juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Advanced Technician in Aviation non civil servant

In France, the training of the **Technicien supérieur de l'aviation (civilian)** (**TSA civilian**, in English **Advanced Technician in Aviation non civil servant**) is performed by the _École nationale de l'aviation civile_ (French civil aviation university). The TSA civilians can have different jobs in airports, airlines or manufacturers.

## History

- 2011 : The TSA civilian training is created in addition to the one of _Technicien supérieur des études et de l'exploitation de l'aviation civile_ available since 1962.

## Related pages

- Technicien supérieur de l'aviation
- Technicien supérieur des études et de l'exploitation de l'aviation civile

## Further reading

- Ariane Gilotte, Jean-Philippe Husson and Cyril Lazerge, _50 ans d'Énac au service de l'aviation_, Édition S.E.E.P.P, 1999
- TSA on ENAC website
State Duma

The **State Duma** () is the Lower House of the Parliament. It is a part of the legislative branch of the government of Russia. The State Duma was first introduced in 1906. It was Russia's first elected parliament. In 1922, it was replaced with the Soviet Parliament. It was re-established in 1993.

It makes laws, elects the prime minister and supervises the work of the government. It also has the power to remove the President from office. It can also call new elections. The Duma has de jure authority to make and change any laws without being overturned.

It can pass any law by a simple majority. There are 450 members in the Duma.

## Infobox (parliament)

- **name**: State Duma
 Государственная дума
- **coa pic**: Emblem_of_the_State_Duma_of_the_Russian_Federation.png
- **house type**: Lower house of Russian Parliament
- **leader1 type**: Speaker of the state Duma, Speaker
- **leader1**: Vyacheslav Volodin
- **party1**: United Russia
- **election1**: October 5, 2016
- **leader3 type**: Leader of the Opposition (Russia), Leader of the Opposition
- **leader3**: Gennady Zyuganov
- **party3**: Communist Party of the Russian Federation, CPRF
- **election3**: December 4, 2011
- **members**: 450
- **political groups1**: United Russia
Communist Party of the Russian Federation, CPRF
A Just Russia, SR
Liberal Democratic Party of Russia, LDPR
- **meeting place**: Okhotny Ryad No. 1,  Moscow
- **website**: [http://www.duma.gov.ru/ duma.gov.ru]
Cradle Mountain-Lake St Clair National Park

The **Cradle Mountain-Lake St Clair National Park** is part of the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Site. It is a large park with lakes, temperate rainforests and alpine heathland. Cradle Mountain is a jagged dolerite mountain peak. There are sites around the park where the Australian Aborigines lived 10,000 years ago during the last ice age. Tasmania's tallest mountain, Mt. Ossa,  above sea level, is in the park.

An area of  was protected in May 1922 as a scenic reserve, becoming a National Park in 1972. The National Park now covers an area of . There is a  walking track, called the Overland Track, between Cradle Mountain and Lake St Clair.

## Related pages

Other National Parks and reserves in the **Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area** are:
- Franklin-Gordon Wild Rivers National Park
- Hartz Mountains National Park
- Mole Creek Karst National Park
- Southwest National Park
- Walls of Jerusalem National Park
- Central Plateau Conservation Area
- Devils Gullet State Reserve
- South East Mutton Bird Islet
- South East Mutton Bird Islet

## Related pages

Other National Parks and reserves in the **Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area** are:
- Franklin-Gordon Wild Rivers National Park
- Hartz Mountains National Park
- Mole Creek Karst National Park
- Southwest National Park
- Walls of Jerusalem National Park
- Central Plateau Conservation Area
- Devils Gullet State Reserve
- South East Mutton Bird Islet

## Infobox (australian place)

- **type**: protected
- **name**: Cradle Mountain-Lake St Clair National Park
- **state**: tas
- **iucn category**: II
- **image**: Cradle Mountain Behind Dove Lake.jpg
- **caption**: Cradle Mountain and Little Horn (to the left) by Dove Lake (Tasmania), Dove Lake
- **relief**: yes
- **map type**: nomap
- **image2**: File:Cradle Mountain - Lake St Clair National Park map.svg
- **caption2**: Map of Cradle Mountain - Lake St Clair National Park in Tasmania
- **nearest town or city**: Queenstown, Tasmania, Queenstown
- **area**: 1614.43
- **established**: 1922
- **visitation num**: 209000
- **visitation year**: 2005
- **managing authorities**: Tasmania Parks and Wildlife Service
- **url**: http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/natparks/cradle
Whatcheeria

***Whatcheeria*** is an extinct genus of early tetrapod from the early Mississippian of Iowa. Fossils have been found in an old limestone quarry in the town of Delta. They date to 340 million year ago (mya). The type species _W. deltae_ was named in 1995. It is classified with the closely related _Pederpes_ in the family Whatcheeriidae.

## Description

_Whatcheeria_ possesses a mixture of basal and derived  (advanced) traits. Like other stem tetrapods it has a series of lateral lines across the skull, and rows of teeth on the palate These are basal traits derived from its lobe-finned fish ancestors.

It has a cleithrum, a bone in the pectoral girdle that extends from the scapula. The cleithrum once attached to the skull in lobe-finned fish, the ancestors of tetrapods, but detached to allow the neck to move freely.

_Whatcheeria_ grew to about  long. The skull is deep (this is an advanced trait) and the snout is pointed.  A hole on the top of the skull behind the eyes called the parietal foramen is relatively large in _Whatcheeria_. The bones on the skull surface are unusually smooth, unlike the pitted skulls of many other early tetrapods.

### Classification

With modern cladistic taxonomy, Whatcheeriidae is not placed in Amphibia or any other class but simply as its own family within Tetrapoda. Its relationships with other tetrapods are left unclear.
IPSA

**IPSA** may mean:
- I. P. Sharp Associates, Canadian company, creator of the IPSANET computer network
- Independent Parliamentary Standards Authority, a public body in the United Kingdom
- Indice de Precio Selectivo de Acciones, Chilean Stock Index
- International Political Science Association, UNESCO scholarly association
- Institut Polytechnique des Sciences Avancées, French private _grande école_ in aeronautical and space engineering
- Intimate partner sexual assault, a variant term for spousal rape
IAS

**IAS** may stand for:

## Accounting, Auditing

- International Accounting Standards
- Internal Audit Service (European Commission)

## Administration

- Indian Administrative Service (Civil Service)

## Religion

- International Association of Scientologists

## Science

- Institute for Advanced Study
    - IAS computer, built at the Institute for Advanced Study
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale
- Indian Academy of Sciences
- Islamic World Academy of Sciences, an organization promoting science and technology in the Muslim World
- Iranian Arachnological Society, an academic society for Iranian and International arachnologists

### Health

- International AIDS Society, the world's leading independent association of HIV/AIDS professionals

### Politics

- Institute for Anarchist Studies

### Aeronautics

- Indicated airspeed
- Institute of the Aeronautical Sciences
- Institut aéronautique et spatial

### Computing

- Internet Authentication Service
- Internet Application Server, a component of Oracle Application Server from Oracle Corporation
- IAS, a version of Digital Equipment Corporation's RSX-11 operating system

## Transportation

- Iaşi International Airport in Iaşi, Romania, designated by IATA the airport code IAS
- IAS Cargo Airlines, a British airline

## Other

- Independent Australian Scouts
- Instituto Ayrton Senna
CFS

**CFS** is an acronym for:

- Call for service
- Canada Flight Supplement
- Canadian Federation of Students
- Canadian Forces Station
- Canadian Forest Service
- Carrier Frequency Shift, a term used by the British Military to refer to RTTY
- Center for Financial Studies, a research institute affiliated with Goethe University Frankfurt
- Central Flying School
- Certificat de formation à la sécurité
- Charlottesville Fashion Square, an enclosed shopping mall in the Charlottesville, Virginia area
- Chemins de Fer Syriens, the Syrian state railway system
- Chicken fried steak
- Child and family services
- Chronic fatigue syndrome
- Citizens for Sunshine, an Ohio nonprofit promoting access to public records
- Cold-formed steel
- Combat Flight Simulator WWII Europe Series (CFS1)
- Compact File Set (File format), an open file format for archiving and compressing files.
- Committee on World Food Security
- Completely Fair Scheduler, a Linux operating system scheduler
- Congo Free State
- Conservative Future Scotland, the youth branch of the Scottish Conservative Party
- Continuous Flow System, printer ink feeding via tubes and bottles
- Co-operative Financial Services Ltd.
- Country Fire Service
- Corpo Forestale dello Stato, the Italian state forestry department
- Craigmillar Festival Society, a disestablished community organisation from Edinburgh, Scotland
- Cubic feet per second (cfs), a unit of flow rate

**CFS** may also refer to:
- Coffs Harbour Airport, IATA airport code
CNCP

**CNCP** may refer to:

- CNCP Telecommunications, Canadian telecom company;
- Commission nationale de la certification professionnelle, French National Commission for Vocational Certification.
TSA

**TSA** may mean:

- Transportation Security Administration, in the United States Department of Homeland Security
- Technicien supérieur de l'aviation, a French degree in aviation
TAE

**TAE** may refer to:

- Technicien aéronautique d'exploitation, a French aviation job title
- TAE connector (_Telekommunikations-Anschluss-Einheit_), German standard for telephone plugs

## Other

- the initials of Thomas Alva Edison
Badge (disambiguation)

A **badge** is a device or patch which is displayed to indicate a special accomplishment or as a symbol of authority.

**Badge** may refer to:
- Access badge, credential used to gain entry to an area
- Heraldic badge, a badge to display allegiance to a particular royal figure
- Web badge, a small image used on websites to promote web-standards and other things
- Synonym for a pin-back button in the United Kingdom
- A distinguishing logo or hood ornament on automobiles or trucks, altered by badge engineering

The acronym **BADGE** refers to:
- Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether, a component of epoxy resin
- _Bilan d'aptitude délivré par les grandes écoles_, French degree created in 2001 by the _Conférence des grandes écoles_

## Related pages

- "Badge" (song) by the 1960s rock group Cream
- "Badge" (Law & Order: Criminal Intent episode), 2001 US TV episode
- Stinking badges, a film quote
Monarchy of Barbados

Barbados was a Commonwealth realm.  Queen Elizabeth II was the reigning monarch since 6 February 1952. She was Barbado's head of state but was substituted by the office of the President when Barbados became a republic.

Many of the jobs of the government were done by the Governor-General. It was abolished on 30 November 2021.
Elliott Belgrave

**Sir Elliot Belgrave**, CHB, KC (born March 16, 1931), is a Barbadian politician and retired High Court Judge. He was the Acting Governor-General of Barbados from 1 November 2011 to June 30, 2017. Belgrave graduated from the universities of Cambridge (MA) and London (LLB). He is a former Director of Public Prosecutions in Barbados.  He was Judge of the Supreme Court and Court of Appeal of Barbados.  He is a King's Counsel.  Belgrave was awarded the Companion of Honour of Barbados for his contribution to the legal system in Barbados.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **honorific-prefix**: <small>Excellency, His Excellency</small>
- **name**: Elliot Belgrave
- **image**: File:Elliott Belgrave (cropped).jpg
- **honorific-suffix**:
<small>Order of Barbados, CHB, King's Counsel, KC</small>
- **office**: Governor-General of Barbados, Governor General of Barbados
- **monarch**: Elizabeth II
- **primeminister**: Freundel Stuart
- **term start**: 1 November 2011
<small>Acting: 1 November 2011 – 1 June 2012</small>
- **term end**: 30 June 2017
- **predecessor**: Clifford Husbands
- **successor**: Philip Greaves
- **alma mater**: University of Cambridge
University of London
Barbadian

**Barbadian**, often shortened to **Bajan**, may be anything of or relating to Barbados and may also refer directly to:

- Barbadian football
- Barbadian cuisine
- Barbadian people, people of Barbadian descent. For information about the Barbadian people, see Demographics of Barbados and Culture of Barbados. For specific persons, see List of Barbadians.
- Barbadian English language
- A Barbadian's Head and A Martiniquian's Head Flag, a flag by a pirate Bartholomew Roberts, who vowed revenge towards Barbados and Martinique.

## Related pages

- List of all pages beginning with "Barbadian"
Bajan Creole

**Bajan** is an English-based creole language. People on the Caribbean island of Barbados speak it. Bajan, like many other English-based Caribbean creole languages, has a West African substrate and an English superstrate. Bajan is similar but different from the creoles of neighbouring Caribbean islands.

Bajan is the Caribbean creole with the closest grammar to Standard English.

In general, the people of Barbados speak standard British English on TV and radio, in courthouses, in government, and in day-to-day business. Bajan is for less formal situations, in music, or in social commentary.

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Bajan
- **states**: Barbados
- **speakers**: 259,000
- **familycolor**: Creole
- **fam1**: English Creole
- **fam2**: Atlantic
- **fam3**: Eastern
- **fam4**: Southern
- **iso3**: bjs
- **lingua**: [http://www.linguasphere.info/?page=inner&id_inner=1018457 52-ABB-ar]
- **notice**: IPA
Barbadian people

**Barbadians** or **Bajans** are people from the Caribbean island of Barbados.  They can live on Barbados or live in another country.

## Diaspora

Many Bajans now live overseas and outside of Barbados.  Most have moved to English language countries.  There are some 60,000 Bajans in the United Kingdom, around 54,509 Bajans in the United States and 20,000 in Canada.

## Related pages

See: List of famous Bajan people

## Infobox (ethnic group)

- **group**: Bajan
- **flag**: Flag of Barbados.svg
- **flag caption**: Flag of Barbados, National Flag of Barbados
- **total**: ** 405,000**
- **popplace**: 284,589 <small>(2014)</small>
- **pop1**: 65,653 <small>(2013)</small>
- **pop2**: 37,780 <small>(2016)</small>
- **pop3**: 18,762 <small>(2011)</small>
- **langs**: English (Barbadian English, Bajan, British English, American English)
- **rels**: Christianity (predominantly Protestantism)
- **related**: other Caribbean people
Afro-Barbadian, Barbadian British, Barbadian American, Americo-Liberians, Barbadians in Trinidad, Barbadians in Brazil, Barbadian Canadians, African diaspora
Prime Minister of Barbados

The **Prime Minister of Barbados** is the head of government of Barbados. The Prime Minister is picked by the Queen of Barbados. The Governor-General is responsible for holding the parliamentary elections.  He says which one of the electors is Prime Minister.

This is a **list of prime ministers of Barbados**.

## Premiers of Barbados (1953-1966)

|rowspan="2"|#|rowspan="2"|Incumbent|rowspan="2"|Portrait|colspan="2"|Tenure|rowspan="2"|Political Affiliation|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1|Grantley Herbert Adams||1 February 1953|17 April 1958|Barbados Labour Party|||||
|2|Hugh Gordon Cummins||17 April 1958|8 December 1961|Barbados Labour Party|||||
|3|Errol Barrow||8 December 1961|18 November 1966|Democratic Labour Party|||||

## Prime ministers of Barbados (1966-present)

|rowspan="2"|#|rowspan="2"|Incumbent|rowspan="2"|Portrait|colspan="2"|Tenure|rowspan="2"|Political Affiliation|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1|Errol Barrow||18 November 1966|8 September 1976|Democratic Labour Party|||||
|2|John "Tom" Adams*||8 September 1976|11 March 1985|Barbados Labour Party|||||
|3|Bernard St. John||11 March 1985|29 May 1986|Barbados Labour Party|||||
|(1)|Errol Barrow*||29 May 1986|1 June 1987|Democratic Labour Party|||||
|4|Erskine Sandiford||1 June 1987|7 September 1994|Democratic Labour Party|||||
|5|Owen Arthur||7 September 1994|16 January 2008|Barbados Labour Party|||||
|6|David Thompson*||16 January 2008|23 October 2010|Democratic Labour Party|||||
|7|Freundel Stuart||23 October 2010|25 May 2018|Democratic Labour Party|||||
|8|Mia Mottley||25 May 2018|Incumbent|Barbados Labour Party|||||

- * Note - Died in office

## Infobox (political post)

- **post**: Prime Minister
- **body**: Barbados
- **insignia**: Coat of arms of Barbados (2).svg
- **insigniasize**: 125px
- **insigniacaption**: Coat of arms of Barbados, Arms of Her Majesty's Government (term), Her Majesty's Government of Barbados, Barbadian Government
- **image**: Mia mottley.jpg
- **imagesize**: 165px
- **incumbent**: Mia Mottley
- **incumbentsince**: 25 May 2018
- **style**: The Right Honourable
- **termlength**: Five years
- **formation**: 18 November 1966
- **inaugural**: Errol Barrow
Parliament of Barbados

The **Parliament of Barbados** is the national legislature of Barbados.  The Parliament is bicameral, meaning there are 2 houses. The Senate is the Upper house. The House of Assembly is the Lower house.  Parliament is in the national capital Bridgetown in Saint Michael.

## Senate

The Senate is made up of twenty-one Senators and The Queen.  The Queen is represented by the Governor-General. Senators are appointed.  The term is 5 years.

## House of Assembly

The House has thirty Members of Parliament (MPs).  There is also the Honourable Speaker of the House.  Members of the House are elected. The term is 5 years. The next election is due to be scheduled by January 2013.

## Infobox (legislature)

- **background color**: #8B0000
- **text color**: #FFFFFF
- **name**: The Parliament of Barbados
- **house type**: Legislature
- **house1 type**: Senate of Barbados
- **house2 type**: House of Assembly
- **leader1 type**: List of Presidents of the Senate of Barbados, President of the Senate
- **leader2 type**: List of Speakers of the House of Assembly of Barbados, Speaker
- **leader1**: Kerryann Ifill
- **leader2**: Michael A. Carrington
- **party1**: (Democratic Labour Party (Barbados), DLP)
- **party2**: (Barbados Labour Party, BLP)
- **members**: 51 (21 Senators, 30 MPs)
- **political groups1**: Democratic Labour Party (Barbados), Democratic Labour Party - DLP
Barbados Labour Party, Barbados Labour Party - BLP
7 non-affiliated peers
- **meeting place**: The Public Buildings
- **website**: http://www.barbadosparliament.com/
Barbadian dollar

The **dollar** has been the currency of Barbados since 1935. The present dollar has the ISO 4217 code _BBD_.  It is normally abbreviated with the dollar sign "$".  Sometimes it is written "Bds$" to be different from other currencies that are called dollar. It is divided into 100 cents.

## Other websites

- Banknotes of Barbados

## Infobox (currency)

- **iso code**: BBD
- **inflation rate**: 4.2%
- **inflation source date**: _[http://www.centralbank.org.bb/WEBCBB.nsf/vwNews/884B84AE87B971D0042573E0004B6C65/$FILE/epr_Jan2008_Rev.pdf.pdf Central Bank of Barbados]_, October 2007.
- **pegged with**: United States dollar, U.S. dollar = Bds$ 2
- **subunit ratio 1**: 1/100
- **subunit name 1**: Cent (currency), cent
- **symbol**: Bds$
- **used coins**: 1, 5, 10, 25 cents, $1
- **used banknotes**: $2, $5, $10, $20, $50, $100
- **issuing authority**: Central Bank of Barbados
- **issuing authority website**: www.centralbank.org.bb
North American Numbering Plan

The **North American Numbering Plan** (**NANP**) is a telephone numbering plan.  It includes 24 countries and territories, including the United States, Canada, Bermuda, and 17 nations of the Caribbean.

There are three-digit area codes and seven-digit telephone numbers.

## Related pages

- List of North American Numbering Plan area codes
Area code 246

**Area code 246** is a part of the telephone numbering plan for Barbados.  Phone numbers in Barbados have 7 digits.

## General

- Police Force: 211, Ambulance: 511, Fire: 311
- Information/Directory Assistance: 411
- Operator: 0
Mount Hillaby

The peak of **Mount Hillaby** is the highest point on the Eastern Caribbean island nation of Barbados.  The peak is  in the parish of Saint Andrew. It overlooks the area known as the Scotland District to the north and east.

## Infobox (mountain)

- **name**: Mount Hillaby
- **elevation m**: 340
- **prominence m**: 340
- **listing**: List of countries by highest point, Country high point
- **location**: Barbados, Caribbean
Saint George, Barbados

The parish of **Saint George** ("St. George") is in the interior of Barbados.  It is one of two land-locked parishes. The other is Saint Thomas to the north.  A landmark in the parish is Gun Hill Signal Station.  It is one of the few remaining signal stations, dating back to 1818.

Saint George borders six of the eleven other parishes.  This is more than any other parish.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Saint George
- **settlement type**: Parish
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **image map**: Barbados-Saint George.png
- **mapsize**: 100px
- **map alt**: Map of Barbados showing Saint George
- **map caption**: Map of Barbados showing Saint George
- **coordinates**: =inline
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Barbados
- **established title1**: Independence
- **seat type**: Parliament of Barbados, Parliamentry seats
- **seat**: 2
- **government type**: Parliamentary democracy
- **area total km2**: 44
- **population as of**: 2008
- **population total**: 19,530
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone1**: Eastern Caribbean Time Zone, Eastern Caribbean
- **utc offset1**: -4
- **area code type**: Country code top-level domain, ccTLD
- **area code**: .bb
- **postal code type**: List of country calling codes, Area code
- **postal code**: Area code 246, +1 (246)
- **blank name sec1**: Largest town
- **blank info sec1**: The Glebe, Barbados, The Glebe
Saint James, Barbados

The parish of **Saint James** ("St. James") is in the western part of the country of Barbados. St. James is known as the "Platinum Coast". There are many rich people who visit or live here. The parish is home to the Queen's College.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Saint James
- **type**: Parishes of Barbados, Parish
- **image skyline**: Holetown, Saint James, Barbados-004.jpg
- **image map**: Saint James in Barbados.svg
- **mapsize**: frameless
- **map caption**: Map of Barbados showing the Saint James parish
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Barbados
- **area total km2**: 31
- **seat type**: Largest city
- **seat**: Holetown
- **population as of**: 2010 census
- **population total**: 28498
- **population density km2**: auto
- **government type**: Parliamentary democracy
- **leader title**: Parliament of Barbados, Parliamentry seats
- **leader name**: 3
- **iso code**: BB-04
8 Out of 10 Cats

***8 out of 10 Cats*** is a British television comedy panel game. It began on 3 June 2005 and is shown on Channel 4. It is hosted by Jimmy Carr. Each episode has two teams, each has a captain and two celebrity guests. The captain of one team was Sean Lock. The other captain in series 1–4 is Dave Spikey; in series 5–10 it is Jason Manford; from series 11 onwards it is Jon Richardson. The 22nd series ended in January 2021.
Chōkyū

was a  after _Chōryaku_ and before _Kantoku._  This period started in November 1040 and ended in November 1044. The reigning emperor was .

## Events of the _Chōkyū_ era

- **1040** (_Chōkyū 1, 1st day of the 1st month_): a partial eclipse of the sun, predicted for midday, occurred in mid-afternoon, causing complaints about the astronomers' failure to be more accurate.
- **1040** (_Chōkyū 1, 9th month_): The Sacred Mirror was burned in a fire.
- **1041** (_Chōkyū 2_): The Sanjo Palace burned; and it was reconstructed.

## Related pages

- Heian period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

|Chōkyū|1st|2nd|3rd|4th|5th|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||1040|1041|1042|1043|1044|
Polycystic ovary syndrome

**Polycystic ovary syndrome** is one of the most prevalent female endocrine health matters. PCOS is a complex and heterogeneous problem of uncertain cause, although there is major evidence that the PCOS can be classified as a genetic health problem. This condition produces symptoms in between five percent to ten percent of females during reproductive ages.

Problems include although are not limited to hormones, resulting in acne, hirsutism (excessive hair growth), resistance to insulin (which then results in diabetes mellitus, in particular Type 2 diabetes or latent autoimmune diabetes of adults). Other problems caused by PCOS are being overweight and (in some women) high cholesterol levels. The symptoms and severity vary greatly among affected women.

Treatments include weight reduction, low-dose oral contraceptive pills, medroxyprogesterone and spironolactone. Clomiphene can be used as the treatment for those women who wish to get pregnant.
Zola (musician)

**Bonginkosi Dlamini**, professionally known  as **Zola**, is a South African musician, actor and presenter. He also presents _Zola 7_, a television program named for him, on SABC 1.

He was born on 24 April 1981 in the Soweto Township of Johannesburg, South Africa. Zola had time in prison as a youth for car theft.

Zola become well known for his role as the notorious gangster Papa Action in _Yizo Yizo 2_. Zola has enjoyed success as a Kwaito superstar.  He is also the owner of the music company Guluva Entertainment.

Zola raps in isiZulu and uses a lot of tsotsi.

## Musical awards

He has received four South African Music Awards:
- Artist of the Year - 2002
- Best Soundtrack - _Yizo Yizo_
- Best Music Video - "Ghetto Scandalous"
- Best Kwaito Album - _Umdlwembe_

At the Metro FM Awards 2001, Zola won on public vote:
- Song of the Year - "Ghetto Scandalous"
- Best Album of the Year - _Umdlwembe_
- Best Kwaito Album - _Umdlwembe_

## Discography

- _Umdlwembe_ (2000)
- _Khokhovula_ (2002)
- _Bhambatha_ (2004)
- _Ibutho_ (2005)
- _Tsotsi_ (2006 Motion Picture)
- _Impepho_ (2009)
- _Unyezi_ (2011)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Zola
- **image size**: 300px
- **background**: **Mandatory** Use one: solo_singer, non_vocal_instrumentalist, non_performing_personnel, or temporary
- **birth name**: Bonginkosi Dlamini
- **birth place**: Soweto,South Africa
Arlette Zola

**Arlette Zola** (born 29 April 1949) is a Swiss singer. She was born **Arlette Jaquet** in the city of Fribourg. Zola was in the Eurovision Song Contest in 1982. Zola was placed third behind Germany and Israel. She made two more tries at reaching the Eurovision finals. In 1984 she took third place in the Swiss final. 1985 also saw her in third spot.

## Discography

- 1965 _Un peu d’amour_, Libéria
- 1966 _Elles sont coquines_, Disc AZ
- 1967 _Arlette Zola_, Disc AZ
- 1967 _Deux garçons pour une fille_, Disc AZ
- 1967 _J n'aime que vous_. Disc AZ
- 1968 _Musique en tête_, Disc AZ LP
- 1969 _C’est toute la terre_, Disc Concert Hall LP
- 1969 _La marchande de bonbon_, Vogue
- 1970 _L’été_, Vogue
- 1971 _Je suis folle de tant t’aimer_, Vogue
- 1972 _Pour que vienne enfin ce grand matin_, Evasion
- 1977 _Tu inventais des saisons_, Tourel
- 1980 _Offre moi un sourire_, Libéria
- 1981 _Frappe dans tes mains_, Libéria
- 1981 _Les fiancés du lac de Côme_, LP Libéria
- 1982 _Amour on t’aime_, LP Jupiter Records
- 1982 _Je n’ai pas changé_, LP Jupiter Records
- 1983 _Billy Boogie_, LP Vogue
- 1984 _Hasta manana amore mio_, Disc Ibach
- 1990 _Mais moi je l’aime_, Libéria
- 2003 _Laissez-moi encore chanter_, Azo
- 2005 _Amour... Amitié_, Azo
- 2007 _Le bonheur ne coûte rien_, Azo
- 2009 _Souvenir, mes anées 6o _
Topsy

**Topsy**  may refer to:

- Topsy, Oklahoma, a town in the United States
- Topsy (elephant), a circus animal, killed by electrocution
- Topsy, a character in the book _Uncle Tom's Cabin_
- Topsy, a character in the cartoon series _Tom and Jerry_
- Topsy, a season 3 (2012-2013) episode (2013) of Bob's Burgers
- Topsy Napaltjarri, Australian artist
- Topsy Tjulyata, Australian artist
Chris Pine

**Christopher Whitelaw** "**Chris**" **Pine** (born August 26, 1980) is an American actor. He is best known for his roles as Steve Trevor in _Wonder Woman_ (2017) and the sequel _Wonder Woman 1984_ (2019) and as James T. Kirk in the 2009 movie _Star Trek_.

Pine has been in a relationship with British actress Annabelle Wallis since 2018.

## Filmography

|Year|Title|Role|Notes|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2003|_ER_|Levine|Episode: "A Thousand Cranes"|
|2003|__|Lonnie Grandy|Episode: "Hazel Park"|
|2003|_CSI: Miami_|Tommy Chandler|Episode: "Extreme"|
|2004|_Why Germany?_|Chris||
|2004|__|Nicholas Devereaux||
|2005|_American Dreams_|Joey Tremain|Episode: "Tidings of Comfort and Joy"|
|2005|_Confession_|Luther Scott||
|2005|_Six Feet Under_|Young Sam|Episode: "Dancing for Me"|
|2005|__|Jason||
|2006|_Surrender Dorothy_|Shawn|TV film|
|2006|_Just My Luck_|Jake Hardin||
|2006|_Blind Dating_|Danny||
|2006|_Smokin' Aces_|Darwin Tremor||
|2008|_Bottle Shock_|Bo Barrett||
|2009|_Star Trek_|James T. Kirk||
|2009|_Carriers_|Brian||
|2009|_Beyond All Boundaries_|Hanson Baldwin — New York Times Military Editor / Sgt. Bill Reed|(voice)|
|2010|_Small Town Saturday Night_|Rhett Ryan||
|2010|_Quantum Quest: A Cassini Space Odyssey_|Dave|(voice)|
|2010|_Unstoppable_|Will Colson||
|2012|_This Means War_|FDR Foster||
|2012|_People Like Us_|Sam|_in production_|
|2012|_Rise of the Guardians_|Jack Frost||
|2013|_Star Trek Into Darkness_|James T. Kirk||
|2017|_Wonder Woman_|Steve Trevor||
|2018|_A Wrinkle in Time_|Dr. Alex Murry||
|2018|Spiderman: Into The Spider-Verse|Blond Peter Parker (Spider-Man)||
|2019|_Wonder Woman 1984_|Steve Trevor|Post-Production|

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: Chris Pine (43627154095) (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Pine in September 2018
- **name**: Chris Pine
- **birthname**: Christopher Whitelaw Pine
- **birth place**: Los Angeles, California, USA
- **occupation**: Celebrity
- **height**: 183 cm
- **partner**: Annabelle Wallis (2018–present)
- **yearsactive**: 2003 - present
- **education**: University of California, Berkeley
- **parents**: Robert Pine
Gwynne Gilford
Hyperglycemia

**Hyperglycemia** is high blood sugar levels at or beyond 200 mg/dl. It can be a serious and life threatening health problem that can be fatal if not properly treated in time.

In a healthy body, insulin helps glucose (sugar) get from the blood into the body's cells. There, the cells can use the sugar to make energy. However, when there is not enough insulin in the body, or if a person's body does not react to insulin normally (this is called insulin resistance), too much sugar stays in the blood. This can cause serious health problems.

Extremely high blood sugar means diabetes mellitus, a condition that often causes very high blood sugar. Hyperglycemia that comes and goes may mean diabetes of any kind, or may be developing under low insulin levels or resistance to insulin.

### Early Signs

Three of the early signs of hyperglycemia are "the 3 polys": polydipsia (feeling very thirsty), polyphagia (feeling very hungry), and polyuria (urinating a lot). These things happen because:
- The body senses that its cells are not getting enough sugar. The body triggers hunger, because eating is usually how people get sugar. This causes polyphagia.
- The body senses that there is too much sugar in the blood, and tries to urinate out the extra sugar. This causes polyuria.
- Because the person is urinating so much, they get dehydrated easily and get very thirsty (polydipsia).
Other early signs of high blood sugar include blurred vision, headache, and feeling tired.

### Late Signs

If hyperglycemia gets worse or is not treated, it can cause toxic acids called ketones to build up in the blood and urine. This is called diabetic ketoacidosis, which is a medical emergency.

Symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis can include:
- Confusion, seizures, or coma
- Difficulty breathing with fruity-smelling breath ("ketone breath" - caused by the body trying to blow off the toxic ketones through breathing out)
- Weakness
- Nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain

## Infobox (disease)

- **name**: Hyperglycemia
- **diseasesdb**: 6234
- **medlineplus**: 007228
- **meshid**: D006943
Blood sugar

**Blood sugar** is an amount of glucose present in the blood of humans or animals. Sugar in the blood is the primary source for energy for body cells and blood lipids. Low blood sugar means hypoglycemia. High blood sugar means hyperglycemia. People with diabetes mellitus can have high blood sugar.

## Hypoglycemia

Hypoglycemia is low blood sugar.

## Hyperglycemia

Hyperglycemia is high blood sugar. Some of the signs of high blood sugar are:

- Thirstiness
- Being extra hungry
- Peeing more often
- Headache
- Blurry eyesight

Some signs of long time high blood sugar can be:

- Being very tired
- Losing weight
- Infections of the skin
- Cuts and sores heal slowly
Another sickness that is caused by high blood sugar is ketoacidosis. This sickness is because of a lack of insulin and a high amount of chemicals called ketones in the blood.
Autodidact

An **autodidact** is a person who learns to do something by himself or herself. Often they learn things by reading about it, or by copying someone else.

Many great people taught themselves when there was no formal teaching in the topics which interested them. Examples are Leonardo da Vinci, Michael Faraday, and Charles Darwin. Much of the industrial revolution was done by men in a field of work where there was no previous experience. James Watt was a surveyor and instrument maker and is described as being "largely self-educated". Watt, like some other autodidacts of his  time, became a Fellow of the Royal Society and a member of the Lunar Society.

Autodidactism is only one way to learn, and may be done together with formal education. Many autodidacts seek instruction and guidance from experts, friends, teachers, tutors, parents, siblings, and the community.

## Related pages

- Critical thinking
- Cryptanalysis
- Do it yourself
- Distance education
- Extracurricular activity
- Individualism
- Intelligence
- Learning
- Pedagogy
- Polymath
- Reading (process)
- Scholar
- Unschooling
South East Mutton Bird Islet

**South East Mutton Bird Islet** is a steep islet, in south-eastern Australia. It is part of the Mutton Bird Island Group, at the southern end of the south-western coast of Tasmania. It is part of the Southwest National Park, and part of the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Site.  It is very small, with an area of , and the highest point is  above sea level.

The island is part of the Port Davey Islands Important Bird Area, so identified by BirdLife International because of its importance for breeding seabirds.

## Fauna

Seabird species that breed on the island are the Short-tailed Shearwater (Puffinus tenuirostris) (250 pairs), Fairy Prion (1000 pairs), Black-faced Cormorant and Silver Gull. The Short-tailed Shearwater is also called the Mutton Bird in Australia, giving the islet it's name.

## Related pages

Other National Parks and reserves in the **Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area** are:
- Cradle Mountain-Lake St Clair National Park
- Franklin-Gordon Wild Rivers National Park
- Southwest National Park
- Walls of Jerusalem National Park

## Infobox (islands)

- **name**: South East Mutton Bird Islet
- **image name**: Mutton Bird Islands (Landsat).jpg
- **image caption**: A Landsat image of the Mutton Bird Islands Group.
- **image size**: 280
- **map**: Australia Tasmania
- **map width**: 280
- **map caption**: Location off the South West Tasmania, south western coast of Tasmania
- **map relief**: 1
- **label**: South East Mutton Bird Islet
- **label position**: left
- **location**: South West Tasmania, South western Tasmania
- **archipelago**: Mutton Bird Islands Group
- **waterbody**: Southern Ocean
- **area ha**: 0.52
- **country**: Australia
- **country admin divisions title**: States of Australia, State
- **country admin divisions**: Tasmania
- **country admin divisions title 1**: Regions of Tasmania, Region
- **country admin divisions 1**: South West Tasmania, South West
- **population**: Unpopulated
Eduardo Paolozzi

**Sir Eduardo Luigi Paolozzi**, KBE, RA (Edinburgh, 7 March 1924 – London, 22 April 2005), was a Scottish sculptor and artist. He was the eldest son of Italian immigrants.

## Education

Paolozzi studied at the Edinburgh College of Art in 1943, then moved to London. He was briefly at the St Martin's School of Art in 1944, and then at the Slade School of Fine Art at University College London from 1944 to 1947. He lived in Paris from 1947 to 1949. There he met Alberto Giacometti, Jean Arp, Constantin Brâncuşi, Georges Braque and Fernand Léger. They were a big influence on his later work.

## Pop art

Paolozzi was the founder of the pop art movement. Paolozzi's _I was a Rich Man's Plaything_ (1947) is considered the first standard bearer of Pop Art and first to display the word "pop". Paolozzi showed the collage in 1952 as part of his groundbreaking _Bunk!_ series at the Independent Group meeting in London.

## Assessment

He was a major figure in the international art sphere. Paolozzi investigated how we fitted into the modern world. He revealed our fragmented civilization through imagination and fantasy.

He was made Her Majesty's Sculptor in Ordinary for Scotland in 1986, which he held until his death.

## Writings

- _Eduardo Paolozzi_ by Eduardo Paolozzi, Tate, London 1971 ASIN B00103A8RG
- _Recurring themes_ by Eduardo Paolozzi Rizzoli (1984)
- _Metafisikal Translations_ by Eduardo Paolozzi, Lelpra, London 1962 ASIN B002MNOJQY
Christine Lagarde

**Christine Madeleine Odette Lagarde** (née Lallouette) (born 1 January 1956) is a French lawyer and politician. She has been the President of the European Central Bank since 2019. She was the Managing director of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) from 5 July 2011 until 12 September 2019. She previously served as French Minister of Finance from 19 June 2007 to 29 June 2011 when she was elected IMF managing director. Before that she served as French Minister for Commerce and Industry from 2 July 2005 to 15 May 2007 in the government of Dominique de Villepin.

She has been the head of the European Cental Bank since the beginning of 2019. She is the first woman to hold this position.

In her youth, she was part of the national team of synchronized swimming. When she was 15 years old, she won a bronze medal, at the French national championships.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Christine Lagarde
- **image**: Christine Lagarde (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Lagarde in 2020
- **office**: President of the European Central Bank
- **vicepresident**: Luis de Guindos
- **term start**: 1 November 2019
- **predecessor**: Mario Draghi
- **office2**: Managing Director of the
International Monetary Fund
- **deputy2**: John Lipsky
David Lipton
- **term start2**: 5 July 2011
- **term end2**: 12 September 2019
- **predecessor2**: Dominique Strauss-Kahn
- **successor2**: Kristalina Georgieva
- **office3**: Ministry of Economy and Finance (France), Minister of the Economy, Finance and Industry
- **primeminister3**: François Fillon
- **term start3**: 19 June 2007
- **term end3**: 29 June 2011
- **predecessor3**: Jean-Louis Borloo
- **successor3**: François Baroin
- **office4**: Ministry of Agriculture (France), Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries
- **primeminister4**: François Fillon
- **term start4**: 18 May 2007
- **term end4**: 18 June 2007
- **predecessor4**: Dominique Bussereau
- **successor4**: Michel Barnier
- **office5**: Minister of Foreign Trade
- **primeminister5**: Dominique de Villepin
- **term start5**: 2 June 2005
- **term end5**: 15 May 2007
- **predecessor5**: François Loos
- **successor5**: Hervé Novelli
- **birth name**: Christine Madeleine Odette Lallouette
- **birth place**: 9th arrondissement of Paris, France
- **party**: Union for a Popular Movement
(before 2015)
The Republicans (France), The Republicans
(from 2015)
- **otherparty**: European People's Party
- **spouse**: Wilfred Lagarde
Eachran Gilmour
- **partner**: Xavier Giocanti
- **children**: 2
- **education**: Paris Nanterre University
Sciences Po Aix
- **signature**: Christine Lagarde Signature.svg
Rain Man

***Rain Man*** is a 1988 American drama movie. It was directed by Barry Levinson and produced by Mark Johnson. It was written by Barry Morrow and Ronald Bass. It stars Tom Cruise as Charlie Babbitt and Dustin Hoffman as his older brother Raymond Babbitt.

Charlie is a narcissist who is a dealer of new cars in Los Angeles, California. He hears of his father's death and is told that the vast majority of the estate has been left to Raymond, whom he cannot remember. Raymond is an autistic savant, who has an eidetic memory but is incapable of looking after himself. He has lived in an institution in Cincinnati, Ohio for about twenty years. Charlie drives Raymond to Las Vegas, Nevada where Raymond uses his skill at counting cards to win money in card games. They then go on to Los Angeles. During the journey, Charlie changes his feelings towards Raymond from being resentful to being caring and protective. Raymond lacks understanding of the world and requires 24 hour care, which Charlie cannot provide, so Raymond returns to his institution.

Rain Man won an Academy Award and a Golden Globe Award. The movie was inspired by the life of savant Kim Peek (1951–2009).
Going Solo

***Going Solo*** is a non-fiction book by Roald Dahl. It is the second part of his autobiography, and was published in 1986. _Going Solo_ is the story of Dahl's first job, in Africa, and about how he became a RAF pilot in World War II.

## Infobox (book)

- **name**: Going Solo
- **author**: Roald Dahl
- **country**: United Kingdom
- **language**: English language, English
- **genre**: Non-fiction
- **publisher**: Jonathan Cape
- **release date**: 1986
- **media type**: Print
- **pages**: 208
- **isbn**: 9780224024075
Marc Houalla

**Marc Houalla** (born 10 February 1961 at Rueil-Malmaison) is a French aerospace engineer.
From the 28th of November 2008 to October 2017, he is the head of the French Civil Aviation University.

Graduate from the ENAC (IÉNAC L82) and having a MBA from HEC Paris (1990), he has done different jobs in air transport such as director of SEFA before being joining the French Civil Aviation University.

From November 2017 to February 2018, Marc Houalla is head of the Orly Airport and honorary President of ENAC Alumni. Since February 2018, he is head of the Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport. Since March 2018, he is also head of ENAC Alumni.

## Award

- Chevalier of the _Ordre National du Mérite_

## Further reading

- Académie nationale de l'air et de l'espace and Lucien Robineau, _Les français du ciel, dictionnaire historique_, Le Cherche midi, June 2005, 782 p. ()

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Marc Houalla
- **birth name**: Houalla
- **birth date**: 10th of February 1961
- **birth place**: Rueil-Malmaison
- **nationality**: France, French
- **citizenship**: France, French
- **known for**: Director-General of the French Civil Aviation University
- **education**: Aerospace engineer
 Master of Business Administration, MBA
- **alma mater**: French Civil Aviation University
 HEC Paris
- **employer**: CDG Airport
- **occupation**: Director-General of the Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport
- **predecessor**: Franck Goldnadel
- **children**: 2 children
Louis Pailhas

**Louis Pailhas** (2 March 1926 – 6 February 2021), was a French politician and aerospace engineer.
From December 1967 to 1982, he was head of the French Civil Aviation University.

He graduated from the École Polytechnique (X 46) and _École nationale de l'aviation civile_ (IAC 49). he did different jobs in civil aviation before joining the French Civil Aviation University in December 1967, the first to hold that position in Toulouse. He resigned in January 1982.

After that, in 1998, he was assistant of the Mayor of Toulouse, and then deputy Mayor for science, aeronautics and space activities in 2001.

Louis Pailhas was a member of the _Académie de l'air et de l'espace_.

## Awards

- Legion of Honour
- Medal of Aeronautics

## Further reading

- Académie nationale de l'air et de l'espace and Lucien Robineau, _Les français du ciel, dictionnaire historique_, Le Cherche midi, June 2005, 782 p. ()

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Louis Pailhas
- **birth place**: Foix, Occitanie, France
- **death place**: Muret, Haute-Garonne, France
- **nationality**: France, French
- **citizenship**: France, French
- **known for**: Director-General of the French Civil Aviation University
- **education**: Aerospace engineer
- **alma mater**: École Polytechnique
 French Civil Aviation University
- **employer**: Direction Générale de l'Aviation Civile
- **occupation**: Councillor of Bouilh-Devant and member of the Académie de l'air et de l'espace
- **years active**: 1951 - 1990 (39 years)
- **predecessor**: Gilbert Manuel
- **successor**: André Sarreméjean
- **callsign**: Bon vol Mr le Directeur … Louis Pailhas 1925 - 2021
New Scientist

***New Scientist*** is a weekly scientific journal. It covers recent developments in science and technology for a general audience. The magazine was founded in 1956 and it is published by Reed Business Information Ltd. _New Scientist_ is edited by Sumit Paul-Choudhury.

## Infobox (magazine)

- **title**: New Scientist
- **company**: Reed Business Information Ltd
- **frequency**: weekly
- **language**: British English, English
- **category**: Science
- **editor**: Sumit Paul-Choudhury
- **firstdate**: 22 November 1956
- **country**: United Kingdom
- **issn**: 0262-4079
Hervé Renaudeau

**Hervé Renaudeau**, born at Laval, is a French aerospace engineer. From September 2009 to August 2016, he is the director-general of the _Institut Polytechnique des Sciences Avancées_ (French private aerospace university).

Graduate from the École Centrale de Lyon (1979), he starts his career as hardware design engineer on the Mirage 2000. He has done a career in aerospace industry before joining higher education in 2002 as head of _École supérieure des techniques aéronautiques et de construction automobile_ at Levallois-Perret. In September 2009, he became head of the _Institut Polytechnique des Sciences Avancées_. Francis Pollet replaces him in March 2017.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Hervé Renaudeau
- **birth name**: Renaudeau
- **birth place**: Laval, Mayenne, Laval
- **nationality**: France, French
- **citizenship**: France, French
- **known for**: Former Director-General of the Institut Polytechnique des Sciences Avancées
- **education**: Aerospace engineer
- **alma mater**: École Centrale de Lyon
- **predecessor**: Aimé Merran
- **successor**: Francis Pollet
- **children**: 2 children
Saint John, Barbados

**Saint John** ("St. John") is a parish of Barbados.  It is on the eastern side of the island. It is home to one of the  secondary schools on the island, The Lodge School. In its southeastern corner, the shoreline turns northward instead of southward, forming the small Conset Bay.

## Landmarks

**Ashford Bird Park** is a bird and animal sanctuary.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Saint John
- **type**: Parishes of Barbados, Parish
- **image skyline**: EAST COAST VIEW FROM ST. JOHN'S CHURCH - BARBADOS.jpg
- **image map**: Saint John in Barbados.svg
- **mapsize**: frameless
- **map caption**: Map of Barbados showing the Saint John parish
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Barbados
- **area total km2**: 34
- **seat type**: Largest city
- **seat**: Four Roads, Saint John, Four Roads
- **population as of**: 2010 census
- **population total**: 8963
- **population density km2**: auto
- **government type**: Parliamentary democracy
- **leader title**: Parliament of Barbados, Parliamentary seats
- **leader name**: 1
- **iso code**: BB-05