juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Curium

**Curium** is a synthetic chemical element in the periodic table that has the atomic number 96. It has the chemical symbol **Cm** and it is a radioactive metal. In chemistry it is placed in a group of metal elements named the actinides. Curium is a transuranic element. It is a radioactive element that does not exist in nature. Curium has a silver color and it is made by bombarding a plutonium target with alpha particles (helium ions). Curium was named after Marie Curie and her husband Pierre.

## Uses

Curium is used currently in rovers and space machinery.

## Infobox (curium)
Lanark

**Lanark** is a town in South Lanarkshire, Scotland. It is close to Carluke and Biggar. Lanark is approximately 40 miles from Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland. William Wallace once lived there. There is a statue of Wallace on the town church. A plaque remembers where he "first drew sword to free his native land" in 1296, when he killed Heselrig, the English sheriff of Lanark. This event forms the start of the Mel Gibson film, _Braveheart_.

Lanark is also notable for its annual Lanimer celebrations, where local children on coloured floats parade through the streets along with marching pipe bands. A Lanimer Queen is elected from the children, and crowned in a ceremony at the foot of the High Street. A Lord Cornet is chosen from local businessmen, and acts as escort for the Queen for the events of Lanimer Week.

## Infobox (uk place)

- **country**: Scotland
- **official name**: The Royal Burgh of Lanark
- **gaelic name**: Lannraig
- **scots name**: Lanrik
- **static image name**: High Street, Lanark (2006).jpg
- **static image caption**: _Lanark High Street, August 2006_
- **population**: 8,253
- **os grid reference**: NS8843
- **unitary scotland**: South Lanarkshire
- **lieutenancy scotland**: Lanarkshire
- **constituency westminster**: Lanark and Hamilton East (UK Parliament constituency), Lanark and Hamilton East
- **constituency scottish parliament**: Clydesdale
- **post town**: LANARK
- **postcode district**: ML11
- **postcode area**: ML
- **dial code**: 01555
- **edinburgh distance**: 29.5 miles
- **london distance**: 325 miles
Geelong

**Geelong** is the second biggest city in the state of Victoria, Australia. It has a large port and 190,000 people living in its area. Geelong at Corio Bay, which is 75 kilometres south-west
Melbourne.

The city is a near many famous tourist attractions, for example the Great Ocean Road, the Shipwreck Coast and the Bellarine Peninsula. Geelong also has the second oldest Australian rules football club in the world, the Geelong Football Club, also called _The Cats_.

## Other websites

- Official Geelong Government Site
- Local history of Geelong

## Infobox (australian place)

- **type**: city
- **name**: Geelong
- **state**: vic
- **image**: View_of_Geelong_across_Corio_Bay_from_Moorpanyal_Park,_2010.jpg
- **caption**: Geelong viewed across Corio Bay from The Esplanade Drumcondra in 2010.
- **pop**: 192393
- **pop year**: 2016
- **poprank**: 12th
- **established**: 1838
- **postcode**: 3220
- **area**: 918.79
- **area footnotes**: (2011 urban)
- **timezone**: Australian Eastern Standard Time, AEST
- **utc**: +10
- **timezone-dst**: Australian Eastern Daylight Time, AEDT
- **utc-dst**: +11
- **dist1**: 72
- **dir1**: SW
- **location1**: Melbourne
- **lga**: City of Greater Geelong
- **county**: Grant County, Victoria, Grant
- **stategov**: Electoral district of Bellarine, Bellarine
- **stategov2**: Electoral district of Geelong, Geelong
- **stategov3**: Electoral district of Lara, Lara
- **stategov4**: Electoral district of South Barwon, South Barwon
- **fedgov**: Division of Corangamite, Corangamite
- **fedgov2**: Division of Corio, Corio
- **maxtemp**: 19.6
- **mintemp**: 9.4
- **rainfall**: 552.7
- **local map**: yes
- **zoom**: 8
Monty Python's Life of Brian

***Monty Python's Life of Brian*** is a 1979 comedy movie by Monty Python. It is about the life of Brian Cohen (Graham Chapman), a young man born on the same night and the same neighbourhood as Jesus Christ. People mistake Brian for the Messiah.
Foundry

A **foundry** is a place where molten (melted) metals are poured into casts, to make metal things of a certain shape. Aluminum and cast iron are most commonly cast in foundries, but other metals, like bronze, can be cast as well. During casting, parts of different sizes and shapes can be made. Foundries also scrap used metals and recast them into more useful forms.
Call of Duty

***Call of Duty*** is a series of first-person shooter video games.

The first 6 games are about World War II, but the series began branching out beginning with _Modern Warfare_. The series now spans World War II, the Cold War, the present, the near future, and the far future. The _Modern Warfare_ series takes place in present times and is developed by Infinity Ward. Infinity Ward also created _Infinite Warfare._ The _Black Ops_ series takes place in the secret missions of the Cold War and in the future, and is developed by Treyarch. The majority of the games have been developed by Infinity Ward and Treyarch, with studio Sledgehammer Games developing Advanced Warfare ,and WWII . Many smaller studios have also assisted with development duties.

The _Call of Duty_ games are on the Gamecube, Xbox, PlayStation, PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, PlayStation Vita, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox 360, Xbox One, Xbox Series X, Xbox Series S, PC, Nintendo Wii, Wii U, and the Nintendo DS. The first four games are rated Teen, and each game released after that is rated Mature for blood, violence and strong language.

## Game series

- _Call of Duty - 29 Oct, 2003_
- _Call of Duty: Finest Hour - Dec 3, 2004_
- _Call of Duty 2 - Oct 25, 2005_
- _Call of Duty 2: Big Red 1 - Nov 1, 2005_
- _Call of Duty 3 - Nov 7, 2006_
- _Call of Duty 3: Roads to Victory - Mar 13, 2007_
- _Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare_ _- Nov 5, 2007_
- _Call of Duty: World at War - Nov 11, 2008_
- _Call of Duty: World at War Final Fronts - Nov 10, 2008

- _Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 - Nov 10, 2009_
- _Call of Duty: Black Ops - Nov 9, 2010_
- _Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3 - Nov 8, 2011_
- _Call of Duty: Black Ops 2 - Nov 12, 2012_
- _Call of Duty: Black Ops: Declassified - Nov 13, 2012_
- _Call of Duty: Ghosts - Nov 5, 2013_
- _Call of Duty: Advanced Warfare - Nov 4, 2014_
- _Call of Duty: Black Ops III - Nov 6, 2015_
- _Call of Duty: Infinite Warfare - Nov 4, 2016_
- _Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered - Nov 4, 2016_
- _Call of Duty: WWII - Nov 2, 2017_
- _Call of Duty: Black Ops 4 - Oct 12, 2018_
- Call of Duty: Mobile - _Oct 1, 2019_
- _Call of Duty: Modern Warfare (2019) - Oct 25, 2019_
- _Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 Campaign Remastered - Mar 31, 2020 (PS4); Apr 30, 2020 (Xbox One, PC)_
- Call of Duty: Warzone - _March 10, 2020_
- _Call of Duty: Black Ops Cold War - Nov 13, 2020_
- _Call of Duty: Vanguard - Nov 5, 2021_
- _Call of Duty: Modern Warfare II_ - October 28, 2022
- _Call of Duty: Modern Warfare III_ - November 10, 2023
- _Call of Duty: Black Ops 6'' - October 25, 2024
- Call of Duty: Black Ops 7 - November 14, 2025

## Other websites

- Official website
Seamonkey

**Seamonkey** may mean:

- **Sea-Monkey**, a very small animal
- **SeaMonkey**, an internet application
- **The Amazing Live Sea Monkeys**, a television series.
Spin (physics)

In physics, **spin** is the constant rotation of an object.

For large visible objects like the Earth, spin is the angular momentum of the turning of the Earth around its axis. This tells the amount of rotation that it has. Angular momentum changes with the mass and shape of the object, and with how fast it is turning.

## Spin in quantum theory

Experiments such as the Stern-Gerlach experiment have shown that sub-atomic particles, such as electrons, seem to have a north pole and a south pole much like magnets do. Scientists once thought that this was caused by the particle spinning on its axis like a planet.

Later, it was shown that the electron would have to be spinning faster than the speed of light to do this. This is why scientists no longer believe that the electron is actually spinning like a planet. Scientists do, however, continue to refer to the magnetic properties of particles as "spin".

Spin, whatever it is, seems to follow some of the laws of angular momentum, but not all of them. A "spinning" electron (or any other sub-atomic particle with spin) can only have certain values of angular momentum. Electrons can also align themselves against a magnetic field in ways that would be impossible in the everyday world.

Spin is considered a fundamental property of any particle.

## Related pages

- Dirac equation
- Spintronics
Bendigo, Victoria

**Bendigo** is a city in central Victoria, Australia. There are about 86,000 people in Bendigo. It is the fourth biggest city in Victoria after Melbourne, Geelong and Ballarat. The city area is  and has the towns Bendigo, Marong, Lockwood, Lockwood South, Ravenswood, Sebastian, Elmore, Heathcote, Maiden Gully, Lake Eppalock, Axedale, Goornong, Raywood and Huntly, all together, there are 100,000 people living there.

## Strathfieldsaye

Strathfieldsaye is a small suburb in Bendigo.  It takes its name from Stratfield Saye House, which was awarded to the Duke of Wellington after his defeat of Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo. In the 2011 census, Strathfieldsaye had a population of 4,648.

## Infobox (australian place)

- **type**: city
- **name**: Bendigo
- **state**: Vic
- **image**: Bendigo CBD.jpg
- **caption**: Bendigo city centre
- **pop**: 103,034
- **pop year**: 2021
- **poprank**: 19th
- **mintemp**: 8.0
- **maxtemp**: 21.2
- **rainfall**: 510.0
- **elevation**: 213
- **est**: 1851
- **area**: 287.4
- **area footnotes**: (2016 urban)
- **timezone**: UTC10, AEST
- **utc**: +10
- **timezone-dst**: UTC11, AEST
- **utc-dst**: +11
- **region**: Loddon Mallee
- **county**: County of Bendigo, Bendigo
- **postcode**: 3550
- **stategov**: Bendigo East
- **stategov2**: Bendigo West
- **fedgov**: Division of Bendigo, Bendigo
- **lga**: City of Greater Bendigo
- **dist1**: 150
- **dir1**: NW
- **location1**: Melbourne
- **dist2**: 423
- **dir2**: SE
- **location2**: Mildura
- **dist3**: 98
- **dir3**: NE
- **location3**: Ballarat
- **local map**: yes
- **zoom**: 8
Heimdall

**Heimdall** (or **Heimdallr**) is one of the gods in Northern mythology. He is the guardian of the Bifröst Bridge. He was the son of nine different mothers and was called the _White God_.

Heimdall is the guardian of the gods. He will blow a horn, called the _Gjallarhorn_, if Asgard is in danger. His senses are so good that he can hear the grass grow and he can see to the end of the world. Heimdall could hear a leaf fall. He does not need any sleep at all.

Heimdall was said to be the last of the gods to die at Ragnarok when he and Loki would kill one another.
Tantalum

**Tantalum** is a chemical element. Tantalum was named **tantalium**. It has the chemical symbol **Ta**. It has the atomic number 73. It is a rare metal. It is hard and blue-gray. In chemistry it is placed in a group of metal elements named the transition metals.

Tantalum does not easily corrode. It is found in the mineral tantalite.

## Infobox (tantalum)
Hafnium

**Hafnium** is a chemical element. It has the chemical symbol **Hf**. It has the atomic number 72. It is a metal. It is silver gray. In chemistry it is placed in a group of metal elements named the transition metals. The chemistry of hafnium is similar to zirconium.

Hafnium is found in zirconium minerals. Separating hafnium from zirconium is important for their use in nuclear power plants. The two metals are very similar, so it is difficult to separate them.

Hafnium is used in tungsten alloys in filaments and electrodes. It is also used as a neutron absorber in control rods in nuclear power plants.

## Related pages

- Periodic table
- List of common elements
Lutetium

**Lutetium** is a chemical element. It has the chemical symbol **Lu**. It has the atomic number 71. It is a metal and a rare earth element. It is silver white. In chemistry it is placed in a group of metal elements named the transition metals. Lutetium can also be grouped with the lanthanides because it is near the lanthanides in the Periodic Table. Its physical properties are like the lanthanides.

## Related pages

- Periodic table
- List of common elements
Anaheim Ducks

The **Anaheim Ducks** are an ice hockey team from Anaheim, California. They are in the National Hockey League (NHL). The Ducks changed the name on June 22, 2006. They used to be the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim. The name comes from the Disney movie _The Mighty Ducks_.

## History

The team was created in 1991 and started playing in the 1993 season. The Ducks were originally owned by The Walt Disney Company. In 2005, Disney sold the Ducks to Susan and Henry Samueli

They are in the Western Conference's Pacific Division. They play their home games at Honda Center, in Anaheim, California. Their team colors are black, gold, and orange. Dallas Eakins is the team's head coach. Ryan Getzlaf is the captain of the team.

To date, they have won one Stanley Cup. It was in the 2006-2007 season. The Anaheim Ducks won the conference championship in the 2002-03 season and 2006-2007 season. They have won 6 Pacific division titles.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (nhl team)

- **team name**: Anaheim Ducks
- **current**: 2022–23 Anaheim Ducks season
- **bg color**: background:#FFFFFF; border-top:#010101 5px solid; border-bottom:#B9975B 5px solid;
- **text color**: #000000
- **conference**: Western Conference (NHL), Western
- **division**: Pacific Division (NHL), Pacific
- **founded**: 1993
- **history**: **Mighty Ducks of Anaheim**
1993–94 NHL season, 1993–2005–06 NHL season, 2006
**Anaheim Ducks**
2006–07 NHL season, 2006–present
- **arena**: **Honda Center**
- **city**: Anaheim, California
- **uniform image size**: 240px
- **team colors**: Black, metallic gold, orange, silver

- **media affiliates**: Bally Sports SoCal
Bally Sports West
KCOP-TV, KCOP (My 13)
KLAA (AM), KLAA (Angels Radio AM 830)
- **broadcasters**: John Ahlers
Brian Hayward
Steve Carroll
Dan Wood
- **owner**: Henry Samueli, Henry & Susan Samueli
- **general manager**: Pat Verbeek
- **head coach**: Greg Cronin
- **captain**: _Vacant_
- **alternates**: Adam Henrique
- **minor league affiliates**: San Diego Gulls (American Hockey League, AHL)
Tulsa Oilers (ECHL)
- **stanley cups**: **1** (2007 Stanley Cup Finals, 2006–07)
- **conf titles**: **2** (2002–03 NHL season, 2002–03, 2006–07 NHL season, 2006–07)
- **presidents' trophies**: **0**
- **division titles**: **6** (2006–07 NHL season, 2006–07, 2012–13 NHL season, 2012–13, 2013–14 NHL season, 2013–14, 2014–15 NHL season, 2014–15, 2015–16 NHL season, 2015–16, 2016–17 NHL season, 2016–17)
Móði and Magni

**Magni** and **Móði** (Old Norse: "strength" and "bravery") are a pair of minor deities in Norse mythology. They are sons of the god Thor, said to be embodiments of their father's traits. While Magni is born to Thor by the jötunn Járnsaxa (a lover of Thor), the name of Móði's mother is unknown.

Other than his part after Ragnarök, little is known about Móði. Magni however, is featured prominently in the myth of Thor's battle with the giant Hrungnir.

Thor hit the giant Hrungnir in the head with his hammer, Mjölnir, shattering Hrungnir's skull. The giant then fell dead, as his leg landed on Thor's neck, pinning the god to the ground. The other Æsir tried to lift Hrungnir's leg off of Thor, but were unsuccessful. Thor's son, Magni, who was only three days old at the time, then came to his father and lifted Hrungnir's leg off of Thor all by himself. In his gratitude, Thor gifted his son Hrungnir's horse, Gullfaxi (Old Norse: "Gold-mane"). Odin himself was upset that Thor gave the horse to "the son of a giantess" and not to Odin, Thor's own father.
Kerosene

**Kerosene** or **paraffin oil** is a colourless flammable liquid, usually used for fuel. Kerosene is made by fractional distillation of petroleum. It may be used as fuel for lamps, in some kinds of cooking stoves and heaters, and there are even kerosene refrigerators. Kerosene is mainly used in the fuel for jet engines. The most common consumer use for kerosene in Canada and the US is lighting camp lamps. Kerosene is used as cooking fuel in some places, such as South Asia. Kerosene is also used to store sodium and other alkali metals.
Brass instrument

A **brass instrument** is a musical instrument that you play by blowing through a mouthpiece to change the pitch, or note.

Brass players use their breath to produce sound. Instead of blowing into a reed, they vibrate their lips by buzzing them against a metal cup-shaped mouthpiece. The mouthpiece helps to amplify the buzzing, which creates the sound. Most brass instruments have valves attached to their long pipes; the valves look like buttons. Pressing on the valves makes them open and close different parts of the pipe.

With brass instruments, the sound starts at the lips.
Their mouthpieces just help your lips buzz. It does not matter if the instrument is really made of brass, as long as it works that way.

It is not important what the instrument is made of. Some brass instruments are really made of wood, but are still called brass instruments, like the serpent. Other instruments are made of brass but do not work like this, like the saxophone. They are not called brass instruments, because they don't work that way.

There are also parts of the instrument that change the resonance and thus the pitch, like slides or valves.

A brass band is a group of brass instruments and drums that play music together. They are often used to play for parades and processions because the players can march and play at the same time. Brass bands were very popular in England. Many factories and coal mines had their own bands. The workers would play in the bands after work. One famous band is the Grimethorpe Colliery Band.

## List of brass instruments

- Bugle
- Baritone horn
- Trumpet
- Cornet
- Piccolo trumpet
- Flugelhorn
- French horn
- Mellophone
- Euphonium
- Trombone
- Tuba
- Sousaphone (American Tuba)
- Cimbasso
- Hunting horn
- Serpent
Crystallization

**Crystallization** is the way that atoms link up in a regular structure. The structure is held together by chemical bonds or connected groups.  Crystallization can be from a melt or from a solution, and can be natural or artificial.  Rarely, crystal can form directly from a gas. Faster crystallization makes smaller size crystals as in basalt, and slower can make bigger crystals, as in granite.

Crystallization occurs in two major steps. The first is _nucleation_. This is the appearance of a crystalline phase from a super-cooled liquid or a supersaturated solvent. The second step is _crystal growth_, where more atoms link up with the crystal structure. This means the (crystal) particles get bigger; this leads to a crystal state. Loose particles form layers at the crystal's surface and lodge themselves into open pores, cracks, etc.

Artificial crystallization is a technique to get solid crystals from a homogeneous solution. For crystallization to occur the solution should be supersaturated. Put simply, the solution should contain more solute molecules than it would under ordinary conditions. This can be achieved by various methods—solvent evaporation, cooling, and chemical reaction.

To make things clear we can use a simple example. We take a bowl of water to which we add sugar crystals. We keep adding sugar to it until we reach a stage when no more crystals can be dissolved. This solution is now a saturated one. It is interesting to note that we can dissolve more crystals to this particular saturated solution by heating it. Solubility of solutes increases with increase in temperature, but there are exceptional cases. This increase in temperature causes more sugar crystals to dissolve (so forming a supersaturated solution). When the temperature of the solution cools down, the solubility goes down, i.e. not as much sugar can be dissolved, so the extra sugar crystallizes out. This process is one of the simplest  supersaturation techniques.

'Drowning' is the addition of a non-solvent in the solution that decreases the solubility of the solid. Alternatively, chemical reactions can also be used to decrease the solubility of the solid in the solvent, thus working towards supersaturation.

Crystallization can be divided into stages  primary nucleation is the first. It is the growth of a new crystal. In turn this causes secondary nucleation – the final stage if removal of the crystals is not an issue. Secondary nucleation needs existing crystals to continue crystal growth. In our sugar example, we had got such nuclei when the 'excess' sugar had just about crystallized out. Secondary nucleation is the main stage in crystallization for this is what causes the 'mass production' of crystals. Crystals start to form when the liquid starts to cool and harden.
Stir frying

**Stir frying**  is a when food is cooked in a wok (a traditional Asian pan for cooking). This method usually makes food cook faster.
Ragnarok Online

***Ragnarok Online*** is a 2002 massively multiplayer online role-playing game developed and published by Gravity. The game is based on the manhwa _Ragnarok_ by Lee Myung-jin.

## Infobox (video game)

- **title**: Ragnarok Online
- **image**: RO icon file.png
- **developer**: Gravity (Korean company), Gravity
- **publisher**: Gravity
- **designer**: Kim Hakkyu
- **artist**: Lee Myung-jin
- **writer**: Lee Myung-jin
- **engine**: AEGIS
- **genre**: Massively multiplayer online role-playing game, Massively multiplayer online role-playing
- **modes**: Multiplayer video game, Multiplayer
- **platforms**: Microsoft Windows
Cairns

**Cairns** () is a city in Queensland, Australia. 120.000 people live there. Cairns is about 1720 km (1,069 miles) north of Brisbane and about 2500km (1,553 miles) from Sydney by road. It is built on the shores of Trinity Bay.

Cairns is an important travel destination for tourists because it has a games arcade at Cairns Central, Public toilets, Zoos, Casinos, Various Takeaway shops, Pubs, Nightclubs, Movie theatres and Beaches, it is warm all year round and is near many attractions. The Great Barrier Reef is only one-and-a-half hours away by boat. The Daintree National Park and Cape Tribulation, about 130km north of Cairns, are popular areas for experiencing a tropical rainforest. It is also a starting point for people wanting to see Cooktown, Cape York Peninsula, and the Atherton Tableland.

## History

Captain James Cook named Trinity Bay when he arrived there in his ship HM Bark Endeavour on Trinity Sunday, 1770. The first Europeans to settle arrived in 1876 when gold was found near Cairns. It was named after the Governor of Queensland, Sir William Cairns.

## Infobox (australian place)

- **type**: city
- **name**: Cairns
- **native name**: _Gimuy_
- **state**: qld
- **caption**: From top down, left to right: panorama view, city centre, sea side and Cairns Esplanade
- **pop**: 165,000
- **pop year**: 2023
- **elevation**: 7
- **established**: 1876
- **postcode**: 4870
- **timezone**: AEST
- **utc**: +10:00
- **dist1**: 347
- **dir1**: NNW
- **location1**: Townsville
- **dist2**: 1064
- **dir2**: NW
- **location2**: Rockhampton
- **dist3**: 1695
- **dir3**: NNW
- **location3**: Brisbane
- **poprank**: 15th
- **area**: 254.3
- **lga**: Cairns Region
- **county**: County of Nares, Nares
- **stategov**: Electoral district of Cairns, Cairns
- **stategov2**: Electoral district of Barron River, Barron River
- **stategov3**: Electoral district of Mulgrave (Queensland), Mulgrave
- **fedgov**: Division of Leichhardt, Leichhardt
- **fedgov2**: Division of Kennedy, Kennedy
- **maxtemp**: 29.4
- **mintemp**: 21.0
- **rainfall**: 1981.5
- **local map**: yes
- **zoom**: 8
Ytterbium

**Ytterbium** is a chemical element.  It has the chemical symbol **Yb**.  It has the atomic number 70 which means it has 70 protons in an atom. It is part of a group of chemical elements in the periodic table named the Lanthanides. Ytterbium, along with yttrium, terbium, and erbium, is one of the four elements to be named after the town of Ytterby in Sweden, all of which are rare earth elements. It is soft and silver in color.

Ytterbium is found in minerals named gadolinite, monazite, and xenotime.  In nature it is found as a mix of seven stable isotopes. Ytterbium is used in some steels and is also used to make lasers.

## Related pages

- Periodic table
- List of common elements
Heart transplant

A **heart transplant** is transplant, a type of surgery where someone's damaged or failing heart is removed and replaced with a healthier donor heart, likely to be from someone who passed just a few hours before the surgery. it is required that two or more healthcare providers declare the donor brain-dead.

It is otherwise known as an 'open heart procedure', taking several hours to accomplish. The first heart transplant on a human was done by Christiaan Barnard on Louis Washkansky, a 54-year-old with both diabetes and incurable heart disease at the time. This procedure was carried out on Sunday 3rd December 1967.

## Related pages

- Gastric bypass surgery
- Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)

## Other websites

- Heart transplant website built by heart transplant patient, John Fisher
Joan Baez

**Joan Chandos Baez** (born January 9, 1941) is an American folk singer and activist. Baez is known for her very individual vocal style. She is a soprano with a three-octave vocal range. Many of her songs talk about social issues.

She is best known for her 1970s hits "Diamonds & Rust" and "The Night They Drove Old Dixie Down". She is also known for "Sweet Sir Galahad" and "Joe Hill."  She sang these songs at the 1969 Woodstock festival and the songs became famous. She is also a well known singer  due to her relationship with Bob Dylan and her love for activism in areas such as nonviolence, civil and human rights and the environment.

## Music

Baez has performed for over 65 years, since the release of her eponymous album. She has released over thirty albums. She has recorded songs in over eight languages. Baez is known primarily as a folksinger, but she sings many kinds of music, including rock, pop, country, and gospel. Baez is famous for covering other artists' songs with her own unique style. She sang songs by The Beatles, Jackson Browne, Paul Simon, The Rolling Stones, Stevie Wonder and many others.

## Activism

Baez protests against social and environmental problems. She did not support the Vietnam War. She did not want people to pay taxes that paid for the Vietnam War. Baez did not want men going to fight in the war. She did not perform in places where people of color were treated differently. In addition, Baez helped found the Resource Center for Nonviolence. The Resource Center for Nonviolence is an organization whose goal is to make social change without violence.
Kalmar Union

The **Kalmar Union** was a royal personal union consisting of the kingdoms of Denmark, Norway and Sweden, and various other provinces and areas.  At that time, Norway included Iceland, Greenland, the Faroe Islands, Jan Mayen, Shetland, and Orkney.  Parts of Finland belonged to Sweden. The union was started in 1397 when Eric of Pomerania was crowned in the town of Kalmar in Sweden. The union ended on 6 June 1523 when Sweden left the union by Gustav I.

## Other page

- Stockholm Bloodbath

## Infobox (former country)

- **common name**: Kalmar Union
- **region**: Scandinavia
- **era**: Late Middle Ages
- **status**: State union
- **status text**: Personal union
- **today**: *  Denmark
**  Faroe Islands
**  Greenland
*  Iceland
*  Norway
*  Sweden
*  Finland
**  Åland
*  United Kingdom
**  Shetland
**  Orkney
*  Germany
**  Schleswig-Holstein, Schleswig
*  Russia
**  Karelia
- **year start**: 1397
- **year end**: 1523
- **date start**: 17 June
- **event1**: Engelbrekt rebellion
- **date event1**: 1434–36
- **event2**: Stockholm Bloodbath
- **date event2**: November 1520
- **event3**: Gustav I of Sweden, Gustav Vasa elected King of Sweden
- **date event3**: 6 June 1523
- **event4**: the Danish _Rigsråd_ annexes Norway
- **date event4**: 1536
- **event post**: Treaty of Kiel
- **date post**: 14 January 1814
- **p1**: Denmark
- **flag p1**: Flag of Denmark.svg
- **p2**: Hereditary Kingdom of Norway
- **flag p2**: Royal Standard of Norway.svg
- **p3**: History of Sweden (800–1521)
- **flag p3**: Flag of Sweden.svg
- **s1**: Denmark–Norway
- **flag s1**: Flag of Denmark.svg
- **s2**: History of Sweden (1523–1611)
- **flag s2**: Flag of Sweden.svg
- **image flag**: Flag of the Kalmar Union.svg
- **image coat**: Armoiries medievales d Eric de Poméranie 1382-1459.svg
- **flag type**: Flag (in use by 1430)
- **symbol type**: Arms of Eric of Pomerania
- **image map**: Kalmar Union ca. 1400.svg
- **common languages**: Official use: Middle Danish, Old Swedish, Renaissance Latin
Also spoken: Middle Low German, Finnish language, Finnish, Karelian language, Karelian, Middle Norwegian, Middle Icelandic, Norn language, Norn, Sami languages, Greenlandic language, Greenlandic Greenlandic Norse
- **capital**: Copenhagen (from 1443)
- **religion**: Roman Catholicism
- **government type**: Personal union
- **title leader**: List of Kalmar Union monarchs, Regent
- **leader1**: Eric of Pomerania <small>(first)</small>
- **year leader1**: 1387–1412
- **leader2**: Christian II of Denmark, Christian II <small>(last)</small>
- **year leader2**: 1524–33
- **currency**: Mark (money), Mark, Örtug, Öre, Swedish penning
- **legislature**: _Riksråd_ and _Herredag_ (one in each kingdom)
- **footnote a**: Margaret I ruled Denmark between 1387–1412 and Norway between 1388–1389. She also ruled Sweden between 1389–1412
- **footnote b**: Parts of these countries today. Back then they belonged to the three main countries of the Kalmar Union; Denmark, Norway and Sweden.
Bay of Plenty

The **Bay of Plenty** is a region in New Zealand. It was first called the Bay of Plenty by Captain James Cook in November 1769. The Māori name for the bay is _Te Moana-a-Toi_ ("the sea of Toi").
Plotter

A **plotter** is a kind of printer for computers. Plotters use vector graphics. Usually they are used to print to paper which is very large in size. Plotters print things using special, colored pens. There is one called the drum plotter. They are often used in warehouses. They are generally used for making flex or maps.
Dot matrix printing

**Dot-matrix printers** are printers for computers. A dot matrix printer creates characters by striking pins against ink ribbons. The print head moves back and forth on the paper like a typewriter and prints the image. Each pin makes a dot, and combinations of dots form characters and pictures. This is much like a typewriter. Each character is made from a matrix of dots. These were used a lot in the 1970s to the 1990s. Today, dot matrix printers are not used by many people anymore. Most people use inkjet printers or laser printers now. They are still in use where forms (with multiple copies) need to be filled out. It is not advisable for office uses as it is an impact printer (make noise as the job is getting done). It prints information on continuous paper.
Vercingetorix

**Vercingetorix** ( in Gaulish) born c.82 BC, died 46 BC. was a chieftain of the Gallic tribe of the Arverni.

He led the Gauls in 52 BC against the Roman army in Gaul led by Julius Caesar. Vercingetorix's name in Gaulish means "over-king of the marching men"; the "marching men" would now be called "infantry".

Vercingetorix was probably one of the first to unite some tribes of Gaul against a common enemy. This was the last major uprising of the peoples of Gaul against the Roman invaders.

After the celebration of Caesar's triumph was over, Vercingetorix was executed.
Philippe Noiret

**Philippe Noiret** (1 October 1930, in Lille, France – 23 November 2006 in Paris) was a well-known French actor. He is probably best known for his role in Cinema Paradiso, and for playing Pablo Neruda in the film Il Postino. He died on November 23, 2006 of cancer.

## Selected works

**Film**
- _The Man Who Planted Trees_ (1987)
Monica Bellucci

**Monica Bellucci** (born 30 September 1964) is an Italian fashion model and actress. She was born in Città di Castello, Umbria. Bellucci started modelling at 16.  She is the daughter of Maria Gustinelli, a painter, and Luigi Bellucci, who owned a trucking company.  She used to be a fashion model.   She speaks Italian, French, and English fluently and has acted in each of these languages, as well as Aramaic. She is currently considered as an Italian sex symbol.

Bellucci was married to Vincent Cassel and has a daughter named Deva (born 12 September 2004). She has been in a relationship with American director Tim Burton since 2022.

In 2004, while pregnant with her daughter, Bellucci posed nude for the Italian "Vanity Fair" Magazine in protest against Italian laws that allow only married couples to use in-vitro fertilisation (IVF) and that prevent the use of donor sperm.

## Filmography

- _Bram Stoker's Dracula_ (1992)
- _L'appartement_ (1996)
- _Dobermann_ (1997), Nat the Gypsy
- _Under Suspicion_ (2000)
- _Malèna_ (2000)
- _Le Pacte des Loups_ (2001)
- _Astérix & Obélix: Mission Cléopâtre_ (2002)
- _Irréversible_ (2002)
- _Tears of the Sun_ (2003)
- _Ricordati di me_ (2003)
- _The Matrix Reloaded_ (2003)
- _The Matrix Revolutions_ (2003)
- _The Passion of the Christ_ (2004)
- _She Hate Me_ (2004)
- _The Brothers Grimm_ (2005)
- _Shoot 'Em Up_ (2007)
- _Heart Tango_ (2007)
- __Spectre_ (2015)
- _Beetlejuice Beetlejuice'' (2024)

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Monica Bellucci
- **image**: File:Monica Bellucci-63654.jpg
- **caption**: Bellucci at the 2024 Venice International Film Festival, 2024 Venice Film Festival
- **birth name**: Monica Anna Maria Bellucci
- **birth place**: , Umbria, Italy
- **children**: 2 (including Deva Cassel)
- **partner**: Tim Burton (2022–2025)
- **works**: List of Monica Bellucci performances, Full list
- **awards**: List of awards and nominations received by Monica Bellucci, Full list
Murrayfield Stadium

**Murrayfield Stadium** in Edinburgh is the home of the Scottish national rugby team. It was first built in 1925. In 1995, the stadium was renovated. It has seats for 67,144 people. It held the record for the most people at a rugby union match.  104,000 people watched Scotland play Wales in 1975.
Allmänna Idrottsklubben

**AIK** (which stands for **Allmänna Idrottsklubben**), is a sports club from Sweden. It is one of the biggest and one of the oldest in the country. It was founded in 1891. The name means _Common_ (or _Public_) _Sports Club_. It has departments for many different sports including football, ice hockey, bandy, golf, table tennis, bowling, and handball.

## Other websites

- Official website
Network Ten

**Network Ten** is one of three major television networks in Australia. It started broadcasting television on 1 September 1964, when they were called Independent Television Network.

## Shows

Shows that Network Ten buy from other countries and broadcast in Australia include:
- _The Simpsons_
- _The O.C._
- _Jericho_
- _The Biggest Loser_
- _House_
- _The Bold and the Beautiful_
- _Buffy the Vampire Slayer_
- _Everybody Hates Chris_
- _Futurama_
- _Law & Order_
- _Law & Order: Special Victims Unit_
- _Law & Order: Criminal Intent_
- _JAG_
- _NCIS_
- _Medium_
- _NUMB3RS_
- _Smallville_
- _Supernatural_
- _Veronica Mars_
- _World Poker Tour_

Shows made in Australia for Network Ten include:
- _Australian Idol_
- _Before The Game_
- _Big Brother Australia_
- _The Biggest Loser_
- _Neighbours_
- _Rove Live_
- _David Tench Tonight_
- _Jamie's Kitchen Australia_
- _Joker Poker_
- _Real Stories_
- _The Ronnie Johns Half Hour_
- _Thank God You're Here_
- _The Wedge_
- _9am with David and Kim_
- _Tripping Over_
Seven Network

**Seven Network** is one of three major television networks in Australia. It started broadcasting in 1956. In recent years, it has grown into a diversified media company. Seven Network's main shareholder is Kerry Stokes.

Seven Network's studio headquarters are in a converted warehouse at Jones Bay Wharf in Pyrmont, Sydney.  Its headquarters for its news department are in Martin Place, Sydney. Seven's major production facilities are at Epping in Sydney's northern suburbs. Seven Network are planning to move their production facilities to a specially built site at the Australian Technology Park in Redfern.
Des Lynam

**Desmond Michael Lynam** (born 17 September 1942) is an Irish television and radio presenter. He was born in Ennis, County Clare, Republic of Ireland. He was best known for presenting the BBC's sport coverage such as _Grandstand_.

Lynam also presented _Countdown_ on Channel 4 from 2005 to 2006. He was replaced by Des O'Connor.
Carbonate

A **carbonate** is a chemical compound that has the **carbonate ion**, .  This ion is made of carbon and oxygen. The name may also mean an ester of carbonic acid, an organic compound containing the **carbonate group** C(=O)(O–)<sub>2</sub> of carbon and oxygen.  They have a valency of 1.

When added to an acid, a carbonate will produce carbon dioxide, water and a chemical salt. Sedimentary rocks containing calcite and other carbonates are plentiful in the earth.

Some examples of carbonates are:
- Calcium carbonate ()
- Sodium carbonate ()
- Magnesium carbonate ()
- Potassium carbonate ()

## Related pages

- Bicarbonate
- Polycarbonate
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

**Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek** (24 October 1632 – 30 August 1723; last name pronounced 'Layvenhook') was a Dutch tradesman and scientist from Delft, Netherlands. He is best known for his work to improve the microscope.

Using his handcrafted microscopes, he was the first to see and describe single celled organisms, which he originally referred to as _animalcules_, and which we now refer to as microorganisms. He was also the first to record microscopic observations of muscle fibers, bacteria, spermatozoa and blood flow in small blood vessels. Van Leeuwenhoek did not write books, but sent letters to the Royal Society in London. The letters were published in the Royal Society's journal _Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society_.

In his youth van Leeuwenhoek was apprenticed to a draper. Later, a civil service position allowed him to give time to his hobby: grinding lenses and using them to study tiny objects. His simple microscopes were skillfully ground, powerful single lenses capable of high image quality. He looked at protozoa in rainwater, pond water and well water. He also looked at bacteria in the human mouth and intestine. In 1677, he first described the spermatozoa of insects, dogs, and humans.

His observations laid the foundations for the sciences of bacteriology and protozoology. He was the first to see bacteria, protists, spermatozoa, the cell vacuole, blood corpuscles, capillaries, and the structure of muscles and nerves.

- Dobell, Clifford (1960) [1932]. _Antony van Leeuwenhoek and his "little animals": being some account of the father of protozoology and bacteriology and his multifarious discoveries in these disciplines_. New York: Dover Publications reprint of original edition by Harcourt, Brace and Company.

## Related pages

- List of biologists

## Other websites

- Britannica Concise Encyclopedia
Parmesan cheese

**Parmesan cheese** is the name of an Italian extra-hard cheese made of raw cow's milk.

The original Parmesan cheese is more precisely called _Parmigiano-Reggiano_. It is produced only in Italy, in the provinces of Parma, Reggio Emilia, Modena, Mantua (partly) and Bologna (partly). It is usually the cheese to go with Spaghetti and other typical Italian pasta, but it also has many other uses. Parmesan is a part of Italian national cuisine and it can be eaten both grated and in slivers. It is hard, sharp and dry.

Parmigiano-Reggiano is DOP / AOC. This means that the way they are made and the region in Italy they come from are strictly controlled.The brand (Parmigiano Reggiano) is protected, and only in Europe. In many parts of the world, cheese is sold as _Parmesan cheese_ that has nothing to do with the true (Italian) Parmigiano Reggiano.

The original Parmesan cheese is one of the most expensive cheeses in the world.

## Name

Within the European Union, the term _Parmesan_ may only be used, by law, to refer to Parmigiano-Reggiano itself, which must be made in a restricted geographic area, using stringently defined methods. In many areas outside Europe, the name "Parmesan" has become genericized: Any one of a number of hard Italian-style grating cheeses are called 'Patmesan'. After the European ruling that "parmesan" could not be used as a generic name, Kraft renamed its grated cheese "Pamesello" in Europe.

One kind of cheese, which is very similar, but produced in another region in Italy, is Grana Padano. Grana Padano is produced in Lombardy.
Fandom (website)

**Fandom** (previously known as **Wikia** and before that, **Wikicities**) is an organization for making websites that are wikis. Wikia was started in 2004 by Jimmy Wales, who also started Wikipedia, and Angela Beesley. The name of Wikicities was changed to Wikia on March 27, 2006 to prevent other people from mistaking it for a wiki on cities, and then renamed again on October 4th, 2016 to Fandom for an unknown reason. At the time, it was called "Fandom powered by Wikia" until June 2018. Since October 2018, most of the URLs have changed from x.wikia.com to x.fandom.com.
this does not include wikis based on serious topics which instead changed to x.wikia.org.

Wikis hosted on Fandom are about something which many people will like. All content on Fandom is released under a free license, such as the GNU Free Documentation License or the Creative Commons.  Anybody can change pages on wikis at Fandom, so that no single person "owns" or is "the boss" of a wiki, and so that large communities can be made. The software used is MediaWiki.

Fandom uses advertisements to generate money.

Articles on Fandom are often written in more "in-universe" style; meaning that fictional characters and plots are written as if they are real. Some projects on Fandom are more for people who are very interested in the topic.

In August 2010, they said that a new look was coming, making some people take their wikis off the service.

Fandom uses the MediaWiki software.

## Other websites

- Fandom Community Central
- Main Page of Fandom in English
- Main Pages of Fandom in many languages

## Infobox (dotcom company)

- **company name**: Fandom, Inc.
- **company logo**: Fandom-2021.svg
- **company type**: Privately held company, Private
- **founder**: Jimmy Wales and Angela Beesley
- **location city**: San Francisco, California
- **location country**: United States, U.S.
- **products**: Wiki hosting
- **num employees**: 127 (September 2011)
- **url**: [https://www.wikicites.org/ www.wikicites.org] (October 18, 2004 to March 27, 2006
[https://www.wikia.org/ www.wikia.org] (March 27, 2006 to October 2016)
[https://www.wikia.com/ www.wikia.com] (October 2016 to June 2018) [https://www.fandom.com/ www.fandom.com] (June 2018 onward)
- **website type**: Wiki farm
- **language**: Multilingual
- **registration**: Optional
- **advertising**: Direct and advertising networks
- **launch date**: as "Wikicites"
  as "Wikia"
  (unofficially)/June 2018 (officially) as "Fandom"
- **current status**: Active
- **screenshot**: Fandom (Wikia).png
- **caption**: Main page of Fandom.com website
- **screenshot size**: 300px
- **predecessor**: Wikicities and Wikia
Mozzarella

**Mozzarella** is a kind of  fresh cheese. Originally, it was Italian but now it can be found all over the world. Its made of the milk of cows or water buffalos. A cheese produced in a similar way, but with sheep's milk is common in Sardinia, Abruzzo and Lazio. It is sometimes called mozzapecora. Mozzarella made with goats milk can also be found. Its development is more recent, though. The main reason it is produced is that goats' milk is easier to digest than that of cows or buffalos.

Mozzarella is common in Italian cuisine. It can be used on pizza.

Mozzarella can be kept in the fridge for a few days, if it is covered in brine.

Mozzarella can come in different moistures.
Limburger cheese

**Limburger cheese** is a cheese made from cows' milk. Its name comes from the Duchy of Limburg, which is divided between The Netherlands, Belgium and Germany today. Limburger cheese is known for its strong smell, which is caused by the bacterium that lives in its rind. Since about the mid nineteenth century, most Limburger is produced in Germany.

In 2006 a study showing that the malaria mosquito (_Anopheles gambiae_) is attracted equally to the smell of Limburger and to the smell of human feet earned the Ig Nobel Prize in the area of biology. This Cheese has now been placed in strategic locations in Africa to fight against malaria, which is spread by  mosquitoes.
MyScene

**MyScene** is a type of doll created by the Mattel Toy Company. They share the product name of Barbie, but they have differences with the head shapes. The line was supposedly started as a rival to the popular Bratz dolls.

## Movies

The My Scene characters have starred in three DVD movies:
- "Jammin' In Jamaica"
- "Masquerade Madness"
- "My Scene Goes Hollywood" featuring Lindsay Lohan.

### Girls

- Barbie(Barbie was replaced by Kennedy because they said that she had moved to California)
- Madison
- Chelsea
- Nolee
- Delancey
- Kenzie
- Jai
- Kennedy
- Nia
- Jai, Nia and Kennedy were added when they changed the my scenes dolls to look like Bratz and they took out Nolee and Barbie

### Boys

- Bryant
- River
- Hudson
- Sutton
- Ellis
- Tyson
Bora Bora

**Bora Bora** is a small island in the Leeward group of the Society Islands of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. Vaitape is the largest city on the island with 4,000 people. There is an airport on an islet where residents can fly to other islands in French Polynesia.
Bora Bora has one main road which runs around the island.

## Other websites

- Bora Bora Pictures Bora Bora Photos
- Bora Bora entry on WorldAtlas.com
- Bora Bora Islands Pictures  Pictures of the Islands