juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Power Mac G4

The **Power Mac G4** is a series of personal computers designed, manufactured, and sold by Apple Computer from 1999 to 2004 as part of the Power Macintosh line.  Built around the PowerPC G4 series of microprocessors, the Power Mac G4 was marketed by Apple as the first "personal supercomputers", reaching speeds of 4 to 20 gigaFLOPS. This was the first existing Macintosh product to be officially shortened as "Mac" (with the exception of the iMac), and is the last Mac able to boot into classic Mac OS with the introduction of Mac OS X.

The enclosure style introduced with the Power Macintosh G3 (Blue and White) was retained through the entire five-year production run of the Power Mac G4, albeit with significant changes to match Apple's evolving industrial design and to accommodate increasing cooling needs.  The G4 and its enclosure were retired with the introduction of the Power Mac G5.

## Supported operating systems

|rowspan=2|OS release|colspan="3"|Graphite|colspan="3"|Digital Audio/QuickSilver|colspan="3"|Mirrored Drive Doors||
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## Related product

Jony Ive designed this body which was made of glass, infamously.
Joan Murrell Owens

**Joan Murrell Owens** (born 30 June 1933) was a marine biologist. She may have been the first Black American to earn a PhD in marine geology. She found three new species of coral. She also found a group of button coral. She is known specifically for her specialty in button corals.

## Early life

Growing up, Owens was greatly influenced by the works of Eugenie Clark and Jacques Cousteau. They increased her passion for the ocean and marine life. However, it was rare to see a woman marine biologist at the time. Also, Owens had sickle cell anemia, a sickness which made it hard for her to dive. Instead, she worked on a project with the Smithsonian Institution. She used existing button coral that were rediscovered from a British expedition in 1880. Owens taught English at Howard University, but she never gave up her dreams for marine biology. At age 51, she earned a PhD in marine geology at George Washington University. She began studying corals.

## Career

In her research, Owens discovered three new species of coral and one new group of button coral. She was able to get a Master’s degree and a PhD in geology. She also continued the blueprints of the missing marine biologist Don Squires and published a hypothesis to why deep sea coral were able to move. A hypothesis is a theory that will be tested. She was the only woman in the geology department.  Seeing a female scientist at the time was also rare.
Amber Straughn

**Amber Straughn** is one of the workers who helped with the James Webb Space Telescope.  She has worked with NASA for about 17 years.

## Career

Her career started when she did a flying experiment with NASA on microgravity (the condition where gravity seems to be very small) after she graduated from the University of Arkansas with a Bachelor of Science degree.  She went on to become the Associate Director of the Astrophysics Science Division. (3) Astrophysics is the study of the physical and chemical structure of stars, planets, and other natural objects in space.  The James Webb Space Telescope, which she helped design, is the largest, most complex telescope ever sent to space.  It did incredible things, including being able to see inside dust clouds and see if any earth-like planets had enough water for oceans.
Eunice Newton Foote

**Eunice Newton Foote** was the scientist who discovered the greenhouse effect and an activist. Her experiment predicted the findings of the Earth’s greenhouse effect. She was the first person to publicly say that the Earth would get warmer if carbon dioxide levels rose.

## Early life

Foote went to the Troy Female Seminary School. This helped her find a love for science. This would inspire her in her later years of becoming a scientist.

## Career

Foote became the first person to notice the ability of carbon dioxide and water vapor on heat. She connected the two to climate change.  Her work was shown to the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1856. She did not present her work. A man named Joseph Henry did. It is unclear why.  A summary of her work was published in the 1857 volume of Annual Scientific Discovery by David A. Wells. Foote also made it into a German publication. She got a good review of her findings from Scientific American.  Also, she had a short film made about her in 2018.

Foote was also an activist and believer in women’s rights. Foote signed the document at the 1848 Seneca Falls Convention. The 1848 Seneca Falls Convention was the country’s first gathering focused on women's rights.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Eunice Newton Foote
- **birth name**: Eunice Newton
- **birth place**: Goshen, Connecticut, U.S.
- **death place**: Lenox, Massachusetts, U.S.
- **resting place**: Green-Wood Cemetery, Brooklyn, New York City
- **known for**: Discovery of the effect of carbon dioxide gas on atmospheric temperature
- **education**: Emma Willard School, Troy Female Seminary
- **signature**: Eunice Foote's signature.png
Monique Adolphe

**Monique Adolphe** (born July 23, 1932) was a French scientist and pharmacist. She was one of the first people to figure out how to use cell culture methods for pharmacotoxicology. Pharmacotoxicology is the testing of drugs to find out if they are toxic and what their effects can be. A cell culture is a group of cells under controlled growth. She was also a pioneer of pharmacotoxicology using in vitro techniques. In vitro means in glass, or in test tubes. She helped figure out how to test drugs that could be toxic on cell cultures instead of on a human or an animal. She was the president of the EPHE Cellular Pharmacology Laboratory. She was the first woman to hold this position. She founded the Society of Cellular Pharmacotoxicology. She was the president of it for 10 years. She was an officer in the Order of the Legion of Honor and a Commander in the National Order of Merit in France. She was also a member of the Royal Academy of Belgium and the Royal Academy of Spain.

## Early life

She was born in Paris, France, on July 23, 1932. Her father was a pharmacist.

## Career

She started her career as an intern at a hospital in Paris. She got a doctorate in cell biology sciences. She became director of studies at the EPHE Cellular Pharmacology Laboratory in 1974. She became president of the EPHE in 1990. She was the first woman to be in this position. She was also the director of the cellular pharmacology laboratory, a laboratory that the EPHE created for her. Monique Adolphe was one of the pioneers of using cell cultures to test drug toxicity. A human cell culture is a group of human cells under controlled growth, not attached to a human body. With the use of human cell cultures, pharmacists can test possibly harmful drugs on cell cultures instead of on humans. She founded the Society of Cellular Pharmacotoxicology. She was president of it for 10 years. She was a member of the European Society of Tissue Culture. She then became the president of it from 1985 to 1987. She represented France at the ECVAM (European Center for the Validation of Alternative Methods) from 1992 to 1997. She co-founded the French Society of Cellular Pharmacotoxicology. She chaired the National Academy of Pharmacy in 2009. She was the first woman to hold this position since 1803. She was a member of the National Academy of Medicine. She became a full member in 2001, also becoming the first female pharmacist in the company.

## Death

Adolphe died in Paris, France on June 27, 2022.
Marthe Gautier

**Marthe Gautier** was a French doctor and gene scientist who discovered the cause of Down Syndrome. She was one of two women out of 80 students from all over France to pass the medical training entry exam for Paris’s best hospitals. Gautier trained to become a children’s heart doctor and was offered funding to study at Harvard. She then got a job at a lab learning how to grow cells, a new technology at the time. Once she returned to France, her skill did not work out in a job, so she took a job somewhere else. The head doctor, Raymond Turpin, was very interested in discovering the cause of Down Syndrome. He wanted to look closer at chromosomes,  which carry instructions for your cells, to look for anything unique. The only person in the lab who could do it was Gautier. So, after a closer look at the chromosomes, she discovered an extra pair. Gautier needed proof but did not have the correct tools, so she trusted a male colleague, Jérôme Lejeune .Her experiment was not returned. She later discovered an article was about to be published on her discovery, without giving her proper credit. She was eventually awarded a medal in the late 1950s and was planning to expose her work partner, Jérôme Lejeune, but the ceremony was canceled and was held a day later with a smaller ceremony to prevent her from doing that.  After her death, Jérôme Lejeune’s foundation credited her for her work.
Leela Hazzah

**Leela Hazzah** is an Egyptian conservation biologist that studies lions. She was interested in lions at a young age. Her father and uncle would tell her stories about them.  She learned that lions were becoming extinct in Egypt. This fact made her want to stop the lions from dying. In 2002, she moved to the United States to get a bachelor’s degree in biology at Denison University.  She got a Master of Science degree and PhD in conservation biology from the University of Wisconsin.  Hazzah lived with the indigenous Mbirikani Maasai along the Kenya-Tanzania border for a year. She studied their relationship with lions.  In 2006, Hazzah co-founded the organization Lion Guardians.  She is the Executive Director.  Her program has been 99% effective in stopping lion killings.  She won the 2009 Women of Discovery Field Research award.  She earned the Saint Andrews Prize for the Environment in 2012.  Hazzah is also the president of the U.S non-profit organization called Wildlife Guardians.  She was named one of CNN’s “Top ten heroes” of the year in 2014.
Sabrina Gonzalez Pasterski

**Sabrina Gonzalez Pasterski** (born June 3, 1993) is an American theoretical physicist who studies high-energy physics. Theoretical physicists conduct research and develop mathematics for a wide variety of theories and concepts. Pasterski also earned a PhD in quantum mechanics and studied theoretical physics. She is the founder and principal investigator of the Celestial Holography Initiative at Perimeter Institute. Pasterski later graduated from Harvard and MIT with a 5.00 GPA. She was also offered jobs by Jeff Bezos and NASA. The aviation magazine _Midwest Flyer_ dubbed her the “future of aviation”. She has received ten impressive awards, including the MIT Orloff Scholarship award.

Pasterski made the Forbes 30 Under 30 Science list. She also enrolled in MIT at the age of 16. She was also cited by Stephen Hawking in “Soft Hair on Black Holes”. Pasterski wrote a paper on asymptotic symmetries and electromagnetic memory that has been added to Harvard’s graduate school curriculum. As a child, she was interested in aerospace. She started flight lessons at age 9 and flew solo in her Cessna at age 14. Pasterski also became the youngest person in the US to build an aircraft and fly it solo at 16.
Jane Rigby

**Jane Rigby** is an American astronomer, the James Webb Space Telescope senior project scientist at NASA, and a social activist in the astronomy community. She was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2024. The medal is the highest US civilian award. President Biden presented the award to her for her work on the James Webb Space Telescope. The James Webb Telescope is one of NASA’s multi-billion dollar instruments in space. The telescope helps take images of deep space. Jane Rigby is the senior project scientist. This means she helps keep the telescope working. The telescope has found many discoveries in deep space. Jane Rigby has worked with many other important telescopes in her career, like the Hubble Space Telescope, Spritzer, the Keck Telescopes, and the Chandra x-ray Telescope. She also wrote around 150 papers on her discoveries in her career.

## Early life

She was always interested in space and wanted to be an astronaut when she was a child. Jane Rigby got a masters and doctoral degree in astronomy at the University of Arizona.

## Activism

She helps make queer astronauts and other groups that struggle to become astronomers more welcome in the astronomy community. She has been helping set up meetings to advocate for those groups during her career.
Jane Palmer

**Jane Palmer** is the founder and CEO of Nature Coatings.

## Journey

Jane Palmer is a graduate of Appalachian State University. Furthermore, she got a master's degree in textiles and focused on fibers and metal smithing at App State; Her sustainability efforts were inspired by her time at university. Sustainability (in an environmental context), means the ability to maintain an ecological balance in our planet's natural environment and conserve natural resources to support the well-being of current and future generations. Additionally, she worked with dyes and pigments for over 20 years, as she tried to find an environment-friendly clothing pigment.

## Career

Jane’s company, Nature Coating, makes pigments called BioBlack out of wood waste from the wood and paper industries. They wanted an alternative to the pigments that harmed the environment, called Carbon Black. Eventually, Nature Coatings discovered BioBlack, which is made from wood waste. This helped lessen the amount of wood waste, as they used up to 50 million tons of wood that would have been thrown away. Before Nature Coatings, Jane opened her first dye house in 2010 in Los Angeles and created plant-based dyes. Furthermore, she received two National Science Foundation grants and awards in 2016 and 2017, receiving $275,000. Overall, this company was very successful and very beneficial for the environment.
Mary Elliott Hill

**Mary Elliott Hill** (January 5, 1907) was one of the first African American female chemists in the United States. Hill’s research played a major role in the development of plastics. Her research focused on ketene synthesis.  Ketene synthesis is the process of making a chemical called ketene, where you combine different chemicals. She earned her Bachelor of Science from Virginia State College Laboratory School in 1929. Hill also did research in ultraviolet spectrophotometry and worked in organic and analytical chemistry. Ultraviolet spectrophotometry is a technique that analyzes how materials absorb visible light. It helps provide information about their composition and concentration. Her work in ultraviolet spectrophotometry helped develop methods that allowed more precise tracking of progress in chemical reactions. When Hill became a teacher, she had a big influence on her students, which made her part of the top six chemistry teachers in the United States and Canada. In her later years, she returned to Virginia State College and taught chemistry at the college level. Also, Hill worked on her master’s degree in analytical chemistry at the University of Pennsylvania. For six years, she was an instructor in chemistry at a high school, but in 1950, there were racial barriers that kept blacks from finding employment in the chemical industry. She also encouraged other African American women to pursue STEM careers. Additionally, she created student chapters of the American Chemical Societies at schools where she taught. Hill was a member of the Alpha Kappa Alpha National Honor Society, the Tennessee Academy of Science, and the National Institute of Science. Throughout her career, Hill wrote several textbooks with her husband and co-authored more than 40 scientific papers.

She died in Frankfurt, Indiana, in 1969 and was buried in Norfolk, Virginia.
Helia Bravo Hollis

**Helia Bravo Hollis** was a botanist who contributed a lot to the study of cacti. She also led and helped create many gardens and an herbarium wing. Her career with plants began in 1919. Bravo Hollis was determined to study biology even though it was not a real career back then. By 1927 she was the first certified biologist in Mexico. She traveled all over the country, and studied many kinds of cacti. From this she collected a lot of information. She used this information to write almost 170 articles. She also wrote two books. These books were called _El Interesante Mundo de las Cactáceas_ and _Las Cactáceas de México_. Throughout her career, she discovered and recorded over 700 new cacti.

Helia Bravo Hollis was more than a scientist. She was also a professor, a leader, and a creator. In 1929, the university UNAM began to build its biology institute. She helped by creating the Herbarium wing.  An herbarium is a place where plants are stored and studied. After her travels, she became a professor of botany at UNAM in 1956. She taught there for 35 years. She worked hard and made many contributions to botany. Because of this, she received many awards. Several things were also named after her, including two gardens. One of them was the UNAM botanical garden. She helped start this garden and directed it in 1959. Many cacti were named after her as well. Six species and one subspecies were titled in her honor.
France A. Córdova

France A. Córdova is known for her work as the first woman, Latina, and youngest chief scientist at NASA. When she was younger, she had very little access to science. She was discouraged from learning science at all. After graduating at the top of her high school, she was named one of the ten outstanding youths in California by the California Chamber of Commerce. In 1979, she decided she wanted to become an astrophysicist and obtained a Ph.D at the California Institute of Technology. At Caltech, she focused on double-star systems. She accepted an offer from Penn State to become a professor in the department of astrology. She continued her astrology research for 4 years. In 1993, she was asked to leave her current work to be at NASA as a chief scientist.

France A. Córdova has many achievements working as an astrophysicist. France A. Cordova has published more than 150 scientific papers. Her multispectral research on X-ray and gamma-ray sources and spaceborne instrumentation has made her an internationally recognized astrophysicist. She has served in prominent leadership roles. Prominent means important. Additionally, she discovered a double-star system. A double-star system is a pair of stars that circle each other. It’s like two dancers holding hands and spinning around their center
Diana Trujillo

**Diana Trujillo** has had many roles at NASA, including flight director, mission lead, and deputy team chief of engineering. She is part of the small group that leads the Mission Control Center during all of NASA’s human spaceflight missions. Trujillo played key roles in missions to Mars such as Curiosity, Perseverance, and Ingenuity.  When she was young, looking at the night sky in her backyard inspired her love of space.  She was told that it would be impossible for her to have a career in space, but Trujillo became the first Hispanic woman to be admitted to the NASA Academy.  Trujillo co-created and hosted #JuntosPerserveramos, NASA’s first Spanish live broadcast of a planetary landing.  She has promoted the inclusion of Latinas at the White House Initiative on Educational Excellence for Hispanics and on Sesame Street.  In 2021, she was honored with the Hispanic Heritage Foundation’s STEM Awards in 2020. Trujillo’s life story was turned into a children’s picture book, celebrating her achievements and encouraging kids to get into STEM and space, and to follow their dreams.
Helen Abbott

**Helen Abbott (Michael)** was an American physician and chemist born in Philadelphia on December 23, 1857. She was driven by a deep commitment to science and public service. In the fall of 1900, Helen took a big step by enrolling in the Medical School of Tufts College .This was a time when very few women pursued medical careers. She earned her medical degree in 1903, marking a milestone in her life and setting the stage for her future contributions to healthcare. Beyond her academic achievements, Helen’s compassion showed through her community work. Her efforts reflected not only her medical skill but also her enduring belief in accessible healthcare for all.

## Early Life

Abbott loved music. She was homeschooled which led to a discovery of her talent. She would sing and perform all the time. Later, she wrote poetry and literary criticism. She studied piano with a private teacher in Paris. On one of her trips to Paris Abbott started reading a book called ‘Hermann von Helmholtz’s Handbuch der Physiologischen Optik’, which started her interest in science. After discovering her interest in science Abbott shifted her studies from literature, philosophy, and music, to anatomy, medicine, and zoology. Abbott later went to Women’s Medical College of Peninsula.

## Career

After reading ‘Hermann von Helmholtz Handbuch der Physiologischen Optik, she decided to begin studying science as a new path in her life. Abbott contributed many articles to assist the Philadelphia college of pharmacy. The college’s trustees were so impressed with her research that she became the first woman to ever lecture at the college. Later, Abbott continued to do research and lectures, some of which were at Tufts University. Abbott received her medical degree in 1903. She created a free hospital in part of her own home and helped the ill with her knowledge of medicine (American Philosophical Society). Abbott passed away after contracting influenza from a patient she was treating.
Jessica Watkins

**Jessica Watkins** is the first female black astronaut to fly a longer space mission. She has a Bachelor of Science degree in geological and environmental sciences from Stanford. Watkins also has a doctorate in geology from the University of California, Los Angeles. During her studies at UCLA, she interned for NASA at the Ames Research Facility. Watkins worked as a science team member for NASA’s Curiosity Rover. She was also a Chief Geologist with NASA at the Mars Desert Research in Utah. Additionally, she worked as an aquanaut in the underwater habitat in Florida for NEEMO’s 23rd mission. Watkins was also one of the 12 new astronaut candidates selected out of 18,300 applicants. She spent two years in basic astronaut training and another two years preparing for her ISS mission. Watkins spent six months on the ISS. She collaborated with Russian cosmonauts and served as the team’s mission specialist. Lastly, Watkins was one of 18 astronauts selected to join the scientists who worked on NASA’s Artemis project. The Artemis team was the first group in 50 years to go to the moon.
Hilde Mangold

**Hilde Mangold** was a German embryologist whose research was the first to show that there is a center in an embryo that controls the development of organs and tissues. Mangold received a good education for a woman of her time and studied zoology at the University of Frankfurt. She began her doctorate at only age 21, conducting research with Hans Spemann from 1920 to 1923. The research on newt embryos that she did with Spemann led to a Nobel Prize. Mangold died in 1924 at age 25 so only Spemann received the prize.  At the University of Freiburg, a cast of her gravestone hangs in the zoology building and she has a building named after her at the University as well. The original slides of her experiment are archived at the Berlin Museum of Natural History.
Cornelia Clapp

**Cornelia Clapp** (born March 17, 1849) was a teacher and scientist in the 1800s.  Clapp taught Mathematics and natural history.  Clapp was the first woman in the United States to receive a doctorate in biology.  In 1888, Syracuse University conferred on her a Ph.B. degree, and a year later, a Ph.D. In the 1880’s she was considered an innovator in her day. Clapp improved science by teaching directly from observation, not the textbooks. During Clapp’s career, she taught mathematics and natural history, which is also known as zoology. By 1883, she was recognized as one of the greatest zoologists in the country and was awarded the title of “Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science,” an honor typically given to outstanding women. Clapp enhanced the field of science education by teaching directly from observation rather than relying exclusively on textbooks.

In 1888, Syracuse University awarded her a Bachelor of Philosophy (Ph.B.), and she earned her Ph.D. a year later. In late 1899, Clapp introduced an embryology class at Mount Holyoke, which is a branch of biology and medicine concerned with the study of embryos and their development. Clapp was the first woman to obtain a doctorate in biology, achieving this milestone in 1896.
Suzanne Amador Kane

**Suzanne Amador Kane** is an American physicist and a professor at Haverford College in Pennsylvania. She is known for using physics to study how animals move and behave. Her research has helped scientists learn more about birds like falcons and peacocks. Her work also helps engineers design better robot swarms. Kane won an award from the American Physical Society in 2020. She is also the author of a book called Introduction to Physics in Modern Medicine.

Kane combines studies of zoology and physics. She taught her students in this way too. She studied many different animals and birds. Kane was the lead author on an important study about falcons. Another study included peacocks. This groundbreaking study showed that peacock feathers and crests were more than just decoration. The crests were actually sensors. The study showed that peacock feathers are tuned to vibrate at the exact same frequencies as at which a displaying peacock is rattling his tail. This also inspired her to do more research on other birds. Kane taught at Haverford College in Pennsylvania and received the prestigious American Physical Society award for her teaching. She wrote the famous book “Introduction to physics in modern medicine.”
Power Mac G5

The **Power Mac G5** is a series of personal computers designed, manufactured, and sold by Apple Computer, Inc. from 2003 to 2006 as part of the Power Mac series.  When introduced, it was the most powerful computer in Apple's Macintosh lineup, and was marketed by the company as the world's first 64-bit desktop computer.  It was also the first desktop computer from Apple to use an anodized aluminum alloy enclosure, and one of only three computers in Apple's lineup to utilize the PowerPC 970 CPU, the others being the iMac G5 and the Xserve G5.

Three generations of Power Mac G5 were released before it was discontinued as part of the Mac transition to Intel processors, making way for its replacement, the Mac Pro. The Mac Pro retained a variation of the G5's enclosure design for seven more years, making it among the longest-lived designs in Apple's history.

## Other websites

- Ars Technica: Inside the PowerPC 970
- Ars Technica: A Brief Look at the PowerPC 970
- Ars Technica Review: Power Mac G5 Dual 2.5 GHz
- Forevermac.com: The Power Mac G5 Quad Core 2.5 GHz
Vice President of Benin

## Vice presidents of Benin

|#|Portrait|Office holder|Took office|Left office|**Political affiliation**||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1||Sourou-Migan Apithy|1 August 1960|1963|||||
|style="background:#D8D8D8"|2||Coutoucou Hubert Maga<small>(1916—2000)</small>|rowspan="3"|27 October 1963|rowspan="3"|28 October 1963||
|3||Justin Ahomadégbé-Tomêtin <small>(1917—2002)</small>|||||||
|4||Joseph Sourou Migan Marcellin <small>(1913—1989)</small>|||||||
|3||Justin Ahomadégbé-Tomêtin|January 1964|November 1965|||||
|3||style="font-size: 80%;"|Justin Ahomadégbé-Tomêtin, Prime Minister|colspan="2" style="font-size:80%; text-align:center;"|27 November 1965 to 29 November 1965||||
|5||style="font-size: 80%;"|Christophe Soglo, head of military provisional government|colspan="2" style="font-size:80%; text-align:center;"|29 November 1965 to 19 December 1967||||
|6||style="font-size: 80%;"|Alphonse Alley, head of military provisional government|colspan="2" style="font-size:80%; text-align:center;"|19 December 1967 to 17 July 1968||||
|7||style="font-size: 80%;"|Émile Derlin Zinsou, President|colspan="2" style="font-size:80%; text-align:center;"|17 July 1968 to 10 December 1969||||
|8||style="font-size: 80%;"|Maurice Kouandété, head of military provisional committee|colspan="2" style="font-size:80%; text-align:center;"|10 December 1969 to 13 December 1969||||
|9||style="font-size: 80%;"|Paul-Émile de Souza, head of military directory|colspan="2" style="font-size:80%; text-align:center;"|13 December 1969 to 7 May 1970||||
|style="background:#D8D8D8"|2||Coutoucou Hubert Maga<small>(1916—2000)</small>|rowspan="3"|1970|rowspan="3"|1972||
|3||Justin Ahomadégbé-Tomêtin <small>(1917—2002)</small>|||||||
|4||Marcellin Joseph Sourou-Migan Apithy <small>(1913—1989)</small>|||||||
|2||Hubert Maga|7 May 1970|7 May 1972|||||
|4||Justin Ahomadégbé-Tomêtin|7 May 1972|26 October 1972|||||
|10||**Mathieu Kérékou**,|colspan="2"||||||
|10||**Mathieu Kérékou**,|colspan="2"||||||
|10||Ahmed **Mathieu Kérékou**,|colspan="2"||||||
|11|rowspan="2"|**Nicéphore** Dieudonné **Soglo**,|colspan="2"||||||
|**Nicéphore** Dieudonné **Soglo**,|colspan="2"||||||||
|12||**Adrien Houngbédji**,|colspan="2"||||||
|10||**Mathieu** Ahmed **Kérékou**,|colspan="2"||||||
|13||Thomas **Yayi Boni**,|colspan="2"||||||
|14||**Pascal Koupaki**,|colspan="2"||||||
|13||Thomas **Yayi Boni**,|colspan="2"||||||
|15||**Lionel Zinsou**|colspan="2"||||||
|16||Patrice Talon|colspan="2"|6 April 2016 to 24 May 2021|n-p||||
|17||Mariam Chabi Talata|24 May 2021|present|||||

## See also

- Benin
    - Politics of Benin
    - President of Benin
IMac (Intel-based)

The **iMac** is a series of all-in-one desktop computers designed, manufactured, and sold by Apple Inc. Between 2006 and 2022, the iMac series used chipsets based on Intel architecture. While sold, it was one of three desktop computers in the Mac lineup, serving as an all-in-one alternative to the Mac Mini, and sat below the performance range Mac Pro. It was sold alongside a higher-end, Xeon-based iMac Pro from 2017 to 2021.

The earliest Intel iMacs reused the same white polycarbonate enclosure as the iMac G5. Later models shifted to aluminum and plastic, and then a unibody aluminum case. The iMacs released after October 2012 also featured a much thinner display, with the edge measuring just 5 mm. This design would persist until the line was discontinued.

As part of the Mac transition to Apple's own processors, the Intel-based iMac was succeeded by the Apple silicon iMac beginning in 2021. Apple discontinued the 21.5-inch Intel iMac the same year, with the 27-inch model discontinued in March 2022, following the announcement of the Mac Studio and 27-inch Apple Studio Display.
Nuclear reactor core

A **nuclear reactor core** is the portion of a nuclear reactor containing the nuclear fuel components where the nuclear reactions take place.

## Description

The nuclear reactor core (also referred to as the "reactor core" or the "core") is the region within a nuclear reactor where the nuclear fuel assemblies are located and the nuclear reaction consequently takes place. The core of the reactor contains all the nuclear fuels and generates all of the heat. It contains low-enriched uranium, control systems and structural materials. The core contains hundreds of thousands of individual fuel pins.

## Water-moderated reactors

Inside the core of a typical pressurized water reactor or boiling water reactor are nuclear fuel rods equivalent to the diameter of a large gel type ink-pen, each about  long, which are grouped by the hundreds in bundles called "fuel assemblies". Inside each fuel rod, pellets of uranium, or more commonly uranium oxide, are stacked end to end. Also inside the core are control rods, filled with pellets of substances like boron or hafnium or cadmium that readily capture neutrons. When the control rods are lowered into the core, they absorb neutrons, which thus cannot take part in the chain reaction. Conversely, when the control rods are lifted out of the way, more neutrons strike the fissile uranium-235 (U-235) or plutonium-239 (Pu-239) nuclei in nearby fuel rods, and the chain reaction intensifies.

The heat of the fission reaction is removed by the water, which also acts to moderate the neutron reactions.

An alternative form of nuclear fuel would be fissile uranium-233 (U-233) made by the neutron-bombardment of the common thorium-232.

## Graphite-moderated reactors

There are also Graphite moderated reactors in use.

One type uses solid graphite for the neutron moderator and ordinary water for the coolant. See the Soviet-made RBMK nuclear-power reactor. This was the type of reactor involved in the Chernobyl disaster.

In the advanced gas-cooled reactor, a British design, the core is made of a graphite neutron moderator where the fuel assemblies are located. Carbon dioxide gas acts as a coolant and it circulates through the graphite removing heat.

There have also been several experimental reactors that use graphite for moderation, such as the pebble bed reactor concepts and the molten-salt reactor experiment (graphite core shown at right).

## Related pages

- Nuclear meltdown
- Lists of nuclear disasters and radioactive incidents
- Nuclear power
- Nuclear reactor technology

## References

- Nuclear Reactor Analysis, John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.
Angie (song)

"**Angie**" is a 1973 song by The Rolling Stones and was taken from their 11th studio album _Goats Head Soup_. It went to number 5 in the United Kingdom, number 1 in the United States, Australia, Canada, Belgium, Italy, France, Norway, the Netherlands and Switzerland, number 2 in South Africa, New Zealand and Germany and number 9 in Ireland.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Angie
- **type**: single
- **artist**: The Rolling Stones
- **album**: Goats Head Soup
- **b-side**: Silver Train (song), Silver Train
- **label**: Rolling Stones Records, Rolling Stones
- **writer**: Jagger–Richards
- **producer**: Jimmy Miller (producer), Jimmy Miller
- **prev title**: Happy (Rolling Stones song), Happy
- **prev year**: 1972
- **next title**: Doo Doo Doo Doo Doo (Heartbreaker)
- **next year**: 1973
Kashish Khan

**Kashish Khan** (born 2 June 1989) is an Indian film producer, director, writer, and actress. She is the founder and director of "Kashish Khan Production Private Limited Company". With a career spanning film production, direction.

## Early Life and Background

Kashish Khan was born on 2 June 1989 in Faridabad, Haryana, India. She comes from a family with a strong background in social work and politics. Her mother, Basiri Khan, is an Indian politician and social worker who also serves as the director of Kashish Khan Production Private Limited Company and runs the NGO Jan Sewa Sanghthan, which focuses on public welfare. Her father, Late Pahalwan Paltu Khan, was from Kot Mewat, Haryana.

## Career

- ***Mystery of Tattoo*** (2023) – A suspense thriller starring Arjun Rampal, Daisy Shah, Myraa Sareen, and Rohit Raaj.
- ***Riwaj*** (2024) – A socially relevant drama addressing the issue of triple talaq, featuring Aftab Shivdasani, Myraa Sareen, Mithun Chakraborty, Adhvik Mahajan, Jaya Prada, Anita Raj, and Ashwani Kapoor.
- ***Second Chance*** – Starring Arjan Bajwa, Myraa Sareen, Tanisha Mukherjee, Iulia Vântur, and Zakir Khan.
- ***Puniya Ki Duniya*** – Starring Jimmy Sheirgill, Elli AvrRam, Poonam Dhillon, Sharad Saxena, Kiku Sharda, and Shelly.

### Upcoming Dream Project

Kashish Khan is currently working on an ambitious historical horror-biopic film on a grand scale. The project aims to redefine Indian cinema with high-end visual effects and a compelling narrative.

### Acting Career

Before entering film production, Kashish Khan won the title of Miss Faridabad, which led to her success in the Miss Delhi pageant. Her achievements in the beauty industry paved the way for her acting career.

She appeared in:

- ***Bombay to Goa*** – A comedy film featuring Sunil Pal, Raju Srivastava, and other comedians.
- ***Barber*** – Starring Soham Shah.

### Brand Ambassador

Between 2019 and 2022, Kashish Khan served as the Brand Ambassador of South Korea for beauty and health products. She also represented the T10 Cricket League as its brand ambassador.

### Writing and Creative Contributions

Kashish Khan actively participates in scriptwriting and creative development for her films, ensuring that each project under her banner aligns with her artistic vision.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Kashish Khan
- **caption**: Kashish Khan in 2024
- **birth place**: Faridabad, Haryana, India
- **nationality**: Indian
- **occupation**: Film producer, Director, Writer, Actress
- **organization**: Kashish Khan Production Private Limited
- **known for**: _Mystery of Tattoo_, _Riwaj_, _Second Chance_, _Puniya Ki Duniya_
- **notable works**: Historical horror-biopic (upcoming)
- **mother**: Basiri Khan
- **father**: Pahalwan Paltu Khan
- **awards**: Miss Faridabad, Miss Delhi (Finalist)
(Feels Like) Heaven

"**(Feels Like) Heaven**" is a 1983 song by Scottish new wave Fiction Factory and is the second single from their debut studio album _Throw the Warped Wheel Out_. It went to number 6 in the United Kingdom, number 4 in Ireland, number 1 in Paraguay, number 2 in Switzerland, number 10 in Germany, number 20 in Austria, number 24 in New Zealand and number 16 in the Netherlands.

## Track listing

**7"**
1. "(Feels Like) Heaven"
1. "Everyone but You"

**12"**
1. "(Feels Like) Heaven" (Remix)
1. "Everyone but You"
1. "This Is"

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: (Feels Like) Heaven
- **type**: single
- **artist**: Fiction Factory
- **album**: Throw the Warped Wheel Out
- **recorded**: 1983
- **genre**: * New wave music, New wave
* sophisti-pop
- **length**: 3:34
- **label**: Columbia Records, CBS
- **writer**: * Eddie Jordan
* Kevin Patterson
- **producer**: Peter Wilson (record producer), Peter Wilson
- **prev title**: Ghost of Love (Fiction Factory song), Ghost of Love
- **prev year**: 1983
- **next title**: All or Nothing (Fiction Factory song), All or Nothing
- **next year**: 1984
Life Goes On

"**Life Goes On**" is a song by LeAnn Rimes. It was released in August 5, 2002.

## Music video

The music video was directed by Matthew Rolston and premiered on VH1 on July 29, 2002.
Satendra Singh Lohiya

**Satendra Singh Lohiya** (born 6 July 1987) is an Indian paraswimmer. He has 70% in both legs but became known for long-distance sea swimming. He was awarded the Padma Shri in 2024 for his contribution to Indian sports.

## Early life

Satendra was born in Bhind, Madhya Pradesh. He became disabled at 15 days old due to a medical condition. He was encouraged by IAS officer P. Narahari and trained under Dr. Virendra Dabas. He started competitive swimming in 2009.

## Swimming achievements

- In 2018, Satendra and three other para swimmers from India crossed the English Channel in a relay in 12 hours and 26 minutes.

- In 2019, he crossed the Catalina Channel in the United States in 11 hours and 34 minutes, making an Asian record.

- In 2022, he completed the 36 km North Channel between Ireland and Scotland in icy waters as part of a relay team.

- In 2023, he was part of a team that swam the English Channel two ways (72 km) in relay format.

## Awards

He received:
- _Vikram Award_ (2014), top sports award of Madhya Pradesh.
- _Tenzing Norgay National Adventure Award_ (2019), presented by President Ram Nath Kovind.
- _Padma Shri_ (2024) for contribution to sports.

## Awareness Campaign

In 2023, he led a 4,320 km bike rally from Kanyakumari to Kashmir to raise awareness about disability rights and para sports.

## Book

A biography titled _A Life-Changing Approach_ was written by Devrishi in 2024, highlighting his life and motivation.

## Other websites

- Paralympic.org profile

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Satendra Singh Lohiya
- **image**: Satendra singh lohiya.jpg
- **birth place**: Bhind, Madhya Pradesh, India
- **spouse**: Minaxi Kataria (m. 2019)
- **awards**: Padma Shri (2024), Tenzing Norgay Adventure Award (2019)
99 Movement

The **99 Movement** (Hungarian: _99 Mozgalom_) was a cross-party political movement in Hungary, announced on May 15, 2021, by Gergely Karácsony, the mayor of Budapest.

The 99 Movement was started to help Gergely Karácsony win the 2021 Hungarian opposition primary and then, as the opposition coalition’s candidate for prime minister, the 2022 Hungarian parliamentary election.

He stressed that he wants a country where no one labels others as traitors, and where people don’t have to pick between loving their country and wanting progress, between being Hungarian and supporting Europe, or between Budapest and the countryside.

The movement has now completely disappeared and its website has also been removed.

## Infobox (political party)

- **name**: 99 Movement
- **native name**: 99 Mozgalom
- **logo**: 99_mozgalom_logo.png
- **logo size**: 120px
- **colorcode**: #fecc06
- **leader**: Gergely Karácsony
- **foundation**: 15 May 2021
- **headquarters**: Budapest
- **country**: Hungary
Medway Tunnel

In Kent, England, the Medway Tunnel connects Strood and Chatham beneath the River Medway.  The Medway Towns Northern Relief Road (A289) includes it.  The Medway Tunnel is the first immersed tube tunnel constructed in England and the only one of its kind in the United Kingdom; the other is located in Conwy, North Wales.

Although it was expanded in the 1970s, the Rochester Bridge was still extremely crowded and had been the lowest river crossing of the River Medway for generations.  In order to alleviate traffic on the bridge, provide better access to the Medway Towns, and aid in the revitalization of Chatham Dockyard, the Medway Tunnel was suggested downstream of the bridge in the late 1980s.
ScandiKitchen

**ScandiKitchen** is a delicatessen and grocery store in the West End of London that serves Scandinavian food. Its menu is based on smørrebrød, a Danish type of open sandwich where various foods, including meat, fish, cheese, spreads or garnishes, are placed on top of a slice of rye bread. The grocery section sells over 600 food products from Scandinavia, including a large selection of pickled herring, speciality cheeses, crispbreads, chocolate and salty liquorice. It opened in 2007, and is the first Scandinavian delicatessen in London.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (restaurant)

- **established**: 10 July 2007
- **food-type**: Scandinavian
- **street-address**: 61 Great Titchfield St, West End of London, West End
- **city**: London
- **postcode**: W1W 7PP
- **country**: United Kingdom
Tesla Model 3

The **Tesla Model 3** is a electric mid-size car with a fastback body style built and made by Tesla. It was launched on 2017. The car became more cheaper for people who cannot buy older Tesla vehicles. It was approved New York City Taxi car.

## Sales

In February 2019, Tesla Model 3 became the best-selling luxury car in United States.

## Infobox (electric vehicle)

- **name**: Tesla Model 3
- **image**: 2019 Tesla Model 3 Performance AWD Front.jpg
- **manufacturer**: Tesla, Inc.
- **production**: 2017–present
- **designer**: Franz von Holzhausen
- **class**: Mid-size car
- **body style**: 4-door sedan
- **related**: Tesla Model Y
- **transmission**: Single-speed fixed (9:1 ratio)
- **caption**: 2019 Tesla Model 3 Performance in white
Hexachloroethane

**Hexachloroethane** is a chlorinated derivative of ethane with the formula . It is a colourless crystalline solid that sublimates. It was used in smoke bombs and formerly as a parasite medication for animals.

It was discovered by Michael Faraday in 1820.
Aniline

**Aniline** is an organic compound with the formula . It is a benzene ring where one of the hydrogen atoms has been replaced by an amine functional group. Because of this, it is also called **aminobenzene**.

More generally, **anilines** are any chemical with an amino group on a benzene ring. As a functional group,  is called **anilino**.

## Production

In the chemical industry, aniline is produced by the hydrogenation of nitrobenzene.

## Uses

Aniline is an important commodity chemical. A major use for aniline is the preparation of methylenediamine, which is made from aniline and formaldehyde, and then reacts with phosgene to make methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI), one of the main monomers in polyurethane.
Some Hearts (Carrie Underwood song)

"**Some Hearts**" is a song by American singer Carrie Underwood from her debut studio album, _Some Hearts_ (2005).

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Some Hearts
- **border**: yes
- **type**: single
- **artist**: Carrie Underwood
- **album**: Some Hearts
- **released**: November 7, 2005
- **genre**: Country pop
- **length**: 3:48
- **label**: Arista Records, Arista
- **writer**: Diane Warren
- **producer**: Dann Huff
- **prev title**: Jesus, Take the Wheel
- **prev year**: 2005
- **next title**: Don't Forget to Remember Me
- **next year**: 2006
Toyota Grand Highlander

The **Toyota Grand Highlander** is an mid-size crossover SUV that Toyota has been producing since 2023.

## Overview

It is available in five versions, XLE, Limited, Platinum, Nightshade and LE.

Its luxury counterpart under the Lexus brand is the Lexus TX.

## Safety

|Small overlap front|style="text-align:center;color:black;background:yellow"|Acceptable|
| --- | --- | --- |
|Moderate overlap front (original test)|style="text-align:center;color:white;background:green"|Good|
|Side (updated test)|style="text-align:center;color:white;background:green"|Good|
|Headlights (varies by trim/option)|colspan="1" style="text-align:center;color:black;background:yellow"|Acceptable|
|Front crash prevention: vehicle-to-pedestrian|style="text-align:center;color:white;background:green"|Good|
|Child seat anchors (LATCH) ease of use|style="text-align:center;color:white;background:green"|Good|

|colspan=2 rowspan=2|colspan="2"|Gas _T24A-FTS_|colspan="2"|Hybrid _A25A-FXS_|colspan="2"|Hybrid MAX _T24A-FTS_|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Power|Torque|Power|Torque|Power|Torque||
|Combined, net|||||||
|Gasoline engine|at 6000|at 1700-3600|at 6000|at 3600–5200|at 6000|at 2000–3000|
|Electric motor, front|—|—|||||
|Electric motor, rear|—|—|||||

## Infobox (automobile)

- **name**: Toyota Grand Highlander
- **image**: 2024 Toyota Grand Highlander XLE in Midnight Black Metallic, front left.jpg
- **caption**: 2024 Toyota Grand Highlander XLE (US)
- **manufacturer**: Toyota
- **model code**: AS10
- **production**: August 2023 – present
- **model years**: 2024–present
- **class**: Mid-size crossover SUV
- **body style**: 5-door SUV
- **platform**: TNGA: Toyota TNGA-K platform, GA-K
- **chassis**: Unibody
- **drivetrain**: Hybrid vehicle drivetrain#Power-split or series-parallel hybrid, Power-split (Hybrid)
Hybrid vehicle drivetrain#Parallel hybrid, Parallel (Hybrid MAX)
Jen language

**Dza**, also called **Jen**, is a Adamawa language in northeast Nigeria. It is native to the Jenjo people. The Jen language belongs to Bikwan a Niger-Congo group.

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Dza
- **nativename**: Jen
- **states**: Nigeria
- **region**: Taraba State, Adamawa State
- **speakers**: 100,000
- **date**: 2014
- **ref**: e25
- **familycolor**: Niger-Congo
- **fam2**: Atlantic–Congo languages, Atlantic–Congo
- **fam3**: Bambukic languages, Bambukic
- **fam4**: Bikwin–Jen
- **fam5**: Jen languages
- **iso3**: jen
- **glotto**: dzaa1238
- **glottorefname**: Dza
Litigation stress

**Litigation stress** refers to the stress caused by legal proceedings. Scholars claim that those who deal with court cases related to sex abuse, family conflict and medical malpractice are the most likely to suffer from litigation stress.
Social Science Research Network

The **Social Science Research Network** (**SSRN**) is an open access research platform serving as a repository for sharing early-stage research. and the rapid dissemination of scholarly research in the social sciences, biology, humanities etc. The Dutch publishing company Elsevier bought SSRN from Social Science Electronic Publishing Inc. in May 2016. It is not an electronic journal, but rather an electronic library and search engine.