juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener

Field Marshal **Horatio Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener** KG, KP, GCB, OM, GCSI, GCMG, GCIE, ADC, PC (24 June 1850 – 4 June 1916) was a British field marshal.

Born in Ireland, Kitchener was the Sirdar (British Commander in Chief) of the Egyptian Army. He defeated the Mahdist rebels against Egyptian rule in 1898 and conquered the Sudan for Britain and (nominally) Egypt.

He was chief of staff during the Boer War (1899-1902). From 1899 to 1900, he was also commander-in-chief of the forces in southern Africa. He was allowed into many orders of chivalry, both British and foreign, including the Knights of St. Patrick and the Knight of the Garter.

At the start of World War I, British Prime Minister Herbert Asquith appointed him as Secretary of State for War. A massive recruitment campaign began for the New Armies, also called "Kitchener's Army". His image was used in a famous advertisement.

Kitchener was drowned in 1916 when HMS _Hampshire_ sank near the Orkney Islands after it had hit a German mine.

## Infobox (military person)

- **name**: <small>Field Marshal The Right Honourable</small>
<big>The Earl Kitchener</big>
<small>Order of the Garter, KG, Order of St Patrick, KP, Order of the Bath, GCB, Order of Merit, OM, Order of the Star of India, GCSI, Order of St Michael and St George, GCMG, Order of the Indian Empire, GCIE, Aide-de-camp, ADC, Privy Council of the United Kingdom, PC</small>
- **image**: Herbert Kitchener 1914.jpg
- **caption**: Kitchener in 1914
- **born**: 24 June 1850
- **died**: 5 June 1916
- **allegiance**: United Kingdom
- **branch**: British Army
- **serviceyears**: 1871 – 1916
- **rank**: Field Marshal
Condominium (international law)

**Condominium** means a colony ruled jointly by two or more countries. Examples include the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, which was in name under the joint rule of the United Kingdom and Egypt, although in fact a British colony with all political decisions up to the British despite having many Egyptians involved in administering the country, and New Hebrides, which was under the joint rule of the UK and France.
Pope Urban

**Pope Urban** may mean:

- Pope Urban I (c. 222–230), a saint of the Roman Catholic Church
- Pope Urban II (1088–1099)
- Pope Urban III (1185–1187)
- Pope Urban IV (1261–1264)
- Pope Urban V (1362–1370)
- Pope Urban VI (1378–1389)
- Pope Urban VII (1590), the shortest papacy
- Pope Urban VIII (1623–1644)
Neornithes

**Neornithes** are the most recent common ancestor of all living birds and all their descendants. There are about 9,000 to 10,000 known living species in the world.

## Taxonomy

Modern birds are divided into two superorders; the Palaeognathae (tinamous and flightless ratites), and the Neognathae, containing all other birds.

It is generally agreed that the Neornithes evolved in the Cretaceous and that the split between the Palaeognathae and Neognathae, and then the split between two subgroups of Neognathae, Galloanserae and Neoaves, occurred before the K-Pg extinction event. However, fossils that can be unequivocally assigned to the Neognathae, such as _Vegavis_ and _Asteriornis_ do not appear in the fossil record until the very end of the Cretaceous.

However, there are different opinions about whether the radiation within these major groups occurred before or after the extinction of dinosaurs. The only Cretaceous fossils that can be unequivocally assigned to the Neognathae are _Vegavis_ and _Asteriornis_, two early members of the Galloanseres that corroborate the early diversification of this groups before the K-Pg extinction event. But the fossil record of Neoaves is restricted to post K-Pg times. Molecular dating have produced a wide range of dates for the rapid early diversification of Neoaves, from the late Cretaceous to the early Paleogene, with some studies suggesting that the rapid radiation largely coincided with the extinction event.
Neognathae

**Neognathae** are birds in the subclass Neornithes. The Neognathae include almost all living birds: their sister taxon Palaeognathae has just the tinamou and the flightless ratites.

There are nearly 10,000 species of neognaths. Since the Cretaceous they have undergone an adaptive radiation. This has produced the variety of form, function, and behavior which we see today. The Passeriformes (perching birds) are the largest order of land vertebrates. They are some 60% of living birds.

The neognaths have fused hand bones, an elongate third finger, and 13 or fewer vertebrae. They differ from the Palaeognathae in features like the structure of their jawbones. "Neognathae" means "new jaws" but, ironically, paleognath jaws are one of the few derived) features of that group.
Pope Benedict XIII

**Pope Benedict XIII** (; 2 February 1649 – 21 February 1730), born **Pietro Francesco Orsini**, later Friar **Vincenzo Maria Orsini, O.P.**, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 246th Pope from 1724 until his death in 1730.  He was the third and last member of the Orsini family to be a pope.

## Early life

He was born in Gravina in Puglia near Naples.  He was the son of Ferdinando III Orsini, Duke of Gravina.

In 1667, Orsini entered the Dominican Order.  As a monk, his name was Vincent Maria.

## Cardinal

Pope Clement X raised the monk to the rank of Cardinal of _San Sisto_ on 22 February 1672.

In 1675, he was made Bishop of Manfredonia.

In 1686, he was made Archbishop of Benevento.

## Pope

Cardinal Orsini was elected pope on May 28, 1724;  and he chose to be called Benedict XIII.

Pope Benedict was involved in Italian and European political disputes.

In 1727, he ordered construction of the famous Spanish Steps in Rome.

In 1729, the pope helped bring about the Treaty of Seville between Great Britain, France, and Spain.

### After his death

Benedict was buried in a tomb in Santa Maria sopra Minerva completed by Pietro Bracci and others.

## Related pages

- List of popes
- List of popes from the Orsini family

## Other websites

- Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Benedict XIII
- Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church , Cardinal Orsini

## Infobox (christian leader)

- **type**: pope
- **name**: Benedict XIII
- **image**: Benedetto XIII.jpg
- **birth name**: Pietro Francesco Orsini
- **birth place**: Gravina in Puglia
- **death place**: Rome
- **term start**: 29 May 1724
- **term end**: 21 February 1730
- **predecessor**: Pope Innocent XIII
- **successor**: Pope Clement XII
- **other**: Benedict
Occupied territory

**Occupied territory** is territory under military occupation. Examples of this are the Allied Occupation Zones in Germany, Palestine and Kashmir.
Báthory family

**Báthory** was the name of an aristocratic family in Europe in the Middle Ages. Members included Stephen Báthory, King of Poland, Erzsébet Báthory, a countess and wife of General Francis Nadasdy and alleged serial murderer, and Andreas Bathory, a Roman Catholic bishop and prince.
Armenia at the Olympics

**Armenia** first took part in the Olympic Games in 1994. They have taken part in all summer and winter Olympics since then.

Before Armenia became independent, they competed in the Olympics as a part of the Soviet Union team. After the Soviet Union collapsed, Armenia got their own team.

The Armenian athletes have won twelve medals altogether. They won these medals in wrestling, weightlifting and boxing.

## Medallists

|style="width:6em"|Medal|style="width:10em"|Name|style="width:8em"|Games|style="width:7em"|Sport|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||Armen Nazarian|1996 Atlanta|Wrestling|||||
||Armen Mkertchian|1996 Atlanta|Wrestling|||||
||Arsen Melikyan|2000 Sydney|Weightlifting|||||
||Roman Amoyan|2008 Beijing|Wrestling|||||
||Tigran G. Martirosyan|2008 Beijing|Weightlifting|||||
||Gevorg Davtyan|2008 Beijing|Weightlifting|||||
||Tigran V. Martirosyan|2008 Beijing|Weightlifting|||||
||Yuri Patrikeyev|2008 Beijing|Wrestling|||||
|||2008 Beijing|Boxing|||||
|||2012 London|Wrestling|||||
|||2012 London|Weightlifting|||||
||Artur Aleksanyan|2012 London|Wrestling|||||

## Related pages

- List of IOC country codes

## Other websites

- Armenia profile at London2012.com

## Infobox (country at games)

- **noc**: ARM
- **nocname**: Armenian Olympic Committee, National Olympic Committee of Armenia
- **games**: Olympics
- **website**:  
- **gold**: 2
- **silver**: 6
- **bronze**: 6
- **seealso**: (1900–1912)
 (1952–1988)
 (1992)
Pope Benedict XIV

**Pope Benedict XIV** (; 31 March 1675 – 3 May 1758), born **Prospero Lorenzo Lambertini**, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 248th Pope from 1740 until his death in 1758.

## Early life

Lambertini was born in Bologna.

## Bishop

In 1725, Lambertini was made Bishop of Theodosia. He became the Bishop of Ancona in 1727.  He was made Bishop of Bologna in 1731.

## Cardinal

lambertini was raised to the rank of cardinal in 1728.

## Pope

He was elected Pope in 1740; and he chose to be called Benedict XIV.

Benedict confirms the title of King of Prussia, which was taken in 1701 by the Elector of Brandenburg.

The pope remained neutral in the War of the Spanish Succession.

Benedict ordered the construction of the Fountains of Trevi.

During Benedict's reign, the creation of a Vatican Library catalogue was begun.

## Related pages

- List of popes

## Other websites

- Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Benedict XIV
- Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church , Cardinal Lambertini
- Pope Benedict XIV portrait in the Vatican Museum

## Infobox (christian leader)

- **type**: pope
- **name**: Benedict XIV
- **image**: Benoit XIV.jpg
- **birth name**: Prospero Lorenzo Lambertini
- **birth place**: Bologna
- **death place**: Rome
- **term start**: 17 August 1740
- **term end**: 3 May 1758
- **predecessor**: Pope Clement XII
- **successor**: Pope Clement XIII
- **other**: Benedict
Treaty of Northampton

The **Treaty of Northampton** signed in 1328 was an agreement between England and Scotland that recognised Scotland as an independent country and Robert the Bruce as its king. Edward I of England and his son Edward II had been fighting wars against Robert the Bruce for more than 20 years. Edward II believed that he was the rightful King of Scotland. In 1327, Edward II was forced from his throne by his wife, Isabella of France and her lover, Roger Mortimer. Edward's young son, Edward III became King of England at the age of 15. Robert the Bruce saw a chance in the confusion in England and immediately sent James Douglas to attack the north of England. The English, scared that they would lose, wanted a peace treaty. The Treaty of Northampton secured peace between the two countries. As part of the treaty, Edward II's six-year-old daughter, Joan of the Tower was married to Robert's four-year-old son, David II.
Sudan People's Liberation Movement

**Sudan's people liberation army** (SPLA) and **Sudan's people liberation movement** is a political party in South Sudan. It was founded as a resistance movement / rebel group in 1963. As **Sudan's people liberation army**, it fought against the Sudanese government, in the Sudanese Civil War. This war ended in 2005. Officially, the movement wanted to create a free secular Sudan, which it called "New Sudan". In reality, however, many people in the movement wanted to create an independent state, South Sudan. In 2005, there was a peace treaty. From that moment, until 2011, the SPLM was part of the Sudanese government. Since the independence of South Sudan in 2011, the SPLM is de facto the only party in the country. In the south, the SPLA will become the regular army. In the north, the SPLM is still part of the government. In the provinces South Kordofan and Blue Nile, the SPLA is one of the armies fighting the government.
Nancy Grace

**Nancy Ann Grace** (born October 23, 1959 in Macon, Georgia) is an American TV host, attorney and author. She hosts a celebrity TV show (also titled as _Nancy Grace Live_). She often discusses issues from what she calls a victim rights' standpoint.
Shaheen falcon

The **shaheen falcon** (_Falco peregrinus peregrinator_) is also known as the **Indian peregrine falcon**, Other names are the black shaheen, Pakistani shaheen, or simply the shaheen.

It is a non-migratory subspecies of the peregrine falcon found mainly in hilly and mountainous regions of the Indian subcontinent and the nearby island of Sri Lanka. In Pakistani literature, the shaheen has a special association with the poetry of the country's national poet, Allama Muhammad Iqbal. The Pakistan Air Force has as a symbol and in Gilgit-Baltistan it is the unofficial bird of the region.
Stephen Bathory

**Stephen Báthory** (27 September 1533 – 12 December 1586) was born in Szilágysomlyó, he was the youngest son of Stephen VIII Báthory and Catherine Telegdi Prince of Transylvania (1571–1586). He was married to Anna Jagiellon and worked closely with Chancellor Jan Zamoyski, during his reign, he focused on consolidating power, defeating rivals like Maximilian II, he had a successful reign, especially in military matters.

His most significant accomplishment was his victorious campaign against Russia in Livonia, where he defended the Commonwealth's borders and secured a favorable peace treaty called the Peace of Jam Zapolski.

## Early life

Around 1549–1550, he was studied in Italy. He later joined the army of the Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor and fought against the Turks. He was captured by the Turks after 1553, and when Ferdinand I refused to pay his ransom, he switched sides, supporting John II Sigismund Zápolya in his quest for power in Eastern Hungary Kingdom. Báthory took on various roles as a feudal lord, military commander, and diplomat during this time. At one point, he was put under house arrest in Vienna for two years, causing him to fall out of favor at Zápolya's court.

However, he still held influence and was considered a potential successor to Zápolya after Zápolya died in 1571, Báthory became the Voivode of Transylvania through an election by the Transylvanian peoples. He had to deal with opposition from Gáspár Bekes, who had support from the Habsburgs. In 1573, Báthory successfully defeated Bekes in a civil war and forced him out of Transylvania. He then worked to navigate a balance between the Ottomans and the Holy Roman Empire to make Transylvania stronger.

## Infobox (royalty)

- **name**: Stephen Báthory
- **image**: Anonymous Stephen Báthory (detail) 01.jpg
- **caption**: A 19th-century of a portrait
- **succession**: Prince of Transylvanyia
- **predecessor**: John II Sigismund
- **successor**: Sigismund Báthory
- **birth place**: Szilágysomlyó, Eastern Hungarian Kingdom
- **death place**: Hrodna, Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
- **burial date**: May 1588
- **burial place**: First Hrodna, then Wawel Cathedral, Kraków
- **reign**: 14th March 1571-12th December 1586
- **coronation**: 1st May 1571
St Michael's Cathedral, Gyulafehérvár
- **house**: Báthory family, Báthory
- **father**: Stephen Báthory of Somlyó
- **mother**: Catherine Telegdi
- **religion**: Roman Catholicism
Girl You Know It's True

**"Girl You Know It's True"** is a 1988 song by Milli Vanilli. The song hit #3 in the United Kingdom and #2 in the United States. In 1989, while the duo performed the song during a concert in Connecticut, the record skipped and revealed a case of lip synching. This created controversy and eventually led to the end of Milli Vanilli in 1990.
Nanda Devi

**Nanda Devi** () is the highest mountain in the Republic of India. It is also the national mountain of the nation. It is holy to the Hindus, source of the Ganges river.

Nanda Devi lies in the state of Uttarakhand.
Pope Benedict XV

**Pope Benedict XV** (; , 21 November 1854 – 22 January 1922), born **Giacomo Paolo Giovanni Battista della Chiesa,** was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 259th Pope from 1914 until his death in 1922.

His pontificate was largely overshadowed by World War I.

## Priest

Della Chiesa was ordained a priest on 21 December 1878.

## Bishop

Pope Pius X made della Chiesa Bishop of Bologna in 1907.

## Cardinal

On 25 May 1914, Giacomo della Chiesa was created a cardinal.

## Pope

Cardinal Della Chiesa was elected pope in 1914; and he chose to be called Benedict XV.

Joan of Arc was canonized by Benedict.

Benedict made efforts to encourage peace in World War I. He refused to denounce either side. In 1918, Pope Benedict was excluded from the 1919 Paris Peace Conference, despite his entreaties to be made part of the talks.

Benedict XV helped develop a Code of Canon Law.

Benedict XV was the fourth Pope since the Kingdom of Italy took possession of Rome.

The last years of his papacy were concerned with making sure that the Church could still function smoothly in the newly changed borders of Europe.

## Death and legacy

Benedict XV fell ill with pneumonia in early January 1922. He died on 22 January 1922.  The Italian Government lowered its flags in his honor; Benedict was the first pope to be honored in this way.

In 2005, Pope Benedict XVI explained why he chose the name Benedict:
- "... I remember Pope Benedict XV, that courageous prophet of peace, who guided the Church through turbulent times of war. In his footsteps I place my ministry in the service of reconciliation and harmony between peoples."

## Related pages

- List of popes

## More reading

- Peters, Walter H. (1959). _The Life of Benedict XV_.  Milwaukee: Bruce Publishing. OCLC 625633
- Pollard, John F. (1999). _The Unknown Pope._ London: Geoffrey Chapman. ; OCLC 60158637

## Other websites

- Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Benedict XV
- Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church , Cardinal della Chiesa
- Vatican webpage, Benedict XV, biography 
- Saint Peter's Basilica, Tomb of Benedict XV

## Infobox (christian leader)

- **type**: pope
- **honorific-prefix**: Pope
- **name**: Benedict XV
- **image**: Benedictus XV, by Nicola Perscheid, 1915 (retouched).jpg
- **motto**: In Te Domine Speravi, Non Confundar In Aeternum
(In Thee O Lord, I have hoped, not to be ashamed forever)
- **birth name**: Giacomo Paolo Giovanni Battista della Chiesa
- **birth place**: Pegli, Piemont-Sardinia
- **death place**: Apostolic Palace, Vatican City
- **term start**: 3 September 1914
- **term end**: 22 January 1922
- **predecessor**: Pope Pius X
- **successor**: Pope Pius XI
- **other**: Benedict
Chak Haryam

**Chak Haryam** () is a village, near Islamgarh in the Chakswari tehsil of the Mirpur District in Azad Kashmir, Pakistan.

## Demography

According to 1998 census of Pakistan, its population was 973.

## History

Like many villages in the Mirpur region, many of its residents have emigrated to the United Kingdom.
The Cardigans

**The Cardigans** are a Swedish pop rock group that started in October 1992. Their debut studio album _Emmerdale_ gave them very strong base in Sweden. However, it was not until their 1995 album _Life_ was released that an international reputation was secured. Their popularity really soared in 1996 when the song _Lovefool_ was released. They've carried other hit songs in addition to that. The group went on hiatus in 2006.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: The Cardigans
- **image**: TheCardigans.jpg
- **caption**: The Cardigans performing in Belo Horizonte, Brazil in 2006
- **landscape**: Yes
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Jönköping, Sweden
- **genre**: Alternative rock, pop rock, indie rock, indie pop, New wave music, new wave, punk rock, post-punk
- **years active**: 1992–present
<small>(hiatus: 2007–2011)</small>
- **label**: Music Corporation of America, MCA, Mercury Records, Mercury, Minty Fresh, Stockholm Records, Stockholm, Universal Music, Universal
- **associated acts**: A Camp, Righteous Boy, Paus, Brothers of End
- **current members**: Lars-Olof Johansson
Bengt Lagerberg
Nina Persson
Magnus Sveningsson
Peter Svensson
Les Invalides

**Les Invalides** is a landmark in Paris, France. It was built between 1670 and 1676 as a place for retirement of French war veterans. It consists of several buildings. It was also used as a burial place for French marshals and generals. Les Invalides is best known for housing the tomb of Napoleon Bonaparte. Nowadays, the complex houses the Museum of Arms, the Museum of Contemporary History, and the Museum of Plains-Reliefs.
Rakia

**Rakia** is a Turkish brandy made from fermented fruit.

It is very popular in North Macedonia and Bulgaria. It can be made from different fruits.

Rakia is а national drink of Turkey.

## Overview

Rakia is an alcoholic drink similar to Brandy. Usually, it has 40% of alcohol, but home-made rakia can be stronger and have from 50 to 60%.

The most common form of Rakia is made from plum, but grapes, peaches, apricots, apples, pears, cherries, figs are also used.

People drink Rakia  from small glasses of 30 to 50 ml.

## Other websites

Rakia drink
Swimming

**Swimming** is the movement of the body through water using arms and legs. People can swim in the sea, swimming pools, rivers and lakes. People swim for exercise, for fun, and as a sport. There are several styles of swimming, known as "strokes", including: _front crawl_, _breaststroke_, _freestyle_, _butterfly_, and _backstroke_.

Swimming works all the muscles simultaneously. It is impact free. It also builds up stamina.

## Styles of swimming

There are several styles in swimming. Some of them are:

- Front crawl: Fastest and most efficient technique; also called freestyle, because swimmers use it in freestyle events.
- Backstroke: Only stroke that is swum on the back with the swimmer looking up; uses the same leg movements (flutter kick) as crawl.
- Breaststroke: One of the easiest and most relaxing strokes; competitive swimmers find it difficult because it uses more energy when swum at a fast pace.
- Butterfly: Powerful and fast; relies on good technique; uses the dolphin kick; the hardest and least popular stroke.

## Competitive swimming

The goal of competitive swimming is to improve speed, and to beat other competitors in events. An athlete goes through several stages of training. At the beginning, the body is overloaded with work. The workload becomes less closer to the date of the competition. This final stage is often referred to as "shave and taper"; the swimmer tapering downs his or her workload to be able to perform at their optimal level. At the end of this stage, before competition, the swimmer shaves off all exposed hair and dead skin. Often confused within shaving, swimmers shave to rid the skin of dead skin cells to expose sensitive skin to the water. The effect of shaving is a decrease in drag from hair and an increase in the sensation of "feeling" the water.

## Equipment

Sometimes equipment is used when swimming, and can include:

- Fins: rubber or plastic and are worn on the foot.
- Kickboard: keeps the upper body afloat; allows the swimmer to concentrate on kicking correctly
- Pull buoy: foam float that swimmers hold between their thighs to keep the lower body high and flat; helps to learn the arm and upper body movements
- Swimming Suits: These are made from a special fabric and used in swimming

## Related pages

- Aquatic locomotion deals with animals swimming.
One Step at a Time

**"One Step at a Time"**, released in 2008, became the third single off Jordin Sparks' first album. This song reached #17 on _Billboard_ Hot 100. It hit #3 on the R&B charts in the USA.
John Chafee

**John Lester Hubbard Chafee** (October 22, 1922 – October 24, 1999) was an American politician. He was an officer in the United States Marine Corps. He was the 66th Governor of Rhode Island. He was the Secretary of the Navy. He was a United States Senator.

Chafee was born on October 22, 1922 in Providence, Rhode Island. He studied at Yale University and at Harvard Law School. Chafee was married to Virginia Coates until his death in 1999. They had six children; one daughter was killed in an racing accident.

Chafee died suddenly on October 24, 1999 from congestive heart failure in his home in Washington, D.C., aged 77. He is buried at Chafee Family Cemetery in Warwick, Rhode Island.

Chafee's son, Lincoln, is a former governor and former senator of Rhode Island.

## Other websites

- John Chafee at Find A Grave

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **birthname**: John Lester Hubbard Chafee
- **image**: John Chafee.jpg
- **jr/sr**: United States Senator
- **state**: Rhode Island
- **term start**: December 28, 1976
- **term end**: October 24, 1999
- **predecessor**: John O. Pastore
- **successor**: Lincoln Chafee
- **order2**: 59th United States Secretary of the Navy
<small>12th Secretary under the DoD</small>
- **term start2**: January 31, 1969
- **term end2**: May 4, 1972
- **president2**: Richard Nixon
- **predecessor2**: Paul R. Ignatius
- **successor2**: John Warner
- **order3**: 66th Governor of Rhode Island
- **term start3**: January 1, 1963
- **term end3**: January 7, 1969
- **predecessor3**: John A. Notte, Jr.
- **successor3**: Frank Licht
- **order4**: United States Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works, Chairman of the Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works
- **term start4**: January 4, 1995
- **term end4**: October 24, 1999
- **predecessor4**: Max Baucus
- **successor4**: Robert C. Smith
- **birth place**: Providence, Rhode Island
- **death place**: Washington, D.C.
- **restingplace**: Chafee Family Cemetery
Warwick, Rhode Island
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **spouse**: Virginia Coates Chafee
- **alma mater**: Yale University (1947)
Harvard Law School (1950)
- **branch**: United States Marine Corps
- **serviceyears**: 1942–1945, 1951–1953
- **rank**: Captain
- **battles**: **World War II**
* Battle of Guadalcanal
* Battle of Okinawa
**Chosin Reservoir**
- **awards**: Presidential Medal of Freedom
Heavy D

**Dwight Arrington Myers** (May 24, 1967 – November 8, 2011), better known by his stage name **Heavy D**,  was a Jamaican-born American rapper, singer, actor, dancer and record producer. He was born in Mandeville, Jamaica and raised in Mount Vernon, New York, United States. He began his music career in the late 1980s and founded his hip hop group, Heavy D and the Boyz. The group were affiliated with East Coast hip hop music.

He died in Los Angeles, California from a pulmonary embolism as a result of diabetes.
Biological control

**Biological control**, **biocontrol**, or **biological pest control**, is the reduction of pest populations by using natural enemies. It is important because crop pests become resistant to chemical pesticides.

Natural enemies of insect pests include predators, parasitoids, and pathogens. Biological control agents of weeds include herbivores and plant pathogens. Predators, such as birds, lady beetles and lacewings, are free-living species that eat many prey during their lifetime.

Parasitoids are species whose larvae develop on or in a single insect host, ultimately killing or fatally infecting the host. Most have a very narrow host range. Many species of wasps and some flies are parasitoids.

Pathogens are disease-causing organisms including bacteria, fungi, and viruses. They kill or debilitate their host and are relatively specific.

## Three strategies

There are three basic types of biological control strategies; conservation, classical biological control, and augmentation.

- Conservation: Avoid using pesticides, which kill the natural enemies of the pests. Encourage the growth of those things which attack the pests. Use companion planting where possible. In China, the mosquito fern has been used for at least a thousand years, as a companion plant for rice crops. It hosts a special cyanobacteria that fixes nitrogen from the atmosphere, and also blocks out light from competing plants (but not the rice, which grows taller).

- Classical biological control: This is the introduction of natural enemies to a new area where they did not originate or do not occur naturally. Thereafter, the predator lives as a natural part of the habitat, reproducing and killing the pest species. This method is especially effective when the pest is itself an invasive or introduced species in the area. Free of its natural enemies, the pest multiplies to huge numbers. The introduction from its homeland of an enemy or two can be very successful. One example is the use of _Larinus planus_ to control the Canada thistle.

- Augmentation: This is the release of numbers of natural enemies at specific times. These predators are natural parts of the ecosystem, but are released in such numbers as to overwhelm the pest at some critical time. Stocks of the predator are got from commercial suppliers.

## An early example

A Chinese text from 304 AD, _Records of the plants and trees of the southern regions_, by Hsi Han, describes mandarin oranges protected by large reddish-yellow citrus ants. The ants attack and kill insect pests of the orange trees. The citrus ant (_Oecophylla smaragdina_) was rediscovered in the 20th century, and now is again used in China to protect orange groves.
Manuel Noriega

**Manuel Antonio Noriega Moreno** (11 February 1934 – 29 May 2017) was a Panamanian politician and general.

Noriega went to high school and had a career in the army. He was the de facto ruler of Panama between 12 August 1983 and 20 December 1989. In 1992, a United States court convicted him of drug trafficking, racketeering, and money laundering. Noriega served a prison sentence in the US, which ended in 2007. He was then extradited to France, where he served another sentence.

A conditional release was given to him on September 23, 2011. Noriega was sent to Panama to serve 20 years. He arrived in Panama on December 11, 2011.

Noriega died at a medical center in Panama City on 29 May 2017 from complications of brain surgery at the age of 83.

## Infobox (president)

- **name**: Manuel Noriega
- **image**: Manuel Noriega mugshot cropped.jpg
- **caption**: Mugshot of Noriega, after his surrender (1990)
- **order**: List of heads of state of Panama, Maximum Leader of National Liberation
- **term**: December 15, 1983 – December 20, 1989
- **predecessor**: Office created
- **successor**: Office abolished
- **order2**: List of heads of state of Panama, Military Leader of Panama
- **term2**: August 12, 1983 – December 15, 1989
- **president2**: Ricardo de la Espriella
Jorge Illueca
Nicolás Ardito Barletta Vallarino
Eric Arturo Delvalle
Manuel Solís
Francisco Rodríguez (President of Panama), Francisco Rodríguez
- **predecessor2**: Rubén Darío Paredes
- **successor2**: Office abolished
- **birth place**: Panama City, Panamá Province, Panamá, Republic of Panama
- **death place**: Panama City, Panamá Province, Panama
- **alma mater**: Chorrillos Military School
Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation, School of the Americas
Sosigenes of Alexandria

**Sosigenes of Alexandria** was an astronomer in the 1st century BC. Julius Caesar consulted him, and other astrologers, before introducing the Julian calendar. Sosigenes also influenced Caesar's writing "De astris", but only parts of it remain. Pliny the Elder wrote In his Natural History that Sosigenes observed that the planet Mercury never had an elongation angle greater than 22 degrees from the sun.
Auld Alliance

The **Auld Alliance** (Scots) () is
an alliance between the kingdoms of Scotland and France. It played a major role in the relations between Scotland, France and England from its beginning in 1295 until the 1560 Treaty of Edinburgh. The alliance was renewed by all the French and Scottish monarchs of that period except for Louis XI. By the late 14th century, the treaty was renewed even when France or Scotland was not at war with England.

The alliance dates from the treaty signed by John Balliol and Philip IV of France in 1295 against Edward I of England. The treaty said that if either country was attacked by England, the other country would invade England. That happened at the Battle of Flodden Field, 1513. The alliance played an important role in conflicts between both countries and England, such as the Wars of Scottish Independence, the Hundred Years' War, the War of the League of Cambrai and the Rough Wooing.

## Legacy

In a speech which he delivered in Edinburgh in June 1942, Charles de Gaulle described the alliance between Scotland and France as "the oldest alliance in the world":
> _In every combat where for five centuries the destiny of France was at stake, there were always men of Scotland to fight side by side with men of France, and what Frenchmen feel is that no people have ever been more generous than yours with its friendship._
In 1995, celebrations were held in both countries for the 700th anniversary of the beginning of the alliance.
Berwick

**Berwick-upon-Tweed** (historically known as _South Berwick_) is a border town in the north of England.

**Berwick** may also refer to:

### Australia

- Berwick, Victoria

### Canada

- Berwick, Nova Scotia

#### England

- Berwick Street Market, London
- Berwick, Sussex
    - Berwick (Sussex) railway station
- Berwick St John, Wiltshire

#### Scotland

- North Berwick, East Lothian, Scotland
    - Berwick Law, a hill situated to the south of the town
- County of Berwick, a historic county in south-east Scotland

### United States

- Berwick, Iowa
- Berwick, Louisiana
- Berwick, Maine, a town
    - Berwick (CDP), Maine, a census-designated place within the town
- Berwick, Pennsylvania
- Berwick Township, Adams County, Pennsylvania

## People

- Andrew Berwick, anglicised pseudonym of Norwegian terrorist Anders Behring Breivik
- Baron Berwick, a title
- Berwick (cricketer) (first name unknown)
- Dennison Berwick (born 1956), author
- Donald Berwick (born 1947), American professor of pediatrics and health care policy
- Duke of Berwick, a title in the Peerage of England
- James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick (1670–1734)
- Jeff Berwick (born 1970), Canadian businessperson and adventurer
- Kester Berwick (1903–1992), Australian actor, playwright, and author
- Nicola Berwick, (born in 1978) stunt actress
- Stephan Berwick (born 1964), American author, martial artist, and actor
- William Edward Hodgson Berwick (1888–1944), English mathematician

## Other uses

- Berwick (automobile), an electric car produced in 1904
- Berwick Academy, a private college preparatory school located in South Berwick, Maine
- Berwick cockle, a confectionery from Berwick upon Tweed
- Berwick Prize in mathematics, named for William Edward Hodgson Berwick
- Berwick Rangers F.C., a football team
- HMS Berwick, the name of a number of Royal Navy ships
Aepyornis

***Aepyornis*** is an Elephant bird, one of three genera of ratite birds endemic to Madagascar until their extinction about 1000 A.D. The species "A". _maximus_ weighed up to , and until recently was regarded as the largest known bird of all time.

DNA studies have found that Vorombe titan was indistinguishable from A. maximus, and probably (was or) represented large females of the species. Earlier (2018), the largest _Aepyornis_ specis, weighing up to , was moved to the related genus _Vorombe_.
Sosigenes the Peripatetic

**Sosigenes the Peripatetic** was a philosopher who lived in the 2nd century AD. He followed the Aristotelian school of thought, and was one of the first people to write interpretations and commentaries to Aristotle's work.

He was the tutor of Alexander of Aphrodisias, and wrote a work _On Revolving Spheres_. On 4th September 164 AD, he watched an 'annular' solar eclipse. He noticed that, unlike a total solar eclipse, the apparent size of the moon was smaller than that of the sun. This meant the distances between the sun, moon and earth were not the same at different eclipses. For this reason, sun and moon could not be on a circular movement around the same centre.

This was a significant discovery. It pinpointed a difficulty with the theory that the earth was the centre of the known universe. Much later, Nicolaus Copernicus used the same idea when he proposed a heliocentric view. In this view, the earth, moon and the planets rotate around the sun, which does not move.
Lara Flynn Boyle

**Lara Flynn Boyle** (born March 24, 1970 in Davenport, Iowa) is an American movie and television actress. She is known for many movie roles. She is best known for her roles in television programs. Her television work includes _The Practice_ and _Twin Peaks_.
Harriet Arbuthnot

**Harriet Arbuthnot** (10 September 1793 – 2 August 1834) was an English diarist, a social observer and a political hostess on behalf of the Tory Party during the 1820s. She was the closest female friend to the hero of the Battle of Waterloo and British Prime Minister, 1st Duke of Wellington.
Jos Luhukay

**Jos Luhukay** (born 13 June 1963) is a Dutch football manager and former player, who was most recently head coach of VVV-Venlo.

## Managerial statistics

|rowspan="2"|Team|rowspan="2"|From|rowspan="2"|To|colspan="6"|Record|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Uerdingen|1 July 2000|30 June 2002|align=left|||||
|Köln|30 October 2003|2 November 2003|align=left|||||
|Paderborn|1 July 2005|11 August 2006|align=left|||||
|Borussia Mönchengladbach|31 January 2007|5 October 2008|align=left|||||
|Augsburg|15 April 2009|5 May 2012|align=left|||||
|Hertha BSC|1 July 2012|5 February 2015|align=left|||||
|Stuttgart|17 May 2016|15 September 2016|align=left|||||
|Sheffield Wednesday|8 January 2018|21 December 2018||||||
|FC St. Pauli|10 April 2019|30 June 2020||||||
|VVV-Venlo|17 March 2021|30 May 2022||||||

### Manager

**Borussia Mönchengladbach**
- 2. Bundesliga Champions: 2007–08

**FC Augsburg**
- 2. Bundesliga Runners-up: 2010–11

**Hertha BSC**
- 2. Bundesliga Champions: 2012–13

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Jos Luhukay
- **image**: Jos Luhukay 2012 3.jpg
- **image size**: 250px
- **caption**: Luhukay in 2012
- **birth place**: Venlo, Netherlands
- **height**: 1.70 m
- **position**: Midfielder
- **years1**: 1979–1982
- **clubs1**: VVV-Venlo
- **caps1**: 20
- **goals1**: 4
- **years2**: 1986–1989
- **clubs2**: VVV-Venlo
- **caps2**: 75
- **goals2**: 19
- **years3**: 1989–1991
- **clubs3**: SVV Schiedam, SVV
- **caps3**: 57
- **goals3**: 12
- **years4**: 1991–1993
- **clubs4**: RKC Waalwijk
- **caps4**: 35
- **goals4**: 6
- **years5**: 1993–1995
- **clubs5**: SV Straelen
- **years6**: 1995–1996
- **clubs6**: KFC Uerdingen
- **caps6**: 2
- **goals6**: 0
- **years7**: 1996–1998
- **clubs7**: SV Straelen
- **manageryears1**: 1998–2000
- **managerclubs1**: SV Straelen
- **manageryears2**: 2000–2002
- **managerclubs2**: KFC Uerdingen
- **manageryears3**: 2003
- **managerclubs3**: 1. FC Köln (caretaker)
- **manageryears4**: 2005–2006
- **managerclubs4**: SC Paderborn 07, SC Paderborn
- **manageryears5**: 2007–2008
- **managerclubs5**: Borussia Mönchengladbach
- **manageryears6**: 2009–2012
- **managerclubs6**: FC Augsburg
- **manageryears7**: 2012–2015
- **managerclubs7**: Hertha BSC
- **manageryears8**: 2016
- **managerclubs8**: VfB Stuttgart
- **manageryears9**: 2018
- **managerclubs9**: Sheffield Wednesday F.C., Sheffield Wednesday
- **manageryears10**: 2019–2020
- **managerclubs10**: FC St. Pauli
- **manageryears11**: 2021–2022
- **managerclubs11**: VVV-Venlo
Pope Sixtus V

**Pope Sixtus V** (; 13 December 1520 – 27 August 1590), born **Felice Peretti di Montalto**, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 228th Pope from 1585 to 1590.

## Early life

Felice Peretti was born in December 15250 at Grottammare  in the province of Ascoli Piceno.

## Monk

In 1547, Peretti was ordained.

Peretti became a Franciscan; and in 1560, he became Apostolic vicar of his order.

In 1565, Pope Pius IV assigned Peretti to work with Cardinal Buoncompagni (who would become Pope Gregory XIII); but they did not work well together.

## Bishop

In 1566 Pope Pius V made Peretti Bishop of Sant' Agata dei Goti in the Kingdom of Naples.

## Cardinal

In 1570, Peretti was raised to the rank of cardinal.

After the election of Gregory XIII, Peretti withdrew from public activities.

## Pope

Cardinal di Montalto was elected pope in 1585; and he chose the name Sixtus V.

During the reign of Sixtus V, the dome of St Peter's Basilica was completed;. The external dome was covered with lead and the bands were covered with bronze gilt.

A building for the Vatican Library was constructed.

The investment in public works included the loggia of Sixtus in the Basilica of St. John Lateran; the chapel of the Praesepe in Santa Maria Maggiore; additions and repairs to the Quirinal Palace, Lateran Palace and Vatican Palace; the erection of four obelisks (including the one in the Piazza of St Peter's; the opening of six streets; and the restoration of the aqueduct of Severus (_Acqua Felice_).

## Related pages

- List of popes

## Other websites

- Catholic Hierarchy, Sixtus V
- Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church , Cardinal Peretti Montalto

## Infobox (christian leader)

- **type**: pope
- **name**: Sixtus V
- **image**: (Albi) Cathédrale Sainte-Cécile - Trèsor - Portrait du pape Sixte V - PalissyIM81001477.jpg
- **birth name**: Felice Peretti di Montalto
- **birth place**: Grottammare, Papal States
- **death place**: Rome
- **term start**: 24 April 1585
- **term end**: 27 August 1590
- **predecessor**: Pope Gregory XIII
- **successor**: Pope Urban VII
- **other**: Sixtus
Lacewing

**Lacewings**, or 'Green lacewings', are insects in the large family **Chrysopidae** of the order Neuroptera. There are about 85 genera and (differing between sources) 1,300–2,000 species in this widespread group. However, in America and Europe, the two genera _Chrysopa_ and _Chrysoperla_ are very common.

Most species of lacewings and their larvae are active predators, and are often used for biological control.

Many adults of _Chrysopa_ can defend themselves by giving out a vile smell from glands at the front of their thorax.

They have 'ears' at the base of their front wings. When they hear bat echolocation sounds, they close their wings and drop down. They can escape spider webs, because, being so light, they  do not create much vibration to alert the spider. Instead of struggling like most insects, the lacewing bites through the strands holding its legs and antennae. When it is stuck only by its wings, it become completely immobile. Slowly, the lacewing slides downwards out of the web. Tiny hairs on the wings prevent the sticky spider silk from touching the wings' surface.

The larvae are voracious, attacking other insects of suitable size, especially soft-bodied ones (aphids, caterpillars and other insect larvae, insect eggs). When they touch a potential prey object, the larva grasps it. Their maxillae are hollow, and inject a digestive secretion into the prey. The organs of an aphid can be dissolved by this in 90 seconds.
Pope Sixtus

**Pope Sixtus** may mean:
- Pope Sixtus I (115/116–125)
- Pope Sixtus II (257–258)
- Pope Sixtus III (432–440)
- Pope Sixtus IV (1471–1484)
- Pope Sixtus V (1585–1590)
Emma Thompson

**Dame Emma Thompson**  (born 15 April 1959) is a British screenwriter, actress and comedian. She was born in Paddington, London, the elder daughter of Eric Thompson and Phyllida Law. She was raised in West Hampstead. Her sister is Sophie Thompson.

Thompson has a Master of Arts degree from Newnham College, Cambridge.

She has won many Academy Awards for her acting. Her many movies include the Harry Potter franchise and the Nancy McPhee series. She has also won many BAFTA Awards.

Thompson was married to Kenneth Branagh from 1989 until they divorced in 1995. She has been married to Greg Wise since 2003.

## Infobox (person)

- **honorific prefix**: Dame
- **name**: Emma Thompson
- **image**: Emma Thompson at 2013 TIFF 1 (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Thompson at the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival
- **birth place**: Paddington, London, England
- **nationality**: British
- **alma mater**: Newnham College, Cambridge
- **years active**: 1982–present
- **children**: 2
- **relatives**: Sophie Thompson (sister)
- **awards**: List of awards and nominations received by Emma Thompson, Full list
What's Love Got to Do with It (song)

"**What's Love Got to Do with It**" is the second single released in May 1984. It is from Tina Turner's album, _Private Dancer_. The song is a pop rock and soul song written by Graham Lyle and Terry Britten.  Britten produced the song.

It became Turner's most successful song. It reached number one on the _Billboard_ Hot 100 in the US, in Australia, and  the top five in New Zealand, Austria, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. The title of this song was used for a 1993 biographical movie that was distributed by TriStar Pictures.

A remix of the song was released on July 17, 2020 by Norwegian DJ Kygo.

### Weekly charts

|scope="col"|Chart (1984)|scope="col"|Peak position|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1||||
|1||||
|9||||
|26||||
|2||||
|6||||
|21||||
|2||||

### Year-end charts

|scope="col"|Chart (1984)|scope="col"|Position|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|22||||
|3||||
|35||||
|13||||
|76||||
|20||||
|2||||
|50||||
|3||||
|scope="col"|Chart (1985)|scope="col"|Position|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|14||||

### Decade-end charts

|scope="col"|Chart (1980–1989)|scope="col"|Position|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|20||||

### All-time charts

|Chart (1958–2018)|Position|
| --- | --- |
|495||

## Infobox (song)

- **type**: single
- **artist**: Tina Turner
- **album**: Private Dancer
- **released**: May 1984
- **length**: 3:49
- **label**: Capitol Records, Capitol
- **producer**: Terry Britten
Pierre Gamarra

**Pierre Gamarra** (Toulouse, July 10, 1919 – Argenteuil, May 20, 2009) was a French writer. He was a poet and novelist. He is famous for his poems and novels for the children. Pierre Gamarra also worked for a literary magazine, _Europe_.

## Life

Gamarra was born in Toulouse in 1919. From 1938 to 1940, he was a teacher in the south of France. He became a journalist in 1944.

In 1948, he received an international prize for his novel _The Fiery House_.

In 1951, he began working for the literary magazine _Europe_.

Gamarra died in 2009 in Argenteuil, near Paris, at age 89.

## Books

Most of Gamarra's novels are set in the southwest of France. That is the region where he was born.

Gamarra's books are not yet translated into English. His poems are well known by French schoolchildren. Examples are _My Schoolbag_ () or _The Cosmonaut and his host_ ().

## Sources

- Interview with Pierre Gamarra: Tohoku University Faculty of Letters Bulletin, 27 (Year 2006), Sendai, Japan
- Encyclopedia Britannica: "Children's literature"
- Encyclopedia Universalis: "Pierre Gamarra"

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Pierre Gamarra
- **image**: Pierre_Gamarra_2008.jpg
- **birth place**: Toulouse, France
- **death place**: Argenteuil, France
- **occupation**: Novelist, poet, critic
- **notableworks**: _Mon cartable_
- **genre**: Fable, poetry, novel
Pre-frontal cortex

The **prefrontal cortex** (PFC) is the front part of the frontal lobes of the brain. It lies in front of the motor and premotor areas.

This brain region helps plan complex cognitive behaviours, personality expression, and decision making. It helps correct social behaviour. The basic activity of this brain region is to bring together thoughts and actions to help achieve internal goals.

The most typical psychological term for functions carried out by the prefrontal cortex area is **executive function**. This is the ability to work out conflicting thoughts. It determines good and bad, better and best, same and different, consequences of current activities, working toward a goal, prediction of outcomes, and expectation of results. Critical is 'social control': the ability to suppress urges which, if not suppressed, could lead to socially unacceptable outcomes.

Many authors have indicated an integral link between a person's personality and the functions of the prefrontal cortex.

## Infobox (brain)

- **name**: Prefrontal cortex
- **latin**: Cortex praefrontalis
- **image**: Gray726-Brodman-prefrontal.svg
- **caption**: Brodmann areas of lateral surface. Per BrainInfo, parts of #8, #9, #10, #11, #44, #45, #46, and #47 are all in the prefrontal region.