

#### World

- Human population reaches about 257 million.

#### Roman Empire

- Emperor Septimius Severus visits Syria, Palestine and Arabia.
- Palestine, benefiting from the kind policies of Severus, sees a big economic return.
- The province of Numidia is taken from the African proconsul and made an Imperial province.

#### India

- Rudrasena I, Saka ruler of the Western Satrap dynasty, becomes king of Malwa in ancient India.

#### Asia

- Chinese warlord Cao Cao defeats Yuan Shao in the Battle of Guandu.
- In Japan, Himiko, whose capital is in Yamatai, extends her authority over a number of clans.
- Empress Jingu sends a Japanese fleet to invade Korea. The Koreans surrender at the sight of the huge multi-oared ships and offer tribute.

#### America

- The Classic Age of Maya civilization begins (around this year).
- The Paracas culture in the Andes comes to an end (around this year).

#### Art

- Septimius Severus, Julia Domna and their children, Publius Septimius Geta and Caracalla, from Fayum, Egypt, is made. It is now kept at Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Antikensammlung.

#### Religion

- Jewish Eretz Yisraeli scholar Judah ha-Nasi puts together tracts of the Mishnah.  This begins the making of Talmudic law.
- Clement of Alexandria says to not use musical instruments to support human voices in Christian music.
- Brahmanism changes into Hinduism (approximate date).

## Births

- Fei Yi, an official of Shu (approximate date) (d. 253)
- Ma Jun (d. 265)
- Wang Ling, general of Wei (d. 250)
- Sun Shao, general of Wu (d. 242)
- Zhou Fang, general of Wu (d. 240)
- Diophantus, Greek mathematician
- Marcus Claudius Tacitus, Roman Emperor (d. 276)
- Valerian I, Roman Emperor

## Deaths

- Chunyu Qiong (executed by Yuan Shao)
- Dong Cheng (executed by Cao Cao)
- Gan Ji, Taoist priest
- Han Juzi, general under Yuan Shao
- Ji Ping (executed by Cao Cao)
- Ju Shou (officer of Yuan Shao)
- Lü Weihuang
- Mi Heng, renowned scholar and friend of Kong Rong (executed by Huang Zu) (b. 173)
- Sui Yuanjin
- Sun Ce, 25, elder brother of the founder of Wu Kingdom, Sun Quan (b. 175)
- Tian Feng (executed by Yuan Shao)
- Wen Chou, general under Yuan Shao
- Xu Gong
- Yan Liang, general under Yuan Shao
- Zheng Xuan (b. 127)
496 BC

__NOTOC__
Year **496 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar.

#### Greece

- Hipparchos, son of Charmos wins the archonship of Athens.

#### Roman Republic

- The former Etruscan King of Rome, Tarquinius Superbus, who was exiled by the Romans in 508 BC, and his ally Lars Porsena, the King of Clusium, are defeated by the new Roman Republic army in the Battle of Lake Regillus, near Frascati. This battle begins Roman supremacy over the Latins.
- Carthage and Rome make a treaty.

#### China

- King Goujian of Yue defeats King Fuchai of Wu.  This made a short peace in ancient China during the Spring and Autumn Period.

## Births

- Sophocles, Athenian dramatist and statesman (d. 406 BC)

## Deaths

- Sun Tzu, military philosopher and author of The Art of War (b. 544 BC)
- King Helü of Wu, king of the Chinese State of Wu
- Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, the exiled last King of Rome
253

__NOTOC__
Year **253** (**CCLIII**) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar.

#### Roman Empire

- Period of the Thirty Tyrants in the Roman empire.
- Aemilianus is called "enemy of the State" by the Roman Senate.
- Aemilianus rules for 3 months the Roman Empire.  He promises to fight in Thrace and goes to war against Persia. The Senate gives him the rank of _Pontifex Maximus_.
- Aemilianus is murdered at Spoletium. Publius Valerianus made new emperor by the Rhine legions.
- Valerianus I splits the Roman Empire in two.
- Battle of Barbalissos: King Shapur I, defeats the Roman army (70,000 men) under Valerianus I at Barbalissos in Syria.

#### Religion

- Pope Cornelius is sent into exile.
- June 25 – Pope Lucius I succeeds Pope Cornelius as the 22nd pope.
- Lucius is arrested almost immediately after his election and also exiled.

## Deaths

- Pope Cornelius
- Aemilianus, Roman emperor
- Trebonianus Gallus, Roman emperor
- Volusianus, Roman emperor
- Saint Babylas, Patriarch of Antioch
- Fei Yi, general-in-chief of the Shu Kingdom
- Zhuge Ke, son of Zhuge Jin, nephew of Zhuge Liang, officer of the Wu Kingdom (b. 203)
- Sun He, son of Sun Quan
- Ehe Shaoge, a general of Qiang
Viktor Troicki

**Viktor Troicki** (pronounced , , , ; born 10 February 1986 in Belgrade) is a Serbian professional tennis player. Viktor became pro in 2006. He was born in Belgrade, Serbia. Viktor play tennis right hand, two hand backhand.

## Other websites

- Troicki`s official website

## Infobox (tennis biography)

- **name**: Viktor Troicki
- **image**: File:Victor Troicki, Boodles.jpg
- **residence**: Belgrade, Serbia
- **birth place**: Belgrade, Socialist Republic of Serbia, SR Serbia, Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Yugoslavia
- **turnedpro**: 2006
- **plays**: Right-handed (two-handed backhand)
- **coach**: Jan De Witt (2005–2012)
Boris Pašanski (2017–2018)
Jack Reader (2012–2017, 2018–)
- **careerprizemoney**: US$ 9,063,967
- **website**: [http://viktortroicki.com/ viktortroicki.com]
- **singlestitles**: 3
- **highestsinglesranking**: No. 12 ()
- **australianopenresult**: 3R (2011 Australian Open – Men's Singles, 2011, 2015 Australian Open – Men's Singles, 2015, 2016 Australian Open – Men's Singles, 2016, 2017 Australian Open – Men's Singles, 2017)
- **frenchopenresult**: 4R (2011 French Open – Men's Singles, 2011, 2013 French Open – Men's Singles, 2013, 2016 French Open – Men's Singles, 2016)
- **wimbledonresult**: 4R (2012 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles, 2012, 2015 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles, 2015)
- **usopenresult**: 3R (2008 US Open – Men's Singles, 2008, 2015 US Open – Men's Singles, 2015, 2017 US Open – Men's Singles, 2017)
- **othertournaments**: yes
- **olympicsresult**: 1R (Tennis at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's singles, 2012, Tennis at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's Singles, 2016)
- **doublestitles**: 2
- **highestdoublesranking**: No. 49 ()
- **currentdoublesranking**: No. 215 ()
- **australianopendoublesresult**: 2R (2017 Australian Open – Men's Doubles, 2017)
- **frenchopendoublesresult**: QF (2008 French Open – Men's Doubles, 2008)
- **wimbledondoublesresult**: 3R (2009 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Doubles, 2009)
- **usopendoublesresult**: 2R (2012 US Open – Men's Doubles, 2012)
- **othertournamentsdoubles**: yes
- **olympicsdoublesresult**: 1R (Tennis at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's doubles, 2012)
- **team**: yes
- **daviscupresult**: **W** (2010 Davis Cup, 2010)
242

__NOTOC__
Year **242** (**CCXLII**) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar.

#### Roman Empire

- Emperor Gordian III begins fighting against King Shapur I. The Greek philosopher Plotinus joins him and hopes to get first-hand knowledge of Persian and Indian philosophies.
- Gordian III leaves the Cimmerian cities in the Bosphorus (Crimea), as the land is now controlled by the Goths.

#### Persia

- Shapur I makes an attack on Antioch to drive out the Romans.

#### Religion

- Patriarch Titus succeeds Patriarch Eugenius I as Patriarch of Constantinople.

## Births

- Cao Mao, fourth emperor of the Kingdom of Wei (d. 260)
- Saloninus, Roman Emperor (d. 260)
- Sun Hao, last emperor of the Kingdom of Wu (d. 284)

## Deaths

- Man Chong, adviser to the Kingdom of Wei
- Sun Shao, general of the Wu Kingdom (b. 188)
Janko Tipsarević

**Janko Tipsarević** (born June 22, 1984) is a Serbian professional tennis player. Janko became pro in 2002. He was born in Belgrade, Serbia. Janko plays tennis right handed. He has a two-handed backhand.

## Sources

- ATP Profile

## Other websites

- Tipsarevic`s official website
Plausible Prejudices: Essays on American Writing

***Plausible Prejudices: Essays on American Writing*** is a book of essays about writing. The author is Joseph Epstein.

_Kirkus Reviews_ and _Los Angeles Times_ wrote about the book. The _Chicago Tribune_ also had good things to say about the book. It said that Epstein's essays of literary criticism are his most interesting works and that they were definitely worth preserving together in a collection.
Stranger with My Face

***Stranger with My Face*** is a fiction book. The author is Lois Duncan. It won an award called ALA Best Book for Young Adults.
Delhi Capitals

The **Delhi Daredevils** are a team in the Indian Premier League. In 2012 they qualified for the playoffs.

## Infobox (cricket team)

- **name**: Delhi Capitals
- **alt name**: Delhi Daredevils (2008–2018)
- **image**: Delhi_Capitals_Logo.png
- **nickname**: DC
- **league**: Indian Premier League
- **chairman**: Parth Jindal
- **captain**: Shreyas Iyer
- **coach**: Ricky Ponting
- **owner**: GMR Group (50%)
JSW Group (50%)
- **city**: Delhi, India
- **colours**:
- **founded**: 2008 as _Delhi Daredevils_
- **ground**: Arun Jaitley Stadium, New Delhi
(Capacity: 41,820)
406 BC

__NOTOC__
Year **406 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar.

#### Greece

- Callicratidas becomes the navarch of the Spartan fleet, replacing Lysander.
- Athens wins the Battle of Arginusae.
- Returning to Athens after the battle, Theramenes leads Athenian anger against the eight generals who were in the battle. They did not get survivors from the broken ships after the battle. The Athenian generals are put to death.
- Sparta asks for peace. Cleophon says no.

#### Roman Republic

- The Roman forces begin a decade-long siege against Veii.

#### Carthage

- The Carthaginians again invade Sicily and attack Agrigentum. Plague breaks out in their camp and Hannibal Mago dies.

## Deaths

- Euripides, Athenian playwright (b. c. 480 BC)
- Hannibal Mago, Carthaginian general
- Sophocles, Athenian dramatist and politician (b. c. 495 BC)
240

__NOTOC__
Year **240** (**CCXL**) was a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar.

#### Roman Empire

- The Roman Empire is threatened on several fronts at the same time. Africa revolts and tribes in northwest Germania, under the name of the Franks, are raiding the Rhine frontier.

#### Asia

- Maharaja Sri-Gupta becomes Emperor of Gupta.
- Ardashir I, Sassanid king of Persia, destroys Hatra.
- Shapur I becomes co-emperor with his father Ardashir I
- The Kushan Empire falls.

#### Religion

- At the court of Ardashir I, Mani, a young mystic of Ctesiphon, calls himself a prophet and preaches his doctrine, Manichaeism, throughout the Persian Empire.

## Births

- Lactantius, Christian writer (d. 320) (approximate date)
- Sporus of Nicaea,  Greek mathematician and astronomer (approximate date)
- Zenobia, queen of the Palmyrene Empire (d. 274)

## Deaths

- Ammonius Saccas, Neoplatonic philosopher (approximate date)
- Huang Quan, general of the Kingdom of Shu
- King Midang, king of the Qiang tribe
- Zhou Fang, general of the Kingdom of Wu
276

__NOTOC__
Year **276** (**CCLXXVI**) was a leap year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar.

#### Roman Empire

- Emperor Tacitus doubled the silver content of the Roman currency.
- Marcus Annius Florianus defeats the Goths and Alans who have invaded Asia Minor. Tacitus dies of illness or is murdered at Tyana in Cappadocia.
- Florianus becomes Roman Emperor. He stops his battles against the Heruli and marches from the Bosporus.  He has support from the Roman legions in Britain, Gaul, Spain and Italy.  No one is the winner in a battle with Marcus Aurelius Probus in Cilicia.
- Florianus keeps power for some weeks.  Then he is assassinated by his own troops near Tarsus (Turkey). Probus, age 44, is the new Emperor of Rome.
- Probus  picks Marcus Aurelius Carus to Prefect of the Praetorian Guard.

#### Asia

- King Bahram I of Persia dies after a 3-year reign. He is succeeded by his son Bahram II.
- Reign of Mahasena in Ceylon. He tries to introduce Mahayana Buddhism to the country.

#### Religion

- Mani, a sage from Persia, dies at Gundeshapur.

## Births

- Gregory the Elder, bishop of Nazianzus (approximate date)
- Guo Pu, Chinese writer (d. 324)
- Jin Yuandi, emperor of the Jin Dynasty (d. 323)
- Wang Dao, statesman of the Jin Dynasty (d. 339)

## Deaths

- Bahram I, king of Persia
- Mani, prophet and founder of Manichaeism
- Marcus Annius Florianus, Roman Emperor
- Marcus Claudius Tacitus, Roman Emperor
173

__NOTOC__
Year **173** (**CLXXIII**) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar.

#### Roman Empire

- Gnaeus Claudius Severus and Tiberius Claudius Pompeianus become Roman Consuls.
- June 11 – Emperor Marcus Aurelius begins a battle against the Quadi.
- Avidius Cassius, the governor of Syria, stops shepherds known as the boukoloi.

## Births

- Maximinus Thrax, Roman emperor  (d. 238)
- Mi Heng  (d. 200)
- Sun Ben, nephew of Sun Jian  (d. 209)
- Yuan Tan, eldest son of Yuan Shao  (d. 205)
175

__NOTOC__
Year **175** (**CLXXV**) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar.

#### Roman Empire

- Marcus Aurelius stops a revolt of Avidius Cassius, governor of Syria.
- Avidius Cassius is assassinated by Roman officers.
- Commodus is named Caesar.

#### Asia

- Confucian scholars try to stay in the royal court of China.  They are massacred by the eunuchs.

#### Religion

- Pope Eleuterus succeeds Pope Soter as the thirteenth pope (approximate date).

## Births

- Cao Ang, eldest son of Cao Cao (d. 197)
- Gan Ning, general of Wu (d. 218)
- Sun Ce, elder brother of founder of the Wu Kingdom, Sun Quan (d. 200)
- Wei Yan, general of Shu (d. 234)
- Yang Xiu (d. 219)
- Zhou Yu, militarist and strategist of the Three Kingdoms of China (d. 210)
- Ma Chao, son of Ma Teng, cousin of Ma Dai, brother of Ma Tie and Ma Xie, general and Tiger general of Shu for Liu Bei. (d. 222)

## Deaths

- July – Avidius Cassius, Roman Emperor (usurper)
- Concordius of Spoleto, Christian martyr
- Faustina the Younger, Roman empress
127

__NOTOC__
Year **127** (**CXXVII**) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar.

#### Roman Empire

- Emperor Hadrian returns to Rome after a seven-year trip to the Roman provinces.
- Hadrian decides that Christians will not be put to death without a trial.

#### India

- Kanishka I starts to rule in Kushan Empire (approximate date).

#### Religion

- The philosopher Carpocrates says ownership of private property is un-Christian.

## Births

- Zheng Xuan, Chinese philosopher (d. 200)

## Deaths

- Plutarch, Greek historian
540s BC

## Events and trends

- 546 BC—Croesus, Lydian king, is defeated by Cyrus of Persia near the River Halys.
- 546 BC—Cyrus of Persia completes his conquest of Lydia, and makes Pasargadae his capital.
- 546 BC—Cyrus makes a garrison in Sardis.  He adds the Greek cities of Ionia in Asia Minor into Persian Empire. He gains the important ports that look out to the Mediterranean world.
- 546 BC—Pisistratus takes power in Athens from the aristocratic party.
- 546 BC—The architect Eupalinos of Megara built aqueducts that supply water to Athens.
- 546 BC—The peace conference between the kingdoms in China. A treaty between Jin, Chu and some other kingdoms was signed.
- 546 BC—A coup d'état in Qi kingdom.
- 544 BC—People of Teos move to Abdera, Thrace to escape Persia.
- 544 BC—King Jing becomes King of the Zhou Dynasty of China.
- 543 BC—North Indian Prince Vijaya invades Ceylon.  He makes a Sri Lankan dynasty.
- 543 BC—Pisistratus, tyrant of Athens, purifies the island of Delos (approximate date).
- 543 BC—Guided by the Chinese statesman Zi Chan, the State of Zheng starts a formal code of law.
- 540 BC—Cyrus attacks Babylonia.
- 540 BC—Greek city of Elea of southern Italy founded (approximate date).
- 540 BC—Persians conquer Lycian city of Xanthos now in southern Turkey (approximate date).
- c. 540 BC—Amasis Painter makes Dionysos with maenads, black-figure decoration on an amphora. It is now at Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Paris.
- c. 540 BC—Exekias makes _The Suicide of Ajax_, black-figure decoration on a amphora. It is now at Chateau-Musee, Boulogne-sur-Mer, France.

## Significant people

- 549 BC—Birth of Darius I
- 547 BC—Death of Croesus
- 546 BC—Death of Anaximander, Greek philosopher (approximate date)
- 545 BC—Death of Zhou ling wang, King of the Zhou Dynasty of China
- 544 BC—Birth of Sun Tzu
- 543 BC—Death of Gautama Buddha (traditional in Thailand and elsewhere—basis of the Thai solar calendar)
- 543 BC—Death of Thales, Greek philosopher
- 540 BC—Amyntas I becomes king of Macedonia (approximate date)
- Amasis Painter, Greek painter
- Exekias, Greek painter
203

__NOTOC__

#### Roman Empire

- Emperor Septimius Severus rebuilds Byzantium.
- Gaius Fulvius Plautianus and Publius Septimius Geta become Roman Consuls.
- An arch dedicated to Severus is put up near the Forum.
- The Portico of Octavia is rebuilt.

#### Asia

- Reign in India of Vijaya, Satavahana king of the Andhra.
- The Andhra empire is being broken apart into smaller and smaller independent sections.

#### Religion

- Origen of Alexandria replaces Clement as the head of the Christian school in Alexandria.

## Births

- November – Mahavatar Babaji in Parangipettai, Tamil Nadu, India
- Probable birth of Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, better known as Elagabalus (d. 222)
- Cao Rui, emperor of the Kingdom of Wei (approximate date) (d. 239)
- Zhuge Ke, son of Zhuge Jin, officer of the Wu Kingdom (d. 253)

## Deaths

- Perpetua, Christian saint (martyred)
- Felicitas, Christian saint (martyred)
- Ling Cao, general under Sun Ce and father of Ling Tong (killed by pirate Gan Ning)
- Wu Jing
Euclid's lemma

**Euclid's lemma**, also called **Euclid's division lemma** or **Euclid's first theorem**, is an important lemma. It was made by the mathematician Euclid.

## Formula ( a = bq +r )

He basically proposed that for any two integers (let us call them 'a' and 'b') there exists 2 unique integers (Let us call them ' q ' and ' r ') that satisfies the equation, <big>a = qb + r</big>, where r<a.

In the equation, the variable 'b' is dividing the variable 'a'. This makes 'b' the divisor and 'a' as the dividend
'q' is the quotient and 'r' is the remainder

The equation thus means that a dividend is equal to its divisor multiplied with its quotient and added with its remainder.
Thiruvalluvar

**Thiruvalluvar** was a Tamil poet and philosopher who wrote the  classic of couplets  of Tamil, _Thirukkural_.

## Memorials

- A temple-like memorial to Thiruvalluvar, Valluvar Kottam, was built in Chennai in 1976.
- There is a 133-foot tall statue of Thiruvalluvar erected at the southern tip of the Indian subcontinent Kanyakumari where the Arabian Sea, the Bay of Bengal, and the Indian Ocean converge, the 133 feet denote Tirukkuṛaḷ's 133 Chapters or _athikarams_ and the show of three fingers denote the three themes _Aram_, _Porul_, and _Inbam_, i.e. the sections on Morals, Wealth and Love.
- There is also a statue of Thiruvalluvar outside the School of Oriental and African Studies in Russell Square, London.

## Other websites

- Thirukkural Oli Pathipu: Thirukkural Audio book
- Dialogue and History Constructing South India,1795–1895, Eugene F.Irschick,UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS
- http://www.theologie.uni-hd.de/rm/online-artikel/bergunder-2004-contested-past.pdf  Page 70
- Thirukural – Another site which is categorized by chapters
Tephritidae

The **Tephritidae** are one of two fly families known as fruit flies. The other family is the Drosophilidae.

There are nearly 5,000 species of tephritid fruit fly in almost 500 genera of the Tephritidae. Description and genetic analyses are constantly changing the taxonomy of this family. To distinguish them from the Drosophilidae, the Tephritidae are sometimes called 'peacock flies'.
Family tree of Japanese monarchs

This is a family tree of the Emperors of Japan (_tenno_) from Jimmu to the present day.

The legendary genealogy of the emperors includes Shinto deities.
Magnetic monopole

A **magnetic monopole** is a hypothetical particle in particle physics that is a magnet with only one magnetic pole (a north pole without a south pole or the other way around). Scientists are interested in this, as they are predicted in several particle theories, such as grand unified and superstring. Magnetism in normal bar magnets and electromagnets does not come from magnetic monopoles. There is not enough evidence to even be sure that magnetic monopoles exist in this universe.
Frank Bruno

**Franklin Roy Bruno** MBE (born 16 November 1961) is a British boxer-turned actor. His parents were from the Caribbean. He was born in Hammersmith, west London and grew up in Wandsworth, south London. He won the WBC heavyweight championship in 1995.

Bruno has been diagnosed with bipolar disorder.

## Other websites

- Official website
Carina nebula

The **Carina Nebula** (**NGC 3372** or the **Great Nebula in Carina**, the **Eta Carina Nebula**) is a large, bright nebula. It is around 7,500 light years from Earth and has over 14,000 stars. It appears in the constellation of Carina in the Carina–Sagittarius Arm of the Milky Way. The Carina Nebula was discovered by Nicolas Louis de Lacaille in 1751 from the Cape of Good Hope. The French astronomer had made an astronomical expedition to record objects in the southern sky. The nebula has the Carina OB1 association and several related open star clusters.

From the description in WP Commons:
- "Trumpler 16 is an open cluster that contains the massive luminous blue variable Eta Carinae, one of the brightest stars in the galaxy. It is possibly as much as 120 times the mass of the Sun, and emits the light of 4,000,000 Suns. Eta Carinae is nearing the end of its life, and is surrounded by a huge nebula, cast off by numerous eruptions of the star over the last several centuries. It is expected to explode into a supernova at any time. Trumpler 14 (annotated) contains the huge double star HD 93129 A/B. The young O3 class star HD 93129 A is one of the brightest stars in the galaxy that is still on the main sequence, and with a luminosity equivalent to 3,000,000 Suns. It is very nearly as bright as Eta Carinae, but this is not obvious in the photo due to obscuring nebulosities".
’O sole mio

"****" is a famous Naples song written in 1898. The lyrics were written by Giovanni Capurro and the music was composed by Eduardo di Capua.

It has been performed and covered by many artists as Enrico Caruso, Beniamino Gigli, Mario Lanza and The Three Tenors. It has also been performed by rock/pop artists such as Dalida, Anna Oxa, Bryan Adams, Me First, SF9, Vitas Al Bano, Elvis Presley ("It's Now or Never"). Luciano Pavarotti won the 1980 Grammy Award for Best Classical Vocal Performance for his rendition of "’O Sole Mio."
Gian Carlo Menotti

**Gian Carlo Menotti** (, ; July 7, 1911 – February 1, 2007) was an Italian-American composer and librettist. Although he often referred to himself as an American composer, he kept his Italian citizenship.

He is well-known for his 1951 one-act opera, _Amahl and the Night Visitors_. It was commissioned by NBC for broadcast on television. Menotti wrote the music and the words.
260

__NOTOC__
Year **260** (**CCLX**) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar.

#### Roman Empire

- Battle of Edessa: Emperor Valerian is defeated by the Persians.
- Valerianus I has a meeting with Shapur to talk about peace. The truce is betrayed and he is taken prisoner for the rest of his life.
- Shapur I sends Valerian to Bishapur. The Roman army builds the _Band-e Kaisar_ (Bridge of Valerian).
- Gallienus becomes the new emperor of Rome.
- Gallienus leaves the fortifications in the Black Forest area because of invading Alamanni.
- Gallienus lives at Mediolanum (modern Milan).
- Postumus, Roman usurper, forms the Gallic Empire.
- Saloninus, son of Gallienus, is made _Augustus_ by his troops.
- Postumus kills Saloninus. He is made emperor.
- Postumus wins over all the Roman provinces west of the Alps, including Gaul, Britain and Hispania.
- The Roman fort  of Wiesbaden (Germany) is captured by the Alamanni.
- The Franks take control over the Scheldt estuary (approximate date).

#### Asia

- Persian king Shapur I destroys Caesarea Mazaca in Asia Minor.
- Cao Huan succeeds Cao Mao as ruler of the Chinese Kingdom of Wei.
- Syria, Egypt and Palestine break off from the Roman Empire to form the Persian-supported Palmyrene Empire.

#### Arts and sciences

- Earliest known date of chess.

#### Religion

- Pope Dionysius makes bishop Dionysius of Alexandria explain why he is separating the members of the Trinity as three distinct gods.
- Paul of Samosata becomes Patriarch of Antioch.

## Births

- Jin Huidi, emperor of the Jin Dynasty (approximate date)
- Gaius Galerius Valerius Maximianus, Roman Emperor (d. 311)

## Deaths

- Cao Mao, ruler of the Chinese Kingdom of Wei (killed in an abortive coup d'état against Sima Zhao) (b. 241)
- Chen Tai, minister of the Kingdom of Wei
- Saloninus, Roman emperor and son of Gallienus
- Sun Liang, Emperor of the Chinese Kingdom of Wu (b. 243)
- Valerianus I, Roman emperor (approximate date)
284

__NOTOC__
Year **284** (**CCLXXXIV**) was a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar.

#### Roman Empire

- The Bagaudae, a group of peasants, revolt in Gaul against the Roman Empire. The Dardani, a region in Illyria, becomes a Roman province.
- Emperor Numerian travels through Bithynia (Asia Minor).  He is murdered on his way home to Rome.
- November 20 – Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus, age 39, is made emperor.
- Sabinus Julianus, Roman usurper against Emperor Carinus, revolts in Pannonia. He attacks northern Italy and makes himself emperor.
- Winter – Diocletianus moves with his army across the Balkans.

#### Religion

- Patriarch Rufinus I succeeds Patriarch Dometius as Patriarch of Constantinople.

## Births

- Jin Huidi, Chinese emperor of the Jin Dynasty (d. 313)

## Deaths

- Diophantus, Greek mathematician (approximate date)
- Marcus Aurelius Numerian, Roman Emperor
- Sun Hao, last emperor of the Kingdom of Wu (b. 242)
- Xin Xianying, daughter of Xin Pi (b. 205)
188

__NOTOC__
Year **188** (**CLXXXVIII**) was a leap year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar.

#### Roman Empire

- Publius Helvius Pertinax becomes proconsul of Africa.

#### Asia

- Queen Himiko (aka, Pimiko) starts to rule in Japan.
- Zhang Ju and Zhang Chun are defeated by Han forces under Liu Yu.

## Births

- April 4 – Lucius Septimius Bassianus (Caracalla), Roman Emperor (d. 217)
- Sun Shao, general of Wu (d. 241)
480 BC

__NOTOC__
Year **480 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar.

#### Greece

- May – King Xerxes I of Persia marches from Sardis and onto Thrace and Macedonia.
- A force of 10,000 Greeks goes to the Vale of Tempe.
- August 11 – The Battle of Thermopylae ends in victory for the Persians under Xerxes.
- Pausanias becomes regent for Leonidas' son, Pleistarchus, after Leonidas I is killed at Thermopylae.
- Phocis and the coasts of Euboea are ruined by the Persians. Thebes and most of Boeotia join Xerxes.
- King Alexander I of Macedon must join Xerxes in a battle through Greece.
- August – The Persians win over the Greeks in the Battle of Artemisium.
- September 21 – The Persians sack Athens.  The people leave to Salamis and then Peloponnesus.
- September 28 – The Battle of Salamis brings victory to the Greeks.

#### Roman Republic

- Roman troops march against the Veintes.

#### Sicily

- Xerxes wants the Carthaginians to attack the Greeks in Sicily. Carthage sends across a large army.
- The Greek city of Himera asks for Carthaginian support in its fight with Akragas. With the help of Gelo, the Carthaginians are defeated in the Battle of Himera. After the defeat, Hamilcar kills himself.

#### Persian empire

- The Imperial treasury at the Persepolis Palace is completed after a building time of thirty years.

#### Arts

- The archaic period of sculpture ends in Greece.  The Severe (Early Classical) period starts(approximate date).
- A sculpture of a _Dying warrior_ is made in the left corner of the east pediment of the Temple of Aphaea in Aegina (approximate date). Today, it is kept at the _Staatliche Antikensammlungen und Glyptothek_ in Munich, Germany.
- The sculpture of a _Kritios Boy_ is made on Acropolis, Athens (approximate date). It is now kept in the Acropolis Museum in Athens.
- Work begins on the detail _Musicians and Dancers_ on a wall painting in the _Tomb of the Lionesses_ in Tarquinia. It is finished about ten years later.

## Births

- Euripides, Greek playwright (d. 406 BC)
- Antiphon, Attic orator (d. 411 BC)
- Philolaus, Greek mathematician and philosopher (d. c. 405 BC)

## Deaths

- August 11 – Leonidas I, Agiad King of Sparta (died at Thermopylae)
- Xenophanes, Greek philosopher (b. 570 BC)
- Hamilcar, Carthaginian general
495 BC

__NOTOC__
Year **495 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar.

#### Roman Republic

- A temple is built on the Circus Maximus, between the Aventine and Palatine hills, in Rome, in honour of the god Mercury.

#### China

- King Fuchai of Wu ascends to the throne after his father, King Helü of Wu, reigning as the last king of Wu until 473 BC.

## Births

- Pericles, Athenian politician (d. 429 BC)
Arquette

**Arquette** is a surname. People with this name include an American family, many of whom are actors:

- Cliff Arquette (1904-1974), an actor who was popular on _The Tonight Show_
- Cliff's son Lewis Arquette (1935-2001)
- Lewis' children: Rosanna Arquette (born 1959), Richmond Arquette (born 1963), Patricia Arquette (born 1968), Alexis Arquette (1969-2016) and David Arquette (born 1971).
David Arquette

**David James Arquette** (born September 8, 1971) is an American actor, movie director, and producer. He was born in Winchester, Virginia to actor Lewis Arquette (1935-2001) and poet Mardi (née Nowak, died 1997). He is best known for his role as Deputy Sheriff Dewey Riley in the _Scream_ movies.

Arquette played a wrestling fan in the movie _Ready to Rumble_. To market this movie, WCW hired Arquette to appear on their TV show and win their world title. Arquette argued he should not win the belt because he is not a real wrestler but WCW talked him into it. The attention received was only negative and the backlash eventually caused WCW to go out of business. The movie was also a critical disaster that ruined the careers of some of the actors in it, like Oliver Platt.

Because Arquette is also a wrestling fan in real life, he regretted making a mockery of wrestling and donated the money he made from WCW to families of dead wrestlers Owen Hart and Brian Pillman and also to Darren Drozdov, who was paralyzed in a wrestling match.

Arquette was a contestant on the 13th season of _Dancing with the Stars_ in fall 2011.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: David Arquette
- **image**: David Arquette 2009.jpg
- **caption**: Arquette in 2009
- **birth name**: David James Arquette
- **birth place**: Winchester, Virginia, United States
- **nationality**: Americans, American
- **occupation**: Actor, director, producer, screenwriter, fashion designer, professional wrestler
- **years active**: 1990-present
- **parents**: Lewis Arquette
Mardi (née Nowak)
- **relatives**: Patricia Arquette (sister)
Rosanna Arquette (sister)
Alexis Arquette (sister, dead)
Richmond Arquette (brother)
Cliff Arquette (grandfather)
- **spouse**:

- **children**: 3
320

#### Roman Empire

- Crispus wins against the Franks.
- Licinius stopped the religious freedom promised by the Edict of Milan.  He persecutes Christians in the Eastern Roman Empire.

#### Asia

- King Chandragupta I founds the Gupta dynasty in northern India.
- The Huns appear in Persia.

#### Art

- Old St. Peter's Basilica, Rome, is started to be built (approximate date).

#### Culture and Religion

- In Nydam Mose (Denmark) the Nydam oak boat is sacrificed by the Danes. The boat is excavated in the 1830s, when a local farmer finds weapons including swords and spears.
- December 25 is introduced as the birthday of Jesus.

#### Science

- October 18 – Pappus of Alexandria, Greek philosopher, sees an eclipse of the sun.  He writes on _The Great Astronomer_ (_Almagest_).

## Births

- Aurelius Victor, historian and politician (approximate date)
- Constans I, Roman emperor (d. 350)
- Flavian I, Patriarch of Antioch (d. 404)
- Jin Jianwendi, emperor of the Jin Dynasty (d. 372)
- Oribasius, Greek physician (approximate date)
- Tuoba Shiyijian, prince of the Tuoba Dai (d. 376)
- Xie An, statesman of the Jin Dynasty (d. 385)

## Deaths

- Lactantius, Christian writer (approximate date)
- Sima Bao, prince of the Jin Dynasty (b. 294)
274

__NOTOC__

Year **274** (**CCLXXIV**) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar.

#### Roman Empire

- Battle of Châlons: Emperor Aurelian reconquers the Gallic Empire.
- Rome calls Aurelian "Restorer of the World".
- Aurelian makes an important change of Roman currency.
- December 25 – Aurelian has a temple dedicated to Sol Invictus. This religion becomes the state religion of Rome.

#### Africa

- The Kingdom of Aksum gets great wealth thanks to its control of Red Sea trade.

#### Religion

- December 30 – Pope Felix I dies in Rome after a 5-year reign.

#### Transportation

- Japanese shipwrights build a 100-foot oar-powered vessel for Emperor Ōjin. The Japanese will not use sails for another 7 centuries.

## Births

- Li Xiong, first emperor of Cheng Han (d. 334)
- Shi Le, founder and emperor of the Chinese Jie state (d. 333)

## Deaths

- Cao Fang, Emperor of the Kingdom of Wei (b. 231)
- December 30—Pope Felix I
- Lu Kang, general of the Kingdom of Wu (b. 226)
- Empress Yang Yan, first wife of Emperor Wu (b. 238)
- Zenobia, queen of the Palmyrene Empire (b. 240)