juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
God the Father

**God the Father** is a title for God in the Christian religion; however, for believers of the Trinity, God the Father is only viewed as the first person of the Trinity, who along with the Son and the Holy Spirit are of the same essence, share the same qualities, and are each fully God.

God is known as the Father because of his unending care for humanity, just like a father would care for his dependent children, and as our father and creator, he responds to his children so he can have a relationship with us. Through prayer, you can grow a relationship with Him.

Even though the term "Father" itself is masculine, God is understood to have the form of a spirit without any human biological gender as he is a being beyond our understanding. Catechism of the Catholic Church No. 239 specifically states that "_God is neither man nor woman: he is God_". Even though God is never directly called "Mother" in the Bible, in the Book of Isaiah there are many verses where God is shown to have motherly attributes, such as: ,  or .

### Trinitarianism

Christians who believe in the Trinity believe that God the Father is not a separate being or god from the other members of the Trinity; instead, they are distinct persons who are of the same essence and share the same qualities; because of this, the Son and Holy Spirit are no less "God" than the Father. According to Eastern Orthodox theology, God the Father is the _arche_ or _principium_ ("beginning"), the "source" or "origin" of both the Son and the Holy Spirit, and is considered the eternal source of the Godhead. The Father is the one who eternally begets the Son, and the Father, through the Son, eternally breathes the Holy Spirit.

### Nontrinitarianism

There are groups that do not believe in the Trinity and have different views.

Followers of Mormonism believe in the Godhead, which is a divine council of three distinct _beings_: Elohim (the Father), Jehovah (the Son, Jesus Christ), and the Holy Spirit. Elohim and Jehovah have perfected physical bodies, while the Holy Spirit has a body of spirit. Mormons believe that instead of sharing the same essence, each person is their own being; Elohim created Jehovah and the Holy Spirit and is greater in authority and power than them, while they are united in purpose (this heresy is called Subordinationism).

Mormons believe that God the Father has a spouse called the Heavenly Mother, and together they are the Heavenly Parents; that God the Father is one of the many gods out there in the universe, and there are gods greater than him; that he isn't the creator of the universe and created a few planets through Jehovah but created them with existing materials and not _ex nihilo_; and that he was once a human who was tested just like us, and because of his obedience to his god, he became one.

## Related pages

- God
- God the Son
- Holy Spirit in Christianity
- Jesus
- Trinity
- Subordinationism

## Other websites

- God the Father at Theopedia
Asylum (album)

***Asylum*** is a studio album by the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss. It was released on September 16, 1985.

## Track listing

- King Of The Mountain
- Any Way You Slice It
- Who Wants To Be Lonely
- Trial By Fire
- I'm Alive
- Love's A Deadly Weapon
- Tears Are Falling
- Secretly Cruel
- Radar For Love
- Uh! All Night
Sake

**Sake** (Japanese:酒; pronounced 'sa.kɛ' ) is a Japanese word for "alcoholic drink". In English, "sake" means one kind of alcoholic drink made from rice. In Japan, people call this drink ***nihonshu*** ( "Japanese alcohol") or _sake_. This article uses the word "sake" as it is used in English. In English, it is sometimes called rice wine. This term is misleading though: wine is the result of fermenting grape juice. Even though Sake has an alcohol content similar to wine, its production is more similar to that of beer.

## Ingredients

Sake is a fermented drink. Most sake is made from rice, water, kōji, and yeast. Sometimes a small amount of lactic acid is used in brewing. Water or small amounts of pure alcohol can be added at the end of production. Sake can have from 12 to 22% alcohol, but is usually around 15 or 16%. Lower quality mass-produced sake can have added sugar or flavorings.

## Serving sake

Sake is usually sold in bottles that are either 720ml or 1.8L. Drinkers or servers in a restaurant may pour it into small cups called _chokko_ directly from the bottle. Sake is also served in smaller bottles called _tokkuri_. A typical serving in a bar or restaurant is 180ml. People may share that amount. When drinking together in Japan, it is considered polite to pour drinks for other people rather than for yourself.

## Amazake

Amazake is sweet, low or non-alcoholic sake.http://www.kojiya.jp/amazake/making.html

## Related pages

- Awamori
- Doburoku
- rice wine
- Shōchū
Majority

**Majority** means the greater number of something.  The opposite is **minority**.

If more than half the people are right-handed we can say that the majority of people are right-handed.
A minority of people are left-handed.
In fact, nearly everyone is right-handed, so we can say that the "vast majority" are right-handed, and only a "small minority" are left-handed.

If a political party or candidate gets a majority of votes, it means that they get more than all the other parties together. In Plurality voting, they only get more than any one of the others. Thus if there are three parties, the winning party may have a plurality of 40% while the other two each have 30%. A "true majority" or "absolute majority" means more votes than all the other parties together, i.e. more than half the total votes.

## Related pages

- Majority rule
- Minority group
- Ethnic group
Charles Koechlin

**Charles Koechlin** (born Paris,  November 27, 1867; died Le Canadel, December 31, 1950) was a French composer, teacher and writer on music.  He wrote a very large amount of music, but very little of it was published because he was more interested in helping younger composers than making himself well-known.  Some of his best works include his symphonic poems and his film music.

## His life

Koechlin was born in Paris, the youngest child of a large and rich family. His mother’s family came from the Alsace near the French border with Germany, and he was proud of his Alsatian background.  His grandfather on his mother’s side had started a cotton textile firm in Mulhouse and his father worked in the textile business.  When Koechlin was 14 his father died.  He showed an interest in music, but his family wanted him to be an artillery officer. However, he had tuberculosis and had to spent six months getting better in Algeria.  After finishing his schooling he was allowed to enter the Paris Conservatoire in 1890.  Two years later he was studying composition with Massenet, and in 1896 he was a pupil of Gabriel Fauré. Ravel was a pupil in the same class.  Fauré had a big influence on Koechlin who wrote a book about him and helped him to arrange some of his music for orchestra.

Koechlin became a freelance composer and teacher. He married Suzanne Pierrard in 1903 and they had five children.  At first he was comfortably off, but after World War I the family lost a lot of money and they had to sell their country house.

Koechlin had very free views about music, and this is probably why he never got a teaching job at the Piano Conservatoire.  He also agreed with some things that the Communists thought.  He did not like modern inventions like the telephone and radio.  He looked like an old Russian patriarch with his long beard.  He dressed in velvet trousers, sandals and a shepherd’s cape for bad weather.   He liked outdoor activities such as swimming and mountaineering.  He was offered the Legion d’honneur in 1940 but refused it.

## His music

Koechlin composed in a variety of styles, even changing the style during a piece.  He often liked quiet music with long chords which are played for the sounds they make rather than for giving the music a traditional shape.  Sometimes there were no barlines in his music.  He often composed in his head while on a train or climbing a mountain.

His works for orchestra include _Les Bandarlogs_ which was based on the _Jungle Book_ by Rudyard Kipling.  Kipling’s “Bandarlog” are a troupe of monkeys in the forest.  The music describes the monkeys, but Koechlin also gives it another meaning: he is criticising music critics, comparing them to monkeys.   In the _Seven Stars Symphony_ each movement is about a famous film star.  They include Greta Garbo, Marlene Dietrich and  Charlie Chaplin.  He wrote a lot of chamber music and piano music, including some dances for Ginger Rogers.

## Sources

Robert Orledge, _Charles Koechlin (1867-1950) His Life and Works_ (London, 1989)
Jastrzębie-Zdrój

**Jastrzębie-Zdrój** is a city in Poland in Silesian Voivodeship. It has about 94,072 inhabitants and an area of 85,44 km².

## Other websites

- Municipal homepage
- JastrzebieOnline.pl
- Jasnet.pl
- Modern Portal of Jastrzębie-Zdrój
- SJZ1963 - Portal Jastrzebie Zdrój
- Forum Mieszkańców
Palm (unit)

A **palm**, when used as a unit of length, is usually four digits (_fingers_) or three inches, i.e. 7.62 cm (for the international inch).

In English this unit is no longer in use as other units that are based on the human arm: digit (¼ palm), finger (7/24 palm), hand (4/3 palms), shaftment (2 palms), span (3 palms), cubit (6 palms) and ell (15 palms).
Schnapps

**Schnapps** is a type of distilled alcoholic drink. The word _schnapps_ comes from the German word ***schnaps***.

## German schnapps

Traditional German schnapps are usually clear alcoholic drinks which are distilled from fermented cereals, roots, and fruits. Traditional German schnapps has no sugar or other flavoring added. It is similar in look and flavor to vodka with light fruit flavors. The alcohol content is usually around 40%.

## American schnapps

The other type of schnapps is American. This type of schnapps is a liqueur that has sugar and flavorings such as peach, mint, or butterscotch. The alcohol content of American schnapps is usually only about 20%, which is lower than German-style schnapps.
Standard time

**Standard time** is putting all clocks in a time zone to the same time.

**Standard time** can also be used to mean the time without daylight saving time. Standard time happens from autumn to early spring. Daylight saving time happens from early spring to autumn.

### Great Britain

Standard time was first used by British railways on December 11, 1847, when they switched from local mean time to Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). Almost all of Great Britain's public clocks were using GMT by 1855.

### North America

Before 1883, local mean time was used in all of North America. This meant there were many different local times. This caused problems for train schedules. Sandford Fleming, a Canadian, proposed standard time at a meeting of the Royal Canadian Institute on February 8, 1879.  The owners of the major railroads met in Chicago to make the Standard Time System. Most states began using the system soon after the railroads. The U.S. government officially began using the system almost fifty years later.

## Criticism

Some people do not like standard time (and daylight saving time). Some people do not like it because they do not trust in government. Others believe that it disturbs circadian rhythms. Others simply like traditional, natural markers of time, like sunsets, noon and sunrise.
Span

**Span** could mean:

- span (unit of length)
- span (architecture)
- Span (band), a Norwegian punk rock band
- Switched Port ANalyzer, a way to monitor computer networks, similar to a network tap
- Linear span, in mathematics
- (co)spans in category theory
- wingspan, in Aerospace engineering (aircraft design)
- span and div in HTML
- CME SPAN - Standard Portfolio Analysis of Risk, a system developed by the Chicago Mercantile Exchange
- For powerlines, the distance between two pylons
- For aerial tramways, the distance between two supporting structures
- For a bridge, the distance between supporting pylons or towers.
Span (unit of length)

**Span** is the width of a human hand, from the tip of the thumb to the tip of the pinky finger.
- 1 span := 9 inches
- = 0.2286 m

In Slavic language, the analogue of span is **pyad** (_peti, пядь_). It is the width from the tip of the thumb to the tip of the forefinger.
- 1 pyad := 4 vershok
- = 7 inches
- = 0.1778 m
Acting President of the United States

An **acting president of the United States** is someone who temporarily takes on the powers and duties of the president without officially holding the title. This can happen if the president becomes too sick to perform their job, resigns, dies, or is removed from office. It can also happen if a new president has not been chosen or is unable to take office by Inauguration Day. The United States has a plan called the presidential line of succession, which chooses who will serve as acting president in these situations.

The U.S. Constitution mentions presidential succession in Article II, the Twentieth Amendment, and the Twenty-fifth Amendment. The vice president is the first in line to take over, and if they can't serve, Congress gets to choose who comes next. The current order of succession, set by the Presidential Succession Act of 1947 and last updated in 2006, is: the vice president, the speaker of the House of Representatives, the president pro tempore of the Senate, and then members of the president’s Cabinet, starting with the secretary of state. However, if someone other than the vice president takes over, they only act as president and do not officially become president.

The vice president immediately becomes president if the current president dies, resigns, or is removed. If a president-elect dies or refuses to serve before Inauguration Day, the vice president-elect becomes president. A vice president can also serve as acting president if the president is temporarily unable to do their job due to illness or another reason. So far, this has happened three times, but in each case, the vice president only served as acting president for a short time without officially becoming the president.
|Acting President|Date|Start/End Times|Incumbent President|Cause for inability to perform duties|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|George H.W. Bush|July 13, 1985|11:28-19:22 EDT|Ronald Reagan|Colon cancer surgery|
|Richard B. Cheney|June 29, 2002|07:09-09:24 EDT|George W. Bush|Colonoscopy|
|Richard B. Cheney|July 21, 2007|07:16-09:21 EDT|George W. Bush|Colonoscopy|
|Kamala D. Harris|November 19, 2021|10:10-11:35 EST|Joe Biden|Colonoscopy|

Kamala Harris became the first female acting president on November 19, 2021. She is the first woman in the history of the United States to hold presidential powers.

## Other websites

- Presidential Line of Succession Examined , September 20, 2003
- Amendment25.com
Electric power transmission

**Electric power transmission** is the transmitting of electricity to places where it will be used.  Specifically, it is the bulk transfer of electrical power from the power plant to substations near populated areas.  Electric power distribution is the delivery from the substation to the consumers.  Due to the large amount of power and long distances, transmission normally takes place at high voltage (110 kV or above).

Electricity is usually transmitted over long distance through overhead power transmission lines. Underground power transmission is used only in densely populated areas (such as large cities) because of the high cost of installation and maintenance and because the power losses increase dramatically compared with overhead transmission unless superconductors and cryogenic technology are used.

A power transmission system is often referred to as a "grid"; however, for reasons of economy, the network is rarely a true grid. Redundant paths and lines are provided so that power can be routed from any power plant to any load center, through a variety of routes, based on the economics of the transmission path and the cost of power.

## Further reading

- Grigsby, L. L., et al. _The Electric Power Engineering Handbook_. USA: CRC Press. (2001).
- Westinghouse Electric Corporation, "_Electric power transmission patents; Tesla polyphase system_". (Transmission of power; polyphase system; Tesla patents)

## Related pages

- Transmission tower
- Superconductor
- Electric power distribution
- High-voltage direct current

## Other websites

- United States: Transmission Lineworker Community Website
- Japan: World's First In-Grid High-Temperature Superconducting Power Cable System
- A Power Grid for the Hydrogen Economy: Overview/A Continental SuperGrid
- Global Energy Network Institute (GENI) - The GENI Initiative focuses on linking renewable energy resources around the world using international electricity transmission.
- Union for the Co-ordination of Transmission of Electricity (UCTE), the association of transmission system operators in continental Europe, running one of the two largest power transmission systems in the world
- Non-Ionizing Radiation, Part 1: Static and Extremely Low-Frequency (ELF) Electric and Magnetic Fields (2002)  by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC).
- A summary of the IARC report by GreenFacts.
Electrical grid

An **electrical grid** is a connection network of power generation, power transmission, power distribution and power load. The grid connects all of those parts in power systems to deliver power from the generators at the power station to the customers or load center which will use the electricity.
AIESEC

**AIESEC** (said like "Eye Seck"), is a big student organisation that was started in 1948. It was made to fix problems between countries and create peace after World War II. It has spread all over the world since it started. There are many members in about 125 countries.

AIESEC is an organisation that helps its members to develop themselves as leaders. It also has an exchange program for students and university graduates to intern or volunteer in other countries. Most members are students at university but some are paid to work for AIESEC. The organisation is presented in 125 countries and territories in the world. The headquarters of AIESEC are in Rotterdam.

Members say that AIESEC does a lot of good in the world through the exchange by helping people from different countries to share information about their culture.

For over 60 years of working AIESEC's main impact had been its alumni all over the world. These alumni become successful business leaders, politicians, and NGO directors. The approximate number of alumni 1 million.

## Other websites

- AIESEC homepage
That '70s Show

***That '70s Show*** is an American television series. It is about the lives of a group of teenagers living in Point Place, Wisconsin from May 17, 1976 to December 31, 1979. The series first started August 23, 1998 and its final episode aired May 18, 2006.

The series continues to run in syndication on FX and the CW network in the United States and United Kingdom, CH in Canada, as well as the Seven Network in Australia and Star World in Asia, including Malaysia. It also runs on The NTV for teens.

## Cast

|Actor/Actress|Character name|years in which he/she appeared regularly|
| --- | --- | --- |
|Topher Grace|Eric Forman|1998–2005|
|Laura Prepon|Donna Pinciotti|1998–2006|
|Danny Masterson|Steven Hyde|1998–2006|
|Ashton Kutcher|Michael Kelso|1998–2006|
|Mila Kunis|Jackie Burkhart|1998–2006|
|Wilmer Valderrama|Fez|1998–2006|
|Kurtwood Smith|Red Forman|1998–2006|
|Debra Jo Rupp|Kitty Forman|1998–2006|
|Don Stark|Bob Pinciotti|1998–2006|
|Tanya Roberts|Midge Pinciotti|1998–2001|
|Lisa Robin Kelly|Laurie Forman|1999–2001|
|Tommy Chong|Leo Chingkwake|2001–2002, 2005–2006|
|Josh Meyers|Randy Pearson|2005–2006|

## Infobox (television)

- **image**: That '70s Show logo.png
- **runtime**: 22 minutes (approximate)
- **creator**: Bonnie and Terry Turner, Bonnie Turner
Terry Turner
- **starring**: Topher Grace (1998-2005)
Mila Kunis
Ashton Kutcher (1998-2005)
Danny Masterson
Laura Prepon
Wilmer Valderrama
Debra Jo Rupp
Kurtwood Smith
Tanya Roberts (1998-2001)
Don Stark
Lisa Robin Kelly (1998-2001)
Tommy Chong (2001-2002, 2005-2006)
Josh Meyers (2005-2006)
- **country**: United States
- **network**: Fox Broadcasting Company (and some FOX-owned UPN affiliates)
- **num episodes**: 200
- **list episodes**: List of That '70s Show episodes
Sivaya Subramuniyaswami

**Satguru Sivaya Subramuniyaswami** (January 5, 1927 – 2001), known as **Gurudeva** by his followers, was a Hindu leader and author. He was born in Oakland, California. He made a Hindu monastery in Kauai, Hawaii and founded the magazine _Hinduism Today_. Subramuniyaswami was an author of many books on Hinduism and metaphysics. He was one of the most traditional and well known people of Hinduism during the last two decades of the 20th century. He was one of Saivism's most revered Gurus, the founder and leader of the world's first Hindu church (_Saiva Siddhanta Church_).

## Books

Subramuniyaswami has written several books on Hinduism, Saivism, yoga and meditation. His works are highly regarded by many of today's Hindu leaders. Subramuniyaswami's largest work, _Master Course_, is a complete essay on all parts of Hinduism (Saivism), including the Hindu approach to meditation and metaphysics. It is in three books and more than 3,000 pages. The work is written in a flowing version of written English that is similar to the spoken language as well as ancient Hindu oral traditions.
Crazy Nights

***Crazy Nights*** is a studio album by the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss. It was released on September 18, 1987. "Crazy Crazy Nights" was the first song released from the album. It reached #4 in the UK.

## Track listing

- Crazy Crazy Nights
- I'll Fight Hell To Hold You
- Bang Bang You
- No, No, No
- Hell Or High Water
- My Way
- When Your Walls Come Down
- Reason To Live
- Good Girl Gone Bad
- Turn On The Night
- Thief In The Night
Hot in the Shade

***Hot in the Shade*** is a studio album by the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss. It was released on October 17, 1989.

## Track listing

- Rise To It
- Betrayed
- Hide Your Heart
- Prisoner Of Love
- Read My Body
- Love's A Slap In The Face
- Forever
- Silver Spoon
- Cadillac Dreams
- King Of Hearts
- The Street Giveth And The Street Taketh Away
- You Love Me To Hate You
- Somewhere Between Heaven And Hell
- Little Caesar
- Boomerang
Halfway Home (TV series)

***Halfway Home*** is a comedy television series that premiered on Wednesday, March 14, 2007, at 10:30 p.m. on Comedy Central. http://www.comedycentral.com/press/index.jhtml?comingup=true#11  As described on its official website, _Halfway Home_ is an "improvised half-hour series featuring the daily exploits of five ex-cons living together in a residential rehab facility."

## Characters

- **Carly Barzac** (played by Jessica Makinson) – Ex-convict in for drug trafficking. She has been shown to have a bad relationship with her parents (she even had to hire fake parents for parents day.) She also came very close to setting a world record for pogo-sticking.
- **Kenny Carlisle** (played by Kevin Ruf) – The house supervisor
- **Serenity Johnson** (played by Octavia Spencer) – Ex-convict in for armed robbery
- **Eulogio Pla** (played by Oscar Nunez) – Ex-convict in for prostitution, described as "[using] sex to get what he wants."
- **Alan Shepard** (played by Regan Burns) – Ex-convict in for arson, described as "the house narc who has an uncontrollable obsession with fire."
- **Sebastian "C-Bass" Yates** (played by Jordan Black) – Ex-convict in for internet fraud, described as a "wanna-be terrorist who's really just a rich kid from California."

## Infobox (television)

- **runtime**: 30 minutes
- **creator**: Oscar Nunez
- **executive producer**: Damon Jones (actor), Damon Jones
Jay Martel
Oscar Nunez
Kevin Ruf
- **starring**: Jordan Black (actor), Jordan Black
Regan Burns
Jessica Makinson
Oscar Nunez
Octavia Spencer
Kevin Ruf
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **network**: Comedy Central
- **num episodes**: 10
Prime Minister of New Zealand

The **prime minister of New Zealand** is New Zealand's head of government. This job is given to the leader of the party or coalition with the most support in the Parliament of New Zealand. Since 2023, the prime minister has been Christopher Luxon of the National Party. He became Prime Minister after his party won the 2023 New Zealand general election

## Responsibilities and powers

The prime minister holds the most senior post in the New Zealand Parliament. The prime minister is not able to give direct orders to other people in their party.

The prime minister can call for an election by asking the Governor-General to close Parliament

## Living former prime ministers

As of , there are seven living former New Zealand prime ministers, as seen below.

The most recent prime minister to die was Jim Bolger (served 1990–1997), on 15 October 2025, aged 90.

## Other websites

- New Zealand Prime Minister's official website
- List of New Zealand Prime Ministers
The Masque of the Red Death

"**The Masque of the Red Death**" is a short story by Edgar Allan Poe. It was first published in May 1842 in _Graham's Lady's and Gentleman's Magazine_.

## Plot

A painful and fatal disease involving blood aka kinbni

am and finds him lying dead. His courtiers try to unmask the figure..only to find nothingness! Only then do they realize the figure is the Red Death itself, and all of the guests contract and succumb to the disease. With the last of them die the clock and the flames illuminating the scarlet window both die out at the same time. "And Darkness and Decay and the Red Death held illimitable dominion over all".
done!

## Other websites

- "The Masque of the Red Death"  at EServer.org
- "The Masque of the Red Death" with annotated vocabulary at PoeStories.com
- Sabrina Laurent (July 2003). "Metaphor and Symbolism in The Masque of the Red Death" , _Bohème Magazine Online_.
- Analyzing Poe's Work Biographically and Psychologically  Illinois State University

## Infobox (short story)

- **name**: The Masque of the Red Death
- **image**: Masqueofthereddeath-Clarke.jpg
- **caption**: Illustration by Harry Clarke, 1919
- **author**: Edgar Allan Poe
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **genre**: Horror
- **published in**: _Graham's Lady's and Gentleman's Magazine_
- **media type**: Print
- **pub date**: May 1842
Mill

**Mill** could mean:
- Mill (grinding), equipment for the grinding or pulverizing of raw materials using millstones
    - a gristmill grinds grain into flour
    - windmill, wind powered
    - watermill, water powered
    - horse mill, animal powered
    - treadwheel, human powered (archaic: "treadmill")
- Mill (factory), a place of business for making articles of manufacture. The term mill was once in common use for a factory because many factories in the early stages of the Industrial Revolution were powered by a watermill, but nowadays it is only used in a few specific contexts; e.g.
    - a cotton mill is a factory for processing cotton
    - a paper mill produces paper
    - a sawmill cuts timber
    - a steel mill manufactures steel
    - a sugar mill (also called a sugar refinery) processes sugar beets or sugar cane into various finished products
    - a huller (also called a rice mill, or rice husker) is used to hull rice
- Milling machine, machine tool that operates by moving a work piece against a cutter.
- Stamp mill, a specialized machine for reducing ore to powder for further processing or for fracturing other materials
- Mill (currency), a tenth of a cent/penny
- The standard author abbreviation _Mill._ may be used to indicate botanist Philip Miller's work when citing a botanical name
- Diploma mill or degree mill an organization which awards academic degrees and diplomas with very little or no academic study and without recognition by official accrediting bodies
- Nine Men's Morris, a traditional board game; the term "mill" may also mean "three (playing pieces) in a row" within the game
- Mill (Netherlands), a town in the municipality of Mill en Sint Hubert
- Arithmetical unit, used in the context of Charles Babbage's Analytical engine, a 19th-century concept of a computer
- Windmill (breakdance move) or mill, a power move in breakdancing
- The Mill (post-production), a visual effects company

**People** named Mill:
- Andy Mill, skier
- Frank Mill, German football player (World Cup winner, Summer Olympics bronze medalist)
- Harriet Taylor Mill, philosopher
- James Mill, a Scottish historian, economist and philosopher
- John Stuart Mill, an influential liberal thinker of the 19th century
Mill (grinding)

- For other uses see _Mill (disambiguation)_

A **grinding mill** is a tool that is designed to break a solid material into smaller pieces.  There are many different types of grinding mills and many types of materials processed in them.

Small mills can be powered by hand, such as a mortar and pestle or a pepper grinder. Large grinding mills were usually powered by working animals, wind (windmill) or water (watermill) in the past. In the 2000s, most large grinding mills are powered by electricity.

### Mortar and pestle

People who need to grind a small amount of a food, such as spices or grain, for their own cooking often use a hand-powered mortar and pestle or a hand-powered grinder, such as a pepper grinder. In the 2000s, many people also used electric-powered grinding mills. These kitchen appliances have a metal blade that grinds the food into small pieces. Electric-powered grinding mills are often used for grinding nuts or coffee.

### Grain mills

For thousands of years, humans have ground their grains (such as wheat or corn) into flour using grain mills powered by animals (such as oxen or horses), wind (windmills) or by running water from a stream or river (watermill). In the 2000s, most grain mills are powered by electricity.

## Mechanical process

After  grinding the state of the solid is changed: the grain size, and the grain shape. Also, there may be more or less crushing.

For process engineering, several things are important: increasing the surface area of the solid; making the solid have wanted grain size; and pulping the material to the desired state (squishing it).

## Types of grinding mills

- Mortar and pestle
- Windmill

## Other websites

- Animation of Horizontal Grinder
Windmill (disambiguation)

A **windmill** is an engine powered by the wind to produce energy, often contained in a large building as in traditional post mills, smock mills and tower mills.

**Windmill** may also refer to:

- Windmill (company), a Japanese visual novel video game developer
- Operation Windmill,  a U.S. Navy exploration and training mission to Antarctica in 1947-1948
- Windmill Islands, an Antarctic group of rocky islands and rocks
- Windmill restart, a maneuver that uses kinetic energy to restart a jet engine
- Windmill (solitaire), a solitaire card game played with two decks of cards
- Windmill Sessions EP, a 2005 EP produced, written, mixed, and mastered by Kevin Deal
- Windmill (breakdance move), one of the most well-known power moves in breakdancing
- "Windmills", a song by Blackmore’s Night from their 2006 album _The Village Lanterne_
- Windmill (chess), a combination of moves where a series of discovered checks result in winning of material
- plants in the genus _Allionia_
- "Windmill", a song on Helloween's Chameleon album.
- The Windmill Theatre in London.
- The Windmill, Brisbane – the oldest surviving building in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- The Windmill, Brixton, Brixton, England
- The Windmill (play) – an English stage play
- Windmill Theatre Company, a non-professional musical theatre group in Victoria, Australia
Blood transfusion

**Blood transfusion** is a medical term. It means a procedure used to transfer blood (or some products based on blood) from the circulatory system of one human to that of another human.

## Uses

Blood transfusions can save the life of a person, if that person has lost a lot of blood. A person can lose blood from an injury, a trauma or from a medical operation. Blood transfusions can also be applied as a treatment to certain diseases of the blood (like Anaemia, for example).

Blood is not collected and used immediately.  Instead it is kept until it is needed.  The storage area is informally called a **blood bank**. By adding anticoagulant to keep the blood from clotting and refrigerating the blood, it is possible to store it for a few days.  Information about transfusion and donation is available at the National Institutes of Health website https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bloodtransfusionanddonation.html.

## Problems

Not all people are able to donate blood to all other people. Testing for blood types usually prevents any bad reaction to a blood transfusion. However, there are special problems for anyone with rare blood groups. It is very important, in order to avoid any complications during a blood transfusion, to detect individuals with rare blood types. The usual tests for ABO blood group system would show them as group O. It may not be possible to give a blood transfusion at all unless the repository has supply of blood which will not cause a reaction.
Jaundice

**Jaundice**  (also called **icterus**) is when the skin and the whites of the eyes become a yellow color. People with jaundice have a problem with their liver, which stops it from removing heme properly. Heme (from hemoglobin) changes to a chemical called bilirubin after red blood cell death. Bilirubin causes the yellow coloring of the skin. Jaundice is common in newly born babies. It usually starts the second day after birth.

Jaundice can also be caused by other diseases, like malaria, hepatitis, or gallstones.

Jaundice is the most common of all liver problems. The yellow colour of the skin and mucous membranes happens because of an increase in the bile pigment, bilirubin, in the blood.

The bile, made by the liver, is a vital digestive fluid needed for proper nutrition. It also stops decaying changes in food. If the bile is stopped from entering the intestines there is an increase in gases and other products. Normally, the production of bile and its flow is constant.

## Types of Jaundice

There are three types of jaundice:
- haemolytic jaundice - caused by destruction of red blood cells. This causes increased bilirubin formation and anaemia
- obstructive jaundice  - caused by a blockage in the pathway where bilirubin is made in the liver cells and where bile goes into the duodenum
- hepatocellular jaundice - caused by damage to liver cells. The damage could be from a viral infection or toxic drugs.

Yellow discoloration of the skin and the whites of the eyes happens in all types of jaundice.

## Symptoms

The symptoms of jaundice are:
- extreme weakness
- headache
- fever
- loss of appetite
- tiredness
- severe constipation
- nausea
- yellow coloration of the eyes, tongue, skin and urine.
- dull pain in the liver region.
- Obstructive jaundice may also cause intense itching.

## Causes

Jaundice is a sign that the liver is not working. It may be caused by a blockage of the bile ducts which release bile salts and pigment into the intestines. The bile then gets mixed with blood and this gives a yellow colour to the skin. The blockage of the bile ducts could be caused by:
- gallstones
- inflammation (swelling) of the liver, called hepatitis. This is caused by a virus. The virus can spread and may lead to epidemics caused by:
    - overcrowding
    - dirty surroundings
    - insanitary conditions
    - contamination of food and water.

Other causes of jaundice are pernicious anaemia and diseases affecting the liver such as typhoid, malaria, yellow fever and tuberculosis.
Icterus

**Icterus** may refer to:
- Jaundice
- _Icterus_ (bird), a genus of New World orioles
Hildegard of Bingen

**Hildegard of Bingen** (born Bemersheim nr. Alzey in about 1098; died 17 September 1179) was a German writer, composer and mystic. She was an abbess who is well known for her literary works and her songs. She also wrote about medical and scientific things, and wrote letters to many important politicians.

Hildegard was born into a noble family. Her parents sent her to a monastery because she was the tenth child of the family. She took the veil (became a nun) at the age of 15. By the time she was 38 she had the title of “mother superior”. She founded (started) a monastery on the Rupertsberg in the Rhine valley near Bingen. Later she founded a daughter house on the other side of the river near Rüdesheim. She travelled a lot and talked to many important people. She later had the title of “abbess”. After she died several popes suggested she should be made a saint, but this never happened. She does, though, have a feast day on September 17, which is celebrated in some parts of Germany.

Known as the "Sybil of the Rhine", Hildegard had many visions, many of which she wrote down.They were mostly about God and his relationship with humans, the church, redemption from God, and creation. She wrote lyrical poetry which was very colourful and had lots of visionary ideas. Her music does not use plainchant like the music of many other medieval composers at the time. It mostly has small patterns of melody which are repeated many times in slightly different ways. Her music was also different because the chants she wrote were written for female voices, in a higher range than earlier chants. This made them easier for women's voices. She wrote a morality play in verse with 82 melodies.

Hildegard of Bingen is the first composer whose life we know about. She may possibly be the first woman to write about female sexuality and sex.
Alternative medicine

**Alternative medicine** describes practices used instead of normal medical treatments. Some patients seek these practices along with normal medicine. When the patient's medical doctor works with an alternative medicine therapist, this is called "complementary medicine."

Alternative medicine includes practices that incorporate spiritual, metaphysical, or religious belief; non-evidence-based practices, non-European medical traditions, or newly developed approaches to healing.

Examples include acupuncture, chiropractic and homeopathy.

Alternative medicine does not prevent or cure any disease.
The opposite of alternative medicine are medical diagnoses and treatments that are proven to work. This is called evidence-based or conventional medicine.
Divaldo Pereira Franco

**Divaldo Pereira Franco** or simply, **Divaldo Franco** is a Brazilian medium, born in Feira de Santana, Bahia, on May 5th, 1927 died on May 13th, 2025.

He has been, for almost 60 years, an important spiritual speaker and writer, having devoted more than 50 years to spirituality and more than 40 years dedicated taking care of the street children of Salvador, Bahia.

On 15 August 1952, he founded (along with Nilson de Souza Pereira), the "House of Assistance" (Mansão do Caminho), responsible for the orientation and education of over 33,000 devoid children and adolescents.

## The First Years

Divaldo graduated from the Escola Normal Rural de Feira de Santana, where he received his Primary School Professor diploma in 1943. Since his infancy, he claimed to be able to communicate with spirits.

When he was young, he was traumatized by the death of his two older brothers, so much so that he became sick. He was taken to several Medical specialists, none of them could give a satisfactory diagnosis. After this, he met Dr. Ana Ribeiro Borges, who persuaded him to take up the spiritist doctrine. During his period of convalescence, he dedicated himself to the study of spiritism. After the body health be restored, he continued studying the spiritism.
Coma

**Coma** is a medical term. It is a state of deep and prolonged unconsciousness. People who are in that state cannot be woken up. They also do not react to pain or light. Coma can result from various conditions. Some of these are intoxication, poisons, damages or diseases of the nervous system. It can also be the result of certain drugs. Doctors sometimes put patients that have very bad injuries into a coma. There are different levels of coma. Comas usually do not last more than several weeks, but those several weeks could be disastrous. Sometimes only basic bodily functions are left over. Intensive hospital care is often needed to recover some of these functions.

Some comas can last years, but these are usually not woken up from. The family of a coma victim (or whoever has the power of Attorney) can sign papers so that they are taken off of life support and then will die.
Favism

**Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency** (sometimes also called **G6PD deficiency**, or **favism**) is a hereditary disease. This means it is passed on through the genes from a parent to the child. It leads to a form of anaemia. There are some means to treat it, though the focus of the doctors now lies on prevention. As it is linked to the X chromosome, most people who suffer from it are men.

## Pathology

Sufferers cannot make the enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, making the circulation of sugar in their body different. More red blood cells would be destroyed because of it. About 400 million people suffer from this condition. Very often, it can be found in regions where there is also malaria. This is because the red blood cells found in people with favism are not targeted by malaria. This condition may result from an allergy to alkaloids in Vicia faba, including Faba beans, Broad beans and Windsor beans.
South Pacific

**South Pacific** is the name for a geographical region of the world. It includes regions of the Pacific Ocean which lie south of the Equator: Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea, and parts of Oceania.
Guido von List

**Guido (von) List** (born **Karl Anton List**; 5 October 1848 in Vienna – 17 May 1919 in Berlin) was an Austrian writer. His works were influenced very much by ideas of race. He was influenced by Arthur de Gobineau, Helena Petrovna Blavatsky, and others. He believed there was a global jewish conspiracy. He thought that the conspiracy threatened those he believed to be the Aryan race. He also believed that runes had magic power. His beliefs were not unpopular in Western Europe in the 19th century. He was an occultist. A contemporary of his was Houston Steward Chamberlain. Chambelain lived at the same time as he did. One of his successors was Jörg Lanz von Liebenfels.

**Swastika**

He is attributed with suggesting the swastika as the symbol for all “anti-Semitic” organizations. This symbol was later introduced in the Nazi flag inside a white circle with a red background.

## Other websites

- The Guido von List website
- ‘Der Meister' Guido von List and the Controversy of ‘von'
- The Armanen Futharkh: A Controversial Rune Row?
- Works by and about Guido von List in the German National Library catalogue
- Armanenschaft glossary
- Das Geheimnis der Runen (The Secret of the Runes).pdf) (German)
- Die Armanenschaft der Ario-Germanen (The Armanism of the Ario-Germans).pdf) (German)
- Die Rita der Ario-Germanen (The Rites of the Ario-Germans).pdf) (German)
- On the German Wotan Priestcraft.pdf) (German)
Franklins

**Franklins** is a cheap supermarket company in New South Wales in Australia. At one time, it had shops in other states of Australia.

The name of the shops is named after **Frank** **Lin**d**s**trom, who started Franklins in 1941 in the city of Sydney in Australia. The shops were created in a time when other supermarkets had low prices, by keeping expenses low. It grew to cover much of New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria and South Australia with a reputation for low prices on groceries. It claims to be _Australia's Original Discount Grocer_.

Franklins was the first supermarket in Australia to have brand name products. These products are called No Frills. In fact, the company's shops only sold these products when it first came about. It started out with a few products but now they have 800 products. This ranges from bread to window cleaners. Today, a mascot of Franklins called Red Sock advertises these products.

Franklins offers a wide range of products including No Frills. Franklins mostly deals in food and everyday articles. It even has Franklins brand name products like bread and meat.

A wide range of people shop at Franklins to buy a wide range of articles. In some shops, people can buy their food and everyday articles at Franklins. They can then buy their fresh food outside of the store. In other stores, people can get fresh food articles as well as food and everyday articles all in the one place. Franklins even has a 'bottle shop' inside a few stores where people can get their beer and wine from. These places are both cheap and convenient to shop in.

When Franklins first started, their business philosophy was like Aldi's: _No extras, no service, no music and no electronic cash - only articles at extremely low prices_ or as Franklins had put it: _Strictly No Frills_. Because of big competition with other "good-looking" shops, it no longer follows this philosophy.

Franklins is still cheap but it has more competition from other markets, such as Aldi. Today, Franklins is owned by the Pick n Pay supermarket company from the country of South Africa. It has opened _Franklins Family Supermarkets_ in 2006, independently franchise shops of both Franklins and Pick n Pay.
Hannover 96

**Hannover 96**, also sometimes called **Hanover 96** in English, is a sports club in Hanover, a city in northern Germany.

The sports club was founded in 1896. Hannover 96 is famous for its football (AE: "Soccer") team that has almost always played in the first or second German football league (Except 1996-1998).

Hannover 96 was German Football Champion in 1938 and 1954 and German Cup winner in 1992. The club played eight seasons in European cup competitions (24 matches).

Home stadium of Hannover 96 is the HDI-Arena (capacity: 49.000).

In 1963 the German national Football League, the _Fußball-Bundesliga_ was founded. Hannover 96 joined the Bundesliga in 1964 and played there for the following ten years. In the 1970s and 1980s the club went down to the second league and up again several times. In the 1990s Hannover 96 played eight seasons in the second _Bundesliga_ and two years in the third league, the _Regionalliga Nord_ (1996-98).

Since 2002, Hannover 96 is (again) a member of the first German Football league, the Bundesliga.

Some famous players who have been in the team for a long time: Altin Lala Albanian national player, Steven Cherundolo, USA-national player, Robert Enke, former German national goalkeeper.

The coach of the football team (August 2014) is Taifun Korkut, the club's president is Martin Kind.

Former Coaches: Dieter Hecking 2009, Andreas Bergmann 2009, Peter Neururer 2006, Ewald Lienen 2005, Ralf Rangnick 2004, Horst Ehrmanntraut 2001, ......

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Hannover 96
- **image**: Hannover 96 Logo.svg
- **fullname**: Hannoverscher Sportverein von 1896
- **founded**: 1896
- **ground**: HDI-Arena
- **capacity**: 49,000
- **chairman**: Martin Kind
- **manager**: Taifun Korkut
- **league**: German Bundesliga, Bundesliga
- **season**: German Bundesliga 2014-15, 2014-15
- **position**: German Bundesliga, Bundesliga, 15th
AWD-Arena

The **HDI-Arena** is a football stadium in Hanover, a city in north Germany. It is the home stadium of the football club Hannover 96. The HDI-Arena was built from 1952 to 1954 and called "Niedersachsenstadion" (stadium of lower Saxony) and later "AWD-Arena". Lower Saxony is a German federal state and Hanover is its capital.

Originally the Niedersachsenstadium was large enough to hold about 80.000 people. It was changed for international football championships in 1974 and 1988, especially changing standing room into seats. In 2003, it became changed to be used only for football and the name was sold to the German company of AWD. Today it can hold 49.000 people.

In 2006, the Football World Championships were played there.