juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
John Shortland

Lieutenant **John Shortland** (1769-1810) was an English naval officer who explored and named the Hunter River in Australia.

Shortland joined the Royal Navy in 1781 as a midshipman. After served in Quebec and the West Indies. His father, Captain John Shortland (1739-1803), was the person in the Navy who organized many of the details for the First Fleet which took the first convicts to Australia in 1788. He arranged for two of his sons, John and Thomas George Shortland (1771 – 1827), to sail with him on the First Fleet. Shortland was the master's mate on _HMS Sirius_ with Captain John Hunter. He was also on the ship when it was wrecked on Norfolk Island in 1790. He left Australia in 1792.

In 1792, Shortland came back to Australia with Hunter. Hunter had been made Governor of New South Wales and Shortland was First Lieutenant on the _Reliance_. Other officers on the ship were Matthew Flinders and George Bass. In 1797 Shortland found and named the Hunter River while searching for escaped convicts. He explored the area which is now the city of Newcastle. He made the first charts of the harbour. Shortland was given grants of land at Liberty Plains and Bankstown. He also served as a member of the Criminal Court in Sydney. He missed the excitement of navy life and in 1800 he returned to England on the _Reliance_.

Shortland served in Egypt and then on the _Dolphin_ and the _Trompeuse_. He went to Guinea and after the death of its captain, became captain of the _Squirrel_. In 1805 at Halifax he was made captain of the _Juno_, a captured 40 gun French frigate. In 1809 he made a brave but unsuccessful attack on four French ships. The _Juno_ was destroyed and Shortland died of his wounds. The French buried him with military honours at Basse-Terre, Guadeloupe.

The Newcastle suburb of Shortland, and the Division of Shortland - an electoral division in the Australian parliament were named after him. He was honoured with a postage stamp for the 150th anniversary but the artist made a mistake and it was Shortland's father's image on the stamp.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: John Shortland
- **image**: Captain John Shortland.jpg
- **caption**: John Shortland
- **birth date**: September 5, 1769
- **death place**: Basse Terre, Guadeloupe
- **nationality**: English
- **known for**: Exploring the Hunter River
- **occupation**: Naval officer
Karla Bonoff

**Karla Bonoff** (December 27, 1951 in Los Angeles) is an American singer-songwriter. Her songs have been performed by others, including Bonnie Raitt, Linda Ronstadt and Wynonna Judd. Her self-titled debut album was released in 1977. Her cover of "Personally" was in 1982.

### Studio albums

- _Karla Bonoff_ (1977) (US #52)
- _Restless Nights_ (1979)(US #31), (AUS #66)
- _Wild Heart of the Young_ (1982) (US #49)
- _New World_ (1988)
- _Carry Me Home_ (2019)
- _Silent Night_ (2020)

**with Bryndle**
- _Bryndle_ (1995)
- _House of Silence_ (2002)

### Live albums

- _Live_ (2007)

### Compilations

- _Premium Best_ (1988) [Japan Only]
- _The Best of Karla Bonoff_ (1992) [Mail Order; Japan Only]
- _All My Life: The Best of Karla Bonoff_ (1999)

### Singles

|Year|Song|<small>US Hot 100</small>|<small>US Adult Contemporary</small>|Album|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1978|"I Can't Hold On"|align="center"|76|align="center"|-|_Karla Bonoff_|
|1978|"Isn't It Always Love"|align="center"|-|align="center"|-|_Karla Bonoff_|
|1978|"Someone To Lay Down Beside Me"|align="center"|-|align="center"|-|_Karla Bonoff_|
|1979|"When You Walk in the Room"|align="center"|101|align="center"|-|_Restless Nights_|
|1980|"Baby Don't Go"|align="center"|69|align="center"|35|_Restless Nights_|
|1982|"Personally"|align="center"|19|align="center"|3|_Wild Heart of the Young_|
|1982|"Please Be the One"|align="center"|63|align="center"|22|_Wild Heart of the Young_|
|1984|"Somebody's Eyes"|align="center"|109|align="center"|16|_Footloose_ soundtrack|
|1994|"Standing Right Next to Me"|align="center"|-|align="center"|38|_8 Seconds_ soundtrack|

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Karla Bonoff
- **image**: Karla_Bonoff_at_Knuckleheads_Saloon.png
- **caption**: Karla Bonoff in 2010,
after a show at Knuckleheads Saloon in Kansas City, MO
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Karla Bonoff
- **origin**: Santa Monica, California, U.S.
- **occupation**: Singer-songwriter, musician
- **instrument**: Vocals, piano, guitar
- **genre**: Folk rock, soft rock, pop rock
- **associated acts**: Bryndle, Linda Ronstadt, Bonnie Raitt
- **website**: [http://www.karlabonoff.com/ www.karlabonoff.com]
Cockfight

A **cockfight** is a blood sport between two or more roosters that is held inside a cockpit. The combatants, called gamecocks, are specially bred birds. Cockfights are called blood sports by animal welfare and animal rights groups due to trauma inflicted between the roosters. It is illegal in the United States (and a felony in thirty States).
Peterhouse, Cambridge

**Peterhouse** is one of the colleges of the University of Cambridge, England. It was created in 1284 and is the oldest college. It is also one of the smallest ones, with less than 400 total students.

In 1280, Hugo de Balsham, the person who created the college, was first allowed to keep some students following the same rules of Merton College, Oxford. At first, they stayed where St John's College is now. Four years later, they bought some land near the Church of St Peter in Trumpington Street, where Peterhouse is still found now. Over the years, Peterhouse has been centre of many important events. It was here that many discussions about religion and the Protestant Reformation took place. Peterhouse was also the second building in England to get electricity, after the Palace of Westminster.

Some very important people have studied here. Five of them have won Nobel Prizes:
- Max Perutz and John Kendrew - Chemistry (1962) for finding out the first atomic structures of proteins using X-ray crystallography.
- Sir Aaron Klug - Chemistry (1982) for developing crystallographic electron microscopy.
- Archer Martin - Chemistry (1952) for inventing partition chromatography.
- Michael Levitt

Others include:
- Henry Cavendish, a scientist who discovered hydrogen
- James Clerk Maxwell, a physicist
- Eudora Welty, an author and winner of the Pulitzer Prize
- Augustus FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton, who was a Prime Minister of Great Britain

## Other websites

- Official website
Oleta Adams

**Oleta Adams** (born May 4, 1953) is an American singer and pianist. Adams began her career in the early 1980s. She gained fame  her singing on Tears for Fears's  album _The Seeds of Love_ (1989). Her albums _Circle of One_ (1991) and _Evolution_ (1993) were top 10 hits in the United Kingdom. She was nominated for a Grammy for her cover of Brenda Russell's "Get Here". It was  a top 5 hit in both the UK and the US. Adams has been nominated for four total Grammy Awards and two Soul Train Music Awards.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Oleta Adams
- **image**: Oleta Adams Ziggodome (cropped).jpg
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Oleta Angela Adams
- **birth place**: Seattle, Seattle, Washington, U.S.
- **genre**: Gospel music, Gospel, Soul music, soul
- **occupation**: Singer
- **instrument**: Vocals, piano
- **years active**: 1980–present
- **label**: * Fontana Records, Fontana / Mercury Records, Mercury
* Harmony Records, Harmony
* Monarch / Pioneer Entertainment, Pioneer
* Entertainment One Music, E1
- **associated acts**: Tears for Fears, Mervyn Warren, Brooklyn Tabernacle Choir
Robinson College, Cambridge

**Robinson College** is one of the colleges of the University of Cambridge, England. It was created in 1977 so it is the newest college in Cambridge. It allowed both men and women from the start. Today, it has about 550 students. The college was opened by Queen Elizabeth II in 1981. Because it is new, it does not have many of the traditions of the older colleges. For example, students can walk on the grass in the college gardens.

It takes the name from David Robinson who gave £18 million to build the college. He also gave £3 million to build a new part of the Addenbrooke's Hospital in Cambridge. The buildings are made of red brick and are found in Grange Road, a few minutes away from the city centre of Cambridge.

Some important people have studied here, like Nick Clegg, the Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.

## Other websites

- Official website
Vaginal flatulence

**Vaginal flatulence** is the noisy emission of air from the vagina. It can happen during sexual intercourse, stretching or through no particular activity. An informal term for this is _queef_.

## Related pages

- Flatulence
The Vanishing (1993 movie)

***The Vanishing*** is a 1993 drama thriller movie. It stars Sandra Bullock, Nancy Travis, Jeff Bridges and Kiefer Sutherland. It is about the abduction and murder of a girl named Diane (played by Bullock). This was directed by George Sluizer, who also directed a 1988 version of _The Vanishing_. The one released in 1993 got substandard reviews while in theaters.
Shopian

**Shopian** or **Shupiyan** () is a town and sub-district of the Pulwama District, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
Anonymous

**Anonymous** or **Anonymus** may also refer to:
- Anonymity, when a personal identity is not known to the public
- Anonymous work, a work of art or literature that has an unnamed or unknown creator or author
- Anonymous (group), the collective name of loosely-affiliated individuals that participate in hacktivism
- "Anonymous" (song) a 2007 sing by Bobby Valentino
- Anonymus Valesianus, two writers of Byzantine chronicles, of the 6th century
George Sakato

**George Taro Sakato** (February 19, 1921 – December 2, 2015) was a United States Army soldier.  He received the Medal of Honor because of his actions in World War II.

## Early life

Sakato was born in Colton, California.  His parents were immigrants from Japan. He was a _Nisei_, which means that he was a second generation Japanese-American.
He graduated from Redlands High School in Redlands, California.

The Sakato family moved to Arizona during World War II to avoid internment.

## Soldier

Sakato joined the US Army in March 1944.

He volunteered to be part of the all-_Nisei_ 442nd Regimental Combat Team.  This army unit was mostly made up of Japanese Americans from Hawaii and the mainland.

For his actions in October 1944, Sakato was awarded the Army's second-highest decoration, the Distinguished Service Cross (DSC).  In the 1990s, there was a review of service records of Asian Americans who received the DSC during World War II.  Sakato's award was upgraded to the Medal of Honor. In a ceremony at the White House on June 21, 2000, he was presented with his medal by President Bill Clinton. Twenty-one other Asian Americans also received the medal during the ceremony, but only seven of them were still alive.

## Medal of Honor citation

Sakato's Medal of Honor recognized his conduct in frontline fighting in northern France in 1944. He charged an enemy stronghold.  Then he took command of his platoon and led it in defense of the position.

The words of Sakato's citation explain:
> Private George T. Sakato distinguished himself by extraordinary heroism in action on 29 October 1944, on hill 617 in the vicinity of Biffontaine, France. After his platoon had virtually destroyed two enemy defense lines, during which he personally killed five enemy soldiers and captured four, his unit was pinned down by heavy enemy fire. Disregarding the enemy fire, Private Sakato made a one-man rush that encouraged his platoon to charge and destroy the enemy strongpoint. While his platoon was reorganizing, he proved to be the inspiration of his squad in halting a counter-attack on the left flank during which his squad leader was killed. Taking charge of the squad, he continued his relentless tactics, using an enemy rifle and P-38 pistol to stop an organized enemy attack. During this entire action, he killed 12 and wounded two, personally captured four and assisted his platoon in taking 34 prisoners. By continuously ignoring enemy fire, and by his gallant courage and fighting spirit, he turned impending defeat into victory and helped his platoon complete its mission. Private Sakato's extraordinary heroism and devotion to duty are in keeping with the highest traditions of military service and reflect great credit on him, his unit, and the United States Army.

## Death

Sakato died in Denver, Colorado on December 2, 2015 at the age of 94.

## Related pages

- List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II
- List of Asian American Medal of Honor recipients
- List of living Medal of Honor recipients

## Other websites

- "Army Secretary Lionizes 22 World War II Heroes" at Defense.gov
Melly Oitzl

**Melly S. Oitzl** (in full: Maria-Silvana Oitzl, born 1955 in Lind/Arnoldstein) is an Austrian neuroscientist studying behavior. She is associate professor of medical pharmacology at the University of Leiden and adjunct professor of cognitive neurobiology (the neurobiology of thinking) at the University of Amsterdam. Oitzl works on the relationships between stress, cognition, and emotion. She got her Ph.D. in 1989 from the Heinrich-Heine-University in Düsseldorf. Oitzl is a member of the board of the  Earth and Life Sciences division of the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research. This organization had already given her an "Aspasia" grant in 2008. She has been a member of the executive committee and treasurer of the European Brain and Behaviour Society. The Web of Science lists more than 130 articles in peer-reviewed scientific journals written by Oitzl. These have been cited over 5000 times and she has an h-index of 33.
Chronicle

A **chronicle** (, from Greek , from , _chronos_, "time") is an account of historical events, arranged in order from earliest to latest. A chronicle is different from a narrative or history, as events which are not believed to be important may be excluded from the latter; a chronicler is more concerned with documenting events in sequential order.

The Nuremberg Chronicle, Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, _Ecclesiastical History of the English People,_ are the most famous chronicles in English-speaking countries.
Elle Fanning

**Mary Elle Fanning** (born April 9, 1998) is an American actress. She is the younger sister of actress Dakota Fanning. Fanning is known for her role in _Maleficent_ and several other movies including _Phoebe in Wonderland_, _Somewhere_, _We Bought a Zoo_ and _A Complete Unknown_.

In 2011, Fanning starred as Alice Dainard in J. J. Abrams' sci-fi-drama blockbuster, _Super 8_. Her acting was very well liked by the critics in this movie. She received nominations for a Saturn Award, a Young Artist Award, a Broadcast Film Critics Association Award, a Teen Choice Award, a Scream Award, an MTV Movie Award, and more.

From 2020 to 2023, Fanning played Catherine the Great in the Hulu series _The Great_. The role earned her nominations for a BAFTA Award and Emmy Award.

In 2026, Fanning was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role as Rachel Kemp in _Sentimental Value_.

## Personal life

Fanning was born on April 9, 1998 in Conyers, Georgia. She is the daughter of Heather Joy (née Arrington), and Steven J. Fanning. Her mother played tennis professionally and her father played minor league baseball for the St. Louis Cardinals. He is now an electronics salesman in Los Angeles, California. Her maternal grandfather is American football player Rick Arrington, and her aunt is ESPN reporter Jill Arrington. Fanning is the younger sister of Dakota Fanning, who is also an actress. Fanning has Irish, German, English, and French ancestry. Fanning and her family are members of the Southern Baptist Convention.  Fanning  attended Campbell Hall School in North Hollywood, Los Angeles.

## Awards and nominations

|scope="col"|Award|scope="col"|Year|scope="col"|Category|scope="col"|Work|scope="col"|Result|scope="col"|Ref.|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|:en:12th Critics' Choice Television Awards|Best Actress in a Comedy Series|rowspan="11"|_The Great_||style="text-align:center;"|||||||
|:en:78th Golden Globe Awards|rowspan="2"|Best Actress in a Television Series - Musical or Comedy||style="text-align:center;"||||||||
|:en:79th Golden Globe Awards||style="text-align:center;"||||||||||
|:en:2nd Hollywood Critics Association TV Awards|Best Actress in a Streaming Series, Comedy||style="text-align:center;"|||||||||
|:en:36th Independent Spirit Awards|Best Female Performance in a New Scripted Series||style="text-align:center;"|||||||||
||rowspan="2"|Best Actress in a Comedy Series||style="text-align:center;"||||||||
|||style="text-align:center;"||||||||||
|:en:74th Primetime Emmy Awards|Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series||style="text-align:center;"|||||||||
|:en:25th Satellite Awards|Best Actress in a Series, Musical/Comedy||style="text-align:center;"|||||||||
|:en:28th Screen Actors Guild Awards|Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series||style="text-align:center;"|||||||||
|:en:36th TCA Awards|Individual Achievement in Comedy||style="text-align:center;"|||||||||
Imelda Staunton

**Dame Imelda Mary Philomena Bernadette Staunton**,  (born 9 January 1956) is an English Actress. She is mainly famous for portraying Dolores Umbridge in the _Harry Potter_ movie series and Queen Elizabeth II in the final two seasons of _The Crown_.

She is also known for her roles in: _Much Ado about Nothing_, _Maleficent_ and _Peter's Friends_.

## Personal life

Staunton was born in Archway, London. She studied at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art. She has been married to Jim Carter since 1983. The couple have a daughter.

## Infobox (person)

- **honorific-prefix**: Dame
- **name**: Imelda Staunton
- **image**: Imelda Staunton, October 2019.jpg
- **caption**: Staunton in 2019
- **birth name**: Imelda Mary Philomena Bernadette Staunton
- **birth place**: Archway, London, England
- **alma mater**: Royal Academy of Dramatic Art
- **occupation**: Actress
- **years active**: 1976–present
- **children**: 1
Kathleen Quinlan

**Kathleen Quinlan** (born November 19, 1954 in Pasadena, California) is an American movie and television performer. She began her acting career with _American Graffiti_. She also did many television movies in the 1990s and 2000s.
Fragmentation (computer)

**Fragmentation** is the name given to a phenomenon that can be observed when a partition or logical volume is used over a longer period of time. In general, such a volume has a common file system. When data is written, the file system will try to keep logical blocks together as much as possible, using free space on the file system when this is available. When this is not possible, a file will be split into parts, which will be written to the volume. As the file is not stored in one part, accessing it will take a little longer. A process that saves all the files in one part per file is called defragmentation.
2013 Formula One World Championship

The **2013 Formula One season** was the 64th season of the Formula One World Championship. Eleven teams and twenty-two drivers competed in nineteen Grands Prix. The season started in Australia on 17 March and ended in Brazil on 24 November.

The 2013 season was the final year for the 2.4 litre V8 engine setup.
Anonymus Valesianus

**Anonym[o]us Valesianus** is the name of a text, published by Henri Valois (1603-1676) in 1636. The text was published together with Res Gestae of Ammianus Marcellinus. The name is misleading: There are two texts, which have nothing in common, except the subject of history. They are labeled Anonymus Valesianus I and II.

Anonymus Valesianus I, also called **Origo Constantini** talks about the life of Constantine the Great, roughly the time of 301 to 337 AD. The author is unknown, and was probably pagan. Most likely the text was written shortly after the death of the emperor. The author gives a good review of the life, and offers details which can be found in no other text. The text was written around 390, and is regarded as a reliable source

The second text gives a historic overview beginning with  the reign of Julius Nepos. It ends with the death of Theodoric the Great, roughly 474-526. The author of the second text was probably Roman Catholic, and the text was written in Ravenna, which was very important at the time.The text was written after 526, probably between 550 and 560. It bears the heading _item ex libris Chronicorum inter cetera_. The text mostly deals with the reign of the Gothic king in Italy, Theodoric the Great."(Even though it is) poorly written (the text) is based on a no longer (existing) chronicle by the bishop of Ravenna, Maximianus, a highly (learned) and knowledgable scholar".

## Other websites

- Latin text with English translation, at the Unversty of Chicago
Patti LuPone

**Patti Ann LuPone** (born in Northport, New York, April 21, 1949) is an American performer. She has several Tony Awards. She won her first playing Eva Perón in the 1979 musical _Evita_. She also acted in many television programs and movies. These include _The 24 Hour Woman_ and _Witness_.

## Infobox (person)

- **caption**: LuPone at 2010 Drama League
- **birth place**: Northport, New York, U.S.
- **education**: Juilliard School (Bachelor of Fine Arts, BFA)
- **occupation**: Actress, singer
- **years active**: 1972–present
- **children**: 1
Fontella Bass

**Fontella Bass** (July 3, 1940 – December 26, 2012) was an American singer. She was born in St. Louis. Her song "Rescue Me" hit #1 in the US R&B Singles Chart in 1965. She also had many other successful songs. She died due to complications from a heart attack.

Bass was the daughter of gospel singer Martha Bass.

## Other websites

- [ Fontella Bass biography at Allmusic]
- Fontella Bass: Coming Full Circle
- Fontella Bass page

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Fontella Bass
- **image**: Fontella Bass.png
- **caption**: Fontella Bass in 1965
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth place**: St. Louis, Missouri, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: St. Louis, Missouri
- **genre**: soul music, Soul, Rhythm and blues, R&B, Pop music, pop
- **occupation**: Vocalist, Singer
- **years active**: 1961–2012
- **label**: <small> Bobbin Records </small>
 <small> Chess Records </small>
- **associated acts**: Mary Wells, Dionne Warwick, The Supremes, Art Ensemble of Chicago, Lester Bowie
Harry Carey Jr.

**Harry G. Carey, Jr.** (May 16, 1921 – December 27, 2012) was an American movie, television, stage, voice, and radio actor who is known for his Western movies directed by John Ford. He also appeared on _Gremlins_, _Back to the Future Part III_, _Tombstone_, and in _The Searchers_. His father, Harry Carey, was an actor.

Carey, Jr. was born on May 16, 1921 in Santa Clarita, California. He was married to Marilyn Fix from 1944 until his death in 2012. Carey, Jr. died on December 27, 2012 in his home in Santa Barbara, California from natural causes, aged 91.

## Other websites

- Harry Carey, Jr. official site
- Comanche Stallion
Larry Holden

**Laurence Holden** (May 15, 1961 – February 13, 2011) was a movie, stage, and television actor who is known for his roles as Finch in _Batman Begins_, as Jimmy in _Memento_, and as Farrell in _Insomnia_. He also appeared in _The Arc_, _Cracker_, and in _Charmed_.

Holden was born on May 15, 1961. He was married to Hanne Kristiansen until his death in 2011. They had no children. Holden died on February 13, 2011 from cancer in Orange, Vermont, aged 49.

## Other websites

- 2006 Larry Holden interview with Jon Niccum

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Larry Holden
- **birth name**: Laurence Henry Holden
- **birth place**: Framingham, Massachusetts
- **death place**: Orange, Massachusetts, Orange, Massachusetts
- **occupation**: Actor
Shimonoseki

, also known as **Amagaseki** and **Bakan**, is a Japanese city in Yamaguchi Prefecture on the island of Honshu.  The city is in the Chūgoku region.

It has been recognized as a core city since 2005.

## History

Shimonoseki was the ancient capital city of the Nagato Province.

### Timeline

- **25 April 1185** (_Genryaku 2, 24th day of the 3rd month_): the Taira (also known as the Heike) and the Minamoto fought at the Battle of Dan-no-ura; and the Heike were defeated.  Emperor Antoku was drowned in the battle.

- **5-6 September 1864** (_Genji 1, 5th-6th day of the 8th month_): Bombardment of Shimonoseki.
- **1895** (_Meiji 28_): Treaty of Shimonoseki.

## Geography

Shimonoseki is a port on the Kamnon Strait (Shimonoseki Strait) at the Western end of Honshu.  The city is near to Kitakyūshū on the island of Kyushu.

## Related pages

- Treaty of Shimonoseki

## Other websites

- Yamaguchi City website
Majoidea

**Majoidea** is a superfamily of crabs, infraorder **Brachyura**. Majoidea contains five or six families:
- Epialtidae
- Hymenosomatidae – but it may not belong in this group
- Inachidae
- Inachoididae
- Majidae
- Oregoniidae
ValuJet Airlines Flight 592

**ValuJet Airlines Flight 592** was a passenger flight which left Miami International Airport in Miami, Florida, scheduled to land in Atlanta, Georgia. The flight crashed in the Florida Everglades with 110 people on board. There were no survivors. The aircraft was a DC-9 previously owned by Delta Air Lines.

A few minutes after departure, N904VJ experienced a significant amount of electrical failures following the sound of a dull boom. The sound was caused by one of the spare nose tires stored in the cargo hold exploding because of the activation of a heated oxygen canister listed as company owned material(COMAT), stored on the plane by SabreTech. The canisters were not checked to see if they were empty or not and were sealed off using tape before being stored in boxes, which were loaded onto the aircraft. The canisters activated on the ground, and gradually became hotter and hotter until the canister housing the flammable air burst into flames.

Now in the air, the pilots continued outbound for several minutes before contacting air traffic control, notifying them of the emergency and their intentions to return to Miami. ATC then radioed the plane about the nature of the problem to which First Officer Hazen replied, "with fire and smoke in the cabin". The north departure controller then notified Miami Center that Flight 592 had an emergency and was returning to Miami.

With the cabin completely in flames, Hazen radioed ATC saying that the airplane needed the closest available airport. The controller tells him that the aircraft is cleared to land on Runway 12 at Miami. The first officer acknowledging this was the last radio contact received by ValuJet Flight 592.

Multiple witnesses testified that they saw the DC-9 in a dive moments before impacting the Everglades. At 14:13:32, ValuJet Flight 592 crashes into the Florida Everglades at high speed in an extreme nose down attitude. The aircraft is completely destroyed and all 110 passengers and crew on board are killed.

## Infobox (aircraft occurrence)

- **name**: ValuJet Airlines Flight 592
- **image**: N904VJ DC-9 Valujet.jpg
- **caption**: N904VJ, the accident aircraft, seen here at Washington Dulles International Airport in May 1995
- **occurrence type**: Accident
- **summary**: In-flight cargo fire leading to loss of control
- **site**: Everglades, Miami-Dade County, Florida, Miami-Dade County, Florida, United States
- **occupants**: 110
- **passengers**: 105
- **crew**: 5
- **fatalities**: 110
- **survivors**: 0
- **aircraft type**: McDonnell Douglas DC-9, McDonnell Douglas DC-9-32
- **iata**: J7592
- **icao**: VJA592
- **callsign**: CRITTER 592
- **operator**: ValuJet Airlines
- **tail number**: [http://www.airliners.net/open.file?id=0029996&size=L&width=733&height=492&sok=JURER%20%20%28pa%20%3D%20%2747377%2F496%27%29%20%20BEQRE%20OL%20cubgb_vq%20QRFP&photo_nr=5 N904VJ]
- **origin**: Miami International Airport
Miami, Florida
- **destination**: Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport, William B. Hartsfield Atlanta Int'l Airport, Atlanta, Georgia
Cliff Osmond

**Cliff Osmond** (**Clifford Osman Ebrahim**, February 26, 1937 – December 22, 2012) was an American actor, screenwriter, director, writer, and producer who is known for his roles in _Irma la Douce_, _The Fortune Cookie_, and in _Kiss Me Stupid_.

## Early and personal life

Osmond was born on February 26, 1937 in Jersey City, New Jersey. He was raised in Union City, New Jersey. Osmond studied at Dartmouth College and at the University of California, Los Angeles. He was married to Gretchen Ebrahim from the 1950s until his death in 2012. They had two children, Margaret and Eric Ebrahim.

## Career

Osmond's career would begin in 1961 in the television show _The Riffleman_. Then he would appear in other movies such as _Wild and Wonderful_, _Three Guns for Texas_, _Invation of the Bee Girls_, _The Front Page_, _The Great Brain_, _The North Avenue Irregulars_, and in his last well-known role in _For Which He Stands_ in 1996. After he stopped acting and later he began to direct and produce shows or television movies. He directed his last movie before his death _Bxx: Haunted_ in 2012.

## Death

Osmond died on December 22, 2012 in his home in Pacific Palisades, California from pancreatic cancer, aged 75.

## Some movies

- _Irma La Douce_ (1963)
- _Wild and Wonderful_ (1964)
- _Kiss Me, Stupid_ (1964)
- _The Fortune Cookie_ (1966)
- _Three Guns for Texas_ (1968)
- _Invasion of the Bee Girls_ (1973)
- _The Front Page_ (1974)
- _Sharks' Treasure_ (1975)
- _The Great Brain_ (1978)
- _The Apple Dumpling Gang Rides Again_ (1979)
- _The North Avenue Irregulars_ (1979)
- _For Which He Stands_ (1996)

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: Cliff Osmond 1966.jpg
- **caption**: Osmond in _The Fortune Cookie_ in 1966
- **name**: Cliff Osmond
- **birth name**: Clifford Osman Ebrahim
- **birth place**: Jersey City, New Jersey, Jersey City, New Jersey, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Pacific Palisades, California, Pacific Palisades, California, U.S.
- **death cause**: Pancreatic cancer
- **nationality**: American
- **education**: Dartmouth College
- **alma mater**: University of California, Los Angeles
- **occupation**: Actor, screenwriter, director, producer, writer
- **years active**: 1961 – 2012
- **spouse**: (his death)
- **children**: Margaret Ebrahim,
Eric Ebrahim
Photochemistry

**Photochemistry** is the study of chemical reactions with light. There are many natural examples. One is photosynthesis, how plants make oxygen from carbon dioxide and water. Another is making vitamin D in the body.

Many times reactions go with heat: as you heat molecules, they start to move around and so hit other molecules which can then react. What molecules need is just some activation energy, a little energy to start the reaction. In the case of photochemistry, this energy is given by the light. A molecule or an atom absorbs at a certain wavelength. If light is given at this wavelength then the molecule or atom becomes excited. It is then easier for it to react.

Another way in which light can help reactions go is by changing the symmetry of a molecule. This can be tested with the Woodward–Hoffmann rules. Some pericyclic reactions go with heat, some go only with light.

In atmospheric chemistry, light is very important. This is because there is much more UV light at the top of the atmosphere. This allows reactions that do not happen on the ground. For example, ozone can split in an oxygen molecule and one oxygen atom.
Hastings-on-Hudson, New York

**Hastings-on-Hudson** is a village in Westchester County, New York. It is a suburb of New York City.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Hastings-on-Hudson, New York
- **settlement type**: Administrative divisions of New York#Village, Village
- **image skyline**: Hastings Munic Bldg jeh.jpg
- **image caption**: Municipal building
- **image map**: Westchester County New York incorporated and unincorporated areas Hastings-on-Hudson highlighted.svg
- **map caption**: Location of Hastings-on-Hudson, New York
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: New York (state), New York
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in New York, County
- **subdivision name2**: Westchester County, New York, Westchester
- **subdivision type3**: Municipalities in Westchester County, Town
- **subdivision name3**: Greenburgh, New York, Greenburgh
- **area total sq mi**: 2.94
- **area land sq mi**: 1.98
- **area water sq mi**: 0.96
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 8590
- **population density sq mi**: 4338.38
- **timezone**: North American Eastern Time Zone, Eastern (EST)
- **utc offset**: -5
- **timezone dst**: EDT
- **utc offset dst**: -4
- **postal code type**: ZIP codes
- **postal code**: 10706
- **area code**: 914
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 36-32710
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **website**: http://hastingsgov.org/
- **population density km2**: 1674.46
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 7.62
- **area land km2**: 5.13
- **area water km2**: 2.49
Gameshow Marathon

***Gameshow Marathon*** is an American television program which aired on CBS from May 31 to June 29, 2006. Six celebrity contestants competed in a tournament with classic game shows. The game shows that were played included _The Price is Right_, _Match Game_, and _Family Feud_. Ricki Lake was the host of the show. Contestants in the show included Kathy Najimy and Leslie Nielsen.
J. R. Martinez

**Jose Rene "J. R." Martinez** (born June 14, 1983) is an American actor, motivational speaker and former U.S. Army soldier. He participated in Dancing with the Stars and won in Fall 2011. He was the grand marshal of the Tournament of Roses Parade in 2012. In 2008, he played the role of Brot Monroe on the ABC daytime soap opera _All My Children_.

In 2003, Martinez sustained severe burns over 34 percent of his body while serving as an Army infantryman in Iraq.

## Early life

He was born in Shreveport, Louisiana to Maria Zavala. He has two sisters who were raised with his mother's family in El Salvador. His sister Anabel died before Martinez ever had the chance to meet her. Martinez has never met his father. When he was young he moved to Hope, Arkansas with his mother. At 17, Martinez and his mother moved to Dalton, Georgia, before his senior year of high school.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: J. R. Martinez
- **image**: J.R. Martinez.jpg
- **caption**: J. R. Martinez in 2008
- **birth place**: Shreveport, Louisiana, United States
- **birth name**: Jose Rene Martinez
- **website**: http://www.JRMartinez.com/
- **occupation**: Actor
Motivational speaker
Soldier (veteran)
- **years active**: 2008–present (acting)
- **children**: Lauryn Anabelle Martinez (b. 2012)
Batman Forever

***Batman Forever*** is a 1995 American action-adventure movie directed by Joel Schumacher and based on the DC Comics character Batman. It starres Val Kilmer as Batman. Tommy Lee Jones, Jim Carrey and Nicole Kidman also act. This was released June 16, 1995 across the United States. It grossed over $330 million at the box office.  It got mixed reviews from the critics. Originally intended as a sequel to Batman Returns with Michael Keaton and Michelle Pfeiffer reprising their roles and Tim Burton supposed to come back to direct, the movie was instead turned into a reboot and is the first installment of Joel Schumacher's Batman duology. Despite this Michael Gougg and Chris played Alfred and Commisary Gordon again.
Henri Valois

- _Henri Valois was also the name of Henry III of France_
**Henri Valois**, sometimes called **Henricus Valesianus**, was a medieval scholar. He was born in 1606 and died in 1676. His family belonged to nobility, and was established in Bayeux and Lisieux. He studied with the Jesuits in Verdun, and later in Paris. He also studied law in Bourges. To make his father happy, he lived as a lawyer in Paris for 7 years, even though he preferred to study. Today, he is known for the church history of Eusebius which he translated in 1660, and other translations of classical texts and fragments. Among these are the works of Constantine VII, which he identified and translated, Ammianus Marcellinus, and a history of Pope Constantine. He translated and published histories of Socrates of Constantinople, Sozomen, Athanasius of Alexandria, as well texts of the First Council of Nicaea,Theodoret, Evagrius Scholasticus, Philostorgius, Theodorus Lector. He also published two texts from anonymous authors, known as Anonymus Valesianus today.

His translations were later used for translations of these texts into French.
Verdun

**Verdun** is a commune in Lorraine. About 18,000 people live there. It is the sub-prefecture of the Meuse department and lies on the river of the same name. It has a long history. The city is known for its Dragées, a confectionery which contain either almonds or anise seeds. The London Quai (Quai de Londres) is named in honor of the British capital that financed the city's reconstruction after Word War I.

## Related pages

- Treaty of Verdun
- Battle of Verdun
Paula Patton

**Paula Maxine Patton** (born December 5, 1975, Los Angeles) is an American movie and television actress and model. She acted in movies like _Idlewild_, _Precious_ and _Swing Vote_. She also did a few television shows.
Carl Stumpf

**Carl Stumpf** (21 April 1848 – 25 December 1936) was a German philosopher and psychologist. He is known for his impact on phenomenology, one of the most important philosophical trends of the twentieth century.

He had an important influence on Edmund Husserl, the founder of modern phenomenology, as well as Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Köhler and Kurt Koffka, co-founders of Gestalt psychology.

Stumpf was also one of the pioneers of musicology and ethnomusicology. He held positions in the philosophy departments at the Universities of Göttingen, Würzburg, Prague, Munich and Halle, before obtaining a chair (professorship) at the University of Berlin.

## Phenomenology

Stumpf began his _Tonpsychologie_ (Tone psychology) in 1875, perhaps his greatest contribution to psychology. He distinguished between phenomena and mental functions, suggesting that phenomena such as tones, colours, and images are either sensory or imaginary. Stumpf termed the study of such phenomena as _phenomenology_. He did a wide range of studies of the sounds of different instruments, melody, tonal fusion, and the consonance and dissonance of tones.

## Sensational phenomena

In 1903 and 1904, Stumpf was involved in two public episodes about sensational phenomena. First, an engineer from Prague claimed to have invented a machine that could change photographs of sound waves into sound. Stumpf, after attending a demonstration, wrote an article challenging it, and it was never heard about again. However, the case of Clever Hans, an apparently brilliant horse owned by Herr von Osten, was even more sensational. The research done under his guidance disproved the idea that the animal understood language. It turned out that the horse was following subtle clues given unconsciously by its owner.

## Major works

- 1885. _Tonpsychologie_
- 1911. _Die Anfänge der Musik_
- 1928. _Gefühl und Gefühlsempfindung_
- 1939-1940. _Erkenntnislehre_. 2 volumes, Leipzig: J.A. Barth.
- 1997. _Carl Stumpf – Schriften zur Psychologie. H. & L. Sprung (eds) Frankfurt am Main: P. Lang.

## Other sources

- 1911. Pfungst O. _Clever Hans (the horse of Mr. von Osten): a contribution to experimental, animal, and human psychology_. New York: Henry Holt.
- 1982. Spiegelberg H. _The phenomenological movement_. 3rd ed, The Hague: Nijhoff.
- 1995. Ash M.G. 1995, _Gestalt psychology in German culture 1890–1967_. Cambridge: Camb. U. Press.
- 2006. _Carl Stumpf – Renaissance de la philosophie_. D. Fisette (ed), Paris: Vrin.
- 2009. Carl Stumpf. _Gestalt Theory''. vol. **30**, #2.

## Infobox (philosopher)

- **region**: Western Philosophy
- **era**: 20th-century philosophy
- **image**: Carlstumpf.jpg
- **caption**: Carl Stumpf.
- **name**: Carl Stumpf
- **birth date**: 21 April 1848
- **birth place**: Wiesentheid
- **death date**: 25 December 1936
- **death place**: Berlin
- **school tradition**: Phenomenology
- **influences**: Franz Brentano, Bernard Bolzano
- **influenced**: Kurt Lewin, Kurt Koffka, Wolfgang Köhler
Michael Learned

**Michael Learned** (/my-kel Lern-ed/ born on April 9, 1939, Washington, D.C.) is an American actress. She became well known for playing Olivia Walton for the television series _The Waltons_ in the 1970s. She also starred in other television series and in movies. She was married to actor Peter Donat from 1956 until 1972.
James Okubo

**James K. Okubo** (May 30, 1920 – January 29, 1967) was a United States Army soldier.  He received the Medal of Honor because of his actions in World War II.

## Early life

Okubo was born in Anacortes, Washington.  His parents were Japanese immigrant parents. He was a _Nisei_, which means that he was a second generation Japanese-American.

The Okubo family was interned at the Tule Lake War Relocation Center in California; and then they were moved to the camp at Hart Mountain in Wyoming.

## Soldier

Okubo joined the US Army in May 1943.

Okubo volunteered to be part of the all-_Nisei_ 442nd Regimental Combat Team.  This army unit was mostly made up of Japanese Americans from Hawaii and the mainland.

For his actions in October 1944, Okubo  was awarded the Army's third-highest decoration, the Silver Star.  In the 1990s, there was a review of service records of Asian Americans who received the Silver Star during World War II.  Okubo's award was upgraded to the Medal of Honor. In a ceremony at the White House on June 21, 2000, he was presented with his medal by President Bill Clinton. Twenty-one other Asian Americans also received the medal during the ceremony, but only seven of them were still alive.

## Medal of Honor citation

Okubo's Medal of Honor recognized his conduct in frontline fighting in eastern France in 1944. many times, he exposed himself to intense fire to treat and evacuate wounded men.

The words of Okubo's citation explain:
> Technician Fifth Grade James K. Okubo distinguished himself by extraordinary heroism in action on 28 and 29 October and 4 November 1944, in the Foret Domaniale de Champ, near Biffontaine, eastern France. On 28 October, under strong enemy fire coming from behind mine fields and roadblocks, Technician Fifth Grade Okubo, a medic, crawled 150 yards to within 40 yards of the enemy lines. Two grenades were thrown at him while he left his last covered position to carry back wounded comrades. Under constant barrages of enemy small arms and machine gun fire, he treated 17 men on 28 October and 8 more men on 29 October. On 4 November, Technician Fifth Grade Okubo ran 75 yards under grazing machine gun fire and, while exposed to hostile fire directed at him, evacuated and treated a seriously wounded crewman from a burning tank, who otherwise would have died. Technician Fifth Grade James K. Okubo's extraordinary heroism and devotion to duty are in keeping with the highest traditions of military service and reflect great credit on him, his unit, and the United States Army.

## Namesake

Okubo is the namesake of the Okubo Family Health Clinic at Joint Base Lewis-McChord in Washington.

The Okubo Barracks at the Fort Sam Houston in Texas are named after the _Nisei_ soldier.

## Related pages

- List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II
- List of Asian American Medal of Honor recipients
- Posthumous recognition

## Other websites

- "Army Secretary Lionizes 22 World War II Heroes" at Defense.gov
Automotive industry

The **automotive industry** refers to the design, manufacture, marketing and selling of motor vehicles. It is one of the world's biggest economic sectors in terms of the money it makes. The automotive industry began in the 1890s with hundreds of manufacturers making the "horseless carriage". The Ford Model T was one of the first cars to be sold for very little money. For a long time, the United States was the biggest producer of automobiles. In 1929, before the Great Depression, the world had 32,028,500 automobiles in use. The U.S. automobile industry had produced over 90% of them. At that time, the U.S. had one car per 4.87 persons. From the 1960s, Japan became the second biggest producer of automobiles in the world. China became the world leader in making automobiles in 2009.

## Other websites

- Top Ranking Car Companies
- Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers
Opel Signum

The **Opel Signum** is a car produced by Opel. It was a more upmarket version of the Vectra that it was based on and it arrived in 2003 with a facelift in 2005 and was discontinued in 2008 with no replacement. It was sold in the UK as the Vauxhall Signum.

It is a hatchback version of the Opel Vectra.

## Engines

- _1.8_ 90 kW (122 hp) and 103 kW (140 hp)
- _2.0 Turbo_ 129 kW (175 hp)
- _2.2 Direct_ 114 kW (155 hp)
- _2.8 Turbo_ 169 kW (230 hp) and 184 kW (250 hp)
- _3.2_ 155 kW (211 hp)
- _1.9 CDTI_ 74 kW (100 hp), 88 kW (120 hp) and 110 kW (150 hp)
- _2.0 DTI_ 74 kW (100 hp)
- _2.2 DTI_ 92 kW (125 hp)
- _3.0 CDTI_ 130 kW (177 hp) and 135 kW (184 hp)
Opel Omega

The **Opel Omega** is a car produced by Opel. It replaced the Opel Rekord in 1986. The first generation was sold as the Vauxhall Carlton in the UK and was facelifted in 1991. It was sold as the Vauxhall Omega in the UK with the second generation which arrived in 1994 with a facelift in late 1999. It was discontinued in 2003 with no direct replacement. It was also sold as the Cadillac Catera in the US from 1997 to 2001 with a facelift for the 2000 model year.
Bob Balaban

**Robert Elmer "Bob" Balaban** (born August 16, 1945) is an American actor, author, producer, and director who is known for his roles in _Moonrise Kingdom_, _Gosford Park_, _Close Encounters of the Third Kind_, _Best in Show_, _Lady in the Water_, and as his guest-starring roles as Russell Dalrymple in _Seinfeld_ and Frank Buffay, Sr. in _Friends_.

Balaban was born on August 16, 1945 in Chicago, Illinois to a Jewish family. His grandparents were Russian immigrants who came to Chicago. Balaban studied at Colgate University and at New York University. He has been married to Lynn Grossman since 1977. They had two children, Hazel and Mariah. He is Jewish. Balaban now lives in Manhattan, New York.
Sofi Needs a Ladder

"**Sofi Needs a Ladder**" is a song by Canadian electronic music producer deadmau5 and features vocals from Sofia Toufa (SOFI). The song is featured on deadmau5's fifth studio album _4×4=12._

The song was first played on BBC Radio 1 on 22 October 2010.

It was originally an instrumental song and was called "You Need a Ladder" but the song was changed to "Sofi Needs a Ladder" when Sofia Toufa performed the vocals for it.

Deadmau5 create a contest for the best remix of "Sofi Needs A Ladder". The winner's name is MosDam, that had remixed a lot of Deadmau5 tracks.

The song is featured during a house party in a season 8 episode of Entourage, The finals of The X Factor where the first verse was mashed with "What a Feeling" and was performed by Cher Lloyd, the club scene during The Hangover Part II and on the soundtrack of Need for Speed: Hot Pursuit.

Sofi Needs a Ladder won a Juno Award for "Best Dance Recording" in 2011.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Sofi Needs a Ladder
- **artist**: deadmau5 featuring Sofia Toufa
- **album**: 4×4=12
- **released**: October 31, 2010
- **recorded**: 2009
2010 (with vocals)
- **genre**: Progressive house, Electro-house, Hip House
- **length**: 6:41
- **label**: mau5trap
Ultra Records (US/Canada)
Virgin Records (Worldwide)
- **writer**: deadmau5, Joel Zimmerman, Sofia Toufa
- **producer**: deadmau5
- **chronology**: deadmau5 singles
- **prev title**: Animal Rights (song), Animal Rights
- **prev year**: 2010
- **next title**: HR 8938 Cephei
- **next year**: 2011