juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
New Plymouth

**New Plymouth** is the major city of the Taranaki Region on the west coast of the North Island of New Zealand. It is named after Plymouth, Devon and England. This district includes New Plymouth City and a few smaller towns. The district has 1.7 percent of the country's residents.

New Plymouth Airport is the 11th busiest airport in New Zealand, with regular flights to Wellington, Auckland and Christchurch.

## History

In 1828, Richard Barrett set up a trading post at Ngamotu after he arrived on the ship _Adventure_. Barrett dealt with the local Māori and bought land from them.

The British tried to occupy the area during the early 1840s. But when they arrived, they found an area with few Māori - remaining survivors of a number of inter-tribal wars. At first, land was easily bought but then as time went on, it became more difficult and Europeans wanted more and more of Maori farmland, as Maoris were returning to the area and did not want to sell the land. War finally started in 1860 and lasted for nearly 10 years, resulting in land confiscations by the British government.

## Geography

The area is known for its dairy farms and its location. It is very close to both sea and mountain, with Mount Taranaki just south of the city. The volcanic cone of Mt Taranaki gives a view of the coastline. Taranaki, which is 2518 metres high, is one of the most climbed mountains in New Zealand. It is one of the places in New Zealand that attracts the most rainfall and the mountain has created a unique environment perfect for plants, alpine herb fields, and native and tropical forest. This attracts many bird species that can be observed in the National Park and surrounding areas.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: New Plymouth
- **native name**: <small>Ngāmotu (Māori language, Māori)</small>
- **settlement type**: cities of New Zealand, City
- **total type**: Territorial
- **image skyline**: Across New Plymouth to Mt. Taranaki.jpg
- **image caption**: Looking across New Plymouth with Mount Taranaki in the distance in mid-July 2010
- **pushpin map**: Taranaki
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Regions of New Zealand, Region
- **subdivision name1**: Taranaki Region, Taranaki
- **subdivision type2**: Territorial authority
- **subdivision name2**: New Plymouth District
- **established title**: Settled
- **established date**: 31 March 1841
- **seat type**: Electorate
- **seat**: New Plymouth (New Zealand electorate), New Plymouth
- **leader name**: Jonathan Young
- **leader party**: New Zealand National Party, National
- **leader title**: Member of Parliament, MP
- **leader name1**: Neil Holdom
- **leader title1**: Mayor of New Plymouth, Mayor
- **leader name2**: Craig McFarlane
- **leader title2**: Deputy Mayor
- **area total km2**: 2324.26
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone**: Time in New Zealand, NZST
- **utc offset**: +12
- **timezone dst**: NZDT
- **utc offset dst**: +13
- **postal code type**: Postcode(s)
- **postal code**: 4310, 4312
- **area code**: 06
Argentine Chamber of Deputies

The **Chamber of Deputies** (), officially the **Honorable Chamber of Deputies of the Argentine Nation** is the lower house of  the Argentine National Congress. This Chamber is the only one to levy taxes; to draft troops; and to call the President, cabinet ministers, and members of the Supreme Court before the Senate.  There are 257 seats.  One-half of the members are elected every two years.

Members must be at least twenty-five years old.  They must have been a resident of the province they represent for at least four years.

Each province has one deputy per 161,000 people.  Then each province gets 3 more deputies.  The minimum number of deputies is five.

## Infobox (legislature)

- **name**: Argentine Chamber of Deputies
- **native name**: Honorable Cámara de Diputados de la Nación
- **background color**: #75AADB
- **text color**: #FFFFFF
- **coa pic**: Cámara de diputados de Argentina.svg
- **house type**: Lower house
- **body**: Argentine National Congress
- **term limits**: None
- **leader1 type**: President of the Chamber
- **leader1**: Martín Menem
- **party1**: La Libertad Avanza, LLA
- **election1**: 10 December 2023
- **leader2 type**: 1st Vice President of the Chamber
- **leader2**: Cecilia Moreau
- **party2**: Union for the Homeland, UP
- **election2**: 10 December 2023
- **leader3 type**: First Minority Leader
- **leader3**: Germán Martínez (Argentine politician), Germán Martínez
- **party3**: Union for the Homeland, UP
- **election3**: 1 February 2022
- **leader4 type**: Second Minority Leader
- **leader4**: Cristian Ritondo
- **party4**: Republican Proposal, PRO–Juntos por el Cambio, JxC
- **election4**: 10 December 2019
- **members**: 257 <small>(List of current Argentine deputies, List)</small>
- **structure1**: Cámara de Diputados de la Nación Argentina (2021-2023).svg
- **political groups1**: **Government (114)**
* La Libertad Avanza, LLA (40)
* Republican Proposal, PRO (40)
* Radical Civic Union, UCR (34)
**Supported by (36)**
* Federal Innovation (9)
* Federal Change (9)
* Hacemos por Nuestro País, HNP (8)
* Civic Coalition ARI, CC (6)
* SER (2)
* Production and Labour , PyT (2)
**Opposition (107)**
* Union for the Homeland, UP (102)
* Workers' Left Front, FIT-U (5)
*
- **last election1**: 2023 Argentine general election, 22 October 2023
(130 seats)
- **term length**: 4 years
- **next election1**: 19 October 2025
- **session room**: Sesión Diputados 20-11-2019.jpg
- **meeting place**: Chamber of Deputies, Palace of the Argentine National Congress, Congress Palace,
Buenos Aires, Argentina
- **website**: http://www.diputados.gov.ar
Liberty X

**Liberty X** are a British vocal pop-R&B group. The band was formed in London in 2001 from contestants in the first series of _Popstars_. The band split in 2007. They reformed in 2012.

The quintet's members are: Michelle Heaton (born 1980), Tony Lundon (born 1979), Kevin Simm (born 1980), Jessica Taylor (born 1980) and Kelli Young (born 1981).
May Revolution

The **May Revolution** happened from May 18 to 25, 1810, in Buenos Aires. Buenos Aires was the capital of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata. It was a Spanish colony that included roughly the territories of present-day Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay and Uruguay. The result was the removal of Viceroy Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros and the forming of a local government now called the "Primera Junta". In Argentina this is now celebrated as "May Week" ().

The May Revolution was a direct reaction to Spain's Peninsular War of the previous two years. In 1808, King Ferdinand VII of Spain abdicated in favor of Napoleon.  Napoleon gave the throne to his brother, Joseph Bonaparte.

The May Revolution began the Argentine War of Independence. No formal declaration of independence was made. The Primera Junta continued to govern in the name of the deposed king, Ferdinand VII. The Argentine Declaration of Independence was made at the Congress of Tucumán on July 9, 1816.
Argentine Declaration of Independence

What today is commonly called the **Independence of Argentina** was made on July 9, 1816.  It was done by the Congress of Tucumán. In reality, the congressmen that were together in Tucumán declared the independence of the United Provinces of South America.  This is still today one of the legal names of the Argentine Republic. The Federal League Provinces, were at war with the United Provinces.  They were not allowed into the Congress. Many provinces from Upper Peru were at the Congress.

Independence began with the 1810 May Revolution.

## Signatories of the declaration

- Francisco Narciso de Laprida, Deputy for San Juan, President
- Mariano Boedo, Deputy for Salta, Vice-president
- José Mariano Serrano, Deputy for Charcas (present-day Bolivia), Secretary
- Juan José Paso, Deputy for Buenos Aires, Secretary
- Dr. Antonio Sáenz, Deputy for Buenos Aires
- Dr. José Darragueira, Deputy for Buenos Aires
- Friar Cayetano José Rodríguez, Deputy for Buenos Aires
- Dr. Pedro Medrano, Deputy for Buenos Aires
- Dr. Manuel Antonio Acevedo, Deputy for Catamarca
- Dr. José Ignacio de Gorriti, Deputy for Salta
- Dr. José Andrés Pacheco de Melo, Deputy for Chibchas (present-day Bolivia)
- Dr. Teodoro Sánchez de Bustamante, Deputy for Jujuy
- Eduardo Pérez Bulnes, Deputy for Córdoba
- Tomás Godoy Cruz, Deputy for Mendoza
- Dr. Pedro Miguel Aráoz, Deputy for Tucumán
- Dr. Esteban Agustín Gazcón, Deputy for Buenos Aires
- Pedro Francisco de Uriarte, Deputy for Santiago del Estero
- Pedro León Gallo, Deputy for Santiago del Estero
- Pedro Ignacio Rivera, Deputy for Mizque (present-day  Bolivia)
- Dr. Mariano Sánchez de Loria, Deputy for Charcas (present-day  Bolivia)
- Dr. José Severo Malabia, Deputy for Charcas (present-day  Bolivia)
- Dr. Pedro Ignacio de Castro Barros, Deputy for La Rioja
- Lic. Gerónimo Salguero de Cabrera y Cabrera, Deputy for Córdoba
- Dr. José Colombres, Deputy for Catamarca
- Dr. José Ignacio Thames, Deputy for  Tucumán
- Friar Justo de Santa María de Oro, Deputy for San Juan
- José Antonio Cabrera, Deputy for Córdoba
- Dr. Juan Agustín Maza, Deputy for Mendoza
- Tomás Manuel de Anchorena, Deputy for Buenos Aires

## Recognition of independence

- Kingdom of Hawaii: 1818
- Portugal: 1821
- Brazil, United States of America: 1822
- United Kingdom: December 15, 1823
- France: 1830
- Denmark: 1841
- United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway: 1847
- Spain: April 29, 1857

## References

- 9 de Julio de 1816: Declaración de la Independencia
- Act of Independence - Spanish Wikisource
- Machine translations of the full text at College of Humanities and Social Sciences - North Carolina State University
Constitution of Argentina

The **constitution of Argentina** is one of the main sources of existing law in Argentina.  Its first version was written in 1853 by a Constitutional Assembly gathered in Santa Fe.  The basis was taken in part from the United States Constitution. It was then changed in 1860, 1866, 1898, 1949, 1957.  The present version is the text of 1994.

The first government was made after the May Revolution.  Many revolutionary leaders, led by Mariano Moreno, wanted to declare independence immediately.  There were problems between the two main parties.  Finally the federal constitution was made on May 1, 1853.

## Related pages

- Constitution
- Constitutionalism
- Constitutional economics

## References

- Official translation to English
- from the Argentine Chamber of Deputies page.
- Reforms to the original 1853 Constitution
Argentine peso

The **peso** is the money of Argentina.  It has also been called the _peso convertible_. It is divided into 100 _centavos_. The number is written with a **$**  sign and then the number.

In 2011, four pesos were equal to one United States dollar.  In October 2014, eight pesos are equal to one United States dollar.

## Other websites

- Banknotes of Argentina

## Infobox (currency)

- **image title 1**: #Coins, One peso coin
- **image 2**: 1 Peso Moneda Nacional A-B 1950.jpg
- **image title 2**: #Banknotes, Banknotes
- **iso code**: ARS
- **using countries**: Argentina
- **inflation rate**: 39% (2014)
- **inflation source date**: Banco Ciudad and private consultings
Official figures are substantially inferior.
- **subunit ratio 1**: 1/100
- **subunit name 1**: centavo
- **symbol**: Dollar sign, $
- **used coins**: 1, 5, 10, 25, 50 centavos, 1 peso, 2 pesos
- **used banknotes**: 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 pesos
- **issuing authority**: Central Bank of Argentina, Central Bank of the Republic of Argentina
- **issuing authority website**: www.bcra.gov.ar
Gul Mohamad Zhowandai

**Gul Mohamad Zhowandai** (1905-1988) was born in Kabul, Afghanistan. He was a poet and writer. He wrote novels in Persian. His published works include:

- _Ferroz_ — short stories (Kabul, Afghanistan)
- _Ahrezo ah ye per ahshoob_ — short stories (Kabul, Afghanistan: Islla Publications)
- _Kachkol_ — novel (Kabul, Afghanistan)
- _Collection of Poems_ (Kabul, Afghanistan: Islla, Anis)

## References

- _Modern Fiction In Afghanistan_ (Taraneh Publication)
- _An Encyclopedia of Persian Literature in Afghanistan_ Vol. 3 (Tehran, 1999)
- _Mahseerin Sukhanwar_ (Kabul, Afghanistan)

## Other websites

- Zhowandai.com
CEGEP

**CEGEP** is an acronym for __, which means "College of General and Professional Education". It is the name for public colleges in Quebec, Canada. It was created in 1967 after the Quiet Revolution in the 1960s, when the provincial government took over the management of health care and education.

## Other websites

- List of Cégep schools
- Fédération des cégeps
Zwonowice

**Zwonowice**  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lyski, within Rybnik County, Silesian Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It is west of the regional capital Katowice.

## Pastors

- Antoni Gasz (1942-1950)
- Oswald Niedziela (1950-1954)
- Jerzy Stefani, pastor of Lyski in the years 1954-1956 led ministry in Zwonowice
- Antoni Kraus (1956-1962)
- Kazimierz Wyciślik (1962-1978)
- Antoni Pieczka (1978-1995)
- Roman Gołąb (1995-present)

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Zwonowice
- **settlement type**: Village
- **total type**:  
- **subdivision type**: Countries of the world, Country
- **subdivision name**: Poland
- **subdivision type1**: Voivodeships of Poland, Voivodeship
- **subdivision name1**: Silesian Voivodeship, Silesian
- **subdivision type2**: Powiat, County
- **subdivision name2**: Rybnik County
- **subdivision type3**: Gmina
- **subdivision name3**: Gmina Lyski, Lyski
- **pushpin map**: Poland
- **pushpin label position**: right
- **population total**: 1255
Habit

**Habit** or **Habits** may refer to:
- Habit (psychology), an acquired pattern of behavior that often occurs automatically
- Habit (biology) is the form of growth of an animal or plant
- Habit (clothing), for example, as worn by monks or nuns
- Drug addiction is sometimes referred to as "having a drug habit"
- Habituation, a basic activity in which an animal responds less to stimuli

## Related pages

- Habitat
- Instinct

io:Kustumo
Presenter

A **presenter**, or **host** / **hostess**, is a person who guides or introduces an event, especially on television.

A similar term is master of ceremonies (MC, _emcee_, or host). The main use of the term 'presenter' is on television, where the presenter introduces other speakers, and introduces program sections. The role is similar to narrator, who talks over visuals ("voice over")  or plays a main role in the program. A presenter does not have to be an expert on the content of the program, but a narrator or commentatior is often an expert.

## Television presenter

A **television presenter** is a person who introduces or hosts television programmes.  It is common for minor celebrities to do this. There are also many people whose main job is presenting. This is very common with children's television series. One example of this is Mister Rogers.

Some presenters may also be an actor, model, singer, comedian or other profession.  Others may be experts on certain things. These include scientists or politicians They work as presenters for a programme about what they are an expert at. For instance, Carl Sagan, an astronomer was the host of _Cosmos: A Personal Voyage_, a television series that dealt understanding the universe. Some television presenters are celebrities who have made their name in one area and use their fame to work in other areas.  Examples of this include British comedian Michael Palin who now presents programmes about travel (such as _Around the World in 80 Days_), and Alan Alda, who has presented _Scientific American Frontiers_.

Claudia Winkleman presents the traitors on British television.

The term is also used in other countries, such as Ireland.  In the United States, the term host or MC (Master of Ceremonies) is commonly used.

## News presenter

A **news presenter** (also called an **anchor**, **news anchor** or **newscaster**) is a person who presents news during a news program. The program can be on television, on the radio or on the Internet. A news presenter, or anchor, puts together the entire program. This may include writing, selecting, and reading stories on the air. The job of an anchor is often more improvised than scripted. This is especially true during breaking news (when events are happening quickly). They have to coordinate other reporters, interviews and behind-the-scenes events as they happen. They must also deal with technical difficulties and keep the broadcast going.

## Other presenters

There are presenters for many types of things. These include:
- Radio presenter: A radio presenter (or radio personality) is similar to a television presenter, except that they present radio programs instead of television programs.
- Sports presenter: A presenter introduces the programme, but a sports commentator is an expert role: it must be done by someone with detailed knowledge of the sport.
- Weather presenter: A weather presenter  is a type of journalist on television who presents weather forecasts. He or she does not compose the weather report: they _present_ the work of people who the viewer never gets to see.
Television presenter

A **television presenter** (often referred to as a television personality or television host) is a person who introduces or hosts television programs, often serving as a mediator for the program and the audience. Nowadays, it is common for people who garnered fame in other fields to take on this role, but some people have made their name solely within the field of presenting—such as children's television series or infomercials—to become television personalities.

## Related pages

- Television director
- Television producer
Dollar sign

The **dollar** or **peso sign** (**$**) is a symbol that is for either the peso or dollar.  These are types of money around the world. Sometimes it is an S with one line through it.  Sometimes it is an S with two lines through it.  When there are two lines it is called a cifrão.  There are many stories about why this symbol is used to mean money.
Time in Argentina

**Argentina** is at a place that would naturally put it in the UTC−4 time zone.  It actually uses the UTC−3 time zone. Argentina decides whether to have daylight saving time on a year-by-year basis.  The provinces may choose to follow the national choice or not. In 2009, Argentina did not have daylight saving time.
UTC−04:00

**UTC−04:00** makes clocks four hours earlier than Greenwich Mean Time.

These are the places who are on the UTC−04:00 time zone.

### ECT - Eastern Caribbean Time Zone

- Anguilla (UK)
- Antigua and Barbuda
- Barbados
- Dominica
- Grenada
- Montserrat (UK)
- Saint Kitts and Nevis
- Saint Lucia
- Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
- Trinidad and Tobago
- British Virgin Islands (UK)

### Atlantic Standard Time

- Puerto Rico (US)
- U.S. Virgin Islands (US)

### Other Caribbean

- Aruba
- Curaçao
- Dominican Republic
- Guadeloupe (France)
- Martinique (France)
- Sint Maarten

### South America

- Bolivia
- Guyana
- Brazil - parts of Amazonas, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Rondônia, Roraima

### North America

- Canada - Quebec (east of the 63°W longitude)

### Atlantic Standard Time

- Bermuda (UK)
- Canada
    - all of New Brunswick (legally offset from GMT), Nova Scotia (legally offset from GMT), Prince Edward Island
    - Newfoundland and Labrador - most of Labrador
- Greenland (Denmark) (Kalaallit Nunaat)- northwestern (observes United States daylight saving time rules)

### South America

- Chile - Mainland. See also Time in Chile
- Falkland Islands
- Paraguay

### Caribbean

- Bahamas
- Cuba
- Turks and Caicos Islands (UK)

### Eastern Daylight Time

- Canada
    - Nunavut (eastern), most of Ontario and most of Quebec
- United States
    - All of Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Georgia (U.S. state), Maine, Maryland,Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey,New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia
    - Most of Florida, Indiana, Michigan
    - Eastern parts of Kentucky, Tennessee
UTC−03:00

**UTC−03:00** makes clocks three hours earlier than Greenwich Mean Time.

These are countries who use UTC-03:00 for time.

## As standard time (all year round)

- Suriname
- Falkland Islands
- French Guiana
- Brazil - Brasília Time
    - Except the western states of Acre, Amazonas, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Rondônia, Roraima, and far-away islands
- Argentina
- Uruguay
- Antarctica - Graham Land

## As standard time (Northern Hemisphere winter)

- Greenland (Kalaallit Nunaat) - most of island, including south coast and southwest coast - observes European Union DST rules
- Saint-Pierre and Miquelon (France) - observes North American DST rules

## As daylight saving time (Northern Hemisphere summer)

- Canada (Atlantic Daylight Time)
    - Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Labrador except the southeastern tip
- Bermuda (UK)
- Greenland (Kalaallit Nunaat) - Northwest - area around Thule - observes North American DST rules

## As daylight saving time (Southern Hemisphere summer)

- Chile - mainland
- Paraguay
Telephone numbers in Argentina

|style="background: lightgreen"|Codes and access phone numbers|
| --- | --- |
|Country code: _54_||
|International access code: _00_||
|Trunk code: _0_||
|International phone calls operator phone number: _000_||
|Local and national calls operator phone number: _19_||

Phone numbers in Argentina have ten digits.  This is when both the area code and the subscriber's code are included. The area code may have 2, 3 or 4 numbers. The remaining 8, 7 or 6 numbers are the subscriber's number. For example, phone number (11) 1234-5678 for Buenos Aires has a 2-digit area code number and an 8-digit subscriber's number. (264) 123-4567 is an example of a San Juan number.

## Public utility numbers

Here is a list of the most common public utility service numbers:

- _100_: Firefighters
- _101_: Police
- _102_: Child services
- _103_: Civil defense
- _106_: Coast Guard
- _107_: Ambulance
- _110_: Phone directory
- _112_: Customer service
- _113_: Official time
- _114_: Phone repair service
- _115_: Ring test
- _121_: Phone usage info (subject to availability)
- _125_: Assistance service for the hearing-impaired
- _911_: Emergency (only in cities where 100, 101 and 107 have been merged into one emergency number, such as the Buenos Aires Metro Area and Buenos Aires Province)
Departments of Argentina

A department is one way Argentina is divided. A province is the biggest way Argentina is divided. The provinces are divided into departments.  The Departments are then divided into municipalities.

There are no departments in the city of Buenos Aires.  There are 376 departments.  Because names do not have to be unique, 75 departments have same or similar names.
Bourbon Restoration in France

The **Bourbon Restoration** was the return of the House of Bourbon to France after the French Revolution and Napoleon Bonaparte. It began in 1814 after Napoleon was defeated and exiled to Elba island off the coast of Italy. Louis XVIII of France, the younger brother of Louis XVI of France, was named king in 1814 by the Congress of Vienna.

After being removed by Napoleon during the Hundred Days, Louis XVIII was returned to power in 1815 and died in 1824. Louis XVIII was succeeded by his younger brother Charles X of France who ruled until he was removed in 1830 by the July Revolution.

## Infobox (former country)

- **native name**: _Royaume de France_
- **conventional long name**: Kingdom of France
- **common name**: France
- **region**: Western Europe
- **religion**: Roman Catholicism
- **government type**: Constitutional monarchy
- **event start**: Louis XVIII of France#Bourbon Restoration, Restoration
- **life span**: 1814–1815
1815–1830
- **year start**: 1814
- **date start**: 6 April
- **event end**: July Revolution
- **year end**: 1830
- **date end**: 26 July
- **event1**: Treaty of Paris (1814), Treaty of Paris
- **date event1**: 30 May 1814
- **event2**: Charter of 1814, Constitution adopted
- **date event2**: 4 June 1814
- **event3**: Hundred Days
- **date event3**: 20 Mar – 7 Jul 1815
- **event4**: Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis, Invasion of Spain
- **date event4**: 6 April 1823
- **p1**: First French Empire
- **flag p1**: Flag of France (1794-1815).svg
- **s1**: July Monarchy
- **flag s1**: Flag of France (1794-1815).svg
- **flag type**: Flag
- **image flag**: Flag of France (1814–1830).svg
- **symbol type**: Coat of arms
- **image coat**: Coat of Arms of the Bourbon Restoration (1815-30).svg
- **symbol type article**: National emblem of France
- **image map**: Kingdom of France (1815).svg
- **image map caption**: Kingdom of France in 1816
- **capital**: Paris
- **national motto**: _Montjoie Saint Denis!_
<small>"Montjoy Saint Denis!"</small>
- **national anthem**: _Le Retour des Princes français à Paris_
<small>"The Return of the French Princes to Paris"</small>
- **common languages**: French
- **currency**: French franc
- **leader1**: Louis XVIII of France, Louis XVIII
- **year leader1**: 1814–1824
- **leader2**: Charles X of France, Charles X
- **year leader2**: 1824–1830
- **title leader**: List of French monarchs, King
- **title deputy**: List of Prime Ministers of France#Presidents of the Council of Ministers, Prime Minister
- **deputy1**: Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord, Charles de Bénévent <small>(first)</small>
- **year deputy1**: 1815
- **deputy2**: Jules de Polignac <small>(last)</small>
- **year deputy2**: 1829–1830
- **legislature**: Parliament of France, Parliament
- **house1**: Chamber of Peers (France), Chamber of Peers
- **house2**: Chamber of Deputies of France, Chamber of Deputies
- **stat year1**: 1815
- **stat area1**: 560000
Black Rain

***Black Rain*** is a 1989 American-Japanese crime action movie. It stars Andy Garcia, Michael Douglas and Ken Takakura. It was released in September 1989. The movie is about the Japanese underworld of crime with American crimes mixed in.
Serzh Sargsyan

**Serzh Azati Sargsyan** (born June 30, 1954) is the third President of Armenia. He won the February 2008 presidential election. He took office in April 2008.

## Political career

Sargsyan was in the Soviet Armed Forces from 1971 to 1972. He is the chairman of the Chess Federation of Armenia. Besides speaking Armenian, he also can speak in Russian.

Even though the former Prime Minister of Armenia, Tigran Sargsyan, has the same last name, they are not related.

He became the Armenian defense minister in 1993.  In 1995 he was head of Armenian state security department and minister of national security in 1996.  In 1999, he became Robert Kocharyan's chief of staff, then secretary of the national security council, and defense minister. He became prime minister in 2007.

On 17 April 2018, Sargsyan became Prime Minister of Armenia. Following mass-scale protests, he resigned from the office six days later on 23 April. Former Prime Minister Karen Karapetyan succeeded Sargsyan as acting Prime Minister.

## Personal life

In 1983, he married socialite Rita Sargsyan. She died in 2020 from COVID-19.  They have two daughters, Anush and Satenik, and one granddaughter, Mariam.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Serzh Sargsyan
- **image**: Serzh Sargsyan official portrait.jpg
- **office**: 11th and 15th Prime Minister of Armenia
- **term start**: 17 April 2018
- **term end**: 23 April 2018
- **predecessor**: Karen Karapetyan
- **successor**: Karen Karapetyan
- **president**: Armen Sarkissian
- **president1**: Robert Kocharyan
- **term start1**: 26 March 2007
- **term end1**: 9 April 2008
- **predecessor1**: Andranik Margaryan
- **successor1**: Tigran Sargsyan
- **office2**: 3rd President of Armenia
- **primeminister2**: Tigran Sargsyan
Hovik Abrahamyan
Karen Karapetyan
- **term start2**: 9 April 2008
- **term end2**: 9 April 2018
- **predecessor2**: Robert Kocharyan
- **successor2**: Armen Sarkissian
- **birth place**: Stepanakert, Soviet Union
<small>(now Azerbaijan)</small>
- **party**: Republican Party of Armenia, Republican Party
- **children**: Anush
Satenik
- **alma mater**: Yerevan State University
- **signature**: The signature of Serj Sargsyan.jpg
Prime Minister of Armenia

The **Prime Minister of Armenia** is the most senior minister in the Armenian government.  They "oversee the Government's regular activities and coordinate the work of the Ministers."  The President of Armenia chooses the Prime Minimster. The office of President is generally thought to be more powerful than the office of Prime Minister.

### Democratic Republic of Armenia (1918–1920)

- **Prime Ministers**
- Hovhannes Katchaznouni (30 June 1918 – 28 May 1919) <small>(in Tbilisi, Georgia until 19 July 1918)</small>
- Alexander Khatisyan (28 May 1919 – 5 May 1920)
- Hamo Ohanjanyan (5 May 1920 – 25 November 1920)
- Simon Vratsian (25 November 1920 – 2 December 1920)

### Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (1922–1936) and Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (1936–1991)

- **Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissars**
- Sergey Lukashin (21 May 1922 – 24 June 1925)
- Sarkis Ambartsumyan (24 June 1925 – 22 March 1928) (1st time)
- Sahak Ter-Gabrielyan (22 March 1928 – 10 February 1935)
- Abram Guloyan (10 February 1935 – February 1937)
- Sarkis Ambartsumyan (March 1937 – May 1937) (2nd time)
- Stepan Akopyan (May 1937 – 21 September 1937)
- Aram Piruzyan (23 November 1937 – October 1943)
- Agasi Sarkisyan (October 1943 – 1946)

- **Chairmen of the Council of Ministers**
- Agasi Sarkisyan (1946 – 29 March 1947)
- Saak Karapetyan (29 March 1947 – November 1952)
- Anton Kochinyan (20 November 1952 – 5 February 1966)
- Badal Muradyan (5 February 1966 – 21 November 1972)
- Grigory Arzumanyan (21 November 1972 – 28 November 1976)
- G.A. Martirosyan (28 November 1976 – 17 January 1977) (acting)
- Fadey Sarkisyan (17 January 1977 – 16 January 1989)
- Vladimir Markaryants (16 January 1989 – 13 August 1990)
- Vazgen Manukyan (13 August 1990 – 25 September 1991)

### Republic of Armenia (1991 – present)

- **Prime Ministers**
|#|Name|Took Office|Left Office|Party|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1|Vazgen Manukyan|25 September 1991|22 November 1991|National Democratic Union|
|2|Gagik Harutyunyan|22 November 1991|30 July 1992|(None)|
|3|Khosrov Harutyunyan|30 July 1992|2 February 1993|(None)|
|4|Hrant Bagratyan|2 February 1993|4 November 1996|Pan-Armenian National Movement|
|5|Armen Sarkissian|4 November 1996|20 March 1997|(None)|
|6|Robert Kocharyan|20 March 1997|10 April 1998|(None)|
|7|Armen Darbinyan|10 April 1998|11 June 1999|(None)|
|8|Vazgen Sargsyan|11 June 1999|27 October 1999|Republican Party|
|9|Aram Sargsyan|3 November 1999|2 May 2000|Republican Party|
|10|Andranik Margaryan|12 May 2000|25 March 2007|Republican Party|
|11|Serzh Sargsyan|26 March 2007|9 April 2008|Republican Party|
|12|Tigran Sargsyan|9 April 2008|13 April 2014|Republican Party|
|13|Hovik Abrahamyan|13 April 2014|8 September 2016|Republican Party|
|14|Karen Karapetyan|13 September 2016|9 April 2018|Republican Party|
|15|Serzh Sargsyan|17 April 2018|23 April 2018|Republican Party|
|16|Nikol Pashinyan|8 May 2018|Incumbent|Civil Contract|
Tigran Sargsyan

**Tigran Sargsyan** (born January 29, 1960) was the Prime Minister of Armenia from 9 April 2008 to 13 April 2014.

From 1980 to 1983, Sargsyan attended Leningrad's Voznesenski Financial and Economic Institute.

On April 9, 2008 he became Prime Minister of Armenia.  He was selected by President Serzh Sargsyan.

Sargsyan is married and has three children (daughter Nelly Sargsyan and two sons Armen and Abgar Sargsyans) and a grandchild. He is of no relation to the President of Armenia Serzh Sargsyan.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Tigran Sargsyan
- **image**: Tigran Sargsyan.jpg
- **office**: Prime Minister of Armenia
- **president**: Serzh Sargsyan
- **term start**: 9 April 2008
- **term end**: 13 April 2014
- **predecessor**: Serzh Sargsyan
- **successor**: Hovik Abrahamyan
- **office1**: Chairman of the Central Bank of Armenia
- **president1**: Robert Kocharyan
- **term start1**: 3 March 1998
- **term end1**: 9 April 2008
- **predecessor1**: Bagrat Asatryan
- **successor1**: Arthur Javadyan
- **birth place**: Vanadzor, Kirovakan, Soviet Union
<small>(now Vanadzor, Armenia)</small>
- **party**: Republican Party of Armenia, Republican Party
- **alma mater**: Saint Petersburg State University of Economics and Finance, Leningrad Institute of Economics and Finance
National Assembly (Armenia)

The **National Assembly of Armenia** is the official name of the legislative branch of the government of Armenia.  There are 131 members.  They are elected for four-year terms.

## Infobox (legislature)

- **background color**: #695650
- **text color**: #FFFFFF
- **name**: National Assembly of Armenia
- **native name**: Հայաստանի Ազգային ժողով
- **transcription name**: Hayastani Azgayin Zhoghov
- **coa pic**: Coat of arms of Armenia.svg
- **coa res**: 260px
- **house type**: Unicameral
- **leader1 type**: Speaker
- **leader1**: Galust Sahakyan
- **party1**: Republican Party of Armenia, Republican Party
- **election1**: 29 April 2014
- **members**: 131
- **structure1**: National_Assembly_of_Armenia_2012.svg
- **structure1 res**: 260px
- **structure1 alt**: Current Structure of the Armenian National Assembly
- **political groups1**: * Republican Party of Armenia, Republican Party (70)
* Prosperous Armenia (36)
* Armenian National Congress, ANC (7)
* Rule of Law (Armenia), Rule of Law (5)
* Armenian Revolutionary Federation, ARF (5)
* Heritage (Armenia), Heritage (4)
* Non-partisans (4)
- **voting system1**: **90** by Elections in Armenia, Party list PR
**41** by constituencies
- **last election1**: Armenian parliamentary election, 2007, 12 May 2007
- **next election1**: Armenian parliamentary election, 2017, 2017
- **session room**: 2014 Erywań, Budynek Zgromadzenia Narodowego Republiki Armenii.jpg
- **session res**: 260px
- **session alt**: The Armenian National Assembly sits in the National Assembly Building in Yerevan
- **meeting place**: National Assembly Building
19 Ivan Bagramyan, Baghramyan
Yerevan, Postal codes in Armenia, 0095
Armenia, Republic of Armenia
- **website**: [http://www.parliament.am National Assembly of Armenia]
Hovik Abrahamyan

**Hovik A. Abrahamyan** (born 24 January 1958) is an Armenian politician. He was the Prime Minister of Armenia from 13 April 2014 to 8 September 2016. He is a member of the National Assembly of Armenia from the Republican Party. Before he was the speaker of the National Assembly.

Hovik Abrahamyan was born on 24 January 1958 in Mkhchyan village, Ararat Marz of Armenia. He is married and has three children and five grandchildren.

Abrahamyan graduated from the Armenian State University of Economics.

On November 21, 2011 Hovik Abrahamyan resigned as the Speaker. Samvel Nikoyan was then elected as the Speaker.

## Infobox (politician)

- **image**: President of the National Assembly.jpg
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **name**: Hovik Abrahamyan
- **office**: Prime Minister of Armenia
- **term start**: 13 April 2014
- **term end**: 8 September 2016
- **predecessor**: Tigran Sargsyan
- **successor**: Karen Karapetyan
- **president**: Serzh Sargsyan
- **order1**: National Assembly of Armenia, Speaker of the National Assembly of Armenia
- **term start1**: September 2008
- **term end1**: November 2011
- **predecessor1**: Hrayr Karapetyan
- **successor1**: Samvel Nikoyan
- **order2**: Minister of Territorial Administration
- **term start2**: 2000
- **term end2**: 2008
- **successor2**: Armen Gevorgyan
- **party**: Republican Party of Armenia, Republican Party
Samvel Nikoyan

**Samvel Nikoyan** is the current speaker of the parliament of Armenia. In 2005 he was awarded the "Andranik Ozanyan" medal of the Armed Forces of Armenia.  He was also given the RA Prime Minister Commemorative Medal. Nikoyan is married with three children.

## Other websites

- Samvel Nikoyan - National Assembly of the Republic of Armenia
336 BC

__NOTOC__
Year **336 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar.

## Events

<onlyinclude>

#### Persian Empire

- The young king of Persia, Arses, objects to being controlled by Bagoas and attempts to poison him. Instead, Arses and all his children are killed by Bagoas.
- Bagoas then seeks to install a new monarch who will be easier to control. He chooses Codomannus, a distant relative of the royal house, who takes the name Darius III. When Darius tries to assert his independence from Bagoas' control, Bagoas attempts to poison him. The king is warned and makes Bagoas drink the poison himself.

#### Greece

- Following Philip II of Macedon's marriage to Eurydice, Alexander and his mother, Olympias, flee to Epirus, with Alexander later moving to Illyria. However, shortly afterward, father and son are reconciled and Alexander returns.
- Macedonian troops, commanded by Parmenion, trusted lieutenant of Philip II, arrive in Asia Minor.  They are driven back by Persian forces under the command of the Greek mercenary Memnon of Rhodes.
- At a grand celebration of his daughter Cleopatra's marriage to Alexander I of Epirus (brother of Olympias), Philip II is assassinated at Aegae by Pausanias of Orestis, a young Macedonian noble with a bitter grievance against the young queen's uncle Attalus and against Philip for denying him justice. Pausanias is killed on the spot.
- Philip II of Macedon is succeeded by his son Alexander III. One of the leading generals in Macedonia at the death of Philip II, Antipater, helps to secure the succession to the Macedonian throne for Alexander.
- The Macedonian general Parmenion declares for Alexander III.  He helps to murder the princes of the Lynkestis region, who are alleged to be behind Philip's murder, along with other possible rivals and members of factions opposed to Alexander. Olympias, Alexander's mother, has Philip's last wife Eurydice, her infant daughter and her influential uncle, Attalus, killed.
- Alexander immediately has Amyntas IV, son of King Perdiccas III and cousin of Alexander, executed.
- Alexander puts down a rebellion in Macedonia and crushes the rebellious Illyrians. He then appears at the gates of Thebes and receives the city's submission. After that he advances to the Corinthian isthmus and is elected by the assembled Greeks as their commander against Persia.
- Conscription is introduced in Athens. Young men are required to perform duties which are part military and part civic.
- Aeschines brings a suit against Ctesiphon for illegally proposing the award of a crown to the Athenian leader Demosthenes in recognition of his services to Athens.
</onlyinclude>

## Deaths

- Philip II, King of Macedonia (b. 382 BC)
- Arses, King of Persia
- Bagoas, Vizier of Persia
- Attalus, Macedonian general (b. c. 390 BC)
- Pausanias of Orestis, personal bodyguard of Philip II of Macedon
- Eurydice, 5th wife of Philip II, queen of Macedonia
- Amyntas IV, usurper king of Macedon
331 BC

__NOTOC__
Year **331 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar.

## Events

<onlyinclude>

#### Macedonia

- Alexander leaves Egypt and leads his forces towards Phoenicia. He leaves Cleomenes of Naucratis as the ruling nomarch to control Egypt.
- October 1 – Alexander of Macedonia wins the Battle of Gaugamela (near ancient Ninevah) over the Persian King Darius III. Darius turns his chariot and flees. Alexander chases the  Persian forces to Arbela. Darius escapes with his Bactrian cavalry and Greek mercenaries into Media.
- Alexander encounters for the first time war elephants.
- Alexander becomes the master of the Persian Empire.  This ends the Achaemenid dynasty. Babylon and Susa open their gates to him. In the capital, Susa, Alexander gets huge treasures amounting to 50,000 gold talents.

#### Greece

- Agis III of Sparta leads some of the Greek cities in a revolt. He holds Crete against Macedonian forces. In the Peloponnesus he routes a force under the Macedonian general Coragus. Athens stays neutral, but he is joined by Elis, Achaea (except Pellene) and Arcadia, with the exception of Megalopolis.

#### Italy

- Alexander of Epirus takes Heraclea from the Lucanians, and Terina and Sipontum from the Bruttii.
- Tarentum turn against Alexander of Epirus when they realize that he wants to make a kingdom of his own in southern Italy. Alexander is defeated and killed in the Battle of Pandosia on the banks of the Acheron.

#### Roman Republic

- The Gallic tribe of the Senones and the Romans enter a period of friendly relations which lasts the rest of the century.
</onlyinclude>

## Deaths

- Alexander I of Epirus, Aeacid dynasty king of Epirus (b. c. 370 BC)
- Vahe, legendary king of Armenia and last of the Hyke dynasty
Northern Court

The  in Japan was a set of six pretenders to the throne of Japan during the Nanboku-chō period from 1336 through 1392.

## List of pretenders

- Emperor Kōgon, 1331–1333
- Emperor Kōmyō, 1336–1348
- Emperor Sukō, 1348–1351
- Emperor Go-Kōgon, 1352–1371
- Emperor Go-En'yū, 1371–1382
- Emperor Go-Komatsu, 1382–1412

After 1392, Go-Komatsu was the 100th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession..

## List of pretender-created eras

During the Nanboku-chō period, the Northern Court pretenders recognized 19 Japanese era names (年号, _nengō_, lit. year names), including
1. Gentoku, 1329–1332
1. Shōkyō, 1332–1334
1. Kemmu, 1334–1338
1. Ryakuō, 1338–1342
1. Kōei, 1342–1345
1. Jōwa, 1345–1350
1. Kannō, 1350–1352
1. Bunna, 1352–1356
1. Enbun, 1356–1361
1. Kōan, 1361–1362
1. Jōji, 1362–1368
1. Ōan, 1368–1375
1. Eiwa, 1375–1379
1. Kōryaku, 1379–1381
1. Eitoku, 1381–1384
1. Shitoku, 1384–1387
1. Kakei, 1387–1389
1. Kōō, 1389–1390
1. Meitoku, 1390–1394

## Related pages

- Southern Court
- List of emperors of Japan
- Japanese era name

## Other websites

- Metropolitan Museum of Art, Kamakura and Nanbokucho Periods (1185–1392), Muromachi Period (1392–1573)
201 BC

__NOTOC__
**201 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar.

#### Carthage

- On Hannibal's advice, Carthage asks for peace with the Romans.  This ends the Second Punic War. Carthage is made a client state of Rome.
- After peace with Rome, Hannibal is elected as suffet, or chief magistrate, of Carthage. The office was insignificant in Carthaginian politics, but Hannibal makes it powerful.

#### Roman Republic

- The Romans remove the Carthaginians from Malta.
- In Rome, land is given to veterans of the Second Punic War.

#### Greece

- Philip V of Macedon captures Samos and the Egyptian fleet stationed there. He then makes war on  Chios to the north.
- Rhodes and its allies Pergamum, Cyzicus, and Byzantium combine their fleets and defeat Philip V in the Battle of Chios. His flagship is trapped and rammed by two enemy ships.
- The Spartan king, Nabis, once more invades and captures Messene. The Spartans leave when the Achaean League army of Philopoemen helps. Nabis' forces are defeated at Tegea by Philopoemen.

#### China

- The construction of Nanchang begins.

## Deaths

- Gnaeus Naevius, Latin epic poet and dramatist (b. c. 264 BC)
185 BC

__NOTOC__
Year **185 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar.

## Events

<onlyinclude>

#### Roman Republic

- The Roman general Scipio Africanus and his brother Lucius are accused by Cato the Elder of receiving bribes from the late Seleucid king Antiochus III.

#### Egypt

- The civil war between the northern and southern areas of Egypt ends with the arrest of Ankmachis by the Ptolemaic general Conanus.

#### India

- Pusyamitra Sunga kills the Mauryan emperor Brhadrata.  He forms the Sunga dynasty.
</onlyinclude>

## Births

- Publius Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus, leading general and politician of the Roman Republic. As consul he will be the commander of the final siege and destruction of Carthage and will be the leader of the senators opposed to the Gracchi (d. 129 BC)
- Panaetius of Rhodes, Greek philosopher (d. 110 BC)

## Deaths

- Brhadrata, Indian emperor, last ruler of the Indian Mauryan dynasty (from 197 BC)
77 BC

__NOTOC__
Year **77 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar.

### Roman Republic

- Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, consul and leader of the democratic party, is defeated by Quintus Lutatius Catulus outside Rome.
- Pompeius marches to Spain to join with Quintus Metellus Pius.  They try to stop the revolt of Quintus Sertorius, but do not succeed.
- The city of Tigranakert is built.

## Births

- Liu Xiang, Chinese scholar, editor of the _Shan Hai Jing_, compilator of the _Lienü zhuan_, and father of Liu Xin (died 6 BC)

## Deaths

- King Duttagamani of Sri Lanka
Southern Court

The  in Japan was a set of four emperors during the Nanboku-chō period from 1336 through 1392.

## List of monarchs

- Emperor Go-Daigo, 1318–1339
- Emperor Go-Murakami, 1339–1368
- Emperor Chōkei, 1368–1383
- Emperor Go-Kameyama, 1383–1392

After 1392, Go-Komatsu was the 100th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.

## List of monarch-created eras

During the Nanboku-chō period, the Southern Court monarchs recognized 11 Japanese era names (年号, _nengō_, lit. year names), including
1. Gentoku, 1329–1331
1. Genkō, 1331–1334
1. Kemmu, 1334–1336
1. Engen, 1336–1340
1. Kōkoku, 1340–1346
1. Shōhei, 1346–1370
1. Kentoku, 1370–1372
1. Bunchū, 1372–1375
1. Tenju, 1375–1381
1. Kōwa, 1381–1384
1. Genchū, 1384–1392

## Related pages

- Northern Court
- List of emperors of Japan
- Japanese era name

## Other websites

- Metropolitan Museum of Art, Kamakura and Nanbokucho Periods (1185–1392), Muromachi Period (1392–1573)
120

__NOTOC__
Year **120** (**CXX**) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar.

### Roman Empire

- Emperor Hadrian visits Britain.
- Foss Dyke is constructed in Britain.
- An Indian ambassadorial contingent visits with Hadrian.
- Suetonius becomes Hadrian's secretary _ab epistolis_.
- Market Gate of Miletus, from Miletos, is built. (approximate date) It is now kept at Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Antikensammlung.

### Asia

- Change of era name from _Yuanchu_ (7th year) to _Yongning_ of the Chinese Eastern Han Dynasty.
- The Scythians dominate western India: Punjab, Sind, the north of Gujerat and a portion of central India.

## Births

- February 8 – Vettius Valens, Hellenistic astrologer
- Irenaeus, Christian bishop and apologist
- Lucian, Syrian rhetorician and satirist, writing in the Greek language

## Deaths

- Dio Chrysostom, Greek historian
- Nicomachus of Gerasa, Greek mathematician (approx. date)
- Sextus Pedius, Roman jurist
- Saint Matthias of Jerusalem, Bishop of Jerusalem
- Marcian of Tortona (or in 117), martyred saint
- Getulius, Saint Hermes, martyred saints
69 BC

__NOTOC__
Year **69 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar.

#### Roman Republic

- Consuls: Quintus Caecilius Metellus Creticus and Quintus Hortensius.
- Antiochus XIII Asiaticus is made king of Syria.
- Roman troops under Lucius Lucullus defeat the army of Tigranes II of Armenia in the Battle of Tigranocerta.  They capture Tigranocerta, capital of Armenia.
- Parthians and Romans re-establish Euphrates as a frontier.
- Gaius Julius Caesar is a quaestor in Spain.

#### Egypt

- Ptolemy XII deposes Cleopatra V, and becomes sole ruler.

#### Greece

- Kydonia, an ancient city on the island of Crete falls to Roman military forces.
- Rhodes becomes a safe place against pirates.  The Rhodians are unable to stop piracy in the Aegean Sea. Delos gets the status of a free port.

## Births

- January – Princess Cleopatra of Egypt, later Pharaoh Cleopatra VII of Egypt (or December, 70 BC) (d. 30 BC)
- Octavia Minor, grandniece of Julius Caesar (d. 11 BC)
- Wang Zhengjun, Empress of the western Han Dynasty of China (d. 13)

## Deaths

- Julia, wife of Gaius Marius (b. c. 130 BC)