juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Swahili language

The **Swahili language** is a language widely spoken in East Africa. In the language, its name is __. It is a Bantu language.

Swahili is spoken in a wide area from southern Somalia to northern Mozambique and in all of Kenya, Tanzania and Burundi. Congo has five million first-language speakers and fifty million second-language speakers. Swahili has become a language with which people communicate within East Africa and the surrounding areas.

Swahili was first spoken by the Swahili people, who live on the coast of East Africa and on the islands near the coast, including Zanzibar, which is now a part of Tanzania.

Swahili is an official language in Tanzania and Kenya. It has been influenced by many other languages like Arabic.

## Sample words

- city -
- country -
- earth -
- no -
- okay -
- water -
- yes -
- me -

## Other websites

- Kamusi Project  Internet Living Swahili Dictionary

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Swahili
- **states**: Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, DR Congo, Kenya, Mayotte (mostly Comorian language, Comorian), Mozambique (mostly Mwani language, Mwani), Oman, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda
- **speakers**: 26 million
- **date**: 2007
- **speakers2**: 120 million second language, L2 speakers
- **familycolor**: Niger-Congo
- **fam2**: Atlantic–Congo languages, Atlantic–Congo
- **fam3**: Benue–Congo languages, Benue–Congo
- **fam4**: Bantoid languages, Bantoid
- **fam5**: Bantu languages, Bantu
- **fam6**: Northeast Coast Bantu languages, Northeast Coast Bantu
- **fam7**: Sabaki languages, Sabaki
- **script**: Latin script, Latin, Arabic script, Arabic
- **nation**:

- **agency**: Baraza la Kiswahili la Taifa (Tanzania)
- **iso1**: sw
- **iso2**: swa
- **iso3**: swa
- **lc1**: swc
- **ld1**: Congo Swahili
- **lc2**: swh
- **ld2**: Coastal Swahili
- **lingua**: 99-AUS-m
- **guthrie**: G.42–43;
G.40.A–H (pidgins & creoles)
- **map**: Zone swahili.jpg
- **mapcaption**: Areas where Swahili is spoken
Long jump

The **long jump** is a sport in track and field athletics, where athletes compete by comparing lengths of their jumps where athletes try to jump as far as they can. For this, the athlete runs down the runway to the jumping pit which is made of soft sand. If a person falls backwards when jumping, this can decrease the length of their jump.

## Rules

Long jump is a sport in which, the athlete who jumps the longest by legal means, wins. The athlete begins running from his or her starting position and after attaining sufficient velocity, jumps, landing in a sand pit, which is fitted with distance markers. There is a foul line, in the run-up area, that the athlete has to be aware of; jumping from beyond this line results in a ‘foul jump’. Jumpers try to get as close to the foul line as legally possible before initiating their jump.

## Related pages

- High jump
- Triple jump

## Other websites

- Powell vs Lewis Tokyo 91 (video)
Elizabeth II

**Elizabeth II** (**Elizabeth Alexandra Mary**; 21 April 1926 – 8 September 2022) was Queen of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms from 1952 until her death in 2022. She was also Head of the Commonwealth.

Elizabeth became queen when her father, King George VI, died on 6 February 1952. At the time of her death, she had ruled longer than any other king or queen in the history of the United Kingdom. She had also ruled longer than any other living king or queen in the world, since the death of Thailand's Bhumibol Adulyadej on 13 October 2016. She was the second-longest reigning monarch in history.

## Infobox (royalty)

- **image**: File:Queen Elizabeth II official portrait for 1959 tour (retouched) (cropped) (3-to-4 aspect ratio).jpg
- **alt**: Photograph of Queen Elizabeth II, in 1959
- **caption**: Portrait of Elizabeth II, 1959
- **reign**: 6 February 19528 September 2022
- **coronation**: 2 June 1953
- **predecessor**: George VI
- **successor**: Charles III
- **birth name**: Princess Elizabeth of York
- **birth place**: 17 Bruton Street, Mayfair, 17 Bruton Street, Mayfair, London, England
- **death place**: Balmoral Castle, Aberdeenshire,
- **burial date**: 19 September 2022
- **burial place**: King George VI Memorial Chapel, St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle
- **issue-link**: #Issue
- **full name**: Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Windsor
- **house**: House of Windsor, Windsor
- **father**: George VI
- **mother**: Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon
Question

A **question** is what someone asks, usually when there is something that he or she does not know.  In writing, a question mark ("?") comes at the end of a question. However, just because a question is asked does not mean there is an answer.

## Types of question

Sometimes a question has a simple answer like "Yes" or "No".
Sometimes a question has a more complicated answer like "Maybe", or "I don't know". There are so many types of questions and so many ways of answering questions.

## Examples of these questions

People may give a short answer. People may give a long answer. It depends on the question.
- "Guess what?"
- "Who are you?"
- "Can I help you?"
- "Do you speak English?"
- "Is this your bag?"
- "What time is it?"
- "Where are you from?"
- "Why are you doing that?"
- "Who do you want to see?"
- "When will tea be ready?"
- "What did you say?"
- "How old are you?"
- "What time is the football game?"
- "Why do you look so funny?"
- "Why did the chicken cross the road?"
- "Where can I find the nearest subway station?"
- "Why do you allow people to change an online encyclopedia?"

## Types

Different kinds of why questions need different kinds of answers. A question like "Why did you do that?" clearly asks for an explanation. What that explanation might be depends on context. This kind of explanation is not right or wrong: it all depends on circumstance. The question and answer may also have to do with "who", "what", "when" and "where".

There are types or forms of explanations, including:
- explanations which are based on a principle or theory.
    - _Who should I listen to?_ Answer: _Mother knows best._
- explanations which rely on a model or pattern.
    - _Where does this part go?_ Answer: _The pocket is on the left side of the shirt_.
- explanations which tell a story or narrative.
    - _When did you do that?_ Answer: _I ran away after the dog barked._
- explanations which relate to goals or purposes.
    - _Why are you doing that?_ Answer: _Because I'm going to build a boat._
Many kinds of explanations are made up of more than one type.

An explanation can be valid or invalid or a combination of both. Some explanations may appear reasonable, but they turn out to be misleading or wrong.
Boss

A **boss** is a person who is in charge of workers in a company or organization. Bosses can have many different job titles. Simple examples include manager, supervisor and director.

**Boss** may also mean:

- Boss (video gaming), a particularly powerful enemy or opponent in a video game
- Boss (crime), head of a criminal organization

## Related pages

- Executive (disambiguation)
- Leader
New York

**New York** might mean:

- New York (state), a state of the United States
- New York City, the largest city in that state
- New York County, New York, a county in that state that is the same as the Borough of Manhattan of New York City
- New York metropolitan area, covering New York City and several nearby counties in New York and New Jersey
Hour

The **hour** (symbol: **h**) is a unit of measurement used to measure time. The hour is equal to sixty minutes. Twenty-four hours are equal to one day. Unlike the second, the hour is not a base SI unit.
Minute

A **minute** is a customary unit of time. It is equal to 60 seconds. There are 60 minutes in an hour. Unlike the second, the minute is not an SI unit.

A minute is also  of a degree. In this context, a minute is also called an **arcminute**, and is written with the  symbol.

For example, the Sun and Moon both have angular diameters of about 30 arcminutes—when seen from Earth.

## Related pages

- Arcsecond
Coat

A **coat** is a piece of clothing that is worn over a person's upper body. It can be used to keep warm or dry (a raincoat). It also may be worn to make a person look good. A coat usually has long sleeves, and is fastened at the front. Sometimes it includes collars, shoulder straps and hoods. One type of coat is a jacket.
Head

The **head** is the part of the body where the brain is, which is protected and surrounded by the cranium, which is part of the skull. It is also where the face is, which has a lot of your senses like seeing and hearing. Not all animals have heads, like worms or a lot of other things that do not have symmetrical bodies from top to bottom.

## In medicine

Some people get pains in their head occasionally, known as headaches. Also, some people have worse pains in their head called migraines. Some people heal people's heads, sometimes these people are special kinds of doctors called neurologists or head and neck doctors.

## Uses

Different things may be worn on the head, for example hats or wigs.

## Other meanings

A _head_ in English can also mean a person in charge of something, such as the head of a company.

Also, the word _head_ can also mean the front of something. An example of this is the word "Headline", meaning large words on the front page of a newspaper.
Denarius

The **denarius** was a small silver coin used by the Roman Empire and Roman Republic. The denarius weighed about 3 to 4.5 grams. It was the main coin of Ancient Rome. It became the most common coin produced for circulation but was slowly debased in weight and silver content. The coin was then sometimes made of copper and painted silver in color. During the Empire the front side usually had a picture of the emperor on it.

The denarius was introduced in 211 BC, and was last made in 275 AD. By then it was made of bronze.
Jackknife

A **jackknife** is a type of knife. It has a blade that folds into the handle. It is also a dive where the body is bent and then straightened before entering the water and when a person backs up in their vehicle with a trailer attached and it accidentally folds.
Luffa

A **luffa** (also spelled **loofah** or **loofa**) is a long thin dried inner part of the fruit of a tropical plant related to the cucumber . It is often used as a sponge for washing the body.  Before it gets ripe, it is also a good vegetable. It also comes from dried corn on the cob stems.
Sconce

A **sconce** is a holder for candles or electric lights that is fixed on a wall. Most of the time, sconces are also meant to make the place look more beautiful.
Houseplant

A **houseplant** is any kind of decorative plant. People grow them indoors, sometimes in a house, but very often in an office or a shop.

Houses or public premises have conditions not as favorable for plants as in greenhouses. For example, the direction of light, low light, dry air, dust, drafts, uneven temperature. So, special techniques are used to get a healthy state and proper development of plants. Conditions in public and office premises are usually even less favorable than in homes, so the most hardy indoor plants are grown there.

### Feel and observe

One obvious advantage of keeping houseplants is the improvement in aesthetic quality that they provide. Some large palm varieties, can serve as a focus point for guests.

### Condition of the air

Houseplant may enhance indoor air quality. That is a key perk. NASA conducted a study to identify which plants are most effective at filtering out harmful chemicals.

### Health

Taking care of plants, like taking care of people or animals, can have a positive effect on one's mental and emotional health.

### Therapeutic, preventative, and cosmetic

Plants and herbs with medical characteristics, such as Aloe Vera, are grown for human consumption.

## Well-known houseplants

- African violet
- Aloe
- Urn plant
- Butterfly palm
- Cactus
- Cyclamen
- Elephant leaf plant
- Golden pothos
- Mother-in-law's tongue
- Snake plant
- Spider plant
- Poinsettia
- Prayer plant
- Umbrella tree
- Weeping fig
- Yucca
Waxed paper

**Waxed paper** (or wax paper) is a type of paper which has been coated on both sides with wax. This gives it a translucent look. It is used for wrapping food because grease, oil, and water cannot pass through it. It is also used to line food containers because many kinds of food which would stick to normal paper will not stick to wax paper. Many kinds of dry foods were once stored in wax paper because of its resistance to water. Wax paper has been replaced by plastic wrap for most purposes.

## Uses

Safety razor blades are traditionally wrapped in wax paper to make holding them less dangerous. Wax paper can also be used to make paper boats that can be used for a long time without getting wet because of its high resistance to water.

Wax paper is also used to stick pieces of pattern to fabric while cutting it.

In photography, wax paper can be used as a light diffuser.

Wax paper is commonly used in cooking and wrapping sticky foods, because the waxy surface is cling-resistant. It is also used in arts and crafts.
Sideboard

A **sideboard** is a piece of furniture. It is often placed in a dining room with a long table and cupboard below to hold dishes, glassware, and other things.
Holland

**Holland** is the name of a region in the western part of the Netherlands. Holland was a county of the Holy Roman Empire and later the leading province of the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands (1581–1795).

Today, there is no country called "Holland". There are two provinces called "Holland" in the Netherlands: North Holland () and South Holland (). Those provinces were created in 1840. The earlier country and province of Holland used to be bigger, but some parts of that province were given to other provinces during the French occupation (1795-1813). For example, Willemstad became part of North Brabant, the islands of Vlieland and Terschelling were given to Friesland, and the island of Urk to Overijssel. But for a short time during that period (1806–1810), there _was_ a country called "Holland", the Kingdom of Holland, which was in the central and northern Netherlands and East Friesland in Germany.

Many people use the name "Holland" to refer to all of the Netherlands, including the other ten provinces. That is not correct and is like calling the United Kingdom, "England" or "Great Britain". Some Dutch people who live outside "Holland" find it unacceptable to refer to the entire country Holland. But acceptable when you refer "Holland" to the Netherlands national team.
Power network

A **Power network** is a type of contact network where its members can tell other people what to do.

It must be large enough to literally scare or force people to go along with its requests, which makes them orders. This typically requires thousands of people in constant touch with each other.

A political party is the most obvious example.  It is typically much larger than a social network but is not one, since people can only call on each other for a small number of reasons, and perhaps at specific times.  Also not every member of the network has the same role or right to help.

A corporation may also be a power network if it relies on many power relations to maintain itself - for instance, the right to draw oil from the ground or dump waste without being held responsible for it.

When a power network achieves some stable grasp of political power and daily working control of some important infrastructure, it becomes a power structure.  In a democracy the visible power networks represented by the parties compete regularly in an election - but much of the power structure, typically the bureaucracy, does not change, and is typically ignored as a power network in itself.

## Related pages

- creative network
Citizenship

**Citizenship** is a legal relationship between a person and a country.  Usually the country is the one they were born in, lives in, supports, and in return gets protection.  A person is usually a citizen of the country where he or she is born, but sometimes a person will apply for naturalization, to become a citizen in another country.  There are countries which allow dual (two) citizenship, and countries which do not.

## Definitions

A citizen is a member of a sovereign group of people that have certain rights. Governments protect these rights or take advantage of them. Some Governments may exile people from citizenship laws on such matter vary between countries.
- People born in the country may be citizens by _Jus soli_, right of soil.  Those having citizen parents may be **natural born** citizens.
- Some countries also recognise _Jus sanguinis_, the right of members of the national diaspora to be citizens.  Jus sanguinis comes from Latin meaning "right of blood" which basically means one can inherit citizenship by descent from a parent and in some cases a grandparent or even more distant ancestor<nowiki/>s.
- Foreigners can also be _naturalized_ as citizens.  Naturalization makes them citizens of their new country.  Many countries require that they give up their citizenship of their old country, but some countries have permanent citizenship; you can't quit such a citizenship.
- People who are citizens of more than one country, with approval of both Governments, are **dual citizens**. They may legally enter and live in either country.
- A person who has no citizenship is called a **stateless person**. There are many causes of statelessness: wars, refugees, people whose birth was never registered, people born in a territory which is not recognised as a state, and so on. Some countries are very generous in giving stateless people citizenship, and some are not. The problem is well-known, but there is no general solution.
- Citizenship may be permanent. Some countries remove citizenship for various reasons, and some citizens renounce their citizenship.
- Some countries also give citizenship to people who invest money in the country. This is called citizenship by investment. A person can become a citizen if they buy a house, start a business, or give money to the government. These rules are different in each country. People who get citizenship this way can live, work, and travel like other citizens.

## Citizenship in Canada

People born in Canada become citizens of the country by _Jus soli_ even if their parents are not citizens.

In 2018 the New York Times reported that 20% of babies born in Richmond Hospital in Richmond, British Columbia, were born to mothers involved in birth tourism. This means that the babies automatically acquire Canadian citizenship.

## Related pages

- Civil rights
- Global citizenship
Story

A **story** can be different things:
- when we tell others about a thing that happened, or a thing we thought of: _Bob read the children a story_; _Mary told John the story of her life_.
- a report in a newspaper or on the television news: _Did you see the story about George Bush on page 12?_
- a thing we tell others that is not real: _Little Johnny said he was a millionaire, but he's not, it was only a story_. See fiction
- in US English, a level of a building: _The house has eight stories_. (In British English this is a storey).
Governor-general

**Governor General** is a representative of a head of state. The term is mostly used in Commonwealth realm countries, where the governor general is a representative of the British monarch, who is the head of state of the Commonwealth realm countries.

Sometimes the title is spelled as _Governor General_, which is used in Canada, but sometimes it is spelled with a hyphen "_-_", _Governor-General_, which is the spelling used in Australia.

## Other articles

- Governor-General of Australia
- Governor General of Canada
Sheffield

**Sheffield** is a big city in a region called South Yorkshire in the North of England. There are 534,500 people living there. Sheffield is in the middle of lots of hills. The city centre is where the River Sheaf meets the River Don, and Sheffield gets its name from the River Sheaf. The city is east of the Peak District National Park. It is estimated that Sheffield has over two million trees, which is more than any city in Europe per each person. 61% of the city is green space, such as parks and forests.

The area of Sheffield used to be the Anglo-Saxon shire of Hallamshire, the city itself was founded later.

## Industry

Sheffield is famous for making cutlery (like knives and spoons). People in Sheffield have made cutlery for a very long time (a Sheffield-made knife is referred to in Chaucer's "Canterbury Tales", a book from the Middle Ages). Sheffield is also famous for making steel. Benjamin Huntsman discovered the crucible technique for making steel in 1740. In 1856, Henry Bessemer invented the Bessemer converter steelmaking furnace. Henry moved to Sheffield to make steel. Later, in 1912, Harry Brearley invented stainless steel in Sheffield.

## Sports

The first football team in the world is from Sheffield, Sheffield F.C., set up in 1857. Sheffield currently has two big professional football teams, Sheffield Wednesday and Sheffield United.

## Bands

There are lots of famous bands from Sheffield. Some of them are Pulp, the Human League, Def Leppard and the Arctic Monkeys. Michael Palin is also from Sheffield.

There is a big arena called the Motorpoint Arena in Sheffield. WWE have visited this arena to do live shows.
Fertilizer

A **fertilizer** is a chemical that helps plants to grow. It is used to replace the mineral salts taken by plants or removed/washed away by rain.

Common fertilizers:

- Ammonia
- Manure (Animal waste) which was the first fertilizer.
- Compost
- Urea

The important things in fertilizer are:
- Nitrogen (N)
- Phosphorus (P)
- Potash (K)

When fertilizers are offered for sale, the percentage of N, P, and K must be written on the bags or boxes, but for historcal reasons, P is shown as %P2O5 and K is shown as %K2O.

E.g.:9-23-30 which means:    9% N, 23%P2O5 and 30%K2O.

In Australia the percent of elemental sulfur must also be shown.
In the UK, the elemental composition (in percentages) may also be shown alongside the mandatory  traditional system, provided the numbers are put inside square brackets.

Leafy plants need lots of N.  Flowering plants need lots of P and K.

A soil test can tell how much N, P, and K is needed.

## Related pages

- Farming
Casserole

A **casserole** is a baked dish for many different types of food, mixed together in a fluid based on liquid. The start ingredient is often a roux. Often, one of the ingredients is a can of soup. The whole point of a casserole is that it cooks material _slowly_. That means it can use ingredients which would not be edible if fried or roasted.
The casserole needs to simmer below boiling point for hours, depending on the ingredients. That way tough meat and vegetables become soft and edible.

It is a simple way to cook a nutritional meal.

Casserole is from a French word meaning "sauce-pan"; a large, deep dish used either to cook something in an oven or to serve the food cooked in it. The French word  "casserole"  had been derived from the old Provençal word, "cassa" and the Medieval Latin word, "cattia", both of these words meaning "ladle".

Casseroles are usually cooked slowly in the oven, usually covered. They may be served as a main course or a side dish, and may be served in the vessel in which they were cooked. Types of casserole include ragout, hotpot, cassoulet, tajine, moussaka, lasagne, shepherd's pie, gratin, rice or macaroni timballo, and carbonnade.

A popular type of casserole is green bean casserole, which has green beans, milk or cream, and fried onions. It was first cooked in Berlin, New Hampshire in 1866 by, Elmire Jolicoeur.

The second illustration proves how old the idea is. That casserole dish has a lid, and a spout for steam to escape. The heat is applied from below as it is with a stew.

Early casserole dishes were rice-based that were pounded and pressed and then filled with meat. The first popular meals included French cassoulet, British pot pies, Italian lasagna, and Greek moussaka. Macaroni and cheese is the oldest written casserole recipe found in 1250.
Plate

A **plate** is a type of dish where food can be placed after being cooked for eating. Sometimes they are called dishes. They may be made out of ceramic, plastic, paper, or styrofoam.

A **plate** is also one of the broken pieces of lithosphere of the Earth.  These plates have irregular shapes. They lie and float on the upper mantle. They move very slowly in different directions. Their movement is driven by the convection currents in the magma.  A plate can contain both oceanic and continental crusts. Some contain oceanic crust only.
Flea

The **flea** (_Siphonaptera_) is an insect which lives on many animals and sometimes humans. Fleas are ectoparasites and drink the blood of the animal they bite.

Fleas live outdoors in sand or tall grass, and jump to any passing animal and lay eggs. Flea bites are usually red bumps and they itch.

There are many species of flea such as dog fleas, cat fleas, human fleas, northern rat fleas, and the oriental rat flea. During the Middle Ages, the oriental rat flea spread a bacteria that caused the bubonic plague, also known as the Black Death or Black Plague. This was a huge epidemic much more severe than today's bird flu. The oriental rat flea was infected by the bacteria _Yersinia pestis_.
Terrorism

**Terrorism** is the use of fear and violence for political, religious or ideological reasons. Many different types of social or political organizations might use terrorism to try to achieve their goals. People who carry out terrorism are called _terrorists_. The foundation of modern terrorism is the work of Sergey Nechayev, a Russian radical who developed strategies for carrying out terrorism, which also includes politics.

## Overview

It is difficult to explain terrorism. Terrorism has no official criminal law definition at the international level. Common definitions of terrorism refer to violent acts which are intended to create fear. The acts may be done for a religious, political or ideological motive and use illegal violence. Some definitions now include acts of unlawful violence and war crimes. The use of similar tactics by criminal gangs is not usually called terrorism. The same actions may be called terrorism when they are done by a politically-motivated group.

There are over 10,000 definitions of "terrorism". In some cases, the same group may be described as "freedom fighters" by its supporters and "terrorists" by its opponents. The term is often used by states to criticize political opponents. One form of terrorism is the use of violence against noncombatants for the purpose of gaining publicity for a group, cause, or individual. According to Memorial Institute for Prevention of Terrorism (MIPT), terrorists killed 20,498 people in 2006. The major effect of terrorism comes from the fear that is generated.

## Counter-terrorism

Counter-terrorism is broad in scope. Types of counter-terrorism include but not limited:

- Preemptive humanitarian activities
- Preemptive or reactive military action
- Fortification and other technical means
- More permissive interrogation and detention policies for the suspected terrorists
- Increased intelligence and surveillance activities. Often facilitated and rubber stamped with legislation like the United States Patriot Act

## Context

The more modern governments restrict weapons to their military, the more ordinary people are helpless against terrorists. The Global Terrorism Database (University of Maryland, College Park) has recorded more than 61,000 incidents of non-state terrorism. These caused at least 140,000 deaths between 2000 and 2014.

## Select list of terrorist groups

- ISIS
- Hamas
- Houthis
- Hezbollah
- Wagner Group
- Al-Nusra Front

## Further reading

- _Zero: the story of terrorism_. Payne, Robert. 1941.
- _Revolutionary war in world strategy 1945._. Sir Robert Thompson 1970. London. SBN 430 52051 6
- _Low intensity operations_. Kitson, Frank. Faber, London. 1971. ISBN 0 571 0901 0
- Greig, Ian. 1973 _Subversion: propaganda, agitation and the spread of people's war_. Stacey, London. IBSN 0 85468 495 6 .

## Related pages

- Suicide attack
- Aircraft hijacking
Day

A **day** is the time it takes the Earth to spin around once. It is daytime on the side of the Earth that is facing the Sun. When it is nighttime, that side of the Earth is facing away from the Sun. It takes 24 hours for the Earth to spin once, so that is one day, including the daytime and nighttime. This is mean solar time, measured relative to the Sun. There is also sidereal time, measured relative to the fixed stars. The sidereal day is a few minutes shorter.

## List of days of the year

|January|
| --- |
|1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31|
|1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29*|
|1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31|
|1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30|
|1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31|
|1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30|
|1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31|
|1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31|
|1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30|
|1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31|
|1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30|
|1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31|
 There are only 29 days in February during a leap year. Otherwise, February has 28 days.

## Related pages

- Length of day

## Other websites

- Day -Citizendium
Phases of the Moon

The **phases of the Moon** are the different ways the Moon looks from Earth.

As the Moon orbits around the Earth, the half of the Moon that faces the Sun will be lit up. The different shapes of the lit portion of the Moon that can be seen from Earth are known as phases of the Moon. Each phase repeats itself every 29.5 days.

The same half of the Moon always faces the Earth, because of tidal locking. So the phases will always occur over the same half of the Moon's surface.

## Phases

A phase is an angle of the Moon to the Earth so it appears differently every day. The Moon goes through eight main phases.
- A _new moon_ is when the moon cannot be seen because we are looking at the unlit half of the Moon. The _new moon_ phase occurs when the Moon is directly between the Earth and Sun. A solar eclipse can only happen with a new moon.
- A _waxing crescent moon_ is when the Moon looks like a crescent and the crescent grows (or "waxes") in size from one day to the next. This phase is usually only seen in the west.
- The _first quarter moon_ (or a _half moon_) is when half of the lit portion of the Moon can be seen after the _waxing crescent_ phase. It comes a week after a new moon.
- A _waxing gibbous moon_ occurs when more than half of the lit portion of the Moon can be seen and the shape grows (or "waxes") in size from one day to the next. The _waxing gibbous_ phase occurs between the first quarter and full moon phases.
- A _full moon_ is when we can see the entire lit portion of the Moon. The _full moon_ phase occurs when the Moon is on the opposite side of the Earth from the Sun, called opposition. A lunar eclipse can only happen with a full moon.
- A _waning gibbous moon_ occurs when more than half of the lit portion of the Moon can be seen and the shape shrinks (or "wanes") in size from one day to the next. The _waning gibbous_ phase occurs between the full moon and third quarter phases.
- The _last quarter moon_ (or a _half moon_) is when half of the lit portion of the Moon is visible after the _waning gibbous_ phase.
- A _waning crescent moon_ is when the Moon looks like a crescent and the crescent shrinks (or "wanes") in size from one day to the next.

## "Blue moon

- A second full moon in one calendar month is usually called a "blue moon" and this occurs approximately every 3 years. The idiom "Once in a blue moon" refers to something that does not happen often (like a blue moon).

## Related pages

- Extraterrestrial sky
- Phases of the Earth
- Lunar eclipse
- Solar eclipse
Sphere

A **sphere** is a round, three-dimensional shape.
All points on the edge of the sphere are at the same distance from the center.
The distance from the center is called the radius of the sphere. A real-world sphere is called a _globe_ if it is large (such as the Earth), and as a _ball_ if it is small, like an association football.

Common things that have the shape of a sphere are basketballs, superballs, and playground balls.
The Earth and the Sun are nearly _spherical_, meaning sphere-shaped.

A sphere is the three-dimensional analog of a circle.

### Surface area

Using the circumference:

Using the diameter:

Using the radius:

Using the volume:

### Circumference

Using the surface area:

Using the diameter:

Using the radius:

Using the volume:

### Diameter

Using the surface area:

Using the circumference:

Using the radius:

Using the volume:

### Radius

Using the surface area:

Using the circumference:

Using the diameter:

Using the volume:

### Volume

Using the surface area:

Using the circumference:

Using the diameter:

Using the radius:

## Equation of a sphere

In Cartesian coordinates, the equation for a sphere with a center at  is as follows:

where  is the radius of the sphere.

## Related pages

- Circle
- Pi
- Tau
Quantity

**Quantity** or **amount** is how much of something there is that can be counted or measured.

## Counting

Whole numbers (1, 2, 3 ...) are used to count things.  This can be done by pointing to each one.  As things are pointed to, a number is said.  Start with the number one.  Each time another thing is pointed to, the next whole number is used.  When the last thing in a group it pointed to, that number is the quantity of the group.

## Measuring

Measuring is done with a ruler or a machine.  We put a ruler next to a thing to measure how long it is.  We put things on a scale to measure their mass.  Other machines are used to measure other quantities such as temperature, speed, electric current, and so on.

### Decimal numbers

When measuring things, a whole number might not be the best answer.  A distance might be longer than 5 meters, but less than 6 meters.  Meter sticks are marked off in parts of a meter.  Decimals are formed by marking off a ruler in ten equal parts.  Each part is a tenth.  5.2 meters is a little bit longer than 5 meters.  5.7 meters is a little bit shorter than 6 meters.  Each of these tenths can be marked with ten smaller parts.  The one hundred centimeters on a meter stick are done this way; by marking ten equal parts, then marking ten equal parts of each of those parts.

### Fraction numbers

Fractions are used when there are parts of a whole number.  The dial on a machine may be marked with four parts between each whole number.  A scale with a bag of potatoes may show five and three-quarters kilograms.  This would be almost six kilograms.

### The words "amount" and "number"

People often use the word "amount" when they should say "number".  The words "number" and "amount" should be used if a particular number could be put: e.g.
- A large amount of sand (because you cannot say "three thousand sands")
- A large number of people (because you could say there were 3547 people).
Flag of the United States

The **flag of the United States of America** is a national flag. It has 7 red stripes and 6 white stripes. These 13 stripes represent the original thirteen colonies. The flag also has a blue _canton_, a rectangle in the top left corner. There are 50 stars which represent the 50 states of America.

When a new state joins the United States, a new flag is made with an extra star. The new flag is first flown on the 4th of July (Independence Day).

The last states to join the United States were Alaska and Hawaii in 1959. Alaska joined on 3 January 1959, so the new flag with 49 stars was used from 4 July 1959. Hawaii joined on 21 August 1959, so the flag with 50 stars that is used today was not flown until 4 July 1960.

The colors in the flag are red, white and blue. The colors have no special meaning in the flag, but in the coat of arms, white stands for purity and innocence, red for bravery and strength, and blue for watchfulness, perseverance and justice.

The flag is also often called the **Stars and Stripes**, the **Star-Spangled Banner**, or **Old Glory**. The national anthem of the United States is a reference to the flag.

## Evolution of the United States' flag

Since 1818, a star for each new state has been added to the flag on the Fourth of July immediately following each state's admission. In years in which multiple states have been admitted, the number of stars on the flag has jumped correspondingly. The greatest example so far was in 1890, when five states were admitted within the span of a single year (North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, and Washington in November 1889 and Idaho on 3 July 1890). This change has typically been the only change made with each revision of the flag since 1777, with the exception of changes in 1795 and 1818, which increased the number of stripes to 15 and then returned it to 13, respectively.

As the exact pattern of stars was not specified prior to 1912, and the exact colors not specified prior to 1934, many of the historical U.S. national flags (shown below) have had varied designs.

## International and space transportation of (woven) flags

One flag was transported to the lunar surface during the first manned flight to the moon.

On 30 April 1975 the last group of (eleven) US soldiers leaving the Vietnam War did grab the US flag [of their Marine Corps unit of embassy guards ] from the outpost on the embassy roof, before all were lifted off the roof and flown out of the country by a helicopter of the Marine Corps. (That flag is in the United States.)

## Design

- 13 horizontal red and white stripes, representing the original 13 states.
- 50 white stars on a blue rectangle in the top-left, representing the current 50 U.S. states.
Schizophrenia

**Schizophrenia** is a mental disorder that is usually diagnosed by a psychiatrist and affects an individual's daily life. For some people, it is a lifelong mental disorder that causes them to behave, feel, or think differently than other people.

Schizophrenia can cause psychotic symptoms like hallucinations or delusions. However, not all people with schizophrenia have these symptoms all the time. Schizophrenia can also cause problems with cognition (thinking) and mood.
Drink

A **drink** or **beverage** is a liquid that an organism can take into their body, by using their mouth. Typical drinks for humans include water, tea, milk, coffee, juice, soft drinks and alcoholic drinks.

All drinks are mainly water. All living things need water to live. If we don't get enough water, we will dehydrate, and likely die. Plants take in water through their roots, which are underground.

Most land animals get water by drinking.

## Places that have no water

Deserts are places that have very little water. The only area in the desert that has water is an oasis.
Need

A **need** is a thing that, when a living being, plant or animal does not have it, it is not able to live.
A thing that someone wants to have, but is able to live when they do not have it, is called a want.

Every person has the same basic needs for the body.
Humans have bodily needs of water, food, clothing, and shelter to live.
The need for water is the most important because a person will die very quickly when they do not have drinking water. In a warm place food is the next most important need.
In a cold place, the need for clothes or shelter may be next most important because a person will soon die when they do not have these.

Other human needs are not so certain. They are mostly needs for the mind. It is often said that a person needs love, family, and friends. These needs are for personal relationships. They may also be wants. It is true that a life may be better with these things, but some friends can be bad, or bad sometimes. Good relationships can make life very happy. Thinking about a need that is not possible can make a person very unhappy.

Some of the study of philosophy is about questions like "What are the needs of a human?"

Some scientists study the needs of human or animal minds and bodies. The study of the mind is called psychology - _words about the mind_. The study of bodily needs is part of medicine.

## Related pages

- Economics
- Wikipedia:Basic English alphabetical wordlist
Freeware

**Freeware** is software that people may get without paying for it. In this case, "free" means "free of charge". In freeware, users might not be allowed to customize or share the software or source code with others.  This leaves the author with more control than with free software.
Yahoo!

**<span lang="en">Yahoo</span>!** is a web portal and a provider of internet content and services. It offers many products and services, such as a search engine, e-mail, instant messaging, video, news, weather forecasting, money and other information. Yahoo! makes money from advertisements in their services. Yahoo started on October 8, 1997.

### Early history (1994–1999)

In January 1994, Jerry Yang and David Filo were electrical engineering graduate students at Stanford University. In April 1994, "Jerry and David's Guide to the World Wide Web" was renamed "Yahoo!", for which the backronym is "Yet Another Hierarchical Officious Oracle". Filo and Yang said they chose the name because they liked the word's general meaning, which comes from Gulliver's Travels by Jonathan Swift: "rude, unsophisticated and ". Its URL was akebono.stanford.edu/yahoo. Yang says of their selection of the name, "We thought it fit well with what we were doing. It was irreverent. It was reflective of the Wild West nature of the Internet. A lot of people found it easy to remember, and besides, it's exactly what me and Jerry are. A couple of yahoos."

## Related pages

- Google
- MSN
- Ask.com

## Other websites

- Yahoo! official website
- Everything Yahoo!
Mecca

**Mecca** or **Makkah** (officially: **Makkah al-Mukarramah**; ) is a city in Saudi Arabia and the holiest city in Islam. As of the 2004 census, 1,294,169 people lived there. The city is  inland from Jeddah, in the narrow sandy Valley of Abraham. It is  above sea level. It is  from the Red Sea.

Makkah is the holiest city in the Islamic world. Every year, millions of Muslims take a pilgrimage to Mecca, called the Hajj. They follow in the footsteps of Muhammad. All Muslims who are able to perform the Hajj are expected to do so at least once in their life. The Kaaba and Masjid al-Haram, are the holiest mosque<nowiki/>s in Islam. Mecca is closed to non-Muslims except for some journalists reporting on the Hajj.

## History

The Kaaba, the small cubical building which Muslims pray towards is believed to have been built by Ibrahim and has been a religious center ever since. Muslims believed that God commanded Ibrahim to send his second wife Hajar and her son Ismail there. They found the Zamzam Well which led to people settling nearby, and thus Makkah was born. When Ismail was big enough, he helped his father to build the Kaaba. The Kaaba is the place towards which Muslims turn in prayer. This is known as the Qibla.

## Other websites

- Direction to Makkah
- Qibla Compass
- The Emirate of Makkah
- Inside Mecca DVD  National Geographic documentary about Makkah
- Mecca Wallpapers New

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Makkah
- **official name**: The Holy City of Makkah
- **native name**:
__
- **other name**: Makkah
- **image skyline**: Edited Great Mosque of Mecca1 5-2019-ccsa4.0 (cropped).jpg
- **image caption**: Masjid al-Haram and the center of Makkah
- **image flag**: Flag of Mecca.svg
- **nickname**: _Umm al-Qura_ ("Mother of All Settlements")
- **pushpin map**: Saudi Arabia
- **map caption**: Location of Makkah in Saudi Arabia
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**:  Saudi Arabia
- **subdivision type1**: Provinces of Saudi Arabia, Province
- **subdivision name1**: Makkah Province
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Osama al-Bar
- **leader title1**: Provincial Governor
- **leader name1**: Khalid al-Faisal
- **founder**: Prophets in Islam, Prophet Ishmael in Islam, Ismā'īl
 (Islamic Tradition)
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area total km2**: 760
- **area metro km2**: 1200
- **area urban km2**: 850
- **elevation m**: 277
- **population note**: Mecca Municipality estimate
- **population as of**: 2012
- **population total**: 2,000,000
- **population density km2**: 4200
- **population density sq mi**: 2625
- **population urban**: 2,353,912
- **population metro**: 2,900,000
- **timezone**: Arabia Standard Time, AST
- **utc offset**: +3
- **timezone dst**: Arabia Standard Time, AST
- **utc offset dst**: +3
- **postal code type**: Postal Code
- **postal code**: (5 digits)
- **area code**: +966-2
Arabian Peninsula

The **Arabian Peninsula** is a peninsula in Southwesterm Asia at the junction of Africa and Asia. It is east of Ethiopia and northern Somalia, south of Iraq and Jordan, and southwest of Iran. The waters around it are, to its southwest, the Red Sea and Gulf of Aqaba; to its southeast, the Arabian Sea; and to its northeast, the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf. The Arabian Peninsula is usually cited as the largest peninsula in the world and has an area of 3,237,500 square kilometers.

It includes these countries:
- Kuwait
- Oman
- Qatar
- Saudi Arabia, which covers most of the peninsula
- United Arab Emirates
- Yemen

Most of the population of the peninsula live in Saudi Arabia and Yemen. Northern Arabia has oil wells. Climate change and water scarcity are said to have affected the area.

A prominent feature of the Arabian Peninsula is desert. In Hejaz and its southwest, there are mountain ranges, which get more rain than the rest of the Arabian Peninsula.

## Related pages

- History of Arabia

## Other websites

- Arabia British Foreign Office, 1920
South

**South** is one of the 4 cardinal directions on a compass. South is normally down on the bottom of most maps. For example: Angola is to the south of Nigeria, which is itself to the south of Morocco . The South Pole is the farthest south you can go.
Prime Minister

A **prime minister** is a common title for someone manages the politics of a country and is the head of government. With countries that have kings and queens (known as monarchs), they are very important because they are in charge of most of the politics (they are "head of the government"). In countries with a president, they might be in charge of most of the politics (as in the Republic of Ireland), or they may be in day-to day charge but taking orders from the president as in France.

Countries with a Prime Minister:
- Antigua and Barbuda (with Monarch)
- Australia (with Monarch)
- Azerbaijan (with President)
- Barbados (with President)
- Belgium (with Monarch)
- Canada (with Monarch)
- Denmark (with Monarch)
- Ethiopia (with President)
- France (with President)
- India (with President)
- Ireland (with President)
- Israel (with President)
- Italy (with President)
- Japan (with Emperor)
- Malaysia (with Monarch)
- Mauritius (with President)
- Netherlands (with Monarch)
- New Zealand (with Monarch)
- Pakistan (with President)
- Romania (with President)
- Singapore (with President)
- Thailand (with Monarch)
- Trinidad and Tobago (with President)
- Ukraine (with President)
- United Arab Emirates (with Monarch and President)
- United Kingdom (with Monarch and Wife)