juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Beirut

**Beirut** is the capital of Lebanon. It is one of the richest and oldest continuously inhabited cities of the world. It is on a hilly promontory on the eastern Mediterranean surrounded to the east by the snow-capped mountains of Lebanon. It was a cultural center of the Arab World, a major international financial, banking and media center and was called the Switzerland of the Middle East. It was called the Paris of the Middle East.

## References

- Linda Jones Hall, _Roman Berytus: Beirut in Late Antiquity,_ 2004.
- Samir Kassir, _Histoire de Beyrouth,_ Fayard 2003.
- Richard Talbert, Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World, (), p. 69.

## Other websites

- Official website of Beirut
- Downtown Beirut
- Discover Lebanon - Beirut photos and images, virtual tour, Allenby street, parliament, museum

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Beirut
- **settlement type**: Municipality
- **image skyline**: Beirut Skyline.jpg
- **imagesize**: 265px
- **image caption**: Beirut Skyline
- **image flag**: Flag of Beirut.svg
- **image seal**: Blason de Beyrouth.png
- **pushpin map**: Lebanon
- **pushpin mapsize**: 265px
- **pushpin label position**: left
- **pushpin relief**: yes
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: Governorate
- **subdivision name1**: Beirut Governorate, Beirut
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Jamal Itani
- **area total km2**: 19.60
- **population total**: 433,249
- **population as of**: December 31, 2017
- **population density km2**: 22,105
- **timezone**: Eastern European Time, EET
- **utc offset**: +02:00
- **postal code type**: Postal code
- **area code type**: Area code
- **blank name sec2**: ISO 3166-2:LB, ISO 3166 code
- **blank1 name sec2**: Address
Nancy Ajram

**Nancy Ajram** or **Nancy Agram** (, born 16 May 1980) is a popular Lebanese singer. Her musical videos, directed by Nadine Labaki, also Lebanese, revolutionized the Arab music industry.

She had quite a normal childhood with her small family that consisted of her parents, her sister and brother and herself. But when Nancy Ajram was 12, she participated in a television program called "Nojoum Al Mostakbal" (which means "Stars of the Future") and actually won first prize. Soon after, Ajram began studying music under the supervision of some of the finest teachers in her country. When she turned 18, she joined the Syndicate of Professional Artists in Lebanon - after they made an exception because of her age.

Her first album; _Mehtagalak_, was released in 1995 and marked her first official step in the world of show business. But, it took the young singer another 3 years to launch her second album Shil Eyounak Aney in 1998. Then her true hit came with her third album Ya Salam in 2000. The singer stressed the success of the album by shooting four of its songs; Akhasmak Ah, Ya Salam, Yay - Sehr Eyounoh and Nasseto Gar7o in the form of video clips. The clips were a tremendous hit and gained popularity in such a short time and gave the singer incredible fame in the Arab world.

Her most popular album is Ah we Nos which was released in 2001. Nancy shot again four video clips for this Album. Ah w Noss, Lawn Oyounak, Oul Tani Eih and Enta Eih.

As for other activities besides singing, the Lebanese diva has agreed to be the spokesperson for the international soft drink company Coca-Cola. After signing the contract with Nancy Ajram, Coca-Cola sold much more drinks in the Arab world.

On 25 July 2022, Ajram's single "Sah Sah" became the first Arabic language song to enter Billboard's Dance/Electronic songs featuring American DJ Marshmello.

## Discography

- Studio albums
- _Mihtagalak_ (1995)
- _Sheel Oyoonak Anni_ (1998)
- _Ya Salam_ (2000)
- _Ah W Noss_ (2001)
- _Ya Tabtab...Wa Dallaa_ (2003)
- _Shakhbat Shakhabit_ (2004)
- _Betfakkar Fi Eih_ (2005)
- _Nancy 7_ (2007)
- _Super Nancy_ (2009)
- _Nancy 8_ (2011)
- _Nancy 9 (Hassa Beek)_ (2014)
- _Nancy 10_ (2018)

## Other websites

- Official website
- Second Official website
- Nancy Ajram Zone
- Nancy Ajram VideoClips
- Popular FanPage
- Listen to all Nancy ajram songs
Fairuz

**Fairuz** (born **Nouhad Haddad** (, November 21, 1934) is a Lebanese singer. She is considered among the best singers in Arab world. She has been performing for over 50 years all over the world. Her vocal range is mezzo-soprano. Her first album was released in 1952. She has released 98 more albums since then.

## Early Life

Nuhad Haddad was born in 1935 in Beirut, Lebanon to a Lebanese Christian Maronite family. She was the eldest child in the family. Her father worked as a typesetter at a print shop. In 1940's, Mohammed Flayfel, a musician and a teacher at the Lebanese Conservatory, discovered her when he was searching different schools for singers to perform in a newly opened radio station. He attended a show at the school where Nuhad was to sing. He was very impressed with her voice and adviced her family to enroll her in his conservatory. Her father allowed her to be enrolled but only on a condition that her brother would also go with her. Flayfel along with other staff at Lebanese Conservatory trained her for 5 years. She began singing for the Palestinian Cause and also sang for various Arab Capitals including Beirut. Soon, she was hired at the National Radio Station as a Chorus singer. During that time, many singers used stage names. Halim Al-Rumi, who wrote songs for her, recommended that Nahud Haddad perform under the name **Fairuz**, which means "turquoise" in Arabic, which she accepted. in 1954, she married Assi Rahbani, who was a policeman and a part time composer.

## Other Websites

- About Fairuz at American University of Beirut.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Fairuz
 فيروز
- **image**: Fairuz 1971.jpg
- **caption**: Fairuz in 1971.
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Nouhad Wadi Haddad
- **origin**: Lebanon
- **occupation**: Singer
- **years active**: 1950–present
- **website**: http://www.fairouz.com
- **genre**: Arabic Music
Lebanese Music
- **birth place**: Beirut, Lebanese Republic
- **spouse**: Aassi Rahbani
Sword

A **sword** is a hand-held weapon made for cutting.  It is often made of metal. It has a long blade, and a handle called a hilt.  Often there is some form of hand protection, such as a cross-guard or a basket. It can be used either for cutting, slashing or stabbing, depending on the type of sword.

Swords were first created from bronze by blacksmiths in Ancient Egypt in 1150 BCE. Soon other cultures adopted them, and they began to spread quite quickly. Before guns were invented, swords were much more common as a weapon. After the invention of the gun, swords remained as _sidearms_, as secondary weapons used in man-to-man fight once the battle lines had contacted after shooting. Since after the American Civil War, swords have not been used as much by armies, except as a ceremonial part of uniforms. Some guns, however, have bayonets to perform the same function.

Today, Sport fencing, is an Olympic games sport which uses very light swords and a strict scoring system. Western Martial Arts use swords that are much closer to the original blades, such as longswords, rapiers and sabres. The blades used are blunt, but they are much heavier than a sport fencing sword, which means the fencers need much more armour. Likewise, the Japanese sport kendo is swordplay in armour with two-handed bamboo swords called shinai.

## Types of swords

There are many kinds of swords.  One kind of sword is a _sabre_ (or _saber_). A sabre is a curved, light sword, sharpened on one side and at the tip, and was generally used on horseback.  A _broadsword_ is a straight sword that is sharp on both sides and at the tip. A rapier is long and thin, with a basket protecting the hand. Another type of sword is a _foil_, used in sport fencing, and is long and thin, with a button at the tip to protect the fencers from injury. Larger swords, such as Longswords or claymores are used with two hands. In Eastern martial Arts, swords like the Katana are used. A Katana has one sharp edge and a small guard near the handle. Some Katanas are used with one hand, while other larger versions are used with two hands.

## Famous swords

The sword of King Arthur, Excalibur, is one of the most famous swords, although it is suspected it is legendary and does not exist.

In a Vietnamese legend, the Dragon King gives a sword called Heaven's Will to Emperor Lê Lợi so he can free Vietnam from the Chinese.

The Frisian freedom fighters Pier Gerlofs Donia and Wijerd Jelckama are known to have wielded swords of great size. Donias sword was a long as 210 cm (seven feet) and weighed 7 kg (15 lbs). The swords are kept in the Frisian Museum in Leeuwarden.
Canaan

**Canaan** was an ancient region in the Levant. In the Bible, it was the land promised to Abraham and his children by God.

## History

The Canaanites lived in the area from about 2,000 BC until the time of the Bible. The area covers part of the area that is now Israel, Palestine, Syria and Lebanon.

## Related pages

- Torah
- Levant
- Iron Age
- Israelites
- Bronze Age
Prophet

**Prophets** are people who said that God or gods talked to them. They freely teach other people what they learned. Most of them warn people that something very good will happen if they live good lives. Or if they sin, God will punish them. Sometimes people who are not religious are also called prophets if they correctly predict the future. Persons who think bad things  will happen are sometimes made fun of as being "prophets of doom". A person who says things will happen, but they don't happen are called "false prophets".

There are prophets in Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Mormonism, Sanamahism, Zoroastrianism, and in other religions.

For the main Abrahamic religions, there are two kinds of prophets, major and minor. Major prophets gave a lot of teachings while minor prophets do not have many teachings. Isaiah and Elijah are also important. Elijah didn't write any books in the Bible but did many miracles and told kings that God would punish them.

In Christianity, Jesus was the main prophet. Other Christian prophets are mentioned in the New Testament, both men and women. John, a disciple of Jesus wrote the Book of Revelation which has many prophecies.

In Islam, Muhammad is considered the last prophet. Muslims also consider Moses and Jesus to be prophets and many others who lived before the time of Muhammed. Some modern religions say that their founder is a prophet, such as Joseph Smith.

## Related pages

- Nevi'im
- Isaiah
- John the Baptist
- Oracle
- Prophecy
- Prophets of Islam
Cotopaxi

**Mount Cotopaxi** is a volcano in Ecuador. The mountain's altitude (height) is . That is high enough for snow to fall on it, even though it is near the equator (a very warm part of the world). If the volcano erupted, it would be very bad for the people living around it because of the destruction and damage it could cause.

**Cotopaxi** began showing new activity. As of 25 June 2015, it was under active watch by the National Polytechnic School Geophysics Institute.

The Geophysics Institute at the National Polytechnic School in Quito houses an international team of seismologists and volcanologists whose responsibility is to monitor Ecuadors numerous active volcanoes
and the constant seismic activity in the Andean Volcanic Belt and the Galapagos Islands.
Israelites

**Israelites** were Semitic people of the ancient Middle East.

## Overview

The Israelites lived in part of what was Canaan during the time of the Bible. This area came to be called the Land of Israel. It usually refers to a member of one of the Tribes of Israel. The term **Children of Israel** is also used, especially when talking about the period of the Five Books of Moses.

## History

Israelites lived in the United Kingdom of Israel, where the modern State of Israel is situated. The kingdom later split into the Kingdom of Israel and Kingdom of Judah, whose descendants have been called Jews ever since.

### Conquests by foreign empires

The Kingdom of Israel was conquered by the Assyrians in 721 BCE. Judah was conquered by the Babylonians in 586 BCE. Many Jews were taken hostage from Judah. When the Achaemenid Empire defeated the Babylonians they let the Jews return to rebuild the Second Temple in Jerusalem about 70 years later.

## Related pages

- Levant
- History of Jews
- History of ancient Israel and Judah
- History of Jews in the Arabian Peninsula
Bali

**Bali** () is an island and a province in Indonesia. The province includes the island of Bali and a few other islands. About 4,300,000 people live in Bali. Bali's most important city is Denpasar. Hinduism is Bali's largest religion. More than 90% of its people are Hindus. Textiles and garments are 45% of their exports. The currency in Bali is the Indonesian rupiah (IDR). The literacy rate for Bali is 95%. The current governor is now held by Sang Madé Mahendra Jaya.  Bali earns 6.5 billion dollars as part of its revenue. Its population consists of about 4.3 million people.

## Tourism

Bali is a popular place for tourists. They have many historic temples and rice fields. Bali is commonly known for its topography and views.  and volcanoes. Hindu ceremonies, shadow puppet shows, and traditional dance are also popular as part of tradition in Bali.

- **Sekumpul Waterfall**: This Balinese waterfall is in the north of Bali.
- **Tegallang Rice Terrace**: These rice paddies are near Ubud.
- **Pura Luhur Uluwatu Temple**: This temple is on a steep cliff on the Indian Ocean coast.
- **Kuta Beach**: Kuta is one of the most popular beaches in Bali.

## Geography

Bali is a volcanic island. The two main volcanos are Mount Agung and Mount Batur. Mount Agung is sacred to the Balinese people. Bali is around 5,590 square kilometers large.

Mount Agung is an active volcano, with a deep, large crater. Sometimes smoke and ash comes out of the crater. The last major eruptions occurred in November 2017. References
Flag of the People's Republic of China

The **Flag of China** has one big star and four small yellow stars on a red background.
The big star stands for the communist government, and the four small stars stand for the workers, peasants, middle-class citizens and soldiers.
The red background stands for the blood lost while the history of China was made.

## Sources

</references>

## Other websites

- Chinese-flag.org
The Prince

***The Prince*** is a book written by Niccolò Machiavelli, who lived in the city of Florence in the country of Italy. The book was published in 1513. It is the most famous book by Niccolò Machiavelli. In it, he gives advice about politics and ruling.

While he gives advice for kings who inherit their rule, he focuses on new rulers who have just became rulers.

Machiavelli says that a king who inherits his rule does not need to do much to stay in power, unless someone uses a lot of force to remove him. But a new ruler has a harder job. First, he must make his rule stable and then build a strong government.

Machiavelli also says that rulers should not always try to be good. He believes that the usual virtues (like kindness or honesty) can make a ruler prone to danger. Instead, a ruler must learn to act in the opposite way when needed to keep his state.

A ruler should care about his reputation, but also be ready to use cruelty when necessary. Machiavelli says it is better for a ruler to be feared than loved. People obey a feared ruler because they are afraid of punishment.

He also says that rulers might need to use violence or trickery, even killing powerful families, to stop threats to their royal authority.

## Other websites

- **Il Principe** (HTML e-book)
- **The Prince Book ** Read the book online or download for free. Suitable for e-readers
Round

**Round** or **rounds** may refer to:

## Mathematics and science

- The contour of a closed curve or surface with no sharp corners, such as an ellipse, circle, rounded rectangle, or sphere
- Rounding, the shortening of a number to reduce the number of significant figures it contains
- Round number, a number that ends with one or more zeroes
- Roundness (geology), the smoothness of clastic particles

## Music

- Round (music), a type of musical composition
- _Rounds_ (album), a 2003 album by Four Tet

## Places

- Round Point, a point on the north coast of King George Island, South Shetland Islands
- Grand Rounds Scenic Byway, a parkway system in Minneapolis
- Rounds Mountain, a peak in the Taconic Mountains, United States
- Round Mountain (disambiguation), several places

## Repeated activities

- Round (boxing), a time period within a boxing match
- Grand rounds, a ritual in  medical education and inpatient care
- Round of drinks, a traditional method of paying in a drinking establishment
- Funding round, a discrete round of investment in a business
- Doing the rounds or patrol, moving through an area at regular intervals
- Round (Theosophy), a planetary cycle of reincarnation in Theosophy

## Other

- Round (surname)
- Rounds (surname)
- Roundedness, rounding of lips when pronouncing vowels
- Labialization, rounding of lips when pronouncing consonants
- Round shot
- Cartridge (firearms), a single unit of ammunition
- Round steak, a cut of meat
512

**512** was a leap year.

## Events

- Roman (Byzantine) Emperor Anastasius I ends a period of moderate ecclestical policy, and starts strongly favoring his own monophysitist beliefs.
- Flavian II, Patriarch of Antioch, is deposed and replaced with Severus.
- The island nation of Usan-guk is conquered by the Korean Silla Dynasty general Lee Sabu.
- Earliest known dated text in the Arabic alphabet, at Zebed in Syria

## Births

- Saint David
United Russia

The **All-Russian Political Party United Russia** (, ) is a Russian political party, which is the current ruling party of Russia. Former President and Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev is leader of this party. Incumbent President Vladimir Putin, though not a member of the party, is its de-facto Leader. The party has controlled Russia for many years.

The party has most of the seats in the State Duma and in the Regional Parliaments. Because of this, United Russia is the most powerful political party in Russia. The party was started on 1 December 2001 when Unity, Fatherland – All Russia, and the Our Home – Russia became one party.

## Infobox (political party)

- **name**: United Russia
- **native name**: Единая Россия
- **native name lang**: ru
- **leader1 title**: Chairman
- **leader1 name**: Dmitry Medvedev
- **leader2 title**: Secretary-General
- **leader2 name**: Vladimir Yakushev
- **leader4 title**: Chairman of the
Supreme Council
- **leader4 name**: Boris Gryzlov
- **leader5 title**: Parliamentary Leader
- **leader5 name**: Vladimir Vasilyev (politician), Vladimir Vasilyev
- **foundation**: 1 December 2001
()
- **headquarters**: 39th Building, Kutuzovsky Prospekt, Moscow, Russia. 121170
- **youth wing**: Young Guard of United Russia
- **membership year**: 2013
- **membership**: 2,073,772
- **position**: Big tent
- **european**: European Conservatives, Patriots & Affiliates, European Democrat Group (formerly)
- **national**: All-Russia People's Front
- **international**: For the Freedom of Nations!
- **seats1 title**: Federation Council (Russia), Seats in the Federation Council
- **seats2 title**: State Duma, Seats in the State Duma
- **seats3 title**: List of current heads of federal subjects of Russia, Governors
- **seats4 title**: Regional parliaments of Russia, Seats in the Regional Parliaments
- **seats5 title**: Government of Russia, Ministers
- **colours**: White,  Blue,  Red (Flag of Russia, Russian national colors)
- **country**: Russia
1735

**1735** (MDCCXXXV) was a common year starting on Saturday in the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Wednesday in the Julian calendar.

## Events

- January 8 – George Frideric Handel's opera _Ariodante_ plays at the Royal Opera House in Covent Garden, London.
- February 14 – The Order of St. Anna is started in Russia. It is in honour of the daughter of Peter the Great.
- April 13 – Emperor Sakuramachi takes the throne of Japan.
- Linnaeus publishes his _Systema Naturae_.
- Cobalt is discovered and isolated by Georg Brandt.
- First successful Appendectomy by French surgeon Claudius Aymand in London

- October 30 – John Adams, second President of the United States (d. 1826)
Jaguar

The **jaguar** (_Panthera onca_) is a big cat (feline) of the genus _Panthera_. It lives in South and Central America.

The jaguar is the third-largest feline after the tiger and the lion. It is also the largest and most powerful feline in the Western Hemisphere.

Because of its spots, jaguars look like leopards, though it is usually larger and stronger, and its behavior is more like that of a tiger. It likes to stay near water, and like the tiger, it is famous for being a big cat that enjoys swimming. It usually hunts alone.

The jaguar has a very powerful strong bite, even compared to other big cats. Because of its strong bite, jaguars can bite capybaras, Brazilian tapir, peccaries, giant anteaters, tamanduas, through armoured reptiles like caimans, crocodiles, turtles and tortoises. Jaguars kill their prey in an unusual way: they bite directly through the skull between the ears and into the brain.

## Appearance

Jaguars have yellow or sometimes yellow-orange fur with brown and black rosettes and spots. They are big and heavy and also have very strong muscles which makes them really powerful. They cannot climb well, but they can swim.

Sometimes there are jaguars who are completely black, but if you look closely you can still see the spots. They are called "black panther" or just "panther".
This is a 'colour morph' of the same species, a kind of polymorphism.

## Habitat

Jaguars live in South America and Central America. They mostly live in rainforests, but also in savannas, swamps, grasslands, forest, deserts and open areas.

## Life

Jaguars are not specialized with their food, but eat almost anything they get: big and small mammals, birds, reptiles, fish and livestock. It is an ambush predator. When hunting, they usually try to secretly get very close to the prey, and then the jaguar suddenly jumps at it and throws it down. The jaguar bites the skull of its prey to kill it. It then takes the prey to a safe place and eats it.

After a pregnancy of about 100 days the female gives birth to usually 1 - 4 babies. The young leave their family after 1–2 years, and they become mature at about 3 years. Jaguars can live up to 10–12 years old in freedom, but in captivity (such as in zoos) they can live to 20–22 years old.

## Other websites

- BBC videos on Jaguars
1794

## Events

- Whiskey Rebellion

## Births

- February 21 – Antonio López de Santa Anna
Quartz

**Quartz** is a tectosilicate mineral that is the second most common mineral in Earth's continental crust. Its crystal structure is a framework of SiO<sub>4</sub> silicon–oxygen tetrahedra. Each shares an oxygen atom with another tetrahedron, so the overall chemical formula is SiO<sub>2</sub> or silica.

There are many different varieties of quartz, some of which are semi-precious gemstones.  They have been used for a long time to make jewelry and hardstone carvings.  Agate, amethyst, rose quartz are all forms of quartz.

Quartz crystals are used in oscillators, for example in quartz clocks. People also extract the silicon to make semiconductors.
The majority of sand is small quartz bits. Quartz has a mineral hardness of 7. (mohs scale).

The word "quartz" comes from the German word "quarz".

'Fused quartz' is glass made of silica in non-crystalline form. It does not contain other ingredients that are added to other glass to lower the melting point. Fused silica has high working and melting temperatures. For some purposes, fused quartz is better than other types of glass due to its purity. The glass is used in a number of high-tech products.

Quartz comes in many different types such as clear quartz, smoky quartz, tiger's eye, lemon quartz and many more. There are many microcrystalline types of quartz, like Jasper, Onyx, Agate and Carnelian.

## Shocked quartz

**Shocked quartz** is a form of quartz that has a microscopic structure different from normal quartz. Under intense pressure (but limited temperature), the crystalline structure of quartz is deformed along planes inside the crystal. These planes show up as lines under a microscope.

Shocked quartz is found worldwide, especially in impact crater<nowiki/>s and in the thin Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary layer. This is at the contact between Cretaceous and Paleogene rocks. It is further evidence (in addition to iridium enrichment) that the transition between the two geologic periods was caused by a large impact. Eugene Shoemaker discovered it in building stones in the Bavarian town of Nördlingen. The stones were from shocked metamorphic rocks, such as breccia, of a meteor crater.

## Related pages

- Time crystal
October 17

### Up to 1900

- 1091 – London tornado of 1091: A tornado thought to be of strength T8/F4 strikes the heart of London.
- 1346 – The English capture King David II of Scotland at Neville's Cross and imprison him for eleven years.
- 1448 – An Ottoman army defeats a Hungarian army at the Second Battle of Kosovo.
- 1456 – The University of Greifswald is established as the second oldest university in northern Europe.
- 1534 – Anti-Catholic posters appear in Paris and other cities supporting Huldrych Zwingli's position on the Mass.
- 1558 – Poczta Polska, the Polish postal service, is founded.
- 1604 – Kepler's Supernova is observed in the constellation of Ophiuchus.
- 1610 – French king Louis XIII is crowned in Reims Cathedral.
- 1660 – The Nine regicides who signed the death warrant of Charles I of England are hanged, drawn and quartered.
- 1662 – Charles II of England sells Dunkirk to France for 40,000 pounds.
- 1771 – Premiere in Milan of the opera _Ascanio in Alba_, composed by Mozart at age 15.
- 1777 – American Revolutionary War: British General John Burgoyne surrenders his army at Saratoga, New York.
- 1781 – American Revolutionary War: British General Charles, Earl Cornwallis surrenders at the Siege of Yorktown.
- 1800 – War of the Second Coalition: Britain takes control of the Dutch colony of Curaçao.
- 1806 – Former leader of the Haitian Revolution, Emperor Jacques I, is assassinated after an oppressive rule.
- 1814 – Eight people die in the London Beer Flood.
- 1817 – The tomb of Pharaoh Seti I is discovered.
- 1827 – Bellini's third opera, _Il pirata_, is premiered at Milan.
- 1860 – First The Open Championship (referred to in North America as the _British Open_).
- 1861 – Aborigines kill Nineteen Europeans in the Cullin-la-ringo massacre.
- 1888 – Thomas Edison files a patent for the Optical Phonograph (the first movie).
Ted Cassidy

**Ted Cassidy** (July 31, 1932 - January 16, 1979) was an American actor. He was best known for his roles as Lurch and Thing on _The Addams Family_.

Cassidy died of surgery-related problems to remove a tumor from his heart on January 16, 1979.
Aileen Wuornos

**Aileen Carol Wuornos Pralle** (born **Aileen Carol Pittman**; February 29, 1956 – October 9, 2002) was an American serial killer. She was born in Rochester, Michigan. She confessed to killing six men in Florida and was executed in Florida State Prison by lethal injection for the murders. Wuornos claimed that the men she killed had raped her or tried to rape her while she was working as a prostitute.

Wuornos was diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder and borderline personality disorder.

The movie, _Monster_ is about her life. Two documentaries were made about her.

## Early life

Wuornos was born Aileen Carol Pittman in Rochester, Michigan. She never met her father. Wuornos was adopted by her grandparents. When she was 13 she became pregnant. She started working as a prostitute when she was 14.

## Infobox (criminal)

- **name**: Aileen Wuornos
- **image**: Wuornos.jpg
- **caption**: Aileen Wuornos mug shot
- **birth name**: Aileen Carol Pittman
- **birth place**: Troy, Michigan, United States
- **death place**: Florida State Prison, Bradford County, Florida, United States
- **cause**: Execution by lethal injection
- **alias**: Sandra Kretsch
Susan Lynn Blahovec
Lee Blahovec
Cammie Marsh Greene
Lori Kristine Grody
- **victims**: 7
- **conviction**: 6 counts of Murder (United States law), 1st degree murder
- **country**: United States
- **states**: Florida
- **weapons**: High Standard .22 long rifle, .22-caliber revolver
- **beginyear**: November 30, 1989
- **endyear**: November 19, 1990
- **apprehended**: January 9, 1991
- **penalty**: Death
Crater

A **crater** is a round dent on a planet. They are usually shaped like a circle or an oval. They are usually made by something like a meteor hitting the surface of a planet. Underground activity such as volcanoes or explosions can also cause them but it's not as likely.

## Related pages

- Volcanic crater
- Caldera
- Impact crater
Store

**Store** has several meanings:

- Storage, a place for saving things
    - Warehouse

- Retail store
    - A department store
    - A shop
1857

## Events

- Indian Mutiny; Mangal Pandey, Rani of Jhansi
- "Jingle Bells" is written and published in America

## Births

- 5 April – Alexander of Battenberg
- 14 April - Princess Beatrice of the United Kingdom; Prince Henry of Battenberg
- June 11 – Antoni Grabowski
- September 15 - William Howard Taft, twenty-seventh President of the United States (d. 1930)
- 3 December – Joseph Conrad

## Deaths

- December 31 - Edward Williams Clay, American artist (b. 1799)
1887

**1887** (MDCCCLXXXVII) was a common year starting on Saturday in the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Thursday in the Julian calendar.

## Events

- July 26 – L. L. Zamenhof published Esperanto

## Births

- March 22 – Chico Marx
- December 25 – Conrad Hilton, American hotelier (d. 1979)
1485

## Events

- August 22 – Battle of Bosworth Field ends the War of the Roses, Henry VII becomes King of England.
- The first appearance of the sweating sickness in England.

## Births

- 16 December – Catherine of Aragon, later first Queen-consort of King Henry VIII of England.
- Thomas Cromwell, English statesman (approximately).
- Hernán Cortés, conqueror of Mexico
- Clément Janequin, French chanson composer (approximate date)
- Hugh Aston, English composer (approximate date)
- Pierre Moulu, French composer (approximate date)

## Deaths

- March 16 – Anne Neville, Queen consort of Richard III of England.
- 22 August – King Richard III of England.
- October 28 – Rodolphus Agricola, Dutch scholar
24-hour clock

|24-hour clock|12-hour clock|Period|
| --- | --- | --- |
|00:00|12:00 AM midnight || rowspan = 6 | Postmidnight Overnight||
|01:00|1:00 AM||
|02:00|2:00 AM||
|03:00|3:00 AM||
|04:00|4:00 AM||
|05:00|5:00 AM||
|06:00|6:00 AM|Morning|
|07:00|7:00 AM||
|08:00|8:00 AM||
|09:00|9:00 AM||
|10:00|10:00 AM||
|11:00|11:00 AM||
|12:00|12:00 PM noon midday || rowspan = 6 | Afternoon||
|13:00|1:00 PM||
|14:00|2:00 PM||
|15:00|3:00 PM||
|16:00|4:00 PM||
|17:00|5:00 PM||
|18:00|6:00 PM|Evening|
|19:00|7:00 PM||
|20:00|8:00 PM||
|21:00|9:00 PM||
|22:00|10:00 PM||
|23:00|11:00 PM||

The **24-hour clock** is a method of telling the time in which the civil day runs from midnight until next midnight.

The following numbers (used once in the same civil day) of hours are: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22 and 23, without **AM** nor **PM**.

This system is also referred to (only in the United States and the English speaking parts of Canada) as **military time** or  (only in the United Kingdom and now very rarely) as **continental time**.

In some parts of the world, it is called **railway time**. Also, the international standard notation of time (ISO 8601) is based on this format.

## Particulars

A time in the 24-hour clock is written in the form hours:minutes (for example, 01:23), or hours:minutes:seconds (01:23:45). Numbers under 10 have a zero in front (called a leading zero); e.g. 09:07. Under the 24-hour clock system, the day begins at midnight, 00:00. The last minute of the day begins at 23:59 and ends at 24:00, which is the same as 00:00 of the following day. This means that "Tuesday at 24:00" and "Wednesday at 00:00" are the same time. Because of this, 12:00 is always noon.

Advantages over the 12-hour clock system:
- Less confusion between morning and evening.
- 12:00 is always midday.

### Regional

In many African, Asian, European and Latin American countries people use it to write the time. Many people use it in speaking. Many digital wristwatches and clocks can display the time of day using the 24-hour clock.

### Military

The U.S. military prefers not to say 24:00 - they do not like to have two names for the same thing, so they always say "23:59", which is one minute before midnight.
24-hour clock time is used in computers, by the militaries, for public safety, and in transport.

### Railway

In railway timetables 24:00 means the _end_ of the day. For example, a train due to arrive at a station during the last minute of a day arrives at 24:00; but trains which depart during the first minute of the day go at 24:00. To write shop opening hours until midnight use, for example, "24:00–24:00", "07:00–24:00". v  67

## Related pages

- Time
- Clock
- Space
- Physics
- Spacetime
- Kinematics
- Radioactivity
- Albert Einstein
- Atomic physics
- General Relativity
- Erwin Schrödinger
- Classical mechanics
- Quantum mechanics
- Unit of Measurement
- International System of Units (SI units)
Fifth Avenue

**Fifth Avenue** is a large avenue in New York City (U.S.). Running from Greenwich Village in southern Manhattan to Harlem in the north, the avenue marks the line dividing Manhattan into two parts, called the East Side and the West Side. The nearest avenues, on either side, are Madison Avenue (east) and Sixth Avenue (west), also known as the Avenue of the Americas.

There are many famous sights, such as the New York Public Library, St. Patrick's Cathedral, Rockefeller Center and Central Park (which runs along the west side, between 59th and 110th Street). On Fifth Avenue there are many expensive shops like Gucci.

## Related pages

- Madison Avenue
Yarm

**Yarm** is a small town in North East England, in Stockton-on-Tees, North Yorkshire.  It is next to the River Tees and the River Leven.  It has a railway station. From 1974 to 1996 it was part of Cleveland, England.
Ulster Volunteer Force

The **Ulster Volunteer Force** (**UVF**) is a loyalist paramilitary (civilians trained as soldiers) group based in Northern Ireland. It was formed in 1966. Its name comes from the UVF of World War I. The Ulster Volunteer Force was started as a Protestant/Unionist militia (citizen military force) in 1912 to oppose the Home Rule campaign for a separate Irish parliament. Many UVF members formed the 36th (Ulster) Division that fought with the British Army in World War I. The Progressive Unionist Party is the political wing of the outlawed Ulster Volunteer Force and Red Hand Commando. Although the PUP is called a loyalist fringe party, it has more moderate unionist views than any of the traditional unionist parties.

## Crimes

During the Troubles in Northern Ireland (1969-1998), the UVF carried out many attacks:
- In 1971, they bombed McGurk's Bar in Belfast which was in a mostly Catholic area of the city. The blast killed 15 Catholics and destroyed the building.
- In 1974, they placed three car bombs in the centre of Dublin and another in Monaghan, which were deliberately exploded at rush hour to kill as many people as possible. The bombs killed 33 people and injured over 300, making it the worst atrocity of the conflict.
- In 1975, they shot dead three members of the Miami Showband, a popular showband from Dublin, as they were travelling home from doing a show in County Down, Northern Ireland.
- In 1994, they attacked a bar in Loughinisland County Down and fired on the customers. The attack killed six Catholics and injured five others.
- Following the murder of a Catholic taxi driver in Portadown in July 1996, the Mid-Ulster Brigade of the UVF was expelled. They immediately set up the Loyalist Volunteer Force (LVF).

## Ceasefire and decommissioning

After a continuous campaign of 28 years, the UVF called a ceasefire in October 1994. They stated in October 2007 that they had ended their campaign and in June 2009 they announced they had decommissioned (destroyed their weapons), however the UVF have been involved in a number of incidents since then, which has put the announcement in doubt.

## Deaths as a result of campaign

From the organization's creation in 1966 and ending of campaign in 2007, the UVF were responsible for at least 400 murders, however it is believed the actual figure is closer to 1,000. The UVF stated that their mission was to destroy Irish republican paramilitary groups, however over 80% of their victims were Catholic civilians.

## References

- Steve Bruce, The Red Hand, 1992,
- Jim Cusack & Henry McDonald, UVF, 2000,
- Martin Dillon, The Dirty War
- Brendan O'Brien, The Long War - the IRA and Sinn Féin
- Peter Taylor, Loyalists
- Tony Geraghty, The Irish War

## Other websites

- History of the 1912 UVF
- History of the YCV
- CAIN - University of Ulster Conflict Archive
- Photographs of UVF murals
- Ulster Volunteer Force
June 12

### Up to 1950

- 1381 – Peasants' Revolt: In England, rebels arrive at Blackheath.
- 1418 – An insurrection delivers Paris to control of the Burgundians.
- 1429 – Battle of Jargeau: Joan of Arc leads the French army in the capture of the city and the English commander, William de la Pole, 1st Duke of Suffolk in the battle's second day.
- 1550 – Helsinki, present-day capital of Finland and then-part of Sweden, is founded by King Gustav I of Sweden.
- 1560 – Battle of Okehazama: Oda Nobunaga defeats Imagawa Yoshimoto.
- 1665 – England installs a municipal government in New York.
- 1758 – French and Indian War: Siege of Louisbourg – James Wolfe's attack on Louisbourg, Nova Scotia, begins.
- 1775 – American Revolution: British general Thomas Gage declares martial law in Massachusetts.
- 1776 – The Virginia Declaration of Rights is adopted in what would become the United States.
- 1860 – The State Bank of the Russian Empire is founded.
- 1864 – American Civil War: Battle of Cold Harbor – General Ulysses S. Grant pulls his Union troops from their positions, handing victory to Confederate General Robert E. Lee.
- 1872 – The Royal Mint (where money is made) opens in Melbourne.
- 1889 – The Armagh rail disaster occurs in present-day Northern Ireland, killing 78 people.
- 1897 – Carl Elsener patents a small pen knife, now called the Swiss army knife.
- 1898 – The republic of the Philippines declares independence from Spain.
- 1899 – United States: The New Richmond tornado kills 117 people.
- 1929 – Anne Frank is born in Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
- 1932 – Bayern Munich win the German football championship for the first time.
- 1939 – The Baseball Hall of Fame opens in Cooperstown, New York.
- 1939 – Shooting begins on Paramount Pictures' Dr. Cyclops, the first horror movie photographed in three-strip Technicolor.
- 1940 – World War II: 13,000 British and French troops surrender to Major General Erwin Rommel at Saint-Valery-en-Caux.
- 1942 – Anne Frank receives her diary for her 13th birthday.
- 1943 – Holocaust: Nazi Germany liquidates the Jewish Ghetto in what is now Berezhany, Ukraine. 1,800 Jews are led to the city's graveyard and shot.
1254

## Births

- September 15 – Marco Polo, Italian explorer (d. 1324)

## Deaths

- December 7 – Pope Innocent IV
1473

## Events

- February 12 - The first complete edition of Avicenna's The Canon of Medicine (in Latin translation) is published in Milan.
- August 11 - Sultan of the Ottoman Empire Mehmed II defeats the White Sheep Turkmens led by Uzun Hasan at Otlukbeli.

### Unknown dates

- Axayacatl, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan, in present-day Mexico, invades the territory of the neighbouring Aztec city of Tlatelolco. The ruler of Tlatelolco is killed and replaced by a military governor, and it loses its independence in the process.
- The city walls of Celje, Slovenia, are built.
- Marsilio Ficino becomes a priest.
- Nicolo Marcello becomes Doge of Venice.

## Births

- February 19 – Nicolaus Copernicus, astronomer and mathematician (d. 1543)
- March 16 – Henry IV, Duke of Saxony (d. 1541)
- March 17 – King James IV of Scotland (d. 1513)
- August 14 – Margaret Pole, 8th Countess of Salisbury (d. 1541)
- August 17 – Richard, Duke of York, one of the Princes in the Tower (d. 1483)
- September 24 – Georg von Frundsberg, German Knight and landowner (d. 1528)
- October 26 – Friedrich of Saxony (d. 1510)
- _date unknown_ – Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk, Tudor politician (d. 1555)
- _probable_
    - Jean Lemaire de Belges, Walloon poet and historian (d. 1525)
    - Edward of Middleham, Prince of Wales, only son of Richard III of England (d. 1484)

## Deaths

- January 24 – Conrad Paumann, German composer (b. c. 1410)
- February 23 – Arnold, Duke of Gelderland (b. 1410)
- April – Alessandro Sforza, condottiero
- May 8 – John Stafford, 1st Earl of Wiltshire, English politician (b. 1420)
- July 10 – James II of Cyprus (b. c. 1440)
- December 24 – John Cantius, Polish scholar and theologian (b. 1390)
- _date unknown_
    - Jean Jouffroy, French prelate and diplomat (b. c. 1412)
    - Hosokawa Katsumoto, Japanese nobleman (b. 1430)
    - Nicholas I, Duke of Lorraine (b. 1448)
    - Yamana Sōzen, Japanese daimyo and monk (b. 1404)
- _probable_ – Patriarch Gennadios II of Constantinople (b. c. 1400)
1898

### January

- January 1 – New York City creates the City of Greater New York.

### February

- February 12 – Henry Lindfield dies in England, and is the first person to die from a car accident.

### March

- March 24 – Robert Allison of Port Carbon, Pennsylvania becomes the first person to buy a car built in America.
- March 26 – The Sabi Game Reserve is created in South America, and becomes the first official game reserve.

### April

- April 25 – The United States declares war on Spain.

### June

- June 12 – The Republic of the Philippines declares official independence from Spain during the Spanish-American War.

## Deaths

- March 16 – Aubrey Beardsley
- March 27 – Sir Syed Ahmed Khan Bahadur
Minesweeper (video game)

**Minesweeper** is a strategy game that comes with most Microsoft computer operating systems. It is available for many other operating systems and desktop environments as well. The object of the game is to clear a minefield of mines. By clicking on blocks, the player learns if the block contains a mine. If they do not see a mine, the game continues. If they clicked on a mine, the game is over. When the player clicks on a block, a number may appear. The number shows how many mines are next to this square. This helps the player find out where the mines are.

The most common variation of the game is won when every block that does not contain a mine has been clicked, although some variations are won by having every block that contains a mine flagged.

## Variations

There are many versions out there:
A Tale of Two Cities

***A Tale of Two Cities*** is a book written by Charles Dickens. It was published (printed) in 1859. It is set during the time of the French Revolution (1775-1793). The story happens in France and England. It talks about the French Revolution and the troubles the poor go through and how the rich ignore them. The main characters are Sydney Carton, Charles Darnay and their love interest, Lucie Manette. The story's main theme is society.
Fijian language

The **Fijian language** is a Austronesian language. It is one of the official languages of Fiji. It has about 350,000 speakers.

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Fijian
- **states**: Fiji
- **speakers**: 339,210
- **date**: 1996 census
- **ref**: e18
- **speakers2**: 320,000 second-language users (1991)
- **familycolor**: Austronesian
- **fam2**: Malayo-Polynesian languages, Malayo-Polynesian
- **fam3**: Oceanic languages, Oceanic
- **fam4**: Central Pacific languages, Central Pacific
- **fam5**: East Fijian languages, East Fijian
- **script**: Latin script, Latin-based
- **iso1**: fj
- **iso2**: fij
- **iso3**: fij
- **glotto**: fiji1243
- **glottorefname**: Fijian
- **notice**: IPA
Legend

_Legends_ (derived from Latin _legenda_) are stories in oral tradition passed on by word of mouth.

The word is also used for famous or historically significant people, places, events, etc. We sometimes say of someone who is extremely famous that they are a "legend" or "of legendary fame".

Examples of legends are Ali Baba, the Fountain of Youth, Nano Begal, Paul Bunyan, Bogeyman, Kraken, Sirens, Atlantis, the Loch Ness Monster, Bigfoot, and Yeti.  Some legends are stories about real people; others are not. Odysseus and Robin Hood for example may have been real but most the stories about them are definitely fiction.

For some places, legends are the earliest history. For example, the origin of ancient Rome is known only from legends, as are the earliest dynasties in the history of China.
Fountain of Youth

The **Fountain of Youth** is a legendary spring. People talked about it for thousands of years. They thought its water could make people young and healthy. Herodotus put it in the Horn of Africa. Later stories said it was in India. A Spanish explorer, Juan Ponce de Leon, was said to have looked for it while in present-day Florida.
Apricot

An **apricot** is a drupe fruit. It is closely related to the plum.

## Description

The apricot comes from a small to medium-sized tree,  tall, with a trunk up to 40 centimetres in diameter with spreading, dense canopy; leaves are shaped somewhat like a heart with pointed tips, about 8 centimetres (3 inches) wide.

Apricots contain many nutrients but is highest in vitamin C and potassium. A single apricot contains approximately 3.5 grams of vitamin C and 91 grams of potassium.
- **Flowers**: Flowers are white to pinkish in color.
- **Fruit**: The fruit has only one seed; the color runs from yellow to orange and may have a red cast; the surface of the fruit is smooth and nearly hairless.

## Related pages

- List of fruits

## Other websites

- www.apricotseeds.org  – includes information on medicinal uses of apricot seeds
- Apricot Kernel products  – About Apricot Kernel
- Scintro fruit book – All about fruits
- Apricot Nutrition Facts
Contraction

A **contraction** is a word that is made up of two or more words that are connected together. One or more letters are removed from the words when they are connected. One or more apostrophes are added in the location letters are removed. For example, an apostrophe goes in place of the o in _not_ when "do not" is shortened to "don't."

In linguistic analysis, contractions should not be confused with crasis, abbreviations and initialisms (including acronyms), with which they share some semantic and phonetic functions, though all three are connoted by the term "abbreviation" in loose parlance. Contraction is also distinguished from morphological clipping, where beginnings and endings are omitted.

The definition overlaps with the term portmanteau (a linguistic _blend_), but a distinction can be made between a portmanteau and a contraction by noting that contractions are formed from words that would otherwise appear together in sequence, such as _do_ and _not_, whereas a portmanteau word is formed by combining two or more existing words that all relate to a singular concept that the portmanteau describes.

### Helping verbs

- I will = I'll
- He will = He'll
- You are = You're

### Be

- Are not = aren't
- Is not = isn't

### Do

- Do not = don't
- Did not = didn't
- Does not = doesn't

### Helping Verbs

- Cannot or Can not = can't
- Could not = couldn't
- Shall not = shan't
- Should not = shouldn't
- Might not = mightn't
- Must not = mustn't
- Will not = won't
- Would not = wouldn't
- He did = he'd

### Have

- Has not = hasn't
- Have not = haven't
- Had not = hadn't
Filippo Azzaiolo

**Filippo Azzaiolo** (1530 - 1569) was an Italian composer. He lived in 16th century. Azzaiolo worked in Bologna.

All his known songs were composed between 1557 and 1569. Azzaiolo's most famous song is "Chi passa".
1724

## Events

- January 14 – King Philip V of Spain leaves the throne for his 16-year-old son Louis I.
- January 28 – Saint Petersburg State University is established.
- February 8 – Catherine I of Russia is officially named czarina by her husband, Peter the Great.
- May 29 – Pope Benedict XIII succeeds Pope Innocent XIII as the 245th pope.
- June 23 – Treaty of Constantinople is signed

- April 22 – Immanuel Kant