juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Manzanar

**Manzanar** was the name of a Japanese American internment camp in California.  It was near Lone Pine, California, in the desert near Death Valley.  Thousands of people were kept there; most of them were Japanese people from Los Angeles.  The camp opened in 1942 and was closed in 1945.  Today, the camp is a National Historic Site.

## Infobox (nrhp)

- **name**: Manzanar War Relocation Center
- **nrhp type**: nhl
- **nrhp type2**: nhs
- **image**: Manzanar Relocation Center, Manzanar, California. Street scene of barrack homes... - NARA - 538128 - restored.png
- **caption**: A hot windstorm brings dust from the surrounding desert, July 3, 1942
- **location**: Inyo County, California
- **nearest city**: Independence, California
- **locmapin**: California#USA
- **built**: 1942
- **added**: July 30, 1976
- **designated nrhp type**: February 4, 1985
- **designated nrhp type2**: March 3, 1992
- **designated other1**: California
- **designated other1 date**: 1972
- **designated other1 number**: 850
- **designated other2**: LAHCM
- **designated other2 date**: September 15, 1976
- **designated other2 number**: 160
- **visitation num**: 97,382
- **visitation year**: 2019
- **governing body**: National Park Service
- **website**: [http://www.nps.gov/manz/ Manzanar National Historic Site]
- **refnum**: 76000484
Philip Gunawardena

**Don Philip Rupasinghe Gunawardena** (11 January 1901 – 26 March 1972) was a Sri Lankan politician. He introduced Trotskyism to Sri Lanka. He studied in the United States and picked up liberal ideas there.
Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas

**"Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas"** is a Christmas song. The words were written by Ralph Blane and the music by Hugh Martin in 1943. The song was first introduced by Judy Garland in the 1944 movie, _Meet Me In St. Louis_. A modified version was introduced by Frank Sinatra who felt the original was too sad for his 1957 album, _A Jolly Christmas_. It has also been recorded by many other performers including Christina Aguilera, Demi Lovato, Sam Smith and the Pretenders. In 2007 ASCAP listed the song at number three in the 25 most played holiday songs.
Hurricane Diane

**Hurricane Diane** was a really bad Hurricane to the East Coast of the US during 1955. The storm caused severe destruction and an unusually severe death toll. Diane was among several hurricanes that bashed the East Coast during 1955, the others being Connie and Ione. The name **Diane** was later retired.
Martha Stewart

**Martha Stewart** (born **Martha Helen Kostyra**, August 3, 1941) is an American entrepreneur, author, and media personality. Stewart is famous for the _Martha Stewart Living_ TV show and magazine. She was born in Jersey City, New Jersey to Polish-American parents.

In 2004, Stewart was convicted of obstructing justice and lying to investigators about a stock sale. She served five months in a West Virginia prison. She was on ABC but moved to another channel. In May 2018, President Donald Trump said he was thinking about pardoning Stewart for her charges.

In 2023 at age 81, Stewart was on the cover of the Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Edition. She holds the record as the oldest cover model for the magazine.
Paul Edwards (composer)

**Paul Christison Edwards** (born ) is an English  organist and composer of music for the Anglican Church.

## Biography

Paul Edwards spent his childhood in the village of Turvey in Bedfordshire.  He liked church music, especially the sound of the big organ in the church at Turvey.  He became a chorister at St Paul’s Cathedral for four and a half years and then spent the same amount of time as lay clerk at Peterborough Cathedral.  He has been organist and choir master at several churches in Bedfordshire, including All Saints, Turvey and St. Paul's Church, Bedford.  He works as a teacher, piano accompanist and choral singer.

Edwards has made a series of recordings of interesting old organs of North Bedfordshire.  He has transcribed and edited ten volumes of 18th century _English Organ Music_.  The list of all his compositions has 450 opus numbers.  They include about 150 hymn tunes and a large number of anthems.  Many of these works have been published in collections including _Hymns for Today’s Church_, _Psalms for Today_ and _Carols for Today_.  His carol _No Small Wonder_, written in 1983 was published in _Carols for Today_ in 1986 and was recorded on LP by Canterbury Cathedral  Choir.  It was sung at the famous Nine Lessons and Carols service broadcast on the BBC Television by the Choir of King's College, Cambridge in 2000.  His music has been recorded on several CDs.

Edwards finds inspiration for his compositions in the English countryside, especially that of Norfolk   He also enjoys driving and photographing busses and coaches.

## Other websites

- http://www.fagus-music.com/composers/pe.htm
- http://www.crotchet.co.uk/REGCD339.html
Lay clerk

A **lay clerk**, also known as a **lay vicar**, is a term used in the United Kingdom to describe a male singer who sings in a cathedral choir or a choir belonging to a college of one of the large traditional universities.  A lay clerk is usually paid for the job.  When he is called "lay vicar" the term "vicar" comes from the Latin word "vice" (meaning "deputy").  A lay vicar is not in holy orders (he is not a priest).  Today there are a few female lay clerks, e.g. in Dublin.

The term "layman" was used in the Middle Ages for a chorister who sings some of the music that was too difficult for the priests to sing.  Today many of the lay clerks in places such as Oxford or Cambridge combine their work as layclerk with studying at University.  It is similar to a scholarship for studying.
Brit milah

**Brit milah** (Hebrew: בְּרִית מִילָה‎) is the Jewish ritual circumcision ceremony performed on eight-day-old male babies. The foreskin is cut off from the end of the penis. The operation is carried out by a person called a _mohel_, a ritual circumciser, who has been trained and qualified for this task. This ceremony is important for many Jewish people as it is a symbol of the covenant that God made with Abraham.  Some mohels then optionally suck the blood out of the area of the circumcision wound using their mouth which is called "metzitzah b'peh" and is a tradition among many followers of Judaism. However this is known to possibly cause infectious diseases such as Herpes simplex. Multiple babies have died from the controversial ritual. Some Jews say that limiting the practice would violate their religious freedom.
Lithium nitrate

**Lithium nitrate** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is LiNO<sub>3</sub>. It contains lithium and nitrate ions.

## Properties

Lithium nitrate is a colorless solid. It makes a red flame when heated. It is an oxidizing agent. It breaks down when heated into lithium oxide, nitrogen dioxide, and oxygen.

## Preparation

This metal can be made by reacting lithium, lithium hydroxide, lithium oxide, or lithium carbonate with nitric acid.

## Uses

Lithium nitrate is used in fireworks to make a red color. It is also used in flares.

## Related pages

- Lithium nitride
Lithium peroxide

**Lithium peroxide** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Li<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>. It contains lithium and peroxide ions.

## Properties

Lithium peroxide is a white solid. It gives off oxygen when heated. It is an oxidizing agent.

## Preparation

Lithium peroxide is made by reacting lithium hydroxide with hydrogen peroxide and removing the water.

## Uses

It is used to absorb carbon dioxide on spaceships. It also releases oxygen when it absorbs carbon dioxide.

## Safety

Lithium peroxide reacts violently with water to make oxygen. It also is an oxidizing agent and can catch things on fire. It is corrosive because it is basic.
Adam McKay

**Adam McKay** (born April 17, 1968) is an American actor, director, writer and comedian. Born in Pennsylvania, he directed and wrote several movies and won the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay in _The Big Short_.
Earth Hour

**Earth Hour** is an event organized by the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF). It is held on the last Saturday of March every year. The WWF asks people to shut off their lights and appliances for one hour. They want to raise awareness for climate change. It was started in 2007.
Police action

**Police action** is a term for the use of military forces without declaring war. Many military actions are called police actions. People do not declare war commonly any more.
Martin Evans

Sir **Martin John Evans** (born 1 January 1941, Stroud, Gloucestershire) is a British geneticist.

His first success was with Matthew Kaufman. In 1981 they were the first to grow embryonic mice stem cells in a laboratory.

Evans, Oliver Smithies and Mario Capecchi discovered a technique in genetic engineering. It is known as homologous recombination of transgenic DNA. This is important because it is the most reliable method of changing animal genomes.

The three put this to use in two more inventions: gene targeting and knockout mice, and were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2007.

He was elected a member of the Academia Europaea in 2009.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Sir Martin John Evans
- **image**: Martin Evans Nobel Prize.jpg
- **image size**: 250px
- **birth place**: Stroud, Gloucestershire, England
- **occupation**: Genetics, Geneticist
- **known for**: Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2007
Ahmed Al Safi

**Ahmed Al Safi** ( , born 1971) is an Iraqi sculptor and painter.

## Other websites

- AlSafiArt
- Saatchi Gallery
- Baghdad Journal - Artnet.com
Maria Stuarda

***Maria Stuarda*** is an Italian opera in three acts by Gaetano Donizetti, libretto by Giuseppe Bardari, after Friedrich Schiller's play _Maria Stuarda_. It was first performed in Naples, on October 19,1835, under the name of _Buondelmont_ due to censorship problems, and in its original version in Milan, on December 30, 1835. One of Donizetti's finest work, it is notable for the confrontation scene between Queen Mary and Queen Elizabeth I of England, which in real life never took place. It was heartbreaking. The soprano later became famous and well loved.

## Principle roles and voice types

- Maria Stuarda - soprano

## Sources

- _The Complete Dictionary of Opera & Operetta_, James Anderson, Wings Books, 1993.
Roberto Devereux

***Roberto Devereux*** is an Italian opera in three acts by Gaetano Donizetti, libretto by Salvatore Cammarano, after François Ancelot's _Elisabeth d'Angleterre_, it was first performed in Naples, on October 29, 1837. It is a powerful and sweeping work and is sometimes considered one of the most "verdian" of Donizetti's operas. After almost a century of neglect, it was revived in Naples by soprano Leyla Gencer in 1964, and has since then been regularly performed, notably by sopranos Montserrat Caballé and Beverly Sills. The plot is about the love between Queen Elizabeth I of England and her favorite Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex.

## Principal roles

- Elisabetta I - soprano
- Roberto Devereux - tenor
- Sara, Duchess of Nottingham - mezzo-soprano
- Duke of Nottingham - baritone

## Sources

- _The Complete Dictionnary of Opera & Operetta_, James Anderson, Wings Books, 1993.
Georgia Dome

The **Georgia Dome** was a domed stadium in Atlanta that opened in 1992 and was torn down in 2017. It was the largest domed building in the world until 1999.

The Dome took up 9.19 acres of land and cost $214 million to build. It was supported by the State of Georgia, after which the stadium was named. It was not far from the CNN Center, Georgia World Congress Center and Philips Arena.

Many different sporting events took place in the dome, mostly football and basketball. It was home to the Atlanta Falcons of the National Football League until it was replaced by the nearby Mercedes-Benz Stadium for the 2017 season.

## Other websites

- Official website
Memphis

**Memphis** most commonly refers to:

- Memphis, Egypt, a former capital of ancient Egypt
- Memphis, Tennessee, a major American city

**Memphis** may also refer to:

### United States

- Memphis, Alabama
- Memphis, Florida
- Memphis, Indiana
- Memphis, Michigan
- Memphis, Mississippi
- Memphis, Missouri
- Memphis, Nebraska
- Memphis, New York
- Memphis, Ohio
- Memphis metropolitan area, centered on Memphis, Tennessee
- Memphis, Texas

### Elsewhere

- Mampsis, Mamshit or Memphis, a Nabatean city

## Movie

- _Memphis_ (movie), a 2013 film directed by Ricky Memphis

## Music

- Memphis (band), a musical duo
- Memphis Industries, a record label
- _Memphis_ (musical), a Broadway musical by David Bryan and Joe DiPietro

### Albums

- _Memphis_ (Boz Scaggs album), 2013
- _Memphis_ (Roy Orbison album), 1972
- _Coin Coin Chapter Four: Memphis_, 2019

### Songs

- "Memphis, Tennessee" (song) or "Memphis", by Chuck Berry, 1959; covered by many performers
- "Memphis" (The Badloves song), 1994
- "Memphis" (Joe Jackson song), 1983
- "Memphis", by David Nail, 2002
- "Memphis", by Justin Bieber from _Journals_, 2013
- "Memphis", by White Zombie from _Psycho-Head Blowout_, 1987

## Other uses

- Memphis (mythology), the wife of Epaphus, who was, according to legend, the founder of Memphis, Egypt
- _Memphis_ (genus), a genus of brush-footed butterflies
- Memphis (cigarette), a cigarette brand of Austria Tabak
- Memphis (typeface), a slab-serif typeface designed in 1929 by Dr. Rudolf Wolf
- Memphis Group, an influential design movement of Italian designers and architects in the 1980s
- _USS Memphis_ (CA-10), a US Navy armored cruiser wrecked by a tsunami in 1916
- _USS Memphis_ (SSN-691), a nuclear attack submarine of the United States Navy
- Windows 98, codenamed Memphis during development
- City of Memphis (train), a passenger train route

## People with the name

- Memphis Bleek, New York rapper
- Memphis Depay, Dutch footballer
- Randall 'Memphis' Raines, a character in _Gone in 60 Seconds_
- Ricky Memphis, Italian actor

## Related pages

- West Memphis, Arkansas, part of the Memphis, Tennessee, metropolitan area
- Memphis Grizzlies, American professional basketball team based in Memphis, Tennessee
New Coke

**New Coke** was a type of Coca-Cola that was sold from 1985 to 2002. Its flavor was sweeter than normal Coke. It was later sold as Coke II. It is a product of the Coca-Cola Company.
Rock of Ages Corporation

**Rock of Ages Corporation** is a company in Vermont.  It mines granite, which it sells largely for use in memorials, though it also makes smaller products.

It was started in 1885, and has its headquarters in Graniteville, Vermont, which is close to Barre.

There are around 230 people who work for the company.  Rock of Ages had a profit of about $800,000 in 2008.

In October 2010, another mining company, Swenson Granite Company, said it would buy Rock of Ages for $39 million.

Rock of Ages runs the largest granite quarry in the world.  It is about  deep, and covers about 50 acres.
Liu Xia (poet)

**Liu Xia** (; born 1 April 1961, Beijing, China) is a painter, poet, and photographer who resides in Beijing, China. She was married to 2010 Nobel Peace Prize winner Liu Xiaobo.

## Biography

Liu used to be a civil servant in the Beijing tax bureau. She met her husband Liu Xiaobo while part of the Beijing literary scene in the 1980s. She married Liu Xiaobo while he was in prison in a Chinese labor re-education camp between the years of 1996 and 1999.

Ms. Liu prefers to lead the solitary life of an intellectual. However, she has been forced to act for her husband in public because of he is often in prison for his activism. She has been described as her husband's "most important link to the outside world." She also personally experiences pressures from the Chinese authorities for publicly voicing opinions because she is the wife of one of China's most prominent human rights advocates. Since his arrest,  the government has watched her constantly. She speaks out on issues of human rights both for herself and for her husband. Although she may not want always want to, she has continued to speak publicly all during their marriage and while her husband has been in prison Despite the pressures, she attempts to keep her life normal.

Liu Xiaobo's was sent to prison for 11 years after he helped write the political manifesto 2008 called Charter 08. Liu Xia begged her husband to not participate in writing the document. At first, he did as she asked. But later, he  spent much of his time  writing and re-writing the document which took three years. He later got more than 300 prominent workers, Chinese Communist Party members, and intellectuals, to sign the charter. 10,000 people added their names to a charter support list on the Internet.

After it was announced that her husband had won the Nobel Peace Prize, Liu Xia said that “For all these years, Liu Xiaobo has persevered in telling the truth about China and because of this, for the fourth time, he has lost his personal freedom." She also said that she would visit him in jail and "give him a big hug".  After visiting him, however, she was placed under house arrest and her mobile phone number was canceled. Liu Xiaobo died on 13 July 2017 from liver cancer complications.

## Related pages

- List of Chinese painters
- Liu Xiaobo

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Liu Xia
- **native name**: 刘霞
- **native name lang**: zh
- **image**: Liou Sia (2024).jpg
- **caption**: Liu in 2024
- **birth place**: Beijing, China
- **nationality**: Chinese
- **occupation**: poet, painter, photographer
Jilin University

**Jilin University** (; often abbreviated JLU or 吉大) is a national university. China's Ministry of Education controls the university directly.

## Other websites

- Jilin University  (English)
- Jilin University Official Application Online Site

## Infobox (university)

- **name**: Jilin University
- **native name**: 吉林大学
- **motto**: 求实创新 励志图强
- **motto lang**: zh
- **mottoeng**: Realistic and innovative
- **established**: 1946
- **type**: public university, Public
- **president**: Zhan Tao, Zhan Tao (展涛)
- **undergrad**: 40,373
- **postgrad**: 19,679
- **staff**: 15,626
- **city**: Changchun
- **province**: Jilin
- **campus**: 1,633 acres/6.61 km<sup>2</sup>
- **nickname**: 吉大
- **website**: [http://en.jlu.edu.cn/ en.jlu.edu.cn] (English)
Down to the Countryside Movement

The **Down to the Countryside Movement** was a government plan in China in the late 1960s and early 1970s.  During the Cultural Revolution, anti-bourgeois thinking was very common. Mao Zedong said that richer youth from the cities would be sent to mountains or farming villages so they could learn from the workers and farmers there.

Many fresh high school graduates were forced out of the cities. They had to stay in far away areas of China. They became known as the Rusticated Youth of China Many of them lost the chance to go university. Some call them China's "lost generation." Famous authors who have written about their experiences during the movement include Nobel Peace Prize winner Liu Xiaobo, Jiang Rong and Zhang Chengzhi, both of whom went to Inner Mongolia.

## Infobox (chinese)

- **s**: 上山下乡运动
- **t**: 上山下鄉運動
- **p**: Shàngshān xiàxiāng yùndòng
- **j**: soeng5saan1 haa6hoeng1 wan6dung6
- **l**: Up to the mountains and down to the villages
Qincheng Prison

**Qincheng Prison** () is a maximum-security prison in the Changping District northwest of Beijing in the People's Republic of China. The prison was built in 1958 with aid from the Soviet Union and it is the only prison belonging to the Ministry of Public Security.

The majority of people in prison here are political prisoners. Some of them were participants in the Chinese democracy movement and Tiananmen Square protests of 1989. Famous inmates include Jiang Qing, Bao Tong, Dai Qing, as well as Tibetans such as Choekyi Gyaltsen, the 10th Panchen Lama, and Phuntsok Wangyal. Other inmates included many communist cadres who were criticized during the Cultural Revolution, such as Bo Yibo, Peng Zhen, Israel Epstein, Sidney Rittenberg and David Crook. 2010 Nobel Peace Prize winner Liu Xiaobo was also imprisoned here.

The prison is at the eastern foothill of Yanshan, facing the North China Plain in the east, north and south.  The plain is where Qincheng Farm (秦城农场) is, which is part of the prison.

## Bibliography

- MacFarquhar, Roderick, and Michael Schoenhals, _Mao's Last Revolution_. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2006, pp. 342–345, 416, 435, 442.
- Yao Lun, "Qincheng jianyu de laiyou" (Origins of Qincheng Prison), in Sun Mingshan, ed., _Lishi shunjian_ (_Moments in History_), vol. 2, Beijing: Qunzhong chubanshe, 2001, pp. 51–58.
Suicide pact

A **suicide pact** is a plan of two or more people to kill themselves. People who agree on such a plan may kill themselves together, or they may just plan to do it on a certain schedule together. When studying suicide, suicide pacts are an important concept. Suicide pacts have occurred through history.

Note that a suicide pact is different from mass suicide. In a mass suicide, many people commit suicide for the same reason. In a suicide pact, it might be that one person is suicidal because of romance, and the other is suicidal because of a disease, but they both wish to die.
Mass suicide

In a **mass suicide** a group of people kill themselves for the same reason. Very often, all the people involved kill themselves together, at more or less the same time. The reason for the mass suicide often involves religious views. Suicide bombings and Kamikaze missions are military or paramilitary forms of mass suicide.

## Related pages

- Cult suicide
Goldie Goldthorpe

**Bill "Goldie" Goldthorpe** (born June 20, 1953 in Hornepayne, Ontario) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey left winger who played for 16 minor league teams between 1973 and 1984, playing exhibition games with the Toronto Maple Leafs and Pittsburgh Penguins. Goldthorpe grew up in Thunder Bay, Ontario, is widely regarded as one of the most infamous hockey enforcers to have ever played the game, a man once dubbed the "wildest, meanest, most unpredictable player in hockey", earning an amazing 1,132 penalty minutes in 194 professional games. He was the inspiration for the character Ogie Ogilthorpe in the 1977 movie Slap Shot. On January 1, 2008 during the 1st intermission of the NHL's Winter Classic outdoor game in Buffalo, NBC showed a 1-minute and 15 second piece on the movie Slapshot and the Ogilthorpe, Bill Goldthorpe connection to Bob Costas. Costas once did radio play-by-play for the Syracuse Blazers (NAHL) in 1973-74, a team that Bill Goldthorpe played on. Goldthorpe is currently a foreman at a construction company in Canada, having held that position in San Diego for several years.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **position**: Winger (ice hockey), Left Wing
- **played for**: Minnesota Fighting Saints
Michigan Stags/Baltimore Blades
Denver Spurs/Ottawa Civics
San Diego Mariners
- **shoots**: Left
- **height ft**: 5
- **height in**: 11
- **weight lb**: 185
- **birth place**: Hornepayne, Ontario, Hornepayne, Ontario, ON, Canada, CAN
- **wha draft**: Undrafted
- **career start**: 1973
- **career end**: 1984
- **website**: [http://www.goldiegoldthorpe.com/ http://www.goldiegoldthorpe.com/]
Alex Gray

**Alexander Haim Gray** (June 21, 1899 – April 10, 1986) was a Canadian ice hockey right winger for the New York Rangers and the Toronto Maple Leafs from 1927 to 1933.

## Early life

Although born in Glasgow, Scotland, Alex Gray grew up in Thunder Bay, Ontario. He played for five years with the Port Arthur Ports of the TBSHL. According to Legends of Hockey, "he was at the top of the league in goal scoring three times and was its most penalized player twice."

## Playing career

In 1928 Gray signed with the New York Rangers of the NHL. Wearing jersey number 2, he played on a line with Paul Thompson and Murray Murdoch. He helped the Rangers win the Stanley Cup that spring.

After his rookie season in New York he was involved in a big trade with the Toronto Maple Leafs, He was traded along with Lorne Chabot for Melville "Butch" Keeling and John Ross Roach.

He played a total of 13 games for the Maple Leafs in the 1928–29 season (7 regular season games and 4 playoff games). After 1 season in Toronto he was sent to the minors where he spent the remainder of his career.

## Awards and achievements

- 1928  Stanley Cup Championship  (NYR)

## Other websites

- Alex Gray's New York Rangers Biography

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **name**: Alex Gray
- **image size**: 230px
- **position**: Winger (ice hockey), Right Wing
- **played for**: New York Rangers
Toronto Maple Leafs
- **shoots**: Right
- **height ft**: 5
- **height in**: 10
- **weight lb**: 170
- **birth place**: Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, GBR
- **career start**: 1927
- **career end**: 1933
Gordie Clark

**Gordon Corson Clark** (born May 31, 1952 in Glasgow, Scotland) is a retired ice hockey right winger. He played in the National Hockey League for the Boston Bruins and in the WHA for the Cincinnati Stingers.
Round Maple

**Round Maple** is a hamlet in the civil parish of Edwardstone, in the Babergh district of Suffolk, East of England. Round Maple is 1.2 miles northeast of Edwardstone village, 6 miles east-northeast of Sudbury and 54.9 miles northeast of London. Its postcode district is CO10.

## Round Maple Mild

Round Maple gives its name to Round Maple Mild ale. The ale is made at Mill Green. It has 3.3% alcohol. It also has a little bit of maple syrup. Round Maple Mild is a dark ale.

## Listed buildings

Round Maple has 4 Grade II Listed buildings (important buildings). All are timber-framed and plastered. The buildings include Little Thatch and Hathaway Cottage, Quicks Farmhouse, Seasons, and The Flushing.

## Maps

Round Maple is on the Great Britain A-Z Road Atlas (1C, 54). It is on the Philip's Navigator Britain (D4, 164). Round Maple's OS grid reference is TL953436, its latitude is 52.056308 and its longitude is 0.847251.

## Notes

1. A hamlet is a place without a church, see The Free Dictionary and Getamap Ordnance Survey which doesn't show a church and http://www.millgreenbrewery.co.uk/round-maple-mild.html  and http://www.zoopla.co.uk/for-sale/details/20643412 which says Round Maple is a hamlet.
1. See the Listed buildings references

## Other websites

- TL9543 Geograph

## Infobox (uk place)

- **country**: England
- **official name**: Round Maple
- **shire district**: Babergh
- **shire county**: Suffolk
- **region**: East of England
- **os grid reference**: TL953436
Sandy Fitzpatrick

**Alexander Stewart "Sandy" Fitzpatrick** (born December 22, 1944 in Paisley, Scotland) is a retired professional ice hockey player. He played in the in the National Hockey League for the New York Rangers and Minnesota North Stars.
Red hair

People with **red hair** are referred to as **redheads**. Natural redheads often have very light colored skin. They often also have freckles.

## Examples of redheads

- Amy Adams
- Andrew Jackson
- Antonio Vivaldi
- Axl Rose
- Benedict Cumberbatch
- Boris Becker
- Christopher Columbus
- Calvin Coolidge
- Chuck Norris
- Cleopatra
- Conan O'Brien
- Seth Green
- David Bowie
- David Caruso
- D.H. Lawrence
- Dwight Eisenhower
- Elizabeth I
- Emma Stone
- George Bernard Shaw
- George Washington
- Geri Halliwell
- Gillian Anderson
- James Joyce
- Jessica Chastain
- Julia Gillard
- J.K. Rowling
- Judas Iscariot
- Julianne Moore
- Karen Gillan
- Lindsay Lohan
- Marcia Cross
- Margaret Thatcher
- Mark McGwire
- Mark Twain
- Martin Van Buren
- Marilyn Monroe
- Mary Magdalene
- Neil Kinnock
- Nell Gwyn
- Nicole Kidman
- Paul Scholes
- Prince Harry
- Rameses II
- Reba McEntire
- Redd Foxx
- Robin Cook
- Ron Howard
- Rupert Grint
- Sheamus
- Sarah Ferguson
- Susan Sarandon
- Swoosie Kurtz
- Sylvia Plath
- Thomas Jefferson
- Topher Grace
- Ulysses S. Grant
- Vincent Van Gogh
- Vladimir Lenin
- William II of England
- Willie Nelson
- Winston Churchill
Adasaurus

***Adasaurus*** is a Dromaeosaur theropod dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous. It lived in what is now Central Asia. It was a small carnivore, with a large, sickle-shaped claw on the second toe of each hind foot. An adult was probably about 6.2 feet (2 meters) long.

Two specimens of _Adasaurus_ have been found, both from the Gobi Desert of southern Mongolia. One is an incomplete skeleton with partial skull, including the vertebral column except the back of the tail, all three bones of the pelvis, the shoulder girdle and the hindlimbs. The second specimen includes the back end of another skeleton, including the hindlimbs. Both specimens are in the collection of the Mongolian Geological Institute in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.

The age of the strata, like most of Mongolia's later Cretaceous sediments, is not known for certain. It is thought to be somewhere between 74 and 65 million years ago. Other dinosaurs found in this formation include _Tarbosaurus_, _Anserimimus_, and _Saurolophus_.
French ban on face covering

On 14 September 2010, the Senate of France (fr) passed a law that forbids the wearing of clothing that covers the face of a person in public, so that the person cannot be identified. The law talks about clothing that covers the face, so it includes burqas and niqabs, but does not include the chador.

The main arguments for the ban are that people wearing such types of clothing cannot be identified by police forces, and that such veils are not compatible with the values of France as a state. In addition, there was a discussion about women's rights. President Nicolas Sarkozy said that a reason for the ban is to protect women from being forced to cover their faces.

The bill which was introduced, was protested by some women as a violation of women's rights. But many people in France supported the bill, and it was passed in the Senate and the National Assembly of the French Parliament, and it became law.
John Flamsteed

**John Flamsteed** FRS (19 August 1646 – 31 December 1719) was an English astronomer. He was the first Astronomer Royal, appointed in 1675.

Flamsteed calculated the solar eclipses of 1666 and 1668.

He was responsible for several of the earliest recorded sightings of the planet Uranus, which he mistook for a star and catalogued as '34 Tauri'. The first of these was in December 1690, which remains the earliest known sighting of Uranus by an astronomer.

## Star catalogue and atlas

Flamsteed is also remembered for his conflicts with Isaac Newton, the President of the Royal Society at the time. Flamsteed was refusing to publish work commissioned by the king, so in 1712 Newton and Edmond Halley published a preliminary version of Flamsteed's _Historia Coelestis Britannica_. They did so _without crediting the author_.

Some years later, Flamsteed managed to buy many copies of the book, and publicly burnt them in front of the Royal Observatory. However, the numerical star designations in this book are still used and are known as Flamsteed designations.

In 1725 Flamsteed's own version of _Historia Coelestis Britannica_ was published posthumously, edited by his wife Margaret. This contained Flamsteed's observations, and included a catalogue of 2,935 stars to much greater accuracy than any previous work. This was considered the first significant contribution of the Greenwich Observatory. In 1729 his wife published his _Atlas Coelestis_, assisted by Joseph Crosthwait and Abraham Sharp, who were responsible for the technical side.

## Further reading

- _The correspondence of John Flamsteed, the first Astronomer Royal._ 1995-2002. Compiled and edited by Eric G. Forbes, Lesley Murdin and Frances Willmoth. Bristol: Institute of Physics.  (v1);  (v2) ;  (v3)
- _The Gresham lectures of John Flamsteed_. 1975. edited and introduced by Eric G. Forbes. London: Mansell.
- _Newton's tyranny: the suppressed scientific discoveries of Stephen Gray and John Flamsteed._ 2001. David H. Clark & Stephen H.P. Clark. Freeman.

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: John Flamsteed
- **image**: John_Flamsteed.jpg
- **image size**: 220px
- **birth date**: 19 August 1646
- **birth place**: Denby, Derbyshire, England
- **death date**: 31 December 1719 (aged 73)
- **death place**: Burstow, Surrey, England
- **nationality**: England, English
- **field**: Astronomy
- **alma mater**: Jesus College, Cambridge
- **known for**: First Astronomer Royal
- **influenced**: Joseph Crosthwait
Abraham Sharp
Sugar cookie

A **sugar cookie** or **sugar biscuit** is a cookie made from sugar, flour, butter, eggs, vanilla, and baking powder or baking soda.

Sugar cookies can be iced with a variety of icings and are normally decorated.
Names for sets of chemical elements

There are areas on the periodic table where elements have similar properties. Such areas include Groups, especially columns.

For example, all of the first column elements (alkali metals) are light, very soft, react with water rapidly, make hydroxides that are strong bases, and react with the halogens to make colorless ionic compounds.

The second column elements (alkaline earth metals) are a little heavier, a little harder, react with water a little less rapidly, made hydroxides that are strong bases, and react with the halogens to make colorless ionic compounds.

The other categories are: transition metals, pnictogens, chalcogens, halogens, and noble gases. There are also inner transition metals that are divided into lanthanides and actinides.
Flamsteed designation

**Flamsteed designations** are for stars that are similar to Bayer designations. However, they use numbers instead of Greek letters. Flamsteed designation contained 2554 stars.

The numbers are usually assigned in the order of increasing right ascension within each constellation. However, because of the effects of precession, they are now slightly out of order in some parts. This method first appeared in  John Flamsteed's _Historia Coelestis Britannica_, a book that was published by Edmond Halley and Isaac Newton together in 1712.
Inner transition metal

**Inner transition metal**s (ITM) are chemical elements on the periodic table. They are normally shown in two rows below all the other elements. They include elements 57-71, or lanthanides, and 89-103, or actinides. The lanthanides are very similar, and the actinides are all radioactive.

ITMs have three incomplete outermost nucleus shells and are all metals. In some cases they are quite malleable and ductile. Many lanthanides such as Lutetium are used in the lighting industry. Actinides do not occur in nature (except for thorium and uranium), and are highly unstable.

The last electrons enter into the f orbitals of these elements, so they belong to the F-block. The general electron configuration is (n-2)f^0-14(n-1)d^0-2np^6ns^2 where n= 6-7.
Molar mass

**Molar mass** is the mass of a substance that has 6.022 × 10<sup>23</sup> atoms (Avogadro's number). The mass number of an element is equal to the molar mass of the element. The molar mass of a chemical compound is the mass when the compound has 6.022 × 10<sup>23</sup> molecules. Molar mass of chlorine is 35.45 due to consideration of average molar mass by including mass of its all isotopes.

It can be found by adding the atomic masses of all of its elements. The molar mass of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) can be found by adding the molar mass of sodium, oxygen, and hydrogen, which would be 39.997 g/mol.
D-block

The **D-block** is a group of elements on the periodic table. They include the transition metals. The Group 12 elements are normally called post-transition metals because they are different from the transition metals. The Group 12 elements are still in the d-block though. The d-block can hold up to ten (10) electrons at most.
Group 12 element

A **group 12 element** is a group in the periodic table of chemical elements. It includes zinc, cadmium, mercury, and copernicium. Copernicium is not stable so its properties are not clear. They all have low melting and boiling points. Mercury is even a liquid. Zinc is the least electronegative and most reactive of the Group 12 elements.
Period 4 element

A **period 4 element** is an element in the fourth period (row) of the periodic table. It begins at potassium and ends at krypton. Period 4 has 18 elements.

Period 4 elements have electrons in the first four electron shells. All period 4 elements have one or more electrons in the fourth electron shell (valence electrons). When atomic number increases by one, another electron is added. Two electrons join the 4s orbital, ten electrons join the 3d orbital, and six electrons join the 4p orbitals.

p
Kilogram per cubic metre

A **kilogram per cubic meter** is a measurement of density. It is defined as the amount of kilograms that one cubic meter of a substance has in it.
Smokey Harris

**Thomas Wilfred "Smokey, Fred" Harris** (born October 11, 1890 in Port Arthur, Ontario, Canada – June 4, 1974) was a Canadian professional ice hockey forward.

Harris began playing professional ice hockey with the Vancouver Millionaires in 1911.  After spending some time with the Millionaires he moved on to play for the Seattle Metropolitans and Portland Rosebuds. Eventually he would find his way to the other side of the country to play for the Boston Bruins in the National Hockey League where he scored the first goal in the teams history.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **image**: Smoky Harris, Vancouver Millionaires.jpg
- **position**: Winger (ice hockey), Left Wing
- **shoots**: Left
- **height ft**: 5
- **height in**: 11
- **weight lb**: 165
- **played for**: Boston Bruins
- **birth place**: Port Arthur, Ontario, Port Arthur, Ontario, ON, Canada, CAN
- **career start**: 1911
- **career end**: 1932
Kilojoule per mole

A **kilojoule per mole** is a way of measuring the amount of heat needed for something. It is the number of kilojoules needed to make the reaction in one mole of substance.
Enthalpy of fusion

**Enthalpy of fusion** is the measure of the energy needed to change a substance from a solid to a liquid. Extra energy is needed, more than what is obvious by the temperature scale. For example, ice at 0°C needs to absorb heat before it converts (changes) to water at 0°C. The temperature does not change, but energy is absorbed to change from solid to liquid.

## Related pages

- Enthalpy of vaporization
Picometre

A **picometre** is a measurement. It is **one millionth of a millionth** of a metre. It is also one billionth of a millimetre. This is very small. Many atoms are larger than this. A picometer is 1×10−12 m (1 / 1,000,000,000,000 m). 1 picometer equals 0.001 nanometre , 0.01 angstrom or 1000 femtometre.
1 E-10 m

To help compare different orders of magnitude this page lists lengths between 10<sup>−10</sup> m and 10<sup>−9</sup> m (100 pm and 1 nm).

- 100 pm — 1 ångström
- 100 pm — covalent radius of sulfur atom
- 120 pm — van der Waals radius of a neutral hydrogen atom
- 126 pm — covalent radius of ruthenium atom
- 135 pm — covalent radius of technetium atom
- 153 pm — covalent radius of silver atom
- 154 pm — mode length of (C-C) covalent bond
- 155 pm — covalent radius of zirconium atom
- 175 pm — covalent radius of thulium atom
- 200 pm — highest resolution of a typical electron microscope
- 225 pm — covalent radius of caesium atom
- 340 pm — thickness of single layer graphene
- 356.68 pm — width of diamond cell (unit cell)
- 403 pm — width of lithium fluoride cell
- 500 pm — width of α helix protein
- 560 pm — width of sodium chloride cell
- 700 pm — width of glucose molecule
- 780 pm — mean width of quartz cell
- 820 pm — mean width of ice cell
- 900 pm — mean width of coesite cell
- 900 pm — width of sucrose molecule
Covalent radius

The **covalent radius** is the radius of an atom that is measured when that atom is in a covalent bond. It is normally measured in picometers. It is normally found by X-ray diffraction. It is half the distance between two similar atoms joined by a covalent bond.
Van der Waals radius

The **Van der Waals radius** is the radius of an atom that is seen as a hard sphere. It is named after the person who realized that atoms were not points, but actual objects. It can be found by the critical point and the physical properties of a gas. It also can be found by a molecular crystal.
Diamagnetism

**Diamagnetism** is a type of magnetism. They very weakly repel magnets. Most substances are diamagnetic. It was discovered in 1778 when someone saw that bismuth and antimony repelled a magnet. Diamagnetic things can be levitated. A frog was levitated in a very strong magnet. Water can be repelled by a magnet because it is diamagnetic. It is too weak to be noticed normally, though.
Young's modulus

**Young's modulus** is the measure of how much force is needed to stretch or compress a substance. Its most basic form is stress/strain. Stress is the measure of the force applied to a certain area. Strain is the amount by which the substance is deformed.
Shear modulus

**Shear modulus** is a measure of the amount of force that will shear or twist an object. It is normally the letter _G_. It is the measure of the force needed to shear an object that is attached to a solid object. It can also measure the amount of force needed to twist an object.
Bulk modulus

The **bulk modulus** (letter _K_) is a measure of the resistance of a substance to compression on all sides. Gases are easily compressed, while solids and liquid are only compressed with difficulty. It is measured by a measuring instrument when another object is placed under pressure. Its unit is psi.
Poisson's ratio

**Poisson's ratio** (letter _v_) is a measure of the contraction that happens when an object is stretched. It is named after Siméon Denis Poisson. This contraction is perpendicular to the stretching force. It can also expand as the object is compressed in a perpendicular direction.

For example, if a block is being stretched as shown in the image to the right, the equation for the poisson's ratio will be:
Poisson's ratio ranges from 0.0-0.5 for common materials, though for materials with certain structures, can be as low as -1. A material with a Poisson's ratio close to 0 (like cork) can be stretched a lot in the axial direction without changing much at all in the transverse, where as pulling on a material with a high Poisson's ratio (like rubber) will cause it to become much more narrow. A material with a negative Poisson's ratio will expand in all directions as it is stretched.
Brinell scale

The **Brinell scale** is a measure of hardness in materials.  It is measured by making a dent in the material and seeing how deep the dent goes with a known amount of force. It is similar to the Mohs' hardness scale, which scratches the material. It is used to test the hardness of metals. Normally, a steel ball is pressed into an object and the dent made is measured.

## References

- .
CAS registry number

A **CAS registry number** is a unique number given to every chemical substance by the Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS). It is also called  **CASRN** or **CAS number**. CAS registry number is also given to organic, inorganic compounds, minerals, isotopes, alloys. They are numbers ending with a check digit. They do not contain any structure information of the chemical.

It now identifies more than 164 million organic and inorganic substances. 68 million protein and DNA sequences are identified also. It is updated with around 15,000 new substances everyday.
Jeff Heerema

**Jeff Heerema** (; born January 17, 1980 in Thunder Bay, Ontario) is a Canadian professional ice hockey winger. He was drafted in the first round, 11th overall, by the Carolina Hurricanes in the 1998 NHL Entry Draft.

## Career statistics

|colspan="3" bgcolor="#ffffff"||rowspan="99" bgcolor="#ffffff"||colspan="5"|Regular season|rowspan="99" bgcolor="#ffffff"||colspan="5"|Playoffs||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1997–98|Sarnia Sting|OHL|63|32|40|72|88|5|4|1|5|10|
|1998–99|Sarnia Sting|OHL|62|31|39|70|113|6|5|1|6|0|
|1999–00|Sarnia Sting|OHL|67|36|41|77|62|7|4|2|6|10|
|2000–01|Cincinnati Cyclones|IHL|73|17|16|33|42|4|0|0|0|0|
|2001–02|Lowell Lock Monsters|AHL|76|33|37|70|90|5|2|3|5|2|
|2002–03|Lowell Lock Monsters|AHL|36|15|17|32|25|—|—|—|—|—|
|2002–03|Carolina Hurricanes|NHL|10|3|0|3|2|—|—|—|—|—|
|2003–04|St. Louis Blues|NHL|22|1|2|3|4|—|—|—|—|—|
|2003–04|Worcester IceCats|AHL|1|0|0|0|2|—|—|—|—|—|
|2003–04|Hartford Wolf Pack|AHL|41|12|15|27|25|4|0|0|0|9|
|2004–05|Manitoba Moose|AHL|80|14|30|44|67|14|4|6|10|12|
|2005–06|Binghamton Senators|AHL|77|27|47|74|69|—|—|—|—|—|
|2006–07|Binghamton Senators|AHL|78|36|31|67|75|—|—|—|—|—|
|2007–08|Frankfurt Lions|DEL|50|20|21|41|48|12|1|6|7|8|
|2008–09|Frankfurt Lions|DEL|48|18|13|31|53|5|3|0|3|0|
|2009–10|KHL Medveščak|EBEL|28|7|17|24|26|11|2|0|2|26|

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **image**: Jeff Heerema 061209.jpg
- **image size**: 180px
- **played for**: Carolina Hurricanes
 St. Louis Blues
Frankfurt Lions
KHL Medveščak
Nottingham Panthers
- **position**: Winger (ice hockey), Right Wing
- **shoots**: Right
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 2
- **weight lb**: 212
- **birth place**: Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
- **draft**: 11th overall
- **draft year**: 1998
- **draft team**: Carolina Hurricanes
- **career start**: 2000
- **career end**: 2012
Danny Gruen

**Daniel Patrick Gruen** (born June 26, 1952 in Thunder Bay, Ontario) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey player. His career included 49 games in the National Hockey League and 181 games in the World Hockey Association, during which he played with the Colorado Rockies, Detroit Red Wings, Michigan Stags, Winnipeg Jets, Cleveland Crusaders, Calgary Cowboys, and Minnesota Fighting Saints.
Mike Hordy

**Michael Hordy** (born October 10, 1956 in Thunder Bay, Ontario) is a retired Canadian professional ice hockey player. During his career he played eleven games in the National Hockey League for the New York Islanders.
Steve Hrymnak

**Stefan** "**Steve**" **Hrymnak** (March 3, 1926 – November 23, 2015) is a retired Canadian professional ice hockey player. His career included playing 18 games in the National Hockey League for the Chicago Black Hawks and Detroit Red Wings.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **image**: Steve Hrymnak.jpg
- **image size**: 230px
- **caption**: Hrymnak pictured in a 1944 newspaper
- **position**: Defenceman, Defence
- **played for**: Chicago Black Hawks
Detroit Red Wings
- **shoots**: Left
- **height ft**: 5
- **height in**: 11
- **weight lb**: 178
- **birth place**: Port Arthur, Ontario, Port Arthur, Ontario, Canada
- **death place**: Thunder Bay, Ontario, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
- **career start**: 1946
- **career end**: 1958
Board of directors

A **board of directors** is a group of people. They normally oversee the actions of a corporation or other business. There are laws called bylaws that the board follows. They organize the business, appoint the CEO, organize budgets and take care of financial matters.

Within a board, directors commonly organize themselves into several committees, such as:  audit committee, compensation committee, and human resource committee.

Usually once a year, the board of directors invite shareholders to a meeting to talk about the company.
Clinical thermometer

A **clinical thermometer** is a thermometer used to measure human body temperature. Most made in the 20th century are mercury-in-glass thermometer<nowiki/>s. They are accurate and sensitive, having a narrow place where the mercury level rises very fast. A kink in the tube stops the mercury level from falling on its own.

These thermometers are used in clinics by doctors,  it is a clinical thermometers they are also called a doctor's thermometers or medical thermometers.  Most show both Celsius scale and Fahrenheit temperature scales, and run from 35 degree Celsius to 42 degree Celsius.

Medical thermometers are cleaned before and after each use, with alcohol.

For centuries medical thermometers were large, and took many minutes to register a temperature.  Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit invented a quicker mercury thermometer in 1714, and the Fahrenheit temperature scale.  In the 1860s smaller, better ones were made, and thus thermometers were more often used.  An ear thermometer was invented in the 1960s, which works quickly and easily.  Digital thermometers became widespread in the late 20th century.