juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Lisa Kudrow

**Lisa Valerie Kudrow** (born July 30, 1963 in Encino, California) is an American actress. She was best known for her roles as Ursula on _Mad About You_ and Phoebe on _Friends_. _Friends_ has been very popular lately and is still selling many copies, beating many popular shows even though it finished a long time ago. She also starred in P.S. I Love You playing the role Denise Hennessey.

## Infobox (actor)

- **name**: Lisa Kudrow
- **image**: Lisa Kudrow 2.jpg
- **caption**: Lisa Kudrow in 2009
- **birth place**: Encino, Los Angeles, Encino, Los Angeles, California
- **awards**: **Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series**
 1998 _Friends_
- **known for**: Acting roles:
**Phoebe Buffay** and **Ursula Buffay** in _Friends_
**Michele Weinberger** in Romy and Michele's High School Reunion_
**Valerie Cherish** in _The Comeback (TV series), The Comeback_
**Ursula Buffay** in _Mad About You''
- **spouse**: Michel Stern (1995 - present) 1 child
Grace Kelly

**Grace Patricia Kelly** (November 12, 1929 – September 14, 1982) was an American actress and royal. She later married Rainier III, Prince of Monaco, and became Her Serene Highness The Princess of Monaco.

## Early life

Grace Patricia Kelly was born at Hahnemann University Hospital, Philadelphia on November 12, 1929. Her father was an Irish and her mother was a German.

## Acting career

Grace Kelly graduated from the American Academy of Dramatic Arts in 1949. She made her film debut in _Fourteen Hours_ (1951) and gained stardom from her roles in Fred Zinnemann's western film _High Noon_ (1952), and John Ford's adventure-romance _Mogambo_ (1953). Other notable works include _Dial M for Murder_, _Rear Window_, and _To Catch a Thief_. In 1955 she won an Academy Award for _The Country Girl_. She was the first actress to appear on a postage stamp. She was also mentioned in Billy Joel's song "We Didn't Start the Fire" and in Mika's song "Grace Kelly" (2007).

The classic head-cover of a silk scarf crossed under the chin and knotted at the side or nape of the neck is universally known as the "Grace Kelly". This chic look is still copied by many female Hollywood stars when they wish to retain a degree of anonymity in the public eye.

## Life as a royal

Grace Kelly retired from acting at age 26 to marry Rainier III of Monaco.

With Prince Rainier, she had three children:
- Princess Caroline of Monaco (born January 23, 1957)
- Albert II, Prince of Monaco (born March 14, 1958)
- Princess Stéphanie of Monaco (born February 1, 1965)
As Princess of Monaco, Grace Kelly was known for her charity work.

## Death

On September 13, 1982, Kelly suffered a stroke while she was driving her 1972 Rover P6 3500, which caused her to crash the car. She died in hospital the next day. Her 17-year-old daughter, Stéphanie sustained a hairline fracture of a neck vertebra but survived. Her son, Prince Albert, helped establish the Princess Grace Awards in 1984.

## Infobox (royalty)

- **consort**: yes
- **succession**: List of Monegasque consorts, Princess consort of Monaco
- **image**: Grace Kelly30419.jpg
- **reign-type**: Tenure
- **reign**: April 18, 1956 – September 14, 1982
- **issue**: Caroline, Princess of Hanover
Albert II, Prince of Monaco
Princess Stéphanie of Monaco
- **father**: John B. Kelly, Sr.
- **mother**: Margaret Katherine Majer
- **full name**: Grace Patricia Kelly
- **birth place**: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
- **death place**: Monaco
- **burial place**: Saint Nicholas Cathedral, Monaco, Monaco Cathedral
- **occupation**: Actress
- **religion**: Roman Catholicism
- **signature**: Grace Kelly Signature.svg
Hilary Swank

**Hilary Swank** (born July 30, 1974) is an Academy and Golden Globe Award-winning American actress. The is the second woman in the world to win two Oscars before thirty (the first one was Jodie Foster). Swank's movies include _Million Dollar Baby_ and _Freedom Writers_. She played Gail Getty in the 2018 television series _Trust_.

Swank was born in Lincoln, Nebraska. When she was nine she played her first role as Mowgli in her school's version of  "The Jungle Book" by Rudyard Kipling. Afterward she often was in school and university performances.

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: Hilary Swank at 28th Tokyo International Film Festival.jpg
- **caption**: Swank at the Tokyo International Film Festival, 2015 Tokyo International Film Festival
- **birth name**: Hilary Ann Swank
- **birth place**: Lincoln, Nebraska, U.S.
- **nationality**: American
- **years active**: 1991–present
- **spouse**:
Nana Visitor

**Nana Visitor** (born July 26, 1957) is an American actress. Visitor was born in New York City. She is most famous for playing Kira Nerys in the television series _Star Trek: Deep Space Nine_.

Visitor married fellow _Star Trek_ actor Alexander Siddig in 1997. They had a son in 1996. Visitor and Siddig divorced in 2001.

Visitor is the niece of American actress Cyd Charisse.
Alexander Siddig

**Alexander Siddig** (November 21, 1965) is a Sudanese actor.  Siddig is most famous for playing Dr Julian Bashir in the _Star Trek_ television series _Star Trek: Deep Space Nine_.

Siddig married fellow _Star Trek_ actor Nana Visitor in 1997.  They had a son in 1996. Siddig and Visitor divorced in 2001.

Siddig is the nephew of English actor Malcolm McDowell and of former Sudanese Prime Minister Sadiq al-Mahdi.

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: AlexanderSiddig09TIFF.jpg
- **image size**: 200px
- **caption**: Siddig at the 2009 Toronto International Film Festival
- **birth name**: Siddig El Tahir El Fadil El Siddig Abdurrahman Mohammed Ahmed Abdul Karim El Mahdi
- **birth place**: Wad Madani, Gezira (state), Gezira, Sudan
- **other names**: Siddig El Fadil
- **children**: 1
- **occupation**: Actor
- **alma mater**: Royal Academy of Dramatic Arts
- **years active**: 1987–present
Louvre

The **Louvre** is a museum in Paris. It has millions of visitors every year because of its art collection. It is the most visited art museum in the world.

The most famous piece of art in the Louvre is the _Mona Lisa_ by Leonardo da Vinci. Other paintings include works of Rembrandt, Giambattista Pittoni, Caravaggio, Rubens, Titian and Eugène Delacroix.

There are also many statues inside the Louvre. The most famous statues are the Venus de Milo and the Winged Victory of Samothrace.

The 2025 Louvre robbery is under investigation; Two people were arrested (as of October).

## History of the Louvre

Philip II of France built a castle called the _Castle of the Louvre_. It used to be where the museum is. They used the castle as a fortress to defend Paris against the Vikings.
Charles V, King of France turned the castle into a palace. However, Francis I, King of France, knocked it down and built a new palace.

Henry IV, King of France added the Grande Galerie to the Louvre. The Grande Galerie is more than a quarter of a mile long and one hundred feet wide. The Grande Galerie was built along the River Seine. It was the longest building in the world.

The building was renovated during François Mitterand's time as French President. The glass pyramid and the inverted pyramid (made famous by _The Da Vinci Code_, a novel and later a movie) were the work of architect I.M. Pei.

## Other websites

- Free photos of Louvre
- Fullscreen Virtual Tour by Virtualsweden
- History of the Louvre
- Excerpt of Michael T. Cannell's book on I.M. Pei — discusses controversy over Pei's pyramid.
- Official École du Louvre website  (Requires Flash)

## Infobox (museum)

- **name**: Musee du Louvre
- **image**: Louvre Museum Wikimedia Commons.jpg
- **location**: Musée du Louvre, 75001 Paris, France
- **type**: Art museum and historic site
- **collection size**: 615,797 in 2019 (35,000 on display)
- **visitors**: 2.7 million (2020)
* Ranked 1st nationally
* List of most visited art museums, Ranked 1st globally in 2020
- **director**: Jean-Luc Martinez
- **curator**: Marie-Laure de Rochebrune
- **publictransit**: *Palais Royal–Musée du Louvre (Paris Métro), Palais Royal–Musée du Louvre
* Louvre–Rivoli (Paris Métro), Louvre–Rivoli
- **website**: [http://www.louvre.fr/en/homepage www.louvre.fr]
Venus de Milo

The ***Venus de Milo*** is an ancient Greek statue. It is in the Louvre, a museum in Paris, France. The _Venus de Milo_ represents Aphrodite, the goddess of love in Greek mythology. The statue is made of marble and is 203cm high. It might be the work of Alexandros of Antioch. The _Venus de Milo_ was found on 8 April 1820 on the Aegean island of Melos. King Louis XVIII of France presented the _Venus de Milo_ to the Louvre in 1821.

## Discovery

The Venus de Milo was found on the Greek island of Melos on 8 April 1820. When it was found, it was broken into three pieces. Two sculptures of heads, called herms, a piece of an arm, and a hand holding an apple, were also found with the sculpture. The statue was bought by the Compte de Marcellus, assistant to the French ambassador to Constantinople. It was taken to France and put in the Louvre.

## Other websites

- Musée du Louvre – Louvre Museum : Venus de Milo
- Controversy and politics over the sculptor's identity
- Unusual Louvre Museum Image  of the _Venus di Milo_.
Venus (mythology)

In Roman mythology, **Venus** is the goddess of love and beauty. She was the Roman version of the Greek Aphrodite and Etruscan Turan.

Her cult began in Ardea and Lavinium, Latium.  On August 18, 293 BC, the first temple to her was built . August 18 was then a festival called the Vinalia Rustica.  On April 1, the Veneralia was celebrated in honor of Venus Verticordia, the protector against vice.  On April 23, 215 BC, a temple was built on the Capitol dedicated to Venus Erycina to commemorate the Roman defeat at Lake Trasum.

Venus was also married to Vulcan, who was the god of fire, volcanoes and blacksmiths.  Julius Caesar claimed Venus Genetrix as his own personal, divine ancestress.

## Related pages

- Aphrodite - Greek mythology version of Venus.
Jupiter (mythology)

**Jupiter** (Latin: _Iuppiter_) is the king of the gods in Roman mythology. He was the god of the sky and thunder. His two brothers were Pluto and Neptune, and his sister was Ceres.

## Life of Jupiter

Saturn, who was the previous king of the gods, began to swallow the children that he had with his wife Ops (Greek equivalent Rhea), when they were born. This was because he had been warned that one of his children would overthrow him. Saturn swallowed the children Neptune, Pluto, Ceres, Juno and Vesta. When Ops realized that she was pregnant with Jupiter, she had the baby secretly and moved to Crete, giving a stone wrapped in baby clothes to Saturn for him to eat. Saturn believed he had eaten Jupiter.

### Overthrowing Saturn

After Jupiter was raised by his mother, his destiny was to overthrow Saturn, as revenge for all he had done to his brothers and sisters in the past. When Jupiter grew up, he made Saturn vomit up all of the children he had swallowed. All the brothers and sisters joined forces and overthrew Saturn.

### Battle of the Titans

Then, with the help of the Cyclopes and the Hundred-handed Giants, they declared war on Saturn and the other Titans. Jupiter finally defeated the Titans and they were imprisoned in Tartarus.

### Dividing the universe

Jupiter and his brothers divided the universe into three parts, Jupiter obtaining the heavens, Neptune the sea and Pluto the underworld. This is how Jupiter became the king of the gods.

## Related pages

- Tinia - Etruscan mythology equivalent to Jupiter
- Zeus - Greek mythology<nowiki/> equivalent to Jupiter
- Odin - Norse mythology equivalent to Jupiter

## Infobox (deity)

- **type**: Roman
- **name**: Jupiter
- **member of**: the Archaic Triad, Archaic and Capitoline Triads
- **image**: Giove, I sec dc, con parti simulanti il bronzo moderne 02.JPG
- **caption**: A marble statue of Jupiter from
- **deity of**: Sky god, God of the sky and God of Thunder, lightning
- **abode**: Rome
- **symbol**: Thunderbolt, Lightning bolt, eagle, oak tree
- **consort**: Juno (mythology), Juno
- **parents**: Saturn (mythology), Saturn and Ops
- **siblings**: **Roman tradition:** Juno (mythology), Juno, Ceres (mythology), Ceres, Vesta (mythology), Vesta
**Greco-Roman:** Pluto (mythology), Pluto and Neptune (mythology), Neptune
- **children**: Mars (mythology), Mars, Vulcan (mythology), Vulcan, Bellona, Juventas, Hercules
- **other names**: Jove
- **greek equivalent**: Zeus
Minerva

**Minerva** was the Roman goddess of crafts and wisdom whose symbol was the owl. The Greeks called her Athena but the Romans didn't make her as warlike as Athena. As Minerva Medica she was goddess of medicine and doctors. Many coins showed her.

## Related pages

- Menrva - Etruscan mythology version of Minerva
- Athena - Greek mythology version of Minerva
Nagano (city)

**Nagano** () is a city in Japan. It is the capital of Nagano Prefecture (). Nagano has been recognized as a core city since 1999.

As of October 1, 2007, 2,182,190 people lived in Nagano.

## History

In 1998, the Olympic Games were held in Nagano.
Denise Lewis

**Denise Lewis** (born 27 August 1972) is a British retired athlete from West Bromwich. She won the bronze medal in the heptathlon at the 1996 Summer Olympics. She won the gold medal in the heptathlon at the 2000 Summer Olympics.

In late 2004, she was a contestant in the second series of _Strictly Come Dancing_.
Michael Johnson

**Michael Duane Johnson** (born on September 13, 1967), Dallas, Texas is an American retired sprinter. He is widely considered the greatest long sprinter of all time. During his time on the track, he established world records for the 400 m (43.18 Seville, Spain), indoor 400 m, indoor 300 m, 200 m, and 4 × 400 m relay. Due to these achievements, and due to the vast difference between the 200 m and 400 m, Johnson left little doubt that he is the greatest sprinter of all time. He won four Olympic gold medals and eight World Championships gold medals.

A fifth Olympic gold medal was taken back when it was learned that Johnson's teammates had cheated by using drugs.

Johnson had a unique upright posture when he ran so that he looked like a duck walk, which gave him the nickname _The Duck_. His running gait did not make sense for running fast, but somehow worked. He won almost every race that he ever ran.

He was the first athlete to win both the 200m and 400m sprints in the same Olympic Games (Atlanta, Georgia).

He retired in 2001, and is a sports commentator on TV. He was a contestant in the 2010 season of _The Celebrity Apprentice_.

## Infobox (athlete)

- **name**: Michael Johnson
- **image**: Michael Johnson 1995.jpg
- **imagesize**: 220px
- **caption**: Michael Johnson in 1995
- **nationality**: United States, American
- **sport**: Track and field
- **event**: Sprint (running), Sprints
- **collegeteam**: Baylor Bears track and field, Baylor Bears
- **birth place**: Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- **residence**: San Rafael, California, U.S.
- **pb**: **100 m**: 10.09 (Knoxville, Tennessee, Knoxville 1994)
 **200 m**: 19.32 (Atlanta, Georgia, Atlanta 1996)
 **300 m**: 30.85 **WB** (Pretoria 2000)
**400 m**: 43.18 **Men's 400 metres world record progression, WR** (Sevilla 1999)
- **show-medals**: yes
Icelandic

**Icelandic** might mean:

- Anything related to Iceland
- Icelandic language
Olympic Games

<span lang="Telugu" dir="ltr">The</span> **Olympic Games** () is an important international event featuring summer and winter sports. Summer Olympic Games and Winter Olympic Games are held every four years. Originally, the ancient Olympic Games were held in Ancient Greece at Olympia. The first games were in 776 BC. They were held every four years until the 6th century AC. The first "modern" Olympics took place in 1896 in Athens, Greece. Athletes participate in the Olympics Games to represent their countries.

## Infobox (sporting event organization)

- **name**: Olympic Games

- **image**: Olympic rings without rims.svg
- **abbreviation**: Olympiad (for summer games only)
- **formation**: **Summer**
Athens, Greece in 1896 Summer Olympics, 1896
**Winter**
Chamonix, France in 1924 Winter Olympics, 1924
- **recurrence**: Four years, alternated two years during the four-year cycle
- **headquarters**: Lausanne, Switzerland
- **leader title**: President
- **leader name**: Thomas Bach
Iron Age

The **Iron Age** is the period after the Bronze Age in Europe, Asia, and parts of Africa. Iron production took place in Anatolia at least as early as 1200 BC, with some evidence pointing to even earlier dates.

In the Mesopotamian states of Sumer, Akkad and Assyria, the use of iron reaches far back, to perhaps 3000 BC. One of the earliest smelted iron artifacts ever found is a dagger with an iron blade found in a Hattic tomb in Anatolia, dating from 2500 BC. The widespread use of iron weapons which replaced bronze weapons rapidly spread throughout the Near East (North Africa, southwest Asia) by the beginning of the 1st millennium BC.

Before this time, people used bronze or flint tools and pottery. They farmed, and lived in communities. Most of Europe, Africa and Asia reached the Iron Age by 500 BC. It is a period of prehistory because, though iron and steel continue to be important even today, the "Iron Age" is defined as ending when people began to write their history.

Iron ore is easy to find, and some iron is a Native metal but iron is hard to make into tools. It melts at a higher temperature than bronze. When blacksmiths learned how to make iron tools, they were able to make many of them. With more and better tools, people could do more. For example, more people could own a metal plough. They could farm their fields better and grow more crops. Some people invented coins to help buy and sell their crops and their iron tools.

Bronze weapons and armor were no match for those made of iron, so many peoples who did not have iron were defeated by those who did. Soldiers used iron shields and helmets in battle.
Entertainment

**Entertainment** is something that gives pleasure, or distracts a person from daily life, like a sport or game that excites people and keeps their attention. Some entertainment, like horror movies, can also make people feel sad or scared. Other entertainment, like comedy shows, are funny.

Entertainment can help reduce stress.

Entertainment is a form of activity that holds the attention and interest of an audience, or gives pleasure and delight. it can be an idea or an activity or even a task.

## List of entertainments

- Cinema
- Television
- Sport
- Theatre + Puppetry + Stand-up comedy
- Reading
- Circus
- Tourism
- Dance
- Board games
- Video games
- Party
- Festival
- Parade with fireworks
- Carnival
- Street performance
- Internet + Social Network
- Art gallery
- Museum
- Park
- Cafe
- Cabaret
- Concert
- Opera
- Ballet
- Theme park
- Beach
- Exhibition
- Toys
- Fashion show
- Zoo
- Water park
- Bathhouse
- Swimming pool
- Cycling
- Spa hotel
- Countryside
- Picnic
- Ski resort
- Banquet
- Walking
- Shopping
- Magic
- Tournament
- Playground
- Nightclub
- Camping or summer camp
Open Site

**Open Site** is a free internet encyclopedia created by many editors. Anyone can apply to become an editor or donate content.

## Categories

At Open Site all the content is separated into categories. There are eleven main categories which each have many subcategories. These are the main categories:
- Arts - has information about art and entertainment.
- Business - has information about economics.
- Computers - has information about computers.
- Games - has information about games.
- Health - has information about health.
- Home - has information about home and families.
- Recreation - has information about leisure.
- Regional - has information about countries.
- Science - has information about science.
- Society - has information about society and people.
- Sports - has information about sport.

## Languages

Open Site claims to have encyclopedias in many languages e.g. Romanian, but there are very few articles.

## Childrens' Encyclopedia

Open Site started an encyclopedia for children in August 2004. The writing and pictures on the children's' encyclopedia are simpler and easier to understand than other encyclopedias, like this one. The encyclopedia contains tools and facts as well as articles.

## Other websites

- Open Site
Drawing

**Drawing** is a way of making a picture.  Drawings are created by making lines on a surface. Long lines make up the shapes and small lines make the textures.  Drawings can be images of real-life or abstract images.

Drawing has been done for thousands of years, dating back to cave paintings.  It focuses on objects made by humans for any number of spiritual, narrative, philosophical, symbolic, conceptual, documentary, decorative, and even functional and other purposes.

## Materials

Drawing paper is a special material sometimes used for drawing, however many just use paper. Pencils or pens are most commonly used for drawing. However, chalk, charcoal, and many others writing utensils are used.

## Shading

Shading is the darkening or coloring of a drawing with lines or blocks of color. It can be used to make your drawings more three dimensional. Shading is the process of adding value to create an illusion of form, most importantly the light in a drawing. It should have a highlight (where the light is shining), mid tone (goes darker in color), Core shadow which is the darkest color on your drawing, then there is the reflected light. Reflecting light is where light shines on the object you are trying to draw.

## Hatching

Hatching is a artistic technique used to create tonal or shading effects by drawing closely spaced parallel lines. There are different types of hatching. There is Parallel hatching, contour, crosshatching, tick hatching, and more. There are many different ways you can do this.

## Related pages

- Technical drawing
- Painting
- Cartoon
Dice

**Dice** are objects used in games when something random needs to be done, such as moving a game piece a random number of places on a board. Most dice are cubes that have the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 on the faces. Dice are sometimes made in other polyhedral shapes than cubes, but the six-sided die (_die_ is the singular of "dice") is the most common. A die is usually rolled by the player’s hand. When adding together opposite sides of typical cubical dice, the sum is always 7.

Some games are played with two or more dice and some use only one. Some games that use dice are Monopoly, Yahtzee, Risk, and many more.

Weights can be put inside a die to make it only land on a certain number once it is rolled. This is sometimes used as a way of cheating.

## Types of dice

There are many different types of dice. Some dice have different numbers of sides. These are called polyhedral dice. They are used in some games like Dungeons & Dragons.

Some dice do not have numbers on them at all. Instead, they have letters, pictures, or other symbols on them. Some games use these when they need something random that is not a number. For example, some word games use dice with letters to give the players random letters they have to use in the game.

## Related pages

- _Alea iacta est_
Hawaiian

**Hawaiian** can be:
- The Hawaiian Islands
- The Hawaiian language
- Native Hawaiians, the Polynesian Hawaiian people (a _kanaka ‘oiwi_ or _kanaka māoli_)
- having to do with the U.S. state of Hawaii
British Isles

The **British Isles** are an archipelago (a group of islands) in north-western Europe.  They have a long geographical and geological history. The first people were in Britain by 800,000 years ago (Happisburgh footprints).

The biggest island is called Great Britain, followed by the Isle of Man, the Isle of Wight and Anglesey.  Great Britain, the biggest island, is home to three countries. These are England, Wales and Scotland.  Great Britain is the biggest island of Europe.

England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland join together to make the United Kingdom.

Some people include the Channel Islands of Jersey, Guernsey, Sark in the term "British Isles", but they are a lot closer to France than to Great Britain.  In politics, they are British islands but in geology they are French islands.

The writings of the Roman cartographer Ptolemy used the name "Great Britain" for the larger island in the 2nd century AD.

## Deep history

Unlike many island groups (Japan, Hawaii), the British Isles were once part of the supercontinent Laurasia. This means the island has all the rocks of a supercontinent, and none of the problems which limit volcanic island chains such as Japan, or Hawaii for example. Britain has all the resources of a supercontinent, and was a net exporter of minerals as far back as Roman times. Oceanic island chains, by contrast, are limited in their supply of metals and rare elements, because of their volcanic origins.
Plymouth (disambiguation)

**Plymouth** is the name of various places:

**Plymouth** is an English city in Devon and the first to bear the name

## United States

- Plymouth, Connecticut
    - Plymouth, Illinois
    - Plymouth, Indiana
    - Plymouth, Iowa
    - Plymouth, Massachusetts, the first city in New England
    - Plymouth, Michigan
    - Plymouth, Minnesota
    - Plymouth, New Hampshire
    - Plymouth, New York
    - Plymouth, North Carolina
    - Plymouth, Ohio
    - Plymouth, Pennsylvania
    - Plymouth, Washington
    - Plymouth, Wisconsin
    - Plymouth Township, Luzerne County, Pennsylvania
    - Plymouth Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania
    - Plymouth Township, Michigan

## Related pages

- Plymouth, Montserrat - destroyed Montserrat capital
- New Plymouth, New Zealand
- New Plymouth, Idaho, United States
- Plymouth Meeting, Pennsylvania, United States
- Plymouth Argyle F.C. - association football club from Plymouth, England.
- Plymouth (automobile)
- Plymouth Brethren - a religious group
- Plymouth Colony
- Plymouth County
- Plymouth Gin
- Plymouth Locomotive Works
- _Plymouth_ is a made-for-TV movie about a Moon base
Yield

In economics, the **yield** is how much money somebody is paid each year for leaving money invested somewhere.  Unlike a corporate dividend, a yield is fairly certain, unless there is a bankruptcy. This means that people usually know how much money they are going to make from their yield ahead of time.

Yields can be different because of inflation but there is usually a relationship between risk and returns. The safest  instruments, such as government bonds, yield the least whereas higher risk securities, such as corporate bonds, should pay more - this compensates investors for risks like bankrupcy and inflation. Stocks and junk bonds are the riskiest investments and should promise the highest yield. Finance is studied at universities and these relationships between risk and returns are supported by academic research.

## Related pages

- Returns (economics)
Moral purchasing

**Moral purchasing** is when a person uses moral reasoning to decide what to buy. For example, when a person chooses to buy local goods instead of those from other countries, it supports their community and promotes processes that have visible, direct benefits to their neighbours.

## Other page

- Fair trade
Social network

A **social network** is a set of people who interact (i.e. _socialise_). This includes group organizations. The social relationships may include friendship/affect, communication, economic transactions, interactions, kinship, authority/hierarchy, trust, social support, diffusion, contagion, and so on.

Calling social relationships a network calls attention to the pattern or structure of the set of relationships.

A community social network is the pattern of relationships among a set of people and/or organizations in a community. Each of these networks can involve social support, give people a sense of community, and
lead them to help and protect each other.

How big a personal network becomes depends on the individual and the type of relationships considered. _The set of people that a person knows well or with whom a person frequently interacts seldom exceeds several hundred_. As the size of a network grows, keeping relationships is strained by the size. There is a so-called "Law of 150" which suggests that around 150 people is the best size for a village or large clan though most people live in much bigger towns. Some experts think that a corporation has an ideal size of about 70 people: these people and their spouses would also make a large social network.

The free rider problem is that someone uses the social network but does not give help when needed. Social networks are vulnerable to them, since the circumstances where help is required, like disasters, occur by surprise. It might happen that someone cannot help at that one time - it might also happen that they are not there the next time. Only slowly does it become obvious who is and is not contributing to the safety of the group, or who is avoiding this duty.

Social networks are often held together by common interest(s). This may be employment, following and/or partaking in a sport or other pastime, or a religion (places of worship such as mosques, churches or temples are almost always a center of a religious social network). Often the network has an identity of its own which is quite real, even though it may have no official recognition. Networks may be centered on places, or on families, or on worldwide communities with common interests.

## Sources

- The Law of 150 is documented in R.I.M. Dunbar 1992. Neocortex size as a constraint on group size in primates. _Journal of Human Evolution_. **20**, pp. 469–493.

- The field of study which investigates human social life is social psychology.

## Related pages

- Social network service
Cabal

A **cabal** is a group of people who control or try to control affairs in society or within an organization secretly or dishonestly. Cabals are often a theme of a conspiracy theories.

People sometimes say "There Is No Cabal", or TINC, to mean "There Is No Cabal". The joke is that since a cabal is necessarily secret, only those who are in the cabal can know.

## Politics

The former chief of staff, Lawrence Wilkerson, of the Secretary of State Colin Powell said that the foreign policy of George W. Bush's administration were run by a "Cheney-Rumsfeld cabal". With this word he meant that the President had not really the power that he is given by the constitution and that the Vice President and the Secretary of Defense had more influence than they should have.

## Related pages

- Oligarchy
- Deep state
- Antisemitism
- _The Protocols of the Elders of Zion_

## Other websites

- Cabal
- What is Kabbalah?
- cabal  #TranslateHate  AJC
- Debunking Myths about Jews
- An Antisemitic Conspiracy: The Protocols of the Elders of Zion
- 20% of European survey participants say secret Jewish cabal runs the world
Creating

**Creating** is making new things that have not existed before, usually by combining two or three things that existed. Art is almost always called **creative**, but so are other activities like music, mathematics, technology, business, craft, building, gardening and forestry, if they combine things to get new things.

When several people cooperate in more than one process of creating, that is a creative network. This cuts risk since anything creative involves some chance that it will simply not work.

What is "not creative" is usually called imitative, and includes anything that is mostly trying not to do what has never been done – like law, sports, science, war, and especially education. These involve more direct competition, so risk comes from the competitor who may do it better. The word team is used for such groups.

Most people fear change and new things, and so what is most stable and considered important by society tends to be imitative and done in teams. But unless society encourages creating it loses out to others by competition in business or technology, so there must be some creative networks, somewhere, in labs or art studios.

Views of control of creative work also depend very much on religious and spiritual views of nature (or a creator) creating Man, according to economist Lester Thurow. Those ethical traditions that see "Man in the image of God" have created legal codes (see guild, intellectual right, intellectual interest, intellectual property) to tightly control what they are creating or have created. These are now the basis of organizations such as WIPO or ICANN. Often, such laws also create control over things which are merely found, not created.

Many people give away what they have created and never think about it as property – other people try to control it and get paid every time anyone sees it – or even every time they just talk about it.

Wikipedia uses the GNU FDL which is a content license that tries to get people to combine what they are creating, with no one clearly in control. This is considered strange by many people, who are uncomfortable with that idea, or seek to control some aspect of it themselves.
Human science

**Human science** is the science of humans:  what makes them different from animals, and their limits, which tend to be the same as those of other animals.  Because human bodies are animal bodies, human science is part of biology which leads to Life Science.  However human behaviour includes the use of words, measures, numbers, knowing time and having memory, and such habits as trade - thus economics and psychology are considered to be part of human science.  A general human science is anthropology which studies only the differences between humans and near relatives.

One important debate in human science is whether the exchange of culture (or in economics instructional capital), is only among humans or if it also goes on among our Great Ape near relatives.  If so, then culture is part of primatology and there is no clear line between human science and life sciences.

However, life science also deals with humans as objects of study (notably in medicine), while hard science such as chemistry deals with humans as the observer who _does_ the study - sets the scale at which observation can happen, incurs observer effects - as studied in philosophy of science.

Often sciences have different names based on whether they study humans or not.  For instance economics is the study of how humans make a living, while ecology is the study of how non-humans make a living.  Medicine is normally restricted to humans while veterinary medicine refers to the same techniques made on other species.  One relies more on ethics and less on economics when dealing with humans, at least according to any ethical tradition.

The living, social, and sensory observing aspects of humans are probably all part of the human sciences to the degree they affect how humans view themselves.

Specific human sciences (in addition to anthropology and ethics and economics) include psychology, sociology and linguistics.  There is debate as to whether mathematics is something human or if it is universal - see philosophy of mathematics on this.

## Related pages

- humanities
- sense
- ecology
Flaying

**Flaying** is a form of torture, mutilation, and execution.  It is the act of stripping the skin and flesh from the bones.  Flaying an enemy while alive is an ancient practice.  Accounts attribute the practice to the ancient Assyrians, who were said to flay the skin from a captured enemy or rebellious ruler and nail it to the wall of his city, as warning to all who would defy their power.  Searing or cutting the flesh from the body was sometimes used as part of the public execution of traitors in medieval Europe.  A similar mode of execution was used as late as the early 18th century in France; one such episode is graphically recounted in the opening chapter of Michel Foucault's _Discipline and Punish_ (1979).
Quick

**Quick** may refer to:

- Speed
- Quick (restaurant chain), a French fast-food chain
- Quick (automobile), an American-made car

## Related pages

- All articles with titles starting with "Quick"
Thunder

- _For the aircraft, see P-47 Thunderbolt and A-10 Thunderbolt II._

**Thunder** is a loud sound that is often heard during a powerful rain storm.
Thunder is so loud it can be heard from a far distance.
It can sound like a boom, a crash, or a rumble.

Thunder is made when lightning strikes.
The energy from the lightning heats up the air so much that it makes a kind of explosion.

When lightning is nearby, thunder will be heard soon after the lightning flash, and the sound will be very loud.  If the lightning is farther away, the thunder will be heard a few seconds or many seconds after the lightning. People can guess how far away the lightning is by counting the number of seconds between the time they see the lightning and hear the thunder.

## Related pages

- Thor
1

The year **1 AD** (**I**) was a common year starting on Saturday in the Julian calendar. The year started on a Monday in the Gregorian calendar. It was the first year of the 1st century and 1st millennium.

It is one of only seven years to use just one Roman numeral. The seven are **1 AD** (I), 5 AD (V), 10 AD (X), 50 AD (L), 100 AD (C), 500 AD (D), and 1000 AD (M).

At the time, it was known as the _Year of the Consulship of Caesar and Paullus_. The denomination 1 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the main method in Europe for naming years. The year before this is 1 BC in the widely used Julian calendar.

#### Roman Empire

- Tiberius, under orders of Augustus, stopped revolts in Germany (1 – 5).
- Rome: Gaius Caesar and Lucius Aemilius Paullus became consuls, M. Herennius Picens replaces Paullus in July .
- The poem _Metamorphoses_ is written by Ovid.
- The Aqua Alsietina aqueduct is made in Rome.
- Silk appears in Rome.

#### Asia

- Start of the _Yuanshi_ era of the Chinese Han Dynasty.
- Confucius is given his first royal title (posthumous name) of Lord Bao Chengxun Ni.
- Buddhism is introduced into China.
- Emperor Ping of Han China's reign begins.

#### Africa

- Axum (Ethiopia) is founded (approximate date).

#### Americas

- Moxos ceases to be a significant religious area in South America (approximate date).

#### Arts and sciences

- The poem _Metamorphoses_ is written by Ovid.
- Livy writes his monumental _History of Rome_ (_Ab Urbe Condita_).

#### Religion

- Birth of Jesus as given by Dionysius Exiguus in his anno Domini era according to at least one scholar. However, most scholars think Dionysius placed the birth of Jesus in the previous year, 1 BC.

## Births

- Lucius Annaeus Gallio, Roman proconsul (d. 65)
- Quinctilius Varus, son of Publius Quinctilius Varus and Claudia Pulchra (d. 27)
- Pallas, Greek Freedman and political advisor (d. 65)

## Deaths

- Arshak II of Iberia, king of Iberia of the Nimrodid Dynasty
- Herod the Great 14 Jan 1AD, king of Judea of the Herod Dynasty
2

The year **2** (**II**) was a common year that started on Sunday, according to the Julian calendar. According to the Gregorian calendar, it started on a Tuesday.

At the time, it was known as the _Year of the Consulship of Vinicius and Varus_. It was the 2nd year of the 1st century.

### Roman Empire

- Following the death of Lucius Caesar, Livia Drusilla convinced Augustus to allow her son Tiberius back into Rome as a private citizen. This was after six years in enforced retirement on Rhodes.
- Gaius Caesar meets with Phraates V, the king of Parthia on the Euphrates.
- Publius Alfenus Varus and Publius Vinicius become Roman Consuls.

### Europe

- Cedeides becomes Archon of Athens.
- Using Roman military support, Artavasdes III, son of Ariobarzanes II, king of Media Atropatene, becomes the king of Armenia.

### Africa

- Juba II of Mauretania joins Gaius Caesar in Armenia as a military advisor.

### Asia

- The first census is concluded in China. The census has begun the year before. Final numbers show a population of nearly 60 million (59,594,978 people in a bit more than 12 million households). The census is one of the most accurate surveys in Chinese history.
- The Chinese census shows nearly one million people living in Vietnam.

## Births

- Apollonius of Tyana (d. 98)
- Deng Yu, Han Dynasty general and statesman (d. 58)

## Deaths

- Lucius Caesar, son of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa and Julia the Elder. He was also the heir to the throne in Gaul. (b. 17 BC)
3

The year **3** (**III**) was a common year which started on a Monday. according to the Julian calendar. According to the Gregorian calendar, it started on a Wednesday. At the time, it was known as the _Year of the Consulship of Lamia and Servilius_. The year is called 3 since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the usual method in Europe for naming years.  It was the 3rd year of the 1st century.

### Roman Empire

- The rule of Augustus is renewed for a ten-year period.
- Augustus adopts his grandson, Gaius Caesar, with the expectation that he will succeed him. Gaius is made proconsul and is sent on a special mission to the East.
- Lucius Aelius Lamia is consul of Rome
- Marcus Valerius Messalla Messallinus is consul of Rome

### Europe

- Menneas becomes Archon of Athens
- Five German tribes are unified by Marbod, King of the Marcomanni. The unification of the five tribes represents a direct threat to Rome in the area that will become Silesia and Saxony.

### China

- Wang Mang foils a plot by his son,Wang Yu, his brother-in-law, Lu Kuan, and the Wei clan to remove him from the regent's position. Wang Yu and Lu Kuan are killed in the purge that follows.

## Births

- Ban Biao, Chinese historian (d. 54)
- Paul of Tarsus (d. 67)
4

The year **4** (**IV**) was a leap year which started on a Tuesday, according to the Julian calendar. According to the Gregorian calendar, it started on a Thursday. At the time, it was known as the _Year of the Consulship of Catus and Saturninus_. It was called the fourth year since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the usual method in Europe for naming years. It was the 4th year of the 1st century.

#### Roman Empire

- Emperor Caesar Augustus summons Tiberius to Rome, and names him his heir and future emperor. At the same time, Agrippa Postumus the last son of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa is also adopted and named as Augustus' heir.
- Tiberius also adopts Germanicus as his own heir.
- Sextus Aelius Catus becomes consul.
- The _Lex Aelia Sentia_ regulates the manumission of slaves.
- Signature of a pact of non-aggression and friendship between the Roman Empire, represented by Tiberius, and the German tribe the Cherusci, represented by their King Segimer. Arminius and Flavus, sons of Segimer, were brought into the Roman army as the Leaders of the auxiliary troops.
- Julia the Elder returns from exile to live in Rhegium in disgrace.
- Augustus Pardons Gnaeus Cornelius Cinna Magnus along with Aemilia Lepida, the daughter of Marcus Aemilius Lepidus for alleged involvement in a conspiracy against the emperor.
- Marcus Plautius Silvanus is appointed proconsul of Asia.
- Polianus Maradonius becomes Archon of Athens

#### Mid-East

- King Phraataces and Queen Musa of Parthia are overthrown and killed, the crown being offered to Orodes III of Parthia – the beginning of the interregnum

#### Asia

- Namhae Chachaung succeeds Bak Hyeokgeose as king of the Korean kingdom of Silla (traditional date)
- Emperor Ping of Han marries Empress Wang (Ping) daughter of Wang Mang cementing his influence.

#### Arts and sciences

- Nicholas of Damascus writes the 14 volume _History of the World_.

## Births

- Columella, Roman writer (d. 70)
- Daemusin of Goguryeo, king of Goguryeo (d. 44)

## Deaths

- Gaius Caesar, son of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa and Julia the Elder, dies from wounds suffered during a campaign in Artagira, Armenia.
- Bak Hyeokgeose of Silla, first ruler of Korea.
- Gaius Asinius Pollio, Roman emperor, poet and historian (b. 65 BC).
- Terentia, first wife of Marcus Tullius Cicero (b. 98 BC).
- Ariobarzanes II, King of Media Atropatane (b. 40 BC).
- Artavasdas IV, King of Armenia (b. 20 BC).
5

**5** (**V**) is a common year of the Julian calendar which started on a Thursday. According to the Gregorian calendar, it started on a Saturday. It was known as the _Year of the Consulship of Messalla and Cinna_.  It was the 5th year of the 1st century.

It is one of only seven years to use just one Roman numeral. The seven are 1 AD (I), **5 AD** (V), 10 AD (X), 50 AD (L), 100 AD (C), 500 AD (D), and 1000 AD (M).

### Roman Empire

- Rome acknowledges Cunobelinus, King of the Catuvellauni, as King of Britain.
- Germanic Tribes Cimbri and Charydes send ambassadors to Rome
- Gnaeus Cornelius Cinna Magnus, Lucius Valerius Messalla Volesus (or Gaius Ateius Capito) become Roman consuls
- Tiberius conquers Germania Inferior
- Agrippina the Elder marries Germanicus her second cousin.
- Livilla marries Drusus Julius Caesar, Tiberius's son.
- Polycharmus Azenius becomes Archon of Athens.

### China

- Emperor Ping of Han is assassinated. Grand Empress Dowager Wang appoints Wang Mang as acting-emperor of Han until a suitable successor is found to replace the childless Ping.

## Births

- Julia, daughter of Drusus Julius Caesar and Livilla (d. 43)
- Drusilla of Mauretania
- Ruzi Ying, great-grandson of Emperor Xuan Han, Emperor of China (d. 25)
- Yin Lihua, Empress of China (d. 64)

## Deaths

- Gaius Asinius Pollio, Roman orator, poet and historian (b. 76 or 75 BC)
- Ping of Han, Emperor of China is assassinated, poisoned it is believed on the orders of Wang Mang (b. 14 BC).
6

**6** (**VI**) is a common year of the Julian calendar which started on a Friday. According to the Gregorian calendar, it started on a Sunday. It was the 6th year of the 1st century.

### Roman Empire

- Herod Archelaus, the ethnarch of Samaria, Judea, and Idumea is deposed and banished to vienne in Gaul.
- Iudaea and Moesia become Roman provinces; Syria is guarded by legions X _Fretensis_, III _Gallica_, VI _Ferrata_, and XII _Fulminata_.
- Augustus sets up a special treasury, the _aerarium militare_ to pay bonuses to retiring legion veterans.
- Tiberius makes Carnuntum his base of operations against Maroboduus; The Roman legion XX _Valeria Victrix_ fights with Tiberius against the Marcomanni.
- the Pannonians, with the Dalmatians and other Illyrian tribes, revolted, only to be overcome by Tiberius after a hard-fought three year long campaign.
- The building of a Roman fort starts the current city of Wiesbaden.
- Caecina Severus is made governor of Moesia.
- Publius Sulpicius Quirinius becomes Governor of Syria and nominally of Judea.
- Quirinius conducts a census in Judea (according to Josephus), which results in a revolt in the province, led by Judas the Galilean, and supported by the Pharisee Sadoq. The revolt is repressed, and the rebels are crucified, but it results in the birth of the Zealot movement, the members of which regard God as their only master.
- Due to a food shortage in Rome, Augustus doubles the corn rations distributed to the people.
- Due to a catastrophic fire in Rome, the barracks system is created to allow quicker response in the case of emergencies.
- Augustus banishes Agrippa Postumus, one of his adopted sons, to the island of Planasia.
- Marcus Aemilius Lepidus and Lucius Arruntius become Roman consuls.
- Theophilus becomes Archon of Athens. There are no further records of Archons until after 23.

### Africa

- Juba II of Maurentia and Numidia marries Glaphyra, a princess from Cappadocia. The marriage is brief as Glaphyra falls for Herod Archelaus and moves to Judea (This union is partially responsible for Herod's ouster from Judea).

### Asia

- Accession of Ru Zi Ying of the Han Dynasty in China and start of _Jushe_ era of the Chinese Han Dynasty.
- Candidates for political office in China must take civil-service examinations.
- the imperial Liu clan begins to suspect the intentions of Wang Mang and foment agrarian rebellions during the course of Ruzi Ying's reign. The first of these is led by Liu Chong, Marquess of Ang-Zong

- Following the ousting of Orodes III, Vonones I is appointed by Rome as King of Parthia. Parthian grandees refuse to accept him as king. They invite Artabanus II, another member of the Arsacid house, to the throne, precipitating civil war.

## Births

- Jesus, usually considered the latest possible year of birth, based on the Quirinius census in that year
- Nero Caesar, son of Germanicus and Agrippina the elder (d. 30).
- Milonia Caesonia, Roman empress (d. 41).

## Deaths

- February 3 – Ping, emperor of Han Dynasty (b. 9 BC)
- Cleopatra Selene (II), Egyptian ruler of Cyrenaica and Libya (b. 40 BC)
- Orodes III, briefly emperor of Parthia