juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Channel catfish

|colspan="2" id="7" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"|Channel catfish|
| --- | --- |
|colspan="2" style="text-align: center"||
|colspan="2"|<div id="18" style="text-align: center"> Least Concern <small> (IUCN 3.1)</small></div>|
|Kingdom:|Animalia|
|Phylum:|Chordata|
|Class:|Actinopterygii|
|Order:|Siluriformes|
|Family:|Ictaluridae|
|Genus:|_Ictalurus_|
|Species:|<div class="species" id="65" style="display:inline">***I. punctatus***</div>|
|colspan="2" style="text-align: center"|**<span class="binomial">_Ictalurus punctatus_</span>** <div id="74" style="font-size: 85%;">(Rafinesque, 1818)</div>|
|colspan="2" style="text-align: center"||
|colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"|Distribution of _Ictalurus punctatus_|
|colspan="2" style="text-align: left"|* _Silurus punctatus_ <small>Rafinesque, 1818</small>|

The **channel catfish** (_Ictalurus punctatus_), also called the **channel cat**, is a species of catfish. It's the official fish of several US states, which are Kansas, Missouri, Iowa, Nebraska, and Tennessee. In the US, it is the most fished catfish species.

It has also been introduced in Europe, Asia and South America, and it's legally considered an invasive species in many countries.

## Characteristics

These fish have a very keen sense of smell and taste. At the pits of their nostrils are sensitive odor-sensing organs with a high concentration of olfactory receptors.

The barbels of a channel catfish don't actually sting. This is believed by most people to be false. However, these catfish do have spines on their pectoral and dorsal fins. If you do not handle these properly, you'll most likely have injury.

### Length and weight

Channel catfish have a top-end size of about 40–50 pounds (18–23 kg). The record-breaking channel cat weighed 58 pounds, and was caught in the Santee-Cooper Reservoir in South Carolina, on July 7, 1964. As channel catfish grow longer, they increase in weight.

### Feeding

Channel catfish have a lot of taste perception, hence called the swimming tongue, due to the presence of taste buds all over the external body surface and inside the oropharyngeal cavity.

### Communication

This fish is adapted to limited light conditions. Members of the genus _Ictalurus_ do not depend solely on visual cues.

#### Predator communication

Channel catfish can communicate to predators. Pectoral stridulation has been considered to be the main means of agonistic communication towards predators in channel catfish. Relatively noisy sounds are used to startle and scare predators in a manner analogous to the well-documented, visual flash display of various lepidopterans.

### Hearing

The utricle is the primary area of hearing in most fishes (in this case, the channel catfish). The hearing ability is enhanced by the presence of the swim bladder. It is the part that reverberates the echo from other’s sounds.

## Other websites

- Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2011). "_Ictalurus punctatus_" in FishBase. December 2011 version.
Xabier Arzalluz

**Javier Arzalluz Antia** (24 August 1932 – 28 February 2019) was a Spanish politician. He was leader of the Basque Nationalist Party from 1979 until 2004. He was a nationalist and a Christian Democrat. He was born in Azcoitia, Basque Country.

Besides his political role, he had also been a professor of Constitutional Law (in the Basque language) at the University of Deusto in Bilbao until 1999.
Roger Carel

**Roger Carel** (born **Roger Bancharel**; 14 August 1927 – 11 September 2020) was a French actor. He was known for his role as Asterix, the French voice of _Star Wars'_ C-3PO, and the French voice of Winnie-the-Pooh, Piglet, and Rabbit in Winnie the Pooh.

He also voiced Wally Gator, Mickey Mouse, Yogi Bear, Kermit the Frog, Heathcliff, Foghorn Leghorn, ALF and many other famous characters in French. He was born in Paris, France.

Carel died at his home in Montfermeil, Seine-Saint-Denis, France on 11 September 2020, aged 93.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Roger Carel
- **caption**: Carel (white hair) in _Le Coma des Mortels_ (2002)
- **birth name**: Roger Bancharel
- **birth place**: Paris, France
- **death place**: Montfermeil, Seine-Saint-Denis, France
- **occupation**: Actor, voice talent
Francisco Macri

**Francesco "Franco" Macri** (15 April 1930 – 2 March 2019) was an Italian-Argentine businessman. He was the father of Argentine president Mauricio Macri. He was born in Rome, Italy. He co-founded a nationalist party, _L'Uomo Qualunque_ (_The Common Man_).

Macri, along with his son, were involved in the Panama Papers scandal. He worked in real estate in Buenos Aires and New York City.

Macri died on 2 March 2019 in Buenos Aires, aged 88.
María Ignacia Benítez

**María Ignacia Benítez** (1 August 1958 – 28 February 2019) was a Chilean politician. She was Minister of the Environment between 2010 and 2014. She was born in Viña del Mar in Chile.

Benítez was married and had three children. She died of pancreatic cancer in Santiago de Chile on 28 February 2019, aged 60.
Norma Paulus

**Norma Jean Paulus** (née **Petersen**; March 13, 1933 – February 28, 2019) was an American lawyer and politician. She was born in Belgrade, Nebraska. She was a member of the Republican Party. Paulus was the Oregon Secretary of State from 1977 to 1985.

Paulus ran in the Republican primary for the United States Senate in 1995 after Bob Packwood resigned. She lost the primary to Gordon H. Smith.

Paulus died on February 28, 2019 at her home in Portland, Oregon of complications from vascular dementia, aged 85.

## Other websites

- Norma Paulus Papers, circa 1940-2003, Oregon Historical Society Research Library, Portland, Oregon, accessed January 17, 2017.
- The Norma Paulus Papers, 1953-2006, Willamette University Archives, Salem, Oregon
Bombus lapidarius

***Bombus lapidarius*** is the red-tailed bumblebee. They are solitary bees usually found in holes in walls and the ground.

The _Bombus lapidarius_ usually emerges in early spring and hibernates from around august to march. A male or drone has a yellow head and a squared off tail whereas the female has a rounder tail and a black head. The bee lives nearly all over the globe and is most commonly found in Europe. They have a reasonably mild temprament and do not sting unless they feel threatened. They collect nectar from wildflowers such as heather and daisies. _Bombus lapidarius_ lay their eggs in tubes and holes and cover the entrance with soil and leaf litter to hinder predators. The larvae chew through this layer and emerge as small bees. The _Bombus lapidarius_ can live for up to 3 years depending on weather conditions.
Wolff–Kishner reduction

The **Wolff–Kishner reduction** is an organic process of reducing carbonyl groups; usually ketones and aldehydes to alkanes. It is carried out in presence of solvent to speed up reaction. It is carried out in basic medium. Thus, it can not be used for base sensitive reagents. It is named after by Nikolai Kischner and Ludwig Wolff.
Ambroise-Paré Hospital

The **Hôpital Ambroise-Paré** is a hospital in the Boulogne-Billancourt, close to Paris. It is one of Europe's largest hospitals. It was created in 1923. It is a partner of the Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines.

## Further reading

- Hôpital Ambroise-Paré

## Infobox (hospital)

- **name**: Ambroise-Paré Hospital
- **org/group**: _Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris_
- **location**: Boulogne-Billancourt
- **region**: Île-de-France
- **country**: France
- **healthcare**: Public
- **type**: Teaching
- **emergency**: Yes
- **beds**: 490
- **website**: http://ambroisepare.aphp.fr/
Vice President of Turkey

**The Vice President of Turkey,** is the second highest office holder in Turkey.

Turkeys new vice presidential office and Executive system was created when approved by vote it June 2018 and it abolished the office of the Prime Minister of Turkey.

The current Vice President is Cevdet Yılmaz who took office on 4 June 2023.

## List of vice presidents of Turkey (2018–present)

- Political party

||width=150|Name|Portrait|colspan=2|Term of office|Political party|Previous office|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Fuat Oktay||10 July 2018|4 June 2023|Independent|Undersecretary to Prime Minister of Turkey|||
|Cevdet Yılmaz||4 June 2023|Incumbent|Independent|Deputy Prime Minister of Turkey|||

## Infobox (political post)

- **post**: Vice President
- **body**: Turkey
- **termlength**: Coterminous with the president
- **incumbent**: Cevdet Yılmaz
- **incumbentsince**: 4 June 2023
- **appointer**: President of Turkey
- **formation**: 9 July 2018
- **inaugural**: Fuat Oktay
Rudy, Arkansas

**Rudy** is a town in the US state of Arkansas.
St. Paul, Arkansas

**St. Paul** is a town in the US state of Arkansas. It has a population of 111 according to the 2020 census data. The town is located at the edge of Northwest Arkansas region.

## Other website

- Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture entry
- Community Events page for St. Paul, Arkansas

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: St. Paul, Arkansas
- **settlement type**: Town
- **image skyline**: Post Office, St. Paul, Arkansas.jpg
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **image caption**: St. Paul post office
- **image map**: File:Madison County Arkansas Incorporated and Unincorporated areas St. Paul Highlighted 0562060.svg
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location in Madison County, Arkansas
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Arkansas, County
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision name1**: Arkansas
- **subdivision name2**: Madison County, Arkansas, Madison
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 1.18
- **area total sq mi**: 0.46
- **area land km2**: 1.18
- **area land sq mi**: 0.45
- **area water km2**: 0.00
- **area water sq mi**: 0.00
- **elevation ft**: 1519
- **population as of**: 2020 United States census, 2020
- **population total**: 111
- **population density km2**: 94.38
- **population density sq mi**: 244.49
- **timezone**: North American Central Time Zone, Central (CST)
- **utc offset**: -6
- **timezone dst**: CDT
- **utc offset dst**: -5
- **postal code type**: ZIP Code
- **postal code**: 72760
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 05-62060
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 2407273
Sherrill, Arkansas

**Sherrill** is a town in the US state of Arkansas.
South Lead Hill, Arkansas

**South Lead Hill** is a town in the US state of Arkansas.
Springtown, Arkansas

**Springtown** is a town in the US state of Arkansas.
Widener, Arkansas

**Widener** is a city in the US state of Arkansas.
Tillar, Arkansas

**Tillar** is a town in the US state of Arkansas.
Tull, Arkansas

**Tull** is a town in the US state of Arkansas.
Vandervoort, Arkansas

**Vandervoort** is a town of Polk County in the state of Arkansas in the United States.
Wheatley, Arkansas

**Wheatley** is a town in the US state of Arkansas.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Wheatley, Arkansas
- **settlement type**: Town
- **image skyline**: Wheatley AR 007.jpg
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **image caption**: Streetside in Wheatley
- **image map**: File:St. Francis County Arkansas Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Wheatley Highlighted 0574840.svg
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location of Wheatley in St. Francis County, Arkansas.
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Arkansas, County
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision name1**: Arkansas
- **subdivision name2**: St. Francis County, Arkansas, St. Francis
- **area total km2**: 7.95
- **area total sq mi**: 3.07
- **area land km2**: 7.95
- **area land sq mi**: 3.07
- **area water km2**: 0.00
- **area water sq mi**: 0.00
- **elevation ft**: 207
- **elevation m**: 63
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 279
- **population density km2**: 35.07
- **population density sq mi**: 90.85
- **timezone**: North American Central Time Zone, Central (CST)
- **utc offset**: -6
- **timezone dst**: CDT
- **utc offset dst**: -5
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 05-74840
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 0083316
- **unit pref**: Imperial
Williford, Arkansas

**Williford** is a town in the US state of Arkansas.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Williford, Arkansas
- **settlement type**: Town
- **image map**: File:Sharp County Arkansas Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Williford Highlighted 0575740.svg
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location of Williford in Sharp County, Arkansas.
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Arkansas, County
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision name1**: Arkansas
- **subdivision name2**: Sharp County, Arkansas, Sharp
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **area total km2**: 0.91
- **area total sq mi**: 0.35
- **area land km2**: 0.91
- **area land sq mi**: 0.35
- **area water km2**: 0.00
- **area water sq mi**: 0.00
- **elevation ft**: 331
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 79
- **population density km2**: 87.29
- **population density sq mi**: 226.36
- **timezone**: North American Central Time Zone, Central (CST)
- **utc offset**: -6
- **timezone dst**: CDT
- **utc offset dst**: -5
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 72482
- **area code**: Area code 870, 870
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 05-75740
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 2406890
- **unit pref**: Imperial
Altus, Arkansas

**Altus** is a city in the US state of Arkansas.
Belleville, Arkansas

**Belleville** is a city in the US state of Arkansas.
Hundwil

**Hundwil** is a municipality of the canton of Appenzell Ausserrhoden in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Hundwil
- **municipality name**: Hundwil
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **image photo**: Hundwil.JPG
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Hundwil COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Hundwil.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Appenzell Ausserrhoden
- **iso-code-region**: CH-AR
- **district**: n.a.
- **postal code**: 9064
- **municipality code**: 3002
- **area**: 23.94
- **elevation**: 791
- **population**: 994
- **populationof**: December 2008
- **popofyear**: 2008
- **website**: www.hundwil.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Gonten (AI), Herisau, Nesslau-Krummenau (SG), Schlatt-Haslen (AI), Schwende District, Schwende (AI), Stein, Appenzell Ausserrhoden, Stein, Urnäsch, Waldstatt, Wildhaus (SG)
Dungan people

The **Dungan people** are ethnic Muslims that came from China who live in regions of the former Soviet Union and Xinjiang. Their ancestors are the Hui people in China. Russians and Turkic-speaking peoples call them Dungan, but the Dungan call themselves Hui because that is what their ancestors called themselves.

The Dungan language came from Mandarin Chinese, and it is most like the dialects in Gansu and Shaanxi provinces in China. The Dungan call their language the Hui language. Like Chinese, it is a tonal language. However, it is different from Chinese because it uses some words that are no longer used in Chinese dialects today. There are also many Arabic and Persian loanwords. Unlike Chinese, it is written using Cyrillic instead of Chinese characters.
Cyclopropane

**Cyclopropane** is the cycloalkane molecule with the formula , with three carbon atoms connected to each other in a ring structure, and each carbon atom being connected to two hydrogen atoms. The ring is very small, and ring strain can take place because of this.

Cyclopropane is an anesthetic, meaning inhaling large quantities of the gas form that evaporates can send somebody to sleep, however today, other chemicals are used by medical professionals. It is also very reactive, and can explode when mixed with oxygen.
Cyclohexane

**Cyclohexane** is the cycloalkane molecule with the formula , with 6 carbon atoms connected to each other in a ring shape, and each connected to two hydrogen atoms. It is used when making adipic acid and caprolactam, which can them be used to make nylon. It has no color and is flammable.
Dungan language

The **Dungan language** is the native language of the Dungan people, a ethnic group living in regions of the former Soviet Union and Xinjiang who are descendants of Hui people. The Dungan call their own language the **Hui language**. It is a daughter language of Mandarin Chinese based on Gansu and Shaanxi dialects, and speakers of both dialects can largely understand each other. This is called mutual intelligibilty. Like Chinese, it is both tonal and analytic. However, differences between Dungan and Chinese are that Dungan is written in Cyrillic instead of Chinese characters and there are differences in vocabulary. Dungan has more Arabic and Persian loanwords and several terms are no longer used in Standard Chinese.
Analytic language

An **analytic language** is a language that organizes words and grammar by a strict word order instead of inflections, or word endings that show grammar. Examples of analytic languages include Chinese, English, Vietnamese, Thai, Khmer, and Lao.

In Chinese, sentences are mostly in the SVO (subject-verb-object) word order. So the sentence must be "I  eat noodles", not "I noodles eat" or "eat I noodles". In Chinese this is written as 我吃面条. The verb 吃 (pronounced _chī,_ meaning: "eat") does not change based on the subject "I" or the object "noodles", and likewise the subject 我 (pronounced _wǒ,_ meaning: "I") and object 面条 (pronounced _miàntiáo,_ meaning: "noodle/noodles") do not have any special word endings based on its role or number. What is important is that all the words are in the correct order.

Modern English does have some inflections based on the subject (the verb "eat" becomes "eats" when the subject is a third person "he/she/it") and number ("noodle" is singular while "noodles" is plural), but aside from that, there are almost none. Therefore, Modern English is mostly an analytic language. Modern English has far fewer inflections that almost all other Indo-European languages, such as Spanish, German, and Russian.

Old English was an inflectional language and content words could have several different word endings, much like German today. However, England was taken over by speakers of other languages, especially French, Danish, and Latin, and since the new rulers became second language speakers of English, the grammar simplified to what it is today.
Keith Flint

**Keith Charles Flint** (17 September 1969 – 4 March 2019) was a British singer in the group The Prodigy. He was the lead singer of the group for several years and sang on the hit songs "Firestarter" , "Breathe" and "Smack My Bitch Up". He was born in Redbridge, London and grew up in Springfield, Essex, England.

Keith was found dead at his home in Great Dunmow, Essex on 4 March 2019, at the age of 49. The cause of death was ruled as death by hanging. On 9 May 2019, the coroner’s officer, Linda Calder, ruled that there was not enough evidence for a suicide verdict.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Keith Flint
- **image**: Keith Flint in 2009.jpg
- **caption**: Flint in 2009
- **image size**: 220px
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth place**: Redbridge, London, England
- **death place**: North End, Essex, England
- **years active**: 1990–2019
- **associated acts**:
Dehradun

**Dehradun** () is the capital city of the Indian state of Uttarakhand. It is between the rivers Ganga and Yamuna. The city is in the foothills of the Himalayas and known for its beautiful landscape.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Dehradun
- **other name**: Dera Doon
- **settlement type**: City
- **image caption**: **Clockwise from top:**
 Forest Research Institute (India), Forest Research Institute, Buddha Temple at Clement Town, Robber's Cave, India, Robber's Cave, Indian Military Academy, The Doon School, Dehradun Skyline at night and Dehradun Ghantaghar.
- **nickname**: Doon
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: States and territories of India, State
- **subdivision type2**: List of districts of India, District
- **subdivision name1**: Uttarakhand
- **subdivision name2**: Dehradun District, Dehradun
- **established title1**: Founded
- **established date1**: 1676
- **established title2**: Municipality
- **established date2**: 1867
- **government type**: Mayor–council government, Mayor–Council
- **governing body**: Dehradun Municipal Corporation
- **leader title1**: Mayor
- **leader name1**: Sunil Uniyal, Sunil Uniyal 'Gama' (Bharatiya Janata Party, BJP)
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area total km2**: 196.48
- **area metro km2**: 300
- **elevation m**: 640
- **population total**: 803983
- **population rank**: List of cities in India by population, 79th
- **population density km2**: auto
- **population metro**: 1279083
- **demographics type1**: Languages
- **demographics1 title1**: Official
- **demographics1 info1**: Hindi
- **demographics1 title2**: Additional official
- **demographics1 info2**: Sanskrit
- **demographics1 title3**: Regional
- **demographics1 info3**: Garhwali language, Garhwali, Jaunsari language, Jaunsari
- **timezone1**: Indian Standard Time, IST
- **utc offset1**: +5:30
- **postal code type**: Postal Index Number, PIN
- **postal code**: 248001
- **area code**: +91-135
- **area code type**: Telephone code
- **registration plate**: UK-07
- **leader title2**: Municipal Commissioner (India), Municipal Commissioner
- **leader name2**: Vinay Shankar Pandey, Indian Administrative Service, IAS
- **pushpin map**: India Uttarakhand#India
- **pushpin relief**: yes
Sprachbund

A **sprachbund** is a group of languages spoken in the same area. They become similar because the speakers live close to each other. They constantly communicate with each other. Because similarities in the languages develop, they  sometimes seem to be in the same language family.

For example, in India, where there are hundreds or thousands of languages and dialects spoken, the languages often adopt similar grammar structures, vocabulary, and sounds. Indians often communicate with people who have a different first language from themselves.

In East Asia, since China introduced writing to nearby countries, especially Japan, Korea, and Vietnam. This area is called the sinosphere, or the Chinese sphere of influence. Not only did speakers of East Asian languages learn to by write using Chinese characters, but they also borrowed many loanwords from Chinese as well.

Linguists used to believe that languages like Japanese, Korean, Mongolian, Turkish, and Finnish were part of the Altaic language family. This was because of similar features like SVO (subject-verb-object) word order and agglutinating grammar. However, most linguists no longer believe that the Altaic language family ever existed. The languages became more similar over time, whereas most related languages become more different over time. It is possible that these languages are part of a sprachbund.
East Asian cultural sphere

The **East Asian cultural sphere**, **Sinosphere**, or **Chinese sphere of influence**, is a region in Asia that has many influences from Chinese culture. These including the use of Chinese characters, clothing, art, food, inventions, social structures, government structures, religious ideas, and many other influences. The area is made of the Greater China region (mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan), Japan, Korea, Singapore, and sometimes Mongolia and Vietnam (depending on who you ask). Since China had a very large trade network, it was able to easily share its goods and ideas across Eurasia, and especially its neighboring countries in East Asia.

At one point, all the countries wrote only using Chinese characters, but nowadays, only Chinese and Japanese speakers write using Chinese characters in everyday life. All the other countries either created a new writing system (Korea and Mongolia), or replaced Chinese characters with a different, already existing writing system (Mongolia, again, and Vietnam). Nonetheless, the languages of each country still have many Chinese loanwords.
Greater China

**Greater China** is a name sometimes used for all the regions that both the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Republic of China (ROC) claim (though may not completely control). This includes Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan. The PRC controls mainland China, Hong Kong, and Macau, while the ROC controls Taiwan. Each of these regions have their own passport, currency, travel rules, labor laws, and constitutions. General Secretary Xi Jinping added Xi Jinping Thought into the Communist Party's constitution during the Communist Party of China's 19th Congress (the 19th time it held elections), and one part of it says that all of China must reunite as one country.
Waccabuc, New York

**Waccabuc** is a hamlet and lake in the town of Lewisboro, Westchester County, New York. Waccabuc is known as "New York's Secret Suburb". Waccabuc is known by many outside of the town for its Castle Rock.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Waccabuc, New York
- **settlement type**: Hamlet (New York), hamlet
- **pushpin map**: New York
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: New York (state), New York
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in New York, County
- **subdivision name2**: Westchester County, New York, Westchester
- **subdivision type3**: Municipalities in Westchester County, Town
- **subdivision name3**: Lewisboro, New York, Lewisboro
- **timezone**: Eastern Time Zone, Eastern (EST)
- **utc offset**: -5
- **timezone dst**: EDT
- **utc offset dst**: -4
- **area code**: Area code 914, 914
- **blank name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank info**: 968618
Chinese loanwords

**Chinese loanwords** are loanwords borrowed into non-Chinese languages, especially East Asian languages. Since China introduced writing to the Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese languages, each language had also borrowed many Chinese loanwords. Since all the languages have very different sound systems from each other, they all have different systems for pronouncing Chinese loanwords (though there are many words that sound similar to each other). These are called **Sino-Xenic pronunciations**. These are similar to how loanwords from Latin and French sound differently when spoken in English.

At one point, all these languages only wrote in Chinese characters. Today, Japanese is the only non-Chinese language that writes in Chinese characters in everyday life. Chinese characters, or _kanji_ in Japanese, can be used to write both native Japanese words and Chinese loanwords. Today, Korean uses Chinese characters, or _hanja_ in Korean, only for Chinese loanwords  (when writing only in hangul is too ambiguous) and writing out one's own name. Today, Vietnamese does not use Chinese characters at all, but only uses the Latin alphabet, or _chữ Quốc ngữ_ in Vietnamese. Chinese characters are only used as a decoration in Vietnam today, and they are studied by only a few Vietnamese.

## Sino-Xenic pronunciations in different East Asian languages

This chart will compare the pronunciations of Chinese vocabulary terms in Mandarin, Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese.
|Traditional Chinese character(s)|Mandarin|Japanese|Korean|Vietnamese|English meaning|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|茶|chá|cha|cha|trà|tea|
|中國|Zhōngguó|Chūgoku|Jungguk|Trung quốc|China|
|道教|Dàojiào|Dōkyō|Dogyo|Đạo giáo|Daoism|
|電話|diànhuà|denwa|jǒnhwa|điện thoại|telephone|
|大學|dàxué|daigaku|daehak|đại học|university|
|跆拳道|táiquándào|tekondō|taekwǒndo|Taekwondo|Taekwondo|
|拉麵|lāmiàn|rāmen|ramyǒn|ramen|ramen noodles|
|神|shén|kami|sin|thần|god, deity|
|杀人|shārén|satsujin|sal-in|giết người|murder|
|犬|quǎn|inu|gyeon|chó|dog|
Briarcliff, Arkansas

**Briarcliff** is a city in the US state of Arkansas.
Caldwell, Arkansas

**Caldwell** is a city in the US state of Arkansas.
Calion, Arkansas

**Calion** is a city in the US state of Arkansas. The population was 429 in 2020.

Population:
|Year|1930|1940|1950|1960|1970|1980|1990|2000|2010|2020|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|924|712|536|544|535|638|558|516|494|429||

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Calion, Arkansas
- **settlement type**: City
- **image map**: File:Union County Arkansas Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Calion Highlighted 0510600.svg
- **mapsize**: 250x200px
- **map caption**: Location of Calion in Union County, Arkansas.
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Arkansas, County
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision name1**: Arkansas
- **subdivision name2**: Union County, Arkansas, Union
- **area total km2**: 3.38
- **area total sq mi**: 1.30
- **area land km2**: 2.78
- **area land sq mi**: 1.07
- **area water km2**: 0.60
- **area water sq mi**: 0.23
- **elevation ft**: 89
- **elevation m**: 27
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 429
- **population density km2**: 154.49
- **population density sq mi**: 400.19
- **timezone**: North American Central Time Zone, Central (CST)
- **utc offset**: -6
- **timezone dst**: CDT
- **utc offset dst**: -5
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 71724
- **area code**: Area code 870, 870
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 05-10600
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 0057494
- **unit pref**: Imperial
Caraway, Arkansas

**Caraway** is a city in the US state of Arkansas.
Havana, Arkansas

**Havana** is a city in Arkansas in the United States.
Peter van Gestel

**Peter van Gestel** (3 August 1937 –  1 March 2019) was a Dutch writer. He was born in Amsterdam.

In 1976 he published the book _Ver van huis_ under the pseudonym Sander Joosten.

He made his debut in children's literature with _Schuilen onder je schooltas_ in 1979. He received the Vlag en Wimpel award for this book.

## Other websites

- Peter van Gestel , Nederlands Letterenfonds (Dutch Foundation for Literature)
- Peter van Gestel (in Dutch), Digital Library for Dutch Literature

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Peter van Gestel
- **image**: Peter van Gestel (1961).jpg
- **alt**: Peter van Gestel in 1961
- **caption**: Peter van Gestel (1961)
- **pseudonym**: Peter van Gestel, Sander Joosten
- **birth place**: Amsterdam, Netherlands
- **death place**: Amsterdam, Netherlands
- **nationality**: Dutch
- **occupation**: Writer
- **language**: Dutch
- **years active**: 1962–2019
Carthage, Arkansas

**Carthage** is a city in the US state of Arkansas.
Keith Davis

**Keith Davis** (21 May 1930 – 2 March 2019) was a New Zealand rugby union player. He played for both New Zealand and New Zealand Māori. He played for Auckland, and won the Ranfurly Shield in his first ever provincial game. He retired in 1959.

His time with the team included matches against both South Africa and the British Lions. Davis was awarded the Tom French Cup for Māori player of the year in 1952, 1953 and 1954.

Davis died on 2 March 2019, aged 88.

## Infobox (rugby biography)

- **image**: Keith Davis c1951.jpg
- **caption**: Davis c. 1951
- **birth place**: Whakatane, New Zealand
- **ru position**: Half-back
- **ru amateurclubs**: Marist Brothers Old Boys RFC, Marist Auckland
- **ru province**: Auckland rugby union team, Auckland
Auckland B
- **ru provinceyears**: 1952–58
1952–59
- **ru provincecaps**: 54
- **ru nationalyears**: 1952–58
1952–59
- **ru nationalteam**:
Māori All Blacks
- **ru nationalcaps**: 25
- **ru nationalpoints**: 12
- **school**: Sacred Heart College, Auckland
Chidester, Arkansas

**Chidester** is a city in the US state of Arkansas.
Colt, Arkansas

**Colt** is a city in the US state of Arkansas.
Clarkedale, Arkansas

**Clarkedale** is a city in the US state of Arkansas.
Werner Schneyder

**Werner Schneyder** (25 January 1937 – 2 March 2019) was an Austrian cabaret performer, journalist, writer, actor, stage director, television presenter and sports reporter. He performed cabaret in duo with Dieter Hildebrandt from 1974 to 1982. He presented _Das aktuelle Sportstudio_ of the ZDF from 1975, and a series about boxing for RTL from 1992 to 1992.

Schneyder was found dead at his home in Vienna on 2 March 2019, aged 82.

## Other websites

-  Interview

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Werner Schneyder
- **image**: Österreichischer Kabarettpreis 2012 46 Werner Schneyder.jpg
- **image upright**: 1.1
- **caption**: Schneyder receiving the Österreichischer Kabarettpreis 2012
- **birth place**: Graz, Austria
- **death place**: Vienna, Austria
Ed Bickert

**Edward Isaac Bickert**,  (November 29, 1932 – February 28, 2019) was a Canadian jazz guitarist. He was born in Hochfeld, Manitoba, Canada. He was a sideman for Ron Collier, Moe Koffman, Phil Nimmons, and Rob McConnell. He worked with American musicians when they toured in Toronto such as Ruby Braff, Paul Desmond, and Frank Rosolino.

Bickert won a Juno Award for Best Jazz Recording, _Sackville 4005_ with Don Thompson in 1980. He was honored with the Order of Canada in 1996.

Bickert died in Toronto, Ontario on February 28, 2019 from lung cancer at the age of 86.

## Other websites

- Ed Bickert biography with licks and transcriptions
- Ed Bickert profile with transcriptions
Juan Corona

**Juan Vallejo Corona** (February 7, 1934 – March 4, 2019) was a Mexican-born American serial killer who was convicted of the murders of 25 migrant farm workers. They were found buried in shallow graves in peach orchards along the Feather River in Sutter County, California, in 1971.

At the time, the crimes were characterized as among the most notorious in U.S. history. The exact victim total remains unknown and may be higher, according to local authorities. He was born in Autlán, Jalisco.

Corona was convicted of 25 counts of first-degree murder in 1973. In 1982, he was again found guilty of all 25 homicides. He served a life sentence in Corcoran State Prison in Corcoran, California.

## Personal life

Corona suffered from dementia in his later years.

## Death

He died on March 4, 2019 near Corcoran, California from complications of his dementia, he was 85 at the time of his death.

## Infobox (serial killer)

- **name**: Juan Vallejo Curona
- **image**: Juan-corona-story-body.jpg
- **image size**: 100px
- **victims**: 25 (possibly more according to law enforcement)
- **birth date**: February 7, 1934
- **cause**: Dementia
- **sentence**: Life sentence
- **apprehended**: Corcoran State Prison
Corcoran, California

**Corcoran** is a city in Kings County, California, United States. Corcoran is  south-southeast of Hanford. It is part of the Hanford–Corcoran Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 22,339 (2020 census).
Rafael Torija de la Fuente

**Rafael Torija de la Fuente** (18 March 1927 – 2 March 2019) was a Spanish Roman Catholic bishop. He was born in Noez, Spain.

Torija de la Fuente was ordained to the priesthood in 1952. He was titular bishop of __Ursona_ and auxiliary bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Santander, Spain, from 1969 to 1976. He then was the terriorial prelate of the Ciudad Real and auxiliary bishop of _Dora'' from 1976 to 1980.

In his later years, he was the first bishop of the Diocese of Ciudad Real from 1980 to 2003. He resigned and retired in 2003.

Torija de la Fuente died on 2 March 2019 in Real Madrid, aged 91.
Urnäsch

**Urnäsch** is a municipality in Appenzell Ausserrhoden in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Urnäsch
- **image photo**: Urnäsch.jpg
- **municipality name**: Urnäsch
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: Urnäsch wappen.svg
- **map**: Urnäsch Dorf w.JPG
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Appenzell Ausserrhoden
- **iso-code-region**: CH-AR
- **district**: n.a.
- **postal code**: 9107
- **municipality code**: 3006
- **area**: 48.23
- **elevation**: 826
- **population**: 2268
- **populationof**: December 2008
- **popofyear**: 2008
- **website**: www.urnaesch.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Hemberg (SG), Hundwil, Nesslau-Krummenau (SG), Schönengrund, Schwellbrunn, Waldstatt
Teufen, Appenzell Ausserrhoden

**Teufen** is a municipality of the canton of Appenzell Ausserrhoden in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official Page

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Teufen
- **image photo**: Teufen.jpeg
- **municipality name**: Teufen
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: Teufen wappen.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Teufen.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Appenzell Ausserrhoden
- **iso-code-region**: CH-AR
- **district**: n.a.
- **postal code**: 9053
- **municipality code**: 3024
- **area**: 15.25
- **elevation**: 837
- **population**: 5766
- **populationof**: December 2008
- **popofyear**: 2008
- **website**: www.teufen.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Bühler, St. Gallen (SG), Schlatt-Haslen (AI), Speicher, Switzerland, Speicher, Stein, Appenzell Ausserrhoden, Stein
Anderson County, South Carolina

**Anderson County** is a county in the state of South Carolina, United States. As of the 2020 census, 203,718 people lived there. Its county seat is Anderson.

## Infobox (u.s. county)

- **county**: Anderson County
- **state**: South Carolina
- **seat wl**: Anderson
- **largest city wl**: Anderson
- **city type**: community
- **founded**: 1826
- **named for**: Robert Anderson (Revolutionary War), Robert Anderson
- **area total sq mi**: 755.76
- **area land sq mi**: 713.85
- **area water sq mi**: 41.91
- **area percentage**: 5.55
- **population as of**: 2020
- **population total**: 203718
- **population density sq mi**: 285.38
- **time zone**: Eastern
- **web**: www.andersoncountysc.org
- **ex image**: Andersoncourthouse2017.jpg
- **ex image cap**: Anderson County Courthouse
- **district**: 3rd
- **motto**: "Experience, Excel, Enjoy In Anderson County, SC"
Anderson, South Carolina

**Anderson** is a city in and the county seat of Anderson County, South Carolina, United States. The population was 28,106 at the 2020 census.
Speicher

**Speicher** is a municipality in the canton of Appenzell Ausserrhoden, in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Speicher
- **image photo**: 2008-05-17 Speicher Kanton Appenzell Ausserrhoden 5466.jpg
- **municipality name**: Speicher
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Speicher COA.svg
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Appenzell Ausserrhoden
- **iso-code-region**: CH-AR
- **district**: n.a.
- **postal code**: 9042 Speicher
9037 Speicherschwendi
- **municipality code**: 3023
- **area**: 8.21
- **elevation**: 924
- **population**: 4012
- **populationof**: December 2008
- **popofyear**: 2008
- **website**: www.speicher.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Bühler, Eggersriet (SG), Rehetobel, St. Gallen (SG), Teufen, Appenzell Ausserrhoden, Teufen, Trogen
Schwellbrunn

**Schwellbrunn** is a municipality of the canton of Appenzell Ausserrhoden in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Schwellbrunn
- **municipality name**: Schwellbrunn
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **image photo**: Grandiose Aussicht an der Bushaltestelle in Schwellbrunn (Schweiz).jpg
- **imagepath coa**: Schwellbrunn-blazon.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Schwellbrunn.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Appenzell Ausserrhoden
- **iso-code-region**: CH-AR
- **district**: n.a.
- **postal code**: 9103
- **municipality code**: 3004
- **area**: 17.39
- **elevation**: 972
- **population**: 1475
- **populationof**: December 2008
- **popofyear**: 2008
- **website**: www.schwellbrunn.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Degersheim (SG), Herisau, Mogelsberg (SG), St. Peterzell (SG), Schönengrund, Urnäsch, Waldstatt
Sam Mayo

**Sam Mayo** (1881-1938) was an English entertainer, who worked in the music hall business.

## Life

Born in London on 31 July 1881, Mayo first worked in his father's shop while also getting sporting bets and singing in local pubs and clubs with his brothers.

Mayo married Zillah Flash (performing name: Stella Stanley) in Brighton on 13 August 1904. His life-long addiction of gambling made him bankrupt three times. Mayo died in London on 31 March 1938.

## Career

Mayo developed a unique comic style as a music hall singer. Dressed in a dressing gown, or housecoat, he sang emotionless at the piano with nonsensical humour. He became known as "The Immobile One". Mayo mostly wrote his own songs and gave other entertainers, such as Ernie Mayne, with material. He held the record for appearing at the biggest number of concerts in a single evening: nine performances at nine London venues on the evening of 21 January 1905.

## Trivia

The noted writer Katherine Mansfield quoted Mayo's lyrics in a letter from 1 November 1920.

## Other websites

- Text collection of Sam Mayo's lyrics
- Sam Mayo: British Pathé, 1930
- Sam Mayo: British Pathé, 1931
- Sam Mayo: British Pathé, 1932
- Sam Mayo: _Things are Worse in Russia_
- Sam Mayo: _I'll Prove That I'm Right_
- Sam Mayo: _The Toreador_
- Sam Mayo: _Bread and Marmalade_
- Sam Mayo: _The Trumpeter_

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Sam Mayo
- **birthname**: Samuel Cowan
- **birth place**: London, England
- **death place**: London, England
- **nationality**: British
- **other names**: The Immobile One
- **occupation**: Music hall singer
Johnny Romano

**John Anthony Romano Jr.** (August 23, 1934 – February 24, 2019) was an American professional baseball player. He played in Major League Baseball as a catcher for the Chicago White Sox (1958–59, 1965–66), Cleveland Indians (1960–1964) and St. Louis Cardinals (1967). He threw and batted right-handed. Romano was born in Hoboken, New Jersey.

Romano died on February 24, 2019 in Naples, Florida at the age of 84.
Oakland Charter Township, Michigan

The **Charter Township of Oakland** is a charter township on the north Oakland County outskirts of Metro Detroit, in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 20,067 at the 2020 census.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Oakland Township, Michigan
- **settlement type**: Charter township
- **pushpin map**: Michigan
- **pushpin label position**: left
- **pushpin label**: Oakland Township
- **pushpin map caption**: Location within the state of Michigan
- **image map**: Oakland Charter Township, MI location.png
- **mapsize**: 250
- **map caption**: Location within Oakland County, Michigan, Oakland County
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: Michigan
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Michigan, County
- **subdivision name2**: Oakland County, Michigan, Oakland
- **leader title**: Manager
- **established title**: Settled
- **established date**: 1785
- **established title1**: Established
- **established date1**: 1827
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 95.0
- **area land km2**: 93.9
- **area water km2**: 1.1
- **area total sq mi**: 36.7
- **area land sq mi**: 36.3
- **area water sq mi**: 0.4
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 20067
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone**: North American Eastern Time Zone, Eastern (EST)
- **utc offset**: -5
- **timezone dst**: EDT
- **utc offset dst**: -4
- **elevation m**: 286
- **elevation ft**: 938
- **postal code type**: ZIP Code, ZIP code(s)
- **postal code**: 48306, 48363, 48370
- **area code**: Area codes 248 and 947, 248 and 947
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 26-59820
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 1626833
Peter Hurford

**Peter Hurford** OBE (22 November 1930 – 3 March 2019) was a British organist and composer. He was born in Minehead, Somerset. He was best known for his interpretations of Bach. He worked for Decca and BBC Radio 3. Hurford was appointed organist of Holy Trinity Church, Leamington Spa from 1956 to 1957.

Hurford died of complications from Alzheimer's disease on 3 March 2019, aged 88.
World Trade Center

**World Trade Center** may mean:
- World Trade Center (1973–2001), a complex of buildings in New York City destroyed in 2001.
- World Trade Center (2001–present), the new complex built on the site of the old one.
Rosaly Lopes

**Rosaly M. C. Lopes** (born January 8, 1957 in Rio de Janeiro)  is a geologist and a volcanologist. She is involved in the research of planets. She has authored many scientific papers as well as several books. She also supports education. Her key scientific research areas are Planets and Earth science focusing on volcanoes.

## Media

Selected documentaries and TV shows of Lopes include:

- History Channel's "Prehistoric Megastorms" (2008);
- "Heads Up" Science Series, Knowledge TV, Canada, episode on New Horizons (January 2008);
- History Channel's "Search for E.T.", in "The Universe" series (August 2007);
- PBS "Wired Science" interview on volcanoes (October 2007);
- Discovery Channel's "Titan: Rendezvous with Saturn's Moon" (updated version, May 2007);
- National Geographic Television's "Naked Science: Deadliest Planets" (December 2006);
- History Channel's "Ask Mr. Know-It-All", pilot episode (as expert on volcanic dust), 2006;
- History Channel's "Inside the Volcano" (December 2006);
- Discovery Channel's "Rewind 2006" (science stories of 2006, December 2006);
- National Geographic Television's "Hollywood Science: Forces of Nature" (April  2006);
- Discovery Channel's "Planet Storm" (2001);
- Discovery Channel's "95 Worlds and Counting" (2001)

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Rosaly Lopes
- **birth name**: Rosaly M. C. Lopes
- **other names**: Rosaly M. C. Lopes-Gautier
- **image**: Rosaly Lopes2.jpg
- **birth place**: Rio de Janeiro
- **nationality**: Brazilian
- **fields**: geologist, volcanologist
- **workplaces**: Jet Propulsion Laboratory, NASA
- **alma mater**: University College, University of London
- **awards**: 2005 Carl Sagan Medal; 2014 Lowell Thomas award from The Explorers Club
- **website**: http://science.jpl.nasa.gov/people/Lopes/
Raisen district

**Raisen District** is a district of Madhya Pradesh state of India. The town of Raisen is the district headquarters. The district is part of Bhopal Division. Sanchi University of Buddhist-Indic Studies is the first international university located at Sanchi Town.
Barnwell County, South Carolina

**Barnwell County** is a county in the U.S. state of South Carolina. As of the 2020 census, the population was 20,589. Its county seat is Barnwell. Barnwell County is part of the Augusta Metropolitan Area.

## Infobox (u.s. county)

- **county**: Barnwell County
- **state**: South Carolina
- **founded**: 1800
- **named for**: John Barnwell (senator), John Barnwell
- **seat wl**: Barnwell
- **largest city wl**: Barnwell
- **city type**: community
- **area total sq mi**: 557.26
- **area land sq mi**: 548.38
- **area water sq mi**: 8.88
- **area percentage**: 1.59
- **population as of**: 2020
- **population total**: 20589
- **population density sq mi**: 37.55
- **web**: sc-barnwell.civicplus.com
- **time zone**: Eastern
- **ex image**: Barnwell County Courthouse, Barnwell, South Carolina.jpg
- **ex image cap**: Barnwell County Courthouse
- **district**: 2nd
- **logo**: Barnwell County Logo.png