juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Raven-Symoné

**Raven-Symoné Christina Pearman** (born December 10, 1986) is an American actress,  model, comedian, and singer. She was born in Atlanta, Georgia. She moved to Ossining, New York at age three. She played the role of "Olivia" in the last three seasons of _The Cosby Show_ (1984) and Nicole Lee on _Hangin' with Mr. Cooper_ (1992).

Pearman is most well known as the title character Raven in the TV show _That's So Raven_ and Galleria in _The Cheetah Girls_ and _The Cheetah Girls 2_. Pearman goes by the name **Raven** for most of her acting. She is also the host of the American game show _Scrabble_.

In August 2013 Raven-Symoné commented on legalizing gay marriage, "I was excited to hear today that more states legalized gay marriage. I, however am not currently getting married, but it is great to know I can now, should I wish to". She was dating AzMarie Livingston since 2012, and in October 2015, she announced that she had broken up with her.

## Filmography

|Year|Title|Role|Notes||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1990|_Rockin' Through the Decades_|Herself|Documentary||
|1994|_The Little Rascals_|Stymie's Girlfriend|||
|1998|_Dr. Dolittle_|Charisse Dolittle|||
|2001|_Dr. Dolittle 2_|Charisse Dolittle|Nominated — NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Youth Actor/Actress Nominated — Kids' Choice Award for Favorite Female Movie Star||
|rowspan="2"|2004|_The Princess Diaries 2: Royal Engagement_|Princess Asana||
|_Fat Albert_|Danielle|Voice|||
|2006|_Everyone's Hero_|Marti Brewster|Voice||
|rowspan="2"|2008|_College Road Trip_|Melanie "Mel" Porter|Lead Role, Executive Producer|
|_Tinker Bell_|Iridessa|Voice, direct-to-video|||
|rowspan="2"|2009|_Good Hair_|Herself|Documentary|
|_Tinker Bell and the Lost Treasure_|Iridessa|Voice, direct-to-video|||
|2010|_Tinker Bell and the Great Fairy Rescue_|Iridessa|Voice, direct-to-video||
|2012|_Secret of the Wings_|Iridessa|Voice, direct-to-video||
|2014|_The Pirate Fairy_|Iridessa|Voice, direct-to-video||
|rowspan="2"|2015|_Tinker Bell and the Legend of the NeverBeast_|Iridessa|Voice, direct-to-video|
|_A Girl Like Grace_|Mary|Independent film|||
|2017|_Animal Crackers_|Binkley|Voice||

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **embed**: yes
- **background**: solo_singer
- **associated acts**: The Cheetah Girls (group), The Cheetah Girls


## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Raven-Symoné
- **image**: File:Raven-Symoné in Tadashi Shoji.jpg
- **caption**: Raven-Symoné modeling in 2010
- **birth name**: Raven-Symoné Christina Pearman
- **birth place**: Atlanta, Georgia (U.S. state), Georgia, U.S.
- **education**: Academy of Art University
- **years active**: 1989–present
- **alias**: Raven
Food chain

A **food chain** shows the feeding relationship between different organisms in a particular environment and/or habitat.

Plants are at the bottom of a food chain because they are producers that make their food from photosynthesis. Consumers are animals that eat the products of producers or other animals.  The direction of arrows between the organisms shows who eats what and what gets eaten by what.

A food chain also represents a series of events and consumption in which food and energy are consumed from one organism in an ecosystem to another. Food chains show how energy is passed from the sun to producers, from producers to consumers, and from consumers to decomposes such as fungi. They also show how animals depend on other organisms for food.

In any ecosystem, many food chains overlap. Different food chains may include some of the same organisms. Several consumers may eat the same kind of plant or animal for food. When this happens, the food chain forms a food web.

## Related pages

- Ecology
Embryology

**Embryology** is the study of embryos and their development. The study of embryology starts with the fertilisation of an egg, and continues until the foetus stage. A broader term, developmental biology, covers the whole period of growth from the egg to adult life.

In mammals (and some other animals) embryos develop inside the mother, in the mother's womb. Otherwise it takes place after the egg is laid. It most animals, there are various stages between the egg and the adult animal. If the stages are well-defined the process is called metamorphosis.
Histology

**Histology** is the study of the microscopic anatomy of cells and tissues of plants and animals, particularly the tissues. It is a part of cytology, and an essential tool of biology and medicine.

Histology is usually done by looking at cells and tissues under a light microscope or electron microscope. The tissue has to be specially prepared beforehand.

## The process

The stages below are only described in outline. Laboratories which do histology work from schedules which are much more detailed.

### Fixing

Chemical fixatives are used to preserve tissue from decay. This preserves the structure of the cell and of sub-cellular components such as cell organelles (e.g., nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria). The most common fixative for light microscopy is formalin (4% formaldehyde in saline).

### Embedding

After fixing, the block of tissue is embedded in paraffin wax. This holds and preserves the tissue as a block.

### Sectioning

The section is cut into a series of wafer-thin slices, each of which is put on a glass microscope slide. The machine which cuts the block is a mechanical guillotine which can be set to cut at a suitable depth for the tissue in question.

### Staining

Stains are dyes, chemicals used to make cells and tissues easy to see under a microscope. There are many tissue stains, and each of them has advantages and disadvantages.

#### Haematoxylin and eosin  (H&E)

This is the most widely used stain in biology and medicine. Haematoxylin colours cell nuclei and eosin colours cell cytoplasm.

#### Silver nitrate

Camillo Golgi developed a silver nitrate stain for nerve cells. His idea was used by Santiago Ramón y Cajal in his famous work on the structure of brain tissue.

## Modern techniques

Electron microscopy is used often as well as light microscopy. This has its own procedures. Its advantage is that it resolves things which light cannot resolve. For example, viruses were first seen by electron microscopy..

Specialised selective stains using immunology or radioactive labelling are now routine. The advantage of using antibodies or radioactive labels is that they stick to _specific kinds of molecules_.
Increasingly popular is tagging with a fluorescent stain, which shows up even if a tiny part of a cell is stained. Immunoinfluorescence is the name of this particular technique.
Microbiology

**Microbiology** -  (Greek μικρός, mikrós, „tiny“, βίος, bíos, „life“ and λόγος, lógos, „science“) is a science in the composition of biology, which is occupied by the study of microorganisms (bacterium, (archaebacteria), microscopic fungi, protozoa,alga,and viruses).  Microbiology studies the systematics, morphology, physiology, biochemistry, evolution, ecological roles, and practical uses of microorganisms.  Medical microbiology is also part of microbiology.

Different parts of microbiology can be classified into pure and applied science<nowiki/>s.  Microbiology can be also classified by taxonomy, as in the cases of bacteriology, mycology, protozoology, and phycology.  There is considerable overlap of the specific branches of microbiology with each other and with other disciplines.  Certain aspects of these branches can extend beyond the traditional scope of microbiology

## History

In 1665, Robert Hooke saw that cork was made up of little cubes that he named cells. Later Anton van Leeuwenhoek made the important connection that cells are living things when he saw through his early microscope smallest one-celled organisms. Later Christian Ehrenberg found thatprotista or bacteria were different kinds of cells. In the late part of the 1800s Martinus Beijerinck showed that there were small particles called viruses.

Another important change in the study of microorganisms came from the discovery of DNA and RNA.  This allowed using a vector to change the inside of a cell without killing it.  One recent discovery that changed the study of microbiology is the discovery of transposons or jumping genes.  Another one is the discovery of animal genes in the cells.
Toowoomba

**Toowoomba** (also known as 'The Garden City') is a city in South East Queensland, Australia. It is 132 km west of Brisbane, and two hours drive from the Gold Coast and Sunshine Coast beaches. With a population around 135,000, Toowoomba is Australia's second largest city that is not on the coast, after Canberra.

Every year in September, Toowoomba holds its annual Flower Festival, at Queens Park. When this is taking place, the town, especially its CBD are decorated with flowers. People who live there may also open their gardens for public judging for the garden competitions. Another attraction is the parade, where one would see floats with flower themes. Many people from all over the nation visit the festival, and a popular way to arrive is on the specially operating retired steam train.

Another major event held in Toowoomba is the Easterfest. It is a large religious festival that thousands of people come to, to see many famous singers perform. Many put up tents on in Queens Park.

Toowoomba is also known for its historical buildings, such as the town hall, The Empire Theatre, and the Cobb & Co Museum. The town hall was the first in Queensland to be built for a town hall. The Empire Theatre was built as a silent movie house in 1911. A fire nearly destroyed the building, but it was built again, and reopened in 1933. Now, it is the biggest regional theatre in Australia. The Cobb & Co Museum began in the 1880s as a small mail run. It moved both mail and passengers to Brisbane and further.

Toowoomba is also home to some notable private schools, including Toowoomba Grammar School (which is a GPS school), Downlands College, and The Glenny School, none of which are 'co-educational'.

During the 2010-2011 Queensland floods, several people were drowned in their cars when water flooded the main shopping centre.

## Other websites

- Easterfest website

## Infobox (australian place)

- **type**: city
- **name**: Toowoomba
- **state**: qld
- **pushpin label position**: left
- **local map**: yes
- **zoom**: 8
- **pop**: 142163
- **poprank**: 16th
- **est**: 1849
- **postcode**: 4350
- **elevation**: 691
- **area**: 498.1
- **area footnotes**: (2011 urban)
- **lga**: Toowoomba Region
- **stategov**: Electoral district of Toowoomba North, Toowoomba North
- **stategov2**: Electoral district of Toowoomba South, Toowoomba South
- **stategov3**: Electoral district of Condamine, Condamine
- **fedgov**: Division of Groom, Groom
- **county**: County of Aubigny, Aubigny
- **dist1**: 132
- **dir1**: W
- **location1**: Brisbane
- **dist2**: 84
- **dir2**: ESE
- **location2**: Dalby, Queensland, Dalby
- **timezone**: UTC10, AEST
- **utc**: +10
- **maxtemp**: 23.1
- **mintemp**: 12.6
- **rainfall**: 726.4
Albury

**Albury** () is a city in New South Wales, Australia. It is on the Hume Highway that runs between Sydney and Melbourne. The Murray River separates Albury from Wodonga. Albury is on the north side of the Murray River. The river is also the border between Victoria and New South Wales. It is about 550 km from the state capital Sydney, but only 312 km from the Victorian capital Melbourne. Albury is believed to have been named after Aldbury in Hertfordshire.

The Australian Aboriginal people called the area Bungambrewatha. There are a number of historical aboriginal sites including rock paintings. There are also scarred trees, where the bark has been removed to make shields and canoes. The rich river flats would have provided food for native animals, and the wetlands would have been home to large numbers of water birds.

The first Europens to arrive in the area were the explorers, Hamilton Hume and William Hovell in 1824. They made their mark in a tree on the riverbank which later became the spot where people heading south would cross the river. Crossing the river was easy in summer when the water level was low. By 1844 a ferry was built to carry people over the river all year. There were soon many farmers moving into the area with large flocks of sheep. Some of the first in Albury were William Wyse and Charles Ebden.

Albury has passenger trains to and from Sydney.

## Infobox (australian place)

- **type**: city
- **name**: Albury
- **state**: nsw
- **native name**: _Bungambrawatha_
- **image**: Albury from Monument Hill 5.jpg
- **caption**: The city of Albury as seen from Monument Hill
- **relief**: 1
- **pop**: 51,076
- **postcode**: 2640
- **elevation**: 165.0
- **timezone**: Australian Eastern Standard Time, AEST
- **utc**: +10
- **timezone-dst**: Australian Eastern Daylight Time, AEDT
- **utc-dst**: +11
- **dist1**: 554
- **location1**: Sydney
- **dist2**: 326
- **location2**: Melbourne
- **dist3**: 341
- **location3**: Canberra
- **dist4**: 128
- **location4**: Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Wagga Wagga
- **dist5**: 7.7
- **location5**: Wodonga, Victoria, Wodonga
- **lga**: City of Albury
- **county**: Goulburn County, New South Wales, Goulburn
- **stategov**: Electoral district of Albury, Albury
- **fedgov**: Division of Farrer, Farrer
- **maxtemp**: 22.1
- **mintemp**: 8.7
- **rainfall**: 701.3
- **est**: 1839
1946 (city)
- **local map**: yes
- **zoom**: 12
Inclusive disjunction

**Inclusive disjunction** (also called **or**) is a logic operation. It normally takes two truth values as inputs and returns one truth value as output. It is false when both inputs are false, but is true otherwise. It is written with the symbol .

In general, given two propositions  and ,  is true if  is true, or if  is true, or if both  and  are true.

This is different from the exclusive disjunction, which asserts "either _x_ or _y_, but not both".

## Related pages

- Alternative
- Boolean algebra
- Horn clause
- Logical conjunction
- XOR gate
Logical conjunction

**Logical conjunction** (very often called **and**) is a logic operation. It is represented by the symbol . Logical conjunction takes two truth values as inputs and returns an output. If both of the inputs are "true" at the same time, then logical conjunction outputs "true". If one of the inputs is false, or if both of the inputs are false, then logical conjunction outputs "false".  Its logic gate equivalent is the AND gate.

## Related pages

- Exclusive disjunction
- First order logic
Logical negation

**Logical negation** (also known as **not**) is a logic operation. For a proposition , its negation is written as . It takes one input. It flips the value of the input as the output. If the input was true, it returns false; If the input was false, it returns true.

## Related pages

- First order logic
- Propositional logic
Logic equality

**Logical equality** is a logical operation. It corresponds to equality () in Boolean algebra and biconditional (written  or ) in logic. It takes two inputs. It returns true if both inputs are true or if both inputs are false. Otherwise (when they are different), it returns false.

## Related pages

- Implication (logic)
Implication (logic)

**Implication** (also known as **logical consequence**, **implies**, or ** If ... then**) is a logical operation. It is the relationship between statements that holds true when one logically "follows from" one or more others. While a statement of the form "if _P_ then _Q_" is often written as , the assertion that "_Q_ is a logical consequence _P_" is often written as .

Implications take two arguments. It returns false if and only if the first term is true and the second term is false.

This may be problematic, because it means that from a false proposition, anything can follow.

## Examples

The following shows a (valid) implication
1. All humans are mortal (they die).
1. Aristotle is human.
1. Therefore, Aristotle is mortal.

On the other hand, the statement _I promise that if I am healthy, I will come to class_ has four possibilities:
1. I _am_ healthy, and I _do_ come to class. I have kept my promise.
1. I _am_ healthy, and I _do not_ come to class. I have not kept my promise.
1. I _am not_ healthy, and I _do_ come to class. I have kept my promise.
1. I _am not_ healthy, and I _do not_ come to class. I have kept my promise.
In the second scenario, the statement is false, since the promise is broken. In other scenarios, the statement is true, since the promise is kept.

## Related pages

- If and only if
- Implication (grammar)
- Material conditional
Interest

**Interest** is the cost for borrowing money or the payment for lending money. Usually, this is fixed as a percentage of the amount of money borrowed (which is called _interest rate_).

## Simple and Compound interest

If the interest charged on $100 is 1 percent per year then every year the borrower must pay $1. If the $1 is not added to the amount owed then the borrower is paying simple interest. If simple interest of 1 percent is paid each year at the end of 100 years the borrower would have paid $100 in interest, $1 each year, and would still owe $100. If the $1 is added to the $100 the amount owed will increase to $101. 1 percent interest on $101 will be more than $1. This is called compound interest. Compound interest will cause the amount to grow each year. As the amount grows larger, more is paid as interest each year and added to the total. If compound interest of 1 percent is paid on a loan of $100 each year the amount of interest paid will slightly increase and after 70 years the amount owed will have grown to $200 and the interest payment will have increased to $2.

### Rule of 72

1 percent compound interest on $100 will cause the amount to double to $200 in about 72 years. That is called the rule of 72 which can be used to figure out how fast something grows. The rule can be used to figure out how fast anything that always  grows exponentially at the same rate will double in size. Suppose a kangaroo grows 12 percent a year; dividing 12 into 72 gives 6, so the kangaroo will double in size in 6 years. If the kangaroo grew 6 percent a year it would take 12 years for its size to double. If it only grew 2 percent it would take 36 years for its size to double.

## Usury

At some times in the past, or in some places today, it has been illegal to make a person pay interest on a loan. It was, or is, against some religious rules. If the interest that a person must pay is too high, this is called usury. This is often illegal today, even when lower interest is legal.

## Other meanings of interest

Interest can also be the care or concern that someone has for something or someone. If someone cares about something, they "have an interest" in that thing, or they "find it interesting". If something is beautiful, or funny, or new, that might make the thing interesting. However, a very important concern, for example love or hate, is more than an interest. An interest can also be a task that someone likes to do or watch, like a game or a hobby.

If someone has a legal right to something (usually money or property) they have an interest in that thing. This is also true for someone who shares a right with others, or a person who has a future right to something. For example, if some brothers and sisters will be given a house after their parents die, each of them "has a financial interest" in the house, even if the parents are still living.
Newcastle, New South Wales

**Newcastle** () is a city in New South Wales, Australia. It is also the second oldest city in Australia. Newcastle is 160km north of Sydney, and is the largest coal-harbour in the world. 500,000 people live in Newcastle making it second largest city in New South Wales. Newcastle was started in 1804 by Lieutenant Charles Menzies and was for convicts who mined the coal. It is named Newcastle after the English coal harbour of Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Newcastle has lots of things to do such as restaurants and food. It has passenger trains to and from Sydney.

## Climate

Newcastle has a humid subtropical climate with warm humid summers and mild winters with moderate rainfall throughout the year. Newcastle is the windiest city in Australia, with an average 3pm windspeed of 31.4 km/h (19.5 mph), annually.

## Infobox (australian place)

- **type**: city
- **name**: Newcastle
- **native name**: _Mulubinba_
- **state**: nsw
- **image**: Newcastle view.jpg
- **caption**: Central Newcastle in 2007, viewed from Stockton, New South Wales, Stockton, across the harbour.
- **pushpin map caption**: The location of Newcastle in New South Wales
- **relief**: 1
- **pop**: 517811
- **pop year**: 2022
- **poprank**: 7th
- **density**: 1233
- **est**: 1804
- **elevation**: 9
- **area**: 261.8
- **timezone**: UTC10, AEST
- **utc**: +10
- **timezone-dst**: UTC11, AEDT
- **utc-dst**: +11
- **dist1**: 162
- **dir1**: NNE
- **location1**: Sydney
- **region**: Hunter Region, Hunter
- **county**: Northumberland County, New South Wales, Northumberland
- **stategov**: Electoral district of Newcastle, Newcastle
- **stategov2**: Electoral district of Cessnock, Cessnock, Electoral district of Charlestown, Charlestown
- **stategov3**: Electoral district of Lake Macquarie, Lake Macquarie, Electoral district of Port Stephens, Port Stephens
- **stategov4**: Electoral district of Swansea, Swansea, Electoral district of Wallsend, Wallsend
- **fedgov**: Division of Newcastle, Newcastle
- **fedgov2**: Division of Shortland, Shortland
- **fedgov3**: Division of Hunter, Hunter
- **fedgov4**: Division of Paterson, Paterson
- **maxtemp**: 21.8
- **mintemp**: 14.3
- **rainfall**: 1123.0
- **local map**: yes
- **zoom**: 12
Era

An **era** in geology is a time scale of several hundred million years. It describes a long series of rock strata which geologists decided should be given a name. An example is the Mesozoic era, when dinosaurs lived on the Earth. An era is made up of periods, and several eras make up an eon. The Phanerozoic eon started about 541 million years ago (mya). It is made up of the Paleozoic era (from the Greek for "oldest life"), the Mesozoic era ("middle life") and the Cainozoic era ("latest life").
Drowning

**Drowning** is a form of death caused by being suffocated with water or another liquid.
**Near drowning** is the survival of a drowning event where the person is unconsciousness (passed out) or breathes in a dangerously large amount of water, and can cause serious problems, including death, later on. That means that near drowning also requires help from a doctor.

**Secondary drowning** is death caused by chemical or biological changes in the lungs after a near drowning incident.

Drowning happens when a person spends too much time underwater or with their nose and mouth submerged in a liquid to the point where they are unable to breathe and their lungs are filled with liquid.

In many countries, drowning is one of the biggest causes of death for children under 14 years old. Children have drowned in wading pools and even bathtubs. Many people drown in countries where there is a lot of water, especially if they swim in dangerous waters.  For example, in the United Kingdom there are about 450 drownings each year (that is: 1 per 150,000 of people), and in the United States there are about 6,500 drownings (or around 1 per 50,000 of people). Drowning related injuries are the fifth most likely cause of accidental death in the US. In some places, drowning is the second most likely cause of injury and death for children.

## Prevention

There are many ways in which drowning can be prevented. Some examples are:

- **Watching** - drowning can be silent, so this is why watching the person is very important. It is even more important to watch children and infants. A baby can drown in a bathtub. Many people choose to take their children to swim in areas that have security cameras or lifeguards
- **Learning to swim** - this is one of the most important ways to prevent drowning. Children should be taught to swim when they are less than 8 years old
- **Pool fencing** - Private pools should always be fenced when they are not being used if there are children around so they do not fall inside the pool, and so they don't use the pool without another adult watching them
- **Alcohol** - a drunk person has a greater chance of drowning that someone who is not
- **Lifejackets** - people that cannot swim should use a lifejacket so they float on the surface
- **Diving** - a person can be knocked out and drown if they dive into a pool and hit their head on the bottom. In some cases, this may cause someone to be paralyzed and die, or have long-term disabilities
- **Avoiding dangerous water** - nobody should swim in waters that have large waves and fast currents. The speed of a current can be determined by how quickly items on the surface of the water move. Some currents are underwater and cannot be seen from above
Wollongong, New South Wales

**Wollongong** ()  is a city in New South Wales, Australia. It is on the eastern coast of Australia, , just over one hour from the south of Sydney and 2.5 hours from Canberra. It is the third largest city in New South Wales, after Sydney and Newcastle. It has passenger trains to and from Sydney.

## Infobox (australian place)

- **type**: city
- **name**: Wollongong
- **state**: nsw
- **native name**: _Woolyungah_
- **image**: Wollongong at night.jpg
- **caption**: Overlooking Wollongong at night
- **force national map**: yes
- **pop**: 295,842
- **pop year**: 2016
- **poprank**: 10th
- **postcode**: 2500
- **elevation**: 5
- **area**: 572.2
- **timezone**: Australian Eastern Standard Time, AEST
- **utc**: +10
- **timezone-dst**: Australian Eastern Daylight Time, AEDT
- **utc-dst**: +11
- **dist1**: 84
- **dir1**: S
- **location1**: Sydney
- **lga**: City of Wollongong
- **lga2**: City of Shellharbour
- **lga3**: Municipality of Kiama
- **region**: Illawarra
- **fedgov**: Division of Cunningham, Cunningham
- **fedgov2**: Division of Whitlam, Whitlam
- **maxtemp**: 21.8
- **mintemp**: 13.3
- **rainfall**: 1320.9
Yule

**Yuletide** is a pagan holiday also known as the Winter solstice. Generally celebrated by Wiccans and Northern European Christians. "Yuletide" celebrates the birth of the Sun and also celebrates the "Mother" at the height of her "Greatness".
Pagans celebrate Yuletide in many ways, most will decorate a "Yuletide" tree, keep it in their homes until most of the leaves fall off then burn the Yule log. Many Wiccans will decorate their alters with Yule colours and items and generally just honour the Goddess.

## Yuletide in Christianity

The Christian holiday, Christmas, was created by the Christian Romans based around the polytheistic (many Gods) Sun God festival (Sol Invictis) on the winter solstice, and people in northern Europe combined it with their Yule festival.  Yule is celebrated on the 25th of December by most Northern Europeans and the 21st of December, by Wiccans and many non religious groups. For them, Yule is celebrated as the longest night of the year. It is the night when the sun sets earliest and rises latest the next day. The Wiccan ritual includes thanking the Goddess for the past year and asking for a happiness in the year to come.

## References

- Rouche, Michel, "Private life conquers state and society," in _A History of Private Life_ vol I, Paul Veyne, editor, Harvard University Press 1987
- Farrar, Janet and Stewart ([1989] 1998).  The Witch's God, "IX Oak King and Holly King".  35-38.  Phoenix Publishing, Inc.  Blaine, Washington.

## Other websites

- Stone, John Robert, Observing Bede's Anglo-Saxon Calendar
Warrnambool, Victoria

**Warrnambool** is a city on the south-western coast of Victoria, Australia. About 34,000 people live in the city. It is at the western end of the Great Ocean Road. It is also on the Princes Highway which links Melbourne and Adelaide. Warrnambool is 265 kilometres and 3 hours from Melbourne by road or rail. The name _Warrnambool_ is an Indigenous Australian word meaning "water between two rivers", "two swamps", or "plenty of water".

There are daily trains to Melbourne, via Geelong, and buses to Ballarat, Hamilton and Mount Gambier, South Australia.

The average maximum temperatures are 22 C in summer and 14 C in winter.

## The Mahogany Ship

It is possible that the first European people to come to Warrnambool arrived in the 1500s. There is a wrecked ship in the sand dunes near Warrnambool which historians believe is an early Portuguese ship. It may have been part of an expedition in 1522, led by Christovao Mendonca. The wreck was first seen in 1836, but the last sighting was in 1880. It is now covered in sand, and its exact location is now unknown. It is just one of the 80 wrecked ships along the coast. There are 29 wrecks in Lady Bay at Warrnambool. The first recorded exploration of this part of the Victorian coast was by the French explorer Nicholas Baudin in 1802. During the 1830s whaler hunters lived on the coast during the whaling season.

## Early settlement

Farmers began to settle along the coast during the 1840s. In 1846 the town was surveyed and laid out, and the first land sale was held in 1847.

## Infobox (australian place)

- **type**: city
- **name**: Warrnambool
- **state**: vic
- **image**: View from Pickering Point, Warrnambool.JPG
- **caption**: Warrnambool foreshore from Pickering Point
- **pop**: 35743
- **pop year**: 2021
- **lga**: City of Warrnambool
- **postcode**: 3280
- **est**: 1855
- **timezone**: UTC10, AEST
- **utc**: +10
- **maxtemp**: 19.0
- **mintemp**: 8.5
- **rainfall**: 738.0
- **timezone-dst**: UTC11, AEST
- **utc-dst**: +11
- **stategov**: Electoral district of South-West Coast, South-West Coast
- **fedgov**: Division of Wannon, Wannon
- **dist1**: 265
- **dir1**: SW
- **location1**: Melbourne, Victoria, Melbourne
- **dist2**: 114
- **dir2**: W
- **location2**: Colac, Victoria, Colac
- **dist3**: 115
- **dir3**: SE
- **location3**: Hamilton, Victoria, Hamilton
- **dist4**: 106
- **dir4**: E
- **location4**: Portland, Victoria, Portland
- **local map**: yes
- **zoom**: 10
Whitney Sloan

**Whitney Adela Sloan** (born August 21, 1988) is an English actress. She is from London, England. Perhaps her most notable role is in a recent Disney made movie, _Go Figure_.
Macedonia

**Macedonia** or **Macedonian** may refer to:

## Places

- Macedonia (region) as a complete region including the whole Macedonia
- Macedonia (Greece), the biggest region of Greece
- Republic of North Macedonia, a Balkan, land-locked country
    - Macedonians, a Slavic people who live in the Republic of North Macedonia
    - Macedonian language, a Slavic language spoken in the Republic of North Macedonia
- Blagoevgrad, a province in Bulgaria sometimes called 'Pirin Macedonia'
- Macedonia, Iowa, a city in the U.S. state of Iowa
- Macedonia, Ohio, a city in the U.S. state of Ohio

### Former places

- The ancient Macedonian Empire, a place in today's Greek Macedonia
- Macedonia (Roman province), a province of the early Roman Empire

## Other

- Macedonia (food), a fruit-vegetable salad
Rock paper scissors

**Rock paper scissors** (RPS) is a two-person hand game. It is often used as a selection method in a similar way to coin flipping or drawing straws to randomly select a person for some purpose. However, unlike truly random selections, it can be played with skill if the game extends over many sessions, as a player can often recognize and exploit the non-random behavior of an opponent.

Sportsmen often use RPS (both officially and unofficially, in place of a coin toss) to decide on opening plays. Similarly, uncertain calls, or even the whole game in case of rain, may be so decided. It is also often used as a method for creating appropriately non-biased random results in live action role-playing games, as it requires no equipment. It is also used in some gambling sites as a form of novelty betting.

The exact name of the game can vary, with the three components appearing in a different order, or with "stone" in place of "rock". Non-English speakers may know the game by their local words for "rock, paper, scissors", although it is also known as Janken or Yakyuken in Japan, Kawi Bawi Bo in Korea, Pierre-Papier-Ciseaux in France, Ca-Chi-Pun in Chile, and in South Africa as Ching-Chong-Cha, the words used in the 'count'.

The players both count aloud to three, or speak the name of the game (e.g. "Rock! Paper! Scissors!" or "Reaux! Sham! Beaux!"), each time raising one hand in a fist and swinging it down on the count. On the third count, or on a further beat after the third count (saying "shoot"), the players change their hands into one of three gestures, which they then "throw" by extending it towards their opponent.

Rock is represented by a closed fist.
Paper is represented by an open hand.
Scissors is represented by the index and middle fingers extended.
The objective is to select a gesture which defeats that of the opponent. Gestures are resolved as follows:

Rock blunts/smashes scissors; rock wins.
Paper covers rock; paper wins.
Scissors cut paper; scissors wins.

In terms of logic, this type of game is intransitive.
If both players choose the same gesture, the game is tied and played again.

In some variations of the game, the winner of each round "uses" the weapon on the opponent's weapon, to demonstrate that they have won.

RPS is frequently played in a "best two out of three" match, and tournament players often prepare sequences of three gestures ahead of time.

## Popularity

The game is famous in Korea, Japan, China, and the United States.
Darwin

**Darwin** can mean:
- Charles Darwin (1809–1882), the person who developed the biological theory of evolution by natural selection
- Erasmus Darwin (1731–1802), the grandfather of Charles
- Darwin, Northern Territory, capital city of the Northern Territory, Australia
- Darwin (operating system), a computer operating system used on Apple's Mac OS X
Katie Leung

**Katie Leung** (born 8 August 1987) is a Scottish actress. She is most famous for her role as Cho Chang in the _Harry Potter_ series. She was born in Dundee, Scotland.

Her parents, Peter and Kar Wai Li Leung, are Chinese immigrants. After her parents got divorced, she lived with her father in a £400,000 house in Motherwell, Scotland. Her two brothers and a younger sister, also lived with her. Her father owns a restaurant and a fast food business in Motherwell. Leung went to school at Hamilton College, a Scottish private school in Glasgow. She speaks fluent Cantonese and some Mandarin.

Leung has been named as Scotland's most stylish female and as the hottest Scotswoman by _The Scotsman_. She has also been in _Teen Vogue_ and in _Evening Standard_.

## Film & Television & Stage

|Year|Title|Role|Notes||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2005|_Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire_|Cho Chang|Movie||
|2007|_Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix_|Cho Chang|Movie, Voice Over on Video Game||
|Love Coming Home (愛回家) (Music Video) – Leo Ku|Girlfriend|Music Video|||
|2008|_Agatha Christie's Poirot_|Hsui Tai|(TV) Episode "Cat Amongst the Pigeons".ITV1 TV Production||
|2011|_Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2_|Cho Chang|Movie||
|2012|_Wild Swans_|Jung Chang|Stage Production||
|2013|_Run_|Ying|TV Mini-Series (4 Episodes)||
|2017|_T2 Trainspotting_|Nurse|Movie||
|_The Foreigner_|Fan|Movie|||
|2018|_Strangers_|Lau Chen|TV series||
|rowspan=2|2019|_Chimerica_|Liuli|TV mini-series (4 Episodes)|
|_Moominvalley_|Too-Ticky|Animated series; Voice|||

### 2008

- Best Kiss Nominee 2008 MTV Movie Awards U.S. (alongside Daniel Radcliffe)

### 2007

- Scotland's Most Stylish Female
- No. 80 on the Cosmogirl's Hot 100 List.

### 2006

- Outstanding Newcomer Award, Asian Excellence Awards (Top 4)
- Young Scots Award (nominee)

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Katie Leung
- **image**: Katie Leung 2020.jpg
- **caption**: Katie Leung at the 2020 German Comic Con Home Edition
- **birth place**: Dundee, Scotland
- **nationality**: Scottish people, Scottish
- **occupation**: Actress
- **years active**: 2004–present
- **children**: Wolf Leung
- **known for**: Cho Chang in Harry Potter (film series), _Harry Potter_ franchise
Jazz fusion

**Jazz fusion** (also known as **jazz rock**, **jazz-rock fusion**, or simply **fusion**) is a genre or style of music. Jazz fusion mixes jazz with rock. Some jazz fusion also uses funk, rhythm and blues and world music.

Jazz fusion is usually played with instruments, without singing. The songs are often longer than those in pop music. A jazz fusion song could be five to ten minutes long. A pop song is usually about three minutes long. Also, jazz fusion songs have a long solo played by instruments. Frank Zappa, for example, had long guitar solos in his music, which was of the jazz fusion genre. In jazz fusion, solos are improvised, or made up as they are played, during a performance.

Jazz fusion music is not heard much on the radio in the United States or Canada. In Europe, it is more popular on radio stations.

## History

Jazz fusion began in the late 1960s in the United States. In the late 1960s jazz musicians such as Miles Davis and a band called The Tony Williams Lifetime began using electric instruments such as electric bass and electric piano in their jazz music. As well, jazz musicians began adding rhythms or beats from soul music, rhythm and blues, and rock music into their jazz music. Two important jazz fusion albums are _In a Silent Way_ and _Bitches Brew._

In the 1970s, more people began playing jazz fusion. It became more popular, so more people began listening to jazz fusion and going to jazz fusion concerts. In the 1970s, jazz musicians such as Herbie Hancock, Joe Zawinul, Jan Hammer and Chick Corea began using electronic synthesizers in their songs.

In the early 1980s, a new style of jazz fusion called "pop fusion" began being played. This new style of pop fusion was softer and slower than fusion from the early 1970s. Pop fusion was played a lot more on the radio than the fusion from the early 1970s. Pop fusion musicians include Earl Klugh, Lee Ritenour, Al Jarreau, Kenny G, Bob James and David Sanborn.
Steve Vai was an icon of jazz fusion in the 1980s and played extensive guitar based jazz fusion instrumentals.

## Infobox (music genre)

- **name**: Jazz fusion
- **other names**: Jazz rock, jazz-rock fusion, fusion
- **cultural origins**: Late 1960s, United States
- **other topics**: List of jazz fusion musicians, List of musicians
Stadio Olimpico

**Stadio Olimpico** is a sports stadium in Rome, Italy.

## Events

- 1960 Summer Olympics
- UEFA Euro 1968 Final
- 1976 UEFA Champions League Final
- 1984 European Cup Final
- 1987 World Athletics Championships
- 1990 FIFA World Cup Final
- 1996 UEFA Champions League Final
- 2009 UEFA Champions League Final
- S.S. Lazio and A.S. Roma home matches

## Infobox (stadium)

- **stadium name**: Stadio Olimpico
- **nickname**: Olimpico
- **location**: Rome, Italy 
- **broke ground**: 1901
- **built**: 1928
- **opened**: 1937
- **renovated**: 1953
- **expanded**: 1990
- **owner**: Italian National Olympic Committee
- **surface**: Grass
105 × 68 m
- **architect**: Annibale Vitellozzi
- **tenants**: S.S. Lazio
 A.S. Roma
Italy national football team, Italian football team (selected matches)
Italy national rugby union team
  seating_capacity  = 73.261
Insulation

**Insulation** might mean:
- Thermal insulation, materials used to reduce the rate of heat transfer
    - Building insulation, thermal insulation added to buildings for comfort and energy efficiency
    - Insulated glazing
- Insulator (electricity), materials used to reduce the conduction of electricity
- Soundproofing, reducing sound
Arc de Triomphe

The **Arc de Triomphe de l'Étoile** is commonly known as **Arc de Triomphe** (meaning _arch of victory_). It is a famous monument in Paris. It is at the centre of the Place Charles de Gaulle. This was formerly called the _Place de l'Étoile_ at the western end of the Champs-Elysées.

Emperor Napoléon Bonaparte commissioned it in 1806 after victory in the Battle of Austerlitz. It was inaugurated on 29 July 1836. It is a large arch, but it is not possible to drive underneath it. Jean-François Chalgrin designed it, and it has roughly 300 steps that lead to the top. It has four main sculptures and six reliefs. Just beneath the vault of the arch, there is the tomb of the unknown soldier. The names of French generals and battles are engraved on the walls. The first stone was laid on August 6th, 1806. It is over 160 feet high and serves as a gate/entryway for the city.
Show

**Show** can mean different things:

- It can mean a theatrical play
- It can mean a film or movie
- It can mean a musical concert
- It can mean a performance at the opera
- It can also mean a television program
Traffic light

**Traffic lights** (or **traffic signals** or **stoplights**) are lights used to control the movement of traffic. They are placed at road intersections and crossings. The different colours of lights tell drivers what to do.

In South Africa, they call them **robots**.

In Japan, the green light is also blue because _ao_ in Japanese means green and blue.

## Light cycles

Traffic lights change their colours in the same order every time. In most English-speaking countries, traffic lights usually change in this order:
1. Red light on: This tells traffic to stop.
1. Green light on: This tells traffic to start or keep driving.
1. Yellow light on: This tells traffic to drive slowly.
Sometimes there is a different light for using the crosswalks.

Lester Wire was credited with the invention of the electric traffic light in 1912 in Salt Lake City, Utah.  Garrett Morgan, an African-American inventor, also developed a traffic signalling system, and was one of the first people to get a patent for a traffic light.

William Potts, a Detroit police officer, invented the first traffic light with three colours in 1920 in Detroit, Michigan.

## Other websites

- FHWA Arterial Management Website, latest information on traffic signal operations
- Animations of various US signal phasings
- SCATSSydney Coordinated Adaptive Traffic System
- Safety Evaluation of Converting Traffic Signals from Incandescent to Light-emitting Diodes: Summary Report Federal Highway Administration
- Safety Evaluation of Discontinuing Late-night Flash Operations at Signalized Intersections: Summary Report Federal Highway Administration
- Traffic signals, 1922, digitized NYPD photograph from the Lloyd Sealy Library Digital Collections
Railway signal

A **railway signal** or just **signal** is a mechanical or electrical machine that gives train drivers or engineers information about the line ahead. These traffic signals say whether the train must stop or may continue and what speed the train may go.

In Britain, modern signalling uses a system similar to road traffic lights. The signals are coloured lights mounted on a pole. A red signal means 'do not go further'. A yellow signal gives a warning to the driver that the next signal is showing a red.  Some signals can show two yellow lights, known as a "double yellow" and are warnings to the driver that the next signal is showing a yellow.  A green signal means 'you can continue'.

On older lines semaphore signal<nowiki/>s are still used.  These are poles with a coloured bar at the top, which can be moved so that it is either horizontal, or at an angle.  When a red bar is horizontal this means that the train must stop, and when it is pointing diagonally up or down it means that it's safe for the driver to continue.  There are also signals with yellow bars which give warnings in the same way as yellow lights on newer signals.

## Related pages

- Communications-based train control
Maitland, New South Wales

**Maitland** () is a city in New South Wales, Australia. The city is on the Hunter River. Maitland is 200 km north of Sydney and 30 km northwest of Newcastle. Maitland is the largest city that is not on the sea in New South Wales. The Maitland Gaol, which closed in 1998, is now a tourist attraction. It has passenger trains to and from Sydney.

## Other websites

- The Maitland City Council website
- The Maitland Gaol website

## Infobox (australian place)

- **type**: city
- **name**: Maitland
- **state**: nsw
- **native name**: _Minderibba_
- **image**: Maitland Town Hall.jpg
- **caption**: Maitland Town Hall, High Street
- **pop**: 67132
- **density**: 513.6
- **est**: 1820
- **postcode**: 2320
- **elevation**: 3
- **area**: 392
- **timezone**: Australian Eastern Standard Time, AEST
- **utc**: +10
- **timezone-dst**: Australian Eastern Daylight Time, AEDT
- **utc-dst**: +11
- **dist1**: 166
- **dir1**: N
- **location1**: Sydney
- **dist2**: 35
- **dir2**: NW
- **location2**: Newcastle, New South Wales, Newcastle
- **lga**: Maitland City Council
- **region**: Hunter Region, Hunter
- **county**: Northumberland County, New South Wales, Northumberland
- **parish**: Maitland
- **stategov**: Electoral district of Maitland, Maitland
- **fedgov**: Division of Hunter, Hunter
- **fedgov2**: Division of Paterson, Paterson
- **fedgov3**: Division of Lyne, Lyne
- **maxtemp**: 24.4
- **mintemp**: 11.5
- **rainfall**: 815.6
- **local map**: yes
- **zoom**: 8
Benalla

**Benalla** is a city in Victoria, Australia. In 2016, 9,298 people lived there. Benalla is on the Hume Highway between Sydney and Melbourne. The town is on the Broken River, which often floods. Benalla has a station on the main railway line between Sydney and Melbourne. Benalla is widely known for its annual 'Wall to Wall' festival which sees many tourists through the area to visit the wall art.

## History

Major Thomas Mitchell went through this area on his way back to Sydney in 1836. One of the men with him, a convict named James Taylor, was drowned while trying to cross the Broken River. After Mitchell many farmers arrived with sheep to make new farms. The Reverend Joseph Docker (1793 - 1865) started a farm called _"Benalta"_ in 1838 but later settled on the run Bontherambo, near Wangaratta. The name came from the Taungurung Australian aboriginal word meaning "musk duck". The name was later changed to Benalla.

Seven men, working for farmers George and William Faithfull, were killed by the aborigines at Winding Swamp on April 11 1838. The police under Captain Lonsdale killed many Taungurung people as punishment. Their ears were cut off and taken back to Melbourne as a trophy (prize).

The town of Benalla was surveyed in 1846.

## Botanical gardens

The Benalla Botanical Gardens were started in 1886. They cover an area of . The gardens are well known for their collection of roses. The gardens also have three _Ulmus x viminalis_, an elm tree hybrid. These trees are listed on the Significant Tree Register of the National Trust. They are the only known examples of the hybrid elm in Australia.

## Infobox (australian place)

- **type**: town
- **name**: Benalla
- **state**: vic
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Rural City of Benalla
- **image**: Benalla-aerial.jpg
- **caption**: Aerial view from the east
- **lga**: Rural City of Benalla
- **use lga map**: yes
- **postcode**: 3672
- **pop**: 9,298
- **area**: 25.5
- **area footnotes**: (ABS Community Profile)
- **est**: 1840s
- **elevation**: 169.5
- **maxtemp**: 22.0
- **mintemp**: 8.7
- **rainfall**: 670.5
- **stategov**: Electoral district of Euroa, Euroa
- **fedgov**: Division of Indi, Indi
- **dist1**: 40.5
- **dir1**: SW
- **location1**: Wangaratta, Victoria, Wangaratta
- **dist2**: 212
- **dir2**: NE
- **location2**: Melbourne
- **dist3**: 61
- **dir3**: E
- **location3**: Shepparton, Victoria, Shepparton
- **local map**: yes
- **zoom**: 8
Grafton, New South Wales

**Grafton** (, ) is a small city on the northern coast of New South Wales, Australia. It is on the Clarence River and is 640 kilometres north of Sydney. The town is famous for its double-decker road/railway bridge. There are passenger trains to and from Sydney or Brisbane and buses to and from Moree.

## Infobox (australian place)

- **type**: city
- **name**: Grafton
- **state**: nsw
- **native name**:

- **image**: Graftonbridge1.jpg
- **caption**: Grafton Bridge, New South Wales, Grafton Bridge across the Clarence River (New South Wales), Clarence River
- **relief**: 1
- **pushpin label position**: left
- **pop**: 18,668
- **pop year**: 2016
- **postcode**: 2460
- **elevation**: 5
- **dist1**: 640
- **location1**: Sydney
- **dist2**: 345
- **location2**: Brisbane
- **lga**: Clarence Valley Council
- **county**: Clarence County, New South Wales, Clarence
- **stategov**: Electoral district of Clarence, Clarence
- **fedgov**: Division of Page, Page
- **maxtemp**: 25.8
- **mintemp**: 12.7
- **rainfall**: 992.3
- **est**: 1851
- **local map**: yes
- **zoom**: 8