juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Ground sloth

**Ground sloths** are a group of extinct large sloths in the mammalian superorder Xenarthra. The much smaller living sloths are called "tree sloths".

The last surviving ground sloths lived in the Caribbean Antilles.  _Megalocnus_ may have survived until about the third century BC in Cuba. By then ground sloths had been extinct on the mainland of North and South America for 10,000 years or more. They survived on Caribbean islands because humans got to the islands much later.  Some island sloth populations lived 5,000-6,000 years later than their continental mainland relatives.  This fits the pattern of Holocene extinction of large vertebrates due to human dispersal.  In other words, they were probably hunted or otherwise so affected by humans that they were unable to survive.

Most ground sloth evolution took place during the mid to late Tertiary of South America while the continent was isolated.  At their earliest appearance in the fossil record, the ground sloths were already quite distinct. The presence of islands between the American continents in the Miocene allowed some to get into North America.

Ground sloths were a hardy group: their numbers and dispersals into remote areas are evidence of this. Remains have been found in parts of Alaska.

Sloths, and xenarthrans as a whole, were one of the more successful South American groups during the Great American Biotic Interchange. In general, during the interchange, many more taxa moved from North America into South America than in the other direction. However,at least five genera of ground sloths have been identified in North American fossils. These are examples of successful migration to the north.

## Typical examples

- _Megatherium_
- _Paramylodon_
Paramylodon

***Paramylodon*** is an extinct genus of ground sloth. It was endemic to North America in the Pliocene, and to the end of the Pleistocene epoch. It lived from around ~4.9 million years ago (mya) to 11,000 years ago.

_Paramylodon_ was about 3 m (9.8 ft) in height and weighted as much as 1089 kg. It is known from deposits in the United States, Mexico and as far south as Guatemala.

There is just one recognized species, _P. harlani_, (Owen) 1840, which is commonly referred to as Harlan's ground sloth in honor of the American paleontologist who first discovered and described a lower jaw in 1835.

Like the South American _Mylodon_, _Paramylodon_ had dermal ossicles: small bones embedded in the skin. This made it harder for predators if they attacked from behind. Its skull and teeth suggest it was, like the other members of its group, a browser on leaves and small branches. It ate standing on its hind legs and using its huge hands to pull the vegetation into its mouth. Skeletons found in the La Brea tar pits were more or less complete.
Wilfred Thesiger

**Wilfred Thesiger** (June 3, 1910 – August 24, 2003) was a British military officer, explorer, and writer.

He was born in Addis Ababa where his father was an advisor to the Ethiopian emperor. He went to school and university in England but he always dreamed of travel. He didn't make many friends when he studied in England. During his first university holidays he travelled alone, without much money, from England to Istanbul. This was the start of an exciting life filled with adventure in Africa, Iraq and the Arabian Peninsula.

Thesiger was one of the last great British explorers and he was an excellent photographer and writer. When Thesiger died in 2003, he left more than 38,000 photographs to the Pitt Rivers museum in Oxford. Thesiger wrote many books, some of which are considered to be classics. He was a tall, strong man and a successful boxer.

Thesiger travelled through the UAE with his Bedouin friends and even met Sheikh Zayed in Al Ain. (In 2003, the UAE gave money to the Pitt Rivers museum to help keep Thesiger's photos safe). Thesiger had a deep respect for his Bedouin friends who he thought of as better than himself because they were generous, brave and always cheerful. Each time Thesiger and his Bedouin friends met other people, they stopped, invited them to eat their food, and enjoyed sharing the latest news.

Thesiger loved a simple lifestyle. He didn't like cars or the radio. For the rest of his life he always wanted to go back to the desert.

He died in Croydon, London.
Penny Arcade

***Penny Arcade*** is a webcomic about video games. It was created by Jerry Holkins and Mike Krahulik. The comic debuted in 1998. Now, the comic has its own website which also hosts other comic strips. In addition, the site has information about Child's Play, a children's charity, and PAX, a gaming convention. Both are by Holkins and Krahulik.

## The Comic Strip

The comic strip is about two characters who are based on the creators of the comic strip. John "Gabe" Gabriel is based Mike Krahulik, and Tycho Brahe is based on Jerry Holkins. Gabriel is happier, but can become very angry. Tycho Brahe (named after the astronomer Tycho Brahe) is unhappy and serious. The characters go through the same events their creators do, but react differently. Most of the comic strips involve the two characters commenting on nerd culture, usually video games. The strip has large amounts of cursing and has been known to offend people.

## Other Media

Krahulik and Holkins have released podcasts called _Downloadable Content_ since March 20, 2006. A series of four video games loosely based on the comic strip titled _Penny Arcade Adventures: On the Rain-Slick Precipice of Darkness_ began on May 21, 2008. Tycho appeared in the game _Poker Night at the Inventory_ alongside characters from _Team Fortress 2_, _Strong Bad_ and _Sam & Max_. _Penny Arade: The Series_ is a reality televesion show about the strip and the Penny Arcade company that began on February 20, 2010.

## Other websites

- loonygames.com
- penny-arcade.com
Operation Yewtree

**Operation Yewtree** is an investigation by the Metropolitan Police into sex crimes, especially child sexual abuse. It began in October 2012, after Jimmy Savile, who died in 2011, was found to have been a sexual predator for decades. People investigated include: Max Clifford, Dave Lee Travis, Rolf Harris, Gary Glitter, Freddie Starr, Paul Gambaccini, Chris Denning, Jim Davidson, Wilfred De'ath and Ted Beston.

Clifford, Harris and Denning have been convicted after being investigated by Operation Yewtree.
Yigal Arnon

**Yigal Arnon** (9 December 1929 – 27 April 2014) was an Israeli lawyer. He was best known as the founder of Yigal Arnon & Co., one of the largest law firms in Israel. He was born in Tel Aviv.

Arnon died on 27 April 2014 in Tel Aviv, aged 84.
Max Clifford

**Maxwell Frank** "**Max**" **Clifford** (6 April 1943 – 10 December 2017) was a British publicist and sex offender.

## Early life

Clifford was born in Kingston upon Thames and raised in Wimbledon. He left school when he was 15.

## Personal life

Clifford was married to Elizabeth Porter from 1967 until her death in 2003. He has a daughter by her. He married Jo Westwood in 2010. She began divorce proceedings against him in August 2013 on the grounds of unreasonable behaviour. A decree nisi was granted in May 2014. He lived in Hersham before being sent to prison.

## Crimes

He was arrested in December 2012 by Metropolitan Police officers as part of Operation Yewtree an investigation which was set up to investigate child sexual abuse committed by DJ Jimmy Savile who died in 2011, and by other people. In 2014, he was tried at Southwark Crown Court for 11 counts of indecent assault against teenage girls. On 28 April 2014 he was convicted of 8 counts.  On 2 May 2014, he was sentenced to 8 years imprisonment and is now incarcerated at HM Prison Littlehey in Cambridgeshire. He collapsed in his cell and was taken to hospital, where he died of a heart attack.
Jack Ramsay

**John T.** "**Jack**" **Ramsay** (February 21, 1925 – April 28, 2014), also known as "**Dr. Jack**", was an American basketball coach. He coached Saint Joseph's Hawks from 1955 until 1966, Philadelphia 76ers from 1968 until 1972, Buffalo Braves from 1972 until 1976, Portland Trail Blazers from 1976 until 1986 and Indiana Pacers from 1986 until 1988. He entered the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 1992. He was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Ramsay died in his sleep from cancer on the night of April 27, 2014. He was 89.
Birthday Girl

***Birthday Girl*** is a 2001 British-American crime-thriller movie. It is set in St Albans, Hertfordshire. It stars Nicole Kidman and Ben Chaplin. It is a bank clerk in St Albans who finds a Russian mail-order bride, Nadia, played by Kidman.

The movie received mixed reviews.
Harry Firth

**Harry L. Firth** (18 April 1918 - 27 April 2014) was an Australian racing driver and team manager. Firth was a leading race and rally driver during the 1950s and 1960s and continued as an influential team manager with first the Ford works team and then the famed Holden Dealer Team (HDT) well into the 1970s. He was born in Orbost, Victoria.

Firth died from natural causes, aged 96.
Rolling and wheels in the natural world

There are two ways that natural and man-made things can use rotation to move around. One way is for the entire thing to roll. The other way is for part of the thing to turn while the rest does not, like a wheel or a propeller. Some living things move around by rolling, but no living things seem to use wheels. Biologists have written about the reasons for this. Writers of science fiction and fantasy have invented many animals with wheels.

Wheels are a very useful technology for people. Many technologies that people use are also found in nature, like wings and lenses.
It may seem strange, then, that wheels have never evolved in nature, but there are two reasons for this. First, there are natural limits to what kinds of things can exist in nature. Living things change slowly over time, a process called evolution by natural selection. This process can create many different answers to a problem, but it can't always create every answer that can be imagined. Also, the ways that new living things build themselves (a process called developmental biology) can't always create every kind of part that can be imagined. Second, wheels are sometimes less useful than other ways of moving, like walking, running, or slithering like a snake. For the same reason, some groups of people in the past have given up using wheels completely.
Idris Sardi

**Idris Sardi** (June 7, 1938 – April 28, 2014) was an Indonesian violinist. His career lasted for nearly 50 years until retiring in 2013 because of ill health. Sardi was born to Mas Sardi, an Indonesian composer, and Hadidjah, an Indonesian actress.

Sardi died at Meilia Hospital in Cibubur, Indonesia from an illness. He was 75 years old.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Idris Sardi
- **image**: Idris Sardi at the National Library of Indonesia 06.jpg
- **birth place**: Jakarta, Indonesia
- **death place**: Cibubur, Indonesia
- **nationality**: Indonesian
- **occupation**: Violinist
Cordial (candy)

A **cordial** is a kind of candy in which a fruit filling is placed within a chocolate shell. A common candy of this kind is the cherry cordial.

## Infobox (food)

- **name**: Cordial
- **image**: Cherry cordial (candy).JPG
- **image size**: 250px
- **caption**: Cherry cordial
- **type**: Candy
- **main ingredient**: Fruit, invertase, chocolate
June Angela

**June Angela** (born **June Angela Profanato**, August 1959) is an American actress, tap dancer and singer. She was 10 years old in season 1 (1969-1970) of _Sesame Street_ (where she cameo appeared) and 12-17 and 49 years old in seasons 1-7 (1971-1977, 2006 and 2009) of _The Electric Company_.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: June Angela
- **birth place**: New York City, New York (state), New York, United States
- **occupation**: Actress, singer, tap dancer
- **years active**: 1971–Present
2011 Tuscaloosa–Birmingham tornado

The **2011 Tuscaloosa–Birmingham tornado** was a very strong multiple-vortex tornado in Alabama. It took place on April 27, 2011. The tornado was a violent EF4 which caused over $2 billion in damage.

Early reports indicated 65 people were killed, with over 1,000 injured. However, this was revised to 64 deaths and more than 1,500 injuries.

## Other websites

- Interview with Storm Chaser of April 27 Tuscaloosa Tornado

## Infobox (storm)

- **name**: 2011 Tuscaloosa–Birmingham tornado
- **image**: Tuscaloosa_tornado_damage_27_April_2011.jpg
- **caption**: A flattened home in Concord, Alabama after the EF4 tornado
- **formed**: April 27, 2011, 4:43 p.m. Central Time Zone#Central Daylight Time, CDT (UTC−05:00)
- **active**: 1 hour, 31 minutes
- **dissipated**: April 27, 2011, 6:14 p.m. CDT (UTC–05:00)
- **fujitascale**: EF4
- **total fatalities**: 64 fatalities (+8 indirect), 1,500+ injuries
- **damages**: $2.4 billion (2011 USD)
- **affected**: Tuscaloosa, Alabama, Tuscaloosa to Birmingham, Alabama, United States
- **enhanced**: yes
- **partof**: the **2011 Super Outbreak**
Donald Sterling

**Donald Tokowitz Sterling** (born April 26, 1934) is an American business magnate and former attorney.

## Early life

Sterling was born in Chicago, Illinois. He was raised in Los Angeles, California. Sterling studied at the University of California, Los Angeles and at Southwestern Law School. He was raised as Jewish.

## Career

He was the owner of the Los Angeles Clippers in the National Basketball Association (NBA). Sterling bought the Clippers in 1981 for $12.5 million, and as of 2014, the team is valued at $575 million by _Forbes_ magazine, ranking them 18th out of 30 teams. At 33 seasons of ownership (1981 to present), Sterling was the longest-tenured owner in the NBA since the death of Los Angeles Lakers majority owner Jerry Buss on February 18, 2013 up until his suspension on April 29, 2014.

## Personal life

Sterling was married to Rochelle Stern. They had six children. He lives in Los Angeles, California.

### Racist remarks

On April 25, 2014, _TMZ Sports_ released what it said is an April 9, 2014 audio recording of a conversation between Sterling and V. Stiviano. According to TMZ, Sterling and Stiviano argued in regards to a photo Stiviano posted on Instagram in which she posed with Magic Johnson. In the audio recording, Sterling allegedly tells Stiviano: "It bothers me a lot that you want to broadcast that you’re associating with black people." On April 29, 2014, the University of California, Los Angeles announced that it was rejecting a $3 million gift from Sterling. On April 29, 2014, Sterling was banned from the NBA for life and fined $2.5 million  by the NBA after recordings of him making racist comments were made public.

A miniseries was made about the controversy; In 2024, Clipped (miniseries) will have its first showing on television, on FX on Hulu (part of Disney Entertainment).

### Health

In 2012, Sterling began treatment for prostate cancer. In May 2014, it was announced that Sterling was in the early developing stages of Alzheimer's disease.

## Other websites

- Peter Keating: Uncontested: The life of Donald Sterling, ESPN The Magazine and ESPN.com, June 1, 2009

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: Derek Fisher buzzer beater vs. Clippers in 2010 (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Sterling in 2010
- **birth name**: Donald Tokowitz
- **birth place**: Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
- **known for**: Former owner of Los Angeles Clippers
- **nationality**: United States
- **education**: B.A. California State University, Los Angeles
J.D. Southwestern Law School
- **occupation**: Real estate developer, owner of Los Angeles Clippers
- **networth**: US$1.9 1,000,000,000 (number), billion (Sept 2013)
- **spouse**: Rochelle Stein
- **children**: 3
Dean Acheson

**Dean Gooderham Acheson** (pronounced ; April 11, 1893 – October 12, 1971) was an American statesman and lawyer. He was a member of the Democratic Party.

## Early life

Acheson was born in Middletown, Connecticut. He studied at Yale College and at Harvard Law School. He married Alice Stanley in 1917.

## Secretary of State

Acheson served as the 51st United States Secretary of State under President Harry S. Truman. He served as Secretary of State from January 1949 to January 1953. He helped defend America's foreign policy during the break of the Cold War.

Acheson's most famous decision was convincing President Truman to intervene in the Korean War in June 1950. He also persuaded Truman to dispatch aid and advisors to French forces in Indochina, though in 1968 he finally counseled President Lyndon B. Johnson to negotiate for peace with North Vietnam.

## Kennedy Administration

During the Cuban Missile Crisis, President John F. Kennedy called upon Acheson for advice, bringing him into the executive committee (ExComm), a strategic advisory group.

## Personal life

Acheson and his wife Alice had three children; David, Jane, and Mary. He remained married to Alice until his death in 1971. He retired shortly after 1955.

### Awards

Acheson was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1964 by President Lyndon B. Johnson. He also won a Pulitzer Prize for History in 1970.

## Death

Acheson died in Sandy Spring, Maryland from a massive stroke. He was 78 years old. He was survived by his two surviving children, David and Mary. He was buried at Oak Hill Cemetery in Washington, D.C..

## Other websites

- Work on Acheson's Role in Designing the Foreign Policy Stance of the Democratic Party after the 1952 election.
- Annotated bibliography for Dean Acheson from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Dean Acheson
- **image**: Dean Acheson.jpg
- **order**: 51st
- **title**: United States Secretary of State
- **term start**: January 21, 1949
- **term end**: January 20, 1953
- **president**: Harry S. Truman
- **predecessor**: George C. Marshall
- **successor**: John Foster Dulles
- **birth name**: Dean Gooderham Acheson
- **birth place**: Middletown, Connecticut, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Sandy Spring, Maryland, United States, U.S.
- **resting place**: Oak Hill Cemetery (Washington, D.C.), Oak Hill Cemetery in Washington, D.C., United States, U.S.
- **party**: United States Democratic Party, Democratic
- **spouse**: Alice Caroline Stanley
(1917 - 1971, his death)
- **children**: David Campion Acheson
Jane Acheson Brown
Mary Eleanor Acheson Bundy
- **alma mater**: Yale College
Harvard Law School
- **profession**: Lawyer
- **branch**: United States National Guard
- **battles**: World War I
Sandy Spring, Maryland

**Sandy Spring, Maryland** is an unincorporated community in Montgomery County, Maryland.
Overbrook, Kansas

**Overbrook** is a city in Osage County, Kansas.
Little Talks

**"Little Talks"** is a 2011 debut single by Of Monsters and Men. The song came from the album _My Head is an Animal_.

In August 2012, the song hit #1 in Ireland on the Irish Singles Chart. It also hit #20 on the _Billboard_ Hot 100.

"Little Talks" was later certified platinum in the United States.
Minnesota City, Minnesota

**Minnesota City** is a city in the U.S. state of Minnesota. It is in the southeast part of the state. It is near Winona.

## People

The population was 202 at the 2020 U.S. Census.
Ridgway, Colorado

**Ridgway** is a city in Ouray County, Colorado.
Lynwood, California

**Lynwood** is a city in Los Angeles County, California, United States.
Cedarville, Illinois

**Cedarville** is a village in Stephenson County, Illinois.

Cedarville has a population of 663 people, as of 2020.
Buddy Rich

**Bernard "Buddy" Rich** (September 30, 1917 – April 2, 1987) was an American jazz drummer and bandleader. Rich was known as "the world's greatest drummer" and for his virtuoso technique, power, groove, and speed. He was born in Brooklyn, New York.

Rich died in Los Angeles, California from heart failure, aged 69.
Peg Phillips

**Peg Phillips** (September 20, 1918 – November 7, 2002) was an American actress. She is best known for playing storekeeper Ruth-Anne Miller on the television series _Northern Exposure_. Phillips was born in Everett, Washington.

Phillips died from lung disease in Seattle, Washington, aged 84.
William Demarest

**Carl William Demarest** (February 27, 1892 – December 28, 1983) was an American character actor. He is best known for playing Uncle Charley in _My Three Sons_. He was born in Saint Paul, Minnesota.

Demarest died from prostate cancer and pneumonia in Palm Springs, California, aged 91.
Swedish Chef

The **Swedish Chef** is a Muppet character that appeared on _The Muppet Show_. He was voiced by Jim Henson and performed by Jim Henson and Frank Oz. Since Jim Henson's death, he has been played by Bill Barretta. He is known for not speaking English, but instead a fake version of the Swedish language, mostly just saying "Børk".
Wapakoneta, Ohio

**Wapakoneta** is a city in Ohio. It is the county seat of Auglaize County.
Edcouch, Texas

**Edcouch** is a city in Hidalgo County, Texas.
Pine nut

**Pine nuts** are the edible seeds of pines (family Pinaceae, genus _Pinus_). About 20 species of pine produce seeds large enough to be worth harvesting. Other pines have edible seeds too small to be useful as a human food.

Pine nuts have been eaten in Europe and Asia since the Paleolithic period. They are often added to meat, fish, salads and vegetable dishes or baked into bread. In Italian they are called _pinoli_. They are an essential part of Italian pesto sauce.

Pine nuts can be pressed to extract pine nut oil, which is valued for its mild, nutty flavour. The large edible seeds of the Southern Hemisphere conifer genus _Araucaria_ produce nuts rather like pine nuts.
Fernando Gómez

**Fernando Gómez** may refer to:
- Fernando Gómez Colomer (1965-), Spanish former footballer.
- Fernando Gómez Doblas (1965-), Spanish track and field athlete.
International Geographical Union

The **International Geographical Union** (**IGU**; , _UGI_) is an international association of geographical organizations around the world. The organization was established in 1922 in Belgium after the first geographical congress, which was in 1871.

The Union has 34 Commissions and four task forces. One of these commissions is the Urban Geography Commission. This compares cities in the capitalist economy world and cities in the socialist economy world. It was created at the UGI conference in Moscow in 1976. It was proposed by Prof. Kasimierz Dziewonski from Poland.

## Other websites

- International Geographical Union / Union Géographique Internationale
- Urban Geography Commission
International Festival of Geography

The **International Geography Festival** is an event held every year by the Association for the Development of FIG (ADFIG). It is related to geography. It is held in Saint-Dié-des-Vosges in France. It was first held in 1990. The festival is under the patronage of the International Geographical Union.

## Other websites

- the Official website of the festival
Argument from authority

**Argument from authority** or **appeal to authority** is a form of argument or reasoning that argues if a person with authority in a field makes a statement about it, it is probably true. It could become a fallacy if it is misused.

In informal reasoning, the appeal to authority is an argument of the form:
- A is an authority on a particular topic
- A says something about that topic
- A is probably correct

The argument is good in some conditions. For example, a person says, "I need to take my medication because my doctor told me to." Doctors are trained, know much about medication, and probably have experience giving medication before. The person is appealing to a real authority with supported data that makes the authority probably right.

The argument is bad when there is a false authority or unclear authority. For example, "I know X is true because it said so on the internet." The complete internet has no authority because any person on the internet can say anything they want. A part of the internet may have authority, but it is unclear because the argument was not specific.
Bimbo Coles

**Vernell Eufaye "Bimbo" Coles** (born 1968) is a retired American basketball player. He played for 14 seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA).  He was also nicknamed "**Colsie**".

## Basketball career

Vernell Coles was born Apr 22, 1968 in Covington, Virginia. Coles was a standout at Greenbrier East High School in Lewisburg, West Virginia. He played his college basketball for the Virginia Tech Hokies for four seasons (1986–87 to 1989–90). He was a member of the United States 1988 Olympic basketball team which won a bronze medal. His NBA career started when he was selected by the Sacramento Kings in the 1990 NBA Draft. He was immediately traded to the Miami Heat in exchange for veteran guard Rory Sparrow. After Coles' first of the two times he played with the Miami Heat, he was traded to the Golden State Warriors. He also played for the Atlanta Hawks, Cleveland Cavaliers, and Boston Celtics. He was utilized primarily as a backup point guard.

## Later career

Coles is now the fitness director of CountryRoads Crossfit. It is a physical fitness center in Lewisburg, West Virgina. In February 2011, Coles was inducted into the West Virginia Sports Hall of Fame.

## Other websites

- Bimbo Coles, Basketball Reference.com
Tornado outbreak of March 2–3, 2012

The **March 2–3, 2012 tornado outbreak** was several tornadoes that hit the Southern United States and Ohio Valley. Two of them were EF4 on the Enhanced Fujita Scale. This included Ohio and Kentucky.

The storms killed 43 people.
Brampton Bryan Castle

**Brampton Bryan Castle** is a castle in the small village of Brampton Bryan in north-western Herefordshire, England, 50m south of the River Teme.  The castle guarded an important road from Ludlow along the Teme Valley to Knighton and on into Central Wales.

The castle is listed in the Domesday Book (1086). In 1295 it was described as a "tower with curtilage". The castle was almost entirely destroyed during the Civil War. The ruins that are still standing include an outer gate house, parts of the inner gatehouse, part of the south wall of the kitchen, and the great hall.

When Bryan de Brampton died in 1294, his son-in-law, Robert Harley, inherited the castle. For almost 700 years since the castle has remained in the Harley family. During the Civil War, the castle was defended by Lady Brilliana Harley, the wife of Robert Harley. Harley was a puritan and a Member of Parliament.

## Infobox (military structure)

- **name**: Brampton Bryan Castle
- **location**: Brampton Bryan, Herefordshire, England
- **image**: Brampton Bryan gatehouse.jpg
- **image size**: 250px
- **caption**: Gatehouse to the castle
- **map type**: Herefordshire
- **events**: English Civil War
University of Lausanne

The **University of Lausanne** is a university in Lausanne, Switzerland. It was founded in 1537 as a school of theology, before being made a university in 1890. Today about 12,000 students and 2200 researchers study and work at the university. Approximately 1500 international students attend the university.

## Other websites

- the University of Lausanne website
St. John's Co-Cathedral

**St. Johns Co-Cathedral** () is a Roman Catholic cathedral in Valletta, Malta. It was built by the Knights of Malta between 1573 and 1578. It was commissioned (ordered to be built) in 1572 by Grand Master Jean de la Cassière. He made it the main church of the Order of the Knights Hospitaller of St John, also known as the Knights of Malta. The Church was designed by the Maltese architect Glormu Cassar (Girolamo Cassar). The church is considered to be one of the finest examples of high Baroque architecture in Europe.
Silkworm (missile)

The **Silkworm missile** was the NATO reporting name for these kinds of Chinese anti-ship missiles:

- Shang You or SY-series
- Hai Ying or HY-series
- Fei Long or FL-series

These missiles were the Chinese version of the Soviet P-15 Termit missile. They used hot launch mechanism for launching the missile from ships.

## Other websites

- Federation of American Scientists page on HY-1
- HY-2
Transglutaminase

A **transglutaminase** is an enzyme that forms a chemical bond between two protein molecules. The reaction also produces a molecule of ammonia. Transglutaminases were first described in 1959. In 1968 it was discovered they form a role in blood coagulation.

Transglutaminase have many uses. They can be used as a binding agent to improve the texture of protein-rich foods such as surimi or ham. Other examples of foods made using transglutaminase include imitation crabmeat, and fish balls.
Muppets Most Wanted

***Muppets Most Wanted*** is a 2014 American-British musical comedy caper film produced by Walt Disney Pictures and Universal Pictures. It is the eighth movie featuring the Muppets. It was directed by James Bobin and written by Bobin and Nicholas Stoller. Muppets Most Wanted is a sequel to 2011's _The Muppets_ and stars Ricky Gervais, Ty Burrell, and Tina Fey. In _Muppets Most Wanted_, the Muppets find themselves unwittingly involved in an international crime caper while on tour in Europe.

The majority of the production team behind _The Muppets_ returned for _Muppets Most Wanted_. This was including Bobin, Stoller, producers David Hoberman and Todd Lieberman of Mandeville Films. Music supervisor Bret McKenzie also returned. The movie started filming in January 2013 at Pinewood Studios in London. _Muppets Most Wanted_ premiered March 11, 2014 in Los Angeles, California and was released in North America on March 21, 2014.
Ricardo Mórtola

**Ricardo Mórtola Di Puglia** (c. 1950 – 22 April 2014) was an Ecuadorian architect and businessman. He was born in Guayaquil, Ecuador. He was known for constructing Estadio Monumental Isidro Romero Carbo in Barcelona. He won many awards during his twenty-year career.

Mórtola died in Guayaquil, Ecuador from respiratory arrest caused by testicular cancer, aged 63.
Windows 2.x

**Windows 2.x** is a graphical personal computer operating system developed by Microsoft. It was said to look almost the same to the first Mac OS and more closely matched Microsoft's pre-release publicity for Windows 1.0.

## Windows 2.1x

Five months after the release of Windows 2.03, Microsoft released Windows 2.10, and after 10 months, Windows 2.11. They were the first versions that required an Intel 80286 or 80386 processor to run.

## Other websites

- GUIdebook: Windows 2.0 Gallery  – A website dedicated to preserving and showcasing Graphical User Interfaces
- ComputerHope.com: Microsoft Windows history
- Microsoft article with details about the different versions of Windows

## Infobox (os version)

- **name**: Windows 2.x
- **family**: Microsoft Windows
- **logo**: Windows logo and wordmark - (1985-1989).svg
- **screenshot**: Windows 2.03 booting.png
- **developer**: Microsoft
- **website**: http://www.microsoft.com/
- **source model**: Closed source software, Closed source
- **license**: MS-Software license agreement, EULA
- **preceded by**: Windows 1.0 (1985)
- **succeeded by**: Windows 3.0 (1990)
- **first release url**: http://windows.microsoft.com/en-US/windows/history
- **release version**: 2.11
- **release url**: http://support.microsoft.com/kb/32905
- **support status**: Unsupported as of December 31, 2001
- **date**: November 2009
Iveta Bartošová

**Iveta Bartošová** (8 April 1966 – 29 April 2014) was a Czech singer and actress. She played in the music poll Zlatý slavík (1986, 1990 and 1991). She was also known for her life style attracting the attention of the Czech tabloid media. She was born in Čeladná, Czech Republic.

On 29 April 2014, she committed suicide by throwing herself under a train in Uhříněves, Prague. Many people think that the reason why died by suicide was because of the media harassing her.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Iveta Bartošová
- **image**: Iveta Bartošová.jpg
- **caption**: Bartošová in 2003
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth place**: Čeladná, Czech Republic
- **death place**: Uhříněves, Prague
- **occupation**: Singer, actress and celebrity
- **years active**: 1982–2014
Tahar Chaïbi

**Tahar Chaïbi** (17 February 1946 – 29 April 2014) was a Tunisian footballer. He played as a midfielder for Club Africain and the national team. He was born in Tunis, Tunisia.

Chaïbi died from complications from a stroke, aged 68.

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Tahar Chaïbi
- **image**: Tahar Chaïbi.jpg
- **birth place**: Tunis, French protectorate of Tunisia, Tunisia
- **position**: Midfielder
- **years1**: 1959–1976
- **clubs1**: Club Africain
- **nationalteam1**: Tunisia national football team, Tunisia
Michael Kadosh

**Michael "Lufa" Kadosh** (April 23, 1940 in Alexandria - April 29, 2014) was a former Israeli footballer. He worked as the manager of Hapoel Jerusalem. He won many awards during his 50 year career.

Kadosh died on 29 April 2014 from cancer at the age of 74.

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Michael Kadosh
- **image**: Lufa2.PNG
- **image size**: 200
- **fullname**: Michael Kadosh
- **birth place**: Alexandria, Egypt
- **position**: Goalkeeper (association football), Goalkeeper
- **youthclubs1**: Maccabi Jaffa
- **years1**: 1957–1958
- **years2**: 1958–1970
- **years3**: 1970–1971
- **years4**: 1971–1976
- **clubs1**: Maccabi Jaffa
- **clubs2**: Hakoah Ramat Gan
- **clubs3**: Maccabi Netanya
- **clubs4**: Maccabi Tel Aviv F.C., Maccabi Tel Aviv
- **manageryears1**: 1976–1978
- **manageryears2**: 1978–1980
- **manageryears3**: 1980–1982
- **manageryears4**: 1982–1983
- **manageryears5**: 1983–1984
- **manageryears6**: 1984–1985
- **manageryears7**: 1985
- **manageryears8**: 1985–1986
- **manageryears9**: 1986–1987
- **manageryears10**: 1987–1989
- **manageryears11**: 1989–1990
- **manageryears12**: 1990–1991
- **manageryears13**: 1991–1992
- **manageryears14**: 1992–1993
- **manageryears15**: 1993–1996
- **manageryears16**: 1996–1998
- **manageryears17**: 1998–1999
- **manageryears18**: 1999–2000
- **manageryears19**: 2000–2003
- **manageryears20**: 2003–2004
- **manageryears21**: 2004–2005
- **manageryears22**: 2005
- **manageryears23**: 2005–2006
- **manageryears24**: 2006–2007
- **manageryears25**: 2007–2009
- **manageryears26**: 2009–2010
- **manageryears27**: 2010–2012
- **manageryears28**: 2013
- **managerclubs1**: Hapoel Lod F.C., Hapoel Lod
- **managerclubs2**: Hakoah Ramat Gan
- **managerclubs3**: Maccabi Ramat Amidar
- **managerclubs4**: Maccabi Yavne
- **managerclubs5**: Hapoel Ashkelon
- **managerclubs6**: Maccabi Yavne
- **managerclubs7**: Hapoel Lod F.C., Hapoel Lod
- **managerclubs8**: Shimshon Tel Aviv
- **managerclubs9**: Hapoel Ramat Gan
- **managerclubs10**: Maccabi Yavne
- **managerclubs11**: Maccabi Sha'arayim F.C., Maccabi Sha'arayim
- **managerclubs12**: Hapoel Ashdod
- **managerclubs13**: Beitar Jerusalem
- **managerclubs14**: Hapoel Ashkelon
- **managerclubs15**: Beitar Tel Aviv
- **managerclubs16**: Hakoah Ramat Gan
- **managerclubs17**: Hapoel Ashdod
- **managerclubs18**: Beitar Be'er Sheva F.C., Beitar Be'er Sheva
- **managerclubs19**: Hapoel Be'er Sheva
- **managerclubs20**: Hapoel Kfar Saba
- **managerclubs21**: Maccabi Herzliya
- **managerclubs22**: Hapoel Be'er Sheva
- **managerclubs23**: Bnei Sakhnin
- **managerclubs24**: Maccabi Ahi Nazareth
- **managerclubs25**: Hapoel Jerusalem
- **managerclubs26**: Beitar Shimshon Tel Aviv F.C., Beitar Shimshon Tel Aviv
- **managerclubs27**: Hapoel Jerusalem
- **managerclubs28**: Hapoel Ashkelon
Dennis Kamakahi

The Rev. **Dennis David Kahekilimamaoikalanikeha Kamakahi** (March 31, 1953 – April 28, 2014) was an American slack key guitarist, recording artist, music composer, and Christian minister. He has won multiple Grammy Awards. In 2009 was inducted into the Hawaiian Music Hall of Fame. Kamakahi was born in Honolulu, Hawaii.

Kamakahi died in Honolulu, Hawaii from lung cancer, aged 61.
West Covina, California

**West Covina** is a city in Los Angeles County, California.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: West Covina, California
- **settlement type**: List of municipalities in California, City
- **motto**: "Live, Work, Play."
- **image skyline**: File:West Covina Civic Center.jpg
- **image caption**: Civic Center (2016)
- **image flag**: Flag of West Covina, California.gif
- **image seal**: Seal of West Covina, California.png
- **image map**: LA County Incorporated Areas West Covina highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 250x200px
- **map caption**: Location of West Covina in Los Angeles County, California
- **pushpin map**: Los Angeles#California#USA
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Los Angeles County##Location in California##Location in the United States
- **pushpin label**: West Covina
- **pushpin label position**: top
- **pushpin relief**: 1
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in California, County
- **subdivision name2**: Los Angeles County, California, Los Angeles
- **established title**: Municipal corporation, Incorporated
- **established date**: February 17, 1923
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total sq mi**: 16.09
- **area land sq mi**: 16.04
- **area water sq mi**: 0.05
- **area total km2**: 41.67
- **area land km2**: 41.55
- **area water km2**: 0.12
- **area water percent**: 0.30
- **elevation ft**: 384
- **elevation m**: 117
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 109501
- **population rank**: List of cities in Los Angeles County, California, 11th in Los Angeles County
List of largest California cities by population, 63rd in California
- **population density sq mi**: auto
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone**: Pacific Time Zone, PST
- **utc offset**: −8
- **timezone dst**: PDT
- **utc offset dst**: −7
- **postal code type**: ZIP codes
- **postal code**: 91790–91793
- **area code type**: North American Numbering Plan, Area codes
- **area code**: Area code 626, 626, Area code 909, 909
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature IDs
- **blank1 info**: ,
Wall cloud

**Wall clouds** (or **pedestal clouds**) are localized, large and persistent lowering cloud formations that develop below the rain-free region of thunderstorms. Rotating wall clouds are indicative of mesocyclones in thunderstorms. Wall clouds do not always rotate, though.

Wall clouds are formed by a process known as entrainment, when an inflow of warm, moist air rises and overpowers rain-cooled air during a downwind downdraft.
Technical support scam

A **technical support scam** is a form of telephone fraud that tricks people by pretending that they are a service which helps people fix their computers. In most cases they convince the victim they have a computer problem that does not actually exist. A common type is when someone gets a call from someone (usually from places like India) pretending to be from a company that sounds real such as "Microsoft" or "Windows" support. Often the caller tries to gain the victim's trust. They may use confusing and very technical language to sound authentic. They may ask the victim to perform several tasks on their computer. Often they target legitimate files on the victim's computer saying these are viruses. These tactics are designed to scare people into letting the scammer fix the problem (that does not really exist). The caller may have the victim install malicious software that could capture sensitive data, such as online banking passwords or credit card information.
Santeria (song)

"**Santeria**" is the second single off American ska punk band Sublime's third and final studio album _Sublime_. The song was released on January 7, 1997.

The title of the song refers to Santería, a religion practiced in the Caribbean. The song tells a story about a jealous ex-boyfriend that plans to take revenge out on the man that stole his girlfriend. He mentions using violent force when he talks about "popping a cap in Sancho" and "putting that barrel straight down Sancho's throat". Lead singer Bradley Nowell refers to the man as "sancho" and his ex-girlfriend as "heina". In Mexico, "sancho" is often used to describe a man who steals another man's girlfriend. "heina" is used to describe a man's woman or girlfriend.

The song was featured in the 2008 video game _Guitar Hero World Tour_ and as a downloadable song in the 2010 video game _Rock Band 3_. The song was also featured in the 2012 movie _This Is 40_.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Santeria
- **artist**: Sublime
- **album**: Sublime (album), Sublime
- **released**: January 7, 1997
- **recorded**: 1996
- **genre**: Alternative rock, reggae rock, ska punk
- **length**: 3:03
- **label**: Music Corporation of America, MCA
- **writer**: Bradley Nowell, Bud Gaugh, Eric Wilson (bassist), Eric Wilson
- **prev title**: What I Got
- **prev year**: 1996
- **next title**: Wrong Way
- **next year**: 1997
What I Got

"**What I Got**" is the first single off American ska punk band Sublime's third and final studio album _Sublime_. The song was released on August 27, 1996.

It is the band's biggest radio hit and was one of the most popular singles of 1997 in the United States. When the song was released, it was able to reach #1 on the Modern Rock Tracks chart and was also a mainstream Top 40 hit, reaching #29 on the Billboard Hot 100 Airplay. The song was ranked #83 in _Rolling Stone_'s "100 Greatest Guitar Songs of All Time".

The song was featured in the 2010 video game _Rock Band 3_, the 2011 video game _Saints Row: The Third_, the 2000 video game _Dave Mirra Freestyle BMX_, and the 2009 video game _Guitar Hero 5_.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: What I Got
- **artist**: Sublime
- **album**: Sublime (album), Sublime
- **released**: August 27, 1996
- **recorded**: 1996
- **genre**: Alternative rock, alternative hip hop, ska punk
- **length**: 2:51
- **label**: MCA Records
- **writer**: Bud Gaugh, Bradley Nowell, Half Pint, Eric Wilson (bassist), Eric Wilson
- **prev title**: Date Rape (song), Date Rape
- **prev year**: 1991
- **next title**: Santeria (song), Santeria
- **next year**: 1997
Deep Green Resistance

**Deep Green Resistance** (DGR) is an environmental movement. It was started by Derrick Jensen, Lierre Keith, and Aric McBay in 2011. DGR is radical feminist.

## Other websites

- Facebook page
Sidewinding

**Sidewinding** is a type of locomotion unique to some snakes. They use it to move across loose or slippery ground like sand or mud.  It is often used by the Saharan horned viper, _Cerastes cerastes_, and the sidewinder rattlesnake, _Crotalus cerastes_, to move across loose desert sands. They are found in the deserts of the southwestern U.S. and northern Mexico. It is also used by some snakes in Southeast Asia to move across tidal mud flats.  Other snakes can be induced to sidewind on artificial smooth surfaces, with various degrees of success. Sidewinding is not the only way snakes can move on sand.

Sidewinding is done by simply lifting all the segments with the same slope off the ground. In the movement, the snake's body is always in static (as opposed to sliding) contact with the ground.  The head seems to be "thrown" forward, and the body follows, being lifted from the prior position and moved forward to lie on the ground ahead of where it was originally.  Meanwhile, the head is being thrown forward again.  In this way, the snake slowly progresses at an angle, leaving a series of mostly straight, J-shaped tracks.  Because the  snake's body is in static contact with the ground, imprints of the belly scales can be seen in the tracks, and each track is almost exactly as long as the snake.

Below is a crude animated line-drawing showing sidewinding in action.  The light brown areas are the tracks left behind, and show where the body of the snake touched the ground.

This mode of locomotion overcomes the slippery nature of sand or mud by pushing off with only static portions on the body. The static nature of the contact points can be shown from the tracks of a sidewinding snake, which show each belly scale imprint, without any smearing. This mode of locomotion has very low caloric cost, less than ⅓ of the cost for a lizard or snake to move the same distance. Contrary to popular belief, there is no evidence that sidewinding is associated with the sand being hot.
Dickie Moore

**Dickie Moore** can mean:

- Dickie Moore (actor)
- Dickie Moore (ice hockey), ice hockey player in the National Hockey League
Districts of Luxembourg

The former three **districts of Luxembourg** (, , ) were the top-level administrative divisions of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg. The districts were divided into cantons.

|N||District||Capital||Area <small>(km²)</small> || Population <small>(2014)</small> || Density <small>(inhab./km²)</small> || Cantons|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1|Diekirch|Diekirch|1,157.24|83,661||Clervaux, Diekirch, Redange, Vianden, Wiltz|
|2|Grevenmacher|Grevenmacher|524.8|64,978||Echternach, Grevenmacher, Remich|
|3|Luxembourg|Luxembourg|904.34|401,041||Capellen, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg, Mersch|

## History

The districts (and cantons) were created on 24 February 1843.  In 1857, the _Mersch_ district was created from the cantons of Mersch and Redange.  However, this fourth district was abolished in 1867.

In October 2015, the districts were abolished.
Canton of Diekirch

**Diekirch** () is a canton in Luxembourg. Its capital is Diekirch.

## History

On 1 January 2012, the canton lost the _commune_ of Hoscheid when it was made part of the new _commune_ Parc Hosingen in the Clervaux canton. It lost the _communes_ of Ermsdorf and Medernach when they were combined to make the new _commune_ of Vallée de l'Ernz.

## Geography

With an area of , and a population (2017) of 32,244, the Diekirch canton has a population density of  inhabitants/km².

It is bordered on the north by the cantons Clervaux and Vianden, on the east by the German district of Bitburg-Prüm (part of the _Land_ of Rhineland-Palatinate) and the canton of Echternach, in the south by the canton of Mersch, and to the west by the cantons Redange and Wiltz.

## Communes

The Diekirch canton consists of the following 10 communes (2017 population).
1. Bettendorf (2,753)
1. Bourscheid (1,820)
1. Diekirch (6,472)
1. Erpeldange-sur-Sûre (2,392)
1. Ettelbruck (8,833)
1. Feulen (2,062)
1. Mertzig (2,115)
1. Reisdorf (1,202)
1. Schieren (2,004)
1. Vallée de l'Ernz (2,591), formed in January 1, 2012 from:
    - Ermsdorf and
    - Medernach

## Related pages

- Cantons of Luxembourg
- Districts of Luxembourg (all former)
- List of cities in Luxembourg

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Canton of Diekirch
- **native name**: Kanton Dikrech
- **settlement type**: Cantons of Luxembourg, Canton
- **image map**: Canton Diekirch in Luxembourg.svg
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: Luxembourg
- **subdivision type1**: Legislative constituency
- **subdivision name1**: Circonscription Nord (Luxembourg), Nord
- **subdivision type2**: Local administrative unit, LAU 1
- **subdivision name2**: LU00006
- **seat type**: Capital
- **seat**: Diekirch
- **area total km2**: 204.5
- **area rank**: List of cantons of Luxembourg by area, 8th of 12
- **elevation max m**: 525
- **elevation max footnotes**: (List of cantons of Luxembourg by highest point, 5th of 12)
- **elevation min m**: 175
- **elevation min footnotes**: (List of cantons of Luxembourg by lowest point, 4th of 12)
- **population rank**: List of cantons of Luxembourg by population, 4th of 12
- **population density km2**: auto
- **population density rank**: List of cantons of Luxembourg by population density, 5th of 12
- **parts type**: Communes
<small>(List of cities in Luxembourg, cities in bold)</small>
- **parts style**: para
- **p1**: Bettendorf, Luxembourg, Bettendorf
Bourscheid, Luxembourg, Bourscheid
**Diekirch**
Erpeldange
**Ettelbruck**
Feulen
Mertzig
Reisdorf
Schieren
Vallée de l'Ernz
- **image shield**: Blason Diekirch.svg