juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Sauli Niinistö

**Sauli Väinämö Niinistö** (born 24 August 1948) is a former Finnish president. He was President of Finland from 2012 until 2024.

A lawyer by education, Niinistö was Minister of Finance from 1996 to 2003 and the National Coalition Party candidate in the 2006 presidential election. He served as the Speaker of the Parliament of Finland from 2007 to 2011 and has been the Honorary President of the European People's Party (EPP) since 2002.

Niinistö was the National Coalition Party candidate in the 2012 presidential election, beating Pekka Haavisto of the Green League with 62.6% of the vote in the decisive second round. Niinistö assumed office on 1 March 2012, and is the first president from the National Coalition Party since Juho Kusti Paasikivi, who left office in 1956.

Niinistö served on the municipal council of Salo from 1977 to 1992 and was elected a Member of the Finnish Parliament (Eduskunta) from the district of Finland Proper in 1987. In 1994 he was chosen to lead the National Coalition Party as the party chairman

Niinistö's first wife Marja-Leena Niinistö died in a car accident in 1995. Niinistö married his second wife Jenni Haukio (born 1977) in January 2009.Sale on Kona ukko

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Sauli Niinistö
- **image**: Sauli Niinistö June 2023.jpg
- **office**: 12th President of Finland
- **primeminister**: Jyrki Katainen
Alexander Stubb
Juha Sipilä
Antti Rinne
Sanna Marin
Petteri Orpo
- **term start**: 1 March 2012
- **term end**: 1 March 2024
- **predecessor**: Tarja Halonen
- **successor**: Alexander Stubb
- **office2**: Speaker of the Parliament of Finland, Speaker of the Finnish Parliament
- **term start2**: 24 April 2007
- **term end2**: 27 April 2011
- **predecessor2**: Timo Kalli
- **successor2**: Ben Zyskowicz
- **office3**: Minister of Finance (Finland), Minister of Finance
- **primeminister3**: Paavo Lipponen
- **term start3**: 2 February 1996
- **term end3**: 16 April 2003
- **predecessor3**: Iiro Viinanen
- **successor3**: Antti Kalliomäki
- **office4**: Deputy Prime Minister of Finland
- **primeminister4**: Paavo Lipponen
- **term start4**: 13 April 1995
- **term end4**: 30 August 2001
- **predecessor4**: Pertti Salolainen
- **successor4**: Ville Itälä
- **office5**: Minister of Justice (Finland), Minister of Justice
- **primeminister5**: Paavo Lipponen
- **term start5**: 13 April 1995
- **term end5**: 1 February 1996
- **predecessor5**: Anneli Jäätteenmäki
- **successor5**: Kari Häkämies
- **birth place**: Salo, Finland
- **party**: National Coalition Party
- **spouse**: Marja-Leena Niinistö <small>(1974–1995; her death)</small>
Jenni Haukio <small>(2009–present)</small>
- **residence**: Mäntyniemi, Helsinki
- **alma mater**: University of Turku
- **website**: [http://niinisto.fi/ Official website]
- **branch**: Finnish Navy
- **rank**:  Captain
Claude Dubar

**Claude Dubar** (born 11 December 1945) is an academic French sociologist.

## Biography

After his teaching experience at Beirut, Lebanon in 1974, he became professor at the Lille University of Science and Technology in 1977. His thesis focuses on vocational training in France

In 1988, he joined the _Centre d'études et de recherches sur les qualifications_ (Centre for Studies and Research on Qualifications) in Paris, researching relations between the sociology of education and work, and especially the sociology of professional identities.

Since 1993 till ???, he has been a sociology teacher at the _Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines_. In 2012, he is _Emeritus Professor_ (retired, with an honorific position given by Université).

## Further reading

- _Faire de la sociologie, un parcours d'enquêtes_ (Doing sociology, a survey path), 2006.
- _Sociologie des professions_ (Sociology of professions), 2005.
- _Analyser les entretiens biographiques_ (Analyze the biographical interviews), with Didier Demazière, 2004. ()
- _La Socialisation, construction des identités sociales et professionnelles_ (Socialization, construction of social and professional identities), 2002, Armand Colin. ()
- _La Crise des identités_ (Crisis of Identity), 2001. (), 2010, PUF. ()
- _La Promotion sociale en France_ (Social Promotion in France), with Charles Gadea, 1999.
- _Genèse et dynamique des groupes professionnels_ (Genesis and dynamic professional groups), with Yvette Lucas, 1994.
- _La Formation professionnelle continue_ (Continuing Professional Education), thesis, 1984.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Claude Dubar
- **birth name**: Dubar
- **nationality**: France, French
- **known for**: Sociologist
- **employer**: Retired (Professor Emeritus)
- **occupation**: Sociologist
Grus

***Grus*** is a genus of large birds in the crane family.

## Species

- Common crane, _Grus grus_
- Sandhill crane, _Grus canadensis_
    - Lesser sandhill crane or Little Brown Crane, _Grus (canadensis) canadensis_
    - Greater sandhill crane, _Grus (canadensis) pratensis_
- Whooping crane, _Grus americana_
- Sarus crane, _Grus antigone_
- Brolga, _Grus rubicunda_
- Siberian crane, _Grus leucogeranus_
- White-naped crane, _Grus vipio_
- Hooded crane, _Grus monacha_
- Black-necked crane, _Grus nigricollis_
- Red-crowned crane, _Grus japonensis_
Atacama Large Millimeter Array

The **Atacama Large Millimeter/sub-millimeter Array** (**ALMA**) is an array of radio telescopes in the Atacama Desert of northern Chile.  A high and dry site is very important for millimeter wavelength work.  ALMA is being built on the Chajnantor plateau at 5000 metres altitude.  It has 66 12-meter and 7-meter diameter radio telescopes observing at millimeter and sub-millimeter wavelengths. ALMA is expected to help scientists understand how stars were created during the early universe. It will also provide detailed imaging of local star and planet formation.

ALMA is being built by Europe, the United States, Canada, East Asia and the Republic of Chile.  Costing more than a billion US dollars, it is the worlds's most expensive ground-based telescope. ALMA began scientific observations in the second half of 2011 and the first images were released to the press on 3 October 2011. The project has been fully operational since March 2013.

## Infobox (telescope)
Telek

**George Mamua Telek** (born 1969), commonly known simply as **Telek**, is a musician from Papua New Guinea. He is one of the country's most successful musicians, and his music is well known in Australia and the Pacific Islands. Telek was born in Raluana, a village near Rabaul in New Britain. He sings in his native language, Kuanua, and also in Tok Pisin.

Telek sang with various bands in Papua New Guinea early in his career, most notably with the group Painim Wok, famous in the 1980s. Telek met Australian musician David Bridie in Rabaul in the mid-1980s. Together they recorded the very successful album _Tabaran_.

Telek recorded his first solo album, _Telek_, outside Papua New Guinea in 1997. This album won an ARIA award for Best World Music Album. He recorded his second international album _Serious Tam_ in 2000 at Peter Gabriel's studios in London. The next album he released was _Amette_, in 2004. He recorded it in Bridie's studio in Melbourne. His most recent album _Akave_ was released through the Wantok Music-label.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Telek
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: George Mamua Telek
- **birth date**: 1969
- **birth place**: Raluana, East New Britain
Papua New Guinea
- **genre**: World music
- **instrument**: Vocals, guitar
- **label**: Wantok
- **associated acts**: Painim Wok
Halo 4

***Halo 4*** is a first-person shooter video game made by 343 Industries. It is published by Microsoft Studios and is available for Xbox 360.

The game was announced at E3 2011 on June 4, 2011. Halo 4 sees the return of Master Chief and Cortana. On September 26, 2012, Halo 4 was announced that it had completed development and the game was released worldwide (except Japan) on November 6, 2012. Halo 4 was released in Japan on November 8, 2012.

## Other websites

- Halo official website
- Halo Waypoint on 343 Industries

## Infobox (vg)

- **image**: Halo_4_logo.svg
- **title**: Halo 4
- **developer**: 343 Industries
Certain Affinity (Forge mode)
- **publisher**: Microsoft Studios (game studio), Microsoft Studios
- **composer**: Neil Davidge
- **released**: Worldwide: November 6, 2012
Japan: November 8, 2012
- **genre**: First-person shooter
- **modes**: Single-player video game, Single-player, Multiplayer video game, multiplayer
- **platforms**: Xbox 360
Jill Stein

**Jill Ellen Stein** (born May 14, 1950) is an American physician specializing in Internal Medicine. She was the nominee of the Green Party for President of the United States in the 2012 election. Stein was a candidate for Governor of Massachusetts in the 2002 and the 2010 elections. She was the Green Party nomination for President in the 2016 U.S. presidential elections. She was the campaign manager of Cornel West's 2024 presidential campaign. In November 2023, Stein announced that she would run for the Green Party nomination for president in the 2024 presidential election.

## Related pages

- Jill Stein 2012 presidential campaign
- Jill Stein 2016 presidential campaign
- Jill Stein 2024 presidential campaign

## Infobox (politician)

- **name**: Jill Stein
- **image**: Jill Stein by Gage Skidmore 3.jpg
- **caption**: Stein in 2024
- **birth name**: Jill Ellen Stein
- **birth place**: Chicago, Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, United States
- **nominee**: President of the United States
- **election date**: November 6, 2012
- **runningmate**: Cheri Honkala
- **party**: Green Party of the United States, Green Party
- **residence**: Lexington, Massachusetts
- **alma mater**: Harvard University
- **spouse**: Richard Rohrer
- **children**: Ben and Noah
- **occupation**: Physician
- **website**: [http://www.jillstein.org Jill Stein 2012]
Virgil Goode

**Virgil Hamlin Goode, Jr.** (, born October 17, 1946) is an American politician who was a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1997 to 2009, first as a Democrat; in 2000 he switched to the Republican Party. He represented the 5th congressional district of Virginia. He lost his seat in the 2008 election to Democrat Tom Perriello. Goode subsequently joined the Constitution Party. He was the party's 2012 presidential nominee.

## Other websites

- Virgil Goode for President 2012  official campaign website

- Audio from Goode's August 9, 2006 debate with Al Weed

## Infobox (congressman)

- **birth name**: Virgil Hamlin Goode, Jr.
- **image**: Rep Virgil Goode.jpg
- **state**: Virginia
- **district**: Virginia's 5th congressional district, 5th
- **term start**: January 3, 1997
- **term end**: January 3, 2009
- **predecessor**: Lewis F. Payne, Jr., Lewis Payne
- **successor**: Tom Perriello
- **birth place**: Richmond, Virginia, Richmond, Virginia, U.S.
- **party**: Constitution Party (United States), Constitution Party
 <small>(2010–present)</small>
Republican Party (United States), Republican Party
<small>(2002–2010)</small>
Independent (politician), Independent
 <small>(2000–2002)</small>
Democratic Party (United States), Democratic Party
<small>(Before 2000)</small>
- **spouse**: Lucy Dodson
- **children**: Catherine
- **alma mater**: University of Richmond
University of Virginia School of Law, University of Virginia
- **branch**: Army National Guard
- **serviceyears**: 1969–1975
- **unit**: Virginia Army National Guard
Dundalk F.C.

**Dundalk Football Club** () is a professional  Irish football club based in Dundalk, County Louth. The club currently play in the Premier Division of the League of Ireland. Founded in 1903, they are the second most successful team, in terms of trophies won, in the history of the League of Ireland. The traditional colours of the club are white jerseys with black shorts. Due to their white jerseys, they have been nicknamed **the Lilywhites**. They play their home games in Oriel Park.

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Dundalk Football Club
- **fullname**: Dundalk Football Club
- **current**: 2011 Dundalk F.C. season
- **nickname**: The Lilywhites
- **founded**:
 as _Dundalk GNR_
- **ground**: Oriel Park,
Dundalk,
County Louth
- **capacity**: 4,500 (3,000 seated)
- **owner**: TBA
- **chairman**: Padraig McGowan
- **manager**: Darius Kierans (Caretaker)
- **league**: League of Ireland
(League of Ireland Premier Division, Premier Division)
- **season**: 2016
- **position**: 1st
- **website**: http://www.Dundalkfc.com
- **pattern la1**: _blackborder
- **pattern b1**: _collarblack
- **pattern ra1**: _blackborder
- **leftarm1**: FFFFFF
- **body1**: FFFFFF
- **rightarm1**: FFFFFF
- **shorts1**: 000000
- **socks1**: 000000
- **leftarm2**: 000000
- **body2**: 000000
- **rightarm2**: 000000
- **shorts2**: FFFFF
- **socks2**: FFFFF
- **pattern la3**: _whiteborder
- **pattern b3**: _collarwhite
- **pattern ra3**: _whiteborder
- **leftarm3**: EE0000
- **body3**: EE0000
- **rightarm3**: EE0000
- **shorts3**: EE0000
- **socks3**: EE0000
Watatsu Shrine

is a Japanese Shinto shrine at Sado, Niigata, which is an island in the Sea of Japan.

## History

The shrine was established before the 10th century.  This place is special to the _kami_ named  .  Isonotakeru is said to have taught people shipbuilding and how to use ships.

Each year in late-April, horseback archery (_yabusame_) takes place at the branch  Hachimangū of Watatsu Shrine in the town of Hamochi.

Watatsu was the chief Shinto shrine (_ichinomiya_) of the old Sado Province on Sado Island.  It serves today as one of the _ichinomiya_ of Niigata Prefecture.

In the modern system of ranked Shinto Shrines, Watatsu was listed among the 3rd class of nationally significant shrines or .
Mass production

If an item is produced in large quantities, this is usually called **mass production**. The item produced is called product, and it is usually made in a factory. The items produced will all be the same type. The process of making large quantities will usually require the use of standardized products or product groups. It also depends heavily on interchangeable parts.

Today, machines are often used to mass produce such items. Using division of labour, a greater number of items can be produced. Adam Smith used the example of a needle: With division of labour, it is possible to produce more needles in the same time. Frederick Winslow Taylor, the father of Taylorism also used the division of labour: he wanted to divide the tasks into planning tasks, and execution.
James Murdoch

**James Rupert Jacob Murdoch** (born 13 December 1972) is a British-American businessman.

## Early life

Murdoch was born in the United Kingdom. He is the younger son of Rupert Murdoch.

At age 13, young James' citizenship changed. In 1985, his father gave up his Australian citizenship to become a citizen of the United States.

## Career

He has worked in his family's international businesses.

## Other websites

- James Murdoch at _Forbes_
James Murdoch (disambiguation)

**James Murdoch** may mean

- James Murdoch, Australian businessman, son of Rupert Murdoch
- James Murdoch (journalist) (1856–1921), Scottish scholar, author, journalist and teacher

## Related pages

- James Murdock (1871–1949), Canadian politician
Amy B. Smith

**Amy Smith** is an American inventor, educator, and founder of D-Lab at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.  Her work focuses on development of appropriate technologies.  Appropriate technologies are technologies that use readily available local resources to solve problems in developing countries.

Amy Smith was born in Lexington, Massachusetts, on 4 November 1962.
James Murdoch (journalist)

**James Murdoch** (27 September 1856 – 30 October 1921) was a Scottish-Australian academic, journalist, translator, editor and Japanologist.  He is best known for writing a three-volume _A History of Japan_.  It was the first history of Japan published in the English.

## Early life

Murdoch was born in Stonehaven, near Aberdeen, in Scotland. At the University of Aberdeen, he earned a bachelor's and master's degree. He also studied at Oxford University.

## Selected works

In an overview of writings by and about Murdoch, OCLC/WorldCat lists roughly 60+ works in 130+ publications in 4 languages and 1,300+ library holdings .
- _This list is not finished; you can help Wikipedia by adding to it._
- _A history of constitutional reform in Great Britain and Ireland : with full account of the three great measures of 1832, 1867 and 1884,_ 1885
- _The narrative of a Japanese; what he has seen and the people he has met in the course of the last forty years,_ 1890 (with Joseph Heco)
- _Ayame-san, a Japanese romance of the 23rd year of Meiji (1890),_ 1892
- _From Australia and Japan,_ 1892
- _The Nikkō district,_ 1893
- _Scenes from the Chiushingura and the story of the forty-seven Rōnin,_ 1893
- _A history of Japan,_ 1903
- _Scenes from open air life in Japan,_ 1910 (with W. K Burton)

## Other websites

- Murdoch, James, 1856-1921 at Virtual International Authority File (VIAF)
- James Murdoch at Kyushu Instittue of Technology
- Ayame-san
- Scenes From the Chiushingura and the Story of Forty-Seven Ronin
- The 47 Rônin are Introduced to the World

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: James Murdoch
- **image**: James Mardock.jpg
- **birth place**: Stonehaven, Scotland
- **death place**: Baulkham Hills, New South Wales, Australia
- **occupation**: journalist, educator, historian
- **nationality**:  Scottish
 (British people, British)
Edmund Papinot

**Jacques Edmund-Joseph Papinot** (1860-1942) was a French Roman Catholic priest, academic, historian, editor, Japanologist.

Papinot is best known for creating an _Historical and Geographical Dictionary of Japan_ which was first published in French in 1899.  The work was published in English in 1906.

## Career

Papinot first arrived in Japan in 1886.  He taught at the Tokyo Theological Seminary for 15 years while working on his _Dictionnaire japonais-français des noms principaux de l'histoire et de la géographie de Japon_.

In 1911, he left Japan for China.  He returned to France in 1920.

## Selected works

In an overview of writings by and about Papinot, OCLC/WorldCat lists roughly 30+ works in 100+ publications in 7 languages and 1,200+ library holdings.
- _This list is not finished; you can help Wikipedia by adding to it._
- _Dictionnaire japonais-français des noms principaux de l'histoire et de la géographie de Japon,_ 1899
- _Historical and geographical dictionary of Japan,_ 1906
- _Nihon seiei_ (_Japanese hymns_), 1922 (with J. Lemaréchal)

## Other websites

- Papinot, Edmund at Virtual International Authority File (VIAF)
Schlumbergera

**Schlumbergera** is a genus of cacti. The genus includes six species, originally found in south-eastern Brazil. These cacti, along with a number of cultivars are common houseplants. They are also known as _Christmas Cactus_ or _Thanksgiving Cactus_. This name refers to the time of the year when the cacti flourish, in Europe. In the wild, the cacti grow on trees as epiphytes or rocks, and can form shrubss up to  high. The cacti do not have leaves, the green stem segments do photosynthesis. Charles Lemaire first described them in 1858. It is named after Frédéric Schlumberger a cactus collector and plant breeder.
Nestor (genus)

The genus ***Nestor*** is one of two genera of the family Nestoridae. Together with the Kakapo in the Strigopidae tribe, they form the small parrot superfamily Strigopoidea. The genus Nestor contains two extant parrot species from New Zealand and two extinct species from Norfolk Island, Australia and Chatham Island, New Zealand, respectively. All species are large stocky birds with short squarish tails.
Doyle's Delight

**Doyle's Delight** is the highest peak in Belize.  It is 1124 m high.

The name Doyle's Delight was first used by Sharon Matola in a 1989 report. The name is based on Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's book _The Lost World_ (1912).  The book has the quote "there must be something wild and wonderful in a country such as this, and we're the men to find it out!".

## Infobox (mountain)

- **name**: Doyle's Delight
- **elevation m**: 1124
- **listing**: List of countries by highest point, Country high point
- **range**: Cockscomb Range
Keel-billed toucan

The **keel-billed toucan** (_Ramphastos sulfuratus_), also known as **sulfur-breasted toucan** or **rainbow-billed toucan**, is a colorful Latin American member of the toucan family. It is the national bird of Belize.

The keel-billed toucan can be found from Southern Mexico to Venezuela and Colombia.

Like many toucans, keel-billed is a very social bird, rarely seen alone. It travels in small flocks of about six to twelve individuals through lowland rainforests. It is a poor flyer, and moves mostly by hopping through trees.

## Description

Including its bill, the keel-billed toucans ranges in length from around . Their large and colorful bill averages around .  This is about one-third of its length. It weighs about .  While the bill seems large and weighty, it is in fact a spongy, hollow bone covered in keratin, a very light and hard protein.

The feathers of the keel-billed toucan are mostly black with a yellow neck and chest. Molting happens once per year. It has blue feet and red feathers at the tip of its tail. The bill is mostly green with a red tip and orange sides.

Keel-billed toucans have two toes that face forward and two that face back. Because toucans spend a large part of time in the trees, this helps the birds to stay on the branches of the trees and hop from one branch to another.

## Food and feeding

Keel-billed toucans eat mostly a wide range of fruit, but may also eat insects, eggs, and reptiles.  When eating fruit, it uses its bill to take apart the fruit, and then tosses its head back to swallow the fruit whole.

### Breeding

The female keel-billed toucan lays  1-4  white eggs in a natural or already-made tree cavity. The male and female share in the caring of the eggs, both taking turns incubating. The eggs hatch about 15–20 days after being laid.  After hatching, the male and female take turns feeding the chicks.  When the chicks hatch, they have no feathers, and have their eyes closed for about 3 weeks. The chicks stay in their nest for eight to nine weeks while their bills develop fully.
Kim Hwang-sik

**Kim Hwang-sik** (; ; born 9 August 1948) is a South Korean lawyer and politician. He is the Prime Minister of South Korea. Before he became Prime Minister, he was Chairperson of the Board of Audit and Inspection. He was born in Jangseong, studied law at Marburg University (Germany) and graduated from Seoul National University.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Kim Hwang-sik
- **image**: Kim Hwang Sik-1-1.jpg
- **office**: Prime Minister of South Korea
- **president**: Lee Myung-bak
- **term start**: 1 October 2010
- **predecessor**: Yoon Jeung-hyun <small>(Acting)</small>
- **birth place**: Jangseong, United States Army Military Government in Korea, South Korea
- **alma mater**: Seoul National University
University of Marburg


## Infobox (korean name)

- **title**: Korean name
- **hangul**: 김황식
- **rr**: Gim Hwang-sik
- **mr**: Kim Hwangsik
- **color**: lavender
Bight of Benin

The **Bight of Benin** is a bight on the western African coast. The bight is part of the Gulf of Guinea. The Republic of Benin and this bight were both named after the Benin Empire.

This area is known as the Slave Coast. This area was used heavily in the African slave trade.
Fon language

**Fon** is part of the Gbe language cluster. Fon is spoken mainly in Benin.  There are about 1.7 million speakers.  Like the other Gbe languages, Fon has a subject–verb–object word order.

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Fon
- **nativename**: fɔ̀ngbè
- **states**: Benin, Nigeria, Togo
- **ethnicity**: Fon people
- **speakers**: 2.2 million
- **date**: 2000–2006
- **ref**: e18
- **familycolor**: Niger-Congo
- **fam2**: Atlantic–Congo languages, Atlantic–Congo
- **fam3**: Volta–Niger languages, Volta–Niger
- **fam4**: Gbe languages, Gbe
- **iso2**: fon
- **script**: Latin script, Latin
- **lc1**: fon
- **ld1**: Fon
- **lc2**: mxl
- **ld2**: Maxi
- **lc3**: guw
- **ld3**: Gun
- **lc4**: gbh
- **ld4**: Defi
- **lc5**: wem
- **ld5**: Weme
- **lc6**: cib
- **ld6**: Ci
- **glotto**: east2711
- **glottoname**: split up in Eastern Gbe
- **glottorefname**: Eastern Gbe
- **notice**: IPA
Yoruba language

The **Yoruba language** is a Niger-Congo language spoken in West Africa. The number of speakers of Yoruba was thought to be 20 million in the 1990s.  It is one of the languages in Nigeria, Benin, and Togo and in communities in other parts of Africa, Europe and the Americas.

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Yoruba
- **nativename**: Èdè Yorùbá
- **states**: Nigeria, Benin, Togo
- **ethnicity**: Yoruba people
- **speakers**: million
- **date**: 2007
- **ref**: ne2007
- **familycolor**: Niger-Congo
- **fam2**: Atlantic–Congo languages, Atlantic–Congo
- **fam3**: Volta–Niger languages, Volta–Niger
- **fam4**: YEAI|
- **fam5**: Yoruboid languages, Yoruboid
- **fam6**: Edekiri languages, Edekiri
- **script**: Latin script, Latin (Yoruba alphabet)
Yoruba Braille
- **nation**:

- **iso1**: yo
- **iso2**: yor
- **iso3**: yor
- **lingua**: 98-AAA-a
- **notice**: IPA
- **glotto**: yoru1245
- **glottorefname**: Yoruba
South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone

The **South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone** was formed in 1986 by the United Nations. There goal is to promote cooperation and peace and security in the South Atlantic region. It especially wanted to limit nuclear weapons in these countries.

## Infobox (organization)

- **name**: South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone
_Zona de Paz e Cooperação do Atlântico Sul_
Zone de Paix et de Coopération de l'Atlantique Sud
_Zona de Paz y Cooperación del Atlántico Sur_
- **image**: Zpcas flag.jpg
- **caption**: Flag of the ZPCAS
- **map**: Map of ZPCAS member states.svg
- **mcaption**: Member countries shown in blue
- **headquarters**: Brasília, Brazil
- **membership**: 24 member states
- **language**: English language, English, Portuguese language, Portuguese, Spanish language, Spanish, French language, French
- **leader title**: Secretary General of ZPCAS,  Secretary General
- **leader name**: H.E.Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva
<small></small>
- **formation**: 27 October 1986
Kang Gyeong-ae

**Kang Kyŏng-ae** (20 April 1906 – 26 April 1944)  (, 姜敬愛) was a Korean novelist, poet and feminist. She was a labor activist and a writer for the political kind of  resistance movement.

## Works

- The Broken Geomungo (Pageum)
- Vegetable Garden (Chaejeon)
- Football Game (Chukgu jeon)
- Mother and Child (Moja)
- Mothers and Daughters (Eomeoni wa ttal)
- The Human Problem (Ingan munje)
- Salt (Sogom 1934)

## Related pages

- Feminism
- Activism

## References

- 억압받는 하층여성을 대변하는 식민지시기 최고의 소설가 - 강경애
- 이영아의 여론 女論 강경애가 경성 문단을 떠난 이유 중앙일보 2012.06.04
- 한국의 여성운동가들 5 강경애
- "3월 문화인물 소설가 강경애는 김좌진장군 암살교사범 동거녀" 조선일보 2005.01.17
- 강경애(1907-1943) 여성문제를 인간문제로 파악한 문학인
First order logic

**First order logic** is a type of logic which is used in certain branches of mathematics and philosophy. First order logic enables the definition of a syntax which is independent of the mathematical or logical terms.

In first order logic, reasoning can be done from two points of view: either using syntax alone, or including semantic terms. First order logic is different from propositional logic: In first order logic, there are _quantifiers_, called _for all_ (written as ) and _there is at least one_ (written as ). Negation, conjunction, inclusive disjunction, exclusive disjunction and implication are all defined the same way as in propositional logic. Because of that, first order logic can be thought of as an extension of propositional logic.

The completeness of first order logic, the result which asserts the equivalence between valid formulas and formal theorems, is established by Gödel. Together with Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory, first order logic is the foundation of many branches of modern mathematics.

## Related pages

- Gödel's incompleteness theorems
- Propositional logic
- Predicate logic
Liaqat Hayat

Nawab Sir **Liaqat Hyat Khan**, KCIE (1887-1948) was a British Indian administrator and a Prime Minister of Patiala state in Punjab. He was the son of Nawab Muhammad Hyat Khan and elder brother of Sir Sikandar Hyat Khan.
Richard P. Barth

**Richard P. Barth** is the current Dean of the University of Maryland in Baltimore. He has been the school's dean, since 2006. He is also a founder and president of the American Academy of Social Work and Social Welfare, which was formed in 2009.

Dean Barth wrote the book _Social and Cognitive Treatment of Children and Adolescents_ (1986). Moreover, he has also co-written nine other books _Preventing Adolescent Abuse_ (1992), _From Child Abuse to Permanency Planning: Pathways Through Child Welfare Services_ (1992), _Families Living with Drugs and HIV_ (1993), _The Tender Years: Toward Developmentally-Sensitive Child Welfare Services_ (1998), _The Child Welfare Challenge_ (1992, 2000), and _Beyond Common Sense: Child Welfare, Child-Well-Being, and the Evidence for Policy Reform_ (2006).
Boidae

**Boidae**, commonly known as **boa** or **boas**, is a family of nonvenomous snakes that includes the boa constrictor and anaconda. Most are found in America but some are in Africa, Europe, Asia and on some Pacific islands. Their common names are boas or boids.

Adults are medium to large in size, with females usually larger than the males. There are two subfamilies with eight genera and 43 species.
Angela Fong

**Angela Carolyn Fong** (born February 3, 1985) is a Canadian former professional wrestler and actress. She is best known for her time at World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). She was known by the ring name **Miss Angela** during her time at Florida Championship Wrestling. She was later known by the name **Savannah** when she was the ring announcer for ECW on SyFy and the official ring announcer for season one of WWE NXT. Fong was also a cheerleader for the Canadian Football League's BC Lions.

## Other websites

- Online World Of Wrestling profile

## Infobox (professional wrestler)

- **name**: Angela Fong
- **birth name**: Angela Carolyn Fong
- **birth place**: Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- **children**: 1
- **names**: Angela Fong
Black Lotus
Miss Angela
Savannah
- **height**: 5 ft 5 in
- **weight**: 120 lb
- **billed**: Hong Kong, China
Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- **trainer**: Florida Championship Wrestling
- **debut**: 2007
- **retired**: 2018
Once Caldas

**Corporación Deportiva Once Caldas** is a Colombian association football team, based in Manizales. In 2004 they won the Copa Libertadores de América, the main South American football competition.

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Once Caldas
- **fullname**: Corporación Deportiva Once Caldas
- **nickname**: _El blanco_ (The White);
_El Blanco Blanco de Manizales_ (The White Whites of Manizales);
_El Caldas_ (The Caldas)
- **founded**: March 17, 1959
- **ground**: Estadio Palogrande,
Manizales, Caldas Department, Caldas
- **capacity**: 42,553
- **chrtitle**: President
- **chairman**: José Manuel López
- **mgrtitle**: Head coach
- **manager**: Hernán Herrera
- **league**: Categoría Primera A, Primera A
- **season**: 2024
- **position**: 5th
- **pattern la1**: _thinblackborder
- **pattern b1**: _oncejoma
- **pattern ra1**: _thinblackborder
- **pattern sh1**: _oncecaldas1
- **leftarm1**: FFFFFF
- **body1**: FFFFFF
- **rightarm1**: FFFFFF
- **shorts1**: FFFFFF
- **socks1**: FFFFFF
- **pattern la2**: _goldborder
- **pattern b2**: _oncejoma2
- **pattern ra2**: _goldborder
- **pattern sh2**: _oncecaldasjoma2
- **leftarm2**: 000000
- **body2**: 000000
- **rightarm2**: 000000
- **shorts2**: 000000
- **socks2**: 000000
- **pattern la3**: _thinblackborder
- **pattern b3**: _valencia1112t
- **pattern ra3**: _thinblackborder
- **leftarm3**: FF3F00
- **body3**: FF3F00
- **rightarm3**: FF3F00
- **shorts3**: 000000
- **socks3**: 000000
Loquat

A **loquat** is a tropical fruit that grows on a tree. Since it is tropical, it will only grow in a warm, wet climate. It grows in Spain, Italy, Portugal, Turkey, Pakistan, India and Iran.

Loquats are yellow or orange and contain large brown seeds.  People eat the skin or peel the fruit.
Chibougamau

**Chibougamau** is a town in central Quebec, Canada, located on Lake Gilman.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Chibougamau
- **settlement type**: List of towns in Quebec, City
- **image skyline**: Chibougamau.jpg
- **image caption**: Chibougamau main street
- **image flag**: Flag of Chibougamau, Quebec.svg
- **flag size**: 120x100px
- **image shield**: Blason ville ca Chibougamau (Québec).svg
- **shield size**: 100x90px
- **pushpin map**: Canada Quebec
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Quebec
- **coor pinpoint**: 650, 3e Rue
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Canada
- **subdivision type1**: Provinces and territories of Canada, Province
- **subdivision name1**: Quebec
- **subdivision type2**: List of regions of Quebec, Region
- **subdivision name2**: Nord-du-Québec
- **subdivision type3**: Regional county municipality, RCM
- **subdivision name3**: None
- **established title**: Settled
- **established date**: 1952
- **established title1**: Constituted
- **established date1**: November 8, 1952
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Manon Cyr
- **leader title1**: List of Canadian electoral districts, Federal riding
- **leader name1**: Abitibi—Baie-James—Nunavik—Eeyou
- **leader title2**: List of Quebec provincial electoral districts, Prov. riding
- **leader name2**: Ungava (electoral district), Ungava
- **area footnotes**:  (2021)
- **area total km2**: 1039.89
- **area land km2**: 698.13
- **area water km2**: 341.76
- **area blank1 title**: Census geographic units of Canada#Population centres, Population centre
- **area blank1 km2**: 6.0
- **population total**: 7233
- **population as of**: 2021
- **population density km2**: 10.4
- **population blank1 title**: Population centre
- **population blank1**: 6491
- **population density blank1 km2**: 1,081.2
- **population blank2 title**: Change <small>(2016–21)</small>
- **population blank2**: 3.6%
- **timezone**: Eastern Time Zone, EST
- **utc offset**: −05:00
- **utc offset dst**: −04:00
- **postal code type**: Postal codes in Canada, Postal code(s)
- **postal code**: List of postal codes of Canada: G, G8P
- **area code**: Area codes 418, 581, and 367, 418 and 581
- **blank name**: Köppen climate classification, Climate
- **blank info**: Subarctic climate, Dfc
Bit (horse)

A **bit** is a type of equipment that is put in a horse's mouth to help control it. It is attached to a bridle to hold it on the horse's head, and to reins which the rider holds and allows them to control and cue the horse. The mouthpiece of the bit is the part that goes into the horses mouth. It is usually made of metal, but may also be made of plastic or rubber.

There are many different types of bits, including snaffles, pelhams, and curb bits. They all work a little differently. Some bits are "softer" than others, meaning that a pull on it is gentler to the horse than a "harsh" bit. For example, bits with a smooth mouthpiece are soften than those with a twisted mouthpiece. Bits are not cruel when used correctly, but a rider that pulls too hard can hurt a horse's mouth, especially if they use a harsh bit. If a rider is inexperienced, they should ride with a softer bit so when they make mistakes they do not hurt the horse. Experienced riders who can follow the horse's mouth as the horse moves and give very slight cues can use bits that are harsher. They have the skill to use the bits for very fine control over the horse, without hurting it.

Certain bits are commonly used in certain horse activities. For example, western style riding usually uses a curb bit. English style usually uses a type of snaffle, although certain horses may be put in a different type of bit. Saddleseat riding and high levels of dressage riding use a double bridle. This is a bridle that holds 2 bits. Each bit works a little differently so the rider can cue the horse to do different things. The rider must ride with 2 reins in each hand. This requires the rider to be skilled so they can handle both reins without confusing the horse.
Mazie Hirono

**Mazie Keiko Hirono** (born November 3, 1947) is an American politician.  She is best known as the first Asian-American woman elected to the US Senate.

## Early life

Hirono was born in Fukushima, Japan.  At the age of 8, she emigrated to Hawaii with her mother.  She became a US citizen in 1959. She considers herself among the _Issei_ who are immigrants born in Japan.

## Career

Hirono was elected three times to the US House of Representatives.  She was a member of Congress for Hawaii's 2nd congressional district before she was elected to the US Senate in 2012.

## Personal life

In May 2017, Hirono was diagnosed with kidney cancer.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Mazie Hirono

- **image**: Mazie Hirono, official portrait, 112th Congress.jpg
- **jr/sr**:  
- **state**: Hawaii
- **term start**: January 3, 2013
- **alongside**: Brian Schatz
- **predecessor**: Daniel Akaka
- **state1**: Hawaii
- **term start1**: January 3, 2007
- **term end1**: January 3, 2013
- **predecessor1**: Ed Case
- **successor1**: Tulsi Gabbard
- **office2**: Lieutenant Governor of Hawaii
- **governor2**: Ben Cayetano
- **term start2**: December 2, 1994
- **term end2**: December 2, 2002
- **predecessor2**: Ben Cayetano
- **successor2**: James Aiona
- **state house3**: Hawaii
- **district3**: 22nd
- **term start3**: January 3, 1993
- **term end3**: December 2, 1994
- **predecessor3**: Gene Ward
- **successor3**: Terry Nui Yoshinaga
- **state house4**: Hawaii
- **district4**: 32nd
- **term start4**: January 3, 1985
- **term end4**: January 3, 1993
- **predecessor4**: Clarice Hashimoto
- **successor4**: Len Pepper
- **state house5**: Hawaii
- **district5**: 20th
- **term start5**: January 3, 1983
- **term end5**: January 3, 1985
- **predecessor5**: Mitsuo Shito
Daniel Kihano
- **successor5**: Campbell Cavasso
- **state house6**: Hawaii
- **district6**: 12th
- **term start6**: January 3, 1981
- **term end6**: January 3, 1983
- **predecessor6**: Clifford Uwaine
David Hagino
- **successor6**: Barbara Marumoto
- **birth name**: Mazie Keiko Hirono
- **birth place**: Fukushima, Fukushima, Fukushima, Occupation of Japan, Japan
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
- **spouse**: Leighton Kim Oshima
- **alma mater**: University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, University of Hawaii, Manoa
Georgetown University Law Center, Georgetown University
Organisation internationale de la Francophonie

**Francophonie** is an international organization of politics and governments with French as the main language.  The countries have a large number of people who are francophones (French speakers), or where there is a notable affiliation with the French language or culture.

It used to be called the ***Organisation internationale de la francophonie*** (**OIF**) or the **International Organization of the Francophonie**. There are 56 member states and governments, 3 associate members, and 19 observers. The modern organization was created in 1970. Its motto is "equality, complementarity, and solidarity". Its present Secretary General is Louise Mushikiwabo since 2019

French geographer Onésime Reclus made the word _Francophonie_ in 1880.  It is used to refer to the community of people and countries using the French language.

## Infobox (country)

- **native name**: _Organisation internationale de la Francophonie_
(_La Francophonie_)
- **linking name**: La Francophonie
- **image flag**: Flag of La Francophonie.svg
- **text symbol type**: Motto
- **text symbol**: "Égalité, complémentarité, solidarité"
 <sup>a</sup>
- **national anthem**: _Ode to Joy_
- **image map**: La francophonie mapa.svg
- **map caption**: Members of and participants in La Francophonie. In addition to countries, Belgium, Belgian and Canada, Canadian subdivisional memberships are also represented.
- **membership**: Member states of the International Organization of the Francophonie, 56 member states
3 associate members
20 observers
- **admin center type**: Headquarters
- **languages type**: Official languages
- **languages**: French language, French
- **area km2**: 28,223,184
- **area sq mi**: 10,897,032.263
- **population estimate year**: 2013
- **population density km2**: 34.36
- **population density sq mi**: 89.02
- **leader name1**:

- **leader title2**: Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie, APF General Secretary
- **established event1**: Conference of Niamey
- **established date1**: 20 March 1970
- **official website**: [http://www.francophonie.org/ francophonie.org]
- **footnote a**: Deliberately alluding to France's Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité, motto.
Community of Sahel-Saharan States

The **Community of Sahel-Saharan States** (CEN-SAD) aims to create a free trade area.

CEN-SAD was started in February 1998 by six countries.  Since then its membership has grown to 29. One of its main goals is to get economic unity through the free movement of people and goods.  This is to make the member states a free trade area.

## List of members

**Founding members:**

**Countries that joined later:**
- (1999)
- (1999)
- (2000)
- (2000)
- (2000)
- (2001)
- (2001)
- (2001)
- (2001)
- (2001)
- (2002)
- (2002)
- (2004)
- (2004)
- (2004)
- (2005)
- (2005)
- (2007)
- (2007)
- (2008)
- (2008)
- (2008)
- (2009)

## Infobox (geopolitical organization)

- **name**: Community of Sahel-Saharan States
- **native name**:
_Communauté des États _
- **linking name**: the Community of Sahel-Saharan States
- **symbol type**: Emblem
- **image map**: Community of Sahel-Saharan States-map.PNG
- **org type**: Trade bloc
- **membership**: 29 member states
- **admin center type**: Headquarters
- **official languages**: Arabic language, Arabic
English language, English
French language, French
Portuguese language, Portuguese
- **leader name1**: Mohamed Al-Madani Al-Azhari
- **established event1**: Agreement signed
- **established date1**: 4 February 1998
- **official website**: http://www.uneca.org/cen-sad/fr/index.htm
African Petroleum Producers Association

**African Petroleum Producers Association** is an organisation of African countries that produce petroleum. It was founded in 1986. The headquarters of the organisation are in Brazzaville in the Congo.

## Membership

The members of the African Petroleum Producers Association:

||State|Year of Entry|Notes|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
||Algeria|1987||
||Angola|1987||
||Benin|1987||
||Cameroon|1987||
||Chad|2005||
||Congo, Republic of the|1987||
||Congo, Democratic Republic of the|1989||
||Côte d'Ivoire|1989||
||Egypt|1989||
||Equatorial Guinea|1996||
||Gabon|1987||
||Ghana|2011||
||Libya|1987||
||Mauritania|2008||
||Nigeria|1987||
||South Africa|2005||
||Sudan|2008||
Niger Basin Authority

The **Niger Basin Authority** is an intergovernmental organisation in West Africa.  They manage and develop the resources of the basin of the Niger River. The group is called by both French and English acronyms, **NBA** or **ABN**.

The organisation was founded in 1964 as the **River Niger Commission**.  On 21 November 1980, it was refounded as the **Niger Basin Authority**.

Nine nations are members: Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Chad, Côte d'Ivoire, Guinea, Mali, Niger and Nigeria.  While a small area of Algeria is in the Niger Basin, it is not a member of the NBA. The organisation is based in Niamey.  They work in both French and English.
Slave Coast

The **Slave Coast** was a name for the coastal areas of present Togo, Benin (formerly Dahomey) and western Nigeria.  This is a fertile region of coastal Western Africa along the Bight of Benin.  In pre-colonial times it was one of the most densely populated parts of Africa. It was one of the most important places for the Atlantic slave trade from the early 16th century to the 19th century.

The slave trade became so large in the 18th and 19th centuries that an “Atlantic community” was formed. Slaves went to the New World, mostly to Brazil and the Caribbean. Ports that exported these slaves from Africa include Ouidah, Lagos, Aného (Little Popo), Grand-Popo, Agoué, Jakin, Porto-Novo, and Badagry.

Researchers think that between 2 and 3 million slaves were exported out of this region.  They were traded for goods like alcohol and tobacco from the Americas and textiles from Europe. Religions, architectural styles, languages, knowledge, and other new goods were mixed at this time.

After slavery was ended by European countries, the slave trade continued for a time with independent traders (instead of government agents).

## References

- Law, Robin. The Slave Coast of West Africa 1550-1750: The Impact of the Atlantic Slave Trade on an African Society. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1991.
- Law, Robin and Kristin Mann. “African and American Atlantic Worlds.” The William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd Ser., 56:2 Apr. 1999, pp307–334.
- Shillington, Kevin. History of Africa. 2nd Edition, MacMillan Publishers Limited, NY USA 2005.
- St Clair, William. The Door of No Return: The History of Cape Coast Castle and the Atlantic Slave Trade. BlueBridge.
French Dahomey

**Dahomey** was a French colony. It was part of French West Africa from 1904 to 1958. In 1947, Dahomey became part of the French Union and had more freedom. On 11 December 1958, the French Fifth Republic was started. The colony became the self-governing Republic of Dahomey. Two years later on 1 August 1960 the country had full independence. In 1975 it changed its name to Benin.

## Infobox (former subdivision)

- **conventional long name**: Dahomey
- **common name**: Dahomey
- **subdivision**: Constituent
- **nation**: French West Africa
- **event start**: French West Africa
- **year start**: 1904
- **event end**: French Community
- **year end**: 1958
- **date end**: 11 December
- **event pre**: Colonised
- **date pre**: 1872
- **event1**: French Union
- **date event1**: 4 September 1947
- **event post**: Republic of Dahomey, Independence
- **date post**: 1 August 1960
- **p1**: Kingdom of Dahomey
- **s1**: Republic of Dahomey
- **flag s1**: Flag of Benin.svg
- **image flag**: Flag of France.svg
- **flag**: Flag of France
- **capital**: Porto-Novo
People's Republic of Benin

The **People's Republic of Benin** was a socialist state in the Gulf of Guinea on the African continent.  It became present-day Benin. The People's Republic was started on November 30, 1975, after the 1972 coup d'état in the Republic of Dahomey. It lasted until March 1, 1990, with a new constitution.  The end of Marxism-Leninism in the nation was in 1989.

## Infobox (country)

- **native name**: _République populaire du Bénin_
- **conventional long name**: People's Republic of Benin
- **common name**: Benin
- **era**: Cold War
- **government type**: Unitary state, Unitary Marxism–Leninism, Marxist–Leninist one-party republic
- **legislature**: Revolutionary National Assembly of Benin, Revolutionary National Assembly
- **year end**: 1990
- **event pre**: 1972 Dahomeyan coup d'état, Military coup
- **date pre**: 26 October 1972
- **event end**: Disestablished
- **date end**: 1 March
- **event start**: Established
- **date start**: 30 November
- **year start**: 1975
- **p1**: Republic of Dahomey
- **flag p1**: Flag of Benin.svg
- **s1**: Benin
- **flag s1**: Flag of Benin.svg
- **image flag**: Flag of Benin (1975-1990).svg
- **flag**: Flag of Benin
- **image coat**: Emblem of the People's Republic of Benin.svg
- **symbol**: Coat of arms of Benin
- **image map**: Benin (orthographic projection with inset).svg
- **capital**: Porto-Novo
- **common languages**: French language, French, Yoruba language, Yoruba, Fon language, Fon
- **currency**: West African CFA franc (ISO 4217, XOF)
- **calling code**: 229
- **leader1**: Mathieu Kérékou
- **year leader1**: 1975–1990
- **title leader**: President of Benin, President
Flag of Benin

The national **flag of Benin** was adopted in 1959. It was changed after the Marxist regime started in 1975.  When that regime ended the old design was reintroduced on August 1, 1990. The colours are the traditional Pan-African colours : green symbolizes hope, yellow symbolizes wealth and red symbolizes courage.

## Infobox (flag)

- **name**: Benin
- **image**: Flag of Benin.svg
- **adoption**: August 1, 1990
- **use**: 111111
- **design**: A green field with a red star in the canton.
- **image2**: Flag of Benin (1975-1990).svg
- **use2**: 111111
- **symbol2**: Flag of People's Republic of Benin (1975-1990)
- **design2**: A horizontal bicolor of yellow and red with a green vertical band at the hoist.