juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Century

A **century** is a way to describe a length of time. One century is one hundred years. The ancient Romans used the word _centuria_ to describe a group of about one hundred soldiers, organized into a single unit.

The Roman numeral for 100 is "C". The word for 100 in Latin is "centum".

A **centenary** is a celebration of something that happened 100 years ago. A bicentenary celebrates 200 years, a tercentenary 300 years.

A **centenarian** is someone who is 100 years old or more.

**Centennial** means something that happens every 100 years, or that lasts 100 years.
Basque Country (greater region)

The **Basque Country** (Basque: **Euskal Herria**) is a region in Southwestern Europe that is within the borders of France and Spain. It is the home of the Basque people. It is at the western end of the Pyrenees on the Bay of Biscay. Its boundaries are complicated, as it consists of seven districts: four within Spain and three within France.

### Origins

No one knows when the Basques came to Europe. Many say that they have been in Europe since the Neolithic period at the end of the Stone Age, but others say that they were here even earlier.

The first written information about the Basque Country is from the Roman times, when the Basque people already spoke their own language. During the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the Basque Country was isolated from the invading Goths.

### Middle Ages

During the Muslim invasion of Southern Europe, the Basque Country split in two: the Castilian and the Navarrese lands. A war with France later split the Navarrese zone in two.

After the Reconquista, the Castilian Basque lands and Navarre became part of the new country: Spain. Since then, Basque people from the Spanish area of the Basque Country have had their own government and have fought to gain the northern part of the Basque Country from France.

### Now

Today, three of the Basque districts in Spain (Araba, Bizkaia, and Gipuzkoa) form the Autonomous Community of the Basque Country. The political unit is one of 17 autonomous communities in Spain.

The fourth Basque district in Spain (Navarra) is its own separate autonomous community of Spain.

The three districts in the North (French) Basque Country are Lapurdi (Labourd), Nafarroa Beherea (Basse-Navarre) and Zuberoa/Xiberoa (Soule).

## Population

The entire region has a surface area of 20,664 km<sup>2</sup> (7978 sq mi). The Autonomous Community of the Basque Country has 7,234 km<sup>2</sup> (2793 sq mi), and its population is about 2,000,000 - about 5% of the total population of Spain. Basque and Spanish are spoken, and its largest city is Bilbao although the capital is Vitoria-Gasteiz.

## Famous people

- Miguel de Unamuno
- Maurice Ravel (through his mother)
- Che Guevara (through his mother)
- St. Ignatius Loyola
- Louis Daguerre
- Pío Baroja

## Largest cities

- Bilbao
- Donostia
- Gazteiz
- Iruña
- Biarritz
- Baiona
- Maule
- Donibane Garazi

## Other websites

- The official website of the Basque Autonomous Community
Jaguar Cars

**Jaguar Cars** was a British car manufacturer and the Jaguar marque is now owned by Jaguar Land Rover. The original company was established in 1922 by William Lyons and was renamed Jaguar in 1935. Jaguar is known for its luxury saloon<nowiki/>s and sportscars. 1922 but now owned TATA Motors in india.

## History

Jaguar was a private company until it merged with the British Motor Corporation in 1966. The new company was called British Motor Holdings. In 1968 that company joined with Leyland Motors to became British Leyland. In 1975 British Leyland was nationalised. In 1984 Jaguar was made private again by Margaret Thatcher. Ford bought Jaguar in 1989. In 1999 it was made part of Ford's "Premier Automotive Group" along with Aston Martin, Land Rover, Volvo and Lincoln. In 2008, Ford sold Jaguar and Land Rover to Tata Motors. Jaguar is now a brand of the merged company called Jaguar Land Rover (JLR).

The company was originally in Blackpool, but moved to Coventry. Today Jaguar automobiles are made at the JLR factory in Castle Bromwich in Birmingham. In late 2018 was open new plant in Slovakia.

Jaguar owns the Daimler brand (not Daimler-Benz). Jaguar bought the British Daimler Company in 1960. Daimler became a brand for some of Jaguar's saloon automobiles, but is not used now.

As of 2017, JLR sells the following different Jaguar automobile ranges: XJ, XF, XE, XK, F-Pace, E-Pace, iPace, and the F-Type.

## Sportscar racing

Jaguar has won many sports car races, like the Le Mans 24 Hours and other races.

## Related pages

- Jaguar Racing

## Other websites

- Jaguar International
- Jaguar USA
- Jaguar MENA

## Infobox (brand)

- **name**: Jaguar (marque)
- **logo**: Jaguar 2024.svg
- **producttype**: Cars
- **producedby**: Jaguar Land Rover
- **origin**: United Kingdom
- **related**: Land Rover
- **markets**: Worldwide
- **previousowners**: Jaguar Cars Limited
Wave (physics)

A **wave** is a kind of disturbance that travels through space and matter. Wave motions transfer energy from one place to another.

## Examples

Waves are found everywhere in the natural world. Examples of waves are:
- Sound

- Water waves
- Seismic wave<nowiki/>s (earthquakes)
- Electromagnetic waves
    - Light waves
    - Radio waves

## Properties

Waves have properties that can be measured. All waves can be pictured by adding sine waves.

Sine waves can be measured too. The shape of a sine wave is given by its amplitude, phase, wavelength and frequency. The speed that the sine wave moves can be measured. The amplitude and wavelength of the sine wave are shown in the picture.

The highest point on a wave is called the crest. The lowest point is called the trough. The crest of a wave and the trough of a wave are always twice the wave's amplitude apart from each other. The part of the wave halfway in between the crest and the trough is called the baseline.

Complicated waveforms (like the sound waves of music) can be made by adding up sine waves of different frequencies. This is how mp3 audio files are converted from their compressed form into the music we can hear. Complex waves can be separated into sine waves by Fourier analysis.

## Waves and matter

Some waves can move through matter while others cannot. For instance, some waves can move through empty space, light waves for example. Sound waves, on the other hand, cannot move through empty space. Inherently, all waves carry energy from one place to another when they move. In some applications of technology, waves may carry meaningful information from one place to another, such as news on the radio.

Usually, after a wave moves through matter, the matter is the same as it was before the wave was introduced, though in some cases, matter can be affected by waves traveling through it. In 1922, Louis de Broglie found out that all waves are also particles, and all particles are also waves.

## Types

In matter:
- Transverse wave: the vibrations of particles are perpendicular ⊥ to the direction of travel of the wave. Transverse waves have crests and troughs. Wave crests and troughs move along a travelling transverse wave.
- Longitudinal wave: the vibrations of particles are parallel to the direction of travel of wave. Longitudinal waves have compressions and rarefactions. Compressions and rarefactions move along a travelling longitudinal wave.
- Standing wave: a wave that remains in a constant position.
- Travelling wave: The blue waves move off to the right. They are traveling waves. The red waves do not move. They are standing waves.
- Solitary wave or soliton: Solitary waves were first observed in a river channel in 1834. Something gets a bulge of water starting moving up the channel and the bulge on the surface of the water continues to move up the stream.
- Light waves can move through space. Light is different from wind or water because light sometimes acts like waves and sometimes it acts as little bits called "particles." The nature of light is a big part of quantum mechanics.

## Related pages

- List of wave topics
- Wave equation
Christmas cake

A **Christmas cake** is a heavy cake containing much dried fruit and usually having a covering of icing. It is made to be eaten at Christmas. It can also be called a **fruitcake**.

A common favorite of many is the traditional Scottish Christmas cake, the "Whisky Dundee." It was named this because the cake came from Dundee and is made with Scotch whisky. It is a light and crumbly cake, and light on fruit and candied peel—only currants, raisins, sultanas and cherries. This Christmas cake is mostly good for people who do not like very sweet and moist cakes. As with all fruitcakes, almonds (or other nuts) can be removed by people who do not like them or those with bad nut allergies.

At the other end of the Christmas cake tradition, the apple cream Christmas cake is a sweet mix of sliced apples, raisins and other fruit, with eggs, cream cheese, and heavy whipping cream.

In the middle of the other two listed above is the mincemeat Christmas cake. It is simply any traditional or vegetarian mincemeat mixed with flour, eggs, and other pastry ingredients, to transform it into a cake batter; or it can also be steamed as a Christmas pudding.

A premade fruitcake mix can be bought at a grocery store.
Christmas cracker

A **Christmas cracker** is a hollow card tube covered with brightly coloured paper twisted on each end. When pulled apart, it makes a pop sound. It usually contains a small gift, a paper crown hat and a joke. It is generally used at Christmas celebrations, usually shared by two family members to compete by tugging on each end until it breaks apart, the person who retains the tube containing the gift gets to keep the gift.  It is a British tradition which started back in the 1840s.
Fingerplate

A **fingerplate** also known as a pushplate, is a plate that is fixed to a door near the handle or keyhole. It is for stopping dirt getting on the door. And is made of metal or glass. Their installation are no longer practical, and are now used for decoration.
Floodlight

A **floodlight** is a large electric light. It makes a very strong and bright beam of light. It is used for lighting the outside of buildings, football grounds, etc. at night.
Headrest

A **headrest** is something which supports the head. It is usually a suitably shaped part of the back of a chair or of a front seat in a car.

It is designed to support passenger's shoulder part and neck to prevent whiplash in cases of crash at the rear.
Inkpad

An **inkpad** is a small box that contains a pad of cloth or other material. It is impregnated with ink (the pad is inky). A marker is pressed onto the pad, then onto paper. Any raised marks on the pad leave an impression in ink on the paper.

Ink pads are used with rubber stamps. On the stamp is the symbol of an organisation, for example. After a form has been passed by an official, it is stamped to show it is authentic. Another variation is a date stamp, placed on all letters which arrive in the building. Another version is a stamp with a facsimile (copy) of an official's signature. Using this, staff can send out letters when the official is not present. Rubber stamps and ink pads have been used for at least a hundred years by civil servants and businesses. They are still in use in many countries, but are gradually being replaced with other systems.
Jack-in-the-box

A **jack-in-the-box**, otherwise referred to as a **jack box**, is a children's toy which is a box from which a figure on a spring jumps when the top is opened. You twist the knob until the spring shoots out the toy, which you put back in the box and do it all over again. Many kids have fun when they see the jack jumping out from the box.
London boroughs

A **London Borough** is a district of Greater London. There are 32 of them, including one that also call itself a separate city - the City of Westminster (where Buckingham Palace and the Houses of Parliament are) and the City of London (the oldest part of London). Each Borough has its own local government.
City of Westminster

The **City of Westminster** is a city and London borough. It is to the west of the City of London. Its most important area, Westminster, contains the Houses of Parliament, Whitehall, Downing Street and Westminster Abbey. The main official residence of the British monarch, Buckingham Palace, is also located in the City of Westminster.

## Infobox (london borough)

- **name**: City of Westminster
- **short name**: Westminster
- **imagename**: Image:LondonWestminster.png
- **status**: London Boroughs, London borough
City status in the United Kingdom, City (1540)
- **area rank**: 346th
- **area km2**: 21.48
- **ons code**: 00BK
- **adminhq**: Victoria
- **ethnicity**: 73.2% White
 48.5% White British
 3.7% Irish
 21.0% all other white backgrounds
8.9% British Asian, South Asian
7.4% British African-Caribbean community, African-Caribbean
2.2% British Chinese, Chinese
- **url**: http://www.westminster.gov.uk/
- **leadership**: Leader & Cabinet
- **mayor**: Cllr Carolyn Keen
- **mps**: Karen Buck (Lab)
 Mark Field (Con)
- **gla constituency**: West Central London
- **gla member**: Angie Bray (Con)
London Borough of Lambeth

The **London Borough of Lambeth** is a London Borough. It is in south west London, England.

## Towns

- Brixton
- Clapham
- Streatham

## Infobox (london borough)

- **name**: London Borough of Lambeth
- **short name**: Lambeth
- **imagename**: Image:LondonLambeth.png
- **status**: London Boroughs, London borough
- **area rank**: 341st
- **area km2**: 26.82
- **ons code**: 00AY
- **adminhq**: Brixton
- **ethnicity**: 62.4% White
49.5% British
 3.2% Irish
 9.7% non-British
25.8% Black British
4.8% Mixed Race
4.6% British Asian, South Asian
1.3% British Chinese, Chinese
- **url**: http://www.lambeth.gov.uk/
- **leadership**: Leader & Cabinet
- **mayor**: Cllr Liz Atkinson
- **mps**: Keith Hill (Lab)
 Kate Hoey (Lab)
 Tessa Jowell (Lab)
- **gla constituency**: Lambeth and Southwark
- **gla member**: Valerie Shawcross (Lab)
London Borough of Southwark

The **London Borough of Southwark** is a London Borough. It is in south east London. It is extramural to the City of London.

## Related pages

- Southwark
- London Bridge
- London Bridge station
- Southwark Cathedral

### Other places in Southwark Borough

- Bankside
- Camberwell
- Peckham
- Dulwich

## Infobox (london borough)

- **name**: London Borough of Southwark
- **short name**: Southwark
- **imagename**: Image:LondonSouthwark.png
- **status**: London Boroughs, London borough
- **area rank**: 340th
- **area km2**: 28.85
- **ons code**: 00BE
- **adminhq**: Peckham Road, Camberwell
- **ethnicity**: 63.0% White
25.9% British African-Caribbean community, African-Caribbean
5.0% Mixed Race
4.1% British Asian, South Asian
1.8% British Chinese, Chinese
- **url**: http://www.southwark.gov.uk/
- **leadership**: Leader & Cabinet
- **mayor**: —(non-political)
- **mps**: Harriet Harman
Simon Hughes
Tessa Jowell
- **gla constituency**: Lambeth and Southwark
- **gla member**: Valerie Shawcross
London Borough of Camden

The **London Borough of Camden** is a London Borough. It is in north and central London. It is extramural to the City of London.

## Places

- Bloomsbury
- Camden
- Hampstead
- Regent's Park

## Other websites

- Camden Town London website – News about the Camden Markets and Camden Town
- The website of Camden Council
- Camden TV
- Camden Town Online
- WHO's Commission 2008 finding on the Social Determinants of Health finding re 'two Camdens' syndrome (3rd para)
- Camden Council YouTube channel

## Infobox (london borough)

- **name**: London Borough of Camden
- **short name**: Camden
- **imagename**: Image:LondonCamden.svg
- **status**: London Boroughs, London borough
- **area rank**: 345th
- **area km2**: 21.80
- **ons code**: 00AG
- **adminhq**: Euston Road, St Pancras
- **ethnicity**: 73.2% White, including:
_52.7% White British_
_4.7% White Irish_
_15.8% White other_
10.3% British Asian, South Asian
8.26% British African-Caribbean community, African-Caribbean
1.75% British Chinese, Chinese
- **url**: http://www.camden.gov.uk/
- **leadership**: Leader & Cabinet
- **mayor**: Cllr Jill Fraser (UK politician), Jill Fraser
- **mps**: Frank Dobson
 Glenda Jackson
- **gla constituency**: Barnet and Camden
- **gla member**: Brian Coleman
London Borough of Merton

The **London Borough of Merton** is a London Borough. It is in south west London. In the London Borough of Merton there is the towns of Morden, Wimbledon, Mitcham and other small towns like Pollards Hill, Colliers Wood and Summerstown.

## Places

- Wimbledon
- Morden

## Infobox (london borough)

- **name**: London Borough of Merton
- **short name**: Merton
- **imagename**: Image:LondonMerton.svg
- **status**: London Boroughs, London borough
- **area rank**: 324th
- **area km2**: 37.61
- **ons code**: 00BA
- **ethnicity**: 75.0% White
11.1% British Asian, South Asian
7.8% British African-Caribbean community, African-Caribbean
1.3% British Chinese, Chinese
- **url**: [http://www.merton.gov.uk/ LB Merton]
- **leadership**: Cllr David Williams
- **mayor**: Cllr John Dehaney
- **executive**: Leader and Cabinet
- **adminhq**: Civic Centre
Morden
- **mps**: Stephen Hammond (Con)
 Siobhain McDonagh (Lab)
- **gla constituency**: Merton and Wandsworth
- **gla member**: Elizabeth Howlett
Brixton

**Brixton** is a place in south London. It has a lot of people from the Caribbean. It has a big market and many nightclubs.
Bankside

**Bankside** is the old part of the London Borough of Southwark. It is next to the River Thames.

## Buildings

- Tate Modern - art gallery
- Globe Theatre
- Winchester Palace
Queen

A **queen** is a woman who rules a country which is a monarchy. She may either get this position because of inheritance or because she has married a king.

A **queen regnant** is a queen who is the monarch of a country. She usually comes to power after the death of the previous king or queen, who is her parent. A country that is ruled by a queen is called a kingdom – the same as a country ruled by a king. Elizabeth II was a Queen Regnant.

A **queen consort** is a queen who is not a monarch, but is married to one, such as a King. Camilla is a Queen Consort. However, the husband of a queen is not always called a king. For example, King George VI had a wife, who was called Queen Elizabeth. He had no sons, so he was followed by his elder daughter, who was also called Elizabeth. She became Queen Elizabeth II. She was married to The Duke of Edinburgh until his death on April 9, 2021; but when she became Queen he did not become King. This is because the title "King Consort" does not exist.

## Queen regnant

A _queen regnant_ is head of state, and has all the powers of a sovereign.

A queen regnant does not keep the title of queen if she _abdicates_ (resigns). No queen has ever abdicated in the history of the United Kingdom, but three abdications have occurred in the Kingdom of the Netherlands:
- Queen Wilhelmina abdicated in 1948 and became Princess Wilhelmina.  Her daughter became Queen Juliana.
- Queen Juliana abdicated and became Princess Juliana.
- Queen Beatrix abdicated in 2013 and became Princess Beatrix.

## Queen consort

A _queen consort_ is the wife of a king.  She is not the head of state, and does not have any powers unless they are given by the King or another law.

The last King of Britain (George VI) had a wife (Elizabeth) who was called Queen Elizabeth. He had no sons, so he was followed by his elder daughter. She is also called Elizabeth and became Queen Elizabeth II. She was married to the late Duke of Edinburgh; but when she became Queen he did not become King.

## Queen dowager

A _queen dowager_ is the widow of a king.

A queen consort usually keeps the title of Queen after her husband's death, for example
- Queen Alexandra, widow of King Edward VII of the United Kingdom
- Queen Mary, widow of King George V of the United Kingdom and
- Queen Elizabeth, widow of King George VI of the United Kingdom, she was given the title Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother because her daughter is also called Elizabeth.
Male

**Male** is one of two biological sexes. Most species have two sexes  male and female. Human males are usually men or boys; human females are usually women or girls (Except if their gender does not correlate with their sex assigned at birth).

The two sexes have different sexual organs, and different secondary sex characteristics. They also often have different biological functions. The female sexual organs can give birth to children with the semen provided by the male.

In many human societies, females often were involved in gathering, while men used to hunt, but over the course of time, Gender equality has been (or is being) recognized in more and more countries.

## Related pages

- Female
Female

**Female** is one of the two sexes. It is the sex that produces ova ("egg" cells) for sexual reproduction. Females of some species also bear offspring.

When looking at seed plants, the plants that only produce seed are called female, those that only produce pollen are called male. The majority of seed plants produce both, and are called hermaphrodite.

Organisms can either be grouped as male or female. Female humans are called women and their bodies are different from male humans (who are called men). A woman has a vagina between her legs (a male has a penis) which is the main sexual organ. They also have breasts with milk glands, which allow them to nurse (feed) infants. A woman's shoulders are usually not as wide as a man's, but women usually have wider hips than men, because they need wide hips to be able to give birth.

Women who become pregnant are encouraged by doctors to seek professional care from an obstetrician or a gynecologist in order to prevent problems. Likewise, women should see a gynecologist often for routine screening exams for cancer.

## Related pages

- Sex determination - the biological process which determines the sex of an individual.
Camden

**Camden** is a place in north London, England. It has a big market which has lots of clothes. It is also good for music. It is an Urban Area. Regent's Canal runs through Camden.
Royal Borough of Greenwich

The **Royal Borough of Greenwich** is a London Borough. It is in south east London.

## Places

- Greenwich
- Woolwich
- Millennium Dome

## Infobox (london borough)

- **name**: Royal Borough of Greenwich
- **short name**: Greenwich
- **imagename**: Image:LondonGreenwich.png
- **status**: London Boroughs, London borough
- **area rank**: 302nd
- **area km2**: 47.35
- **ons code**: 00AL
- **adminhq**: Woolwich
- **ethnicity**: 77.1% White people, White
11.1% British African-Caribbean community, African-Caribbean
6.8% British Asian, South Asian
1.2% British Chinese, Chinese
- **url**: http://www.greenwich.gov.uk/
- **leadership**: Leader & Cabinet
- **leader**: Cllr Chris Roberts
- **mayor**: Cllr Sajid Jawaid
- **mps**: Teresa Pierce
Clive Efford
Nick Raynsford
- **gla constituency**: Greenwich and Lewisham
- **gla member**: Len Duvall
London Borough of Wandsworth

The **London Borough of Wandsworth** is a London Borough. It is in south west London.

## Places

- Wandsworth
- Battersea
- Tooting

## Infobox (london borough)

- **name**: London Borough of Wandsworth
- **short name**: Wandsworth
- **imagename**: Image:LondonWandsworth.png
- **status**: London Boroughs, London borough
- **area rank**: 331st
- **area km2**: 34.26
- **ons code**: 00BJ
- **adminhq**: Wandsworth
- **ethnicity**: 78.0% White
9.6% British African-Caribbean community, African-Caribbean
6.9% British Asian, South Asian
- **url**: http://www.wandsworth.gov.uk/
- **leadership**: Leader & Cabinet
- **mayor**: Councillor Jim Maddan
- **mps**: Justine Greening (Con)
Sadiq Khan (Lab)
Martin Linton (Lab)
- **gla constituency**: Merton and Wandsworth
- **gla member**: Elizabeth Howlett (Con)
London Borough of Islington

The **London Borough of Islington** is a London Borough. It is north of Central London. It is extramural to the City of London.

## Places

- Islington

## Infobox (london borough)

- **name**: London Borough of Islington
- **short name**: Islington
- **imagename**: Image:LondonIslington.png
- **status**: London Boroughs, London borough
- **area rank**: 352nd
- **area km2**: 14.86
- **ons code**: 00AU
- **adminhq**: Upper Street, Islington
- **ethnicity**: 75.4% White
11.9% British African-Caribbean community, African-Caribbean
5.4% British Asian, South Asian
1.7% British Chinese, Chinese
- **url**: http://www.islington.gov.uk/
- **leadership**: Leader & Cabinet
- **mayor**: Cllr Joyti Vaja
- **mps**: Jeremy Corbyn
 Emily Thornberry
- **gla constituency**: North East London
- **gla member**: Jennette Arnold
Bambuco

**Bambuco** is a type of music from Colombia. The beat of this music is like the European waltz or polska. Bambuco is often folk music. There is a dance that goes with Bambuco music. It is a group dance and has a 6/8 or 3/4 meter.

Sometimes Bambuco is called **"el bambuco"**. People think Bambuco started in Africa. It is popular in the Andean region of Colombia and throughout Latin America.
Power

**Power** has different meanings depending on the context:
- Power (physics), how fast energy can be changed into work
- Electric power, electricity that comes from power plants or generators
- In sociology, power is the ability of a person to make another person do something. This might also be called **influence** or **control**.
- Statistical power, how likely the test is to say something is true when it is really true
- Exponentiation; in mathematics, "power" is multiplying a number by itself.
- A life force, called chi by the Chinese and kiai by the Japanese.
- In politics a great power is more powerful than other countries.
- **Joules aren't a unit of power**

## Related pages

- Power plant
- Suzerainty
Perimeter

In geometry, **perimeter** is the distance around a flat object. For example, all four sides of a square rhombus have the same length, so a rhombus with side length 2 inches would have a perimeter of 8 inches (2+2+2+2=8).

For a polygon, the perimeter is simply the sum of the length of all of its sides. For a rectangle, the perimeter is twice the sum of its length and width (). Perimeter can also be calculated for other planar figures, such as circle, sector and ellipse.

Real-life objects have perimeters as well.  A football field, including the end zones, is 360 feet long and 160 feet wide. This means that the perimeter of the field is 360+160+360+160=1040 feet.

The perimeter of a circle is usually called the circumference. It may be calculated by multiplying the diameter times "Pi". Pi is a constant which is approximately equal to 3.14159; however, the places to the right of the decimal are endless. The number of places used depends on the accuracy required for the result.

## Related pages

- Area
- Circular Constant - **Pi (π)**
Matrix

**Matrix** can mean:

- a framework or background, physical or abstract
- a Matrix (mathematics), a mathematical object
- matrix (geology), the fine-grained ground material of a conglomerate rock

- Toyota Matrix, a model of car produced by the Toyota company
- _The Matrix_ and its sequels, movies with Keanu Reeves
    - _The Matrix Reloaded_
    - _The Matrix Revolutions_
German

**German** can mean different things.
- Anything related to Germany
- German language
- Germans, people from Germany or one of the earlier countries in the same area
- Germanic peoples, people who speak Germanic languages, including German and some other languages
- the early people known as Franks
- Holy Roman Empire (843-1806)
- German Confederation (1815-1866)
- German Empire (1871-1918)
- Weimar Republic (1919-1933)
- German Democratic Republic or East Germany (1949-1990)

When talking about a person, it can mean someone who lives in Germany, or someone who thinks of himself or herself as 'German'.

## Related pages

- German silver
Property

**Property** is something that is owned by someone. If someone buys a car, the car becomes their property. People who deal with buying or selling real estate will often talk about "properties", meaning houses, apartments, offices, etc. Any works that are copyrighted are also another example of a property.

## Related pages

- Intellectual property
- Political economy
- Property law
- Real property
Cefn Druids A.F.C.

**Cefn Druids Football Club** (they used to be called **NEWI Cefn Druids** and **Flexsys Cefn Druids**) are a Welsh football (soccer) team.

They last played in the Cymru North, and used to play in the Cymru Premier.
Aberystwyth Town F.C.

**Aberystwyth Town Football Club** are a Welsh football (soccer) team.

The club was started in 1884. They play at the Park Avenue stadium in Aberystwyth. They play in the Cymru Premier. They came third in the Welsh league in 1992 but have only had success at a regional level.

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Aberystwyth Town
- **fullname**: Aberystwyth Town Football Club
- **founded**: 1884
- **ground**: Park Avenue
- **capacity**: 5,000
Tributary

A **tributary** of a river is another river that flows into it. If one river flows into a second river, then the first river is a **tributary** of the second river. A tributary is a body of water that flows into another body of water.

The opposite of a tributary is a distributary. A distributary is a  river that branches off from the main flow of water, for example in a river delta.
Missouri River

The **Missouri River** is a river in the western United States. It is a tributary of the Mississippi River. It is longer than the Mississippi River. It is, in fact, the longest river in North America.

## Geography

For most of its course, the Missouri flows across the Great Plains, one of the driest parts of North America.

The source of the Missouri River is in the Rocky Mountains, in the state of Montana. The Missouri flows eastward, across Montana, south of the border with Canada. It enters the state of North Dakota and then it turns south. It flows through South Dakota. Then it flows past Iowa, Nebraska, Missouri, and Kansas.

Near the city of Kansas City, Missouri, the Missouri turns eastward into the state of Missouri. It flows eastward across the state of Missouri. It joins the Mississippi just north of the city of Saint Louis, Missouri.

The Missouri has many important tributaries, including the Yellowstone River, the Platte River, and the Kansas River.

## History

The Missouri was very important for the Native Americans who lived on the Great Plains. It was also very important in the history of the United States. The Missouri was used as the route of the Lewis and Clark Expedition in 1804-1806. In the 19th century, the Missouri was very important in the North American fur trade and for transportation of army troops and supplies as well as general transportation and trade as the West was settled.

## Nicknames

The nickname of the Missouri is "Big Muddy", because it has a lot of silt.

## Infobox (river)

- **name**: Missouri River
- **image**: Wpdms nasa topo missouri river.jpg
- **image size**: 260px
- **image caption**: A map showing the Missouri River.
- **source1 location**: Rocky Mountains, Montana
- **mouth**: Mississippi River
- **subdivision type1**: Countries
- **subdivision name1**: United States, Canada
Meaning of life

Many religions, viewpoints, and creative artists have tried to find the **meaning of life**, but have no sensible answer. Some people say that we will never know what the meaning of life is. Many religions claim to offer some answers. There are also sets of ideas called philosophies which try to answer this question. There are also artists who paint or create sculptures to try expressing life. There are musicians who write music and writers who write stories that try to explain life.

Many have different opinions on what the meaning is. Some say life is a war zone where we are the soldiers fighting in that war for survival. Some think it is all about the relationships that we make in our life. Some people say that life is full of violence and hatred but some say that life is full of hope and happiness. Still, other people say that the meaning of life is to achieve the goals you set in life. According to Douglas Adams, the answer to the question is 42. The biological answer is to have children, which is to pass on your genes. Others say the meaning of life is simply to live your life to the fullest.
Some say, however, the meaning of life is simply to give life a meaning. However, life can also be an illusion, or maybe a mere mirror of a different universe. Maybe we really don't have any control over our or the universe's actions, since we are all just imitating a different universe. We can never really know. Philosophies such as nihilism and absurdism deny that life has any meaning.
Or maybe the true meaning of life is to live it completely how you want to, then find out the meaning of it at the end. The meaning could be unique to all of us.

Others, like Solomon, argue that 'life is useless'. (Ecclesiastes 1:2)

## Related pages

- Death
- Existential crisis
Drainage basin

**Drainage basin** is a geographic term about rivers.  It is also called  **catchment**, **catchment area**, **catchment basin**, **drainage area**, **river basin**, and **water basin**.

It is an area of land.  All water that falls on that land flows into one river. It can flow directly into the river or go through tributaries (smaller rivers that flow into the bigger river) first.

One river can drain a large area. For example, more than half of the United States is drained by the Mississippi and its tributaries. The Amazon basin is similarly large.

River basins are an open system with inputs and, outputs. Water comes in as precipitation and goes out as discharge.

## Watershed

This term _watershed_ can have two main meanings:
- Meaning drainage divide, the line that separates neighbouring drainage basins
- Meaning drainage basin in North American usage. (an area of land where surface water converges)
There are also a number of figurative meanings as a metaphor.

## Related pages

- Basin (geology)
- Endorheic basin
- River system
Great Plains

The **Great Plains** is a large space of level land or prairie in the middle and western parts of North America. It is a steppe or grassland.

The western boundary is the Rocky Mountains.  In the east, the Great Plains grassland becomes the tallgrass of the Mississippi River basin. The prairie is (in whole or part) in eleven U.S. states, and in the southern parts of three Canadian provinces.

In the Great Plains, summers are hot and humid, but winters are cold. Bison used to number millions, and were the main food for people there. Now the area is mainly sown with cereal crops which feed cattle and people.

## Related pages

- Grassland

## Other websites

- North Dakota State University: _The Geologic Story of The Great Plains_
- Kansas Heritage Group: _Native Prairie, Preserve, Flowers, and Research_
- Library of Congress: _Great Plains_
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln: _The Great Plains Study_
Minnesota River

The **Minnesota River** is a river in the United States. It is in the northern United States, in the state of Minnesota. It is a tributary of the Mississippi River. It is about 534 km long.

The source of the river is a lake in western Minnesota. The lake is called Big Stone Lake. The lake is on the border between the state of Minnesota and the state of South Dakota. From its source, the Minnesota flows southeast. At Mankato, it turns northeast. It joins the Mississippi just south of the cities of Saint Paul and Minneapolis.

The Minnesota River was formed after the last ice age in North America.

## Infobox (river)

- **name**: Minnesota River
- **name native**: Watpá Mnísota
- **image**: MendotaBridge8.jpg
- **image caption**: The Mendota Bridge crossing the Minnesota River, just above its mouth
- **image size**: 300
- **map**: minnesotarivermap.png
- **map size**: 300
- **map caption**: Map of the Minnesota River
- **pushpin map size**: 300
- **subdivision type1**: Country
- **subdivision name1**: United States
- **subdivision type2**: State
- **subdivision name2**: Minnesota
- **subdivision type5**: Cities
- **subdivision name5**: Bloomington, Minnesota, Bloomington, MN, Eden Prairie, Minnesota, Eden Prairie, MN, Mankato, Minnesota, Mankato, MN, Shakopee, Minnesota, Shakopee, MN, Burnsville, Minnesota, Burnsville, MN, Eagan, Minnesota, Eagan, MN, Le Sueur, Minnesota, Le Sueur, MN
- **source1**: Big Stone Lake
- **source1 location**: Big Stone Lake, Big Stone County, Minnesota, MN
- **mouth**: Mississippi River
- **mouth location**: Near Fort Snelling in Minnesota, Hennepin County, Minnesota, Hennepin County, Minnesota, MN
Wisconsin River

The **Wisconsin River** is a river in the United States. It is a tributary of the Mississippi River. It is located in the state of Wisconsin. It is approximately 692 km long.

The source of the Wisconsin is in the forests of northern Wisconsin. The source is a small lake on the border between Wisconsin and Michigan. The river flows south across Wisconsin. It flows through a plain made by a glacier during the last ice age. It passes the cities of Wausau and Stevens Point.

In southern Wisconsin, the river meets a moraine. The moraine was made during the last ice age. The river enters a beautiful gorge, called the Wisconsin Dells. North of the city of Madison, the river turns to the west. It flows west through the hills of southwest Wisconsin. It joins the Mississippi 15 km south of the city of Prairie du Chien.

The river is an important source of hydroelectric power.
Illinois River

The **Illinois River** is a river in the United States. It is in the state of Illinois. It is an important tributary of the Mississippi River. The length of the river is about 439 km.

## Geography

The source of the river is in northeastern Illinois, near the city of Joliet. It flows west across Illinois, then southwest. It passes the city of Peoria, the largest city on the river.

It flows into southwestern Illinois. It joins the Mississippi River 40 km north of Saint Louis, Missouri.
There is separate Illinois river that runs through the northernmost edge of Oklahoma.

The river was used for transportation by the Native Americans. It was also used by early French trappers. It was an important route between the Mississippi River and the Great Lakes.

In the 19th century a canal was built that connected the river to Lake Michigan. Large ships now use this canal to go from the Great Lakes to the Mississippi River. The canal goes through the city of Chicago. It is one of the reasons that Chicago became a big city.
Weather

**Weather** is the day-to-day or hour-to-hour change in the atmosphere. Weather includes wind, lightning, storms, hurricanes, tornadoes, rain, hail, snow, and lots more. Energy from the Sun affects the weather too.
Climate tells us what kinds of weather usually happen in an area at different times of the year.
Changes in weather can affect the mood and life of many living things. People wear different clothes and do different things in different weather conditions. They also choose different  food in different seasons.

Weather stations around the world measure different parts of weather. Ways to measure weather are wind speed, wind direction, temperature and humidity. People try to use these measurements to make weather forecast<nowiki/>s for the future.  These people are  scientists that are called _meteorologists_. They use computers to build large mathematical models to follow weather trends.

## Severe weather

Severe weather can hurt people and their property. It can also just be a bother. Some examples of severe weather are:
- Tropical cyclones
- Rainstorms
- Drought
- Heat waves
- Tornadoes

## Causes of weather

Weather happens because different parts of the Earth get different amounts of heat from the Sun. This makes different climates. The tropics get the most heat because the Sun shines straight down on them, while the poles get the least heat because the Sun shines on them from a low angle. Warmer air is lighter than cooler air and rises higher in the sky by convection.

The air always has some water mixed with it. This is called humidity. When it cools, the water can change from a gas to a liquid through condensation. Then the water can fall from the sky as rain or snow. After the air rises, it gets colder and goes back towards the ground. Because the air lost its water before, it is dry when it comes back to the ground. When two air mass<nowiki/>es of different temperatures meet, this is called a warm front or cold front. The ways that the air moves around the Earth are called atmospheric circulation.

## Other websites

- National Weather Service
- NOAA
- Weather
- Internet Geography's weather page
- The Weather Channel
Brussels

**Brussels** (, , ) is the capital city of Belgium and the European Union.

In 2007, 145,917 people lived there. But the area around it, known as the Brussels-Capital Region, had 1,031,215 people (which makes it the largest city area in Belgium).

The people of Brussels speak mainly French and Flemish (a type of Dutch). There are lots of other languages spoken as well, because the European Union offices are there and because many thousands of immigrants from all over the world live there.

The city is at 50° 50 North, 04° 21 East. It has an oceanic climate (_Cfb_ in the Köppen climate classification).

Thirty-one people were killed in a terrorist attack on 22 March 2016.

## Influence

Many popular European comics came from Brussels, such as Tintin, The Smurfs, Snorks, and Lucky Luke.

It is also well known for a style of building known as _Art Nouveau_.

The vegetables Brussels sprouts are named after the city, and Brussels is also famous for its waffles and its chocolates.

A lot of tourists visit Brussels for the statue _Manneken Pis_.

## Other websites

- Interactive map of Brussels
- Site of the Brussels-Capital Region
- About the Cartoon Wall Paintings in Brussels

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Brussels
- **native name**:

- **settlement type**: Capital city
- **image flag**: Brussel vlag.svg
- **image seal**: Greater Coat of Arms of Brussels.svg
- **seal type**: Greater coat of arms
- **population total**: 145917
- **population as of**: 2007
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Belgium
Thuringia

**Thuringia** (German: _Thüringen_) is a Bundesland of Germany. It lies in central Germany and has an area of . This means Thuringia is the sixth smallest state in Germany by area. It has 2.1 million inhabitants, so it is the fifth smallest state in Germany by population. The capital is Erfurt.

## History

- 1920 the Grand Duchy of Saxe-Weimar, the Duchies of Saxe-Meiningen, Saxe-Altenburg and Saxe-Gotha (part of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha) and the Principalities of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, Greiz and Gera united to make the Free State of Thuringia.
- 1949 Thuringia and Erfurt became a new state of the DDR
- 1952 It became divided in three Districts _Bezirke_ (Erfurt, Gera and Suhl)
- 1990 _Thuringia_ became a Bundesland in the reunited Germany.

## Geography

Thuringia borders on the German states of Lower Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt, Saxony, Bavaria and Hesse.
The most conspicuous geographical feature of Thuringia is the Thuringia Forest (Thüringer Wald). In the northwest Thuringia includes a small part of the Harz mountains. The Saale river runs through Jena.
The biggest mountain in Thuringia is with 982m the Großer Beerberg in the
Thuringia Forest.

## List of Minister-Presidents of Thuringia

- 1945: Hermann Brill
- 1945 - 1947: Rudolf Paul
- 1947 - 1952: Werner Eggerath
- 1990 - 1992: Josef Duchac
- 1992 - 2003: Bernhard Vogel (CDU)
- 2003 - 2009: Dieter Althaus (CDU)
- 2009 - 2014: Christine Lieberknecht (CDU)
- since 2014: Bodo Ramelow (Die Linke)

## Cities in Thuringia

- Erfurt
- Gera
- Jena
- Weimar
- Suhl
- Eisenach
- Gotha

## Infobox (german state)

- **name**: Thuringia
- **german name**: Freistaat Thüringen
- **map**: Germany Laender Thueringen.png
- **map size**: 200
- **map text**: Position of Thuringia in Germany
- **flag**: Flag of Thuringia (state).svg
- **state coa**: Coat of arms of Thuringia.svg
- **capital**: Erfurt
- **area**: 16171
- **population**: 2120237
- **pop date**: 2020-12-31
- **website**: thueringen.de
- **leader party**: Die Linke, Linke
- **ruling party1**: Die Linke, Linke
- **ruling party2**: SPD
- **ruling party3**: Alliance '90/The Greens, Greens
- **leader title**: Minister President
- **leader**: Bodo Ramelow
Internet Explorer

**Internet Explorer** (**IE**); formerly known as **Microsoft Internet Explorer** and **Windows Internet Explorer**, was a series of graphical web browsers made by Microsoft. It was part of the Microsoft Windows operating system, starting in 1995. It was first released as part of the add-on package Microsoft Plus! for Windows 95 that year. Later versions were free downloads, or in service packs, and included in releases of Windows 95 and later versions of Windows.

## Infobox (web browser)

- **name**: Internet Explorer
- **logo**: Internet Explorer 10+11 logo.svg
- **logo size**: 150px
- **logo caption**: Logo used for Internet Explorer in Modern IE 10-11 and Microsoft's website
- **screenshot**: IE 11 on Windows 7.png
- **caption**: Internet Explorer 11 running on Windows 7
- **author**: Thomas Reardon
- **developer**: Microsoft
- **discontinued**: for most operating systems:Yes
- **ver layout**: stacked
- **latest release version**: Version 11
- **status**: Not maintained (support for most some versions of Microsoft Windows and Windows Server ended on June 15, 2022)
- **operating system**: Microsoft Windows, Windows Server
- **included with**: Windows 95 OSR1 and later
Windows NT 4 and later
Mac OS 8.1 through Mac OS X 10.2
Xbox 360
Xbox One
- **engines**: Trident (layout engine), Trident, Chakra (JScript engine), Chakra
- **platform**: IA-32, x64, ARMv7, IA-64
- **language count**: 95
- **genre**: Web browser, feed reader
- **license**: Proprietary software, Proprietary
- **standard**: HTML5, CSS3, WOFF, Scalable Vector Graphics, SVG, RSS, Atom (standard), Atom, JPEG XR
Ulster

**Ulster** is one of the four historical provinces which make up the island of Ireland. The others are Leinster, Munster and Connacht.

There are nine counties in Ulster. Three of them are in the Republic of Ireland:
- County Cavan
- County Donegal
- County Monaghan

The other six counties make up all of Northern Ireland, which is part of the United Kingdom:
- County Antrim
- County Armagh
- County Down
- County Fermanagh
- County Londonderry
- County Tyrone

Due to the fact that most of Ulster is in Northern Ireland, the name "Ulster" is also sometimes used to mean _Northern Ireland_, even though Northern Ireland is only part of Ulster. This is called _totum pro parte_ in Latin which means "the whole for a part".

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Ulster
- **native name**:
 _Ulstèr_ (Ulster Scots dialect, Ulster-Scots)
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **image shield**: Coat of arms of Ulster.svg
- **image flag**: Flag of Ulster.svg
- **flag size**: 180px
- **image map**: Ulster locator map.svg
- **mapsize**: 192px
Mancala

**Mancala** is a group of games played in Africa, the Middle East, and central Asia. People play the games by moving seeds on a board with pits carved in it.
Coden, Alabama

**Coden** is a small fishing village near Bayou la Batre, Alabama, USA. It is about 20 miles southwest of Mobile, near the Alabama/Mississippi border. The name of the town comes from _Coq d'Inde_, which is French for "Turkey".

Around 1900, the area was known as a resort, which is a place people go to on their vacations.  The Rolston Hotel brought visitors from all over the region. When it was destroyed by a hurricane, the community fell on hard times. The Rolston Hotel property now belongs to the City Of Bayou La Batre and is a park that  is  attracting people from other areas who want cool ocean breezes and peace that originally brought visitors. It is nice because it has the gentle sound of the water of Portersville Bay, fishing, and relaxation. Fresh seafood can be found on Shell Belt Road from fishing boats returning to Bayou Coden. Coden is on the southern shore of the mainland, across the Mississippi Sound from Dauphin Island and is one stop along Alabama's Coastal Birding Trail.