juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Camus (disambiguation)

**Albert Camus** (1913–1960) was a French philosopher, writer, and journalist.

**Camus** might also mean:

## People

- Camus (name), a given name and surname, including a list of people with the name
- Camus (folklore), an 11th-century legendary Scandinavian military leader
- Camus (musician), an American singer-songwriter

## Places

- Camus, County Galway, Ireland
- Camus, a townland in County Londonderry, Northern Ireland
- Camus, a townland and parish in County Tyrone, Northern Ireland
- Castle Camus or Knock Castle, a castle on the Isle of Skye, Scotland

## Other uses

- Camus people or Ilchamus people, a people of Kenya
- Camus Cognac, a brand of French cognac
- Royal Corps of Army Music (CAMUS), a corps of the British Army
- Camus, a fictional character in _Meine Liebe_
Relizane Province

**Relizane** is a province of Algeria. Relizane is the capital.

## Divisions

The province has 13 districts and 38 _communes_ or municipalities.

### Districts

1. Ain Tarik
1. Ammi Moussa
1. Djidiouia
1. El H'Madna
1. El Matmar
1. Mazouna
1. Mendes
1. Oued Rhiou
1. Ramka
1. Relizane
1. Sidi M'Hamed Ben Ali
1. Yellel
1. Zemmoura

## Infobox (province)

- **name**: Relizane Province
- **native name**: ولاية غليزان
- **native name lang**: ar
- **type**: Provinces of Algeria, Province
- **image map**: Algeria 48 Wilaya locator map-2009.svg
- **map caption**: Map of Algeria highlighting Relizane
- **map caption1**: Map of the 13 districts of Relizane
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: Algeria
- **seat type**: Capital (political), Capital
- **seat**: Relizane
- **leader title**: People's Provincial Assembly, PPA president
- **leader name**: Mr. Benaouda Bettayeb (National Rally for Democracy, RND)
- **leader title1**: Wāli
- **leader name1**: Mr. Boukarabila Djelloul
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area total km2**: 4870
- **population total**: 733060
- **population as of**: 2008
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone1**: Central European Time, CET
- **utc offset1**: +01
- **iso code**: ISO 3166-2:DZ, DZ-48
- **area code type**: Area Code
- **area code**: +213 (0) 46
- **blank name sec1**: Districts
- **blank info sec1**: 13
- **blank1 name sec1**: Municipalities
- **blank1 info sec1**: 38
UTC+01:00

**UTC+01:00** is the timezone for many places.

This time is used in:

- Central European Time
- West Africa Time
- Western European Summer Time
    - British Summer Time
    - Irish Standard Time
- Romance Standard Time (Microsoft Windows Control panel)
- Swatch Internet Time

## As standard time (all year round)

- Algeria
- Angola
- Benin
- Cameroon
- Central African Republic
- Chad
- Republic of the Congo
- Democratic Republic of the Congo:
    - Bandundu
    - Bas-Congo
    - Équateur
    - Kinshasa
- Equatorial Guinea
- Gabon
- Niger
- Nigeria
- Tunisia

## As standard time (Northern Hemisphere winter)

- Albania
- Andorra
- Austria
- Belgium
- Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Croatia
- Czech Republic
- Denmark
- France
- Germany
- Gibraltar (UK)
- Hungary
- Italy
- Liechtenstein
- Luxembourg
- North Macedonia
- Malta
- Monaco
- Montenegro
- Netherlands
- Norway, including:
    - Svalbard and Jan Mayen
- Poland
- San Marino
- Serbia
- Slovakia
- Slovenia
- Spain - except Canary Islands
- Sweden
- Switzerland
- Vatican City

## As standard time (Southern Hemisphere winter)

- Namibia
- Bouvet Island

## As daylight saving time (Northern Hemisphere summer)

- Alderney
- Faroe Islands
- Guernsey
- Ireland
- Isle of Man
- Jersey
- Morocco
- Portugal - except Azores
- Sark
- Spain - Canary Islands only
- United Kingdom (GMT / BST)
Wāli

**Wāli** or ***vali*** is a title used during the Arab Empire and Ottoman Empire.  It means governor. It is still used in some countries with Arabic culture.

In Algeria, a _wāli_ is the "governor" of each of the 48 provinces.  They are chosen by the president.

In Iran the governors are called Vāli.

In Turkey the head of the 81 provinces is called a wāli.
Shark Bay

**Shark Bay** is a large bay on the west coast of Western Australia. It is about  north of Perth. In 1991, the bay, its islands, and the land around it were added to UNESCO's list of World Heritage Sites.

Shark Bay has three important features to protect. It has the largest seagrass beds in the world. These are home to about 10% of the world's dugongs. And at one end of the bay are stromatolites, which are the oldest form of life on the Earth. The protected area covers .

## World Heritage Site

The area protected by the World Heritage Site is made up of different areas. About 70% of the site is marine environment protected by national parks and reserves, and includes  of coastline. About 20% was used for farming, but half of this area has been taken over by the government and is now conservation area. About 6% is in national parks and reserves.

### Parks and reserves

- Bernier Island
- Dirk Hartog Island National Park
- Dorre Island
- Charlie Island
- Faure Island Sanctuary
- Francois Peron National Park
- Friday Island
- Hamelin Pool Marine Nature Reserve
- Hamelin Pool/East Faure Island High-Low Water Mark
- Koks Island
- Monkey Mia
- Shark Bay Marine Park
- Shell Beach Conservation Park
- Small Islands
- Zuytdorp Nature Reserve

## Related pages

- List of World Heritage Sites in Australia

## Other websites

- Shark Bay website

## Infobox (unesco world heritage site)

- **whs**: Shark Bay, Western Australia
- **image**: Shark Bay Phytoplankton in Bloom.jpg
- **caption**: Shark Bay
- **location**: Gascoyne (Western Australia), Gascoyne region, Western Australia, Australia
- **criteria**: Natural: vii, viii, ix, x
- **id**: 578
- **year**: 1991
- **area**: 2,200,902 ha
- **locmapin**: Australia
- **map caption**: Location of Shark Bay at the most westerly point of the Australian continent
- **map width**: 280
- **relief**: 1
People's Provincial Assembly

The **People's Municipal Assembly** is the political group that rules the provinces of Algeria. The people are picked for five years. This assembly further elects a president, the _president of the People's Provincial Assembly_.
Numidia

**Numidia** (202 BC – 46 BC) was an ancient Berber kingdom.  It was in modern-day Algeria and a smaller part of western Tunisia in North Africa.  It was the first major state in the history of Algeria and the Berber world.

## Infobox (former country)

- **conventional long name**: Kingdom of Numidia
- **common name**: Numidia
- **region**: North-Africa
- **era**: ancient history, Antiquity
- **government type**: Monarchy
- **year start**: 202 BC
- **year end**: 46 BC
- **event end**: Annexed by the Roman Republic
- **p1**: Ancient Carthage
- **s1**: Roman Republic
- **flag s1**: Spqrstone.jpg
- **s2**: Mauretania
- **image map**: Numidia 220 BC-en.svg
- **image map caption**: Map of Numidia
- **capital**: Cirta
- **common languages**: Numidian language, Numidian, Latin language, Latin, Punic language, Punic
- **title leader**: List of Kings of Numidia, King
- **leader1**: Masinissa
- **year leader1**: 202-148 BC
- **leader2**: Juba I of Numidia
- **year leader2**: 60-46 BC
- **today**:
Rustamid

The **Rustamid** (or _Rustumid_, _Rostemid_) ruled part of North Africa in the from the 700's to 909.  It was a Muslim theocracy.  The capital was Tahert.  It was in present-day Algeria. The group had a Persian origin. No one knows how big their land was but it went as far east as Jabal Nafusa in Libya.

## Rustamid Imams

- Abd ar-Rahman ibn Rustam ibn Bahram (776-784)
- Abd al-Wahhab ibn Abd ar-Rahman (784-832)
- Aflah ibn Abd al-Wahhab (832-871)
- Abu Bakr ibn Aflah (871)
- Muhammad Abul-Yaqzan ibn Aflah (871-894)
- Yusuf Abu Hatim ibn Muhammad Abil-Yaqzan (894-897)
- Yaqub ibn Aflah (897-901)
- Yusuf Abu Hatim ibn Muhammad Abil-Yaqzan, again (901-906)
- Yaqzan ibn Muhammad Abil-Yaqzan (906-909)
Zirid dynasty

The **Zirid dynasty** were a Berber group. They were from what is now modern Algeria. The capital was Achir.

The Hammadids came from this group.

## Zirid rulers

- Abul-Futuh Sayf ad-Dawla Bologhine Ibn Ziri (973-983)
- Abul-Fat'h al-Mansur ibn Buluggin (983-995)
- Abu Qatada Nasir ad-Dawla Badis ibn Mansur (995-1016)
- Sharaf ad-Dawla al-Muizz ibn Badis (1016–1062) declared independence from the Fatimids 1048, changed capital to Mahdia in 1057 after Kairouan was lost to the Banu Hilal.
- Abu Tahir Tamim ibn al-Muizz (1062–1108); changed the khutba to refer to the Abbasid Caliph in 1087, marking a final break with the Fatimids.
- Yahya ibn Tamim (1108–1131)
- Ali ibn Yahya (1115–1121)
- Abul-Hasan al-Hasan ibn Ali (1121–1152)

## Infobox (country)

- **conventional long name**: Zirid dynasty
- **common name**: Zirid
- **status**: Vassals of the Fatimid Caliphate (972–1048)
Independent (1048–1148)
- **year start**: 972
- **year end**: 1148
- **image map**: Zirides v.980.png
- **image map caption**: Zirid territory (green) at its maximum extent around the year 980
- **p1**: Fatimid Caliphate
- **s1**: Hammadid dynasty
- **s2**: Kingdom of Africa
- **s3**: Khurasanid dynasty
- **common languages**: Berber languages, Berber (primary), Maghrebi Arabic, African Romance, African Latin, Biblical Hebrew, Hebrew
- **religion**: Islam (Shia Islam, Sunni Islam, Sunni, Ibadi), Christianity (Roman Catholicism), Judaism
- **capital**: Achir (before 1014), Kairouan (from 1014 to 1057),
Mahdia (after 1057)
- **government type**: Monarchy (Emirate)
- **title leader**: Emir
- **leader1**: Buluggin ibn Ziri
- **year leader1**: 973–984
- **leader2**: Abu'l-Hasan al-Hasan ibn Ali
- **year leader2**: 1121–1148
- **currency**: Dinar
Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites

**Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites** is a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Wiltshire, England.

Stonehenge and Avebury are groups of large stones called megaliths. Both  sites are circles of stones which are placed in a pattern.  In each, the placement of the stones and spaces between them may have astronomical meaning.

## History

The creation of Stonehenge and Avebury dates from the Bronze Age.

Avebury is  to the north of Stonehenge.  It is Europe's largest prehistoric stone circle. It has about 100 megaliths.

Small sites of prehistoric stones are nearby, including Silbury Hill, Windmill Hill, West Kennet Long Barrow, and Overton Hill.

## Related pages

- List of World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom

## Other websites

- EnglishHeritage.org, Stonehenge
- SacredDestinations.com, Stonehenge

## Infobox (unesco world heritage site)

- **image upright**: 1.2
- **location**: Wiltshire, England, United Kingdom
- **criteria**: (i), (ii), (iii)
- **id**: 373bis
- **year**: 1986
- **extension**: 2008
- **locmapin**: United Kingdom
Hammadid dynasty

The **Hammadids** were a Berber group.  It was in what is now north-eastern modern Algeria.  It existed from about 1008 to 1152.  They were destroyed by the Almohads.

The capital was first Qalaat Beni Hammad.  It is now a UNESCO World Heritage Site.  In 1090 the capital was changed to Béjaïa.

## Rulers

- Hammad ibn Buluggin, 1014–1028
- al-Qaid ibn Hammad, 1028–1045
- Muhsin ibn Qaid, 1045–1046
- Buluggin ibn Muhammad ibn Hammad, 1046–1062
- an-Nasir ibn Alnas ibn Hammad, 1062–1088
- al-Mansur ibn Nasir, 1088–1104
- Badis ibn Mansur, 1104
- Abd al-Aziz ibn Mansur, 1104–1121
- Yahya ibn Abd al-Aziz, 1121–1152

## Infobox (country)

- **conventional long name**: Hammadid dynasty
- **common name**: Hammadid
- **year start**: 1014
- **year end**: 1152
- **languages**: Arabic language, Arabic, Berber language, Berber
- **languages type**: Official languages
- **image map**: Hammadid1100.png
- **image map caption**: The Hammadid dynasty (green),
- **p1**: Zirid
- **s1**: Almohad dynasty
- **religion**: Islam
- **capital**: Beni Hammad Fort, Beni Hammad (until 1090)
Béjaïa (after 1090)
- **government type**: Monarchy
- **title leader**: Hammadid#Rulers, Sultan
- **leader1**: Hammad ibn Buluggin
- **year leader1**: 1008–1028
- **leader2**: Yahya ibn Abd al-Aziz
- **year leader2**: 1121–1152
Algerian dinar

The **dinar** is the money of Algeria. 100 _santeem_ make 1 dinar.  The name "dinar" comes from the Roman denarius.  Algeria started using the dinar on 1 April 1964.
Central Atlas Tamazight

**Central Atlas Tamazight**, also known as **Central Morocco Tamazight**   is a Berber language.  It is of the Afro-Asiatic language family. It is spoken by 3 to 5 million people in Central Morocco, and by smaller communities in France and elsewhere. It is an official language of Morocco.

Central Atlas Tamazight is one of the four most-spoken Berber languages.  The other ones are Kabyle, Shilha, and Riff.

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Central Atlas Tamazight
- **nativename**: ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ
- **altname**: _Tamaziġt_
- **region**: Central Morocco – Middle Atlas
- **speakers**: 3 million
- **date**: 1998
- **speakers2**: 2.6 million (In Morocco only - 2004 census)
- **agency**: Royal institute of the Amazigh culture, IRCAM
- **script**: Tifinagh, Latin script, Latin, Arabic script, Arabic
- **familycolor**: Afro-Asiatic
- **fam2**: Berber languages, Berber
- **fam3**: Northern Berber languages, Northern Berber
- **fam4**: Moroccan Atlas languages, Atlas
- **iso3**: tzm
- **map**: Central Atlas Tamazight - EN.PNG
- **mapcaption**: <small>Central Atlas Tamazight speakers are mostly distributed in a large, contiguous area in central Morocco.</small>
- **notice**: IPA
Iwami Ginzan Silver Mine

The  was a silver mine in the city of Ōda, Shimane Prefecture. It was the largest silver mine in Japanese history. Iwami Ginzan was active for almost four hundred years. It was discovered in 1526 and closed in 1923.

Today the mine has become an open-air museum.  It was named a World Heritage Site in 2007.

## Mine history

Kamiya Jutei, a Japanese merchant, started the mine in 1526. By the early 1600s the mine was producing approximately 38 tons of silver a year. That was one third of the world's production at that time.

Warlords fought over the mine until the Tokugawa Shogunate took control of it in 1600 after the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600.  Yamabuki Castle was built in the center of the complex.  The mine produced less in the nineteenth century as it had trouble competing with other mines. It closed in 1923.

## Position in the economy

Iwami Ginzan Silver Mine was very important in East Asian trade because silver was the main currency. The silver mined at Iwami Ginzan was very high quality. From 17th century, coins made of the silver from the mine were not only one of the basic currencies in Japan but also used in the trade with China, Portugal and the Netherlands.

## World Heritage Site

The Japanese Government named the mining town as a Special Preservation District for Groups of Historic Buildings in 1969. The government also applied for it to become a World Heritage Site. The application succeeded in July 2007, although the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOSMOS) did not find any "outstanding universal value" of the site.

## Further reading

- Lyman, Benjamin Smith. (1879). _Geological Survey of Japan: Reports of Progress for 1878 and 1879._ Tookei: Public Works Department.  OCLC: 13342563

## Other websites

- Iwami-Ginzan Silver Mine site
- Article in UNESCO
- Japan Mint, World Heritage Coin Set

## Infobox (unesco world heritage site)

- **whs**: Ginzan Sakunouchi
- **image**: 180504 Kamaya-mabu of Iwami Ginzan Silver Mine Oda Shimane pref Japan01o.JPG
- **image upright**: 1.2
- **caption**: Kamaya Mabu Mine Shaft
- **location**: Ōda, Shimane, Ōda, Shimane Prefecture, Japan
- **part of**: Iwami Ginzan Silver Mine and its Cultural Landscape
- **criteria**: (ii), (iii), (v)
- **id**: 1246bis-001a
- **year**: 2007
- **extension**: 2010
- **locmapin**: Japan
Shrines and Temples of Nikkō

is the UNESCO World Heritage Site in Nikkō in Tochigi Prefecture, Japan.

The site covers 103 buildings or structures and the natural area around them.  Two Shinto shrines  and one Buddhist temple are included in the site.

## History

The area of Nikko has been a Shinto forest since pre-historic times.  It has had Buddhist temples since the 9th century.  Thousands of Japanese cedars were planted in the early 17th century

The shrines and temples of Nikkō are closely related to the history of the Tokugawa Shoguns.

In 1871, the Shinto areas and Buddhist areas were separated.  Three sites were identified -- two Shinto shrine complexes and one Buddhist temple complex.

After the "Law on the Preservation of Shrines and Temples" in 1897, Nikkō was protected by the Japanese government.

Nikkō's shrines and temples were named a World Heritage Site in 1999.

- At the , 23 structures are included in the World Heritage site.  All are registered "Important Cultural Properties".

- At the , many buildings are named as part of the World Heritage site. Some are registered "National Treasures of Japan" and 37 are "Important Cultural Properties"

- At the , many buildings were mentioned in the World Heritage Site nomination process.  There are 37 "Important Cultural Properties". One sub-temple complex made up of the Honden and Haiden of the Taiyuin Mausoleum is a registered "National Treasure of Japan".

In 2012, the World Heritage Site covers nine National Treasures of Japan and many "Important Cultural Properties".

## Gallery

Many gates and buildings at Nikkō have very detailed carvings. The use of color is based on records dating back to 1753.  The very precise descriptions of the architectural structures
and the decorative works are used by experts who want to preserve history at Nikkō.

## Related pages

- List of World Heritage Sites in Japan

## Infobox (unesco world heritage site)

- **whs**: Shrines and Temples of Nikko
- **image**: Nikko toshogu shrine.jpg
- **image upright**: 1.2
- **location**: Nikkō, Tochigi, Nikkō, Tochigi Prefecture, Kantō region, Japan
- **criteria**: (i), (iv), (vi)
- **id**: 913
- **year**: 1999
Wet Tropics of Queensland

The **Wet Tropics of Queensland** is a UNESCO World Heritage Site which has _the oldest continuously surviving tropical rainforests on Earth_. The forests date from the Mesozoic era when the climate of Australia (and the world) was much more tropical than today. Originally, the rain forest area covered a much wider area than today. Today it is just a narrow strip along the east coast of Queensland. It starts just north of Townsville and continues to just south of Cooktown, a distance of about .

The wet tropics cover an area of  in 730 separate blocks of land. It includes 41 national parks covering. About 80% of the site is tropical rainforest. It is interesting because it is very old forest, and is a living record of 415 million years of evolution, going back to Pangea and Gondwana. All of Australia's marsupials, and many of its other animals, evolved in tropical rainforests, and many of their closest surviving ancestors still live in the Wet Tropics of Queensland.

## Related pages

- List of World Heritage Sites in Australia
- Daintree Rainforest

## Infobox (unesco world heritage site)

- **image**: Rain Forest Daintree Australia.jpg
- **image upright**: 1.2
- **caption**: Forest near Daintree, Queensland, Daintree. Queensland
- **location**: Queensland, Australia
- **criteria**: (vii), (viii), (ix), (x)
- **id**: 486
- **year**: 1988
- **locmapin**: Australia
The Last Temptation of Christ

***The Last Temptation of Christ*** is a 1988 American drama movie. It is based on the 1953 novel of the same name. Martin Scorsese directed the movie. It stars Willem Dafoe as Jesus, Harvey Keitel as Judas and Barbara Hershey as Mary Magdalene. This movie was highly controversial because it depicted Jesus as a complicated person: certain countries went as far as banning it. Furthermore, certain video stores, such as Blockbuster, would not carry the movie or make it available for rental due to the controversy. This movie was released on August 12, 1988.
Flag of Andorra

The **national flag of the Andorra** was adopted in 1866.  The flag is a vertical tricolour of blue, yellow, and red. The Coat of arms of Andorra is in the centre. The three vertical bars look of equal width but the centre yellow bar is slightly wider than the other two.  The ratio of bar widths is 8:9:8.

The look of the flag is from the flags of France and Spain.

The motto in the coat of arms in the middle stripe _Virtus Unita Fortior_ means "Strength United is Stronger".

## Infobox (flag)

- **name**: Andorra
- **image**: Flag of Andorra.svg
- **use**: 111000
- **proportion**: 7:10
- **adoption**: August 27, 1971
- **design**: A vertical tricolour of blue, yellow and red with Coat of arms of Andorra, the national coat of arms centred on the middle stripe.  The middle stripe is one eighth thicker than the outer bands.
- **type**: National
Important Cultural Properties of Japan

is a list of items made by the Japanese Agency for Cultural Affairs. These are places and things that are especially important to the Japanese people.

## Types of Cultural Properties

Japan's government made a Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties a  to protect its culture. It chooses important items and names them as Cultural Properties The law sets rules about changing, repairing, or exporting these items.

There is also , which sets a lower level of protection and support for  Registered Cultural Properties than for Designated Cultural Properties.

There are different levels of designation.  Designation can be at a ,  or  level.

Designations of a different level can coexist. For example, Sankei-en, a traditional Japanese-style garden in Naka Ward, Yokohama, owns both city designated and nationally designated Important Cultural Properties.
Coat of arms of Andorra

The **coat of arms of Andorra** has been used for centuries. Below the shield arms is Andorra's national motto **' (Latin for **'). The coat of arms also appears on the Flag of Andorra.

## Infobox (coat of arms)

- **name**: Coat of arms of Andorra
- **image**: Coat of arms of Andorra.svg
- **image width**: 200
- **armiger**: Pricipality of Andorra
- **year adopted**: 1969
- **shield**: Quarterly: I Gules a bishop's mitre Or lined Argent; II Or three pales Gules; III Or four pallets Gules; IV two cows passant per pale Gules
El gran Carlemany

"**El Gran Carlemany**" (, meaning "The Grand Charlemagne") is the national anthem of Andorra. Enric Marfany Bons wrote the song, and Joan Benlloch i Vivó composed the music for the song. It started to be used in 1921.

## Lyrics

|Words of the song in Catalan|Pronunciation of these words using the IPA|Meaning of these words in Spanish|Meaning of these words in French|Meaning of these words in English|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|<poem></poem>|<poem></poem>|<poem></poem>|<poem></poem>|<poem>The great Charlemagne, my father, liberated me from the Saracens, and from heaven he gave me life of Meritxell, the great Mother. I was born a princess and heiress between two nations, neutral; I am the only remaining daughter of the Carolingian Empire. Faithful and free for eleven centuries, Faithful and free I want to be. May the laws be my tutors 𝄆 and my Princes defenders! 𝄇</poem>|

## Infobox (anthem)

- **english title**: The Great Charlemagne
- **image**: Bandera de Andorra.jpg
- **prefix**: National
- **composer**: Enric Marfany Bons
- **author**: Juan Benlloch i Vivó
- **adopted**: 8 September 1921
- **sound**: El Gran Carlemany.ogg
- **sound title**: Official band instrumental version
Andorran

**Andorran** may mean:
- Something of, or related to Andorra, such as a person from Andorra, or of Andorran descent
- Andorran cuisine
- A person from Andorra, Teruel, in Spain
Spaniards

**Spaniards** or **Spanish people**, are a Romance ethnic group native to Spain.  They are native speakers of the widespread Spanish language.

## Infobox (ethnic group)

- **group**: Spaniards
- **native name**: Españoles
- **native name lang**: es
- **image**: File:Spanish people - mosaic.PNG
- **pop**: Spain nationals 41,539,400
- **languages**: Spanish language
- **religions**: Christianity (Catholic Church)
- **related groups**: Romance peoples
Joan Enric Vives i Sicília

Archbishop **Joan Enric Vives i Sicília** (born 24 July 1949) was the Bishop of Urgell and Co-Prince of Andorra from 2003 until 2025.

Born in Barcelona, he became a priest in 1974. On 19 March 2010, he became an archbishop.

## Infobox (christian leader)

- **embed**: yes
- **title**: Roman Catholic Diocese of Urgell, Bishop of Urgell
- **see**: Roman Catholic Diocese of Urgell, Urgell
- **appointed**: 25 June 2001 (Coadjutor)
- **term start**: 12 May 2003
- **predecessor**: Joan Martí i Alanis
- **successor**: Josep-Lluís Serrano Pentinat
- **ended**: 31 May 2025
- **ordination**: 24 September 1974
- **consecration**: 5 September 1993
- **consecrated by**: Ricardo María Carles Gordó
- **rank**: Archbishop#Archbishops ad personam, Archbishop ad personam
- **previous post**: Coadjutor Bishop of Urgell (2001–2003)
Auxiliary Bishop of Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Barcelona, Barcelona (1993–2001)
Titular Bishop of Nona (1993–2001)
- **birth place**: Barcelona, Spain
- **religion**: Catholicism, Roman Catholic Church
- **motto**: _Parare vias Domini_
- **coat of arms**: Coat of arms of Joan Enric Vives i Sicília.svg


## Infobox (royalty)

- **name**:
Joan-Enric Vives
- **image**: Joan-Enric Vives, 2022.jpg
- **caption**: Vives in 2022
- **succession**: Co-Prince of Andorra
- **reign**: 12 May 2003 – 31 May 2025
- **reg-type**: Co-Prince
- **regent**: Jacques Chirac (until 2007)
Nicolas Sarkozy (2007–2012)
François Hollande (2012–2017)
Emmanuel Macron (from 2017)
- **predecessor**: Joan Martí i Alanis
- **successor**: Josep-Lluís Serrano Pentinat
Nemesi Marqués Oste

**Nemesi Marquès Oste** (born 17 May 1955) is known for his work on the institutional evolution of Andorra and for his books on the reform and the Constitution of the Principality of Andorra. Over the course of his career he has carried out institutional representative functions and has participated in forums and public presentations in which he explained key episodes of the constitutional transition. His publications—among them studies on the reform of institutions (1975–1981) and a work on the Constitution—place him as a reference in Andorran institutional analysis. Nemesi Marquès Oste served as Secretary to the Co-Prince during the period when Joan Martí Alanis was Bishop of Urgell and Co-Prince of Andorra.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Nemesi Marqués Oste
- **office**: List of Co-Princes of Andorra, Spanish Representative of Andorra
- **monarch**: Joan Martí Alanis
Joan Enric Vives Sicília
- **primeminister**: Òscar Ribas Reig
Marc Forné Molné
Albert Pintat
Jaume Bartumeu
Pere López Agràs <small>(Acting)</small>
Antoni Martí
- **term start**: 30 July 1993
- **term end**: 20 July 2012
- **predecessor**: Position established
- **birth place**: Cabó, Spain
Saltaire

**Saltaire** is a UNESCO World Heritage Site in the City of Bradford, West Yorkshire, England. The site is a complete and well-preserved industrial village of the second half of the 19th century. It has textile mills, public buildings and workers' housing.

## History

Construction of Saltaire was started in 1851 by Sir Titus Salt. The name of the village is a combination of the founder's last name and the name of the Aire River which runs through it.

Salt owned several textile mills Yorkshire. In 1853, he moved his businesses and his workers to Saltaire.

In time, the new village grew to over 800 dwellings.

In 1933, the village was sold the Bradford Property Trust. The mill closed down in 1986.

In 2001, Saltaire was named a World Heritage Site.

## Related pages

- List of World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom

## Other websites

- Saltaire Village website

## Infobox (unesco world heritage site)

- **whs**: Saltaire
- **image**: Saltaire Salts Mill 1.jpg
- **caption**: Saltaire mills from the Leeds and Liverpool Canal
- **location**: West Yorkshire, England
- **id**: 1028
- **year**: 2001
- **criteria**: Cultural: ii, iv
- **area**: 20 ha
- **buffer zone**: 1,078 ha
- **locmapin**: West Yorkshire#United Kingdom
- **map caption**: Map showing location of Saltaire
Christian Frémont

**Christian Frémont** (23 April 1942 - 3 August 2014) was the chief of staff of Nicolas Sarkozy. He was the French Representative to Andorra from 24 September 2008 to 15 May 2012.

Frémont died in Paris, France from cancer, aged 72.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Christian Frémont
- **office**: Co-Princes of Andorra, Representative of the French Co-Prince of Andorra
- **monarch**: Nicolas Sarkozy
- **primeminister**: Albert Pintat
Jaume Bartumeu
Pere López Agràs <small>(Acting)</small>
Antoni Martí
- **term start**: 24 September 2008
- **term end**: 21 May 2012
- **predecessor**: Emmanuelle Mignon
- **successor**: Sylvie Hubac
- **birth place**: Champagnac-de-Belair, Dordogne, Vichy France, France
- **death place**: Paris, France
- **party**: Union for a Popular Movement, UMP
- **alma mater**: École nationale d'administration, National School of Administration, Strasbourg
Antoni Martí

**Antoni Martí Petit** (30 July 1963 – 6 November 2023) was an Andorran architect and politician. He was the Prime Minister from 11 May 2011 to 16 May 2019.

Martí died on 6 November 2023, at a hospital in Meritxell, Andorra from cardiac arrest at the age of 60.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Antoni Martí Petit
- **image**: Jefa de Estado sostuvo un encuentro bilateral con el Jefe de Gobierno de Andorra. señor Antoni Martí (15804786107) (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Martí in 2014
- **office**: Prime Minister of Andorra
- **monarch**: <small>French:</small>
Nicolas Sarkozy
François Hollande
Emmanuel Macron
<small>Spanish:</small>
Joan Enric Vives Sicília
- **governor general**: <small>French:</small>
Christian Frémont
<small>Spanish:</small>
Nemesi Marqués Oste
- **term start**: 12 May 2011
- **term end**: 16 May 2019
- **predecessor**: Pere López Agràs <small>(Acting)</small>
- **successor**: Xavier Espot Zamora
- **birth place**: Escaldes-Engordany, Andorra
- **death place**: Meritxell, Andorra
- **party**: Democrats for Andorra
Paréage

A **Paréage** is an agreement between two rulers who were equal.  It was used in Medieval France.  The most famous paréage was in 1278.  It created Andorra.
Crown of Aragon

The **Crown of Aragon** was a joining of multiple titles and states in the hands of the King of the Crown of Aragon.  In the 14th and 15th the land of Aragon covered most of present-day France and Spain.  The political center was at Barcelona.

## Infobox (former country)

- **native name**:

- **conventional long name**: Crown of Aragon
- **common name**: -
- **region**: Southern Europe
- **era**: Middle Ages / Early modern period
- **status**: Monarchy
- **status text**: Composite monarchy, confederation of kingdoms, or individual polities ruled by one king
- **government type**: Feudal monarchy subject to pacts
- **leader1**: Petronilla of Aragon, Petronilla <small>(first)</small>
- **year leader1**: 1162–1164
- **leader2**: Isabella I of Castile, Isabella I and Ferdinand II of Aragon, Ferdinand II
- **year leader2**: 1479-1504
1479–1516
- **leader3**: Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor, Charles III <small>(last)</small>
- **year leader3**: 1700–1716
- **title leader**: List of Aragonese monarchs, Monarch
- **year start**: 1162
- **year end**: 1716
- **event start**: Union of the Kingdom of Aragon and the County of Barcelona
- **event end**: Nueva Planta decrees
- **event1**: Conquest of Majorca, Conquest of the Kingdom of Majorca
- **date event1**: 1231
- **event2**: Conquest of the Kingdom of Valencia
- **date event2**: 1238–1245
- **event3**: Aragonese conquest of Sardinia, Conquest of the Kingdom of Sardinia
- **date event3**: 1324–1420
- **event4**: Catholic Monarchs, Union of Ferdinand II and Isabella I
- **date event4**: 19 October 1469
- **event5**: Italian War of 1499–1504, Conquest of the Kingdom of Naples
- **date event5**: 1501–1504
- **p1**: Kingdom of Aragon
- **p2**: County of Barcelona
- **s1**: Habsburg Spain
- **flag s1**: Flag of Cross of Burgundy.svg
- **image flag**: Royal Banner of Aragón.svg
- **flag border**: no
- **flag type**: Standard
- **image coat**: Royal arms of Aragon (Crowned).svg
- **symbol type**: Coat of arms
- **symbol**: Coat of arms of the Crown of Aragon
- **image map**: Corona aragonum 1441.svg
- **image map caption**: Territories subject to the Crown of Aragon in 1441
- **common languages**: Official languages:
Aragonese language, Aragonese, Catalan language, Catalan, Latin language, Latin
Minority languages:
 Occitan language#Occitan in Spain, Occitan, Sardinian language, Sardinian, Corsican language, Corsican, Neapolitan language, Neapolitan, Sicilian language, Sicilian, Spanish language, Castilian, Basque language, Basque, Greek language, Greek, Maltese language, Maltese, Andalusian Arabic, Mozarabic
- **capital**: see _#Capital, Capital_ below
- **religion**: Majority religion:
Catholic Church, Roman Catholic
Minority religions:
Sunni Islam, Sephardic Judaism, Greek Orthodoxy
- **legislature**:

- **stat year1**: 1443
- **stat area1**: 250000
- **today**:
Encamp

**Encamp** is one of the seven parishes of Andorra. It is in the east central part of the country. Encamp is also the name of the main town of the parish.

## Geography

The Encamp parish is in the east central part of the country and borders with the Canillo parish to the north, with the Pyrénées-Orientales department (France) to the east, with Spain to the southeast, with the Escaldes-Engordany parish to the south, with the La Massana parish to the west and the Ordino parish to the northwest.

The highest mountain in the parish is _Pic del Pessons_ () with an elevation of  above sea level.

The main river in Encamp is the _Valira d'Orient_.

## Population

The parish had a population, in 2015,  of 12,212 inhabitants, for a population density of  persons/km².

**Evolution of the population in Encamp**

## Villages

The urban areas in the parish are:

|No.|Town|Population <small>(2015)</small> !! Altitude <small>(m)</small> !! Notes|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1|**Encamp**|7,630|1,226|The capital of the parish.|
|2|Les Bons|1,117|1,336|It is on the right side of the Valira d'Orient river. Here is the _Sant Romà_ church (XII century).|
|3|El Pas de la Casa|2,403|2,081|It is on the border with France.|
|4|Vila|1,062|1,328|Here is the _Sant Romà de Vila_.|

## Economy

The main economic activity is tourism and the parish is a major tourism destination.

## Sites of interest

- **Sant Romà de Vila** church in Vila
- **Sant Romà de les Bons** church in Les Bons
- **Museu Nacional de l’Automòbil d’Andorra**, a automobile museum in Encamp
- **Santa Eulàlia d'Encamp** church in Encamp
- **Grandvalira** ski resort

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Encamp
- **settlement type**: Parishes of Andorra, Parish
- **image skyline**: Vista d'Encamp - Andorra.jpg
- **image alt**: The town of Encamp and the Valira d'Orient river valley
- **image caption**: The town of Encamp and the Valira d'Orient river valley
- **image flag**: Hypothetical flag of Encamp.svg
- **image shield**: Escut d'Encamp.svg
- **shield size**: 80px
- **image map**: Encamp in Andorra.svg
- **mapsize**: 270px
- **map alt**: Encamp in Andorra in Andorra
- **map caption**: Encamp parish, in red, in Andorra
- **pushpin map narrow**: yes
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: Andorra
- **parts type**: Villages
- **parts style**: para
- **p1**: #Villages, See list
- **seat type**: Capital city, Capital
- **seat**: Encamp
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Jordi Torres Arauz
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area total km2**: 86
- **elevation m**: 1238
- **population total**: 12212
- **population as of**: 2015
- **population density km2**: auto
- **population demonym**: encampadà, encampadana
- **timezone**: Central European Time, CET
- **utc offset**: +1
- **timezone dst**: Central European Summer Time, CEST
- **utc offset dst**: +2
- **postal code type**: Postal code
- **postal code**: AD200
- **iso code**: AD-02
- **website**: [http://www.encamp.ad/ Official website]
Coma Pedrosa

**Coma Pedrosa** is the highest mountain in Andorra. It is popular with mountain climbers. The nearest town is Arinsal, La Massana.

## Infobox (mountain)

- **name**: Coma Pedrosa
- **photo**: Comapedrosa01.jpg
- **photo size**: 250
- **elevation m**: 2943
- **prominence m**: 434
- **map caption**: Location of Coma Pedrosa in Andorra (near the French border)
- **map size**: 240
- **label position**: right
- **listing**: List of countries by highest point, Country high point
- **location**: , parish of La Massana
- **range**: Pyrenees
Our Lady of Meritxell

**Our Lady of Meritxell**  is the patron saint of Andorra. It is a Roman Catholic statue showing the Virgin Mary. The original statue is from the late 12th century. But the chapel it was in burned down on September 8 and 9, 1972. The statue was destroyed. A copy was made in 1976 by Ricardo Bofill.
World Heritage Committee

The **World Heritage Committee** is the group which decides on the places to be listed as UNESCO World Heritage Sites. It makes sure that the agreements in World Heritage Convention are followed. It also decides how the money in the World Heritage Fund is spent. The committee has 21 members who are elected from the 188 countries that have agreed to the World Heritage Convention.

According to the World Heritage Convention, committee members are elected for six years, however many of the representatives choose to be on the committee for only four years. This gives more countries a chance to take part. At the 15th General Assembly (2005) all the committee members agreed to serve for only four years.

## Session

The World Heritage Committee meets many times a year to discuss the management of existing World Heritage Sites, and to look at possible new sites. A special meeting, known as the World Heritage Committee Session, takes place each year where sites are added (inscribed) to the World Heritage List.

The annual session takes place in cities all over the world. With the exception of meetings held in Paris, where the UNESCO headquarter office is located, only countries who are members of the World Heritage Committee have the right to hold a Session. The cities are decided by the Committee.

|Session|Year|Date|Host city|State party|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1977|27 June–1 July|Paris|||
|1978|5 September–8 September|Washington, D.C.|||
|1979|22 October–26 October|Cairo & Luxor|||
|1980|1 September–5 September|Paris|||
|1981|26 October–30 October|Sydney|||
|1982|13 December–17 December|Paris|||
|1983|5 December–9 December|Florence|||
|1984|29 October–2 November|Buenos Aires|||
|1985|2 December–6 December|Paris|||
|1986|24 November–28 November|Paris|||
|1987|7 December–11 December|Paris|||
|1988|5 December–9 December|Brasília|||
|1989|11 December–15 December|Paris|||
|1990|7 December–12 December|Banff|||
|1991|9 December–13 December|Carthage|||
|1992|7 December–14 December|Santa Fe|||
|1993|6 December–11 December|Cartagena|||
|1994|12 December–17 December|Phuket|||
|1995|4 December–9 December|Berlin|||
|1996|2 December–7 December|Mérida|||
|1997|1 December–6 December|Naples|||
|1998|30 November–5 December|Kyoto|||
|1999|29 November–4 December|Marrakech|||
|2000|27 November–2 December|Cairns|||
|2001|11 December–16 December|Helsinki|||
|2002|24 June–29 June|Budapest|||
|2003|30 June–5 July|Paris|||
|2004|28 June–7 July|Suzhou|||
|2005|10 July–17 July|Durban|||
|2006|8 July–16 July|Vilnius|||
|2007|23 June–1 July|Christchurch|||
|2008|2 July-10 July|Quebec City|||
|2009|22 June-30 June|Seville|||
|2010|25 July-3 August|Brasília|||
|2011|19 June-29 June|Paris|||
|2012|25 June-5 July|Saint Petersburg|||

## Other websites

- UNESCO World Heritage portal — Official website
- The World Heritage List — Official searchable list of all Inscribed Properties
Willandra Lakes Region

The **Willandra Lakes Region** is a World Heritage Site that covers 2,400 square kilometres in south-western New South Wales, Australia. It includes important natural and cultural features. The lakes were formed about two million years ago, but are now dry. The Australian Aborigines camped around the lakes, especially in the sand dunes on the lake shores for at least 50,000 years. These dunes are crescent shaped, and are called lunettes. The world's oldest cremation, of an woman more than 40,000 years ago, was found in a lunette at Lake Mungo. A small section of the region is protected by the Mungo National Park. As well as Lake Mungo, there is also Lake Mulurulu which was the last lake to hold water, the Prungle lakes which have been dry for more than 20,000 years, and Lake Chibnalwood which has a 30 metre high lunette, one of the biggest in the world.

The Willandra Lakes Region was added to the Australian National Heritage List in May 2007.

## Movies

- 2003 - _Journey of Man_

## Related pages

- List of World Heritage Sites in Australia

## Other websites

- World heritage listing for Willandra Lakes

## Infobox (unesco world heritage site)

- **image**: Willandra Lakes.png
- **image upright**: 1.2
- **location**: Far West (New South Wales), Far West, New South Wales, Australia
- **criteria**: (iii)(viii)
- **id**: 167
- **year**: 1981
- **locmapin**: New South Wales#Australia
Sloth (deadly sin)

In Christianity, **Sloth** is about a person not wanting to work, because of their lack of motivation. The person will be physically inactive and neglect what God has said. Very often, this will lead to resources being wasted. As an example, sloth is about a person not helping those in need, even though they would be able to. Sloth is one of the seven capital sins, which are also called seven deadly sins.

For Protestants, Diligence (or hard work) is one of the ways to please God. Max Weber (1864-1920) treats this in his work The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. In his work "Anthropologie in pragmatischer Hinsicht", Immanuel Kant stated that of the capital sins sloth, cowardice and falsehood, the first one is the most despicable. However, he also sees this as a measure of self-protection of the individual, as long phases of hard work will lead a person to become tired, and to make short pauses between intervals of work. Without these pauses, the restless malice that is in the world would do a far greater amount of damage. In 1846, Louis Blanc wrote about the right to work. There was a financial crisis at the time, and many people were unemployed. The crisis led to the French Revolution of 1848.
In 1880, the Socialist Paul Lafargue  published an essay called _The Right to be Lazy_, where he explains that the worker should have a right to be lazy.
Ponte Buggianese

**Ponte Buggianese** is an Italian town in the province of Pistoia, Tuscany. About 8,876 people lived there as of 2011.

## Infobox (italian comune)

- **name**: Ponte Buggianese
- **official name**: Comune di Ponte Buggianese
- **image shield**: Ponte Buggianese-Stemma.png
- **region**: Tuscany
- **province**: Province of Pistoia (PT)
- **frazioni**: Albinatico, Anchione, Casabianca, Ponte di Mingo, Fattoria, Vione
- **mayor party**: Partito Democratico, PD
- **mayor**: Pier Luigi Galligani  (since April 2008)
- **area total km2**: 29
- **population total**: 7618
- **population as of**: 2001
- **population demonym**: Pontigiani
- **elevation m**: 18
- **saint**: Madonna del Buon Consiglio
- **day**: 26 April
- **postal code**: 51019
- **area code**: 0572
Stella McCartney

**Stella Nina McCartney**,  (born 13 September 1971 ) is an English fashion designer. She is the daughter of former Beatles member Sir Paul McCartney and American photographer and animal rights activist Linda McCartney.

## Early life

McCartney was born at King’s College Hospital in London, England, She is second child of American photographer Linda McCartney and former Beatle Paul McCartney. She is named after her maternal great-grandmothers both of Linda McCartney's grandmothers were named Stella.

## Infobox (fashion designer)

- **name**: Stella McCartney
<small>OBE</small>
- **image**: Stella McCartney 2014 (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: McCartney at the UN Action Against Sexual Violence in Conflict, "End Sexual Violence in Conflict" Summit in June 2014
- **birth name**: Stella Nina McCartney
- **birth place**: King's College Hospital, Camberwell, London, England
- **parents**: Sir Paul McCartney
 Linda McCartney
- **relatives**: Mary McCartney (sister)
James McCartney (brother)
Heather McCartney (half-sister)
Beatrice McCartney (half-sister)
- **education**: Ravensbourne University London
- **occupation**: Fashion designer
- **children**: 4
Chunseong

**Chunseong** (춘성 ; 春城, March 30, 1891 - August 22, 1977) was a philosopher, Buddhist monk, scholar, poet, and writer from South Korea.

## Related pages

- Han Yong-un
- Mangong

## References

- Doh Jin-Soon, "Great monk & Great learning" (큰 스님 큰 가르침) (Seoul: Moonwae, 2006)
- Kim Kwang-sik, "Choonseong:Mooaedoin's Story" (춘성:무애도인 삶의 이야기) (Seoul: SaeSsak, 2009)
- Samjoong, "The More story behind" (숨겨왔던 많은 이야기들) (Seoul: KukbooCarma, 2009)

## Other websites

- Chunseong
- Chunseong
- Chunseong
Historic Monuments of Ancient Nara

**Historic Monuments of Ancient Nara** is the UNESCO World Heritage Site in Nara in Nara Prefecture, Japan.

The site covers eight places in the old capital city of Nara. Five are Buddhist temples, one is a Shinto shrine, one is a Palace and one a primeval forest.

## History

Nara was the capital of Japan from 710 to 784.  The city's historic structures show what life was like in the Japanese capital in the 8th century.

All of the shrine and temple compounds have been recognized as "Historic Sites". The Nara Palace has been named as a "Special Historic Site".  The Kasugayama forest is a Special "Natural Monument".

The several properties include 26 buildings which have been named by the Japanese Government as "National Treasures". Also, there are 53 buildings which have been named as "Important Cultural Properties".

In 1998, UNESCO listed parts of Nara as a World Heritage Site.

### Table

|Name|class="unsortable"|Image|Location|class="unsortable"|Notes|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|||Nara|cultural site|||
|||Nara|cultural site|||
|||Nara|cultural site|||
|||Nara|cultural site|||
|||Nara|cultural site|||
|||Nara|cultural site|||
|||Nara|cultural site|||
|||Nara|natural site|||

## Related pages

- List of World Heritage Sites in Japan

## Infobox (unesco world heritage site)

- **image upright**: 1.2
- **location**: Nara Prefecture, Kansai region, Japan
- **criteria**: (ii), (iii), (iv), (vi)
- **id**: 870
- **year**: 1998
- **locmapin**: Japan
University of Valparaíso

**University of Valparaíso** () is a Chilean university. It is part of the Chilean Traditional Universities in Valparaíso.

## Other websites

- Official website