juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Upper Sind Frontier District

**Upper Sind Frontier District** was a district of the Bombay Presidency during British Rule in what is now the Sindh province of Pakistan. Sind is an old spelling of Sindh.

The district was the northernmost part of Sindh. It was bordered to the north and west by the Dera Ghazi Khan District of the Punjab and by Baluchistan, on the south by Sukkur District, and on the east by the river Indus.

## Population

The District contained one town, Jacobabad, and 390 villages. According to the 1872 census it had a population of 115,050. In 1881 the population was 145,180. In 1891 the population had risen to 174,548. According to the 1901 census the population was 232,045.

The increase in 1901 was the largest. This was due to immigration from Baluchistan and the Punjab as well as a change in the borders of the district. According to the 1901 census, the main language was Sindhi. Sindhi was spoken by 165,110 people in 1901 (71 per cent). The Baluchi and Siraiki languages were also spoken in all parts of the District. Muslims formed 90 per cent of the total population and Hindus 9 per cent.

## Administration

Jacobabad was the capital of the district. The district was subdivided into five talukas:

- Jacobabad Taluka
- Thul
- Kandhkot
- Kashmor
- Shahdadpur
Jamshoro

**Jamshoro** () is the capital city of Jamshoro District in the Sindh province of Pakistan. It is on the right bank of Indus River. It is about  northwest of the city of Hyderabad.

## Related pages

- Jamshoro District

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Jamshoro
- **native name**: جامشورو
- **settlement type**: City
- **pushpin map**: Pakistan
- **pushpin label position**: bottom
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Sindh
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Pakistan
- **subdivision type1**: Provinces of Pakistan, Province
- **subdivision name1**: Sindh
- **subdivision type2**: Districts of Pakistan, District
- **subdivision name2**: Jamshoro District
- **blank name sec1**: Number of towns
- **blank info sec1**: 1
- **population total**: 120,000 approx
- **population as of**: 2004
- **utc offset dst**: +5
Khairpur, Pakistan

**Khairpur** (, khīr´poor) is the twelfth largest city in the province of Sindh in southeast Pakistan.  Today it is the capital of Khairpur District. It was once the capital of the former princely state of Khayrpur.

## Population

According to the 1998 census, 102,188 lived there. At the 1981 census, there were only 61,447. In the last census Khairpur city had population of 183,120.

## Some important facts

- Khairpur is home to the famous Shah Abdul Latif University.

- The beautiful old Faiz Mahal palace, once the home of the ruling family of Khairpur state, is also situated here.

- The shrine of the famous Sindhi Sufi poet and saint, _Sain_ Sachal Sarmast is also near the city.

## Other websites

- World Gazetteer population figures for Khairpur
- Khairpur Heritage & Welfare NGO
- Mohammed Sadiq Naqvi - Ghairat Naqvi The Great Poet and Scholar of Khairpur Mirs.
Khayrpur (princely state)

**Khayrpur** or **Khairpur** was a princely state on the Indus River in what is now Pakistan, with its capital city at Khayrpur. Together with Bahawalpur to the north-east, the state was included with the Punjab states rather than the neighbouring Rajputana states (now Rajasthan) to the east.

## Other websites

- Local Government Department of Sindh
Bahawalpur (princely state)

**Bahawalpur** was a princely state of the Punjab in what is now Pakistan. It was on the southern bank of the Sutlej and Indus Rivers. Its capital city was Bahawalpur.

## Caste Background

The modernistic study research of the anthropological criterion still emphasis the ruminative fact about the Royal house of Bahawalpur, they supposed to belong to the **Jat caste** of medieval Jadgal stock which universally got acceptance by clerical team of academia.

Although some scholar, believes their ancestral forbears were migrated from Punjab to bhawalpur during post-medieval ages and adequately became the protagonist for Daydpotra clan.

## Area

In 1941, the state had 1,341,209 people. It covered 45,911 km² (17,494 sq mi). It was divided into three districts: Bahawalpur, Rahimyar Khan and Bahawalnagar.

The state was created in 1690 by Bahadur Khan II. In 1833 Nawab Mohammad Bahawal Khan III signed an agreement with the British guaranteeing the independence of the Nawab from the British. The state agreed to become part of Pakistan on 7 October 1947. The state was then merged into the province of West Pakistan on 14 October 1955.

## Languages

Seraiki (also called Riasti) is the main language spoken. Urdu and Punjabi are also major languages.
Dokri Taluka

**Dokri Taluka** () is an administrative subdivision (taluka) of Larkana District in the Sindh province of Pakistan, the city of Larkana is the capital. This taluka is located to the south of Larkana city. The most populated town in this taluka is Badah. Dadu and Rice canals pass through this taluka.

## Administration

Dokri Taluka is administratively subdivided into 13 Union Councils.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Dokri Taluka
- **settlement type**: Taluka
- **blank emblem type**: Emblem
- **pushpin map**: Sindh
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Pakistan
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Province
- **subdivision name1**: Sindh
- **subdivision type2**: Subdivisions of Pakistan, District
- **subdivision name2**: Larkana District, Larkana
- **subdivision type3**: Taluka
- **subdivision name3**: Dokri
- **subdivision type5**: Towns
- **subdivision name5**: 2
- **subdivision type6**: Union Councils
- **subdivision name6**: 13
- **established title**: Taluka created
- **established date**: 1906
- **government type**: Taluka Municipal Administration
- **area total km2**: 4
- **area metro km2**: 2
- **elevation m**: 39
- **elevation ft**: 128
- **population total**: 125000
- **population as of**: 1998
- **timezone**: Pakistan Standard Time, PST
- **utc offset**: +5
- **timezone dst**: Pakistan Standard Time, PDT
- **utc offset dst**: +6
- **area code**: 074
Larkana

**Larkana** or **Larkano** (لاڑکانہ) is city of Sindh Province, Pakistan. The city is the capital of Larkana District. In August 2000 Larkana celebrated its hundred years of existence. It is located on the south bank of the Ghar canal, 40 miles south of Shikarpur town, and 36 north-east of Mehar.

## History

During British rule Larkana became headquarters of Larkana District and Larkana Taluka – and for a time was part of the Bombay Presidency of British India. Also the North-Western Railway passed through the town. The population according to the 1901 census was 14,543.

## Language

Sindhi is the main language but Siroli/Siraiki, a dialect of Sindhi language is also spoken. Sindhi and English are the official languages.
Larkana Taluka

**Larkana Taluka** is an administrative subdivision (taluka) of Larkana District in the Sindh province of Pakistan. The city of Larkana is the capital.

## History

During British rule Larkana became headquarters of Larkana District and Larkana Taluka - and for a time was part of the Bombay Presidency of British India.

In 1901 the population was 100,827, compared with 90,15l in 1891. At that time the taluka contained one town, Larkana, and 72 villages.

## Administration

Larkana Taluka is administratively subdivided into 18 Union Councils.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **settlement type**: Tehsil
- **name**: Larkana
- **image flag**: Flag_of_Sindh.svg
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Pakistan
- **subdivision type1**: Subdivisions of Pakistan, Province
- **subdivision name1**: Sindh
- **subdivision type2**: Districts of Pakistan, District
- **subdivision name2**: Larkana District
- **population as of**: 1998
- **timezone1**: Pakistan Standard Time, PST (UTC+5)
- **blank name sec1**: No. of towns
- **blank1 name sec1**: No. of Union Councils
- **blank1 info sec1**: 18
- **leader title**: Nazim
- **leader name**: Qurban Ali abbasi
- **leader title1**: Naib Nazim
Mirpur Khas

**Mirpur Khas** (Sindhi and ), is a city in the province of Sindh in Pakistan. It is the fourth largest city in the province with an estimated population of 124,371 (1981). It is the capital of Mirpur Khas District.

Its soil is fertile and the city is known for its horticulture produce and farming, of which the most celebrated is the mango cultivation with hundreds of varieties of mangoes produced each year.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Mirpur Khas
- **native name**: **ميرپورخاص**
- **native name lang**: sd
- **settlement type**: City
- **image skyline**: File:Chitorri Graveyard view4.JPG
- **imagesize**: 240px
- **image caption**: The tomb of Mirpurkhas' nobility at Chitorri
- **mapsize**: 100px
- **blank emblem type**: Emblem
- **pushpin map**: Sindh
- **pushpin map caption**: MPD
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Pakistan
- **subdivision type1**: Subdivisions of Pakistan, Province
- **subdivision name1**: Sindh
- **population est**: 612,520
- **pop est as of**: 2011
- **government type**: Municipal Committee
- **leader title**: Government of Mirpurkhas, Chairman of Mirpurkhas
- **leader name**: Farooq Jameel Durrani
- **leader title1**: Government of Mirpurkhas, Vice-Chairman of Mirpurkhas
- **leader name1**: Fareed Ahmed
- **blank name sec1**: Number of towns
- **blank info sec1**: 5
- **area code**: 0233
- **area code type**: List of dialling codes of Pakistan, Calling code
- **timezone1**: Pakistan Standard Time, PST
- **utc offset1**: +5
Allahabad, Sindh

**Allahabad** is a town of Nawabshah District in the southern Sindh province of Pakistan. It is at 26°53'30N 67°45'0E.
Nawabshah Airport

**Nawabshah Airport** is at Nawabshah, Sindh, Pakistan.

## Other websites

- Airblue at Nawabshah Airport
- Satellite Image of Nawabshah Airport
- Nawabshah City Web Portal

## Infobox (airport)

- **name**: Nawabshah Airport
- **iata**: WNS
- **icao**: OPNH
- **type**: Public
- **operator**: Pakistan Civil Aviation Authority
- **location**: Nawabshah
- **elevation-f**: 95
- **elevation-m**: 29
- **metric-elev**: y
- **metric-rwy**: y
- **r1-number**: 02/20
- **r1-length-f**: 8,999
- **r1-length-m**: 2,743
- **r1-surface**: Concrete
Naushahro Feroze

**Naushahro Feroze** () is town in Naushahro Feroze District, Sindh, Pakistan. It is the capital of Naushahro Feroze District.
Began Jarwar

**Began Jarwar** is a village and Head quarter of Union Council Began Jarwar of Tando Allahyar District in the Sindh Province of Pakistan. It is part of Chamber Taluka. It is in the south of the district to the southeast of the district capital Tando Allahyar at 25°25'35N 68°50'20E. The Union Council has 41,890 people.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Began Jarwar
- **settlement type**: Union Councils of Pakistan, Union Council
- **image map**: Tando Allahyar District.svg
- **map caption**: Begin Jarwar is in the south of the district.
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Subdivisions of Pakistan, Province
- **subdivision name1**: Sindh
- **subdivision type2**: Districts of Pakistan, District
- **subdivision name2**: Tando Allahyar District, Tando Allahyar
- **subdivision type3**: Tehsil
- **subdivision name3**: Chamber
- **leader title**: Nazim
- **leader name**: Haji Abdullah Daudani
- **leader title1**: Naib Nazim
- **population total**: 41,890
Bukera Sharif

**Bukera Sharif** is a town and Union Council of Tando Allahyar District in the Sindh Province of Pakistan. It is part of Tando Allahyar Taluka in the southwest of the district.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Bukera Sharif
- **settlement type**: Union Councils of Pakistan, Union Council
- **image map**: Tando Allahyar District.svg
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Subdivisions of Pakistan, Province
- **subdivision name1**: Sindh
- **subdivision type2**: Districts of Pakistan, District
- **subdivision name2**: Tando Allahyar District, Tando Allahyar
- **subdivision type3**: Tehsil
- **subdivision name3**: Tando Allahyar
- **leader title**: Nazim
- **leader name**: AFTAB AHMED KHOKHER
- **leader title1**: Naib Nazim
- **leader name1**: ABDUL SATTAR DARS
- **population total**: 37,008
Dad Khan Jarwar

**Dad Khan Jarwar** is a town and Union Council of Tando Allahyar District in the Sindh Province of Pakistan.  It has 65,295 people. It is part of Chamber Taluka. It is in the south of the district at 25°19'5N 68°43'20E.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Dad Khan Jarwar
- **settlement type**: Union Councils of Pakistan, Union Council
- **image map**: Tando Allahyar District.svg
- **map caption**: Dad Khan Jarwar is in the south of the district.
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Subdivisions of Pakistan, Province
- **subdivision name1**: Sindh
- **subdivision type2**: Districts of Pakistan, District
- **subdivision name2**: Tando Allahyar District, Tando Allahyar
- **subdivision type3**: Tehsil
- **subdivision name3**: Chamber
- **leader title**: Nazim
- **leader name**: Haji Nabi Bux
- **leader title1**: Naib Nazim
- **leader name1**: Abdul Sattar
- **population total**: 65,295
Dasori

**Dasori** is a town and Union Council of Tando Allahyar District in the Sindh Province of Pakistan. It has a population of 49,427 and is part of Jhando Mari Taluka.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Dasori
- **settlement type**: Union Councils of Pakistan, Union Council
- **image map**: Tando Allahyar District.svg
- **map caption**: Dasori is located in the north of district.
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Subdivisions of Pakistan, Province
- **subdivision name1**: Sindh
- **subdivision type2**: Districts of Pakistan, District
- **subdivision name2**: Tando Allahyar District, Tando Allahyar
- **subdivision type3**: Tehsil
- **subdivision name3**: Jhando Mari
- **leader title**: Nazim
- **leader name**: ROSHAN DIN THEBO
- **leader title1**: Naib Nazim
- **leader name1**: MUHAMMAD SALEH MIRJAT
- **population total**: 49,427
Dhaghano Bozdar

**Dhaghano Bozdar** is a town and Union Council of Tando Allahyar District in the Sindh Province of Pakistan. The Union Council has 56,892 people. It is part of Tando Allahyar Taluka. It is in the west of the district.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Dhaghano Bozdar
- **settlement type**: Union Councils of Pakistan, Union Council
- **image map**: Tando Allahyar District.svg
- **map caption**: Dhaghano Bozdar is in the east of the district.
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Subdivisions of Pakistan, Province
- **subdivision name1**: Sindh
- **subdivision type2**: Districts of Pakistan, District
- **subdivision name2**: Tando Allahyar District, Tando Allahyar
- **subdivision type3**: Tehsil
- **subdivision name3**: Tando Allahyar
- **leader title**: Nazim
- **leader name**: ABDUL AZIZ
- **leader title1**: Naib Nazim
- **leader name1**: DEEDAR ALI BEHRANI
- **population total**: 56,892
Mirabad

**Mirabad** is a town and Union Council of Tando Allahyar District in the Sindh Province of Pakistan. It has 57,361 people. It is in the northeast of the district where it forms part of Jhando Mari Taluka.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Mirabad
- **settlement type**: Union Councils of Pakistan, Union Council
- **image map**: Tando Allahyar District.svg
- **map caption**: Mirabad is in the north-east of district.
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Subdivisions of Pakistan, Province
- **subdivision name1**: Sindh
- **subdivision type2**: Districts of Pakistan, District
- **subdivision name2**: Tando Allahyar District, Tando Allahyar
- **subdivision type3**: Tehsil
- **subdivision name3**: Jhando Mari
- **leader title**: Nazim
- **leader name**: MIR MUHAMMAD ASLAM TALPUR
- **leader title1**: Naib Nazim
- **leader name1**: NOOR AHMED BALOCH
- **population total**: 57,361
Missan

**Missan** is a Union Council of Tando Allahyar District in Sindh, Pakistan. It is one of the largest Union Councils of the District, it has a population of over 13,000.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Missan
- **settlement type**: Union Councils of Pakistan, Union Council
- **image map**: Missan Sindh Sub Div.svg
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Subdivisions of Pakistan, Province
- **subdivision name1**: Sindh
- **subdivision type2**: Districts of Pakistan, District
- **subdivision name2**: Tando Allahyar District, Tando Allahyar
- **subdivision type3**: Tehsil
- **subdivision name3**: Jhando Mari
- **leader title**: Nazim
- **leader name**: NOOR MUHAMMAD LAGARI
- **leader title1**: Naib Nazim
- **leader name1**: MOHAMMAD ASLAM KOREE
- **population total**: 13,114
Pak Singhar

**Pak Singhar** is a town and Union Council of Tando Allahyar District in the Sindh Province of Pakistan. It is and is part of Tando Allahyar Taluka. It is southeast of the capital. The Union Council has 43,473 people.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Pak Singhar
- **settlement type**: Union Councils of Pakistan, Union Council
- **image map**: Tando Allahyar District.svg
- **map caption**: Pak Singhar is in the south of the district.
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Subdivisions of Pakistan, Province
- **subdivision name1**: Sindh
- **subdivision type2**: Districts of Pakistan, District
- **subdivision name2**: Tando Allahyar District, Tando Allahyar
- **subdivision type3**: Tehsil
- **subdivision name3**: Tando Allahyar
- **leader title**: Nazim
- **leader title1**: Naib Nazim
- **leader name1**: DR ALI NAWAZ CHOHAN
- **population total**: 43,473
Piyaro Lund

**Piyaro Lund** is a town and Union Council of Tando Allahyar District in the Sindh Province of Pakistan, it has 23,613 people. It is part of Jhando Mari Taluka. It is in the south of the district.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Piyaro Lund
- **settlement type**: Union Councils of Pakistan, Union Council
- **image map**: Tando Allahyar District.svg
- **map caption**: Piyaro Lund is in the north of the district.
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Subdivisions of Pakistan, Province
- **subdivision name1**: Sindh
- **subdivision type2**: Districts of Pakistan, District
- **subdivision name2**: Tando Allahyar District, Tando Allahyar
- **subdivision type3**: Tehsil
- **subdivision name3**: Jhando Mari
- **leader title**: Nazim
- **leader name**: MUHAMMAD QASIM LUND
- **leader title1**: Naib Nazim
- **leader name1**: MUHAMMAD SALEH THEBO
- **population total**: 23,613
Sanjar Chang

**Sanjar Chang** is a town and Union Council of Tando Allahyar District in the Sindh Province of Pakistan. It is and is part of Chamber Taluka and is in the southeast of the district, the Union Council has 35,169 people.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Sanjar Chang
- **settlement type**: Union Councils of Pakistan, Union Council
- **image map**: Tando Allahyar District.svg
- **map caption**: Sanjar Chang is in the south-east of the district.
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Subdivisions of Pakistan, Province
- **subdivision name1**: Sindh
- **subdivision type2**: Districts of Pakistan, District
- **subdivision name2**: Tando Allahyar District, Tando Allahyar
- **subdivision type3**: Tehsil
- **subdivision name3**: Chamber
- **leader title**: Nazim
- **leader name**: LAKHA DINO
- **leader title1**: Naib Nazim
- **leader name1**: ZULFIQAR ALI THEBO
- **population total**: 35,169
Shaikh Moosa

**Shaikh Moosa** is a town and Union Council of Tando Allahyar District in the Sindh Province of Pakistan. It is part of Tando Allahyar Taluka. It is in the centre of the district. The Union Council has 65,776 people.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Shaikh Moosa
- **settlement type**: Union Councils of Pakistan, Union Council
- **image map**: Tando Allahyar District.svg
- **map caption**: Shaikh Moosa is in the centre of the district.
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Subdivisions of Pakistan, Province
- **subdivision name1**: Sindh
- **subdivision type2**: Districts of Pakistan, District
- **subdivision name2**: Tando Allahyar District, Tando Allahyar
- **subdivision type3**: Tehsil
- **subdivision name3**: Tando Allahyar
- **leader title**: Nazim
- **leader name**: ASIF ANWAR KHAWAJA
- **leader title1**: Naib Nazim
- **leader name1**: DR. AKBAR ALI LUND
- **population total**: 65,776
Tando Soomaro

**Tando Soomro**, or Tando Soomaro, is a village and Union Council of Tando Allahyar District in the Sindh province of Pakistan. Tando Soomro lies 7 km to the north-west of the district capital - Tando Allahyar at  25°31'60N 68°40'60E.

## Demography

Tando Soomro has many different communities or ‘Zaats’. There are two main communities in Tando Soomro: Nizamanis and Khaskhalis. There are also Maachhis, Bhayas, Narejas, Gurati Hindus, Daya, Syeds or Shah, Mirzas, Manganhars, Menghwaars, Koriyaa & Pashtuns, Wadhaas, Shiekh or Khatis, Shoras, Brohis, Pakhiara or Kihaas and Mirjats. The number of non-Muslims is 16,786, or 32% of the population which is significantly higher than the national average of 4%.

## Other websites

- Satellite Images of Tando Sumro

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Tando Soomro
- **settlement type**: Union Councils of Pakistan, Union Council
- **image map**: Tando Allahyar District.svg
- **map caption**: Tando Soomaro is in
the north-west of the district.
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Pakistan
- **subdivision type1**: Subdivisions of Pakistan, Province
- **subdivision name1**: Sindh
- **subdivision type2**: Districts of Pakistan, District
- **subdivision name2**: Tando Allahyar District, Tando Allahyar
- **subdivision type3**: Tehsil
- **subdivision name3**: Jhando Mari
- **leader title**: Nazim
- **leader name**: MALIK MUHAMMAD NIZAMANI
- **leader title1**: Naib Nazim
- **leader name1**: IMAM ALI
- **population total**: 51,845
Jalalabad

***Jalalabad*** is the capital city of Nangarhar Province in eastern Afghanistan. Its 2025 population is around 200,331, which makes Jalalabad the fifth-largest city in Afghanistan.

## Trade importance

Jalalabad lies on a trade route from Kabul (the capital of Afghanistan) to Peshawar, Pakistan. Because of its position, a lot of Afghanistan's trade with India and Pakistan goes through Jalalabad.

## People

Almost all residents of Jalalabad follow Sunni Islam. However, there are also Hindu and Sikh minorities in the city.

## Industries

There is a large irrigated plain surrounding Jalalabad that produces fruit, almonds, rice, and grain. The city has a sugarcane refinery and handicraft shops.

Jalalabad is a military center and has an airfield.
Politics of Pakistan

The **Politics of Pakistan** has seen many changes over the years. The military have sometimes been running the country. Recently however the country has returned to democratic rule.

Pakistan is a federal republic, at the moment, the President of Pakistan is the head of state and the Prime Minister is head of government.
Bakrani

**Bakrani** () is a town in Larkana District, Sindh province of Pakistan. This town is 12 km south of Larkana city on the Larkana-Mohenjo-daro road. It has an altitude of 53 metres and is the headquarters of Bakrani Taluka.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Bakrani
- **official name**: باڪراڻي
- **settlement type**: Town
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Pakistan
- **subdivision type1**: Province
- **subdivision name1**: Sindh
- **subdivision type2**: Subdivisions of Pakistan, District
- **subdivision name2**: Larkana
- **subdivision type3**: Taluka
- **subdivision name3**: Bakrani
- **parts type**: #Union Council, Union Council
- **area land km2**: 3
- **elevation max ft**: 169
- **population total**: ~20000
- **timezone**: Pakistan Standard Time, PST
- **utc offset**: +5
Ratodero

**Ratodero** is the capital of Ratodero Taluka a _sub-division_ of Larkana District in the Sindh province of Pakistan. It is located some 30 km away from the district capital Larkana.

## Administration

Ratodero Taluka is administratively subdivided into 9 Union Councils two of which form the town of Ratodero these are:

- Ratodero-I
- Ratodero-II

## Famous People

There have been many people from Ratodero including two former Prime Ministers - Zulfikar and Benazir Bhutto.

Hazrat Sufi Ghamdil sain
Languages of Pakistan

English is the official language of Pakistan. Urdu is the national language. It is also known as ***Lashkari Zaban*** or just ***Lashkari***. It is believed to have started in Punjab with Lahore as its capital during Ghaznavid rule.

## Provincial languages

There are also provincial languages, Balochi language, Pashto, Sindhi and Punjabi, and one semi-provincial language Koshur (Kashmiri language).

## Background

Pakistan is heir to one of the most ancient civilizations in the world along with Iraq and Egypt. They also had ancient indigenous languages before being replaced by their present-day languages, which are of Indo-Iranic origin. These languages have not been used in the domains of power because the rulers of these regions were generally foreigners. But the foreigners, whether the Persians, ancient Greeks, Arabs, Turco-Mongols as well as the British, have all influenced the indigenous languages so that their vocabulary is multilingual and varied. As the people of these areas converted to Islam, Arabic and Persian words influenced and became part of their identity, and remain so. In a sense, it is their very presence, as well as the Arabic-based scripts of all 75 Pakistani languages, which gave them a cultural unity.

## Linguistics

Linguistically, Pakistan is almost entirely Indo-Iranic as its languages belong to the Indo-Iranic family of languages. Its scripture and vocabulary owe very much so to Arabic and based on Farsi (which also derived its own script from Arabic).

For example; the national anthem is a highly Persianized form of Urdu.

## Other languages

Other languages include Burushaski, Balti, Domaaki, Gawar-bati, Erina, Wakhi, Shina and Brahvi.
Empedocles

**Empedocles**  was a Greek pre-Socratic philosopher who lived in Agrigentum, a Greek colony in Sicily.

Empedocles' philosophy is best known for being the origin of the cosmogenic theory of the four classical elements in the Western world. He also proposed powers called Love and Strife which would act as forces to bring about the mixture and separation of the elements.

Influenced by the Pythagoreans, he supported the doctrine of reincarnation. Empedocles was perhaps the last Greek philosopher to record his ideas in verse. Some of his work still survives today, more so than in the case of any other Presocratic philosopher. Empedocles' death was mythologized by ancient writers, and has been the subject of a number of literary treatments.

## Infobox (philosopher)

- **region**: Western philosophy
- **era**: Pre-Socratic philosophy
- **image**: Empedocles in Thomas Stanley History of Philosophy.jpg
- **caption**: Empedocles, 17th-century engraving
- **name**: Empedocles
- **birth place**: Akragas, Sicily
- **death date**: (aged around 60)
- **death place**: Mount Etna, Sicily
- **school tradition**: Pluralist school
- **main interests**: Cosmogenesis, ontology, epistemology
- **influences**: Parmenides, Pythagoreanism
- **influenced**: Gorgias of Leontini, Aristotle, Lucretius, Friedrich Nietzsche
- **notable ideas**: All matter is made up of four elements: water, earth, air and fire
The Arche, cosmic principles of
Philotes (mythology), Philotes ("Love") and Neikea, Neikos ("Repulsion")
Theories about Cellular respiration, respiration
Tag team

In professional wrestling, a **tag team** is a team of two wrestlers who are working together as a team (more than two is called a stable). Most of the time they are close partners and backstage friends who team with each other almost all the time, while other times they are wrestlers that fight by themselves most of the time who team together for just one match.

They usually wrestle against the same number of other wrestlers on the other team or teams, however in the occasional "handicap match" there may be more wrestlers on one team then the other, for example André the Giant often wrestled against two or more opponents.
Tajja

Tajja(타짜 in Korean) means a professional gambler in Korea. Tajja is a comic book drew by the Korean best cartoonist "Heo Young-Man", written by the author "Kim Se-Young". This novel was once serialized in the newspaper 'Donga-ilbo'. Tajja was made in a book on 2006 september 28th. Tajja has made a 'Tajja syndrome' right away the publication among the adult readers. Recently, although this comic book is a adult-comic, every ages and sex is watching this comic book. Tajja has shown the human's desire in the front.

To do so, cartoonist "Heo Young-Man" based on a thorough collection of data by himself. He went everywhere if you could gather a information about his comic.
Tajja won high praises without stint through its production that perfectly penetrated the material and a reality which it makes us an illusion like we are watching a movie.
Because Heo Young-Man is the cartoonist who Korean likes the best, the reader can feel Heo Young-Man's value through Tajja.

The story is about a guy who is born in South Korea, Busan. He was a normal child as others.
But one day he went to a gambling house by coincidence. That was the problem, he lost all of his money, and brought his sisters money which must be used in a marriage of her sister.
Of course he lost all of his money again. So the story starts from now on to be a professional gambler and gather lots of money.
Opportunity cost

**Opportunity cost** is the value of the next best thing you give up whenever you make a decision. It is "the loss of potential gain from other alternatives when one alternative is chosen".

The idea of an opportunity cost was first begun by John Stuart Mill. The utility has to be more than the opportunity cost for it to be a good choice in economics.

For example, opportunity cost is how much leisure time we give up to work. Because leisure and income are both valued, we have to decide whether to work, or do what we want. Going to work implies more income but less leisure. Staying at home is more leisure yet less income.

Another example is deciding to stop work to go back to university. By choosing to go to university, your opportunity cost is losing your job and your pay check. Even though going back to university has a big opportunity cost, many people think it is a good decision because increased education gives you more job opportunities.

And in other words, opportunity cost can be termed as cost of forgone alternatives or cost of shifting from one opportunity to the other.
Virgin Killer

***Virgin Killer*** is the fourth album by the German heavy metal band Scorpions. It was released in 1976, and it helped the Scorpions gain fans outside Europe. The album's cover has caused controversy, as it features a naked young girl. Some of the band members have said that the cover is okay, but others have said that they feel bad about releasing it. Some magazines and websites, such as _Cracked_ and Gigwise.com, have called it one of the worst album covers of all time.

In 2008, the English Wikipedia page for _Virgin Killer_ was put on a blacklist (a list of bad content) by the Internet Watch Foundation (IWF), a UK organization. Because of this, many major Internet service providers (ISPs) in the UK were banned from seeing the page. The IWF called the cover "indecent".

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Virgin Killer
- **type**: Studio album
- **artist**: Scorpions (band), Scorpions
- **released**: 1976
- **recorded**: 1976
- **genre**: Hard rock, Heavy metal music, heavy metal
- **length**: 34:45
- **label**: Polydor Records, Polydor, Capitol Records, Capitol <small>(reissue)</small>
- **producer**: Dieter Dierks
- **prev title**: In Trance
- **prev year**: 1975
- **next title**: Taken by Force
- **next year**: 1977
Dendrobium

**Dendrobium** is one of the largest genus of orchids with about 1000 species being known. Being such a large group creates much diversity. Dendrobiums are found only in the Eastern Hemisphere and range from Australia, throughout the South Pacific and Philippines, Southeast Asia, and India, and a small representation in Japan.
BBC HD

**BBC HD** is a high-definition television channel provided by the BBC. The service was initially run as a trial from 15 May 2006 until becoming a full service on 1 December 2007 and closed on 25 March 2013. The first HD originated program to be shown on the channel was _Planet Earth_, shown on 27 May 2006.

## Other websites

- BBC HD International
- BBC HD Australia
- BBC HD at TV Ark
- BBC Trust Public Value Test Final Conclusions document

## Infobox (tv channel)

- **name**: BBC HD
- **logo**: BBC HD.svg
- **launch date**: Trial: 27 May 2006
Full: 3 December 2007
- **picture format**: 16:9, 1080i (High-definition television, HDTV)
- **owner**: BBC
- **web**: http://www.bbc.co.uk/hd/
- **sat serv 1**: Freesat
- **sat chan 1**: Channel 108
- **sat serv 2**: :en:Sky Group, Sky HD
- **sat chan 2**: Channel 143 <small>(IN H.264/MPEG-4 AVC)</small>
- **sat serv 3**: Astra 2D
- **sat chan 3**: 10847V 22000 5/6
- **cable serv 1**: Virgin Media
- **cable chan 1**: Channel 108 <small>(IN MPEG-2)</small>
- **logofile**: BBC_HD.svg
- **logocaption**: Logo Used 15 May 2006 Until 25 March 2013
- **launch**: 15 May 2006 (trial)
1 December 2007 (channel)
- **closed date**: 25 March 2013
Manta ray

The **manta ray** (_Manta birostris_) is the largest species of the rays. The largest known specimen was more than  across, with a weight of about . It ranges throughout tropical waters of the world, typically around coral reefs. They have the largest brain-to-body ratio of the sharks, rays and skates (Elasmobranchii), a brain which is kept warm during lengthy dives to as deep as  in cold water.

Mantas may be at least two different species, the giant manta (_Manta birostris_), which migrates, and another smaller one called the reef manta (_Manta alfredi_), which does not. The genus may need revising.

Manta rays are probably at the top of the food chain. Some shark species, such as the tiger shark may hunt them.
Yulia Barsukova

**Yulia Vladimirovna Barsukova** (Russian **Ю́лия Влади́мировна Барсуко́ва,**) December 31, 1979, Moscow,Russia) is a Russian former rhythmic gymnast. She won the all-around gold medal at the Sydney Olympics. She left gymnastic to pursue a career in couple figure skating alongside her ex-husband and soon left the sport and gave birth to a child in 2008.

## Infobox (gymnast)

- **gymnastname**: Yulia Barsukova
- **image**: Yulia Barsukova.JPG
- **birthplace**: Moscow
- **discipline**: RG
- **headcoach**: Irina Viner
- **assistcoach**: Vera Chatalina
- **music**: _Giselle_ by Adolphe Adam
 _Swan Lake_ by Tchaikovski
  _The Swan_ by Saint-Saëns
Book of Baruch

The **Book of Baruch**, sometimes called **1 Baruch**, is a deuterocanonical or apocryphal book of the Bible, meaning it is considered part of the Bible by Catholics and members of the Orthodox Church but generally not by Protestants.  Even though it is not in the Hebrew Bible, it is in the Septuagint and in the Vulgate Bible, and also in Theodotion's version of the Bible. The Book claims to be have been written by the secretary of the prophet Jeremiah called Baruch in the sixth century BC, which might be true, but the Book was likely only completed in the first century BC. A manuscript of Baruch was found at the Caves of Qumran. The Book of Baruch contains prayer, a request for forgiveness, a recommendation to learn wisdom, a call to be hopeful in the face of Jerusalem's destruction, as well as a reminder to avoid worshiping idols.

Catholic Bibles also add the Letter of Jeremiah to the Book of Baruch as a sixth chapter.

## Other websites

- _Jewish Encyclopedia_: Baruch
- N.A.B. Introduction to Baruch
- Prophecy of Baruch  Full Text by chapter
- Latin Vulgate with Douay-Rheims freeware with bookmarking, search, and other features
- The Book of Baruch Full text from http://St-Takla.org (also available in Arabic)
- World Wide Study Bible: Baruch
- Encyclopedia Britannica: Baruch
Korea Baseball Organization

The **Korea baseball organization** (KBO) manages and administrates Korean professional baseball League. In addition, KBO works on many things about baseball. First of all, KBO collects and keeps baseball records. Second, KBO supports amateur baseball. Third, KBO works for international exchange or activities such as Olympic game and World Baseball Classic(WBC) and so on. Fourth, KBO supplies and develops baseball skills. KBO was established with Korean professional baseball league in 1982. KBO’s main office is located in 946-16, Do-kok dong (), Kang-nam ku (), Seoul (), South Korea. In Korean league, there are 10 teams which are Lotte Giants, Samsung Lions, SK Wyverns, LG Twins, Doosan Bears, Hanwha Eagles, KIA Tigers, Nexen Heroes, NC Dinos, and KT Wiz.

## Korean league

Each team plays totally 133 games per one year. These 133 games are called the pennant race. After the pennant race, top four teams go to tournament. Firstly, semi-final game is called semi-play off. In this Semi-playoff, two teams (3rd and 4th in the pennant race) play the game and a team which wins 3 games of total 5 games goes to the next stage. The next stage is called playoff. And this is also 3 out of 5(A team wins 3 games first, then that team can go to next stage.). In playoff, a team which is a winner of semi-playoff plays with 2nd team in the pennant race. A winner of playoff plays with 1st team in the pennant race. This is called Korean series. This is 4 out of 7. (If a team wins 4 games first, that team becomes the team of that year.) In Korean league, there is also all star game like major league baseball(MLB)in America. KBO manages all of these games.

## Organizaion

The president of KBO is Gu boneneung in 2011. KBO consists of many groups such as an executive office, KBOP, an umpire committee, a record committee and an education committee. As not permanent committees, there are a prizes and penalties committee, a rules committee and an advisory committee.

## Other websites

- KBO history page
- BaseballGuru.com
Internet Watch Foundation

The **Internet Watch Foundation (IWF)** is an organisation in the United Kingdom that gets reports from people and acts on those reports. They help remove things that could be illegal content on the Internet.

## Other websites

- Internet Watch Foundation

## Infobox (non-profit)

- **non-profit name**: Internet Watch Foundation
- **non-profit type**: Charitable organization#England and Wales, Registered charity
- **founded date**: 1996
- **num employees**: 14 (2007)
- **homepage**: [http://www.iwf.org.uk/ iwf.org.uk]
Shakargarh

**Shakargarh** is a city in the north-east of Pakistan in Narowal District of Punjab province. It is the headquarters of Shakargarh Tehsil. The city is at 32°16'0N 75°10'0E and is on the west bank of the Ravi River.

## History

In old times Shakargarh was used as a route for the Mughals to enter Gurdaspur and going to Delhi. During British rule (before the independence of Pakistan), Shakargarh became the capital of Shakargarh Tehsil.

In 1947 when the British were leaving, they divided British India between Pakistan and the modern republic of India. The border between the two countries was known as the Radcliffe Line (this was named after Cyril John Radcliffe who drew the borders). The line divided Shakargarh from the rest of Gurdaspur district (which then became part of India). Shakargarh then became part of Sialkot District, however when Narowal District was created in 1991, Shakargarh became part of that district.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Shakargarh
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **pushpin map**: Pakistan
- **pushpin mapsize**: 300
- **subdivision type**: Countries of the world, Country
- **subdivision name**: Pakistan
- **subdivision type1**: Provinces of Pakistan, Province
- **subdivision name1**: Punjab (Pakistan), Punjab
- **subdivision type2**: Districts of Pakistan, District
- **subdivision name2**: Narowal District
- **leader title1**: Founded By
- **established title**: Established
- **established date**: 1991
- **established title2**: Incorporated
- **established date2**: 1991
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area total km2**: 1272
- **population as of**: 2006
- **population total**: 1,256,097
- **timezone**: Pakistan Standard Time, PST
- **utc offset**: +5
- **postal code type**: Postal code span
- **postal code**: List of Postal Codes of Pakistan, 51800
- **area code**: 0542
X-Forwarded-For

The **X-Forwarded-For** (**XFF**) HTTP header is a standard for finding the IP address of a client connecting to a web server through an HTTP proxy or load balancer comes from.
BT Group

**British Telecommunications Group plc** which trades as **BT**, (sometimes known as **British Telecom** and still occasionally referred to by that name) is the privatised  UK state telecommunications operator.

BT Group is the largest communications service provider in the United Kingdom.

## Infobox (_company)

- **company name**: British Telecommunications Group plc
- **company logo**: BT logo 2019.svg
- **company type**: Public company, Public (
)
- **foundation**: 1 October 1981
- **location**: London, England, UK
- **key people**: Sir Michael Rake, corporate officer, Chairman
 Ian Livingston, Chief Executive
- **area served**: United Kingdom
- **industry**: Telecommunications
- **products**: Retail and Wholesale local, national and international telecommunications products and services,
Broadband and internet products and services,
IT and Network Solutions,
Mobile service as a MOLO (telecommunications), Molo
- **revenue**: Great Britain Pound, £ 20,704 million (2008)
- **operating income**: Great Britain Pound, £ 2,713 million (2007)
- **net income**: Great Britain Pound, £ 2,852 million (2007)
- **num employees**: 104,399 (2005-06)
- **homepage**: [http://www.btplc.com www.btplc.com]
Virgin Media

**Virgin Media Inc.** (formerly known as **ntl:Telewest**, after a merger of **NTL Incorporated** with **Telewest Global, Inc.**), became in 2006 the first "quadruple-play" media company in the United Kingdom, bringing together a service consisting of television, Internet, mobile phone and fixed-line telephone services.

## Infobox (company)

- **company name**: Virgin Media Incorporated
- **company logo**: Virgin Media.svg
- **company type**: Public company, Public: ()
- **foundation**: NTL: 1991; Telewest: 1984
- **location**: Corporate: New York City, United States
Operational: Hook, North Hampshire, Hook, England, United Kingdom, UK
- **key people**: James Mooney <small>(Chairman)</small>
Neil Berkett <small>Chief Executive Officer, CEO</small>
Richard Branson <small>(Figurehead (metaphor), Figurehead)</small>
- **num employees**: 22,500 (2005)
- **revenue**: $16.5 billion (2008)
- **industry**: Cable Communications
- **products**: Cable television
Broadband
Telephone
Mobile phone
- **homepage**: [http://www.virginmedia.com virginmedia.com]
Be Unlimited

**Be Unlimited**, or simply _"Be"_, is a growing UK Internet service provider. _Be Unlimited_ and _Be_ are trading names of _Be Un Limited_.

## Infobox (_company)

- **company name**: Be Unlimited
- **company type**: Internet service provider, ISP
- **foundation**: 2004
- **location**: London
- **key people**: Felix Geyr, Oli White, Joachim Garmer, Sanjay Khatri, Tom Williams, Louise Kirlew
- **industry**: Internet & Telecommunication, Communications
- **products**: Broadband
- **owner**: Telefónica O2
- **homepage**: [http://www.bethere.co.uk www.bethere.co.uk]
Demon Internet

**Demon Internet** is a British Internet service provider ("ISP") founded in 1992. It was one of the earliest ISPs, targeting the "dial-up" audience. The company was started on June 1st, 1992, from an idea posted on CIX by Cliff Stanford of Demon Systems Ltd.

Currently, Demon Internet is operating as a brand of Vodafone.
Bachelor

A **bachelor** is a man who has not been married and is not cohabiting. He lives on his own or with a flatmate/housemate. A woman in this situation is sometimes known as a bachelorette. A bachelor cannot have been married, as a man who married but then divorced is called a divorcé. A man whose wife is dead is a widower.

Sometimes, when a bachelor is going to be married, a bachelor party is organized to celebrate the last day that the person will be a bachelor for.

es:Soltero
Nativity scene

A **nativity scene** is a three-dimensional depiction of the Nativity of Jesus. It is also called a crib, manger or crèche. Typically, a large scale scene includes: the Holy Family, the angels, the Magi, the ox and the donkey, and an assortment of shepherds, villagers, servants and others.

## Types

There are two types of scenes: static representations of figures made of clay or other material, and living scenes. Static scenes are often displayed on a table top in the home. In living scenes, humans and animals portray the characters in the scene.

## History

St. Francis of Assisi is said to have created the first nativity scene in 1223 (a "living" one) near Greccio, Italy. It was a "hit". The scene's popularity inspired communities throughout Catholic countries to stage similar scenes.

## Controversy

In the modern world, nativity scenes have provoked controversy. Animals are said to be abused in living scenes and objections have been placed against static scenes displayed on public lands. In addition, outdoor scenes are often the target of vandals. Theft or destruction of outdoor figures is not uncommon.

## Other websites

- Roman presepi
- The message of the child — Original Nativity scenes made with natural stones
- The Neapolitan Crib (Presepe)
- International crèche school - History of Nativities and instructions for building them
- Nativiti scene - Florece,FaQ - Video details
KBO

**KBO** can mean:

- Kuiper Belt object
- Korea Baseball Organization
- Keep the Bastards Out, a fictional organization invented and promoted by Seattle Post-Intelligencer columnist Emmett Watson
- KBO!, a hardcore punk band from Serbia
- Keep Buggering On, a catchphrase used by Winston Churchill
Underwater diving

**Underwater diving** is going underwater to do things. There are different reasons to do this:
- **Recreational diving** is done for fun. It is sometimes called sport diving. It can be done using air from cylinders carried by the diver. This is called scuba diving. It can also be done for shorter dives by holding your breath. This is called freediving or skindiving.
- **Military diving** is diving for a military purpose.
- **Commercial diving** is diving to do underwater work. This is done as part of a project where the work must be done under water.
- **Scientific diving** is diving done to find things out for scientific purposes. It may be part of the job for a scientist, or done by volunteer for a citizen science project.
- **Public safety diving** is diving done by a public service organisation like the police of a fire department to rescue people or to find and bring back bodies or evidence.

There are also different ways to dive:
- **Surface supplied diving** gets air for breathing through a hose from a pump above the surface of the water.
- **Scuba diving** is done with metal cylinders carried by the diver to hold the breathing air. In open-circuit scuba the air comes out of the mouthpiece when the diver breathes in, and goes into the water when the diver breathes out. When a rebreather is used, some of the same air is breathed many times, and the machine puts oxygen into the air to make up for the oxygen that is used up, and takes out the carbon dioxide by using a chemical to absorb it. A rebreather lets the diver use less air, but it can go wrong in more different ways.
- **Saturation diving** is diving where the divers stay in pressurised rooms between dives and go to the underwater workplace and return in a sealed diving bell, so they stay at the same pressure for days or weeks at a time before the pressure is reduced to normal air pressure when they finish the contract. The breathing gas is supplied from the surface through a hose so this is also a kind of surface supplied diving.
- **Freediving** is diving underwater without an air supply. The diver must hold their breath until they get back to the surface.
Submandibular gland

The **submandibular glands** are salivary glands. They are under the bottom part of the mouth.

## Infobox (anatomy)

- **name**: Submandibular gland
- **latin**: glandula submandibularis
- **image**: Illu_quiz_hn_02.jpg
- **caption**: Salivary glands: #1 is parotid gland, #2 is **submandibular gland**, #3 is sublingual gland