juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Thylacine

The **thylacine** (***Thylacinus cynocephalus***) is an extinct species of mammal. It was a carnivorous marsupial animal. The Thylacine was also known as **Tasmanian tiger**, **Tasmanian wolf** and **Tasmanian hyena**. The last known Thylacine died in a Hobart zoo on 7 September 1936. They once lived across Australia and New Guinea. There are paintings of the animals in the north of Western Australia, and in the Northern Territory. At Riversleigh in north Queensland, scientists have discovered the fossil bones of thylacines that are at least 30 million years old.

## Extinction

Thylacines were common across Australia. Fossil remains have been found in Queensland, paintings have been found in Western Australia, and a mummified body was found in cave on the Nullabor Plain in South Australia. The body was dated as being 4,650 years old. The thylacine began to disappear from the Australian mainland about 5,000 years ago. This is about the same time as the arrival in Australia of the dingo. Because of rising sea levels 10,000 years ago, Tasmania was separated from the Australian mainland by Bass Strait which the dingo never crossed. By the time Europeans came to Australia in 1788, the Thylacine was only living in Tasmania.

Sailors on Abel Tasman's ship in November 1642 reported seeing "tiger" footprints.  The French explorer, Antoine Bruni d'Entrecasteaux, found a thylacine jaw bone in 1792. On May 13, 1792, he made the first confirmed sighting, which was described as being the size of a large dog, streaked with black. In 1805, Lieutenant Governor Paterson sent a description of a thylacine to Sydney. He said the animal was rare and uncommon.

Thylacines were hunted because farmers said they were killing sheep. The Tasmanian government gave money to farmers for each thylacine they killed. The last thylacine shot and killed was at Mawbanna, Tasmania, on 13 May, 1930, by farmer Wilfred Batty. The government brought in laws to protect them a few months before the last one died. They are now extinct, which means there are no thylacines left alive anywhere in the world.

## Appearance

The Thylacine was about 1.8 metres (71 inches) long and its tail was up to 53 cms (21 inches) long. It would have been about 58 centimetres (23 inches) tall and could be up to 30 kilograms (66 pounds) in weight. It was gray and brown in colour with 16 black or brown stripes on its back. It had the same shape as a dog, but the back, rump and tail were more like a kangaroo. Its tail was quite stiff. It had very short legs. It had teeth like a dog, but with more incisor teeth. The thylacine was able to open its mouth about 120 degrees.

The thylacine was a nocturnal (night) hunting animal. They ate wallabies, rats, birds, echidnas, rabbits and sheep.

The thylacines were marsupials, which means the female carried the babies in a pouch. The pouch opened to the rear.

## Other websites

- The Thylacine Museum
Rock Against Communism

**Rock Against Communism (RAC)** is a type of rock music. It started as a series of Neo-Nazi concerts in the United Kingdom in the late 1970s and 1980s. The first RAC concert was in Leeds, England in 1978.

## RAC bands

- Skrewdriver
- Bound For Glory
- Skullhead
- Landser
- Mistreat
- Blue Eyed Devils
- Violent Storm

## Related pages

- Blood and Honour
- British National Front

## Other websites

- Blood and Honour
Zoo Tycoon 2

***Zoo Tycoon 2*** is a 2004 simulation computer game. In the game, the player must create and run a zoo. This is done by managing its finances, employees and animal exhibits. The goal is to become a "zoo tycoon".

The game is a sequel the 2001 game _Zoo Tycoon_. Six expansion packs have been created for the game. The latest is _Zoo Tycoon 2: Extinct Animals_.

## Infobox (video game)

- **developer**: Blue Fang Games (Microsoft Windows, Windows)
MacSoft (Mac OS, Mac)
- **publisher**: Microsoft Game Studios
- **series**: _Zoo Tycoon (series), Zoo Tycoon_
- **engine**: _Gamebryo_
- **released**: November 2004
- **genre**: Economic simulation game, Economic simulation
- **modes**: Single player
- **platforms**: Apple Macintosh, Macintosh, Mobile Phone, Microsoft Windows, Windows
Zoo Tycoon

***Zoo Tycoon*** is a simulation computer game. It was developed by Blue Fang Games and released by Microsoft Game Studios. It is a game in which the player must run a business, in this case a zoo, and try to earn money. _Zoo Tycoon_ was followed by _Zoo Tycoon 2_ in 2004.

## Infobox (video game)

- **developer**: Blue Fang Games
- **publisher**: Microsoft Game Studios
- **series**: _Zoo Tycoon (series), Zoo Tycoon_
- **released**: October 17, 2001
- **genre**: Economic simulation game, Economic simulation
- **modes**: Single player
- **platforms**: Microsoft Windows, Nintendo DS, Apple Macintosh, Macintosh
Clandestine chemistry

**Clandestine chemistry** is chemistry that occurs in a lab that is used for making illegal drugs, usually using unsafe equipment. The use of this unsafe laboratory equipment will sometimes result in explosions, fires or heavy flows of noxious fumes. Meth labs are the main form of clandestine laboratories and are used for making methamphetamine (Crystal Meth), a kind of illegal drug. "Clandestine" means "secret".
Flask

A **flask** is a type of container made of glass. They are a common piece of apparatus used in laboratories, also known as laboratory glassware. Their size is chosen by the volume they can hold, and is measured in metric units, like litres (L) or millilitres (mL). Their shape depends on what they are used for, but they usually consist of a wider body, which contains the materials, and a more narrow neck with an opening at the top. The opening is the way to insert materials into the body. Some flasks have more than one neck and opening at the top.

Flasks are used to contain substances. They are usually made of glass or borosilicate glass (Pyrex). This is to ensure that the substances inside the flask do not react with the flask itself, due to the volatile nature of many chemicals (such as hydrochloric acid), They can be used to heat a substance. There are many types of laboratory flasks. They differ in their shape and what they are used for. The most common types of flask are:
- Erlenmeyer flask
- Florence flask
- Volumetric flask
- Büchner flask
- Fernbach flask

Flasks can be used to make and hold solutions, to measure chemicals, and to contain chemical reactions like boiling, precipitation, and analysis.
Ebermannstadt

**Ebermannstadt** is a German town in the district of Forchheim, Bavaria, Germany. The population of the town is about 7,000. The next largest cities are: Forchheim, Bayreuth, Bamberg, Kulmbach and Erlangen. The city parts of Ebermannstadt are:
- Breitenbach
- Ebermannstadt
- Gasseldorf
- Niedermirsberg
- Rüssenbach
- Neuses-Poxstall
- Wohlmuthshüll
- Buckenreuth
- Moggast
- Wolkenstein
- Thosmühle
- Burggaillenreuth
- Windischgaillenreuth
- Eschlipp

## Infobox (german location)

- **type**: Stadt
- **image coa**: DEU Ebermannstadt COA.svg
- **image plan**: Ebermannstadt in FO.svg
- **state**: Bavaria
- **region**: Upper Franconia
- **district**: Forchheim
- **verwaltungsgemeinschaft**: Ebermannstadt
- **elevation**: 292
- **area**: 49.97
- **population**: 6783
- **stand**: 2006-12-31
- **postal code**: 91316–91320
- **area code**: 09194
- **licence**: FO (old: EBS)
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 09 4 74 121
- **divisions**: 14 districts
- **mayor**: Franz Josef Kraus
- **party**: Christlich-Soziale Union in Bayern, CSU
Franks (disambiguation)

The **Franks** are medieval Germanic tribes.

**Franks** may also refer to:
- Crusaders, or more broadly any persons originating in Catholic western Europe (medieval Middle Eastern history). See _Farangi_, _firang_, _farang_ and _barang_ for derived words.
- Frankfurter sausages, the filling for hot dogs
- USS Franks (DD-554), a United States Navy warship
- Franc, a unit of currency (_Frank_ in Dutch, German, and English)

**Franks** is a **surname**:
- Augustus Wollaston Franks
- Bob Franks
- Bobby Franks
- Bubba Franks
- Carl Franks
- Cecil Franks
- Charles Franks
- David Franks
- Dick Franks
- Fred Franks
- Herman Franks
- Lynne Franks
- Michael Franks
- Oliver Shewell Franks
- Paul Franks
- Randall Franks
- Stephen Franks
- Tanya Franks
- Trent Franks
- Tillman Franks
- Tommy Franks
- Wilbur R. Franks
- William Sadler Franks

**Franks** may also be an alternative spelling or mistranslation of:
- Franconia, a region in Bavaria, Germany
- Franken, a commune of the Haut-Rhin _département_, in France
- Al Franken (born 1951) United States satirist

## Related pages

- Frank
Zebra mussel

The **zebra mussel** is a small shellfish. It is a bivalve mollusc, a type called a mussel.

Color patterns vary, with only dark or colored shells or no stripes. They are typically found attached to objects, surfaces, or each other by threads underneath the shells. Although similar in appearance to the quagga mussel, the two species can be easily distinguished. When placed on a surface zebra mussels are stable on their flattened underside while quagga mussels, lacking a flat underside, will fall over.

These musssels spread rapidly by sticking to boats. They spread by this passive method to many places where they have no natural predators. That explains their huge growth in numbers.

Zebra mussels are a problem in Northern America's Great Lakes region because they reproduce fast. They colonize water supply pipes of hydroelectric and nuclear power plants, public water supply plants, and industrial facilities. As a result, they clog water sources.  They colonize pipes constricting flow, therefore reducing the intake in heat exchangers, condensers, fire fighting equipment, and air conditioning and cooling systems. It is estimated that zebra mussels will continue to populate the Great Lakes and even enter the Mississippi River region.
San Marcos, Texas

**San Marcos** is a city in central Texas. Texas State University-San Marcos is there. It is in the Interstate 35 corridor, between Austin and San Antonio.

In 2013 and 2014, the United States Census Bureau named it the fastest-growing city in the United States. In December 2013, it was named #9 on _Business Insider_'s list of the "10 Most Exciting Small Cities In America."
Bar (music)

A **bar** or **measure** is used in writing music.  It is a way of organizing the written music in small sections. Each bar is a small amount of time.  Most music has a regular beat (or pulse) which can be felt.  Each bar usually has the same number of beats in it.  Music that feels like **1**-2-3-4-**1**-2-3-4 will be divided into bars with four beats worth of music in each bar.

The **bar line** (or **barline**) is a vertical line written in the music which separates the bars.

At the beginning of a piece of music there will be a time signature. The top number shows how many beats there are in each bar. The time signature tells you how long each measure is.

A **double bar** does not mean "two bars".  It is two single bar lines drawn close together. These are simply ways of visually dividing the music into sections. A double bar line can be written with one being thicker than the other. This double bar line shows the end of a piece of music.

If there are two dots on the left of the double bar line, this is a **repeat sign**. The player should go back to the beginning and start again. If the composer only wants the performer to repeat a section of the music, and not go back to the beginning, they can put in a "start repeat" sign. This is a double bar line with two dots on the right.

The first beat of a bar feels stronger than the others.  When a conductor beats time, his hand (or baton) always goes DOWN for the first beat of the bar.  This feels strong.  The last beat of a bar is an "upbeat" because the conductor's hand always goes up.

Barlines have been used since around 1600.
Rostov

**Rostov** (Russian: Росто́в; Old Norse: Rostofa) is one of the oldest towns in Russia. It was first mentioned in the year 862 as an already important town. By the 13th century Rostov became the capital of an important area.

Now it is an important tourist centre of the so-called Golden Ring. It is located on the shores of Lake Nero in Yaroslavl Oblast. About 35,300 people lived there in 2002.

While the official name of the town is Rostov, it is better known to Russians as **Rostov Veliky**, i.e. _Rostov the Great_. This name is used to distinguish it from Rostov on Don, which is now a much larger city. **Rostov Yaroslavsky** is the official name of its railway station (due to its position in Yaroslavl Oblast), but not of the town itself.
Alaskan king crab fishing

**Alaskan king crab fishing** is an event done in the winter in the Bering Sea near Alaska. People fish for many King Crabs. The crabbers fish from boats between 40 and 250 feet (13-75m) in length. They throw steel cages, called pots, over the side of the boat, and the crabs are lured to bait placed in them. When the pots have been on the bottom of the sea long enough they are pulled back onto the boat using a special kind of crane. The crabs in the pots are examined and crabs that are not good enough are put back into the ocean and the rest are put into a tank. When the ship gets back to the shore, the crabs are sold to stores around the world for eating.

The people working on the boat are paid a lot of money. The amount of money can be from nothing to tens of thousands of dollars depending on how many crab the fishermen caught. Alaskan crab fishing is one of the USA's most dangerous jobs. Because of the big waves and dangerous boats the fishermen work on, some people die every year.

To show people how dangerous crab fishing is, the Discovery Channel made a series called Deadliest Catch about the fishermen. And they also catch a lot of Crabs.

Ocean acidification threatens crabs.
The Legend of Zelda: Phantom Hourglass

is a part of _Legend of Zelda_ series of video games. It is for the Nintendo DS. The game is played only using the touch screen on the Nintendo DS. It is a sequel to the 2002/2003 GameCube game _The Legend of Zelda: The Wind Waker_. The game was released in Japan on June 23, 2007, in the United States on October 1, 2007, in Australia on October 11, 2007, and in Europe on October 19, 2007. It was followed by a sequel in 2009, _The Legend of Zelda: Spirit Tracks_, also released for the DS.

The games story happens after _The Legend of Zelda: The Wind Waker_'s story. The player plays as the main character of the Zelda games, Link. The game will let the player sail around a Ocean using a boat. The game also has an online mode.

## Infobox (video game)

- **title**: The Legend of Zelda: Phantom Hourglass
- **image**: Wordmark Zelda Phantom Hourglass.svg
- **developer**: Nintendo Entertainment Analysis and Development, Nintendo EAD
- **publisher**: Nintendo
- **designer**: Eiji Aonuma <small>(producer)</small>
Daiki Iwamoto <small>(director)</small>
- **series**: _The Legend of Zelda (series), The Legend of Zelda_
- **released**: **Nintendo DS:**
**Virtual Console (Wii U):**

- **genre**: Action-adventure game
- **modes**: Single-player, Multiplayer video game, multiplayer, Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection, online multiplayer
- **platforms**: Nintendo DS, Virtual Console (Wii U)
Link (The Legend of Zelda)

**Link** is the main character from _The Legend of Zelda_ series.
The game franchise was created by Shigeru Miyamoto. 47 million copies of the game have been sold since 2007.

## Description

Link wears a green shirt and a long, floppy green hat on his head. In the Legend of Zelda games, the player must use Link to fight against evil, especially Morshu. Although Link is the main character in the game, he never speaks (he does speak in the Legend of Zelda CD-I games). He is also left-handed, and has large ears, like most Hylians. He has also appeared in all 6 of the _Super Smash Bros._ games. Link mainly used a sword and a shield but he is able to use a large number of weapons like bombs, bow, hammer or a boomerang and the hook shot.

## Reception

Link has been in many GameFAQs "Character Battle" contests and is the only character to have won more than once. In one of IGN's 2007 "Hero Showdowns", Link was voted the favorite over Cloud Strife. Link ranked first on GameDaily's Top 10 Smash Bros. characters list. IGN asked its readers to vote for their favorite Nintendo character in which Link came first.
Solar power station in Victoria

A big new **Solar power station in Victoria** is planned.

A company called Solar Systems has announced a large 154 MW photovoltaic (PV) solar power station for north-western Victoria. The A$420 million project will provide enough electricity for more than 45,000 homes. It will create jobs and will also reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

Full completion is expected in 2013, with the first stage to be finished by 2010.

Four smaller solar power stations have already been built in central Australia.

## Related pages

- Global warming
- Photovoltaics
- Renewable energy
- Renewable resource
- Solar power

## Other websites

- Solar Systems home page
- Sunny outlook for solar power players
Waldpolenz Solar Park

**Waldpolenz Solar Park**, is a photovoltaic (PV) power plant, to the east of Leipzig in Germany. The power plant is a 40-megawatt solar power system using new technology. It is in the Muldentalkreis district in the state of Saxony in eastern Germany. The investment cost for the Waldpolenz solar park amounts to some Euro 130 million.

## Related pages

- Photovoltaics
- Pocking Solar Park in Germany
- Renewable energy commercialization
- Solar cell
- Solar power station in Victoria
- Wind power in Germany

## Other websites

- World’s largest solar power plant being built in eastern Germany
Wind power in Germany

Germany is the world's biggest user of wind power with an installed capacity of 20,621MW in 2006, ahead of Spain which had 11,615MW. There are 18,000 wind turbines in Germany. The country plans to build more.

## Related pages

- Renewable energy in Germany
- Passivhaus
- Global warming

## References

de:Windenergie#Deutschland
Wind power in Denmark

After the world's oil crises in the 1970s, Denmark started to develop wind power. In 1988, two years after the Chernobyl disaster, the Danes passed a law forbidding the construction of nuclear power plants.

The Danes were pioneers in developing commercial wind power during the 1970s and today almost half of the wind turbines around the world are produced by Danish manufacturers such as Vestas.

Wind power in Denmark provided 30% of the electricity produced in Denmark in 2012, and cumulative installed capacity over recent years is shown in the Table below.

Wind turbines are popular with people in Denmark.

|Year|Installed Wind Capacity (MW)|
| --- | --- |
|2001|2,489|
|2002|2,889|
|2003|3,116|
|2004|3,118|
|2005|3,122|
|2006|3,136|
Sources: Global Wind 2005 Report, p.7
Global Wind 2006 Report, p.9

## Related pages

- List of wind turbine manufacturers
- Renewable energy
- Renewable resource
- Wind
- Wind farm
- Wind power in Germany
- Wind power in Spain

## Books

- Caldicott, Helen (2006). _Nuclear power is not the answer to global warming or anything else_, Melbourne University Press,
Don (river)

The **Don** (Дон) is one of the major rivers of Russia. It starts in the town of Novomoskovsk 60 km southeast from Tula, southeast of Moscow, and flows for a distance of about 1,870 km (1,162 miles) to the Sea of Azov.

From its source, the river first flows southeast to Voronezh, then southwest to its mouth. The main city on the river is Rostov on Don, its main tributary, the Donets.

## History

In antiquity, the river was seen as the border between Europe and Asia. In the Hebrew Book of Jubilees, it is mentioned as being part of the border, beginning with its westernmost point up to its mouth, between the allotment of Japheth to the north and that of Shem to the south, sons of Noah. During the times of the old Scythians it was known in Greek as the **Tanaïs**, and has been a major trading route ever since.

Tanais appears in ancient Greek sources as the name of the river and of a city on it in the Maeotian marshes.  The name derives however from Scythian (Iranian) _Dānu_ "river", akin to modern Ossetic _don_ "river".

At its easternmost point, the Don comes near the Volga, and the Volga-Don Canal (length ca. 105 km (65 miles)), connecting both rivers, has been a major waterway. The Khazar fortress of Sarkel used to dominate this point in the Middle Ages. This part of the river saw Operation Uranus, one of the turning points of the Second World War.

The Don has given its name to the Don Cossacks who settled the fertile valley of the river in the 16th and 17th centuries. In modern literature, the Don figures centrally in the works of Mikhail Sholokhov, a Cossack from the stanitsa of Veshenskaya.

## Infobox (river)

- **name**: Don River, Russia
- **image**: Donrivermap.png
- **image caption**: **Don River** watershed
- **source1 location**: Russia
- **mouth**: Sea of Azov
- **subdivision type1**: Countries
- **subdivision name1**: Russia, Ukraine
- **length**: 1,870 km (1,162 mi)
- **discharge1 avg**: 935 m³/s
- **basin size**: 425,600 km² (164,324 mi²)
Grace Hopper

**Grace Murray Hopper** (December 9 1906 – January 1 1992) was an American computer scientist and United States Navy officer.

## Early Life

Hopper was born in New York, USA. Hopper graduated from Vassar College in 1928 and Yale University in 1934 with a Ph.D degree in mathematics. She joined the US Navy during World War II in 1943. She worked on computers in the Navy for 43 years. She then worked in other private industry companies after 1949. She retired from the Navy in 1986 and died on January 1, 1992.

She was one of the first people to work with modern digital computers and the first programmers of the Harvard Mark I calculator. She developed the first compiler for a computer programming language.

She had the idea that programs could be written in a language that was close to English rather than in machine code or languages (such as assembly language) close to machine code, which is how it was normally done at that time. She led the work of COBOL language, which was based very much on her philosophy. It was successful since it was not copyrighted, so many programmers could use it. The spread of COBOL led to it becoming the universal language for business coding. It became used in government, industry, and commerce.

Hopper, a mathematician, was on the faculty at Vassar College when World War II began. She joined the Navy.  Hopper was assigned to the Bureau of Ordnance Computation Project to work on missile problems in 1943. The Navy began using one of the first electronic computers in 1944.

## After the War

Hopper retired from the Navy in 1986. After the war, she was still interested in computers. Hopper worked at Remington Rand. She worked at Sperry Corporation later. She did not return to her teaching career after the war. She continued working on software for the other computers. She also served as an officer in the Naval Reserve. She worked on the UNIVAC, the first large-scale commercial computer. Hopper's work led to the development of the FLOW-MATIC. The  FLOW-MATIC was the first English-language data compiler. Hopper's work on FLOW-MATIC helped her later work with Common Business Oriented Language (COBOL). Hopper’s work translated the computer language into words we use that the computer will also understand.

Grace Murray Hopper died on January 1, 1992. She had retired from the navy six years before.

A park in Arlington, Virginia is named in her honor.  The U.S. Navy destroyer USS Hopper (DDG-70) was named for her.

On December 9, 2013, Google had an animation of Hopper for their Google Doodle.
Marin Alsop

**Marin Alsop** (born Manhattan, New York, October 16, 1956) is an American conductor.

Alsop went to Yale University and then got a master's degree from the Juilliard School in violin playing. She won the Koussevitzky Conducting Prize at the Tanglewood Music Center in 1989, where she studied with famous conductors such as Leonard Bernstein.

Alsop has conducted many of the world’s most famous orchestras. Since 2002 she has been the conductor of the Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra, and in 2007 she will become the conductor of the Baltimore Symphony. This will make her the first woman conductor of an important American orchestra.

Alsop has won many prizes and made lots of recordings. She has conducted and recorded many pieces by American composers, including the complete orchestral works of Samuel Barber.

## Other websites

- www.marinalsop.com – her official website
Nevada Solar One

**Nevada Solar One** is the third biggest solar power plant in the world, generating 64MW. It was built in Boulder City, Nevada.

Nevada Solar One is a solar thermal power station and will use parabolic troughs, heating tubes of liquid (solar receivers).  These solar receivers are specially coated tubes made of glass and steel.

Nevada Solar One also uses a technology that collects extra heat by putting it into phase-changing molten salts.  This energy can then be drawn on at night.

Nevada Solar One started producing electricity in the June 2007.

## Other websites

- Nevada Solar One video
- Largest solar power plant in a generation to be built in Nevada
- Ten facts about solar thermal power
Integrated pest management

In agriculture, **Integrated Pest Management** (**IPM**) is a pest control strategy. This strategy uses many different ways to deal with pests: natural predators and parasites, pest-resistant varieties of plants, cultural practices, biological controls, various physical techniques, and pesticides as a last resort.

It is an ecological approach that can reduce or eliminate the use of pesticides.

## Related pages

- Biological control
Serpa solar power plant

**Serpa solar power plant** (also known as **Hércules solar power plant**) is a power plant found in Serpa, Portugal. It was begun in June 2006 and finished in January 2007. The plant consists of a photovoltaic system that uses silicon solar cell technology to convert sunlight directly into energy.

The Serpa solar power plant uses 52,000 photovoltaic modules manufactured by SunPower, Sanyo, and Sharp.  The plant uses a new tracking system that follows the Sun's daily path across the sky.

Generating electricity from the sun with no fuel costs or emissions, the Serpa plant is on a 60-hectare (150-acre) hillside and is a model of clean power generation integrated with agriculture. The project saves more than 30,000 tons a year in greenhouse gas emissions compared to equivalent fossil fuel generation.
Indian Solar Loan Programme

The United Nation Environment Programme's **Indian Solar Loan Programme** has won the _World award for Sustainability_ for helping to establish a householder loan program for solar home power systems.

Over the span of three years more than 16,000 solar home systems have been financed through 2,000 bank branches, mainly in areas of South India where the electricity grid does not yet extend.

## Related pages

- Energy policy of India

## Other websites

- Solar loans light up rural India
Clovis I

**Clovis I** (variously spelled **Chlodowech** or **Chlodwig**, giving Modern French _Louis_ and Modern German _Ludwig_) (c. 466 – November 27, 511) was the first King of the Franks to unite that nation. He succeeded his father, Childeric I, in 481 as King of the Salian Franks, one of two main groups of Frankish tribes. They occupied the area west of the Lower Rhine, with their centre being in the area of Tournai and Cambrai, along the modern border between France and Belgium. Clovis had conquered the neighbouring Frankish tribes and established himself as sole king by his death.Clovis converted to Catholicism, as opposed to the Arian form of Christianity that was common among Germanic peoples, because his wife, Clotilde, a Burgundian, was a Catholic. He was baptized in the Cathedral of Reims. This act was very important in the following history of France and the rest of Western Europe because he expanded his reign over almost all of the old Roman province of Gaul (roughly modern France). He is considered to be the founder both of France, which his state closely resembled geographically at his death, and the Merovingian dynasty, which ruled the Franks for the next two centuries.

## Sources

- Daly, William M., "Clovis: How Barbaric, How Pagan?" _Speculum_ **69**.3 July 1994, pp. 619–664.
- James, Edward. _The Origins of France: Clovis to the Capetians 500-1000_. Macmillan, 1982.
- Kaiser, Reinhold. _Das römische Erbe und das Merowingerreich_. München 2004. (Enzyklopädie deutscher Geschichte 26)
- Oman, Charles. _The Dark Ages 476-918_. Rivingtons: London, 1914.
- Wallace-Hadrill, J. M. _The Long-haired Kings_. London, 1962.
- The Oxford Merovingian Page.
Merovingian dynasty

The **Merovingians** were a dynasty of Frankish kings who ruled in the region of ancient Gaul (more or less modern France) from the 5th to the 8th centuries, when the Carolingian dynasty took control.

The Merovingians were sometimes referred to by people of the time as the "long-haired kings" (Latin _reges criniti_) since they symbolically had uncut hair (traditionally, the tribal leader of the Franks wore his hair long, and his warriors trimmed theirs short). The term is drawn directly from Germanic, akin to the dynasty's Old English name, _Merewīowing_.

The Merovingian dynasty owes its name to the semi-legendary Merovech (or Merowig, sometimes Latinised as _Meroveus_ or _Merovius_), the leader of the Salian Franks from c.447 to 457. Clovis I went on to unite most of Gaul north of the Loire under his control around 486, when he defeated Syagrius, the Roman ruler in those parts.

## Related pages

- Franks (main history of Frankish kingdoms)

## References

- Beyerle, F and R. Buchner: _Lex Ribuaria_ in _MGH_, Hannover 1954.
- Eugen Ewig: _Die Merowinger und das Frankenreich_. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 2001.
- Patrick J. Geary: _Before France and Germany: The Creation and Transformation of the Merovingian World_, Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.
- Kaiser, Reinhold: _Das römische Erbe und das Merowingerreich_, (Enzyklopädie deutscher Geschichte 26) (München, 2004)
- Rouche, Michael: "Private life conquers State and Society" in Paul Veyne (ed.), _A History of Private Life: 1. From Pagan Rome to Byzantium_, Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 1987.
- Werner, Karl Ferdinand: _Die Ursprünge Frankreichs bis zum Jahr 1000_, Stuttgart 1989.
- Oman, Charles: _The Dark Ages 476-918_, London, 1914.
- Wood, Ian: "The Merovingian Kingdoms: 450-751", New York: Longman Press, 1994.

## Other websites

- The Oxford Merovingian Page .
- _From Merovingians to Carolingians: Dynastic Change in Frankia_ .
- Dr Deborah Vess: Merovingian and Carolingian bibliography, sources and web links .
Dale Earnhardt

**Ralph Dale Earnhardt, Sr.** (April 29, 1951 – February 18, 2001) was an American NASCAR driver. He is the father of race car driver Dale Earnhardt, Jr. He started Dale Earnhardt, Inc., also called DEI. Earnhardt died in a crash during the Daytona 500 in 2001. The accident happened a few seconds before his own son came second in that race, and a DEI car driven by Michael Waltrip won the race. He died because he was trying to hold everybody back so his son (Dale Earnhardt Jr.) could maybe win the race. While he was trying to do that, someone bumped his car, he lost control and crashed into the wall. After that they took him to the hospital and he died.

## Early life

Earnhardt respected his father, who quit school in sixth grade, His father worked hard and started driving for NASCAR, eventually entering the NASCAR Hall-of-Fame.
Hideshi Hino

**Hideshi Hino** (日野日出志 Hino Hideshi, born 19 April 1946) is a Japanese manga artist. He draws and writes horror stories. Some of the books he has written are: _Hino Horror_, _Panorama of Hell_, and _Hell Baby_. He has also made and been in horror movies.

## Movies

|Year|Title|Director|Writer|class=unsortable|Notes|class=unsortable||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1985|_Guinea Pig 2: Flower of Flesh and Blood_||||style="text-align: center;"|||
|1988|_Guinea Pig 6: Mermaid in a Manhole_||||style="text-align: center;"|||
|rowspan=5|2004|_Dead Girl Walking_|||Original comic|style="text-align: center;"||
|_The Ravaged House: Zoroku's Disease_|||Original comic|style="text-align: center;"||||
|_The Boy from Hell_|||Original comic|style="text-align: center;"||||
|_Death Train_|||Original comic|style="text-align: center;"||||
|_Occult Detective Club: The Doll Cemetery_|||Original comic|style="text-align: center;"||||
|2014|_Bara no Meikyu_||||style="text-align: center;"|||
Salland

**Salland** is a historical region in the west and north of the present Dutch province of Overijssel.

## History

The history of Salland goes back to the early Middle Ages, when the four quarters of Oversticht (Salland, Twente, Land van Vollenhove and Drenthe) came together.
Salland (and nearby areas) may have been the early seat of the Salian Franks, the founders of the modern Dutch and French nations.

## Geography

Salland is bound to the west by the provincial border with Gelderland, which is partly formed by river IJssel; to the north by the Meppelerdiep stream and the provincial border with Drenthe, which partly consists of the Reest stream; to the east by the borders with the German state of Lower Saxony and the eastern Overijssel region of Twente; and to the south by the border with the Gelderland region of Achterhoek, part of which is formed by the Schipbeek stream.

Geologically, most of Salland's landscape consists of a lowland covered with river sediment.

## Municipalities

These 13 municipalities belong to Salland region:

- Dalfsen
- Deventer (also part of IJsselvallei region)
- Hardenberg
- Hellendoorn (small part in Twente region)
- Kampen (also part of IJsselvallei and Kop van Overijssel regions)
- Olst-Wijhe (also part of IJsselvallei region)
- Ommen

- Raalte
- Rijssen-Holten (partially in Twente)
- Staphorst (also part of Kop van Overijssel region)
- Twenterand (partially in Twente)
- Zwartewaterland (also part of Kop van Overijssel region)
- Zwolle (also part of IJsselvallei region)

## Related pages

- Achterhoek
- Kop van Overijssel
- Twente

## References

- Plaatsengids.nl

## Other websites

- Salland Natuurlijk Gastvrij, pages of the Salland Board of Tourism (in Dutch)
Isengard

- Isengard, a fictional place in J. R. R. Tolkien's Middle-earth
- Isengard (Norwegian band)
- Isengard (Swedish band)
Darkthrone

**Darkthrone** is a black metal band from Norway.

## Albums

- _Soulside Journey_
- _A Blaze in the Northern Sky_
- _Under a Funeral Moon_
- _Transilvanian Hunger_
- _Panzerfaust_
- _Total Death_
- _Goatlord_
- _Ravishing Grimness_
- _Plaguevielder_
- _Hate Them_
- _The Cult Is Alive_
- _F.O.A.D._
- _Dark Thrones and Black Flags_
- _Circle the Wagons_
- _The Underground Resistance_
- _Arctic Thunder_
- _Old Star_
- _Eternal Hails......_
- _Astral Fortress_

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Darkthrone
- **img**: Darkthrone crop.png
- **img capt**: Nocturno Culto and Fenriz (2005)
- **img size**: 250
- **landscape**: Yes
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Kolbotn, Norway
- **genre**: Death metal <small>(1987-1992)</small>
Black metal <small>(1992–2006)</small>
Crust punk <small>(2006-present)</small>
- **years active**: 1987–present
- **label**: Peaceville Records, Peaceville, Moonfog Productions, Moonfog
- **current members**: Nocturno Culto
Fenriz
- **past members**: Ivar Enger
Dag Nilsen
Anders Risberget
Minutemen (band)

The **Minutemen** were a very well known American hardcore punk band from the 1980s. The people in the band were D. Boon on guitar, Mike Watt on bass guitar and George Hurley on drums.

The Minutemen were formed in January 1980 and began to record music that same year. They gave to the public their first EP, called _Paranoid Time_, that year. Over the next five years, the Minutemen went on many music playing trips and made many albums. Some of their most well kown albums are _What Makes a Man Start Fires?_ and _Double Nickels on the Dime_.

The band was forced to split in 1985 due to the death of D. Boon. Boon was killed in a car crash when his girlfriend fell asleep at the wheel. After Boon's death, Watt and Hurley formed the band fIREHOSE with Minutemen fan Ed Crawford. fIREHOSE played until 1994 when they broke up. Since the breakup of fIREHOSE, Mike Watt has played in several bands and also his own solo career.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Minutemen
- **image**: Minutemen, 1982.jpg
- **caption**: Minutemen, 1982
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: San Pedro, California, United States, U.S.
- **genre**: Hardcore punk, post-punk, alternative rock, punk rock, funk rock
- **years active**: 1980 - 1985
- **label**: SST Records, SST, New Alliance Records, New Alliance
- **associated acts**: The Reactionaries, Firehose (band), Firehose, Dos (band), Dos, Unknown Instructors, The Stooges, Minuteflag
- **past members**: D. Boon
Mike Watt
George Hurley
Frank Tonche
Hammurabi

**Hammurabi** (Akkadian from Amorite _ˤAmmurāpi_, meaning "the kinsman is a healer," from _ˤAmmu_, meaning "paternal kinsman", and _Rāpi_, meaning "healer"), was the sixth king of Babylon from 1792 BC to 1750 BC. He became king after his father abdicated, and was the first ruler of Babylonia. By winning wars against other kingdoms in Mesopotamia, Hammurabi created a large Babylonian empire. However, his son Samsu-iluna and later Babylonian rulers lost much of the land he had gained.

Hammurabi is most famous for his laws, which are known as the Hammurabi's Code. Hammurabi's Code was one of the first written codes of law in history.

## History

Hammurabi became king of Babylon in around 1792 BC, when his father Sin-Muballit abdicated. Babylon was one of many small independent cities in ancient Mesopotamia. These cities often fought each other for control of land. Babylon was already one of the more powerful cities when Hammurabi became king. Earlier kings of Babylon had taken over the nearby city-states of Borsippa, Kish, and Sippar.

Hammurabi did not fight any important wars in the early part of his reign. He instead improved the buildings of Babylon. He built taller city walls to make the city more difficult to attack, and expanded the temples. In around 1771 BC, the kingdom of Elam attacked Mesopotamia from the east. Elam invaded Eshnunna, a city-state to the north-east of Babylon, and destroyed its cities. It also tried to start a war between Babylon and Larsa, a city in southern Mesopotamia. However, Hammurabi instead made an alliance with Larsa against Elam. Hammurabi defeated Elam, but felt that Larsa had not given him enough help. He therefore attacked Larsa. Babylon had entirely conquered southern Mesopotamia by c. 1763 BC.

Hammurabi's allies in northern Mesopotamia had sent their armies to the south to help Babylon. This caused unrest in the northern area.  Hammurabi therefore returned north, stopping the unrest, and defeating Eshnunna. He then attacked and conquered the remaining cities in northern Mesopotamia, including Babylon's former ally Mari. It is possible that Mari surrendered to Babylon without any fighting happening. After this, Hammurabi was in control of most of Mesopotamia. Only Aleppo and Qatna, two western cities in modern Syria remained independent. When Hammurabi died in c. 1750 BC, his son Samsu-iluna became king.
Double Nickels on the Dime

***Double Nickels on the Dime*** is a hardcore punk album made by the Minutemen.  The album was recorded in 1984 and was given to the public in the same year.  The album is very long and has 43 songs.  It is thought to be a very good album and one of the best of the genre.

## Song List

1. D.'s Car Jam/Anxious Mofo
1. Theatre Is the Life of You
1. Viet Nam
1. Cohesion
1. It's Expected I'm Gone
1. #1 Hit Song
1. Two Beads at the End
1. Do You Want New Wave or Do You Want the Truth?
1. Don't Look Now (Song was first by Creedence Clearwater Revival)
1. Shit from an Old Notebook
1. Nature Without Man
1. One Reporter's Opinion
1. Political Song for Michael Jackson to Sing
1. Maybe Partying Will Help
1. Toadies
1. Retreat
1. The Big Foist
1. God Bows to Math
1. Corona
1. The Glory of Man
1. Take 5, D.
1. My Heart and the Real World
1. History Lesson, Pt. 2
1. You Need the Glory
1. The Roar of the Masses Could Be Farts
1. West Germany
1. The Politics of Time
1. Themselves
1. Please Don't Be Gentle With Me
1. Nothing Indeed
1. No Exchange
1. There Ain't Shit on T.V. Tonight
1. This Ain't No Picnic
1. Spillage
1. Untitled Song for Latin America
1. Jesus and Tequila
1. June 16th
1. Storm in My House
1. Martin's Story
1. Doctor Wu (Song was first by Steely Dan)
1. The World According to Nouns
1. Love Dance
1. Three Car Jam
Melvins

The **Melvins** are an American rock band. They are from the city of Aberdeen, Washington. The only members who have been in the band for a long time are Buzz "King Buzzo" Osborne who plays guitar and Dale Crover who plays drums. Coady Willis who plays drums (in addition to Dale) and Jared Warren who plays bass guitar are also currently in the band. A variety of terms have been used to describe their style of music, including 'sludge metal', 'grunge', and 'stoner rock'.

Buzz Osborne started Melvins in early 1983.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Melvins
- **img**: Melvins live 20061013.jpg
- **img capt**: Melvins live in October, 2006 — pictured (left to right) are Buzz Osborne, Coady Willis, Dale Crover (hidden behind the drums) and Jared Warren.
- **landscape**: Yes
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Montesano, Washington, Montesano, Washington
- **genre**: Sludge metal, doom metal, grunge, , experimental rock, hardcore punk, alternative metal,
- **years active**: 1983–present
- **label**: C/Z Records, C/Z, Alchemy Records (U.S.), Alchemy, Boner Records, Boner, Atlantic Records, Atlantic, Amphetamine Reptile Records, Amphetamine Reptile, Man's Ruin Records, Man's Ruin, Ipecac Recordings, Ipecac, Your Choice Records, Your Choice, Alternative Tentacles, Slap A Ham Records, Slap A Ham
- **associated acts**: Altamont (band), Altamont, Big Business (band), Big Business, Fantômas (band), Fantômas, Fecal Matter (band), Fecal Matter, Jello Biafra, Lustmord, The Men of Porn, Porn, The Cows
- **current members**: Buzz Osborne
Dale Crover
Jared Warren
Coady Willis
- **past members**: Kevin Rutmanis
Mark Deutrom
Joe Preston (bassist), Joe Preston
Lori Black (bassist), Lori Black
Matt Lukin
Mike Dillard
1337

## Events

- March 16 - Edward, the Black Prince is crowned Duke of Cornwall.
- The Hundred Years' War (c. 1337–1453) begins between France and England.
- Philip VI of France confiscates Aquitaine.

## Births

- Louis II, Duke of Bourbon (d. 1410)

## Deaths

- January 8 - Giotto di Bondone, Italian Painter (b. 1267)
- June 7 - William III, Count of Hainaut
- June 25 - Frederick III of Sicily (b. 1272)
- _date unknown_
    - Mansa Musa, 14th century King of the Malinese Empire

- _Also see :Category:1337 deaths_ .

## Other websites

- Prime Curios
Birth name

A **birth name** is the family name someone has when he or she is born, or at least from the time he or she is a child. This term can be used by a man or a woman who changes a name later in life for any reason.

A _maiden name_ is the family name—usually the birth name—a woman has before she marries.

A _married name_ is the family name taken by a married person at the time of the marriage. The most common example is when a woman takes the family name of her spouse at the time of marriage, but sometimes a man changes his name at marriage. Also, sometimes both people change their names, such as to a hyphenated or other mixed name.

Sometimes the words "né" (for a man) or "née" (for a woman) are used to show a birth name or maiden name. These words mean "born", and are borrowed_<sup>v.2</sup>_ from French.
Stalker

**Stalker** has several different meanings:
- A person who stalks
- The name of a novel by Boris and Arkady Strugatsky. The novel was called _Roadside Picnic_ and was written in 1972.
- A short story based on the novel, called _Stalker_
- A 1979 movie by Andrei Tarkovsky, called _Stalker_ based on the novel _Roadside Picnic_
- _S.T.A.L.K.E.R.: Shadow of Chernobyl_, a computer game
Bratislava Region

The **Bratislava Region** () is one of the eight regions of Slovakia. The capital is Bratislava, which is also the nation's capital.

The Bratislava Region has 8 districts: Malacky, Pezinok, Senec and 5 districts of Bratislava (Bratislava I – Bratislava V, which create the city of Bratislava). There are 73 municipalities in the region.

The main rivers in the region are the Danube and Morava. It borders with Austria and Hungary.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Bratislava Region
- **native name**: Bratislavský kraj
- **native name lang**: sk
- **settlement type**: Regions of Slovakia, Region
- **image flag**: Bratislavsky vlajka.svg
- **image shield**: Coat of Arms of Bratislava Region.svg
- **image map**: Bratislavsky kraj in Slovakia.svg
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Slovakia
- **seat type**: Capital
- **seat**: Bratislava
- **leader title**: Governor
- **leader name**: Juraj Droba (Freedom and Solidarity, SaS)
- **elevation min m**: 123
- **population density km2**: auto
- **demographics type1**: GDP
- **demographics1 title1**: Total
- **demographics1 info1**: €30.709 billion (2022)
- **demographics1 title2**: Per capita
- **demographics1 info2**: €42,679 (2022)
- **iso code**: SK-BL
- **elevation max m**: 754
- **blank name sec1**: Human Development Index, HDI (2019)
- **blank info sec1**: 0.956
 · List of Slovak oblasts by Human Development Index, 1st
- **governing body**: County Council of Bratislava Region
- **image skyline**: Hlavné Namestie (35096533142).jpg
Tom Whedon

**Tom Whedon** is an American television writer. He has written for many series, for example, _Benson_, _Alice_ and _The Golden Girls_. Whedon also wrote for the children's series _The Electric Company_.

He is the father of Deadwood script writer Zack Whedon. Whedon is also the father of writer/producer/director Joss Whedon, the creator of _Buffy the Vampire Slayer_, _Angel_, and _Firefly_.
Zack Whedon

**Zack Whedon** (born August 14, 1979) is an American television writer. He graduated from Wesleyan University in 2002 with a movie degree. Whedon has written for the HBO series _Deadwood_. He is the son of writer Tom Whedon and the brother of writer-producer-director Joss Whedon.
Whedon has also done work on his brother's series _Angel_ as well as collaborated with his brother on the internet only serial _Dr. Horrible's Sing-Along Blog_.

He was a writer for the _J.J. Abrams_ show _Fringe_.
Langnau im Emmental

**Langnau im Emmental** ('Langnau in the Emmental') is a small village in the Emmental, in the canton of Bern. It is by the river Ilfis between the cities of Bern and Luzern. It has a population of about 8800 people. Most of the people of the village work in the building trades.

Langnau has an Ice hockey Club, called the SCL Tigers. They have their home stadium in Langnau.

## Other websites

- Official website of Langnau

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Langnau im Emmental
- **municipality name**: Langnau im Emmental
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Langnau im Emmental COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Langnau im Emmental.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Bern
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BE
- **district**: Emmental (administrative district), Emmental
- **postal code**: 3550
- **municipality code**: 0902
- **area**: 48
- **elevation**: 736
- **lowest m**: 643
- **highest m**: 1332
- **population**: 9092
- **populationof**: Dec 2012
- **popofyear**: 2012
- **website**: www.langnau-ie.ch
- **mayor**: Bernhard Antener
- **mayor title**: Gemeindepräsident
- **executive name**: Gemeinderat
- **executive number of members**: 9
- **parliament name**: Grosser Gemeinderat
- **parliament number of members**: 40
- **neighboring municipalities**: Eggiwil, Lauperswil, Signau, Sumiswald, Trachselwald, Trub, Trubschachen