juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Back to Basics

***Back to Basics*** is the fifth studio album by Christina Aguilera. It was released on August 9 2006 as a double album. She worked with many producers, including DJ Premier, Rich Harrison, and Mark Ronson. The album was recorded between February 2005 and April 2006 in the US and the UK.

Inspired by singers from the 1920s to 1950s, like Billie Holiday and Etta James, Aguilera combined jazz and soul with a new sound. The first part of the album mixes R&B with hip-hop sounds from older songs, while the second part uses mostly original music. Many songs were about her personal life, including her marriage to Jordan Bratman in 2005.

To match the album’s style, Aguilera used a new identity, Baby Jane, and dressed in a Hollywood look. She promoted _Back to Basics_ by performing at award shows and a world tour from 2006 to 2008. The album made three big hits: “Ain’t No Other Man,” “Hurt,” and “Candyman.” Two other songs, “Slow Down Baby” and “Oh Mother,” were released in some countries.

People praised the album’s special sound but some felt it was too long. “Ain’t No Other Man” won a Grammy Award Best Female Pop Vocal Performance. _Back to Basics_ started at number one on the US Billboard 200 with 346,000 copies sold in its first week. It also topped charts in over 15 countries and has sold over 5 million copies worldwide.

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## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Back to Basics
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: Christina Aguilera
- **recorded**: 2005-2006
- **label**: RCA Records
- **prev title**: Stripped
- **prev year**: 2002
- **next title**: Keeps Gettin' Better – A Decade of Hits
- **next year**: 2008
Keeps Gettin' Better: A Decade of Hits

***Keeps Gettin' Better – A Decade of Hits*** is the first greatest hits by American singer Christina Aguilera, released on 2008.

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Keeps Gettin' Better: A Decade of Hits
- **type**: greatest hits
- **artist**: Christina Aguilera
- **border**: yes
- **recorded**: 1998–2008
- **label**: RCA Records, RCA
- **prev title**: Back to Basics (Christina Aguilera album), Back to Basics
- **prev year**: 2006
- **next title**: Bionic
- **next year**: 2010
Bionic

***Bionic*** is the sixth studio album by American pop singer Christina Aguilera, released on June 4, 2010.

The album was made due to her love for electronic music and mixes pop, R&B, and electronic sounds. The first half has fast songs with electronic beats, while the second half has slower songs. The lyrics focus on confidence, independence, and relationships.

At first, _Bionic_ got mixed reviews, but over time, more people have come to appreciate it. The album started at number three on the US Billboard 200, selling 117,000 copies in its first week. It also reached the top ten in several countries and was number one in the UK, though it became the lowest-selling UK number-one album in eight years at the time.

The album had four singles: “Not Myself Tonight” in April 2010, “Woohoo” in May, “You Lost Me” in June, and “I Hate Boys” in September. Aguilera promoted _Bionic_ by performing on The Oprah Winfrey Show, American Idol, Today, and the MTV Movie Awards. She planned a tour for the album, but it was canceled because she was busy promoting her movie Burlesque.

## Track listing

- Deluxe Edition

- iTunes Bonus Track

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Bionic
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: Christina Aguilera
- **recorded**: 2008-2010
- **genre**: *Dance-pop
*electronica
*Contemporary R&B, R&B
- **label**: RCA Records
- **producer**: Ester Dean, Focus..., John Hill, Ladytron, Le Tigre, Linda Perry, Polow da Don, Samuel Dixon, Sia Furler, Switch, Tricky Stewart
- **prev title**: Keeps Gettin' Better – A Decade of Hits
- **prev year**: 2008
- **next title**: Burlesque (soundtrack), Burlesque
- **next year**: 2010
Burlesque (soundtrack)

***Burlesque: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack*** is a soundtrack album by American singers Christina Aguilera and Cher. It was recorded for the movie _Burlesque_.

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Burlesque
- **type**: soundtrack
- **artist**: Christina Aguilera and Cher
- **recorded**: 2009-10
- **label**: RCA Records
- **prev title**: Bionic
- **prev year**: 2010
Dorothea Sophie of Neuburg

**Dorothea Sophie of Neuburg** (Dorothea Sophie; 5 July 1670 – 15 September 1748) was a Countess Palatine of Neuburg by birth and later the wife of the two sons of Ranuccio II Farnese, Duke of Parma.

Married to the Hereditary Prince of Parma in 1690, she was the mother of two children including the future Queen Elisabeth of Spain. Her first husband died after just three years of marriage. Remaining in Parma she was engaged to her brother-in-law, the new Duke of Parma.

Retiring from the court at the death of her last husband, her grandson the future Charles III of Spain conquered Parma after the extinction of the Farnese and Dorothea Sophie acted as regent of the state till his official majority in January 1735. She died aged seventy-eight just weeks before her second grandson Infante Felipe of Spain became the next duke of Parma.

## Issue

1. Alessandro Ignazio Farnese (6 December 1691 - 5 August 1693) died in infancy.
1. Elisabetta Farnese (25 October 1692 - 11 July 1766) married Philip V of Spain and had issue.

### Titles and styles

- **5 July 1670 – 17 September 1690** _Her Serene Highness_ Countess Palatine Dorothea Sophie of Neuburg
- **17 September 1690 – 6 September 1693** _Her Highness_ the Hereditary Princess of Parma
- **6 September 1693 – 7 December 1696** _Her Highness_ the Dowager Hereditary Princess of Parma
- **7 December 1696 – 26 May 1727** _Her Highness_ the Duchess of Parma
- **26 May 1727 – 15 September 1748** _Her Highness_ the Dowager Duchess of Parma

## Infobox (royalty)

- **name**: Dorothea Sophie of Neuburg
- **full name**: Dorothea Sophie
- **image**: Dorothea Sophia of Neuburg, duchess of Parma.jpg
- **title**: Hereditary Princess of Parma
Duchess of Parma
- **birth place**: Neuburg Palace,  Neuburg an der Donau, Neuburg
- **death place**: Parma, Duchy of Parma
- **spouse**: Odoardo Farnese, Hereditary Prince of Parma, Odoardo, Hereditary Prince of Parma
Francesco Farnese, Duke of Parma, Francesco, Duke of Parma
- **father**: Philip William, Elector Palatine
- **issue**: Elisabeth Farnese, Elisabetta, Queen of Spain
- **issue-link**: #Issue
- **mother**: Landgravine Elisabeth Amalie of Hesse-Darmstadt, Elisabeth Amalie of Hesse-Darmstadt
F.C. Blau-Weiß Linz

**FC Blau-Weiß Linz** is an Austrian football club from Linz, Upper Austria. The team is playing in the Austrian Football Bundesliga  after promotion in the 2023-24 season.

## History

The club was founded in 1997 as follow up team for FC Linz and SV Austria Tabak Linz. They played with the licence of SV Tabak in the Upper Austrian Landesliga (4th division). After three years they reached the title and were promoted to the Regionalliga Mitte. In the 2003/04 season the won this league but failed in the relegation matches versus  BSV Bad Bleiberg, so they stayed in the league. After this there was a decline they were even relegated to the Landesliga, but came back the following season. In the 2010/11 season they finished second behind the LASK Juniors, which were not allowed to promote. In the relegation matches they won versus WSG Wattens after penalty shooting and were promoted to the First League. 2012/13 they lost the Relegationmatches versus SC-ESV Parndorf 1919 and were relegatet into the Regionalliga Mitte. 2015/16 they were champions in the Regionalliga Mitte and were promoted again to the First League. In the 2020-21 season the became Champion of the 2. Liga. They had not asked for a licence for the Bundesliga so they stayed in 2. Liga. In the 2022-23 season they were promoted to the Bundesliga

Since spring 2021 they play in the  Hofmann-Personal Stadion because the Donauparkstadion, their traditional homeground, will be new built till 2023. After almost two years of construction, the stadium was opened by the city of Linz with a celebration on 5 July   2023. The opening game between FC Blau-Weiß Linz and PSV Eindhoven (1:2) took place ten days later.

## Fans

The club is thought as successor to the former club VOEST Linz.This team merged with LASK to FC Linz but soon was inhaled by LASK. The club colours blue and white are that of former VOEST Linz. Also the fans see themself in this tradition.

## Current squad

- **as 1 February 2026**

### Coaching staff

- Michael Köllner Headcoach
- Daniel Rozsa Assistant coach
- Andreas Gahleitner Assistant coach
- Matthias Luginger Assistant coach
- Christoph Eglseer Goalkeeper coach

## Honours

- Champion Upper Austria: 2000, 2008
- Champion Regionalliga Mitte: 2003, 2016
- Promotion to the First league: 2011
- Champion 2. Liga: 2021, 2023

## Other websites

- Official Homepage

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: FC Blau-Weiß Linz
- **image**: Blau-Weiß-Linz.jpg
- **fullname**: Fußballclub Blau-Weiß Linz
- **founded**: 2. July 1997
- **ground**: Hofmann-Personal Stadion
- **chairman**: Hermann Schellmann
- **manager**: Mitja Mörec
- **league**: Austrian Football Bundesliga
- **season**: 2024-2025
- **position**: 6th
Yinghuo-1

**Yinghuo-1** was a Chinese spacecraft. People planned for it to be China's first interplanetary mission. Yinghuo-1 was supposed to orbit and study the planet Mars. It was launched with the Russian spacecraft Phobos-Grunt. The spacecraft got into space, but something went wrong and it could not escape earth's gravity.

The name _Yinghuo_ means firefly in Chinese.

## Infobox (spaceflight)

- **name**: Yinghuo-1
- **mission type**: Mars orbiter
- **operator**: China National Space Administration, CNSA
- **mission duration**: <small>1 year in Mars orbit (planned)</small>
<small>Never departed Earth orbit</small>
- **dimensions**: 750mm x 750mm x 650mm (stowed)
- **power**: Solar array
- **launch date**:  UTC
- **launch rocket**: Zenit-2M
- **launch site**: Baikonur Cosmodrome, Baikonur Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 45, 45/1
- **deployment from**: Fobos-Grunt (planned)
- **orbit reference**: Areocentric orbit, Areocentric (planned)
geocentric orbit, Geocentric (achieved)
- **orbit regime**: Low Earth orbit, Low Earth (achieved)
- **orbit periapsis**: (planned)
- **orbit apoapsis**: (planned)
- **orbit inclination**: 5 degrees (planned)
- **orbit period**: 3 days (planned)
- **apsis**: gee
Aldershot

**Aldershot** () is a town in the English county of Hampshire, about 60 km (37 miles) southwest of London. The town is administered by Rushmoor Borough Council. The town has a population of 33,840, while the Aldershot Urban Area, a loose conurbation (which also includes other towns, such as Camberley, Farnborough, and Farnham) has a population of 243,344, making it the 30th-largest urban area in the UK

Aldershot is home to professional football team Aldershot Town who compete in the Football Conference. Prior to 1992 the local club was Aldershot, which folded on 25 March 1992, while playing in the Football League Fourth Division

Aldershot is known for its connection with the British Army. This led to rapid growth from a small village to a Victorian town. Today, Aldershot is known as the _"Home of the British Army"_.

## Infobox (uk place)

- **country**: England
- **official name**: Aldershot
- **label position**: top
- **static image**: Wellington Statue, Aldershot front.JPG
- **population**: 33,840
- **shire district**: Rushmoor
- **shire county**: Hampshire
- **region**: South East England
- **constituency westminster**: Aldershot (UK Parliament constituency), Aldershot
- **post town**: ALDERSHOT
- **postcode district**: GU11 and GU12
- **postcode area**: GU
- **dial code**: 01252
- **os grid reference**: SU865505
Maria Anna of Austria

**Maria Anna of Austria** (Maria Anna Josepha; 7 September 1683 – 14 August 1754) was an Archduchess of Austria as she was a daughter of Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor. She would become Queen consort and regent of Portugal by her marriage to John V of Portugal. She was the Regent of Portugal from 1742 until 1750 during the illness of her spouse.  In Portugal she was commonly known as _Mariana_.

## Life

The fifth of Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperors children by Eleonore Magdalene of Neuburg, she was baptised _Maria Anna Josepha_. She was born in Linz as the Austrian royal family had to flee Vienna from the Turkish army which destroyed the capital. Maria Anna was a sister of two future Holy Roman Emperors Joseph I and Charles VI. Through Charles VI, she was an aunt of Empress Maria Theresa. Her first cousins included Elisabetta Farnese as well as Charles II of Spain.

## Marriage

On 27 October 1708 she married her first cousin John V of Portugal. Both of their mothers were sisters. Maria Anna thus became Queen of Portugal as the wife of the ruling king. She was the mother of six children:

## Regency

In 1742 Maria Anna took over power as regent after her husband suffered a stroke, which left him partially paralyzed. When John V died on 31 July 1750 she gave up power to their eldest son Joseph I of Portugal. She died at he Palace of Belém in 1754. Her body was buried in Lisbon, her heart was brought to Vienna and buried there in the imperial crypt.

## Children

1. Maria Barbara of Portugal (4 December 1711 – August 27, 1758) married Ferdinand VI of Spain.
1. Pedro of Portugal (19 October 1712 – 24 October 1714) Prince of Brazil.
1. Joseph I of Portugal (6 June 1714 – 24 February 1777) married Mariana Victoria of Spain.
1. Carlos of Portugal (2 May 1716 – 30 March 1730) died unmarried.
1. Peter III of Portugal (5 July 1717 – 25 May 1786) married Maria I of Portugal had issue.
1. Alexander of Portugal (24 September 1723 – 2 August 1728) died in infancy.

### Titles and styles

- **7 September 1683 – 27 October 1708** _Her Royal Highness_ Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria
- **27 October 1708 – 31 July 1750** _Her Most Faithful Majesty_ The Queen of Portugal
- **31 July 1750 – 14 August 1754** _Her Most Faithful Majesty_ The Dowager Queen of Portugal

## Infobox (royalty)

- **consort**: yes
- **name**: Maria Anna of Austria
- **image**: File:Maria Ana de Áustria, Rainha de Portugal.jpg
- **caption**: Queen Maria Ana painted by Jean Ranc, around 1729
- **succession**: Queen consort of Portugal
- **reign**: 27 October 1708 – 31 July 1750
- **spouse**: John V of Portugal
- **issue**: Barbara of Portugal, Maria Barbara, Queen of Spain
Pedro, Prince of Brazil
 Joseph I of Portugal, José I of Portugal
 Peter III of Portugal
- **full name**: Maria Anna Josepha
- **royal house**: House of Braganza, Braganza
House of Habsburg, Habsburg
- **father**: Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor
- **mother**: Eleonor Magdalene of Neuburg
- **birth place**: Linz, Germany
- **death place**: Ribeira Palace, Lisbon, Portugal
In the Zone

***In the Zone*** is the fourth studio album by Britney Spears, released on November 13, 2003. She wrote or co-wrote some songs of the album: "Me Against the Music", "Showdown", "Early Mornin", "Touch of My Hand", "The Hook Up", "Shadow", "Brave New Girl" and "Everytime".

## Track listing

- Latin American Bonus Track

- Australian, European & Japanese bonus tracks

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: In the Zone
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: Britney Spears
- **border**: yes
- **recorded**: November 2002 – August 2003
- **label**: Jive Records, Jive
- **prev title**: Britney (album), Britney
(2001)
- **next title**: Greatest Hits: My Prerogative
(2004)
Brooklyn Botanic Garden

**Brooklyn Botanic Garden** (**BBG**) is a park in the borough of Brooklyn in New York City. The park has many different plants from many parts of the world. It is near the Prospect Heights, Crown Heights, and Park Slope neighborhoods. The area of the garden is . It includes several special gardens or plant collections. The Steinhardt Conservatory which has the C.V. Starr Bonsai Museum is also there. The garden was founded in 1910.

## Related pages

- List of botanical gardens

## Infobox (zoo)

- **zoo name**: Brooklyn Botanic Garden
- **image**: CranfordRoseGardenEntrance.jpg
- 250px
- **image caption**: Park Entrance at the Cranford Rose Garden
- **date opened**: Founded in 1910
- **location**: Brooklyn, New York, Brooklyn, New York City, New York, United States, USA
- **website**: http://www.bbg.org/
House of Bourbon-Parma

The **Bourbons of Parma** are a royal family who ruled the Duchy of Parma from 1748 till 1860 when Italy was created. The family was founded by the Infante Philip of Spain, third son of Philip V of Spain and Elisabetta Farnese. The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748) ended the War of the Austrian Succession, and gave the land to Philip.

Philip married Louise Élisabeth of France and the present pretending duke of Parma (Carlos/Carlo of Parma) is a direct descendant. The duchy was taken by the House of Savoy when the state of Italy was created.
English poetry

The history of **English poetry** stretches from the middle of the 7th century to today. Over this period, English poets have written some of the longest-surviving poems in Western culture. The language and its poetry have spread around the world.

The earliest surviving poetry from the area now called England was probably transmitted orally (or passed from person to person by mouth, without being written down). It was then written down in versions that do not now survive. Because of this, it is difficult to say which poems were the earliest. There is a lot of controversy over this issue.

A number of major national poetries have developed. These include American, Australian, New Zealand, Canadian and Indian poetry. It may be controversial to describe Irish literature as English or British, even though it is in the English language.

## Related pages

- Beowulf
- Blank verse
Rearrangement reaction

A **rearrangement reaction** is an organic reaction where the carbon skeleton of a molecule is rearranged. The result is a structural isomer of the original molecule. Often a substituent moves from one atom to another atom in the same molecule. In the example below, the substituent R moves from carbon atom 1 to carbon atom 2:

Intermolecular rearrangements also take place.

Sometimes chemists draw diagrams with arrows that show how electrons are transferred between bonds during a rearrangement reaction.  Many organic chemistry text books have such diagrams.  But they do not tell the full story of the reaction mechanism. The actual mechanism of a rearrangement with an alkyl group moving is for the group to slide smoothly along a bond, not ionic bond-breaking and forming. One example of this is the Wagner-Meerwein rearrangement:

In pericyclic reactions, the orbital interactions are important. The reactions can not be explained by a series of simple discrete electron transfers. The curved arrows showing a sequence of discrete electron transfers can give the same result as a rearrangement reaction.  Yet, the diagrams are not necessarily realistic. In allylic rearrangement, the reaction is ionic.

Three important rearrangement reactions are 1,2-rearrangements, pericyclic reactions and olefin metathesis.

## 1,2-rearrangements

A 1,2-rearrangement is an organic reaction where a substituent moves from one atom to another atom in a chemical compound. In a 1,2 shift, the substituent moves between two adjacent atoms. Moves over larger distances are possible. Examples are the Wagner-Meerwein rearrangement:

and the Beckmann rearrangement:

## Pericyclic reactions

A pericyclic reaction is a type of reaction with multiple carbon-carbon bond making and breaking. The transition state of the molecule has a cyclic geometry. The reaction progresses in a concerted fashion. Examples are hydride shifts

and the Claisen rearrangement:

## Olefin metathesis

Olefin metathesis is a formal exchange of the alkylidene fragments in two alkenes. It is a catalytic reaction with carbene. It has transition metal carbene complex intermediates.
Computational chemistry

**Computational chemistry** is a type of chemistry that uses computer science to help solve chemical problems. These programs help scientists learn about molecules and solids. Computational chemistry is often used with chemical experiments to get more information. It can predict chemical phenomena that have not yet been seen. It is widely used to design new drugs and materials.

Computational chemistry can predict the structure of molecules. It can help find where a molecule's atoms are. It can also find absolute and relative (interaction) energies, electronic charge distributions, dipoles and higher multipole moments, vibrational frequencies, reactivity or other spectroscopic quantities, and cross sections for collision with other particles.

Computational chemistry looks at both static and dynamic systems. In all cases, as the size of the system being studied grows, the computer time and other resources (such as memory and disk space) used also grows. That system can be a single molecule, a group of molecules, or a solid. Computational chemistry methods range from highly accurate to very approximate. Highly accurate methods are typically only for small systems.

## Related pages

- Bioinformatics
- Statistical mechanics
- Theoretical chemistry

## Other websites

- NIST Computational Chemistry Comparison and Benchmark DataBase  - Contains a database of thousands of computational and experimental results for hundreds of systems
- American Chemical Society Division of Computers in Chemistry - American Chemical Society Computers in Chemistry Division, resources for grants, awards, contacts and meetings.
- CSTB report Mathematical Research in Materials Science: Opportunities and Perspectives - CSTB Report
- 3.320 Atomistic Computer Modeling of Materials (SMA 5107) Free MIT Course
- Technology Roadmap for Computational Chemistry
- Applications of molecular and materials modelling.
- Impact of Advances in Computing and Communications Technologies on Chemical Science and Technology CSTB Report
- MD and Computational Chemistry applications on GPUs
Chemical synthesis

In chemistry, **chemical synthesis** means using chemical reactions to get a product, or several products. This happens by physical and chemical manipulations. Often, several different chemical reactions are used; one after another. Chemists start to design a chemical synthesis by selecting compounds to combine.  These starting chemicals are known as reagents or reactants.  Chemists do various things to these reagents to synthesize the product, or an intermediate product.  This requires mixing the compounds in a reaction vessel.  The vessel can be a chemical reactor or a simple flask.  Many reactions require some form of work-up procedure before the final product is isolated.

## Related pages

- Chemical engineering
- Organic synthesis

## Other websites

- The Organic Synthesis Archive
- Natural product syntheses
Organic synthesis

**Organic synthesis** is a special part of chemical synthesis. It builds organic compounds using organic reactions.  Organic molecules can have a higher level of complexity compared to inorganic compounds. So, the synthesis of organic compounds has developed into one of the most important parts of organic chemistry.  There are two main areas of research fields within the general area of organic synthesis: _total synthesis_ and _methodology_.

## Other websites

- The Organic Synthesis Archive
- Chemical synthesis database
- http://www.webreactions.net/search.html
- https://www.organic-chemistry.org/synthesis/
- Natural product syntheses
- Chemical synthesis semantic wiki
Alexander Morozevich

**Alexander Morozevich**  (born Moscow, 18 July 1977) is a Russian chess Grandmaster. He was ranked second, in the July 2008 FIDE rating list, but is now ranked ninth.

Morozevich has been one of the best chess players in the world for nearly a decade. He is famous for employing unusual openings, for example the Chigorin Defense (1. d4 d5 2. c4 Nc6), and more recently the Albin Countergambit (1.d4 d5 2.c4 e5); both systems are hardly ever seen at the top level. He is also well known for preferring complicated rather than clear positions. Perhaps because of his style, which produces relatively few draws, Morozevich is popular among chess fans.

Among his most notable results are 7.5/10 at the 2000 Chess Olympiad (winning Bronze Medal for board 2) and 7/11 at the 2002 Chess Olympiad. He took first place in the overall standings at the Amber tournament in 2002, 2004 (shared with Kramnik) and 2006 (shared with Anand); first place in Biel tournament three times: 2003, 2004 and 2006; and twice winning the Russian championship (1998 and 2007).

## Infobox (chess player)

- **playername**: Alexander Morozevich
- **image**: Alexander Morozevich grandmaster.jpg
- **image size**: 250px
- **birthname**: Alexander Sergeyevich Morozevich
- **birth place**: Moscow, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union, USSR
- **title**: Grandmaster (chess), grandmaster
- **rating**: 2758
<small>(#12 in the January 2013 FIDE rating list)</small>
- **peakrating**: 2788 (July 2008)
Peter Leko

**Peter Leko** (; born 8 September 1979) in Subotica, Yugoslavia is the leading Hungarian chess grandmaster.

He became a grandmaster in 1994 at the age of 14 years (a world record at the time). He was the challenger in the Classical World Championship 2004 against Vladimir Kramnik. He tied with Kramnik 7-7, so Kramnik kept his title. Leko's best world ranking was fourth, first achieved in April 2003.

## Infobox (chess player)

- **playername**: Peter Leko
- **image**: Peter Leko 06 08 2006.jpg
- **image size**: 250px
- **birthname**: Péter Lékó
- **birth place**: Subotica, Yugoslavia (now Serbia)
- **title**: Grandmaster (chess), Grandmaster
- **rating**: 2735
<small>(#19 in the January 2013 FIDE world rankings)</small>
- **peakrating**: 2763 (April 2005)
Abilene Ruff Riders

The **Abilene Ruff Riders** are an American football team. They play their games at the Taylor County Expo Center in Abilene, Texas. Their team colours are red, black and white. The team logo (the picture they have on their shirts) is a cowboy on a horse. They have a team mascot called Rowdy the Ruffrider, who is a cowboy too.

## History

At first, the Ruff Riders were called the Katy Ruff Riders, because they played their games in a city called Katy, Texas. In 2008, they moved to Abilene and changed their name. They were part of the Intense Football League until 2010. For the 2010 - 2011 season, they were part of the Southern Indoor Football League, but now they are a part of the Lone Star Football League.

## Other websites

- Abilene Ruff Riders Website
- Lone Star Football League Website
Kifkif

The **Association of Lesbians, Gays, Bisexuals and Transgenders persons in Morocco** (**KIFKIF**) is a Moroccan non-profit organization working on improving the legal and social status of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people. It was founded in 2005 in and is the first LGBT advocacy group in North Africa. Kifkif means equal in Arabic.
Jerry Koosman

**Jerry Koosman** (born December 23, 1942) is a former baseball player with the New York Mets, Minnesota Twins, Chicago White Sox and Philadelphia Phillies.  He was a pitcher.  He won more than 200 games in his career.  In 1969, he was on the Mets team that won the baseball championship the World Series.  Koosman won two games for the Mets in the 1969 World Series.

In 1968, Koosman finished 2nd by one vote to Johnny Bench in the voting for National League Rookie of the Year, given to the best first year player in the league.  In 1976, Koosman finished 2nd to Randy Jones in the voting for National League Cy Young Award, given to the league's best pitcher. Koosman won at least 20 games in both 1976 and 1979.
Johnny Bench

**Johnny Bench** (born December 7, 1947) is a former baseball player who played for the Cincinnati Reds.  He mostly played catcher.  He hit 389 home runs.  He was the National League Most Valuable Player in both 1970 and 1972.  He was also the National League Rookie of the Year, or best first year player, in 1968.  He was chosen for the All Star Game 14 times.

He won the baseball championship, the World Series, with Reds in both 1975 and 1976, and was voted the Most Valuable Player of the World Series in 1976.  He was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1989.

Most analysts think either Bench or Iván Rodríguez is the greatest catcher of all time.   <3
Gali Akish

ALI AKISH (January 14, 1918, Hailar, China - July 17, 2011, Ankara, Turkey) is a famous journalist, one of the leaders of the Tatar nationalist movement, the Honorary President of the World League of Tatars.

Ali Aksih was a preeminent leader of the Tatar nationalist movement in diaspora. He was born in the city of Hailar (Manchuria), where he attended a local Tatar elementary school before entering a Russian lycee. After completing the lycee in 1936, he went to study at Al-Azhar University in Cairo (Egypt), and in 1938, along with another young nationalist, Ahat Ginish, went to Poland. Akish and Ginish served as technical assistants to Ayaz Iskhaki at the Idel-Ural National Center, where the newspaper “Yanga Milli Yul" (New National Path) was published. Their work was interrupted by the invasion of Poland by the Nazi and Soviet forces.

Akish lived from 1940 to 1966 in Turkey where he was involved with the diaspora national movement. His pamphlet “Problems of Idel-Ural and Soviet Imperialism” printed in 1963 received great attention and provoked repercussions in the USSR in the form of two books, one ostensibly written by the President of the Tatar ASSR, Salikh Batiyev in 1977. In 1966 Ali Akish joined the Tatar-Bashkir Service of Radio Liberty, Inc. In 1983, he retired from this position and went again to Ankara. Over the years he wrote numerous articles in emigree publications and other forums such as Turk Kulturu, and in 1985 published a 59 page booklet, similar to his first, called "Idel-Ural'da Hurriyet Mucadelesi" (Struggle for Freedom in Idel-Ural).

In 1994, after reading Vladimir Zhirinovsky's book "Last Thrust to the South," he wrote an article for the Turkish newspaper "Milliyet" in which he denounced the Russian nationalists' imperial and anti-Turkish aspirations. The article was highly significant as one of the first published in Turkey critical of Zhirinovsky and his views.

He was able to visit Kazan, the capital of the Republic of Tatarstan in Russia. On his first visit to Kazan he brought, at his own expense, a computer that he donated to the Tatar Public Center. Akish dedicated his whole life to the liberation of the Tatar people from colonial oppression. The World Tatar League named him honorary president in recognition of his achievements. A school was named in his honor in the city of Chally (Naberezhniye Chelny) in Tatarstan.
Yield (chemistry)

In chemistry, **yield** (also called **chemical yield** or **reaction yield**) is the amount of product resulting from a chemical reaction. The _absolute yield_ gives the weight in grams, and the _molar yield_ gives the number of moles.

The _fractional yield_, _relative yield_, or _percentage yield_ shows how completely a synthetic procedure worked. It is calculated by dividing the amount of product by the _theoretical yield_ (the unit of measurement for both must be the same):

To get the _percentage yield_, one must multiply the fractional yield by 100% (e.g., 0.673 × 100% = 67.3%).

The ideal percentage yield of a chemical reaction is 100%, but it cannot be achieved because measurements are never completely accurate. Yields around 100% are "quantitative", yields above 90% are "excellent", yields above 80% are "very good", yields above 70% are "good", yields above 50% are "fair", and yields below 40% are "poor".
Impulse

**Impulse** might mean:
- A feeling of wanting to do something.
- Impulse (physics)
- Specific impulse
Evolution of cetaceans

The Cetaceans (whales, dolphins and porpoises) are mammalian marine descendants of land mammals. Their terrestrial origins are indicated by:
- Their need to breathe air from the surface;
- The bones of their fins, which resemble the limbs of land mammals
- The vertical movement of their spines, characteristic more of a running mammal than of the horizontal movement of fish.

The question of how land animals evolved into ocean-going leviathans was a mystery until recent discoveries in Pakistan revealed several stages in the transition of cetaceans from land to sea.

## DNA sequence analysis

After many years when palaeontologists thought whales had evolved from mesonychids, DNA sequence analysis showed the closest relationship was with artiodactyls, the even-toed ungulates. A new clade was created to include Cetacea and their nearest relatives, the hippopotamus family. This clade is called the **Cetartiodactyla**.

## Fossil record

Hippo fossils are not found until the Miocene, but whale ancestors have been found from the Eocene. This leaves a gap of nearly 30 million years where no hippo ancestors are found.  The most recent hypothesis is that hippos and whales shared a common semi-aquatic ancestor which branched off from other Artiodactyls around 60 million years ago (mya).  This ancestral group probably split into two branches around 54 mya. One branch evolved into cetaceans, possibly beginning with the proto-whale _Pakicetus_ from 52 mya.  These early cetaceans gradually became adapted to life in the sea. They became the completely aquatic cetaceans.

### _Indohyus_

_Indohyus_ is a small deer-like creature, which lived about 48 million years ago in Kashmir. It belongs to the artiodactyls family _Raoellidae_, and is believed to be the closest sister group of Cetacea.

About the size of a raccoon or domestic cat, this herbivorous creature shared some of the traits of whales. It also showed signs of adaptations to aquatic life, including a thick and heavy outer bone coating. This is similar to the bones of modern creatures such as the hippopotamus, and reduces buoyancy so that they can stay underwater. This suggests a similar survival strategy to the African mousedeer or water chevrotain which, when threatened by a bird of prey, dives into water and hides beneath the surface for up to four minutes.

## Size

Scientists from the University of Plymouth studied many animals that dive and hold their breath, from insects to whales, and they found that larger animals can hold their breath longer than smaller animals because they can store more oxygen for their size, and this difference was much bigger for warm-blooded animals than for cold-blooded animals.  They said this may be why modern whales and extinct diving animals like plesiosaurs became so large.

The blue whale is not the largest ever whale, and perhaps by quite a long way. 39 million years ago _Perucetus colossus_ was between 85 and 340 tons, so up to 3x heavier than the blue whale.
Coal ball

A **Coal ball** is a permineralised life form that is full of calcium, magnesium and occasionally iron sulfide. They generally have a round shape. Coal balls are not made of coal, even though they have the name "coal ball".

In 1855, two English scientists, Joseph Dalton Hooker and Edward William Binney, found coal balls in England. Because of that, the initial research on coal balls was done in Europe. Coal balls were found and identified in North America in 1922. Since then, coal balls have been found in other countries and several theories on their formation have been proposed.

Marie Stopes and D.M.S. Watson also examined coal ball samples. They agreed that coal balls formed _in situ_. They also added that interaction with a marine environment was necessary for a coal ball to form.

Coal balls are in coal seams across North America and Eurasia. North American coal balls are in more places than in Europe. The oldest coal balls were found in Germany and former Czechoslovakia.

In 1962, Sergius Mamay and Ellis Yochelson found signs of marine animal remains in North American coal balls.

The quality of the preservation of organic material depends on the speed of the burial process and the degree of compression before undergoing permineralisation. Generally, coal balls resulting from remains that have a quick burial with little decay and pressure have a higher preservation degree. However, plant remains in most coal balls show various signs of decay and collapse.

## Analysis

Thin sectioning was an early procedure used to analyse fossilised material contained in coal balls. The ball was cut into thin sections with a diamond saw. Then it was flattened and polished with an abrasive. Then it was examined under a  microscope. This is the procedure which was carried out by Hooker and Binney. The time needed, and the poor quality of samples produced, led to a more convenient method.

The new method, first used in 1928, is called the "liquid peel technique".

## Related pages

- Fossil
- Petrified wood
Napster

**Napster** was a computer program that allowed people to share music over the Internet. It was shut down as the result of a lawsuit by the RIAA. Napster has since reopened with some changes
Alpine butterfly knot

The **alpine butterfly loop** is a knot used to form a loop in the middle of a rope.  Once tied, the loop will not shift up and down the rope. It is good for adding a stationary loop in a continuous piece of rope, without bending the rope.

## Related pages

- List of knots
Reef knot

The **reef knot** (or **square knot**) is a knot. It is often used to tie two ropes together. It is used to “reef” sails on sailboats. That is, reduce the sail area when the wind gets stronger.

## Related pages

- List of knots
Sheet bend

The **sheet bend** is a knot made to join two ends of rope together. It holds well when the ropes are different diameters.

## Related pages

- List of knots
Extinction (astronomy)

**Interstellar extinction** is when the electromagnetic radiation of an astronomical object is blocked and/or scattered by other astronomical objects and cosmic dust.

Also known as **galactic extinction** when the object is in the Milky Way.
Astronomical object

An **astronomical object** is any natural body that floats in space.  For example, stars, planets, meteoroids, moons, and other space objects.
Masala (movie genre)

**Masala** (; ) is a word used in South East Asia, mainly India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. It is used for  a style of Indian movies where there is a mix of various styles of movies in one movie. For example, a movie can show action, comedy, drama, and romance. This movie style is used very often in South Indian films as it helps make the movies appeal to more viewers. Famous masala directors include S. Shankar, Perarasu and K. S. Ravikumar.
Sharaf Khan Bidlisi

**Sharaf Khan Bidlisi** (, 1543 1603), was a Kurdish prince and historian. In 1597 he wrote a book on Kurdish history, _Sharafnama_.

## Infobox (monarch)

- **title**: Emir, Mir (title), Mir and Khan (title), Khan
- **reign**: Emirate of Bitlis
- **full name**: Sharaf Khan Bidlisi
- **successor**: Shamsaddin Bag Abu Alma'ali
- **religion**: Islam
- **dynasty**: Emirate of Bitlis, Bitlisi dynasty
- **father**: Shamsaddin Batlisi
- **birth date**: 25 February 1543
- **death date**: 1603 (60 years)
Informal economy

The **informal economy** is that part of economy which is not reported in official statistics such as the gross domestic product of a country. The informal economy is not taxed, and includes the black market. In developing countries over 70% of the people work in this form of economy. They are self-employed, because it is difficult to find an employer to hire them. People working in this form of economy have no social benefits or social security, which are usually only given by the state to those who have made tax contributions.

Usually, most people working in this form of economy are women; they work in the most erratic and corrupt segments of the job market.
Sixty percent of female workers in developing countries are employed by the informal sector. There are two main reasons why this is the case: First, the kind of employment that is available caters mostly to women. Secondly, most women either work from home, because they also have to take care of children, or they work as street vendors; both of these kinds of work are classified in the informal sector.

What is more, most people at the top positions of the sector are men, and most people in the bottom positions are women.
For example, very few women are employers who hire others and more women are likely to be involved in smaller scale operations. Labor markets, household decisions, and states all propagate this gender inequality. The gender gap in terms of wage is even higher in the informal sector than the formal sector.
Two half-hitches

**Two half-hitches** is a knot that is often used to attach rope to poles or other objects.  It is one of many knots that are called hitches.  When a clove hitch is tied around a rope, it forms the two half-hitches. A swift method for securing a knot to a post involves initially creating a loose Granny Knot, while ensuring a long end remains. As the ship sways, it will naturally take up the slack, causing the Granny Knot to transform into Two Half Hitches.

## Related pages

- List of knots
Clove hitch

A **clove hitch** is a knot that is tied around an object.It is a kind of hitch knot. When a clove hitch is tied around a rope, it forms a knot called Two half-hitches.

## Related pages

- List of knots
Biological engineering

**Biological engineering** (also known as **biotechnological engineering** and **bioengineering**) is any type of engineering that is applied to living things.
Audi A8

The **Audi A8** is the largest car produced by Audi. It replaced the Audi V8 in 1994, and is available with either short or long wheelbase. The range incorporates 6-, 8-, 10- and 12-cylinder petrol engines and 6- and 8-cylinder diesel engines. A more sporty version is the Audi S8.
Mariner 3

**Mariner 3** was a NASA spacecraft. It was the third spacecraft in the Mariner program. It was designed to take photos of the planet Mars after an eight month journey studying interplanetary (between planet) space. However, the spacecraft lost power eight hours after launch, and it never achieved the correct Mars trajectory. It eventually entered a heliocentric (Sun-centred) orbit.

## Infobox (spaceflight)

- **name**: Mariner 3
- **image**: Mariner 3 and 4.jpg
- **image caption**: The Mariner 3 spacecraft
- **mission type**: Mars flyby
- **operator**: NASA / Jet Propulsion Laboratory, JPL
- **mission duration**: Launch failure
- **cospar id**: 1964-073A
- **satcat**: 923
- **manufacturer**: Jet Propulsion Laboratory
- **power**: 300 watts (at Mars encounter)
- **launch date**:  UTC
- **launch rocket**: Atlas-Agena, Atlas LV-3 Agena-D
- **launch site**: Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Cape Canaveral Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Launch Complex 13, LC-13
- **orbit reference**: heliocentric orbit, Heliocentric
- **apsis**: helion
Sorption

When two chemical substances come in contact with each other, through what is called a phase, they will interact with each other in that phase. They may also have an  interface. If a substance accumulates within a phase this is called absorption, if the same process happens on the interface, it is called adsorption. In the year 1909, James William McBain introduced the word **Sorption** to describe such a process, in the case where it is not easy or meaningful to make a difference between absorption and adsorption.

Examples of where the concept of sorption is important are measuring the pollution of the environment; using sorption it is possible to bind pollutants to small particles in the air (called aerosols), or in the soil (where they bind to colloids). Sorption makes these bindings possible. In much the same way, polluants can be transported over long distances.

Machines and processes that use sorption include the absorption refrigerator and solar air conditioning.
Dreaming of You (song)

"**Dreaming of You**" is a song by Mexican-American Tejano pop singer Selena. It was released as the second single from _the album of the same name_ (1995).

## Chart performance

|Chart (1995)/(1996)|Peak position|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|U.S.  _Billboard_ Hot 100|style="text-align:center;"|21||
|U.S.  _Billboard_ Hot Singles Recurrents|style="text-align:center;"|9||
|U.S.  _Billboard_ Top 40 Mainstream|style="text-align:center;"|17||
|U.S. _Billboard_ Hot Adult Top 40 Tracks|style="text-align:center;"|33||
|U.S. _Billboard_ Latin Pop Airplay|style="text-align:center;"|9||
|align="left"|New Zealand Album Charts|style="text-align:center;"|3|
|align="left"|Australian Singles Chart|style="text-align:center;"|87|
|align="left"|Canadian Singles Chart|style="text-align:center;"|13|
|align="left"|UK Singles Chart|style="text-align:center;"|9|
|align="left"|French SNEP Singles Chart|style="text-align:center;"|1|
|align="left"|Hungary Single Charts|style="text-align:center;"|1|
|align="left"|Eslovakia Single Charts|style="text-align:center;"|1|
|align="left"|China Single Charts|style="text-align:center;"|1|
|align="left"|Corea del sur Korea Hot 100|style="text-align:center;"|1|
|align="left"|Russian Single Charts|style="text-align:center;"|1|
|align="left"|Germany Singles charts|style="text-align:center;"|1|
|align="left"|Greece Top 100|style="text-align:center;"|1|
|align="left"|India Top 50|style="text-align:center;"|1|
|align="left"|Taiwan Top 50|style="text-align:center;"|2|
|align="left"|World Singles Hot 100|style="text-align:center;"|4|
|align="left"|Indonesia Hot 100|style="text-align:center;"|1|
|align="left"|Tokio Hot 100|style="text-align:center;"|4|
|align="left"|Spanish Singles Chart|style="text-align:center;"|1|
|align="left"|European Hot 100 Singles|style="text-align:center;"|25|
|align="left"|Rhythm Airplay|style="text-align:center;"|1|
|align="left"|Hot RingMasters|style="text-align:center;"|37|
|align="left"|Brasil Hot 100|style="text-align:center;"|7|
|align="left"|Top 20 Latin Hits (_MonitorLatino_)|style="text-align:center;"|13|
|align="left"|Top 20 General (_MonitorLatino_)|style="text-align:center;"|5|
|Top 100 (_RecordReport_)|style="text-align:center;"|2||
|Top Latino (_RecordReport_)|style="text-align:center;"|8||
|Top Anglo (_RecordReport_)|style="text-align:center;"|7||

## Certifications/Sales

|Sales|Certifications <small>(sales thresholds)</small>|
| --- | --- |
|2,000,000|BMI Millionaires Award|
|123,000|France|
|156,000|Australia|
|90,000|Brasil|
|50,000|Canada|

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Dreaming of You
- **artist**: Selena
- **album**: Dreaming of You (Selena album), Dreaming of You
- **released**: August 14, 1995
- **recorded**: March 1995
- **genre**: Pop music, Pop, Latin music, Latin
- **length**: 4:52 (radio edit)
5:15 (original version)
- **label**: EMI International, EMI
- **writer**: Franne Golde, Tom Snow
- **producer**: Guy Roche
- **prev title**: Tú Sólo Tú
- **prev year**: 1995
- **next title**: I'm Getting Used To You
- **next year**: 1996
Selenology

**Selenology** is the science of the Moon. It is a branch of astronomy.