Fuzûlî

**Fużūlī** (فضولی) was the pen name of the poet Muhammad bin Suleyman (محمد بن سليمان) (c. 1483 – 1556). He is one of the greatest contributors to the Dîvân tradition of Azerbaijani literature,

Fuzûlî wrote his collected poems (dîvân) in three different languages: Azerbaijani, Persian, and Arabic. Although his Turkic works are written in Azerbaijani, he knew both the Ottoman and the Chagatai Turkish literary traditions as well.  He was also very able in mathematics and astronomy.

## Life

Fuzûlî was born around 1483 in what is now Iraq; he was probably born in either Karbalā’ or an-Najaf. Fuzûlî's ancestors had been of nomadic origin, but his family had long since settled in towns.

Fuzûlî was educated by his father—who was a mufti in the city of Al Hillah — and then by a teacher named Rahmetullah. It was during this time that he learned the Persian and Arabic languages in addition to his native Azerbaijani.

One of the few things that is known of Fuzûlî's life during this time is how he arrived at his pen name. In the introduction to his collected Persian poems, he says: "In the early days when I was just beginning to write poetry, every few days I would set my heart on a particular pen name and then after a time change it for another because someone showed up who shared the same name". Eventually, he decided upon the Arabic word _fuzûlî_—which literally means "impertinent, improper, unnecessary"—because he "knew that this title would not be acceptable to anyone else".Despite the name's pejorative meaning, however, it contains a double meaning—what is called _tevriyye_ (توريه) in Ottoman Divan poetry — as Fuzûlî himself explains: "I was possessed of all the arts and sciences and found a pen name that also implies this sense since in the dictionary _fuzûl_ (ﻓﻀﻮل) is given as a plural of _fazl_ (ﻓﻀﻞ; 'learning') and has the same rhythm as _‘ulûm_ (ﻋﻠﻮم; 'sciences') and _fünûn_ (ﻓﻨﻮن; 'arts')".

In 1534, the Ottoman sultan Süleymân I conquered the region of Baghdad, where Fuzûlî lived, from the Safavid Empire. Fuzûlî now had the chance to become a court poet under the Ottoman patronage system, and he composed a number of poems in praise of the sultan, and as a result, he was granted a stipend. But he did not really get it. Therefore he citicized bureaucracy in one of his best-known works, the letter _Şikâyetnâme_ (شکايت نامه; "Complaint"):

- سلام وردم رشوت دگلدر ديو آلمادىلر
- _Selâm verdim rüşvet değildir deyü almadılar._
- I said hello, but they didn't accept it since it wasn't a bribe.

The loss of his stipend meant that Fuzûlî never became secure. He died during a plague outbreak in 1556, in Karbalā’, either of the plague itself or of cholera.

### Works in Azerbaijani

- _Dîvân_ ("Collected Poems")
- _Beng ü Bâde_ (بنگ و باده; "Hashish and Wine")
- _Hadîkat üs-Süedâ_ (حديقت السعداء; "Garden of Pleasures")
- _Dâstân-ı Leylî vü Mecnûn_ (داستان ليلى و مجنون; "The Epic of Layla and Majnun")
- _Risâle-i Muammeyât_ (رسال ﻤﻌﻤيات; "Treatise on Riddles")
- _Şikâyetnâme_ (شکايت نامه; "Complaint")

### Works in Persian

- _Dîvân_ ("Collected Poems")
- _Anîs ol-qalb_ (انیس القلب; "Friend of the Heart")
- _Haft Jâm_ (هفت جام; "Seven Goblets")
- _Rend va Zâhed_ (رند و زاهد; "Hedonist and Ascetic")
- _Resâle-e Muammeyât_ (رسال ﻤﻌﻤيات; "Treatise on Riddles")
- _Sehhat o Ma'ruz_ (صحت و معروض; "Health and Sickness")

### Works in Arabic

- _Dîvân_ ("Collected Poems")
- _Matla' ul-İ'tiqâd_ (مطلع الاﻋﺘﻘﺎد; "The Birth of Faith")

## References

<div style="font-size: 95%">
**Primary**
- Fuzulî. _Fuzulî Divanı: Gazel, Musammat, Mukatta' ve Ruba'î kısmı_. Ed. Ali Nihad Tarlan. İstanbul: Üçler Basımevi, 1950.
- Fuzulî. _Leylâ ve Mecnun_. Ed. Muhammet Nur Doğan. .

**Secondary**
- Andrews, Walter G. "Fuzûlî" in _Ottoman Lyric Poetry: An Anthology_. pp. 235–237. .
- "Fozule, Mohammad b. Solayman" . Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 25 August 2006.
- "Fuzuli, Mehmed bin Süleyman." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2006. Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service. 23 Aug. 2006  <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9035730>.
- Kudret, Cevdet. _Fuzuli_. .
- Şentürk, Ahmet Atillâ. "Fuzûlî" in _Osmanlı Şiiri Antolojisi_. pp. 280–324. .
</div>

## Notes

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## Other websites

- FUZULİ
- Muhammed Fuzuli—a website with a brief biography and translated selections from _Leylî vü Mecnûn_
- Fuzûlî in Stanford J. Shaw's _History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey_