juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Black comedy

**Black comedy** (also known as **dark comedy** or **dark humor**) is getting humor (something funny or comical) from something serious. It is known for its use of very sensitive subjects, such as war, tragedy, disease,  death and suffering of the innocent. Black comedy is also a form of satire that uses irony and mocking. It may cause a wide variety of emotional reactions.

The term _black humor_ (from the French _humour noir_) was coined by the surrealist André Breton in 1935.

Some famous examples of black comedy include South Park, Waiting for Godot, Happy Tree Friends, Charles Addams' cartoons, Catch-22, Dr. Strangelove, Harold and Maude, and plays by Joe Orton, the novel film and early TV episodes of M*A*S*H, Itchy and Scratchy from The Simpsons, cartoons by John Callahan, Lasagna Cat, It's Such a Beautiful Day, SuperMarioLogan, SMG4, Moral Orel, Don't Hug Me I'm Scared, etc.
Elliott Gould

**Elliot Gould** (born as **Elliott Goldstein** on August 29, 1938) is an American actor. He was born in Brooklyn, New York City. He is mostly known for his roles in many films including _M*A*S*H_ (1970), _Bob & Carol & Ted & Alice_ (1970), and _Ocean's Eleven_ (2001). He has also made guest appearances on many television such as Jack Geller in _Friends_.

Gould's parents were Jewish; Gould says he has a very deep Jewish identity. He married singer and actress Barbra Streisand in 1963. The couple separated in 1969 and divorced in 1971. Their son is actor Jason Gould (born 1966).
Equation

A mathematical **equation** is a mathematical object containing two or more expressions connected by equals signs (=). The equals sign says that all of the expressions describe the same mathematical object.

An equation should not be confused with an expression. An expression is one piece of an equation, and does not have the equals sign. Equations are the most common type of formula.

There are two kinds of mathematical equations:
- The kind of equation that is either true or false; these are also called identities. For example:
- The kind of equation that is only true for certain values of the variable(s). The equation is only true if the variable(s) have that value. For example:

The second kind is often used to solve problems in which finding the value of some variables is involved. For example, if
- ,

## Types of equations

Equations can be classified by the types of operations and quantities involved. For example:
- An algebraic equation is an equation in which both sides are polynomials. These are further classified by degree:
    - Linear equation for degree one
    - Quadratic equation for degree two
    - Cubic equation for degree three
    - Quartic equation for degree four
    - Quintic equation for degree five
- A Diophantine equation is an equation where the unknowns are required to be integers
- A differential equation is a functional equation involving derivatives of the unknown functions, which include:
    - Ordinary differential equation
    - Partial differential equation

## Related pages

- Equation solving
- Formula
- Rate equation
- System of linear equations
1783

## Events

- February 3 – American Revolutionary War: Spain recognizes the independence of the United States.
- February 4 – American Revolutionary War: the Government of the United Kingdom formally declares that it will cease hostilities with the United States of America.
- February 4 – Earthquake in Calabria, Italy – 50.000 dead
- March 5 – Last celebration of Massacre Day.
- May 18 – Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada– First United Empire Loyalists reach Parrtown.
- June 5 – The Montgolfier brothers publicly demonstrate their _montgolfière_ (hot air balloon) in Annonay, France.
- June 8 – The volcano Laki, in Iceland, begins an eight-month eruption which kills 9350 people and starts a seven-year famine. Eruption causes deaths of livestock when they eat contaminated grass and also widespread crop failure.
- July 16 – Grants of land in Canada to American loyalists announced.
- August 5 – Mount Asama erupts, causing turmoil in Edo period Japan.
- September 3 – American Revolutionary War ends: Treaty of Paris –  the United States and the United Kingdom of Great Britain sign a treaty in Paris, ending the war.
- November 2 – In Rocky Hill, New Jersey, American general George Washington gives his "Farewell Address to the Army".
- November 21 – In Paris, Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier and François Laurent, marquis d'Arlandes, make the first untethered hot air balloon flight (flight time: 25 minutes, Maximum height: 5* miles).
- November 25 – American Revolutionary War: The last British troops leave New York City three months after the signing of the Treaty of Paris.
- December 4 – At Fraunces Tavern in New York City, US general George Washington formally bids his officers farewell.

- City of Sevastopol founded;
- United Empire Loyalists flee to Canada from the new United States;
- Treaty of Versailles signed, ending hostilities between the Franco-Spanish Alliance and  the United Kingdom of Great Britain.
- Loyalists from New York settle Great Abaco in the Bahamas.

## Births

- January 23 – Stendhal, French writer (d. 1842)
- March 8 – Hannah Van Buren, First Lady of the United States (d. 1819)
- April 3 – Washington Irving, American writer (d. 1859)
- April 10 – Hortense de Beauharnais, Queen of Holland and mother of Napoleon III of France (d. 1837)
- July 24 – Simón Bolívar, Venezuelan patriot, revolutionary leader and statesman (d. 1830).
- September 17 – Samuel Prout, English painter (d. 1852)
1809

## Births

- January 4 – Louis Braille, French teacher of the blind (d. 1852).
- January 15 – Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, French anarchist (d. 1864)
- January 19 – Edgar Allan Poe, American  writer (d. 1849)
- February 3 – Felix Mendelssohn, German composer (d. 1847)
- February 12 – Abraham Lincoln, sixteenth President of the United States (d. 1865)
- February 12 –  Charles Darwin, British naturalist (d. 1882)
- February 15 – Cyrus McCormick, American inventor (d. 1884)
- March 31 – Nikolai Gogol, Russian writer (d. 1852)
- April 15 – Hermann Gunter Grassmann, Prussian mathematician (d. 1877)
- June 4 – Columbus Delano, American statesman  (d. 1896)
- June 4 – John Henry Pratt, English clergyman and mathematician (d. 1871)
- June 8 – Richard Wigginton Thompson, American politician (d. 1900)
- August 6 – Alfred Lord Tennyson, British poet (d. 1892)
- August 8 – Heinrich Abeken, German theologian (d. 1872)
- August 27 – Hannibal Hamlin, American politician, fifteenth Vice President of the United States (d. 1891)
- August 29 – Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr., American physician and writer (d. 1894)
- October 22 – Volney E. Howard, American politician (d. 1889)
- December 24 – Kit Carson, American frontiersman (d. 1868)
- December 29 – William Ewart Gladstone, British politician (d. 1898)
Canteen

A **canteen** can be:

- Canteen (bottle), an object for carrying water
- Canteen (place), a small restaurant
Beadle

A **beadle** is someone who works at a church or a Jewish synagogue and helps the clergy.  A beadle's main job is to show people to their seats and to keep order during church services. In the past they were important in running workhouses.

Like many words that describe a person's job, the word **beadle** can also be used as a last name.
Olivine

**Olivine** (or chrysolite) is a silicate mineral made of magnesium iron silicate with the formula .

It ranges in colour from chartreuse green to pale olive.  In its gem form, it is called peridot.

**Dunite** contains (or has) over 90%+ olivine in it.  Dunite and other peridotite rocks are major constituents of the Earth's mantle above a depth of about 400 kilometers. Dunite is rarely found on land, except where slabs of mantle rock from a subduction zone have been thrust onto continental crust.
Olivine has also been found at several extraterrestrial locations, such as the moon and many passing space rocks - as well as the outer layers of dust orbiting young stars.

Chryso_lit_e should not be confused with chryso_til_e, which is a form of asbestos.
30 BC

The year **30 BC** was either a common year starting on Wednesday, Thursday or Friday or a leap year starting on Thursday. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Octavian and Crassus**.

### Roman Republic

- Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian becomes Roman Consul for the fourth time. His partner is Marcus Licinius Crassus the Younger.
- Octavian leads his army to the Dardanelles. He marches into Syria. Herod the Great sends him vows of loyalty and troops to help.
- Gaius Cornelius Gallus arrives in Cyrene and occupies Paraetonium.
- Mark Antony retreats with his army to Egypt.  He learns that Pelusium opened its gates to Octavian without resistance.
- Octavian Caesar captures Alexandria. This marks the official annexation of Ancient Egypt to the Roman Republic.
- Cleopatra evacuates to Berenice on the west coast of the Red Sea. King Malchus of Nabatea attacks from the desert and burns the Egyptian ships.
- The children of Cleopatra are spared by Octavian. Octavia Minor raises Alexander Helios, Cleopatra Selene and Ptolemy Philadelphus in her house in Rome.

### Asia

- Common date given for Thiruvalluvar to write the _Tirukkuṟaḷ_
- First possible date for the invention of the wheelbarrow

## Births

- Maroboduus, king of the Marcomanni (d. AD 37)

## Deaths

- Mark Antony, Roman consul and general  (b. 83 BC)
- Marcus Antonius Antyllus, son of Mark Antony and Fulvia (b. 47 BC)
- Hyrcanus II, king and high priest of Judea until 40 BC
- August 12 – Cleopatra VII, last queen of Ptolemaic Egypt (b. 69 BC)
- August 23 – Ptolemy Caesar, son of Julius Caesar and pharaoh of Egypt (b. 47 BC)
Economy

An **economy** is a system of making and trading things of value. It is usually divided into goods (materials and objects) and services (things people do). An economy assumes that there is a medium of exchange, which, in the modern world, is called 'finance'. This makes trade possible. The alternative  systems of barter – exist only on a very small scale.

To better understand how the economy works, it can be discussed in three sections:
- The primary sector which covers raw products from farming, fishing, and mining, and so on.
- The secondary sector which covers manufacturing of goods.
- The tertiary sector which covers a range of services, provided to people and companies.

The term 'real economy' is sometimes used to mean the part of the economy concerned with goods and services. This is contrasted with the 'paper economy', the financial side of the economy, which buys and sells on the financial markets.

The word 'economy' comes from the Greek word _<nowiki/>'οἰκονόμος_<nowiki/>'. This means 'person who manages the house'.

## Related pages

- Economics
- Political economy
Steam

**Steam** is the name given to water when it is in a gas form.  Steam is sometimes thought of as a cloud of translucent mist, however that is only the result of the steam condensing in the air, forming water vapor. Actual hot steam is invisible.

## Introduction

When the pressure of the atmosphere is 1013 mbar – average pressure for a place which is at sea level – water will boil to become steam at 100 °C.  This is the boiling point.  Boiling happens in a boiler. 100 °C is the same temperature as 212 °F, 80 °R and 373.15 Kelvin. Steam is mainly used for powering up steam engines. A steam engine is a heat engine performing mechanical work using steam as its working fluid.

## Heating food

Steam gets sometimes used for heating food. In a pressure cooker, some water turns into steam, and some steam gets released (or let out) thru a valve.

There are other ways to steam food.

## Other websites

- Steam -Citizendium
1834

## Births

- July 19 – Edgar Degas, French painter (d. 1917)
Steering wheel

A **steering wheel** is a circular object used by the driver of a car or boat to change the direction it is moving.

The earliest known use of a steering wheel can be traced back to 1894 when Alfred Vacheron used one on his custom four-horsepower Panhard to participate in the Paris-Rouen race. That race in France in 1894 is one of the earliest known instances of a wheel-shaped device being used to steer a car.

In 1898 the French manufacturer introduced a steering wheel in all its models. Other manufacturers followed suit – and the steering wheel became a set part of automotive design. Early on, carmakers also began installing bulb horns on steering wheels, for as traffic increased, it became necessary to warn other drivers as well as pedestrians and cyclists.

For about two decades thereafter, steering wheels were incredibly simple: wooden circles directly connected to the wheel axis. They served no other task and could be extremely hard to turn, especially at low speeds or when stationary. Though power steering patents were circulating as early as the steering wheel itself, it was quite a long time before these systems were used. In the 1920s, an engineer named Francis W. Davis wanted to make truck driving a little easier and invented the first power steering system to be fitted into a vehicle, which was inspired by earlier work on power steering systems used in ships.

In the 1950s it became popular to line steering wheels with real or artificial leather, which gave drivers a better grip.
Netball

**Netball** is a sport played in two teams of seven. It is like basketball except that bouncing the ball is not allowed. The player cannot step with the ball either, nor hold it for more than three seconds. The game proceeds by players throwing (passing) the ball to each other until one attempts to throw it through the hoop, known as a "shot".

There are 7 fixed positions on the court, which restrict the places where each player is allowed to go:
- C - Centre
- WA - Wing attack
- WD - Wing defence
- GA - Goal attack
- GD - Goal defence
- GK - Goal keeper
- GS - Goal shooter

There are many rules in netball some of which are these:
- If a shooter attempts to shoot the ball but misses the hoop without it touching, then the shooter must wait until another player touches the ball first or until the ball bounces before she can touch the ball again.
- A player can only hold the ball for three seconds - held ball
- No stepping with the ball - stepping
- When defending, a player must be 3 feet from the player with the ball - otherwise it is called obstruction
- A player may not bounce the ball to herself - replay
- A player may not contact another player - contact
- A player may not enter a part of the court where her position is not allowed - offside
- When shooting or defending, a player may not use the pole as support - free pass to the other teams.
- No player is allowed to shoot from outside the semi circle or pass over a third.

## Playing court

A netball court is 30.5m long and 15.25m wide. The longer sides are called the side lines and the shorter sides the goal lines. The court is divided into three equal parts, a centre third and two goal thirds. These sections are marked by two transverse lines parallel to the goal lines. Each third measures 10.167m wide.

The goal circle is a semi‑circle 4.9m in radius and its centre is the midpoint of the goal line. The centre circle is 0.9m in diameter and is marked in the centre of the court.

All lines are part of the court and  50mm wide, preferably white. It is recommended that they are a textured, water‑based acrylic, straight and have clean, crisp edges.
Atomic number

The **atomic number** (symbol: **Z**) of an atom is the number of protons in the nucleus of the atom. The atomic number of an atom identifies which element it is. In a neutral atom, the atomic number is equal to the number of electrons orbiting the nucleus. The elements of the periodic table are listed in order of increasing atomic number.

Atomic number is not the same as:
- **atomic mass** (symbol: _m_<sub>a</sub>), which is the mass of a single atom, commonly expressed in unified atomic mass units
- **mass number** (symbol: **A**), which is the sum of the number of protons and number of neutrons in the nucleus of an atom
- **relative atomic mass** (also called **atomic weight**;** **symbol: _A_<sub>r</sub>), which is the ratio of the average mass per atom of an element from a given sample to 1/12 the mass of a carbon-12 atom.

The atomic number of the periodic table directly corresponds to the number of protons which is in the atom. Once another proton is added, it is no longer the same element. The same cannot be applied to when another neutron or another electron is added. Adding more electrons will give the atom a negative charge and removing electrons will give the atom a positive charge. Metals tend to lose electrons, which creates a positive charge. Non-metals tend to gain electrons, forming a negative charge. Electrons are the foundation for determining how compounds are formed among atoms.

Adding or removing neutrons within an atom changes its isotope. As an example, carbon-12 is the most stable isotope for a carbon atom. However, we can add two more neutrons and carbon-12 is now carbon-14, a less stable isotope of carbon. The number of an isotope directly correlates to the atomic mass of an element.  The amount of neutrons in any given atom by subtracting the atomic number from the atomic mass.

For example, oxygen has 8 protons. The atomic number is the number of protons an element has.  So, if an unidentified element has 8 protons, then it is oxygen. This is because each element has a certain number of protons.  If an element had 9 protons, it would not be oxygen, but an element can have 8 protons, and 9 neutrons and still be considered oxygen; we call this an isotope.

## Related pages

- Henry Moseley
Cardinal number

**Cardinal numbers** (or **cardinals**) are numbers that say _how many_ of something there are, for example: one, two, three, four, five, six. They are sometimes called **counting numbers**.

The **cardinality** of a set is the cardinal number that tells us, roughly speaking, the size of the set.

In mathematics, people also study infinite cardinal numbers. The first infinite cardinal number was named  (pronounced "Aleph null", "Aleph-zero" or "Aleph-naught") by Georg Cantor.  is the number of numbers that are in the group 0, 1, 2, 3, ... (which goes on forever). Both the set of natural numbers and the set of rational numbers are of size  (that is, they are both countable).

Another infinite cardinal number is the number of numbers in the set of real numbers, and is represented by the symbol  (or , the cardinality of the continuum). Cantor proved that there are many different infinite cardinal numbers that are bigger than . A famous theorem of Cantor is that the cardinality of the real numbers is larger than the cardinality of the natural numbers. The continuum hypothesis is the statement that there is no middle cardinal number strictly between that of natural numbers and real numbers.

## Related pages

- Cardinal numeral
- Ordinal number
- Names for ordinal numbers
Merchant marine

**Merchant marine** is a term used in many places to talk about commercial ships and crews. A country's merchant marine is made up of all the ships owned by companies or individuals in that country which are used to make money. Most of a country's merchant marine is usually made of ships that carry things from place to place, like oil tankers and freighters. Other ships, like cruise ships and ferries, are also included because they are used to make money. When a country is at peace, its merchant marine works independently. Some countries, though, require merchant ships to work for their armed forces in times of war.

In the United States, "Merchant Marine" has a different meaning. The United States Merchant Marine (USMM) is a part of the military which is controlled by the government in both peace and war. When the United States is at war, the USMM is used to carry military supplies. In World War II, nearly one out of every twenty-six American merchant mariners was killed, a higher portion of men than in the Army, Navy, or even the Marines.

## Other websites

- The Marine Society
- International Merchant Marine Community
- United States Merchant Marine Academy
- Canadian Merchant Navy: Second World War
- Official database of deceased Canadian Merchant Mariners
- SwissWorld: The Swiss Merchant Navy
- Photos of the Merchant Marine Memorials in London
Cats

**Cats** might refer to:

- Domestic cat, a common pet
- Felidae, a family of mammals
- _Cats_ (musical)
FreeBSD

**FreeBSD** is an operating system for many different kinds of computers. This means that if the user has a computer around the house and want to run FreeBSD on it, the user probably can. Computers that run Microsoft Windows will also run FreeBSD. It is based on BSD, the version of UNIX developed at the University of California, Berkeley.

## Open source

FreeBSD is open source. This means that anyone can download the source code and change, or learn from it. The people who work on FreeBSD do not usually get paid. They keep working on it because they enjoy it or want to become more experienced programmers.
Most open source software that runs on Linux will run natively on FreeBSD without the need for any compatibility layer.

### Operating systems based on FreeBSD

There are a lot of operating systems, which are based on FreeBSD.

#### Operating systems with a GUI

Several projects created an operating system, based on FreeBSD, which has a GUI by default.

Examples for that kind of operating systems are:
- DesktopBSD
- GhostBSD
- PC-BSD

## Related pages

- DragonFly BSD
- OpenBSD
- NetBSD

## Other websites

- FreeBSD
- FreeBSD software
- Other interesting information about FreeBSD including One Floppy FreeBSD MP3 and CD Player
- mdoc.su — short manual page URLs, a URL shortener written in nginx
- BXR.SU — FreeBSD source code search
- FreeBSD 9.1 - Announcement of FreeBSD 9.1

## Infobox (os)

- **name**: FreeBSD
- **logo size**: 200px
- **screenshot**: VirtualBox FreeBSD 12.1 07 05 2020 11 59 43.png
- **screenshot size**: 300px
- **developer**: The FreeBSD Project
- **family**: Unix-like
- **working state**: Current
- **source model**: Open-source software, Open source
- **marketing target**: Server (computing), Servers, workstations, embedded systems, firewall (computing), network firewalls
- **package manager**: pkg
- **supported platforms**: x86-64, AArch64, ARM64, ARM32, IA-32, MIPS architecture, MIPS, PowerPC, RISC-V,
- **kernel type**: Monolithic kernel
- **userland**: BSD
- **ui**: Unix shell
- **license**: FreeBSD License, FreeBSD Documentation License
Garry Marshall

**Garry Marshall** (November 13, 1934 – July 19, 2016) was an American writer, producer, director and actor.

## Career

Marshall wrote for comedians Joey Bishop and Phil Foster. Soon he moved on to writing for television series, including _The Dick Van Dyke Show_ and _The Tonight Show_. In 1970, he adapted the Neil Simon play and 1968 movie _The Odd Couple_ into a popular television series starring Tony Randall and Jack Klugman.

It was very successful. Marshall worked on _Happy Days_, _Laverne and Shirley_ (which co-starred his sister Penny), and _Mork and Mindy_. Both of there were spin-offs from _Happy Days_ and just as successful and well-known. He directed and acted in several movies including _Pretty Woman_ and _Runaway Bride_.

Marshall also ran and works out of a local community theatre house in Los Angeles, The Falcon Theatre.

## Death

On the morning of July 19, 2016, Marshall, aged 81, died at a hospital in Burbank, California, due to complications of pneumonia after suffering a stroke.

### Animation

- _BoJack Horseman_ - Abe
- _Father of the Pride_ - Bernie
- _Penn Zero: Part-Time Hero_ - Soda Jerk
- _Pinky and the Brain_ - Mr. Itch (The Devil)
- _Rugrats_ - Fred
- _The Looney Tunes Show_ - Dr. Weisberg
- _The Simpsons_ - Larry Kidkill, Sheldon Leavitt

### Live action

- _Happy Days_ - Drum Player, Prom Drummer
- _Laverne & Shirley_ - Drummer
- _The Naked Truth_ - Garry Marshall
- _The Odd Couple_ - Walter Madison

### Films

- _A League of Their Own_ - Walter Harvey
- _Can't Be Heaven_ - Pawn Shop Broker
- _Chicken Little_ - Buck Cluck
- _Finding Bliss_ - Garry Marshall
- _Hocus Pocus_ - Devil (Husband)
- _Orange County_ - Arthur Gantner
- _Pretty Woman_ - Bum Tour Guide
- _Race to Witch Mountain_ - Dr. Donald Harlan
- _Runaway Bride_ - First Baseman in Softball
- _Scooby-Doo and Kiss: Rock and Roll Mystery_ - Manny Goldman
- _The Strangest Rugrats Adventure_ - Garry Marshall

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: Garry Marshall 2013 cropped.jpg
- **caption**: Marshall in 2013
- **birth name**: Garry Kent Marshall
- **birth place**: The Bronx, New York City, U.S.
- **death place**: Burbank, California, U.S.
- **occupation**: Actor, director, writer, producer
- **years active**: 1961–2016
- **spouse**: Barbara Marshall
(m. 1963–2016, his death)
- **children**: 3 (including Scott Marshall)
- **alma mater**: Northwestern University
- **relatives**: Penny Marshall, Ronny Hallin (sisters)
Johnny Weissmuller

**Johnny Weissmuller** (June 2, 1904 – January 20, 1984) was a Austrian-American swimmer and actor. He was born in Timisoara, Austria-Hungary to German parents.

He was one of the world's best swimmers in the 1920s. He won five gold medals and set five then-Olympic records in swimming competitions at the Olympics in 1924 and 1928, and a bronze medal in water polo at the 1924 Olympics.

He later played Tarzan in a series of movies in the 1930s and became a movie star. This made him a character actor. He then had trouble getting parts in other movies because of this.

## Death

On January 20, 1984, Weissmuller died of pulmonary edema. He was 79. He was buried in Acapulco, Mexico, where he was living when he died.  At his funeral, a sound recording of the _Tarzan yell_ he had made famous in the movies was played three times, at his request.
1756

## Events

- Mme Jeanne-Marie Leprince de Beaumont revises _Beauty and the Beast_.

## Births

- January 27 – Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Austrian composer (d. 1791)
- February 6 – Aaron Burr, American politician, 3rd Vice President of the United States (d. 1836)
- March 3 – William Godwin, English journalist (d. 1836)
- May – John Macadam, Scottish engineer, invented Tarmac for the roads (d. 1836)
1715

## Events

- There are riots against King George I.
- Jacobite rising of 1715

## Deaths

- September 1 – Louis XIV of France dies and his great-grandson, Louis XV of France becomes king even though he is just five years old.
Priscilla Presley

**Priscilla Presley** (née **Wagner**) is an American actress. She is the former wife of Elvis Presley and is the mother of Lisa Marie Presley. Presley is probably most famous for her roles in the television primetime soap opera _Dallas_, and _The Naked Gun_ movies with Leslie Nielsen. She is also a member of Scientology.

## Early life

Presley was born at Brooklyn Naval Hospital in Brooklyn, New York City. Her maternal grandfather, Albert Henry Iversen (1899–1971), emigrated from Egersund in Norway to the United States in 1905. He married Lorraine Davis (1903–1984), who was of Scots-Irish and English ancestry. They had three children: Albert, Jr. (March 1922), James Richard (March 1924) and Anna Lillian Iversen (March 1926). Anna was later called, or her name was changed to, Ann. She was called Rooney (short for Annie Rooney) as a child. At the age of 19, she gave birth to Priscilla. They both still have cousins in Norway. In a letter to the City Hall of Egersund, Ann asked for information about their relatives, and wrote that Priscilla was interested in knowing about them; Priscilla's parents then visited family members in Norway in 1992.

She attended General H.H. Arnold High in Wiesbaden, West Germany.

## Other websites

- Priscilla Presley at the Internet Movie Database (IMDb)

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: File:Priscilla Presley at BD Pops concert (4).jpg
- **caption**: Presley in January 2022
- **birth name**: Priscilla Ann Wagner
- **alias**: Priscilla Beaulieu
- **birth place**: Brooklyn, New York City, U.S.
- **spouse**: (divorced)
- **occupation**: Actress/Businesswoman
- **years active**: 1983–99 <small>(acting)</small>
1982–present <small>(business)</small>
- **website**: [http://www.priscillapresley.com/ www.priscillapresley.com]
Canada Dry

**Canada Dry** is a brand name belonging to a company that produces beverages. Canada Dry makes ginger ale, club soda, and tonic water. Ginger ale is flavored with ginger root. Club soda is a clear drink sometimes used to remove stains from clothing. Tonic water is often used to make an alcoholic beverage known as _gin and tonic_.
Ginger ale

**Ginger ale** is a soft drink flavored with the root of a plant known as ginger. It has a sweet yet spicy flavor. Even though it has the name _ale_, which can be another word for beer, it is not beer. It is enjoyed by all ages. Canada Dry is a well known maker of ginger ale. Most ginger ales come in a green can.

## Related beverages

Ginger beer is a non-alcoholic soft drink flavored with ginger root. Ginger beer is spicier than ginger ale and popular in some Caribbean countries, such as Trinidad.
Shaving

**Shaving** is removing hair from the face or other body part with a razor.

"Shaving" often refers to men who cut their facial hair with a razor or clipper. Sometimes they just trim their facial hair while other men completely shave it. Some people do not shave the chin, this is called a goatee beard. Other men do not shave the upper lip, this is called a mustache.

In addition to this, many men choose to shave their heads and be bald. In many armies, male soldiers are required (have to) shave their heads.
Hygiene

**Hygiene** is the act of being clean. Washing the body to remove dirt and germs, washing hands and brushing the teeth to keep them clean, shaving, using the toilet properly, and dressing correctly are some examples. Proper hygiene is often taught to children at a young age, and it becomes a habit. People who do not have good hygiene might smell bad, lose teeth, or become ill (sick).
First proven use of the word in English was in 1677s. The word hygiene comes from the French word hygiène, which is the western version of Greek word ὑγιεινή (τέχνη) - hugieinē technē, meaning "(art) of health", from ὑγιεινός (hugieinos), "good for the health, healthy",  in turn from ὑγιής (hugiēs), "healthful, sound, salutary, wholesome". In ancient Greek religion, Hygeia (Ὑγίεια) was the daughter of Asclepius and represented health.

## Related pages

- Public health
- Global Handwashing Day
Spork

A **spork** is a combination of a spoon and a fork to create a special tool for eating. Most sporks are made from plastic. Many fast food chains use the spork, including Taco Bell, Kentucky Fried Chicken, Taco John's, and Taco Bueno. Many dislike the spork because it cannot poke food as well as a fork nor hold liquids as well as a spoon.
Vauxhall Astra

**Vauxhall Astra** is a car produced by Vauxhall since 1980. It was first just branded as a **Vauxhall**, since 1991 it has also been sold as a **Opel**, a **Holden** and a **Chevrolet**. From 2007 to 2009 it was sold as a Saturn.
Ford Ka

The **Ford Ka** is a car made by the Ford in Spain, Poland and Brazil. It has three doors and was first made in 1996. The Ka is very popular in Europe, about 1.5 million cars have been sold. A new model has been released in Brazil in 2008, in Europe a new model has been introduced in 2009.

## Engine data

4 cylinders in line; SOHC; 8 valves; electronic multipoint fuel injection

- **1.0l** Duratec (Brazil)
48 kW (65 HP) at 6.000 rpm
87 Nm at 3.250 rpm

- **1.3l** Duratec (1297 cc-Europe)
44 kW (60 HP) at 5500 rpm
99 Nm at 2500 rpm

- **1.3l** Duratec (1297 cc-Europe)
51 kW (70 HP) at 5500 rpm
106 Nm at 3000 rpm

- **1.6l** Duratec (1597 cc-Europe and Brazil)
70 kW (95 HP) at 5500 rpm
135 Nm at 4250 rpm

## Second Generation

The second generation of the Ka was released in the beginning of 2009. The car is build in cooperation with Fiat, the technic is the same as used in the Fiat 500.

For the first time, a Diesel engine is available for the Ford Ka.

## Engine data

4 cylinders in line; SOHC; 8 valves

- **1.2l** Duratec (1242 cc)
51 kW (69 HP)
102 Nm at 3.000 rpm

- **1.3l** Duratorq (1248 cc)
55 kW (75 HP)
145 Nm at 1500 rpm
Tower Bridge

**Tower Bridge** is a drawbridge in London. It crosses the River Thames near the Tower of London. It allows ships through the bridge deck when is raised at an angle in the centre.

The north side of the bridge is Tower Hill, and the south side of the bridge comes down into Bermondsey, an area in Southwark. Tower Bridge is far more visible than London Bridge, which people often mistake it for. Many tourists go to London to see the Tower Bridge. It has its own exhibition centre in the horizontal walkway. This gives one of the best vantage points in London.

The "bascules" are the surfaces raised to allow tall ships to pass through: this happens about 900 times per year. The bridge's decks (bascules) can be raised to 83<sup>o</sup> from the horizontal.

## History

The City of London Corporation held a competition for the design in 1876. Over 50 designs were entered, and in 1884 Horace Jones and John Wolfe Barry's design was chosen.

Workers began to build the Tower Bridge in April 1886 and the bridge was opened on 30 June 1894.

In June 2012, the bridge was highlighted on the route of Queen Elizabeth II's Diamond Jubilee Pageant on the Thames.

## Design

The bridge is  in length with two towers, each  high, built on piers. The central span of  between the towers is split into two equal bascules or leaves, which can be raised to an angle of 83<sup>o</sup> to allow river traffic to pass. The bascules, weighing over 1,100 tons each, are counterbalanced to minimize the force required and allow raising in five minutes. The bascules are raised by huge hydraulic pumps which were first powered by steam engines. In 1976 these were replaced by oil and electricity. The bridge is made from more than 11,000 tons of steel, and covered with Cornish granite and Portland stone.

The two side-spans are suspension bridges, each  long, with the suspension rods anchored both at the abutments and through rods contained within the bridge's upper walkways. The pedestrian walkways are  above the river at high tide. These walkways allow people to still cross the river, even when the bridge is raised. They were closed in 1910 because not enough people used them, but were reopened in 1982.

## Related pages

- List of crossings of the River Thames

## Other websites

- Tower Bridge Exhibition
- Tower Bridge

## Infobox (bridge)

- **fetchwikidata**: ALL
- **onlysourced**: yes
- **bridge name**: Tower Bridge
- **image**: Tower Bridge at Dawn.jpg
- **caption**: View from Shad Thames
- **alt**: View of Tower Bridge from Shad Thames
- **image size**: 300px
- **carries**: London Inner Ring Road
- **crosses**: River Thames
- **locale**: London boroughs:
– north side: London Borough of Tower Hamlets, Tower Hamlets
– south side: London Borough of Southwark, Southwark
- **named for**: Tower of London
- **maint**: City Bridge Foundation,
City of London Corporation
- **heritage**: Grade I listed building
- **preceded**: London Bridge
- **followed**: Dartford Crossing#Queen Elizabeth II BridgeQueen, Elizabeth II Bridge
- **architect**: Horace Jones (architect), Horace Jones
- **begin**: 22 April 1886
- **complete**: 1894
- **opened**: 30 June 1894
Waiter

A **waiter** is a person who serves people often at a restaurant or at a café. They are usually called a waiter because they wait for the order.  A female waiter is called a **waitress**. They will take orders and deliver food to customers. A good waiter can also help the customers by recommending the best food in the restaurant or café.

Many waiters and waitresses are required by their employers to wear a uniform. Most uniforms used are black and white or all black. Historically the term waiter was used to describe customs officers who waited on the tide for vessels to come in carrying goods to tax.
Variable

A **variable** is a special type of amount or quantity with an unknown value. The opposite of a variable (that is, a known value) is called a constant.

## Variables in math

In mathematics, a variable is usually given a letter, such as _x_ or _y_. Other letters are often used for particular kinds of variable:

- The letters _m_, _n_, _p_, _q_ are often used as variables for integers.
- The letters _a_, _b_ and _c_ are often used as coefficients of functions.
- The letters _i_, _j_, _k_ are often used as indices of summation.
- The letter _t_ is often used as a variable for time.
- The letter _z_ is often used as a variable for complex numbers.

Most letters are used in equations to show numbers that are unknown (an exception is _e_, which is a constant). Using a type of math called algebra, one can find the value of the variable.

Any number cannot change its value. This is true whether the number is rational (such as -8.625) or irrational (such as 2√3, which is 2 multiplied by the square root of 3), or whether the number is real (such as ) or imaginary (such as ).

Variables are also common in science, where they usually represent physical properties that do not stay the same. For example, if a person stands 5 feet away from a building, the _distance_ variable compared to the building does not change over time. 5 feet (1.52 meters) is called a _fixed amount_, which is the opposite of a variable amount. But if a person walks away from the building, the distance variable compared to the building is increasing. So it does not have the same value, and we cannot use the same number for it, as the distance might be 1 foot now, but 2 feet (0.61 meters) a second later.

## Variables in computer science

In computer science, a variable is a value in a program that can change. It does not have to be a number. It can be a string (text value), a date, an amount of money, an object such as a picture, or simply null (which means it has no content). The value that is stored in a variable can change the behavior of a program when it is run. Because of this, variables are commonly used to store input and output values.

Each programming language works differently with variables. Most of them allow any character string that is not "reserved" (that is, has a special meaning) to be the name of the variable. It is good in computer programming to use names that tell what will be stored in the variable (such as "person", "age", "total", and so on). Also, some languages like C and Java require the data type of the variable (that is, the kind of content that will be stored in it) to be declared (written) when the variable is created. Others, like Python and Visual Basic, do not have this rule, which allows the type of variable to be changed when a new value is stored in it.

## Related pages

- Dependent and independent variables
- Explanatory variable
Musical instrument

**Musical instruments** are things used to make music. Anything that somehow produces sound can be considered a musical instrument, but the term generally means items that are specifically for making music.

Musical instruments can be divided by type into:
- string instruments (plucked or bowed)
- wind instruments
    - woodwind
    - brass
- percussion instruments
- keyboard instruments

An orchestra has instruments from four families:
- bowed string instruments (e.g. violin)
- woodwind (e.g. flute)
- brass (e.g. trumpet)
- percussion (e.g. drums)

Some people think that the voice is a "natural musical instrument" because singing is a way to make music without any instrument at all.

## Related pages

- Instrumental
Pupil

There are different types of **pupils**:

- Pupil (eye), the centre of the eye, which is an opening into the inside. It's the black circle on the outside of the eye
- Student, someone who is learning something, usually in a school or university
Golan Heights

The **Golan Heights** is a plateau and a disputed land between Syria and Israel, which captured the area in the Six Day War of 1967. The United Nations has voted to ask Israel to pull its troops out of the Golan Heights. Syria and Israel still have not signed a peace treaty from that war, mostly because of the issue of the Golan. They almost reached a peace deal but they could not agree on where to draw the line, and what Syria would have to do in return. The Golan Heights and Mount Hermon was annexed by Israel in 1981. On the western edge of the Golan Heights is a range of dormant and extinct volcanos.

In January 2013, the Israeli government said it planned to build a wall along the eastern edges of the Golan Heights, on its ceasefire line with Syria.

## References

**Notes**

## Other websites

- Israeli community portal
- The Syrian Golan  – Permanent Mission of the Syrian Arab Republic to the United Nations
- Gaulonitis in the Jewish Encyclopedia (1906)
- What is the dispute over the Golan Heights?
- A View From Damascus: Internal Refugees From Golan’s 244 Destroyed Syrian Villages from Washington Report

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Golan Heights
- **native name**:

- **image map**: Golan_Heights_Map.PNG
- **map caption**: Location of the Golan Heights
- **image caption**: Lake Ram near Mount Hermon (background), in the northeastern Golan Heights
- **settlement type**: List of territorial disputes#Asia, Disputed territory
- **subdivision type**: Status
- **subdivision name**: Internationally recognized as Governorates of Syria, Syrian territory Military occupation, occupied by Israel;
 see Status of the Golan Heights.
- **area total km2**: 1800
- **area blank1 title**: Occupied by Israel
- **area blank1 km2**: 1200
- **area blank2 title**: Controlled by Syrian Arab Republic (including _de jure_  United Nations Disengagement Observer Force, UNDOF control zone)
- **area blank2 km2**: 600
- **elevation max m**: 2814
- **elevation min m**: −212
- **population total**: 40,000–49,700
- **population blank1 title**: Arabs
- **population blank1**: 20,000–25,700
- **population blank2 title**: Israeli Jewish settlers
- **population blank2**: 20,000–22,300
- **population footnotes**: ** of Israeli-occupied area**.
- **utc offset1**: +2
- **utc offset1 dst**: +3
Translator

A **translator** works with different languages. They may read something written in one language and speak it or write it in another language or vice versa. For example, they might read a book in French and then _translate_ it into English. See translation for more information.

In order to convert meanings from one language into another one, translators must be able to know the target language _deeply_. They are conveying the original meaning of the source text or material to a second language. As a result, translators do not only convert words, which makes it more like an art than a science.

Translators also work to convert speech as well as writing. The United Nations debates are translated as they are spoken, one individual translator for every individual language if it is the General Assembly.

One advantage of professional translation is that it reduces the problems of understanding what is said. On the other hand, there is often a loss of nuance (subtlety) in a translations, especially one done immediately the text is spoken. For this reason, many translators do a rough version immediately, and then work it over later on.
1466

### January–December

- June – Second Siege of Krujë:  Mehmed II leads an army of 150,000 to stop the Albanian resistance by taking Krujë. The Albanians stop him and the Ottoman army leaves from Albania.
- August 26 – A conspiracy against Piero di Cosimo de' Medici, led by Luca Pitti and Borso d'Este, is discovered and put down in Florence.
- October 19 – The Thirteen Years' War ends

### Date unknown

- The Chimú Empire is conquered by troops of the Inca.
- Erik Axelsson Tott replaces Jöns Bengtsson Oxenstierna as Regent of Sweden.
- The first printed German language Bible is made.
- Louis XI of France introduces silk weaving to Lyon.
- Kingdom of Georgia ends. Rival states of Kartli, Kakheti, Imereti, Samtskhe-Saatabago start.

## Births

- February 11 – Elizabeth of York, queen of Henry VII of England (d. 1503)
- June 18 – Ottaviano Petrucci, Italian music printer (d. 1539)
- August 10 – Francesco II Gonzaga, Marquess of Mantua (d. 1519)
- September 9 – Ashikaga Yoshitane, Japanese shogun (d. 1523)
- October 27 – Erasmus, Dutch philosopher (d. 1536)
- November 30 – Andrea Doria, Italian naval leader (d. 1560)
- _probable_
    - Moctezuma II, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlán (d. 1520)
    - Alonso de Ojeda, Spanish conquistador and explorer (d. 1515)
        - Laura Bowen, founder of the nursing profession.

## Deaths

- March 8 – Francesco I Sforza, Duke of Milan (b. 1401)
- October 30 – Johann Fust, German printer (b. c. 1400)
- December 13 – Donatello, Italian artist (b. 1386)
- _date unknown_
    - Benedetto Accolti, Italian jurist and historian (b. 1415)
    - Hacı I Giray, first ruler of the Crimean Khanate
    - Barbara Manfredi, Italian noblewoman
    - Nicolaus Zacharie, composer
1502

**1502** (MDII) was a common year starting on Saturday in the Julian calendar.

## Events

- The Franco-Spanish War over Naples begins.
- Montezuma II becomes ruler of the Aztecs.
- January 1 – The place where Rio de Janeiro is now is explored.
- Safavid dynasty begins.
- Ottoman Safavid Clashes (1502) Finished
Teenager

A **teenager**, or **teen**, is someone who is 13 to 19 years old.  They can also be called "adolescents".  The laws on what teenagers may do vary between countries.

The term “teenager” became widely used for people who are old enough to have their own money to spend, but are not yet adults (legally, not biologically), after the scientist Mark Abrams wrote a research paper called “The Teenage Consumer” in 1959. The paper defined this group to be people 13–25 years old (despite ages 20–25 not being within the teens anymore).

A person becomes a teenager when they become 13 years old. It ends when they become 20 years old. Teenagers who are between 13 and 17 years old are usually considered legally children and teenagers. Teenagers who are 18 and 19 years old may be considered both teenagers and legally adults. However, recent research has shown that brain development continues well into the 20s (into the mid-20s), meaning that even young people in their early 20s are still developing. As a result, researchers have pushed adolescence from 10-19 to 10-24 to capture the biological development well past the teenage years. Additionally, Arnett defines emerging adulthood as 18-29, as a stage between adolescence and young adulthood.

The way the word is used varies. Some societies have rites of passage to mark the change from childhood to adulthood. These ceremonies may be very complicated. During puberty, rapid mental and physical development can occur. Adolescence is the name for this transition period from childhood to adulthood.

"Teenager" is an English word, as many foreign languages do not include a suffix "teen" in their translations of the numbers 13 to 19. In non-English speaking countries, people between these ages may be called adolescents, youths, young adults, depending on the culture.

The law of each country may set an age of majority when teenagers can do things. Younger people on licenced premises (such as bars) need to carry identity cards (ID cards) to verify their age. Teenagers, however, gradually obtain various rights depending on the states or countries and their laws, rights like getting a driver licence and start driving or consenting to sexual activity.

The life of a teenager can change every day. Constantly exposed to new ideas, social situations and people, teenagers work to develop their personalities and interests. Before their teenage years, they focused on school, play, and gaining approval from their parents. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention defines a teenager as someone between the ages of 12 and 19.
1533

## Events

- Ottoman-Habsburg War in Hungary
- January 25– Henry VIII marries Anne Boleyn

## Births

- September 7 – Elizabeth I of England

## Deaths

- June 25 – Mary Tudor
Age

**Age** might mean:

- Ageing, the process of people getting older
- Period (geology)
1546

## Events

- The Anglo-French War ends
- The Book of Apocrypha is added in the Roman Catholic church

## Births

- December 14 – Tycho Brahe, Danish astronomer (d. 1601)
- _date unknown_
    - Thomas Digges, English astronomer (d. 1595)

## Deaths

- February 18 – Martin Luther, German religious reformer (b. 1483)