juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Galaţi

**Galaţi** ( in Romanian, ; ;  ) is a city in the eastern part of Romania, in the historical region of Moldavia. It is the capital city of Galaţi County.

It lies on the west bank of the Danube River, near Moldova and Ukraine.

As of 2011, about 196,003 people lived in Galaţi. But in 2016, 304,000 people were living in Galaţi.

## Sister cities

- Coventry, England; since 1963.
- Piraeus, Greece; since 1985.
- Wuhan, China; since 1987.
- Pessac, France; since 1991.
- Limón, Costa Rica; since 1992.
- Hammond, United States; since 1997.
- Mykolaiv, Ukraine; since 2002.
- Odesa, Ukraine; since 2002.
- Sevastopol, Ukraine; since 2002.
- Yalta, Ukraine; since 2002.
- Ancona, Italy.
- Jesi, Italy; since 2003.
- Scottsbluff, United States; since 2007
- Bombay, India; since 2007.
- Brindisi, Italy; since 2007.

## Other websites

- Official site
- Pictures of old Galaţi

## Infobox (settlement)

- **subdivision type**: Countries of the world, Country
- **timezone**: Eastern European Time, EET
- **utc offset**: +2
- **timezone dst**: Eastern European Summer Time, EEST
- **utc offset dst**: +3
- **map caption**: Location of Galaţi
- **image skyline**: Galati - zona portului vechi.jpg
- **image map**: Galati in Romania.png
- **image shield**: ROU GL Galati CoA.png
- **official name**: Galaţi
- **subdivision type1**: Counties of Romania, County
- **subdivision name1**: Galaţi County
- **subdivision type2**: Subdivisions of Romania, Status
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Dumitru Nicolae
- **leader party**: Social Democratic Party (Romania), Social Democratic Party
- **area total km2**: 246.3
- **population as of**: 2002
- **population total**: 298,861
- **population density km2**: 1213
- **population metro**: roughly 600,000
- **website**: http://www.primaria.galati.ro/
- **image caption**: Galaţi, Romania near a river
Historische Zeitschrift

***Historische Zeitschrift*** was founded in 1859 by Heinrich von Sybel and is considered to be the first and for a time the foremost historical journal. The creation of the journal inspired Gabriel Monod to found the French _Revue historique_ in 1876. In 1886, the _English Historical Review_ was founded, and in 1895, the _American Historical Review_ was founded.
Bran Castle

**Bran Castle** (; ) is a castle near Bran  in the area of Braşov, Romania.  It is a national monument and landmark in Romania.  The fortress lies on the border between Transylvania and Wallachia, on Highway 73.

The castle is known as "Dracula's Castle". It was used as the home of Dracula in Bram Stoker's _Dracula_.

## Other websites

- Official Site of Castle Bran
United Nations Development Programme

The **United Nations Development Programme** (**UNDP**) is the United Nations' global development network. The UNDP is an executive board within the United Nations General Assembly. The UNDP Administrator is the third highest-ranking member of the United Nations after the United Nations Secretary-General and Deputy Secretary-General.

The mission of UNDP is to help global sustainable development against poverty and to promote democratic society. UNDP  publishes the Human Development Index and a Human Development Report every year and directed the United Nations Development Fund for Women until 2010.

## Related pages

- World Population Day

## Other websites

- United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
Bucharest Tower Center

**Tower Center International** is a class A office building in Bucharest. It has 25 floors and a surface of . It is near Victoria Square, or 1 Mai zone. At a height of , it is the tallest building in Bucharest, as well as in Romania, but not the tallest structure.

## Infobox (skyscraper)

- **building name**: Tower Center International
- **caption**: Tower Center International
- **location**: Bucharest, Romania
- **status**: Complete
- **groundbreaking date**: 2005
- **opening**: 2007
- **roof**: 106.3 m
- **floor count**: 25
- **cost**: US$ 56.000.000
- **floor area**: 25.000 sqm
- **structural engineer**: Emanuel E. Necula Consulting Engineers P.C.
- **owner**: Avrig 35
Jordanes

**Jordanes** (also **Jordanis**, or **Iornandes**), was a 6th-century Roman clerk who became a historian later in life.
Eutropius

**Eutropius** was a polytheist historian for Julian the Apostate in the late 4th century.

## Writings

Eutropius wrote a ten-book summary of Roman history called _Historiae romanae breviarium_ between the years of 350 and 370. This is his only known writing.
Constantine VII

**Constantine VII** _Porphyrogennetos_ or _Porphyrogenitus_, "the Purple-born" (), (September 2, 905 – November 9, 959) was the son of the Byzantine emperor Leo VI and his fourth wife Zoe Karbonopsina. He was also the nephew of the Emperor Alexander. He wrote two descriptive books, _De Administrando Imperio_ and _De Ceremoniis_.

## Infobox (monarch)

- **name**: Constantine VII
- **title**: Byzantine Emperor, Emperor of the Byzantine Empire
- **image**: Follis-Constantine VII and Zoe-sb1758.jpg
- **caption**: Constantine and his mother Zoe Karvounopsina, Zoë.
- **reign**: Co-emperor 908 - 945
Emperor January 27, 945 - November 9, 959
- **full name**: Constantine Porphyrogenitus
(Born of the Purple Room)
- **predecessor**: Alexander (Byzantine emperor), Alexander
- **successor**: Romanos II
- **spouse 1**: Helena Lekapene
- **issue**: Romanos II
Theodroa
- **dynasty**: Macedonian dynasty
- **father**: Leo VI the Wise, Leo VI
- **mother**: Zoe Karbonopsina
- **birth date**: September 2, 905
- **death date**: November 9, 959
Silent Alarm

***Silent Alarm*** is the first album by Bloc Party. Bloc Party is an English rock band. It was released on February 4, 2005 in the UK. In the USA, it was released on March 18, 2005.

## Track listing

1. "Like Eating Glass" – 4:22
1. "Helicopter" – 3:40
1. "Positive Tension" – 3:55
1. "Banquet" – 3:21
1. "Blue Light" – 2:47
1. "She's Hearing Voices" – 3:29
1. "This Modern Love" – 4:25
1. "The Pioneers" – 3:35
1. "Price of Gasoline" – 4:19
1. "So Here We Are" – 3:52
1. "Luno" – 3:57
1. "Plans" – 4:10
1. " Liz Hurley is a beautiful British lady and a lovely lady and a very beautiful femme fatale " – 4:43

The albums tracks were written by lead singer Kele Okereke and guitarist Russell Lissack. The album was produced by Paul Epworth who also produced "A Certain Trigger" by Maximo Park and "Made Of Bricks" by Kate Nash.

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Silent Alarm
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: Bloc Party
- **released**: February 4, 2005
- **recorded**: June and July 2004
- **label**: Wichita Recordings, Wichita
- **producer**: Paul Epworth, Bloc Party
- **next title**: A Weekend in the City
- **next year**: 2007
Timișoara

**Timişoara** is a city in the Banat area.  It is found in the western part of Romania.  It is the capital of Timiş County.  About 332,000 people live in Timişoara.

## Sister cities

The following are the sister cities of Timişoara:

- Sassari, Italy
- Faenza, Italy
- Mulhouse, France
- Cancún, Mexico
- Karlsruhe, Germany
- Rueil-Malmaison, France
- Gera, Germany
- Szeged, Hungary
- Treviso, Italy
- Novi Sad, Serbia
- Palermo, Italy
- Shenzhen, China
- Zrenjanin, Serbia
- Nottingham, England
- Bega, New South Wales, Australia

## Other websites

- City of Timisoara Homepage

## Infobox (settlement)

- **subdivision type**: Countries of the world, Country
- **subdivision name**: Romania
- **timezone**: Eastern European Time, EET
- **utc offset**: +2
- **timezone dst**: Eastern European Summer Time, EEST
- **utc offset dst**: +3
- **map caption**: Location of Timişoara
- **nickname**: Little Vienna
- **official name**: Timişoara
- **image skyline**: File:Festivalul Florilor TimFloralis.jpg
- **image shield**: Stema Timisoara.svg
- **image map**: Timisoara in Europe.png
- **subdivision type1**: Counties of Romania, County
- **subdivision name1**: Timiş County
- **subdivision type2**: Subdivisions of Romania, Status
- **leader party**: Save Romania Union, USR PLUS
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Dominic Fritz
- **area total km2**: 130,5
- **area metro km2**: 2.439,19
- **population as of**: 2016
- **population total**: 331,927
- **population metro**: 468,162
- **population blank1 title**: Pop<small> (2006)</small>
- **population density km2**: 2379
- **website**: http://www.primariatm.ro/
CBeebies

**CBeebies** is a British free-to-air children's public broadcast television channel aimed at preschoolers. The sister channel CBBC, which encourages to children's aimed at elementary and middle schoolers. Every day timesharing with BBC Four between 7:00 pm and 4:00 am.

## History

On November 20, 2001, the CBeebies name was officially revealed as part of the split of the already-existing CBBC block and would be used as both a children's block and a digital channel. On February 11, 2002, the CBeebies channel launched, alongside the CBBC channel, these six programs to air on the channel were _Binka_, _Bits and Bobs_, _Bob the Builder_, _Postman Pat_, _Step Inside_, and _Teletubbies_.

## Presenters

Live presenters have been on CBeebies since the channel's launch, those are currently presenting CBeebies are Sue Monroe, Chris Jarvis, Pui Fan Lee, Sidney Sloane, Justin Fletcher, Sarah-Jane Honeywell, Eva Alexander, Andy Day, Alex Winters, Cerrie Burnell, Katy Ashworth, Cat Sandion, and Dodge T. Dog (voiced by Warrick Brownlow-Pike).

## International and non-English versions

The international launch for the CBeebies channel found in India in May 2007, although the channel was shut down at the end of November 2012 due to "commercial considerations". The Polish CBeebies channel was launched on December 2, 2007, while feeds in Latin America, East, Southeast Asia, South Africa and Australia were launched in late 2008. In March 2011, the service on demand version of the network was launched in the United States and is available on Xfinity.

On November 5, 2001, the spinoff channel also aired in Canada as a block on BBC Kids until shuts down on December 31, 2018.
On December 10, 2013, the high-definition network formerly _CBeebies HD_, it launched along with BBC's other sister channels.

## Infobox (television channel)

- **name**: CBeebies
- **logo**: CBeebies 2023.svg
- **logo size**: 250px
- **logo caption**: The second logo used since March 15, 2023
- **picture format**: 1080i HDTV

- **slogan**: _Everyone's welcome_
- **country**: United Kingdom
- **area**: United Kingdom and other services worldwide
- **network**: BBC One (until 2012)
BBC Two (until 2013 and then later revived in 2022)
BBC Alba (in Scottish Gaelic only)
- **headquarters**: CBeebies House, MediaCityUK, Salford, England, UK
- **language**: English
- **owner**: BBC
BBC Studios (international network)
- **replaced**: CBBC on Choice (demerged with CBBC - originally children's strand on BBC Choice)
- **sister channels**: BBC One
BBC Two
BBC Three
BBC Four
BBC Alba
BBC News (TV channel), BBC News
BBC Parliament
CBBC (TV channel), CBBC
- **terr serv 1**: Freeview (UK), Freeview (UK)
- **terr chan 1**: Channel 202 (SD)
Channel 205 (HD)
- **online serv 1**: BBC iPlayer
- **online chan 1**: [https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/live/cbeebies Watch live] (UK only)
Ploiești

**Ploieşti** is the county seat of Prahova County. It can be found in the historical region of Wallachia in Romania. About 232,500 people were living in Ploieşti as of the year 2002.

## Sister cities

These are the sister cities of Ploieşti:

## Other websites

- Municipality of Ploieşti, official site

## Infobox (settlement)

- **subdivision type**: Countries of the world, Country
- **timezone**: Eastern European Time, EET
- **utc offset**: +2
- **timezone dst**: Eastern European Summer Time, EEST
- **utc offset dst**: +3
- **map caption**: Location of Ploieşti
- **official name**: Ploieşti
- **image map**: Ploiesti_in_Romania.png
- **image flag**: ROU PH Ploiesti Flag.png
- **image shield**: ROU PH Ploiesti CoA.gif
- **subdivision type1**: Counties of Romania, County
- **subdivision name1**: Prahova County
- **subdivision type2**: Subdivisions of Romania, Status
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Andrei Volosevici
- **leader party**: Democratic Liberal Party (Romania), Democratic Liberal Party
- **area total km2**: 58.2
- **population as of**: 2002
- **population total**: 232527
- **population blank1**: 250541
- **population blank1 title**: Jan. 1, 2006
- **population density km2**: 3990
- **population metro**: 327,923
- **website**: http://www.ploiesti.ro/
Brăila

**Brăila** is a city of Muntenia, in the eastern part of Romania.  It is the capital of Brăila County. As of the year 2002, about 216,300 people were living in Brăila. It is Romania's tenth largest city and has a port on the Danube river.

## Other websites

- Brăila Online
- Brăila Online

## Infobox (settlement)

- **subdivision type**: Countries of the world, Country
- **subdivision name**: Romania
- **timezone**: Eastern European Time, EET
- **utc offset**: +2
- **timezone dst**: Eastern European Summer Time, EEST
- **utc offset dst**: +3
- **map caption**: Location of Brăila
- **official name**: Brăila
- **image skyline**: Braila 3.jpg
- **image map**: Braila_in_Romania.png
- **image shield**: ROU BR Braila CoA.png
- **subdivision type1**: Counties of Romania, County
- **subdivision name1**: Brăila County
- **subdivision type2**: Subdivisions of Romania, Status
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Aurel Gabriel Simionescu
- **leader party**: Social Democratic Party (Romania), Social Democratic Party
- **area total km2**: 33.2
- **population as of**: 2007
- **population total**: 210400
- **population blank1**: 219496
- **population blank1 title**: July 1, 2004
- **population density km2**: 6497
- **population metro**: 600,000
Earth-crosser asteroid

An ***Earth-crosser asteroid*** is an asteroid whose orbit crosses Earth's orbit.
Bergen-Belsen concentration camp

**Bergen-Belsen concentration camp** was a Nazi concentration camp during World War II. About 120,000 people were held in the concentration camp. At least 52,000 people died in the concentration camp or soon after because of how they were treated there. There was also a prisoner of war camp at Bergen-Belsen where at least 19,700 more people died.

## Liberation

The camp was liberated on 15 April 1945 by British soldiers. There were around 55,000 people in the concentration camp. They also found more than 13,000 unburied dead bodies.

The scenes were horrific. They were described by the BBC's Richard Dimbleby, who was with the British soldiers:

### Notable inmates

- Anne Frank
- Margot Frank

## Related pages

- Genocide
- World War II
- Kristallnacht
- Nazi Germany
- The Holocaust
- Antisemitism in Europe
- Jedwabne pogrom (1941)
- Nazi concentration camps

## Other websites

- Investigating Bergen-Belsen | Imperial War Museums on _iwm.org.uk_
Grimsby and Immingham Electric Railway

The **Grimsby & Immingham Electric Railway** was an electric tramway network linking the township of Grimsby and the then village of Immingham in Lincolnshire.
It is probably best described by the American term "Inter-Urban" as it links the places in its title by a reserved way rather than through the streets.

## Infobox (rail)

- **railroad name**: Grimsby & Immingham Electric Railway
- **system map**: Grimsby and Immingham Tramway plan.png
- **map caption**: The Grimsby and Immingham Light Railway
- **locale**: England
- **start year**: 1923
- **end year**: 1961
- **successor line**: Abandoned
- **length**: 5 miles
- **hq city**: Grimsby
Chesterfield tramway

The **Chesterfield and District Tramways Company** was a tramway system in the Derbyshire town of Chesterfield.

## Infobox (rail)

- **railroad name**: Chesterfield Tramway
- **start year**: 1882
- **end year**: 1927
- **length**: 3⅝ miles (5.8km)
- **hq city**: Chesterfield
- **locale**: England
- **successor**: Abandoned
Douglas Southern Electric Tramway

**Douglas Southern Electric Tramway** was a standard gauge tramway which ran from the top of Douglas Head on the Isle of Man to the nearby resort of Port Soderick atop the cliffs via a number of spectacular viaducts and bridges.

## References

<div class="references-small">

</div>
Etruscan shrew

The **Etruscan shrew** (_Suncus etruscus_) is also known as the **Etruscan pygmy shrew** or the **white-toothed pygmy shrew**. It is the smallest known mammal by mass. The Bumblebee bat has a smaller skull.

The smallest adults of this shrew weigh about 1.3 grams and are 36 mm (1.42 inches) long. This small mammal is 60 mm from the tip of the nose to the base of the tail; the tail is about 40 mm long.

The shrew has a lifespan of 15 months. The Etruscan shrew lives in forests and brush areas between southern Asia and southern Europe. The shrew mostly eats insects.

## Other websites

- Savi's pygmy shrew, Etruscan shrew
Derby Tramways

**Derby Tramway** was tram system that serverd the city of Derby (then a town), England. It opened on 27 July 1904. It was closed nearly 30 years later, on the 29 June 1934.

## Preserved trams

Tramcar n°1 is the only Derby tramcar preserved and is located at the National Tramway Museum in Crich, Derbyshire. This tram was used for crew training prior to the opening of the system.

## Infobox (rail)

- **railroad name**: Derby Tramway
- **start year**: 1904
- **end year**: 1934
- **hq city**: Derby
- **locale**: England
- **successor**: Abandoned
George Stephenson

**George Stephenson** (9 June 1781  12 August 1848) was an English civil engineer and mechanical engineer. He built the first public railway line in the world to use steam locomotives. He is known as the "Father of Railways". George was born in Wylam, which is in Northumberland.

Stephenson's rail gauge of 4 feet 8½ inches (1,435 mm), sometimes called the "Stephenson gauge", is the standard gauge for most of the world's railways. He also invented a miner's safety lamp, which was widely used in the north of England.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: George Stephenson
- **image**: GeorgeStephenson.PNG
- **caption**: Engineer and Inventor
- **birth place**: Wylam, Northumberland, England
- **death date**: (age 67)
- **death place**: Tapton House, Chesterfield, Derbyshire, England
- **death cause**: Pleurisy
British Rail Class D3/3

**British Rail Class D3/3** was a 0-6-0 shunting locomotive built by British Rail at their Derby Works in England. It was similar to the British Rail Class 08, except they were built with different engines and traction motors. They were all withdrawn and scrapped after only twelve years of service.

## Infobox (locomotive)

- **name**: British Rail Class D3/3
- **powertype**: Diesel-electric
- **roadnumber**: 13117–13126; later D3117–D3126
- **builder**: British Railways’ Derby Works
- **builddate**: 1955
- **totalproduction**: 10
- **primemover**: Crossley ESNT 6
- **tractionmotors**: Crompton Parkinson, 2 off
- **whytetype**: 0-6-0 DE
- **uicclass**: C
- **trainbrakes**: Vacuum
- **poweroutput**: _Engine:_
- **trainheating**: None
- **multipleworking**: Not fitted
- **axleloadclass**: Route availability 5
- **railroad**: British Railways
- **railroadclass**: D3/3; later 3/1B; no TOPS class
- **retiredate**: 1966–1967
British Rail Class D3/5

**British Rail Class D3/5** was a shunting locomotive built by British Rail at their Darlington Works in England. It was a diesel powered locomotive in the pre-TOPS period and the class was numbered 13152–13166 (later renumbered D3152-D3166).

## Infobox (locomotive)

- **name**: British Rail Class D3/5
- **powertype**: Diesel-electric
- **roadnumber**: 13152–13166; later D3152–D3156
- **builder**: British Railways’ Darlington Works
- **builddate**: 1955
- **totalproduction**: 15
- **primemover**: R A Lister and Company, Lister-Mirrlees Blackstone, Blackstone ER6T
- **tractionmotors**: BTH, 2 off
- **whytetype**: 0-6-0 DE
- **uicclass**: C
- **trainbrakes**: Vacuum
- **poweroutput**: _Engine:_
- **trainheating**: None
- **multipleworking**: Not fitted
- **axleloadclass**: Route availability
- **railroad**: British Railways
- **railroadclass**: DEJ6; later D3/5; later 3/1D; no TOPS class
- **retiredate**: 1967
- **disposition**: All scrapped
British Rail Class D3/6

**Class D3/6** were diesel shunters built in 1935 by English Electric for the London, Midland and Scottish Railway. They were the first of a new design of diesel shunters based on the English Electric 6K of 350 hp diesel engine. One demonstrator and ten production locomotives were built, numbered 7079 and 7069-7078 by the LMS. Three of these later became British Rail numbers 12000–12002 (previously 7074/76/79 respectively). The remainder were sold to the British War Department in 1940 and were shipped to France during World War II. Of these the first production locomotive, no. 7069, survived the war and was used in industrial service in France. It was later repatriated for preservation and is now based at the Gloucestershire Warwickshire Railway.

## Infobox (locomotive)

- **name**: British Rail Class D3/6
- **powertype**: Diesel-electric
- **roadnumber**: LMS 7069–7079;
BR 12000–12002
- **builder**: English Electric at Hawthorn Leslie
- **serialnumber**: HL: 3841–3850, 3816
- **builddate**: 1934 (1), 1935 (10)
- **primemover**: English Electric diesel engines, English Electric 6K
- **tractionmotors**: English Electric, 2 off
- **whytetype**: 0-6-0 DE
- **uicclass**: C
- **poweroutput**: _Engine:_
- **trainheating**: None
- **multipleworking**: Not fitted
- **axleloadclass**: Route availability 5
- **railroad**: London, Midland and Scottish Railway,
War Department (UK), War Department,
British Railways
- **railroadclass**: LMS: 0F; BR: D3/6
British Rail Class D3/7

**British Railways Class D3/7** were diesel shunters built from May 1939 through to July 1942 by the London, Midland and Scottish Railway at their Derby Works. Like the earlier British Rail Class D3/6, they had the English Electric 6K diesel engine of . But a big change was having a "Jackshaft" type of connection between engine and wheels (like a diesel mechanical shunter). These were given LMS numbers 7080–7119. Ten were loaned to the War Department in 1941, and sold to the WD the following year. All ten survived the war; six were then sold to Egyptian Railways and four to Italian State Railways (Ferrovie dello Stato—FS).

## Infobox (locomotive)

- **name**: British Rail Class D3/7
- **powertype**: Diesel-electric
- **roadnumber**: LMS:7080–7119;
BR: 12003–12032
- **builder**: London, Midland and Scottish Railway’s Derby Works
- **builddate**: 1939–1942
- **totalproduction**: 40
- **primemover**: English Electric diesel engines, English Electric 6K
- **tractionmotors**: English Electric, 1 off
- **whytetype**: 0-6-0 DE
- **uicclass**: C
- **locoweight**: _7080–7099:_ ,
_7100–7119:_
- **poweroutput**: _Engine:_
- **trainheating**: None
- **multipeworking**: Not fitted
- **axleloadclass**: _7080–7099:_ Route availability, RA 7,
_7110–7119:_ RA 6
- **railroad**: London, Midland and Scottish Railway,
British Railways
- **railroadclass**: LMS: 0F, BR: D3/7; later 3/8 and 3/8B
- **retiredate**: 1964(1), 1966–1967
British Rail Class D3/9

**British Rail Class D3/9** was a class of four locomotives built by the London and North Eastern Railway at their Doncaster Works in England. It was a diesel powered locomotive in the pre-TOPS period.

## Infobox (locomotive)

- **name**: LNER J45 or DES1 class
British Rail Class D3/9
- **powertype**: Diesel-electric
- **roadnumber**: LNER 8000–8003, BR 15000–15003
- **builder**: London and North Eastern Railway’s Doncaster Works
- **serialnumber**: 1960, 1963, 1973, 1978
- **builddate**: 1944–1945
- **totalproduction**: 4
- **primemover**: English Electric diesel engines, English Electric 6KT
- **tractionmotors**: English Electric, 2 off
- **whytetype**: 0-6-0 DE
- **uicclass**: C
- **trainbrakes**: Vacuum
- **poweroutput**: _Engine:_
- **trainheating**: None
- **multipleworking**: Not fitted
- **axleloadclass**: LNER: Route availability, RA 5;
BR: RA 7
- **railroad**: London and North Eastern Railway,
British Railways
- **railroadclass**: LNER: J45; DES1 from September 1945;
BR: DEJ1; later D3/9; later 3/10
- **retiredate**: 1967
- **disposition**: All scrapped, 1968
British Rail Class D3/10

**British Rail Class D3/10** was a locomotive commissioned by the Great Western Railway in England, and later taken over by British Railways. It was a diesel powered locomotive in the pre-TOPS period.

## Infobox (locomotive)

- **name**: British Rail Class D3/10
- **powertype**: Diesel-electric
- **roadnumber**: GWR: 2; BR: 15100
- **builder**: English Electric at Hawthorn Leslie
- **serialnumber**: HL: 3853
- **builddate**: 1935
- **totalproduction**: 1
- **primemover**: English Electric diesel engines, English Electric 6K
- **tractionmotors**: English Electric, 2 off
- **whytetype**: 0-6-0 DE
- **uicclass**: C
- **poweroutput**: _Engine:_
- **trainheating**: None
- **multipleworking**: Not fitted
- **axleloadclass**: Route availability 5
- **railroad**: Great Western Railway,
British Railways
- **railroadclass**: BR: D3/10; later 3/11A
- **retiredate**: Apri 1965
- **disposition**: Scrapped
British Rail Class D3/11

**British Rail Class D3/11** was a locomotive commissioned by the Great Western Railway, but delivered to its successor British Rail in England. It was a diesel powered locomotive in the pre-TOPS period.

## Infobox (locomotive)

- **name**: British Rail Class D3/11
- **powertype**: Diesel-electric
- **roadnumber**: 15101–15106
- **builder**: British Railways’ Swindon Works
- **ordernumber**: Swindon Lot 346
- **builddate**: 1948
- **totalproduction**: 6
- **primemover**: English Electric diesel engines, English Electric 6KT
- **generator**: English Electric 801B
- **tractionmotors**: English Electric 506B, 2 off
- **whytetype**: 0-6-0 DE
- **uicclass**: C
- **trainbrakes**: None
- **locobrakes**: Air
- **poweroutput**: _Engine:_ ,
_At rail:_
- **trainheating**: None
- **multipleworking**: Not fitted
- **axleloadclass**: Route availability 5
- **railroad**: British Railways
- **railroadclass**: D3/11; later 3/11
- **retiredate**: 1967
- **disposition**: All scrapped
British Rail Class D3/12

**British Rail class D3/12** was a class of three diesel electric shunting trains built by the Southern Railway in 1937. They were numbered 1 to 3 in a separate list from the SR's steam-powered trains. They were later renumbered by British Railways 15201–15203. Later, twenty-six similar trains were built after nationalisation as British Rail Class 12.

## Infobox (locomotive)

- **name**: Southern Railway diesels 1–3
British Rail Class D3/12
- **powertype**: Diesel-electric
- **roadnumber**: SR: 1–3;
BR: 15201–15203
- **builder**: Southern Railway (Great Britain), Southern Railway’s Ashford Works
- **ordernuber**: SR Ashford 936
- **builddate**: 1937
- **totalproduction**: 3
- **primemover**: English Electric diesel engines, English Electric 6K
- **tractionmotors**: English Electric, 2 off
- **whytetype**: 0-6-0 DE
- **uicclass**: C
- **poweroutput**: _Engine:_
- **trainheating**: None
- **multipleworking**: Not fitted
- **railroad**: Southern Railway (Great Britain), Southern Railway,
British Railways
- **railroadclass**: BR: D3/12; later 3/9A
- **retiredate**: 1964
- **disposition**: All scrapped
British Rail Class D3/14

**British Rail Class D3/14** was a diesel-electric locomotive built by the London and North Eastern Railway at its Doncaster Works. It had a  Petter engine, and Brush Traction electricals. It was absorbed by British Railways on nationalisation, but was withdrawn in the pre-TOPS era.

## Infobox (locomotive)

- **name**: LNER DES2
British Rail Class D3/14
- **powertype**: Diesel-electric
- **roadnumber**: LNER: (none);
BR: 15004
- **builder**: London and North Eastern Railway’s Doncaster Works
- **builddate**: 1947
- **totalproduction**: 1
- **primemover**: Petters Limited, Petter SS4
- **tractionmotors**: Brush Traction, 2 off
- **whytetype**: 0-6-0 DE
- **uicclass**: C
- **trainbrakes**: Vacuum
- **poweroutput**: _Engine:_
- **trainheating**: None
- **multipleworking**: Not fitted
- **axleloadclass**: Route availability  5
- **railroad**: London and North Eastern Railway,
British Railways
- **railroadclass**: LNER: DES2; BR: DEJ2; later D13/4; later 3/2
- **retiredate**: September 1962
- **disposition**: Scrapped, Doncaster Works
British Rail Class D16/1

**British Railways Class D16/1** or 10000 and 10001 were the first mainline diesel locomotives in Great Britain.  They were built by the London, Midland and Scottish Railway at its Derby Works, using the EE16SVT 1600 hp diesel engine with electric transmission, in association with English Electric and the Vulcan Foundry, with whom the LMS had had a long working relationship.

## Infobox (locomotive)

- **name**: LMS 10000 & 10001
(British Rail class D16/1)
- **powertype**: Diesel-electric
- **image**: Chinley EX 30.jpg
- **caption**: No.10000 at Chinley
- **builder**: London, Midland and Scottish Railway, LMS Derby Works
- **ordernumber**: LMS Lot number 198
- **builddate**: 1947–1948
- **totalproduction**: 2
- **britishclass**: Co-Co locomotives, Co-Co
- **uicclass**: Co′Co′
- **locoweight**: later
- **fuelcap**: _main_  _service_
- **primemover**: English Electric diesel engines, English Electric 16SVT Mk I
- **rpmrange**: 450 - 750 rpm
- **transmission**: Diesel-electric transmission, Diesel electric
- **tractionmotors**: English Electric, EE 519/3B, 6 off
- **multipleworking**: Yes
- **poweroutput**: gross,  net
- **tractiveeffort**: _max_
- **trainbrakes**: Vacuum brake, Vacuum
- **trainheating**: Clarkson Steam generator (railroad), Steam generator, later replaced by Spanner  per hour model
- **operatorclass**: BR (ER/NER): D16/1, later 16/8;
BR Class 34
- **fleetnumbers**: 10000–10001
- **withdrawndate**: 1963, 1966
- **disposition**: Both scrapped
- **notes**: Technical details: #ee103, Britain's First Main-Line Diesel-Electric Locomotives, (English Electric), except where noted
British Rail 10100

**British Railways 10100** was an unusual experimental diesel locomotive known informally as _The Fell Diesel Locomotive_ (after Lt. Col. L.F.R. Fell, who was one of the designers). It was the joint production of Davey Paxman & Co, Shell Refining & Marketing Co and Lt-Col L.F.R. Fell, built for them by the London, Midland and Scottish Railway at Derby. Sir Harry Ricardo was also involved. By the time it emerged in 1950, nationalisation had taken place and it carried British Railways livery. The locomotive had six diesel engines, four of them used for traction.  The auxiliary engines drove the pressure-chargers for the main engines and the purpose of this arrangement was to enable the main engines to deliver very high torque at low crankshaft speed.

## Infobox (locomotive)

- **name**: British Railways 10100
- **powertype**: Diesel-mechanical
- **image**: Derby works fell diesel geograph-2390424-by-Ben-Brooksbank.jpg
- **caption**: The Fell Diesel at Derby Works in June 1957
- **builder**: London, Midland and Scottish Railway, LMS, Derby Works
- **builddate**: 1951
- **whytetype**: 4-8-4
- **uicclass**: 2′D2′
- **primemover**: Paxman (engines), Paxman 12RPH, x 4
- **transmission**: Vulcan Sinclair SCRD Fluid coupling, fluid; Fell (mechanics), Fell central Transmission (mechanics), gearbox
- **poweroutput**: at 1,500 rpm
- **trainheating**: Steam generator (railroad), Steam generator
- **trainbrakes**: Vacuum brake, Vacuum
- **operator**: British Railways
- **powerclass**: 6P5F, later Type 4
- **fleetnumbers**: 10100
- **nicknames**: _Fell Diesel Locomotive_
- **withdrawndate**: 15 October 1958
- **scrapdate**: Derby Works, July 1960
British Rail Class D16/2

**British Railways Class D16/2** was a class of prototype diesel locomotive built by BR at Ashford Works and introduced in  1950–1951, with a third example being introduced in 1954.  They had been designed by Oliver Bulleid for the Southern Railway before the 1948 nationalisation but did not appear until after nationalisation.  The diesel engine and transmission were supplied by the English Electric company but the Bulleid influence was obvious.  The box-like body style closely resembled Bulleid's electric locomotives and was quite different from the usual English Electric style, typified by British Rail Class D16/1.

## Infobox (locomotive)

- **name**: British Rail Class D16/2
- **powertype**: Diesel-electric
- **image**: 10203 at Bletchley.jpg
- **caption**: 10203 approaching Bletchley, 1954
- **roadnumber**: 10201–10203
- **builder**: BR Ashford Works (2), Brighton Works (1)
- **builddate**: 1950 (10201/10202)
1954 (10203)
- **ordernumber**: SR Order 3441
- **primemover**: English Electric diesel engines, English Electric 16SVT
- **tractionmotors**: English Electric 526A, 6 off
- **uicclass**: 1Co'Co1'
- **wheeldiameter**: _Driving:_
_Idling:_
- **trainbrakes**: Vacuum
- **poweroutput**: 10201/2:
10203:
- **enginehp**: 10201/2
10203
- **railhp**: 10201/2
- **tractiveeffort**: 10201/2:
- **trainheating**: Steam generator
- **axleloadclass**: Route availability, RA 6
- **railroad**: British Railways
British Rail 10800

**British Railways 10800** was a diesel locomotive built by the North British Locomotive Company for British Railways in 1950.  It had been ordered by the London, Midland and Scottish Railway in 1946 but did not appear until after the 1948 nationalisation of the railways.

## Infobox (locomotive)

- **name**: British Railways 10800
- **powertype**: Diesel-electric
- **image**: Rugby station geograph-2389743-by-Ben-Brooksbank.jpg
- **caption**: 10800 on the down main platform at Rugby
- **builder**: North British Locomotive Company
- **builddate**: 1 July 1950
- **serialnumber**: 26413
- **primemover**: Paxman (engines), Paxman 16RPHXL Series 2
 rebuilt: Maybach MD655
- **cylindersize**:
 rebuilt:
- **transmission**: Diesel-electric transmission, Diesel electric
- **generator**: Direct current, DC
- **tractionmotors**: British Thomson-Houston, BTH 159, Direct current, DC, four (4) off
- **whytetype**: Bo-Bo
- **aarwheels**: AAR wheel arrangement, B-B
- **uicclass**: Bo′Bo′
- **trainbrakes**: Vacuum brake, Vacuum
- **locobrakes**: Brakeforce:
- **poweroutput**:
 rebuilt:
- **multipleworking**: Not fitted
- **trainheating**: Clarkson steam generator (railroad), steam generator
- **axleloadclass**: Route availability: 4
- **operator**: British Railways
- **powerclass**: 3MT; _later:_ Type 1
- **fleetnumbers**: 10800
- **retiredate**: 8 August 1959
- **disposition**: Sold Brush Traction, rebuilt into research locomotive _Hawk_, retired 1968, Cannibalization of machine parts, cannibalised 1972–1976, scrapped 1976.
British Rail Class D20/2

The British Railways **Class D20/2** diesel-hydraulic locomotives were built by the North British Locomotive Company in Glasgow during 1957 and 1958. Although never assigned a TOPS class as they were withdrawn before TOPS was introduced, British locomotive enthusiasts coined the term "Class 41".  All were named after Royal Navy vessels, hence the nameplates each bore a subtitle "Warship Class".

## Infobox (locomotive)

- **name**: British Rail Class D20/2
- **powertype**: Diesel-hydraulic
- **image**: File:Reading (General) 'Warship' Diesel-hydraulic on an Up express. geograph-2392198-by-Ben-Brooksbank.jpg
- **caption**: 'Warship' Diesel-hydraulic at Reading (General) on an Up express.
- **roadnumber**: D600–D604
- **totalproduction**: 5
- **nicknames**: “Warships”
- **builder**: North British Locomotive Company
- **serialnumber**: 27660–27664
- **builddate**: 1958–1959
- **primemover**: NBL-MAN AG, MAN L12V 18/21S, 2 off
- **transmission**: Hydraulic, Voith L306r
- **whytetype**: A1A-A1A
- **uicclass**: (A1A)'(A1A)'
- **wheeldiameter**: _Driving:_
_Idling:_
- **trainbrakes**: Vacuum
- **poweroutput**: _Engines:_  × 2
- **tractiveeffort**: _Maximum:_
_Continuous:_
- **trainheating**: Steam generator (railroad), Steam
- **multipleworking**: <span style="color:darkorange;">■</span> Orange Square
- **axleloadclass**: Route availability
- **railroad**: British Railways
- **retiredate**: December 1967
- **disposition**: All scrapped
KVIrc

**KVIrc** is a multilanguage, graphical IRC client for Windows, Linux, Unix and Mac OS. The _K_ in _K Visual IRC_ was for a dependancy to KDE, which became optional from version 2.0.0.

## Features

KVIrc is able to connect to several servers at the same time (optional with SSL and/or IPv6). Unicode, ISO-8859-*-Codes, Asian and windows-native char sets are supported. A special feature is the smart encoding, which allows you to use 2 encodings at the same time; you can send unicode and read unicode and cp-1252 for example.

Additional to the mIRC-Codes for bold, underlined and colored fonts, KVIrc owns a graphical emoticon and avatar system. This feature can be turned off.

KVIrc has its own script language named _KVS_ for extensions, addons and scripts.
Every channel, term and DCC Chat is encryptable with Blowfish or AES/Rijndael.

With _split window mode_, _users_ can divide their channel window into 2, one for chat messages and one for "commands" like joins/parts/mode changes. The size of the windows is variable, so they can hide the command window.

The _Socket spy_ feature helps developers and users to watch the raw communication between client and server to debug.

## Development

Official stable releases are not often made, but in SVN is mostly a stable version to use.

KVIrc 4.2.0 was released on July, 3rd 2012.

## Related pages

- List of IRC clients

## Other websites

- Official site
- Official forum
- Official Russian site
- [ftp://ftp.kvirc.de Official Download FTP]

## Infobox (software)

- **name**: KVIrc
- **caption**: A screenshot of KVIrc
- **developer**: Szymon Stefanek
- **programming language**: C++
- **operating system**: Cross-platform
- **genre**: IRC client
- **license**: Modified GNU General Public License, GPL
- **website**: [http://www.kvirc.de/ www.kvirc.de]
- **latest release version**: 3.4.2 stable - 3.4.3/4.0rc2 in SVN
Steam locomotives of British Railways

The **steam locomotives of British Railways** were used by British Railways over the period 1948-1968.  The majority of these were inherited from the Big Four British railway companies. In the 1950s, new British Railways Standard steam locomotives were introduced.

## Numbering

BR locomotives were numbered in the following series:
- 1 series, former Great Western Railway steam locomotives
- 10,000 series, diesel locomotives and electric locomotives
- 30,000 series, former Southern Railway steam locomotives
- 40,000 and 50,000 series, former London, Midland and Scottish Railway steam locomotives
- 60,000 series, former London and North Eastern Railway steam locomotives
- 70,000 series, British Railways Standard steam locomotives
- 90,000 series, former War Department steam locomotives (originally in 70,000 series)
- 92,000 series, BR Standard Class 9F
Gatwick Express

**Gatwick Express** is the name of a fast train service that runs on the Brighton Main Line, a railway line between Victoria station in London and the city of Brighton and Hove in South East England, stopping at Gatwick Airport on the way. It is fast because it does not stop at any stations between London Victoria and Gatwick Airport.

A Gatwick Express train leaves London Victoria station every 15 minutes and takes 30 minutes to get to Gatwick Airport station. After arriving at Gatwick Airport, at least every other train on weekdays and Saturdays continues non-stop to Brighton railway station. At peak hours, every train continues to Brighton, but makes two stops between Gatwick and Brighton. On Sundays, all trains end at Gatwick Airport; there are no trains to and from Brighton.

Before June 2008, Gatwick Express was a train operating company (TOC) and was a franchise owned by Southern, another TOC that has trains on other routes. On 22 June 2008, the Gatwick Express TOC was closed. Now the Gatwick Express is directly operated by Southern, but it is still called Gatwick Express.

## Trains

The Gatwick Express service has used many types of trains over the years. Most of them were designed just for the service.

## Related pages

- Heathrow Express
- Stansted Express
- Airport rail link

## Infobox (rail company)

- **name**: Gatwick Express
- **image**: Unit 387204 at Crewe on 19th February 2016 01.JPG
- **image size**: 250px
- **franchise**: Gatwick Trains
28 April 1996 – 22 June 2008
Part of the South Central franchise
22 June 2008 – 19 September 2009
20 September 2009 – 25 July 2015
Part of the Thameslink, Southern and Great Northern franchise
26 July 2015 – September 2021
- **logo size**: 125px
- **nameforarea**: route
- **regions**: London Victoria station, London Victoria – Gatwick Airport railway station, Gatwick Airport
- **secregions**: Brighton railway station, Brighton
- **stations**: 8
- **stationsop**: 0
- **routekm**: 43.3
- **abbr**: GX
- **parent company**: Govia Thameslink Railway
- **website**: www.gatwickexpress.com
Railfreight Distribution

**Railfreight Distribution** was a subsector of British Rail responsible for non-trainload freight operations, as well as Freightliner and Intermodal services. In its early years the division was occasionally referred to as **Speedlink Distribution**. It was later responsible for freight operations through the Channel Tunnel.
British Rail locomotive and multiple unit numbering and classification

A number of different numbering and classification schemes were used for locomotives and multiple units operated by British Railways (BR), and this page explains the principal systems. This section also covers the post-privatisation period, as the broad numbering and classification arrangements have not altered since the break-up of BR.

## Related pages

For further information on individual classes of locomotive or multiple unit, see these pages:
- List of British Rail classes
- Steam locomotives of British Railways
- Locomotives of the Great Western Railway
- Locomotives of the Southern Railway
- Locomotives of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway
- Locomotives of the London and North Eastern Railway

Related pages on BR numbering and classification include:
- British Rail TOPS first arrangement
- British Rail Regional Multiple Unit Numbering
- British Carriage and Wagon Numbering and Classification
- Route availability
Motor Rail

**Motor Rail** was a British locomotive-building company, based in Bedford. Formed in 1911 as The Motor Rail & Tramcar Co Ltd, they built petrol and diesel engined locomotives, mainly narrow gauge. During World War I over 900 locos were supplied for use on temporary military supply railways. The trade name **Simplex** was used from the early days; in 1972 the company was renamed Simplex Mechanical Handling Ltd.
London and North Eastern Railway

The **London and North Eastern Railway** (LNER) was the second-largest of the "Big Four" railway companies created by the Railways Act 1921 in Britain. It existed from 1 January 1923 until nationalisation on 1 January 1948, when it was divided into the new British Railways' Eastern Region, North Eastern Region and partially the Scottish Region.

## Other websites

- LNER Encyclopedia

## Infobox (rail)

- **railroad name**: London and North Eastern Railway
- **logo filename**: LNERlogo.jpg
- **start year**: 1923
- **end year**: 1948
- **predecessor line**: Great Eastern Railway
Great Central Railway
Great Northern Railway (Great Britain), Great Northern Railway
Great North of Scotland Railway
Hull and Barnsley Railway
North British Railway
North Eastern Railway (UK), North Eastern Railway
and others
- **successor line**: Eastern Region of British Railways, Eastern Region
North Eastern Region of British Railways, North Eastern Region
Scottish Region of British Railways, Scottish Region
Metropolitan-Vickers

**Metropolitan-Vickers**, **Metrovick**, or **Metrovicks**, was a British heavy electrical engineering company of the early-to-mid 20th century formerly known as British Westinghouse. Highly diversified, they were particularly well known for their industrial electrical equipment such as generators, steam turbines, switchgear, transformers, electronics and railway traction equipment. Metrovick holds a place in history as the builders of the first commercial transistor computer, the Metrovick 950, and the first British axial-flow jet engine, the Metrovick F.2. Their factory in Trafford Park, Manchester, was for most of the 20th century one of the biggest and most important heavy engineering facilities in Britain and the world.

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: Metropolitan-Vickers
- **type**: private (subsidiary or joint ownership)
- **fate**: brand removed in 1960, ultimately part of The General Electric Company, GEC from 1967
- **industry**: heavy electrical engineering
British Rail Class 99

The **British Rail Class 99** was a fleet of 14 ferries, mostly owned by Sealink, which carried rail vehicles between Britain and mainland Europe. When British Rail implemented the TOPS system for managing their operating stock, these ships were incorporated into the system in order to circumvent some of the restrictions of the application software. This allowed them to be counted as locomotives while carrying railway vehicles in the same way as a normal locomotive would haul a train.
English Electric

**English Electric** (EE) was a British industrial manufacturer. Founded in 1918, it initially specialised in industrial electric motors and transformers. Its activities would expand to include railway locomotives and traction equipment, steam turbines, consumer electronics, guided missiles, aircraft and computers.

## English Electric Diesel Engines

**English Electric Diesel Engines** was the diesel engine division of English Electric.  It built diesel engines under the names **English Electric**, **Napier** and **Dorman**.

## Infobox (defunct company)

- **company name**: English Electric
- **fate**: Acquired by General Electric Company plc, GEC
- **foundation**: 1918
- **defunct**: 1968
- **location**: Lancashire
headquartered at Strand, London
- **successor**: British Aircraft Corporation, BAC
GEC
International Computers Limited, ICL
- **subsid**: D. Napier & Son (1942-)
Marconi Company, The Marconi Company (1948-)
Vulcan Foundry (1955-)
Robert Stephenson and Hawthorns (1955-)
English Electric Aviation (1958-)
 English Electric Leo Marconi (1964-)
Birmingham Railway Carriage and Wagon Company

The **Birmingham Railway Carriage and Wagon Company** (**BRC&W**) was a railway locomotive and carriage builder, founded in Birmingham, England. For most of its existence, it was at nearby Smethwick, with the factory divided by the boundary between the two places. The company was established in 1854.
Brush Traction

**Brush Traction** is a manufacturer and maintainer of railway locomotives, based at Loughborough in Leicestershire, United Kingdom alongside the Midland Main Line.
Yorkshire Engine Company

The **Yorkshire Engine Company** (YEC) was a small independent locomotive manufacturer in Sheffield, England. The company was formed in 1865 and continued to produce locomotives and carry out general engineering work until 1965. Mainly known for shunting engines for the British market, but also built main line engines for overseas customers.