1638

### January–March

- January 1
    - Antoinette du Ligier de la Garde Deshoulières, French writer (d. 1694)
    - Emperor Go-Sai of Japan (d. 1685)
    - Nicolas Steno, Danish pioneer in anatomy and geology, bishop (d. 1686)
- January 7
    - Filippo Bonanni, Italian Jesuit scholar (d. 1723)
    - Marie Elisabeth of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, German noblewoman (d. 1687)
- January 8 – Elisabetta Sirani, Italian painter (d. 1665)
- January 12 – Ernst Rüdiger von Starhemberg, Austrian field marshal (d. 1701)
- January 20 – Sir William Glynne, 1st Baronet, English politician (d. 1690)
- January 21
    - David Elias Heidenreich, German poet, dramatist, librettist and translator (d. 1688)
    - Beata Rosenhane, Swedish writer (d. 1674)
- February 13 – Frederick, Duke of Mecklenburg-Grabow, German nobleman, titular Duke of Mecklenburg (d. 1688)
- February 18 – Ikeda Tsunamasa, Japanese daimyō, ruler of the Okayama Domain (d. 1714)
- February 25 – Jørgen Iversen Dyppel, Governor of the Danish West Indies (d. 1683)
- February 28 – John Carmichael, 1st Earl of Hyndford, Scottish nobleman (d. 1710)
- March 6
    - Henry Capell, 1st Baron Capell of Tewkesbury, First Lord’s  of the British Admiralty (d. 1696)
    - Statz Friedrich von Fullen, German-born nobleman, _Geheimrat_ of war for Poland (d. 1703)
- March 10 – John Vesey, Irish archbishop (d. 1716)
- March 14 – Johann Georg Gichtel, German mystic and religious leader, critic of Lutheranism (d. 1710)
- March 15 – Shunzhi Emperor of China (d. 1661)
- March 16 – François Crépieul, Jesuit missionary in Canada (d. 1702)
- March 28 – Frederik Ruysch, Dutch physician and anatomist (d. 1731)

### April–June

- April 2
    - Sir Henry Beaumont, 2nd Baronet, English politician (d. 1689)
    - John Covel, English clergyman and scientist, Master of Christ's College (d. 1722)
- May 9 – Gregorio Vasquez de Arce y Ceballos, Colombian painter (d. 1711)
- May 11 – Guy-Crescent Fagon, French physician and botanist (d. 1718)
- May 12 – Pedro Atanasio Bocanegra, Spanish artist (d. 1688)
- May 13 – Richard Simon, French Biblical critic (d. 1712)
- May 29 – John Manners, 1st Duke of Rutland, English nobleman and politician (d. 1711)
- June 2 – Henry Hyde, 2nd Earl of Clarendon, English nobleman (d. 1709)
- June 3 – Thomas Smith, English scholar (d. 1710)
- June 8 – Pierre Magnol, French botanist (d. 1715)
- June 21 – Sir William Roberts, 1st Baronet, English politician (d. 1688)
- June 23 – Princess Christine Elisabeth of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg, German noblewoman (d. 1679)
- June 27 – Samuel Frisching, Bernese soldier and politician (d. 1721)
- June 28 – Louise Marie de La Grange d'Arquien, French noblewoman (d. 1728)
- June 29 – Heinrich Meibom, German physicist and scholar (d. 1700)

### July–September

- July 10 – David Teniers III, Flemish painter (d. 1685)
- July 11 – Olympia Mancini, French courtier (d. 1708)
- July 15 – Giovanni Buonaventura Viviani, Italian composer (d. 1693)
- July 20 – Ulrik Frederik Gyldenløve, leading Norwegian general during the Scanian War (d. 1704)
- July 25 – Cristobal of Saint Catherine, Spanish Catholic priest (d. 1690)
- August 3 – William Louis, Prince of Anhalt-Köthen (1650–1665) (d. 1665)
- August 6 – Nicolas Malebranche, French philosopher (d. 1715)
- August 7 – John Tufton, 4th Earl of Thanet, English politician (d. 1680)
- August 13 – Durgadas Rathore, Indian ruler (d. 1718)
- August 15 – Pieter de Graeff, Dutch politician and noble (d. 1707)
- August 22 – Georg Christoph Eimmart, German engraver (d. 1705)
- September 5 – King Louis XIV of France, King of France from 1643 until his death (d. 1715)
- September 10 – Maria Theresa of Spain, French queen, married to Louis XIV of France (d. 1683)
- September 19 – Isaac Milles, English minister (d. 1720)
- September 20 – Antonio Gherardi, Italian painter (d. 1702)
- September 21 – Philippe de Courcillon, French officer and author (d. 1720)
- September 30 – Maximilian Philipp Hieronymus, Duke of Bavaria-Leuchtenberg, German nobleman (d. 1705)

### October–December

- October 7 – Miguel Jerónimo de Molina, Spanish prelate, Bishop of Malta, then of Lleida in Catalonia (d. 1698)
- October 14 – Bernhard II, Duke of Saxe-Jena, German noble (d. 1678)
- October 17 – John Charles, Count Palatine of Gelnhausen (1654–1704) (d. 1704)
- October 21 – Lucia Wijbrants, Dutch artist (d. 1719)
- October 31 – Meindert Hobbema, Dutch painter (d. 1709)
- November 4 – Nuno Álvares Pereira de Melo, 1st Duke of Cadaval, Portuguese nobleman and statesman (d. 1725)
- November 8 – Anton van Dale, Dutch minister (d. 1708)
- November 22 – Christoph Cellarius, German classical scholar (d. 1707)
- November 25 – Catherine of Braganza, Portuguese princess, queen consort of Charles II of England (d. 1705)
- November 30 – Joachim Feller, German professor at the University of Leipzig (d. 1691)
- December 17 – Anna Sophia II, Abbess of Quedlinburg, Abbesses of Quedlinburg (d. 1683)
- December 24 – Tomás de la Cerda, 3rd Marquis of la Laguna, Spanish nobleman (d. 1692)
- December 25 – Michel Bégon, French ancien regime official (d. 1710)

### Date unknown

- Hannah Allen, British writer (d. 1668)

## Deaths

- January 21 – Ignazio Donati, Italian composer (b. c. 1570)
- January 27 – Gonzalo de Céspedes y Meneses, Spanish novelist (b. c. 1585)
- February 26 – Claude Gaspard Bachet de Méziriac, French mathematician (b. 1581)
- March 2 – William Spring of Pakenham, Member of Parliament (b. 1588)
- March 22 – Johann, Prince of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen (b. 1578)
- April 1 – Henry Ley, 2nd Earl of Marlborough, English politician (b. 1595)
- April 7 – Shimazu Tadatsune, Japanese ruler of Satsuma (b. 1576)
- April 13 – Henri, Duke of Rohan, French Huguenot leader (b. 1579)
- April 19 – Jeremias Drexel, Jesuit writer and professor of rhetoric (b. 1581)
- April 26 – Margareta Brahe, Swedish political activist  (b. 1564)
- May 6
    - Cornelius Jansen, French bishop and religious reformer (b. 1585)
    - Gaj Singh of Marwar, Raja of Marwar Kingdom (r (b. 1595)
- May 9 – Frederick I, Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg (b. 1585)
- May 27 – Pietro Paolo Floriani, Italian architect (b. 1585)
- June 25 – Juan Pérez de Montalbán, Spanish writer (b. 1602)
- July 27 – John VIII, Count of Nassau-Siegen (b. 1583)
- July 31 – Sibylla Schwarz, German poet (b. 1621)
- August 3 – Philipp Moritz, Count of Hanau-Münzenberg, German noble (b. 1605)
- August 10 – Anton Henry, Count of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen (1586–1638) (b. 1571)
- August 12 – Baltasar Marradas, Spanish count (b. 1560)
- August 13 – Carolus Mulerius, Dutch Hispanist (b. 1601)
- August 27 – John Hoskins, English poet (b. 1566)
- September – Christoph Besold, German jurist (b. 1577)
- September 5 – Dorothea of Hanau-Münzenberg, German noblewoman (b. 1556)
- September 14 – John Harvard, American clergyman (b. 1607)
- September 24 – Georg Friedrich, Margrave of Baden-Durlach (1604–1622) (b. 1573)
- October 6 – Jacob Dircksz de Graeff, Dutch mayor (b. 1579)
- October 4 – Francis Hyacinth, Duke of Savoy (b. 1632)
- October 8 – Raja Wodeyar II, King of Mysore (b. 1612)
- October 14 – Gabriello Chiabrera, Italian poet (b. 1552)
- October 23 – John Ernest, Duke of Saxe-Eisenach, German duke (b. 1566)
- October 28 – Robert Petre, 3rd Baron Petre, English baron (b. 1599)
- November 9 – Johann Heinrich Alsted, German theologian (b. 1588)
- November 11 – Cornelis Corneliszoon van Haarlem, Dutch painter (b. 1562)
- November 16 – Edward Cecil, 1st Viscount Wimbledon (b. 1572)
- November 19 – Lelio Biscia, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1575)
- November 27
    - Redemptus of the Cross, Portuguese Carmelite lay brother and martyr (b. 1598)
    - Denis of the Nativity, French sailor and cartographer (b. 1600)
- December 8 – Ivan Gundulić, Croatian poet (b. 1589)
- December 13 – Catherine of Sweden, Countess Palatine of Kleeburg (b. 1584)
- December 17 – François Leclerc du Tremblay (b. 1577)
- December 23 – Barbara Longhi, Italian painter (b. 1552)