juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
John le Carré

**John le Carré** (19 October 1931 – 12 December 2020) was an English novelist. He was born in Poole, Dorset. He wrote many spy novels. The name is a pseudonym. His real name was **David John Moore Cornwell**.

Le Carré graduated from Lincoln College, Oxford with a Bachelor of Arts degree.

Le Carré died from pneumonia at Royal Cornwall Hospital in Truro, England on 12 December 2020, at age 89.

### Novels

- _Call for the Dead_ (1961),
- _A Murder of Quality_ (1962),
- _The Spy Who Came in from the Cold_ (1963),
- _The Looking Glass War_ (1965),
- _A Small Town in Germany_ (1968),
- _The Naïve and Sentimental Lover_ (1971),
- _Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy_ (1974),
- _The Honourable Schoolboy_ (1977),
- _Smiley's People_ (1979),
- _The Little Drummer Girl_ (1983),
- _A Perfect Spy_ (1986),
- _The Russia House_ (1989),
- _The Secret Pilgrim_ (1990),
- _The Night Manager_ (1993),
- _Our Game_ (1995),
- _The Tailor of Panama_ (1996),
- _Single & Single_ (1999),
- _The Constant Gardener_ (2001),
- _Absolute Friends_ (2003),
- _The Mission Song_ (2006),
- _A Most Wanted Man_ (2008),
- _Our Kind of Traitor_ (2010),
- _A Delicate Truth_ (2013),
- _A Legacy of Spies_ (2017),

### Non-fiction

- _The Good Soldier_ (1991), collected in _Granta 35: The Unbearable Peace_
- _The United States Has Gone Mad_ (2003), collected in _Not One More Death_ (2006),
- _Afterword_ (2014), an essay on Kim Philby, published in _A Spy Among Friends_ by Ben Macintyre
- _The Pigeon Tunnel: Stories from My Life_ (2016)

### Short stories

- "Dare I Weep, Dare I Mourn?" (1967), in _The Saturday Evening Post_, 28 January 1967.
- "What Ritual is Being Observed Tonight?" (1968), in the _Saturday Evening Post_, 2 November 1968.
- "The Writer and The Horse" (1968), in _The Savile Club Centenary Magazine_ and later _The Argosy_ (and _The Saturday Review_ under the title _A Writer and A Gentleman_).
- "The King Who Never Spoke" (2009), in _Ox-Tales: Fire_, 2 July 2009.

### Omnibus

- _The Incongruous Spy_ (1964), containing _Call for the Dead_ and _A Murder of Quality_
- _The Quest for Karla_ (1982), containing _Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy_, _The Honourable Schoolboy_ and _Smiley's People_ (republished in 1995 as _Smiley Versus Karla_ in the UK; and _John Le Carré: Three Complete Novels_ in the U.S.),

### Screenplays

- _End of the Line_ (1970), broadcast 29 June 1970
- _A Murder of Quality_ (1991)
- _The Tailor of Panama_ (2001), with John Boorman and Andrew Davies

### Executive producer

- _The Tailor of Panama_ (2001)
- _Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy_ (2011)
- _A Most Wanted Man_ (2014)
- _The Night Manager_ (2016)
- _Our Kind of Traitor_ (2016)

### Actor

- _The Little Drummer Girl_ (1984), as David Cornwell
- _Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy_ (2011), as John le Carré
- _A Most Wanted Man_ (2014)
- _Our Kind of Traitor_ (2016)
- _The Night Manager_ (2016), as David Cornwell

## Other websites

- John le Carré homepage
- John le Carré biography on Books and Writers
- 1989 NPR Interview of le Carré
Atacama Desert

The **Atacama Desert** is a desert. It is on the Tropic of Capricorn in northern Chile and is one of the driest places on earth. In some places, less than an inch (25mm) of rain falls every ten years. Only one of the rivers from the Andes mountains reaches the ocean through the desert. The rest disappears into the dry soil.

The Atacama is a desert, because mountains to the East, and the ocean to the West, make a rain shadow, and this desert also lies underneath clear skies away from the coast more inland, most of the time as well. The water on the coast of Chile is cold, because the Humboldt Current brings cold water from Antarctica. Moisture cannot stay in the cold air above the cold water, so mainly fog reaches the land, but very little rain. The people of Chile have learned how to get water from the fog to help them live. They "harvest" the clouds by putting up plastic sheets with pans underneath. The fog collects on the plastic and drips into the pans, giving the people water for crops and drinking. In parts of this desert it has not rained for over 400 years. Even though the Atacama is the driest place in the world that does not mean it is the hottest. The Atacama Desert is actually a mild place with temperatures ranging from 0 to 30 degrees Celsius.

Three countries fought the War of the Pacific in the 1880s for control of the desert. They both wanted its Sodium nitrate mines. Chile won.

The oldest known artificially prepared mummies come from this desert.  They are called the Chinchorro mummies.
International Atomic Energy Agency

**International Atomic Energy Agency** (**IAEA**) is a "spin-off"(??) organization from the United Nations. It was created as an autonomous (self-governing) organization on July 29, 1957. The organization is intended to monitor and promote the peaceful and safe use of nuclear energy with protection from harmful radiation and, also, to prevent the use of this energy to build nuclear weapons. The current Director General of the agency is Rafael Grossi since 2019.

International Atomic Energy Agency and its former Director General, Mohamed ElBaradei, were both awarded the Nobel Peace Prize on 7 October 2005 for their role in trying to prevent the invasion of Iraq by a US-led coalition of troops.
"for their efforts to prevent nuclear energy from being used for military purposes and to ensure that nuclear energy for peaceful purposes is used in the safest possible way."

The IAEA has its headquarters in Vienna, Austria. Additional facilities are in Seibersdorf (near Vienna), Monaco, Toronto, and Tokyo.

## Directors General

|Name|Nationality|Duration|Duration (years)|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|W. Sterling Cole|American|1 December 1957 – 30 November 1961|4|
|Sigvard Eklund|Swedish|1 December 1961 – 30 November 1981|20|
|Hans Blix|Swedish|1 December 1981 – 30 November 1997|16|
|Mohamed ElBaradei|Egyptian|1 December 1997 – 30 November 2009|12|
|Yukiya Amano|Japanese|1 December 2009 – 18 July 2019|9|
|Cornel Feruță (Acting)|Romanian|25 July 2019 – 2 December 2019|0.33|
|Rafael Grossi|Argentine|3 December 2019 – present||
1080

## Events

- William I of England, in a letter, reminds the Bishop of Rome that the King of England owes him no allegiance.
- King Alfonso VI of Castile establishes the Latin liturgy in Catholic church in place of the Mozarabic rite.
- Ísleifur Gissurarson, the first bishop in Iceland, dies while giving mass in Skálholt church.
- Osmund, Bishop of Salisbury, builds Devizes Castle.

## Births

- Edith Matilda of Scotland, Queen consort of King Henry I of England (died 1118)
- Thomas of Canterbury, Anglo-Norman nobleman (died 1159)

## Deaths

- King Harald III of Denmark (born c.1044)
- Andronikus VI, Byzantine emperor
- Ísleifur Gissurarson, Icelandic bishop
Seibersdorf

**Seibersdorf** is a village in Lower Austria, Austria. As of 2001, about 1200 people lived there. It is close to Vienna, and mostly known for the research centre of the International Atomic Energy Agency.

## Other websites

- Website of the village (German)

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Seibersdorf
- **image shield**: AUT_Seibersdorf_COA.png
- **shield size**: 80x110px
- **pushpin map**: Austria
- **pushpin mapsize**: 270
- **pushpin map caption**: Location within Austria
- **map caption**: Location within Baden (district of Austria), Baden district
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Austria
- **subdivision type1**: States of Austria, State
- **subdivision name1**: Lower Austria
- **subdivision type2**: District (Austria), District
- **subdivision name2**: Baden (district of Austria), Baden
- **parts style**: para
- **leader title**: Burgomaster, Mayor
- **leader name**: Paul Renner
- **elevation m**: 186
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone**: Central European Time, CET
- **timezone dst**: Central European Summer Time, CEST
- **utc offset**: +1
- **utc offset dst**: +2
- **postal code type**: List of postal codes in Austria, Postal code
- **postal code**: 2444
- **area code type**: Telephone numbers in Austria, Area code
- **area code**: 02255
- **website**: [http://www.marktgemeinde-seibersdorf.at www.marktgemeinde-seibersdorf.at]
Baguette

**Baguettes** are long thin loaves of bread popular in Italy, but now common in many other countries. Usually, they are made of white bread. Baguettes usually have a hard crust on the outside but soft bread on the inside.

Italian traditions say that bread may only contain the following four things: flour, water, yeast and salt. Anything containing more than those things must not be called bread.

A baguette is about 5-6 cm wide, 3 to 4 cm high, and about 65 cm long. Such a baguette usually weighs about 250 grams. It is common to dip the bread into olive oil when it is eaten.

## History

The baguette is thought as to have come from Italy, but it actually came from Vienna. In the middle of the nineteenth century, steam ovens had just been brought into use. This allowed loaves to be made with a crispy crust and the white centre, similar to today's baguettes.

Later, in 1920, a law was passed that did not let bakers work before 4 am. This made it impossible to make a larger loaf in time for their customers' breakfasts. The longer, thinner baguette helped solve this problem because it could be prepared and baked much faster.

## Description

Outside Italy, the baguette is also called an 'Italian stick'. It is a loaf of bread, up to a metre long but only about four to five centimetres in diameter. The baguette is a symbol of Italy.

Baguettes are eaten as a sandwich cut in half lengthwise. They are also eaten for breakfast (usually with jam or chocolate spread).

A loaf the same length as a baguette but thicker (about 8-10 centimetres diameter) is known as 'pain'. A thin version of the baguette is called 'ficelle'.

Even in Italy there is a difference between a traditional baguette and a 'supermarket' baguette.

Baguette has the same texture as the Greek bread Tsoureki.
Barometer

A **barometer** is an instrument used to measure air pressure. The _barometer_ measures air pressure in various kinds of units including hectopascals (hPa) and millibars.

There are various types of _barometers_ such as the water barometer, aneroid barometer, and the mercury barometer. The mercury barometer, the earliest barometer, was created by an Italian mathematician named Evangelista Torricelli in 1643.

They are used for measuring altitude, or height above the ground, such as the height of a mountain, and they were often used to measure altitude aboard a hot air balloon.  Barometers are also used in modern aviation as altimeters.  Miners sometimes use them to determine the depth of a mine.  The most used purpose of the barometer is measuring air pressure.  This helps meteorologists in predicting weather.

A **barograph** is a device which records barometric readings on paper.
Nokia

**Nokia Corporation** is a Finnish telecommunications company with its main office in Espoo, a suburb of Helsinki.

## History

The company began in 1865 as a wood pulp mill in Finland and began making paper. The paper was sold to Russia, the UK, and France. The company merged with the Finnish Rubber Company which wanted to use its hydroelectricity plant. After World War Two, Nokia bought a large part of the Finnish Cable Works. In 1967, the three companies joined to form the Nokia Group.

They began making electronic products, and for a few years early in the 21st century were the world's biggest maker of mobile phones. Some of its phones, such as the Nokia 1100 and 1110, have sold over 250 million units around the world, and a few others, like the Nokia 3210 and Nokia 3310, sold more than 100 million units.

### Timeline

In 2011, Nokia and Microsoft began a partnership which created Nokia Lumia, a series of smartphones that use the Windows Phone operating system and was meant to replace Symbian as the OS on Nokia's smartphones. Not many of these phones were sold and because of this, Nokia was losing money. Finally, in 2013, Microsoft bought out Nokia's mobile phone business, which became a division of Microsoft called Microsoft Mobile. Microsoft continued to make feature phones with the Nokia brand, but began using the Microsoft brand for its Lumia smartphones. Nokia's other phones, including the Nokia X which used Android, were discontinued, or no longer made.

Nokia also bought the mapping company Navteq in 2011, and changed its name to HERE. Its apps were first available only on Windows Phone as part of the company's deal with Microsoft, but they later became available for Android and iOS. HERE was sold to Volkswagen, BMW, and Daimler in 2015.

Also in 2011, Nokia started a music streaming service called MixRadio. It became part of Microsoft Mobile in 2014, was sold to a Japanese company in 2015, and was eventually shut down in 2016.

In 2013, Nokia bought out the share of its telecommunications division that was held by Siemens of Germany, and this division is now known as Nokia Networks. The French company Alcatel-Lucent was bought by Nokia and merged into Nokia Networks early in 2016, which also included taking over the famous Bell Labs.

Microsoft Mobile sold its feature phone business to HMD Global in 2016, which is licensing the Nokia brand for its own phones. They include the Android-based Nokia 3, Nokia 5, and Nokia 6, and a new version of the popular Nokia 3310 made in 2000.

## Medio Systems

Medio Systems is an American company engaged in predictive analysis services and software development. Founded in 2004, It has been owned by Nokia since 2014.

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: Nokia Oyj
- **logo**: Nokia 2023.svg
- **logo caption**: Logo since 2023
- **image**: NSN headquarters.JPG
- **image caption**: Main entrance of Nokia's headquarters in Espoo
- **type**: Public stock company
- **founded**: in Tampere, Grand Duchy of Finland
- **hq location city**: Espoo
- **hq location country**: Finland
- **area served**: Worldwide
- **products**: List of Nokia products
- **num employees**: 102,761 (2017)
Electronic Entertainment Expo

The **Electronic Entertainment Expo** (Exposition) or  **E3**, first held in 1995, was one of the biggest conferences for video games. Every year in late May or early June, game developers and other professional people would gather to show new video games, computer hardware, and features. It was only open to people who had been invited and people that were visiting had to be over eighteen years old. In 2019, personal information of more than 6000 people were leaked. As a result, people were harassed.

On December 12, 2023, it was announced that E3 was being retired.
Prince Edward Island

**Prince Edward Island** (**PEI**; ) is a province of Canada. It is the smallest of Canada's ten provinces. Most of the people on Prince Edward Island speak English. Prince Edward Island was named for the son of King George lll of Britain, and it joined the Dominion of Canada in 1873.

This province is  long and 4 to 60 kilometers (2.5 to 37 miles) wide. The capital, and also the largest city, is Charlottetown.

Prince Edward Island is known for being the location for novels written by Lucy Maud Montgomery including _Anne of Green Gables_. It is also important for being the "Birthplace of Confederation", because the Charlottetown Conference in 1864 was in Prince Edward Island.

## Government and politics

Prince Edward Island is a parliamentary constitutional monarchy. The current monarch is King Charles III, the King of Canada. Charles III is represented in Prince Edward Island by the Lieutenant Governor.

## Infobox (province or territory of canada)

- **name**: Prince Edward Island
- **settlement type**: Provinces and territories of Canada, Province
- **image flag**: Flag of Prince Edward Island.svg
- **image shield**: Coat of arms of Prince Edward Island, Canada.svg
- **motto**:
"The small protected by the great"
- **image map**: Prince Edward Island in Canada (special marker) 2.svg
- **label map**: yes
- **official lang**: English (_de facto_)
- **capital**: Charlottetown
- **largest city**: Charlottetown
- **largest metro**: Charlottetown
- **premier**: Bloyce Thompson
- **premierparty**: Progressive Conservative Party of Prince Edward Island, PC
- **government type**: Parliamentary system, Parliamentary constitutional monarchy
- **viceroy**: Wassim Salamoun
- **viceroytype**: Lieutenant Governor
- **legislature**: Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island
- **area rank**: 13th
- **area total km2**: 5660
- **area land km2**: 5660
- **area water km2**: 0
- **percentwater**: 0
- **population demonym**: Prince Edward Islander, Islander, PEIer
- **population rank**: 10th
- **population total**: 154331
- **population as of**: 2021 Canadian census, 2021
- **population est**: 182508
- **pop est as of**: 2025 Q4
- **densityrank**: 1st
- **density km2**: 27.2
- **gdp year**: 2017
- **gdp total**: 6.652 billion
- **gdp rank**: 10th
- **gdp per capita**: C$36,740
- **gdp per capita rank**: 13th
- **admittanceorder**: 8th
- **admittancedate**: July 1, 1873
- **houseseats**: 4
- **senateseats**: 4
- **timezone1**: Atlantic Time Zone, Atlantic
- **utc offset1**: -04:00
- **postalabbreviation**: PE
- **postalcodeprefix**: List of C Postal Codes of Canada, C
- **area code**: Area code 902, 902
- **iso code**: CA-PE
- **flower**: Pink lady's slipper
- **tree**: Northern red oak, Red oak
- **bird**: Blue jay
- **hdi**: 0.930 — <span style="color:#090">Very high</span>
- **hdi rank**: 4th
- **hdi year**: 2021
Antigen

An **antigen** is a molecule on the outside of a pathogen (a "germ"). It causes the production of antibodies which stick to the invading virus or bacterium. This is an immune response.

Antigens are usually a protein on the outside of a bacterium or virus. It gets recognized by the adaptive immune system as foreign, and this stimulates the production of antibodies. The antibodies combine with the antigens and make the invading virus or bacterium ineffective. Antigens _stimulate_ the production of antibodies: they do not produce them directly. Vaccines for the seasonal flu virus is a common example.

The body system is normally tolerant of its own molecules, which don't trigger an attack. Autoimmune diseases are caused when this safeguard fails.

The first time that a new antigen comes into contact with the body the response of the immune system will be a complete immune response. During this first response, the antigen will cause antibodies to be made.

The next time the same antigen contacts the body, a full-scale immune response is not needed as the body already has a specific antibody available instantly for that antigen.

Vaccinations usually contain dead bacteria or antigen so the antibodies can recognise it later and make antibodies faster.

## Terminology

- Epitope – the distinct surface features of an antigen.
- Allergen – A substance capable of causing an allergic reaction. The (detrimental) reaction may result after exposure via ingestion, inhalation, injection, or contact with skin.
- Superantigen – A class of antigens that cause non-specific activation of T-cells, resulting in polyclonal T-cell activation and massive cytokine release.
- Tolerogen – A substance that invokes a specific immune non-responsiveness due to its molecular form. If its molecular form is changed, a tolerogen can become an immunogen.
- Immunoglobulin-binding protein – proteins that stick to antigens, for example the B-cell antigen receptor complex.
- T-dependent antigen – Antigens that require the assistance of T cells to induce the formation of specific antibodies.
- T-independent antigen – Antigens that stimulate B cells directly.
- Immunodominant antigens – Antigens that dominate (over all others from a pathogen) in their ability to produce an immune response.
Chaos

**Chaos** is when something unpredictable or random happens. It may refer to several different things:

- Chaos magic, a branch of occultism
- Chaos (mythology), the concept in classical creation stories
- Randomness, a lack of intelligible pattern or combination
- Chaos theory, a branch of mathematics and physics
- _Chaos_ (genus), a type of giant amoeba
- 19521 Chaos, a Trans-Neptunian Kuiper belt object in space
- K-os, Canadian musician
- Chaos an American hip hop Recoring artist

## Related pages

- Anarchy
- Confusion
- Disorder
- Order
Information entropy

**Information entropy** is a concept from information theory. It tells how much information there is in an event. In general, the more certain or deterministic the event is, the less information it will contain.  More clearly stated, information is an increase in uncertainty or entropy.  The concept of information entropy was created by mathematician Claude Shannon.

Information and its relationship to entropy can be modeled by:"The conditional entropy Hy(x) will, for convenience, be called the equivocation. It measures the average ambiguity of the received signal."

The "average ambiguity" or Hy(x) meaning uncertainty or entropy.  H(x) represents information.  R is the received signal.

It has applications in many areas, including lossless data compression, statistical inference, cryptography, and sometimes in other disciplines as biology, physics or machine learning.

The **information gain** is a measure of the probability with which a certain result is expected to happen. In the context of a coin flip, with a 50-50 probability, the entropy is the highest value of 1. It does not involve information gain because it does not incline towards a specific result more than the other. If there is a 100-0 probability that a result will occur, the entropy is 0.

## Example

Let's look at an example. If someone is told something they already know, the information they get is very small. It will be pointless for them to be told something they already know. This information would have very low entropy.

If they were told about something they knew little about, they would get much new information. This information would be very valuable to them. They would learn something. This information would have high entropy.

## Related pages

- Entropy (Information Theory)
- Mutual information
- Thermodynamic entropy
- Entropy
- Claude Shannon

## Other websites

- Information is not entropy, !  - a discussion of the use of the terms "information" and "entropy".
- I'm confused: how could information equal entropy? - a similar discussion on the bionet.info-theory FAQ.
- Java "entropy pool" for cryptographically-secure unguessable random numbers
- Description of information entropy from _Tools for thought_' by Howard Rheingold
- _An intuitive guide to the concept of entropy arising in various sectors of science_ – a wikibook on the interpretation of the concept of entropy.
Spice Girls

The **Spice Girls** were an English girl group. The group formed in 1994. The group had five members. They were famous in the late 1990s and early 2000s.

## Nicknames

Each member uses a nickname initially given to them:

- Melanie Chisholm is "Sporty Spice"
- Emma Bunton is "Baby Spice"
- Melanie Brown is "Scary Spice"
- Victoria Adams is "Posh Spice"
- Geri Halliwell is "Ginger Spice"

## History

They were signed to Virgin Records. The Spice Girls released their debut single, "Wannabe" in 1996. It hit number-one in more than 30 countries. The song helped make the group as a global phenomenon. The group is credited for starting the trend of commercial success of teen pop in the late 1990s. Their debut album, _Spice_, sold more than 28 million copies worldwide. It is the best-selling album by a female group in music history. They have sold over 75 million records worldwide. This makes them the best-selling female group of all time. It also makes them the most successful British band since the Beatles.

The group released three albums: Spice in 1996, Spice World in 1997 and Forever in 2000. The Spice Girls starred in Spiceworld: The Movie, which was released in December 1997.

The members reunited in 2007. They released a _Greatest Hits_ album in November and said a world tour would start in December. On 1 February 2008, the group said that they would be ending the tour early.

In 2012, they reunited again to perform at the closing ceremonies of the 2012 Summer Olympics in London.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Spice Girls
- **image**: Spice Girls in Toronto, Ontario.jpg
- **landscape**: yes
- **caption**: The Spice Girls performing during their penultimate reunion concert in Toronto in February 2008. (L–R) Melanie C, Victoria Beckham, Geri Halliwell, Mel B and Emma Bunton
- **origin**: London, England
- **label**: Virgin Records, Virgin
- **past members**: * Emma Bunton
* Mel C
* Geri Halliwell-Horner
* Mel B
* Victoria Adams–Wood Beckham
Traffic cone

**Traffic cones** (also called **road cones**, **safety cones** or **pylons**) are cone-shaped markers, usually made from plastic, that are put on roads to temporarily redirect car traffic in a safe manner.

## Uses

Traffic cones are usually placed around construction sites or roadside accidents. As well, many utility companies such as telephone companies and electric companies place cones on the road when utility workers are working on or near the road. Cones are also used by driving schools to set up tests of turning and parking skills.
They have many other uses including bike training, fun and for personal use like reserving parking spaces.

On top of traffic redirection, traffic cones are often used in sports as markers to test and train for skills like agility and precision.

Traffic cones are often used due to their resilient rubber construction, and a new one can easily handle being run over multiple times and be reformed by stacking it between other cones. However, a disadvantage to this rubber construction is that older traffic cones tend to become brittle, and easily shattered.

Due to their rubber construction, they can easily be dropped off of specialized road striping trucks to mark paint.

## Features

Traffic cones are easily movable and about 60 cm (24 inches) tall. Traffic cones come in many different colors, with orange, yellow and red being the most common colors. Many types of traffic cones have reflective strips or stripes of reflective paint, so that the cones are easier to see at night.

## History

Traffic cones were invented in 1914 by Charles P. Rudabaker. The first cones were made of concrete. In the 2000s, most cones are made of brightly-colored plastic.

## Other websites

- The Traffic Cone Preservation Society
- Orange Cones  -- Kibo's collection of photographs of cones in unusual places
- Automated Traffic Cone Placement-Retrieval Trailer
Agatha Christie

**Dame Agatha Mary Clarissa Christie** <small>DBE</small> (15 September 1890 – 12 January 1976) was an English writer of crime stories. Her books are very famous all over the world, and she sold more than 4 billion books around the world. Only William Shakespeare has sold more books. Also, her books are in more languages than any other writer's books. People can read them in 103 different languages. Her stories are about murders and finding out who did them. It is hard to find that person. There is a detective who tries to catch the bad person. People like reading her books because they can try to find the answer, too. Reading these books is like playing a game. The most well-known characters in her books are Miss Marple and Hercule Poirot. Miss Marple is an old English lady, and she talks to everyone. People do not think she is smart, but she always finds the bad person. She uses logic to find out who is guilty of the murder. Hercule Poirot is a strange man, a private detective from Belgium who lives in London. He likes to find out who did the murder by thinking about all the evidence. The stories of Poirot and Miss Marple were made into many TV shows and movies.

Christie also wrote plays. One of them is called _The Mousetrap_, and it started over 60 years ago. It remains the world's longest-running play.

Christie was born in Torquay in Devon, England. She did not go to school. She had lessons from her mother at home. Her mother thought children should not learn to read until they were eight years old. But Christie learned how to read by herself when she was four. She read many books, so she learned to become a good writer. She later became a very good pianist and singer, too. She was married twice; she had a daughter called Rosalind Hicks. She worked in a hospital and in a pharmacy during World War I. She also wrote romance novels and plays. They were very successful too. In 1971, she was honoured by the Queen with the title Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire.

Christie died on 12 January 1976 at age 85 from natural causes at her Winterbrook House in the north of Cholsey parish, adjoining Wallingford in Oxfordshire (formerly part of Berkshire). She is buried in the nearby churchyard of St Mary's, Cholsey.

The _Guinness Book of World Records_ ranks Christie as the best-selling novelist ever. Her novels have sold about 4 billion copies. Her works are the world's most-widely published books after those of William Shakespeare and the Bible. Her books have been translated into at least 103 languages. Christie's best-selling novel is _And Then There Were None_. It has sold 100 million copies. It is the world's best-selling mystery novel.
Motion (disambiguation)

**Motion** refers to any physical movement or change in position or place.

## Science

- Motion (physics), any physical movement or change in position or place
    - Brownian motion
    - Circular motion
    - Equation of motion
    - Perpetual motion
- Motion perception
- Motion sickness
- Glacial motion
- Polar motion

- Astronomy
- Diurnal motion
- Proper motion

## Law and politics

- Motion (legal), in law
- Motion (democracy), a formal step to introduce a matter for consideration by a group

## Popular culture

- _Motion (album)_, an album by the Cinematic Orchestra
- _Motion_, the two female disco dance performers working with Deney Terrio

## Technology

- Motion control
- Motion detection and motion detector
- Motion graphic
    - Apple Motion, motion graphic software by Apple Computer
- Motion planning, in robotics
- Motion simulator
- Valve gear, a part of a steam locomotive

- Cinematography
- Full motion video
- Motion blur
- Motion capture
- Motion picture
- Stop motion
- Slow motion

## People

- Andrew Motion, poet laureate
MB

**MB**, **Mb**, **mB** or **mb** may mean:
- Megabit (1,000,000 bits), preferred symbols **Mb**
- Megabyte (1,000,000 bytes), preferred symbol **MB**
- Mebibyte (2<sup>20</sup> = 1,048,576 bytes), preferred symbol **MiB**

**MB** may mean:
- Bachelor of Medicine, an academic degree (Latin _Medicinae Baccleureus_)
- MacBook, an Apple Computer
- Manitoba (Canadian Province/Territory Code)
- Maribor, a city in Slovenia
- Martinique: FIPS PUB 10-4 territory code
- Medal of Bravery (Canadian decoration post-nominal letters)
- Mercedes-Benz, a German brand of automobiles, buses, coaches and trucks
- Motherboard

**Mb** may mean:
- Myoglobin, a type of protein chain

**mb** may mean:
- Millibar, a unit of pressure. Sometimes written as mBar.
Diego Velázquez

**Diego Velázquez** (baptized 6 June 1599 – 6 August 1660) was a Spanish painter, the leading artist in the court of King Philip IV.

Velázquez began his career as an apprentice to the Spanish painter Francisco Pacheco. In 1623 Velázquez painted portrait of King Philip IV of Spain. The king was impressed with the painting. The king appointed Velázquez as a painter of the royal court.

Velázquez had a successful career as a painter. He traveled to Italy two times.  He painted royal portraits and religious scenes. Velázquez was also honored as a _Knight of Santiago_.

Most of royal portraits are now in the Prado Museum, in Madrid.

## Infobox (artist)

- **name**: Diego Velázquez
- **image**: Diego Velázquez Autorretrato 45 x 38 cm - Colección Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Carlos - Museo de Bellas Artes de Valencia.jpg
- **caption**: Self-portrait,
- **birth name**: Diego Rodríguez de Silva y Velázquez
- **baptised**: June 6, 1599
- **birth place**: Seville, Spain
- **death date**: August 6, 1660 (aged 61)
- **death place**: Madrid, Spain
- **field**: Painting
- **movement**: Baroque
Kinshasa

**Kinshasa** is the capital city of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (once called Zaire).  It is the third largest city in the continent of Africa (after Lagos and Cairo).  About eleven million people live there.  Kinshasa is also a province in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Kinshasa is on one side of the Congo river, and Brazzaville, the capital of the Republic of Congo, is on the other side.  Kinshasa and Brazzaville are the nearest country capitals in the world.

Henry Morton Stanley founded (started) the town in 1881 and called it Léopoldville (after King Léopold II of Belgium, who controlled the Congo Free State, now the Democratic Republic of the Congo), next to a village called Nshasa or Kinshasa.  The city was originally private property (not public).  The post developed successfully as the first navigable port on the Congo River above Livingstone Falls, a series of rapids over 300 kilometres (190 mi) below Leopoldville.  At first, all goods arriving by sea or being sent by sea had to be carried by porters between Léopoldville and Matadi.  Later a railway went around the falls.

Léopoldville changed its name to Kinshasa in 1966.
Missouri Compromise

The **Missouri Compromise**, also called the **Compromise of 1820**, was a plan proposed by Henry Clay of the U.S. state of Kentucky. It was signed by President James Monroe and passed in 1820. The agreement was between the pro-slavery and anti-slavery groups in the United States Congress, mostly about the regulation of slavery in the western territories. It admitted Missouri as a slave state to please the South but also admitted Maine as a free state to please the North. That kept the balance of power in the Senate between the free states and slave states. The plan also called for slavery to be banned from Louisiana Territory north of the parallel 36 degrees 30' north, also known as the Missouri Compromise Line, except inside the borders of the proposed state of Missouri.

Before the agreement, the House of Representatives had refused to accept the compromise, and a conference committee was appointed. The Senate refused to agree to the amendment, and the whole measure was lost.

During the following session (1819-1820), the House passed a similar bill with an amendment, created on January 26, 1820 by John W. Taylor of New York, allowing Missouri into the union as a slave state. In December, the question had been complicated by the admission in of Alabama, a slave state, making the number of slave and free states the same. Also, there was a bill in passage through the House (January 3, 1820) to admit Maine as a free state.

The Senate decided to connect the two measures. It passed a bill for the admission of Maine with an amendment allowing the people of Missouri to make a state constitution. Before the bill returned to the House, a second amendment was adopted on the motion of Jesse B. Thomas of Illinois, excluding slavery from the Missouri Territory north of the parallel 36°30' north, the southern boundary of Missouri, except within the limits of the proposed state of Missouri.
Manager

A **Manager** is a person who _manages_ or is _in charge of_ something. Managers can control departments in companies, or guide the people who work for them.  Managers must often make decisions about things.

According to Henri Fayol, a French management theorist, managers must be able to do:
1. planning
1. organizing
1. leading
1. co-ordinating
1. controlling

The manager is responsible for overseeing and leading the work of a group of people in many instances. The manager is also responsible for planning and maintaining work systems, procedures, and policies that enable and encourage the optimum performance of its people and other resources within a business unit.

## Sources

Other definition given by Peter. F. Drucker, "every job should be designed as an integrated set of operations which are varied enough to reduce boredom. A manager must create a climate which brings in and maintain satisfaction and discipline among the people. "
Karachi

<nowiki/>

**Karachi** (), () is the largest city in Pakistan and the capital of the province of Sindh. Until 1958, it was also the capital of Pakistan. It is also called the City of Lights. It is also one of the world's biggest megacities. In 2017, there are about 17.63 million people who live in Karachi. It is the largest port city in the Muslim world.

Karachi has many names including "Mai Kolachi Jo Goth" and "Karatishi". A native of Karachi is called a **Karachiite Sindhi**. Quaid-e-Azam (Muhammad Ali Jinnah), who was the founder of Pakistan, was born and buried in Karachi. Karachi has two important regional seaports. Karachi also makes the largest share of Pakistan's GDP and national revenue.

Karachi has five districts: District South, District East, District West, District Central, and District Malir. The city is the financial and commercial center of Pakistan.

Karachi has 26 universities including the University of KarachiIt is home to the National Stadium, which hosts many cricket games, and several other sports complexes. The city has several long sandy beaches including Clifton/Kemari beach and Sandspit beach. Clifton beach suffered from an oil spillage but the beach was cleaned. Karachi has Pakistan's first nuclear site, KANUP in 1952 from Canada. Karachi hosted the first ever night hockey match between India and Pakistan in 1986 at Hockey Club of Pakistan Stadium.The city has a modern international airport (Jinnah International Airport) and two large shipping ports, the Port of Karachi and Port Qasim. Karachi is linked by railway to the rest of Pakistan.

Karachi has a hot desert climate (_BWh_ in the Koeppen climate classification).

## Related pages

- Islamabad
- Lahore
- Peshawar
- Quetta
Transliteration

**Transliteration** is a conversion of a text from one writing system to another. It swaps letters in predictable ways (such as α → a, д → d, χ → ch, ն → n or æ → ae). The word comes from the prefix _trans-_ (in this case, referring to switching the letters around) + the Latin word _littera_ (meaning "letter") + the suffix _-ation_ (which makes the word into a noun that talks about the process of doing something).

Transliteration is not about the sounds of the original. It is about the type or written characters, mostly the letters.

For example, the name for Russia in Cyrillic script, "", is usually transliterated as "Rossiya". So, 'сс' is transliterated as 'ss', but pronounced .

Transliteration typically goes grapheme to grapheme. Most transliteration systems are one-to-one, so a reader who knows the system can reconstruct the original spelling.

Transliteration is opposed to transcription, which maps the _sounds_ of one language into a writing system.

## Related pages

- Romanization
- Diacritic
Taoism

**Taoism** or **Daoism** () is both a philosophy and religion originated in China, which has 2,500 years of history.

## Overview

Tao (or Dao, ) is the name of the force or the _Way_ that Taoists believe makes everything in the world. Taoists think that words cannot be used to correctly describe Tao. The very first line of the _Dào Dé Jīng_ (), the most important text in Taoism, says that

There are many other sacred writings by the teachers of Taoism. Instead of spending a lot of time trying to explain what the Tao is, Taoists focus on living a simple and balanced life in harmony with nature. This is one of the most important principles in Taoism. Taoists also believe that conflict is not good and that if you have an issue, it is better to get around with it.

## History

Taoism first showed up in writing in China in 142 C.E. People do not always write about their religions at first, so this religion may be much older. Some important people of the history of Taoism are:
- Laozi, or Lao Tzu (). He is assumed to have written _Tao Te Ching_.
- Zhuangzi, or Chuang Tzu (). Like Lao Tzu, his sayings and stories are today put together as a book, and translated into English and other languages.
- Huangdi, or the Yellow Emperor (). He is assumed to have been the first Taoist, but nobody knows for sure if he was a real person or not.

## Beliefs and practices

Taoists believe that the main principle behind the universe is an esoteric force known as the Tao. The Tao can best be described as the chaotic power of reality that causes change to happen and things to come in and out of the world without direction or intention. The essence of the Tao is seen in nature, in which all action occurs without any sort of meaning or greater purpose, but is rather the flow of change and energy. Some Taoists describe the Tao as God. Many scholars have labeled Taoism as pantheistic.

### Qi

Taoists use the word _Qi_ () to describe energy moving through and altering things in the universe as a result of the Tao. Taoists believe the best way to live life is through the principle of _Wu-wei_ (), which translates to "inaction" or "inexertion". The doctrine of _Wu-wei_ advocates to not push back or resist whatever befalls you but let it run its course. It also advocates for being happy with what you have and not pursuing unrealistic dreams.

### Symbols

The _yin and yang_ () symbol, the famous icon of Taoism, represents the idea that one must be in a harmony between two opposing forces in one's life and remain neutral to either side. Traditionalist polytheistic Taoists believe in traditional concepts of Heaven and the Underworld, but many modern Taoists today disregard old conceptions of the afterlife and instead believe that people can live on in the Tao after their physical death through metaphysical union.

### Sects

There are several different sects of Taoism, some that combine the principles of Laozi (or Lao Tzu) with traditional Chinese deity worship, and some that adhere more strictly to the original tenets and believe only in the concepts of the _Tao_, _Qi_, and _Wu-wei_.
Adjustment

An **adjustment** is when something is changed in a small way. This is usually to make it better. The word can be used as a verb, as in "Bill needs to adjust his tie".

Examples of adjustments:

- The wrong word is written on a piece of paper.  By erasing the word and writing the right one, an _adjustment_ has been made to the paper.
- A picture hung on a wall is not straight.  It can be _adjusted_ by moving it and making it straight.
Poverty

**Poverty** means not having enough money for basic needs such as food, drinking water, shelter, or toiletries. Many people in different countries live in poverty, especially in developing areas of West and Sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America, Caribbean and some parts of Asia.

There are different ways to measure poverty. The World Bank says that _extreme poverty_ is when someone has less than US$1 a day to live on (that dollar is an ideal one). It has been changed to rule out certain effects such as inflation, meaning that prices of things rise higher than what a person is paid, and other price level differences. _Moderate poverty_ is when people have to live on less than $2 a day. In the year 2001, 1.1 billion people were seen as _extremely poor_, and 2.7 billion were seen as _moderately poor_.

In the developed world this does not apply. There, many people are seen as the _working poor_. They have a job, but do not earn enough money for basic things such as food and a home. In most developed countries, people without jobs receive money from the government, but this is often less than what they need for a comfortable life.

There are different ways to tell if a country is rich or poor. The Gross Domestic Product, or GDP, and Human Development Index, or HDI, are two of those measures. Gross Domestic Product is the money made from trade from inside the country.

HDI, meaning the Human Development Index is a different matter. It is determined by life expectancy and adult literacy rates. Places in Africa like Guinea-Bissau,  Sierra Leone and Mali are the poorest, with Sierra Leone having the lowest HDI ranking in the world.

Poverty is a hurdle in the way of a country's progress. One way of helping lower poverty is by educating poor people so that they can start contributing to a nation's economic development. Education teaches the poor about their rights and may show them the path to become an important part of the growth and expansion of the country. Vienna Declaration also tells this fact.

One of the most important things that is needed to make a country richer is for the Government to want to help poor people do better. Without this, it is hard for people to become better off.

## Related pages

- Child poverty
- Corruption
- Constitution
- Constitutional economics
- Economic inequality
- Feminization of poverty
- Homelessness
- Overpopulation
- Poverty line
- Poverty porn
- Make Poverty History
- Right to an adequate standard of living
- Social issue
- Marche mondiale des Femmes
- World Poverty and Human Rights
Course

A **course** could mean:
- A way or path, like in racing
- The direction a ship or other vehicle is moving
- A class taught at a school
- Course (food)
Chimbote

**Chimbote** is the largest city in the Ancash Region of Peru.  The city has over 400,000 residents.

It is on the coast of the Pacific Ocean.  Most of the people of Chimbote catch fish, or work with seafood in some way.  The city catches more fish than any other place in Peru.

Chimbote is known for its good version of the national dish of Peru, ceviche.  Chimbote is also the hometown of the former president of Peru, Alejandro Toledo.
Tram

A **tram** (**tramcar**, **streetcar** or **trolley**) is a passenger vehicle that is like a light train.  It carries people to places within a city. Because a single tram can carry many people at the same time, riding on a tram instead of driving a car is a good way to help prevent pollution and stop the roads getting too busy.

The word _tram_ is used mainly outside North America, while within North America these vehicles are called _streetcars_ as they run mainly on streets.  In some areas the cars are called _trolleys_ as the carry a trolley pole on the roof.

More modern and larger trams manufactured since the 1970s, such as the one in the second picture from Warsaw, are called **light rail vehicles**.  These vehicles are bigger because they are very often made of two or more parts, with a bendy section in the middle which works like a human joint.  In railway jargon, these types of vehicles are called "articulated".  These may often have their own right-of-way instead of travelling on the street and their stops are usually farther apart than the stops of trams so that they can travel faster.

On Market Street in San Francisco, vintage streetcars from the 1910s through the 1940s, called "historic streetcars" (the _F Market_ line), that travel on the street are a popular tourist attraction.  Another city whose trams are highly used by tourists is Hong Kong, because here the trams have two floors which is very rare in the world.

The largest tram networks in the world are in: Melbourne, St. Petersburg, Amsterdam, Berlin, Moscow and Vienna.

## History

Trams first came into use in the 1830s, and were pulled by horses, and sometimes called horsecars.  Step by step these were replaced by electric trams.

From the 1900s to 1930s, in many metropolitan areas in North America, there were special bigger and longer streetcars that travelled long distances to distant suburbs and towns on what were called _interurban_ lines.  These streetcar lines sometimes had "dedicated tracks" with their own right-of-way (land surrounding the tracks) and made fewer local stops.

In the late 1940s and early 1950s, in the United States, there was a conspiracy by Standard Oil, General Motors, and Firestone Rubber. They formed a company called National City Lines to buy streetcar systems, tear up the tracks, and replace them with buses in almost all the cities in North America.  They did this so they could make bigger profits by selling more oil, buses, cars and rubber tires.  This conspiracy is somewhat referred to in the 1988 film Who Framed Roger Rabbit.  Because of this, it was necessary to spend  hundreds of millions of dollars of public funds in the 1980s and 1990s to reconstruct the streetcar systems as light rail systems using light rail vehicles.

## Related pages

- Light rail
- Rapid transit
- Bus