juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Third party (politics)

In any two-party system of politics, a **third party** is a party other than the two main ones. While the term should be used only when discussing the third largest party, it is often used to describe any smaller party. For example, in the United Kingdom a third party is a national political party other than the Conservative Party and Labour Party that has a presence in the House of Commons. In the United States, a third party is a political party other than the Democratic Party or Republican Party that has national influence.

The term "third parties" is used in countries with first past the post electoral systems as these systems tend to create a two-party system because successful smaller parties are rare.

Countries using proportional representation have less of a tendency to create a two-party system because successful smaller parties are common. In fact, coalitions between the smaller parties are normal in such a country. A party generally needs to have a certain level of success to be called a third party.  Smaller parties that only win a small percentage of the vote and no seats in the legislature are often called _minor parties_ or _fringe parties_.

Third parties are not usually likely to win the presidency. Despite this, there are many reasons for third parties to run. In an election, the two main parties listen to the opinions of third parties. The larger parties must respond to these opinions, and sometimes the larger parties copy ideas from third parties.  Some third parties also hope that the party can slowly build its support and eventually become one of the dominant parties, as the Labour Party did in Britain.

### United Kingdom

- Alliance Party of Northern Ireland
- Democratic Unionist Party
- Green Party of England and Wales
- Liberal Democrats
- Plaid Cymru
- Scottish National Party
- Sinn Féin
- Social Democratic and Labour Party

### United States

- Alliance Party
- American Independent Party
- Communist Party USA
- Green Party of the United States
- Libertarian Party
- Party for Socialism and Liberation
- People's Party

## Related pages

- Independent politician

## References

- McGaughey, William (2003). The Independence Party and the Future of Third-Party Politics. Minneapolis: Thistlerose Publications. .  Personal odyssey of unsuccessful candidate for U.S. Senate in Minnesota's 2000 Independence Party primary.
Paula DeAnda

**Paula DeAnda** (born 1989 in Corpus Christi, Texas) is an American singer. She is best known for her 2007 hit songs "Doing Too Much", "Walk Away (Remember Me)" and "Easy". DeAnda is of Mexican descent.

## Easy

"Easy" is a song by DeAnda. It also has a remix with Bow Wow. This version is used in the PC video game, _Bratz Babyz_.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Paula DeAnda
- **img**: Paula DeAnda.jpg
- **img capt**: Paula DeAnda in 2007
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth date**: 1989
- **origin**: Corpus Christi, Texas
- **genre**: Hip hop
- **occupation**: Singer
- **years active**: 2006–Present
- **label**: Sony BMG
- **associated acts**: Bow Wow
Republican

**Republican** could mean:
- The form of government known as a republic
- Groups wanting to abolish a monarchy, for example, the Australian Republican Movement and the British republican movement (see Republicanism)
- A political party such as:
    - Republican Party (United States) sometimes referred to as the GOP (Grand Old Party)
    - Republican Party (France)
    - Republican Party (Liberia)
    - Republican Party (Malawi) part of the Mgwirizano Coalition
    - The Republicans (Germany)
    - Republican Party of São Paulo
    - Fianna Fáil in Ireland–also called the Republican Party
    - Vanuatu Republican Party
- Supporters of Irish Republicanism
- Institutions or supporters of particular historical republics, including:
    - the ancient Roman Republic
    - the Second Spanish Republic during the Spanish Civil War
    - various French Republics, most notably the French First Republic established during the French Revolution
- The Republican River of Colorado, Nebraska, and Kansas, USA
- In the USA the Republican party is mostly known by President Donald Trump
Third party

**Third party** is often used in the English language to refer to a person or group that has some connection to a relationship between two parties. Here, a "party" is a person or group of people who act together. If two parties share a close relationship, a third party is farther away or more different from them. It could more directly mean:

- Third party (politics), in any two-party system of politics, a third party is a party other than the two dominant ones
- Third-party developer, a hardware or software developer not directly tied to the primary product that a consumer is using
- Third party (civil litigation), a party brought into a civil legal proceeding by a defendant or by another third party
    - Third party beneficiary, a person who may have the right to sue on a contract, despite not having originally been a party to the contract; see also, Privity of contract
    - Third party insurance
Canton of Fribourg

**Fribourg** is one of the twenty-six cantons of Switzerland.  About 250,000 people live in the canton. Of these, about 100,000 live in the urban area of the capital of this canton: Fribourg City.

## Geography

The canton of Fribourg is found in the west of Switzerland. The river Saane (Sarine) flows from the south to the north of the canton. It borders the cantons of Vaud, Bern and Neuchâtel.

## Municipalities

There are 168 municipalities in the canton of Fribourg:

## Other websites

- Official Site
Fribourg

**Fribourg** can mean one of two areas in Switzerland

- Fribourg (canton), one of the 26 cantons of Switzerland
- Fribourg (city), capital city of the canton
Compass rose

A **compass rose** is a drawing on a map that shows the cardinal directions.

|Wind|Greek|Romant|Frankish|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|**N**|Aparctias (_ὰπαρκτίας_)|Septentrio|Nordroni|
|**NNE**|Meses (_μέσης_) or Boreas (_βoρέας_)|| Aquilo || Nordostroni|||
|**NE**|Caicias (_καικίας_)|Caecias|Ostnordroni|
|**E**|Apeliotes (_ὰπηλιώτης_)|Subsolanus|Ostroni|
|**SE**|Eurus (_εΰρος_)|Vulturnus|Ostsundroni|
|**SSE**|Euronotus (_εὺρόνοtος_)|Euronotus|Sundostroni|
|**S**|Notos (_νόtος_)|Auster|Sundroni|
|**SSW**|Libonotos (_λιβόνοtος_)|Libonotus or Austroafricus || Sundvuestroni||
|**SW**|Lips (_λίψ_)|Africus|Vuestsundroni|
|**W**|Zephyrus (_ζέφυρος_)|Favonius|Vuestroni|
|**NW**|Argestes (_ὰργέστης_)|Corus|Vuestnordroni|
|**NNW**|Thrascias (_θρασκίας_)|Thrascias or Circius|Nordvuestroni|

## In other media

- Ursula K. Le Guin, _The Compass Rose_, collection of short stories, 1982 ISBN 0-06-014988-4
- _"La Rosa de los Vientos"_, Spanish film written and directed by Patricio Guzman, 1983
Cardinal direction

**Cardinal directions** or **cardinal points** are the four main directions or points of the compass: north, east, south and west. These direction are also written in short form as **N**, **E**, **S** and **W**.

North and south are directed towards the north and south poles of the Earth. The Earth's rotation defines east and west. The sun rises in the morning in the east, and sets in the afternoon in the west.

If a needle is magnetised and allowed to move freely (for example floated on water) it will align itself with the Earth's magnetic field which is almost in the same direction as north. The direction of the needle in this situation is called magnetic north which in some places differs from the direction of the North Pole by a few degrees.

## Cardinal directions in world cultures

Through history, different cultures have given different values to each direction. For example, in old Asian culture, each direction is given a color, as follows:

- **East**: Green or Blue
- **South**: Red
- **West**: White
- **North**: Black

## Related pages

- Latitude
- Longitude
- Compass
Knight (chess)

A **knight** is a chess piece. It is represented by a horse's head and neck. Each player starts the game with two knights. It moves in an L pattern, two squares in one direction then one square in another. It is the only piece in chess that can jump over other pieces. It is also the only piece that can be in position to attack a king, queen, bishop, or rook without also being attacked by that piece.

'Knight' is shortened to Kt or N when recording games. In printed game scores, it is represented by a figurine.
Queen (chess)

The **queen** is a chess piece that stands next to the king at the start of a game.The queen starts on the d1 square for white and the d8 square for black. It can move any number of unoccupied squares diagonally, vertically, or horizontally. When recording games, it is shortened to Q.

## The queen's movement

The queen moves like both the bishop and rook. Both players start with one queen. A player may promote a pawn to a queen when the pawn reaches the end of the board.

## History of the queen in chess

The Indo-Persian game lasted for nearly a thousand years, until the end of the 15th century. In it, the piece next to the Shah was the Firzān or Visier, who was a counsellor. This piece had a movement even more limited than the king.  It moved just one square at a time, on the diagonal. Not surprising, then, that when the move changed into its modern form, the Italians called the new game _schacci alla rabioso_ (~furious chess).
Dennis the Menace

**Dennis the Menace** is the name of two different comic strips, which both debuted in 1951. One is a British comic strip, that is featured in the UK comic magazine, The Beano. The other is a daily newspaper comic strip from the United States. This daily strip was a single panel, but the Sunday strip was longer. The single panels were sometimes collected into small paperbacks. Dennis also had a comic book.

In Britain, Dennis is usually drawn as wearing a red and black striped jumper, and spikey black hair. He is normally with his black dog called Gnasher.

In the United States, Dennis the Menace (Dennis Mitchell)  wore a red and white striped tee-shirt and bib overalls. He had blond hair and a large cowlick. His dog was a sheepdog called Ruff. Dennis'  parents are Henry and Alice. His neighbors are George and Martha Wilson. Dennis wants to be helpful but his attempts often end in disaster. Dennis' friends are Tommy Anderson, Joey McDonald, and Margaret Wade. In 1959, the comic strip was developed into a CBS television sitcom called _Dennis the Menace_. It stars Jay North as Dennis and Joseph Kearns as George Wilson. The series aired for four years and has been released to DVD.
5 BC

Year **5 BC** was a common year starting on Monday or Tuesday of the Julian calendar.  At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Augustus and Sulla**.

## Births

- Emperor Guangwu of Han, ruler of China (d. AD 57)
- Lucius Vitellius the Elder, Roman consul and Governor of Syria (d. AD 51)
- John the Baptist (possible date)
- Jesus (possible date)
Boredom

**Boredom** is an emotional state that comes when a person has nothing to do, and is not interested in anything. To stop boredom, most people do something to occupy or amuse themselves.

The first known use of the word _boredom_ is in the novel _Bleak House_ by Charles Dickens, written in 1852, but the saying _to be a bore_ had been used to mean "to be tiresome or dull" since 1768.

When referring to the mind, boredom is a bad state in which the person feels a deep lack of interest in what is going on around them, and where it is hard to focus.
Circle of latitude

On the Earth, a **circle of latitude** is an imaginary east-west circle that connects all locations with a given latitude. A location's position along a circle of latitude is given by its longitude. Circles of latitude are often called **parallels** because they are parallel to each other. It is measured in absolute location.

The five major circles of latitude are, from north to south:
- The Arctic Circle (66.5°N)
- The Tropic of Cancer (23.5° N)
- The Equator (0°)
- The Tropic of Capricorn (23.5°S)
- The Antarctic Circle (66.5°S)
J-pop

**J-pop** is a popular music in Japan. J-pop is a short name for Japanese pop, which means popular music or songs in Japan. Some people calls "歌謡曲" toward older songs. From around 1940s until recently, J-Pop has been influenced (affected) by Western popular music and culture. But new J-Pop nowadays sounds different than older J-Pop. This kind of music is common in Japan and it is often played by young and old music groups.

## History

There are many songwriters and singer-songwriters who have been playing Japanese pops. Such musicians follows:

- **Kyohei Tsutsumi** (筒美京平) - He is a well-known songwriter for a long period of times. He is a pianist and also known as Jack Diamond, born on May 28, 1940 in Tokyo. He made many hits such as "Blue Light Yokohama" (ブルー・ライト・ヨコハマ), "Mata Au Hi Made" (また逢う日まで), "Watashi no Kare wa Hidari-kiki" (わたしの彼は左きき), Sentimental (センチメンタル) and so on. He was awarded for his works by an official renowned medal "紫綬褒章" from Japanese government in 2003.

- **Yumi Matsutoya** - Yumi Matsutoya, also known as Yuming, Yumi Arai or Karuho Kureta, is considered by many the "mother" of modern-day J-Pop. She has been one of the most successful Japanese singer-songwriters in the twentieth century in the world of pop music. Almost half of her albums reached number one at the Japanese Oricon charts, and all of her albums reached top 10 since her first album, ***Hikōki-gumo*** in 1973. She has sold over 37,800,000 copies of albums and singles. "NO SIDE" was made from Rugby game "Ooita Maiduru vs Tennri high school". The term 'j-pop' was coined in the 1990s.

## Related pages

- List of J-pop artists
Ara Darzi

**Ara Darzi** (born 7 May 1960) is a British doctor. He was appointed head of Minister of Healthcare of Great Britain.

Ara Darzi was born in Iraq in a family with Armenian descent, which escaped the Genocide of 1915. But most of his life was lived in Ireland.
Puffy AmiYumi

**Puffy AmiYumi** was the one of the more popular J-pop groups of the 1990s. The band has two members, Ami Onuki and Yumi Yoshimura. It was first formed in December 1995.

They had some success when they went to the United States to record and perform. They had a short-lived (November 19, 2004 – June 27, 2006; 118 episodes) cartoon series on Cartoon Network called Hi Hi Puffy AmiYumi.  It can still be seen occasionally on the Japanese version of Cartoon Network.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Puffy AmiYumi
- **img**: Puffy AmiYumi 20090704 Japan Expo 46.jpg
- **img capt**: Yumi Yoshimura (left) and Ami Onuki (right) performing as Puffy at Japan Expo 2009
- **img size**: 250
- **landscape**: yes
- **background**: group_or_band
- **alias**: Puffy
- **origin**: Tokyo, Japan
- **years active**: –present
- **current members**: Ami Onuki
Yumi Yoshimura
Mika Nakashima

is a Japanese singer, model, and actress. She's 160 cm tall and her weight is 39 kg.

## Discography

- Studio albums
- _True_ (2002)
- _Love_ (2003)
- _Music_ (2005)
- _The End_ (2006)
- _Yes_ (2007)
- _Voice_ (2008)
- _Star_ (2010)
- _Real_ (2013)
- _Tough_ (2017)
- _Joker_ (2020)
- _I_ (2022)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Mika Nakashima
中島美嘉
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: 中島美嘉 (_Nakashima Mika_)
- **origin**: Kagoshima prefecture, Kagoshima-Ken, Kyūshū, Japan
- **instrument**: Singing
- **genre**: J-Pop, Jazz, Blues
- **occupation**: Singer, model (person), Model, Actress
- **years active**: 2001–present
- **label**: Sony Music Japan
- **website**: [http://www.mikanakashima.com/ Mika Nakashima ]
Yui (singer)

- For other meanings of Yui, see Yui.
**YUI** (born 26 March 1987 in Fukuoka, Japan), is a Japanese musician. She is signed to Sony Music Records Japan. She sings, and plays the guitar, keyboard and electric guitar, although she usually performs with only an acoustic guitar. She started in a Japanese movie released on 17 June 2006 titled 'Taiyō no Uta' (A Song to the Sun). She is popular with young girls,but she decided to stop her music activity as YUI in 2012. It means she carry on her music work but not YUI.

### Before debut

She dropped out high school because she want to live with music.Then she started taking music lesson at ongakujyuku.It is famous music private night-school.She practiced playing the guitar and making songs. She participated in music contest and got first prize.By that winning, she can get right to major debut.

### 2005~2007

She made a debut with "feel my soul". This is her first major song. Afterthat she made many hit songs.Especially,her fifth single goodbye days was hit.And she appeared in "taiyou no uta" that is the movie her song was used.

## Songs

YUI has released seven albums:

- _From Me To You_ (2006)
- _Can't Buy My Love_(2007)
- _I Loved Yesterday_ (2008)
- _My Short Stories_(2008)
- _Holidays In The Sun_(2010)
- _How Crazy Your Love_(2011)
- _She Loves You_(2012)
- _Green Garden Pop_(2012)
- _Orange Garden Pop_(2012)

And she makes many new single CD.
Zard

**Zard** was a J-pop girl group. Zard's music did not often appear on television. The group had many famous songs, for example "Makenaide". One of Zard's members was **Izumi Sakai**. Her true name was Sachiko Kamachi. She was a vocalist. Other Zard's members changed many times. Izumi Sakai was born in Fukuoka on February 6, 1967. She fought illness in Keiougijyuku University hospital. She had cervical cancer. Izumi Sakai died on May 27, 2007. When she died, she was 40 years old.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Zard
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Japan
- **genre**: rock (music), Rock, Pop music, pop
- **years active**: 1991–2009
- **label**: Being Inc., B-Gram Records
- **url**: [http://www.wezard.net/ Wezard.net]
- **past members**: Izumi Sakai (deceased)
Fumihito Machida
Hiroyasu Hoshi
Kōsuke Michikura
Kimitaka Ikezawa
Wyolica

**Wyolica** is a two-person band from Japan. The members are Azumi (vocals) and So-to (guitar). The group is not well known outside of Japan. Their sound is very similar of many American pop acts but sung in Japanese.

Their first album, "Who Said La La?" was released in 2000. Since then they have released a number of albums and singles, including a six-song EP of acoustic songs.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Wyolica
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Azumi (Sapporo, Japan)
So-To (Osaka, Japan)
- **genre**: Folk music, J-Pop
- **years active**: 1999~
- **label**: Epic Records Japan 1999-2004
Outreef Records 2009
BounDEE 2010
- **current members**: Azumi (vocals)
So-To (guitar)
Crystal Kay

**Crystal Kay Williams** (born 26 February 1986 in Yokohama, Japan) is a Japanese-born singer, songwriter, actress and radio host. She is also known as "Kuri" by her fans. She is well known for her songs "Koi ni Ochitara" and "Boyfriend -part II-".  As of April 2021, she has released thirteen albums.

Born and raised in Yokohama to an African-American father and a Japanese mother of Korean descent, Crystal Kay speaks English and Japanese fluently and records music in both languages. In 2003 she released an English compilation album called _Natural: World Premiere Album_. She started singing on television commercials when she was four years old. When she was twelve she was signed to Epic Records. Kay's first album _C.L.L Crystal Lover Light_ was released on March 23, 2000 when Kay was fourteen.

## Albums

- 2000: _C.L.L Crystal Lover Light_
- 2001: _637 -Always and Forever-_
- 2002: _Almost Seventeen_
- 2003: _4 Real_
- 2005: _Crystal Style_
- 2006: _Call me Miss..._
- 2007: _All Yours_
- 2008: _Color Change!_
- 2010: _Spin the Music_
- 2012: _Vivid_
- 2015: _Shine_
- 2018: _For You_
- 2021: _I Sing_

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Crystal Kay
- **image**: Crystal Kay 2008.jpg
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Crystal Kay Williams
- **birth place**: Yokohama, Japan
- **instrument**: Vocals
- **genre**: R&B, J-pop, Japanese Pop
- **years active**: 1999-present
- **label**: Sony Music Entertainment Japan
- **url**: [http://www.c-kay.com/ Official Website]
Speed (band)

**SPEED** is a Japanese music group that is has four female singers from Okinawa, Japan. The members are Hiroko Shimabukuro, Eriko Imai, Takako Uehara and Hitoe Arakaki. Hiroko and Eriko are lead vocal singers.

When the group debuted, Hiroko was 12 years old. It made its debut single, “Body & Soul”, in 1996. The group has many songs, which sold million records.

It broke up on March 31, 2000. From 2000 to 2008, it broke up and came back together several times. The group made its latest comeback in 2008.

## Members

- Hiroko Shimabukuro (島袋寛子 born April 7, 1984)
- Eriko Imai (今井絵理子 born September 22, 1983)
- Takako Uehara (上原多香子 born January 14, 1983)
- Hitoe Arakaki (新垣仁絵 born April 7, 1981)

### Singles

- _Body & soul_ (1996)
- _STEADY_ (1996)
- _Go! Go! Heaven_ (1997)
- _Wake Me Up!_ (1997)
- _White Love_ (1997)
- _my graduation_ (1998)
- _ALIVE_ (1998)
- _ALL MY TRUE LOVE_ (1998)
- _Precious Time_ (1999)
- _Breakin’ out to the morning_ (1999)
- _Long Way Home_ (1999)
- _One More Dream_ (2001)
- _Be My Love_ (2003)
- _Walking in the rain/Stars to shine again_ (2003)
- _あしたの空_ (2008)
- _S.P.D_ (2009)

### Albums

- _Starting Over_ (1997)
- _RISE_ (1998)
- _MOMENT_ (1998)
- _Carry On my way_ (1999)
- _SPEED THE MAMORIAL BEST 1335days Dear Friends 1_ (2000)
- _SPEED THE MAMORIAL BEST 1335days Dear Friends 2_ (2000)
- _BRIDGE_ (2003)

## Other websites

- http://www.avexnet.or.jp/speed/index.html
- http://avexnet.or.jp/hiro/index.html
- http://www.avexnet.or.jp/eriko/index.htm
- http://www.avexnet.or.jp/uehara/index.html
- http://www.avexnet.or.jp/hitoe/index.htm

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Speed
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Okinawa, Japan
- **years active**: –2000

–present
- **current members**: Hitoe Arakaki
Takako Uehara
Eriko Imai
Hiroko Shimabukuro
Glay

**Glay** is a Japanese rock band. There are 4 men in the band. The member's names are Takuro (guitar & piano), Teru (vocals), Hisashi (guitar), and Jiro (bass). They are one of the most popular rock bands in Japan. They are from Hakodate in Hokkaido.  "HOWEVER" is their most famous song. This song made them famous. Many of their CDs and albums have sold millions of copies .

Since 2007, Teru has been in ads shown on television and in theaters to raise awareness about HIV/AIDS.

## Studio albums

- _Speed Pop_ (1995)
- _Beat Out!_ (1996)
- _Beloved_ (1996)
- _Pure Soul_ (1998)
- _Heavy Gauge_ (1999)
- _One Love_ (2001)
- _Unity Roots and Family, Away_ (2002)
- _The Frustrated_ (2004)
- _Love Is Beautiful_ (2007)
- _Glay_ (2010)
- _Justice_ (2013)
- _Guilty_ (2013)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Glay
- **img**: MTV VMAJ 2014 Glay.jpg
- **img size**: 220
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Hakodate, Hokkaidō, Hakodate, Hokkaidō, Japan
- **genre**: Rock (music), Rock
Pop music, Pop
- **years active**: 1988 – Present (time), present
- **label**: lover soul
Capitol Records
Toshiba-EMI
- **current members**: Teru (musician), Teru
Takuro (musician), Takuro
Hisashi (musician), Hisashi
Jiro (musician), Jiro
Aiko (singer)

**Aiko** (born November 22, 1975) is a Japanese singer and guitar player. She has a high popularity among young people. Her most famous song is "Kabutomushi". Aiko has won several Japan Gold Disc Awards.

Aiko debuted in 1998. She sings songs about love and girls' feelings. Her famous songs are "Hanabi", "Boyfriend", "Kabutomushi", "Kirakira", and so on. "milk/Nageki no Kisu", her _mukaiawase_　double A-side single, was her first single to hit #1 on Oricon since her debut..She do many concerts at everywhere in Japan.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Aiko
- **caption**: Aiko (singer)
- **birth name**: Aiko Yanai
- **birth place**: Suita, Osaka, Japan
- **nationality**: Japanese people, Japanese
- **known for**: Singing
- **occupation**: Singing
guitar player
Ringo Shiina

**Yumiko Shiina** (born November 25, 1978) known as **Ringo Sheena**, is a Japanese singer and guitarist. She is a member of Tokyo Jihen. Shiina is from Fukuoka.

She was the creative supervisor and music director of the Flag Handover Ceremony at the 2016 Rio de Janeiro Olympics / Paralympics.

She stayed in the UK from January to March 1997.

**Career**

1998
Debut

1999
Released the fourth single Honno(instinct). This single has become a million seller

2004-2012
in TOKYO JIHEN(INCIDENTS TOKYO)

2018
Participated in the 69th NHK Red vs. White Song Battle

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Ringo Sheena
椎名 林檎
- **img**: Shiina Ringo 2016.jpg
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Yumiko Shiina
- **origin**: Fukuoka, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan
- **instrument**: singing, guitar, piano
- **genre**: Jazz, Pop music, Pop, Rock music, Rock, Big band
- **occupation**: Singer, Songwriter
- **years active**: 1998–2004, 2007-present (solo)
 2004–present (group)
- **label**: Toshiba-EMI (1998–present)
- **associated acts**: Tokyo Jihen
- **url**: [https://www.kronekodow.com/english/news/news_0.html Official Site],[http://www.toshiba-emi.co.jp/vmc/artist/domestic/ringo/ Official Site]
GO!GO!7188

**GO!GO!7188** was a band from Japan with three members. One plays guitar, one plays drums, and one plays bass. The main vocalist is a woman. One of their famous songs is "Koinouta".

**GO!GO!7188** formed in 1998 by YUU (singer/guitarist) and AKKO (singer/bassist); high school classmates in Kagoshima prefecture. In 1999, they headed to Tokyo where they meet drummer TURKEY.

Ever since they have released 9 full-length albums, 12 singles and 3 DVDs.

When they made their debut in the Japanese music scene, they were quoted to be one of the leading girl's punk band which mixes rock'n roll music with Japanese pop.

They have raised their evaluation as one of most important Japanese rock bands, making performances in live houses events to Nippon Budokan hall, with songs rich and full of originality and high performance ability.

## Members

- Yu (Yumi Nakashima)
- Akko (Akiko Noma)
- Tacky (Takayuki Hosokawa)

## Discography

**single**
||Date|Title|Best rank|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1st|28 June 2000|||
|59||||
|2nd|[23 August 2000]|||
|48||||
|3rd|25 October 2000 26 October 2005|||
|45||||
|4th|16 November 2000|||
|74||||
|5th|11 April 2001|||
|30||||
|6th|11 July 2001|||
|24||||
|7th|24 October 2001|||
|38||||
|8th|9 October 2002|||
|12||||
|9th|25 April 200|||
|87||||
|10th|6 July 2003|||
|20||||
|11th|25 August 2004|||
|24||||
|12th|13 September 2006|||
|22||||
|13th|28 June 2007|||
|23||||
|14th|28 May 2008|||
|25||||
|15th|24 June 2009|||
|36||||

## Other websites

- Official site
- Polish unofficial site

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: GO!GO!7188
- **img**: GO!GO!7188.jpg
- **landscape**: yes
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Japan
- **genre**: Rock music, Rock, Surf rock
- **years active**: 19982012
- **label**: :ja:Capitol Music, Capitol Music/Toshiba-EMI (20002006)
BMG Japan (20072009)
Victor Entertainment, FlyingStar Records (20102012)
Breast(milia)/Yamaha (Talent agency; 2000present)
- **associated acts**: Yumi Nakashima, Yuu, Akiko Noma, Akiko Hamada, Chirinuruwowaka
- **url**: [http://www.gogo7188.jp/index.html Official Website]
- **past members**: Yumi Nakashima, Yuu (vocal & guitar)
Akiko Noma, Akko (vocal & bass)
Turkey (GO!GO!7188), Turkey (drums)
Porno Graffitti

**Porno Graffitti** is a Japanese J-Pop band. The members of the band are Akihito Okano (vocals) and Haruichi Shindo (guitar). The band is from Innoshima in Hiroshima. The band first started playing in 1999 with three members. The third member, Tama, left the band in 2004. The band has become one of the duos leading the music in Japan.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Porno Graffitti
- **img**: Porno Graffitti at Anime Expo 2013.jpg
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Innoshima, Hiroshima, Innoshima, Hiroshima Prefecture, Hiroshima, Japan
- **genre**: Rock music, Rock, Pop music, Pop
- **years active**: 1994present
- **label**: Sony Music Entertainment Japan, SME Records (1999present)
- **url**: [http://www.pornograffitti.jp/ Official Website]
- **current members**: Akihito Okano, Haruichi Shindō
- **past members**: Masami Shiratama, Masami "Tama" Shiratama
Yuki (singer)

**Yuki Isoya** (born February 17, 1972) is a Japanese singer. Isoya debuted as a singer of the group Judy and Mary in 1993. Judy and Mary broke up in 1999. She began her solo singing career in February, 2002. Isoya has released four albums.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Yuki Isoya

- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth place**: Hakodate, Hokkaido, Hakodate, Hokkaido Prefecture, Hokkaidō, Japan
- **genre**: J-Pop, Japanese Pop
- **occupation**: Singer
- **years active**: 1991–present
- **label**: Sony Music Entertainment Japan
- **associated acts**: Judy and Mary, NiNa, Mean Machine (band), Mean Machine
- **url**: [http://www.yukiweb.net Yuki Web.net]
Mr. Children

***Mr. Children***, usually called , is a Japanese rock band made in 1988. They belong to Oorong-sha (). Their record company is Toy's Factory.

## Members

- Kazutoshi Sakurai (; Vo&G)
- Kenichi Tahara (; G)
- Keisuke Nakagawa (; B)
- Hideya Suzuki (; Dr)

### Supporting members

- Current
- Takeshi Kobayasi (Keyboard)

- Past
- Naoto Inti Raymi (G&chorus)
- Sunny (; Keyboard & chorus)

## Success

They are one of the most successful Japanese bands, selling over 50 million records.

## Fan Club

The official fan club of Mr. Children is called Father & Mother.  The fan club was started in 1994. The fan club can only be joined by mail and requires an admission fee of 3.500 yen, with yearly re-applications for membership. And there are concert ticket only for the members.

## Albums

As of 2007, Mr. Children has published twelve original studio albums and 30 singles, three compilation albums, a live album, and ten home video releases.
- _Everything_ (1992)
- _Kind of Love_ (1992)
- _Versus_ (1993)
- _Atomic Heart_ (1994)
- __ (1996)
- _Bolero_ (1997)
- _Discovery_ (1999)
- _Q_ (2000)
- _It's a Wonderful World_ (2002)
- _Shifuku no Oto_ () (2004)
- _I Love U_ (I♥U) (2005)
- _Home_ (2007)
- _Supermarket Fantasy_ (2008)
- _SENCE_ (2010)
- _Mr.Children 2001-2005 <micro>_ (2012)
- _Mr.Children 2005-2010 <macro>_ (2012)
- _［(an imitation) blood orange］_ (2012)

### Compilations

- _Mr. Children 1992-1995_ (2001)
- _Mr. Children 1996-2000_ (2001)
- _B-side_ (2007)

### Live albums

- _1/42_ (1999)

## Singles

- ""
- ""
- "Replay"
- "CROSS ROAD"
- "innocent world"
- "Tomorrow Never Knows"
- ""
- "【es】 ~Theme of es~"
- ""
- ""
- ""
- ""
- "Everything (It's You)"
- ""
- ""
- ""
- "I'LL BE"
- ""
- "NOT FOUND"
- ""
- "youthful days"
- ""
- "Any"
- "HERO"
- ""
- "Sign"
- ""
- ""
- ""
- ""
- ""
- "GIFT"
- "HANABI"
- ""

## Other websites

- Official website
- Mr. Children at Toy's Factory

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Mr. Children
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Japan
- **genre**: Pop music, Pop/Rock music, rock
- **years active**: 1988–present
- **label**: Toy's Factory
- **associated acts**: Bad Music (July 1991 - March 1994)
Oorong-Sha (April 1994 - present)
- **url**: [http://www.mrchildren.co.jp/ www.mrchildren.co.jp]
- **current members**: Kazutoshi Sakurai
Kenichi Tahara
Keisuke Nakagawa
Hideya Suzuki
3B Lab

**3B LAB.*** is a Japanese punk band. They are all men. The vocalist also sang in the folk-rock band 19. Their most popular song is "Ichigo Ichi". They're now called 3B Lab.☆S. Tamakoshi Masahiro left this group in 2009.

Members :

Korea Selatan

Korea Selatan

Jepang

Jepang

Korea Selatan

Amerika

Korea Selatan

Korea Selatan

Indonesia

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: 3B LAB.*
- **origin**: Japan
- **genre**: Jpop
- **background**: group_or_band
- **current members**: Kenji Okahira
Chiba Takatoshi
Shuji Uneoki
- **past members**: Tamakoshi Masahiro
- **url**: [http://www.jvcmusic.co.jp/-/Artist/A017545.html Official site]
Ellegarden

**Ellegarden** is a Japanese band formed in 1998 by four young men.Their activity pauses now.

## Members

Hosomi Takeshi(Guiter&Vocal)
Ubukata Shinichi(Guiter)
Takada yuichi(Bass)
Takahashi Hirotaka(Drums)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Ellegarden
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Chiba Prefecture, Chiba, Japan
- **years active**: 1998–2008, 2018
- **label**: Dynamord/Growing Up Inc.
Denka Secca
Nettwerk (North America, NA)
- **associated acts**: The Hiatus
 Nothing's Carved in Stone
- **website**: http://www.ellegarden.jp
- **past members**: Takeshi Hosomi
Shinichi Ubukata
Yuichi Takada
Hirotaka Takahashi
Def Tech

**Def Tech** is a Japanese group. The band has three members: Shen, Micro and Playa T. They have sold more than 2.8 million copies of their albums _Def Tech_ and _Lokahi Lani_. The band took a break in September 2007 and have since reunited as of June 2010.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Def Tech
- **landscape**: yes
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Japan
- **genre**: Jawaiian reggae
- **years active**: -2007
-present
- **label**: Tensaibaka Records/Illchill
Universal Music/Primary Color Records
- **url**: [http://deftech.jp deftech.jp]
- **current members**: Shen, Micro
- **past members**: Lafa Taylor
Ai Otsuka

**Ai Otsuka** (born September 9, 1982) is a Japanese pop female singer-songwriter and pianist from Osaka, Osaka Prefecture, Japan. Her music is famous because it varies a lot in style but is mainly happy pop. Her first single was called Momo No Hanbira, but it was not until her second single, which was called Sakuranbo, that people really noticed her music.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Ai Otsuka
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Ai Otsuka
- **origin**: Suminoe-ku, Osaka, Japan
- **instrument**: Piano, Singer, Vocal
- **genre**: J-Pop
- **occupation**: Singer
- **years active**: 2003–present
- **label**: avex
- **birth place**: Osaka, Japan
Remioromen

**Remioromen** are a three-man band from Japan that started in 2000.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Remioromen

- **img capt**: Remioromen
- **img size**: 376x336
- **background**: group_or_band
- **genre**: Rock music, Rock, pop rock
- **years active**: –present
- **label**: Daizawa Records (2003),
Victor Entertainment, Speedstar Records (2003-2008),
Avex Group, Oorong Records (2009-present)
- **associated acts**: :ja:小林武史, Takeshi Kobayashi, :ja:皆川真人, Makoto Minagawa
- **current members**: Ryota Fujimaki
Keisuke Maeda
Osamu Jinguji
Ayaka

**Ayaka Iida** (born December 18, 1987 in Moriguchi, Osaka Prefecture, Japan) is a Japanese female singer signed and songwriter.
Ayaka is married to Hiro Mizushima. Her favorite singer is the Beatles, DREAMS COME TRUE, Mr.Children and so on. She started musical activities when she was 1st high school student.She released "I believe" and she made her debut in 2006. She sufferd from Basedow's disease and she stopped musical activity in 2009 in order to concentrate on getting well. But she started activities again in 2011 and announced that she made her own record company.

### Singles

- _I believe_ (2006)
- _melody〜SOUNDS REAL〜_ (2006)
- _Real voice_ (2006)
- **' (2006)
- _Jewelry day_ (2007)
- _CLAP&LOVE/Why_ (2007)
- **' (2008)
- **' (2008)
- **' (2009)
- __ (2009)

### Albums

original album
- _First Message_ (2006)
- _ Sing to the Sky_ (2008)
- _ The beginning_ (2012)

best album
- _ayaka's History 2006-2009_ (2009)
- _ayaka's BEST -Ballad Collection-_ (2012)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Ayaka Iida
- **img**: Ayaka perfoming in Matsuyama during her 2012 tour.tiff
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth place**:  Moriguchi, Osaka, Moriguchi, Osaka Prefecture, Osaka, Japan
- **genre**: J-Pop, Japanese Pop
- **occupation**: Singer
Kyu Sakamoto

**Kyu Sakamoto** "坂本九" (real name "Hisasi Osima") was a singer and actor, born on December 10, 1941 in Kanagawa, Japan.

## Musical career

Sakamoto's song "Sukiyaki" became the first Japanese song in the United States to sell a million copies and reached No.1 on a music chart on June 15, 1963. Its original (Japanese) title is "上を向いて歩こう" which means "I look up as I walk".

## Death

On August 12, 1985, Sakamoto is one of 509 passengers on Japan Air Lines Flight 123 aboard from Kanagawa crashed into the Mount Takamagahara in Gunma Prefecture caused by in-flight structural failure due to improper maintenance leading to explosive decompression. He, along with 519 others were killed, including all 15 crew member on board and leaving 4 female passengers survived with their serious injuries. He is survived by his wife and their two daughters.

## His hit songs

His major hit songs were as follows.

- 何もいらない俺だけど (1959)
- 悲しき六十才 (1960)
- ステキなタイミング (Good Timi`n) (1960)
- 月夜に歩けば (Walkin' in The Moonlight) (1961)
- カレンダーガール (Calendar Girl) (1961)
- 見上げてごらん夜の星を (1963)
- 上を向いて歩こう (Sukiyaki) (1963)
- 幸せなら手をたたこう (1964)
- 涙くんさよなら (1965)

## Outer links

- Kyu Sakamoto Official Web Site
- Sukiyaki (上を向いて歩こう) with English translation and lyrics at YouTube
Bump of Chicken

**Bump of Chicken** is a Japanese rock music group. The members are four men. All members in this group were born in 1979. The vocalist of the group is Fujiwara Motoo. The bassist of the group is Naoi Yoshifumi. The guitarist of the group is Masukawa Hiroaki. The drummer of the group is Masu Hideo. They have been friends since they started school at a young age. The voice of Fujiwara Motoo and the words of their music, which he writes, are popular. They released the debut album “FLAME VEIN” in 1999.

## Members

- Motoo Fujiwara (Vocal&Guitar)
- Hiroaki Masukawa (Guitar)
- Yoshifumi Naoi (Base)
- Hideo Masu (Drums)

## Singles

- 1999: _LAMP_
- 2000: _Daiamond_

## Other websites

- Bump of Chicken Official Website

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Bump of Chicken
- **img**: BUMPOFCHICKEN_spaceshower.jpg
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Sakura, Chiba, Sakura, Chiba Prefecture, Japan
- **genre**: Rock music, Rock
- **years active**: 1994–present
- **label**: High Line Records, High Line, Toy's Factory
- **url**: http://www.bumpofchicken.com/
- **current members**: Fujiwara Motoo
Masukawa Hiroaki
Naoi Yoshifumi
Masu Hideo
Kumi Koda

is a Japanese pop singer from the city Kyoto who started in the year 2000 with the album  _Take Back_. Her most well known song is _Butterfly_, and this song made her well known. She got Japanese record grand prix, an award. Her new album _Kingdom_ was released on January 30, 2008, and her new single was released on January 23, 2008. Her young sister is misono who is J-pop singer.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Kumi Koda
倖田 來未
- **img**: Koda Kumi Live Earth 2.jpg
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Kumiko Koda
- **origin**: Kyoto, Japan
- **instrument**: Singer, Singing
- **genre**: J-Pop, R&B
- **occupation**: Singer, Songwriter
- **years active**: 2000–Present
- **label**: Rhythm Zone
SM Entertainment<small> (Korea)</small>
- **url**: [http://www.rhythmzone.net/koda/ Official Site]
- **caption**: Kumi Koda performing at the Live Earth concert in Japan, 2007
Zeebra

**Zeebra** ( __, born 2 April 1971 in Tokyo, Japan) is a famous Japanese hip hop artist, who is known as the first rapper in Japan. He was born and raised in Tokyo. He made his first appearance in 1995. Zeebra was a member of the hip-hop group King Giddra, which also included DJ Oasis and K Dub Shine. He became a solo artist in 1997. Because he has been in many TV commercials, started hip-hop television programs, and produced songs for upcoming rappers, Zeebra could be called the father of the Japanese rap scene. His daughter is Rima Yokoi, a rapper as a member of the girl group NiziU.
Dreams Come True

**Dreams Come True** is a Japanese J-Pop music group.

The group is made up of a woman and a man. The vocalist is Miwa Yoshida and the bassist is Masato Namamura. They made their debut in 1988. The group tends to use humorous and ambiguous language in their songs.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Dreams Come True
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Japan
- **genre**: Pop music, Pop, jazz
- **years active**: –present
- **label**: Epic/Sony Records (1988-1997)
EMI Music Japan/Virgin Records, Virgin (1997-2002)
Universal Music Group, Universal Music Japan (2003-present)
DCT records (2002-present)
- **associated acts**: Funk the Peanuts, Misia (singer), Misia, Fuzzy Control
- **current members**: Masato Nakamura
Miwa Yoshida
- **past members**: Takahiro Nishikawa
KAT-TUN

**KAT-TUN** is a Japanese J-Pop band.

## History

The group is made up of six young Japanese men. Their debut was announced January 29, 2006. The debut was accompanied by a concert tour of Japan. They released a single ("Real Face"), an album ("Best of KAT-TUN"), and a DVD (_Real Face Film_) on the same day, March 22, 2006.

KAT-TUN is now made up of three members:
- Kamenashi Kazuya (born February 23, 1986)
- Ueda Tatsuya (born October 4, 1983)
- Nakamaru Yuichi (born September 4, 1983)
Members who left the group:

- Akanishi Jin (born July 4, 1984)
- Tanaka Koki (born November 5, 1985)
- Taguchi Junnosuke (born November 29, 1985)

KAT-TUN not only sings and dances.  KAT-TUN also acts.

They will disband on 31 March 2025.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: KAT-TUN
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Tokyo, Japan
- **genre**: Pop music, Pop, rock music, rock
- **years active**: –2025
- **label**: J Storm, J-One
- **past members**: Jin Akanishi
Junnosuke Taguchi
Koki Tanaka
BoA

**Kwon Bo-ah** (born 5 November 1986 in Guri, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea) is a South Korean singer. She is commonly known by her stage name **BoA**. She has been active in both South Korea and Japan. Aside from Korean, BoA also speaks Japanese and English and has released songs in those languages. She also released some Chinese songs, but she does not know Chinese. BoA succeeded not only in Korea, but in all of East Asia as well.

BoA was born and raised in Gyeonggi-do, South Korea. She was discovered by SM Entertainment talent agents when she accompanied her older brother to a talent search. In 2000, after two years of training, she released ID; Peace B, her debut Korean album. Two years later, she released her debut Japanese album, Listen to My Heart.
On October 21, 2008, BoA debuted in the United States with the single "Eat You Up", and released her debut English-language album, BoA on March 17, 2009.

### Korean albums

- _ID; Peace B_ (2000)
- _No. 1_ (2002)
- _Atlantis Princess_ (2003)
- _My Name_ (2004)
- _Girls on Top_ (2005)
- _Hurricane Venus_ (2010)
- _Only One_ (2012)
- _Kiss My Lips_ (2015)
- _Woman_ (2018)
- _Better_ (2020)

### Japanese albums

- _Listen to My Heart_ (2002)
- _Valenti_ (2003)
- _Love & Honesty_ (2004)
- _Outgrow_ (2006)
- _Made in Twenty (20)_ (2007)
- _The Face_ (2008)
- _Identity_ (2010)
- _Who's Back?_ (2014)
- _Watashi Kono Mama de Ii no Kana_ (2018)

### English albums

- _BoA_ (2009)

## Other websites

- BoA Kwon Toplist

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: BoA
- **img**: BoA at Incheon Airport on May 15, 2019 (2).png
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Boa Kwon
- **origin**: Guri, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
- **years active**: 2000–present
Saturn (mythology)

**Saturn** (Latin: _Sāturnus_) is a Roman god of agriculture. In Roman mythology, Saturn is the father of Ceres, Jupiter, Veritas, and others. He is associated with time, wealth, and liberation. He is also identified with the Greek titan Kronos, whose rule, often called the Golden Age, is seen as a time of peace and abundance.

## Temple of Saturn

The Temple of Saturn located at the Roman Forum housed the state treasury. In December, the festival of Saturnalia, perhaps the most famous of all the Roman festivals, was held in his honor — it had a public banquet, role reversals, private gift-giving and revelry. The planet Saturn is named after him and the modern English weekday Saturday bears his name.

## More Detailed Info

Saturn (Sāturnus) was a major Roman god of agriculture, wealth, time, and liberation, identified with the Greek Titan Cronus; his rule was seen as a mythical "Golden Age" of peace and abundance, teaching humanity farming and civilization. He was married to Ops, fathered key gods like Jupiter and Juno, and his major cult centered around the lively December festival of Saturnalia, a time of feasting, gift-giving, and temporary social reversals, symbolizing the freedom of his golden age. Romans honored him with a temple on the Capitoline Hill, which housed the state treasury, solidifying his importance.

Key Aspects of Saturn

Role: God of agriculture, harvest, abundance, wealth, time, generation, and liberation.

Greek Counterpart: Cronus, though the Roman version integrated more aspects of a benevolent king.

Family: Son of Caelus (Heaven) and Terra (Earth); husband of Ops (Abundance); father of Jupiter, Neptune, Pluto, Juno, Ceres, and Vesta.

Mythology: Fled to Italy after being overthrown by his son, Zeus (Jupiter), and ruled Latium in a utopian Golden Age, teaching people farming and civilization.

Symbolism: Often depicted with a sickle or scythe, representing agriculture.

Cult Center: The Temple of Saturn on the Roman Forum, which also served as the state treasury.

The Saturnalia Festival

When: A major December festival, initially a single day but extended.

Activities: Feasting, merriment, gift-giving, role reversals (masters serving slaves), and free speech.

Significance: Recreated the spirit of the Golden Age, temporarily suspending normal social rules and restrictions.

Saturn's Dual Nature

Saturn embodies contrasts: a benevolent culture hero who brought civilization but was also a violent Titan.

He was seen as both a source of prosperity (with Ops) and linked to destruction (with Lua, goddess of war spoils).

## Related pages

- Greek mythology
- Classical antiquity
Comanche

**Comanche peoples** are Native Americans who lived in an area called the _Comancheria_. This is where Eastern New Mexico, Southern Colorado, Southern Kansas, all of Oklahoma and most of Northern and Southern Texas are today. There once were as many as 20,000 Comanches. Today the Comanche Nation has 10,000 members, most in Oklahoma (centered at Lawton) and the rest in Texas, California, and New Mexico. The Comanche speak a language of their own, the Comanche language that is related to other Native American ones, called _Uto-Aztecan language family_.

The name Comanche was given by the Mexicans and it was the word the Comanche used to call them, _kleptomania_ (enemy, foreigner). But the Comanches' call themselves _Numinous_, meaning "human being" or "the People". They were very good warriors and fought the white settlers and army for many years until they gave up in 1875.

The woman in the family made the teepees. They gathered wild potatoes, fruits, nuts and berries. The woman in the family cooked, cleaned and made their clothing. The clothing was made out either bear, deer, bison, buffalo, wolves or coyotes.

### Further reading

- Thomas, Alfred Barnaby (1940) _The Plains Indians and New Mexico, 1751-1778: A collection of documents illustrative of the history of the eastern frontier of New Mexico._ University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, OCLC 3626655
- Wolff, Gerald W., and Cash, Joseph W. (1976) _The Comanche People_ Phoenix, Arizona: Indian Tribal Series.

## Other websites

- Comanche Nation
- The Comanche Language and Cultural Perservation Committee

## Infobox (ethnic group)

- **group**: Comanches
Nʉmʉnʉʉ
- **caption**: Flag of the Comanche
- **popplace**: United States (Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico)
- **rels**: Native American Church, Christianity, traditional tribal religion
- **langs**: English language, English, Comanche language, Comanche
- **related**: Shoshone and other Numic languages, Numic peoples
Cuvette

A **cuvette** is a kind of laboratory glassware, usually a small tube of circular or square cross shape, closed at one end and open at the other, made of plastic, glass, or optical grade quartz and made to hold samples for spectroscopic experiments.  The best cuvettes are as clear as possible, without impurities that might affect a spectroscopic reading.  Like a test tube, a cuvette may be open to the air on top or have a glass or other material to close it.