juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
True bug

The **true bugs** are an order of insects. Biologists call true bugs the **Hemiptera**. There are around 80,000 species of true bugs. The word _bug_ by itself can have other meanings.

There are many different kinds of true bugs, some of which are aphids, cicadas, planthoppers, shield bugs, and others. All of these are true bugs. Their size is from 1 mm to over 10 cm. All true bugs have similar mouthparts, which they use to suck up plant sap.

## Features of true bugs

Bugs have piercing, sucking mouthparts: this defines the Hemiptera. They pierce plants with their long, tube-like mouth, called a proboscis or a beak. They cannot chew. The true bug pumps saliva through this mouth, to partly digest their food. It then sucks up the food, which is usually plant sap.

The name "Hemiptera" is from the Greek: it means _hemi_ (half) and _pteron_ (wing). Most true bugs have half of their front wings hardened and have the other half soft. These wings are called _hemelytra_ (singular _hemelytron_), because they halfway look like the hard wings (elytra) of beetles. The hind wings are totally soft and are shorter than the front wings.

The antennae of bugs usually have five segments. The tarsi (foot parts) of their legs have three or fewer segments.
Bug

**Bug** can mean many different things:

- Biology
- True bug, a group of insects
- Bug, a slang word for a pathogen that makes organisms ill
- Bug, a slang word for an insect, such as an ant or a beetle

- Technology
- Software bug, a problem with the code in a computer program
- Bug, a device for telephone tapping
- Bug, a nickname for a Volkswagen Beetle because of its shape

- Other
- Western Bug and Southern Bug, two rivers in Poland and Ukraine
- Something that irritates somebody, such as "My loud neighbour really bugs me!"
Dayton, Ohio

**Dayton** is a large city in the American state of Ohio. It is where Orville and Wilbur Wright grew up. The Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, also near Dayton, gets part of its name from the Wright brothers. The National Museum of the United States Air Force is inside the Wright-Patterson Air Force Base.

Dayton has a humid continental climate (_Dfa_ in the Koeppen climate classification).

Numerous inventions are attributed to residents of Dayton, earning it the nickname of "Patent City, USA".  Some of the more important inventions include the airplane, the cash register, the automatic starter for automobiles, pop-top cans, the step ladder, the ice cube tray, backpack parachute, the motorized wheelchair, gas masks, LCD displays, Cheez-It crackers, the bar code, and the movie projector.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Dayton, Ohio
- **named for**: Jonathan Dayton
- **settlement type**: City
- **image flag**: Flag_of_Dayton,_Ohio.svg
- **image seal**: Seal of Dayton, Ohio.png
- **nickname**: The Gem City, Birthplace of Aviation
- **image map**: Montgomery County Ohio incorporated and unincorporated areas Dayton highlighted.svg
- **map caption**: Location in Montgomery County, Ohio, Montgomery County and the state of Ohio
- **pushpin map**: USA
- **pushpin relief**: yes
- **pushpin label**: Dayton
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in the United States
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: Ohio
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Ohio, County
- **subdivision name2**: Montgomery County, Ohio, Montgomery
- **established title**: Founded
- **established date**: 1796
- **established title2**: Incorporated
- **established title3**:  
- **established date3**: 1841 (city)
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total sq mi**: 56.96
- **area land sq mi**: 55.81
- **area water sq mi**: 1.15
- **area total km2**: 147.52
- **area land km2**: 144.54
- **area water km2**: 2.99
- **elevation ft**: 742
- **population total**: 137644
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population density sq mi**: 2466.47
- **population density km2**: 952.31
- **population urban**: 674,046 (US: List of United States urban areas, 64th)
- **population density urban km2**: 813.6
- **population density urban sq mi**: 2,107.1
- **population metro**: 814,049 (US: List of Metropolitan Statistical Areas, 72nd)
- **timezone**: Eastern Standard Time Zone, EST
- **utc offset**: −5
- **timezone dst**: Eastern Daylight Time, EDT
- **utc offset dst**: −4
- **postal code type**: ZIP Codes
- **area code type**: North American Numbering Plan, Area codes
- **area code**: Area codes 937 and 326, 937, 326
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 39113
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 1086167
- **image blank emblem**: City of Dayton logo.svg
- **blank emblem type**: Logo
Native Esperanto speakers

**Native Esperanto speakers** are people who learned Esperanto as one of their first languages. Esperanto is not spoken in any countries as an official language, so they must become bilingual, trilingual, or multilingual. Native Esperanto speakers can use this language completely and more fluently than non-native Esperanto speakers. There are not very many native Esperanto speakers. It is thought that no more than one or two thousand people speak Esperanto as their first language.

Children who learned Esperanto as one of their first languages speak with grammar like the other languages they learned.

## Related pages

- Constructed language
Soldering iron

A **soldering iron** is a device used for attaching wires and electronic components together with solder (usually a mixture of tin and lead). This action is called soldering. They can also be used for other tasks such as fixing jewelry. There are several different kinds of soldering irons, such as ones that make use of transformers, or ones that heat up to higher temperatures than others. Some even use natural gas.

A soldering iron stand can be used to hold the iron. It is usually a flat metal stand with a coil that holds the iron.
Hungarian Vizsla

**Hungarian Vizsla** is a dog breed. Vizslas are known for being affectionate and not aggressive. They originated in Hungary and are excellent hunting dogs.

## History

The breed was developed from dogs used by Hungarian tribes. Vizslas were owned by sporting nobility of Hungary who use to hunt with them. They were used to hunt deer, wild boar and wolf. The breed  almost disappeared during the First World War and Second. Dogs were smuggled out of Hungary during the Second World War. These dogs were used later to breed in other countries.

## Appearance and personality

Hungarian Vizsla's have a dark gold coat. Some dogs may also have small white marks on their feet and/or chest.
They are active, enthusiastic, friendly. Vizslas need human company to stay happy. They do not make good kennel dogs.

### Exercise needs

Daily exercise and mental tasks are necessary. Outside they are very active. Indoors, Vizslas can be quite inactive. The dogs prefer to rest beside their owners. Some are quite demanding of attention. If Vizslas do not receive enough  exercise, they will become bored. If bored, they may choose to do to amuse themselves with digging or chewing on things.
Drawing (manufacturing)

**Drawing** is a manufacturing process for producing a wire, bar or tube by pulling on a material until it increases in length. This is typically accompanied by a thinning out of the material, usually through a reduction in the girth.

This technique has long been used to produce flexible metal wire by drawing the material through a series of holes of decreasing size. More recently drawing has been used with molten glass to produce high quality optical fibers.
Manufacturing

**Manufacturing** is producing goods out of raw materials. It is a branch of industry. It includes making big, complicated things that need many steps to finish, and small, simple things. Often machines are involved in manufacturing.

In the past, products were made by handicraft workers using tools and manual labor. In modern times, most manufacturing jobs were replaced by automated machines in a factory, which made the products much faster and in turn - cheaper than humans could.

## Related pages

- Flexible manufacturing system

## Other websites

- How Everyday Things Are Made
- Engineers Edge
- Manufacturers Alliance
- Logistics Quarterly
- National Association of Manufacturers
Finished goods

**Finished goods** are goods that have completed required manufacturing process and are ready to be fitted/mixed/processed with final product.  The final product itself could also be called finished goods.
Examples: cars, clothing, food, furniture etc.

## Manufacturing

In manufacturing there are three different sorts of stuff:

1. Raw material
1. Work in process
1. **Finished goods**

Something bought as a "raw material" is used to manufacture a product.  A thing that is not completed during the manufacturing process is called "work in process".  When the manufacturing of the thing is completed but it is not yet sold or distributed to the end-user, it is called a "finished good".

"Finished good" is a relative term. Finished goods of a supplier can be the raw material of the buyer. For example, a paper mill sells paper to a book publisher who uses it as raw material.
Good (economics)

A **good** in economics is any object or product (factors of production) that is useful. A commodity is one kind of good.

A good that cannot be used by consumers directly, such as an office building or capital equipment, can be called a good because it can be useful if it is sold. A 'good' in economic usage does not necessarily mean that the object is good in a moral sense.

If an object or service is sold for a positive price, then it is a good, since the purchaser considers the utility of the object or service more valuable than the money. Some things are useful but not scarce, such as air, and are referred to as _free goods_ and _common goods_.

In macroeconomics and accounting, a good is contrasted with a service. A good here is defined as a physical product that one can deliver to a buyer. The service is not an object, but an action that benefits someone. A more general term that preserves the distinction between goods and services is 'commodities'. In microeconomics, 'good' is often used in this more inclusive sense of a commodity.

## Reference

- Business Dictionary
Ruslana

**Ruslana Stepanivna Lyzhychko** (May 24, 1973) is a popular Ukrainian pop singer, composer, producer, conductor and dancer. She was born in the city of Lviv in Ukraine. She won the Eurovision Song Contest in Istanbul in 2004.

She is also a former Member of Parliament serving as deputy in the Ukrainian parliament (Verkhovna Rada) for the Our Ukraine Party.

## Human rights

In 2014, Ruslana became a leader in the Maidan movement for human rights and democratic reform in Ukraine.   During the demonstrations, Ruslana stayed on the streets.  At night she slept in a cold tent.  Every night she sang the Ukrainian national anthem for the protestors. When the government police came, she stayed on the stage.  She told the protesters to stay calm.  She told the police to respect human rights.

Ruslana was also in the 2004 Orange Revolution.  She was UNICEF National Ambassador in Ukraine in 2005. In 2008 she spoke for green energy.

## Awards

In 2014 Ruslana received the International Women of Courage Award form the U.S. Department of State.

### Albums

- Myt Vesny - Dzvinkiy viter _(Moments of Spring - Sonorous wind)_ (1998)
- Ostanne Risdvo x-90 _(Last Christmas of the 90ies)_ (1999)
- Najkrashche _(The Best)_ (2001)
- Dobriy vechir, tobi... _(Good evening to you...)_ (2002)
- Dyki Tantsi _(Wild Dances)_ (2003)
- Dyki Tantsi (Eurobonus) (2004)
- Wild Dances (2004)
- Wild Dances (New Year Edition) (2005)
- Club'in (2006)

### Singles

- Wild Dances (2004)
- Dance with the Wolves (2004)
- The Same Star (2005)
- Dyka Energyia _(Wild Energy)_ (2006)

## Other websites

- Official website of Ruslana
- Official Fan Club of Ruslana
- RuslanaTV
- RuslanaTube on YouTube
- 2015 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr
- Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)
Mustard plant

The word **mustard** is used to refer to several species of plants. These plants belong to the genera _Brassica_ or _Sinapis_. They have tiny seeds. These seeds can be used as a condiment. When they are first ground, and then mixed with water, vinegar and other ingredients, a condiment called mustard can be made. The seeds can also be pressed, to give a kind of oil called _mustard oil_. Some kinds of mustard plants have edible leaves. These leaves are known as _mustard greens_.

Mild white mustard (_Sinapis hirta_) grows wild in North Africa, the Middle East and Mediterranean Europe and has spread farther by long cultivation; brown or Indian mustard (_B. juncea_), originally from the foothills of the Himalaya, is grown commercially in the UK, Canada and the US; black mustard (_B. nigra_) in Argentina, Chile, the US and some European countries.

In addition to the mustards, the genus _Brassica_ also includes cabbages, cauliflower, rapeseed and turnips.

There has been recent research into varieties of mustards that have a high oil content for use in the production of biodiesel, a renewable liquid fuel similar to diesel fuel. The biodiesel made from mustard oil has good cold flow properties and cetane ratings. The leftover meal after pressing out the oil has also been found to be an effective pesticide.

An interesting genetic relationship between many species of mustard have been observed.

The mustard plant is in no way related to mustard gas, an agent for chemical warfare.
Mustard gas

||Sulfur mustard (HD)|
| --- | --- |
|align="center" colspan="2" bgcolor="#ffffff"||
|Systematic name|Bis (2-chloroethyl) sulfide|
|Other names|Iprit Kampfstoff "Lost" Lost Mustard gas Senfgas Yellow Cross Liquid Yperite|
|Molecular formula|C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>8</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub>S|
|Molar mass|159 g/mol|
|Appearance|Colorless if pure. Normally ranges from pale yellow to dark brown. Slight garlic type odor.|

**Mustard gas** or **sulfur mustard** is a chemical compound which has been used as a chemical weapon. It was used in World War I by the German Army against British and Canadian soldiers near Ypres, Belgium, in 1917. Later it was also used against the French Second Army.

Most sulfur mustards are viscous (squishy) liquids with no color and no smell when they are at room temperature. When used in warfare, they are yellowish or brown. Some of them smell like culinary mustard (the type used for food), horseradish or garlic. They got their name from the smell, but are completely unrelated to culinary mustard.

Sulfur mustard is the organic compound with formula (ClCH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub>S. The pure compound has a melting point of 14 °C (57 °F) and decomposes before boiling at 218 °C (424 °F).

## History

Sulfur mustard (in its form mustard gas) was synthesized by Frederick Guthrie in 1860. It may have been discovered as early as the 1820s by M. Depretz.

### Use as a chemical weapon

Mustard gas was widely used as a chemical weapon during World War I. After the war, theGeneva Protocol of 1925 outlawed the use of poison gas during warfare.

Later, in 1993, the Chemical Weapons Convention also made it illegal to produce or stockpile (collect) poison gases. Despite these prohibitions, mustard gas has been used in several wars.

## Related pages

- Chemical weapons in World War I
Amelia Earhart

**Amelia Mary Earhart** (born July 24, 1897 – disappeared July 2, 1937, declared dead January 5, 1939) was an American aviator, one of the first women to fly a plane long distances. She was the first woman to fly a plane by herself across the Atlantic Ocean. She broke many records and showed how air travel had moved forward. She also wrote books, most of them were about her flights. Earhart vanished over the South Pacific Ocean on July 2, 1937 while trying to fly around the world with Frederick Joseph Noonan. She was declared dead on July 3, 1937.

Many theories stand in place about Amelia's end. Some believe she was a spy for the U.S. government and was captured by the Japanese on Gardner Island, others say she faked her death. The most plausible though is many researchers believe, which is that the Electra ran out of fuel and that Earhart and Noonan ditched at sea. The "crash and sink" theory is often the most widely accepted explanation of Earhart’s and Noonan’s fate.

However, there is a range of documented, archaeological, and anecdotal evidence supporting the hypothesis that Earhart and Noonan found Gardner Island, uninhabited at the time, landed the Electra on a flat reef near the wreck of a freighter, and sent sporadic radio messages from there. It has been surmised that Earhart and Noonan might have survived on Nikumaroro for several weeks before succumbing.

## Other websites

- Official Amelia Earhart Website
- Amelia Earhart at Find a Grave

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Amelia Earhart
- **image**: Amelia Earhart standing under nose of her Lockheed Model 10-E Electra, small (cropped).jpg
- **birth name**: Amelia Mary Earhart
- **birth place**: Atchison, Kansas, U.S.
- **death place**: Pacific Ocean en route to Howland Island from Lae, Territory of New Guinea, New Guinea
- **signature**: Amelia Earhart's signature.svg
- **signature size**: 200px
Situation comedy

A **situation comedy**, usually called a **sitcom**, is a type of comedy program. Sitcoms were first on radio, before television was invented, but are now on television and are a large part of the programs shown. Sitcoms usually have the same characters in the same places (for example; a home, a workplace, a bar, a city or town) on every episode.
Frank Sinatra

**Francis Albert "Frank" Sinatra**   (December 12, 1915 – May 14, 1998) was an American singer and actor. His singing career was 60 years long, and more than 150 million records of his have been sold worldwide. Sinatra is widely regarded as one of the best and most admired popular singers in the history of American standards.

He is also well known by the nickname "Old Blue Eyes". _The New York Times_ said he was "the first modern pop superstar". At first, he was mostly known as a _crooner_, a singer of love songs. By the 1950s and 1960s, he was singing swing and jazz songs as well.
Sinatra was also part of the Rat Pack, a group of entertainers (musicians and actors), in the 1950s and 1960s. The name was informal, and the group was not an official organization of any sort, but a group of friends. Members of the Rat Pack included Sinatra, Dean Martin, Sammy Davis, Jr., Peter Lawford, and Joey Bishop, as well as (more loosely) Humphrey Bogart, Judy Garland, Lauren Bacall, Sidney Luft, and Shirley MacLaine.

## Early life

He was born in Hoboken, New Jersey to Italian immigrants.

## Acting career

Sinatra was also an actor. He was in movies such as _The Manchurian Candidate_, _From Here to Eternity_, and _The Man With The Golden Arm_. He won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance in _From Here To Eternity_.

## Personal life

Sinatra was married 4 times. He was married to Nancy Barbato from 1939 to 1951, to Ava Gardner from 1951 to 1957, to Mia Farrow from 1966 to 1968, and to Barbara Marx from 1976 until his death on May 14, 1998.

## Death

Sinatra died on May 14, 1998 at 10:50 pm  at the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, California, after suffering a heart attack. His wife Barbara was at his side. The words "The best is yet to come" are written on his gravestone.

## Bibliography

• Gildo De Stefano, _The Voice - Vita e italianità di Frank Sinatra_, Coniglio Press, Roma 2011

## Other websites

- Album "Songs for Young Lovers" at YouTube
- Hear Frank Sinatra on the Pop Chronicles

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **embed**: yes
- **background**: solo_singer
- **instrument**: Vocals


## Infobox (person)

- **honorific suffix**: Order of Merit of the Italian Republic, OMRI
- **name**: Frank Sinatra
- **image**: Frank Sinatra laughing.jpg
- **caption**: Frank Sinatra in 1960
- **birth name**: Francis Albert Sinatra
- **birth place**: Hoboken, New Jersey, U.S.
- **death place**: Los Angeles, California, U.S.
- **burial place**: Desert Memorial Park, Cathedral City, California, U.S.
- **years active**: 1935–1995
Bing Crosby

**Harry Lillis** "**Bing**" **Crosby Jr.** (May 3, 1903 – October 14, 1977) was an American singer and actor. His singing career was around fifty years long and more than 1 billion records of his have been sold worldwide. Crosby is known for creating the style of music that Perry Como, Frank Sinatra,  Dean Martin , Elvis Presley,  John Lennon  would later copy. Crosby said that he was inspired by Al Jolson.

He sang "White Christmas" and it became "the best-selling record of all time." Irving Berlin wrote this song. In 1962, Crosby became the first person ever to receive the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award.

Crosby won the Academy Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role for his role in _Going My Way_.

Crosby was married twice. First to Dixie Lee from 1930 until her death in 1952. They had four children. He was then married to Kathryn Grant from 1957 until his death in 1977. They had three children.

Crosby was a Roman Catholic. He died of a heart attack in Alcobendas, Spain.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **embed**: yes


## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Bing Crosby
- **image**: Bing Crosby Paramount Pictures.jpg
- **caption**: Crosby,  1940
- **birth name**: Harry Lillis Crosby Jr.
- **birth place**: Tacoma, Washington, U.S.
- **death place**: Alcobendas, Spain
- **resting place**: Holy Cross Cemetery, Culver City, Holy Cross Cemetery
- **years active**: 1923–1977
- **alma mater**: Gonzaga University
- **children**: Gary Crosby (actor), Gary, Dennis Crosby, Dennis, Phillip Crosby, Phillip, Lindsay Crosby, Lindsay (with Dixie)
Harry Crosby (businessman), Harry III, Mary Crosby, Mary, Nathaniel Crosby, Nathaniel (with Kathryn)
- **signature**: Bing Crosby signature.svg
Felt

**Felt** is a type of cloth or textile. It is a complex network of threads or yarns. They are pressed together usually when wet. This is _matting_ fibers, with water and soap. It may also be made by poking the fibers with barbed needles. Felt can be made by hand, or by machine. The fiber can be wool or fur or artificial fibers.

People have been making felt longer than any other kind of fabric. Felt can be of any color, and made into any shape or size. Felt is used to make many things like clothing, hats, and rugs. Nomadic people in many countries live in tents made of felt.

Felt is used for many different things. Today, people use felt for hat-making, insulating (making warm), sound-proofing, and cushioning.

## Felt versus fabric

The difference between felt and most fabrics, like denim, is that most fabrics have a regular criss-cross, in-and-out weaving pattern, but felt is a messy jumble of fibers.

Most fabrics are woven for strength and smoothness: they need carding to straighten the fibers, spinning to turn fibers into long threads and weaving to make fabric.

Felt only needs a carding comb. Because of this, felt was often used by nomadic people.
Racial segregation

**Racial segregation** refers to laws that keep people of different races away from each other. It was common in the past. Racial equality, equity and justice, including racial integration, are more common now. Under racial segregation, buildings and services might be unavailable to people of certain races. Segregate means separate. "Segregation" is commonly used to refer to racial segregation on its own.

Ethnic neighborhoods have existed for thousands of years. Sometimes they have been enforced by law or custom. Ancient Sparta forbad the native Helots from living near the ruling Spartiates, and Jerusalem for centuries had a Jewish Quarter, Muslim Quarter, Armenian Quarter, Bukharan Quarter, and so forth.
Torrance, California

**Torrance** is a city in southwest Los Angeles, California. Jared Torrance founded it in 1911. In 2020, there were 147,067 people living in Torrance. It is the eighth biggest city in Los Angeles county.

## Things to See

- Del Amo Fashion center is one of the biggest malls in the United States.
- Madrona Marsh is a nature center that protects wild animals and plants.
- Torrance Beach is between Redondo Beach and Malaga Cove.
- The Armed Forces Day Parade shows people many military vehicles and soldiers.
- Torrance High School is one of the oldest high schools in California. Many television shows used Torrance High, for example _Buffy the Vampire Slayer_ and _She's All That_.
- Alpine Village is a restaurant, market, and mall. Oktoberfest is held here.

## Trivia

- It is where superstar teens Alyson Michalka and Amanda Michalka were born.

## Other websites

- City of Torrance official website
Chuck Berry

**Marco Victor Berry** (October 18, 1926 – March 18, 2017) was an American singer, guitarist, and songwriter. He was one of the original musicians who helped to create rock and roll, known as the Father of Rock and Roll, and had a Grandpa Named Joshua.

## Career

In 1955 Berry met Muddy Waters who told him of a record company that would release his first song. In 1957 he joined the Everly Brothers, Buddy Holly and other popular musicians on a tour around the United States. Over the next few years he became more and more popular and had many popular songs on the radio.  "Maybellene" (1955), "Roll Over Beethoven" (1956), "Rock and Roll Music" (1957) and "Johnny B. Goode" (1958) were massive hits.

He has influenced many rock and pop musicians who came after him. Berry has influenced many music artists, like The Beatles, The Rolling Stones, The Beach Boys, and Bob Dylan. Berry tried to help an Apache waitress cross the US-Canadian border, but was caught by police and charged for prostitution. This dented his career: he served 18 months. When released, his first recording was "Nadine", (1964) also a huge hit.

Berry was a favorite with _The Beatles_, _The Rolling Stones_ and _The Beach Boys_, who adapted and recorded a number of his songs.

In 1986 a documentary film, _Hail! Hail! Rock 'n' Roll_, was made. It featured a celebration concert for Berry's sixtieth birthday, organized by Keith Richards.

## Death

Berry died at his home in Wentzville, Missouri on March 18, 2017 from a congestive heart failure, aged 90.

## Discography

- Chuck Berry discography

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Chuck Berry
- **img**: Chuck-berry-2007-07-18.jpg
- **img capt**: Berry in 2007
- **birth name**: Marco Victor Berry
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth place**: St. Louis, Missouri, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America, USA
- **death place**: Wentzville, Missouri, USA
- **instrument**: Guitar, Singing, vocals
- **genre**: Rock and roll
- **occupation**: Musician, songwriter
- **years active**: 1951  2017
- **label**: Chess, Mercury, Atco
- **website**: [http://www.chuckberry.com/ www.chuckberry.com]
Nagamaki

**Nagamaki** is a Japanese pole weapon with a large and heavy blade. It is very much like a glaive. It was introduced and used primarily during the Kamakura (1192 - 1333), Nanbokucho (1334 - 1392) and early Muromachi (1392 – 1573) periods. It was a long sword with 2–4 foot blade and a handle with 2–3 foot length. The blade was single-edged. It was also sharpened along the back edge to reduce its weight. It looks similar to a traditional naginata, but the main difference was that the handle (tsuka) of the nagamaki was not constructed of wood; it was made more like a katana handle. Even the name "nagamaki" is given by the tradition of handle wrapping. The word "nagamaki" means "long wrapping". The nagamaki handle was wrapped with cords in criss-crossed manner, very similar to the wrapping that is made on katana. The nagamaki is considered to be a type of the no-dachi sword. This one was a variation of long samurai sword.

The way to hold nagamaki was also very specific. It was held with the two hands in a fixed position in the same way a katana sword is held. Unlike the naginata, the hands did not change when handling the weapon and the right hand was always the closest to the blade. While handling nagamaki not too many sliding actions on the handle were performed as it was in naginata's case, where you use the entire length of the shaft. The nagamaki was not spread and developed until much later like the naginata sword. During the middle of the Muromachi period (1336-1600 A.D.) it reached its peak of usage.

The nagamaki is designed for large sweeping and slicing strokes. It also works as a spear. Traditionally, it was used as an infantry weapon. Warriors used the weapon against horsemen. Still, it required more time and materials to create a nagamaki than a spears or a naginata sword, this is why it was not so widely spread.

The closest exemplar of real nagamaki you can see today is nagamaki-naoshi. It appears to be like a long katana-shaped glaive but straighter and thinner, with a very long handle. In contrast to it naginata is shorter, wider and more curved to the tip.

## Other websites

- Japanese sword etiquette
Tenacious D

**Tenacious D** is an American rock band formed in Los Angeles, California in 1994. The members of the band are actor Jack Black and his best friend Kyle Gass. Their songs have lots of profanity. Including Tribute, Beezleboss and many others.

## Albums

- _Tenacious D_ (2001)
- _The Pick of Destiny_ (2006)
- _Rize of the Fenix_ (2012)
- _Post-Apocalypto_ (2019)

## Movies

- _Tenacious D in: The Pick of Destiny_

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Tenacious D
- **img**: Tenacious D in concert.jpg
- **img capt**: Kyle Gass and Jack Black of Tenacious D performing during their Tenacious D 2006–2007 Tour
- **background**: group_or_band
- **alias**: The D
- **origin**: Los Angeles, California
- **genre**: Comedy rock, heavy metal music, heavy metal, hard rock, acoustic rock
- **years active**: 1994–present
- **label**: Sony BMG, Epic Records, Epic
- **associated acts**: The Kyle Gass Band, Trainwreck (band), Trainwreck
- **url**: [http://www.tenaciousd.com/ www.tenaciousd.com]
- **current members**: Jack Black
Kyle Gass
Saurischia

**Saurischia** is one of the two main groups of dinosaurs. In 1888, Harry Seeley classified dinosaurs into two orders, which are now generally considered unranked clades. Their hip structure was why they were put into these groups. Saurischians ('lizard-hipped') and the ornithischians ('bird-hipped') have differences in the ways bones in the hip are put together.

The saurischian pubic bones primarily pointed backward, while the ornithischian pubic bones pointed forward. Despite this pattern, the pubic bones of several saurschians, including herrerasaurids, therizinosauroids, dromaeosaurids, and birds, point forward. It's important consider than the etymology of names Saurischia and Ornithischia does not reflect the evolutionary relationships of these groups. Ornithischians were called 'bird-hipped' because their hips are similar to those of birds, but birds themselves evolved from 'lizard-hipped' saurischians.

Saurischia includes two main subgroups: Theropoda and Sauropodomorpha. Theropods are represented by bipedal, primarily carnivorous dinosaurs (such as _Tyrannosaurus_ and _Velociraptor_). Birds are theropods and the only group of dinosaurs that has survive to the present day. Early sauropodomorphs were similar to early theropods because they shared a common ancestor. However, the most diverse group of sauropodomorphs, Sauropoda, was represented by long-necked herbivorous dinosaurs that often reached gigantic sizes (such as _Diplodocus_ and _Brachiosaurus_).

## Related pages

- Ornithischia
Stethoscope

A **stethoscope** is a instrument used by doctors and other medical people.  It is used to measure peoples heartbeat and their breathing.  It is placed on the area where the heart is or on the back.

The modern stethoscope is made up of a Y-shaped flexible plastic tube. An earpiece is attached to each end of the Y and a sound-detecting device at the other end. The sound-detecting device has a thin plastic sheet on one side and a bell shape with a hole in on the other. The diaphragm is used to listen to a patient's chest for high-pitched sounds. The bell end is used to detect lower-pitched sounds. The lung sounds have a higher frequency than heart sounds.

Rene Theophile Hyacinthe Laënnec (1781-1826) was a French physician who, in 1816, invented the stethoscope. Using this new instrument, he investigated the sounds made by the heart and lungs and determined that his diagnoses were supported by the observations made during autopsies.

In 2023 Artificial Intelligence stethoscopes, designed by Mayo Clinic spin-off Eko, were introduced.  They can detect three types of heart disease in 15 seconds, detecting about 85% of treatable heart failure in patients.  A  blood test is still needed for confirmation.
Gouda cheese

**Gouda** is a kind of soft cheese made from cows' milk. The cheese is named after the city of Gouda, which is famous for it. The name _Gouda_ is not protected, so Gouda is made all over the world. There is also a protected designation of origin _Noord-Hollandse Gouda_ (Gouda from North Holland). This may seem inaccurate, because the city of Gouda is in South Holland. Most of the cows however graze in North Holland.

There are two varieties of Gouda for export: Young gouda, which is between one and six months old. Young gouda is usually sold with a yellow or red coating of paraffin wax.

Gouda that is older, is usually sold with a black coating. It is more brittle, and has a stronger scent.

There are other variations, like _Smoked Gouda_, which is a processed cheese, and Leyden Gouda.

There is also spiced gouda which has spices in it to make it have more flavour.
Passion bearer

In Russian Orthodox Christianity, a **passion bearer** is someone who faces their death in a Christian or Christ-like way. They were not killed because of their religion, unlike martyrs, but they love God and show good virtues.
Tile

A **tile** is a manufactured piece of hard-wearing material such as ceramic, stone, porcelain, metal or even glass.  Tiles are generally used for covering roofs, floors, and walls.  They have been made for thousands of years.

Tiles can be simple square tiles or arranged in complex mosaics. Tiles are most often made from ceramic, with a hard glaze finish.

At the end of the 20th century, the technology of porcelain and glass tiles advanced, making them cheaper.  They became more commonplace.

## Roof tiles

Roof tiles are designed mainly to keep out rain, and are traditionally made from locally available materials such as clay or slate. Modern materials such as concrete and plastic are also used and some clay tiles have a waterproof glaze.

A large number of shapes (or "profiles") of roof tiles have evolved.

Fired roof tiles are found as early as the 3rd millennium BC in the  _House of the tiles_ in Lerna, Greece. Debris found at the site contained thousands of terracotta tiles having fallen from the roof. In the Mycenaean period, roofs tiles are documented for Gla and Midea.
Bellini

**Bellini** can mean several people or things, including

- Giovanni Bellini (c. 1430–1516) Venetian painter
- Vincenzo Bellini, 19th century Italian composer

- Bellini (cocktail), a popular drink invented in Venice
Gouda

**Gouda** can mean:

- Gouda, Netherlands, a city in the Netherlands
- Gouda (cheese)
- Gouda (pottery)
- Gouda (slang)
- Gouda, South Africa, a town in the Western Cape Province of South Africa.
- **Gouda** was astate in India.  It joined with Banga state when India became independent in 1947 to form the state of West Bengal.
- Emperor Go-Uda, emperor of Japan
- Kazundo Gouda, a character in Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex 2nd Gig.

## Related pages

- Gauda
Kiln

A **kiln** is a thermally insulated chamber or oven in which a controlled temperature regime is produced.

## Other websites

- Young International Woodfirer Association, an international association of people building and using woodfired kilns
- Northern Hardwood Initiative: Drying Hardwoods
ChuChu

***ChuChu*** is a comic magazine that is written for teenage girls. It is published by Syougakukan（Japan).

## Famous works

- _Sakura zensen_（Miyuki Ohbayashi）
- _ALMIGHTY×10_(Aqua Mizuto)
- _NG boy×Paradise_(Yukino Miyawaki)
- _Hitohira no koi ga furu_(Yuu Yabuuchi)

## Manga writers who write for ChuChu

- Aqua Mizuto
- Chitose Yagami
- Hisa Kyoumachi
- Iori Shigano
- Kana Nanajima
- Kei Ouri
- Kirara Himekawa
- Kiyoko Arai
- Kyoko Mami
- Mai Jinna
- Mikiko Satsuki
- Miwako Sugiyama
- Miyuki Ohbayashi
- Naomi Uramoto
- Naoto Kohaku
- Natsumi Kawahara
- Nimi Fujita
- Nozomi Shiratori
- Rei Nanase
- Ryouko Mizoguchi
- Satoru Takamiya
- Sayumi Nakamura
- Tae Usami
- Takemaru SaSaki
- Yukako Iizaka
- Yukino Miyawaki
- Yuu Yabuuchi
Mettā

Metta is a Buddhist term translated as loving kindness or friendliness.

Metta is wanting others to be happy.
The opposite is wanting others to be unhappy: anger, hatred.

## Related pages

- Meditation

## Other websites

- The Path of Unlimited Friendliness  - a translation of the Karaniya  Metta Sutta by Dharmachari Ratnaprabha
Oxide

An **oxide** is a chemical compound containing at least one oxygen atom and at least one atom of one other element. Most of the Earth's crust consists of oxides (mainly silica). Oxides can be made when elements are oxidized by air (when oxygen in the air reacts with the element).

Some common oxides are:
- Water (hydrogen oxide) (H<sub>2</sub>O)
- Iron(III) oxide (Rust) (Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>)
- Aluminium oxide (Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>)
- Lead(II) oxide (PbO)
- Calcium oxide (CaO)
- Carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>)
- Carbon monoxide (CO)
- Magnesium oxide (Magnesia) (MgO)
- Phosphorus pentoxide (P<sub>4</sub>O<sub>10</sub>)
- Sulfur dioxide (SO<sub>2</sub>)
- Sulfur trioxide (SO<sub>3</sub>)
- Silicon dioxide (SiO<sub>2</sub>)
- Nitrous oxide (laughing gas) (N<sub>2</sub>O)
- Zinc oxide (ZnO)
- Copper(I) oxide (Cu<sub>2</sub>O) and Copper(II) oxide (CuO)
Mew

**Mew** can be:

- Mew (band), a band from Denmark
- Mew (Pokémon), a Pokémon
- Mewing, a type of oral posture training
Proposal

A **proposal** is when people suggest an idea. One kind of proposal is used when someone suggests an idea of marriage, when they ask the person they like to marry them.
Versailles, Yvelines

**Versailles** is a French city. It is in the western suburbs of Paris, 17.1 km. (10.6 miles) from the center of Paris. It is the _capital_ of the Yvelines département. This city is very important for the History of France because it was formerly the capital of the kingdom of France.

Its name comes from the Latin word _vertere_, meaning to turn the soil.

Versailles is made world-famous by the Palace of Versailles (Château de Versailles), where Louis XIV, Louis XV and Louis XVI lived.

In 2004, about 85,900 people lived here.

This is where the Treaty of Versailles was signed at the end of The Great War.

## Surroundings

- Paris
- Viroflay
- Ville-d'Avray
- Meudon

## Education

- Institut supérieur international du parfum, de la cosmétique et de l'aromatique alimentaire
- Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines
Major (rank)

**Major** is a rank that is given for a mid-level command officer (higher than the rank of Captain and lower than the rank of Lieutenant Colonel). In Canada, it is shown by a thick bar followed by a thin bar and again by a thick bar. In Great Britain, it is represented by a single crown. In the United States, it is shown by a gold oak leaf. The pay grade for the rank of major is O-4.
Silicate

In chemistry, a **silicate** is an anion (negatively charged ion) made of silicon and oxygen. Silicate anions, with a negative net electrical charge, must have that charge balanced by other cations to make an electrically neutral compound. These compounds are also called **silicates**.

## General structure

All silicates are made up of tetrahedral shapes, with a silicon atom at the centre and four oxygen atoms at the corners. In silicates, silicon is always in the +4 oxidation state, and oxygen is always in the -2 oxidation state. Different structures can form based on whether or not multiple silicon atoms share a single oxygen atom.

As silicates are normally large polymers, they are usually described by an empirical formula for a repeating unit, not the formula for a whole molecule.

### Tectosilicate

**Tectosilicate** is a neutral compound, not an ion, with the formula . In tectosilicates, every oxygen atom is shared by two silicon atoms. Quartz is a common mineral form of tectosilicate.

Tectosilicate anions only exist when silicon is replaced by another element that has a lower oxidation state. Feldspar is a tectosilicate where one or two out of four silicon atoms is replaced by aluminium, giving an anion with the formula  or . Zeolite is an important tectosilicate aluminosilicate in the chemical industry.

### Phyllosilicate

**Phyllosilicate** has the formula . In phyllosilicates, each silicon tetrahedron shares three of its four oxygen atoms to make flat sheets.

Phyllosilicate minerals tend to have multiple layers. The oxygen atoms that aren't shared in the silicate sheet are shared with a layer of octahedral cations like magnesium or aluminium to form the whole mineral structure. Hydroxide, chloride, or fluoride fills out the octahedral layer. In some phyllosilicates, like the micas, there are two phyllosilicate layers, one on each side of the octahedral layer.

Phyllosilicates are an important part of clay. Kaolinite, the main mineral used to make porcelain, is a phyllosilicate with an aluminium octahedral layer.

### Pyrosilicate

Pyrosilicate is the ion . Only one oxygen atom is shared. Minerals with this anion are called sorosilicates.

### Orthosilicate

Orthosilicate is the ion . None of the oxygen atoms are shared between silicon atoms. In minerals, it is also called nesosilicate.

The orthosilicate ion is a strong base. Protonation of orthosilicate gives orthosilicic acid, a weak polyprotic acid. Orthosilicate, orthosilicic acid, and the various  hydrogen orthosilicates are the main form of dissolved silica in water.
Newton metre

The **Newton metre** is the unit of moment in the SI system Standard International.  It is abbreviated **N·m**, and sometimes written with hyphen _newton-metre_. It is a compound unit of torque  corresponding to the torque from a force of one newton applied over a distance arm of one metre.

A newton metre is dimensionally equivalent to a joule.

## Conversion factors

- 1 metre kilogram-force = 9.8065 R/N·m
- 1 centimetre kilogram-force = 98.0665 mR/mN·m
- 1 foot-pound force (often "foot-pounds") = 1 pound-force foot (often "pound-feet") = 1.3558179 R/N·m
- 1 inch ounce-force = 7.0615518 mR/mN·m
Cynicism

**Cynicism** is a philosophy started by the Cynics, Ancient Greek philosophers.

## Origin

Cynicism was started by Antisthenes in the 5th century BC. The main points the cynics wanted to make was that man had no needs. At the same time, they were against possessing material goods. They also were against prejudices, such as being ashamed of being naked.

## Diogenes of Sinope

Diogenes of Sinope made the cynics extend their views and combine them with that of other schools of philosophy, like the stoa. They also integrated elements of Greek mythology.

## Today

Today, the word _cynicism_ generally describes the opinions and actions of those who believe that self-interest is the primary motive of human behavior. These persons, called _cynics_, shy away from relying upon sincerity, human virtue, or altruism as motivations.

## Related pages

- Nihilism
- Aristotle
- Socrates
- Ancient Greek philosophy
Sonic the Hedgehog (TV series)

***Sonic the Hedgehog***, also known as ***Sonic the Hedgehog SatAM***, ***Sonic SatAM*** or ***Sonic***, is a cartoon TV series starring Sonic the Hedgehog. It popularly distinguishes itself from other similarly named animated shows that also star Sonic.

This series was made by DiC Entertainment, and originally ran on ABC from September 18, 1993 to June 3, 1995, and had a total of 26 episodes, at 13 episodes per season.

The show starred Sonic, and the Knothole Freedom Fighters, a group of woodland animals united to fight the evil Dr. Robotnik, who has taken over the entire planet.

## Infobox (television)

- **genre**: Action film, Action
Science fantasy
- **director**: John Grusd <small>(Pilot only)</small>
Dick Sebast <small>(Season 1)</small>
Ron Myrick <small>(Season 2)</small>
- **voices**: Jaleel White
Charlie Adler
Mark Ballou <small>(Season 1)</small>
Cam Brainard <small>(Season 2)</small>
Christine Cavanaugh
Jim Cummings
Bradley Pierce
Rob Paulsen
Kath Soucie
Cree Summer
Frank Welker
William Windom (actor), William Windom
- **theme music composer**: Noisy Neighbors
Michael Tavera
- **opentheme**: "The Fastest Thing Alive"
- **composer**: Michael Tavera <small>(Season 1)</small>
Matt Muhoberac <small>(Season 2)</small>
John Zuker <small>(Season 2)</small>
- **country**: United States
Italy
- **language**: English
- **num seasons**: 2
- **num episodes**: 26
- **executive producer**: Andy Heyward
Robby London
- **producer**: John Grusd <small>(Pilot only)</small>
Dick Sebast <small>(Season 1)</small>
Ron Myrick <small>(Season 2)</small>
Len Janson <small>(supervising producer)</small>
- **editor**: Mark A. McNally
Sue Odjakjian
CK Horness
- **runtime**: 20–22 minutes
- **company**: DIC Entertainment, DIC Productions, L.P.
Sega, Sega of America
Fininvest, Reteitalia
Saerom Animation
Milimetros
- **related**: _Adventures of Sonic the Hedgehog_
_Sonic Underground_
- **channel**: American Broadcasting Company, ABC (U.S.)
Italia 1 (Italy)
Servile Wars

The **Servile Wars** were a series of three slave revolts in the late Roman Republic. See:

- First Servile War: 135 BC-132 BC on Sicily, led by Eunus, a former slave claiming be a prophet, and Cleon (Cilician).
- Second Servile War: 104 BC-103 BC on Sicily, led by Athenion and Tryphon.
- Third Servile War: 73 BC-71 BC in Italy, led by Spartacus.
Plutarch

**Mestrius Plutarchus** (; _c._ AD 46 – after AD 119), better known in English as **Plutarch**, was a Greek historian, and writer of biographies and essays.

Plutarch was born into a well-known family in _Chaeronea_, _Boeotia_ Greece, a town about twenty miles east of Delphi. His works are _Parallel Lives_ and _Moralia_.

## Other websites

- A biography of Plutarch is included in: , 18th century English translation under the editorship of Dryden (further edited by Arthur Hugh Clough).
- Works of Plutarch in etext at the University of Adelaide Library .
- Plutarch page at LacusCurtius (20th century English translation of most of the _Lives_, _On the Fortune or Virtue of Alexander_, _On the Fortune of the Romans_, _Roman Questions_, and other excerpts of the _Moralia_)
- Plutarch's Isis and Osiris
Roman Italy

**Italia**, under the Roman Republic and later Empire, was the name of the Italian peninsula.

Italia was the home of the capital of the Roman Empire - Rome itself.

400 years later the Empire was much larger, but on the point of collapse. In the last period the Empire was governed from Byzantium (Constantinople), not Rome.
Ramp

**Ramp** could mean:
- Inclined plane, a physical structure that is a simple machine
- Vert ramp, a half-pipe structure used in gravity extreme sports
- Mini ramp, a half-pipe structure used in gravity extreme sports
- Airport ramp, the area around an airport terminal where aircraft are loaded and unloaded
- Slip road, a connector between grade-separated roads in a traffic interchange
- Ramp, a Trash Metal band from Portugal
- Entrance ramp, or "on ramp", on a freeway
- Exit ramp, or "off ramp", on a freeway
- Wild leeks, also called "ramps"
- ramp function, the integral of the unit step function in mathematics
- Mark Ramprakash, an English cricketer nicknamed _Ramps_
- Ramp strike, an accident involving an airplane and an aircraft carrier
- Electro-Kinetic Road Ramp, a road ramp that generates free electrical energy when traffic passes over it
- _Ramp_, a 1991 album by Giant Sand