juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Vitamin B12

**Vitamin B<sub>12</sub>** (or vitamin B-12) is also called **cobalamin**. It has a key role in the normal functioning of the brain and nervous system, and in the formation of blood. It is one of the eight B vitamins.

B<sub>12</sub> is normally involved in the metabolism of every cell of the human body, especially DNA synthesis and regulation, but also fatty acid and amino acid metabolism. Fungi, plants and animals (including humans) cannot produce vitamin B<sub>12</sub>. Only bacteria and archaea have enzymes for its synthesis, although animals can convert it to the version they need.

Many foods are a natural source of B<sub>12</sub> because of bacterial symbiosis. It is produced by some of the gut flora of herbivores. Carnivores, of course, eat herbivores. Also algae and plants get it from symbiosis. So, by one route or another, animals must get vitamin B<sub>12</sub> from bacteria (and archaea).

The vitamin is the largest and most structurally complicated vitamin. It can be produced industrially only by bacterial fermentation-synthesis.

Vitamin B<sub>12</sub> is a group of chemically related compounds, all of which have vitamin activity. It contains the biochemically rare element cobalt sitting in the center of a ring called a corrin ring. In the human body it is converted to the human physiological forms.

Vitamin B<sub>12</sub> was discovered by its relationship to pernicious anemia, which is an autoimmune disease. Because an "intrinsic factor" is needed for B<sub>12</sub> to be absorbed, its lack causes a vitamin B<sub>12</sub> deficiency. Many other kinds of vitamin B<sub>12</sub> deficiency have since been found.
Louis Agassiz

**Jean Louis Rodolphe Agassiz** (May 28, 1807 – December 14, 1873) was a Swiss-born and European-trained biologist and geologist. His work on natural history in Europe and the Americas was important.

His reputation now is less good, because he fought against the theory of evolution, and held wrong ideas about human races. He thought the different human races were of different origins. This idea is called "polygenism". Darwin's comment at the end is interesting:
- "...when the principle of evolution is generally accepted, as it surely will be before long, the dispute between the monogenists and the polygenists will die a silent and unobserved death".

After visiting Harvard University in mid-career, he emigrated to the U.S. in 1847 and became a professor of zoology and geology at Harvard. He founded its Museum of Comparative Zoology.

Agassiz made extensive contributions to the study of fish, called ichthyology (including extinct species). He founded glaciology, the study of ice fields and ice ages.

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Louis Agassiz
- **image**: Louis Agassiz H6.jpg
- **image size**: 220px
- **birth place**: Haut-Vully, Switzerland
- **death place**: Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.
- **alma mater**: Friedrich-Alexander-University, Erlangen-Nuremberg, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg
- **author abbrev zoo**: Agassiz, Ag., L.Ag., Agass.
- **awards**: Wollaston Medal
- **signature**: Appletons' Agassiz Jean Louis Rudolphe signature.svg
Maps.me

**MAPS.ME** (formerly named **MapsWithMe**) is a mobile app for Android, iOS and BlackBerry that provides offline maps using OpenStreetMap data. In November 2014 it was acquired by Mail.Ru Group and became part of its My.com brand. In September 2015 the app was open sourced. MapsWithMe was created by Yury Melnichek, Alexander Borsuk and Viktor Govako.

## Other websites

- Source code in GitHub

## Infobox (software)

- **name**: MAPS.ME
- **logo**: MAPS.ME Android App v9.4.4 Screenshot of Main Screen (Viewport).jpg
- **author**: Yuri Melnichek, Alexander Borsuk, Viktor Govako
- **developer**: MapsWithMe GmbH, My.com
- **released**: 2011
- **programming language**: C++, Objective-C, Java (programming language), Java
- **operating system**: Android (operating system), Android, iOS, BlackBerry
- **license**: Apache License
Cruachan Power Station

The **Cruachan Power Station** (also known as the **Cruachan Dam**) is a pumped-storage hydroelectric power station in Argyll and Bute, Scotland. The turbine hall is located inside Ben Cruachan. Water is pumped between Cruachan Reservoir to Loch Awe, a height difference of . It is one of only four pumped storage power stations in the UK. It is capable of providing a black start capability to the National Grid.

Construction began in 1959, at the same time as the Hunterston A nuclear power station in Ayrshire. It was completed in 1965. Cruachan uses cheap off-peak electricity generated at night to pump water to the higher reservoir. It can then be released during the day to provide power as necessary. The power station is open to visitors. Around 50,000 tourists visit it each year.
Steppe Geoglyphs

The **Steppe Geoglyphs** are a number of Neolithic earth constructions in  the Turgay Trough area of Turgai in northern Kazakhstan.  There are at least 260 of these earthworks.

Many  or all of them are smaller earthworks  (mounds, trenches and ramparts) arranged with each other to make geometric and other shapes (composite figures).   These shapes are squares, rings and three others.  The composite figures range from  slightly under 90 m in length to over 400 m in diameter.
Besides being made of earth dug out and piled up, some of the geoglyphs are made by placing stones next to each other.

Some of the large shapes have been given names, including Bestamskoe Ring, Ushtogaysky (_or_ Ushtogay) Square, Turgay triradial swastika, Large cross Ashtasti, Ekedyn cross, Ashutasti ring, Kyzyloba line, Koga cross, and Shili square.

Optical dating (optically stimulated luminescence)  was used to get a date for these structures. The results indicate that they date between eight and one thousand years ago.

The earthworks were discovered in 2007 by Dimitriy Dey.  He found them when he was looking at Google Earth. He had been looking for pyramids or similar structures in Kazakhstan. The geoglyphs were first reported to the scientific community in 2014.

Road construction in 2013 damaged one of the structures.

## Additional sources

- Turgay Discovery Research project
- NASA photographs from space
- Daily Gadget Gizmodo Reviews: Mystery of the ancient patterns in Kazakhstan: Space images reveal ‘remarkable’ structures including a cross and a swastika
- "The Steppe Geoglyphs in Kazakhstan". _The Ancient Connection_.
Right to a fair trial

The **right to  fair trial** is an essential right in all countries respecting the rule of law. A trial in these countries that is considered unfair will typically be restarted, or its verdict thrown out. Some of the rights that make a trial fair are explicitly proclaimed in Article 10 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. They are clearly stated in the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution. They are also stated in Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights, and in Article 14 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, as well as numerous other constitutions and declarations throughout the world. There is no binding international law that defines what is or is not a fair trial. For example, the right to a jury trial and other important procedures vary from nation to nation.

## Related pages

- Criminal procedure
- Due process
- _Habeas corpus_
- Presumption of innocence
Due process

**Due process** is the legal requirement that the government must respect all legal rights that are owed to a person. Due process balances the power of law of the land and protects the individual person from it. When a government harms a person without following the exact course of the law, this is a due process violation, which offends the rule of law.

## A judiciary process

Due process has also been frequently interpreted as limiting laws and legal proceedings. This means that judges—instead of legislators—may define and guarantee basic fairness, justice, and liberty. This interpretation has proven controversial, and is seen as being closer to the concepts of natural justice, and procedural justice used in various other jurisdictions. This interpretation of due process is sometimes expressed as a command that the government must not be unfair to the people or abuse them physically.

## History

Due process developed from clause 39 of Magna Carta in England. Magna Carta called it "the law of the land" which became the more modern term due process. When English and American law gradually went in different directions, due process was not upheld in England, but did become part of the Constitution of the United States. It is found in the Fifth Amendment which says "No person shall…be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law,". It is applied to all states by the Fourteenth Amendment.

## In other legal systems

Due process is not used in contemporary English law. But it recognizes two similar concepts are natural justice and the British constitutional concept of the rule of law. However, neither concept lines up perfectly with the American theory of due process. It contains many implied rights not found in the ancient or modern concepts of due process in England.

Islamic law provides for due process. It includes the presumption of innocence, the right to remain silent and a fair and public trial before a judge. There is no jury and both parties, the injured party and the accused, usually present their own cases.

Scandinavia gets high ratings by the World Justice Project. They were noted for their criminal justice system including their observance of due process. As of the 2013 _Rule of Law Index_, the Scandinavian countries were rated higher than the US for due process. The three lowest rated countries in the index were Afghanistan, Zimbabwe and Venezuela.

## Related pages

- Right to a fair trial

## Other websites

- WHAT IS DUE PROCESS? Icelantic Human Rights Centre
- Due Process Rights before EU Agencies
- Due Process in Islamic Criminal Law
- Political Judging: When Due Process Goes International
Saskia Post

**Saskia Post** (1 January 1961 – 16 March 2020) was American-born Australian actress. She is best known for her leading role in the 1986 movie, _Dogs in Space_, with Michael Hutchence.

Post also acted in the 1985 AFI Award winning movie, _Bliss_ and in the 1991 movie _Proof_. It was chosen as "Best Film" at the 1991 AFI Awards.

## Early life and education

Saskia Post was born in Martinez, California in 1961. Her family moved to Australia in 1975. In high school she studied acting and singing. After graduation, she spent a year attending acting workshops and dance classes in Sydney. Saskia then studied drama and arts at the University of New South Wales but dropped out after one year. She took acting classes at The Drama School in 1981.

## Career

Post got her first television role in 1982. She played Julianna Sleven, a Dutch refugee, in _The Sullivans_. The program was an Australian drama television series about a middle-class Melbourne family and the effect World War II had on their lives.  Post moved to Melbourne to work on the series for twelve months before leaving in 1984. That same year she had a role in the movie _One Night Stand_, as Eva, a bank teller from the Czech Republic.

In 1985, Post appeared in the AFI Award winning movie _Bliss_, as Honey Barbara's daughter.

Post had a leading role in the 1986 movie _Dogs in Space_, directed by Richard Lowenstein. The movie is about a group of young musicians and music fans sharing a house in the Melbourne suburb of Richmond. Post plays Anna, the girlfriend of Sam (Michael Hutchence). Anna dies of a heroin overdose after trying the drug for a second time.

Post has also acted in many stage performances in Melbourne. These include _Endgrain_, _Train to Transcience_, _Could I Have this Dance?_, _In Angel Gear_, _Figures in Glass_, _Skin_ and _Vincent in Brixton_.

## Death

Post died of cardiac arrest at the Alfred Hospital in Melbourne on 16 March 2020, aged 59.

## Other websites

- Official Michael Hutchence Memorial Website | Saskia Post

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Saskia Post
- **birth name**: Saskia Steenkamer
- **birth place**: Martinez, California, U.S.
- **death place**: Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- **occupation**: Actress
- **years active**: 1982–2020
Roosevelt Island Bridge

The **Roosevelt Island Bridge** is a bridge in New York. It is a lift bridge. It connects Roosevelt Island in Manhattan to Astoria in Queens. It crosses the East Channel of the East River.  The bridge is the only route to the island for vehicles and foot traffic, except for public transportation.

## History

Construction of the bridge began on March 17, 1952. The cost was $6.5 million. It opened on May 18, 1955, as the **Welfare Island Bridge**. The name was changed to the _Roosevelt Island Bridge_ in 1973.

Before the bridge was built, the only way vehicles could access Roosevelt Island was by using an elevator on the Queensboro Bridge. The elevator was torn down in 1970.

In 2001, the New York City Department of Transportation considered converting the Roosevelt Island Bridge into a fixed bridge. This was to reduce the cost of its maintenance. The bridge is rarely opened (raised for ships to go underneath), because most ships passing by Roosevelt Island use the West Channel of the East River. Most of the bridge openings occur in September during the General Assembly at the United Nations. During this time the West Channel is closed for security reasons.

## Navigation

When the bridge is raised for ships to go underneath, the distance between the water and the bridge is . The bridge is  wide. Its total length, including approaches, is . The main span (distance across) is  long.

The Roosevelt Island Bridge provides direct access to the 'Motorgate Parking Garage', which was designed to minimize vehicle traffic on the island. The garage was completed in 1974 and later expanded in 1990.

## Other websites

- Top Ten New York City Bridges
- New York City Department of Transportation Bridges

## Infobox (bridge)

- **bridge name**: Roosevelt Island Bridge
- **image**: Roosevelt Island Bridge from the south (41860).jpg
- **image size**: 300
- **caption**: Roosevelt Island Bridge as viewed from the south on Roosevelt Island
- **carries**: 2 lanes of 36th Ave and a sidewalk on the north side
- **crosses**: East River (East Channel)
- **locale**: Roosevelt Island and Queens, New York
- **maint**: New York City Department of Transportation
- **design**: Lift bridge
- **below**: when open
- **traffic**: 8,313 (2016)
- **open**: May 18, 1955
The Mighty Mighty Bosstones

**The Mighty Mighty Bosstones** (informally known as **The Bosstones**) are an American ska punk band from Boston, Massachusetts which formed in 1983. The Bosstones are widely credited as one of the originators of the genre of ska punk, a style which mixes the rhythms of ska music with the fast tempo and distortion of punk rock and hardcore punk.
 Their music is recognized for its prominent use of brass instruments as well as the deep, raspy voice of their lead singer Dicky Barrett. Their concerts are also notable for the presence of Ben Carr, a non-musician member of the Bosstones who dances onstage during the band's performances.

First becoming notable in the underground music scene, the Bosstones steadily grew in popularity throughout the mid-1990s. Their fourth album, 1994's _Question the Answers_, sold over 500,000 copies and became a gold record. In 1995, they appeared in the hit movie _Clueless_ and in 1997, the band released their most successful album, _Let's Face It_, which sold over one million copies and spawned the hit single "The Impression That I Get", which charted at #1 on the Billboard Modern Rock Songs and entered the top 20 in the United States, the United Kingdom and Australia. Although none of the Bosstones' future albums or singles were able to meet with the same kind of success, the band has kept a loyal following and continue to tour and record.

The Bosstones briefly disbanded in 2003, though reunited in 2007 to continue touring and recording. The band has released nine studio albums, three EPs and a live album.

## Band members

- Current members
- Dicky Barrett - vocals (1983-present)
- Joe Gittleman - bass guitar (1983-present)
- Tim "Johnny Vegas" Burton - tenor saxophone (1983-present)
- Ben Carr - dancer (1983-present)
- Joe Sirois - drums (1991-present)
- Kevin Lenear - alto and baritone saxophones (1991-1998, 2008-present)
- Lawrence Katz - guitar (2000-present)
- Chris Rhodes - trombone (2000-present)
- John Goetchius - keyboards (2008-present)

- Former members
- Nate Albert - guitar (1983-2000)
- Tim Bridewell - trombone (1983-1991)
- Josh Dalsimer - drums (1983-1991)
- Roman Fleysher - saxophone (1998-2008)
- Dennis Brockenborough - trombone (1991-2000)

## Discography

- _Devil's Night Out_ (1989)
- _More Noise and Other Disturbances_ (1992)
- _Don't Know How to Party_ (1993)
- _Question the Answers_ (1994)
- _Let's Face It_ (1997)
- _Pay Attention_ (2000)
- _A Jackknife to a Swan_ (2002)
- _Pin Points and Gin Joints_ (2009)
- _The Magic of Youth_ (2011)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: The Mighty Mighty Bosstones
- **image**: The Mighty Mighty Bosstones in concert.jpg
- **caption**: Performing in 2008
- **image size**: 300
- **background**: group_or_band
- **alias**: The Bosstones
- **origin**: Boston, Massachusetts, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- **genre**: Ska, Ska punk
- **years active**: 1983–2003, 2007–2023
Jämtkraft Arena

**Jämtkraft Arena** is an association football stadium in the town of Östersund in Sweden. It was opened on 13 July 2007. Among the home teams are Östersunds FK and Östersunds DFF.

## Infobox (venue)

- **name**: Jämtkraft Arena
- **image**: Jämtkraft arena.jpg
- **caption**: Jämtkraft Arena
- **location**: Östersund, Sweden
- **type**: artificial turf
- **tenants**: Östersunds FK, Östersunds DFF
Nya Parken

**Nya parken** is a sports ground in the town of Norrköping int Sweden. It was opened in 1903 as **Norrköpings idrottspark**. IFK Norrköping, IK Sleipner and IF Sylvia play their soccer home games there. Games were also played there during the 1958 FIFA World Cup and the 1992 UEFA European Championship

## Infobox (stadium)

- **stadium name**: Nya parken
- **image**:
- **caption**: Nya parken
- **fullname**: Nya parken
- **nickname**: Nya parken
- **built**: 1903
- **opened**: 1904
- **renovated**: 2009
- **owner**: IFK Norrköping via Parken Event Arena AB
- **operator**: IFK Norrköping
- **surface**: Artificial Grass
- **seating capacity**: 17,234
- **tenants**: IK Sleipner
IF Sylvia
IFK Norrköping
- **dimensions**: 105 x 68 m
Norrporten Arena

**Norrporten Arena**  is a sports ground in the town of Sundsvall in Sweden. It was opened as **Sundsvalls idrottspark** on 6 August 1903 as. It is currently used mostly for association football games. It is the home ground for GIF Sundsvall.

## Other websites

- Norrporten Arena at gifsundsvall.se

## Infobox (stadium)

- **stadium name**: Norrporten Arena
- **image**:
- **location**: Sundsvall, Sweden
- **opened**: 1903
- **renovated**: 2001-2002
- **surface**: Artificial turf
- **construction cost**: 150 million SEK
- **former names**: Idrottsparken
- **tenants**: GIF Sundsvall, Sundsvalls DFF
- **seating capacity**: 8,500
- **dimensions**: 105 x 68
Old English poetry

The earliest known English poem is a hymn on the creation. Bede says this was by Cædmon (flourished 658–680). He was, according to legend, an illiterate herdsman who produced poetry at a monastery at Whitby. This is probably the earliest written Anglo-Saxon poetry we have.

Much of the poetry of the period is difficult to date, or even to arrange chronologically. Estimates for the date of the great epic _Beowulf_ range from AD 608 through to AD 1000, and there has never been agreement.

It is possible to identify some key moments. _The Dream of the Rood_ was written before about AD 700, when parts were carved in runes on the Ruthwell Cross.  Some poems on historical events, such as _The Battle of Brunanburh_ (937) and _The Battle of Maldon_ (991), seem to have been written shortly after the events, so they can be dated reasonably precisely.

Anglo-Saxon poetry is known by the manuscripts in which it survives.  The most important manuscripts are from the late 10th and early 11th centuries. They are known as the Cædmon manuscript, the Vercelli Book, the  Exeter Book, and the Beowulf manuscript.

_Beowulf_ is the only heroic epic to have survived in its entirety, but fragments of others show that it was not unique in its time.  Other genres include much religious verse, from devotional works to biblical paraphrase.

With one notable exception (the so-called _Rhyming Poem_), Anglo-Saxon poetry depends on alliteration for its structure. Any rhyme included is just ornamental.
Jesus piece (jewelry)

A **Jesus piece** is a spiritual or religious piece of jewelry which shows the face of Jesus.

Jesus pieces are popular in the Hip-Hop community. Many Hip-Hop artists and celebrities like The Notorious B.I.G. usually wear Jesus pieces, and will have them decorated with rare or expensive gems (jewels).

Less expensive Jesus diamond pieces are also sold. They are made of things like wood or inexpensive metals.

### The Notorious B.I.G.

The first Jesus piece was worn by Christopher Wallace (The Notorious B.I.G.).  It was made by Tito Caicedo, Wallace's jeweler (jewelry-maker).  Wallace had Caicedo make many more Jesus pieces, paying him about $10,000 for each. Wallace had worn some of these Jesus pieces himself, and gave others pieces to his peers. The Jesus pieces were decorated with expensive gems, especially on Jesus's hair.
Jimmy Roberts

**James Wilfred "Jimmy" Roberts** (April 9, 1940 – October 23, 2015) was a Canadian ice hockey defenceman and forward. He went by both the nicknames of Jimmy and Jim. Roberts played for the Montreal Canadiens and for the St. Louis Blues. He won two Stanley Cups during his career. He retired in 1978 after a twenty year career.

Roberts died on October 23, 2015 of cancer in St. Louis, Missouri at the age of 75.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **name**: Jim Roberts
- **image**: Jim Roberts 69-70.JPG
- **caption**: Roberts with the St. Louis Blues
- **position**: Defenceman, Defence/Winger (ice hockey), Right Wing
- **shoots**: Right
- **height ft**: 5
- **height in**: 10
- **weight lb**: 185
- **played for**: Montreal Canadiens
St. Louis Blues
- **birth place**: Toronto, Ontario, ON, Canada, CAN
- **death place**: St. Louis, Missouri, MO, United States, USA
- **career start**: 1958
- **career end**: 1978
Philip French

**Philip Neville French** OBE (28 August 1933 – 27 October 2015) was a British movie critic and former radio producer. French began his career in journalism in the late 1950s, before becoming a BBC Radio producer, and later a movie critic.

He began writing for _The Observer_ in 1963, and continued to write criticism regularly there until his retirement in 2013.

French was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire in December 2012. He died of a heart attack at the age of 82.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Philip French
- **honorific suffix**: Officer of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire, OBE
- **birth name**: Philip Neville French
- **birth place**: Liverpool, England
- **death cause**: Myocardial infarction, Heart attack
- **occupation**: Film critic
- **years active**: 1957–2013
- **spouse**: Kersti French
- **children**: 3
- **education**: Bristol Grammar School
- **alma mater**: Exeter College, Oxford
Indiana University Bloomington
Nicolás Fuentes

**Nicolás Fuentes Fuentes** (20 February 1941 – 28 October 2015) was a Peruvian football player. Fuentes made 17 appearances for the Peru national football team from 1965 to 1971, including playing at the 1970 FIFA World Cup.

Fuentes died from respiratory failure caused by diabetes in Lima, Peru, aged 74.

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Nicolas Fuentes
- **fullname**: Domingo Nicolás Fuentes Zegarra
- **image**: Nicolás Fuentes (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Fuentes in 1973
- **birth place**: Mollendo, Peru
- **height**: 1.68 m
- **position**: Left-back
- **years1**: 1961–1963
- **clubs1**: Atlético Chalaco
- **years2**: 1964–1970
- **clubs2**: Universitario de Deportes, Universitario
- **years3**: 1971–1972
- **clubs3**: Defensor Lima
- **years4**: 1973
- **clubs4**: Atlético Chalaco
- **years5**: 1974
- **clubs5**: Sporting Cristal
- **nationalyears1**: 1965–1970
- **nationalteam1**: Peru national football team, Peru
- **nationalcaps1**: 17
- **nationalgoals1**: 0
Ernesto Boy Herrera

**Ernesto Boy Herrera** (September 11, 1942 – October 29, 2015) was a Filipino politician. Herrera was born in Samboan, Cebu, on September 11, 1942.

He served as Senator of the Philippines. He has been a trade union leader, an advocate of law and order, and a legislator in the 8th, 9th and 10th Congresses. He served as the General Secretary of the Trade Union of Congress of the Philippines from 1983 until his death in 2015.

Herrera died from cardiac arrest in Makati, Philippines, aged 73.

## Other websites

- Ernesto Herrera's website

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Ernesto "Boy" F. Herrera
- **image**: The Honorable Ernesto F. Herrera (Senator of the Philippines).png
- **caption**: Photograph released by the Philippine Congress,
- **office**: Senate of the Philippines
- **term start**: June 30, 1987
- **term end**: June 30, 1998
- **office2**: Member of the House of Representatives of the Philippines, Philippine House of Representatives from Bohol's Legislative districts of Bohol, First District
- **term start2**: June 30, 1998
- **term end2**: June 30, 2001
- **predecessor2**: Venice Borja-Agana
- **successor2**: Edgar M. Chatto
- **birth place**: Samboan, Cebu, Commonwealth of the Philippines
- **death place**: Makati, Philippines
- **party**: Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino
- **spouse**: Lourdes Ciuco-Herrera
- **residence**: Samboan, Cebu
- **profession**: businessman
- **occupation**: politician
Willis Carto

**Willis Allison Carto** (July 17, 1926 – October 26, 2015) was a known American figure on the American far right.  He called himself aJeffersonian and populist, but was known for his promotion of conspiracy theories and Holocaust denial.

## Early life

Carto was born in Fort Wayne, Indiana.

## Career

Carto was thought to be one of America's most influential political racial theorists through the Liberty Lobby and successor organizations which he helped create. Carto ran a group supporting segregationist George Wallace's 1968 presidential campaign which formed the basis for the National Youth Alliance which promoted Francis Parker Yockey's political philosophy.

## Death

Carto died from cardiac arrest in Virginia at the age of 89.

## Other websites

- Willis Carto Interviewed on RBN Radio, April 12th, 2007 -  MP3
- FAQ: Willis Carto & The Institute for Historical Review
- Ron Paul Friends and Supporters
- ADL: Willis A. Carto: Fabricating History
- Barnes Review
- History Commons
- Willis Carto Timeline

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Willis Carto
- **image size**: 156px
- **birth name**: Willis Allison Carto
- **birth place**: Fort Wayne, Indiana, USA
- **death place**: Virginia, USA
- **death cause**: cardiac arrest
- **known**: Far right advocate
- **title**: Head of Liberty Lobby (defunct)
Superstition (song)

**"Superstition"** is a funk and R&B ballad from Stevie Wonder. The song hit #1 on _Billboard_ Hot 100 in January 1973. It also hit #1 on the U.S. soul singles chart.

The song advises not to believe in theories such as  superstitions and the song references how adults blame children for the bad luck they have faced - thirteen month old baby broke the looking glass. The song became Stevie

The song has been covered by The Jackson 5, Jeff Beck, Stevie Ray Vaughan and JoJo, among others.
Ants Antson

**Ants Antson** (11 November 1938 – 31 October 2015) was an Estonian speed skater. He competed for the Soviet Union.

Antson had his best year in 1964, when he became European Allround Champion on the 1500 m at the 1964 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck, and set a new world record on the 3000 m. For his achievements that year, he received the Oscar Mathisen Award. He retired after the 1968 Winter Olympics.

## Other websites

- Ants Antson at SpeedSkatingStats.com
- Personal records from Jakub Majerski's Speedskating Database
- Evert Stenlund's Adelskalender pages
- Results of Soviet Championships at SpeedSkating.ru
- Legends of Soviet Sport (in Russian)

## Infobox (sportsperson)

- **image**: Ants Antson 1966.jpg
- **image size**: 260px
- **caption**: Ants Antson in 1966
- **birth place**: Tallinn, Estonia
- **sport**: Speed skating
- **club**: Kalev Tallinn
- **show-medals**: yes
Västanfors IF

**Västanfors IF** is a sports club in the town of Fagersta in Sweden. The club is nicknamed _Västanfläkt_ ("Western Wind").

The club mainly runs bandy, and soccer. It earlier also ran floorball. The team colours are red and white. The club was founded in 1916.

The club has played 32 seasons in the Swedish top division. It won the Swedish national championship in 1954. The club played in the Swedish bandy top division since 2007. In 2012 the club was relegated to Division 1 in 2012.

The club also ran floorball acticity during the 1980s. The women's floorball team won the Swedish national championship in 1983 and 1985 and also won a silver medal in 1984.

## Other websites

- Västanfors IF BK
- Västanfors IF FK

## Infobox (sports team)

- **name**: Västanfors IF
- **full name**: Västanfors idrottsförening
- **nicknames**: Västanfläkt
- **sport**: bandy, association football, soccer
floorball (earlier)
- **ballpark**: Västanfors IP
- **city**: Fagersta, Sweden
Vertical-lift bridge

A **vertical-lift bridge** or **lift bridge** is a type of movable bridge in which a span rises vertically while remaining parallel with the road surface.

The vertical lift offers several benefits over other movable bridges such as the bascule and swing-span bridge. They are generally easier to design and easier to build. They usually cost less to build for longer moveable spans. The counterweights in a vertical lift bridges are only required to be equal to the weight of the deck. Bascule bridge counterweights must weigh several times as much as the span being lifted.  As a result, heavier materials can be used in the deck, and so this type of bridge is especially suited for heavy railroad use.

Although most vertical-lift bridges use towers, each with counterweights. Some use hydraulic jacks located below the deck. An example is the  span bridge at St Paul Avenue in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA. Another design used balance beams to lift the deck with pivoting bascules located on the top of the lift towers. An example of this kind is the La Salle Street Bridge in Chicago, Illinois, USA.

The biggest disadvantage to the vertical-lift bridge is the height restriction for ships passing under it. This is a result of the deck remaining suspended above the water.
Rachel Platten

**Rachel Ashley Platten** (born May 20, 1981) is an American singer, and songwriter. She is best known for her 2015 single "Fight Song". The song was successful worldwide, including in the USA, Australia and Canada.

Rachel Platten was born in New York. She grew up in Newton, Massachusetts.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **embed**: yes
- **genre**: Pop music, Pop, Indie pop
- **background**: person
- **years active**: 2003 - present
- **label**: Columbia Records, Columbia
- **associated acts**: Andy Grammer · Taylor Swift


## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Rachel Platten
- **image**: Rachel Platten v2 The Saint Asbury Park NJ 06042011 LHCollins 400.jpg
- **caption**: Rachel Platten on stage at The Saint (music venue), The Saint in Asbury Park, New Jersey on June 4, 2011.
- **birthname**: Rachel Ashley Platten
- **birth place**: New York (state), New York, USA
- **nationality**: Americans, American
- **occupation**: Singer, Songwriter
Västerstrands AIK

**Västerstrands AIK** is a sports club in Karlstad, Sweden. The club was founded on 11 October 1940. It only runs a women's bandy team.

The women's bandy team has won the Swedish national championship in the years of 1991, 1992, 1994, 1997, 2001, and 2002. It has also been runner-up several times. The team colours are black and yellow.

## Other websites

- Västerstrands AIK

## Infobox (sports team)

- **name**: Västerstrands AIK
- **full name**: Västerstrands allmänna idrottsklubb
- **sport**: bandy
- **ballpark**: Tingvalla isstadion
- **city**: Karlstad, Sweden
- **championships**: 6 (women's bandy, 1991, 1992, 1994, 1997, 2001, 2002)
Mel Daniels

**Melvin Joe Daniels** (July 20, 1944 – October 30, 2015) was an American professional basketball player. He played in the American Basketball Association (ABA) for the Minnesota Muskies, Indiana Pacers, and Memphis Sounds, and in the National Basketball Association for the New York Nets. Daniels was a two-time ABA Most Valuable Player and a seven-time ABA All-Star. He was enshrined in the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 2012.

Daniels died on October 30, 2015, at the age of 71. He had recently undergone heart surgery.

## Other websites

- ABA Records

## Infobox (basketball biography)

- **name**: Mel Daniels
- **image**: Mel Daniels.jpg
- **width**: 200px
- **caption**: Daniels, circa 1967
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 9
- **weight lb**: 220
- **birth place**: Detroit, Michigan
- **death place**: Sheridan, Indiana
- **nationality**: American
- **high school**: Pershing High School, Pershing (Detroit, Michigan)
- **college**: Burlington CC (1963–1964)
New Mexico Lobos men's basketball, New Mexico (1964–1967)
- **draft year**: 1967
- **draft round**: 1
- **draft pick**: 9
- **draft team**: Sacramento Kings, Cincinnati Royals
- **career number**: 34, 9
- **career position**: Center (basketball), Center
- **career start**: 1967
- **career end**: 1976
- **years1**: 1967–68 ABA season, 1967–1968
- **team1**: Minnesota Muskies (American Basketball Association, ABA)
- **years2**: 1968–69 ABA season, 1968–1973–74 ABA season, 1974
- **team2**: Indiana Pacers (ABA)
- **years3**: 1974–75 ABA season, 1974–1975
- **team3**: Memphis Sounds (ABA)
- **team4**: Brooklyn Nets, New York Nets
- **cteam1**: Indiana Pacers
- **highlights**: * 3× List of ABA champions, ABA champion (1970 ABA Playoffs, 1970, 1972 ABA Playoffs, 1972, 1973 ABA Playoffs, 1973)
* 2× List of American Basketball Association awards and honors#Most Valuable Player, ABA MVP (1968–69 ABA season, 1969, 1970–71 ABA season, 1971)
* 7× ABA All-Star (1968 ABA All-Star Game, 1968–1974 ABA All-Star Game, 1974)
* ABA All-Star Game MVP (1969 ABA All-Star Game, 1969)
* 4× List of American Basketball Association awards and honors#All-ABA Team, All-ABA First Team (1968–1971)
* All-ABA Second Team (1972–73 ABA season, 1973)
* List of American Basketball Association awards and honors#Rookie of the Year, ABA Rookie of the Year (1967–68 ABA season, 1968)
* List of American Basketball Association awards and honors#All-Rookie Team, ABA All-Rookie First Team (1968)
* ABA All-Time Team
* No. 34 Indiana Pacers#Hall of Famers and retired numbers, retired by Indiana Pacers
* Consensus second-team NCAA Men's Basketball All-Americans, All-American (1967 NCAA Men's Basketball All-Americans, 1967)
* 2× First-team All-Western Athletic Conference, WAC (1966–1967)
- **stats league**: ABA and NBA
- **stat1label**: Point (basketball), Points
- **stat1value**: 11,778 (18.4 ppg)
- **stat2label**: Rebound (basketball), Rebounds
- **stat2value**: 9,528 (14.9 rpg)
- **stat3label**: Assist (basketball), Assists
- **stat3value**: 1,140 (1.8 apg)
- **bbr**: danieme01
- **letter**: d
- **hof player**: mel-daniels
IFK Luleå

**IFK Luleå** is an sports club in the town of Luleå in Sweden. It was founded on 20 September 1900. The club played in the Swedish men's top association football top division in 1971.

## Other websites

- IFK Luleå - official website

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: IFK Luleå
- **fullname**: Idrottsföreningen
Kamraterna Luleå
- **founded**: 1900
- **ground**: Skogsvallen
Luleå
 Sweden
- **capacity**: 5,000
- **coach**: Fredrik Waara
Ilkka  Wonkavaara
- **league**: Swedish Football Division 1, Division 1 Norra
- **season**: 2014 Swedish football Division 1, 2014
- **position**: Division 1 Norra, 10th
- **leftarm1**: FFFFFF
- **body1**: FFFFFF
- **rightarm1**: FFFFFF
- **shorts1**: 0066FF
- **socks1**: FFFFFF
- **leftarm2**: 000000
- **body2**: 000000
- **rightarm2**: 000000
- **shorts2**: FF0000
- **socks2**: FF0000
IFK Holmsund

**IFK Holmsund** is a sports club Holmsund in Sweden. It was founded on 8 June in 1923 The men's soccer team plays its home games at Kamratvallen. The club participated in the Swedish men's soccer top division in 1967.

## Notable players

- Vinnie Jones (1986)

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (sports team)

- **name**: IFK Holmsund
- **full name**: Idrottsföreningen kamraterna Holmsund
- **sport**: association football, soccer
- **ballpark**: Kamratvallen
- **city**: Holmsund, Sweden
Metrojet Flight 9268

**Metrojet Flight 9268** (**KGL 9268**/**7K9268**) was an international chartered passenger flight. On 31 October 2015, it left Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt flying to Saint Petersburg, Russia. The plane exploded mid-flight due to a bomb and crashed in the Sinai desert 23 minutes after taking-off, killing all 217 passengers and 7 crew members aboard.

It reached an altitude of 31,000 ft (9,400 m) when it disappeared from radar. As well as the crew, 214 of those aboard were Russian. The remaining three were Ukrainian, mostly tourists.

The crash became the deadliest aviation accident in Egyptian history.

## Passengers and crew

|Total|217||7||224|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|style="text-align:left"|Russia|212|7|219||
|style="text-align:left"|Ukraine|4|0|4||
|style="text-align:left"|Belarus|1|0|1||

Flight 9268 was carrying 217 passengers, of which 25 were children, plus seven crew members. The captain of the flight was 47-year-old Valery Yurievich Nemov and the first officer was Sergei Stanislavovich Trukhachev. According to the airline, captain Nemov had amassed more than 12,000 hours of flight time, including 3,800 hours on this aircraft type. First officer Trukhachev had 5,641 hours of flight time, including more than 1,300 hours on the aircraft type.

## Infobox (aircraft occurrence)

- **name**: Metrojet Flight 9268
- **image**: File:Metrojet Airbus A321-231 EI-ETJ.jpg
- **image upright**: 1.2
- **image size**: 302px
- **caption**: EI-ETJ, the aircraft involved, seen in June 2015
- **occurrence type**: Bombing
- **summary**: Terrorist bombing by Islamic State's Sinai Branch
- **site**: Near Housna, North Sinai Governorate, Egypt
- **aircraft type**: Airbus A321-231
- **operator**: Metrojet
- **iata**: 7K9268
- **icao**: KGL9268
- **callsign**: KOGALYM 9268
- **tail number**: EI-ETJ
- **origin**: Sharm El Sheikh International Airport, Sinai Peninsula, Egypt
- **destination**: Pulkovo Airport, Saint Petersburg, Russia
- **occupants**: 224
- **passengers**: 217
- **crew**: 7
- **fatalities**: 224
- **survivors**: 0
No Gravity (Shontelle album)

***No Gravity*** is the second studio album by Barbadian recording artist Shontelle, released on September 21, 2010 by SRC Records.

## Review

_No Gravity_ received mixed reviews.

## Release history

|Region|Date|Label|
| --- | --- | --- |
|United States|September 21, 2010|SRC Records, Universal Motown|
|United Kingdom|October 18, 2010|Universal-Island Records|

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: No Gravity
- **border**: yes
- **type**: Studio album
- **artist**: Shontelle
- **recorded**: August 2009–August 2010
- **length**: 36:39
- **label**: SRC Records, SRC
- **prev title**: Shontelligence
(2008)
Växjö Lakers HC

The **Växjö Lakers HC** is an ice hockey club in the town of Växjö in Sweden. It was established in 1997. The club won the Swedish national championship in 2015, 2018 and 2021.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (pro hockey team)

- **current**: 2014–15 Växjö Lakers HC season
- **text color**: #FFFFFF
- **bg color**: #F07F0F
- **team**: Växjö Lakers HC
- **logosize**: 150px
- **city**: Växjö, Sweden
- **league**: Swedish Hockey League, SHL
- **founded**: 1997
- **arena**: Vida Arena
- **colors**: Blue, orange, white

- **gm**: Henrik Evertsson
- **coach**: Sam Hallam
- **captain**: Johan Markusson
- **le mat trophies**: 2014–15 SHL season, 2015, 2017–18 SHL season, 2018, 2020–21 SHL season, 2021
Fishers, Indiana

**Fishers** is a city in the state of Indiana, in the United States. As of the 2020 census, the population was 98,977.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Fishers, Indiana
- **settlement type**: City
- **mapsize**: 250x200px
- **imagesize**: 300
- **image map**: File:Hamilton County Indiana Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Fishers Highlighted 1823278.svg
- **map caption**: Location of Fishers in Hamilton County, Indiana.
- **image flag**: Flag of Fishers, Indiana.svg
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: Indiana
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Indiana, County
- **subdivision name2**: Hamilton County, Indiana, Hamilton
- **subdivision type3**: List of townships in Indiana, Townships
- **subdivision name3**: Fall Creek Township, Hamilton County, Indiana, Fall Creek, Delaware Township, Hamilton County, Indiana, Delaware
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **established date**: 1891
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 98977
- **population density km2**: 1064.00
- **population density sq mi**: 2755.71
- **timezone**: North American Eastern Time Zone, EST
- **utc offset**: −5
- **timezone dst**: Eastern Daylight Time, EDT
- **utc offset dst**: −4
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 98.82
- **area land km2**: 93.02
- **area water km2**: 5.79
- **area total sq mi**: 38.15
- **area land sq mi**: 35.92
- **area water sq mi**: 2.24
- **elevation ft**: 827
- **postal code type**: ZIP codes
- **postal code**: 46038, 46037, 46040
- **area code**: Area code 317, 317
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 18-23278
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 2396939
Law of the land

The phrase **law of the land** (Latin **lex terrae**) is a legal term. It means all of the laws in force within a country or region. The term was first used in Magna Carta. It was used to mean the laws of the kingdom. This was distinct from Roman law or civil law. In the United States, the Constitution declares it is the "supreme law of the land." It is the same as due process of law as justified by the Constitution.

## History

While Magna Carta first used the term, it did not actually become the law of the land until the reign of Edward I of England. It became closely associated with another phrase that helped define the law of the land' due process. During the reign of Edward II the Liberty of Subjects Act of 1354 stated:
 The law of the land and the Liberty of Subjects act remained in use in England. Both were used in colonial charters and common law. They became part of US laws after the American colonies declared their independence from England in 1776.
1980 New Orleans Saints season

The **1980 New Orleans Saints** season was the team's 14th season in the National Football League.

## History

They were the first NFL team to finish a season with 1 win and 15 losses.

Their only win was against the New York Jets in week 15. They had trailed 7-13, but Archie Manning threw a touchdown to Tony Galbreath to lead 14-13 and would throw another one to win 21-20. Fans called their team the "Ain'ts" because of how they began with no wins and 12 losses by losing to the Rams 7-27.

One of the Saints' notable losses was in week 14 in San Francisco, California. The Saints were actually leading 35-7. However, the San Francisco 49ers ended up beating them in overtime, 38-35 on a game-winning field goal. The comeback is one of the best comebacks in NFL history.

8 other teams have finished a season with 1 win and 15 losses after the 1980 Saints. These teams include the 1989 Cowboys, the 1990 Patriots, the 1991 Colts, the 1996 Jets, the  2000 Chargers, the 2001 Panthers, the 2007 Dolphins, the 2009 Rams, the 2016 Browns, and the 2020 Jaguars. The Detroit Lions in 2008 and the Cleveland Browns in 2017 would exceed it by losing all 16 games.

## Schedule

|Week|Date|Opponent|Result|Attendance|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1|September 7, 1980|San Francisco 49ers|L 23–26||
|2|September 14, 1980|at Chicago Bears|L 3–22||
|3|September 21, 1980|Buffalo Bills|L 26–35||
|4|September 28, 1980|at Miami Dolphins|L 16–21||
|5|October 5, 1980|St. Louis Cardinals|L 7–40||
|6|October 12, 1980|at Detroit Lions|L 13–24||
|7|October 19, 1980|Atlanta Falcons|L 14–41||
|8|October 26, 1980|at Washington Redskins|L 14–22||
|9|November 2, 1980|at Los Angeles Rams|L 31–45||
|10|November 9, 1980|Philadelphia Eagles|L 21–34||
|11|November 16, 1980|at Atlanta Falcons|L 13–31||
|12|November 24, 1980|Los Angeles Rams|L 7–27||
|13|November 30, 1980|Minnesota Vikings|L 20–23||
|14|December 7, 1980|at San Francisco 49ers|L 35–38||
|15|December 14, 1980|at New York Jets|W 21–20||
|16|December 21, 1980|New England Patriots|L 27–38||

## Infobox (nfl season)

- **team**: New Orleans Saints
- **year**: 1980
- **record**: 1–15
- **division place**: 4th NFC West
- **coach**: Dick Nolan (American football), Dick Nolan
Dick Stanfel
- **stadium**: Louisiana Superdome
- **playoffs**: _did not qualify_
Legal process

**Legal process** (or sometimes "**process**"), are the proceedings in any civil lawsuit or criminal prosecution. It also describes the formal notice or writ used by a court to exercise jurisdiction over a person or property. This process is usually "served" upon a party, to require that party to come to court. It may take the form of a summons, mandate, subpoena, warrant, or other written order issued by a court.

## Related pages

- Civil procedure
- Due process
- Legal proceeding
- Procedural law
- Trial
Accounting software

**Accounting software** is a program that can run on a computer to track the total value of a company. Accounting software can be downloaded to a computer or can be used through a browser window by logging into a website.

Before computers all accounting information was stored in books called "ledgers". A general ledger was the book where the accountant wrote down all payments that came into a company and all payments that were made. A common term for keeping track of this information is called "keeping the books". A bookkeeper is another term for an accountant, but can sometimes means a person who does accounting but maybe doesn't have as much formal education as an accountant.

Accounting software can automate many of the more menial tasks of accounting. For example, many accounting software companies automatically pull in bank information. Instead of having to put in the payments made and cashed received, the program does it for you.

## What accounting software does

- Manage purchases and sales
- Manage Inventory
- Keeps track of customers
- Keeps track of payments and income
- Records all financial transactions
- Can help you put all your expenses and income into the right category
- Invoice creation

## Popular examples

- Quickbooks
- SAGE
- PeachTree