juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Seßlach

**Seßlach** is a German city in the north of Franconia. The nearest large cities are Coburg and Ebern. The population of Seßlach is about 4,000. The mayor of the city is Hendrik Dressel. The movies _Luther_ and _Der Räuber Hotzenplotz_ were made there.

## Infobox (german location)

- **art**: Stadt
- **wappen**: DEU Sesslach COA.svg
- **bundesland**: Bayern
- **regierungsbezirk**: Oberfranken
- **landkreis**: Coburg
- **höhe**: 271
- **fläche**: 72.51
- **einwohner**: 4078
- **stand**: 2005-06-30
- **plz**: 96145
- **vorwahl**: 09569
- **kfz**: CO
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 09 4 73 165
- **gliederung**: 14 villages one town
- **bürgermeister**: Hendrik Dressel
- **partei**: FW
Ebern

**Ebern** is a town in Haßberge, Bavaria, Germany. It is  southwest of Coburg and  northwest of Bamberg. Its population is about 8,000. Its mayor is Robert Herrmann.

Its name comes from , the German word for boar.

## Villages of Ebern

The borough of Ebern covers an area of  within which are 18 villages as well as the town of Ebern itself.

## Creation legend

The legend is that one day two hunters were chasing a wild boar. It was finally hit, but with two spears, one from each of the hunters. They could not decide who threw the spear that caused the boar to die. The boar finally broke down exactly at the border between Seßlach and Ebern, with its head in Ebern, and its body in Seßlach, so they divided it. That is why the town Ebern is named after the boar, and the town's flag carries the head of the boar.

## Infobox (german location)

- **type**: Stadt
- **image coa**: Wappen Stadt Ebern.svg
- **image photo**: Ebern Losberg.jpg
- **image caption**: Ebern seen from Losberg
- **image plan**: Ebern in HAS.svg
- **state**: Bayern
- **region**: Unterfranken
- **district**: Haßberge
- **verwaltungsgemeinschaft**: Ebern
- **elevation**: 273
- **area**: 95.02
- **postal code**: 96106
- **area code**: 09531
- **licence**: HAS, EBN,
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 09 6 74 130
- **divisions**: 18 Ortsteile
- **mayor**: Jürgen Hennemann
- **leader term**: 2020–26
- **party**: SPD
Bad Staffelstein

**Bad Staffelstein** is a small town in the Bavarian Administrative Region of Upper Franconia in Germany. It has about 10,000 residents.

### Location

The municipal territory of Bad Staffelstein extends on both sides of the Main river. It is northeast of Bamberg in Lichtenfels.

### Subdivisions

Bad Staffelstein consists of the following _Stadtteile_:

## References

- _The information in this article is based on a translation of its German equivalent._

### Antiquarian

- Heinrich Karl, _Staffelsteiner Chronik_. Staffelstein 1905.

### Modern

- Karl-Ludwig Ostertag-Henning,  _Der Apfelbaum im Gottesgarten_. Staffelstein 1998,
- _Bildende Kunst in Staffelstein_. Hrsg. vom Arbeitskreis Kunst der Kultur-Initiative Staffelstein. Volume 1. Staffelstein 2000,
- Günter Dippold und Alfred Meixner (Hrsg.), _Staffelsteiner Lebensbilder_. Staffelstein 2000,
- Günter Dippold, _Bad Staffelstein. Kleinod im Gottesgarten am Obermain_.  Stuttgart 2001,
- _Bildende Kunst in Staffelstein_. Hrsg. vom Arbeitskreis Kunst der Kultur-Initiative Staffelstein. Volume 2. Bad Staffelstein 2002,

## Infobox (german location)

- **type**: Stadt
- **image photo**: Staffelstein vom Staffelberg.JPG
- **image caption**: Bad Staffelstein as seen from Staffelberg
- **image coa**: DEU Bad Staffelstein COA.svg
- **image plan**: Bad Staffelstein in LIF.svg
- **state**: Bayern
- **region**: Oberfranken
- **district**: Lichtenfels
- **elevation**: 274
- **area**: 99.39
- **postal code**: 96231
- **area code**: 09573
- **licence**: LIF, STE
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 09 4 78 165
- **divisions**: 20 Ortsteile
- **website**: [https://www.bad-staffelstein.de/ www.bad-staffelstein.de]
- **mayor**: Jürgen Kohmann
- **leader term**: 2018–24
- **party**: CSU
Ludwigsstadt

**Ludwigsstadt** is a town in Kronach, in Upper Franconia, Bavaria, Germany.

## Geography

It is in the valley of the Loquitz River, a tributary of the Saale, in the Thuringian-Franconian Highlands of the Thuringian Slate Mountains and the Franconian Forest mountain ranges. Being  north of Kronach, the Bavarian border with the state of Thuringia runs about  north of the town centre, with Thuringian Saalfeld in a distance of c.  down the Loquitz. Ludwigsstadt is the only municipality of the State of Bavaria north of the Rennsteig ridge.

## Infobox (german location)

- **type**: Stadt
- **image photo**: METropolitan Zug über den Dächern von Ludwigsstadt 2011 06 04.jpg
- **image caption**: Deutsche Bahn, DB train passing Trogenbach viaduct
- **image coa**: DEU Ludwigsstadt COA.svg
- **image plan**: Ludwigsstadt in KC.svg
- **state**: Bayern
- **region**: Oberfranken
- **district**: Kronach
- **elevation**: 446
- **area**: 58.72
- **postal code**: 96337
- **area code**: 09263
- **licence**: KC
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 09 4 76 152
- **divisions**: 5 Ortsteile
- **website**: [http://www.ludwigsstadt.de/ www.ludwigsstadt.de]
- **mayor**: Timo Ehrhardt
- **leader term**: 2020–26
- **party**: SPD
Teuschnitz

**Teuschnitz** () is a town in Kronach, in Bavaria, Germany. It is in the Frankenwald, 19 km north of Kronach, and 15 km east of Sonneberg.

## Infobox (german location)

- **type**: Stadt
- **image coa**: DEU Teuschnitz COA.svg
- **image plan**: Teuschnitz in KC.svg
- **state**: Bayern
- **region**: Oberfranken
- **district**: Kronach
- **verwaltungsgemeinschaft**: Teuschnitz
- **elevation**: 614
- **area**: 34.26
- **postal code**: 96358
- **area code**: 09268
- **licence**: KC
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 09 4 76 180
- **divisions**: 3 Ortsteile
- **website**: [http://www.teuschnitz.de/ www.teuschnitz.de]
- **mayor**: Frank Jakob
- **leader term**: 2020–26
- **party**: FW
Wallenfels

**Wallenfels** is a town in Kronach, in Bavaria, Germany. It is in the Frankenwald, 11 km east of Kronach, and 32 km west of Hof.

It is a twin town of Bingham, Nottinghamshire, England.

## Geography

Wallenfels is on the B 173, between Hof and Coburg. Bordering communities are Kronach, Marktrodach, Schwarzenbach am Wald, and Presseck.

## Infobox (german location)

- **type**: Stadt
- **image coa**: DEU Wallenfels COA.svg
- **image plan**: Wallenfels in KC.svg
- **state**: Bayern
- **region**: Oberfranken
- **district**: Kronach
- **elevation**: 382
- **area**: 45.60
- **postal code**: 96346
- **area code**: 09262
- **licence**: KC
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 09 4 76 184
- **divisions**: 5 Ortsteile
- **website**: [http://www.wallenfels.de/ www.wallenfels.de]
- **mayor**: Jens Korn
- **leader term**: 2020–26
- **party**: CSU
Steinach

**Steinach** is a German ski city in the south of Thuringia. Larger cities nearby are Coburg and Sonneberg. The population of Steinach is about 4,500 people. The mayor of the city is Ulrich Kurtz.

## Infobox (german location)

- **art**: Stadt
- **name**: Steinach
- **wappen**: DEU Steinach-Thüringen COA.svg
- **lageplan**: Steinach in SON.png
- **bundesland**: Thüringen
- **landkreis**: Sonneberg
- **höhe**: 500
- **fläche**: 26.35
- **einwohner**: 4545
- **stand**: 2006-12-31
- **plz**: 96523
- **vorwahl**: 036762
- **kfz**: SON
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 16 0 72 019
- **bürgermeister**: Ulrich Kurtz
- **partei**: Gemeinsam für Steinach, GFS
Lauscha

**Lauscha** is a German city in Thuringia. Next bigger cities are Sonneberg and Coburg. Its population is ca 4,000. Its mayor is Norbert Zitzmann.

Lauscha is in the middle of the Thuringian forest.

## Infobox (german location)

- **art**: Stadt
- **wappen**: DEU Lauscha COA.svg
- **lageplan**: Lauscha in SON.png
- **bundesland**: Thüringen
- **landkreis**: Sonneberg Rural District, Sonneberg
- **höhe**: 625
- **fläche**: 18.72
- **einwohner**: 3937
- **stand**: 2006-12-31
- **plz**: 98724
- **vorwahl**: 036702
- **kfz**: SON
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 16 0 72 011
- **bürgermeister**: Norbert Zitzmann
Neuhaus am Rennweg

**Neuhaus am Rennweg** is a German ski city in the south of Thuringia. Bigger cities close by are Sonneberg and Coburg. Its population is about 6,000. Its mayor is Marianne Reichelt.

## Infobox (german location)

- **art**: Stadt
- **wappen**: DEU Neuhaus am Rennweg COA.svg
- **lageplan**: Neuhaus am Rennweg in SON.png
- **bundesland**: Thüringen
- **landkreis**: Sonneberg Rural District, Sonneberg
- **höhe**: 830
- **fläche**: 22.69
- **einwohner**: 5787
- **stand**: 2006-12-31
- **plz**: 98724
- **vorwahl**: 03679
- **kfz**: SON
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 16 0 72 013
- **bürgermeister**: Marianne Reichelt
- **bürgermeistertitel**: Bürgermeisterin
Themar

**Themar** is a town in the district of Hildburghausen, in the south of Thuringia, Germany. It is situated on the river Werra, 11 km northwest of Hildburghausen, and 14 km southwest of Suhl.

It was first named in 796 as _Tagamari_ and today Themar consists out of the districts Wachenbrunn and Tachbach, with a population of about 2,900 inhabitants. The town church is the St Bartholomew's Church.
The mayor of Themar since 2000 is Hubert Böse.

## Main sights

- St Bartholomew's Church
- St. John's Church
- defensive wall
- town hall
- market place

## Notable people

- Adam Werner (1462–1537), Humanist, teacher, poet, lawyer and professor of theology at the university in Heidelberg
- Johannes Haym (16th century), Cathedral vicar in Augsburg, author and publisher of hymns
- Joachim Zehner („Decimator“) (1566–1612), Founder of the „Zehnerschen Bibliothek“ in Schleusingen
- Johann Trier (1716–1790), Organist and composer
- Johann Friedrich Fuchs (1774–1828), Medical doctor
- Eduard Gottlieb Amthor (1820–1884), School principal, publisher, bookseller and writer
- Karl Pfauter (1905–1993), Diplomat
- Karl-Heinz Löffler (1927–2016), Soccer player
- Karl Blau (1930–1994), Politician in DDR
- Claus Oefner (1938–2017), Musician
- Gernot Güntherodt (* 1943), Professor for physics

## Sustainability

In the last 5 years Themar has invested in sustainable energy production systems. A small local heat network was installed with a cogeneration unit of 15 kW electric and 30 kW thermal energy. Also photovoltaics (6 kWp) and a heat pump (20 kW) which is using the water and thermal energy from the river Werra have been established. These renovations were completed in March 2019. In total Themar is saving carbon dioxide emissions of 14,200 kg per year.

## Infobox (german location)

- **type**: Stadt
- **image skyline**: Rathaus Themar.JPG
- **image caption**: Town hall
- **image coa**: DEU Themar COA.svg
- **image plan**: Themar in HBN.png
- **state**: Thuringia
- **district**: Hildburghausen
- **verwaltungsgemeinschaft**: Feldstein
- **elevation**: 330
- **area**: 20.19
- **population**: 3099
- **stand**: 2006-06-30
- **postal code**: 98660
- **area code**: 036873
- **licence**: HBN
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 16 0 69 051
- **divisions**: 3
- **mayor**: Hubert Böse
- **party**: CDU
Schalkau

**Schalkau** is a German town in the south of Thuringia. Schalkau is in the district of Sonneberg, in Thuringia, Germany. It is  west of Sonneberg, and  north of Coburg.

The population of Schalkau is about 3,500. The mayor of the city is Rheinhard Zehner.

The former municipality Bachfeld was merged into Schalkau on 31 December 2019.

## Infobox (german location)

- **art**: Town
- **wappen**: DEU Schalkau COA.svg
- **lageplan**: Schalkau in SON.png
- **bundesland**: Thüringen
- **landkreis**: Sonneberg Rural District, Sonneberg
- **höhe**: 400
- **fläche**: 33.58
- **einwohner**: 3338
- **stand**: 2006-12-31
- **plz**: 96528
- **vorwahl**: 036766
- **kfz**: SON
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 16 0 72 015
- **bürgermeister**: Reinhard Zehner
- **partei**: CDU
Römhild

**Römhild** is a German city in the south of Thuringia. The next bigger cities are Hildburghausen and Coburg. Its population is about 2,000. It is the county seat of the Gleichberge _verwaltungsgemeinschaft_

## Infobox (german location)

- **art**: Stadt
- **wappen**: Wappen Roemhild.png
- **bundesland**: Thuringia
- **landkreis**: Hildburghausen Rural District
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 16069062
- **verwaltungsgemeinschaft**: Gleichberge
- **höhe**: 300
- **fläche**: 20.34
- **einwohner**: 1931
- **stand**: 2006-06-30
- **plz**: 98628 – 98631
- **vorwahl**: 036948
- **kfz**: HBN
Mutant

A **mutant** can be:

- an organism with genetic changes, see **Mutation**

- Mutant (Marvel), fictional mutants from Marvel Comics
Mily Balakirev

**Mily Alexanyevich Balakirev** (born Nizhny-Novgorod 2 January 1837; died St Petersburg 29 May 1910) was a Russian composer. His music sounds very Russian, and he was a very important influence on other Russian composers such as Modest Mussorgsky, Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov, Alexander Borodin and César Cui. These five composers were known as the “Mighty Handful”. Balakirev mainly wrote music for orchestra, choir and piano and solo songs.
Vincenzo Bellini

**Vincenzo Bellini** (Catania, November 3 1801 - Puteaux, near Paris, September 23 1835) was an Italian composer and opera composer.

Bellini was well liked for his melodies. His first success was _Il pirata_ in 1827. It was followed by _I Capuleti e Montecchi_ in 1830. Then came his most famous operas _La sonnambula_ (1831), _Norma_ (1831) and his last _I puritani_ (1835).

His second to last work _Beatrice di Tenda_ (1833) was less successful.

Although his operas never left the repertoire, they became popular again in the 1950s due largely to soprano Maria Callas, followed by Joan Sutherland in the 1960s.

## Reference

- _The Complete Dictionary of Opera and Operetta_, James Anderson, Wings Books, 1993.
Charles-Valentin Alkan

**Charles-Valentin Alkan** (30 November 1813 - 29 March 1888) was a French-Jewish composer and pianist. His real name was Morhange. He was a virtuoso pianist who wrote a lot of piano music. Most of the pieces he wrote are extremely difficult to play. Franz Liszt,  Busoni and other people of his day thought he was a great composer. Despite this, most people have only discovered in recent years how good his music is. His piano music is mostly tonal, but it changes key in unusual ways. The story was told by many people that he died when a bookcase collapsed on top of him, but that story is proved not to be true.

From the 1860s to 1873 he did not show in public very much, and composed some of his works.

Alkan was a close friend of Frédéric Chopin and Franz Liszt.
Kalki

**Kalki **is the final avatar or incarnation of the Hindu god Vishnu. Hindus believe that there are four stages of time. The stage of time we are in is called the Kali Yuga. In this stage of time, people are very bad. To restore Dharma in the world, Kalki will come to Earth, and will destroy the bad things and kill the bad people. People will change then, and become good people. A new stage of life will begin, called the Satya Yuga or the first stage of life. He is deciding to only come when everybody on Earth is very cruel. Kalki will come after Buddha, his work is to punish people who have not changed their behaviors' even after Buddha taught the right way. Kalki will come within this millennium. He will take birth in India. Lord Kalki will be expected to incarnate on the Shukla Paksha Dwadashi Tithi(12th day of the bright fortnight) in the Hindu month Vaishakha. According to some beliefs, he will appear at the end of this Kali Yuga which is about 432,000 years away.

The Shrimad Bhagwat Purana describes in detail the incarnations of Lord Vishnu. There is a description of Lord Kalki in the second chapter of the 12th wing of the same Purana. In which it is said that Lord Kalki will be born as a son in the house of an ascetic Brahmin named Vishnu Yasha at a place called Shambhala. Lord Kalki will destroy the sinners from the world by riding on a horse or vehicle named Devadatta and re-establish religion.
Thomas Arne

**Thomas Arne** (born in London, baptized 28 May 1710; died in London, 5 March 1778) was an English composer and violinist.  He was the most famous musician in the theatre in England in the 18th century.  He wrote music for lots of plays.  He had a great gift for writing beautiful tunes.  Songs such as _Where the Bee Sucks_ are still very popular.  His best known tune is _Rule Britannia_ which is sung every year at the Last Night of the Proms.
Johann Nepomuk Hummel

**Johann Nepomuk Hummel** (born Pressburg November 14, 1778; died Weimar October 17, 1837) was an Austrian composer and pianist.  He was a child prodigy.  Mozart thought he was so talented that he taught him free of charge.  Hummel became one of the greatest pianists and composers in Europe.  He always wrote in a Classical style, he never became an early Romantic like Beethoven.
He also wrote a concerto for trumpet, which is fairly famous.
Alphabetical order

**Alphabetical order** is a way to sort (organize) a list. It helps a reader to find a name or a title in the list. It is done by following the standard (usual) order of letters in an alphabet. Some lists in alphabetical order were used during the early Roman Empire. It became commonplace after the Renaissance.

Sorting things in English is done using the Roman alphabet. Different languages have different rules for sorting. Note also, that there are different ways to sort numbers, and special characters.

- Option one: the letter with diacritics is treated the same way as the one without, ä is treated as a, ö as o and ü as u. (Known as DIN 5007-1, usually used for encyclopedias)
- Option two: the letter is treated the same as some replacement: ä is replaced by ae, ö be oe, ü by ue, and  ß by ss (Known as DIN 5007-2, used for phone books)

These may be different by language, such as letters with diacritics.  German, for example, has the letters ä,ö,ü, and ß.  Danish also has a letter ä, but sorts it after z, and not treated like a as in German.

## English

A list of items like ***E**ric,_ ***L**ydia_, ***A**ndrea_, and ***B**ob_ is organized by their first letter.  _A_ comes before _B_, and _B_ comes before _E_, and _E_ comes before _L_ in the alphabet.  When alphabetical order is used:
- **A**ndrea
- **B**ob
- **E**ric
- **L**ydia

If many words have the same first letter, they are sorted by their second letters.
- L**a**rry
- L**e**onard
- L**i**nda
- L**y**dia

After that, the third and fourth letters are used until the whole list is sorted.

The words **a**, **an** and **the** are ignored.  Sometimes they are written at the end, after a comma.  Spaces and hyphens ( - ) are ignored, too.
- _A_ Long **D**ay's Journey Into Night
- _The_ Long **G**oodbye
- Long**h**and: A Writer's Notebook
- _The_ Long **R**oad Home
- Long **V**oyage Back
- _The_ Long **W**alk
A formula can be used to systematically ignore **a**, **an** and **the**. For Microsoft Excel, it would be:

- =IF(LEFT(A2,2)="A ",RIGHT(A2,LEN(A2)-2),IF(LEFT(A2,3)= "An ",RIGHT(A2,LEN(A2)-3),IF(LEFT(A2,4)="The ",RIGHT(A2, LEN(A2)-4),A2)))

That can also be listed like this:
- Long **D**ay's Journey Into Night, A
- Long **G**oodbye, The
- Long**h**and: A Writer's Notebook
- Long **R**oad Home, The
- Long **V**oyage Back
- Long **W**alk, The

Names are usually ordered by Family name, not given name.
- Gene **Hac**kman
- Tom **Han**ks
- Katharine **Hep**burn
- Jennifer Love **Hew**itt

Names are often written with the last names first.
- Hackman, Gene
- Hanks, Tom
- Hepburn, Katharine
- Hewitt, Jennifer Love

Numbers can be sorted in two ways.  Sometimes, they are listed in order from smallest to largest.  This is the normal way to sort numbers.
- 1
- 3
- 9
- 18
- 27
- 81

Other times, they can be sorted as if they were normal, spelled-out words.  This way is often used for numbers in titles.
- **Eighte**en
- **Eighty**-one
- **N**ine
- **O**ne
- **Th**ree
- **Tw**enty-seven

### Letters

- A
- B
- C
- D
- E
- F
- G
- H
- I
- J
- K
- L
- M
- N
- O
- P
- Q
- R
- S
- T
- U
- V
- W
- X
- Y
- Z
Bad Rodach

**Bad Rodach** is a German town in the north of Franconia. Next bigger cities are Hildburghausen and Coburg. Its population is about 7,000. Its mayor is Gerold Strobel.

## Infobox (german location)

- **art**: Stadt
- **image photo**: Rathaus-Bad-Rodach.jpg
- **image caption**: Town hall
- **wappen**: DEU Bad Rodach COA.svg
- **bundesland**: Bayern
- **regierungsbezirk**: Oberfranken
- **landkreis**: Coburg
- **höhe**: 320
- **fläche**: 77.65
- **einwohner**: 6436
- **stand**: 2006-12-31
- **plz**: 96476
- **vorwahl**: 09564
- **kfz**: CO
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 09 4 73 158
- **gliederung**: 14 districts
- **bürgermeister**: Gerold Strobel
- **partei**: Freie Wähler, FW
M.I.A.

**Mathangi "Maya" Arulpragasam** (born 18 July 1975 in Hounslow, London) is an artist, movie graduate and musician. She is the daughter of a Tamil revolutionary. She is best known by her stage name **M.I.A.** Her music style contains elements of grime, alternative, hip-hop, dance, and electronic music.

M.I.A. graduated from Central St. Martin's College of Art and Design with a degree in fine art, film and video. She has been noted for her idiosyncratic style in her music, her sense of fashion, and other artistic output.

In 2000, she did the cover artwork for the album _The Menace,_ by Elastica and directed the music video for their single "Mad Dog God Dam." She filmed a North American tour of the band. In 2002, she published a book of art inspired by the Tamil rebellion and her childhood in Sri Lanka. She met the musician Peaches who introduced M.I.A. to the Roland MC 505. M.I.A. wrote and recorded several songs on a demo using a 505, including the song "Galang."

"Galang" was initially released in 2003 on the white-label Showbiz Recordings. It became popular with DJs and garnered acclaim.

M.I.A. signed to XL Recordings in 2004. The song "Sunshowers" and "Galang" were re-released. Through 2004, file-sharing of the two singles and leaked promos of _Arular_ on the internet increased anticipation for her debut album _Arular_.

One of the first artists to break on the internet, M.I.A. ended 2004 making _Piracy Funds Terrorism,_ a mash-up mixtape of _Arular_ tracks produced by herself and DJ Diplo.

## _Arular_

in 2005, M.I.A. released her debut album, _Arular_, which is named for her father. It sold over 100,000 copies. The most popular song off the album was "Galang" which appeared in a Honda advertisement. On the album, there is a hidden track called "M.I.A.". The listener hears nothing for a minute or two, then a new track starts playing.

## _Kala_

_Kala_ is M.I.A.'s second album. Track listing as follows:
- _Bamboo Banga_
- _Bird Flu_
- _Boyz_
- _Jimmy_
- _$20_
- _Mango Pickle Down River_
- _World Town_
- _Paper Planes_
- _Come Around_

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Mathangi Arulpragasam
- **img**: Flickr - moses namkung - M.I.A. 7 NR.jpg
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Mathangi Arulpragasam
- **origin**: London, England
- **instrument**: Vocals
- **years active**: 2004-present
- **url**: [http://miauk.com M.I.A.'s official website]
Key (music)

Most music is in a particular **key**.  This means that one of the 12 notes (C, D flat, D, etc.) sounds like the “home note”.  When the piece finishes it normally comes to rest on this home note (also called: the “tonic”).  The piece will be built on the notes of the scale that starts on that note. There are two kinds of key (like there are two kinds of scale): major and minor.  Sometimes the key of a piece is in its title: "Minuet in C", "Sonata in F sharp major".  If the title does not say “major” or “minor” it is normally taken to be major. Major keys are normally said to sound happy or positive, and minor keys are said to sound sad, or sometimes creepy or angry. Some songs are exceptions to this general rule; for example "Happy" by Pharrell Williams is in a minor key, and "Tears in Heaven" by Eric Clapton is in a major key.

## Related pages

- circle of fifths
- tonality
- key signature
- transposing instrument
Otaku

**Otaku** is a Japanese slang word, deriving from the honorific "お宅" (otaku), meaning "your house". It has come to mean someone who obsessively exerts time, money, and energy into a hobby. Otaku have a deep, complex knowledge around a particular subject or area of study It is oftentimes (esp. in the West) used to refer to avid consumers of anime and manga. The term can also be compared with Hikikomori_._

In Japan, _otaku_ is generally regarded as an offensive word, due to the negative cultural perception of withdrawal from society. However, the otaku philosophy of living has gained traction among Japanese youth and adolescents, likely as a reaction to the established culture of intense work and academic studies. Under 30’s have developed a neo-otaku identity with more positive associations of being a geek or nerd. In the West, the word usually describes an anime or manga "fanatic". It is not typically seen as derogatory.
Haddock

The **haddock** (_Melanogrammus aeglefinus_) is a saltwater ray-finned fish. It is from the family Gadidae, the true cods.

The haddock is the only species in the monotypic genus _Melanogrammus_. It is found in the North Atlantic Ocean and the nearby seas. In these areas. the haddock is an important fish for fisheries. It is very important in northern Europe. In this area, it is sold fresh, frozen and smoked. Smoked varieties of the fish include the Finnan haddie and the Arbroath smokie.

## Related pages

- List of fish common names
Pogrom

A **pogrom** is a form of riot that targets an ethnic or a religious group.

In a pogrom, riot<nowiki/>ers attack a group of people, usually Jews, because of that group's ethnicity or religion.  In a pogrom, the local authorities such as the police do not arrest the rioters and do not help the victims.

Rioters destroy the homes, businesses, and places of worship of the target group. People of the target group are physically attacked and usually some are murdered.

## Examples

The Kishinev pogrom of 1903 was an anti-Jewish riot in the Russian Empire that resulted in the deaths of dozens of Jews. A second pogrom followed in the city in October 1905.

Kristallnacht was a 1938 pogrom that affected tens of thousands of Jews in Nazi Germany. It was a major event leading up to the Holocaust.

## Related pages

- Terrorism
- Iași pogrom
- Odessa massacre
- Jedwabne pogrom
- Antisemitism in Europe
990s

The **990s** was a decade that began on 1 January 990 and ended on 31 December 999. It is distinct from the decade known as the **_100th decade** which_ began on January 1, 991 and ended on December 31, 1000.

## Events

- Sei Shonagon writes _The Pillow Book_, a compilation of her daily observations, thoughts and feelings as an attendant to Empress Sadako in Japan's Imperial Court.
New

**New** or **NEW** can mean:
- Harry Stewart New (1858–1937), U.S. journalist and political figure.
- the IATA airport code for New Orleans Lakefront Airport
- the ISO 639 language code for the Nepal Bhasa language, also known as Newari.
- _New_ a box office hit Tamil movie released in 2004
- **new** is a built-in operator in the C++ programming language.
Clear

**Clear** might mean:

- Transparency
- Clear (Scientology), how you are when you have understood your mind
- In financial terms, the process of making good on an obligation, such as transferring the funds from the writer of a cheque to the receivor of the cheque
- To remove from current memory previous numbers or results in an adding machine
- An acronym for Citizen Law Enforcement Analysis and Reporting, a software system used by the Chicago Police Department

## Related pages

- Clearing
Sertoli cell

A **Sertoli cell**  is a  cell found in the testes. Its main function is to help the developing sperm cells through the stages of spermatogenesis - the process of turning stem cells into sperm. It was also called the "mother cell." The cell also helps in the creation of stem cells.

## Name

Sertoli cells get their name from Enrico Sertoli, an Italian physiologist. He discovered them while studying medicine in the University of Pavia, Italy. He published a description of this cell in 1865.  As of 2006, two textbooks have been published that are almost entirely about the Sertoli cell.
1330

**1330** was a year in the **Julian calendar** starting on a Monday. It was the 30th year of the 14th century.

## Births

- June 15 – Edward, the Black Prince, first Prince of Wales and first son of King Edward III of England (died 1376)
- date unknown
    - John Wycliffe, English scholar (died 1382)
    - William V of Holland, Count of Holland, Dutch nobleman

## Deaths

- Roger de Mortimer, 1st Earl of March, English nobleman and politician (born 1287)
1300

**1300** (MCCC) was a leap year starting on Friday in the Julian calendar.  It wasn't a leap year in the Proleptic Gregorian calendar.

## Events

- Wenceslas II of Bohemia becomes King of Poland.
PBS

**Public Broadcasting Service** (stylized as PBS) is an American public broadcaster and non-commercial, free-to-air television network based in Crystal City, Virginia. PBS is a publicly funded nonprofit organization and the most prominent provider of educational programs to public television stations in the United States.

## PBS stations

- KERA-TV Dallas, TX
- WFWA Fort Wayne, IN
- WGBH Boston, MA
- WMPB Baltimore, MD
- WNED Buffalo, NY
- WNET Newark, NJ
- WBGU-TV Bowling Green, OH
- WQED (TV) Pittsburgh, PA
- KCTS 9 Seattle WA
- WTTW Chicago, IL
- WETA-TV Washington, DC
- WBRA-TV Roanoke, VA
- WETP-TV Sneedville, Tennessee

## Student reporting labs

PBS Student Reporting Labs (SRL) is an educational program operated by the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) in the United States. It aims to engage and connect high school students with public media stations to develop journalism skills. Its Student Advisory Team (SAT) includes notable students across the United States, including Mark Leschinsky and others.

## Other websites

- Official site
- Anti-Semitism on PBS?

## Infobox (broadcasting network)

- **image**: 2100 Crystal Dr, Arlington, VA April 2019.jpg
- **caption**: Headquarters of the PBS at 2100 Crystal Drive, Crystal City, Virginia
- **country**: United States
- **headquarters**: Crystal City, Virginia, U.S.
- **replaced**: National Educational Television (19521970)
- **affiliates**: List of PBS member stations, List of member stations
- **subsidiary**: National Datacast
- **network name**: Public Broadcasting Service
- **branding**: PBS
- **logo**: PBS logo 2019.svg
- **logo caption**: The logo of PBS in 2019
- **owner**: United States federal government
UPN

**UPN** (which originally stood for the **United Paramount Network**) was a television network in over 200 places in the United States. UPN was owned by CBS Corporation, which also owns the larger CBS network. UPN shut down on September 15, 2006, and was replaced with The CW, a joint venture between CBS Corporation and the Warner Bros. division of Time Warner, which owned The WB before that network was also shut down in 2006 and merged with UPN to create The CW.

## Infobox (broadcasting network)

- **network name**: United Paramount Network
- **network logo**: UPN logo.svg
- **country**: United States
- **network type**: Defunct Terrestrial television, broadcast television network
- **available**: United States, Canada
- **headquarters**: Los Angeles, California
- **owner**: BHC Communications, United Television/Chris-Craft Television (1995)
BHC Communications, United Television/Chris-Craft Television/Viacom (original), Viacom (1996–2000)
Viacom (original), Viacom (2000–2006)
CBS Corporation (2006)
- **key people**: Lucie Salhany
,
Michael Sullivan
,
Dean Valentine
,
Tom Nunan
,
Adam Ware
,
Dawn Ostroff

- **founder**: BHC Communications, United Television/Chris-Craft Television and Paramount Pictures/Paramount Television, Television (a subsidiary of Viacom)
- **replaced by**: The CW
MyNetworkTV
- **launched**: January 15, 1995
- **closed**: January 12, 2005
Television network

A **television network** is a network to provide television programming to many television stations. It is almost always a large company. Until the mid-1980s, television programming in most countries of the world was mainly done by a small number of broadcast networks. Many early television networks (for example, the RPN, NHK General TV, Canal Once, CBS, ABC, Channel 4, PTV, CBC, BBC and PBS) began as radio networks.

A television network may broadcast many **television channels**. For example, the BBC is a television network. It broadcasts its programs on many different channels, including BBC One, BBC Two, BBC Parliament, BBC News, BBC World News, CBeebies, BBC Four and CBBC. Each channel will often have a group of programs that are similar in some way. CBBC broadcasts children's programs, for example. The individual companies that create the content are **television studios**. A studio is often an **affiliate** of a network. For example, WAVY is a station in Hampton Roads, Virginia. It is an affiliate of the NBC network. WAVY is also the name of the channel that the studio creates and broadcasts locally on channel 10. It is called WAVY10.
1363

## Events

- Magnus IV, King of Sweden, is deposed by Albert of Mecklenburg.
- Bosnian nobles revolt against the occupying Serbs.
Tokyo Tower

**Tokyo Tower** is a tower in Shiba Park, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.

Tokyo Tower is 333 m (1093 ft) tall. It the world's highest self-supporting steel tower and the tallest structure in Tokyo.

The highest number of visitors was about 5.2 million a year (1959), about 710 thousand a month (1959.8), about 40 thousand a day (1960.3.30).

The cost for lighting is about 24 thousand yen to 25 thousand yen a day. It seems to be two-tone of red and white, but actually the colors are international orange and white. The color cannot be changed to other colors because the color is decided by the law.

In 2009, the Tokyo Tower was recognized as one of the 100 Landscapes of Japan which best show contemporary Japan and its culture in the Heisei period.
1109

## Births

- King Afonso I of Portugal (died 1185; birthdate disputed)

## Deaths

- Anselm of Canterbury, Archbishop of Canterbury
1383

## Events

- January 22 – Marriage of King Richard II of England and Anne of Bohemia.
- May 17 – King John I of Castile and Leon marries Beatrice of Portugal
- July 7 – Death of the childless James of Baux, ruler of Taranto and Achaea and titular Latin Emperor.
    - Charles III of Naples becomes ruler of Achaea (now southern Greece).
    - Otto, the widower of Joan I of Naples, becomes ruler of Taranto (now eastern Italy).
    - Duke Louis I of Anjou inherits the claim to the Latin Empire (now western Turkey) but never uses the title of Emperor.
- October 22 – King Fernando I of Portugal dies and is succeeded by his daughter, Beatrice of Portugal. A period of civil war and anarchy, known as the 1383-1385 Crisis, begins in Portugal due to Beatrice being married to the King John I of Castile and Leon.
- The Teutonic Knights recommence war against pagan Lithuania.
- Rao Chanda succeeds Rao Biram Dev as Rathore ruler of Marwar (now in western India).
- Löwenbräu beer is first brewed.
- Wat Phrathat Doi Suthep temple is built in present-day Thailand by King Kuena of Lanna.
- Construction of the Bastille is completed in Paris.

## Births

- Amadeus VIII of Savoy (died 1451)
- Yolande of Aragon, regent of Anjou (died 1443)
- Pope Eugene IV (died 1447)
- Anne of Gloucester, English noblewoman (died 1438)

## Deaths

- March 1 – Amadeus VI of Savoy (born 1334)
- June 5 – Dmitry Konstantinovich, Russian prince (b. 1324)
- June 8 – Thomas de Ros, 5th Baron de Ros, English Crusader (born 1338)
- June 15 – John VI Cantacuzenus, former Byzantine Emperor
- October 22 – King Fernando I of Portugal (born 1345)
1284

## Births

- April 25 – Edward II of England (died 1327), King of England
1141

## Births

- Malcolm IV, King of Scotland (d. 1165)
- Nizami Ganjavi, Persian poet (d. 1209) (Maybe 1140 or 1142)

## Deaths

- February 11 – Hugh of Saint Victor, Saxon philosopher, theologian and mystic (b. c. 1078)
- February 13 – Béla II, King of Hungary and Croatia (b. c. 1109)
- April 12 or April 13 – Engelbert, Duke of Carinthia
- May – Aubrey de Vere II, Lord Great Chamberlain of England (b. 1062)
- June 10 – Richenza of Northeim, German empress (b. c. 1087/89)
- October 18 – Leopold, Duke of Bavaria (b. c. 1108)
- Sheikh Ahmad-e Jami, Persian Sufi writer, mystic and poet (b. 1048)
- Judah Halevi, Sephardi Jewish philosopher and poet (b. c. 1075)
- Alberich of Reims, Archbishop of Bourges (b. 1085)
1429

## Births

- 17 January – Antonio del Pollaiuolo (d. 4 February 1498), Italian painter
Seminiferous tubule

**Seminiferous tubules** are long thread-like tubes found in each of the testicles where sperm is produced. The inner lining of the tubule contains Sertoli cells.

## Other websites

- Image
- Diagram

## Infobox (anatomy)

- **name**: Seminiferous tubule
- **latin**: tubuli seminiferi
- **image**: seminiferous tubule and sperm low mag.jpg
- **caption**: Seminiferous tubule in cross-section (large tubular structure – center of image) with sperm (black, tiny, ovoid bodies furthest from the outer edge of the tubular structure). H&E stain.
- **image2**: Illu_testis_schematic.jpg
- **caption2**: 1: Testicular septa
2: Convoluted seminiferous tubules
3: Testicular lobules
4: Tubuli seminiferi recti, Straight seminiferous tubules
5: Efferent ductules
6: Rete testis
Seminal vesicles

The **seminal vesicles** are a pair of "tube-like" glands. They are found behind the bladder of males. They make about 70% of the content of semen (also called seminal fluid).

## Anatomy

Both vesicles are about 5 cm in length, but they are curled up. Each gland makes a ball shape on the wall of each vas deferens. There is a tube linking the seminal glands which opens into the vas deferens and prostate gland.

From inside to out, the layers making the vesicles are:
- Mucosa - folded to increase surface area
- Muscle
- Connective tissue

## Use

The seminal vesicles make most of semen, but during ejaculation, most of the ejaculate has sperm rather than semen in it. The use of seminal fluid is not known, since sperm do not move or survive well in semen. Some think that it acts as a fluid to stop sperm from another male impregnating the female so that the children of only one male can survive.

Seminal fluid has proteins, enzymes, fructose, mucus, vitamin C and flavins. The fructose gives sperm energy and 'food'.

## Other websites

- - "The Male Pelvis: The Urinary Bladder"
- - "The Male Pelvis: Structures Located Posterior to the Urinary Bladder"

## Infobox (anatomy)

- **name**: Seminal vesicle
- **latin**: vesiculae seminales, glandulae vesiculosae
- **image**: Male anatomy 1.png
- **caption**: Cross-section of the lower abdomen in a male, showing parts of the urinary tract and male reproductive system, with the seminal vesicles seen top right
- **width**: 300
- **image2**: Gray1160.png
- **caption2**: The seminal vesicles seen near the prostate, viewed from in front and above.
- **precursor**: Mesonephric ducts
- **system**: Male reproductive system
- **artery**: Inferior vesical artery, middle rectal artery
- **lymph**: External iliac lymph nodes, internal iliac lymph nodes
Glans penis

The **glans penis** (or just _glans_) is the sensitive tip of the penis. It is also called the "head" of the penis.

Slang names include "helmet" and "bell end". Usually, the glans is covered by the foreskin, except in men who have been circumcised.

## Diseases

The glans can become irritated or infected which occurs in a small number of males. It is more common in males who have poor hygene or are uncircumcised.

The opening of the urethra is at the tip of the glans. In children who have been circumcised and wear diapers, the opening of the penis has no protection. This can cause the urethra to get very narrow in a small amount of boys which can need surgery to reopen later.

The skin on the glans of an uncircumcised penis is very sensitive, and washing it too much with soap can cause dermatitis.

Circumcised men have a dry and wider glans that is leathery to the touch. There are special Moisturizer that a circumcised man can use on his glans to provide softer.

## Anatomy

The glans penis is a cap around the corpus spongiosum. It is attached to the Corpus cavernosum penis and at the tip of the glans is the urethra opening. The foreskin helps keeps the glans moist. In males who have been circumcised, the glans is dry.

## Related pages

- Corpus cavernosum
- Foreskin
- Penis
- Clitoris
- Frenulum
- Circumcision

## Other websites

- - "The Male Perineum and the Penis: The Corpus Spongiosum and Corpora Cavernosa"
- - "The Male Pelvis: The Urethra"

## Infobox (anatomy)

- **name**: Glans penis
- **synonyms**: Glans
- **latin**: Glans penis
- **image**: Glans Penis of A Human.jpg
- **caption**: Glans penis (dorsal view)
- **width**: 200
- **image2**: Anat09IMG 0034.jpg
- **caption2**: Glans penis (ventral view)
- **artery**: Urethral artery
1042

## Events

- Edward the Confessor becomes King of England.

## Births

- Pope Urban II (died 1099)

## Deaths

- Michael V, Byzantine Emperor (b. 1015)
Charge

**Charge** could mean:
- Electric charge, the charge in electricity
- to take charge, or being in charge means to take or have authority and responsibility for decisions
- In firearms, to charge a weapon is to load it  and ready it for firing
- Charge (engine), the air or fuel/air mixture being fed into the intake in an internal combustion engine. Charge air usually refers to air that has not had fuel mixed with it.
- During the European Middle Ages, a charge (youth) often meant an underage person placed under the supervision of a nobleman
- Charge (warfare), a manoeuvre in battle where soldiers rush towards their enemy to engage in close combat
- In context of wartime operations, to charge with certain rights, such as guaranteeing persons held in custody are allowed those rights
- In money, a charge is what someone has to pay, such as a charge for using an automatic teller machine, entering a museum, being late with a payment, etc.
- In basketball, a charge is an foul, called when an offensive player with the ball makes illegal contact with a defensive player who has legally established his position
- CHARGE syndrome, birth defects in children
- Charge card, similar to a credit card
- A pen spinning trick where the pen makes conic rotations between two fingers

In **law**:
- A criminal charge is an indictment before a court by a prosecuting authority
- A jury charge is are jury instructions given by a judge to a jury concerning the law applicable to the case under consideration
- An equitable charge is a security interest similar in effect to a mortgage
Second person

**Second person** can refer to the following:

- A grammatical person, _you_, _your_, and _yours_ in the English language
- Second-person narrative, a perspective in storytelling
- God the Son, the Second Person of the Christian Trinity

## Related

- First person (disambiguation)
- Third person (disambiguation)
490s

The ***490s*** was the decade that began on January 1, 490. and ended on December 31, 499. It is distinct from the decade known as the ***50th*** which began on January 1, 491 and ended on December 31, 500.

## Events

- Possible timing of King Arthur's victory over the Saxons.
- 493 – Death of Saint Patrick.
- 494 – Pope Gelasius I delineates the relationship between church and state.
- 494 – An earthquake devastates Latakia.
- 494 – Under Emperor Xiaowen the capital of Northern Wei, a state in China capital is moved from Datong to Luoyang, a city long acknowledged as a major center in Chinese history.

## Births

- 495 - Amalasuntha

## Deaths

- 496 – Pope Gelasius I
390s

The **390s** was a decade which ran from January 1, 390 to December 31, 399.

## Events

- Gildonic revolt in Africa Province (397–398)
60s

- _Note: Sometimes the **60s** is used as shorthand for the 1960s, the 1860s, or other such decades in various centuries_

## Events and trends

- Rebellion in Roman Britain led by Boudica (60 or 61)
- Great fire of Rome, 64
- Great Jewish Revolt against Roman occupation begins (66–73)
- The suicide of Roman Emperor Nero leaves the throne vacant. Several candidates for the throne emerge resulting in a year of civil war known as the Year of the four emperors (68–69).
- Batavian rebellion in the Roman province of Germania Inferior (69–70).
- The Gospels of Mark, Matthew and Luke are being written.

## Significant people

- Nero, Roman Emperor (54–68).
- Servius Sulpicius Galba, Roman Emperor (68–69).
- Marcus Salvius Otho, Roman Emperor (69)
- Aulus Vitellius, Roman Emperor (69)
- Titus Flavius Vespasianus, Roman Emperor (Vespasian, 69–79).
- Paul of Tarsus, Christian evangelist
- Boudicca, rebellious British queen
- Gaius Suetonius Paulinus, Roman general
- Julius Civilis, rebellious Batavian prince
Population pyramid

A **population pyramid** is a graph. It has two back-to-back bars. These bars show the population in groups of ages, with woman in one side and man in the other side.

The pyramids show the age distribution of the place, which can help in understanding and predicting the development of a country.

There are three types of population pyramids:
- Stationary pyramid shows a constant population, with equal birth rate and death rate
- Expansive pyramid shows a growing population
- Constrictive pyramid shows a shrinking population

In this type of graph, a wide base means a very high birth rate and a narrow base means a low birth rate.
To

**To** may mean:

- .to, the country code top-level domain for Tonga
- "Metropolis" in Japan (都); Tokyo is a metropolis
- "Province" in Korea (도; 道: _to_ is the McCune–Reischauer spelling of _do_); see Provinces of Korea
- Romanisation of the Japanese kana と and ト.
- Terrell Owens, a professional football player in the NFL
And

**And** or **AND** may be any of the following:
- Logical conjunction, a two-place logical operation used in logic and mathematics
- Bitwise AND, a binary operator used in computer programming
- AND gate, a digital logic gate used in electronics
- The 3-letter and NATO country code for Andorra

## Other

- The standard abbreviation for the constellation Andromeda
Quarry

A **quarry** is a type of open pit mine that is used to get rocks and minerals from the ground. Quarries are often used to cut stone from the ground in large pieces or blocks. These are called dimension stones. They are used for building things. Some quarries fill with water to make small lakes when they are no longer being used for mining.

The largest granite quarry in the world is run by Rock of Ages Corporation in Vermont, USA..

## Related pages

- Mineral
- Mining
- Stone
Central Powers

**The Central Powers** were a group of nations fighting against the Allied Powers during World War I.

The Central Powers lost the war to the Allied powers, which was composed of France, Russia and the United Kingdom. The Allied powers were later joined by Japan and Italy.
Soxhlet extractor

A **Soxhlet extractor** is a kind of laboratory equipment. It is made of glass. Franz von Soxhlet invented it in 1879.  It has a flask, an extraction chamber, and a condenser. It can be used for solid-liquid extractions.

In this discontinuous extraction process, the extraction solvent inside the boiling flask is evaporated and re-condensed in the distillation column above. It then falls down onto the solid material requiring extraction. The chamber containing the solid material is connected to the boiling flask below by a syphoning mechanism seen in the Pythagorean cup, which allows the chamber to fill to a point, at which it will empty its contents and start to fill again and the extracted compounds will accumulate in the boiling flask below.

## Uses

Chemists use it to remove a material from a solid. It is useful when removing materials that do not dissolve well in any solvent. Chemists use a solvent such as ether or alcohol in the extractor. The Soxhlet extractor applies the solvent repeatedly to the solid until enough of the material dissolves.

## Related pages

- Solubility
Italia (disambiguation)

**Italia** may mean
- Italy, the modern country
- Italia (Roman province), the Roman province on the Italian peninsula