juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Constitutional Council (France)

The **Constitutional Council** (;  ) is the highest constitutional authority in France. It was created by the Constitution of the Fifth Republic on 4 October 1958 to make that constitutional ideas and rules are seen through. It is located in the Palais-Royal, Paris.
Convention on the Future of Europe

The **Convention on the Future of the European Union**, also known as the **European Convention**, was a body created by the European Council in December 2001 as a result of the Laeken Declaration.

It was inspired by the Philadelphia Convention that led to the creation of the United States federal Constitution. The goal was to create a constitution for the European Union for the Council to finalise and adopt.

The Convention finished its work in July 2003 with their Draft Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe.
Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe

The **Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe** (**TCE**; commonly referred to as the **European Constitution** or as the **Constitutional Treaty**) was an unapproved international treaty meant to create a constitution for the European Union (EU).

It would have replaced the European Union treaties with a single text.

The Treaty was signed on 29 October 2004 by representatives of the then 25 member states of the European Union. It was later ratified by 18 member states.

However French and Dutch voters did not approve the treaty thus not passing it.
1981 French presidential election

The **French presidential election of 1981** took place on 10 May 1981, giving the presidency of France to François Mitterrand, the first Socialist president of the Fifth Republic.

## Infobox (election)

- **election name**: 1981 French presidential election
- **country**: France
- **type**: presidential
- **ongoing**: no
- **previous election**: 1974 French presidential election
- **previous year**: 1974
- **next election**: 1988 French presidential election
- **next year**: 1988
- **election date**: 26 April 1981 (first round)
10 May 1981 (second round)
- **image1**:
- **candidate1**: **François Mitterrand**
- **party1**: Socialist Party (France)
- **popular vote1**: **15,708,262**
- **percentage1**: **51.8%**
- **image2**:
- **candidate2**: Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
- **party2**: Union for French Democracy
- **popular vote2**: 14,642,306
- **percentage2**: 48.2%
- **map image**: French presidential election result map second round 1981.svg
- **map size**: 250px
- **map caption**: Results of the second round: the candidate with the plurality of votes in each administrative division.
- **title**: President
- **before election**: Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
- **before party**: Union for French Democracy
- **after election**: François Mitterrand
- **after party**: Socialist Party (France)
Olivier Giscard d'Estaing

**Olivier Giscard d'Estaing** (30 December 1927 – 13 September 2021) was a French politician. He was chairman of the Committee for a World Parliament. He was the brother of French President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing.

Giscard d'Estaing died in Vierzon, France on 13 September 2021, aged 93.

## Other websites

- World Parliament
- INSEAD Business

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Olivier Giscard d'Estaing
- **image**: Olivier Giscard d'Estaing World Economic Forum 1975.jpg
- **caption**: Giscard d'Estaing in 1975
- **office**: Member of the National Assembly (France), National Assembly
- **termstart**: 11 July 1968
- **termend**: 1 April 1973
- **constituency**: Alpes-Maritimes's 5th constituency, 5th constituency of Alpes Maritimes
- **predecessor**: Bernard Cornut-Gentille
- **successor**: Bernard Cornut-Gentille
- **party**: Independent Republicans
- **birth place**: Paris, France
- **death place**: Vierzon, France
- **relations**: Valéry Giscard d'Estaing (brother)
Alexandre Parodi

**Alexandre Parodi** (1 June 1901 – 15 March 1979) was a French diplomat. He was the first ambassador of France to the United Nations.

Parodi was a member of the State Council.

From 1944 to 1945, Parodi was the Minister of Work and Social Security. From 1945 to 1960, Parodi worked as a French diplomat.
1st Army (France)

The **First Army** () was a field army of France that fought during World War I and World War II. It was also active during the Cold War.
Lycée Janson-de-Sailly

**Lycée Janson de Sailly** is a _lycée_ located in the 16th arrondissement of Paris, France. The _lycéens_ of Janson are called _les jansoniens_ and they usually refer to their high school as Janson, or JdS. It is the biggest academic institution in the region: 3,200 boys and girls from 11 to 20 attend classes ranging from junior high school to _Classes Préparatoires_.
Lycée Louis-le-Grand

The **Lycée Louis-le-Grand** () is a secondary school located in Paris. Founded in 1563 by the Jesuits as the _Collège de Clermont_, it was renamed in King Louis XIV of France's honor.

## Infobox (university)

- **name**: Lycée Louis-le-Grand
- **image**: Lycee Louis-le-Grand.jpg
- **caption**: Front entrance of the _Lycée Louis-le-Grand_, in Paris, one of the most famous _lycées_ providing Classe préparatoire aux grandes écoles, preparatory classes for _grandes écoles_
- **former name**: Collège de Clermont (1563–1682)
- **type**: local public Institution (EPLE)
- **head label**: Headmaster
- **head**: Joël Bianco
- **students**: 1,818 students in 2009
- **city**: 123 rue Saint-Jacques, Paris
- **country**: France
- **free label**: Medium of instruction
- **free**: French
Inspection générale des finances (France)

The Inspectorate General of Finances or ***Inspection générale des finances*** (IGF) is a supervisory body in France. In the recent years, the IGF has been at the head of the movement of modernization of the state.

It is currently run by Marie-Christine Lepetit. It is placed under the joint responsibility of the Ministry for Economy, Finance, and Industry and the Ministry for Budget, Public Accounts and State Reform.
Edgar Faure

**Edgar Faure** (; 18 August 1908 – 30 March 1988) was a French politician, essayist, historian, and memoirist. From 1973 to 1978, he was President of the French National Assembly. He was also Prime Minister of France in 1952 and again from 1955 to 1956.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Edgar Faure
- **image**: Edgar Faure 1955.jpg
- **caption**: Edgar Faure at the Geneva Summit (1955)
- **order**: List of presidents of the National Assembly of France, President of the French National Assembly
- **term start**: 2 April 1973
- **term end**: 2 April 1978
- **predecessor**: Achille Peretti
- **successor**: Jacques Chaban-Delmas
- **order2**: Prime Minister of France
- **term start2**: 20 January 1952
- **term end2**: 8 March 1952
- **president2**: Vincent Auriol
- **predecessor2**: René Pleven
- **successor2**: Antoine Pinay
- **term start3**: 23 February 1955
- **term end3**: 1 February 1956
- **president3**: René Coty
- **predecessor3**: Pierre Mendès-France
- **successor3**: Guy Mollet
- **birth date**: 18 August 1908
- **birth place**: Béziers, France
- **death place**: Paris, France
- **nationality**: France, French
- **party**: Republican, Radical and Radical-Socialist Party, Radical
1969 French presidential election

**The 1969 French presidential election** took place on 1 June and 15 June 1969. It happened after the resignation of President Charles de Gaulle on 28 April 1969.

## More readings

- Penniman, Howard. "French Elections, 1969." _World Affairs_ 132.2 (1969): 101–117. online

## Infobox (election)

- **election name**: 1969 French presidential election
- **country**: France
- **type**: presidential
- **ongoing**: no
- **previous election**: 1965 French presidential election
- **previous year**: 1965
- **next election**: 1974 French presidential election
- **next year**: 1974
- **election date**: 1 June 1969 (first round)
15 June 1969 (second round)
- **image1**:
- **candidate1**: **Georges Pompidou**
- **party1**: Union of Democrats for the Republic
- **popular vote1**: **11,064,371**
- **percentage1**: **58.2%**
- **image2**:
- **candidate2**: Alain Poher
- **party2**: Democratic Centre (France)
- **popular vote2**: 7,943,118
- **percentage2**: 41.8%
- **map image**: Élection présidentielle française de 1969 T1 carte par département.svg
- **map caption**: Results of the first round by department
- **title**: President
- **before election**: Alain Poher
 <small>(acting President after Charles de Gaulle resigned in April)</small>
- **before party**: Democratic Centre (France)
- **after election**: Georges Pompidou
- **after party**: Union of Democrats for the Republic
- **map2 image**: Élection présidentielle française de 1969 T2 carte par département.svg
- **map2 caption**: Results of the second round by department
1969 French constitutional referendum

A **constitutional referendum** was held in France on 27 April 1969. The reforms would have led to government changes to the Senate. It was rejected by 52.4% of voters. This led to President Charles de Gaulle's resignation.
Élysée Palace

The **Élysée Palace** (; ) is the official residence of the President of the French Republic. It was used as the office of the French President for the first time in 1848.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (building)

- **name**: Élysée Palace
- **former names**: Hôtel d'Évreux
- **image**: Secretary Pompeo Arrives to Meet with French Foreign Minister Le Drian in Paris (50610423656).jpg
- **caption**: The Élysée Palace seen courtyard side
- **location**: Paris, France
- **address**: 55, Rue du Faubourg Saint-Honoré
75008 Paris, France
- **start date**: 1718
- **completion date**: 1722
- **architect**: Armand-Claude Mollet
- **owner**: Government of France
- **floor count**: 3
- **building type**: Official residence
- **architectural style**: Classicism
- **client**: Henri Louis de La Tour d'Auvergne
- **current tenants**: President of France Emmanuel Macron
European Monetary System

The **European Monetary System** (EMS) was a system where most of the nations of the European Economic Community (EEC) would have their currencies merged together. It was created in 1979 under then President of the European Commission Roy Jenkins.
Helsinki Accords

The **Helsinki Final Act**, also known as **Helsinki Accords** or **Helsinki Declaration** was the document signed at the closing meeting of the third part of the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe held in Helsinki, Finland, during 30 July – 1 August 1975.

All then-existing European countries as well as the United States and Canada, altogether 35 participating states, signed the Final Act in an attempt to improve the détente between the Soviet bloc and the West.
Opération Lamantin

**Opération Lamantin** (French for manatee) was a December 1977 – July 1978 military operation by France with the help of the Mauritanian government, in its war against Sahrawi guerrilla fighters of the Polisario Front. It supported independence for Western Sahara.

Airstrikes were launched in the provinces, but the results of the operation were not significant. France used Jaguar combat aircraft from Dakar Airbase. The bombings were targeted in the rail mines in Zouérat to the coast of Nouadhibou, which were blocked by Polisario.
Jean-Bédel Bokassa

**Jean-Bédel Bokassa** (; 22 February 1921 – 3 November 1996), also known as **Bokassa I**, was a Central African political and military leader. He was the second president of the Central African Republic and as the emperor of the Central African Empire, from his Saint-Sylvestre coup d'état on 1 January 1966 until overthrown in a coup in 1979.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Jean-Bédel Bokassa
- **image**: Bokassa portrait (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Bokassa in 1970
- **title**: Emperor of Central Africa
- **term label1**: Reign
- **1blankname1**: Central African Empire#Proclamation, Proclamation
- **1namedata1**: 4 December 1976
- **2blankname1**: Coronation of Bokassa I, Coronation
- **2namedata1**: 4 December 1977
- **3blankname1**: Operation Caban, Overthrow
- **3namedata1**: 21 September 1979
- **predecessor1**: Himself (as president)
- **successor1**: David Dacko (as president)
- **office2**: 2nd President of the Central African Republic, President of the
- **1blankname2**: Saint-Sylvestre coup d'état, Coup d'état
- **1namedata2**: 31 December 1965
- **predecessor2**: David Dacko
- **successor2**: Himself (as emperor)
- **birth place**: Bobangui, Ubangi-Shari, French Equatorial Africa
- **death place**: Bangui, Central African Republic
- **party**: Movement for the Social Evolution of Black Africa
- **blank1**: Dynasty, House
- **data1**: House of Bokassa, Bokassa
- **blank2**: Civil awards
- **data2**: Order of Central African Merit
- **branch label**: Branch
- **serviceyears label**: Service years
- **serviceyears**: 1939–1966
- **rank**: Colonel
- **battles label**: Wars
- **military blank1**: Military awards
Operation Caban

**Operation Caban** was a military operation that happened in September 1979, to put former president, David Dacko back into power, and restore the Central African Empire to the Central African Republic by removing Emperor Bokassa I.

## Infobox (military conflict)

- **conflict**: 1979 Central African coup d'état
- **date**: 21 September 1979
- **place**: Central African Empire
- **result**: Coup attempt succeeds.

* Jean-Bédel Bokassa, Bokassa I is exiled.
* The Central African Republic is restored.
- **combatant1**:  House of Bokassa
 Central African Armed Forces, Armed Forces loyalists
- **combatant2**:  Central African Armed Forces, Armed Forces rebels
 France
- **commander1**: Jean-Bédel Bokassa, Bokassa I
- **commander2**: David Dacko
Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
David Dacko

**David Dacko** (; 24 March 1930 – 20 November 2003) was a Central African politician who served as the 1st President of the Central African Republic from 14 August 1960 to 1 January 1966, and 3rd President from 21 September 1979 to 1 September 1981.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: David Dacko
- **image**: David Dacko 1962 crop.jpg
- **image size**: 180px
- **caption**: Dacko in 1962
- **term start**: 14 August 1960
- **term end**: 1 January 1966
- **successor**: Jean-Bédel Bokassa
- **predecessor**: _Post created_
- **term start2**: 20 September 1979
- **term end2**: 1 September 1981
- **predecessor2**: Emperor of Central Africa, Bokassa I
- **successor2**: André Kolingba
- **vicepresident2**: Henri Maïdou
- **office3**: Prime Minister of the Central African Republic, Prime Minister of the
Central African Republic
- **term start3**: 1 May 1959
- **term end3**: 14 August 1960
- **predecessor3**: Abel Goumba
- **successor3**: _Post abolished_
- **birth place**: Bouchia, Mbaiki, Ubangi-Shari
- **death place**: Yaoundé, Cameroon
- **occupation**: Politician
Diamonds Affair

**The diamonds affair**, known in France as **"l'affaire des diamants**", was a major political scandal in the 5th French Republic.

In 1973, the Minister of Finance, future president Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, was offered two diamonds from the Emperor of the Central African Empire Bokassa I. The affair was revealed by satiric newspaper _Le Canard Enchaîné_ on October 10, 1979, towards the end of Giscard's presidency.

Many believe this was the reason for Giscard losing his 1981 reelection bid.
Francisco Suárez

**Francisco Suárez of Toledo Vázquez of Utiel** and **González of the Tower**, known like **Doctor Eximius** (Granada, 5 January 1548-Lisbon, 25 September 1617), went a theologian, philosopher and jurist jesuita Spanish. One of the main figures of the movement of the Philosofic School of Salamanca, was considered one of the best scholastic

His work considers  a turning point in the history of Segundo escolasticismo, that marks the transition of the Renaissance to the modern philosophy. According to Christopher Shields and Daniel Schwartz, "figures so distinct between yes in the place, the time and the philosophical orientation like Leibniz, Grocio, Pufendorf, Schopenhauer and Heidegger found reasons to quote it like source of inspiration and influence
Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou

The **Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou (HEGP)** (_Georges Pompidou European Hospital_) is a French hospital located in Paris. It opened in 2001.

In 2013, French Professor Alain Carpentier created the first 100% artificial heart, using biomaterials and electronic sensors. The device was successfully implanted by a team at the hospital on 18 December 2013.
European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party Group

The **Group of the European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party** (, **ELDR**) was a liberal political group of the European Parliament between 1976 and 2004.

The group made up of the European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party.
Atomium - European Institute for Science, Media and Democracy

**Atomium – European Institute for Science, Media and Democracy (EISMD)** – formerly known as **Atomium Culture AISBL** - is an international non-profit organisation based in Brussels.

The Institute meets at European universities.

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: Atomium - European Institute for Science, Media and Democracy
- **type**: International Non-Profit Organisation
- **foundation**: November 2009
- **founder**: Michelangelo Baracchi Bonvicini, Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
- **location city**: Brussels
- **location country**: Belgium
- **key people**: Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, Honorary President,
 Michelangelo Baracchi Bonvicini, President
Council of European Municipalities and Regions

The **Council of European Municipalities and Regions** (**CEMR**) is the largest organisation of local and regional governments in Europe. Its members are 60 national groups of towns, municipalities and regions from 41 countries that are part of the Council of Europe. Together these associations represent about 130,000 local and regional authorities.

## Other websites

- United Cities and Local Governments (UCLG)
- Local Government in Europe
- The Archives of the Council of European Municipalities and Regions are consultable at the Historical Archives of the European Union in Florence
- European elections: local and regional governments' manifesto
AEI World Forum

The **AEI World Forum** is an annual meeting of business and financial executives, heads of government, government officials, and educators. It happens every spring in Sea Island, Georgia. It is supported by the American Enterprise Institute (AEI) and the Vail Valley Foundation, and it features a number of AEI scholars and fellows.

In 1976, U.S. president Gerald Ford hosted the second G7 summit in San Juan, Puerto Rico.

During his presidency, Ford became close friends with three of the other heads of government present at the summit: British prime minister James Callaghan, French president Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, and German chancellor Helmut Schmidt.

Ford and Giscard d'Estaing started the forum.
Trilateral Commission

The **Trilateral Commission** is a non-governmental, nonpartisan discussion group. David Rockefeller started the commission in July 1973. It was created to improve cooperation between Japan, Western Europe and North America.

## Infobox (organization)

- **name**: The Trilateral Commission
- **logo size**: 200px
- **type**: Annual conference
- **founders**: David Rockefeller
Zbigniew Brzezinski
Jimmy Carter
- **headquarters**: Tokyo (Asia Pacific Group)
Paris (European Group)
Washington, D.C. (North American Group)
- **leader title**: Chairman
- **leader name**: Akihiko Tanaka (Asia Pacific chairman)
Jean-Claude Trichet (European chairman)
Meghan O'Sullivan (North American chairman)
- **num members**: More than 390
1988 French presidential election

**Presidential elections** happened in France on 24 April and 8 May 1988.

In 1981, the Socialist Party leader, François Mitterrand, was elected President of France and the Left won the legislative election.

However, in 1986, the right regained a parliamentary majority.

## Other websites

- http://www.ina.fr/archivespourtous/index.php?vue=notice&from=fulltext&full=d%E9bat+chirac+mitterrand&num_notice=1&total_notices=65  Radio-TV debate Jacques Chirac/François Mitterrand
- http://www.ina.fr/archivespourtous/index.php?vue=notice&from=tl__ogp_int_parcours&num_notice=2&id_notice=I04160051  Announcement of the result of the second round, on TV

## Infobox (election)

- **election name**: 1988 French presidential election
- **country**: France
- **type**: presidential
- **ongoing**: no
- **previous election**: 1981 French presidential election
- **previous year**: 1981
- **next election**: 1995 French presidential election
- **next year**: 1995
- **election date**: 24 April 1988 (first round)
8 May 1988 (second round)
- **image1**:
- **candidate1**: **François Mitterrand**
- **party1**: Socialist Party (France)
- **popular vote1**: **16,704,279**
- **percentage1**: **54.0%**
- **image2**:
- **candidate2**: Jacques Chirac
- **party2**: Rally for the Republic
- **popular vote2**: 14,218,970
- **percentage2**: 46.0%
- **map image**: File:Présidentielle 1988 (second tour).svg
- **map size**: 250px
- **map caption**: Results of the second round by department
**Mitterrand**:
**Chirac**:
- **title**: President
- **before election**: François Mitterrand
- **before party**: Socialist Party (France)
- **after election**: François Mitterrand
- **after party**: Socialist Party (France)
1995 French presidential election

Presidential elections in France to elect the fifth president of the French Fifth Republic happened on 23 April and 7 May 1995.

## Other websites

- http://www.ina.fr/archivespourtous/index.php?vue=notice&from=tl__ogp_int_parcours&num_notice=5&id_notice=CAB95028272 Radio-TV debate Jacques Chirac/Lionel Jospin
- http://www.ina.fr/archivespourtous/index.php?vue=notice&from=tl__ogp_int_parcours&num_notice=7&id_notice=CAB05011287 Announcement of the result of the second round, on TV

## Infobox (election)

- **election name**: 1995 French presidential election
- **country**: France
- **type**: presidential
- **ongoing**: no
- **previous election**: 1988 French presidential election
- **previous year**: 1988
- **next election**: 2002 French presidential election
- **next year**: 2002
- **election date**: 23 April 1995 (first round)
7 May 1995 (second round)
- **image1**:
- **nominee1**: **Jacques Chirac**
- **party1**: Rally for the Republic
- **popular vote1**: **15,763,027**
- **percentage1**: **52.6%**
- **image2**:
- **nominee2**: Lionel Jospin
- **party2**: Socialist Party (France)
- **popular vote2**: 14,180,644
- **percentage2**: 47.4%
- **map image**: Présidentielle 1995 (second tour).svg
- **map size**: 250px
- **map caption**: Results of the second round by department
- **title**: President
- **before election**: François Mitterrand
- **before party**: Socialist Party (France)
- **after election**: Jacques Chirac
- **after party**: Rally for the Republic
SAARC Literary Award

**SAARC Literary Award** is an annual award conferred by the Foundation of SAARC Writers and Literature (FOSWAL) since 2001 Shamshur Rahman, Mahasweta Devi, Jayanta Mahapatra,  Abhi Subedi, Mark Tully, Sitakant Mahapatra, Uday Prakash, Suman Pokhrel and Abhay K are some of the recipients of this award.
Nepali poet, lyricist and translator Suman Pokhrel is only writer to get this award twice.

## Award Recipients

The year wise list of the award recipients are as follows:

|Year|Poet/Writer|Nationality|
| --- | --- | --- |
|2019|Mohammad Nurul Huda|****|
|2018|Najibullah Manalai|****|
|2015|Sitakant Mahapatra|****|
|2015|Selina Hossain|****|
|2015|Suman Pokhrel|****|
|2015|Shahida Shaheen|****|
|2015|Nisar Ahmad Chaudhary|****|
|2015|Aryan Aroon|****|
|2014|Tarannum Riyaz|****|
|2013|Abhay K|****|
|2013|Suman Pokhrel|****|
|2013|Farheen Chaudhary|****|
|2013|Abdul Khaliq Rashid|****|
|2013|Daya Dissanayake|****|
|2012|Fakrul Alam|****|
|2012|Ayesha Zee Khan|****|
|2011|Ibrahim Waheed|****|
|2011|Syed Akhtar Hussain Akhtar (posthumous)|****|
|2010|Hamid Mir|****|
|2010|Abhi Subedi|****|
|2010|Mark Tully|****|
|2010|Ju|****|
|2009|Jayanta Mahapatra|****|
|2009|Uday Prakash|****|
|2009|Kamaal Khan|****|
|2007|Mahasveta Devi|****|
|2006|Maitreyi Pushpa|****|
|2006|Zahida Hina|****|
|2006|Laxman Gaikwad|****|
|2006|Tissa Abeysekara|****|
|2002|Laxmi Chand Gupta|****|
|2001|Ganesh Narayandas Devy|****|
|2001|Shamsur Rahman|****|

## Other websites

- Foundation of SAARC Writers and Literature
- FOSWAL Advisory Committee
- Related News on OneIndia
- Related News on Hindustan Times
- Related News on NDTV
- Related News on Afgan Embassy
- Related News on The Kathmandu Post
- Related News on Outlook India
- Related News on Greater Kashmir

## Infobox (award)

- **name**: SAARC Literary Award
- **subheader**: Award to individuals from SAARC, SAARC Countries for contributions to Literature
- **awarded for**: Literary award in South Asia
- **sponsor**: FOSWAL
- **firstawarded**: 2001
Gaullism

**Gaullism** () is a French political term of people who support the ideas and presidency of World War II French Resistance leader General Charles de Gaulle.

Gaullism cannot be seen within a political ideology, meaning it is not left or right. It is more of how the President of France should use their power.

"Neo-Gaullism" has been used to describe a movement after the death of de Gaulle in 1970 from people who are economic liberal than both traditional and social Gaullism.

## Gaullist political parties

The following is a list of Gaullist political parties and their successors:
- 1947–1955: Rally of the French People (RPF)
- 1955–1958: National Centre of Social Republicans (CNRS)
- 1958–1962: Union for the New Republic (UNR) _and_ Democratic Union of Labour (UDT)
- 1962–1967: Union for the New Republic – Democratic Union of Labour (UNR – UDT)
- 1967–1968: Democratic Union for the Fifth Republic (UD-V<sup>e</sup>)
- 1968–1971: Union for the Defence of the Republic (UDR)
- 1971–1976: Union of Democrats for the Republic (UDR)
- 1976–2002: Rally for the Republic (RPR)
- 1994-2018: Movement for France  (MPF)
- 1999–2014: Debout la République (DLR)
- 2002–2015: Union for a Popular Movement (UMP)
- 2014–present: Debout la France (DLF)
- 2015–present: The Republicans (LR)
Ordre national du Mérite

The **Ordre national du Mérite** (; ) is a French order of merit with membership given by the President of the French Republic, founded on 3 December 1963 by President Charles de Gaulle. It is usually only for French citizens.
Order of the Southern Cross

**The National Order of the Southern Cross** () is a Brazilian order of chivalry founded by Emperor Pedro I on 1 December 1822. This order was created to honor the independence of Brazil and the coronation of Pedro I.
Nansen Refugee Award

The **UNHCR Nansen Refugee Award** is given each year by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) to an individual, group, or organization in honor of great service to refugees. It was created in 1954.
Order of Charles III

The **Royal and Distinguished Spanish Order of Charles III**, originally **Royal and Much Distinguished Order of Charles III** (, originally ) was created by the King of Spain Carlos III with the motto _Virtuti et mérito_.

It honors people for their actions benefiting Spain and the Crown. Since its creation, and second to the Order of the Golden Fleece, it has been the most distinguished civil award that can be given in Spain.
Giscard d'Estaing (surname)

**Giscard d'Estaing** is a French surname. Notable people with the surname include:
<onlyinclude>*Anne-Aymone Giscard d'Estaing (born 1933), former First Lady of France
- Aurore Giscard d'Estaing, illustrator and wife of Timothy Hutton
- Guillaume Giscard d'Estaing (born 1958), French businessman
- Henri Giscard d'Estaing (born 1956), French businessman
- Louis Giscard d'Estaing (born 1958), French politician
- Olivier Giscard d'Estaing (born 1927), French politician
- Valéry Giscard d'Estaing (1926–2020), former President of France</onlyinclude>
Sofema

**Sofema** (**Société française d’exportation de matériel militaire et aéronautique**) is a French company which works in the renovation, marketing and maintenance of first generation land, sea and air equipment for the French Armed Forces. The company is based in Paris.

Technical facilities are in La Teste (Gironde - in the south west of France) and Châteauroux (Indre).
Sindhi Cultural Day

**Sindhi Cultural Day** (, ), also known as 'Aekta jo ddihaarro', is widely celebrated day by Sindhi people in whole world, with enthusiasm to spotlight the centuries-old rich culture of Sindh, its traditions and history.

The day is celebrated all over Sindh, and amongst the Sindhi diaspora around the world.  Cultural day is the celebration, demonstration of culture of Sindh, Sindhis in Sindh and Sindhi diaspora all over the world celebrate this day to demonstrate the peaceful identity of Sindhi culture and to show their culture to world. On this jubilation people gather in all major cities of Sindh at Press Clubs, Schools, College and in universities and other places and arrange various activities of literary (poetic) gatherings, Mach Katchehri (gathering in a place and sitting round in a circle and the fire on sticks in the center), musical concerts, seminars, lecture programs and rallies, everyone wearing Sindhi traditional clothes, the Ajrak, Sindhi topi and Sindhi patko (turban) are very popular among Sindhi men, and for women and girls clothes with Sindhi embroideries, mirrorwork and local made fabrics like Bandhanis, Soossi, Maleers etc. It is also a symbol of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization.

## Infobox (holiday)

- **image**: Saraiki Topi (Sindhi Cap).jpg
- **image size**: 270px
- **caption**: Sindhi cap, one of the symbols of Sindhi culture
- **holiday name**: Sindhi Cultural Day
- **duration**: 1 day
- **frequency**: Annual
- **observedby**: People of Sindh, Pakistan and by Sindhis, Sindhi community all over the world
- **significance**: Honors the heritage and civilization of Indus Valley Civilization
- **date**: 1st Sunday of December
- **type**: Public
Tropical Storm Bertha (2020)

**Tropical Storm Bertha** was a unusual tropical storm that did not last very long. It hit South Carolina on the same day it formed, and dissipated the day after that. However, it was unusual because of the time it formed. It formed very near to the coast, and on May 27.

## Infobox (hurricane)

- **name**: Tropical Storm Bertha
- **type**: Tropical storm
- **year**: 2020
- **basin**: Atl
- **image location**: Bertha 2020-05-27 1600Z.jpg
- **image name**: Bertha making landfall on the east coast of South Carolina while at peak intensity on May 27
- **alt**: Satellite image of Tropical Storm Bertha nearing South Carolina
- **formed**: May 27, 2020
- **dissipated**: May 28, 2020
- **extratropical**: May 28
- **1-min winds**: 45
- **damages**: 0.13
- **damagespre**: >
- **pressure**: 1005
- **fatalities**: 1 total
- **areas**: Southeastern United States (especially Florida and South Carolina)
- **hurricane season**: 2020 Atlantic hurricane season
Agamy

**Agamy** is a relational model consisting of the non-pair formation, where there is no partner. It's the status of not engaging in relationships or marriages, sometimes not even in sexual reproduction.
Casus belli

**Casus belli** is a Latin phrase for an event or a situation that directly provokes a war. The plural of the phrase is the same as its singular.

In an aggression in the sense of international law, a country is allowed to start a war in self-defence. It is common to provoke an aggressor to  be able to start a war legally.

Suspected examples are the _Arrow_ incident, which started the Second Opium War, and the _Maine_ incident, which led the United States to take Puerto Rico and the Philippines<nowiki/>and to occupy Cuba from the Spanish Empire. The Iraq War was started by the US and its allies on the pretext that Saddam Hussein had weapons of mass destruction. Years after the war, it turned out that there were none in Iraq.

Another example is the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria starting World War I.

## Related pages

- Declaration of war
The Champ

***The Champ*** is a 1931 American drama movie directed by King Vidor and starring Wallace Beery, Jackie Cooper, Irene Rich, Roscoe Ates, Edward Brophy. It was distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and was nominated for 4 Oscars and won 2 Academy Awards in 1931. It was remade twice in 1953 as _The Clown_ and in 1979 as _The Champ_.
Flag of South Africa (1928–1994)

The **flag of South Africa from 1928 to 1994** was the flag of the Union of South Africa from 1928 to 1961 and the flag of the Republic of South Africa to 1994. It was also the flag of South West Africa (now Namibia) to 1990, when that territory was under South African administration.

The design features three horizontal bands of orange, white and blue with three small flags (the flag of the United Kingdom to the left, the vertical version of the flag of the Orange Free State in the centre and the flag of the South African Republic to the right) centered on the white band. Because of its colours it was known as the **Oranje, Blanje, Blou** (Afrikaans for **Orange, White, Blue**) by citizens.

The flag is viewed as a symbol of apartheid and white supremacy, since 2019 it is illegal to display this flag in public in South Africa and is classified as a hate speech. This ruling is seen as a political move on the part of the ANC government, who has been ruling the country since 1994. The banning of the **Oranje, Blanje, Blou** is challenged by many in the South African Supreme Court of Appeal. In 2023, the ban was partially upheld by the Supreme Court which ruled that "gratuitous" display was unlawful but did not rule on if private display was unlawful.

## Infobox (flag)

- **name**: South Africa
- **image**: Flag of South Africa (1928–1982).svg
- **nickname**: "Oranje, Blanje, Blou"
"Union flag"
"Apartheid flag"
- **use**: 111110
- **proportion**: 2:3
- **adoption**:
(dark version)

(bright version)
- **relinquished**:
(South West Africa)

(South Africa)
- **design**: Three horizontal bands of orange, white and blue with three small flags (the Flag of the United Kingdom, Union Flag to the left, the vertical version of the flag of the Orange Free State in the centre and the flag of the South African Republic to the right) centered on the white band.
Aromanticism

**Aromanticism** or **aromanticity** is a romantic orientation in which a person does not experience romantic attraction, whether entirely, partially or circumstantially. They may not feel romantic love, and may not feel the need to be in romantic relationships. It doesn't mean they are agamous. and it's also an spectrum of identities that do not feel the "standard" amount of romantic attraction or don't feel it in the "standard" way, that alloromantic individuals do. for example, greyromantic  and demiromantic. Individuals that are on the aromantic spectrum/umbrella are often referred to as "aro-spec" for short.

Theso on the aromantic umbrella may engage in queerplatonic relationships(QPR for short), And experience alterous attraction. Aro-spec individuals may additionally experience tertiary attraction, which are attractions outside of sexual and romantic, to specify their aromanticism. Examples include aesthetic, platonic, or sensual attraction

They can have any sexual orientation, be asexual, bisexual, heterosexual, homosexual, pansexual, polysexual, omnisexual, pomosexual, or ceterosexual. It's often shortened to aro.
Polysexuality

**Polysexuality** is a sexual orientation in which the person feels attraction to many, but not necessarily all genders. Polysexuality, not to be confused with pansexuality or omnisexuality, is under what some people would call the bisexual umbrella, sometimes seen as non-monosexual spectrum.
Seventh Heaven (1927 movie)

***Seventh Heaven*** is a 1927 American silent romantic drama movie directed by Frank Borzage and was the first adaption of the 1922 play of the same name by Austin Strong. It stars Janet Gaynor, Charles Farrell, Ben Bard, Albert Gran, David Butler, Gladys Brockwell and was distributed by 20th Century Fox. It was nominated for 5 Oscars and won 3 Academy Awards in 1929 and was remade in 1937.
Free European Song Contest

The **Free European Song Contest** (abbrev. as **FreeESC**) is a song contest run by the private channel ProSieben that started in 2020. Different singers representing countries in Europe (mainly) compete every year.

Some of the competitors are famous singers include: Nico Santos (famous singer in Germany), Max Mutzke (represented Baden-Württemberg at the Bundesvision Song Contest 2014, Ilse DeLange (represented the Netherlands at the ESC2014 as member of The Common Linnets), Sarah Lombardi (participant in the 8º season of Deutschland sucht den Superstar), Eko Fresh (German rapper of Turkish and Kurdish descent who won 5 awards).

The latest winner of the Free European Song Contest is Rea Garvey of Ireland.

The Free European Song Contest was created by Stefan Raab (with the collaboration of the private channel ProSieben and the production company Brainpool TV) after the cancelation of the Eurovision Song Contest 2020 by the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe. The first contest took place at the ProSieben Studios, Cologne, Germany on 16 May 2020 at 20:15 CEST on the television channel ProSieben and the second contest took place at the Lanxess Arena, Cologne, Germany.

## List of winners

|Year|Country|Song|Performer|Article|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2020||_Like I Love You_|Nico Santos|FreeESC 2020|
|2021||_The One_|Rea Garvey|FreeESC 2021|

## Highest placings of non-winning countries

|Best placing|Country|Most recently|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2nd (twice)||_Rollercoaster_|Danny Vera|FreeESC 2021|
|3rd|Moon|_Back to the Moon_|Der Astronaut|FreeESC 2020|
|3rd||_ASAP_|Milow|FreeESC 2021|
|4th||_Statues_|Amy Macdonald|FreeESC 2020|
|4th||_Forever at Home_|Helge Schneider|FreeESC 2020|
|5th||_Alles auf Hoffnung_|Gil Ofarim|FreeESC 2020|
|6th (twice)||_Everything Helal_|Elif Demirezer|FreeESC 2021|
|7th||_Tut mir nicht leid_|Mathea|FreeESC 2021|
|7th||_All We Need Is Love_|Stefanie Heinzmann|FreeESC 2020|
|8th||_VIP_|Hugel feat. Bloodline|FreeESC 2021|
|8th||_Du bist genug_|Oonagh|FreeESC 2020|
|9th||_Mexico_|Mighty Oaks|FreeESC 2021|
|9th||_Highlight (Ti si moja snaga)_|Vanessa Mai|FreeESC 2020|
|11th||_Immer da_|Glasperlenspiel|FreeESC 2020|
|11th||_13 Schritte_|Mandy Capristo|FreeESC 2020|
|12th||_Friends_|Kelvin Jones|FreeESC 2020|
|14th||_Stuck in My Mind_|Ben Dolic|FreeESC 2021|
|14th||_Paranoid_|Mike Singer|FreeESC 2020|
|15th||_Herz_|Sotiria|FreeESC 2021|
|16th||_Reset_|Kate Hall|FreeESC 2020|

## Related pages

- Eurovision Song Contest (Eurovision: Europe Shine a Light)
- Junior Eurovision Song Contest
- Eurovision Asia Song Contest (Asian version of Eurovision)
- AfriMusic Song Contest (African contest based in Eurovision)
- Bundevision Song Contest (previus contest made by ProSieben)
- Turkvision Song Contest (Turkish contest organised by TMB TV and created by TÜRKSOY for the Turkic countries and Turkic people)

## Other websites

- ProSieben.de FreeESC- the official website  at ProSieben
- Brainpool's Info of FreeESC - at the official Production website
- Free European Song Contest on IMDb
Undercurrent (1946 movie)

***Undercurrent*** is a 1946 American crime drama movie directed by Vincente Minnelli and was based on the 1944 story _You Were There_ by Thelma Strabel. It stars Katharine Hepburn, Robert Taylor, Robert Mitchum, Edmund Gwenn, Marjorie Main, Jayne Meadows, Dan Tobin, Leigh Whipper and was distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.
Ole Espersen

**Ole Mogens Espersen** (20 December 1934 – 4 December 2020) was a Danish politician. He was a member of the Social Democratic Party. Espersen was Minister of Justice during two cabinets of Anker Jørgensen in the 1980s. He also was a member of the Folketing from 1973 to 1994.

Espersen died on 4 December 2020 at the age of 86.
Kinuko Tanida

was a Japanese volleyball player. She was a member of the Japanese winning team, . Tanida won a gold medal at the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo.

Tanida died on 4 December 2020 in Tokyo from a cerebral hemorrhage at the age of 81.
Xu Shousheng

**Xu Shousheng** (; 23 January 1953 – 5 December 2020) was a Chinese politician. He was the Communist Party Secretary of Hunan from 2013 to 2016. He was the Governor of Hunan and Gansu provinces from 2006 to 2013. Xu was born in Jiangsu, China.

Xu died on 5 December 2020 in Nanjing, China at the age of 67.
Christian Serratos

**Christian Marie Serratos** (born **Bernardi**, ; born September 21, 1990) is an American actress. She is known for her roles as Rosita Espinosa in AMC's _The Walking Dead_ TV series, Suzie Crabgrass in the Nickelodeon series _Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide_, Angela Weber in _The Twilight Saga_ series and as Selena in Netflix's _Selena: The Series_.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Christian Serratos
- **image**: Christian Serratos by Gage Skidmore.jpg
- **caption**: Serratos at the 2016 San Diego Comic-Con International
- **birth name**: Christian Marie Bernardi
- **birth place**: Pasadena, California, U.S.
- **occupation**: Actress
- **yearsactive**: 2004–present
- **known for**: _Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide_
as List of Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide characters#Suzie Crabgrass, Suzie Crabgrass
_The Walking Dead (TV series), The Walking Dead_
as Rosita Espinosa
_Selena: The Series
as Selena Quintanilla_
- **partner**: David Boyd (singer), David Boyd (2014–present)
- **children**: 1
Ricardo Antonio Chavira

**Ricardo Antonio Chavira** (born September 1, 1971) is an American actor. He is best known for his role as Carlos Solis in the television series _Desperate Housewives_ (2004–2012).

He plays Abraham Quintanilla in the television series _Selena: The Series_ (2020).

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Ricardo Antonio Chavira
- **image**: CFC ANNUAL BBQ 2012 (7973561694).jpg
- **caption**: Chavira in 2012
- **birth place**: Austin, Texas, Austin, Texas, U.S.
- **occupation**: Actor
- **years active**: 2000–present
- **children**: 2
Li Guanxing

**Li Guanxing** (; 14 January 1940 – 1 December 2020) was a Chinese nuclear material engineer. He was president of the CNNC North Nuclear Fuel Element Co., Ltd. between 2001 and 2004. He was chairperson and party chief of China Nuclear Society from 2008 to 2018. He was a delegate to the 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China. In 1999, Li became a member of the Chinese Academy of Engineering. He was born in Shanghai.

Li died of an illness in Beijing, on December 1, 2020, aged 80.
Lidia Menapace

**Lidia Menapace** (born **Brisca**, 3 April 1924 – 7 December 2020) was an Italian resistance fighter and politician. She was a member of the Senate from 2006 to 2008. She was a member of the Communist Refoundation Party.

Menapace died on 7 December 2020 in Bolzano, Italy from COVID-19, aged 96.
László Kuncz

**László Kuncz** (29 July 1957 – 6 December 2020) was a Hungarian water polo player. He competed in the 1980 Summer Olympics, winning a bronze medal.

Kuncz died on 6 December 2020 at the age of 63.
Džej Ramadanovski

**Džej Ramadanovski** (; 29 April 1964 – 6 December 2020) was a Serbian pop-folk singer. He was known for his ballads. Ramadanovski was born in Belgrade. Džej made cameo appearances in movies _Hajde da se volimo 2_ (1989) and _Vikend sa ćaletom_ (2020). With songs such as "Nedelja" (1991), "Sunce ljubavi" (1995) and "Upalite za mnom sveće" (1996) he became one of the biggest regional artists in the 1990s.

Ramadanovski died in Belgrade of a heart attack on 6 December 2020 at the age of 56.
Senta Wengraf

**Senta Wengraf** (10 May 1924 – 6 December 2020) was an Austrian actress. She was born in Vienna. Her career began in 1946.

Wengraf was appeared in _Two Times Lotte_ (1950), _Voices of Spring_ (1952), _The Spendthrift_ (1953), _Franz Schubert_ (1953), _Don Juan_ (1955), _Sissi – The Young Empress_ (1956), _Kaiserjäger_ (1956), _Sissi – Fateful Years of an Empress_ (1957), _Scandal in Bad Ischl_ (1957) and _When the Bells Sound Clearly_ (1959).

Wengraf died in Vienna on 6 December 2020 at the age of 96.
Ali-Asghar Zarei

**Ali-Asghar Zarei** () (1956 – 6 December 2020) was an Iranian military officer and conservative politician. He was a member of the Islamic Consultative Assembly representing Tehran, Rey, Shemiranat and Eslamshahr from 2008 to 2016.

Zarei died on 6 December 2020 at the age of 64.
Dennis Ralston

**Richard Dennis Ralston** (July 27, 1942 – December 6, 2020) was an American professional tennis player. He was active during the 1960s and 1970s. Ralston was born in Bakersfield, California. He was coached by tennis pro Pancho Gonzales. He was the highest-ranked American player at the end of three consecutive years in the 1960s.

Ralston, a Davis Cup winner with the US Davis Cup team in 1963, continued to serve in the team as a coach from 1968 to 1971 and as a captain from 1972 to 1975, winning the title in 1972 over Romania.

Ralston was honored into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 1987.

Ralston died on December 6, 2020 in Austin, Texas from cancer at the age of 78.
Pancho Gonzales

**Ricardo Alonso "Pancho" González** (May 9, 1928 – July 3, 1995), known sometimes as **Richard Gonzales**, was an American tennis player.  He won 14 major singles titles (12 Pro Slam events, 2 Grand Slam events).

Gonzales was the world's leading professional player at a time when almost all players were amateur. His peak was from about 1952 to about 1958. He won many professional and open titles. He was always a serve-and-volley player at a time when many amateurs played a baseline game.

When he first turned professional, the reigning top man was Jack Kramer. At first, Kramer crushed him. Gonzales semi-retired in 1950/51. When he came back in late 1951, Gonzales was much improved. He reached the top in 1952, winning the professional hard-court title in Los Angeles.

The Tennis Hall of Fame says Gonzales rose to the rank of number one in 1952.

## Infobox (tennis biography)

- **name**: Pancho Gonzales
- **image**: Pancho Gonzales 1954.jpg
- **caption**: Gonzales practicing in Australia in 1954
- **fullname**: Ricardo Alonso González
- **birth place**: Los Angeles, California, U.S.
- **death place**: Las Vegas, Nevada, U.S.
- **turnedpro**: 1949
- **retired**: 1974
- **plays**: Right-handed (one-handed backhand)
- **tennishofyear**: 1968
- **tennishofid**: richard-pancho-gonzales
- **singlesrecord**: 1250–561 (69.05%)
- **singlestitles**: 111
- **highestsinglesranking**: No. **1** (1952, Tennis Hall of Fame)
- **australianopenresult**: 3R (1969 Australian Open – Men's Singles, 1969)
- **frenchopenresult**: SF (1949 French Championships – Men's Singles, 1949, 1968 French Open – Men's Singles, 1968)
- **wimbledonresult**: 4R (1949 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles, 1949, 1969 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles, 1969)
- **usopenresult**: **W** (1948 U.S. National Championships – Men's Singles, 1948, 1949 U.S. National Championships – Men's Singles, 1949)
- **othertournaments**: yes
- **promajors**: yes
- **usproresult**: **W** (U.S. Pro Tennis Championships draws, 1946–1967#1953, 1953, U.S. Pro Tennis Championships draws, 1946–1967#1954, 1954, U.S. Pro Tennis Championships draws, 1946–1967#1955, 1955, U.S. Pro Tennis Championships draws, 1946–1967#1956, 1956, U.S. Pro Tennis Championships draws, 1946–1967#1957, 1957, U.S. Pro Tennis Championships draws, 1946–1967#1958, 1958, U.S. Pro Tennis Championships draws, 1946–1967#1959, 1959, U.S. Pro Tennis Championships draws, 1946–1967#1961, 1961)
- **wembleyproresult**: **W** (Wembley Championship#1950, 1950, Wembley Championship#1951, 1951, Wembley Championship#1952, 1952, Wembley Championship#1956, 1956)
- **frenchproresult**: F (French Pro Championship#1956, 1956, French Pro Championship#1961, 1961)
- **tocresult**: **W** (Tournament of Champions (tennis), 1957, 1958 Forest Hills, 1959 Sydney)
- **frenchopendoublesresult**: **W** (1949)
- **wimbledondoublesresult**: **W** (1949 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Doubles, 1949)
- **wimbledonmixedresult**: QF (1968 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed Doubles, 1968)