juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Loiyumpa Silyel

The **Loiyumpa Silyel** (Modern Meitei: "Loiyumba Sinyen"), also termed as the **Loyumpa Silyel** (Modern Meitei: "Loyumba Sinyen") or the **Loiyumpa Shilyel** (Modern Meitei: "Loiyumba Shinyen") or the **Loyumpa Shilyel** (Modern Meitei: "Loyumba Shinyen") or the **Loyamba Sinyen** (), is an 11th-12th century written constitution, regulated in the Manipur kingdom during the regime of King Loiyumba (1074-1122 CE). A promulgation of the proto-constitution in 429 CE by King Naophangba was reduced to a final format in 1110 CE. Historically, it is the first written constitution, and one of the well recorded antique manuscripts of the kingdom. Its Constitutionalism was replaced by the Manipur State Constitution Act, 1947, that was functional until Manipur was merged into India on October 15, 1949.

## Infobox (book)

- **name**: Loiyumpa Silyel
- **image**: First page of the "Loiyumpa Silyel", a 12th century ancient Meitei language written constitution of ancient Kangleipak (early Manipur), enacted during the reign of Meitei King Loiyumpa (Loiyumba).jpg
- **caption**: First page of the "Loiyumpa Silyel", stored in the Manipur University Library, digitalised by the Digital Library of India
- **language**: Meitei language (Manipuri language)
- **country**: Ancient Manipur - Medieval Manipur
- **genre**: Constitution
- **published**: 1110 CE
- **publisher**: King Loiyumba (Ancient Meitei language, Ancient Meitei: Loiyumpa)
- **subjects**: law, rules and regulations, social system
- **note**: It is an 11th-12th century written constitution of the Manipur kingdom.
2021 San Jose shooting

On May 26, 2021, a mass shooting took place at a Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority (VTA) rail yard in San Jose, California, United States. Ten people were killed, including the gunman, 57-year-old VTA employee Samuel James Cassidy, who shot and killed himself.

In total, there were 10 deaths caused by the gunman. The gunman would be confirmed to be dead towards the end of the shooting, after 9 others had died.

## Infobox (civilian attack)

- **title**: 2021 San Jose shooting
- **partof**: mass shootings in the United States
- **image**: VTA Guadalupe Division entrance, November 2016.jpg
- **caption**: The VTA Guadalupe Division yard where the shooting took place
- **location**: 101 W. Younger Ave.
San Jose, California, U.S.
- **target**: Staff at a Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority
- **time**: 6:30 a.m.
- **timezone**: Pacific Time Zone, PDT
- **type**: Mass murder, mass shooting, murder–suicide
- **fatalities**: 10, (Including the author)
- **injuries**: 0 (No injuries)
- **perpetrator**: Samuel James Cassidy
- **weapons**: 3 Pistol semi-automatic
- **motive**: Unknown reason
Refinancing

Loan **refinancing** means taking out a new loan to pay off one or more outstanding loans.

Borrowers usually do this to get lower interest rates or to otherwise reduce their repayments.  It can also reduce or alter risk by switching between a variable-rate and a fixed-rate loan.

Refinancing can be used to get a longer term loan with lower monthly payments. In these cases, the total amount paid will increase, as interest will have to be paid for a longer period of time. Some fixed-term loans have penalty clauses - a charge for  early repayment of the loan, in part or in full.  There are normally transaction fees on the refinancing.

Refinancing also means providing a central bank of commercial banks with additional reserves on a credit basis, such as borrowed reserves. The initiators of refinancing are commercial banks. They turn to the central bank when they cannot  replenish their reserves from other sources.
A Wedding (2016 movie)

***A Wedding*** () is a 2016 Belgian French Pakistani Luxembourgian drama movie directed by Stephan Streker and starring Lina El Arabi, Babak Karimi, Neena Kulkarni, Olivier Gourmet, Aurora Marion.
Dendropsophus arndti

**Arndt's Tree Frog** (_Dendropsophus arndti_) is a frog that lives in Bolivia and Peru. Scientists have seen it between 148 and 529 meters above sea level.
Ougri

The **Ougri Hangen** or the **Ougri Hangken**, also known as the **Leiroi Nongloi Esei**, is a Meitei cultural ritual song with various appellations of the sun and the mythology of creation. It is often sung in the conclusion of the Lai Haraoba festival. Its theme is closely associated with the creation myth of the earth itself. It is also regarded as the song of thanksgiving to the Almighty God. It is always sung in the chorus formed by the male singers with the maiba as the precentor and is strongly enjoined that the chains of the singers forming a circle should never be snapped. It is also known for its incantatory power, for with the alteration of a few lines, it is believed to have been able to cause either prosperity or destruction of the kingdom and the people. Many rulers performed by themselves the rites of singing it with an accompanying dance on the occasion of their conquests or coronation. According to the manuscript "Laisra Pham", a treatise on administration and social conduct, "Ougri" is refered to as sung at the coronation of Nongta Lailen Pakhangpa in 33 AD. The Naothingkhong Phambal Kaba mentions it as being taught by the sage Luwawg king to the Meitei prince as a part of the Meitei lore, which according to the chronicle Cheitharol Kumbaba, took place just prior to 663 AD.
In some cases, it is also refered to as the actual war songs of the Meitei people.
Notably, it is regarded as one of the earliest gems in the Meitei literature (Manipuri literature).
Garlic bread

**Garlic bread** (also called **garlic toast**) is a type of toasted bread. It is made of bread (usually baguette), garlic, and some sort of fat (usually olive oil or butter). Other toppings can go into the bread such as oregano, cheese, or black pepper. The bread is then toasted either in a oven or grill. It can be served as a side dish, or as a full meal.

## History

Garlic bread came from bruschetta, which appeared in Italy around the 15th century, and could have gone back to Ancient Rome.

## Infobox (prepared food)

- **name**: Garlic bread
- **image**: Garlic Bread (3008052276).jpg
- **image size**: 235px
- **caption**: A common type of garlic bread
- **course**: Entree or side dish
- **type**: Bread
- **served**: Cold, warm or hot
- **main ingredient**: Bread (usually baguette), garlic, olive oil or butter
Ken Garland

**Ken Garland** (1929– 20 May 2021) was a British graphic designer, photographer, writer and educator. He was known for his writing on design and the prolific work of his studio Ken Garland & Associates.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Ken Garland
- **occupation**: Graphic designer and photographer
- **birth date**: 1929
- **death date**: May 20, 2021 (age 91-92)
Ougri festival

The **OUGRI** is an annual cultural and technical festival organized by the National Institute of Technology (NIT), Manipur. Its name is derived from the ancient cultural dance and music performance, Ougri of the Lai Haraoba festival.

There are many events organized in the festival, which includes sports, battle of bands, modern dance and cultural dance, DJ-night, mock placement, men soccer and LAN gaming in the NIT Manipur campus, Takyelpat. The bands that participate in the battle of bands in the year 2015 include Agro, Freedom Band, Karima Band, MIT, Dominik, Abundant Life, Virgo Diamond, Riverted, Meitrabak and Electrify.

## Other websites

- http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=news_section.Press_Release.Press_Release_2015.OUGRI_15_beat_the_tide_official_teaser_video_20150207
- http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=4..290315.mar15

## Infobox (event)

- **event**: Ougri festival
- **duration**: 4 days
- **venue**: National Institute of Technology (NIT) campus, Takyelpat, Manipur
- **place**: Manipur, India
- **type**: Annual
- **organisers**: National Institute of Technology (NIT), Manipur
- **notes**: It is an annual cultural and technical festival organized by the institute.
Hanger steak

**Hanger steak** is a type of meat cut. It comes from the plate muscle like the skirt steak. It is similar to a flank steak. It is known to be a cheap and tender cut.

It might be called the hanger steak as the muscle is hanged on the diaphragm.

Its U.S. meat-cut is grouped as NAMP 140.

## Other terms

It was known as a butchers steak since butchers would previously keep the steak for themselves.

The hanger steak is becoming more popular in Europe. In Britain it is called a "skirt steak", not to be confused with the American skirt steak. In French it is known as the , in Italian the , in Dutch the , in Polish the , and in Spanish the  or  or .

## Preparation

Like other steak cuts, the hanger steak can be cooked with different methods.

## Infobox (food)

- **name**: Hanger steak
- **image**: BeefCutPlate.svg
- **caption**: Beef Cuts
- **type**: Cut of beef
- **no recipes**: y
- **no commons**: y
- **alternate name**: _butcher's steak, hanging tender, bistro steak_
Oswald Mosley

**Sir Oswald Ernald Mosley, 6th Baronet** (16 November 1896 – 3 December 1980) was a British fascist politician.

He rose to fame in the 1920s as a Member of Parliament and later  became disillusioned with mainstream politics.

He became the leader of the British Union of Fascists (BUF). Mosley was the sixth baronet to hold the title, which had been in his family for over a century.

After belonging to both the Conservative Party and the Labour Party, Mosley set up his "New Party", which became the British Union of Fascists. He was anti-semitic (against jews), and there were street riots in London and Leicester in 1935.

Mosley was interned in May 1940, and the BUF was banned. He was released in 1943. Internment is putting people in prison to prevent their being able to act against the national interest. Its main use is to protect public safety. It has not been done in Britain since WWII.

Disgraced by his association with fascism, Mosley moved abroad in 1951. He spent most of the rest of his life in Paris.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **honorific-prefix**: Sir
- **name**: Oswald Mosley
- **honorific-suffix**: Baronet, Bt
- **image**: Oswald mosley MP.jpg
- **caption**: Portrait of Mosley in 1922
- **office1**: Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster
- **term start1**: 7 June 1929
- **term end1**: 19 May 1930
- **primeminister1**: Ramsay MacDonald
- **predecessor1**: Ronald McNeill, 1st Baron Cushendun, Ronald McNeill
- **successor1**: Clement Attlee
- **office2**: Member of Parliament (United Kingdom), Member of Parliament
 for Smethwick (UK Parliament constituency), Smethwick
- **term start2**: 21 December 1926
- **term end2**: 27 October 1931
- **predecessor2**: John Davison (politician), John Davison
- **successor2**: Roy Wise
- **office3**: Member of Parliament (United Kingdom), Member of Parliament
 for Harrow (UK Parliament constituency), Harrow
- **term start3**: 14 December 1918
- **term end3**: 29 October 1924
- **predecessor3**: Harry Mallaby-Deeley
- **successor3**: Isidore Salmon, Sir Isidore Salmon
- **birth name**: Oswald Ernald Mosley
- **birth date**: 16 November 1896
- **birth place**: Mayfair, London, Mayfair, Westminster, County of London, London, England
- **death place**: Orsay, Essonne, France
- **nationality**: British
- **party**: Conservative Party (UK), Conservative Party
(1918–1922)
Independent (politician), Independent
(1922–1924)
Labour Party (UK), Labour Party
(1924–1931)
New Party (UK), New Party
(1931–1932)
British Union of Fascists
(1932–1940)
Union Movement
(1948–1973)
- **otherparty**: National Party of Europe
(1962–1980)
- **children**: Vivien Mosley
(1921–2002)
Nicholas Mosley
(1923–2017)
Michael Mosley
(1932–2012)
Alexander Mosley
( 1938)
Max Mosley
(1940–2021)
- **alma mater**: Winchester College
Royal Military College, Sandhurst
- **allegiance**:  British Empire
- **branch**:  British Army
• 16th The Queen's Lancers
• Royal Flying Corps
- **serviceyears**: 1914–1918
- **rank**: Lieutenant
- **battles**: First World War
• Second Battle of Ypres
• Battle of Loos
- **awards**:  1914–15 Star
 British War Medal
 Victory Medal (United Kingdom), Victory Medal
Jaime Lerner

**Jaime Lerner** (December 17, 1937 – May 27 , 2021) was a Brazilian politician. He was the governor of the state of Paraná, in southern Brazil. He was an architect and urban planner. He was mayor of Curitiba, capital of Paraná, three times (1971–75, 1979–84 and 1989–92). In 1994, Lerner was elected governor of Paraná, and was reelected in 1998.

Lerner died of kidney disease on May 27, 2021, at the age of 83.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Jaime Lerner
- **image**: Jaime Lerner May 2004.jpg
- **caption**: Lerner in 2004
- **term start**: 1995
- **term end**: 2002
- **office**: Governor of Paraná
- **predecessor**: Mário Pereira
- **successor**: Roberto Requião
- **office1**: List of mayors of Curitiba, 76th Mayor of Curitiba
- **term start1**: 1989
- **term end1**: 1992
- **predecessor1**: Edgar Dantas Pimentel
- **successor1**: Donato Gulin
- **office2**: List of mayors of Curitiba, 73rd Mayor of Curitiba
- **term start2**: 1979
- **term end2**: 1983
- **predecessor2**: Saul Raiz
- **successor2**: Maurício Fruet
- **office3**: List of mayors of Curitiba, 70th Mayor of Curitiba
- **term start3**: 1971
- **term end3**: 1974
- **predecessor3**: Roberto Requião
- **successor3**: Rafael Greca
- **birth place**: Curitiba, Brazil
- **nationality**: Brazilian
- **alma mater**: Federal University of Paraná
- **profession**: Architect
Carla Fracci

**Carla Fracci** <small>OMRI OMCA</small> (; 20 August 1936 – 27 May 2021) was an Italian ballet dancer and actress. Fracci became one of the most experienced and well known dancer of Romantic ballets. Her best known performances were in _Nijinsky_, _Giselle_ (American Ballet Theatre), and Complete Bell Telephone Hour Performances: Erik Bruhn 1961–1967.

She was best known for her performances in _Giselle_.

Fracci died in her hometown Milan on 27 May 2021, at the age of 84 from cancer.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Carla Fracci
- **image**: Carla Fracci 69.jpg
- **caption**: Fracci in 1969
- **birth place**: Milan, Italy
- **death place**: Milan, Italy
- **resting place**: Campo Verano
- **years active**: 1954 – 2021
- **known for**: _Giselle_
Oatmeal cookie

An **oatmeal cookie** is a type of cookie. It is made with the same ingredients as a plain cookie, but cooking oats are added to the dough later. It has thought to come from the Scottish oatcake. It has become popular in the United States.
Ring Tone Text Transfer Language

**Ring Tone Text Transfer Language** (**RTTTL**), also known as Nokring, was made by Nokia to allow ringtones to be moved to their cellphones.

## Specifications

This is an RTTTL ringtone. This one is named Haunted House:

`HauntHouse: d=4,o=5,b=108: 2a4, 2e, 2d#, 2b4, 2a4, 2c, 2d, 2a#4, 2e., e, 1f4, 1a4, 1d#, 2e., d, 2c., b4, 1a4, 1p, 2a4, 2e, 2d#, 2b4, 2a4, 2c, 2d, 2a#4, 2e., e, 1f4, 1a4, 1d#, 2e., d, 2c., b4, 1a4`

RTTTL has three parts, which are all separated by one colon each. All of them must be there.
- **Part 1** - The name of the ringtone, then a comma. This ringtone's name is defined as "HauntHouse" because the name cannot normally be longer than 10 characters or have a colon ":" character. Smart Messaging allows names up to 15 characters in length, and some applications processing RTTTL also do that.
- **Part 2** - The settings (here: d=4,o=5,b=108). "d=" says the default duration of a note is that much of a note. For example, "1" means a whole note, "2" means a half note and so on. "o=" says the default octave. "b=" says the tempo in beats per minute.
- **Part 3** - The notes. Each note is separated by a comma and shown in this order: the duration, a standard music note (a, b, c, d, e, f or g), and an octave. The default is used if no duration or octave is defined.

RTTTL is defined in a similar way to Music Macro Language, which many early microcomputers have in their BASIC implementations.

### Durations

These standard musical durations can be used:
- **1** - whole note
- **2** - half note
- **4** - quarter note
- **8** - eighth note
- **16** - sixteenth note
- **32** - thirty-second note

Adding a period (".") character to the end of a note increases the length of the note by half, which can be used to make dotted rhythm patterns.

### Pitch

These pitches can be used:
- **P** - rest or pause
- **A** - A
- **A#** - A♯ / B♭
- **B** - B / C♭
- **C** - C
- **C#** - C♯ / D♭
- **D** - D
- **D#** - D♯ / E♭
- **E** - E / F♭
- **F** - F / E♯
- **F#** - F♯ / G♭
- **G** - G
- **G#** - G♯ / A♭

### Octaves

RTTTL has 4 octaves, starting from the A below middle C and going up four octaves, because cellphones could not play some tones audibly at the time it was made. These octaves are numbered from lowest pitch to highest pitch from 4 to 7.

The octave should be left out of the note to prevent rests or pauses in the pattern.

## References

- How do I distinguish a Nokring/RTTTL ringtone from other ringtones?  (Eric Bematchez, about.com)
- RTTTL specification document in Backus-Naur notation

## Other websites

- Library of RTTTL ringtones
- Convert RTTTL to other formats
- Specification
2009 FIFA Puskás Award

The **2009 FIFA Puskás Award** was the first FIFA Puskás Award. It was awarded on December 21, 2009, during the 2009 FIFA World Player of the Year Gala in Switzerland. Real Madrid player Cristiano Ronaldo was the winner of the award, for a goal he scored while he was playing at Manchester United.

|Rank|Player|Team|Opponent|Score|Competition|Vote percentage||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|scope=col style="background-color: gold" align="center"|**1st**|Cristiano Ronaldo|Manchester United|Porto|align="center"|**1**–0|2008–09 UEFA Champions League|align="center"|17.68%|
|scope=col style="background-color: silver" align="center"|**2nd**|Andrés Iniesta|Barcelona|Chelsea|align="center"|**1**–1|2008–09 UEFA Champions League|align="center"|15.64%|
|scope=col style="background-color: #cc9966" align="center"|**3rd**|Grafite|VfL Wolfsburg|Bayern Munich|align="center"|**5**–1|2008–09 Bundesliga|align="center"|13.39%|
|align="center"|4th|Eliran Atar|Bnei Yehuda|Maccabi Netanya|align="center"|**1**–1|2008–09 Israeli Premier League|align="center"|13.36%|
|align="center"|5th|Fernando Torres|Liverpool|Blackburn Rovers|align="center"|**4**–0|2008–09 Premier League|align="center"|9.44%|
|align="center"|6th|Nilmar|Internacional|Corinthians|align="center"|**1**–0|2009 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|align="center"|8.71%|
|align="center"|7th|Michael Essien|Chelsea|Barcelona|align="center"|**1**–0|2008–09 UEFA Champions League|align="center"|7.89%|
|align="center"|8th|Luis Ángel Landín|Cruz Azul|Morelia|align="center"|**1**–1|Liga MX Clausura 2009|align="center"|7.30%|
|align="center"|9th|Emmanuel Adebayor|Arsenal|Villarreal|align="center"|**1**–1|2008–09 UEFA Champions League|align="center"|4.04%|
|align="center"|10th|Katlego Mphela|||align="center"|**2**–2|2009 FIFA Confederations Cup|align="center"|2.59%|
Sorrento, Louisiana

**Sorrento** is a town in Ascension Parish, Louisiana, United States.
Jackson, Louisiana

**Jackson** is a town in East Feliciana Parish, Louisiana, United States.
Jonesville, Louisiana

**Jonesville** is a town in Catahoula Parish, Louisiana, United States.
Patterson, Louisiana

**Patterson** is a small city in St. Mary Parish, Louisiana, United States.
Harahan, Louisiana

**Harahan** is the third-largest city in Jefferson Parish, Louisiana, United States.
Westwego, Louisiana

**Westwego** is the fourth-largest city in Jefferson Parish, Louisiana, United States.
St. Gabriel, Louisiana

**St. Gabriel** is a city in Iberville Parish, Louisiana, United States.
Kaplan, Louisiana

**Kaplan** is a small city in Vermilion Parish, Louisiana, United States.
Wind River (movie)

***Wind River*** is a 2017 American movie starring Elizabeth Olsen, Jeremy Renner, Kelsey Asbille and Graham Greene.  Taylor Sheridan wrote and directed the movie.  It is about a Native American woman who goes missing in Wyoming on the Wind River Indian Reservation.  It is rated R.  It is 1 hour and 47 minutes long.

## Plot

Jane Banner (Olsen), who is an FBI agent, goes to Wyoming to solve a murder.  Wildlife officer Cory Lambert (Renner) helps her.  Lambert had found the body of a young Native American woman named Natalie (Asbille).  Lambert helps because he knew Natalie and because his own daughter had been found dead years earlier.  Natalie had been barefoot in the snow.  Because she died on a reservation and is a Native American, the FBI, police and tribal police must work together to find out what happened.

## Themes

The story is fiction, but it is about how many Native American women go missing each year and how the laws in the United States make it harder to solve those crimes.

## Critical response

The movie has an 87% fresh rating on Rotten Tomatoes.  It had positive reviews from _The Guardian_, _Rolling Stone_, _The New York Times_, and the _LA Times_ and three stars from Roger Ebert's group.

## Other websites

- _Wind River_ on IMDB
Wind River Indian Reservation

The **Wind River Indian Reservation** is a place in Wyoming in the United States where Native Americans live.  Eastern Shoshone and the Northern Arapaho live there.  It is the seventh largest reservation in the United States.  Wind River is  in size.

Wind River Reservation was started in 1868 for the Eastern Shoshone.  The Arapaho came later.  The Arapaho tried to get along with whites and help the government, so sometimes the government gave them more land or help, even though that was not always legal.

Fort Washakie is in Wind River.  Before 1868, it was called Fort Brown.  The Buffalo Soldiers were stationed there.  Sacagawea, the woman who went with Lewis and Clark is buried there.

Some of the powwows at Wind River are open to the public.  There are many museums and cultural centers.
I Do Not Care If We Go Down in History as Barbarians

***I Do Not Care If We Go Down in History as Barbarians*** () is a 2018 Romanian Czech German French Bulgarian World War II black comedy movie directed by Radu Jude and starring Ioana Iacob, Alex Bogdan, Alexandru Dabija.
The Doom

***The Doom*** () is a 1976 Romanian drama movie directed by Sergiu Nicolaescu (who also stars) and starring Amza Pellea, Ernest Maftei, Gheorghe Dinică, Aimée Iacobescu.
Revolution (1985 movie)

***Revolution*** is a 1985 British Norwegian adventure period drama movie directed by Hugh Hudson and starring Al Pacino, Donald Sutherland, Nastassja Kinski, Dexter Fletcher, Joan Plowright, Steven Berkoff, Annie Lennox, Richard O'Brien, Frank Windsor, Jesse Birdsall, Graham Greene, Robbie Coltrane. It was distributed by Warner Bros..
Lev Mei

**Lev Aleksandrovich Mei** ( (name sometimes transliterated as **Lev Mey**); ) was a Russian dramatist and poet. He wrote the historical dramas, _The Tsar's Bride_ (1849), _Servilia_ (1854) and _The Maid of Pskov_ (1859), all three of which the composer, Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov, later used as the basis for operas. In St. Petersburg, Mei contributed leading Russian magazines, including _Biblioteka Dlya Chteniya_, _Otechestvennye Zapiski_, _Syn Otechestva_, _Russkoye Slovo_, _Russkiy Mir_, and _Svetoch_.
United States Fish and Wildlife Service

The **United States Fish and Wildlife Service** (**USFWS** or **FWS**) is an agency of the US federal government within the United States Department of the Interior dedicated to the management of fish, wildlife, and natural habitats. The mission of the agency is "working with others to conserve, protect, and enhance fish, wildlife, plants and their habitats for the continuing benefit of the American people."
COVID-19 pandemic in Bahrain

The **COVID-19 pandemic in Bahrain** is part of the worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 () caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (). , there are 266,426 confirmed cases, with 1,360 deaths, and 262,814 recoveries in Bahrain.

The first case in Bahrain was confirmed on 21 February 2020, a school bus driver who came from Iran via Dubai.

## Infobox (pandemic)

- **name**: COVID-19 pandemic in Bahrain
- **disease**: COVID-19
- **virus strain**: SARS-CoV-2
- **location**: Bahrain
- **first case**: Manama
- **arrival date**: 21 February 2020
()
- **origin**: Wuhan, Hubei, China
Michael the Brave (movie)

***Michael the Brave*** () is a 1971 Romanian French Italian biographical drama movie directed by Sergiu Nicolaescu and starring Amza Pellea, Ion Besoiu, Olga Tudorache, Irina Gardescu, Ilarion Ciobanu, Ioana Bulcă, Septimiu Sever. It was distributed by Columbia Pictures.
Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant

**Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant** is a nuclear power plant currently under decommissioning near the city of Pripyat in the Kyiv region, which operated from 1977 to 2000.

## History

Construction of the station began in 1970, the first unit was launched in 1977. The nuclear power plant is located at a distance of 2 km from the city of Prypyat, built primarily for its employees. The name is associated with the city of Chernobyl, then the district center of this area. As of the beginning of 1986, Chernobyl was the most powerful nuclear power plant in the European part of the USSR. On April 26, 1986, during a design test, an accident occurred that completely destroyed the station's fourth reactor and caused significant contamination of the surrounding area with radioactive substances. As a result of this catastrophe, the population of Prypyat, Chornobyl and all other settlements within a radius of about 30 km around the station was completely evacuated. Today the accident itself is one of the largest man-made disasters in human history.

## Infobox (power station)

- **name**: Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant
- **name official**: Chernobyl Atomic Energy Station
- **image**: File:Chernobyl_NPP_Site_Panorama_with_NSC_Construction_-_June_2013.jpg
- **image caption**: View of the plant in 2013. From L to R Chernobyl New Safe Confinement, New Safe Confinement under construction and reactors 4 to 1.
- **country**: Ukraine
- **location**: Pripyat
- **status**: Inactive
- **construction began**: 15 August 1972
- **decommissioned**: Process ongoing since 2000
- **operator**: Chernobyl Exclusion Zone#Administration, SAUEZM
- **np reactors**: 4
- **np reactor type**: RBMK-1000
- **ps thermal capacity**: 12,800 Megawatt, MW
- **ps units operational**: None
- **ps electrical capacity**: 4,000 Megawatt, MW
Kees de Jager

**Cornelis "Kees" de Jager** (29 April 1921 – 27 May 2021) was a Dutch astronomer. He worked in predicting solar variation to see the Sun's impact on future climate. He was the General Secretary of the IAU from 1967 to 1973 and former director of the observatory at Utrecht. He was a fellow with the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry.

De Jager was born in Den Burg on the island of Texel and died at his home in the same village from problems caused by a fall, aged 100.

He was elected a member of the Academia Europaea in 1990.

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Kees de Jager
- **image**: Kees-de-jager-1967.jpg
- **caption**: Kees de Jager in 1967
- **birth place**: Den Burg, Netherlands
- **death place**: Den Burg, Netherlands
- **nationality**: Dutch
- **fields**: astrophysics, climate change
- **alma mater**: Utrecht University
- **workplaces**: Utrecht University
- **doctoral advisor**: Marcel Minnaert
- **spouse**: Doetie Rienks
Foster Friess

**Foster Stephen Friess** (April 2, 1940 – May 27, 2021) was an American investment manager and politician. He was a well-known donor to Republican Party and Christian right causes.

Friess ran for the Republican nomination for Governor of Wyoming in the 2018 election. He lost the nomination to State Treasurer Mark Gordon.

In March 2021, Friess was diagnosed with myelodysplastic syndrome. On May 27, 2021, he died from the disease in Scottsdale, Arizona at the age of 81.

## Infobox (military person)

- **embed**: yes
- **serviceyears**: 1960–1974
- **rank**:  Captain (United States O-3), Captain


## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Foster Friess
- **image**: Foster Friess by Gage Skidmore 3.jpg
- **caption**: Freiss at CPAC 2013
- **birth name**: Foster Stephen Friess
- **birth place**: Rice Lake, Wisconsin, U.S.
- **death place**: Scottsdale, Arizona, U.S.
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **children**: 4
- **education**: University of Wisconsin–Madison (Bachelor of Arts, BA)
Rice Lake, Wisconsin

**Rice Lake** is a city in Barron County, Wisconsin, United States. As of the 2020 census, the city had a total population of 9,040.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Rice Lake, Wisconsin
- **settlement type**: City
- **motto**: You'll love our friendly nature
- **image skyline**: Rice Lake Wisconsin Looking north WIS48.jpg
- **image caption**: Looking north in Rice Lake on WIS 48
- **image map**: File:Barron County Wisconsin Incorporated and Unincorporated areas  Rice Lake Highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location of Rice Lake
in Barron County, Wisconsin
- **pushpin map**: Wisconsin#USA
- **pushpin label**: Rice Lake
- **pushpin label position**: right
- **pushpin map caption**: Location within Wisconsin##Location within the United States
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Wisconsin, County
- **subdivision name2**: Barron County, Wisconsin, Barron
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **established title**: Incorporated
- **established date**: April 1, 1887
- **area total sq mi**: 9.75
- **area total km2**: 25.25
- **area land sq mi**: 8.64
- **area land km2**: 22.37
- **area water sq mi**: 1.11
- **area water km2**: 2.88
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 9040
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone**: Central
- **utc offset**: -6
- **timezone dst**: CDT
- **utc offset dst**: -5
- **elevation ft**: 1135
- **website**: [http://www.ci.rice-lake.wi.us www.ci.rice-lake.wi.us]
- **postal code type**: ZIP Code
- **postal code**: 54868
- **area code**: Area codes 715 and 534, 715 & 534
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 55-67350
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 1584019
- **unit pref**: Imperial
Barron, Wisconsin

**Barron** is a city in and county seat of Barron County in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. The population was 3,733 at the 2020 census.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Barron, Wisconsin
- **settlement type**: City
- **image skyline**: Stebbins House.JPG
- **image caption**: Edward N. and Mary T. Stebbins House, Stebbins House, 130 E. Division Ave.
- **image map**: File:Barron County Wisconsin Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Barron Highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 250x200px
- **map caption**: Location of Barron in Barron County, Wisconsin.
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: Wisconsin
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Wisconsin, County
- **subdivision name2**: Barron County, Wisconsin, Barron
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 7.77
- **area land km2**: 7.55
- **area water km2**: 0.22
- **area total sq mi**: 3.00
- **area land sq mi**: 2.92
- **area water sq mi**: 0.08
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 3733
- **population density km2**: 494.4
- **population density sq mi**: 1280.6
- **timezone**: North American Central Time Zone, Central (CST)
- **utc offset**: -6
- **timezone dst**: CDT
- **utc offset dst**: -5
- **elevation m**: 338
- **elevation ft**: 1109
- **postal code type**: ZIP Code
- **postal code**: 54812
- **area codes**: Area codes 715 and 534, 715 & 534
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 55-04875
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 1561202
Jackson Hole

**Jackson Hole** (originally called **Jackson's Hole**) is a valley between the Gros Ventre and Teton mountain ranges in the U.S. state of Wyoming, near the border with Idaho. The term "hole" was used by early trappers, or mountain men, as a term for a large mountain valley.

Jackson Hole is 55 miles long (89 km) long by 6-to-13 miles wide (10 to 21 km) and is a graben valley with an average elevation of 6,800 ft (2,100 m), its lowest point being near the southern park boundary at 6,350 ft (1,940 m).
Gros Ventre Range

The **Gros Ventre Range** ( ) is part of the Central Rocky Mountains and is located west of the Continental Divide in U.S. state of Wyoming. The highest summit in the range is Doubletop Peak at . The Gros Ventre Range is mostly within the Gros Ventre Wilderness of Bridger-Teton National Forest.

## Infobox (mountain)

- **name**: Gros Ventre Range
- **photo**: Sheep Mountain Jackson WY1.jpg
- **photo caption**: The "Sleeping Indian" on Sheep Mountain (Teton County, Wyoming), Sheep Mountain
- **country**: United States
- **state**: Wyoming
- **parent**: Rocky Mountains
- **highest**: Doubletop Peak
- **elevation ft**: 11720
Amala

***Amala*** is the debut studio album by American rapper and singer Doja Cat. It was released on March 30, 2018, by Kemosabe and RCA Records. The album's deluxe version was released on March 1, 2019, and featured her breakthrough singles "Juicy", "Tia Tamera", and "Mooo!". Doja Cat herself has expressed a strong dislike towards the album, claiming that it doesn't entirely represent her as an artist. Doja Cat believes that _Amala_ isn't a "finished album", partially due to her constantly partying and taking marijuana during recording the album.

## Track listing

Credits adapted from Tidal.

**Notes**
- signifies a co-producer
- signifies an additional producer
- "Mooo!" contains portions of "Milkshake", as performed by Kelis from her 2003 album _Tasty_ and "Move Bitch", as performed by Ludacris from his 2001 album _Word of Mouf_

## Charts

|scope="col"|Chart (2019)|scope="col"|Peak position|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|10||||

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Amala
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: Doja Cat
- **recorded**: 2016–2018
- **studio**: The Himalayas
(Los Angeles, California)
- **genre**: * Hip hop music, Hip hop
* dancehall
* Contemporary R&B, R&B
- **length**: 45:13
- **producer**: * Doja Cat
* Yeti Beats
* tizhimself
* Rogét Chahayed
* The Arcade
* TROY NōKA
* Cambo
* Budo
* Adrian X
* Alizzz
* Richie Beats
* Kurtis McKenzie
* Tyson Trax
- **prev title**: Purrr!
- **prev year**: 2014
- **next title**: Hot Pink (album), Hot Pink
- **next year**: 2019
Two-spotted tree frog

The **two-spotted tree frog** (_Dendropsophus bipunctatus_) is a frog that lives in Brazil.
Iran Badminton International

The **Iran Badminton International** is an international badminton tournament held in Iran. This tournament is one of the oldest tournaments in the Western Asia.
Ninja Warrior UK

***Ninja Warrior UK*** is a British physical obstacle assault course game show, created for ITV.

It was presented by Ben Shephard, Chris Kamara and Rochelle Humes.

## Series overview

|scope="col"|Series|scope="col"|Start date|scope="col"|End date|scope="col"|Episodes|scope="col"|Top Contestant|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|||rowspan="8"||Tim Shieff||||||
|||Owen McKenzie||||||||
|||Jonny Urszuly||||||||
|||Tim Shieff||||||||
|||style="background:gold"|Tim Champion|||||||

## Infobox (television)

- **runtime**: 60 minutes (inc. adverts)
- **channel**: ITV (TV network), ITV
- **company**: Potato (production company), Potato
- **location**: Manchester Central Convention Complex, Manchester Central
- **num episodes**: 49
- **num series**: 6
- **language**: English
- **country**: United Kingdom
- **director**: Paul Kirrage
- **voices**: Bruce Hammal
- **creator**: Ushio Higuchi
Herman Chernoff

**Herman Chernoff** (born July 1, 1923) is an American applied mathematician, statistician and physicist. He was a professor at University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Stanford, and MIT. He now works at Harvard University. Chernoff was born in New York City.
Jerome Hellman

**Jerome Hellman** (September 4, 1928 – May 26, 2021) was an American movie producer. He won the Academy Award for Best Picture for _Midnight Cowboy_ (1969). His 1978 movie _Coming Home_ was nominated for the same award.

Hellman died on May 26, 2021, at the age of 92.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Jerome Hellman
- **image**: Jeromehellman.jpg
- **birth place**: New York City, U.S
- **occupation**: Film producer
- **years active**: 1964–2021
Reza Motorcyclist

***Reza Motorcyclist*** (Persian title: _Reza Motori_ - ) is a 1970 Iranian crime drama movie directed by Masoud Kimiai and starring Behrouz Vossoughi, Fariba Khatami, Hamideh Kheirabadi, Bahman Mofid.
Wood Pigeon (1970 movie)

***Wood Pigeon*** (Persian title: _Toughi_ - ) is a 1970 Iranian drama movie directed by Ali Hatami and starring Behrouz Vossoughi, Bahman Mofid, Afarin Obeysi, Naser Malek Motiee, Zhaleh Olov, Hamideh Kheirabadi.
Black nationalism

**Black nationalism** is the idea that black people from one country, or from several countries belong together, and that they have a common history and culture. Sometimes, people incorrectly claim there is a black race.

## History

Black nationalism started in the United States as a response to McCarthyism. McCarthyism lasted approximately form the mid 1940s, to the mid 1950s. During McCarthyism, there was a strong anti-communist movement in the US. At the same time, there were many racist ideologies. In the United States, these tendencies focused on the white Anglo-Saxon protestants, who was seen as the ideal American citizen. Black nationalism wants to create a new nation for black Americans.

## Related pages

- Nation of Islam
- Louis Farrakhan
- White supremacy
- White nationalism
- Black Hebrew Israelites
Keiretsu

A **keiretsu** is a group of businesses that work together.  There are keiretsu in Japan.

## Structure

The companies in the keiretsu each own shares of each other's stock.  Sometimes, there is a bank at the middle of a keiretsu. These are called horizontal keiretsu.

Keiretsu can also have some companies that make supplies that other companies in the keiretsu need.  These are called vertical keiretsu.

Not all countries allow keiretsu.  For example, in the United States, keiretsu are illegal.  They are against antitrust laws.

## History

The keiretsu started after World War II during the American occupation of Japan.  Before there were keiretsu, there were zaibatsu.  The zaibatsu were also business groups, but they were owned by families.  The zaibatsu supported the military government of Japan from the 1800s through World War II, so the Americans broke them up after the war.

In the 1990s, there was a financial crisis in East Asia.  Most of the companies in keiretsu decided to cut costs.  This weakened the keiretsu because each company wanted to get the best deal, even if it wasn't with a company in its own keiretsu.  Japan made treaties with other countries that required it to break up some of the keiretsu because of antitrust laws.
Under the Dome

**Under the Dome** may refer to:

- _Under the Dome_ (novel), a 2009 novel by Stephen King
    - _Under the Dome_ (TV series), a 2013–2015 television series adaptation
- _Under the Dome_ (film), a 2015 Chinese documentary film
- Under the Dome (band), an ambient music band from Scotland
Circles in a Forest

***Circles in a Forest*** is a 1989 South African adventure drama movie directed by Regardt van den Bergh and was based on the 1984 novel of the same name by Dalene Matthee. It stars Ian Bannen, Brion James, David Butler, Joe Stewardson, Judi Trott, Arnold Vosloo.
Siavash (TV Series 2021)

***Siavash*** () is an Iranian drama series. The series is directed by Soroush Mohammadzadeh.

## Other website

- Siavash at Salamcinema

## Infobox (film)

- **caption**: Logo Siavash
- **director**: Soroush Mohammadzadeh
- **starring**: Milad Keymaram
Reza Kianian
Alireza Jafari
Majid Salehi
Tarlan Parvaneh
Mohammadreza Solati
Sogol Khaligh
- **producer**: Mehdi Yari
- **writer**: Pouya Saeedi
Ali Amirriahi
Amir Reza Rashti
- **music**: Parvaz Homay
- **cinematography**: Mehran Mamdouh
- **editing**: Siamak is hospitable
- **studio**: Parsian Media Service Institute
- **country**: Tehran
- **language**: Persian language, Persian
Chocolate with Nuts

"**Chocolate with Nuts**" is the first part of the 12th episode of the third season of _SpongeBob SquarePants_. It was first broadcast on Nickelodeon on May 31, 2002. The episode is about SpongeBob and Patrick becoming door to door salesmen selling chocolate bars.

## Story

SpongeBob gets the mail, and finds a magazine called "Fancy living Digest". SpongeBob shows Patrick the magazine that he got in the mail, which makes them become entrepreneurs. SpongeBob and Patrick buy many chocolate bars from a shop. They go to a fish named _Tom's house_. When SpongeBob asks if he wants to buy some chocolate, he starts panicking and screams "CHOCOLATE!". They go to another house where the fish in the house tricks them into buying his chocolate bags. Later, they go to a woman's house, SpongeBob tries to find chocolate for her, but there are many bags inside the bags. The customer becomes impatient and leaves. When they find a chocolate bar in the bags, Tom comes back and makes them run away. They take a break at a diner to think of better ways to sell chocolate. They go to another house and Patrick tries to focus on the fish in the house. The fish starts to feel worried and hurts Patrick with the door. They go to an old lady's house, where another older lady comes to the door. They buy the chocolate after SpongeBob says that the chocolate can make her live forever. They tell more lies to other people about what the chocolate can do to them. They get money by doing this, but not enough. Tom finally catches them and buys all of their chocolate. The episode ends with SpongeBob and Patrick going on a date with the old ladies.

## Infobox (television episode)

- **series**: SpongeBob SquarePants
- **season**: 3
- **episode**: 12a
- **director**: Nick Jennings (artist), Nick Jennings (art director, art)
Andrew Overtoom (animation director, animation)
Paul Tibbitt (storyboard)
Kaz (cartoonist), Kaz (storyboard)
Alan Smart (supervising)
- **writer**: Paul Tibbitt
Kaz (cartoonist), Kaz
Kent Osborne
Merriwether Williams
- **prev**: Party Pooper Pants
- **next**: Mermaid Man and Barnacle Boy V
- **season article**: SpongeBob SquarePants season 3
- **episode list**: List of SpongeBob SquarePants episodes
Shibuya Crossing

**Shibuya Crossing**, or **Shibuya Scramble Crossing**, is a popular scramble crossing in Shibuya, Tokyo, Japan. It is located in front of the Shibuya Station Hachikō exit and stops vehicles in all directions to allow pedestrians to inundate the entire intersection. The statue of Hachikō, between the station and the intersection, is a very common meeting place and almost always crowded.

This intersection is frequently called "the most busiest pedestrian intersection in the world" and there is almost no loss of foot traffic at midnight or early morning. Road traffic jams rarely occur here even during rush hours.

According to the Shibuya Center Street in 2016, the number of pedestrians crossing the intersection was as much as 3,000 per green light (every 2 minutes). A 2014 flow measurement survey by the Shibuya Redevelopment Association estimated 260,000 pedestrians per day on week days, and 390,000 pedestrians on non-working days. Others estimate as much as 500,000 people on the busiest days. The 2012 SOTO Outdoor Media Survey estimated 1.5 million pedestrians per week.
Gao Jiamin

**Gao Jiamin** (born June 26, 1966) is a taijiquan athlete originally from China.

In 1977, she joined the Fujian Wushu Team. During the 1990s, Gao won two gold and one silver medal at the Asian Games, two gold medals at the East Asian Games, one gold medal at the World Wushu Championships, one gold medal at the Asian Wushu Championships, and also won in many other competitions. Because of her victories, she was known as the "Queen of Taiji".

In 2000, Gao emigrated to the United States. She and her husband, Yu Shaowen, teach at the US Wushu Center.

## Infobox (sportsperson)

- **name**: Gao Jiamin
- **native name**: 高嘉敏
- **native name lang**: zh
- **nickname**: "Queen of Taiji"
- **nationality**: Chinese People, Chinese
- **national team**: China at the Asian Games, China
- **citizenship**: Americans, American (2000-present)
- **birth place**: Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- **alma mater**: Shanghai University of Sport
- **occupation**: Martial artist, athlete, coach
- **years active**: 1974-present
- **spouse**: Yu Shaowen
- **sport**: wushu (sport), Wushu
- **event**: Taijiquan, Taijijian
- **team**: Fujian Wushu Team
- **coach**: Zeng Nai Liang
- **retired**: 1999
- **show-medals**: yes
Yesterday (2004 movie)

***Yesterday*** is a 2004 South African drama movie directed by Darrell Roodt and starring Kenneth Khambula, Leleti Khumalo, Harriet Lenabe, Lihle Mvelase. It was nominated for an Academy Award in 2005.
Time crystal

A **time crystal** is a kind of quantum system.
It changes in a repeating way over time, even when it is in its lowest-energy state (the ground state).
It does this without taking in energy from outside.

An ordinary crystal has atoms in a pattern that repeats in space.
A time crystal has a pattern that repeats in time.

## History

- **2012**: Nobel Prize winner Frank Wilczek first suggested the idea.
- **2017**: Chris Monroe and his team found signs of time-crystal behaviour in chains of ytterbium ions.
- **2021**: Scientists made the first video of a time crystal.
- **2024**: Scientists at the Technical University of Dortmund said they built a time crystal that lasted for forty minutes.

## Possible uses

Time crystals may one day be used as quantum memory.

## In fiction

Writers of science fiction sometimes use the name "time crystal" for imaginary objects.
These are not the same as real time crystals.

## See also

- Quantum entanglement
Shades of cyan

There are a range of different **Shades of cyan**, such as, for example alice blue.
One False Move

***One False Move*** is a 1992 American crime thriller movie directed by Carl Franklin and starring Bill Paxton, Cynda Williams, Billy Bob Thornton, Michael Beach, Jim Metzler, Earl Billings. It was distributed by I.R.S. Records.
Charles Fredrick Wiesenthal

**Charles Fredrick Wiesenthal** (1726–1789) was a German physician and inventor born in 1726. He was awarded the patent for the first known mechanical device for sewing in 1755. One might argue that he invented the sewing machine. He died in 1789.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Charles Fredrick Wiesenthal
- **birth date**: 1726
- **death date**: 1789
A Rose for Everyone

***A Rose for Everyone*** () is a 1967 Italian comedy movie directed by Franco Rossi and starring Claudia Cardinale, Nino Manfredi, Mario Adorf, Lando Buzzanca, Akim Tamiroff, Milton Rodrígues.
Honolulu (movie)

***Honolulu*** is a 1939 American musical comedy movie directed by Edward Buzzell and starring Eleanor Powell, Robert Young, George Burns, Gracie Allen, Rita Johnson, Clarence Kolb. It was distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.
The Angel Levine

***The Angel Levine*** is a 1970 American drama movie directed by Ján Kadár and starring Zero Mostel, Harry Belafonte, Ida Kamińska, Milo O'Shea, Gloria Foster. It was distributed by United Artists.
On the Path

***On the Path*** () is a 2010 Bosnian Austrian German Croatian drama movie directed by Jasmila Žbanić and starring Zrinka Cvitešić, Leon Lučev, Nina Violić, Mirjana Karanović.