juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Ur (supercontinent)

**UR** was a supercontinent, on the Earth, that formed 3.1 billion years ago in the early Archaean eon (during the Mesoarchaean era). It might have been the oldest continent on Earth, half a billion years older than Arctica. However, one other supercontinent, Vaalbara, may have come before Ur.  Vaalbara might have formed about 3.6 billion years ago.

Ur joined with the continents Nena and Atlantica about 1 billion years ago to form the supercontinent Rodinia. Ur had survived as a single unit, until it was separated when the supercontinent Pangaea broke apart into Laurasia and Gondwana.

## Lifetime

Rocks that made up Ur are now parts of Africa, Australia, and India.

In the early period of Ur's existence, it was probably the only continent on Earth. Therefore, scientists call Ur a supercontinent, even though it was probably smaller than Australia is now. Today's New Zealand is similar to Ur, but rotated 90 degrees out of phase, and about  too far south.

When Ur was the only continent on Earth, all other land was in the form of small granite islands and small land-masses like Vaalbara, which were not large enough to be continents.

## Timeline

- About 3.1 billion years ago, Ur formed as the only continent on Earth.
- ~2.8 billion years ago, Ur was a part of the supercontinent Kenorland.
- ~2 billion years ago, Ur was a part of the supercontinent Columbia.
- ~1 billion years ago, Ur was a part of the supercontinent Rodinia.
- ~550 million years ago, Ur was a part of the supercontinent Pannotia.
- ~300 million years ago, Ur was a part of the supercontinent Pangaea.
- ~208 million years ago, Ur was separated into parts of Laurasia and Gondwana.
- ~65 million years ago, the African part of Ur was separated as part of India.
- Today, Ur is part of Australia and Madagascar.

## Related pages

- Supercontinent
Afet İnan

**Ayşe Afet İnan** (30 October 1908 – 8 June 1985) was a Turkish historian and sociologist. She was an adopted daughter of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk.

Afet İnan was born to İsmail Hakkı Uzmay and his wife Şehzane Hanım in 29 November 1908 in Salonica Vilayet, Ottoman Empire. In 1935, Afet İnan went to Switzerland again and studied as a student at the University of Geneva between 1936 and 1938. In 1950, she became a professor at the University of Ankara.

She was one of the prominent historians of Turkish history. She was a leading member of the Turkish Historical Society.

She died in June 8, 1985 in Ankara, Turkey.
1931 Belize hurricane

The **1931 Belize hurricane** was a severe tropical cyclone that took place in September 1931. It killed more than twenty-five hundred in Central America, including Belize (called **British Honduras** at that time). The hurricane struck Belize City with winds near 135 miles per hour. The storm hit on September 10, and then traveled westward over the Yucatán Peninsula of eastern Mexico. It later weakened over the Bay of Campeche, made its final landfall near the northern Mexico-south central Texas border, and then died.
Blue Slide Park

***Blue Slide Park*** is the first studio album by American rapper Mac Miller. It was released on November 8, 2011, by Rostrum Records. In July 2011, the title was announced. The album was named after a section of Frick Park (which is known as _Blue Slide Park_) in Pittsburgh. The park section is at the corner of Beechwood Blvd and Nicholson Street. That is just two blocks from Taylor Allderdice High School where Miller attended. The album cover was designed by his older brother Miller McCormick and Redtape Design.

## Track listing

**Notes**
- On some physical copies of the album a 17th song, "Donald Trump", is incorrectly listed as a bonus track on the reverse cover track listing. Miller confirmed via his official Twitter page that this was due to a factory error and that the album would contain 16 new songs.

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Blue Slide Park
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: Mac Miller
- **released**: November 8, 2011
- **recorded**: 2010–2011
- **studio**: ID Labs Studio
(Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania)
- **genre**: Hip hop music, Hip hop
- **length**: 46:04
- **label**: Rostrum Records, Rostrum
- **prev title**: I Love Life, Thank You
- **prev year**: 2011
- **next title**: Macadelic
- **next year**: 2012
Rancho Mirage, California

**Rancho Mirage** is a resort city in Riverside County, California, United States. The population was 16,999 at the 2020 census. The seasonal (part-time) population can surpass 20,000. Many famous people lived here including Frank Sinatra, Bob Hope, Fred Astaire, Ginger Rogers, Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford, Ronald Reagan, Queen Elizabeth II, and Tom Bosley.
Paterson, New Jersey

**Paterson**  is the largest city in and the county seat of Passaic County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. As of the 2020 United States census, the city was the state's third-most-populous municipality, with a population of 159,732, an increase of 13,533 (+9.3%) from the 2010 census count of 146,199Paterson has been known as the **Silk City** for its once-dominant role in silk production during the latter half of the 19th century. It has since evolved into a major destination for Hispanic immigrants as well as for immigrants from Turkey, the Arab world, and South Asia. Paterson has the nation's second-largest per capita Muslim population.

In 1791, Alexander Hamilton (1755/57–1804), first United States Secretary of the Treasury, helped found the Society for Establishing Useful Manufactures (S.U.M.), which helped encourage the harnessing of energy from the Great Falls of the Passaic River to secure economic independence from British manufacturers. The society founded Paterson, which became the cradle of the industrial revolution in America.
Jim Gaffigan

**James Christopher "Jim" Gaffigan** (born July 7, 1966) is an American actor and stand-up comedian. He is known for his roles in _Beyond the Pale_, _That '70s Show_, _My Boys_ and in _Chappaquiddick_.

Gaffigan was born on July 7, 1966 in Elgin, Illinois. He was raised in Chesterton, Indiana. He studied at La Lumiere School, at Purdue University, and at Georgetown University. Gaffigan has been married to Jeannie Noth since 2003. They have five children.

## Infobox (comedian)

- **name**: Jim Gaffigan
- **image**: Jim Gaffigan making a goofy excited face, Jan 2014, NYC (cropped).jpg
- **image size**: 240px
- **alt**: White guy with mustache and stubble beard
- **caption**: Gaffigan in 2010
- **birth name**: James Christopher Gaffigan
- **birth place**: Elgin, Illinois, U.S.
- **medium**: Stand up comedy, Stand-up, movies, television
- **nationality**: American
- **active**: 1991–present
- **genre**: Deadpan, sarcasm, observational comedy, satire
- **spouse**: Jeannie Noth Gaffigan (2003-present)
John Wooden

**John Robert Wooden** (October 14, 1910 – June 4, 2010) was an American basketball player and coach. Nicknamed the "Wizard of Westwood", he won ten NCAA national championships in a 12-year period—seven in a row. Wooden was named a member of the Basketball Hall of Fame as a player (inducted in 1961) and as a coach (in 1973), the first person ever to be in both categories. He was a Democrat.

Wooden was born on October 14, 1910 in Hall, Indiana. He studied at Purdue University. Wooden was married to Nellie Riley from 1932 until her death in 1985. They had two children. Wooden died on June 4, 2010 in Los Angeles, California from natural causes, aged 99 .

## Other websites

- Pyramid of Success (Printable PDF)
- The Coach Wooden Cup
- The Wooden Course – Designed to teach Wooden's life philosophy
- Bill Walton's tribute to Wooden
- N.Y. Times Obituary for John Wooden
- John Wooden's Best Players  - slideshow by _Life magazine_
- Video: Coach John Wooden speaks about basketball, life and death
- Video: Vin Scully talks about how he met Coach John Wooden
- John Wooden on the difference between winning and success
- John Wooden's business partner and co-author, Steve Jamison speaks about the legendary UCLA coach on Hard Court Lessons Radio
Dani Harmer

**Dani Harmer** (born 8 February 1989) is an English actress, best known for her portrayal as Tracy Beaker in _The Story of Tracy Beaker_ and _Tracy Beaker Returns_. She was an extra in _Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone_. She is also a singer-songwriter. She released a single called "Free".

Harmer also appeared on appeared on _Strictly Come Dancing_ in 2012.
Burial Hill

**Burial Hill** is a cemetery in Plymouth, Massachusetts. It dates to the 1620s. _Mayflower_ passengers are buried here including William Bradford and William Brewster.
Pierre Mauroy

**Pierre Mauroy** (5 July 1928 – 7 June 2013) was a French Socialist Party politician who was Prime Minister of France from 1981 to 1984 under President François Mitterrand. Mauroy also served as Mayor of Lille from 1973 to 2001. At the time of his death Mauroy was the emeritus mayor of the city of Lille.

Mauroy was born on 5 July 1928 in Cartignies, Nord, France. He studied at École Normale Nationale d'Apprentissage and at the Institut d'études politiques de Paris. Mauroy was married to Gilberte Deboudt from 1951 until his death in 2013. They had one son. Mauroy died on 7 June 2013 in Paris, France from lung cancer, aged 84.

## Other websites

- Pierre Mauroy at the French Senate

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Pierre Mauroy
- **image**: Pierre Mauroy 1990.jpg
- **order**: Prime Minister of France
- **term start**: 21 May 1981
- **term end**: 17 July 1984
- **president**: François Mitterrand
- **predecessor**: Raymond Barre
- **successor**: Laurent Fabius
- **order4**: Mayor (France), Mayor of Lille
- **term start4**: 8 January 1973
- **term end4**: 25 March 2001
- **predecessor4**: Augustin Laurent
- **successor4**: Martine Aubry
- **order3**: First Secretary of the French Socialist Party
- **term start3**: 14 May 1988
- **term end3**: 9 January 1992
- **predecessor3**: Lionel Jospin
- **successor3**: Laurent Fabius
- **order2**: President of the Socialist International
- **term start2**: 17 September 1992
- **term end2**: 10 November 1999
- **predecessor2**: Willy Brandt
- **successor2**: António Guterres
- **office5**: Member of the Senate (France), French Senate
for Nord (French department), Nord
- **term start5**: 2 October 1992
- **term end5**: 30 September 2011
- **birth place**: Cartignies, Nord (French department), Nord, France
- **death place**: Clamart, France
- **occupation**: Teacher
- **party**: Socialist Party (France), Socialist Party
Willi Sitte

**Willi Sitte** (28 February 1921 – 8 June 2013) was a German painter. For a long time, he was the president of the East German association of visual artists.

Sitte was born on 28 February 1921 in Kratzau, Bohemia, Czechoslovakia to German parents. He was never married and had no children. Sitte died on 8 June 2013 in Halle, Germany from natural causes, aged 92.

## Other websites

- Entry for Willi Sitte on the Union List of Artist Names
- European Academy of Humanities
- Willi Sitte , official site
1919 Florida Keys hurricane

The **Florida Keys Hurricane of 1919** was a strong hurricane in September 1919. It killed more than 770 people. It moved through the Florida Keys and southern Texas. It was the first such storm to cause a lot of damage in Corpus Christi, Texas. This storm did $22 million in damage. In Texas alone, the official number of deaths was 286, but it may have been closer to 600. The winds were around Category 3 level between Brownsville and Corpus Christi. They were at Category 4 levels over the Florida Keys.
Myles Standish Burial Ground

The **Myles Standish Burial Ground** (also known as **Old Burying Ground** or **Standish Cemetery**) is a cemetery in Duxbury, Massachusetts. Myles Standish and other Pilgrims are buried here.

The Myles Standish Burial Ground is the Oldest Cemetery in the United States.
Hurricane Easy (1950)

**Hurricane Easy** was a powerful Atlantic hurricane in September 1950. It struck Cuba, Florida and then turned inland, eventually dying over Arkansas. The peak winds of Hurricane Easy were 125 mph, at which time this storm was at Category 3 level. The cyclone struck near Cedar Key, Florida on September 5 and well north of Tampa again the following day. No direct deaths came from the storm, although two indirect deaths did take place.
1947 Fort Lauderdale hurricane

The **Fort Lauderdale Hurricane of 1947** was a very intense Atlantic hurricane. It affected the Bahamas, southern Florida and the Gulf Coast of the United States. The hurricane struck the Bahamas September 16, 1947, and Florida on September 18. In Florida, between 12 and 19 people died. On September 18 and 19 the storm cut into Louisiana. It also affected Mississippi. Thirty four people died from this hurricane in the Gulf Coast. 51 people died. The storm's winds reached 160 miles per hour, making this hurricane a Category 5.
Guillain–Barré syndrome

**Guillain–Barré syndrome** (GBS), sometimes **Landry's paralysis** or **Guillain–Barré–Strohl** syndrome is a syndrome that causes weakness of the feet and hands. Guillain–Barré syndrome is rare, at 1–2 cases per 100,000 people annually, but is the most common cause of acute non-trauma-related paralysis. The syndrome is named after the French physicians Georges Guillain and Jean Alexandre Barré, who described it in 1916.
Henry Samson

**Henry Samson** (c. 1603 – 1685) was a passenger on the _Mayflower_ in 1620. Samson was baptized in Henlow, Bedfordshire, England on 15 January 1603/04. His parents were James Samson and Martha (Cooper) Samson.

When he was sixteen, Henry Samson sailed on the Mayflower with his aunt and uncle Ann (Cooper) Tilley and Edward Tilley and a cousin, Humility Cooper. The Tilleys died in the winter of 1620-21. Samson and Cooper were cared for by other families, but which ones are not known.

Samson was active in Plymouth Colony. He received land grants and volunteered for the Pequot War of 1637. He also did jury duty. He married Anne Plummer on 6 February 1635/6 in Plymouth. They had nine children between about 1638 and about 1654. He died on 3 January 1685. His wife died before him. Both were buried in Cole's Hill Burial Ground in Plymouth.
Substitutionary atonement

**Substitutionary atonement** is an important part of Christianity. Christians believe that Jesus was crucified in the place of sinners- he was a substitute, meaning that he took the place of the sinners.

## Other websites

- Carm page on Substitutionary Atonement
Sacrifice

**Sacrifice** is the giving something up for the deities.  Many religions have had sacrifices and rules about them.  Many pagan peoples made animal sacrifices to their deities and sometimes human sacrifices.  The Greek play _Iphigenia_ by Euripides contains an example of this as Iphigenia's human sacrifice is substituted by the animal sacrifice of a stag to Artemis. In the Old Testament, Jewish peoples used the laws about animal sacrifices in the Book of Leviticus and sacrificed animals to Yahweh. Cattle and pigeons were butchered and eaten to make successful atonement with Yahweh for instance. In the New Testament, Yahweh's mortal human incarnation as Jesus's death on the cross is the substitutionary atonement for the sins of all the people in the world.

## Related pages

- Epistle to the Hebrews
- Self-denial

## Other websites

- Sacrifice at Catholic encyclopaedia
Iphigenia

**Iphigenia** is the daughter of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra in Greek myth. She is a heroine in plays by Euripides and Jean Racine.

## Other websites

- Stanford page
- Euripides at Tufts
- Racine text
Ground blizzard

A **ground blizzard** is where snow or ice on the ground is lifted and blown around by strong winds. Unlike a regular blizzard, there is no snow or ice falling at the time. Instead, the snow or ice is already on the ground, being lifted by strong winds. Like a regular blizzard, a ground blizzard can lower visibility and make driving hard to do.

## Other websites

- A ground blizzard as seen from space
Andy Kaufman

**Andrew Geoffrey "Andy" Kaufman** (January 17, 1949 – May 16, 1984) was an American entertainer, comedian, actor, and singer. Kaufman was known for his role as Latka Gravas in the comedy television series _Taxi_ and for creating Tony Clifton, a fictional character.

Kaufman was born in New York City to a Jewish family. He was raised in Great Neck, Long Island, New York. Kaufman studied at Grahm Junior College. He was never married and had no children.

Kaufman died on May 16, 1984, in West Hollywood, California from a rare case of lung cancer, aged 35. He was buried at Beth David Cemetery, Elmont, New York.

Kaufman allegedly told many people—including Bob Zmuda—that he wished to fake his own death. This had caused some fans to believe Kaufman was still alive when he died. Kaufman himself said that if he were to fake his death, he would return 20 years later, which would have been in 2004. Many of Kaufman's fans saw a picture that looks similar to that of Andy.

There is a website related to this theory, and, recently, "a grainy video has surfaced that purports to show Kaufman living under an assumed name in Albuquerque, New Mexico.

On March 31, 2023, Kaufman was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame by both Jerry "The King" Lawler and Jimmy Hart.

## Other websites

- The Tony Clifton Story the "lost" Kaufman screenplay

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Andy Kaufman
- **image**: Andy Kaufman 1979.jpg
- **caption**: Kaufman in 1979
- **birth name**: Andrew Geoffrey Kaufman
- **birth place**: New York City, New York (state), New York, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Hollywood, West Hollywood, California, U.S.
- **death cause**: Lung cancer
- **resting place**: Beth David Cemetery, Elmont, New York
- **alma mater**: Grahm Junior College
- **nationality**: American
- **years active**: 1974–1984
- **television**: **Latka Gravas** in _Taxi (TV series), Taxi_ (1978–1983)
Richard Ramirez

**Ricardo Leyva Muñoz Ramirez**, known as **Richard Ramirez** or **The Night Stalker** (February 29, 1960 – June 7, 2013) was an American serial killer and burglar who died while awaiting execution on California's death row. Ramirez was of Native-Mexican American descent. He killed 13 people, tried to kill 5 people, and burglarized 14 buildings. It is thought that there are most likely more kills undiscovered. He was captured on August 31, 1985, after a photo of him was released to the press. He was standing by a corner store when he was spotted by multiple locals, chased and beat until police arrived at the scene.

## Early life

Ramirez was born on February 29, 1960 in El Paso, Texas. He was raised in Los Angeles, California. He had a harsh upbringing, experiencing multiple tragedies, among other things.

## Personal life

In 1996, Ramirez married Doreen Lioy when he was in prison.

## Death

Ramirez died of lymphoma at Marin General Hospital in Greenbrae, California on the morning of June 7, 2013.
He was 53 years old. At the time of his death, Ramirez had been on death row for more than 23 years, awaiting execution by the state of California.

## Other websites

- Crime Library: The Night Stalker
- History Channel: Richard Ramirez, the Night Stalker
- Richard Ramirez' Pen Pal Ad on LostVault
- , a 1989 TV movie
- About.com Entry on Richard Ramirez, the Night Stalker
- TruTv entry on Ramirez

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Richard Ramirez
- **image**: Richard Ramirez 1984 mug shot.jpg
- **caption**: Richard after his arrest in 1984
- **birth name**: Richard Ramirez
- **birth date**: February 29, 1960
- **birth place**: El Paso, Texas, United States
- **death date**: June 7, 2013 (aged 53)
- **death place**: Greenbrae, California, United States
- **death cause**: Lymphoma, liver failure
- **alias**: Rich Richie The Night Stalker
The walk-In Killer The Valley Inturder
Hurricane Edouard (1996)

**Hurricane Edouard** was the strongest hurricane in 1996. Its winds reached 145 miles an hour. Edouard was at major hurricane status for around eight days. The storm was originally forecast to slam the Northeastern United States. It was much less severe there.

Edouard generated strong waves that killed two people on the coastal shore of New Jersey. The southeast coast of Massachusetts received minor hurricane force winds that caused minimal damage on Nantucket Island.

The name Edouard was not retired due to lack of serious damage. The name was used again in the 2002, 2008 and 2014 Atlantic hurricane seasons, and will be again during 2020.
Hook echo

A **hook echo** is a hook shape seen on a weather radar of some supercell thunderstorms. It is produced by rain, hail, or even debris wrapping around the thunderstorm. A hook echo is a sign that a tornado has formed or is forming. If a hook echo is seen on radar, the National Weather Service may issue a tornado warning.
Hurricane Lili (1996)

**Hurricane Lili** of 1996 was an intense storm. It caused over $662 million in damage and killed 22 people. It caused much damage in Central America, Cuba, Bahamas and United Kingdom. It also brushed southwestern Florida, but damage there was minimal. Winds of Lili peaked at 115 mph. Despite the heavy damage, the name Lili was not discontinued (retired) in the Spring of 1997.
Érik Bédard

**Érik Joseph Bédard** (born March 6, 1979 in Navan, Ontario) is a Canadian baseball player. As of 2013, he is a pitcher for the Houston Astros of Major League Baseball.

## Career

He made his MLB debut for the Baltimore Orioles on April 17, 2002. He played for the Orioles in 2002 but suffered an elbow ligament injury that forced him to have operations on it and set his development back 18 months. After he spent most of the 2003 season in rehab, he returned to baseball. On July 7, he struck out 15 Texas Rangers, which matched the Orioles franchise record that was set by Mike Mussina. His 15 strikeouts also set the record for the most in a game by a Canadian player. He earned the American League Pitcher of the month award in that month.

On February 8, 2008, he was traded to the Seattle Mariners in a 5-for-1 deal which sent outfielder Adam Jones and pitchers George Sherrill, Tony Butler, Chris Tillman and Kam Mickolio. He played for the Mariners from 2008 to 2009 and again in 2011.

On July 31, 2011, he was traded along with minor league pitcher Josh Fields to the Boston Red Sox for minor league outfielders Trayvon Robinson and Chih-Hsien Chiang as part of a three team deal with the Los Angeles Dodgers and Seattle Mariners.

He played for the Red Sox in 2011. He was then signed by the Pittsburgh Pirates to a one-year, $4.5 million contract on December 7, 2011. He was released by the Pirates in August after he had 7 wins, 14 losses and an ERA of 5.02 in 24 starts.

On January 21, 2013, the Houston Astros signed him to a minor-league deal.

## Other websites

- Érik Bédard's MLB player profile

## Infobox (mlb player)

- **name**: Érik Bédard
- **image**: Érik Bédard on June 14, 2012.jpg
- **width**: 250px
- **position**: Starting pitcher
- **number**: 45
- **bats**: Left
- **throws**: Left
- **birth place**: Navan, Ontario, Navan, Ontario
- **debutleague**: Major League Baseball, MLB
debutdate=April 17
debutyear=2002
debutteam=Baltimore Orioles
statyear=May 29, 2013
stat1label=Win–loss record (pitching), Win–loss record
stat1value=63–66
stat2label=Earned run average
stat2value=3.91
stat3label=Strikeouts
stat3value=1,086
stat4label=Walks plus hits per inning pitched, WHIP
stat4value=1.35
- **teams**: * Baltimore Orioles (, –)
* Seattle Mariners (–, )
* Boston Red Sox ()
* Pittsburgh Pirates ()
* Houston Astros ()
Hurricane Chantal (1989)

**Hurricane Chantal** was a moderate hurricane that struck eastern Texas on August 1, 1989. It was Category 1 under the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale. It caused thirteen deaths and $100 million in damage in Texas and Louisiana. Near the end of its life, Chantal caused some flooding in the Chicago metropolitan area.
32 fouettés en tournant

**32 fouettés en tournant** is a movement in classical ballet. It is 32 _fouettés en tournant_ performed without stopping.

## Movement

One _fouetté rond de jambe en tournant_ is an action where the dancer stands for a moment on flat foot with the supporting knee bent as the other "working" leg is whipped around to the side, creating the impetus to spin one turn. The working leg is then pulled in to touch the supporting knee as the dancer rises up _en pointe_ on the supporting foot.

## History

32 fouettés were first performed by Pierina Legnani in Marius Petipa's _Cinderella_ in 1893.

Konstantin Skalkovsky, the dance critic for the _St. Petersburg Gazette_, went to the first performance of _Cinderella_. He reported that "...in the last act Legnani positively outdid herself. When Emma Bessone danced the lead in _The Haarlem Tulip_ she did 14 fouettés. In her variation Legnani performed 32 of them without stopping, and without travelling one inch! The public delightedly applauded the Ballerina and compelled her to repeat this variation as well. On the repetition she nevertheless did 28 fouettés. To count them became the favourite occupation of the public."

Legnani repeated this feat again in many other ballets during her career. She performed them as Odile in the "Black Swan Pas de Deux" from _Swan Lake_ (1895).
Zephyrus

**Zephyrus** is the West Wind in Greek mythology. He is married to Iris and their child is Pothus.
Alfonso Cabello

**Alfonso Cabello Llamas** (born September 19, 1993 in Córdoba) is a cyclist from Spain.  He has a disability: He is a C5 type athlete.  He competed at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in cycling. He was the first person to finish in the C 4-5 1 kilometer race.
Miguel Ángel Clemente Solano

**Miguel Angel Clemente Solano** (born December 19, 1969 in Murcia) is a cyclist from Spain.  He has a disability: He is blind.  He competed at the 2004 Summer Paralympics in cycling.  He competed at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in cycling. He was the third person to finish in the men's visually impaired team pursuit race.
Maurice Far Eckhard Tió

**Maurice Far Eckhard Tio** (born July 26, 1983 in Barcelona) is a cyclist from Spain.  He has a disability: He has cerebral palsy and is a C2 type athlete. He competed at the 2004 Summer Paralympics in cycling. He competed at the 2008 Summer Paralympics in cycling. He competed at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in cycling. He was the third person to finish in the C2 road trial race.
Johnson County, Iowa

**Johnson County** is in the US state of Iowa. Its county seat and main city is Iowa City, where the University of Iowa is. As of 2020, 152,854 people live in this county.
María Ángeles Fernández Lebrato

**María Angeles Fernandez Lebrato** (born September 12, 1970 in Valladolid) is a cyclist and swimmer from Spain.  She has a disability: She is blind and is an B2/S12 type athlete. She competed at the 1996 Summer Paralympics in swimming. She was the second swimmer to finish in the 200 meter one person medley and the 100 meter freestyle. She was the third swimmer to finish in the 50 meter freestyle race, 400 meter freestyle race and the 4 x 100 medley Relay 49 Points race. She competed at the 2000 Summer Paralympics in cycling.

## Infobox (swimmer)

- **name**: María Ángeles Fernández Lebrato
- **birth place**: Valladolid
- **show-medals**: yes
Juan José Méndez

**Juan José Méndez Fernandez** (born March 27, 1964 in Barcelona) is a cyclist from Spain.  He has a disability: He is a C1 type athlete.  He competed at the 2004 Summer Paralympics in cycling. He was the number three cyclists to finish in the Road Trial LC4 race.  He competed at the 2008 Summer Paralympics in cycling.  He was the number two cyclists to finish in the Road Trial LC4 race.  He was the number three cyclists to finish in the Individual Pursuit track LC4 race. He competed at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in cycling.

## Other websites

- Juan Jose Mendez Fernandez's webpage
César Neira Pérez

**Cesar Neira Perez** (born December 15, 1979 in Cadalso de Los Vidrios, Madrid) is a cyclist from Spain.  He has a disability: He has cerebral palsy and is a C4 type athlete.  He competed at the 2008 Summer Paralympics in cycling.  He was the number one cyclists to finish in the Road Trial race. He was the number three cyclists to finish in the 	Individual Pursuit track race.  He competed at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in cycling.
Iulia Motoc

**Iulia Motoc** (born 20 April 1967 in Timişoara) is a Romanian international law professor. From 2010 to 2014, she was a judge at the Constitutional Court of Romania. She was also a member of the Human Rights Committee for many years. She graduated from the School of Law at the University of Bucharest. In October 2013, she was made a judge at the European Court of Human Rights. In January she started her mandate as Judge at the European Court of Human Rights

## Personal life

She is married to Mihnea Motoc (Permanent representative for Romanian to the EU). They have one child.
Mihnea Motoc

**Mihnea Motoc** (born 11 November 1966, in Bucharest) is the Deputy Head, European political Strategy Centre, European Commission. He was the Ministry of National Defense of Romania from 2015-2017.

## Career

Motoc has been a Romanian diplomat since 1990. Since then most of the time he spent in post around the world. In 2003, he joined the United Nations as a permanent representative of Romania. In 2008 he went to Brussels to be a permanent representative of Romania to the European Union.

In 2013 he has been awarded the "Nicolae Titulescu" prize at "Gala Premiilor Marii Loji Naţionale din Romania" for his diplomatic activity.

## Personal life

He is married to Constitutional Court of Romania judge Iulia Motoc and they have one child.

## Sources

- Romanian representation to the EU site

## Other websites

- Romanian representation to the EU site

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **honorific-prefix**: H.E. Ambasador
- **name**: Mihnea Motoc
- **alt**: Mihnea Motoc
- **image size**: 235px
- **caption**: Mihnea Motoc (March 2011)
- **order**: Permanent Representative of Romania to the European Union
- **term start**: April 5, 2008
- **president**: Traian Băsescu
- **predecessor**: Lazar Comanescu
- **order2**: Permanent Representative of Romania to the United Nations
- **term start2**: 2003
- **term end2**: April 1, 2008
- **successor2**: Simona Miculescu
- **order3**: State Secretary of Integrity
- **term start3**: 2001
- **term end3**: 2003
- **president3**: Ion Iliescu
- **order4**: Ambasador of Romania in the Netherlands
- **term start4**: 1999
- **term end4**: 2001
- **president4**: Ion Iliescu
- **birth place**: Bucharest, Romania
- **spouse**: Iulia Motoc
- **children**: Luca-Mihnea Motoc
- **order5**: Ministry of National Defense of Romania
- **president5**: Klaus Iohannis
- **term start5**: November 17, 2015
- **term end5**: Present
- **predecessor5**: Mircea Dușa
Tudorel Toader

**Tudorel Toader** (born 25 March 1960, in Vulturu, Vrancea County) is a Romanian lawyer. Since 2006, he has been a judge at the Constitutional Court of Romania. He was nominated to be a judge by the Chamber of Deputies. Between 1982 and 1986, he studied at The Law University at "Al.I. Cuza" Iași.

## Education and formation

- Faculty of Law, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, between 1982 and 1986;
- The National Defence College within the National Defence University "Carol I", in 2004;
- Unirea High school of Focşani, Vrancea County

## Qualification awarded

- Bachelor degree in Law
- PhD degree in Law, Criminal Procedure Law

## Academic

- university professor, since 2003;
- university reader, 1998 - 2002;
- university lecturer, 1993 - 1998;
- university assistant, 1990 - 1993;

## Judicial practice

- judge of the Constitutional Court of Romania, since 2006;
- lawyer in the Iaşi Bar Association, from 1991 until September 2006;
- public prosecutor within the Panciu Prosecutor’s Office; Vrancea County, between 1986 and 1990;

## Tenured professor teaching the following courses

- Criminology, from 1993 to 1996
- Criminal Law. Special Part, since 1994;
- Offences regulated by special laws, since 1999;
- European Criminal Law, since 2000.
Donna Williams

**Donna Leanne Williams** (born **Donna Keene**; 12 October 1963 – 22 April 2017) was an Australian singer-songwriter, author and artist. In 1991, she was officially diagnosed as autistic. She wrote four autobiography books: _Nobody Nowhere_, _Somebody Somewhere_, _Like Colour to the Blind_ and _Everyday Heaven_. She also wrote several books on autistic spectrum conditions.

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Donna Williams
- **image**: DonnaWilliams2011.jpg
- **caption**: Donna Williams, May 2011
- **birth name**: Donna Keene
- **birth date**: 12 October 1963
- **birth place**: Melbourne, Victoria (Australia), Victoria, Australia
- **occupation**: Writer
- **period**: 1992–2017
- **genre**: Non-fiction, autobiography, poetry
- **movement**: Autism rights movement, Autism rights
Autism rights movement

The **autism rights movement** is a movement demanding better legal protections for autistic people and their caregivers.

## Overview

The autism rights movement wants the autism spectrum to be accepted by society as a difference in ability to function in daily life. It does not believe autism to be a mental disorder needing treatment.

The autism rights movement is controversial to some members of the public due to deep-rooted ableism in society. There have been voices arguing against the common perception that most autistic people are intellectually troubled.

There is fear that professionals, such as social workers, may try preventing autistic people from getting married or having children. Members of the movement also believe that autistic people should not be treated differently from others.

## Goals

The movement has a variety of goals:
- Opposition to cures for autism
- Training of life skills for autistic people
- Higher acceptance of autistic behavior
- Recognition of autistic people as a minority group
- Creation of more social networks and events for autistic people to attend as they are able

## Rationales

Autism rights activists are sometimes called neurodiversity activists.

### Neurodiversity

Neurodiversity is a word for how everyone's brains are different. Autistic people have different brains to people who do not have autism. People who do not have autism are called neurotypical people. The word _neurodiversity_ is preferred to autism as it is not saying that autism is a medical condition. _Neurotypical_ is used rather than "normal" as people tend to equate "normal" with "better".

## Related pages

- Liberty
- Equality
- Paige Layle
Kids Incorporated

***Kids Incorporated***, also called _Kids Inc._, was an American children's television program sitcom. The show had children with musical talent in every episode. The show was about singers/dancers and adolescents who had their own dance, rap and dance-rock pop band and group who cover songs, Kids Incorporated. They dealt with subjects like peer pressure and child abuse.

The pilot was recorded in August 31, 1983. It was released on VHS in 1985. The show began in September 1, 1984. The cast members were between eight and seventeen years old. Season 1 was aired on ABC, NBC, Nickelodeon, TBS Superstation, and CBS in 1984-1985. Season 2 was aired on CBN Cable Network and Nickelodeon in 1985-1986. Seasons 3-9 were aired on The Disney Channel in 1986-1994.

In 1984-1987, in seasons 1-3, Andrea Paige Wilson appeared as the 11-14 year old dancer and with Wendy Brainard as a 13-15 year old dancer.

In 1985-1989, in seasons 2-5, Gina Marie Vinaccia appeared as a 10-14 year old dancer.

In 1988-1989, in seasons 5-6, Kimberly Duncan appeared as a maybe 10-12 year old dancer.

In 1991, Fergie had a cameo appearance in the season 7 episode "A New Twist".

In 2016, season 10 will be aired on Disney Channel, Cartoon Network, Nickelodeon, and TeenNick. Seasons 1-10 will be re-aired or rerun on Disney Channel, Disney XD, TeenNick, Nickelodeon and Cartoon Network.

## Spin-offs

- Hannah Montana (2006-2011)
- A.N.T. Farm (2011-2014)

## Other websites

- Kids Incorporated unofficial website
Oral cancer

**Oral cancer** is cancer of any part of the mouth. It can start in the mouth, lips, or the oropharynx (the part of the throat at the back of the mouth).

A person can get oral cancer without having any other type of cancer.  Oral cancer can also happen because of _metastasis_.  This means that the person had cancer in some other part of their body, and it spread to the mouth.  The person's cancer may be far away from the mouth, or it may be in a part of the body near the mouth.  For example, if a person has cancer of the nasal cavity, the cancer can spread to the mouth.

## Types of Oral Cancers

There are a few different types of oral cancers.  But about 90% are  squamous cell carcinomas.  Squamous cells make up the main part of the outer layer of the skin.  These cells line the lips, mouth, and throat.  A "carcinoma" is a type of cancer that can start in these cells in the skin.

Squamous cell carcinomas most often start in the tongue.  But they can also start in any other part of the mouth, including the floor of the mouth (under the tongue); the inside lining of the cheek; the gums; the lips; or the palate (the roof of the mouth).

Other oral cancers include:
- Adenocarcinoma, which starts in a salivary gland
- Lymphoma, which can start in the tonsils
- Melanoma, which can start from cells in the mucus membrane that lines the inside of the mouth

## Infobox (disease)

- **name**: Oral cancer
- **image**: PLoS oral cancer.png
- **caption**: Oral cancer of the tongue
- **icd10**: -
- **icd9**: -
Zil Çalınca

***Zil Çalınca*** (), is a Turkish television series. _Zil Çalınca_ broadcast on the television channel Disney Channel Turkey.

## Characters

- Metehan (Turhan Cihan Şimşek): Handsome. Girls love Metehan. He can play guitar. He likes rock music.
- Merve (Elif Ceren Balıkçı): Metehan's sister. She is energetic and talkative. She is friends with Acar.
- Ada (Merve Hazer): Hardworking. She is President of the school. She loves Korcan
- Duygu (Miray Daner): The most beautiful girl.  Daughter of a wealthy family, she wants to be an actress.
- Korcan (Emir Çalıkkocaoğlu): Successful student. Korcan's mother and father are university teachers. He loves his mom and dad very much. He helps his friends with homework. He loves Duygu.
- Aslı (Aylin Üskaya): Athletic. She loves soccer. She has short black hair.
- Acar (Lorin Merhart): Genius. His friends call him "glasses" because he can not see without them.
- Tanıl (Berkay Mercan) : Loves physics and chemistry. He is the _New Einstein_
- Nisan (Yağmur Yılmaz) : Loves nature. Her favorite topics are the melting of glaciers, extinction of animals, organic food, the difference between vegetarians and vegans.
- Sarp (Fırat Can Aydın) : Playful student who wears funny hats, colorful scarves, and strange-looking sports shoes. He likes Nisan.

## Infobox (television)

- **runtime**: 5 minutes (Season 1) <br/ > 7-8 minutes (Season 2)
- **executive producer**: Timur Savcı
- **company**: Tims Productions
- **starring**: Turhan Cihan Şimşek
 Elif Ceren Balıkçı
 Merve Hazer
 Miray Daner
Emir Çalıkkocaoğlu
Aylin Üskaya
 Lorin Merhart
Berkay Mercan
 Yağmur Yılmaz
 Fırat Can Aydın
- **country**: Turkey
- **language**: Turkish
- **channel**: Disney Channel Turkey
- **num seasons**: 2
- **num episodes**: 40
- **list episodes**: List of Zil Çalınca episodes
George Soule

**George Soule** (ca. 1602 - 1679) was a passenger on the _Mayflower_ in 1620. He was a servant of Edward Winslow. In Plymouth, he married Mary (Buckett?).  They had 9 children. Soule moved to Duxbury and acquired much property. He served in the Pequot War. He served as a deputy for Duxbury, and was a member of several town committees. He died in 1679. He was buried in the Myles Standish Burial Ground, Duxbury, Massachusetts.
Julius Caesar (movie)

***Julius Caesar*** is a 1953 movie based on the play by Shakespeare. It stars John Gielgud as Cassius, James Mason as Brutus, and Marlon Brando as Antony. Gielgud and Brando both won BAFTA awards for Best Actor (British actor, Foreign actor). Greer Garson played Calpurnia, and Deborah Kerr played Portia. The movie was directed by Joseph L. Mankiewicz. The movie received very good reviews. It won the Academy Award for Best Art Direction. It also won two BAFTA awards for Best British Actor (John Gielgud) and Best Foreign Actor (Marlon Brando).
Water scarcity

**Water scarcity** is a lack of fresh water. For us, and most land animals, fresh water is drinkable, and sea water is not. This is because sea water has a high salt content, which we and most land animals cannot deal with.

The need is not just for fresh water, but for _clean water_. That usually means water which is free of harmful bacteria and parasites and general dust and dirt.

In the 1860s the English engineer Joseph Bazalgette organized the London sewers to keep water free of cholera.  This was followed by British engineers designing similar waterworks in many countries round the world.  Later population growth has increased the demand for fresh water beyond the scope of these original water systems.

There are arid and desert areas, and places where the water is too polluted to drink.  The situation has been made worse by population growth and industrial uses of water.  Global warming tends to increase the need for fresh water for all land animals, including humans.

Therefore, water scarcity may be the result of both human and natural causes. Changes in climate and weather patterns can cause the availability of water to drop. Common human causes include over-consumption, bad governance, pollution, and increases in the demand for water.

## Types

Different terms are used to describe different types of water scarcity:
- A _water shortage_ is when there is not enough water to meet demands. Changes in the weather, such as drought can cause water shortage.
- _Water stress_ is the difficulty of finding sources of fresh water for use.
- A _water crisis_ is a situation where the available supply of potable, clean water within an area is less than the demand for it.

## Estimates

The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) estimates that by 2025, 1.9 billion people will be living in countries or regions with total water scarcity, and two-thirds of the world population could be under stress conditions. The World Bank has said that climate change could heavily change the future of water availability and use, and therefore increase water stress on a global scale.

## Negative effects

Fresh water scarcity has negative effects on ecology, biodiversity, agriculture and human health.  It has also led to armed conflicts in several cases. Some countries upriver have built dams to satisfy their needs for drinking water, irrigation and electric power. These needs have grown as populations has grown, and as climate changes has reduced rain in some places. Down river from the dam, supply is usually reduced. This creates tension between countries. The River Jordan in the Middle East, and the Nile are two good examples of where this is happening.

## Related pages

- Drought
- Desertification
- Desalination
- Irrigation
- Overpopulation
- Water footprint
A Star Is Born

***A Star is Born*** is a 1954 musical movie starring James Mason and Judy Garland. It was directed by George Cukor. In 2000, the movie was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant."

Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper starred in the 2018 remake movie.
Iain Banks

**Iain Menzies Banks** (16 February 1954 – 9 June 2013) was a Scottish writer. He wrote fiction under the name **Iain Banks**. When he wrote science fiction books he wrote his name as **Iain M. Banks**. He was known for his book _The Wasp Factory_.

Banks was born on 16 February 1954 in Dunfermline, Fife, Scotland. He studied at University of Stirling. Banks was married to Annie Banks from 1992 until they separated in 2007. Then he was married to Adele Hartley from March 2013 until his death. He had no children. Politically he supported the Scottish Socialist Party. Banks died on 9 June 2013 from gallbladder cancer after being diagnosed in early April. He was 59 years old.

## Other websites

- Official site
The Little Colonel

***The Little Colonel*** is a 1935 movie. It was directed by David Butler. The screenplay by William M. Conselman was adapted from a book of the same name by Annie Fellows Johnston. The movie features the famous staircase dance by Temple and Robinson.

## Main cast

- Shirley Temple as Lloyd Sherman
- Lionel Barrymore as Colonel Lloyd, father to Elizabeth and grandfather to Lloyd Sherman
- John Lodge as Jack Sherman, Elizabeth’s husband and little Lloyd’s father
- Ellen Venable as Elizabeth Lloyd Sherman, Lloyd Sherman's mother and Colonel Lloyd's daughter
- Bill 'Bojangles' Robinson as Walker, Colonel Lloyd’s butler
- Hattie McDaniel as Mom Beck, Elizabeth's housekeeper

## Response

Andre Sennwald in his _New York Times_ review of March 22, 1935 wrote, "[a]ll adrip with magnolia whimsy and vast, unashamed portions of synthetic Dixie atmosphere". He further wrote that the movie was "so ruthless in its exploitation of Miss Temple's great talent for infant charm that it seldom succeeds in being properly lively and gay".  He finished his review noting the audience applauded for a full eleven seconds after the final fade-out, and that the movie "ought to bring out the best in every one who sees it."

## Other websites

- Annie Fellows Johnston and the Little Colonel
- Kate Matthews Collection  (includes illustrations for The Little Colonel books by Johnston's friend and neighbor, photographer Kate Matthews)

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: The Little Colonel
- **director**: David Butler (director), David Butler
- **producer**: Buddy G. DeSylva
- **writer**: **Screenplay:**
William M. Conselman
**Novel:**
 Annie Fellows Johnston
- **starring**: Shirley Temple
Lionel Barrymore
Evelyn Venable
John Davis Lodge, John Lodge
Bill Robinson
Hattie McDaniel
- **music**: Cyril J. Mockridge
- **cinematography**: Arthur C. Miller
- **gross**: $1.2 million
- **distributor**: Fox Film
- **runtime**: 80 minutes
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
Curly Top

***Curly Top*** is a 1935 musical movie starring Shirley Temple. It was directed by Irving Cummings. It is loosely based on the 1912 children's book _Daddy-Long-Legs_ by Jean Webster. The movie tells the story of an orphan adopted by a rich man. Temple introduced one of her signature songs, "Animal Crackers in My Soup", in the movie.

_Curly Top_ was a box office hit, but it was banned in Denmark for unspecified "corruption". In China, Madame Chiang Kai-shek asked for repeated private showings.

## Cast

- Shirley Temple as Elizabeth Blair, an inmate of a dreary orphanage
- John Boles as Edward Morgan, a rich trustee of the orphanage
- Rochelle Hudson as Mary Blair, Elizabeth’s teenage sister
- Esther Dale as Genevieve Graham, Morgan’s elderly aunt
- Arthur Treacher as Reynolds, Morgan’s English butler
- Jane Darwell as Mrs. Henrietta Denham, a heavy-set, elderly matron at the orphanage
- Rafaela Ottiano as Mrs. Higgins, the severe, thin-lipped superintendent of the orphanage
- Etienne Girardot as James Wyckoff, a stern, elderly, penny-pinching trustee of the Orphanage and the manufacturer of Wyckoff’s Cough Mixture
- Maurice Murphy as Jimmie Rogers, Mary's rich young suitor