juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Four Freedoms

The ***Four Freedoms*** is an important concept of American president Franklin D. Roosevelt. He presented them in the _State of the Union_ of January 6, 1941, which is therefore also called the _Four Freedoms Speech_.

Roosevelt made the _Four Freedoms_ public just eleven months before the American participation at World War II. The concept played an important role in the American propaganda during the war. After Roosevelts death in 1945, his wife Eleanor continued being an important advocate for including the _Four Freedoms_ in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

- "In the future days, which we seek to make secure, we look forward to a world founded upon four essential human freedoms:
1. The first is freedom of speech and expression—everywhere in the world.
1. The second is freedom of every person to worship God in his own way—everywhere in the world.
1. The third is freedom from want which, translated into world terms, means economic understandings which will secure to every nation a healthy peacetime life for its inhabitants—everywhere in the world.
1. The fourth is freedom from fear which, translated into world terms, means a world-wide reduction of armaments to such a point and in such a thorough fashion that no nation will be in a position to commit an act of physical aggression against any neighbor—anywhere in the world.
- "That is no vision of a distant millennium. It is a definite basis for a kind of world attainable in our own time and generation. That kind of world is the very antithesis of the so-called new order of tyranny which the dictators seek to create with the crash of a bomb". Franklin D. Roosevelt, January 6, 1941

## Art

To inspire a greater public for his concept, Roosevelt arranged the creation of the Four Freedoms Monument. The statue was made public in 1943 in New York City. In honor of one of the first Americans to be killed in action in World War II, Colin Kelly, Roosevelt had the statue moved to Kelly's former home in Florida.

In 1943 artist painter Norman Rockwell got inspired by the _Four Freedoms_ and made a series of four paintings on this subject. Afterwards, the American authorities made use of these paintings to collect money for the world war.

## Related pages

- Four Freedoms Award
Right to an adequate standard of living

The **right to an adequate standard of living** is a fundamental human rights. It is part of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights that was accepted by the General Assembly of the United Nations on December 10, 1948.

Furthermore it has been written down in article 11 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, which is a human righs treaty of the United Nations as well.

The predecessor of this right, the _Freedom from Want_, is one of the _Four Freedoms_ that American President Franklin D. Roosevelt spoke out at his State of the Union of January 6, 1941. According to Roosevelt it is a right every human being everywhere in the world should have. In his speech Roosevelt described his third right as follows:

## Relating page

- Economic, social and cultural rights
Freedom from fear

**Freedom from fear** is a fundamental human right. This right was mentioned by American President Franklin D. Roosevelt as one of the _Four Freedoms_ human beings everywhere in the world should have. Roosevelt presented the _Four Freedoms_ at his State of the Union of January 6, 1941, which therefore has been called the _Four Freedoms Speech_ as well.

This right, as well as the other three of the _Four Freedoms_ of Roosevelt, makes part of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which was accepted by the General Assembly of the United Nations on December 10, 1948. _Freedom from fear_ is written down in the introduction tot the UN Declaration.

In his speech Roosevelt described his fourth right as follows:

In 1943 Norman Rockwell painted his work _Freedom from Fear _ which is one of four paintings he made on Roosevelts _Four Freedoms_.

Aung San Suu Kyi has named this right many times in speeches and wrote a book with the title _Freedom From Fear_ on it in 1991. Historian David M. Kennedy was inspired by the right as well and in 1991 he brought out his book with the title _Freedom From Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929–1945_.

## Related pages

- Four Freedoms Award
- Civil and political rights
- Right to an adequate standard of living
Port Coquitlam

**Port Coquitlam** is a city in the Canadian province of British Columbia. The population of Port Coquitlam was 61,498 in 2021. The mayor of Port Coquitlam is Brad West. The first European settlement in Port Coquitlam was established in 1859 although the Coast Salish people lived in and around the area first. The city is also nicknamed "PoCo" for short. In 2008, the city was ranked #85 for its murder rate which is for Canadian cities with a population over 50,000.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: City of Port Coquitlam
- **image map**: GVRD Port Coquitlam.svg
- **map caption**: Where Port Coquitlam is located in Metro Vancouver
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Canada
- **subdivision type1**: Province
- **subdivision name1**: British Columbia
- **government type**: Town
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Brad West
- **leader title1**: Local government, Governing Body
- **leader name1**: Port Coquitlam City Council
- **leader title2**: Councillors
- **leader name2**: Steve Darling
Paige Petriw
Darrell Penner
Glenn Pollock
Dean Washington
Nancy McCurrach
- **leader title3**: Members of the Canadian House of Commons, MP
- **leader name3**: Ron McKinnon (Liberal Party of Canada, Liberal)
- **leader title4**: MLA
- **leader name4**: Mike Farnworth (New Democrat)
- **established title**: Municipal corporation, Incorporated
- **established date**: 1913
- **area total km2**: 29.16
- **population as of**: 2021
- **population total**: 61,498
- **population density km2**: 2108.7
- **timezone**: Pacific Time Zone, PST
- **utc offset**: -8
- **timezone dst**: Pacific Daylight Time, PDT
- **utc offset dst**: -7
- **elevation m**: 30
- **postal code**: V3B, V3C, V3E
- **area code**: 604 and 778
- **website**: [https://www.portcoquitlam.ca/ City of Port Coquitlam Website]
Four Freedoms Monument

The **Four Freedoms Monument** is a sculpture by Walter Russell. It was in New York City at first and later moved to Florida.

## Background

The monument is a symbol for the _Four Freedoms_ human beings everywhere in the world should have. This part of his speech has therefore been named the _Four Freedoms Speech_ as well. This was before the American participation at World War II. The _Four Freedoms_ of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt are the following:
- Freedom of speech
- Freedom of worship
- Freedom from want
- Freedom from fear

Roosevelt had the monument built with the idea to inspire a greater public for his four freedoms.

The monument was first presented in 1943 in Madison Square Garden in New York City, with the presence of 60,000 people. It was presented in the honor of Colin Kelly, one of the first Americans to be named an American hero of the Second World War. On June 14, 1944, the monument was moved to the former home of Kelly in Madison, Florida.
Toomas Hendrik Ilves

**Toomas Hendrik Ilves** (born 26 December 1953), is an Estonian politician. He was the President of Estonia from 2006 to 2016.

## Biography

Toomas Hendrik Ilves was born on 26 December 1953, in Stockholm, Sweden.

In 1957 he married his first wife, American psychologist Dr. Merry Bullock, and they had one son and one daughter. He got married again in 2004, Evelin Int-Lambot and has one daughter with her. He was elected on 23 September 2006 and began his term as President on 9 October 2006. Evelin and him were divorced on 30 April 2015. He married his third wife on 2 January 2016, Ieva Ilves. He was re-elected as president in 2011.

## Infobox (president)

- **name**: Toomas Hendrik Ilves
- **image**: Estpresident 1c300 8784.jpg
- **office**: 4th President of the Republic of Estonia
- **primeminister**: Andrus Ansip
- **predecessor**: Arnold Rüütel
- **successor**: Kersti Kaljulaid
- **birth place**: Stockholm, Sweden
- **birthname**: Toomas Hendrik Ilves
- **nationality**: Estonian
- **party**: Independent (politician), Independent
- **spouse**: Merry Bullock
Evelin Ilves
Ieva Ilves
- **children**: 3
- **alma mater**: Columbia College, Columbia University, Columbia University
University of Pennsylvania
- **signature**: Toomas Hendrik Ilves Signature.svg
Nimravides

***Nimravides*** was a prehistoric saber-toothed cat which lived in North America during the middle and late Miocene. Despite its scientific name _Nimravides_ does not belong to the Nimravidae, but belongs to the family Felidae.

The earlier species of the genus are smaller and more primitive than the later forms. The tiger-sized _Nimravides catacopsis_ resembles the primitive _Machairodus aphanistus_, a species known from the late Miocene of Eurasia.

- **Felinae**
    - †_Nimravides_
        - †_Nimravides nimravidus_
        - †_Nimravides catacopsis_
        - †_Nimravides pedionomus_
        - †_Nimravides hibbardi_
        - †_Nimravides galiani_
        - †_Nimravides thinobates_

## Other websites

- Nimravides galiani 
- Nimravides thinobates
- Nimravides hibbardi
- Nimravides
- Nimravides pedionomus
- N. catacopis
- Nimravides List
Gong Ji-young

**Gong Ji-young** (; born 31 January 1963 in Seoul) is a South Korean novelist and journalist. Her popular novels are _My Sister Bongsoon_ (2002), _Our Happy Time_ (2005) and _The Crucible_ (2009). She is considered a pioneer of Korean feminism. Since the mid 1990s, she has been considered one of the most eminent Korean female writers. She is gaining in popularity, especially among female readers. Her books have sold more than nine million copies.

## Early literary career

In 1985, Gong Ji-Young received her Bachelor's in Arts in Literature from Yonsei University. At that time she worked as a writer at a publishing company and at The Council of Writers for Freedom and Practice, which is now called The Writers Association of Korea (WAK). She has participated in demonstration for Korea's democracy in the 1980s. She was sent to a detention center for joining anti-vote rigging demonstration and decided to become a writer. In 1988, she made a literary debut through her novel _Dawn_.  In the middle of the 1990s, her novels _Mackerel_, _Human Decency_ and _Go Alone Like the Rhinoceros' Horn_ were on the bestseller list concurrently. In the early 2000s, she sold her novel _My Sister Bongsoon_ for almost 1.6 million volumes.

## Current work

Gong Ji-Young divorced three times and has raised three children. The children's last names are all different. To pay for her children's loans, she made a comeback after seven years and released _Our Happy Time_(2005). The novel was made into a feature film with a total of over four million viewers. After having published _The Crucible_ (2009), the novel was made into a feature film (2011) raising public interest in the rights of disabled students. She was awarded the Lee-sang Prize for the 2011 novel _Wander an Alley in Barefoot_.

## Awards

Gong received several awards for her work:
- 2001 - 7th 21st Century Literary Award
- 2001 - 27th Korean Novel and Literature Award from Korean Novelist Association
- 2004 - 12th Oh Young-soo Literature Award
- 2006 - 9th Special Media Award from Amnesty International

## Works in English

- _Human Decency_. Jimoondang, 2006. ISBN  8988095928, . Translated by Bruce Fulton.
- _My Sister, Bong Soon_. Mosaic Press, 2005. , . Translated by Jung-eun Park.

## Works in Korean

- 1993  - _Go Alone Like a Rhino Horn_
- 1994 - _Mackerel_
- 2002 - _My Sister Bongsoon_
- 1999 - _Crying Existence_
- 2000 - _Who We Are, Where We Are From, Where We Are Going?_ (received seventh 21 Century Literary Award in 2001)
- 2005 - _Films of My Life_
- 2005 - _Maundy Thursday_ ("Our Happy Time")
- 2006 - _I Was Alone Like a Raindrop_
- 2006 - _The Unhurt Soul_
- 2009 - _People in the Bible for Children_
- 2009 -  _The Crucible_
Finnair

**Finnair** is a Finnish airline. The company was established on November 1, 1923. The first flight was in March 1924. Their motto is: _Designed for you_ ().

Almost 4470 people worked for Finnair in 2014.

## Other websites

- Viralliset sivut

## Infobox (airline)

- **airline**: Finnair
- **logo**: File:Finnair Logo.svg
- **fleet size**: 62
- **destinations**: ≥2,173
- **iata**: AY
- **icao**: FIN
- **callsign**: FINNAIR
- **founded**: 1923
- **headquarters**: Vantaa
- **hubs**: Helsinki
- **website**: http://www.finnair.com/
Hazara District

**Hazara District** was an old  district of Peshawar Division in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan until 1976. It was the most northerly part of the division and covered an area of about . It was a long narrow shape, about  wide and about  long. During British rule, it separated Kashmir from the independent hill areas. After Britain left in 1947 these independent hill areas were part of Pakistan just like Hazara. The main cities were Abbottabad, Haripur, Mansehra, Nawashahr and Baffa. It is now renamed as the Hazara Division.
Washuk District

**Washuk District** () is a district in the Balochistan province of Pakistan.

## Tehsils

- Basima
- Mashkhel
- Washuk
Bengali nationalism

**Bengali nationalism** is the political expression of ethno-national consciousness of the Bengali people. These people live in the region of Bengal. The territory is divided between Bangladesh and the Indian state of West Bengal.

## Creation of Bangladesh

The Bengali Language Movement and its fallout had created a lot of cultural and political hostility between the two parts of Pakistan. Despite making up a majority of the Pakistani population, Bengalis were only a small part of Pakistan's military, police and civil services. Ethnic and socio-economic discrimination against Bengali people in East Pakistan made them angry. Because West Pakistanis were influenced by Perso-Arabic culture, they saw Bengali culture as too closely associated with Hindu culture. One of the first groups demanding the independence of East Pakistan was the Swadhin Bangal Biplobi Parishad (Free Bengal Revolutionary Council).
Swadhin Bangal Biplobi Parishad

The **Swadhin Bangal Biplobi Parishad** was an underground student political group organized in 1961 by Mujibur Rahman, the founder of Bangladesh. The group worked to oppose the military rule of Ayub Khan (Field Marshal). It also worked for more autonomy and the independence of East Pakistan as Bangladesh.
Helping hand

A **helping hand**, also called a **third hand** is a tool for soldering. It has other uses too. A magnifying glass can be with it. It has adjustable clips to hold wires or other work parts. Benefits include better quality to soldered parts, no risk of burning hands, and easier work.The tool was invented by one William P. Rowing when he attempted to make various parts in his workstation into a pose-able miniature. He originally intended to fashion something that he could set into a fad he had began to show an interest in called: The Dab, however the alligator clamps and the magnifying glass turned out to be perfect for soldering and crafting more delicate pieces.
Mini Israel

**Mini Israel** () is a miniature park located in Ayalon Valley, near Latrun, Israel. The park is in shape of the star of David. It has 385 models over  and a small shopping mall and exhibition hall. The park opened in 2002 and was officially opened on April 7, 2003.

## Other websites

- Mini Israel - Official website
CNA Center

**CNA Center** is a 622-ft (189m), 44-story high-rise building at 333 South Wabash Avenue in the Loop of Chicago, Illinois. The building is well known for lighting logos or messages on the front side of the building or for its dark red color. It is the tallest red building in Chicago. Construction began in March 1970. The building was finished in 1972 and was open to the public in 1973.

## Other websites

- CNA Center Lighted Window Message Archive
- Informative site
One Prudential Plaza

**One Prudential Plaza** (or the **Prudential Building**) is a 41-story structure in Chicago. It was finished in 1955 as the headquarters for Prudential's Mid-America company. The building is known for its 311 feet antenna. The building is 601 feet (183 m) without the antenna. With the antenna, the building is 912 feet (270 m) high. The building and its "sister" building, the Two Prudential Plaza, was sold in May 2006 for $470 million dollars. It was the 2012 Obama campaign headquarters for the United States presidential election, 2012.

## Other websites

- Emporis entry for One Prudential Plaza
Power line communication

**Power line communication** (or **Powerline communication**) uses existing electric power lines to send and receive data. The data signal is modulated and multiplexed over several carrier frequencies. There are different technologies that can be used:
- low frequency transmission, over long distances:  Example uses are the power company reading out its meters from a distance, or controlling its equipment, which may be in remote locations that are difficult to access. Modulation is at a few hundred kilohertz
- medium frequency transmission, over short distances: Home automation (light switching, automatically controlled blinds...)
- There are different technologies that propose to replace a Local Area Network or WLAN. The problem there is that technologies of different vendors cannot talk to each other, and that the standard is only about as fast as Fast Ethernet
Chicago Theatre

**The Chicago Theatre** is a theatre in Chicago, Illinois where stage plays, magic shows, comedy, speeches, and popular music concerts are held every year. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on June 6, 1979, and it was listed as a Chicago Landmark on January 28, 1983. The theatre is also known for the bright color lights that light-up the words _Chicago_ side to side.

## Other websites

- The Chicago Theatre
- Historic Images of the Chicago Theatre
- History of the Chicago Theatre
Chicago River

**The Chicago River** is 156 miles long (251 km) and goes through the city of Chicago, Illinois, including the center of the city (the Chicago Loop). The river is not long, but it is known for being the reason why Chicago became an important place, as the connection between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi Valley waterways. The river is the only river in the world to be reversed by civil engineering.

## History

In the 19th century through civil engineering, the flow of the river was reversed to head toward the Mississippi River basin, away from Lake Michigan. This was done for reasons of sanitation through the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal. The Chicago River is also noted for the local custom of dyeing it green on St. Patrick's Day. The tradition of dyeing the river green happened by accident in 1961 when plumbers used fluorescein dye to trace sources of illegal pollution discharges. Now, the river is dyed using forty pounds of powdered vegetable dye for environmental safety reasons. The river is controlled for boats or ships going through the river.

The river is memorialized, in part, by two horizontal blue stripes on the Municipal Flag of Chicago. The river also serves as inspiration for one of Chicago's symbols: a three-branched, Y-shaped symbol (called the municipal device) is found on many buildings and other structures throughout Chicago; it represents the three branches of the Chicago River.

## Main Stem

The Main Stem flows 1.5 miles (2.4 km) west from the direction at Lake Michigan; passing under the Outer Drive, Columbus Drive, Michigan Avenue, Wabash Avenue, State Street, Dearborn Street, Clark Street, La Salle Street, Wells Street, and Franklin Street bridges en route to the North Branch at Wolf Point.

At McClurg Court it passes the Nicholas J Melas Centennial Fountain, which was built in 1989 to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago; between May and October the fountain sends an arc of water over the river for ten minutes every hour.

For the Chicago Cubs rally and parade for their 2016 World Series Championship celebrations, the river was dyed Cubs blue.

### North bank

On the north bank of the river, near the Chicago Landmark Michigan Avenue Bridge, is Pioneer Court, which marks the site where Jean Baptiste Point du Sable came to Chicago. Point du Sable is known as the founder of Chicago. On the south bank of the river is the site of Fort Dearborn. Well known buildings surrounding this area include the NBC Tower, the Tribune Tower, and the Wrigley Building.

### Center

The river turns slightly to the south west between Michigan Avenue and State Street, passing the Trump International Hotel and Tower, 35 East Wacker, and 330 North Wabash. Turning west again the river passes Marina City, the Reid, Murdoch & Co. Building, Merchandise Mart, and 333 Wacker Drive.

## Other websites

- Friends of the Chicago River
- GreenChicagoRiver.com
- Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago
Multiplexing

**Multiplexing** is the name for an operation or method which combines several signals into one, before that signal is sent over a telecommunications line. At the other end of the line, the combined signals are _demultiplexed_, that is, the combination of the signals is undone. There are different ways how this multiplexing can be done:
- Space division multiplexing: Each channel can use its own part of the space exclusively. There are many channels, in different spaces. This is like people talking in different places. If the people talking are far apart, the conversations won't interfere.
- Frequency division multiplexing: Different channels use the different frequencies. The sounds bats  make use frequencies that humans cannot hear. Their conversations will therefore not interfere.
- Time division multiplexing: Different channels use different time slots. In Amateur radio, there will only be one person speaking at a time. Different people who speak at different times do not interfere with each other.
- Code division multiplexing: Communications are coded. Different signals use different codes.  People speaking in different languages do not interfere.
Multiplexing was first done for telegraphy in the 1870s, and for telephone lines in 1910. Today, it is widely used.
Western Wall

The **Western Wall**, **Wailing Wall** or **Kotel** (, ; ; ) is an ancient wall in the Old City of Jerusalem on the western side of the Temple Mount. According to Jewish tradition this wall is a remnant of the Second Temple in Jerusalem. It is the most holy site for Jews.

## Other websites

- _The Western Wall Heritage Foundation_
- Jewish Virtual Library: _The Western Wall_
- Chabad.org: _The Shofar and the Wall, 1930_
- Historic radio broadcast of the capture of the wall by the Israel Defense Forces on June 7, 1967

- Photographs
- Wailing Wall to Western Wall (1960s)
- Photographs of the Western Wall (Summer 2007)
- Western Wall virtual tour (December 2007)
Haifa International Airport

**Haifa Michaelli Airport** (, __) is an international airport in Haifa, Israel. It is located close to Kishon Port and the coast of the Gulf of Haifa. This is the second-largest airport in Israel after Ben Gurion International Airport. The airport also has flights to the Middle East and Europe.

## Other websites

- Haifa International Airport
- Haifa at Airports Worldwide
Carolina de Moras

**Carolina Andrea de Moras Alvarado** (born 24 February 1981) is a Chilean model, actress and television presenter.

## Cinema

|Year|Film|Role|Director|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2010|_Qué pena tu vida_|María del Pilar Lyon|Nicolás López|

### Programs

|Year|Program|Role|Network|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2007|_Chocolate_|Fashion Commentator|Canal 13|
|2009|_Viva la mañana_|Fashion Commentator|Canal 13|
|2010-2011|_Buenos días a todos_|TV Presenter|TVN|
|2013|_Fiebre de Viña_|TV Presenter <small>(with Julio César Rodríguez)</small> || Chilevisión||
|2013|_Salta si puedes_|TV Hostess|Chilevisión|
|2014|_LV Viña del Mar International Song Festival_|TV Presenter|Chilevisión|

### TV Series

|Year|Series|Role|Network|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2008|_Transantiaguinos_|Andrea Valdivieso|Canal 13|

### Specials

- 2010-2011 : _Telethon Chile_ (ANATEL) : TV Presenter

## Infobox (pageant titleholder)

- **name**: Carolina de Moras
- **image**: Teletón 2018 03.jpg
- **birth place**: Osorno, Chile, Osorno, Chile
- **birth name**: Carolina Andrea de Moras Alvarado
- **eye color**: Green
- **hair color**: Brown
Rockefeller Center

**Rockefeller Center** is a group of buildings covering  between 48th and 51st streets in Manhattan, New York City, New York, United States. The buildings connect together underground. An ice-skating rink is located in the middle. Rockefeller Center also has a  skyscraper called 30 Rockefeller Plaza.

Rockefeller Center was made by John D. Rockefeller, Jr. during the Great Depression in the 1930s between Fifth Avenue and Sixth Avenue. Construction finished in 1939. It is decorated in Art Deco style. It became a National Historic Place in December 1987. In the 1970s, more buildings were made to the west of Sixth Avenue.

## Other websites

- rockefellercenter.com, the center's official website
- Guide to Rockefeller Center
- The Rockefeller Group
Coquitlam

**Coquitlam** is a city in the Canadian province of British Columbia. It is part of the Metro Vancouver area. As of 2021, 148,625 people lived there. In 2016, the population was 139,284. Between 2016 and 2021 the population grew by 6.7%. The mayor of Coquitlam is Richard Stewart.

The Coast Salish people occupied the territory for at least 9,000 years before Simon Fraser came through the region in 1808. Europeans settled in Coquitlam during 1859.

The city of Coquitlam was named a _Cultural Capital of Canada_ in 2009 by the Department of Canadian Heritage.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Coquitlam
- **settlement type**: List of cities in British Columbia, City
- **image skyline**: Coquitlamskyline.jpg
- **imagesize**: 280px
- **image caption**: The skyline of Coquitlam
- **blank emblem type**: Logo
- **motto**: The Spirit of the Rivers is the Strength of the People
- **image map**: GVRD Coquitlam.svg
- **map caption**: Where Coquitlam is located in Metro Vancouver
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: Canada
- **subdivision type1**: Provinces and territories of Canada, Province
- **subdivision type2**: Regional district
- **subdivision name1**: British Columbia
- **subdivision name2**: Metro Vancouver Regional District, Metro Vancouver
- **established title1**: Incorporated as a district municipality
- **established date1**: July 25, 1891
- **established date2**: October 7, 1971
- **established title2**: Merger (politics), Amalgamated
- **established title3**: Incorporated as a city
- **established date3**: June 18, 1992
- **government type**: Mayor-council government
- **governing body**: Coquitlam City Council
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Richard Stewart
- **leader title1**: Municipal council, City Council
- **area total km2**: 152.5
- **area land km2**: 122.15
- **elevation m**: 24
- **population total**: 148625
- **population as of**: 2021
- **population density km2**: 1216.7
- **population est**: 174248
- **pop est as of**: 2024
- **population rank**: List of the largest municipalities in Canada by population, 34th in Canada
List of cities in British Columbia, 6th in British Columbia
- **timezone1**: Pacific Time Zone, PST
- **utc offset**: −08:00
- **timezone dst**: PDT
- **utc offset dst**: −07:00
- **postal code type**: Canadian postal code#Forward sortation areas, Forward sortation area
- **postal code**: List of V postal codes of Canada, V3E, V3J – V3K
- **area code**: Area code 604, 604, Area codes 778, 236, and 672, 778, 236, 672
- **area code type**: Area codes
- **leader title2**: House of Commons of Canada, MPs ()
- **leader title3**: Legislative Assembly of British Columbia, MLAs ()
Transamerica Pyramid

**The Transamerica Pyramid** is the second tallest skyscraper in the San Francisco skyline and one of its most iconic. The building is the headquarters of the Transamerica Corporation, it is still strongly part of the company and is part of the company's logo. Designed by architect William Pereira and built by Hathaway Dinwiddie Construction Company, at 260 m (850 ft). When the building was finished in 1972 it was among the five tallest buildings in the world. The tower has no public access except for the first floor lobby, so this means that visitors cannot go to the top for a skyline view.

## Other websites

- The Pyramid Center official website
- About the Pyramid  - Transamerica Corporation
- Transamerica Pyramid at PropertyShark
Jerusalem International Airport

**Jerusalem International Airport** (or **Atarot Airport**) was an airport north of Jerusalem, near Ramallah. It was the first airport in the British Mandate of Palestine. It has been closed since the Second Intifada, in 2010.

## Other websites

- Jerusalem Airport  in lowshot website

## Infobox (airport)

- **name**: Atarot Airport
- **nativename**: Jerusalem International Airport
- **nativename-a**:

- **image**: Jerusalem-airport.jpg
- **image-width**: 250px
- **caption**: entrance to the Airport, 2010 (closed)
- **iata**: JRS
- **icao**: LLJR, OJJR
- **location**: Atarot, Jerusalem Metropolitan Area
- **elevation-f**: 2,485
- **elevation-m**: 757
Jorge Zabaleta

** Jorge Antonio Zabaleta Briceño ** (born April 18, 1970 in Santiago) is a famous Chilean actor. He is the son of the musician Antonio Zabaleta and the nephew of Miguel Zabaleta, both members of the duo Red Juniors.

Jorge worked in Canal 13 until 2008, when he joined TVN working in Hijos del Monte.

## Filmography

|Year|Title|Role|Other notes|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1997|_Playa Salvaje_|Ignacio San Martín|Soap Opera|
|1998|_Marparaíso_|Sebastián Valderrama|Soap Opera|
|1999|_Fuera de Control_|Pablo Olguín|Soap Opera (1 Episode)|
|1999|_Cerro Alegre_|Mauricio Méndez - Mauricio Del Sol|Soap Opera|
|2001|_Corazón Pirata_|Mateo Labarca|Soap Opera|
|2001|_Antonia_|Sebastián|Film|
|2002|_Más que Amigos_|Álvaro|Television Series|
|2003|_Machos_|Álex Mercader|Soap Opera|
|2004|_Hippie_|Martín Hidalgo|Soap Opera|
|2004|_Quiero_|Himself|Television Series (1 Episode)|
|2005|_Brujas_|Dante Ruiz|Soap Opera|
|2005|_Secuestro_|Hernán|Film|
|2006|_Descarado_|Tomás Castillo - T9|Soap Opera|
|2007|_Papi Ricky_|Ricardo "Ricky" Montes|Soap Opera|
|2008|_Hijos del Monte_|Juan Del Monte|Soap Opera|
|2009|_Super_|Scott|Film|
|2009|_Los Ángeles de Estela_|León Inostroza|Soap Opera|
|2010|_La Familia de al lado_|Javier Ruiz-Tagle|Soap Opera|
|2011|_Ala Chilena_|Himself|Television Series (1 Episode)|
|2011|_Aquí Mando Yo_|Diego Buzzoni|Soap Opera|
|2012|_Separados_||Soap Opera|

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: 01Jorge Zabaleta.png
- **birthname**: Jorge Antonio Zabaleta Briceño
- **birth place**: Santiago, Chile
- **occupation**: Actor
 TV presenter
- **partner**: Francisca Allende
- **children**: 3
Jerusalem Light Rail

The **Jerusalem Light Rail** (, __) is a light rail line in Jerusalem. It was opened in 2011. It began being built in 2002 and was finished in 2010 after many failures and bankruptcy of the construction company. The line is 22.5 kilometers long with 35 stops. The last extensions to the red line were opened in February 2025 to the Neve Yaakov to the northeast and to Hadassah Ein Kerem Hospital to the southwest. The light rail is famous for the Chords Bridge at the western entrance to Jerusalem from Road 1.

## Other websites

- CityPass Operator's website
- Governmental Website
- Jerusalem Light Rail on urbanrail.net
- From Mule Tracks to Light Rail Transit Tracks: Integrating Modern Infrastructure into an Ancient City — Jerusalem, Israel
Radioisotope thermoelectric generator

A **radioisotope thermoelectric generator** (or RTG) is a type of machine that uses heat from radioactive decay to make electricity. The RTG, powered by a radioisotope heater unit, is used in satellites and sometimes in other remote unmanned systems.
Carmelit

The **Carmelit** () is the first and currently the only rapid transit rail system in Israel. It opened in 1959 after three years of building. It is the oldest metro system and funicular system in the Middle East. The Carmelit has closed down for repairs three times. It was closed from 1986 to 1992 for renovations. The metro has only one line, which runs from Haifa's port to Mount Carmel. It runs  from sea level up to an altitude of , with a total of six stations.

The system is named after Mount Carmel.

## Related pages

- Cable cars in Haifa

## Other websites

- Official Carmelit information (in Hebrew). Also available on the municipality's site.
- Urbanrail - Haifa Carmelit (in English)

## Infobox (rail line)

- **name**: Carmelit
- **color**: Red
- **logo**: Carmelit.svg
- **logo width**: 150px
- **image**: The New Carmelit 08-10-2018.jpg
- **image width**: 300px
- **caption**: The new Carmelit - Train No 1.
- **type**: Funicular Rapid transit, Subway
- **status**: In service
- **locale**: Haifa
- **start**: Gan HaEm, Carmel Center
- **end**: Paris Square (Haifa), Downtown
- **stations**: 6
- **routes**: 1
- **ridership2**: 732,664 (2012)
- **open**: 1959
- **owner**: Haifa Municipality
- **operator**: The Carmelit Haifa Company Ltd.
- **character**: 1
- **stock**: 4 Von Roll (now Doppelmayr Garaventa Group, Doppelmayr) funicular cars
2 per train
- **tracks**: 1
- **elevation**: above sea level
- **website**: [http://www.carmelithaifa.co.il/ www.carmelithaifa.co.il]
- **map name**: Route Map
- **map state**: hide
Jerusalem Historical City Hall Building

The **Jerusalem historical town hall** is a historical building that used to be the town hall of Jerusalem. It is in Safra Square, next to the walls of the Old City and Jaffa Street. The building was built in 1930 during the time of the British Mandate for Palestine. It was used until 1993, when a new city hall building was opened next to the old one.

## Other websites

- photos of the old city hall  in allaboutjerusalem site.
Norman Rockwell Museum

The **Norman Rockwell Museum** is a museum in Stockbridge, Massachusetts. Its houses the art and archives of American painter and illustrator Norman Rockwell.

## Background

The museum was opened in 1969 in Stockbridge, the town where Rockwell lived the last 25 years of his life. Since 1993 the museum is in the current building that was designed by Robert Arthur Morton Stern.

The museum owns 574 original artworks by Rockwell. The museum also owns the Rockwell archives with more than 100.000 items including photographs, fan mail, and business documents.

In 2008, the museum received the National Humanities Medal from the National Endowment for the Humanities.

## Gallery

Series of Rockwell paintings from 1943 called the _Four Freedoms_. Rockwell was inspired by the 1941 _Four Freedoms Speech_ of American President Franklin Delano Roosevelt.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (museum)

- **name**: Norman Rockwell Museum
- **image**: Rockwell museum.jpg
- **image upright**: 1.35
- **caption**: Norman Rockwell Museum main entrance
- **established**: (current building)
- **location**: Stockbridge, Massachusetts
- **type**: Art museum
- **key holdings**: _Four Freedoms (Norman Rockwell), Four Freedoms_, Norman Rockwell Archives
- **director**: Laurie Norton Moffatt
- **president**: Alice Carter
- **architect**: Robert A. M. Stern
- **car park**: yes
- **parking**: free parking onsite
- **website**: [http://www.nrm.org/ nrm.org]
Freedom of Speech (painting)

***Freedom of Speech*** is a painting of Norman Rockwell and is one of his series of four paintings called the _Four Freedoms_. Rockwell was inspired to make these paintings since he heard the _Four Freedoms Speech_ of American President Franklin D. Roosevelt of January 6, 1941.

## Background

This painting was made public in _The Saturday Evening Post_ of February 20, 1943, along with an essay of Booth Tarkington. The other paintings of the _Four Freedoms_ series are _Freedom of Worship_, _Freedom from Want_ and _Freedom from Fear_, and were shown in other editions of the paper.

In this painting he shows a local meeting where one person speaks out his own, opposite opinion, while the others present give him the freedom of speech as a matter of protocol. Rockwell undertook four efforts to end up with this painting. He took Vermont neighbors as models for his series.

Rockwell needed four attempts to end up with this version of the painting. In former versions he found that the attention was confused because he had used to many objects. Furthermore he did not like the place of the main person in the picture.

The paintings toured through the United States with the motto _Buy War Bonds_. All together 1.2 million Americans saw the paintings and 132 million dollar was collected to be used in World War II.

The painting can be found in the Norman Rockwell Museum in Stockbridge, Massachusetts.

## References

- Parts of this article are derived from the article on English Wikipedia

## Infobox (artwork)

- **image file**: "Freedom of Speech" - NARA - 513536.jpg
- **title**: Freedom of Speech
- **artist**: Norman Rockwell
- **year**: 1943
- **medium**: Oil painting, oil on canvas
- **height metric**: 116.2
- **width metric**: 90
- **height imperial**: 45.75
- **width imperial**: 35.5
- **metric unit**: cm
- **imperial unit**: in
- **city**:
Stockbridge, Massachusetts
United States
- **museum**: Norman Rockwell Museum
Freedom of Worship (painting)

***Freedom of Worship*** is a painting of Norman Rockwell and is one of his series of four paintings called the _Four Freedoms_. Rockwell was inspired to make these paintings since he heard the _Four Freedoms Speech_ of American President Franklin D. Roosevelt of January 6, 1941.

## Background

This painting was made public in _The Saturday Evening Post_ of February 27, 1943, along with an essay of Will Durant. The other paintings of the _Four Freedoms_ series are _Freedom of Speech_, _Freedom from Want_ and _Freedom from Fear_, and were shown in other editions of the paper.it is a very good pintor(norman Rockwell)

Rockwell needed various attempts to end up with this version of the painting. Former versions showed a number of customers in a barbershop, all with another religious and racial background. He found it to be difficult to make clear images that showed how a person of a certain religion looks like. He finally chose a neutral location where people of different race worship in their own religion. He took Vermont neighbors as models for his series.

The paintings toured through the United States with the motto _Buy War Bonds_. All together 1.2 million Americans saw the paintings and 132 million dollar was collected to be used in World War II.

The painting can be found in the Norman Rockwell Museum in Stockbridge, Massachusetts.

## References

- Parts of this article are derived from the article on English Wikipedia

## Infobox (artwork)

- **image file**: "Freedom of Worship" - NARA - 513537.jpg
- **title**: Freedom of Worship
- **other title 1**:
or Freedom to Worship
- **artist**: Norman Rockwell
- **year**: 1943
- **medium**: Oil painting, oil on canvas
- **height metric**: 116.8
- **width metric**: 90
- **height imperial**: 46
- **width imperial**: 35.5
- **metric unit**: cm
- **imperial unit**: in
- **city**:
Stockbridge, Massachusetts
United States
- **museum**: Norman Rockwell Museum
Freedom from Want (Norman Rockwell)

***Freedom from Want*** is a painting by Norman Rockwell and is one of his series of four paintings called the _Four Freedoms_. Rockwell was inspired to make these paintings since he heard the _Four Freedoms Speech_ of American President Franklin D. Roosevelt of January 6, 1941.

## Background

This painting was made public in _The Saturday Evening Post_ of March 6, 1943, along with an essay of Carlos Bulosan. The other paintings of the _Four Freedoms_ series are _Freedom of Speech_, _Freedom of Worship_ and _Freedom from Fear_, and were shown in other editions of the paper.

The painting shows a classical American family at Thanksgiving when a turkey is served during a meal. He took Vermont neighbors as models for his series.

Rockwell wanted to portray a family within a theme of continuity, virtue, homeliness and abundance without extravagance, as confirmed by water as the modest beverage choice. Outside the United States though, the images was explained as an expression of American overabundance.

There have been made many parodies of the painting. New York painter Frank Moore (1953-2002) made a painting in 1994 with Americans of different human race with the title _Freedom to Share_, whilst the turkey plate is full with medicines. Of Moore's painting have been made parodies as well.

Walt Disney has made a well known parody with Mickey and Minnie Mouse and several other Disney figures at the table. Furthermore the image has been used for many advertising goals, political campaigns and picture postcards.

The paintings toured through the United States with the motto _Buy War Bonds_. All together 1.2 million Americans saw the paintings and 132 million dollar was collected to be used in World War II.

The painting can be found in the Norman Rockwell Museum in Stockbridge, Massachusetts.

## References

- Parts of this article are derived from the article on English Wikipedia

## Infobox (artwork)

- **image file**: "Freedom From Want" - NARA - 513539.jpg
- **image size**: 250px
- **alt**: A large family gathered at a table for a holiday meal as the Turkey arrives at the table.
- **title**: Freedom from Want
- **artist**: Norman Rockwell
- **year**: 1943
- **medium**: Oil painting, oil on canvas
- **height metric**: 116.2
- **width metric**: 90
- **height imperial**: 45.75
- **width imperial**: 35.5
- **metric unit**: cm
- **imperial unit**: in
- **city**:
Stockbridge, Massachusetts, Stockbridge, Massachusetts,
United States
- **museum**: Norman Rockwell Museum
Freedom from Fear (painting)

***Freedom from Fear*** is a painting of Norman Rockwell and is one of his series of four paintings called the _Four Freedoms_. Rockwell was inspired to make these paintings since he heard the _Four Freedoms Speech_ of American President Franklin D. Roosevelt of January 6, 1941.

## Background

This painting was made public in _The Saturday Evening Post_ of March 13, 1943, along with an essay of Stephen Vincent Benét. The other paintings of the _Four Freedoms_ series are _Freedom of Speech_, _Freedom of Worship_ and _Freedom from Want_, and were shown in other editions of the paper.

The painting portrays children laying in bed, a mother  tucking them in and a father watching with a newspaper in his hand, telling the stories of the war with the headlines "_Bombings Kill... Horrors Hit..._". The children are free from fearing these horrors of the war. He took Vermont neighbors as models for his series.

This painting is the only one in the _Four Freedoms_ series he had not specially painted for this subject. He first made it to illustrate the Battle of Britain of 1940. He did not want it to be published though, because he distasted the idea that American children were resting safely in their beds as Europe burned.

The paintings toured through the United States with the motto _Buy War Bonds_. All together 1.2 million Americans saw the paintings and 132 million dollar was collected to be used in World War II.

The painting can be found in the Norman Rockwell Museum in Stockbridge, Massachusetts.

## References

- Parts of this article are derived from the article on English Wikipedia

## Infobox (artwork)

- **title**: Freedom from Fear
- **image**: "Freedom from Fear" - NARA - 513538.jpg
- **caption**: _Freedom from Fear_
- **artist**: Norman Rockwell
- **type**: Oil painting
- **material**: Canvas
- **height metric**: 116,2
- **width metric**: 90
- **diameter metric**: 147
- **city**: Stockbridge, Massachusetts, Stockbridge, Massachusetts
- **museum**: Norman Rockwell Museum
Frank O. Salisbury

**Francis ("Frank") Owen Salisbury** (18 December 1874 – 31 August 1962) was an English artist painter and designer of stained glass.

## Life

as a son of a plumber and glazier. He learned the art of stained glass in the workshop of his brother in St Albans.

A visit to the London Drawing Academy woke up his interest for painting. He won a scholarship when he was 18 years old and so he was able to study at the Royal Academy of Arts in London from 1892 to 1897. In between he went on a scholarship to Italy where he was impressed by the fresco's of the Renaissance. This trip shaped his taste for pageant scenes.

On the Royal Academy he won several medals. He also returned there several times with expositions.

Salisbury made many murals in buildings, especially in London. He also painted many religious works and illustrations of historical events. He was well known for his portraits, especially of famous people like five British prime ministers, five American presidents and several others like Benito Mussolini when he visited Italy in 1934. His portraits were painted in a traditional style.

Salisbury died on August 31, 1962, in Hampstead, London, when he was 87 years old.

## Bibliography

- 1944: _Portrait and Pageant: The Art of Frank O. Salisbury_, memoirs
- 1953: _Sarum Chase_

## Literature

- Barber, Benjamin Aquila (1936) _The Art of Frank O. Salisbury_, F. Lewis
- Christie, Manson & Woods (1985) _The Studio of Frank O. Salisbury: (1874 - 1962); the Property of the British Council of Churches_
- McMurray, Nigel (2003) _Frank O. Salisbury: Painter Laureate_,

## References

- A Dictionary of Modern and Contemporary Art (Oxford University Press), biography
- University of Manchester, _Frank O. Salisbury Papers_

## Other websites

- Bridgeman Art Library, overview of his work

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Francis Owen Salisbury
- **image**: Frank O. Salisbury (1932) (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Salisbury on board the S.S. _Olympic_ in New York City, 1932
- **birth place**: Harpenden, Hertfordshire, England
- **death place**: Hampstead, London
- **alma mater**: Royal Academy of Arts
- **occupation**: Artist
- **years active**: ca. 1892 - 1962
Óscar Romero

**Saint Óscar the Romero y Galdámez** (15 August 1917 – 24 March 1980) was a bishop of the Catholic Church in El Salvador. He became the fourth Archbishop of San Salvador when he took over Luis Chávez. He was assassinated on 25 March 1980.

## Infobox (christian leader)

- **name**: Óscar Romero
- **archbishop of**: Banterburry
- **image**: Mural Oscar Romero UES (cropped).jpg
- **see**: Roman Catholic Archdiocese of San Salvador, San Salvador
- **enthroned**: 23 February 1977
- **ended**: 24 March 1980
- **predecessor**: Luis Chávez y González, Luis Chávez
- **successor**: Arturo Rivera y Damas, Arturo Rivera
- **ordination**: 4 April 1942
- **consecration**: 21 June 1970
- **other post**: Roman Catholic Diocese of Santiago de María, Bishop of Santiago de María (1974-77)
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of San Salvador, Auxiliary Bishop of Banterburry (1970-74)
- **birth place**: Ciudad Barrios, Ciudad Barrios, El Salvador
- **death place**: San Salvador
- **buried**: San Salvador Cathedral
- **nationality**: Salvadoran
- **parents**: Santos Romero and Guadalupe de Jésus Galdámez
- **feast day**: Anglican Communion, Anglican: 24 March
- **venerated**: Anglican Communion
- **saint title**: Saint Romero of El Salvador