juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Extratropical cyclone

An **extratropical cyclone** (also called a **mid-latitude cyclone**) is a type of cyclone. It is a large low-pressure weather area with clouds, rain and heavy wind. They occur in areas that are between latitudes 30° – 60° from the equator. They are not the same as tropical cyclones or low-pressure weather areas from polar zones. They are actually many masses of cold and warm fronts producing rain, heavy wind, and sometimes tornadoes and even hail.

An extratropical cyclone turns anticlockwise in the Northern Hemisphere. The shape is circular or oval.  The usual diameter is about 1000 km. These cyclones are usually connected with fronts. A front is a system of changes in weather. It is caused by a very cold air mass meeting a very hot air mass. In the cyclone, there is a system of warm front and cold front. The center of a cyclone is cloudier. There is also a very high chance of precipitation. The wind is strong and changes its direction, as the warm front passes. The weather is stable and fog is usual. As the cold front passes, there is a change of wind, the temperature decreases and rain is also common.

Some extratropical cyclones are made from tropical cyclones that become weak but do not die when they move over cold water. Sometimes, these weather areas can become even stronger than before as they turn into extratropical cyclones. When made from tropical cyclones, they can still have an eye (a place in the middle of a tropical cyclone that is not as windy, cloudy, or rainy). European windstorms are sometimes made when wind from the northwestern part of the Atlantic carry them more east and north towards Europe. Nor'easters often hit northeastern North America, and are made when it is cold, most often in late fall. Wind from the west part of the Atlantic moves them north. They become stronger, and drop snow on the areas it moves into. When a nor'easter drops in pressure and become stronger, by more than one millibar every hour, it is called a weather bomb. Hurricane Hazel was extratropical but still hurricane-level when it hit Toronto, for example.

Cyclonal defects usually occur in series called "the families of the cyclones". Usually, there is a belt of 3 or 4 cyclones in different stages. The cyclone has several stages of evolution. First, there is a stage of the origin of a cyclone. Second stage means that the cyclone is strengthening. At that moment, both the warm and cold front are very large. The system is moving very fast.  The cold front is generally faster, which means that it runs down the warm one. This causes an occluded front. The weather is similar to both types of fronts. The third stage ends with filling of the area with air. The pressure rises. Stage four means that the signs of cyclonal weather disappear.

## Notable storms

A violent storm during the Crimean War on November 14, 1854, wrecked 30 vessels, and sparked initial investigations into meteorology and forecasting in Europe. In the United States, the Columbus Day Storm of 1962, one of many Pacific Northwest windstorms. Hurricane Sandy also became extratropical before it's landfall.
Small solar system body

A **small Solar System body** (**SSSB**) is a term defined in 2006 by the International Astronomical Union to describe solar system objects which are not planets or dwarf planets:

- _All other objects orbiting the Sun shall be referred to collectively as "Small Solar System Bodies" ... These currently include most of the Solar System asteroids, most Trans-Neptunian Objects (TNOs), comets, and other small bodies._

Therefore, it refers to these objects that can be further grouped based on their orbit or what they are made of:
- all known minor planets that are not dwarf planets, _i.e._
    - the classical asteroids (except the largest one, 1 Ceres);
    - the Centaurs and Neptune Trojans;
    - the smaller Trans-Neptunian Objects (except dwarf planets such as Pluto and Eris);
- all comets;
- It is not yet clear whether there will be a lower bound on the group of small solar system bodies, or if it will encompass all material down to the level of meteoroids.

Some of the larger "small Solar System bodies" may be reclassified in future as dwarf planets, pending further examination to determine whether or not they are in hydrostatic equilibrium (nearly-round shape).
Frankenstein

***Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus*** is a gothic novel written by Mary Shelley. It is about a creature produced by a strange scientific experiment. Shelley started writing the story when she was nineteen. It was published when she was twenty-one. The first edition was published anonymously in London in 1818. Shelley's name appears on the second edition, published in France in 1823.

Shelley had travelled in the region of Geneva, Switzerland, where much of the story takes place. Ideas about occultism were topics of conversation among her travelling companions, especially her future husband, Percy Bysshe Shelley. Mary, Percy, Lord Byron, and his doctor John Polidori decided to have a competition to see who could write the best horror story. After thinking for weeks about what her possible storyline could be, Shelley dreamt about a scientist who created life and was horrified by the result. She then wrote _Frankenstein_.

Since publication of the novel, the name "Frankenstein" is often used to refer to the monster itself. This usage is sometimes considered erroneous, but usage commentators regard the monster sense of "Frankenstein" as well-established and an acceptable usage. In the novel, the monster however is called "creature", "monster", "fiend", "wretch", "vile insect", "daemon", "being", and "it". Speaking to Victor Frankenstein, the monster refers to himself as "the Adam of your labors", and elsewhere as someone who "would have" been "your Adam", but is instead "your fallen angel."

## Plot

Victor Frankenstein is a scientist who wants to create life itself. He stitches together parts from the dead bodies. He brings his creation to life during an electrical storm. The monster scares Frankenstein. He runs away.  The monster spends years looking for a place in the world.  Mostly, other humans are afraid of him. The monster decides to go back to Frankenstein to ask him to make another monster to be his wife.  Frankenstein chases the monster to the Arctic, and dies pursuing the creature. The monster vanishes into the fog.

## Related pages

- Frankenstein's monster

## Infobox (book)

- **name**: Frankenstein;
or, The Modern Prometheus
- **image caption**: Frankenstein's monster
in the first movie adaptation, (1910)
- **image**: Frankenstein1910.jpg
- **author**: Mary Shelley
- **language**: English
- **published**: United Kingdom
- **genre**: Gothic, Horror, Romanticism, Romance, science fiction
- **publisher**: Lackington, Hughes, Harding, Mavor & Jones
- **pub date**: 11 March 1818
- **media type**: Print
ESPN

**ESPN** is an American sports television network owned by ESPN, Inc., a joint venture between The Walt Disney Company which owns 72%  Hearst Corporation which owns 18% and the National football League which owns 10%. _ESPN_ is an acronym for **Entertainment and Sports Programming Network**. The channel is headquartered in Bristol, Connecticut with other studios in Los Angeles and New York City. ESPN shows sporting events and games. It also has programs for news and highlights of sporting events, as well as talk shows on sports topics. The network has also shown games or events other than sports, such as poker.

In 2018, ESPN launched ESPN+ as an additional streaming service subscription that did not require cable TV.

In 2019, ESPN bought the rights to show games from the German Bundesliga as part of a six year deal beginning in 2020, with many games appearing on ESPN+.

In August 2025, ESPN launched the ESPN Unlimited streaming service, making all of its content available in a streaming subscription that did not require cable TV.  The new service is also included in many cable TV packages, and as a bundle with FOX One. ESPN+ was renamed ESPN Select and continued to be available with more limited content.

In December 2025, ESPN shut down its digital extension channel ESPN3 that was available as part of some TV packages.

### Television

- ESPN (1979–present)
- ESPN on ABC (2006-present, replacing ABC Sports)
- ESPN International (1989–present)
- ESPN2 (1993–present)
- ESPNEWS (1996–present)
- ESPN Classic (1997–2021)
- ESPN PPV (1999–present)
- ESPNU (2005–present)
- ESPN Deportes (2004–present)
- ESPNHD (2003–present)
- ESPN2HD (2005–present)
- SEC Network (2014–present)
- ESPN+ (2018–present)

### Internet

- ESPN Motion (2003–present)
- ESPN 360 (2005–present)

### Radio

- ESPN Radio (1992–present)
- ESPN Deportes Radio (2005–present)

## Films

- _Ultimite X_ with Touchstone Pictures

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (television channel)

- **name**: ESPN
- **logo**:
- **logo caption**: Logo since 1985
- **picture format**: 720p (HDTV)
(selected matches are upscaled to 4K resolution#2160p resolution, 2160p Ultra-high-definition television, 4K UHD broadcasts on selected platforms)
(downscaled to letterboxed 480i for the SDTV feed)
- **owner**: The Walt Disney Company (72%)
Hearst Communications (18%)
National Football League (10%)
- **parent**: ESPN Inc.
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English language, English
- **headquarters**: Bristol, Connecticut
- **sister channels**: * ESPN on ABC, ABC
* ESPN (streaming service)
* ESPN Select
* ESPN2
* ESPNU
* ESPNews
* ESPN Deportes
* ACC Network
* SEC Network
- **online serv 1**: ESPN+
- **online chan 1**:
(American pay-TV subscribers only)
- **online serv 2**: Service(s)
- **online chan 2**: DirecTV Stream, FuboTV, Hulu + Live TV, Sling TV, YouTube TV
2006 Winter Olympics

The **2006 Winter Olympics**, officially known as the XX Olympic Winter Games, were held in Turin, Italy from 10 to 26 February 2006. This was the second time Italy hosted the Olympic Winter Games. The first time was the 1956 Winter Olympics in Cortina d'Ampezzo. Italy also had the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome.

The President of Italy, Carlo Azeglio Ciampi, opened the ceremony.  Stefania Belmondo was the torch-bearer.

1,548 men and 960 women were in the Olympics. There were 84 events.   The official motto of the XX Olympic Winter Games was "Passion lives here".

## Medals won by each nation

|Rank|width=150|Nation||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|width=60 bgcolor=gold|**Gold**|width=60 bgcolor=silver|**Silver**|width=60 bgcolor=cc9966|**Bronze**|
|1||**11**|**12**|6|**29**|
|2||9|9|7|25|
|3||9|7|7|23|
|4||8|6|8|22|
|5||7|10|7|24|
|6||7|2|5|14|
|7||6|3|2|11|
|8||5|4|5|14|
|9||5|0|6|11|
|10||3|2|4|9|
||3|2|4|9||
|12||3|0|0|3|
|13||2|8|**9**|19|
|14||2|4|5|11|
|15||1|2|1|4|
|16||1|2|0|3|
|17||1|0|1|2|
|18||1|0|0|1|
|19||0|6|3|9|
|20||0|1|1|2|
|21||0|1|0|1|
||0|1|0|1||
||0|1|0|1||
||0|1|0|1||
|25||0|0|2|2|
|26||0|0|1|1|

### Olympic areas

Olympic events were mainly held in Turin. Other events such as skiing and snowboarding had to be held in mountain areas.

#### Turin

Many venues were located in the Olympic District in central Turin, including:
- Oval Lingotto – Speed skating
- Torino Esposizioni – Ice hockey
- Palasport Olimpico – Ice hockey (final)
- Stadio Olimpico – Opening and closing ceremonies
- Palavela – Figure skating, short-track speed skating
- Olympic Village

#### Other locations

- Bardonecchia – Snowboarding
- Cesana Pariol – Bobsleigh, Luge, Skeleton
- Cesana San Sicario  – Biathlon
- Pinerolo – Curling
- Pragelato – Nordic combined (ski jumping), Ski jumping
- Pragelato Plan – Cross-country skiing, Nordic combined (cross-country skiing)
- San Sicario Fraiteve – Alpine skiing (women's combined (downhill), downhill, and super-g)
- Sauze d'Oulx – Freestyle skiing
- Sestriere Borgata – Alpine skiing (men's combined (downhill), downhill, super-g)
- Sestriere Colle – Alpine skiing (combined (slalom), giant slalom, slalom)

### Olympic villages

- Bardonecchia
- Sestriere
- Turin

## Infobox (olympic games)

- 2006
- Winter
- Olympics
- **host city**: Turin, Italy
- **motto**: _Passion Lives Here_
(Italian language, Italian: _La passione vive qui_)
- **nations**: 80
- **athletes**: 2,629
- **events**: 84 in 7 Olympic sports, sports (15 disciplines)
- **opening**: 10 February
- **closing**: 26 February
- **opened by**: President of Italy, President Carlo Azeglio Ciampi
- **cauldron**: Stefania Belmondo
- **stadium**: Stadio Olimpico Grande Torino
- **winter prev**: 2002 Winter Olympics, Salt Lake 2002
- **winter next**: 2010 Winter Olympics, Vancouver 2010
- **summer prev**: 2004 Summer Olympics, Athens 2004
- **summer next**: 2008 Summer Olympics, Beijing 2008
- **image**: 2006 Winter Olympics logo.svg
- **image size**: 250px
1665

## Events

- March 4 – The Second Anglo-Dutch War begins.

## Births

- February 6 – Anne, Queen of Great Britain (d. 1714)
1764

## Births

- March 13 – Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1845)
- September 25 – Fletcher Christian, leader of the Mutiny on the Bounty (d. 1793)

## Deaths

- April 15 – Madame de Pompadour, mistress of King Louis XV of France (born 1721)
- November 20 – Christian Goldbach, Prussian mathematician (born 1690)
1629

## Events

- February 11 – The Pilgrims leave England for North America to settle the Massachusetts Bay Colony.

## Births

- March 9 – Czar Alexis I of Russia (d. 1676)
- April 14 – Christiaan Huygens, Dutch scientist (d. 1695)
1692

### January–June

- March 1 – The Salem witch trials begin in Salem Village, Massachusetts Bay Colony, with the charging of 3 women with witchcraft.
- June 8 – During a famine in Mexico City, an angry mob torches the Viceroy's palace and ignites the archives; most of the documents and some paintings are saved by royal geographer Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora.
- June 10 – Salem witch trials: Bridget Bishop is hanged for witchcraft.

### July–December

- September 8 – An earthquake in Brabant of scale 5.8 is felt across the Low Countries, Germany and England.
- September 14 – Diego de Vargas leads Spanish colonists in retaking the city of Santa Fe, New Mexico, after a 12-year exile, following the Pueblo Revolt of 1680.
- Salem witch trials:
    - September 19 – Giles Corey is pressed to death, in an attempt to coerce a confession from him of witchcraft.   By the end of September, 14 women and 5 men have been hanged.
    - September 22 – The last of those convicted of witchcraft in the Salem witch trials are hanged; the remainder of those convicted are all eventually released.
- October 21 – In Barbados, a slave revolt is crushed.

## Births

- June 28 – Louisa Maria Teresa Stuart, Princess of England, Scotland, and Ireland
- August 18 – Louis Henri, Duke of Bourbon, Prime Minister of France (d. 1740)
- October 25 – Elisabeth Farnese, queen of Philip V of Spain (d. 1766)

## Deaths

- July 19 – Rebecca Nurse, accused Massachusetts witch (b. 1621)
1702

**1702** (MDCCII) was a common year starting on Sunday in the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Thursday in the Julian calendar.  The Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar as of the start of this year.  It remained in localized use until 1923.

## Events

- March 8 – King William III of England dies. His sister-in-law, Anne, becomes queen.
- _date unknown_
    - Delaware becomes a separate colony.
1640

## Events

- The first university in Finland, the Academy of Åbo, is founded in Turku.
1633

## Events

- June 18 – Charles I is crowned King of Scots, at St. Giles Cathedral, Edinburgh.
1631

## Events

- May 18 – In Massachusetts, John Winthrop takes the oath of office and becomes the first Governor of Massachusetts.
1635

## Events

- February 22 – The _Académie française_ in Paris is founded as the national academy for the preservation of the French language.
- July 31 – The Royal Mail service is made available to the public by King Charles I of England.
- August 25 – The Great Colonial Hurricane strikes Narragansett Bay as a possible Category 3 hurricane, killing over 46 people.

### Date unknown

- Dominica is claimed by France.
1575

## Events

- February 13 – Henry III of France is crowned at Reims.
1760

## Events

- March 20 – The Great Fire of Boston, Massachusetts, destroys 349 buildings.
- October 25 – King George II of Great Britain dies; his grandson George III becomes king.
1670

## Events

- April 29 – Pope Clement X succeeds Pope Clement IX as the 239th pope.
- July 18 – Spain recognises Jamaica and the Cayman Islands as English possessions by the Treaty of Madrid.
1673

## Events

- August 9 – Dutch forces under Admiral Cornelis Evertsen de Jonge recapture New York City from the English (regained by the English in 1674).
1674

## Events

- February 19 – England and the Netherlands sign the Treaty of Westminster. Part of the agreement transfers the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam to England, which renames it New York.
1675

## Events

- April – The South Atlantic Ocean island of South Georgia is discovered.
- June 24 – King Philip's War starts in North America.
- August 10 – Construction starts on the Royal Greenwich Observatory.

## Births

- March 31 – Pope Benedict XIV (d. 1758)
1678

## Events

- January 27 – The first fire engine company in what will become the United States goes into service.
- February 18 – John Bunyan publishes his Christian allegory _The Pilgrim's Progress_ in London.
1722

## Events

- April 5 (Easter Sunday) – Dutch admiral Jakob Roggeveen lands on what is now Easter Island.
1729

**1729** (MDCCXXIX) was a common year starting on Saturday in the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Wednesday in the Julian calendar.

## Events

- The Treaty of Versailles is signed
1662

## Events

- February 20 - Survivors of a shipwreck eat the last Dodo bird.

## Births

- April 30 – Mary II of England, Scotland and Ireland, monarch (d. 1694)
1663

## Events

- March 4 – The Prince Edward Islands in the subantarctic Indian Ocean are discovered by Dutch explorer Barent Barentszoon Lam.
1669

## Events

- March 11 – Mount Etna erupts, destroying the town of Nicolosi and killing 20,000 people.
- July – The Hanseatic League, 400 years after it was formed, holds its last official meeting in Lübeck.

### Date unknown

- Phosphorus is discovered by Hennig Brand.
- Antonio Stradivari makes his first violin.

## Deaths

- December 9 – Pope Clement IX (b. 1600)
1523

## Events

- June 6 – Gustav Vasa is elected king of Sweden, finally establishing its full independence from Denmark, ending of the Kalmar Union.
1511

## Births

- February 8 – Giorgio Vasari (d. 1574), Italian painter, architect and writer

## Deaths

- January 9 – Demetrios Chalkokondyles, Greek classical scholar (b. 1424)
- February 11 – Henry, Duke of Cornwall, eldest son of Henry VIII of England
- June 6 – Ahmad ibn Abi Jum'ah, Islamic scholar, author of the Oran fatwa
- July 2 – Şahkulu, leader of the Şahkulu Rebellion
- August 2 – Andrew Barton, Scottish naval leader (b. c. 1466)
- September 6 – Ashikaga Yoshizumi, Japanese shogun (b. 1481)
- October 18 – Philippe de Commines, French-speaking Fleming in the courts of Burgundy and France (b. 1447)
- _date unknown_
    - Nicolás de Ovando (born 1460), Spanish soldier, governor of Hispaniola
    - Diego de Nicuesa, Spanish conquistador and explorer
    - Johannes Tinctoris, Flemish composer and music theorist (b. c. 1435)
    - Matthias Ringmann, German cartographer and humanist poet (b. 1482)
    - Yusuf Adil Shah, founding leader of the Adil Shahi dynasty
- _probable_ – Antoine de Févin, French composer (b. c. 1470)
1506

**1506** (MDVI) was a common year starting on Thursday in the Julian calendar.

## Events

- January 22 – The Swiss Guard arrives at the Vatican, to serve as permanent ceremonial and palace guards under Pope Julius II.

## Births

- April 7 – Francis Xavier, Spanish Jesuit saint (d. 1552)
1693

## Events

- January 11 – 1693 Sicily earthquake: Mount Etna erupts, causing a devastating earthquake that affects parts of Sicily and Malta.
- February 8 – The College of William and Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia, is granted a Royal charter from King William III and Queen Mary II of England.

## Religion

- Some members of the Anabaptist movement in Switzerland splits from the group to start the Amish.

## Births

- February 7 – Empress Anna I of Russia (d. 1740)
- March 7 – Pope Clement XIII (d. 1769)
- March 24 – John Harrison, English clockmaker (d. 1776)
1731

**1731** (MDCCXXXI) was a common year starting on Monday in the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Friday in the Julian calendar.

## Events

- Benjamin Franklin starts the Library Company of Philadelphia.
Dracula

***Dracula*** is a horror gothic novel written by the Irish writer Bram Stoker. Bram Stoker published the novel in England in 1897. The character 'Dracula' may have been based in part on Sir Henry Irving (who was an actor and friend of Bram Stoker) and on Vlad III the Impaler (a Romanian king). The story is about a vampire called Dracula. A vampire is a kind of monster associated with death and the Devil.

## Plot

A young solicitor (a type of lawyer) Jonathan Harker goes to Transylvania to sell a house in England to a nobleman named Dracula. After living in the castle for a week, he realizes that Dracula is a vampire. Dracula traps Harker in his castle with three other vampire women (who are called his brides) and goes to England, by hiding on a ship and killing the crew. When he gets to England, he bites a young woman called Lucy Westenra and turns her into a vampire. Lucy is then killed by Abraham van Helsing (a medical doctor) and the other characters in the book. Then Dracula bites Jonathan's wife Mina. Because of this, the other characters try to defeat Dracula, by chasing him back to Transylvania and killing him.

## Ideas for the story

People have written about where Stoker got his ideas for the Dracula story.  It has been said that Stoker's mother Charlotte telling him of the events of the terrible cholera plague in Sligo, Ireland may have given him some ideas.  These included:
- Doctors trying to stop people dying and then being killed.
- Smells and mists associated with terrible things.
- Roman Catholic priests bravely fighting the terrible things.
- People being buried when they were not dead and some not dying.
The idea of blood may have come from Bram's early years when he was unhealthy and in bed all the time and doctors may have tried bleeding him to make him healthy.

Ideas for the person of _Dracula_ may have been taken from Henry Irving.  Stoker worked for Irving at the Lyceum Theatre in London for 30 years.

## Most famous adaptations of Dracula

- 1922, __ (_Nosferatu, a Symphony of Horror_). First adaptation of the novel. Directed by F. W. Murnau. Max Schreck has the role of Count Orlok. The movie director could not get permission to use the actual story from Stoker's widow, who ordered many copies of the movie to be destroyed after its release.
- 1931, _Dracula_. Horror, directed by Tod Browning and starring Béla Lugosi as Dracula.
- 1958, _Horror of Dracula_. Horror, stars Christopher Lee as Count Dracula.
- 1979, _Dracula_. Horror, stars Frank Langella as Dracula.
- 1979, _Love at First Bite_. Comedy, stars George Hamilton as Count Vladimir Dracula.
- 1992, _Bram Stoker's Dracula_. Horror, directed by Francis Ford Coppola and starring Gary Oldman as Dracula.
- _Dracula: Dead and Loving it._ Comedy, directed by Mel Brooks and starring Leslie Nielsen as Count Dracula.
- _Van Helsing_ is a 2004 movie that has Hugh Jackman as the title character (Gabriel Van Helsing) and Richard Boxburgh as Count Vladislaus Dracula.
- 2014, _Dracula Untold_, directed by Gary Shore

## Online texts

- http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/45839
- Bram Stoker Online Full text and PDF versions of this novel.
1002

## Events

- January 23 – Emperor Otto III dies, at the age of 22, of smallpox at Castle of Paterno (near Rome) after a 19-year reign. He leaves no son, nor a surviving brother who can succeed by hereditary right to the throne. Otto is buried in Aachen Cathedral alongside the body of Charlemagne (**Charles the Great**).

## Births

- June 21 – Pope Leo IX (d. 1054)
- Adolf II of Lotharingia (d. 1041)
- Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi, Sunni Muslim scholar and historian (d. 1071)
- George I of Georgia (possible date; d. 1027)
- Mei Yaochen, Chinese poet of the Song Dynasty (d. 1060)

## Deaths

- January 23 – Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 980)
- April 30 – Eckard I, Margrave of Meissen, assassinated
- August 8 – Al-Mansur, chief minister of the Umayyad Caliphate of Córdoba, Spain
- October 15 – Otto-Henry, Duke of Burgundy (b. 946)
- Ealdwulf, Abbot of Peterborough, Bishop of Worchester and Archbishop of York
- Godfrey I, Count of Verdun
- Gunhilde, wife of Pallig, killed in the St. Brice's Day massacre
- John the Iberian, Georgian saint (possible date)
- Pallig, Danish chieftain, Jarl of Devonshire, killed in the St. Brice's Day massacre
- Rogneda of Polotsk, wife of Vladimir I of Kiev before his conversion to Christianity
- Sancho Ramírez of Viguera (possible date)
- Tahir, son of Khalaf I
- Udayadityavarman I of Khmer Empire
1570

**1570** (MDLXX) was a common year starting on Sunday in the Julian calendar and a common year starting on Thursday in the proleptic Gregorian calendar.

## Events

- February 8 – A magnitude 8.3 earthquake occurs in Concepción, Chile.
- February 25 – Pope Pius V excommunicates Queen Elizabeth I of England with the bull _Regnans in Excelsis_.
- July 14 – Pope Pius V issues _Quo Primum_, promulgating the 1570 edition of the Roman Missal.
1470

## Events

- March 12 – Wars of the Roses in England – Battle of Losecoat Field: The House of York defeats the House of Lancaster.
- July 12 – The Ottomans capture Euboea.
- October 3 – Warwick releases Henry VI of England from the Tower of London, and restores him to the throne.

## Births

- June 30 – Charles VIII of France (d. 1498)
- November 2 – King Edward V of England, one of the princes in the Tower (d. c. 1483)
1530

## Births

- Filippo Azzaiolo (d. 1569), Italian composer

## Deaths

- 29 November – Thomas Wolsey (born between 1471 and 1476), English statesman and archbishop
1534

## Events

- Jaques Cartier explored Quebec and Montreal.

## Births

- Joan Waste (d. 1 August 1556), English woman burned to death because she would not stop being a Protestant
- 10 February – Song Ik-phil (d. 8 August 1599), Korean politician
- 23 June – Oda Nobunaga (d. 21 June 1582), Japanese daimyo
- 1 July – Frederick II of Denmark (d. 4 April 1588), King of Denmark-Norway
- 24 September – Guru Ram Das (d. 1 September 1581), fourth of the Ten Gurus of Sikhism

## Deaths

- 26 May – Pope Clement VII (born 26 May 1478), 220th Pope of the Roman Catholic Church
1708

## Events

- July 11 – War of the Spanish Succession: Allied forces commanded by John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough defeated the French at the Battle of Oudenarde.
- August 18 – War of the Spanish Succession: The British capture Minorca, Spain.
1656

## Events

- December – The pendulum clock is invented by Christian Huygens.
1586

## Events

- Simon Stevin, a Flemish mathematician, demonstrates that two objects of different weight fall with the same speed.
1576

## Events

- August 11 – English navigator Martin Frobisher, on his search for the Northwest Passage, enters the bay now named after him.
1477

## Events

- The University of Tübingen was founded in Tübingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany

## Births

- January 25 – Anne of Brittany (d. January 9, 1514), Duchess of Brittany
1646

## Events

- February 16 – First English Civil War: The Battle of Great Torrington, Devon, the last major battle of the conflict, is fought.
- December 21 – Temperatures around the world start to decline as part of the Little Ice Age.

## Deaths

- December 22 – Peter Mogila, Orthodox Metropolitan of Kiev and Galicia (b. 1596)
1551

## Births

- 19 September – Henry III of France (d. 2 August 1589), King of France and of Poland
- 8 October – Giulio Caccini (d. 10 December 1618), Italian composer and singer

## Deaths

- 17 May – Shin Saimdang (b. 29 October 1504), Korean artist, poet, writer, and scholar
United States Air Force

The **United States Air Force** (**USAF**) is the aerial warfare branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the eight uniformed services. It was part of the U.S. Army until September 18, 1947.

The Air Force is the largest air force in the world and considered one of the most technologically advanced. It has thousands of aircraft in service. including bombers, fighter aircraft, and transport, and hundreds of intercontinental ballistic missiles. Hundreds of thousands of men and women are on active duty in the Air Force and others are in the Reserves and the United States National Guard.

## Officer ranks

|**Pay grade**||O-1||O-2||O-3||O-4||O-5||O-6||O-7||O-8||O-9||O-10||Special||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|style="background:#ccc;"|**Insignia**|||||||||||||||||||||||
|style="background:#ccc;"|**Title**||Second Lieutenant||First Lieutenant||Captain||Major||Lieutenant Colonel||Colonel||Brigadier General||Major General||Lieutenant General||General||General of the Air Force|
|Abbreviation<sup>2</sup>|2d Lt|1st Lt|Capt|Maj|Lt Col|Col|Brig Gen|Maj Gen|Lt Gen|Gen|GAF|||||||||||||
|colspan=8||||||||||||||||||||||||
|NATO Code|OF-1|OF-2|OF-3|OF-4|OF-5|OF-6|OF-7|OF-8|OF-9|OF-10||||||||||||||
|colspan=5|<small><sup>1</sup> Awarded as an honorary rank or during periods of a declared war.</small> <small><sup>2</sup> No periods are used in actual grade abbreviation.</small>|||||||||||||||||||||||

### Warrant officers

The Air Force warrant officer ranks, while authorized by law, are not used.

### Enlisted personnel

|**US DoD Pay grade**||E-1||E-2||E-3||E-4||E-5||E-6||colspan=2|E-7||colspan=2|E-8||colspan=4|E-9|||||||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|style="background:#ccc;"|Insignia||_No Insignia_|||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|style="background:#ccc;"|Title||Airman Basic||Airman||Airman First Class||Senior Airman||Staff Sergeant||Technical Sergeant|colspan=2|Master Sergeant¹|colspan=2|Senior Master Sergeant¹|colspan=2|Chief Master Sergeant¹||Command Chief Master Sergeant||Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force|||||||
|Abbreviation|AB|Amn|A1C|SrA|SSgt|TSgt|MSgt|SMSgt|CMSgt|CCM|CMSAF|||||||||||||||||||
|NATO Code|OR-1|OR-2|OR-3|OR-4|OR-5|OR-6|OR-7|OR-8|OR-9|OR-9|OR-9|||||||||||||||||||
|colspan=15|¹ <small>The USAF does not have a separate First Sergeant rank; it is instead a duty denoted by a diamond within the upper field.</small>|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||

## Other websites

- Find a grave memorial of a World War II "WASP" {Women Air Service pilot}
Annular hurricane

An **annular hurricane** is a term used in the north Atlantic Ocean and northeastern Pacific Ocean east of the International Dateline. An annular hurricane is a rare type of hurricane that has a big, circular eyewall, and thick, deep convection around it with no spiral rainbands. This structure allows the hurricane to maintain its strength for longer durations, and in worse conditions than typical hurricanes.
1320s

The **1320s** was the decade that started on January 1, 1320, and ended on December 31, 1329. It is distinct from the decade known as the ***133th decade*** which began on January 1, 1321 and ended on December 31, 1330.

## Events

- In North America, after arriving in different areas in Mexico, the Aztec settle in a swampy area near Lake Texcoco, and found the city of Tenochtitlan.
20s

The **20s** was a decade that started on 1 January 20 and ended on 31 December 29.
- _Note: Sometimes the **'20s** is used as shorthand for the 1920s, the 1820s, or other such decades in various centuries_

## Significant people

- Tiberius, Roman Emperor (14–37).
1465

## Births

- Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar (d. 1524), Spanish soldier, conquered and governed Cuba for Spain
1545

## Births

- Lady Mary Grey (d. 20 April 1578), sister of Lady Jane Grey
- 8 July – Carlos, Prince of Asturias (d. 24 July 1568), son of King Philip II of Spain

## Deaths

- 18 October – John Taverner (b. about 1490), English composer and organist
1340s

The **1340s** was a decade that began on 1 January 1340 and ended on 31 December 1349. It is distinct from the decade known as the ***135th decade*** which began on January 1, 1341 and ended on December 31, 1350.

## Deaths

- 1346, March 15 – Shah Jalal of Bengal (b. 1271)

## Events and trends

- The Black Death spreads across Europe.
- The Battle of Sluys is fought between the ships of the navy of the Kingdom of England and those of the Kingdom of France.
- August 26, 1346: Edward III of England defeats Philip VI of France at the Battle of Crécy. This battle is famous for the destruction of the French cavalry by English longbowmen. This was also the first time cannons were used in battle.
1110s

The **1110s** was a decade that began on 1 January 1110, and ended on 31 December 1119. It is distinct from the decade known as the ***112th decade*** which began on January 1, 1111 and ended on December 31, 1120.

## Events and trends

- 1111 Henry V is crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Paschal II
- 1112 The people of Laon, France, proclaim a commune and murder their bishop
- 1113 Pierre Abélard opens his school in Paris
- 1119 Knights Templar Order established in Jerusalem
1200

**1200** (MCC) was a leap year starting on Saturday in the Julian calendar.  In the proleptic Gregorian calendar, it was a century leap year.

## Events

- University of Paris received charter from Philip II of France
- The Kanem-Bornu Empire was established in northern Africa around the year 1200
- Mongol victory over Northern China — 30,000,000 killed

## Births

- Al-Abhari, Persian philosopher and mathematician (died 1265)
- Ulrich von Liechtenstein, German nobleman and poet (died 1278)
- Adam Marsh, English Franciscan (approximate date; died 1259)
- John Fitzalan, Lord of Oswestry
- Matthew Paris, English Benedictine monk and chronicler (approximate date; died 1259)
- Rabbi Isaac ben Moses of Vienna (died 1270)
- Dogen Zenji, founder of Soto Zen (died 1253)

## Deaths

- Joscelin III of Edessa
- Zhu Xi, Chinese philosopher (born 1130)
- Gilbert Horal, 12th Grand Master of the Knights Templar
1300s

The **1300s** was a decade that began on 1 January 1300 and ended on 31 December 1309. It is distinct from the decade known as the ***131th decade*** which began on January 1, 1301 and ended on December 31, 1310.

## Events and trends

- 1308 – Avignon Papacy established, which splits and weakens the Roman Catholic Church
1100s

The **1100s** was a decade that began on 1 January 1100, and ended on 31 December 1109. It is distinct from the decade known as the ***111th decade*** which began on January 1, 1101 and ended on December 31, 1110.

## Events and trends

- The Ancient Pueblo Peoples culture rises (approximate date).
- The great Buddhist centre of learning at Nalanda is destroyed by invaders.
- The city of Cusco, Peru is founded.
- Emperor Huizong of Song starts to rule in China.
- 1102 Bolesław III becomes duke of Poland.
- The Hohenbaden castle is built in Baden-Baden, Germany.
- 1104 The volcano Hekla erupts in Iceland, destroying settlements.
- 1107 Emperor Toba ascends the throne of Japan.
1964 Summer Olympics

The **1964 Summer Olympics**, officially known as the Games of the 61th Olympiad, were held in Tokyo, Japan from October 10, 1964 to October 24, 1964.

## Related pages

- Sports in Japan

## Other websites

- IOC page for the 1964 Summer Olympics

## Infobox (olympic games)

- 1964
- Summer
- Olympics
- **image**: Tokyo 1964 Summer Olympics logo.svg
- **image size**: 130
- **caption**: Emblem of the 1964 Summer Olympics
- **host city**: Tokyo, Japan
- **nations**: 93
- **athletes**: 5,151 (4,473 men, 678 women)
- **events**: 163 in 19 Olympic sports, sports (25 disciplines)
- **opening**: 10 October
- **closing**: 24 October
- **opened by**: Emperor of Japan, Emperor Hirohito
- **cauldron**: Yoshinori Sakai
- **stadium**: National Stadium (Tokyo, 1958), National Stadium
- **summer prev**: 1960 Summer Olympics, Rome 1960
- **summer next**: 1968 Summer Olympics, Mexico City 1968
- **winter prev**: 1964 Winter Olympics, Innsbruck 1964
- **winter next**: 1968 Winter Olympics, Grenoble 1968
1896 Summer Olympics

The **1896 Summer Olympics**, officially known as the **Games of the 20th Olympiad**, were held at Athens in Greece.

The  games took place from April 6 to 15, 1896. It was the first international Olympic Games held in the Modern era. As Ancient Greece was the birthplace of the Olympic Games, Athens was a good choice to stage the inaugural modern Games. The International Olympic Committee (IOC) was also created during this congress.

## Infobox (olympic games)

- 1896
- Summer
- Olympics
- **image size**: 200
- **image**: Athens 1896 report cover.jpg
- **caption**: Report cover
- **host city**: Athens, Kingdom of Greece, Greece
- **nations**: 14
- **athletes**: 241 (all men)
- **events**: 43 in 9 Olympic sports, sports
- **opening**: 6 April
- **closing**: 15 April
- **opened by**: List of kings of Greece, King George I of Greece, George I
- **stadium**: Panathenaic Stadium
- **next**: 1900 Summer Olympics, Paris 1900
Olympic Stadium

**Olympic Stadium** is the name given to the main stadium of the Olympic Games.

## Summer Olympics Stadia

- Panathinaiko Stadium
- Vélodrome de Vincennes
- Francis Field
- White City Stadium
- Stockholm Olympic Stadium
- Antwerp Olympisch Stadion
- Stade Olympique Yves-du-Manoir
- Amsterdam Olympisch Stadion
- Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum
- Olympiastadion Berlin
- Wembley Stadium
- Helsinki Olympic Stadium
- Melbourne Cricket Ground
- Stadio Olimpico
- National Olympic Stadium
- Estadio Olímpico Universitario
- Munich Olympiastadion
- Stade Olympique, Montreal
- Luzhniki Stadium
- Seoul Olympic Stadium
- Estadi Olímpic Lluís Companys
- Centennial Olympic Stadium
- Telstra Stadium
- Athens Olympic Stadium

## Winter Olympics Stadia

|Date|City|Stadium|Other use during the Olympics|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2010|Vancouver|BC Place Stadium|BC Lions of the CFL|
|2006|Torino|Stadio Olimpico|Not used for any other purpose.|
|2002|Salt Lake City|Rice-Eccles Stadium|University of Utah football stadium|
|1998|Nagano|Minami Sports Park Stadium|Not used for any other purpose.|
|1994|Lillehammer|Lysgårdsbakkene Stadion|Ski Jumping stadium.|
|1992|Albertville|Théâtre des Cérémonies temp stadium next to the speed skating oval. || Temporary - dismantled after the Games.||
|1988|Calgary|McMahon Stadium|Calgary Stampeders of the CFL|
|1984|Sarajevo|Koševo Stadium Closing in the Olympic Hall Zetra. || Koševo - Not used for any other purpose Zetra - Figure Skating.||
|1980|Lake Placid|Lake Placid Equestrian Stadium Closing in the Indoor Rink of the Olympic Centre. || Equestrian Stadium - Not used for any other purpose. Indoor Rink - Figure Skating/ Ice Hockey.||
|1976|Innsbruck|Olympic Ski Jump (Bergisel Stadium)|Ski jumping stadium.|
|1972|Sapporo|Makomanai Open Stadium|Speed Skating venue.|
|1968|Grenoble|Stade Lesdiguières Opening Stadium (temporary seating at existing football ground) || Not used for any other purpose.||
|1964|Innsbruck|Olympic Ski Jump (Bergisel Stadium)|Ski jumping stadium.|
|1960|Squaw Valley|Blyth Arena and surrounds|Ice Hockey / Figure Skating venue.|
|1956|Cortina|Cortina Olympic Ice Stadium|Speed Skating venue.|
|1952|Oslo|Bislett stadion|Speed Skating venue.|
|1948|St. Moritz|St. Moritz Olympic Ice Rink|Speed skating oval|
|1936|Garmisch-Partenkirchen|Olympia Skistadion|Ski jumping stadium.|
|1932|Lake Placid|Lake Placid Speedskating Oval|Speed Skating venue|
|1928|St. Moritz|Olympic Ice Rink|Multi use skating venue (Figure, speed etc.)|
|1924|Chamonix|Stade Olympique de Chamonix|Multi use skating venue|
1330s

The **1330s** was a decade that began on 1 January 1330 and ended on 31 December 1339. It is distinct from the decade known as the ***134th decade*** which began on January 1, 1331 and ended on December 31, 1340.

## Events and trends

- The poet Petrarch coins the pejorative term Dark Ages to describe the preceding 900 years in Europe, beginning with the fall of the western Roman Empire in 410 through to the renewal embodied in the Renaissance.
1350s

The **1350s** was a decade that began on 1 January 1350 and ended on 31 December 1359. It is distinct from the decade known as the ***136th decade*** which began on January 1, 1351 and ended on December 31, 1360.

## Events and trends

- The Ottoman Turks enter Europe
- The Hanseatic League begins to meet
1360s

The **1360s** was a decade that began on 1 January 1360 and ended on 31 December 1369. It is distinct from the decade known as the ***137th decade*** which began on January 1, 1361 and ended on December 31, 1370

## Events and trends

- William Langland writes _Piers Plowman_
1370s

The **1370s** was a decade that began on 1 January 1370 and ended on 31 December 1379. It is distinct from the decade known as the ***138th decade*** which began on January 1, 1371 and ended on December 31, 1380.

## Events and trends

- Mamai was a powerful military commander of the Golden Horde, who resided in the western part of this nomadic state, which is now the Southern Ukrainian Steppes and the Crimean Peninsula. He split apart from Khans of the Golden Horde, trying to establish his own state.
- The Krashovani settled in the Banat, fleeing the Ottoman offensive in Serbia.
1390s

The **1390s** was a decade that began on 1 January 1390 and ended on 31 December 1399. It is distinct from the decade known as the ***140th decade*** which began on January 1, 1391 and ended on December 31, 1400.

## Events and trends

1392
- Korean founder of the Joseon Dynasty General Yi Seonggye led a _coup d'état,_ overthrowing the kingdom of Goryeo and founding the kingdom of Joseon
- End of the reign of Emperor Go-Kameyama of Japan
1394 Expulsion of Jews from France

1395 End of reign of Hungary by Capet-Anjou family

1397
- Richard Whittington aka Dick Whittington is elected Lord Mayor of London
- John Beaufort becomes Earl of Somerset
1398
- Glendalough monastery, Wicklow Ireland destroyed
- Construction of the Stecknitz Canal as one of the oldest artificial waterways of the world
- Timur arrived on the bank of the Indus River, and proceeded to sack Delhi
1399 Henry IV becomes King of England
1080s

The **1080s** was the decade that started on January 1, 1080 and ended on December 31, 1089. It is distinct from the decade known as the ***109th decade*** which began on January 1, 1081 and ended on December 31, 1090.

## Events and trends

- 1080 King Alfonso VI of Castile establishes Roman liturgy in Catholic church in place of Mozarabic Rite.
- 1084 Saint Bruno founds the Carthusian Order of monks
- 1086 Emperor Shirakawa starts his cloistered rule
- 1087
    - William II becomes king of England
    - End of the formal reign of Emperor Shirakawa, but not of his cloistered rule
    - Emperor Horikawa ascends to the throne of Japan
    - The remains of Saint Nicholas were brought to Bari
- 1088
    - Succession of Pope Urban II (1088–1099)
    - Work begins on the third and largest church at Cluny
Captain Underpants

***Captain Underpants*** is a popular series of children's books by Dav Pilkey. Most of the books take place in Piqua, Ohio.

### Main

- **George Beard** - A 9 3/4-year-old black-skined boy with a flat top. He wears a tie.
- **Harold Hutchins** - A next-door-neighbor and friend of George. He is 10 years old and has a bad hair cut.
- **Mr. Benny Krupp** - Mr. Krupp is the mean school principal of George and Harold.
- **Captain Underpants** - The alter-ego of Principal Krupp. He one day got superpowers.
- **Melvin Sneedly** - George and Harold's smart nemesis. He wears glasses and a bow tie.
- **Ms. Ribble** - The fourth grade teacher of George and Harold.
- **Sulu And Crackers** - George and Harolds pets.
- **Yestreday Gorge and Harold** Doubles of the 2 boys of the same name.

### Recurring (Appearing more than once)

- **Harold's sister**
- **Henry Hutchins** - Harold's grandfather
- **Jane Beard** - George Beard's great-grandmother
- **Ingrid Ashley and Larry Zarrow** - The local TV reporters for Eyewitness News (Channel 4).

### Villains

- **Dr. Diaper** - An evil scientist who wears a diaper.
- **The Talking Toilets**- Toilets that can only shout "YUM, YUM, EAT 'EM UP!"and eat people, created when George and Harold wrote it in a comic book, and fed it to a machine that makes living 3D copys of 2D drawings created by Melvin Sneedley.
- **The Turbo-Toilet 2000**- The leader of the talking toilets. He appeared on his own in book 11.
- **Jennifer** - An evil alien.
- **Zorx and Klax** - Jennifer's Friends. They tried to help him take over Earth.
- **Professor Poopypants**- A mad scientist from New Swissland that forced everyone to change their name to what the Name Change-o-Chart 2000 says. He later changed his name to Tippy Tinkletrousers.
- **Wedgie Woman** - Ms. Ribble after hypnosis from George and Harold.
- **Evil George and Evil Harold** - George and Harold's evil twins from the alternate dimension. They first met when a horrible accident with the time machine occurred.
- **Captain Blunderpants** - Captain Underpants' evil twin from the alternate dimension.
- **Nice Mr. Krupp** - The Nice Counterpart of Mr. Krupp from the alternate dimension.

### Books

There are 12 Books, The First one is known as The Adventurers Of Captain Underpants, The next one being called Captain Underpants And The Attack Of The Talking Toilets.

#### Spin-offs

Captain Underpants Has 2 spin-offs:
- **Super Diaper Baby**
- **Dog Man**

### Film

All of the Captain Underpants Films are made by DreamWorks Animation.

#### Movie

(See Captain Underpants: The First Epic Movie)

#### TV Show

There is a 2018 TV show named The Epic Tales of Captain Underpants. It ran all the way into 2020.

It had 3 seasons and 3 specials.
1328

## Events

- May 1 – Treaty of Edinburgh-Northampton – England recognises Scotland as an independent country after the Wars of Scottish Independence.
- May 26 – William of Ockham secretly leaves Avignon under threat from Pope John XXII.
- May 27 – King Philip VI of France is crowned.
- August 23 – Battle of Cassel: French troops stop an uprising of Flemish farmers.
- Augustiner brew Munich.

## Births

- May 7 – Louis VI the Roman, Duke of Bavaria and Elector of Brandenburg (died 1365)
- June 25 – William Montacute, 2nd Earl of Salisbury, English military leader (died 1397)
- September 21 – Hongwu Emperor of China (died 1398)
- September 29 – Joan of Kent, wife of Edward, the Black Prince (died 1385)
- October 9 – King Peter I of Cyprus (d. 1369)
- Avignon Pope Benedict XIII (died 1423)
- Emperor Go-Murakami, emperor of Japan (died 1368)
- Roger Mortimer, 2nd Earl of March (died 1360)

## Deaths

- February 1 – King Charles IV of France (born 1294)
- August 23 – Nicolaas Zannekin, Flemish peasant leader, killed in the battle of Cassel
- September 27 – Ibn Taymiya, Islamic scholar and philosopher of Harran (born 1263)
- November 16 – Prince Hisaaki, Japanese shogun (born 1276)
- Meister Eckhart, German theologian (born 1260)
- Yesün Temür Khan of the Mongol Empire (born 1276)
1070s

The **1070s** was a decade that began on 1 January 1070 and ended on 31 December 1079. It is distinct from the decade known as the ***108th decade*** which began on January 1, 1071 and ended on December 31, 1080.

## Events

- 1071 Byzantine Empire loses Battle of Manzikert to Turkish army.
- 1072 Normans conquer Palermo in Sicily
- 1073 Japan changes emperors
- 1078 Romanesque church begun at Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain