juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Israel Charny

**Israel W. Charny** (1931 – 14 December 2024) was an Israeli psychologist and genocide scholar. He was a world renowned genocide expert. He is the editor of the two-volume _Encyclopedia of Genocide_. He is executive director of the Institute on the Holocaust and Genocide in Jerusalem. He was born in New York City.

An affiliate of the Institute for the Study of Genocide, the International Association of Genocide Scholars was founded in 1994 by Israel Charny and other historians.
He  has been devoted to the study of the Holocaust and genocide since the mid 1960s. His first publication on the subject which appeared in Jewish Education in 1968 was "Teaching the Violence of the Holocaust: A Challenge to Educating Potential Future Oppressors and Victims for Nonviolence."

Charny died on 14 December 2024 in Jerusalem at the age of 93.

## Publications

- _Encyclopedia of Genocide_
- _Genocide: a critical bibliographic review_
- _The Widening Circle of Genocide_
- _Century of Genocide Critical Essays and Eyewitness Accounts_
- "A Classification of Denials of the Holocaust and Other Genocides", _Journal of Genocide Research_ 2003, 5(1), pp. 11–34.

## Other websites

- Biography of Israel Charny
- List of books by Israel Charny
Vahakn Dadrian

**Vahakn Norair Dadrian** (; 26 May 1926 – 2 August 2019) was a researcher and historian of the Armenian Genocide. He was the director of Genocide Research at _Zoryan Institute_.

## Biography

Dadrian was born in Istanbul. He first studied mathematics at the University of Berlin, after which he decided to switch to a completely different field, and studied history at the University of Vienna, and later, international law at the University of Zürich. He completed his Ph.D. in sociology from the University of Chicago.

Dadrian was a professor of sociology, and an internationally renowned expert on the Armenian genocide.

The particularity of Dadrian's research is that by mastering many languages, including German, English, French, Turkish, Ottoman Turkish and Armenian.

### Books

- Autopsie du Génocide Arménien. Trans. Marc & Mikaël Nichanian. Brussels: Éditions Complexe, 1995, 266p.
- Jenosid Ulusal ve Uluslararasi Hukuk Sorunu Olarak: 1915 Ermeni Olay ve Hukuki Sonuçlar [Genocide as a problem of national and international law: The World War I Armenian case and its contemporary legal ramifications]. Trans. Yavuz Alogan. Istanbul: Belge Uluslararas Yaynclk, 1995, 221p.
- The History of the Armenian Genocide: Ethnic Conflict from the Balkans to Anatolia to the Caucasus. Providence, RI & Oxford: Berghahn Books, 1995, 452p.
- German Responsibility in the Armenian Genocide: A Review of the Historical Evidence of German Complicity. Watertown, MA: Blue Crane Books, 1996, 304p.
- Histoire du génocide arménien: Conflits nationaux des Balkans au Caucase. Traduit de l'anglais par Marc Nichanian. Paris: Stock, 1996, 694p.
- The Key Elements in the Turkish Denial of the Armenian Genocide: A Case Study of Distortion and Falsification. Cambridge, MA and Toronto: Zoryan Institute, 1999, 84p.
- Warrant for Genocide: Key Elements of Turko-Armenian Conflict. New Brunswick and London: Transaction Publishers, 1999, 214p.
- Los elementos clave en el negacionismo Turco del Genocidio Armenia: un estudio de distorsión y falsificación. Translated by Eduardo A. Karsaclian. Buenos Aires: Fundación Armenia, 2002, 79p.
- Historia Tis Armenikan Genoktonias [History of the Armenian Genocide]. Athens: Stokhastis, 2002, 685p.

## Other websites

- Complete bibliography of V. N. Dadrian
David Selby

**David Lynn Selby** (born February 5, 1941 in Morgantown, West Virginia) is an American actor, mostly in movies, soap operas and on television.

## Biography

The son of Clyde Ira Selby and Sarah E. McIntyre Selby, he went to West Virginia University in the town of his birth, getting him a Bachelor of Science and a Master's degree in theater, and after that, a Ph.D. from Southern Illinois University.

## Awards

In 1998, West Virginia University gave Selby its first Life Achievement Award from the College of Creative Arts.
Lebern District

**Lebern** is one of the 10 districts of the canton of Solothurn, Switzerland, found in the west of the canton.

Lebern district has these municipalities:

<div style="padding:1em 20px 1em 20px; color:#000000;text-align:left;">
|align="center" valign="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF"|Coat of arms|align="left" valign="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF"|**Municipality**|align="center" valign="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF"|**Population** <small>(Dec 2005)</small>|align="center" valign="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF"|'''Area, km²|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|align="center"||Balm bei Günsberg|209|5.46||||
|align="center"||Bellach|5079|5.28||||
|align="center"||Bettlach|4775|12.20||||
|align="center"||Feldbrunnen-St. Niklaus|869|2.47||||
|align="center"||Flumenthal|999|3.09||||
|align="center"||Grenchen|15,951|26.08||||
|align="center"||Günsberg|1129|5.28||||
|align="center"||Hubersdorf|655|1.40||||
|align="center"||Kammersrohr|40|0.94||||
|align="center"||Langendorf|3523|1.93||||
|align="center"||Lommiswil|1458|5.76||||
|align="center"||Niederwil|361|2.28||||
|align="center"||Oberdorf|1678|11.94||||
|align="center"||Riedholz|1607|4.92||||
|align="center"||Rüttenen|1400|8.80||||
|align="center"||Selzach|2918|19.51||||
||**Total**|**42,651**|**117.34**|||||
</div>
Olten District

**Olten** is one of the 10 districts of the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland, found by the city of Olten.

Olten contains the following municipalities:

<div style="padding:1em 20px 1em 20px; color:#000000;text-align:left;">
|align="center" valign="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF"|Coat of arms|align="left" valign="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF"|**Municipality**|align="center" valign="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF"|**Population** <small>(Dec 2005)</small>|align="center" valign="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF"|**Area, km²**|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|align="center"||Boningen|677|2.82||||
|align="center"||Däniken|2769|5.37||||
|align="center"||Dulliken|4764|6.02||||
|align="center"||Eppenberg-Wöschnau|319|1.89||||
|align="center"||Fulenbach|1570|4.47||||
|align="center"||Gretzenbach|2457|5.79||||
|align="center"||Gunzgen|1563|3.91||||
|align="center"||Hägendorf|4284|13.87||||
|align="center"||Kappel|2696|5.09||||
|align="center"||Olten|16,801|11.50||||
|align="center"||Rickenbach|861|2.80||||
|align="center"||Schönenwerd|4661|3.77||||
|align="center"||Starrkirch-Wil|1408|1.83||||
|align="center"||Walterswil|702|4.53||||
|align="center"||Wangen bei Olten|4643|6.94||||
|align="center"||**Total**|**50,175**|**80.60**||||
</div>
Thal District

**Thal** is one of the 10 districts of the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland, found in the center of the canton.

Thal contains the following municipalities:

<div style="padding:1em 20px 1em 20px; color:#000000;text-align:left;">
|align="center" valign="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF"|Coat of arms|align="left" valign="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF"|**Municipality**|align="center" valign="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF"|**Population** <small>(Dec 2005)</small>|align="center" valign="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF"|**Area, km²**|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|align="center"||Aedermannsdorf|534|12.88||||
|align="center"||Balsthal|5810|15.69||||
|align="center"||Gänsbrunnen|96|11.36||||
|align="center"||Herbetswil|585|16.35||||
|align="center"||Holderbank|663|7.79||||
|align="center"||Laupersdorf|1685|15.52||||
|align="center"||Matzendorf|1314|11.29||||
|align="center"||Mümliswil-Ramiswil|2542|35.48||||
|align="center"||Welschenrohr|1162|12.97||||
|align="center"||**Total**|**14,391**|**139.33**||||
</div>
Thierstein District

**Thierstein** is one of the 10 districts of the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland, found in the north of the canton.

Thierstein contains 12 municipalities:

<div style="padding:1em 20px 1em 20px; color:#000000;text-align:left;">
|align="center" valign="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF"|Coat of arms|align="left" valign="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF"|**Municipality**|align="center" valign="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF"|**Population** <small>(Dec 2005)</small>|align="center" valign="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF"|**Area, km²**|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|align="center"||Bärschwil|877|11.20||||
|align="center"||Beinwil|310|22.67||||
|align="center"||Breitenbach|3330|6.83||||
|align="center"||Büsserach|1920|7.55||||
|align="center"||Erschwil|922|7.48||||
|align="center"||Fehren|586|1.50||||
|align="center"||Grindel|492|3.05||||
|align="center"||Himmelried|968|6.00||||
|align="center"||Kleinlützel|1297|16.34||||
|align="center"||Meltingen|617|5.76||||
|align="center"||Nunningen|1919|10.27||||
|align="center"||Zullwil|597|3.63||||
||**Total**|**13,835**|**102.28**|||||
</div>
Wasseramt District

**Wasseramt** is one of the 10 districts of the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland, found in the south of the canton.

Wasseramt contains these municipalities:

<div style="padding:1em 20px 1em 20px; color:#000000;text-align:left;">
|align="center" valign="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF"|Coat of arms|align="left" valign="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF"|**Municipality**|align="center" valign="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF"|**Population** <small>(Dec 2005)</small>|align="center" valign="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF"|**Area, km²**|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|align="center"||Aeschi|1034|3.79||||
|align="center"||Biberist|7895|12.24||||
|align="center"||Bolken|530|2.13||||
|align="center"||Deitingen|2130|7.63||||
|align="center"||Derendingen|5979|5.62||||
|align="center"||Etziken|777|3.38||||
|align="center"||Gerlafingen|4851|1.91||||
|align="center"||Halten|843|1.85||||
|align="center"||Heinrichswil-Winistorf|563|3.10||||
|align="center"||Hersiwil|173|1.41||||
|align="center"||Horriwil|833|2.60||||
|align="center"||Hüniken|91|1.01||||
|align="center"||Kriegstetten|1148|1.13||||
|align="center"||Lohn-Ammannsegg|2524|4.46||||
|align="center"||Luterbach|3193|4.54||||
|align="center"||Obergerlafingen|1097|1.52||||
|align="center"||Oekingen|697|2.45||||
|align="center"||Recherswil|1657|3.33||||
|align="center"||Steinhof|151|1.63||||
|align="center"||Subingen|2833|6.22||||
|align="center"||Zuchwil|8958|4.67||||
||**Total**|**47,957**|**76.62**|||||
</div>
Waterboarding

**Waterboarding** is a type of torture that has been used for a long time. It was often used to make people confess - sometimes falsely, to crimes they did not commit.

The victim is tied onto a table or wooden board. The questioner has a helper, whose job it is to pour water on the victim's nose and mouth through a towel or cloth, to make it difficult for him to breathe. If and when the victim is supplying answers that the questioner deems acceptable, the victim may be permitted to breathe.

In modern times waterboarding has been in use in Guantanamo Bay and has been a major political argument. Its use by American forces was banned by United States President Barack Obama in 2009.
Aedermannsdorf

**Aedermannsdorf** is a municipality of the district Thal in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Aedermannsdorf
- **municipality name**: Aedermannsdorf
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: Aedermannsdorf-blazon.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Aedermannsdorf.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Solothurn
- **iso-code-region**: CH-SO
- **district**: Thal (district), Thal
- **postal code**: 4714
- **municipality code**: 2421
- **area**: 12.88
- **elevation**: 531
- **population**: 534
- **populationof**: December 2005
- **popofyear**: 2005
- **website**: www.aedermannsdorf.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Beinwil, Solothurn, Beinwil, Farnern (BE), Herbetswil, Matzendorf, Mümliswil-Ramiswil, Rumisberg (BE), Schelten (BE), Seehof, Switzerland, Seehof (BE), Vermes, Switzerland, Vermes (JU)
Aeschi

**Aeschi** is a municipality of the district of  Wasseramt in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland. Burgäschisee is a lake in the forest on the border with Seeberg.

The municipality of Steinhof merged on 1 January 2012 into the municipality of Aeschi.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Aeschi
- **municipality name**: Aeschi
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: Aeschi SO-blazon.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Aeschi.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Solothurn
- **iso-code-region**: CH-SO
- **district**: Wasseramt (district), Wasseramt
- **postal code**: 4556
- **municipality code**: 2511
- **area**: 3.79
- **elevation**: 500
- **population**: 1034
- **populationof**: December 2005
- **popofyear**: 2005
- **website**: www.aeschi-so.ch
- **places**: Burgäschi, Aeschi
- **neighboring municipalities**: Bolken, Etziken, Heinrichswil-Winistorf, Hersiwil, Niederönz (BE), Oberönz (BE), Seeberg (BE)
Burgäschisee

**Burgäschisee** is a lake by Aeschi in Switzerland. It is on the border of the cantons of Berne and Solothurn. The lake has a surface area of . It is  deep at its deepest point.

## Other websites

- Burgäschisee  Tourist information

## Infobox (lake)

- **lake name**: Burgäschisee
- **image lake**: Burgäschisee02.jpg
- **caption lake**: Burgäschisee
- **basin countries**: Switzerland
- **cities**: Burgäschi (municipality of Aeschi Canton of Solothurn, SO)
Aetigkofen

**Aetigkofen** is a former municipality in the new municipality of Buchegg and district Bucheggberg in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Aetigkofen
- **image photo**: Aetigkofen panorama.jpg
- **municipality name**: Aetigkofen
- **municipality type**: former
- **imagepath coa**: Aetigkofen-blason.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Solothurn
- **iso-code-region**: CH-SO
- **district**: Bucheggberg (district), Bucheggberg
- **postal code**: 4583
- **municipality code**: 2441
- **area**: 2.05
- **elevation**: 610
- **population**: 177
- **populationof**: Dec 2011
- **website**: www.buchegg-so.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Lüterswil-Gächliwil, Mühledorf, Solothurn, Mühledorf, Oberramsern, Unterramsern
Aetingen

**Aetingen** is a former municipality in the new municipality of Buchegg and in the district Bucheggberg in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Aetingen
- **municipality name**: Aetingen
- **municipality type**: former
- **imagepath coa**: Aetingen-blason.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Solothurn
- **iso-code-region**: CH-SO
- **district**: Bucheggberg (district), Bucheggberg
- **postal code**: 4587
- **municipality code**: 2442
- **area**: 2.85
- **elevation**: 480
- **population**: 289
- **populationof**: December 2005
- **popofyear**: 2005
- **website**: www.aetingen.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Bätterkinden (BE), Brügglen, Kyburg-Buchegg, Limpach (BE), Mühledorf, Solothurn, Mühledorf, Unterramsern
Balm bei Günsberg

**Balm bei Günsberg** is a municipality in the district Lebern in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Balm bei Günsberg
- **image photo**: Balm bei Günsberg.jpg
- **municipality name**: Balm bei Günsberg
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: BalmBeiGünsberg-blazon.svg
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Solothurn
- **iso-code-region**: CH-SO
- **district**: Lebern (district), Lebern
- **postal code**: 4525
- **municipality code**: 2541
- **area**: 5.46
- **elevation**: 655
- **population**: 209
- **populationof**: December 2005
- **popofyear**: 2005
- **website**: www.balm-balmberg.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Günsberg, Herbetswil, Niederwil, Solothurn, Niederwil, Rüttenen, Welschenrohr
Balsthal

**Balsthal** is a municipality in the district Thal in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Balsthal
- **municipality name**: Balsthal
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: Balsthal-blazon.svg
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Solothurn
- **iso-code-region**: CH-SO
- **district**: Thal (district), Thal
- **postal code**: 4710
- **municipality code**: 2422
- **area**: 15.69
- **elevation**: 489
- **population**: 5741
- **populationof**: April 2006
- **popofyear**: 2006
- **website**: www.balsthal.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Holderbank, Solothurn, Holderbank, Laupersdorf, Mümliswil-Ramiswil, Niederbipp (BE), Oberbuchsiten, Oensingen
Beinwil, Solothurn

**Beinwil** is a municipality in the district Thierstein in Canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Beinwil
- **municipality name**: Beinwil
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: Beinwil SO-blazon.svg
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Solothurn
- **iso-code-region**: CH-SO
- **district**: Thierstein (district), Thierstein
- **postal code**: 4229
- **municipality code**: 2612
- **area**: 22.67
- **elevation**: 582
- **population**: 310
- **populationof**: December 2005
- **popofyear**: 2005
- **neighboring municipalities**: Aedermannsdorf, Erschwil, Lauwil (BL), Meltingen, Mervelier (JU), Montsevelier (JU), Mümliswil-Ramiswil, Nunningen, Schelten (BE)
Bellach

**Bellach** is a municipality in the district Lebern in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Bellach
- **image photo**: Bellach panorama jul 2012.jpg
- **image caption**: View of Bellach
- **municipality name**: Bellach
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: Bellach-blason.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Solothurn
- **iso-code-region**: CH-SO
- **district**: Lebern (district), Lebern
- **postal code**: 4512
- **municipality code**: 2542
- **area**: 5.31
- **elevation**: 450
- **population**: 5079
- **populationof**: December 2005
- **popofyear**: 2005
- **website**: www.bellach.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Biberist, Langendorf, Switzerland, Langendorf, Lommiswil, Lüsslingen, Oberdorf, Solothurn, Oberdorf, Selzach, Solothurn
Bettlach, Switzerland

**Bettlach** is a municipality in the district Lebern in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Bettlach
- **image photo**: 2011-01-13 Lebern (Foto Dietrich Michael Weidmann) 048.JPG
- **image caption**: Bettlach
- **municipality name**: Bettlach
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: Bettlach-blason.png
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Bettlach.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Solothurn
- **iso-code-region**: CH-SO
- **district**: Lebern (district), Lebern
- **postal code**: 2544
- **municipality code**: 2543
- **area**: 12.20
- **elevation**: 479
- **population**: 4775
- **populationof**: December 2005
- **popofyear**: 2005
- **website**: www.bettlach.ch
- **mayor**: Hans Kuebli
- **neighboring municipalities**: Arch (BE), Grenchen, Leuzigen (BE), Selzach
- **twintowns**: Lütschental (Switzerland)
Biberist

**Biberist** is a municipality in the district Wasseramt in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Biberist
- **image photo**: 00002 biberist 00.jpg
- **image caption**: View of Biberist
- **municipality name**: Biberist
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: Biberist-blazon.svg
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Solothurn
- **iso-code-region**: CH-SO
- **district**: Wasseramt (district), Wasseramt
- **postal code**: 4562
- **municipality code**: 2513
- **area**: 12.38
- **elevation**: 447
- **population**: 7895
- **populationof**: December 2005
- **popofyear**: 2005
- **website**: www.biberist.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Bätterkinden (BE), Bellach, Derendingen, Switzerland, Derendingen, Gerlafingen, Lohn-Ammannsegg, Lüsslingen, Solothurn, Zielebach (BE), Zuchwil
Biezwil

**Biezwil** is a municipality in the district Bucheggberg, in the canton of Solothurn, Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Biezwil
- **image photo**: Biezwil.jpg
- **municipality name**: Biezwil
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: Biezwil-blason.png
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Biezwil 2014.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Solothurn
- **iso-code-region**: CH-SO
- **district**: Bucheggberg (district), Bucheggberg
- **postal code**: 4585
- **municipality code**: 2445
- **area**: 4.18
- **elevation**: 586
- **website**: www.biezwil.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Balm bei Messen, Lüterswil-Gächliwil, Oberwil bei Büren (BE), Schnottwil
Bolken

**Bolken** is a municipality in the district Wasseramt in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Bolken
- **municipality name**: Bolken
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: Bolken-blason.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Solothurn
- **iso-code-region**: CH-SO
- **district**: Wasseramt (district), Wasseramt
- **postal code**: 4556
- **municipality code**: 2514
- **area**: 2.13
- **elevation**: 496
- **population**: 530
- **populationof**: December 2005
- **neighboring municipalities**: Aeschi, Etziken, Inkwil (BE), Niederönz (BE), Subingen
Boningen

**Boningen** is a municipality in the district Olten in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Boningen
- **municipality name**: Boningen
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: Boningen-blason.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Solothurn
- **iso-code-region**: CH-SO
- **district**: Olten (district), Olten
- **postal code**: 4618
- **municipality code**: 2571
- **area**: 2.8
- **elevation**: 410
- **population**: 677
- **populationof**: December 2005
- **website**: www.boningen.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Fulenbach, Gunzgen, Kappel, Switzerland, Kappel, Murgenthal (AG), Olten, Rothrist (AG)
Thousand Islands Bridge

The **Thousand Islands International Bridge** is an international bridge that goes over the Saint Lawrence River. It connects the north part of New York in the United States with south east part of Ontario in Canada. It was made in 1937. Builders added parts in 1959.  The bridge goes over the edge that Canada and United States share in the middle of the Thousand Islands area. It gets its name from the name of the area.  The bridge is governed by the Thousand Island Bridge Authority, an agency that works around the world.

The bridge is not a single bridge. It is really a lot of bridges that go across parts of the St. Lawrence River, eventually connecting both sides. The south end of the bridge connects with Interstate 81, an interstate.  The north side of the bridge connects to Highway 137, a highway in Ontario. There is also an intersection with the Thousand Islands Parkway, a mini highway on the Ontario side.

Thousand Island Bridge Authority is doing a study to find out when the bridge will get to its working limits and how to make no waiting time on the bridge.

The international border is between Wellesley Island in the United States and Hill Island in Canada.

The bridge is much taller than it appears in the photograph to the right. The highest point is 150 feet above the water.

## Infobox (bridge)

- **bridge name**: Thousand Islands International Bridge
- **image**: Thousand Islands Bridge 5.jpg
- **image size**: 300px
- **caption**: A view of the Canadian parts of the bridge system as Ontario Highway 137, ON-137 traverses the St Lawrence River across Constance Island and then Georgina Island to reach Ontario mainland. Picture taken looking north from a Hill Island observation tower just north of the Canadian border with the US.
- **official name**: The Thousand Islands Bridge system
- **carries**: 2 lanes of  and
- **crosses**: Saint Lawrence River
- **locale**: Wellesley Island, New York (state), New York, United States to Hill Island (Ontario), Hill Island, Ontario, Canada
- **maint**: Thousand Islands Bridge Authority
- **design**: Suspension bridge, suspension, arch bridge, open-spandrel deck arch bridge & truss bridge
- **mainspan**: American suspension:
 Canadian suspension:
Canadian truss:
- **length**: Total:
- **below**: U.S.:
 Canada:
- **toll**: Varies $3.00–$17.25 (USD) or $4.00–$23.50 (CAD)
Siege of Orleans

The **Siege of Orleans** (1428 – 1429) was an important event in the Hundred Years' War between France and England. This was Joan of Arc's first success and the first big success for the French since the Battle of Agincourt in 1415.

The city of Orleans was at an important place on the river Loire. The English controlled large parts of France when they started the siege, and Orleans was the last thing stopping them from attacking the rest of France. There was not much south of the river to defend the people who served Charles VII of France, so the English came close to joining their northern lands in France with the land they controlled at Aquitaine.

The siege started on October 12, 1428 and its only major action until Joan of Arc arrived was the Battle of the Herrings. She initiated several attacks that ended the siege on May 8, 1429 - nine days after her arrival.
Battle of Agincourt

The **Battle of Agincourt** was fought on 25 October 1415. It was a major win for England against France in the Hundred Years' War and led to several later English victories. King Henry V of England led the English army, and Constable of France Charles d'Albret led a larger French army. King Charles VI of France did not engage because he of his mental illneess. Henry V was involved in hand-to-hand combat and was struck by an axe, but his helmet saved him.

The English longbow was an important weapon for winning this battle. It was more powerful than the French crossbow and was more numerous. Most of the army were bowmen. The English army used sharp wooden archer's stakes to protect the archers from French mounted knights.

The English took prisoners but killed all of them except those of high ranks. Overall, the French lost around 8000 men and the English lost about 100, but historians are unsure of the actual numbers. The French mainly lost because they wore heavy armour and got stuck in the sticky mud at Azincourt (Agincourt).
Charles V of France

**Charles V** (21 January 1338 — 16 September 1380), called **the Wise** (French: _le Sage_) was the King of France from 1364 until his death in 1380. He was a member of the House of Valois and was the third french king to rule under the dynasty. He was born in Vincennes, the son of the future King John II of France (then known as **Dauphin John**) and Bonne of Luxembourg. Charles was 11 years old when his mother Bonne of Luxembourg died. A year later when Charles was 12, his grandfather, King Philip VI died. John then became the King of France and Charles became the Dauphin. Also, his father got remarried to Joan I, Countess of Auvergne. After his father was captured by the English at the Battle of Poitiers in 1356, Charles acted as the Regent of France until his father's death in 1364.

His reign marked a high point for France during the Hundred Years' War. His armies recovered large parts of the territory from King Edward III of England that had been given to England under the reign of his predecessors at the Treaty of Brétigny. He and his armies also defeated Edward III's fleet and kicked the English troops out of France.

Charles died on 16 September 1380 at the age of 42 in Beauté-sur-Marne near Vincennes and was succeeded by his 12 year old son, Charles VI. He was buried in Saint Denis Basilica.

Charles was a successful king. He was very capable and was also very intelligent. He was very popular around France and was undoubtedly one of France's greatest kings. These reasons eventually gave him the nickname, "the Wise". He also improved the economy of France and stabilized and centralized the country and left a stable throne and a stable country for his son and successor, Charles VI. However, under the reign of Charles VI, the country lad lost lands allowing the English to regain it and that the country became destabilized and decentralized.

## Infobox (royalty)

- **name**: Charles V
- **image**: Saint-Èvre - Charles V of France.jpg
- **caption**: An artist's :en:wikt:depiction, depiction of Charles
- **succession**: List of French monarchs, King of France
- **moretext**: (Style of the French sovereign, more...)
- **reign**: 8 April 1364 — 16 September 1380
- **coronation**: 19 May 1364
- **predecessor**: John II of France, John II
- **successor**: Charles VI of France, Charles VI
- **succession1**: List of Regents#France, Regent of France
- **reign1**: 19 September 1356 — 8 April 1364
- **reign-type1**: Tenure
- **regent1**: John II
- **reg-type1**: List of French monarchs, Monarch
- **issue-type**: Issue (genealogy), Issue
- **issue-link**: #Marriage and Issue
- **issue-pipe**: among others
- **house**: House of Valois, Valois
- **father**: John II of France
- **mother**: Bonne of Luxembourg
- **birth place**: Vincennes, France
- **death place**: Beauté-sur-Marne, France
- **burial date**: 26 September 1380
- **burial place**: Saint Denis Basilica
- **religion**: Catholic Church, Roman Catholicism
Émile Zola

**Émile Zola** () (2 April 1840 – 29 September 1902) was a major French writer and the most important naturalist writer.  He worked toward political liberalization of France.

Zola was nominated for the first and second Nobel Prize in Literature in 1901 and 1902. His death from carbon monoxide poisoning is suspected to have been suicide.

## Works by Emile Zola

- _Contes á Ninon_, (1864)
- _La Confession de Claude_ (1865)
- _Thérèse Raquin_ (1867)
- _Madeleine Férat_ (1868)
- _Le Roman Experimental_ (1880)
- _Les Rougon-Macquart_
    - _La Fortune des Rougon_ (1871)
    - _La Curée_ (1871–72)
    - _Le Ventre de Paris_ (1873)
    - _La Conquête de Plassans_ (1874)
    - _La Faute de l'Abbé Mouret_ (1875)
    - _Son Excellence Eugène Rougon_ (1876)
    - _L'Assommoir_ (1877)
    - _Une Page d'amour_ (1878)
    - _Nana_ (1880)
    - _Pot-Bouille_ (1882)
    - _Au Bonheur des Dames_ (1883)
    - _La Joie de vivre_ (1884)
    - _Germinal_ (1885)
    - _L'Œuvre_ (1886)
    - _La Terre_ (1887)
    - _Le Rêve_ (1888)
    - _La Bête humaine_ (1890)
    - _L'Argent_ (1891)
    - _La Débâcle_ (1892)
    - _Le Docteur Pascal_ (1893)
- _Les Trois Villes_
    - _Lourdes_ (1894)
    - _Rome_ (1896)
    - _Paris_ (1898)
- _Les Quatre Evangiles_
    - _Fécondité_ (1899)
    - _Travail_ (1901)
    - _Vérité_ (1903, published posthumously)
    - _Justice_ (unfinished)

## Other websites

- Émile Zola, his work in audio version

## Infobox (writer)

- **birth name**: Émile Édouard Charles Antoine Zola
- **image**: Emile Zola 1902.jpg
- **birth place**: Paris, France
- **death place**: Paris, France
- **occupation**: Novelist, playwright, journalist
- **nationality**: France, French
- **genre**: Naturalism (literature), Naturalism
- **notableworks**: _Les Rougon-Macquart_, _Thérèse Raquin_, _Germinal (novel), Germinal_
- **signature**: Zola signature.svg
Capetian dynasty

The **Capetian Dynasty** includes any of the direct descendants of Hugh Capet of France. King Felipe VI of Spain and the grand duke of Luxembourg are members of this family, both through the Bourbon branch of the dynasty.

The _direct Capetians_ ruled France from the years 987–1328. After that the junior House of Valois ruled France until 1589, and the House of Bourbon ruled until the revolution of 1792.

## Infobox (noble house)

- **surname**: House of Capet
- **other name**: or House of France
- **coat of arms**: Arms of the Kingdom of France (Ancien).svg
- **image size**: 140px
- **caption**: Arms of the Kingdom of France
- **estates**: France, Navarre
- **parent house**: Robertians, Karlings
- **cadet branches**: * Hugh Capet
**  Robert II of France
*** Henry I of France
**** Philip I of France
*****  Louis VI of France
****** Louis VII of France
*******  Philip II of France
********  Louis VIII of France
********* Louis IX of France
********** Philip III of France
*********** Philip IV of France
***********  **House of Valois**
***********   **House of Évreux**
**********   **House of Bourbon**
*********  **House of Artois**
*********   **Capetian House of Anjou, House of Anjou**
******  **House of Dreux**
******   **Capetian House of Courtenay, House of Courtenay**
****   **Capetian House of Wermond, House of Wermond**
***   **House of Burgundy**
- **founder**: Hugh Capet
- **final ruler**: Joan II of Navarre
- **dissolution**: 1328 (senior branch)
Charles the Bald

**Charles the Bald** (13 June 823 - 6 October 877) was King **Charles II** of France (843-877). He was also the Holy Roman Emperor (875-877) and King of West Francia (840-877).

## Marriages, family and children

Charles married Ermentrude, daughter of Odo I, Count of Orléans, in 842. She died in 869. In 870, Charles married Richilde of Provence, who was descended from a noble family of Lorraine.

With Ermentrude:
- Judith (844–870), married firstly with Athelwulf of Wessex, secondly with Athelbald of Wessex (her stepson) and thirdly with Baldwin I of Flanders
- Louis the Stammerer (846–879)
- Charles the Child (847–866)
- Lothar the Lame (848–866), monk in 861, became Abbot of Saint-Germain
- Carloman (849–876)
- Rotrud (852–912), a nun, Abbess of Saint-Radegunde
- Ermentrud (854–877), a nun, Abbess of Hasnon
- Hildegard (born 856, died young)
- Gisela (857–874)
- Godehilde (864-907)

With Richilde:
- Rothild (871–929), married firstly to Hugues, Count of Bourges and secondly to Roger, Count of Maine
- Drogo (872–873)
- Pippin (873–874)
- a son (born and died 875)
- Charles (876–877)
Louis the Stammerer

**Louis II** (1 November 846 — 10 April 879) nicknamed **the Stammerer** (French: _le Bègue_) was the King of West Francia from 877 until his death in 879. He was the oldest son and the second child of King Charles II of France and Ermentrude of Orléans. He succeeded his father as king in October 877 and was crowned  two days after his accession.

Louis was physically weak. He couldn't speak very well. Unlike his father, he never became the Holy Roman Emperor. He had little interest in politics. He was a sweet and a simple man, a huge lover of peace, justice, and religion. His short two-year reign was very peaceful.

In 879, Louis started a campaign against the Vikings who were donanating over Europe at that time. However, as soon as the campaign began, Louis felt ill and died on 10 April 879 at the age of 33. He was succeeded by his two sons, Louis III and Carloman II who both successfully defeated the Vikings together at the Battle of Saucourt-en-Vimeu in 881.

Louis had achievements during his reign. He played a significant role in the ongoing struggles between the Carolingian dynasty and the Viking invaders, successfully defending the Frankish kingdom against Vikings. His dedication to securing the borders and maintaining peace within the realm earned him respect and admiration from his subjects and his people.

## Infobox (monarch)

- **name**: Louis II
- **image**: Amiel - Louis the Stammerer.jpg
- **caption**: An artist's :en:wikt:depiction, depiction of Louis
- **succession**: List of French monarchs, King of West Francia
- **moretext**: (Style of the French sovereign, more...)
- **reign**: 6 October 877 — 10 April 879
- **coronation**: 8 October 877
- **predecessor**: Charles the Bald, Charles II
- **successor**: Louis III of France, Louis III and Carloman II of France, Carloman II
- **issue-type**: Issue (genealogy), Issue
- **house**: Carolingian dynasty, Carolingian
- **father**: Charles the Bald, Charles II of France
- **mother**: Ermentrude of Orléans
- **death place**: Compiegne, France
- **burial place**: Saint-Corneille Abbey, Compiegne, France
- **religion**: Catholic Church, Roman Catholicism
Gabdulla Tukay

**Gabdulla Tukay** (April 26, 1886 - April 15, 1913) was a Tatar poet, a classic of the Tatar literature, a critic and a publicist. Tukay was the founder of the modern Tatar literature and the modern Tatar literary language.
Metropolis (movie)

***Metropolis*** (1927) is a German silent science drama movie. It was written and directed by Fritz Lang. It was made in Germany. It was the most expensive silent movie of the time.  The movie is set in 2026 in a city-state called Metropolis. People have been divided into two groups. One group is the thinkers. They live on the Earth in luxury. The other group is the workers. They work underground. They make the life of the thinkers possible.
The movie features special effects and set design. Lang took his inspiration for the sets from Manhattan. The movie opened in Germany in January 1927. It opened in the United States in March 1927. The American print is the only surviving copy.

## Other websites

- Metropolis: A Film Far Ahead of its Time
- The official site of the new restoration
- About restoring 'Metropolis'
- _Metropolis_ novelization by Thea von Harbou
- _Metropolis_ at the UNESCO Memory of the World register
- _Metropolis _ at MetaCritic
Mathematical proof

A **mathematical proof** is a way to show that a mathematical theorem is true. To prove a theorem is to show that theorem holds in all cases (where it claims to hold). To prove a statement, one can either use axioms, or theorems which have already been shown to be true. Many techniques for proving a statements exist, and these include proof by induction, proof by contradiction and proof by cases.

## Proof by induction

One type of proof is called proof by induction. This is usually used to prove that a theorem holds for all numbers (or all numbers from some point onwards). There are 4 steps in a proof by induction.

1. State that the proof will be by induction, and state which variable will be used in the induction step.

2. Prove that the statement is true for some beginning case.

3. Assume that for some value _n_ = _n<sub>0</sub>_, the statement is true and has all of the properties listed in the statement. This is called the **induction step**.

4. Show that the statement is true for the next value, _n<sub>0</sub>_+1.

Once that is shown, it would mean that for any value of _n_ that is picked, the next one is true. Since it is true for some beginning case (usually _n_=1), it's true for the next one (_n_=2). And since it is true for 2, it must be true for 3. And since it is true for 3, it must be true for 4, etc. Induction shows that it is always true, precisely because it is true for whatever comes after any given number.

An example of proof by induction is as follows:

Prove that for all natural numbers _n_, 2(1+2+3+....+_n_-1+_n_)=_n_(_n_+1).

Proof: First, the statement can be written as "For all natural numbers _n_, 2=n(n+1)."

By induction on n,

First, for n=1, 2=2(1)=1(1+1), so this is true.

Next, assume that for some _n_=_n<sub>0</sub>_ the statement is true. That is, 2 = n<sub>0</sub>(n<sub>0</sub>+1).

Then for _n_=_n<sub>0</sub>_+1, 2 can be rewritten 2(_n<sub>0</sub>_+1) + 2.

Since 2 = n<sub>0</sub>(n<sub>0</sub>+1), 2_n<sub>0</sub>_+1 + 2 = 2(n<sub>0</sub>+1) + 2n<sub>0</sub>(n<sub>0</sub>+1).

So 2(n<sub>0</sub>+1) + 2n<sub>0</sub>(n<sub>0</sub>+1)= 2(n<sub>0</sub>+1)(n<sub>0</sub> + 2), which completes the proof.

## Proof by contradiction

Proof by contradiction is a way of proving a mathematical theorem by showing that if the statement were false, then there would be a logical contradiction involved. That is, if one of the results of the theorem is assumed to be false, then there would be some inconsistency with the logic.

When proving a theorem by way of contradiction, it is important to note that in the beginning of the proof. This is usually abbreviated BWOC. When the contradiction appears in the proof, there is usually a ⨳ symbol involved.

## Related pages

- Constructive proof
- Direct proof
- Mathematical logic
- Q.E.D.
- Quadratic equation, which can be solved using a kind of proof called "completing the square"
- Reductio ad absurdum
The Wicker Man (1973 movie)

***The Wicker Man*** is a cult 1973 British horror movie, made and set in Scotland. The movie was directed by Robin Hardy and written by Anthony Shaffer. It stars Edward Woodward, Christopher Lee, Diane Cilento, Ingrid Pitt and Britt Ekland. Paul Giovanni composed the soundtrack.

A police sergeant, Neil Howie goes to a remote island in the Hebrides to investigate the disappearance of a young girl, Rowan. He finds out that the island is run by a pagan cult who are hostile of outsiders, including him. They practice human sacrifice. He believes that Rowan will be used as their human sacrifice. The islanders force Neil into a wicker man and burn him to death.

_The Wicker Man_ is generally very highly regarded by critics. Movie magazine _Cinefantastique_ described it as "The _Citizen Kane_ of Horror Movies", and in 2004 the magazine _Total Movie_ named _The Wicker Man_ the sixth greatest British movie of all time. It also won the 1978 Saturn Award for Best Horror movie. A scene from this movie was #45 on Bravo's _100 Scariest Movie Moments_.

The 2006 remake of this movie stars Nicolas Cage.

## References

- Brown, Allan, _Inside The Wicker Man: The Morbid Ingenuities_, London: Macmillan, 2000. .
- Catterall, Ali & Wells, Simon, _Your Face Here: British Cult Movies Since The Sixties_, Fourth Estate, 2001.

## Other websites

- wicker-man.com  An extensive fansite devoted to the movie
- Interview: Director Robin Hardy talks about the film to Fortean Times
- Interview with director Robin Hardy about The Wicker Man and Cowboys For Christ in MungBeing

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: The Wicker Man
- **writer**: Anthony Shaffer
- **starring**: Edward Woodward
Christopher Lee
Diane Cilento
Ingrid Pitt
Britt Ekland
- **director**: Robin Hardy
- **producer**: Peter Snell (movie producer), Peter Snell
- **distributor**: British Lion Films (UK Original)
Optimum Releasing (UK 2006)
Warner Bros. (USA)
- **released**: December 1973
- **runtime**: 88 minutes
(theatrical release)
100 Min
Director's cut
- **language**: English
Ushuaia

**Ushuaia** is the capital city of the Argentine province of Tierra del Fuego. The climate is cool and wet. It was founded on October 12, 1884. About 64,000 people live there. Ushuaia is the southernmost city in the world.
Puerto Iguazú

**Puerto Iguazú** is a city in the province of Misiones, Argentina. The city is near the Iguazu Falls. More than 32,000 people live in Puerto Iguazú.
La Plata

**La Plata** is a capital city of the Buenos Aires province, Argentina. More than 600,000 people live there.
Mendoza

**Mendoza** is the capital city of the Mendoza Province in Argentina. It is the 4th largest city in Argentina (after Buenos Aires, Córdoba and Rosario).

## Population

It has about 111,000 inhabitants, with another 848,660 more inhabitants in the city area.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Mendoza
- **official name**: City of Mendoza

- **settlement type**: City
- **image skyline**: Downtown Mendoza.jpg
- **image caption**: Mendoza skyline
- **image blank emblem**: Ciudad_de_mendoza_marca.png
- **blank emblem type**: Logo
- **blank emblem size**: 70
- **image shield**: Escudo de la Ciudad de Mendoza.svg
- **shield size**: 70
- **pushpin map**: Argentina
- **pushpin label position**: bottom
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Argentina
- **pushpin mapsize**: 200
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Provinces of Argentina, Province
- **subdivision type2**: Departments of Argentina, Department
- **subdivision name2**: Capital Department, Mendoza, Capital
- **established title**: Settled
- **founder**: Pedro del Castillo
- **named for**: García Hurtado de Mendoza, 5th Marquis of Cañete
- **leader title**: Intendant#Argentina, Intendant
- **leader name**: Ulpiano Suárez (Radical Civic Union, UCR)
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area total km2**: 54
- **elevation m**: 746.5
- **population as of**: 2010 census
- **population urban**: 115,041
- **population metro**: 1,033,000 (2021 est.)
- **population density km2**: 2055.4
- **population blank1 title**: Demonym
- **population blank1**: Mendozan (Mendocino/-a Spanish)
- **demographics type1**: GDP, GDP (PPP, constant 2015 values)
- **demographics1 title1**: Year
- **demographics1 info1**: 2023
- **demographics1 title2**: Total
- **demographics1 info2**: $28.7 billion
- **demographics1 title3**: Per capita
- **demographics1 info3**: $23,400
- **timezone1**: Time in Argentina, ART
- **utc offset1**: −3
- **postal code type**: Argentine postal code, CPA Base
- **postal code**: ISO 3166-2:AR, M 5500
- **area code**: +Telephone numbers in Argentina, 54 261
- **blank name**: Köppen climate classification, Climate
- **blank info**: Desert climate#Cold desert climates, BWk
Córdoba Province (Argentina)

**Córdoba** is a Province of Argentina. It is also one of the twenty-four self-governing states or first-order jurisdictions that make up the country.

The city of Córdoba is its capital.

## Population

Córdoba has a population of 3,066,801 inhabitants (as of 2001).

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Córdoba
- **official name**:

- **native name lang**: es
- **settlement type**: Provinces of Argentina, Province
- **image skyline**: Mina Clavero.jpg
- **image caption**: The Valle de Traslasierra, Traslasierra Valley
- **image flag**: Bandera de la Provincia de Córdoba 2014.svg
- **image shield**: Escudo de la Provincia de Córdoba.svg
- **image map**: Cordoba in Argentina (+Falkland hatched)-2.svg
- **map caption**: Location of Córdoba within Argentina
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Argentina
- **subdivision type1**: Capital
- **subdivision name1**: Córdoba, Argentina, Córdoba
- **subdivision type2**: Departments of Argentina, Departments
- **subdivision name2**: #Political divisions, 26
- **subdivision type3**: Municipalities of Argentina, Municipalities and communes
- **subdivision name3**: 427
- **leader title**: Governor of Córdoba, Argentina, Governor
- **leader name**: Martín Llaryora
- **leader party**: Justicialist Party, PJ/We Do for Córdoba, HPC
- **leader title1**: Vice Governor
- **leader name1**: Myrian Prunotto
- **leader title2**: Legislature of Córdoba, Legislature
- **leader name2**: 70
- **leader title3**: Argentine Chamber of Deputies, National Deputies
- **leader name3**:
List of current Argentine deputies, 18
- **leader title4**: Argentine Senate, National Senators
- **leader name4**: Carmen Álvarez Rivero, Carmen Álvarez (Republican Proposal, PRO)
Luis Juez (Republican Proposal, PRO)
Alejandra Vigo (We Do for Córdoba, HPC)
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area footnotes**:
Provinces of Argentina#Demographics, Ranked 5th
- **area total km2**: 165,321
- **population total**: 3,978,984
- **population as of**: 2022 census
- **population rank**: List of Argentine provinces by population, 2nd
- **population density km2**: auto
- **population demonym**: _cordobés_
- **demographics type2**: GDP
- **demographics2 title1**: Total
- **demographics2 info1**: peso 1,582 billion
(US$34 billion) (2019)
- **timezone1**: Time in Argentina, ART
- **utc offset1**: −3
- **iso code**: ISO 3166-2:AR, AR-X
- **blank name**: **Human Development Index, HDI** (2021)
- **blank info**: 0.841  (List of Argentine provinces by Human Development Index, 13th)
Río Cuarto

**Río Cuarto** is a city in the center of Argentina.

In 2010, 157,000 people lived there, making it Córdoba Province's third largest city.
Provinces of Argentina

In Argentina, each of the twenty-three federated states named in the Constitution of the Argentine Nation is called a province, which together with the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires constitute the first-order territorial divisions of the country. The provinces have full autonomy, are part of the Nation and are legally prior to it, according to the principles of federalism established in the National Constitution.

## Bibliography

- Legal documents

- Books

## Other websites

- Provinces of Argentina at statoids.com
- Argentine Provinces since 1973 at World Statesmen

## Infobox (subdivision type)

- **name**: Provinces of Argentina
- **category**: Federated state
- **territory**: Argentina
- **current number**: 23 Provinces
1 Autonomous city
- **population range**: 127,205 (Tierra del Fuego Province, Argentina, Tierra del Fuego Province) - 15,625,084 (Buenos Aires Province)
- **government**: State government, Provincial government
- **subdivision1**: Buenos Aires City: Subdivisions of Buenos Aires, Commune (15)
- **subdivision2**: Buenos Aires Province: Partidos of Buenos Aires, Partido (135)
- **subdivision3**: Other provinces: Departments of Argentina, Department (378)
- **map**: Map of Argentina with province names + disputed territories hatched.png