juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Pokémon Mystery Dungeon

***Pokémon Mystery Dungeon*** is a spin-off series of _Pokémon_ video games made by Spike Chunsoft (formerly Chunsoft). The player's character is turned into a Pokémon and forms a team with another Pokémon. They rescue other Pokémon and explore "mystery dungeons” where floor maps are randomly generated. At the start of the game's story, players have to answer a personality test to determine what Pokémon they turn into.

## Games

- _Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Blue_ and _Red Rescue Team_ (2005/2006, GBA/DS)
- _Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Explorers of Time_ and _Darkness_ (2007/2008, DS)
- _Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Explorers of Sky_ (2009, DS)
- _Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Adventure Squad_ (2009, WiiWare, Japan only)
- _Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Gates to Infinity_ (2012/2013, 3DS)
- _Pokémon Super Mystery Dungeon_ (2015/2016, 3DS)
- _Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Rescue Team DX_ (2020, Switch)

## Infobox (video game series)

- **title**: Pokémon Mystery Dungeon
- **image**: File:Pokémon Mystery Dungeon logo.png
- **developer**: Spike Chunsoft (formerly Chunsoft)
- **creator**: Koichi Nakamura
- **genre**: Roguelike, Role-playing video game, Role-playing
- **first release version**: Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Blue Rescue Team and Red Rescue Team, _Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Blue Rescue Team_ and _Red Rescue Team_
- **first release date**: November 17, 2005
- **latest release version**: _Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Rescue Team DX_
- **latest release date**: March 6, 2020
Alberto Granado

**Alberto Granado Jiménez** (8 August 1922 — 5 March 2011) was an Argentine biochemist. He traveled through South America in 1951 with his friend Che Guevara on a motorcycle. They kept a journal about the trip and what they saw. These writings were the basis for Walter Salle's movie, _The Motorcycle Diaries_ (2004).

Granado was born in Hernando, Argentina, and later studied chemistry and pharmacology at the University of Córdoba. Active in politics, he spent time in prison after taking part in student protests against the government. He met Che at university, and in 1951 they traveled thousands of miles and finally ended up in Caracas, Venezuela. Che went back home to finish his medical degree, but Granado stayed and worked in a leprosy clinic.

Granada moved to Cuba in 1961 and set up the school of medicine at the University of Santiago. He later moved to Havana and was able to work on scientific research. He died in Havana in 2011. He asked for his ashes to be scattered in Cuba, Argentina and Venezuela.
Nguyen Cao Ky

**Nguyễn Cao Kỳ** (8 September 1930–23 July 2011) was a South Vietnamese military leader, politician and Prime Minister of the Republic of Vietnam in a military junta from 1965 to 1967.

## Other websites

- Speech by General Nguyen Cao Ky
- _Buddha's Child: My Fight to Save Vietnam_ by General Nguyen Cao Ky
- Book Review "Buddha's Child: My Fight to Save Vietnam" by the _Washington Post_
- Who's Who in Vietnam in 1967

|-

|-

|-

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Nguyễn Cao Kỳ
- **image**: Nguyen Cao Ky.jpg
- **order**: Leaders of South Vietnam, Prime Minister of the Republic of Vietnam
- **term start**: 19 June 1965
- **term end**: 31 October 1967
- **predecessor**: Phan Huy Quát
- **successor**: Nguyễn Văn Lộc
- **successor2**: Trần Văn Hương
- **birth place**: Sơn Tây, Tonkin, French Indochina (now Hanoi, Vietnam)
- **death place**: Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- **resting place**: Rose Hills Memorial Park, Whittier, California, U.S.
- **office2**: Vice President of the Republic of Vietnam
- **president2**: Nguyễn Văn Thiệu
- **party**: None (Military)
- **allegiance**: South Vietnam, Republic of Vietnam
- **branch**:  Republic of Vietnam Air Force
- **serviceyears**: 1949–1971
- **rank**:  Major General
 (Thiếu Tướng), Air Force commander
- **signature**: Nguyễn Cao Kỳ's Signature.svg
- **term end2**: 1971
- **term start2**: 1967


## Infobox (vietnamese)

- **title**: Vietnamese name
- **vie**: Nguyễn Cao Kỳ
Thriller (song)

"**Thriller**" is a song by American singer Michael Jackson. It was on this album _Thriller_. It was written by Rod Temperton. The song has been featured on many of his greatest hits albums. It has been covered by other musicians. It was narrated by Vincent Price.

The music video was made by John Landis, George J. Folsey, Jr., and Jackson. It is 13 minutes long and was MTV's first world premiere video. In it Jackson turns into a werecat and a zombie. The video was nominated for six MTV Video Music Awards in 1984. It won Viewers Choice, Best Overall Performance and Best Choreography. It did not win Best Concept Video, Best Male Video, or Video of the Year. In 1985 it won the Grammy Award for Best Video, Long Form.

In 1999, MTV put "Thriller" #1 in their 100 Greatest Music Videos Ever Made list.

In 2009, the video for "Thriller" was added to the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress. It was the first music video ever to be added to it.

In 2013 entered the _Billboard_ Hot 100 again.

## Composition

"Thriller" is a pop, post-disco and funk song. Its composed in the key of C dorian.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Thriller
- **type**: single
- **artist**: Michael Jackson
- **album**: Thriller (album), Thriller
- **released**: November 11, 1983 (United Kingdom)
January 23, 1984 (United States)
- **recorded**: April–November 1982
- **genre**: * Pop music, Pop
* post-disco
* funk
- **length**: 5:57 (album version)
5:13 (2003 edit)
4:37 (special edit)
4:05 (remixed short version)
- **label**: Epic, CBS
- **writer**: Rod Temperton
- **producer**: Quincy Jones
- **prev title**: Say Say Say
- **prev year**: 1983
- **next title**: Farewell My Summer Love (song), Farewell My Summer Love
- **next year**: 1984
Equivalence relation

In mathematics, an **equivalence relation**  on a set is a mathematical relation that is symmetric, transitive and reflexive. For a given element  on that set, the set of all elements related to  (in the sense of ) is called the equivalence class of , and written as .

With an equivalence relation, it is possible to partition a set into distinct equivalence classes. As an example, consider the set of all animals on a farm and define the following relation: two animals are related if they belong to the same species. Under this relation, a cow is related to an ox, but not to a chicken. In fact, this relation is an equivalence relation because:
- It is _reflexive_: each animal is of the same species as itself
- It is _symmetric_: if a first animal is in the same species as a second animal, then the second animal is also in the same species as the first animal.
- It is _transitive_: if a first animal is in the same species as a second animal, and the second animal is in the same species as a third animal, then the first animal is in the same species as the third animal.
In this example, the set of all animals related to a particular ox forms an equivalence class—it is the set of cattle. In fact, the set of all animals on this farm can be partitioned into different equivalence classes (in this case species).

## Related pages

- Congruence
- Equality (mathematics)
Martial Célestin

**Martial Lavaud Célestin** (October 4, 1913 – February 4, 2011) was the first Prime Minister of Haïti. He was born in Ganthier and worked as a lawyer. President Leslie Manigat made him prime minister in March 1988. A coup removed Célestin from power on 20 June 1988.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Martial Célestin
- **order**: 1st Prime Minister of Haiti
- **term start**: February 9, 1988
- **term end**: June 20, 1988
- **president**: Leslie Manigat
- **predecessor**: _Position established_
- **successor**: René Préval (as Prime Minister in 1991)
- **office2**: Minister of Justice
- **term start2**: February 12, 1988
- **term end2**: June 20, 1988
- **president2**: Leslie Manigat
- **primeminister2**: _Himself_
- **predecessor2**: François Saint-Fleur
- **successor2**: Fritz Antoine
- **birth name**: Martial Lavaud Célestin
- **birth place**: Ganthier, Haiti
- **death place**: Port-au-Prince, Haiti
- **nationality**: Haitian
- **profession**: Lawyer, teacher
Norwegian Crusade

The **Norwegian Crusade** was one of several religious wars in which European countries fought against Muslims in Turkey and the Middle East. The First Crusade was 1095–1099. The Norwegian Crusade was next, from 1107 to 1110. King Sigurd I led the crusade. Sigurd was the first European king to go on crusade to the Holy Land. He did not lose any battles. The Norwegian crusade seems to have been similar to earlier Viking raids.

### Other reading

- (Old Norse: http://www.heimskringla.no/wiki/Saga_Sigur%C3%B0ar_j%C3%B3rsalafara%2C_Eysteins_ok_%C3%93lafs)

## Infobox (military conflict)

- **conflict**: Norwegian Crusade
- **image**: Magnussonnenes saga 2 - G. Munthe.jpg
- **caption**: _King Sigurd sails from the country_ by Gerhard Munthe (painter), Gerhard Munthe.
- **date**: 1107-1110
- **place**: Iberian Peninsula, Iberia, Balearic Islands, Palestine
- **casus**: Christendom was in conflict with Muslims
- **territory**: Lordship of Sidon created
- **result**: Norway, Norwegians won some short battles and crusaders gained control over some land
- **combatant1**: **Christendom:**
 Hereditary Kingdom of Norway, Kingdom of Norway

Kingdom of Jerusalem

- **combatant2**: **Saracens:**
Almoravid dynasty, Almoravids
---
Pirates
---
 Fatimid Caliphate
- **commander1**:  Sigurd I of Norway

Baldwin I of Jerusalem

Ordelafo Faliero
- **strength1**: Norwegians:
 ~ 5,000 men, 60 galleys
- **strength2**: Unknown
- **casualties1**: Unknown
- **casualties2**: Two towns may have been destroyed in Iberia. Many people killed in other places.
I Am Weasel

***I Am Weasel*** (also spelled as ***I.M. Weasel*** because of the character) is an American animated television series produced by Cartoon Network Studios and Hanna-Barbera, created by David Feiss and aired on Cartoon Network. The show is about a very smart weasel named I.M. Weasel who uses his talents to help people in all different ways, and because of this is adored by everybody in the world.  There is also a stupid baboon named I.R. Baboon who wants to be more admired than the weasel by trying to help people in his own way, but this often has bad results and makes everyone dislike him.

_I Am Weasel_ was originally a series of segments in its sister series _Cow and Chicken_, usually being aired as the third of three segments in a _Cow and Chicken_ episode. The series started on July 15, 1997 and its first four seasons premiered in that format. In 1999, _I Am Weasel_ was separated and got its own half-hour show, premiering as an independent series on June 10, 1999. All of the 52 episodes of _I Am Weasel_ that originally aired on _Cow and Chicken_ began to air in the new independent show, and were later joined by a fifth season with 27 new episodes, for a total of 79 episodes. The series ended in 2000.

## Infobox (television)

- **image**: I Am Weasel logo.jpg
- **caption**: Logo
- **genre**: Comedy
- **creator**: David Feiss
- **director**: David Feiss
Robin Steele
- **voices**: Michael Dorn
Charlie Adler
- **theme music composer**: Bill Fulton
- **opentheme**: "I Am Weasel Theme"
- **endtheme**: "I Am Weasel Theme" (instrumental)
- **composer**: Bill Fulton
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **num seasons**: 5
- **num episodes**: 79
- **executive producer**: Sherry Gunther
Larry Huber
- **producer**: Vincent Davis
- **runtime**: 6–7 minutes
- **company**: Cartoon Network Studios
Hanna-Barbera, Hanna-Barbera Cartoons
- **channel**: Cartoon Network
- **related**: _Cow and Chicken_
Hella Haasse

**Hélène "Hella" Serafia Haasse** (2 February 1918 – 29 September 2011) was a Dutch writer. She was often called "the Grand Old Lady" of Dutch literature.

Many people think her greatest book is _Heren van de Thee_ (The Tea Lords). It is famous in many countries around the world. In 1988 Haasse interviewed the Dutch Queen for her 50th birthday.

## Honors

Haasse has received many awards for her writing. She received the Constantijn Huygens Prize in 1981 and the P. C. Hooft Award in 1984. She also won the Annie Romein Prize, the Dirk Martens Prize, and the Prize of the Public of the NS. She is the only author who has written for _Boekenweek_ (Book Week) three times, in 1948, 1959 and 1994.

Many of Haasse's books have been translated into French. The Académie française gave Hasse an award called the _Diplôme de médaille Argent_ in 1984. In 2000, she received another award. It was the _Officier dans l’Ordre de la Légion d'Honneur_.

The Chilean Ministry of Education gave her a prize in 1996. In 1989 the city of Boston awarded her the Boston Certificate of Recognition for her book _In a Dark Wood Wandering_. In 1992, Haasse went to the opening of the IKAPI International (Worldwide) Book Fair in Jakarta and visited Java, where she was born.

## Infobox (writer)

- **image**: Hella Haasse.jpg
- **caption**: In 2007
- **birth name**: Hélène Serafia Haasse
- **birth date**: 2 February 1918
- **birth place**: Batavia, Dutch East Indies
- **death date**:
Amsterdam, Netherlands
- **period**: 1948 – 2011
- **subject**: History, Historical novels, Dutch East Indies-Netherlands relationship
- **spouse**: Jan van Lelyveld
<small>(1944-2008; his death); 3 children</small>
Derived demand

**Derived demand** is what happens when someone buys one thing which then makes someone need to buy something else as well. For example if someone bought a car then someone has to buy the metal that is used to build it.
Pete Postlethwaite

**Pete Postlethwaite** OBE (7 February 1946 – 2 January 2011) was a British actor.  In 1994, he was nominated for an Oscar for his part in _In the Name of the Father_.  He was also awarded an OBE by Queen Elizabeth II in 2003.

Postlethwaite was born in Warrington, Lancashire and died of pancreatic cancer in Shrewsbury, Shropshire.
IHOP

**The International House of Pancakes**, better known by its acronym **IHOP**, is a restaurant chain. It serves mostly breakfast foods but also serves lunch and dinner. There are more than 1,500 restaurants in all 50 states as well as in Canada, Mexico, Guatemala, Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands.

## History

IHOP was founded in 1958 by Jerry Lapin, Al Lapin and Albert Kallis. The first IHOP opened in Toluca Lake, Los Angeles, California.

## Infobox (company)

- **foundation**: 1958
- **company name**: IHOP
The International House of Pancakes
- **logo**: IHOP Restaurant logo.svg
- **image**: IHOP, Poughkeepsie.jpg
- **company type**: Privately held company, Private
- **location**: Glendale, California, United States, U.S.
- **key people**: Julia Stewart (CEO)
Jean Birch  (President)
- **industry**: Restaurants
- **products**: Breakfast foods
PancakesWafflesFrench toast
LunchDinnerSandwichesHamburgerstacos
- **revenue**: United States dollar, USD$349.6 million (2006)
Otmar Gutmann

**Otmar Gutmann** (April 24, 1927 in Münstertal - October 13, 1993 in Russikon) was a German television producer, animator and director. He is best known for making the cartoon Pingu.
Zwijndrecht, Netherlands

**Zwijndrecht** is a municipality in the province South Holland in the Netherlands. It is between the cities Rotterdam and Dordrecht.

In 2011, about 44,500 people lived there.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Zwijndrecht
- **settlement type**: List of municipalities of the Netherlands, Municipality
- **image skyline**: Zwijndrecht2.jpg
- **imagesize**: 265px
- **image caption**: View of Zwijndrecht
- **image flag**: Zwijndrecht (Nederland) vlag.svg
- **image seal**: Coat of arms of Zwijndrecht (Netherlands).svg
- **pushpin map**: Netherlands
- **pushpin mapsize**: 265px
- **pushpin relief**: yes
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: Provinces of the Netherlands, Province
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Edo Haan
- **area total km2**: 20.30
- **population total**: 44,946
- **population as of**: January 1, 2001
- **population density km2**: 2,214
- **utc offset**: +01:00
- **postal code type**: Postal code(s)
- **postal code**: 2995, 3331–3336
- **blank name sec2**: Community Identification Number, MCN
- **blank info sec2**: 0642
Zwijndrecht

**Zwijndrecht** is the name of two municipalities:
- Zwijndrecht, Belgium, in the province of Antwerp
- Zwijndrecht, Netherlands, in the province of South Holland
Kan'ichi Asakawa

was a Japanese academic, author, historian, librarian, curator and peace advocate.

## Early life

He was born in Nihonmatsu, Japan.  He studied at Waseda University in Tokyo.

In 1899, he earned a bachelor's degree (B.A.) at Dartmouth College in Hanover, New Hampshire.  He continued his studies at Yale University.  He earned a doctor's degree (Ph.D.) in 1902.

## Career

He lectured at Dartmouth in 1902.  In 1906–1907, he was a professor at Waseda.

In 1907, Asakawa was appointed curator of the East Asian Collection at Yale's Sterling Memorial Library.

Asakawa was an instructor at Yale from 1907 through 1910 when became an assistant professor. He became the first Japanese professor at a major American university. He taught history at Yale for 35 years.  Among those he influenced was John Whitney Hall.

Asakawa helped found Japan studies and Asian studies in the United States.

### Politics

After the end of the Russo-Japanese War, Asakawa began to speak out against the growth of militarism in Japan. In 1941, he tried to prevent war between the US and Japan.

## Selected works

In an overview of writings by and about Kan'ichi Asakawa, OCLC/WorldCat includes roughly 110+ works in 220+ publications in 5 languages and 2,400+ library holdings.
- _The Early Institutional Life of Japan._ (1903)
- _The Russo-Japanese Conflict: Its Causes and Issues _ (1905)
- _The Origin of Feudal Land-Tenure in Japan_ (1914)
- _The life of a monastic shō in medieval Japan_ (1919)
- _The documents of Iriki, illustrative of the development of the feudal institutions of Japan_ (1922)

His works also included contributions to the publications _Japan_ edited by Frank Brinkley (1904); the _History of Nations Series_ (1907); _China and the Far East_ (1910); _Japan and Japanese-American Relations_ (1912); and _The Pacific Ocean in History_ (1917).

## Legacy

Asakawa lived most of his life in the United States.  In the history of the Japanese-Americans, he is considered among the _Issei_ who were immigrants born in Japan.

In 2007 the Asakawa Japanese garden at Yale, designed by Shinichiro Abe,  was dedicated to mark the centennial of Asakawa's appointment as an instructor of history at Yale.

## Related pages

- List of historians by continent

## Other websites

- Asakawa, Kanʾichi, 1873–1948 at Virtual International Authority File (VIAF)
- The Asakawa Centennial at Yale
- "Utsukushima Fukushima Story – The dreamer : Kan'ichi Asakawa"
- "The Treaty of Portsmouth by Kan'ichi Asakawa"
- "Asakawa Web-Museum by Asakawa Peace Association"
- Kanichi Asakawa gravesite
OPERA experiment

The **Oscillation Project with Emulsion-tRacking Apparatus** (**OPERA**) is a scientific experiment for detecting tau neutrinos from muon neutrino oscillations. The experiment is a joint effort between the European Centre for Nuclear Research (CERN) and the Gran Sasso National Laboratory (LNGS). In September 2011, OPERA scientists said that they had seen neutrinos appear to travel faster than the speed of light. However, the scientists later found problems in their equipment which had caused the anomaly. The neutrino time of flight was consistent with the speed of light.

## Related pages

- OPERA neutrino anomaly
Ian Nish

**Ian Hill Nish** CBE (born 3 June 1926) is a British academic, a specialist in Japanese studies, and  Emeritus Professor of International History at the London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE).
He is an expert on the Anglo-Japanese Alliance and Japanese foreign policy.

## Early life

Nish was born in Edinburgh in 1926.

World War II gave opportunity to many young non-Japanese to become specialists in Japanese studies; and Ian Nish was one of them..

He studied at the School of Japanese Studies in Simla and Karachi in British India.

He earned a master's degree (M.A.) at the University of Edinburgh.  He was awarded a doctorate degree (Ph.D.) at the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) in London.

## Career

Nish taught in the history department of the University of Sydney from 1957 to 1962.

From 1962 through 1991, Nish taught at the London School of Economics in London.  He retired in 1991.

## Selected works

In a statistical overview derived from writings by and about Ian Nish, OCLC/WorldCat includes roughly 200+ works in 300+ publications in 4 languages and 7,000+ library holdings.
- _Britain & Japan: Biographical Portraits_ (1994), with James Hoare
- _The History of Anglo-Japanese Relations: The Political-diplomatic Dimension_ (2000)
- _The Russo-Japanese War, 1904-5_] (2003)

## Honours

Nish argues that "a foreign scholar of Japan is often only a middleman attempting to distill the ideas of Japanese scholars".
- Japan Academy (Honorary member), 2007.
- Commander of the British Empire.
- Order of the Rising Sun, 1991.
- Japan Foundation: Japan Foundation Award, 1991.

## Other websites

- Nish, Ian Hill at Virtual International Authority File (VIAF)
Reggaeton

**Reggaeton** is a form of urban music that first became popular with Latin American youths in the early 1990s. Reggaeton's predecessor originated in Panama as Reggae en Español. The music gradually gained exposure in Puerto Rico, which popularized the genre internationally under the name reggaeton. It blends British West reggae and dancehall with Latin American genres, as well as hip hop. Modern reggaeton beats follow the structure of the Dem Bow Riddim, a beat created by Jamaican producers Steely & Clevie in the late 80s and early 90s. However, over the years, it has been losing every noticeable similarity with its original reggae origins.

## Other websites

- Reggaeton Encyclopedia: History, instructional videos, shows, articles, performers (English & Russian)
First Kashmir War

The **India-Pakistan War of 1947-48** is also known as the **First Kashmir War**. It was fought between the Dominion of India and Dominion of Pakistan over the former Princely state of Kashmir and Jammu from 1947 to 1948. The result of the war still affects the geopolitics of both the countries.

## Details

India claims 1,500 Indian soldiers were killed, 3,500 Indian soldiers were wounded and 1,000 were captured or went missing and 2,000 J&K troops were killed and an unknown number wounded. Pakistan claims that 2633 troops and tribesmen were killed and 4668 troops and tribesmen were wounded.

## Infobox (military conflict)

- **conflict**: Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948
- **partof**: the Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts, Indo-Pakistani wars, Kashmir conflict, and the Partition of India
- **colour scheme**: background:#91ACDA
- **caption**: Pakistani people, Pakistani soldiers during the 1947–1948 war
- **notes**: Conflict began when Pashtun people, Pashtun tribesmen and Tanoli from Pakistan invaded the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir (princely state), Jammu and Kashmir, prompting the armies of India and Pakistan to get involved shortly afterwards.
- **date**: October 1947 – 1 January 1949
(1 year and 10 weeks)
- **place**: Kashmir, Jammu and Kashmir
- **result**: Inconclusive
- **territory**: One-third of Jammu and Kashmir (princely state), Jammu and Kashmir controlled by Pakistan. Indian control over remainder.
- **combatant1**: *
*
*  Jammu and Kashmir State Forces
- **combatant2**: Dominion of Pakistan, Pakistan
*
*  (Supply support only)
*  Pakistani paramilitaries
** Gilgit Scouts
** Kurram Militia
** Frontier Corps, Frontier Scouts
** Khasadar, Pashtun tribal militias
*  Azad Kashmir Regular Force, Azad Kashmir irregular forces
*  Indian National Army#Post 1947, Indian National Army veterans
*  Muslim League National Guard
*  Swat Levies, Swat Army
*  Furqan Force
Indo-Pakistani war of 1965

The **Indo-Pakistani War of 1965** was a war that took place between April 1965 and 23 September 1965 between Islamic Republic of Pakistan and the Republic of India. This conflict became known as the **Second Kashmir War.** Both countries fought over the disputed Himalayan region of Kashmir. The first Kashmir War took place in 1947. The war began after Pakistan's Operation Gibraltar. In this operation, Pakistan wanted to bring forces into Indian-held Jammu and Kashmir to conquer the area of Kashmir ruled by India. The five-week war caused thousands of deaths on both side. Ceasefire was declared through UNSC (United Nations Security Council) Resolution 211. The Tashkent Declaration was signed between India and Pakistan on 10 January 1966 to resolve the war .

## Details

The war was fought on the western front after Pakistan launched "Operation Gibraltar" - a covert offensive in which up to 30,000 fighters were pushed across the ceasefire line into Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir.  India retaliated by crossing the international border at Lahore. At midnight on 6 September, India crossed the international border between India and Pakistan and attacked Lahore and Kasur. The Pakistan Army and Air Force prepared for war in a hurry and started attacks on India. The attacks also started in the areas of Jammu and Kashmir. The war was fought on the border until 22 September when UN asked for ceasefire.
Nusrat Bhutto

**Begum Nusrat Bhutto** (, , March 23, 1929 – October 23, 2011) was an Iranian-Pakistani who was the former First Lady of Pakistan and widow of former Prime Minister of Pakistan Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. She became her husband's successor as the chairman of the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) from 1979 to 1983. The couple had four children: PPP chairman and the first and only female Pakistani Prime Minister, Benazir Bhutto (1953-2007), Murtaza Bhutto (1954-1996), Sanam Bhutto (born 1957) and Shahnawaz Bhutto (1958-1985). She died on October 23, 2011.
Japan studies

**Japanese studies** (or **Japanology**) is a term generally used to describe the historical and cultural study of Japan.  In North America, the academic field is usually referred to as Japanese studies.  The term "Japanology" is more often used in Europe.

Japanology is the study of many subjects, including
- Japanese language
- Japanese calligraphy
- Japanese culture
- Japanese divinities
- Japanese history
- Japanese literature
- Japanese art
- Music of Japan
- Manga
- Anime
- Science and technology in Japan

The roots of Japanology begin with the Dutch at Dejima, Nagasaki in the Edo period.

Japanology was encouraged by the Asiatic Society of Japan at Yokohama which was established in 1872.

## Notable Japanologists

- Edwin O. Reischauer
- Edward Seidensticker
- Ruth Benedict
- Lafcadio Hearn
- Donald Keene
- Helen Hardacre
- Francis Xavier
- Ernest Mason Satow
- Richard Ponsonby-Fane

## Notable foreign centers of Japanese studies

- University of Virginia Japanese Text Initiative
- Harvard University - Reischauer Institute of Japanese Studies
- University of California, Berkeley - Center for Japanese Studies
- Columbia University - The Center for Japanese Legal Studies
- Oxford University -  Nissan Institute of Japanese Studies
- School of Oriental and African Studies - The Japan Research Centre and Sainsbury Institute for the Study of Japanese Arts and Cultures
- School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences – Centre de Recherches sur le Japon
- Leiden University - Japanese Languages and Cultures
- Universitas Indonesia - Japanese Area Studies Program

## Associations for Japan Studies overseas

- European Association for Japanese Studies
- British Association for Japanese studies
- The Society for Japanese Studies (United States)

## Notable Academic Journals

- Journal of Japanese Studies (The Society for Japanese Studies)
- Monumenta Nipponica (Sophia University)
- Social Science Japan Journal (Oxford University Press)

## Related pages

- Bushido
- Oriental studies

## Other websites

- _Electronic journal of contemporary Japanese studies_
- European Association for Japanese Studies
Blind Fool Love

**Blind Fool Love** is a post-hardcore Italian band, made in Toscana, Italy in 2005. In 2007 the band released their first demo, followed by the EP _Il pianto_ in May 2011. The first studio album is called _La strage di Cupido_ and was released in September 27, 2011, by Sony Music.

## Members

- Tommaso Sabatini - guitars, lead vocals
- Piero Cini - bass
- Marco Ronconi - drums

## Discography

- Albums
- _Blind Fool Love_ (demo, 2007)
- _Il pianto_ (EP, 2011)
- _La strage di Cupido_ (studio album, 2011)

- Singles
- _Vampiro_ (2009)
- _Saranno giorni_ (2010)
- _Il pianto_ (2011)
- _La ballata della farfalla melitaea_ (2011)
- _Com'eri un tempo_ (2011)

## Other websites

- Official Website
- YouTube
- MySpace
- Facebook

## Infobox (band)

- **name**: Blind Fool Love
- **years active**: 2005-2012
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Grosseto, Toscana, Italy, IT
- **genre**: Screamo, post-hardcore
- **label**: Sony Music
- **current members**: Thomas Sabatini
Pedro Cini
Marco Ronconi
Codelco

**Codelco-Chile** () is a state mining company in Chile that uses and exploits copper.

## History

It was founded in 1955 like the _Copper Office_. In 1966, under President Eduardo Frei Montalva, the Copper Office changes the name to _Copper Corporation of Chile (Codelco)_. It was nationalized on July 11, 1971 under Salvador Allende. In 1976 was created the _Corporación Nacional del Cobre de Chile_ under the Augusto Pinochet administration.

## Features

Considering the size of installations and volume of production, it is considered one of the largest mining companies in the world.

## Related pages

- Chilean Nationalization of Copper

## Other websites

- Official Site of _Codelco-Chile_

## Infobox (company)

- **company name**: CODELCO
- **company logo**: Codelco logo.svg
- **company type**: Government-owned corporation, Government-owned
- **foundation**: (1955)
- **location**: Santiago, Chile
- **num employees**: 17,880
- **revenue**: US$ 16.0 billion (2010)
- **industry**: Mining
- **products**: Copper
Planet Dinosaur

***Planet Dinosaur*** is a six-part documentary television series produced by the BBC, narrated by John Hurt, first aired in the United Kingdom in 2011, produced by VFX studio Jellyfish Pictures. It is the first major dinosaur-related series for BBC One since _Walking with Dinosaurs_. There are more than 50 different prehistoric species featured, and they and their environments were created entirely as computer-generated images, for only a third of the production cost that was needed a decade earlier for _Walking with Dinosaurs_. By the time the third episode aired, the companion book to the series was released accompany it. The DVD will be released after the series finishes.

## Spin-off

CBBC aired a spin-off, _Planet Dinosaur Files_, from 29 September, 2011, hosted by Jem Stansfield. Each episode compares three Mesozoic creatures and involves practical tests to replicate certain behaviours in an attempt to find out which creature holds a certain title, such as the "most powerful" theropod.

## Reception

Tom Sutcliffe in the _Independent_ found that it was visually "polished and jazzed up" but that  the "knowledge and science generally take second place to B-movie spectacle".

## Other websites

- BBC website
- Production website

## Infobox (television)

- **genre**: Television documentary, Documentary
- **creator**: Nigel Paterson
Phil Dobree
- **writer**: Nigel Paterson
Tom Brass
- **director**: Nigel Paterson
- **creative director**: Phil Dobree
- **narrated**: John Hurt
- **composer**: Ilan Eshkeri
- **country**: United Kingdom
- **language**: English language, English
- **num series**: 1
- **num episodes**: 6
- **executive producer**: Andrew Cohen
- **producer**: Nigel Paterson
- **editor**: Andy Walter
- **runtime**: 30 minutes
- **company**: Jellyfish Pictures
- **channel**: BBC One
Protecting Children from Internet Pornographers Act of 2011

On July 28, 2011, the United States House Judiciary Committee passed the **Protecting Children from Internet Pornographers Act** of 2011 (HR 1981). The bill passed by a vote of 19-10. Next the bill will be discussed in the House of Representatives. Some people are against this bill because it gives a lot of access to personal information. Some people have said that the bill will not become a law, but the Congressional Budget Office put out a report on October 12, 2011, with the cost of making the changes in the bill. The next step is that the bill will be discussed in the House of Representatives.

## History

On May 25, 2011, Representative Lamar Smith of Texas introduced the bill.  It was co-sponsored by 25 other Representatives of the House. On July 28, 2011 the bill was passed by the House Judiciary Committee. It has to go through more approvals before it becomes a law.

## Purpose

The purpose of the bill is to protect children. The bill would give the police more access to information in order to find and catch people who make and/or distribute child pornography.

This bill would create laws that give bigger punishments for people charged with child pornography. The bill also makes companies that people in the United States get internet service from (internet service providers or ISPs) keep records of all of their customers' internet use for twelve months. They would have to keep this information in case it needs to be used to investigate people.

## Cost

On October 12, 2011 a report on the costs of the bill was released. This report said that the cost to the government would be very small and that the internet service companies would have to pay more than $200 million. That money includes the cost of storing the extra information about their customers.

## Controversy

Some say that because of the Patriot Act, this law could mean that people could lose some of their civil rights. Representative Zoe Lofgren, (D-Calif.) is very against the bill and asked for it to be renamed the "Keep Every American's Digital Data for Submission to the Federal Government Without a Warrant Act."  She believes that people will have a lot less privacy if this is passed.

People who are in favor of the bill say that the police and other law enforcers need to be able to go back and look at the records of  IP addresses, because these addresses can change over time. So the police need to be able to check the records in order to catch people. occurred. Lamar Smith, the bill's sponsor, said that: ""Some Internet service providers currently retain these [IP] addresses for business purposes. But the period of retention varies widely among providers, from a few days to a few months. The lack of uniform data retention impedes the investigation of Internet crimes." Smith said that the number of child pornography cases grew by 150% a year every year for the past ten years.
Aishwarya Rai Bachchan

**Aishwarya Rai**  (born 1 November 1973) is an Indian actress. She won the Miss World 1994 pageant.  Her acting has made her one of the most popular celebrities in India. She has won many awards, including two Filmfare Awards. Rai also was given the Padma Shri by the Government of India in 2009 and the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres by the Government of France in 2012.

## Biography

She was born into the family of merchant navy officer Krishnaraj Rai and writer Vrinda Rai. The actress has an older brother - a merchant navy engineer Aditya.

Aishwarya's native language is Kannada and Tulu, and she also speaks English, Hindi, and Marathi. As a child she studied classical music and dance. At an early age, she moved with her family to Bombay, where she studied at Arya Vidya Mandir high school in the suburbs of Santacruz. After graduating from Ruparel College (before that she studied at Jai Hind College for a year), she entered the university, where she began to study architecture, but then became a model. In 1994 she won the Miss World contest. After participating in the Pepsi advertising campaign, she starred for Vogue magazine.

Aishwarya's first role in a film was the well-received film "Tandem" in 1997, where she played a dual role: a rural beauty and an actress.

## Personal life

On January 14, 2007, she announced her engagement to actor Abhishek Bachchan, the son of the famous actor Amitabh Bachchan, and married him on April 20 of that year. On November 16, 2011, Aishwarya Rai gave birth to a daughter at a clinic in Mumbai. The girl was named Aaradhya. In June, 2025, her husband Abhishek Bachchan quashed rumours that they were divorced.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Aishwarya Rai
- **image**: Aishwarya Rai Cannes 2017.jpg
- **caption**: Rai at the 2017 Cannes Film Festival
- **birth name**: Aishwarya Rai
- **birth place**: Mangalore, Karnataka, India
- **family**: See Bachchan family
- **alma mater**: University of Mumbai
- **occupation**: Actress, model
- **height**: 169 cm
- **title**: Miss World 1994
- **children**: 1
- **awards**: List of awards and nominations received by Aishwarya Rai, Full list
- **years active**: 1994–present
Mariner 9

**Mariner 9** was a NASA spacecraft. It was the ninth spacecraft in the Mariner programme. It was sent to study and orbit the planet Mars. It was the first spacecraft to orbit another planet. Mariner 9 was launched on May 30, 1971 from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station.  Mariner 9 reached Mars on November 13, 1971, after a ~170 day flight. The spacecraft was sent to map 70 % of the surface of Mars and to study the temperature changes of the Martian atmosphere and surface. When it arrived, a dust storm hid the surface of Mars. After a few months the dust settled and Mariner 9 discovered the Valles Marineris.

## Infobox (spaceflight/ip)

- **type**: orbiter
- **object**: Mars
- **arrival date**: November 14, 1971, 00:42:00 UTC


## Infobox (spaceflight)

- **name**: Mariner 9
- **image**: Mariner09.jpg
- **image caption**: The Mariner 9 spacecraft
- **mission type**: Mars orbiter
- **operator**: NASA / JPL
- **cospar id**: 1971-051A
- **satcat**: 5261
- **mission duration**: 1 year, 4 months, 27 days
- **manufacturer**: Jet Propulsion Laboratory
- **power**: 500 watts
- **launch date**:  UTC
- **launch rocket**: Atlas-Centaur, Atlas SLV-3C Centaur-D
- **launch site**: Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Cape Canaveral Spaceport Florida Launch Complex 36, LC-36B
- **disposal type**: Decommissioned
- **orbit reference**: Areocentric orbit, Areocentric
- **orbit inclination**: 64.4°
- **orbit period**: 719.47 minutes
- **apsis**: areion
Flemming Jørgensen

**Flemming "Bamse" Duun Jørgensen** (7 February 1947 – 1 January 2011) was a Danish pop singer and actor. He was the lead singer of the band Bamses Venner () and also released solo albums. As an actor he received a Robert Award for best male supporting actor in 1986 for the movie _Ofelia kommer til byen_ (). Jørgensen died of a cardiac arrest on New Year's Day in 2011.

## Discography

- _Din sang_ (1977)
- _Solen skinner_ (1979)
- _Bamse Live I_ (1980)
- _Bamse Live II_ (1980)
- _Lige nu_ (1987)
- _1988_ (1988)
- _Lidt for mig selv_ (1994)
- _Jul på Vimmersvej_ (1995)
- _Stand By Me_ (1999)
- _Always on My Mind_ (2001)
- _Be My Guest_ (2005)
- _Love Me Tender_ (2007)
- _Tæt på_ (2010)
William George Aston

**William George Aston** (9 April 1841 – 22 November 1911) was a British diplomat, author and scholar-expert in the language and history of Japan and Korea.

## Early life

Aston was born near Londonderry in  Ireland. In 1859-1863, he studied at Queen's College in Belfast, which is now Queen's University Belfast.

## Career

Aston was an interpreter in the British Legation in Japan in 1864. He studied with Ernest Mason Satow.

Aston worked in the British consular service in Tokyo, Kobe and Nagasaki. He retired in 1889.

### Japan

Along with  Satow and Basil Hall Chamberlain, Aston was one of three major British Japanologists during the 19th century.

Aston was the first translator of the _Nihongi_ into the English language (1896).

### Korea

In 1884, Aston was the first Western diplomat to live in Korea.

Aston donated his translations of Korean folk tales to the Asiatic Museum in St. Petersberg, Russia and they were published in 2004. This part of Aston's personal collection is now at the Academy of Sciences in St Petersburg.

## Selected works

In a statistical overview derived from writings by and about William George Aston, OCLC/WorldCat includes roughly 90+ works in 200+ publications in 4 languages and 3,000+ library holdings.

- _A Short Grammar of the Japanese Spoken Language_ (1869)
- _A Grammar of the Japanese Written Language_ (1877)
- _A Grammar of the Japanese Spoken Language_ (1877)
- _Early Japanese history_ (1889)
- _Nihongi; Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697_ (1896)
- _A History of Japanese Literature_ (1898)
- _Littérature japonaise_ (1902)
- _Shinto, the Way of the Gods_ (1905)
- _Shinto, the Ancient Religion of Japan_ (1907)

## Other websites

- Aston, W. G. (William George), 1841-1911 at Virtual International Authority File (VIAF)
- The History of Japanese Literature by W.G. Aston (Yokohama: Kelly and Walsh, 1899)

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: William George Aston
- **image**: William George Aston 1911.jpg
- **caption**: William George Aston, 1911
- **birth place**: Derry, Ireland
- **death place**: Beer, Devon, England
- **nationality**: Anglo-Irish
- **occupation**: diplomat
Emperor Junna

was the 53rd emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.  His reign started in 823 and ended in 833.

## Traditional history

Before he became the monarch, this prince's personal name (_imina_) was .

Junna had six Empresses and Imperial consorts and 13 Imperial sons and daughters.

### Events of Junna's life

Junna was Crown Prince for 13 years.

- **810** (_Kōnin 1_): Prince Ōtomo was named the heir of Emperor Saga at 25 years of age.
- **30 May 823** (_Kōnin 14, 17th day of the 4th month_): In the 14th year of Emperor Saga's reign, the monarch abdicated. The succession (_senso_) was received by Prince Ōtomo, who was Saga's younger brother. Soon afterwards, the prince is said to have said to have acceded to the throne (_sokui_).  This was confirmed in ceremonies.
- **22 March 833** (_Tenchō 10, 28th day of the 2nd month_): In the 10th year of Emperor Junna's reign, he abdicated; and the succession (_senso_) was received by a his adopted son, who would be known as Emperor Ninmyō.
- **11 June 840** (_Jōwa 7, 8th day of the 5th month_): Former-Emperor Junna died at the age of 55.

### After his death

According to the Imperial Household Agency, the mausoleum  (_misasagi_) of Junna is in Nishikyō-ku, Kyoto.  The emperor is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine at this location.

## Eras of reign

The years of Junna's reign are identified by more than one era name (_nengō_).
- _Kōnin_ (810-824)
- _Tenchō_            (824-834)

## Related pages

- Emperor of Japan
- List of emperors of Japan
- Japanese imperial family tree

## Infobox (monarch)

- **name**: Junna
- **title**: Emperor of Japan
- **reign**: 823–833
- **predecessor**: Emperor Saga, Saga
- **successor**: Emperor Ninmyō, Ninmyō
- **birth date**: 786
- **death date**: 11 June 840 (age 54)
- **death place**: Heian Kyō (Kyōto)
- **burial place**: _Ōharano no nishi no minenoe no misasagi_ (Kyoto)
Stye

**Styes** (), also called **hordeolums** (), are infections at the base of a human eyelid or the eyelash. They are usually formed in the lids and are small red bumps; these styes can be either external or internal. Styes are small-sized and rather short in duration. They happen particularly often in infants, although people of all ages can get it. They are triggered by eye rubbing or poor nutrition. They often last four days under treatment to two weeks without.

## Infobox (disease)

- **name**: Stye
- **image**: Stye02.jpg
- **caption**: A stye on an eyelid
- **diseasesdb**: 12583
- **medlineplus**: 001009
- **emedicinesubj**: emerg
- **emedicinetopic**: 755
- **meshid**: D006726
Ichinobe-no Oshiwa

was the eldest son of Japanese Emperor Richū; and he was the father of sons who would become known as Emperor Kenzō and Emperor Ninken.

No firm dates can be assigned to the lives or reigns of this period, but the reign of Emperor Ankō is considered to have lasted from 456 to 479; and Oshiwa died during Ankō's reign.

## Traditional history

According to the _Nihonshoki_, Oshiwa was killed in a hunting accident by Emperor Yūryaku.  His sons were adopted as heirs by Emperor Seinei.  They are known as Prince Woke  (or Kenzō_-tennō_) and as Prince Oke (or Ninken_-tennō_).
Dinosaur Ridge

**Dinosaur Ridge** is part of the Morrison Formation, just west of Denver.

The Dinosaur Ridge area is one of the world's most famous dinosaur fossil localities. In 1877, some of the best-known dinosaurs were found here, including _Apatosaurus_, _Diplodocus_, _Stegosaurus_, and _Allosaurus_.

In 1973, the area was recognized for its uniqueness as well as its historical and scientific significance when it was designated the **Morrison Fossil Area National Natural Landmark** by the National Park Service.  In 1989, the Friends of Dinosaur Ridge formed to address increasing concerns regarding the preservation of the site and to offer educational programs on the area's resources.

The rocks on the west side of Dinosaur Ridge are part of the widespread Morrison Formation of Jurassic age. It is in these rocks, where Arthur Lakes discovered the dinosaur bones in 1877. Fifteen quarries were opened along the Dakota hogback in the Morrison area in search of these fossils.

The rocks on the east side of Dinosaur Ridge are part of the Cretaceous Dakota Formation.  When Alameda Parkway was being constructed in 1937 to provide access to Red Rocks Park, workers discovered hundreds of dinosaur footprints.  These were found to include mostly _Iguanodon_-like footprints. Carnivorous theropod tracks are also present.

The site features the Dinosaur Ridge Exhibit Hall with displays about the dinosaurs found at the site. Additionally, Dinosaur Ridge has interpretive signs at trail locations that explain the local geology, a volcanic ash bed, trace fossils, paleo-ecology, economic development of coal, oil and clay, and many other geologic and paleontological features.

## Other websites

- Friends of Dinosaur Ridge
- Photos
- Dinosaur Ridge Information
Galaxy Nexus

The **Galaxy Nexus** is a smartphone made by Google and Samsung, using the Android operating system. The phone started being sold on November 17, 2011.

## Unlocking and rooting

The Galaxy Nexus is designed to be a developer-friendly phone. It is very easy to unlock and root. To unlock the bootloader, boot the phone into fastboot mode by holding down both volume keys while powering the phone on, and connect the phone to a computer with the Android SDK installed and run the command "fastboot oem unlock". This is in contrast to most other mobile phones which are designed to be difficult to unlock. This phone uses NFC, which allows it to communicate wirelessly with other Android devices.

## Related pages

- Google Nexus

## Other websites

- Official Galaxy Nexus page
- Galaxy Nexus at Samsung
- Engadget coverage
Nexus

**Nexus** might mean:

- Google Nexus
    - Nexus One
    - Nexus S
    - Galaxy Nexus
- Nexus (professional wrestling)