juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Chris Gueffroy

**Chris Gueffroy** (21 June 1968 in Pasewalk – 6 February 1989 in Berlin) was the last person to be killed by border troops while trying to escape across the Berlin Wall.

Gueffroy and his friend Christian Gaudian tried to escape from East Berlin to West Berlin on the night of 5 to 6 February 1989. They tried to cross near the Britz district canal.

Gueffroy and Gaudian thought that the _Schießbefehl_, the order to shoot anyone who attempted to cross the wall, had been stopped. Climbing the last metal fence, the two were seen and shot at by the National People's Army (NVA) border troops. Gueffroy was hit in the chest by ten shots and died in the border strip.

Gaudian was badly injured, and was arrested and was sentenced on 24 May 1989 to imprisonment for three years by the Pankow district court for trying illegally to cross the border ("_versuchten ungesetzlichen Grenzübertritts im schweren Fall_").

In September 1989 Gaudian was freed on bail by the East German government and on 17 October 1989 he was transferred to West Berlin.

The four border guards at first got an award (_Leistungsabzeichen der Grenztruppen_) from the chief of the local border guards, Erich Wöllner, and a prize of 150 East German Marks each. After the reunification of East and West Germany, they were prosecuted by Berlin regional court. Two of them were released in January 1992. Ingo Heinrich, who fired the shot that killed Gueffroey was sentenced to three and a half years in jail. The Bundesgerichtshof reduced the penalty to a suspended sentence of two years in 1994.

In 2000, two SED officials, Siegfried Lorenz and Hans-Joachim Böhme, were tried for the death of Gueffroy and two other young men, but acquitted as the judge could find no evidence that they might have been able to lift the shoot-to-kill order. The case was retried on 7 August 2004, and the two men were found guilty and given suspended sentences of 15 months each. The judge explained that the short sentences were due to the length of time since the events. This was the last case concerning deaths on the inner German border.

On 21 June 2003, which would have been his 35th birthday, a monument to Gueffroy was built on the banks of the Britz district canal. The monument was designed by Berlin artist Karl Biedermann.
VfR Mannheim

**VfR Mannheim** a German football team. It is in Mannheim, Baden-Württemberg. The club was formed in 1911. The team won German Championship back in 1940s.

VfR Mannheim rivals are Waldhof Mannheim who's stadion is right next to VfR Mannheim's stadion and training facilities

## Other websites

- Official team site
SV Waldhof Mannheim

**SV Waldhof Mannheim** is a German football club. It is in Mannheim, Baden-Württemberg. The club was founded 1907. The club today has over 2,400 people. The team plays in the Regionalliga Süd the 4th German Football division.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Waldhof Mannheim
- **fullname**: Sportverein Waldhof Mannheim e.V.
- **founded**: 1907
- **ground**: Carl-Benz-Stadion
- **capacity**: 27,000
Popular science

If a book or a TV show is about science, and is made easy so everyone can understand, then it is **popular science**.  It is _popular_ because it is made for the whole _**popul**ation_, not just for scientists.  Nature documentaries  are examples of popular science.

Popular science is non-fiction, so it is not the same as _science fiction_. Popular science is also not the same as _Science journalism_. Science journalism is what journalists write to report the newest theories and discoveries made in science, but popular science is not always about what is newest.

Some famous people who make popular science are David Attenborough, Isaac Asimov, Jacob Bronowski, Arthur C. Clarke, Martin Gardner, J.B.S. Haldane, Stephen Hawking, Bill Nye, and Carl Sagan.

## Popular science and scientific literature

When scientists write about their work, first they publish in scientific journals such as _Nature_ and _Science_. Then they may write books. The purpose of popular science is to show scientific literature in a way that different types of scientists, and people who are not scientists, will easily understand. When people take an idea from scientific literature and change it into popular science, important things about that idea may be left out or added in.

Popular science is a bridge between the literature written for scientists, and the realms of popular writing which ordinary people use. The goal of the genre is to capture the methods and accuracy of science, while making the language more accessible.

Popular science has its problems. Some popular science is made by people who do not understand the subject well. Some is made by people who have a strong bias. Some is part science and part pseudoscience. It can be hard for someone who is not an expert to tell which works of popular science are reliable. Museums, television programs and websites are also in the business of communicating science to the wider public. Not all of these are reliable. The oldest institution devoted to link science to the public may be the Gresham College, which was founded in 1597 in London. It was not entirely devoted to science. The Royal Institution in London has similar aims, and is devoted to science. It was founded in 1799. Both of these institutions have always given lectures by experts to the general public.
Lullaby

A **lullaby** is a song which is sung to help a baby or small child go to sleep. Composers of classical music often wrote pieces for instruments to play (very often for piano solo) which they called "lullaby". They also used the French word _Berceuse_. Brahms wrote his famous _Wiegenlied_ originally for a young singer, Bertha Faber, when she gave birth to her second son.

Lullabies always have a gentle, rocking rhythm with a simple accompaniment. Frédéric Chopin's _Berceuse_ is a lullaby for piano. Gabriel Fauré wrote one at the beginning of his _Dolly Suite_ for piano duet. There are many other examples.

Mothers sing lullabies to their children at bedtime. _Rock-a-bye Baby_ and _Hush Little Baby_ are two very well-known lullabies.

There is an example of lullaby:

_Rock-a-bye baby_

_On the tree tops,__When the wind blows_

_The cradle will rock._

_When the bough breaks_

_The cradle will fall,_

_And down will come baby_

_Cradle and all._

## Example

- Tha Tha Thabungton
Lund

**Lund** is a city in Scania, in the south of Sweden. About 80,000 people live there, which makes it the eleventh biggest city in Sweden. It is close to Malmö. The municipality has about 105,000 people.

Lund is known for its university, Lund University (founded in 1666). It is the largest university in Scandinavia. The city is also known for its cathedral, Lund Cathedral (_Lunds domkyrka_).

Lund is an old city. It was probably founded around the year 990, when Scania belonged to Denmark.
Guadalcanal

**Guadalcanal** is the biggest island in the Solomon Islands. During World War II, there was a battle there between the Americans and the Japanese.

## Related pages

- Guadalcanal Campaign

## Other websites

- WW2DB: Guadalcanal Campaign
FC Eintracht Bamberg

**1. FC Eintracht Bamberg** is a football team in Bamberg, Upper Franconia Germany. In 1946 they were called 1. FC Bamberg and were in the "first Division". Now they play in the "Fourth Division", Regionalliga Bayern, with the new name, F.C. Eintracht Bamberg.
FSV Frankfurt

**FSV Frankfurt** is the second best football team in Frankfurt, Germany  after Eintracht Frankfurt. In the season 2007/08 it became champion of the Regionalliga Süd. Since 2008 FSV Frankfurt plays in the 2. Bundesliga.

## Other websites

- FSV-Blog of Frankfurter Rundschau
Polyhydroxyalkanoates

**Polyhydroxyalkanoate** (**PHA**) is a biopolymer that is made by bacteria. It can break down naturally (it is biodegradable). PHA has the same qualities of plastic, but it uses renewable raw material such as sugar from crop, instead of finite natural resources such as crude oil, natural gas and coal. Some PHAs share properties with polypropylene, a plastic used to make ropes and packaging. Others are similar to rubber.
SpVgg Bayreuth

**SpVgg Bayreuth** is a German football team in Bayreuth, Bavaria. It was founded in 1921. The club was banned in 1933 by the Nazis but restarted shortly after World War II. SpVgg Bayreuth plays in one of the Fourths Divisions, the Bayernliga. In the season 2005/2006, they played in the Third Division, the Regionalliga. Today the play in the Fifth Division (Bayernliga Nord).
Max Reger

**Max Reger** (born in Brand, Bavaria, 19 March 1873; died 11 May 1916) was a German composer, organist, pianist and teacher.

## Life

Reger’s father was a schoolteacher who was an amateur musician. When he was a boy Max helped his father to rebuild an organ that was going to be thrown away. This was the instrument on which he learned to play. It was some time before he started proper lessons, but by the time he was a teenager he was playing the organ for church services. When he was 15 he went to Bayreuth to hear Wagner’s operas. This was the moment when Reger decided he wanted to become a musician.

Reger studied music in Munich and Wiesbaden with a famous teacher Hugo Riemann. He composed a lot of music, especially for the organ. His musical style was similar to that of Brahms, but he also learned a lot from the music of Bach, Mendelssohn and Schumann. He liked the symphonic poems of Liszt and these gave him the ideas for writing chorale fantasies for the organ, although he never wrote music that tells a story (programme music).

In 1902, Reger married. He and his wife adopted two children. In 1907, he became professor of composition at the University of Leipzig. He was a very good teacher. He became well-known abroad. He travelled to London where he spent hours in the art galleries. Then he bored his friends by talking all the time about the paintings. He conducted the orchestra at Meiningen, performing works by many composers, especially Brahms, Bruckner and his own.

Reger enjoyed eating and drinking. He regularly went to his local café where he would eat ten large sausages and drink ten glasses of beer. His health got bad, and he died of a heart attack in Leipzig, where he was visiting friends on his way home from the Netherlands.

## Works

Reger wrote an enormous amount of music, but very little of it is played nowadays. He wrote in a late-Romantic style. He is best remembered for his organ music. He liked to write fugues and sets of Variations. His _Fantasy and Fugue on BACH_ is one of the hardest pieces ever written for organ. He wrote a lovely song called _Marias Wiegenlied_ (''Mary’s lullaby).
Saint Stephen

**Saint Stephen** () is known as the first martyr of Christianity.

Therefore, he is also called the ***Protomartyr*** (). He is venerated as a saint in the Roman Catholic Church, as well as in the Eastern Orthodox Church. His feast day was historically kept on August 3. His name means 'laurel wreath' or 'crown' in Greek. His death is described in the Book of Acts. He was stoned to death for blasphemy and is remembered on the Feast of St. Stephen, December 26.

## Other websites

- Saint Stephen at the _Catholic Encyclopedia_
The Dark Tower (series)

***The Dark Tower*** is a series of eight books by American writer Stephen King that tells the tale of lead character Roland Deschain's quest for the "Dark Tower."
Jon Corzine

**Jon Stevens Corzine** (born January 1, 1947) is an American politician. He was the 54th Governor of the state of New Jersey.  He represented New Jersey in the United States Senate from 2001 until 2006, when he stepped down to take his seat as governor. On November 3, 2009, Jon Corzine lost re-election for another four years as governor. The person who won was Chris Christie, who became the governor on January 20, 2010.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Jon Corzine
- **image**: SenatorJonCorzine.jpg
- **order**: 54th Governor of New Jersey
- **term start**: January 17, 2006
- **term end**: January 19, 2010
- **predecessor**: Richard Codey
- **successor**: Chris Christie
- **office1**: Chair of the Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee
- **leader1**: Tom Daschle
- **term start1**: January 3, 2003
- **term end1**: January 3, 2005
- **predecessor1**: Patty Murray
- **successor1**: Chuck Schumer
- **jr/sr2**: United States Senator
- **state2**: New Jersey
- **term start2**: January 3, 2001
- **term end2**: January 17, 2006
- **predecessor2**: Frank Lautenberg
- **successor3**: Bob Menendez
- **birth name**: Jon Stevens Corzine
- **birth place**: Taylorville, Illinois, U.S.
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
- **spouse**:

- **children**: 3
- **relatives**: Roy A. Corzine (grandfather)
- **education**: University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (Bachelor of Arts, BA)
University of Chicago (Master of Business Administration, MBA)
- **signature**: Jon Corzine Signature.svg
- **serviceyears**: 1969–1975
- **rank**: Sergeant#United States, Sergeant
- **unit**: United States Marine Corps Reserve, Reserves
Jim McGreevey

**James Edward "'Jim"' McGreevey** (born August 6, 1957) is an American politician and lawyer. He was the 52nd Governor of New Jersey from 2002 to 2004. In 2004, he said that he was gay. He resigned as governor after he said he had an affair with a male employee. He was the first openly gay governor of any state in the history of the United States.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Jim McGreevey
- **image**: File:Jim McGreevey 2009 Exodus 7.jpg
- **caption**: McGreevey in 2009
- **office**: 52nd Governor of New Jersey
- **term start**: January 15, 2002
- **term end**: November 15, 2004
- **predecessor**: Richard Codey (acting)
- **successor**: Richard Codey
- **office1**: 19th Mayor of Woodbridge Township, New Jersey, Mayor of Woodbridge Township
- **term start1**: January 1, 1992
- **term end1**: January 15, 2002
- **predecessor1**: Joseph DeMarino
- **successor1**: Frank Pelzman
- **state senate2**: New Jersey
- **district2**: New Jersey's 19th legislative district, 19th
- **term start2**: January 11, 1994
- **term end2**: January 13, 1998
- **preceded2**: Randy Corman
- **succeeded2**: Joe Vitale (politician), Joe Vitale
- **state assembly3**: New Jersey
- **district3**: New Jersey's 19th legislative district, 19th
- **term start3**: January 9, 1990
- **term end3**: January 14, 1992
- **alongside3**: George Otlowski
- **preceded3**: Alan Karcher
- **succeeded3**: Stephen A. Mikulak
Ernest L. Oros
- **birth name**: James Edward McGreevey
- **birth place**: Jersey City, New Jersey, U.S.
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
- **spouse**:

- **partner**: Mark O'Donnell (Separated)
- **children**: 2
- **education**: Catholic University of America, Catholic University
Columbia University (Bachelor of Arts, BA)
Georgetown University (Juris Doctor, JD)
Harvard University (Master of Education, MEd)
General Theological Seminary (Master of Divinity, MDiv)
Physical quantity

In physics, a **physical quantity** is any physical property that can be quantified, that is, be measured using numbers. Examples of physical quantities are mass, amount of substance, length, time, temperature, electric current, light intensity, force, velocity, density, and many others. A physical quantity is always measured of natural non-living objects (Inanimate objects)

The foundation of physics rests upon physical quantities in term of which the laws of physics are expressed. Therefore, these quantities have to be measured accurately. Physical quantities are often divided into two categories; base quantities and derived quantities. Derived quantities are those quantities which are derived from other physical quantities. Examples of derived quantities are force, velocity, acceleration etc.
Helicopter rotor

A **rotor** is the rotating part of a helicopter which generates lift, either vertically in the case of a main rotor, or horizontally in the case of a tail rotor.

## History and development

Before the development of powered helicopters in the mid 20th century, autogyro pioneer _Juan de la Cierva_ researched and developed many of the basics of the rotor. Cierva is credited with successful development of multi-bladed, fully articulated rotor systems. This type of system is widely used today in many multi-bladed helicopters.

## Other websites

- Rotor Analysis - Blade Element Momentum Theory
- Helicopter Rotorhead Close-up Image Gallery
Variations (music)

In music, the word variation is to play a piece of music and change the notes or add parts into it but also making it sound like the piece of music in another way.

Many composers wrote pieces which are examples of theme and variation.  Sometimes the theme is one they made up, at other times they took a theme that another composer had already written and then made variations on it.

There are lots of ways of varying a tune, and each variation will change it in a different way.  A variation may play the tune much faster or much slower, it may change the tune by adding extra sharps and flats or other ornamental notes, or by playing the tune in octaves.  It may change the harmony or the rhythm or use different instruments.  It may combine the tune in different parts (counterpoint).

## History in music

Composers have used variations in music for centuries.  In the Renaissance and Baroque periods composers wrote variations on a short tune in the bass which was repeated again and again.  This was called a ground bass or sometimes it was a passacaglia or chaconne.  Renaissance composers also liked writing what they called “divisions”.  This meant varying a tune by playing it, for example, at twice the speed or half the speed etc. so that crotchets (quarter notes) became minims (half notes) or quavers (eighth notes).

George Frideric Handel wrote a famous set of variations for harpsichord called _Harmonious Blacksmith_, and Johann Sebastian Bach wrote the _Goldberg Variations_, which was a set of 30 variations: a very long piece of music.  It was written for a man who found it difficult to sleep at night, so he would ask his harpsichord player, whose name was Goldberg, to play to him.

Many composers from the Classical, Romantic and 20th century classical music periods wrote sets of variations. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart wrote several, one of which was based on a French folktune which we know in Britain as “Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star”.  Beethoven wrote several wonderful sets of variations.  Many of them were for piano, but he also used the form in other pieces e.g. the slow movement of his Ninth Symphony.  Schubert often wrote variations on tunes from his own songs.

Other composers who wrote variations include Brahms, Elgar, Schoenberg, and Britten.
Logo (programming language)

- The article about graphical symbols is at Logo
**Logo** is a programming language that is easy to learn. It is used to teach students and children to program a computer. It was developed to process lists of words. It was like the language LISP.

## History

In 1967, the first Logo ran on a mainframe computer, a machine called a teletype was used to type in and printout the results. There was no screen.

In 1969, it was used to control a Floor Turtle. Commands were added to send the turtle forwards and backwards, and to turn the turtle to left or right. This turtle had pen with different colors. When it moved, it left a trail on the floor.

## Versions

When a new version of Logo was developed to draw graphics on a screen, it used the same commands. This was called Turtle graphics.

There are 170 versions of Logo. Many of them are open source and free. There are three Logo textbooks that can be downloaded free. Logo is usually an interpreted language.

### Hello World

Load the Logo program. Type the next line in the command box.

print <nowiki/>[Hello World!]

The computer replies.

Hello World!

### Example Showing Graphics and Functional Programming

A spiral drawn using recursion.
Using the editor, type in this new definition.
 to spiral :size
    if  :size > 30 [stop] ; a condition stop
    fd :size rt 15        ; many lines of action
    spiral :size *1.02    ; the tailend recursive call
 end
Type this in the command box.
 spiral 10

On the screen you will see.

## Other websites

**Logo Programs**
- MSWLogo For Windows
- FMSLogo For Windows
- Berkeley Logo (UCBLogo)
- Microworlds Microworlds, a commercial Logo for Mac and Windows
- Elica  a 3D Logo for Windows
- Lhogho a Logo compiler for Linux and Windows
- Surf Your Logo Code A modern web based Logo interpreter using HTML5 and JQuery.
- MaLT (Machine Lab Turtlesphere) A web based 3D Logo application with the feature of dynamic manipulation (developed in HTML5 & three.js).

**Online books**
- A Logo Tutorial  for the OLPC project
- _The Great Logo Adventure_, Jim Muller A book for children.
- _Computer Science Logo Style_, Brian Harvey, MIT Press (3 volumes) , , . Advanced books.
Lisp (programming language)

**Lisp** (used to be called **LISP**) is a programming language. It is among the oldest programming languages that are still used today. Only Fortran is one year older. Lisp was designed by John McCarthy in 1958. The best-known versions of LISP are Common Lisp, Scheme and Clojure. Many concepts that are used in modern programming languages were first created in Lisp.
Linked lists are a very important data structure in Lisp.
The basic concepts behind Lisp are easy to learn. Logo is another version of Lisp that was made for children. Logo can help young children develop skills and become efficient within the programming language.

## Simple examples (Scheme)

In Lisp, operations are written in prefix notation, and they start and end with parentheses. For example, the formula  is written as:

Because Lisp is a functional language, Lisp programs often use recursion to solve problems. Here is a Scheme program that finds the factorial of a number. The function <kbd>(factorial n)</kbd> starts by testing if  or not. If , then <kbd>(factorial 0)</kbd> is 1. If , then <kbd>(factorial n)</kbd> returns the product of  and the factorial of .

Linked lists are an important idea in Lisp. The list without any things in it is known as the _empty_ or _nil list_, and is written as <kbd>'()</kbd>. A list that has things in it is written as <kbd>'(dog cat)</kbd>.

The operation <kbd>car</kbd> is used to get the first thing of a list. For example,

The operation <kbd>cdr</kbd> returns everything in the list except for the first thing.

Here is a hello world program in Scheme:
Family Jewels

**Family Jewels** is a two disc compilation DVD by the Australian hard rock band AC/DC. It contains videos from the Bon Scott era to the Brian Johnson era. The compilation was released in 2005.

## Track listing Disc 1

- Baby, Please Don't Go
- Show Business
- High Voltage
- It's A Long Way To The Top (If You Wanna Rock 'N' Roll)
- TNT
- Jailbreak
- Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap
- Dog Eat Dog
- Let There Be Rock
- Rock 'N' Roll Damnation
- Sin City
- Riff Raff
- Fling Thing/Rocker
- Whole Lotta Rosie
- Shot Down In Flames
- Walk All Over You
- Touch Too Much
- If You Want Blood (You've Got It)
- Girls Got Rhythm
- Highway To Hell

## Track listing Disc 2

- Hells Bells
- Back In Black
- What Do You Do For Money Honey
- Rock And Roll Ain't Noise Pollution
- Let's Get It Up
- For Those About To Rock (We Salute You)
- Flick Of The Switch
- Nervous Shakedown
- Fly On The Wall
- Danger
- Sink The Pink
- Stand Up
- Shake Your Foundations
- Who Made Who
- You Shook Me All Night Long
- Heatseeker
- That's The Way I Wanna Rock 'N' Roll
- Thunderstruck
- Moneytalks
- Are You Ready
Power transmission

**Power transmission** is moving energy from where it is made to where it is used.

Power is defined formally as units of energy per unit time.
In SI units: 1 watt = 1 joule/s = 1 newton * metre/second (1W=1J/s=1N·m/s).

## Electrical power

With widespread establishment of power grids, power transmission has came to be associated most often with electric power transmission.

## Mechanical power

Electrical power transmission has replaced mechanical power transmission in all but the very shortest distances. From the start of the industrial revolution until the end of the 19th century mechanical power transmission was the norm. Factories were fitted with overhead driveshafts providing rotary power. Drivebelts would provide power to individual machines on the shop floor.

Mechanical power may be transmitted directly using a solid structure such as a driveshaft; transmission gears can adjust the amount of torque or force vs. speed in much the same way an electrical transformer adjusts voltage vs current.

## Chemicals and fuels

Chemical energy is transmitted by moving fuel<nowiki/>s to generate power in distant places. Pipeline<nowiki/>s and other large infrastructure projects transport natural gas, petroleum and petroleum product<nowiki/>s for use as fuel.
Ocean surface wave

**Ocean surface waves** are surface waves that occur in the upper layer of the ocean. They usually result from wind. Some are made by geologic effects like earthquakes or vulcanicity and may travel thousands of miles before striking land. They range in size from small ripples to huge tsunamis. There is little actual forward motion of individual water particles in an unbroken wave, despite the large amount of energy and momentum it may carry forward. When a wave hits shallow water, it "breaks" because the bottom moves more slowly than the top.

The vast majority of large breakers that one sees on a coastal beach result from distant winds. Three factors influence the formation of these "**wind waves**":

- Wind speed
- Distance of open water that the wind has blown over.
- Length of time the wind has blown over a given area.

All of these factors work together to determine the size and shape of ocean waves. The greater each of the variables, the larger the waves. Waves are measured by:

- Height (from trough to crest)
- Wavelength (from crest to crest)
- Period (time interval between arrival of consecutive crests at a stationary point)

Waves in a given area typically have a wide range of sizes. For weather reporting and for scientific analysis of wind wave statistics, their size over a period of time is usually expressed as "significant wave height." This figure represents the average height of the highest one-third of the waves in a given time period (usually twelve hours) or in a specific storm system or event.  Given the variability of wave size, the largest individual waves are likely to be twice the reported significant wave height for a particular day or storm.

## Related pages

- Tidal power
- Wave power

## References

- "Anatomy of a Wave" Holben, Jay boatsafe.com captured 5/23/06
- Carr, Michael "Understanding Waves" Sail Oct. 1998: 38-45.
- Rousmaniere, John. _The Annapolis Book of Seamanship,_ New York: Simon & Schuster 1989
- National Weather Service

## Other websites

- Introductory oceanography chapter 10 - Ocean Waves
- Understanding waves waves, storm, tsunamis, seiches, bores, deadwater, etc. (18pp)
- HyperPhysics - Ocean Waves
- SHOM - in French
- Water Waves Wiki
- Wave equation
- Waverider Buoys for South East Queensland
- Costalwatch.com : Australian Wave Prediction for Surfers Website
Crest (physics)

A **crest** is the point on a wave with the greatest positive value or upward displacement in a cycle. A trough is the opposite of a crest.

When the crest and the trough of two waves of equal magnitude and frequency intersect or collide when in phase with each other the result is called constructive interference and the magnitudes double (above and below the line), when 180° out of phase the result is destructive interference with each other the resulting wave is the undisturbed line that is in the middle of the diagram having zero amplitude.

In other words, the wave crest is called a **peak**.

## Related pages

- Ocean surface wave

## References

- , 704 pages.
Trough

A **trough** is a box-like drinking vessel for farm animals.  Other senses of the word refer to things that are lower than their surroundings, like a trough:

- Trough (physics)
- Trough (meteorology);
- Trough (geology);
- a **trough** is also a noticeable and statistically recordable decline in an economy or graph.
- in chemistry it can be a Langmuir Blodgett Trough

See also trow.
Nausea

**Nausea** is a general feeling of unease and discomfort in the stomach, often with the urge to vomit. The word _nausea_ comes from the Latin word for seasickness.

Nausea is a symptom, rather than an illness or disease. The causes for it very often are not in the stomach itself, but somewhere else in the body. Nausea is often caused by a stomach virus. Nausea is usually harmless, in the short term. A good treatment for it can be not to take solid food (and to only drink non-alcoholic drinks, like water). Nausea can also occur during pregnancy, and is quite normal in that context. People can suffer nausea without vomiting.
Lumbar puncture

A **lumbar puncture** (often called **spinal tap**, by non-doctors) is a medical method to collect a sample of cerebrospinal fluid (fluid from the brain). This can be done to analyse the sample, to find some hints to diseases. It can also be done to lower the pressure of the fluid inside the skull.
Wave power

**Wave power** means the use of ocean surface waves and the capture of that energy to do useful work—including electricity generation, desalination, and the pumping of water (into reservoirs). It makes use of the kinetic energy of the waves that are driven by the wind.

Power from ocean surface wave motion might produce much more energy than tides. Tests have shown that it is possible to produce energy from waves, particularly in Scotland in the UK. But the technology is not as well developed as other renewable energy such as wind power or solar power.

## Other websites

- Practical Ocean Energy Management Systems Inc Links and discussion
- An Ocean Wave Energy Converter Using Rotors
- Oceanography: waves
- "Waves" by Tim Lovett  -- Tables and trivia on waves
- Wave Energy  -- World Energy Council
- Corvallis Gazette Times -- Oregon State University wants to host a national wave research center
Port Royal

**Port Royal** was a city in Jamaica. It was the focus of trade in Jamaica in the 17th century. It was known for its piracy, but also for the riches accumulated, and for the very bad moral values that could be found in the city. An earthquake in June of 1692 largely destroyed the city. Two thirds of the city sank into the Caribbean Sea. Today, the city is covered by at least 8 metres of water. The city is among the most important archaeological sites in the Ocean. Its role as a center for trade was taken over by Spanish Town, Jamaica, and later by Kingston.
Osborne's bull

**Osborne's bull** was created as an advertisement for a sherry in 1956. Many people see it as the unofficial image of Spain. The bull is seen in semi-profile. The bulls used today are about 14 metres high, and are made out of about 70 plates of iron. There are many people who think it as a god.
Direct current

**Direct current** (**DC** or "_continuous current_") is the flow of electricity in a **single** direction, from the negative to the positive terminals (potential, poles).

The direct current always flow in the same direction, distinguishing it from the alternating current (AC). Direct current used to be called "Galvanic current".

Batteries are some of the main sources of direct current (DC), but many other sources also exist such as bridge rectifiers in power supply, solar panels, etc.

Typically, the current goes through a conductor and other things that can carry DC. DC is also sent through a vacuum as in electron beams or ion beams.

The first commercial electric power transmission was developed by Thomas Edison in the late nineteenth century using direct current. Today nearly all electric power distribution uses alternating current because of the advantages with transformers and transmission. High-voltage direct current is often used for transporting electricity to places far away.

For applications requiring direct current, the alternating current is typically distributed to a substation and then converted to direct current.

Long after the usage of direct current had been established, physicists realized that the current was made of negative electric charges, the electrons, and that the actual flow was from the negative to the positive pole (and so-called "holes" flow in the opposite direction), but by convention, the usage of the term was never changed.

## Related pages

- Electric current
- Alternating current
- Railway electrification system

## Other websites

- _AC/DC: What's the Difference?_ . Edison's Miracle of Light, American Experience . (PBS)
Snowmobile

A **snowmobile** is a motorized vehicle used for travelling over snow.  It is like a car, only instead of wheels, it has treads.  Some snowmobiles have skis in the front for steering.

Adding **snowmobile studs** to the tread decreases the time and distance it takes to stop a snowmobile.  Once you make a decision to stop a snowmobile, the distance it will take to stop will be a combination of the speed of the machine, weight of the machine and the available friction and or the mechanical damping (which will equal the effective drag factor) between the snowmobile and the surface on which it is trying to stop. If the surface is icy or hard-packed, the mechanical damping portion of the effective drag factor is decreased, leaving you with only the friction provided by the tread to stop.

Snowmobile studs made from steel or stainless steel with carbide tips are installed in the tread. The studs are designed for specific terrains in varying lengths, shapes and materials. The studs control acceleration, deceleration and maneuverability. The correct amount and type of stud installed in an effective pattern will produce the best traction results.
The Remo Four

**The Remo Four** were a rock band from Liverpool, England, from the late 1950s and early 1960s, at the same time the Beatles were starting their musical careers.

While the Beatles gained experience performing in Hamburg, Germany, the Remo Four played at American Air Force bases in France. Members of the two bands were friends, and often played at the same places back in Liverpool, or would go to watch each other perform.

After the Beatles became famous under Brian Epstein's management, Epstein signed up the Remo Four also. He worked hard to promote the band, but they never achieved massive success as the Beatles had. Epstein paired the Remo Four with a singer he also managed, called Tommy Quickly. They made a series of singles together, but none became hits. Quickly retired from music, and the Remo Four went on to work with other singers, including Billy J. Kramer. They also released an album, titled _Smile_, on a German record label.

George Harrison was invited to record a movie soundtrack in late 1967. Instead of working with the Beatles, he invited the Remo Four to work with him. The movie, _Wonderwall_, got little exposure, but the soundtrack album, _Wonderwall Music_, became a minor hit the next year.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: The Remo Four
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Liverpool, England
- **genre**: Beat music, Beat, Rock 'n' Roll, British Invasion
- **years active**: 1959–1970
- **label**: Pye Records, Piccadilly Records, Star-Club Records
- **associated acts**: Johnny Sandon, Tommy Quickly, George Harrison, Ashton, Gardner & Dyke
- **current members**: Colin Manley
Philip Rogers
Don Andrew
Roy Dyke
Wayne Bickerton
Tony Waddington
Tony Ashton
Keith Stokes
Magnitude (mathematics)

The **magnitude** of a mathematical object is its size: a property by which it can be larger or smaller than other objects of the same kind.

In mathematical language one would say: It is an ordering of the class of objects to which it belongs.

The Ancient Greeks distinguished between several types of magnitude, including:
- (positive) fractions
- line segments (ordered by length)
- Plane figures (ordered by area)
- Solids (ordered by volume)
- Angles (ordered by angular magnitude)

They had proven that the first two could not be the same, or even isomorphic systems of magnitude. They did not consider negative magnitudes to be meaningful, and _magnitude_ is still primarily used in contexts in which zero is either the lowest size, or less than all possible sizes.

## Real numbers

The magnitude of a real number  is usually called the **absolute value** or **modulus**. It is written as , and is defined by:

This gives the number's distance from zero on the real number line. For example, the modulus of  is .

## Vector

The magnitude of a vector  is called its **norm**, and is usually written as . It measures the length of the vector. For a three-dimensional vector , the norm can be calculated using the formula .

## Practical math

A magnitude is never negative. When comparing magnitudes, it is often helpful to use a logarithmic scale. Real-world examples include the loudness of a sound (decibel), the brightness of a star, or the Richter scale of earthquake intensity.

Because magnitudes are often not linear, they usually cannot be added or subtracted in a meaningful way.

## Related pages

- Order of magnitude
Buckethead

**Brian Patrick Carroll**, better known as **Buckethead**, is an American musician and songwriter. Buckethead has released 435 studio albums, 388 of them are in the Pike series. He has performed on over 50 more albums by other music artists. His music spans many different styles and genres.

When performing onstage Buckethead wears a white KFC bucket over his head and an expressionless plain white costume mask.

Although he can play many different types of musical instruments, Buckethead is best known for his guitar playing. He has been voted as a top guitarist in many magazines dedicated to the topic of guitar playing.

Buckethead records and performs onstage as a solo artist most of the time. He has also worked with many musicians including: Bill Laswell, Bootsy Collins, Bhargav Polara Bernie Worrell, Iggy Pop, Les Claypool, Serj Tankian, Mike Patton and Viggo Mortensen. Buckethead was a member of Guns N' Roses from 2000 to 2004.

Buckethead has created music for movies such as: _Saw II_, _Ghosts of Mars_, _Beverly Hills Ninja_ and _Last Action Hero_.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Buckethead
- **img**: Neumos seattle 2008.jpg
- **img capt**: Buckethead performing live in 2008.
- **background**: non_vocal_instrumentalist
- **birth name**: Brian Patrick Carroll
- **alias**: Death Cube K, Big B
- **instrument**: Guitar, Bass guitar, bass, mandolin, ukulele, piano, banjo, Keyboard instrument, keyboards, cello
- **genre**: Avant-garde metal, speed metal, funk rock, instrumental rock, progressive rock, experimental rock, Ambient music, ambient, jazz fusion
- **occupation**: Musician, songwriter
- **years active**: 1988–present
- **label**: TDRS Music, Hatboxghost Music, Bucketheadland, Avant, Day Eight Music, Sony Music Entertainment, CyberOctave, Sub Meta, Metastation, City Hall, Stray, Gonervill, Catalyst Entertainment, Ion, Disembodied, Tzadik Records, Tzadik, Avabella Productions, Serjical Strike Records, Serjical Strike
- **associated acts**: Colonel Claypool's Bucket of Bernie Brains, Guns N' Roses, Praxis (band), Praxis, Serj Tankian, Deli Creeps, Science Faxtion, Cornbugs, El Stew, Arcana (jazz), Arcana, Thanatopsis (band), Thanatopsis, Primus (band), Primus, Bill Laswell, Bootsy Collins, Viggo Mortensen
Quotient

In mathematics, the **quotient** is the result of a division. For example, in the division of 6÷3, the quotient would be 2. Here, 6 is also called the dividend, and 3 the divisor. The quotient can thus be expressed as the number of times the divisor adds together into the dividend.

On the other hand, a quotient can also mean just the integral part of the result of dividing two integers. For example, the quotient of 17 ÷ 5 would be 3 (since 5 goes into 17 at most 3 times), whilst the remainder, the leftover of the division, would be 2.

Quotients also come up in certain tests, like the IQ test, which evaluates one's intelligence quotient. In this case, the quotient is the score of the test. In recent decades, as people begin to emphasize multi-dimensional personal development, other similar quotients (such as emotional quotient) are being developed and considered as well.

## Related pages

- Difference quotient
- Fraction
- Long division
- Rational number
Norman language

**Norman** is a language spoken mainly in Normandy. It is a Romance language (a language which comes from Latin). It is closely related to French and is often called "Norman French". After the Norman Conquest, Norman changed the English language considerably.

## Users

Forms of the Norman are still used in the Channel Islands,
- Jèrriais on Jersey
- Guernésiais on Guernsey
    - Auregnais on the Guernsey dependency of Alderney
    - Sercquiais on the dependency of Sark

No one now uses Sercquiais or Auregnais as their first language, but Jèrriais and Guernésiais  are still used.

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Norman
- **nativename**: _Normaund_
- **states**: * Normandy
* Jersey, Guernsey, Sark, England
_Previously used:_
* Alderney, Herm
* England<small> (see History of England#Norman England, Norman England)</small>
* Ireland<small> (see: Norman Ireland)</small>
* Canada<small> (formerly used to a certain degree in Eastern Canada and Quebec)</small>
* Kingdom of Sicily<small> (used in a limited degree)</small>
* Principality of Antioch
- **region**: Normandy and the Channel Islands
- **speakers**: Unknown due to conflicting definitions
- **date**: 2017
- **familycolor**: Indo-European
- **fam2**: Italic languages, Italic
- **fam3**: Romance languages, Romance
- **fam4**: Western Romance languages, Western
- **fam5**: Gallo-Romance languages, Gallo-Romance
- **fam6**: Langues d'oïl, Oïl
- **ancestor**: Old Norman
- **dia1**: Auregnais
- **dia2**: Guernésiais
- **dia3**: Jèrriais
- **dia4**: Sercquiais
- **dia5**: Augeron
- **dia6**: Cauchois dialect, Cauchois
- **dia7**: Cotentinais
- **script**: Latin script, Latin (French orthography)
- **iso3**: nrf
- **iso3comment**: (partial:  Guernésiais & Jèrriais)
- **glotto**: norm1245
- **glottoname**: Norman
- **lingua**: 51-AAA-hc & 51-AAA-hd
- **map**: Langue normande.png
- **mapcaption**: Areas where the Norman language is strongest include Jersey, Guernsey, the Cotentin and the Pays de Caux.
Division (mathematics)

In mathematics, **division** is the operation which is the opposite of multiplication. The symbols for division are the slash () and the fraction line, as in:

- or

where both expressions mean "6 divided by 3", with 2 as the answer. The first number (6) is the **dividend**, and the second number (3) is the **divisor**. The result (or answer) of a division is the **quotient**, where any left-over amount as whole numbers is called the **remainder**. For example,  gives quotient 3 with remainder 2, all expressed as the mixed number  or ).

## With multiplication

If  times  equals , written as:

where  is not zero, then  equals  divided by , written as:

For example,

because

- .

In the above expressions, the **dividend** is , the **divisor** is  and the **quotient** is  (with no remainder).

Division by zero, as in

is undefined (possibly plus or minus infinity).

Also if you wrote:

it is still undefined (or indeterminate) because it can be any answer.

## Notation

Division is most often shown by placing the _dividend_ over the _divisor_ with a horizontal line (called a vinculum) between them. For example,  divided by  is written as

This can be read as "x divided by y", or "x over y". A way to express division on one line is to write the _dividend_, then a slash, then the _divisor_, like this:

This is the usual way to write division in most computer programming languages, since it can easily be typed as a simple sequence of characters.

A typographical variation which is halfway between these two forms uses a slash, but elevates the dividend and lowers the divisor:

- <sup>_a_</sup>⁄<sub>_b_</sub>

Any of these forms can be used to show a fraction. A fraction is a division expression where the dividend and divisor are both integers (in that case, the two numbers are called _numerator_ and _denominator_).

Division should not be confused with ratios, which are written as , and read " (is) to ".

## Related pages

- Divisor, another meaning as a number which evenly divides an amount
- Division by two
- Long division
- Modular arithmetic
- Remainder

## Other websites

- Division on a Japanese abacus  selected from Abacus: Mystery of the Bead
- Chinese Short Division Techniques on a Suan Pan
- Rules of divisibility
Division

**Division** could mean:

**Processes:**
- Division (mathematics), a binary operation that serves as the inverse of multiplication
    - Division (electronics), digital implementation of mathematical division
- Division (vote), a manner by which the votes of legislators are recorded
- Division (horticulture), a method of vegetative plant propagation, or the plants created by using this method
- Division (music) a specific type of ornamentation, most common in 17th century English music
- Cell division, the process in which biological cells multiply
- Continental divide, the geographical term for separation between catchment areas of a continent
- North-South divide, the geopolitical term for the division between rich nations and poor nations
- Segmentation

**Units/ Entities:**
- Division (organisation), a subsidiary of a larger organisation
    - Division (business), a separate named business operated as a part of an organization
    - Division (military), a unit typically consisting of from 10,000 to 20,000 troops
    - Police division, a large unit (often a Basic Command Unit) of the British police
- Division (sport), a group of teams in sport
- Division (botany), a classification of plants (the botanical counterpart to zoology's phylum)
- Administrative division, part of a country
- A county constituency or Parliamentary seat in the UK Parliament
- A subpart of a hundred (division), former administrative unit in England and Wales
- Census division

**Music:**
- A grouping of pipe ranks in a pipe organ, often with its own case, windchest, and keyboard
- Divisions, a type of variation form used in the baroque.
- Division viol, an English Renaissance instrument

**Miscellaneous:**
- In nautical navigation the compass is called **dividers**