juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
1584

**1584** (MDLXXXIV) was a leap year starting on Sunday in the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Wednesday in the Julian calendar.

## Events

- June 1 – With the death of the Duc d'Anjou, the Huguenot Henry of Navarre becomes heir-presumptive to the throne of France.
- July 5 – Maronite College established in Rome
- July 10 – William I of Orange assassinated
- Change to the new Gregorian Calendar in many countries. Dates between October 5 – 14 ignored.
- The first translation of the complete Bible into Slovenian language: _Bibilija, tu je vse svetu pismu stariga inu noviga testamenta, slovenski tolmačena skuzi Jurija Dalmatina_ (Wittenberg), i.e. The Bible, it is a Complete Holy Scripture of the Old and of the New Testament, Translated into Slovenian by Jurij Dalmatin.
- Archangelsk is founded in northern Russia.
- Feodor I succeeds his father Ivan IV as Tsar of Russia
- Latin Book of Concord published in Germany
- Ghent falls to the Spanish.
193

**193** was a common year.

## Events

- January 1 – Pertinax is proclaimed Roman Emperor.
- June 1 – Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is assassinated in his palace.
- Pertinax is killed after 87 days as Roman emperor. Septimius Severus finally gains control of the Roman Empire, after eliminating Pescennius Niger and Didius Julianus. Clodius Albinus also claims the Empire.
- Last (4th) year of _Chuping_ era of the Chinese Han Dynasty
1243

## Events

- Innocent IV was elected pope.
- Castile captures the city of Murcia from the Moors.
- City of Brno founded
- Battle of Köse Dag
1541

## Events

- The first official translation of the entire Bible in Swedish
- February 12 – Pedro de Valdivia founds Santiago de Chile.
- May 8 – Hernando de Soto reaches the Mississippi River naming it Rio de Espiritu Santo.
- May 23 –  Jacques Cartier departs Saint-Malo France on his third voyage.
- July 9 – Estevão da Gama departs Massawa, leaving behind 400 matchlockmen and 150 slaves under his brother Christovão da Gama, with orders to assist the Emperor of Ethiopia defeat Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi who has invaded his Empire.
- August 29 – The Janissaries of Suleiman the Magnificent take Buda by ruse, hiding themselves as tourists.
- Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent seals off The Golden Gate in Jerusalem.
- The Parliament of Ireland declares Henry VIII of England King of Ireland replacing the Lordship of Ireland with the Kingdom of Ireland.
- October – The unsuccessful Algerian campaign of Charles V of Spain Gabsurg
1354

## Events

- October 8 – Cola di Rienzo, self-proclaimed "tribune" of Rome, is killed by an angry mob
- End of reign of John VI Cantacuzenus, as Byzantine emperor.
- The Lao kingdom of Lan Xang is established.
1286

## Births

- March 8 – John III, Duke of Brittany (died 1341)
- June 30 – John de Warenne, 8th Earl of Surrey, English politician (died 1347)
- James Douglas the Black, Scottish patriot (died 1330)
- Hugh the younger Despenser (died 1326)
- Frederick I of Austria (died 1330)
- William III, Count of Holland (died 1337)
1129

## Deaths

- March 8 – Queen Urraca of Castile (born 1082)
- July 24 – Emperor Shirakawa of Japan (born 1053)
- Prince Álmos, of Hungary
- Constantine II of Armenia
- Thoros I of Armenia
- Ranulph le Meschin, 1st Earl of Chester
- Symeon of Durham, English chronicler
- Margrave Leopold of Styria
1082

## Births

- November 2 - Emperor Huizong of China (d. 1135)
- Queen Urraca of Castile (d. 1129)
1135

## Deaths

- June 4 – Emperor Huizong of China (b. 1082)
- December 1 – King Henry I of England
- Al-Mustarshid, Caliph of Baghdad
- Milarepa, Tibetan yogi and poet (born 1052)
1052

## Events

- Godwin, Earl of Wessex returns to England from exile.

## Births

- May 23 – King Philip I of France (d. 1108)
1761

## Events

- January 14 – Third Battle of Panipat was fought between Marathas and Afghans
- January 16 – British capture Pondicherry, India from the French.
- February 8 – Earthquake in London breaks chimneys in Limehouse and Poplar
- March 8 – Second earthquake in North London, Hampstead and Highgate
- In Dutch Guayana a “state” formed by escaped slaves signs a treaty with the local governor
- Opening of Matthew Boulton's Soho Manufactory.
- _Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star_ is published, in France.
- June 6 – Transit of Venus occurred, and was observed from 120 locations around the globe.
- The vizier Muhammad Abu al Kaylak, who had led the Funj army in wars, carries out a Sennar palace coup, relegating the sultan to a figurehead role. (History of Sudan (Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah))
1470s

The **1470s** was the decade that started on January 1, 1470 and ended on December 31, 1479. It is distinct from the decade known as the ***148th decade*** which began on January 1, 1471 and ended on December 31, 1480.

## Events

- 1470 July 12 – The Ottomans capture Euboea.
- 1471 March – The Yorkist King Edward IV returns to England to reclaim his throne.
- 1472 – Foundation of the Kingdom of Fez.
- 1474 February – The Treaty of Utrecht ends the Anglo-Hanseatic War.
- 1476 – Battle of Avenches
- 1477 February 27 – Uppsala University is founded.
- 1478 November 1 – Start of the Spanish Inquisition.
- 1479 January 20 – Ferdinand II takes the throne of Aragon. He rules together with his wife Isabella I, Queen of Castile.
1476

## Events

- March 2 – Battle of Grandson. A Swiss army defeats the Burgundians under Charles the Bold
- June 2 – Battle of Morat. The Swiss again defeat Charles.
- December – Vlad III Dracula manages to become reigning Prince of Wallachia for the third and last time before being assassinated by decapitation. His head is sent to his old enemy Sultan Mehmed II of the Ottoman Empire.
Gleiwitz incident

The **Gleiwitz incident** was a planned German attack against the radio station "Sender Gleiwitz" in the German town of Gliwice on the night of August 31, 1939. This attack along with other Nazi activities was used to make people think that Poland attacked Germany and that Poland, not Germany started World War II.
Free

**Free** may mean:

- For things that are not alive, it means that it is being given away by someone who does not want any money in return
- For living creatures, including people, it means having freedom: being able to be what one wants to be, or to do what one wants to do, without being ordered around
- Free County (), a former region of France
- Free (band), an English rock band
- Free software, software that anyone may run, share, and change, at any time, for any reason.
Mackinac Island

**Mackinac Island** is an island in Lake Huron.  It is part of the U.S. state of Michigan and is 8 miles (13 kilometers) around.

Many people go to see Mackinac Island in the summer because the island passed a local law that says that no one can use a car on the island, except emergency vehicles.  Everybody has to ride a horse or a bicycle.  In recent years, young people have been using roller skates or roller blades to get around the island.  There is a narrow paved road that follows the 8 miles of shoreline.  This road is for horses (and their buggies), bicycles, skaters and joggers or just people taking a long walk.

In order to get to Mackinac Island, visitors have to buy a ticket on a ferry boat.  The boat ride has views of Lake Huron and the Mackinac Bridge.  After they get to Mackinac Island, many visitors buy locally made fudge.
Havana

**Havana** () is the capital city of Cuba. It is the largest city of Cuba and  of the Caribbean. Its population was 2.1 million in the census of 2012. It is at 23°8′N 82°23′W and is about  south-southwest of Key West, Florida in the United States. Cuba's main airport ia located in the city.

Havana is a very old city. It was founded in 1515 by Spanish explorers. Due to its important location it became a springboard for the Spanish conquest of the Americas. Also, it became a stopping point for Spanish ships returning to Spain filled with treasure. King Philip II of Spain granted Havana the title of City in 1592. Walls as well as forts were built to protect the old city. The sinking of the U.S. battleship Maine in Havana's harbor in 1898 was the immediate cause of the Spanish–American War.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Havana
- **settlement type**: Capital city of Cuba
- **native name**: La Habana
- **native name lang**: es
- **nickname**: City of Columns
- **mapsize**: 200px
- **map caption**: Location in Cuba
- **pushpin map**: Cuba#Caribbean#Gulf of Mexico
- **pushpin relief**: 1
- **image flag**: Official flag of Havana, Cuba.svg
- **flag size**: 110px
- **image shield**: Coat_of_arms_of_La_Habana.svg
- **shield size**: 70px
- **shield link**: Seal of Havana
- **image skyline**: Ave 23 (La Rampa) in Vedado, Havana.jpg
- **imagesize**: 300
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Cuba
- **parts type**: Municipalities of Cuba#Havana, Municipalities
- **parts**: 15
- **governing body**: Gobierno Provincial de La Habana
- **leader title**: Provinces of Cuba#Presidents of the People's Power Provincial Assemblies, President of People's Power Provincial Assembly
- **leader name**: Yanet Hernandez
- **leader party**: Communist Party of Cuba, PCC
- **established title**: Established
- **established date**: Nov 16, 1519 (current place)
- **area total km2**: 741
- **population as of**: 2012
- **population total**: 2,106,146
- **population density km2**: 2,892
- **population demonym**: Habaneros-habaneras
- **population rank**: List of North American cities by population, 4th in North America
List of cities in Cuba, 1st in Cuba
- **blank3 name**: Human Development Index, HDI (2019)
- **blank3 info**: 0.834 – <span style="color:#090;">very high</span>
- **demographics type1**: GDP, GDP (PPP, constant 2015 values)
- **demographics1 title1**: Year
- **demographics1 info1**: 2023
- **demographics1 title2**: Total
- **demographics1 info2**: $41.1 billion
- **demographics1 title3**: Per capita
- **demographics1 info3**: $19,100
- **timezone**: UTC−05:00
- **utc offset**: −5
- **timezone dst**: UTC−04:00
- **utc offset dst**: −4
- **elevation m**: 59
- **elevation ft**: 195
- **postal code type**: Postal code
- **postal code**: 10xxx–19xxx
- **area code**: (+53) 07
- **iso code**: CU-03
- **blank name sec1**: Patron saint
- **blank info sec1**: Saint Christopher, San Cristóbal
- **founder**: Diego Velazquez de Cuéllar
- **population est**: 1,749,964
- **pop est as of**: 2024
Bismarck

**Bismarck** is a German family name.

## Otto von Bismarck

The name "Bismarck" is usually associated with Otto von Bismarck, a famous Prussian and later German statesman in the 19th century. His name is sometimes misspelled **Bismark**.

### Battlecruiser class

- _Fürst Bismarck_, a Mackensen class battlecruiser of the German navy, still under construction at the time of the 1918 Armistice and never completed.

### Battleship

The _Bismarck_ was a battleship of the German navy during WWII
- _The Bismarck Chase_
- _Sink the Bismarck!_, a 1960 movie about the sinking of the _Bismarck_
    - _Sink the Bismarck_, a 1960 Johnny Horton song inspired by the movie
- _Expedition: Bismarck_, a 2002 documentary about the battleship _Bismarck_.

### Ocean liners

- The SS _Bismarck_ of 1914 became the RMS _Majestic_ as a part of World War I war reparations.

### Geography

- the Bismarck Sea, north of the island of New Guinea
- the Bismarck Archipelago, a part of Papua New Guinea
- Bismarck, North Dakota, the capital of the U.S. state of North Dakota
- Bismarck, Arkansas
- Bismarck, Illinois
- Bismarck, Missouri
- Bismark, Ontario, a hamlet in Canada at the junction of Highway 20 and Highway 57
- Bismark, Saxony-Anhalt, the German town from which the Bismarck family originated

### Buildings and structures

- "Bismarck towers"
    - _Bismarck Tower Stettin_

## Other people named Bismarck

- Herebord von Bismarck, the first verifiable holder of the name (from the 13th century)
- Ludolf August von Bismarck (1683-1750), a Russian General
- Levin Friedrich von Bismarck (1703-1774), a Prussian Attorney General
- August Wilhelm von Bismarck (1750-1783), a Prussian Finance Minister
- Friedrich Alexander Graf von Bismarck-Bohlen (1818-1894), a Prussian General
- Herbert von Bismarck (1849-1904), Secretary of State, son of Otto von Bismarck
- Gottfried von Bismarck (1881-1928)
- Bernhard von Bismarck
- Otto Fürst von Bismarck (1815-1898), a highly influential German politician of the 19th century. Prime Minister of Prussia, and Chancellor of the Second German Reich.
- Gottfried Graf von Bismarck-Schönhausen (1901-1949), a Nazi parliamentary representative, grandson of Otto von Bismarck
- Count Gottfried von Bismarck (1962-2007) son of Prince Ferdinand von Bismarck, great-great-grandson of the famous Otto von Bismarck
- Philipp von Bismarck (b. 1913), a German politician of the CDU party
- Prince Ferdinand von Bismarck
- Klaus von Bismarck, 1961-1976, and administrator of a German radio station
- Gunilla von Bismarck (b. 1949), great-granddaughter of Otto von Bismarck, a German philanthropist
- Carl-Eduard von Bismarck (b. 1961), great-great-grandson of Otto von Bismarck, a German politician
- Aurel von Bismarck, a musician and composer

## Things

- Bismarck, a beer mix also known as a Black Velvet
- Bismarck herring, a variant of rollmops

## Media

- Sei Jūshi Bismarck, a Japanese anime series released by Studio Pierrot in 1984.
Crusinallo

**Crusinallo**, with 4000 people, is the most populated district of the town of Omegna (in the Province of Verbano-Cusio-Ossola, in Piedmont, Italy). It was an independent town until 1928. The town of Crusinallo is located in the north part of the town of Omegna, at the border with the towns of Casale Corte Cerro, Gravellona Toce, and Germagno. The natural borders are: at north, the Saint Martino river; at east and south, the Strona river; at west, the forest of Alpe Colla.
1752

In the British Empire, the day was just 355 days long.

## Events

- February 11 – Pennsylvania Hospital, the first hospital in the US, is opened.
- March 23 – The _Halifax Gazette_, the first Canadian newspaper
- June 6 – Fire destroys part of Moscow
- June 15 – Benjamin Franklin proves that lightning is electricity using a kite and a key.
- September 14, Gregorian Calendar – The British Empire adopts the Gregorian calendar, making it necessary to skip eleven days (September 2 being followed directly by September 14 this year)
- Adam Smith at the University of Glasgow transfers to professor of moral philosophy
- English Scientist Lord John Davies first observes what is later recognised as respiratory collapse
660s BC

## Events

- 669 BC - Assurbanipal succeeds his father Esarhaddon as king of Assyria
- 668 BC - Shamash-shum-ukin, son of Esarhaddon, becomes King of Babylon
- 668 BC - Egypt revolts against Assyria
- 667 BC - Byzantium founded by Megaran colonists under Byzas. (traditional date)
- 664 BC - First naval battle in Greek recorded history, between Corinth and Corcyra
- 664 BC - Assurbanipal captures and sacks Thebes, Egypt
- 664 BC - Psammetichus I succeeds Necho I as king of Lower Egypt
- 664 BC - Taharqa appoints his nephew Tantamani as his successor of Upper Egypt
- 660 BC - Legendary Emperor Jimmu's reign starts; traditional date of 1st Japanese monarch of Yamato dynasty
- 660 BC - First known use of the demotic script
- 660 BC - Psammetichus I drives the Assyrians out of Egypt
1496

## Events

- January 3 – Leonardo da Vinci unsuccessfully tests a flying machine.
- March 10 – Christopher Columbus leaves Hispaniola for Spain, ending his second visit to the Western Hemisphere.
- July – Spanish forces under Gonzalo Hernandez de Cordoba capture Atella after a siege. Among the prisoners is the French viceroy of Naples, the Comte de Montpensier. Ferrante II is restored to the throne of Naples.
- Jesus College (University of Cambridge) founded.

## Births

- March 28 – Mary Tudor, queen of Louis XII of France (died 1533)
- May 12 – King Gustav I of Sweden (died 1560)
- October 20 – Claude, Duke of Guise, French soldier (died 1550)
- François Bonivard, Swiss historian (died 1570)
- Edward Fox, English churchman (died 1538)
- Richard Maitland, Scottish poet (died 1586)
- Clément Marot, French poet (died 1544)
- Anthony St Leger, Lord Deputy of Ireland (died 1559)
- Menno Simons, Dutch religious leader (died 1561)
- Henry Somerset, 2nd Earl of Worcester (died 1549)

## Deaths

- March 4 – Archduke Sigismund of Austria (born 1427)
- September 7 – King Ferdinand II of Naples (born 1469)
- September 25 – Piero Capponi, Italian soldier and statesman (born 1447)
- Piero del Pollaiuolo, Italian painter (born 1443)
1543

## Events

- February 21 – Battle of Wayna Daga – A combined army of Ethiopian and Portuguese troops defeat the armies of Adal led by Ahmed Gragn.
- May – Nicolaus Copernicus publishes _De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium_
- July 12 – King Henry VIII of England marries Catherine Parr. It is the sixth of Henry's marriages and the third of Catherine's. Princess Elizabeth attends the wedding
- August 5 – Turkish and French troops under Khair ed-Din Barbarossa occupy Nice
- September-October – Landrecies in Picardy is besieged by forces under Emperor Charles V, but withdraw on the approach of the French army.

- Japanese receive first firearms from shipwrecked Portuguese
- Native Americans in Spanish colonies are announced free against the wish of local settlers
- Martin Luther publishes _On the Jews and Their Lies_.

## Births

- January 18 – (baptized) – Alfonso Ferrabosco, Italian composer
- January 31 – Tokugawa Ieyasu, Japanese shogun
- February 15 – Charles III, Duke of Lorraine
- February 16 – Kano Eitoku, Japanese painter
- April 1 – François de Bonne, duc de Lesdiguières, Constable of France
- September 14 – Claudio Aquaviva, Italian Jesuit

## Deaths

- January 2 – Francesco Canova da Milano, Italian composer
- January 3 – Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, Portuguese explorer
- January 9 – Guillaume du Bellay, French diplomat and general
- February 21 – Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi, Imam of Adal (killed in battle)
- May 24 – Nicolaus Copernicus, mathematician and astronomer
- July 19 – Lady Mary Boleyn, mistress of Kings Francis I of France and Henry VIII of England
- September 20 – Thomas Manners, 1st Earl of Rutland
- November 29 – Hans Holbein the Younger, German artist, active in England
362

## Events

- An earthquake strikes Nicaea (Turkey).
- An earthquake strikes Al-Karak (Jordan).

## Births

- Flavia Maxima Constantia, daughter of Constantius II
- Jin Xiaowudi, emperor of the Eastern Jin Dynasty

## Deaths

- Dorotheus of Tyre, bishop and martyr
- Princess Dowager Ma, concubine of Zhang Jun
1071

## Events

- April — The last Byzantine-controlled city in southern Italy, Bari, is captured by Robert Guiscard.
- August 26 — Byzantine Empire loses Battle of Manzikert to Turkish army under Alp Arslan. Control of much of Asia Minor passes to the Turks.
- Construction of Richmond Castle in North Yorkshire, England begins.
1278

## Events

- August 26 – Kings Rudolph I of Germany and Ladislaus IV of Hungary defeat King Otakar II of Bohemia in the Battle of Marchfield, a match of over 80,000 men and the largest battle of knights in the Middle Ages. The battle ends a power struggle between Rudolph and Otakar over the fate of central Europe, and Rudolph's Habsburg family will continue to rule Austria and other captured territories until the end of World War I in 1918.
- The independence, boundaries, and political structure of Andorra are agreed to by the Spanish Bishop of Urgell and the French Count of Foix.
- The earliest known written copy of the Avesta, a collection of ancient sacred Persian Zoroastrian texts previously passed down orally, is produced.
- An edict by Pope Nicholas III requires all Jews to attend conversion sermons.
- The Japanese era Kenji ends, and the Koan era begins.
People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals

**People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals** (**PETA**) is one of the world's largest non-profit organisations about animal rights. The four main beliefs of PETA are that animals are not to be used for food, clothes, exploitation or testing. The headquarters of the organization is in Norfolk, Virginia in the United States. PETA was started by Ingrid Newkirk and Alex Pacheco in 1980.

PETA has protested fast food chain KFC for the way it kills chickens and also for jallikattu or sallikattu in Tamil Nadu (India). In the past, it has protested many corporations including Iams, which makes pet food.

PETA's main website is made for adults and vegans. They also have another website called PETA2 which is made for teenagers who are vegetarian, vegan or still deciding. PETA says it has over nine million members.

## Other websites

- PETA (General)
- PETA (UK)
- YouTube profile
- PETA UK on YouTube
Software licence

A **software licence** (or **software** **license** in United States English) is a kind of licence that is used to set rules about how a piece of software can or cannot be used. After getting the software by either downloading it or buying it, you need to agree with the licence in order to use it. The licence is chosen or created by the software developer/creator or software publisher. Many licences answer questions such as "can I use this software commercially/to make money?", or "can I give this software to other people?", or in general, "in what ways am I allowed/permitted to use this software?".

One kind of software licence, an end user licence agreement, or "EULA", is very specific/descriptive about the things that you can or cannot do with the software, and oftentimes establishes/defines the rights of the software developer over the user. Most EULAs are written by the specific software developer and are not shared like other software licences.

Another type of software licence is an open source distribution licence. These licences let software developers choose what people can and cannot do with the code of the software. There are many licences freely available which allow you to do this, such as the MIT Licence, which allows for the software to be used by any person for any reason/purpose. The GNU General Public Licence, often abbreviated/shortened as **GPL** is a licence which makes all copies of the software free and open source. Therefore, GPL cannot be included in any part of proprietary/closed software because it does not follow the rules of the licence. The Apache Licence is more definitive and specific, but is more common with larger companies, such as Google, but is still considered a free software licence. **Creative Commons** is a popular licence used by people who want to give something out for free without taking as much credit. Creative Commons is very open, and is even used by Wikipedia for its pages and other content.

## List

- Affero General Public License
- Apache License
- BSD licence
- General Public License
- Lesser General Public License
- MIT License
- Mozilla Public License
- PHP License
- Zlib License
BSD licence

The **BSD licence** is named after the group that first used the licence, the University of California, Berkeley, where the BSD operating system was first made. Since they are in the United States, BSD uses the U.S. spelling _BSD license_.

## The licence

The words of the BSD licence are public domain and can be changed however people want. To be useful for people or groups, people need to change 'Regents of the University of California', 'University of California, Berkeley', and 'Regents' to their name. A basic BSD licence looks like this:

- Copyright (c) 1994, Regents of the University of California
- All rights reserved.
- Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
- modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
- * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
- notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
- * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
- notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
- documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
- * Neither the name of the University of California, Berkeley nor the
- names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products
- derived from this software without specific prior written permission.
- THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY
- EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
- WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
- DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY
- DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
- (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
- LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND
- ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
- (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
- SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

This means that any person who uses the licensed software can do anything with it, but the person cannot say it is all their work or say that the first makers of the software support the person's new software in any way. It also stops people from suing the first makers if something goes wrong with it.

## Related pages

- Software licence
1786

## Events

- May 21 – Trial of the Necklace affair ends in Paris
- August 8 – Mont Blanc was climbed for the first time by Dr. Michael-Gabriel Paccard and Jacques Balmat.
- August 29– Shays Rebellion begins
- September 2 – Hurricane in England.
- November 7 – The oldest musical organization in the United States was founded as the Stoughton Musical Society.
- November 30 – Peter Leopold Joseph of Habsburg-Lorraine, Grand Duke of Tuscany, promulgates a penal reform making his country the first state to abolish the death penalty. November 30 is therefore commemorated by 300 cities around the world as Cities for Life Day.
- December 4 – The Mission Santa Barbara, was founded by Father Fermín Francisco de Lasuén, becoming the tenth mission in the California mission chain.

- Choctaw Treaty
- Chickasaw Treaty
- Robert Burns publishes _Poems, Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect_
- Francis Light acquires the island of Penang from the Sultan of Kedah on behalf of the British East India Company. It is the first British colony in South-East Asia.
- Anglo-Spanish treaty gives Belize to Britain
- First ship of convicts leaves Britain for Botany Bay, Australia – 820 out of 1138 aboard are convicts
- The trade with Iceland is opened to all Danish and Norwegian traders.
- The Mozart opera "The Marriage of Figaro" is premiered in Vienna
- Goethe undertakes his 'Italian Journey' throughout September-December (published in 1817)

## Births

- January 8 – Nicholas Biddle, President of the Second Bank of the United States (d. 1844)
- January 12 – Sir Robert Inglis, Bt, English politician (d. 1855)
- January 23 – Auguste de Montferrand, French architect (d. 1858)
- February 16 – Maria Pavlovna of Russia, Grand duchess of Saxe-Weimar Eisenach (d. 1859)
- February 24 – Martin W. Bates, U.S. Senator from Delaware (d. 1869)
- February 24 – Wilhelm Grimm, German philologist and folklorist (d. 1859)
- March 22 – Joachim Lelewel, Polish historian (d. 1861)
- June 13 – Winfield Scott, American general and Presidential candidate (d. 1866)
- August 17 – David "Davy" Crockett, American frontiersman (d. 1836)
- August 25 – King Ludwig I of Bavaria (d. 1868)
- September 10 – William Mason, American politician (d. 1860)
- September 11 – Friedrich Kuhlau, German composer (d. 1832)
- September 18 – King Christian VIII of Denmark (d. 1848)
- September 24 – Charles Bianconi, Italian-Irish entrepreneur
- December 12 – William L. Marcy, American statesman (d. 1857)

## Deaths

nv:1751 – 1800
1728

## Events

- Astronomical aberration found by the astronomer James Bradley
- Swedish academy of sciences made at Uppsala
- The making of the University of Havana (Universidad de la Habana ), Cuba's most set university.

## Births

- January 9 – Thomas Warton, English poet (d. 1790)
- February 21 – Emperor Peter III of Russia, husband of Catherine the Great (d. 1762)
- April 16 – Joseph Black, Scottish scientist (d. 1799)
- August 26 – Johann Heinrich Lambert, Swiss mathematician, physicist and astronomer (d. 1777)
- August 28 – John Stark, American general (d. 1822)
- September 3 – Matthew Boulton, English metal-worker, inventor and partner of James Watt (d. 1809)
- September 14 – Mercy Otis Warren, American writer (d. 1814)
- October 7 – Caesar Rodney, American lawyer who signed the Declaration of Independence (d. 1784)
- October 27 – James Cook, British captain and explorer (d. 1779)
- November 10 – Oliver Goldsmith, Irish writer (d. 1774)

## Deaths

- February 12 – Agostino Steffani, Italian diplomat and composer (b. 1654)
- February 13 – Cotton Mather, Puritan minister (b. 1663)
- March 4 – Anna Petrovna of Russia, oldest daughter of Peter the Great (b. 1708)
- April 3 – James Anderson, Scottish historian (b. 1662)
- August 15 – Marin Marais, French musician (b. 1656)
- September 23 – Christian Thomasius, German jurist (b. 1655)
- November 19 – Leopold of Anhalt-Cöthen, German Prince (b. 1694)
- date unknown – Serfoji I, Indian Ruler (b. 1675)
1614

**1614** (MDCXIV) was a common year starting on Wednesday in the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Saturday in the Julian calendar.

## Events

- April 5 – In Virginia, Native American Pocahontas marries English colonist John Rolfe.
- October 11 – Adriaen Block and a group of Amsterdam merchants petition the States General for exclusive trading rights in the area he explored and named "New Netherland".
- The French Estates-General meets for the last time before the era of the French Revolution. In between, France will be governed as an absolute monarchy.
- John Napier publishes a paper outlining his discovery of logarithms.
- The University of Groningen is established.
- Institution of the Rosicrucian Order in Germany according to Fraternitas Rosae Crucis.
- Toyotomi Hideyori attempts to restore Osaka Castle. Tokugawa Ieyasu, father of the Shogun, is outraged at this act, and takes the castle by storm.

## Births

- January 1 – John Wilkins, English clergyman (d. 1672)
- January 5 – Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria, Governor of the Spanish Netherlands (d. 1662)
- July 10 – Arthur Annesley, 1st Earl of Anglesey, English royalist statesman (d. 1686)
- December 16 – Eberhard III, Duke of Württemberg (d. 1674)
- Franciscus Sylvius, German scientist (d. 1672)
1588

## Events

- May 12 – Day of the Barricades in Paris.  Duke Henry of Guise seizes the city, forcing King Henry III to flee.
- May 28 – The Spanish Armada, with 130 ships and 30,000 men, begins to set sail from Lisbon heading for the English Channel (it will take until May 30 for all ships to leave port).
- July – King Henry III of France capitulates to the Duke of Guise and returns to Paris.
- July 31 – First engagement between the English and Spanish fleets off Plymouth. The English have the better of it.
- August 2 – The English and Spanish fleets meet again off Dorset. (The English fleet is led by Lord Howard of Effingham and Sir Francis Drake.) The English again have the better of it.
- August 6 – Battle of Gravelines: The Spanish Armada is defeated by an English naval force under command of Lord Charles Howard and Sir Francis Drake off the coast of Gravelines, now in France.
- August 7 – The English and Spanish fleets again engage off the coast of Flanders. The English again are more successful.
- August 8 – August 9 – The Spanish are unable to reach the coast of Flanders to meet up with the army of the Duke of Parma. Medina Sidonia decides to return to Spain.
- August 12 – The Spanish fleet sails past the Firth of Forth, and the English cease their pursuit. Much of the Spanish fleet is destroyed as it sails around Scotland and Ireland.
- October 1 - Abbas the Great of Persia takes power.
- December 23 – Henry III of France strikes his ultra-Catholic enemies, having the Duke of Guise and his brother, Cardinal Louis of Guise, killed, and holding the Cardinal de Bourbon a prisoner.
- Ahmad al-Mansur, sultan of Morocco, demands that the king of Songhay give a heavy tribute in exchange of a Saharan salt, probably in an intentional provocation. When Songhay's answer is defiant, he declares war and marches his army through Sahara to Songhay
- Russia, regency of Boris Godunov
- William Morgan's Welsh translation of the Bible published.
1012

## Events

- Mael Morda starts a rebellion against Brian Boru in Ireland, which would eventually end in 1014 at the Battle of Clontarf.
- Sulayman is restored as Umayyad caliph of Cordoba, succeeding Hisham II.
- Benedict VIII becomes pope. Gregory is antipope.
- Archbishop Alphege of Canterbury is murdered by his Danish captors.
- King Aethelred of England pays Danegeld.
- Oldrich succeeds Jaromir as duke of Bohemia.
1746

## Events

- January 8 – Bonnie Prince Charlie occupies Stirling
- April 16 – Battle of Culloden brings an end to the Jacobite Risings
- August 18 – Two of the four rebellious Scottish lords, Earl of Kilmarnock and Lord Balmeniro beheaded in the Tower (Lord Lovat executed 1747)
- October 22 – The College of New Jersey is founded (it becomes Princeton University in 1896)
- October 28 – An earthquake demolishes Lima and Callao, in Peru
- Catharine de Ricci (born 1522) canonized.
- Town of Vilkovo (Odes'ka oblast', Ukraine) is founded.
1734

**1734** (MDCCXXXIV) was a common year starting on Friday in the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Tuesday in the Julian calendar.

## Events

- January 8 – Premiere of George Frideric Handel's opera _Ariodante_ at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden.
- June 17 – French troops take Philippsburg, but the Duke of Berwick is killed
- June 21 – In Montreal in New France, a black slave known by the French name of Marie-Joseph Angélique, was tortured then hanged by the French authorities in a public ceremony that involved her disgrace and the amputation of a hand.
- June 30 – Russian troops take Gdańsk (German: Danzig) which had been besieged since October 1733. Gdańsk is captured after the failure of a French expedition to relieve the city
1682

## Events

- March 11 – Chelsea hospital for soldiers is founded in England.
- April 7 – René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, exploring rivers in America, reaches the mouth of the Mississippi River.
- April 9 – At the mouth of the Mississippi River, near modern Venice, Louisiana, Robert de La Salle buries an engraved plate and a cross, claiming the territory as "La Louisiane" for France.
- May 6 – Louis XIV of France moves his court to Versailles.
- May 7 – Official beginning of the reign of Peter the Great.
- May 11 – Moscow Uprising of 1682: a mob takes over the Kremlin and lynches the leading boyars and military commanders.
- July 19 – Iyasus succeeds his father Yohannes I as Emperor of Ethiopia.
- August 12 – Vesuvius begins a period of volcanic activity lasting for ten days.
- September – Halley's comet makes an appearance, and is observed by Edmond Halley himself.
- September 14 – Bishop Gore School in Swansea, Wales is founded.
- October 27 – The city of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania is founded by William Penn.
- October 31  – The city of Bideford, England two men and one woman were some of the last to be executed for witchcraft in England. They were accused of speaking in unknown languages as well as practicing knowledge beyond their natural abilities, and acting in peculiar manners. The woman, Guenevere Damascus, as well as her lover (name unknown) and their spiritual mentor were burned at the stake.

### Undated

- The first black slaves arrive in Germany.
- The Richard Wall House is built in Pennsylvania.

## Births

- February 25 – Giovanni Battista Morgagni, Italian anatomist (died 1771)
- April 16 – John Hadley, inventor (died 1744)
- June 27 – King Charles XII of Sweden (died 1718)
- July 10 – Roger Cotes, English mathematician (died 1716)
- August 16 – Louis, duc de Bourgogne, heir to the throne of France (died 1712)
- October 29 – Pierre François Xavier de Charlevoix, French historian (died 1761)

## Deaths

- February 25 – Alessandro Stradella, Italian composer (born 1644)
- March 14 – Jacob Isaakszoon van Ruysdael, Dutch painter (born c.1628)
- April 1 – Franz Egon of Fürstenberg, Bishop of Strassburg (born 1625)
- April 3 – Bartolomé Esteban Murillo, Spanish painter (born 1618)
- May 7 – Tsar Feodor III of Russia (born 1661)
- July 12 – Jean Picard, French astronomer (born 1620)
- September 8 – Juan Caramuel y Lobkowitz, Spanish writer (born 1606)
- October 19 – Sir Thomas Browne English writer, physician, and philosopher (born 1605)
- November 19 – Prince Rupert of the Rhine, Royalist commander in the English Civil War (born 1619)
- November 23 – Claude Lorrain French painter (born c.1600)
- _date unknown_ Yohannes I, Emperor of Ethiopia
- _date unknown_ Turhan Hatice, regent of the Ottoman Empire (born 1627)
222

**222** was a common year.

## Events

- Pope Urban I succeeds Pope Callixtus I
- Roman Emperor Alexander Severus succeeds Heliogabalus
- Kingdom of Wu is established in China
- Sun Quan defeats Liu Bei at the Battle of Yi Ling
1755

## Events

- January 25 – Moscow University established.
- February 20 – General Braddock lands in Virginia to take command of the English forces against the French in North America
- April 15 – _A Dictionary of the English Language_ is published by Samuel Johnson; he had begun the work in 1746
- July 9 – French and Indian War: Braddock Expedition – British troops and colonial militiamen are ambushed and suffer a devastating defeat inflicted by French and Indian forces. During the battle, British General Edward Braddock is mortally wounded. Colonel George Washington survives.
- November 1 – 1755 Lisbon earthquake: In Portugal, Lisbon is destroyed by a massive earthquake and tsunami, killing 60,000 – 90,000 people.
- November 18 – An earthquake occurs near Cape Ann, Massachusetts, causing extensive damage.
- December 2 – The second Eddystone Lighthouse is destroyed by fire.
- Great Expulsion of the Acadians.
- The sultanate of Mataram on Java is divided in two, creating the sultanates of Yogyakarta and Surakarta.
- The Acadians were forced to leave their home because of the treaty of uresty between the French and the British
- Wolsey the clothes manufacturer was established in Leicester; the business celebrated its 250th anniversary in 2005.

nv:1751 – 1800
477

## Events

- Huneric becomes king of Vandals
- Aelle, king of the South Saxons, arrives in England, with his three sons, near Cymenshore. (According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle)
- Song Shun Di succeeds Song Hou Fei Di as ruler of the Chinese Song Dynasty
509

## Births

- Emperor Kimmei, 29th emperor of Japan (d. 571, traditional date)
- Adi Sankara
571

## Events

- The Monophysites again reject the Council of Chalcedon, causing another schism.

## Deaths

- Emperor Kimmei, 29th emperor of Japan (b. 509, traditional date)
609

**609** was a common year.

## Events

- The Pantheon is consecrated to the Virgin Mary and all saints (or 610).
- Edessa is taken by the Sassanids.
Omul

The **omul** (_Coregonus migratorius_) is a kind of fish. It belongs to the same family as the trout and the salmon. It only lives in Lake Baikal and the rivers around it (the Angara for example. It is very typical for that region of Siberia).

Omul considered a food delicacy and can be eaten n many ways. Local people consume it boiled, fried smoked, and freshly  salted.

The Omul normally fished using seine nets and fishing nets, yet during early spring, it can be caught using a fishing road.
Salmon

**Salmon** is a kind of teleost fish. It is a general term for  commercially important ray-finned fish from the family Salmonidae. Salmon belong to the same family of fish as the trout.

Most kinds of salmon live in salt water, or migrate between rivers and the sea. Many people like to eat salmon, so sometimes the fish is grown in fish farms.

As the salmon go upstream to the spawning grounds, they may face obstruction from beaver dams. Sluice gates have to be provided so the gravid female salmon can get to the spawning grounds. This is a problem caused by the re-introduction of beavers to the U.K. Sluice gates are opened for the salmon at breeding time. Salmon farms are also possible, in which the fish are non-migratory, but then they have to be fed artificially.

## Coloring

Salmons get the pink color of their flesh from a pigment called astaxanthin. Wild salmon get it from the krill and shrimp they eat, while farmed salmon gets traces of it in kibble (compound feed). If they don't have the pigment, their flesh has a gray color.

## Eating

Usual ways to make food out of salmon are smoking, cold smoking and graving.

## Main species

- Atlantic salmon
- Australian salmon
- Chinook salmon
- Chum salmon
- Coho salmon
- Indian Salmon
- Pink salmon
- Sockeye salmon

## Other websites

- Salmon Nation  A place and idea for "reliable prosperity."
- Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission
- Seafood Watch from the Monterey Bay Aquarium
- Is Something Fishy Going On? (red dyes in farmed fish)
Wild turkey

The **wild turkey** (_Meleagris gallopavo_) is the name of the more common of the two species of turkey. This large bird is found across much of the United States and southern Canada.

Wild turkeys prefer hardwood and mixed conifer-hardwood forests with scattered openings such as pastures, fields, orchards and seasonal marshes. They can adapt to any dense plant community so long as there is cover and openings to fly out. Open, mature forests with a variety of tree species seem to be best.

The _domesticated turkey_ has been tamed and bred from wild turkeys, by people, to raise on farms.
Ocellated turkey

An **ocellated turkey** (_Meleagris ocellata_) is a turkey (a large bird) that is named for the eye-like spots on the tail feathers (_ocellated_ means having eye-like spots). It is similar to the wild turkey that is found more to the north in North America.
Natalia

**Natalia** may mean:
- Natalia Republic
- _Natalia_ (album), a music album of Natalia Kukulska

## People named Natalia

- Natalia (singer), Belgian musician
- Natalia Kukulska
- Natalia Rodriquez (singer), Spanish musician
- Natalia Podolskaya, the 2005 Eurovision Song Contestant for Russia
D-Day (military term)

**D-Day** is a term used in military planning to mean the actual day a major operation or event is to begin. The days leading up to a D-Day are called D-1, D-2, D-3, etc. That allows scheduling a sequence of events before the start date is chosen. The days after a D-Day are D+1, D+2, D+3, and so on.

Several different days in military history were named D-Day. However, the most famous D-Day was the Normandy landings during Operation Overlord, on the morning of June 6, 1944, when the largest naval attack in military history took place in France during World War II. Operation Overlord was led by US General Dwight D. Eisenhower

The Allies Britain, Canada, and America breached the Normandy coastline and broke through the German fortification chain, the Atlantic Wall. That was a turning point in World War II though over 3,500 men were lost.

The invasion started with airborne landings at 3:30 a.m. and the seaborne invasion started at 6:30 a.m. and took 19 hours. Operation Overlord had been planned for months and was scheduled for June 5 but was delayed for a day by bad weather.

Over the next several months, the Allies fought in France and took various useful ports such as Caen and later took Paris. After less than a year, the Allies entered Nazi Germany, which surrendered.

An invasion of southern France was intended to start at the same time, but there were not enough landing craft for both invasions. The operation started on its D-Day, August 15.

## Other websites

- WW2DB: Normandy Campaign
- Omaha-Beach.Org D-Day 7.6.1944
655

## Events

- November 15 – Northumbrian king Oswiu defeats the pagan Mercian king Penda in the Battle of the Winwaed
- Empress Saimei ascends to the throne of Japan.
- Clovis II succeeded by Clotaire III.
- Peada succeeds his father Penda as king of Mercia
- A Byzantine fleet is defeated by the Arabs at Finike.
Ishpeming, Michigan

**Ishpeming** is a city in Marquette County, Michigan, USA. As of the 2020 census, the city had a total  of 6,140 people living in it. There used to be more people in the 1950s and 1960s, when the iron ore mines were in full operation.

## Geography

The city has a total area of 24.0 km² (9.2 mi²).  22.5 km² (8.7 mi²) of it is land and 1.5 km² (0.6 mi²) of it (6.16%) is water. Ishpeming is 1436 feet above sea level.

## History

The movie _Anatomy of a Murder_ was filmed in Ishpeming and areas around it in 1959.
Ishpeming was also the birthplace of aviation engineer Clarence "Kelly" Johnson in 1910 and Nobel prize winning chemist Glenn T. Seaborg in 1912.

Ishpeming is considered the birthplace of downhill ski jumping in the United States and is the home to the National Ski Hall of Fame.

## Other websites

- City of Ishpeming
- Ishpeming Public Schools
1513

## Events

- Florida found by the Spanish (the first Europeans to do so).

## Deaths

- February 21 – Pope Julius II
- September 9 – James IV of Scotland
1560

**1560** (MDLX) was a leap year starting on Monday in the Julian calendar.

## Events

- July 6 – Treaty of Edinburgh

## Births

- Anton Praetorius, fighter against torture and chase of witches (d. 1613)
- August 7 – Elizabeth Báthory, Hungarian murderer
- November 28 – Baltasar of Marradas, Spanish noblemanbleman, knight of the Knights of Malta, imperial field marshal, governor in Bohemia (d. 1638)

## Deaths

- April 19 – Philipp Melanchthon, German humanist and reformer
- September 29 – King Gustav I of Sweden (b. 1496)
Cary Grant

**Cary Grant** (January 18, 1904 - November 29, 1986), born as **Archibald Alexander Leach** in Bristol, United Kingdom, was an English-American actor. He was known for his Mid-Atlantic accent, debonair demeanor, light-hearted approach to acting, and sense of comic timing. He was one of classic Hollywood's definitive leading men from the 1930s until the mid-1960s.  He starred in many movies, including 1959's _North by Northwest_.

Grant became an American citizen in 1942.  At that time, he legally changed his name to "Cary Grant." He died of a stroke on November 29, 1986. His body was cremated.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Cary Grant
- **image**: Grant, Cary (Suspicion) 01 Crisco edit.jpg
- **caption**: Grant in 1941
- **birth name**: Archibald Alexander Leach
- **birth place**: Bristol, England
- **death place**: Davenport, Iowa, Davenport, Iowa, U.S.
- **death cause**: Cerebral hemorrhage
- **resting place**: Cremated
- **other names**: Archie Leach
- **nationality**: American
- **education**: Bishop Road Primary School
Fairfield Grammar School
- **years active**: 1932–1966
- **spouse**: Virginia Cherrill (1934–1935)
Barbara Hutton (1943–1945)
Betsy Drake (1949–1962)
Dyan Cannon (1965–1968)
 Barbara Harris (1981–1986)
- **partner**: Maureen Donaldson (1973–1977)
- **children**: Jennifer Grant (born 1966)
- **awards**: **Academy Honorary Award** (1970) <small>For his unique mastery of the art of screen acting with the respect and affection of his colleagues.</small>
**Kennedy Center Honors** (1981)