juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Tiffany Young

**Stephanie Young Hwang** (Korean name: **Hwang Mi-young**; Hangul: 황미영; Hanja: 黃美英; born August 1, 1989) is an American singer and dancer. She is known by her stage name **Tiffany** or **Tiffany Young**. She was born in California and moved to South Korea at the age of fifteen to start a music career. She is a member of the girl group Girls' Generation and of its sub-unit Girls' Generation-TTS.

## Controversies

On August 15th, 2016, she was heavily criticized by Korean social media because she posted a Confederate Japanese flag on the Korean Liberation Day.

## Other websites

- by S.M. Entertainment

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Tiffany
- **img**: Tiffany Young 2019 by Glenn Francis (cropped).jpg
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Stephanie Young Hwang
- **birth place**: California, United States
- **instrument**: Vocals, flute
- **genre**: K-pop, Contemporary R&B, R&B, dance-pop, hip hop
- **occupation**: Singer, Dancer, Presenter, TV host, Model (person), Model
- **years active**: -present
- **label**: SM Entertainment
- **associated acts**: Girls' Generation
SM Town
- **url**: [http://girlsgeneration.smtown.com Official website]


## Infobox (korean name)

- **title**: Tiffany
- **color**: khaki
- **hangul**: 티파니
- **rr**: Tipani
- **mr**: T'ip'ani
- **hangulbirth date**: 스테파니 황
- **rrbirth date**: Seutepani Hwang
- **mrbirth date**: Sŭt'ep'ani Hwang
- **othername1**: Korean name
- **hangul1**: 황미영
- **rr1**: Hwang Mi-yeong
- **mr1**: Hwang Miyŏng
Kim Hyo-yeon

**Kim Hyo-yeon** (born September 22, 1989), better known by her stage name **Hyoyeon**, is a South Korean singer, dancer, rapper, DJ and entertainer. She is a soloist, but she is also a member of the South Korean girl group Girls' Generation, of its sub-unit Girls' Generation-Oh!GG and of the supergroup GOT the beat, all under the label SM Entertainment.

She is often called "Dancing Queen" due to her dance skills.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Hyoyeon
- **img**: Kim Hyo-yeon at fansigning event in August 2017 02.jpg
- **img size**: 250px
- **img capt**: Hyoyeon in August 2017
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Kim Hyo-yeon (김효연)
- **origin**: Incheon, South Korea
- **genre**: Korean pop music, K-pop
- **occupation**: Singer, dancer
- **years active**: 2007–present
- **label**: SM Entertainment
- **associated acts**: Girls' Generation
SM Town
- **url**: [http://girlsgeneration.smtown.com/ girlsgeneration.smtown.com]


## Infobox (korean name)

- **color**: khaki
- **title**: Korean name
- **hangul**: 김효연
- **rr**: Gim Hyo-yeon
- **mr**: Kim Hyoyŏn
Kwon Yu-ri

**Kwon Yu-ri** (born December 5, 1989) is a South Korean singer-songwriter, actress, model, and dancer. She is also known by her stage name **Yuri**. She is a member of Girls' Generation and of its sub-unit Girls' Generation-Oh!GG under the label SM Entertainment.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Kwon Yuri
- **background**: solo_singer
- **img**: Kwon Yu-ri at PRO-2SPECS x NOHANT 2019 SS Collaboration Collection Launching Event in February 2019 (3).png
- **img capt**: Kwon in February 2019
- **birth name**: Kwon Yu-ri (권유리)
- **birth place**: Goyang, South Korea
- **origin**: South Korea
- **instrument**: Singing, piano, violin
- **genre**: K-pop, dance-pop
- **occupation**: Singer-songwriter, Model (person), model, dancer, actress
- **years active**: –present
- **label**: SM Entertainment
- **associated acts**: Girls' Generation
SM Town
- **url**: [http://girlsgeneration.smtown.com Official website]


## Infobox (korean name)

- **color**: khaki
- **title**: Korean name
- **hangul**: 권유리
- **rr**: Gwon Yu-ri
- **mr**: Kwŏn Yuri
Choi Soo-young

**Choi Soo-young** (; Hanja: ; Japanese: チェ・スヨン also known as **Sooyoung Choi** or **Summer Choi**; born February 10, 1990) is a South Korean singer-songwriter, actress and TV presenter. She is a former member of the Korean-Japanese duo group Route θ and a current member of the South Korean girl group Girls' Generation. Sooyoung is the only Asian woman in _Complex's_ Hottest '90s Babies.

### Studio albums

- _Pink_ (March 10th, 2026)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Sooyoung
- **native name**: 秀英
- **native name lang**: Korean
- **background**: solo_singer
- **img**: Choi Soo-young at the Guerilla Date on July 2015 01.jpg
- **birth name**: Choi Soo-Young (崔秀榮)
- **origin**: Gwangju, Gyeonggi, South Korea
- **instrument**: Vocals, drums, guitar
- **genre**: Korean pop music, Pop, Dance music, dance
- **occupation**: Singer, Actor, Actress, Presenter, TV presenter, Disc jockey, Radio DJ
- **years active**: 2002–present
- **label**: SM Entertainment (2007-present)
Sony Music, Sony Music Korea, RCA Records (2026-present)
Yoshimoto R&C Japan. Co., Ltd (2002–2003)
- **associated acts**: Girls' Generation (2007-present)
SM Town
Route 0 (2002–2003)
- **url**: [http://girlsgeneration.smtown.com/ Official website]


## Infobox (korean name)

- **title**: Choi Sooyoung
- **color**: khaki
- **hangul**: 최수영
- **rr**: Choe Su-yeong
- **mr**: Ch'oe Suyŏng
Im Yoon-ah

**Im Yoon-ah** (born May 30, 1990), commonly known as **YoonA** (윤아/潤娥), is a South Korean singer and actress. She is a member of Girls' Generation and of its sub-unit Girls' Generation-Oh!GG under the label SM Entertainment.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Im Yoon-ah
- **background**: solo_singer
- **img**: 180312 지금 만나러 갑니다 VIP 시사회 윤아 직찍 (1).jpg
- **birth name**: Im Yoon-ah (임윤아)
- **alias**: Yoona
- **birth place**: Seoul, South Korea
- **origin**: South Korea, Seoul
- **occupation**: Singer, actress
- **genre**: K-pop
- **years active**: 2007–present
- **label**: SM Entertainment
- **associated acts**: Girls' Generation
SM Town
- **url**: http://girlsgeneration.smtown.com


## Infobox (korean name)

- **title**: Im Yoon-ah
- **color**: khaki
- **hangul**: 임윤아
- **rr**: Im Yoona
- **mr**: Im Yoona
Seohyun

**Seo Ju-hyun** (born June 28, 1991 in Seoul) is a South Korean singer and actress. She is known by her Stage name **Seohyun**. She is a member of the girl group Girls' Generation and of its sub-unit Girls' Generation-TTS, but later become a solo artist. She sings K-pop, R&B, soul and jazz music. She is also a dancer.

### Studio albums

- _GOLD_ (May 14th, 2026)

### EP albums

- _Don't Say No_ (Jan 17th, 2017)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Seo Ju-hyun
- **background**: solo_singer
- **img**: Seohyun at MBC Drama Awards on December 30, 2018 (1).png
- **img capt**: Seohyun in December 2018
- **native name**: 서현
- **alias**: Seohyun
- **origin**: Seoul, South Korea
- **genre**: K-pop, Contemporary R&B, R&B, Soul music, soul, jazz, Dance music, dance, trot (music), trot
- **occupation**: Singer, dancer, model (person), model, actress, voice actress, ambassador, Arrangement, music arranger
- **instrument**: Singing, piano, keyboard instrument, keyboard
- **years active**: –present (<small>modeling</small>)
  –present (<small>singing & others</small>)
- **url**: [http://girlsgeneration.smtown.com Official website]


## Infobox (korean name)

- **title**: Korean name
- **color**: khaki
- **hangul**: 서주현
- **rr**: Seo Ju-hyeon
- **mr**: Sŏ Chu-hyŏn
- **hangulstage**: 서현
- **rrstage**: Seo-hyeon
- **mrstage**: Sŏhyŏn
Year 10,000 problem

The **Year 10,000 problem** (also known as the **Y10K problem**, **Y10K Bug**, and **Y10K**) is an error machines and computers will encounter when they need to express five digits for a year.

## Cultural practicing

Some people practice the art of cutting the last two digits of a decade. For example, the "1970's" becomes just the "70s".
However, this becomes a problem, because to keep order, one will now need to take the last **three** digits, rather than two.

## Computer Errors due to this

This is also a problem because the "000's" might be confused with the standard digits "00's", representing a new century. Also, the year can overflow with certain computer programs. For example: in Microsoft Excel, **12/31/9999** is considered a valid date, but **1/1/10000** is invalid and will raise errors. The date "ten thousand" is unable to be supported, producing a large negative instead.

## Efforts

So far, the Long Now Foundation is able to preempt the Y10K by adding a "0" in front of the date. So the current year of , will look like 0. However, it would still be affected by the "Y100K" problem, the "Y1000K" problem, "Y10000K" Problem, etc.

## Database Errors

In MySQL  databases, the values of some datatypes are limited to the scope of only 31-12-9999 which causes some problems as the computer would not be able to compile the data in the SQL. Many other SQL software can also be affected by this error.

## Comma Errors

Another possible error in the computer display of the year ten thousand is the possible use of commas in between the third and fourth digit. To avoid confusion with years such as "1000", a comma may be added to display such year as 10,000.  Today, due to the low likelihood of a year such as "2000" being confused with "200", commas are rarely used. "When [the year is] embedded in a date, [it is] plenty easy to discern from context. "

## Related pages

- Year 2000 problem
- Integer overflow

## Other websites

- Official Long Now Site
Araucaria

***Araucaria*** is a genus of evergreen coniferous trees in the family Araucariaceae. There are 19 species in the genus, with a scattered distribution in the southern continents. They are found in New Caledonia (where 13 species are endemic), Norfolk Island, eastern Australia, New Guinea, Argentina, Chile, and southern Brazil.

The present populations are relicts, and of restricted distribution. They are found in forest and shrubland, in exposed sites. These tall trees are living fossils, dating back to early in the Mesozoic era.

Fossil records show that the genus also formerly occurred in the northern hemisphere until the end of the Cretaceous period. By far the greatest diversity exists in New Caledonia, due to the island's long isolation and stability.

## Description

_Araucaria_ are mainly large trees with a massive erect stem, reaching a height of 30–80 m (16–262 ft). The horizontal, spreading branches grow in whorls and are covered with leathery or needle-like leaves. In some species, the leaves are narrow and shaped like a lance, barely overlapping each other, in others they are broad and flat, and overlap broadly.

_Aurucaria_ reproduces by seed cones.

## Fossil record

The whole group was common in the Jurassic period. The living _Araucaria araucana_ is often called the **monkey-puzzle tree**. The whole family **Araucariaceae** is often called that name by palaeobotanists. The leaves (shown here) have an average life of 24 years, and cover most of the tree except for the older branches.
Agathis

***Agathis*** is a genus of evergreen, coniferous trees, the kauri. They grow mainly in the southern hemisphere, including southeast Asia, areas of the western Pacific, and Australasia.

_Agathis_ is a relatively small genus, with only 21 known species. As a conifer, it bears its seeds in conifer cones. Mature _Agathis_ can become quite large, reaching 130 feet (about 40 m) in height and 10 feet (about 3 m) in diameter.

The genus is part of the ancient Araucariaceae family of conifers, a group once widespread during the Jurassic period, but now largely restricted to the southern hemisphere.

## Description

Mature kauri trees have large trunks, forming a bole with little or no branching below the crown. In contrast, young trees are normally conical in shape, forming a more rounded or irregularly shaped crown as they mature.

## Uses

In the logging industry it is generally referred to as commercial grade mahogany. Timber from the _Agathis_ has several uses, including cabinet making, boat building, musical instruments, and in years past, artificial limbs. It also produces a wide variety of resins.

## Species

|Image|Trunk|Scientific Name|Common Name|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|||Agathis atropurpurea|Blue Kauri|
|||Agathis australis|Kauri|
|||Agathis borneensis||
|||Agathis dammara||
|||Agathis kinabaluensis||
|||Agathis lanceolata|Koghis Kauri|
|||Agathis macrophylla|Fijian Kauri|
|||Agathis microstachya|Bull Kauri|
|||Agathis moorei|Moore's Kauri|
|||Agathis orbicula||
|||Agathis ovata|Scrub Kauri|
|||Agathis robusta|Queensland Kauri|
Safe mode

**Safe mode** is a mode of startup in computers that allows the user to detect and fix errors. Many things do not run on safe mode. The reason is to see whether any of the recently added or updated device drivers were causing the problem.

When safe mode is used, a computer will only start with the minimum number of system files needed for it to work properly. This is to make it easier to find a problem that may be causing a computer to work incorrectly. The screen resolution is also smaller and there is no sound or internet connection in safe mode. This is because these features are not necessary for the computer to work properly.
Dryptosaurus

***Dryptosaurus*** ("tearing lizard") was a theropod dinosaur of the Tyrannosauroidea type. It was found in Upper Cretaceous strata of Eastern North America. It was formerly known as _Laelaps_.

It was given its name because it had 8-inch (21-cm) long finger claws. Fossils have been found in New Jersey. It is known only from a partial skeleton.
Kagawa Prefecture

is a prefecture  in the Shikoku region of Japan on the island of Shikoku. The capital city is Takamatsu.

## History

Kagawa was formerly known as Sanuki Province.

Drought is common in Kagawa history.  For example, in 1973 the region was called "the Takamatsu desert".

## Geography

Kagawa is in the northeast part of Shikoku.  The prefecture borders Ehime Prefecture in the southwest. Tokushima Prefecture is in the south. Kagawa has a coastline with many small islands on the Seto Inland Sea across from Okayama Prefecture.

The prefecture built 17 dams between 1947 and 1974.

### Towns

Towns and villages in each district:

### National Parks

National Parks are established in about 11% of the total land area of the prefecture.

## Shrines and Temples

_Tamura jinja_ is the chief Shinto shrine (_ichinomiya_) in the prefecture.

## Related pages

- Provinces of Japan
- Prefectures of Japan
- List of regions of Japan
- List of islands of Japan

## Other websites

- http://www.pref.kagawa.jp/foreigner.shtml ; http://www.pref.kagawa.jp/

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Kagawa
- **native name**: 香川県
- **native name lang**: ja
- **settlement type**: Prefectures of Japan, Prefecture
- **translit lang1**: Japanese
- **translit lang1 type**: Romaji
- **translit lang1 info**: Kagawa-ken
- **image flag**: Flag of Kagawa Prefecture.svg
- **image seal**: Emblem of Kagawa Prefecture.svg
- **seal type**: Symbol
- **image map**: Map of Japan with highlight on 37 Kagawa prefecture.svg
- **map caption**: Location of Kagawa in Japan
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Regions of Japan, Region
- **subdivision name1**: Shikoku region, Shikoku
- **subdivision type2**: Island
- **subdivision name2**: Shikoku
- **seat type**: Capital
- **seat**: Takamatsu, Kagawa, Takamatsu
- **leader title**: Governor
- **leader name**: Toyohito Ikeda
- **area total km2**: 1,861.70
- **area rank**: 47th
- **population as of**: December 1, 2010
- **population total**: 995,465
- **population rank**: 40th
- **population density km2**: auto
- **iso code**: JP-37
- **blank name sec1**: Prefectural flower
- **blank info sec1**: Olive tree, Olive (_Olea europaea_)
- **blank1 name sec1**: Prefectural tree
- **blank1 info sec1**: Olive (_Olea europaea_)
- **blank2 name sec1**: Prefectural bird
- **blank2 info sec1**: Oriental cuckoo (_Cuculus poliocephalus_)
- **blank3 name sec1**: Prefectural bird
- **blank name sec2**: Number of districts
- **blank info sec2**: 5
- **blank1 name sec2**: Number of municipalities
- **blank1 info sec2**: 17
- **website**: [http://www.pref.kagawa.jp/foreigner.shtml www.pref.kagawa.jp]
Shizuoka Prefecture

is a prefecture in the Chūbu region of Japan on the island of Honshu. The capital is the city of Shizuoka.

## History

Shizuoka prefecture was formed from the former Tōtōmi Province, Suruga Province and Izu Province provinces.

### Timeline

- **1586** – Construction begins at Sumpu Castle
- **1617** – Tōshōgū Shrine
- **1949** – Founding of University of Shizuoka

## Geography

Shizuoka is on the east coast of Honshu facing the Pacific Ocean. The prefecture is bordered on the west by Aichi Prefecture and Nagano Prefecture.  The northern borders of Shuzuoka are shared with Yamanashi Prefecture and Kanagawa Prefecture.

Mount Fuji is on the northern border of Shizuoka.

Suruga Bay is its main coastal feature.  The Izu Peninsula forms the eastern side of the bay.

Throughout history, every 100 to 150 years, an earthquake of disastrous proportions called the Tokai Earthquake has hit Shizuoka.

### National Parks

National Parks are established in about 11% of the total land area of the prefecture.

## Shrines and Temples

_Oguni jinja_, _Kotonomamahachimangū_, _Sengen jinja_ and _Mishima taisha_ were the chief Shinto shrines (_ichinomiya_) of Suruga.

## Related pages

- Provinces of Japan
- Prefectures of Japan
- List of regions of Japan
- List of islands of Japan
- Júbilo Iwata
- Shimizu S-Pulse

## Other websites

- Official Shizuoka Prefecture website 

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Shizuoka
- **native name lang**: ja
- **settlement type**: Prefectures of Japan, Prefecture
- **translit lang1**: Japanese
- **translit lang1 type**: Romaji
- **translit lang1 info**: Shizuoka-ken
- **image flag**: Flag of Shizuoka Prefecture.svg
- **image seal**: Emblem of Shizuoka Prefecture.svg
- **seal type**: Symbol
- **image map**: Map of Japan with highlight on 22 Shizuoka prefecture.svg
- **map caption**: Location of Shizuoka in Japan
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Regions of Japan, Region
- **subdivision name1**: Chūbu region, Chūbu
- **subdivision type2**: Island
- **subdivision name2**: Honshu
- **seat type**: Capital
- **seat**: Shizuoka, Shizuoka
- **leader title**: Governor
- **leader name**: Yasutomo Suzuki
- **area total km2**: 7,779.63
- **area rank**: 13th
- **population as of**: July 1, 2010
- **population total**: 3,774,471
- **population rank**: 10th
- **population density km2**: auto
- **iso code**: JP-22
- **blank name sec1**: Prefectural flower
- **blank info sec1**: Azalea (_Rhododenron_)
- **blank1 name sec1**: Prefectural tree
- **blank1 info sec1**: Sweet Osmanthus (_Osmanthus fragrans_ var. _aurantiacus_)
- **blank2 name sec1**: Prefectural bird
- **blank2 info sec1**: Japanese Paradise Flycatcher (_Terpsiphone atrocaudata_)
- **blank3 name sec1**: Prefectural bird
- **blank name sec2**: Number of districts
- **blank info sec2**: 5
- **blank1 name sec2**: Number of municipalities
- **blank1 info sec2**: 35
- **website**: [http://www.pref.shizuoka.jp/a_foreign/english/ www.pref.shizuoka.jp/
a_foreign/english/]
Gion Festival

The **Gion Festival** or **Gion Matsuri** is a festival held every year in Kyoto in July. The festival is held at Yasaka shrine.

## Related pages

- Gion worship
Aomori Prefecture

is a prefecture in the Tōhoku region of Japan on the island of Honshu. The capital city is Aomori.

## History

Until the Meiji Restoration, the lands of Aomori prefecture were part of Mutsu Province.

## Geography

Aomori Prefecture is the northernmost prefecture on Honshū.  The prefecture faces Hokkaidō across the Tsugaru Strait. It shares its southern border with Akita Prefecture and Iwate Prefecture.

### Cities

There are ten cities in Aomori Prefecture:

### National Parks

National Parks are established in about 12% of the total land area of the prefecture, including
- Towada-Hachimantai National Park

## Shrines and Temples

_Tsutsukowake jinja_ is the chief Shinto shrine (_ichinomiya_) in the prefecture.

## Related pages

- Provinces of Japan
- Prefectures of Japan
- List of regions of Japan
- List of islands of Japan

## Other websites

- Aomori Prefecture website ;  

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Aomori Prefecture
- **settlement type**: Prefectures of Japan, Prefecture
- **imagesize**: 265px
- **image flag**: Flag of Aomori Prefecture.svg
- **image seal**: Emblem of Aomori Prefecture.svg
- **image map**: Aomori in Japan.svg
- **mapsize**: 265px
- **map caption**: **Aomori Prefecture** in Japan
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **seat type**: Capital
- **seat**: Aomori
- **parts type**: Subdivisions
- **p1**: Districts of Japan, Districts: 8
- **p2**: Municipalities in Japan, Municipalities: 40
- **leader title**: List of prefectural governors in Japan, Governor
- **leader name**: Sōichirō Miyashita
- **area total km2**: 9,646
- **population total**: 1,237,984
- **population as of**: October 1, 2020
- **population density km2**: 128.3
- **utc offset1**: +09:00
- **postal code type**: Postal code
- **area code type**: Telephone numbering plan, Area code
- **area code**: 02000-1
- **blank name sec2**: ISO 3166-2:JP, ISO 3166 code
- **blank info sec2**: JP-02
- **blank1 name sec2**: Address
Ibaraki Prefecture

is a prefecture in the Kantō region of Japan on the island of Honshu. The capital is Mito.

## History

In 1871, Ibaraki Prefecture was created from Hitachi Province.

## Geography

Ibaraki Prefecture is the northeastern part of Kantō. It is between Tochigi Prefecture and the Pacific Ocean. Fukushima Prefecture is its neighbor to the north and Chiba Prefecture is to the south. Saitama Prefecture is to the southwest. There are many mountains in the northern part of the prefecture. The rest of the prefecture is a flat plain with many lakes.

### Cities

There are thirty-two cities in Ibaraki Prefecture:

### Towns and villages

Towns and villages in each district:

### National Parks

National Parks are established in about 15% of the total land area of the prefecture.

## Shrines and Temples

_Kashima jinja_ are the chief Shinto shrines (_ichinomiya_) in the prefecture.

## Related pages

- Provinces of Japan
- Prefectures of Japan
- List of regions of Japan
- List of islands of Japan
- Kashima Antlers
- Mito Hollyhock

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Ibaraki Prefecture
- **settlement type**: Prefectures of Japan, Prefecture
- **imagesize**: 265px
- **image flag**: Flag of Ibaraki Prefecture.svg
- **image seal**: Emblem of Ibaraki Prefecture.svg
- **image map**: Ibaraki in Japan.svg
- **mapsize**: 265px
- **map caption**: **Ibaraki Prefecture** in Japan
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **seat type**: Capital
- **seat**: Mito, Ibaraki, Mito
- **parts type**: Subdivisions
- **p1**: Districts of Japan, Districts: 7
- **p2**: Municipalities in Japan, Municipalities: 44
- **leader title**: List of prefectural governors in Japan, Governor
- **leader name**: Kazuhiko Ōigawa
- **area total km2**: 6,097
- **population total**: 2,867,009
- **population as of**: October 1, 2020
- **population density km2**: 470.2
- **utc offset1**: +09:00
- **area code type**: Telephone numbering plan, Area code
- **area code**: 08000-4
- **blank name sec2**: ISO 3166-2:JP, ISO 3166 code
- **blank info sec2**: JP-08
Red Bull (disambiguation)

**Red Bull** can refer to:

- Red Bull, an energy drink
- Red Bull GmbH, the company that manufactures the energy drink
- Red Bull Records, independent record label owned by the energy drink company

## Sports teams owned by Red Bull GmbH

**In association football:**
- FC Red Bull Salzburg, a club based in Salzburg, Austria
    - Red Bull Arena (Salzburg), a stadium, home of the FC Red Bull Salzburg
- New York Red Bulls, a team based near New York that competes in Major League Soccer
    - Red Bull Arena (Harrison), a stadium, home of the New York Red Bulls
- RB Leipzig, a club based in Leipzig, Germany
- Red Bull Brasil, a club based in São Paulo, Brazil

**In auto racing:**
- Red Bull Racing, a Formula One team based in Milton Keynes, England
- Scuderia Toro Rosso (Italian translation of Red Bull Stable), a Formula One team based in Faenza, Italy. Scuderia Toro Rosso is a separate team from Red Bull Racing
- Team Red Bull, a NASCAR team

**In ice hockey:**
- EC Red Bull Salzburg, a member of the Austrian Hockey League who play their games in Salzburg, Austria

## Sponsored by Red Bull

- Red Bull Air Race World Series
- Red Bull Barako, a Philippine professional basketball team
- Red Bull Drifting World Championship, non-championship all-star drifting contest
- Red Bull Flugtag
- Red Bull Trolley Grand Prix
- Red Bull X-Fighters

## Unrelated to the energy drink

- Red Bull, a Schlitz Malt Liquor from Pabst Brewing Company
- Red Bull Theatre, a seventeenth century playhouse in London
- Red Bull (Imaginary Creature), an imaginary creature from the fantasy novel _The Last Unicorn_ by Peter S. Beagle
- The 34th Infantry Division (United States), the "Red Bull" division in the United States National Guard with members from Minnesota and Iowa
- Red Bull Highway (Minnesota), a commemorative designation for Interstate 35 in Minnesota in honor of the 34th Infantry (Red Bull) Division
- Red Bull Highway (Iowa), a commemorative designation for U.S. Route 34 in Iowa in honor of the 34th Infantry (Red Bull) Division
Tammar wallaby

The **tammar wallaby** (_Macropus eugenii_) is a small species of wallaby from Australia. They were the first macropods to be seen by Europeans. Francisco Pelsaert, captain of the Batavia, saw them when the ship was wrecked on the Abrolhos Islands in 1629. He said they looked like hopping cats. There are three sub-species of tammar wallaby:
- _M. e. eugenii_ from mainland South Australia.
- _M. e. derbianus_ from Western Australia.
- _M. e. decres_, the darma or dama wallaby, from Kangaroo Island, South Australia.

The name tammar comes from the word _tamma_, meaning sheoak. The wallaby lives under sheoak plants.

Tammar wallabies became extinct on mainland South Australia in the 1930's.  Extinction has been caused by habitat destruction, hunting, and foxes.  In 1998 a small population of South Australian wallabies was found living on Kawau Island near Auckland, in New Zealand. This group had been established by former South Australian governor, Sir George Grey in 1862 as part of his own private zoo. In New Zealand these wallabies were seen as a pest, and scientists have been studying ways to get rid of them. 85 wallabies were taken back to South Australia. After extensive fox controls at Innes National Park, 10 wallabies were released in November 2004. Another 36 were released in June 2005. These first releases were tracked with radio collars. Another group has been put into a captive breeding program at Monarto Zoo.

Tammar wallabies live in thick scrub during the day and come out into grassland to feed at night. They eat mainly grass and herbs. In dry areas they have been known to survive by drinking seawater. They range over an area of about .

They are about  in height, with a dark grey brown fur. They have reddish colour on their arms and sides, with pale grey fur on their bellies. They may also have a feint white line on their cheeks.

The wallabies have a very unusual breeding pattern. The fertilized eggs remain dormant inside the mother until the summer solstice when foetal development restarts. This is called "embryonic diapause". All the young are born on the same day about 31 days later, at the end of January or the beginning of February.

The tammar wallaby is the marsupial chosen for the genome sequencing project. Scientists are studying the milk from the wallaby as they think it might contain a new and powerful antibiotic.
Antonine Wall

The **Antonine Wall** is a stone and turf fortification built across northern Great Britain by the Roman Empire in the middle 2nd century. The Roman emperor Antoninus Pius built the wall to control barbarians: the ancient Britons to the north of the wall, in Caledonia. The wall is now in Scotland, and runs between the Firth of Forth and the Firth of Clyde in the modern Scottish Lowlands. When the Romans built the wall, it was the northern border of the Roman Empire.

The Roman legions (armies) of the governor of Roman Britain, Lollius Urbicus, built the wall for the emperor between 139 and 142. The wall was about  long. Its foundations were made of stone and was between  and  wide. The wall itself was made of turf. In front of the wall (on the northern side) was a ditch. The ditch was  away from the wall. The ditch was at least  deep and was nearly  wide in places. The Romans used the wall until after 158. The last Romans went away from the wall in around 163. After that, the wall fell into ruins slowly.

The Antonine Wall is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site called Frontiers of the Roman Empire. It shares this listing with Hadrian's Wall in England and the German fortifications known as the _Limes Germanicus_. The barrier was the second of two "great walls" created by the Romans in Great Britain. Its ruins are less visible than the better known Hadrian's Wall to the south.

Construction began in AD 142 at the order of emperor Antoninus Pius, and took about twelve years to complete. Pressure from the Caledonians may have led Antoninus Pius to send the empire's troops farther north. The wall was protected by sixteen forts with a number of small fortlets between them; troop movement was facilitated by a road linking all the sites known as the Military Way. The soldiers who built the wall commemorated the construction and their struggles with the barbarians in a number of decorative slabs, twenty of which still survive.

Despite this good start, the wall was abandoned after only twenty years. The garrisons were sent back to Hadrian's Wall. In 208 the emperor Septimius Severus re-established legions at the wall and ordered repairs. This has led to the wall being referred to as the **Severan Wall**. However, this occupation ended only a few years later, and the wall was never fortified again. Most of the wall and its associated fortifications have been destroyed over time, but some remains are still visible. Many of these have come under the care of Historic Scotland and the UNESCO World Heritage Site Committee. Most of the wall is private property.
Alliance Party of Northern Ireland

The **Alliance Party of Northern Ireland** is a liberal and non-sectarian political party in Northern Ireland. It is neutral on the issue of whether Northern Ireland should stay in or leave the United Kingdom. The party currently has 7 out of 90 seats in the Northern Ireland Assembly and 1 MP in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom. Its current leader is Naomi Long.

The party was founded in 1970 and gained its first elected Member of Parliament (MP) at the 2010 UK General Election. It is close to the British Liberal Democrats.
Jim Murphy

**James Francis 'Jim' Murphy** (born August 23, 1967 in Glasgow, Scotland) is a British politician. He was the leader of the Scottish Labour Party. He was the Labour Party Member of Parliament (MP) for the constituency of East Renfrewshire.

He was first made a Member of Parliament at the 1997 General Election for the Eastwood constituency. He has been the East Renfrewshire MP from 2005 onwards. He held two cabinet posts: Minister of State for Europe (June 2007-October 2008) and Secretary of State for Scotland (October 2008-May 2010). He was made the shadow Secretary of State for Defence in October 2010. He became the Shadow Secretary of State for International Development in 2013. He resigned from this job in November 2014 because he wanted to be the leader of the Scottish Labour Party.

On 13 December 2014 he became the leader of the Scottish Labour Party. Because he was an MP in theUK Parliament, the deputy leader of the Scottish Labour Partyrepresented him in the Scottish Parliament. The deputy leader was Kezia Dugdale.

After the Scottish Labour Party's defeat in the 2015 general election (with Murphy himself losing his seat), Murphy resigned as party leader.

## Other websites

- Jim Murphy's website
- Page at parliament.co.uk
Ermine Street

**Ermine Street** is the name of one of the main Roman roads in Britain. It ran from London (_Londinium_) to Lincoln (_Lindum Colonia_) and York (_Eboracum_). The original Roman name for the road is not known.

Ermine Street is also called the **Old North Road** from London to where it joins the A1 near Godmanchester.

The alternative route (in blue) was built to allow transport in all weather. The direct route crosses the River Humber, a tidal estuary of the rivers Trent and Ouse. In bad weather crossing would have been impossible. The Humber is too wide for the Romans to have built a bridge, therefore some kind of ferry must have been used.
Islamic Azad University

**Islamic Azad University** (, _Dāneshgāh-e Āzād-e Eslāmi_) is a private university system based in Iran. The university was founded in 1982. It is the world's third largest university. 1.5 million students study there. The university has over 100 branches across Iran and also in other countries such as the emirate of Dubai and the United Kingdom. Over the years, the university has become richer. It is estimated to be worth between $20 and $25 billion.

## Infobox (university)

- **name**: Islamic Azad University
- **native name**: دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی
 Dāneshgāh-e Āzād-e Eslāmi
- **mottoeng**: Iranian trust, Global credit
- **established**: 1982
- **type**: Private university, Private
- **president**: Hamid Mirzadeh
- **academic staff**: 59,322
- **students**: more than 1,500,000
- **campus**: Iran
 United Kingdom
 United Arab Emirates
 Lebanon
 Tanzania
 Armenia
- **colours**: Turquoise and White  
- **nickname**: IAU
Fosse Way

**Fosse Way** was one of the main Roman roads in Britain. Its route was unusual, because despite its length it went nowhere near London. It went directly from the south-west coast to the midland east coast. It linked Exeter (_Isca Dumnoniorum_) in South West England to Lincoln (_Lindum Colonia_) in the East Midlands. The road went via Ilchester (_Lindinis_), Bath (_Aquae Sulis_), Cirencester (_Corinium_) and Leicester (_Ratae Corieltauvorum_).

It joined Akeman Street and Ermin Way at Cirencester, crossed Watling Street at _Venonis_ (High Cross) south of Leicester, and joined Ermine Street at Lincoln.

The word _Fosse_ is derived from the Latin _fossa_, meaning _ditch_. For the first few decades after the Roman invasion of Britain in AD 43, the Fosse Way marked the western frontier of Roman rule in Iron Age Britain. It is possible that the road began as a defensive ditch that was later filled in and converted into a road, or possibly a defensive ditch ran alongside the road for at least some of its length.

It is remarkable for its extremely direct route. From Lincoln to Ilchester in Somerset is a distance of 182 miles. The road is never more than six miles from a straight line.

Place names with words like -cester or -chester are derived from the Latin _castra_, meaning 'military camp'. 'Street' is derived from the Latin _strata_, meaning a paved road.

Fosse Way still exists. In places it is a major road, in others a country path. The A46 between Lincoln and Leicester is on the Fosse Way. From Bath to Ilchester the A37 follows the Fosse, and from Ilchester to Exeter the A30/A303 roads follow the Fosse for the most part.

The Roman road is, quite simply, the shortest route possible.
Ian Paisley

**Ian Richard Kyle Paisley, Baron Bannside** (6 April 1926 – 12 September 2014) was a politician and church minister in Northern Ireland. He founded the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) in 1971 and was its leader until May 2008.

He was born in Armagh and grew up in Ballymena. He founded the Free Presbyterian Church of Ulster in 1951 and was a Member of Parliament (MP) for the constituency of North Antrim from 1970 to 2010. He was the First Minister of Northern Ireland from May 2007 to June 2008 at the head of an all-party government.

He called himself the Reverend Doctor Ian Paisley.

Paisley died in Belfast on 12 September 2014, aged 88. At the time of his death, Paisley suffered from cardiomyopathy.
Armageddon

**Armageddon** ( Harmagedōn, , Har Megiddo, , ) is the place where the great war of the end of day will start.

Christians that believe that Jesus Christ will someday come back to earth, translated the sentences of the **Messiah** and the **Lamb of God**, are the symbolism of Jesus, that will return to the earth to fight the Antichrist (or **the Beast**) in the battle of _Armageddon_. After that war Satan (or the _Antichrist_) will be thrown to the bottomless pit, or _Abyss_ for a 1,000 years, known as the _Millennium Age_. After Satan will be out of the pit, he will gather one man called _Gog and Magog_ (In the texts he is named _God and Magog_ but also named _Gog kind of Magog_, in Jewish texts, the war of Gog and Magog means the attack of Gog kind of Magog to kill all the Jewish people, and God will kill him and his army. In Christianity, Gog and Magog are two separate people that are Evil.) from the Four corners of the Earth. They will trap the _Holy Ones_ (means Christians) in the _Beloved City_, (means Jerusalem). Then Fire will come from God and from the Heavens, and it will destroy Gog and Magog and will trap the Devil in _Gehenna_ (Gehinom, Valley of Hinom, a place near Jerusalem, lake of fire and brimstone, also known as Hell).

The word _Armageddon_ appears only once in the _Greek New Testament_. This word comes from the Hebrew _Har Megiddo_ (), which means - _Mountain of Megiddo_. In Israel the site of the ancient city of Megiddo is situated on top of Mount Megiddo, in the Jezreel Valley.

## Related pages

- Rapture
- Apocalypse
- Second Coming
- Eschatology
- World War III
Bromine monochloride

**Bromine monochloride**, also known as **bromine(I) chloride**, **bromochloride**, or **bromine chloride**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is BrCl. It contains bromine in its +1 oxidation state and chloride ions.

## Properties

It is a red-brown gas. It is an oxidizing agent. It is used in analytical chemistry to see how much mercury is in something. It can be used to kill bacteria and mold in industrial places. It is highly toxic.

## Related pages

- Bromine trifluoride
Bromine dioxide

**Bromine dioxide**, also known as **bromine(IV) oxide**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is BrO<sub>2</sub>. It contains bromine in its +4 oxidation state. It also contains oxide ions.

## Properties

It is a yellow or yellow-orange solid. It is very unstable. It turns into bromine and oxygen easily. It is similar to chlorine dioxide. It reacts with a base to make bromide and bromate.

## Preparation

It is made when an electric current is passed through a mixture of cold bromine and oxygen gases. It also can be made by reacting bromine in an organic solvent with ozone.

## Related pages

- Bromine monochloride
Calcium bromate

**Calcium bromate** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Ca(BrO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>. It contains calcium and bromate ions.

## Properties

Calcium bromate is a colorless solid. It dissolves in water easily. It is an oxidizing agent. It is similar to calcium chloride.

## Preparation

It is made by oxidation (by electrolysis) of calcium bromide solution. It can also be made by dissolving bromine in hot calcium hydroxide solution. This also makes calcium bromide.

## Uses

It is added to flour to make it better in some areas.

## Related pages

- Sodium bromate
- Potassium bromate
Sodium bromate

**Sodium bromate** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is NaBrO<sub>3</sub>, which means that one molecule of it contains one atom of sodium and one ion of bromate.

## Properties

Sodium bromate is a colorless solid. It is a strong oxidizing agent.

## Preparation

Sodium bromate is made by reacting sodium hydroxide with bromic acid. It can also be made by electrolysis of a sodium bromide solution. It may be made by dissolving bromine in hot sodium hydroxide solution. This also makes sodium bromide.

## Uses

It is used to dye hair. It is also used to dye other things. It can be used to dissolve gold.

## Related pages

- Potassium bromate
- Calcium bromate
Potassium bromate

**Potassium bromate** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is KBrO<sub>3</sub>. It contains potassium and bromate ions.

## Properties

Potassium bromate is a white solid. It is a strong oxidizing agent. It might be a carcinogen.

## Preparation

It can be made by dissolving bromine in hot potassium hydroxide. It can also be made by electrolysis of potassium bromide solution.

## Uses

Potassium bromate is used to make wheat flour better. Some places have banned it from being added to flour because it might be a carcinogen. Normally when the bread is baked the potassium bromate is broken down. If there is too much, then some might be left over in the bread, which is bad.

## Related pages

- Sodium bromate
- Calcium bromate
San Luigi dei Francesi

**San Luigi dei Francesi** is a French church in Rome. It was built by Giacomo della Porta who completed it in 1859. The church is found near the Roman Pantheon, Piazza Navona and the French Cultural Center. The main attractions are some Caravaggio paintings; The Calling of Saint Matthew, The Inspiration of Saint Matthew, and the Martyrdom of Saint Matthew.

The outside facade was also done by Giacomo della Porta as a decorative piece apart from the actual church. It shows French heroes and saints like Charlemagne and Saint Louis.

The church is also a burial site for Pauline de Beaumont, Frédéric Bastiat, and Cardinal François-Joachim de Pierre de Bernis.
Bromic acid

**Bromic acid** is a chemical compound. It is also an acid. Its chemical formula is HBrO<sub>3</sub>. It contains hydrogen and bromate ions.

## Properties

Bromic acid cannot be found pure. It can be found in a solution though. It is very corrosive and a strong oxidizing agent. It is similar to chloric acid.

## Preparation

Bromic acid is made by adding a strong acid to a bromate such as sodium bromate.

## Uses

Bromic acid can be used to make bromates, although it is not normally used.

## Related pages

- Bromous acid
- Perbromic acid
- Hypobromous acid
Bromine pentafluoride

**Bromine pentafluoride** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is BrF<sub>5</sub>. It contains bromine and fluoride ions. The bromine is in its +5 oxidation state.

## Properties

Bromine pentafluoride is a pale yellow liquid. It is a powerful oxidizing agent. It reacts with water to make bromic acid and hydrofluoric acid.

## Preparation

It can be made by reacting hot bromine with fluorine. This makes some bromine trifluoride. Potassium bromide can be reacted with fluorine. This makes bromine pentafluoride and potassium fluoride.

## Uses

It is used to look at the isotopes of oxygen. It can add fluoride ions to other chemical compounds. It can be used as an oxidizing agent in rockets. It can be used as poison as well.

## Safety

Bromine pentafluoride is very corrosive. Just a little kills most animals. It can ignite powdered metals.

## Related pages

- Bromine monochloride
Bromine trifluoride

**Bromine trifluoride** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is BrF<sub>3</sub>. It contains bromine and fluoride ions. The bromine is in its +3 oxidation state.

## Properties

It is a yellow liquid. It absorbs water and reacts when placed in water. It can be dissolved in concentrated sulfuric acid. It conducts electricity. It can dissolve other fluorides.

## Preparation

It is made by reacting cold fluorine with bromine. Hot fluorine makes bromine pentafluoride.

## Uses

It is used to make uranium hexafluoride for uranium making. This makes the uranium able to explode in an atomic bomb.

## Related pages

- Bromine monochloride
- Bromine dioxide
Kingsmeadow

**Kingsmeadow** is an association football stadium in Kingston upon Thames, London. It has been used since 1989. There are four parts to it. It could hold 4,720 people as of 2009. It has a grass surface.
Leader of the Conservative Party (UK)

The **Leader of the Conservative Party** is the most senior politician within the Conservative Party of the United Kingdom. The post is currently held by Kemi Badenoch since 2 November 2024. There was no proper leader of the Conservative Party until 1922:

## Leaders in the House of Lords 1834–present

_Those asterisked ( * ) were considered the overall leader of the party._
- Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington 1834–1846
- Edward Smith-Stanley, 1st Baron Stanley _(14th Earl of Derby from 1851)_ 1846–1868 *
- James Howard Harris, 3rd Earl of Malmesbury 1868–1869
- Hugh Cairns, 1st Baron Cairns 1869–1870
- Charles Gordon-Lennox, 6th Duke of Richmond 1870–1876
- Benjamin Disraeli, 1st Earl of Beaconsfield 1876–1881 *
- Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury 1881–1902 (* from 1885)
- Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire 1902–1903
- Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne 1903–1916
- George Nathaniel Curzon, 1st Earl Curzon of Kedleston _(1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston from 1921)_ 1916–1925
- James Gascoyne-Cecil, 4th Marquess of Salisbury 1925–1931
- Douglas Hogg, 1st Viscount Hailsham 1931–1935
- Charles Vane-Tempest-Stewart, 7th Marquess of Londonderry 1935
- E. F. L. Wood, 3rd Viscount Halifax 1935–1938
- James Stanhope, 7th Earl Stanhope 1938–1940
- Thomas Inskip, 1st Viscount Caldecote 1940
- E. F. L. Wood, 3rd Viscount Halifax 1940
- George Lloyd, 1st Baron Lloyd 1940–1941
- Walter Guinness, 1st Baron Moyne 1941–1942
- Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, Viscount Cranborne _(5th Marquess of Salisbury from 1947)_ 1942–1957
- Alec Douglas-Home, 14th Earl of Home 1957–1960
- Quintin Hogg, 2nd Viscount Hailsham 1960–1963
- Peter Carington, 6th Baron Carrington 1963–1970
- George Jellicoe, 2nd Earl Jellicoe 1970–1973
- David Hennessy, 3rd Baron Windlesham 1973–1974
- Peter Carington, 6th Baron Carrington 1974–1979
- Christopher Soames, Baron Soames 1979–1981
- Janet Young, Baroness Young 1981–1983
- William Whitelaw, 1st Viscount Whitelaw 1983–1988
- John Ganzoni, 2nd Baron Belstead 1988–1990
- David Waddington, Baron Waddington 1990–1992
- John Wakeham, Baron Wakeham 1992–1994
- Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, Viscount Cranborne 1994–1998
- Thomas Galbraith, 2nd Baron Strathclyde 1998–

## Leaders in the House of Commons 1834–1922

- Sir Robert Peel 1834–1846 *
- Lord George Bentinck 1846–1847
- Charles Manners, Marquess of Granby 1848
- _None_ 1848–1849
- _Jointly_ Benjamin Disraeli, Charles Manners, Marquess of Granby and John Charles Herries 1849–1852
- Benjamin Disraeli 1852–1876 (* from 1868)
- Sir Stafford Northcote 1876–1885
- Sir Michael Hicks Beach 1885–1886
- Lord Randolph Churchill 1886–1887
- William Henry Smith 1887–1891
- Arthur James Balfour 1891–1906 (* from 1902)
- Joseph Chamberlain 1906
- Arthur James Balfour 1906–1911 *
- Andrew Bonar Law 1911–1921 (* from 1916)
- Austen Chamberlain 1921–1922

## Leaders of the Conservative Party 1922-Present

Date in brackets shows when each person became leader.
White people

**White people** are people with light skin. Most white people are of European origin. In American English, the term "Caucasian" is used to mean "white people." Outside of North America, it refers to people or things from the Caucasus Mountains.

Before the modern age, Europeans did not think of themselves as "white." They defined their race, ancestry or ethnicity in terms of what place or culture they were from, for example Greek or Roman.

The idea of a single white race came into use starting in the 17th century. The term white was invented during American slavery to make European Americans seem different from enslaved African Americans. The people who were the strongest supporters of the white race being supreme in 20th century Europe were fascist Italy and Nazi Germany. They felt that some European peoples such as Slavs as a different race even though they were white. This was just for political purposes.

## Related pages

- Race (sociology)
- Racism
- Historical race concepts
- Black people
- White Americans
- White Anglo-Saxon Protestant
- White nationalism
- White supremacy
- White genocide myth
- White Mexicans
- White Hispanic and Latino Americans
- Caucasian race