juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Banksia

***Banksia*** is a genus of plants common to Australia, they were named after Joseph Banks. The _Banksia_ are noted for their unique flowering.

It is a genus of around 170 species in the plant family Proteaceae. As Australian wildflowers and popular garden plants, they  are easily recognised by their characteristic flower spikes and fruiting "cones". They can vary from woody shrubs to trees up to 30 metres tall. They are generally found in a wide variety of landscapes: (occasionally) rainforest, shrubland, and some more arid landscapes, though not in Australia's deserts.

They produce plenty of nectar,and are a vital part of the food chain in the Australian bush. They are an important food source for all sorts of nectariferous animals, including birds, bats, rats, possums and a host of invertebrates. Also, they are of economic importance to Australia's nursery and cut flower industries.

_Banksia_ plants are threatened by land clearing, frequent burning and disease, and a number of species are rare and endangered.

## Further reading

- .

## Other websites

- The Banksia Page  of ASGAP
- Banksia Study Group  of ASGAP
Gollum

**Gollum** is a Hobbit from _The Hobbit_ and _The Lord of the Rings_. He is a minor antagonist of _The Hobbit_ and a secondary antagonist of _The Lord of the Rings_.

## Fictional biography

Sméagol went fishing with his brother and found the One Ring. He strangled and killed his brother and kept the One Ring to himself. For 500 years, he lived longer but became ugly. He was encountered by fellow Hobbit Bilbo Baggins, who took his Ring. Decades later, he has been captured by Sauron's forces and shared Bilbo's location.

## Peter Jackson adaptations (2001-2003, 2012)

In Peter Jackson's movie adaptations of both books, Gollum's motion capture and voice were done by Andy Serkis. He is digitally created by Weta Digital and is considered one of the most impressive features of the series, specifically the second Lord of the Rings movie. The screenwriters portrayed him as if he had Dissociative identity disorder.

## Other media

Gollum, voiced by Andy Serkis accepted a 2003 MTV Movie Award for Best Virtual Performance with him yelling censored swears towards the crew, audience, Serkis and fellow book character Dobby from Harry Potter, whom he described as a "fucking fag". It was written by Philippa Boyens and Fran Walsh as a humorous response. The speech itself won a 2004 Hugo Award.

## Reception

His distinct voice and his catchphrase "My precious" are well-known for fantasy fans and Gollum is seen as one of the best computer animated characters in a live-action movie.
1184

## Events

- Abbeville receives its commercial charter.
- The Battle of Fimreite takes place.
- Archbishop Absalon of Lund wins a naval victory over Bogislav, duke of Pomerania.
- Streets of Paris paved by order of Philip Augustus.
- Second Battle of Uji
- Abu Yusuf Ya'qub al-Mansur — third Almohad Caliph
- Papal bull _ad aboldendam_ issued against several European heretical groups: the Cathars, the Waldensians, the Patarines and the Humiliati. It was created after a landmark meeting between the Holy Roman Empire under Frederick Barbarossa and the Roman Church under Pope Lucius III.

## Births

- April 11 — William of Winchester, Lord of Lunenburg (d. 1213)
- Eleanor, Fair Maid of Brittany (approximate date; d. 1241)
- Saadi, Iranian poet (d. 1291)

## Deaths

- February 16 — Richard of Dover, Archbishop of Canterbury
- March 27 — Giorgi III, king of Georgia
- June 15 — Magnus Erlingsson, king of Norway (b. 1156)
- July 29 — Yusuf I, Almohad Caliph

## Heads of states

- England — Henry II Curt Mantle, King of England (reigned 1154–1189).
- France — Philippe II, Auguste King of France (reigned from 1180–1223).
Fairy

A **fairy** or **færie** (Old English spelling) is a supposed magical being that flies in the air. They are usually depicted as tiny girls or women. Some fairies have certain jobs, such as the Tooth fairy, who gives money or treats under the pillow of small children who have had a tooth fall out.

## In literature

A fairy tale is a story with a plot involving fairies. These stories are usually for children. Fairies come up in many fictional books such as "_Peter Pan_" and "_The Spiderwick Chronicles_".

## In folklore

Fairies can also be found in folklore. For instance, in Ireland and Scotland, fairies are thought of as creatures that were defeated by the human race thousands of years ago and now live in caverns in the world of Faerie.  Sometimes fairies are believed to be a kind of angel. Other times, they are believed to be demons or spirits of the dead. Fairies are said to steal human babies and replace them with Changelings.

## In Other Media

in Hyrule Warriors there is a playable fairy known as the Great Fairy.
1303

## Events

- 24 February: Battle of Roslin
- 20 April: Pope Boniface VIII starts the University of Rome La Sapienza
- October 22 – Pope Benedict XI replaces Pope Boniface VIII as the 194th pope.
- Edward I of England fights for and wins back Scotland (see also: William Wallace, Wars of Scottish Independence)
- The Khilji Dynasty under Alauddin Khilji beats Chittorgarh in northern India.

## Births

- Saint Birgitta, Swedish saint (died 1373)
- Gegeen Khan, Mongol emperor of China (died 1323)

## Deaths

- October 11 – Pope Boniface VIII
- Daniel of Russia, he was the first prince of Moscow
- Ivan Asen III of Bulgaria, emperor of Bulgaria
- Beatrix of Castile, wife of King Afonso III of Portugal (born 1242)

## Other

- Avoirdupois system of weights and measures comes to England and Wales.
- An earthquake destroys the Lighthouse of Alexandria in Egypt, one of the seven wonders of the world
1306

## Events

- March 25 – Robert the Bruce becomes King of Scotland.
- May – Hugh the younger Despenser, favourite of King Edward II of England, is married to heiress Eleanor de Clare.
- June 19 – Forces of Earl of Pembroke defeat Bruce's Scottish rebels at the Battle of Methven
- Philip IV of France exiles all the Jews from France and confiscates their property
- In London, a city ordinance decrees that heating with coal is forbidden when parliament is in session – the ordinance is not particularly effective

## Births

- Ashikaga Tadayoshi, general of the Northern and Southern Courts(d. 1352)
- Sasaki Takauji, Japanese poet, warrior, and bureaucrat (d. 1373)
- August 8 – Rudolf II, Duke of Bavaria (d.1353)

## Deaths

- February 10 – John "the Red" Comyn, Scottish nobleman
- March 21 – Robert II, Duke of Burgundy (born 1248)
- August 4 – King Wenceslaus III of Bohemia (born 1289)
- Robert de Burghersh, 1st Baron Burghersh
- Roger de Flor, German soldier
- Richard of Middleton, Norman theologian and philosopher of the Franciscan Order (born 1249)
- Roger Bigod, 5th Earl of Norfolk (born 1270)
1297

## Events

- 8 January – Monaco gains independence.
- English Church refuses to pay taxes, resulting in crisis.
- William Wallace begins his revolt against the English.
- Canonization of Louis IX, King of France
- August 28 – Edward I unsuccessfully invades Flanders.
- September 12 – King Diniz of Portugal and King Fernando IV of Castile signed the Treaty of Alcanizes. The geographic limits of Portugal are fixed permanently, with the exception of São Félix de Galegos, lost in 1640 and Olivenza, lost in 1801.
- September 11 – Battle of Stirling Bridge: Scots of Andrew de Moray and William Wallace defeat English.

## Births

- March 25 – Arnost of Pardubice, Archbishop of Prague (d. 1364)
- August 14 – Emperor Hanazono of Japan (died 1348)
- Abu al-Hasan 'Ali, Sultan of Morocco (died 1351)
- Charles II of Alençon,Count of Alençon and Perche 1325–1346, Count of Joigny 1335–1336. (Died August 26, 1346)
- Kęstutis, Grand Prince of Lithuania (died 1382)
- Thomas Wake, English baron (died 1349)

## Deaths

- August 19 – Saint Louis of Toulouse, French Catholic bishop (born 1274)
- September 11 – Hugh de Cressingham English Treasurer
- December 31 – Humphrey de Bohun, 3rd Earl of Hereford, English soldier (born 1249)
1298

## Events

- July 2 – The Battle of Göllheim is fought between Albert I of Habsburg and Adolf of Nassau-Weilburg.
- 22 July – Battle of Falkirk: King Edward I of England defeats a Scottish army led by William Wallace
- End of the reign of Emperor Fushimi, emperor of Japan
- Emperor Go-Fushimi ascends to the throne of Japan
- While in prison in Genoa, Marco Polo dictates his _Travels_ to a local writer
- A fire causes severe damage to the Palace of Westminster.
- The Chinese governmental minister Wang Zhen (official) invents _wooden_ movable type printing, while the earlier Bi Sheng invented ceramic movable type in the 11th century

## Births

- December 12 – Albert II of Austria (died 1358)

## Deaths

- July 2 – Adolf of Nassau-Weilburg, King of the Romans
- July 10 – King Ladislaus IV of Hungary (b. 1262)
- July 22 – Sir John de Graham, Scottish soldier at the Battle of Falkirk
- July 13 – Jacobus de Voragine, Italian chronicler and archbishop of Genoa
- September 11 – Philip of Artois, French soldier (born 1269)
- Smilets of Bulgaria (born 1292)
1299

## Events

- Osman I declares the independence of the Ottoman Principality
- The house of Holland becomes extinct. The County of Holland becomes a part of a personal union with the County of Hainaut.
- April 1, 1299 Kings Towne on the River Hull granted city status by Royal Charter of King Edward I of England.
- King Håkon V Magnusson moves the capital of Norway from Bergen to Oslo, and builds Akershus fortress in Oslo. Norway is ruled from this fortress the next 500 years.
- The Mexica settle Chapultepec, a former Toltec stronghold.
- A serious fire occurs at Westminster Palace.
1309

## Events

- March 9 – Pope Clement V settles the papal seat in Avignon, following a visit.
- August 15 – The city of Rhodes surrenders to the forces of the Knights of St. John, completing their conquest of Rhodes. The knights establish their headquarters on the island, and rename themselves as the Knights of Rhodes.
- Alnwick Castle, Northumberland, bought by the Percy family, later Earls of Northumberland.

## Births

- Leo V of Armenia (died 1341)

## Deaths

- May 5 – Charles II of Naples
- James of St. George, Savoyard military architect (born 1230)
1310

## Events

- May 11 – In France, 64 members of the Knights Templar are burned at the stake for heresy
- Abu al-Fida becomes governor of Hama.
- The first purpose-built accommodation for students (Mob Quad) completed in Merton College, Oxford, England.
- Basarab I, after the battle against the Tatars, is named "big prince" of Wallachia by the feudal lords of the region. The country is to remain under Hungarian domination until 12 October 1330 and the Battle of Posada.

## Births

- April 30 – King Casimir III of Poland (died 1368)
- November 30 – Frederick II, Margrave of Meissen (died 1349)
- _date unknown_
    - Gil Alvarez De Albornoz, Spanish cardinal
    - Guillaume Tirel, chef (died 1395)
    - Pope Urban V (died 1370)

## Deaths

- May 22 – Saint Humility (born c. 1226)
- June 5 – Amalric, Prince of Tyre (born c. 1272)
- October 1 – Beatrice, Burgundy of Bastia, Lady of Bourbon (born 1257)
- October 28 – Ecumenical Patriarch Athanasius I of Constantinople (born 1230)
- December 10 – Stephen I, Duke of Bavaria (born 1271)
    - Shams al-Din ibn Ashraf Al-Samarqandi, astronomer (born 1250)
    - George Pachymeres, Byzantine historian (born 1242)
1311

## Events

- March 15 – At the Battle of Halmyros, the Catalan Company beats Walter V of Brienne to take the Duchy of Athens.
- Bolingbroke Castle gets into the House of Lancaster.

## Births

- June 24 – Philippa of Hainault, queen of Edward III of England (died 1369)
- August 13 – King Alfonso XI of Castile (died 1350)
- Peter I, Duke of Bourbon (died 1356)
- Margaret II, Countess of Hainaut (died 1356)
- Joan II of Navarre, daughter of King Louis X of France (died 1349)
- July 1 – Liu Ji, Chinese military strategist, officer, statesman and poet (d. 1375)

## Deaths

- March 15 – Walter V of Brienne, Duke of Athens
- Antony Bek, bishop of Durham
- David VIII of Georgia (born 1273)
- James II of Majorca (born 1243)
- Bernard Saisset, Occitan bishop of Pamiers (born 1232)
- Arnold of Villanova, Spanish alchemist and physician (born 1235)
- Emperor Wuzong of Yuan China
1317

## Events

- The Great Famine of 1315-1317.

## Births

- Michael 2nd Baron Poynings, Knight (d. 1369)

## Deaths

- February 7 – Robert, Count of Clermont, French founder of the House of Bourbon (born 1256)
- February 14 – Marguerite of France, queen of Edward I of England (born 1282)

- _date unknown_
    - William de Ros, 2nd Baron de Ros, an heir to the King of Scotland (born 1255)
    - Ramkhamhaeng the Great, King of Sukhothai (born 1239)
    - Madhvacharya, saint (born 1238)
1318

### January–December

- April 1 – Berwick-upon-Tweed is taken by the Scottish from the English.
- May 11 – Battle of Dysert O'Dea: The Irish armies of Conor O'Dea defeat the Hiberno-Normans under Richard de Clare.
- End of the reign of Emperor Hanazono, emperor of Japan.

### Date unknown

- Emperor Go-Daigo succeeds Emperor Hanazono on the throne of Japan.
- Qala'un Mosque, Cairo, Egypt is founded by Al-Nasr Muhammad.

## Births

- June 8 – Eleanor of Woodstock, eldest daughter of King Edward II of England
- _date unknown_ – Margarete Maultasch, Countess of Tyrol (died 1369)
    - Albert II, Duke of Mecklenburg
    - Eleanor of Lancaster (died 1372)
    - Pope Urban VI (died 1389)

## Deaths

- February 16 – Valdemar, Duke of Finland
- October 14 – Edward Bruce, High King of Ireland (b. 1275)
- November 22 – Mikhail Yaroslavich, Russian prince (b. 1271)
- _date unknown_
    - Llywelyn Bren, Welsh rebel
    - Heinrich Frauenlob, Bohemian musician
    - Rashid al-Din, Persian writer and historian (born 1247)
1319

## Events

- Magnus VII becomes the king of Norway and unites the country with Sweden.

## Births

- April 16 – King John II of France (died 1364)
- King Peter IV of Aragon (died 1387)
- Joanna of Dreux, Countess of Penthievre (died 1384)
- Murad I, Ottoman Sultan (died 1389)
- William de Bohun, 1st Earl of Northampton, English military leader (died 1360)

## Deaths

- May 19 – Louis d'Évreux, son of Philip III of France (b. 1276)
- Duccio, Italian painter (born 1255)
1331

## Events

- September 8 – Stefan Dusan declares himself king of Serbia.
- Start of the reign of Emperor Kogon of Japan, first of the Northern Ashikaga Pretenders.
- 24 September – Edward Balliol enthroned as King of Scotland.
- September 27 – the Battle of Plowce took place.

## Births

- Coluccio Salutati, Florentine political leader (died 1406)

## Deaths

- January 14 – Odoric, Italian explorer
- October 27 – Abulfeda, Arab historian and geographer (born 1273)
1333

## Events

- End of the Kamakura period and beginning of the Kemmu restoration in Japan.
- End of the reign of Emperor Kogon of Japan, first of the Northern Ashikaga Pretenders.
- July 19 – Battle of Halidon Hill, last of the wars of Scottish Independence.
- Burke civil war begins in Ireland.

## Births

- Kanami, Japanese noh actor and writer (died 1384)
- Blanche d'Évreux, French princess (died 1398)

## Deaths

- February 7 – Nikkō, Japanese priest, founder of Nichiren Shoshu buddhism (born 1246)
- September 25 – Prince Morikuni, 9th Kamakura shogun of Japan (born 1301)
- November 15 – Nichimoku, Japanese priest, the 3rd high priest of Taisekiji temple and Nichiren Shoshu (born 1260)
- William of Alnwick, Franciscan friar and theologian
- Ladislaus I of Poland
- Antipope Nicholas V
- William Donn de Burgh, 3rd Earl of Ulster (born 1312)
1334

## Events

- December 20 – Pope Benedict XII succeeds Pope John XXII as the 197th pope.
- The first recorded outbreak of the Black Death occurred in Hubei.

## Births

- January 4 – Amadeus VI of Savoy (died 1383)
- January 13 – King Henry II of Castile (died 1379)
- May 25 – Emperor Sukō (died 1398)
- August 30 – King Pedro of Castile (died 1369)
- King James I of Cyprus (died 1398)
- Hayam Wuruk, Javanese ruler (died 1389)

## Deaths

- December 4 – Pope John XXII (born 1249)
- Sheikh Safieddin (born 1251)
1335

## Events

- 30 November – Battle of Culblean in Scotland.
- Abu Said dies and the Ilkhanate disintegrates.
- Slavery abolished in Sweden.
- Congress of Visegrád involving the monarchs of Bohemia, Hungary, and Poland.
- Carinthia and Carniola come under Habsburg rule. After the death of Duke Henry, the duchies are bestowed by Louis the Bavarian on the Dukes of Austria. From that time onwards, what is today Slovenia was ruled jointly with Austria until 1918.
- Pope Benedict XII begins to reform the Cistercians
- The excommunication of Frederick III of Sicily and the interdict placed on Sicily end
- Beginning of the construction of the papal palace in Avignon
- Otto the Merry, Duke of Austria, becomes Duke of Carinthia on May 2
- Aabenraa is chartered as a city.
- Foundation of School of Arts in Zaragoza, Spain which later came to be known as the University of Zaragoza in 16th Century.

## Births

- Matthew of Kraków, Bohemian writer (died 1410)

## Deaths

- April 2 – Duke Henry of Carinthia
- Prince Morinaga, Japanese shogun (born 1308)
- Abu Sa'id, Persian ruler (born 1316)
1338

## Events

- Hundred Years' War: Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor appoints Edward III of England as a vicar-general of the Holy Roman Empire. Louis supports Edward's claim to the French throne under the terms of the Treaty of Koblenz.
- Philip VI of France besieges Guienne in Southwest France and his navy attacks Portsmouth in England.
- Ashikaga Takauji granted title of Shogun by the emperor of Japan.
- Nicomedia is captured by the Ottoman Empire.

## Births

- 21 January – Charles V of France (died 1380)
- 3 February – Joanna of Bourbon (died 1378)
- 5 October – Alexios III of Trebizond (died 1390)
- 29 November – Lionel of Antwerp, 1st Duke of Clarence (died 1368)

### Unknown dates

- George de Dunbar, 10th Earl of March (died 1420)
- Niccolò II d'Este (died 1388)
- Thomas de Ros, 5th Baron de Ros (died 1383)
- Margaret de Stafford (died 1396)
- Tvrtko I of Bosnia (died 1391)

## Deaths

- 24 April – Theodore I of Montferrat (born c. 1270)
- 5 May – Prince Tsunenaga, son of Japanese Emperor (born 1324)
- July – Muhammad Khan, Persian monarch
- 4 August – Thomas of Brotherton, 1st Earl of Norfolk (born 1300)
- 22 August – William II of Athens (born 1312)

### Unknown dates

- Kitabatake Akiie, Japanese governor (born 1318)
- Alfonso Fadrique, Sicilian noble
- Awhadi of Maragheh, Persian poet
- Prince Narinaga, Japanese Shogun (born 1325)
- Marino Sanuto the Elder, Venetian statesman and geographer (born c. 1260)
- John Wishart, Scottish bishop
- Nitta Yoshiaki, Japanese Samurai
- Nitta Yoshisada, Japanese Samurai
1339

## Events

- 23 September – Simone Boccanegra elected to be the first Doge of Genoa.
- Emperor Go-Murakami ascends to the throne of Japan.
- Kashmir is conquered by Muslims.

## Births

- July 23 – King Louis I of Naples (d. 1384)
- November 1 – Duke Rudolf IV of Austria (died 1365)
- Pope Alexander V (died 1410)
- John V, Duke of Brittany (died 1399)
- Eric XII of Sweden (died 1359)

## Deaths

- February 17 – Duke Otto of Austria (born 1301)
- May 26 – Aldona Ona, Queen of Poland
- September 19 – Emperor Go-Daigo of Japan (born 1288)
- Henry de Cobham, 1st Baron Cobham, Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports (born 1260)
1348

## Events

- April 7 – Charles University is founded in Prague.
- June 24 – Black Death outbreak in full swing in Melcombe Regis (modern-day Weymouth, Dorset in England)
- July 6 – Papal bull of Pope Clement VI protecting Jews against popular aggression during the Black Death epidemic.
- Beginning of Black Death epidemic in central and western Europe
- End of the reign of Emperor Komyo of Japan, second of the Northern Ashikaga Pretenders
- Start of the reign of Emperor Sukō, third of the Northern Ashikaga Pretenders
- May – Black Death reaches England
- Edward III of England creates the first English order of chivalry, the Order of the Garter
- Pskov gains independence from the Novgorod Republic with the treaty of Bolotovo; Pskov Republic formed.
- Black Death in Cairo.
- Estimation: Hangzhou in Yuan Dynasty China becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Cairo, capital of Mamluk Egypt.
- Truce between England and France until 1532.
- Gonville Hall, the forerunner of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge was founded.

## Births

- John Fitzalan, 1st Lord Arundel (died 1379)

## Deaths

- February 2 – Narymunt, Prince of Pinsk
- December 2 – Emperor Hanazono, Emperor of Japan (born 1297)
- Laura, beloved of Petrarch (born 1310)
- John de Stratford, Archbishop of Canterbury
- Ambrogio Lorenzetti, Sienese painter (born 1290)
- Pietro Lorenzetti, Sienese painter (born 1280)
- Andrea Pisano, Italian sculptor and architect (born 1270)
1350

## Events

- England invades France
- 29 August – An English fleet personally commanded by King Edward III defeats a Spanish fleet in the battle of Les Espagnols sur Mer.
- Hayam Wuruk becomes ruler of the Majapahit Empire.
- The Black Death ravages Europe. (1347-1351)
- The Black Death first appears in Scotland.

## Births

- January 23 – Vincent Ferrer, Spanish missionary and saint (died 1419)
- October 12 – Dmitri Donskoi, Grand Duke of Muscovy and Vladimir (died 1389)
- Pierre d'Ailly, French theologian (died 1420)
- John I of Aragon (died 1395)
- Eleanor of Arborea, ruler of Sardinia (died 1404)
- Pope Boniface IX, second Roman pope of the Western Schism (died 1404)
- Jehuda Cresques, Catalan cartographer (died 1427)
- Margaret III, Countess of Flanders (died 1405)
- Agnolo Gaddi, Italian painter (died 1396)
- William Gascoigne, Chief Justice of England (approximate date; died 1419)
- Thomas Holland, 2nd Earl of Kent (died 1397)
- Manuel II Palaeologus, Byzantine Emperor (died 1425)
- John Montacute, 3rd Earl of Salisbury (approximate date; died 1400)
- Madhava of Sangamagrama, Indian mathematician (died 1425)
- John I Stanley of the Isle of Man (approximate date; died 1414)
- Ralph Strode, English scholar (died 1400)
- Katherine Swynford, mistress of John of Gaunt (approximate date; died 1403)
- Hrvoje Vukčić Hrvatinić (died 1415)
- Richard Whittington, Lord Mayor of London (died 1423)
- William le Scrope, 1st Earl of Wiltshire (died 1399)
- Andrew of Wyntoun, Scottish historian (died 1420)

## Deaths

- March 26 – Alfonso XI of Castile (born 1311)
- April 3 – Eudes IV, Duke of Burgundy (born 1295)
- August 22 – Philip VI of France (born 1293)
- Raoul II of Brienne, Count of Eu
- Jean de Marigny, French bishop
- Juan Ruiz, Archpriest of Hita (approximate date; born c. 1283)
- Maol Íosa V, Earl of Strathearn, last Gaelic Mormaer of Strathearn
- Namdev, Marathi saint and poet (born 1270)
1352

## Events

- June 4 – Glarus joins the Swiss Confederation.
- June 27 – Zug joins the Swiss Confederation.
- December 18 – Pope Innocent VI succeeds Pope Clement VI as the 199th pope.
- Moroccan traveller Ibn Battuta reports the existence of the ngoni and balafon instruments at the court of Mansa Musa.
- Dragoş becomes voivode of Moldova.
- Corpus Christi College founded as a College of the University of Cambridge by the Guilds of Corpus Christi and the Blessed Virgin Mary.
- The Ottoman Turk army crosses the Bosporus, entering the Balkans.
- Lionel of Antwerp marries Elizabeth, daughter of William de Burgh, 3rd Earl of Ulster.
- William de Ashlee becomes Rector of Maids Moreton, England.
- The town of Biel/Bienne, Switzerland finalizes its alliance with the city of Bern.
- Reginald de Cobham, 1st Baron Cobham becomes a Companion of the Most Noble Order of the Garter of England.
- The Earldom of Kent becomes extinct (see **Deaths**, below).
- The Metropolitan of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, the Metropolitan of Halych, began to relocate back to Kiev, after having moved to Halych in 1299. Thereafter, the Metropolitan would hold the title of Metropolitan of Kiev-Halych and All Rus.

## Births

- John Holland, 1st Duke of Exeter (estimate). (died 1400)
- Vytautas the Great, Grand Duke of Lithuania (died 1430)
- Rupert of Germany, Count Palatine of the Rhine (died 1410)

## Deaths

- July 3 – Archbishop Vasilii Kalika of Novgorod.
- September 15 – Ewostatewos, Ethiopian monk and religious leader (born 1273)
- December 6 – Pope Clement VI (born 1291)
- Matthias of Arras, French architect (born 1290)
- William de Ros, 4th Baron de Ros (born 1325)
- Basarab I, Prince of Wallachia
- Al-Hakim II, Caliph of Cairo
- Laurence Minot, English poet (born 1300)
- Yoshida Kenko, Japanese monk and writer (born 1283)
1353

## Events

- The Decameron was finished by Giovanni Boccaccio.
- March 3 – Bern signs an alliance with the Swiss Confederation.

## Births

- July 15 – Vladimir the Bold, Russian prince (d. 1410)
- Thomas Arundel, Archbishop of Canterbury (died 1413)
- Margaret I of Denmark, queen of Haakon VI of Norway (died 1412)
- John Purvey, English scholar and Bible translator (died 1428)

## Deaths

- March 11 – Theognostus, metropolitan of Kiev and Moscow
- Roger Grey, 1st Baron Grey de Ruthyn
- Simeon of Russia, Grand Prince of Moscow and Vladimir
- Matilda, daughter of King Robert the Bruce of Scotland
- Togha Temür, claimant to the throne of the Mongol Il-Khanate in Persia (assassinated)
- Sir Ulick Burke, Irish nobleman
1355

## Events

- January 7 – Portuguese king Afonso IV sends three men to kill Ines de Castro, beloved of his son prince Pedro – Pedro revolts and incites a civil war.
- February 10 – The St. Scholastica's Day riot broke out in Oxford, England, leaving 63 scholars and perhaps 30 locals dead in two days.
- April – Philip of Anjou marries Mary of Naples, daughter of Charles of Valois, duke of Calabria, and Mary of Valois.
- April 5 – Charles IV crowned emperor in Rome.
- April 18 – In Venice, the Council of Ten beheads Doge Marin Falier for conspiring to kill them.
- September 1 – Tvrtko I writes _in castro nostro Vizoka vocatum_ from old town Visoki.

- A small Scottish and French force invade Northumberland, loot the city of Berwick-upon-Tweed and defeat a small English force in a skirmish at Nisbet, Berwickshire.

## Births

- January 7 – Thomas of Woodstock, 1st Duke of Gloucester, son of King Edward III of England (died 1397)
- August 16 – Philippa Plantagenet, Countess of Ulster
- Manuel Chrysoloras, Byzantine humanist (died 1415)
- Konrad von Jungingen, 25th Grand Master of the Teutonic Order

## Deaths

- April 18 – Doge Marin Falier, Italian ruler (executed)
- August 3 – Bartholomew de Burghersh, 1st Baron Burghersh
- December 5 – John III, Duke of Brabant (born 1300)
- Inês de Castro, lover of King Peter I of Portugal (murdered)
- Stefan Dusan, King of Serbia
1356

## Events

- January 20 – Edward Balliol quits job as King of Scotland and gives job to Edward III of England
- September 19 – Battle of Poitiers The English, led by the Black Prince, beat the French in the Hundred Years' War, taking the King John II of France while winning.
- October 18 – The Basel earthquake breaks the city of Basel in Switzerland.
- December 25 – Emperor Charles IV. announces the Golden Bull, a sort of medieval constitution for the Holy Roman Empire
- The city of Lwów granted Magdeburg rights by Casimir III of Poland
- The majority of the Great Pyramid of Giza's limestone casing stones are removed by Bahri Sultan An-Nasir Nasir-ad-Din al-Hasan to build fortresses and mosques in the nearby city of Cairo, leaving the first of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World in the step-stone condition in which it remains today.
- Burnt Candlemas – Edward III of England burns down every town and village in Lothian, Scotland.
- The official founding of the Hanseatic League, a trading alliance between many cities in northern Europe.
- Ghazan II takes Anusirvan's job as ruler of the Il-Khanate in Persia.

## Births

- King Martin I of Aragon (died 1410)

## Deaths

- September 19 – Killed at the Battle of Poitiers:
    - Peter I, Duke of Bourbon (born 1311)
    - Walter VI of Brienne, Constable of France (born 1304)
1361

## Events

- Founding of the University of Pavia, Italy.
- The Hungarian capital is moved from Esztergom to Buda.
- In the Marinid Empire in present-day Morocco, Abu Salim Ibrahim is overthrown by Abu Umar. Abu Umar is then later in the year overthrown by Abu Zayyan.
- State of anarchy within the Blue Horde. Between 1361 and 1378, over 20 khans succeed each other in different parts of the Blue Horde's territory.
- Edward, the Black Prince, marries Joan, the 'Fair Maid of Kent'.

## Births

- February 26 – Wenceslaus, King of the Romans, King of Bohemia (died 1419)
- John Beaumont, 4th Baron Beaumont, Constable of Dover Castle (died 1396)

## Deaths

- March 24 – Henry of Grosmont, Duke of Lancaster, English soldier and diplomat
- June 9 – Philippe de Vitry, French composer (born 1291)
- June 15 – Johannes Tauler, German mystic theologian
- November 21 – Philip I, Duke of Burgundy (plague) (born 1346 – age 15)
- Giovanni (plague), son of Francesco Petrarch
- Richard Badew, Chancellor of Cambridge University
- John Beauchamp, 3rd Baron Beauchamp de Somerset, Warden of the Cinque Ports
- Reginald de Cobham, 1st Baron Cobham (born 1295)
- Jan z Melsztyna, Polish nobleman
1362

## Events

- First Foundation of the Venerable English College
- January 16 – The "Grote Mandrenke" storm tide strikes Holland, England, Germany and Denmark destroying the city of Rungholt in Nordfriesland, Germany.
- Under Edward III, English replaces French as England's national language, for the first time following the Norman Conquest of 1066.
- September 28 – Pope Urban V succeeds Pope Innocent VI as the 200th pope.
- Louis I of Hungary defeats and captures Ivan Sratsimir of Bulgaria; he conquers northern Bulgaria, extending his control over the Balkans.
- The Ottomans capture Philippopolis and Adrianopole (now the city of Edirne) from the Byzantine Empire. Byzantine Empire is reduced to the city of Constantinople.
- Waldemar Atterdag of Denmark defeats the Hanseatic League in a naval battle off Helsingborg.
- Shahabuddin succeeds his brother, Alauddin Ali Sher, as Sultan of Kashmir.
- Constantine VI succeeds his cousin, Constantine V, as King of Armenia.
- Grand Duke of Lithuania Algirdas crushed the Tatars at the Blue Waters of the Southern Bug in 1362.

## Births

- Bonne of Berry, Regent of Savoy (died 1435)
- Murdoch Stewart, 2nd Duke of Albany (died 1425)

## Deaths

- April 6 – James I, Count of La Marche, French soldier (b. 1319)
- April 10 – Maud, Countess of Leicester(b. 1339)
- July 22 – Louis of Durazzo, Italian soldier (poisoned) (born 1324)
- September 12 – Pope Innocent VI
- Constantine V of Armenia
- Louis of Taranto (born 1320)
1364

## Events

- Charles V becomes King of France.
- May 12 – Foundation of the Jagiellonian University in Kraków.
- September 29 – The Breton War of Succession ends with the victory of the House of Montfort at the battle of Auray.
- Philip of Anjou becomes Titular Emperor of Costantinoples and Prince of Taranto.
- Rana Kshetra Singh succeeds Rana Hamir Singh as ruler of Mewar (now part of western India).
- Anavema Reddy succeeds Anavota Reddy as ruler of the Reddy Dynasty in Andhra Pradesh (now part of southern India).
- The Ava Dynasty establish rule in present-day northern Burma.

## Births

- November 30 – John FitzAlan, 2nd Baron Arundel, English soldier (died 1390)
- Gyaltsab Je, first throne holder of the Gelug tradition of Buddhism (died 1432)
- Charles II, Duke of Lorraine (died 1431)
- Niccolò de' Niccoli, Italian humanist (died 1437)
- Qazi Zadeh, Persian mathematician (died 1436)
- Christine de Pizan (died 1430)

## Deaths

- April 8 – King John II of France (born 1319)
- June 30 – Arnost of Pardubice, Archbishop of Prague (b. 1297)
- August 5 – Emperor Kogon of Japan (born 1313)
- September 29 – Charles, Duke of Brittany
- Gajah Mada, prime minister of the Majapahit empire
- King Valdemar III of Denmark (born 1314)
- Rana Hamir Singh, ruler of Mewar
- Anavota Reddy, ruler of the Reddy Dynasty in Andhra Pradesh
1365

## Events

- Foundation of the University of Vienna
- Adrianopole (now Edirne) becomes the capital city of the Ottoman Empire.
- Failed revolt against the Venetian rulers in Crete.
- The city of Alexandria in Egypt is sacked by an allied force of Peter I of Cyprus and the knights of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem.
- Mpu Prapanca writes the epic poem, Nagarakretagama, about the Majapahit Empire in Java.
- In present-day southern India, Bahmani Sultan Mohammed Shah I invades the Vijayanagara Empire.
- The Sukhothai Kingdom in northern Thailand becomes a tributary state of the Ayutthaya Kingdom.

## Births

- John de Ros, 6th Baron de Ros (died 1394)
- Thomas de Mowbray, 1st Duke of Norfolk (died 1399)

## Deaths

- May 17 – Louis VI the Roman, Duke of Bavaria and Elector of Brandenburg (born 1328)
- July 27 – Duke Rudolf IV of Austria (born 1339)
1366

## Events

- Thomas Fraser obtains lands in Aberdeenshire, upon which he starts the building of a towerhouse that would later be known as Muchalls Castle.
- Henry II deposes his half-brother, Pedro of Castile, to become King of Castile.
- Muhammed V builds the Granada Hospital in the Granada (in present-day Spain).
- War continues between the Hindu Vijayanagar Empire and the Muslim Bahmani Sultanate in present-day southern India. Tens of thousands of civilians massacred by each side.
- Dmitri Donskoi, ruler of Moscow & Vladimir, makes peace with Dmitri Konstantinovich, former ruler of Vladimir.
- Abu Faris Abdul Aziz succeeds assassinated Abu Zayyan as Sultan of the Marinid Empire in Morocco.
- Foundation of the Stella Artois brewery in present-day Belgium.

## Births

- March 22 – Thomas de Mowbray, 1st Duke of Norfolk, English politician (d. 1399)
- July 11 – Anne of Bohemia, queen of Richard II of England (died 1394)
- Lady Elizabeth FitzAlan, English noblewoman (died 1425)
- Miran Shah, governor of Azerbaijan (died 1408)

## Deaths

- January 25 – Henry Suso, German mystic
- Simon Islip, Archbishop of Canterbury
- Petrus Torkilsson, Archbishop of Uppsala
- Ming Yuzhen, founder of the rebel empire of Daxia
1368

## Events

- Timur ascends throne of Samarkand (now in Uzbekistan)..
- Hongwu (also known as Zhu Yuanzhang) establishes the Ming Dynasty in China after the disintegration the Mongol Yuan Dynasty.
- Work begins on the current Great Wall of China.
- Emperor Chōkei accedes to the throne of Japan
- Ramesuan succeeds Ramathibodi I as ruler of Ayutthaya (now southern Thailand).
- Mikhail Aleksandrovich becomes the sole ruler of Tver (now in eastern Russia) after the death of co-ruler and rival Mikhailovich of Kashin.
- Moscow attacks Tver. Tver makes a counter-attack with the aid of Lithuania and the Blue Horde.
- The King of Norway sends the last Royal Ship from Norway to the Greenland Eastern Settlement. This event is part of both the Norse colonization of the Americas and of the History of Greenland.

## Births

- February 14 – Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor (died 1437)
- December 3 – King Charles VI of France (died 1422)
- Pope Martin V (died 1431)
- Thomas Occleve, English poet (died 1450)
- Robert Merchant, French painter (Born June)

## Deaths

- October 7 – Lionel of Antwerp, 1st Duke of Clarence, son of Edward III of England (born 1338)
- Andrea Orcagna, Italian painter, sculptor, and architect
- Ibn-i-Yamin the 'Persian Puritan', poet
- Ramathibodi I, ruler of Ayutthaya
1369

## Events

- King Charles V of France renounces the treaty of Brétigny and war is declared between France and England. The French recapture most of Aquitaine.
- Venice repels Hungarian invasion.
- Hugues Aubriot founds the Bastille in Paris.
- Tamerlane names the city of Samarkand as the capital of his empire.
- Košice becomes the first town in Europe to be granted its own coat of arms.
- The Turks invade Bulgaria.
- The Edward the Black Prince ends his military alliance with Pedro of Castile due to ill-health. Pedro subsequently loses the Battle of Montiel to an alliance between the French and his half-brother Henry II. Henry murders Pedro after the battle and becomes King of Castille for a second time.
- The Thai Kingdom of Ayutthaya conquers Cambodia for a second time.
- Financed by Charles V of France, Welshman Owain Lawgoch launches an invasion fleet against the English in an attempt to claim the throne of Wales. A storm causes Owain to abandon the invasion.
- Duong Nhat Le succeeds Tran Hao as King of Vietnam.

## Births

- Isabeau de Bavière, queen of Charles VI of France (died 1435)
- William de Ros, 7th Baron de Ros, Lord Treasurer of England (died 1414)
- John Dunstable, English composer (died 1453)
- Jan Hus, Bohemian religious reformer (died 1415)

## Deaths

- January 17 – King Peter I of Cyprus (murdered) (born 1328)
- March 23 – King Pedro of Castile (born 1334)
- August 15 – Philippa of Hainault, queen of Edward III of England
- September 12 – Blanche of Lancaster, wife of John of Gaunt (plague) (b. 1345)
- October 3 – Margarete Maultasch, Countess of Tyrol (born 1318)
- John Chandos, English knight
- Patrick Dunbar, 9th Earl of Dunbar (born 1285)
- Ramathibodi I, first king of Ayutthaya (born 1314)
- Agnes Dunbar, 4th Countess of Moray
- Thomas de Beauchamp, 11th Earl of Warwick
1370

## Events

- May 24 – The Treaty of Stralsund ends the war between Denmark and the Hanseatic League.
- October 20 – Philip of Anjou, Titular Emperor of Constantinople, marries Elisabeth of Slavonia, daughter of Stephen, duke of Transylvania and Slavonia, and Margareta of Bavaria.
- December 20 – Pope Gregory XI succeeds Pope Urban V as the 201st pope.
- Steel Crossbow first used as a weapon of war.
- Carthusian monks build the Charterhouse in London.
- Fortification of Xian City (Chang'an)
- Timur completes his conquest of Cental Asia and parts of Persia, establishing the Timurid Empire.
- Tran Phu deposes Duong Nhat Le as King of Vietnam.
- For the second time since 1368, Moscow attacks Tver. Tver again makes a counter-attack with the aid of Lithuania and the Blue Horde.
- Casimir III of Poland is succeeded jointly by his sister, Elisabeth of Kujavia, and her son, Louis I of Hungary. Beginning of the rule of Poland by the Capet-Anjou family.

## Births

- Duke William of Austria (died July 14, 1406)
- Guarino da Verona, Italian humanist (died 1460)
- Joanna of Navarre, daughter of Charles II of Navarre (died 1437)
- John Lydgate, English Benedictine monk and poet (died 1451)
- Queen Mary of Sicily (died 1402)
- Erasmo of Narni, Italian mercenary (died 1443)
- King Olaf IV of Norway (died 1387)
- John VII Palaeologus, Byzantine Emperor (died 1408)
- Jan Piast, Duke of Ziebice (died 1428)
- Jan Sindel, Polish scientist (died 1443)
- Jan Zizka, leader of the Hussites (died 1424)
- Pawel Wlodkowic, Polish scholar (died 1435)

## Deaths

- December 19 – Pope Urban V (born 1310)
- Casimir III of Poland (born 1310)
- Ukhaatu Khan, Grand khan of the Mongol Empire (born 1320)
- Shi Nai'an, Chinese writer (born 1296)
1372

## Events

- In this year, the city of Aachen, Germany begins adding a Roman numeral Anno Domini date to a few of its coins. It is the first city in the world to do so.
- The French & the Castilians defeat the English in the naval Battle of La Rochelle. The French gain control of the English Channel for the first time since 1340.
- 4 year old Muhammad as-Said succeeds his father, Abu l-Fariz Abdul Aziz I, as Marinids Sultan of Morocco.
- Welshman Owain Lawgoch makes a second attempt to take the throne of Wales from the English. Whilst attacking the island of Guernsey, Owain abandons the invasion in order to fight the English at the Battle of La Rochelle.
- Newaya Maryam succeeds his father, Newaya Krestos, as ruler of Ethiopia.
- Peace declared between the Kingdom of Sicily and the Kingdom of Naples.
- The Kingdom of Chūzan (now in southern Japan) enters tributary relations with Ming Dynasty China.

## Births

- March 13 – Louis of Valois, Duke of Orléans, son of king Charles V of France (died 1407)
- Makhdoom Ali Mahimi, Sufi saint from India
- Princess Beatrice of Portugal, future Queen of Portugal and Queen-consort of Castile (died 1410)

## Deaths

- August 31 – Ralph Stafford, 1st Earl of Stafford, English soldier (born 1301)
- Eleanor of Lancaster, English noblewoman (born 1318)
- Bagrat I the Little, King of Georgia
1376

## Events

- March – The peace treaty between England and France is extended until April of 1377.
- April 28 – The start of Good Parliament in England, so called because its members attempted to reform the corrupt Royal Council.
- June 7 – The dying Prince Edward summons his father Edward III and brother John of Gaunt and makes them swear to uphold the claim to the throne of his son Richard.
- June 8 – Edward, the Black Prince dies, becoming the first English Prince of Wales to not rule as king.
- July 10 – The Good Parliament is dissolved. At that time, it was the longest Parliament to have sat in England.
- August 12 – With the help of the Genoese, Byzantine co-emperor Andronicus IV Palaeologus invades Constantinople and dethrones his father, John V Palaeologus, as co-emperor. John V Palaeologus is taken prisoner.
- September – John of Gaunt summons religious reformer John Wycliffe to appear before the Royal Council to defend Gaunt from bishops who have become his enemies.
- Fall – John of Gaunt, through the Royal Council, proceeds to undo the work of the Good Parliament.
- December 25 – John of Gaunt presents his nephew, Prince Richard of Bordeaux, to the feudatories of the realm and swears to uphold Richard's right to succeed Edward III.
- Khan Qamar al-din of Mongolistan unsuccessfully invades Timur’s eastern province of Farghana.
- Timur leads his army against troops of the White Horde which have arrived at Sighnaq. However, winter sets in, preventing an immediate battle.
- Dmitri Donskoi of Moscow raids Mongol ruled Volga Bulgaria (now in Russia).
- Acamapichtli is elected Tlatoani of the Aztec empire after the death of Tenoch, the first Aztec ruler.
- Catherine of Siena visits Pope Gregory XI in Avignon to attempt to persuade him to make peace with Florence and move the Papacy back to Rome.
- Olaf III becomes King of Denmark after the death of his grandfather, Valdemar IV, in 1375.
- The city of Sredets in Bulgaria is renamed Sofia after the Church of St Sophia
- Mamluk Sultan of Egypt Nasir-ad-Din Shaban II is succeeded by Alah-ad-Din Ali.
- Qutbuddin succeeds his brother, Shahabuddin, as Sultan of Kashmir.

## Arts and Literature

- December 25 – Geoffrey Chaucer goes abroad on secret state business in the company of Sir John Burley.

- 22nd July – Fabled date of the appearance of the Pied Piper of Hamelin.

## Births

- November 9 – Edmund Mortimer, English rebel (died 1409)
- Gihwa, Scholar in Korean Buddhism

## Deaths

- January 24 – Richard FitzAlan, 10th Earl of Arundel, English military leader
- June 8 – Edward, the Black Prince, son of King Edward III of England (born 1330)
- Simon Langham, Archbishop of Canterbury
- Tenoch, Aztec ruler
1379

## Events

- September 9 – Treaty of Neuberg signed, splitting the Austrian Habsburg lands between brothers Albert III and Leopold III. Albert III retains the title of Duke of Austria.
- The Venetians and Ottomans invade Constantinople and restore John V Palaiologos as Byzantine co-emperor. Andronikos IV Palaiologos is allowed to remain as Byzantine co-emperor but is confined to the city of Silivri for the remainder of his life.
- John I succeeds his father, Henry II, as King of Castile and King of León.
- Bairam Khawaja establishes the independent principality of the Turkomans of the Black Sheep Empire in present-day Armenia.
- Dmitri Donskoi of Moscow raids Estonia.
- Foundation of New College, Oxford.
- Foundation of Wisbech Grammar School in England.

## Births

- October 4 – King Henry III of Castile (died 1406)
- Ferdinand I of Aragon (died 1416)
- Joan Beaufort, Countess of Westmoreland (approximate date; died 1440)

## Deaths

- February 18 – Albert II of Mecklenburg
- May 29 – King Henry II of Castile (born 1334)
- December 16 – John Fitzalan, Marshal of England (drowned)
- Aqsara'i, Persian physician
1385

## Events

- August 14 – Battle of Aljubarrota – John of Aviz defeats John I of Castile in the decisive battle of the 1383-1385 Crisis. John of Aviz is crowned King John I of Portugal, ending Queen Beatrice's rule, and Portugal's independence from Castile is secured.
- August 14 – The Union of Krewo establishes the Jagiellonian dynasty in Poland and Lithuania through the proposed marriage of Queen Jadwiga of Poland and Grand Duke Jagiello of Lithuania and saw the acceptance of Roman Catholicism by the Lithuanian elite.
- October 15 – Battle of Valverde between the armies of Portugal and Castile
- The marriage of Charles VI of France and Isabella of Bavaria-Straubing is celebrated with France's first court ball.
- With help from the Ottoman Empire, the Albanians expel their conquerors from Zeta (now Montenegro). Balša II of Zeta is killed in the battle and is succeeded by his cousin, Đurađ II. Albania is then conquered by the Ottomans after the Battle of Savra and the Albanians begin an eighty-year resistance to Turkish rule.
- A group of Hungarian nobels help Charles III of Naples to overthrow Queen Mary as ruler of Hungary and Croatia.
- Scotland resists a small invasion force from England.
- Tokhtamysh of the Golden Horde conquers parts the Jalayirid Empire in western Persia, causing a rift between himself and Timur of the Timurid Empire, who had also wanted to conquer Persia.
- Olav IV of Norway is elected as King of Sweden, in opposition to the unpopular King Albert.
- Estense Castle is built in Ferrara in present-day Italy.
- Bodiam Castle is built in East Sussex, England.

## Births

- Thomas Ebendorfer, Austrian historian, (died 1464)
- John FitzAlan, 13th Earl of Arundel (died 1421)
- Jan van Eyck, Flemish painter (approximate date; died 1441)
- Margaret Holland, English noblewoman (died 1429)

## Deaths

- Andronikos IV Palaiologos, co-ruler of the Byzantine Empire
- Joan of Kent, wife of Edward, the Black Prince (born 1328)
1386

## Events

- Elizabeta Kotromanic, the mother of the overthrown Queen Mary of Hungary and Croatia, arranges the assassination of Charles of Durazzo, the ruler of Hungary, Naples, Achaea and Croatia.
    - Mary is reinstated as Queen of Hungary and Croatia.
    - Charles' son, Ladislas, becomes King of Naples.
    - A period of interregnum begins in Achaea, lasting until 1396. Rule of Achaea is sought by numerous pretenders, none of whom can be considered to have reigned.
- July 9 – Battle of Sempach: The Swiss safeguard independence from Habsburg rule.
- Queen Jadwiga of Poland marries Grand Duke Jagiello of Lithuania, unifying their two countries.
- Abu al-Abbas is reinstated as ruler of the Marinid dynasty in present-day Morocco.
- John of Gaunt leaves England to make good his claim to the throne of Castile by right of his second marriage to Constanza of Castile in 1371.
- The Timurid Empire raids Georgia and takes King Bagrat V prisoner. Bagrat is subsequently freed by an army led by his son, George.
- Hundred Years' War – Battle of Margate: The English defeat an invading French and Castilian naval force.
- Dan I of Wallachia (now southern Romania) is killed in battle against the Bulgarians and is succeeded by Mircea the Old.

- May 9 – King John I of Portugal and King Richard II of England ratified the Treaty of Windsor.
- May 20 – First mention of the city of Piteşti, now in Romania.
- Founding of Ruprecht Karl University of Heidelberg, the oldest university in Germany.
- The Venetians take control of the island of Corfu.
- The Brancacci Chapel begins to be built in Florence.
- Rozhdestvensky monastery is built in Muscovy.

## Births

- March 12 – Ashikaga Yoshimochi, Japanese shogun (died 1428)
- June 24 – Giovanni da Capistrano, Italian saint (died 1456)
- Donatello, Italian artist (died 1466)
- Niccolò Piccinino, Italian mercenary (died 1444)

## Deaths

- July 9 – Duke Leopold III of Austria (killed in battle) (born 1351)
- James Audley, English knight
- William Langland, English poet (born 1332)