juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Protist

**Protists** are single-celled eukaryotes (which are organisms with a nucleus). The term **Protista** was first used by Ernst Haeckel in 1866. The protists are not a natural group, or clade, since they have no common origin. Like algae or invertebrates, they are often grouped together for convenience.

The term "protist" includes microorganisms from several distantly related phyla. Some are autotrophic (which means they make their own food by photosynthesis), and others are heterotrophic (which means they eat organic material).

Most protists are very small. They are made up of one or a few cells at most – they are microscopic and usually invisible to the naked eye. Some algae are protists, if they are single-celled. Many protists are part of the plankton and are very important for the ecosystem. The cells found in protists may be extremely complex, and are often little understood. It is now possible to do DNA sequencing, and a number of protists have been analysed. The results show that the Protista is not a monophyletic group. It is paraphyletic, and not a single clade. The taxonomy of the Protista is therefore rather confused.

Some protists cause diseases. _Plasmodium falciparum_ causes malaria; sleeping sickness is also caused by a protist.

An example of a single celled organism in the protist kingdom is the _Paramecium_ or "slipper animalcule." The _Paramecium_ moves using its small, hair-like fibers called cilia, and eats using the cilia to sweep the food into its food vacuole. Other protists can be amoebas, which move by extending pseudopods and flowing into them, or flowing around food particles and engulfing them.

|Nutritional type|Source of energy|Source of carbon|Examples|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Phototrophs|align="center"|Sunlight|align="center"|Organic compounds or carbon fixation|Algae, Dinoflagellates or Euglena|
|Organotrophs  Heterotrophs|align="center"|Organic compounds|align="center"|Organic compounds|Apicomplexa, Trypanosomes or Amoebae|

## Origin and taxonomy

Protists are not a monophyletic clade. The term is a convenient holdall for about 20 different kinds of single-celled eukaryotes. They differ in their cell organelles, specialised units which carry out well-defined functions, like mitochondria and plastids. This proves they have made the transition from prokaryotes in different ways. It is fairly clear now that all or most of these organelles have their origin in once-independent prokaryotes (bacteria or archaea), and that the eukaryote cell is a 'community of micro-organisms' working together in 'a marriage of convenience'. Admittedly, the Protista is a collection of disparate single-celled forms, but while a more sophisticated taxonomy is in flux (changing), Protista is still a useful term.
The Apple Dumpling Gang

***The Apple Dumpling Gang*** is a Disney movie from 1975, in which three orphan children find gold during California's Gold Rush. Tim Conway and Don Knotts also star in it as two gangsters.

The movie is based on the book of the same name by Jack Bickham.

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: The Apple Dumpling Gang
- **director**: Norman Tokar
- **producer**: Bill Anderson
- **writer**: Don Tait
- **starring**: Bill Bixby
Susan Clark
Tim Conway
Don Knotts
   Harry Morgan
Slim Pickens
- **music**: Buddy Baker (composer), Buddy Baker
- **cinematography**: Frank V. Phillips
- **editing**: Ray de Leuw
- **studio**: Walt Disney Productions
- **distributor**: Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures, Buena Vista Distribution
- **runtime**: 100 minutes
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **gross**: $36,853,000
0s

The **0s** only had nine years which began in 1 AD and ended in 9 AD.

## 1

AD 1

## 2

AD 2

## 3

AD 3

## 4

AD 4

## 5

AD 5

## 6

AD 6

## 7

AD 7

## 8

AD 8

## 9

AD 9

Those people had significant influence on things in this decade.
- Erato, Artaxiad Dynasty Queen of Armenia, r. 8–5 BC, 2 BC–2 AD, 6–11
- Ariobarzan of Atropatene, Client King of Armenia, r. 1 BC–2 AD
- Artavazd V, Client King of Armenia, r. 2–11
- Tigranes V, Artaxiad Dynasty King of Armenia, r. 2–6
- Ping Di, Emperor of Han Dynasty China, r. 1 BC–5 AD
- Ruzi Ying, Emperor of Han Dynasty China, r. 6–9
- Wang Mang, Usurper Emperor of the short-lived Xin Dynasty in China, r. 9–23
- Antiochus III, King of Commagene, r. 12 BC–17 AD
- Arminius, German war chief
- Crimthann Nia Náir, Legendary High King of Ireland, r. 8 BC–9 AD
- Cairbre Cinnchait, Legendary High King of Ireland, r. 9–14
- Strato II and Strato III, co-kings of the Indo-Greek Kingdom, r. 25 BC–10 AD
- Natakamani, King of Kush, r. 1 BC–20 AD
- Abgar V of Edessa, King of Osroene, r. 4 BC–7 AD, 13–50
- Ma'nu IV, King of Osroene, r. 7–13
- Phraates V, King of the Parthian Empire, r. 2 BC–4 AD
- Musa of Parthia, mother and co-ruler with Phraates V, r. 2 BC–4 AD
- Orodes III, King of the Parthian Empire, r. 4–6
- Vonones I, King of the Parthian Empire, r. 8–12
- Artabanus of Parthia, pretender to the Parthian throne and future King of Parthia
- Caesar Augustus, Roman Emperor, r. 27 BC–14 AD
- Gaius Caesar, Roman general
- Livy, Roman historian
- Ovid, Roman poet
- Quirinius, Roman nobleman and politician
- Hillel the Elder, Jewish scholar and Nasi of the Sanhedrin, in office c. 31 BC–9 AD
- Shammai, Jewish scholar and Av Beit Din of the Sanhedrin, in office 20 BC–20 AD
- Tiberius, Roman general, statesman, and future emperor
- Hyeokgeose, King of Silla, r. 57 BC–4 AD
- Namhae, King of Silla, r. 4–24
1001

**1001** (MI) was a common year starting on Wednesday in the Julian calendar.  It was the first year of the 2nd millennium and 11th century.

## Events

- Grand Prince Stephen I of Hungary is named the first King of Hungary by Pope Silvester II.
- Canonisation of Edward the Martyr, King of England.
- Robert II, King of France marries for the third time to Constance Taillefer d'Arles.
- Khmer king Jayavarman V is succeeded by Udayadityavarman I and/or Suryavarman I.
- Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor has Charlemagne's vault opened (see Aachen Cathedral).

## Births

- King Duncan I of Scotland, Scottish royal (died 1040)

## Other

- The first reference is made to Khotyn, Ukrainian town, and to Nyalka, Hungarian village, as to _Chimudi_.
1009

## Events

- February 14: First known mention of Lithuania, in the annals of the monastery of Quedlinburg.
- October 18: The Church of the Holy Sepulchre is destroyed by Caliph al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah.
- The Ly dynasty, Vietnam's first independent dynasty, is proclaimed.
- Sergius IV succeeds John XVIII as Pope.
- Suleiman II succeeds Mohammed II as Caliph of Cordoba.
- Provinces of Goryeo (modern-day Korea) are redistributed.

## Births

- Goda of England, Duchess of Brittany, sister of Edward the Confessor (died 1063)
- Saint Osmund, Bishop of Salisbury, second Lord Chancellor of England (died 1099)

## Deaths

- Pope John XVIII
1024

## Events

- The Salian Dynasty of the Holy Roman Empire is founded by Conrad II.
- John XIX succeeds his brother as Pope
- Battle of Lemnos:  Kievan Viking raiders (800 men) sail through the straits at Abydos to the Aegean Sea. From there they made for the island of Lemnos, but are defeated by a Byzantine fleet of the Cibyrrhaeot Theme.
Quentin Tarantino

**Quentin Jerome Tarantino** (born March 27, 1963) is an American director and actor. He was born in Knoxville, Tennessee. Tarantino is an independent movie maker. He wrote, directed, and acted in _Pulp Fiction_, _Reservoir Dogs_ and _Kill Bill_ among others. His movies have become famous for violence and humor. He won Academy Awards for Best Original Screenplay in 1994 for Pulp Fiction and 2012 for _Django Unchained_.

Quentin Tarantino's filmmaking style is characterized by non-linear narratives, sharp dialogue, pop culture homage, strong female characters, graphic violence, eclectic soundtracks, masterful pacing, playful narrative references, lush visuals, and narrative closure. These elements contribute to his unique and influential cinematic signature.

## Movies

- _Reservoir Dogs_ (1992)
- _Pulp Fiction _(1994)
- _Jackie Brown_ (1997)
- _Kill Bill_, Vol. 1 & 2 (2003)
- _Death Proof_ (2007)
- _Inglourious Basterds_ (2009)
- _Django Unchained_ (2012)
- _The Hateful Eight_ (2015)
- _Once Upon a Time in Hollywood_ (2019)

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Quentin Tarantino
- **image**: Quentin Tarantino by Gage Skidmore.jpg
- **caption**: Tarantino in 2015
- **birth name**: Quentin Jerome Tarantino
- **birth place**: Knoxville, Tennessee, US
- **years active**: 1987–present
- **children**: 2
- **relatives**: Svika Pick (father-in-law)
- **father**: Tony Tarantino
- **awards**: List of awards and nominations received by Quentin Tarantino, Full list
- **signature**: Quentin Tarantino's signature.svg
Leander-class frigate

The **Leander-class frigate** or **Type 12M** is a type of ship that was used by the Royal Navy.

The class became well known through the ***Warship*** BBC television drama series.

## Other websites

- Leander (Type 12) class frigate website
- Hazegray.org on the Leander class
- An unofficial Leander Class Frigate Site
Spacecraft

A **spacecraft** is a vehicle that can carry people and cargo beyond the Earth's atmosphere, through space to other planets, space stations, or orbits and back home again. Spacecraft which are launched from the surface of a planet are called launch vehicles and usually take-off from launch pads at spaceports.

Most spacecraft today are propelled by rocket engines, which shoot hot gases opposite to the direction of travel. Other forms of propulsion are used when appropriate. Spacecraft which do not need to escape from strong gravity may use ion thrusters or other more efficient methods.

Because of the very large amount of energy needed to leave the Earth's gravity, spacecraft are usually very expensive to build, launch, and operate. Plans for future spacecraft often focus on reducing these costs so more people can participate in space. But today, costs are still very high, and until recently all spacecraft were operated by national governments. Now, some companies operate spacecraft.

## Human spaceflight vehicles

It is very expensive to send people to space, because they need food, water, air, and living space. People going to space have special names: Americans call themselves astronauts, Russians call themselves cosmonauts, and Chinese call themselves taikonauts.

- The American agency NASA once used a launch vehicle called the Space Shuttle. Currently, they fly on the Russian Soyuz or SpaceX's Falcon 9.
- The Russian agency RFSA uses a launch vehicle called Soyuz.
- The Ukrainian agency UASA uses a launch vehicle called Zenit.
- The Chinese agency CNSA uses a launch vehicle called Shenzhou.
- A space company SpaceX uses a launch vehicle called Falcon 9. The first part of that rocket lands back on Earth, making it cheaper to fly. They are currently building a larger rocket called Starship.
- A space company Blue Origin uses a launch vehicle called New Shepard. It can only send people to space for a few minutes.

## Satellites

Some of the most important spacecraft today are artificial satellites. Artificial satellites are smaller, unmanned spacecraft. Some go into Low Earth orbit to look at the Earth or for other purposes. Others are sent to geostationary orbit to relay radio signals from one part of Earth to another, or to watch events on Earth from a high point of view. Communications satellites are important for television and other communications, and other satellites help with weather prediction and other jobs.

## Related pages

- Spaceflight
- Space probe
Acoustics

**Acoustics** is a science. It studies the mechanical waves in gases, liquids, and solids.  These waves can make echo, vibration, sound, ultrasound and infrasound.

A scientist who works in the field of **acoustics** is an acoustician.  Someone who works with acoustics technology may be called an acoustical engineer.

## Related pages

- Musicology
Public finance

**Public finance** is the study of how the government raises funds and spends its money, and their economic effect.
Budget

A **budget** is the money to be spent on a project, or by a person or organization in a time period. It usually lists the various things that are to be done, and how much to spend on each. For example, a construction budget may list the various kinds of material and labor and the money to spend on each. A budget may also list estimated revenue<nowiki/>s. When spending is less than revenues, it is a surplus budget. When spending is more than revenues, it is a deficit budget. When they are the same, it's a balanced budget.

An organization's budget is usually for a fiscal year.

The common usage of the word "budget" refers to a financial plan by an individual or an organization based on their projected income and expenses.It also is used in the sense of the amount that individual or organization can spend.

## Related pages

- Political economy
Indirect tax

An **indirect tax** is a tax that is paid as part of a product. Many countries tax gasoline or cigarettes, but they do so indirectly. Because of the tax, the product will be more expensive. In turn, the shops will then pay the tax for the number of packets of cigarettes they sold, or for the amount of gasoline. This is opposed to a direct tax, which is directly paid by the consumer.

## Related pages

- Tax
- Direct tax
- Sales tax
- Value Added Tax
Erode

**Erode** is a city in Tamil Nadu, India. It is the capital of the Erode district. About 500,000 people live in the city.
Erode District in Tamil Nadu State is very important market centre for Turmeric. Turmeric is received, not only from Erode district, but also from the other parts of Tamil Nadu and adjoining district like Mysore in Karnataka State.

Erode is well known for marketing of textile products of Handloom, Powerloom and Readymade Garments. The Handloom and Powerloom product such as Cotton Saree,  Bed Spreads, Carpets, Lungies, Printed Fabrics, Towels, Dhotis are marketed here.

Kangeyam is famous for Bulls and Oil Mills. Kangeyam cows are not noted for their yield but their availability was in large numbers has helped the district to make a mark in the field of dairy development
Sky Sports

**Sky Sports** is a group of ten channels. The channels are owned by a major company named British Sky Broadcasting. It is the most powerful sports television company in the United Kingdom.

Sky Sports is known for its major football coverage and helped launch the FA Premier League in 1992.

Sky Sports has a series of well known shows such as _Soccer AM_, which is a morning chat show with jokes, it is sponsored by _Gillette Soccer Saturday_.

On 22 August 1999, Sky Sports launched Sky Sports Active. The first game was Arsenal vs Manchester United. It gave the viewer to focus either on one player, or look at different camera angles. It soon proved to be successful, and Sky decided to continue it. It can be accessed by pressing the Red Button on your Sky Digital Remote. On 26 August 2014, Sky Sports Active closed and was replaced by Sky Sports split screen (Only on Sky Q 1TB Box and Sky Q 2TB Box)

On 24 November 2002, Sky Sports won the rights to air the UEFA Champions League, with ITV. They had beaten channels such as the BBC and Channel 4 to win it. Part of the deal had stated that ITV would air two games on a Sunday and Sky Sports would air 2 games on a Monday. Sky soon launched an 8-screen 'Champions League Interactive' channel which showed 8 live games.

In November 2006, Sky Sports launched their News advertisement. This ad, with the text "THE UK's FIRST SPORTS NEWS STATION" ran until January 2007 in the UK and Ireland. Sky Sports News launched on TV at the time.
Suicide attack

A **suicide attack** is an attack where the attacker (either one person or a group of people) plans on killing people and/or destroying property while also dying in the process. In a suicide attack, the attacker dies as a result of the attack, for example in an explosion or a crash.

Nowadays, suicide attacks are often done with a vehicle or an explosive material such as a bomb (a suicide bombing), or sometimes both (i.e. a car filled with explosives). If everything goes according to plan, the attacker is killed as soon as their attack is complete (when their vehicle crashes or their bomb detonates).

Suicide attacks are often done in a crowded place so that as many people as possible are killed. They are common in the Middle East and South Asia. Most attacks on Israel, carried out by Hamas or other Palestinian militant groups are suicide bombings. The kamikaze were suicide attacks by Japanese pilots during World War II.
NBC

The **National Broadcasting Company (NBC)** is an American television network that started in 1926 as a radio company. NBC started airing its first television programs in 1944. NBC is owned by Comcast, and was previously owned by General Electric and Universal Studios. NBC owns the cable news channels CNBC and MSNBC.

It is nicknamed "The Peacock Network" because of the animal in its logo.

The network is famous for its three-note chimes, and NBC Sunday Night Football, which is the most watched TV series after American Idol. Some famous NBC shows are Saturday Night Live, The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air,  The Cosby Show,  A Different World, Frasier, Law & Order, L.A. Law,  The Office, The Paper,  30 Rock,  ER,  227,  Grand Crew, Cheers, Will and Grace, Meet the Press, and Today.

## NBC Television Shows

- The Carmichael Show
- Grand Crew
- Brillant Minds
- Chicago Med
- Chicago P.D.
- Chicago Fire
- This is Us
- Happy's Place
- Lopez Vs. Lopez
- For Your Love
- Good Morning Miss Bliss
- The Golden Girls

## Stations

WNBC New York City, New York

KNBC Los Angeles, California

WMAQ Chicago, Illinois

WHO-TV Des Moines, Iowa

## Other websites

- Official site

## Infobox (television channel)

- **name**: National Broadcasting Company
- **logo**: NBC logo 2022 (vertical).svg
- **logo size**: 200px
- **logo caption**: Logo used since 2022
- **type**: Radio network, Radio and television network
- **country**: United States
- **headquarters**: Comcast Building, Rockefeller Center, Midtown Manhattan, New York City
- **language**: English
- **owner**: NBCUniversal Media Group#Units, NBC Entertainment
- **founder**: David Sarnoff
- **replaced**: NBC Radio Network
Miso

***Miso*** (味噌 or みそ) is a thick or solid paste. It is a traditional Japanese seasoning.

Miso is similar to the Korean _doenjang_. It is made by fermenting soy beans with sea salt or salt and _kōji_. Grains such as barley or rice, and sometimes other ingredients, are also often added.

Miso is high in protein and rich in vitamins and minerals. Miso tastes salty and, depending on the grains used and the fermentation time, may also be sweet. Miso is used to make miso soup.

Miso is a very important part of Japanese food. There are different kinds of miso. _Kome miso_  (米味噌) is made from rice and beans. _Mame miso_ (豆味噌) is made from beans. _Mugi miso_ (麦味噌) is made from barley  and beans. Awase miso (合せ味噌) is a mix of these misos.

## History

Miso first came to Japan from China or the Korean peninsula. Ancient Chinese _jan_ (醤) is the origin of miso. _Jan_ is an ancient fermented seasoning. According to classical scholars, _jan_ was called _hishio_ or _kuki_ in the Edo era. In China, _jan_ was written about in the _Shurai_.

Miso existed in the Jomon era in Japan. _Jan_ is the Japanese original seasoning. In the Nara era, _jan_ was found in Nishi city, Heiankyo. Miso was used for seasoning porridge made of rice and vegetables. In the Sengoku period, Miso was important to preserved food.

Many Japanese used to make miso in their own homes. This was called _Temae-miso_. In the Muromachi era, it was used as a food preservative and as a seasoning. Miso was an important source of nutrients for soldiers. In the Edo era, industrial mass production method of miso began. _Temae-miso_ became less common. "Temae-miso" nowadays also used when a person is proud of something.

There are many different flavors of miso. It depends on regions. _Shiromiso_ (白味噌) is popular in the western Kansai region, especially in Kyoto. A_kamiso_ is popular in the eastern Kantō region or northern region. Shinshumiso (信州味噌) is generally popular after the second world war, because it is mass-produced in factories and sold in supermarkets in over Japan.

## References

- http://miso.or.jp/misoonline/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/miso-english-leaflet.pdf
- Japan Federation of Miso Manufacturers Cooperatives - official site
Miso soup

in Japanese) is a traditional Japanese soup. It is made from a kind of broth or stock, called "dashi" into which  miso paste is dissolved. Various solid ingredients like wakame, seaweed, tofu from soybeans, and sometimes mushrooms, potatoes, and eggplants are added to make the finished soup. The soup is usually served in bowls, sometimes in lacquer bowls. They can be drunk directly from the bowl without using a spoon. Solid ingredients are eaten with chopsticks (箸). Different types of miso produce distinctive soups.  There are three main types of miso: dark-brown, white, and a combination of the two.

## Related pages

- Miso (味噌)

## Other websites

- Miso soup recipe (with photo)
- Kosher Miso soup recipe chabad.org
Wakame

**Wakame** (Japanese: わかめ or 若布) is a type of kelp. People eat it. Its scientific name is _Undaria pinnatifida_.

It is sold either dried or salted. It is often used in miso soup and salads. In Korea it is called ***miyeok***. It is used in salads, or as the main ingredient in miyeok soup. In China it is called ***qundaicai***. Chinese production is concentrated around Dalian.

In New Zealand _Undaria pinnatifida_ is a very serious weed, and is one of the 100 worst invasive species in the world. It was first seen in Wellington Harbour in 1987. It probably arrived accidentally in the late 1980s, on ships from Asia, in ballast water. It is native to cold temperate coastal areas of Japan, Korea and China, but recently it has also spread to France, Britain, Spain, Italy, Argentina and Australia.

_Undaria_ is now found around much of south-eastern New Zealand, and as far north as Auckland. It spreads in two ways. Naturally, through the millions of microscopic spores released by each fertile plant; and attached to vessel hulls and marine farming equipment.

_Undaria_ is a highly successful and fertile species, which makes it a serious invader.

## Other websites

- Seaweeds used as human food
- AlgaeBase link
Kelp

**Kelp** is a type of marine seaweed. It is a brown algae. There are many different kinds of kelp. Kelp grow in large forests, usually near the surface of the water. It grows in nutrient rich saltwater. Some kelp grow very fast (up to 30 cm a day). Kelp can reach a length of up to 60 metres. The blades are kept afloat by gas-filled bladders.

Kelp plays an important role as food and habitat for fish and other forms. It may be eaten as a vegetable.

Kelp is found in many places. People put it in aquariums. In the Monterey Aquarium there is a large forest of kelp.

In some parts of the Pacific Ocean, sea urchins have eaten so much kelp that the kelp forests become urchin barrens.

Kelp is in the Plant Kingdom, which has 5 subdivisions: Animals, Plants, Fungi, Protest, and Monera.
Tofu

**Tofu** (豆腐), sometimes called **doufu** (usually used in Chinese recipes) or **bean curd** (literal translation), is a food made from soybeans. In fact, it is a very complex process. Tofu is made by coagulating soy milk into curds. The soy curds are then pressed into blocks. Making tofu from soy milk is similar to making cheese from milk. Wheat gluten, or seitan, in its steamed and fried forms, is often mistakenly called "tofu" in Asian or vegetarian dishes.

## China

China has more kinds of tofu than Japan and various tofu foods.

## Japan

In Japan, tofu is a common food, used often in miso soup or as a hot dish. People in Japan has created various kinds of tofu. One of them is 絹こし豆腐 (or soft tofu), 木綿豆腐 (or firm tofu, or solid tofu) and "凍み豆腐" (or dried tofu). It is said that the way to make tofu from soybeans was taught by the Chinese a several hundreds years ago. you can find its very first history in a diary of 奈良春日大社 in 1183 of the Heian period.

## America

In the United States, tofu is becoming more popular. Today, Americans buy tofu at the grocery store. The word “tofu” takes root in common use.

## Others

In South Korea, Vietnam, Cambodia, Thailand, Malaysia, Myanmar and Indonesia, tofu is daily food.

## Nutrition

Tofu is rich in protein and is relatively low in calories. Dietary fiber is a little for process. More and more Americans and Europeans use it as health food.

## Popular tofu dishes

- Cold tofu
- Boiled tofu
- Sukiyaki
- Hot dish
- Oden
Soy milk

**Soy milk** (also called **soymilk**, **soya milk**, **soybean milk**, **soy bean milk**, **soy drink**, or **soy beverage**) is a milk-like product made from soybeans.

Soy milk originated in China where the soybean was native. Later on, the soybean and soybean foods came to Japan.

## Related pages

- Soy milk maker
Dashi

**Dashi** (出汁、だし) is a kind of stock or broth mainly used for soup or dishes in Japanese cooking. The most common form of dashi is a simple broth or stock made by kombu (edible kelp) or katsuobushi (flakes of dried skipjack tuna) in boiling water. niboshi (煮干し) is also used, too. It is not always necessary to strain the resulting liquid. Dashi can be a basis for miso soup, Japanese noodle (うどん or そば) soup, and many other Japanese simmering (or boiling) liquids. Fresh dashi made from kelp and katsuobushi is not so popular today in Japan. Some people use instant substitutes to add boiled water.

Other kinds of dashi stock are made by soaking (or putting) kelp, shiitake, or niboshi in cool water for many hours. Or they are made by heating them in water nearly to boiling and then straining the resulting broth. Kelp stock or _konbu dashi_ is made by soaking kelp, or _sea tangle_, in water. _Shiitake dashi_ stock is made by soaking dried shiitake mushrooms in water. _Niboshi dashi_ stock is made by soaking dried small sardines. Some use niboshi after taking off (or pinching off) their heads and entrails in water, but others use whole niboshi as this way get tasty dashi, too.

Other important Japanese flavors include shoyu, mirin, rice vinegar, miso, and sake.

## Related pages

- Broth
Shiitake

The **shiitake mushroom**, or simply called "shiitake"(椎茸) (_Lentinus edodes_ or _Lentinula edodes_) is also known as **Chinese black mushroom** or **black forest mushroom**. It is also called "black mushroom". It is an edible mushroom, which is typically grown on the tree, such as shii, kunugi and oak.

There are two variant names. For high grades of shiitake is _dōnggū_ (冬茹: どんこ) ("winter mushroom"). And another is _huāgū_ ("flower mushroom," (香信: こうしん) which has a flower-like cracking pattern on the mushroom's upper surface). Both are produced at colder temperatures. There are many cultivated varieties, which grow-up in a temperature at 7C - 26C, most cultivars like cooler temperatures.
Soy sauce

**Soy sauce** (US) or **soya sauce** is a fermented sauce made from soy beans (soya beans), roasted grain, water and salt. It is used in Chinese, Japanese and Korean cuisine. It also appears in some Western cuisine dishes. Soy sauces are fermented with kōji (麹, the mold Aspergillus oryzae or _A. sojae_) and other related microorganisms.
Almost all soy sauce has some alcohol added during bottling. This acts as a preservative to protect it from going bad. Soy sauce should be kept in the fridge to help preserve its taste. It should also not be put in direct light.

Although there are many types of soy sauce, all are salty and earthy-tasting brownish liquids. All are used to season food while cooking or at the table. What some Westerners describe as a kind of sweet taste is a distinct basic taste called "umami" by the Japanese and "xian-wei" (鲜味, _lit._ fresh taste) by the Chinese.

## Other websites

- About Chinese food
- Health information
Bowl

A **bowl** is a container for food. It can hold liquids, such as soups and solids, like popcorn. People sometimes prepare salads in it. Most bowls are in the shape of a hemisphere, which is like a ball cut in half. Bowls are usually made from glass, ceramic, wood or plastic. Bowls can be lots of different sizes, such as snack bowls which are usually the size of a person's palm, or a punch bowl which can be very large.

In Europe and North America, bowls are usually used to hold foods. In other parts of the world, like Asia, small bowls are often used to hold drinks like tea.

## History

Archaeologists think that bowls have been used since ancient times, before history was written. Some of the oldest bowls come from Mesopotamia, a region where ancient people lived 6,000 years ago. Other ancient bowls come from ancient China and were made around 5,000 years ago.

Many ancient bowls were pieces of art. Bowls from ancient China were often painted with beautiful and complicated designs, while bowls from ancient Greece sometimes had unusual shapes. Some ancient Greek bowls were also used for religious occasions where wine was offered to gods in special bowls.

## Uses of bowls

Bowls are a common item in houses and other places where people spend time. While they are most often used to hold food, bowls can also be used for other things. Some people use bowls to hold small items, similar to trays made to store small items called 'trinket dishes'. A Tibetan instrument called a singing bowl has the same shape as bowls used for food, but is used to make music instead.

## Kinds of bowls

Bowls used for storing and making food are usually made of plastic, ceramic, glass, wood, or metal. Some restaurants serve soups inside of hollow loaves of bread, which are called bread bowls. Bowls used for gardening or decoration are sometimes made of clay or terracotta.
Oktoberfest

The **Oktoberfest** (also called **Wiesn**) is a German festival that takes place on the Theresienwiese, a public place in the center of Munich, Bavaria. It is every year, in late September and early October. It is a big social event. There is lots of eating and drinking. It is on for sixteen days ending on the first Sunday in October. If this is the first or the second the festival is extended to the end on 3 October, the Day of German Unity. This is the day when East Germany and West Germany joined into one country again in 1990.

## History

The first Oktoberfest was on 12 October 1810. The feast was for the wedding of King Ludwig I of Bavaria and Therese of Sachsen-Hildburghausen. The feast lasted for _5 days_. There was music, eating and drinking. At the end of it there was a big horse-race. The next years they had this horse-race and the feast again, because the people had liked it so much.

On 26 September 1980, a right-wing lone wolf terrorist killed 12 people and himself using a bomb.

## Today

Today the Oktoberfest is the world's largest fair, and it has become very famous and popular. About six million people visit it every year. Many people and tourists from all over the world come to Munich for Oktoberfest. Other cities have copied the Oktoberfest, and now they also hold feasts that are similar to the Oktoberfest.

One of the famous attractions is a big dipper called the "Wilde Maus" which means "Wild mouse" in English.

## The tents

There are 14 main tents at the Oktoberfest.
|Name|Brewery|Seating||
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Hippodrom|Spaten-Franziskaner-Bräu|3,200|1,000|
|Armbrustschützenzelt|Paulaner|5,839|1,600|
|Hofbräu Festzelt|Hofbräu München|6,896|3,622|
|Hacker-Festzelt|Hacker-Pschorr|9,300|0|
|Schottenhamel|Spaten-Franziskaner-Bräu|6,000|4,000|
|Winzerer Fähndl|Paulaner|8,450|2,450|
|Schützen-Festhalle|Löwenbräu|4,442|0|
|Käfers Wiesen Schänke|Paulaner|1,000|1,900|
|Weinzelt|Nymphenburger Sekt|1,300|600|
|Paulaner Weißbier||||
|Löwenbräu-Festhalle||5,700|2,800|
|Bräurosl|Hacker-Pschorr|6,000|2,200|
|Augustiner-Festhalle|Augustiner Bräu|6,000|2,500|
|Ochsenbraterei|Spaten|5,900|1,500|
|Fischer Vroni|Augustiner|2,695|700|
Tomb Raider

***Tomb Raider*** is a video game series. Originally the games were made by Core Design. Now they are being made by Crystal Dynamics. The first game was sold in 1996 for PC, PlayStation and Sega Saturn.

The main character of the game is a woman called _Lara Croft_. She is an archeologist and explores ancient places, searching old relics, often fighting a great danger to the world.

Since 2001, Paramount Pictures has made two movies like the game, starring Angelina Jolie. And 2018 movies, Angelina Jolie has been switch into Alicia Vikander.

## Games in the series

The first six games in the series was made by Core Design. In 2003, parent company Eidos moved development of the _Tomb Raider_ games from Core Design to Crystal Dynamics, another Eidos-owned studio, after the sixth game, _Tomb Raider: The Angel of Darkness_, was met with dislike from critics.

### Main games

- Tomb Raider (1996)
- Tomb Raider II (1997)
- Tomb Raider III (1998)
- Tomb Raider: The Last Revelation (1999)
- Tomb Raider Chronicles (2000)
- Tomb Raider: The Angel of Darkness (2003)
- Tomb Raider: Legends (2006)
- Tomb Raider: Anniversary (2007)
- Tomb Raider: Underworld (2008)
- Tomb Raider (2013)
- Rise of the Tomb Raider (2015)
- Shadow of the Tomb Raider (2018)

### Spin-offs

- Tomb Raider (2000)
- Tomb Raider: Curse of the Sword (2001)
- Tomb Raider: The Prophecy (2002)
- Lara Croft and the Guardian of Light (2010)

## Released Tomb Raider movies

- Lara Croft: Tomb Raider (2001)
- Tomb Raider: The Cradle of Life (2003)
- Tomb Raider Reboot (2018)
Hot dog

A **hot dog** (or **hotdog**) is a food created in Frankfurt, Germany. In the United States, hot dogs are very popular in areas with large numbers of European immigrants, such as Chicago, Brooklyn and Detroit. The word "hot dog" refers to the belief that many people thought hot dogs had actual dog meat. In a few places, hot dogs are also called **red-hots**.

A hot dog is made of the remains of the pig after other parts are cut off and sold as bacon, sausage patties, and ham. Hot dogs can be boiled, grilled, or fried. The most common type of hot dogs are made from beef, sometimes mixed with pork. Chicken and vegetarian hot dogs are popular as well. Hot dogs and other sausage products were first developed as a way to sell these parts that people would not normally eat. Nearly 20% of the weight of a hot dog is usually non-meat ingredients including water, sugar, and spices.  Some legal categories of hot dogs, such as "frankfurters" can contain up to 3.5% of non-meat fillers as well, such as corn meal.

To add to the taste, various toppings and sauces are often added. The most common sauces in the United States are ketchup, mustard and pickle relish. Onions, chopped pickles, peppers, hot sauce and cheese are also sometimes added to the food.  Onions cooked in tomato sauce and Sauerkraut are popular toppings, as is chili.

In the United States, there are many different types of hot dogs, with different combinations of chili, cheese, onions, mustard, and other products. One of the most popular types of hot dogs is a chili dog.  There are many different types of chili dogs. One of the most well-known is a Coney Island dog, a dog topped with a blend of chili, cheese, mustard and onions that is originally from Michigan.
  Other types of chili dogs include Michigan dogs, which are from upstate New York, and Texas dogs, which are from Pennsylvania.  Both Michigan and Texas dogs are spicy; the Texas dog has spicy sauce and the Michigan dog has a spicy weiner.  Chili dogs are also popular in the Southwestern United States. Another type of hot dog is a **Chicago dog**, which is a Vienna beef weiner topped with mustard, onion, neon green pickle relish, peppers, tomatoes and a pickle.

A type of hot dog called a "kosher hot dog" is very common in parts of the United States and overseas. It is similar to most hot dogs except that it is always made of Kosher beef, has more spice added to it. Kosher hotdogs contain less of the less desirable sounding ingredients (such as rectum) as these parts are not considered to be Kosher beef.

Though hot dogs are most popular in the United States, they are served in many places around the world. People in England eat many hot dogs, and the world's largest hot dog ever was made there.  In some countries, "hot dog" is the name of a completely different sausage dish; for example, in New Zealand it is used to mean corn dog, and hot dogs are called "American hot dogs" instead. Hot dogs are also popular in Australian elections, where they are called "democracy sausages".
Constipation

**Constipation** is when it is very hard to pass stool (defecate): that is, get rid of digested food waste (feces). Constipation can be caused by many things. One is eating or drinking too much dairy products that use cow milk. To solve this problem many people use a laxative or eat defecation-inducing foods such as plums. Another possible cause could be an obstruction somewhere along the digestive tract (the path that food travels inside the body). A person suffers from constipation if he or she passes stool three times in a week or more seldom. People suffering from constipation may defecate only once or twice in a week, and their stool is very solid and tough. Normally people defecate daily.

When a person is constipated their lower stomach and intestinal area will be blocked. People can usually conquer constipation by eating natural laxatives such a fruits, fruit juice and dietary supplements. Liquid will help get rid of constipation. Constipation can occur by eating hard food such as cheese or meat.

A good way on preventing constipation is to eat foods which contain fiber such as whole grain
Papaya and guava is very rich in fiber and potassium should be consume after meal everyday.

The seven types of stool are:

- Type 1: Separate hard lumps, like nuts (hard to pass)
- Type 2: Sausage-shaped, but lumpy, and passing it feels very painful, "like childbirth"
- Type 3: Like a sausage but with cracks on its surface
- Type 4: Like a sausage or snake, smooth and soft
- Type 5: Soft blobs with clear cut edges (passed easily)
- Type 6: Fluffy pieces with ragged edges, a mushy stool
- Type 7: Watery, no solid pieces. Entirely liquid

Types 1 and 2 indicate constipation, with 3 and 4 being the "ideal stools", especially the latter, as they are the easiest to defecate, and 5–7 tending towards diarrhea.
Ulm

**Ulm** is a city in Germany, in the state of Baden-Württemberg. It was started in about 850 AD.

Ulm is on the left side of the river Danube. Across the river on the right side is Neu-Ulm in Bavaria. Together they have more than 170,000 inhabitants. Ulm alone has about 120,000 inhabitants.

The university of Ulm was started in 1967. It has about 7,000 students.

The world's highest church tower is the Ulm Minster in Ulm. It is  tall. Also, Ulm has the oldest city theatre in Germany. Albert Einstein was born in Ulm.

## Infobox (german location)

- **image caption**: Ulm with the Ulm Minster
- **bürgermeistertitel**: Oberbürgermeister
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 08 4 21 000
- **stand**: 2006-12-31
- **type**: City
- **image photo**: Ulm_-_Sicht_aus_dem_Flieger_auf_Zentrum,_M%C3%BCnster_und_Neu-Ulm.jpg
- **image coa**: DEU Ulm COA.svg
- **image flag**: Flag of Ulm.svg
- **state**: Baden-Württemberg
- **region**: Tübingen
- **district**: Stadtkreis
- **elevation**: 478
- **area**: 118.69
- **population**: 120925
- **postal code**: 89073–89081
- **area code**: 0731, 07304,
07305, 07346
- **licence**: UL
- **divisions**: 18 Stadtteile
- **mayor**: Gunter Czisch
- **party**: CDU
Kebab

**Kebab** (**kebap** in Turkish, **kabab** in Iran, Afghanistan, India and Pakistan, also spelled **kebob**, **kabob**;  ) means "grilled (or broiled) meat" in Persian. Kebab is usually made of lamb and beef. Sometimes chicken and fish are used for some styles. Pork is never used by Muslims but is sometimes used by non-Muslim sellers. Muslims are not allowed to eat pork, for religious reasons.

There are many varieties of kebab and the term means different things in different countries. The generic term kebab usually refers to doner kebab or _döner kebap_ in Europe and to **Gyros** in the United States, though its meaning can vary. In South Asia the term can refer to a whole range of items such as Chappali kabab, Shami kabab, Bihari kabab and so on.

## History

There are evidence of hominin use of fire and cooking that was used in the Middle East around 790,000 years ago, and prehistoric hearths, earth ovens, and burnt animal bones were spread across Europe and the Middle East by at least 250,000 years ago. Excavations of the Minoan settlement of Akrotiri unearthed stone supports for skewers used before the 17th century BC. In Ancient Greek times, Homer in the _Iliad_ (1.465) mentions pieces of meat roasted on spits (),

## Variations

There are many types of kebab. Below are just a few.

### Shish

Shish kebabs are derived from the Turkish şiş which means skewer. They are cooked or grilled on skewers, over hot coals or wood. These kababs originated in Iran and Afghanistan and then spread out to Turkey, Azerbaijan, Pakistan, India. They are also very popular now in Europe and the United States.

### Döner

Döner kebap (which means "rotating kebab" in Turkish) is sliced lamb, beef, or chicken, that is slowly roasted on a vertical rotating spit.

### Chappali

**Chappali kabab** or **chappal kabab** or **chapli kebab** is a type of fried kebab. It started in the North-West Frontier Province (now Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) of present Pakistan and in Afghanistan. The name comes from the Pashto (and also Urdu) word for 'slipper' or 'shoe'. The kebab is actually called a 'slipper/shoe kebab'. Its shape is like that of a slipper or shoe.

This kebab is basically made from ground or minced beef or mutton mixed with tomatoes, onions and chillies, and a variety of herbs and spices. It is given its unique shape. It is fried in a special big pan. It is eaten with big _roti_ bread typical of the Pathan region. Often _Qahwa_ or green tea, is drunk with it or after it, to help digestion.

_Chappali kabab_ is very popular throughout Pakistan. It has spread to major cities of the country such as Lahore and Karachi. According to gourmets, the best ones are still found in Peshawar city and Mardan. Today, the popularity of these kebabs is also gradually spreading to other parts of the world, including the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia and the United States.

## Related pages

- Gyros (food)
- Souvlaki
Halal

**Halal** () is an Arabic term meaning "permissible" Islam. The opposite is "haram", which means "forbidden".

Muslims have strict rules of what they may and may not eat:
- Animals need to be killed in a special way. They must be slaughtered by a Muslim man, and the slaughter must be humane. (The animals should be slaughtered by hand so that all of their blood could be drained from them before they are eaten. The process is called "_Zabihah Halal_" in Arabic, meaning "Permissible Slaughter".)
- Muslims may not consume carcass animals even the animal slaughtered by knife, not in its neck, called Mari' and wajadan. Hunting animals may be eaten but in a special manner.
- Muslims must not eat pork.
- According to the Shafi'i, Maliki and Hanbali madhabs (schools of Islamic jursisprudence), all seafood would be halal except for eels in the Maliki school and all seafood except for fish in the Hanafi branch.
- They should not drink alcohol or consume other intoxicating substances in the wrong way (such as narcotics). All substances that take alters the mind for no medical purpose are forbidden.
- Some sources even argue that caffeine, like alcohol and drugs, is forbidden.
Surat

**Surat** is a city in the State of Gujarat, India. It is on the banks of the Tapti river. Surat used to be a large seaport. It is the eighth largest city in India. According to the 2020 reports on the ‘cleanest cities of India’, Surat ranked second out of 4,242 cities in India.
Kanpur

**Kanpur** is a city in Uttar Pradesh, India. Almost three million people live in Kanpur.
It was called the Manchester of India.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Kanpur
- **named for**: Raja Kanh Deo
- **settlement type**: Metropolis
- **other name**: Cawnpore
- **image skyline**: Cawnporeskyline.jpg
- **image alt**: Kanpur
- **image caption**: Clockwise from top right: Green Park Stadium; Civil Lines district; Kanpur Police headquarters; Landmark Hotel; Kanpur Memorial Church; JK Temple
- **nickname**: Leather City of the World Manchester of the India Birthplace of Indian Communism
- **map alt**: Kanpur
- **map caption**: Kanpur
- **pushpin map**: India Uttar Pradesh
- **pushpin label position**: right
- **pushpin map alt**: Kanpur
- **pushpin map caption**: Kanpur
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: India
- **subdivision type1**: States and union territories of India, State
- **subdivision type2**: Divisions of Uttar Pradesh, Division
- **subdivision type3**: List of districts of India, District
- **subdivision name1**: Uttar Pradesh
- **subdivision name2**: Kanpur Division, Kanpur
- **subdivision name3**: Kanpur Nagar district, Kanpur Nagar
- **leader party**: Bhartiya Janta Party, BJP
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Pramila Pandey
- **leader title1**: Divisional Commissioner
- **leader name1**: Pradeep Kumar Mohanty, Indian Administrative Service, IAS
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area total km2**: 403.70
- **elevation m**: 126
- **population total**: 2,767,348
- **population density km2**: auto
- **population metro**: 2,920,496
- **population rank**: List of cities in India by population, 12th
- **population blank1 title**: Metro Rank
- **population blank1**: List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India, 11th
- **population demonym**: Kanpurite, Kanpuriya
- **timezone1**: Indian Standard Time, IST
- **utc offset1**: +5:30
- **postal code type**: Postal Index Number, PIN
- **postal code**: 208 0xx
 • 209 2xx
  • 209 3xx
  • 209 4xx
- **area code**: 0512
- **area code type**: Telephone code
- **registration plate**: List of RTO districts in India#UP—Uttar Pradesh, UP-78 (Kanpur Urban)
UP-77 (Kanpur Rural)
- **blank1 name sec1**: Coastline
- **blank1 name sec2**: Climate of India, Climate
- **blank1 info sec2**: Humid subtropical climate, Cwa <small>(Köppen climate classification, Köppen)</small>
- **leader title2**: District Collector, District Magistrate and Collector
- **leader name2**: Vijay Vishwas Pant, Indian Administrative Service, IAS
- **leader title3**: Inspector General of Police, Inspector General, Kanpur Range
- **leader name3**: Mohit Agarwal, Indian Police Service, IPS
- **blank2 name sec1**: Human sex ratio, Sex ratio
- **blank2 info sec1**: 0.855 male, ♂/female, ♀
- **blank3 name sec1**: Literacy
- **blank3 info sec1**: 84.37%
- **blank4 name sec1**: Human Development Index, HDI
- **blank4 info sec1**: 0.663
- **leader title4**: Senior Superintendent of Police (India), Senior Superintendent of Police
Web portal

An **internet portal** or **web portal** is a website used to enter the Internet. It can also be used to describe a website to enter certain parts of the Internet, like Wikipedia's Community Portal.

Many ISPs have their own portals, but there are many other portals by other companies, like Microsoft's MSN, Ask.com, and Yahoo!.