Johor

**Johor** (last time known as **Johore**, Jawi script: جوهر) is a state of Malaysia. It is one of the most developed states in Malaysia. The capital city and royal seat of Johor is Johor Bahru, once known as Tanjung Puteri. The old state capital is Johor Lama. The Arabic honorific of the state is **Darul Ta'zim** ("Abode of Dignity'). Johor is surrounded by Pahang to the north, Melaka and Negeri Sembilan to the northwest, and the Straits of Johor to the south which is divided by the international border between Malaysia and the Republic of Singapore. Tanjung Piai, in the district of Pontian, is the most southerly point of mainland Asia.

## History

The name "Johor" came from the Arabic word _Jauhar_, 'gem/precious stone' . Before the name Johor was taken up, the area south of the Muar River to Singapore island  was known as _Ujung Tanah_ or 'land's end' in Malay, due to its location at the end of the Malay Peninsula. Coincidentally, Johor is the most southerly point of the Asian continental mainland.

### Ports

Johor has three ports: Pasir Gudang Port, Port of Tanjung Pelepas and Tanjung Langsat Port.

### Airports

Johor has one international airport, the Senai International Airport in Senai. It was opened on 6 June 1974 and has been expanded several times ever since. Currently, it has a 5 million passenger capacity with parallel taxiway under construction.

The airport is also a regional hub of AirAsia, a regional low-cost no-frills airline. Malaysia Airlines also operate flights from Senai airport to some local and international destinations.

### Monarchy

Johor is a constitutional monarchy. It was the first state in Malaysia which adopted the constitutional monarchy system, and its laws are stated in _Undang-undang Tubuh Negeri Johor_ (Johor State Establishment Constitution), written by Sultan Abu Bakar. The constitutional head of Johor is the Sultan. This position can only be passed down and held by a member of the Johor Royal Family, who is descended from Sultan Abu Bakar. The State's Sultan since 1981 has been Sultan Iskandar Al-Haj.

Johor was the first state and currently the only state in Malaysia that has its own military force called Johor Military Force or 'Timbalan Setia Negeri'. It is a private army of the Sultan of Johor paid by the state government.

### State government

The state government is led by the Chief Minister or Menteri Besar. The current Chief Minister is Dato' Abdul Ghani Othman, a former civil servant. The Chief Minister is assisted by an executive council (exco), whose members are selected from the state assembly members.

The legislative branch of Johor's government is the Johor State Assembly. The state assembly makes laws in matters on the state. Members of the assembly are elected every five years in an election.

### Major tourist attractions

Among the popular tourist destinations in Johor are:
1. Desaru - beaches & golf courses along the South China Sea
1. Johor Bahru - shopping, night market, colonial/royal district
1. Endau Rompin National Park - pristine jungle
1. Kota Tinggi 34 meter waterfall.
1. Kukup - a fishing village with seafood restaurants built over water
1. Muar - picturesque riverside town
1. Seribuat Archipelago - islands with beautiful beaches, coral reefs
1. Tanjung Piai - the southernmost tip of mainland Asia
1. Danga Bay - waterfront city
1. Pekan Air Panas - hot springs,waterfall,local fruits available
1. Kota Iskandar - administrative capital of Johor

### National parks and forest reserves

Johor is also known for its national parks. Johor currently has five national parks, with a combined area of more than 700 km² and several smaller recreational forest. Almost all recreational parks are based around a mountain. Johor also has the third largest mangrove forest reserve in Peninsular Malaysia (167 km²).

### Physical

In the official census of 2010, the  population of Johor was 3.35 million people with 48% Malays, 40% Chinese, 8% Indians and 4% others. It is the fifth largest state (18,984 km²) of Malaysia. It is the southernmost state in Peninsular Malaysia being South of Melaka, Negeri Sembilan and Pahang and North of Straits of Johor. The highest point in Johor is Gunung (mountain) Ledang (1276 m). Gunung Ledang is also known as Mount Ophir. Johor is the only state in Malaysia which has a 400 km beach stretching on both the East and the West coast.

Johor has 8 large islands with numerous smaller ones.
1. Pulau Tinggi
1. Pulau Rawa
1. Pulau Sibu
1. Pulau Tengah
1. Pulau Pemanggil
1. Pulau Aur
1. Pulau Besar
1. Pulau Lima

### Weather

Johor experiences wet equatorial weather with monsoon rain from Nov until Feb blowing from the South China Sea. Average annual rainfall is 1778 mm with average temperature of between 25.5 °C (78 °F) and 27.8 °C (82 °F). Humidity is between 82 and 86%.

#### Hundred Year Peak Rain Fall

On 19 December 2006, continuously heavy downpour occurred in Johor. Many towns such as Muar, Kota Tinggi and Segamat were seriously flooded with water levels as high as  above ground level recorded in some areas. 15 lives were lost and many possessions were destroyed and this resulted in huge financial losses in Johor. More than 100,000 victims were evacuated to flood relief centres.

### Links to Singapore

Johor is connected to Singapore by two roads: the Johor-Singapore Causeway and the Malaysia-Singapore Second Link.

The Johor-Singapore Causeway (length: 1038 m) was designed by Messrs Coode, Fizmaurice, Wilson and Mitchell of Westminster, while the construction contract was awarded to Topham, Jones & Railton Ltd of London. It started in 1909 as a railway link by Johor State Railway to connect Johor Bahru to Singapore, then the administrative headquarters of British interests in South-East Asia. Construction of the road section started in 1919 and was completed in 1923.

## Other websites

- Johor Chief Minister Office Official Website
- Johor Chief Minister Office Official Website, Media and Communication Unit(MedKom)
- History of the Johor Empire

## Infobox (mapframe)

- **frame-width**: 250
- **zoom**: 8


## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Johor
- **official name**: State and Occupied Territories of Johor, the Abode of Dignity

- **settlement type**: States and federal territories of Malaysia, State
- **translit lang1**: Other
- **translit lang1 type1**: Jawi alphabet, Jawi
- **translit lang1 type2**: Chinese language, Chinese
- **translit lang1 type3**: Tamil language, Tamil
- **translit lang1 info3**:
 _Jokūr_
- **image flag**: Flag of Johor.svg
- **flag alt**: Flag of Johor
- **image shield**: Coat of arms of Johor.svg
- **shield alt**: Coat of arms of Johor
- **nickname**: _Darul Ta'zim_

- **motto**:

- **anthem**: _Johor State Anthem, Lagu Bangsa Johor_

<div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;"></div>
- **image map**: Johor in Malaysia.svg
- **map caption**: **Johor** in  **Malaysia**
- **seat type**: List of capitals in Malaysia, Capital

- **seat**: Johor Bahru
- **parts type**: Royal capital
- **parts style**: para
- **p1**: Muar (town), Muar
- **government type**: Parliamentary system, Parliamentary constitutional monarchy
- **leader title**: Sultan of Johor, Sultan
- **leader name**: Ibrahim Ismail of Johor, Ibrahim Ismail
- **leader title1**: Sultan of Johor, Regent
- **leader name1**: Tunku Ismail Idris, Tunku Ismail
- **leader title2**: List of Menteris Besar of Johor, Menteri Besar
- **leader name2**: Onn Hafiz Ghazi (Barisan Nasional, BN-United Malays National Organisation, UMNO)
- **blank name sec1**: Sultanate of Johor, Johor Sultanate
- **blank info sec1**: 1528
- **blank1 name sec1**: Anglo–Johor Treaty
- **blank1 info sec1**: 1885
- **blank2 name sec1**: Undang-undang Tubuh Negeri Johor, Johore State Constitution
- **blank2 info sec1**: 14 April 1895
- **blank3 name sec1**: British protectorate
- **blank3 info sec1**: 1914
- **blank4 name sec1**: Japanese occupation of Malaya, Japanese occupation
- **blank4 info sec1**: 31 January 1942
- **blank1 name sec2**: Accession into the Federation of Malaya
- **blank1 info sec2**: 1948
- **blank2 name sec2**: Independence as part of the Federation of Malaya
- **blank2 info sec2**: 31 August 1957
- **blank3 name sec2**: Federated as part of Malaysia
- **blank3 info sec2**: 16 September 1963
- **area total km2**: 19166
- **elevation max ft**: 4186
- **elevation max point**: Mount Ledang
- **population total**: 4,009,670 (States and federal territories of Malaysia, 2nd)
- **population as of**: 2020
- **population density km2**: 209.2
- **population demonym**: Johorean / Johorian
- **demographics type1**: Demographics
- **demographics1 title1**: Ethnic composition
- **demographics1 title2**: Dialects
- **demographics1 info2**: Johor-Riau MalayTerengganu MalayJakun language, JakunDuano' language, Duano'Orang Seletar language, Orang Seletar
Other #Languages, ethnic minority languages
- **demographics type2**: State Index
- **demographics2 title1**: List of Malaysian states by Human Development Index, HDI
- **demographics2 info1**: 0.825 (<span style="color:#090;">very high</span>) (List of Malaysian states by Human Development Index, 6th)
- **demographics2 title2**: Total fertility rate, TFR
- **demographics2 info2**: 2.1
- **demographics2 title3**: Gross domestic product, GDP
- **demographics2 info3**: Malaysian ringgit, RM131.1 billion, United States dollar, USD29.26 billion
- **demographics2 title4**: GDP per capita
- **demographics2 info4**: Malaysian ringgit, RM32,696, United States dollar, USD7,297
- **timezone1**: Malaysian Standard Time, MST
- **utc offset1**: +8
- **postal code type**: List of postal codes in Malaysia, Postal code
- **postal code**: 79xxx to 86xxx, 73400
- **area code type**: Telephone numbers in Malaysia, Calling code
- **area code**: 07
06 (Muar and Tangkak)
- **iso code**: MY-01, 21–24
- **registration plate**: Malaysian vehicle license plates, J
- **footnotes**: Kota Iskandar, Iskandar Puteri is the state administrative centre and the seat of the Johor state government (Johor State Executive Council, executive branch & Johor State Legislative Assembly, legislative branch). However, Johor Bahru remains the official capital of the Johor state.
 Except Muar (town), Muar and Tangkak District, Tangkak.