juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Kadyrzhan Batyrov

**Kadyrzhan Batyrov** (; ; 9 March 1956 – 4 December 2018) was a Kyrgyz businessman and politician. He was also head of the University of People's Friendship and a parliamentary deputy.

He fled from Kyrgyzstan to Ukraine in 2010. Batyrov received a life sentence for his alleged role in ethnic conflicts in southern Kyrgyzstan in summer 2010.Batyrov applied for political asylum in Ukraine in September 2011. Although Ukrainian prosecutors initially agreed to extradite him to Kyrgyzstan, they later withdrew this decision. With the help of the UNHCR, he eventually received asylum in Sweden.

Batyrov died in his sleeping in Odesa, Ukraine on 4 December 2018 at the age of 62.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Kadyrzhan Batyrov
- **image**: Qodirjon Botirov.JPG
- **birth date**: 9 March 1956
- **birth place**: Jalal-Abad
- **death date**: 4 December 2018
- **death place**: Odesa
- **citizenship**: Kyrgyzstan

Soviet Union
- **occupation**: Politician
- **awards**: Dank Medal
Thor Hansen

**Thor Harald Hansen** (23 June 1947 – 5 December 2018) was a Norwegian professional poker player. He notably became the first non-American to win a WSOP bracelet in 1988. He was picked by Larry Flynt to play poker for him after Hansen played against him in Las Vegas in the mid-1990s. He has two WSOP bracelets, one from the 1988 WSOP in Seven-card stud, and then later in Deuce to Seven Lowball in the 2002 WSOP.

He finished in the money four times during the 2006 WSOP, coming in second place in the $3,000 Omaha Hi/Lo event.

He was born in Oslo. Hansen died on 5 December 2018 in Los Angeles, California from cancer at the age of 71.

## WSOP Bracelets

|Year|Tournament|Prize|
| --- | --- | --- |
|1988|$5,000 Seven-card stud|$158,000|
|2002|$1,500 Ace to Five Lowball|$62,600|
William H. McRaven

**William Harry McRaven** was born on November 6, 1955. he is a former United States Navy officer. He was the ninth commander of the United States Special Operations Command from August 8, 2011, to August 28, 2014. From 2015 to 2018, he was the chancellor of The University of Texas System.

## Infobox (military person)

- **name**: William McRaven
- **image**: ADM William H. McRaven 2012.jpg
- **birth name**: William Harry McRaven
- **birth place**: Pinehurst, North Carolina, Pinehurst, North Carolina, U.S.
- **serviceyears**: 1977–2014
- **rank**: Admiral (United States), Admiral
- **commands**: United States Special Operations Command, U.S. Special Operations Command
Joint Special Operations Command
United States European Command, Special Operations Command Europe
United States Navy SEALs#Naval Special Warfare Groups, Naval Special Warfare Group 1
SEAL Team 3
SEAL Team 6
- **battles**: Gulf War, Persian Gulf War
Operation Desert Shield (Gulf War), Operation Desert Shield
Operation Desert Storm
Operation Enduring Freedom
War in Afghanistan (2001–present), War in Afghanistan
Iraq War
Operation Neptune Spear
- **awards**:  Defense Distinguished Service Medal (3)
 Defense Superior Service Medal (2)
 Legion of Merit (2)
 Bronze Star Medal (2)
- **spouse**: Trenton Bailey
Pinehurst, North Carolina

**Pinehurst** is a village in Moore County, North Carolina, United States.  As of the 2020 census, the city population was 17,581. It is home of the historic golf resort, Pinehurst Resort.
Junior Science Talent Search Examination

**Junior Science Talent Search Examination** (**JSTSE**) is done each January by the Science Branch of the Directorate Of Education in Delhi. It is for students of some schools in Delhi. Only 150 students out of about 500,000 get the scholarship.
5G

**5G** is the fifth generation network of cellular mobile communications, first launched in March of 2019. 5G uses many new technologies that make it faster than 4G. 5G currently can get between 100 Mbit/s and 2 Gbit/s depending on the frequency that is used.  It is eventually meant to replace 4G.

There are three main groups of frequencies used by 5G:

Lowband 5G is a type of 5G that uses low frequencies, just as 4G does. Lowband 5G has long range (meaning you can be far away from a tower or inside a building and still get signal) but slower speeds than other types of 5G. Lowband 5G is only a little bit faster than the LTE (Long Term Evolution) version of 4G. Lowband 5G usually has speeds of around 100 Mbit/s.

Midband 5G is a type of 5G that uses frequencies slightly higher than lowband 5G. It has shorter range than lowband 5G, but you can usually still get service indoors using midband 5G. Midband 5G is much faster than LTE. Midband 5G usually has speeds of 600 Mbit/s to 1 Gbit/s.

mmWave 5G is a type of 5G that uses frequencies much higher than lowband and midband. It has very short range. With mmWave, you can't get service inside buildings. Most solid objects can block mmWave. mmWave is much faster than any other type of 5G and can reach speeds of up to 2 Gbit/s currently. mmWave is considered the least practical version of 5G since the range is so short and basically anything can block it.

4G phones do not work on 5G. To use 5G, you need a phone that supports it. Most 5G phones have "5G" at the end of the phone's name.

There are concerns from conspiracy theorists that 5G might cause cancer or COVID-19. Scientists have found these theories to not be true.
Berkeley, Gloucestershire

**Berkeley** is a small town and civil parish in Gloucestershire, England. Berkeley is about  west of the River Severn and  east of the M5 motorway.

Berkeley Heath is a village inside of the parish that runs along the A38 and can be accessed from Berkeley by the B4066.

## Infobox (uk place)

- **country**: England
- **official name**: Berkeley
- **static image name**: Berkeley town hall.JPG
- **static image caption**: Town hall
- **population**: 2,034
- **population ref**: (in 2011)
- **civil parish**: Berkeley
- **shire district**: Stroud (district), Stroud
- **shire county**: Gloucestershire
- **region**: South West England
- **constituency westminster**: Stroud (UK Parliament constituency), Stroud
- **post town**: BERKELEY
- **postcode district**: GL13
- **postcode area**: GL
- **dial code**: 01453
- **os grid reference**: ST684992
- **london distance mi**: 120
- **london direction**: E
North Slope Borough, Alaska

**North Slope Borough** is an Alaskan borough bounded on the south by the Brooks Range and located largely in the North Slope region of the U.S. state of Alaska. It is the northernmost formal community on the North American continent. As of the 2020 census, the population was 11,031. The borough seat is Utqiaġvik.
Böckten

**Böckten** is a municipality of the district of Sissach in the canton of Basel-Landschaft in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Böckten
- **image photo**: Bischofstein-Uebersicht.jpg
- **image caption**: Ruine Bischofstein
- **municipality name**: Böckten
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: Coat of arms of Boeckten.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Böckten.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Basel-Landschaft
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BL
- **district**: Sissach (district), Sissach
- **postal code**: 4461
- **municipality code**: 2842
- **area**: 2.28
- **elevation**: 385
- **website**: www.boeckten.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Gelterkinden, Rickenbach, Basel-Landschaft, Rickenbach, Sissach, Thürnen
Buus

**Buus** is a municipality of the district of Sissach in the canton of Basel-Landschaft in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Buus
- **image photo**: Buus.jpg
- **municipality name**: Buus
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Buus COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Buus.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Basel-Landschaft
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BL
- **district**: Sissach (district), Sissach
- **postal code**: 4463
- **municipality code**: 2844
- **area**: 8.85
- **elevation**: 445
- **website**: www.buus.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Hellikon (AG), Hemmiken, Maisprach, Ormalingen, Rickenbach, Basel-Landschaft, Rickenbach, Wintersingen, Zeiningen (AG), Zuzgen (AG)
Diepflingen

**Diepflingen** is a municipality of the district of Sissach in the canton of Basel-Landschaft in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Diepflingen
- **municipality name**: Diepflingen
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: Coat of arms of Diepflingen.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Diepflingen.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Basel-Landschaft
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BL
- **district**: Sissach (district), Sissach
- **postal code**: 4442
- **municipality code**: 2845
- **area**: 1.44
- **elevation**: 411
- **website**: www.diepflingen.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Gelterkinden, Tenniken, Thürnen, Wittinsburg
Häfelfingen

**Häfelfingen** is a municipality of the district of Sissach in the canton of Basel-Landschaft in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Häfelfingen
- **image photo**: Haefelfingen kaj Ruemlingen 193.JPG
- **municipality name**: Häfelfingen
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: Haefelfingen-coat of arms.png
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Häfelfingen.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Basel-Landschaft
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BL
- **district**: Sissach (district), Sissach
- **postal code**: 4445
- **municipality code**: 2847
- **area**: 3.96
- **elevation**: 555
- **neighboring municipalities**: Buckten, Läufelfingen, Rümlingen, Rünenberg, Wisen (SO), Zeglingen
Hemmiken

**Hemmiken** is a municipality of the district of Sissach in the canton of Basel-Landschaft in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Hemmiken
- **image photo**: Hemmiken 02.JPG
- **municipality name**: Hemmiken
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: Coat of arms of Hemmiken.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Hemmiken.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Basel-Landschaft
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BL
- **district**: Sissach (district), Sissach
- **postal code**: 4465
- **municipality code**: 2848
- **area**: 3.39
- **elevation**: 497
- **neighboring municipalities**: Buus, Hellikon (AG), Ormalingen, Rothenfluh, Wegenstetten (AG)
Brislach

**Brislach** is a municipality of the district of Laufen in the canton of Basel-Landschaft in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Brislach
- **image photo**: 2006-Brislach.jpg
- **municipality name**: Brislach
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: Coat of arms of Brislach.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Brislach.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Basel-Landschaft
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BL
- **district**: Laufen (district), Laufen
- **postal code**: 4225
- **municipality code**: 2782
- **area**: 9.39
- **elevation**: 373
- **website**: www.brislach.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Breitenbach, Switzerland, Breitenbach (SO), Grellingen, Himmelried (SO), Laufen, Switzerland, Laufen, Nenzlingen, Wahlen, Wahlen bei Laufen, Zwingen
Laufen, Switzerland

**Laufen** () is a municipality and the capital of the district of Laufen in the canton of Basel-Landschaft in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Laufen
- **image photo**: Birs laufen.jpg
- **image caption**: The Birs at Laufen
- **municipality name**: Laufen
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Laufen BL official COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Laufen.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Basel-Landschaft
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BL
- **district**: Laufen (district), Laufen
- **postal code**: 4242
- **municipality code**: 2787
- **area**: 11.37
- **elevation**: 354
- **population**: 5172
- **populationof**: March 2008
- **popofyear**: 2008
- **website**: www.laufen-bl.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Bärschwil (SO), Brislach, Dittingen, Grindel, Switzerland, Grindel (SO), Liesberg, Röschenz, Wahlen, Wahlen bei Laufen, Zwingen
- **twintowns**: Laufen, Germany, Laufen (Germany)
Känerkinden

**Känerkinden** is a municipality of the district of Sissach in the canton of Basel-Landschaft in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Känerkinden
- **image photo**: Kaenerkinden 317.JPG
- **municipality name**: Känerkinden
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: Wappen Kaenerkinden.png
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Känerkinden.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Basel-Landschaft
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BL
- **district**: Sissach (district), Sissach
- **postal code**: 4447
- **municipality code**: 2850
- **area**: 1.48
- **elevation**: 551
- **website**: www.kaenerkinden.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Buckten, Diegten, Läufelfingen, Wittinsburg
Wintersingen

**Wintersingen** is a municipality of the district of Sissach in the canton of Basel-Landschaft in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Wintersingen
- **image photo**: Wintersingen1.JPG
- **municipality name**: Wintersingen
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Wintersingen COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Wintersingen.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Basel-Landschaft
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BL
- **district**: Sissach (district), Sissach
- **postal code**: 4451
- **municipality code**: 2866
- **area**: 6.95
- **elevation**: 430
- **website**: www.wintersingen.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Buus, Magden (AG), Maisprach, Nusshof, Rickenbach, Basel-Landschaft, Rickenbach, Sissach
Kilchberg, Basel-Landschaft

**Kilchberg** is a municipality of the district of Sissach in the canton of Basel-Landschaft in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Kilchberg
- **image photo**: Kilchberg-Dorf.jpg
- **municipality name**: Kilchberg
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: Coat of arms of Kilchberg BL.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Kilchberg BL.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Basel-Landschaft
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BL
- **district**: Sissach (district), Sissach
- **postal code**: 4496
- **municipality code**: 2851
- **area**: 1.59
- **elevation**: 571
- **website**: www.kilchberg.bl.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Rünenberg, Tecknau, Wenslingen, Zeglingen
Franklin County, Vermont

**Franklin County** is a county of Vermont in the United States. At the 2020 census, 49,946 people lived there. The county seat is the city of St. Albans. It borders the Canadian province of Quebec.
Maisprach

**Maisprach** is a municipality of the district of Sissach in the canton of Basel-Landschaft in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Maisprach
- **image photo**: Maisprach Kirche.jpg
- **image caption**: Reformed church of Maisprach
- **municipality name**: Maisprach
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: Coat of arms of Maisprach.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Maisprach.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Basel-Landschaft
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BL
- **district**: Sissach (district), Sissach
- **postal code**: 4464
- **municipality code**: 2853
- **area**: 5.07
- **elevation**: 377
- **website**: www.maisprach.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Buus, Magden (AG), Möhlin (AG), Wintersingen, Zeiningen (AG)
Coop (Switzerland)

**Coop** is a Swiss cooperative which operates the second largest supermarket chain in Switzerland after Migros.

## Other websites

- Official website
Aitkin County, Minnesota

**Aitkin County** is a county in the U.S. state of Minnesota. As of 2020, 15,697 people lived there. The county seat is Aitkin.
Shoucheng Zhang

**Shoucheng Zhang** (; February 15, 1963 – December 1, 2018) was a Chinese-born American physicist. He was born in Shanghai. He was the JG Jackson and CJ Wood professor of physics at Stanford University. He was a condensed matter theorist known for his work on topological insulators, the quantum Hall effect, the quantum spin Hall effect, spintronics, and high temperature superconductivity.

From 2015 until his death in 2018, Zhang was a member of the National Academy of Sciences.

Zhang, who suffered from depression, was found dead at his Stanford, California home on December 1, 2018, aged 55.

## Other websites

- Web page at Stanford
- Group web site at Stanford
- Talk at Google about AI and blockchain
Larry Hennig

**Larry Hennig** (June 18, 1936 – December 6, 2018) was an American professional wrestler. He was born in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Hennig was trained by Verne Gagne.

Hennig was the father of the late Curt "Mr. Perfect" Hennig, and the grandfather of Joe "Curtis Axel" Hennig and Amy "Ms. Perfect" Hennig.

Hennig worked in the American Wrestling Association, National Wrestling Alliance, and the World Wide Wrestling Federation. Hennig was known by the nickname, "The Axe", a nickname he had because of his signature, often finishing move of dropping a full weight elbow onto his opponents.

On December 6, 2018, Hennig died in Tallahassee, Florida from kidney failure, aged 82.

## Other websites

- SLAM! Sports - Larry Hennig one tough guy
Joseph Joffo

**Joseph Joffo** (2 April 1931 – 6 December 2018) was a French author. He was born in Paris. Joffo was best known for his memoir _Un sac de billes_ (_A Bag of Marbles_), which has been translated into eighteen languages since 1973.

His novel _Baby-foot_, published in 1977, follows on from _Un sac de billes_ and describes his life in Paris following World War II and his discovery of American values.

Joffo died on 6 December 2018 at a hospital in Saint-Laurent-du-Var, Alpes-Maritimes from a short-illness at the age of 87.

## Other websites

- Books by Joseph Joffo
Pete Shelley

**Pete Shelley** (born **Peter Campbell McNeish**; 17 April 1955 – 6 December 2018) was an English singer-songwriter and rock guitarist. He was born in Leigh, Lancashire, but was raised in Bolton, Manchester. Shelley was best known as the founder and bandleader of Buzzcocks. His best known song was "Homosapien" (1981).

Shelley died on 6 December 2018 from a heart attack at his home in Estonia, aged 63.

### Albums

- _Sky Yen_ (1980) Groovy Records
- _Hangahar_ (1980) Groovy Records
- _Homosapien_ (1981) Genetic-Island/Arista
- _XL1_ (1983) Island/Arista (UK #42)
- _Heaven and the Sea_ (1986) Mercury
- _Cinema Music and Wallpaper Sounds_ (2016) (Caroline True Records)

### Singles

- "Homosapien" (1981) Genetic-Island/Arista (AUS #4) (CAN #6) (US Dance #14)
- "I Don't Know What Love Is" (1981) Genetic-Island/Arista (US Dance #22)
- "Witness the Change" (1981) (US Dance #63)
- "Qu'est-Ce Que C'est Que Ça" (1982)
- "Homosapien" (1982) Genetic-Island/Arista
- "Telephone Operator" (1983) Island/Arista (US Dance #22) (UK #66)
- "Millions Of People (No One Like You)" (1983) (UK #94)
- "Never Again" (1984) Immaculate
- "Waiting For Love" (1986) Mercury
- "On Your Own" (1986) Mercury (US Dance #10)
- "Blue Eyes" (1986) Mercury
- "I Surrender" (1986) Mercury
- "Your Love" (1988)
- "Homosapien. Pete Shelley Vs. Power, Wonder and Love" (1989) Immaculate

## Other websites

- Interview with Pete Shelley
Barbara Brooks Wallace

**Barbara Brooks Wallace** (December 3, 1922 – November 27, 2018) was an American children's writer. She won the NLAPW Children's Book Award and International Youth Library for _Claudia_ (2001) and William Allen White Children's Book Award for _Peppermints in the Parlor_ (1983).

Wallace won two Edgar Allan Poe Awards from the Mystery Writers of America for _The Twin in the Tavern_ (1994) and _Sparrows in the Scullery_ (1998).

Wallace was born in Suzhou, China. She was raised in San Francisco, California. Wallace studied at the University of California, Los Angeles. Wallace died on November 27, 2018 in Arlington, Virginia from complications of pneumonia at the age of 95.

## Other websites

- National League of American Pen Women, Inc. website
- International Youth Library website
Suzhou

**Suzhou** (Wu Chinese [_sou˥ tseu˨˩_ ]) is a major city in southeastern Jiangsu Province of East China. It is about  northwest of Shanghai.

It is the second largest city in the province, after its capital Nanjing. The city is located on the lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the shores of Lake Tai and belongs to the Yangtze River Delta region. Suzhou is a prefecture-level city with a population of 4.33 million in its city proper, and a total resident population () of 10.58 million in its administrative area.

Its urban population grew at a rate of 6.5% between 2000 and 2014, which is the highest among cities with more than 5 million people.

## Education

- Kedge Business School

## Infobox (settlement)

- **settlement type**: Prefecture-level city
- **image skyline**: Suzhou montage.jpg
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **image caption**: Landmarks of Suzhou — top left: Humble Administrator's Garden; top right: Yunyan Pagoda in Tiger Hill; middle: Skyline of Jinji Lake; bottom left: Changmen Gate in night; bottom right: Shantang Canal
- **image map**: Suzhou locator map in Jiangsu.svg
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location in Jiangsu
- **pushpin map**: China
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in China
- **pushpin mapsize**: 275
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: China, People's Republic of China
- **subdivision type1**: Provinces of China, Province
- **subdivision name1**: Jiangsu
- **subdivision type2**: County-level divisions
- **subdivision name2**: 11
- **government type**: Prefecture-level city
- **leader title**: Party Secretary
- **leader name**: .
- **leader title1**: Mayor
- **established title**: Established
- **established date**: 514 BC
- **area total km2**: 8488.42
- **area land km2**: 6093.92
- **area water km2**: 2394.50
- **area urban km2**: 2743
- **population as of**: 2015
- **population total**: 10,658,000
- **population density km2**: auto
- **population demonym**: wikt:Suzhounese, Suzhounese
- **timezone**: Beijing Time
- **utc offset**: +8
- **postal code type**: Postal code of China, Postal code
- **postal code**: 215000
- **area code**: 512
- **iso code**: ISO 3166-2:CN, CN-JS-05
- **blank name**: Gross domestic product, GDP (2016)
- **blank info**: *Total
Renminbi, CNY 1.55 trillion
USD $233.07 billion
Purchasing power parity, PPP $442 billion
*Per capita
Renminbi, CNY 145,205
USD $21,868
PPP $41,487
*Growth:  7.5%
- **blank1 name**: Human Development Index, HDI (2015)
- **blank1 info**: 0.894
<span style="color:#090;">very high</span>
- **blank2 name**: City flower
- **blank2 info**: Osmanthus
- **blank3 name**: City tree
- **blank3 info**: Cinnamomum camphora, Camphor laurel
- **blank4 name**: Chinese language, Regional dialect
- **blank4 info**: Wu Chinese, Wu: Suzhou dialect
- **blank5 name**: License plates of the People's Republic of China, License plate prefix
- **blank5 info**: and
Orlov diamond

The **Orlov** (sometimes spelled **Orloff**) is a large diamond that came from India. It is a part of the Diamond Fund at the Moscow Kremlin. In 1774, it was put into the Imperial Sceptre of Russian Empress Catherine the Great.
Kadiatou Holm Keita

**Kadiatou Claudine Holm Keita**, (born 6 September 2001), is a Swedish singer. She is a finalist in the Swedish singing competition on TV called Idol 2018. She will compete against another singer called Sebastian Walldén in Globen on 7 December 2018.

Kadiatou took part in Melodifestivalen 2021 with her song "One Touch", but failed to qualify for the final after placing sixth in the first semi-final.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Kadiatou Holm Keita
- **image**: kadiatou.jpg
- **caption**: Kadiatou in 2018
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Kadiatou Claudine Holm Keita
- **birth place**: Stockholm, Sweden
- **origin**: Uganda, Guinea
- **genre**: Soul music, Soul, R&B
- **occupation**: Singing, Singer
- **years active**: 2018–present
Foch Hospital

The **Foch Hospital** is a hospital in the Suresnes, close to Paris. It is one of Europe's largest hospitals. It was created in 1929. It is a partner of the Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines.

## Further reading

- Hôpital Foch

## Infobox (hospital)

- **name**: Foch
- **org/group**: _Établissement de santé privé d'intérêt collectif_
- **location**: Suresnes
- **region**: Île-de-France
- **country**: France
- **healthcare**: Public
- **type**: Teaching
- **emergency**: Yes
- **beds**: 600
- **website**: https://www.hopital-foch.com
Euler's totient theorem

In number theory, **Euler's totient theorem** (also known as the **Fermat–Euler theorem**) states that if _n_ and _a_ are coprime, (meaning that the only number that divides _n_ and _a_ is 1), then the following equivalence relation holds:

where  is Euler's totient function.

Euler's theorem is a more refined theorem of Fermat's little theorem, which Pierre de Fermat had published in 1640, a hundred years prior. Fermat's theorem remained unproven until the work of 18th-century Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler.
Kukri

The **kukri** or **khukuri** ( _khukuri_) is a knife which is mostly used by Nepali speaking Gurkhas of India and Nepal. The blade of the knife is curved inward, similar to a machete. It is used as both a tool and as a weapon in South Asia.

The _kukri_, _khukri_, and _kukkri_ spellings are of Indian origin. The original Nepali spelling is _khukuri_.

## Infobox (weapon)

- **name**: Khukuri
- **image**: Polished kukri.jpg
- **caption**: A polished kukri.
- **origin**: South Asia
- **type**: Machete
- **is bladed**: Yes
- **used by**: Gurkha
- **manufacturer**: Gurkhas
- **unit cost**: $50–100
- **production date**: 1810
- **weight**: 450–900 grams
- **length**: 40–45 cm
Rudaw Media Network

**Rudaw Media Network** (Kurdish: تۆڕی میدیایی ڕووداو), sometimes called **Rudaw** is a media group in Kurdistan, got Ricardo Ortega Fernández's prize in _6/12/2018_.

## Criticism

Many international and local sources claim it is mainly used by the Prime Minister Nechirvan Barzani to spread propaganda for the ruling Kurdistan Democratic Party.

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: Rudaw Media Network
- **native name**: Tora Mîdyayîya Rûdaw, تۆڕی میدیایی ڕووداو
- **logo**: Rudaw.jpg
- **key people**: Ako Mohammed
- **location city**: Iraq, Erbil
- **website**: https://www.Rudaw.net/english
Permeance

**Permeance** is how well matter or energy flows through something. In science, permeance is usually shown as: .
Hancock (movie)

**Hancock** is a 2008 American superhero comedy movie directed by Peter Berg and starring Will Smith, Charlize Theron, and Jason Bateman. It tells the story of a vigilante superhero, John Hancock (Smith) from Los Angeles whose reckless actions routinely cost the city millions of dollars. Eventually one person he saves, Ray Embrey (Bateman), makes it his mission to change Hancock's public image for the better.

## Cast

- Will Smith as John Hancock
- Charlize Theron as Mary Embrey
- Jason Bateman as Ray Embrey
- Eddie Marsan as Kenneth "Red" Parker, Jr.
- Johnny Galecki as Jeremy
- Thomas Lennon as Mike
Tom C. Clark

**Thomas Campbell Clark** (September 23, 1899 – June 13, 1977) was an American lawyer. He was the 59th United States Attorney General from 1945 to 1949. He was an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1949 to 1967.

## Other websites

|-

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **image**: Tom C. Clark.gif
- **office**: Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States
- **nominator**: Harry S. Truman
- **term start**: August 19, 1949
- **term end**: June 12, 1967
- **predecessor**: Frank Murphy
- **successor**: Thurgood Marshall
- **office1**: 59th United States Attorney General
- **president1**: Harry S. Truman
- **term start1**: June 27, 1945
- **term end1**: July 26, 1949
- **predecessor1**: Francis Biddle
- **successor1**: J. Howard McGrath, Howard McGrath
- **office2**: United States Assistant Attorney General, United States Assistant Attorney General for the Criminal Division
- **president2**: Franklin D. Roosevelt
Harry S. Truman
- **term start2**: 1943
- **term end2**: 1945
- **predecessor2**: Wendell Berge
- **successor2**: Theron Caudle
- **birth name**: Thomas Campbell Clark
- **birth place**: Dallas, Texas, United States, U.S.
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
- **children**: 3, including Ramsey Clark, Ramsey
- **education**: University of Texas at Austin, University of Texas, Austin
- **branch**: United States National Guard
- **unit**: Texas National Guard
Anoka County, Minnesota

**Anoka County** is a county in the U.S. state of Minnesota. As of 2020, 363,887 people lived there. The county seat is Anoka.
Becker County, Minnesota

**Becker County** is a county in the U.S. state of Minnesota. As of 2020, 35,183 people lived there. The county seat is Detroit Lakes.
Beltrami County, Minnesota

**Beltrami County** is a county in the U.S. state of Minnesota. As of 2020, 46,228 people lived there. The county seat is Bemidji.
Benton County, Minnesota

**Benton County** is a county in the U.S. state of Minnesota. As of 2020, 41,379 people lived there. The county seat is Foley.

## Infobox (u.s. county)

- **county**: Benton County
- **state**: Minnesota
- **ex image**: Sts. Peter and Paul Catholic Church, Gilman, MN.JPG
- **ex image size**: 220px
- **ex image cap**: Church of Sts. Peter and Paul-Catholic, Church of Saints Peter and Paul in Gilman, Minnesota.
- **founded date**: October 27
- **founded year**: 1849 (created)
1850 (organized)
- **seat wl**: Foley
- **largest city wl**: Sauk Rapids
- **area total sq mi**: 413
- **area land sq mi**: 408
- **area water sq mi**: 4.8
- **area percentage**: 1.2%
- **population as of**: 2020
- **population total**: 41379
- **pop est as of**: 2024
- **population est**: 41881
- **density sq mi**: 97.9
- **time zone**: Central
- **web**: www.co.benton.mn.us
- **named for**: Thomas Hart Benton (senator), Thomas Hart Benton
- **district**: 6th
Big Stone County, Minnesota

**Big Stone County** is a county in the U.S. state of Minnesota. As of the 2020 census, 5,166 people lived there. The county seat is Ortonville.
Ortonville, Minnesota

**Ortonville** is a city in Big Stone County in the U.S. state of Minnesota at the southern tip of Big Stone Lake, along the border with South Dakota. The population was 2,021 at the 2020 census. It is the county seat of Big Stone County. Big Stone Lake State Park is nearby.
Blue Earth County, Minnesota

**Blue Earth County** is a county in the U.S. state of Minnesota. As of 2020, 69,112 people lived there. The county seat is Mankato.
Brown County, Minnesota

**Brown County** is a county in the U.S. state of Minnesota. As of 2020, 25,912 people lived there. The county seat is New Ulm.
New Ulm, Minnesota

**New Ulm** is a city in the U.S. state of Minnesota. It is the county seat of Brown County.
Carlton County, Minnesota

**Carlton County** is a county in the U.S. state of Minnesota. As of 2020, 36,207 people lived there. The county seat is Carlton.
Läufelfingen

**Läufelfingen** is a municipality of the district of Sissach in the canton of Basel-Landschaft in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Läufelfingen
- **image photo**: Laeufelfingen 370.JPG
- **municipality name**: Läufelfingen
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: Wappen Laeufelfingen.png
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Läufelfingen.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Basel-Landschaft
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BL
- **district**: Sissach (district), Sissach
- **postal code**: 4448
- **municipality code**: 2852
- **area**: 8.15
- **elevation**: 560
- **website**: www.laeufelfingen.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Buckten, Diegten, Eptingen, Häfelfingen, Hauenstein-Ifenthal (SO), Känerkinden, Wisen (SO)
Coat of arms of Ireland

The **coat of arms of Ireland** is a gold harp with silver strings on a blue background.
Carver County, Minnesota

**Carver County** is a county in the U.S. state of Minnesota. As of 2020, 106,922 people lived there. The county seat is Chaska.
Mowgli: Legend of the Jungle

***Mowgli: Legend of the Jungle*** is a 2018 fantasy adventure movie directed by Andy Serkis. It is based on stories collected in _All the Mowgli Stories_ by Rudyard Kipling. The movie stars Rohan Chand, Matthew Rhys, and Freida Pinto with voices and motion capture performances from Christian Bale, Cate Blanchett, Benedict Cumberbatch, Naomie Harris, Tom Hollander, and Serkis with Peter Mullan.

Originally a Warner Bros. movie, in July 2018, Warner Bros. Pictures sold the rights to Netflix. The movie was released in select theaters on November 29, 2018 and had a digital Netflix release on December 7, 2018. It received mixed reviews from critics.
Freida Pinto

**Freida Selena Pinto** (born 18 October 1984) is an Indian actress. She was born in Mumbai. Pinto appeared in British and American movies. She starred in the 2008 movie _Slumdog Millionaire_. In 2011, Pinto starred in science fiction movie _Rise of the Planet of the Apes_.

Before becoming an actress, Pinto was a model and television presenter.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Freida Pinto
- **image**: Malala and Freida Pinto meet the Youth For Change panel cropped frida.jpg
- **caption**: Pinto at the Youth For Change event in July 2014
- **alt**: Freida Pinto is sitting with her legs crossed and looking towards her left
- **birth name**: Freida Selena Pinto
- **birth place**: Bombay, Maharashtra, India
- **occupation**: Actress, spokesmodel
- **alma mater**: St. Xavier's College, Mumbai
- **years active**: 2005–present
Peter Mullan

**Peter Mullan** (; born 2 November 1959) is a Scottish actor and director. He is best known for his role in Ken Loach's _My Name Is Joe_ (1998) and _The Claim_ (2000).

Mullan appeared in cult classics such as _Riff-Raff_ (1991), _Braveheart_ (1995), _Trainspotting_ (1996), _Young Adam_ (2003), _Children of Men_ (2006), _War Horse_ (2011) and the _Harry Potter_ series (2010–11).

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Peter Mullan
- **image**: PeterMullan.JPG
- **image size**: 200
- **caption**: Mullan at BAFTA in Scotland, 2005
- **birth place**: Peterhead, Aberdeenshire, Scotland
- **years active**: 1988–present
- **children**: 4
To All the Boys I've Loved Before (movie)

***To All the Boys I've Loved Before*** is a 2018 American teen romance movie directed by Susan Johnson. It stars  Lana Condor, Noah Centineo, Janel Parrish, Anna Cathcart, Madeleine Arthur, Emilija Baranac, Israel Broussard and John Corbett. It is based on Jenny Han's 2014 novel of the same name. It was released by Netflix on August 17, 2018.

In November 2018, it was reported that Netflix and Paramount's Awesomeness Films were in discussions to produce a sequel to the movie.

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: To All the Boys I've Loved Before
- **caption**: Official release poster
- **director**: Susan Johnson (filmmaker), Susan Johnson
- **writer**: Sofia Alvarez (writer), Sofia Alvarez
- **music**: Joe Wong (musician), Joe Wong
- **cinematography**: Michael Fimognari
- **distributor**: Netflix
- **runtime**: 99 minutes
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
Gerald's Game (movie)

***Gerald's Game*** is a 2017 American psychological horror movie directed and edited by Mike Flanagan and written by Jeff Howard and Flanagan. It is based on Stephen King's 1992 novel of the same name. The movie stars Carla Gugino and Bruce Greenwood.

It was released on September 29, 2017, by Netflix.
The Christmas Chronicles

***The Christmas Chronicles*** is a 2018 American Christmas comedy movie directed by Clay Kaytis. The movie stars Kurt Russell, Judah Lewis, and Darby Camp. It is about a brother and sister who, after accidentally crashing Santa Claus' sleigh, must save Christmas. The movie was released on November 22, 2018, by Netflix.

It was filmed and set in Chicago, Illinois.
The Princess Switch

***The Princess Switch*** is a 2018 American Christmas romantic comedy movie directed by Mike Rohl from a screenplay by Robin Bernheim and Megan Metzger. The movie stars Vanessa Hudgens, Sam Palladio and Nick Sagar.

It was released on November 16, 2018, by Netflix. A sequel was released in 2020.

## Plot

One week before Christmas, a duchess switches places with an ordinary woman from Chicago, who looks exactly like her, and they each fall in love with each other's beaus.

## Cast

- Vanessa Hudgens as Margaret Delacourt, Duchess of Montenaro/Stacy DeNovo
- Sam Palladio as Prince Edward
- Nick Sagar as Kevin Richards
- Mark Fleischmann as Frank De Luca
- Suanne Braun as Mrs. Donatelli
- Alexa Adeosun as Olivia Richards
- Sara Stewart as Queen Caroline
- Pavel Douglas as King George
- Amy Griffiths as Brianna Michaels
- Robin Soans as Kindly Old Man

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: The Princess Switch
- **director**: Michael Rohl, Mike Rohl
- **music**: Terry Frewer
- **editing**: Charles Norris
- **distributor**: Netflix
- **runtime**: 102 minutes
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
Chordoma

**Chordoma** is a slow growing, very rare kind of cancerous tumor.
José Castillo (infielder)

**José Castillo Rondón** (; March 19, 1981 – December 6, 2018) was a Venezuelan professional baseball infielder. He played for the Pittsburgh Pirates, San Francisco Giants, and Houston Astros of Major League Baseball (MLB) and the Chiba Lotte Marines and Yokohama BayStars of Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB). He was born in Las Mercedes, Guárico, Venezuela.

Castillo and Luis Valbuena were killed in a car crash on December 6, 2018 in Yaracuy, Venezuela, aged 37.
Luis Valbuena

**Luis Adan Valbuena** (November 30, 1985 – December 6, 2018) was a Venezuelan professional baseball infielder. He played eleven seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Seattle Mariners, Cleveland Indians, Chicago Cubs, Houston Astros and Los Angeles Angels. He was born in Zulia, Venezuela.

Valbuena and José Castillo were killed in a car crash on December 6, 2018 in Yaracuy, Venezuela, aged 33.
Shmuel Flatto-Sharon

**Shmuel "Samy" Flatto-Sharon** (18 January 1930 – 7 December 2018) was an Israeli businessman, radio talk-show host and politician. He was born in Łódź, Poland, and fled to France after the beginning of the war. In 1972-he moved to Israel. He was a member of the Knesset between 1977 and 1981. Flatto-Sharon was a member of the Development and Peace Party.

Flatto-Sharon died in Ramat Gan, Israel from a heart attack, aged 88.
Håkan Jeppsson

**Håkan Lennart Jeppsson** (6 May 1961 – 7 December 2018) was a Swedish businessman. He was the Chairman of the Swedish Association football club Malmö FF from 2010 until his death in 2018. Jeppsson studied at Lund University. He was born in Malmö, Sweden.

Jeppsson died on 7 December 2018 at the age of 57.
Stone City

**Stone City** is a wall in Gulou District, Nanjing, China. Stone City was built in 333 to protect the city inside and its Chinese name is "ShiTouCheng". It now opens all day.
Provinces of Nepal

The **Provinces of Nepal** ( _Nepalka Pradeshaharu_) were formed on 20 September 2015. They were formed according to Schedule 4 of the Constitution of Nepal. The seven provinces were formed by making the group of districts. The current system of seven provinces replaced an earlier system. In the earlier system, Nepal was divided into 14 Administrative Zones and the zones were grouped into five Development Regions.

## List of Provinces

|Province|Capital|Governor|Chief Minister|Districts|Area (km²)|Population (2021)|Density (people/km²)|Map|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Koshi Pradesh|Biratnagar|Parshuram Khapung|Hikmat Kumar Karki|14|25,905 km²|4,961,412|192||
|Madhesh Pradesh|Janakpur|Hari Shankar Mishra|Saroj Kumar Yadav|8|9,661 km²|6,114,600|633||
|Bagmati Pradesh|Hetauda|Yadav Chandra Sharma|Shalikram Jamkattel|13|20,300 km²|6,116,866|301||
|Gandaki Pradesh|Pokhara|Prithvi Man Singh Gurung|Surendra Raj Pandey|11|21,504 km²|2,466,427|115||
|Lumbini Pradesh|Deukhuri|Amik Sherchan|Jokh Bahadur Mahara|12|22,288 km²|5,122,078|230||
|Karnali Pradesh|Birendranagar|Tilak Pariyar|Jeevan Bahadur Shahi|10|27,984 km²|1,688,412|60||
|Sudurpashchim Pradesh|Godawari|Najir Miya|Dirgha Bahadur Sodari|9|19,539 km²|2,694,783|138||
Halabja

**Halabja** (Kurdish: Helebce, هەڵەبجە) is a city in Iraqi Kurdistan, in Sulaymaniyah Governorate. It is  northeast of Baghdad.

## Poison gas attack

The city is known for a chemical attack carried out in the final phase of the Iran-Iraq War. The Peshmerga (Kurdistani military wing), supported by Iran, took control of the city. On 16 March 1988, after two days of ordinary artillery attacks, Iraqi Air Force planes dropped gas canisters on the town. The town and surrounding district were attacked with bombs, artillery fire and chemical weapons, the last of which proved most damaging. At least 5,000 people died as an immediate result of the chemical attack. It is estimated that a further 7,000 people were injured or suffered long-term illness. Most of the victims of the attack were Kurdish civilians.

The attack is believed to have included the nerve agents Tabun, Sarin and VX, as well as mustard gas. Another possibility, according to the former senior CIA analyst Stephen C. Pelletiere, is that Iraq did not have the nerve agent to use in the attack but did have mustard gas which had been used in the Iran–Iraq War. It is occasionally suggested that cyanide was also included among these chemical weapons, though this assertion has been doubted as cyanide is a natural byproduct of impure Tabun. The attack on Halabja took place amid the Anfal campaign, in which Saddam Hussein powerfully suppressed Kurdish revolts during the Iran-Iraq War.

Before the war ended, Iraqi forces moved in on the ground and completely destroyed the town. In March 2010, the Iraqi High Criminal Court recognized the Halabja massacre as genocide. This decision was welcomed by the Kurdistan Regional Government.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Halabja
- **native name**: <small>
</small>
- **settlement type**: City
- **image skyline**: Halabja.jpg
- **image caption**: <small>Halabja city</small>
- **pushpin map**: Iraqi Kurdistan#Iraq
- **pushpin map caption**: Halabja in Iraq
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Autonomous region
- **subdivision type2**: Governorates of Iraq, Governorate
- **subdivision name2**: Halabja Governorate, Halabja
- **established title**: Established
- **established date**: 1650 AD
- **leader title**: Governor
- **leader name**: Azad tofiq
- **area total km2**: 1599
- **elevation m**: 721
- **population total**: 200,000
- **population as of**: 2013
- **timezone1**: UTC+3
Sejm

The ***Sejm*** of the Republic of Poland (; ) is the lower house of the Polish parliament. It is made up of 460 deputies elected by universal ballot and is presided over by a speaker called the "Marshal of the Sejm of the Republic of Poland".

Since the Second Polish Republic (1918–1939), "_Sejm_" has been called only to the lower house of the parliament; the upper house is called the _Senat Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej_ ("Senate of the Republic of Poland").
Jolanta Szczypińska

**Jolanta Irena Szczypińska** (24 June 1957 – 8 December 2018) was a Polish politician. She was born in Słupsk, Poland. Szczypińska was a member of the Sejm from 2005 until her death in 2018.

Before entering politics, she was a nurse. She became known for suing airliner company Ryanair in 2007 as they created rumors that she was in a relationship with Prime Minister Jarosław Kaczyński.

Szczypińska died on 8 December 2018 in Warsaw from a urinary tract infection at the age of 61.

## Other websites

- Jolanta Szczypińska - parliamentary page  - includes declarations of interest, voting record, and transcripts of speeches.
- Home page
Prime Minister of Poland

The **President of the Council of Ministers** (Polish: _Prezes Rady Ministrów_) is the leader of the cabinet and the head of government of Poland. The responsibilities and traditions of the office are seen through the Constitution of 1997.

## Infobox (political post)

- **post**: President of the Council
- **body**:
 Ministers
_Prezes Rady Ministrów_
- **insignia**: Logo-kprm.png
- **insigniasize**: 170px
- **insigniacaption**: Logo of the Chancellery of the Prime Minister
- **image**: EPP Summit, 29 June, Brussels (53287183894) (cropped2).jpg
- **incumbent**: Donald Tusk
- **incumbentsince**: 13 December 2023
- **residence**: **Willa Parkowa**
Rezydencja Premiera RP, ul. Parkowa, Warsaw
- **appointer**: President of the Republic of Poland
- **formation**: 6 November 1918
- **inaugural**: Ignacy Daszyński
- **website**: [http://www.premier.gov.pl www.premier.gov.pl]
Jan Krzysztof Bielecki

**Jan Krzysztof Bielecki**  (born 3 May 1951) is a Polish liberal politician and economist. He was Prime Minister of Poland for most of 1991.

Bielecki was president of Bank Pekao between 2003 and 2010 and president of the Polish Institute of International Affairs between 2009 and 2015.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Jan Krzysztof Bielecki
- **image**: File:Bielecki.jpg
- **office**: List of Prime Ministers of Poland, 2nd Prime Minister of Poland
- **president**: Lech Wałęsa
- **deputy**: Leszek Balcerowicz
- **term start**: 12 January 1991
- **term end**: 5 December 1991
- **predecessor**: Tadeusz Mazowiecki
- **successor**: Jan Olszewski
- **birth place**: Bydgoszcz, People's Republic of Poland, Poland
- **party**: Solidarity Citizens' Committee
Liberal Democratic Congress
Freedom Union (Poland), Freedom Union
Civic Platform
- **alma mater**: University of Gdańsk
- **awards**:
Waldemar Pawlak

**Waldemar Pawlak**  (born 5 September 1959) is a Polish politician. He was Prime Minister of Poland twice, briefly in 1992 and again from 1993 to 1995. From November 2007 to November 2012 he was Deputy Prime Minister and the Minister of Economy.

## Other websites

- Waldemar Pawlak's blog

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Waldemar Pawlak
- **image**: Waldemar_Pawlak_candidate_2010_A.jpg
- **order**: 4th and 6th Prime Minister of Poland
- **term start2**: 5 June 1992
- **term end2**: 10 July 1992
- **president2**: Lech Wałęsa
- **predecessor2**: Jan Olszewski
- **successor2**: Hanna Suchocka
- **term start**: 26 October 1993
- **term end**: 6 March 1995
- **deputy**: Aleksander Łuczak
Marek Borowski
Włodzimierz Cimoszewicz
- **president**: Lech Wałęsa
- **predecessor**: Hanna Suchocka
- **successor**: Józef Oleksy
- **order3**: Deputy Prime Minister of Poland
- **term start3**: 16 November 2007
- **term end3**: 27 November 2012
- **president3**: Lech Kaczyński
Bronisław Komorowski
Bogdan Borusewicz
Grzegorz Schetyna
Bronisław Komorowski
- **primeminister3**: Donald Tusk
- **successor3**: Janusz Piechociński
- **order4**: Ministry of Economy of the Republic of Poland, Minister of Economy of Poland
- **term start4**: 16 November 2007
- **term end4**: 27 November 2012
- **deputy4**: Adam Szejnfeld
- **president4**: Lech Kaczyński
Bronisław Komorowski
Bogdan Borusewicz
Grzegorz Schetyna
Bronisław Komorowski
- **primeminister4**: Donald Tusk
- **predecessor4**: Piotr Woźniak (politician), Piotr Woźniak
- **successor4**: Janusz Piechociński
- **order5**: Polish People's Party, President of the Polish People's Party
- **term start6**: 29 June 1991
- **term end6**: 11 October 1997
- **predecessor6**: Roman Bartoszcze
- **successor6**: Jarosław Kalinowski
- **term start5**: 29 January 2005
- **term end5**: 17 November 2012
- **predecessor5**: Janusz Wojciechowski
- **successor5**: Janusz Piechociński
- **office7**: Member of the Sejm of the Republic of Poland, Sejm
- **term start7**: 18 June 1989
- **term end7**: 11 November 2015
- **constituency7**: Płock (parliamentary constituency), 16 – Płock
- **birth place**: Model, Masovian Voivodeship, People's Republic of Poland
- **party**: Polish People's Party
- **spouse**: Elżbieta Pawlak
- **profession**: Mechanician, farmer, teacher
- **awards**: