juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
John IV of Portugal

**John IV** (, ; 19 March 1604 – 6 November 1656), nicknamed **John the Restorer** (), was the King of Portugal whose reign, lasting from 1640 until his death, began the Portuguese restoration of independence from Habsburg Spanish rule. He was chosen to lead the revolt against Spanish rule.  He established the House of Braganza on the Portuguese throne, and marked the end of the 60-year-old Iberian Union, by which Portugal and Spain shared the same monarch.

Before becoming king, he was **John II**, 8th Duke of Braganza. He was the grandson of Catherine, Duchess of Braganza, a claimant to the crown during the Portuguese succession crisis of 1580. On the eve of his death in 1656, the Portuguese Empire was at its territorial zenith, spanning the globe.

## Infobox (royalty)

- **name**: John IV
- **birth place**: Ducal Palace of Vila Viçosa, Kingdom of Portugal, Portugal
- **religion**: Roman Catholicism
- **mother**: Ana de Velasco y Girón
- **father**: Teodósio II, Duke of Braganza
- **house**: House of Braganza, Braganza
- **house-type**: Dynasty
- **spouse**: Luisa de Guzmán ( 1633)
- **burial place**: Pantheon of the House of Braganza
- **death place**: Ribeira Palace, Kingdom of Portugal, Portugal
- **image**: Portrait of John, Duke of Braganza c. 1630 (The Royal Castle in Warsaw).png
- **successor2**: Teodósio, Prince of Brazil
- **predecessor2**: Teodósio II, Duke of Braganza
- **reign-type2**: Tenure
- **reign2**: 29 November 1630 – 27 October 1645
- **succession2**: Duke of Braganza
- **successor**: Afonso VI
- **predecessor**: Philip IV of Spain, Philip III
- **cor-type**: Coronation
- **coronation**: 15 December 1640
- **reign**: 1 December 1640 – 6 November 1656
- **succession**: King of Portugal
- **caption**: Portrait by Peter Paul Rubens, c. 1628.
- **signature**: Assinatura D. João IV.svg
Salvaterra de Miño

**Salvaterra de Miño** is a town and municipality (_concello_) in the province of Pontevedra, autonomous community of Galicia, Spain. It's located on the southern border of the province of Pontevedra, at the confluence of the valleys of the rivers Tea and Minho, and by the natural limits of the Serra da Cañiza. It borders the Municipalities of As Neves in the east, Mondariz and Ponteareas to the north, and to the south by the Minno river. The Minno river (_Río Miño_ or _Rio Minho_) is the southern natural border that today separates Portugal with its fortified town of Monção from current Galicia to the north.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Salvaterra de Miño
- **image seal**: Salvaterra de Miño.svg
- **subdivision type**: Parroquia (Spain), Parroquias
- **map caption**: Situation of **Salvaterra de Miño** within Galicia (Spain), Galicia
- **image map**: Situacion Salvaterra de Miño.PNG
- **leader title**: Alcalde (Mayor)
- **subdivision type3**: Country
- **image caption**: Salvaterra de Miño town hall
- **imagesize**: 280px
- **image skyline**: Casa do Concello de Salvaterra de Miño.JPG
- **settlement type**: Town and Municipalities of Spain, municipality
- **utc offset dst**: +2
- **timezone dst**: Central European Time, CET
- **utc offset**: +1
- **timezone**: Central European Time, CET
- **subdivision name3**: Spain
Hermisende

**Hermisende** is a municipality located in the province of Zamora, Castile and León, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 383 inhabitants.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Hermisende
- **image seal**: Escudo de Hermisende (Zamora).svg
- **image skyline**: Iglesia de Hermisende .jpg
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: Autonomous communities of Spain, Autonomous community
- **subdivision type2**: Provinces of Spain, Province
- **subdivision name2**: Province of Zamora
- **subdivision type3**: List of municipalities in Zamora, Municipality
- **subdivision name3**: Hermisende
- **image flag**: Bandera_de_Hermisende_(Zamora).svg
- **timezone**: Central European Time, CET
- **utc offset**: +1
- **population density km2**: auto
- **area total km2**: 109
- **timezone dst**: Central European Summer Time, CEST
- **utc offset dst**: +2
- **website**: [http://www.hermisende.com www.hermisende.com]
Treaty of Lisbon (1668)

The **Treaty of Lisbon of 1668** was a peace treaty between Portugal and Spain that was concluded at Lisbon on 13 February 1668 with the mediation of England in which Spain recognised the sovereignty of Portugal's new  ruling dynasty, the House of Braganza.

The regent of Spain, Queen Mariana of Austria, the second wife of the late King Philip IV, acted in the name of her young son, Carlos II and oversaw the negotiations on the behalf of Spain.

The prince-regent of Portugal, Pedro, the future King Peter II of Portugal, in the name of his incapacitated brother, Afonso VI, represented Portugal.
The peace was mediated by Edward Montagu, 1st Earl of Sandwich, an ambassador of Charles II of England.
Veloso Salgado

**José Maria Veloso Salgado** (2 April 1864 22 July 1945) was a Galician-born Portuguese artist. He is regarded as one of the country's foremost masters of Naturalism with many distinguished works in historical painting, landscapes, and portraits.

## Infobox (artist)

- **spouse**: Vitorina de Silva Mello (m.1896)
- **name**: Veloso Salgado
- **nationality**: Portugal, Portuguese
- **resting place**: Prazeres Cemetery, Lisbon
- **death place**: Lisbon, Portugal
- **birth place**: Melón, Province of Ourense, Ourense, Galicia (Spain), Galicia, Spain
- **caption**: _Self-portrait_ (1931), by Veloso Salgado
National Academy of Fine Arts, Lisbon
- **image**: Auto-retrato (1931) - Veloso Salgado.png
Luisa de Guzmán

**Luisa María Francisca de Guzmán y Sandoval** (; 13 October 1613 – 27 February 1666) was a queen consort of Portugal. She was the spouse of King John IV, the first Braganza ruler, as well as the mother of two kings of Portugal (Afonso VI and Peter II) and a queen of England (Catherine of Braganza). She served as regent of Portugal de jure from 1656 until 1662, and de facto until her death in 1666.

- References

## Infobox (royalty)

- **consort**: yes
- **burial place**: Pantheon of the House of Braganza, Pantheon of the Braganzas
- **signature**: Assinatura D. Luísa de Gusmão.svg
- **religion**: Roman Catholicism
- **mother**: Juana Gómez de Sandoval y de la Cerda, Juana de Sandoval y de la Cerda
- **father**: Manuel Pérez de Guzmán y Silva, 8th Duke of Medina Sidonia, Manuel de Guzmán y Silva, 8th Duke of Medina Sidonia
- **house**: House of Medina Sidonia, Medina Sidonia
- **spouse**: João IV of Portugal
- **succession**: List of Portuguese consorts, Queen consort of Portugal
- **death place**: Lisbon, History of Portugal (1640–1777), Portugal
- **birth place**: Sanlúcar de Barrameda, Sanlúcar, Habsburg Spain, Spain
- **reign**: 1 December 1640 – 6 November 1656
- **caption**: Portrait attributed to Alonso Cano, 1632
- **image**: Luisa Francisca de Guzmán y Medina Sidonia atribuible a Alonso Cano.png
- **full name**: Luisa María Francisca de Guzmán y Sandoval
Frederick Schomberg, 1st Duke of Schomberg

**Friedrich Hermann von Schönberg, 1st Duke of Schomberg, 1st Count of Mertola**,  (; ; 6 December 1615 – 1 July 1690) was a Marshal of France and a General in the English and Portuguese Army. He was killed at the Battle of the Boyne in 1690.
School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences

**École des hautes études en sciences sociales** (EHESS) is one of the most selective and prestigious social sciences Grandes écoles in Paris, France.

EHESS was originally a department of the École pratique des hautes études, founded in 1868 to train academic researchers. It became an independent institution in 1975. Today, its research covers the fields of economics and finance, cognitive sciences, humanities, and politics, such as the sciences, applied mathematics and statistics, development studies, sociology, anthropology, history, musicology, and the philosophy of the social sciences.

## Notable Teacher

- Roland Barthes, French philosopher
- Michel Chodkiewicz, French author and a scholar of Sufism
- Marc Ferro, French historian
- Gérard Genette, French literary theorist
- Jacques Mehler, Spanish-born French-American influential cognitive psychologist
- Pierre Nora, French historian
- Alain Touraine, French sociologist

## Further reading

- Official website

## Infobox (university)

- **name**: École des hautes études en sciences sociales
- **image**: Maison des sciences de l'homme, 54 boulevard Raspail, Paris 6e 2.jpg
- **established**: 1947
- **type**: Public
- **city**: Paris
- **country**: France
- **website**: http://www.ehess.fr
Daucus carota

**Daucus carota** is a species of the genus Daucus containing the vegetable Carrot. It is also used for Medicine and Poison.
Melón

**Melón** is a municipality in the Galician province of Ourense. It has a population of 1582 (Spanish 2006 Census) and an area of 53.22 km².

## Infobox (settlement)

- **settlement type**: municipality
- **official name**: Melón
- **image map**: Situacion Melón.PNG
- **map caption**: Location in Galacia
- **image seal**: Escudo de Melón.svg
- **flag size**: 150
- **seal size**: 75
- **pushpin map**: Spain
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Spain
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Autonomous communities of Spain, Autonomous community
- **subdivision type2**: Provinces of Spain, Province
- **subdivision type3**: Comarcas of Galicia
- **subdivision name3**: O Ribeiro
- **area total km2**: 53.4
- **elevation m**: 456
- **population as of**: 2016
- **population total**: 1,280
- **population density km2**: auto
- **utc offset**: +1
- **timezone dst**: Central European Summer Time, CEST
- **utc offset dst**: +2
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: María Cristina Francisco Vílchez
- **leader party**: People's Party (Spain), People's Party
Manuel Cruz Rodríguez

**Manuel Cruz Rodríguez** (born 1 January 1951) is a Spanish philosopher and politician who served as the 60th President of the Senate from May to December 2019. Prior to this, between 2016 and 2019, Cruz served as member of the Congress of Deputies in representation of Barcelona. He is a member of the Socialists' Party of Catalonia.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Manuel Cruz
- **term end3**: 5 May 2019
- **alma mater**: University of Barcelona
- **occupation**: Philosopher and politician
- **nationality**: Spanish
- **birth place**: Barcelona, Spain
- **birth name**: Manuel Cruz Rodríguez
- **constituency3**: Barcelona (Congress of Deputies constituency), Barcelona
- **term start3**: 13 July 2016
- **office3**: Member of the Congress of Deputies
- **term start2**: 21 May 2019
- **office2**: Spanish Senate, Spanish Senator
 from Province of Barcelona, Barcelona
- **term end**: 2 December 2019
- **term start**: 21 May 2019
- **successor**: Pilar Llop
- **predecessor**: Pío García-Escudero
- **monarch**: Felipe VI
- **office**: 60th President of the Senate of Spain, President of the Senate
- **image**: (Manuel Cruz) 2019.06.27. Toma de posesión de Guillermo Fernández Vara (48142285262) (cropped).jpg
- **honorific prefix**: The Most Excellent
The Most Excellent

**The Most Excellent** (Spanish: _Excelentísimo Señor_ (male) or _Excelentísima Señora_ (female), literally "Most Excellent Lord/Lady") is an honorific  prefix that is traditionally applied to certain people in Spain and certain Spanish-speaking countries. Following Spanish tradition, it is an _ex officio_ style (the holder has it as long as they remain in office, in the most important positions of state) and is used in written documents and very formal occasions.

The prefix is similar (but not equal) to that of "His/Her Excellency", but in the 19th century "The Most Excellent" began to replace the former.

The proper use of the prefix Excellency was re-introduced in Francoist Spain by _Generalísimo_ Francisco Franco himself, who was formally styled as _Su Excelencia el Jefe del Estado_ ("His Excellency The Head of State"), while his ministers and senior government officials continued using the prefix "The Most Excellent".

The prefix "The Most Illustrious" (_Ilustrísimo/a Señor/a)_ is the lower version, and is mostly used for non-Grandee titled nobles in Spain and some other officeholders.
Democratic Federal Yugoslavia

The **Democratic Federal Yugoslavia**, was a country in south-east Europe during World War II that existed from 1943–1946.

## History

In November of 1943, the partisans in Yugoslavia created the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia  in The Second World War, against Germany and the Axis powers.

In September - November of 1944, the Soviets crossed the Yugoslav border to help the partisans liberate Yugoslavia, the partisans and soviets liberated Belgrade in October,

In March of 1945, a provisional government was created in Belgrade, the capital city.

The partisans would continue to liberate the country until May of 1945, in which Germany would surrender, ending World War II for Yugoslavia.

In November of 1945, the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia was formed.

## Leaders

- Peter II (as king) (de jure)
- Josip Broz Tito (as prime minister) (de facto)
Greek people

The **Greeks** or **Hellenes** () are an ethnic group and nation native to regions including Greece, Cyprus, Italy, Egypt, Anatolia, and southern Albania.

## Diaspora

The Greeks also form a significant diaspora, with many Greek communities founded around the world. They speak the Greek language and are followers of the Christian Greek Orthodox Church.

## Related pages

- Hellenistic art
- Ancient Greek
- Ancient Greece
- Byzantine Empire
- Ancient Greek philosophy

## Infobox (ethnic group)

- **group**: Greeks
Hellenes
- **native name**: Έλληνες
- **native name lang**: el
- **image**: File:Map of the Greek Diaspora in the World.svg
- **pop**:  9,903,268
(2011 census)
 659,115–721,000
(2011 census)
- **popplace**:

- **languages**: Greek language
- **religions**: Christianity (Greek Orthodox Church)
Albert Frick

**Albert Frick** (born 21 October 1948) is a politician from Liechtenstein, member of the Progressive Citizens' Party, and the current President of the Landtag of Liechtenstein since March 2013.
Southwest Papua

**Southwest Papua** () is a province of Indonesia. It was created on 8 December 2022 as a split from West Papua. The Governor of West Papua, Dominggus Mandacan has stated that Southwest Papua is ready to be made a new province. According to the expectations of the people of the Sorong Raya region because the expansion of the new autonomous regions of Southwest Papua is to shorten service distances and encourage development for the welfare of the community.

## Background

Southwest Papua has been striving to become a separate province since 2004, Indonesia is the largest archipelagic country in the world consisting of thousands of islands. One of them is the island of Papua which is rich in natural potential and tourism potential, beautiful like pearls that radiate from eastern Indonesia. Papua Island consists of the provinces of Papua and West Papua provinces. Along with the rapid development of the region from the east, Papua is planned to be divided into 5 large provinces, the current 2 provinces namely Papua Province (Jayapura) and West Papua Province (Manokwari) plus the planned new provinces are Southwest Papua Province, the capital city of Sorong, Central Papua in Nabire and The capital city of South Papua Province is Merauke.

## Administrative area

The candidate for the provincial capital is City of Sorong. Districts that may join this province include:
- Sorong City (expansion plan)
- Raja Ampat Regency
- Sorong Regency
- South Sorong Regency
- Maybrat District
- Tambrauw Regency
Dazed

***Dazed*** (formerly ***Dazed & Confused***) is a bi-monthly British style magazine founded in 1991.  It covers music, fashion, film, art, and literature. Dazed is published by Dazed Media, an independent media group known for producing stories across its print, digital and video brands. The company's portfolio includes titles _AnOther_, Dazed Beauty and NOWNESS. The company's newest division, Dazed Studio, creates brand campaigns across the luxury and lifestyle sectors. Based in London, its founding editors are Jefferson Hack and fashion photographer Rankin along with former art director Ian C Taylor.

## Background

_Dazed_ was begun by Jefferson Hack, Ian C Taylor and Rankin in collaboration with the photographers Jamie Parissis and Marshall Aver while they were studying at London College of Printing (now London College of Communications). Beginning as a black-and-white folded poster the magazine soon turned full colour and was promoted at London club nights. The Norwegian photographer and later Hells Angel Marcel Lelienhof was involved with the magazine in the first editions, as was the stylist Katie Grand
.

Today it is an independent youth culture magazine, distributed globally, covering fashion, art, music and lifestyle. There has been some discussion regarding the choice of title, but it is generally considered to have been inspired by the Led Zeppelin song of the same name.

## Infobox (magazine)

- **title**: Dazed
- **image size**: 220
- **editor**: Isabella Burley
- **editor title**: Editor
- **editor2**: Emma Wyman
- **editor title2**: Fashion Director
- **editor3**: Jamie Reid
- **editor title3**: Art Director
- **editor title4**: Editor at Large
- **category**: Fashion, Lifestyle (sociology), lifestyle
- **frequency**: Bi-monthly
- **publisher**: _Dazed_ Media
- **founded**: 1991
- **country**: United Kingdom
- **based**: London, England
- **website**: [http://www.dazeddigital.com DazedDigital.com]
- **issn**: 0961-9704
- **political**: Social liberalism, Liberal
South Papua

**South Papua** is a province in Papua. Tito Karnavian, as Minister of Home Affairs Indonesia has stated that South Papua is ready to become a new province. The districts that joined the new province candidates consisted of 4 districts and 1 municipality (under the expansion plan). It was created on 11 November 2022.

## Background

South Papua has been struggling to become a separate province since 2002 and was again proposed to be a province in 2020. This is because the Government of Indonesia wants the people of Papua to progress. The expansion of South Papua Province was originally planned to consist of five regencies, namely Asmat Regency, Boven Digoel Regency, Mappi Regency, Bintang Bintang Regency, and Merauke Regency . However, based on regional considerations, Bintang Mountains Regency then chose to resign due to the closer distance to Jayapura City.

## Administrative area

The candidate for the provincial capital is City of Merauke. Districts that may join this province include:
- City of Merauke (expansion plan)
- Merauke Regency
- Asmat Regency
- Boven Digoel District
- Mappi County
Kat Cressida

**Kat Cressida** (born March 1, 1968) is an American voice actress. She is best known for voicing Dee Dee in Dexter’s Laboratory.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Kat Cressida
- **image**: Kat-Cressida-Comic-Con.jpg
- **caption**: Cressida at San Diego Comic-Con
- **years active**: 1993–present
- **education**: University of California, Berkeley
- **occupation**: Voice actress
They Who Dare

***They Who Dare*** is a 1954 British World War II action movie directed by Lewis Milestone and starring Dirk Bogarde, Denholm Elliott, Akim Tamiroff, Harold Siddons, Eric Pohlmann, Gérard Oury, Sam Kydd, Peter Burton, Eileen Way.
Franz Blücher

**Franz Blücher** (24 March 1896 – 26 March 1959) was a German politician and member of the German Parliament (_Bundestag_).

## Infobox (politician)

- **name**: Franz Blücher
- **predecessor**: Franz von Papen (Nazi Germany)
- **party**: Free Democratic Party (Germany), FDP
Free People's Party (FVP)
German Party (1947), DP
- **successor2**: Hermann Lindrath
- **predecessor2**: _new office_
- **term end2**: 29 October 1957
- **term start2**: 20 September 1949
- **office2**: Minister for Economic Cooperation
- **successor**: Ludwig Erhard
- **term end**: 29 October 1957
- **birth date**: 24 March 1896
- **term start**: 20 September 1949
- **chancellor**: Konrad Adenauer
- **president**: Theodor Heuss
- **status**: West Germany
- **office**: Vice-Chancellor of Germany, Vice-Chancellor of West Germany
- **death place**: Bad Godesberg, West Germany
- **birth place**: Essen, Kingdom of Prussia, German Empire
- **image**: Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-P001512, Franz Blücher 2.jpg
Nueva Planta decrees

The **Nueva Planta decrees** (, ) were a number of decrees signed between 1707 and 1716 by Philip V, the first Bourbon king of Spain, during and shortly after the end of the War of the Spanish Succession by the Treaty of Utrecht.
Plazas de soberanía

The ***plazas de soberanía*** (, lit. "strongholds of sovereignty") is a term describing a series of Spanish overseas minor territories scattered along the Mediterranean coast bordering Morocco or that are closer to Africa than Europe. This term is used for those territories that have been a part of Spain since the formation of the modern country (1492–1556), as opposed to African territories acquired by Spain during the 19th and early 20th centuries in the Scramble for Africa.

Historically, a distinction was made between the so-called "major places of sovereignty", comprising the autonomous cities of Ceuta and Melilla, and the "minor places of sovereignty", referring to a number of islands (and a small peninsula) along the coast. In the present, the term refers mainly to the latter.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: _Plazas de soberanía_
- **government type**: _De facto_ unincorporated area under the administration of the Ministry of Defence (Spain), Ministry of Defence
- **area total km2**: 0.59
- **timezone**: Central European Time, CET
- **utc offset**: +01:00
- **timezone dst**: Central European Summer Time, CEST
- **utc offset dst**: +02:00
- **image skyline**: Mapa del sur de España neutral.png
- **imagesize**: 340px
- **image caption**: The _plazas de soberanía_, plus Ceuta (with Perejil Island) and Melilla on the mainland, and Alboran Island 50 km north of the coast
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: Spain
Plectrohyla calvata

***Plectrohyla calvata*** is a frog in the family Hylidae. Itlives in Honduras.  Scientists have seen it between 1900 and 2500 meters above sea level in cloud forests.
Latins (Italic tribe)

The **Latins** sometimes known as the **Latians** were an Italic tribe. It had the early people living in the city of Rome. From about 1000 BC, the Latins lived in the small region known to the Romans as Old Latium
Eduardo Ferro Rodrigues

**Eduardo Luís Barreto Ferro Rodrigues**  (born 3 November 1949) is a Portuguese politician and economist who has been President of the Assembly of the Republic since 2015, in the 13th (2015–2019) and 14th Legislatures (2019–present). He was Minister for Social Security, and later Minister for Public Works, in the governments of António Guterres.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **honorific-prefix**: Excellency, His Excellency
- **predecessor1**: Maria da Assunção Esteves, Assunção Esteves
- **successor3**: José Sócrates
- **office2**: Socialist Party (Portugal), Secretary-General of the Socialist Party
- **term start2**: 20 January 2002
- **term end2**: 24 September 2004
- **predecessor2**: António Guterres
- **successor2**: José Sócrates
- **office1**: List of presidents of the Assembly of the Republic (Portugal), President of the Assembly of the Republic
- **term start1**: 23 October 2015
- **primeminister3**: José Manuel Barroso
- **birth name**: Eduardo Luís Barreto Ferro Rodrigues
- **birth place**: Lisbon, Estado Novo (Portugal), Portugal
- **party**: Socialist Party (Portugal), Socialist Party
- **spouse**: Maria Filomena Lopes Peixoto de Aguilar
- **children**: João Luís
:pt:Rita Ferro Rodrigues, Rita
- **alma mater**: School of Economics and Finance, Technical University of Lisbon
- **predecessor3**: José Manuel Barroso
- **term end3**: 24 September 2004
- **name**: Eduardo Ferro Rodrigues
- **term start5**: 25 November 1997
- **honorific-suffix**: Order of Liberty, GCL
- **image**: Eduardo_Ferro_Rodrigues_smiling_at_handshaking,_Bratislava_Informal_Parliamentary_Summit_2016-10-07.jpg
- **office6**: Ministry of Labour and Social Solidarity, Minister of Solidarity and Social Security
- **term start6**: 28 October 1995
- **term end6**: 25 November 1997
- **primeminister6**: António Guterres
- **predecessor6**: José Falcão e Cunha

- **successor6**: Position abolished
- **office5**: Ministry of Labour and Social Solidarity, Minister of Labour and Solidarity
- **term end5**: 10 March 2001
- **term start3**: 6 April 2002
- **primeminister5**: António Guterres
- **predecessor5**: Maria João Rodrigues

- **successor5**: Paulo Pedroso
- **office4**: Ministry of Public Works, Transport and Communications, Minister of Social Infrastructure
- **term start4**: 10 March 2001
- **term end4**: 23 January 2002
- **primeminister4**: António Guterres
- **predecessor4**: Jorge Coelho
- **successor4**: José Sócrates
- **office3**: Leader of the Opposition (Portugal), Leader of the Opposition
Portuguese escudo

The **Portuguese escudo** was the currency of Portugal prior to the introduction of the euro on 1 January 1999 and the removal of the escudo from circulation on 28 February 2002.  The escudo was subdivided into 100 . The word  derives from the scutum shield.

Amounts in escudos were written as    with the  as the decimal separator (for example:  means ,  means ). Because of the conversion rate of 1000  = , three decimal places were initially used ( = ).

## Infobox (currency)

- **mint website**: www.incm.pt
- **mint**: Imprensa Nacional-Casa da Moeda
- **issuing authority website**: www.bportugal.pt
- **issuing authority**: Banco de Portugal
- **frequently used banknotes**: , , , ,  (2001)
- **frequently used coins**: , , , , , ,  (2001)
- **plural subunit 1**: centavos
- **plural**: escudos
- **symbol**:  (; substituted with  when  not available)
- **subunit name 1**: centavo
- **euro replace cash**: 1 January 2002
- **image 1**: Portugal 1 escudo.JPG
- **euro replace non cash**: 1 January 1999
- **erm fixed rate since**: 31 December 1998
- **erm since**: 19 June 1989
- **using countries**: previously: Portugal
- **iso code**: PTE
- **inflation source date**: [http://www.worldpress.org/profiles/Portugal.cfm worldpress.org]
- **inflation rate**: 2.8% (2000)
- **image width 2**: 100
- **image 2**: Portugal 1 escudo 2.JPG
- **image width 1**: 100
- **image title 1**: 1 escudo (1993)
- **obsolete notice**: Y
Mammendorf

**Mammendorf** is a municipality in Bavaria, Germany. It is halfway between Munich and Augsburg.

## Place

Mammendorf is part of Fürstenfeldbruck, Upper Bavaria and is about 6 kilometres northwest of the city of Fürstenfeldbruck. The towns Nannhofen and Peretshofen are part of the municipality of Mammendorf.

## Geography

The Maisach River flows through Mammendorf.

## Infobox (german location)

- **type**: Gemeinde
- **image coa**: DEU Mammendorf COA.svg
- **image photo**: Nannhofen, Peter und Paul 2.jpeg
- **image caption**: Church of Saint Peter and Paul in Nannhofen
- **image plan**: Mammendorf in FFB.svg
- **state**: Bayern
- **region**: Oberbayern
- **district**: Fürstenfeldbruck
- **elevation**: 536
- **area**: 21.21
- **postal code**: 82291
- **area code**: 08145
- **licence**: FFB
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 09 1 79 136
- **website**: [http://www.mammendorf.de www.mamendorf.de]
- **mayor**: Josef Heckl
- **leader term**: 2020–26
Mittelstetten

**Mittelstetten** is a municipality in Fürstenfeldbruck in Bavaria in Germany.

## Infobox (german location)

- **name**: Mittelstetten
- **image coa**: DEU Mittelstetten COA.svg
- **image photo**: Kirche Tegernbach 11.jpg
- **image caption**: Church of Saints Stephen and Magdalene in Tegernbach
- **image plan**: Mittelstetten in FFB.svg
- **state**: Bayern
- **region**: Oberbayern
- **district**: Fürstenfeldbruck
- **verwaltungsgemeinschaft**: Mammendorf
- **elevation**: 514
- **area**: 18.62
- **postal code**: 82293
- **area code**: 08202
- **licence**: FFB
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 09 1 79 137
- **divisions**: 6 Ortsteile
- **website**: https://www.mittelstetten.de/
- **mayor**: Franz Ostermeier
- **leader term**: 2020–26
Moorenweis

**Moorenweis** is a municipality in Fürstenfeldbruck in Bavaria in Germany.

## Infobox (german location)

- **image coa**: DEU Moorenweis COA.svg
- **image photo**: Moorenweis, FFB - Eismerszeller Str - Pfarrkirche v SW.jpg
- **image caption**: Parish church
- **image plan**: Moorenweis in FFB.svg
- **state**: Bayern
- **region**: Oberbayern
- **district**: Fürstenfeldbruck
- **elevation**: 550-595
- **area**: 46.45
- **postal code**: 82272
- **area code**: 08146
- **licence**: FFB
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 09 1 79 138
- **website**: [http://www.moorenweis.de/ www.moorenweis.de]
- **mayor**: Josef Schäffler
- **leader term**: 2020–26
- **party**: CSU
Oberschweinbach

**Oberschweinbach** is a municipality  in Fürstenfeldbruck in Bavaria in Germany.

## Infobox (german location)

- **image coa**: DEU Oberschweinbach COA.svg
- **image photo**: Pf'kirche Günzlhofen 17.jpg
- **image caption**: Church of Saint Margaret in Günzlhofen
- **image plan**: Oberschweinbach in FFB.svg
- **state**: Bayern
- **region**: Oberbayern
- **district**: Fürstenfeldbruck
- **verwaltungsgemeinschaft**: Mammendorf
- **elevation**: 548
- **area**: 7.23
- **postal code**: 82294
- **area code**: 08145
- **licence**: FFB
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 09 1 79 140
- **website**: [http://www.oberschweinbach.de/ www.oberschweinbach.de]
- **mayor**: Norbert Riepl
- **leader term**: 2020–26
- **party**: CSU
County of Portugal

The **County of Portugal** (; in documents of the period the name used was **Portugalia**) refers to two successive medieval counties in the region around Braga and Porto, today corresponding to littoral northern Portugal, within which the identity of the Portuguese people formed.  The first county existed from the mid-ninth to the mid-eleventh centuries as a vassalage of the Kingdom of Asturias and later the Kingdoms of Galicia and León, before being abolished as a result of rebellion. A larger entity under the same name was then reestablished in the late 11th century and subsequently elevated by its count in the mid-12th century into an independent Kingdom of Portugal.

## Infobox (former country)

- **conventional long name**: County of Portugal
- **common name**: Portugal
- **native name**: _Condado Portucalense_
 _Condado de Portugal_
- **image flag**: PortugueseFlag1095.svg
- **image map**: Condado portucalense carte-1070-fr.png
- **capital**: Guimarães
- **religion**: Roman Catholicism
Islam
Judaism
- **government type**: Feudal monarchy
- **status**: Vassalage of the Kingdoms of Kingdom of Asturias, Asturias, Kingdom of Galicia, Galicia and Kingdom of León, León
- **year end**: 1139
- **life span**: 868–1139
- **year start**: 868
- **image map caption**: Second County of Portugal
- **common languages**: Galician-Portuguese, Old Portuguese
Mozarabic
Andalusian Arabic
- **title leader**: Count of Portugal
- **year leader1**: 868–873
- **leader1**: Vímara Peres <small>(first of the first county)</small>
- **year leader2**: 1050–1071
- **leader2**: Nuno Mendes (count), Nuno II Mendes <small>(last of the first county; Brief Annexation to the Kingdom of León</small>
- **year leader3**: 1096–1112
- **leader3**: Henry, Count of Portugal, Henry of Burgundy <small>(first of second county)</small>
- **year leader4**: 1112–1139
- **leader4**: Afonso I of Portugal, Afonso Henriques <small>(last of the second county)</small>
- **event end**: Battle of Ourique
- **p1**: Emirate of Córdoba
- **s1**: Kingdom of Portugal
- **image p2**:
- **p2**: Kingdom of Asturias
- **flag p3**: Bandeirareinogaliza.svg
- **p3**: Kingdom of Galicia
- **flag p4**: Royal Banner of Leon (1157-1230).svg
- **p4**: Kingdom of León
- **border p4**: no
- **flag s1**: PortugueseFlag1143.svg
- **today**:
Battle of Ourique

The **Battle of Ourique** () was a battle that took place on 25 July 1139, in which the forces of Portuguese count Afonso Henriques (of the House of Burgundy) defeated those led by the Almoravid governor of Córdoba, Muhammad Az-Zubayr Ibn Umar, identified as "King Ismar" in Christian chronicles.

## Background

Learning that during his Battle of Valdevez against Alfonso VII of León, Muslim forces had attacked and destroyed Leiria and Trancoso, Afonso Henriques's anxiety at this incursion at his southern frontier hastened his negotiations with Alfonso VII of León, leading to the Treaty of Zamora and freeing Afonso Henriques's troops to deal with the Muslim attack.

## Infobox (military conflict)

- **conflict**: Battle of Ourique
- **partof**: the Portuguese Reconquista
- **image**: BatalhaOurique.jpg
- **image size**: 300px
- **caption**: _"The Miracle of Ourique"_ by Domingos Sequeira (1793)
- **date**: 25 July 1139
- **place**: Ourique Municipality, Ourique in Alentejo (southern Portugal)
- **result**: Portugal, Portuguese victory
- **combatant1**:  County of Portugal
- **combatant2**: Almoravid dynasty, Almoravids
- **commander1**: Afonso I of Portugal, Afonso Henriques
* Royal ensign (rank), ensign Garcia Mendes de Sousa
* Mem Moniz
* Diogo Gonçalves de Cete
* _alcaide_ of Coimbra Gonçalo Dias de Góis
- **commander2**: Muhammad Az-Zubayr Ibn Umar
- **strength1**: Unknown
- **strength2**: Unknown
- **casualties1**: Unknown
- **casualties2**: Unknown
Domingos Sequeira

**Domingos António de Sequeira** (Lisbon; 10 March 1768Rome; 8 March 1837) was a famous Portuguese painter at the Royal Court of King John VI of Portugal.

## Infobox (artist)

- **name**: Domingos Sequeira
- **image**: Domingos sequeira.jpg
- **caption**: _Self-Portrait_ by Domingos Sequeira
- **birth name**: Domingos António de Sequeira

- **birth date**: 10 March 1768
- **birth place**: Lisbon, Kingdom of Portugal
- **death date**: 8 March 1837
- **death place**: Rome, Papal States
- **nationality**: Portuguese people, Portuguese
- **known for**: Fine Painting
- **movement**: Neoclassicism
Ourique

**Ourique** () is a city in the District of Beja in Portugal. The population in 2011 was 5,389, in an area of 663.31 km<sup>2</sup>.

This town is traditionally considered the site of the famous Battle of Ourique in 1139, which saw the forces of Portuguese Prince Afonso Henriques defeat a Muslim Almoravid force. The present Mayor is Marcelo Guerreiro, elected by the Socialist Party, who became the youngest Mayor in Portugal, aged 25, in 2015. The municipal holiday is September 8.

## Infobox (portuguese subdivision)

- **official name**: Ourique
- **image shield**: ORQ.png
- **image flag**: Pt-orq1.png
- **image map**: LocalOurique.svg
- **region**: Alentejo
- **cim**: Baixo Alentejo (intermunicipal community), Baixo Alentejo
- **district**: Beja District, Beja
- **parishes**: #Parishes, 4
- **leader party**: Socialist Party (Portugal), PS
- **leader name**: Marcelo Guerreiro
- **area total km2**: 663.31
- **population total**: 5,389
- **population as of**: 2011
- **website**: http://cm-ourique.pt/
- **holiday**: September 8
- **type**: municipality
- **flag border**: no
Aeronca C-3

The **Aeronca C-3** is a light aircraft built by Aeronca from 1931 to 1937. The aircraft was thought to be easy to fly, easy to train on, and cheap to operate, leading to widespread success. Aeronica stopped building the C-3 in 1937 because the design did not meet new government safety rules.

## Variants

- C-3
- **C-3 Master**
- Aeronca 100
- Aeronca 300
- Ely 700

## Surviving aircraft

- A-125 – C-3 on display at the Western North Carolina Air Museum in Hendersonville, North Carolina.
- A-189 – C-3 airworthy at the Western Antique Aeroplane & Automobile Museum in Hood River, Oregon. It is a floatplane and was built in 1931.
- A-194 – C-3 in storage at the Reynolds-Alberta Museum in Wetaskiwin, Alberta. It was built in 1931.
- A-215 – C-3 airworthy at the Western Antique Aeroplane & Automobile Museum in Hood River, Oregon. It was built in 1932.
- A-246 – PC-3 airworthy at the Eagles Mere Air Museum in Eagles Mere, Pennsylvania.
- A-258 – C-3 on static display at the San Diego Air & Space Museum in San Diego, California.
- A-288 – C-3 under restoration at the Wright Experience in Warrenton, Virginia.
- A-600 – C-3 airworthy with Paul A. Gliddon in Goathland, North Yorkshire.
- A-603 – C-3 airworthy with John Illsley. It was flown to South Africa from England in 1936.
- A-610 – C-3 airworthy with Nicholas S. Chittenden in Lostwithiel, Cornwall.
- A-614 – C-3 on display at the Yanks Air Museum in Chino, California.
- A-668 – C-3 airworthy at the EAA AirVenture Museum in Oshkosh, Wisconsin.
- A-673 – C-3B airworthy at the Port Townsend Aero Museum in Port Townsend, Washington. It was built in 1936.
- A-695 – C-3 on static display in the terminal building at Lunken Airport in Cincinnati, Ohio.
- A-717 – C-3 airworthy at the Golden Age Air Museum in Bethel, Pennsylvania. It is marked as NC17404.
- A-730 – C-3 airworthy at the Frasca Air Museum in Urbana, Illinois.
- A-754 – C-3 airworthy at Cole Palen's Old Rhinebeck Aerodrome in Red Hook, New York. It is registered as N17447.
- AB105 – Aeronca 100 airworthy with the Wingnut Syndicate in Warkworth, Auckland.
- 526 – C-3 in storage at the Shannon Air Museum in Fredericksburg, Virginia.
- 623 – C-3 airworthy at the Golden Wings Flying Museum in Blaine, Minnesota.
- Unknown ID – C-3 under restoration at the Aeronca Museum in Brighton, Michigan.
- Unknown ID – C-3 on display at the Wings of History Museum in San Martin, California.
- Unknown ID – C-3 under restoration at Generations in Aviation in Jacksonville, Florida. Built in 1932. registered NC12496
- Unknown ID – C-3 on static display at the Florida Air Museum in Lakeland, Florida.
Aeronca K

The Aeronca K is an American aircraft made by Aeronca in 1937. The aircraft is still in use and there are 357 made.

## Variants

- **Model K** - with Aeronca E-113C engine.
- **Model KC** - with Continental A-40 engine.
- **Model KCA** - with Continental A-50 engine.
Welch OW-6M

The Welch OW-6M is an American aircraft made by Welch aircraft industry in 1931.

## Variants

- OW-5M
- Powered by a 40hp (30kW) Continental A-40-4 engine. Type Certificate held by the Hartmann Aircraft Corporation and sometimes described as the Hartmann OW-5M. 38 aircraft
- OW-6M
- Powered by a 37hp (28kW) Aeronca E-113-B engine. Type Certificate held by Stewart Aircraft Industries and sometimes described as the Stewart OW-6M. 7 aircraft
- OW-6S
- OW-6 with 45hp Szekely SR-30 and experimental, two-speed gear-reduction system regn. no NX14521, c/n 110.
- OW-7M
- Powered by a 45hp (36kW) Welch O-2 engine. 8 aircraft
- OW-8M
- Powered by a Franklin 4-AC-150 engine. 2 aircraft
- OW-9M
- Proposed variant with a Lycoming O-145, not built.
- Welch ACE Falcon
- A prototype fitted with an 60hp Anzani radial engine
Ferrofluid

A **ferrofluid** is a liquid that will react to a magnetic field without becoming solid. Usually it contains small magnetic particles in a suspension.
Continental A-40

The **Continental A-40** is an aircraft engine made by Continental Motors and is especially made for light aircraft.

## Variants

**A40**

- A40-2
- A-40-3
- A40-4
- A40-5

## Users

- Aeronca KC
- Arup S-2
- Heath Parasol LNA-40
- Nicholson Junior KN-2
- Piper J-3 Cub
- Porterfield CP-40 Zephyr
- Rose Parakeet
- Taylor E-2 Cub
- Taylor J-2 Cub
- Welch OW-5M
Olching

**Olching** is a town in Fürstenfeldbruck, in Bavaria, Germany. It is about 20 km (12 mi) northwest of Munich.

## Geography

Olching is about halfway between Dachau and Fürstenfeldbruck, and stretches along both sides of the River Amper. There are two lakes to the east of Olching, the _Olchinger See_ (Lake Olching) and _Kleiner See_ (Small Lake), both of which border on the neighbouring community of Gröbenzell.

## Twin towns – sister cities

Olching is twinned with:
- Feurs, France
- Tuchola, Poland

## References

The initial text content of this site is based upon the German language Wikipedia entry for Olching, Olching in German Wikipedia

## Other websites

- Homepage of the Gemeinde Olching
- _Gymnasium Olching_
- _Grundschule Graßlfing_
- Olching_
- Golfclub-olching.de
- SC Olching
- TSV Geiselbullach
- SV Esting News
- Olching ("Oiching") in the Bavarian Wikipedia

## Infobox (german location)

- **image coa**: DEU Olching COA.svg
- **image photo**: Olchinger Rathaus.jpg
- **image caption**: Town hall
- **image plan**: Olching in FFB.svg
- **state**: Bayern
- **region**: Oberbayern
- **district**: Fürstenfeldbruck
- **elevation**: 503
- **area**: 29.91
- **postal code**: 82140
- **area code**: 08142
- **licence**: FFB
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 09 1 79 142
- **website**: [http://www.olching.de/ www.olching.de]
- **mayor**: Andreas Magg
- **leader term**: 2020–26
- **party**: SPD
Continental A-50

The **Continental A-40** is an aircraft engine made by Continental Motors and is especially made for light aircraft.

## Variants

- A50
- A50-1
- A50-2
- A50-3
- A50-4
- A50-5
- A50-6
- A50-7

## Users

- Aeronca KCA
- Aeronca 50C
- Aeronca 50TC
- Aeronca S50C
- Luscombe 8
- Piper J-3
- Piper J-4
- Porterfield CP50
- Porterfield CP55
- Taylorcraft BC
- Taylorcraft BCS
Afonso VI of Portugal

**Afonso VI** (; 21 August 164312 September 1683), known as "**the Victorious**" (), was the second King of Portugal of the House of Braganza from 1656 until his death. He was initially under the regency of his mother, Luisa of Medina-Sidonia, until 1662, when he removed her to a convent and took power with the help of his favourite, the Count of Castelo Melhor.

Afonso's reign saw the end of the Restoration War (1640–68) and Spain's recognition of Portugal's independence. He also negotiated a French alliance through his marriage. However, the king was physically and mentally weak. In 1668, his brother Pedro conspired to have him declared incapable of ruling, and took supreme _de facto_ power as regent, although nominally Afonso was still sovereign. Queen Marie Françoise, Afonso's wife, received an annulment and subsequently married Pedro. Afonso spent the rest of his life and reign practically a prisoner.

## Infobox (royalty)

- **name**: Afonso VI
- **spouse**: Maria Francisca of Savoy
(m. 1666; ann 1668)
- **burial place**: Royal Pantheon of the Braganza Dynasty, Pantheon of the Braganzas
- **death place**: Sintra National Palace, Sintra Palace, Sintra, Portugal
- **death date**: 12 September 1683 (aged 40)
- **birth place**: Ribeira Palace, Lisbon, History of Portugal (1640–1777), Portugal
- **birth date**: 21 August 1643
- **mother**: Luisa de Guzmán
- **father**: John IV of Portugal
- **house**: House of Braganza, Braganza
- **image**: AfonsoVIpt.jpg
- **reg-type2**: Regents
- **successor2**: Peter II of Portugal, Peter II
- **predecessor2**: John IV of Portugal, John IV
- **coronation**: 15 November 1657
- **cor-type**: Acclamation
- **reign**: 6 November 165612 September 1683
- **succession**: King of Portugal
- **caption**: _D. Afonso VI_; Domenico Duprà
- **image size**: 180px
- **religion**: Roman Catholicism
Prazeres Cemetery

**Prazeres Cemetery** () is one of the largest cemeteries in Lisbon, Portugal; it is located in the _freguesia_ (civil parish) of Estrela, in western Lisbon (formerly, within the parish of Prazeres). It is considered to be one of the most beautiful and famous cemeteries in the world. It is home to the Mausoleum of the Dukes of Palmela, the largest mausoleum in Europe.

Prazeres Cemetery is the resting place for many famous personalities, including Prime Ministers and Presidents of Portugal, notable literary figures such as author Ramalho Ortigão, famous artists like painters Columbano Bordalo Pinheiro or Roque Gameiro, prominent musical figures like pianist Alexandre Rey Colaço or composer João Domingos Bomtempo, and numerous other notable burials, especially from the Portuguese nobility.

## Infobox (cemetery)

- **name**: Cemitério dos Prazeres
- **type**: Public
- **location**: Estrela (Lisbon), Estrela, Lisbon
- **country**: Portugal
- **established**: 1833
Estrela (Lisbon)

**Estrela** () is a _freguesia_ (civil parish) and district of Lisbon, the capital of Portugal. Located in the historic center of Lisbon, Estrela is south of Campo de Ourique, west of Misericórdia, and east of Alcântara. The population in 2011 was 20,128.

## Infobox (portuguese subdivision)

- **official name**: Estrela
- **image location**: Estrela (Lisboa) localização.svg
- **region**: Lisboa Region, Lisbon
- **metro**: Lisbon metropolitan area, Lisbon
- **district**: Lisbon District, Lisbon
- **area total**: 4.60
- **population total**: 20128
- **population as of**: 2011
- **type**: parish
- **municipality**: Lisbon
Lisbon District

The District of **Lisbon** () is along the western coast of Portugal. The district capital is the city of Lisbon, which is also the national capital.

## Municipalities

The district has 16 municipalities:
- Alenquer
- Amadora
- Arruda dos Vinhos
- Azambuja
- Cadaval
- Cascais
- Lisbon
- Loures
- Lourinhã
- Mafra
- Odivelas
- Oeiras
- Sintra
- Sobral de Monte Agraço
- Torres Vedras
- Vila Franca de Xira

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: District of Lisbon
- **native name lang**: pt
- **settlement type**: Districts of Portugal, District
- **image flag**: Bandeira municipal de Lisboa.png
- **image shield**: Crest of Lisboa.png
- **image map**: LocalDistritoLisboa.svg
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Portugal
- **subdivision type1**: Subdivisions of Portugal, Region
- **subdivision name1**: Lisbon Region, Lisbon
(partly Alentejo Region)
- **subdivision type2**: Subdivisions of Portugal, Historical province
- **subdivision name2**: Estremadura Province (1936-1976), Estremadura Province
(partly Ribatejo Province)
- **subdivision type3**: No. of Municipalities of Portugal, municipalities
- **subdivision name3**: 16
- **subdivision type4**: No. of Parishes of Portugal, parishes
- **subdivision name4**: 134
- **seat type**: Capital
- **seat**: Lisbon
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area total km2**: 2,800
- **population total**: 2,135,992
- **population density km2**: auto
- **iso code**: PT-11
- **blank name sec1**: No. of Assembly of the Republic (Portugal), parliamentary representatives
- **blank info sec1**: 48