juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Broken English

**Broken English**, or **Engrish** is a variant of the English language by people who do not speak English very well.

The term may refer to spoken English, and it can also describe written English. In Japan, it is common to add English text to items for decorative and fashion purposes.

The term _Engrish_ first appears as an Asian mispronunciation of the word _English_ in the 1940s.  It was not until the 1980s that it began to be used to as a byname for defective Asian English. The related term "wasei-eigo" means made-up English words that have entered into everyday Japanese.

Broken English can be found in East Asian countries, and also many places in other places where a lot of East Asians live. Broken English has been found on many things from poorly translated signs, menus, and manuals to strangely worded advertisements, food items, and strange t-shirt slogans. Broken English also sometimes happens when a word or sentence is badly translated on the Internet.

## Related pages

- All your base are belong to us
- Pidgin
Sacred cow

**Sacred cow** is an idiom. It is an expression or phrase that is used without the literal meaning of being about a cow or religion. When spoken or written it means a person or a belief that has been respected for a long time. It has become sacred and people are then afraid or unwilling to criticise or question it.

The idiom is based on the honor shown to cows in Hinduism. It is thought to have started in America in the early 20th century. Similar idioms are used in many other languages. Saying "holy cow!" when surprised may be another example.

An actual 'sacred cow' or 'sacred bull'  is a real animal that is treated with sincere respect in specific religions and their celebrations. They cannot eat the meat of cows because they are sacred.

## In religion

In Hinduism, cows are thought to be sacred, or deeply respected. Cows are seen as a 'caregiver' or maternal figure. One Hindu goddess, Bhoomi (भूमि), is usually shown in the form of a cow. She represents the Earth. Most Hindus respect cows for their gentle nature, and cows also represent strength. Hindus who eat meat will avoid eating [cow meat].

There is a festival to thank cows for serving farmers for agriculture, This festival is called as "Mattupongal" which is one among the four days of the grand Indian festival called the Pongal which is completely focused on thanking each and every agricultural implement.

## Celebration of Cows

In the Hindu tradition, cows are honored, garlanded and given special feedings at festivals all over India. One is the annual Gopastami festival, dedicated to Krishna and cows.

The cow's nature is represented in Kamadhenu; the goddess who is the mother of all cows. In India, more than 3,000 institutions called Gaushalas care for old and infirm cows. According to animal husbandry statistics there are about 44,900,000 cows in India, the highest in the world. So while some old and infirm cows are treated in Gaushalas, the rest are generally abandoned at public places such as railway stations and bazaars.

Honoring the cow inspires in people the virtues of gentleness and connects them with nature. The cow gives milk and cream, yogurt and cheese, butter and ghee. The milk of a cow is believed to refine a person. The ghee (clarified butter) from the milk is used in ceremonies and in preparing religious food. Cow dung is used as fertilizer, as a fuel, and as a disinfectant in homes.

## Related pages

- Vegetarianism
Murti

In Hinduism, a **murti** (also spelled murthi or murthy) usually means an image or an idol in which the Divine Spirit is expressed ('murta'). Hindus call the presence of God into the image or idol so that they can communicate and receive the blessings of God. Hindus don't worship the murti or idol itself but the god who is present in their minds and souls. It can also be set up anywhere.

## Role of murtis in worship

Murtis sometimes are abstract, but almost always stone or metal images of God in a human-like form like Shiva or Ganesha, Rama or Krishna, Saraswati or Kali. Murtis are made according to strict prescriptions and then installed by highly trained priests through a ceremony. The priests can then call on God in the image daily.

Murtis in Hindu temples and shrines are a mystical form of communication with God and devas. This is similar to our ability to communicate with others through the telephone. One does not talk to the telephone; rather the telephone is a way to interact with another person. Without the telephone, one could not have a conversation across long distances; and without the sanctified image in the temple, one cannot easily talk with the Deity.

## Going beyond murtis in Hinduism

The image or murti of worship is a focus for prayers, although Hindus can see God is in all things, in stone and water, fire, air and ether, in the enlightened person of a satguru and inside their own soul. Some temples do not have any murti in the sanctum but a symbolic diagram. Some Hindu branches rejected the worship of images.

In Hinduism, one of the highest achievements is when one goes beyond the need of all form and symbol. This is the yogi’s goal obtained through meditation.  Hinduism is also one of the religions that uses more symbols to represent God in preparation for getting beyond them.

## Sacred images in other religions

Image worship appears to be an intelligent, mystical practice shared by all of the world’s great religions. All religions have their symbols of holiness: the Christian cross, or statues of Mother Mary and Saint Theresa, the holy Kaaba in Mecca, the Sikh Adi Granth enshrined in the Golden Temple in Amritsar, the Arc and Torah of the Jews, the image of a meditating Buddha, the totems of indigenous and Pagan faiths, and the artifacts of the holy men and women of all religions. Any Christian respects the Bible and considers it sacred. His book and the Hindu’s murtis are similar in this way.

Critics of image worship consider this practice "idolatry". People who practice idolatry believe that God is the material object itself. Instead, Hindus worship murtis to call on the presence of the spiritual God and then communicate with him.
Virtual memory

**Virtual Memory** is a way of managing memory which is a recent trend of technology used in computers. Hardware (the physical part of the computer, such as the CPU or graphics card) runs software. This software will need computer memory to run, and do what it needs to do. Most computers in use today can do more than one thing at a time, they run more than one application. This is known as multiprocessing.

In this case, all the programs or applications that are running on the computer at a time share its resources. A computer does not have more processors or main memory (RAM) just because more programs run on it.

Virtual memory is the idea that the application _sees_ a _block of memory_ of a given size. The application can use this memory as it sees fit. This block of memory is _virtual_ in the sense that it comes from different parts. Some of it may be in the main memory of the computer, but some may also be on disk. The CPU has a special part, called Arithmetic Logic Unit which does some of the translations between application memory and system resources. Modern operating systems also do a part of this work.

When a program tries to access a block of memory that is not in system memory, that program is stopped, and the block is loaded into system memory. What was in that part of the system memory is written to disk. This is usually called paging.

Certain computer systems, such as  embedded systems, do not use virtual memory, because they need a very fast response time, or one that always stays the same. One of the problems is that with virtual memory it is difficult to predict the response time. An application that uses a part of memory which needs to be loaded from disk will have a different response time from one that does not. Therefore, virtual memory concept is not used in embedded systems.
Bolshoi Theatre

The **Bolshoi Theatre** (Russian: Большой театр, Bol'shoy Teatr, Large Theater) is a world-famous theatre and opera company in Moscow, Russia, which gives performances of ballet and opera. It is in the centre of Moscow, near the Kremlin.

## History of the building

The Bolshoi Theatre began in 1776 when Empress Catherina II allowed Prince Pyotr Urusov to run theatrical performances.  That theatre burned down and a new one was built in 1825.  After that one burned down too, it was rebuilt and reopened in 1856.  After that, no important repairs were made to the building for 150 years.  By the beginning of the 21st century it was in a very bad state and in danger of falling down.  Major repairs were started in 2005, and the theatre was re-opened in 2011.

At the time of the Communist Revolution (1917), the Bolsheviks thought the theatre represented the old tsars and everything that had been bad in Russia.  They wanted to demolish it.  Then they started to use it for their meetings.  Lenin and Stalin both gave speeches there.  The operas that were performed had to be ones that did not criticize the Soviet Union in any way

## Other websites

- From Russia With Love: Costumes for the Ballets Russes 1909-1933
Guild

A **guild** is an association of craftspeople or merchants who control the practice of their craft in a town.

Many groups of people started as guilds, including scholars, and religious guilds. Many modern organisations, like universities, started as guilds. However, the basic idea of a guild was to control the training and practice of a trade or business. In Europe, guilds were given authority by the monarch. New young members had to serve as apprentices to a master for a certain length of time (such as seven years). At the end they became full members of the guild, and could set up on their own, and take apprentices of their own. That is the way the European world worked up to and including the first part of the 20th century.

There were guilds of weavers and dyers in the wool trade, of masons and architects in the building trade. There were guilds of painters,  blacksmiths, bakers, butchers, and so on. The Corporation of the City of London includes the "livery companies". These companies were originally guilds. The senior members of the livery companies choose the Lord Mayor of London, the sheriffs and certain other officers.

Guilds were common in the cities of the Middle Ages. After that, around 1700 to 1800 their influence lessened somewhat. Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Adam Smith were much opposed to the idea of guilds. They believed that guilds hindered economic development and free trade.
Delara Darabi

**Delara Darabi** (; September 29, 1986 - May 1, 2009) was a Iranian girl, who was sentenced to death at age of 17. She was convicted of murder, despite her highly probably innocence and was executed by hanging.

## Case

Her case raised controversy for a number of reasons:
1. The Iranian Government had signed the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and Convention on the Rights of the Child, and, according to this, no person under age of 18 could be sentenced to death; however, despite this, Iran had executed number of minor<nowiki/>s;
1. Her guilty verdict is disputable:
    1. She had initially claimed responsibility for having murdered her father's cousin, Mahin Darabi, in order to protect her boyfriend Amir Hussein (age 19), because he told her that, because she was under the age of 18, she could not have a death sentence. What he said was wrong.  Amir Hussein received 10 years in prison for being Delara's "accomplice" in Mahin's murder, while Delara was sentenced to death.
    1. Delara was left-handed, and there is abundant evidence that the murderer was right-handed.

Delara's sentence was upheld by Iran's Supreme Court. The only person who could commute the sentence is Iranian Head of Judiciary, Ayatollah Mahmoud Hashemi Shahroudi.

In January 2007, Delara attempted to commit suicide.

Darabi was kept in Rasht Prison. According to her family and attorney, she was severely beaten by prison guards and fellow prisoners and left with a broken arm. Conditions in prison were extremely poor, leading Delara to repeatedly file requests to be transferred to another prison with better sanitary and overall conditions.  Her requests were not answered.

Darabi was also a talented painter, poet and pianist. Her paintings were exhibited in Tehran and, recently, in Amsterdam.

She was executed May 1, 2009.

## Campaigns to save Darabi

There was a petition online to save Darabi. A similar petition was started by Miss Canada 2003 Nazanin Afshin-Jam for another Iranian minor, Nazanin Fatehi, who was also sentenced to death. After worldwide attention and over 350,000 signatures Nazanin Fatehi was finally found innocent and freed. Amnesty International has also made many public statements and a letter campaign about Darabi.

## Personal background

She was born in  Rasht (Province of Gilan), where she was a high-school student before her arrest. She had three sisters: Elaheh (21-year old), Ghazale (19) and Sheida (8). Elaheh and Ghazale are college students. Her sisters were also born in Rasht.

## Other websites

- Amnesty International April 2007 Urgent Action call about Delara Darabi
- Stop Child Executions Campaign page about Delara
- SaveDelara campaign
- Delara Darabi paintings presentation
Freestyle football

**Freestyle football** is a sport played by one person by kicking a football. Freestyle football is a new sport, which has become more popular in recent years.

To play freestyle football, one needs skill to keep the ball off the ground. This is done by juggling the ball with one's feet. Many people can do this well. At the same time, they can add in more difficult tricks. The most famous trick is called 'around the world'.  There are five or more different ways of doing 'around the world'. Freestyle football can be played anywhere, such as in the street or a park.

## Other websites

- Moscow Football Freestyle Organisation
- Professional Football Freestyle Agency
- Professional Football Freestyle Agency
Croydon

**Croydon** is a large town in Greater London, southern England in the United Kingdom. It is south of London and is part of the London Borough of Croydon. It is birthplace of Crowded House and Split Enz singers Neil Finn and Tim Finn.

## History

The town grew up from Anglo-Saxon times around a palace belonging to the Archbishop of Canterbury. In 1276 the archbishop allowed a weekly market to take place nearby and this date is taken as the founding of the town. The town grew in the eighteenth century as a stage coach stop on the way to the popular seaside town of Brighton from London. In the nineteenth century railways put the town only 15 minutes from London by fast train and it grew 23 times in terms of the number of people living there between 1801 and 1901.

## Things to do

Croydon is well known for having many places to go shopping, which includes two shopping centres called Centrale and the Whitgift Centre. A third one called Park Place is planned. Croydon has been rated the 20<small>th</small> best shopping area in the UK. It is also well known for holding a lot of offices for companies to let. The council wants to keep Croydon a big town by building more offices and entertainment facilities, so a new place called the Croydon Gateway is planned. Purley Way, just west of Croydon, is a large retail park area which has many shops like Comet (which went in admin in 2012), Sainsbury's, McDonald's, IKEA, Argos, M&S, Boots along with a cinema and bowling alley.

## Transport

Croydon is very easy to get to. There is a large bus station on the edge of Croydon, and three railway stations called East Croydon, West Croydon, and South Croydon.

Croydon is also served by Tramlink, a tram system, the only tram system in all of Greater London. It is the place where all four routes meet. They go to places like Elmers End and Beckenham in Bromley to the east, Wimbledon and Mitcham in Merton to the west, and Addington and Addiscombe to the south.

## Infobox (uk place)

- **country**: England
- **region**: London
- **population**: 384,837
- **population ref**: (Addiscombe, Broad Green, Fairfield, Waddon, Croham, Selhurst, Ashburton, Woodside, Sanderstead, Shirley and Selsdon and Ballards wards)
- **official name**: Croydon
- **os grid reference**: TQ335655
- **london borough**: Croydon
- **post town**: CROYDON
- **postcode district**: CR0
- **postcode area**: CR
- **dial code**: 0208
- **constituency westminster**: Croydon East (UK Parliament constituency), Croydon East
- **constituency westminster1**: Croydon North (UK Parliament constituency), Croydon North
- **constituency westminster2**: Croydon South (UK Parliament constituency), Croydon South

Carshalton and Wallington (UK Parliament constituency), Carshalton and Wallington

Croydon West (UK Parliament constituency), Croydon West
- **charingx distance mi**: 9.4
- **charingx direction**: N
Addington

**Addington** is a village in the London Borough of Croydon in south London. Addington is home to many historical sites in Croydon, like Croydon Palace and the Addington Palace. St Mary's Church is also in Addington and is known for the cross commemorating five archbishops in the foreground. Before the tram system was introduced in 2000 connections to the town were very short with only a few buses to Croydon.

New Addington is a town close by to Addington. Once there was only one school in the village and all the children went to it, now that school has been demolished.

## Infobox (uk place)

- **country**: England
- **region**: London
- **official name**: Addington
- **london borough**: Croydon
- **constituency westminster**: Croydon Central (UK Parliament constituency), Croydon Central
- **post town**: CROYDON & SOUTH CROYDON
- **postcode area**: CR
- **postcode district**: CR0 & CR2
- **dial code**: 01689
- **os grid reference**: TQ375645
- **charingx distance mi**: 11.1
- **charingx direction**: NNW
- **static image name**: Addington Church.jpg
- **static image caption**: St Mary's Church, Addington, St Mary's Church
Flag of India

The modern **Flag of The Republic of India** has three colours, which are placed horizontally. At the top is saffron, which signifies sacrifice and patriotism. In the middle is white, which stands for truth in word and actions and purity in our thoughts. At the bottom is green, which stands for life and prosperity. In the middle of the white is a blue wheel, which is called the Ashoka Chakra. It has 24 spokes and it stands for progress.The Chakra or the wheel also symbolizes the Power of the State governed by Dharma. It is also called the tiranga or tricolour. The flag was discovered by Venkayya Pingali. Moirang in Manipur is the first place in India where the National Flag of India was first hoisted. It was in this place where the INA War Museum and the INA Martyrs' Memorial Complex were developed to commemorate the contributions of Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose and his Indian National Army to the Indian Independence Movement.

Gandhi first in 1921, Congress spoke of their flag. The flag Pingali Venkayya, who had designed. There were two colours, red for the Hindus, and green for Muslims. Was in the middle of a cycle. For the other religions in the white paint was added. A few days before Independence, the Constituent Assembly national modified. The spinning wheel replaced by the Ashok Chakra Lee. The new flag of the country's second President Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan explained again.

The national flag of India the top band of Saffron color, indicating the strength and courage of the country. The strip between the white is a symbol of peace and truth with Dharma Chakra. The lower green stripe fertility, growth and auspiciousness of the land exhibits. Built on the white strip cycle menstrual cycle says. Wheel of Dharma wheel of the law that says the third century BC Mauryan Emperor Ashoka built the Sarnath Temple was taken from. The Chakra intends to show that this is life in movement and death in stagnation.

Are estimated using the following transfer in Indian flag colors. In flag saffron, white, green and blue colors that HTML Arljilbi and Web colors in the (hexadecimal notation); CMYK equivalent; Dye color and Penton equal number.

## References

- .
- .
Trevor Royle, The Last Days of the Raj, Cornet Books, Hodder and Stoughton, London, pg. 217)

## Infobox (flag)

- **name**: India
 भारत
- **nickname**: Tirangā (तिरंगा)
- **image**: Flag of India.svg
- **use**: 111000
- **symbol**:
- **proportion**: 2:3
- **adoption**: 22 July 1947
- **design**: Horizontal tricolour flag (India saffron, white, and India green). In the centre of the white is a navy blue wheel with 24
spokes
- **designer**: Pingali Venkayya, Badruddin Tyabji, Surayya Tyabji
Coat of arms of India

The Indian Emblem of India  is the symbol of the Republic of India, formally called 'National emblem'. It has four lions. The idea for this coat of arms was taken from the Sarnath Lion Capital that was built by Indian emperor Ashoka. It's a pillar in the city of Sarnath. Ashoka built it around 250 BC using a single piece of polished sandstone. The symbol is invariably used on all types of currency notes, passports and coins of India. In the two dimensional view of this symbol, one can see 3 heads (the fourth being hidden from view). It was adopted on 26 January 1950, the day that India became a republic.

The lions represent royalty and pride. It also represents the currency.

The wheel beneath the lions is called the Ashoka Chakra or Dharmachakra comes from Buddhism, representing Truth and Honesty. The horse and the bull probably stand for the Strength (Mental) of the people of India. There are four Ashoka Chakras in total around the emblem and two horses and bulls each.

The verse written below, Satyamev Jayate is a very popular and revered saying in the ancient language Sanskrit. It can be divided phonetically into three words - Satyam, which means truth, Ev or aev, that is, only and Jayate which means wins or won. The whole verse can be translated as, 'Only (the one who speaks) the truth will win or wins.' This verse describes the power of honesty and truth in society and religion. You can lie to your friends, family, but you cannot lie to God and yourself. Your conscience will forever be stained.

The verse can also be translated as 'The truth alone triumphs'. Meaning that even after all the lies and deceptions with which we have been fooled, the truth will finally emerge victorious.
Spanish Wikipedia

The **Spanish Wikipedia** () is a Spanish-language edition of Wikipedia. Started in May 2001, it is the 8th-largest Wikipedia by article count. The Spanish Wikipedia has about  articles.

## List of countries Wikipedia distributions

- **Spanish Wikipedia**
    - Argentina
    - Belize
    - Bolivia
    - Chile
    - Colombia
    - Costa Rica
    - Cuba
    - Ecuador
    - El Salvador
    - Guatemala
    - Haiti
    - Honduras
    - Mexico
    - Nicaragua
    - Panama
    - Paraguay
    - Peru
    - Spain
    - Venezuela

## Other websites

- Spanish Wikipedia main page.

## Infobox (website)

- **name**: Spanish Wikipedia
- **logo**: Wikipedia-logo-v2-es.svg
- **screenshot**: Spanish Wikipedia.png
- **collapsible**: yes
- **caption**: The Main Page of the Spanish Wikipedia in January 2012
- **commercial**: No
- **location**: Miami, Florida
- **type**: Internet encyclopedia project
- **language**: Spanish language, Spanish
- **registration**: Optional
- **owner**: Wikimedia Foundation
Crystal Palace

**Crystal Palace** is a place and former site of a landmark in London, England. The town is between the London Boroughs of Croydon, Bromley, Lambeth, Southwark and Lewisham.

The town is home of the Crystal Palace television mast, a large aerial which receives television and radio signals so that people in London can hear or see the channels. The Croydon Transmitter was also put in Crystal Palace, so if something went wrong with the Crystal Palace Ariel this one could take over.

The space used to hold The Crystal Palace, a large building made mostly out of glass. It was called The Great Exhibition of 1851 and used to be in Hyde Park, but the palace was moved to Crystal Palace in 1854. People went to it for over seven decades. Sydenham Hill, where the Crystal Palace was, is one of the highest locations in London and the size of the palace made it easy to see from Central London. This led to the area around the building becoming known as Crystal Palace instead of Sydenham Hill. The palace was destroyed by fire on the 30<sup>th</sup> November 1936 and the site of the building and its grounds are now known as Crystal Palace Park and include an olympic sized swimming pool.

The area is served by Sydenham railway station and Crystal Palace railway station, with Penge West railway station and Sydenham Hill railway station both straddling.

Crystal Palace Park is a large park in Crystal Palace, which is known across South London, mainly for the statues of the dinosaurs. There is also a stadium used for national athletics and a large sports centre.

There is no town centre in Crystal Palace, as most of the area is covered by homes, although many people confuse Upper Norwood town centre (which has a Sainsbury's in it) as Crystal Palace. Anerley is also close by. There is a bus station on Crystal Palace Parade and there is a train station in Crystal Palace for Central London and Croydon.

## Other websites

- Map of Crystal Palace
Santorini

**Santorini** is an archipelago in the Aegean Sea. It is about  north of Crete. The archipelago is made of five islands, Thira, Thirassia, Aspronissi, Palea, and Nea Kameni in the southern Cyclades. Its volcano is among the few still active in Greece and Europe. These islands formed through intense volcanic activity, with twelve major eruptions happening roughly every 20,000 years. Each eruption caused the central part of the volcano to collapse, creating a large crater called a caldera. Despite this, the volcano repeatedly rebuilt itself.

The biggest of these is also called Santorini. Other names for the archipelago, and the island are **Thera** or **Thira**. The archipelago formed around a caldera. 13.600 people live there. The island has been settled for a long time, there are archeologial sites dating to Minoan times, and to the paleolithic.  The volcano erupted around 1500 BC, and may have wiped out the Minoan culture there. The island was later resettled.

## Santorini coasts

Santorini's east coast is not as famous as its celebrated, higher West coast. Here, the heights along the caldera edge gently slope down to the sea, creating volcanic-sand beaches and resorts with a different charm. Resorts like Kamari and Perissa offer a more traditional and affordable island holiday experience, with beaches filled with sun loungers, water sports, and promenades lined with bars and tavernas. The East coast's beaches are known for their black sand, while the South coast boasts a series of beaches famous for their multi-colored sand. The striking Red Beach is particularly popular among travelers.
Samarra

**Sāmarrā** () is a town in Iraq. It is on the east bank of the Tigris in the Salah ad Din Governorate, 125 km north of Baghdad. In 2003, the town had an estimated population of 348,700 people.

Samarra is a city of culture and heritage. Samarra is home to the Malwiya Mosque Minerat. In 836 CE, the Abbasid Caliph Al-Mu'tasim founded a new capital at the banks of the Tigris. Here he built extensive palace complexes surrounded by garrison settlements for his guards, mostly drawn from Central Asia and Iran (most famously the Turks).
Tigris

The **Tigris** is a river in the Middle East. It is the eastern of two rivers that define Mesopotamia. Mesopotamia literally means _(the land) between the rivers_. The other river is called Euphrates. The source of the river is in the Taurus mountains in Turkey. From there, it flows through Northern Kurdistan in Turkey and forms part of the border between Turkey and Syria. The remainder is in Iraq.

The river is 1,900 kilometres (1,181 miles) long. It comes together with the Euphrates in the Shatt-al-Arab (which is called Arvand Rud in Persian). The Shatt-al-Arab flows into the Persian Gulf. The river had an important role in the development of civilization, as early farmers used water from the river to water their crops and produce more food.
Tawaret

In ancient Egyptian mythology, **Tawaret** (also _Taweret) _was the demon-wife of Apep, the first god of evil. She was often shown as a hippopotamus. Because female hippos are aggressive to protect their young, pregnant women wore amulets of Tawaret to protect their pregnancies.

Tawaret was a very popular goddess in the first Dynasty. She was, overall, the goddess who protected women during childbirth and pregnancy. In ancient Egypt, it was believed that if you wanted to live through childbirth it was necessary to pray to Tawaret.

## Other websites

- ancientegypt.co.uk
Seshat

**Seshat** was the ancient Egyptian idea of knowledge, shown as a goddess. She became the goddess of writing, astronomy/astrology, architecture, and mathematics. When Thoth became the god of wisdom, Seshat was seen as his daughter, or sometimes, as his wife. In art, she was shown as a woman with a stylised papyrus plant above her head. This symbolised writing since the Egyptians wrote on a material that came from papyrus.

## Other websites

- thekeep.org
- egyptmyths.net
- ancientegypt.co.uk
Apep

**Apep** in Egyptian mythology was an evil demon. He was associated with darkness and chaos. He was often shown as a snake.

Apep's name was often incorrectly defined as he who was _spat out_. It was said that he had been formed by Neith, who had been the goddess of the ancient waters in the Ennead, from a length of spit she had spat at Nu, the god of the ancient waters in the Ogdoad. Some subsequent commentators speculated that Apep must have been an earlier creator, and chief god, thus explaining why he had so much anger towards Ra.

It was believed that Ra (the sun) each night passed into Duat and then battled with Apep, always winning except for certain days in which Ra is momentarily devoured, what the Egyptians saw as an eclipse.

Instead of being worshipped he was done the exact opposite and spat upon. Models would be made of wax and clay and then burnt, spat upon, and defaced.

## Physical Description

Apep was a fifty foot long snake.  He was black, orange, and a little bit green. Apep was very strong. He symbolized darkness, storms, night, the underworld and death. Ramses sixth tomb depicted him, having nine heads, representing the souls he killed.
In some depictions he is shown being attacked by a cat. The cat represents Bast, the goddess of cats. Bast was Ra's 'Guardian', so to speak. Bast's job was to protect Ra on his trips through the Duat every night. this is how he became the physical description

## Influences

- The asteroid 99942 Apophis, an Aten-class asteroid, is named in its honour, because it was at Level 4 on the Torino impact hazard scale between 2004 and 2006.
- The name Apophis was given to the first major false god enemy in the sci-fi series Stargate SG-1
- The name Apep Heidemann was given to the major enemy in the Japanese manga Seraphic Feather.
- In the Yu-Gi-Oh! Trading Card Game, there is a snake-like Trap Card Monster called 'Embodiment of Apophis'. Considering the original Yu-Gi-Oh!'s Egyptian origins, this befits the context of the card game.

## Other websites

- Apep, Water Snake-Demon of Chaos, Enemy of Ra...
- ancient Egypt: The Mythology - Apep
Ville Valo

**Ville Valo** (born November 22, 1976) is a Finnish baritone singer and songwriter. He is the lead singer in the Finnish rock band HIM. He lives in Helsinki, Finland.

## Other websites

- HIMzone666
- HIMzone666.forum

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Ville Valo
- **img**: Ville Valo performing.jpg
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Ville Hermanni Valo
- **birth place**: Vallila, Finland
- **origin**: Finland
- **instrument**: Singer, Vocals,Bass guitar, Bass,drums,Guitar,Piano.
- **genre**: Alternative rock
Heavy metal music, Heavy metal
- **occupation**: Singer, Songwriter
- **years active**: 1983 - Present
- **associated acts**: HIM (band), HIM

Daniel Lioneye
- **url**: [http://www.heartagram.com/ Official website]
Prefix notation

**Prefix notation** is a mathematical notation. It is a way to write down equations and other mathematical formulae. Prefix notation is also known as _Polish notation_. The notation was invented by Jan Łukasiewicz in 1920. He wanted to simplify writing logic equations.

When prefix notation is used, no grouping elements (like parenthesis) are needed.

With prefix notation, the function is noted before the arguments it operates on.

Some CASIO calculators use prefix notation. Some programming languages that were influenced by lambda calculus, like LISP, use prefix notation.

## Infobox (notation)

- **logo**:
Nephthys

**Nephthys** was a goddess with wide power and capacity, and she was often referred to as "The Excellent Goddess."
She could also be dangerous, able to kill the enemies of the king with her fiery breath. In this capacity, she was considered a protector of the king. .

Nephthys has a central role in the popular myths of Osiris; it is her magical powers that helps to resurrect his body, as well as to protect and nurture Horus while he is a child.

She is in some contexts presented as a protector of the dead, in other as protecting the baboon-headed Hapi, one of the 4 canopic jars.

In the Late Period, she became linked with the goddess, Anuket.

## Family

According to myth, Nephthys had four siblings. Her parents were Geb the god of the earth and Nut the goddess of the sky. She was the sister of Isis, Osiris, Horus, and sister/twin and consort of Seth. Nephthys was also the mother of Anubis, the jackal-headed one with black skin.

## Cult

In the 19th Dynasty of the Ramesside Pharaohs, a temple of Nephthys called the "House of Nephthys of Ramesses-Meriamun" was built in the town of Sepermeru, midway between Oxyrhynchos and Herakleopolis, on the outskirts of the Fayyum and quite near to the modern site of Deshasheh.

## References

1. Relmer, Pat _Egyptian Mythology A to Z_
1. Fisher, Leonard _The Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt_
1. Barett, Clive _The Egyptian Gods and Goddesses_

## Other websites

- ancientegypt.co.uk
- touregypt.net
- pantheon.org
- http://www.Touregypt.net/godsofegypt/Nephthys2.htm
- http://www.aelives.com/gods.htm
- http://www.philae.nu/Akhet/Netjurun.html
Anuket

**Anuket** was the first ancient Egyptian goddess of the Nile river in areas like Elephantine Island, at the start of the Nile's journey through Egypt, and in nearby parts of Nubia. Her temple was built at the Island of Seheil.

Since the god Khnum and goddess Satis were thought to be the gods of the source of the Nile, Anuket was believed to be their daughter. The Egyptians believed that the two tributaries in her area of the Nile were her arms. Because tributaries move quickly, she became associated with fast-moving things, like arrows, and the gazelle.

In art, she was usually shown as a gazelle, or with a gazelle's head, and sometimes had a headdress of feathers.

When the Nile started its annual flood, the _Festival of Anuket_ began. People threw coins, gold, jewelry, and precious gifts into the river, thanking Anuket for the life-giving water. The taboo that was held in several parts of Egypt of not eating fish, which were considered sacred, was lifted during this time.

## Other websites

- touregypt.net
- egyptianmyths.net
- pantheon.org
Ptah

**Ptah** was the ancient Egyptian god of craftsmen and architects. Ptah is named in the Turin King List as the first of the eight legendary god-kings of Egypt.

In art, he is shown as a hairless, bearded mummified man, often wearing a skull cap, holding a djed or other large tool (which he is sometimes shown using during mummification ceremonies). He was believed to be married to Sekhmet.

Ptah was the local god of Memphis, one of the ancient capitals of Egypt. He is the parson of craftsmen, since it is believed that he invented the arts.
Kurt Waldheim

**Kurt Josef Waldheim** (21 December 1918 – 14 June 2007) was an Austrian diplomat and conservative politician. He was Secretary-General of the United Nations from 1972 to 1981, and President of Austria from 1986 to 1992.

## Political career

Waldheim published an autobiography. During his campaign to become president in 1986, it became public that some statements in that biography were not true. These were about his past. Waldheim was an officer for Germany in the Second World War. He became an oberleutnant in the Wehrmacht.  Waldheim participated in Operation Kozara in 1942. According to one post-war investigator, prisoners were often shot within only a few hundred meters of Waldheim's office and  away at the Jasenovac concentration camp. Waldheim later said, "he did not know about the murder of civilians there".

A commission of several historians looked at the issue. They decided Waldheim had behaved as he should have done. They said he had not committed any war crimes. However, in his role of an officer, he must have known about the deportation of about 40.000 Jews into concentration camps. These transports were against the law. Thus, he was not allowed to travel to the United States any more.

In 1990, he had a success: Saddam Hussein held several foreigners as hostages at the start of the Second Gulf War. When Waldheim heard this, he went to Baghdad. Through talks he got Hussein to release the Austrian and the Swiss hostages. Both countries are neutral.

## Death

On June 14, 2007, Waldheim died of heart failure.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Kurt Waldheim
- **image**: Kurt Waldheim UN.jpg
- **order**: 9th
- **office**: President of Austria
- **term start**: 8 July 1986
- **term end**: 8 July 1992
- **chancellor**: Franz Vranitzky
- **predecessor**: Rudolf Kirchschläger
- **successor**: Thomas Klestil
- **order2**: 4th
- **office2**: Secretary-General of the United Nations
- **term start2**: January 1, 1972
- **term end2**: January 1, 1982
- **predecessor2**: U Thant
- **successor2**: Javier Pérez de Cuéllar
- **birth place**: Sankt Andrä-Wördern near Vienna, Austria
- **death place**: Vienna, Austria
- **nationality**: Austrian
- **party**: Austrian People's Party
- **spouse**: Elisabeth Waldheim
- **alma mater**: University of Vienna
Mop

A **mop** is a tool used for cleaning. It is usually pieces of cloth or a sponge attached to the end of a long stick.

A dry mop_ is typically used to clean the floor, while a _wet mop_ is used to remove dust._

The word (then spelled _mappe_) was first used in English as early as 1496, but new designs and variations of the original mop designs have been introduced, from time to time. For example, American inventor Jacob Howe received U.S. patent #241 for a mop holder in 1837, and Thomas W. Stewart (U.S. patent #499,402) received a patent for a mop holder in 1893.

## Related pages

- Broom
Pan (mythology)

**Pan** was the Ancient Greek god of pastures, flocks, the mountain wilds and rustic music. In Rome, he was called Faunus. He had the body of a satyr (legs of a goat and body of a human). He was also known to produce a sound called a "panic" that caused extreme pain to any who heard it, this sound is the origin of the English word panic. He was the lord of the wild and as such, all forest dwelling creatures answer to him, including (but not exclusively) satyrs, nymphs, and forest creatures.

Pan was commonly believed to be dead, as a passing sailor heard a call as he passed an island proclaiming "Tell them the great lord Pan is dead." The sailor spread the news, leading to the belief that he is dead, however some still believe that he lives on today, slowly dying as the wilds of the world are destroyed.

## Other websites

- The story of Pan and Daphnis
- Original resources on Faunus/Phaunos
- Original resources on Pan
- Pan Mythology

## Infobox (deity)

- **type**: Greek
- **name**: Pan
- **image**: PanandDaphnis.jpg
- **caption**: Pan teaching his eromenos, the shepherd Daphnis, to play the pan flute, Roman copy of Greek original c. 100 BCE, found in Pompeii,
- **god of**: God of nature, the wild, fertility, shepherds, flocks, of mountain wilds, and is often associated with sexuality
- **abode**: Arcadia
- **symbol**: Pan flute, goat
- **consort**: Syrinx, Echo (mythology), Echo, Pitys (mythology), Pitys
- **parents**: many variations including: Hermes and Dryope, Driope, Aphrodite, or Penelope
- **siblings**: Satyrs, Laertes, Circe, Maenads
- **children**: Silenos, Iynx, Krotos, Xanthus (out of Twelve)
- **roman equivalent**: Faunus
East Sutton

**East Sutton** is a parish (town) about  southeast of Maidstone in Kent, England. It is small by number of houses but it is in a large area. East Sutton is home to a women's prison, a council estate of 16 houses and the church of St Peter's and Saint Paul's.
Town hall

A **city hall** or **town hall** is the headquarters of a city or town's administration and usually houses the city or town council, its associated departments and their employees. It is also usually the base of the city, town, borough or county mayor.

In North America, a hall is labeled a "city" or "town" hall depending on the size of the municipality it serves. City halls are usually found in larger cities and town halls in smaller urban areas.

In the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, Hong Kong and many Commonwealth countries, "town hall" is the more common term. During the 1960s many of the older town halls were replaced by "Civic centres". The civic centre was a functional building, offices of the council only, without the art gallery or hall for cultural activities which were a feature of many of the older town halls.

"County hall" is used for the headquarters of County council administrations.
Spectrometer

A **spectrometer** is an optical instrument used to measure properties of light over a specific portion of the electromagnetic spectrum.

The independent variable is usually the wavelength of the light.
The variable measured is most often the light's intensity but could also, for instance, be the polarization state. A spectrometer is used in spectroscopy for producing spectral lines and measuring their wavelengths and intensities.  Spectrometer is a term that is applied to instruments that operate over a very wide range of wavelengths, from gamma rays and X-rays into the far infrared.

In general, any particular instrument will operate over a small portion of this total range because of the different techniques used to measure different portions of the spectrum. Below optical frequencies (that is, at microwave, radio, and audio frequencies), the spectrum analyzer is a closely related electronic device.

## Spectroscopes

Spectrometers are used in spectroscopic analysis to identify materials. Spectroscopes are used often in astronomy and some branches of chemistry.  Early spectroscopes were simply a prism with graduations marking wavelengths of light. Modern spectroscopes, such as monochromators, generally use a diffraction grating, a movable slit, and some kind of photodetector, all automated and controlled by a computer.  The spectroscope was invented by Gustav Robert Georg Kirchhoff and Robert Wilhelm Bunsen.

## Reference works

- How to work with the spectroscope : a manual of practical manipulation with spectroscopes of all kinds
- 1882; Browning, John (1835-1925) NOT_IN_COPYRIGHT - online full-text download

## Related pages

- Spectroscopy

## Other websites

- How to design a spectroscope
- A CD spectrometer Build from CD and cereal box - Spectrographs of common light sources
- Supplement: Build Yourself a Simple Hand-Held Spectrograph  Sample spectra
- SPECTROSCOPY FOR THE SCHOOL  Build a simple spectroscope from a CD
- CD spectrometer CD + cardboard tube or cereal box
- http://www.scitoys.com/scitoys/scitoys/light/cd_spectroscope/spectroscope.html Construction photos, razor-blade slit
- MiniSpectroscopy displays a visual representation (a "spectroscope view") of a sample spectrum simultaneously with a graphical (intensity vs. wavelength) representation.
Province of Carolina

The **Province of Carolina** was a British colony in North America from 1663 to 1729. It covered the present states of North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and a part of Florida. An argument over how the it would be governed led to its becoming the Province of North Carolina and the Province of South Carolina. Officially, these two provinces did not become separate colonies until 1729.
Adenosine diphosphate

**Adenosine diphosphate** (or **ADP**) is the chemical that plants make ATP from, during photosynthesis.
A chemical compound that can be converted to ATP with the addition of one phosphate group.
Tefnut

**Tefnut** was the ancient Egyptian goddess of water and fertility. She and her brother and husband, Shu, were created by Atum, Ra or Amun. Tefnut was the mother of Nut and Geb also she is associated with the lion. In art she is represent as a woman with head of the lion with Sun disc.

## God's plan

Tefnut, along with Shu, were the first deities created by Ra. She had other names, such as Tefenet and Tefnet. She was mainly in charge of moisture, but was also responsible for Order, Time, Justice, Heaven and Hell. She was very closely related to both the sun and the moon. She was known as both the left (moon), and right (sun): 'Eyes of Ra.'

## Physical description

Once Tefnut fled from Ra as a lioness, causing a great drought. Only Thoth could persuade her to return, so he went to Nubia and got her back. When she got back, there was great rejoice in all the temples.  After that incident, Tefnut, normally wearing her fathers’ sun disk, was seen as a lioness, or a woman with a lions’ head. Very rarely ever again was she seen portrayed as a full woman. When Tefnut was in the royal court, she wore a crown made of sprouting plants. Sometimes she was seen lying horizontally between the ground and the sky. She was sometimes pictured with her husband, Shu, helping to hold up Nut. She cried with the pain, and when she cried, that made the ground fertilized.

## Power & magic

Tefnut sat in judgment of the dead in the underworld. Tefnut wears her fathers’ sun disk, a symbol of power. She carries a scepter and wears an ankh, the symbol of life. As she was the goddess of moisture, she was also related to other deities of moisture and wetness. She was seen holding up the sky with her brother/husband Shu. As she was in charge of moisture, she held other roles as well. Some of them were: Order, justice, time, the weather,Heaven, and Hell. Above all, her main role was to bring moisture down on the ancient Egyptians.

## Worship

Tefnut was worshipped in lion form in Leontopolis (May-ta-hut). Part of the city of Denderah (Iunet), was known as ‘The House of Tefnut.’ Some of Tefnut’s festival dates were the 20th of August, the day of satisfying the Hearts of the Ennead. Another festival date was the 29th of October, which was the day of Going Forth of Het-Hert and the Ennead. The last festival date was the 15th of November, the Ennead Feast in the House of Kay Heru and Wasir. Tefnut does not have any main centers of Worship, or any known temples dedicated to her.

## Other websites

- touregypt.net
- pantheon.org
- ancientegypt.co.uk