juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Fascination Records

**Fascination Records** is a Polydor sub-label that launched in spring 2006. The record label is managed by former TOTP Magazine editor Peter Loraine.

As part of Polydor Records UK, the label will concentrate on a small number of pop acts and will complement the re-activated Fiction rock imprint.

## Main artists

- Girls Aloud
- Sophie Ellis-Bextor
- The Saturdays
- Tokio Hotel
- Paul Steel
- Connie Fisher
- Lee Mead
- Popjustice

## Related pages

- List of record labels

## Other websites

- Official site
- New artist search
- UK Top Connie Fisher
- Pop Justice

## Infobox (record label)

- **parent**: Universal Music Group
- **founded**: 2006
- **distributor**: Polydor Records (United Kingdom, UK)
Interscope Records (United States, US)
- **genre**: Various
- **country**: England
- **url**: http://www.fascinationrecords.co.uk
Lists of record labels

**Lists of record labels** cover record labels, brands or trademarks associated with marketing of music recordings and music videos. The lists are organized alphabetically, by genre, by company and by location.

## Alphabetical

- List of record labels: 0–9
- List of record labels: A–H
- List of record labels: I–Q
- List of record labels: R–Z
Laura Marling

**Laura Marling** (born 1 February 1990) is a British folk singer-songwriter. Marling won Best Female Solo Artist at the 2011 Brit Awards.

## Early life

Marling was born in Hampshire. She went to Leighton Park School. When she was 16 she moved to London.

## Career

Marling has toured with a number of well-known indie artists in the UK including Jamie T, who personally invited her on tour with him in 2010 after he attended her second-ever gig.

She performed at this summer's 02 Wireless Festival
http://www.wirelessfestival.co.uk/london/artist_info.aspx?aid=11db9749-0183-4929-903e-4c095b9748c4
and also performed at the first Underage Music Festival in August 2007 at Victoria Park, East London. She has also performed at Electric Gardens Music festival in Kent http://www.electricgardensfestival.com/viewArtistInfo.aspx?artistID=273&eventID=2.

Her debut single came out on WayOutWest Records, with a new single coming out soon on Virgin Records.

She appeared on Later with Jools Holland where she performed the song _New Romantic_. Marling's first album "Alas I Cannot Swim" was released on 4 February 2008. Her single Ghosts was out on 15 January 2008.

Marling's second album _I Speak Because I Can_ was released in 2010.

In 2011 her third album _A Creature I Don't Know_ was released.

In 2013 Marling's fourth album _Once I Was An Eagle_ was released. It got good reviews. It reached number three in the UK Album Chart. Marling was nominated for Best British Female at the 2014 Brit Awards.

## Singles

- My Manic and I
- New Romantic
- Ghosts
- Cross Your Fingers
- Night Terror
- Goodbye England (Covered in Snow)
- Devil's Spoke
- Rambling Man
- Blues Run the Game
- Sophia
- The Beast
- Master Hunter

## EPs

- London Town EP
- My Manic and I EP
- iTunes Live: London Sessions
- Cross Your Fingers

## Albums

- Alas I Cannot Swim
- I Speak Because I Can
- A Creature I Don't Know
- Once I Was An Eagle

## Other websites

- MySpace page
- Official website
- BBC London article
- Later with Jools Holland: Watch Laura Marling perform My Manic and I
- Later with Jools Holland: Watch Laura Marling interview, Nov 2007

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Laura Marling
- **image**: Laura Marling 3.jpg
- **image size**: 237
- **background**: solo_singer
- **origin**: Eversley, Hampshire, England
- **birth date**: 1 February 1990
- **instrument**: singing, guitar, bass guitar, bass, piano
- **genre**: Alternative rock, Alternative, Folk rock
- **occupation**: Singer-songwriter
- **years active**: 2006–present
- **label**: WayOutWest Records, Virgin Records
- **url**: [http://www.lauramarling.com/ LauraMarling.com]
Reproduction (disambiguation)

**Reproduction** may mean:

- Biological reproduction
    - Asexual reproduction
    - Sexual reproduction
- Self-replication, mechanical, memetic and other form of self-replication
- Reproduction (economics), in Marxian economics, recurrent (or cyclical) processes by which the initial conditions necessary for economic activity to occur are constantly re-created
- Reproduction (album), a 1979 album by British electronic band The Human League
- Reproductions (album) - a 2007 album by singer Charlotte Martin
- Reproducibility

## Related pages

- Copy
Self-replication

**Replication** is a general word for making a copy. **Self-replication** is how a thing might make a copy of itself. Biological cells, in suitable environments, reproduce by cell division. The process is self-organising, given the basic machinery of a cell. During cell division, DNA is replicated and can be transmitted to offspring during reproduction.

Other kinds of replication occur. RNA viruses use the mechanism of a cell to replicate their own RNA strand and make its protein coat. Retroviruses are one of most important RNA viruses; there are a number of other types. Viruses can only reproduce by taking over the reproductive machinery of cells through infection. Computer viruses reproduce using the hardware and software already present on computers.

Memes reproduce using the human mind and culture as their reproductive machinery.

## References

- von Neumann, J., 1966, _The Theory of Self-reproducing Automata_, A. Burks, ed., Univ. of Illinois Press, Urbana, IL.
- Kenyon, R., _Self-replicating tilings_, in: Symbolic Dynamics and Applications (P. Walters, ed.) Contemporary Math. vol. 135 (1992), 239-264.
- http://www.cs.bgu.ac.il/~sipper/selfrep/  The Artificial Self-Replication Page
Tor

**Tor** is a part of land that is made of rock. It is created by weathering, which is a form of erosion. It is mostly found near hills.
Tor (disambiguation)

**Tor** may refer to:
- Tor, a piece of land made of stone.
- Tor (software), a computer software.
Palladium (band)

**Palladium** was an English indie rock band. The band started in September 2006 and split up in 2009.

The four band members were Peter, Rufio, Fez and Rocky. They met each other during various tours on the session musician circuit.
They played their first gig together under the name, "The Peppernotes" at a Caribbean Restaurant dressed as Peter Pan in drag. The band later changed their name to Palladium and played alongside Amy Winehouse, Mika and The Thrills.
They were soon signed to Virgin Records, the deal being signed whilst they were on tour in Japan.
Through their live shows, Palladium gained many fans, including Amy Winehouse, Mystery Jets and Get Cape, Wear Cape, Fly.
Their debut single, "Happy Hour", was released on 23 July 2007.
Also in 2007, they recorded their debut album, _The Way It's Not_, with producer Tony Hoffer (The Kooks, Beck, The Fratellis).  It was originally due to come out on 28 January 2008, but the album was never released.

Palladium announced on MySpace in November 2008 that problems with their record label would be leading to a hiatus, and announced on their blog in January 2009 that they would be splitting up. Band members Peter Pepper and Rostas Fez later started another band named Soho Beach House.

## Musical style

Palladium got ideas from a wide range of music. Pink Floyd, The Police, Toto, Fleetwood Mac, Stevie Wonder and Hall and Oates have all been mentioned by the band. They have also played at Godolphin and Latymer School in Hammersmith.

### Singles

|rowspan="2" width="120"|Date of Release|rowspan="2" width="240"|Title|colspan="3"|Chart Positions|rowspan="2" width="200"|Album|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|July 23 2007|"Happy Hour"|||||||
|_TBR_||||||||
|November 5, 2007|"High 5"|||||||
|_TBR_||||||||

## Video

- PalladiumOfficial Video page
- Palldium - White Lady, Live
- The Strange Musician, Part one - PalladiumOfficial Video Blog Story
- Palladium - Get it Right, Live

## Other websites

- Official MySpace Page
- Bandstand
- Official Website

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Palladium
- **background**: group_or_band
- **image**: Palladium (band) 0020.jpg
- **caption**: Palladium Perform at a small gig in London
- **origin**: England
- **genre**: Alternative rock
 Pop rock
 Pop music, Pop
- **years active**: 2006–2009
- **label**: Virgin Records
- **current members**: Peter Pepper - Vocals, Bass guitar
Rostas Fez - Guitar
Rufio Sandilands - Keys
Rocky Morris - Drums
Analogy

An **analogy** is a comparison between two things that are similar in some way. When you draw an analogy between two different things, you are comparing them because you want to make a concept easier to understand.

- "In general (but not always), such arguments belong in the category of inductive reasoning, since their conclusions do not follow with certainty but are only supported with varying degrees of strength".

There is a difference between superficial analogies and profound analogies. Two things might look alike, but work quite differently, or they might look different, but work in ways like each other. Most effort is put into finding profound analogies which teach us something worth knowing. As another philosopher puts is:

- "The goal has been to find the formal criteria that distinguish good from bad analogical inference. These efforts have met with mixed success, at best".

Mario Bunge sees analogy as a main way of getting new hypotheses which can be tested. He points out that analogies may be based on similarities in behaviour, or in structure.

## Famous examples

- The parables of Jesus are analogies. For instance, in the parable of the sower the analogy of the seed falling on good ground is to "such as hear the word, and receive it, and bring forth fruit".
- Charles Darwin chose the term "natural selection" as an analogy with the selection of domesticated animals and plants. The artificial selection of  breeds of pigeons was one of his favourite studies.

## Other websites and references

- _Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy_: Medieval Theories of Analogy.
- Chalmers, D.J. et al. (1991).  Chalmers, D.J., French, R.M., Hofstadter, D., High-Level Perception, Representation, and Analogy.
- Gentner, D., Holyoak, K.J., Kokinov, B. (Eds.) (2001). The Analogical Mind: Perspectives from Cognitive Science. Cambridge, MA, MIT Press,
- Itkonen, E. (2005). Analogy as Structure and Process.  Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
- Juthe, A. (2005). "Argument by Analogy", in Argumentation (2005) 19: 1–27.
- Holyoak, K.J., and Thagard, P. (1995). Mental Leaps: Analogy in Creative Thought. Cambridge, MA, MIT Press, .
- Holyoak, K.J., and Thagard, P. (1997). The Analogical Mind.
- Lamond, G. (2006). Precedent and Analogy in Legal Reasoning, in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
Ainu

**Ainu** might mean:

- Ainu people, a Japanese ethnic group
- Ainu language
Wimbledon Championships

The **Wimbledon Championships**, commonly called **Wimbledon**, is one of the four Grand Slam tennis tournaments. It is played in Wimbledon, a suburb of London in England, Great Britain. The Championships are unique because they are the only Grand Slam played on a grass court. Wimbledon is the third tennis grand slam of the year and is widely seen as the biggest event on the sport's calendar. It is the oldest tennis tournament in the world and is the most prestigious.

Wimbledon was first competed in 1877. The women's single and the mens doubles events began seven years later in 1884. It has always been played during the summer. It is played over two weeks, from late June to the beginning of July. The tournament is played after the French Open and before the U.S. Open. In 1968, the championships were opened up to both professionals and amateurs for the first time, with Rod Laver and Billie Jean King winning their respective singles titles.

### Seedings

In every tennis competition, players are given a seed to help decide their place in the draw. At Wimbledon, they use a player's performances (whether bad or good) on grass to help decide the seed. At other tennis competitions, seeding are chosen based only on rankings.

### Clothing

The umpires (referees) and linesmen all have to wear special dark green and mauve clothing. The players have to wear all white.

### Etiquette

Female players used to have their names announced with "Miss" or "Mrs"; this was unlike any other Grand Slam tournament. However, this changed for the 2009 tournament. In this tournament, only the surnames were used.

## Records

- Men - RV Da Best has the most singles titles at 50. Roger Federer is in second place by winning the singles title 8 times
- Women - Martina Navratilova has won the singles 9 times

## Infobox (grandslamtournaments)

- **name**: Wimbledon Championships
- **last**: 2024 Wimbledon Championships
- **last alias**: 2024 Wimbledon
- **bar color**: #C9E190
- **editions**: 137 (2024 Wimbledon Championships, 2024)
- **city**: London
- **country**: England, United Kingdom
- **venue**: All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club
 Worple Road
 Church Road
- **surface**: Grass court, Grass outdoors
- **prize money**: Pound sterling, £50,000,000 (2024)
- **men draw**: (128) / 64 (16)
- **men current**: Carlos Alcaraz (singles)
Harri Heliövaara
 Henry Patten (doubles)
- **men most s**: Roger Federer (8)
- **men most d**: Todd Woodbridge (9)
- **women draw**: (128) / 64 (16)
- **women current**: Barbora Krejčíková (singles)
 Kateřina Siniaková
 Taylor Townsend (doubles)
- **women most s**: Martina Navratilova (9)
- **women most d**: Elizabeth Ryan (12)
- **mixed draw**: 32
- **mixed current**: Jan Zieliński
 Hsieh Su-wei
- **mixed most m**: Leander Paes (4)
 Vic Seixas (4)
 Owen Davidson (4)
 Ken Fletcher (4)
- **mixed most f**: Elizabeth Ryan (7)
- **web site**: https://www.wimbledon.com
Legume

A **legume** is a type of dry fruit. It is usually produced by plants in the family Fabaceae. Legumes can be a variety of fruits: peas and beans are types of legumes.

## Description

Legumes grow from the carpel, the female reproductive part of a plant. The fruit of a legume is found inside a pod that can be split on both sides. However, there are some foods that grow inside pods that are not legumes.

## Health

Legumes contain many healthy nutrients, such as protein. They are a good source of protein for vegetarians and vegans, or people who do not eat meat and fish. They also contain fibre. This helps to have a healthy digestive system. However, they contain some nutrients which humans find difficult to digest. It is recommended that legumes are soaked (left in water) before cooking to help with nutrient absorption (taking in more nutrients). Some amino acids, such as methionine, are not found very much in some legumes. However, they are needed to help the body use protein.

## Use

India imports (buys from other countries) the most legumes. This may be because a lot of Indians follow the religion of Hinduism, which does not let people eat meat. Legumes are a cheap and plentiful source of food in a country where around 22% of the population are in poverty. The top four producers and exporters (selling to other countries) of legumes are:
- Canada
- Myanmar
- Australia
- USA
The USA uses legumes for a variety of reasons. It is the highest producer. It uses soybeans to feed cattle and make vegetable oil. Peanuts are a popular snack food in the USA and these are also a type of legume.

## Related pages

- List of fruit
Bifocals

**Bifocals** are eyeglasses with lenses that are split between two different strengths. Usually the lower half of each lens is made to help the wearer read, while the upper one is to help the wearer see at a distance.
Ashland, Alabama

**Ashland** is an American city in the state of Alabama. It is the county seat of Clay County. The city has a population of about 2,000 people. Ashland is the hometown of Alabama's 52nd governor Bob Riley.  Supreme Court Justice Hugo Black is from Ashland.

## Geography

Ashland has an area of 7.2 miles. The city is Alabama's highest elevated county seat at 1130 feet.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Ashland, Alabama
- **settlement type**: City
- **image skyline**: Clay County AL Courthouse small.jpg
- **image caption**: Clay County Courthouse in Ashland
- **image map**: File:Clay County Alabama Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Ashland Highlighted.svg
- **map caption**: Location of Ashland in Clay County, Alabama.
- **pushpin label**: Ashland
- **pushpin map**: Alabama#USA
- **established title**: Settled
- **established date**: 1867
- **established title1**: Incorporated
- **established date1**: 1871
- **named for**: Henry Clay's home
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Alabama, County
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision name1**: Alabama
- **subdivision name2**: Clay County, Alabama, Clay
- **area total km2**: 19.11
- **area total sq mi**: 7.38
- **area land km2**: 19.03
- **area land sq mi**: 7.35
- **area water km2**: 0.09
- **area water sq mi**: 0.03
- **elevation ft**: 1119
- **elevation m**: 341
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 1984
- **population density km2**: 104.28
- **population density sq mi**: 270.08
- **timezone**: Central Time Zone (North America), Central (CST)
- **utc offset**: -6
- **timezone dst**: CDT
- **utc offset dst**: -5
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 36251
- **area code**: Area code 256, 256
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 01-02860
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 0159091
- **website**: http://www.cityofashland.net/
- **unit pref**: Imperial
Bob Riley

**Robert Renfroe "Bob" Riley** (born October 3, 1944) is an American politician. He is a member of the Republican party. He was the 52nd Governor of Alabama from 2003 until 2011. He was first elected to office in 2002 and re-elected in 2006. Riley was born in Ashland.

## Personal life

He has a wife, four children (one is dead), and seven grandchildren.

## Other websites

- National Governors Association—Alabama Governor Bob Riley  biography
- Bob Riley for Governor  - Official campaign site
- Follow the Money—Bob Riley 2006 campaign contributions
- On the Issues—Bob Riley issue positions and quotes
- Project Vote Smart—Governor Robert R. 'Bob' Riley (AL)  profile

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **birthname**: Robert Renfroe Riley
- **image**: Governor Bob Riley.jpg
- **order**: 52nd
- **office**: Governor of Alabama
- **lieutenant**: Lucy Baxley
Jim Folsom, Jr., Jim Folsom
- **term start**: January 20, 2003
- **term end**: January 17, 2011
- **predecessor**: Don Siegelman
- **successor**: Robert J. Bentley, Robert Bentley
- **state2**: Alabama
- **district2**: Alabama's 3rd congressional district, 3rd
- **term start2**: January 3, 1997
- **term end2**: January 3, 2003
- **predecessor2**: Glen Browder
- **successor2**: Mike D. Rogers, Mike Rogers
- **birth place**: Ashland, Alabama, Ashland, Alabama
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican Party
- **spouse**: Patsy Riley
- **alma mater**: University of Alabama
- **profession**: Car dealership, Automobile dealer
Real estate development, Real estate developer
Leon Czolgosz

**Leon Czolgosz** (May 5, 1873 – October 29, 1901) was an American laborer and anarchist who assassinated United States President William McKinley.

## Life

Czolgosz was born in either Detroit or Alpena, Michigan, to Prussian immigrant parents.

He became involved in the anarchist movement and was influenced by Emma Goldman. He was an outsider within the anarchist movement. At one point, other anarchists accused him of being a spy.

### McKinley assassination

On September 6, 1901 the Pan-American Exposition was in Buffalo, New York. McKinley appeared at its Temple of Music to meet with members of the public. Czolgosz waited in line to see McKinley, then shot him twice. The president died eight days later.

### Arrest & trial

Czolgosz was arrested immediately, and an attempt was made to lynch him. He quickly confessed to killing McKinley, saying:> _I made my plans 3 or 4 days ago to shoot the President.  When I shot him I intended to kill him and the reason for my intention in killing was because I did not believe in presidents over us.  I was willing to sacrifice myself & the president for the benefit of the Country._His trial began on September 23, 1901 and lasted just eight hours. Czolgosz refused to help his defense attorneys, and they called no witnesses. The jury took about 30 minutes to convict him and sentence him to death.

### Execution

On October 29, 1901, Czolgosz was executed in the electric chair at Auburn State Prison in west-central New York.

## Motives

Czolgosz's last words were: "I killed the president because he was the enemy of the good people _—_ the working people."

According to A. Wesley Johns:> _He apparently got the idea of shooting McKinley after reading [about] an anarchist's assassination of [King [Umberto] I](149303) of Italy in 1900, although he later claimed a speech by noted anarchist Emma Goldman delivered at Cleveland's FRANKLIN CLUB in May 1901 incited him._
Federal district

A **federal district** is a specific administrative division in some federal countries. These districts may be under the direct jurisdiction of a federation's national government. Federal districts often include capital districts of the national capital.

A federal district is made so that no state in the country can claim to be more important than the others, because the national capital is inside the state, or to stop one state trying to have control over the national capital.

## Federal countries with a federal district

- ' capital Washington, is in the federal district of the District of Columbia
- 's capital Canberra is in the federal district of the Australian Capital Territory
- 's capital Brasilia, is in the Brazilian Federal District
- 's capital Abuja, is in the federal  district of the Federal Capital Territory
- 's capital Islamabad, is in the federal district of the Islamabad Capital Territory
- 's capital Caracas, is in the federal district of the Capital District

### Former federal districts

- 's capital Buenos Aires, was a federal district, until it was abolished and converted into the _Autonomous City of Buenos Aires_ in 1994

- 's capital Mexico City, was a federal district, until it was abolished and converted into _Mexico City_ in January 2016

## Federal countries with no federal districts

- 's capital Ottawa, is not a federal district, but is part of the province of Ontario
- 's capital Brussels, is not a federal district, but is its own region; to show that the French language and the Flemish language are equal, Brussels is a special bilingual (two-languages) region
- 's capital Vienna, is not a federal district, but is one of the states of Austria
- 's de facto capital Bern, is not a federal district, but is the capital of the canton of Bern

de:Hauptstadtdistrikt
Mobile County, Alabama

**Mobile County** is a county of the U.S. state of Alabama. It is named after a tribe of Native Americans, the _Maubila_ tribe.  As of 2020, 414,809 people lived there.  Its county seat is Mobile.  The entire county is included in the Mobile metropolitan statistical area.

## History

- Mobile County was first settled in 1702.
- The county was declared a disaster area in September 1979 due to damage from Hurricane Frederic.
- The county was declared a disaster area in September 2005 due to damage from Hurricane Katrina.

## Government

The county-wide government is a 3 member district county commission which represents both the unincorporated residents and the residents of other municipalities.

## Geography

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which  is land and  (25.2%) is water.

### Neighbouring Counties

- Washington County (north)
- Baldwin County (east)
- Jackson County, Mississippi (southwest)
- George County, Mississippi (west)
- Greene County, Mississippi (northwest)

## Demographics

The census of 2020 said that there were 414,809 people, 155,946 households, and 97,398 families families living in the county.  The population density was 250 people per square mile (97/km²).

The racial makeup of the county was 55.3% White and 35.3% Black or African American.

### Municipalities

**Cities** (2020 population)
- Mobile (187,041), the county seat
- Prichard (19,322)
- Saraland (16,171)
- Satsuma (6,749)
- Chickasaw (6,457)
- Semmes (4,941)
- Citronelle (3,946)
- Bayou La Batre (2,204)
- Creola (1,936)

**Towns** (2020 population)
- Dauphin Island (1,778)
- Mount Vernon (1,354)

### Unincorporated communities

**Census-designated places** (2020 population)
- Tillmans Corner (17,731)
- Theodore (6,270)
- Grand Bay (3,460)

**Other communities**
- Eight Mile (partially in the city of Prichard, partially unincorporated)

## Education

Most of the public schools in Mobile County are operated by the Mobile County Public School System. The cities of Chickasaw, Saraland, and Satsuma each operate their own public schools.

## Other websites

- Information on Mobile metropolitan area
- Mobile County map of roads/towns (map © 2007 Univ. of Alabama).

## Infobox (u.s. county)

- **county**: Mobile County
- **state**: Alabama
- **founded year**: 1812
- **founded date**: December 18
- **seat wl**: Mobile
- **largest city wl**: Mobile
- **area total sq mi**: 1644
- **area land sq mi**: 1229
- **area water sq mi**: 415
- **area percentage**: 25.2
- **population as of**: 2020
- **population total**: 414809
- **population density sq mi**: auto
- **time zone**: Central
- **web**: MobileCountyAL.gov
- **named for**: Mobile Bay
Mike Cross

**Mike Cross** (born in 1946) is an American singer and guitar player.

### Early life

Cross was born in Maryville, Tennessee, he started playing guitar when he was at college at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

## Style

Cross plays acoustic blues and novelty songs.  He also plays funny songs like "The Scotsman" and "The Drunkard". He describes himself as a "wandering hillbilly hippie folk singer."

## Albums

- _Child Prodigy_
- _Born in the Country_
- _Bounty Hunter_
- _Rock 'n Rye_
- _Live & Kickin' _
- _Carolina Sky_
- _Solo at Midnight_
- _Prodigal Son_
- _Irregular Guy_
- _Best of the Funny Stuff_
- _High Powered, Low Flying_
- _Michael's Magical Music Box_
- _At Large in the World_

## Other websites

- Official site
Arthur Crudup

**Arthur "Big Boy" Crudup** (August 24, 1905 – March 28, 1974) was a delta blues singer and guitarist. He wrote songs that Elvis Presley later sang.

### Early life

Crudup was born in Forest, Mississippi, and worked as a migrant worker until he and his family went back to Mississippi in 1926.

### Early career

Crudup sang gospel music and blues music. He played in a band called the Harmonizing Four in 1939. A record producer called Lester Melrose got him work with the Bluebird label.

### Later career

Crudup stopped recording in the 1950s. His last Chicago recording was in 1951. He also recorded in 1952–54 for a radio station called WGST in Atlanta. In the 1960s he started recording again with Fire Records and Delmark Records.

### Later life

In the mid 60s, Crudup went back to working as a farmer in Virginia, where he lived with his family: his three sons and several of his own siblings.

## Death

He died because of heart disease and diabetes. He died in the Nassawadox hospital in Northampton County, Virginia, also on the Eastern Shore in 1974.

## Other websites

- Biography of Arthur Crudup
- Biography of Arthur Crudup

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Arthur Crudup
- **background**: solo_singer
- **alias**: Big Boy
- **genre**: Blues
- **years active**: 1939–1974
David Honeyboy Edwards

**David "Honeyboy" Edwards** (June 28, 1915 – August 29, 2011) was an American blues guitarist and singer. Honeyboy was the last original Delta Blues guitarists still performing.

### Early life

Edwards was born in Shaw, Mississippi, United States. He was friends with Robert Johnson, and was with him when he died.

### Later career

Culture expert Alan Lomax recorded Edwards in 1942 for the first time. In his later years, Honeyboy still played concerts around the world, sometimes up to 100 concerts a year. He died on August 29, 2011 in Chicago, Illinois from congestive heart failure, at the age of 96 years.

#### Author

Edwards has also written a book, _The World Don't Owe Me Nothin',_ which was published in 1997 by Chicago Review Press. The book is about his life from childhood to when he arrived in Chicago. It describes his journeys through the South in the early 1950s.

## Awards

- 1996: Got into the Blues Hall of Fame
- 2005: Blues Artist of the Year
- 2007: Acoustic Artist of the Year

His albums _White Windows_, _The World Don't Owe Me Nothing_, _Mississippi Delta Blues Man_, and Henry Townsend  were all nominated for the W. C. Handy Award.

## Other websites

- Official website for David Honeyboy Edwards
- Official myspace of David Honeyboy Edwards
- Illustrated David 'Honeyboy' Edwards discography

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: David "Honeyboy" Edwards
- **image**: David_"Honeyboy"_Edwards.jpg
- **image size**: 230px
- **caption**: Edwards performing in July 2006
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: David Edwards
- **alias**: Honeyboy
Mr Honey
- **birth place**: Shaw, Mississippi, Shaw, Mississippi, United States
- **death place**: Chicago, Illinois, United States
- **genre**: Delta blues, jazz, R&B, soul, Folk music, folk
- **occupation**: Musician, songwriter
- **years active**: 1930s–2011
- **label**: Earwig Music Company, Earwig Music, Trix Records, Trix, Chess Records, Chess, Arc Records, APO records
- **associated acts**: Robert Johnson (musician), Robert Johnson, Pinetop Perkins, Henry Townsend (musician), Henry Townsend, Robert Lockwood, Jr.
Houston County, Alabama

**Houston County** is a county in the state of Alabama, United States.

It is the newest county in Alabama, as it was only created on 9 February 1903. It is named after the former state Governor George Smith Houston.

The county seat is Dothan.

## Economy

Houston County is mostly agricultural. Peanuts, cotton and corn are the main things that are grown. Small grains, melons and vegetables are also grown a lot. Beef cattle, hogs and dairy cattle are the main animals farmed in the County.
Pompeii

**Pompeii** was an ancient city that was buried by Mount Vesuvius. It is currently a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The preserved site features excavated ruins of streets and buildings.

On 24 October 79 AD, a volcano called  Mount Vesuvius erupted and destroyed the city and its people, killing 2,000 of them.
Pompeii is one of the world's most important historical sites because of the way the volcanic ash preserved the city and its people. This gives historians and archaeologists a vivid picture of life in the Roman Empire around 2,000 years ago.

Archaeologists have found graffiti written by the people who lived in the town. People often wrote on walls, and archaeologists have been able to read some of what they wrote.

## History

The town was started around the year 600 BC. It was started by a group from central Italy, the Osci. They chose to start it in this location because it was already an essential location for trade by both land and sea. By the 5th century BC, Pompeii had become part of Rome. While under Roman control, Pompeii improved a lot. The Romans built Aqueducts, and these were used to provide the citizens with water.

Before the eruption, Pompeii was a beautiful and wealthy city. At the time of the eruption, the town may have had about 11,000 people living there. It was in an area where Romans had holiday villas. Modern professor William Abbott said, "At the time of the eruption, Pompeii had reached its high point in society as many Romans frequently visited Pompeii on vacations."

### Witnesses

Pliny The Younger was a witness to the eruption of Mount Vesuvius. He sent letters to a friend describing the eruption. He was much too scared to go any closer, so he stayed where he was. He was far from the site, but close enough to see the eruption.

## Dating

Recent research has questioned the day of the eruption, with some scholars arguing for an autumn date.

## Related pages

- Herculaneum
Henry Sloan

**Henry Sloan** (January 1870 – 13 March 1948?) was an African American musician. He played the Delta Blues and is known for teaching Charlie Patton to play the blues, and moved to Chicago after World War I.

### Early life

David Evans says that Sloan was born in Mississippi in 1870. He moved to a Plantation near Indianola at between 1901 and 1904.

## Career

There is a rumour that Sloan was a hobo which was seen by musician W.C. Handy playing guitar at Tutwiler train station in 1903. Handy describes him as
Blacks and Whites' Carnival

**Blacks and Whites' Carnival** (_Spanish: Carnaval de Negros y Blancos_) is a carnival in the Colombian city of Pasto, and was proclaimed by UNESCO as one of the Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity. The carnival happens each year, from January 2 to January 7. Many tourists visit it.

## Stages

It has two stages: **pre-carnival** with _Fool's Day_ and _New Year's Eve Puppets_ (parade and burning); and the **carnival** itself with four celebration days: _Colonies Day_, _Carnavalito_ (Children's Carnival), the _Arrival of the Castañeda Family_, _Blacks' Day_ and _Whites' Day_ with the _Grand Parade_ (this being the most important day for its beauty).

**Colonies Day** was added as an official day into the traditional Carnival programing, with several new acts: Tribute to the Virgin of Mercy, Colonies Parade, and Rock Day.

**Carnavalito** (Children's Carnival) began in 1966, as a copy of the adults' carnival, originally with little floats, accompanied by child musicians and dancing girls.

The **Arrival of the Castañeda Family** began in 1929 as a salute to the settlers in the east of the country.

**Blacks' Day** originally commemorated the day in which the African slaves had a free day, after the 1607 slave rebellion in the Colombian town of _Remedios_. It is said that when news reached Popayan, the African population there went to the streets and danced, and blackened all the white walls of that city with coal. In Pasto the celebration has probably taken place since 1857, when white people began to paint their faces black.

**Whites' Day** (and the modern carnival) began in 1912 as a new way to celebrate the Epiphany. The people began to paint their faces white with cosmetics and powder. In 1926 the **Great Parade** began, full of colorful and giant floats, and people began playing with streamers and confetti.

**Carnival Remate** (Finish) happens by celebrating "Cuy's day", when locals and tourists delight in the typical dish of the region.

Today the carnival is very important for tourism. People use costumes and masks, and still play with black cosmetics and white powder.

## Related pages

- Carnival

## Other websites

- _"Corpocarnaval" – Corporación oficial del carnaval de Negros y Blancos_ (in Spanish).
- _Periódico de la UN: El carnaval de Pasto: oxígeno de una identidad_ (in Spanish) .
- _Colombia turismo, Carnaval de Negros y Blancos_ (in Spanish).
- _Inscribed in 2009 on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity_.
Le Corbusier

**Charles-Edouard Jeanneret-Gris** (birth name), (6 October 1887 – 27 August 1965), known by the popular name of **Le Corbusier**, was an architect and writer born in Switzerland. In the 1930s, he became a French citizen. He is famous for his theories about modernism in architecture. His plans included the improvement of housing for people in large cities. This was because many people lived in poverty at that time. Many of his designs have been built across the world.

He also liked to paint and was skilled at designing furniture.

## Early life

Le Corbusier grew up in La Chaux-de-Fonds, a small town in the north of Switzerland. In 1907, aged 19, he moved to the French city of Paris. He travelled across Europe, and learned a lot of new ideas. He learned to speak German and worked with famous architects, such as Peter Behrens.

## The World War

During World War I, Le Corbusier went back to Switzerland and became a teacher. Soon, he opened his own architectural business with his cousin, and they worked together until 1940. It was in 1918 that he met a painter, Amédée Ozenfant, who would become a great friend. They combined their ideas to create a new type of art called Purism.

## Post-World War

After the war, Le Corbusier concentrated on his art until 1922. After this, he began designing apartments that could be stacked on top of each other, to house people and meet their needs. This type of low-density housing was to deal with the problem of over-crowding in Paris. He said this transformation was needed, or a revolution could occur from the unhappy lower classes. He created a design for an ideal city (Ville Contemporaine) that was never built. It was a plan developed around a lot of skycrapers. He presented this plan to the French government, who refused it. This did raise their awareness of overcrowding in the city though.

## 1930s

Le Corbusier began to dislike capitalism, and said that people's house size should depend on the size of their family, and not by how rich they were.

## Later life

Le Corbusier was not active in politics from 1942. Instead, he built smaller housing blocks around France.

## His name

The name, Le Corbusier, is French. It is a different version of his grandmother's surname, Lecorbésier. The name translates in to English as "the crowlike one". He chose this name in 1920.

## Famous ideas

- Le Corbusier said that buildings should be built with transportation, especially the car, in consideration. He was one of the first architects to suggest this, and now almost every city planner considers this when designing a building.

He considered speed in architecture by saying that house is a machine to live in. This machine's purpose is to speed up the activities of the people who live in it.
He introduced an idea of building a residence with just some slabs, columns, and, stairs. These three things can produce any kind of residence, for any class of people.
Anna Karenina

***Anna Karenina*** (), also Anglicised as ***Anna Karenin***, is a novel by the Russian writer Leo Tolstoy.

Tolstoy considered this book his first true novel.

## Characters in "Anna Karenina"

- **Anna Arkadyevna Karenina** – The title character, the sister of Stepan and the lover of Vronsky
Anna Arkadyevna Karenina is romantic and has a very strong character. For example, she likes to write children's books and admires art. She is described as being very beautiful, and there is a lot of energy in her. She loves her son very, very, much, and this is one of the biggest reasons why she is afraid of running away with Vronsky. Although she does not love her husband, Karenin, she feels sorry and guilty. However, she says that "I hate him for his virtues!" She is emotionally honest and really does not like to pretend. She thinks that Karenin loves to pretend, and this is one of the greatest reasons why she does not like him. She thinks that love is more important than anything, even duty.

- Count Alexei Kirillovich Vronsky – The lover of Anna
Count Alexei Kirillovich Vronsky is a handsome, rich, passionate soldier. He is romantic and charming, but he, too, is just a man. Anna is disappointed after she runs away with him and commits adultery because he is not perfect. His head begins to become bald, he loses at horse games, and he does not care about Kitty's feelings. He becomes a bored, embittered man. Tolstoy does not often write about his thoughts and feelings as he does about the other characters.

- Prince Stepan Arkadyevitch Oblonsky ("Stiva") – a good, kind servant

- Darya Alexandrovna Oblonskaya ("Dolly") – Stepan's wife

- Alexei Alexandrovich Karenin – Anna's husband

- Konstantin Dmitrievitch Levin – Kitty's suitor and the novel's other protagonist

- Nikolai Levin – Konstantin's brother

- Ekaterina Alexandrovna Shcherbatskaya ("Kitty") – Darya's younger sister

- Countess Lydia Ivanovna – Interested in all things mystical

- Kapitonich - Karenin's butler

## Movies

- Anna Karenina (1935 movie), a critically acclaimed 1935 drama movie, directed by Clarence Brown. It is based on the novel Anna Karenina by Leo Tolstoy. The movie stars Greta Garbo, Fredric March, and Maureen O'Sullivan.
- Anna Karenina (1948 movie), directed by Julien Duvivier with Vivien Leigh as Anna Karenina.
- Anna Karenina (1997 movie), a 1997 British-American production filmed in St. Petersburg, Russia, by director Bernard Rose with Sophie Marceau as Anna Karenina.
- Anna Karenina (2012 movie),  a 2012 British production movie directed by Joe Wright adapted by Tom Stoppard.

## Related pages

- War and Peace

## Other websites

- _Anna Karenina_ Map

### _Anna Karenina_ in English

- _Anna Karenina_ formatted for online reading  (At literature.org.)_
- Sparknotes: Anna Karenina An analysis of the book.

### _Anna Karenina_ in Russian

- «Анна Каренина» at LitPortal.ru
- Full Russian text of _Anna Karenina_ at Alexey Komarov's Internet Library

### Related works

- Tolstoy's _Confession''
- Literature at IBN.ru
Anna Karenina (disambiguation)

_For movie, TV, radio, or theatrical adaptations of the novel see:_

- 1914: _Anna Karenina (1914 movie)_, a Russian adaptation directed by Vladimir Gardin.
- 1915: _Anna Karenina (1915 movie)_, an American version starring Danish actress Betty Nansen.
- 1927: _Love (1927 movie)_, an American version, starring Greta Garbo and directed by Edmund Goulding.  This version featured significant changes from the novel and had two different endings, with a happy one for American audiences.
- 1935: _Anna Karenina (1935 movie)_, the most famous and critically acclaimed version, starring Greta Garbo and Fredric March and directed by Clarence Brown.
- 1944: A radio adaptation on The Screen Guild Theater starring Ingrid Bergman and Gregory Peck. Ingrid Bergman also did a Theater Guild on the Air adaptation in 1948.
- 1948: _Anna Karenina (1948 movie)_ starring Vivien Leigh, Ralph Richardson and directed by Julien Duvivier.
- 1953: _Anna Karenina (1953 movie)_, a Russian version directed by Tatyana Lukashevich.
- 1961: _Anna Karenina (TV programme)_, a BBC Television adaptation directed by Rudolph Cartier, starring Sean Connery and Claire Bloom.
- 1967: _Anna Karenina (1967 movie)_, a Russian version directed by Aleksandr Zarkhi.
- 1971: _Anna Karenina (ballet)_, a ballet by Rodion Konstantinovich Shchedrin.
- 1977: _Anna Karenina (1977 TV serial)_, a 10 part British TV miniseries directed by Basil Coleman.
- 1985: _Anna Karenina (1985 movie)_, a TV Movie starring Jacqueline Bisset and Christopher Reeve, directed by Simon Langton.
- 1992: _Anna Karenina (musical)_, an ill-fated Broadway musical adaptation.
- 1997: _Anna Karenina (1997 movie)_, the first US version to be filmed on location in Russia, directed by Bernard Rose and starring Sophie Marceau and Sean Bean.
- 1997: A 4 part BBC radio production starring Toby Stephens
- 2000: _Anna Karenina (2000 TV serial)_, a 4 part British TV adaptation directed by David Blair.
- 2005: _Anna Karenina (2005 ballet)_, a Russian ballet in 2 acts choreoraphed by Boris Eifman.
- 2007: _Anna Karenina (2007 opera)_, an American opera with music by David Carlson from a libretto by Colin Graham which premiered in April 2007 at Florida Grand Opera starring Kelly Kaduce as Anna.
- 2009: _Anna Karenina (2009 movie)_, a Russian mini-series by Sergei Solovyov.
_For the cruiseferry, see M/S _Anna Karenina__
Cross section (geometry)

A **cross section** is what one gets if one cuts an object into slices.

In geometry the correct definition of _cross section_ is: the intersection of a body in 2-dimensional space with a line, or of a body in 3-dimensional space with a plane.

A cross section, or **section** is also an orthographic projection of a 3-dimensional object from the position of a plane through the object. A floor plan is a section viewed from the top.

## Related pages

- Orthographic projection
- Plans (drawings)
Space (physics)

**Space**, in everyday language, is something that we all know. It is measured in the three dimensions of distance: length, width, and height.

In modern physics, space is a "boundless four-dimensional continuum" known as spacetime. Disagreement exists about whether it is an entity (something that actually exists). It may be just a relationship between entities, or part of a conceptual framework.

The standard space interval, called a metre (or meter), is defined as the distance traveled by light in a vacuum during a time interval of about 1/300,000,000 of a second.

Before Einstein's work on relativistic physics, time and space were viewed as independent dimensions. Einstein's discoveries have shown that due to relativity of motion space and time can be mathematically combined into spacetime.
Horace

**Quintus Horatius Flaccus** (December 8, 65 BC - November 27, 8 BC), known to English speakers as **Horace**, was a famous poet in the Roman Empire.

## Life

Horace was born in the small Italian town of Venusia. His father used to be a slave, but was known as a freedman because his master had freed him. They moved to Rome a short time later. Horace's father had a job taking items from the seller to the buyer. He received money from these sales. His father became richer and was able to send Horace to the best schools in Rome. He was also able to send him to Athens (Greece) to study the Greek language and philosophy. Horace's native language was Latin. Horace was incredibly proud of his father, and said he felt no shame in being the son of a freedman.

In his early adult life, Julius Caesar, the Roman dictator, was killed. War was declared against the people who killed him. Horace joined the army. When the war was over, Horace returned to Italy to find that other people were living in his apartment. His father was also gone. Horace became very poor. Eventually, he found a job in the treasury. This involved sorting the country's money.

His friends, Lucius Varius Rufus and Virgil, who were also writers, introduced him to Maecenas. Maecenas was a close friend of Augustus, the emperor of Rome. Horace lived in Tivoli, an area of Rome. When he died, he gave the land he owned to Augustus, to increase the land the state owned. Today, other writers visit the land to remember him.

## Quotes

Horace wrote many famous quotes in his poems. These lines are still spoken today, by speakers of every language, in the original Latin.
- _Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori_ - It is sweet and fitting to die for one's country.
- _Carpe diem_ - Pluck the day (Seize the day is the common translation, though it is incorrect in terms of translation and usage).

## Poetry

Some of Horace's poems are difficult to translate because of their syntax, grammar and structure, which is sometimes very different to modern languages.

Horace is viewed by many people, including experts, to be one of the best Latin poets.

## Other websites

- Espace Horace
- The works of Horace at The Latin Library
- Selected Poems of Horace
- _The Perseus Project_ -- Latin and Greek authors (with English translations), including Horace
- Biography and chronology
- Litweb
- Horace's works: text, concordances and frequency list