juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Cluny Abbey

**Cluny Abbey** is a Benedictine abbey in Cluny. It was built in Romanesque style and its three churches date rom the 10th to the 12th century. It was founded by William I of Aquitaine in the year 910. Soon the place was noted because it followed the Rule of St. Benedict more strictly than the place where the rule was developed, that is Subiaco in Italy. Cluny became the leader of a movement called monasticism. The abbey also started the Cluniac Reforms, and was subject only to the pope, Sergius III at the time. The Benedictine order was very important for the stability of European society at the time. In 1790, during the French Revolution, the abbey was sacked, and mostly destroyed. Today, only very little of the original remains.

Dating around 1334, the abbots of Cluny had a townhouse in Paris known as the Hôtel de Cluny, what is now a public museum since 1833. Apart from the name, it no longer possesses anything originally connected with Cluny.
Irish rebellion of 1798

During the **Irish rebellion of 1798** (or **United Irishmen Rebellion**), Irish people rebelled against the rule of the Kingdom of Ireland. The rebellion lasted four months, from 24 May to 24 September 1798, but was eventually defeated.

The Irish suffered much greater losses than the British. On the Irish side, between 10,000 - 50,000 Irish people died. On the English side, between 500 and 2,000 did.

### The United Irishmen

A secret society called the United Irishmen (led by Wolfe Tone) were the main driving force in the rebellion. They were influenced by revolutions taking place in America and France around the time.

### Republican France

The rebellion was aided by Republican France, which was anti-Catholic at the time. However, most Irish people were Catholics. Even though the British government was also anti-Catholic, most Irish Catholics thought the Crown was the lesser of two evils. For these reasons, the rebellion never gained much traction.

## Infobox (military conflict)

- **conflict**: Irish Rebellion of 1798
- **partof**: the Atlantic Revolutions and the French Revolutionary Wars
- **colour scheme**: background:#bbcccc
- **image**: Vinhill.gif
- **image size**: 300px
- **caption**: Battle of Vinegar Hill by William Sadler Kelvin II (1880)  "Charge of the 5th Dragoon Guards on the insurgents – a recreant yeomanry, yeoman having deserted to them in uniform is being cut down"
- **date**:
(4 months and 18 days)
- **place**: Ireland
- **result**: Suppression by Crown forces
* Acts of Union 1800, Abolition of the Irish Parliament and creation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in 1801
* Attempt to renew the insurrection with a Irish Rebellion of 1803, rising in Dublin in 1803
* Guerrilla activity in counties County Antrim, Antrim until 1800,  County Wicklow, Wicklow until 1803 and County Wexford, Wexford until 1804.
- **combatant1**: Society of United Irishmen, United Irishmen
 Defenders (Ireland), Defenders

- **combatant2**: *
- **commander1**: William Aylmer
 Myles Byrne
 Thomas Cloney
 Bagenal Harvey
 Henry Joy McCracken
 Henry Munro (United Irishman), Henry Munro
 John Murphy (priest), Fr. John Murphy
 Michael Murphy (priest), Fr. Michael Murphy
 Philip Roche, Fr. Philip Roche
 Jean Joseph Amable Humbert, Jean Humbert
 Jean-Baptiste-François Bompart, Jean Bompart
- **commander2**: Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis, Charles Cornwallis
 Ralph Abercromby
 Gerard Lake, 1st Viscount Lake, Gerard Lake
 Sir George Nugent, 1st Baronet, George Nugent
 John Borlase Warren, John Warren
Volcanic winter

A **volcanic winter** is a climate cooling caused by an extremely large volcanic eruption. Such an eruption releases ash and sulfur dioxide in huge quantities. They form aerosols of sulfuric acid. When they reach the stratosphere more sunlight is reflected, and some is absorbed by the stratosphere. These reactions heat up the stratosphere, but lead to a drop in the temperature on the ground.

The Siberian Traps, Emeishan Traps, and Deccan Traps are huge flood basalt provinces caused by volcanism. They are the cause, or part of the cause, of several mass extinctions, especially the Permian–Triassic extinction event.

Nuclear winter is a theory of similar effects which might be caused by a large-scale nuclear war.

## Recent events

The effects of recent volcanic eruptions on winters are modest in scale but historically their effects have been significant.

Most recently, the 1991 explosion of Mount Pinatubo, a stratovolcano in the Philippines, cooled global temperatures for about 2–3 years.

In 1883, the explosion of Krakatoa (Krakatau) created volcanic winter-like conditions. The next four years after the explosion were unusually cold, and the winter of 1887 to 1888 included powerful blizzards. Record snowfalls were recorded worldwide.

The 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora, a stratovolcano in Indonesia, occasioned mid-summer frosts in New York State and June snowfalls in New England and Newfoundland and Labrador in what came to be known as the "Year without a Summer" of 1816.

A paper written by Benjamin Franklin in the 1780s blamed the unusually cool summer of 1783 on volcanic dust coming from Iceland. The eruption of Laki volcano had released enormous amounts of sulfur dioxide, resulting in the death of much of the island's livestock and a catastrophic famine which killed a quarter of the population. Temperatures in the northern hemisphere dropped by about 1 °C in the year following the Laki eruption.

In 1600, the Huaynaputina in Peru erupted. Tree ring studies show that 1601 was cold. Russia had its worst famine in 1601 to 1603. From 1600 to 1602, Switzerland, Latvia and Estonia had exceptionally cold winters. The wine harvest was late in 1601 in France, and in Peru and Germany wine production collapsed. Peach trees bloomed late in China, and Lake Suwa in Japan froze early.

In 1452 or 1453, a cataclysmic eruption of the submarine volcano named Kuwae.  It caused worldwide disruptions.

The Great Famine of 1315–1317 in Europe may have been caused by a volcanic event. That of Kaharoa, New Zealand, had lasted about five years.

## Related pages

- Supervolcano
The Brady Bunch

***The Brady Bunch*** is an American situation comedy created by Sherwood Schwartz. It stars Robert Reed, Florence Henderson and Ann B. Davis. It is about a large blended family who live in a suburban setting. It ran ABC from 1969 to 1974.

## Cast

- Robert Reed as Mike Brady
- Florence Henderson as Carol Brady
- Ann B. Davis as Alice Nelson
- Maureen McCormick as Marcia Brady
- Eve Plumb as Jan Brady
- Susan Olsen as Cindy Brady
- Barry Williams as Greg Brady
- Christopher Knight as Peter Brady
- Mike Lookinland as Bobby Brady
- Allan Melvin as Sam Franklin
- Jack Collins as Mr. Phillips
- Robbie Rist as Cousin Oliver

## Guest Stars

- Herbert Anderson
- Melissa Sue Anderson
- Desi Arnaz Jr.
- Jim Backus
- Ken Berry
- Imogene Coca
- Don Drysdale
- Don Ho
- Davy Jones
- Deacon Jones
- Bartell LaRue
- E. G. Marshall
- James McDivitt
- Joe Namath
- Denise Nickerson
- Wes Parker
- Vincent Price
- Marion Ross
- Natalie Schafer
- Marcia Wallace
- Rita Wilson
- Paul Winchell
Tristania

**Tristania** is a gothic metal band from Norway. The band was created by Morten Veland.

## Style

The album _Widow's Weeds_ (1998) is a mix of gothic rock, gothic metal and doom metal. The album _Beyond the Veil_ (1999) is a mix of gothic metal and doom metal. The album _World of Glass_ (2001) is a mix of gothic rock, gothic metal, alternative rock, symphonic metal and folk metal.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Tristania
- **img**: Tristania live.jpg
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Stavanger, Norway
- **genre**: Symphonic metal, Symphonic gothic metal, death/doom metal (19962004), gothic metal (2005present)
- **years active**: 1996present
- **label**: Napalm Records, SPV GmbH, SPV
- **associated acts**: Sirenia (band), Sirenia
Trail of Tears (band), Trail of Tears
Octavia Sperati
- **url**: [http://www.tristania.com/ Official website]
- **current members**: Mariangela Demurtas
Kjetil Nordhus
Anders Høyvik Hidle
Gyri Smørdal Losnegaard
Ole Vistnes
Einar Moen
Tarald Lie Jr.
- **past members**: Morten Veland
Kjetil Ingebrethsen
Vibeke Stene
Svein Terje Solvang
Rune Østerhus
Østen Bergøy
Kenneth Ølsson
Double acute accent

The **double acute accent** ( ˝ ) is a special mark called a diacritic. It is usually used to make a vowel sound longer. It is only used in the Latin alphabet. The double acute accent is mainly used in Hungarian. Because of this, it is sometimes called the **hungarumlaut**. This is a way of writing _Hungarian umlaut_.

## Related pages

- Acute accent
Ken Park

***Ken Park*** is a 2002 American movie. It is a co-direction by Larry Clark and Edward Lachman. It was written by Harmony Korine, based off Clark's journals. The movie was highly controversial because of its subject matter. The movie was not rated by the MPAA but is similar to an NC-17 due to foul language and strong sexual material involving minors. In Australia, _Ken Park_ was rated Refused Classification due to content.
V-1 flying bomb

The **V-1 flying bomb** (also called the **Buzz Bomb** or **Doodlebug**) was a World War II weapon.

It was a flying bomb, an early cruise missile. Its jet engine made it travel at 350 mph (600 kmph).  The Luftwaffe aimed it at London, and also Antwerp in Belgium. V-1s destroyed nearly as many houses as the Blitz did but killed fewer: 22,892 people were killed by the weapon.

The Allies tried to stop these attacks by bombing their launching places, by shooting at them in the air, and by flying fast planes close to them and nudging them off course using their wings.

They had a fairly crude guidance system. Overall, only about 25 per cent of V-1s hit their targets. Most were lost lost by defensive measures, mechanical unreliability or guidance errors.

## Related pages

- V-2 rocket

## Infobox (weapon)

- **name**: V-1 flying bomb
 Fieseler Fi 103
_Flakzielgerät 76 (FZG-76)_
- **image**: Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1975-117-26, Marschflugkörper V1 vor Start.jpg
- **origin**: Nazi Germany
- **type**: Guided missile
- **is explosive**: yes
- **is missile**: yes
- **service**: 1944–1945
- **used by**: _Luftwaffe_
- **wars**: World War II
- **designer**: Robert Lusser
- **manufacturer**: Fieseler
- **unit cost**: 5,090 German Reichsmark, RM
- **filling**: Amatol, Amatol-39
- **engine**: Argus As 014, Argus As 109-014 Pulse jet engine
- **speed**: flying between
- **guidance**: Gyrocompass based autopilot
Citrus Blast

**Citrus Blast** is a grapefruit flavored soft drink. It is made by PepsiCo.  It has no caffeine.  It was first sold in 2011.
Young Dracula

***Young Dracula*** is a British children's fantasy television series. It is shown on CBBC. The series is based on _Young Dracula AND Young Monsters_, a children's book by Michael Lawrence. The series is directed by Joss Agnew. It was first broadcast in 2006.

_Young Dracula_ was nominated for Best Children's Drama in the 2008 BAFTA Awards. A fourth series is now being filmed.

## Infobox (television)

- **genre**: Teen drama
Supernatural drama
- **creator**: Danny Robins
Dan Tetsell
- **starring**: Keith-Lee Castle
Gerran Howell
Clare Thomas
Simon Ludders
Andy Bradshaw
Sydney Rae White
Cesare Taurasi
Craig Roberts
- **composer**: John Rea (composer), John Rea <small>(series 1)</small>
Nick Lloyd <small>(series 2–3)</small>
- **country**: United Kingdom
- **language**: English
- **company**: BBC Cymru Wales
- **num series**: 5
- **num episodes**: 66
- **list episodes**: List of Young Dracula episodes
- **executive producer**: Josephine Ward
- **producer**: Mia Jupp <small>(series 1–2)</small>
 Lis Steele <small>(series 3)</small>
- **editor**: Pedr James
Bleddyn Rhys
William Oswald
- **camera**: Videotape (Filmizing, filmized)
Multiple-camera setup, Multi-camera
- **runtime**: 30 minutes
- **network**: CBBC Channel
**Repeats**
BBC One
BBC One HD <small>(series 3)</small>
BBC HD <small>(series 3)</small>
- **location**: Glamorgan <small>(series 1–2)</small>
Liverpool <small>(series 3)</small>
Sagittarius Window Eclipsing Extrasolar Planet Search

The **Sagittarius Window Eclipsing Extrasolar Planet Search**, or **SWEEPS**, was an astronomical survey. It was carried out in 2006. SWEEPS used the Hubble Space Telescope to look at 180,000 stars for seven days to find extrasolar planets.

## Area looked at

The stars that SWEEPS monitored were all in the Sagittarius-I Window. This is a rare transparent look at the huge group of closely packed stars at the Milky Way's centre (central bulge), in the Sagittarius constellation. Our view to most of the stars in the centre of the galaxy is blocked by lanes of dust. These stars are about 27,000 light years from Earth.

## Planets discovered

Sixteen planets were discovered by SWEEPS. They took from 0.6 to 4.2 days to go around the Sun. Planets which took less than 1.2 days to go around the sun have not been detected yet; these have been called "ultra-short period planets" (USPPs) by the search team. USPPs were discovered only around stars with a low mass. This means that larger stars might have destroyed any planets orbiting so closely, or that planets could not move as far inward around larger stars.

SWEEPS-4 and SWEEPS-11 orbited stars that were very different to other stars close by. This made it possible for these to be looked at again using the radial velocity method. Their masses could then be found.

## Related pages

- Hubble Space Telescope

## Other websites

- News Release Number: STScI-2006-34 Hubble Finds Extrasolar Planets Far Across Galaxy
Tenna

was a  after _Enpō_ and before _Jōkyō._  This period started in September 1681 and ended in February 1684. During this time, the emperor was .

The _nengō_ _Tenna_ means "Peace of Heaven".

## Events of the _Tenna_ era

- **1681** (_Tenna 1_): Tokugawa Tsunayoshi is established as the fifth shogun of the Tokugawa shogunate.

- **5 February 1681** (_Tenna 1, 28th day of the 12th month_): The Great _Tenna_ Fire in Edo.

- **1681** (_Tenna 2_): A famine afflicts Heian-kyō and the nearby areas.

- **1683** (_Tenna 3_): Tokugawa shogunate grants permission for Mitsui money exchanges (_ryōgaeten_) to open in Edo.

- **1683** (_Tenna 4_): Hotta Masatoshi is assassinated.

In Tenna, the first book was written about the coins of Japan.  The work was entitled _Classified Collection of Coins_ (_Kwacho Kuien_).

## Related pages

- Edo period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

|Tenna|1st|2nd|3rd|4th|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||1681|1682|1683|1684|
Brown asbestos

**Brown asbestos**, also called **grunerite** or **amosite**, is one of the six types of asbestos. It has the chemical formula Fe<sub>7</sub>Si<sub>8</sub>O<sub>22</sub>(OH)<sub>2</sub>. It is less common than white asbestos but can be found in some construction materials. Like other types of asbestos, being exposed to it can cause mesothelioma and asbestosis.
Jōkyō

was a  after _Tenna_ and before _Genroku._  This period started in February 1684 and ended in September 1688.  During this time, the emperors were   and .

## Events of the _Jōkyō_ era

The new era of  was created by the Imperial court.  After 1684, the power to create a calendar shifted to the shogunate.  The Tokugawa astrology bureau developed a calendar which was independent of Chinese almanacs.

- **1684** (_Jōkyō 1_): A fire burned the Imperial palace to ashes; and the reconstruction took a year.

- **1684** (_Jōkyō 1_): Chikamatsu Monzaemon began to write plays for the kabuki audience in Heian-kyō.

- **26 March 1685** (_Jōkyō 2, 22nd day of the 2nd month_): The former Emperor Go-Sai died; and a large comet appeared in the night sky.

- **13 April 1686** (_Jōkyō 3, 21st day of the 3rd month_): Emperor Reigen abdicated; and his younger brother received the succession (_senso_). Soon after, Emperor Higashiyama's role as monarch was confirmed by ceremonies (_sokui_).

- **1689** (_Jōkyō 6_'): Calendar with seven-day week.

## Related pages

- Edo period
- Jōkyō calendar

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

|Jōkyō|1st|2nd|3rd|4th|5th|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||1684|1685|1686|1687|1688|
Data Encryption Standard

The **Data Encryption Standard** is a 56-bit cipher that was once recommended by the U.S. Government. In 1998, it was defeated by a machine built by the Electronic Frontier Foundation. It has been replaced by the Advanced Encryption Standard in most uses.

## 3DES

After DES was cracked, the NIST, the US institution for technology and also cryptography, developed _3DES_. It has 3 times more bits, but is otherwise the same as DES.

Theoretically, 3DES should provide 168 bits of security. But because of the design, the NIST later said it only provides 80 bits of security. That can be broken by a modern computer and thus the cipher should be considered broken.
Sha Tin Racecourse

The **Sha Tin Racecourse** is a horse racing venue in Hong Kong.
1925 Geneva Protocol

The **Geneva Protocol of 1925** (The Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or Other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare) was a law that made it illegal to fight with chemical or biological weapons in interstate war. The Geneva protocol was signed on June 17, 1925 and the protocol was entered into force on January 8, 1928. Before, it was signed by some countries like the United Kingdom and France originally. Any country who has signed this Protocol must follow it.

After World War I, the Geneva Protocol was made from the treaties signed with Austria, Hungary and Bulgaria. The use of chemical weapons began in WWI when one million deaths resulted from chemical weapons.

After signing the treaty, some countries wanted to change it so that they would not have to follow it if the country fighting them did not follow the treaty. Because of this, many countries like France and United Kingdom withdrew from it. Others, like the United States still follow it but with this extra condition.

## References

- "Primary Documents- Geneva Protocol, 17 June 1925." _firstworldwar.com_. First World War.com, 22 Aug. 2009. Web. 6 Dec. 2011.
- "1925 Geneva Protocol." _un.org_. UNODA: United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs, n.d. Web. 6 Dec. 2011.
- "Geneva Protocol." _fas.org_. FAS: Weapons of Mass Destruction, n.d. Web. 6 Dec. 2011.

## Related pages

- Laws of war
Fledge

**Fledge** is the stage in a young bird's life when the feathers and wing muscles become developed enough for flight. It also describes the act of a chick's parents raising it until it is fully grown. A young bird that has recently fledged but still needs care and feeding is called a  **fledgling**.

In ornithology, fledging has many meanings, depending on species. Birds are sometimes considered fledged once they leave the nest, even if they still cannot fly.
Rat snake

**Rat snakes** are medium to large snakes that can be found mostly in the northern hemisphere. They feed primarily on rodents and birds and, with some species being over 3 m (10 feet), they are on the top levels of some food chains.  Many species make attractive pets and one, the corn snake, is one of the most popular reptile pets in the world. Other species can be very sensitive and sometimes aggressive, but the bites are not dangerous. Rat snakes were long thought to be completely nonvenomous, but recent studies have shown that some do have harmlessly small amounts of venom in them. When frightened, rat snakes may freeze, which is why a lot has been killed in traffic. Their diet consists of rodents, birds, and eggs. They adapt their diet according to availability and sometimes eat lizards, frogs, and other small mammals.

## Rat snakes in captivity

Rat snakes are commonly kept as pets. The corn snake especially is one of the most popular pet reptiles, and belongs to the rat snake family.

## Other websites

- Information on a variety of Rat Snakes
- Snakes World
The Birds of America

***The Birds of America*** is a book by naturalist and painter John James Audubon. It includes illustrations of a wide variety of birds of the United States. It was first published between 1827 and 1838, in Edinburgh and London.

The work is of hand-coloured, life-size prints, made from engraved plates, measuring around . It includes images of six birds that are now extinct: Carolina Parakeet, Passenger Pigeon, Labrador Duck, Great Auk,
Esquimaux Curlew, and Pinnated Grouse.
Charles Wright (poet)

**Charles Wright** (born August 25, 1935) is an American poet. He was awarded the National Book Award (1983) for _Country Music: Selected Early Poems_ and the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry (1998) for _Black Zodiac_.

## Related pages

- List of poets from North America
Emeishan Traps

The **Emeishan Traps** is a flood basalt volcanic province in Southwestern China, around Sichuan province. Many igneous rock types can be found there in what is known as large igneous province in geology. Other names for the traps include **Permian Emeishan Large Igneous Province**, and other variations. The Emeishan Traps are the step-like rock made up of many layers of basalt, which were laid down by successive eruptions of magma.

The eruptions that led to the Emeshian Traps began about 260 million years ago. The traps are much smaller than the Siberian Traps, which occurred not long afterwards, about 251 million years ago. However, the Emeshian Traps were large enough to have an impact on the ecology of the time and on paleontology. They are part of the mass extinction events towards the end of the Permian period.

The Emeishan Traps are part of the scientific debate on the causes of mass extictions. The Late Guadalupian extinction occurred at almost the same time as the Emeshian Traps were formed, which supports the argument that volcanism is the main driving force behind mass extinctions.

Another theory that has been proposed to explain mass extinctions is that meteor or comet impact events caused them. In that context, the hypothesis is that impact events cause flood basalt eruptions, such as those which generated the Emeshian Traps. The hypothesis is not widely supported.

## References

- Dobretsov N.L. 2005. Large igneous provinces of Asia (250 Ma): Siberian and Emeishan traps (plateau basalts) and associated granitoids. _Geologiya i geofizika_. **46**, 870-890.
- He, Bin _et al_ 2003. Sedimentary evidence for a rapid kilometer-scale crustal doming prior to the eruption of the Emeishan flood basalts. _Earth and Planetary Science Letters._ **213**, 391-405.
Hurricane Janet

**Hurricane Janet** was a deadly hurricane in September 1955. She killed 687 people in the Caribbean and in the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico. Janet peaked at Category Five strength: her winds reached the 175 mile per hour level. The name **Janet** was later retired.
RMS Carpathia

**RMS _Carpathia**_ was a passenger steamship of the Cunard Line.

_Carpathia_ was built by Swan Hunter & Wigham Richardson.  The ship made her maiden voyage in 1903.

She was famous for rescuing the survivors of RMS _Titanic_ after the RMS _Titanic_ hit an iceberg and sank on 15 April 1912.

_Carpathia_ was sunk in the Atlantic on 17 July 1918 during the First World War. She sank after being torpedoed by an Imperial German Navy U-boat. The captain of the Carpathia  was    A.H. Rostron.

## Other websites

- Carpathia (1903–1918 ; 13,555 tons)
- Maritimequest RMS Carpathia Photo Gallery
- Carpathia 1907 photos by Marjorie Champlin Bowen
Carpathia

**Carpathia** has several meanings:

- RMS _Carpathia_ was a ship. It rescued some survivors from the sinking of the RMS Titanic on April 15, 1912
- Carpathian Mountains, part of a mountain range in Europe
- There is also a mountain range on the moon called the Montes Carpatus.
- Carpathia, a fictional Balkan kingdom in the films _The Prince and the Showgirl_, _Ghostbusters II_, and _Dragon Storm_, as well as season 1, episode 14 of the television show _Fantasy Island_.
- Nicolae Carpathia, the fictional Antichrist and head of the Global Community in Left Behind
- Carpathian Ruthenia, a small historic region in Central Europe
- Carpathia, a fictional planet in the British television series _Outcasts_
Pope Clement V

**Pope Clement V** (; 1264 –20 April, 1314), born **Bertrand de Got**, was a French cleric of the Roman Catholic Church and the 196th Pope from 1305 until his death.

He was the first of the seven popes who lived in Avignon in France.

## Early life

Bertrand de Got was born around 1264 in Villandraut in Gironde region of France.

## Bishop

Betrand was Archbishop of Bordeaux.

## Pope

He was elected pope on June 5, 1305; and he chose to be called Clement V.  He was the fourth of six non-cardinals to be elected pope in the Middle Ages.

Pope Clement moved the papacy to Avignon.

The pope was involved in conflicts with the Knights Templar.

## Related pages

- List of popes
- Avignon Papacy

## Other websites

- Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Clement V

## Infobox (christian leader)

- **type**: pope
- **name**: Clement V
- **image**: Clemente V cappellone degli Spagnoli.JPG
- **birth name**: Bertrand de Got
- **birth date**: 1264
- **birth place**: Villandraut, France
- **death place**: Roquemaure, France
- **term start**: June 5, 1305
- **term end**: April 20, 1314
- **predecessor**: Pope Benedict XI
- **successor**: Pope John XXII
- **other**: Clement
Mucous membrane

A **mucous membrane** (or **mucosae**; singular **mucosa**) is a skin-like lining. A mucus membrane is covered in epithelium. They secrete mucus, and in the alimentary canal they absorb nutrients. They line cavities that are exposed to the external environment and internal organs.

At several places they connect up (are contiguous) with the skin. For example, at the nostrils, the mouth, the lips, the eyelids, the ears, the genital area, and the anus. Unlike skin, which has hair growing out of it, mucous membranes are hairless.

The sticky, thick fluid secreted by the mucous membranes and glands is called "mucous". The term _mucous membrane_ refers to where they are found in the body. However, not every mucous membrane secretes mucous.
Thimble

A **thimble** is a small, hard cup. People wear one on their finger for protection from the needle when sewing.
Raymond Poincaré

**Raymond Poincaré** (20 August 1860 - 15 October 1934)  was a French politician of the Third Republic. He was a cousin of the mathematician Henri Poincaré. He was president of France from 1913 to 1920, and Foreign minister several times. He had studied law at the Sorbonne and was trained to be a lawyer. He held a neutral view in the Dreyfus Affair at first, but later supported Dreyfus.
Knob and tube wiring

**Knob and tube wiring** (abbreviated K&T) was an early type of electrical wiring. It was commonly used from the 1880s to the early 1940s, and is occasionally, but very rarely, still used today. In knob and tube wiring, wires were held to the wooden structure by ceramic _knobs_, and were protected by ceramic _tubes_ when they went through a piece of wood. Wires were held to the knobs by another piece of non-conducting wire. A material called loom protected the wire when it entered a junction box, which usually contained an outlet, switch, or light fixture. Splices were soldered together and wrapped in cloth electrical tape. The insulation on knob and tube wiring was usually cotton cloth soaked in asphalt. To prevent short circuits, the hot and neutral wires were kept far apart. This is not necessary on modern wiring because modern insulation alone is enough to prevent short circuits. Knob and tube wiring did not have a ground wire and therefore did not have three-prong outlets. Most electrical codes allow the use of a GFCI to update knob and tube outlets to three-prong without installing any new wire.

## Safety

Knob and tube wiring used cloth insulation. Over time this insulation can wear out, become brittle, and fall off, leaving bare wire. The ceramic knobs and tubes provide some protection because even if the insulation does fall off, the bare wire can not touch the wooden structure. The insulation is also somewhat flammable. Some knob and tube insulation intended for industrial use contained asbestos, which reduced the risk of fire, but can cause cancer. Unlike modern wiring, splices were not contained in a protective box. If a splice failed, it could make a spark and start a fire. The fuse boxes usually had no protection from using an incorrect fuse. An incorrect fuse could cause the wiring to overheat and become damaged or start a fire. Another problem is that when a fuse blew, people who didn't know or didn't care about the hazards would sometimes replace it with a coin or a ball of foil if a replacement fuse wasn't available, leaving no overload protection at all. These issues can be partially corrected by installing a modern circuit breaker panel with arc fault circuit interrupter breakers. There was also no ground wire. Knob and tube can be updated with a GFCI to add the equivalent of grounding. There is generally no need to replace knob and tube wiring if it is in good condition.

## Unusual wiring layouts

Unlike modern wiring, knob and tube supply and return wires were not always alongside each other. In the oldest installations, several branch circuits could share the same neutral wire, which can cause overloads. To prevent overloads in this layout, the neutral wires were protected with fuses. If a neutral fuse blew or was removed, it could create a dangerous condition where the power appeared to be off, but was in fact still present. Three-way switches could also be wired in such a way that the outer ring of a lamp socket, which is normally connected to neutral, could be connected to hot, which is an electric shock hazard.

## Related pages

- Aluminum wiring
- National Electrical Code
Post-postmodernism

**Post-postmodernism** is a general term used to describe new developments emerging from postmodernism. A similar term is metamodernism. These terms are not always accepted: for example, they are not in the Tate Guide to modern art terms.

## History

Modernism began around 1900. It was a rejection of tradition and an attempt to see the world differently. Events such as World War 2 and the Great Depression made many feel modernism had failed. This led to postmodernism, which is cold and skeptical of the grand narrative of Western Society. This grand narrative is explained by Jean-François Lyotard as something. Postmodernism is a very broad term that cannot be defined by specific themes. It is an all-encompassing way of thinking.

Postmodernism is seen as a theory for explaining 20th Century culture. With the 20th Century now behind us and a new century beginning, many have suggested that Postmodernism is outdated in our current world. Advances such as the internet have changed the way we live, making the world a smaller place but also making communication and interaction with things around us less intimate. Post-Postmodernism takes this as a key reason why a return to sincerity and authentic expression is the way forward for the 21st Century.

## Definitions

Post-postmodernism is a very new idea that is still forming. There are many different ideas about how post-postmodernism could evolve and shape culture. They look to where faith, trust, dialogue, performance, and sincerity can work to overcome postmodern irony.
Enzo Fortuny

**Enzo Favio Fortuny** (born June 7, 1981 in Veracruz, Mexico) is a Latin American voice actor. He is always credited as _Enzo Fortuny_. While he remains as a specialist in young men's voices, his range is ample enough to allow him to portray either gentler roles (like Yukito Tsukishiro) or much rougher ones (like InuYasha). He is the Latin American Disney XD channel speaker and the official Latin American Dub-over artist of Drake Bell and Elijah Wood.

## Filmography

- _The Lord of the Rings_ movies series (2001 & 2002) - Frodo Baggins (voiceover for Elijah Wood) (all Latino Versions)
- _InuYasha_ (2002–2006) - InuYasha (Latino Version)
- _Harry Potter_ movie series - Fred and George Weasley (Latino Version)
- _Toy Story_ - Sid (Latino Version)
- _Drake & Josh_ (2004–2007) - Drake Parker (Latino Version)

## Infobox (actor)

- **name**: Enzo Fortuny
- **image**: Enzo Fortuny.JPG
- **birth place**: Veracruz, Mexico
- **birth name**: Enzo Favio Fortuny
Exercise physiology

**Exercise physiology** is the study of the acute responses and chronic adaptations to a wide-range of physical exercise conditions. In addition, many exercise physiologist<nowiki/>s study the effect of exercise on pathology, and the mechanisms by which exercise can reduce or reverse disease progression.

## Area of study

An exercise physiologist's area of study may include but is not limited to biochemistry, bioenergetics, cardiopulmonary function, hematology, biomechanics, skeletal muscle physiology, neuroendocrine function, and central and perpheral nervous system function. Also, exercise physiologists range from basic scientists, to clinical researchers, to clinicians, to sports trainers.
Short circuit

A **short circuit** is a problem in an electrical circuit where two or more wires that are not supposed to come in contact with each other touch.  A short circuit can result in a very high current flowing through the circuit. The high current can destroy components, melt insulation and start a fire. If there is enough voltage, it can also cause an explosion called arc flash. Circuit breakers and fuses are devices that detect short circuits and (usually) shut the power off before any damage can be done.

A "short circuit" also happens when there is a bypass of electrical current. As electricity is "lazy", when there is a bypass without a "load" (e.g. Bulb), it will travel that route of least electrical impedance.

The term "short circuit" is frequently misused to describe any electrical fault.
Circuit breaker

A **circuit breaker** is a device designed to shut off an electrical circuit when too much current is flowing. This usually occurs if too many devices are plugged in or if there is a short circuit. Circuit breakers are usually installed in the electrical panel. Some circuit breakers also have GFCI protection. Inside the circuit breaker, there is usually an electromagnetic coil. When too much current flows through the coil, it pulls on the switch, shutting the power off. The coil reacts to immediate short circuits. There is also a bimetal strip that will bend and pull on the switch if it gets too hot. This reacts to extended periods of too much current.

Some advanced circuit breakers monitor current electronically, and shut the power off when an electronic sensor detects too much current. A circuit breaker does the same job as a fuse, but unlike a fuse, a circuit breaker does not need to be replaced to be reset, except in some severe cases such as very high-current short circuits and lightning strikes that may damage the circuit breaker.

### By voltage level

- Low voltage circuit breaker.
- Medium voltage circuit breaker.
- High voltage circuit breaker.

### By medium of arc suppression

- Air circuit breaker
- CO<sub>2</sub> circuit breaker
- Disconnecting circuit breaker
- Oil circuit breaker
- Sulfur hexafluoride circuit breaker
- Vacuum circuit breaker

## Related pages

- Electricity
Yoji Koda

is a Japanese naval officer, academic, writer and senior fellow in the Asia Center at Harvard University.

## Early life

Koda was born in December 1949 at Tokushima Prefecture.  He studied at the Defense Academy at Yokosuka in 1968-1972.

## Career

Koda served on several JMSDF ships, including the _Yudachi_ (DD-108), the _Shirayuki_ (DD-123), and the _Sawayuki_ (DD-125).

### Timeline

- **1973**: Commissioned as Ensign in the  or JMSDF
- **1982-1984**: Exchange officer at United States Naval Academy
- **1983**: Lieutenant Commander
- **1987**: Commander
- **1990-1991**: Commanding Officer, Destroyer _Sawayuki_ (DD-125)
- **1991-1992**: Naval Command College at U.S. Naval War College
- **1997**: Rear Admiral
- **1997-1999**: Chief of Staff, Commander Fleet Escort Force
- **2003**: Vice Admiral
- **2005-2007**: Commandant, Sasebo JMSDF District
- **2007-2008**: Commander in Chief, Self Defense Fleet

Admiral Koda retired from JMSDF in August 2008.

## Selected works

- "The Russo-Japanese War: Primary Causes of Japanese Success,"  _Naval War College Review_ (Spring 2005)
- "A New Carrier Race? Strategy, Force Planning, and JS Hyuga,"  _Naval War College Review_ (Summer 2011)

## Honours

- Griffith Asia Institute in Brisbane, Australia: 2011 Synnot Lecture

## More reading

- Chun, Tarryn. "Profile: Retired Vice-Admiral Yoji Koda, Asia Center Senior Fellow, 2009-2011," _Harvard Asia Newsletter_ (Winter 2010), p. 5.
Regionalliga Mitte

The **Regionalliga Mitte**is one of three 3rd level leagues in Austrian football. It is formed by teams from Upper Austria, Styria, Carinthia and East Tyrol. It is the highest level of amateur football in Austria. The champion plays a relegation match versus the champion of the Regionalliga West. In the 2010/11 season the champion was the LASK Juniors team. In Austria second teams of professional clubs are not allowed to promot to professional football. In the relegation match versus WSG Wattens Blau Weiß Linz, the second of the season won and was promoted to Austrian Football First League .

## Teams of the 2025-26 season

- SV Ried II
- LASK Amateure
- Wolfsberger AC Amateure
- Union Dietach
- ASK Voitsberg
- SV Lafnitz
- Union Gurten
- ASKÖ Oedt
- SV Wallern
- USV St. Anna/Aigen
- Deutschlandsberger SC
- SK Treibach
- FC Gleisdorf 09
- ATUS Velden
- SC Kalsdorf

## Other websites

- Regionalliga Mitte (german)

## Infobox (football league)

- **leaguename**: Regionalliga Mitte
- **country**: Austria
- **confederation**: UEFA
- **level**: 3
- **number of teams**: 16
- **promotion to**: Austrian Football First League, First League
- **relegation to**: Landesliga Styria, Carinthia, Upper Austria
- **domestic cup**: Austrian Cup
- **current champions**: FC Blau-Weiß Linz-
promoted to Austrian first league.
- **season**: 2010/11
- **website**: [http://www.regionalliga.at/mitte/ Regionalliga Mitte(German)]
Tawakel Karman

**Tawakel Karman** (born 7 February 1979) came to international attention as a leader in the 2011 Yemeni uprising, which was part of the Arab Spring. Yemenis have called her "Iron Woman" and "Mother of the Revolution."

She won the 2011 Nobel Peace Prize with two other women. She is the first Yemeni and the first Arab  woman to win the prize. She is the second Muslim woman to win any Nobel Prize and the youngest to win the Nobel Peace Prize.

## Journalist, politician, and rights worker

Karman is a journalist, politician and senior member of Al-Islah, a political party. She is also works to improve human rights. She is one of the people who started the group "Women Journalists Without Chains". She became well known in Yemen after 2005. As a journalist, she helped a mobile phone news service after the government did not give them a license. She led protests for press freedom and organized weekly protests for reform.

She helped lead the Yemeni protests to support the Arab Spring after the people in Tunisia overthrew the government of Zine El Abidine Ben Ali in January 2011. She opposed Yemeni President Ali Abdullah Saleh and thought that he should leave office.

## Personal

Karman earned a college degree in commerce from the University of Science and Technology, Sana'a. She also completed a graduate degree in political science from the  University of Sana'a. She is married to Mohammed al-Nahmi

## Spelling her name in English

**Tawakel** is sometimes spelled differently in English<nowiki/>such as **Tawakul**, **Tawakkol**, **Tawakkul** and **Tawakel Abdel-Salam Karma**n

## Some of her writing in English

Karman, Tawakkol. "Our revolution's doing what Saleh can't - uniting Yemen." _The Guardian_, 9 April 2011.

Karman, Tawakkol. "Yemen’s unfinished revolution." _New York Times_, 18 June 2011.

Karman, Tawakkol. "The world must not forsake Yemen's struggle for freedom." _The Guardian_, 1 November 2011. (Includes a link to the Arabic version.)

Karman, Tawakkol. "Tawakkol Karman - Nobel Lecture." _Nobelprize.org_. 10 Dec 2011. (Includes links to the English, Norwegian, and Arabic versions.)

## Related pages

- List of Nobel Prize winners by country
- Leymah Gbowee
- Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf

## Other websites

- Renowned activist and press freedom advocate Tawakul Karman , interviewed by Nadia Al-Sakkaf, _Yemen Times_, 17 June 2010
- Tawakel Karman interview with Al Jazeera
- Press Conference of 2011 Nobel Laureate, Tawakkul Karman Women's eNews.
- Tawakkol Karman's Official Facebook
- Tawakkol Karman's official Twitter
- Tawakkol Karman's Official website

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Tawakel Karman
- **image**: Tawakkul Karman (2011).jpg
- **native name**: توكل كرمان
- **native name lang**: ara
- **party**: Al-Islah
- **birth place**: Taiz, Yemen
- **nationality**: Yemeni
- **children**: Three
- **occupation**: Journalist, politician and human rights activist
- **awards**: 2011 Nobel Peace Prize
Porsche 911

The Porsche 911 is a luxury two-door sports car made by Porsche AG to replace the Porsche 356 since 1964, in Stuttgart. Now in its eighth generation (992) In 1964 it used to be called as, Porsche 901 but, due to trademark problems with Peugeot, Porsche changed the name to Porsche 911 before it went on sale. Every 911 engine was placed in the rear of a car, which makes it iconic since then.

The Porsche 911 was mostly known for fun-to-drive cars that can be used daily, but because the engine was placed at the rear of the car, make it often unstable and hard to control for early models. Porsche 911 was thought to be one of the longest-running car models.

**The Original (1963-1973)**

The original 911 was designed as a larger, more  practical version of the Porsche 356 with an extra pair of seats. As such, critics were quick to pounce on its lack of focus.

**G-series (1973-1989)**
The G-Series also known as "930 Generation " ran for a long time, too, starting in 1973 and only being replaced in 1989. The most significant move made in this time was the introduction of turbocharging to the 911, the Turbo you see above arriving in 1975 with a mighty 260bhp powering the rear wheels. Making the 911 Turbo the most powerful car on the market.**964 (1989-1994)**

The 964 arrived at the very end of the 1980s, with a little design change and more modern technology, such as the ABS and airbags.

**993 (1994-1998)**

Five years after the 964, the 993 was put onto the production run. It’s the last Porsche with an air-cooled engine. The highest model able to buy are the 911 GT2 (993) , a powerful badge that’s defined Porsche racing and race cars since then.

**996 (1998-2004)**

The first water-cooled engine 911, with many technologies put into the car. The interior was improved a lot compared to the “993” Therefore, it’s the most hated Porsche 911 with a very cheap second-hand price, because of its “Fried Egg Headlight” car experts often thought it ruined the iconic design that Porsche keeps the same for a long time.

**997 (2004-2011)**

Porsche has done their homework well, Round headlights come back to the 911 again. Similar shape to the 996 but with more technology and more safety for drivers. Also, it’s the last Porsche 911 Turbo that you can get with a manual transmission.

**991 (2011-2018)**

The 991 was made from 2011 to 2019. It kept the classic 911 shape but was larger and more modern than older models. This is the last Porsche 911 Carrera or “base model” with naturally aspirated engine

**992 (2018-Now)**

992 started in 2019 and is the newest version of the 911. It looks similar to older models but is wider and more high-tech. All Carrera models use turbocharged flat-six engines. The 992 also has hybrid-ready, but no hybrid model yet. It is one of the best sports cars today, keeping the 911’s tradition while adding modern performance.
Anthropometry

**Anthropometry** is the study of measurement and proportions of the human body.

## Alphonse Bertillon and Criminology

Anthropometry was first created by Alphonse Bertillon (April 24, 1853 – February 13, 1914). He was born in Paris, France. When he became a policeofficer, he created Anthropometry so that criminals could be easily identified. The system helped the police to get through many criminal records quicker. Having produced a set of characteristics of criminals, it became easier for the police to identify offenders.

## Anthropometric measurements

The system involves 10 measurements:
- Height
- Stretch
- Bust
- Head length (crown to forehead)
- Head width (temple to temple)
- Cheek width
- Ear length (both left and right)
- Middle finger
- Foot length
- Cubit (length from elbow to middle finger)

## References

- Burnett, “Introduction to Human factors, Human anatomy and Biomechanics”.  Web.10 Dec.2011
- "Anthropometry." Ergonomics4schools. Web. 10 Dec. 2011
- Webster's Online Dictionary  - Web. 11 Dec. 2011
Eyelid

An **eyelid** is a thin piece of skin that covers and protects the eye. It is one of the thinnest areas of skin on a persons body. A muscle pulls back the eyelid to "open" the eye. The eyelids are the last muscle to stop working when the body undergoes death. People do this willingly or without thinking.  The human eyelid has a row of eyelashes that help protect the eye from dust and other small objects. Eyelashes also keep sweat out of the eye. Eyelids regularly spread tears and other secretions on the surface of the eye to keep it moist. The cornea is one part of the eye that must be kept moist.  Eyelids keep the eyes from drying out when asleep.  Also, the blink reflex protects the eye from things touching it.
Copenhagen Airport

**Copenhagen Airport**  () or **Copenhagen Airport** (; ) is an international airport in Denmark that has 3 terminals. It is the largest airport in the Nordic countries.

Scandinavian Airlines and Norwegian Air Shuttle are the largest airlines in Copenhagen.

It is located 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) south of Copenhagen city centre, and 24 kilometres (15 mi) west of Malmö city centre.

There are three runways: 3,600m, 3,300m and 2,800m, all are asphalt.

The most popular flight destinations from Copenhagen are London, Oslo and Stockholm.

## History

- 1925 - Opens for service.
- 1939 - The first Terminal ever was built.
- 1940 - The Runway was expanded
- 1946 - SAS got a building near it
- 1960 - Terminal 2 was built
- 1969 - Terminal 1 was upgraded
- 1982 - The Cargo terminal opens.
- 1998 - Terminal 3 was built
- 2006 - 20 million passengers for the first time.
- 2007 - A metro station opens, connecting the airport to the Copenhagen Metro.
- 2010 - The new low cost terminal CPH Go opens the 31st of October.

Passengers (2010)  21,501,750

- 2015 - The airport got a renovation

- 2025 - 100 years anniversary

## Infobox (airport)

- **name**: Copenhagen Airport, Kastrup
- **nativename**: <small>__</small>
- **image**: Copenhagen Airports Logo.svg
- **image-width**: 250
- **image2**: Copenhagen-Airport-from-air_(cropped).jpg
- **image2-width**: 250
- **iata**: CPH
- **icao**: EKCH
- **type**: Public
- **owner**: Københavns Lufthavne
- **city-served**: Copenhagen, Denmark and Malmö, Sweden
- **location**: Kastrup, Tårnby Municipality, Tårnby, Copenhagen, Denmark
- **hub**: *Norwegian Air Shuttle
*Scandinavian Airlines
*Thomas Cook Airlines Scandinavia
- **elevation-f**: 17
- **elevation-m**: 5
- **website**: [http://www.cph.dk/ cph.dk]
- **pushpin map**: Denmark
- **pushpin label**: CPH
- **pushpin map caption**: Location within Denmark
- **metric-elev**: 1
- **metric-rwy**: 1
- **r1-number**: 04L/22R
- **r1-length-f**: 11,811
- **r1-length-m**: 3,600
- **r1-surface**: Asphalt
- **r2-number**: 04R/22L
- **r2-length-f**: 10,827
- **r2-length-m**: 3,300
- **r2-surface**: Asphalt
- **r3-number**: 12/30
- **r3-length-f**: 9,186
- **r3-length-m**: 2,800
- **r3-surface**: Asphalt/Concrete
- **stat-year**: 2018
- **stat1-header**: Passengers
- **stat1-data**: 30,298,531
- **stat2-header**: Domestic
- **stat2-data**: 1,586,728
- **stat3-header**: International
- **stat3-data**: 28,711,803
- **stat4-header**: Aircraft movements
- **stat4-data**: 266,096
- **stat5-header**: Cargo (tonnes)
- **stat5-data**: N.A.
- **footnotes**: Source: Aeronautical Information Publication, AIP