juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Uche Chukwumerije

**Uche Chukwumerije** (November 1939 – 19 April 2015) was a Nigerian politician for the People's Democratic Party (PDP). He represented the Abia North Senatorial District from 29 May 2003 until his death.

Chukwumerije was born in Abia State to a Christian family. One of his sons is Chika Chukwumerije (born 1983), a taekwondo artist and Olympic medalist.

Chukwumerije died from lung cancer on 19 April 2015 in Abuja. He was 75.
Elio Toaff

**Elio Toaff** (30 April 1915 – 19 April 2015) was an Italian rabbi. He was the Chief Rabbi of Rome from 1951 to 2002. From 1947, he served as a rabbi in Venice. He had a friendship with Pope John Paul II, and attended his funeral in April 2005.

Toaff was born in Livorno. One of his children is Israeli-Italian professor Ariel Toaff (born 1942 in Ancona).

Toaff died on 19 April 2015 in Rome, aged 99.
Natalie Bennett

**Natalie Bennett** (born 10 February 1966 in Sydney, Australia) is a former leader of the British political party, the Green Party of England and Wales. She was elected as the party's leader on 3 September 2012 and lead the party for four years, ending on 2 September 2016. Bennett was given a peerage in Theresa May's 2019 resignation honours.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **honorific prefix**: The Right Honourable
- **name**: The Baroness Bennett of Manor Castle
- **image**: Official portrait of Baroness Bennett of Manor Castle crop 2, 2023.jpg
- **caption**: Official portrait, 2023
- **office1**: Member of the House of Lords
- **status1**: Lord Temporal
- **termlabel1**: Life peerage
- **term start1**: 7 October 2019
- **office2**: Leader of the Green Party of England and Wales
- **term start2**: 3 September 2012
- **term end2**: 2 September 2016
- **predecessor2**: Caroline Lucas
- **successor2**: Jonathan Bartley and Caroline Lucas
- **birth name**: Natalie Louise Bennett
- **birth place**: Eastwood, New South Wales, Australia
- **residence**: Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England
- **party**: Green Party of England and Wales
Heino Kleiminger

**Heino Kleiminger** (3 February 1939 – 16 April 2015) was a German footballer. He was capped four times for East Germany in 1963 and 1964. He survived a massive heart attack in 1997, and had a bypass operation in 1998.

Kleiminger died from cancer on 16 April 2015 in Rostock, aged 76.

## Personal life

His son, Ralf Kleiminger (born 1963), was also a footballer.

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Heino Kleiminger
- **image**: Bundesarchiv Bild 183-C0212-0019-001, Fußball-Nationalmannschaft der DDR (Heino Kleiminger).jpg
- **caption**: Kleiminger in 1964.
- **birth date**: 3 February 1939
- **birth place**: Wismar, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Mecklenburg, Germany
- **death date**: 16 April 2015 (aged 76)
- **death place**: Rostock, Germany
- **position**: Forward (association football), Forward, midfielder
- **years1**: 1956
- **clubs1**: FC Anker Wismar, BSG Motor Wismar
- **years2**: 1956–1970
- **clubs2**: FC Hansa Rostock, SC Empor/Hansa Rostock
- **caps2**: 191
- **goals2**: 62
- **years3**: 1970–1974
- **clubs3**: TSG Wismar
- **caps3**: 79
- **goals3**: 23
- **nationalyears1**: 1956–1957
- **nationalteam1**: East Germany national under-18 football team, East Germany U18
- **nationalcaps1**: 3
- **nationalgoals1**: 0
- **nationalyears2**: 1963–1964
- **nationalteam2**: East Germany national football team, East Germany
- **nationalcaps2**: 4
- **nationalgoals2**: 5
Aharon Lichtenstein

**Aharon Lichtenstein** (23 May 1933 – 20 April 2015) was a French-born American-Israeli Orthodox rabbi, rosh yeshiva and writer. He was an authority of Jewish law ("Halacha"). He won the Israel Prize in 2014.

Lichtenstein was born in Paris and grew up in New York, United States. He studied at Yeshiva University and Harvard University. He married in 1960 and had six children.

Lichtenstein died on 20 April 2015 in Jerusalem, aged 81.
Claudius Aelianus

**Claudius Aelianus** (, modern Greek transliteration _Klávdios Elianós_; c. 175c. 235 AD), commonly **Aelian** () was a teacher from Latium. He was born around the year 170. He died after 220. Even though he was from Rome, he wrote in Greek. In English, he is often referred to as **Aelian**.
Bernoulli distribution

**The Bernoulli distribution** is a probability distribution. It takes a value of 1 with probability _p_ and a value of 0 with probability 1-_p_. It is sometimes written as . It is used in probability theory and statistics. It is named after a Swiss scientist Jacob Bernoulli.

## Overview

A Bernoulli distribution is useful because it can be used to approximate the outcomes of an experiment (such as tossing a coin) as a range of percentages. It represents a "yes or no" type experiment. If the experiment succeeds, then it is given the value 1. If the experiment does not succeed, it is given value 0. This can be used, for example, in tossing a coin, where "1" means it lands on "heads", and "0" means it lands on "tails" (or the other way around).

This distribution has only one parameter, the probability of a success (_p_). In fact, Bernoulli distribution is the binomial distribution with _n_=1, and _n_ independent and identically distributed Bernoulli distributions also give rise to binomial distribution.

## Related pages

- Poisson distribution
Fennoscandia

**Fennoscandia** or **Fenno-Scandinavia** is the region including the Scandinavian Peninsula, Finland, Karelia, and the Kola Peninsula. The term usually covers the countries Finland, Norway, and Sweden in their entireties. It also includes a part of Russia. Its name comes from the Latin words Fennia (which means Finland) and Scandia (which means Scandinavia).

Fennoscandia is different from both Scandinavia and the Nordic countries. Denmark is not in the Scandinavian Peninsula and Karelia and the Kola Peninsula are not a part of the Nordic countries. They are a part of Russia. The geography of Fennoscandia is very mountainous and rough. It is also very beautiful with sights such as fjords, which take up a lot of space in Norway. Socially Fennoscandia shows the historically close relationship between the Finnish, Norwegian, Russian, Sámi and Swedish people.  It also  includes the Karelia area which until near the end of the Second World War was part of Finland.  Until 1956 much of the area was a Soviet Republic and it remains an administrative division of Russia.

## Other websites

- The Green Belt of Fennoscandia
Jonathan Crombie

**Jonathan Crombie** (October 12, 1966 – April 15, 2015) was a Canadian actor. He was best known for playing Gilbert Blythe in CBC Television's 1985 television _Anne of Green Gables_ and its two sequels.

Crombie died in New York City, New York from a cerebral hemorrhage, aged 48.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Jonathan Crombie
- **birth place**: Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- **death place**: New York City, New York, New York (state), New York, United States, USA
Ben Powers

**Alton "Ben" Powers** (July 5, 1950 – April 6, 2015) was an American actor. He was known for his role as Thelma Evans' husband, Keith Anderson, during the sixth and final season of the 1970s TV show _Good Times_ (1978–1979).  During the 1970s, he was a cast member of the TV comedy series, _Laugh-In_.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Ben Powers
- **birthname**: Alton A. Powers
- **birth place**: Brooklyn, New York, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: New Bedford, Massachusetts, United States, U.S.
- **occupation**: Actor
- **years active**: 1975–1990
Oscar Luigi Scalfaro

**Oscar Luigi Scalfaro** (; 9 September 1918 – 29 January 2012) was an Italian politician. He was the ninth President of the Italian Republic from 1992 to 1999, and later a senator for life.

## Other websites

- Encyclopaedia Britannica, Oscar Luigi Scalfaro - full access article
- La biografia del presidente

## Infobox (president)

- **name**: Oscar Luigi Scalfaro
- **image**: Oscar Luigi Scalfaro daticamera 76.jpg
- **order**: List of Presidents of the Italian Republic, 9th President of Italy
- **primeminister**: Giuliano Amato
 Carlo Azeglio Ciampi
 Silvio Berlusconi
 Lamberto Dini
 Romano Prodi
 Massimo D'Alema
- **term start**: 28 May 1992
- **term end**: 15 May 1999
- **predecessor**: Francesco Cossiga
- **successor**: Carlo Azeglio Ciampi
- **order2**: Italian Chamber of Deputies, President of the Chamber of Deputies
- **term start2**: 24 April 1992
- **term end2**: 25 May 1992
- **predecessor2**: Leonilde Iotti
- **successor2**: Giorgio Napolitano
- **order3**: Ministry of Interior (Italy), Minister of the Interior
- **term start3**: 4 August 1983
- **term end3**: 28 July 1987
- **primeminister3**: Bettino Craxi
 Amintore Fanfani
- **predecessor3**: Virginio Rognoni
- **successor3**: Amintore Fanfani
- **order4**: Italian Minister of Education, Minister of Education
- **term start4**: 26 July 1972
- **term end4**: 7 July 1973
- **primeminister4**: Giulio Andreotti
- **predecessor4**: Riccardo Misasi
- **successor4**: Franco Maria Malfatti
- **birth place**: Novara, Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946), Italy
- **nationality**: Italians, Italian
- **death place**: Rome, Italy
- **spouse**: Maria Inzitari
(1924–1944)
- **children**: Marianna Scalfaro
- **party**: Christian Democracy (Italy), Christian Democracy
<small>(1946–1994)</small>
Italian People's Party (1994), Italian People's Party
<small>(1994–2002)</small>
Democracy is Freedom - The Daisy, The Daisy
<small>(2002–2007)</small>
Democratic Party (Italy), Democratic Party
<small>(2007–2012)</small>
- **signature**: Signature of Oscar Luigi Scalfaro.png
Norm Crosby

**Norman Lawrence** "**Norm**" **Crosby** (September 15, 1927 – November 7, 2020) was an American comedian. He was known for co-hosting the Canadian television series _Everything Goes_. His nickname was **The Master of Malaprop**.

On November 7, 2020, Crosby died of heart failure at his home in Los Angeles, California at the age of 93.

## Other websites

- Interview, November 2010
- Interview December 27, 2014  in Ames Tribune

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Norm Crosby
- **image**: Norm Crosby 1965.JPG
- **alt**: Norm Crosby 1965
- **caption**: Crosby in 1965
- **birth name**: Norman Lawrence Crosby
- **birth place**: Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.
- **death place**: Los Angeles, California, U.S.
- **occupation**: Comedian
- **spouse**: Joan Crane Foley (1966-2020; 2 children)
- **agent**: [http://www.arlenethornton.com/on_camera_talent_detail.asp?id=299 Arlene Thornton and Associates]
Frederic Morton

**Frederic Morton** was an Austrian writer. Originally, he was named **Fritz Mandelbaum**. He was born in Vienna, on 5th of October 1924, and died there on 20th April 2015. In 1939, the family emigrated to London, and later to New York. In New York, Morton's father changed the family name to Morton. In 1951, Morton came back to Vienna, where he wrote as a correspondent for the US press.
Charlotte Douglas International Airport

**Charlotte Douglas International Airport**  is a joint civil-military public international airport. It is located in Charlotte, North Carolina. It was the 6th busiest airport in the world, based on traffic movements in 2010. It was also the 23rd busiest airport in the world by passenger traffic in 2013. The airport was opened in 1936 as the **Charlotte Municipal Airport**. It was renamed the **Douglas Municipal Airport** after former mayor of Charlotte Ben Elbert Douglas, Sr. in 1954. It was the largest hub for US Airways. In 2015, US Airways was combined with American Airlines. Now, Charlotte is the 2nd largest hub for American.

## Infobox (airport)

- **image2-width**: 250
- **faa**: CLT
- **location**: 5501 Josh Birmingham Parkway
Charlotte, North Carolina, U.S.
- **hub**: *American Airlines
*ViaAir
- **image mapsize**: 200
- **pushpin label**: **CLT**
- **r1-length-f**: 8,677
- **r1-surface**: Asphalt/Concrete
- **name**: Charlotte Douglas International Airport
- **image-width**: 300
- **image2**: CLT03FEB2012.png
- **caption2**: United States Geological Survey (USGS) aerial image in 2012
- **iata**: CLT
- **icao**: KCLT
- **wmo**: 72314
- **type**: Public
- **owner**: City of Charlotte
- **operator**: Charlotte Aviation Department
- **city-served**: Charlotte metropolitan area
- **elevation-f**: 748
- **website**: [http://www.charlotteairport.com/ www.charlotteairport.com]
- **image map**: File:CLT Airport Diagram.pdf
- **image map caption**: FAA airport diagram
- **pushpin map**: USA North Carolina#USA
- **pushpin relief**: yes
- **pushpin map caption**: Location within North Carolina/United States
- **r1-number**: 18L/36R
- **r2-number**: 18C/36C
- **r2-length-f**: 10,000
- **r2-surface**: Concrete
- **r3-number**: 18R/36L
- **r3-length-f**: 9,000
- **r3-length-m**: 2,743
- **r3-surface**: Concrete
- **r4-number**: 5/23
- **r4-length-f**: 7,502
- **r4-length-m**: 2,287
- **r4-surface**: Asphalt/Concrete
- **stat-year**: 2017
- **stat1-header**: Passengers
- **stat1-data**: 45,909,899
- **stat2-header**: Aircraft operations
- **stat2-data**: 553,812
- **footnotes**: Source: Federal Aviation Administration, Charlotte Douglas International Airport
Arvada, Colorado

The **City of Arvada** is a city in Jefferson County Colorado, USA. It is a suburb of Denver. The city population was 124,402 residents in 2020. Arvada is the seventh largest city in Colorado. The Olde Town Arvada historic district is located  northwest of the Colorado State Capitol in Denver. In 1850 gold was discovered in Arvada. It was the first gold discovery in Colorado. News of the discovery set off a gold rush.

## Attractions

- Western Bowl, 10000 Ralston Rd, Arvada, CO 80004
- Big Time Trampoline Fun Center, New Life Addiction Treatment, 7330 W 52nd Ave, Arvada, CO 80002
Richard Anthony

**Richard Anthony**, also known as **Ricardo Anthony Btesh** (13 January 1938 – 19 April 2015), was a French singer from Cairo, Egypt. He was known for singing the soundtrack of _A Good Year_ and for his small acting roles in _Dallas_ and _Star Trek: The Original Series_.

Anthony died in Pégomas, France, aged 77.
Raymond Carr

**Sir Raymond Albert Maillard Carr** FBA FRHS FRSL (11 April 1919 – 19 April 2015), known as **Raymond Carr**, was an English historian. His works were mostly about the history of Spain, Latin America, and Sweden. He was also Warden of St Antony's College, Oxford, from 1968 to 1987.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Sir Raymond Carr
- **birth place**: Bath, Somerset, Bath, Somerset, England
- **education**: Christ Church, Oxford
- **occupation**: Historian
- **spouse**: Sara Ann Mary Strickland
- **parents**: Reginald Henry Maillard Carr
and Marion Maillard Carr
- **children**: Adam Henry Maillard Carr
Matthew Xavier Maillard Carr
Alexander Rallion Charles Carr
Laura Selina Madeline Carr
Bob St. Clair

**Robert Bruce** "**Bob**" **St. Clair** (February 18, 1931 – April 20, 2015), nicknamed "**The Geek**", was an American football player and politician. He played for the NFL team San Francisco 49ers from 1953 to 1963. He also served as mayor of Daly City, California from 1958 to 1961.

St. Clair was born in San Francisco, California. He was of Yaqui Native American ancestry.

St. Clair died after a short illness on April 20, 2015 in Santa Rosa, California. He was 74.
Janaki Ballabh Patnaik

**Janaki Ballabh Patnaik** (; 3 January 1927 – 21 April 2015) was an Indian politician. He was the Governor of Assam from 27 November 2009 to 11 December 2014. He was Chief Minister of Odisha from 9 June 1980 to 7 December 1989 and again from 15 March 1995 to 17 February 1999. He was a leader of the Indian National Congress

Patnaik was born in Rameshwar, Puri district, Odisha to a Hindu family. He married to Jayanti Patnaik from 1953 until his death. They had a son and two daughters.

Patnaik died from a heart attack on 21 April 2015 in Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh. He was 88.
Viktor Korshunov

**Viktor Ivanovich Korshunov** (; 24 November 1929 – 17 April 2015) was a Russian movie and stage actor. His career started in the 1950s. He was awarded the People's Artist of the USSR.

Korshunov was born in Moscow. He married actress Yekaterina Yelanskaya in 1953. She died in July 2013. They had one son, actor Aleksandr Korshunov (born 1954).

Korshunov died after a long illness on 17 April 2015 in Moscow, aged 85.
Adams–Onís Treaty

The **Adams-Onís Treaty** (also called the Florida treaty) was a treaty between Spain and the United States of America in 1819. This treaty gave the state of Florida to the United States. It settled a standing border dispute between the two countries. It established the U.S- Mexican border.

## Background

The treaty was considered a triumph of American diplomacy. It came at a time of increasing difficulties related to Spain's territorial boundaries in North America. This was with both the United States and Great Britain following the American Revolution. There were also tensions during the Latin American Wars of Independence. Florida had become a problem for Spain. It could not afford to send settlers or garrisons.

## Treaty

The treaty was signed in Washington, DC on February 22, 1819. It was ratified in Madrid, Spain on October 24, 1820. The treaty actually went into effect on February 22, 1821. Madrid decided to cede the territory of Florida to the United States. This was in exchange for settling the boundary dispute along the Sabine River in Texas. The treaty established the boundary of U.S. territory. It recognized the claims of the United States through the Rocky Mountains and west to the Pacific Ocean. In exchange the U.S. paid residents' claims against the Spanish government up to a total of $5,000,000. The United States also gave up its claims on parts of Spanish Texas west of the Sabine River and other Spanish areas, under the agreements in the Louisiana Purchase. Adams-Onis was a key event in determining the U.S.-Mexico border.
Cătălina Ponor

**Cătălina Ponor** (; born 20 August 1987) is a Romanian artistic gymnast. She has won five medals at the Summer Olympics, three of them were gold medals.

## Infobox (gymnast)

- **name**: Cătălina Ponor
- **fullname**: Cătălina Ponor
- **nickname**: Cătă
- **birth place**: Constanța, Socialist Republic of Romania, Romania
- **discipline**: WAG
- **level**: Senior International Elite
- **club**: CS Dinamo București
- **headcoach**: Octavian Belu
- **assistcoach**: Sandu Lucian
- **formercoach**: Matei Stanei and Gabriela Dosoftei
- **choreographer**: Mariana Bitang
- **music**: 2004: Gia (song), Gia

2005: Harem (song), Harem

2006: The Truman Show: Music from the Motion Picture, Underground

2007: Edvin Marton, Dark Angel

2011: Safri Duo, Rise

2011-2012: Lux Aeterna (song), Requiem for a Dream

2012: Fever (Little Willie John song), Fever
- **show-medals**: yes
Gregory Pardlo

**Gregory Pardlo** (born 1968) is an American poet, writer, and professor. His  book _Digest_ won the 2015 Pulitzer Prize for Poetry. In 2007, Pardlo's first book _Totem_ received the American Poetry Review/ Honickman Prize.

Parldo was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1968. He grew up in Willingboro, New Jersey. Gregory Pardlo received his B.A. in English from Rutgers University. In 2001, he earned his M.F.A. from New York University. He was the New York Times Fellow in Poetry. He has received other fellowships. He is a fellow at the New York Foundation for the Arts, the Cave Canem Foundation, the MacDowell Artist's Colony, the Seaside Institute. Also, the Lotos Club Foundation, and City University of New York,. He received a translation grant from the National Endowment for the Arts. He is a Teaching Fellow at Columbia University.

## Related pages

- List of poets from North America
Abdel Rahman el-Abnudi

**Abdel Rahman el-Abnudi** (, 11 April 1938 – 21 April 2015) was an Egyptian poet. Before his death, he worked on children's books. His best known work is _Death on the Asphalt_. He was one of a generation of poets who wrote their work in the Egyptian dialect rather than in normal Arabic, the normal literary language.

Abnudi was born in Qena Governorate. He was married to director Attiyat El Abnoudy. He later married Nehal Kamal. He had two children, Nour and Aya.

Abnudi died from problems caused by brain surgery on 21 April 2015, aged 76.
Steve Byrnes

**Steven Patrick** "**Steve**" **Byrnes** (April 14, 1959 – April 21, 2015) was an American television announcer and producer. In 1985, he began his working on auto racing reporting, mostly NASCAR. In 2001, he began working with _NASCAR on Fox_ as a pit reporter, and later became the host of Fox Sports 1's studio show _NASCAR Race Hub_.

Byrnes was born in Chicago, Illinois and grew up in New Carrolton, Maryland. He was married to Karen Goines from 1993 until his death. They had a son, Bryson.

Byrnes died from head and neck cancer on April 21, 2015 in Fort Mill, South Carolina. He was 56.
Midge

**Midge** is a common term for many types of small fly. They are all in a suborder, the Nematocera.

They are found on practically every land area except permanently dry deserts and the frozen zones. Some midges, such as many Phlebotominae (sand fly) and Simuliidae (black fly), are vectors of various diseases. Others are prey items for insectivores, such as various frogs and swallows.

The highland midge of Scotland (_Culicoides impunctatus_) is present in huge numbers. It is a significant blood-sucking pest. It is found in upland and lowland areas (fens, bogs and marshes) especially in the north west of Scotland from late spring to late summer.

The habits of midges vary greatly from species to species, though within any particular family midges commonly have similar ecological roles. Examples of families which include midges are:

- Blephariceridae, net-winged midges
- Cecidomyiidae, gall midges
- Ceratopogonidae, biting midges
- also known as no-see-ums or punkies in North America, and sandflies in Australia.
- Chaoboridae, phantom midges
- Chironomidae, non-biting midges
- also known as muffleheads in the Great Lakes region of North America
- Deuterophlebiidae, mountain midges
- Dixidae, meniscus midges
- Scatopsidae, dung midges
- Thaumaleidae, solitary midges
Ibrahim Yusri

**Ibrahim Yusri** (20 April 1950 – 20 April 2015) was an Egyptian actor. He worked on movies, stage, and television. His best known movie was _The Terrorist_ (1994).

Yusri was born in Giza. He graduated from the Higher Institute for Dramatic Arts in 1975.

Yusri died from kidney failure on his 65th birthday in Cairo.
Viktor Ahn

**Viktor Ahn** (; born November 23, 1985), also known as **Ahn Hyun-soo** () and **Victor An**, is a Russian short track speed skating athlete born in South Korea.

## Infobox (sportsperson)

- **name**: Viktor Ahn
- **image**: Viktor Ahn Sochi 2014.jpg
- **caption**: Viktor Ahn at the 2014 Winter Olympics
- **country**: South Korea (until 2011) /
 Russia (since 2011)
- **birth name**: Ahn Hyun-soo
- **birth place**: Seoul, South Korea
- **pb**: 500 m: 40.515 (2014)
1000 m: 1:23.487(2013)
1500 m: 2:10.639 (2003, **Former WR**)
3000 m: 4:32.646 (2003, **Former WR**)
- **worlds**: **World Championship**
2014 World Short Track Speed Skating Championships, 2014 Overall
2007 World Short Track Speed Skating Championships, 2007 Overall
2006 World Short Track Speed Skating Championships, 2006 Overall
2005 World Short Track Speed Skating Championships, 2005 Overall
2004 World Short Track Speed Skating Championships, 2004 Overall
2003 World Short Track Speed Skating Championships, 2003 Overall
**World Cup**
2006 Overall
2004 Overall
- **show-medals**: no
Dirndl

A **dirndl** [ˈdɪʁndl̩] is a type of dress worn by women in Germany, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Austria and South Tyrol. It is made to look like the traditional clothing that peasants from the Alps used to wear. Originally the term _Dirndl_ meant girl in Bavarian. Now it can mean either the dress or a girl. It was also called a _Dirndlgewand_. In the 1800s servant girls wore a very similar dress. They were very plain. A heavy, often dark colored dress was worn in winter. It had a long sleeve dirndl blouse and thick apron to go with it. In summer a light version was worn. Summer dresses were worn with a short puffed-sleeve dirndl blouse. Different styles were worn in different regions. The bow on the apron is tied on the left (she is single) or the right side (she is not single).

## Other websites

- Oktoberfest Dirndl Dress: The Bow
- How to wear a dirndl
Sandra Izbașa

**Sandra Raluca Izbaşa** () (born June 18, 1990) is a Romanian gymnast.  She has won two Olympic gold medals, at the floor event at the 2008 Olympics and at the vault event at the 2012 Olympics.

## Infobox (gymnast)

- **name**: Sandra Izbașa
- **image**: Sandra izbasa.jpg
- **caption**: Sandra Izbaşa in 2008
- **fullname**: Sandra Raluca Izbașa
- **nickname**: Oscar
- **birth place**: Bucharest, Romania
- **discipline**: WAG
- **level**: Senior International Elite
- **club**: CSA Steaua București
- **headcoach**: Octavian Bellu and Mariana Bitang
- **formercoach**: Nicolae Forminte,
Livia Ponoran
- **choreographer**: Puia Valer, Adriana Pop
- **music**: 2008:  Michał Lorenc, Taniec Eleny

2010: Kalinka (song), Kalinka and
Hava Nagila

2011: Edvin Marton, Tango Amore

2012: Shine On You Crazy Diamond
- **show-medals**: yes
Tatiana Volosozhar

**Tatiana Andreyеvna Volosozhar** (, ; born 22 May 1986) is a Russian figure skater.

## Infobox (figure skater)

- **name**: Tatiana Volosozhar
- **image**: 2011 World Championships Tatiana VOLOSOZHAR Maxim TRANKOV Podium.jpg
- **imagesize**: 230px
- **caption**: Volosozhar and Trankov at the 2011 World Figure Skating Championships, 2011 World Championships.
- **fullname**: Tatiana Andreyеvna Volosozhar
- **country**: Russia
- **birth place**: Dnipro, Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union
- **residence**: Moscow, Russia
- **partner**: **Maxim Trankov**
- **formerpartner**: Stanislav Morozov, Petr Kharchenko
- **coach**: Nina Mozer, Stanislav Morozov
- **formercoach**: Ingo Steuer, Galina Kukhar, Nikolai Morozov (figure skater), Nikolai Morozov
- **choreographer**: Alla Kapranova
- **formerchoreographer**: Nikolai Morozov
- **skating club**: Vorobyovy Gory
- **currenttraininglocations**: Moscow
- **formertraininglocations**: Chemnitz
 Kyiv
 Dnipro
- **beganskating**: 1991
- **worldranking**: **1** (**')
- **pbrankings**: **1** (_2013–14 figure skating season, 2013–14_)
 **1** (_2012–13 figure skating season, 2012–13_)
**2** (_2011–12 figure skating season, 2011–12_)
 **2** (_2010–11 figure skating season, 2010–11_)
 **7** (_2009–10 figure skating season, 2009–10_)
 **7_' (_2008–09 figure skating season, 2008–09'')
- **combined total**: 237.71 ISU Judging System#World records, (WR)
- **combined date**: 2013 Skate America
- **sp score**: 84.17  ISU Judging System#World records, (WR)
- **sp date**: Figure skating at the 2014 Winter Olympics – Pair skating, 2014 Winter Olympics
- **fs score**: 154.66 ISU Judging System#World records, (WR)
- **fs date**: 2013 Skate America
- **show-medals**: yes
- **medaltemplates**:
Honoré III, Prince of Monaco

**Honoré III, Prince of Monaco** (Honoré Camille Léonor; 10 November 1720 – 21 March 1795) was a reigning prince of the small state of Monaco. He succeeded his mother Louise Hippolyte and is to this day still one of the longest reigning European rulers.

## Brief biography

The eldest surviving son of Princess Louise Hippolyte of Monaco and her husband Prince Jacques

In May 1732 he moved to Paris to be with his father till he was officially proclaimed the prince of Monaco. Antoine Grimaldi, the _Chevalier de Grimaldi_, acted as regent for the prince between 1732 and 1784, when Honoré chose to live in Paris. This situation remained the same for half a century until Antoine's death in 1784,

## Marriage

On 5 June 1757  he married **Maria Caterina Brignole** a member of one of the most powerful and wealthy familys in the Republic of Genoa.  The had two sons before divorcing in 1770.

## Children

1. Prince Honoré IV of Monaco (17 May 1758 – 16 February 1819) married Louise d'Aumont and had children.
1. Prince Joseph of Monaco (10 September 1763 – 28 June 1816) married Marie Thérèse de Choiseul and had children.

## Titles and styles

- **20 February 1731 - 17 May 1758** _His Serene Highness_ The Marquis of Baux.
- **7 November 1733 – 19 January 1793** _His Serene Highness_ The Prince of Monaco, Duke of Valentinois.

## Further reading

- Edwards, Anne. _The Grimaldis of Monaco_. William Morrow, 1992.
- Maclaga, Michael and Louda, Jiri. _LINES OF SUCCESSION_; Heraldry of the Royal Families of Europe. MacDonald & Co., 1981; Little, Brown & Co., 1999; Time Warner Books, UK, 2002
- Maurizio Ulino, _L'Età Barocca dei Grimaldi di Monaco nel loro Marchesato di Campagna_, Giannini editore, Napoli 2008.

## Infobox (royalty)

- **name**: Honoré III
- **succession**: Prince of Monaco
- **reign**: 7 November 1733 – 19 January 1793
- **image**: Honoré III, Prince of Monaco by Jean Baptiste van Loo.jpg
- **spouse**: Maria Caterina Brignole
- **predecessor**: Jacques I
- **successor**: National Convention (Monaco), National Convention
<small>as _de facto_ ruling government</small>
Honoré IV, Prince of Monaco, Honoré IV
<small>as next reigning monarch</small>
- **house**: House of Grimaldi
- **full name**: Honoré Camille Léonor Grimaldi
- **father**: Jacques I of Monaco
- **issue**: Honoré IV, Prince of Monaco, Prince Honoré IV
Prince Joseph
- **mother**: Louise Hippolyte, Princess of Monaco, Louise Hippolyte of Monaco
- **birth place**: Torigni-sur-Vire, France
- **death place**: Paris (France)
Misako Uno

, known as Akane (茜) (born July 16, 1986) is a Japanese actress, product designer and talent agent. She is also a singer and dancer in the band _AAA: Attack All Around_. She was born in Endokawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan. Uno grew up in there. Her father is a copywriter. She has been active since the 1994.

## Career

In 2006 Uno appeared in her first movie, Hollywood's _The Grudge 2_ as a Japanese student.

In 2008 she played Keiko Endo (遠藤 恵子) in _Hitomi_ (瞳) of the NHK television fiction show.

In 2010 Uno appeared in her second film _Rendez-vous (ランデブー！)_ as the leading character.

In 2011 her early life was into the English textbooks of Japan's Ministry of science.

In 2012 she played Akane Yabuki (矢吹 茜) in _Ume-chan Sensei_ (梅ちゃん先生) of the NHK television fiction show.

In 2013 she played Hoshino Tsukiyama (月山 星乃) in _Tokyo toy box (東京トイボックス)_ of the TV Tokyo. Tsukiyama is the heroine.

### Music

- 2005: SLOW DANCE ORIGINAL SOUND TRACK
    - Groovin' (with Mayu)
    - Good Time (with Mayu, ECO)
    - Now Is The Time
- 2007: The Grudge 2 ORIGINAL SOUND TRACK
    - End of This Way

### Films

- 2006: The grudge2 ... Miyuki Nazawa
- 2010:  … Meguru Taniyama

### Theater

- 2006:  … Akane Sueyoshi
- 2007: Super Battle Live Delicious Gakuin Bangaihen ~Delicious 5 Shijō Saidai no Teki~
- 2008: Love Letters …
- 2010:  …
- 2011: Legend of the Galactic Heroes

### TV

- 2007-2008: On-Time (音時間) … master of ceremonies
- 2008:  … Keiko Endo
- 2010: Massugu na Otoko (まっすぐな男) … Mina Matsushima
- 2012:  … Akane Yabuki
- 2013:  … Hoshino Tsukiyama
- 2014:  … Hoshino Tsukiyama

### Radio

- 2006-2007: Uno Misako no English Lyrics Selection (宇野実彩子のイングリッシュ リリックセレクション)
- 2011-2014: AAA Uno Misako's Radio Unoccoli (AAA宇野実彩子のラジオUNOッコリー) (FM Niigata)

### Books

- 2010: UNO
- 2011:
- 2011:
- 2012: UNO-BON
- 2014: UNONU（you know）

## Other websites

- 宇野実彩子 AAAtwitter
- Misako Uno（AAA）Instagram
- PROFILEThe official website AAA (Triple A)
- AAA宇野実彩子のラジオUNOッコリー FM-NIIGATA
Jean de La Fontaine

**Jean de La Fontaine** (; 8 July 1621 – 13 April 1695) was the first of the French fabulist. He was one of the most widely read French poets of the 17th century. He is known for his fables. These provided a model for later fabulists across Europe. They were also an example for numerous alternative versions in France and in French regional languages.

According to Flaubert, he was the only French poet to understand and master the subtleties of the French language before Victor Hugo. A set of postage stamps celebrating La Fontaine and the _Fables_ was issued by France in 1995.
Dordogne (river)

The **Dordogne** () is a river in south-central and southwest France. The Dordogne river and its drainage basin was named as a Biosphere Reserve by the UNESCO on 11 July 2012.

## Geography

The Dordogne has a length of , and a drainage basin with an area of approximately .

Its average yearly discharge (volume of water which passes through a section of the river per unit of time) is 274 cubic metres per second at Bergerac.

**Average monthly discharge (m<sup>3</sup>/s) at Bergerac (1958-2011)**

### Course

The Dordogne starts on the sides of the Puy de Sancy, Massif Central, in the _commune_ of Mont-Dore, Puy-de-Dôme department, at an elevation of about .

It flows generally west through the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region and the Dordogne department before flowing into the Gironde where it joins, in the north of the city of Bordeaux, the Garonne river to form the Gironde estuary, at about  of altitude.

The Dordogne flows through 4 regions, 6 departments and 173 _communes_. The main _communes_ are:

- Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region
    - Puy-de-Dôme: Mont-Dore, La Bourboule, La Bourboule, Avèze, Singles, Larodde, Labessette
    - Cantal: Beaulieu, Lanobre, Madic, Saint-Pierre, Champagnac, Veyrières, Arches, Chalvignac
- Nouvelle-Aquitaine region
    - Corrèze: Bort-les-Orgues, Saint-Julien-près-Bort, Liginiac, Neuvic, Soursac, Argentat, Beaulieu-sur-Dordogne
- Occitanie region
    - Lot: Carennac, Bétaille, Vayrac, Martel, Souillac
- Nouvelle-Aquitaine region
    - Dordogne: Carlux, Domme, La Roque-Gageac, Beynac-et-Cazenac, Saint-Cyprien, Le Buisson-de-Cadouin, Mauzac-et-Grand-Castang, Lalinde, Mouleydier, Creysse, Bergerac, Prigonrieux
    - Gironde: Sainte-Foy-la-Grande, Castillon-la-Bataille, Libourne, Fronsac, Saint-André-de-Cubzac, Bourg, Cubzac-les-Ponts

## Main tributaries

The main tributaries (more than 50 km long) of the Dordogne river are:

**Left tributaries**:
- Rhue - 56.6 km;
- Maronne - 92.6 km;
- Cère - 120.4 km;
- Céou - 55.1 km;

**Right tributaries**:
- Chavanon - 54.2 km;
- Diège - 54.4 km;
- Triouzoune - 51.3 km;
- Luzège - 64.2 km;
- Doustre - 51.2 km;
- Vézère - 211.2 km;
- Isle - 255.3 km;

## Related pages

- List of rivers of France

## Other websites

- Banque Hydro - Station P5140010 - La Dordogne à Bergerac
- The Dordogne Valley in the Lot department
- The Dordogne Valley UNESCO Biosphere Reserve

## Infobox (river)

- **name**: Dordogne
- **name native**: La Dordogne
- **image**: Dordogne_2.jpg
- **image size**: 250px
- **image caption**: The Dordogne in Périgord, near Castelnaud-la-Chapelle
- **map**: MapDordogne.jpg
- **map size**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location of the Dordogne in France
- **source1 location**: Massif Central
- **mouth location**: Gironde estuary
- **subdivision type1**: Country
- **subdivision name1**: France
Isle (river)

The **Isle** () is a river of south-western France that flows through the Haute-Vienne, Dordogne and Gironde departments, in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region. It is a right tributary of the Dordogne river.

## Geography

The Isle has a length of , and a drainage basin with an area of approximately .

Its average yearly discharge (volume of water which passes through a section of the river per unit of time) is 61.7 cubic metres per second at Coutras.

### Course

The Isle starts on the _Monts du Limousin_, part of the Massif Central, in the _commune_ of Janailhac, Haute-Vienne department, at an elevation of about .

It flows generally southwest through the Haute-Vienne, Dordogne and Gironde departments before flowing into the Dordogne river in Libourne at about  of altitude.

The Isle flows through 2 regions, 3 departments and 66 _communes_. The main _communes_ are:

- Nouvelle-Aquitaine region
    - Haute-Vienne: La Meyze
    - Dordogne: Jumilhac-le-Grand, Périgueux, Saint-Astier, Neuvic, Mussidan, Montpon-Ménestérol
    - Gironde: Coutras, Guîtres, Saint-Denis-de-Pile,Libourne

## Main tributaries

The main tributaries (more than 50 km long) of the Isle river are:
- Left tributaries
    - Loue - 50.9 km;
    - Auvézère - 112.2 km;
- Right tributaries
    - Dronne - 200.6 km;
    - Lary - 53.7 km;

## Related pages

- List of rivers of France

## Other websites

- Banque Hydro - Station P9001510 - L'Isle à Coutras

## Infobox (river)

- **name**: Isle
- **image**: Perigueux Cathedrale Saint Front.jpg
- **image caption**: Isle River in Périgueux
- **pushpin map**: France#France Nouvelle-Aquitaine
- **source1 location**: Plateau de Millevaches
- **mouth location**: Dordogne (river), Dordogne
- **subdivision type1**: Country
- **subdivision name1**: France
National Museum of History of Azerbaijan

The **National Museum of History of Azerbaijan** () is the national museum of history of Azerbaijan. It is the largest museum of Azerbaijan. It is in Baku, in the former mansion of Azerbaijani oil magnate and philanthropist Haji Zeynalabdin Taghiyev. It was founded in 1920.

## Infobox (museum)

- **name**: National Museum of History of Azerbaijan
- **native name**: Azərbaycan Tarix Muzeyi
- **native name lang**: Azerbaijani
- **image**: National Museum of History of Azerbaijan 11.JPG
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **caption**: Museum of History of Azerbaijan
- **established**: 1920
- **location**: H. Z. Taghiyev Street 4,
Baku, Azerbaijan
- **type**: History museum
- **collection**: Archeology, Archeological, Numismatics, Numismatic, wikt:Ethnography, Ethnographic
- **director**: Naile Velihanly
- **website**: [http://www.azhistorymuseum.az/ www.azhistorymuseum.az]
Rose Greenhow

**Rose O'Neal Greenhow** (1813/1814– October 1, 1864) was a famous Confederate spy during the American Civil War. She was a socialite in Washington, D.C. before the war. Greenhow was friends with presidents, generals, senators, and high-ranking military officers. She used these friendships to pass along key military information to the Confederacy at the start of the war. In early 1861 she was put in control of a group of Confederate spies in Washington, DC. This was by Thomas Jordan, then a captain in the Confederate Army. Jefferson Davis, the Confederate president, gave her credit for helping the South's victory at the First Battle of Bull Run in late July 1861.

Greenhow was captured in August. She was placed under house arrest. But she continued her spying activities. In 1862 after an espionage hearing, she was imprisoned for nearly five months in Washington, DC. Then she was deported to the Confederate States. Greenhow traveled to Richmond, Virginia and continued to work for the confederacy. She sailed to Europe to represent the Confederacy in a diplomatic mission to France and England. She also wrote and published her memoir in London. The book was popular in England. She wanted to return to America. She took with her $2,000 in Gold. On her voyage back, her ship ran aground off Wilmington, North Carolina. A Union gunboat had chased them up the Cape Fear River. Greenhow and one other passenger tried to escape in a rowboat. Weighed down with gold she drowned when her rowboat overturned. She was honored with a Confederate military funeral.

In 1993 the women's auxiliary of the Sons of Confederate Veterans changed its name to the Order of the Confederate Rose. This followed a television movie the previous year. A new biography of her was published in 2005.
Dick Balharry

**Richard** "**Dick**" **Balharry**  (24 May 1937 – 22 April 2015) was a Scottish conservationist, writer, and wildlife photographer. He was known for improving and protecting Scotland's natural landscapes. Just days before his death, he was given an award by the Royal Scottish Geographical Society (RSGS).

Balharry was born near Dundee. He died from cancer on 22 April 2015, aged 77.
Roy Mason

**Roy Mason, Baron Mason of Barnsley**, PC (18 April 1924 – 20 April 2015), was a British Labour politician and former Cabinet minister. He was Secretary of State for Defence and Secretary of State for Northern Ireland in the late 1970s.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **honorific-prefix**: The Right Honourable
- **name**: The Lord Mason of Barnsley
- **honorific-suffix**: Privy Council of the United Kingdom, PC
- **office**: Secretary of State for Northern Ireland
- **primeminister**: James Callaghan
- **term start**: 10 September 1976
- **term end**: 4 May 1979
- **predecessor**: Merlyn Rees, Baron Merlyn-Rees, Merlyn Rees
- **successor**: Humphrey Atkins
- **office2**: Secretary of State for Defence
- **primeminister2**: Harold Wilson
James Callaghan
- **term start2**: 4 March 1974
- **term end2**: 10 September 1976
- **predecessor2**: Ian Gilmour, Baron Gilmour of Craigmillar, Ian Gilmour
- **successor2**: Fred Mulley
- **office3**: Secretary of State for Business, Innovation and Skills, President of the Board of Trade
- **primeminister3**: Harold Wilson
- **term start3**: 6 October 1969
- **term end3**: 19 June 1970
- **predecessor3**: Anthony Crosland
- **successor3**: Michael Noble, Baron Glenkinglas, Michael Noble
- **office4**: Ministry of Power (United Kingdom), Minister of Power
- **primeminister4**: Harold Wilson
- **term start4**: 1 July 1968
- **term end4**: 6 October 1969
- **predecessor4**: Ray Gunter
- **successor4**: Office Abolished
- **office5**: Postmaster General of the United Kingdom, Postmaster General
- **primeminister5**: Harold Wilson
- **term start5**: 6 April 1968
- **term end5**: 1 July 1968
- **predecessor5**: Edward Short, Baron Glenamara, Edward Short
- **successor5**: John Stonehouse
- **office6**: Member of Parliament (UK), Member of Parliament
 for Barnsley Central (UK Parliament constituency), Barnsley Central
- **term start6**: 9 June 1983
- **term end6**: 11 June 1987
- **predecessor6**: Constituency Created
- **successor6**: Eric Illsley
- **office7**: Member of Parliament (UK), Member of Parliament
 for Barnsley (UK Parliament constituency), Barnsley
- **term start7**: 31 March 1953
- **term end7**: 9 June 1983
- **predecessor7**: Sidney Schofield
- **successor7**: Constituency Abolished
- **birth place**: Royston, South Yorkshire, Royston, United Kingdom
- **party**: Labour Party (UK), Labour
Jeremiah J. Rodell

**Jeremiah J. Rodell** (September 28, 1921 – April 17, 2015) was a brigadier general in the United States Air Force that served as Deputy Chief of Chaplains of the United States Air Force from 1978 to 1980.

## Infobox (military person)

- **name**: Jeremiah J. Rodell
- **image**: Jeremiah Rodell.JPG
- **birth place**: Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
- **death place**: Lisle, Illinois, United States
- **allegiance**: United States, United States of America
- **branch**: United States Air Force
- **serviceyears**: 1955–1980
- **rank**: Brigadier General (United States), Brigadier General
- **awards**: Bronze Star, Meritorious Service Medal (United States), Meritorious Service Medal, Joint Service Commendation Medal, Air Force Commendation Medal (2 oak leaf clusters), Air Force Outstanding Unit Award
Bakhtyar Khudojnazarov

**Bakhtyar Khudojnazarov** () (May 29, 1965 – April 21, 2015) was a Russian movie director, producer and screenwriter. He was known for his comedy movie _Luna Papa_ (1999). He won a Silver Lion at the Venice Film Festival for his movie _Kosh ba kosh_ (1993).

Khudojnazarov died from a short illness in Berlin, Germany, aged 49.
Samuel Wilson

**Samuel Wilson** (September 13, 1766 – July 31, 1854) was a meat-packer from Troy, New York, whose name is likely the source of the personification of the United States known as "Uncle Sam".

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Samuel Wilson
- **image**: Uncle Sam Wilson.JPG
- **birth place**: Arlington, Massachusetts, Menotomy, Province of Massachusetts Bay
- **death place**: Troy, New York
- **nationality**: United States, American
- **occupation**: Meat-packer
Theodosia Okoh

**Theodosia Salome Okoh** (13 June 1922 — 19 April 2015) was a Ghanaian stateswoman, teacher and artist. She was known for designing Ghana's flag in 1957. She also played a leading role in the development of hockey in Ghana.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Theodosia Salome Okoh
- **birth place**: Effiduase, Ghana
- **death place**: Tema, Ghana
- **known for**: Design of the Flag of Ghana
- **notable works**: Flag of Ghana, Ghana National Flag
- **title**: Chairman of the Ghana Hockey Association and President of the Ghana Hockey Federation
- **parents**: Rev. & Mrs. Asihene
Tema

**Tema** is a city on the Gulf of Guinea and Atlantic coast of Ghana. It is located  east of the capital city; Accra. As of 2013, the population was 161,612.
Santa Rosa, California

**Santa Rosa** is a city in and the county seat of Sonoma County, California, United States. At the 2020 census its population was 178,127. In the beginning of October, 2017, a firestorm burnt 5% of the homes in the city, killing atleast 19 people.
Shiaphobia

**Shiaphobia** or **Anti-Shi'ism** (Arabic: شِيْعَةُ فُوبِيَا) is hatred of Shia Muslims or prejudice against them.

Shia Muslims make up somewhere between 15-20% of Muslims worldwide. Shortly after Muhammad's death, Sunni Islam and Shia Islam split because they disagreed on what type of person that could become a caliph: a top Muslim leader. Shias believe the leader should be related to the Prophet Muhammad. Sunnis, however, believe the leader should be chosen for his ability to lead the community.

Journalists have noted that Shia and Sunni people lived together peacefully for centuries and even intermarried, but political upheaval has sparked new conflict between the two groups. Vali Nasr, an Iranian-American author and professor, has suggested that modern anti-Shi'ism violence is just a part of the overall conflict in the region, particularly due to the collapse of authoritarian rule in the region.
Controlled burn

A **controlled burn** (sometimes also called a **prescribed fire**) is a fire that is started on purpose, and kept under control.  It is done by people who are trained in controlling a fire, with the right equipment and the right weather conditions.  It is done to help the environment or to make an area safer for people.

This is not the same as a **practice fire**, where a firefighter crew might start a fire in a house or other building that is going to be destroyed.  They use it for practice, to learn how to enter a burning house safely and how to put out a house fire.  Controlled burns, on the other hand, are done outdoors in forests or prairies.

## Reasons

There are several reasons why a controlled burn may take place.  In some areas, there may be too much dry wood and dead plants.  If a fire started there that was not controlled (like arson, an accident, or a lightning strike), that fire could become dangerous.  So by having trained people there, and burning it carefully, then the fire won't be as hot and won't get out of control.

Another reason is to help nature.  Some plants need fire so their seeds can start to grow, some animals prefer to live in places that have been recently burned, and sometimes it helps to get rid of weeds.  Also, the ash on the ground is a quick fertilizer and helps return nutrients to the soil.

Sometimes it is done to help people.  It can clear an area of brush and make it easier to see and move around.  Hunter-gatherer people would do this to chase game into an area where they can kill the animal for food.  This is becoming rare.

## Methods

From the fire triangle, it is known that a fire needs fuel, oxygen and heat.  To control a fire, removing one of these three things will cause the fire to go out.  To keep the fire in the area it is supposed to be in, the fire can be smothered, removing oxygen.  Or it can be sprayed with water, removing the heat.  And the fire finishes when there is no more fuel.

Generally, the _back fire_ is started first.  This is the fire that burns into the wind, and moves slowly.  This is a smaller, safer fire, and is easier to control.  It can be started next to a trail or stream or other _fire break_ that keeps the fire from moving downwind.

After the back fire is in place, then the _head fire_ is started.  It will burn downwind (travels with the wind).  This will burn faster and hotter.  When it reaches the back fire, there is no more fuel for the fire, and it dies out.

## Equipment

The list can depend on the group doing the burn, but often includes:
- drip torch - this starts the fire by dripping fire onto the grass as the person walks along
- water sprayer - usually worn as a backpack, water can be sprayed onto the fire to keep it in the area it should be in
- flapper - a wide piece of rubber on a handle, this can be _flapped_ onto the fire, putting it out
- shovel - this can be used to dig up dirt and create a fire break that will not burn

## Related pages

- Wildfire