juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Renault Trafic

The **Renault Trafic** is a commercial van designed and built by French company Renault from 1981 to present.

Opel, Vauxhall and Nissan make the same vehicle but with different names, The names are: **Opel Vivaro,** **Vauxhall Vivaro** and **Nissan Primastar.**  The first generation was sold as: **Opel Arena, Vauxhall Arena, Tata Winger, Chevrolet Trafic, Chevrolet Spacevan, Winnebago LeSharo(RV)** and **Inokom Permas**.

## Other websites

- Renault Trafic official website
- The original Renault Trafic as a camper van (includes a photo of the original Trafic, pre-facelift)
- Opel Vivaro official website

## Infobox (automobile)

- **image**: 2018 Renault Trafic SL27 Business+ Energy 1.6 Front.jpg
- **manufacturer**: Renault
Opel, Opel/Vauxhall
- **production**: 1980–present
- **predecessor**: Renault Estafette
Isuzu Fargo, Bedford/Vauxhall Midi (For Vauxhall models)
Commer FC (for Renault models)
- **layout**: FF layout
(FR layout and 4x4 available for the 1st generation model)
- **class**: Light commercial vehicle (M-segment, M)
- **body style**: Van
Minibus
Pickup truck
Andrew Dice Clay

**Andrew Dice Clay** (born September 29, 1957) is an American comedian and actor. He performs stand-up comedy. He has acted in many comedy and drama movies, including _Pretty in Pink_ and _It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia_. Clay was born in Brooklyn, New York with the name **Andrew Silverstein**.

## Infobox (comedian)

- **image**: Andrew Dice Clay Indestructible 12 lolflix.jpg
- **caption**: Clay in 2012
- **name**: Andrew Dice Clay
- **birth name**: Andrew Clay Silverstein
- **birth place**: Brooklyn, New York, U.S.
- **medium**: Stand-up comedy, television, film
- **active**: 1978–present
- **genre**: Character comedy, observational comedy, improvisational comedy, political satire, blue comedy, shock humour, anti-humour
- **children**: 2
Renault Mascott

The **Renault Mascott** is a van designed and built by French company Renault from 1999 to 2010. It is also used as a minibus and fire engine. In 2010 it was replaced by Renault Master, third generation.
Get Shorty

***Get Shorty*** is a 1995 crime-comedy movie. Rene Russo plays Karen Flores, John Travolta is Chili Palmer. Also in this movie are Bette Midler as Doris Saffrin, Harvey Keitel as himself and James Gandolfini as Bear. The subject of the movie is Mafia activities, scheming and loan sharks.

This crime comedy was released October 20, 1995 in United States theaters. The reviews were very positive. The budget was $30.25 million. It got back over $115 million in the box office.
Magic realism

**Magic realism**, or magical realism, is a genre where magical events invade a realistic environment. It is
- "what happens when a highly detailed, realistic setting is invaded by something too strange to believe".

The surprise effect of magical realism probably stems from the Western reader's separation from mythology. Mythology is a root of magical realism more easily understood by non-Western cultures.

A characteristic of magic realism is the way a novel might start with a mundane, even boring situation. Examples of writers of magic realism are Gabriel Garcia Marquez, Miguel Ángel Asturias and Ernst Jünger. So, in Mikhail Bulgakov's short story _Diaboliad_, we find the central character sitting at an office in a typical Soviet organisation:
- "Comrade Korotkov was working solidly in the permanent post of Chief Clerk...".
Gradually things start to go wrong... And before long, the events seem quite unbelievable. Yet, underneath, some accurate truths about Russia in the 1920s are strongly hinted.

The genre has been applied to other art forms, but it is mostly used about fictional literature.
Karen Ann Quinlan

**Karen Ann Quinlan** (March 29, 1954 – June 11, 1985) was an important figure in a right to die controversy in the United States. She went unconscious after arriving home from a party. She had overdosed on Valium and alcohol. Whether or not she had drugs inside her system is under controversy. She later went into a persistent vegetative state and was in that condition for ten years. She was removed from ventilation in 1976 but did not die until June 1985, when she had pneumonia. Quinlan was born in Scranton, Pennsylvania in 1954. She died in New Jersey.

## Related pages

- Right to die
- Coma

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Karen Ann Quinlan
- **caption**: Karen Ann Quinlan in 1972, prior to her brain injury
- **birth place**: Scranton, Pennsylvania, U.S.
- **death place**: Morris Township, New Jersey, U.S.
Right to die

The **right to die** is the belief that people have the right to end their own lives.  Usually, when people talk about the right to die, they are talking about the right of people with terminal illnesses to end their lives.

The right to die is very controversial.  Most arguments about the right to die focus on these questions:
- Should a person with a terminal illness be allowed to:
    - Kill themselves?
    - Have somebody else help them kill themselves?
    - Have a doctor give them medications that they can take to kill themselves?
    - Refuse medical treatment, if doing that would cause them to die?
- Should people who have illnesses which will not kill them, but cause severe pain or suffering, have the right to die?
- Who, if anyone, has the power to make these decisions?

Hinduism accepts the right to die for anyone that has terminal diseases and have no desire to live. Other religions, however, vary in the tolerance of this right, and some call suicide a sin.

## Related pages

- Antinatalism
- Terminal illness
- Assisted suicide
- Euthanasia
- _Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health_ (the first "right to die" case in the United States)
Radu Vasile

**Radu Vasile** (10 October 1942 – 3 July 2013) was a Romanian historian, poet and politician.

He was the 57th Prime Minister of Romania, serving from 17 April 1998 to 13 December 1999. He was also a Senator from the Democratic Party (PD) from 2000 to 2004. Aside from politics, Vasile used to write poetry under the pen name _Radu Mischiu_.

He died from colorectal cancer on 3 July 2013 in Bucharest.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Radu Vasile
- **image**: Radu Vasile(2).tif
- **office**: Prime Minister of Romania
- **term start**: 17 April 1998
- **term end**: 13 December 1999
- **birth place**: Sibiu, Kingdom of Romania, Romania
- **death place**: Bucharest, Romania
- **predecessor**: Gavril Dejeu <small>(Acting)</small>
- **successor**: Alexandru Athanasiu <small>(Acting)</small>
Black Dog

***Black Dog*** is a 1998 action thriller movie. Patrick Swayze plays Jack Crews, Brenda Strong plays Melanie Crews. Randy Travis plays Earl. The movie is about a trucker who at first refuses a job, but then learns that his house will be repossessed unless he pays his debt. This movie was rated PG-13 when it was released in the United States in May 1998. It earned back more than USD$12 million in the box office.

Rotten Tomatoes gave _Black Dog_ an 11% rating, meaning it is very bad.
Meat Loaf

**Michael Lee Aday** (born **Marvin Lee Aday**; September 27, 1947 – January 20, 2022), better known as **Meat Loaf**, was an American singer and songwriter. He played rock and roll, heavy metal and hard rock. He recorded the single "I'd Do Anything for Love (But I Won't Do That)" in late 1993. He also appeared in over fifty movies and television shows.

Meat Loaf was born in Dallas, Texas. He went to high school in Lubbock, Texas. He studied at the University of North Texas. Meat Loaf never graduated from college and travelled to Los Angeles to start his career.

When he was 16, on the day of the assassination of John F. Kennedy, Meat Loaf had met the President when he arrived at Dallas Love Field. After hearing about the assassination, he and a friend drove to Parkland Hospital where he saw Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, covered in blood, getting out of the car.

His album, _Bat Out Of Hell_, sold over 43 million copies. He played Eddie in the movie _The Rocky Horror Picture Show_.

He supported the presidential campaigns of Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, Mitt Romney, John McCain, Rick Santorum and Donald Trump.

Meat Loaf died on January 20, 2022 in Nashville, Tennessee at the age of 74. He died of problems caused by COVID-19. He criticized COVID-19 vaccinations before his death.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Meat Loaf
- **image**: Meatloaf 1971 (cropped).JPG
- **caption**: Meat Loaf in 1971
- **birth name**: Marvin Lee Aday
- **birth place**: Dallas, Texas, U.S.
- **death place**: Nashville, Tennessee, Nashville, Tennessee, U.S.
- **years active**: 1968–2022
Adly Mansour

**Adly Mahmud Mansour** (; born 23 December 1945) is an Egyptian judge. He was the head of the Supreme Constitutional Court. In July 2013, the military deposed the now former president Mohamed Morsi, and made Mansour the interim President of Egypt. Mass protests which had taken place beforehand prompted this removal. The military made the announcement with several secular and religious leaders, such as Grand Imam of al-Azhar Dr Ahmed el-Tayeb, Coptic Pope Tawadros II and Mohamed ElBaradei. Morsi said that his removal was not valid and continued to maintain that he is the legitimate President of Egypt. Mansour was sworn into office in front of the Supreme Constitutional Court on 4 July 2013.

Mansour graduated in law, from Cairo University. He has done postgraduate education in economics and management science.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Adly Mansour
- **image**: President Adly Mansour (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Official portrait, 2013
- **office**: President of Egypt
- **status**: Acting
- **primeminister**: Hazem Al Beblawi
Ibrahim Mahlab
- **term start**: 4 July 2013
- **term end**: 8 June 2014
- **predecessor**: Mohamed Morsi
- **successor**: Abdel Fattah el-Sisi
- **office1**: President of the Supreme Constitutional Court of Egypt, Supreme Constitutional Court
- **appointer1**: Mohamed Morsi
- **term start1**: 1 July 2013
- **term end1**: 30 June 2016
- **predecessor1**: Maher El-Beheiry
- **successor1**: Abdel Wahab Abdel Razek
- **birth place**: Cairo, Kingdom of Egypt, Egypt
- **party**: Independent (politician), Independent
- **alma mater**: Cairo University
École nationale d'administration, National School of Administration, Paris
Bernie Nolan

**Bernadette Therese "Bernie" Nolan** (17 October 1960 – 4 July 2013) was an Irish actress, singer, and television personality. She was known for being part of the Irish girl group _The Nolans_.

Nolan was born on 17 October 1960 in Dublin, Republic of Ireland. She was raised in Blackpool, Lancashire, England. Nolan was married to Steve Doneathy from 1996 until her death in 2013. They had a daughter. Nolan died on 4 July 2013 from breast cancer in Surrey, England, aged 52.
Home Alone 2: Lost in New York

***Home Alone 2: Lost in New York*** is an American family Christmas comedy movie. It is directed by Chris Columbus and produced by John Hughes. It was released on November 20, 1992. It is a sequel to the 1990 film _Home Alone_ and is the second film in the _Home Alone_ series.

## Background

It once again stars Macaulay Culkin and features Daniel Stern, Joe Pesci, Catherine O'Hara, and John Heard. New cast includes Tim Curry, Rob Schneider, Brenda Fricker, and Eddie Bracken. The movie score was composed by John Williams. It was mostly filmed in Chicago, New York City and Miami. Donald Trump made a cameo appearance in the movie.

## Plot

The story is set about two years after the 1990 movie. At Christmas, the McCallister family go on vacation to Florida. At the airport, Kevin (Macaulay Culkin) accidentally gets separated from his family. He gets on a plane to New York City and stays at a Plaza Hotel. In New York, Kevin faces the same two burglars who had robbed his house in the first film when his family were in France: the "Wet Bandits", Marv (Daniel Stern) and Harry (Joe Pesci). They are now called the "Sticky Bandits". Kevin tries to stop them from robbing an elderly man's toy store on Christmas Eve. He traps them in his uncle's house, which is being renovated. Harry and Marv later attempt to shoot Kevin at Central Park, but a homeless pigeon lady (Brenda Fricker) throws bird seed at them causing pigeons to attack them. The burglars are caught by the police and go back to jail once again. Meanwhile, the Miami security informs the McCallisters that Kevin is in New York after being able the track the credit card that Kevin used and they take a trip there and also stay at the hotel.

## Cast

Macaulay Culkin as Kevin McCallister

Joe Pesci as Harry Lime

Daniel Stern as Marv Merchants

John Heard as Peter McCallister, Kevin’s father

Catherine O’Hara as Kate McCallister, Kevin’s mother

Devin Ratray as Buzz McCallister, Kevin’s older brother

Gerry Bamman as Frank McCallister, Kevin’s uncle

Donald Trump as Himself

## Other websites

- Movie Locations Guide.com - Maps and directions to _Home Alone 2_ Filming Locations

## Infobox (film)

- **name**: Home Alone 2: Lost in New York
- **director**: Chris Columbus (filmmaker), Chris Columbus
- **producer**: John Hughes (filmmaker), John Hughes
- **writer**: John Hughes
- **music**: John Williams
- **cinematography**: Julio Macat
- **editing**: Raja Gosnell
- **studio**: Hughes Entertainment
- **distributor**: 20th Century Fox
- **runtime**: 120 minutes
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **budget**: $20 million
- **gross**: $359 million
Jennifer Grey

**Jennifer Grey** (born March 26, 1960) is an American actress. She was known for her roles in the 1980s movie such as _Ferris Bueller's Day Off_ and _Dirty Dancing_. She was nominated for a Golden Globe Award. Her father is actor Joel Grey.

## Personal life

Grey was born on March 26, 1960 in New York City, New York to Joel Gray and to Jo Wilder. She studied at Dalton School. Grey was also romantically involved with actors Michael J. Fox, Johnny Depp, William Baldwin and then-aide to President Clinton, George Stephanopoulos. Grey married Clark Gregg in 2001. They have one daughter, Stella. They divorced in 2021.

## Plastic surgery

In the early 1990s, Grey had two rhinoplasty procedures—the second of which was necessary to correct problems stemming from the first. Even close friends to fail to recognize her, and the major change in her appearance hurt her career. Of the experience she said, "I went in the operating room a celebrity—and came out anonymous. It was like being in a witness protection program or being invisible."

Grey briefly thought about changing her name and starting anew, but decided against this.

## Later career

From March 1999 until January 2000, Grey starred as herself in the short-lived ABC sitcom _It's Like, You Know..._, which used her much-publicized 'nose job' as a running gag.

In the 2010 season eleven of _Dancing With the Stars_ she was partnered with professional dancer Derek Hough. They won the competition.

## Other websites

- Washington Post interview

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Jennifer Grey
- **image**: 11.30.10JenniferGreyByLuigiNovi1.jpg
- **caption**: Grey at the _Epic Mickey_ launch party at the Times Square Disney Store, November 2010
- **birth place**: New York City, New York (state), New York, U.S.
- **years active**: 1979–present
- **occupation**: Actress
- **children**: 1
- **parents**: Joel Grey
Jo Wilder
- **relatives**: Mickey Katz (grandfather)
Troilus and Cressida

***Troilus and Cressida*** is a play by William Shakespeare. It is a tragedy. Shakespeare's sources were probably Greek mythology, and also the works of Homer and Geoffrey Chaucer. The first known performance was on 7 February 1604. The first known printing of the play dates to 1609. The play is about the Trojan War and two lovers, Troilus and Cressida.
King John (play)

***King John*** is a play by William Shakespeare. It is a history play about King John of England. Shakespeare's source was Holinshed's Chronicles. It was probably first acted between 1596 and 1597. It was probably first printed in 1623 in the First Folio.
Henry VIII (play)

***Henry VIII*** is a play by William Shakespeare.  It is a history play. Shakespeare's sources were _Holinshed's Chronicles_ and _The Book of Martyrs_ by John Foxe. The play was first acted between 1612 and 1613. It was probably first printed in 1623 in the First Folio.
The Spanish Tragedy

***The Spanish Tragedy, or Hieronimo is Mad Again*** is a play by Thomas Kyd. It is a tragedy. The exact date the play was written is uncertain. It was probably written in the 1580s.

Ben Jonson referred to the play in _Bartholomew Fair_. This suggests that _The Spanish Tragedy_ was staged between 1584 and 1589. A date earlier than 1588 is very likely.

The play is about the horrific murders of the heirs to the Spanish throne. It had great influence on Elizabethan playwrights. Shakespeare may have adopted elements of the play for _Hamlet_.

## Other websites

- Complete play

## Infobox (play)

- **name**: The Spanish Tragedy
- **image**: Kyd, Spanish Tragedy.jpg
- **caption**: Title page of the 1615 edition
- **writer**: Thomas Kyd
- **characters**: Revenge
Ghost of Andrea
King of Spain, etc.
- **setting**: Spain and Portugal during the Renaissance
- **premiere**: 1580s
- **place**: London, England
- **orig lang**: English
- **subject**: Revenge
- **genre**: Tragedy
Arthur Rackham

**Arthur Rackham**  (19 September 1867 – 6 September 1939) was a British artist and illustrator. His work, often with fantasy or mythological elements, is still popular today.

## Other websites

- Rackham at Art passions
Connie Nielsen

**Connie Nielsen** (born 3 July 1965) is a Danish actress who acts mostly in movies. She began acting in 1984. She began acting in English language movies in 1997. Her notable movies include _The Devil's Advocate_, _Mission to Mars_ and for her role as Queen Hippolyta in _Wonder Woman_ (2017) and _Justice League_ (2017). She was born in Frederikshavn, Jutland.
Charles S. Dutton

**Charles Stanley Dutton** (born January 30, 1951) is an American actor. He acts mainly in movies and television but also performs in stage plays. He acted as Willis in _Cookie's Fortune_ and as Jake in _Jacknife_. He was born in Baltimore, Maryland.
Alice Braga

**Alice Braga** (April 15, 1983) is a Brazilian actress who has appeared in American and Brazilian movies. She played Beth in _Repo Men_. She also played Anna Montez in _I am Legend_. She was born in São Paulo, Brazil. She is the niece of the Brazilian actress Sônia Braga.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Alice Braga
- **image**: Alice Braga Premiere of Kill Me Three Times (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Braga at the premiere of _Kill Me Three Times_ in March 2015
- **birthname**: Alice Braga Moraes
- **birth place**: São Paulo (city), São Paulo, Brazil
- **nationality**: Brazilian
- **relatives**: Sônia Braga
- **occupation**: Actress
- **years active**: 1998–present
Piers Gaveston

**Piers Gaveston, Earl of Cornwall** (ca. 1284 – 19 June 1312) was the favourite of King Edward II of England. Their contemporaries thought that the relationship between the two men was homosexual. The nobles of England grew jealous and angry as Gaveston rose in power. In 1312, civil war erupted. Gaveston was captured and killed. Gaveston is a major character in Christopher Marlowe's tragedy, _Edward II_.

## Life

Gaveston was born about 1284 to a Gascon lord. About 1300, he entered the household of the Prince of Wales, the future King Edward II. The two young men were both about sixteen years old and developed a close relationship that some thought to be homosexual.

In 1307, Gaveston was banished by King Edward I of England, but he was recalled by his son when he became King Edward II in February 1308. Gaveston was made Earl of Cornwall; married Margaret, the daughter of Gilbert de Clare, Earl of Gloucesterl and received money and land.

Gaveston was regent of the kingdom during Edward's short absence in France in 1308. He played a prominent part at Edward's coronation in February. As time passed, Edward showed Gaveston more and more favour. Powerful nobles grew jealous and angry.

The nobles managed to have Gaveston banished again, but he was quickly recalled by Edward. The nobles gathered their armies as civil war neared. Gaveston and Edward fled together but separated at Scarborough, England. Edward went to York. Gaveston was captured. He was run through with a sword and decapitated.

Gaveston was buried in the Dominican friary at King's Langley, Hertfordshire. In 1823, a monument was erected on the spot that he was thought to have been murdered. The inscription on the monument describes Gaveston as "the Minion of a hateful King" who was beheaded "by Barons as lawless as himself".

Gaveston is a major character in Christopher Marlowe's tragedy, _Edward II_.

## References

- _Encyclopædia Britannica_: "Piers Gaveston, earl of Cornwall"
- _History Today_: "Piers Gaveston Executed"
- _The Telegraph_: "Piers Gaveston: bending the monarch’s ear, and will"

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Piers Gaveston
- **image**: Inspection of Gaveston's head by the earls of Lancaster, Hereford, and Arundel.jpg
- **caption**: Inspection of Gaveston's head by the earls of Lancaster, Hereford, and Arundel
- **birth date**: ca. 1284
- **death date**: 19 June 1312
- **death place**: Warwickshire, England
- **death cause**: Decapitation
Villa

A **villa** was originally a style of house built for the upper classes in ancient Rome. This style of architecture has been kept and adapted upon. The villas in Italy have gradually evolved into luxurious houses. Today, the word _villa_ can refer to many types and sizes of houses around the world.

A villa is a type of house that was originally an ancient Roman upper-class country house. Since its origins in the Roman villa, the idea and function of a villa has evolved considerably.

## Related pages

- Roman villa
Yangshuo

**Yangshuo** is a county in China. It is on the west bank of Li River, in the southeast of Guilin, northeast of Guangxi. It is under the jurisdiction of Guilin City. It covers an area of 1428.38 sq km and 65 km from Guilin downtown. It has a total population of about 300,000.

Yangshuo has become a famous resort destination for domestic travelers and foreign travelers.  The number of foreign backpackers coming to Yangshuo is increasing.

## Other websites

- Yangshuo Guilin Travel Guide
- Photos of Yangshuo Biking
Liga Mexicana Élite

The **Mexican Elite League** or **LME**, is a top level ice hockey league based in Mexico.

The league started on October 2, 2010. The league had a goal to make Mexico known as high-level international competition in ice hockey. The league has 4 teams participating: the Mayan Astronomers, the Teotihuacan Priests, the Aztec Eagle Warriors and the Zapotec Totems. The first champions in the inaugural 2010–11 season were the Teotihuacan Priests.

### Current

- Mayan Astronomers (2010-present)
- Teotihuacan Priests (2010-present)
- Aztec Eagle Warriors (2010-present)
- Zapotec Totems (2010-present)

## Infobox (sports league)

- **sport**: Ice hockey
- **founded**: 1989 (National Championship)
2010 (LME)
- **teams**: 4
- **champion**: Teotihuacan Priests
She Stoops to Conquer

***She Stoops to Conquer*** is a play by Oliver Goldsmith. It is a comedy. It opened on 15 March 1773 in London, England at Covent Garden Theatre. It was a great success. Like _The School for Scandal_ and _The Importance of Being Earnest_, _She Stoops to Conquer_ is a staple of classic English theatre.

The play displays the comical elements in every Englishman, especially of those who are hardly aware of their humour.

## Infobox (play)

- **name**: She Stoops to Conquer
- **image**: Oliver Goldsmith sephia.jpg
- **writer**: Oliver Goldsmith
- **characters**: Tony Lumpkin
Charles Marlow
Mrs. Hardcastle
Kate Hardcastle, etc.
- **setting**: English countryside in the 18th century
- **premiere**: 15 March 1773
- **place**: Covent Garden Theatre
London, England
- **orig lang**: English
- **genre**: Comedy
The School for Scandal

***The School for Scandal*** is a play by Richard Brinsley Sheridan. It is a comedy. It was first acted at the Drury Lane Theatre in London, England on 8 May 1777. Like _She Stoops to Conquer_ and _The Rivals_, _The School for Scandal_ is a staple of classic English theatre. Samuel Barber wrote an opera based on the play.

## Infobox (play)

- **name**: The School for Scandal
- **image**: Miss Chester As Lady Teazle.jpg
- **caption**: Miss Chester as Lady Teazle, 1828
- **writer**: Richard Brinsley Sheridan
- **characters**: Lady Teazle
Lady Sneerwell
Moses, etc.
- **setting**: London in the 18th century
- **premiere**: 8 May 1777
- **place**: Drury Lane Theatre
London, England
- **orig lang**: English
- **subject**: Gossip
- **genre**: Comedy
The Marriage of Figaro (play)

***The Mad Day, or The Marriage of Figaro*** is a play by Pierre Beaumarchais. It is a comedy. It was written in 1778, and first published in 1785. _Figaro_ was first performed at the Théâtre Français in Paris on 27 April 1784. It was a great success. _The Marriage of Figaro_ is a sequel to the play, _The Barber of Seville_, and a prequel to _The Guilty Mother_.

## Related pages

- _The Marriage of Figaro_ (1786), an opera by Mozart based on the play

## Infobox (play)

- **name**: The Marriage of Figaro
- **image**: Marriage of figaro title page.jpg
- **caption**: Title page of the first edition, 1785
- **writer**: Pierre Beaumarchais
- **characters**: Figaro
Suzanne
Count Almaviva
Countess Rosine<br/ >Chérubin, etc.
- **setting**: Count Almaviva's palace in Seville, Spain near the end of the 18th century
- **premiere**: 27 April 1784
- **place**: Théâtre Français
Paris, France
- **orig lang**: French
- **genre**: Comedy
Understanding Media

***Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man*** is a 1964 book by Marshall McLuhan. It was a pioneering study in media theory. McCluhan was a Professor of literature who was deeply interested in the way media had changed society.

The book proposes that media themselves affect their content in important ways. It is an attempt to understand how changing media have affected society. McLuhan suggests that media play a role, not by the content delivered, but by the characteristics of the medium itself.

McLuhan pointed to the light bulb as an example. A light bulb does not have content in the way that a newspaper has articles or a television has programs, but it is a medium that has a social effect. The light bulb lets people do things at nighttime which would be impossible in darkness. He describes the light bulb as a medium without any content. McLuhan states that "a light bulb creates an environment by its mere presence".

More controversially, he thought that content had little effect on society — for example, it did not matter if television broadcasts children's shows or violent programming — the effect of television on society would be identical. He noted that all media have characteristics that engage the viewer in different ways; for instance, a passage in a book could be reread at will, but a movie had to be screened again in its entirety to study any individual part of it. He made the point that reading, by its very nature, is a sequential medium. One reads it in a sequence. On the other hand, a medium like film presents information more holistically. There is a kind of "all at once-ness" about films and television.

The book is the source of the well-known phrase "_The medium is the message_". It was a leading indicator of the upheaval of local cultures by increasingly globalized values. The book's influence spread much further than academics, writers, and social theorists. It was widely read. It became a corner-stone in media studies courses.

## Infobox (book)

- **name**: Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man
- **author**: Marshall McLuhan
- **country**: Canada
- **language**: English language, English
- **subject**: Media studies, Media theory
- **publisher**: McGraw-Hill
- **pub date**: 1964
- **pages**: 318 pp _(first edition)_
- **isbn**: 81-14-67535-7
Paul Butcher, Jr.

**Paul Matthew Hawke Butcher** (born February 14, 1994 in Los Angeles, California) is an American actor. He is best known for his role as "Dustin Brooks" on the Nickelodeon television series _Zoey 101_.
Robbie Robertson (album)

***Robbie Robertson*** is the solo debut album by Robbie Robertson. It was released in 1987. The album won the Juno Award for "Album of the Year". Robertson and Daniel Lanois also won the "Producer of the Year" award.

U2 and Peter Gabriel contributed to the album. U2's contribution is heard in the song "Sweet Fire of Love" which is a duet between Robertson and Bono. The other track featuring U2 is "Testimony", which also has singing from Bono. Gabriel's contributions are heard on the song "Fallen Angel". This song was dedicated to Robertson's former bandmate from The Band, Richard Manuel.

The lyrics of "American Roulette" deal with the theme of Elvis Presley's rise to popularity. The song is notable for its guitar solo throughout as well as the instrumental outro. Elvis Presley is talked about in the second verse.

## Track listing

All songs written by Robbie Robertson except where noted.
1. "Fallen Angel" (Robertson, Martin Page) – 5:52
1. "Showdown at Big Sky" – 4:43
1. "Broken Arrow" – 5:17
1. "Sweet Fire of Love" (Robertson, U2) – 5:08
1. "American Roulette" – 4:46
1. "Somewhere Down the Crazy River" (Robertson, Martin Page) – 4:44
1. "Hell's Half Acre" – 3:45
1. "Sonny Got Caught in the Moonlight" – 3:45
1. "Testimony" – 4:45
Bonus tracks on the expanded edition (2005):
1. <li value=10>"Christmas Must Be Tonight" – 4:51
1. "Testimony (Edited 12" Remix)" – 6:34

## Personnel

- Robbie Robertson – vocals, backing vocals, guitar, keyboards
- Manu Katché – drums, percussion
- Bill Dillon – guitars, backing vocals
- Tony Levin – Chapman Stick, bass
- Daniel Lanois – percussion, backing vocals, omnichord, guitar

## Charts

**Album**
|Year|Chart|Peak Position||
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1987|_Billboard_ 200|align="center"|38|
|1987|UK Album Charts|align="center"|38|

**Single**
|Year|Single|Chart|Peak Position||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1987|"Showdown at Big Sky"|_Billboard_ Mainstream Rock Tracks|align="center"|2|
|1987|"Sweet Fire of Love"|_Billboard_ Mainstream Rock Tracks|align="center"|7|
|1988|"Showdown at Big Sky"|_Billboard_ Mainstream Rock Tracks|align="center"|21|
|1988|"Somewhere Down the Crazy River"|_Billboard_ Mainstream Rock Tracks|align="center"|24|
|1988|"Somewhere Down the Crazy River"|UK Singles Charts|align="center"|15|

## Sales certifications

|align="left"|Organization|align="left"|Level|align="left"|Date|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|align="left"|BPI – UK|align="left"|Gold|align="left"||
|align="left"|RIAA – U.S.|align="left"|Gold|align="left"||
|align="left"|CRIA – Canada|align="left"|Gold|align="left"||
|align="left"|CRIA – Canada|align="left"|Platinum|align="left"||
|align="left"|CRIA – Canada|align="left"|2× Platinum|align="left"||

## Other websites

- Review from _Rolling Stone_

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Robbie Robertson
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: Robbie Robertson
- **recorded**: 1987
- **genre**: Rock music, Rock
- **length**: 44:19
- **label**: Geffen Records, Geffen
- **producer**: Daniel Lanois and Robbie Robertson
- **next title**: Storyville (album), Storyville
- **next year**: 1991
Alberto Suárez Laso

**Alberto Suárez Laso** (born December 19, 1977 in Riosa, Asturias) is a T12 athlete from Spain who competes in long distance races: the 5,000 meters, 10,000 meters, half marathon and marathon.  He is a world record holder in the men's T12 marathon, winning gold in the event at the 2011 IPC Athletics World Championships and the 2012 Summer Paralympics.

## Personal

Suárez was born December 19, 1977 in Riosa, Asturias. , he resides in Oviedo, Asturias. He has a vision impairment.

Suárez won an award related to human values at the 2011 Asturian Best Sportspersons awards organized by the Asturian Sports Press Association,.  In 2012, he won the Asturian Sports Press Association award for best male athlete.

## Athletics

Suárez is a T12, a blind runner, and he sometimes compete against runners without disabilities. He belongs to the Laso Oviedo Athletics Club. As of 2012, Chus Castaño is his coach. He is a world record in the marathon.

Suárez competed in the 2011 Gran Fondo Siete Aguas International Trophy President of the Council of Valencia. He competed in the 2011 Spanish Paralympic national athletics championships held in Gijón. He competed in the 2011 IPC Athletics World Championships in Christchurch New Zealand. He was one of two Spanish competitors in the marathon.  He was the first runner to finish the marathon and he made a world record by running the race with a time of 2.28:10.  He also finished third in the men's T12 10,000 meter race.

Suárez's goal for his running in 2012 was to finish first at the 2012 London Paralympics in the marathon. He race in the 2012 Riosa Sports Days. He competed at the 2012 Summer Paralympics, where hefinished firset in the men's T12 marathon and finished 6th in the men's T12 5,000 meter event.  His first place was Spain's eighth first place of the Games.  He finished the marathon in a time of 2:24.50, a new Paralympic Games record and World Record.

Suárez finished sixth in the 2013 Bareclona half marathon while racing against runners who did not have a disability. He set a personal best time in the half marathon at the race. He competed in the 2013 Divina Pastora 8 km Orotava held in the Canary Islands. He gave a speech two days before the race about physical activity, sport and eating patterns for athletes.

## Infobox (sportsperson)

- **name**: Alberto Suárez
- **image**: Alberto Suárez Laso.JPG
- **caption**: Suárez in 2013
- **full name**: Alberto Suárez Laso
- **birth place**: Riosa, Asturias, Spain
- **residence**: Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
- **nationality**: Spanish
- **sport**: Track and field (T12 (classification), T12)
- **show-medals**: yes
Alsatian

**Alsatian** might mean:

- Something related to Alsace, a region of France
- Alsatian language, a language spoken in Alsace
- German Shepherd, a dog breed that started in Alsace, sometimes called "Alsatian"
Aymara

**Aymara** might mean:

- Aymara people, a native people in Bolivia and Peru
- Aymara language, spoken by the Aymara people
Project X

***Project X*** is an American comedy movie from 2012. It was directed by Nima Nourizadeh and written by Michael Bacall and Matt Drake. The story is about three teenagers—Thomas, Costa and J. B.—who plan to gain popularity by throwing a party. Their plan quickly gets out of their control. Most of the movie's cast were not famous, being relatively new to acting. The movie is filmed as a home video from the perspective of one of the teenagers attending the party and using a camera to record the night's events.

_Project X_ was released in the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom on 2 March 2012. It made over US$100 million worldwide during its time in cinemas.

## Cast

- Thomas Mann as Thomas Kub.
- Oliver Cooper as Costa.
- Jonathan Daniel Brown as J.B.
- Dax Flame as Dax
- Kirby Bliss Blanton as Kirby
- Brady Hender and Nick Nervies as Everett and Tyler
- Alexis Knapp as Alexis.

## Soundtrack

The _Project X (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)_ is the soundtrack album for the movie. It was released by WaterTower Music on February 28, 2012. It has several artists and tracks released in the past decade. Musical genres range from hip hop to house music.  The soundtrack mainly has the thirteen tracks that played in the movie. The soundtrack debuted on the U.S. _Billboard_ Top 200 albums chart at number twenty-three. It peaked at number three on March 15th.

The soundtrack featured songs by Kid Cudi, D12, MGK, Nas, and . A popular song from the album is American rap artist Kid Cudi's 2010 single "Pursuit of Happiness." The song was re-released by disc jockey and house music producer Steve Aoki in 2011. Both versions were on the soundtrack.

## References

- Documents

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: Project X
- **caption**: Teaser poster
- **director**: Nima Nourizadeh
- **producer**: Todd Phillips
- **screenplay**: Matt Drake
Michael Bacall
- **story**: Michael Bacall
- **cinematography**: Ken Seng
- **editing**: Jeff Groth
- **studio**: Silver Pictures
Todd Phillips, Green Hat Films
- **distributor**: Warner Bros., Warner Bros. Pictures
- **runtime**: 88 minutes
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **budget**: $12 million
- **gross**: $100.9 million


## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Project X (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)
- **type**: Soundtrack
- **artist**: Various Artists
- **released**: February 28, 2012 <small>(U.S.)</small>
- **recorded**: Various times
- **genre**: hip hop, house music
- **length**: 53:55
- **label**: WaterTower Music
- **producer**: WaterTower Music
Liquor

**Liquor** is any alcoholic drink containing ethanol and produced by distilling. They are also called **distilled beverages**. The term **hard liquor** is used around North America and India to tell distilled beverages from those that are weaker. If the beverage carries no added sugar or has at least 20% alcohol by volume, it is referred to as a **spirit**. Alcoholic beverages are under different regulations around the world.
Abbie Cornish

**Abbie Cornish** (born 7 August 1982) is an Australian actress who has performed in some notable movies. Cornish was born in New South Wales, and grew up on a farm.

Her movies include _Somersault_, _Candy_ and _Bright Star_. She played Emma Matisse in _One Perfect Day_. She plays Ellen Murphy in the 2014 remake of RoboCop.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Abbie Cornish
- **image**: Abbie Cornish TIFF 4, 2012.jpg
- **caption**: Cornish at the 2012 Toronto International Film Festival
- **occupation**: Actress
- **years active**: 1997–present
Barbara W. Tuchman

**Barbara Wertheim Tuchman** (January 30, 1912 – February 6, 1989) was an American historian and writer that wrote novels based on the military. She became extremely known first after she wrote _The Guns of August_ (which was later reprinted as _August 1914_). She received a Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction for that novel. She also wrote several other novels. She was born **Barbara Wertheim** in New York City; she died in Greenwich, Connecticut at the age of 77.
Ailee

**Amy Lee** (born May 30, 1989) is a Korean-American singer and actress in South Korea. She is known by the stage name **Ailee**. Born in Denver, she grew up in New Jersey, in the United States. She started as a Youtube singer, with some success. In 2010 she moved to South Korea with the goal of being a professional singer. Her first single, "Heaven", was released in 2012. Within one month of her debut she had already won two music awards.

On September 13, 2011, Ailee along with Wheesung held a performance on the MBC's Chuseok special episode of "Singer and Trainee". Ailee's stage presence was immediately felt by the audience, who was amazed that she was like a professional singer, even though she had not yet officially debuted. Following her solo performance of "Halo" by Beyoncé, singer BMK expressed, "Wherever she goes, she has the potential to be a big star. She definitely has the voice." After the judges had graded everyone, Ailee won first place.

Ailee is known for her strong vocal quality and range. By 2016, she had won 26 music awards.

### Studio albums

- 2015: _Vivid_
- 2019: _Butterfly_
- 2021: _Amy_
- 2022: _I'm Lovin' Amy_

### EPs

- 2012: _Invitation_
- 2013: _A's Doll House_
- 2013: _Magazine_
- 2016: _A New Empire_
- 2020: _I'm_
- 2021: _Lovin_

## Infobox (korean name)

- **child**: yes
- **title**: Korean name
- **hangul**: 이예진
- **rr**: I Ye-jin
- **mr**: I Yechin
- **hangulstage**: 에일리
- **rrstage**: Eilli
- **mrstage**: Eilli


## Infobox (musical artist)

- **embed**: yes
- **background**: solo_singer
- **instrument**: Vocals
- **years active**: 2011–present


## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Ailee
- **image**: 190719 에일리 Shaking Movement IN 홍대 1.jpg
- **caption**: Ailee 2019
- **birth name**: Amy Lee
- **birth place**: Denver, Colorado, U.S.
- **alias**: Lee Ye-jin
Dorothy Height

**Dorothy Irene Height** (March 24, 1912 – April 20, 2010) was an American civil rights and women's rights activist. She worked with issues of African American women. She did unemployment, illiteracy and voter awareness work. She worked for the National Council of Negro Women for forty years. She received the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1994 and the Congressional Gold Medal ten years after that.

Height was born in Richmond, Virginia. She was raised in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, where she graduated high school. She died in Washington, D.C. at age 98.
Marta Eggerth

**Marta Eggerth** (April 17, 1912 – December 26, 2013) was a Hungarian actress whose career lasted almost thirty years. She did movies, stage and television. That included the Broadway musical _Higher and Higher_.  Eggerth was born in Budapest.

Eggerth died on December 26, 2013 in Rye, New York from natural causes, aged 101.

## Other websites

- Marta Eggerth on Internet Broadway Database
- Photographs and literature
- Marta Eggerth on PatriaMusic
- WNYC "Evening Music" segment
- "Marta Eggerth's YouTube channel"
Anne Brown

**Annie Wiggins Brown**, or **Anne Brown** (August 9, 1912 – March 13, 2009) was an American soprano and actress. She was in many stage plays. She was the first person to play the role of Bess in the opera stage play _Peggy and Bess_. She was also a radio performer and musician. Other notable plays included _Mamba's Daughters_ and _Pins and Needles_.

Brown was born in Baltimore, Maryland, but later moved to Oslo, Norway. She died at 96.
Reta Shaw

**Reta Shaw** (13 September 1912 – 8 January 1982) was an American actress. She was known for playing condescending or domineering women, mostly on television. She acted in _The Dick Van Dyke Show_ as an unemployment office worker. She played Mrs. Brill in the movie _Mary Poppins_.

Shaw was born in Maine. She died from pneumonia at age sixty-nine.
Evelyn Venable

**Evelyn Venable** (October 18, 1913 – November 15, 1993) was an American actress. She performed as the Blue Fairy in _Pinocchio_, a 1940 movie. She also played the mother of Shirley Temple in the movie _The Little Colonel_.

Venable was born in Cincinnati, Ohio. She died from cancer in Idaho, aged eighty.
Joanne Linville

**Beverly Joanne Linville** (January 15, 1928 – June 20, 2021) was an American Jewish actress. She acted in a lot of television series and movies. Her television work includes: _Gunsmoke_, _Have Gun Will Travel_ and _Alfred Hitchcock Presents_. Her movies include _The Goddess_ and _Gable and Lombard_.

Linville was born in Bakersfield, California. She was married to director Mark Rydell from 1962 until they divorced in 1973. Linville died in Los Angeles on June 20, 2021 at the age of 93.
Robert Stack

**Charles Langford Modini Stack** (or **Robert Stack**; 13 January 1919 – 14 May 2003) was an American television and movie actor. He also hosted television programs. He played crime fighter Eliot Ness in the TV series _The Untouchables_ and in the series _The Name of the Game_. He hosted _Unsolved Mysteries_ (1987-2002).

Stack was born in Los Angeles. He died of heart failure at age 84 at his home in Bel-Air, California. He was married to actress Rosemarie Bowe from 1956 until his death. They're great-nephew is SNL comedian Taran Killam.
Bristol Beaufighter

The **Bristol Beaufighter** is a British military aircraft of World War II. It is a twin-engine aircraft. It has two or three seats. It is built of metal and wood. It was developed from the Bristol Beaufort light bomber. It was used by the Royal Air Force, Royal Canadian Air Force, and United States Army Air Force. After war, it was used by other countries like Dominican Republic, Israel, and Turkey. It was used until May 1960 when it was put out of service. At the time 5,928 were built.

## Infobox (aircraft begin)

- **name**: Bristol Beaufighter
- **image**: File:Royal_Air_Force_Operations_in_Malta,_Gibraltar_and_the_Mediterranean,_1939-1945._CM5109.jpg
- **caption**: Couple of **Bristol Beaufighter** over Malta.


## Infobox (aircraft type)

- **type**: Fighter aircraft, Night Fighter & attack aircraft.
- **national origin**: United Kingdom
- **manufacturer**: Bristol Aeroplane Company, Bristol
- **first flight**: 1939
- **introduction**: 1940
- **status**: Out of service.
- **primary user**: Royal Air Force.
- **number built**: 5928
Agusta A.109

The **Agusta A.109** is an Italian helicopter. It has both civilian and military use. It is a twin-turboshaft helicopter built in all-metal. Its uniqueness comes from its retractable landing gear. From 2000 it has been built as **AW.109** by the British and Italian company AgustaWestland. AgustaWestland AW119 Koala is a modernized variant.

## Infobox (aircraft begin)

- **name**: Agusta A.109
- **image**: File:Nigerian_Air_Force_Agusta_A-109_Iwelumo-1.jpg
- **caption**: Nigeria, Nigerian Air Force **Agusta A.109**.


## Infobox (aircraft type)

- **type**: Helicopter, Light helicopter
- **national origin**: Italy
- **manufacturer**: Agusta
- **first flight**: 1971
- **introduction**: 1976
- **status**: Active
HTC Evo 4G LTE

The **HTC Evo 4G LTE** is mobile phone by Sprint and manufactured by HTC. It runs on Android 4.0.4 Ice cream sandwich It released in May 24, 2012.

## Infobox (mobile phone)

- **name**: HTC EVO 4G LTE
- **codename**: Jewel
- **image**: HTCEvo4GLTE lockscreen.jpg
- **manufacturer**: HTC Corporation
- **carrier**: Sprint Nextel
- **available**: Shipped May 24, 2012 (For those who pre-ordered through Sprint online) June 2, for all other consumers.
- **price**: $199.99 with 2-yr contract
- **predecessor**: HTC Evo 4G
HTC Evo 3D
- **related**: HTC One X
- **successor**: HTC One (2013), HTC One
- **screen**: 1280x720 pixel, px, 4.7 in at 312 Pixels per inch, ppi Capacitive TFT LCD, Super-LCD 2
- **camera**: Backside illumination 8-megapixel autofocus with LED flash, rear-facing
- **2nd camera**: 1.3-megapixel
- **os**: Android (operating system), Android 4.0.4 (Upgradeable to Android 4.3 with Sense 5) unofficial upgrades to 6.0 Marshmallow
- **input**: Multi-touch touchscreen display
3-axis accelerometer
 3-axis gyroscope
 magnetometer, Digital compass
proximity sensor, Proximity sensor
photodetector, Ambient light sensor
- **battery**: 2000 mAh Lithium-ion battery, Li-ion (non-removable by user)
- **soc**: Qualcomm Snapdragon (system on chip), Snapdragon S4 MSM8960
- **cpu**: Dual-Core, 1.5 GHz Qualcomm MSM8960 (Krait (CPU), Krait)
- **gpu**: Qualcomm Adreno 225
- **size**: H
 W
 D
- **memory**: 1 GB RAM
- **memory card**: Micro-SDHC
- **storage**: 16 GB MultiMediaCard, eMMC
- **networks**: Sprint Nextel, Sprint
- **connectivity**: LTE (telecommunication), LTE, CDMA2000, Bluetooth 4.0, Wi-Fi supporting 802.11 a/b/g/n, Wi-Fi Direct. Wi-Fi hotspot, micro-USB with MHL link, Near Field Communication, NFC
AgustaWestland AW119 Koala

The **AgustaWestland AW119 Koala** is a modernized variant of Italian helicopter Agusta A.109. It is a single-turboshaft helicopter built entirely of metal.

## Infobox (aircraft begin)

- **image**: File:AgustaWestland_AW119_N243SM_001.jpg
- **caption**: Civilian **AgustaWestland AW119 Koala** registered in USA.


## Infobox (aircraft type)

- **type**: Helicopter, Light helicopter
- **national origin**: Italy
- **manufacturer**: AgustaWestland
- **first flight**: 1995
- **introduction**: 2000
- **status**: Active
- **unit cost**: 1.85 millions $ in 2000.
Iris Murdoch

**Dame Jean Iris Murdoch** <small>DBE</small> (15 July 1919 – 8 February 1999) was an Irish-born British author, known professionally as **Iris Murdoch**. Her novels were about good and evil, sexual relationships and the power of the unconscious. Her first book, _Under the Net_, was released in 1954 and became a classic. Her other memorable books include _The Black Prince_ and _The Sea, the Sea_. Both of those books were about eroticism and love. In 1987, she was made a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire.

Murdoch was born in Dublin, Ireland. She died at age seventy-nine due to Alzheimer's disease in Oxfordshire, England.