juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Zaire

**Zaire**, officially the **Republic of Zaire** () was the name of a country that is now called the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It used this name from 27 November 1971 to 17 May 1997. The name "Zaire" comes from a Portuguese corruption of the Kongo word _nzare_, meaning "river".

## Infobox (former country)

- **native name**: **'
**'
__
- **conventional long name**: Republic of Zaire<sup>a</sup>
- **common name**: Zaire
- **continent**: Africa
- **country**: Zaire
- **era**: Cold War
- **event pre**: Congo Crisis, Coup d'état
- **date pre**: 25 November 1965
- **event start**: Country renamed
- **year start**: 1971
- **date start**: 27 October
- **event end**: First Congo War, Mobutu overthrown
- **year end**: 1997
- **date end**: 16 May
- **event post**: Death of Mobutu
- **date post**: 7 September 1997
- **p1**: Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)
- **flag p1**: Flag of Congo-Kinshasa (1966-1971).svg
- **s1**: Democratic Republic of the Congo
- **flag s1**: Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (1997-2003).svg
- **image flag**: Flag of Zaire.svg
- **flag**: Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
- **image coat**: Zaire Coat of Arms.svg
- **symbol**: Coat of arms of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
- **image map**: Republic of Zaire (orthographic projection).svg
- **national motto**: _Paix – Justice – Travail_<small>
"Peace – Justice – Work"</small>
- **national anthem**: _La Zaïroise_
<small>"The Song of Zaire"</small>

- **common languages**: French language, French
Lingala language, LingalaKongo language, Kongo
Swahili language, SwahiliLuba language, Tshiluba
- **demonym**: Zairian
- **capital**: Kinshasa
- **latd**: 4
- **latm**: 24
- **latns**: S
- **longd**: 15
- **longm**: 24
- **longew**: E
- **title leader**: List of heads of state of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, President
- **leader1**: Mobutu Sese Seko
- **year leader1**: 1971–1997
- **stat year1**: 1996
- **stat area1**: 2345410
- **stat pop1**: 46498539
- **currency**: Zairean zaire, Zaïre
- **time zone**: Central European Time, CETEastern European Time, EET
- **cctld**: .zr
- **religion**: Christianity, Baluba mythology, Baluba religion, Bantu mythology, Bantu religion
- **calling code**: 243
- **footnotes**: a. Renamed from "Democratic Republic of the Congo" (_République démocratique du Congo_) on 27 October 1971.
b. Changed from "Léopoldville" in 1966.
c. Zaire became a _de jure_ one-party state on December 23, 1970, but had been a _de facto_ one-party state since May 20, 1967, the date on which the Popular Movement of the Revolution, MPR (_Mouvement Populaire de la Revolution_) was established. Zaire formally adopted a multiparty system on April 24, 1990, when Mobutu delivered a speech proclaiming the end of the one-party system. The country adopted multipartyism _de jure_ with the passage of Law No. 90-002 of July 5, 1990, which amended its constitution accordingly.
d. 1990–1997.
Encino, Los Angeles

**Encino**, California is a district of Los Angeles.

## Other websites

- Map of Los Angeles Neighborhoods

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Encino
- **settlement type**: Neighborhood of Los Angeles
- **image skyline**: Encino Commons, Valley's Miracle Mile.JPG
- **image caption**: Encino Commons in Encino, 2010
- **named for**: Rancho Los Encinos
- **image map**: Map of Encino, Los Angeles, California.png
- **map caption**: Encino as mapped by the _Los Angeles Times_
- **pushpin map**: United States San Fernando Valley#United States Los Angeles
- **pushpin map caption**: Location within Los Angeles/San Fernando Valley
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: California
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in California, County
- **subdivision name2**: Los Angeles County, California, Los Angeles
- **subdivision type3**: List of municipalities in California, City
- **subdivision name3**: Los Angeles
- **elevation m**: 235.9
- **elevation ft**: 774
- **population total**: 53,155
- **population as of**: 2022
- **timezone**: Pacific Standard Time, PST
- **utc offset**: -8
- **timezone dst**: PDT
- **utc offset dst**: -7
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 91316, 91436
Winter Olympic Games

**Winter Olympic Games** were originally considered to be linked with the nation hosting the Summer Olympic Games.  The country holding the summer games was preferred as the host for the winter games.  Since 1948, the locations of summer and winter games have developed independent of each other.
- 1924 - I Olympic Winter Games - Chamonix, France
- 1928 - II Olympic Winter Games - St. Moritz, Switzerland
- 1932 - III Olympic Winter Games - Lake Placid, New York, United States
- 1948 - V Olympic Winter Games - St. Moritz, Switzerland
- 1952 - VI Olympic Winter Games - Oslo, Norway
- 1956 - VII Olympic Winter Games - Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy
- 1960 - VIII Olympic Winter Games - Squaw Valley, California, United States
- 1964 - IX Olympic Winter Games - Innsbruck, Austria
- 1968 - X Olympic Winter Games - Grenoble, France
- 1972 - XI Olympic Winter Games - Sapporo, Japan
- 1976 - XII Olympic Winter Games - Innsbruck, Austria
- 1980 - XIII Olympic Winter Games - Lake Placid, New York, United States
- 1984 - XIV Olympic Winter Games - Sarajevo, Yugoslavia
- 1988 - XV Olympic Winter Games - Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- 1992 - XVI Olympic Winter Games - Albertville, France
- 1994 - XVII Olympic Winter Games - Lillehammer, Norway
- 1998 - XVIII Olympic Winter Games - Nagano, Japan
- 2002 - XIX Olympic Winter Games - Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
- 2006 - XX Olympic Winter Games - Torino, Italy
- 2010 - XXI Olympic Winter Games - Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- 2014 - XXII Olympic Winter Games - Sochi, Russia
- 2018 - XXIII Olympic Winter Games - Pyeongchang, South Korea
- 2022 - XXIV Olympic Winter Games - Beijing, China
- 2026 - XXV Olympics Winter Games - Milan and Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy
Woodside, California

**Woodside** is a town in California with a population of about 5,000 people and over 5,000 horses. It is in the northern region of Silicon Valley and has the highest per-capita population of billionaires, as well as being the home of celebrities including Shirley Temple, Neil Diamond, Joan Baez, Michelle Pfeiffer and a gorilla named Koko that knew more than a thousand words of American Sign Language.

## Other websites

- Town of Woodside home page
- Woodside Public Library - a branch of the San Mateo County Library
- Woodside Fire District

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Woodside, California
- **settlement type**: List of municipalities in California, Town
- **image skyline**: Village_Hub_Woodside.jpg
- **image caption**: The Village Hub in Downtown Woodside
- **image map**: San_Mateo_County_California_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Woodside_Highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 250x200px
- **map caption**: Location in San Mateo County, California, San Mateo County and the state of California
- **pushpin map**: California#USA
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in the United States
- **pushpin label**: Woodside
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: California
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in California, County
- **subdivision name2**: San Mateo County, California, San Mateo
- **established title**: Municipal corporation, Incorporated
- **established date**: November 16, 1956
- **government type**: Town Council
- **total type**: Total
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total sq mi**: 11.47
- **area total km2**: 29.70
- **area land sq mi**: 11.47
- **area land km2**: 29.70
- **area water sq mi**: 0.00
- **area water km2**: 0.00
- **area water percent**: 0
- **elevation ft**: 387
- **elevation m**: 118
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 5309
- **population density sq mi**: auto
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone**: Pacific Time Zone, Pacific
- **utc offset**: −8
- **timezone dst**: Pacific Daylight Time, PDT
- **utc offset dst**: −7
- **postal code type**: ZIP codes
- **postal code**: 94061–94062
- **area code type**: North American Numbering Plan, Area code
- **area code**: Area code 650, 650
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature IDs
- **blank1 info**: ,
Pathogen

A **pathogen** is an infectious thing, such as a virus, bacteria, fungi or parasite, which causes a disease. This ability is called **pathogenicity**.

The body has many ways to defend against some of the common pathogens (such as _Pneumocystis_) in the form of the human immune system and by some "helpful" bacteria present in the human body's normal human flora. However, if the immune system or "good" bacteria is damaged in any way (for example, chemotherapy, HIV, or antibiotics being taken to kill other pathogens), pathogenic bacteria that were being held back can grow and cause harm to the host. Such cases are opportunistic infections.

Some pathogens cause epidemics. These include the bacterium _Yersinia pestis_ which may have caused the Black Death, the _Variola_ virus, and the malarial protozoa. They hurt or even kill large numbers of people.

The most famous and lethal outbreak was the 1918 Spanish flu pandemic (type A influenza, H1N1 subtype), which lasted from 1918 to 1919. It is not known exactly how many it killed, but estimates range from 20 to 100 million people. This pandemic has been described as "the greatest medical holocaust in history" and may have killed as many people as the Black Death.

The huge death toll was caused by an extremely high infection rate of up to 50% and the extreme severity of the symptoms. One observer wrote, "One of the most striking of the complications was hemorrhage from mucous membranes, especially from the nose, stomach, and intestine. Bleeding from the ears and skin also occurred". The majority of deaths were from bacterial pneumonia, a secondary infection caused by influenza, but the virus also killed people directly, causing massive bleeding and oedema in the lungs.

In plants, fungi are the main cause of infectious disease.
Pesticide

A **pesticide** is a chemical that is used to kill or prevent small animals (or organisms) which are considered to be unwanted. These organisms are called pests. Some of these pests that people do not want are insects, microbes that destroy plants, and other things that affect humans in a bad way and it may kill humans too. Many pesticides are poisonous, and are bad for not only the organisms they kill, but for humans too. A pesticide also affects the environment
and the atmosphere.

The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants lists chemicals that are very hard to destroy, or very toxic. In total, twelve chemicals are listed. Nine of them can be used as pesticides.

## Types of Pesticides

There are different types of pesticides for getting rid of different pests.
- Herbicides kill weeds
- Insecticides kill insects that eat plants and crops
- Fungicides kill any bad fungi

## Effects of pesticides

Pesticides are used to kill pests, but many are bad for human health. They may pollute water, and go into rivers, lakes, and ponds. This will cause acid rain, and organisms living in the water can get sick and die, because the water where they live has more acid.

Pesticides used to protect crops are very damaging to the general ecosystem. They kill not just pests but vital insects which do pollination and other things. Every area needs a balance, but generally we do not have a system which does this.

## Alternatives

In many cases, there are alternatives to the use of (chemical) pesticides. These include:
- Use of genetic engineering
- Release of other organisms to control the pests, such as predators or parasites. That way, ducks can be used in rice fields to act against snails, for example
- Some foods can be processed and used to control certain pest
- Use of polycultures, that is growing many different crops together, rather than just one crop.
Inhalation

**Inhalation** is half of what occurs when people or animals breathe. Air is moved from the outside through the respiratory system into the lungs. The lungs take out some oxygen and put it into the blood. Drugs can also be inhaled with an inhaler to put them into the blood. The air is then moved out of the lungs again. This is the other half of breathing, called exhalation.
Severe acute respiratory syndrome

**Severe acute respiratory syndrome** (**SARS**) was an atypical pneumonia. It started in November 2002 in Guangdong Province, in the city of Foshan, of the People's Republic of China. The disease was caused by the SARS coronavirus (SARS CoV), a new coronavirus. It was also a part-time STD, it can be spread through both sexual and casual contact.

SARS is a zoonosis: it is a disease which comes from animals: it came from  Asian palm civets to cave-dwelling horseshoe bats. Exactly how the virus got to humans is not known.

SARS was first reported in Asia in February 2003. Over the next few months, the illness spread to more than 24 countries in Asia, North America, South America, and Europe before the SARS global outbreak of 2003 was contained. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), a total of 8098 people worldwide became sick with SARS during the 2003 outbreak. 774 of them died.

After the Chinese government suppressed news of the SARS outbreak, the disease spread rapidly, reaching Hong Kong and Vietnam in late February 2003, and then to other countries via international travellers. The last case in this outbreak occurred in June 2003. There were a total of 8437 known cases of the disease, with 813 deaths (a mortality rate of 9.636%).

In May 2005 the disease itself was declared 'eradicated' by the WHO and it became the second disease in mankind to receive this label (the other was smallpox). The _New York Times_ reported that "not a single case of severe acute respiratory syndrome has been reported this year or in late 2004. It is the first winter without a case since the initial outbreak in late 2002. Also, the epidemic strain of SARS that caused at least 813 deaths worldwide by June of 2003 has not been seen outside a laboratory since then."

## Related pages

- Pneumonia
- COVID-19

## Infobox (disease)

- **name**: (SARS)
<small>Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome</small>
- **image**: Infectious bronchitis virus.png
- **caption**: SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV) causes the illness
- **diseasesdb**: 32835
- **medlineplus**: 007192
- **emedicinesubj**: med
- **emedicinetopic**: 3662
- **meshid**: D045169
Lazio

**Lazio** (Latin: _Latium_) is one of the twenty regions of Italy, in central Italy. The capital is Rome.

## Geography

The region is in Central Italy with an area of . It is bordered to the northwest by the Tuscany region, to the north by the Umbria region, to the northeast with the Marche region, to the east with the Abruzzo and Molise regions, to the southeast is the Campania region and to the west is the Tyrrhenian Sea. The Vatican City is within the region.

The main river in the region is the Tiber. The highest mountain in the region is Monte Gorzano, on the border with the Abruzzo region, with an altitude of .

The Pontine Islands () are an archipelago in the Tyrrhenian Sea off the west coast of Italy. They are part of Lazio.

### Provinces

Lazio has four provinces: Viterbo, Rieti, Latina, Frosinone, Rome (The Regional Capital)

|Province|Abbreviation|Capital|width=90px|Area <small>(km²)</small>|Population <small>(1 January 2017)</small>|Density (<small>inh./km²)</small>|_Comuni_|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|align="left"|Frosinone|align="center"|FR|align="left"|Frosinone|3,247.08|493,067||91|
|align="left"|Latina|align="center"|LT|align="left"|Latina|2,256.16|574,891||33|
|align="left"|Rieti|align="center"|RI|align="left"|Rieti|2,750.52|157,420||73|
|align="left"|Rome|align="center"|RM|align="left"|Rome|5,363.28|4,353,738||121|
|align="left"|Viterbo|align="center"|VT|align="left"|Viterbo|3,615.24|319,008||60|

### Largest municipalities

The 10 comuni with more people living in it are:
|No.|Comuni|Province|Population <small>(2017)</small>|Area <small>(km<sup>2</sup>)</small>|Density <small>(inh./km<sup>2</sup>)</small>|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|**1**|align="left"|Rome|align="left"|RM|2,873,494|1,287.36||
|**2**|align="left"|Latina|align="left"|LT|126,151|277.62||
|**3**|align="left"|Guidonia Montecelio|align="left"|RM|89,141|79.47||
|**4**|align="left"|Fiumicino|align="left"|RM|78,887|213.89||
|**5**|align="left"|Aprilia|align="left"|LT|73,934|178.11||
|**6**|align="left"|Viterbo|align="left"|VT|67,488|406.23||
|**7**|align="left"|Pomezia|align="left"|RM|63,268|86.57||
|**8**|align="left"|Tivoli|align="left"|RM|56,603|68.65||
|**9**|align="left"|Anzio|align="left"|RM|54,311|43.65||
|**10**|align="left"|Velletri|align="left"|RM|53,365|118.23||

## Other websites

- Lazio Region Official site

## Infobox (region of italy)

- **name**: Lazio
- **region coa**: Lazio Coat of Arms.svg
- **coa size**: 65px
- **flag**: Lazio Flag.svg
- **map**: Lazio in Italy.svg
- **image skyline**: Sede Regione Lazio.jpg
- **image alt**: Headquarters of the region in Rome
- **image caption**: Headquarters of the region in Rome
- **capital**: Rome
- **area**: 17232.29
- **population**: 5898124
- **pop date**: 1 January 2017
- **population demonym**: Laziali
- **gdp**: 185.737
- **gdp year**: 2014
- **leader**: Nicola Zingaretti
- **nuts**: ITI
- **website**: [http://www.regione.lazio.it/ Regione Lazio]
Rudolf Diesel

**Rudolf Christian Karl Diesel** (18 March 1858 – 30 September 1913) was a German engineer and inventor. His best known invention is Diesel engine. He was born in Paris and died on the English Channel. His death was officially judged a suicide, but many people believed (and still believe) that Diesel was murdered.

He had the idea to develop an engine which relied on a high compression of the fuel to ignite it. With this he could do without a spark. The technique with a spark was developed by Niklaus Otto. The engine based on this is called internal combustion engine.

In 1892, he got a patent for the engine.

He got a lot of money from licensing his invention.
Niklaus Otto

**Nikolaus August Otto** (10 June 1832 – 26 January 1891) was a German engineer. He is the inventor of the internal-combustion engine. This engine was the first to burn fuel directly in a piston chamber. Up until his invention, all engines were external-combustion engines steam engines and burnt their fuel in a separate compartment.
Uralic languages

The **Uralic languages** are a language family. It is mostly spoken in Asia as well in Europe. It originated somewhere in eastern Siberia, near Lake Baikal.

There are two modern main kinds: the Samoyedic languages and the Finno-Ugric languages.

## Origin

The Proto-Uralic languages and the early Uralic people originated somewhere in eastern Siberia or possibly Northeast Asia. They were closely related to other Siberian and East Asians but also to the Inuit. They migrated into central Siberia and then about 3,000 years ago started to migrate to the Baltic region, in Northeastern Europe. They assimilated many Paleo-European tribes. Genetic and anthropologic studies show that the early Uralic people were similar to various Siberian and East Asian people.

## External relations

Several linguists and geneticists suggest that the Uralic languages are related to various Siberian languages and possibly also some languages of northern Native Americans. A proposed family is named Uralo-Siberian. It includes Uralic, Yukaghir, Eskimo–Aleut (Inuit) and possibly Nivkh and Chukotko-Kamchatkan.

## List of Uralic languages

- Finno-Ugric languages
    - Hungarian
    - Khanty
    - Mansi
    - Estonian
    - Finnish
    - Karelian
    - Livonian
    - Votic
    - Ingrian
    - Sámi
    - Erzya
    - Moksha
    - Mari
    - Udmurt
    - Komi
    - Samoyedic languages
    - Nenets

## Infobox (language family)

- **name**: Uralic
- **region**: Eastern Europe, Eastern and Northern Europe, North Asia, Siberia
- **familycolor**: Uralic
- **family**: One of the world's major language family, language families (possibly Uralo-Siberian family)
- **protoname**: Proto-Uralic language, Proto-Uralic
- **child1**: Finnic languages, Finnic
- **child2**: Ugric languages, Ugric
- **child3**: Khanty language, Khanty
- **child4**: Mansi language, Mansi
- **child5**: Mari language, Mari
- **child6**: Mordvinic languages, Mordvinic
- **child7**: Permic languages, Permic
- **child8**: Sami languages, Sami
- **child9**: Samoyedic languages, Samoyedic
- **iso5**: urj
- **map**: Uralic languages.svg
- **child10**: Hungarian language, Hungarian
Indo-Aryan languages

The **Indo-Aryan** languages are a branch of the Indo-Iranian language family. These are mainly spoken in North India, Pakistan, Nepal, Sri Lanka, the Maldives and Bangladesh. However, some are also spoken in other places, such as Europe. The Indo-Aryan languages come from a common ancestor, Proto-Indo-Aryan, and today include many modern languages like Sindhi Marathi, Odia, Hindustani (Hindi and Urdu), Romani, Domari, Lomavren, Rohingya, Prakrit  and Sanskrit.

## Related pages

- Languages of South Asia
- Iranic languages

## Further reading

- Morgenstierne, Georg. "Early Iranic Influence upon Indo-Aryan." Acta Iranica, I. série, Commemoration Cyrus. Vol. I. Hommage universel (1974): 271-279.

## Other websites

- The Indo Aryan languages

## Infobox (language family)

- **name**: Indo-Aryan
- **altname**: Indic
- **region**: South Asia
- **familycolor**: Indo-European
- **protoname**: Proto-Indo-Aryan language, Proto-Indo-Aryan
- **fam2**: Indo-Iranian languages, Indo-Iranian
- **iso2**: inc
- **iso5**: inc
- **lingua**: 59= (phylozone)
- **map**: Indo-Aryan language map.svg
- **mapcaption**: Present-day geographical distribution of the major Indo-Aryan language groups. Romani language, Romani, Domari language, Domari, Kholosi language, Kholosi, Luwati, and Lomavren language, Lomavren are outside the scope of the map.

(not shown: Kunar languages, Kunar (Dardic), Chinali-Lahul languages, Chinali-Lahuli)
- **glottorefname**: Indo-Aryan
- **glotto**: indo1321
- **date**: 2018
- **ref**: –1.5 billion
Slavic languages

The **Slavic languages** (also called **Slavonic languages**) are a language family of the Indo-European group. Slavic languages and dialects are spoken in Central Europe, Eastern Europe, and North Asia.

### East Slavic languages

These languages are usually written with the Cyrillic alphabet.

- Ukrainian
- Belarusian
- Russian
- Rusyn

### West Slavic languages

These languages are usually written with the Roman alphabet.

- Czech-Slovak languages
    - Czech
    - Knaanic
    - Slovak
- Lechitic languages
    - Polish
        - Silesian
    - Pomeranian
        - Kashubian
        - Slovincian
    - Polabian
- Sorbian
    - Upper Sorbian
    - Lower Sorbian

### South Slavic languages

These languages may be written with the Cyrillic or Latin script, depending on the language.
- Eastern
    - Bulgarian
    - Macedonian
- Western
    - Serbian
        - Montenegrin
    - Bosnian
    - Croatian
        - Burgenland Croatian
        - Molise Croatian
        - Bunjevac Croatian
    - Slovenian

### Pan-Slavic languages

- Interslavic

## Other websites

- Slavic Grammar Matrix

## Infobox (language family)

- **name**: Slavic
- **region**: Throughout Central Europe, Eastern Europe and Russia
- **ethnicity**: Slavs
- **familycolor**: Indo-European
- **fam2**: Balto-Slavic languages, Balto-Slavic
- **protoname**: Proto-Slavic
- **child1**: East Slavic languages, East Slavic
- **child2**: South Slavic languages, South Slavic
- **child3**: West Slavic languages, West Slavic
- **map**: Slavic europe (Kosovo unshaded).svg
- **iso2**: sla
- **iso5**: sla
Padua

**Padua** () is an Italian city near Venice. It has about 210,000 people.

An old myth says that Padua was founded by the Trojan Antenore. There was a settlement since the 4th century before Christ. It got under Roman power in 215 B.C. In 426 A.D. Padua became destroyed by Attila. Narses reconstructed the city, but the Langobardes destroyed it a second time. Charles, the Great got Padua in 774 under power of the Francs, later the city joined the Holy Roman Empire of German Nation.

After struggles with Frederic Barbarossa it declared peace in 1177. In 1222 the second university of Italy was founded in Padua. The Gulfs got Padua in 1256, later the Republic of Venice got control about the city until Napoleon Bonaparte got it.

## Other websites

- The official site in Italian language

## Infobox (italian comune)

- **name**: Padua
- **official name**: Città di Padova
- **native name**:

- **image skyline**: Padua - Prato della Valle.jpg
- **image caption**: Prato della Valle
- **image shield**: CoA Padova.svg
- **region**: Veneto
- **province**: Province of Padua, Padua (PD)
- **frazioni**: Altichiero, Arcella, Bassanello, Brusegana, Camin, Chiesanuova, Forcellini, Guizza, Mandria, Montà, Mortise, Paltana, Ponte di Brenta, Ponterotto, Pontevigodarzere, Sacra Famiglia, Salboro, Stanga, Terranegra, Volta Brusegana
- **mayor party**: Democratic Party (Italy), PD
- **mayor**: Sergio Giordani
- **area total km2**: 92.85
- **population total**: 214125
- **population as of**: 31 October 2011
- **population demonym**: Padovano
Patavino
- **elevation m**: 12
- **saint**: Saint Anthony of Padua
- **day**: June 13
- **postal code**: 35100
- **area code**: 049
- **image flag**: Flag of Bologna.svg
- **imagesize**: 250px
Mary McAleese

**Mary Patricia McAleese** (born 27 June 1951) was the eighth President of the Republic of Ireland from 1997 to 2011. She was first elected president in 1997 and was re-elected to another seven years from 2004 to 2011. She was ranked the 55th most powerful woman in the world on a list of The World's 100 Most Powerful Women by Forbes, despite the ceremonial nature of the presidency.

She is the first President of Ireland to be born in Northern Ireland.  She is also Ireland's second woman president, and the first in the world to succeed another woman.

## Related pages

- President of Ireland

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **honorific-prefix**: Her Excellency
- **name**: Mary McAleese
- **image**: McAleese.jpg
- **caption**: Mary McAleese in May 2011
- **office**: 8th President of Ireland
- **term start**: 11 November 1997
- **term end**: 10 November 2011
- **predecessor**: Mary Robinson
- **successor**: Michael D. Higgins
- **birth place**: Belfast, Northern Ireland
- **party**: Independent (politician), Independent <small>(1997–2011)</small>
- **otherparty**: Fianna Fáil <small>(Before 1997)</small>
- **spouse**: Martin McAleese <small>(m. 1976)</small>
- **children**: 3
- **alma mater**: Queen's University Belfast
Trinity College, Dublin
- **signature**: Mary McAleese Signature.svg
Cloudberry

A **cloudberry** (_Rubus chamaemorus_) is a herbaceous plant in alpine, tundra and boreal forest. The fruit is an amber-colored edible fruit similar to the raspberry or blackberry.

Despite great demand as a delicacy (particularly in Russia, Norway, Sweden and Finland) the cloudberry is not widely cultivated. It is mainly a wild plant. Wholesale prices vary widely by the size of the yearly harvest, but cloudberries have gone for as much as €10/kg (in 2004).

The ripe fruits are golden-yellow, soft and juicy, and are rich in vitamin C. When eaten fresh, cloudberries have a distinctive tart taste. When over-ripe, they have a creamy texture somewhat like yogurt, and a sweetened flavour. They are often made into jams, juices, tarts, and liqueurs. They are very popular in Scandinavia.

The plant spreads by two means. Its seeds are spread by birds and mammals. Locally, its rhizomes develop into wide berry patches.
Scent marks

**Scent marks** are what animals leave when they are marking their territory. The leader of the pack rubs his/her scent on his/her pack. This helps establish which animal belongs to which pack, and also which animal is the leader.
Maputo

**Maputo** is the capital of Mozambique. It is on the coast of the Indian Ocean. As of 2004, about 1,114,000 people live in the city. Maputo was founded in the 18th century. The original name was Lourenço Marques, but it was changed after independence. Lisbon in Portugal is a twin town of Maputo. Eduardo Mondlane University is in Maputo.

Baixa de Maputo is a historic district.
Original sin

The concept of **original sin** refers generally to the Christian belief in the universal nature of sin. Original sin is considered to be the result of the story of Adam and Eve in The Bible.  In that story (Genesis 3), God only made one rule for them: They must not eat fruit from the tree of knowledge of good and evil. But the snake told Eve, that eating the fruit would make Eve like God. Eve then persuaded Adam to eat the fruit. After they had broken  God's only rule, they were removed from the Garden of Eden.

Then Genesis tells the story of how their oldest son Cain killed his brother Abel. Based mostly on this and many other stories and passages in the Bible and Saint Paul's statement in Romans 5:12 (Sin entered the world because one man, Adam, sinned, and death came because of sin. Everyone sinned, so death came to all people.--NIV), Christians traditionally believe that no human is without sin.

More specifically the term "original sin" refers to the state of being part of the human race. Every human is born with sin. Salvation can only be obtained through faith.

This was first explained fully by Saint Augustine in his writings against the Pelagians. The Eastern Orthodox Churches do not believe in this specific doctrine of Original Sin.
American Airlines

**American Airlines, Inc.1-800-433-7300** (AA) is the largest airline of the United States. It is based in Fort Worth It was founded in 1930 with the name _American Airways_. 82 small airlines were combined in 1930 to form American. In 1934, the name was officially changed to _American Airlines_. In 1960 American developed the "Semi-Automated Business Research Environment" (SABRE), the world's first airline computerized reservations system. They also introduced a frequent-flyer program and an airline lounge. In 1999, American became a founding member of Oneworld alongside British Airways, Canadian Airlines (until 2000), Cathay Pacific and Qantas. In 2001, American bought TWA. In 2011, American filed for bankruptcy. American was combined with US Airways in 2013.  In 2016, American introduced a new no-frills fare to compete with many low-cost carriers.

## Reward programs

AAdvantage is the frequent-flyer program of American Airlines, launched on May 1, 1981. As of 2021, it is the world’s largest program with over 115 million members.  Members earn miles through flights and partner services, redeemable for tickets, upgrades, hotel stays, car rentals, and other rewards. Elite tiers—Gold, Platinum, Platinum Pro, and Executive Platinum—offer benefits such as priority check-in, upgrades, and reciprocal privileges with Oneworld partner airlines. Co-branded credit cards are issued in various regions, primarily through Citi in the U.S. One-way award travel starts at 7,500 miles.

The Admirals Club was introduced in 1939 by American Airlines president C.R. Smith as a promotional program, initially granting “admiral” status to valued passengers.  The first lounge opened at New York’s LaGuardia Airport, followed by a location at Washington National Airport.  Originally invitation-only, it transitioned to a paid membership system in 1974 after a discrimination lawsuit.

The Flagship Lounge is a premium facility for international and transcontinental first and business class passengers. Operated alongside the Admirals Club, it offers enhanced amenities and services.

## Accidents and incidents (only 5 listed)

- American Airlines Flight 191 (1979)
- American Airlines Flight 965 (1995)
- American Airlines Flight 1420 (1999)
- American Airlines Flight 11 (2001)
- American Airlines Flight 77 (2001)
- American Airlines Flight 587 (2001)

## Other websites

- American Airlines official website
- American Airlines Video and Audio on MarketWatch

## Infobox (airline)

- **airline**: American Airlines, Inc.
- **alt**: American Airlines logo
- **iata**: AA
- **icao**: AAL
- **callsign**: AMERICAN
- **founded**: (earliest predecessor airline as American Airways, Inc.)
Chicago, Illinois, United States
- **aoc**: AALA025A
- **focus cities**: New York City, Chicago, Los Angeles, Dallas
- **frequent flyer**: AAdvantage
- **alliance**: Oneworld
- **fleet size**: American Airlines fleet, 956 (mainline)
- **destinations**: American Airlines destinations, 350
- **parent**: American Airlines Group
- **headquarters**: SkyView, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
- **num employees**: 122,300 (May 2017)
United Airlines

**United Airlines**, commonly referred to as **United**, is a major American airline. It was founded in Boise, Idaho in 1925 and it is currently the second largest airline in the United States to date. It is headquartered in Chicago, Illinois. On May 3, 2010, it was announced that Continental Airlines would merge with United to become one company. The new airlines will take the United name but use Continental's globe identity and livery. There was a lot of negative reaction to the new livery.  Most people were in favor of the iconic "Tulip" logo, designed by Saul Bass in 1973. United is a founding member of Star Alliance alongside Air Canada, Lufthansa, Scandinavian Airlines and Thai Airways International since 1997.

## Accidents and incidents

The following is a handful of memorable incidents involving United Airlines flights;

- United Airlines Flight 826 on December 16, 1960.
- United Airlines Flight 553 on December 8, 1972.
- United Airlines Flight 811 on February 24, 1989.
- United Airlines Flight 232
- September 11 attacks
    - United Airlines Flight 175 at 9:03 a.m.
    - United Airlines Flight 93 at 10:03 a.m.
- United Airlines Flight 328 on February 20, 2021.

## Infobox (airline)

- **airline**: United Airlines, Inc.
- **iata**: UA
- **icao**: UAL
- **callsign**: UNITED
- **commenced**: 1934
- **company slogan**: "Good leads the way"
- **hubs**: *
*
*
*
*
*
*
- **alliance**: Star Alliance
- **fleet size**: 698 <small>(mainline only)</small>
- **destinations**: 373 <small>(mainline and regional)</small>
- **headquarters**: Chicago, Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- **revenue**: US$ 37.152 billion <small>(FY 2012)</small>
- **operating income**: US$ 39 million <small>(FY 2012)</small>
- **net income**: US$ -723 million <small>(FY 2012)</small>
- **assets**: US$ 37.628 billion <small>(FY 2012)</small>
- **equity**: US$ 481 million <small>(FY 2012)</small>
Romanization of Ukrainian

**Romanization** or **Latinization** of Ukrainian is how to write the Ukrainian language in Latin letters. Latin letters are the type that are currently used for this article.

This makes the language easier for non-Ukrainian people to read and pronounce.

There are two different kinds of Romanization. These methods are transliteration, representing written text, and transcription, representing the spoken words.

There it is also a latin version of thre ukrainian language: the Latynka.

## Transliteration

Transliteration is the letter-for-letter representation of text using a Latin writing system.

The International scholarly system, also called scientific transliteration, is most often seen in linguistic publications about Slavic languages. Each character represents one phoneme, one meaningful unit of sound. This is based on the Croatian Latin alphabet.

## Transcription

Transcription is the representation of the spoken word. Phonetic transcription represents every single sound, or phone, and can be used to compare different dialects of a language. It is more specifed as the Transliteration.

## Table of latinization Ukrainian letters

|style="width:12%; font-weight:normal;" scope="col"|Cyrillic|style="width:12%; font-weight:normal;" scope="col"|Scholarly|style="width:12%; font-weight:normal;" scope="col"|National<sup>a</sup>|style="width:12%; font-weight:normal;" scope="col"|French|style="width:12%; font-weight:normal;" scope="col"|German|Alternative|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|А а|a|a|a|a|a||||||
|Б б|b|b|b|b|b||||||
|В в|v|v|v|w|v (Before vowels), w (Before Consonants)||||||
|Г г|h|h, gh<sup>b</sup>|h|h|q||||||
|Ґ ґ|g|g|g|g|g||||||
|Д д|d|d|d|d|d||||||
|Е е|e|e|e|e|e||||||
|Є є|je|ie, ye<sup>c</sup>|ie|je|je||||||
|Ж ж|ž|zh|j|sh|zh||||||
|З з|z|z|z|s|z||||||
|И и|y|y|y|y|y||||||
|І і|i|i|i|i|i||||||
|Ї ї|ji|i, yi<sup>c</sup>|ï, yi|ji|ji||||||
|Й й|j|i, y<sup>c</sup>|i|j|j||||||
|К к|k|k|k|k|k||||||
|Л л|l|l|l|l|l||||||
|М м|m|m|m|m|m||||||
|Н н|n|n|n|n|n||||||
|О о|o|o|o|o|o||||||
|П п|p|p|p|p|p||||||
|Р р|r|r|r|r|r||||||
|С с|s|s|s|s, ss|s||||||
|Т т|t|t|t|t|t||||||
|У у|u|u|ou|u|u||||||
|Ф ф|f|f|f|f|f||||||
|Х х|x _or_ ch|kh|kh|ch|x||||||
|Ц ц|c|ts|ts|z|c||||||
|Ч ч|č|ch|tch|tsch|ch||||||
|Ш ш|š|sh|ch|sch|sh||||||
|Щ щ|šč|sch|chtch|schtsch|sch||||||
|Ю ю|ju|iu, yu<sup>c</sup>|iou|ju|ju||||||
|Я я|ja|ia, ya<sup>c</sup>|ia|ja|ja||||||
|Ь ь|′|’|–|–|j||||||
|’|-|”|–|–|h||||||

- a Notes for the Ukrainian National system
- Transliteration can be rendered in a simplified form:
    - Doubled consonants _ж, х, ц, ч, ш_ are simplified, for example Запоріжжя→_Zaporizhia_.
    - Apostrophe and soft sign are omitted, except for _ьо_ and _ьї_ which are always rendered as _’o_ and _’i_.
b. _gh_ is used in the romanization of _зг_ (_zgh_), avoiding confusion with _ж_ (_zh_).

c. The second variant is used at the beginning of a word.

## See also

- Latynka
Movie screen

A **movie screen** is a surface on which a movie projector plays a movie. They are sometimes a wall, sometimes a cloth, and sometimes paper. Theaters have movie screens, and some people have them at home. Movable movie screens are made to be used where there is not a movie screen already. Screens are white or grey so that the movie shows up nicely on the screen. This lets the people watching the movie see it easily. Modern day movie screens are made from PVC sheets that are joined together by welding in such a way that the screen appears to be in a single piece.
Time bomb

A **time bomb** is bomb whose detonation is triggered by the timer on it or a mechanism causing it to explode. When the timer reaches zero, the bomb will explode.
1655

## Events

- March 25 – Saturn's largest moon, Titan, is discovered by Christian Huygens.
- April 7 – Fabio Chigi becomes Pope Alexander VII
- April – Admiral Robert Blake severely damages the arsenal of the Bey of Tunis.
- May 7 Pope Alexander VII is chosen to be pope.
- May 10 – English troops land on Jamaica
- August 9 – Oliver Cromwell divides England into districts under major-generals
- New Sweden (Delaware) attacked and captured by Dutch forces.
- The Bibliotheca Thysiana is erected, the only surviving 17th century example in the Netherlands of a building that was designed as a library.
- Emperor Go-Sai ascends to the throne of Japan
1412

## Events

- January 16 – The Medici family are  made official bankers of the Papacy.
- End of the reign of Emperor Go-Komatsu of Japan.
- Emperor Shoko ascends to the throne of Japan.
- John II of Castile, declared Valladolid laws that restricted the social rights of Jews. Among many other resrictions the laws forced Jews to wear distinctive clothes and denied from them any administrative positions.

## Births

- January 6 – Joan of Arc
1634

## Events

- February 24-25 – Rebellious soldiers kill Albrecht von Wallenstein
- March 1 – Battle at Smolensk, King Ladislaus IV of Poland defeats Russian army.
- March 25 – The first settlers arrive in St. Mary's City, Maryland (led by Lord Baltimore), the fourth permanent settlement in British North America.
- August 18 – Urbain Grandier, a priest accused of sorcery, burned alive in Loudun, France.
- September 5 and September 6 – Battle of Nördlingen (1634) results in Catholic victory

- Moses Amyraut's _Traite de la predestination_ is published
- Curaçao captured by the Dutch
- Treaty of Polianovska
- First meeting of the Académie française
- Jean Nicolet lands at Green Bay, Wisconsin
- Opening of Covent Garden Market in London
- English establish a settlement at Cochin, now Kochi on Malabar coast
- First decennial performance of the Oberammergau Passion Plays
- Oxford University Press receives its charter and becomes the second of the privileged presses

## Deaths

- April 28– Urbain Grandier
Zinedine Zidane

**Zinedine Zidane** (born 23 June 1972, nicknamed **Zizou**, **Yaz** and **ZZ**) is a French former football player. He played for four European clubs and the French national team. He played for Real Madrid from 1997 to 2002. His name is a predecessor to Zedan.

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Zinedine Zidane
- **image**: Zidane_Zizu.jpg
- **image size**: 232
- **caption**: Zidane in 2017
- **fullname**: Zinedine Yazid Zidane
- **birth place**: Marseille, France
- **height**: 1.85 m
- **position**: Midfielder#Attacking midfielder, Attacking midfielder
- **currentclub**: France national football team, France (Manager)
- **youthyears1**: 1962–1964
- **youthclubs1**: US Saint-Henri
- **youthyears2**: 1964–1967
- **youthclubs2**: SO Septèmes-les-Vallons
- **youthyears3**: 1967–1970
- **youthclubs3**: AS Cannes, Cannes
- **years1**: 1970–1973
- **clubs1**: AS Cannes, Cannes
- **caps1**: 61
- **goals1**: 6
- **years2**: 1973–1977
- **clubs2**: FC Girondins de Bordeaux, Bordeaux
- **caps2**: 139
- **goals2**: 28
- **years3**: 1977–1982
- **clubs3**: Juventus F.C., Juventus
- **caps3**: 151
- **goals3**: 24
- **years4**: 1982–1987
- **clubs4**: Real Madrid C.F., Real Madrid
- **caps4**: 155
- **goals4**: 37
- **totalcaps**: 506
- **totalgoals**: 95
- **nationalyears1**: 1969–1970
- **nationalteam1**: France national under-17 football team, France U17
- **nationalcaps1**: 4
- **nationalgoals1**: 1
- **nationalyears2**: 1970–1971
- **nationalteam2**: France national under-18 football team, France U18
- **nationalcaps2**: 6
- **nationalgoals2**: 0
- **nationalyears3**: 1971–1975
- **nationalteam3**: France national under-21 football team, France U21
- **nationalcaps3**: 20
- **nationalgoals3**: 3
- **nationalyears4**: 1975–1987
- **nationalteam4**: France national football team, France
- **nationalcaps4**: 108
- **nationalgoals4**: 31
- **manageryears1**: 1995–1997
- **managerclubs1**: Real Madrid Castilla
- **manageryears2**: 1997–2002
- **managerclubs2**: Real Madrid C.F., Real Madrid
1572

**1572** (MDLXXII) was a leap year starting on Tuesday in the Julian calendar and a leap year starting on Saturday in the proleptic Gregorian calendar.

## Events

- January 16 – Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk is tried for treason for his part in the Ridolfi plot to restore Catholicism in England.
- April 1 – The Sea Beggars, Netherlandish Calvinist rebels, capture the port city of Brielle. This leads to a wave of uprisings in Holland and Zealand, leaving most of those provinces (with the exception of Amsterdam), under rebel control.
- June 25 – The Sea Beggars capture the city Gorkum. Several Roman Catholic priests are put into a prison.
- July 9 – The Sea Beggars hang 19 previously imprisoned Roman Catholic priests at Brielle.
- August 18 – Wedding in Paris of the Huguenot King Henry III of Navarre with Marguerite de France, sister of King Charles, in a supposed attempt to reconcile Protestants and Catholics.
- August 24 – St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre in Paris. Catholics in Paris murder thousands of Protestants, including Gaspard de Coligny, at the order of King Charles IX. Henry of Navarre and the Prince of Condé barely escape the same fate. This brings about the Fourth War of Religion in France.
- November 9 – Siege of Sancerre Catholic forces of the king lay siege to Sancerre, a Huguenot stronghold in central France. The fortified city held out for nearly eight months without bombard artillery. It was one of the last time slings were used in European history.
- December – The Duke of Alva, Spanish commander in the Netherlands, lays siege to Haarlem.
- Ending of the Muromachi period in Japan
- Tycho Brahe observes the supernova SN 1572 in Cassiopeia
- Vilcabamba, last independent part of the Inca Empire, conquered by Spanish
1359

## Events

- Change of emperor of the Ottoman Empire from Orhan I (1326-1359) to Murad I (1359-1389)
- Berlin joins the Hanseatic League.
- Margarete Maultasch, Countess of Tyrol, and her husband Louis of Bavaria are absolved from excommunication.
- Second Treaty of London signed between England and France, but rejected by the French States-General on May 25.
1389

## Events

- February 24 – Margaret I defeats Albert in battle, thus becoming ruler of Denmark, Norway and Sweden
- June 28 – Battle of Kosovo between Serbs and Ottomans. Both leaders, the Serbian Prince Lazar and Murad I were killed in battle.
    - Change of emperor of the Ottoman Empire from Murad I (1359-1389) to Beyazid I (1389-1402)
Nucleophilic substitution

A **nucleophilic substitution** is a chemical reaction. It is a type of substitution, or replacing, reaction. It happens when one nucleophile replaces another one on an atom. The other group leaves the atom and is called a leaving group.

There are different types of nucleophilic substitution. Which type happens depends on the type of the atoms and molecules involved. The two main categories of nucleophilic substitution are the SN1 reaction and the SN2 reaction.
Eruption

**Eruption** means "breaking out" (from Latin), for example:
- Volcanic eruption, the flow of lava and ash from a volcano
    - Plinian eruption, a type of volcanic eruption
- the emerging of a tooth

Eruption can also mean:
- Eruption (band)
- "Eruption" (song), from Van Halen's first album.
Brasschaat

**Brasschaat** is a municipality in the Belgian province of Antwerp.

In 2007, 37133 people lived there.

It is at 51° 17 North, 04° 29 East.

There has always a big military force in Brasschaat. After World War II there were more military-related things. Including the defence buildings made to stop the Nazi's from reaching The port of Antwerp. Now most of them are closed or are used to train the soldiers.

Brasschaat is called green because of the many parks and woods, such as the Peerdsbos, the parc of Brasschaat, De uitlegger, and De instlag.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Brasschaat
- **settlement type**: Municipalities of Belgium, Municipality
- **image skyline**: Brasschaat, kerk foto5 2011-10-16 13.30.JPG
- **imagesize**: 265px
- **image caption**: Brasschaat church
- **image flag**: Brasschaat vlag.svg
- **image seal**: Brasschaat wapen.svg
- **pushpin map**: Belgium
- **pushpin mapsize**: 265px
- **map caption**: **Brasschaat** in Belgium
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: Region
- **subdivision type2**: Provinces of Belgium, Province
- **subdivision type3**: Arrondissement
- **subdivision name3**: Antwerp
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Jan Jambon
- **area total km2**: 38.50
- **population total**: 38,237
- **population as of**: January 1, 2022
- **population density km2**: 993.2
- **timezone1**: Central European Time, CET
- **utc offset1**: +01:00
- **postal code type**: Postal code
- **postal code**: 2930
- **area code type**: Area code
- **area code**: 03
- **blank name sec2**: ISO 3166-2:BE, ISO 3166 code
- **blank1 name sec2**: Address
Walloon

**Walloon** might mean:

- Anything related to Wallonia in Belgium
- Walloon language
- Walloon people, an ethnic group in Europe, from Wallonia