juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
International General Certificate of Secondary Education

The **International General Certificate of Secondary Education**, or IGCSE, is an international exam for school students, offered by Cambridge Assessment International Education. It is typically taken by 14 to 16-year-olds, and it makes students ready for more academic work, including moving to A-Level and AS-Level study. The IGCSE is recognised as the same quality as the UK GCSE.

IGCSE courses cover subjects from a variety of areas: Languages, Humanities, Social Sciences, Mathematics, Creative, Technical and Vocational.

Most subjects can be studied at two levels of ability, either an easier level or a harder level. This is so that the IGCSE is appropriate for students with different levels of ability. It is planned to be appropriate for students whose first language may not be English, and this is seen in all the tests for the IGCSE.

## Subjects available

The following is a list of subjects for which IGCSEs are available:

- Accounting
- Afrikaans as a first language
- Afrikaans as a second language
- Agriculture
- Arabic as a first language
- Arabic as a second language
- Art
- Art and Design
- Bangladesh Studies
- Biology
- Business Studies
- Chemistry
- Child Development
- Chinese as a first language
- Chinese (Mandarin) as a second language
- Computer Studies
- Commerce
- Czech as a first language
- Drama
- Design & Technology
- Development Studies
- Dutch as a first language
- Dutch as a second language
- Economics
- English Language
- English Literature
- English as a second language (ESL)
- Environmental Management
- Food and Nutrition
- French as a first language
- French as a second language
- Geography
- German as a first language
- German as a second language
- Greek as a second language
- Hindi as a First Language
- History
- Human Anatomy
- Indonesian as a second language
- Information and Communication Technology
- Information Technology
- IsiZulu as a second language
- Japanese as a first language
- Japanese as a second language
- Korean as a first language
- Latin
- Malay as a second language
- Mathematics
- Mathematics – Additional
- Music
- ORACLE
- Pakistan Studies
- Physical Education
- Physical Science
- Physics
- Portuguese as a first language
- Portuguese as a second language
- Punjabi
- Religious Studies
- Russian as a first language
- Science – Combined
- Sciences – Co-ordinated (Double Award)
- Sociology
- Spanish as a first language
- Spanish as a second language
- Spanish Literature
- Thai as a first language
- Thai as a second language
- Travel and Tourism
- Turkish as a First language
- Urdu
- Sinhala

This list, along with more information, is also available on the Cambridge International website.

## Related pages

- GCSE⁣ – GCSEs in the UK.
- List of GCSE subjects.
- Advanced levels (A-levels) - Exams taken after GCSEs in the UK.
Diane Abbott

**Diane Julie Abbott** (born 27 September 1953) is a British politician. Abbott was born and raised in London. Her parents were Jamaican immigrants. She is now the Member of Parliament for the Hackney North and Stoke Newington constituency in London, UK. She was fortunate to be the first black woman to be elected to the House of Commons  when she was elected in the 1987 General Election. In 2010, Abbott became Shadow Public Health Minister after unsuccessfully standing for election as leader of the Labour Party. Abbott was made Shadow Home Secretary by Jeremy Corbyn in October 2016.

She attended Newnham College, Cambridge.

Abbott is a frequent public speaker, newspaper contributor and TV performer.  She has been on many programmes such as _Have I Got News For You_, _Celebrity Come Dine with Me_, _Cash in the Celebrity Attic_.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **honorific-prefix**: The Right Honourable
- **name**: Diane Abbott
- **image**: Official portrait of Ms Diane Abbott crop 2.jpg
- **caption**: Official portrait, 2017
- **office**: Mother of the House (United Kingdom), Mother of the House
- **term start**: 5 July 2024
- **predecessor**: Harriet Harman
- **office1**: Shadow Home Secretary
- **leader1**: Jeremy Corbyn
- **term start1**: 6 October 2016
- **term end1**: 4 April 2020
- **predecessor1**: Andy Burnham
- **successor1**: Nick Thomas-Symonds
- **office2**: Shadow Secretary of State for Health
- **leader2**: Jeremy Corbyn
- **term start2**: 27 June 2016
- **term end2**: 6 October 2016
- **predecessor2**: Heidi Alexander
- **successor2**: Jonathan Ashworth
- **office3**: Shadow Secretary of State for International Development
- **leader3**: Jeremy Corbyn
- **term start3**: 13 September 2015
- **term end3**: 27 June 2016
- **predecessor3**: Mary Creagh
- **successor3**: Kate Osamor
- **office4**: Department of Health and Social Care, Shadow Minister for Public Health
- **leader4**: Ed Miliband
- **term start4**: 9 October 2010
- **term end4**: 8 October 2013
- **predecessor4**: Anne Milton
- **successor4**: Luciana Berger
- **office5**: Member of Parliament (United Kingdom), Member of Parliament
for Hackney North and Stoke Newington
- **term start5**: 11 June 1987
- **predecessor5**: Ernie Roberts
- **majority5**: 15,090 (36.9%)
- **birth name**: Diane Julie Abbott
- **birth place**: Metropolitan Borough of Paddington, Paddington, London, England
- **party**: Labour Party (UK), Labour
- **children**: 1
- **education**: Newnham College, Cambridge (Bachelor of Arts, BA)
Hywel Francis

**David Hywel Francis** (6 June 1946 – 14 February 2021) was a Welsh politician and the Member of Parliament for the Aberavon constituency in the United Kingdom. He was elected in the 2001 General Election.

He was a member of the Labour Party.
Frank Doran

**Frank Doran** (born April 13, 1949 in Edinburgh, Scotland–died October 30, 2017) was a Scottish politician and the  Member of Parliament for the Aberdeen North constituency in the United Kingdom. He was first elected to the House of Commons in the 1987 general election for Aberdeen South but was defeated in 1992. He is a member of the Labour Party.

## Career

He was re-elected at the 1997 general election for the new constituency of Aberdeen Central. The boundary of the constituency was changed, and in 2005 he was elected for the Aberdeen North constituency.

## Personal life

He is the partner of fellow Labour MP Joan Ruddock.
Anne Begg

**Dame Anne Begg**, DBE (born December 6, 1955) is a Scottish politician and the  Member of Parliament for the Aberdeen South constituency in the United Kingdom. She was elected in the 1997 general election.

Begg is the first permanent wheelchair user in the House of Commons.

She is a member of the Labour Party.
John Reid, Baron Reid of Cardowan

**John Reid, Baron Reid of Cardowan** (born 8 May 1947) is a Scottish football club chairman and a Labour Party politician.  He was the Member of Parliament for the Scottish  constituency of Airdrie and Shotts in the United Kingdom. He was first elected to the House of Commons in the 1987 general election for the Motherwell North constituency. The boundary of the constituency was changed, and in the 1997 election he was elected to the new constituency of Hamilton North and Bellshill. After more boundary changes in 2005 he was elected to the new constituency of Airdrie and Shotts.

He is the former Home Secretary.

Reid did not stand in the 2010 election, and was made a life peer instead.

He is Chairman of Celtic Football Club in Glasgow.

He is a member of the Labour Party.
Gerald Howarth

**James Gerald Douglas Howarth**, known as **Gerald Howarth** (born September 12, 1947) is a British politician and the Member of Parliament for the English  constituency of Aldershot in the United Kingdom. He was first elected to the House of Commons in the 1983 general election for the Cannock and Burntwood constituency but lost in the 1992 general election.

He was re-elected at the 1997 General Election as MP for Aldershot.

He is currently Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State at the Ministry of Defence as Minister for International Security Strategy.

He is a member of the Conservative Party.
Mount Agung

**Mount Agung** () is a volcano on Bali. Mount Agung last erupted in 1963-1964. The lava just missed the Mother Temple of Besakih, which is located on high on the slopes of this sacred mountain. Over 1,000 people were killed and a number of villages were destroyed in this eruption.

Gunung Agung is an active volcano, with a large and deep crater that occasionally emits smoke and ash. The last major eruptions occurred in November 2017.
Mount Batur

**Mount Batur** () is a volcano on Bali. Mount Batur last erupted in 2000. It is a volcano inside an older, larger, volcano. The original eruption, about 30,000 years ago, is one of the largest known volcanic events on Earth. The volcano is now 1,717 metres (5,633 feet) high. There are many people — whole villages — living inside the caldera.
Mount Rinjani

**Mount Rinjani** or **Gunung Rinjani** is an active volcano on Lombok, Indonesia. It is  high, making it the second highest volcano in Indonesia. It last erupted in 2009.
Mataram

**Mataram** is a city on the west side of the island of Lombok, Indonesia. It is the capital and largest city of West Nusa Tenggara province, and has a population of around 342,896 people as of the year 2005.

## Other websites

- http://www.mataramkota.go.id/
Megawati Sukarnoputri

**Diah Permata Megawati Setiawati Soekarnoputri** (born January 23, 1947), was President of Indonesia from July 23, 2001 to October 20, 2004. She was the Indonesia's first female President, and leader born after independence. On September 20, 2004, she lost her campaign for re-election in the 2004 Indonesian presidential election. She was also the country's vice president from 21 October 1999 to 23 July 2001. She is the daughter of Indonesia's first president, Soekarno.

## Early life

Megawati Soekarnoputri was born in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Her father is Indonesia's first President, Soekarno, and her mother is Fatmawati, one of Soekarno's nine wives. Megawati Soekarnoputri was Sukarno's second child and first daughter. She grew up in her father's Merdeka Palace, one of Indonesia's presidential palace. She used to dance for her father's guests and had a hobby of gardening. Megawati Soekarnoputri was 19 when her father gave up his power in 1966 and was taken over by a government which was later led by President Soeharto.

Megawati Soekarnoputri studied agriculture at Padjadjaran University in Bandung but dropped out in 1967 to be with her father following his loss of power. In 1970, the year her father died, Megawati Soekarnoputri went to the University of Indonesia to study psychology but dropped out two years later.

## References

|-

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Megawati Soekarnoputri
- **image**: President Megawati Sukarnoputri - Indonesia.jpg
- **office**: 5th President of Indonesia
- **vicepresident**: Hamzah Haz
- **term start**: 23 July 2001
- **term end**: 20 October 2004
- **predecessor**: Abdurrahman Wahid
- **successor**: Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono
- **office1**: 8th Vice President of Indonesia
- **president1**: Abdurrahman Wahid
- **term start1**: 21 October 1999
- **term end1**: 23 July 2001
- **predecessor1**: B. J. Habibie
- **successor1**: Hamzah Haz
- **office2**: Leader of the Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle
- **term start2**: 15 February 1999
- **birth name**: Diah Permata Megawati Setiawati Sukarnoputri
- **birth place**: Yogyakarta, Indonesia
- **party**: Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle, PDIP
- **spouse**:

- **children**: Mohammad Rizki Pratama

Puan Maharani
- **father**: Sukarno
- **mother**: Fatmawati
- **alma mater**: Padjadjaran University
University of Indonesia
- **signature**: Signature of Megawati Soekarnoputri.svg
Kingdom of Kerma

The **Kingdom of Kerma** was a state in Nubia from around 2500 BC to about 1520 BC.  It was based in the city of Kerma in Upper Nubia and was a major centre during the Middle Kingdom period of Egypt.  It had a distinct civilization (for example very fine and original ceramics have been found).

The site of Kerma includes both an extensive town and a cemetery consisting of large tumuli.  Because one can find there much examples of Nubian culture and burial practices at the site, scholars think that the Egyptian statues and other Egyptian objects found at Kerma arrived through trade.

In 2003, a Swiss archaeological team working in northern Sudan uncovered one of the most remarkable Egyptological finds in recent years. At the site known as Kerma, near the third cataract of the Nile, archaeologist Charles Bonnet and his team discovered a ditch within a temple from the ancient city of Pnoubs, which contained seven monumental black granite statues. Magnificently sculpted, and in an excellent state of preservation, they portrayed five pharaonic rulers, including Taharqa and Tanoutamon, the last two pharaohs of the 'Nubian' Dynasty, when Egypt was ruled by kings from the lands of modern-day Sudan. For over half a century, the Nubian pharaohs governed a combined kingdom of Egypt and Nubia, with an empire stretching from the Delta to the upper reaches of the Nile.

## References

- Bonnet, Charles, _et al._ _The Nubian Pharaohs: Black Kings on the Nile_, AUC Press (February 22, 2007) -
- Bonnet, Charles, _et al._, 2005, _Des Pharaohs venus d'Afrique : La cachette de Kerma_. Citadelles & Mazenod.
- Bonnet, Charles, 1986,  _Kerma, Territoire et Métropole_, Institut Français d’Archaéologie Orientale du Caire.
- Kendall, Timothy 1997.  _Kerma and the Kingdom of Kush_.  National Museum of African Art, Smithsonian Inst. Washington D.C.
Alistair Darling

**Alistair Maclean Darling, Baron Darling of Roulanish**  (28 November 1953 – 30 November 2023) was a British Labour Party politician who was the Chancellor of the Exchequer from June 2007 to May 2010 and also held several posts in Tony Blair's government. He was the Member of Parliament for Edinburgh South West.

Alistair Darling was born in London. He was first elected to the House of Commons at the 1987 General Election. His government posts under Tony Blair include: Chief Secretary to the Treasury (1997–1998), Secretary of State for Work and Pensions (1998–2002), Transport Secretary (2002–2006), Scottish Secretary (2003–2006), Secretary of State for Trade and Industry (2006–2007), and Chancellor of the Exchequer (2007–2010).

Alistair Darling died on 30 November 2023 after a short illness, at the age of 70. Gordon Brown, Keir Starmer, Jeremy Hunt and David Cameron were among those who paid tribute to him.
Moa

The **moa** were large, herbivores and were flightless birds with no wings. They lived only in New Zealand, and are now all extinct.

There were nine species (in six genera) of Moa. The largest and best known were the genus _Dinornis_, which grew up to 3.6 meters (12 feet) tall, and weighed as much as 230 kilograms (510 pounds).

The Māori people arrived in New Zealand from Oceania about 800 years ago. Then, moas lived in large numbers, especially on South Island. Archaeological sites with evidence of moa hunting are all over New Zealand. The moas became extinct about five hundred years ago. The moas had survived being hunted by Haast's eagle. However, they could not survive being hunted for food by the Maori.

Recent extinctions (also mostly birds) have been caused by habitat change and introduced species.

## Large birds

- Cassowary
- Elephant bird
    - _Aepyornis_
- Terror birds
    - _Phorusrhacos_
    - _Brontornis_
- _Dromornis_
- _Gastornis_ (_Diatryma_)
Malacology

**Malacology** is the study of molluscs. These animals include snails, slugs, octopus, squid, and bivalves generally, such as clams and mussels. Most of them have shells. The shells are often collected for their beauty and interest. Many people eat molluscs, especially those people who live near the ocean.

Those scientists who study molluscs are called _malacologists_. They identify and classify them, and find out everything they can about their lives.

### Types of gastropods

The gastropods are the most common type of mollusc. They have about 70,000 described species.
- marine gastropod
    - sea snail
    - sea slug
- non-marine gastropod
    - freshwater gastropod: with very few exceptions, the only freshwater molluscs are freshwater snails
        - freshwater snail
    - terrestrial gastropod: gastropods are the only group of molluscs which have some species living on land
        - land snail
        - land slug
        - semi-slug

### Types of bivalves

With 20,000 described species, bivalves are the second commonest class of molluscs. There are several classifications of bivalves in use. This is a rough guide:
- Pteromorphia including the
    - File shells
    - Mussels
    - Oysters
    - Pearl oysters and pen shells
- Heterodonta
    - Soft-shelled clams
    - Shipworms (_Turedo_)
    - Hard-shelled clams, cockles and razor shells

## Malacologists

- Horace Burrington Baker (1889–1991)
- Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville (1777-1850)
- Jean Guillaume Bruguière (1749-1798)
- William J. Clench (1897-1984)
- Georges Cuvier (1769-1832)
- Gérard Paul Deshayes (1795-1875)
- John Edward Gray (1800-1875)
- Otto Friedrich Müller (1730-1784)
- Alcide d'Orbigny (1802-1857)
- Isabel Pérez Farfante (1916-2009)
- Constantine Samuel Rafinesque (1783-1840)
- Lovell Augustus Reeve (1814-1865)
- María Isabel Scott Hylton (1889-1990)
- James Sowerby (1757–1822)
- George Brettingham Sowerby I (1788-1854)
- George Brettingham Sowerby II (1812-1884)
- George Brettingham Sowerby III (1843-1921)
- William Swainson (1789-1855)

## Museums

Museums that have either exceptional malacological research collections (behind the scenes) and/or exceptional public exhibits of molluscs:

- Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
- American Museum of Natural History
- Bailey-Matthews Shell Museum
- Cau del Cargol Shell Museum
- Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard
- Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels: with a collection of more than 9 million shells (mainly from the collection of Philippe Dautzenberg)
- Smithsonian Institution
Placard

A **placard** is a sign made to inform people about something. Often, they are used to warn about danger. Very often, hazard symbols (special pictograms) are used.

Sometimes, placard is also used to mean a leaflet that shows how a certain machine should be operated.
Budíkov

**Budíkov** is a village in the Pelhřimov District, Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. About 283 people live there and it has 6,64 km². Budíkov was first documented in 1226.
Typha

***Typha*** is a genus of plants. They are found in wetland habitats. They are commonly found in the Northern Hemisphere, but may be found in wetlands elsewhere. These plants are known in British English as **bulrush**, **bullrush** or **reedmace**, and in American English as **cattail** or **punks**.

## Species

- _Typha angustifolia_ - Lesser Bulrush or Narrow Leaf Cattail
- _Typha angustifolia x T. latifolia_ - Hybrid or White Cattail
- _Typha domingensis_ - Southern Cattail
- _Typha latifolia_ - Common Cattail
- _Typha laxmannii_ - Laxman's Bulrush
- _Typha minima_ - Dwarf Bulrush
- _Typha orientalis_ and _Typha muelleri_ - Raupo
- _Typha shuttleworthii_ - Shuttleworth's Bulrush

## Uses by humans

Cattails were once used to make paper. Cattail paper is very heavy and coarse, and is rarely used today. Cattail has also been used as a water filter to remove the poisonous chemical arsenic from drinking water.
David Miliband

**David Wright Miliband** (born 15 July 1965) is a British politician who was the Foreign Secretary from June 2007 to May 2010 and a member of Tony Blair's cabinet. He was the Member of Parliament for South Shields in Tyne and Wear. He is the CEO of the International Rescue Committee.

David Miliband was born in London to Polish-Jewish parents and is an atheist. He was raised in Primrose Hill, London. He is the elder son of Marxist Ralph Miliband and Marion Kozak. He is the elder brother of Labour leader Ed Miliband. He was educated at the University of Oxford and was the head of the Number 10 Policy Unit from 1997-2001. He was first elected in the 2001 general election. After being part of Tony Blair and Gordon Brown's governments, Miliband was a candidate in the 2010 Labour leadership contest. Despite Miliband being favourite to win the contest, his brother Ed narrowly won the contest in September 2010. Miliband chose not to be a member of Ed's shadow cabinet.
Jacqui Smith

**Jacqueline Jill "Jacqui" Smith** (born 3 November 1962) is an English politician. She was the first female Home Secretary of the United Kingdom. She was born in Malvern, Worcestershire. She was the Member of Parliament for the Redditch constituency. She was first elected in the 1997 general election. She lost her seat at the 2010 General Election.

She is a member of the Labour Party.

## Personal life

Smith married Richard Timney (born 1963 in Ealing, London) in October 1987 in Malvern, Worcestershire. They have two sons.

In December 2008, it was discovered that Timney wrote a series of letters praising the work of Smith. These letters were sent to newspapers. He did not say that he was her husband and managing her constituency office.

In June 2008 the _Independent newspaper_ reported that she was a season-ticket holder at Aston Villa Football Club.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **honorific-prefix**: <small>The Right Honourable</small>
- **name**: Jacqui Smith
- **image**: Smith, Jacqui (crop).jpg
- **office**: Home Secretary
- **primeminister**: Gordon Brown
- **term start**: 28 June 2007
- **term end**: 5 June 2009
- **predecessor**: John Reid, Baron Reid of Cardowan, John Reid
- **successor**: Alan Johnson
- **office2**: Labour Chief Whip, Chief Whip House of Commons of the United Kingdom, of the House of Commons
Secretary to the Treasury, Parliamentary Secretary to the Treasury
- **primeminister2**: Tony Blair
- **term start2**: 5 May 2006
- **term end2**: 28 June 2007
- **predecessor2**: Hilary Armstrong, Baroness Armstrong of Hill Top, Hilary Armstrong
- **successor2**: Geoff Hoon
- **office3**: Member of Parliament (United Kingdom), Member of Parliament
for Redditch (UK Parliament constituency), Redditch
- **term start3**: 1 May 1997
- **term end3**: 6 May 2010
- **predecessor3**: Boundary Commissions (United Kingdom), Constituency Created
- **successor3**: Karen Lumley
- **birth place**: Malvern, Worcestershire, Malvern, Worcestershire, England
- **party**: Labour Party (UK), Labour
- **alma mater**: Hertford College, Oxford
Des Browne, Baron Browne of Ladyton

**Desmond "_Des_" Henry Browne, Baron Browne ** (born 2 March 1952) is a Scottish politician and was Secretary of State for Defence and Secretary of State for Scotland. He was first elected in the 1997 general election, and was the Member of Parliament for the Kilmarnock and Loudoun constituency in the United Kingdom until 2010, when he was created a Life Peer

He is a member of the Labour Party.
Alan Johnson

**Alan Arthur Johnson** (born 17 May 1950) is an English politician and former Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer. He was born and raised in London. He has been the Member of Parliament for the Hull West and Hessle constituency in the East Riding of Yorkshire since the 1997 general election.

He is a member of the Labour Party.

Johnson has been married twice. His first marriage was to Judith Elizabeth Cox. They had one son and two daughters. After his divorce he married Laura Jane Patient in 1991. They had a son, born in 2000.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **honorific-prefix**: <small>The Right Honourable</small>
- **name**: Alan Johnson
- **honorific-suffix**:
<small>Member of Parliament, MP</small>
- **image**: Alan Johnson -9Oct2007-2.jpg
- **caption**: Official portrait
- **office**: Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer
- **leader**: Ed Miliband
- **term start**: 8 October 2010
- **term end**: 20 January 2011
- **predecessor**: Alistair Darling
- **successor**: Ed Balls
- **office2**: Shadow Home Secretary
- **leader2**: Harriet Harman
 Ed Miliband
- **term start2**: 11 May 2010
- **term end2**: 8 October 2010
- **predecessor2**: Chris Grayling
- **successor2**: Ed Balls
- **office3**: Home Secretary
- **primeminister3**: Gordon Brown
- **term start3**: 5 June 2009
- **term end3**: 11 May 2010
- **predecessor3**: Jacqui Smith
- **successor3**: Theresa May
- **office4**: Secretary of State for Health
- **primeminister4**: Gordon Brown
- **term start4**: 28 June 2007
- **term end4**: 5 June 2009
- **predecessor4**: Patricia Hewitt
- **successor4**: Andy Burnham
- **office5**: Secretary of State for Education, Secretary of State for Education and Skills
- **primeminister5**: Tony Blair
- **term start5**: 5 May 2006
- **term end5**: 28 June 2007
- **predecessor5**: Ruth Kelly
- **successor5**: Ed Balls <small>(at Secretary of State for Children, Schools and Families, CSF)</small>
John Denham (politician), John Denham <small>(at Secretary of State for Innovation, Universities and Skills, IUS)</small>
- **office6**: Secretary of State for Trade and Industry
- **primeminister6**: Tony Blair
- **term start6**: 6 May 2005
- **term end6**: 5 May 2006
- **predecessor6**: Patricia Hewitt
- **successor6**: Alistair Darling
- **office7**: Secretary of State for Work and Pensions
- **primeminister7**: Tony Blair
- **term start7**: 8 September 2004
- **term end7**: 6 May 2005
- **predecessor7**: Andrew Smith (politician), Andrew Smith
- **successor7**: David Blunkett
- **office8**: Member of Parliament (UK), Member of Parliament
 for Kingston upon Hull West and Hessle (UK Parliament constituency), Kingston upon Hull West and Hessle
- **term start8**: 1 May 1997
- **predecessor8**: Stuart Randall <small>(Hull West (UK Parliament constituency), Hull West)</small>
- **majority8**: 5,740 (18.2%)
- **birth place**: Metropolitan Borough of Paddington, Paddington, London, England
- **spouse**: Judith Cox (divorced)
Laura Patient (m. 1991-present)
- **party**: Labour Party (UK), Labour
- **website**: [http://www.alanjohnson.org www.AlanJohnson.org]
John Hutton, Baron Hutton of Furness

**John Matthew Patrick Hutton, Baron Hutton of Furness** (born 6 May 1955) is an English politician. He is a member of the Labour Party.

He was the Member of Parliament for the Barrow and Furness constituency in the United Kingdom. He was first elected in the 1992 general election, and retired in 2010. In March 2011 he published a report on public sector pension reform.

The report states that radical reform to the pension plans of six million public sector workers still leave them with "hugely generous" settlements. The retirement crisis has been caused by the scrapping of gold-plated final salary pension schemes for private sector workers coinciding with low-interest rates and a lacklustre stock market. House prices have also fallen. "Future pensioners are likely to be confronted by a crisis of expectations and a squeeze in income", the report warns.
James Purnell

**James Mark Dakin Purnell** (born 2 March 1970) was an English politician was Secretary of State for Work and Pensions in 2010. He was the Member of Parliament for the Stalybridge and Hyde constituency in the United Kingdom from the elected in the 2001 general election until he retired at the 2010 general election.  He is currently the Head of the Open Left project at the left leaning think tank Demos

He is a member of the Labour Party.
Paul Murphy, Baron Murphy of Torfaen

**Paul Peter Murphy**, KCMCO, KSG  (born November 25, 1948) is a Welsh politician and held several cabinet posts, including Secretary of State for Wales. He is the Member of Parliament for the Torfaen constituency in the United Kingdom. He was first elected in the 1987 general election.

He is a member of the Labour Party.
Ruth Kelly

**Ruth Maria Kelly** (born May 9, 1968) is now an economist working for the HSBC Bank. She was a British politician and had been a Cabinet Minister.

She was the Member of Parliament for the Bolton West constituency in the United Kingdom from the 1997 general election to the 2010 general election

She is a member of the Labour Party.
Hazel Blears

**Hazel Anne Blears** (born May 14, 1956) is an English politician.   She was the Member of Parliament for the Salford and Eccles constituency from 1997 to 2015. She was first elected in the 1997 general election as member for the Salford constituency.

She held several government posts under Prime Ministers Tony Blair and Gordon Brown, including Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government, up until the 2010 general election

She is a member of the Labour Party.
Geoff Hoon

**Geoffrey William Hoon** (born 6 December 1953) is an English politician and held several government posts. He was born in Derby. He was the Member of Parliament for the Ashfield constituency in the United Kingdom from his first elected in the 1992 general election until he retired in 2010.

Hoon is a member of the Labour Party.
Andy Burnham

**Andrew Murray Burnham** (born 7 January 1970) is an English politician. He was a candidate in the 2010 Labour leadership election. As of 2012 Burnham was Shadow Secretary of State for Health within Ed Miliband's Shadow Cabinet. He is the Member of Parliament for the Leigh constituency in the United Kingdom. He was first elected in the 2001 general election.

Burnham was born in Old Roan, Aintree, Lancashire and raised in Culcheth, Warrington.

He is a member of the Labour Party.

On 5 May 2017, he was elected mayor of Greater Manchester.

In 2026, Burnham applied to be the Labour Party candidate in the 2026 Gorton and Denton by-election but his candidacy was blocked by the party because they thought should he win, Burnham would challenge Prime Minister Keir Starmer for the Labour leadership.
Shaun Woodward

**Shaun Anthony Woodward** (born 26 October 1958 in Bristol, England) is a British politician and is the Shadow Secretary of State for Northern Ireland in Ed Miliband's shadow cabinet. He is the Labour Party Member of Parliament (MP) for the constituency of St Helens South in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom.

He was first elected in the 1997 general election as the Conservative Party MP for the constituency of Witney but changed to Labour in 1999. At the 2001 General Election he was made the MP for the St Helens South constituency and was the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland from 2007 to 2010. When Ed Miliband became Labour leader, Shaun Woodward was made the Shadow Secretary of State for Northern Ireland.
John Denham

**John Yorke Denham** (born July 15, 1953) is an English politician. He is the Member of Parliament for the Southampton Itchen constituency in the United Kingdom. He was first elected in the 1992 general election.

Denham has held the following positions:
- 1995–1997: Shadow Minister for Social Security
- 1997–1998: Parliamentary under Secretary of State at the Department of Social Security
- 1998–1999: Minister of State at the Department of Social Security
- 1999–2001: Minister of State for Health Services
- 2001–2003: Minister of State for Policing
- 2003–2007: Chairman of the Home Affairs Select Committee
- 2007–2009: Secretary of State for Innovation, Universities and Skills
- 2009–2010: Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government
- 2010–2011: Shadow Secretary of State for Business, Innovation and Skills
- 2011–2013: Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Leader of the Opposition

He is a member of the Labour Party.
Limnology

**Limnology** is the study of waters that are not part of the oceans or seas. This includes rivers, lakes, swamps, streams, wetlands, water under the ground, and even bodies of water made by people. Scientists who study this are called _limnologists_. Their work includes biology, chemistry, physics, geology, and hydrology.
The _International Society of Limnology_  promotes limnology to  scientists throughout the world. There are many centres for such research throughout the world.

Limnology helps to explain why some lakes have lots of plants and animals and some have very few.  The Freshwater Biological Association which is based next to Windermere in England did a lot of the early work. Limnologists there worked out why deep lakes have cold water at the bottom in summer-time but not in Winter. The reason was that winds in Autumn mix the waters up.
Toyota RAV4

The **Toyota RAV4** is a small sized SUV made by Toyota. Toyota has made the RAV4 since 1994 and sold it in America since 1996. The RAV4 is sold in a 4-door with an optional V6 engine. It is more of a car-like SUV than a truck sized one. The RAV4 EV was an electric version sold in California from 1996 to 2003. The RAV4 competes with the similar Honda CR-V, Subaru Forester, and Ford Escape. RAV4 stands for Recreational Active Vehicle with 4-wheel-drive but RAV4s may just come with 2-wheel drive. It’s a versatile car with good fuel economy and favorable on-road manners. The car is powered by a 2.5-liter four-cylinder engine along with six-speed automatic gear options.

Toyota RAV4 is also one of the first cars introduced in small crossover SUV market.

## Sixth generation (XA60; 2025)

The sixth-generation RAV4 has been around since 2025.

## Infobox (automobile)

- **name**: Sixth generation
- **image**: Toyota RAV4 Core Plug-in Hybrid (XA60) Auto Zuerich 2025 DSC 3403.jpg
- **caption**: Toyota RAV4 Core Plug-in Hybrid (Europe)
- **model code**: XA60
- **aka**: Toyota Wildlander (GAC Toyota, China)
- **production**: 2025–present
- **model years**: 2026 (North America)
- **body style**: 5-door SUV
- **platform**: Toyota TNGA-K platform, TNGA: GA-K
- **transmission**: Continuously variable transmission#Hybrid electric, e-CVT
- **drivetrain**: Power-split hybrid (e-Four AWD optional/standard per grade)
Toyota MR2

The **Toyota MR2** and **MR2 Spyder** were sports cars made by Toyota. They were sold from 1984 until 2007. The MR2 is a mid-engine sports car, similar to cars by Ferrari and Porsche. MR2 is an acronym for midship, rear-wheel-drive, two-seater.
Wheaton College

**Wheaton College** is a private Evangelical Protestant college in Wheaton, Illinois, a suburb  west of Chicago in the United States. It was founded in 1860.

## Other websites

- Official college website

## Infobox (university)

- **name**: Wheaton College
- **image**: Wheaton College Blanchard Hall.jpg
- **caption**: Blanchard Hall
- **motto lang**: Latin
- **established**: 1860
- **type**: Private
- **endowment**: $502 million
- **president**: Phil Ryken
- **undergrad**: 2,440
- **postgrad**: 450
- **city**: Wheaton
- **state**: Illinois
- **country**: United States
- **campus**: Suburban
- **athletics**: NCAA Division III
- **nickname**: Thunder
- **website**: [http://www.wheaton.edu www.wheaton.edu]
Sacred site

A **sacred site** is a place that is thought of as sacred (or holy) to a particular religion. Every one of the world's major religions has sacred sites. Some religions, such as Islam, Hinduism, and Christianity think of the sacred sites as being very important to their faith. In other religions such as Protestant Christianity, sacred sites are not so important.

The idea that a place is sacred often comes from something that has happened at the place, or a religious story about that place. Mount Sinai is a sacred site for Jews and Christians because it was on Mount Sinai that Moses received the Ten Commandments of God.

The _sacred site_ might be a natural site, or it might be a building of some sort. One of the most famous natural sites that is also a sacred site is Uluru (also called Ayre's Rock) in Central Australia. It is believed to have been sacred to the aboriginal people for about 40,000 years. Other famous natural sites are the sacred trees of India, Japan and South East Asia.

Very often, buildings have been made on natural sites that were already thought of as sacred. For example, a spring of water coming from the ground might be said to have healing powers. A special well-house might be built around the spring to protect it, and as a place where people might leave offerings (gifts to a god).

Other sites are thought of as sacred because a holy person or saint lived there, or died there, or their body is kept there. The Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem is one of the most sacred sites to Christianity because it is believed that Jesus' body was placed in a tomb there. The city of Mecca is sacred to all Muslim people as the birthplace of the prophet Muhammad.

## Pilgrimage

Many people make a special visit to a sacred site. This is called a pilgrimage. A person who travels on pilgrimage is called a "pilgrim". Pilgrimage is very important in Islam, because every Muslim person is expected to make a pilgrimage to the city of Mecca once in their lifetime, if they can possibly do so.

Many Christians also make pilgrimages to sacred sites. Pilgrimage became very important in the Middle Ages when thousands of people travelled to many sacred sites, particularly to Jerusalem, to the famous Christian basilicas of Rome, to the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela in Spain and Canterbury Cathedral in England. In modern times, sacred sites of Christian pilgrimage include Assisi in Italy, Lourdes in France, Fatima in Portugal and the Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe in Mexico City.

In Buddhism, the sacred sites are four places in India where Buddha lived and preached. These are Kapilavastu, Bodh Gaya, Benares and Kusinagara.

## Related pages

- Religion
- Pilgrimage
- Basilica
- Church
- Cathedral
- Mosque
- Shrine
- Synagogue
Basil II

**Basil II** (958 – December 15, 1025), was a Byzantine emperor from the Macedonian dynasty from January 10, 976 to December 15, 1025. Under his reign, the Byzantine Empire reached its greatest height since Justinian the Great. Under his reign, the First Bulgarian Empire was completely taken by him, a land that would be part of his empire for 150 years. Because of this, the northern part of the Roman Empire touched the Danube river for the first time in several hundred years. He also took land towards the east.

## Bibliography

- (primary source) Michael Psellus, _Chronographia_
- _The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium_, Oxford University Press, 1991

## Other websites

- Basil II

## Infobox (royalty)

- **name**: Basil II
- **image**: Basilios II.jpg
- **caption**: Detailed Portrait of Emperor Basil II
- **succession**: List of Byzantine Emperors, Byzantine Emperor
- **reign**: 10 January 976 –
15 December 1025
- **full name**: Basil Porphyrogenitus
- **predecessor**: John I Tzimiskes
- **successor**: Constantine VIII
- **religion**: Chalcedonian Christianity
- **birth place**: Constantinople, Eastern Roman Empire
- **death date**: 15 December 1025
- **death place**: Constantinople, Byzantine Empire, Eastern Roman Empire
- **birth date**: c. 958
- **mother**: Theopano
- **title**: List of Byzantine Emperors, Emperor of the Romans
- **father**: Romanos II
- **house**: Macedonian
- **house-type**: Dynasty
- **image size**: 230px
Battle of Manzikert

The **Battle of Manzikert**, or **Malazgirt** (Turkish: _Malazgirt Sav_), was fought between the Byzantine Empire and the Seljuq Empire. On August 26, 1071, the Seljuq forces attacked near Manzikert (now Malazgirt, Turkey).

The result was one of the most decisive Byzantine defeats and the capture of Emperor Romanos IV Diogenes. The battle played an important role in breaking the Byzantine resistance and preparing the way for the Turkish settlement of Anatolia.

## Other websites

- Battle of Manzikert: Military Disaster or Political Failure?  By Paul Markham
- Debacle at Manzikert, 1071: Prelude to the Crusades , by Brian T. Carey (Issue 5 - January 2004)

## Infobox (military conflict)

- **conflict**: Battle of Manzikert
- **image**: 131 Bataille de Malazgirt.jpg
- **caption**: This 15th-century French miniature shows the Battle of Manzikert, whose combatants are clad in the time's Western European armor.
- **partof**: the Byzantine-Seljuk wars
- **date**: August 26, 1071
- **place**: Manzikert (now Malazgirt, Turkey)
- **result**: Seljuk victory
- **combatant1**: Byzantine Empire
- **combatant2**: Seljuk Empire
- **commander1**: Romanus IV {WIA}
Nikephoros Bryennios,
Theodore Alyates,
Andronikos Doukas
- **commander2**: Alp Arslan
- **strength1**: Up to  (More than half deserted)
~  -  took part.
- **strength2**: ~  -
- **casualties1**: Very high
- **casualties2**: Unknown
Red Square

**Red Square** (, ) is the most famous city square in Moscow, Russia. The square separates the Kremlin, the former royal citadel and currently the official residence of the President of Russia, from a historic merchant quarter known as Kitay-gorod (China-Town). As major streets of Moscow radiate from here in all directions, being promoted to major highways outside the city, the Red Square is often considered the central square of Moscow and of all Russia.

Red Square and the Kremlin are a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Joseph Stalin's body was preserved near Red Square, in Lenin's mausoleum. It was later moved and reburied deep behind the Kremlin Wall without any ceremony.

Red Square is a popular tourist attraction in Russia.

## Other websites

- Red Square in Moscow, the most important place in the country's largest. - Thewotme Travel Blog
- Moscow-Life: A guide to Moscow's Red Square
- 3D model of Red Square
- Visiting Red Square  – Useful information for visitors to Red Square and the Kremlin
- Red Square and surrounding area time-lapse video
Official Opposition (United Kingdom)

**His Majesty's Loyal Opposition**, or the **Official Opposition** in the United Kingdom is led by The Leader of the Opposition.  This is usually the political party with the second largest number of seats in the House of Commons, as the largest party will usually form the government. Since July 2024, the Official Opposition has been the Conservative Party.
George Osborne

**George Gideon Oliver Osborne** <small>CH PC</small> (born 23 May 1971) is a former British politician and newspaper editor.

Osborne was the Chancellor of the Exchequer from 2010 to 2016 in the David Cameron government. He was the Conservative Party Member of Parliament for the Tatton constituency in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom. He was an MP from 2001 to 2017.

George Osborne was born in Paddington, London, England and was educated at the University of Oxford. He became an MP in 2001 and entered the shadow cabinet in 2004. In 2005, Osborne was made the Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer by Michael Howard and held this post when David Cameron became leader of the Conservative Party.

Osborne became Chancellor of the Exchequer on 11 May 2010 and  outlined £6.2 billion worth of cuts to help reduce the budget deficit. He left office on 13 July 2016 when Theresa May became Prime Minister. He was replaced by Philip Hammond. In April 2017 he said he would not stand in the 2017 general election. He was made a Companion of Honour in the 2016 Prime Minister's Resignation Honours. He was editor of the _Evening Standard_ from 2017 to 2020.

Osborne is part of the old Anglo-Irish aristocracy, known in Ireland as the _Ascendancy_. He is the heir to the Osborne baronetcy (of Ballentaylor, in County Tipperary, and Ballylemon, in County Waterford).

## Revelation

_Private Eye_ wrote about the relationship between Osborne and _Evening Standard_ owner Evgeny Lebedev. Russian oligarch Lebedev appointed Osborne as editor. The _Evening Standard_ is now called _The Standard_.

During Osborne's time as Chancellor of the Exchequer he regularly pledged Treasury money to _Standard_ charitable campaigns. In September 2015, the newspaper ranked Osborne in joint-first place on its annual 'Progress 1000' list of the most influential people in London. It also said that, as Chancellor, Osborne failed to tackle the advantageous tax status for so-called "non-doms" (foreign wealthy people). Lebedev's paper strongly supported the Conservative Party in the 2015 general election and the Conservatives' candidate Zac Goldsmith in the 2016 London mayoral election.
Trojanus of Saintes

**Trojanus of Saintes** (died c.530) was a 6<sup>th</sup> century bishop of Saintes, in France.

He is a Catholic saint, also known as **Trojan** and **Troyen**.  His feast day is held on 30 November.
530

## Births

- Dallán Forgaill, Christian Irish poet (approximate date)
- Venantius Fortunatus, Latin poet and bishop (approximate date)
- Xuan Di, emperor of the Chen Dynasty (d. 582)

## Deaths

- Trojanus of Saintes
- Cador, king of Dumnonia (England)
- October 14 – Antipope Dioscorus
- Erzhu Rong, general of Northern Wei (b. 493)
- September 22 – Pope Felix IV
- Xiao Baoyin, prince of Southern Qi (b. 487)
Celestus microblepharis

***Celestus microblepharis*** are a kind of lizard of the Anguidae family.  It can only be found in Jamaica.
Anguidae

**Anguidae** is a family of lizards.

## Classification

**Family Anguidae**
- **Subfamily Anguinae**
    - Genus _Anguis_
    - Genus _Ophisaurus_ (glass lizards)
    - Genus _Pseudopus_
- **Subfamily Diploglossinae**
    - Genus _Celestus_
    - Genus _Diploglossus_
    - Genus _Ophiodes_
- **Subfamily Gerrhonotinae**
    - Genus _Abronia_
    - Genus _Barisia_
    - Genus _Coloptychon_
    - Genus _Elgaria_
    - Genus _Gerrhonotus_
    - Genus _Mesaspis_
Celestus

**Celestus** is a genus of lizards.

## Classification

**Genus _Celestus**_
- _Celestus agasepsoides_
- _Celestus anelpistus_
- _Celestus badius_
- _Celestus barbouri_
- _Celestus bivittatus_
- _Celestus carraui_
- _Celestus costatus_
- _Celestus crusculus_
- _Celestus curtissi_
- _Celestus cyanochloris_
- _Celestus darlingtoni_
- _Celestus duquesneyi_
- _Celestus enneagrammus_
- _Celestus fowleri_
- _Celestus haetianus_
- _Celestus hewardi_
- _Celestus hylaius_
- _Celestus macrotus_
- _Celestus marcanoi_
- _Celestus microblepharis_
- _Celestus montanus_
- _Celestus occiduus_
- _Celestus orobius_
- _Celestus rozellae_
- _Celestus scansorius_
- _Celestus sepsoides_
- _Celestus stenurus_
- _Celestus warreni_
Celestus warreni

***Celestus warreni*** (also known as the **Warren's galliwasp** or the **giant Hispaniolan galliwasp**) is a kind of lizard of the Anguidae family.  It can be found in the Dominican Republic and Haiti. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests underneath leaf litter and underneath forest debris. Giant galliwasps are opportunistic predators that feed on insects, earthworms, small mammals, and other reptiles.

It is threatened by habitat loss.
Duquesney's galliwasp

***Celestus duquesneyi*** (also known as the **Duquesney's galliwasp** or **blue-tailed galliwasp**) is a kind of lizard of the Anguidae family.  It can only be found  in Jamaica.
Celestus fowleri

***Celestus fowleri*** is a kind of lizard in the Anguidae family. It only lives in Jamaica.
Jamaica giant galliwasp

The **Jamaica giant galliwasp** (***Celestus occiduus***) was a kind of lizard of the Anguidae family. It was only found in Jamaica, and it is now extinct.