juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Mikroglottika

***Mikroglottika - An International Journal of Minority Languages Philologies***, is a language scientific magazine about minority languages. The word _Mikroglottika_ means _minority language studies_.

It encourages studies about minority languages philology, as phonology, syntax, lexicon and related topics.

It is edited by Peter Lang in Germany. Teachers from Universities of several European countries also contribute.
Its Yearbook 2008 has content about these languages:

- Basque
- German
- Leonese
- Luxemburgian
- Ukrainian

## Other websites

- Mikroglottika web site
Zieria adenophora

The **Araluen Zieria** (_Zieria adenophora_), is a small shrub found in only one place, on a slope above the Araluen Creek, near Araluen, New South Wales, Australia. In 2001 there were only 56 known plants. The plants were first collected in 1888, and they were then thought to have become extinct. The Zieria was rediscovered in the late 1980s.

## What the plant looks like

It is a small shrub, which is related to the boronia plants. It is about  tall and 50 cm wide, though some plants have grown up to  tall. It has a small white or pink flower with four petals, about  long. The plant has flowers in spring, from August to October. It also has small green leaves which are trifoliate, as being in three parts like a clover leaf. The leaves have a strong smell.

## Where they grow

The plants have only been found near the Araluen Creek. They are growing on a steep, rocky, hillside.

## Endangered

The plant has been listed as Endangered under the Australian Government's Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999. It is also listed by the New South Wales Government, Endangered (Schedule 1, Part 1) on the NSW Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995. It is endangered because there are so few of the plants and they are only found in one place. A bushfire could destroy all the plants. There is also a danger from wild goats in the area. The goats do not eat the Zieria, but they could walk on the new seedlings and crush them. The goats might eat all the other plants which could lead to erosion and the soil could be washed away. Weeds growing around the plants might also stop new Zierias from growing.

## Saving the plant

There is now a plan to protect the plant. These plans include:
- A fence to keep out wild goats
- Stopping any building or disturbing the site
- Studying the plant
- Trying to grow new plants in other places
- Looking for the plants in other places.

## Other websites

- Photo of the Araluen Zieria from the Australian Plant Image Index
Methotrexate

**Methotrexate** is a drug. It is used to treat cancer and other autoimmune diseases. It can also be used to cause a medical abortion in the early stages of pregnancy.
Hysterotomy abortion

A **hysterotomy abortion** is a form of surgical abortion. In a hyterotomy abortion, the womb is opened, and the fetus is removed. This is similar to a Caesarean section, but requires a smaller cut.

This method has the greatest risk of complications out of all the abortion procedures.  It is only used where other methods can or should not be done. It is used between the 12th and 24th week of pregnancy.
Duke of Devonshire

**Duke of Devonshire** is a title in the Peerage of England held by members of the aristocratic Cavendish family. This branch of the Cavendish family has been one of the richest and most influential aristocratic families in England since the 16th century, and have been rivalled in political influence perhaps only by the Earls of Derby and the Marquesses of Salisbury.

## Further reading

- Pearson, John. _The Serpent and the Stag_. Holt, Rinehart, & Winston, 1984.

## References

- Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). _Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage_ (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990.
- www.thepeerage.com

## Other websites

- An Online Gotha - Devonshire
- Chiswick's local search engine
Secretary of State for Transport

The **Secretary of State for Transport** is the member of the cabinet responsible for the British Department for Transport.  The role has had a high turnover as new appointments are blamed for the failures of decades of their predecessors.  The office used to be called the Minister of Transport, and has been merged with the Department for the Environment at various times.

## Infobox (political post)

- **post**: <small>United Kingdom</small>
Secretary
- **body**: State for Transport
- **flag**: Flag of the United Kingdom.svgborder
- **flagsize**: 110px
- **flagcaption**: Flag of the United Kingdom
- **insignia**: Royal Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom (HM Government).svg
- **insigniacaption**: Arms of Government of the United Kingdom, His Majesty's Government
- **department**: Department for Transport
- **image**: Louise Haigh Official Cabinet Portrait, July 2024 Crop 1.png
- **incumbent**: Louise Haigh
- **incumbentsince**: 5 July 2024
- **style**: _The Right Honourable_
<small>(Formal prefix)</small>
_Transport Secretary_
- **appointer**: Charles III
- **appointerpost**: Monarchy of the United Kingdom, the Sovereign, on the advice of the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Prime Minister
- **inaugural**: Eric Geddes
- **formation**: 19 May 1919
- **website**: [https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/department-for-transport www.gov.uk]
Duke of Gloucester

**Duke of Gloucester** () is a British royal title (after Gloucester), often conferred on one of the sons of the reigning monarch. The first four creations were in the Peerage of England, the next in the Peerage of Great Britain, and the last in the Peerage of the United Kingdom; this current creation carries with it the subsidiary titles of Earl of Ulster and Baron Culloden.

## Other websites

- Duke of Gloucester
Edinburgh Trams

The **Edinburgh Trams** project is a scheme to build a new tramway in Edinburgh, Scotland.  Local public transport had been limited to buses since the closing of the city’s previous Edinburgh Corporation Tramways system on 16 November 1956.Edinburgh Trams is a tramway in Edinburgh, Scotland, operated by Edinburgh Trams Ltd. As of 2017 it is a 14-kilometre line between York Place in New Town and Edinburgh Airport, with 16 stops. Construction began in June 2008, and after encountering delays it opened on 31 May 2014.

## Related pages

- Transport in Edinburgh
- Edinburgh Corporation Tramways (closed in 1956)
- Light Rail Transit Association
- Scottish Tramway and Transport Society
- List of Tramways in Scotland
- Edinburgh Airport Rail Link

## Other websites

- Edinburgh's Official Tram Time web site
- Leith Business Association  Business Owners affected by the implementation of the tramway
- Auditor Generals Report on Tram Scheme
- Edinburgh Tram (Line One) Bill Committee
- Edinburgh Tram (Line Two) Bill Committee
- Edinburgh Tram (Line One) Act 2006
- Edinburgh Tram (Line Two) Act 2006
BR Standard Class 8

The **BR Standard Class 8** is a single 4-6-2 _Pacific_ steam locomotive made in 1954 for British Railways. It was named _Duke of Gloucester_. It was made to replace an engine that was destroyed in the  of 1952.

## Sound

- 71000 passing St Andrew's Junction

## References

- 'British Railways standard 3 cylinder 4-6-2 express passenger steam locomotive No. 71000' (_HMSO, British Transport Commission_: London, 1957), p. [58] (Performance and efficiency tests, Bulletin No. 15)
- 'British Railways standard class "8" locomotives' (_Engineer_: 1954, 197, 81)
- 'B.R. class 8 4-6-2 locomotive No. 71000' (_Locomotive, Railway Carriage and Wagon Review_: 1954, 60)
- 'British Railways prototype class '8" express passenger locomotive' (_Railway Magazine_: 1954, 100)
- Clarke, David: _Riddles Class 6/7 Standard Pacifics (Locomotives in Detail volume 5)_ (Ian Allan: Hinckley, 2006)
- Herring, Peter: _Classic British Steam Locomotives_ (Abbeydale Press: London, 2000) Section "BR Standard Class 8"
- Hopkins, Danny and Streeter, Tony: 'The Duke's Bad Day' (_Steam Railway Magazine_: 2007, 338)
- Langston, Keith: _Made in Crewe: 150 Years of Engineering Excellence_ (Mortons Media: Horncastle, 2006),
- Nock, O.S.: 'Performance and efficiency tests on B.R. class 8 locomotive' (_Engineer_: 1957, 204)

## Further reading

- Gilbert, Dr. P. T. (Ed.): _A Detailed History Of BR Standard Steam Locomotives. Volume 1. Background to Standardisation and Pacific Classes_ (Railway Correspondence & Travel Society (RCTS): 1994)

## Other websites

- The 71000 Trust website - latest news and photos of the Duke of Gloucester
- The Duke of Gloucester website - more detail and pictures
- Steam Special along the West Cumbria Coast 24th Feb and 10 March 2007

## Infobox (locomotive)

- **powertype**: Steam
- **name**: BR Standard Class 8
- **image**: Hugh llewelyn 71000 (5363551073).jpg
- **imagesize**: 300
- **caption**: No.71000 "Duke of Gloucester" hammering across the Somerset Levels on the _Torbay Express_
- **designer**: Robert Riddles
- **builder**: BR Crewe Works
- **builddate**: April 1954
- **totalproduction**: 1
- **whytetype**: 4-6-2 (_Pacific_)
- **uicclass**: 2′C1′h3
- **tenderweight**: BR1E:
BR1J:
- **tendertype**: 1954–1958: BR1E
1958–1962: BR1J
- **fueltype**: Coal
- **watercap**: BR1E:
BR1J:
- **boiler**: BR13
- **cylindercount**: Three
- **factorofadhesion**: 3.78
- **operator**: British Railways
- **locale**: London Midland Region of British Railways, London Midland Region
- **powerclass**: 8P
- **fleetnumbers**: 71000
- **withdrawndate**: December 1962
- **disposition**: Preserved
Street furniture

**Street furniture** is the equipment on streets and roads mostly for the safety of people and their information. The term is most used in the UK, Canada and Australia.

It includes benches, bollards, post boxes, phone boxes,  street lighting, traffic lights,  traffic signs,  bus stops, grit bins, tram stops, taxi stands, public lavatories, public bookcases, fountains and memorials, and waste receptacles.

An important consideration in the design of street furniture is how it affects road safety.

## Related pages

- Roads
- Pedestrian crossing
Henri Poincaré

**Jules Henri Poincaré** (29 April 1854 – 17 July 1912) was a French mathematician and scientist. He was described as a "monster of mathematics " when still a child. Many people think he was the last person to understand all branches of mathematics before the subject became too big for anyone to do this.

## Family

He came from a clever family, his father was a professor of medicine and his cousin, Raymond Poincaré became president of France. He was sick as a child and for many years he had to be taught at home by his mother.

## Works

He used his mathematical skills to look at some of the biggest problems in science in his day. He was the first person to describe in mathematical terms how three planets in orbit affect each others paths as they pass near by one another. This was called the Three Body Problem. He also tried to understand why the speed of light seems to be the fastest speed at which anything can travel in the universe. In some ways he beat the famous scientist Albert Einstein to solving this question, but Einstein gave a more complete answer. He gained fame for the discovery of the theory of relativity instead of Poincaré.

He created the Poincaré Conjecture, one of the most famous problems in mathematics which was only solved 100 years later. He began the branches of mathematics which are known today as chaos theory and topology.

He also wrote about science in a simple way that ordinary people could understand.
Michael Barrymore

**Michael Barrymore** (born 4 May 1952) is an English comedian and light entertainer. He presented shows including _Strike it Lucky_ and _My Kind of Music_. He married Cheryl Cocklin (1950-2005) in 1976. In 1995, he announced he was gay. She divorced him in 1997.

He was in trouble after Stuart Lubbock was found dead in his swimming pool in 2001. In 2015, the police admitted that Barrymore was wrongfully arrested. In August 2017, was said to have sought £2.4million  as compensation, after the judge ruled that he was entitled to more than 'nominal damages' from Essex Police of wrongful arrest that 'destroyed his career'.

He used to have late night chats with Diana, Princess of Wales when he had trouble with alcoholism. In 2006, he was a housemate in Celebrity Big Brother, in its fourth season. In 2008, he has returned to the theatre and was in a play as Spike Milligan. In 2010, he stated that he is bisexual and in a relationship with a woman.
Jagdgeschwader 1 (World War I)

The **Jagdgeschwader 1** was a German flying command of the First World War.

The first commander of this group was Manfred von Richthofen. After his death in April 1918, Wilhelm Reinhard became the second commander. The third and last commander of this group was Hermann Göring.

This flying command is also called "The Red Baron".
Tripod

**Tripod** is a word generally used to refer to a three-legged object, usually one used as a platform of some sort, and comes from the Greek _tripous_, meaning "three feet".

**Tripod** may also mean:
- A camera's stand
- A portable crane (machine)
- Visual Basic, whose forerunner was called tripod
Barry George

**Barry George** (born 15 April 1960) is a British criminal who was wrongly held in prison for 8 years for the assassination of journalist Jill Dando. He later had a retrial. His murder conviction and sentence were overturned.

Barry George was born in London in 1960. He is mentally ill and has an IQ of 75. Prior to his trial, he was diagnosed with Asperger syndrome and three personality disorders: antisocial, histrionic and narcissistic. When he was young he was a keen roller skater. He once leapt over a line of buses, using a ramp. He used to assume other names, calling himself Paul Gadd (Gary Glitter's real name) and Steve Majors. He also called himself Barry Bulsara and falsely claimed to be Freddie Mercury's cousin. (Mercury was born Farouq Bulsara).

In the early 1980s, he was convicted of impersonating a police officer, attempted rape and indecent assault. In 1983, he was arrested in the grounds of Kensington Palace whilst Prince Charles and Princess Diana were living there. George was carrying a knife, a rope and a poem which he wrote for Prince Charles. He also had photographs of himself in his flat with a mask and guns.

In 2000, he was arrested and charged with murdering Jill Dando. In 2001, he was convicted of the murder, but appealed his sentence. He was retried and found not guilty. Witnesses claimed he could not have killed her at 11.30am, because he was seen 20 minutes later much farther from her house than he could have been. George was released on 1 August 2008. In 2013 it was decided that George would not be given compensation for being put in prison for a murder he did not do.

George now lives in Ballincollig, County Cork.
Jill Dando

**Jill Wendy Dando** (9 November 1961 – 26 April 1999) was an English television presenter and journalist who worked for the BBC. On April 26, 1999, she was assassinated outside her home in London by a lone gunman.

## Early life

Jill Wendy Dando was born on November 9, 1961 to Jack Dando (February 1918 – February 2009) and Winifred Mary Jean Hockey (August 1918 – January 1986). She has an older brother, Nigel, worked as a journalist for BBC Radio Bristol before retiring in 2017. Before working for the BBC, he worked as a journalist in local newspapers. Jill grew up in Weston-super-Mare, Somerset. She moved to London in the 1980s.

## Career

Dando worked as a journalist and newsreader. She presented the travel programme _Holiday_ as well as _Crimewatch_. She was engaged to Alan Farthing for the last few months of her life.

## Death

On the morning of 26 April 1999, Dando left her partner's home in Chiswick, London. She then travelled by car to the house she owned at 29 Gowan Avenue, Fulham. As Dando got to her front door at about 11:32 BST, she was shot once in the head. Her body was found about fourteen minutes later by neighbour Helen Doble. Police were called at 11:47. Dando was taken to the nearby Charing Cross Hospital where she was dead on arrival at 13:03.

Forensic firearm examination showed that Dando had been shot by a bullet from a 9mm Short calibre semi-automatic pistol. Police ballistics checks showed that a blank firing pistol illegally turned into a firearm was used.

### Trial

Barry George was convicted of her murder in 2001. He was freed in 2008 when his retrial found him not guilty. Nobody else has been arrested for Dando's murder.

## Related pages

- Cold case
- Image of Dando

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Jill Dando
- **birth name**: Jill Wendy Dando
- **birth place**: Weston-super-Mare, Somerset, England
- **death place**: London, England
- **death cause**: Assassination, Assassination by gunshot
- **resting place**: Ebdon Road Cemetery
- **alma mater**: South Glamorgan Institute of Higher Education
- **employer**: BBC
- **occupation**: Journalism, Journalist, television presenter and news presenter, newsreader
- **years active**: 1979–1999
- **partner**: Alan Farthing (engaged)
Skydiving

**Skydiving** is parachuting (jumping)  from an airplane for fun.  Skydiving can be done individually and with groups of people.  Training is required, in which one can obtain a license for. Skydiving also requires one to move their body in an efficient manner, as it will allow the skydiving to be more  controlled. This includes basic movements like fall rate, forward and backward, slides, turns, and  stability. Unlike most paratroopers, skydivers often wait until they are low, before opening the parachute. The jump can also be made from a helicopter or a balloon that is high enough in the sky.  Skydiving can be an exciting sport.

Skydiving includes free falling (usually from an airplane) through the air prior to opening a parachute.   Typically skydives are carried out from around 4,000m (or 12,500ft) offering 40 to 50 seconds of freefall time.  Longer free fall times can be achieved by exiting an aircraft at altitudes much higher than 4,000m, but very high jumps require pressurized air within the aircraft, and bottled oxygen for the diver.

During a skydive, total freedom and control of the air can be enjoyed as well as many complex and spectacular maneuvers including flat turns, somersaults and formation skydiving.  Skydiving can be enjoyed either as an individual - doing solo(alone) jumps - or as part of a team carrying out formation skydiving. Usually the term ‘skydive’ refers to the time spent in freefall from exiting an aircraft to deploying a parachute, but skydiving also includes disciplines such as accuracy landings and canopy formation flying, which concentrate on the time spent after a canopy has been deployed

## Notable skydives

- Captain Joseph Kittinger recorded the highest skydive from a height of almost 102,800 feet (31.3 km) in 1960.
- The youngest to accomplish the feat of skydiving was four years old.
- On 6th of February 2004, a group of 357 skydivers joined hands and stayed in that formation for 6 seconds in Takhli, Thailand.
- The oldest person to skydive till date was Kathryn “Kitty” Hodges, 103 years and 129 days old.

## Related pages

- BASE jumping
- Hang gliding
The White Tie Affair

**The White Tie Affair** was an American rock-pop and alternative music group. The White Tie Affair formed in 2006 and is currently formed by Christopher Wallace - vocals, Sean Patwell - programming and guitar, Ryan McLain - keyboards and synth, and Timothy McLaughlin - drums. They released their hit debut studio album April 22nd, 2008 called _Walk This Way_. The band is famous for the single "Candle (Sick & Tired)". Other songs include "Allow Me to Introduce Myself... Mr. Right", "Take It Home", and "If I Fall". White Tie Affair has been recording songs since 2006.

## Albums

- Walk This Way
- Scene Change
- Get in Where You Fit In

## Songs

- Candle (Sick & Tired)
- Allow Me to Introduce Myself... Mr. Right
- The Letdown
- Take It Home
- If I Fall
- The Price of Company
- You Look Better When I'm Drunk
- She Knows

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: The White Tie Affair
- **img**: The White Tie Affair in Minneapolis, Minnesota.jpg
- **img capt**: The White Tie Affair performing in Minneapolis, Minnesota, March 23, 2009
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Chicago, Illinois
- **genre**: Pop rock, electronica,
- **years active**: 2006–2012
- **label**: Epic Records-Sony BMG / Slightly Dangerous
- **url**: http://www.thewhitetieaffair.com
- **current members**: Sean Patwell – Guitar, Programming
Chris Wallace – Vocals
Tim McLaughlin – Drums
Ryan McLain – Keyboard, Guitar
Walk This Way (album)

***Walk This Way*** is a hit debut studio album released in April 2008 by the alternative rock band The White Tie Affair. The album contains singles like "Candle (Sick & Tired)", "Allow Me to Introduce Myself... Mr. Right", and "Take It Home".

## Singles

- 2008 - _Candle (Sick & Tired)_
- 2008 - _Allow Me to Introduce Myself... Mr. Right_
- 2009 - _Take It Home_

## Track Listing

1. "Allow Me to Introduce Myself... Mr. Right"
1. "The Letdown"
1. "Candle (Sick & Tired)"
1. "Scene Change"
1. "Watching You"
1. "The Enemy"
1. "Take It Home"
1. "Price of Company"
1. "If I Fall"
1. "The Way Down"
Take It Home

***Take It Home*** is a song from the hit debut album by The White Tie Affair called _Walk This Way_. The song was not  required to be an official single, but did has hit airplay.
Get in Where You Fit In

***Get in Where You Fit In*** was released as an EP in 2007. Songs were not released off this EP. Songs were known to be including "The Letdown", and "Allow Me to Introduce Myself... Mr. Right". The EP was recorded by The White Tie Affair.

## Chart positions

|align="left"|Chart|align="left"|Position|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|align="left"|Billboard 200|align="left"|# 4|
|align="left"|Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums|align="left"|# 1|

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Get In Where You Fit In
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: Too Short
- **released**: October 26, 1993
- **recorded**: 1992–1993
- **genre**: Hip hop music, Hip hop, G-funk, gangsta rap
- **length**: 74:12
- **label**: Jive Records, Jive
- **prev title**: Shorty the Pimp
(1992)
- **next title**: Cocktails (album), Cocktails
 (1995)
Greene County Viaduct

The **Greene County Viaduct** is a  long train bridge in Greene County, Indiana,US. It is about  from Bloomington  between Solsberry and Tulip. It is officially known as **Bridge X75-6** and also known as the **Richland Creek Viaduct** and the **Tulip Trestle**.  Work on the bridge started on May 22, 1905. The groundbreaking ceremony was led by Joe Moss. It was finished in December of 1906. The bridge is the third longest bridge of its kind in the world. It has 18 towers for support. The original cost of the bridge was $246,504. It was estimated to be around $20 million in 2004 dollars. Two 45 foot sections were added to the bridge in 1916. Other than that, the bridge is as it was when it was originally constructed.

The bridge was built by the Indianapolis Southern Railway and successor Indianapolis Southern Railroad. That company became a part of the Illinois Central Railroad in 1911. It is now part of the Indianapolis-Newton, Illinois line of the Indiana Rail Road.

## Specifications

- Length:
- Tallest point:
- Location:

## Other websites

- http://www.bloombank.com/dept/pr/community/viaduct.html
- http://www.bloomingpedia.org/wiki/Greene_County_Viaduct
- http://www.indiana.edu/~librcsd/etext/hoosier/HI-04.html
- http://www.nlcs.k12.in.us/oljrhi/brown/viaduct/viaduct.htm
- http://www.lindaklong.com/viaduct.php
- http://www.ingenweb.org/ingreene/illinois_central/greene_trestle.htm
- http://www.flickr.com/photos/w9ned/sets/72157605412542006/
Sex doll

A **sex doll** (also called **love doll** or **blow up doll**) is a sex toy. It has the size of a sexual partner, and should help with masturbation.

Basically, there are two variations:
- Inflatable dolls; they can be filled with air before use
- Those modelled after mannequins; more expensive, but more realistic.

The openings in sex dolls are often fitted with vibrators. Prices for sex dolls range from about ten euros for an inflatable one, to several thousand euros for models with realistic skin.

Sex dolls can be used to bridge a period of loneliness. When the love of sex dolls becomes a fetish, this is known as pygmalionism or agalmatophilia.
The Fly

**The Fly** can be any of the following:
- _The Fly_ (George Langelaan)
    - _The Fly_ (1958 movie)
    - _Return of the Fly_ (1959)
    - _Curse of the Fly_ (1965)
    - _The Fly_ (1986 movie)
    - _The Fly II_ (1989)
Toxic assets

The term **toxic asset** is a nontechnical term used to describe certain financial assets when their value has fallen significantly and when there is no longer a functioning market for these assets, so that they cannot reasonably be sold. This term became common during the financial crisis that began in August 2007. Toxic assets played a major role in that crisis. When the market for such assets ceases to function, it is described as "frozen".

Markets for some toxic assets froze in 2007, and the problem grew significantly worse in the second half of 2008. Several factors contributed to the freezing of toxic-asset markets. The value of the assets were very sensitive to economic conditions, and increased uncertainty in these conditions made it difficult to estimate the value of the assets. Banks and other, major financial-institutions were unwilling to sell the assets at significantly reduced prices, since lower prices would force them to significantly reduce their stated assets, making them appear insolvent.
Tesseract

A **tesseract** is a 4-dimensional object with eight cells. Each cell is a cube. Together, each cell makes the surface of the tesseract. Unlike three-dimensional objects which rotate on both an axis and a plane (the plane being two dimensions and the axis being of the leftover dimension, height), a tesseract rotates on two planes, one made up of two dimensions, and another made up of the other two dimensions.

It is not possible to make a tesseract out of real materials. A tesseract is in four dimensions, but we can only move in three dimensions.

A Line is to the 1st dimension, Square is to the 2nd dimension, Cube is to the 3rd dimension, Tesseract is to the 4th dimension.

Due to tesseracts being 4D, it is impossible to completely accurately render it in a 3D universe, on a 2D screen. This is similar to how projecting a 3d cube to make an image always causes distortions, except in 3D we don't notice.
Comparison (grammar)

**Comparison**, in grammar, is a property of adjectives and adverbs.

Adjectives and adverbs take three degrees, such as _kind_, _kinder_, _kindest_.
The first degree is **positive**:
- _Bill is **kind**._
The second degree is **comparative**:
- _Bill is **kinder** than Joe._
The third degree is **superlative**:
- _Bill is the **kindest** man I have ever known._

Likewise, the use of _more_ as in _more quickly_ is comparative,

and the use of _most_ as in _most quickly_ is superlative.
Biltong

**Biltong** is an edible dried, cured meat snack that originates from South African countries. To be more specific, this high protein snack is from South Africa, Zimbabwe, Malawi, Namibia, Botswana, and Zambia. The word Biltong comes from the Dutch word ‘bil’ and ‘tong’ which respectively holds the meaning of ‘buttock” and “strip” or “tongue”. Biltong can be made of a variety of meats, though beef biltong is the most common one in modern times. Strip-cut beef fillets that are flat with muscle grains are used to make biltong. Due to this, biltong is usually slightly chewy. Biltong has traditionally been made of game meats such as kudu, springbok and wildebeest. You may also find biltong made of chicken, fish and ostrich meat.

## History

Biltong has actually been around for centuries with its roots tracing back to South Africa. In a time before refrigerators and freezers, indigenous people needed a way to preserve extra meat for future meals. To do this, they used the basic resources at hand — knives to cut the meat, salt to flavor and preserve, and tree branches to hang the meat until it was dry.

The 17th century European settlers who arrived later saw the benefits of having a stock supply of food. They quickly adopted this method, adding their own ingredients of vinegar and saltpeter (potassium nitrate) to the meat-curing mix.

Then, in the 19th century, came the Dutch. In a mass migration known as the Great Trek, thousands of Dutch farmers hitched their wagons to avoid British rule in Cape Colony and moved into the inland of Southern Africa.

For this long journey, they needed food — something portable, something non-perishable, and something with sustenance. Biltong was their perfect solution.

They toted the preserved meat with them as they traveled, calling it “biltong”— a combination of the Dutch words “bille” (for buttock) and “tonghe” (for strip or tongue).

This marked the beginnings of biltong, now one of South Africa’s favorite meaty snacks.
Liberal Christianity

**Liberal Christianity** is a term which is used for several movements in Christianity. These movements formed between the 18th and 20th century. Their philosophical and theological ideas have been influenced by those of Enlightenment. They are not _liberal_ in a political sense. They want to remain independent from dogmas defined by the different Christian Churches. When Liberal Christians interpret the Bible, they reject Biblical inerrancy and Papal authority. A Liberal Christian may have certain beliefs that are the same as those of more conservative Christians. Well known proponents include Hans Küng, Pierre Teilhard de Chardin and Albert Schweitzer.

Conservative theologians and scholars strongly criticize Liberal Christianity’s rejection of orthodox doctrines and willingness to adapt to the modern era, claiming that it goes against traditional conceptions of Christian faith. Liberal Christianity has also been criticized for its pluralistic and relativistic leanings in theology. Modernism has been denounced by the Catholic Church as a heresy.

## Related pages

- Quaker
- Episcopalian
- Unitarian Universalism
Albumin

**Albumin** is the name for a number of globular proteins that can be dissolved in water. Albumin is found in blood serum. Albumin is also found in egg white. The albumin index is used to measure the freshness of an egg. It measures how far an egg spreads if broken on a flat smooth surface. The older an egg is, the further it spreads.
Jerry Fodor

**Jerry Fodor** (April 22, 1935 – November 29, 2017) was a philosopher. He mostly worked on the philosophy of mind and cognitive science, both of which are concerned with how the mind worked.

His studies have concerned themselves with the idea of whether thought is expressed in language or whether it is absurd to think so. Fodor also attempted to tie in the design of the brain to the thoughts held within. This is described by many as a return to the 19th century practice of phrenology, although Fodor offers more science to back his version up than phrenologists. It is these views which led other philosophers, such as Jared Cole and Daniel Dennett to describe Fodor's claims as absurd and out of date.

Fodor lived in Newark, New Jersey with his wife, Janet. He had two children and several cats. Outside philosophy he enjoyed opera and writes for the London Review of Books.

Fodor died in New York City of complications from Parkinson's disease on November 29, 2017 at the age of 82.

## Works

- Fodor, Jerry A. 1975. _The language of thought_.
- Fodor, Jerry A. 1981. _Representations: philosophical essays on the foundations of cognitive science_. The MIT Press.
- Fodor, Jerry A. 1983. _The modularity of mind_. The MIT Press.
- Fodor, Jerry A. 2000. _The mind doesn't work that way:  the scope and limits of computational psychology_.  MIT Press.

## Infobox (philosopher)

- **region**: Western Philosophy
- **era**: 20th-century philosophy, 20th / 21st-century philosophy
- **color**: #B0C4DE
- **image**: Jerry_Fodor_in_2007.jpg
- **caption**: Jerry Fodor in 2007
- **name**: Jerry Alan Fodor
- **birth date**: April 22, 1935
- **birth place**: New York City, New York (state), New York
- **death place**: New York City, New York
- **school tradition**: Analytic philosophy, Analytic
- **main interests**: Philosophy of mind
Philosophy of language
Cognitive science
Rationalism Cognitivism
Functionalism (philosophy of mind), Functionalism
- **notable ideas**: Modularity of mind
Language of thought
- **influences**: Hilary Putnam Sydney Morgenbesser Jerome Bruner Franz Joseph Gall Noam Chomsky, David Hume
- **influenced**: Ernest Lepore Zenon Pylyshyn
Georges Rey Murat Aydede
Steven Pinker Dan Sperber
Deirdre Wilson Paul Churchland
Alan M. Leslie
Harry Houdini

**Harry Houdini** (March 24, 1874 - October 31, 1926) was a Hungarian-born American magician and escapologist. He also investigated fake spiritualists and was a skeptic.

## Life and career

He was born in Budapest to Jewish parents and was named _Ehrich Weiss_, but changed his name to Harry Houdini when he became a professional magician. At first he did not have much success in his career. In 1899 his acts got better when he met his manager Martin Beck. Mr Beck was impressed with Houdini's handcuff stunts and within a year Houdini was famous.

Houdini also appeared in several early movies and made many early airplane flights. He made the first successful airplane flight in Australia, on 18 March 1910, in Victoria.

## Death

Houdini died in Detroit, Michigan, on October 31, 1926. Two weeks before his death, a college student approached Houdini and asked him if he could withstand a punch in the stomach, a challenge which Houdini often took, and the former punched him several times. Houdini became sick afterwards, but continued to perform. Houdini's official cause of death was peritonitis (inflammation in the abdomen). Some speculate that it was caused by a ruptured appendix from that incident.

## In Popular Culture

- In 1953 there  was a popular but fictionalized movie "Houdini" (with Tony Curtis as Houdini); its ending is that Houdini accidentally drowns trying to escape from a escape proof water trap.
- A running gag in TV is that an evil magician is trying to steal Harry Houdini's "Magic Secrets":
    - In the TV show "Simon & Simon" "Grand Illusion" Season 3 episode 1 9/29/1983 is the theme of stolen Notes of Harry Houdini and a ghostly magician
    - In the cartoon The Real Ghostbusters episode "The Cabinet of Calamari" 9/30/1987 The Ghostbusters capture the ghost of Harry Houdini who keeps escaping from their traps; in a twist ending Houdini ghost not only rescuses Peter Venkman from a ghostly dimension but also help capture a dishonest magician who stole Houdini magic Secrets!

## Other websites

- Houdini Tribute  400+ Photos, videos, multimedia, and hear Houdini's voice.
- in 2010
- Harry Houdini: His Life and His Art
- Wild About Harry—Website devoted to what's new in the world of Houdini; books, DVDs, auctions, movies, events, and pop culture references.
Hysterectomy

A **hysterectomy** is surgery to remove the womb. This is usually done by a gynecologist.
Women who undergo a hysterectomy can no longer bear children. Hysterectomies are done for certain forms of cancer of the reproductive system (affecting womb, cervix, ovaries), or tumors.

A woman may have her uterus removed because she has a tumor. A tumor can be cancer. Another type of tumor can be benign. The uterus may be removed because organs in the pelvic area have moved down. When organs move, the uterus may move down, too. A hysterectomy may be able to fix this problem. A hysterectomy can be done for other reasons. These are endometriosis, bleeding, and pain that does not stop.

When a woman has a hysterectomy other organs may be removed. Removing the ovaries and fallopian tubes can be part of the hysterectomy.
Bergen County Academies

**Bergen County Academies** is a public high school in Hackensack, New Jersey, United States.

The Bergen Academies—as it is sometimes called—is a magnet school which attracts students from all over Bergen County. Students who apply to the school can choose to attend one of seven disciplines, called academies. The academies are Science (AAST), Engineering (AEDT), Medical (AMST), Business (ABF), Computer Science (ATCS), Culinary (ACAHA), and Visual and Performing Arts (AVPA). The AVPA academy is further split into three sub-sections: AVPA-V (Visual Arts), AVPA-T (Theater Arts), and AVPA-M (Music).

Notable alumni include:

- George Hotz (American hacker)
- Mark Leschinsky (filmmaker)
Hackensack, New Jersey

**Hackensack** is a city of Bergen County in the state of New Jersey in the United States.  It is the county seat of Bergen County. Almost 46,000 people were living in Hackensack as of 2020.

## Other websites

- Hackensack official website

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Hackensack, New Jersey
- **settlement type**: City
- **motto**: _A City in Motion_
- **image skyline**: BergenCountyCourtHouse2.jpg
- **image caption**: The Bergen County Court House, designed in the American Renaissance style
- **image map**: Bergen County New Jersey Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Hackensack Highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 250x200px
- **map caption**: Location of Hackensack in Bergen County, New Jersey, Bergen County highlighted in red (left). Inset map: Location of Bergen County in New Jersey highlighted in orange (right).

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- **image map1**: Census_Bureau_map_of_Hackensack,_New_Jersey.png
- **mapsize1**: 250x200px
- **map caption1**: Census Bureau map of Hackensack, New Jersey
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in New Jersey, County
- **subdivision name2**: Bergen County, New Jersey, Bergen
- **government type**: 1923 Municipal Manager Law
- **governing body**: City Council
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader title1**: City manager
- **leader title2**: Municipal clerk
- **established title**: Dutch colonization of the Americas, Settled
- **established title2**: Municipal corporation, Incorporated
- **established date**: 1665 (as New Barbadoes)
- **established date2**: October 31, 1693 (as New Barbadoes Township, New Jersey, New Barbadoes Township)
- **established title3**: Reincorporated
- **established date3**: November 21, 1921 (as a City (New Jersey), city under current name)
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 11.27
- **area land km2**: 10.86
- **area water km2**: 0.41
- **area total sq mi**: 4.35
- **area land sq mi**: 4.19
- **area water sq mi**: 0.16
- **area water percent**: 3.63
- **area rank**: 287th of 565 in state
16th of 70 in county
- **population as of**: 2020 United States census, 2020
- **population total**: 46030
- **population rank**: 45th of 565 in state
1st of 70 in county
- **population density km2**: auto
- **population density sq mi**: 10983.1
- **population density rank**: 33rd of 565 in state
10th of 70 in county
- **timezone**: Eastern Time Zone, Eastern (EST)
- **utc offset**: −05:00
- **timezone dst**: Eastern Daylight Time, Eastern (EDT)
- **utc offset dst**: −04:00
- **elevation ft**: 20
- **postal code type**: ZIP Code
- **postal code**: 07601
- **area code**: Area codes 201 and 551, 201
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standards, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 3400328680
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 885236
Dionysius Exiguus

**Dionysius Exiguus** (–), was a monk born in Scythia Minor. This is now a part of modern Romania. Dionysius is best known as the inventor of the Anno Domini era, which is used to number the years of both the Gregorian calendar and the Julian calendar.

## Related pages

- Anno Domini
Galilee

**Galilee** ( _ha-Galil_, lit: _the province_, Latin: _Galileia_,  _al-Jaleel_) is a region in northern Israel. It is traditionally divided into Upper and Lower Galilee. It is mentioned frequently in the New Testament.

Most of Galilee is rocky terrain, between  and  of altitude.The term Western Galilee is a modern one, it refers to the area in the west, near the sea. The capital of galilee is tiberias.
Louis Riel

**Louis David Riel ** (22 October 1844 – 16 November 1885,  (Loo-EE Ree-EL) in English) was a Canadian politician who helped found Manitoba and was a leader of the Métis people in the Canadian Prairies. He led two resistance movements against the Canadian government, led by Prime Minister John A. Macdonald.

Riel tried to preserve Métis rights and culture. However, he was until recently usually regarded as an outlaw since he fought the Canadian government in 1870, when his people took prisoners.

One of the prisoners was a man named Thomas Scott, who disobeyed and disrespected Riel's men by assaulting one of them.

Riel had enough, and Scott was put on trial to a jury that contained several of Riel's most trusted men including Elzéar Goulet, a Métis leader who supported Riel. The court found Scott annoying, and he was sentenced to death by firing squad.

Riel fled to the United States but in 1885 returned to fight against the Canadian government again.

English-speaking Canadians, especially in Ontario, considered Riel a murderer of Scott. That caused a war party, the Wolsely Expedition, to be sent to put the resistance and eventually captured Riel. He was put on trial and then hanged in Regina, which is now in Saskatchewan.

French-speaking Canadians caused a riot in Montreal, Quebec, after his execution and still consider him as a hero.

## Infobox (politician)

- **name**: Louis David Riel
- **image**: Louis Riel.jpg
- **image size**: 200px
- **riding**: Provencher (electoral district), Provencher
- **predecessor**: George-Étienne Cartier
- **successor**: Andrew Bannatyne
- **birth place**: Red River Colony, Rupert's Land
- **death place**: Regina, Saskatchewan, Regina, District of Assiniboia
- **occupation**: Politician
- **spouse**: Marguerite Monet dit Bellehumeur (1881–1885)
- **parents**: Louis Riel Sr.
Julie Lagimodière
- **children**: Jean-Louis,
Marie-Angélique
Final Solution

The **Final Solution** (German: ***Die Endlösung***) was a plan made by Nazi Germany to exterminate European Jews (along with Roma and Sinti people) during World War II. The Final Solution was part of the Holocaust.

On July 31 1941, Nazi Luftwaffe leader Hermann Goering ordered the Schutzstaffel (SS) to make plans for a "Final Solution to the Jewish question." Nazi leaders planned a large part of the Final Solution at the Wannsee Conference on January 20, 1942.

### Shootings and gas vans

Early on, the Nazis killed Jews in a variety of ways, including mass shootings by death squads like the Einsatzgruppen.

Starting in the autumn of 1941, SS and police forces also began using mobile gas vans to kill people by carbon monoxide poisoning. The Nazis had already been using gas to execute people with disabilities in their T-4 Euthanasia Program, but had never used mobile gas chambers before.

In the gas vans, victims were sealed into the back passenger compartment. The vans had been changed so their exhaust gases (such as carbon monoxide) would enter the back. Victims suffered and then died from gas poisoning.

### Death camps

In 1942 Heinrich Himmler proposed Operation Reinhard, a plan to exterminate all Polish Jews. The operation was named after SS General Reinhard Heydrich, who had been killed by Czech soldiers.

The Nazis first set up three death camps in Poland: Belzec, Sobibor and Treblinka. Their purpose was to kill as many people as possible, and these camps had their own permanent gas chambers. In 1942 more death camps were set up in Poland at Auschwitz (which also had its own gas chamber), Majdanek, and Chelmno.

By the end of World War II, the Nazis had killed about six million Jews and millions of others.

## Related pages

- The Holocaust
- Extermination camps (death camps)
- Bełżec extermination camp
- Auschwitz concentration camp and extermination camp
- Wannsee Conference
- Genocide
Last Supper

The **Last Supper** is the final meal that, in the Gospel accounts, Jesus shared with his apostles in Jerusalem before his crucifixion.  The Apostle Paul tells of this supper in his first letter to the Corinthians.  The Synoptic Gospels all tell of Jesus using the bread and wine as symbols of his body and blood.  the Gospel of John does not include those details but tells of Jesus washing the feet of the disciples.  This has led to some Christian groups having a ritual of foot washing as a sign of humility.

The Last Supper is commemorated by Christians especially on Maundy Thursday. The Last Supper provides the purpose for Eucharist, also known as "Holy Communion" or "The Lord's Supper".

## How it is celebrated

Christian groups have different ways to celebrate this event.  The Roman Catholic mass is observed at least weekly. Lutheran, Episcopal and other denominations also do this, but their understanding of its meaning is not identical to that of the Roman Catholics. Other denominations celebrate no more than 4 times a year. Some Christian groups such as the Salvation Army do not celebrate it at all. Churches which celebrate the last supper usually have fixed rituals that are used. This is followed by the believers receiving small pieces of bread and a sip of wine or grape juice. Some churches practice "closed" communion.  This means only members of the church can participate.  Others, such as Methodists allow all those present to participate. Churches with closed communion may also deny their own members if they are not living according to the rules of the church.

## The Meaning of the Celebration

The historical Roman Catholic view is that in the Eucharist the bread and wine actually turn into the real body and blood of Jesus, even though their appearance does not change.
This would mean that celebrating the Eucharist adds to the sacrifice of Jesus on the Cross. They say it takes away pain or guilt from a person for whom it is celebrated. Protestants say this is wrong. They believe that the celebration helps Christians to remember that Jesus died for them. The sacrifice of Jesus was complete and perfect, and nothing needs to be added to it. The Anglican Church states this clearly in Article 31 of their Articles of faith.

## Relating page

- Eucharist
Josephus

**Titus Flavius Josephus** (; 37 –  100), born **Yosef ben Matityahu** ( _Yōsef ben Matiṯyāhu_;  _Iṓsēpos Matthíou paîs_), was a Jewish writer and historian who wrote a book about in the First Jewish–Roman War and destruction of Jerusalem in 70 . According to some historians, he wrote briefly about Jesus, some decades after Jesus died.

During the First Jewish-Roman War he fought against the Romans until his surrender in 67.
Suetonius

**Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus** (), commonly known as **Suetonius** ( ; c. AD 69 – after AD 122), was a Roman historian. His most important work is called _De Vita Caesarum,_ or _Lives of the Caesars_. It includes the biographies of twelve successive Roman rulers, from Julius Caesar to Domitian.

Suetonius was born when Vespasian was emperor, so scholars say he must have been born before 79 c.e.  His father was from Rome's equestrian social class.  He worked as a secretary for Emperor Hadrian but he was accused of something having to do with the empress Sabina and was forced to retire in 121 c.e.  He wrote _De Vita Caesarum_ after that.

Europeans during the medieval and early modern periods thought _De Vita Caesarum_ was a very good book.  Many scholars have read and translated it.  It has been printed in more than 100 separate versions since 1500 a.d.