juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Sumbawa

**Sumbawa** is an Indonesian island in the middle of the Lesser Sunda Islands chain. It has Lombok to the west, Flores to the east, and Sumba farther to the southeast. It is in the province of West Nusa Tenggara.

Sumbawa is 15,448 km² (three times the size of Lombok). About 1.5 million people live there. It marks the boundary between the islands to the west, which were influenced by religion and culture spreading from India, and the region to the east that was not so influenced.

## Volcanoes

Sumbawa is inside the Pacific Ring of Fire. It is a volcanic island, including Mount Tambora (8°14’41”S, 117°59’35”E) which exploded in 1815, the most destructive volcanic eruption in modern history (roughly four times larger than the 1883 eruption of Krakatoa, between Java and Sumatra, in terms of volume of magma ejected). The eruption killed as many as 92,000. It also apparently destroyed a small culture of Southeast Asian affinity, known to archaeologists as the Tamboran kingdom. It launched 100 cubic kilometers of ash into the upper atmosphere, which caused 1816 to be the "year without a summer." http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/02/0227_060227_lost_kingdom.html
Clothing in ancient Rome

**Clothing in Ancient Rome** is most commonly known by the toga and stola.
The cloth was made from wool, linen or hemp. Cotton and silk were also used, more rarely. Leather was also used. The kind of clothing showed status.

## Types

- The **toga** was an important item and was worn by only Roman citizens, and after the second century BC, only by men. After that, the only females to wear togas were prostitutes.  The colors of togas had meaning.  A toga could be edged with purple (high rank), or be all dark for mourning.  Only emperors could wear entirely purple togas. In other words, clothing reflected status as well as practical needs.  A red lined Toga often showed shame and disgrace, often worn when banished or before an execution.

- The **palla** was a mantle or headcloth worn by women with the stola. It draped over the shoulders and round the body.

- The Stola was a floor-length dress with long sleeves. It was worn over a tunic. The Stola was a symbol of marriage in ancient Rome times. Girls wore a simple tunic, except when going to an evening event, when ankle-length tunics were worn.

- Slaves wore simple woolen **tunics**. Tunics of cotton could by worn by any class as under-garments.

- The **paludamentum** was a cloak or cape fastened at one shoulder, worn by military commanders. The paludamentum was generally crimson, scarlet, or purple in colour.
Tibia (video game)

***Tibia*** is a MMORPG video game released in 1997. Three German science students, Stephan Börzsönyi, Guido Lübke, Ulrich Schlott and Stephan Vogler, thought of the idea for the game. It was both developed and published by the German company CipSoft. It is free to play.

## Infobox (video game)

- **title**: Tibia
- **image**: Tibia-logo.png
- **developer**: CipSoft
- **publisher**: CipSoft
- **release**: January 7, 1997
- **genre**: Massively multiplayer online role-playing game, MMORPG
- **modes**: Multiplayer video game, Multiplayer
Royal Library of Turin

The **Royal Library of Turin** is an important museum in Turin, Italy. It was started by King Charles Albert of Sardinia in 1839.
Now it has 187,987 print volumes, 4,403 hand-written volumes (manuscripts), 3,000 drawings, 188 books made before 1501 (incunabula), 5,029 books from the 16th century, 20,987 pamphlets, and many engravings and maps. These works come mainly from collections from Savoy.
The most important antique is a self-portrait of Leonardo da Vinci. This self-portrait is in an underground vault that is resistant to fires, earthquakes, and even airplane crashes.
Tibia

The **tibia**, also known as the **shinbone**, or **shankbone**, is the larger and stronger of the two bones in the leg below the knee in vertebrates. It connects the knee with the ankle bones and is parallel to the fibula. Additionally it is the second largest bone in the body as its supports a significantly large portion of the human bodyweight. The tibia is essential to everyday movement such as standing and walking as well as jumping and running.The tibia or shinbone is usually of same size in both boys and girls prior to puberty. And in the adolescent ages tibia is longer in boys and men than in the girls and women.
Chauzon

**Chauzon** is a commune of the Ardèche _département_ in the southern part of France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Chauzon
- **image**: Cirque de Giens.jpg
- **arrondissement**: Largentière
- **canton**: Largentière
- **insee**: 07061
- **postal code**: 07120
- **mayor**: André Chalvet
- **term**: 2001-2008
- **elevation m**: 180
- **elevation min m**: 100
- **elevation max m**: 326
- **area km2**: 10.68
- **population**: 255
- **population date**: 1999
Chazeaux

**Chazeaux** is a commune of the Ardèche _département_ in the southern part of France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Chazeaux
- **arrondissement**: Largentière
- **canton**: Largentière
- **insee**: 07062
- **postal code**: 07110
- **mayor**: Jacky Giraud
- **term**: 2001-2008
- **intercommunality**: Val de Ligne
- **elevation m**: 470
- **elevation min m**: 289
- **elevation max m**: 830
- **area km2**: 4.62
- **population**: 103
- **population date**: 1999
Cheminas

**Cheminas** is a commune of the Ardèche _département_ in the southern part of France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Cheminas
- **arrondissement**: Tournon-sur-Rhône
- **canton**: Tournon-sur-Rhône
- **insee**: 07063
- **postal code**: 07300
- **mayor**: Claude Rulliere
- **term**: 2001-2008
- **intercommunality**: Tournon
- **elevation m**: 460
- **elevation min m**: 352
- **elevation max m**: 563
- **area km2**: 9.39
- **population**: 226
- **population date**: 1999
Le Cheylard

**Le Cheylard** is a commune of the Ardèche _département_ in the southern part of France.

## Other websites

- Official Web site

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Le Cheylard
- **image coat of arms**: Blason ville fr Le Cheylard (Ardèche).svg
- **arrondissement**: Tournon-sur-Rhône
- **canton**: Cheylard
- **insee**: 07064
- **postal code**: 07160
- **mayor**: Jacques Chabal
- **term**: 2001-2008
- **intercommunality**: Pays du Cheylard
- **elevation m**: 430
- **elevation min m**: 404
- **elevation max m**: 927
- **area km2**: 13.45
- **population**: 3514
- **population date**: 1999
Orthodox

**Orthodox** is a word about beliefs. It is made from two Ancient Greek words, ὀρθός _orthós_ „correct, straight“ and δόξα _dóxa_ „teaching, worship".   Orthodoxy means a teaching that is supposed to be close to the original.

In particular:

in Christianity:

- Eastern Orthodox Church (The split of the Christian Church into the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox happened in 1054, in what is known as the Great Schism)
- Oriental Orthodox Church (Split from the rest in the 5th century, at the Council of Chalcedon)
- Theologically traditional often in all lower case-- _orthodox_

in Judaism:
- Orthodox Judaism
- Modern Orthodox Judaism

Jewish organisations:
- Orthodox Union
Will Rogers

**William Penn Adair “Will” Rogers** (November 4, 1879 – August 15, 1935) was a Cherokee-American cowboy, comedian, humorist, social commentator, vaudeville performer and actor.

Known as Oklahoma's favorite son, Rogers was born to a well off Indian Territory family and learned to ride horses and use a lariat so well that he was listed in the Guinness Book of World Records for throwing three ropes at once—one around the neck of a horse, another around the horse's rider, and a third around all four legs of the horse. During his life he traveled around the world three times, made 71 movies (50 silent films and 21 "talkies"), wrote more than 4,000 nationally syndicated newspaper columns, making him a world-famous figure. Also,Will Rogers Family has a County named after them in Oklahoma. It currently has 8 cities within its borders.The cities within the borders of the Roger's County are named Catoosa, Chelsea, Claremore, Foyil, Inola, Oologah, Talala, Verdigris. The county was officially founded prior to statehood on January 26, 1907 and was originally named Cooweescoowee. However, residents protested the name and the county was renamed Rogers after Clement (Clem) Vann Rogers, a mixed heritage Cherokee rancher and father of Will Rogers. Rogers County consists of a total area of 711 square miles - 675 square miles is land, and 36 square miles is water.

By the mid-1930s, Rogers was loved by the American people, and was the highest-paid movie star in Hollywood at the time. During an around-the-world trip with pilot Wiley Post, Rogers died when their small airplane crashed near Barrow, Alaska Territory in 1935.

## Infobox (celebrity)

- **name**: Will Rogers
- **image**: Will Rogers 1922.jpg
- **caption**: Will Rogers
- **birth name**: William Penn Adair Rogers
- **birth place**: Oologah, Oklahoma, Oologah, Indian Territory (now Oklahoma)
- **death place**: Point Barrow, Alaska Territory
- **spouse**: Betty Blake
- **children**: Will Rogers, Jr., William Vann "Bill"
Mary Amelia
James Blake
Fred Stone
Tetris DX

***Tetris DX*** is a video game released in 1998 for the Game Boy Color console. It is a remake of the Game Boy game _Tetris_. The game can save high scores, has two new modes, new music themes, and three profiles for three separate players. In "Ultra Mode", players must collect as many points as possible in three minutes. In "40 Lines", players  must clear 40 lines as quickly as possible.
Super Mario Land 2: 6 Golden Coins

is a 1992 video game for the Game Boy Nintendo device and the sequel to _Super Mario Land_.

In 1994, _Wario Land: Super Mario Land 3_ was released. It is the sequel to _Super Mario Land 2: 6 Golden Coins_, and would be the start of the _Wario Land_ series.

## Plot

During the events of _Super Mario Land_, Mario had went away to rescue Princess Daisy. While he was away, Wario took over Mario's castle.  He takes the six golden coins from the castle and scatters them around to all the various worlds. When Mario comes back, he must travel to each world, get the coins back to open the door, and then face off against Wario.

## Gameplay

This game features a save function and an easy mode. The game is a platforming game, with Mario running around six worlds (areas of the game) The game's power-ups are the Super Mushroom, Fire Flower, which lets Mario throw fire balls, the Super Star, and a new item called the Carrot, which turns Mario into a rabbit that can fly.

## Infobox (video game)

- **image**: Super mario land 2 logo.svg
- **developer**: Nintendo Research & Development 1, Nintendo R&D1
- **publisher**: Nintendo
- **designer**: Gunpei Yokoi
- **director**: Hiroji Kiyotake
Takehiko Hosokawa
- **producer**: Gunpei Yokoi
- **programmer**: Takahiro Harada
Yuzuru Ogawa
- **artist**: Hiroji Kiyotake
Takehiko Hosokawa
Makoto Kano
- **composer**: Kazumi Totaka
- **series**: _Mario (series), Mario_
- **released**: **Game Boy:**
**Virtual Console (Nintendo 3DS):**

- **genre**: Platform game, Platform
- **modes**: Single player
- **platforms**: Game Boy, Nintendo 3DS
Alkene

In organic chemistry, an **alkene**, **olefin**, or **olefine** is an unsaturated chemical compound containing at least one carbon-to-carbon double bond.  The simplest alkenes, with only one double bond, no rings, and no other functional groups, are hydrocarbons with the general formula **C<sub>n</sub>H<sub>2n</sub>**.

The double bond in the middle makes them more reactive because the molecule is not saturated. An alkene's unsaturation means that it will take the color out of bromine. The names of alkenes always end with -ene.

Aromatic compounds are often drawn as cyclic alkenes, but their structure and properties are different and they are not considered to be alkenes.

## Physical structure

Alkenes are weakly polar just like alkanes but are slightly more reactive than alkanes due to the presence of double bonds. The π electrons which make up the double bonds can easily be removed or added as they are weakly held. Hence the _dipole moments_ exhibited by alkenes are more than alkanes.

The physical properties of alkenes are comparable with those of alkanes. The main differences between the two are that the acidity levels of alkenes are much higher than the ones in alkanes. The physical state depends on molecular mass (gases from ethene to butene - liquids from pentene onwards). The simplest alkenes, ethene, propene and butene are gases. Linear alkenes of approximately five to nineteen carbons are liquids, and higher alkenes are waxy solids.

## List of alkenes

The following is a list of the first 15 alkenes:

1. Ethene (C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>)
1. Propene (C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>6</sub>)
1. Butene (C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>8</sub>)
1. Pentene (C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>10</sub>)
1. Hexene (C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>)
1. Heptene (C<sub>7</sub>H<sub>14</sub>)
1. Octene (C<sub>8</sub>H<sub>16</sub>)
1. Nonene (C<sub>9</sub>H<sub>18</sub>)
1. Decene (C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>20</sub>)
1. Undecene (C<sub>11</sub>H<sub>22</sub>)
1. Dodecene (C<sub>12</sub>H<sub>24</sub>)
1. Tridecene (C<sub>13</sub>H<sub>26</sub>)
1. Tetradecene (C<sub>14</sub>H<sub>28</sub>)
1. Pentadecene (C<sub>15</sub>H<sub>30</sub>)
1. Hexadecene (C<sub>16</sub>H<sub>32</sub>)

## Fuel

Alkenes are not used as fuels because:
- They are scarce in nature. They are made from other hydrocarbons to make plastics, anti–freeze and many other useful compounds.
- They burn with a smoky flame due to less efficient, and more polluting incomplete combustion, so the heat energy release is lower than for alkanes.
Afrodisiac

***Afrodisiac*** is the fourth studio album by American R&B/pop singer Brandy Norwood, released by Atlantic Records on June 28, 2004 outside North America and on June 29, 2004 (see 2004 in music) in Canada and the United States. It was mostly produced by Timbaland, with more production from Warryn Campbell, Organized Noise, Walter Millsap, Ron Feemster, Big Chuck, and Kanye West. A lot of critics liked the album, but it did not sell many copies. It has sold fewer copies than any other album she has made so far.
Boy (disambiguation)

A **boy** is a young male, usually human, or may refer to a man regardless of age.

**Boy**, **Boys**, **The Boy**, or **The Boys** may also mean:

### Songs

- "Boy (I Need You)", by Mariah Carey
- "Boy" (Erasure song)
- "Boys" (Britney Spears song)
- "Boys" (The Shirelles song), notably covered by The Beatles
- "Boys" (Robots in Disguise song)
- "Boys (Summertime Love)", by Sabrina
- "Boyz" (song), by M.I.A.
- "Boy", by Book of Love
- "B.O.Y.", by Jessica Simpson from _A Public Affair_
- "Boys", by Bauhaus, the B-side of the single "Bela Lugosi's Dead"
- "Boys", by Band Ohne Namen
- "Boys", by Ashlee Simpson from _Bittersweet World_
- "The Boys" (song), a song by The Shadows, a number-one single in Australia in 1963

### Albums

- _Boy_ (album), by U2
- _Boy_ (compilation album), by Lena Philipsson

### Performers

- Boy (1980s band), a 1980s American rock group
- BOY, a Canadian indie pop group
- Boy'z, a Hong Kong Cantopop duo now known as Sun Boy'z
- The Boys (band), an American band
- The Boys (UK band), a punk rock band
- The Boys (60s band), an English band, later became The Action

## Literature

- _Boy_ (book), an autobiography by Roald Dahl
- _The Boys_ (comic book), a comic book for mature readers by Garth Ennis and Darick Robertson
- _Boyz_ (magazine), a British weekly LGBT magazine
- _The Boy_ (US title: _The Beautiful Boy_), a 2003 book by Germaine Greer
- _The Boys_, a 1996 book by Martin Gilbert

## People

- Werner Boy, German mathematician
- David Boys, Canadian Scrabble player
- Tadeusz Boy-Żeleński, Polish poet
- Roy Brindley, nicknamed "The Boy", English professional poker player

## Places

- Boy River, Minnesota, US
- Boys Hill, a village in Dorset, England

## Film

- _Boy_ (movie) (Japanese: _Shōnen_), a 1969 Japanese film
- _Boys_ (movie), a 2003 Tamil film
- _Boys_ (1996 movie), a movie starring Winona Ryder
- _The Boys_ (movie), a 1998 Australian film
- _The Boys_ (1991 movie), an American television movie starring John Lithgow
- _The Boys_ (1962 movie), a British movie starring Richard Todd
- "Boy", the adopted son of Tarzan in the movies based on Edgar Rice Burroughs's character

## Television

- _The Boy_ (TV series), a Canadian animated television series
- _The Boys_ (TV series), a 1993 American sitcom featuring Christopher Meloni

## Theatre

- _The Boy_ (musical), a 1917 London hit musical comedy

## Other uses

- Boy Seaman, a rating in the British Royal Navy
- Boys anti-tank rifle, a British anti-tank weapon
- The Boys (Wild West Gang), a gang who participated in the late-1870s Lincoln County War
- The Boys Markets, a chain of Los Angeles-area supermarkets, sold to Ralphs in 1995
- The Boy, Eustace Boyce, a character in the webcomic _Scary Go Round_

## Distinguish from

- buoy, a floating device or marker
- Boise, Idaho
- Theydon Bois

## Related pages

- List of all pages beginning with _Boy_
- List of all pages beginning with _The Boy_
- Boi
- Bois
- Boise
Speaker for the Dead

***Speaker for the Dead*** (1986) is a science fiction book by Orson Scott Card.  It is a sequel to the novel _Ender's Game_, and takes place around the year 5135, some 3,000 years after the events in _Ender's Game_. Because of space travel, the main character Ender is only about 35 years old.

Like _Ender's Game_, the book won the Hugo Award (1987) and Nebula Award (1986) for outstanding science fiction novel, making Card the first writer to win both of these awards two times in a row. _Speaker for the Dead_ was updated in 1991. It was followed by _Xenocide_ and _Children of the Mind_.

## Other websites

- About the book _Speaker for the Dead_ from Card's website

## Infobox (book)

- **name**: Speaker for the Dead
- **author**: Orson Scott Card
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **series**: Ender's Game (series), Ender's Game series
- **genre**: Science fiction
- **publisher**: Tor Books
- **release date**: March 1986
- **pages**: 415
- **award**: Locus Award for Best Science Fiction Novel (1987)
- **isbn**: 978-0-312-93738-6
- **oclc**: 13201341
- **preceded by**: Ender's Game
- **followed by**: Xenocide
Xenocide

***Xenocide*** (1991) is a science fiction book that is third in the _Ender's Game_ series.  It was written by Orson Scott Card and was nominated for the Hugo Award for Best Novel in 1992.  It was followed by _Children of the Mind_.

## Other websites

- About the novel _Xenocide_ from Card's website

## Infobox (book)

- **name**: Xenocide
- **author**: Orson Scott Card
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English language, English
- **series**: Ender's Game series
- **genre**: Science fiction
- **publisher**: Tor Books
- **release date**: 1991
- **media type**: Print (Hardcover & Paperback)
- **pages**: 592 pp
- **isbn**: 0-312-85056-5
- **preceded by**: Speaker for the Dead
- **followed by**: Children of the Mind
Children of the Mind

***Children of the Mind*** (1996) is the fourth, and currently the last, book of Orson Scott Card's popular _Ender's Game_ series, a series of science fiction novels that focus on the character Ender Wiggin. Although Card has written some additional novels that take place with in the Ender Saga, they take place in the middle of the storyline and therefore are not sequals to _Children of The Mind_.

## Other websites

- About the book _Children of the Mind_ from Card's website

## Infobox (book)

- **name**: Children of the Mind
- **author**: Orson Scott Card
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English language, English
- **series**: Ender's Game series
- **genre**: Science fiction
- **publisher**: Tor Books
- **release date**: 1996
- **media type**: Print (Hardcover & Paperback)
- **pages**: 349 pp
- **isbn**: 0-312-85395-5
- **preceded by**: Xenocide
- **followed by**: Nothing, it is currently the last book in the series
Ender's Shadow

***Ender's Shadow*** (1999) is a science fiction book that was written by Orson Scott Card.  It is a parallel novel, which means it has a story that has some of the events in _Ender's Game_ from the point of view of another character named Bean. This book was first titled _Urchin_, but it was changed before release.  _Ender's Shadow_ is the first of a series that includes _Shadow of the Hegemon_, _Shadow Puppets_, and _Shadow of the Giant_.

## Other websites

- About the novel _Ender's Shadow_ from Card's website

## Infobox (book)

- **name**: Ender's Shadow
- **image size**: 160px
- **author**: Orson Scott Card
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **series**: Ender's Game (series), Ender's Game series
- **genre**: Science fiction
- **publisher**: Tor Books
- **release date**: September 1999
- **media type**: Print (Hardcover & Paperback)
- **pages**: 379 (Hardcover)
480 (Paperback)
- **isbn**: 978-0-312-86860-4
- **dewey**: 813/.54 21
- **congress**: PS3553.A655 E58 1999
- **oclc**: 41565235
- **followed by**: Shadow of the Hegemon
Shadow of the Hegemon

***Shadow of the Hegemon*** (2001) is the second book in the _Ender's Shadow_ series (also called the _Bean Quartet_) by Orson Scott Card.  It is also the sixth book in the Ender's Game series. It is told mostly from the point of view of Bean, a mostly minor character in the first novel _Ender's Game_.

## Other webs

- About the novel _Shadow of the Hegemon_ from Card's website

## Infobox (book)

- **name**: Shadow of the Hegemon
- **author**: Orson Scott Card
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **series**: Ender's Game (series), Ender's Game series
- **genre**: Science fiction
- **publisher**: Tor Books
- **release date**: 10 December 2000
- **media type**: Print (hardback & paperback)
- **pages**: 440 pp
- **isbn**: 0-312-87651-3
- **dewey**: 813/.54 21
- **congress**: PS3553.A655 S525 2001
- **oclc**: 44046723
- **preceded by**: Ender's Shadow
- **followed by**: Shadow Puppets
Bernard Haitink

**Bernard Haitink**  (4 March 1929 – 21 October 2021) was a Dutch conductor and violinist. He won two Grammy Awards in 2004 and 2009.

## Early life

Haitink studied music at the conservatoire in Amsterdam, the town where he was born. He started his career playing the violin in orchestras. Then he learned to conduct.

## Career

He became second conductor of the Netherlands Radio Union Orchestra in 1955. He then became chief conductor of the Netherlands Radio Philharmonic in 1957. On 7 November 1956 the famous conductor Carlo Maria Giulini was not able to conduct a concert of the Concertgebouw Orchestra so the young Bernard Haitink conducted instead. This helped him to become famous. Three years later he became a conductor of the Amsterdam Concertgebouw Orchestra and he stayed with them for a quarter of a century. In 1963 he became the main conductor of that orchestra, and in 1999 they gave him the title of honorary conductor.

Haitink has also had jobs outside the Netherlands. He was principal conductor of the London Philharmonic Orchestra from 1967 to 1979, music director at Glyndebourne Opera from 1978 to 1988 and at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden from 1987 to 2002. He also held posts with the Dresden Staatskapelle and Boston Symphony Orchestra, and conducted many other great orchestras of the world.

In 1977, he was given an honorary knighthood in the Order of the British Empire.

Haitink had conducted music by many composers from different periods. He has recorded many great works for Phillips, Decca and EMI. In 2004 his recording of Janáček’s opera _Jenufa_ was given the Grammy Award for the best opera recording.

## Personal life

Haitink had five children from his first marriage. He lived in Switzerland with his fourth wife, who used to be a viola player in the orchestra of the Royal Opera House.

Haitink died on 21 October 2021 in London at the age of 92.

## Other websites

- List of recordings from Dutch Divas website
- Askonas Holt agency page on Bernard Haitink

- Interviews
- Bernard Haitink interview, 13 January 1997

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Bernard Haitink
- **image**: Bernard Haitink 1984b.jpg
- **birth name**: Bernard Johan Herman Haitink
- **birth place**: Amsterdam, Netherlands
- **death place**: London, England
- **occupation**: Conducting, Conductor, violin, violinist
Shadow Puppets

***Shadow Puppets*** (2002), by Orson Scott Card, is the sequel to _Shadow of the Hegemon_ and the third book in the _Ender's Shadow_ series (often called the _Bean Quartet_). It was first going to be called _Shadow of Death_.

## Infobox (book)

- **name**: Shadow Puppets
- **author**: Orson Scott Card
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **series**: Ender's Game (series), Ender's Game series
- **genre**: Science fiction
- **publisher**: Tor Books
- **release date**: 9 August 2002
- **media type**: Print (hardback & paperback)
- **pages**: 384
- **isbn**: 0-7653-0017-6
- **dewey**: 813/.54 21
- **congress**: PS3553.A655 S53 2002
- **oclc**: 51336647
- **preceded by**: Shadow of the Hegemon
- **followed by**: Shadow of the Giant
Libération

***Libération*** (also called ***Libé***) is a French daily newspaper founded in Paris in 1973 by Jean-Paul Sartre.

## Other websites

- www.liberation.fr
Justice

**Justice** is a concept on ethics and law that means that people behave in a way that is fair, equal and balanced for everyone.

## In law

Governments, and especially the police and courts, see that the laws are obeyed in most societies.  Because they can punish a person for not obeying the law, most people agree that laws should be fair and the same for everyone.  But governments sometimes  make laws that many people believe are not just.  If many people believe this, people may lose respect for the law and may even disobey it.  However, in democratic societies, the law itself has ways to change or get rid of these unjust laws.

## Related pages

- Ethics
- International Court of Justice
- International Criminal Court
- Morality
- Napoleonic Code
- Rationality
- Social justice
Major (disambiguation)

**Major** derives from Latin maior, which means _greater_. It is used in many contexts:

- Major, a military rank.
- An academic major, the primary focus of a Bachelor's degree, in the United States and some other countries.
- In music, **major** (in contrast to minor) is a type of scale, key, chord, or interval; see major and minor. Also:
    - major scale
    - major chord
    - the names of various intervals, such as a major third or major sixth
- In British public school terminology, "**major**" means an older brother or sister (when two people have the same surname), as opposed to "minor".
- In American professional sports, various leagues are described as **major** (or "the majors") when they represent the highest level of competition in their geographic area, such as Major League Baseball or Major League Soccer.
- In American college sports, "major" has multiple meanings. For a more comprehensive discussion of the different meanings of "major" in the college athletics context, see mid-major.
- In golf, a "major championship" is one of an elite tier of annual tournaments (not more than five) recognised by the relevant authorities for a particular branch of the sport. See:
    - Men's major golf championships
    - Women's major golf championships
    - Senior major golf championships
- In snooker, four of the main tournaments in the season are unnofficially known as Major titles
- In English Change Ringing, Major refers to a ringing method rung on eight church bells.
- Major (law) (as opposed to minor (law)), one with the full legal rights of an adult
- People named Major:
    - John Major, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1990 – 1997.
    - John C. Major, a Canadian judge
    - Major Taylor, an American champion cyclist 1899–1901.
    - Mark Major, a Canadian ice hockey player.
    - William James Major, a Canadian politician and judge
    - Major Applewhite, a former Texas Longhorn quarterback and current Alabama assistant coach
    - Major Harris, a former college quarterback for the West Virginia Mountaineers
- Characters named Major:
    - Major Gowen, a character on the 1970s British TV series _Fawlty Towers_.
    - The Major, a character on the 1970s American TV series _Soap_.
    - The Major (or simply Major), a nickname for Motoko Kusanagi, a fictional character from the anime/manga series _Ghost in the Shell_.
    - Major Major Major Major, a character in Joseph Heller's novel _Catch-22_
    - The Major, the leader of Millennium, a Nazi group in _Hellsing_.
- Major (manga), a baseball-related manga/anime series in Japan.
- Major movie studios, film studios (mostly United States-based) that produce many films per year.
- Major record labels, music production and distribution companies that produce most of the music recordings per year.
- Places named Major:
- Major, Saskatchewan, small village in the Canadian province, Saskatchewan

## Related pages

- Majority (disambiguation)
- Majorat
- Mayor
- Majors
Shadow of the Giant

***Shadow of the Giant*** (2005) is the fourth book in Orson Scott Card's _Ender's Shadow_ series (sometimes called the _Bean Quartet_).

## Other websites

- About the novel _Shadow of the Giant_ from Card's website

## Infobox (book)

- **name**: Shadow of the Giant
- **author**: Orson Scott Card
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **series**: Ender's Game (series), Ender's Game series
- **genre**: Science fiction
- **publisher**: Tor Books
- **release date**: March 1, 2005
- **media type**: Print (hardback & paperback)
- **pages**: 368
- **isbn**: 0-312-85758-6
- **dewey**: 813/.54 22
- **congress**: PS3553.A655 S524 2005
- **oclc**: 57429685
- **preceded by**: Shadow Puppets
- **followed by**: Ender in Exile
Shadows in Flight (short story), Shadows in Flight
Metropolitan Tabernacle

The **Metropolitan Tabernacle** is a large Reformed Baptist church in the Elephant and Castle in London. It was Charles Spurgeon's church for many years.

## History

The tabernacle fellowship dates to 1650 when the English Crown banned Christian denominations other than Puritanism. Membership grew when freedom of religion came to England in 1688. The present London Tabernacle church building dates to 1898, albeit with extensive repairs of damage caused by the Blitzkrieg raids on London.

## Other websites

- Metropolitan Tabernacle official site
The Icemark Chronicles

***The Icemark Chronicles*** is a series of books consisting of _The Cry of the Icemark_, followed by _Blade of Fire_, and _Last Battle of the Icemark_.  The books were written by Stuart Hill from Leicester. Fox 2000 Pictures have bought the right to create a movie based on the books.  The first is planned for 2008.

## Books

- _The Cry of the Icemark_
- _Blade of Fire_
- _Last Battle of the Icemark_
Songmaster

***Songmaster*** (1980) is a science fiction book by Orson Scott Card.  The story of the _Songmaster_ occurs in a future human empire, and follows Ansset, a young boy whose singing voice has the power of making people's feelings stronger.  This makes him both a possible healer and destroyer. He is trained in the art of singing so perfectly that his songs can show ideas and feelings better than words.  This book was based on Card's short story "Mikal's Songbird".

## Literary significance & criticism

One reviewer said that _Songmaster_ was "Quite possibly Card's best published work, ever." The publisher described the story as "...a haunting story of power and love—the tale of the man who would destroy everything he loves to preserve humanity's peace, and the boy who might just sing the world away".

## Awards and nominations

As with some other Card novels (_Ender's Game_, for example), this book started out as a shorter story "Mikal's Songbird", which was a Nebula Award finalist in 1978. _Songmaster_ got the Hamilton-Brackett Memorial Award in 1981.

## Translations

- ("Songmaster"), published by Meulenhoff.
- ("Master Singer"), published by Bastei Lübbe.
- ("Master Singer"), published by Nova Ciencia Ficcion.

## Other websites

- About the novel _Songmaster_ from Card's website

## Infobox (book)

- **name**: Songmaster
- **author**: Orson Scott Card
- **cover artist**: Lucinda Cowell
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **genre**: Science fiction
- **publisher**: Dell Publishing, Dial Press
- **pub date**: 1980
- **media type**: Print (hardback & paperback)
- **pages**: 338
- **isbn**: 978-0-8037-7711-8
- **dewey**: 813/.54
- **congress**: PS3553.A655 S66
- **oclc**: 6015866
College football

**College football** is American football played by teams of students from different American universities, colleges, and military academies. Play between colleges first made American football popular in the United States. College football is still popular today among students, alumni, and other fans of the sport. American football is a variation of rugby that was introduced by Walter Camp.

The very first match between two college teams using new "American" variation of rugby was played between the  College of New Jersey (now Princeton University) and Rutgers College (now Rutgers University) in 1869. First season of college football had only two matches played. The game became popular quickly in coming years.

## National championships

- College football national championships in NCAA Division I FBS – The NCAA has never had an official championship for schools in the top-level Football Bowl Subdivision, or "FBS". Instead, several groups declare their own champions.
- NCAA Division I Football Championship – The official championship for schools in the second-level Football Championship Subdivision, or "FCS".
- NCAA Division I FCS Consensus Mid-Major football national championship
- NCAA FCS Year-by-year playoff results
- NCAA Division II national football championship
- NCAA Division III national football championship
- NAIA national football championship
- NJCAA National football championship

## Other websites

- NCAA football official site
- Bowl Championship Series
- College Football Hall of Fame
- FCS College Football Weekly Preview
- Most Valuable College Football Programs, Forbes
- An account of the first intercollegiate game

**Statistics**
- NCAA football stats
- Stassen College Football, comprehensive college football database
- College Football Data Warehouse
- _Collegio Football_ , Electronic Almanac & Media Guide to NCAA College Football (1869 - Present)

**Rules**
- List of college football rule changes for 2006
- NCAA Football Rule Changes for 2007 (that are meant to shorten the game)
- NCAA Football: Major Rule Changes  (with rationales)
- NCAA Football: 2007 Rules and Interpretations
Eye for Eye

***Eye for Eye*** (1987) is a science fiction novella (or short book) by Orson Scott Card.  It first began in the March 1987 issue of _Asimov's Science Fiction_ magazine.  In 1990 it appeared in Card’s short story collection _Maps in a Mirror_ and also as a Tor double novel, with _The Tunesmith_ by Lloyd Biggle, Jr.. It won the Hugo Award for Best Novella in 1988.

## Other websites

- Publication information for _Eye for Eye_ available from Card’s website

## Infobox (book)

- **name**: Eye for Eye
- **author**: Orson Scott Card
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **genre**: Science fiction
- **publisher**: _Asimov's Science Fiction_
- **media type**: Print (Magazine)
- **pub date**: 1987
Seventh Son (book)

***Seventh Son*** (1987) is an alternate history and fantasy book written by Orson Scott Card. It is the first book in Card's _The Tales of Alvin Maker_ series about Alvin Miller, the seventh son of a seventh son, who therefore has special powers. It was nominated for both the Hugo Award for Best Novel and the World Fantasy Award. The idea that the seventh son of a seventh son has special powers is common in folklore around the world.

Seventh sons have strong "knacks" (special powers), and seventh sons of seventh sons are both very rare and vert owerful. In fact, the young Alvin appears to be the only one to be currently in the world, and the only other one who known to have ever existed turned water into wine. Alvin's powers make him the target of the Unmaker, which recognizes Alvin's powers as those of a Maker, who can build and change things, and so the Unmaker tries to kill him.

## Other websites

- About the novel _Seventh Son_ from Card's website

## Infobox (book)

- **name**: Seventh Son
- **author**: Orson Scott Card
- **illustrator**: Dennis Nolan (illustrator), Dennis Nolan
- **cover artist**: Dennis Nolan
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **series**: _The Tales of Alvin Maker_
- **genre**: Fantasy, alternate history
- **publisher**: Tor Books
- **release date**: 1987
- **media type**: Print (hardcover and paperback)
- **pages**: 241
- **award**: Locus Award for Best Fantasy Novel (1988)
- **isbn**: 0-312-93019-4
- **dewey**: 813/.54 19
- **congress**: PS3553.A655 S4 1987
- **oclc**: 16268967
- **followed by**: Red Prophet
Locus Award

The **Locus Awards** were started in 1971 and are given to winners of _Locus Magazine's_ yearly readers' poll. Currently, the Locus Awards are given at a yearly banquet. Unusually, the publishers of winning works are given a certificate.

The first Locus Award was given in 1971 for works published in 1970.

## Winners

The following writers have won the most awards in the "fiction" sections as of July 2005:

### 10 or more awards

- Ursula K. Le Guin (18), Harlan Ellison (15), Dan Simmons (12), George R. R. Martin (11), John Varley (10)

### 3 - 9 awards

- Connie Willis (9)
- Orson Scott Card (8), Neil Gaiman (8), Lucius Shepard (8)
- Kim Stanley Robinson (6)
- Robert Silverberg (5), David Brin (5), Gene Wolfe (5)
- Isaac Asimov (4), Joe Haldeman (4), China Miéville (4), Larry Niven (4)
- Michael Bishop (3), Greg Egan (3), Stephen King (3), Kelly Link (3), Lois McMaster Bujold (3), Tim Powers (3), Neal Stephenson (3) Terry Pratchett (3)

## Categories

- Locus Award for Best Novel
- Locus Award for Best Science Fiction Novel
- Locus Award for Best Fantasy Novel
- Locus Award for Best First Novel
- Locus Award for Best Short Story

## Other websites

- Excerpts for Locus winning and nominated books
Nebula Award

The **Nebula Award** is an award given each year by the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America (SFWA), for the best science fiction/fantasy fiction written in the United States.

## Award categories

The fiction Nebulas are awarded in the following categories:
- Novel
- Novella
- Novelette
- Short story
- Script

## Important/notable winners

- Joe Haldeman (5)
- Greg Bear (3)
- Lois McMaster Bujold (3)
- Harlan Ellison (3)
- Ursula K. Le Guin (3)
- Roger Zelazny (3)
- Orson Scott Card (2)
- Arthur C. Clarke (2)
- Samuel R. Delany (2)
- Neil Gaiman (2)
- Vonda McIntyre (2)
- Frederik Pohl (2)
- Kim Stanley Robinson (2)
- Isaac Asimov
- William Gibson
- Larry Niven
- Theodore Sturgeon
- Connie Willis (6)

## Other websites

- The Nebula Awards homepage
- List of past winners
- List of the most-honored Nebula Award nominees
- Excerpts and synopses of Nebula winning and nominated novels
- 2006 Nebula Awards Ballot
Allergen

An **allergen** is something that causes allergies in humans.

Dust, pollen and pet dander are all common allergens. It is possible to be allergic to anything from chlorine to perfume. Food allergies are not as common, but some foods, like peanuts, nuts, seafood and shellfish cause serious allergies in lots of people.

## Common allergens

Some common allergens could be:
- Animal products
    - Fel d 1 (cat allergy)
    - fur and dander
    - cockroach calyx
    - dust mite excretion
- Drugs
    - penicillin
    - sulfonamides
    - salicylates (also found naturally in numerous fruits)
    - local anaesthetics
- Foods
    - celery and celeriac
    - corn or maize
    - eggs (typically albumen, the white)
    - fruit
        - pumpkin
    - legumes
        - beans
        - peas
        - peanuts
        - soybeans
    - milk
    - seafood
    - sesame
    - soy
    - tree nuts
        - pecans
        - almonds
    - wheat
- Insect stings
    - bee sting venom
    - wasp sting venom
    - mosquito stings
- Mold spores
- Other
    - latex
    - metal
- Plant pollens (hay fever)
    - grass — ryegrass, timothy-grass
    - weeds — ragweed, plantago, nettle, artemisia vulgaris, chenopodium album, sorrel
    - trees — birch, alder, hazel, hornbeam, aesculus, willow, poplar, platanus, tilia, olea, Ashe juniper
Big Six

The term **Big Six** could mean:

- "Big Six" (song), a 1972 UK Top 40 hit single by Judge Dread
- Big Six banks of Canada
- Big Six law firms of Australia
- Big Six Conference, colleges in the midwestern United States involved in athletics and associated conferences, the predecessor to today's Big 12 Conference
- Big Six (civil rights) movement in the United States
- Big six in the romantic literature of England, authors of romantic literature of England
- The Big Six (Ghana), six Ghanaian nationalists jailed by the British colonial government in 1948
- What were the United States "big six auditing firms" (originally the "big eight"), now the big four
- The "Big six" major movie studios
- The "Big Six" Australian cricketers involved in a dispute with cricket authorities in 1912

**The Big Six** is the name of:
- _The Big Six_, a children's novel by Arthur Ransome
- Big Six wheel, a casino game

**Bix Six** is a nickname for:
- Supreme War Council (Japan) during World War II
- Christy Mathewson, baseball pitcher
- Jason Estrada,  professional boxer
- Baltimore and Ohio Class S locomotive
- 2-10-2 type locomotives

## Related pages

- Big One
- Big Two
- Big Three
- Big Four
- Big Five
- Big Seven
- Big Eight
Kurt Masur

**Kurt Masur** (18 July 1927 – 19 December 2015) was a German conductor. He conducted many of the world’s leading orchestras. He especially likes conducting German Romantic music.

## Early life

Masur was born in Brieg, which was then part of Germany but is now called Brzeg and lies in Poland. He studied piano, composition and conducting in Leipzig.

## Career

His first important conducting job was with the Dresden Philharmonic Orchestra, with whom he worked from 1955 to 1958 and again from 1967 to 1972. He also worked with the Komische Oper of East Berlin. From 1970 to 1996 he was the Kapellmeister (musical director) of the famous Gewandhausorchester Leipzig.

Dresden and Leipzig both lie in what used to be the German Democratic Republic (East Germany). For years Masur worked faithfully for the communist leaders of that country. When the political situation started to change in 1989, he helped to keep the demonstrations peaceful by talking to the politicians and the people and stopping them from fighting.

In 1991, Masur became music director of the New York Philharmonic. He stayed there for over a decade, helping to make them one of the world’s finest orchestras.

From 2000 to 2007, Masur was principal conductor of the London Philharmonic Orchestra,. From 2002 to 2008, Masur was music director of the Orchestre National de France.

On his 80th birthday (18 July 2007), Masur conducted musicians from both these orchestras at a Proms concert in London, conducting music by Tchaikovsky and Bruckner.

Masur enjoyed working with young musicians, conducting youth orchestras and giving masterclasses. He has given lessons on the art of conducting Beethoven’s music.

## Personal life

Masur has been married three times. His first wife, with whom he had a daughter, died in 1972 in a car accident. Masur himself was badly injured in that accident. Until his death, he lived with his third wife, Tomoko. They have a son, Ken-David, who has also become a conductor.

On 26 April 2012 Masur fell off the podium while he was conducting the National Orchestra of France at a concert in Paris. He was taken to hospital to recover from his injuries.

Masur died of Parkinson's disease at his home in Greenwich, Connecticut on December 19, 2015 at the age of 88.

## Other websites

- Kurt Masur official website
Province of Lecco

**Lecco** is a province in the region of Lombardy in Italy.

## Infobox (province)

- **name**: Province of Lecco
- **settlement type**: Provinces of Italy, Province
- **native name**: Lecco
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Italy
- **subdivision type1**: Regions of Italy, Region
- **subdivision name1**: Lombardia
- **seat type**: Capital
- **seat**: Lecco
- **blank name sec1**: No. of communes
- **blank info sec1**: 90
- **area total km2**: 816
- **population as of**: 2004
- **population total**: 311.452
- **population density km2**: 381
- **registration plate**: LC
- **postal code type**: Postal Code
- **postal code**: 23900
- **postal2 code type**: Telephone prefix
- **postal2 code**: 0341, 039, 031
- **area code type**: Istituto Nazionale di Statistica, ISTAT
- **area code**: 097
- **leader title**: President
- **leader name**: Virginio Brivio
- **image map**: Lecco posizione.png
- **image shield**: Provincia di Lecco-Stemma.svg
Province of Lodi

**Lodi** is a province in the region of Lombardy in Italy.

## Infobox (province)

- **name**: Province of Lodi
- **settlement type**: Provinces of Italy, Province
- **native name**: Lodi
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Italy
- **subdivision type1**: Regions of Italy, Region
- **subdivision name1**: Lombardy
- **seat type**: Capital
- **seat**: Lodi
- **blank name sec1**: No. of communes
- **blank info sec1**: 61
- **area total km2**: 782
- **population as of**: May 31, 2005
- **population total**: 209,874
- **population density km2**: 253
- **registration plate**: LO
- **postal code type**: Postal Code
- **postal code**: 26900
- **postal2 code type**: Telephone prefix
- **postal2 code**: 0371
- **area code type**: Istituto Nazionale di Statistica, ISTAT
- **area code**: 098
- **leader title**: President
- **leader name**: Lino Osvaldo Felissari
- **image map**: Lodi posizione.png
- **image flag**: Flag of the Province of Lodi.svg
- **image shield**: Provincia di Lodi-Stemma.svg
Province of Mantua

**Mantua** (or ) is a province in the region of Lombardy in Italy.

## Infobox (province)

- **name**: Province of Mantua
- **settlement type**: Provinces of Italy, Province
- **native name**: Mantua
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Italy
- **subdivision type1**: Regions of Italy, Region
- **subdivision name1**: Lombardy
- **seat type**: Capital
- **seat**: Mantua
- **blank name sec1**: No. of communes
- **blank info sec1**: 70
- **area total km2**: 2,339
- **population as of**: 2001
- **population total**: 377,887
- **population density km2**: 162
- **registration plate**: MN
- **postal code type**: Postal Code
- **postal2 code type**: Telephone prefix
- **area code type**: Istituto Nazionale di Statistica, ISTAT
- **area code**: 020
- **leader title**: President
- **leader name**: Maurizio Fontanili
- **image map**: Mantova posizione.png
- **image shield**: Provincia di Mantova-Stemma.svg
2008 Sichuan earthquake

The **2008 Sichuan earthquake** () was a big earthquake in China on May 12, 2008. Thousands of people were killed, thousands more people were missing and thousands were hurt. Millions of people were left homeless after their houses fell down. The earthquake could be felt 58   kilometres away.

## Earthquake details

The earthquake was measured at 8.0M<sub>s</sub> and 7.9 M<sub>w</sub> by the China Seismological Bureau.

## Infobox (earthquake)

- **name**: 2008 Sichuan earthquake

- **image**: 2008년 중앙119구조단 중국 쓰촨성 대지진 국제 출동(四川省 大地震, 사천성 대지진) DSC09565.JPG
- **alt**: A collapsed structure being bulldozed, with a exposed mountain face in the background
- **caption**: A collapsed residential block in Wenchuan County, Wenchuan being bulldozed in the aftermath of the earthquake; exposed mountain faces can be seen in the background.
- **map alt**: Map of the Sichuan province of China, with the location of the earthquake epicenter and the city of Chengdu marked.
- **map caption**: Location of epicenter in the Sichuan province
- **timestamp**: 2008-05-12 06:28:01
- **isc-event**: 13228121
- **anss-url**: usp000g650
- **local-time**: 14:28:01 Time in China, CST
- **duration**: >2 minutes
- **magnitude**: 8.0 , 7.9
- **fault**: Longmenshan Fault
- **type**: Thrust fault
- **affected**: Sichuan
- **damages**: $150 billion USD
- **aftershocks**: List of 2008 Sichuan earthquake aftershocks, 149 to 284 major, over 42,719 total
- **casualties**: (as of September 25, 2008)