juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Moksha

**Moksha** is the ultimate spiritual goal in some schools of Hinduism, similar to the concept of Nirvana in Buddhism. In Sanskrit, "moksha" means freedom. It refers to a state of eternal bliss and emptiness. According to Vedanta, life is a continuous cycle of birth, death, and rebirth. Hindu scriptures describe Moksha as liberation from this cycle, reaching a state of eternal bliss and emptiness beyond the happiness, pain, and sorrow experienced in the physical world. The goal for Hindu practitioners is to achieve Moksha, or freedom from the material world, through the practice of different forms of Yoga: Jnana Yoga (knowledge), Karma Yoga (work), and Bhakti Yoga (devotion and worship).

Moksha is a concept from the Vedas. While scholars differ on the specific relationship between Moksha in Vedanta Hinduism and Nirvana in Buddhism, they agree that the concepts are historically and philosophically related. Similar ideas can be found in the Upanishads. Hindu texts explain Moksha as Saccidānanda, or true bliss, which comes from separating the soul from the physical body through Dhyan (meditation) and Yoga. The term "Moksha" comes from the Sanskrit word "Moksa."

In essence, Moksha is a state beyond ordinary understanding; it is a profound experience that can only be fully comprehended upon achieving it.

For a more comprehensive explanation of this topic read these books:
- 1. The complete works of Swami Vivekananda
- 2. Philosophia Ultima(commentaries on Mandukyopanishad) by Osho
- 3.Vedanta: Seven steps to Samadhi by Osho

Moksha is the ultimate goal for a person to attain liberation from the cycle of birth and death (reincarnation).

## Related pages

- Bhagavad Gita
- Would recommend reading this to individuals who are keen and have an interest in the Hindu culture and mythology.

## Infobox (infobox)

- **title**: Translations of Moksha
- **data1**: मोक्ष (mōkṣa)
- **data2**: মোক্ষ (mōkṣô)
- **data3**: মোক্ষ (mōkkhô)
- **data4**: મોક્ષ (mōkṣa)
- **data5**: ಮೋಕ್ಷ (mōkṣa)
- **data6**: موکشا (muksha)
- **data7**: 𑘦𑘻𑘎𑘿𑘫 (mokṣ)
- **data8**: 𑒧𑒼𑒏𑓂𑒭 (môkṣȧ)
- **data9**: മോക്ഷം (mokṣam)
- **data10**: ꯃꯣꯀꯁ (mokasa)
- **data11**: ମୋକ୍ଶ (mokṣa)
- **data12**: ਮੋਕਸ਼ (mokaṣa)
- **data13**: ᱢᱳᱠᱥᱷᱚ (moksha)
- **data14**: மோக்ஷ (mōkṣa)
- **data15**: మోక్షం (mōkṣam)
- **data16**: ᤔᤥᤰᤙ (mokṣa)
- **data17**: མོ་ཀ་ཤ། (mo ka ṣā)
- **data18**: ᰕᰨᰀᰡ (mokaṣa)


## Infobox (infobox)

- **title**: Translations of Jai Hind
- **data1**: जय हिन्द (jaya hind)
- **data2**: জয় হিন্দ (jôẏa hind)
- **data3**: জয় হিন্দ (jôẏa hind)
- **data4**: જય હિન્દ (jaya hind)
- **data5**: ಜಯ ಹಿನ್ದ (jaya hinda)
- **data6**: جے ہند (je hind)
- **data7**: 𑘕𑘧 𑘮𑘱𑘡𑘿𑘟 (jaya hinda)
- **data8**: 𑒖𑒻 𑒯𑒱𑒢𑓂𑒠𑓂 (jae hind)
- **data9**: ജയ ഹിന്ദ (jaya hinda)
- **data10**: ꯖꯌ ꯍꯤꯅꯗ (jaya hinada)
- **data11**: ଜଯ ହିନ୍ଦ (jaya hinda)
- **data12**: ਜਯ ਹਿਨਦ (jaya hinada)
- **data13**: ᱡᱚᱭ ᱷᱤᱱᱫ (jay hind)
- **data14**: ஜய ஹிந்த (jaya hinda)
- **data15**: జయ హిన్ద (jaya hinda)
- **data16**: ᤈᤤ ᤜᤡᤴᤍ᤻ (jai hind)
- **data17**: ཛཻ་ཧིནྡ (jae hind)
- **data18**: ᰈᰚ ᰝᰧᰍᰌ (jaya hinada)
Caste

The caste system is a system in India that was once mainly used by Hindus.

The caste system has been generally accepted for about 3000 years. There are four castes in this system and one outcast group is regarded as Dalit or "untouchables".

There are also castes in countries other than India as the system spread through South Asia about 2000 years ago.  For centuries, this system has dictated one's marriages, geographical location, and occupation.

People must not marry someone from another caste, and they must not do things that another caste does.  The Indian government today works to decrease this discrimination with the quotas set in government jobs in 1950.

## Division

- Brahmin - priests and scholars
- Kshatriya - warriors and kings
- Vaishya - merchants and landowners
- Shudra - peasants and labourers
- Untouchables or Dalits - came much later after the other four groups and consisted of people who did jobs considered ritually polluting. This included sweeping ashes after cremations, ridding of animal waste, or skinning animals such as cows.

A census in 2023 of the 130 million people in Bihar collected information about castes for the first time since 1931.  15.5% were upper caste.  27.1% were other backward class. 36% were extremely backward class and 21.4% were scheduled castes or scheduled tribes.  Brahmins, the highest  caste, were less than 4% of the population.

## Related pages

- Racism
- Antiziganism
- Antisemitism
- Discrimination
Brahmin

**Brahmin or Brahman** (/ˈbrɑːmɪn/; Sanskrit: ब्राह्मण, romanized: _brāhmaṇa_) is a varna within the Hindu society. The traditional occupation of Brahmins is that of priesthood (purohit, pandit, or pujari) at Hindu temples or at socio-religious ceremonies, and the performing of rite of passage such as solemnising a wedding with hymns and prayers.

## Caste system

The varna system classified people by jobs. People in this caste were mostly priests and dramatists in Aryan society. The Brahmins arranged prayers and rituals.  Parashurama was one of the well known Brahmin by birth, but throughout his life, he was a warrior whose job was to protect Dharma. Parshurama is also Creator Father of Bhumihar Brahman and Bhumihar Thakur, Bhumihar's are also known as Parashurama Brahman & Bramhkshatriya. Most Brahmins practice vegetarianism.

There are many subgroups in Brahmins based on demography. Some of the Brahman clans are Rishiswar, Sanadhya, Kanyakubj, Telang, Saryupareen, Bhumihar, Goswami, Tyagi, and Saraswati are the main streams of Brahmin. Across the subcontinent, other Brahmins are also believed to have switched from the traditional duties of Brahmins in favor of military and administrative ones. In other parts of the subcontinent, outside of Punjab and the Gandhara region, there were also groups known as Tyagi-Brahmans. These groups also claim to have descended from the Parshurama. They are mostly found in Haryana and Western Uttar Pradesh; traditionally, they have a close relationship and brotherhood with the Rajputs (Thakurs) and Mohyals.

Some Mohyal Brahmins migrated eastward and became as some sub-divisions of Bhumihar Brahmins, some of whom are also descendants of Hussaini Brahmins and mourn the death of Imam Hussain. Bhumihar Brahmins and Tyagi-Mohyal Brahmins have an affinity and brotherhood for each other. The  Bhumihar Brahmins, of whom many, though not all, belong to the Saryupareen Brahmin division of Kanyakubja Brahmins.In Kerala Ezhavathy is also a Mohyal community.

## The Brahmins of Vedic Period

The Brahmanas of the Vedic period were regarded as the most knowledgeable people and the best of best in all arts. Therefore, not all Hindus worship other Gods.

### The sub-groups

In Tamil Nadu, The Iyers and Iyengars are well known Brahmin communities. Iyers are mostly worshippers of Shiva and the Iyengars are Vaishnavites.
Kshatriya

**Kshatriya** is a division of the varna system in Hinduism. A _kshatriya_ or _Rajanya_ was a king, warrior, ruler, politician, or administrative worker.

There are 3 chief Kshatriya Rajput lineages:-
- Suryavanshi (Solar Dynasty)
- Chandravanshi (Lunar Dynasty)
- Agnivanshi (Fire Dynasty)

Some sub-lineages of these are:
- Raghuvanshi (sub-branch of Suryavanshi Rajputs)
- Yaduvanshi (sub-branch of Chandravanshi Rajputs)
- Nagvanshi (Snake Dynasty)
Vaishya

**Vaishya** is a division of the caste system.  A vaishya is a trader, merchant or artisan.

In the modern time, the vaishyas are known as Baniyas in the Indian subcontinent.
Shudra

**Shudra** is a division of the ancient Indian caste system. A shudra is considered a servant or peasant. Shudra and Ati-shudra indicates the bottom most ranks in the Indian caste system.

Mahatma Jyotirao Phule set out the history of shudra-ati-shudra communities in his book, ‘_Gulamgiri’._ He drew the attention to the exploitation of Shudras, Ati-shudras, and women etc. At this time, most prefer not even to touch such castes.
Jnana yoga

In Hinduism, **Jnana Yoga** is the yoga or practice of knowledge. Jyâna in Sanskrit means "knowledge".

In the Bhagavad Gita Krishna says that jyâna consists of properly understanding _kshetra_ (the field of activity—that is, the body) and _kshetra-jna_ (the knower of the body—that is, the soul). Krishna emphasizes one must understand the difference between these two. "Those who see with eyes of knowledge the difference between the body and the knower of the body, and can also understand the process of liberation from bondage in material nature, attain to the supreme goal."
Atharvaveda

The **Atharvaveda** or **Atharva Veda** () is one of the four Vedas in Hinduism. It is known as the “knowledge storehouse of procedures for everyday life." This Veda is the fourth one and was added later to the Vedic scriptures. The language of the Atharvaveda is different from the Rigveda. It has 730 hymns with about 6,000 mantras, divided into 20 books. Some parts of it are taken from the Rigveda. There are two versions of the text -  and . A well-preserved version of the  was found in Odisha in 1957.

The Atharvaveda is sometimes referred to as the "Veda of magical formulas," but the description is hardly apt. It has rituals for daily life, such as learning, marriage, and funerals, as well as royal rituals and duties of court priests. It was compiled probably around 1200 BCE – 1000 BCE, concurrently with the Samaveda and Yajurveda. It too carries philosophical texts and three vital Upanishads known as Mundaka, Mandukya, and Prashna Upanishads.

## Infobox (religious text)

- **religion**: Historical Vedic religion
Hinduism
- **image**:
- **alt**: Four Vedas
- **language**: Vedic Sanskrit
- **caption**: Four Vedas
- **period**: Vedic period ( 1200–900 BCE)
- **chapters**: 20 _Chapter (books), kāṇḍas_
- **verses**: 5,977 mantras
- **background**: #FFD3A4
London Borough of Tower Hamlets

The **London Borough of Tower Hamlets** is a London Borough a bit east of the City of London and north of the River Thames.

Victoria Park is one of the most important parks. It has a canal running through it and lots of people like to walk their dogs.

## Infobox (london borough)

- **name**: London Borough of Tower Hamlets
- **short name**: Tower Hamlets
- **imagename**: Image:LondonTowerHamlets.png
- **status**: London Boroughs, London borough
- **area rank**: 348th
- **area km2**: 19.77
- **ons code**: 00BG
- **adminhq**: Clove Crescent, Blackwall
- **ethnicity**: 51.4% White
(42.9% White British, 1.9% Irish people, Irish,
6.6% white other)
36.6% British Asian, South Asian
6.5% Black British
2.6% Mixed race
 1.8% British Chinese, Chinese
 0.1% Arab
 0.1% Jewish
- **url**: http://www.towerhamlets.gov.uk/
- **leadership**: Leader & Cabinet
- **mayor**: Shafiqul Haque
- **mps**: Jim Fitzpatrick (politician), Jim Fitzpatrick
Rushanara Ali
- **gla constituency**: City and East London
- **gla member**: John Biggs
Uriah Heep

**Uriah Heep** are an English hard rock band. They formed in December 1969.

## Studio albums

- ...Very 'Eavy ...Very 'Umble (1970)
- Salisbury (1971)
- Look at Yourself (1971)
- Demons and Wizards (1972)
- The Magician's Birthday (1972)
- Sweet Freedom (1973)
- Wonderworld (1974)
- Return to Fantasy (1975)
- High and Mighty (1976)
- Firefly (1977)
- Innocent Victim (1977)
- Fallen Angel (1978)
- Conquest (1980)
- Abominog (1982)
- Head First (1983)
- Equator (1985)
- Raging Silence (1989)
- Different World (1991)
- Sea of Light (1995)
- Sonic Origami (1998)
- Wake the Sleeper (2008)
- Into the Wild (2011)
- Outsider (2014)
- Living the Dream (2018)
- Chaos & Colour (2023)

## Other websites

- The official Uriah Heep website

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Uriah Heep
- **img**: Uriah Heep 1.jpg
- **img capt**: Uriah Heep in 2008
- **img size**: 250
- **landscape**: Yes
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: London, England
- **genre**: Hard rock, progressive rock, Heavy metal music, heavy metal, punk rock
- **years active**: 1969-present
- **label**: Vertigo Records, Vertigo, Bronze Records, Bronze, Island Records, Island, Warner Bros. Records, Warner Bros., Mercury Records, Mercury, Chrysalis Records, Chrysalis, Sanctuary Records, Sanctuary, Castle Records, Castle, and others
- **associated acts**: The Gods (band), The Gods, Spice (band), Spice, Living Loud
- **current members**: Mick Box
Trevor Bolder
Phil Lanzon
Bernie Shaw
Russell Gilbrook
- **past members**: See: Uriah Heep (band)#Lineups, Uriah Heep band member history
Church–Turing thesis

The **Church-Turing thesis** (also known as **Church's thesis**, **Church's conjecture** and **Turing's thesis**) is a statement about computers. It says that a very simple kind of computer now named a “Turing machine” is able to compute all computable functions. The Church-Turing thesis is linked to Gödel's incompleteness theorems.
When a programming language is able to do what a Turing machine can do, that language is called Turing complete. If a problem is solvable in one such language, then it is solvable in all of those.

lt:Tiuringo mašina#Tiuringo tezė
London Borough of Brent

The **London Borough of Brent** is a London borough in north-west London and is part of Greater London. It is known for landmarks such as Wembley Stadium, the Neasden Temple and the Kiln Theatre. It also contains the Welsh Harp reservoir and the Park Royal commercial estate. The local authority is Brent London Borough Council.

Brent's population is estimated to be 339,800. Major areas are Kilburn, Willesden, Wembley, and Harlesden. Stonebridge, Kingsbury, Kensal Green, Neasden, and Kenton being the smaller areas.

## Infobox (london borough)

- **name**: London Borough of Brent
- **short name**: Brent
- **adminhq**: Forty Lane, Wembley
- **imagename**: Image:LondonBrent.svg
- **status**: London Borough, London borough
- **area rank**: 312th
- **area km2**: 43.24
- **ons code**: 00AE
- **url**: http://www.brent.gov.uk/
- **leadership**: Leader & Cabinet
- **ethnicity**: 29.1% White British
9.1% White other
7.0% Irish
27.7% British Asian, South Asian
19.9% Black British
5.9% Mixed Race or other
 1.1% British Chinese, Chinese
0.1% Brazilian
- **mayor**: Bertha Joseph, Cllr Bertha Joseph
- **mps**: Dawn Butler
Barry Gardiner
Sarah Teather
- **gla constituency**: Brent and Harrow
- **gla member**: Robert Blackman
London Borough of Ealing

The **London Borough of Ealing** is a London borough in West London, it is part of Greater London. It includes Ealing, famous for the Ealing Studios, a movie studio.

## Infobox (london borough)

- **name**: London Borough of Ealing
- **short name**: Ealing
- **imagename**: Image:LondonEaling.png
- **status**: London Boroughs, London borough
- **adminhq**: Ealing Town Hall, Uxbridge Road, Ealing
- **area rank**: 293rd
- **area km2**: 55.53
- **ons code**: 00AJ
- **ethnicity**: 58.7% White
44.9% British
8.8% White other
5.0% Irish
24.5% British Asian, South Asian
8.8% British African-Caribbean community, African-Caribbean
6.8% Mixed Race or other
1.2% British Chinese, Chinese
- **url**: http://www.ealing.gov.uk/
- **leadership**: Leader & Cabinet (currently led by Jason Stacey)
- **mayor**: Ian Green
- **mps**: Stephen Pound
Andrew Slaughter
Virendra Sharma
- **gla constituency**: Ealing and Hillingdon
- **gla member**: Richard Barnes (politician), Richard Barnes
Tamamo-no-Mae

**Tamamo-no-Mae** (玉藻前) is a legendary figure in Japanese mythology and folklore. In the Otogizoshi, a collection of Japanese prose written in the Muromachi period, Tamamo-no-Mae was a courtesan under the Japanese Emperor Konoe.  She was said to be the most beautiful and intelligent woman in Japan.  Tamamo-no-Mae's body mysteriously always smelled wonderful, and her clothes never became dirty.  Tamamo-no-Mae was not only beautiful, but she was very wise in all subjects.  Although she appeared to be only twenty years old, there was no question that she could not answer.  She answered every question posed to her, whether about music, religion, or astronomy.  Because of her beauty and intelligence, everyone in the Imperial Court adored her, and Emperor Konoe fell deeply in love with her.

After some time had passed, the Emperor suddenly and mysteriously fell ill.  He went to many priests and fortune-tellers for answers, but they had none to offer.  Finally, an astrologer told the Emperor that Tamamo-no-Mae was the cause of his illness.  The astrologer explained that the beautiful young woman was in fact an evil fox with nine tails (kitsune), who was making the Emperor ill in an evil plan to take the throne.  Following this, Tamamo-no-Mae disappeared from the court.

The Emperor ordered Kazusa-no-suke and Miura-no-suke, the most powerful warriors of the day, to hunt and kill the fox.  After escaping from the hunters for some time, the fox appeared to Miura-no-suke in a dream.  Once again in the form of the beautiful Tamamo-no-Mae, the fox told Miura-nosuke would kill it the next day, and begged for its life.  Miura-no-suke refused.

Early the next day, the hunters found the fox on the Plain of Nasu, and Miura-no-suke shot and killed the magical creature with an arrow.  The body of the fox became the **Sessho-seki**, or **Killing Stone**, which kills anyone that comes in contact with it.  Tamamo-no-Mae's spirit became **Hoji** and haunted the stone.

Hoji is said to have haunted this stone until a Buddhist priest called Genno stopped for a rest near the stone and was threatened by Hoji.  Genno did a certain spiritual ritual, and begged the spirit to consider her spiritual salvation, until finally Hoji surrendered and swore to never haunt the stone again.

In Matsuo Bashō's famous book, _The Narrow Road to the Deep North_ (Oku no Hosomichi), Bashō tells of visiting the stone.

The stone split on March 5, 2022. While some have humorously said that Tamamo-no-Mae is now free, there is a far more general belief that the split is an omen of impending tragedy.

Tamamo-no-Mae's legend served as base for the noh drama _Sesshō-seki_ ("_The Killing Stone_") and the kabuki play _Tamamo-no-Mae_ (or _The Beautiful Fox Witch_).

## References

- Mailahn, Klaus: Der Fuchs in Glaube und Mythos, Münster 2006, 190-194,
London Borough of Hounslow

The **London Borough of Hounslow** is a London borough in West London. The western District line and Piccadilly line pass through the Borough. The area was part of Middlesex, and is near to London Heathrow Airport. Through Houslow runs the A4 Great West Road.

The heart of Hounslow is the Treaty Centre, a two-floor shopping paradise with over 10 shops including a Debenhams. There is also a library. The musician M.I.A is from here, and the movie _Bend it like Beckham_ is set in this part of London.

## Other websites

- Hounslow info

## Infobox (london borough)

- **name**: London Borough of Hounslow
- **short name**: Hounslow
- **imagename**: Image:LondonHounslow.png
- **status**: London Boroughs, London borough
- **area rank**: 292th
- **area km2**: 55.98
- **ons code**: 00AT
- **adminhq**: Hounslow
- **ethnicity**: 64.9% White
24.7% British Asian, South Asian
4.4% British African-Caribbean community, African-Caribbean
- **url**: http://www.hounslow.gov.uk/
- **leadership**: Leader & Cabinet
- **mayor**: Cllr Felicity Barwood
- **mps**: Alan Keen
 Ann Keen
- **gla constituency**: South West London
- **gla member**: Tony Arbour
Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames

The **Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames** is a London borough in south-west London. It is one of three Royal boroughs in London.

## Infobox (london borough)

- **name**: Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames
- **short name**: Kingston upon Thames
- **imagename**: Image:LondonKingston.png
- **status**: London Boroughs, London borough
Royal borough
- **area rank**: 325th
- **area km2**: 37.25
- **ons code**: 00AX
- **adminhq**: Kingston upon Thames
- **ethnicity**: 84.5% White
7.8% British Asian, South Asian
1.6% British African-Caribbean community, African-Caribbean
1.4% British Chinese, Chinese
- **url**: [http://www.kingston.gov.uk/ RB Kingston upon Thames]
- **leadership**: Leader & Executive
- **mayor**: Shiraz Mirza (Lib)
- **mps**: Edward Davey (Lib)
 Susan Kramer (Lib)
- **gla constituency**: South West (London Assembly constituency), South West London
- **gla member**: Tony Arbour (Con)
London Borough of Sutton

The **London Borough of Sutton** is a London borough in south west London. It borders the London Boroughs of Croydon, Merton and Royal Kingston, and the Surrey boroughs of Epsom and Ewell and Reigate and Banstead.

## Infobox (london borough)

- **name**: London Borough of Sutton
- **short name**: Sutton
- **imagename**: Image:LondonSutton.png
- **status**: London Boroughs, London borough
- **area rank**: 310th
- **area km2**: 43.85
- **ons code**: 00BF
- **adminhq**: Sutton
- **ethnicity**: 89.2% White
4.7% British Asian, South Asian
2.6% British African-Caribbean community, African-Caribbean
- **url**: http://www.sutton.gov.uk/
- **leadership**: Leader & Cabinet
- **mayor**: Cllr. Myfanwy Wallace
- **mps**: Tom Brake
 Paul Burstow
- **gla constituency**: Croydon and Sutton
- **gla member**: Andrew Pelling
London Borough of Bromley

The **London Borough of Bromley** is a London Borough of south east London.

## Infobox (london borough)

- **name**: London Borough of Bromley
- **short name**: Bromley
- **adminhq**: Stockwell Close, Bromley
- **imagename**: Image:LondonBromley.svg
- **status**: London Boroughs, London borough
- **area rank**: 211th
- **area km2**: 150.15
- **area link**: 1 E8 m²
- **ons code**: 00AF
- **ethnicity**: 91.6% White
2.6% British Asian, South Asian
2.9% British African-Caribbean community, African-Caribbean
- **url**: http://www.bromley.gov.uk/
- **leadership**: Leader (Cllr Stephen Carr) & Cabinet
- **mayor**: Cllr Pauline Tunnicliffe
- **mps**: John Horam
Jacqui Lait
Bob Neill
- **gla constituency**: Bexley and Bromley
- **gla member**: Bob Neill
London Borough of Lewisham

The **London Borough of Lewisham** is a London borough in south east London.

## Infobox (london borough)

- **name**: London Borough of Lewisham
- **short name**: Lewisham
- **imagename**: Image:LondonLewisham.png
- **status**: London Boroughs, London Borough
- **area rank**: 329th
- **area km2**: 35.15
- **ons code**: 00AZ
- **adminhq**: Catford
- **ethnicity**: 65.9% White
23.4% Black British
3.8% British Asian, South Asian
1.4% British Chinese, Chinese
- **url**: http://www.lewisham.gov.uk/
- **leadership**: Mayor & Cabinet
- **mayor**: Steve Bullock
- **mps**: Jim Dowd (politician), Jim Dowd
Bridget Prentice
Joan Ruddock
- **gla constituency**: Greenwich and Lewisham
- **gla member**: Len Duvall
London Borough of Bexley

The **London Borough of Bexley** () is a London Borough in south east London.

## Infobox (london borough)

- **name**: London Borough of Bexley
- **short name**: Bexley
- **adminhq**: Broadway, Bexleyheath
- **imagename**: Image:LondonBexley.svg
- **status**: London Boroughs, London borough
- **area rank**: 289th
- **area km2**: 60.56
- **ons code**: 00AD
- **ethnicity**: 91.4% White
3.4% British Asian, South Asian
2.9% British African-Caribbean community, African-Caribbean
- **url**: [http://www.bexley.gov.uk/ LB Bexley]
- **leadership**: Leader & Cabinet
- **mayor**: Cllr Brian Beckwith
- **mps**: John Austin (politician), John Austin
 Derek Conway
 David Evennett
- **gla constituency**: Bexley and Bromley
- **gla member**: Bob Neill
London Borough of Havering

The **London Borough of Havering** is an east London borough. Romford is the major centre. Havering is connected to central London via the District Line, which terminates at Upminster & the Elizabeth Line which takes you to Harold Wood station in Havering. It terminates 2 stops further along at Shenfield, a major connecting station for the East and South East of England.

## Infobox (london borough)

- **name**: London Borough of Havering
- **short name**: Havering
- **adminhq**: Main Road, Romford
- **imagename**: Image:LondonHavering.svg
- **status**: London Boroughs, London borough
- **area rank**: 231st
- **area km2**: 112.27
- **area link**: 1 E8 m²
- **ons code**: 00AR
- **ethnicity**: 95.2% White
1.8% British Asian, South Asian
1.4% British African-Caribbean community, African-Caribbean
- **url**: http://www.havering.gov.uk/
- **leadership**: Leader & Cabinet
- **mayor**: —
- **mps**: James Brokenshire
Andrew Rosindell
Angela Watkinson
- **gla constituency**: Havering and Redbridge
- **gla member**: Roger Evans
London Borough of Barking and Dagenham

The **London Borough of Barking and Dagenham** is a London borough in East London.

## Infobox (london borough)

- **name**: London Borough of Barking and Dagenham
- **short name**: Barking and Dagenham
- **adminhq**: Rainham Road North, Becontree Heath
- **imagename**: Image:LondonBarkingDagenham.svg
- **status**: London Boroughs, London borough
- **area rank**: 327th
- **area km2**: 36.09
- **ons code**: 00AB
- **ethnicity**: 85.2% White
7.0% Black British
 5.1% British Asian, South Asian
- **url**: [http://www.barking-dagenham.gov.uk/ LB Barking & Dagenham]
- **leadership**: Leader & Cabinet
- **mayor**: —
- **mps**: Jon Cruddas
 Margaret Hodge
- **gla constituency**: City and East London
- **gla member**: John Biggs
London Borough of Redbridge

The **London Borough of Redbridge** is a London borough in north east London.

## Infobox (london borough)

- **name**: London Borough of Redbridge
- **short name**: Redbridge
- **imagename**: Image:LondonRedbridge.svg
- **status**: London Boroughs, London borough
- **area rank**: 291st
- **area km2**: 56.41
- **ons code**: 00BC
- **adminhq**: Ilford
- **ethnicity**: 63.5% White
 (57.4% British, 2.3% Irish, 3.8% non-British)
25.0% British Asian, South Asian
7.6% British African-Caribbean community, African-Caribbean
 3.0% Mixed Race
- **url**: [http://www.redbridge.gov.uk/ LB Redbridge]
- **mayor**: Cllr Mrs Joyce Ryan
- **leader**: Cllr Alan Weinberg
- **mps**: Harry Cohen
 Mike Gapes
 Lee Scott (UK Politician), Lee Scott
 Iain Duncan Smith
- **gla constituency**: Havering and Redbridge
- **gla member**: Roger Evans
London Borough of Newham

The **London Borough of Newham** is a London borough in Outer London. It is located on the River Thames in East London.

## Infobox (london borough)

- **name**: London Borough of Newham
- **short name**: Newham
- **imagename**: Image:LondonNewham.svg
- **status**: London Boroughs, London Borough
- **area rank**: 326th
- **area km2**: 36.22
- **ons code**: 00BB
- **adminhq**: East Ham
- **ethnicity**: 39.4% White (33.7% British, 1.32% Irish, 3.66% White non-British)
32.5% British Asian, South Asian
21.6% British African-Caribbean community, African-Caribbean
3.7% Multiracial, Mixed race
2.8% British Chinese, Chinese
 0.1% Arab
- **url**: http://www.newham.gov.uk/
- **leadership**: Mayor & Cabinet
- **mayor**: Sir Robin Wales
- **mps**: Lyn Brown (politician), Lyn Brown
 Jim Fitzpatrick (politician), Jim Fitzpatrick
 Stephen Creswell Timms, Stephen Timms
- **gla constituency**: City and East London
- **gla member**: John Biggs
London Borough of Waltham Forest

The **London Borough of Waltham Forest** is a London borough in east London.

Waltham Forest has urban districts in the south with inner-city characteristics, and richer housing development in the north. The north has reservoirs, open spaces, small sections of Epping Forest, parks, and playing fields, which together cover a fifth (20%) of the borough.

## Infobox (london borough)

- **status**: London Boroughs, London borough
- **name**: London Borough of Waltham Forest
- **short name**: Waltham Forest
- **imagename**: Image:LondonWaltham.svg
- **area rank**: 323rd
- **area km2**: 38.82
- **ons code**: 00BH
- **adminhq**: Walthamstow
- **ethnicity**: 64.5% White
15.4% British African-Caribbean community, African-Caribbean
14.8% British Asian, South Asian
5.3% Mixed Race or Other
- **url**: http://www.lbwf.gov.uk/
- **leadership**: Leader (Cllr Clyde Loakes) & Cabinet
- **mayor**: Cllr Liaquat Ali
- **mps**: Harry Cohen
Neil Gerrard
Iain Duncan Smith
- **gla constituency**: North East London
- **gla member**: Jennette Arnold
London Borough of Haringey

The **London Borough of Haringey** is a London borough in north London. There are some interesting sights, for example, the stadium of the Premier League football club Tottenham Hotspur and the Alexandra Palace.

## Infobox (london borough)

- **name**: London Borough of Haringey
- **short name**: Haringey
- **imagename**: Image:LondonHaringey.svg
- **status**: London Boroughs, London borough
- **area rank**: 339th
- **area km2**: 29.59
- **ons code**: 00AP
- **adminhq**: Wood Green
- **ethnicity**: 65.6% White
20.0% British African-Caribbean community, African-Caribbean
6.7% British Asian, South Asian
1.1% British Chinese, Chinese
- **url**: http://www.haringey.gov.uk/
- **leadership
   mayor**: Cllr Gina Adamou
- **mps**: Lynne Featherstone
 David Lammy
- **gla constituency**: Enfield and Haringey
- **gla member**: Joanne McCartney
London Borough of Barnet

The **London Borough of Barnet** is a London borough in north London.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: London Borough of Barnet
- **settlement type**: London boroughs, London borough
- **imagesize**: 270px
- **image shield**: Coat of arms of the London Borough of Barnet.svg
- **shield size**: 100px
- **shield link**: Coat of arms of the London Borough of Barnet
- **blank emblem size**: 100px
- **image map**: Barnet UK locator map.svg
- **map caption**: Barnet shown within Greater London
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Sovereign state
- **subdivision name**: United Kingdom
- **subdivision type2**: Country of the United Kingdom, Constituent country
- **subdivision name2**: England
- **subdivision type3**: Regions of England, Region
- **subdivision name3**: Greater London, London
- **subdivision type4**: Ceremonial counties of England, Ceremonial county
- **subdivision name4**: Greater London
- **established title**: Created
- **established date**: 1 April 1965
- **seat type**: Admin HQ
- **seat**: 2 Bristol Avenue, Colindale
- **government type**: London boroughs, London borough council
- **governing body**: Barnet London Borough Council
- **leader title1**: London Assembly
- **leader name1**: Anne Clarke (politician), Anne Clarke (Lab) AM for Barnet and Camden (London Assembly constituency), Barnet and Camden
- **area total km2**: 86.74
- **area rank**: List of English districts by area, (of )
- **population rank**: List of English districts by population, (of )
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone**: Greenwich Mean Time, GMT
- **utc offset**: ±00:00UTC
- **timezone dst**: British Summer Time, BST
- **utc offset dst**: +1
- **postal code type**: Postcodes in the United Kingdom, Postcodes
- **postal code**: , , ,
- **area code**: 020
- **blank1 name**: ONS coding system, ONS code
- **blank1 info**: 00AC
- **blank2 name**: GSS coding system, GSS code
- **blank2 info**: E09000003
- **blank name sec2**: List of law enforcement agencies in the United Kingdom, Police
- **blank info sec2**: Metropolitan Police
London Borough of Harrow

The **London Borough of Harrow** is a London borough in north west London.

## Infobox (london borough)

- **name**: London Borough of Harrow
- **short name**: Harrow
- **adminhq**: Civic Centre
Harrow, London, Harrow
- **imagename**: Image:LondonHarrow.png
- **status**: London Boroughs, London borough
- **area rank**: 299th
- **area km2**: 50.47
- **ons code**: 00AQ
- **ethnicity**: 58.8% White
29.7% British Asian, South Asian
6.1% British African-Caribbean community, African-Caribbean
1.2% British Chinese, Chinese
- **url**: [http://www.harrow.gov.uk/ LB Harrow]
- **leadership**: Leader & Cabinet
- **mayor**: Paddy Lyne
- **mps**: Gareth Thomas (English politician), Gareth Thomas
 Tony McNulty
- **gla constituency**: Brent and Harrow
- **gla member**: Robert Blackman
London Borough of Hillingdon

The **London Borough of Hillingdon** is a London borough. It is the farthest west borough of London.

## Infobox (london borough)

- **name**: London Borough of Hillingdon
- **short name**: Hillingdon
- **imagename**: Image:LondonHillingdon.png
- **status**: London Boroughs, London borough
- **area rank**: 227th
- **area km2**: 115.70
- **area link**: 1 E8 m²
- **ons code**: 00AS
- **ethnicity**: 70.1% White
13.6% British Asian, South Asian
13.3% British African-Caribbean community, African-Caribbean
- **url**: [http://www.hillingdon.gov.uk/ LB Hillingdon]
- **leadership**: Leader (Cllr Ray Puddifoot) & Cabinet
- **mayor**: Cllr Catherine Dann
- **adminhq**: Civic Centre,
Uxbridge
- **mps**: Nick Hurd
John McDonnell (politician), John McDonnell
John Randall (UK politician), John Randall
- **gla constituency**: Ealing and Hillingdon
- **gla member**: Richard Barnes (politician), Richard Barnes
John Shakespeare

**Sir John Shakespeare II** (c. 1530-September 1601) was an English nobleman, politician, and knight. He was Sir William Shakespeare's father and husband of Mary Arden.

Sir John Shakespeare II was the son of English nobleman Sir Richard Shakespeare I (1490-1561) and Abigail Webb (1493-1565), John II was named after his paternal grandfather the English politician Sir John Shakespeare I (1460-1521), John II great-grandfather was the English politician Sir Thomas Shakespeare (1430-1511).
Norwegian Elkhound

The **Norwegian Elkhound** is a type of dog that was bred in Norway, where most of them are found. They are fluffy and are working dogs.

They have been living and working with humans since the stone age and served as a hunter, herder, guard and companion.

A spitz, type with curled tale and pricked ears, the are friendly, playful and also great with kids.They are a great family dog, but needs a large garden and daily walks. They enjoy an active family that will play with them but are more than happy to live a less strenuous life but they must not be allowed to get lazy because as with all hounds, will put on weight in excess.
Kim Dae-jung

**Kim Dae-jung** (6 January 1924 – 18 August 2009) was a South Korean president. In 2000, he got the Nobel Peace Prize. He is the first person from Korea to get a Nobel prize. A Roman Catholic since 1957, he has been called the "Nelson Mandela" of Asia   Kim Dae Jung was the President (succeeding Kim Young-sam) from 1998 to 2003. He was born in Haui-do, South Jeolla Province, an island off the South Korean Coast in 1924.

Kim died on 18 August 2009 at a hospital in Seoul from cardiac arrest caused by multiple organ failure and pneumonia, aged 85.

## Related pages

- List of Nobel Prize winners by country

## Other websites

- Official Nobel page for Kim
- Kim Dae-jung Presidential Library
- BBC article on his legacy

## Infobox (president)

- **honorific-prefix**: His Excellency
- **name**: Kim Dae-jung 김대중 金大中
- **image**: Kim Dae-jung presidential portrait.jpg
- **caption**: Official portrait, 1998
- **order**: 8th President of South Korea
- **term start**: February 25, 1998
- **term end**: February 25, 2003
- **predecessor**: Kim Young-sam
- **successor**: Roh Moo-hyun
- **birth place**: Hauido, Haui-do, Sinan County, South Jeolla, Sinan, South Jeolla Province, Jeollanam-do, Korea under Japanese rule, Japanese Korea
<small>(now Hauido, Haui Island, South Korea)</small>
- **death place**: Seoul, South Korea
- **signature**: Signature of Kim Dae-jung.svg
Bio Booster Armor Guyver

**Bio-Booster Armor Guyver** (Viz Media) or **Guyver** (Chuang Yi Publishing) (強殖装甲ガイバー, Kyōshoku Sōkō Gaibā?) is a long-running manga series written by Yoshiki Takaya.
Repulse Bay

**Repulse Bay** (, literally _Shallow Water Bay_) is a famous beach  in the southern part of Hong Kong Island.

## History

There are many stories explaining how the bay got its name: in 1841, pirates took Repulse Bay and lived there. They frequently took things from ships. In order to protect the ships, the British Fleet repulsed (attacked) the pirates and their base. Due to this event, it was named Repulse Bay. During the Japanese occupation of Hong Kong, the name of Repulse Bay was changed to ).

It is one of the most expensive residential areas in the world.
Pelagianism

**Pelagianism** is a theory named after Pelagius, a Celtic Christian theologian. It is the belief that people are not born with original sin and that mortal will can still choose good or evil without divine aid. For that reason, Adam's sin was set as a bad example for those that came after him, but it had no other consequences. Jesus came to set a good example, much like Adam's bad example, but also to pay the price for sins. Pelagius believed that because people choose to sin, they are like criminals who need to be pardoned, not victims of an inherited sinful nature.

Pelagianism was condemned as heresy at the Council of Ephesus in 431 AD. However, some people believe that Pelagius was simply misunderstood. Today there are no known Pelagians, but there are people who follow Celtic Christianity tradition, which respects Pelagius as a good example.

## Related pages

- Fall of Man

## Other websites

- Canons From The Council Of Carthage Against Pelagianism, May 1, 418
- CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Pelagius and Pelagianism
- Pelagians, Donatists, Monks, Anabaptists and other Perfectionists  - a sympathetic look at Pelagianism and similar 'perfectionist' movements
- Pelagius Library : Online site dedicated to the study of Pelagius
- Pelagianism: The Religion of Natural Man  - a critical look at Pelagianism
Goggles

**Goggles** and **safety glasses** are thick, plastic glasses worn over the eyes to keep objects out of them. Goggles are used to keep water out of the eyes when swimming. They are used to keep snow out of the eyes when skiing and also protect the eyes from the sun. They are also used for safety reasons when working with instruments that can be dangerous, like chemical or when things might fly into the eyes. Special goggles are used for kinds of welding to protect the eyes from bright light.

## Related pages

- Ski goggles
Urashima Tarō

is a Japanese fairy tale about a fisherman who rescues a turtle and is rewarded with a visit to the Ryūgū-jō, the Dragon Palace. There are many different versions of this story.

## Story

One day, a fisherman named Urashima Taro was fishing when he noticed a turtle, which appeared to be in trouble. Taro saved the turtle and in return the turtle magically gave Taro gills and brought Taro to the Dragon Palace (Ryūgū-jō), deep underwater. The turtle turned out to be the daughter of Ryūgū-jō, a lovely princess. He stayed there with her for a few days, and received a mysterious box from her when he was leaving, which she told him never to open.  What he did not realize that time in the Dragon Palace moves an awful lot slower than on land and when he returned 700 years had passed. When he got home he found that all of his family had died long ago. In grief, he opened the box. It revealed itself in a cloud of white smoke, it was his true age, and Urashima Taro aged and died.

## Related pages

- _Rip van Winkle_

## Other websites

- Urashima Taro  (in English)
Electrical generator

A **generator** usually means a machine that makes electrical energy. It has a generator head with wires, spinning inside a magnetic field. The resulting electromagnetic induction makes electricity flow through the wires. Hybrid electric vehicles carry a generator powerful enough to make them go. The biggest generators don't go anywhere; they stay in power stations.

Different things can be used to make the generator head spin. Some small ones are cranked by someone's arms or legs. Bigger ones are connected to an engine. The biggest ones use a steam turbine or hydroelectric water power. Some use wind power. Whatever makes it turn, the generator converts this energy into electrical energy.

Some portable generators have an internal combustion engine. They are harmful when used indoors because they make carbon monoxide.

## Components

Simple generators have:
- a rotor, which is the moving part of the generator
- an axle
- a magnet
- brushes

Some kinds have:
- a commutator, which is a switch that reverses the current
- a power supply to start the generator

## Related pages

- Electricity
Paste

**Paste** could mean:

- Glue, something that is used to make two objects stick together.
- Cut, copy and paste in computing.
- Paste (Mexican food), a type of Mexican food.
Inert gas

An **inert gas** is a gas that does not usually react chemically with other things. Examples of inert gases are nitrogen (N2) and helium.

An inert gas made of separate atoms of one element is called a noble gas. Inert gases can also be made of more than one atom together. They can be gases of molecules or mixtures of gases of elements.

Inert gases are used in several ways. A gas made from nitrogen is used to keep vegetables from spoiling when they are transported. Other inert gases are used in welding. They are put into gasoline tanks to help prevent explosions.
Emperor Gaozu of Han

**Emperor Gaozu of Han** (, 256 BC or 247 BC – 195 BC) was the founder of Han Dynasty. He ruled China from 202 BC until 195 BC. His name was **Liu Bang** () and **Ji** () was his courtesy name. He was born in Feng County. After defeating his enemy Xiang Yu, Liu Bang ruled China and became the first emperor of Han Dynasty. Emperor Wen of Han, Liu Bang's son, was the second emperor of the Han Dynasty.

## Life

One day, Liu Bang's mother slept near the river bank. Suddenly, thick clouds darkened the sky and it thundered. Liu Bang's father, Liu Taigong, felt it strange and he worried over his wife's safety. He went to find his wife immediately. When Liu Taigong arrived, he saw a dragon sleeping on her body. After this incident, Liu Tai Gong's wife had a baby and Liu Bang was born soon.
Philip Pullman

**Sir Philip Pullman** <small>CBE FRSL</small> (born Norwich, England, 19 October 1946) is an English writer. He is the best-selling author of _His Dark Materials_, a trilogy of fantasy novels, and a number of other books. In 2008, _The Times_ named Pullman in its list of "The 50 greatest British writers since 1945".One of the greatest books to come around in the 20th century

## Perspective on religion

Pullman is a supporter of the British Humanist Association and an Honorary Associate of the National Secular Society. _New Yorker_ journalist Laura Miller has described Pullman as one of England's most outspoken atheists, although Pullman describes himself as an agnostic.

On 15 September 2010, Pullman along with 54 other public figures signed an open letter, published in _The Guardian_ newspaper, stating their opposition to Pope Benedict XVI  being given "the honour of a state visit" to the UK, arguing that he has led and condoned global abuses of human rights. The letter says "The state of which the pope is head has also resisted signing many major human rights treaties and has formed its own treaties ("concordats") with many states which negatively affect the human rights of citizens of those states".  Other signers included Stephen Fry, Professor Richard Dawkins, Terry Pratchett, Jonathan Miller and Ken Follet.

### Non-series books

- 1972 _The Haunted Storm_
- 1976 _Galatea_
- 1982 _Count Karlstein_
- 1987 _How to be Cool_
- 1989 _Spring-Heeled Jack_
- 1990 _The Broken Bridge_
- 1992 _The White Mercedes_
- 1993 _The Wonderful Story of Aladdin and the Enchanted Lamp_
- 1995 _Clockwork, or, All Wound Up_
- 1995 _The Firework-Maker's Daughter_
- 1998 _Mossycoat_
- 1998 _The Butterfly Tattoo_ (re-issue of _The White Mercedes_)
- 1999 _I was a Rat! or The Scarlet Slippers_
- 2000 _Puss in Boots: The Adventures of That Most Enterprising Feline_
- 2004 _The Scarecrow and his Servant_

### The New-Cut Gang

- 1994 _Thunderbolt's Waxwork_
- 1995 _The Gasfitter's Ball_

### Sally Lockhart

- 1985 _The Ruby in the Smoke_
- 1986 _The Shadow in the North_ (first published as _The Shadow in the Plate_)
- 1990 _The Tiger in the Well_
- 1994 _The Tin Princess_

### His Dark Materials

- 1995 _Northern Lights_, retitled _The Golden Compass_ in the US
- 1997 _The Subtle Knife_
- 2000 _The Amber Spyglass_

#### Companion books

- 2003 _Lyra's Oxford_
- 2009 _The Book of Dust_

### Plays

- 1990 _Frankenstein_
- 1992 _Sherlock Holmes and the Limehouse Horror_

### Non-fiction

- 1978 _Ancient Civilisations_
- 1978 _Using the Oxford Junior Dictionary_

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Sir Philip Pullman
- **image**: Philip Pullman 2005-04-16.png
- **caption**: Philip Pullman signing a copy of _Lyra's Oxford_
- **birth place**: Norwich, Norfolk, England
- **occupation**: Novelist
- **genre**: Fantasy fiction, Fantasy
- **notableworks**: _His Dark Materials_ trilogy
- **website**: [http://www.philip-pullman.com Philip-Pullman.com]
Yomi

**Yomi** (黄泉), the Japanese word for the underworld in which horrible creatures guard the exits. According to Shinto mythology as related in Kojiki, this is where the dead go to exist and rot forever. When one eats at the hearth of Yomi it is impossible to return to the land of the living.

## Overview

Yomi is similar to Hades or Hell. In the Shintoist tradition, Yomi is known because Izanami retreated to that place after her death. Izanagi followed her there and when he returned, he washed himself, creating Amaterasu, Susanoo, and Tsukuyomi. (See Japanese mythology.)

Yomi is different from Christian Hell in that all souls go there, no matter their actions in life; and one does not receive punishment for evils made when alive. It is a dirty and polluted place. In Japanese tradition, pollution is usually associated to evil. By the tradition of Kojiki, Yomi is usually believed to be underground, and its entrance to be located in Izumo province. There is no knowledge about what happens to the souls when they go to the Yomi, whether they are punished or rewarded for their actions.

Yomi is ruled over by Izanami no Mikoto, the Grand Deity of Yomi (_Yomotsu-Ōkami_ 黄泉大神).  According to Kojiki. The entrance to Yomi was blocked by Izanagi when he returned to Earth, using a great boulder (_Chibiki-no-Iwa_ 千引の岩) at the base of the slope that leads to Yomi (_Yomotsu Hirasaka_ 黄泉平坂).