juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Pahang

**Pahang** is a state in Malaysia on the eastern part of Peninsular Malaysia. The capital city of Pahang is Kuantan.

There are 11 districts in Pahang, which are Bera, Bentong, Cameron Highlands, Jerantut, Kuantan, Kuala Lipis, Maran, Pekan, Raub, Rompin and Temerloh.
Perak

**Perak** is a state in Malaysia on the western part of Peninsular Malaysia. The capital city of Perak is Ipoh.
Perlis

**Perlis** is a state in Malaysia that is on the very northwestern part of Peninsular Malaysia, bordering Thailand. The capital city of Perlis is Kangar.
Sabah

**Sabah** is a state in Malaysia on the northeast part of the island of Borneo. The capital city of Sabah is Kota Kinabalu.
Terengganu

**Terangganu** (; <small>Jawi</small>:ترڠݢانو, <small>Terengganu Malay: Tranung)</small> formerly spelled **Trengganu** or **Tringganu**, is a state in Malaysia on the northeastern part of Peninsular Malaysia. The capital city of Terengganu is Kuala Terengganu.

## Other websites

- Terengganu State Government Information Portal
- Tourism Malaysia - Terengganu
- Terengganu tourism page

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Terengganu
- **official name**: Terengganu Darul Iman

- **settlement type**: States and federal territories of Malaysia, State of Malaysia
- **translit lang1**: Other
- **image flag**: Flag of Terengganu.svg
- **image shield**: Coat of arms of Terengganu.svg
- **motto**: Maju, Berkat dan Sejahtera
- **anthem**: _Terengganu State Anthem, Selamat Sultan_
- **image map**: Terengganu in Malaysia.svg
- **map caption**: **Terengganu** in  **Malaysia**
- **seat type**: List of national capitals, Capital
- **seat**: Kuala Terengganu
- **parts type**: Royal capital
- **parts style**: para
- **p1**: Kuala Terengganu
- **government type**: parliamentary system, Parliamentary constitutional monarchy
- **leader title**: Sultan of Terengganu, Sultan
- **leader name**: Mizan Zainal Abidin of Terengganu, Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin
- **leader title1**: List of Menteris Besar of Terengganu, Menteri Besar
- **leader name1**: Ahmad Samsuri Mokhtar (Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS), PAS)
- **area total km2**: 13035
- **population total**: 1,210,500(States and federal territories of Malaysia, 10th)
- **population as of**: 2017
- **population density km2**: auto
- **population blank1 title**: Demonym
- **population blank1**: Terengganuan, Terengganurian
- **demographics type1**: Human Development Index
- **demographics1 title1**: HDI (2017)
- **demographics1 info1**: 0.807 (<span style="color:#090;">very high</span>) (States and federal territories of Malaysia, 3rd)
- **postal code type**: List of postal codes in Malaysia, Postal code
- **postal code**: 20xxx to 24xxx
- **area code type**: Telephone numbers in Malaysia, Calling code
- **area code**: 09
- **registration plate**: Malaysian vehicle license plates, T
- **blank name sec2**: British control
- **blank info sec2**: 1909
- **blank1 name sec2**: Japanese occupation of Malaya, Japanese occupation
- **blank1 info sec2**: 1942
- **blank2 name sec2**: Accession into the Federation of Malaya
- **blank2 info sec2**: 1948
- **blank3 name sec2**: Independence as part of the Federation of Malaya
- **blank3 info sec2**: 31 August 1957
Labuan

**Labuan** is an island which is also the Federal Territory in Malaysia. It is off the northeastern part of the island of Borneo facing the South China Sea.
Putrajaya

**Putrajaya** is the administrative capital city of Malaysia. It is south of Kuala Lumpur, the seat of government of Malaysia. It is also a Federal Territory in Malaysia.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Putrajaya
- **official name**: Federal Territory of Putrajaya

- **other name**: ڤوتراجاي
- **settlement type**: Administrative Capital and States and federal territories of Malaysia, Federal territory
- **translit lang1**: Other
- **translit lang1 type1**: Malay language, Malay
- **translit lang1 type2**: Chinese language, Chinese
- **translit lang1 info2**: 布城
- **translit lang1 type3**: Tamil language, Tamil
- **translit lang1 info3**: புத்திராசெயா
- **image caption**: **From top, left to right:**
Perdana Putra housed the office of the Prime Minister of Malaysia, Malaysia's Prime Minister, the Putra Mosque, the Putrajaya Corporation Complex, the Tuanku Mizan Zainal Abidin Mosque, the Putrajaya International Convention Centre, PICC, Seri Wawasan Bridge, High-rise ministry complexes, and Aerial view of Putrajaya
- **image flag**: Flag of Putrajaya.svg
- **image seal**: Coat of arms of Putrajaya.svg
- **motto**: ""
("Garden City, Intelligent City")
- **image map1**: Putrajaya in Malaysia (zoom).svg
- **map caption1**: **Putrajaya** in  Malaysia
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Malaysia
- **established title**: First settled
- **established title2**: Planned city established
- **established date2**: 19 October 1995
- **established title3**: Transferred from Selangor to federal jurisdiction
- **established date3**: 1 February 2001
- **government type**: Federal territory, Direct federal administration
- **leader title**: Administered by
- **leader name**: Putrajaya Corporation
- **leader title1**: Chairman
- **leader name1**: Muhammad Azmi Mohd Zain
- **area total km2**: 49
- **population total**: 91,900
- **population as of**: 2018
- **population density km2**: auto
- **postal code type**: Postal codes in Malaysia, Postcode
- **postal code**: 62xxx
- **area code**: +603-88
- **area code type**: Telephone numbers in Malaysia, Calling code
- **iso code**: MY-16
- **blank name sec1**: Mean solar time
- **blank info sec1**: UTC+06:46:40
- **demographics type1**: Human Development Index
- **demographics1 title1**: HDI (2017)
- **demographics1 info1**: 0.877 (<span style="color:#090;">very high</span>) (States and federal territories of Malaysia, 1st)
- **timezone**: Malaysian Standard Time, MST
- **utc offset**: +8
- **blank1 name**: Vehicle registration plates of Malaysia, Vehicle registration
- **blank1 info**: F and _Putrajaya_
- **blank2 name**: Rapid Transit
- **blank2 info**:
Counterterrorism

**Counter-terrorism**, also spelled as **counterterrorism**, is work to prevent and fight against terrorism. Counter-terrorism is usually done by governments, militaries, paramilitaries, police forces, and special counter-terrorism units.

There are many different ways to do counter-terrorism. An important goal is to stop terrorism before it happens. This is done by trying to find out about plans to commit terrorism. If the plan is discovered, sometimes the terrorists can be arrested or security can be sent to protect the target of the terrorism.

Sometimes no one finds out about the terrorist plot until it starts to happen. When this happens, police or counter-terrorist soldiers may be sent to try and stop the terrorists from completing the plan, which usually leads to combat.

Counter-terrorists are also a playable team in the video game Counter-Strike and the subsequent sequels.
Boraginaceae

**Boraginaceae** is a family of around 2000 species, occurring mainly in Europe and Asia, especially in the Mediterranean region. Most of them are herbs, although there are some woody plants. Most of them are grown as ornamental plants, although some are a source of dye or have medicinal uses. The most well-known members of the Family include Forget-me-not (_Myosotis_), Heliotrope (_Heliotropium_), the Comfreys (_Symphytum_), Borage (_Borago_), and Hound's Tongue (_Cynoglossum_).
Capparaceae

**Capparaceae** commonly known the caper family, are trees, shrubs, or lianas, sometimes herbs, that are usually found in the tropics. The family may contain up to 16 genera and 480 species, although some genera currently included may not belong there. The largest genera are _Capparis_ (about 150 species), _Maerua_ (100 species), _Boscia_ (37 species) and _Cadaba_ (30 species).
Six Feet Under

***Six Feet Under*** is an American comedy-drama television show set in California. It aired from 2001 - 2005. There are 63 episodes, each one is 60 minutes long. It was created by screenwriter Alan Ball.

## Infobox (television)

- **genre**: Drama
- **creator**: Alan Ball (screenwriter), Alan Ball
- **starring**: Peter Krause
Michael C Hall
Frances Conroy
Lauren Ambrose
Freddy Rodrigues
Matthew St. Patrick
Rachel Griffiths
James Cromwell
- **composer**: Thomas Newman
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English language, English
- **num seasons**: 5
- **num episodes**: 63
- **executive producer**: Alan Ball
Alan Puol
- **runtime**: 60 minutes
Uppercut

An **uppercut** in boxing is a punch that usually aims for an opponent's chin. It is commonly known as a **hook to the chin** (for example in German: _Kinnhaken_).

In the technical language, people do not use the expression "hook to the chin", because as a rule one calls a "hook" a punch from the side with the lead hand, and almost always the chin is the target of punches. It is achieved by lifting your right or left hand and attempting to hit the opponent's chin.

## Aim

The uppercut is often used to start or finish a set of punches.

## Notable users

Joe Louis was mostly known for his uppercuts.
Chlorite

**Chlorite** is an ion. Its chemical formula is ClO<sub>2</sub><sup>–</sup>. It is an oxidizing agent. It contains chlorine in its +3 oxidation state. They can be known as salts of chlorous acid. Some chlorites are explosives. It can be made by dissolving chlorine dioxide in a base. It can also be made by reduction of chlorate with hydrogen peroxide. Sodium chlorite is the most common chlorite.

## Related pages

- Hypochlorite
- Perchlorate
Chlorous acid

**Chlorous acid** is a chemical compound. It is an acid. Its chemical formula is HClO<sub>2</sub>. It contains chlorite ions. It is not stable. It easily disproportionates to hypochlorous acid and chloric acid. It is a strong oxidizing agent. Chlorites are made by reacting chlorous acid with a base. They are more stable. It can be made by reacting barium chlorite with sulfuric acid. This makes insoluble barium sulfate and chlorous acid.

## Related pages

- Perchlorate
- Hypochlorite
Sodium chlorite

**Sodium chlorite** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is NaClO<sub>2</sub>. It contains sodium and chlorite ions.

## Properties

Sodium chlorite is a colorless solid. It is a powerful oxidizing agent. It disproportionates sometimes. It forms the unstable chlorous acid when reacted with a strong acid.

## Preparation

It is made by reducing chlorine dioxide in a basic solution of hydrogen peroxide.

## Uses

Sodium chlorite can be used to disinfect water. Since chlorine dioxide is too reactive to store, sodium chlorite is stored and converted to chlorine dioxide before use. It is also used as a disinfectant. It can be used in oxidation reactions in organic chemistry.

## Safety

It is similar to chlorates in toxicity. Ingestion of about 10 grams would be fatal. A smaller amount could make someone very sick.

## Related pages

- Sodium hypochlorite
- Sodium chlorate
Chloric acid

**Chloric acid** is a chemical compound. It is also an acid. Its chemical formula is HClO<sub>3</sub>. It contains chlorate and hydrogen ions.

## Properties

Chloric acid is a colorless solution. It cannot be made pure. It only can be mixed with water. It is very reactive. Chloric acid can decompose when warmed to make perchloric acid, chlorine, chlorine dioxide, and oxygen. It is a powerful oxidizing agent. It can make things like sugar burn when it is mixed with them. Sulfur can make explosive mixtures with potassium chlorate because chloric acid can be made.

## Preparation

It can be made by reacting barium chlorate with sulfuric acid. The insoluble barium sulfate is filtered out. It can also be made by heating hypochlorous acid.

## Uses

Chloric acid can be used as a reagent in chemical analysis and to make other chemicals

## Related pages

- Hypochlorous acid
- Chlorous acid
- Perchloric acid
Barium chlorate

**Barium chlorate** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Ba(ClO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>. It contains barium and chlorate ions.

## Properties

Barium chlorate is a colorless solid. It is very toxic because it has barium ions in it. It also is an oxidizing agent. It makes oxygen gas when it is heated.

## Preparation

Barium chlorate can be made by reacting sodium chlorate and barium chloride. It can also be made by electrolytic oxidation of barium chloride, similar to the chloralkali process. It can also be made by reacting ammonium chlorate, an unstable compound, with barium carbonate. This mixture is boiled, converting the ammonium carbonate to ammonia and carbon dioxide.

## Uses

Barium chlorate is used in fireworks to make a green color. It is also used in matches to make oxygen and make the match burn faster.

## Related pages

- Barium nitrate
Ammonium chlorate

**Ammonium chlorate** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is NH<sub>4</sub>ClO<sub>3</sub>. It contains ammonium and chlorate ions.

## Properties

It is a colorless solid. The chlorate is an oxidizing agent and the ammonium is a reducing agent, making it a little explosive. It explodes when in sunlight for a few minutes. It should never be crystallized as it can explode without any detonation. It can catch flammable things on fire. It decomposes completely to nitrogen, chlorine, and oxygen when heated gently.

## Preparation

It can be made by reacting ammonia or ammonium carbonate with chloric acid.

## Uses

It is used to make barium chlorate.

## Related pages

- Ammonium nitrate
- Ammonium perchlorate
Ammonium carbonate

**Ammonium carbonate**, also known as **baker's ammonia** or **sal volatile**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is (NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>. It contains ammonium and carbonate ions.

## About

Ammonium carbonate is a white solid. It dissolves in water. It reacts with acids to make an ammonium salt and carbon dioxide. It has a slight smell of ammonia. It reacts with bases to make ammonia gas.

## Preparation

Ammonium carbonate is made by reacting ammonium sulfate, ammonium chloride, and calcium carbonate in a furnace. The ammonium carbonate is exposed to air to decompose any bicarbonate and then is sold. It can also be made by reacting carbon dioxide with ammonia.

## Uses

It is used to make bread rise. It can also be used in cough syrup.

## Related pages

- Sodium carbonate
Ammonium nitrate

**Ammonium nitrate** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is NH<sub>4</sub>NO<sub>3</sub>. It contains ammonium and nitrate ions. The nitrogen is in the -3 and +5 oxidation states.

## Properties

Ammonium nitrate is a colorless solid. It dissolves in water. It makes water cold when it dissolves. It is an oxidizing agent. When it is heated gently, it turns into water and nitrous oxide. It can detonate when heated strongly. There were several disasters where ammonium nitrate exploded. Ammonium nitrate fertilizers were banned in some places because they were used to make explosives.

## Preparation

Ammonium nitrate is made by reacting ammonia with nitric acid. This reaction is very violent. It can be made by reacting sodium nitrate with ammonium sulfate. This makes a solution of ammonium nitrate and sodium sulfate. When the mixture is cooled, the sodium sulfate is crystallized and can be filtered.

## Uses

Ammonium nitrate is used as a fertilizer. It contains more nitrogen than most fertilizers. It is also used in explosives. It can be used as an oxidizer in rockets.

## Related pages

- Ammonium chlorate
- Ammonium perchlorate
Chlorine dioxide

**Chlorine dioxide** is a chemical compound (a thing made when two or more chemical elements attach to each other). Its chemical formula is ClO<sub>2</sub>. The Cl means 1 chlorine ion and the O2 means two oxide ions. The chlorine is in its +4 oxidation state. That means that when the chemical compound was made, four electrons were taken from the chlorine and given to the oxygens.

## Description

It is a yellowish gas. It has a bad smell. It can explode easily. It reacts (has chemical reactions with) many other chemicals. It explodes when it is more than 15% concentration in air. When light is shined on it, it can explode. It dissolves easily in cold water.

## How it is made

It is made by oxidation (the pulling of electrons away from) of sodium chlorite by chlorine gas.

It can also be made by reduction (giving electrons to) of sodium chlorate in an acidic solution. There are some reducing agents (chemicals that reduce another chemical) that can be used. Methanol (an alcohol), sulfur dioxide (a gas made by burning sulfur), hydrochloric acid (a common acid), or hydrogen peroxide can be used.

There are even more ways to make chlorine dioxide.  Sodium chlorite can react with a mixture of sodium hypochlorite and hydrochloric acid to make chlorine dioxide.

Electrolysis (the passing of an electric current through a liquid) of a chlorite solution like sodium chlorite makes chlorine dioxide.

Chlorine dioxide can explode easily.  That is why it is normally made when it is needed, and immediately dissolved in water to make it safer.  It is not normally packaged and sent to people that need it.

## Uses

Chlorine dioxide is used to bleach wood pulp to make paper. It can also be used to disinfect water. There are some ways it is better than chlorine. It is less corrosive (breaking down other things) than chlorine and does not make as many bad things in water.

## Related pages

- Perchlorate
- Hypochlorous acid
- Bromine dioxide
Potassium perchlorate

**Potassium perchlorate** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is KClO<sub>4</sub>. It contains potassium and perchlorate ions.

## Properties

Potassium perchlorate is a colorless crystalline solid. It dissolves in water only a little. It is an oxidizing agent. It can react with glucose to make carbon dioxide, potassium chloride, and water. It can be mixed with sulfur, while potassium chlorate cannot safely be mixed.

## Preparation

It is made by reacting potassium chloride with sodium perchlorate. This makes the potassium perchlorate crystals.

## Uses

It is used as a rocket propellant. It can also be used in fireworks and other explosives. Ammonium perchlorate is used more, though.

## Related pages

- Hypochlorite
- Chlorite
- Sodium chlorite
Fashion accessory

A **fashion accessory** is  a decorative item that supplements one's outfit. Items such as such as jewellery, gloves, handbags, hats, belts, scarves, watches, sunglasses, pins, stockings, bow ties, leggings, ties, suspenders, and tights.

Accessories add color, style and class to an outfit, and create a certain look, but they may also have practical functions. Handbags are for carrying small necessary items, hats protect the face from weather, Laptops and mobile phones communicate, and gloves keep the hands warm.

Accessories may be used to show religious or cultural affiliation: Crucifixes, Star of David, Islamic headscarves, skullcaps and turbans are common examples. Designer labels on accessories are perceived as an indicator of social status.

Accessories are also available in the form of bracelets, necklaces, and earrings.
Corrymeela Community

The **Corrymeela Community** is a Christian community whose objective is the promotion of reconciliation and peace-building in Northern Ireland. They want to do this through the healing of social, religious and political divisions in Northern Ireland.
Trip hop

**Trip hop** is a genre of downtempo music. It began as a mix of rock, jazz, dub, soul, and some other elements including psychedelic rock, ambient, progressive rock, acid jazz and alternative hip hop. It came from Bristol, England in the early 1990s; the group that started what has become to be called the _Bristol sound_ was Massive Attack.

## Infobox (music genre)

- **bgcolor**: silver
- **color**: black
- **name**: Trip hop
- **stylistic origins**: Hip hop, electronica, downtempo, jazz, R&B, dub, psychedelic rock, alternative rock
- **cultural origins**: Early 1990s Bristol, United Kingdom
- **instruments**: Keyboard instrument, Keyboards (especially Rhodes piano, Rhodes), Turntablism, turntables, Sampler (musical instrument), samplers, Brass instrument, brass, String instrument, strings, guitar, Electric bass, bass, drums, percussion
- **popularity**: 1994 to present in UK and later in US
- **fusiongenres**: Trip rock
- **subgenrelist**: :Category:Trip hop
- **subgenres**: Illbient – Post-trip-hop
- **regional scenes**: Bristol
- **other topics**: Bristol underground scene – Industrial hip-hop – Breakbeat – Nu jazz
Big beat

**Big beat** is a genre of dance music, which includes various genres of music, including drum and bass, alternative rock, trip hop, acid house, beat music, punk rock and psychedelic rock.

## Infobox (music genre)

- **name**: Big beat
- **color**: black
- **bgcolor**: silver
- **stylistic origins**: Electronica, alternative rock, punk rock, trip hop, drum and bass, psychedelic rock, Rock and roll, beat music, house music, house
- **cultural origins**: mid-1990s United Kingdom
- **instruments**: Electronic keyboard, Keyboards, turntables, synthesizer, electric guitar, guitar, bass guitar, bass, Drum kit, drums, drum machine, Music sequencer, sequencer, Sampler (musical instrument), sampler, effects unit, digital effects
- **popularity**: Late 1990s to early 2000s
Pact of Steel

The **Pact of Steel** (; ), formally the **Pact of Friendship and Alliance between Germany and Italy**, was an agreement between Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany signed on May 22, 1939 by the foreign ministers of both countries: Count Galeazzo Ciano for Italy and Joachim von Ribbentrop for Germany.

The pact had two parts. The first was the formal text, which said that both countries would continue helping each other. The second had both countries agree to have the same military and economy policies and was called the "Secret Supplementary Protocol".

The pact's name was decided by Italian Prime Minister Benito Mussolini, who thought that its original name, "Pact of Blood", would be unpopular in his country.
Firing squad

A **firing squad** is a group of people with guns who shoot and kill a criminal who has been sentenced to death penalty.  The person being shot is often blindfolded.  This method of execution has often been used in the military for crimes such as desertion and cowardice.

Few countries use firing squads anymore.  Many countries have either stopped using the death penalty or switched to using lethal injection.  For example, in the United States, the state of Utah formerly used firing squads, but it now uses lethal injection.  However, some countries, such as Indonesia and the United Arab Emirates, still use firing squads.  As of 2014, 73 countries still use execution by firing squad, and is the sole method of execution in 45 different countries.
Client state

**Client state** is a word used to describe a state that has to follow a more powerful state in international politics.  The word is not specific compared with the other words which have similar meanings: satellite state, associated state, puppet state, neo-colony, protectorate, vassal state and tributary state.  The greater state may be said to exercise hegemony over the lesser one.
Panties

**Panties** are a kind of underwear. Women's panties are also called **knickers**. Other names are underpants ("undies"), briefs and smalls.

There are many different shapes and sizes of panties. A common type are bikini panties, which are usually small like a bikini bottom. **Bloomers** are panties which are loose-fitting and bigger. Panties with a high waistline are usually thought to be worn by older or more conservative women.

Panties may be made of silk, cotton, satin or man-made fabrics, and decorated with lace. Most full cut panties are made of cotton or other comfortable materials.

## Names

**Knickers** in British English only refers to female panties; in American usage the term is also used for a type of male trousers more properly called "breeches".
CeBIT

**CeBIT** is the name of an annual computer fair in Hanover, Germany. It is the worlds largest exhibition of this kind. CeBIT stand for "", German for "Centre of Office Automation and Information Technology and Telecommunication".

It takes place every year in spring on the "Messegelände", the large exhibition grounds of Hanover. From the 1950s until 1985, CeBit was a part of the Hanover fair ("Hanover-Messe"), a big industrial fair taking place every year in spring. Since 1986 it has been an independent fair.

In the 2000s the Cebit had about 500,000 visitors each year.
Robert Edwards

Sir **Robert Geoffrey Edwards** (27 September 1925 – 10 April 2013) was a British scientist who won the 2010 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work in developing in vitro fertilisation (IVF). This method is sometimes called making "test tube babies".

He began work on his ideas in the 1950s, and the first test tube baby, Louise Brown, was born on 25 July 1978. His research partner from 1968 was Patrick Steptoe (1913–1988). By 2010, more than 4 million babies had been born using the IVF method.

## Early life

Edwards served in the military in World War II. In 1948, after the war, Edwards went to study at the University of Wales, then to the University of Edinburgh in 1951, where he completed his PhD. His studies had been on how embyros developed in mice. He had a research position at the California Institute of Technology in 1957. In 1958 he returned to England and began work for the National Institute of Medical Research. While at the Institute he began to study human fertilisation. In 1962, he took a up a new job at the University of Glasgow, but in 1963 went to Cambridge University. In 1965 he went back to the US where he was a visiting scientist at Johns Hopkins University and later at the University of North Carolina. he returned to Cambridge and taught physiology from 1969.

He was elected a member of the Academia Europaea in 1989.

## IVF

While scientists had some success in fertilising rabbit eggs in a laboratory, Edwards soon discovered that the process for humans was quite different and much more complex. He spent many years studying the human egg, and how it could best be fertilised by sperm outside the body. He succeeded in fertilising an egg in 1969, but they did not develop. Patrick Steptoe was a British gynecologist who had done a lot of work using a laparoscope to investigate the ovaries. Using the laparoscope he was able to take eggs directly from the ovaries. Edwards was able to use these eggs and successfully fertilize them in a cell culture dish. This discovery caused a lot of debate and discussions about whether this sort of study should be allowed to continue.

## Family

His wife was Ruth Fowler Edwards, the granddaughter of physicist Ernest Rutherford and daughter of physicist Ralph Fowler. He has 5 daughters and 12 grandchildren.

## Death

Edwards died on 10 April 2013 after a long lung illness in England, aged 87.

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Sir Robert Edwards
- **image**: Robert Geoffrey Edwards (2010).jpg
- **caption**: Edwards in 2010
- **birth date**: 27 September 1925
- **birth place**: Batley, West Riding of Yorkshire, England
- **death date**: 10 April 2013 (aged 87)
- **death place**: England
- **nationality**: English
- **field**: Medicine
- **alma mater**: University of Wales, University of Edinburgh
- **known for**: Inventing _in vitro_ fertilisation
- **prizes**: Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (2010)
Meta-Wiki

**Meta Wiki** (or Wikimedia Meta or simply Meta) is a wiki which holds information for all Wikimedia projects. Wikipedia has an interwiki link to Meta user data.

## Other websites

- Official website
Osteoarthritis

**Osteoarthritis** normally affects older people. It is a disease where joints wear out. As the joint surface wears away, it sheds particles which stimulate the joint lining to produce fluid. This causes the joint to swell. When the joint cartilage wears away, the core of the bone becomes exposed. The exposed bone rubs against other exposed bone.

### Exercise

Weight loss and exercise give long-term treatment. Short-term treatments usually have risk of harm (in the long-term). The way to get through the pain is to be active (exercise), not rest. This is similar to the management of back pain, but other conditions require rest.

## Symptoms

Joints will be stiff and painful, and may be swollen. The pain may be worse after exercise. It may get harder to move the joint.
Nimatullah Kassab Al-Hardini

**Nimatullah Kassab Al-Hardini** (1808—1858) is a Catholic saint. He was a Lebanese Maronite father who living in Kfifane, Lebanon. He died in Kfifane on December 14, 1858.

Nimatullah was canonized on May 16, 2004 by Pope John Paul II. He is remembered on December 14, the date of his death.

## Other websites

- Vatican biography of Nimattullah Kassab Al-Hardini
Dos Equis

**Dos Equis** ("Two Xs") is a Mexican beer made by the Cuauhtémoc Moctezuma Brewery. It was originally called "Twentieth Century" (Siglo XX).

There are several types of Dos Equis beer. The original is an amber lager packaged in brown bottles. Then came a Special Pale lager in green bottles. In 2014 came "Azul". It has a more robust taste, made from blue agave nectar and some new spices.

Dos Equis is well known in Mexico and the United States. This is partly because of advertisements called "The Most Interesting Man in the World". These ads have actor Jonathan Goldsmith and a narrator telling of his amazing exploits.
Berriew

**Berriew** () is a village in Powys, Wales. It is on the Montgomeryshire Canal and the river Rhiw near the merge with the River Severn. The village has won several 'Best Kept Village' awards - although the scheme has now been stopped.

## Main facilities in Berriew

The village bowling green is outside the village on the way to Brooks/Bettws. The bowling green is used regularly. The village primary school is by the road leading to Castle Caereinion.

The football pitch and tennis courts are past the Talbot pub & restaurant. There are two pubs in the village centre - the Talbot and the Lion hotel. There is also the Horseshoes, a little way out of the village.

Glansevern Hall and Gardens are also near to the village.

The village post office at the corner shop, closed on Monday 20th October, 2008, and a new outreach service opened in the SPAR Stores shop also in the village a day later on 21 October 2008.

Berriew is the home of Berriew Football Club.

Mirror-artist and sculptor, Andrew Logan, bought the village squash courts and converted the building into The Andrew Logan Museum of Sculpture.

The church is dedicated to St. Beuno, supposidly born in the village.

## Best kept village in Wales

Berriew has won this competition many times. It was first won in 1970.

## Other websites

- Photos of Berriew and surrounding area on geograph.org.uk
- Glanservern Hall & Gardens website
- St Beuno's Church
Roy Halladay

**Harry Leroy Halladay III** (usually called **Roy Halladay**, May 14, 1977 – November 7, 2017), was a pitcher for the Philadelphia Phillies of Major League Baseball (MLB). He joined the Phillies in 2010 after pitching for the Toronto Blue Jays from 1998 to 2009. He was born in Denver, Colorado.

## Career highlights

Halladay has been chosen to the Major League Baseball All-Star Game seven times, and won the American League Cy Young Award in 2003. On May 29, 2010, Halladay threw a perfect game against the Florida Marlins. On October 6, 2010, in his first career MLB playoff game, he threw a no hitter against the Cincinnati Reds, allowing only one walk.  Halladay won the 2010 National League Cy Young Award, and became one of five pitchers who have won Cy Young awards in both leagues.

## Death

Halladay was killed when his plane crashed in the Gulf of Mexico near Holiday, Florida on November 7, 2017. He was the only passenger on the plane, which belonged to his father. He was 40 years old.
Pacifism

**Pacifism** is when someone does not think war or violence is a good way to stop a fight or to get ahead of someone and move toward peace. Pacifism was encouraged in the first days of people as a whole. Conscientious objector also oppose of pacifism and conscience for peace. Buddhists believe that war is a bad thing. War cannot be solved just by fighting.

## India

Compassion (or care) for all life, human and nonhuman is central to Hinduism, Buddhism, which was founded by Siddhattha Gotama (or Buddha), and also Jainism, founded by Mahavira. Both the Buddha and Mahavira were by birth kshatriya, the varna (social order) of soldiers and officials.

## Related pages

- Anti-war movement
- Conflict resolution
- Constitution of Japan
- Nonviolence
- Nuclear disarmament
- World peace
Microvenator

***Microvenator*** (meaning "small hunter") was a small, fast-moving, long-legged, meat-eating, bipedal dinosaur about 4 ft. (1.2 m) long, weighing perhaps 6.5-14 pounds (3-6.4 kg). This turkey-sized predator was an advanced theropod that lived during the early Cretaceous period, about 119 million to 113 million years ago, in what is now Montana (USA).
Prince of Persia

***Prince of Persia*** is the title of a series of video games and a movie that follow the adventures of a Persian Prince. They were created by Jordan Menchner. Prince of Persia has been developed and published by several different companies. Prince of Persia and Prince of Persia 2: The Shadow and the Flame, were developed by Brøderbund. Later Ubisoft took over creating the development starting with the series Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time. The game platform has developed over the years from 2D animations to 3D worlds. The movie _Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time_ was released by Disney in 2010.

## Games

- _Prince of Persia_ created by Brøderbund.
- _Prince of Persia 2: The Shadow and the Flame_ created by Brøderbund.
- _Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time_ created by Ubisoft.
- _Prince of Persia: Warrior Within_ created by Ubisoft.
- _Prince of Persia: The Two Thrones_ created by Ubisoft.
- _Prince of Persia: The Forgotten Sands_ created by Ubisoft.
Adelaide Football Club

The **Adelaide Football Club**, the Crows, is an Australian rules football team in the Australian Football League (AFL) based in Adelaide, South Australia. The club was formed by the South Australian National Football League as a joint team to represent South Australia in the AFL. The Crows played their first game on March 22 1991, against the Hawthorn Football Club which they won 155 to 69, in front of a crowd of 44,902 people. Since 2014, its home ground is the Adelaide Oval in Adelaide, which it shares with the Port Adelaide Football Club. Before that, they played at AAMI Stadium. The Crows have won two AFL Premierships, in 1997 against St Kilda Football Club, and in 1998 against the North Melbourne Football Club.

## Club song

<poem>
_We're the pride of South Australia_
_We're the mighty Adelaide Crows_
_We're courageous, stronger, faster_
_And respected by our foes_
_Admiration of the nation_
_Our determination shows_
_We're the pride of South Australia_
_We're the mighty Adelaide Crows._

_We give our best from coast to coast_
_Where the story will be told_
_As we fight the rugged battle_
_The flag will be our own_
_Our skill and nerve will see us through_
_Our commitment ever grows_
_We're the pride of South Australia
_We're the mighty Adelaide Crows.''
</poem>

## Other websites

- Adelaide Football Club website
Carlton Football Club

The **Carlton Football Club**, the Blues, is an Australian rules football team that plays in the Australian Football League. It is based in the Melbourne suburb of Carlton. The club began in 1864, and its first home ground was a clearing in Melbourne's Royal Park. In its first season the Blues won only one game out of ten. In 1877, the club joined the Victorian Football Association, and then in 1897 it joined the Victorian Football League as one of its original teams. After using grounds in East Melbourne and Melbourne University, the club moved to its new football ground at Princess Park, Carlton in 1897. In 1908, the club added the letters CFC to its navy blue jumpers.
Carlton has won 16 Premierships in the VFL/AFL, the last one was in 1995.

## Club song

<poem>
_We are the Navy Blues,_
_We are the old dark Navy Blues,_
_We're the team that never lets you down,_
_We're the only team old Carlton knows,_
_With all the champions they like to send us,_
_We'll keep our end up._
_And they will know that they've been playing_
_Against the famous old dark Blues._
</poem>

## Other websites

- Carlton Football Club website
Essendon Football Club

The **Essendon Football Club**, the Bombers, is an Australian rules football team which plays in the Australian Football League (AFL). The club began in 1872, and played its first game in 1873 against Carlton. In 1877, the team joined the Victorian Football Association.

Essendon was one of the original teams in the Victorian Football League (VFL) which began in 1897.  The other teams were Collingwood, Fitzroy, Melbourne, St Kilda, Carlton, South Melbourne and Geelong). Its first home ground was the East Melbourne Cricket Ground, and at the end of the 1921 season the club moved to the Essendon Recreation Reserve, known as Windy Hill. In 2000, the club moved its home ground to Etihad Stadium.

## Club song

<poem>
_See the Bombers fly up, up!_
_To win the premiership flag._
_Our boys who play this grand old game,_
_Are always striving for glory and fame!_
_See the bombers fly up, up,_
_The other teams they don't fear;_
_They all try their best,_
_But they can't get near,_
_As the bombers fly up!_
</poem>

## Other websites

- Essendon Football Club website
Etihad Stadium

**Etihad Stadium** can refer to either of three stadiums named after Etihad Airways of Abu Dhabi:
- City of Manchester Stadium, in Manchester, England
- Docklands Stadium, in Melbourne, Australia
- Etihad Park, in Queens, New York City
Battle of Philippi

The **Battle of Philippi** was the final battle in the Wars of the Second Triumvirate between the forces of Mark Antony and Octavian (the Triumvirate) against the forces of Julius Caesar's assassins Brutus and Cassius in 42 BC, at Philippi in the Roman province of Macedonia. The Second Triumvirate declared this civil war to avenge Julius Caesar's murder.

The battle consisted of two engagements in the plain west of the ancient city of Philippi. The first occurred on the first week of October; Brutus faced Octavian, while Antony's forces were up against those of Cassius.

At first, Brutus pushed back Octavian and entered his army's camp. But to the south, Cassius was defeated by Antony, and committed suicide after hearing a false report that Brutus had also failed. Brutus rallied Cassius' remaining troops and both sides ordered their army to retreat to their camps with their spoils. The battle was essentially a draw, but for Cassius' suicide. This deprived the Liberatores of their best commander.

A second encounter, on 23 October, finished off Brutus's forces, and he committed suicide in turn, leaving the triumvirate in control of the Roman Republic. The Battle of Philippi marked the highest point of Antony's career: at that time he was the most famous Roman general and the senior partner of the Second Triumvirate. Antony's life was defined in this moment.

## Infobox (military conflict)

- **conflict**: Battle of Philippi
- **partof**: Roman civil war
- **campaign**: Philippi Campaign
- **image**: Philippi location.jpg
- **caption**: location of Philippi
- **date**: October 3 and 23, 42 BC
- **place**: Philippi
- **territory**: Eastern provinces of Roman Republic
- **result**: Decisive victory for the Triumvirs
- **combatant1**: Second Triumvirate, Triumvirs, administering the Roman Republic
- **combatant2**: Liberatores, Liberators, controlling the eastern Roman Empire, east
Supported by Egypt, Ptolemaic Egypt and the Parthian Empire
- **commander1**: Augustus, Octavian and Mark Antony
- **commander2**: Marcus Junius Brutus, Brutus† and Gaius Cassius Longinus, Cassius†
- **strength1**: 19 legions, allied cavalry 33,000; total over 100,000 men, up to 223,000 troops if auxiliary numbers matched legionary numbers
- **strength2**: 17 legions, allied cavalry 17,000; total about 100,000 men, up to 187,000 troops if auxiliary numbers matched legionary numbers
- **casualties1**: ?
- **casualties2**: Surrender of entire army
Healthy lifestyle

A **healthy lifestyle** is one which helps to keep and improve people's health and well-being and can also help overcome lots of stress. Many governments and non-governmental organizations work in promoting healthy lifestyles.  Healthy living is a lifelong effect. Being healthy includes healthy eating, physical activities, weight management, and stress management.

A healthy lifestyle includes a balanced diet. This does not mean cutting out important food groups from your diet or limiting yourself on the amount of calories per day. A well-rounded diet involves eating most food groups in every meal. Meats, dairy, fruits, and vegetables are all important components of a meal that will ensure your body is healthy.

Doing a healthy diet brings a lifestyle that can change your life into being healthier and physically fit. According to Jim Rohn, "Take care of your body. It's the only place you have to live."

## Components of a healthy lifestyle

A healthy lifestyle is mostly associated with:
- Good diet
- Physical exercise
- Good sleeping pattern
- Personal hygiene
- No bad habits or addiction
- Health education
- Safe environment
- Physical fitness
- Love through social support and healthy relationships
- Emotions
- Active social life
- eating good foods
- having good relationships
- sleep
Additional perspectives and examples of lifestyle practices can be found in resources such as **best lifestyle blogs**, which discuss wellness, personal development, and healthy living.

## Other websites

- Healthy Cities – WHO EURO Office
- Health-EU Portal
- Simple Ways to Live a More Mindful Life
  Health Prevention and Promotion in the EU
Galileo thermometer

A **Galileo thermometer** or **Galilean thermometer** is a thermometer that uses the density of liquids to measure temperature. The thermometer was invented by Galileo Galilei, who had noticed that the density of a liquid changes with temperature. The thermometer is made of a glass container, filled with a liquid. Inside, there are other containers, usually with other liquids. When the temperature changes, so does the density of the "container" liquid. As a consequence, the smaller containers may fall to the floor, or rise to the surface.

Usually, such thermometers are calibrated, to either 2° or 1°. The temperature is then that of the bulb with the lowest temperature, floating above.

Now, Galileo thermometers are used mainly for decoration rather than for measuring temperature, although you can still read the temperature off them.
Aristotle Onassis

**Aristotle Socrates Onassis** (20 January 1906 – 15 March 1975) was a prominent Greek shipping magnate and founder of Olympic Airways.

## Life and career

Onassis was born in Smyrna (now (Izmir), Ottoman Empire (now Turkey), into a prosperous Greek family. He received a good education and became fluent in Turkish, Spanish and English. In 1922, when Turkey took possession of Smyrna, the Onassis family lost most of their fortune and had to flee to Greece. The following year, Onassis left for Argentina where he quickly established himself as a prominent businessman and learned Spanish.

He later began to invest in shipping and eventually acquired a large fleet of freighters which made him one of the richest men in the world. In 1957, he founded Olympic Airways, which he later sold and which became Greece's flag carrier. He converted one of his ships into a luxury yacht called _Christina_, which he used to  entertain famous people (artists, politicians, royalty, etc.).

He married Athina Livanos (1926-1974) in 1946, with whom he had two children; Alexander (1948-1973) and Christina (1950-1988). In the late 1950s, he met diva Maria Callas and began a liaison with her that led to his divorce. In 1968, he startled the world by marrying Jacqueline Kennedy, the widow of slain President John F. Kennedy.

He died at American Hospital of Paris in Neuilly-sur-Seine, France, from complications of myasthenia gravis and pneumonia, aged 69.
Private equity

**Private equity** is a type of investment where an investment firm buys shares of a business that is not listed on a stock exchange, meaning that it does not offer its shares to the general public. A **private equity firm** is a company that makes such investments.

Investors, often from institutions like funds, give a company money, and in turn buy part of that company. The most common types of private equity are: leveraged buyouts, venture capital, growth capital, distressed investments and mezzanine capital.

In leveraged buyouts, investors buy the majority control of a mature company. In venture capital or growth capital investment, investors give money to start-up companies.
Battle of Actium

The **Battle of Actium** decided the final war of the Roman Republic. It was fought between the forces of Octavian and the combined forces of Mark Antony and Cleopatra.

The battle took place on 2 September 31 BC, on the Ionian Sea near the Roman colony of Actium in Greece. Octavian's fleet was commanded by Agrippa, while Antony's fleet was supported by the ships of his lover, Queen Cleopatra of Egypt.

Octavian's victory enabled him to consolidate his power over Rome and its dominions. To that end, he adopted the title of Princeps ("first citizen"). As a result of the victory he was awarded the title of Augustus by the Roman Senate.

As Augustus, he would keep the trappings of a restored Republican leader. However, historians view this as the end of the Roman Republic and the beginning of the Roman Empire.

## Infobox (military conflict)

- **conflict**: Battle of Actium
- **partof**: The Final War of the Roman Republic
- **image**: Castro Battle of Actium.jpg
- **caption**: _The battle of Actium_, by Lorenzo A. Castro, 1672.
- **date**: 2 September 31 BC
- **place**: Ionian sea, near the Roman colony of Actium, Greece
- **result**: Decisive Octavian victory;
 Mark Antony lost his fleet, and his army deserted in large numbers;
 Octavian had uncontested control of the sea around Italy and Greece, and became "Augustus, Augustus Caesar".
- **combatant1**: Octavian's supporters and forces
- **combatant2**: Ancient Egypt, Ptolemaic Egypt,
Mark Antony's supporters
- **commander1**: Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa
- **commander2**: Mark Antony
- **strength1**: 250 warships, mostly small Liburnian#Liburna, liburnian vessels and Hexeres with 16,000 Legionary Marines and 3,000 archers.
- **strength2**: 230 warships, mostly quinqueremes with some larger Deceres, 30/50 Transports and 60 Egyptian warships. 2,000 Archers and 20,000 Legionary Marines.
- **casualties1**: About 2,500 killed
- **casualties2**: Over 5,000 killed;
200 ships sunk/captured