juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Chorlton-cum-Hardy

**Chorlton-cum-Hardy** is a southern district of Manchester, England. It is usually called just **Chorlton**. The river Mersey runs past its southern end, in a part called Chorlton Ees. "Ees" (plural) is a Saxon word for water meadow.

Neighbouring districts of Manchester are Whalley Range and West Didsbury, and to the west and north are Stretford and Old Trafford which are parts of Trafford. Hough End Hall is a manor house built in 1596. There are two churches belonging to the Church of England, St Clement's and St Werburgh's, and also St John's Church which is Roman Catholic, a Methodist church and a United Reformed church.
(The present St Clement's church replaced an older church, founded about 1512.)
Cosgrove Hall was an animation studio in Chorlton. Its most famous cartoon is _Dangermouse_. Some notable current and past residents of Chorlton are: George Best, the Bee Gees, The Stone Roses, and Blessed Ambrose Barlow.
There are six primary schools in the Chorlton area.
Acropolis

The word **acropolis** (Ancient Greek: ἀκρόπολις, _akropolis_; from _akros_ (άκρος) or _akron_ (άκρον), "highest, topmost, outermost", and _polis_ (πόλις), "city"; plural in English: _acropoles_, _acropoleis_ or _acropolises_) means the edge of a town, or more often a high city. Being easily defended against attackers, an acropolis often has a citadel. The most famous is the Acropolis of Athens.

"Acropolis" is also used for a central complex of overlapping structures, such as plazas and pyramids, in many Mayan cities, including Tikal and Copán.
Wokingham

**Wokingham** is a town in Berkshire in the south of England. It is the headquarters of Wokingham District. 30,403 people were living there in 2001.

## Infobox (uk place)

- **country**: England
- **official name**: Wokingham
- **static image**: Wokingham-town-hall.jpg
- **static image caption**: <small>Wokingham Town Hall</small>
- **population**: 30,403
- **population ref**: _(2001)_
- **civil parish**: Wokingham
- **unitary england**: Wokingham (borough), Wokingham
- **region**: South East England
- **lieutenancy england**: Berkshire
- **constituency westminster**: Wokingham (UK Parliament constituency), Wokingham
- **post town**: WOKINGHAM
- **postcode district**: RG40
RG41
- **postcode area**: RG
- **dial code**: 0118
- **os grid reference**: SU8068
- **london distance mi**: 33
- **london direction**: ENE
- **area total sq mi**: 0.9
- **website**: [http://www.wokingham-tc.gov.uk/ Wokingham Town Council]
October 2007 California wildfires

The **California wildfires of October 2007** were more than 20 wildfires until November 9, 2007 burning in Southern California, making over 1,000,000 people to leave their homes, breaking at least 1,500 homes and buildings and moving in on at least 56,000 more.
At least  of land were burned between Santa Barbara County and the Mexican border. Officials said that they feared the fire could become even more deadly than the 2003 Cedar Fire.  The number and strength of the fires have tired the firefighters, with one department saying the "lack of resources [is] hindering suppression efforts."

The fires killed six people and have hurt at least 16 firefighters and 25 others.

## Infobox (wildfire)

- **title**: October 2007 California wildfires
- **image**: AERONET La Jolla.2007295.aqua.250m.jpg
- **caption**: NASA satellite photo (provided by NSPO, Taiwan National Space Organization) from October 22, 2007, showing the active fire zones and smoke plumes.
- **location**: Southern California
- **cost**: At least $2.393 billion (2007 USD)
- **date**: October 20, 2007 – November 13, 2007
- **total fires**: 30
- **cause**: Human; downed power lines; heat; vehicle fires, etc.
- **buildings**: 3143
- **landuse**: Mixed, residential, and wildlands
- **injuries**: At least 160
- **fatalities**: 17
Parasaurolophus

***Parasaurolophus*** is a genus of ornithopod dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of what is now North America, about 76.5–73 million years ago. Its name means "near crested lizard". It was given this name because when it was first discovered scientists thought it was related to Saurolophus. It was a herbivore that walked both as biped and a quadruped. It probably lived in herds.

Parasaurolophus was a hadrosaur. They had a large head crest, which was a long curved tube. It went upwards and back from the skull. The crest has been much discussed by scientists. They think its main functions were visual recognition of species and sex, acoustic resonance (making a loud sound), and thermoregulation. Parasaurolophus is one of the rarer hadrosaurs: there are only a few good specimens.
Carrefour

**Carrefour** (IPA: /karfur/) is a French international  hypermarket chain. It has many shops around the world. It is the second largest retail group in the world in terms of revenue and sales figures after Wal-Mart. Carrefour operates mainly in the European Union, Brazil, Argentina and Colombia. It also has shops in Africa,  and Asia. Carrefour means cross-road (the place where two roads meet) in French.

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: Carrefour Group
- **image**: Market-attrazione.jpg
- **image size**: 350px
- **type**: Public company, Public
- **traded as**:
CAC 40 Component
- **location city**: Massy, Essonne, Massy, Essonne
- **location country**: France
- **area served**: Europe, Middle East, North Africa, East Africa, South Asia, East Asia, South America
- **services**: Cash and carry (wholesale), Cash and carry, warehouse club, discount store, hypermarket, supercenter, superstore, supermarket
- **net income**: €1.07 billion (2021)
- **assets**: €47.67 billion (2021)
- **equity**: €11.83 billion (2021)
Never Say Never

|align="center" bgcolor="khaki" colspan="3"|Never Say Never|||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|align="center" colspan="3"||||||
|colspan="2" valign="top"|1998|||||
|colspan="2" valign="top"|R&B/Soul|||||
|colspan="2" valign="top"|52:19|||||
|colspan="2" valign="top"|Atlantic|||||
|colspan="2" valign="top"|Rodney Jerkins, Brandy Norwood|||||
|align="center" valign="top"|<small>Brandy (1994)</small>|align="center" valign="top"|<small>**Never Say Never** (1998)</small>|align="center" valign="top"|<small>VH1 Divas 1999 (1999)</small>|
***Never S-A-Y Never*** is the second album by American R&B singer Brandy, released by Atlantic Records on June 8 1998 in Europe and on June 9, 1998 in North America. Chiefly produced by Rodney Jerkins, helped to make Jerkins' Timbaland-inspired production sound popular, which he later used for recordings by Whitney Houston, Destiny's Child, and others. _Never Say Never_ earned Brandy five Grammy Award nominations and became her biggest-selling album to date.

## Track listing

|#|Title||
| --- | --- | --- |
|1.|"Intro"|0:51|
|2.|"Angel in Disguise"|4:48|
|3.|"The Boy Is Mine" <small>(duet with Monica)</small>|4:55|
|4.|"Learn the Hard Way"|4:51|
|5.|"Almost Doesn't Count"|3:37|
|6.|"Top of the World" <small>(featuring Ma$e) </small>|4:41|
|7.|"U Don't Know Me (Like U Used to)"|4:29|
|8.|"Never Say Never"|5:10|
|9.|"Truthfully"|4:57|
|10.|"Have You Ever?"|4:26|
|11.|"Put That on Everything"|4:51|
|12.|"In the Car (Interlude)"|1:10|
|13.|"Happy"|4:32|
|14.|"One Voice"|4:07|
|15.|"Tomorrow"|5:21|
|16.|"(Everything I Do) I Do It for You"|4:01|
Need for Speed: Most Wanted

***Need For Speed: Most Wanted*** is the 11th installment in the _Need for Speed_ series. It is available for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 2, Xbox, Xbox 360, GameBoy Advance, Nintendo DS and the GameCube. The game was first released on November 15, 2005.

Another version called ***Need For Speed: Most Wanted: 5-1-0*** was released for the PlayStation Portable. The game consists of the player racing to make their way up the _Blacklist_ until they finally challenge the top racer, Razor. There are 15 blacklists (levels) you have to complete 1 - 15 blacklists to complete the game.

## Infobox (video game)

- **title**: Need for Speed: Most Wanted
- **caption**: Cover art featuring a BMW M3#E46 M3, BMW M3 GTR (E46)
- **publisher**: Electronic Arts
- **engine**: EA Canada#EA Graphics Library, EAGL
- **composer**: Paul Linford
- **series**: _Need for Speed_
- **released**: **Nintendo DS***'Game Boy Advance**, **GameCube**, **Microsoft Windows**, **PlayStation 2**, **PlayStation Portable**, & **Xbox***'Xbox 360**
- **genre**: Racing video game, Racing
Ironman

**Iron Man** could mean:

## Comics

- Iron Man, a popular comic book character
    - Iron Man 2020, a comic book villain and Iron Man's cousin
- Ultimate Iron Man, a comic book miniseries

## Sports

The term "Iron Man" is used in multiple sports for players with long streaks of consecutive games. For example, the term "Iron Man of Baseball" refers to either Lou Gehrig or Cal Ripken, Jr..
As of March 31, 2007, the current regular season ironmen in the four major North American sports are:
    - NFL – Brett Favre, QB, Green Bay Packers (237 games, 16 seasons)
    - MLB – Miguel Tejada, SS, Baltimore Orioles (1080 games, 7 seasons)
    - NBA – Bruce Bowen, SF, San Antonio Spurs (425 games, 6 seasons)
    - NHL – Brendan Morrison, C, Vancouver Canucks (512 games, 6 seasons)

The term "iron man" can also be used to describe a game that is played by oneself whereas additional players would normally be required. It is also used in the Arena Football League for any player that plays both offensive and defensive positions.

The term could also mean:
- Travis Fulton, an American mixed martial arts fighter, known as "The Iron Man"
- Ivan Stewart, an off road racing driver, known as "Ironman"
- Ironman Triathlon, a long-distance Triathlon race held annually in Kailua-Kona, Hawaii
- Ironman (surf lifesaving), a multi-disciplinary surf lifesaving event
- Iron Man match, a type of a professional wrestling match

## Books

- _The Iron Man_ (novel), a 1968 novel by Ted Hughes
- _Iron Man_ (1930 novel), a novel by William R. Burnett
- _Ironman_ (1995 novel), a novel by Chris Crutcher

## Magazine

- _Iron Man_ (magazine), a bodybuilding and weight-training magazine

## Movies

- _Iron Man_ (film), a 2008 American film based on the Marvel Comics character
- _Tetsuo: The Iron Man_, a 1989 Japanese film
- _Man of Iron_, a 1981 Polish film directed by Andrzej Wajda

## Music

- "Iron Man" (song), a song by Black Sabbath from their 1970 album _Paranoid_
    - "Ironman", a 1988 cover of the above song by Sir Mix-a-Lot
- _Ironman_ (album), a 1996 album by Ghostface Killah
- _Iron Man_ (Eric Dolphy album), a 1963 album by Eric Dolphy
- Iron Man (band), an American doom metal band established in 1988
- _The Iron Man: A Musical_, a 1989 Pete Townshend album

## Television

- A segment of the 1960s TV series _The Marvel Superheroes Show_ featuring the Iron Man comic book character
- _Iron Man_ (TV series), an 1994 animated series
- The Japanese title of the Americanized anime series _Gigantor_

## Other

- Der Eiserne Mann, an iron pillar from the late Middle Ages, located in Germany
- Iron: Man, a 1993 sculpture by Antony Gormley in Birmingham, England
- Ironman Datalink, a version of Timex Corporation's watch marketed in conjunction with the Ironman Triathlon
Surf's Up (movie)

***Surf's Up*** is a 2007 American computer-animated movie made by Sony Pictures Animation. It stars Shia LaBeouf, Jeff Bridges, Zooey Deschanel, Jon Heder, Mario Cantone, James Woods, Rebecca Honig, Diedrich Bader, Rob Machado, Kelly Slater and Sal Masekela. The movie is a cartoon of surfing documentaries, like _The Endless Summer_ and _Riding Giants_. Composed by Randy Newman.

This movie has a direct-to-video sequel called _Surf's Up 2: WaveMania_, was released in 2017.

## Plot

The story centers on rockhopper penguin teenager Cody Maverick, a surfer, as he enters his first professional competition.

Followed by a film crew to document his experiences, Cody says goodbye to his family and his home in Frio de Janeiro in Antarctica in order to travel to Pen Gu Island for the International Surfing Competition in memory of Big Z. Along the way, Cody meets a surfer, Pepe the Chicken, journalists Rob Machado and Kelly Slater, scout Mike Abromowitz, and beautiful lifeguard Lani Aliikai, who recognizes Cody's passion for surfing, though he's occasionally misguided.

Cody believes that winning will give him the admiration and respect he desires so much, but when he unexpectedly goes toe-to-toe with an old penguin wise shaman of Pen Gu Island named Geek he trains him to surf and teach him what is important about life such as the past, present and future, Cody begins to find his own way as the winners and discovers that a real winner isn't always the one who arrives first.
Baby Boy

"**Baby Boy**" is a Middle Eastern-influenced R&B and dancehall song written by Beyoncé Knowles, Scott Storch, Sean Paul, Robert Waller, and Shawn "Jay-Z" Carter for Knowles' first solo album, _Dangerously in Love_ (2003).

It was produced by Knowles and Storch and was released to positive reception as the album's second single in July 2003. The song (which features dancehall singer Sean Paul) reached number one in the U.S., becoming Beyoncé's second solo number-one single and Sean Paul's second; it also reached number two in the UK. It was also recognized at the ASCAP awards by the label companies receiving the Publisher of the Year from EMI and Most Performed Songs award in 2003.  It was certified Platinum in the US for sales and shipments of over one million copies there. "Baby Boy" finished at number 12 on the _Billboard_ Year-End Hot 100 of 2003.

## Official remixes/versions

- Baby Boy Part 2 (feat. Sean Paul)
- Baby Boy (Acapella) (feat. Sean Paul)
- Baby Boy (Instrumental) (feat. Sean Paul)
- Baby Boy (Junior Vasquez Club Anthem Remix)
- Baby Boy (Junior Vasquez Club Remix - Edit)
- Baby Boy (Junior's Padapella Remix)
- Baby Boy (Junior's Tribapella Remix)
- Baby Boy (Junior's World Mixshow)
- Baby Boy (Maurice's Nu Dub Baby!)
- Baby Boy (Maurice's Nu Soul Remix)
- Baby Boy (Maurice's Nu Soul Remix - No Rap)
- Baby Boy (Maurice's Nu Soul Remix - Video Edit)
- Baby Boy (Jones & Conlin Vibelicious Club Mix)
- Baby Boy (Jones & Cabrera Vibelicious Curry Spice Remix - Edit)
- Baby Boy (Jones & Cabrera Vibelicious Curry Spice Remix)
- Baby Boy (DJ Whoo Kid Steppin In Hotta Remix) (feat. Lloyd Banks)
- Baby Boy (Sandeep Chatterjee & DJ Wildbill DMC Remix)
- Baby Boy (Jimbeamjr's Taj Mahal Mix)

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Baby Boy
- **artist**: Beyoncé featuring Sean Paul
- **album**: Dangerously in Love
- **b-side**: "Summertime (Remix)"
- **released**: July 1, 2003
- **recorded**: 2003; South Beach Studios, Miami, Miami, Florida
- **genre**: *Dancehall
*Contemporary R&B, R&B
- **length**: 4:04
- **label**: Columbia Records, Columbia
- **chronology**: Beyoncé singles
- **prev title**: Temptation
- **prev year**: 2003
- **next title**: Me, Myself and I
- **next year**: 2003
Main-Franconian dialects

**Main-Franconian** is group of German dialects that are spoken in the centre of Germany, in the area known as Franconia near the river Main.

In Germany most people call these dialects simply “Fränkisch”.  Although they have a lot in common there are many variations from one small region to another.

Historically Franconia (German: “Franken”) was a very large area covering a lot of Germany including parts of the Rhine as far as the Netherlands.  Today Franconia is the north part of Bavaria (German: “Bayern”) including what is known as Lower Franconia, Upper Franconia, Mid-Franconia and  parts of Upper Bavaria.

## Examples of Franconian dialect

Typical for Franconian dialects is the voiceless consonants becoming voiced, i.e. “k” pronounced like “g”, “t” like “d”, “p” like “b” and “s” like English “z”.  In pubs one often hears on the public address system a request for a member of staff
- ”bidde dzur dege gommen”
- English: Please come to the bar.

- _Vo da Dande a Bageed griing_ means:
- English: “To receive a parcel from one’s auntie“

The pronunciation of vowels may be different from normal German, e.g.
Franconia is often described as the place where:
- ”die Hasen ‘Hoosn’ und die Hosen ‘Huusn’ haasn.”
- i.e. ‘Hasen‘ (‘hares‘) are called ‘Hoosn‘ (‘Hosen’=’trousers’) and ‘Hoosn’ are called ‘Husen’. (German “Hasen” has an “a” as in British “car”; “Hosen” has an “o” similar to “oa” in “boat”; “Husen”, which does not mean anything, has a “u” like British “oo” in “moon”).

An angry Franconian might say:
- ”Der Hamml, der gscheerde, der ko wos erlehm, wenna haam kummd!”
- English: “The rotten fellow will be in trouble when he gets home!“

## References

- “Fränkisch” by Jens Sobisch; Kauderwelsch 186, ASMB 3-89416-474-3

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Main-Franconian
- **nativename**: Mainfränkisch
- **states**: Germany
- **region**: Upper Franconia, Lower Franconia, Middle Franconia, northeast Baden-Württemberg, southwest Thuringia
- **speakers**: 4.9 million
- **date**: 2006
- **familycolor**: Indo-European
- **fam2**: Germanic languages, Germanic
- **fam3**: West Germanic languages, West Germanic
- **fam4**: Elbe Germanic, Irminonic
- **fam5**: Middle High German, Upper Germanic
- **fam6**: High Franconian dialects, High Franconian
- **fam7**: East Franconian German, East Franconian
- **glotto**: main1267
- **glottorefname**: Ostfränkisch
Port Arthur, Texas

**Port Arthur** is a city in Texas. It was hit by Hurricane Alicia on August 18, 1983. There was 56,039 people at the 2020 census.

## Other websites

- City of Port Arthur, Texas
- Historic Article on Port Arthur (WWII)
- Lots of historical Port Arthur photos
Moisture

**Moisture** mostly means the presence of water, often in trace amounts (small quantities).
Moisture exists in the atmosphere in all three forms solid, liquid and gas.
Marta Colvin

**Marta Colvin Andrade** (born 22 June 1907 in Chillán, Chile, died 27 October 1995 in Santiago, Chile) was a sculptor.

Colvin began sculpting in Chillán years after marrying and forming a family. After the 1939 earthquake, Marta Colvin lived in Santiago. While there, she went to the Belle Arts School of the University of Chile. Her teachers were Julio Antonio Vásquez and Lorenzo Domínguez. In 1943, she worked as an instructor at the Vasquez Factory. She became a professor there in 1950. In 1948, she traveled to France to study at the Academy Grand Chaumiere with the sculptors Ossip Zadkine and Henri Laurens. In 1951, she was invited by the British Council to study in the Slade School of the University of London, England. Colvin spent the next thirty years working and studying in France. Her talent was known world-wide. In 1970, she was awarded the National Prize of Art.

## Other websites

- http://www.portaldearte.cl/autores/colvin.htm
- http://www.memoriachilena.cl/archivos2/pdfs/MC0015818.pdf "Premio Nacional de Arte"
Bárbara of Portugal

**Bárbara of Portugal** (Pronunciation , December 4, 1711 – August 27, 1758) was a Portuguese princess, daughter of King John V of Portugal, of the House of Braganza, and his wife, Maria Anna of Austria.

She was born on 4 December 1711 in Lisbon, Portugal and given the name _Maria Madalena Bárbara Xavier Leonor Teresa Antónia Josefa de Bragança._ She was usually called just _Bárbara_ or _Maria Bárbara_, in honour of Saint Barbara, the saint of her birthday.

She had a fine education and loved music. She could speak six languages and studied music for several years with Domenico Scarlatti, the famous Italian harpsichordist and composer.

In 1729, when she was 18 years old, she married the future King Ferdinand VI of Spain, in Badajoz, Spain. They had no children. She died on 27 August 1758 in Aranjuez, Spain.

The city of Santa Bárbara de Samaná in the Dominican Republic was named after her when it was founded in 1756.

### Titles and styles

- **4 December 1711 – 19 October 1712** _Her Royal Highness_ the Princess of Brazil
- **19 October 1712 – 20 January 1729** _Her Highness_ the Infanta Barbara of Portugal
- **20 January 1729 – 9 July 1746** _Her Royal Highness_ the Princess of Asturias
- **9 July 1746 – 27 August 1758** _Her Majesty_ the Queen of Spain

## Infobox (royalty)

- **consort**: yes
- **name**: Maria Bárbara of Portugal
- **full name**: Maria Madalena Josefa Teresa Bárbara de Bragança
- **succession**: Queen consort of Spain
- **image**: Barbaradebragança.jpg
- **caption**: María Bárbara of Portugal
- **reign**: 9 July 1746 – 27 August 1758
- **spouse**: Ferdinand VI of Spain
- **house**: House of Bourbon
House of Braganza
- **father**: John V of Portugal
- **mother**: Maria Anna of Austria
- **birth place**: Lisbon, Portugal
- **death place**: Royal Palace of Aranjuez, Aranjuez,  Spain
- **burial place**: Convent of the Salesas Reales
- **religion**: Catholic Church, Roman Catholicism
Mallard

The **mallard** (/ˈmælɑːrd, ˈmælərd/) or **wild duck** (***Anas platyrhynchos***) is the best-known and most recognizable of all ducks. It can be found throughout most of North America, Europe, Asia, New Zealand and Australia. It is the most common and widespread duck. It can be found in almost any area with a wetland habitat, even in urban areas.

## Description

The mallard is a large and heavy looking duck. It has a body and a long and a broad bill. The male has a dark green head, a yellow bill, is mainly purple-brown on the breast and grey on the body. The female is mainly brown with an orange bill. The males (drakes) have green heads, while the females (hens) have mainly brown-speckled plumage. Both have an area of white-bordered black or iridescent purple or blue feathers called a speculum on their wings; males especially tend to have blue speculum feathers. The mallard is  long, of which the body makes up around two-thirds the length. The wingspan is  and the bill is  long. It is often slightly heavier than most other dabbling ducks, weighing .

## Habitat

It breeds in all parts of the Europe in summer and winter, wherever there are suitable wetland habitats, even arctic tundras. It is scarcer in upland areas.
Naughty Girl

"**Naughty Girl**" is an R&B/disco song written by Beyoncé Knowles, Scott Storch, Robert Waller, and Angela Beyincé for Knowles' debut solo album, _Dangerously in Love_ (2003). It was released as the fourth single. It was also recognized at the American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers 2005 Pop Music Awards by receiving the "Songwriter of the Year" —sharing with Scott Storch, Robert Walker, Angela Beyincé, and Donna Summer—and "Most Performed Songs" awards. The remixes feature Lil' Flip, Lil' Kim, Grafh, and Redman. The song samples "Love to Love You Baby" by Donna Summer. The song reached the top three in the US and Canada.

## Music video

The video for this song was directed by Jake Nava, who had risen to popularity after directing Beyoncé's first two videos, "Crazy In Love" and "Baby Boy." The video pays tribute to Hollywood's Golden Era, as Beyoncé and the cast of the video are dressed in old fashioned, glamorous clothing and hairstyles. As the title of the song suggest, Beyoncé plays the role of the naughty girl in several sexy sequences, as she can be seen dancing seductively with Usher emulating Cyd Charisse and Fred Astaire in _The Band Wagon_.

## Charts

|Chart (2004)|Peak position|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|align=left|Canadian Singles Chart (RPM)|align=center|2|
|align=left|Germany (GfK)|align=center|16|
|align=left|India Top 20|align=center|1|
|align=left|US Pop Airplay (_Billboard_)|align=center|2|

## Official versions

- Naughty Girl Part 2 (feat. Jae R)
- Naughty Girl (Calderone Quayle Club Mix)
- Naughty Girl (Calderone Quayle Naughty Dub)
- Naughty Girl (Calderone Fierce Ruling Diva's Whore Dipped In Honey Mix)
- Naughty Girl (Remix) (feat Lil' Flip)
- Naughty Girl (Remix) (feat. Graph)
- Naughty Girl (Remix) (feat. Lil' Flip & Stack Bundles)
- Naughty Girl (Remix) (feat. Lil' Kim)
- Naughty Girl (Jones & Impure Vibelicious Remix)
- Naughty Girl (Junior's World Re-edit Mix)
- Naughty Girl/Living For The City (The Beyonce Experience Version)
- Naughty Girl (Junior's Feeling Like An Orchid)
- Naughty Girl (Junior's World Mixshow)
- Naughty Girl (Junior's Naughty Marathon Mix)
- Naughty Girl (Love To Infinity DMC Mix)
- Naughty Girl (The Popstar Club Anthem)
- Naughty Girl (Dr. Octavo Kobra Mix)
- Naughty Girl (Dr. Octavo Crew Magic Lamp Mix)
- Naughty Girl (Dr. Octavo Crew Pharaoh Mix)
- Naughty Girl (Dr. Octavo Desert Mix)
- Naughty Girl (Eric Sermon Remix) (feat. Redman)

## Cover versions

- Roesy on _Even Better than the Real Thing Vol. 2_
- Richard Cheese and Lounge Against the Machine covered the song on their 2006 album _Silent Nightclub_.

## Infobox (song)

- **type**: single
- **artist**: Beyoncé
- **album**: Dangerously in Love
- **released**: January 30, 2004
- **length**: 3:28
- **label**: Columbia Records, Columbia
- **chronology**: Beyoncé singles
- **prev title**: Dangerously in Love 2
- **prev year**: 2004
- **next title**: Check on It
- **next year**: 2005
Yankee Stadium (1923)

The original **Yankee Stadium** was a baseball stadium in New York City, New York in the United States. It was opened in 1923. The MLB team New York Yankees played there until 2008. The Yankees moved to the new Yankee Stadium starting with the 2009 season. The stadium was also the home field of the New York Giants football team from the mid-1950s into the early 1970s. It was also used for college football, soccer, boxing matches, musical events, and even a mass conducted by the Pope. The stadium was also called the "House that Ruth Built" by many to honor Babe Ruth, a Yankee who hit many home runs during the stadium's first years. The stadium was torn down in early 2009.
Greater Hesse

**Greater Hesse** () was a part of the American Occupation Zone of Germany after World War II

The German Empire broke up after World War I.  The Grand Duchy of Hesse-Darmstadt () became the People's State of Hesse () on 2 March 1919.

After World War II, on 19 September 1945, the American Military Government joined Hesse-Darmstadt (except for Rheinhessen) with parts of  the Prussian provinces of Kurhessen and Nassau to form Greater-Hesse.

On 18 December 1946, the state was renamed Hesse, and in 1949 became a part of the Federal Republic of Germany.
Mioriţa

**Mioriţa** _(The Little Ewe)_ is a Romanian traditional ballad.

## Other websites

- Mioriţa in Romanian
- Mioriţa in English  (translation by W. D. Snodgrass)
Muzio Clementi

**Muzio Clementi** was an Italian composer in classical period who lived from 1752 to 1832. He was born in Rome, Italy. He was the first composer to write music for the pianoforte which made use of the instrument's special features.  He was also the first virtuoso performer on the instrument. As a composer, performer, and maker of pianos, he is known as the "father of the pianoforte.

## Early life

Clementi was born in Rome on January 23, 1752. He was the eldest child of Nicolo Clementi, a silversmith, and Magdalena Kaiser. Clementi began to learn music from Antonio Baroni (1738-1792), who was a relative. Baroni was in charge of the choir at St. Peter's Basilica. He also had lessons from the organist, Cordicelli, Giuseppe Santarelli (1710-1790) and Gaetano Carpani.

When he was 13, he became the church organist at San Lorenzo in Damaso (Saint Lawrence in the House of Damascus), a parish church in Rome. He had also started writing music including an oratorio, _Martirio de' gloriosi Santi Giuliano_ and a mass. In 1766, Sir Peter Beckford, heard him playing the harpsichord. He took Clementi back to England with him, so that he could provide the musical entertainment at Beckford's house in Dorset. He died in Evesham, Worcestershire, after a short illness.
Concert hall

A **concert hall** is a place where concerts of classical music take place.  “Concert hall” can either mean the actual room where the concerts takes place, or the whole building.  The hall where the concerts are held may have a “stage” (where the performers are) and there will be an “auditorium” where the audience sits.

Some concert halls are purpose-built.  That means they were built to be concert halls.  Other concert halls may have been something else many years ago, e.g. a Corn Exchange (a place where farmers used to sell their corn) and the building has later been changed into a concert hall.  Purpose-built concert halls started about the beginning of the 20th century.  At that time scientists began to understand the importance of good acoustics (somewhere where the sound was good).

Concert halls that are purpose-built usually have fixed seating (seats that cannot be moved).  Some halls may have seats that can be moved, either by stacking them in small piles, or tiered seating that can fold up.  This allows the hall to be used for other things, e.g. dancing.

A concert hall is usually a big hall: big enough for an orchestra to be on the stage.  A small concert hall, designed for just a few performers (as in chamber music) may be called a “recital hall”.

Some concert halls are especially famous.  In London there is the Royal Festival Hall on the banks of the river Thames, the Barbican Centre in the City (near St Paul’s Cathedral) and the Royal Albert Hall in Kensington which is used for other events as well.  There is also a famous recital hall called the Wigmore Hall.  New York has the Carnegie Hall, Vienna has the Vienna Musikverein with a beautiful hall called the Golden Hall where the famous New Year’s Day concerts are given.  In Germany there is the Berliner Philharmonie in Berlin and the Gewandhaus in Leipzig.  In Amsterdam there is the Concertgebouw (which means: "concert hall").
Madrigal

A **madrigal** is a special kind of song for a small group of people to sing. Madrigals were popular in the 16th and 17th centuries. This was the end of the Renaissance music and beginning of the Baroque periods. They started in Italy and became very popular for a short time in England as well as in France. The words of madrigals are always about secular (non-religious) things, e.g. about love.

When Italian composers started writing madrigals the kinds of songs they knew were the frottola, the motet and the French chanson (song). The first madrigals were for 2 or 3 voices, but later many madrigals were written for 4 or 5 voices. These voices might be single voices (one person to each part) or several people. Sometimes the lines would also be played by an instrument, but the madrigal is usually sung unaccompanied.

The madrigal was the most important secular form of music of its time. In Italy it was very popular between about 1550 and 1630. In England the madrigal period was about 1588 to 1620.

In 1533 a book called _Primo libro di Madrigali_ (First Book of Madrigals) was collected and published by Philippe Verdelot in Venice. It made madrigals very popular. Jacob Arcadelt published several volumes of madrigals which were very important for their development. In 1588 in England Nicholas Yonge published a collected called _Musica Transalpina_ (Music from over the Alps). These were Italian madrigals with translated texts. The madrigal suddenly became extremely popular in England and remained so until after 1620 when it gradually became less important.

People liked madrigals because they were fun. Whenever possible the composer made the music sound like the word being sung. A word like “smile” would have quick music, “sigh” would have a note followed by a short rest, as if the singer were sighing, “rise so high” would be sung to music which rose very high. This kind of thing was called “word-painting”. It can be found in religious music as well, but the way it was used in madrigals was new and exciting. Very often there would be a verse and a refrain which was often just sung to words such as “fa la la la la”. The songs were often about shepherds and shepherdesses falling in love.

The  most important composers of madrigals in Italy were Giovanni da Palestrina, Luca Marenzio, Jacques Arcadelt, Adrian Willaert, Cipriano de Rore, Carlo Gesualdo, Giaches de Wert and Claudio Monteverdi. In England they were William Byrd, Thomas Morley, John Wilbye, Thomas Weelkes, John Dowland, Orlando Gibbons and Thomas Tomkins. About the franco-flemish , Orlando di Lasso, Josquin des Prez . About the spanish, Tomás Luis de Victoria, Mateo Flecha.

## Performance of madrigals

In the Renaissance, madrigals were performed either as entertainment at important feasts, or for relaxed enjoyment by groups of amateurs in their homes, as madrigals were a secular style of song.

Nowadays, madrigals are often sung by high school or college madrigal choirs often as an after-dinner entertainment. Sometimes the singers wear Renaissance costumes.
Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld

The Duchy of **Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld** was one of the _Ernestine duchies_. Ernest, who became elector of Saxony in 1464, divided his territory between his sons, and over the years more and more small duchies existed.

Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld was reformed on 29 July 1735, although Coburg and Saalfeld had had the same ruler since 1699. As only men could be the rulers of the duchies, Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld ceased to exist in 1825, when the last male descendant of the dukes of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg died. The various dukes reorganised their territories. Saalfeld went the dukes of Saxe-Meiningen, Altenburg went to the Duke of Saxe-Hildburgausen, who gave Hildburghausen to the Duke of Saxe-Meiningen. Gotha and Coburg were combined into the new duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.

## Dukes of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld

|Reign starts|Reign ends|Duke|
| --- | --- | --- |
|29 July 1735|4 September 1745|Christian Ernst|
|colspan="3"|jointly with||
|29 July 1735|16 September 1764|Franz Josias|
|16 September 1764|8 September 1800|Ernst Frederick|
|8 September 1800|9 December 1806|Franz Frederick|
|9 December 1806|27 January 1807|Ernst Anton Karl Ludwig|
|27 January 1807|28 July 1807|Occupied by France for one night|
|28 July 1807|12 November 1826|Ernst Anton Karl Ludwig|

## Infobox (former country)

- **native name**: _Herzogtum Sachsen-Coburg-Saalfeld_
- **conventional long name**: Duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
- **common name**: Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
- **continent**: Europe
- **region**: Central Europe
- **country**: Germany
- **era**: Middle Ages
- **status**: Vassal
- **status text**: States of the Holy Roman Empire, State of the Holy Roman Empire
 States of the Confederation of the Rhine, State of the Confederation of the Rhine
 States of the German Confederation, State of the German Confederation
- **empire**: Holy Roman Empire
- **government type**: Principality
- **year start**: 1699
- **year end**: 1825
- **event pre**: Division of Erfurt
- **date pre**: 1572
- **event start**: Saxe-Coburg, Coburg and Saxe-Saalfeld, Saalfeld personal union, united
- **date start**: August 6, 1699
- **event1**: Duchy renamed by the decision of
Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor about
the Ernestine succession
- **date event1**:

1735
- **event end**: Lost Saalfeld, gained
    Gotha (town), Gotha, Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, renamed
- **date end**:  
February 11 1825
- **p1**: Saxe-Coburg
- **image p1**:
- **p2**: Saxe-Saalfeld
- **image p2**:
- **s1**: Saxe-Coburg-Gotha
- **image s1**:
- **image map**: SajoniaCoburgSaalfeld.jpg
- **image map caption**: Saxe-Coburg-Saafeld, shown within the other Ernestine duchies
- **capital**: Saalfeld until 1764,
then Coburg
Sonora

**Sonora** is a Mexican state, in the northwestern Mexico region. Sonora borders the states of Chihuahua to the east, Sinaloa to the south, and Baja California to the northwest. To the north Sonora accounts for a long stretch of the U.S.-Mexico border adjacent to the U.S. states of Arizona and  New Mexico; to the west it borders the Gulf of California (Sea of Cortez).

## Description

There are various explanations as to the origin of the word Sonora. Here, we will tell you some of the most widely accepted versions. One of these says that when the Spaniards arrived in the lands occupied by the Opata people, they built a chapel and painted an image of the Virgin on a buffalo skin. Over time, when the Opatas began to worship the Virgin, they used to call her Senora instead of the Spanish word Señora (Our Lady). Finally, it would seem that this word became Sonora as we know it today.

Another version has it that Sonora is derived from the Opata word, sonotl which means corn leaf. A legend speaks of an indigenous group that lived near the village of Huépac, and who used corn leaves to cover the walls and roofs of their huts. Yet another version insists that the word comes from the name of a tribe that lived on the banks of the Sonora River; these people were known as the Sonora Indians. This river crosses a large part of the state. It is also useful to understand that, just as Mexico has its national emblems, so the state of Sonora has its own coat-of-arms.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Sonora
- **settlement type**: Political divisions of Mexico, State
- **image flag**: Flag of Sonora.svg
- **flag size**: 140px
- **image shield**: Coat of arms of Sonora.svg
- **shield size**: 80px
- **image map**: Mexico map, MX-SON.svg
- **map caption**: Location within Mexico
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Mexico
- **subdivision type1**: Capital
- **subdivision name1**: Hermosillo
- **subdivision type2**: Municipalities of Mexico, Municipalities
- **subdivision name2**: Municipalities of Sonora, 72
- **leader title**: List of Mexican state governors, Governor
- **leader name**: Eduardo Bours Castelo (PRI)
- **leader title1**: Chamber of Deputies of Mexico, Federal Deputies
- **leader name1**: National Action Party (Mexico), PAN: 5
Institutional Revolutionary Party, PRI: 2
- **leader title2**: Senate of Mexico, Federal Senators
- **leader name2**: PAN: 2
PRI: 1
- **area footnotes**:
 List of Mexican states by area, Ranked 2nd
- **area total km2**: 182052
- **population as of**: 2005
- **population total**: 2,394,861 (List of Mexican states by population, Ranked 19th)
- **blank name**: Human Development Index, HDI (2004)
- **blank info**: 0.8163 - <span style="color:#090">high</span>
List of Mexican states by HDI, Ranked 10th
- **blank1 name**: ISO 3166-2
- **blank1 info**: MX-SON
- **blank2 name**: Postal abbr.
- **blank2 info**: Son.
- **website**: [http://www.sonora.gob.mx/ Sonora State Government]
Monsoon

A **monsoon** is a seasonal wind which lasts for several months. The word was first used in English for the seasonal rains in the Indian subcontinent. These rains blow in from the Indian Ocean and Arabian Sea in the southwest bringing heavy rainfall to the area.

Monsoons also occur in other regions such as in North America, Sub-Saharan Africa, Brazil and East Asia.

Monsoons happen because of a simple fact: land heats up faster than water. The temperature difference between the land and sea can be as much as 20°C – land temperatures in India can be hotter than 45°C, while the surrounding water in the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea remains in the low 20s. The heat absorbed by the land warms the air above it. The hot air rises, and cooler ocean air rushes inland to replace it. As it moves, it carries moisture with it, releasing it over land as the summer monsoon (also known as southwest monsoon).

The hot air over the land tends to rise, creating an area of low pressure. This creates a steady wind blowing toward the land, bringing the moist near-surface air over the oceans with it. Rainfall is increased by the moist ocean air being lifted upwards by mountains, as with the Tibetan Plateau, and by surface heating.
Baja California (state)

**Baja California** (also known as **Baja California Norte**) is a northwestern Mexican state in the northern section of the Baja California Peninsula. It borders the state Baja California Sur to the south, and Sonora to the east. It also borders the U.S. state of California to the north. It means "Lower California" or "North Lower California".

Baja California is the furthest northwest state in Mexico.

The state has seven municipalities.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Baja California
- **settlement type**: Political divisions of Mexico, State
- **image flag**: Flag of Baja California.svg
- **flag size**: 140px
- **image seal**: Coat of arms of Baja California.svg
- **seal size**: 80px
- **image map**: Mexico map, MX-BCN.svg
- **map caption1**: #Municipalities, Municipalities of Baja California
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Capital
- **subdivision name1**: Mexicali
- **subdivision type2**: Municipalities of Mexico, Municipalities
- **subdivision name2**: 5
- **subdivision type3**: List of cities in Mexico, Largest City
- **subdivision name3**: Tijuana
- **leader title**: List of Mexican state governors, Governor
- **leader name**: Francisco Vega de Lamadrid (PAN)
- **leader title1**: Chamber of Deputies of Mexico, Federal Deputies
- **leader name1**: National Action Party (Mexico), PAN: 8
- **leader title2**: Senate of Mexico, Federal Senators
- **leader name2**: Alejandro González Alcocer, Alejandro González (PAN)

Rafael Díaz Ochoa, Rafael Díaz (PAN)
Fernando Castro Trenti, Fernando Castro (PRI)
- **area footnotes**:
List of Mexican states by area, Ranked 12th
- **area total km2**: 69921
- **population as of**: 2005
- **population total**: 2,844,469 (List of Mexican states by population, Ranked 14th)
- **coordinates**: =inline,title
- **blank name**: Human Development Index, HDI (2004)
- **blank info**: 0.8233 - <span style="color:#090">high</span>
List of Mexican states by HDI, Ranked 7th
- **blank1 name**: ISO 3166-2
- **blank1 info**: MX-BCN
- **blank2 name**: Postal abbr.
- **blank2 info**: B.C.
- **website**: [http://www.bajacalifornia.gob.mx/ State government]
If (Beyoncé song)

|align="center" bgcolor="khaki" colspan="3"|If|||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|align="center" colspan="3"||||||
|colspan="2" valign="top"|2007|||||
|colspan="2" valign="top"|R&B|||||
|colspan="2" valign="top"|3:18|||||
|colspan="2" valign="top"|Sony BMG|||||
|colspan="2" valign="top"|Beyoncé|||||
|colspan="2" valign="top"|Stargate|||||
|align="center" valign="top"|<small>Green Light (2007r.)</small>|align="center" valign="top"|<small>If </small>|align="center" valign="top"|<small>Until the End of Time (2007r.)</small>|
|align="center" valign="top"|<small>Flaws and All (7)</small>|align="center" valign="top"|<small>If (8)</small>|align="center" valign="top"|<small>Get Me Bodied (Extended Mix) (9)</small>|
***If*** is an R&B ballad by Beyoncé Knowles. The song is her final single from her second album _B'Day: Deluxe Edition_. The song was most likely chosen due to the fact that originally it was not available in the U.S. as it was an international track, but due to the Des'ree law suit, the U.S. version of the album with the track "Still In Love (Kissing You)" was replaced by a version with "If". A CD single of the song was created for her official fan club and is available for purchase from their online store.
Number 1's

|align="center" bgcolor="khaki" colspan="3"|#1's|||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|align="center" colspan="3"|Cover|||||
|colspan="2" valign="top"|October 25, 2005|||||
|colspan="2" valign="top"|R&B|||||
|colspan="2" valign="top"|60:28 <small>(standard version)</small> 65:04 <small>(Asian edition)</small>|||||
|colspan="2" valign="top"|Columbia|||||
|colspan="2" valign="top"|Beyoncé,Mark J. Feist, Wyclef Jean, Cory Rooney, Rob Fusari, Kevin "She'kspere" Briggs, Swizz Beatz, Darkchild, 9th Wonder, Rich Harrison, David Foster|||||
|align="center" valign="top"|<small>Destiny Fulfilled (2004r.)</small>|align="center" valign="top"|<small>#1's </small>|align="center" valign="top"|<small>Live in Atlanta (2006r.)</small>|
***#1's*** is a compilation album released by R&B group Destiny's Child. It was released on October 25, 2005 charting at #1 on the _Billboard_ album chart, and at #6 on the UK album chart. It is the best selling greatest-hits album by a female group. Despite the album's title, only 5 of the singles went to the #1 spot on the _Billboard_ Hot 100, and one single, ("Check On It") was sung solely by Beyonce with an additional rap from Slim Thug.

## Track listing

1. Stand Up for Love (2005 World Children's Day Anthem)
1. Independent Women Part I
1. Survivor
1. Soldier (feat. T.I. & Lil Wayne)
1. Check on It (Beyoncé feat. Slim Thug)
1. Jumpin' Jumpin'
1. Lose My Breath
1. Say My Name
1. Emotion
1. Bug A Boo
1. Bootylicious
1. Bills, Bills, Bills
1. Girl
1. No, No, No|No, No, No Part 2 (feat. Wyclef Jean)
1. Cater 2 U
1. Feel The Same Way I Do

### Bonus Tracks

- "Brown Eyes" <small>**(Int. bonus track)**</small>
- "So Good" <small>**(Japan bonus track)**</small>
- "Nasty Girl" <small>**(Japan bonus track)**</small>

### Charts

|align="left"|Year|align="left"|Chart|align="left"|Position|align="left"|Certification|align="left"|Sales|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|align="left"|2005|align="left"|The Billboard 200 (US Album Chart)|align="left"|1 (1 week)|align="left"|Platinum|align="left"|1,200,000|
|align="left"|2005|align="left"|The Official UK Album Chart|align="left"|6|align="left"|Platinum|align="left"|300,000|
|align="left"|2005|align="left"|Argentina CAPIF|align="left"|-|align="left"|Gold|align="left"|20,000|
|align="left"|2005|align="left"|New Zealand Album Chart (RIANZ)|align="left"|3|align="left"|2X Platinum|align="left"|30,000|
|align="left"|2005|align="left"|Japan|align="left"|1|align="left"|2X Platinum|align="left"|600,000|
Ciara

**Ciara Princess Harris** (born October 25, 1985) professionally known as **Ciara**, is an American singer, songwriter, model, record producer, dancer, and actress.

## Music career

In 2004, Ciara released her debut studio album _Goodies_, which produced three hit singles: "Goodies," "1, 2 Step," and "Oh." The album was certified triple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), and earned her four nominations at the 48th Grammy Awards. She released her second studio album, _Ciara: The Evolution_, in 2006 which spawned the hit singles "Get Up," "Promise," and "Like a Boy." The album reached number one in the US and was certified platinum. Her third studio album _Fantasy Ride_, released in 2009, was considerably less successful than Ciara's first two albums. However, it produced the worldwide top-ten hit "Love Sex Magic"  featuring Justin Timberlake, which earned her a Grammy Award nomination for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals. The following year, Ciara released her fourth studio album _Basic Instinct,_ which was met with low sales and continued a downward trend in her commercial success. In 2011, she signed a new record deal with Epic Records, and  she released her  fifth studio album, _Jackie_, which is preceded by the lead single, "Sorry” in 2015. In 2019, she released her sixth studio album, _Beauty Marks_, which is preceded by the hit lead singles, "Level Up", “Thinkin  Bout You” and the album titled song “Beauty Marks “.

## Personal life

On Ciara's 28th birthday, Future asked her if she would marry him. They became engaged but was the engagement was called off in August 2014 due to his infidelity. Their son, Future Zahir Wilson was born on May 19, 2014. In March 2015, she met Seattle Seahawks  NFL star quarterback Russell Wilson and publicly dating this year. The two became engaged in March 2016 and married at Peckforton Castle in Cheshire, England four months later. They have three children together, Sienna Princess (born 2017), Win Harrison (born 2020) and Amora Princess (born 2023).

## Discography

- _Goodies_ (2004)
- _Ciara: The Evolution_ (2006)
- _Fantasy Ride_ (2009)
- _Basic Instinct_ (2010)
- _Ciara_ (2013)
- _Jackie_ (2015)
- _Beauty Marks_ (2019)
- _CiCi_ (2025)

## Tours

- Headlining
- 2006: The Evolution Tour
- 2007: Screamfest '07 <small>(with T.I.)</small>
- 2009: _Jay-Z & Ciara Live_ <small>(with Jay-Z)</small>
- 2010: _Basic Instanct Tour_
- 2015: _Jackie Tour_
- 2019: ''Beauty Marks Tour

- Supporting act
- 2005: Harajuku Lovers Tour 2005
- 2007: Good Girl Gone Bad Tour
- 2009: The Circus Starring Britney Spears
- 2010: Summerbeatz
- 2018: 24k Magic World Tour

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **embed**: yes
- **background**: solo_singer
- **origin**: Atlanta, Georgia (U.S. state), Georgia, United States
- **years active**: 2002–present


## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Ciara
- **image**: Ciara AMAs 2019.png
- **caption**: Ciara at the AMA Awards
- **birth name**: Ciara Princess Harris
- **birth place**: Austin, Texas, United States
- **children**: 4