juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Jungle cat

The **jungle cat** (_Felis chaus_) is a successful and widespread wild cat. It ranges from Egypt in the west to China in the east, and it is common in India.

The jungle cat is the largest remaining species of the wild cat genus _Felis_. It is 20 to 37 inches in body length (50 to 97 cm), with a  8 to 12 inch  tail (20 to 31 cm).

True to Bergmann's rule, the felid is largest at the northern limits of its range and becomes smaller-bodied closer to the tropics.

They live in savannas, tropical dry forests and reedbeds along rivers and lakes in the lowlands, but, despite the name, are not found in rainforests. Although they are adaptable animals, being found even in dry steppe, they prefer wetland environments with tall grasses or reeds in which to hide.

## Distribution

The jungle cat lives in the Middle East, the Indian subcontinent, central and Southeast Asia, Sri Lanka and in southern China. The jungle cat lives in places with lots of water and thick vegetation, such as swamps, wetlands, littoral and riparian areas, grasslands and shrub. It commonly lives in agricultural lands, such as fields of bean and sugarcane, in its range. It has often been seen near humans. It can even live in places with little vegetation. It is rare in places with lots of snow. Historical records show that it lives in altitudes of 2,310 m (7,580 ft) in the Himalayas. It does not like to live in rainforests and woodlands.

In Turkey, it has been recorded in wetlands near Manavgat, in the Akyatan Lagoon on the southern coast and near Lake Eğirdir. In Palestine, it was recorded in the Nablus, Ramallah, Jericho and Jerusalem.

In Iran, it lives in a lot of habitat. It lives from plains and agriculture lands to mountains at altitudes of 45 to 4,178 m (148 to 13,707 ft) in at least 23 of 31 provinces of Iran. In Pakistan, it was photographed in Haripur, Dera Ismail Khan, Sialkot Districts and Langh Lake Wildlife Sanctuary.

In India, it is the most common small wild cat. In Nepal, it was recorded in alpine habitat at altitudes of 3,000–3,300 m (9,800–10,800 ft) in Annapurna Conservation Area.

A few jungle cat mummies were found among the cats in ancient Egypt.

## Feeding

The jungle cat is mostly a carnivore. It likes to eat small mammals like gerbils, hares and rodents. It also hunts birds, fish, frogs, insects and small snakes. Its prey usually weighs less than 1 kg (2.2 lb). Sometimes, it eats mammals as large as young gazelles. The jungle cat is a partial omnivore. It eats fruits, especially in winter.

The jungle cat hunts by stalking its prey. It then chases its prey. The jungle cats ears helps the jungle cat to know where its prey is. It uses different ways to catch prey. Like the caracal, the jungle cat can jump high into the air to catch birds. It is a great climber. The jungle cat can run up to 32 km/h (20 mph). It is a good swimmer. It can swim up to 1.5 km (0.93 mi) in water. It can jump into water to catch fish.
Sand cat

The **sand cat** (_Felis margarita_) is a small wild cat in the Felinae subfamily. It is distributed over African and Asian deserts.  Sometimes people call it "desert cat," but that is really the name of a different animal.  The sand cat does live in deserts, even the Sahara and Arabian Desert.  It is also found in Iran and Pakistan.  In zoos, this cat can live for up to 13 years.

The sand cat is about 50 cm long, not including the tail. The tail is 30 cm long and has rings on it. It weighs about 2.7 kg (6 lbs). It has sand-colored fur and a wide head with ears that can point up, out or down. There is fur on its paws so that the hot sand does not hurt it.

This cat finds shade or digs a burrow during the day and hides from the sunlight underground. It only lives in places where the sand or dirt is loose enough for it to dig.  The sand cat looks for food at night.  It eats rodents, lizards and insects.  It can even hunt and kill snakes.  It does not drink water, taking all its water from eating prey.  It does not need to go near watering holes, so it can avoid bigger predators that might hurt it.  Wolves, snakes, large birds and humans can hurt this cat.

The sand cat does not fight with other sand cats over territory. Sometimes sand cats will take turns in the same burrow, but they will not share it at the same time. The sand cat lives alone except when looking for mates and when mothers are raising cubs.

## Distribution

The sand cat lives in both sandy and stony deserts. It prefers flat terrain with little grass or small bush. It avoids bare and moving sand dunes, where there is little prey. Sand cats live in the Moroccan Sahara, Algeria, Mali, Ténéré Desert, Egypt, Sinai peninsula, Saudi Arabia, Israel, Jordan, Syria, Iraq, Iran, Pakistan.

## Diet

In the Ténéré Desert, sand cats were seen hunting small rodents, young cape hare. They were also seen hunting greater hoopoe lark, desert monitor, sandfish, and venomous vipers. If they caught more than they could eat, they buried some to eat later.

In Israel, pieces of the Egyptian spiny-tailed lizards were found near burrows used by sand cats. They were seen hunting jirds, Cairo spiny mouse, desert lark, and small reptiles. In central Iran, pieces of the Blanford's jerboa and Balochistan gerbil were found around the dens of sand cats.
Chinkara

The **Chinkara** (_Gazella bennettii_) or **Jabeer Gazelle** is a species of gazelle found in South Asia. It lives in grasslands and desert areas in the Republic of India, Bangladesh and parts of Iran and Pakistan. It is also known as the **Indian Gazelle** (_Gazella gazella bennetti_).
Corsac fox

The **corsac fox** (_Vulpes corsac_), also known as the **steppe fox**, is a medium-sized Asiatic fox species. It is spread throughout the central steppes of Asia. It is very social and lives in "corsac cities" where animals have several dens with connected holes. It prefers some steppe and semi-desert in mountainous areas. It is mainly grey-reddish with silver celadon areas on their coat. The corsac fox is threatened by hunting for the fur trade.
Eurasian brown bear

The **Eurasian Brown Bear** (_Ursus arctos arctos_) is a subspecies of the Brown Bear (_Ursus arctos_). It is found across northern Eurasia. It is the national animal of many countries including Finland.

## Conflict with humans

Bears are known to attack humans for many reasons but actually they avoid attacking. One reason is that if you surprise a bear it is likely to attack. The other one, is that bears enjoy to eat food, which is why people tend to avoid leaving food in the forest where bears are.

## Diet

The Eurasian brown bear is a omnivore (which eats everything). For example, they eat:
- Ants
- Berries
- Honey
- Meat
- Grass (if there is no food)

## Related pages

- Brown Bear
Eurasian wolf

The **Eurasian wolf** (_Canis lupus lupus_) is a subspecies of the grey wolf (_Canis lupus_). It is also known as the common wolf, European Wolf, Carpathian Wolf, Steppes Wolf, Tibetan Wolf and Chinese Wolf. It originally lived in most of Eurasia, with a southern limit of the Himalayas in the Hindu Kush Range.

It is the largest of Old World grey wolves, averaging 39 kg (86 lb) in Europe.
False killer whale

The **false killer whale** (_Pseudorca crassidens_) is a cetaceans and larger members of the oceanic dolphin family (Delphinidae). The species is the only member of the _Pseudorca_ genus.

They live in temperate and tropical waters throughout the world. As its name implies, the false killer whale shares characteristics with the more widely known _Orca_ ("killer whale"). The two species look somewhat similar and, like the orca, the false killer whale attacks and kills other cetaceans. However, the two dolphin species are not closely related.

The false killer whale has not been extensively studied in the wild by scientists; much of the data about the dolphin has been obtained by examining stranded animals.
Blanford's fox

**Blanford's fox** (_Vulpes cana_), is a small fox. It is found in steppes and mountains of Afghanistan, Egypt (Sinaï), Turkestan, northeast Iran, SW Pakistan, the West Bank and Israel. Blanford's fox has large ears.  Its tail is almost equal in length to its body. Its coat is light tan.
In Flames

**In Flames** is a melodic death metal band from Gothenburg, Sweden. They, along with At the Gates, are often said to be a major influence on the type of heavy metal known as "melodic death metal". The band is signed to the Century Media record label and have released nine albums.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: In Flames
- **img**: In Flames band 2.jpg
- **img capt**: In Flames in concert
- **img size**: 250
- **landscape**: Yes
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Gothenburg, Sweden
- **genre**: Melodic death metal, alternative metal
- **years active**: 1990present
- **label**: Nuclear Blast, Ferret Music, Ferret, Wrong Again Records, Wrong Again, Koch Records, Koch, Good Fight Music, Good Fight, Century Media Records, Century Media
- **associated acts**: Dark Tranquillity, Engel (band), Engel, Arch Enemy, Ceremonial Oath, Dimension Zero (Swedish band), Dimension Zero, HammerFall, Passenger (Swedish band), Passenger, All Ends
- **current members**: Anders Fridén
Björn Gelotte
Niclas Engelin
Peter Iwers
Daniel Svensson
- **past members**: Jesper Strömblad
Glenn Ljungström
Johan Larsson (musician), Johan Larsson
Chinese river dolphin

The **Chinese river dolphin** (_Lipotes vexillifer_)  or **baiji**  was a river dolphin. It was found only in the Yangtze River in China.  The last confirmed sighting of the baiji was in 2004 but there were possible sightings in 2007 and 2016 as well. The baiji was declared functionally extinct in 2007.  that means experts said that even if there had been a few baiji left alive in 2007, there were probably not enough left to have young and keep the species alive. The IUCN Red List says the baiji is critically endangered but not really extinct.

## Description

The baiji was a graceful animal, with a long, narrow and slightly upturned beak and a flexible neck. As opposed to some other freshwater dolphins, like the Indus River dolphin, its eyes were functional, although greatly reduced. Its coloration was bluish-gray to gray above and white to ashy-white below. It weighed 135 – 230 kg (300 - 510 lb) and measured as much as 2.5 m (8.2') in length.

## Reasons for extinction

The World Conservation Union (IUCN) noted these threats to the species:
- a period of hunting by humans during the Great Leap Forward,
- entanglement in fishing gear,
- the illegal practice of electric fishing,
- collisions with boats and ships, habitat loss, and
- pollution.
Further studies have noted the environmental impact of building the Three Gorges Dam on the living space of the baiji.

It was the first dolphin species that humans have made extinct.
At the Gates

**At the Gates** is a heavy metal band from Gothenburg, Sweden. They, along with In Flames, are seen as a big influence on the type of heavy metal called _melodic death metal_.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: At the Gates
- **img**: At The Gates - Wacken Open Air 2015-1403.jpg
- **img capt**: At The Gates live in Wacken Open Air 2015
- **img size**: 250
- **landscape**: Yes
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Sweden
- **genre**: Melodic death metal
- **years active**: 1990–1996
2007-2008
2010-present
- **label**: Earache Records, Earache, Peaceville Records, Peaceville
- **associated acts**: The Haunted, Cradle of Filth, Liers in Wait, Grotesque (band), Grotesque, Nightrage, The Crown (band), The Crown, Disfear, Skitsystem, Lock Up (UK band), Lock Up, The Great Deceiver (band), The Great Deceiver, Oxiplegatz, House of Usher, Dead To Fall
- **current members**: Tomas Lindberg
Anders Björler
Adrian Erlandsson
Jonas Björler
Martin Larsson
- **past members**: Alf Svensson (guitarist), Alf Svensson
Jesper Jarold
Indian fox

The **Bengal fox** (_Vulpes bengalensis_), also known as the **Indian fox**, is a fox. It is endemic to the Indian subcontinent, and is found from the Himalayan foothills and Terai of Nepal through southern India and from southern and eastern Pakistan to eastern India and southeastern Bangladesh.
Clouded leopard

The **clouded leopard** (_Neofelis nebulosa_) is a rare cat species. It is a medium-sized felid, found from the Himalayan foothills through mainland Southeast Asia into China. It is 55 to 110 cm (2 ft to 3 ft 6 in) long and weighs between 15 and 23 kg (33 to 50 lb). It is classified as vulnerable in 2008 by IUCN. Its total population may be fewer than 10,000 mature individuals.

Clouded leopards hunt in trees as well as on the ground. Their prey are monkeys and birds. They are one of the few cats who are arboreal.

The genetic analysis of specimens of _Neofelis nebulosa_ and its close relative _Neofelis diardi_ suggests the two species diverged 1.4 million years ago. A group crossed a now submerged land bridge to Borneo and Sumatra from mainland Asia. And, the Sunda clouded leopard is different enough on the two large islands to be classed as two subspecies.

The split between the two subspecies corresponds roughly with the catastrophic eruption of the Toba supervolcano in Sumatra 69,000–77,000 years ago. A probable scenario is that Sunda clouded leopards from Borneo recolonized Sumatra during periods of low sea levels in the Pleistocene, and these were later separated from their source population by rising sea levels.
Government of India Act 1935

The **Government of India Act 1935** was the last constitution of British India which split Burma from it. It lasted until 1947, when British territory was split into Pakistan and India.

Features of the act:

- Detailed document with 321 sections and 10 schedules.
- Divided powers between the Centre and units in terms of 3 lists: Federal list (59 items), Provincial list (54 items) and Concurrent list (36 items).
- Gave Indian provinces much less independence.
- Provision for the establishment of an All India Federation at the center, consisting of Provinces of British India and the Princely states.
- For the first time direct elections were introduced. Women were also allowed to vote.
- Sindh was separated from Bombay, Orissa was separated from Bihar, and Burma was separated from India. The number of provinces were increased to eleven by giving North West Frontier Province (NWFP) the status of fully-fledged province and creating two new provinces, Orissa and Sindh.
- The System of Diarchy was dropped at the provincial level but introduced at the central government level.
- Two Houses of Parliament at central government level were introduced with Council of State being the Upper House and Assembly being the Lower House.
- Special Responsibilities and Safeguards vested in British Executive power in London
- Introduced the Reserve bank of India to look after the cash flow and printing processes

## Background

Despite the failure of round table conferences, in March 1933 the British government announced its proposals for how India should be governed. These were published in a 'white paper' (a discussion issued before a Bill is presented to the British parliament). After discussions by the British politicians and consultation with Indian delegates, nominated by the government to take part in the talks, a Bill was introduced before the British parliament in December 1934. In August 1935, the Government of India Act became law. This was the last major legislation that the British government passed before independence was granted. The act was an important point in the move towards formal Independence. It provided the basis for negotiations which resulted in the British leaving India.
This act was opposed by both the Muslim League and Congress however both contested in the elections of 1937.
Brahmanbaria District

**Brahmanbaria** (Bengali: ব্রাহ্মণবাড়িয়া _Bramhonbaŗia_) is a district in east-central Bangladesh. It is a part of the Chittagong Division. It was part of greater Comilla District until 1984. Before 1830 the Sarail Pargana was a part of Mymensingh district. The district has 4 municipalities, 39 wards, 97 mahallas, 7 upazilas, 98 union parishads, 1052 mouzas and 1329 villages.

## Geography

Brahmanbaria District is located at the east-central region of Bangladesh. It has a total area of 1927.11 km². Brahmanbaria is bordered by Kishoreganj District and Habiganj District on the north, Comilla District on the south, Habiganj District and Tripura State, India on the east and Meghna River, Kishoreganj District, Narsingdi District and Narayanganj District on the west.

The district is mainly by low-lying land with small hills.

## Infobox (bangladesh district)

- **name**: Brahmanbaria
- **native name**: ব্রাহ্মণবাড়িয়া
- **pushpin label position**: right
- **division name**: Chittagong Division
- **leader party**: BNP
- **leader name**: kabir ahamed
- **leader name1**: kabir(bhadughar)
- **area total km2**: 1927.11
- **area note**: Bhadughar
  Meela                   = Bhadughar Boishahi Meela (14th Boishah)
- **population total**: 2365880
- **population as of**: 1991
- **literacy rate**: 26.6%
- **postal code**: 3400
Dhund (tribe)

The **Dhund Abbasi**, also written as _Dhund_ or _Abbasi_, is a tribe concerned in Northern area of Pakistan. The Dhund Abbasi tribe traces its roots back to Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib, the uncle of Muhammad.

They are mainly settled in Abbottabad District and Murree and it's surroundings. Apart from Abbottabad and Murree, they are also found in Rawalpindi and (Bagh District) and (Muzaffarabad District) of Azad Kashmir.

The tribe speak several languages such as "Urdu", "Pahari" and "Hindko".

The word Dhund was an honorary name given to one of their forefathers.

## Related pages

- Karlal
- Murree
- Bagh
Bangladesh Standard Time

**Bangladesh Standard Time** (BST) is the time zone for Bangladesh. It is six hours ahead of UTC (UTC+6). Bangladesh does not observe any daylight saving time.

Bangladesh used summer time, making it **Bangladesh Daylight Time** (BDT). This was used from June 19 until December 31, 2009. The measure has not been used since.

## Other websites

- The current time in Bangladesh
- Current local time in Dhaka
Western European Summer Time

- **_BST** redirects here, for the Bangladeshi time zone, see Bangladesh Standard Time_

**Western European Summer Time** (**WEST**) is  a summer daylight saving time scheme, 1 hour ahead of Coordinated Universal Time. It is used in the following places:
- the Canary Islands
- the Faroe Islands
- the Republic of Ireland
- the Crown dependencies
- the Madeira islands
- Continental Portugal
- the United Kingdom
- Morocco in North Africa

Western European Summer Time is also known by other names:
- **British Summer Time** (BST) in the United Kingdom.
- **Irish Standard Time** (IST) ( (ACÉ)) in Ireland. This is sometimes called **Irish Summer Time** ().

The scheme runs from the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in October each year. At both the start and end of the schemes, clock changes take place at 01:00 UTC. During the winter, Greenwich Mean Time (UTC+0) is used.
Frederica Sagor Maas

**Frederica Alexandrina Sagor Maas** (; July 6, 1900 – January 5, 2012) was an American playwright, screenwriter, essayist and author. She was the youngest daughter of Russian immigrants. She wrote for the film _The Plastic Age_, which helped with making Clara Bow well known. During the time of McCarthyism, Maas and her husband got into trouble because they read some works of Communism. She wrote an autobiography called _The Shocking Miss Pilgrim: A Writer in Early Hollywood_.

## Other websites

- Video of Frederica Sagor Maas at 100  from Reverie Productions
- Interview with Frederica Sagor Maas at age 99

## Infobox (actor)

- **name**: Frederica Sagor Maas
- **birth place**: New York City, New York (state), New York,
 United States
- **death place**: La Mesa, California, United States
- **years active**: 1918 – 1950
- **occupation**: Playwright, screenwriter,
essayist and author
- **spouse**: Ernest Maas
 married 1927-1986 _(his death)_
Western Schism

The **Western Schism** was a split between factions of the Roman Catholic Church between 1378 and 1417.

During this period, more than one claimed to be the true pope.

The reasons for the split were mostly political, rather than theological. The Council of Constance (1414–1418) ended the schism when they elected Martin V as the new pope.
Avignon Papacy

The **Avignon Papacy** refers to the 70 years when the popes lived in Avignon instead of living in Rome. Philip IV of France had forced a papal conclave to elect a French pope, who decided he did not want to live in Rome.

## History

This period started in 1309 and ended in 1376 when Pope Gregory XI returned to the pope's residence in Rome.

There was an attempt to return the papacy to Avignon, but it was not successful.

## List of Avignon popes

The Bishops of Rome who lived in Avignon were:

1. Pope Clement V: 1305–1314
1. Pope John XXII: 1316–1334
1. Pope Benedict XII: 1334–1342
1. Pope Clement VI: 1342–1352
1. Pope Innocent VI: 1352–1362
1. Pope Urban V: 1362–1370
1. Pope Gregory XI: 1370–1378

Two antipopes were based in Avignon as well:
- Clement VII: 1378–1394
- Benedict XIII: 1394–1423 (expelled from Avignon in 1403)

## Related pages

- Western Schism

## Other websites

- Avignon Tourist office website  ;
John Wycliffe

**John Wycliffe** (lived from about 1320 to 1384 in England) was an English theologian. He was one of the first to translate the Christian Bible into English, the common language. His version is generally known as "Wyclif's Bible". A mission agency bearing his name, Wycliffe Bible Translators, still translates the scriptures into languages used around the world.

Wycliffe wrote that papal claims of temporal power had no foundation in the scriptures and that the Bible alone should be the standard of Christian belief and practice.

His family lived in a lower social class and did not live in great wealth but was not poor either. Later, after Wycliffe had grown up, he attended Oxford University, where he earned an arts degree. He became Master of Balliol College, Oxford, in 1361. He was also given a parish in Lincolnshire, which meant he had to give up the position of Master of Balliol. He lived at Oxford for a large portion of his life and worked as a rector, a member of the clergy, at local churches.

Many other changes came to his life. Some of his ideas disagreed with the Church's, but he had the support and protection of John of Gaunt, who then ruled England.

Wycliffe encouraged the Church to benefit the sinners of the world by living a life of poverty, but not everyone agreed with his thoughts and ideas. In some of his later writings, he wrote that the Bible was the authority of the Christian religion, and it was not of the Church. In 1382, his followers, known as the _Lollards_, helped him translate the Bible. Early Protestants called him the first great reformer.

## Related pages

- William Tyndale
- Sola scriptura

## Other websites

- Wycliffe Bible Translators
Conciliar movement

The **Conciliar Movement** was a Christian reform movement in the 14th and 15th centuries in the Roman Catholic Church which held that final authority in spiritual matters resided with the Church as a corporation of Christians, embodied by a general church council, not with the Pope.  This movement occurred in Western Europe.
Conciliarism was started by Pope Innocent III and is still used today in France.
Merchet

A **merchet** was a fine paid on a marriage in the Middle Ages in England. When a peasant woman was to get married to someone who was not of the same manor, her lord was paid money to allow her to be married. The money was usually paid by the father of the woman. This fine was paid because when the woman became married she would leave the manor with her new husband. Because of this, the lord would lose a worker.
Jacquerie

**Jacquerie** was a large uprising in late medieval Europe. It happened in 1358, when French peasants were protesting heavy taxation in the Oise valley north of Paris.
White-collar crime

**White-collar crime** refers to crimes done by people who work in offices. Those people often wear shirts with white collars. This is a sign of high status.  Persons who work with their hands are sometimes called "blue collar" workers. Most white-collar crimes are done by persons in banking, business or government. The can include bribery, embezzlement, fraud or money laundering. The crimes are done along with their regular work. The term was created by Edwin Sutherland in 1939.

A related term, "fur-collar crime" refers to crimes committed by high-ranking officials, nobles and people of high status during the 15th century in Western Europe. Noble warriors, especially young bachelor knights who were not assigned any tasks, often did it. They robbed, plundered, and pillaged because they were bored and out of money. Crimes committed against a helpless peasantry by members of the nobility often went unpunished.
WQED (TV)

**WQED** (channel 13, digital channel 38) is a PBS television station based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Established 1 April 1954, it was the first community-sponsored television station in the United States as well as the fifth public TV station. WQED also became the first station to telecast classes to elementary classrooms when Pittsburgh launched the Metropolitan School Service in 1955. WQED has produced many shows for PBS, such as Mister Rogers' Neighborhood (which aired first run episodes from 19 February 1968 to 31 August 2001) after the station hired Fred Rogers. Pittsburgh Magazine is also a publication of WQED.
Peking University

**Peking University** (PKU; Beijing University) is a prestigious university in Beijing, China. It was created in 1898. The university is also known as **Beida** and is associated with C9 League. Peking University ranked as the 22nd best university in the 2020 QS World University Rankings.

## History

It was founded during the late Qing Dynasty in 1898. At that time, it was known as the Imperial University of Peking (京师大学堂). Its English name retains the use of "Beijing" which is widely used in other contexts as well.
Spotter

A **spotter** is someone trained to look for something. The term has the following special meanings.

- Weather spotter, an individual who observes the weather to inform other groups.
- Storm spotter, a weather spotter who observes specific weather events.
- In the military, a spotter is a member of a sniper team.
- In weight training, a spotter will assist someone lifting a weight for safety; see spotting (weight training).
- In bouldering, a person who assists others in accident prevention; see Spotting (climbing)
- In off-roading, a person who assists the driver over obstacles; see Spotting (off-road)
- Transportation enthusiasts who enjoy watching various transport-related activities:
    - Train spotter, a railfan.
    - An aircraft spotter, someone who engages in aircraft spotting.
    - A bus spotter, someone who engages in bus spotting.
- A British term for a police or military intelligence informant.
- Spotter (auto racing), a term used in auto racing
- A local writer for Spotted by Locals
Sniper scope

A **sniper scope** or **telecopic sight** is a kind of telescope that is attached to a rifle. These scopes can help a sniper aim and hit a target far away.

Usually, they are made of metal, with glass on each end. They show markings to help aim. A rifle scope works by enlarging target area so you can aim more accurately. Scopes differ from iron sights, which are usually used in crossbows or some machine guns.

The scope hasn’t been around forever. In fact, scopes are relatively new inventions, dating back to the late 19th century. A book published in 1844 called _the Improved American Rifle_ documents some of the first rifle markers manufactured in New York. The idea of using a telescope tube came in 10 years later. Willian Malcolm, a New York manufacturer, introduced optics to lenses.

It was during the World War 1 when rifle scopes saw big improvements. With trench warfare came the rise of the snipers.

Back then, 6x magnification was considered a feat. But with today’s technology, we could use even 10x magnification scopes with rifles.
Burlap

**Burlap**, also known as **hessian,** is a woven, rough cloth, made from jute, hemp, or other fiber.

Burlap is often sewn into large sacks for packing and shipping bulk foods such as dried beans and grains. After filling, the sack can be sewn closed and the stitching opened so the sack can be reused.
Ghillie suit

A **ghillie suit** is a special kind of military camouflage suit used by snipers. It is made of netting, with woven threads of burlap, yute, and other fibers in to help hide the sniper's body outline. Ghillie suits are heavy, usually weighing 3-10 pounds or more, and can become very hot. They also can catch on objects when used in the woods and make movement difficult. Still, they are one of the best kinds of camouflage a sniper can use. With a properly made ghillie suit that matches the terrain around him, a sniper can be almost invisible, even to a soldier right next to him.

## Other websites

- How to Make a Ghillie Suit: A Step-by-Step Guide
Counter-sniping

**Counter-sniping** is a job performed by soldiers in an army to find and kill an enemy sniper. They use binoculars, telescopes, and sniper scopes to locate the enemy. Once he is found, usually they will have another sniper try to shoot him.

When famous people give speeches, the police sometimes use counter-snipers to prevent the person from being shot.
Carlos Hathcock

Gunnery Sergeant **Carlos Norman Hathcock II** (May 20, 1942 – February 23, 1999) was a U.S. Marine Corps scout/sniper. He was famous for having one of the highest numbers of confirmed kills in the U.S. military, during the Vietnam War, as well as holding the record for many years for the longest sniper kill in history.
Sunda Strait

Sunda Strait is the strait that is between the islands of Java and Sumatra in Indonesia.
It is the location of the volcano Krakatoa. which erupted in 1883 covering both islands with stuff
Answering machine

An **answering machine** (other names are **answerphone**, **ansaphone**, **ansafone** and **Telephone Answering Device** (TAD)) is a machine. It is attached to a telephone line. If the phone is not answered after a few rings, it will play a message to the caller. The caller can then leave a message (after a sound that has become known as _the beep_). It is different form voicemail which is based in the network. Answering machines are installed at home (or at the office).

At first, answering machines used tapes (a smaller version of audio cassettes). Today, most systems use computer memory to store the messages and the prerecorded text. Many systems allow to listen to the left messages by simply calling the answering machine. Answering machines also have a system to save costs: If there are no new messages, there will be fewer rings.
Vocation

A **vocation** (from the Latin word _vocātiō_ meaning a calling) is a job that suits a person best. It is also the desire to do a particular job, especially a religious career like being a priest.  For religious people, a vocation is often something they feel God has asked them to do.  A vocation is followed more for spiritual or emotional reasons than  for money, which is a helpful extra benefit from a vocation but not the reason for it.

## In Christianity

Vocations meet a psychological or spiritual need for the worker, and the word can also be used for a job at which a person is gifted.  The word "vocation" comes from the Latin _vocare_, meaning "to call";.  In the past the word meant people's being called to follow Christianity.  Martin Luther was the first to use it in the modern way, to describe a life-task.

Christians believe God has created each person with gifts and talents designed for a reason.  Christians can be called to vocations that are faithful to Christian teachings, such as marriage, or to be a priest, monk or nun, chastity as a single person or the general calling to live a life that is right, for the good of the Church or humanity.

For those who are not priests or full-time religious people, Protestantism was important in telling them they still had a vocation.  Calvinism told people to work hard in life. Calvin said a Christian had two callings; a general calling to serve God and a calling to do a particular job at which they are useful.  Protestant ministers in the past said working hard gives God glory.  Without something to do, they said people were more likely to sin.

## Vocation outside of Christianity

This belief also has an impact outside of religion.  Modern occupations seen as vocations are those that involve caring or teaching, such as medicine, nursing, teaching, or veterinary work. Politics, may also be seen as a vocation. Campaigning for human rights, such as with the groups Amnesty International and Greenpeace, can also be seen as a vocation, although the word usually refers to a full-time job.  People following other religions can also feel called to do a certain job by their gods.
The Daily Telegraph (Sydney)

***The Daily Telegraph*** is a newspaper published in Sydney, Australia. It is made by an Australian company called News Limited. It started in 1879.

## Other websites

- _The Daily Telegraph_ homepage
The West Australian

***The West Australian*** is a newspaper published in Perth, Western Australia. It is made by an Australian company called West Australian Newspapers Holdings. It started in 1833.

## Other websites

- _The West Australian_ homepage
The Daily Telegraph

- _For "The Daily Telegraph" in Australia, see The Daily Telegraph (Australia)._

***The Daily Telegraph*** is a British daily morning broadsheet newspaper, which began in 1855. The newspaper was started by Arthur B. Sleigh in June 1855 as the ***Daily Telegraph and Courier***, and since 2004 has been owned by David and Frederick Barclay.

In January 2008, the _Telegraph_ was the highest selling newspaper among British broadsheets and former broadsheets, with selling an average of 842,912 copies each day. This compared to 617,483 for _The Times_, 358,844 for _The Guardian_, and 215,504 for _The Independent_. In August 2010 the paper sold 673,010 copies, against 494,205 for _The Times_.

It has been described as conservative and right-wing.

## Other websites

- Telegraph.co.uk
Missy Higgins

**Missy Higgins** (born **Melissa Morrison Higgins** on 19 August 1983) is an Australian singer and songwriter. She has released five studio albums.

### Early life and work

Higgins was born in Melbourne, Australia. She was a student at Geelong Grammar School. Most of her spare time at the school was spent in a music room, playing the piano. When she was 15 years old, she wrote a song called "All for Believing" that got an "A" in a school assignment. The next year, Higgins went to a record label, but was denied because she had not written any other songs. She began writing new songs. In the meantime, her sister sent "All for Believing" to Triple J, and it won an "Unearthed" competition. Because of this, record labels Sony and EMI both contacted her. Higgins chose "Eleven", a part of EMI.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Missy Higgins
- **img**: File:Missy Higgins ARIA 2013.jpg
- **img capt**: Missy Higgins in 2013
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Melissa Morrison Higgins
- **origin**: Melbourne, Australia
- **instrument**: Piano, guitar
- **genre**: Pop music, Pop, Folk music, folk, Acoustic music, acoustic
- **occupation**: Singer, Singing, songwriter, songwriting
- **years active**: 2001 to present
- **label**: Eleven (part of EMI)
- **url**: http://www.missyhiggins.com/
Colin Delaney

**Colin Matthew Delaney** (born September 7, 1986) is an American professional wrestler.  He is best known for his time with  WWE on  its ECW brand. He has also wrestled for All Elite Wrestling (AEW) and for many independent promotions. These include Squared Circle Wrestling, Chikara, NWA Upstate, Combat Zone Wrestling and the International Wrestling Cartel. He has wrestled using the ring names Colin Olsen and the "Extremely Cute Wrestler" Colin Delaney.

## Career

Delaney made his World Wrestling Entertainment debut as a jobber, seen wrestling on the ECW show.  On August 15, Delaney was released by WWE.

## Personal life

Colin has an older brother Ed who competes as "Hangin' Tough" Freddie Midnight, and younger brother Brian who competed as Mr. Bodacious.

## Championships and accomplishments

- **Absolute Intense Wrestling**
    - AIW Absolute Championship (1 time)
    - AIW Tag Team Championship (6 times) – with Jimmy Olsen (1) and Cheech (5)
- **International Wrestling Cartel**
    - IWC Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Keith Haught
- **NWA Empire**
    - NWA Empire Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
    - NWA Empire Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Mean Marcos
    - NWA Empire Lord of the Dance Championship (1 time)
    - NWA Southern Junior Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
- **NWA Upstate**
    - NWA Upstate Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Jimmy Olsen
- **Pier 6 Wrestling**
    - P6W Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
- **Pro Wrestling Illustrated**
    - PWI ranked #**262** of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2015
- **Roc City Wrestling**
    - RCW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Jimmy Olsen
- **Squared Circle Wrestling**
    - 2CW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Jimmy Olsen
- **Southern Tier Wrestling**
    - STW Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Cheech
- **Upstate Pro Wrestling**
    - UPW No Limits Championship (1 time)
    - UPW Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Cheech
    - Upstate 8 Tournament (2018) - with Cheech
- **Xcite Wrestling**
    - Xcite Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Cheech

## Other websites

- Official MySpace
- Online World of Wrestling profile

## Infobox (professional wrestler)

- **name**: Colin Delaney
- **names**: **Colin Delaney**
**Colin Delaney Olsen**
Colin Olsen
- **image**: Colin Delaney 2013.jpg
- **birth name**: Colin Matthew Delaney
- **caption**: Delaney in June 2012
- **birth place**: Rochester, New York
- **billed**: Rochester, New York
- **trainer**: NWA Upstate
- **debut**: 2003
Abstract

Abstraction is the process of leaving out certain details of an idea or a concept to make it more general.
The word **abstract** has the following connections:
- Abstract art does not try to represent the physical world as it is.
- Abstract ideas such as "democracy" are concepts. Unlike houses and books (which are objects) they cannot be touched. Other examples of abstract ideas are speed, rarity and courage.
- In logic, if something is abstract, it is general.
- Abstract algebra compares different kinds of algebra.
- An abstract in writing is a short summary of a paper or essay that tells the reader the main points. Such summaries or abstracts are common in articles published in scientific journals.
Seminar

**Seminar** is a conference for discussion or training.
In college, students meet in seminars to discuss some general topic of interest. It is essentially a place where assigned readings are discussed, questions can be raised and debates can be conducted.
WYSIWYG

**WYSIWYG** ( or ), is an acronym for **_W**hat **Y**ou **S**ee **I**s **W**hat **Y**ou **G**et_, used in computing to describe a system where things you edit on the on-screen editor appear almost the same to the final output, which might be a printed document, a web page, a PowerPoint presentation or even the lighting for a concert. Web designers often use this word to talk about their work.

## Related pages

- GUI
- Text editor
- WYSIWYM

## Other websites

- Comparison table - open source and commercial WYSIWYG web-based editors
- ATPM.com's WYSIWYG: Is it What You Want?
- What has WYSIWYG done to us?  - Serious article about the negative effects the introduction of WYSIWYG has had as of 1996.
- XML: WYSIWYG to WYSIWYM - A brief look at XML document authoring  An article on existing XML authoring software (May 2005)
- The Jargon File entry for WYSIWYG
- Online demonstration WYSIWYG Examples  - Two, online demonstration editors for making web pages or PDFs.
- ATPM.com's WYSIWYG: Is it What You Want?
Philosopher's Stone

The **Philosopher's Stone** is a substance that alchemists believed was able to turn base (impure) metals (such as lead) into pure gold. They thought it could also be used for rejuvenation (to become younger again) and to achieve immortality (to live forever).

## In popular culture

The first _Harry Potter_ book is called _Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone_ (_Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone_ in the United States).

The manga and anime series Fullmetal Alchemist.
Gary Gygax

**Ernest Gary Gygax** (July 27, 1938 – March 4, 2008) (IPA: ) was an American writer and game designer. He was best known for co-creating the early role-playing game _Dungeons & Dragons_ (_D&D_) with Dave Arneson in 1974. Gygax is often thought of as one of the first people to make role-playing games.

## Other websites

- Interviews and Q&As
    - Q&A with Gary Gygax at Dragonsfoot
    - The Ultimate Interview with Gary Gygax at thekyngdoms.com
    - Dungeons & Dragons Creator Gary Gygax Passes Away; Interview on BoingBoing Gadgets

- Obituaries
    - _The Times_ Obituary, March 5, 2008
    - _The Guardian_ Obituary, March 7, 2008 (Note the similarity to this Wikipedia entry)
    - The Economist, March 13 2008
    - Obituary and notice of release of Gygax's last novel: Infernal Sorceress, July 2, 2008

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Ernest Gary Gygax
- **image**: Gary Gygax Gen Con 2007.JPG
- **caption**: Gygax at Gen Con Indy 2007
- **birth place**: Chicago, Illinois,
 United States
- **death place**: Lake Geneva, Wisconsin, United States
- **occupation**: writer, game designer
- **nationality**: United States
- **period**: 1971–2008
- **genre**: role-playing games, fantasy, wargames
Golden jackal

The **golden jackal** (_Canis aureus_), also called the **Asiatic**, **Oriental** or **common jackal** is a carnivorous mammal of the Canidae family.

It is native to southeastern Europe, Southeast Asia, the Middle East and South Asia. It is the largest of the jackals, and the only species of jackal to live outside Africa. 13 subspecies of golden jackal are recognised.
Tibetan fox

The **Tibetan Sand Fox** (_Vulpes ferrilata_) is a species of true fox. It is endemic to the high Tibetan Plateau in Nepal, China, and Kashmir, up to altitudes of about 5,300 metres. It is sometimes referred to as the **Tibetan Fox**, or simply as the **Sand Fox**, but this terminology is confusing because the Corsac Fox (Vulpes corsac), which lives in arid environments north and west of the Tibetan Plateau, is often called the "Sand Fox" as well.
Rüppell's fox

**Rüppell's Fox** (_Vulpes rueppelli_), also spelled _Rueppell's Fox_ and also called the **Sand Fox**, is a species of fox.

It lives in North Africa and the Greater Middle East region, from Morocco to Pakistan. It is named after the German collector Eduard Rüppell. It has an average life expectancy of up to 6 or 7 years in the wild, but can live much longer in captivity.
Fraser's dolphin

**Fraser's dolphin** (_Lagenodelphis hosei_), also known as the **Sarawak dolphin**, is a cetacean in the oceanic dolphin family (Delphinidae).
It is found in deep waters in the Pacific Ocean and to a lesser extent in the Indian Ocean and Atlantic Oceans.
Egyptian fruit bat

The **Egyptian fruit bat** (_Rousettus aegyptiacus_) is a species of Old World fruit bat.
It is found throughout Africa, except in the desert regions of the Sahara, and throughout the Middle East, as far east as Pakistan and northern Republic of India.
Goitered gazelle

The **goitered gazelle**, **black-tailed gazelle** or **Persian gazelle** (_Gazella subgutturosa_) is an antelope. It can run at high speed, without the leaping and bounding seen in other gazelles.

It is found in a large area of Central Asia, including part of Iran and southern west Pakistan in the western end of the range, as well as the Gobi Desert. The specific name means "full below the throat" and refers to the male having an enlargement of the neck and throat during the mating season.
Great gerbil

The **great gerbil** (_Rhombomys opimus_) is a large gerbil. It is found throughout much of Central Asia.
Himalayan goral

The **Himalayan goral** (_Naemorhedus goral_), also known as the **gray goral**, is a member of the Caprinae subfamily. It is a small, rough-haired, cylindrical-horned ruminant native to the Himalayas. In the past, it was also known as _Urotragus goral_.
Hog deer

The **hog deer** or 'Indian hog deer' (_Hyelaphus porcinus_) is small deer. It is widespread in Asia. It lives in Pakistan, Kashmir, northern India, Nepal, Bangladesh, southwestern Yunnan Province in China, all the way to western Thailand.

The deer gets its name from the way it runs through the forests with its head hung low so that it can duck under obstacles instead of leaping over them like most other deer. It runs with its tail erect, showing the white underside.
Songs About Jane

***Songs About Jane*** is the first studio album by American pop rock group Maroon 5. It was released on June 25, 2002, under J Records in the United States. The album was re-released on October 14, 2003, under Octone Records. It was produced by Matthew Wallace. The album spawned the singles "Harder to Breathe", "This Love", and "She Will Be Loved."

The album peaked at number-six on the Billboard 200 albums chart selling a round-up of 3 million album sales. By the time 2004 concluded, the album was titled multi-platinum in sales in several different countries.

## 10th year anniversary

On May 22, 2012, the band announced on their website that they would be celebrating the ten year anniversary of the album on by releasing a limited edition re-issue. The re-issue was released on June 5, 2012.  2 Disc CD Re-issue of 'Songs About Jane', featuring Original Demos, Unreleased Material and videos and a limited edition Lithograph incorporating original art inspired by each song and 'Songs About Jane' Album art.

## Track listing

All songs written by Jesse Carmichael and Adam Levine, except where noted.
1. "Harder to Breathe" – 2:53
1. "This Love" – 3:26
1. "Shiver" – 2:59
1. "She Will Be Loved" (Levine, James Valentine) – 4:17
1. "Tangled" (Levine) – 3:18
1. "The Sun" (Levine) – 4:11
1. "Must Get Out" – 3:59
1. "Sunday Morning" – 4:06
1. "Secret" – 4:55
1. "Through with You" – 3:01
1. "Not Coming Home" (Carmichael, Ryan Dusick, Levine) – 4:21
1. "Sweetest Goodbye" (Levine) – 4:30

- Bonus tracks
<sup>Bonus tracks on the import release of _Songs About Jane_, manufactured for and distributed by BMG New Zealand Limited in 2004.</sup>
1. "Rag Doll" - 5:29
1. "Harder to Breathe (Acoustic)" - 2:56
1. "This Love (Acoustic)" - 4:01
1. "This Love (Kanye West Remix)" - 3:38

## Music Videos

|2002-2003|2004-2005|2006|
| --- | --- | --- |
|Harder to Breathe|She Will Be Loved|Must Get Out|
|This Love|Sunday Morning||

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Songs About Jane
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: Maroon 5
- **released**: June 25, 2002 <small>(United States)</small>
June 5, 2012 <small>(10th Anniversary Re-Issue)</small>
- **genre**: Pop rock, funk rock, blue-eyed soul
- **length**: 45:57
- **label**: J Records, Octone Records
- **producer**: Matt Wallace
- **prev title**: The Fourth World
(1997)
- **next title**: It Won't Be Soon Before Long
(2007)
Harder to Breathe

**"Harder to Breathe"** is the first single and the first track of Maroon 5's first album _Songs About Jane_. The single was released in 2003.

## Music Video

The video features the band in a factory playing the song while objects keep disappearing and appearing as lead singer Adam Levine is found playing a guitar and walking down hallways.

## Chase The RockStar Pup Version

Harder to breathe is song by chase, he covered the song but electronic, it went EDM, or Electropop, Or alternative rock styles

it did a cool music cover of 4HD Music Publishing

## Infobox (single)

- **artist**: Chase The RockStar Pup
- **b-side**: Flexible
- **length**: 3:41