juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Rio Grande

The **Río Grande**, or **Río Bravo (del Norte)**, is a river in the United States and Mexico. The name "Río Grande" means "great river" in Spanish. In Mexico, it is known as "Río Bravo" or "Río Bravo del Norte"; and the Spanish word "bravo" has many meanings, including "brave", "courageous", "rough" or "wild", and "Norte" means "North". The source of the Río Grande is in the San Juan Mountains of the Rocky Mountains range in Colorado. It flows through the U.S. states of Colorado and New Mexico, and Texas, and forms the border between Texas and the Mexican states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas. The Río Grande empties into the Gulf of Mexico.
Biasing

**Biasing** in electronics is using specific voltages and/or currents at points of an electronic circuit to set an appropriate operating point. The operating point of a device, also known as bias point, is the point that shows (in case of transistor) the direct current, collector-emitter voltage, and the collector current with no input signal.

The term _biasing_ is usually used with transistors, vacuum tubes or diodes.
Billy Bunter

**William George Bunter** (a.k.a. **Billy Bunter**, the "Fat Owl of the Remove"), is a fictional character created by Charles Hamilton using the pen name _Frank Richards_. He featured originally in stories set at Greyfriars School in the boys weekly story paper _The Magnet_ first published in 1908, and has since appeared in novels, on television, in stage plays, and in comic strips.

## Bibliography

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- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
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- .
- .
- .
- .

## Other websites

- Friardale Collection of Charles Hamilton material: Novels, story papers, etc.
- The Magnet 1908-1940 Original Greyfriars stories: facsimile editions of The Magnet
- Collecting Books and Magazines Detailed article
- Greyfriars, The Magnet & Billy Bunter  Facts and Figures
- Greyfriars Index Detailed listing of Hamilton's work
- The Friars Club  Enthusiasts’ Club
- The Magnet Detailed site about The Magnet
- Bunterzone  Enthusiasts’ site
- Index of Boys Weeklies
Doda (singer)

**Dorota Aqualiteja Rabczewska**, nicknamed **Doda** or **Doda Elektroda**, (born February 15, 1984, in Ciechanów, Poland) is a famous Polish singer with one of the largest number of awards in Poland.  She was first known as a member of the Polish rock band **Virgin**. After the group disbanded she continued with a solo career releasing an album in 2007, called _Diamond Bitch_ and another album _The Seven Temptations_ which was released in 2011. She was featured on CNN, as the tenth most famous Pole in history. In 2011 Polish magazine Viva! put her among ten most influential women in Poland.

According to Forbes Poland, Doda was listed among the 100 most valuable stars of Polish show business every year from 2006 to 2014. She was also featured on CNN's 2008 list of the 10 most famous Poles in history, Machina's list of the 50 best Polish female singers in 2010, and Polish magazine Viva! listed her among the 10 most influential women in Poland in 2011. Wprost named Doda one of the 100 most influential Poles in 2011 and one of the 50 most influential Poles in 2019.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Doda
- **image**: Dorota Rabczewska (cropped).jpg
- **birth name**: Dorota Rabczewska
- **birth date**: 15 February 1984
- **birth place**: Ciechanów, Poland
- **nationality**: Polish
- **occupation**: singer
- **parents**: Paweł Rabczewski,
Wanda Rabczewska
Snowstar Records

**Snowstar Records** is an independent Dutch record label based in Utrecht. The label was founded in 2003 by Cedric Muyres. **Snowstar** is specialised in Indie, singer/songwriter and folk. Signed artists include I Am Oak, Donna Blue, Jack Poels, Remy van Kesteren and broeder Dieleman.

## History

Since 2003 Snowstar Records  is active in the alternative pop music scene. Initially as a punk rock label operating from Limburg, but the focus shifted to indie, singer/songwriter, folk and americana. Since 2008 the label is based in Utrecht. With the release of I Am Oak, On Claws in 2010 the label obtained a high brand awareness.

Stefan Breuer (band member I Am Oak and Lost Bear) is involved in the production process (recording and mixing) by most of the releases from Snowstar Records, while Tammo kersbergen (also band member I Am Oak and Lost Bear) has provided much of the mastering.

In 2008 Snowstar Record celebrated their fiftieth anniversary with five new releases and a party in DB’s, Utrecht (the Netherlands).

## Awards

|Year||Price||Award||Music|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2010|3voor12/Utrecht award|Best Album|I Am Oak - On Claws||||
|2011|3voor12 award|Best Album|I Am Oak - Oasem||||
|2011|Radio 3FM|#88 song of the year|I Am Oak - Curt||||
|2013|3voor12/Utrecht award|Best initiative from Utrecht|n/a||||

## Rest of the World / abroad

Snowstar is also building on their releases abroad, by working together with foreign labels.
The album from The Secret Love Parade is released in Japan and the albums from I Am Oak in Belgium and Germany.

## Other websites

- Official website
Akutan Zero

The **Akutan Zero**, also known as **Koga's Zero** and the **Aleutian Zero**, was a type 0 model 21 Mitsubishi A6M Zero Japanese fighter plane. This type of airplane was the Imperial Japanese Navy's most common fighter plane during World War 2. It crashed on Akutan Island, Alaska Territory, during June 1942. It was the first flyable Zero that the United States got during the war. The Americans fixed the plane and test pilots flew it to find out how it worked. American tacticians were able to find ways to defeat the Zero.

Tadayoshi Koga was the pilot. He was a 19-year-old flight petty officer first class. He launched from the Japanese aircraft carrier Ryūjō as part of a June 4 1942 raid on Dutch Harbor, Alaska. Small gun fire cut the oil line in the plane. Without oil, the plane crashed and killed the pilot. The plane did not break apart in the crash. The pilots of other Zero planes flying with Koga thought that he might be alive. Because of this, they did not try to destroy his plane. The Americans got the plane in July.

The Akutan Zero was very important to the American war effort. Some said it may have been "one of the greatest prizes of the Pacific war". Japanese historian Masatake Okumiya thought that losing the Akutan Zero to the Americans was similar to Japan losing the Battle of Midway. He said it made Japan lose the war sooner. On the other hand, John Lundstrom is among those who do not agree with "the contention that it took dissection of Koga's Zero to create tactics that beat the fabled airplane".

The Akutan Zero was destroyed in a training accident in 1945. Parts of the plane are kept in several museums in the United States.

## Further reading

- Okumiya, Masatake, Jiro Horikoshi, and Martin Caidin. _Zero!_ New York: E.P. Dutton & Co., 1956.
- Rearden, Jim. "Koga's Zero—An Enemy Plane That Saved American Lives" . _Invention and Technology Magazine_. Volume 13, Issue 2, Fall 1997. Retrieved on 2008-12-09.

## Other websites

- Bill Thies's website
- Zeros over China, 1941–1942. Ben Schapiro. The Warbird's Forum, May 2008—An article describing the capture and repair of Gerhard Neumann's Zero in China in 1941.
- War Prize: The Capture Of The First Japanese Zero Fighter In 1941. j-aircraft.com, December 3, 1999. A second article describing the capture and repair of Gerhard Neumann's Zero.
- Article on Yoshimitsu Maeda's crashed Zero
Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act

The **Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act** (37th United States Congress, Sess. 2., ch. 126, ) was a federal law. A very disputed subject in the 1860s the act banned men having more than one wife at the same time (bigamy). It also limited the amount of property that a church and non-profit could own in any territory of the United States to $50,000. Justin Smith Morrill of Vermont sponsored it. President Abraham Lincoln signed it on July 8, 1862.

## History

The act wanted to stop the Mormon practice of plural marriage and the property dominance of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in the Utah Territory. The measure had no funds allocated for enforcement. Lincoln chose not to enforce this law. Instead, Lincoln gave Brigham Young tacit permission to ignore the Morrill Act in exchange for not becoming involved with the Civil War. General Patrick Edward Connor, commanding officer of the federal forces garrisoned at Fort Douglas, Utah beginning in 1862 was explicitly instructed not to confront the Mormons over this or any other issue.

In 1878 the Supreme Court ruled in _Reynolds v. United States_ that religious duty was not a suitable defense for breaking this law. Many Mormons went into hiding. The Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act was amended in 1882 by the Edmunds Act, and then again in 1887 by the Edmunds–Tucker Act. By 1904, the LDS church stopped bigamy.
Ōmi Province

is an old province of Japan in the area of Shiga Prefecture on the island of Honshū. It was also known as .

The ancient capital city of the province was near Ōtsu.

Lake Biwa in Ōmi is Japan's largest lake.

## History

In the Kamakura period, Hōjō Tokimasa was made daimyo of Ōmi in 1200 (_Shōji 2_).

In the Sengoku Period, the northern part of the province was the fief of Ishida Mitsunari. After the Battle of Sekigahara, Ōmi was controlled by the Ii clan who built the castle and town of Hikone.

In the Edo period, the Tōkaidō road was the main route between the Imperial capital at Kyoto and the main city of the Tokugawa Shogunate.  The road passed through Ōmi.

Eight of the 69 Stations of the Nakasendō were in Ōmi.

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  The maps of Japan and Ōmi Province were reformed in the 1870s.

## Shrines and Temples

_Takebe taisha_ was the chief Shinto shrine (_ichinomiya_) of Ōmi.

_Enryaku-ji_ is one of the most important Buddhist centers.  The monastery is on Mount Hiei (_Hieizan_).

## Related pages

- Provinces of Japan
- Prefectures of Japan
- List of regions of Japan
- List of islands of Japan

## Other websites

- Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903
Iwashiro Province

is an old province in the area of Fukushima Prefecture on the island of Honshū. It was sometimes called .  The history of the province started in 1868 and ended in 1872.

## History

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  The maps of Japan and Iashiro Province were reformed in the 1870s.

## Related pages

- Provinces of Japan
- Prefectures of Japan
- List of regions of Japan
- List of islands of Japan
- Sanriku

## Other websites

- Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903
Iwase Province

is an old province in the area of western Fukushima Prefecture on the island of Honshū. The history of the province started in 718 and ended in 722 or 724.

## History

Iwase Province was created during the reign of Empress Genshō.

The province was established in 718.  The area of the province reverted to Mutsu some time between 722 and 724.

## Related pages

- Provinces of Japan
- Prefectures of Japan
- List of regions of Japan
- List of islands of Japan

## Other websites

- Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903
Grover

**Grover** is a blue Muppet character on the popular television show _Sesame Street_. He calls himself lovable, cute and furry. He is a blue alien who rarely uses contractions when speaking or singing.

Grover was first performed by Frank Oz. He provided the character's voice regularly from his earliest appearances until 2001. Eric Jacobson began performing Grover in 1998. He has performed the character regularly since 2002, although Oz still performs him some times.

Grover's birthday is October 14.
Mr. Johnson (Sesame Street)

**Mr. Johnson** is a character in _Sesame Street_. He is Grover's regular customer at Charlie's Restaurant and other restaurants as well. He is a fat Anything Muppet who has become increasingly frustrated over the years with the service Grover provides (however, in the earlier skits, the situation was reversed, Mr. Johnson was calm, but Grover was the one who would get exasperated). Mr. Johnson was mainly performed by Jerry Nelson, and is mostly seen as a customer at Charlie's Restaurant. Mr. Johnson is always called "Sir" politely by Grover.
Vernon Rudolph

**Vernon Carver Rudolph** (June 30, 1915, Marshall County, Kentucky - August 16, 1973) was the founder of Krispy Kreme Doughnuts, Inc.

Rudolph was the oldest of two boys who were born to Plumie and Rethie Rudolph. As he got older, he began to help in the general store that his father owned. When he graduated from high school, he went to Paducah, Kentucky with his uncle. In 1933, Rudolph's uncle bought a doughnut shop and recipe for yeast-raised donuts. He bought them from a French federal employee named Joe La-beau. This all happened during the middle of the great depression, so they moved to Nashville, Tennessee to see if they could get better business there and secure their financial future.
Haemocyanin

**Haemocyanin** (or **hemocyanin**) is a protein which transports oxygen in the bodies of some invertebrates. Their active centre has two copper atoms which reversibly bind a single oxygen molecule (O<sub>2</sub>). Unlike the hemoglobin in red blood cells found in vertebrates, hemocyanins are not bound to blood cells. The molecules are carried in the haemolymph.

Hemocyanins are found only in the Mollusca and Arthropoda. However, the molecule is used only in a few insects. This is because insects evolved another system: the direct transfer of oxygen to tissues by a system of tubes called trachea. This delivers oxygen directly to the wing muscles and other organs.
Cirrina

**Cirrina** is one of the two suborders of octopus. Cirrina is also known as the finned, deep sea octopus. They have two fins on the head and a small internal shell. The paddle shaped fins help the Cirrina swim through the ocean.
Spermatophore

A **spermatophore** is a sperm packet used by invertebrates.
Hectocotylus

A **hectocotylus** is a modified arm used to by male cephalopods to put sperm on females.
Linear programming

**Linear programming** or **Linear optimization** is a field of mathematics that deals with finding optimal values or solutions that can be described with linear equations and inequalities. Very often this involves finding the minimal or maximal values, given some conditions, or constraints. Linear programming is often used for problems where no exact solution is known, for example for planning traffic flows. Linear programming is one of the main methods used in Operations research. Linear optimization is a special case of Convex optimization. It forms the basis for several methods of solving problems of Integer programming. In many cases, the solutions of linear programs can be mapped to Polyhedra, which allows solving and modelling certain problems geometrically.

In the case of linear programming, the word _programming_ should be seen as _planning_; George Dantzig coined the term in the 1940s, long before computers were used to solve such problems. Looking at the information theory complexity, linear programming problems are simple, and can be solved efficiently using algorithms such as the interior point method. In many cases, the Simplex algorithm developed by Dantzig has proven to be very fast, even though its complexity is exponential, in the worst case.

Leonid Kantorovich developed the first methods of linear programming in 1939.
Xtranormal

**Xtranormal** is a website that hosts text-to-speech based computer animated videoclips, featuring  animated three-dimensional characters speaking in monotone computer voices. Users who log into the site may create videos by scripting the dialog and choosing from a menu of camera angles and predesigned characters and scenes. Xtranormal videos may also be created through an interface on the Youtube web site, and Xtranormal's animation software, called **State**, may be downloaded free and run offline.

Xtranormal launched in June 2010, after four years of earlier software development. Although it was originally intended as a way for filmmakers to quickly produce storyboards, its emphasis shifted towards satires of workplace misbehavior after one of its videos, about a cellphone salesman, went viral.

In 2010, the short movie _Sleeping with Charlie Kaufman_ by director J. Roland Kelly, animated entirely with Xtranormal, premiered at the Little Rock Film Festival and was shown at The Rome International Film Festival in Rome, Georgia. Xtranormal videos form a recurring feature on the late night Fox talk show Red Eye w/ Greg Gutfeld, and have been featured as part of a GEICO advertising campaign.On July 31, 2013, Xtranormal was shut down officially.
Holly G. Frankel

**Holly G. Frankel** (born July 13, 1967), also known as **Holly Gauthier-Frankel**, is a Canadian voice actress, singer, and former Burlesque dancer.

She is the daughter of Ron Frankel and Mary Lou Gauthier. Frankel is best known being the voice of Fern in _Arthur_, Sagwa in _Sagwa the Chinese Siamese Cat_, Teri in later episodes of _What's with Andy?_, Rita in _Hugo the Jungle Animal_, Lou Lou in _Wimzie's House_, Tessa in _The Triplets_, Gertie and Gloria in _The Little Lulu Show_, Julie and Dee Dee in _Caillou_, Belinda in _Mona the Vampire_ and Flora in the Cinélume's English dub of Winx Club. She is also known for her alter-ego as burlesque performer Miss Sugarpuss but retired her in 2016.

## Animation Voice Work

- Penelope Truehart - _Fred's Head_ TV series (2008)
- Ezekiel Zick - _Monster Allergy_
- Flora - _Winx Club_ (Original English version by original producer)
- Gertie Green Bean and Gloria Goode Darling - _The Little Lulu Show_ (1996-1998)
- Fern - _Arthur_ (1996-2022) and _Postcards from Buster_ (2004)
- Sagwa and Chung-nee - _Sagwa the Chinese Siamese Cat_ (2000)
- Lina's House Alarm - _Aqua Teen Hunger Force_ (2000)
- Belinda - _Mona the Vampire_ (1999-2003)
- Lou Lou - _Wimzie's House_ (1995-1996)
- Tessa and Various - _The Triplets_ (1996-1999)
- Various - _Miffy: Colors, Numbers and Shapes_ (1996)
- Various - _The Secret World of Santa Claus_ (1997)
- Teri - _What's with Andy?_ (2003)
- Julie and Dee Dee - _Caillou_ (1997-2000)
- Dewitt - _Will and Dewitt_
- Check-out Girl/Marcie - _X-Chromosome_ (1999)
- Rita the Fox - _Hugo the Jungle Animal_ (American movie series) (1993-1996)
- Vladanna - _Still Life_ (computer game) (2005)
- Dewitt - _Will and Dewitt_

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Holly G. Frankel
- **image**: Holly Gauthier-Frankel, 2024.jpg
- **caption**: Frankel in 2024
- **birth place**: Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- **alias**: Holly Gauthier-Frankel
- **occupation**: Voice actress, comedienne
- **known for**: Hugo the Jungle Animal (1993-1996)
Wimzie's House (1995-1996)
The Triplets (1996-1999)
The Little Lulu Show (1996-1998)
Arthur (TV series), Arthur (1996-2022)
Miffy: Colors, Numbers and Shapes (1996)
Caillou (1997-2000)
Mona the Vampire (1999-2003)
Sagwa, the Chinese Siamese Cat, Sagwa the Chinese Siamese Cat (2000)
- **website**: http://www.hollygauthierfrankel.com
Shimōsa Province

was an old province of Japan in the area of Chiba Prefecture and Ibaraki Prefecture on the island of Honshū.  It was also known as  or .

The province had borders with Kazusa  Province to the south, Musashi and Kōzuke Provinces to the west, and Hitachi and Shimotsuke Provinces to the north.

## History

Shimōsa was part of a larger territory known as . Fusa which was divided into Kazusa and Shimōsa during the reign of Emperor Kōtoku (645-654).

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  The maps of Japan and Shimōsa Province were reformed in the 1870s.

## Shrines and Temples

_Katori jinja_ was the chief Shinto shrine (_ichinomiya_) of Shimōsa.

## Related pages

- Provinces of Japan
- Prefectures of Japan
- List of regions of Japan
- List of islands of Japan

## Other websites

- Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903
Ricky Gervais

**Ricky Dene Gervais** (born 25 June 1961) is an English actor, comedian, director and writer.

Gervais was born and raised in Reading, Berkshire, England. He was half of 1970s New Wave duo Seona Dancing. He is known for television series including _The 11 O'Clock Show_, _The Office_, _Meet Ricky Gervais_, _Extras_, _An Idiot Abroad_, _Life's Too Short_ and _Derek_. He wrote a children's book, _Flanimals_. He has performed stand-up shows _Animals_, _Politics_, _Fame_ and _Science_. He has starred in movies: _Ghost Town_, _The Invention of Lying_ and _Cemetery Junction_. He has won seven BAFTA awards and two Emmy awards.

Gervais hosted the Golden Globe Awards in 2010, 2011 and 2012.

## Personal life

He is an atheist. He lives between Hampstead, England, and New York City with his partner, producer and author Jane Fallon. Gervais has said that they aren't going to get married because "there's no point in us having an actual ceremony before the eyes of God because there is no God". They have also chosen not to have children.

## Other websites

- Official website
- Twitter

## Infobox (comedian)

- **image**: Ricky Gervais 2010.jpg
- **image size**: 220px
- **caption**: Gervais at Comedy Central's "Night of Too Many Stars" in 2010
- **birth name**: Micky Dene Gervais
- **birth place**: Reading, Berkshire, Reading, Berkshire, England
- **residence**: Hampstead, England, UK
New York City, New York, U.S.
- **nationality**: English people, English
- **medium**: Stand-up, film, radio, television
- **genre**: Black comedy, Dark comedy, cringe comedy, insult comedy, musical comedy, satire
- **influences**: Groucho Marx, Stan Laurel, Oliver Hardy, Peter Cook, Dudley Moore, Christopher Guest
- **influenced**: Karl Pilkington, Stephen Merchant
- **height**: 173 cm
- **active**: 1977–present
- **agent**: Duncan Hayes
- **domesticpartner**: Jane Fallon
(1975–present)
- **notable work**: The Office (UK TV series), _The Office_ (UK TV series)
The Office (U.S. TV series), _The Office_ (U.S. TV series)
_Extras (TV series), Extras_
_An Idiot Abroad_
_Derek (TV series), Derek_
_Cemetery Junction (film), Cemetery Junction_
Cedar

**Cedar** (scientific name _Cedrus_) is a genus of cone-bearing trees in the plant family _Pinaceae_. They are native to the Mediterranean region.

Cedars are trees up to  (occasionally ) tall. They have spicy-scented wood, thick ridged or square-cracked bark, and broad, level branches. The shoots are of two kinds, long shoots, which form the framework of the branches, and short shoots, which carry most of the leaves. The leaves are evergreen and needle-like, 8–60 mm long, arranged in an open spiral on long shoots, and in dense spiral clusters of 15–45 together on short shoots; they vary from light grass-green to dark green to strongly glaucous pale blue-green, depending on the thickness of the white wax layer which protects the leaves from drying out. The female seed cones are barrel-shaped, 6–12 cm long and 3–8 cm broad, green at first, then maturing grey-brown, and, as in _Abies_, disintegrate when mature to release the winged seeds. The seeds are 10–15 mm long, with a 20–30 mm wing; as in _Abies_, the seeds have 2–3 blisters, containing an unpleasant-tasting resin, thought to be a defence against squirrels eating them. Cones take one year to mature, with pollination in autumn and the seeds maturing the same time a year later. The male pollen cones are slender, egg-shaped, 3–8 cm long, produced in late summer and shedding pollen in autumn.

## Naming of species

Cedar cones have a similar structure to fir cones. For many years in the past, experts thought they were closely related. Modern scientific investigation has shown that they belong to the same family but are not closely related.

There are several types of cedars and experts cannot agree how they are related. Some scientists put them all in one group while others separate them into different groups.

These are the names of the different kinds of cedars:
- **Deodar** or Deodar Cedar _Cedrus deodara_ (also known as. _C. libani_ subspecies _deodara_). Native to Western Himalaya.
- **Lebanon Cedar** or Cedar of Lebanon _Cedrus libani_. Native to the mountains of the Mediterranean region, from Turkey and Lebanon west to Morocco.
    - **Lebanon Cedar** _Cedrus libani_ variety _libani_. Native to the mountains of Lebanon, western Syria and south-central Turkey.
    - **Turkish Cedar** _Cedrus libani_ variety _stenocoma_. Native to the mountains of southwest Turkey.
    - **Cyprus Cedar** _Cedrus libani_ variety _brevifolia_ (also known as _Cedrus libani_ subsp. _brevifolia_ or _Cedrus brevifolia_). Native to the mountains of Cyprus.
- **Atlas Cedar**, _Cedrus atlantica_ (also known as _Cedrus libani_ subspecies _atlantica_). Atlas Mountains in Morocco & Algeria.
Mina (Italian singer)

**Anna Maria Quaini**, <small>Grand Officer OMRI</small> (née **Mazzini**; born 25 March 1940), known as **Mina**, is an Italian pop singer. She was a staple of Italian television variety shows. She was also a popular person in Italian pop music from the mid-1960s to mid-1970s. She was known for her three-octave vocal range, as a presenter, as her soprano voice and her image as an emancipated woman.

## Discography

- Studio albums
- _Tintarella di luna_ (1960)
- _Il cielo in una stanza_ (1960)
- _Due note_ (1961)
- _Moliendo café_ (1962)
- _Renato_ (1962)
- _Stessa spiaggia, stesso mare_ (1963)
- _Mina_ (1964)
- _Studio Uno_ (1965)
- _Studio Uno 66_ (1966)
- _Mina 2_ (1966)
- _Sabato sera — Studio Uno '67_ (1967)
- _Dedicato a mio padre_ (1967)
- _Le più belle canzoni italiane interpretate da Mina_ (1968)
- _Canzonissima '68_ (1968)
- _I discorsi_ (1969)
- _Mina for You_ (1969)
- _...bugiardo più che mai... più incosciente che mai..._ (1969)
- _Mina canta o Brasil_ (1970)
- _...quando tu mi spiavi in cima a un batticuore..._ (1970)
- _Mina_ (1971)
- _Cinquemilaquarantatre_ (1972)
- _Altro_ (1972)
- _Frutta e verdura_ (1973)
- _Amanti di valore_ (1973)
- _Mina<sup>®</sup>_ (1974)
- _Baby Gate_ (1974)
- _La Mina_ (1975)
- _Minacantalucio_ (1975)
- _Singolare_ (1976)
- _Plurale_ (1976)
- _Mina quasi Jannacci_ (1977)
- _Mina con bignè_ (1977)
- _Attila_ (1979)
- _Kyrie_ (1980)
- _Salomè_ (1981)
- _Italiana_ (1982)
- _Mina 25_ (1983)
- _Catene_ (1984)
- _Finalmente ho conosciuto il conte Dracula..._ (1985)
- _Sì, buana_ (1986)
- _Rane supreme_ (1987)
- _Ridi pagliaccio_ (1988)
- _Uiallalla_ (1989)
- _Ti conosco mascherina_ (1990)
- _Caterpillar_ (1991)
- _Sorelle Lumière_ (1992)
- _Mina canta i Beatles_ (1993)
- _Lochness_ (1993)
- _Canarino mannaro_ (1994)
- _Pappa di latte_ (1995)
- _Cremona_ (1996)
- _Napoli_ (1996)
- _Leggera_ (1997)
- _Olio_ (1999)
- _Mina Nº 0_ (1999)
- _Dalla terra_ (2000)
- _Sconcerto_ (2001)
- _Veleno_ (2002)
- _Napoli secondo estratto_ (2003)
- _Bula Bula_ (2005)
- _L'allieva_ (2005)
- _Bau_ (2006)
- _Todavía_ (2007)
- _Sulla tua bocca lo dirò_ (2009)
- _Facile_ (2009)
- _Caramella_ (2010)
- _Piccolino_ (2011)
- _12 (American Song Book)_ (2012)
- _Christmas Song Book_ (2013)
- _Selfie_ (2014)
- _Le migliori_ (2016)
- _Maeba_ (2018)
- _Mina Fossati_ (2019)
- _Ti amo come un pazzo_ (2023)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **embed**: yes
- **background**: solo_singer


## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Mina
- **image**: Mina4 407px (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Mina in 1972
- **birth name**: Anna Maria Mazzini
- **birth place**: Busto Arsizio, Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946), Kingdom of Italy
- **years active**: 1958–present
Maynard Ferguson

**Maynard Ferguson** (May 4, 1928 – August 23, 2006) was a Canadian jazz musician and bandleader. He was born in Verdun, Quebec. He came to prominence playing in Stan Kenton's orchestra, before forming his own band in 1957. He was noted for being able to play accurately in a remarkably high register, and for his bands, which served as stepping stones for up-and-coming talent. He died in Ventura, California.

## Discography  (selected)

- _Jazz Masters 52: Maynard Ferguson_ (Verve Records, 1951-1957)
- _The New Sounds of Maynard Ferguson and His Orchestra_ (Fresh Sound, 1964)
- _Chameleon_ (Columbia Records, 1974(P))
- _Conquistador_ (Columbia Records, 1977)
- _Carnival_ (Columbia Records, 1978)
- _Live from San Francisco_ (Rhino, 1983)
- _These Cats Can Swing_ (Concord Records, 1994) with Tom Garling
- _One More Trip to Birdland_ (Concord, 1996)
- _Brass Attitude_ (Concord, 1998)
Ibirapuera Park

**Ibirapuera Park** is a major urban park in São Paulo, Brazil. It has a large area for leisure, jogging and walking, as well as a convention center.

## Other websites

- Ibirapuera Park, official website
Marion Strecker

**Marion Strecker** (b. São Paulo, October 17, 1960) is a Brazilian journalist, photographer and businessperson. She is known as one of the pioneers of the Internet industry in South America. Since 2011 she has been living in San Francisco, California, and working as an Editor-at-Large for UOL. UOL is the major content portal in Brazil. Since 2010, she has also been a columnist for Folha de S.Paulo, the largest newspaper in Brazil. She writes in the Market section about technology, innovation and behavior.

Strecker is one of the founders of UOL. She was the Content VP of the company from 1996 until 2011. UOL soon became a very large website. It reached about 70% of the online audience in Brazil with news, entertainment and services.

Before joining the team that founded UOL, Marion Strecker worked at Folha de S.Paulo from 1984 to 1996. She was a writer, an art critic, editor of the cultural section, planning coordinator, reporter, director of the archives and director of the Folha News Agency. Strecker was one of the authors of the “Folha Newsroom Manual”.

After coordinating the Digitization of the Newspaper Archives Project in the early 90s, Strecker led a team that created many high tech products. These included like audiotext services (1993), the newspaper’s full text yearly CD-ROMs (1994-96) and a system similar to a BBS. This system gave all the Folha de S.Paulo journalists and foreign correspondents access to the archives online, using telephone lines and microcomputers. Because of this work, Strecker was given the Folha Award on Journalism, Special Category, in 1995.

She also led the team which created the first website for Folha’s Media Group in Brazil. It was first used on 9 July 1995. Later that year, Strecker created the first content team for the launch of UOL in April 1996. UOL soon became the leader in the Brazilian internet market.

Since the 80s, she has written for several magazines and also spoken at many seminars and conferences in Brazil, United States and Europe. In the 90s she had a short career as a Professor of New Technologies for Communication at Casper Libero College of Journalism in São Paulo.

Early in her career as a journalist, Strecker was a writer and a co-editor with Lisette Lagnado of “Arte em São Paulo”. This is a magazine founded by the Brazilian painter Luiz Paulo Baravelli, about the visual arts.

Strecker holds a Bachelor’s Degree in Social Communication from PUC (Pontific Catholic University of São Paulo). Before working in journalism and online media, Strecker was a music teacher and a performer.

Strecker is married to the Brazilian journalist Mario Cesar Carvalho. They have two children, Theo and Helena.

## References

- Folha de S.Paulo/columnists
- ONA – Online News Association
- Abraji - Associação Brasileira de Jornalismo Investigativo
- Marion's speech on the first Brazilian Online Presidential debate (Election 2010)
- Presentation for University of Texas at Austin
- Marion's page on Linked in
Oscar Pettiford

**Oscar Pettiford** (September 30, 1922 – September 8, 1960) was an American jazz bassist, cellist and  composer. He was known for his pioneering work in bebop.

### As leader

- _Bass Hits_ (Topaz, 1943–46)
- _Discoveries_ (1952)
- _The New Oscar Pettiford Sextet_ (Debut, 1953) with Charles Mingus, Julius Watkins, Walter Bishop jr., Percy Bridge
- _First Bass_ (1953)
- _Oscar Pettiford Sextet_ (Vogue, 1954) with Kai Winding, Al Cohn, Tal Farlow, Henri Renaud, Max Roach
- _Basically Duke_ (1954)
- _Another One_ (1955)
- O.P. Big Band: _Deep Passion_ (GRP, 1956–57) with Tommy Flanagan, David Amram, Julius Watkins, David Kurtzer, Jerome Richardson, Osie Johnson, Gigi Gryce, Lucky Thompson, Art Farmer, Danny Bank, Jimmy Cleveland, Ernie Royal,  Janet Putnam u.a.
- _Winner's Circle_ (Prestige, 1957) with John Coltrane
- _The Oscar Pettiford Orchestra in Hi-Fi, Vol. 1_ (1956) & _Vol. 2_ (1957) with Tommy Flanagan, David Amram, Ed London, Art Farmer, Gigi Gryce, Betty Glamamm, Jimmy Cleveland, Osie Johnson, Danny Bank, Jerome Richardson, Lucky Thompson, Ernie Royal.
- _Vienna Blues – The Complete Session_ (Black Lion, 1959) with Hans Koller, Attila Zoller, Jimmy Pratt
- _Montmartre Blues_ (Black Lion, 1959–60)
- _The Complete Essen Jazz Festival Concert_, (Black Lion, 1960) with Coleman Hawkins, Bud Powell, Kenny Clarke
- _My Little Cello_ (America Records, 1960)
Rick Jones (voice actor)

**Richard "Rick" Jones** (born July 5, 1957) is a Canadian director, writer, content developer, voice actor, actor, and comedian. He was the voice of Fu-Fu in _Sagwa, the Chinese Siamese Cat_.

Since 1982, he's worked with Fox, Disney, Universal, Hanna-Barbera, Cartoon Network, Nickelodeon, Kids' WB, Alphanim, Cinar and Nelvana. Jones has been nominated for a Gemini Award twice in 1985 and 2003.

He also was known for being the voice of Slax in _X-DuckX_, and Razmo in _Ratz_. He also played Keisha's dad in 1990 Ivan Reitman film _Kindergarten Cop_.

## Early life

He was born **Richard Jones**.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Rick Jones
- **birth name**: Richard Jones
- **birth place**: Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- **occupation**: Actor, voice actor, voice director, writer, developer
- **years active**: 1979–present
Amy Tan

**Amy Tan** (born February 19, 1952) is an American writer. Her works deal with mother-daughter relationships.  Her most well-known work is _The Joy Luck Club_. It has been translated into 35 languages. In 1993, a movie was made based on the book.

Tan has written several other novels. These include _The Kitchen God's Wife_, _The Hundred Secret Senses_, _The Bonesetter's Daughter_ and _Saving Fish from Drowning_. She also wrote a collection of non-fiction essays entitled _The Opposite of Fate: A Book of Musings._ Her novel _Saving Fish from Drowning_ explores the problems dealt with by a group of people who disappear while on an art expedition in the jungles of Burma. Tan has also written two children's books: _The Moon Lady_ (1992) and _Sagwa, the Chinese Siamese Cat_ (1994). _Sagwa_  was turned into an animated series which aired on PBS. She also appeared on PBS in a short spot encouraging children to write.

She is a child of Chinese immigrants: John and Daisy Tan.

## Related pages

- List of Chinese writers

## Other websites

- 'Reading in Reverse' , review of _The Opposite of Fate_ in the _Oxonian Review_

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Amy Tan
- **image**: Amy Tan Portrait 2 (2704552927).jpg
- **birth place**: Oakland, California, USA
- **occupation**: Writer
- **nationality**: Chinese-American
- **genre**: Novel
- **notableworks**: The Joy Luck Club


## Infobox (chinese)

- **c**: 譚恩美
- **p**: Tán Enmei
- **cy**: Taam Yanmei
Barriga de Aluguel

***Barriga de Aluguel*** is a Brazilian historical telenovela. It was first shown in 1990. The series starred Cláudia Abreu, Cássia Kiss and Victor Fasano.

## Cast

|Character|Actor - Actress|
| --- | --- |
|Cláudia Abreu|Clara Ribeiro|
|Cássia Kiss|Ana Paranhos de Alencar|
|Victor Fasano|Zeca Alencar|
|Mário Lago|Dr. Molina|
|Beatriz Segall|Miss Penélope Brown (_Miss Brown_)|
|Humberto Martins|João dos Santos|
|Renée de Vielmond|Aída Baronni|
|Adriano Reys|Dr. Álvaro Baronni|
|Leonardo Villar|Ezequiel Ribeiro|
|Eri Johnson|Lulu|
|Jairo Mattos|Tadeu Junqueira Lima|
|Lúcia Alves|Moema Paranhos|
|Wolf Maya|Paulo César|
|Denise Fraga|Ritinha|
|Lady Francisco|Yara|
|Nicole Puzzi|Luísa Coller|
|Tereza Seiblitz|Laura Baronni|
|Sura Berditchevsky|Raquel Ribeiro|
|Sônia Guedes|Ambrosina dos Santos|
|Vera Holtz|Dos Anjos|
|Francisco Milani|Chiquinho/Ramon/Dartagnan/Salgado|
|Anilza Leoni|Edith|
|Regina Restelli|Rosa Aimeé|
|Daniela Perez|Clô|
|Paulo César Grande|Dudu|
|Carla Daniel|Cissa|
|Carlos Kroeber|Ramiro|
|Ilka Soares|Mimi|
|Emiliano Queiroz|Dr. Barroso|
|Tácito Rocha|Garcez|
|Victor Branco|Jonas|
|Mariane Egbert|Drica|
|Vanessa Barum|Leninha|
|Marcelo Saback|Duarte|
|Alessandra Aguiar|Tita|
|Mary Daniel|Vovó Lola|
|Vânia de Brito|Dina|
|Renato Rabello|Pitty Ribeiro|
|Caio Junqueira|Tatau Ribeiro|
|Cynthia Maranhão|Mariana Ribeiro|
|Paulo Leite|Fernando|
|Chico Tenreiro|Antônio|
|Darcy de Souza|Leonora|
|Pedro Bellini|Jeremias|
|Leonardo Serrano|Marcelinho|
|Duda Ribeiro|Ricky|
|Jonas Mello|Delegado José de Oliveira|
|Khristhel Bianco|Daise|
|Cacá Silva|Tomas|
|Cristina Bittencourt|Celinha|
|Ricardo Câmara|Serginho|
|Paula Burlamaqui|Paulinha|
|Tetê Vasconcellos|Cacá|
|Vera Paxie|Maria Alice|
|Mara Sandes|Leila|
|Fernanda Ferraz|Júlia|
|Antonio Viana|Bené|
|Júlia Miranda|Audenora|
|Rosana Fraga|Mirtes|
|Rosimar de Mello|Teresinha|
|Vanda Alves|Jussara|
|Dayse Tenório|Regina|

## Infobox (television)

- **runtime**: 50 minutes
- **creator**: Glória Perez
- **starring**: Cláudia Abreu
 Cássia Kiss
 Victor Fasano
 Humberto Martins
 Mário Lago
 Beatriz Segall
- **country**: Brazil
- **opentheme**: "Aguenta Coração" by José Augusto
- **network**: Rede Globo
- **num episodes**: 243
Stop Online Piracy Act

The **Stop Online Piracy Act** or **SOPA** was a proposed American law to stop copyright infringement on the Internet.

The Internet community had major discussion over it in 2011 and 2012, but the bill was not passed.  Some experts said the proposed changes to the internet would have worldwide effects.

Many critics said it would have bad unintended consequences.

## Protest

Some people and businesses supported the new law. Others were alarmed.  Supporters worried that current copyright laws are not effective in shutting down piracy websites.  The opponents worried that it is a kind of censorship.  It is hard to tell which side is correct because the language in the law is still being written.

The English Wikipedia masked most of its pages with a banner on January 18, 2012. They used JavaScript to do this, which means that people could avoid the banner by just disabling JavaScript in their browser. The Wikipedia blackout is intended to spotlight the value of open access to information on the Internet.

Other websites joined protests against SOPA. For example, Google put up a black censor board in front of its logo.

Many critics questioned the value and likely effects of the protests. Some people questioned the timing of the protests.

## Related pages

- Protect IP Act

## Other websites

- Text of Stop Online Piracy Act( ); H.R. 3261
- US House Judiciary Committee website
- SOPA Strike website
- http://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/MG742.html
- http://voices.yahoo.com/movie-piracy-3354386.html
- http://www.kuzdjafilmlopasellen.org/film-piracy-is-a-crime.php
Fallout: New Vegas

***Fallout: New Vegas*** is a role-playing video game. It was made by Obsidian Entertainment and published by Bethesda Softworks. It was made after _Fallout 3_ and is very similar to it, but it is a sequel to _Fallout 2_ (because _Fallout 3_ started a new story). This is because some of the employees at Obsidian Entertainment used to work at Interplay Productions and Black Isle Studios, the companies that made _Fallout 1_ and _Fallout 2_. It takes place in  Nevada 204 years after a nuclear war destroyed most of the Earth.

The game was released on October 19, 2010, in North America, on October 22, 2010 in Europe, on November 4, 2010, in Asia, and on October 21, 2010 Australia. It can be played on a computer, Xbox 360, or PlayStation 3.

## Infobox (video game)

- **title**: Fallout: New Vegas
- **image**: Free depiction of the Fallout New Vegas Xbox 360 box art.png
- **developer**: Obsidian Entertainment
- **publisher**: Bethesda Softworks
- **director**: Josh Sawyer
- **designer**: Josh Sawyer
- **programmer**: Frank Kowalkowski
- **artist**: Joe Sanabria
- **writer**: John Gonzalez
- **composer**: Inon Zur
- **series**: _Fallout (series), Fallout_
- **engine**: Gamebryo
- **genre**: Action role-playing
- **modes**: Single-player
Buffalo gourd

**Buffalo gourd** (_Cucurbita foetidissima_), also known as the **buffalo gourd**, **calabazilla**, **chilicote**, **coyote gourd**, **fetid gourd**, **fetid wild pumpkin**, **Missouri gourd**, **prairie gourd**, **stinking gourd**, **wild gourd**, and **wild pumpkin** is a small plant in the _Cucurbitaceae_ family, related to squash.
Loyalist (American Revolution)

**Loyalists** were people in the Thirteen Colonies who opposed the American Revolutionary War. They were also called **Tories**, **King's Men**, or **Royalists**. They fought with the British Empire against the Continental Army and Continental Congress, which they felt was oppressing them.

During the Revolution, most Loyalists suffered little from their views. However, some were treated very roughly by revolutionaries (who often called themselves "Patriots").  Tory lands and other properties were taken away, and sometimes they were jailed or even killed.

Some Loyalists formed militias, which were armed and supplied by the British. In total, around 19,000 Loyalists fought alongside the British in the Revolutionary War.

## Who they were

Loyalists came from all walks of life. Most were small farmers, artisans and shopkeepers. Not surprisingly, most British officials remained loyal to the Crown. Wealthy merchants tended to remain loyal; so did Anglican ministers, especially in Puritan New England.

Some enslaved black people were Loyalists because the British promised them their freedom. Some Native Americans and indentured servants, who had little power in colonial society, were Loyalists. So were some German immigrants, who supported the Crown mainly because King George III was of German origin.

The number of Loyalists in each colony varied. Recent estimates suggest that half the population of New York was Loyalist; it had an aristocratic culture, and the British occupied the area throughout the Revolution. In the Carolinas, back-country farmers were Loyalist, whereas the Tidewater planters tended to support the Revolution.

### Return of some property

The Paris Peace Treaty required the new United States Congress to restore property that had been taken from Loyalists.

This worked well in some cases. For example, generous settlements were received by the heirs of William Penn in Pennsylvania and George Calvert in Maryland.

However, in the Carolinas - where dislike between rebels and Loyalists was especially strong - few Loyalists regained their property. In New York and the Carolinas, large estates were divided up and given to small farmers. This started something of a social revolution by re-distributing power.

### Emigration

After the war, about 100,000 Loyalists left the new United States. Most sought asylum in Canada to escape the country and to stay loyal to King George and the British Empire. Most Black Loyalists left, because they could be re-enslaved if they remained in the United States. Brantford, Ontario is an example of a Loyalist community started by Iroquois refugees.

Individuals who left the United States included William Franklin (Benjamin Franklin's son) and John Singleton Copley (the greatest American painter of the time). Some eventually returned, although several state governments excluded the Loyalists from holding public office.

## Legacy

In the decades after the Revolution, Americans preferred to forget about the Loyalists. Apart from Copley, the Loyalists became nonpersons in American history.

## Other websites

- United Empire Loyalists -Citizendium
LaMarcus Aldridge

**LaMarcus Aldridge** (born July 19, 1985) is an American basketball player for the San Antonio Spurs of the NBA. He plays both the forward and center positions. He played college basketball at the University of Texas at Austin. He is known or his smooth turn-around jump shot, which is hard to block since he is so tall and long. He has been chosen as an all-star for the past three years. In 2014, he helped the Portland Trail Blazers win a playoff series for the first time in many years.
Collatz conjecture

The **Collatz conjecture** is a conjecture (an idea that appears likely to be true but that has not been proven to be true) in mathematics. It is named after Lothar Collatz. He first proposed it in 1937, which was 2 years after getting his doctorate. It is about what happens when something is done repeatedly (over and over) starting at some positive integer _n_:
- If _n_ is even (divisible by two), _n_ is halved (divide by two = take its half).
- If _n_ is odd (not divisible by two), _n_ is changed to .
The conjecture states that if _n_ is positive, _n_ will always reach one and get stuck in the 4,2,1 loop as shown below. The problem is verified for all numbers below  by brute force. This is still not proof that the conjecture is true because counterexamples (a number that disproves the conjecture) may be found in very large numbers. This has been shown in the disproven Pólya conjecture and Mertens conjecture.

Here is an example sequence:
- 9
- 28 (9 is odd, so we triple it and add one)
- 14 (28 is even;  14 is half of 28)
- 7 (14 is even, 7 is its half)
- 22 ()
- 11
- 34
- 17
- 52
- 26
- 13
- 40
- 20
- 10
- 5
- 16 (16 is a power of two, so it will lead to 1, halving each time)
- 8
- 4
- 2
- 1 (after 1 comes 4, 2, 1, 4, 2, 1, etc.)

## Debate

Many mathematicians argue over if it is really true. Numbers in the quadrillions have been tested but it has still remained true. Specifically, mathematicians have shown that a loop besides the 4,2,1 loop must be at least 186,000,000,000 (_186 billion_) numbers long. However, this is still very less compared to another conjecture that had been proved false in 1978. There are two outcomes where it is false: a number keeps growing towards infinity, or an extremely large number forms its own loop.