Jean-Paul Sartre

**Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre** (21 June 1905 – 15 April 1980) was a French existentialist philosopher, novelist, playwright, screenwriter,  and critic. He won the Nobel Prize in Literature for 1964, but refused it, saying "a writer should not allow himself to be turned into an institution". He was a Marxist and an atheist.

## Sartre's life

Sartre was born in Paris, France. He studied philosophy at the _École Normale Supérieure_, an élite (high quality) education establishment. In 1929, Sartre graduated with a doctorate in philosophy. Sartre served in the French Army from 1929 to 1931.

In 1929 at the École Normale, he met Simone de Beauvoir, who studied at the Sorbonne. She went on to become a noted philosopher, writer, and feminist. The two became inseparable and lifelong companions. In 1938, Sartre wrote the novel called _La Nausée_ (Nausea). This story explains the way of thinking of existentialism. Existentialism is a way of thinking about human freedom.

### Draft to the army

In 1939 Sartre was drafted into the French army. France was at war with Germany, because Germany had invaded France (World War II) Sartre was captured by German troops in 1940, and Sartre spent nine months as a prisoner of war in a camp. Sartre was released from the prison camp (jail) in 1941. He then began working as a teacher again. He made friends with other writers and thinkers such as Merleau-Ponty, Jean-Toussaint and Dominique Desanti, and Jean Kanapa.

### 1940s

In 1943, Sartre wrote a book about philosophy (ways of thinking) called _L'Être et le Néant_, which means _Being and Nothingness_. In this book, Sartre said that when people tried too hard to conform to the rules of society (or of their country), then people did not really make their own decisions. And he concluded that life is useless disaster.

In 1945, Sartre started a newspaper called _Les Temps Modernes_ (Modern Times), which had articles about politics, art and literature. He also began writing a group of novels (stories) called _Les Chemins de la Liberté_ (The Roads to Freedom). In 1946 Sartre wrote a book about philosophy (ways of thinking) called _Existentialism is a Humanism_, which explains existentialism.

### After 1950s

In the 1950s and 1960s, Sartre became involved in politics. Sartre said that France should leave Algeria, a country where France had many soldiers. In the 1960s, Sartre said that the Vietnam War was bad. In 1960, he wrote the _Critique de la raison dialectique_ (Critique of Dialectical Reason). In the 1960s, Sartre had many arguments with Louis Althusser, a man who also believed in communism.

### Death

Sartre died of oedema of the lung in 1980 in Paris. His body is buried in Cimetière du Montparnasse in Paris. His funeral was attended by 50,000 people.

## Infobox (philosopher)

- **region**: Western Philosophy
- **era**: 20th-century philosophy
- **color**: #
- **image**: Jean-Paul Sartre FP.JPG
- 250px
- **name**: Jean-Paul Sartre
- **birth**: 21 June 1905 (Paris, France)
- **death**: (Paris, France)
- **school tradition**: Existentialism, Marxism
- **main interests**: Metaphysics, Epistemology, Ethics, Politics, Phenomenology (philosophy), Phenomenology, Ontology
- **influences**: Immanuel Kant, Kant, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Hegel, Karl Marx, Marx, Dostoevsky, Søren Kierkegaard, Kierkegaard, Friedrich Nietzsche, Nietzsche, Edmund Husserl, Husserl, Martin Heidegger, Heidegger, Karl Jaspers, Jaspers, Simone de Beauvoir, De Beauvoir, Albert Camus, Camus, Alexandre Kojève, Kojève, Gustave Flaubert, Flaubert, Louis-Ferdinand Céline, Céline, Merleau-Ponty, Dos Passos
- **influenced**: Simone de Beauvoir, De Beauvoir, Merleau-Ponty, Frantz Fanon, R.D. Laing, Iris Murdoch, André Gorz, Alain Badiou, Fredric Jameson, Michael Jackson (anthropology), Michael Jackson, Albert Camus, Kenzaburo Oe, Doris Lessing, William S. Burroughs, Emmanuel Lévinas
- **notable ideas**: "Existence precedes essence"
"Bad faith (existentialism), Bad faith"
"Nothingness"