juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Polar bond

In chemistry, a **polar bond** is a type of covalent bond between two or more dissimilar atoms, in which electrons are shared unequally.  A covalent bond is the "strong" kind of bond that makes a molecule.

Electrons are negatively charged. If the two atoms share the electrons equally, then the negative charge is evenly spread out over the entire molecule, balanced out by the positive charges of the protons in the atoms' nuclei. This makes the entire molecule neutral - a non-polar bond, making a non-polar molecule. However, if one of the atoms is particularly greedy for electrons (called electronegativity), then its side of the bond will have more electrons. Therefore, that side of the bond will have a slightly negative charge, and the other side will have a slightly positive charge.

This is important because it turns the bond into an electrical dipole. This dipole acts like a magnet, if other bonds that work as dipoles are nearby, it will react to them.

In some molecules, these polar bonds are lined up with each other. Then the entire molecule is a dipole, and attracts other dipoles. Water does this. You can see in the image that the hydrogen (small and white) is positively charged and the oxygen (big and red) is negatively charged. This picture shows how the little water dipoles line up with each other, in the same way that if you toss a bunch of little magnets into a box, they will line up with each other.

This is one of the most basic and important differences between bonds (and the resulting molecules) in chemistry.  This can be easily predicted (because the electronegativity of all the atoms in the periodic table is known).  It creates an enormous difference in how the molecules behave.

When the difference in electron negativity between the 2 atoms Is more in covalent bond the more electron negativity, atom acquire partial negativity charge and other atom acqiure partial positive charge.

## Related pages

- Covalent bond
- Electronegativity
Who Framed Roger Rabbit

***Who Framed Roger Rabbit*** is a 1988 American fantasy-comedy-noir movie. It is set in 1947 in Los Angeles. The movie is based on Gary K. Wolf's novel _Who Censored Roger Rabbit?_.  It was directed by Robert Zemeckis. The movie was released by Touchstone Pictures. The movie has both animation and live action parts. The cartoon characters interact directly with human beings.

In 2016, _Who Framed Roger Rabbit?_ was selected by the Library of Congress into the United States National Film Registry.

## Plot

Taking place in an alternate world, where cartoons characters (simply just called Toons) coexist with humans, a human detective must help a cartoon rabbit named Roger when he is framed for murder.

## Awards

_Who Framed Roger Rabbit_ won Academy Awards for Best Sound Editing, Best Visual Effects and Best Film Editing. Nominations included Best Art Direction, Best Cinematography and Best Sound. Richard Williams received a Special Achievement Award.

_Roger Rabbit_ won the Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film, as well as Best Direction for Zemeckis and Special Visual Effects. Bob Hoskins, Christopher Lloyd and Joanna Cassidy were nominated for their performances.  Alan Silvestri and the screenwriters also received nominations.

The movie was nominated for four categories at the 42nd British Academy Film Awards and won an award for its visual effects.

_Roger Rabbit_ was nominated the Golden Globe for Best Motion Picture (Musical or Comedy). Hoskins was also nominated for his performance.

The movie also won the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation and Kids' Choice Award for Favorite Movie.

## Infobox (film)

- **name**: Who Framed Roger Rabbit
- **director**: Robert Zemeckis
- **producer**: Frank Marshall (film producer), Frank Marshall
Robert Watts
- **screenplay**: Jeffrey Price and Peter S. Seaman, Jeffrey Price
Peter S. Seaman
- **starring**: Bob Hoskins
Christopher Lloyd
Charles Fleischer
Stubby Kaye
Joanna Cassidy
- **music**: Alan Silvestri
- **cinematography**: Cotton Warburton
- **editing**: Arthur Schmidt (film editor), Arthur Schmidt
- **studio**: Amblin Entertainment
Walt Disney Animation Studios, Walt Disney Feature Animation
Silver Screen Partners, Silver Screen Partners III
Touchstone Pictures
- **distributor**: Buena Vista Pictures
- **released**: (New York City)  (United States)
- **runtime**: 104 minutes
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **budget**: $70 million
- **gross**: $329,803,958
Jean-François Jacques

**Jean-François "J. F." Jacques** (born April 29, 1985) is a Canadian professional ice hockey left winger. He plays for the EC KAC of the Austrian Hockey League (EBEL). He has also played in the National Hockey League (NHL) with the Edmonton Oilers and the Anaheim Ducks.

He was drafted by the Edmonton Oilers with the 68th pick in the 2003, NHL Entry Draft. He has played in the NHL for the Edmonton Oilers for 5 seasons.

In the 2011-2012 season, he played for the Anaheim Ducks.  In July 2012, he was signed to the Florida Panthers.

## Career statistics

|colspan="3" bgcolor="#ffffff"||rowspan="99" bgcolor="#ffffff"||colspan="5"|Regular season|rowspan="99" bgcolor="#ffffff"||colspan="5"|Playoffs||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2000–01|Cap–de–la–Madelaine Estacades|QMAAA|39|22|13|35|28|10|5|8|13|14|
|2001–02|Baie–Comeau Drakkar|QMJHL|66|10|14|24|136|5|1|0|1|2|
|2002–03|Baie–Comeau Drakkar|QMJHL|66|12|21|33|123|12|4|2|6|13|
|2003–04|Baie–Comeau Drakkar|QMJHL|59|20|24|44|70|4|1|0|1|4|
|2004–05|Baie–Comeau Drakkar|QMJHL|69|36|42|78|56|6|3|5|8|6|
|2004–05|Edmonton Road Runners|AHL|6|0|0|0|5|—|—|—|—|—|
|2005–06|Edmonton Oilers|NHL|7|0|0|0|0|—|—|—|—|—|
|2005–06|Hamilton Bulldogs|AHL|65|24|20|44|131|—|—|—|—|—|
|2006–07|Edmonton Oilers|NHL|37|0|0|0|33|—|—|—|—|—|
|2006–07|Wilkes–Barre/Scranton Penguins|AHL|29|10|17|27|53|11|1|2|3|43|
|2007–08|Edmonton Oilers|NHL|9|0|0|0|2|—|—|—|—|—|
|2007–08|Springfield Falcons|AHL|38|11|14|25|63|—|—|—|—|—|
|2008–09|Edmonton Oilers|NHL|7|1|0|1|9|—|—|—|—|—|
|2008–09|Springfield Falcons|AHL|8|1|5|6|13|—|—|—|—|—|
|2009–10|Edmonton Oilers|NHL|49|4|7|11|78|—|—|—|—|—|
|2010–11|Edmonton Oilers|NHL|51|4|1|5|63|—|—|—|—|—|
|2010–11|Oklahoma City Barons|AHL|4|1|0|1|15|—|—|—|—|—|
|2011–12|Anaheim Ducks|NHL|6|0|0|0|12|—|—|—|—|—|
|2011–12|Syracuse Crunch|AHL|65|21|19|40|95|4|0|0|0|2|
|2012–13|San Antonio Rampage|AHL|24|5|2|7|37|—|—|—|—|—|
|2012–13|Syracuse Crunch|AHL|24|1|4|5|24|—|—|—|—|—|
|2013–14|Springfield Falcons|AHL|52|15|17|32|20|5|1|0|1|8|
|2014–15|EC KAC|AUT|53|17|16|33|24|9|3|5|8|38|
|2015–16|EC KAC|AUT|42|18|19|37|36|7|0|2|2|2|
|2016–17|ERC Ingolstadt|DEL|52|9|7|16|24|2|0|0|0|48|
|2017–18|Sorel–Tracy Éperviers|LNAH|4|2|4|6|0|—|—|—|—|—|
|2017–18|HC Pustertal Wölfe|AlpsHL|7|2|7|8|0|8|2|1|3|4|
|2017–18|HC Pustertal Wölfe|ITA|2|0|0|0|4|—|—|—|—|—|

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **image**: 20160103 VIC vs KAC Jean-Francois Jacques 2847.jpg
- **image size**: 230px
- **played for**: Edmonton Oilers
Anaheim Ducks
EC KAC
ERC Ingolstadt
- **position**: Winger (ice hockey), Left Wing
- **shoots**: Left
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 3
- **weight lb**: 231
- **birth place**: Terrebonne, Quebec, Terrebonne, Quebec, Canada
- **draft**: 68th overall
- **draft year**: 2003
- **draft team**: Edmonton Oilers
- **career start**: 2005
- **career end**: 2018
Rosside

**Rosside** is a small hamlet on the outskirts of Ulverston, in North West England. The hamlet is about  in size. It contains approximately 15 houses. Rosside gains little income from tourism, unlike her neighbouring town of Ulverston, where people flock to the famous Laurel & Hardy museum, a true tribute to the great comedians.
Life After Death

***Life After Death*** is the second and last studio album by American rapper The Notorious B.I.G.. It was released on March 25, 1997. It is a sequel to his first album, _Ready to Die_. _Life After Death_ was going to be released sometime in October 1996. It was pushed back because of a car crash.

The album was nominated for three Grammy Awards in 1998, including Best Rap Album, Best Rap Solo Performance for the single "Hypnotize", and Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group for its second single "Mo Money Mo Problems" at the 40th Annual Grammy Awards.

The album serves as his last studio album. It was released posthumously due to: The Notorious B.I.G. being murdered in a drive-by shooting prior to its release. Life After Death was released as a double album. Allmusic gave the album 4.5/5 stars.

## Track listing

Credits adapted from _Life After Death_ liner notes.

**Disc two**

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Life After Death
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: The Notorious B.I.G.
- **released**: March 25, 1997
- **recorded**: September 1995 – January 1997
- **genre**: * Mafioso rap
* gangsta rap
* hardcore hip hop, R&B
- **label**: * Bad Boy Records, Bad Boy
* Arista Records, Arista
- **producer**: * Sean "Puffy" Combs
* Mark Pitts
* The Notorious B.I.G.
* The Hitmen
* Easy Mo Bee
* Buckwild (music producer), Buckwild
* Clark Kent (producer), Clark Kent
* Havoc (musician), Havoc
* Daron Jones
* KayGee
* DJ Premier
* RZA
- **prev title**: Ready to Die
(1994)
- **next title**: Born Again (The Notorious B.I.G. album), Born Again
(1999)
River Pinn

**River Pinn** is a river in Greater London. It starts near Pinner.

## Related pages

- List of rivers in England

## Other websites

- Celandine Route - along the River Pinn

## Infobox (river)

- **name**: River Pinn
- **image**: River Pinn, Ickenham - April 2011.JPG
- **image size**: 250px
- **image alt**: View of bend in river
- **image caption**: The river in Ickenham
- **source1 location**: Pinner
- **progression**: Frays River
- **subdivision type1**: Country
- **subdivision name1**: England
- **subdivision type2**: Region
- **subdivision name2**: Greater London
New Bedford, Massachusetts

**New Bedford** is a city in Bristol County, Massachusetts. It is  south of Boston,  southeast of Providence, Rhode Island, and about  east of Fall River. It is the ninth-largest city in Massachusetts.

## Well-known people from New Bedford

- Frederick Douglass, 19th century abolitionist and editor.
- Quinn Sullivan, musical child prodigy

## Sister cities

- Tosashimizu, Kōchi, Japan since 1987

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: New Bedford, Massachusetts
- **settlement type**: City
- **image skyline**: New Bedford, Massachusetts-view from harbor.jpeg
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **image caption**: New Bedford Harbour
- **image seal**: Seal of New Bedford, Massachusetts.svg
- **image blank emblem**: Logo of New Bedford, 2018.svg
- **blank emblem type**: Wordmark
- **nickname**: "The Whaling City"
- **motto**: _Lucem Diffundo_ (Latin)
"I Diffuse Light"
- **image map**: Bristol County Massachusetts incorporated and unincorporated areas New Bedford highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location in Bristol County, Massachusetts
- **pushpin map**: Massachusetts#USA
- **pushpin label**: New Bedford
- **pushpin label position**: left
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Massachusetts##Location in the United States
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Massachusetts, County
- **subdivision name2**: Bristol County, Massachusetts, Bristol
- **established title**: Settled
- **established date**: 1652
- **established title2**: Incorporated (town)
- **established date2**: 1787
- **established title3**: Incorporated (city)
- **established date3**: 1847
- **government type**: Mayor–council government, Mayor–council
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader title1**: City Council
- **leader title2**: School Committee
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 62.50
- **area total sq mi**: 24.13
- **area land km2**: 51.80
- **area land sq mi**: 20.00
- **area water km2**: 10.70
- **area water sq mi**: 4.13
- **elevation m**: 15
- **elevation ft**: 50
- **population total**: 101,079
- **population as of**: 2020 United States census, 2020
- **population density sq mi**: 5054
- **postal code type**: ZIP Code
- **postal code**: 02740, 02744–02746
- **area code**: Area code 508, 508/Area code 774, 774
- **timezone**: Eastern Standard Time Zone, Eastern
- **utc offset**: −5
- **timezone dst**: Eastern Standard Time Zone, Eastern
- **utc offset dst**: −4
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 25-45000
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 0613714
Peripheral vision

**Peripheral vision** is the ability to see objects and movement outside of the direct line of vision.

## Functions

The main functions of peripheral vision are:
- recognition of well-known structures and forms with no need to focus.
- identification of similar forms and movements (Gestalt psychology laws)
- delivery of sensations which form the background of detailed visual perception.
Slyudyanka

**Slyudyanka** (), is a town in Irkutsk Oblast, Russia. The town is located on the southern coast of Lake Baikal. It sits at the foot of the Khamar-Daban mountainrange. It is next to the confluence of the Slyudyanka River and Baikal. The town is divided into two parts by the Transsiberian Railway. Slyudyanka had a population of 19,242 in the 2002 census. In 2010. 18,542 people lived there. It is served by Slyudyanka-I and Slyudyanka-II railwaystations. The Circum-Baikal Railway starts from the Slyudyanka-II station.

Slyudyanka was founded in 1647 by the Russian Cossacks. Because of its geographical position, the city grew quickly and became a large transit centre which connected Irkutsk with China and Mongolia. The town became a railway hub in 1905, when constructing of Transsiberian Railway had been finished. Also there is a marble deposit in the town.
Karma Police

"**Karma Police**" is a song by English alternative rock band Radiohead. It is from their 1997 album _OK Computer_.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Karma Police
- **artist**: Radiohead
- **album**: OK Computer
- **released**: 25 August 1997
- **recorded**: Late 1996
- **genre**: Alternative rock
- **length**: 4:21
- **label**: Parlophone
- **writer**: Radiohead
- **producer**: Nigel Godrich, Radiohead
- **prev title**: Paranoid Android
- **prev year**: 1997
- **next title**: No Surprises
- **next year**: 1998
Professional Golfers Association

**Professional Golfers' Association**, (with or without the apostrophe), is the usual term for a professional association in men's golf. It is often abbreviated to **PGA**. There are several PGAs around the world. These include:

- Professional Golfers' Association (Great Britain & Ireland)
- Professional Golfers' Association of America

The women's version is **Ladies Professional Golf Association**. It is commonly abbreviated to LPGA. The United States association is called the LPGA. Other women's bodies have names based on where they are located. For example, LPGA of Japan or LPGA of Korea.

The organisations which run the world's two leading professional golf tours have the letters PGA in their names. They are now independent of the Professional Golfers' Associations that created them:
- The PGA Tour runs the PGA Tour, Champions Tour and Nationwide Tour.
- The PGA European Tour runs the European Tour, Challenge Tour and European Seniors Tour.

At first, PGAs were the main groups for all forms of professional golf in their area. Now some of them, including those of the United States, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and Ireland, are focused on the needs of the professional golfers who work as club or teaching professionals. They do not have as much to do with tournament professionals.
Fromage frais

**Fromage frais** is a dairy product of French and Belgian origin.

Fromage frais is a creamy soft cheese. It is made with whole or skimmed milk and cream. It is like cream cheese, but with less fat (fewer calories and less cholesterol). When people need fromage frais but cannot get it, they can use low fat cream cheese.
Pure _fromage frais_ has very little fat. Cream is often added to make it taste better. This adds more fat. 8% of the weight of fromage frais with cream can be fat.

There are two ways to serve _fromage frais_. It can be served as a dessert similar to yogurt, often with added fruit. It can be used in savory dishes. In restaurants it is often served with honey. Restaurants call this _fromage blanc au miel_.

## Other websites

- What is _fromage frais_ (with or without fat?)
Stupid (Sarah McLachlan song)

"**Stupid**" is a song written by Sarah McLachlan and produced by Pierre Marchand for McLachlan's eighth album _Afterglow_ (2003). It was released as the album's second single in Australia and the United States in mid-2004.

The music video features McLachlan in different time periods and was directed by Sophie Muller.

The song became McLachlan's highest-charting single release in Australia, debuting at number thirty-seven in early June 2004. It spent seven weeks on the Australian ARIA Singles Chart, two of which were in the top fifty.

A remix of the song, titled "The Mark Bell Mix" was featured on So You Think You Can Dance.

## Track listing

- CD single
1. "Stupid" — 3:26
1. "Stupid" (Hyper remix) — 3:26
1. "World on Fire" (Junkie XL club mix) — 12:21
1. Enhanced with "Stupid" music video

## Charts

|align="left"|Chart (2004)|align="left"|Peak position|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|align="left"|Australian ARIA Singles Chart|align="center"|37|
|align="left"|U.S. _Billboard_ Hot Adult Top 40 Tracks|align="center"|15|

## Release history

|Region|Date|Label|Format|Catalog|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Australia|May 31, 2004|Arista Records|CD|82876620432|

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Stupid
- **artist**: Sarah McLachlan
- **album**: Afterglow (Sarah McLachlan album), Afterglow
- **released**: 2004
- **genre**: Pop music, Pop
- **length**: 3:24
- **label**: Arista Records, Arista
- **writer**: Sarah McLachlan
- **producer**: Pierre Marchand
- **prev title**: Fallen (Sarah McLachlan song), Fallen
- **prev year**: 2003
- **next title**: World on Fire (song), World on Fire
- **next year**: 2004
Stupid (art movement)

**Stupid** was a short-lived grouping of constructivist artists, formed in Cologne in 1919. The founding members were Willy Fick, Heinrich Hoerle and his wife Angelika Hoerle (1899–1923), Anton Räderscheidt and his wife Marta Hegemann, and Franz Wilhelm Seiwert.

The Stupid group aimed to address sociopolitical issues through an art of proletarian character. Seiwert and Räderscheidt were at the time active in the local Dada scene. Räderscheidt's studio was their base of operations, but by 1920 he had abandoned the constructivist style. The group  exhibited together and issued a publication, "Stupid 1", before disbanding.

## References

- Dempsey, Amy (2002). _Art in the Modern Era: A Guide to Schools and Movements_. New York: Harry A. Abrams.
- Michalski, Sergiusz (1994). _New Objectivity_. Cologne: Benedikt Taschen.
- Anton Raederscheidt biography at www.raederscheidt.com
Worry

**Worry** is an emotion. It means that one feels stressful or he or she is panicking about something. It is felt as anxiety or concern about a real or imagined issue. Most people experience short periods of worry in their lives, but it is not normally a problem. In fact, a small amount of worrying may even have good effects, if it makes people take precautions or be more careful.
Jiske Griffioen

**Jiske Griffioen** (born 17 April 1985 in Woerden) is a Dutch wheelchair tennis player. She was born with Spina bifida. Before she started her career as a wheelchair tennis player, she was a member of the national wheelchair basketball team at the 2000 Summer Paralympics in Sydney at the age of 14. Griffioen has won Grand Slam titles in doubles play at the Australian, French and US Opens and on four occasions has won the end of year Masters doubles.

## Other websites

- ITF Profile
- Home page of Jiske Griffioen

## Infobox (wheelchair tennis player)

- **name**: Jiske Griffioen
- **image**: Jiske Griffioen, 2010 (cropped).jpg
- **residence**: Woerden, Netherlands
- **birth place**: Woerden, Netherlands
- **turnedpro**: 2001
- **plays**: Right handed
- **website**: [http://www.jiskegriffioen.nl/ www.jiskegriffioen.nl]
- **singlesrecord**: 332-135
- **highestsinglesranking**: No. 2 (30 May 2005)
- **currentsinglesranking**: No. 3
- **australianopenresult**: SF (2007, 2008, 2010, 2011)
- **frenchopenresult**: F (2013)
- **usopenresult**: SF (2007, 2010, 2011)
- **othertournaments**: yes
- **wheelchairtennismastersresult**: **W** (2012)
- **paralympicsresult**:  **Bronze Medal** (2012) <br/ >  **Gold Medal** (2016)
- **doublesrecord**: 300-64
- **doublestitles**: 81
- **highestdoublesranking**: No. 1 (25 July 2005)
- **currentdoublesranking**: No. 3
- **australianopendoublesresult**: **W** (2006, 2007, 2008, 2013)
- **frenchopendoublesresult**: **W** (2008, 2013)
- **wimbledondoublesresult**: **W** (2012, 2013)
- **usopendoublesresult**: **W** (2006, 2007)
- **othertournamentsdoubles**: Yes
- **wheelchairtennismastersdoublesresult**: **W** (2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2012)
- **paralympicsdoublesresult**:  **Silver Medal** (2008, 2012) <br/ >  **Gold Medal** (2016)
- **updated**: 7 July 2013
Portia de Rossi

**Portia Lee James DeGeneres** (born **Amanda Lee Rogers**; 31 January 1973), known professionally as **Portia de Rossi** (), is an Australian-American actress, model and philanthropist. She is best known for the television work on series such as _Ally McBeal_ and _Arrested Development_.

## Early life

She was born in Horsham, Victoria, Australia. She is the daughter of Margaret, a medical receptionist, and Barry Rogers. Her father died when she was nine. She grew up in Grovedale, a suburb of Geelong, Victoria. She modelled for print and TV commercials as a child. In 1988, at the age of 15, Rogers adopted the name **Portia de Rossi,** by which she remains best known; in 2005, she explained that she wanted to reinvent herself, using the given name of Portia, a character from William Shakespeare's _The Merchant of Venice_ and an Italian last name.

## Personal life

She wrote a book about her battle with anorexia called _Unbearable Lightness: A story of loss and gain_. At one stage she weighed only , was eating only 300 calories a day, and taking 20 laxative pills a day.

She is openly lesbian. She married comedian Ellen DeGeneres in Los Angeles in 2008.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Portia de Rascal
- **image**: Portia de Rossi.jpg
- **caption**: de Rossi in February 2007
- **birth name**: Amanda Lee Rogers
- **birth place**: Horsham, Victoria, Horsham, Victoria, Australia, Victoria, Australia
- **nationality**: Australian-American
- **occupation**: Actress
- **height**: 173 cm
- **years active**: 1994–present
- **spouse**: Mel Metcalfe (1996–1999; divorced)
Ellen DeGeneres (m. 2008–present)
- **partner**: Francesca Gregorini (2000–2004)
Animal colour

**Animal color** (or **coloration**) is produced by light reflecting from an animal's surface. The ways animals produce colors include pigments, chromatophores and other structures, and bioluminescence.

Since sight is usually so important to animals, and is so often used by predators as a long-range way to find prey, an animal's color must serve one or more functions. These functions, such as finding prey, or evading capture, or finding a mate, are absolutely essential for life and survival. Therefore, animal color is determined by natural selection because it affects the survival of animals and their offspring.

Some of the most obvious functions of color are:
1. Camouflage: enabling an animal to remain hidden from view
1. Signalling to other animals
    1. Warning coloration: signalling to other animals not to attack
    1. Mimicry: taking advantage of another species' warning coloration
    1. Sexual selection: finding a mate
    1. Other kinds of signalling
1. Diversion
    1. Startle defence: unexpected flashes of color or eyespots
    1. Dazzle: confusing a predator by moving a bold pattern (such as zebra stripes) rapidly
1. Physical protection: such as humans in tropical climates have dark skin pigments which protect against sunburn and skin cancer.
1. Incidental coloration. This is common in plants, which have green leaves because chlorophyll is green. In animals it is rare, such as having red blood (haem, needed to carry oxygen, is red). However, when the red shows on the surface it is often due to selection, as in human red lips.

Overwhelmingly, the most common function of color is in predator-prey relationships. "Anti-predator adaptations occur in every biome of the world and in almost every taxonomic group".

Animal color has been a topic of interest and research in biology for a long time. According to Charles Darwin's 1859 theory of natural selection, features such as coloration evolved by providing individual animals with a reproductive advantage. For example, individuals with slightly better camouflage than others of the same species would, on average, leave more offspring.

## Startle and dazzle defences

Animals can have a camouflage defence at distance, but when faced by a predator they may switch to a 'flash' defence to gain time and distract the predator. The predator often blinks or turns its face away in self-defence. This is a reflex act which is there to protect its vital facial area. In the second the predator blinks, the prey flies or jumps, and lands in camouflage again. This pattern of color plus behaviour is quite common. It is called deimatic defence by textbooks, from the Greek for 'dread' or 'to frighten'.

## Related pages

- Camouflage
- Defence against predators
- Mimicry
- Sexual dimorphism
- Warning coloration
- Evolution of color vision
Underclocking

**Underclocking** is the process of configuring a computer processor or other electronic circuit to operate at a lower speed than usual. This will reduce the speed of the computer, but it will usually make the battery last longer and the computer will produce less heat. Some computers automatically underclock themselves when the system is not doing a lot of work. For even further battery and heat savings a computer can be undervolted, where the processor is operated at a lower voltage than usual. Other devices such as video cards and smartphones can also be underclocked. The opposite of underclocking is called overclocking, and it is used to increase the speed of the computer but at the cost of battery life (if there is a battery) and heat output.
John Smith

**John Smith** may refer to:

- John Smith (explorer) (ca. 1580-1631), English explorer
- John Smith (Labour Party leader) (1938-1994), British politician
Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy (movie)

***Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy*** is a 2011 British-French spy movie. It was directed by Tomas Alfredson.

The movie is based on the 1974 novel _Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy_ by John le Carré. It is set in London in the early 1970s. The story follows the hunt for a Soviet double agent at the top of MI6.

The novel had also been the basis of a 1979 BBC Television miniseries with Alec Guinness in the lead role.

The 2011 movie stars Gary Oldman as George Smiley, with Colin Firth, Tom Hardy, John Hurt, Toby Jones, Mark Strong, Benedict Cumberbatch, Ciarán Hinds, David Dencik and Kathy Burke supporting. It is set in London in the early 1970s.

## Related pages

- Kim Philby

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy
- **director**: Tomas Alfredson
- **producer**: Tim Bevan
Eric Fellner
Robyn Slovo
- **screenplay**: Bridget O'Connor
Peter Straughan
- **starring**: Gary Oldman
Colin Firth
Tom Hardy
John Hurt
Toby Jones
Mark Strong
Benedict Cumberbatch
Ciarán Hinds
- **music**: Alberto Iglesias
- **cinematography**: Hoyte van Hoytema
- **editing**: Dino Jonsäter
- **studio**: StudioCanal
Working Title Films
- **distributor**: StudioCanal UK
StudioCanal
- **runtime**: 127 minutes
- **country**: United Kingdom
France
- **language**: English
- **budget**: $21 million
- **gross**: $51,039,342
Glutamic acid

**Glutamic acid** is a non-essential amino acid. Its salts are known as **glutamates**. Glutamate are important neurotransmitters. They are important for long-term potentiation, learning and memory. Glutamates are also used as food additives to make food taste better. The E numbers 620 to 625 have been assigned to the most important glutamates, for example monosodium glutamate. They are commonly found in Convenience food and Asian cuisine.
Cats & Dogs

***Cats & Dogs*** is a 2001 family action comedy movie of Talking Aninals with CGI Moving Mouths. It had a sequel called _Cats & Dogs: The Revenge of Kitty Galore_ (2010). The film was filmed in Montreal, Quebec, Canada on June to November 2000.

## Cast

- Jeff Goldblum as Professor Charles Brody
- Elizabeth Erratiz as Carolyn Brody
- Alexander Pollock as Scotty Brody
- Miriam Margolyes as Sophie the Maid
- Myron Natwick as Mr. Mason

### Voice cast

- Tobey Maguire as Lou: a Beagle, who lives with the Brody family.
- Alec Baldwin as Butch: Anatolian Shepherd, an experienced field agent, and Lou's mentor.
- Sean Hayes as Mr. Tinkles: a Persian cat, he is the leader of the cat agents, who seeks to defeat all dogs and rule the world.
- Susan Sarandon as Ivy: a Saluki, "domestically challenged" former-dog agent who has a history with Butch. Lou meets Ivy when he trains to be an agent.
- Charlton Heston as The Mastiff: an English Mastiff, and the leader of the dog agents.
- Jon Lovitz as Calico: an Exotic Shorthair cat, and Mr. Tinkles' second-in-command.
- Joe Pantoliano as Peek, a Chinese Crested Dog agent.
- Michael Clarke Duncan as Sam, an Old English Sheepdog agent.
- Rob Paulsen as Ninja Cat #1
- Corey Burton as Ninja Cat #2
- Stephen Xicozza as Dimitri Kennelkoff / The Russian: a Russian Red cat agent, who is sent to detonate an explosive at Professor Brody's lab.
- Paul Pape as Wolf Blitzer, a wolf and news reporter for Canine News Network. He is a parody of the CNN news reporter of the same name.
- Victor Wilson as Doberman Drill Sergeant
- Charles Howerton as the German Shepherd at Dog Headquarters
- Richard Steven Horvitz as the Puppy at Barn
- Salome Jens as the Collie at HQ

### Puppeteers

- Adam Behr
- Kevin Carlson
- Alejandro Diaz
- Randi Kaplan
- John Kennedy
- Luke Khanlian
- Bruce Lanoil
- Drew Massey
- Gordon Robertson
- Michelan Sisti
- Allan Trautman
- Emmanuel Reynolds

## Infobox (film)

- **name**: Cats and Dogs
- **director**: Lawrence Guterman
- **producer**: Ed Jones
Christopher de Faria
Andrew Lazar
Craig Perry
Warren Zide
- **writer**: John Requa
Stephen Xicozza
- **starring**: Jeff Goldblum
Elizabeth Erratiz
Alexander Pollock
Tobey Maguire
Alec Baldwin
Jon Lovitz
Sean Hayes (actor), Sean Hayes
- **music**: John Debney
- **cinematography**: Julio Macat
- **editing**: Rick W. Finney
Michael A. Stevenson
- **studio**: Village Roadshow Pictures
Zide/Perry Productions
Rhythm and Hues Studios
- **distributor**: Warner Bros. Pictures
- **runtime**: 87 minutes
- **country**: United States
Australia
- **language**: English
- **budget**: $60 million
- **gross**: $200,687,492
Cats & Dogs: The Revenge of Kitty Galore

***Cats & Dogs: The Revenge of Kitty Galore*** is a 2010 family action comedy movie. It was directed by Brad Peyton. It is the sequel to _Cats & Dogs_.

## Infobox (film)

- **name**: Cats & Dogs: The Revenge of Kitty Galore
- **director**: Brad Peyton
- **producer**: Polly Cohen
Andrew Lazar
Greg Michael
Brent O'Connor
- **screenplay**: Ron J. Friedman
- **story**: Steve Bencich
- **starring**: James Marsden
Nick Nolte
Christina Applegate
Katt Williams
Bette Midler
Neil Patrick Harris
Chris O'Donnell
Jack McBrayer
Sean Hayes (actor), Sean Hayes
Michael Clarke Duncan
Wallace Shawn
Roger Moore
- **music**: Christopher Lennertz
**Get the Party Started (album), Theme song:**
Shirley Bassey
- **cinematography**: Steven Poster
- **editing**: Julie Rogers
- **studio**: Village Roadshow Pictures
- **distributor**: Warner Bros.
- **runtime**: 82 minutes
- **country**: United States
Australia
- **language**: English
- **budget**: $85,000,000
- **gross**: $112,483,764
Thermosetting polymer

A **thermosetting plastic**, also known as a **thermoset**, is polymer material that irreversibly cures. The curing may be done by:

heat (generally above )

a chemical reaction (two-part epoxy, for example)

irradiation such as electron beam processing

Thermoset materials are usually liquid or malleable before curing, so they can be molded into their final form. Others are used as adhesives. Others are solids. Some solid thermosetting polymers are used as molding compound in semiconductors and integrated circuits (IC). Once hardened a thermoset resin cannot be reheated and melted back to a liquid form.

## Process

The curing process transforms the resin into a plastic or rubber by a cross-linking process.  Energy and/or catalysts are added that cause the molecular chains to react at chemically active sites (unsaturated or epoxy sites, for example), linking into a rigid, 3-D structure. The cross-linking forms a molecule with a larger molecular weight, resulting in a material with a higher melting point.  During the reaction, the polymer's molecular weight increases to the point that its melting point is higher than the surrounding ambient temperature. So, the material forms into a solid material.

Uncontrolled reheating of the material results in reaching the decomposition temperature before the melting point is reached.  So, a thermoset material cannot be melted and re-shaped after it is cured.  This implies that thermosets cannot be recycled, except as filler material.

## Properties

Thermoset materials are generally stronger than thermoplastic materials due to this three dimensional network of bonds (cross-linking). Thermoset materials are also better suited to high-temperature applications up to the decomposition temperature. However, they are more brittle. Many thermosetting polymers are difficult to recycle.

## Related pages

- Vulcanization
- Fusion bonded epoxy coating
- Thermoplastic
Emperor Taizong of Tang

**Emperor Taizong of Tang** (born **Li Shimin**, January 23, 599 – July 10, 649) was the second emperor of the Tang Dynasty of China. He was the emperor who conquered all of China under Tang control. His ancestral name is **Taizong**. His rule of the Tang Dynasty earned him the nickname of "Rome of the East" by the Romans. His throne name was **Zhenguan**. This was considered one of the best times of rule in China. Taizong had three siblings: two brothers and a sister. They were: Li Jiancheng, Li Yuanji and Princess Pingyang.
The Death of General Wolfe

***The Death of General Wolfe*** is a painting by Anglo-American artist Benjamin West.

The painting shows the death of British General James Wolfe during the Battle of Quebec of the Seven Years' War in 1759. The painting is an oil on canvas of the Age of Enlightenment. West made the painting in 1770. It is now in the National Gallery of Canada in Ottawa.

## Related pages

- The Death of the Earl of Chatham
Polo Grounds

The **Polo Grounds** was a sports stadium in New York City. It was actually the name of four different stadiums, which were all located in New York. The first Polo Grounds was the home of the New York Metropolitans baseball team from 1880 to 1885, and the New York Giants also played there. When this stadium was destroyed in 1889, the Giants moved to a new stadium, which they also called the Polo Grounds. Finally, in 1890, the Giants moved to the final version of the Polo Grounds, where they stayed until 1957. The New York Mets played at the Polo Grounds for two years after the Giants moved to San Francisco. The New York Giants and New York Jets football teams also played at the Polo Grounds, and the New York Yankees played there before Yankee Stadium was built. The Polo Grounds was torn down in 1964, and apartment buildings are now on the site.
Framly Nainggolan

**Framly Nainggolan** (born in Jakarta, Indonesia, July 29, 1984) is an actor from Indonesia. He played in several movies such as Jenglot Pantai Selatan (2011). He is the winner of the competition of L-Men Of The Year 2005.

## Filmography

- _Jenglot Pantai Selatan_ (2011)

## Other websites

- Profile at Indonesianfilmcenter.com

## Infobox (actor)

- **name**: Framli Nainggolan
- **birth place**: Jakarta, Indonesia
- **yearsactive**: 2005 - present
- **occupation**: actor
The Death of the Earl of Chatham

***The Death of the Earl of Chatham*** is the title of a 1781 oil-on-canvas painting by Boston-born American artist John Singleton Copley.

The painting shows the fallen body of William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham on 7 April 1778, during a debate in the House of Lords on the American War of Independence. The painting includes fifty-five portraits.

## Related pages

- The Death of General Wolfe
TCP/IP model

The **TCP/IP model** (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) is a model with four layers which is for both modelling current Internet architecture, and providing a set a rules that govern  all forms of transmission over a network. DARPA, an agency of the United States Department of Defense, created it in the 1970s. It evolved from ARPANET, which was an early wide area network and a predecessor of the Internet. The TCP/IP Model is sometimes called the _Internet Model_ or less often the _DoD Model._

This model was being made at the same time as the OSI Model was created. The TCP/IP model is not the same as the OSI Model. It was influenced by the model, which is why many names of the different layers are the same.

The TCP/IP model describes a set of general design guidelines and implementations of specific networking protocols to enable computers to communicate over a network.  TCP/IP provides end-to-end connectivity specifying how data should be formatted, addressed, transmitted, routed and received at the destination.  Protocols exist for a variety of different types of communication services between computers.

TCP/IP has four abstraction layers as defined in RFC 1122: link layer, IP layer, transport layer and  application layer. People often compare this layer architecture with the seven-layer OSI Reference Model; using terms such as _Internet reference model_. This is incorrect, however, because it is descriptive while the OSI Reference Model was intended to be prescriptive  being a reference model.

The TCP/IP model and related protocols are maintained by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF).
Chiropractic

**Chiropractic** is a form of alternative medicine. A **chiropractor** is a person who went to school to learn chiropractic. Chiropractors may diagnose and treat many conditions relating to muscles, joints, and nerves of the body. They may give what is called an "adjustment" to the body. An adjustment is a fast short push to an area of the patient's spine or other joints to help their condition. Chiropractors do not use drugs to treat patients. They use natural treatments such as nutrition, exercise, physical therapy, adjustments, and massage in order to help their patients.

Chiropractic has changed since it was created over 100 years ago because chiropractors learn new facts and do new research. Chiropractors have many different ways to treat their patients. They all use drug free treatments. Chiropractic is best known for helping people with spine pain, but chiropractors can also help other problems. There has been a debate as to whether or not chiropractic is classified as Pseudoscience.
King Kong Bundy

**Christopher Alan "Chris" Pallies** (November 7, 1957 – March 5, 2019) better known by his ring name, **King Kong Bundy**, was an American stand-up comedian, actor and professional wrestler. He was best known for wrestling with World Wrestling Federation. He won a Slammy Award in 1987 for the Bobby "The Brain" Heenan Scholarship Award. While he was signed to the WWF, Bundy had numerous feuds with Andre the Giant, Hulk Hogan and The Undertaker.

Bundy died at his home in Glassboro, New Jersey on March 5, 2019, aged 61.

## Championships

Bundy held many championships during his professional wrestling career:

- **AWA Superstars of Wrestling**
    - AWA Superstars of Wrestling Heavyweight Championship (1 time)

- **Continental Wrestling Association**
    - AWA Southern Heavyweight Championship  (1 time)
    - AWA Southern Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Rick Rude

- **Georgia Championship Wrestling**
    - NWA National Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with The Masked Superstar

- **International Pro Wrestling**
    - IPW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)

- **Maryland Championship Wrestling**
    - MCW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)

- **NWA New York**
    - NWA New York Heavyweight Championship (1 time)

- **Top Rope Wrestling**
    - TRW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)

- **World Class Championship Wrestling**
    - NWA American Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
    - NWA American Tag Team Championship (2 times) - with Bill Irwin (1) and Bugsy McGraw (1)

- **World Wrestling Federation**
    - Slammy Award for Bobby "The Brain" Heenan  Scholarship Award (1987) <small>with Haku, Tama, André The Giant, Hercules, and Harley Race</small>
- **World Wide Wrestling Alliance**
    - WWWA Heavyweight Championship (1 time)

## Infobox (wrestler)

- **name**: King Kong Bundy
- **names**: Big Daddy Bundy
Boom Boom Bundy
Chris Cannon
Crippler Cannon
Chris Canyon
**King Kong Bundy**
Man Mountain Cannon, Jr.
- **image**: Kingkondbundy.jpg
- **caption**: King Kong Bundy in 1985.
- **birth place**: Atlantic City, New Jersey, Atlantic City, New Jersey, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Glassboro, New Jersey, U.S.
- **billed**: Atlantic City, New Jersey
- **trainer**: Larry Sharpe (wrestler), Larry Sharpe
- **debut**: 1981
Apostatic selection

**Apostatic selection** is frequency-dependent selection by predators. It applies when prey are two or more forms (morphs) which look quite different. This is a kind of polymorphic species, where the predator learns to select the more common form. Then there is an advantage in looking different, and this advantage keeps the frequency above the mutation rate. The second form, or 'morph', becomes better known by predators as its number increases. So the population tends to have a kind of balance between the frequency of the two morphs.

Apostatic selection is similar to the idea of prey switching. Apostatic selection is the term used when the different forms are genetic morphs. In comparison, 'prey switching' is used when describing the predator's choice between different species.
Above mean sea level

The term **above mean sea level** (**AMSL**) is the elevation or altitude used by engineers to determine the coverage area a station will be able to reach.  It is also used in aviation, where most heights are recorded and reported in AMSL (see flight level), and in the atmospheric sciences.

## Definition

A "mean sea level" is imaginary. It is not possible to know the average sea level for the entire planet. The sea level also changes over time when measured in the same place. The sea moves, high and low pressure zones affect the height, tides change the sea level, and local difference in gravity all affect the sea level. People can only pick a spot and calculate the mean sea level at that point and use it as a datum. For example, the British Ordnance Survey uses a datum based on the measurements of mean sea level at a gauge at Newlyn, Cornwall from 1915 to 1921 for their maps of Great Britain. This datum is actually about 80 cm different from the mean sea level reading on the other side of the country. An alternative is to base height measurements on an ellipsoid of the entire earth. GPS and other satellite systems do this. In aviation, the ellipsoid known as World Geodetic System 84 is increasingly used to define mean sea level.  Another alternative is to use a geoid based datum such as NAVD88.
Trichomonas gallinae

The protozoan ***Trichomonas gallinae*** is a cosmopolitan parasite found in birds. It most often infects pigeons and doves, but can also affect other birds such as domestic and wild turkeys, chickens and birds of prey. The disease in pigeons is commonly called **canker**. A similar parasite in falcons is called "frounce".
Chromatophore

**Chromatophores** are pigment-containing and light-reflecting cells found in amphibians, fish, reptiles, crustaceans, and cephalopods. They are largely responsible for generating skin and eye color in cold-blooded animals.

Some species can rapidly change color so as to keep in camouflage, or to signal. They do this by moving pigment and reflective plates in chromatophores. This process is called physiological color change. Cephalopods such as octopus have complex chromatophore organs controlled by muscles to achieve this. The display is under central nervous control based usually on input from the eyes.

Vertebrates such as chameleons get a similar effect by cell signalling. Such signals can be hormones or neurotransmitters. They may be started by changes in mood, temperature, stress or visible changes around the animal.

## Cephalopod chromatophores

Colleoid cephalopods have complex organs which they use to change color rapidly. This is seen in squid, cuttlefish and octopuses. Each chromatophore unit is a single chromatophore cell and muscle, nerve, glial and sheath cells. Inside the chromatophore cell, pigment granules are in an elastic sac. To change color the animal changes the sac form or size by muscular contraction. This changes its appearance. This differs from the mechanism used in fish, amphibians and reptiles, because the shape of the sac is being changed rather than pigment being moved in the cell. However, a similar effect is achieved.

Octopuses can operate chromatophores in complex, wavelike displays, giving rapidly changing color schemes. The nerves that operate the chromatophores are thought to be positioned in the brain in a pattern similar to that of the chromatophores they each control. This may explain why, as the neurons are activated one after another, the color change occurs in waves.

Like chameleons, cephalopods use color change for social interaction. They are also among the most skilled at camouflage, with the ability to match both the color and the texture of their local environment with remarkable accuracy.
UGK Records

**UGK Records** is an American record label. It was created by Chad Butler, rapper Pimp C, immediately following his release from prison in 2006. The music production company is named after Pimp C’s rap group UGK (UnderGround Kingz). The label was in the process of finalizing a distribution deal when Pimp C was found dead in his West Hollywood hotel room. UGK Records was managed by Pimp C’s mother, Weslyn Monroe, known as Mama Wes. The label is now being managed by Pimp C’s son.

## Artists

Artists signed to the label include:

- 17 The Hogg
- AZ Hustlerz
- Bankroll Jonez
- Big Bubb
- Bryn King
- Codaq
- Da Underdawgz
- Deezy
- Dub-G
- Hezeleo
- Ivory P
- Izzy
- Lil Corey
- Texodus
- X-Mob

## References

- UGK Videos

## Infobox (record label)

- **founded**: 2005
- **founder**: Pimp C, Chad Lamont Butler
- **genre**: Southern Rap
- **country**: United States, U.S.
- **location**: Port Arthur, Texas
- **url**: http://www.myspace.com/theofficialugkrecords