juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Transformer

A **transformer** is a device that transfers electrical energy from one electrical circuit to another, without sharing any wires. This happens because the first circuit creates a magnetic field as its power rises and falls. The energy of the second circuit rises and falls with the first circuit, so there is no change in frequency between them. Transformers are an important part of electrical systems.

Transformers are made in many different sizes, from a very small coupling transformer inside a stage microphone to big units that carry hundreds of MVA used in power grids.

The main reason to use a transformer is to make power of one voltage level into power of another voltage level. High voltage is easier to send a long distance, but less voltage is easier and safer to use in the office or home.
Transformers are used to increase or decrease alternating current (AC) voltage in circuits. The transformer is usually built with two coils around the same core. The primary coil or input coil is connected to supply side while secondary coil supplies power to load. The secondary coil is called the output coil. Energy is transferred from the primary to the secondary by electromagnetic induction. In power grids many transformers are used. These are networks for delivering electricity from the generator and to the user.

The transformers in your neighborhood, on electricity poles, or the ones connected to underground wires, usually transform high voltage of 7,200 volts to 220-240 volts of electricity to power lights and appliances such as refrigerators in homes and businesses. Some countries, such as America use different voltages in homes, such as 120 volts.  Transformers cannot increase power, so if the voltage is raised, the current is proportionally lowered. If the voltage is lowered, the current is proportionally increased.

Transformers inside electronics equipment provide the kinds of electricity the various parts need.

There are several basic types of transformers:
- Step-up transformer: the voltage output is greater than the voltage input.
- Step-down transformer: the voltage input is greater than the voltage output.
- Some transformers have the same output voltage as input voltage and are used to electrically isolate two electrical circuits.
Ballycastle, County Antrim

**Ballycastle** is a small town in Northern Ireland, in the United Kingdom.

## Population facts

On 29 April 2001, the United Kingdom government had a census and saw that there were 5,089 people living in Ballycastle. They also saw that:
- 25.3% of people were under 16 years old and 18.7% were over 60 years old
- 46.8% of people were male and 53.2% were female
- 77.7% of people were from a Roman Catholic background and 20.5% were from a Protestant background.
- 5.5% of people aged 16–74 had no job.

## Infobox (uk place)

- **official name**: Ballycastle
- **irish name**: Baile an Chaistil
- **scots name**: Ballykessel,
Bellykessel or Bellycaissle
- **static image**: Ballycastle Harbour - geograph.org.uk - 468327.jpg
- **static image caption**: Ballycastle harbour
- **map type**: Northern Ireland
- **population**: 5,089
- **population ref**: <small>(United Kingdom Census 2001, 2001 Census)</small>
- **irish grid reference**: D115407
- **unitary northern ireland**: Moyle District Council, Moyle
- **country**: Northern Ireland
- **post town**: BALLYCASTLE
- **postcode area**: BT
- **postcode district**: BT54
- **dial code**: 028
- **constituency westminster**: North Antrim (UK Parliament constituency), North Antrim
- **constituency ni assembly**: North Antrim (Assembly constituency), North Antrim
- **lieutenancy northern ireland**: County Antrim
- **website**: [http://www.northantrim.com/ballycastle.htm www.northantrim.com]
Bangor, County Down

**Bangor** is a city in County Down, Northern Ireland.

## Population facts

On 29 April 2001 the United Kingdom government had a census and saw that there were 58,388 people living in Bangor. They also saw that:
- 20.2% of people in Bangor were under 16 years old and 20.3% were over 60 years old
- 47.7% of people were male and 52.3% were female
- 82.7% were from a Protestant background and 10.6% were from a Roman Catholic background

## Infobox (uk place)

- **official name**: Bangor
- **irish name**: Beannchor
- **scots name**: Bengor
- **map type**: Northern Ireland
- **label position**: none
- **population**: 64,596
- **population ref**: <small>(2021 United Kingdom census, 2021 Census)</small>
- **unitary northern ireland**: North Down Borough Council, North Down
- **country**: Northern Ireland
- **post town**: BANGOR
- **postcode area**: BT
- **postcode district**: BT19
BT20
- **dial code**: 028
- **constituency westminster**: North Down (UK Parliament constituency), North Down
- **constituency ni assembly**: North Down (Assembly constituency), North Down
- **lieutenancy northern ireland**: County Down
- **website**: [http://www.northdown.gov.uk/ www.northdown.gov.uk]
Munich (district)

**Munich** () is a rural district in Upper Bavaria in south Bavaria, Germany. However the district does not include the city of Munich, which it partially surrounds and which is an urban district itself.

## Towns and municipalities

|align=left width=33%|Towns|align=left width=33%|Municipalities|align=left width=33%||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||#Garching #Unterschleißheim||#Aschheim #Aying #Baierbrunn #Brunnthal #Feldkirchen #Gräfelfing #Grasbrunn #Grünwald #Haar #Hohenbrunn #Höhenkirchen-Siegertsbrunn #Ismaning #Kirchheim #Neubiberg||<ol start=15> <li>Neuried</li> <li>Oberhaching</li> <li>Oberschleißheim</li> <li>Ottobrunn</li> <li>Planegg</li> <li>Pullach</li> <li>Putzbrunn</li> <li>Sauerlach</li> <li>Schäftlarn</li> <li>Straßlach-Dingharting</li> <li>Taufkirchen</li> <li>Unterföhring</li> <li>Unterhaching</li> </ol>|

## Other websites

- Official website (German)
- Regional news portal for the Landkreis München (German)

## Infobox (german district)

- **name**: Munich
- **state**: Bavaria
- **image flag**: Flagge Landkreis München.svg
- **image coa**: DEU Landkreis München COA.svg
- **capital**: Munich
- **regierungsbezirk**: Upper Bavaria
- **region**: Munich
- **area**: 667.27
- **kreisschlüssel**: 09184
- **population**: 309,080
- **population as of**: 2005
- **density**: 446
- **carsign**: M <small>(followed by _one_ letter'')</small>
- **url**: http://www.landkreis-muenchen.de
Acts of Union 1800

The **Acts of Union 1800** (or sometimes **Acts of Union 1801**) (Irish: _Acht an Aontais 1800_) is used to describe two Acts are meant. Their official titles are the **Union with Ireland Act 1800** (1800 c.67 39 and 40 Geo 3), an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain, and the **Act of Union (Ireland) 1800** (1800 c.38 40 Geo 3), an Act of the Parliament of Ireland.

These two Acts merged the Kingdom of Ireland and the United Kingdom of Great Britain, (being itself a merger of the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland under the Acts of Union 1707), to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.

## The Union Flag

The flag created as a consequence of the merger combined the flags of England and Scotland with "St Patrick's Cross" to represent Ireland. Wales is not included on the Union Flag, as when the original Union Flag was devised Wales was a part of the Kingdom of England.

## Sources

- Ward, Alan J. _The Irish Constitutional Tradition: Responsible Government and Modern Ireland 1782-1992_. Irish Academic Press, 1994.
- Lalor, Brian (ed). _The Encyclopaedia of Ireland_. Gill & Macmillan, Dublin, Ireland, 2003. , p7

## Other websites

- Act of Union - Virtual Library
- Acts of Union - complete original text
Ebersberg (district)

**Ebersberg** is a rural district in Upper Bavaria in south Bavaria, Germany.

## Towns and municipalities

|align=left width=33%|Towns|align=left width=33%|Municipalities|align=left width=33%||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||#Ebersberg #Grafing||#Anzing #Aßling #Baiern #Bruck #Egmating #Emmering #Forstinning #Frauenneuharting #Glonn||<ol start=10> <li> Hohenlinden <li> Kirchseeon <li> Markt Schwaben <li> Moosach <li> Oberpframmern <li> Pliening <li> Poing <li> Steinhöring <li> Vaterstetten <li> Zorneding </ol>|
**Unincorporated Areas**
1. Anzinger Forst
1. Ebersberger Forst
1. Eglhartinger Forst

## Infobox (german district)

- **name**: Ebersberg
- **state**: Bavaria
- **image flag**: Flagge Landkreis Ebersberg.svg
- **image coa**: DEU Landkreis Ebersberg COA.svg
- **capital**: Ebersberg
- **regierungsbezirk**: Upper Bavaria
- **region**: Munich
- **area**: 549.3
- **kreisschlüssel**: 09175
- **population**: 133,007
- **population as of**: 2013
- **density**: 242
- **carsign**: EBE
- **url**: http://www.lra-ebe.de
Freising (district)

**Freising** is a rural district in Upper Bavaria in south Bavaria, Germany.

## Towns and municipalities

|align=left width=33%|Towns|align=left width=33%|Municipalities|align=left width=33%||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||#Freising #Moosburg||#Allershausen #Attenkirchen #Au in der Hallertau #Eching #Fahrenzhausen #Gammelsdorf #Haag an der Amper #Hallbergmoos #Hohenkammer #Hörgertshausen #Kirchdorf an der Amper||<ol start=12> <li> Kranzberg <li> Langenbach <li> Marzling <li> Mauern <li> Nandlstadt <li> Neufahrn bei Freising <li> Paunzhausen <li> Rudelzhausen <li> Wang <li> Wolfersdorf <li> Zolling </ol>|

## Other websites

- Official website (German)
- Freising County Flag

## Infobox (german district)

- **name**: Freising
- **state**: Bavaria
- **image flag**: Flagge Landkreis Freising.svg
- **image coa**: DEU Landkreis Freising COA.svg
- **capital**: Freising
- **regierungsbezirk**: Upper Bavaria
- **region**: Munich
- **area**: 800
- **kreisschlüssel**: 09178
- **population**: 155,396
- **density**: 190
- **carsign**: FS
- **url**: [http://www.lra-freising.bayern.de lra-freising.bayern.de]
Starnberg (district)

**Starnberg** () is a rural district in Upper Bavaria in south Bavaria, Germany.

## Towns and municipalities

|align=left width=33%|Towns|align=left width=33%|Municipalities|align=left width=33%||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||#Starnberg||#Andechs #Berg #Feldafing #Gauting #Gilching #Herrsching (Ammersee)||<ol start=7> <li>Inning am Ammersee <li>Krailling <li>Pöcking <li>Seefeld <li>Tutzing <li>Weßling <li>Wörthsee </ol>|

## Other websites

- Five Lake County tourist information
- Starnberg information (English)

## Infobox (german district)

- **name**: Starnberg
- **state**: Bavaria
- **image flag**: Flagge Landkreis Starnberg.svg
- **image coa**: Wappen Landkreis Starnberg.svg
- **capital**: Starnberg
- **regierungsbezirk**: Upper Bavaria
- **region**: Munich
- **area**: 488.01
- **kreisschlüssel**: 09188
- **population**: 124,956
- **population as of**: 2000
- **density**: 256
- **carsign**: STA
- **url**: http://www.lk-starnberg.de
Traunstein (district)

**Traunstein** is a rural district in Upper Bavaria in south Bavaria, Germany.

## Towns and municipalities

**Towns**
1. Tittmoning
1. Traunreut
1. Traunstein
1. Trostberg

**Markt**
1. Grassau
1. Waging am See¹
¹

Verwaltungsgemeinschaften
1. Bergen
1. Marquartstein
1. Obing
1. Waging am See

**Municipalities**

## Other websites

- Official website (German)

## Infobox (german district)

- **name**: Traunstein
- **state**: Bavaria
- **image flag**: Flagge Landkreis Traunstein.svg
- **image coa**: DEU Landkreis Traunstein COA.svg
- **capital**: Traunstein
- **regierungsbezirk**: Upper Bavaria
- **region**: Südostoberbayern
- **area**: 1,533.92
- **kreisschlüssel**: 09189
- **population**: 167,646
- **population as of**: 2000
- **density**: 109
- **carsign**: TS, LF
- **url**: http://www.traunstein.com
Berchtesgadener Land

**Berchtesgadener Land** (Central Bavarian: _Berchtsgoana Land_) is a rural district in Upper Bavaria, in southern Bavaria, Germany.

## Towns and municipalities

|align=left width=33%|Towns|align=left width=33%|Municipalities|align=left width=33%||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||#Bad Reichenhall #Freilassing #Laufen||#Ainring #Anger #Bayerisch Gmain #Berchtesgaden #Bischofswiesen #Marktschellenberg||<ol start=7> <li> Piding <li> Ramsau <li> Saaldorf-Surheim <li> Schneizlreuth <li>  Schönau am Königssee <li> Teisendorf </ol>|

## Infobox (german district)

- **name**: Berchtesgadener Land
- **state**: Bavaria
- **image flag**: Flagge Berchtesgadener Land.svg
- **image coa**: DEU Landkreis Berchtesgadener Land COA.svg
- **capital**: Bad Reichenhall
- **regierungsbezirk**: Upper Bavaria
- **region**: Südostoberbayern
- **area**: 840
- **kreisschlüssel**: 09172
- **population**: 99,800
- **population as of**: 2001
- **density**: 119
- **carsign**: BGL
- **url**: [http://www.berchtesgadener-land.de berchtesgadener-land.de]
Rosenheim (district)

**Rosenheim** is a rural district in Upper Bavaria in south Bavaria, Germany.

## Towns and municipalities

|align=left width=33%|Towns|align=left width=33%|Municipalities|align=left width=33%||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||# Bad Aibling # Kolbermoor # Wasserburg am Inn **Verwaltungsgemeinschaften** #Breitbrunn am Chiemsee #Halfing #Pfaffing #Rott am Inn **Markt** #Bad Endorf #Bruckmühl #Neubeuern #Prien am Chiemsee||#Albaching #Amerang #Aschau im Chiemgau #Babensham #Bad Feilnbach #Bernau am Chiemsee #Brannenburg #Breitbrunn am Chiemsee #Chiemsee #Edling #Eggstätt #Eiselfing #Feldkirchen-Westerham #Flintsbach #Frasdorf #Griesstätt #Großkarolinenfeld #Gstadt am Chiemsee #Halfing #Höslwang||<ol start=21> <li> Kiefersfelden <li> Nußdorf am Inn <li> Oberaudorf <li> Pfaffing <li> Prutting <li> Ramerberg <li> Raubling <li> Riedering <li> Rimsting <li> Rohrdorf <li> Rott am Inn <li> Samerberg <li> Schechen <li> Schonstett <li> Söchtenau <li> Soyen <li> Stephanskirchen <li> Tuntenhausen <li> Vogtareuth </ol>|

## Other websites

- Official website (in German)

## Infobox (german district)

- **name**: Landkreis Rosenheim
- **state**: Bavaria
- **image flag**: Flagge Landkreis Rosenheim.svg
- **image coa**: DEU Landkreis Rosenheim COA.svg
- **capital**: Rosenheim
- **regierungsbezirk**: Upper Bavaria
- **region**: Südostoberbayern
- **area**: 1439.4
- **kreisschlüssel**: 09187
- **population**: 240,106
- **population as of**: 2001
- **density**: 167
- **carsign**: RO
- **url**: [http://www.landkreis-rosenheim.de landkreis-rosenheim.de]
Banne

**Banne** is a town and commune of the Ardèche _département_, in southern France.

## Related pages

- Communes of the Ardèche department
Cantons of the Ardèche department

This is a list of the 17 **cantons of the Ardèche department**, in France.

After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the _arrondissements_ so they could have _communes_ that belong to different _arrondissements_.

The following table shows the 17 cantons of the department and the distribution of the _communes_ by _arrondissement_:

|INSEE codes||Canton||Largentière||width=100px |Privas||Tournon-sur-Rhône||Total||||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|0701|Annonay-1|||6 + part of Annonay|**6** + part of Annonay|
|0702|Annonay-2|||9 + part of Annonay|**9** + part of Annonay|
|0703|Aubenas-1|15 + part of Aubenas|||**15** + part of Aubenas|
|0704|Aubenas-2|14 + part of Aubenas|||**14** + part of Aubenas|
|0705|Bourg-Saint-Andéol||9||**9**|
|0706|Le Cheylard||13|33|**46**|
|0707|Guilherand-Granges|||5|**5**|
|0708|Lamastre|||31|**31**|
|0709|Le Pouzin||13||**13**|
|0710|Privas||15||**15**|
|0711|Sarras|||19|**19**|
|0712|Le Teil|13|6||**19**|
|0713|Thueyts|41|||**41**|
|0714|Tournon-sur-Rhône|||13|**13**|
|0715|Vallon-Pont-d'Arc|29|1||**30**|
|0716|Les Vans|35|||**35**|
|0717|La Voulte-sur-Rhône||8|9|**17**|
Arrondissements of the Ardèche department

There are 3 **arrondissements in the Ardèche department**. The French departments, and in other countries, are divided into _arrondissements_, which may be translated into English as **districts** (in some cases, as **boroughs**). The capital of an arrondissement is called a subprefecture.

If the prefecture (capital) of the department is in an arrondissement, that prefecture is the capital of the arrondissement, acting both as a prefecture and as a subprefecture.

Arrondissements are further divided into communes.

The arrondissements of the Ardèche are:

|INSEE code !! Arrondissement !! Capital !! Population <small>(2014)</small> !! Area <small>(km²)</small> !! Density <small>(Inh./km²)</small> !! _Communes_|||||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|071|Largentière|Largentière|98,821|2,511.3||153|
|072|Privas|Privas|87,774|1,159.4||66|
|073|Tournon-sur-Rhône|Tournon-sur-Rhône|135,786|1,858.0||120|

## History

Since its creation, the Ardèche department has had few changes:
- 1790 : creation of the department with seven districts: Annonay, Aubenas, L'Argentière, Privas, Tournon, Vernoux and Villeneuve-de-Berg; the capital was Privas alternating with Annonay, Aubenas, Le Bourg(-Saint-Andéol) and Tournon. In August of that year, the number of districts was reduced to three: Mézenc, Aubenas and Tanargue. In September, Privas became the only capital of the department.
- 1800 : creation of three arrondissements: Privas, L'Argentière and Tournon.
- 1988 : Tournon changed its name to Tournon-sur-Rhône.

## Related pages

- Arrondissement of Largentière
- Arrondissement of Privas
- Arrondissement of Tournon-sur-Rhône
- List of arrondissements of France
Accons

**Accons** is a town and commune in the Ardèche department in Southern France.

## Related pages

- Communes of the Ardèche department

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Accons
- **arrondissement**: Tournon-sur-Rhône
- **canton**: Le Cheylard
- **insee**: 07001
- **postal code**: 07160
- **mayor**: Bernadette Pinet-Cuoq
- **term**: 2008–2014
- **intercommunality**: Pays du Cheylard
- **elevation m**: 560
- **elevation min m**: 476
- **elevation max m**: 1201
- **area km2**: 9.87
- **population**: 430
- **population date**: 2008
Ailhon

**Ailhon** is a town and commune of the Ardèche  department in Southern France.

## Related pages

- Communes of the Ardèche department

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Ailhon
- **image**: Ailhon église.jpg
- **arrondissement**: Largentière
- **canton**: Aubenas
- **insee**: 07002
- **postal code**: 07200
- **mayor**: Jean-Paul Lardy
- **term**: 2008–2014
- **intercommunality**: Vinobre
- **elevation m**: 406
- **elevation min m**: 258
- **elevation max m**: 544
- **area km2**: 7.8
- **population**: 471
- **population date**: 2008
Aizac

**Aizac** is a town and commune of the Ardèche department in Southern France.

## Related pages

- Communes of the Ardèche department

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Aizac
- **image**: Eglise d'Aizac depuis le volcan.jpg
- **arrondissement**: Largentière
- **canton**: Antraigues-sur-Volane
- **insee**: 07003
- **postal code**: 07530
- **mayor**: Edmond Fargier
- **term**: 2008-2014
- **elevation m**: 600
- **elevation min m**: 420
- **elevation max m**: 1200
- **area km2**: 6.65
- **population**: 169
- **population date**: 1999
John Keats

**John Keats** (31 October 1795 – 23 February 1821) was an English poet. He is often ranked as one of the five most important poets of the Romantic movement in English literature; the other four are William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Lord Byron, and Percy Bysshe Shelley. Though Keats was the youngest of these poets, he also died before the others: he suffered from tuberculosis and died in Rome at the age of 25.

Keats was the son of an inn-keeper Thomas Keats, who died when Keats was nine years old and Frances Keats; and his mother died of tuberculosis in 1810. The young Keats began studying to be a surgeon, though his interest in literature grew stronger than his interest in medicine. He became a friend and follower of the poet and editor James Henry Leigh Hunt, and made his first attempts to write his own poetry. Keats's active writing life lasted only about six years, from the spring of 1814 through 1819.

His short life meant that he wrote less than many other poets. His longest poems, _Endymion_ and _Hyperion_, tell stories from ancient Greek mythology. Many of his shorter poems are among the best known in English literature, including the ballad "La Belle Dame sans Merci" and his sonnets and odes.

Keats was an active letter-writer throughout his life, like many people of his time. Hundreds of his letters to friends and relatives have survived, and Keats is often called one of the great letter writers in the English language.

## Other websites

- _The poetical works_ of John Keats, edited by William T. Arnold, Kegan Paul, Trench & Co., London 1884.
Endymion (poem)

***Endymion*** is one of the major poems of the English Romantic poet John Keats. It is his longest poem. Keats wrote the poem in 1817, and it was printed in a book in 1818. The poem's opening line is one of the most famous lines of poetry in English literature:

- A_ thing of beauty is a joy forever._

Keats called the poem "A Poetical Romance." He wrote in four sections or "Books," and each section is about a thousand lines long. The poem is written in a form called rhymed couplets, which means that every two lines rhyme together. The story is based on the tale of Endymion from Greek mythology.

_Endymion_ was criticized harshly when it was first published. Some of Keats's friends and admirers, like the poet Shelley, believed that the stress of this hostile reaction had a bad effect on Keats's mind, and partly caused his early death from tuberculosis at the age of 25. But most modern critics and scholars of English literature do not think this is true.
Hyperion (poem)

***Hyperion*** is one of the major poems of the English Romantic poet John Keats. The poem is based on the tale from Greek mythology that tells how the Titan Hyperion, the first Greek sun god, was replaced by Apollo.

Keats worked on the poem mainly in August and September 1818. He finished the first two sections or "Books," each between 350 and 400 lines long, and he also wrote 135 lines of Book III. But he was not satisfied with what he had written; he re-wrote it bit by bit until April 1819, when he gave up for a while. Some critics and scholars think that Keats set out to write the kind of long poem he had already done in his _Endymion_ in 1817 – but his outlook on poetry had changed, to a point where he was no longer happy writing the kind of mythological epic that many other poets of his time tried to write.

Keats tried to re-do the poem in a new form that he called _The Fall of Hyperion_. He worked on this second version during the last six months of 1819, and though he wrote more than 500 lines, he gave up this second attempt too. He was never able to complete either version of the poem in a way that satisfied him.

Keats wrote the poem in blank verse, without rhyme. Though neither version was ever finished, some critics think that they contain some of Keats's best verse, as in the gloomy and powerful opening lines of the first _Hyperion_:

- Deep in the shady sadness of a vale
- Far sunken from the healthy breath of morn,
- Far from the fiery noon, and eve's one star,
- Sat gray-hair'd Saturn, quiet as a stone,
- Still as the silence round about his lair;
- Forest on forest hung about his head
- Like cloud on cloud.

["vale" = valley; "morn" = morning; "eve" = evening]
Relational database

A **relational database** is a way of storing information (_data_). Relational databases help users join information to other information.

In a relational database, each record of data is stored in a row. The rows are grouped together in tables. In the relational model, a database table is called a relation. This is why the term relational is used for this kind of database.

The software used to do this grouping is called a relational database management system (RDBMS). The term "relational database" often refers to this type of software.

Relational databases are currently the main way in which companies store information like financial records, medical records, personal information, and manufacturing and logistical data.

The term _relational database_ was originally defined by and is attributed to Edgar Codd at IBM Almaden Research Center in 1970.
Kingdom of Scotland

The **Kingdom of Scotland** was a historic country and state. It started in the Early Middle Ages and was in existence until the early modern period.

After 1603, it had the same monarch as the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Ireland. In 1653, during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, the government of Oliver Cromwell made Scotland into part of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland: a republic. However, at The Restoration, Scotland started again to be a kingdom. It combined with the Kingdom of England to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707 because of the Acts of Union 1707.

## Related pages

- Scotland
- Parliament of Scotland

## Infobox (former country)

- **native name**: <small>_Rìoghachd na h-Alba_
_Kinrick o Scotland_</small>
- **conventional long name**: Kingdom of Scotland
- **common name**: Scotland
- **year start**: 843
- **year end**: 1707
- **date end**: 1 May
- **event start**: United
- **event1**: Lothian and Strathclyde incorporated
- **date event1**: 1124 (confirmed Treaty of York, 1237)
- **event2**: Galloway incorporated
- **date event2**: 1234/5
- **event3**: Hebrides, Isle of Man and Caithness incorporated
- **date event3**: 1266 (Treaty of Perth)
- **event4**: Orkney and Shetland annexed
- **date event4**: 1472
- **event end**: Acts of Union 1707
- **p1**: Picts
- **s1**: United Kingdom of Great Britain
- **flag s1**: Flag of Great Britain (1707–1800).svg
- **image flag**: Flag of Scotland (1542-2003).svg
- **image flag2**: Royal Banner of Scotland.svg
- **flag caption**: Top: Flag (1542-1707)

Bottom: Royal Standard (1565-1603)
- **image coat**: Royal Arms of the Kingdom of Scotland.svg
- **symbol**: Royal coat of arms of Scotland
- **symbol type**: Royal arms of Scotland
- **image map**: Scotland within Europe in 1190.svg
- **image map caption**: Kingdom of Scotland in 1190
- **national motto**: <small>(Latin)
("No one provokes me with impunity")
_""_ (Scottish Gaelic)
_""_(Scots)</small>
- **capital**: Edinburgh¹
- **common languages**: Scottish Gaelic, Scots
- **government type**: Monarchy
- **title leader**: List of monarchs of Scotland, Monarch
- **leader1**: Kenneth I of Scotland, Kenneth I
- **year leader1**: 843–858
- **leader2**: James VI and I, James VI
- **year leader2**: 1567–1625
- **leader3**: Anne of Great Britain, Anne
- **year leader3**: 1702–1707
- **legislature**: Parliament of Scotland
- **currency**: Pound Scots (Pund)
- **footnotes**: ¹ By the early modern era established at Edinburgh, and before that Scone & various.
Ajoux

**Ajoux** is a town and commune of the Ardèche _département_, in the southern part of France.

## Related pages

- Communes of the Ardèche department

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Ajoux
- **arrondissement**: Privas
- **canton**: Privas
- **insee**: 07004
- **postal code**: 07000
- **mayor**: Georges Verdier
- **term**: 2001–2008
- **intercommunality**: Roche de Gourdon
- **elevation m**: 750
- **elevation min m**: 393
- **elevation max m**: 1068
- **area km2**: 12.2
- **population**: 89
- **population date**: 1999
Alba-la-Romaine

**Alba-la-Romaine** is a commune of the French département Ardèche.

## Related pages

- Communes of the Ardèche department

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Alba-la-Romaine
- **image**: Chateau d'Alba-la-Romaine.JPG
- **image coat of arms**: Blason ville fr Alba-la-Romaine 07.svg
- **arrondissement**: Privas
- **canton**: Viviers
- **insee**: 07005
- **postal code**: 07400
- **mayor**: Pierre Maurin
- **term**: 2001-2008
- **elevation min m**: 135
- **elevation max m**: 554
- **area km2**: 30.46
- **population**: 1135
- **population date**: 1999
Albon-d'Ardèche

**Albon-d'Ardèche** is a town and commune of the Ardèche _département_, in the southern part of France.

## Related pages

- Communes of the Ardèche department

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Albon-d'Ardèche
- **arrondissement**: Privas
- **canton**: Saint-Pierreville
- **insee**: 07006
- **postal code**: 07190
- **mayor**: Mr. Filippi
- **term**: 2001-2008
- **intercommunality**: Châtaigniers
- **elevation m**: 630
- **elevation min m**: 567
- **elevation max m**: 1112
- **area km2**: 9.11
- **population**: 165
- **population date**: 1999
Alboussière

**Alboussière** is a town and commune of the Ardèche _département_, in the southern part of France. It can be found about 20 km from Valence-sur-Rhône. About 760 people live there.

## Related pages

- Communes of the Ardèche department

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Alboussière
- **image coat of arms**: Blason Alboussière.svg
- **arrondissement**: Tournon-sur-Rhône
- **canton**: Saint-Péray
- **insee**: 07007
- **postal code**: 07440
- **mayor**: Jacques Dubay
- **term**: 2001-2008
- **intercommunality**: Pays de Crussol
- **elevation m**: 548
- **elevation min m**: 234
- **elevation max m**: 774
- **area km2**: 18.39
- **population**: 756
- **population date**: 1999
Alissas

**Alissas** is a town and commune of the Ardèche _département_, in the southern part of France.

## Related pages

- Communes of the Ardèche department

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Alissas
- **image**: Mairie Alissas 2012-07-31-023.jpg
- **arrondissement**: Privas
- **canton**: Privas
- **insee**: 07008
- **postal code**: 07210
- **mayor**: Jean Leynaud
- **term**: 2001-2008
- **intercommunality**: Privas Rhône et Vallées
- **elevation m**: 229
- **elevation min m**: 196
- **elevation max m**: 789
- **area km2**: 12.43
- **population**: 1026
- **population date**: 1999
Jackson, Michigan

**Jackson** is a city in lower mid-Michigan. It was started in 1829. It is named after Democratic President Andrew Jackson. Jackson is the home town of several well-known people. One of whom is the first African-American Super Bowl winning coach, Tony Dungy.

Several of the major employers in the city are CMS Energy, which gives natural gas and electrical services to much of Michigan and has its international headquarters in the city, as well as Foote Hospital. Jackson is  from the Michigan International Speedway.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Jackson, Michigan
- **settlement type**: City
- **nickname**: The Rose City
- **image skyline**: Downtown_Jackson, Michigan.jpg
- **imagesize**: 275
- **image caption**: Downtown Jackson
- **image blank emblem**: Logo of Jackson, Michigan.svg
- **blank emblem type**: Logo
- **blank emblem size**: 170
- **pushpin map**: Michigan#USA
- **pushpin label position**: left
- **pushpin label**: Jackson
- **pushpin map caption**: Location within the state of Michigan##Location within the United States
- **image map**: Jackson, MI location.png
- **mapsize**: 250
- **map caption**: Location within Jackson County, Michigan, Jackson County
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: Michigan
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Michigan, County
- **subdivision name2**: Jackson County, Michigan, Jackson
- **government type**: Mayor–council government, Mayor–council
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader title1**: City manager, Manager
- **leader title2**: Municipal clerk, Clerk
- **established title**: Founded
- **established date**: 1829
- **established title1**: Incorporated
- **area total km2**: 28.38
- **area total sq mi**: 10.96
- **area land km2**: 28.07
- **area land sq mi**: 10.84
- **area water km2**: 0.30
- **area water sq mi**: 0.12
- **population as of**: 2020 United States census, 2020
- **population total**: 31309
- **population density km2**: 1115.4
- **population metro**: 160,366 (US: List of Metropolitan Statistical Areas, 266th)
- **timezone**: Eastern Time Zone, EST
- **utc offset**: −5
- **timezone dst**: Eastern Daylight Time, EDT
- **utc offset dst**: −4
- **elevation m**: 284
- **elevation ft**: 932
- **postal code type**: ZIP Codes
- **postal code**: 49201–49204
- **area code**: Area code 517, 517
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 26-41420
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 0629165
- **unit pref**: Imperial
Utrecht

**Utrecht** can be any of the following areas or cities:

- Utrecht (province), of the Netherlands
- Utrecht (city), Netherlands, and capital of the province of the same name
- Utrecht (agglomeration), in the Netherlands, includes the city of Utrecht
- Diocese of Utrecht, historic, of the Netherlands
- Utrecht, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

It can also be any of these:
- Republic of Utrecht
- Treaty of Utrecht
- Utrecht University
- FC Utrecht, a Dutch association football club.
Protostome

**Protostomes** are a nephrozoan taxon of animals above the level of phylum. It is not part of the normal system of classification.

They are a subtaxon of the Bilateria, and are contrasted with the deuterostomes. Protosomes are distingued by their embryo: in deuterostomes, the first opening (the blastopore) becomes the anus, while in protostomes it becomes the mouth.

DNA sequence analysis suggests that protostome animals can be divided into three major groups:
- Ecdysozoa, e.g. arthropods,  nematodes
- Platyzoa, e.g. platyhelminthes, rotifers
- Lophotrochozoa, e.g. molluscs, annelids
as well as a number of minor taxa, like the Chaetognatha.
Earth, Texas

**Earth** is a city in Lamb County, Texas, United States. There were 901 people living in Earth as of the year 2020.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Earth, Texas
- **settlement type**: City
- **pushpin map**: Texas#USA
- **pushpin relief**: yes
- **pushpin label**: Earth
- **pushpin label position**: right
- **pushpin map alt**: Map of Texas
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: State
- **subdivision type2**: County
- **subdivision name2**: Lamb County, Texas, Lamb
- **subdivision type3**: Region
- **subdivision name3**: Llano Estacado
- **established title**: Established
- **established date**: 1924
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **elevation ft**: 3694
- **population total**: 901
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **timezone1**: North American Central Time Zone, CST
- **utc offset1**: -6
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 79031
- **area code type**: Area code
- **area code**: Area code 806, 806
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standards, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 48-21928
- **area total km2**: 3.11
- **area total sq mi**: 1.20
- **area land km2**: 3.11
- **area water km2**: 0.00
- **area land sq mi**: 1.20
- **area water sq mi**: 0.00
- **population density sq mi**: 808.49
- **population density km2**: 312.03
Amazing Grace (2006 movie)

***Amazing Grace*** is a 2006 movie about the fight to end the slave trade in 18th century Britain. Led by famous abolitionist, William Wilberforce. He created anti-slave trade laws in the British Parliament.

The movie is directed by Michael Apted, written by Steven Knight, and stars Ioan Gruffudd. The first release date for this movie was September 16, 2006 in Canada. It was released in the United States on February 23, 2007. Several other areas had other dates.

On the opening weekend, this movie made around four million dollars. It went on to make an all-time worldwide total of over 32 million dollars.

_Amazing Grace_ was named "Best Spiritual Film of 2008" in the third annual "Beliefnet Film Awards".

## Other websites

- Official Website

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: Amazing Grace
- **director**: Michael Apted
- **writer**: Steven Knight
- **starring**: Ioan Gruffudd
- **music**: David Arnold
- **cinematography**: Remi Adefarasin
- **editing**: Rick Shaine
- **distributor**: IDP, Samuel Goldwyn Films
- **released**: September 16, 2006 (premiere)
February 23, 2007([https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0454776/releaseinfo USA])
March 23, 2007 (UK)
- **runtime**: 118
- **language**: English
María Isabel Carvajal

**Carmen Lyra** (January 15, 1888  – May 14, 1949) was the pseudonym of the first prominent female Costa Rican writer, born **María Isabel Carvajal Quesada**.

## Life

Lyra studied at the school in her neighborhood in the Buenaventura Corrales. She studied pedagogy at the college and got the teacher’s certification. Lyra began teaching in the rural El Monte School in the province of Heredia. In 1906, she worked in the San Juan de Dios Hospital for a short time.

## Teaching methods

Lyra travelled to Europe. While there, she  learned about new educational systems. When she returned, she worked with a teacher and founded the first pre-school in Costa Rica.

## Writing career

Lyra's first publication was the novel _En una silla de ruedas_ (In a Wheelchair), in 1918. Her short stories were published in the _Pandemonium Magazine_, _Ariel Magazine, and the _Repertorio Americano_.

The stories of Carmen Lyra have been used in many schools. The most popular is _Cuentos de mi tía Panchita_ (Story of my aunt Panchita). It was published in 1920. This story is well known by most Costa Rican.

Other works of Maria Isabel Carvajal are _Las fantasias de Juan Silvestre_ (1918), _Obras Completas_ (1975), _La cucarachita mandina_ (1976) and  _relatos escogidos_ (1977).

## Politics

Carmen Lyra was involved in Costa Rican politics. She was part of the communist party.

She helped organize women schoolteachers to burn down the building of the official newspaper and to overthrow the dictatorship of Costa Rica's Federico Tinoco Granados in 1919. She is credited with translating the Communist Manifesto into Spanish in 1920. She went on to take a leading role in the banana workers' strike of 1934. During this time, she wrote _Bananos y Hombres'' (Bananas and Men).

In 1948, she was forced into leave Costa Rica after the Costa Rican Civil War because of her politics. She went to Mexico and died there in 1949.
How Pop Can You Get?

***How Pop Can You Get?*** was the first and only album by American band The Bats.
- Members were Jon Brion, Bill Murphy and Don "Riff" Fertman.
- It was recorded in New Haven and West Haven, Connecticut and released on the Gustav label (Gustav UA1001) in the fall of 1982.
- Called "The Pop(ulist) album of the Year" by OP: The Lost Music network, the record received much critical acclaim and was even a Billboard magazine "Recommended LP" when reviewed in the October 2, 1982 issue. The album, however, ultimately failed to chart.

## Track listing

All music and lyrics by The Bats (Jon Brion, Bill Murphy, Don Fertman)

1. "Chauve-Souris" – :45
1. "How Pop Can You Get?" – 2:42
1. "Not Easy For Me" – 3:33
1. "Will She ever Come Around?" – 3:15
1. "Mr. Peculiar" – 2:45
1. "Living In Alaska" – 3:05
1. "Not My Girl Anymore" – 3:15
1. "Something Ventured" – 3:26
1. "Hey Teen-Age" – 5:25
1. "Why Does Suzy Have Bad Dreams?" – 3:07
1. "Paranoid Schizophrenic" – 3:01
1. "Every Night" – 3:58
1. "Too Out Bottom of the Ninth" – 7:26

## Other websites

- http://phobos.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewAlbum?i=282951575&id=282951564&s=143441-Download album at iTunes
- http://wilfullyobscure.blogspot.com/2007/11/bats-us-how-pop-you-can-get-1982.html#c2537226573475607669 Review-"Willfully Obscure"
- http://ex-libris.ca/?p=381  Review-"Ex-Libris"
- http://mog.com/masa/blog_post/28360  Review Mog.com
- https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0445035/soundtrack Nail Polish Soundtrack at IMDB
Skokie, Illinois

**Skokie, Illinois** is a village in Illinois. It was once known as **Niles Center**.  It is on the northwest side of Chicago in Cook County.  The area of Skokie is 10.1 square miles (2.62 square kilometers).  According the 2020 census, its population was 67,824.

## History

Skokie was named Niles Centre in 1888. By 1910, the spelling of this name was changed to Niles Center.  A nearby village was named Niles. This was confusing. The name of the village was changed to Skokie in 1940.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Skokie, Illinois
- **other name**: Niles Center, Illinois
- **settlement type**: Village
- **image skyline**: Skokie, Illinois (9179544141).jpg
- **image alt**: Downtown Skokie seen on a partly cloudy day with some construction
- **image caption**: Downtown Skokie in 2013
- **image map**: File:Cook County Illinois Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Skokie Highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 260px
- **map caption**: Location of Skokie in Cook County, Illinois
- **image map1**: Illinois in United States (US48).svg
- **map caption1**: Location of Illinois in the United States
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: State
- **subdivision name1**: Illinois
- **subdivision type2**: County (United States), County
- **subdivision name2**: Cook County, Illinois, Cook
- **subdivision type3**: Civil township, Township
- **subdivision name3**: Niles Township, Cook County, Illinois, Niles
- **established title**: Municipal corporation, Incorporated
- **established date**: 1888
- **government type**: Council–manager government, Council–manager
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area water percent**: 0
- **area total sq mi**: 10.06
- **area land sq mi**: 10.06
- **area water sq mi**: 0.00
- **population total**: 67824
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population density sq mi**: 6739.27
- **postal code type**: ZIP code, <span style="white-space:nowrap;">ZIP code(s)</span>
- **postal code**: 60076, 60077, 60203
- **area code type**: North American Numbering Plan, <span style="white-space:nowrap;">Area code(s)</span>
- **area code**: Area codes 847 and 224, 847 & 224
- **geocode**: 70122
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standards, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 17-70122
- **area total km2**: 26.07
- **area land km2**: 26.07
- **area water km2**: 0.00
- **population density km2**: 2602.03
WAV

**WAV** (or **WAVE**), short for **Waveform Audio File Format**, is a Microsoft and IBM audio file format standard for storing an audio bitstream on PCs.  It resembles the RIFF bitstream format in the sense that it stores data in “chunks”. It is also close to the IFF and the AIFF format used on Amiga and Macintosh computers, respectively. It is the main format used on Windows systems for raw and typically uncompressed audio. The default bitstream encoding is the Microsoft Pulse Code Modulation (LPCM) format, although other codecs, such as MP3, are allowed as well.

## Infobox (file format)

- **name**: Waveform Audio File Format
- **extension**: .wav
- **mime**: audio/vnd.wave
audio/wav
audio/wave
audio/x-wav
- **type code**: WAVE
- **uniform type**: com.microsoft.waveform-audio
- **owner**: Microsoft & IBM
- **genre**: audio format, audio file
- **extended from**: RIFF (File format), RIFF
Book of Jonah

The Old Testament **book of Jonah**, contains four chapters, and forty-eight verses. The book tells the story of the Prophet **Jonah**, who was called by God to go to the heathen city of Nineveh, which God would soon destroy if they did not repent. Nineveh was the main city of the Assyrians who were the enemies of Jonah's country of Israel. So instead, Jonah ran away from God and went in a ship towards the west. God sent a great storm and the ship was about to sink.  God showed the sailors that Jonah was to blame, and although they didn't want to, they threw him out of the ship and the storm stopped.  Jonah was swallowed by a great fish (probably a whale). He repented of his sin of running away from God. Then he prayed for three days and nights. God made the great fish spit Jonah onto the dry land. Then he obeyed God and went to tell the people of their sins to God.

Jonah then went all through the city telling everyone that God was going to punish them. Their hearts were changed and they saw their evildoing. They prayed for God to deliver them from the upcoming destruction to their city. God saw their change and had mercy on them, but Jonah still did not believe it. He went to wait upon a high up rock and see God's anger against the city. God was not pleased with that so he first made a plant grow, and then sent a small worm to bite down the small gourd plant, which was Jonah's only shade from the heat of the sun. Jonah was very angry and said it was better for him to die than live. God, in turn, said that Jonah cared more about the little plant than all the people of Nineveh!

## Other websites

- Book of Jonah (KJV)
- Book of Jonah (NIV)
Book of Malachi

**The Book of Malachi**, is the last of the books of the Old Testament. The book is made up of four chapters and a total of fifty-five verses. The word Malachi means _my messenger_. It is unknown if this is a name or if it describes the work of the writer. There are very few historical details in the Book of Malachi. The best clue as to its dating may be the Persian term for governor (pehâ) is used in Chapter 1 verse 8. This could mean that it was written after the time when the Jews were in Persia.   in the same verse, the temple has been rebuilt, the book must also be later than 515 BC. The author of Ecclesiasticus early in the 2nd century BC used some of the themes in the book of Malachi, so most scholars assign it to a position after Haggai and Zechariah, close to the time of Ezra and when Nehemiah came to Jerusalem in 445 BC. Since the book talks about things that are common in religion, it could have been given at most any time. This leaves some doubt about the date.

The Book Of Malachi uses a method of "question and answer".  God says something and the people ask how that can be true. Then God gives the reason for what He has said.  Then the next statement, question and answer follow.  The questions include:
"Does God love us"? and "Why is God angry with us"? God gives a list of wrong things they have done.  They have made offerings of second rate things in the temple. Priests have not done their work properly. Men have married women who were not followers of God.  They have not been faithful to the wives they have married. They have questioned God's justice and they have not given the tithe to the temple.

The book ends by telling everyone to obey the laws given by Moses and by saying that Elijah will return before the end of time.

Quotes from the Book of Malachi:

Chapter 3, verses 1-3 form part of the text of Handel's Messiah, a famous musical work.

Chapter 3, verse 1 is quoted by Jesus in the Gospel of Matthew Chapter 11, verse 10, and said to be about John the Baptist.

Chapter 4, verse 6 is included in a promise given to the father of John the Baptist in the Gospel of Luke Chapter 1 verse 17

Chapter 3, verse 8 has been quoted by many famous preachers to tell people that they should have given money to God and to help other people.

## Other websites

- Book of Malachi (KJV)
- Book of Malachi (NIV)
- Theology
Trey Lewis

**Trey Lewis** (born May 23, 1985 in Topeka, Kansas) is an NFL football player. He plays defensive tackle for the Atlanta Falcons. Lewis began playing for the Falcons in 2007.

## Other websites

- Atlanta Falcons bio
- Article about Trey Lewis being drafted
- Trey Lewis Stats at Pro Football Ref.
Polotsk

**Polotsk** (**Polatsk**, , , ) is a historical city in Belarus. It is located on the Dvina river. It is the center of Polotsk district in Vitsebsk Voblast.  About 79,000 people live there.  It is served by Polotsk Airport and during the Cold War was home to Borovitsy air base.
Andance

**Andance** is a town and commune of the Ardèche _département_, in the southern part of France.

## Related pages

- Communes of the Ardèche department