juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Najib Ullah

**Najib Ullah** (February 14, 1914 to August 2, 1965) was an Afghan writer and ambassador.

Ullah worked for the Foreign Office of Afghanistan for many years. He was also a representative to India, England and the United States.  He worked as the Head of the Afghan group at UNESCO General Assembly in Beirut, Lebanon in 1948.

## Books

- _Political History of Afghanistan_, 1942-1944
- _Strabo and Aryana_, 1945
- _Negotiations With Pakistan_, 1948
- _Islamic Literature_, 1963
Awista Ayub

**Awista Ayub** (c. 1979) is an Afghan writer.  She formed the Afghan Youth Sports Exchange in the United States.

In her novel _Kabul Girls Soccer Club_, first called _However Tall the Mountain_, Ayub writes of eight girls brought to the US to learn soccer.

The Afghan Youth Sports Exchange has grown from the first 8 young women to hundreds playing through the Afghanistan Football Federation.

## Other websites

- Home page
Matthew Shepard

alt=President Obama with Louvon Harris, Betty Byrd Boatner, and Judy Shepard|thumb|right|President [[Barack Obama]] greets Louvon Harris, left, Betty Byrd Boatner, right, both sisters of [[Murder of James Byrd Jr.|James Byrd Jr.]], and [[Judy Shepard]] at a 2009 reception commemorating the enactment of [[Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act|the legislation]].

**Matthew Wayne Shepard** (December 1, 1976 – October 12, 1998) was an American college student who was murdered while attending the University of Wyoming. At the trial for the two attackers, the men were accused of targeting Shepard because he was gay.

## Murder

On October 7, 1998, Shepard met two people named Russell Henderson and Aaron McKinney at the Fireside Lounge. McKinney and Henderson decided that they would give Shepard a ride home. They drove the car to a remote, rural area, then robbed and tortured Shepard, beating him with a pistol. They tied him to a fence post and left him there to die. They also found out where Shepard lived and they planned to burglarize his house. Shepard was found by a cyclist named Aaron Kreifels, who thought Shepard was a scarecrow at first. Shepard was in a coma and suffered fractures to the back of his head and the front of his right ear. He had severe damage to his brain stem, a part of the brain which controls the body's heart rate, body temperature, and other important functions. He died at 12:53 a.m. on October 12, 1998.

## Matthew Shepard Act

A hate crimes law named the Matthew Shepard Act was first introduced on March 20, 2007. The bill passed the House of Representatives and the Senate but then-president George W. Bush said that he would veto the legislation if it had reached his desk. As a result, the legislation was dropped. It was again brought up on April 2, 2009. The Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr Hate Crimes Prevention Act was passed by President Barack Obama on October 28, 2009.
Green River, Wyoming

**Green River** is an American city in the state of Wyoming. It is in Sweetwater County where it is the county seat. The city has about 11,825 people. The city was started in 1868 in what used to be the Dakota Territory. Every year, a festival is held there called the Flaming Gorge Days where acts will perform music. Acts like Poison and REO Speedwagon have played there.

## Arts and Culture

The Flaming Gorge Days is a festival.

## Other websites

- Official City of Green River website

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Green River, Wyoming
- **settlement type**: City
- **image skyline**: DowntownGR.jpg
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **image caption**: Downtown Green River, looking east at Flaming Gorge Way.
- **image map**: File:Sweetwater County Wyoming Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Green River Highlighted 5633740.svg
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location of Green River in Sweetwater County, Wyoming.
- **pushpin map**: USA
- **pushpin label**: Green River
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in the United States
- **pushpin relief**: 1
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: Wyoming
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Wyoming, County
- **subdivision name2**: Sweetwater County, Wyoming, Sweetwater
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 36.54
- **area land km2**: 35.76
- **area water km2**: 0.78
- **area total sq mi**: 14.11
- **area land sq mi**: 13.81
- **area water sq mi**: 0.30
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 11825
- **population density sq mi**: 856.4
- **timezone**: Mountain Time Zone, Mountain (MST)
- **utc offset**: −7
- **timezone dst**: MDT
- **utc offset dst**: −6
- **elevation m**: 1864
- **elevation ft**: 6115
- **postal code type**: ZIP codes
- **postal code**: 82935, 82938
- **area code**: Area code 307, 307
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 56-33740
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 1589126
- **website**: [https://www.cityofgreenriver.org/ City of Green River]
Walter Rudolf Hess

**Walter Rudolf Hess** (17 March 1881 – 12 August 1973) was a Swiss physiologist. He won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1949 for "locating the areas of the brain involved in the control of internal organs". The prize was shared with Egas Moniz. Hess was born on 17 March 1881 in Frauenfeld, Switzerland and died on 12 August 1973 in Locarno, Switzerland.

By stimulating the hypothalamus of cats with tiny electric currents, Hess induced behaviours. The behaviours ranged from excitement to apathy, depending on the position of the stimulation. He could induce different types of responses in the anterior (lateral) hypothalamus compared to stimulating the posterior ventromedial hypothalamus. When stimulating the anterior part, he could induce fall of blood pressure, slowing of breathing and responses such as wanting food, wanting water, needing to pee and needing to poop. On the other hand, stimulation of the posterior part led to extreme excitement and defensive behaviour.

Hess also found that he could induce sleep in cats – a finding that was highly controversial at the time but later confirmed. His work was important step in scientist's understanding of neurosecretion.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Walter Rudolf Hess
- **image**: Walter Hess.jpg
- **image size**: 250px
- **birth place**: Frauenfeld, Switzerland
- **death place**: Locarno, Switzerland
- **occupation**: Physiology, Physiologist
- **known for**: Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1949
Inductively coupled plasma

An **inductively coupled plasma** (**ICP**) is a type of plasma source. Electromagnetic induction creates energy in the source by causing ions to circulate. Movement of the ions generates energy in the form of heat.

## Operation

Inductively coupled plasma sources usually use argon as a fuel. Unfortunately, most ICP sources require at least 5 L/min of argon. This makes inductively coupled plasma a rather expensive source. The argon atoms are ionized with a spark from tesla coil. These ions will circulate due to the magnetic field to produce heat and high temperatures. This will cause additional ions to be formed from the argon fuel. After a period of time, the torch will reach temperatures between 6 000 and 10 000 Kelvin.

## Applications

The high temperatures produced by ICP make it a popular source for many scientific experiments. This source had the advantage of providing strong signals and only small amounts of noise or interference. Also, the data obtained from experiments using an inductively coupled plasma source is often linear. This makes it easy for scientists to determine the amount of something in a sample. Some of the most common applications are

- ICP-AES, a type of atomic emission spectroscopy
- ICP-MS, a type of mass spectrometry.
- ICP-RIE, a type of reactive-ion etching.

## ICP-AES

Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy is one of the most common applications of ICP. The plasma source is used to heat a sample. At high enough temperatures, electrons in the sample atoms will gain enough energy to move into an excited state. Energy is released in the form of photons when electrons "fall" from the excited state to a lower energy. The lower energy state is usually called the ground state of an atom.

The wavelength of the emissions are determined by a detector. Most atoms will emit light at different wavelengths so scientists may use this information to identify atoms in a sample. The intensity of emission is related to the amount of an atom in the sample. Scientist may use the wavelength and intensity to determine both the identity and amount of an atom. ICP-AES is often used for the detection of toxins, such as heavy metals. It may also be used for chemical studies.

## Detection

Inductively coupled plasma source may be used for the detection of approximately 60 different elements. These include most alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, metalloids, all transition metals, and some f-block elements.

## Related pages

- Plasma (physics)

## Other websites

- Inductively Coupled Plasma by Traci Bradford and M. Nicole Cook
Andrea Sassetti

**Andrea Sassetti** (born 1960 in Fermo) is an Italian shoe designer and the owner of a fashion company named Andrea Moda. He owned a Formula One team also named Andrea Moda.
Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard

**Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard** (born October 20, 1942 in Magdeburg) is a German biologist and biochemist. She won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1995 for her research on the genetic control of embryonic development which she shared with both Eric F. Wieschaus and Edward B. Lewis. She has an asteroid named after called 15811 Nüsslein-Volhard. She started a foundation called the Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard Foundation which helps young female German scientists with children.

She was elected a member of the Academia Europaea in 1989.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard
- **image**: Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard mg 4372.jpg
- **image size**: 250px
- **birth place**: Magdeburg, Germany
- **occupation**: Biologist
- **known for**: Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1995
Na-NaNa-Na

"**Na-NaNa-Na**" is a 2005 rap song by American rapper Nelly. The song featured American singer Jazze Pha. It was the third and prev_title from his third studio album _Sweat_. The song was released in 2005 in the United States. The song reached #65 on the U.S. Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Na-NaNa-Na
- **artist**: Nelly featuring Jazze Pha
- **album**: Sweat (Nelly album), Sweat
- **released**: 2005
- **recorded**: 2004
- **genre**: Hip hop
- **length**: 4:00
- **chronology**: Nelly singles
- **prev title**: Over and Over (Nelly song), Over and Over
- **prev year**: 2004
- **next title**: 'N' Dey Say
- **next year**: 2005
'N' Dey Say

"**N Dey Say**'" is a 2005 hip hop/R&B song by American rapper Nelly. The song features a sample from the song True by Spandau Ballet. It was the third and last single from his third studio album Suit. The song was released on May 23, 2005. The song reached #6 on the UK Singles Chart, #21 on the U.S. Billboard Top 40 Mainstream, #34 on the U.S. Billboard Rhythmic Top 40, #37 on the U.S. Billboard Top 40 Tracks and #64 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100.

## Track listings

**UK CD1 and Australian CD single**
1. "'N' Dey Say" – 3:34
1. "'N' Dey Say" (Shake Ya Cookie remix) – 3:31
1. "'N' Dey Say" (Craig Groove remix) – 3:54
1. "Another One" – 4:39

**UK CD2 and European CD single**
1. "'N' Dey Say"
1. "'N' Dey Say" (Shake Ya Cookie remix)

**UK 12-inch vinyl**
- A1. "'N' Dey Say"
- A2. "Another One"
- B1. "'N' Dey Say" (Shake Ya Cookie remix)
- B2. "'N' Dey Say" (Craig Groove remix)

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: N' Dey Say
- **type**: single
- **artist**: Nelly
- **album**: Suit (album), Suit
- **length**: 3:37
- **label**: Universal Records (defunct record label), Universal
- **lyricist**: Nelly
- **producer**: Jayson "Koko" Bridges
- **prev title**: Na-NaNa-Na
- **prev year**: 2005
- **next title**: Errtime
- **next year**: 2005
Grillz

"**Grillz**" is a 2005 hip hop song by American rapper Nelly. The song features rapper Paul Wall, rap duo Ali & Gipp and singer Brandi Williams. It was the 13th track from his first compilation album Sweatsuit. The song was released on November 8, 2005. The song reached #1 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100, #11 on the Australia (ARIA) and #24 on the UK Singles Chart.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Grillz
- **artist**: Nelly featuring Paul Wall and Ali & Gipp
- **album**: Sweatsuit (album), Sweatsuit
- **released**: November 8, 2005
- **recorded**: 2005
- **genre**: Hip hop music, Hip hop
- **length**: 4:30
- **label**: * Universal Records, Universal
* Fo' Reel Entertainment
* Derrty Entertainment, Derrty Ent.
- **writer**: * Nelly, Cornell Haynes, Jr.
* Jermaine Dupri, Jermaine Mauldin
* Ali (American rapper), Ali Jones
* Big Gipp, Cameron Gipp
* LRoc, James Phillips
* Paul Wall, Paul Slayton
* Beyoncé, Beyoncé Knowles
* Kelly Rowland, Kelendria Rowland
* Michelle Williams (singer), Tenitra Williams
* Sean Garrett, Garrett Hamler
* Rich Harrison
- **chronology**: Nelly singles
- **prev title**: Fly Away
- **prev year**: 2005
- **next title**: Nasty Girl (The Notorious B.I.G. song), Nasty Girl
- **next year**: 2005
Rice University

**William Marsh Rice University**, also called **Rice University**, is a private university in Houston, Texas. Rice was started in 1912.  It is ranked one of the best universities in the world, especially for undergraduate education.  Rice is named after the Houston businessman William Marsh Rice who provided the money in his will to begin the university.

Rice is organized into eleven residential colleges and eight schools of study, for natural sciences, engineering, humanities, business, architecture, and music.  The students at Rice abide by an honor code that is strictly enforced.

## Infobox (university)

- **name**: Rice University
- **native name**: William Marsh Rice University
- **image**: Rice University - Sally Port.JPG
- **caption**: Photo of the Sallyport
- **image alt**: The academic seal of Rice University. A shield divided by a chevron, carrying three owls as charges, with scrollwork saying "LETTERS", "SCIENCE", "ART".
- **motto**: _Letters, Science, Art_
- **established**: 1912
- **type**: private university, Private
- **endowment**: United States dollar, $4.45 billion <small>(as of 2012)</small>
- **president**: David Leebron, David W. Leebron
- **provost**: George McLendon
- **students**: 5,760 <small>(fall 2010)</small>
- **undergrad**: 3,485 <small>(fall 2010)</small>
- **postgrad**: 2,275 <small>(fall 2010)</small>
- **faculty**: 650 full time
- **staff**: 2,152
- **city**: Houston
- **state**: Texas
- **country**: United States, US
- **campus**: Urban area, Urban,
- **former names**: <small>William M. Rice Institute for the Advancement of Literature, Science and Art (1912-1960)</small>
- **free label**: Newspaper
- **free**: Rice Thresher
- **colors**: Blue (color), Blue & Grey (color), Grey
- **affiliations**: Association of American Universities, AAU
- **nickname**: Owls
- **mascot**: Sammy the Owl
- **athletics**: 14 varsity teams
National Collegiate Athletic Association, NCAA NCAA Division I, Division I
American Athletic Conference
- **website**: [http://www.rice.edu/ rice.edu]
Stonefly

The **stoneflies** are an order of aquatic insects called **Plecoptera**. There are some 3,500 described species worldwide, and new ones are still being discovered. Although stoneflies are found worldwide, they are absent from Antarctica. Stoneflies are believed to be one of the most primitive groups of Neoptera. Their close relatives are identified from the Carboniferous and Lower Permian geological periods. True stoneflies, known from fossils, are only a little younger. The larva have claws on their legs. This allows them to better hang on to things in their environment and withstand stronger current. They need fast moving water in streams and rivers to survive. They cannot tolerate the low oxygen saturation found in warm water. They usually live in cold clean streams with a lot of turbulence (such as rapids). The adult stoneflies are easily identified by their wings that fold over their abdomen. The _pteronarcys_ Stoneflies, found only in North American waters, live for several years.
Nake M. Kamrany

**Nake M. Kamrany** (born August 29, 1934 in Kabul, Afghanistan) is a professor at the University of Southern California and Afghan-American financial expert.

Kamrany wrote over 20 stories on the political economy of Afghanistan.  He worked as a Consultant to the United Nations and the U.S. Government.

## Other websites

- Home page
Mohammed Jamil Hanifi

**Mohammed Jamil Hanifi** (born 27 June 1935 in Kabul, Afghanistan) is a writer of several books.

Hanifi got his Master's degree from Michigan State University. He got his Doctor of Philosophy from Southern Illinois University, Carbondale. In 1981, Southern Illinois University staff learned that Hanifi copied a lot of his PhD dissertation (and a book based on it) from two other works that were not his. At the time, Hanifi was a professor at Northern Illinois University. Hanifi resigned from his position at that university.
Embioptera

The **Embioptera** are an order of insects, commonly known as **webspinners**.

Webspinners are a small group of mostly tropical and subtropical insects. They are in the subclass Pterygota. The group first appeared during the Jurassic and is well represented in Cretaceous amber. The common name webspinner comes from the insects' ability to spin silk from structures on their front legs. They use the silk to make a web-like pouch or gallery in which they live. They feed on leaf litter, moss, bark and lichen.

Occasionally they arrive in temperate countries, usually as passengers on cargo.
Jane Maria Atkinson

**Jane Maria Atkinson** _née_ Richmond (15 September 1824 to 29 September 1914) was a pioneer, writer, and the first British woman to climb Mt Taranaki.

## Early life

Maria grew up in a Unitarian household. The early death of her father, Christopher Richmond, caused financial trouble for the family. At the age of 28, Maria and her family left for New Zealand along with the Hursthouses, Richmonds, and Ronalds. They came to Auckland May 25th, 1853. They moved to the early New Plymouth colony. She and Arthur Samuel Atkinson  found love on the ship. They married 30 December 1854.

## New Zealand

Maria first was a pioneering housewife and mother.  She and Arthur moved to Nelson, New Zealand in 1867.  In Nelson she became active in the community.  She helped support women's right to vote, talked to many about forming a girl's college and guided a debate team.  The Atkinsons let teachers for Nelson College for Girls use their home called Fairfield House.

## More reading

- _Born to New Zealand: A Biography of Jane Maria Atkinson by Frances Porter_ (1989, Allen & Unwin/Port Nicholson Press, Wellington)
Zoraptera

**Zoraptera** is an order of insects, is one of the least diverse and most poorly understood insect lineages. Zoraptera are tiny, hemimetabolous insects superficially resembling barklice (Psocoptera) or termites (Isoptera).

## Description

Individuals are generally less than 3 mm in total body length, exclusive of their antennae, and are gregarious. Overall, zorapterans are quite homogenous in their morphology and tend to be off-white (mostly nymphs) to brown in color. Individuals of each species occur in two morphs: eyed and winged forms that then shed their wings after dispersal or blind and apterous forms that predominate in colonies.
Mary Jane Bennett

**Mary Jane Bennett** (1816 to 6 July 1885) was the first official lighthouse keeper in New Zealand, and the only woman to have the position.

## Personal life

Mary moved to New Zealand in 1840.  She soon married George White Bennett.  In 1852 George took the position of lighthouse keeper at Pencarrow Head.  Following the death of her husband in 1855, Mary worked at the lighthouse.  In January 1859 a good lighthouse building was made.  She was selected as keeper.  Pencarrow Lighthouse was the first permanent lighthouse in New Zealand.
Heni Materoa Carroll

**Heni Materoa Carroll** (1850s to November 1, 1930) also known as **Te Huinga** was a leader of the Te Aitanga-a-Mahaki (a group of the Māori)) and wife of politician James Carroll.

She became chief of her people when her mother died in 1887.  When her husband was elected to Parliament, she did not move from Gisborne.  During World War I she worked to support Māori soldiers.  She became chairperson of the Eastern Māori Patriotic Association.  She was given the Order of the British Empire in 1918.
Margaret Cruickshank

**Margaret Barnett Cruickshank** (1 January 1873 – 28 November 1918) was a physician, notable for being the first registered female doctor to practice medicine in New Zealand.

## Biography

Born in Palmerston in a family of a farmer, Cruickshank was one of seven children.

Cruickshank studied at the University of Otago and was the second woman, following Emily Siedeberg, in New Zealand to complete medical school. Cruickshank later continued her studies at the University of Edinburgh and University of Dublin.  During World War I she planned the work of the Waimate Red Cross Fund. She died from the 1918 flu pandemic.

## Legacy

In 1923 a memorial statue was shown at Seddon Square in Waimate. The plinth was prepared by Daniel Berry and the statue was carved by William Trethewey. In 1948 the maternity room in Waimate Hospital was named after her.

## More reading

- Ancestry.com page
Helsinki Stock Exchange

The **Helsinki Stock Exchange** (formerly **OMX Helsinki**,  officially **NASDAQ OMX Helsinki**) is a stock exchange that is in Helsinki, Finland. The Helsinki Stock Exchange was first made in October 7, 1912 when they made their first transaction. After that they had remained a "free form" type of financial association until 1984. Then it changed to a cooperative owned mostly by banks, traders, other companies and associations. The stock exchange lists 141 businesses.

## Infobox (exchange)

- **name**: Helsinki Stock Exchange
- **nativename**: Helsingin Pörssi
Helsingforsbörsen
- **type**: Stock Exchange
- **city**: Helsinki
- **country**: Finland
- **foundation**: October 7, 1912
- **owner**: OMX, OMX AB
- **currency**: Euro, EUR
- **listings**: 141
- **indexes**: OMX Helsinki 25
- **homepage**: [http://omxgroup.com omxgroup.com]
Kate Edger

**Kate Milligan Evans Edger** (January 6, 1857 to May 6, 1935) was the first woman in New Zealand to get a university degree and the first woman in the British Empire to get a Bachelor of Arts degree.

Edger's family moved from England to New Zealand in 1862.  On 11 July 1877, she graduated from the University of New Zealand.

## Legacy

The Kate Edger Educational Charitable Trust gives money to help women get degrees.  In 2004 the Kate Edger Information Commons was formed at The University of Auckland.
John Ruganda

**John Ruganda** (30 May 1941 to 8 December 2007) was Uganda's best-known playwright.  Ruganda was also a professor at University of North, South Africa, University of Nairobi, and Makerere University.

Ruganda's plays "reflect the reality of the East African sociopolitical situation after independence."  He helped outline East African theater.  _The Burdens_ (1972) and _The Floods_ (1980) are regularly studied in literature classes.

### Plays

- _The Burdens_, Kampala, Uganda, National Theatre, January 1970
- _Black Mamba_, Kampala, 1972
- _The Good Woman of Setzuan_, by Bertolt Brecht, translated into Swahili by Ruganda, Nairobi, Nairobi University Players, November 1978
- _The Floods_, Nairobi, French Cultural Centre, 1 March 1979
- _Music without Tears_, Nairobi, Nairobi University Players, February 1982
- _Echoes of Silence_, Nairobi, 1985

### Television

- _The Secret of the Season_, screenplay by Ruganda, Voice of Kenya, March 1973
- _The Floods_, screenplay by Ruganda, Voice of Kenya, April 1973
- _The Illegitimate_, screenplay by Ruganda, Voice of Kenya, August 1982

## More books

- Horn, "Uhuru to Amin: T he Golden Decade of Theatre in Uganda," _Literary Half-Yearly_, 19, no. 1 (1978): 22-49.
- Peter Nazareth, "Africa under Neocolonialism: New East African Writing". _Busara_, 6, no. 1  (1974): 19-32.
- Mineke Schipper. _Theatre and Society in Africa_ (Johannesburg: Ravan Press, 1982).
Party People

"**Party People**" is a song by American rapper Nelly, featuring singer Fergie.
It was the first single from Nelly's fifth studio album Brass Knuckles. The song was released on March 18, 2008. The song reached number 7 on the New Zealand Singles Chart, 12 on the Irish Singles Chart, 14 on both the Australian ARIA Singles and UK Singles Charts, 16 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Rap Tracks, 23 on the German Singles Chart, 37 on the U.S. Billboard Pop 100, 40 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100, 46 on the Austrian Singles Chart, 52 on the Canadian Hot 100 and 62 on the U.S. Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Party People
- **type**: single
- **artist**: Nelly featuring Fergie (singer), Fergie
- **album**: Brass Knuckles (album), Brass Knuckles _and_ The Dutchess, The Dutchess: Deluxe edition
- **b-side**: Cut It Out
- **recorded**: 2007
- **length**: 4:02
- **chronology**: Nelly
- **prev title**: 5000 Ones
- **prev year**: 2007
- **next title**: Here I Am (Rick Ross song), Here I Am
- **next year**: 2008
A Just Russia

**A Just Russia**  (, **СР**, _Spravedlivaya Rossiya_, **SR**), also translated as **Fair Russia**, is a social democratic party in Russia that currently holds 38/450 seats in the State Duma. The party was created on October 28, 2006.

## Infobox (political party/seats)

- 38
- 450
- **hex**: #FF0000


## Infobox (political party)

- **country**: Russia
- **name**: A Just Russia
- **native name**: Справедливая Россия
- **logo**: Logo of the A Just Russia — Patriots — For Truth.svg
- **leader**: Nikolai Levichev
- **colorcode**: red
- **foundation**: October 28, 2006
- **ideology**: Social democracy
- **headquarters**: Moscow
- **colors**: White, Blue, Red
- **website**: [http://www.spravedlivo.ru http://www.spravedlivo.ru]
- **seats1 title**: State Duma, Seats in the State Duma
Nikolai Levichev

**Nikolai Vladimirovich Levichev** (, born May 28, 1953) is a Russian politician. He was the leader of A Just Russia party from April 16, 2011 to October 27, 2013.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Nikolai Vladimirovich Levichev
<small>Николай Владимирович Левичев</small>
- **office**: Leader of the A Just Russia Party
- **image**: Nikolay Levichev IF 09-2013 (1).jpg
- **term start**: April 16, 2011
- **term end**: October 27, 2013
- **predecessor**: Sergey Mironov
- **successor**: Sergey Mironov
- **birth place**: Pushkin (town), Pushkin, Saint Petersburg, Leningrad, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union
- **party**: A Just Russia
- **spouse**: Valentina Levicheva
- **website**: [http://www.levichev.info www.levichev.info]
Body on Me

"**Body on Me**" is a 2008 R&B/Hip hop song by American rapper Nelly. The song features singer Ashanti and Akon. It was the second single from his fifth studio album Brass Knuckles and is also the second single  from Ashanti's fourth album The Declaration. The song was released on June 9, 2008.

The song reached #10 on the U.S. _Billboard_ Hot Rap Tracks, #12 on the Irish Singles Chart, #17 on the UK Singles Chart, #32 on the Australian Singles Chart, #42 on the U.S. _Billboard_ Hot 100, #57 on the Canadian Hot 100, #58 on the U.S. _Billboard_ Pop 100, #69 on the U.S. Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Body on Me
- **artist**: Nelly featuring Ashanti (entertainer), Ashanti & Akon
- **album**: Brass Knuckles (album), Brass Knuckles
- **released**: June 9, 2008
- **recorded**: 2007
- **length**: 3:31 ("Brass Knuckles" version)
3:20 ("The Declaration" version)
3:57 (alternative version)
2:57 (UK radio edit)
- **chronology**: Nelly singles
- **prev title**: Here I Am (Rick Ross song), Here I Am
- **prev year**: 2008
- **next title**: Stepped on My J'z
- **next year**: 2008
Stepped on My J'z

"**Stepped on My J'z**" is a 2008 Hip hop/Crunk song by American rapper Nelly. The song features singer Ciara and rapper Jermaine Dupri. It is the second single from Nelly's fifth studio album _Brass Knuckles_. The song was released on June 11, 2008 as a digital download and on July 1, 2008 on the U.S. radio. A music video was released before.

The song reached #69 on the U.S. Billboard Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles and #90 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100. It was performed at the 2008 BET Awards by Nelly, Ciara and Jermaine.

The music video was directed by Benny Boom. It appeared on BET's show Access Granted. In the video, three kids skip school to go buy new pairs of Air Jordans. Nelly raps while sitting on a car. Nelly is then talking with his friends when a man steps over his Jordans. Nelly confronts the man. This is a reference to a scene in the 1989 Spike Lee movie _Do the Right Thing_. Later there is another reference with Nelly and Jermaine Dupri recreating a famous commercial with Spike Lee and Michael Jordan. Ciara is seen dancing later on in the video.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Stepped on My J'z
- **type**: single
- **artist**: Nelly featuring Ciara & Jermaine Dupri
- **album**: Brass Knuckles (album), Brass Knuckles
- **released**: July 1, 2008 (United States, U.S. radio)
- **recorded**: 2008
- **length**: 5:03 (album version)
4:40 (single version)
- **producer**: Jermaine Dupri
- **prev title**: Body on Me
- **prev year**: 2008
- **next title**: Warrior (Nelly song), Warrior
- **next year**: 2008
Just a Dream

"**Just a Dream**" is a 2010 Pop rap/R&B song by American rapper and singer Nelly. It was the first single from his sixth studio album _5.0_. The song was released on August 16, 2010.

The song reached #1 on the U.S. _Billboard_ Pop Songs and #3 on the US _Billboard_ Hot 100.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Just a Dream
- **type**: single
- **artist**: Nelly
- **album**: 5.0
- **released**: August 16, 2010
- **recorded**: 2010
- **length**: 3:57
- **prev title**: Stepped on My J'z
- **prev year**: 2008
- **next title**: Move That Body (song), Move That Body
- **next year**: 2010
Cicely

**Cicely** (_Myrrhis odorata_), also called **sweet cicely**, is a plant in the family Apiaceae. It is a tall perennial plant, growing to 2 meters tall. The leaves are divided. The flowers are white. The seeds are slender.

## Uses

Cicely leaves are sometimes used as a herb, with a strong taste of anise.
Move That Body

"**Move That Body**" is a 2010 hip hop/electro hop song by American rapper Nelly. The song features singers T-Pain and Akon. It was the second single from his sixth studio album _5.0_. The song was released on October 12, 2010. The music video for Move That Body first appeared on Nelly's official VEVO on October 19 2010.

The song reached #24 on the UK R&B Chart, #29 on the ARIA Charts, #54 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 and #71 on the UK Singles Chart.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Move That Body
- **artist**: Nelly featuring T-Pain & Akon
- **album**: 5.0
- **released**: October 12, 2010
- **recorded**: 2010
- **genre**: * Pop rap
* Contemporary R&B, R&B
* hip house
* dirty rap
- **length**: 3:24
- **label**: * Derrty Entertainment, Derrty Ent.
* Universal Motown
- **writer**: * Nelly, Cornell Haynes, Jr.
* T-Pain, Faheem Najm
* Akon, Aliaune Thiam
* Bangladesh (record producer), Shondre Crawford
- **producer**: * Bangladesh (record producer), Bangladesh
* Dr. Luke
- **chronology**: Nelly singles
- **prev title**: Just a Dream (song), Just a Dream
- **prev year**: 2010
- **next title**: Gone (song), Gone
- **next year**: 2011
Chenpi

**Chenpi**, also called **chen pi**, is sun-dried tangerine peel used as a traditional seasoning in Chinese cooking and traditional medicine.  They have a bitter taste.
Carl Woese

**Carl Richard Woese**  (July 15, 1928 – December 30, 2012) was an American microbiologist and biophysicist.

## Career

Woese is famous for defining the Archaea (a new domain or kingdom of life) in 1977. He used phylogenetic taxonomy of 16S ribosomal RNA, a technique pioneered by him which is now standard practice.

He was also the originator of the RNA world hypothesis in 1977, although not by that name. He was the Stanley O. Ikenberry professor of microbiology at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

## Work and discoveries

After defining Archaea as a new domain, Woese redrew the taxonomic tree. His **three-domain system** is based upon genetic relationships. It divides life into 23 main divisions in three domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. Archaea are neither bacteria nor eukaryotes. Looked at another way, they are prokaryotes that are not bacteria.

The tree of life shows the diversity of microbes. Single-celled organisms represent the vast majority of the biosphere's diversity. This is surprising to some, given our familiarity with the larger metazoan world. Microbes are responsible for many biochemical cycles and are crucial to the whole biosphere. Woese's efforts to clarify the evolution and diversity of microbes was an invaluable service to ecology, conservation and evolutionary biology.

## Personal life

Woese was born on July 15, 1928 in Syracuse, New York. He studied at Amherst College and at Yale University. Woese died on December 30, 2012 in his home in Urbana, Illinois from pancreatic cancer, aged 84.

## Other websites

- Woese's homepage

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Carl Woese
- **image**: Carl Woese.jpg
- **caption**: Carl Woese in February 2004
- **birth place**: Syracuse, New York, Syracuse, New York (state), New York, U.S.
- **death place**: Urbana, Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, U.S.
- **death cause**: Pancreatic cancer
- **citizenship**: United States
- **nationality**: American
- **field**: Microbiology
- **work institutions**: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- **alma mater**: Amherst College
Yale University
- **known for**: Archaea
- **prizes**: Leeuwenhoek Medal (1992)
Selman A. Waksman Award (1995)
National Medal of Science (2000)
Crafoord Prize (2003)
Gone (song)

"**Gone**" is a 2011 R&B song by American rapper Nelly. The song features singer Kelly Rowland. It is the sequel to their 2002 song, "Dilemma". It was the third single from his sixth studio album _5.0_. The song was released on January 4, 2011.

The song reached #19 on the UK R&B Chart, #21 on the Australia Urban ARIA Charts, #55 on the Australia ARIA Charts, #58 on the UK Singles and #59 on the U.S. Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Gone
- **artist**: Nelly featuring Kelly Rowland
- **album**: 5.0
- **released**: January 4, 2011
- **recorded**: December of 2009
- **genre**: Contemporary R&B, R&B
- **length**: 4:27
- **writer**: *Nelly, Cornell Haynes, Jr.
*Richard Butler
*James Scheffer
*Earl Hood
*Eric Goody II
- **prev title**: Move That Body (song), Move That Body
- **prev year**: 2010
- **next title**: Lose Control (Let Me Down), Lose Control
- **next year**: 2011
Bodleian Library

The **Bodleian Library** (founded in 1602) is the main library of the University of Oxford, and one of the oldest libraries in Europe. It is the second largest library in the United Kingdom after the British Library. It is one of six legal deposit libraries for works published in the United Kingdom and under Irish Law it is entitled to request a copy of each book published in the Republic of Ireland. It has had rights of legal deposit for books since the 17th century.

Though members of the University may borrow some books from some dependent libraries (such as the Radcliffe Science Library), the vast majority of the material held by the Bodleian may only be read within the library buildings. Besides books, periodicals and manuscripts there are smaller collections of other types of material.

The Library occupies a group of five buildings near Broad Street in central Oxford: the oldest is the late medieval Duke Humfrey's Library. The newest is the Weston Library which opened in 2015, built from an overhaul of what the New Bodleian which dates from the 1930s. Since the 19th century a number of underground stores have been built below parts of these.

Though Duke Humfrey's Library was a library for the university from 1488 to 1560 the Bodleian itself was founded by Sir Thomas Bodley in the years 1598 to 1602. In the following centuries it greatly increased in size through collections of books donated by benefactors and through books received through legal deposit.

Many notable scholars have been heads of the library (known as Bodley's Librarians): the present Bodley's Librarian is Richard Ovenden.
Country Grammar

***Country Grammar*** is the debut studio album by American rapper, Nelly. The album was released on June 27, 2000. The album was made a mainstream success and sold over 235,000 copies on its number one week.

## Reception

The album peaked at #1 on the Billboard 200 and peaked at #1 on the U.S. Billboard Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums.

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Country Grammar
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: Nelly
- **border**: yes
- **recorded**: 1999–2000
- **studio**: Unique Recording Studios, New York City
- **genre**: * Hip hop music, Hip hop
* Contemporary R&B, R&B
* pop rap
- **length**: 66:35
- **label**: * Universal Records, Universal
* Fo' Reel Entertainment, Fo' Reel
- **producer**: * C-Love (executive producer, exec.)
* Kevin Law (exec.)
* Jason "Jay E" Epperson
* City Spud
* Steve "Blast" Wills
* Basement Beats
- **next title**: Nellyville
- **next year**: 2002
Saltash

**Saltash** is a town in south east Cornwall, United Kingdom. It has a population of 14,964. It is separated from the city of Plymouth in Devon by the River Tamar. Saltash is the largest town within the East Cornwall area.

One of the landmarks of Saltash is the Royal Albert Bridge, 1859, which carries the railway line across the River Tamar. Alongside it is the Tamar Bridge, a toll bridge carrying the A38 trunk road. Saltash railway station is close to the town centre. The station is served by a regular train service, with some direct High Speed services to and from London Paddington.
Nellyville

***Nellyville*** is the second studio album by American rapper Nelly. The album was released on June 25, 2002. The album first debuted at number 1 on the Billboard charts and also sold more than 714,000 records in its first week of release.

## Reception

The album peaked at number one on the Billboard 200, number 2 on the German Albums Chart and UK Albums Charts, and number 6 on the Finnish Albums Chart.

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Nellyville
- **type**: Studio
- **artist**: Nelly
- **length**: 79:40
- **prev title**: Country Grammar
- **prev year**: 2000
- **next title**: Sweat (Nelly album), Sweat
- **next year**: 2004
Sweat (album)

***Sweat*** is the third studio album by American rapper Nelly. The album was released on September 14, 2004. The album first debuted at number 2 on the U.S. _Billboard_ 200 chart and also sold more than 342,000 records in its first week of release. It also peaked at number 2 on the Canadian Albums Chart, U.S. Billboard Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums, and U.S. Billboard Top Rap Albums charts, 11 on the UK Albums Chart and 17 on the German Albums Chart. The singles were "Flap Your Wings," "Na-Nana-Na" and "Tilt Ya Head Back."

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Sweat
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: Nelly
- **released**: June 27, 2004
- **recorded**: 2003-2004
- **language**: English language, English
- **prev title**: Nellyville
- **prev year**: 2002
- **next title**: Brass Knuckles (album), Brass Knuckles
- **next year**: 2008
Stop! Or My Mom Will Shoot

***Stop! Or My Mom Will Shoot*** is a 1992 American action-comedy movie that was produced by Ivan Reitman, Joe Medjuck and Michael C. Gross and was directed by Roger Spottiswoode. The movie was released on February 21, 1992 in North America. The movie received negative reviews with a 4% rating on Rotten Tomatoes and Roger Ebert gave the movie half a star out of five stating that _"There isn't a laugh in this movie. Not a single one"_. The movie won a three Golden Raspberry Awards for Stallone as Worst Actor, Getty as Worst Supporting Actress and the movie earning Worst Screenplay.

## Cast

- Sylvester Stallone as Sergeant Joseph Andrew "Joe" Bomowski
- Estelle Getty as Mrs. Tutti Bomowski
- JoBeth Williams as Lt. Gwen Harper
- John Wesley as Sgt. Tony
- Ving Rhames as Mr. Stereo
- Al Fann as Sgt. Lou
- Roger Rees as J. Parnell
- Martin Ferrero as Paulie
- Gailard Sartain as Munroe
- Dennis Burkley as Mitchell

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: Stop! Or My Mom Will Shoot
- **director**: Roger Spottiswoode
- **producer**: Ivan Reitman
Joe Medjuck
Michael C. Gross
- **writer**: Blake Snyder
William Osborne
William Davies
- **starring**: Sylvester Stallone
Estelle Getty
JoBeth Williams
Roger Rees
John Wesley (actor), John Wesley
Ving Rhames
- **music**: Alan Silvestri
- **cinematography**: Frank Tidy
- **editing**: Mark Conte
Lois Freeman-Fox
- **distributor**: Universal Studios, Universal Pictures
- **released**: February 21, 1992
- **runtime**: 87 minutes
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **gross**: $70,611,210
Freddy Got Fingered

***Freddy Got Fingered*** is a 2001 American comedy movie produced by Larry Brezner, Howard Lapides and Lauren Lloyd. It was directed by Tom Green.

The movie is about a 28-year-old man who lives in his parents' basement in Portland, Oregon. He drives to Los Angeles and attempts to become an animator.

The movie was released on April 20, 2001 in North America. The movie received very negative reviews with a 11% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. Movie critic Roger Ebert rated the movie a rare zero-stars rating and listed it as one of his most hated movies of all-time. He described the movie as: "This movie doesn't scrape the bottom of the barrel. This movie isn't the bottom of the barrel. This movie isn't below the bottom of the barrel. This movie doesn't deserve to be mentioned in the same sentence with barrels[...]. The day may come when Freddy Got Fingered is seen as a milestone of neo-surrealism. The day may never come when it is seen as funny." It is considered one of the worst movies of all time, but has a cult following.

## Cast

- Tom Green as Gordon "Gord" Brody
- Rip Torn as James "Jim" Brody
- Marisa Coughlan as Betty
- Eddie Kaye Thomas as Frederick "Freddy" Brody
- Harland Williams as Darren
- Anthony Michael Hall as Dave Davidson
- Julie Hagerty as Julie Brody
- Drew Barrymore as Davidson's receptionist
- Shaquille O'Neal as Shaquille

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: Freddy Got Fingered
- **director**: Tom Green
- **producer**: Larry Brezner
Howard Lapides
Lauren Lloyd
- **writer**: Tom Green
Derek Harvie
- **starring**: Tom Green
Rip Torn
Marisa Coughlan
Eddie Kaye Thomas
Harland Williams
Anthony Michael Hall
Julie Hagerty
Darren Moore
- **music**: Mike Simpson
- **cinematography**: Mark Irwin
- **editing**: Jacqueline Cambas
- **studio**: Regency Enterprises
- **distributor**: 20th Century Fox
- **released**: April 20, 2001
- **runtime**: 89 minutes
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **budget**: United States dollar, $14 million
- **gross**: $14,333,252
The Adventures of Pluto Nash

***The Adventures of Pluto Nash*** is an 1997 American science fiction action comedy movie. It was produced by Martin Bregman, Michael Scott Bregman and Louis A. Stroller and was directed by Ron Underwood. The movie was released on April 18, 1997 in North America. The movie received very negative reviews with a 6% rating on Rotten Tomatoes and a 12 out of 100 from Metacritic. The movie was a huge box office bomb, the movie grossed around $7.1 million and the budget for the movie was $100 million. The movie was nominated for 5 Golden Raspberry Awards.

## Cast

- Alec Baldwin as Pluto Nash/Rex Crater
- Randy Quaid as Bruno
- Rosario Dawson as Dina Lake
- Joe Pantoliano as Mogan
- Jay Mohr as Tony Francis
- Luis Guzmán as Felix Laranga
- James Rebhorn as Belcher
- Peter Boyle as Rowland
- Pam Grier as Flura Nash
- John Cleese as James
- Burt Young as Gino
- Miguel A. Núñez, Jr. as Miguel
- Illeana Douglas as Dr. Mona Zimmer
- Richard Raybourne as Bartender Phil
- Kelsey Grammer as Michael Zoroaster Marucci (MZM) (uncredited)

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: The Adventures of Pluto Nash
- **director**: Ron Underwood
- **producer**: Martin Bregman
Michael Scott Bregman
Louis A. Stroller
- **writer**: Neil Cuthbert
- **starring**: Alec Baldwin
Randy Quaid
Rosario Dawson
Joe Pantoliano
Jay Mohr
Luis Guzmán
James Rebhorn
Peter Boyle
Pam Grier
John Cleese
Kelsey Grammer
- **music**: John Powell
- **cinematography**: Oliver Wood
- **editing**: Alan Heim
Paul Hirsch
- **studio**: Castle Rock Entertainment
Village Roadshow Pictures
- **distributor**: Warner Bros.
- **released**: April 18, 1997
- **runtime**: 95 minutes
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **budget**: United States dollar, $100 million
- **gross**: $7,103,973
$32,086,973 (with rentals)
Camborne

**Camborne** is a town in west Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. It is at the western edge of a conurbation consisting of Camborne, Pool and Redruth.

The population of Camborne was 20,010 at the 2001 census. The population of the whole conurbation was 39,937, making it the largest conurbation in Cornwall.

It is no longer an industrial town but the Camborne and Redruth district was formerly one of the richest tin mining areas in the world. The Camborne School of Mines was founded here in the 19th century to train engineers to work in the tin mines and is still in the town. Two of the famous mines of Camborne were Dolcoath, the 'Queen of Cornish Mines' (closed 1921), once the deepest mine in the world, and South Crofty, the last working tin mine in Europe, which closed in 1998.

On Christmas Eve 1801, the Puffing Devil, a steam-powered road vehicle built by Camborne engineer Richard Trevithick, moved up Camborne Hill. It was the world's first self-propelled passenger carrying vehicle. The events have been turned into a local song:

- _Going up Camborne Hill, coming down,_
- _Going up Camborne Hill, coming down,_
- _The horses stood still,_
- _The wheels turn around,_
- _Going up Camborne Hill, coming down._
Looe

**Looe** is a small coastal town and fishing port in southeast Cornwall, United Kingdom. As of the 2001 census, 5,280 people lived there. Looe is divided into two parts by the River Looe, **East Looe** and **West Looe** being connected by a bridge. The town is about 20 miles (32 km) west of the city of Plymouth and seven miles (11 km) south of Liskeard.

The town is around a small harbour and along the steep-sided valley of the River Looe which flows south to the English Channel beside a sandy beach. Off shore to the west is the picturesque Looe Island.

Looe has a railway station at the end of the branch railway line from Liskeard.
Lostwithiel

**Lostwithiel** is a small town in Cornwall, United Kingdom, at the head of the estuary of the River Fowey. According to the 2001 census it had a population of 2,739. The town is in the Fowey river valley, between the A390 road from Tavistock to Truro and the upper tidal reaches of the river.

Lostwithiel railway station is on the Cornish Main Line from Plymouth to Penzance. It is at the south of the town, just across the medieval bridge which was built in the early 14th century. A branch line takes china clay trains to Fowey.

Lostwithiel's most notable buildings are St Bartholomew's Church and Restormel Castle.
Penryn (Cornwall)

**Penryn** is a small town in south Cornwall, United Kingdom. It is on the Penryn River about one mile (1.6 km) northwest of Falmouth. The population was 7,166 in the 2001 census.

Penryn was in the Middle Ages an important port but underwent a severe decline after Falmouth had been established in the 17th century. Today it is a busy town and has managed to retain a much of its heritage; a large proportion of its buildings date back to Tudor, Jacobean and Georgian times, the town is an important conservation area, and has more listed buildings than any other town in Cornwall.