Epilepsy

**Epilepsy** is a chronic condition of the brain. It is characterized by seizures that do not seem to have an obvious cause. To the outside viewer, these seizures show as  episodes of heavy shaking. Depending on the seizure, the shaking may be short and difficult to detect or it may be longer.

People with epilepsy are sometimes called _epileptic_, but it is the fit or seizure that is "epileptic".

Many people have died from seizures.

## Different forms

There are many different forms of seizures, and there are also many different forms of epilepsy. Most forms of epilepsy cannot be cured. In most cases, drugs can make life easier for those suffering from it. In very few  cases, (which are difficult to treat), surgery may help. In some cases, only eating special things (called a diet) may help. A special diet has been developed; it is called Ketogenic diet. When it was developed, it was mainly used to treat certain children with epilepsy, before good drugs became available. Today, it is used to treat certain cases where drugs do not seem to help.

Certain forms of the condition disappear after a time, they do for example only occur in childhood. Epilepsy is not _one_ condition. Rather, it  stands for a number of health problems that all show in the same ways.

## Occurrence

The condition is very common; about one percent of people worldwide (65 million) have epilepsy. Nearly eighty percent of all cases occur in developing countries. Epilepsy becomes more common as people age. In the developed world, onset of new cases occurs most frequently in infants and the elderly. In the developing world this is in older children and young adults. Between five and ten percent of all people will have an unprovoked seizure by the age of eighty. The chance of having a second seizure is between forty and fifty percent.

## Common things

The condition has many forms, but generally the following is true:
- People get muscular seizures or convulsions.
- People lose control over their body. Feces may be released in the process. They may fall to the floor and hurt themselves when they are standing or walking.
- People may become unconscious.
- Those affected are not aware of the seizure going on. People do not remember or know what happened to them.
- In some cases, people may sense that a seizure is about to occur. This special feeling is called aura. Afterwards, people may remember the aura, but not the seizure itself.
- Most seizures only last a short time, the exception to this is called status epilepticus. Such a status epilepticus can last over five minutes.
- Reflexes do not work while people are having a seizure; they may also stop breathing.
- People are tired after a seizure. They may be confused.
- Epilepsy is not a mental illness. It is a neurological disability.

## Treatment

The condition is very common, and has been studied a lot.  Doctors only say someone has epilepsy, if that person has had at least two seizures, for which the immediate cause cannot be seen. There are also seizures which are not caused by epilepsy. There are drugs for many forms of epilepsy that make life better for those affected. In about two thirds of the cases, taking one drug alone can make the seizures go away. The remaining third is more difficult to treat, but in many cases, a combination of drugs can at least reduce the number of seizures.

In most cases, epilepsy is caused by scars in the brain. Some forms of the condition are caused by genetic disorders, which may be passed on from the parents to the children. Very often, the actual cause for an epileptic seizure is lack of sleep, too much alcohol, or other things that cause stress.

Many countries in the world say there are special rules for people who have epilepsy. They need to be without a seizure for some time before they may drive a car. They also need to take drugs to treat their illness. In many countries, such people may not drive buses, taxis or trucks.

## Problems

People having an epileptic seizure face a number of problems. The most common ones are:
- They hurt themselves during the seizure. This includes broken bones, and wounds resulting from biting or hitting an object
- They cause an accident during the seizure. This includes falling off a ladder, car accidents, and drowning while swimming
- In some cases, people stop breathing. In such cases, the brain will be damaged, if the seizure lasts for a longer time, or there are multiple such seizures in a row
- During the seizure, neurotransmitters are released in the brain. If their concentration is too high, the brain will be damaged

## Risk factors

In many cases, risky behaviour can provoke seizures. Such risk factors include
- Stress
- Lack of sleep
- Alcohol, and other drugs
In many cases,a person who is able to cope with stress, who sleeps enough, and who does not drink too much can reduce the risk of having a seizure.

## Infobox (medical condition (new))

- **name**: Epilepsy
- **synonyms**: Seizure disorder
- **image**: Spike-waves.png
- **alt**: The electroencephalogram recording of a person with childhood absence epilepsy showing a seizure. The waves are black on a white background.
- **caption**: Generalized 3 Hz spike-and-wave discharges on an electroencephalogram
- **field**: Neurology
- **symptoms**: Periods of vigorous shaking, nearly undetectable spells
- **duration**: Long term
- **causes**: Unknown, brain injury, stroke, brain tumors, infections of the brain, birth defects
- **diagnosis**: Electroencephalogram, ruling out other possible causes
- **differential**: Syncope (medicine), Fainting, alcohol withdrawal, electrolyte problems
- **treatment**: Medication, surgery, neurostimulation, dietary changes
- **prognosis**: Controllable in 69%
- **frequency**: 39 million / 0.5% (2015)
- **deaths**: 125,000 (2015)