juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Bab Mansour

**Bab Mansur al-'Alj** or **Bab Mansour** (also variously spelled as **Bab Mansour al-'Ilj**, **Bab Mansour al-Eulj**, **Bab el-Mansour**, **Bab Mansur**, etc)  (also known as Bab Mansour Laleuj) is the main gate of the Old Town of Meknes in Morocco.  It is one of the largest and most impressive gates in the country. Together with the "outer square (El Hedim Square)", it is considered the country's business card. The gate is located in front of El Hedim Square which is considered to be the most popular square in Morocco.

## History

The gate structure was completed in 1732 by Mulay Abdullah who was the son of Sultan Mulay Ismail. The gate marks the main entrance of the imperial palace built for Isla Mulay and the ancient city of Meknes.

The door was designed by a Christian who converted to Islam whose name was "Mansur". Hence the gate's name: "Mansur Gate". The gate structure has been part of the Meknes protected heritage since 1914 and since 1996 has been used as a World Heritage Site along with the Old Town of Meknes.

## Geography

The gate structure separates the outer square called Al-Hadim Square. It is adjacent to the Old City wall of Meknes, from the inner square called Lela Awda Square. It served as the "Royal Order Ground". Next to the gate within the walls are the Royal Order Stables, the Royal Prison, and the Meknes City Museum. It is decorated with green ceramics designed with  Islamic motifs. The white pillars are columns that used to stand in the Roman city: "Volibilis", which is about 30 km north of the city.
Content management

**Content management** (**CM**) is a set of processes and technologies that supports the collection, managing, and publishing of information in any form or medium.

When stored and accessed via computers, this information may be more referred to as content.
Alfa Romeo RL

**Alfa Romeo RL** (1922–27) was an Italian car made by Alfa Romeo in Milano.

It was designed by Giuseppe Merosi. They made around 2,600 of these cars in total.

## Family car

The RL Normale (RLN) was a family car, also called 21/70.  The engine had 6 cylinders and measured 3 liters volume.  In 1926 it changed name to RL Touring (RLT) and 22/70.

## Sports car

The RL Sport (RLS) was a light car that was a foot shorter, so it saved weight. It also had a bigger engine. They made around 500 of these.  It changed name to RL Super Sport (RLSS) and 22/90, and was even faster.

## Racing car

This was even shorter than the RL Short and won the Targa Florio race on Sicilia in 1923.  They called it RL Targa Florio (RLTF) and less than 10 were made.
Salvador Giner

** Salvador Giner i de San Julián** (10 February 1934 – 19 October 2019) was a Spanish sociologist. He was the president of the Institute of Catalan Studies between 2005 and 2013. He studied at the University of Chicago. He was an editor and consultant of the Great Catalan Encyclopedia and of several national and international journals and reviews. He was born in Barcelona.

He was elected a member of the Academia Europaea in 2013.

Giner died on 19 October 2019, in Barcelona at the age of 85.

## Related pages

- List of sociologists from Europe

## Other websites

- Salvador Giner's biography in the website of the  IEC
- Interview to Salvador Giner about contemporary religions
György Kurtág

**György Kurtág** (; born 19 February 1926) is a Hungarian classical composer and pianist. He was born in Lugoj, Romania, to Hungarian Jewish parents. He moved to Budapest in 1946 and became a Hungarian citizen in 1948. He was an academic teacher of piano at the Franz Liszt Academy of Music from 1967, later also of chamber music, and taught until 1993.

In 1947, he married pianist Márta Kurtág. She died in October 2019.
Márta Kurtág

**Márta Kurtág** (), _née_ **Márta Kinsker**, often **Marta Kurtag**; 1 October 1927 − 17 October 2019) was a Hungarian classical pianist and academic piano teacher. In 1947, she married composer György Kurtág. They often played from his collection _Játékok_, which they also recorded.

Kurtág died on 17 October 2019, just a week after her 92nd birthday.
Hans Grosheide

**Johan Hendrik "Hans" Grosheide** (6 August 1930 – 18 December 2022) was a Dutch politician.

Grosheide worked as a teacher and education administrator for Protestant Reformed special schools from November 1954, until September 1963.

After the election of 1963 Grosheide was appointed as State Secretary for Education, Arts and Sciences, taking office on 3 September 1963, until the cabinet formation of 1965.

He was State Secretary for Education and Sciences, taking office on 14 April 1965.

## Other websites

- Mr. J.H. (Hans) Grosheide Parlement & Politiek

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Hans Grosheide
- **image**: Hans Grosheide 1963 (1).jpg
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **caption**: Hans Grosheide in 1963
- **office**: Council of State (Netherlands), Extraordinary Member
 of the Council of State
- **vicepresident**: Willem Scholten
 <small>(1993–1997)</small>
 Herman Tjeenk Willink
 <small>(1997–2000)</small>
- **term start**: 1 February 1993
- **term end**: 1 September 2000
- **office1**: Rijswijk, Mayor of Rijswijk
- **term start1**: 1 February 1974
- **term end1**: 1 July 1978
- **predecessor1**: Archibald Bogaardt
- **successor1**: Henk Zeevalking
- **office2**: List of Ministers of Justice of the Netherlands#List of State Secretaries for Justice, State Secretary for Justice
- **term start2**: 28 July 1971
- **term end2**: 11 May 1973
- **primeminister2**: Barend Biesheuvel
- **predecessor2**: Klaas Wiersma
- **successor2**: Jan Glastra van Loon
- **office3**: House of Representatives (Netherlands), Member of the House of Representatives
- **term start3**: 11 May 1971
- **term end3**: 28 July 1971
- **parliamentarygroup3**: Anti-Revolutionary Party
- **office4**: List of Ministers of Education of the Netherlands#List of State Secretaries for Education, State Secretary for
 Education and Sciences
- **term start4**: 14 April 1965
- **term end4**: 6 July 1971
- **predecessor4**: Himself
 <small>as State Secretary for Education,
 Culture and Sciences</small>
- **successor4**: Kees Schelfhout
- **office5**: List of Ministers of Education of the Netherlands#List of State Secretaries for Education, State Secretary for Education,
 Arts and Sciences
- **term start5**: 3 September 1963
- **term end5**: 14 April 1965
- **alongside5**: Louis van de Laar
- **primeminister5**: Victor Marijnen
- **predecessor5**: Harry Janssen (politician), Harry Janssen
 Ynso Scholten
- **successor5**: Himself
 <small>as State Secretary for Education
 and Sciences</small>
- **birthname**: Johan Hendrik Grosheide
- **birth place**: Amsterdam, Netherlands
- **nationality**: Netherlands, Dutch
- **party**: Christian Democratic Appeal
 <small>(from 1980)</small>
- **otherparty**: Anti-Revolutionary Party
 <small>(until 1980)</small>
- **relations**: :nl:Daniël Grosheide, Daniël Grosheide (brother)
 Wim Schut (uncle)
- **alma mater**: Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
 <small>(Bachelor of Laws, Master of Laws)</small>
- **occupation**: Politician · Civil service, Civil servant · Jurist · Board of directors, Corporate director · Nonprofit organization, Nonprofit director · Educational management, Education administrator · Teacher · Editing, Editor · Author
Tjerk Westerterp

**Theodorus Engelbertus "Tjerk" Westerterp** (born 2 December 1930) is a Dutch politician. He was a diplomat of the defunct Catholic People's Party (KVP) now merged into the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA) party. He is also a businessman.

Westerterp became a Member of the House of Representatives after Gerard Veldkamp was appointed as Minister of Social Affairs and Health.

After the election of 1971 Westerterp was appointed as State Secretary for Foreign Affairs, taking office on 17 August 1971.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Tjerk Westerterp
- **image**: Tjerk Westerterp 1974 (2).jpg
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **caption**: Tjerk Westerterp in 1974
- **office**: List of Ministers of Infrastructure of the Netherlands, Minister of Transport and
 Water Management
- **term start**: 11 May 1973
- **term end**: 19 December 1977
- **primeminister**: Joop den Uyl
- **predecessor**: Bé Udink
- **successor**: Dany Tuijnman
- **office2**: List of Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands#List of State Secretaries for Foreign Affairs, State Secretary for Foreign Affairs
- **term start2**: 17 August 1971
- **term end2**: 7 March 1973
- **primeminister2**: Barend Biesheuvel
- **predecessor2**: Hans de Koster
- **successor2**: Laurens Jan Brinkhorst
 Pieter Kooijmans
- **office3**: Member of the European Parliament
- **term start3**: 8 May 1967
- **term end3**: 17 Augustus 1971
- **parliamentarygroup3**: European People's Party group, Christian Democratic Group
- **constituency3**: Netherlands (European Parliament constituency), Netherlands
- **office4**: House of Representatives (Netherlands), Member of the House of Representatives
- **term start4**: 22 December 1977
- **term end4**: 15 February 1978
- **term start5**: 8 June 1977
- **term end5**: 8 September 1977
- **term start6**: 7 December 1972
- **term end6**: 11 May 1973
- **term start7**: 31 July 1963
- **term end7**: 17 August 1971
- **parliamentarygroup7**: Catholic People's Party
- **birthname**: Theodorus Engelbertus Westerterp
- **birth place**: Rotterdam, Netherlands
- **nationality**: Netherlands, Dutch
- **party**: Christian Democratic Appeal
 <small>(from 2002)</small>
- **otherparty**: Livable Netherlands
 <small>(2001–2002)</small>
 Christian Democratic Appeal
 <small>(1980–2001)</small>
 Catholic People's Party
 <small>(until 1980)</small>
- **children**: 4 children
- **residence**: Ulvenhout, Netherlands
- **alma mater**: Radboud University Nijmegen
 <small>(Bachelor of Social Science, Bachelor of Arts, Master of Social Science, Master of Arts)</small>
- **occupation**: Politician · Diplomat · Civil service, Civil servant · Businessperson, Businessman · Board of directors, Corporate director · Nonprofit organization, Nonprofit director · Journalist · Political consulting, Political consultant · Lobbying, Lobbyist · Author
Til Gardeniers-Berendsen

**Mathilde Hubertine Maria Francisca "Til" Gardeniers-Berendsen** (18 February 1925 – 22 October 2019) was a Dutch politician. She was a member of the defunct Catholic People's Party (KVP) and later the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA) party. She was also a nonprofit director.

Gardeniers-Berendsen was elected as a Member of the House of Representatives after the election of 1971, taking office on 11 May 1971. In 1977, Gardeniers-Berendsen was appointed as Minister of Culture, Recreation and Social Work on 19 December 1977.

After the election of 1981 Gardeniers-Berendsen returned as a Member of the House of Representatives, taking office on 10 June 1981. In 1981, Gardeniers-Berendsen was appointed Minister of Health and Environment, taking office on 11 September 1981.

Gardeniers-Berendsen died in Rotterdam, Netherlands on 22 October 2019 at the age of 94.

## Other websites

- M.H.M.F. (Til) Gardeniers-Berendsen Parlement & Politiek

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Til Gardeniers-Berendsen
- **image**: Til Gardeniers-Berendsen 1982 (1).jpg
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **caption**: Til Gardeniers-Berendsen in 1982
- **office**: Council of State (Netherlands), Member of the Council of State
- **vicepresident**: Willem Scholten
- **term start**: 1 March 1983
- **term end**: 1 March 1995
- **office1**: List of Ministers of Health of the Netherlands, Minister of Health and Environment
- **term start1**: 11 September 1981
- **term end1**: 4 November 1982
- **primeminister1**: Dries van Agt
- **predecessor1**: Leendert Ginjaar
- **successor1**: Elco Brinkman
 <small>as Minister of Welfare,
 Health and Culture</small>
- **office2**: List of Ministers of Education of the Netherlands#List of Ministers of Social Work, Minister of Culture,
 Recreation and Social Work
- **term start2**: 11 October 1982
- **term end2**: 4 November 1982
 <small>_Ad interim_</small>
- **primeminister2**: Dries van Agt
- **predecessor2**: Hans de Boer (politician), Hans de Boer
- **successor2**: Elco Brinkman
 <small>as Minister of Welfare,
 Health and Culture</small>
- **term start3**: 19 December 1977
- **term end3**: 11 September 1981
- **primeminister3**: Dries van Agt
- **predecessor3**: Harry van Doorn
- **successor3**: André van der Louw
- **office4**: House of Representatives (Netherlands), Member of the House of Representatives
- **term start4**: 21 September 1982
- **term end4**: 23 February 1983
- **term start5**: 10 June 1981
- **term end5**: 9 September 1981
- **term start6**: 11 May 1971
- **term end6**: 19 December 1977
- **parliamentarygroup6**: Christian Democratic Appeal
 <small>(1980–1983)</small>
 Catholic People's Party
 <small>(1971–1980)</small>
- **birthname**: Mathilde Hubertine Maria Francisca Berendsen
- **birth place**: Rotterdam, Netherlands
- **death place**: Rotterdam, Netherlands
- **nationality**: Netherlands, Dutch
- **party**: Christian Democratic Appeal
 <small>(from 1980)</small>
- **otherparty**: Catholic People's Party
 <small>(until 1980)</small>
- **children**: 3 sons
- **occupation**: Politician · Civil service, Civil servant · Secretary · Nonprofit organization, Nonprofit director
Els Veder-Smit

**Elizabeth "Els" Veder-Smit** (29 August 1921 – 26 August 2020) was a Dutch politician. She was a member of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) and nonprofit director. She was the oldest living former cabinet member at the time of her death.

Veder-Smith was Secretary State for Health and Environment from 1978 through 1981.

Veder-Smith died at her home in Rotterdam on 26 August 2020 at the age of 98.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Els Veder-Smit
- **image**: Els Veder-Smit 1978 (1).jpg
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **caption**: Els Veder-Smit in 1978
- **office**: Senate (Netherlands), Member of the Senate
- **term start**: 25 August 1981
- **term end**: 11 June 1991
- **parliamentarygroup**: People's Party for Freedom and Democracy, People's Party for
 Freedom and Democracy
- **office1**: List of Ministers of Health of the Netherlands#List of State Secretaries for Health, State Secretary for
 Health and Environment
- **term start1**: 3 January 1978
- **term end1**: 11 September 1981
- **primeminister1**: Dries van Agt
- **predecessor1**: Jo Hendriks
- **successor1**: Ineke Lambers-Hacquebard
- **office5**: House of Representatives (Netherlands), Member of the House of Representatives
- **term start5**: 23 February 1967
- **term end5**: 3 January 1978
- **parliamentarygroup7**: People's Party for Freedom and Democracy, People's Party for
 Freedom and Democracy
- **birthname**: Elizabeth Smit
- **birth place**: Kinderdijk, Netherlands
- **death place**: Rotterdam, Netherlands
- **nationality**: Netherlands, Dutch
- **party**: People's Party for Freedom and Democracy, People's Party for
 Freedom and Democracy
 <small>(from 1950)</small>
- **alma mater**: Utrecht University
 <small>(Bachelor of Laws, Master of Laws)</small>
- **occupation**: Politician · Board of directors, Nonprofit director
Michel van Hulten

**Michael Henricus Maria "Michel" van Hulten** (9 March 1930 – 1 December 2025) was a Dutch politician.

On behalf of the Political Party of Radicals (PPR), he was a member of the Dutch parliament and deputy minister of Transport in Joop den Uyl's cabinet.

Michel van Hulten was born in Batavia and was the father of former MEP Michiel van Hulten.

Van Hulten died of prostate cancer in Eindhoven, North Brabant on 1 December 2025, at the age of 95.

## Other websites

- Bio at Parlement.com
Arie Pais

**Aäron "Arie" Pais** (born 16 April 1930 in The Hague) is a retired Dutch politician of Jewish descent. He is a member of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD). He was a Member of the Senate in 1977 and again from 1981 through 1982. He also was Minister of Education and Sciences from 1977 through 1981.

Pais also was a member of the municipal council of Amsterdam and of the provincial states of North Holland.

Before his political career he was an economics professor at the University of Amsterdam, and afterwards a banker at the European Investment Bank.

Pais is a vegetarian and an animal protection activist.

## Other websites

- Dr. A. (Arie) Pais Parlement.com
Targa Florio

**Targa Florio** (1906–77) was a road race for automobiles. It was on the island of Sicily in the south of Italy.

The distance in 1906 was 446 kilometers on narrow and dusty mountain roads.  They started and ended near the city of Palermo.

It closed in 1977 after an accident where two people lost their lives.

## Infobox (motorsport championship)

- **category**: Endurance
- **country/region**: Tour of Island of Sicily, Italy
- **inaugural**: 1906
- **folded**: 1977
- **champion driver**:  Raffaele Restivo,
 Alfonso Merendino
- **constructor**:  Chevron Cars Ltd, Chevron B36 BMW
- **website**: [http://www.targa-florio.it/ www.targa-florio.it]
Louw de Graaf

**Louw de Graaf** (12 April 1930 – 15 July 2020) was a Dutch politician. He was a member of the defunct Anti-Revolutionary Party (ARP) and later the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA) party and trade union leader.

De Graaf worked as a trade Union leader for the National Christian Trade Unions Federation from 1955 until 1977 and served as General-Secretary from 1970 until 1977.

After the election of 1977 De Graaf was appointed as State Secretary for Social Affairs, taking office on 28 December 1977.

De Graaf was elected as a Member of the House of Representatives after the election of 1981, taking office on 10 June 1981.

De Graaf died on 15 July 2020, aged 90.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Louw de Graaf
- **image**: Louw de Graaf 1979 (1).jpg
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **caption**: Louw de Graaf in 1979
- **office**: List of Ministers of Social Affairs of the Netherlands, Minister of Social Affairs
 and Employment
- **term start**: 3 February 1987
- **term end**: 6 May 1987
 <small>_Ad interim_</small>
- **primeminister**: Ruud Lubbers
- **predecessor**: Jan de Koning (Christian Democratic Appeal), Jan de Koning
- **successor**: Jan de Koning (Christian Democratic Appeal), Jan de Koning
- **term start1**: 29 May 1982
- **term end1**: 4 November 1982
- **primeminister1**: Dries van Agt
- **predecessor1**: Joop den Uyl
- **successor1**: Jan de Koning (Christian Democratic Appeal), Jan de Koning
- **office2**: House of Representatives (Netherlands), Member of the House of Representatives
- **term start2**: 3 June 1986
- **term end2**: 14 July 1986
- **term start3**: 16 September 1982
- **term end3**: 5 November 1982
- **term start4**: 10 June 1981
- **term end4**: 29 May 1982
- **parliamentarygroup4**: Christian Democratic Appeal
- **office5**: List of Ministers of Social Affairs of the Netherlands#List of State Secretaries for Social Affairs, State Secretary for Social Affairs
 and Employment
- **term start5**: 6 May 1987
- **term end5**: ,1 October 1989
- **primeminister5**: Ruud Lubbers
- **predecessor5**: Himself
- **successor5**: Elske ter Veld
- **term start6**: 5 November 1982
- **term end6**: ,3 February 1987
- **alongside6**: Annelien Kappeyne van de Coppello, Annelien Kappeyne
 van de Coppello <small>(1982–1986)</small>
- **primeminister6**: Ruud Lubbers
- **predecessor6**: Piet van Zeil
- **successor6**: Himself
- **term start7**: 28 December 1977
- **term end7**: 11 September 1981
- **primeminister7**: Dries van Agt
- **predecessor7**: Jan Mertens (Catholic People's Party), Jan Mertens
- **successor7**: Ien Dales
 Hedy d'Ancona
- **office8**: Social and Economic Council, Member of the Social
 and Economic Council
- **term start8**: 1 July 1970
- **term end8**: 28 December 1977
- **1namedata8**: Jan de Pous
- **birthname**: Louw de Graaf
- **birth place**: Kootstertille, Netherlands
- **nationality**: Netherlands, Dutch
- **party**: Christian Democratic Appeal
 <small>(from 1980)</small>
- **otherparty**: Anti-Revolutionary Party
 <small>(1951–1980)</small>
- **occupation**: Politician · Civil service, Civil servant · Trade union, Trade Union leader · Nonprofit organization, Nonprofit director
Erwin Nypels

**Erwin Nypels** (1 August 1933 – 8 December 2024) was a Dutch politician. He was born in Bloemendaal, North Holland. He was the Minister of Housing and Spatial Planning in 1982.

Nypels was a member of Democrats 66.

Nypels died in Rijswijk, Netherlands on 8 December 2024, at the age of 91.
Shor's algorithm

**Shor's algorithm** is a quantum algorithmic computing process for cryptography. Basically, it solves the following problem: Given an integer , find its prime factors.

Its effectiveness can be used to find messages hidden through RSA encryption, however it requires a quantum computer with more quantum bits than there are available.
Chhotu Ram

**Chhotu Ram**, or Sir Chotu Ram, born **Ram Richpal** (24 November 1881 – 9 January 1945) was a politician in British India's Punjab Province. He was a co-founder of National Unionist party that represented the punjab zamindar and farmers.

He was born in Sampla village in Rohtak.

He was also awarded the title of Rao bahadur, which was a title of honour bestowed during British rule in India to individuals for their service to the Empire.

He graduated from St. Stephen's College, New Delhi in the year 1905 in Sanskrit.

## Infobox (person)

- **honorific prefix**: Sir
- **name**: Chhotu Ram
- **title**: For the honesty of social work, he was given the title of the **Sir**.
- **image**: Chhotu Ram 1995 stamp of India.jpg
- **caption**: Sir Chhotu Ram on a 1995 stamp of India
- **other names**: Deenbandhu
 Rahbar-e-Azam
 Kisano ke Maseeha
- **birth name**: Ram Richpal
- **birth place**: Garhi Sampla-Kiloi (Vidhan Sabha constituency), Garhi Sampla, Punjab Province (British India), Punjab, British Raj, British India

- **death place**: Lahore, Punjab, British India

- **party**: Unionist Party (Punjab)
- **alma mater**: St. Stephen's College, Delhi, St. Stephen's College
- **spouse**: Giano Devi
- **family**: Birender Singh (politician, born 1946), Birender Singh (grandson)
De vogels van Holland

"**De vogels van Holland**" (, in English: "The birds of Holland") is a song by Dutch singer Jetty Paerl. Annie M. G. Schmidt and Cor Lemaire wrote it. It represented Netherlands in the Eurovision Song Contest in 1956.

### Selection

"De vogels van Holland" participated in the _Nationaal Songfestival 1956_, a national final organized by Dutch broadcaster Nederlandse Televisie Stichting (NTS) in 1956. It was held in the AVRO TV studios in Hilversum on 24 April 1956.

Jetty Pearl performed the song after Corry Brokken with "Ik zei ja" and before Bert Visser with "Gina mia". People sent their votes through postcard. NTS announced the voting results on 5 May. "De vogels van Holland" placed 2nd with 1530 points. For that reason, NTS sent it to represent Netherlands in the Eurovision Song Contest 1956. They sent the winning song, "Voorgoed voorbij", too.

### In the contest

The song competed in the contest. It was held in the Teatro Kursaal in Lugano, Switzerland, on 24 May 1956. Jetty Paerl performed it. Fernando Paggi conducted the orchestra.

It was performed first, before Switzerland's Lys Assia with "Das alte Karussell". The song position is not known because the voting results were not revealed.

## Related pages

- Netherlands in the Eurovision Song Contest

## Infobox (eurovision song contest entry)

- **embed**: yes
- **song**: "De vogels van Holland"
- **year**: 1956
- **country**: Netherlands
- **artist**: Jetty Paerl
- **genre**: Waltz (music), Waltz
- **language**: Dutch
- **composer**: Cor Lemaire
- **lyricist**: Annie M. G. Schmidt
- **conductor**: Fernando Paggi
- **place**: 2nd
- **points**: -
- **next**: Voorgoed voorbij
- **next year**: 1956
- **next link**: Voorgoed voorbij


## Infobox (song)

- **name**: De vogels van Holland
- **type**: song
- **artist**: Jetty Paerl
- **language**: Dutch
- **english title**: The birds of Holland
- **genre**: Waltz (music), Waltz
- **composer**: Cor Lemaire
- **lyricist**: Annie M. G. Schmidt
Lakagigar

**Lakagígar** is a row of spectacular craters along twenty-five kilometres in the southern Icelandic Highlands. They formed in the eruptions at **Lakí** in 1784.

The system erupted violently over an eight months between June 1783 and February 1784. Lava came from the Laki fissure and the adjoining volcano Grímsvötn. It poured out an estimated 42 billion tons or  of basalt lava and clouds of poisonous hydrofluoric acid and sulfur dioxide compounds. That contaminated the soil, leading to the death of over 50% of Iceland's livestock population, and the destruction of almost all crops. This led to a famine which killed about 25% of the island's human population. The lava flows also destroyed 20 villages.
2112 (disambiguation)

**2112** might mean:

- ***2112***, a studio album by Canadian rock band Rush.
    - "**2112**", a song on this album.
- **2112**, a future year in the 22nd century.
Tayberry

A **tayberry** is a cross between a blackberry and a red raspberry. The genetic cross was patented in 1979.

It is a cultivated shrub in the genus _Rubus_ of the family Rosaceae. It was named after the River Tay in Scotland. The fruit is sweeter, much larger, and more aromatic than that of the loganberry. The loganberry is itself a blackberry and red raspberry cross.

The fruit do not pick easily by hand and cannot be machine harvested. They have not become a commercially grown berry crop. This plant has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.
Robert Blake (admiral)

**Robert Blake** (1598 – 17 August 1657) was one of the most important military commanders of the Commonwealth of England and one of the most famous English admirals of the 17th century. Blake is recognised as the chief founder of England's naval supremacy. Its dominance was inherited by the British Royal Navy.
Nasir ud din Mahmud

**Nasir ud din Mahmud** was the eighth Sultan of the Mamluk Sultanate of Delhi (also known as the Slave dynasty). In 1246, he became the Sultan and ruled for nearly 20 years.

Ghiyasuddin Balban was his Prime minister as well as the actual ruler. After the death of Nasiruddin Mahmood in 1266 AD, Balban became the Sultan as Nasir-ud-din.
Mamluk Sultanate

The **Mamluk Sultanate** (), also known as **Mamluk** **Egypt** or the **Mamluk Empire**, was a state that controlled Egypt, The Levant, and Hejaz from 1250 to 1517. The first sultans (kings) of the Mamluk Sultanate were _mamluks_ (slave-soldiers) in the armies of the Ayyubid dynasty. The Mamluk Sultanate was the strongest military power in the central Muslim world. They fended off the Mongols and exterminated the Crusaders in the Holy Land (The Levant). The Mamluk sultans also controlled south-eastern Asia Minor and western Arabia. Most of the sultanate's _mamluks_ were Turkic people or Circassians. The Arabic language was the state's and the government's most important language. Most of the sultans carried Arabic names and were heavily Arabized.

## Infobox (country)

- **common name**: Mamluk Sultanate
- **conventional long name**: Mamluk Sultanate
- **native name**:
Salṭanat al-Mamālīk (Mamluk Sultanate)

Dawlat al-Atrāk (Turkic State)

Dawlat al-Jarākisa (Circassian State)
- **year start**: 1250
- **date start**: 2 May
- **year end**: 1517
- **date end**: 22 January
- **event start**: Murder of al-Muazzam Turanshah, Turanshah
- **event end**: Ottoman–Mamluk War (1516–17), Second Ottoman–Mamluk War
- **p1**: Abbasid Caliphate
- **p2**: Ayyubid dynasty
- **p3**: Kingdom of Jerusalem
- **p4**: Principality of Antioch
- **p5**: County of Tripoli
- **p6**: Makuria
- **border p6**: no
- **p7**: Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
- **p8**: Tahirids (Yemen)
- **s1**: Ottoman Empire
- **image flag**: Flag of the Mameluke Sultanate.png
- **image flag2**: Flag of the Mamluk Sultanate (Alexandria).svg
- **flag border**: no
- **flag type**: Flags according to the _Catalan Atlas_ of c. 1375
- **other symbol**: <div style="padding:0.5em;"></div>(by Mecia de Viladestes map, 1413)
- **image map**: Mamluk Sultanate of Cairo 1317 AD.jpg
- **image map caption**: Extent of the Mamluk Sultanate under Sultan an-Nasir Muhammad
- **capital**: Cairo
- **title leader**: Abbasid Caliphate, Caliph
- **leader1**: Al-Mustansir II, Al-Mustansir (first)
- **year leader1**: 1261
- **leader2**: Al-Hakim I
- **year leader2**: 1262–1302
- **leader3**: Al-Musta'in (Cairo), Abū al-Faḍl Al-Musta'in
- **year leader3**: 1406–1414
- **leader4**: Al-Mutawakkil III (last)
- **year leader4**: 1508–1516
- **deputy1**: Shajar ad-Durr (first)
- **year deputy1**: 1250
- **deputy2**: Aybak, Izz al-Din Aybak
- **year deputy2**: 1250–1257
- **deputy3**: Baibars
- **year deputy3**: 1260–1277
- **deputy4**: Tuman bay II (last)
- **year deputy4**: 1516–1517
- **title deputy**: List of Mamluk sultans, Sultan
- **government type**: Sultanate under ceremonial _Caliphate_
Nicola Mancino

**Nicola Mancino** (born 15 October 1931) is an Italian politician. He was the President of Italian Senate from 1996 to 2001. He was also the president of Campania's regional parliament from 1965 to 1971. He was Governor of Campania from 1971 to 1972 and Minister of the Interior from 1992 to 1994.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Nicola Mancino
- **image**: Nicola Mancino.jpg
- **imagesize**: 170px
- **order**: List of Presidents of the Italian Senate, President of the Italian Senate

- **term start**: 9 May 1996
- **term end**: 29 May 2001
- **predecessor**: Carlo Scognamiglio Pasini
- **successor**: Marcello Pera
- **order1**: Italian Minister of the Interior
- **primeminister1**: Giuliano Amato
 Carlo Azeglio Ciampi
- **term start1**: 28 June 1992
- **term end1**: 10 May 1994
- **predecessor1**: Vincenzo Scotti
- **successor1**: Roberto Maroni
- **order2**: High Council of the Judiciary (Italy), Vice-President of the Superior Council of Magistracy
- **president2**: Giorgio Napolitano
- **term start2**: 1 August 2006
- **term end2**: 2 August 2010
- **predecessor2**: Virginio Rognoni
- **successor2**: Michele Vietti
- **order3**: Member of the Senate of the Republic (Italy), Senate
- **term start3**: 5 July 1976
- **term end3**: 24 July 2006
- **order4**: List of Presidents of Campania, President of Campania
- **term start4**: 1975
- **term end4**: 1976
- **predecessor4**: Vittorio Cascetta
- **successor4**: Gaspare Russo
- **term start5**: 21 April 1971
- **term end5**: 12 May 1972
- **predecessor5**: Carlo Leone
- **successor5**: Alberto Servidio
- **birth place**: Montefalcione, Italy
- **nationality**: Italians, Italian
- **party**: Democratic Party (Italy), Democratic Party
- **otherparty**: Christian Democracy (Italy), Christian Democracy
Italian People's Party (1994), Italian People's Party
Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy, The Daisy
Ishmael Levenston

**Ishmael Mathew Ameal Levenston** (23 July 1940 – 19 October 2019) was a Saban politician. He was the founder of the Saba Labour Party. He was a member of the Saba Island Council from 1975 to 1979 and again from 1983 through 1987.

Levenston died on 19 October 2019 of heart failure at a retirement center in The Bottom, aged 79.
Alexander Volkov (tennis)

**Alexander Vladimirovich Volkov** (; 3 March 1967 – 19 October 2019) was a Russian professional tennis player. He was born in Kaliningrad, Soviet Union. Volkov won his first top-level professional singles title in 1991 at Milan. At Wimbledon that year, he lost a close match in the fourth round to the eventual tournament champion Michael Stich.

Volkov died on 19 October 2019 in Kalinigrad at the age of 52.
Aila Meriluoto

**Aila Meriluoto** (10 January 1924 – 21 October 2019) was a Finnish poet, writer and translator. She was born in Pieksämäki, Finland. She  became  the most celebrated and widely read female poet of post-war Finland. The themes of her poems were art and femininity. In collection _Pahat unet_ (1956) some of the poems have a free form. The next collection, _Portaat_, came five years later.

In addition to poems, Meriluoto wrote novels, and books for young people.  She has translated works by Harry Martinson, Rainer Maria Rilke, Shakespeare and Goethe.

Meriluoto died in a care home in Helsinki on 21 October 2019, aged 95.
Harry Martinson

**Harry Martinson** (6May 190411February 1978) was a Swedish author, poet and former sailor. In 1949 he was elected into the Swedish Academy. He was awarded a joint Nobel Prize in Literature in 1974 "for writings that catch the dewdrop and reflect the cosmos".

Martinson killed himself at a Stockholm hospital by cutting his stomach open with a pair of scissors on 11 February 1978.

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Harry Martinson
- **image**: Harry Martinson 001.tiff
- **birth place**: Jämshög, Sweden
- **death place**: Stockholm, Sweden
- **spouses**: Moa Martinson (1929–1940)
Ingrid Lindcrantz (1942–1978)
Eyvind Johnson

**Eyvind Johnson** (29 July 1900 – 25 August 1976) was a Swedish novelist and short story writer. He became a member of the Swedish Academy in 1957 and shared the Nobel Prize in Literature with Harry Martinson in 1974 with the citation: _for a narrative art, far-seeing in lands and ages, in the service of freedom_.

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Eyvind Johnson
- **image**: Eyvind.JPG
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **birth name**: Olof Edvin Verner Jonsson
- **birth place**: near Boden, Sweden, Boden, Norrbotten County, Norrbotten, Sweden
- **death date**: 25 August 1976 (aged 75)
- **death place**: Stockholm, Sweden
- **nationality**: Swedish
- **period**: 1924–1976
Organizational founder

In terms of a company or organization, a founder refers to the person responsible for starting an entity.

In a company, this is usually the first person to come up with the name, register the business, and take care of the first year of operations.
Santos Juliá

**Santos Juliá Díaz** (1940–23 October 2019) was a Spanish historian and sociologist. He was born in Ferrol, Spain. He studied at the Complutense University of Madrid. He was professor _emeritus_ of Social History and Political Thought at the Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED).

Díaz died on 23 October 2019 in Madrid at the age of 79.
Ferrol

**Ferrol** (In the neighbourhood of Strabo's _Cape Nerium_, modern day Cape Prior) (), is a city in the Province of A Coruña in Galicia, on the Atlantic coast in north-western Spain. According to the 2014 census, the city has a population of 70,389.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Ferrol
- **settlement type**: Municipality
- **image skyline**: RiaFerrolAsteleiros.jpg
- **image caption**: Ferrol Port
- **image flag**: Bandera de Ferrol.svg
- **image shield**: Coat of Arms of Ferrol-Variant.svg
- **pushpin map**: Spain Province of A Coruña#Spain
- **pushpin map caption**: Location of Ferrol within Galicia
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Spain
- **subdivision type1**: Autonomous communities of Spain, Autonomous community
- **subdivision name1**: Galicia (Spain), Galicia
- **subdivision type2**: Provinces of Spain, Province
- **subdivision name2**: A Coruña (province), A Coruña
- **subdivision type3**: Comarcas of Spain, Comarca
- **subdivision name3**: Ferrol (comarca), Ferrol
- **parts type**: Parroquia (Spain), Parishes
- **parts style**: para
- **p1**: Brión
- **p2**: A Cabana
- **p3**: Covas
- **p4**: Doniños
- **p5**: Esmelle
- **p6**: **Ferrol**
- **p7**: A Graña
- **p8**: Leixa
- **p9**: Mandiá
- **p10**: Marmancón
- **p11**: A Mariña
- **p12**: Trasancos
- **p13**: Serantes
- **established title**: Castro culture, Fishing Village
- **established date**: 1st century BC
- **established title1**: Early Middle Ages, Christian Outpost
- **established date1**: 8th century
- **established title2**: Royal Arsenal
- **established date2**: 16th century
- **established title3**: Naval Structure of the Spanish Navy in the New Millennium, Royal Dockyard
- **established date3**: 18th century
- **government type**: Mayor-council government, Mayor-council
- **governing body**: Concello de Ferrol
- **leader party**: Ferrol en Común
- **leader title**: Alcalde, Mayor
- **leader name**: Jorge Suárez
- **area total km2**: 81.9
- **population density km2**: auto
- **population demonym**: ferrolan (m), ferrolana (f)
- **timezone1**: CET (GMT +1)
- **timezone1 dst**: CEST (GMT +2)
- **postal code type**: Postcode
- **postal code**: 15401–15406
- **area code**: +34 981
- **website**: http://www.ferrol.es/
Michael Flaksman

**Michael Flaksman** (May 3, 1946 – October 18, 2019) was an American cellist. He was born in Akron, Ohio. He performed widely in recitals, chamber music concerts and with orchestras throughout Europe and in the Far East, as well as conducted master classes in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Italy, Poland and Croatia.

He was Honorary President at Italian Cello Consort, a cellist group created by his student and assistant Giovanni Ricciardi.

He died on October 18, 2019 at the age of 73.

## Other websites

- Official biography    This article contains quotations from this source, which is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC BY 3.0) license.
Rolando Panerai

**Rolando Panerai** (17 October 1924 – 23 October 2019) was an Italian baritone. He was born in Campi Bisenzio, near Florence, Italy.

Panerai made his stage debut in 1947 in Naples at the Teatro di San Carlo. Other debuts, both in 1951, were as Simon Boccanegra in _Simon Boccanegra_ in Bergamo and as Sharpless in _Madama Butterfly_ at La Scala in Milan.

He sang in many rarely performed Verdi operas on radio broadcast for RAI in 1951 (to commemorate the 50th anniversary of Verdi's death), such as _Giovanna d'Arco_, _La battaglia di Legnano_, and _Aroldo_.

Later roles included most of the great Verdi baritone roles, particularly the title character in _Rigoletto_, the Count of Luna in _Il trovatore_, Giorgio Germont in _La traviata_, Marquis of Posa in _Don Carlos_,and Amonasro in _Aida_.

Panerai died on 23 October 2019 in Florence of a heart attack at the age of 95.
Jo Ann Zimmerman

**Jo Ann McIntosh Zimmerman** (December 24, 1936 – October 23, 2019) was an American politician. She was the 42nd Lieutenant Governor of Iowa from 1987 to 1991. Zimmerman was a member of the Democratic Party. She was the first woman to serve in the office of Lieutenant Governor in Iowa history. Zimmerman was born in Keosauqua, Iowa.

Zimmerman died of pulmonary fibrosis-related problems on October 23, 2019 in Des Moines, Iowa at the age of 82.

## Other websites

- Iowa government profile
Willie Brown (American football)

**William Ferdie Brown** (December 2, 1940 – October 21, 2019) was an American professional football player, coach, and executive. He played as a cornerback for the Denver Broncos and the Oakland Raiders in the National Football League (NFL).

Brown was the head football coach at California State University, Long Beach in 1991, the final season before the school's football program ended. Brown was added into the Pro Football Hall of Fame as a player in 1984. At the time of his death he was on the Raiders' administrative staff.

Brown was born in Yazoo City, Mississippi. He studied at Grambling State University. Brown died on October 21, 2019 at his home in Tracy, California at the age of 78.
Tracy, California

**Tracy** is the second most populated city in San Joaquin County, California, United States. The population was 93,000 at the 2020 census.

## Infobox (mapframe)

- **wikidata**: yes
- **zoom**: 11
- **frame-height**: 400
- **stroke-width**: 1


## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Tracy, California
- **settlement type**: List of municipalities in California, City
- **image flag**: Flag of Tracy, California.gif
- **motto**: Think Inside the Triangle
- **image map**: San_Joaquin_County_California_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Tracy_Highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 250x200px
- **map caption**: Location in San Joaquin County, California, San Joaquin County and the state of California
- **pushpin map**: California#USA
- **pushpin label**: Tracy
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in California##Location in the United States
- **pushpin relief**: 1
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in California, County
- **subdivision name1**: California
- **subdivision name2**: San Joaquin County, California, San Joaquin
- **established title**: Municipal corporation, Incorporated
- **established date**: July 22, 1910
- **government type**: Council–manager government, City Manager
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader title1**: City manager, Manager
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 67.40
- **area total sq mi**: 26.03
- **area land km2**: 67.05
- **area land sq mi**: 25.89
- **area water km2**: 0.35
- **area water sq mi**: 0.14
- **area water percent**: 0.52
- **elevation m**: 16
- **elevation ft**: 52
- **population total**: 93000
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population density km2**: auto
- **population density sq mi**: auto
- **population rank**: List of largest California cities by population, 78th in California
- **postal code type**: ZIP codes
- **postal code**: 95304, 95376–95378, 95385, 95391
- **area code**: Area code 209, 209
- **area code type**: North American Numbering Plan, Area code
- **timezone**: Pacific Time Zone, Pacific
- **utc offset**: −8
- **timezone dst**: Pacific Daylight Time, PDT
- **utc offset dst**: −7
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature IDs
- **blank1 info**: ,
Manfred Bruns

**Manfred Bruns** (July 1934 – 22 October 2019) was a German federal attorney and LGBTQ activist. He worked at the Federal Court of Justice of Germany. Until 2016, he was a member of the Board of Directors of the Lesbian and Gay Association (LSVD). Bruns was born in Linz am Rhein, Germany. He was known for his efforts to push for political activity to fight against AIDS in Germany.

Bruns died in Karlsruhe, Germany on 22 October 2019 of liver failure at the age of 85.
Raymond Leppard

**Raymond John Leppard**  (11 August 1927 – 22 October 2019) was a British-American conductor, harpsichordist, composer and editor. He was born in London.

In the 1960s, he had an important role in the rebirth of interest in Baroque music. He conducted operas at major international opera houses and festivals, including the Glyndebourne Festival where he led the world premiere of Nicholas Maw's _The Rising of the Moon_, the Metropolitan Opera and the Royal Opera House.

He composed movie scores such as _Lord of the Flies_. From 1987 through 2001, Leppard was the Director of the Indianapolis Symphony Orchestra.

Leppard died in Indianapolis, Indiana on 22 October 2019 at the age of 92.
2019 Grays incident

In the early hours of 23 October 2019, 39 dead bodies were found in a freight container in Grays, Essex, England. The lorry cab is owned by an Irish company. It had been registered Bulgaria, but had not been there since 2017. It travelled from the Netherlands through Belgium before arriving in the United Kingdom at Purfleet, Essex, from Zeebrugge.

Investigations are ongoing in regard to how the lorry passed through security at the border.

Investigations were led by the Essex Police, but made international by the end of the day.

The lorry driver is a 25-year-old man from Portadown, County Armagh, Northern Ireland. _The Guardian_ reported that there are several photographs of him with the lorry cab involved in the incident on his Facebook page. He was arrested at the scene, on suspicion of murder. He drove it from Purfleet to Grays.

## Infobox (event)

- **image**: File:Industrial Area by the River Thames - geograph.org.uk - 1593626.jpg
- **caption**: Industrial park in Grays
- **date**: 23 October 2019
- **reported deaths**: 39
- **arrests**: 1
Marieke Vervoort

**Marieke Vervoort** (10 May 1979 – 22 October 2019) was a Belgian Paralympic athlete. She suffered from an incurable, degenerative muscle disease. In the 2012 Summer Paralympics, Vervoort won a gold and silver medal. In the 2016 Summer Paralympics, she won a silver and bronze medal.

She won several medals at Paralympics, she received world attention in 2016 when she revealed that she supported euthanasia. She was born in Diest, Belgium.

## Personal life

Vervoot had epilepsy. She lived with her assistance dog, Zenn.

In 2012, Vervoot wrote a book called  (In English, it means "Wielemie. Sports for life."). In 2017, she wrote another book called  (In English, it means "the other side of the coin").

Vervoot was lesbian.

## Death

Vervoort ended her life through euthanasia on 22 October 2019 at the age of 40.

## Infobox (sportsperson)

- **name**: Marieke Vervoort
- **image**: Mariekevervoort2012.jpg
- **caption**: Vervoort in 2012
- **nickname**: Wielemie
- **birth place**: Diest, Belgium
- **death place**: Diest, Belgium
- **sport**: Wheelchair race, Wheelchair racing
- **show-medals**: no
- **disability class**: T52
Degenerative disease

**Degenerative disease** is the result of a continuous process based on degenerative cell changes, affecting tissues or organs, which will increasingly deteriorate over time.

In **neurodegenerative diseases** cells of the central nervous system stop working or die via neurodegeneration. An example of this is Alzheimer's disease.
Miguel Saiz

**Miguel Saiz** (May 17, 1949 – October 22, 2019) was an Uruguayan-born Argentine politician. He was born in Montevideo. He was a member of the Radical Civic Union (UCR). He was the Governor of Río Negro Province from 2003 until 2011.

Saiz died at a Buenos Aires hospital on October 22, 2019 from heart failure at the age of 70.
Zenda, Kansas

**Zenda** is a city in Kingman County, Kansas, United States. In 2020, 90 people lived there.

## History

Zenda was named after the novel _The Prisoner of Zenda_.

## Geography

Zenda is at  (37.444077, -98.281996). The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . All of it is land.

### 2020 census

The 2020 census says that there were 72 people, 33 households, and 20 families living in Zenda. Of the households, 81.8% owned their home and 18.2% rented their home.

The median age was 56.8 years. Of the people, 95.8% were White and 4.2% were two or more races. None were Hispanic or Latino.

### 2010 census

The 2010 census says that there were 90 people, 44 households, and 24 families living in Zenda.

## Education

Nashville is a part of USD 332 Cunningham-West Kingman County. The Cunningham High School mascot is Cunningham Wildcats.

## Other websites

- City
- City of Zenda
- Zenda - Directory of Public Officials
- Schools
- USD 332, local school district
- Maps
- Zenda City Map , KDOT

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Zenda, Kansas
- **settlement type**: City
- **image map**: Kingman_County_Kansas_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Zenda_Highlighted.svg
- **map caption**: Location within Kingman County, Kansas, Kingman County and Kansas
- **image map1**: Map of Kingman Co, Ks, USA.png
- **map caption1**: Kansas Department of Transportation, KDOT map of Kingman County, Kansas, Kingman County (:File:Kansas official transportation map legend.png, legend)
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: Kansas
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Kansas, County
- **subdivision name2**: Kingman County, Kansas, Kingman
- **subdivision type3**: List of townships in Kansas, Township
- **established title**: Founded
- **established date**: 1887
- **established title1**: Platted
- **established title2**: Municipal corporation, Incorporated
- **established date2**: 1913
- **named for**: The Prisoner of Zenda
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **area total sq mi**: 0.22
- **area land sq mi**: 0.22
- **area water sq mi**: 0.00
- **area total km2**: 0.58
- **area land km2**: 0.58
- **area water km2**: 0.00
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **elevation ft**: 1670
- **population as of**: 2020 United States census, 2020
- **population total**: 72
- **population density sq mi**: auto
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone**: Central Time Zone, CST
- **utc offset**: -6
- **timezone dst**: CDT
- **utc offset dst**: -5
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 67159
- **area code type**: North American Numbering Plan, Area code
- **area code**: Area code 620, 620
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 20-80925
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS ID
- **blank1 info**: 2397400