juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Anthony Quinn

**Anthony Quinn** (April 21, 1915 – June 3, 2001) was an American actor. He was famous in the United States for his roles in two Hollywood films, the star role in _Zorba the Greek_ and _Viva Zapata!_. He won two Academy Awards during his very long career.

## Other websites

- The Estate of Anthony Quinn
- Anthony Quinn's artwork
- Directing Anthony Quinn

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Anthony Quinn
- **image**: Anthony Quinn around the 1960s.jpg
- **caption**: Quinn, s
- **birth name**: Manuel Antonio Rodolfo Quinn Oaxaca
- **birth place**: Chihuahua, Chihuahua, Chihuahua, Mexico
- **death place**: Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.
- **death cause**: Respiratory failure caused by lung cancer
- **burial place**: Quinn Family Estate
Bristol County, Rhode Island, U.S.
- **years active**: 1936–2001
- **children**: 12; including Francesco Quinn, Francesco, Danny Quinn, Danny and Lorenzo Quinn, Lorenzo
- **signature**: Anthony Quinn signature.svg
Maximus the Confessor

**Saint Maximus the Confessor** (also known as **Maximus the Theologian** and **Maximus of Constantinople**) (born  580 – 13 August, 662) was a Christian monk, theologian, and scholar. In his early life, he was a civil servant. He was also an aide to the Byzantine Emperor Heraclius. However, he gave up this life to become a monk.

## Further reading

- _Maximus Confessor: Selected Writings (Classics of Western Spirituality)_. Ed. George C. Berthold. Paulist Press, 1985. .
- _St. Maximus the Confessor: The Ascetic Life, The Four Centuries on Charity (Ancient Christian Writers)_. Ed. Polycarp Sherwood. Paulist Press, 1955. .
- _Maximus the Confessor and his Companions (Documents from Exile) (Oxford Early Christian Texts)_. Ed. and Trans. Pauline Allen, Bronwen Neil. Oxford University Press, 2004. .

## Other websites

- Selected works of Saint Maximus Confessor
- Maximus Confessor in the Catholic Encyclopedia
- Maximus Confessor  in the Catholic Forum
- Maximus Confessor in the Orthodox Church in America

## Infobox (saint)

- **name**: Saint Maximus
- **birth date**: c. 580
- **death date**: 13 August, 662
- **feast day**: 13 August (Gregorian Calendar), 21 January or 13 August (Julian Calendar)
- **venerated in**: Eastern Christianity and Western Christianity
- **image**: Maximus_Confessor.jpg
- **imagesize**: 180px
- **caption**: Icon of St. Maximus
- **birth place**: Constantinople or Palestine
- **death place**: exile in Georgia (country), Georgia (Eurasia)
- **titles**: Confessor, Theologian, Homogoletes
- **canonized date**: pre-Congregation for the Causes of Saints, congregation
Torajan people

The **Torajans** are an ethnic group, indigenous to a part of South Sulawesi, Indonesia. There are about 650,000 of them around the world. 450,000 of these still live in the regency of Tana Toraja ("Land of Toraja"). Most of them are Christian. Others of them are Muslim or have local animist beliefs known as _aluk_ ("the way"). The Indonesian government has recognized this animist belief as _Aluk To Dolo_ ("Way of the Ancestors").

## Other websites

- Tana Toraja official website .
- Toraja on the Net - news and commentary.
- batusura.de - A personal website containing photography and recorded music from Toraja.
- Online Toraja information .

## Infobox (ethnic group)

- **image**: Toraja house.jpg
- **caption**: Toraja traditional house, _tongkonan_.
- **group**: Torajan people
- **total**: 650,000
- **regions**: West Sulawesi, South Sulawesi
- **languages**: Toraja-Sa'dan, Kalumpang, Mamasa, Ta'e, Talondo', and Toala'.
- **religions**: Protestant: 65.15%, Catholic: 16.97%, Islam: 5.99% and Torajan Hindu (Aluk To Dolo): 5.99%.
- **related groups**: Bugis, Makassarese
Backmasking

**Backmasking** (also known wrongly as _backward masking_) is a recording technique. In backmasking, a sound or message is recorded backwards onto a track that is meant to be played forwards. It was made popular by The Beatles. Some people think that backmasking causes subliminal persuasion.

## Other websites

- Jeff Milner's Backmasking Page—a Flash player with forward and backward versions of songs claimed to contain backmasking; the focus of the Wall Street Journal article
- Backmask Flash—flash clips of possible backmasked messages from Albino Blacksheep
- TalkBackwards.com —allows uploaded music to be reversed
- Hidden and Satanic Messages In Rock Music—1981 radio interview with Michael Mills
    - Excerpt  with alleged backward messages by Led Zeppelin, The Beatles, Queen
- "Backwards Messages in Rock Music—Revealed! " podcast featuring The Beatles, Led Zeppelin, The Eagles, Rush, Jefferson Starship, Wings, Queen, Phil Collins, Britney Spears, Judas Priest, Pink Floyd, Iron Maiden, Electric Light Orchestra, Prince, and Information Society
Separation of powers

**Separation of Powers** means that the three branches of government are separated.

The three branches are as follows:
- the Legislative - the part that makes laws
- the executive - the part that carries out (_executes_) the laws
- the Judicial Branch - the courts that decide if the law has been broken

Separation of Powers helps to protect freedom.  The executive branch carries out the laws but cannot make laws to make themselves powerful.  Also the judiciary is responsible for making sure that criminals are punished, so that members of the government or legislature cannot ignore the law as the judiciary can check on them.

Separation of powers is also called a system of _checks and balances_ because the branches can check up on each other and if any of the branches get too strong, that branch will be balanced by the others.

In the United States the three branches of government are completely separate except for the Vice President who is President of the Senate. In the United Kingdom the three branches of Government are mixed but the checks and balances are provided by history and _custom_ (the rule that says something should happen because that is how it has been done for a long time).  The King is Head of State (the executive), but is also part of Parliament (the legislative branch) and is the Fountain of Justice (the head of the judicial branch). But by convention he does not do anything without the advice of Ministers and never refuses to pass an Act of Parliament. The King has a lot of power but the power is controlled and balanced by the need to act in certain ways or only use the power at certain times.

In some countries the leaders of the executive branch are members of the legislature. This system is called responsible government.
The first to talk about separation of powers in the modern age was Charles-Louis Montesquieu. Montesquieu published his book _De l'esprit des lois_ (_The Spirit of Laws_) in 1748.

## Related pages

- Constitution
- Constitutionalism
- Constitution of the United States
- Mixed government
Exclusionary rule

The **Exclusionary rule** is a rule in United States constitutional law. It says that evidence from people who were forced to talk is not allowed in court. Also, evidence taken from an illegal search of property may not be used in court.
Chitin

**Chitin** is a semitransparent material that is the main component of the exoskeletons of arthropods, such as crustaceans (e.g. crab, lobster and shrimp) and insects (e.g. ants, beetles and butterflies), of the cell walls of fungi, the radula of molluscs and the beaks of cephalopods (e.g. squid, and octopuses). Chitin has also proven useful for several medical and industrial purposes.

## Other websites

- Chitin Product Information from China GreatVista Chemicals
- Horseshoe Crab Chitin Research
Radula

The **radula** is the toothed chitinous ribbon in the mouth  of most molluscs. It can be compared with the tongue of human beings but, unlike our tongue, it is used for cutting and chewing food before it enters the esophagus.

The radula is present in all molluscs except bivalves, and only in molluscs.  For example, Gastropods use it to graze and scrape diatoms and other microscopic algae off rock surfaces and other substrata.  Squid use it for cutting up their prey.

## Other websites

- Molluscan buccal structures and radula
- A Comparison of the feeding behaviour and the functional morphology of radula structure in Nudibranchs
Exoskeleton

An **exoskeleton** supports and protects an animal's body from outside and not like  the internal endoskeleton - of, for example human beings - from inside.

Many invertebrate animals (such as shelled mollusks) have exoskeletons in the sense of external hard parts. But if one speaks of an exoskeleton one mostly means that of arthropods (i.e. insects, spiders, myriapods and crustaceans).

Exoskeletons contain rigid and resistant components that fulfil a set of functional roles including protection, excretion, sensing, support, feeding and (for terrestrial organisms) acting as a barrier against desiccation. Exoskeletons first appeared in the fossil record about 550 million years ago, and their evolution has been seen as critical as a driving role in the Cambrian explosion of animals that took place after this time.

The exoskeleton ( exoskeleton suit) is a device intended to restore the lost motion functions of a person or other living being. The exoskeleton also serves to increase human muscle strength and range of motion by means of an external skeleton and drive elements.

### Biology

- Geometry and Pattern in Nature 3: The holes in radiolarian and diatom tests

### Modern technology

- Bionic Boots
- PowerSkip
- Berkeley Lower Extremity Exoskeleton (BLEEX)
- University of Washington Exo Arm Project
High Force

**High Force** is one of Britain's great waterfalls. It is in Teesdale, County Durham. It was created by erosion when a river went through the rock and did not erode the hard upper layer of igneous rock, but eroded the bottom layer of soft limestone, a sedimentary rock. It is one of the biggest waterfalls in the UK.
Adetokunbo Ademola

Omoba Sir **Adetokunbo Adegboyega Ademola**, KBE, GCON, PC, SAN (1 February 1906 – 29 January 1993) was a Nigerian judge and former Chief Justice of Nigeria (1958-1972). Before becoming the Chief Justice, he was Chief Justice of the Western Region of Nigeria.

Although, Justice Ademola is known for his judicial duties, he was an important person in the Nigerian crisis of 1966. Then, a counter coup had challenged the unity of Nigeria. A few Northern Military officers had successfully executed a coup with a plan to secede from Nigeria. But the British High Commission, which gets intelligence briefings on Nigeria and Chief Justice Ademola persuaded the Northern leaders not to quit but to take power.

## Life

Adetokunbo Ademola was born on February 1, 1906 to the family of a titled traditional ruler of Abeokuta, Oba Ladapo Ademola. He later married the daughter of a prominent Lagos lawyer, Kofo Moore.

He attended St Gregory's Grammar School and King's College, Lagos before proceeding to Selwyn College, Cambridge. He was then called to the bar in 1934 and started work as a crown counsel. In 1939, he was appointed a magistrate before becoming a junior high court judge in 1949. In 1955, he was made the Chief Judge of Western Nigeria and later became the Chief Justice of the country.

## Chief Justice

As the Chief Justice, he was instrumental to the establishment of the Nigerian Law School, the first in the country. He was also involved in a case: Lakanmi vs the Attorney General of Nigeria, where he ruled that a Nigerian court could review military decrees.

## Infobox (_person)

- **name**: Adetokunbo Ademola
- **birth date**: 1906
- **death date**: 1993
- **death place**: Kaduna
- **known**: Judiciary
- **occupation**: Judge
- **title**: Chief Justice
- **successor**: Taslim Elias
- **spouse**: Kofo Ademola (née Moore)
- **relations**: Adenekan Ademola
Endoskeleton

An **endoskeleton** is a structure that holds an animal from inside.

One can find endoskeletons in three phyla and one subclass of animals: in Chordata, Echinodermata, Porifera and Coleoidea. An endoskeleton allows the body to move and gives the body structure and shape.

A true endoskeleton develops from mesodermal tissue. Such a skeleton is present in echinoderms and chordates. The Coleoidae do not have a true endoskeleton in the evolutionary sense; here, a mollusc exoskeleton developed into several sorts of internal structure, the "cuttlebone" of cuttlefish being the best-known version. An important advantage of an endoskeleton over an exoskeleton is that the endoskeleton provides more structural support.
Endoskeletons hold inner organs, tissues, and systems together easily.
Kayfabe

In professional wrestling, something that is **"kayfabe"** is not real, something that is "acted out" and not happening in real life. Many things in wrestling are kayfabe, that is, they appear to be real (such as the storylines), but are fake. Its opposite is legit.

People who believe that kayfabe acts are real are called marks, as opposed to smarks. Those who know wrestling is scripted but still enjoy the storylines are known as smart-marks, or smarks.

It is unknown where the term came from; it is sometimes believed that the term "kayfabe" is a modification of the Pig latin word for "fake", "akefay".

## Related pages

- List of professional wrestling terms
Bruce Willis

**Walter Bruce Willis** (born March 19, 1955) is an American retired film actor and film producer. His mother was German; his father was American. He became famous in the late 1980s. He has remained one of Hollywood's biggest stars, mostly for his role as Lt. _John McClane_ in the _Die Hard_ series.

Willis was married to actress Demi Moore and they had three daughters before their divorce in 2001. They were married for thirteen years. He has received many awards and honors in his career. Willis supports the United States armed forces and has been a spokesman several times.

Some of his best known movies are _Die Hard_, _The Player_, _Pulp Fiction_ and _Sin City_.

In March 2022, he officially announced his retirement from acting after he was diagnosed with aphasia. In February 2023, it was announced that Willis was diagnosed with frontotemporal dementia.

## Other websites

- Bruce Willis interview  on _The Tavis Smiley Show_

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Bruce Willis
- **image**: Bruce Willis (41849459910) (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Willis in July 2018
- **birth name**: Walter Bruce Willis
- **alias**: **W.B. Willis**
**Bruno Radolini**
- **birth place**: Idar-Oberstein, Germany
- **nationality**: Americans, American
- **years active**: 1980–2022
- **notable works**: **David Addison** in _Moonlighting (TV series), Moonlighting_
**John McClane** in the _Die Hard_ series
**Butch Coolidge** in _Pulp Fiction (film), Pulp Fiction_
**James Cole** in _Twelve Monkeys_
**RJ** in **Over the Hedge (movie), Over The Hedge**
**Harry S. Stamper** in _Armageddon (film), Armageddon_
**Dr. Malcolm Crowe** in _The Sixth Sense_
**David Dunn** in the _Unbreakable (movie), Unbreakable_ series
**Jimmy 'The Tulip' Tudeski** in _The Whole Nine Yards (film), The Whole Nine Yards_ and _The Whole Ten Yards_
**John Hartigan** in _Sin City (film), Sin City_
**Spike the Dog** in _Rugrats Go Wild!_
**Gabe Asparagus; the train conductor** in _The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius, A Ride of a Lifetime on the What If Express_
- **spouse**:

- **children**: 5, including Rumer Willis, Rumer
- **awards**: **Outstanding Lead Actor - Drama Series**
1987 _Moonlighting (TV series), Moonlighting_
**Outstanding Guest Actor - Comedy Series**
2000 _Friends_
** Golden Globe Awrd for Best TV Actor - Comedy/Musical**
1987 _Moonlighting (TV series), Moonlighting_
Zoospore

A ***zoospore*** is an asexual spore that uses a flagellum for moving around. It is also called a _swarm spore_. These spores are created by some algae and fungi to multiply themselves.

## Flagella

There are two types of flagellated zoospores, _whiplash_ and _tinsel_ or "decorated".
- _Whiplash_ flagella are straight, to power the zoospore through its medium. There is also the 'default' zoospore, which only has the propelling, 'whiplash' flagellum.
- _Tinsellated_ flagella have lateral filaments perpendicular to the main axis, which allow for more surface area, and disturbance of the medium, giving it the property of a rudder, which it uses for steering.

Both _tinsel_ and _whiplash_ flagella beat in a sinusoidal wave pattern, but when both are present, the tinsel will beat in the opposite direction of the whiplash, to give 2 axes of control of motility.
- There can be many combinations for location of the flagella, such as posterior whiplash; posterior whiplash, anterior tinsel; and anterior whiplash.

## Zoosporangium

A ***zoosporangium*** is the sexual structure in which the zoospores develop in a plant, fungi, or protists.

## Related pages

- Flagellum
- Fern
- Angiosperm
- Chytridiomycota

## References

- C.J. Alexopolous, Charles W. Mims, M. Blackwell et al., _Introductory Mycology, 4th ed._ (John Wiley and Sons, Hoboken NJ, 2004)
Gamete

A **gamete** is a specialized sex cell that fuses with another gamete during fertilization (conception) in organisms that reproduce sexually. Gametes are haploid—they have only one copy of each chromosome. All other cells in an animal are diploid—they have two copies of each chromosome. Gametes are produced by **germ cells**.

In species which produce two morphologically distinct types of gametes, and in which each individual produces only one type, a female is any individual which produces the larger type of gamete—called an ovum (or egg)—and a male produces the smaller type—called a spermatozoon (or sperm cell).

The name gamete was introduced by the Austrian biologist Gregor Mendel.

## Gametogenesis

**Gametogenesis** is the development of diploid germ cells into haploid eggs or sperm, (respectively oogenesis and spermatogenesis). It is different for each species but the general stages are similar. The development of eggs (oogenesis) and sperm (spermatogenesis) have many features in common. They both involve:
- Meiosis
- Extensive morphological cell differentiation
- Unable to survive for very long if fertilization does not occur

They also have major differences, especially
- Different timing of maturation: oogenic meiosis is interrupted at one or more stages (for a long time) while spermatogenic meiosis is rapid and uninterrupted.
Morphology

**Morphology** may mean:
- Morphology (general), the study of the shape and form of things in general.
- Morphology (linguistics), the study of the structure of word forms.
- Morphology (biology) is the structure of a life-form.
- Morphology (astronomy) is the shape of an astronomical object.
- Morphology (folklore), the structure of narratives.
- Morphology (architecture), the study of the shape and form of buildings.
- Morphology (metallurgy), the study of the microstructure of metals.

- Geomorphology, the study of landforms.
- River morphology, the study of river shape.

- Mathematical morphology, theoretical model based on Lattice theory, used for digital image processing.
- Morphological analysis, a general method for non-quantified modelling.
Morphology (biology)

- _For other uses, see Morphology (disambiguation)._

**Morphology** is the study of animal or human form or body shape. It is the branch of biology dealing with the study of the form of organisms and their specific structural features.

The concept of morphology was developed by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1790) and independently by the German anatomist and physiologist Karl Friedrich Burdach (1800).

In general use, the word morphology refers to the form and structure of an organism as a whole, including all internal and external structures. This includes aspects of the outward appearance (shape, structure, colour, pattern) as well as the form and structure of the internal parts like bones and organs. Morphology is contrasted to physiology, which deals primarily with function.

## Branches of morphology

- Comparative morphology compares the structures of organisms.
- Functional morphology is the study of the structure and function of bodily features.
- Anatomy is the study of the form and structure of the features of an organism.

In English-speaking countries, the term "molecular morphology" is used to describe the structure of compound molecules, such as polymers. and RNA. The term "gross morphology" is a general description of the form and structure of an organism.
Taxon

A **taxon** (plural **taxa**) is a **taxonomic group** or **taxonomic unit**. It is a group of organisms which a taxonomist decides belong together.

Taxa can be big or small. A fairly small taxon is the giraffes, and a very big one is the beetles.

A taxonomist can assign a scientific name and rank to a taxon; this places it at a particular level in a hierarchy.  It is not strictly necessary to assign either a name or a rank to a taxon, but a name and rank make it easier to discuss.  However, many taxa have to wait for years before getting a name.

## Ranks

There is no limit to the number of ranks that may exist, but the most important ranks are, in hierarchical order:
- Domain
- Kingdom
- Phylum or Division
- Class
- Order
- Family
- Genus
- Species
- Subspecies

Note: "Phylum" applies formally to any biologial domain but traditionally it was always used of animals whereas "Division" was traditionally often used of plants, fungi etc.

A simple phrase to remember the order is
"Dignified Kings Play Chess On Fine Green Silk" (there are many other such phrases).

## Taxonomy

A distinction is made between taxonomy and systematics. Systematics deals with how groups relate to each other. Taxonomy deals with making groups (taxa), deciding what belongs together. Taxonomy is also known as classification.

A special part of taxonomy is nomenclature. This consists of rules on what names to use. So a taxonomist first decides what does and does not belong in a group, and then uses nomenclature to decide what name this group should have. If a group is made larger or bigger it may get a different name. On the other hand, the same name may refer to a bigger taxon (according to one particular taxonomist) or a smaller taxon (according to some other taxonomist). This means that scientific names are not guaranteed to be stable. Most names are stable, but for some taxa there is no agreement on its name, because taxonomists do not agree what does belong together and what does not belong together.

A taxonomist can decide for himself what scientific reasons he adopts for making a group (a taxon). If he is not convincing in his choice, other taxonomists will not agree with him, and they will then make other arrangements. These days biological classification is mostly supposed be done according to evolutionary (phylogenetic) relationships, so far as these are known.
Domain (biology)

In biological taxonomy, a **domain** (also **superregnum**, **superkingdom**, or **empire**) is a taxon in the highest rank of organisms, higher than a kingdom.

Domain (or its synonyms) is the most inclusive of these biological groupings. The arrangement of taxa reflects the fundamental evolutionary differences in the genomes. There are several modern alternative domain classifications of life. Among them are:
- The 'two-empire' system, with top-level groupings of Prokaryota (or Monera) and Eukaryota empires.
- The six-kingdom system with top-level groupings of Protista, Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.
- The **three-domain system** of Carl Woese, introduced in 1990, with top-level groupings of Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukaryota domains.
After defining Archaea as a new domain, Woese redrew the taxonomic tree. His three-domain system is based upon genetic relationships. It divides life into 23 main divisions in three domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. Archaea are neither bacteria nor eukaryotes. Looked at another way, they are prokaryotes that are not bacteria.

## Related pages

- Phylogenetics
- Taxonomy
Keratin

**Keratin** is one of a family of fibrous proteins. Keratin is what makes up hair in animals, as well as horns, nails, hooves, shells, beaks, and feathers. The name comes from Greek word _keras_ meaning "horn".

Keratins are tough and insoluble. They form the hard but non-mineral structures in reptiles, birds, amphibians and mammals. A similar biological toughness is found in chitin.

## Variety of animal uses

Keratins are the main constituent of structures that grow from the skin:

- the _α-keratins_ in the hair (including wool), horns, nails, claws and hooves of mammals
- the harder _β-keratins_ in the scales and claws of reptiles, their shells (chelonia, such as tortoise, turtle, terrapin), and in the feathers, beaks, and claws of birds. These keratins are formed mainly in beta sheets. However, beta sheets are also found in α-keratins.

Arthropods such as crustaceans often have parts of their exoskeleton made of keratin, sometimes in combination with chitin.

Keratins are also found in the gastrointestinal tracts of many animals, including roundworms (who also have an outer layer made of keratin).

Although it is now difficult to be certain, the scales, claws, some protective armour and the beaks of dinosaurs would, almost certainly, have been composed of a type of keratin.

## Silk

The silk fibroins produced by insects and spiders are often classified as keratins, though it is unclear whether they are phylogenetically related to vertebrate keratins.

Silk found in insect pupae, and in spider webs and egg casings, also has twisted β-pleated sheets incorporated into fibers wound into larger supermolecular aggregates.

## Other websites

- Composition and β-sheet structure of silk
- Spider silk fiber structure
- Hair-Science.com's entry on the miroscopic elements of hair
- keratin antibody review
Fibrous protein

A **fibrous protein** or **scleroprotein**  is one of the three main types of proteins. The others are globular and membrane proteins.

There are many types of scleroprotein, such as  keratin, collagen, elastin, and fibroin. Such proteins protect and support. They form connective tissue, tendons, bone matrices, and muscle fibre.
Filament

**Filament** could mean:

In _physics and electrical engineering_:
- Electrical filament
- Current filament
- Filament propagation, diffractionless propagation of a light beam

In _astronomy_:
- Galaxy filament
- Solar filament, a structure in a solar corona
- Birkeland current

In _biology_:
- Protein filament
- Filamentation, a long chain of cells
- Part of a stamen, the male part of a flower
- Hypha, in fungi and Actinobacteria

Other uses:
- Fiber or yarn
- 2002 movie by Jinsei Tsuji
Protein filament

In biology, a **filament** is a long chain of proteins, such as those found in hair, muscle, or in flagella.

## Other websites

- http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/glossary/gloss4cell.html
Lantern

A **lantern** is a device that can be moved from one place to another, used to create light and to light up open areas. Lanterns may be used for giving signals, or as general light sources for camping. They can have candles inside, or use other things as fuel, like alcohol or kerosene. Lanterns that give dim light are generally used as decoration. Lanterns are also used in festivals like the Obon festival in Japan.

## Related pages

- Lamp
- Candle
Cherry blossom

A **cherry blossom**, or **sakura** (Japanese kanji and Chinese character: 桜 or 櫻; katakana: サクラ), is a flower of Japanese cherry trees. The cherry fruit is from a different species of tree. Most of the flowers are white or pink with five petals.

There are about 400 different types of cherry trees. They mutate easily. Somei Yoshino is the most famous type of sakura.

Cherry blossoms are a symbol of spring for Japanese people. The traditional custom of _Hanami_ or _Flower viewing_ involves visiting places where sakura are blooming. The word "Sakura" can also be used as a name for women.

What do cherry blossoms smell like? Cherry blossoms have a smell, but it's very faint and subtle. The scent features light notes of lilac, rose, and magnolia with a powdery vanilla note and almond-like aromas. The aroma isn't overly sweet, fruity, or floral.

## Related terms

- _Hanafubuki_ means a scene when the cherry petals are scattered like snow.
- Cosmos flowers are called Akizakura (autumn cherry blossoms) because the flower's shape is similar to a cherry blossom.

## Related pages

- Hanami
- Ume

## Other websites

- Vancouver Sakura Diary, photos of different Sakura varieties.
- Yeuoido Spring Flower Festival in Seoul
- Sakura in Kyoto
- Subaru Cherry Blossom Festival of Greater Philadelphia  Information about cherry trees and Philadelphia's Cherry Blossom Festival.
- Sakura Gallery  From Tokyo & Kyoto.
- Photo Gallery of Cherry Blossoms  Sakura from Kyoto, Tokyo, Miyajima and other places around Japan.
- Photo Gallery of Cherry Blossoms in Washington DC
- Cherry Blossom Spots in Japan
- Cherry Blossom in Toronto, Canada, High Park
Filamentation

_For other uses see "Filament"._

**Filamentation** is the anomalous (not normal) growth of certain bacteria, such as _E. coli_, in which cells continue to elongate but do not divide (no septa formation). Bacterial filamentation is a defect in completing replication and is observed in bacteria responding to a various stresses. This may happen, for example, when there is extensive DNA damage through the SOS response system. Nutritional change may also cause bacterial filamentation.
Septum

A **septum** (Latin: _something that encloses_; plural **Septa**) is a partition separating two cavities or spaces. Examples include:
- Nasal Septum: the cartilage wall separating the nostrils of the human nose.Often deviated or perforated through physical injury or cocaine abuse.
- Cephalopod Septa: walls between each chamber, or _siphuncle_, in shells of nautiloids, ammonites, and belemnites; i.e. cephalopods that retain an external shell.
- The wall dividing the right side of the heart from the left side.
Fungi produce septa to partition filamentous hyphae into discrete cells.
National Youth Orchestra of Great Britain

The **National Youth Orchestra of Great Britain** (**NYO**) is an orchestra for young musicians in the United Kingdom. The members of the orchestra are all aged between 13 and 19 years.

It is a large orchestra with 160 player players. Players have to be at least Grade 8 Distinction standard. Membership comes from a competitive audition. These auditions take place in the autumn across several towns in Britain.

The National Youth Orchestra was started in 1947 by Ruth Railton (later Dame Ruth King).  The current director is Sarah Alexander.

The orchestra meet three times a year during the school holidays at New Year, Easter and Summer for about two weeks. They rehearse before performing several concerts in concert halls across Britain such as Barbican Hall in London, Symphony Hall in Birmingham, Bridgewater Hall in Manchester, St David's Hall in Cardiff and Glasgow Royal Concert Hall in Glasgow.  Every year they play in a Promenade Concert in the Royal Albert Hall.

## Other websites

- National Youth Orchestra Official website
Flag of Canada

The Maple Leaf flag became Canada's flag on 15 February 1965.

Before this, Canada used the British Red Ensign with Canada's coat of arms on it. Flag experts say that the Red Ensign was _defaced_ by the coat of arms.

Flag and heraldry experts also call the design of the flag a _Canadian Pale_. This is because the white stripe in the middle (called a pale in heraldry) was not the usual narrow stripe but was half the width of the flag. This was the first time a design like this was used.

On some days the Canadian government flies the _Royal Union Flag_ next to the Maple Leaf Flag. The Royal Union Flag is the British Union Jack, and is a symbol that Canada is a member of the Commonwealth, and that Canada and Britain share a history and a monarch.

The Queen of Great Britain, had some say in what the flag was to be. She thought that the maple leaf greatly represents the country of Canada.

## Design and symbolism

The meaning of the colors of the national flag are as follows:

|Name|width=100|Color|HEX Code|Symbol|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|White|style = "background-color: #FFFFFF; color: #FFFFFF"||#FFFFFF||
|Red|style = "background-color: #FF0000; color: #FF0000||#C90016||

Canadian flag is called by heraldry experts as the flag with Canadian pale design. This is because the white stripe in the middle was not the usual narrow stripe but was half the width of the flag between two minor stripes.

## History

Shortly after Canadian Confederation in 1867, the need for distinctive Canadian flags emerged. The first Canadian flag was that then used as the flag of the governor general of Canada, a Union Flag with a shield in the centre bearing the quartered arms of Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, surrounded by a wreath of maple leaves. In 1870, the Red Ensign, with the addition of the Canadian composite shield in the fly, began to be used unofficially on land and sea and was known as the _Canadian Red Ensign_. As new provinces joined the Confederation, their arms were added to the shield. In 1892, the British admiralty approved the use of the Red Ensign for Canadian use at sea.

The composite shield was replaced with the coat of arms of Canada upon its grant in 1921 and, in 1924, an Order in Council approved its use for Canadian government buildings abroad. In 1925, Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King established a committee to design a flag to be used at home, but it was dissolved before the final report could be delivered. Despite the failure of the committee to solve the issue, public sentiment in the 1920s was in favour of fixing the flag problem for Canada. New designs were proposed in 1927, 1931, and 1939.

## Related pages

- Canada
- Canadian red ensign

## Other websites

- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qTMdH9-kmDk The real story behind the Canadian flag CBC

## Infobox (flag)

- **name**: Canada
- **article**: the
- **image**: Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg
- **use**: 111000
- **proportion**: 1:2
Obe

**OBE** can mean:

- Order of the British Empire (an award)
- Out of body experience (a strange feeling)
The Wee Free Men

***The Wee Free Men*** is the 30th in the _Discworld_ book series by Terry Pratchett. It was published in 2003. It is the second _Discworld_ book written for children, but it's still liked by many adults.

## Plot

The Queen of the Elves tries to invade the Discworld again by stealing children and invading dreams.
Tiffany Aching, a 9-year-old girl discovers that her grandmother used to be a witch. Tiffany also discovered that she has a talent for magic, too.
When Tiffany's baby brother is stolen by the evil queen, Tiffany enters the elves' world to save him with the help of "The Wee Free Men" and Miss Tick. "The Wee Free Men" are small blue fairies and they speak with a Scottish accent.
Vandals

The **Vandals** were an East Germanic tribe located in now southern Poland. They entered the late Roman Empire during the 5th century. The Vandals may have given their name to the region of Andalusia, which according to one of several theories of its etymology was originally called _Vandalusia_ or land of the Vandals. This would be the source of _Al-Andalus_ — the Arabic name of Iberian Peninsula, in the south of present-day Spain, where they settled before pushing on to create a Vandal Kingdom in North Africa.

The Goth Theodoric the Great, king of the Ostrogoths and regent of the Visigoths, was allied by marriage with the Vandals, as well as with the Burgundians and the Franks under Clovis I.

Byzantine Empire forces under Justinian I conquered the Vandalic African kingdom in 534.
Nasal septum

The **nasal septum** separates the left and right airways in the nose and divides the two nostrils.

## Composition

The fleshy external end of the nasal septum is sometimes also called _columella_.

The nasal septum is composed of three structures:
- ethmoid bone
- vomer bone
- quadrangular cartilage

## Clinical significance

The nasal septum can depart from the centreline of the nose; this condition is known as a deviated septum. Injury, excessive nose-picking and cocaine usage can cause septum perforations, or holes developing in the septum.

An operation to the nasal septum is known as a septoplasty.

## Other websites

- Diagram at evmsent.org
Nostril

A **nostril** (or **naris**, pl. _nares_) is one of the two holes of the nose, from the point where they bifurcate to the external opening.

In birds and mammals, they contain branched bones or cartilages called turbinates, whose function is to warm air on inhalation and remove moisture on exhalation. Fish do not breathe through their noses, but they do have two small holes used for smelling which may be called nostrils.

In humans, the nasal cycle means that during the course of a day, the nostrils will switch over approximately every four hours or so, meaning that only one nostril is used at any one time.
Ethmoid bone

The **ethmoid bone** (from Greek _ethmos_, "sieve") is a bone in the skull that separates the nasal cavity from the brain. As such, it is located at the roof of the nose, between the two orbits. The cubical bone is lightweight due to a spongy construction.

## Parts

The ethmoid bone is made up of four parts:
- the horizontal Cribriform plate (_lamina cribrosa_), part of the cranial base
- the vertical Perpendicular plate (_lamina perpendicularis_), which is part of the nasal septum
- the two lateral masses or labyrinths.

Head trauma or insult (such as a blow to the head) can shear off the olfactory nerves that pass though the ethmoid bone and cause anosmia, an irreversible loss of the sense of smell and a great reduction in the sense of taste (because most of this depends on smell). This not only deprives life of some of its pleasures, but can also be dangerous, as when a person fails to smell smoke, gas, or spoiled food.

## Related pages

- Bone terminology

## Other websites

- http://www.theregister.com/2006/11/17/the_odd_body_nose_compass/
Bundesverdienstkreuz

The **Bundesverdienstkreuz** (Federal Cross of Merit) is Germany's only general decoration (award). It is officially called the _Verdienstorden der Bundesrepublik Deutschland_ (Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany). This Federal Order of Merit was created on 7 September 1951. Germany gives between 3,000 and 5,200 awards every year, in all classes.

Most of the Länder have their own orders of merit. There are up to three ranks (member, officer, commander). The Cities of Bremen and Hamburg do not have an order, and by old tradition its citizens will refuse any decoration in form of an order.

## Classes

The Bundesverdienstkreuz has eight classes, in ascending order:
- Verdienstmedaille (Medal of Merit)
- Verdienstkreuz am Bande (Cross of Merit on ribbon)
    - international: Ritterkreuz (Knight's Cross)
- Verdienstkreuz 1. Klasse (Cross of Merit, First class)
    - international: Offizierkreuz (Officer's Cross)
- Großes Verdienstkreuz (Halskreuz) (Great Cross of Merit, neck cross)
    - international: Komturkreuz (Commander's Cross)
- Großes Verdienstkreuz mit Stern (Great Cross of Merit with star)
    - international: Großoffizierkreuz (Great Officer's Cross)
- Großes Verdienstkreuz mit Stern und Schulterband (Great Cross of Merit with Star and shoulder ribbon)
    - international: Großkreuz 2. Klasse (Grand Cross of Merit, Second class) oder Großkomturkreuz (Grand Commander's Cross)
- Großkreuz (Grand Cross)
- Sonderstufe des Großkreuzes (Special class of the Grand Cross)

The President of the Federal Republic holds the _Sonderstufe des Großkreuzes_ ex officio. It is awarded to him in a ceremony by the President of the Bundestag. The Chancellor, the President of the Bundesrat and the President of the Bundesverfassungsgericht attend this ceremony. Other than the President of the Federal Republic, only a foreign head of state can receive the highest class award. People can also receive the Großkreuze in a special rare design. Only two people have had this award, Konrad Adenauer and Helmut Kohl.

## Insignia

Except for the lowest class, the badge is the same for all classes. However, the badge and ribbon for women is a little smaller. The badge is a golden Maltese Cross enamelled in red. It has a central disc with a black eagle. The star is golden. It has straight rays and its size and points vary according to class. The badge is on top of it. The ribbon is red with gold-black-gold stripes.
Austin Lightning

The **Austin Lightning** is an amateur soccer team in Austin, Texas. It is in the Mid South division of the South Conference of the Premier Development League of the United Soccer Leagues.

The club was founded in 2003, when it was moved from Lafayette, Louisiana. The team finished last in the division in the 2007 season, due in part to scheduling difficulties caused by record amounts of rain in Austin, which cause fields to be closed on match days. The Austin Lightning are coached by Jaime Mimbela. Their colors are red and white.

## Other websites

- Austin Lightning Official Site
- Austin Lightning fan blog

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Austin Lightning
- **fullname**: Austin Lightning
- **nickname**: The Lightning
- **founded**: 2002
- **dissolved**: 2007
- **ground**: Tony Burger Center
- **capacity**: 15,000
- **chairman**: Pam Mimbela
- **manager**: Jaime Mimbela
- **league**: USL Premier Development League
- **season**: 2007 PDL Season, 2007
- **position**: 7th, Mid South Division
- **leftarm1**: ffffff
- **body1**: ffffff
- **rightarm1**: ffffff
- **shorts1**: DD0000
- **socks1**: ffffff
- **pattern b2**: _whitethinlines
- **leftarm2**: DD0000
- **body2**: DD0000
- **rightarm2**: DD0000
- **shorts2**: DD0000
- **socks2**: ffffff
BBC Symphony Orchestra

The **BBC Symphony Orchestra** is the main orchestra of the British Broadcasting Corporation. It is one of the best orchestras in Britain.

## History

The orchestra started in 1930. Sir Adrian Boult was the main conductor until 1950, when Sir Malcolm Sargent took over until 1957. Since then there have been several conductors. Now the orchestra is conducted by Jiří Bělohlávek.

As well as these principal conductors there have been others, including the famous Arturo Toscanini, who made a series of recordings with the orchestra in the Queen's Hall from 1937 to 1939.

The BBC often ask composers of today to write music for the BBC Symphony Orchestra. Composers whose new works they have performed include Sally Beamish, Harrison Birtwistle Elliott Carter, James MacMillan, John Tavener and Mark-Anthony Turnage.

The orchestra plays a big part in the BBC Proms, the season of concerts played every summer at the Royal Albert Hall. It plays on both the first and last nights of the prom season. It also plays several concerts in the Barbican during the year. They often make recordings in the BBC studios. They can often be seen on BBC Television. Sometimes they go on tour to other countries. They also play concerts for young people as part of an education programme.

There are other professional BBC orchestras and groups: the BBC Philharmonic Orchestra, the BBC National Orchestra of Wales, the BBC Scottish Symphony Orchestra, the BBC Concert Orchestra, the BBC Big Band and the BBC Singers. There are also two amateur choruses: the BBC Symphony Chorus and the BBC National Chorus of Wales.

## Chief conductors of the BBC Symphony Orchestra

- Adrian Boult (1930–1950)
- Malcolm Sargent (1950–1957)
- Rudolf Schwarz (1957–1963)
- Antal Doráti (1962–1966)
- Colin Davis (1967–1971)
- Pierre Boulez (1971–1975)
- Rudolf Kempe (1976)
- Gennady Rozhdestvensky (1978–1981)
- John Pritchard (1982–1989)
- Andrew Davis (1989–2000)
- Leonard Slatkin (2000–2004)
- Jiří Bělohlávek (2006–2013)
- Sakari Oramo (2013–present)

## Other websites

- The
Jiří Bělohlávek

**Jiří Bělohlávek** (24 February 1946 – 31 May 2017) was a Czech conductor. He was the principal (main) conductor of the BBC Symphony Orchestra. His name "Bělohlávek" means "Whitehead". It is pronounced "Bye-lo-hla-vek". He was born in Prague.

Bělohlávek studied conducting with Sergiu Celibidache. He went to the Prague Conservatory and Academy of Performing Arts in Prague. He won the 1970 Czech National Conducting Competition and soon became famous in his country and abroad.

Bělohlávek was chief conductor of the Prague Symphony Orchestra from 1977-1989. He became principal conductor of the Czech Philharmonic Orchestra in 1990 for a short time. Then he founded the Prague Philharmonia _(Pražskou komorní filharmonii)_ in 1994, They gave concerts all over the world together and made many recordings. He is still their conductor laureate (honorary conductor).

From 1995-2000, Bělohlávek was principal guest conductor of the BBC Symphony Orchestra. In 2006 he became their principal conductor. He conducted them at the Proms that year. In 2007 he conducted at the Last Night of the Proms.

Bělohlávek also conducts in the United States. He first conducted at the Metropolitan Opera (Met) in  December 2004, conducting Leoš Janáček's "Káťa Kabanová" with Karita Mattila in the title role. He returned to the Met in January and February of 2007 for the same composer's "Jenůfa", once again with Mattila, and with Anja Silja as the Kostelnička. Other guest conducting appearances in the US have been with the Philadelphia Orchestra and the Saint Louis Symphony Orchestra.

Bělohlávek died on 31 May 2017 in Prague from cancer at the age of 71.
Jet Propulsion Laboratory

The **Jet Propulsion Laboratory** (**JPL**) is a NASA research center in Pasadena, California.
Mapudungun

**Mapudungun** is a language isolate spoken by the Mapuche people in Chile and Argentina. Even after the arrival of the Spaniards, ethnic groups in Argentina such as the Patagonians and the Tehuelche adopted Mapudungun in a process called Araucanization. Today, it has 260,000 speakers, with 250,000 in the Central Valley of Chile and 10,000 in the Argentinian region of Patagonia.

The name of the boldo tree comes from the Mapudungun word _foldo_. The poncho was adopted by Spanish and many other languages. It may have come from the Mapudungun word _pontro_ or from the Quechua word _punchu_.

## References

</references>

## Infobox (language)

- **map**: Raginhmapu.png
- **mapcaption**: Region where most mapuche lived in 2002.
Orange: mapuche at the countryside; dark: mapuche in a city; white: non-mapuche.
The circle of a place has an area as if 40 persons from there were living in a square of 1 km side.
- **name**: Mapuche
- **nativename**: Mapudungun
- **ethnicity**: Mapuche people, Mapuche
- **states**: Chile, Argentina
- **speakers**: 260,000
- **date**: 2007
- **familycolor**: American
- **fam1**: Araucanian languages, Araucanian
- **iso2**: arn
- **iso3**: arn
Impurity

Something that has **impurity** is not pure. For example, water that is clean would be called pure water. Water that is dirty would be called impure water. This may result in a change in melting point or boiling point.

## Harmful impurity

Impurities may be harmful. For example, an engine works bad when its fuel is not pure.

## Useful impurity

Impure materials are useful sometimes. Alloys are metals with impurities. Solar cells are made of silicon crystals, but a very small amount of impurity (0.001% to 0.01%) is needed in them to work.

## Removing impurities

1. Removed by distillation for liquids
1. Removed by recrystallization for solids