juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Quincy, Massachusetts

**Quincy** is a city in Norfolk County in the U.S. State of Massachusetts. It is part of Metropolitan Boston.
It is named after Colonel John Quincy, who was Abigail Adams' mother's father. Quincy also had Adams' son, John Quincy Adams, named after him. It is the birthplace of John Adams, the second U.S. President, and Adams' son, John Quincy Adams, the sixth U.S. President. It was settled in 1625 and officially founded in 1792.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Quincy, Massachusetts
- **settlement type**: List of cities and towns in Massachusetts, City
- **image skyline**: Granite Trust Building Quincy.jpg
- **image caption**: Downtown Quincy in 2018
- **image flag**: Flag of Quincy, Massachusetts.svg
- **image seal**: Seal of Quincy, Massachusetts.svg
- **image map**: Norfolk County Massachusetts incorporated and unincorporated areas Quincy highlighted.svg
- **map caption**: Location of Quincy in Norfolk County, Massachusetts
- **nickname**: "City of Presidents"
- **motto**: "_Manet_<small>(Latin)</small>
"It Remains"
- **pushpin map**: United States
- **pushpin label position**: right
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in the United States
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Massachusetts, County
- **subdivision name2**: Norfolk County, Massachusetts, Norfolk
- **established title**: Settled
- **established date**: 1625
- **established title2**: Incorporated (town)
- **established date2**: 1792
- **established title3**: Incorporated (city)
- **established date3**: 1888
- **government type**: Mayor–council government, Mayor–council
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader title1**: City Council
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 69.69
- **area total sq mi**: 26.91
- **area land km2**: 42.92
- **area land sq mi**: 16.57
- **area water km2**: 26.77
- **area water sq mi**: 10.33
- **elevation m**: 9
- **elevation ft**: 30
- **elevation min ft**: 0
- **population total**: 101636
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population density km2**: 2367.87
- **population density sq mi**: 6132.63
- **postal code type**: ZIP Code
- **postal code**: 02169, 02170, 02171
- **area codes**: Area codes 617 and 857, 617 and 857
- **website**: [http://www.quincyma.gov/ www.quincyma.gov]
- **pushpin label**: Quincy
- **elevation max ft**: 517
- **timezone**: Eastern Standard Time Zone, Eastern
- **utc offset**: −5
- **timezone dst**: Eastern Standard Time Zone, Eastern
- **utc offset dst**: −4
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standards, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 25-55745
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: [http://geonames.usgs.gov/pls/gnispublic/f?p=gnispq:3:::NO::P3_FID:617701 0617701]
- **subdivision type3**: List of regions in the United States, Region
- **subdivision name3**: New England
- **named for**: John Quincy
Edward Rappaport

**Edward N. "Ed" Rappaport, Ph.D.** is the acting director of the National Hurricane Center.  He replaced former director Bill Proenza on July 9, 2007.
Live from Le Cabaret

***Live from Le Cabaret*** is a hit live album by Rock-Pop band _Maroon 5_. The album was exclusively released on iTunes on July 8, 2008.

## The recording of _Live from Le Cabaret_

This album was released on July 8, 2008. It was recorded in Montreal, Quebec. The album was originally 1:05:37 long. The album is the third known recorded by Maroon 5.

## Songs performed

The songs performed on _Live from Le Cabaret_ are songs from Maroon 5's past studio albums. Songs from their debut studio album called _Songs About Jane_ like "Harder to Breathe", "This Love", "She Will Be Loved", "Shiver", and "Sweetest Goodbye". Songs are also included from Maroon 5's second hit studio album called _It Won't Be Soon Before Long_ like "Makes Me Wonder", "Little of Your Time", "If I Never See Your Face Again", and more.

## Track listing

1. "If I Never See Your Face Again"
1. "Makes Me Wonder"
1. "Harder to Breathe"
1. "The Sun"
1. "Secret"
1. "Shiver"
1. "Won't Go Home..."
1. "Sunday mornin"
1. "Little Of Your Time"
1. "Sweetest Goodbye"
1. "She Will Be Loved"
1. "This Love"

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Live from Le Cabaret
- **type**: Live album
- **artist**: Maroon 5
- **released**: July 8, 2008
- **genre**: Pop music, Pop
Pop rock
- **length**: 1:05:37
- **prev title**: Live from SoHo (Maroon 5 album), Live from SoHo
- **prev year**: 2008
- **next title**: Call and Response: The Remix Album
- **next year**: 2008
Thermodynamic entropy

**Thermodynamic entropy** is a measure of how organized or disorganized energy is present in a system of atoms or molecules. It is measured in joules of energy per unit kelvin. Entropy is an important part of the third law of thermodynamics.

Imagine that a group of molecules has ten units of energy. If the energy in those molecules is perfectly organized, then the molecules can do ten units of work. However, if the energy became less organized (so, the entropy increased), the molecules might only be able to do six units of work, even though they still have ten units of energy in them.

When total entropy is reached, there is no more energy to spend. A good example of this is a cup of hot tea. The tea has a lot of energy compared to the room the tea is in. Over time the heat in the tea will spread into the room. The tea will become colder. This is because the energy (heat) in the tea moves to the surrounding area. Once the tea became cold, there is no more heat that can be spread. The tea has reached total entropy.

There are two types of these "rooms": An _open system_ and a _closed system_. An open system means that energy (like heat) can freely flow in and out of the room. A closed system means that the room is closed off from the outside; no energy can go in or out.

In the case of the tea, the room was a closed system; no energy could enter it. But we can also make it an open system by placing a heater into the room. If we turn on the heater, we can use the heat from it to reheat the cup of tea. New energy has been brought into the room. The entropy has thus decreased. The heat that went from the heater into the tea can then move into the room again until total entropy has been reached. This is what the second law of thermodynamics is about.

A real life example of an open system is the Earth. It gets a lot of energy from the Sun every day. This allows plants to grow and water to stay liquid. If we took away the Sun, plants would die and water would freeze because the surface of our planet would be too cold.
Bolognese sauce

**Bolognese sauce** is a sauce made with meat that is then mixed with pasta before eating. It is called _Ragù alla bolognese_ in Italy. The sauce came from Bologna in Italy.
Most Italian people eat their Bolognese sauce with _tagliatelle_, a broad, flat type of pasta. It can also be served with ribbon or tube shaped pasta.

## Spaghetti alla Bolognese recipes

In 1982, the Bolognese delegation, said that the recipe must only be made of beef, pancetta (a type of bacon), onions, carrots, celery, tomato paste, meat broth, red wine and milk or cream. There are different recipes of Bolognese sauce. Some of the recipes contain chopped pork or pork sausage. Mushrooms are sometimes added.

Spaghetti Bolognese is popular outside of Italy where the sauce is put on a plate of spaghetti with a little bit of grated cheese put on. In China Bolognese sauce is served with noodles and it is called Chinese spaghetti.

However, these different ways of making the recipe are never eaten in Bologna. They do use the recipe together with béchamel sauce to make lasagna.

## References and further reading

- Kaspar, Lynne Rossetto (1st Edition: September 21, 1992) _The Splendid Table: Recipes from Emilia-Romagna, the Heartland of Northern Italian Food_, Morrow Cookbooks. .
Lixion Avila

**Lixion A. Avila** (born November 25, 1950) is a retired weather forecaster with the National Hurricane Center (NHC). He has been a senior hurricane specialist.
Command economy

A **command economy or planned economy** is where the big decisions are made at the center by the government.  In an economic system the main decisions are, for example, allocating resources like labour, capital and minerals. Prices, too, are controlled. In a command economy, these decisions are taken by a central body, usually the government.

This system contrasts that of a market economy where all the economic actors involved make decisions. The benefit of a planned economy is that the planners (supposedly) know all about what is happening, and can make a better decision than in the market economy. Countries at war sometimes command their people to make things the war needs; the major powers in World War II did this.

Friedrick von Hayek, a 20th-century economist, thought that it is not possible for the planning body to have perfect information. For this reason, the decisions taken by this body will be wrong, as it is not possible to foresee all possible events. Once the decision has been taken there is only a small margin to vary the production; this means that a planned economy cannot adapt to a change as rapidly as a market economy. According to Ludwig von Mises, there is no competition, and there are no reasons to innovate or to look for different solutions to a problem, in a planned economy.

## Related pages

- Five-year plans for the national economy of the Soviet Union
Flageolet

A **flageolet** is an old woodwind instrument.  It belongs to the end-blown flute family.  It started to be used in the 16th century for folk music.  There are two types: the French type and the English type.    The French flageolet had four holes in the front and two in the back.  The English flageolet had six holes in the front.

The flageolet is quite similar to the recorder. In the 18th century it changed because a narrow mouthpiece made of ivory or bone was added at the top.  This led into another section which bulged out.  There was a soft sponge at the end of this.  Sometimes this instrument was called the "flautino".  The piccolo developed from it.  Another instrument that developed from it was the tin whistle.

Henry Purcell and George Frideric Handel both wrote pieces for it.

Small versions of this instrument, called bird flageolets were also made and were used for teaching birds to sing.

## References

The illustrated Encyclopedia of Musical Instruments;

## Other websites

- flageolets.com – information about the flageolet
Paris Opera

**Paris Opéra** or the **Opéra National de Paris** is the most important opera company of France. It stages performances at the Opéra Bastille and Opéra Garnier in Paris. The theatre is also the home of the Paris Opéra Ballet.

Other opera houses in Paris are the Théâtre du Châtelet, Opéra-Comique and Théâtre des Champs-Élysées.

## History

King Louis XIV allowed Jean-Baptiste Lully to start the _Académie Royale de Musique_ in 1672. This was an organization that included opera, ballet, and music. The ballet company was part of the opera company. Then Louis XIV started the ballet school, called _Académie Royale de Danse_, in 1661. From 1671 until Lully's death in 1687, the school was directed by the great dancing master Pierre Beauchamp, the man who set down the five positions of the feet.

In 1713 King Louis XIV made the Opera company a state institution. There was a group of professional dancers called _Le Ballet de l'Opéra_. From that time until 1875 they used lots of theatres, each one of which was destroyed by a fire. All these companies were called **Paris Opéra** or **Opéra de Paris**.

On 29 October 1873, the old _Paris Opéra_, known as the _Théâtre de l'Académie Royale de Musique_, which had been used since 1821, was destroyed by a fire which burned for 27 hours. By 1875 the opera company moved to the new _Palais Garnier_ which was part of the rebuilding of Paris by Emperor Napoleon III.

When the _Opéra Bastille_ was built in 1989 the company chose it as their main theatre.

## Other websites

- Official site
Faust

**Faust** or **Faustus** is a character from German legendary stories.  His name comes from a Latin word meaning "lucky".  The legend is about a man called Faust.  Faust wants to have knowledge.  He meets the Devil.  The Devil tells Faust he can have anything he wants.  In return, the Devil says, Faust must give him his soul.  Faust agrees, and the Devil lets Faust have a wonderful time, but in the end Faust has to go to Hell.

The story of Faust became famous all over Europe.  Many writers from different countries wrote their own versions of the Faust story, e.g. Christopher Marlowe, Goethe, Mikhail Bulgakov, Thomas Mann.  Many composers wrote music about Faust, e.g. Hector Berlioz, Franz Liszt, Charles Gounod and Ferrucio Busoni.

The adjective "Faustian" is used to describe a person who wants something so much that it leads them into trouble.

In the early versions of the Faust story: in ballads, dramas and puppet-plays, Faust is always damned (meaning he will have to go to Hell).  This is because he prefers human knowledge instead of God’s knowledge.  This was thought to be very bad at that time.

Some of the plays and comic puppet theatre from around the 16th century make up their own versions of the story.  They often show Faust as a figure of vulgar fun. The story became popular in England when Christopher Marlowe wrote a play called The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus. But in Goethe's version of the story two centuries later, Faust is described as a well-educated man who wants more than just "meat and drink."
Robert Mulligan

**Robert Mulligan** (August 23, 1925 – December 20, 2008) was an Academy Award-nominated American movie and television director. He directed movies such as To Kill a Mockingbird and The Man in the Moon.

## Filmography

- _The Man in the Moon_ (1991)
- _Clara's Heart_  (1988)
- _Kiss Me Goodbye_  (1982)
- _Bloodbrothers_  (1978)
- _Same Time, Next Year_  (1978)
- _The Nickel Ride_  (1974)
- _The Other_  (1972)
- _Summer of '42_  (1971)
- _The Pursuit of Happiness_  (1971)
- _The Stalking Moon_  (1969)
- _Up the Down Staircase_  (1967)
- _Inside Daisy Clover_  (1965)
- _Baby the Rain Must Fall_  (1965)
- _Love with the Proper Stranger_  (1963)
- _To Kill a Mockingbird_  (1962)
- _The Spiral Road_  (1962)
- _Come September_  (1961)
- _The Great Impostor_  (1961)
- _The Rat Race_  (1960)
- _Fear Strikes Out_ (1957)

## Infobox (actor)

- **image**: Robert-mulligan-1-sized.jpg
- **caption**: Robert Mulligan in 1991
- **name**: Robert Mulligan
- **death place**: Lyme, Connecticut
- **birth place**: The Bronx, New York City, New York (state), New York
- **awards**: **Emmy Awards**
* Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series, Outstanding Directing - Drama Series
:1960 _The Moon and Sixpence_
Flag of Puerto Rico

The **flag of Puerto Rico** consists of five equal horizontal bands of red (top and bottom) alternating with white; a blue isosceles triangle based on the hoist side has a large, white, five-pointed star in the center.

The flag was created in 1892. In 1952, the flag became the official national flag of Puerto Rico.

## Infobox (national flag)

- **name**: Puerto Rico
- **image**: Flag of Puerto Rico.svg
- **nickname**: Current flag of Puerto Rico
- **image2**: Flag of Puerto Rico (light blue).svg
- **nickname2**: (1892 Flag version with light blue tone)
- **image3**: Flag of Puerto Rico (1952-1995).svg
- **nickname3**: (1952–1995 flag version with dark blue tone)
- **use3**: 110110
- **design3**: Five equal horizontal bands of red (top and bottom) alternating with white; a blue (tone of blue may vary) isosceles triangle based on the hoist side bears a large, white, five-pointed star in the center.
Star and crescent

The **star and crescent** is a symbol consisting of a star with a crescent at the concave side. In its modern form, the star is usually shown with five points (though in earlier centuries a higher number of points was often used). The two signs together, or the crescent only, was long a symbol of Byzantium and also appeared on coins of the Sassanid Empire. In Turkish, the crescent is called _Hilal_, which is an anagram of “Allah” in Arabic script, reinforcing its Islamic symbolism. Now, the crescent is often a symbol of Islam. It is seen on a number of different country flags such as Turkey, Libya, Maldives, Algeria, Azerbaijan, Malaysia, Singapore, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tunisia, Western Sahara, Comoros, North Cyprus, Mauritania, and Pakistan respectively.

Flag of Ottoman Empire was the first flag featuring a star and a crescent. The Ottomans used this symbol in part because the Turkish word for crescent () is an anagram of “Allah” in Arabic script. Other states formerly part of the Ottoman Empire also used the symbol, so the symbol emerged into popular use.

## See also

- Star of David
- Christian cross
Cootamundra

**Cootamundra** is a town in New South Wales, Australia. In 2006 there were 5,566 people living in Cootamundra.  It is on the Olympic Highway where it crosses the Muttama Creek, between Junee and Cowra.  Cootamundra's railway station is on the main Melbourne-to-Sydney railway line.

Sir Donald Bradman AC, Australian cricketer said to be the greatest batsman of all time was born in Cootamundra.  The town is very proud of Bradman, and uses this in signs and tourist information. The home where _The Don_ was born is a fully restored visitor site open to the public seven days per week.

Cootamundra is the home of the Cootamundra Wattle (Acacia Baileyana).  Every year there is a large 'Wattle Time' Festival (which happens when the wattle starts to bloom) with an art show and festivities.

## Infobox (australian place)

- **type**: town
- **name**: Cootamundra
- **state**: nsw
- **image**: Cootamundra Building A 004.jpg
- **caption**: The CBC bank building and post office on Wallendoon St
- **postcode**: 2590
- **lga**: Cootamundra-Gundagai Regional Council
- **est**: 1861
- **pop**: 5579
- **elevation**: 318
- **maxtemp**: 22.3
- **mintemp**: 8.4
- **rainfall**: 626.1
- **county**: Harden County, New South Wales, Harden
- **fedgov**: Division of Hume, Hume
- **stategov**: Electoral district of Cootamundra, Cootamundra
- **dist1**: 390
- **location1**: Sydney
- **dist2**: 161
- **location2**: Canberra
Acacia baileyana

The **Cootamundra Wattle** is an Australian shrub or tree. It is in the Family Fabaceae. The tree's Latin name, _Acacia baileyana_, is named after the botanist Frederick Manson Bailey.  It is one of nearly 1000 species of _Acacia_ found in Australia.  The Cootamundra Wattle at first only came from a small area in southern New South Wales near Cootamundra. It has been widely planted all over Australia. In many areas of Victoria Cootamundra Wattle has become a weed. It is taking over from acacias that were only found in Victorian.

Almost all wattles have cream to golden colored flowers. The small flowers are arranged in round to cylindrical clusters. Only the stamens, the male part of the flower, stick out. Many wattles have been planted in New Zealand.

## Uses

_A. baileyana_ is used in Europe in the cut flower industry.  It is also used as food for bees in making honey.

## Cultivation

This plant is easy to grow. It can adapt and grow in different areas. Unfortunately it easily produces seeds and will start growing new plants in the surrounding area. It can also cross breed with other acacias, including the rare and endangered Sydney species _Acacia pubescens_.

A low growing, weeping form, is being grown. The fine leaves of the original Cootamundra wattle is grey-green. A new type with  blue-purple leaves, known as 'Purpurea' is very popular.

## Other websites

- _Acacia baileyana_
- Society of studies about Ethnobotany and the Modified States of Consciousness
Kermanshah

**Kermanshah** or Kermashan (; ), is the capital city of Kermanshah Province, in Iran, in Iranian Kurdistan.  Kermanshah is the largest Kurdish city in Iran. The city is 525 km from Tehran in the western part of Iran and it is about 120 km from the border of in Iraq. Kermanshah has a continental climate.

The estimated population of the city was 822,921 in the year 2005. The majority of the population speak a Kurdish language as well as the Persian language. The religion of the people is diverse, but there are more Muslims than any other religion.
Rider Strong

**Rider King Strong** (born December 11, 1979) is an American movie and television actor. He became famous in the 1990s as the character Shawn Hunter in the television series _Boy Meets World_.

## Infobox (actor)

- **name**: Rider Strong
- **image**: Rider Strong by David Shankbone.jpg
- **caption**: Strong at the 2008 Tribeca Film Festival
- **birthname**: Rider King Strong
- **birth place**: San Francisco, California, U.S.A.
- **occupation**: Actor
- **yearsactive**: 1990 - present
- **awards**: **Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Award for Favorite Television Friends**
2000 _Boy Meets World_
America's Next Top Model, Cycle 3

### In order of elimination

- Magdalena Rivas, 24, from Worcester, Massachusetts
- Leah Darrow, 24, from Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
- Julie Titus, 20, from Kent, Washington
- Laura "Kristi" Grommet, 20, St. Louis, Missouri
- Jennipher Frost, 22, Pocatello, Idaho
- Kelle Jacob, 19, New York City, New York
- Cassie Grisham, 19, Norman, Oklahoma
- Toccara Jones, 22, Dayton, Ohio
- Nicole Borud, 21, Minot, North Dakota
- Norelle Van Herk, 20, Newport Beach, California
- Ann Markley, 21, Erie, Pennsylvania
- Amanda Swafford, 25, Hendersonville, North Carolina (2nd runner up)
- Camara "Yaya" Da Costa, 21, Harlem, New York (runner up)
- Eva Pigford, 20, Los Angeles, California (winner)

### Call-out order

|Order|Episodes||||||||||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Ann|Yaya|Amanda|Cassie|Amanda|Eva|Eva|Nicole|Ann|Amanda|Amanda|Yaya|Eva|
|Leah|Kristi|Nicole|Ann|Yaya|Amanda|Ann|Eva|_Eva_|**Yaya**|Yaya|_Eva_|Yaya|
|Kelle|Julie|Eva|Toccara|Norelle|Nicole|**Yaya**|Amanda|Norelle|Eva|***Eva***|Amanda||
|Cassie|Jennipher|_Yaya_|Nicole|Eva|**Yaya**|Norelle|**Yaya**|Amanda|_Ann_|Ann|||
|Yaya|Kelle|Toccara|**Eva**|Nicole|_Toccara_|Amanda|Norelle|**Yaya**|Norelle||||
|Kristi|Cassie|Jennipher|Amanda|_Toccara_|Norelle|Nicole|Ann|Nicole|||||
|Julie|Toccara|Cassie|Norelle|Ann|Cassie|_Toccara_|_Toccara_||||||
|Magdalena|Nicole|**Norelle**|_Yaya_|Cassie|Eva|Cassie|||||||
|Nicole|_Eva_|Ann|Kelle|**Kelle**|Kelle||||||||
|Amanda|Norelle|Kristi|Jennipher|Jennipher|||||||||
|Norelle|Amanda|Kelle|Kristi||||||||||
|Toccara|Ann|Julie|||||||||||
|Jennipher|Leah||||||||||||
|Eva|Magdalena||||||||||||

- The contestant won the **reward challenge**
- The contestant was _CoverGirl of the Week_
- The contestant was _CoverGirl of the Week_ and won the **reward challenge**
- The contestant was _CoverGirl of the Week_ and was eliminated
- The contestant was eliminated outside of judging panel
- The contestant was eliminated
- The contestant won the competition

## Statistics

- Number of contestants: **14**
- Oldest contestant: **Amanda**, 25
- Youngest Contestant: **Kelle** and **Cassie**, both 19
- Most collective first call outs: **Amanda**, 4
- Most consecutive first call outs: **Amanda**, twice
- Most collective challenge wins: **Yaya**, 5 times
- Most consecutive challenge wins: **Yaya**, 5 times
- Most collective bottom two apperences: **Ann**, 5 times
- Most consecutive bottom two apperences: **Eva**, twice
Nitric acid

**Nitric Acid** (HNO<sub>3</sub>) is a very corrosive and toxic strong acid that can cause severe burns. It is also known as ***aqua fortis***. The majority of nitric acid is used to make ammonium nitrate and other fertilizers. Some is used in rocket fuels and explosives, and to help make wood look older.

It can react with metals such as copper to produce a brown toxic gas called nitrogen dioxide. It is made by reaction of nitrogen dioxide with water.

In alchemy, it is known as **aqua fortis**, or strong water. It can dissolve silver but leaves gold unharmed, making it a good test for gold. The term acid test came from this test.
Killing of Peter Fechter

**Peter Fechter** (14 January 1944 - 17 August 1962) is one of the best known victims of the Berlin Wall. Fechter was a bricklayer. Aged 18, he tried to cross the wall into the West, near Checkpoint Charlie, to live with his sister. He did this with his friend and colleague, Helmut Kulbeik. Both started to climb the wall at around 14:15. Kubelik was successful, and could escape. Fechter was hit by several gunshots, one of which pierced his lung, and fell back down, to what was called the _Death strip_. He was unable to move, and started to cry for help. Crowds started to gather on both sides of the wall; on the east side, they were dispersed by police.

Police gathered on the west side threw medical kits to him; despite the crowd asking them, they would not do more. The DDR border guards did not do anything either; neither did the United States personnel on duty at the Checkpoint.

Fechter bled to death after about an hour. After reunification, two border police were found guilty of manslaughter. They were convicted and given suspended prison terms of 20 and 21 months respectively. Both had told the court they fired shots at Fechter, but did not want to kill him. The court also ruled that Fechter was killed by the shots, and not by the absence of aid. The evidence could not show who of three gunman (one had already died) was responsible for the bullet that killed Fechter.
Nitrate

**Nitrate** (NO<sub>3</sub><sup>1-</sup>) is a polyatomic ion. It is made up of one nitrogen and three oxygen atoms. It is part of many important molecules. Potassium nitrate is a common type of nitrate. It is often used in fertilizers because plants and crops need both potassium and nitrates to live and grow. Sodium nitrate is also used in preserving foods.

Some nitrates are explosive. People make large amounts of nitrates from ammonia. Nitrates are similar to nitrites. Many metal nitrates with thermal decomposition makes oxygen and metal nitrate.

Nitric acid has the formula HNO<sub>3</sub>  and has no overall charge, because the hydrogen ion is positive.

Nitrate has a group valency of 1.
Supertram (Sheffield)

**Supertram** is a tram network in Sheffield, England. The track and connected items are owned by South Yorkshire Passenger Transport Executive (SYPTE). Stagecoach Group run and look after the vehicles, through their **Stagecoach Supertram** branded company.

## Infobox (public transit)

- **name**: Stagecoach Supertram
- **image2**: Supertram at Hillsborough Park, 2006.jpg
- **imagesize2**: 250px
- **locale**: Sheffield
- **transit type**: Electrified tramway
- **began operation**: 21 March 1994
- **system length**: 29 km / 18 miles
- **track gauge**: standard gauge
- **lines**: 3
- **stations**: 48
- **ridership**: 36,000 (2005/6) - 13.15 million/year
- **concession owner**: Stagecoach Sheffield
- **operator**: Stagecoach Sheffield
Happy Xmas (War Is Over)

"**Happy Xmas (War Is Over)**" is a Christmas song by John Lennon, Yoko Ono and The Plastic Ono Band.
The song is a protest about the Vietnam War in 1969. It has become a Christmas standard and has appeared on several Christmas albums.

## Notable cover versions

- Céline Dion covered the song on her 1998 album _These Are Special Times_.
- The Corrs included a live version as a bonus track on the _Live in London_ DVD (2001).
- Sarah McLachlan led off her 2006 Christmas album _Wintersong_ with a cover of this song.
- Maroon 5 recorded a cover version in 2007.
- Drake Bell sang it live in Times Square, NYC to welcome in the new year, 2007.
- *NSYNC recorded a cover version for one of their albums.
- Sarah Brightman recorded her own version as a bonus track for her album _A Winter Symphony_.
- Thrice, an experimental rock band, has recorded their own version of the song.
- The melody was used during the early 1990s as a musical commercial to promote tourism to Jamaica.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Happy Xmas (War Is Over)
- **artist**: John Lennon, John and Yoko Ono, Yoko, The Plastic Ono Band with the Harlem Community Choir
- **b-side**: "Listen, the Snow Is Falling"
- **released**: 1 December 1971 <small>(United States, US)</small>
24 November 1972 <small>(United Kingdom, UK)</small>
- **recorded**: October 1971 at Record Plant Studios <small>(New York City, New York (state), New York)</small>
- **genre**: Rock music, Rock, Pop music, pop, Christmas music, Christmas
- **length**: 3:37
- **label**: EMI, Parlophone Records, Parlophone, Apple Records, Apple
- **writer**: John Lennon
- **producer**: Phil Spector, John Lennon, Yoko Ono


## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Happy Christmas (War Is Over)
- **artist**: Street Drum Corps featuring Bert McCracken
- **album**: The Taste of Christmas
- **released**: 2006
- **genre**: Pop music, Pop
- **label**: Warcon Enterprises
- **producer**: Street Drum Corps
Nottingham Express Transit

**Nottingham Express Transit** (or in short **NET**) is a light-rail tramway in the Nottingham area in England. The first line opened to the public on 9 March 2004. It cost £200 million to construct. It took 16 years from the first idea of the system until it was built. It is operated by Nottingham Tram Consortium, a 50:50 partnership between Transdev and Nottingham City Transport.

## Infobox (public transit)

- **name**: Nottingham Express Transit
- **imagesize**: 240px
- **image2**: nottingham-express-transit.jpg
- **imagesize2**: 300px
- **caption2**: An Incentro AT6/5 tram destined for the former Station Street stop (now Nottingham Station) waits in the southbound platform of Old Market Square tram stop, Old Market Square stop.
- **locale**: Nottingham
- **transit type**: Tram
- **lines**: 2
- **stations**: 51
- **annual ridership**: 16.4 million (2016/17)
 35.0%
- **operator**: Nottingham Trams Ltd.
- **vehicles**: 15 AT6/5, Bombardier Incentro AT6/5
22 Alstom Citadis, Alstom Citadis 302
- **el**: Overhead line (750 Volt, V Direct current, DC)
- **map state**: open
Sarah Brightman

**Sarah Brightman** (born 14 August 1960) is an English classical crossover soprano, actress, songwriter and dancer.

She is the best-selling soprano of all times.

## Discography

- Studio albums
- _Symphony_ (2002)
- _A Winter Symphony_ (2005)
- _Dreamchaser_ (2011)

## Other websites

- Fairwood Music (UK) Ltd. Website
- classical-crossover soprano
- Spacefacts biography of Sarah Brightman

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Sarah Brightman
- **img**: Osaka07 Opening Sarah Brightman.jpg
- **img capt**: Sarah Brightman at the opening ceremony of 2007 World Championships in Athletics
- **background**: solo_singer
- **origin**: Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire, England
- **genre**: Crossover (music), Classical crossover, operatic pop, symphonic rock
- **instrument**: Singer, Vocals, Piano
- **occupation**: Singer, actress
- **years active**: 1976–present
- **url**: http://www.sarah-brightman.com
Philip IV of Spain

**Philip IV** (, ; 8 April 1605 – 17 September 1665) was King of Spain between 1621 and 1665. He was also sovereign of the Spanish Netherlands and King of Portugal until 1640.

His daughter was Marie Thérèse of Austria, wife of Louis XIV. All but three of his children died in childhood.

## Children

- With Elisabeth of France (1603–1644, daughter of Henry IV of France) — married 1615 at Burgos:
1. Archduchess Maria Margaret of Spain (14 August 1621 15 August 1621)
1. Archduchess  Margaret Maria Catherine of Austria (25 November 1623 22 December 1623)
1. Archduchess Maria Eugenia of Austria (21 November 1625 21 August 1627)
1. Archduchess  Isabella Maria Theresa of Austria (31 October 1627 1 November 1627)
1. Archduke Balthasar Carlos, Prince of Asturias (17 October 1629 9 October 1646), Prince of Asturias
1. Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria (12 March 1634)
1. Archduchess Maria Anna "Mariana" Antonia of Spain (17 January 1636 5 December 1636)
1. Archduchess Marie Thérèse (1638–1683), married Louis XIV of France and had children.

- With Mariana of Austria (1634–1696) – his niece – 1649:
1. Margaret Theresa of Austria (1651-1673), first wife of Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor
1. Archduchess Maria Ambrosia de la Concepción of Austria (7 December 1655 21 December 1655)
1. Archduke Philip Prospero, Prince of Asturias (28 November 1657 1 November 1661)
1. Archduke Ferdinand Thomas Charles of Austria  (23 December 1658 22 October 1659)
1. Charles II of Spain (6 November 1661 1 November 1700)

## Infobox (royalty)

- **name**: Philip IV
- **image**: Philip IV of Spain - Velázquez 1644.jpg
- **image size**: 200px
- **caption**: Painting by Diego Velázquez, Velázquez, c.1644
- **succession**: King of Spain
- **reign**: 31 March 1621 –
17 September 1665
- **predecessor**: Philip III of Spain, Philip III
- **successor**: Charles II of Spain, Charles II
- **succession1**: King of Portugal and the Algarves
- **predecessor1**: Philip III of Spain, Philip II
- **successor1**: John IV of Portugal, John IV
- **reign1**: 31 March 1621 –
1 December 1640
- **house**: House of Habsburg
- **spouse**: Elisabeth of France
Mariana of Austria
- **issue**: Balthasar Charles, Prince of Asturias
Marie Thérèse of Austria, Maria Thérèse, Queen of France
Margaret Theresa of Spain, Margaret Theresa, Holy Roman Empress
Philip Prospero, Prince of Asturias
Charles II of Spain
- **father**: Philip III of Spain
- **mother**: Margaret of Austria (1584-1611), Margaret of Austria
- **birth place**: Valladolid, Kingdom of Spain, Spain
- **death place**: Madrid, Spain
- **burial place**: El Escorial
- **religion**: Roman Catholicism
- **signature**: Firma del Rey Felipe IV de España.svg
UTC+10:00

**UTC+10:00** means a time zone that is 10 hours ahead of Coordinated Universal Time or UTC. UTC is the standard time zone of the world. Timezones are often named by how many hours they are different from UTC time. For example, UTC -5 (United States east coast) is 5 hours behind UTC.

The **UTC+10** time zone covers the following the east coast of Australia, Papua New Guinea, Micronesia, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands and parts of Russia. The map shows the time zone. There are differences with Daylight saving time:

In Australia UTC+10 is called Australian Eastern Standard Time or AEST.

## As standard time (all year round)

- (AEST - Australian Eastern Standard Time)
    - Queensland
- Federated States of Micronesia
    - Chuuk, Yap and surrounding area
- Papua New Guinea
- (Chamorro Time Zone)
    - (territory)
    - (commonwealth)

## Southern Hemisphere -  as standard time (winter)

- (AEST—Australian Eastern Standard Time)
    - Australian Capital Territory
    - New South Wales (except Broken Hill and Lord Howe Island)
    - Tasmania
    - Victoria

## Northern Hemisphere -  as standard time (winter)

- Primorsky Krai   (including Vladivostok)
    - Sakhalin Island
    - Khabarovsk Krai
    - Sakha Republic (central portion)

## Northern Hemisphere -  as daylight saving time

- Amur Oblast
    - Chita Oblast
    - Sakha Republic (western portion, incl. Yakutsk)

## Other websites

- Find cities currently in UTC+10:00
Mount Erebus

**Mount Erebus** is a volcano on Ross Island in Antarctica. It is the most southern active volcano in the world.

Erebus is  high.

## History

On November 28, 1979, an airplane, Air New Zealand Flight 901, crashed into Mount Erebus during a storm. All 257 people in the airplane died.
Air New Zealand Flight 901

**Air New Zealand Flight 901** was a flight that operated from 1977 to 1979. The flight did not stop in Antarctica. It was a sightseeing flight to Antarctica. It was supposed to loop between Auckland, New Zealand, and Antarctica.

The flight's route had been changed without the crew's knowledge shortly before the plane took off. Because the weather conditions of the Antarctic were so bad (severely limiting visibility), and the crew believed they were following the original flight plan-the plane crashed straight into Mount Erebus. None of the 257 people on board the plane survived the crash. The original investigation showed it was the pilot's fault, but people protested and it led to an inquiry into the crash. The conclusion was the accident was caused by a correction made to the route the night before the disaster, and they failed to inform pilot Captain Jim Collins and co-pilot Greg Cassin.

|Country|Passengers|Crew|Total|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
||180|20|200|
||24|0|24|
||22|0|22|
||6|0|6|
||2|0|2|
||2|0|2|
||1|0|1|
||1|0|1|
||1|0|1|
||1|0|1|
||1|0|1|
||1|0|1|
||1|0|1|
||1|0|1|
||1|0|1|
||1|0|1|
|**Total**|**237**|**20**|**257**|

## Infobox (aircraft occurrence)

- **occurrence type**: Accident
- **name**: Air New Zealand Flight 901
- **image**: Air New Zealand Flight 901.jpg
- **caption**: Debris from the DC-10's fuselage photographed in 2004. Most of the wreckage of Flight 901 remains at the accident site.
- **date**: 28 November 1979
- **type**: Controlled flight into terrain
- **site**: Mount Erebus, Antarctica
- **occupants**: 257
- **passengers**: 237
- **crew**: 20
- **fatalities**: 257
- **survivors**: 0
- **aircraft type**: McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30
- **tail number**: ZK-NZP
- **origin**: Auckland Airport, Auckland International Airport
- **operator**: Air New Zealand
Amborella

***Amborella trichopoda*** is a small, evergreen shrub. It occurs only in the moist, shaded understory of montane forests on the South Pacific island of New Caledonia. The genus is the only member of the family **Amborellaceae** and contains only this single species.

_Amborella_ is of great interest to plant systematists because molecular phylogenetic analyses put it at or near the base of the flowering plant lineage.

The Amborellaceae are distinctive. They are sprawling evergreen shrubs or small trees. Their tissue is different from any other Angiosperm. The xylem of _Amborella_ contains only tracheids; vessel elements are absent. Xylem of this form has long been regarded as a "primitive" feature of flowering plants.

Since _Amborella_ is apparently basal among the flowering plants, the features of early flowering plants can be inferred. This is done by comparing derived traits shared by other angiosperms but not present in _Amborella_. These traits are assumed to have evolved after the divergence of the _Amborella_ lineage.

The Amborellaceae are a line of flowering plants that diverged very early on (about 130 million years ago) from all the other living species of flowering plants. Among living flowering plants, it is the sister group to all other flowering plants.

## Its peculiarity

_Amborella_, an understory plant in the wild, is in contact with shade- and moisture-dependent organisms such as algae, lichens and mosses. Some horizontal gene transfer between these species is not surprising. But the scale of such transfer has caused great surprise. Sequencing the _Amborella_ mitochondrial genome showed that for every gene of its own origin, it has about six versions from the genomes from other plants and algae growing with or upon it. The evolutionary and physiological significance of this is not yet clear.
Sandon, British Columbia

**Sandon, British Columbia** is a mining town in British Columbia, Canada. It is also the place where Cecil 'Tiny' Thompson was born.
UTC+11:00

**UTC+11:00** means a time zone that is 11 hours ahead of Coordinated Universal Time or UTC. UTC is the standard time zone of the world. Time zones are often named by how many hours they are different from UTC time. For example, UTC -5 (United States east coast) is 5 hours behind UTC.

In Australia, Australian Eastern Standard Time (AEST) is normally UTC+10, but with Daylight saving time it becomes UTC+11.

**UTC+11** is the time zone for the following places:

## As standard time (all year round)

- Federated States of Micronesia
    - Kosrae, Pohnpei, and surrounding area
- New Caledonia
- Solomon Islands
- Vanuatu
    - Primorsky Krai   (including Vladivostok)
    - Sakhalin Island
    - Khabarovsk Krai
    - Sakha Republic  (central portion)

## Southern Hemisphere - as daylight saving time

- (Australian Eastern Daylight Time)
    - Australian Capital Territory
    - New South Wales (except Broken Hill; but including Lord Howe Island, which is UTC+10:30 in winter)
    - Tasmania
    - Victoria

## Other websites

- Find cities currently in UTC+11:00
God is dead

"**God is dead**" (German: ) is a phrase by the German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche. It is also known as the **death of God**. The phrase is not meant literally. Instead it is about what value destruction has done to people's belief in Christianity. Some religious thinkers do take it literally though.

Nietzsche wrote this phrase in his book _The Gay Science_ (). He also used the phrase in his book _Thus Spoke Zarathustra_ ().

The idea is written in _The Gay Science_<nowiki/>'s section "The Madman" as follows:

## Meaning

"God is dead" does not mean that Nietzsche believed in an actual "God" who had died literally. Nietzsche is also not saying that atheists are right. Instead, the phrase means that everything built on Christianity will fall apart because "the belief in the Christian God has become unbelievable". He says it is impossible to have a Christian or pseudo-Christian morality without the belief in God. This was a problem he had with many modern sceptics.

The _Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy_ says that even though the basis of Christianity was meant to have been unbreakable, it is already broken. In fact, it has been much more  than anyone could ever understand. This also means that without God, morals are not unquestionable or undoubtable anymore. Nietzsche says that when these morals are shown to be false they are also shown to be harmful. Also, trying to remove these harmful morals causes even more harm. This is because people have become dependent on them. He also says that the most harmful parts of morality have taken control of how we understand ourselves. Therefore, we don't know how to live without this harmful morality. Because of this, the death of God leads to many kinds of nihilism. Nietzsche says that Christianity itself is a kind of nihilism.
Jean-François Le Sueur

**Jean-François Le Sueur** (or **Lesueur**) (15 February 1760 — 6 October 1837) was a French composer, best known for his oratorios and operas.

## Life

Jean-François Le Sueur was born in a tiny village called Plessiel, near Abbeville. His great-uncle was the painter Eustache Le Sueur. He started his musical training by singing in the choir at the church of Abbeville, then at the cathedral of Amiens. Le Sueur became chorus master at the cathedral of Sées. He went to Paris to study harmony. His teacher was Abbé Nicolas Roze, chorus master at the church Saints-Innocents. Le Sueur got jobs at Dijon (1779), Le Mans (1782), Tours (1783) and then took over Roze’s job at the Saints-Innocents at Paris. In 1786 he was made music director at the famous church Notre-Dame de Paris.

At Notre Dame he started to use orchestras to play the music for some of the special services. The priests did not like this. Le Sueur replied by writing a little book about music for big religious celebrations. It was a bad time in France financially and the church had to make savings, so Le Sueur could not have his orchestra any more, so he resigned from his job.

Le Sueur spent some time in London, 1788–92, then returned to Paris where the revolution was going on. Three of his operas were performed, and he became professor at the École de la Garde Nationale, and then at the Conservatoire which was very new at the time. There he taught basic music theory. He was unable to get any more operas of his performed. He wrote a book saying how music should be taught in France, and criticizing the Conservatoire and its director. Because of that he lost his job at the Conservatoire.

Le Sueur now had no job and so he was very poor. Then, in 1804, Napoleon made him maître de la chapelle at the Tuileries in the place of Giovanni Paisiello. He was then able to have his most famous work performed at the Opéra. It was called _Ossian ou Les bardes_. Napoleon liked it very much and gave Le Sueur the cross of the Légion d'honneur. Le Sueur composed the _Triumphal March_ for the coronation of Napoleon. In 1813, he was given a position at the Académie des Beaux-Arts, replacing André Grétry.

At the Bourbon Restoration, he was named composer of the royal chapel and conductor of the orchestra of the Opéra. From the beginning of 1818, he taught composition at the Conservatoire. He stayed there many years. His most famous pupils were Hector Berlioz, Ambroise Thomas and Charles Gounod.

He died in Paris.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Jean-François Le Sueur
- **image**: Jean-Francois Lesueur.jpg
- **birth place**: Drucat
- **death place**: Paris
- **nationality**: French
- **occupation**: composer
- **known for**: _Ossian ou Les bardes_
Anton Reicha

**Anton Reicha** (born 26 February 1770; died 28 May 1836) was a Czech-born  composer who became naturalized French. He was a lifelong friend of Beethoven.
Reicha is now best remembered for the large number of quintets that he wrote for wind instruments, and for his work as a music teacher.  Franz Liszt and Hector Berlioz were both pupils of Reicha.  Reicha wrote several books about music theory and composition.
British Rail Class 01

**British Rail's Class 01** diesel locomotives were a short wheelbase 0-4-0 diesel-mechanical design intended for use in areas with tight curves and limited clearance.

## Infobox (locomotive)

- **name**: British Rail Class 01
- **powertype**: Diesel-mechanical
- **roadnumber**: 11503–11506, 81 (departmental); later D2953–D2956; later 01001–01002
- **builder**: Andrew Barclay Sons & Co.
- **builddate**: 1956 (4), 1958 (1)
- **serialnumber**: 395–398, 424
- **totalproduction**: 5
- **primemover**: L Gardner and Sons Ltd, Gardner 6L3
- **enginetype**: Four-stroke diesel
- **rpmrange**: 1,200 (max)
- **transmission**: Mechanical: Wilson SE4, 4-speed epicyclic gear box, Vulcan-Sinclair type 23 rigid hydraulic coupling, to a Wiseman 15LGB reverse and final drive unit.
- **whytetype**: 0-4-0
- **uicclass**: B
- **trainbrakes**: 11503–11506: none
18: Vaucuum
- **locobrakes**: Straight Air
- **poweroutput**: _Engine:_
_At rail:_
- **tractiveeffort**: (max)
- **axleloadclass**: Route availability, RA 1
- **railroad**: British Railways
- **retiredate**: 1966–1981
British Rail Class 02

The British Rail **Class 02** were a class of twenty 0-4-0 diesel-hydraulic shunting locomotives. They were built by the Yorkshire Engine Company in 1960 (first ten, D2850-D2859) and 1961 (D2860-D2869). They were built for use in places of restricted loading gauge and curves such as docks.  They had the door to the cab at the rear, with a railed veranda behind the cab. This feature was very unusual on British Rail locomotives. It was used on many Yorkshire Engine Co. designs and was/is quite normal in North American practice.

## Infobox (locomotive)

- **name**: British Rail Class 02
- **powertype**: Diesel-hydraulic
- **image**: Yorkshire Engine 2813 on Middleton Railway 94.jpeg
- **caption**: D2854 on the Middleton Railway in 1994
- **roadnumber**: D2850–D2869; later 02001–02004
- **builder**: Yorkshire Engine Company, Yorkshire Engine Co.
- **builddate**: 1960–1961
- **serialnumber**: 2809–2818, 2843–2852
- **primemover**: Rolls-Royce Limited, Rolls-Royce C6NFL176
- **enginetype**: Straight-6 diesel
- **transmission**: Rolls-Royce 10,000-series 3-stage twin-disc torque converter, manually operated YEC reduction and reversing final drive gearbox
- **whytetype**: 0-4-0
- **uicclass**: B
- **trainbrakes**: Vacuum
- **poweroutput**: _Engine:_
_At rail:_
- **tractiveeffort**: (max)
- **axleloadclass**: Route availability, RA 2
- **railroad**: British Railways
- **numinclass**: 20