juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Campylobacter

***Campylobacter*** is a genus of bacteria. It is found in the intestines of many types of animal. _Campylobacter_ is the most common bacterial cause of diarrhea and food poisoning. It is spiral shaped, and moves by using its flagella.

**Campylobacteriosis** is a gastrointestinal tract infection caused by _Campylobacter_. It causes inflammation, sometimes bloody diarrhea, cramps, fever, and pain.

Campylobacteriosis is more common during the summer months. It also appears to be more common in males than females. It is caused by eating contaminated food or drinking contaminated water. Eating raw meat or undercooked poultry, and raw dairy products are common causes.

In January 2013, the UK's Food Standards Agency warned that two-thirds of all raw chicken bought from UK shops was contaminated with_ Campylobacter_. It affects about half a million people annually and kills about 100.
Emperor Taishō

was the 123rd emperor of Japan according to the traditional order of succession.  His reign started in 30 July 1912 and ended with his death in 1926. He was Emperor of Japan from 1912-1926, and as head of state was involved in World War 1, fighting against the German Empire while allied with the British Empire, French Third Republic, Portuguese Empire, and Australia from 1914-1918 . Emperor Taisho was also involved in the Russian Civil War in the Siberian Intervention from 1918-1922, as well the 1918-1920 Revolt Of The Czechoslovak Legion, but had to withdraw the Imperial Japanese Army from the Russian Civil War in 1922.

Emperor Taishō (meaning "Great Justice") was the name given to **Yoshihito** at the time of his coronation. Emperors of Japan receive a new name at the time of their coronation, and people start using the new name, both to refer to the emperor himself and the name of the era during which he reigned.

## Events of Taishō's life

Taishō's early life was marked by many changes in the role of emperor; and his reign was a period of consolidation.

### Timeline

A timeline of major events includes:

- **1879** (_Meiji 12_): A son called Harunomiya (also named Yoshihito) is born to Emperor Meiji
- **1900** (_Meiji 33_): Prince Yoshihito marries Kujō Sadako, who becomes Empress Teimei.
- **1901** (_Meiji 34_): Prince Michinomiya (also named Hirohito) is born.
- **1912** (_Taishō 1_):  Prince Yoshihito became emperor; also, the Japanese era name becomes the first year of Taishō.
- **1914-1918** (_Taishō 3-7_): World War I
- **1921** (_Taishō 10_): Taishō's son Prince Hirohito became regent.
- **1923** (_Taishō 12_): Great Kantō earthquake
- **1926** (_Taishō 15_): The emperor dies and the responsibility of the throne passes to Crown Prince Hirohito; also, the era name became the first year of Shōwa.

## Related pages

- Emperor of Japan
- List of emperors of Japan
- Japanese imperial family tree
- Taishō period

## Further reading

- Bix, Herbert P. (2000). _Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan._ New York: HarperCollins. ; OCLC 247018161
- Young, Arthur Morgan. (1928). _Japan under Taisho Tenno: 1912-1926._  London: George Allen & Unwin. OCLC 2158641

## Infobox (monarch)

- **name**: Taishō
- **image**: Emperor Taishō.jpg
- **succession**: Emperor of Japan
- **reign**: 30 July 1912–25 December 1926
()
- **predecessor**: Emperor Meiji, Meiji
- **successor**: Emperor Shōwa, Shōwa
- **birth place**: Kyoto
- **death place**: Tokyo
Trivium (band)

**Trivium** is an American heavy metal band from Orlando, Florida. They started in 1999 and became very successful. The members are: Matt Heafy (vocals, guitars), Corey Beaulieu (guitars), Paolo Gregoletto (bass) and Alex Rüdinger (drums).

## Band members

- Current lineup
- Matt Heafy – guitars <small>(1999–present)</small>; lead vocals <small>(2000–present)</small>; backing vocals <small>(1999–2000)</small>
- Corey Beaulieu – guitars, harsh backing vocals <small>(2003–present)</small>
- Paolo Gregoletto – bass, clean backing vocals <small>(2004–present)</small>
- Alex Rüdinger – drums, percussion <small>(2025–present)</small>

- Former
- Brad Lewter – bass, lead vocals <small>(1999–2000)</small>
- Jarred Bonaparte – guitars <small>(1999–2000)</small>; bass <small>(2000–2001)</small>
- Travis Smith – drums, percussion <small>(1999–2009)</small>
- Brent Young – guitars <small>(2000–2001)</small>; bass <small>(2001–2004)</small>; backing vocals <small>(2000–2004)</small>
- Nick Augusto – drums, percussion <small>(2009–2014)</small>
- Mat Madiro – drums, percussion <small>(2014–2015)</small>
- Alex Bent – drums, percussion <small>(2017–2025)</small>

### Studio albums

- _Ember to Inferno_ (2003)
- _Ascendancy_ (2005)
- _The Crusade_ (2006)
- _Shogun_ (2008)
- _In Waves_ (2011)
- _Vengeance Falls_ (2013)
- _Silence In The Snow_ (2015)
- _The Sin And The Sentence_ (2017)
- _What the Dead Men Say_ (2020)
- _In the Court of the Dragon_ (2021)

### Extended plays

- _Trivium EP_ (2003)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Trivium
- **img**: Trivium 2012.JPG
- **img capt**: Trivium performing in February of 2012
- **img size**: 220
- **landscape**: yes
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Sanford, Florida, USA
- **years active**: 1999–present
- **label**: Roadrunner Records, Roadrunner, Lifeforce Records, Lifeforce
- **associated acts**: Capharnaum (band), Capharnaum, Mindscar, Metal Militia, The Autumn Offering, Maruta, Roadrunner United
- **current members**: Matt Heafy
Corey Beaulieu
Paolo Gregoletto
Alex Rüdinger
- **past members**: Travis Smith (musician), Travis Smith
Brad Lewter
Brent Young
Nick Augusto
Mat Madiro
Alex Bent
Emily Browning

**Emily Jane Browning** (born 7 December 1988) is an Australian movie actress and singer. Browning made her movie debut in the Australian television movie _The Echo of Thunder_. Later, she played recurring roles in Australian television shows _Blue Heelers_ and _Something in the Air._ Her breakthrough role was in the 2002 horror movie _Ghost Ship,_ which introduced her to a wider audience. In 2005, Browning won the Australian Film Institute Award for Best Actress for her portrayal of Violet Baudelaire in the comedy movie _Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events_ (2004).

Browning is also known for her roles in the horror movie _The Uninvited_ (2009), the action movie _Sucker Punch_ (2011), and the independent movie _Sleeping Beauty_ (2011). Her role in _Sleeping Beauty_ was highly praised and in 2011 was named the Breakthrough performer of the year by Hamptons International Film Festival.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Emily Browning
- **image**: Emily Browning HIFF crop.jpg
- **caption**: Browning in October 2011
- **birth name**: Emily Jane Browning
- **birth place**: Melbourne, Australia
- **nationality**: Australian
- **occupation**: Actress
Trivium (liberal arts)

The word **trivium**, from Latin, is made of two parts. The first part _tres_ meant "three" and the second part _vía_ meant "way".

In antiquity and the High Middle Ages, there were different ways of teaching young men at the university. The trivium was three simplest ways to study the world, and so young men learned them first. After the trivium, they studied the quadrivium. Together, these subjects were called the seven liberal arts. The most difficult, and final subject studied was theology.

The three subjects were related to talking about the world. These subjects were grammar, logic and rhetoric.  They were ways of preparing for the quadrivium, which includes arithmetic, geometry, music and astronomy.

## Grammar

One way of studying the world is to look at the form of the words. Grammar is the mechanics of the language.
When a man studied grammar, he studied how words were put together, and how words were combined to make sentences, paragraphs, chapters, and stories.

The word "grammar" has a more limited meaning now than it did before now. Many subjects, such as syntax and phonetics were part of grammar.

## Logic

One way of studying the world is to look at the meaning of words. Logic is the mechanics of thought and analysis. Logic is the study of how meanings are related to each other, and how to make good decisions. A fallacy is when someone does not draw a conclusion according to the rules of logic. An old name for logic was dialectics.

## Rhetoric

One way of studying the world is to look at communicating with words. Rhetoric is the mechanics of discourse. Discourse is the process of two or more people communicating about an idea. Young men studied rhetoric in order to learn how to instruct and to persuade.

## Related pages

- Liberal arts
- Quadrivium

es:Artes liberales#Las siete artes: Trivium et Quadrivium
he:בוגר אוניברסיטה#מקור השם
pl:Siedem sztuk wyzwolonych#Trivium
London School of Economics

The **London School of Economics and Political Science** (more commonly **London School of Economics** or **LSE**) is a college of the University of London in Westminster. The college opened in 1895. It joined the University of London in 1900. Today it is one of the leading universities for Law, Economics and Political Sciences. QS ranked it as the second best university in the world for social science in 2013.

Some of the most notable people who attended the college are:

- Bertrand Russell
- Ed Miliband
- John Fitzgerald Kennedy
- John Richard Hicks
- Friedrich August von Hayek
- George Bernard Shaw
- Mick Jagger
- Monica Lewinsky

It is a member of the Russell Group. In 2011 17,654 people applied for 1,271 undergraduate places. This means there were 13.8 applicants for every place. Over half of LSE's students are postgraduates. 16 Nobel Prize winners have been LSE students or staff. It has the highest percentage of students from another country in the world and 46% of staff are from other countries.
Manhattan (movie)

***Manhattan*** is a 1979 American romantic comedy-drama movie by director Woody Allen. The movie is set in New York City. The movie is about Issac Davis (played by Allen), a divorced 42-year old dating a 17-year-old girl. His ex-wife is openly lesbian.

The movie was nominated for two Academy Awards: Best Supporting Actress (Mariel Hemingway) and Best Writing, Screenplay Written Directly for the Screen. It also won the BAFTA Award for Best Film and was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Screenplay. The movie was #46 on American Film Institute's "100 Years...100 Laughs". In 2001, the United States Library of Congress said the movie was "culturally significant" and selected it to keep in the National Film Registry.

The movie had mostly positive reviews.

## Cast

- Woody Allen as Isaac Davis
- Diane Keaton as Mary Wilkie
- Michael Murphy as Yale Pollack
- Mariel Hemingway as Tracy
- Meryl Streep as Jill
- Anne Byrne as Emily
- Michael O'Donoghue as Dennis
- Wallace Shawn as Jeremiah
- Karen Ludwig as Connie
- Charles Levin, Karen Allen, and David Rasche as Television actors
- Mark Linn-Baker and Frances Conroy as Shakespearean actors

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: Manhattan
- **director**: Woody Allen
- **producer**: Charles H. Joffe
- **writer**: Woody Allen
Marshall Brickman
- **starring**: Woody Allen
Diane Keaton
Michael Murphy
Mariel Hemingway
Meryl Streep
Anne Byrne
- **music**: George Gershwin
played by the New York Philharmonic, Zubin Mehta and the Buffalo Philharmonic Orchestra, Buffalo Philharmonic, Michael Tilson Thomas
- **cinematography**: Gordon Willis
- **editing**: Susan E. Morse
- **distributor**: United Artists
- **runtime**: 96 minutes
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **gross**: United States dollar, $39,946,780
Match Point

***Match Point*** is a 2005 British crime drama thriller movie by director Woody Allen. It is set in London and stars Scarlett Johansson and Jonathan Rhys Meyers. The film had its limited theatrical release in the United States on December 28, 2005, and expanded to a wide release on January 20, 2006.

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: Match Point
- **director**: Woody Allen
- **writer**: Woody Allen
- **cinematography**: Remi Adefarasin
- **editing**: Alisa Lepselter
- **distributor**: Icon Film Distribution (United Kingdom)
DreamWorks Pictures (United States)
- **runtime**: 124 minutes
- **language**: English
- **budget**: $15 million
- **gross**: $85.3 million
Punching bag

A **punching bag** is a tough bag which is supposed to be punched a lot.  It is used in exercise or stress relief to improve one of three areas: physical strength, aerobic fitness or punching technique.

## History

Punching bags have been used in martial arts for as long as there has been a written history of military training. Similar apparatus in Asian martial arts include the Okinawan _makiwara_ and the Chinese _mook jong_, which may have padded striking surfaces attached to them.

## Related pages

- Boxing
- Jujutsu
- Karate
- Kung Fu
- Taekwondo
Nocera Inferiore

**Nocera Inferiore**, is a town and comune in Campania, Italy, in the province of Salerno, at the foot of Monte Albino, 20 km east-south-east of Naples by rail, . above sea-level.

***Nuceria Alfaterna***  appears to have been the chief town in the valley of the Sarnus, Herculaneum, Pompeii, Stabiae and Surrentum all being dependent upon it.

Hannibal destroyed the town in 216.

In 1385 Pope Urban VI was besieged in the castle of Charles of Durazzo.

At Nocera had sped a big part of they life the painter Francesco Solimena, and the writers Jacopo Sannazzaro and Domenico Rea.

Is the birthplace of the footballers Simone Barone and Raffaele De Martino.
Originally from Nocera are the parents of Italian American Warren Cuccurullo and Mario Cuomo.

## Infobox (italian comune)

- **image shield**: Nocera Inferiore-Stemma.svg
- **official name**: Comune di Nocera Inferiore
- **name**: Nocera Inferiore
- **region**: Campania
- **province**: Province of Salerno, Salerno (SA)
- **elevation m**: 43
- **area total km2**: 20
- **population as of**: December 31, 2007
- **population total**: 46095
- **area code**: 081
- **postal code**: 84014
- **population demonym**: Nocerini
- **saint**: Saint Prisco of Nocera, San Prisco
- **day**: May 9
- **mayor**: Manlio Torquato (since May 2012)
- **website**: [http://www.comune.nocera-inferiore.sa.it]
Tao

**Tao** (Pinyin **Dào**) is a metaphysical concept found in Taoism, Confucianism, and ancient Chinese philosophy. The Chinese character translates as "way," "path," or "route". In Taoism, the Tao was the origin of the whole universe. Taoists believe that the "myriad things", or everything in the universe from animals to materials to ideas, originally came from the Tao, and when something disappears, its energy (or _qi_) goes back to the Tao to be absorbed and re-birthed in a different form.

The Tao is a cosmic force that can't be named or described, which is the natural harmony between all living things, and the way they all move together. Taoist writings say if someone "forgot themselves", and let go of intentions, they would be able to "move effortlessly" (wu wei, or "non-action"), and be in harmony with the Tao, like the animals, plants, and everything else. This harmony is the ultimate goal of Taoism.

## Infobox (chinese)

- **collapse**: yes
- **title**: Tao
- **piccap**: <span style="font-size:36pt; line-height:1em">道</span>
- **picsize**: 60
- **c**: 道
- **p**: Dào
- **w**: Tao<sup>4</sup>
- **y**: Dou
- **poj**: Tō
- **hangul**: 도
- **rr**: do
- **mr**: to
- **kanji**: 道
- **hiragana**: 1. とう
2. どう
3. みち
- **revhep**: 1. tō
2. dō
 3. michi
- **vie**: Đạo
Vitaceae

**Vitaceae** are a family of dicotyledonous flowering plants including the grape and Virginia creeper. The family name comes from the genus _Vitis_.  The name sometimes appears as **Vitidaceae**, but Vitaceae is a conserved name and therefore has priority over both Vitidaceae and another name sometimes found in the older literature, **Ampelidaceae**.

The relationships of Vitaceae are unclear and the family does not appear to have any close relatives. In the Cronquist system, the family was placed near the family Rhamnaceae in order Rhamnales. The family was placed in the Rosid clade, but not classified in an order, by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG). The Angiosperm Phylogeny Web places Vitaceae in its own order, Vitales. Recent phylogenetic analyses support Vitaceae as the sister-group to all other rosids (Jansen et al. 2006).

Most Vitis species have 38 chromosomes (n=19), but 40 (n=20) in subgenus Muscadinia, while Ampelocissus, Parthenocissus, and Ampelopsis also have 40 chromosomes (n=20) and Cissus has 24 chromosomes (n=12).

The family is economically important as grapes (Vitis species) are an important fruit crop and, when fermented, produce wine.

Species of the genus Tetrastigma serve as hosts to parasitic plants in the family Rafflesiaceae.

Leea, sometimes classified in its own family, Leeaceae, is included in Vitaceae by the APG and the Angiosperm Phylogeny Web.
Vitis

***Vitis*** is a genus of about 60 species of vining plants in the flowering plant family Vitaceae.  The genus is made up of species most often found in the Northern hemisphere. It is economically important as the source of grapes, both for direct consumption of the fruit and for fermentation to produce wine. The cultivation of grapevines is called viticulture. A farm or garden where grapes are grown is a vineyard.
Smiley Smile

***Smiley Smile*** is the twelfth studio album by The Beach Boys. It was released in 1967.
Sulfur dioxide

**Sulfur dioxide** (also **sulphur dioxide**) is the chemical compound with the formula SO<sub>2</sub>.  It is a gas. It smells like burnt matches or rotten eggs. It can also cause suffocation. Sulfur dioxide is produced by volcanoes and in various industrial processes. It is also used to protect wine from oxygen and bacteria. It can be produced by burning sulfur. It dissolves in water to produce sulfurous acid. It can be oxidized to trioxide, which is dissolved in sulfuric acid to make more sulfuric acid. It is used to make sulfites.
Foreign policy

A country's **foreign policy** (also called the **international relations policy**) is a set of goals about how the country will work with other countries economically, politically, socially and militarily. It includes such matters as international trade, foreign aid, military alliances, and war.

Foreign policy also involves dealing with groups that are not countries but that are still important. These are called _non-state actors_, and might include religious groups, large companies, or even terrorist groups. The study of foreign relations is known as foreign policy analysis (FPA) and the work is called diplomacy. Most counties have a foreign minister who directs these things, with help from other officials.

Foreign policy is basically the way a government deals with other nations. The policy and behavior of other states, as well as domestic consideration and interests is what influences the development of foreign policy. According to Lumen Learning, foreign policy consists of self-interest strategies chosen by the state to safeguard its national interests and to achieve its own goals through relations with other countries. This means that foreign policies are arrangements made by the government to benefit them.
Philip II

**Philip II** may mean:

- Philip II of Macedon (382–336 BC)
- Philip II of France (1165–1223)
- Philip II of Spain and I of Portugal (1527–1598)
- Philippe II, Duke of Orléans (1674–1723)
Dolná Krupá

**Dolná Krupá** is a village in the Trnava Region of Slovakia. It is in the Danubian Hills at around 12 km from the city of Trnava.

The important sights in the village are:

- the Saint Andrew church, built in 1807–1811
- the Dolná Krupá mansion.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Dolná Krupá
- **settlement type**: Village
- **image skyline**: Dolna Krupa-Kastiel-priecelie.jpg
- **image caption**: Mansion in Dolná Krupá
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Slovakia
- **subdivision type2**: Region
- **subdivision name2**: Trnava Region, Trnava
- **subdivision type3**: District
- **subdivision name3**: Trnava District, Trnava
- **pushpin map**: Slovakia Trnava Region#Slovakia
- **pushpin relief**: 1
- **pushpin map caption**: Location of Dolná Krupá in the Trnava Region
- **population density km2**: auto
- **postal code type**: Postal code
- **postal code**: 919 65
- **area code**: +421-033
- **blank name**: Slovak car registration plates, Car plate
- **blank info**: TT
- **website**: [https://www.dolnakrupa.sk  www.dolnakrupa.sk]
Little Carpathians

The **Little Carpathians** or **Lesser Carpathians** are a mountain range that are about 100 kilometers long. They are found in the western part of Slovakia, between Bratislava and Nové Mesto nad Váhom, and in Northeastern Austria.
Danubian Hills

The **Danubian Hills** is an area in Slovakia. It is between the Danube plain to the south and the Little Carpathian Mountains to the north. The most important towns of the area are Trnava, Topoľčany, Nitra, Levice, Dudince and Štúrovo.
Human nature

**Human nature** refers to the characteristics of mankind. This means ways of thinking, feeling and acting which humans have naturally.

What these characteristics are, what causes them and how fixed human nature is, are good questions. They among the oldest and most important questions in western philosophy. These questions affect ethics, politics and theology. Human nature is a source of advice on how to live well, but it also puts limits and obstacles on living a good life.

The complex implications of such questions are also dealt with in art and literature, while the humanities inquire into human nature, and what it means to be human.

## Theories of human nature

Many great thinkers have had definite ideas on human nature, but some ideas have lasted better than others. An example of this is the best-selling college textbook which first appeared in 1974 as _Seven theories of human nature_. The seven theories were those of:
1. Plato
1. Christianity
1. Marx
1. Freud
1. Sartre
1. Skinner
1. Lorenz

Thirty years later the selection was of ten theories:
1. Confucianism
1. Hinduism
1. Buddhism
1. Plato
1. Aristotle
1. The Bible
1. Kant
1. Marx
1. Sartre and
1. Darwinian theories of human nature.

## Aristotle

Aristotle, Plato's most famous student, made some of the most famous and influential statements about human nature.

In his works some clear statements about human nature are made:
- Man is a conjugal animal. 'Conjugal' means living together, building a household (_oikos_). A clan or small village could still be run by the head of the family.
- Man is a political animal. By this he meant an animal with able to develop complex communities the size of a city or town, with a division of labour and law-making. This type of community is different from a large family, and requires the use of human reason.
- Man loves to use his imagination (and not just to make laws and run town councils). We love to look at things, learn their names, and think about them.

For Aristotle, reason is what is most special about humanity compared to other animals, and is what we achieve at our best.

Much of Aristotle's description of human nature is still influential today, but the particular teleological idea that humans are "meant" or intended to be something, has become much less popular in modern times.

## Biological theories

Humans are mammals, and have developed by a process of evolution. It follows that what is called human nature is inherited, and had been the product of natural selection. We are not blank slates; our mental life and behaviour has ancient roots. This is the question of nature vs nurture, and the subject-matter of evolutionary psychology. Ethology and sociobiology has also looked at these issues from the perspective of human evolution and heredity.
Krupský potok

**Krupský potok** is a tributary of the Blava River in Slovakia. This means it flows into the Blava River.

## Infobox (river)

- **name**: Krupský potok
- **subdivision type1**: Country
- **subdivision name1**: Slovakia
- **subdivision type4**: Counties
- **subdivision name4**: Trnava
- **subdivision type5**: Villages
- **subdivision name5**: Prekážka, Horná Krupá, Dolná Krupá, Špačince, Dolné Lovčice
- **source1 location**: Okrúhla, Little Carpathians
- **mouth**: Dolná Blava
- **mouth location**: Dolné Lovčice
- **progression**: Dolná Blava→ Dudváh, Dolný Dudváh→ Čierna voda (river), Čierna voda→
Belly dance

A **Belly dance** is an oriental dance, which is mostly performed by women. In the Arabic language, it is called **raqs sharqi**, which means "oriental dance". It is also called **oriental dance**.  Performers usually use oriental-style music. They usually wear clothing that leaves the bellly free. The dance originated in Egypt. The dance  has movements of the hips and torso.  It is also called  **Middle Eastern dance** or **Arabic dance**. There are many different forms depending on the country and region, both in costume and dance style.The styles and costumes of Egypt are the most recognized worldwide due to Egyptian cinema. Belly dancing in its various forms and styles is popular across the globe where it is taught by many schools of dance.

Many boys and girls in countries where belly dancing is popular will learn how to do it when they are young. The dance involves movement of many different parts of the body; usually in a circular way.

The term "Belly dance" is translated from the French language "danse du ventre". However, this dance is done by every part of the body. The most featured body part usually is the hips. Belly dancing is very different depending on country and region, both in costume and dance style.

## History

Belly dancing came from the dances performed in the Middle East and North Africa. One theory is that belly dance may have come from Arabia, a dance when the pagan Arabs were worshipping a goddess before the rise of Islam. A third theory is that belly dance was always danced just for entertainment.

Another theory is that belly dance was originally danced by women for women in the Levant, and North Africa.

The courtly pleasures of the Muslim Umayyad and Abbasid caliphs included belly dancing, soirée, and singing. Belly dancers and singers were sent from all parts of the vast Arab Empire to entertain.

## Controversy

There have been restrictions on belly dancing in the past. At times, the dance was even outlawed. This is especially the case for countries where reigion plays an important role in society.  In these countries, there are religious leaders who have a critical view on traditions that show body parts with little clothing. In most cases, this affects women. Often, there are discussins about such dances. Usually, the dances and dancers are taken as an exanple to show the decay of moral values in society. As a reaction to this, new forms of such dances developed. In these new forms, dancers are male.  One of these dances is called Köcek

In 2006, Hamas outlawed bellydancing.
Clive Charles

**Clive Michael Charles** (3 October 1951 – 26 August 2003) was an English football player, coach and television announcer. He was one of five National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) coaches to win more than 400 games.

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Clive Charles
- **fullname**: Clive Michael Charles
- **caption**: Charles in 1968
- **birth place**: Dagenham, Essex, England
- **death place**: Portland, Oregon, U.S.
- **position**: Defender (association football), Defender
- **years1**: 1970–1973
- **years2**: 1971–1972
- **years3**: 1974–1977
- **years4**: 1978–1981
- **years5**: 1980–1981
- **years6**: 1981–1982
- **years7**: 1982–1983
- **clubs1**: West Ham United F.C., West Ham United
- **clubs2**: → Montreal Olympique (loan)
- **clubs3**: Cardiff City F.C., Cardiff City
- **clubs4**: Portland Timbers (1975–1982), Portland Timbers
- **clubs5**: Portland Timbers (1975–1982), Portland Timbers (indoor)
- **clubs6**: Pittsburgh Spirit (indoor)
- **clubs7**: Los Angeles Lazers (indoor)
- **caps1**: 14
- **caps2**: 28
- **caps3**: 77
- **caps4**: 67
- **caps5**: 9
- **caps6**: 26
- **caps7**: 33
- **goals1**: 0
- **goals2**: 0
- **goals3**: 5
- **goals4**: 0
- **goals5**: 7
- **goals6**: 10
- **goals7**: 5
- **totalcaps**: 254
- **totalgoals**: 27
- **manageryears1**: 1982–1985
- **manageryears2**: 1986–2003
- **manageryears3**: 1989–2003
- **manageryears4**: 1993–1995
- **manageryears5**: 1996–2000
- **manageryears6**: 1995–1998
- **managerclubs1**: Reynolds High School (Troutdale, Oregon), Reynolds High School
- **managerclubs2**: University of Portland men's team
- **managerclubs3**: University of Portland women's team
- **managerclubs4**: United States U20 (women)
- **managerclubs5**: United States men's national under-23 soccer team, United States U23
- **managerclubs6**: United States men's national soccer team, United States (assistant)
Peter Schmeichel

**Peter Schmeichel** (born 18 November 1963) is a former Danish football player. He has played for Denmark national team.

Schmeichel was a contestant in the 2006 series of _Strictly Come Dancing_.

## Club career statistics

|-
|1984||rowspan="3"|Hvidovre||rowspan="2"|First Division||20||0||||||||||||||20||0
|-
|1985||28||6||||||||||||||28||6
|-
|1986||Second Division||30||0||||||||||||||30||0
|-In 2012, Schmeichel said on his his website that he was a Freemason.
|1987||rowspan="5"|Brøndby||rowspan="4"|First Division||23||2||||||||||2||0||25||2
|-
|1988||26||0||||||||||4||0||30||0
|-
|1989||26||0||||||||||2||0||28||0
|-
|1990||26||0||||||||||2||0||28||0
|-
|1991||Superliga||18||0||||||||||10||0||28||0

|-
|1991/92||rowspan="8"|Manchester United||First Division||40||0||3||0||6||0||4||0||53||0
|-
|1992/93||rowspan="7"|Premier League||42||0||3||0||2||0||1||0||48||0
|-
|1993/94||40||0||7||0||8||0||4||0||59||0
|-
|1994/95||32||0||7||0||0||0||3||0||43||0
|-
|1995/96||36||0||6||0||1||0||2||1||45||1
|-
|1996/97||36||0||3||0||0||0||9||0||49||0
|-
|1997/98||32||0||4||0||0||0||7||0||44||0
|-
|1998/99||34||0||8||0||0||0||13||0||56||0

|-
|1999/00||rowspan="2"|Sporting Portugal||rowspan="2"|Portuguese Liga||28||0||||||||||||||28||0
|-
|2000/01||22||0||||||||||||||22||0

|-
|2001/02||Aston Villa||Premier League||29||1||1||0||2||0||4||0||36||1
|-
|2002/03||Manchester City||Premier League||29||0||1||0||1||0||0||0||31||0
197||8||||||||||20||0||217||8
350||1||43||0||20||0||47||1||460||2
50||0||||||||||||||50||0
597||9||43||0||20||0||67||1||727||10
|}

## International career statistics

|-
|1987||5||0
|-
|1988||11||0
|-
|1989||12||0
|-
|1990||10||0
|-
|1991||7||0
|-
|1992||12||0
|-
|1993||9||0
|-
|1994||7||0
|-
|1995||8||0
|-
|1996||10||0
|-
|1997||6||0
|-
|1998||10||0
|-
|1999||11||0
|-
|2000||10||1
|-
|2001||1||0
|-
!Total||129||1
|}
Marcus Hahnemann

**Marcus Hahnemann** (born June 15, 1972) is an American former soccer player.

### Club

|colspan=3|Club performance|colspan=2|League|colspan=2|Cup|colspan=2|League Cup|colspan=2|Continental|colspan=2|Total|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1994|Seattle Sounders|A-League|14|0|–|–|–|14|0|||
|1995|24|0|–|–|–|24|0|||||
|1996|27|0|–|–|–|27|0|||||
|1997|Colorado Rapids|Major League Soccer|25|0|–|5|0|–|25|0||
|1998|28|0|–|2|0|–|28|0||||
|1999|13|0|–|–|–|13|0|||||
||Fulham|First Division|2|0|–|2|0|–|4|0||
|2001–02|Rochdale|Third Division|5|0|–|–|–|5|0|||
|2001–02|Reading|Second Division|6|0|–|–|–|6|0|||
|2002–03|First Division|41|0|2|0|1|0|–|44|0||
|2003–04|36|0|2|0|4|0|–|42|0|||
|2004–05|Championship|46|0|3|0|2|0|–|51|0||
|2005–06|45|0|–|2|0|–|47|0||||
|2006–07|Premier League|38|0|–|–|–|38|0||||
|2007–08|38|0|–|–|–|38|0|||||
|2008–09|Championship|34|0|–|1|0|–|33|0|||
|2009–10|Wolves|Premier League|25|0|0|0|2|0|–|27|0|
|2010–11|14|0|0|0|0|0|–|14|0|||
|2011–12|Everton|0|0|0|0|0|0|–|0|0||
|2012|Seattle Sounders FC|Major League Soccer|–|–|–|1|0|1|0|||
|2013|1|0|1|0|—|1|0|3|0|||

### International

|-
|2003||1||0
|-
|2004||0||0
|-
|2005||2||0
|-
|2006||0||0
|-
|2007||1||0
|-
!Total||4||0
|}

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Marcus Hahnemann
- **image**: Marcus Hahnemann (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Hahnemann in 2013
- **fullname**: Marcus Stephen Hahnemann
- **birth place**: Seattle, Washington (state), Washington, United States
- **position**: Goalkeeper (association football), Goalkeeper
- **collegeyears1**: 1990–1993
- **college1**: Seattle Pacific University, Seattle Pacific Falcons
- **collegecaps1**: 78
- **collegegoals1**: 0
- **years1**: 1994–1996
- **years2**: 1997–1999
- **years3**: 1999–2002
- **years4**: 2001
- **years5**: 2001–2002
- **years6**: 2002–2009
- **years7**: 2009–2011
- **years8**: 2011–2012
- **years9**: 2012–2014
- **clubs1**: Seattle Sounders (1994–2008), Seattle Sounders
- **clubs2**: Colorado Rapids
- **clubs3**: Fulham F.C., Fulham
- **clubs4**: → Rochdale A.F.C., Rochdale (loan)
- **clubs5**: → Reading F.C., Reading (loan)
- **clubs6**: Reading F.C., Reading
- **clubs7**: Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C., Wolverhampton Wanderers
- **clubs8**: Everton F.C., Everton
- **clubs9**: Seattle Sounders FC
- **caps1**: 65
- **caps2**: 66
- **caps3**: 2
- **caps4**: 5
- **caps5**: 6
- **caps6**: 276
- **caps7**: 40
- **caps8**: 0
- **caps9**: 1
- **totalcaps**: 459
- **goals1**: 0
- **goals2**: 0
- **goals3**: 0
- **goals4**: 0
- **goals5**: 0
- **goals6**: 0
- **goals7**: 0
- **goals8**: 0
- **goals9**: 0
- **totalgoals**: 0
- **nationalyears1**: 1994–2011
- **nationalteam1**: United States men's national soccer team, United States
- **nationalcaps1**: 9
- **nationalgoals1**: 0
Duncan Edwards

**Duncan Edwards** (1 October 1936 – 21 February 1958) was an English footballer. He played for Manchester United and the England national team. Edwards was one of the eight "Busby Babes" who died in the Munich air disaster.

### Club

|rowspan="2"|Club|rowspan="2"|Season|colspan="2"|Football League First Division|colspan="2"|FA Cup|colspan="2"|European Cup|colspan="2"|Charity Shield|colspan="2"|Total|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|rowspan="6"|Manchester United|1952–53|1|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|1|0||
|1953–54|24|0|1|0|0|0|0|0|25|0||||
|1954–55|33|6|3|0|0|0|0|0|36|6||||
|1955–56|33|3|0|0|0|0|0|0|33|3||||
|1956–57|34|5|6|1|7|0|1|0|48|6||||
|1957–58|26|6|2|0|5|0|1|0|34|6||||

### International

|National team|Year|Apps|Goals||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|rowspan="3"|England|1955|4|0|
|1956|7|3|||
|1957|7|2|||

- _Scores and results list England's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Edwards goal._

|scope="col"|No.|scope="col"|Date|scope="col"|Venue|scope="col"|Opponent|scope="col"|Score|scope="col"|Result|scope="col"|Competition|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1|26 May 1956|Olympic Stadium, Berlin, West Germany||1–0|3–1|Friendly||||||||
|2|5 December 1956|Molineux Ground, Wolverhampton, England||4–2|5–2|1958 World Cup qualifier||||||||
|3|5–2|||||||||||||
|4|6 April 1957|Wembley Stadium, London, England||2–1|2–1|1957 British Home Championship||||||||
|5|6 November 1957|Wembley Stadium, London, England||2–3|2–3|1958 British Home Championship||||||||

## Honours

**Manchester United**
- First Division: 1955–56, 1956–57
- FA Charity Shield: 1956, 1957

**Individual**
- Football League 100 Legends: 1998 (inducted)
- Inducted into the inaugural English Football Hall of Fame in 2002
- PFA Team of the Century (1907–1976): 2007
Toni Turek

**Toni Turek** is a former football player. He has played for West Germany national team. In 1954 he became world champion. He is called "Fußballgott" ("football god").

## Club career statistics

|-
|1946-47||Eintracht Frankfurt||Oberliga||22||0
|-
|1947-48||rowspan="3"|Ulm||rowspan="2"|Oberliga||37||0
|-
|1948-49||28||0
|-
|1949-50||||0||0
|-
|1950-51||rowspan="5"|Fortuna Düsseldorf||rowspan="5"|Oberliga||28||0
|-
|1951-52||30||0
|-
|1952-53||30||0
|-
|1953-54||30||0
|-
|1954-55||15||0
|-
|1955-56||Borussia Mönchengladbach||Oberliga||4||0
224||0
224||0

## International career statistics

|-
|1950||4||0
|-
|1951||4||0
|-
|1952||4||0
|-
|1953||4||0
|-
|1954||4||0
|-
!Total||20||0

## Further reading

- Werner Raupp: Toni Turek - "Fußballgott". Eine Biographie. Hildesheim: Arete Verlag 2019.

## Other websites

- Private archive of Werner Raupp, Hohenstein/Schwäb. Alb.
Arthur, Prince of Wales

**Arthur Tudor** (19 or 20 September 1486 - 2 April 1502) was the oldest son of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York.

As the oldest son, Arthur was to be King of England after the death of his father. In 1501, he married Catherine of Aragon, a princess from Spain. He died a few months later. His younger brother, Henry, became heir to the throne. After Henry became king in 1509, he married Arthur's widow, Catherine of Aragon.

The seat prepared for Prince Arthur can be seen in StMarys Priory Church Abergavenny  The Tudor rose , Prince of Wales feathers can be seen under The Royal stall with ornamented canopy , dating from 1501.The stall for Catherine can be viewed opposite

## Infobox (royalty)

- **name**: Arthur
- **title**: Prince of Wales
Duke of Cornwall
- **image**: Arthur Prince of Wales c 1500.jpg
- **caption**: Portrait, c. 1500
- **succession**: Prince of Wales
Duke of Cornwall
- **reign**: 20 September 1486 - 2 April 1502
- **coronation**: 29 November 1489
- **cor-type**: Created
- **successor**: Henry VIII, Henry Tudor
- **regent**: Henry VII of England
- **reg-type**: Monarch
- **predecessor**: Edward of Middleham, Prince of Wales
- **birth name**: Arthur Tudor, Prince of Wales
- **birth date**: 19/20 September 1486
- **birth place**: :en:Winchester Cathedral Priory, Winchester Cathedral Priory, Winchester, England
- **death place**: Ludlow Castle, Ludlow, Shropshire, England
- **burial place**: Worcester Cathedral, Worcester, England
- **burial date**: 25 April 1502
- **house**: Tudor
- **father**: Henry VII of England
- **mother**: Elizabeth of York
Farah River

The **Farah River** (Persian **Farāh Rud**) is a river in western Afghanistan. The river originates in the Band-e Bayan Range and flows for 560 km to the Helmand swamps on the Afghanistan-Iran border. The town of Farah is located on the river.

## Other websites

- Floods in Afghanistan (November 2006)  at NASA Earth Observatory
Asuwa River

The  is a river in Fukui Prefecture, Japan. It stretches  from Mount Kanmuri in the town of Ikeda to the Hino and the Kuzuryū rivers.

## Other websites

- Flower viewing along the Asuwa River

## Infobox (river)

- **name**: Asuwa River
- **name native**: 足羽川
- **image**: Row of sakura, Asuwa River, Fukui.jpg
- **image caption**: The Asuwa River in April in central Fukui, Fukui, Fukui
- **source1 location**: Mount Kanmuri (Gifu, Fukui), Mount Kanmuri
- **mouth location**: Hino River (Fukui), Hino River
- **subdivision type1**: Country
- **subdivision name1**: Japan
Sagami River

The  is a river in Kanagawa and Yamanashi Prefectures on the island of Honshū, Japan.
American Museum of Natural History

The **American Museum of Natural History** is a museum about science. It is one of the biggest and most-visited museums in the world.

The museum is made of 25 connected buildings in Theodore Roosevelt Park on the Upper West Side, Manhattan, New York, USA. It has 46 exhibition halls, a lot of laboratories, a research library, and more than 34 million specimens and artifacts.

More than 200 scientists work at the museum, researching biology, paleontology, earth science, astrophysics, and anthropology. Its graduate school awards doctorate degrees in biology and masters degrees in education. The museum also provides education programs for children and adults, including for teachers.

Famous people who have worked at the museum include Teddy Roosevelt, Franz Boas, Margaret Mead, and Neil DeGrasse Tyson.

## Other websites

- AMNH American Museum of Natural History main website
- History of the AMNH
- Library collection is searchable online.

## Infobox (museum)

- **name**: American Museum of Natural History
- **image**: Amnh.jpg
- **imagesize**: 250
- **established**: 1869
- **location**: Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY
- **type**: Science
- **visitors**: _About 5 million visits annually_
- **director**: **Ellen V. Futter**
- **publictransit**: B, C, M7, M10, M11, M79
- **website**: _http://www.amnh.org_
Ukulele

The **ukulele** ( from the Hawaiian ʻukulele, pronounced /ˈʔukuˈlɛlɛ/) is a musical instrument with four strings. It is also called the _uke_ for short. Ukuleles are part of the guitar family of instruments. The strings are usually tuned G, C, E, A or A, D, F<sub>#</sub>, B.  Ukuleles normally have nylon strings or gut strings.

Ukuleles commonly come in four sizes: soprano, concert, tenor and baritone. Sopranino and bass ukuleles also exist. Sopraninos are tuned to standard tuning, however, baritone ukuleles are tuned to **D, G, B, E** (the top four strings of a guitar). Bass ukuleles are tuned **E, A, D, G** (bass guitar and double bass tuning).

The ukulele was invented in the 19th Century AD in Hawaii, where people got the idea from small guitar-like instruments known as cavaquinhos brought to the island by Portuguese sailors.

## Infobox (instrument)

- **background**: string
- **name**: Ukulele
- **image**: Ukulele1.png
- **classification**: String instrument (Pizzicato, plucked, nylon stringed instrument usually played with the bare thumb and/or fingertips, or a felt Guitar pick, pick.)
- **related**: *Bowed string instrument, Bowed and Plucked string instrument, plucked string instruments, namely the cavaquinho
Gary Glitter

**Gary Glitter**, born _Paul Francis Gadd_, (born 8 May 1944 in Banbury, Oxfordshire) is a British former glam rock singer whose career ended in the late 1990s by criminal charges and convictions for child sexual abuse offenses. Glitter recorded a very popular song called "Rock and Roll, Parts 1 and 2", often known as "The Hey Song", which was frequently played at sporting events.

His mother was a cleaner who was unmarried and she raised him with the help of her mother and he knew his father and he was hard to control because of his antisocial behaviour along with his brother and he was taken with his brother into local authority care when he was 10 years old. Although a Protestant he went to a Roman Catholic school. He got in trouble at school as a child, he also often ran away and went to London to clubs where his glam rock career started and he started calling himself Paul Raven in 1960 when his glam rock career started and then Gary Glitter in 1971 which he is known as. He has become infamous after being convicted of possessing child pornography and of child sexual abuse. Glitter has also been investigated for claims of child abuse dating back to the 1950s, connecting to the activities of the child abuser Jimmy Savile. He was briefly married to Anne Merton with who he had a son called Paul and a daughter called Sarah but Glitter and Merton divorced. Later when he lived in Cuba he had a Cuban girlfriend called Yudenia Sosa Martinez with who he had another son in 2001 called Gary Glitter Jr. In the 1970s Giltter was also convicted of driving under the influence and had used drugs such as cocaine and had a drug overdose.

Glitter - who became a vegetarian and embraced Buddhism - lived in Cambodia until 2002 when he was extradited to Vietnam where he was sentenced to three years jail in early 2006 for child sex offences he committed in Vietnam but on appeal twice with his Vietnamese lawyer he was released in November 2008. He has since returned to the United Kingdom where the British Government has decided that he can't travel overseas and several countries around the world have banned him and he gave in his passport to the government officials as required. Gary Glitter was placed on the UK Sex Offender Registry for life as a registered sex offender showing his real name Paul Francis Gadd and his other name of Gary Glitter. He was also arrested in 2012 by police investigating complaints against Jimmy Savile and questioned and has been monitored by Police in an investigation code named Operation Yewtree and is one of the most hated people. Others arrested include Dave Lee Travis, Stuart Hall, Wilfred De'ath, Ted Beston, Jim Davidson, Freddie Starr, Max Clifford, Paul Gambaccini and Rolf Harris. In June 2014, Glitter was charged with eight child sex offences dating back to the 1970s. Glitter was sentenced to 16 years in prison in February 2015.
Rick Astley

**Richard Paul Astley** (born 6 February 1966) is a British singer, songwriter, musician and Christian. He was born in Great Sankey, Warrington, Lancashire, England and grew up in Newton-le-Willows, Merseyside. Astley has also lived in Richmond, London with his Danish wife, Lene Bausager, and their daughter, Emilie.

## Career

In 1985, Astley was a drummer with a soul band named FBI when Pete Waterman noticed him and persuaded him to come to London to work at the PWL recording studio.

His first single was the little-known "When You Gonna," released as a collaboration with Lisa Carter. His first solo offering was "Never Gonna Give You Up," Which was released in 1987 which spent five weeks at the top of the British charts and becoming the year's highest-selling single. When Rick was in his prime time he was confused on what he was going to do with his life. When he turned 23 his father who also sung, gave him a guitar for his birthday. This inspired Rick to sing and let the world enjoy his music. On 12 March 1988, "Never Gonna Give You Up" also topped the U.S. singles chart and was followed by a second U.S. #1 on 18 June with his second U.S. single release, "Together Forever." In 1989 he was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best New Artist of the Year.  He lost to Tracy Chapman.

Much later, thanks to the rick rolling phenomenon and the persistent voting of the website 4chan, he was also nominated for the Best Act Ever Award 2008 at the Liverpool Music Awards.

## Rickroll internet phenomenon

In 2007 Rick Astley became the subject of a viral Internet meme in which an estimated 25 million Internet users were tricked into watching Rick Astley's video "Never Gonna Give You Up" by posting it under the name of other popular video titles. The practice is now known as Rickrolling. The phenomenon became so popular that on April 1, 2008, YouTube pranked its users by making every single featured video on the front page a Rickroll.

## Discography

Canada Top data: for singles and albums from The Record magazine. US Top data: for singles from The Billboard Hot 100, for albums from The Billboard 200; UK Top data for singles and albums is from

## Other websites

- Official Rick Astley website
- Official Rick Astley MySpace
- Official Rick Astley YouTube channel

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Rick Astley
- **img**: Rick Astley-cropped.jpg
- **img capt**: Astley live in Singapore, August 2008
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Richard Paul Astley
- **origin**: Great Sankey, Warrington, Lancashire, England
- **instrument**: Singing, vocals, Guitar, Drum kit, drums, Keyboard instrument, keyboards
- **genre**: Pop music, Pop
Blue-eyed soul
- **occupation**: Singer-songwriter
- **years active**: 1985–present
- **label**: Sony BMG
- **associated acts**: FBI
Stock Aitken Waterman
- **url**: http://www.rickastley.co.uk/