Great Plague of London

During the **Great Plague of London** (1665-1666), the disease called the bubonic plague killed about 200,000 people in London, England. Within seven months, almost one out of every four Londoners died from the plague. At its worst, in September 1665, the plague killed 7,165 people in one week. After this, the rate of deaths began to slow down.

The Great Plague ended around September 1666. The Great Fire of London, which happened on 2-6 September 1666, may have helped end the outbreak by killing many of the rats and fleas who were spreading the plague.

Though most Great Plague victims were Londoners, the plague also killed people in other areas of England. By the time it ended, the Great Plague had killed about 2.5% of England's population. To compare, about 2% of the entire United Kingdom's population (including soldiers and civilians) died in World War I, and about 1% of the entire United Kingdom's population died in World War II.

## Outbreak

The Great Plague of 1665 was the last major plague in England. Before the Great Plague, England had had outbreaks of plague every few decades:
- The 1603 plague killed about 30,000 Londoners.
- The 1625 plague killed about 35,000 people.
- The 1636 plague killed about 10,000 people.

Historians think that the plague spread to England from the Netherlands. Dutch trading ships carrying cotton from Amsterdam may have brought the plague to England. Amsterdam was badly hit by the plague in 1663–1664; the disease killed about 50,000 people there.

In London, the first places hit by the plague were the dock areas outside of the city and the parish of St Giles in the Fields. In those places, poor workers lived crowded together in bad conditions. Nobody kept records about the deaths of very poor people, so nobody knows how many of them died from the plague.

Records say the first person to die of the plague in London was Rebecca Andrews on 12 April 1665.

## London

By July 1665, plague was in the City of London itself. Many of the people who could afford to leave the city left for the countryside. King Charles II of England, his family, and his court left the city for Oxfordshire. Most wealthy merchants and professionals left the city, so most businesses were closed.

As the plague got worse, more and more people left the city. A small number of clergymen, physicians and apothecaries chose to stay. Most of the city's government officials also stayed, including the Lord Mayor of London, Sir John Lawrence. People who were too poor to move to the countryside had no choice but to stay in the city. Still, London became so empty that grass started to grow on the streets.

Some of the people who stayed in London wrote about the Great Plague. Samuel Pepys, who lived through the plague, kept a diary which gave historians information about what the plague was like. Henry Foe, a saddler who lived in East London, also decided not to leave the city. Years later, in 1722, Foe's nephew Daniel Defoe wrote _A Journal of the Plague Year_, a story about the plague that he may have based on Foe's journals.

## Reactions

People in London tried many different things to try to treat the plague and stop it from spreading. At the time, nobody understood what caused the plague, how it spread, or how to treat it.<sup>p. 42</sup> Antibiotic medications, which are the only treatment for plague, were not discovered for another 300 years. People were so afraid of catching the plague from other people that they threw dead plague victims' bodies into overcrowded pits and buried them all together as quickly as possible. In one parish in London, 1,114 dead plague victims were buried together in a hole that was fifty feet long and twenty feet wide.<sup>pp. 174–175</sup>

As the plague got worse, some people refused to help sick family members. Others forced sick servants to leave even though they had nowhere to go. Eventually, if one person in a home got the plague, the whole family was forced to stay in the home. A red cross and the words "Lord have mercy upon us" would be painted on the door. Pepys wrote in his diary: "the plague [is] making us cruel as dogs to one another."

Government officials tried several public health programs to prevent more people from getting the plague. For example:

- They hired doctors.
- They ordered fires to be kept burning night and day In the hope of cleaning the air.<sup>pp. 166–169</sup>
- They ordered other things that gave off strong smells (like pepper, hops, or frankincense) to be burned.
- They made it illegal to go to theatres, football games, and other group entertainment activities so that people would not spread the plague to one another.
- They urged people to smoke tobacco because it was thought to prevent the plague.
- Because people thought that animals might spread the plague, government officials ordered that stray dogs and cats should be killed. About 40,000 dogs and about 200,000 cats were killed. This was a bad decision since those animals, mostly the cats, helped control the population of rats, which carried the fleas that spread the plague.

"Plague doctors" walked the streets diagnosing victims, but many of them were not actual doctors. Wearing special costumes, they tried to treat plague victims with bloodletting, frogs, and leeches.

The plague was worst in London, but it also affected other parts of England. Perhaps the most famous example was the village of Eyam in Derbyshire. Nobody knows for sure how the plague got to Eyam. However, stories say that a merchant carrying cloth from London accidentally brought the plague with him. The villagers quarantined themselves (kept themselves apart from other people and other villages) to make sure the disease would not spread any further. That kept the plague from spreading outside Eyam, but about 80% of the people in the village died from the plague within a little over a year.

## Dies out

As time went on, more and more people died from the plague. That continued until the week of 19-26 September 1665, the worst week of the Great Plague, when 7,166 people died from the disease. The number of deaths from the plague then began to slow down. By February 1666, the King and his court decided it was safe enough to return to London.

Some people - not nearly as many as before - continued to get the plague until September 1666. Around that time, the plague outbreak ended. The Great Fire of London is believed to have helped to end the plague.

## Infobox (infobox)

- **name**: Infobox/doc
- **title**: The Great Plague of London
- **titlestyle**: background:#abcdef
- **image**:
- **caption**: Collecting the dead for burial during the Great Plague
- **headerstyle**: background:#ccf;
- **labelstyle**: background:#ddf;
- **header1**: Details
- **label2**: Disease
- **data2**: Bubonic plague epidemic
- **label3**: Dates
- **data3**: 1665-1666
- **label4**: Spread by
- **data4**: Fleas who bit infected rats,
then bit people
- **header5**: Victims
- **label6**: Deaths
- **data6**: About 200,000 (1/4 of London's population.
- **belowstyle**: background:#ddf;
- **below**: Killed more of England's population than
World War I or World War II.