juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Steinfurt Rural District

**Steinfurt** is a _Kreis_ (district) in the northern part of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Neighboring districts are Bentheim, Emsland, district-free Osnabrück and the Osnabrück district, Warendorf, district-free Münster, Coesfeld, Borken.

## Geography

The district is at the Lower Saxon border, north of Münster. The Ems river runs through the district from south to north. The highest point in Steinfurt is the _Westerbecker Berg_ with 234m, the lowest point is the Bentlage castle at 32m.

## History

In late medieval times Steinfurt became an independent earldom. At first it was a part of the earldom of Bentheim, before it became independent in 1454. 1804 Steinfurt was joined back with Bentheim, before it became a part of the Prussian province of Westphalia in 1815. The new government in 1816 made the districts Steinfurt and Tecklenburg.

In 1975 the old district Steinfurt was merged with the district Tecklenburg, and together with Greven and Saerbeck from the old district Münster the current district was made.

## Towns and municipalities

|colspan=2 align=left|Towns|align=left|Municipalities|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|width=33%|# Emsdetten # Greven # Hörstel # Horstmar # Ibbenbüren # Lengerich # Ochtrup # Rheine # Steinfurt # Tecklenburg|width=33%|# Altenberge # Hopsten # Ladbergen # Laer # Lienen # Lotte # Metelen|width=33%|<ol start=8> <li>Mettingen <li>Neuenkirchen <li>Nordwalde <li>Recke <li>Saerbeck <li>Westerkappeln <li>Wettringen </ol>|

## Other websites

- Official website
- Corpus juris of the Principality of Münster / Steinfurt, Anholt, Gemen

## Infobox (german district)

- **name**: Steinfurt
- **image coa**: DEU Kreis Steinfurt COA.svg
- **image flag**: Flagge Kreis Steinfurt.svg
- **state**: North Rhine-Westphalia
- **capital**: Steinfurt
- **regierungsbezirk**: Münster Government Region, Münster
- **kreisschlüssel**: 05566
- **area**: 1,792.097
- **population**: 438,765
- **population as of**: 2002
- **density**: 245
- **carsign**: ST
- **url**: http://www.kreis-steinfurt.de
- **map**: North_rhine_w_st.png
Unna (district)

The **Unna** () district is a Kreis (district) in central North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

## History

The area was known as Hamm for a long time. In 1901 the town of Hamm itself became a separate urban district, but government of Hamm Rural District stayed in the city until 1929. In that year the administration was moved to Unna, when the district name also changed to Unna.

By 1975, the towns of Lünen, Schwerte, Selm and Werne had joined the district.

## Towns and municipalities

|colspan=2 align=left|Towns|align=left|Municipalities|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|width=33%|# Bergkamen # Fröndenberg # Kamen # Lünen|width=33%|<ol start=5> <li>Schwerte <li>Selm <li>Unna <li>Werne </ol>|width=33%|# Bönen # Holzwickede|

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (german district)

- **name**: Unna
- **image coa**: Wappen Kreis Unna.svg
- **image flag**: Flagge Kreis Unna.svg
- **state**: North Rhine-Westphalia
- **capital**: Unna
- **regierungsbezirk**: Arnsberg Government Region, Arnsberg
- **kreisschlüssel**: 05978
- **area**: 542.62
- **population**: 430,269
- **population as of**: 2001
- **density**: 793
- **carsign**: UN
- **url**: http://www.kreis-unna.de
- **map**: North_rhine_w_un.png
Viersen (district)

**Viersen** is a Kreis (district) in the west of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

## History

In 1816, the new Prussian government created the district of _Kempen_. In 1929 the district was made a lot bigger and renamed _Kempen-Krefeld_.

In 1975 the district again changed its borders and was renamed to _Viersen_ even though Kempen remained the capital. Viersen city replace Kempen as the capital in 1984.

Since 1983 the district has had been twinned with Cambridgeshire in England.

## Cities and municipalities

<small>based on data from: 31. December 2005</small>>

## Other websites

- Official website (German)

## Infobox (german district)

- **name**: Viersen
- **image coa**: DEU Kreis Viersen COA.svg
- **image flag**: Flagge Kreis Viersen.svg
- **state**: North Rhine-Westphalia
- **capital**: Viersen
- **regierungsbezirk**: Düsseldorf Government Region, Düsseldorf
- **kreisschlüssel**: 05166
- **area**: 563.29
- **population**: 304,112
- **population as of**: 2002
- **density**: 540
- **carsign**: VIE
- **url**: http://www.kreis-viersen.de
- **map**: North_rhine_w_vie.png
Windows Update

**Windows Update** is a feature found in Microsoft Windows (after Windows 98) that lets the user update their copy of Windows. The Windows Update website can only be used with Internet Explorer.

It also allows updates to the definitions file of Windows Defender and to the Junk Mail filter in Windows Mail.

## Microsoft Update

**Microsoft Update** is a feature in Windows Update that provides updates not only for Windows but also other Microsoft software (such as Microsoft 365).

## History

Windows Update first became part of Windows with the launch of Windows 98. Since then, the Windows Update service has gone through many updates.

With the release of Windows Me, a feature called **Automatic Updates** was added, which allowed updates to be installed in the background.

In Windows Vista, Windows Server 2008 and Windows 7, instead of using the Windows Update website, users received updates through a built-in application.

With the release of Windows 10, Windows Update became more integrated with the operating system, introducing cumulative updates and mandatory security updates for some editions. As of 14th October 2025, Windows 10 will reach end of support, but see down below how to get extended security updates until 14th October 2026.  And get support until 2031 if you upgrade (purchase) Windows 10  (Enterprise) LTSC 2021. It's a cut-down version of Windows 10, but will work just like it.

In Windows 11, Microsoft introduced smaller and faster update packages, alongside machine learning to optimize installation times.

In Windows Server 2025, Microsoft added a **hotpatching** option, allowing certain security updates to be installed without requiring a reboot.

## Recent developments

In August 2025, Microsoft released update **KB5063709** for Windows 10, enabling enrollment in the Extended Security Updates (ESU) program, which extends support until 14th October 2026.

Microsoft also began improving dark mode consistency across Windows 11, fixing long-standing issues in system dialog boxes such as file copy and delete prompts.

In the same month, Microsoft changed the Microsoft Store update system, removing the option to permanently disable automatic app updates. Users may now only pause updates for a maximum of five weeks, after which updates resume automatically.

## Infobox (software)

- **name**: Windows Update
- **logo**: WindowsUpdate.svg
- **logo size**: 60px
- **screenshot**: Cc0-windows-update dion dresschers.png
- **screenshot size**: 300px
- **caption**: Windows Update on Windows 10
- **developer**: Microsoft
- **other names**: Microsoft Update
- **service name**: Windows Update
- **genre**: Network service
Warendorf (district)

**Warendorf** is a _Kreis_ (district) in the northern part of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

## History

In medieval times the region was part of the Prince-Bishopric of Münster. When it became part of the Prussian Province of Westphalia, the new government in 1816 created the districts of Warendorf and Beckum. In 1975 these two districts were joined to form today's district.

## Geography

The district is located east of the city of Münster. The Ems river runs through the district from east to west. The Lippe River forms part of the southern border of the district.

## Towns and municipalities

|align=left width=50%|Towns|align=left width=50%|Municipalities|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
||# Ahlen # Beckum # Drensteinfurt # Ennigerloh # Oelde # Sassenberg # Sendenhorst # Telgte # Warendorf||# Beelen # Everswinkel # Ostbevern # Wadersloh|

## Other websites

- Official website (German)

## Infobox (german district)

- **name**: Warendorf
- **image coa**: DEU Kreis Warendorf COA.svg
- **image flag**: Flagge des Kreises Warendorf.svg
- **state**: North Rhine-Westphalia
- **capital**: Warendorf
- **regierungsbezirk**: Münster Government Region, Münster
- **kreisschlüssel**: 05570
- **area**: 1,317.017
- **population**: 281.329
- **population as of**: 2001
- **density**: 214
- **carsign**: WAF
- **url**: http://www.kreis-warendorf.de
- **map**: North rhine w waf grey.png
Windows Defender

**Windows Defender** (which used to be called **Microsoft AntiSpyware**), is an application made by Microsoft. It was released on October 24, 2006. Windows Defender prevents, quarantines, and removes spywares in Windows Vista and Windows 7. It also prevents computer viruses in Windows 8 and above. It can also be downloaded for free for Windows XP and Windows Server 2003.

## Related pages

- Microsoft Security Essentials

## Infobox (windows component)

- **name**: Windows Defender
- **logo**: Windows Defender logo.svg
- **other names**: Windows Defender Antivirus
- **type**: Antivirus software on Windows 8 and later (formerly spyware removal software in Windows XP, Windows Vista, and Windows 7)
- **included with**: Windows Vista and later
Windows Server 2008 and later
- **also available for**: Windows XP and Windows Server 2003
- **replaces**: Microsoft Security Essentials
- **support status**: Same as the integrated version with Windows
- **related components**: Windows Defender Security Center
Wesel (district)

**Wesel** () is a _Kreis_ (district) in the northwestern part of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

## History

The district was created in 1975 by merging old districts of Dinslaken, Moers and Rees, which were all created in 1816 when the area became part of Prussia.

## Geography

The main river through the district is the River Rhine.

## Towns and municipalities

|align=left width=50%|Towns|align=left width=50%|Municipalities|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
||# Dinslaken # Hamminkeln # Kamp-Lintfort # Moers # Neukirchen-Vluyn # Rheinberg # Voerde # Wesel # Xanten||# Alpen # Hünxe # Schermbeck # Sonsbeck|

## Other websites

- Official website (German)

## Infobox (german district)

- **name**: Wesel
- **image coa**: DEU Kreis Wesel COA.svg
- **image flag**: Flagge des Kreises Wesel.svg
- **state**: North Rhine-Westphalia
- **capital**: Wesel
- **regierungsbezirk**: Düsseldorf Government Region, Düsseldorf
- **kreisschlüssel**: 05170
- **area**: 1,042.4
- **population**: 476,240
- **population as of**: 2001
- **density**: 465
- **carsign**: WES
- **url**: http://www.kreis-wesel.de
- **map**: North_rhine_w_wes grey.png
Arthritis

**Arthritis** means inflammation of bone or body joint. **Arthritides** are a group of diseases where the bodies (a person or animal) joints are damaged by arthritis. Arthritis can cause pain, swelling, and stiffness. It can make moving feel painful. It is a condition that lasts for a long time and arthritis affects the elderly more than young people.

## Tests/Diagnostic

Tests for arthritis include:
- Measure joint movement (by using angles, or if they need mobility aid and other clues), the range of motion
- Symmetry of the disease. Examination of the area, and if the patient has legs that are both the same size (for one example) if the lower body is affected

Tests are not hard and it does not cost much to do them compared to how much they can help get needed treatment. The disease mostly expected to happen as people age so it does not cost much to ask. It is can improve quality of life and prevent disease.

## Synovial fluid examination

Another diagnostic method. Below is a table with information in it, for the different arthritides.

## Forms of diseases

There are more than 100 arthritides (kinds of arthritis). The three most common kinds are osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and gout.  Other kinds of arthritis include psoriatic arthritis and septic arthritis (when an area is invaded by bacteria).

Osteoarthritis is when the cartilage in between two bones breaks down. This condition causes the bones to rub together. This kind of arthritis is more common in elderly people. The most common places for this arthritis are the hips, knees, lower back, and neck. There are medicines that can relieve the pain and prevent disability.

Rheumatoid arthritis is caused by autoimmunity. Autoimmunity is when the body's immune system attacks its own tissues. The most common places for this arthritis is in the wrists and the knuckles. It usually starts between the ages of 20 and 40. Children and elderly people can also get this kind of arthritis. There are medicines to slow down the process of this disease. There are also some medicines to relieve pain. It is important to treat this kind of arthritis early.

Gout causes severe pain and swelling. Gout normally affects the big toe. It can also affect heels, ankles, hands, wrists or elbows. Gout is from high levels of uric acid that is in the blood. Gout can cause urate crystals to settle in tissues of joints. Gout creates stone-like shapes. The stone-like shapes build in joints, ligaments and tendons and the kidneys.

Arthritis is more common in older people. Both osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis affect women more often than men.

Animals, including dogs and cats, can also get arthritis.
Mental calculation

**Mental calculation** or **mental maths** is doing arithmetic without using any tools such as a computer or a calculator. and without writing anything down. Mental calculation uses only the human brain. People who use mental arithmetic use shortcuts to make the calculation easier.

Mental calculation often involves the use of specific techniques devised for specific types of problems. There are specific methods for adding, subtracting, multiplying or dividing and more calculations such as squaring numbers or its opposite [square] "root finding". And even specific methods depending on the numbers used, such as "multiply by 10" or "multiply any 2-digit numbers", or "square numbers near 50".

## Calculation methods

There are many methods to do mental operations such as multiplying.

To multiply an integer by 10, simply add an extra 0 to the end of the number.  To multiply a non-integer by 10, move the decimal point to the right one digit.  In general  for 100, 1000, 10000 and so on, multiply by ten for repeatedly for each zero in that number.

Another way to do multiplications with two numbers is to use binomial formulas.

## Other websites

- Mental Arithmetic  -History topics
Richmond, Kentucky

**Richmond** is a city in North-central Kentucky. It is a little south of Lexington, Kentucky and is the county seat of Madison County. Eastern Kentucky University is in Richmond. It had 34,585 people in 2020 and an land area of 20.3 square miles (52.6 square kilometers). It has an elevation of 978 feet (298 meters) and a density of 1,702/square mile (657/square kilometer). It is the seventh-largest city in Kentucky when listed by the number of people.

## Other websites

- City of Richmond

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Richmond, Kentucky
- **settlement type**: list of Ky cities, City
- **image skyline**: Madison County, Kentucky courthouse.JPG
- **image caption**: Madison County courthouse, Richmond, with flags at half-staff in honor of Veterans Day (2007).
- **image map**: KYMap-doton-Richmond.PNG
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location of Richmond, Kentucky
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: Kentucky
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Kentucky, County
- **subdivision name2**: Madison County, Kentucky, Madison
- **government type**: City Mayor/Manager
- **established date**: 1798
- **named for**: Richmond, Virginia
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 53.28
- **area land km2**: 52.63
- **area water km2**: 0.65
- **area total sq mi**: 20.57
- **area land sq mi**: 20.32
- **area water sq mi**: 0.25
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 34585
- **population density km2**: 657
- **population density sq mi**: 1702
- **timezone**: Eastern Time Zone, EST
- **utc offset**: −5
- **timezone dst**: EDT
- **utc offset dst**: −4
- **elevation ft**: 978
- **postal code type**: ZIP codes
- **postal code**: 40475-40476
- **area code**: Area code 859, 859
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 21-65226
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 2404614
- **website**: [http://www.richmond.ky.us richmond.ky.us]
Counter-Strike: Source

***Counter-Strike Source*** is a first-person shooter computer game developed by Valve Corporation. The game normally involves 2 teams, one called 'Terrorists' or 'T' for short and 'Counter Terrorists' or 'CT' for short. The two teams have different guns and objectives. For example, Terrorists can use the AK-47 and Counter Terrorists can use the M4A1.

## About the game

The game started off as a modification of _Half-Life_, called _Counter-Strike_. Its popularity grew enough that Valve made it into a retail game. _Counter-Strike: Source_ is essentially the same game on the Source engine. It remains one of the most popular online shooter games in the world. The game has real-life weapons. Most of them are still used today.

## Modes

There are two officials modes, bomb-defusal and hostage rescue. The aim of the game generally is to kill the opposing force and carrying out other objectives such as defusing bombs and rescuing hostages.

## Changes from the community

These changes called modifications or "mods" for short, are created by the game's players generally and are not regarded as official changes. There are many mods such as Warcraft, Deathmatch, Gungame, Zombie Survival, and surf.

## Reception

- Metacritic 88

## Other websites

- Official site
- _Counter-Strike: Source_ GameSpot profile
- _Counter-Strike: Source_ player videos and images at Xfire

## Infobox (vg)

- **title**: Counter Strike: Source (CS:S)
- **developer**: Valve Corporation
Turtle Rock Studios
- **publisher**: Valve Corporation
- **series**: Counter-Strike (series), Counter-Strike
- **engine**: Source engine
- **released**: October 7, 2004
- **genre**: First-person shooter
- **modes**: multiplayer game, Multiplayer
- **platforms**: Microsoft Windows
Silver (color)

**Silver**  is the color of the metal silver.  It is a grayish-white color.

The first written use of _silver_ as a color name in English was in 1481.

## Meaning of silver

- Like the color gold, silver represents wealth because the metal silver is valuable, although not quite as valuable as gold.

## Tones of silver color comparison chart

|Name|width=100|Color|HEX Code|Red|Green|Blue|Hue|Sat|Lum|Source|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Platinum|style="background-color: #e3e4e5;"||#E5E4E2|229|228|226|040°|5%|89%||
|Lavender Tint|style="background-color: #dadada;"||#DADADA|218|218|218|000°|0%|85%||
|Light Silver|style="background-color: #d8d8d8;"||#D8D8D8|216|216|216|60°|0%|85%||
|Pale Silver|style = "background-color: #c9c0bb;"||#C9C0BB|201|192|187|021°|11%|76%|(Crayola Silver)|
|Silver Pink|style = "background-color: #c4aead;"||#C4AEAD|196|174|173|003°|16%|72%|(Plochere)|
|**Silver**|style = "background-color: #c0c0c0;"||**#C0C0C0**|**192**|**192**|**192**|**000°**|**0%**|**75%**|**(web color)**|
|Silver Sand|style = "background-color: #bfc1c2;"||#BFC1C2|191|193|194|200°|2%|75%|(Xona.com color list)|
|Silver Chalice|style = "background-color: #acacac;"||#ACACAC|172|172|172|000°|0%|67%|(Xona.com color list)|
|Quicksilver|style = "background-color: #a6a6a6;"||#A6A6A6|166|166|166|000°|0%|65%|(Crayola Silver Swirls)|
|Light Sirocco|style = "background-color: #b8c2c2;"||#B8C2C2|184|194|194|180°|8%|74%|(Sirocco Light (Xona.com color list))|
|New Silver|style = "background-color: #bfb8a5;"||#BFB8A5|191|184|165|044°|17%|70%|(ISCC-NBS)|
|Roman Silver|style = "background-color: #83969c; color: #ffffff"||#838996|131|150|156|221°|8%|55%|(Resene color list)|
|Sirocco|style = "background-color: #718080; color: #ffffff"||#718080|113|128|128|180°|6%|47%|(Xona.com color list)|
|Old Silver|style = "background-color: #848482; color: #ffffff"||#848482|132|132|130|060°|1%|51%|(ISCC-NBS)|
|Sonic Silver|style = "background-color: #757575; color: #ffffff"||#757575|117|117|117|000°|0%|46%|(Crayola FX Metallic)|
|Dark Silver|style = "background-color: #71706E; color: #ffffff"||#71706E|113|112|117|110°|40%|3%||

## Related pages

- List of colors
Pyromania

**Pyromania** is a psychological disorder. It is an _impulse control disorder_ with an obsession with fire and explosives.

Pyromaniacs often set fire to things. They get pleasure or relief from seeing things burn. Pyromaniacs are often convicted of arson. When children have pyromania, later in life they usually are diagnosed with a mental disorder. Pyromaniacs set fire to relieve stress and it gives them pleasure and relief.

Someone with this disorder deliberately and purposely sets fires on more than one occasion. Before the act of lighting the fire the person usually has tension and an emotional buildup. When around fires, a person with pyromania shows intense interest or fascination and may also get pleasure, gratification or relief.
Oscar De La Hoya

**Oscar de la Hoya** (born February 4, 1973), also known as the "**Golden Boy**", is a former boxer. He is Mexican-American. He won a gold medal for the United States at the 1992 Summer Olympics.

## Other websites

- Official Site, Golden Boy Promotions
San Salvador Island

**San Salvador Island**, also known as **Watling Island**,  is an island in The Bahamas, that is said to have been found by Christopher Columbus during his first trip to the New World.  It has a population of about 1,000 people, and it is a popular tourist spot.

## Other websites

- Info on Watling Island

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: San Salvador Island
- **settlement type**: Island and District
- **other name**: Watling's Island
- **native name**: Guanahani
- **image skyline**: SanSalvador_map.jpg
- **image caption**: Map of San Salvador Island
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **shield size**: 100
- **pushpin map**: Bahamas
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: List of islands of The Bahamas, Island
- **subdivision name1**: San Salvador
- **subdivision type2**: Districts of The Bahamas, District
- **subdivision name2**: San Salvador
- **area total km2**: 163
- **population as of**: 2010
- **population total**: 930
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone**: Eastern Time Zone
- **utc offset**: −05:00
- **area code**: Area code 242, 242
Jane Roberts

**Jane Roberts** (May 8, 1929 – September 5, 1984) was an American author, psychic and trance medium  who "channeled" a spirit named Seth. The publication of the Seth books established her as an important person in the world of the paranormal. She wrote short stories, novels and children's books.

## Selected writings

- Roberts, Jane (1974). _The Nature of Personal Reality_. Amber-Allen Publishing.
- Roberts, Jane (1981). _The Individual and the Nature of Mass Events_. Amber-Allen Publishing.
- Roberts, Jane and Robert F. Butts (1994). _Seth Speaks: The Eternal Validity of the Soul_. Amber-Allen Publishing.
Pound (currency)

The **pound** (**£**) is the currency used by Egypt, Falkland Islands, Gibraltar, Guernsey, Jersey and the United Kingdom where it is called Pound sterling. Centuries ago, it was one Troy Pound (mass) of silver coins.
Attraction

In general, an **attraction** is when two things are drawn to one another.

- In physics, **attraction** may refer to gravity or to electromagnetic force.
- In entertainment, _attraction_ is a theatrical production.
- In metaphysics, the _Law of Attraction_ says that a person's attitude will attract situations and events that match the attitude.
Alb-Donau-Kreis

**Alb-Donau** (Alemannic German: _Alb-Donau-Krois_) is a rural district or county (Landkreis) in Baden-Württemberg, Germany.

## History

The history of the region is linked with the history of Ulm and the Swabian Alb.

The district of Alb-Donau was established in 1973 by joining the former districts of Ulm and Ehingen.

## Geography

The city of Ulm is surrounded by the district. The government of the county is in Ulm, even though Ulm is not a part of the districztIt is the administrative seat of the Alb-Donau district, although it is not part of the district.

The district is named after the Danube River (German _Donau_) and the Swabian Alb (_Schwäbische Alb_) mountains. The Danube enters the district in the southwest, runs through the southern parts of the district and leaves eastwards to Ulm. North of the Danube banks the hills of the Swabian Alb rise. The hill chain extends from southwest to northeast parallel to the course of the Danube River and is continued on either side of the district. An affluent of the Danube, the Iller River, forms the southeastern border of the Alb-Donau district, before it meets the Danube in Ulm.

## Towns and municipalities

|align=left|Towns|colspan="3" style="text-align:left;"|Municipalities|||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|style="width:25%;"|# Blaubeuren # Dietenheim # Ehingen # Erbach # Laichingen # Langenau # Munderkingen # Schelklingen|style="width:25%;"|# Allmendingen # Altheim # Altheim (Alb) # Amstetten # Asselfingen # Ballendorf # Balzheim # Beimerstetten # Berghülen # Bernstadt # Blaustein # Börslingen # Breitingen # Dornstadt # Emeringen # Emerkingen|style="width:25%;"|<ol start=17> <li>Griesingen <li>Grundsheim <li>Hausen am Bussen <li>Heroldstatt <li>Holzkirch <li>Hüttisheim <li>Illerkirchberg <li>Illerrieden <li> Lauterach <li> Lonsee <li> Merklingen <li> Neenstetten <li> Nellingen <li> Nerenstetten <li> Oberdischingen <li> Obermarchtal </ol>|style="width:25%;"|<ol start=33> <li> Oberstadion <li> Öllingen <li> Öpfingen <li> Rammingen <li> Rechtenstein <li> Rottenacker <li> Schnürpflingen <li> Setzingen <li> Staig <li> Untermarchtal <li> Unterstadion <li> Unterwachingen <li> Weidenstetten <li> Westerheim <li> Westerstetten </ol>|

## Other websites

- Official website  (German)

## Infobox (german district)

- **name**: Alb-Donau
- **image coa**: Landkreiswappen des Landkreises Alb-Donau-Kreis.svg
- **state**: Baden-Württemberg
- **capital**: Ulm
- **regierungsbezirk**: Tübingen (region), Tübingen
- **region**: Donau-Iller
- **kreisschlüssel**: 08425
- **area**: 1,357.32
- **population**: 189,101
- **population as of**: 2003
- **density**: 139
- **carsign**: UL
- **url**: [http://www.alb-donau-kreis.de alb-donau-kreis.de]
- **map**: Lage Alb-Donau-Kreis in BW.svg
- **latd**: 48
- **latm**: 24
- **latns**: N
- **longd**: 9
- **longm**: 51
- **longew**: E
Freddy Cannon

**Freddy "Boom Boom" Cannon** (born December 4, 1936) is an American singer. He was most famous in the early 1960s. His hit records include "Abigail Beecher", "Tallahassee Lassie", and "Way Down Yonder In New Orleans".

One of Cannon's hits, "Palisades Park", was written by Chuck Barris, who later created _The Dating Game_ and _The Gong Show_. Cannon also appeared in the movies _Just for Fun_ and _Village of the Giants_.
Hudson Bay

The **Hudson Bay** is a bay that goes into East-central Canada. It is the fourth largest sea in the world with an area of 316,000 square miles (819,000 square kilometres). The northern and western shores belong to Nunavut, the southern shore is split between Manitoba and Ontario, and the eastern shore belongs to Quebec. It is connected with the Atlantic Ocean through the Hudson Strait, which is in the northeast of the bay, and with the Arctic Ocean through the Foxe Channel in the north part of the bay.

It was named for the English explorer Henry Hudson, who, in 1610 on the ship _Discovery_, found the bay and claimed it for England.

## Other websites

- Britannica Online-Hudson Bay
La fanciulla del West

***La fanciulla del West***, meaning _The Girl of the Golden West_, is an opera by Puccini. The opera is three acts long. It was based on the play _The Girl of the Golden West_ by David Belasco. The first showing of the opera was at the Metropolitan Opera, New York, in 1910.
Kora (instrument)

The **kora** is a 21-string harp-lute used mostly by peoples in West Africa.
Gao Region

The **Gao Region** is in eastern Mali. The region's capital city is Gao.

## Cercles

- Ansongo
- Bourem
- Gao
- Menaka (cercle)
Kayes Region

The **Kayes Region** is in eastern Mali.

## Cercles

Kayes is divided into 7 cercles:
- Bafoulabe
- Diema
- Kita
- Kenieba
- Kayes
- Nioro
- Yelimane
Kidal Region

The **Kidal Region** is a region in Mali.

## Cercles

Kidal Region is divided into 4 cercles that contain 11 municipalities:
- Abéibara
- Kidal
- Tin-Essako
- Tessalit

## Other websites

- Kidal info
Koulikoro Region

The **Koulikoro Region** is a region in western Mali. It is the second administrative area of Mali and covers an area of . Its capital is the city of Koulikoro.

## Infobox (region)

- **name**: Koulikoro Region
- **native name lang**: fr
- **type**: Regions of Mali, Region
- **image map**: Mali - Koulikoro.svg
- **map caption**: Location within Mali
- **mapsize**: 300px
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **seat type**: Capital (political), Capital
- **seat**: Koulikoro
- **area total km2**: 90120
- **population total**: 2418305
- **population as of**: 2009 census
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone1**: UTC±0, UTC
- **utc offset1**: ±0
Mopti Region

The **Mopti Region** is a region in Mali.

## Cercles

Mopti is divided into 8 cercles that contain a total of 108 municipalities:
- Bandiagara
- Bankass
- Djenne
- Douentza
- Koro
- Mopti
- Tenenkou
- Youwarou
Sikasso Region

The **Sikasso Region** is a region in Mali.  Sikasso is the capital of the region.  It is the second largest city in Mali.  Because of people fleeing the violence in Côte d'Ivoire the city is growing quickly.

Other important towns are Bougouni and Koutiala.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Sikasso Region
- **native name lang**: fr
- **type**: Regions of Mali, Region
- **image map**: Mali - Sikasso.svg
- **map caption**: Location within Mali
- **mapsize**: 300px
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **seat type**: Capital (political), Capital
- **seat**: Sikasso
- **area total km2**: 70280
- **population total**: 2625919
- **population as of**: 2009 census
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone1**: UTC±0, UTC
- **utc offset1**: ±0
Tombouctou Region

The **Tombouctou Region** (also spelled **Timbuktu**) is a region in Mali.
Toni Morrison

**Toni Morrison** apex (born **Chloe Ardelia Wofford**; February 18, 1931 – August 5, 2019) was an African-American author. She was the second child in her working-class family. In 1993, she became the first caille African American womaofford, the second of four children from a working-class, Black family, in Lorain, Ohio, to Ramah (née Willis) and George Wofford. In a 2015 interview Morrison said that her father, salut traumatized by his experiences of racism, hated whites so much he would not let them in the house. She studied at Howard University and at Cornell University.

normally wrote slt about racial discrimination (racism, mainly the dislike of blacks). She won awards for writing some books and she changed African-American history. She was perhaps the most successful mainly story-writing African woman in the world.

She was a famous writer and she got her good writing by the people she looked up to. They were B.W.Jones and A.I.Vinson. Her first novel (_The Bluest Eyes_) is the story of a girl ruined by a racist society and its violence and she had son named slade who she wrote this book with dreaming emmett. One of her books, _Beloved_, was made into a movie in 1998. This movie starred Oprah Winfrey.

Morrison died at a hospital in The Bronx, New York City on August 5, 2019, from problems caused by pneumonia, aged 88.
Bret Michaels

**Bret Michael Sychak**, better known as **Bret Michaels** (born March 15, 1963 in Butler, Pennsylvania), is the lead singer of the glam metal band Poison. He also starred on VH1's reality television program Rock of Love 2. He is also a contestant on Celebrity Apprentice.

## Other websites

- Official website
- Official Poison website

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Bret Michaels
- **img**: BretMichaels.JPG
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Bret Michael Sychak
- **origin**: Butler, Pennsylvania, United States, U.S.
- **genre**: Glam metal
Hard rock
Country rock
- **instrument**: Vocals
Guitar
- **years active**: 1984-Present
- **label**: Capitol Records
Cyanide Music Inc.
- **associated acts**: Poison (band), Poison
- **url**: [http://www.bretmichaels.com/ BretMichaels.com]
Jacques Arcadelt

**Jacques Arcadelt** (also called **Jacob Arcadelt**) (born probably in Liège,  1504 or 1505; died Paris, 14 October  1568)  was a Franco-Flemish composer in the Renaissance period.  He was an extremely popular composer of madrigals and chansons.

We know hardly anything about his early life, but we know he was living in Rome by 1539 when he was made a member of the Julian Chapel.  Soon he joined the Sistine Chapel, where he had the job of "magister puerorum" (director of the boys choir), and later he became choirmaster.  In the same year he published four of his total of six books of madrigals for four voices.  Probably around 1553 he moved to France, where he spent the rest of his life.  He wrote a very large number of chansons (French songs). He also wrote some masses.

Arcadelt's music became extremely popular because it was quite simple and easy to sing with beautiful melodies that people could remember. One very famous madrigal is called _Il bianco e dolce cigno_ (_The white and gentle swan_).  The style of Arcadelt’s music influenced the next generation of madrigal composers.
Adela Florence Nicolson

**Adela Florence Nicolson** (née **Cory**) (9 April 1865–4 October 1904) was an English poet who lived in India. She wrote under the pseudonym **Laurence Hope**.

## References

- Bickley, Francis L. and Sayoni Basu, "Nicolson [née Cory], Adela Florence [pseud. Laurence Hope] (1865-1904)," Dictionary of National Biography 2004.
Dailymotion

**Dailymotion** is the French world's largest independent video sharing website based in Paris, France, it was started on 15 March 2005 by Benjamin Bejbaum and Olivier Poitrey.
Francesca Lia Block

**Francesca Lia Block** (born January 3, 1962 in Los Angeles, California) is the writer of many books for teenagers. She is best known for the Weetzie Bat series of books. Block wrote her first book, _Weetzie Bat_, while she was a student at UC Berkeley. Harper Collins published it in 1989.  She is known for her use of imagery, or ability to paint pictures with words. This is best seen in describing the city of Los Angeles.

Block was born in Los Angeles to a poet and a painter. The creativity they gave Francesca was a big influence on what she wrote. Another influence was her love of Greek mythology and fairy tales when she was a child.

Block belongs to the Authors Guild, Authors League of America, and the Writers Guild of America.

### Weetzie Bat Series

1. _Weetzie Bat_ (1989)
1. _Witch Baby_ (1991)
1. _Cherokee Bat and the Goat Guys_ (1992)
1. _Missing Angel Juan_ (1993)
1. _Baby Be-Bop_ (1995)
1. _Necklace of Kisses_ (2005)

### Weetzie Bat Collections

- _Dangerous Angels: The Weetzie Bat Books_ (collection) (1998)
- _Beautiful Boys: Two Weetzie Bat Books_ (collection) (2004)
- _Goat Girls: Two Weetzie Bat Books_ (collection) (2004)

### Books

- _Ecstasia_ (1993)
- _The Hanged Man_ (1994)
- _Primavera_ (1994)
- _I Was A Teenage Fairy_ (1998)
- _Violet and Claire_ (1999)
- _Echo_ (2001)
- _Wasteland_ (2003)
- _Ruby_ (2006)
- _Psyche In A Dress_ (2006)

### Collections

- _Moon Harvest: Poems_ (poetry) (1978)
- _Season of Green: Poems_ (poetry) (1979)
- _The Rose and the Beast: Nine Fairy Tales_ (1993)
- _Girl Goddess #9: Nine Stories_(1996)
- _Nymph: Nine Erotic Stories_ (2000)

### Nonfiction

- _Zine Scene: the do it yourself guide to zines_ (1998)
- _Guarding the Moon: A Mother's First Year_ (2003)

## Other websites

- Official Website
- Francesca Lia Block shrine
Benito Pérez Galdós

**Benito Pérez Galdós** (May 10, 1843 – January 4, 1920) was a Spanish realist novelist. Considered by many second only to Cervantes in stature, Pérez Galdós was the greatest Spanish realist novelist. Born in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, he moved to Madrid at the age of 20 where he spent most of his adult life. Within Spain his most popular works are the earlier works: the _Episodios nacionales_ (46 volumes). Outside Spain his _Novelas españolas contemporáneas_ are more popular.
Candomblé

**Candomblé** is an African-inspired or Afro-Brazilian religion, practiced chiefly in Brazil. The religion originated in the city of Salvador, the capital of Bahia.
Merzig-Wadern

**Merzig-Wadern** is a _Kreis_ (district) in the northeast of the Saarland, Germany.

## History

The district was created in 1816 when the area became the property of Prussia. After World War I the Saar area was under special government of the League of Nations, which did split the district into two parts. The area around Wadern stayed Prussian, while the Merzig area became part of the Saargebiet area. In 1935 the Saar area rejoined Germany, however it took till after the World War II that the two district parts were reunited in 1946.

## Geography

The Saar River flows through the district, the Moselle River forms the boundary in the west to Luxembourg.

## Towns and municipalities

|align=left width=50%|Towns|align=left width=50%|Municipalities|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
||# Merzig # Wadern||# Beckingen # Losheim am See # Mettlach # Perl # Weiskirchen|

## Other websites

- Official website (German)

## Infobox (german district)

- **name**: Merzig-Wadern
- **image coa**: Wappen Landkreis Merzig-Wadern.svg
- **image flag**: Fahne Landkreis Merzig-Wadern.svg
- **state**: Saarland
- **capital**: Merzig
- **kreisschlüssel**: 10042
- **area**: 555.00
- **population**: 106,088
- **population as of**: 2001
- **density**: 191
- **carsign**: MZG
- **url**: [http://www.landkreis-merzig-wadern.de landkreis-merzig-wadern.de]
- **map**: Merzig-Wadern im SL.svg
Neunkirchen District

**Neunkirchen** is a Kreis (district) in the middle of the Saarland, Germany.

## History

In 1974 the districts of Saarland were reorganized. The capital of the district was moved to Neunkirchen. The name of the district was changed to Neunkirchen as well. Neunkirchen city had first tried to become cspital of the district in 1866. Some parts of the administration remained in Ottweiler.

## Towns and municipalities

|align=left width=50%|Towns|align=left width=50%|Municipalities|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
||# Neunkirchen # Ottweiler||# Eppelborn # Illingen # Merchweiler # Schiffweiler # Spiesen-Elversberg|

## Other websites

- Official website (German)

## Infobox (german district)

- **name**: Neunkirchen
- **image coa**: Wappen Landkreis Neunkirchen.png
- **image flag**: Fahne Landkreis Neunkirchen.svg
- **state**: Saarland
- **capital**: Neunkirchen, Saarland, Neunkirchen
- **kreisschlüssel**: 10043
- **area**: 249.16
- **population**: 148,069
- **population as of**: 2001
- **density**: 594
- **carsign**: NK
- **url**: [http://www.landkreis-neunkirchen.de landkreis-neunkirchen.de]
- **map**: Neunkirchen.svg
Afro-Brazilian religions

**Afro-Brazilian religions** are all religions that originated in African traditional religions, which were brought to Brazil by slaves.

- Babaçuê - Pará
- Batuque - Rio Grande do Sul
- Cabula - Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro e Santa Catarina.
- Candomblé - In all states of Brazil
- Culto aos Egungun - Bahia, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo
- Culto de Ifá - Bahia, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo
- Quimbanda - Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo
- Macumba - Rio de Janeiro
- Omoloko - Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais, São Paulo
- Tambor-de-Mina - Maranhão
- Umbanda - In all states of Brazil
- Xangô do Nordeste - Pernambuco
- Xambá - Alagoas, Pernambuco
Saarbrücken (district)

The **Regionalverband Saarbrücken** is a _Kommunalverband besonderer Art_, that is, it is a special mix of a rural district and a district free city. It is located in the south of the Saarland, Germany.

## History

The district Saarbrücken was originally created in 1816.
In 1974 the district and the district-free city Saarbrücken were merged, and the new administrative body was named _Stadtverband Saarbrücken_. Although it's not a district like others, most of its administrative tasks are same as those of a district.

## Geography

The Saar River flows through the district, through the city Saarbrücken in the centre of the district.

## Towns and municipalities

|align=left width=50%|Towns|align=left width=50%|Municipalities|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
||# Friedrichsthal # Püttlingen # Saarbrücken # Sulzbach # Völklingen||# Großrosseln # Heusweiler # Kleinblittersdorf # Quierschied # Riegelsberg|

## Other websites

- Official website  (German)

## Infobox (german district)

- **name**: Saarbrücken
- **image coa**: Wappen Stadtverband Saarbruecken.svg
- **image flag**: Fahne Stadtverband Saarbrücken.svg
- **state**: Saarland
- **capital**: Saarbrücken
- **kreisschlüssel**: 10041
- **area**: 410.62
- **population**: 349,177
- **population as of**: 2002
- **density**: 850
- **carsign**: SB (Völklingen: VK)
- **url**: [http://www.regionalverband-saarbruecken.de regionalverband-saarbruecken.de]
- **map**: Saarbrücken.svg
Sinaloa

**Sinaloa** is a northwestern Mexican state. It is bordered by Sonora to the north, Chihuahua to the northeast, Durango to the east, and Nayarit to the south. To the west lies the Pacific Ocean and the Gulf of California, also known as the Sea of Cortez.
Saarlouis (district)

**Saarlouis** is a Kreis (district) in the middle of the Saarland, Germany.

## History

The district was part of the Holy Roman Empire. After the Napoleonic wars the area went to Prussia, which in 1816 created the district as part of its Rhineland province. From 1936-1945 it was called _Saarlautern_, when the Nazi government tried to exchange the French name for a German one.

## Geography

The main river in the district is the Saar.

## Towns and municipalities

|align=left width=33%|Towns|align=left width=33%|Municipalities|align=left width=33%||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||# Saarlouis # Lebach # Dillingen||# Bous # Ensdorf # Nalbach # Rehlingen-Siersburg # Saarwellingen||<ol start=6> <li>Schmelz <li>Schwalbach <li>Überherrn <li>Wadgassen <li>Wallerfangen </ol>|

## Other websites

- Official website (German)

## Infobox (german district)

- **name**: Saarlouis
- **image coa**: De saarlouis coat.png
- **image flag**: Fahne Landkreis Saarlouis.svg
- **state**: Saarland
- **capital**: Saarlouis
- **kreisschlüssel**: 10044
- **area**: 459.08
- **population**: 211,393
- **population as of**: 2002
- **density**: 460
- **carsign**: SLS
- **url**: [http://www.kreis-saarlouis.de kreis-saarlouis.de]
- **map**: Saarlouis.svg
Saarpfalz District

**Saarpfalz** (_Saar-Palatinate_) is a Kreis (district) in the south-east of the Saarland, Germany. Neighboring districts are (from west clockwise) Saarbrücken, Neunkirchen, Kusel, Südwestpfalz, district-free Zweibrücken, and the French _département_ Moselle.

## History

When after World War I the Saar area went under special government of the League of Nations, the Palatinate area, then part of Bavaria, was split in two parts. The part which went into the Saar became commonly known as Saarpfalz, and was administered by the two _Bezirksamt_: St. Ingbert and Homburg. The district Saarpfalz was created in 1974 when the two districts of Saint Ingbert and Homburg were joined. Since 1997 the district has a partnership with Henrico County, Virginia.

## Towns and municipalities

|align=left width=50%|Towns|align=left width=50%|Municipalities|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
||# Bexbach # Blieskastel # Homburg (Saar) # Sankt Ingbert||# Gersheim # Kirkel # Mandelbachtal|

## Other websites

- Official website (German)

## Infobox (german district)

- **name**: Saarpfalz
- **image coa**: Wappen Saarpfalz-Kreis.svg
- **image flag**: Fahne Saarpfalz-Kreis.svg
- **state**: Saarland
- **capital**: Homburg (Saar)
- **kreisschlüssel**: 10045
- **area**: 418.53
- **population**: 156,358
- **population as of**: 2002
- **density**: 374
- **carsign**: HOM and IGB
- **url**: [http://www.saarpfalz-kreis.de saarpfalz-kreis.de]
- **map**: Saarland HOM.svg
Sankt Wendel (district)

**Sankt Wendel** is a Kreis (district) in the north of the Saarland, Germany. Neighboring districts are Trier-Saarburg, Birkenfeld, Kusel, Neunkirchen, Saarlouis, Merzig-Wadern.

## History

The district was created in 1834 when Prussia bought the Lichtenfeld area from Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. After World War I the Saar area came under special rulership of the League of Nations, and the Sankt Wendel district was split into two parts. The northern part, the _Restkreis Sankt Wendel_, was merged into the district Birkenfeld, the southern part stayed in the Saarland in its smaller size.

## Geography

The district is located in the _Saar-Hunsrück_ natural area, a hilly area with elevations between 200 and 600 meters.
The main river in the district is the Nahe. The _Bostalsee_ is the biggest tourist lake in the south-west of Germany, covering an area of about 1.2 km<sup>2</sup>.

## Towns and municipalities

|align=left width=33%|Towns|align=left width=33%|Municipalities|align=left width=33%||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||# Sankt Wendel||# Freisen # Marpingen # Namborn # Nohfelden||<ol start=5> <li>Nonnweiler <li>Oberthal <li>Tholey </ol>|

## Other websites

- Official website (German)
- Touristic website

## Infobox (german district)

- **name**: Sankt Wendel
- **image coa**: Wappen Landkreis St Wendel.svg
- **image flag**: Fahne Landkreis St Wendel.svg
- **state**: Saarland
- **capital**: Sankt Wendel
- **kreisschlüssel**: 10046
- **area**: 476.09
- **population**: 95,119
- **population as of**: 2002
- **density**: 200
- **carsign**: WND
- **url**: [http://www.landkreis-st-wendel.de landkreis-st-wendel.de]
- **map**: St Wendel.svg
Mass media

**Mass media** are media like radio, television, internet or other things that reach many people.  Television is most used.  We can see and hear  news from around the world.  Radio also brings music and news.  Books supply older and more detailed material.  The internet is also important.  We can search for all the news and information.  Websites like Wikipedia and about.com give information about many things.  Libraries are also important.  In libraries, we can read books and listen to music.

The term was coined in the 1920s with the advent of nationwide radio networks, mass-circulation newspapers and magazines, although mass media (like books and manuscripts) were present centuries before the term became common.

## Related pages

- Journalism
- Censorship
- News agency
- Media studies
Rail

**Rail** or **rails** may refer to:

- Railway track
- The hot rolled steel profiles used on rail tracks or tramway tracks
    - Railway rail
    - Vignoles rail
    - Flanged T rail
    - Grooved rail
    - Barlow rail
- Rail transport
- Rallidae, the group of birds called _rails_
- A guard rail for safety or support
- Handrail on a stairway
- Rail (band), an American band
- Batten (theater), _rail_ in theatrical lighting
- Power supply rail, a voltage _rail_. A single voltage provided by a power supply unit
- Common rail, a fuel injection system
- R4!L or Rail: English/American disc jockey and producer
- A third rail used to provide electricity to a trains locomotive
Kublai Khan

**Kublai Khan** (23 September 1215 - 18 Feb. 1294) was a Mongol khan, or military ruler, who brought the Mongol Empire to its peak. He finished the invasion of China and was also the founder of the Yuan dynasty. He was the grandson of the great Mongol king Genghis Khan.

Kublai Khan was born to Tolui Khan, and his wife Sorghaghtani. While growing up, he participated in campaigns with his father until he was 17, when his father died. He had also participated in campaigns with his older brother. When his brother died in 1259, Kublai had to fight against his younger brother to become Great Khan even though he was next in line to rule.

Kublai led armies against the Song dynasty and took over most of China and much of Asia. As the first foreigner to rule all of China, he established the Yuan dynasty, which had Chinese ideas but Mongolian roots.