juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Louis Armstrong

**Louis Armstrong** (August 4, 1901 – July 6, 1971) nicknamed **Satchmo** or **Pops** was an American jazz trumpeter and singer from New Orleans, Louisiana. He sang the blues and played the trumpet and the cornet. He was famous in many countries. He was also known for his good singing voice and he also encouraged the style of scat to the jazz world. Armstrong won many awards during his career.

He died of a heart attack on July 6, 1971 in Corona, Queens, New York City.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Louis Armstrong
- **image**: Louis Armstrong restored.jpg
- **image size**: 250
- **landscape**: Yes
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth date**: August 4, 1901
- **birth place**: New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.
- **instrument**: trumpet, cornet, vocals
- **genre**: Dixieland, jazz, Swing music, swing, traditional pop
- **occupation**: Musician
- **years active**: c. 1914–1971
- **associated acts**: Joe "King" Oliver, Ella Fitzgerald, Kid Ory
1430s

The **1430s** was a decade that began on 1 January 1430 and ended on 31 December 1439. It is distinct from the decade known as the ***144th decade*** which began on January 1, 1431 and ended on December 31, 1440.

## Events and trends

- The Treaty of Arras ends the alliance of Burgundy and England.  This changes the Hundred Years' War to help France.
Element

**Element** can mean:
- The four basic or natural elements in mysticism, alchemy, mythology and fantasy fiction - Fire, Water, Air and Earth
- _The elements_ or weather
- One part of something bigger or one of many in a group
- A thing that a set holds
- Chemical element, a substance that can not be divided into smaller chemical parts
- A book by Euclid called the _Elements_. In it, Euclid talks about geometry.
CBS

**CBS Broadcasting Inc.** (**CBS**) (full name: **Columbia Broadcasting System**) is an American television network. Along with ABC, NBC and FOX, it is one of the country's four major television networks.

## Stations

KCBS Los Angeles, California

WCBS New York, New York

WBBM Chicago, Illinois

KLAS Las Vegas, Nevada

WUPA Atlanta,  Georgia

WUSA Washington, D.C.

## Other websites

- Official site

## Infobox (broadcasting network)

- **name**: CBS
- **logo**: CBS logo (2020).svg
- **type**: Radio network
Television network
- **country**: United States
- **available**: National and Worldwide
- **founder**: Arthur Judson
- **slogan**: _America's Most Watched Network_
_Only CBS_
- **tvstations**: **CBS Television Stations#Stations, By state**
- **radiostations**: **List of broadcast stations owned by CBS Radio, By state**
- **headquarters**: CBS Building, New York City, United States
- **broadcast area**: United States
Canada
Worldwide
- **owner**: Paramount Global
- **parent**: CBS Entertainment Group
- **replaced**: United Independent Broadcasters, Inc.
- **digital**: Varies
- **affiliates**: **List of CBS television affiliates (by U.S. state), By state**
**List of CBS television affiliates (table), By market**
- **groups**: List of assets owned by ViacomCBS
- **former affiliations**: **List of former CBS television affiliates, By market**
Prime Minister of Canada

The **prime minister of Canada** () is the head of government and chief executive of Canada. The prime minister is the senior most minister of the cabinet of Canada and directs the executive branch of the federal government, known as the Council of Ministers. The minister is usually always the leader of the majority party in the Canadian Parliament. In 2025, Mark Carney became the 29th prime minister of Canada.

## Living former prime ministers

As of , there are six living former prime ministers of Canada, the oldest being Jean Chrétien (born 1934). The most recent former prime minister to die was Brian Mulroney, on February 29, 2024. The living former prime ministers, in order of service, are:

## Other websites

- History of Prime Ministers

## Infobox (official post)

- **post**: Prime Minister
- **body**: Canada
- **flag**: Government of Canada signature.svg
- **flagsize**: 240px
- **image**: File:Prime Minister Mark Carney June 2025.jpg
- **incumbent**: Mark Carney
- **incumbentsince**: March 14, 2025
- **seat**: Office of the Prime Minister and Privy Council, 80 Wellington St,
 Ottawa, ON K1P 5K9
- **department**: Government of Canada#Executive power, Executive Branch of the Government of Canada
Office of the Prime Minister (Canada), Office of the Prime Minister
- **style**: Prime Minister (informal
The Right Honourable (formal)
 His Excellency (diplomatic)
- **member of**: King's Privy Council for Canada, King's Privy Council
Cabinet of Canada, Cabinet
Parliament of Canada, Parliament
- **abbreviation**: PM
- **reports to**: Monarchy of Canada, Monarch
Governor General of Canada, Governor General
Parliament of Canada, Parliament
- **appointer**: Governor General of Canada, Governor General
- **termlength**: At His Majesty's pleasure
- **formation**: July 1, 1867
- **deputy**: Deputy Prime Minister of Canada (vacant)
- **constituting instrument**: None (Constitutional convention (political custom), constitutional convention)
- **inaugural**: Sir John A. Macdonald
- **salary**: Canadian dollar, Can$347,400 (2018)
Blues (disambiguation)

**Blues** can mean more than one thing:

- The blues is a type of music.

- _The blues_ is another name for sadness, or depression (mood).

- The **Blues** refers to many sports teams who play while wearing a blue kit.
Amapá

**Amapá** is one of the states of Brazil.  It is in the far north, bordering French Guiana in the north. To the east is the Atlantic Ocean, and to the south and west is the Brazilian state Pará.

The state is mostly covered by rainforest. The state is known for producing iron and other metals.

Amapá has only been a Brazilian state since 1988.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Amapá
- **native name lang**: pt
- **settlement type**: States of Brazil, State
- **image flag**: Bandeira do Amapá.svg
- **flag link**: Flag of Amapá
- **image shield**: Brasao amapa.jpg
- **image map**: Amapa in Brazil.svg
- **map caption**: Location of State of Amapá in Brazil
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **seat type**: Capital (political), Capital and largest city
- **seat**: Macapá
- **leader title**: Governor (Brazil), Governor
- **leader name**: Waldez Góes (Democratic Labor Party (Brazil), PDT)
- **leader title1**: Vice Governor
- **leader name1**: Papaléo Paes (Progresistas, PP)
- **leader title2**: Federal Senate (Brazil), Senators
- **leader name2**: João Capiberibe (Brazilian Socialist Party, PSB)
Davi Alcolumbre (Democrats (Brazil), DEM)
Randolfe Rodrigues (Sustainability Network, REDE)
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area total km2**: 142814.585
- **area rank**: List of Brazilian states by area, 18th
- **population total**: 750,912
- **population as of**: 2014
- **population rank**: List of Brazilian states by population, 26th
- **population density km2**: auto
- **population density rank**: List of Brazilian states by population density, 23rd
- **population demonym**: Amapaense
- **demographics type1**: Gross domestic product, GDP
- **demographics1 title1**: Year
- **demographics1 info1**: 2012
- **demographics1 title2**: Total
- **demographics1 info2**: R$ 10,420,000,000 (List of Brazilian federative units by gross domestic product, 25th)
- **demographics1 title3**: Per capita
- **demographics1 info3**: R$ 14,915.00 (List of Brazilian federative units by gross domestic product, 15th)
- **demographics type2**: Human Development Index, HDI
- **demographics2 title1**: Year
- **demographics2 info1**: 2014
- **demographics2 title2**: Category
- **demographics2 info2**: 0.747 - <span style="color:#0c0">high</span> (List of Brazilian federative units by Human Development Index, 12th)
- **timezone1**: Time in Brazil, BRT
- **utc offset1**: -3
- **iso code**: ISO 3166-2:BR, BR-AP
- **postal code type**: Postal Code
- **postal code**: 68900-000 to 68999-000
- **website**: [http://www.ap.gov.br/ ap.gov.br]
Fictional character

A **fictional character** is a person in a story (such as a novel, play, television series, or movie)   The character can be completely made up or based on a real person. . A character who is based on more than one person is called a Composite character. Coming from the ancient Greek word χαρακτήρ, the English word dates from the Restoration, although it became widely used after its appearance in _Tom Jones_  in 1749. From this, the sense of "a part played by an actor" developed. Character, mainly when played by an actor in the theatre or cinema, involves "the illusion of being a human person." In literature, characters guide readers through their stories, helping them to understand plots and ponder themes. Since the end of the 18th century, the phrase "in character" has been used to describe an effective impersonation by an actor. Since the 19th century, the art of creating characters, as practiced by actors or writers, has been called characterisation.

The word **character** can also mean "personality". We can say that someone has a "strong character" meaning a strong, confident personality. It is sometimes used as a noun in this sense: "He is a real character" (meaning someone you cannot easily forget).

A **character role** in a play means one of the people in the play who have a particular character (personality). They contrast with the main characters of the play. For example, a pair of lovers may be the main characters of the story. The character roles who help the story might be: a wicked stepmother, a kind nurse, an old wise man, a fool, a domestic worker who is very old, a "Mary Sue" who is virtually without flaws, and so forth. These may be archetypes.
Macroeconomics

**Macroeconomics** studies large-scale economic decisions. For example, a whole country's economy (or, its economic output) is summarised by the GDP (gross domestic product). Many governments use macroeconomic ideas to decide how much tax to collect and what interest rates should be.

It also considers the amount of unemployment, the rate that prices go up (inflation), and the exchange rates of its currency. The exchange rate affects the amount of imports and exports. Exchange rates and taxation are "levers of the economy".

Less dramatic, but also very important, are decisions about government spending inside the country. Such policy decisions are politically controversial due to differing political ideas on government spending. Another factor in macroeconomics is the make-up of the population. A growing population is economically different from a stable population (one which is not growing).

## Sources

- Blanchard, Olivier 2011. _Macroeconomics updated_. 5th ed, Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.

## Related pages

- Microeconomics
- Constitutional economics
- Political economy
Venetian

**Venetian** might mean:

- Anything related to Venice
- Anything related to the Republic of Venice, as state that existed from the late 7th century until the late 18th century
- Venetian language
Gypsy

**Gypsy** may mean:
    - Roma people), ⲣⲱⲙⲁ (meaning in coptic language: men or human being) is a group of people of Indian origin, their ancestors were the untouchable Chingari tribe of the Chandala group from North-West India, who once came to Egypt and moved later to Europe, often living in caravans. The Chandala are said are the descendants of Shudra-Brahmin mix.
More generally, anyone who moves around often. For some Romani Groups, calling a person a Gypsy might be considered offensive, for other Romani Groups not.

- Sinti, also a Romani people, mostly living in central Europe.
    - Romanlar also named Xoraxane Roma, Turkish speaking Muslim Gypsys in the Balkans and Turkey.http://www.errc.org/roma-rights-journal/the-perception-of-gypsies-in-turkish-society
    - Gitanos (Spanish gypsies) who speak Caló
    - "Travellers" found mainly in Great Britain, Ireland and the United States; and
    - Lyuli Luli  in Central Asia.
    - Luoli (Chinese name for Gypsy); lived in China in the Yuan Dynasty (1271–1368)

In music:
- The Gypsy Kings, a musical group of the 1980s that plays a pop-oriented version of traditional flamenco music (Not to be confused with Ricky Jevon, King of the Gypsies)
- Gypsy and the Haylocks, a reggae folk band who were deemed to be the first band to mix both genres in the 1970s. Traditionally from the Cambridgeshire area, they were fronted by Oliver Haylock and his half sister Emmly. (Emmly is the cousin of Bubbler Ranx, famous for singing on Peter Andre's Mysterious Girl)
- Gypsy, a song by Fleetwood Mac
- Gypsy, a song by The Moody Blues
- _Gypsy: A Musical Fable_, a musical inspired by the life of Gypsy Rose Lee

In fiction:
- Gypsy, a robot character from the TV series _Mystery Science Theater 3000_
- Gypsy, a fictional character from DC Comics
- Gypsy Moth, a fictional mutant character from Marvel Comics

Other meanings:
- Gypsy, West Virginia, USA
- Gypsy moth, a destructive insect that causes trees to lose their leaves
- Gypsy (software), the first modern document preparation system
- Winston "Gypsy" Peters, a Trinidad and Tobago politician and calypsonian
- A "gypsy" is a part on a boat windlass designed to haul chain. It may have a groove to enable it to haul rope and chain when it is called a combined gypsy and capstan
- Gypsy (elephant) is the name of an elephant given to Michael Jackson by Elizabeth Taylor
- The J/ψ particle, a subatomic particle
1200s

The **1200s** was a decade that began on 1 January 1200 and ended on 31 December 1209. It is distinct from the decade known as the ***121th decade*** which began on January 1, 1201 and ended on December 31, 1210.

## Events and trends

- 1200 University of Paris receives charter from Philip II of France
- 1202–1204 Fourth Crusade – diverted to Constantinople
- 1205 April 14: Battle of Adrianople (1205) between Bulgars and Latins
- 1209
    - Albigensian Crusade against Cathars (1209–1218)
    - the Franciscans are founded.
Can

C**an** could mean:
- A cylinder shaped object used for storing other things, especially liquids and food. They are usually made of metal.
- A verb meaning that something is possible, for example, "I can read a book."
- The buttocks.
- A toilet.
- Can, an experimental music group from the 1970s
- **Life** in Turkish, **can**; also, Turkish name **Can**.
Wok

A **wok** is a Chinese pan used for cooking. It has a round bottom. The most common use for the wok is stir frying, though it can also be used for deep frying, smoking, braising, roasting, grilling, and steaming.

In Indonesia, the wok is known as a _wadjang_, _kuali_ in Malaysia, and _kawali_ (small wok)  and _kawa_ (big wok) in the Philippines.
Pro bono

**Pro bono** is a Latin phrase meaning "for [the] good", that is used to mean that a legal professional (lawyer) who would otherwise be paid money for their work,
works without being paid, for the benefit of society,
typically on behalf of a person or organization who cannot pay for some reason, such as poverty.

## Related pages

- Volunteering
Ziggy

**Ziggy** could mean:
- A comic strip character created by American Greetings in 1968;
- The first name of Ziggy Marley, the son of reggae artist Bob Marley.
- The first name of the fictional character Ziggy Stardust.
Chemical formula

A **chemical formula** is a way that chemists describe a molecule. The formula says what atoms, and how many of each type, are in the molecule. Sometimes the formula shows how the atoms are linked, and sometimes the formula shows how the atoms are arranged in space.

The letter shows what chemical element each atom is. These are called chemical symbols and they are one or two letters long. The subscript shows the number of each type of atom. For example, methane has one carbon (C) atom and four hydrogen atoms; the chemical formula is CH<sub>4</sub>. The sugar molecule glucose has six carbon atoms, twelve hydrogen atoms, and six oxygen atoms, so its chemical formula is C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub>.

Chemical formulas are used in chemical equations to describe chemical reactions.

The 19th-century Swedish chemist Jöns Jacob Berzelius worked out this system for writing chemical formulas.

## Reading and writing formulas

Chemical formulas are another way to represent the number of atoms. Chemical formulas are used to represent kinds of atoms in a combination. Chemical formulas use subscripts to tell how many of each atom are present in a combination. Subscripts are small numbers to the lower right of a symbol. They represent the number of atoms of that element in the equation. Before writing Chemical formulas, write down the symbol of each atom present in your equation. Writing chemical formula is a way of informing the chemical figure. It is most easily found in the periodic table. The periodic table is a chart of all well-known parts. Use the periodic table to reference the figure that cannot be remembered.

## Kinds of formulas

A **molecular formula** is the most common kind: it says the number of atoms in a molecule. An **empirical formula** instead shows the ratio between atoms of different elements. For example, the empirical formula of glucose is CH<sub>2</sub>O, because there are the same number of carbon and oxygen atoms, and twice that number of hydrogen atoms. The empirical formula is used for salts, which make large networks instead of separate molecules.

## Related pages

- Chemical equation
Harvard University

**Harvard University** is a private university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and a member of the Ivy League. Harvard was started on September 8, 1636, and it is the oldest university in the United States. Harvard's current president is Alan Garber. The school color is crimson, which is a dark red color.

Harvard used slaves to serve its leaders and students, and the merchants who used their money to start the school used slaves too.  Also, “Harvard students slept in beds and ate meals prepared by slaves, and many grew up to be prominent slave-holders in early America." In the 20th century, the university invested millions of dollars in apartheid South Africa.

Harvard is on the Charles River. Some students go to the Charles River for rowing. On the other side of the Charles River is the city of Boston. Boston's subway system has a stop at Harvard. Some of Harvard's graduate schools are in Boston, but most of Harvard's schools are in Cambridge. Together, these schools are Harvard University.

Harvard has many libraries like Widener Library. There are other facilities like skating rinks and the Malkin Athletic Center where students can swim and exercise.

Harvard is almost always ranked as one of the best universities in the world. Another famous school close to Harvard in Cambridge, Massachusetts is the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Eight Presidents of the United States have graduated from Harvard. Harvard has over $40 billion. There have been 161 Nobel Laureates from Harvard University.

## Notable alumni

- John Adams, 2nd President of the United States
- George W. Bush, 43rd President of the United States
- Bill Gates, Founder of Microsoft
- Al Gore, 45th Vice President of the United States
- John F. Kennedy, 35th President of the United States
- Franklin Delano Roosevelt, 32nd President of the United States
- Theodore Roosevelt, 26th President of the United States
- Natalie Portman, Actress & filmmaker
- Mark Zuckerberg, Founder & CEO of Facebook
- Barack Obama, 44th President of the United States

## Infobox (university)

- **name**: Harvard University
- **image**: Harvard 1740 by William Burgis.jpg
- **caption**: The university in 1740
- **motto**: _Veritas_
- **established**: 1636
- **mottoeng**: Truth
- **type**: Private university, Private
- **endowment**: United States dollar, US $40.9 1000000000 (number), billion
- **students**: 21,225
- **undergrad**: 7,181 total
6,655 College
526 Extension
- **postgrad**: 14,044
- **staff**: 2,497 non-medical
10,674 medical
- **faculty**: 2,107
- **city**: Cambridge, Massachusetts, Cambridge
- **state**: Massachusetts
- **country**: United States, U.S.
- **campus**: Urban area, Urban
 (Main campus)
 (Medical campus)
 (Allston campus)
- **athletics**: 41 Varsity Teams
Ivy League, Ivy League
National Collegiate Athletic Association, NCAA Division I (NCAA), Division I
- **colors**: Crimson
- **free label**: Newspaper
- **free**: _The Harvard Crimson_
- **nickname**: Harvard Crimson
- **website**: [http://www.harvard.edu/ harvard.edu]
Tamil language

**Tamil** is a Dravidian language.  It is spoken in the Tamil Nadu and other states of India and parts of Sri Lanka.  Many people in Singapore and Malaysia also speak it.  Many people speaking Tamil live in various places around the world.

The Tamil language is part of the Dravidian language family, which includes Telugu, Odia, Kannada and Malayalam. According to a survey, 1863 newspapers are published in the Tamil language every day. The oldest text found in Tamil is a grammatical work called the Tolkāppiyam. Tamil has a long literary history, and is spoken by almost 100 million people.

## Tamil script

The modern Tamil script is an abugida, much like the other brahmic scripts that surround it and from whom it developed from. The Tamil script has 18 consonants and 12 vowels and the _āytam_ <span lang="ta">ஃ</span>,. The _āytam is_ used with other letters to represent sounds not native to the language (usually with the English sound _f.)_ The vowels are written as symbols above, below or on either side of the consonant. There are 247 letters in its alphabet. Much like other brahmic scripts, it is written from left to right.

Tamil is the dominant language in the state of Tamil Nadu which is situated in India, and Northern provinces of Sri Lanka. It is also spoken by significant immigrant communities and the historical Tamil diaspora in like the United States, Germany, Fiji, Indonesia, France, Africa and Thailand and much more.

## Other websites

- Tamil script stylistic text demonstration

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Tamil
- **nativename**: **'
- **pronunciation**: ;
- **states**: India
Sri Lanka
- **ethnicity**: Tamil people
- **speakers**: million
- **date**: 2011–2015
- **speakers2**: Second language, L2 speakers:  million
- **familycolor**: Dravidian
- **fam2**: Southern Dravidian languages, Southern
- **fam3**: Tamil–Kannada languages, Tamil–Kannada
- **fam4**: Tamil–Kodagu languages, Tamil–Kodagu
- **fam5**: Middle Tamil, Tamil–Malayalam
- **fam6**: Tamil languages
- **ancestor**: Old Tamil language, Old Tamil
- **ancestor2**: Middle Tamil language, Middle Tamil
- **script**: Tamil script, Tamil (Brahmic scripts, Brahmic)
Tamil-Brahmi (historical)
Grantha script, Grantha (historical)
Vatteluttu alphabet, Vatteluttu (historical)
Pallava script, Pallava (historical)
Kolezhuthu (historical)
Arwi (Arabic alphabet, Abjad)
Tamil Braille (Bharati Braille, Bharati)
Latin script (informal)
- **nation**: :

* Tamil Nadu
* Puducherry (union territory), Puducherry
---

**Organizations'''

- **minority**:

- **iso1**: ta
- **iso2**: tam
- **lc1**: tam
- **ld1**: Modern Tamil
- **lc2**: oty
- **ld2**: Old Tamil
- **linglist**: oty
- **lingname**: Old Tamil
- **lingua**: 49-EBE-a
- **image**: Word Tamil.svg
- **map**: Idioma tamil.png
- **notice**: IPA
- **sign**: Signed Tamil
- **glotto**: tami1289
- **glottoname**: Modern Tamil
- **glottorefname**: Tamil
- **glotto2**: oldt1248
- **glottoname2**: Old Tamil
Tamil

**Tamil** is a language from South India. It might also mean:

- Something related to the Indian state of Tamil Nadu
- Tamil people, an ethnic group from south Asia
Malayalam

**Malayalam** is a language. Most people that speak Malayalam live in Kerala, in India. A speaker of Malayalam is called a _Malayali_.
Malayalam (/malayALam/) is the main language of the South Indian state of Kerala and also of the Lakshadweep Islands (Laccadives) of the west coast of India.

Malayalis (speakers of Malayalam), who - males and females alike - are almost totally literate, constitute 4 percent of the population of India and 96 percent of the population of Kerala (29.01 million in 1991).

In terms of the number of speakers, Malayalam ranks eighth among the 18 major languages of India.

Malyalam language has 52 phonemes. A few of the phonemes are unique for Malayalam.

The word /malayALam/ originally meant mountainous country (/mala/- mountain + /aLam/-place). Tamil Nadu is its neighbour on the south and east and Karnataka on the north and east.

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Malayalam
- **states**: India
- **region**: Kerala, Lakshadweep, Mahé district, Mahé (Puducherry (union territory), Puducherry)
- **ethnicity**: Malayali
- **speakers**: 38 million
- **date**: 2011
- **familycolor**: Dravidian
- **fam2**: Southern Dravidian languages, Southern Dravidian
- **fam3**: Tamil–Kannada languages, Tamil–Kannada
- **fam4**: Tamil–Kodagu languages, Tamil–Kodagu
- **nation**: * Kerala
* Puducherry (union territory), Puducherry (Mahé, Puducherry, Mahé)
* Lakshadweep
- **agency**: Kerala Sahitya Akademi, Academy for Malayalam literature, Government of Kerala
- **iso1**: ml
- **iso2**: mal
- **iso3**: mal
- **imagecaption**: _Malayalam_ in Malayalam script
- **image**: Word Malayalam.svg
- **map**: Malayalamspeakers.png
- **mapcaption**: Malayalam-speaking area
- **lingua**: 49-EBE-ba
- **glotto**: mala1464
- **glottorefname**: Malayalam
- **notice2**: Indic
Coimbatore

**Coimbatore** (Tamil: கோயம்புத்தூர்), also known as Kovai (Tamil: கோவை), is the second largest city in the Tamil Nadu, after Chennai. It is the administrative headquarters of the Coimbatore District and a major textile and engineering hub of South India. It forms a part of the ancient Kongu Nadu region of South India, where its people were the first to establish a territorial state. Coimbatore city, including its suburban areas has a population of 2.4 million people.

It is referred as the Manchester of South India in business circles, and has textile mills, engineering firms, automobile parts manufacturers, health care facilities and educational institutions. The hill stations of Ooty, Coonoor and Valparai are close to the city, making it a good tourist attraction throughout the year. The city is on the banks of the Noyyal River and is close to the Siruvani Waterfalls. This city is a textile based one.

Avinashi is a nearby town where a famous Shiva Temple is located.
Madurai

**Madurai** is a city in Tamil Nadu, India. It was the capital of the earlier Pandyan Kingdom.

Meenakshi Amman Temple, Ayiram Kal Mandabam (Hall of Thousand Pillars) are some of the important tourist places in Madurai.

Madurai is always considered to be a good pilgrim center. Tourists from various part of the country and world are coming to madurai and enjoying a historical excellence.

The main attraction of the city is meenakshi amman temple. Various other tourist and pilgrimage places also there such as Alagar Koil, Thiruparangkundram, Palarmuthir solai (means garden with fruits), Thirumalai naicker Mahal (palace of Naickers), Teppakulam (a square tank almost half a kilometer length as one side length), gandi museum (where we can find blood spotted final dress of Gandiji), etc.

The city is said to be as City of Festivals almost all the days in year is having at least a small festival. The city is also called 'thoonganagaram' which means Non-sleeping city.

Road side shops are very famous in Madurai where all can get good foods in cheaper costs. Jigardhanda, a typical Muslim cool drink is one of the famous drink from madurai. Madurai is very famous for jasmine flowers and Alanganallur located near Madurai is famous for Jallikattu.

## Other websites

- A Blog for Madurai - News, Updates, Views and Improvement Thoughts
Assam

**Assam** () is a state in the north eastern region of India. It has an area of 78,438 km² (30,285 mi²). It is bigger than Panama but smaller than the Czech Republic. There is one major river (Brahamputra) that flows through the length of the state. The state lies on the foothills of the Himalayas. There are two international borders touched by Assam: Bhutan and Bangladesh. In traditional Indian geography it falls under the North-east Indian zone.

## Demography

According to a 2021 survey, about 55% of the people are Hindus. About 40% are Muslim.  There is a small (4%) Christian minority. Others (1%) consists of (Buddhism, Sikhism, Jainism, and Animism).

|Religion|Population|Percentage|
| --- | --- | --- |
|Hindus|20,101,243|55%|
|Muslims|14,619,086|40%|
|Christians|1,461,908|4%|
|Other's|365,477|1%|
|Total|36,547,715|100%|
Assam has a population of 36.5 million as per the 2021 population survey.

### Language

|Language|Population|Percentage|
| --- | --- | --- |
|Assamese|16,811,948|46%|
|Bengali|12,791,700|35%|
|Hindi|2,558,340|7%|
|Bodo|1,827,385|5%|
|Adivasi|1,461,908|4%|
|Others|1,096,431|3%|
|Total|36,547,715|100%|
Assam has a population of 36.5 million as per the 2021 population survey.

## Related pages

- List of rivers of Assam
- Hinduism in Assam

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Assam
- **native name**: असम
 অসম
- **settlement type**: State of India
- **image seal**: Seal of Assam.png
- **image map**: IN-AS.svg
- **map caption**: Location of Assam in the Republic of India
- **image map1**: India Assam location map.svg
- **map caption1**: Map of Assam
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Regions of India, Region
- **subdivision name1**: North-east India
- **leader title**: Governors of Assam, Governor
- **leader title1**: Chief Ministers of Assam, Chief Minister
- **leader title2**: Legislature of Assam, Legislature
- **leader name2**: Unicameral ( seats)
- **established title**: Established
- **area total km2**: 78438
- **population as of**: 2011
- **population total**: 31,169,272
- **timezone**: Indian Standard Time, IST
- **utc offset**: +05:30
- **blank name**: Official languages
- **blank info**: Assamese language, AssameseMeitei language, Meitei (Manipuri language, Manipuri)
Arunachal Pradesh

**Arunachal Pradesh** is a state in  India bordered with China. The country that owns this region is disputed. China says that they own it and call it South Tibet (Zangnan 藏南). In 2017, China started renaming places in this territory. In 2019 China destroyed 30,000 "incorrect" world maps that showed South Tibet as part of India.

## History

The territory's northern boundary is about 550 miles long. It is known as the McMahon Line.

It is part of the border dispute between India and China. There is another dispute to the northwest in Aksai Chin (also with Pakistan).

In 1962, the Sino-Indian War was fought here. The war was short and ended in India's defeat. However, China withdrew back to the modern borders voluntarily. They still say that they own the region.

## Who lives there?

The people share cultural similarities with their neighbors in Tibet and the Myanmar's hill region.

As of 2001, there were 1,091,117 people living in Arunachal Pradesh. The total area is 32,333 mi² (83,743 km²).

Most people speak Sino-Tibetan languages like Nyishi and Adi (over 50%). The rest speak Indo-Aryan languages like Nepali, Bengali, and Hindi.

## Related pages

- Tibet
- Sino–Indian border dispute

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Arunachal Pradesh
- **native name**: अरुणाचल प्रदेश
 ཨ་རུ་ན་ཅལ་མངའ་སྡེ།
- **image map**: File:IN-AR.svg
- **map caption**: Arunachal Pradesh (red) and India (gray)
- **image map1**: India Arunachal Pradesh location map.svg
- **map caption1**: Map of Arunachal Pradesh
- **population as of**: 2011
- **population total**: 1383727
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **area total km2**: 83743
- **timezone**: Indian Standard Time, IST
- **utc offset**: +05:30
Chhattisgarh

**Chhattisgarh** is a state within the Republic of India. It occupies . In traditional Indian geography it falls under the East Indian zone.

The capital at present is Raipur which would change to 'Naya Raipur' near Raipur. It has eighteen districts: Raigarh, Bilaspur, Bijapur, Korba, Durg, Janjgir, Raipur, Koria, Sarguja, Bastar, Dantewada, Narayanpur, Rajnandgaon, Kanker, Mahasamund, Dhamtari, Jashpur and Kabirdham (Kawardha).
The main languages spoken are Hindi and Chhattisgarhi. The main religion is Hindu.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Chhattisgarh
- **native name**: छत्तीसगढ
- **settlement type**: State of India
- **image map**: File:IN-CT.svg
- **map caption**: Location of Chhattisgarh in India
- **image map1**: India Chhattisgarh location map.svg
- **map caption1**: Map of Chhattisgarh
- **population as of**: 2011
- **population total**: 25545198
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Regions of India, Region
- **subdivision name1**: East India
- **area total km2**: 135192
- **timezone**: Indian Standard Time, IST
- **utc offset**: +05:30
Gujarat

**Gujarat** () is a western state within the Republic of India. Gandhinagar is the capital of Gujarat. Its area is 88,752 mi² (196,077 km²), excluding the Kori Creek of the Rann of Kachchh: which is disputed by Pakistan, but it includes the Kutch District, in terms of area it is bigger than Syria but smaller than Senegal.

In traditional Indian geography it falls under the West Indian zone. Ahmedabad, Baroda, Surat, Bharuch, Porbandar, Rajkot, Jamnagar are some important cities in Gujarat. Champaner, Gondal, Bhavnagar, Utelia, Zainabad, Bhuj, Sasangir are some tourist places. People in Gujarat are mainly engaged in agriculture and business.

The state is bordered by Rajasthan to the north, Maharashtra to the south, Madhya Pradesh to the east, and the Arabian Sea and the Pakistani province of Sindh to the west. Its largest city is Ahmedabad. Gujarat is native place to the Gujarati-speaking people of India.

## Etymology

Gujarat is derived from the Sanskrit term _Gurjaratra_. Parts of modern Rajasthan and Gujarat have been known as _Gurjaratra_ or _Gurjarabhumi_ due to being ruled by Gurjaras before the period of the Islamic conquests.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **native name**: गुजरात
 ગુજરાત
- **settlement type**: State of India
- **image caption**: Gujarat
- **image seal**: Government Of Gujarat Seal In Gujarati.png
- **image map**: IN-GJ.svg
- **map caption**: Location of Gujarat in India
- **image map1**: India Gujarat location map.svg
- **map caption1**: Map of Gujarat
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: India
- **subdivision type1**: Regions of India, Region
- **subdivision name1**: West India
- **leader title**: Governors of GujaratlGovernor
- **leader title1**: Chief Ministers of Gujarat, Chief Minister
- **leader title2**: Legislature of Gujarat, Legislature
- **leader name2**: Unicameral (295 seats)
- **established title**: Established
- **established date**: 1 May 1960
- **area total km2**: 88752
- **population as of**: 2011
- **population total**: 91347736
- **timezone**: Indian Standard Time, IST
- **utc offset**: +05:30
- **blank name**: Official languages
- **blank info**: Gujarati language, GujaratiRajasthani language, Rajastani
- **blank1 name**: Additional Official
- **blank1 info**: Marathi language, Marathi
- **footnotes**: 294 elected, 1 nominated
- **name**: Gujarat
Himachal Pradesh

**Himachal Pradesh** (Hindi: हिमाचल प्रदेश) is a state in northern India. Shimla is the capital of Himachal Pradesh. It covers an area of . The land contains high mountains. In traditional Indian geography it falls under the North Indian zone. It borders to Jammu and Kashmir to the north.

Himachal Pradesh was part of Indian Punjab before 1966.

## Administrative divisions of Himachal Pradesh

The State of **HP** is divided into three Divisions, namely **Mandi Division**, **Kangra Division**, **Shimla Division**. The divisions are further sub-divided into 12 districts. These are further divided into 73 sub-divisions, 172 tehsils and 35 sub-tehsils.

## Districts of Himachal Pradesh

1. Bilaspur
1. Chamba
1. Hamirpur
1. Kangra
1. Kinnaur
1. Kullu
1. Lahaul & Spiti
1. Mandi
1. Shimla
1. Sirmaur
1. Solan
1. Una

## Proposed districts

Following districts are proposed for creation in Himachal Pradesh:
- Mahasu
- Surendranagar
- Rampur Bushhar
- Karsog
- Palampur
- Noorpur
- Dehra

## Other websites

- Official website of Himachal Pradesh Government
- Himachal Pradesh Development Report
- Himachal Tourism Website
- Himachal's Daily news website

## Infobox (settlement)

- **native name**: हिमाचल प्रदेश (Hindi and Sanskrit)
- **settlement type**: State of India
- **image skyline**: A call from Past.jpg
- **image caption**: Kangra Fort, 20 kilometres from the town of Dharamshala
- **image map**: IN-HP.svg
- **map caption**: Location of Himachal Pradesh in the Republic of India
- **image map1**: Himachal Pradesh districts.png
- **map caption1**: Map of Himachal
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: India
- **subdivision type1**: Regions of India, Region
- **subdivision name1**: North India
- **governing body**: Government of Himachal Pradesh
- **leader title**: Governors of Himachal Pradesh, Governor
- **leader name**: Rajendra Arlekar
- **leader title1**: Chief Justice
- **leader name1**: Lingappa Narayana Swamy
- **leader title2**: Legislature of Himachal Pradesh, Legislature
- **leader name2**: Unicameral (68 seats)
- **leader title3**: Chief Minister of Himachal Pradesh, Chief Minister
- **leader name3**: Jai Ram Thakur (BJP)
- **leader title4**: Chief Secretary (India), Chief Secretary
- **leader name4**: Anil Kumar Khachi
- **established title**: Established
- **area total km2**: 55,673
- **population as of**: 2011
- **population total**: 6,856,509
- **timezone**: Indian Standard Time, IST
- **utc offset**: +05:30
- **blank name**: Official languages
- **demographics type1**: Language
- **demographics1 title1**: Official
- **demographics1 info1**: Punjabi language, Panjabi
- **demographics1 title2**: National
- **demographics1 info2**: Punjabi language, Panjabi
- **demographics1 title3**: Additional
- **demographics1 info3**: Rajasthani language, Rajasthani
- **blank info**: languages
- **name**: Himachal Pradesh
Jammu and Kashmir (state)

**Jammu and Kashmir** was the northmost state of India. The state covered  and is mostly in the Himalayan mountains. Jammu and Kashmir used to be a British protectorate in 1860. Jammu and Kashmir borderd the states of Himachal Pradesh and Punjab to the south-east and south respectively. The other parts of state are administered by Pakistan as Azad Jammu and Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan.

Jammu and Kashmir has been a subject of dispute between India and Pakistan since 1947, and China since 1962.

## Demographics

Jammu and Kashmir has a Muslim majority population. Though Islam is practiced by about 88% of the population of the state and by 97% of the population of the Kashmir Valley, the state has large communities of Sikhs, Hindus (inclusive of Meghwal).

Jammu and Kashmir consisted of three divisions: Jammu region, Kashmir Valley, and the Ladakh region. Srinagar is the summer capital, and Jammu its winter capital. The Kashmir valley, often called _paradise on Earth_, is famous for its beautiful mountainous landscape. Jammu's numerous holy shrines attracts millions of Hindu pilgrims every year from all over the India. Ladakh, also known as "Little Tibet", is renowned for its remote mountain beauty and Buddhist culture.

## Other websites

- Government of Jammu and Kashmir, India

## Infobox (former subdivision)

- **common name**: Jammu and Kashmir
- **conventional long name**: Jammu and Kashmir
- **nation**: Pakistan
- **status text**: States and union territories of India#Former states, Former state
- **capital**: Srinagar (May-October)
 Jammu (November-April)
- **year start**: 1954
- **date start**: 14 May
- **event start**: Article 370#Presidential order of 1954, Presidential order of 1954 comes into force, established as state of India
- **year end**: 2019
- **date end**: 31 October
- **event end**: Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019, Reorganized into Jammu and Kashmir (union territory), Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh
- **p1**: Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)
- **flag p1**: Flag of Jammu and Kashmir (1936-1953).svg
- **s1**: Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)
- **s2**: Ladakh
- **flag s1**: Flag of India.svg
- **flag s2**: Flag of India.svg
- **image flag**: Flag of Jammu and Kashmir (1952-2019).svg
- **symbol type**: Emblem
- **image coat**: Seal of Jammu and Kashmir color.png
- **image map**: Kashmir_region_2004.jpg
- **image map caption**: Map of Jammu and Kashmir
- **legislature**: Jammu and Kashmir Legislature
- **house1**: Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Council (36 seats)
- **house2**: Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly (89 seats)
- **political subdiv**: Districts of Jammu and Kashmir, 22 districts
- **title leader**: List of governors of Jammu and Kashmir, Governor
- **leader1**: Karan Singh (_first_)
- **year leader1**: 1954–1965 as _Sadr-e-Riyasat_; 1965–1967
- **leader2**: Satya Pal Malik (_last_)
- **year leader2**: 2018–2019
- **title deputy**: List of chief ministers of Jammu and Kashmir, Chief Minister
- **deputy1**: Mehr Chand Mahajan (_first_)
- **year deputy1**: 1947–1948 as _Prime Minister_
- **deputy2**: Mehbooba Mufti (_last_)
- **year deputy2**: 2016–2018
Jharkhand

**Jharkhand** (, ) is a state in the Republic of India. As of the 2011 Census, about 33 million people live in Jharkand. The state covers . It is bigger than Sierra Leone but smaller than Panama. It has many villages and towns. Ranchi is the capital city. In traditional Indian geography it falls under the East Indian zone.It also known for minerals Which is actually found in Abundant Amount as compared to major part of states in india.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Jharkhand(chottanagpur)
- **settlement type**: State of India
- **image map**: File:IN-JH.svg
- **map caption**: Location of Jharkhand in India
- **image map1**: India Jharkhand location map.svg
- **map caption1**: Map of Jharkhand
- **population as of**: 2011
- **population total**: 32988134
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Regions of India, Region
- **subdivision name1**: East India
- **area total km2**: 74680
- **timezone**: Indian Standard Time, IST
- **utc offset**: +05:30
Madhya Pradesh

**Madhya Pradesh** is a state in the Republic of India. The state has an area of . About 70,000,000 people are in Madhya Pradesh. In traditional Indian geography it falls under the West Indian zone. The capital of the state is Bhopal.

The largest city is Indore. Other main cities are Jabalpur and Ujjain. Ujjain is well known for  mythological reasons. Mandav, Bhojpur and  Panchmadi are the main tourist attractions.

To the north of Madhya Pradesh is the state of Uttar Pradesh and to the northwest is the state of Rajasthan, while Maharashtra is to the southwest.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Madhya Pradesh
- **native name**: मध्य प्रदेश
- **settlement type**: State of India
- **image map**: File:IN-MP.svg
- **map caption**: Location of Madhya Pradesh in India
- **image map1**: India Madhya Pradesh location map.svg
- **map caption1**: Map of Madhya Pradesh
- **population as of**: 2011
- **population total**: 72626809
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Regions of India, Region
- **subdivision name1**: West India
- **area total km2**: 308252
- **timezone**: Indian Standard Time, IST
- **utc offset**: +05:30
Meghalaya

**Meghalaya** () is a state within the Republic of India. Occupying an area of 8,660 mi² (22,429 km²), bigger than the State of Israel but smaller than Belize.  Its capital is Shillong.  Meghalaya's population is 2,318,822.  The population of Shillong was 314,610 in 2001. There are problems in Meghalaya arise from the divide between tribals and non tribal settlers, identity issues and growing corruption besides the fear of being reduced to minority by native tribals. The activity status is classified as active. In traditional Indian geography it falls under the North-east Indian zone.

## Other websites

- Meghalaya Website

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Meghalaya
- **native name**: मेघालय
- **settlement type**: State of India
- **image map**: File:IN-ML.svg
- **map caption**: Location of Meghalaya in India
- **image map1**: India Meghalaya location map.svg
- **map caption1**: Map of Meghalaya
- **population as of**: 2011
- **population total**: 2966889
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Regions of India, Region
- **subdivision name1**: Northeast India
- **area total km2**: 22429
- **timezone**: Indian Standard Time, IST
- **utc offset**: +05:30
Mizoram

**Mizoram** is a state in the Republic of India. It is in the eastern region beyond Bangladesh. It covers an area of . It is bigger than the nation of El Salvador but smaller than the State of Israel. In traditional Indian geography it falls under the North-east Indian zone. In 2011, Mizoram had 1,091,014 people. It has fewer people than every other state except Sikkim.

The word "Mizoram" means "land of the Mizo people". It is one of the Seven Sister States in North Eastern India, sharing borders with the states of Tripura, Assam, Manipur and with the neighbouring countries of Bangladesh and Myanmar. Mizoram became the 23rd state of India on 20 February 1987. The capital of Mizoram is Aizawl.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Mizoram
- **native name**: मिज़ोरम
- **settlement type**: State of India
- **image map**: File:IN-MZ.svg
- **map caption**: Location of Mizoram in India
- **image map1**: India Mizoram location map.svg
- **map caption1**: Map of Mizoram
- **population as of**: 2011
- **population total**: 1097206
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Regions of India, Region
- **subdivision name1**: Northeast India
- **area total km2**: 21081
- **timezone**: Indian Standard Time, IST
- **utc offset**: +05:30
Nagaland

**Nagaland** is a northeastern state in the Republic of India. It has an area of . It is bigger than East Timor but smaller than Eswatini. In traditional Indian geography it falls under the North-east Indian zone.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Nagaland
- **native name**: नगालैंड
- **settlement type**: State of India
- **image map**: File:IN-NL.svg
- **map caption**: Location of Nagaland in India
- **image map1**: India Nagaland location map.svg
- **map caption1**: Map of Nagaland
- **population as of**: 2011
- **population total**: 1978502
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Regions of India, Region
- **subdivision name1**: Northeast India
- **area total km2**: 16579
- **timezone**: Indian Standard Time, IST
- **utc offset**: +05:30