juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Alejandro Toledo

**Alejandro Toledo** (born 28 March 1946) is a Peruvian former politician and economist who was the 56th President of Peru from 2001 to 2006. He gained international prominence after leading the opposition against president Alberto Fujimori, who held the presidency from 1990 to 2000. Toledo was also considered a "champion of democracy" in Peru as he was the first democratically–elected president of Peru after the restoration of democracy after 10 years of authoritarian rule by Alberto Fujimori.

## Early life

He pursued his undergraduate and graduate education at the University of San Francisco and Stanford University. He originally joined the technical and academic field, from where he participated as an analyst on politics and economics on some occasions.

## Political career

He entered politics when he founded the País Posible party, participating for the first time in the 1995 general election. In 2000, he managed to become in the largest opposition leader to the government of Alberto Fujimori, before whom in the midst of a controversial and bumpy process, lost the election for a second time. After the transition stage and the return of democracy in Peru, he participated for the third time in the 2001 elections against Lourdes Flores of National Unity and Alan García of the Peruvian Aprista Party; he competed with the latter in the second round, winning with 53.1% of the popular vote.

## Arrest

On 16 July 2019, Toledo was arrested in the United States. On 19 March 2020, he was released on bail.

On 21 October 2024, Toledo was sentenced to 20 years and six months in prison by the National Superior Court of Specialized Criminal Justice for taking bribes as part of the Odebrecht case.

## Personal life

He is from the town of Chimbote in Ancash Region, Peru. He is married to Eliane Karp of Belgium.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **honorific prefix**: Excellency, His Excellency
- **name**: Alejandro Toledo
- **image**: Alejandro Toledo 2015 (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Toledo in April 2015
- **order**: 56th
- **office**: President of Peru
- **term start**: 28 July 2001
- **term end**: 28 July 2006
- **predecessor**: Valentín Paniagua
- **successor**: Alan Garcia
- **office1**: President of Possible Peru
- **term start1**: 1 March 1994
- **term end1**: 13 July 2017
- **predecessor1**: _Party established_
- **successor1**: _Party dissolved_
- **birth place**: Cabana, Peru, Cabana, Peru
- **spouse**: Eliane Karp
- **party**: Possible Peru (1994–2017)
- **occupation**: Politician, Economist
- **blank1**: Religion
- **data1**: Catholic Church, Roman Catholicism
Inuktitut

**Inuktitut** is a language of the Arctic, spoken by Inuits in Canada and in Greenland.  Inuktitut is a very complex language.  It is an official language in Nunavut and the Northwest Territories.

The Inuit write Inuktitut in two ways. One way to write Inuktitut is by using the Roman alphabet. The other way to write Inuktitut is by using an abugida, which is a kind of alphabet which has  letters based on syllables.

The Inuktitut syllabary uses a small part of the Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics, a set of letters made up for writing down many of the languages of the First Nations people  in Canada.

Some words in English come from Inuktitut or another Inuit language. Among them are the words anorak, igloo, and kayak.

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Inuktitut
- **altname**: Eastern Canadian Inuktitut
- **image**: Inuktitut dialect map.svg
- **imagecaption**: Distribution of Inuit languages across the Arctic. East Inuktitut dialects are those east of Hudson Bay, here coloured dark blue (on the south of Baffin Island), red and pink, and the brown in NW Greenland.
- **states**:

- **region**: Northwest Territories, Nunatsiavut (Newfoundland and Labrador), Nunavik (Quebec), Nunavut, Alaska
- **speakers**: 39,475
- **date**: 2016 census
- **refname**: Inuktitut
- **speakers2**: 36,000 together with Inuvialuktun (2006)
- **familycolor**: Eskimo–Aleut
- **fam2**: Eskimo languages, Eskimo
- **fam3**: Inuit languages, Inuit
- **dia1**: Qikiqtaaluk nigiani (South Baffin)
- **dia2**: Nunavimmiutitut (Quebec)
- **dia3**: Inuttitut (Labrador)
- **dia4**: Inuktun (Thule)
- **script**: Inuktitut syllabics, Inuktitut Braille, Latin script, Latin
- **nation**: Nunavut
Northwest Territories
- **minority**: Quebec (Nunavik)
Newfoundland and Labrador (Nunatsiavut)
Yukon (Inuvialuit Settlement Region)
- **agency**: Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami and various other local institutions.
- **iso1**: iu
- **iso1comment**: Inuktitut
- **iso2**: iku
- **iso2comment**: Inuktitut
- **iso3**: iku
- **iso3comment**: Inuktitut
- **lc1**: ike
- **ld1**: Eastern Canadian Inuktitut
- **lc2**: ikt
- **ld2**: Inuinnaqtun
- **glotto**: east2534
- **glottoname**: Eastern Canadian Inuktitut
- **notice**: IPA
Good Charlotte

**Good Charlotte** is an American punk music band. They are from Waldorf, Maryland. They have many popular songs, including "The Anthem", "Girls and Boys", "Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous", and "The Click".

Their third album is unique. _The Chronicles of Life and Death_ came in two different versions: the Life version, and the Death version.  The only difference between them is the last song on the CD.  The Life version has "Falling Away", and the Death version has "Meet My Maker".

The lead singer of the band is Joel Madden.  His twin brother, Benji, is also in the band. But besides them, there is Billy (guitarist), Paul (bassist) and Dean (drums).

## Discography

- Studio albums
- _Good Charlotte_ (2000)
- _The Young and the Hopeless_ (2002)
- _The Chronicles of Life and Death_ (2004)
- _Good Morning Revival_ (2007)
- _Cardiology_ (2010)
- _Youth Authority_ (2016)

## Other websites

- Official Site
- Good Charlotte Fan Site
- Official Good Charlotte Myspace
- Interview: Joel Madden of Good Charlotte

## Infobox (band)

- **name**: Good Charlotte
- **image**: GoodcharlotteinKL.JPG
- **caption**: Good Charlotte, from left to right: Paul Thomas, Joel Madden, Benji Madden, Dean Butterworth, and Billy Martin.
- **years active**: 1996-2011; 2015-present
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Waldorf, Maryland, Waldorf, Maryland, United States
- **genre**: Punk
- **label**: Epic Records
Daylight Records
Capitol Records (2010-2011)
- **current members**: Joel Madden
Benji Madden
William Dean Martin, Billy Martin
Paul Thomas
Dean Butterworth
- **past members**: Aaron Escolopio
Battle Creek, Michigan

**Battle Creek** is a city in western Michigan, USA. The headquarters of the Kellogg's cereal company is located in this city.

## Other websites

- Official website
Howland Island

**Howland Island** is a small island in the north Pacific Ocean, just north of the Equator. It is owned by the United States.

## Weather

Howland Island is a very hot and sunny island with wind blowing almost all the time. It only rains every once in a while.

## Location

Howland Island is located at 0 48 N, 176 38 W.

## Other websites

- Howland in Google Maps
- Geography, history and nature on Howland Island
- Howland Island National Wildlife Refuge
- 'Voyage of the Odyssey' – pictures and travelogue
- Howland Island at Infoplease
- Howland Island – Small Island, Big History
- Pictures of the 1993 expedition to Howland island
Christian calendar

A **Christian calendar** can be any calendar used by various Christian Churches for the Church year, called "liturgical year".  For example, it can be used to find out what day Easter will be on, even though it is not the same in every Church.

The church year is divided into seasons like Lent, Easter, Pentecost, Advent and Christmas, with other weeks being seen as ordinary time.

The Gregorian calendar, named after Pope Gregory XIII, is now a civil calendar that is used in many countries around the world.

Catholic, Anglican and Orthodox Christians also celebrate Saint's days - here is a Catholic list
Stamford Bridge

**Stamford Bridge** can be

- Stamford Bridge, East Riding of Yorkshire, a village in the East Riding of Yorkshire
- The Battle of Stamford Bridge, a battle in England on 25 September 1066
- Stamford Bridge (stadium), a stadium in London
    - Chelsea F.C., who are based in that stadium
Bali tiger

The **Bali tiger** (_Panthera tigris balica_), or **Balinese tiger** (Balinese: ᬩᬗᬸᬦᬘᬦ᭄, _Macán Bali_; also know as **Sang mong**)  is one of the three extinct subspecies of the tiger. They became extinct in 1937. They lived on Bali. This was the first subspecies of tiger to become extinct.

The Bali was also the smallest tiger subspecies. There is no record of a Balinese tiger ever being held in a zoo collection. The Balinese tiger's close subspecies were the Javan tiger and the Caspian tiger, which are now also extinct. The Balinese and Javan tigers were once the same, but during the Ice Age, Bali became isolated from Java by the Bali Strait. This split the tigers into two groups which then developed separately.

The killing of the very last wild Balinese tiger is usually thought to have been at Sumbar Kima, West Bali on 27 September 1937. It was an adult female. So the government of Bali made a strict law on killing tigers, but by then it was too late, because the Bali tiger had already become extinct.
1507

## Events

- July 4 – Martin Luther is ordained a priest of the Catholic Church.
- August 20 – Guru Nanak Dev becomes the first guru and leader of the Sikh religion.

## Births

- Anne Boleyn
479 BC

**479 BC** was a year in the 5th century BC.

## Events

- The Persian Wars end.

## Deaths

- Confucius (born 551 BC).
192

**192** was a leap year.

## Deaths

- December 31 – Commodus, Roman Emperor (b. 161)
1202

**1202** (MCCII) was a common year starting on Tuesday in the Julian calendar.

Castile l died in 1202.

## Events

- August 1 – Arthur of Brittany captured in Mirebeau, north of Poitiers
- The chronicle of Roger of Wendover is of original value as of this year.
- Founding of the Livonian Brothers of the Sword
- Founding of Real Monasterio de Nuestra Senora de Rueda, Aragon Province, Spain
- Leonardo Fibonacci published Liber Abaci, introducing the Arabian zero to Europe
- First jesters in European courts
- Fourth Crusade – Siege of Zadar

## Births

- Margaret II of Flanders (died 1278)

## Deaths

- March 8 – Sverre Sigurdsson, King of Norway
- May 7 – Hamelin de Warenne, 5th Earl of Surrey
- Cathal Carragh Ua Conchobair, King of Connacht
- Canute VI of Denmark (born 1163)
- Alain de Lille, French theologian and poet (born c. 1128)

## Heads of states

- England – John, King of England (reigned 1199 – 1216).
- France – Philippe II, Auguste King of France (reigned from 1180 to 1223).
Sitting Bull

**Sitting Bull** (about 1831 – December 15, 1890), real name **Tatanka Yotanka**, was the chief of a Native American tribe called Hunkpapa-Lakota-Sioux. At the age of about 14, Slow participated in a war party against the Crow (warriors).
At the age of 10, however, he killed his first buffalo.
He was a very important chief and fought for the freedom of Native Americans. He fought with Crazy Horse and Big Foot at the Little Bighorn River against General George A. Custer and won. They are the most deadly tribe.

He was killed by Red Tomahawk, a police sergeant, during an attempt to arrest him.
1632

## Events

- The Swedish king Adolft Gustav II started a university at Tartu, Estonia.

## Births

- October 31 – Johannes Vermeer, painter

## Deaths

- April 30 – Sigismund III, Vasa king of Polen
- September 3 – Carlo Bonone, Italian painter
Michelle Kwan

**Michelle Kwan** (born July 7, 1980) is a retired American figure skater and diplomat.  She has won five world championships and nine U.S. championships. She was the United States Ambassador to Belize from 2022 to 2025.

## Birth and childhood

Michelle Kwan was born on July 7, 1980, in Torrance, California. Kwan showed interest in figure stating when she followed Ron and Karen, her brother and sister, onto the ice, saying that all she could remember was "every day, tying up my skates and a big smile on my face, excited to go on the ice". She attended public school until eighth grade, when she began being homeschooled in 1994.

## Junior world champion

Kwan won the world junior championship in 1994.  The same year, at the age of 13, she came in the top 10 in the world senior championship.  She became world champion in 1996, when she was 15.

## Diplomatic career

On December 15, 2021, President Joe Biden announced that he planned to nominate Kwan to be United States Ambassador to Belize.

## Olympics

- World Championships:  first place in 1996, 1998, 2000, 2001, 2003
- Olympics:  1998 - silver; 2002 - bronze
- U.S. Championships:  first place in 1996, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005

## Other websites

- United States Figure Skating Association (USFSA) Athlete Biography
- International Skating Union (ISU) Skater Biography
- US Olympic Committee Biography
- Michelle Kwan Fan Site (1)
- Michelle Kwan Fan Site (2)

## Infobox (figure skater)

- **child**: yes
- **formercoach**: Rafael Arutyunyan
Frank Carroll (figure skater), Frank Carroll
Scott Williams (figure skater), Scott Williams
- **formerchoreographer**: Tatiana Tarasova
Lori Nichol
Nikolai Morozov (figure skater), Nikolai Morozov
Sarah Kawahara
Peter Oppegard
Karen Kwan
Christopher Dean
- **skating club**: Los Angeles FSC
- **retired**: 2006
- **combined total**: 175.20
- **combined date**: 2005 World Figure Skating Championships, 2005 Worlds
- **sp score**: 61.22
- **sp date**: 2005 World Figure Skating Championships, 2005 Worlds
- **fs score**: 113.98
- **fs date**: 2005 World Figure Skating Championships, 2005 Worlds


## Infobox (officeholder)

- **image**: Michelle Kwan, U.S. Ambassador.jpg
- **caption**: Kwan in 2022
- **office**: List of ambassadors of the United States to Belize, United States Ambassador to Belize
- **president**: Joe Biden
- **term start**: December 5, 2022
- **term end**: January 16, 2025
- **predecessor**: Leyla Moses-Ones (chargé d'affaires _ad interim_)
- **successor**: David Hodge (chargé d'affaires)
- **name**: Michelle Kwan
- **birth place**: Torrance, California, U.S.
- **residence**: California, U.S.
- **children**: 1


## Infobox (chinese)

- **t**: 關穎珊
- **s**: 关颖珊
- **p**: Guān Yǐngshān
- **w**: Kuan<sup>1</sup> Ying<sup>3</sup> Shan<sup>1</sup>
- **j**: Gwaan1 Wing6 Saan1
Frank Jack Fletcher

**Frank Jack Fletcher** (29 April 1885 - 25 April 1973) was an Admiral in the United States Navy. He was born at Marshalltown, Iowa, of the same family line as Captain Frank "Pat" Fletcher and of Rear Admiral Frank Friday Fletcher, noted men in the Navy. He attended the Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland and had jobs on many warships. In 1914 he got the Medal of Honor at Vera Cruz. Then he was in control of a destroyer in World War I received the Navy Cross. Later he took Naval and Army War College training, became chief of staff Asiatic Fleet, aide to Secretary of the Navy Swanson, and Commanding Officer of battleship _New Mexico._ He became Rear Admiral in control of Cruiser Division 3 in 1939. He was Commander of Cruisers, Pacific Fleet at the time
of Pearl Harbor. In the very bad, first six months of the war, he was Task Force Commander at the Battle of Coral Sea, the Battle of Midway, and the Battle of Eastern Solomons. Vice Admiral Fletcher then became Commander North Pacific Forces where he took the surrender of the Imperial Northern Fleet. After the war he became Chairman of the Navy General Board till he retired. Admiral Fletcher rests at Arlington National Cemetery.

"Frank Jack Fletcher, was the best fighting commander in the U.S. Navy in the twentieth century. He came out best in all three aircraft carrier battles in which he fought -- there were only five such fights in of all history. Admiral Fletcher was outnumbered at all times and when the other side was at its highest point in the early years of the Pacific War. He did not let the other side take Australia, Midway, and Guadalcanal. He put down six of the ten Japanese carriers with four of the six great carriers that had attacked Pearl Harbor. His acts were completely his own, because there was no such thing as carrier fighting experience before him to learn to fight ships from the air. He kept the Pacific safe which let much support to go to Europe and started the Allied victory in World War II."
Irina Slutskaya

**Irina Slutskaya** (ru: **Ирина Слуцкая**) (born February 9, 1979 in Moscow), is a Russian figure skater.  She has won two world championships and six European championships.

Irina began skating when she was four years old.  She has had the same coach, Zhanna Gromova, since she was six years old.  By 1996, she was European champion and came third in the world championships (at age 17).  She went to school at the Moscow Academy of Physical Culture, graduating in the year 2000.

- World Championships:  first place in 2002 and 2005
- Olympics:  2002 - silver
- European Championships:  first place in 1996, 1997, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2005
- Russian Championships:  first place in 2000, 2001, 2002, 2005

## Other websites

- Gold and tears
- ISU Biography Page
Lu Chen

**Lu Chen** (Simplified Chinese: 陈露, Traditional Chinese: 陳露, **Chen Lu** in Chinese) (born November 24, 1976, in Changchun) is a Chinese figure skater. She was world champion in 1995.

Chen's mother played table tennis and her father coached ice hockey. She started skating at the age of five in Jilin, and also took ballet dancing. She won the bronze medal at the world junior championship in 1992, and came third at the world senior championships the same year, at the age of 16.

Her nickname is "Lulu," and she is also known as "Butterfly on Ice." She is admired for her artistic ability.

Chen skated for the professional show _Stars on Ice_ for two years. Now she runs an ice skating club in Shenzhen. This club is named after her.

- World Championships: 1991 – 12th, 1992 – 3rd, 1993 – 3rd, 1995 – 1st, 1996 – 2nd
- Olympics: 1992 – 6th, 1994 – 3rd, 1998 – 3rd
- Chinese National Figure Skating Competition: first from 1990 to 1995

## Source

- _Figure Skating: A Celebration_ by Beverly Smith

## Infobox (figure skater)

- **name**: Chen Lu
- **image**: File:Stamp of Azerbaijan - 1998 - Colnect 289130 - Figure skating.jpeg
- **caption**: Chen on an Azerbaijani postage stamp
- **residence**: Changchun, Jilin
- **retired**: 1998
- **medals-expand**: yes
Oksana Baiul

**Oksana Serhiyivna Baiul-Farina** (; born 16 November 1977) is a Ukrainian figure skater. She is retired. She won a gold medal in the 1994 Winter Olympics.

## Early life

Baiul was born on 16 November 1977 in Dnipropetrovsk, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union.

Her grandfather died in 1987. Her grandmother died in 1988. In 1991, her mother died because of ovarian cancer.

After moving to Odessa, Baiul lived in a dormitory. In 1993, she lived with her coach, Galina Zmievskaya.

## Move to the United States

After the 1994 Winter Olympics, Baiul moved to the United States.
In the late 1990s, she moved to Richmond, Virginia. Fourteen years later, Baiul moved to Pennsylvania.

In January 1997, Baiul was arrested for driving under the influence of alcohol after crashing her car into a tree. Later, Baiul did an alcohol education program. In May 1997, she went through rehabilitation. In 2004, she said she had been sober for six years.

## Infobox (figure skater)

- **image**: OksanaBaiul.jpg
- **native name lang**: uk
- **native name**: Оксана Баюл
- **birth place**: Dnipro, Dnipropetrovsk, Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union (now Dnipro, Ukraine)
- **height**: 1.60 m
- **formercoach**: Galina Zmievskaya
 Valentyn Nikolayev
 Stanislav Koritek
- **formerchoreographer**: Sarah Kawahara
- **formertraininglocations**: Simsbury, Connecticut
 Odesa
 Dnipro
- **retired**: 1994
- **show-medals**: no
Hobo

**Hobo** is a word for a homeless person who travels to different cities and towns to look for work. Hobos usually travel by train "hopping" (riding in empty train freight railcars without paying for a ticket), or sometimes "riding the rods" (lying dangerously near the train wheels, underneath the cars).

Hobos stay in very cheap hotels in cities, or camp in simple shelters ("shanties") in shanty towns near the rail yards. There were many hobos during the Great Depression in the United States because many people lost their jobs and homes. Many people blamed President Herbert Hoover for the Depression, so hobo camps were sometimes called "Hoovervilles".
Indochinese tiger

The **Indochinese tiger** (_Panthera tigris corbetti_) is one of the six living tiger subspecies, and is found in Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, and southwestern China. The Indochinese tiger is also known as the _Corbett's tiger_, named after Jim Corbett. It has been listed as Endangered by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature. In Myanmar it is the National animal of the country.

## Description

Males are around 8–9 ft (2.4-2.7 meters) long, and weigh around 330 to 430 pounds. Females are around 7–8 ft (2.1-2.4 meters) long, and weigh around 221 to 287 pounds. Indochinese tigers are darker in colour than the Bengal tiger, and have narrow stripes which usually break up into a row of spots. Their belly, chin and cheeks are white in colour.

## Where they live

The Indochinese tiger is found throughout Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Burma and Vietnam. It also lived in China, but no Indochinese tiger has been seen in China since 2007.
It is found mostly in lowland and highland tropical deciduous, semi-evergreen and evergreen forests. The Indochinese tiger is also found in hilly and mountainous areas.

## Feeding

Indochinese tigers feed mainly on medium-sized and large-sized wild ungulates. Sambar deer, wild pig, serow, and large bovids such as banteng and young gaur make up most of the Indochinese tiger's diet. But have been observed to prey on domesticated cattle and goats. Some of its prey, like the kouprey and Schomburgk's deer, are extinct, but some, like the Eld's deer, hog deer and wild water buffalo, are still living but rare. Indochinese tigers also feed on muntjac deer, porcupines, macaques and hog badgers.
They have been known to supplement their diet with birds, fish, monkeys and reptiles.

## Reproduction

Female Indochinese tigers are pregnant for around 3–4 months, before giving birth to about 5 cubs. Newborn Indochinese tigers weigh around 1 kg (2 lb), and are blind and helpless. The mother feeds them milk for about 2 months and then the Indochinese tiger cubs are introduced to meat. Indochinese tiger cubs depend on their mother for the first 18 months and then they start hunting on their own.
Phenomenon

A **phenomenon** (Greek: _, pl. _) is an observable event or, quite literally, something that can be seen.

It comes from the noun  (_phainomenon, df. appearance_) and is also related to the verb  (_phainein, df. to show_). Its plural is **phenomena**. Its antonym is _lathomenon_, meaning "something lying beneath the surface".

Phenomenon can also mean a "surprising development" or "unusually successful person".

## Use in science & technology

In science, _phenomenon_ stands for any event which we can sense or detect or record. In science, the word "observe" means more than just "visible to the naked eye". It means "sensible", available to our senses. The senses we are born with are extended by a whole range of instruments which record things we cannot see, and make them visible to us.

So, while some events are easy to observe, others need technology to make observation possible.

## Related pages

- Phenomenology
Shetland Sheepdog

A **Shetland Sheepdog** is a kind of small dog whose ancestors came from the Shetland Islands.   Many people call them _"Shelties"_. They are popular pets in many countries. Shelties have the same origins with Rough Collie and Border Collie. Shelties are a working dog and are sometimes used for herding.

A Sheltie can have a mix of several colors in its coat. Most shelties are sable and white (brown and white) or tri-color (black, white and tan). Their fur is long and they shed twice a year.  Shelties range in size from 13 to 16 inches.  They usually weigh about 25-30 pounds.

Shelties are very energetic dogs that run and bark a lot. They are great with children.
It was said that Shelties were sheep dogs so they try to please their master and have a strong sense of responsibility. They do not need very much discipline. Shelties rank in the top ten smartest dogs. They learn new things very quickly and remember them well. Shelties make great family pets as long as you do not mind a dog that barks.
Belief

A **belief** is a firm thought that something is true, often based on revelation. Belief is usually a part of belonging to a religion. It is different to scientific knowledge that can be tested, but belief is not able to be tested. The word is also used to describe what a person expects will happen based on limited information.

## Examples

For instance, a person may believe in God or gods, while "I believe Amy will come around today" can also be a belief. Belief is also something you believe in but you cannot prove exactly.

## Related pages

- Faith
- Evidence
- Falsifiability
- Karl Popper
- Epistemology
German Shepherd

The **German Shepherd** (), also known as the **Alsatian**, is a breed of medium-large size dog.  It was first developed in Germany.  They are often used as police dogs, but they have many other uses.  They have been variously used as herding dogs, guard dogs, military dogs, eyes for the blind and as pets.  Because of their intelligence, speed, drive, eagerness and balance, they are now called 'multi-terrain' dogs as well as 'most complete dog breed' for their versatility, adaptability and suitability.

An important modern use is in search and rescue.  In former times the American Rescue Dog Association only used air-scenting Alsatians to locate people who are missing or lost.  They search in wilderness, disaster, human body remains and water search and rescue and recovery missions.  The breed is smart, athletic and can live in a wide variety of climate conditions.

Male German Shepherds usually weigh around . Females usually weigh around .

The term Alsatian wolf dog, instead of German Shepherd dog, was first popularly used by the British in the First World War. This was because the country was at war with the German Empire. Adolf Hitler, a German dictator, was also known to have German Shepherds as companions.

The German Shepherd Dog breed, as it is currently known, was developed by the founder and the first president of the Association for the German Shepherd Dog breed Max Emil Friedrich von Stephanitz at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries.

## Transportation of an animal

Disabled people carry guide dogs with them in wagons of all types. There is no charge for the transportation of guide dogs and transportation documents are not issued.

## Infobox (dogbreed)

- **name**: German Shepherd
- **image**: GermanShep1 wb.jpg
Star Wars Episode V: The Empire Strikes Back

***Star Wars: Episode V - The Empire Strikes Back*** is a science fiction movie and the second film in the _Star Wars saga_. The movie was released in 1980. It includes action, romance and drama.

In 2010, Star Wars Episode V: The Empire Strikes Back was selected by the Library of Congress into the United States National Film Registry.

## Cast

- James Earl Jones as Darth Vader
- Anthony Daniels as C-3PO
- Peter Mayhew as Chewbacca
- Kenny Baker as R2-D2
- Frank Oz as Yoda

## Plot

The Rebels hide from the Empire on the icy planet Hoth. The Empire finds the Rebels and they have to leave the planet after a battle.

Luke Skywalker finds Yoda, a 900-year-old Jedi Master and begins the training to become a Jedi. Han Solo, Chewbacca, Princess Leia and C-3P0 are caught by the Empire and Solo is frozen in carbonite. In his Jedi training, Luke gets a vision that his friends are in danger and tries to help them. He has to confront Darth Vader, and the two of them fight. When Luke fights Vader, he cuts off Luke's hand and Luke also learns that Vader is his father. His hand is replaced with a prosthetic one, including nerves, muscles and some other things.

## Other websites

- Official website
- _The Empire Strikes Back_ The Movie Database

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: Star Wars Episode V: The Empire Strikes Back
- **image**: Theempirestrikesback-logo.svg
- **caption**: Special Edition logo
- **director**: Irvin Kershner
- **starring**: Mark Hamill
Harrison Ford
Carrie Fisher
Billy Dee Williams
Anthony Daniels
- **writer**: **Story:**
George Lucas
**Screenplay:**
Karey Kirkpatrick
Leigh Brackett
Lawrence Kasdan
- **producer**: Gary Kurtz
George Lucas
(executive)
Rick McCallum
(Special Edition)
- **cinematography**: Peter Suschitzky, BSC
- **editing**: Paul Hirsch
- **distributor**: 20th Century Fox
- **released**: May 21, 1980
- **runtime**: 124 min. (original)
127 min. (Special Edition)
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **budget**: $33,000,000
- **music**: John Williams
Church of the SubGenius

The **Church of the SubGenius** is a religion founded by Ivan Stang and Philo Drummond. Originally based in Dallas, Texas, it is now based in Cleveland Heights, Ohio. In 2009, Stang said that The Church of the Subgenius has 40,000 followers, but the real number of followers is not known.

The church's beliefs are said to be very complex. The church teaches that it was founded by a salesman named J. R. "Bob" Dobbs. In 1953 "Bob" was fixing his TV which he made, and the Space God JHVH-1 gave him knowledge of the past and future, and the idea of "Slack". The church teaches that there is a conspiracy to make humans work, so that they can't have "Slack". It says that its members are descended from Yetis. It also said that aliens would come to earth on 5 July 1998.

## Other websites

- Church of the Subgenius Official Website
Terry Bradshaw

**Terry Bradshaw** is an American sports presenter and former athlete  He was born September 2, 1948 in Shreveport, Louisiana.

Bradshaw was a quarterback with the Pittsburgh Steelers in the National Football League. Since 1994, he is also a television and American football host.

Over six years, he won four Super Bowl titles with Pittsburgh (1975, 1976, 1979 and 1980).  He went into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1989.

He is related to Cory J.Bylsma

## Infobox (nfl biography)

- **name**: Terry Bradshaw
- **image**: File:1983 Steelers Police - 04 Terry Bradshaw (crop).jpg
- **caption**: Bradshaw playing with the Steelers in 1982
- **position**: Quarterback
- **number**: 12
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 3
- **weight lbs**: 220
- **birth place**: Shreveport, Louisiana
- **draftyear**: 1970
- **draftround**: 1
- **draftpick**: List of first overall National Football League draft picks, 1
- **high school**: Woodlawn High School (Shreveport, Louisiana), Woodlawn
(Shreveport, Louisiana)
- **college**: Louisiana Tech Bulldogs football, Louisiana Tech
- **pastteams**: * Pittsburgh Steelers (–)
- **highlights**: * 4× Super Bowl champion (Super Bowl IX, IX, Super Bowl X, X, Super Bowl XIII, XIII, Super Bowl XIV, XIV)
* 2× Super Bowl MVP (Super Bowl XIII, XIII, Super Bowl XIV, XIV)
* National Football League Most Valuable Player Award, NFL Most Valuable Player (1978)
* 3× Pro Bowl (1976 Pro Bowl, 1975, 1979 Pro Bowl, 1978, 1980 Pro Bowl, 1979)
* First-team All-Pro (1978 All-Pro Team, 1978)
* Bert Bell Award (1978)
* Sports Illustrated Sportsman of the Year, _Sports Illustrated_ Sportsman of the Year (1979)
* 2× List of National Football League season passing touchdowns leaders, NFL passing touchdowns leader (1978 NFL season, 1978, 1982 NFL season, 1982)
* NFL 1970s All-Decade Team
* Pittsburgh Steelers All-Time Team
* Louisiana Tech Athletic Hall of Fame
- **statlabel1**: Touchdown, TD–Interception, INT
- **statvalue1**: 212–210
- **statlabel2**: Passing yards
- **statvalue2**: 27,989
- **statlabel3**: Completion percentage
- **statvalue3**: 51.9
- **statlabel4**: Passer rating
- **statvalue4**: 70.9
- **statlabel5**: Rushing yards
- **statvalue5**: 2,257
- **statlabel6**: Rushing touchdowns
- **statvalue6**: 32
- **nfl**: BRA301078
- **pfr**: BradTe00
- **hof**: terry-bradshaw
- **collegehof**: 1916
Squid

thumb|right|A [[Caribbean reef squid]]

**Squid** are cephalopods of the order **Teuthida**. They are the sister group to the octopods. Squid are carnivores, but they are also hunted as prey. The largest squid, the giant squid and colossal squid, are eaten by sperm whales and sleeper sharks.

There are about 300 species of squid.

## Characteristics

Squid, like cuttlefish, have eight arms arranged in pairs, and two longer tentacles with suckers.

All squid have a mouth with a radula, and jet propulsion with the siphon from the mantle. The radulla is a scraping organ in the mouth that scrapes nutrients from food sources.

Tentacles are used for locomotive power and capturing food sources. All squids are carnivores; they eat other animals, not plants.

Like other cephalopoda, squid are intelligent animals. Squids have a head-like structure, with sense organs and brains in the front end. Although the squids lack exterior shells they have a vestigial shell inside, made of chitin.

The skin is covered in chromatophores, which enable the squid to change colour to suit its surroundings, making it effectively camouflaged. Controlled by the nervous system, the camouflage can change in 'real time'.

## Locomotion

Squids mainly rely on moving via jet propulsion, though deep sea squids may use their fins instead to save energy. A squid sucks in water through its mantle, than pushing it out through its siphon. Squids also have their gills inside the mantle to collect oxygen while moving.

## Squid reproduction

After a male and female mate, the female squid lays eggs. The eggs are laid inside an egg case. Since the squid is usually a part of a shoal, it is laid with many other egg cases from many other squids, and then anchored to the sea floor. Because of this, squid eggs are often (many times) found in clumps, and those clumps often look like a flower.

Often, the male will die a short time after mating, and the female will die once she has released her eggs. Because of this, squids usually lay eggs only once. Squids do not live very long. Although there are some long-lived species, most squids live for only one or two years.

### Size

Most squid are no more than  long, although the giant squid may reach .

In 1978, sharp, curved claws on the suction cups of squid tentacles cut up the rubber coating on the hull of the USS _Stein_. The size suggested the largest squid known at the time.

In February 2007, a New Zealand fishing vessel caught a colossal squid weighing  and measuring around  off the coast of Antarctica. This specimen is the largest invertebrate ever found. Squid have the largest eyes in the animal kingdom.

Giant squid are featured in literature and folklore with a frightening connotation. The Kraken is a legendary tentacled monster possibly based on sightings of real giant squid.
Giant squid

The **giant squid** (_Architeuthis dux_) is a species of squid that live in the deep ocean. Giant squid can grow to a tremendous size: recent estimates put the maximum size at 12 metres (39 ft) or 13 metres (43 ft) for females and 10 metres (33 ft) for males from caudal fin to the tip of the two long tentacles.

While the giant squid is very big, there is a larger squid, known as the Colossal Squid.

Until 2004, nobody had officially ever seen a live giant squid. Only dead giant squids had been found. On 30 September 2004, researchers from Japan took the first images of a live giant squid in its natural habitat. Several of the 556 photographs were released a year later. The same team successfully filmed a live adult giant squid for the first time on December 4, 2006.

There is no agreement as to how many species are members of the genus _Architeuthis_. The mythical sea monster called the Kraken may have been inspired by giant squid.

### Fishermen's reports

Many generations of fishermen told stories about giant squids at sea. According to these stories, an enormous squid would wrap its arms around a whale, causing a terrible fight to start.

Whalers said that sometimes, when they caught a whale, it would have scars as big as dinner plates on its body. Other times, when they cut open the stomach of some of their whales, they would find squid arms as long as 30 ft with suckers up to four inches wide.

The whalers who told these stories either chopped up the squid parts to eat or use as bait, or they threw them back out to sea before scientists were ever able to examine them.

### Giant squid specimens

in 1861, a French ship was able to bring back parts of a giant squid so scientists could study them.

In the late 19th century, several whole giant squids washed up on shore. This proved giant squids really exist. After that, many giant squids were found washed ashore or dead at sea. Scientists grew very interested in these mysterious creatures, but few ever saw them alive. Scientists think they spend most of their time in deep, cold ocean.

In December 2007, the Melbourne Aquarium in Australia got the intact body of a giant squid, preserved in a giant block of ice. It had been caught by fishermen off the coast of New Zealand's South Island that year.

The number of known giant squid specimens was close to 600 in 2004, and new ones are reported each year.
Googol

A **googol** is a unit of measurement. It is equal to ten duotrigintillion (10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000) of something. The number of the same name is also known as ten thousand sexdecillion.

A 9-year-old Milton Sirotta, nephew of U.S. mathematician Edward Kasner, first used the word "googol". Sirotta made this word in 1937, for the number represented by the numeral 1 followed by 100 zeros.He may have been inspired by the comic strip  character Barney Google.

The company Google was named after the number "googol".  Its creators originally called it BackRub because it used backlinks to tell how important each page was. Someone suggested "googolplex". They shortened it to "googol" and then spelled the word wrong when looking for a domain name that was not yet taken.

## Related pages

- Graham's number
- Googolplex, which is 10<sup>googol</sup>

## Googol vs Google name theories

Google was meant to be named Googol but they misspelled it and they just kept it.

Or, the misspelling may have been intentional thanks to The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy

That's in the article already, dumdum.
Lagos

**Lagos** is the second largest city in Africa and the most populous city in Nigeria and in West Africa. There are about 12.5 million to 18 million people living in Lagos, which makes it one of the biggest cities in Africa. Lagos is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean. The city of lagos mainland is made of several local government areas. Some of these areas are Somolu Koshofe, Ifelodun, Surulere, Agege, Ikeja, Ikorodu, Ajegunle, Oshodi, and Maryland. The Lagos Island consists of Ikoyi (Eti Osa) , Victoria Island, Lekki, Ajah, Ibeju Lekki, and Sangotedo. Other Parts of Lagos city-state include : Epe, Ikorodu, and badagry.

Each Local government area has a presence of the central government with the establishment of general hospital, judiciary and police stations.

Lagos was the capital of Nigeria until 1992, when the capital became Abuja. Lagos is still the commercial capital of Nigeria and a gateway to West Africa. Lagos is made up of different islands like Victoria island, Banana island, Snake island, and the mainland.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Lagos
- **official name**: Lagos Metropolitan Area

- **image skyline**: Lagos Island.jpg
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **image caption**: Lagos
- **image flag**: Lagos State Flag (1967-1970).svg
- **image seal**: Lagos Seal.png
- **nickname**: _Eko akete_, _Lasgidi_
- **motto**: _Èkó ò ní bàjé o!_
- **image map**: Location of Lagos.png
- **map caption**: The location of Lagos in the Lagos State, State of Lagos
- **pushpin map**: Nigeria
- **pushpin map caption**: Lagos shown within Nigeria
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: States of Nigeria, State
- **subdivision type2**: Local Government Areas of Nigeria, LGA(s)
- **subdivision name1**: Lagos State, Lagos
- **established title**: Settled
- **established date**: 15th century
- **founder**: Awori tribe, Awori subgroup of the Yoruba People, Yoruba
- **leader title1**: Oba of Lagos, Oba
- **leader name1**: Rilwan Akiolu I
- **area total km2**: 1171.28
- **area land km2**: 999.6
- **area water km2**: 171.68
- **area urban km2**: 907
- **area metro km2**: 2706.7
- **elevation ft**: 135
- **population total**: 8,048,430
- **population as of**: 2006 census
- **population density km2**: 6,871
- **population est**: 16,060,303
- **pop est as of**: 2012 by Lagos State Government, LASG
- **population urban**: 13,123,000
- **population density urban km2**: 14,469
- **population metro**: 21,000,000 (estimated)
- **population density metro km2**: 7,759
- **population rank**: List of Nigerian cities by population, 1st
- **population demonym**: Lagosian
- **demographics type1**: List of cities by GDP, GDP
- **area code**: Telephone numbers in Nigeria, 010
- **type**: Metropolis
- **timezone**: West Africa Time, WAT (UTC+1)
- **utc offset**: +1
- **blank name**: Köppen climate classification, Climate
- **blank info**: Tropical savanna climate, Aw
Infinitive

The **infinitive** is a verb form. It has no person, number, mood, or tense.

## The infinitive in English

In **English**, there are two main forms of the infinitive:

- the **full infinitive** (**to-infinitive**) has the word _to_ at the beginning. For example: _I want **to run** _
- the **bare infinitive** does not have the word _to_. For example: _I must **go**_.

After a modal verb you must use an infinitive. For example, _I must go_, _he must go_ (_he must goes_ is not correct)

To express time relationships, here are 8 types of infinitives:

1. simple infinitive, for example, _to write_
1. continuous infinitive, for example, _to be writing_
1. perfect infinitive, for example, _to have written_
1. perfect continuous infinitive, for example, _to have been writing_
1. passive simple infinitive, for example, _to be written_
1. passive continuous infinitive, for example, _to be being writting_
1. passive perfect infinitive, for example, _to have been written_
1. passive perfect continuous infinitive, for example, _to have been being written_

## The infinitive in other languages

- In **German**, the infinitives end with _-en_, _-eln_ or _-ern_. There are 2 exceptions - **' (to be) and **' (to do).

- In **Esperanto**, the infinitives end with _-i_, for example __ (to sleep)
Cartridge

**Cartridge** can mean:
- Cartridge (electronics), an object that is used in a larger piece of equipment
- 4-track cartridge, a music storage format popular from the late 1950s to the early 1970s
- 8-track cartridge, a music storage format popular from the late 1960s to the early 1980s
- Cartridge (firearms), a round of charge-and-bullet ammunition
- Magnetic cartridge, the removable part of a record player arm holding the needle
- Ink cartridge, a replaceable part of an inkjet printer that contains the ink
Elvis Stojko

**Elvis Stojko** (born March 22, 1972 in Newmarket, Ontario ) is a Canadian figure skater.  He was world champion three times, and Canadian champion seven times.

Stojko was named after Elvis Presley, and sometimes skates to Presley's music.  He grew up in Richmond Hill, Ontario.  He started skating when he was four years old.  He also became a black belt in karate (which has influenced some of his skating).  Stojko was the first person to do a quadruple-triple jump combination.  He became known for his athletic ability.

Today he is a professional skater, and also competes in karate.

## Amateur competitions

- World Championships:  first place in 1994, 1995, and 1997.
- Olympics:  silver in both 1994 and 1998.
- Canadian Championships:  first place in 1994, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, and 2002.

## Other websites

- Elvis Stojko: Heart of Gold
Album

An **album** is a collection of sound recordings. It is usually made by a musician, and is sold in stores. Albums were originally a collection of gramophone records, each having one or two songs. Today an album is usually in the form of a compact disc, although many artists also release their albums on vinyl records. LP or Album in digital format in the 21st century it is increasingly normal to release music.

## Types of albums

There are two main types of albums, studio albums and live albums. Studio albums are recorded at a recording studio. Live albums are normally recorded while the musicians are performing for an audience. Live albums are usually recorded at concerts.

Other types of albums include:
- **Compilation album**: Compilation albums are usually made of songs that first came from many different albums. These songs can all be from the same musicians (often called "Greatest Hits" albums) or they can each be from different musicians.
- **Debut album**: the first album from a musician or musical group.
- **Solo album** - A solo album is an album by a single musician. This often happens when a singer or musician who is a part of a band creates an album without the rest of the band. It may also happen when the person leaves the band and starts performing alone. For example, most of Beyoncé's albums after she stopped performing with Destiny's Child are solo albums.
- **Tribute album**: Tribute albums or "cover albums" are albums where a second group or musician plays songs which were first played by another, often more famous, group or musician.  The second group is usually called a "Tribute band" when most or all of the music they play is from another band.  For example, a Slipknot tribute band would mostly play songs that were written and played by the band Slipknot.
- **Live album**: Live albums are made from songs that are performed live, such as during tour.

## Tracks

Albums are normally separated into _tracks_. Each track is a part of the album which has one song in it. The term is often used to mean a specific song on the album by number. For example, the "fourth track" or "track four" from an album is the fourth song on the album when it is played from the beginning.

## Related pages

- Extended play
- Single (music)
Baker Island

**Baker Island** is a small coral island, or atoll, in the North Pacific Ocean. It is just above the equator. It belongs to the United States. The United States Department of the Interior is in charge of the island. It is called the _Baker Island National Wildlife Refuge_.

The island has no trees. The island is surrounded by a coral reef. This makes the atoll hard to approach in a boat.

## Related pages

- List of uninhabited regions

## Other websites

- Baker Island National Wildlife Refuge

## Infobox (islands)

- **name**: Baker Island
- **image name**: Baker Island.svg
- **image caption**: Baker Island
- **image map**: Map_of_Kiribati_CIA_WFB.png
- **image map caption**: Map of the central Pacific Ocean showing Baker Island and nearby Howland Island just north of the equator and east of Tarawa.
- **archipelago**: Hawaii
- **area km2**: 1.64
- **elevation m**: 8
- **population**: uninhabited
- **country**: United States
- **additional info**: Territories of the United States, unincorporated
Hermaphrodite

**Hermaphrodite** is a term which comes from Hermaphroditus, the son of Hermes and Aphrodite. It is used as a scientific term in biology.

In zoology, an animal that can produce both sperm and ova is a hermaphrodite. As an example, most earthworms are hermaphrodites. A simultaneous hermaphrodite has both sets of sex organs throughout life. A sequential hermaphrodite has ovaries at first that is replaced by a testis later or the other way round.

In botany, hermaphrodite is used for 'complete' flowers with both male and female parts and for plants with bisexual reproductive units. See flowering plant sexuality for details.

With people, the term hermaphrodite is not correct because true functioning hermaphrodites are not possible in humans. What sometimes happens is errors in development that lead to intersex people. A definition of intersex is the following:
- "... individuals of a bisexual species that have characteristics intermediate between the male and female".

Intersex people may have a very small penis and no testicles, or a very small and short vagina and a large clitoris that looks like a penis.