juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Nathula

**Nathula** is a mountain pass in the Himalayas. It connects Sikkim in India and Tibet in China. It is at a height of 4,500 metres above sea level.
Klondike Gold Rush

The **Klondike Gold Rush** happened in the 1890s when many people went to the Klondike region of the Yukon, in Canada. They hoped to find gold there and become rich. Many of these prospectors came from the United States. Gold was first found in Klondike in a creek called Rabbit Creek. Prospectors named the creek "Bonanza Creek" because of the gold (_bonanza _means a lucky source of wealth). Four million dollars worth of gold was found.

Going to the gold fields was difficult. Most people who started the journey did not arrive. Very few who arrived found any gold. The city that likely profited most from the Klondike Gold Rush was Dawson City, Yukon in Canada.
Clone High

***Clone High*** is an adult-animated comedy television series about a high school full of clones of famous dead people. It aired on MTV in the US and Teletoon in Canada. It was produced by Nelvana, Touchstone Pictures, Teletoon Canada, and MTV.

### Main Characters

- Abraham Lincoln
- Cleopatra
- Mahatma Gandhi
- Joan of Arc
- John Kennedy
- Principal Cinnamon J. Scudworth
- Mr. Lynn Butlertron
- The Secret Board of Shadowy Figures

### Other Clones

- Jesus Christ
- Walt Disney
- George Washington Carver
- Marie Curie
- Helen of Troy
- Vincent van Gogh
- Julius Caesar
- Genghis Khan
- Elvis Presley
- Abraham Lincoln
- Eros
James Read

**James Christopher Read** (born July 31, 1953) is an American actor. He acted in many movies and television series. He is best known for the _North and South_ miniseries (1985, 1986, 1994). He was born in Buffalo, New York.

## Filmography

The following is some of the movies and television programms Read has been in.
|Year|Title|role|
| --- | --- | --- |
|1983|_Blue Thunder_|Policeman|
|_Remington Steele_|Murphy Michaels||
|1984|_The Initiation_|Peter|
|1985|_North and South, Book I_|George Hazard|
|_Midas Valley_|Josh Landau||
|_Lace II_|Daryl Webster||
|_Robert Kennedy & His Times_|Teddy Kennedy||
|1986|_North and South, Book II_|George Hazard|
|1987|_Poor Little Rich Girl: The Barbara Hutton Story_|Cary Grant|
|_Celebration Family_|James Marston||
|_Shell Game_|Riley/John Reid||
|1988|_Beaches_|Michael Essex|
|_Eight Men Out_|Claude "Lefty" Williams||
|1990|_Web of Deceit_|Paul Evanston|
|_Columbo: Uneasy Lies the Crown_|Dr. Wesley Corman||
|_Lola_ (TV pilot)|Peter Baltic||
|1992|_The President's Child_|Senator James Guthrie|
|_Love Crimes_|Stanton Gray||
|1994|_North and South, Book III_|George Hazard|
|1995|_When the Dark Man Calls_|Det. Michael Lieberman|
|_The Other Woman_|Michael Bryan||
|1996|_Full Circle_|Judge Carter|
|_Harvest of Fire_|Scott||
|1997|_Walking Thunder_|Abner Murdock|
|1998|_Indiscreet_|Zachariah Dodd|
|2001|_Charmed_|Victor Bennett|
|_Not Another Teen Movie_|Preston's Father||
|_Legally Blonde_|Elle's Father||
|2002|_Intimate Portrait: Finola Hughes_|Himself|
|2003|_Legally Blonde 2: Red, White & Blonde_|Elle's Father|
|_American Dreams_|George Mason||
|_Charmed: Behind the Magic_|Victor Bennett||
|2004|_The Making of North and South_|Himself / George Hazard|
|2005|_Wildfire_|Ken Davis|
|_A Lot Like Love_|Brent Friehl||
|2009|Fame_|Alice's dad|
|2010|_All Signs of Death_|Westin Nye|
|Persons Unknown_|Fairchild||
Satyr play

**Satyr plays** were an ancient Greek form of theatre, similar in spirit to burlesque. They featured choruses of satyrs, were based on Greek mythology, and were full of mock drunkenness, brazen sexuality (including phallic props), pranks, sight gags, and general merriment.
Hitopadesha

***Hitopadesa*** is a collection of short stories. It was originally written in Sanskrit. It is very similar to another Sanskrit book named _Panchatantra_. It contains fables with both animal and human characters.

The book was written many centuries before. Its stories are now well known in different parts of the world.

The work has been translated into most of the major languages of the world. An English translation, rendered by Sir Edwin Arnold http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00litlinks/hitopadesha_arnold/, then principal of Puna College, Pune, India, was published in London in 1861.
14

### Roman Empire

- Tacitus reports that the town and port of Nauportus is plundered by a mutinous Roman legion.
- Tiberius succeeds his stepfather Augustus as Emperor of the Roman Empire.
- Legions on the Rhine revolt after the death of Augustus. Germanicus and Drusus stop the revolt.
- Germanicus is appointed commander of the forces in Germany.
- Augustus dies and is declared to be a god.
- A census shows there are 4,973,000 Roman citizens.
- Claudia Marcella marries Sextus Appuleius.
- Sextus Appuleius and Sextus Pompeius serve as Roman consuls.

### Asia

- First year of _tianfeng_ era of the Chinese Xin Dynasty.
- Famine hits China. Some citizens turn to cannibalism.

## Births

- Salome

## Deaths

- August 19 – Roman Emperor Augustus.
- Julia the Elder, daughter of Roman Emperor Augustus.
- Postumus Agrippa, Grandson of Roman Emperor Augustus.
Porpoise

**Porpoises** are  mammals that live in the ocean. They are in the order _Cetacea_. They form the family ***Phocoenidae***. There are six species of porpoise. The porpoise is a common whale found along Chinese coasts. Porpoises have been effectively sustained for over twenty-five years by research and teaching institutions such as Fjored & Baelt in Denmark. To demonstrate effective supervision and stimulation in captivity, F&B harbor porpoises participate in daily training sessions for scientific study and educational awareness.

## Taxonomy

- Family _Phocoenidae_:
    - Finless porpoise (_Neophocaena phocaenoides_)
    - Vaquita (_Phocoena sinus_)
    - Harbour porpoise (_Phocoena phocoena_)
    - Burmeister's porpoise (_Phocoena spinipinnis_)
    - Spectacled porpoise (_Phocoena dioptrica_)
    - Dall's porpoise (_Phocoenoides dalli_)

## Appearance

Porpoises look much like dolphins, but they are different in some ways: They are smaller and more stout. They have spade-shaped teeth, rounded heads, blunt jaws, and triangular dorsal fins.

## Related pages

- Whale
- Dolphin
Cetology

**Cetology** is a type of science. It is the study of the cetaceans. It includes whales, dolphins, and porpoises.

Cetology is the branch of marine mammal science which studies approximately eighty species of whales, dolphins, and porpoise in the scientific order Cetacea. The term was created in the mid-19th century from the Greek cetus ("whale") and -ology ("study").
Cetologists, or those who study it, seek to understand and explain cetacean evolution, distribution, morphology, behavior, community dynamics, and other topics.
Primatology

**Primatology** is a type of science that is part of zoology. It studies primates (monkeys, apes, lemurs, and humans). Primatology is a part of physical anthropology. A person who studies primatology is a **primatologists**. They can work in many different fields of study. These include biology, zoology, anthropology and psychology.

A large amount of information about primatology has been learned since the end of World War II in the United States, Canada, Western Europe and Japan. In the United States, primatologists work mostly in the fields of psychology and anthropology.
Orangutan

**Orangutans** (_Pongo_) are great apes belonging to the rainforests of Indonesia and Malaysia. There are two species of orangutan. They are from Southeast Asia. There are very few of them left, because loss of the jungle has reduced their habitat. There are orangutans on view at the Singapore zoo.

The name orangutan comes from two Malay words, _orang_ which means _person_, and _hutan_ which means _forest_; so orangutan means _person of the forest_.

## Taxonomy

- Genus _Pongo_
    - Bornean orangutan, _Pongo pygmaeus_
    - Sumatran orangutan, _Pongo abelii_
    - Tapanuli orangutan, _Pongo tapanuliensis_

## Appearance

Orangutans have red-brown hair. They have long arms, and short legs. They can be strong like chimpanzees, gorillas and humans. They also have hands that are good for climbing. The _Sumatran Orangutan_ is smaller and has longer hair than the _Bornean orangutan_. Orangutans have suffered from forest loss and are on the very edge of extinction.

## Life

Orangutans are from the rainforests on the islands Borneo and Sumatra in Southeast Asia. They mostly live up in the trees. They eat fruit, leaves and bark and also insects and bird eggs. They drink water from rain that has been collected in leaves. Orangutans are not comfortable on the ground since they have to push themselves along with fists. Heavy adults move carefully through the trees, using their flexible feet to grasp the tree branches. Smaller orangutans swing with more ease.

## Diet

An orangutan's diet consists mainly of fruit, they like ripe fruit. If they cannot find fruit they will eat bark, leaves and termites, rather than move to somewhere else to get food. About 60% of an orangutan's diet is fruit, 25% is leaves, 10% is bark and flowers, and 5% is termites and other insects.

## Pregnancy

After a pregnancy of 230–260 days the female gives birth to usually one baby, but sometimes two, every eight to nine years. The little ones stay with their mother for years, riding on the mother backend and learning to move through the forest. The young orangutans are playful and affectionate. When they are five or six years old, they become more independent and eventually go off on their own.

## Related pages

- Ape

## Other websites

- Primate Info Net _Pongo_ Factsheet
- Information from Grungy Ape on the difference between the two Orang-utan species
- OrionSociety.org  - 'Does an orangutan find Freedom in the Gift of Words?  Do We?'
- Orang utan language project
- Facial Expression & Vocalizations
- Orangutan Foundation International non-profit organization dedicated to "_support the conservation and understanding of the orangutan and its rain forest habitat while caring for ex-captive individuals as they make their way back to the forest._"
- Orang Utan Republik Education Initiative non-profit organization whose mission is to secure the future of the orangutan through programs of education and outreach in Indonesia.
- The Borneo Orangutan Survival Foundation
- Sumatran Orangutan Society International non-profit organization dedicated to the protection of Sumatran orangutans
Greeting

**Greetings** are things that are said when people meet each other. Greetings may be different from culture to culture. These are some greetings used a lot in the English language:
- "Hello"
- "Hi"
- "Hey"
- "Good _morning, afternoon, evening,night_, Formal , which changes with the time of day
- "What's up?", "Yo", "What's up?", "'Sup" and "What's happening?", which are not formal
- "G'day", a greeting used a lot in Australia
- "Howdy", an informal greeting used a lot in rural areas of the United States
- "How do you do", which is used as a question in some places and a normal greeting in others
- "What is good, my neighbor?"
- "As-salamu alaykum", used in the Muslim world.

There are also ways to greet without talking, such as these:
- Handshakes
- Bowing
- Waving
- Hat-raising or tipping
- Kissing on the hand or cheek
- Hongi
- Kowtow
- Namaste, a common greeting in India
- Roman salute
- Hugging
Sunlight

**Sunlight** is the light and energy that comes from the Sun. When this energy reaches the earth's surface, it is called insolation. What we experience as sunlight is really **solar radiation**. It is the radiation and heat from the Sun in the form of electromagnetic waves.

The atmosphere affects the amount of solar radiation received. When solar radiation travels through the atmosphere, some of it is absorbed by the atmosphere (16%). Some of it is scattered to space (6%). Some of it is reflected by clouds (28%). About 47% of it reaches the Earth's surface.

Without sunlight, there could not be life on the Earth. Plants need sunlight for the process of photosynthesis. During photosynthesis the plants use the energy of the sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide, to create glucose (sugar). The glucose can later be used by the plant for energy or animals eat the plant and the glucose in it. Plants need sunlight to grow green. Without enough sunlight but with enough water, the plant grows very tall very quickly, but looks yellow and dehydrated, although when touched, the leaves are very moist.

Solar radiation can be both good and bad for a person's health. When in the light, the human body uses the ultraviolet part of sunlight to make its own Vitamin D. Without sunscreen too much ultraviolet light can cause sunburn and skin cancer.  Sun angle makes difference in seasons on Earth as well as in the length of day and night.  A high angle makes the tropics hot, and a low angle makes the arctic cold.

## Intensity of sunlight on planets of Solar System

Different bodies of the Solar System receive sunlight of different intensities. The table compares the amount of light received by each planet on the Solar System follows:

|Planet|Perihelion - Aphelion distance (AU)|Solar radiation maximum and minimum (W/m²)|Forcing temperature variation for albedo = 1 (°C)|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Mercury|0.3075 – 0.4667|14,446 – 6,272|94.6|
|Venus|0.7184 – 0.7282|2,647 – 2,576|2.2|
|Earth|0.9833 – 1.017|1,413 – 1,321|4.7|
|Mars|1.382 – 1.666|715 – 492|21.1|
|Jupiter|4.950 – 5.458|55.8 – 45.9|6.0|
|Saturn|9.048 – 10.12|16.7 – 13.4|5.0|
|Uranus|18.38 – 20.08|4.04 – 3.39|2.8|
|Neptune|29.77 – 30.44|1.54 – 1.47|0.6|

## Use of solar energy

Solar energy is used in many different ways by people all over the world both in its traditional way for heating, cooking or drying and to make electricity where other power supplies are absent, such as in remote places on Earth or in the space. Sometimes, it is cheaper to make electricity from sunlight than from coal or oil.

## Other websites

- Solar radiation - Encyclopedia of Earth
Theism

**Theism** is the religious belief that at least one god exists while rejecting the existence or importance of polytheistic gods or goddesses. In a broader definition it can also be the belief in God or gods in general, including all types of god-belief. Polytheism is the belief in several gods, while monotheism is the belief in just one god. For example, a theistic religion is Christianity. The opposite to a theist is an atheist. An atheist is a person who denies or disbelieves the existence of a supreme being or beings.

### Definitions

To define the theisms, we can split them all into different groups based on their views on God:
- Atheism is the opposite of theism: atheists do not believe in _any_ gods or deities.
- Agnosticism is believing we cannot know whether god(s) exist.
- Ignosticism says it does not matter whether God exists or not, and there is no point in considering it until we understand how to understand God.
- Gnosticism is believing that we _can_ know for certain whether a god(s) exist.

#### Combined theisms

Gnosticism and agnosticism can be combined with other forms of theism. For example, it is possible to be an agnostic atheist, or a gnostic theist. In common usage, some people group atheism and agnosticism together under the group of nontheism — absence of clear belief in any deity.

## Types

The main types of theism are:
- Polytheism — believing that many gods or goddesses exist (sometimes known as paganism)
- Monotheism — belief that only one god exists (Christians, Muslims and Jews believe in monotheism.)
- Ditheism — belief that two gods exist and they are both equal.

### Other types

Other types of theism include:
- Animism: believing that everything is alive and spirits are in all things, and that all things have souls.
- Monolatry: there is (or may be) more than one god, but they are all expressions of the supreme god.
- Henotheism: there is (or may be) more than one god, but only one is the supreme.
- Kathenotheism: there is more than one god, but only one at a time should be worshipped. Each is supreme in turn.

- classical theism - God/gods are separate from the world and created it and influence it. This always occurs in traditional Abrahamic monotheistic and also polytheistic religions
- pantheism — god and the universe are the same
- panentheism — the universe is part of god
- dystheism or maltheism — that god or the gods are evil.
- Irreligious theism— is the belief that there is a higher being, pray and believe in one God (or sometimes many gods), but doesn't follow organized religion. It is theism as the belief in God who created the world and influences it without religion, its principles, dogmas and doctrines and following it.
- deism — believing that god(s) exist, but that they do not take part in our lives.

## Related pages

- Theodicy
- Atheism
Plesiosaur

The **plesiosaurs** were an order of large, carnivorous marine reptiles. They flourished from 203 million years ago (mya) to 66 mya.

In 1719, William Stukeley described the first partial skeleton of a plesiosaur. The great-grandfather of Charles Darwin, Robert Darwin of Elston told him about it.

Mary Anning was the first to discover a fairly complete plesiosaur. She found it on the 'Jurassic Coast' of Dorset, England in the winter of 1820/21. The fossil was missing its skull, but in 1823 she found another one, this time complete with its skull. The name _Plesiosaurus_ was given to it by the Rev. William Conybeare.

The earliest plesiosaur remains are from the Middle Triassic period.<sup>p128</sup> The group was important through the Jurassic and Cretaceous. They had two large pairs of paddles, short tails, short or long necks, and broad bodies. They died out at the K/T extinction event, 65 million years ago.

## Description

Plesiosaurs had many bones in their flippers, making them flexible. No modern animal has this four-paddle anatomy: modern turtles use their forelimbs for swimming. Plesiosaurs were mainly piscivorous animals. The most famous members of this family include _Plesiosaurus_, _Elasmosaurus_, _Dolichorhynchops_ and _Styxosaurus_.

### Pliosaurs

The pliosaurs were a group of mostly large submarine predators with short necks and large heads. Their sizes ranged from two to 15 metres, and they were predators of large fish and other reptiles. Their streamlined body shape suggests they swam and ate under water. _Liopleurodon, Rhomaleosaurus_ and _Kronosaurus_ are amongst the most famous members of this group.

### Long-necked plesiosaurs

There were three families of long-necked plesiosaurs, who evidently had a different life-style from the pliosaurs. It was suggested by D.M.S. Watson that their method was as surface swimmers, darting down to snatch smaller fish which were feeding on plankton. It is hard to see the benefit of a long neck under water; aquatic mammals operating under water all have a streamlined torpedo-shape, as did pliosaurs and ichthyosaurs. All the longer-necked familiers were, from the setting of the teeth and jaws, eaters of small fish. However, some at least were bottom-feeders, consuming various prey. Digestion of shellfish was aided by gastroliths. These plesiosaurs included elasmosaurs, styxosaurs and plesiosaurs.

#### Gastroliths

Plesiosaurs have been found with fossils of belemnites (squid-like animals), and ammonites (giant nautilus-like molluscs) associated with their stomachs. But plesiosaurs could not crack shells. Instead, they probably swallowed them whole. In the belly of a plesiosaur were "stomach stones", which are called _gastroliths._ These stones moved around in the plesiosaur's stomach and cracked or crushed the shells of the animals it ate. One _Styxosaurus_ fossil found in Dakota had 253 gatroliths weighing a total of 29 pounds.

## Live birth?

Live birth has been proved for ichthyosaurs, but is uncertain for plesiosaurs.

## False plesiosaurs

False plesiosaurs include _Megacephalosaurus, Halisaurus, Tylosaurus, Mosasaurus_ and _Thalassotitan_.
Midland, Texas

**Midland** is a city in the American state of Texas. It is called Midland, because it is the midway point between two bigger cities in Texas, Fort Worth and El Paso. Oil was discovered in the region in 1923 and is still a larger part of the economy.

Midland is also famous as the hometown of former First Lady Barbara Walker Bush. She and her husband, former president George H. W. Bush lived there, with their children including the later US President George W. Bush and his wife Laura, and his brother Jeb Bush, the former Governor of Florida.

## History

Many of the Confederate monuments and buildings have been removed or renamed.
- Prior to 2002, the Commemorative Air Force was the Confederate Air Force.
- In October 2020, the Midland Independent School District voted 5-2 to rename Robert E. Lee High School to Legacy High School. In August 2025, the Board voted 4-3 to change the name back to Lee High School.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Midland, Texas
- **settlement type**: City
- **image skyline**: Midland44 Skyline.jpg
- **image caption**: Downtown Midland in 2007
- **nickname**: "The Tall City"
- **motto**: "Feel the Energy!"
- **flag size**: 150px
- **image map**: Midland County Midland.svg
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location in Midland County, Texas, Midland County, Texas
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Texas, Counties
- **subdivision name2**: Midland County, Texas, Midland, Martin County, Texas, Martin
- **pushpin map**: USA Texas#USA
- **pushpin map caption**: Location of Midland
- **pushpin relief**: yes
- **pushpin label**: Midland
- **government type**: Council-manager government, Council-Manager
- **leader title**: List of mayors of Midland, Texas, Mayor
- **established date**: 1885
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 195.86
- **area land km2**: 195.41
- **area water km2**: 0.44
- **area total sq mi**: 75.62
- **area land sq mi**: 75.45
- **area water sq mi**: 0.17
- **elevation ft**: 2782
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 132,524
- **population metro**: 175,220
- **population density km2**: 747.33
- **population density sq mi**: 1935.56
- **timezone**: North American Central Time Zone, CST
- **utc offset**: −6
- **timezone dst**: North American Central Time Zone, CDT
- **utc offset dst**: −5
- **postal code type**: ZIP codes
- **postal code**: 79701-12
- **area code**: Area code 432, 432
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 48-48072
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 1341547
- **blank2 name**: Demonym
- **blank2 info**: Midlander
- **website**: [http://www.midlandtexas.gov/ midlandtexas.gov]
Nuclear reactor

A **nuclear reactor** is a machine that uses fission to generate heat. There are different designs which use different fuels. Most often,  uranium-235 or plutonium-239 are the main components of these fuels.

Most nuclear reactors are power reactors, used to make electricity. In nuclear power plants heat from the fission reactions in the reactor changes water into steam.  The steam is then used to power electric turbines which make electricity. Some small power reactors run nuclear submarines.  As with other steam engine<nowiki/>s, the turbines take energy from the movement of the steam.

Some reactors are used for other purposes. Some reactors make neutrons for scientific research and others make radioactive isotopes. Some universities have small nuclear reactors to teach students how reactors work.

The first nuclear reactor was built in 1942 by a team of scientists led by Enrico Fermi. This was a part of the Manhattan Project which needed the fuel from the reactor to make the atomic bomb. The first nuclear reactor to make electricity was a small experimental reactor built in Idaho in 1951. It made just enough electricity for four light globes.

Nuclear reactors are expensive to build because of the many safety features they need to have. There is also a problem with the huge amount of radioactive waste from the reactors. However, they produce electricity cheaply, and do not pollute the air. There have been serious accidents at several nuclear reactors: Windscale (UK) 1957, Mayak (USSR) 1957, Three Mile Island (USA) 1979, Chornobyl (USSR) 1986 and Fukushima (Japan) 2011. Safety concerns have limited the growth of nuclear power. There are about 437 reactors around the world which provide about 5% of the world's electricity.

## Other websites

- Images for nuclear reactors
- Nuclear Power Reactors
- Recent videos of nuclear reactorsweapon nuclear accidents Chernobyl plant Fukushima plant books
Samobor

**Samobor** is a city in Zagreb County, Croatia, population 36,206 <small>(2001).</small> It is west of Zagreb, between the eastern slopes of Samoborsko gorje (Samobor hills, the eastern part of the Žumberak Mountains), in the Sava river valley. It is part of the Zagreb metropolitan area.

Samobor has been there since 1242, according to a document of endowment by King Bela IV. It is one of the earliest tourist resorts in the region, with the first tourist facilities dating back to 1810, oriented towards anglers, hunters and hikers.
Frankfurt (Oder)

**Frankfurt (Oder)** or **Frankfurt an der Oder** (; abbreviated __, , Low Sorbian: _Frankobrod nad Odru_, , Upper Sorbian: _Frankobrod nad Wódru_, lit. 'Frankfurt at the Oder') is a town in Germany. It lies on the Oder river, which marks the current border between Germany and Poland (The so-called Oder-Neisse line). It's in the east of the state of Brandenburg.

In January 1999, the town added a prefix _Kleiststadt_ to refer to Heinrich von Kleist, who was born there in 1777. Today, about 65,000 people are living in Frankfurt an der Oder.

## Well-known people

- Manuela Schwesig (born 1974), politician

## Infobox (german location)

- **image photo**: 2006-10 Slubice Frankfurt(O) panorama 01.jpg
- **image caption**: Frankfurt (left) and Słubice (right), separated by the Oder river
- **art**: Town
- **wappen**: DEU Frankfurt (Oder) COA.svg
- **image flag**: Hissflagge der Stadt Frankfurt an der Oder.svg
- **bundesland**: Brandenburg
- **landkreis**: urban
- **höhe**: 19-135
- **fläche**: 147.61
- **einwohner**: 63748
- **stand**: 2005-12-31
- **plz**: 15201 – 15236
- **vorwahl**: 0335
- **kfz**: FF
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 12 0 53 000
- **bürgermeister**: Martin Patzelt
- **bürgermeistertitel**: Oberbürgermeister
- **partei**: CDU
Cook Islands

The **Cook Islands** are a group of islands in the southern Pacific. They form an independent state, but have strong ties with New Zealand. The 15 small islands have a total land surface of 240 square kilometers. About 18.000 people live on the islands, most of them from tourism. The largest island, Rarotonga, also holds the territory's capital, Avarua.

The nation also has a distinctive Polynesian language known as Cook Island Maori, which is closely related to the Maori language of New Zealand and to the Tahitian language.

Foreign relations: Relations with the United States were started in 2023. Relations with China were started earlier.

History: The Rarotonga Treaty was signed in 1986; Cook Islands is (as of the 2020s) still in an area that is supposed to be without any nuclear weapons.
Punishment

**Punishment** is when something is done to a person (or animal) that they do not like. It may be because they broke a rule. There are many kinds of punishment, from a death penalty for very bad crimes, to things that parents  may do to punish children, like spanking them or taking away their toys. People are often sent to prison as punishment for a crime.

Punishment can be seen as good in society to prevent people from doing bad things. It can also be seen as cruel and unnecessary. It can also be seen to do more harm than good.

## Related pages

- Cruel and unusual punishment
- Deterrence (legal)
- Torture
- Zero tolerance
Om

The two letters, **Om** or **OM** can mean:
- Order of Merit, a British and Commonwealth award.
- Another way of spelling Aum, a sacred Hindu word.
Blue whale

The **blue whale** (_Balaenoptera musculus_) is a marine mammal of the suborder of baleen whales (called Mysticeti). They grow to be about  long. The biggest blue whale found was  and measured  long. Larger specimens have been measured at , but never been weighed. This makes blue whales the largest animals to ever live on Earth, even bigger than the largest dinosaurs.

The blue whale eats mostly very tiny creatures, like krill, which had decreased in population by 19%-29% due to the consumption of whales.These inch-long, shrimp-like crustacean swim in large swarms. In the Antarctic summer, there are so many of these krill that they turn the waters orange. A blue whale can eat  of krill every day, Which had caused a rapid weight gain in whales, especially in the humpback whales.

The blue whale's body is long and slender. It can be various shades of bluish-grey above and somewhat lighter underneath. There are at least three different subspecies: _B. m. musculus_ of the North Atlantic and North Pacific, _B. m. intermedia_ of the Southern Ocean and _B. m. brevicauda_ (also known as the pygmy blue whale) found in the Indian Ocean and South Pacific Ocean. _B. m. indica_, found in the Indian Ocean, may be another subspecies. As with other baleen whales, its diet consists almost exclusively of small krill.

Blue whales were once numerous around the world. In the nineteenth century, they were hunted almost to extinction by whalers. They were finally protected by the International Community in 1966. A 2002 report estimated there were 5,000 to 12,000 blue whales worldwide, located in at least five groups. More recent research into the Pygmy subspecies suggests this may be an underestimate. Before whaling, the largest population was in the Antarctic, numbering approximately 239,000 (range 202,000 to 311,000). There remain only much smaller (around 2,000) concentrations in each of the eastern North Pacific, Antarctic, and Indian Ocean groups. There are two more groups in the North Atlantic, and at least two in the Southern Hemisphere. The North Atlantic group of Blue Whales can be seen in the Saguenay-St. Lawrence Marine Park near Tadoussac QC, Canada.
Cetacea

The order **Cetacea** are marine mammals that live in oceans, seas and even a few rivers around the world. Whales, dolphins and porpoises are part of this group. These common names refer to size: whales are the largest, porpoises the smallest. How and what they eat is a better guide to their relationships. The study of cetaceans is called cetology.

Cetaceans are ocean creatures without toes, but are classified in the related order Cetartiodactyla because their ancestors were even toed ungulates.

## Taxonomy

- Infraorder **Cetacea**
    - Parvorder **Mysticeti**: Baleen whales
        - Family **Balaenidae**: Right whales and Bowhead whale
            - Bowhead whale, _Balaena mysticetus_
            - Genus _Eubalaena_: Right whales
                - North Atlantic right whale, _Eubalaena glacialis_
                - North Pacific right whale, _Eubalaena japonica_
                - Southern right whale, _Eubalaena australis_
        - Family **Balaenopteridae**: Rorquals
            - Genus _Balaenoptera_
                - Blue whale, _Balaenoptera musculus_
                - Fin whale, _Balaenoptera physalus_
            - Humpback whale, _Megaptera novaeangliae_
        - Family **Eschrichtiidae**
            - Gray whale, _Eschrichtius robustus_
        - Family **Neobalaenidae**
            - Pygmy right whale, _Caperea marginata_
    - Suborder **Odontoceti**: Toothed whales
        - Family **Delphinidae**: Oceanic dolphins
        - Family **Phocoenidae**: Porpoises
        - Family **Monodontidae**
            - Beluga, _Delphinapterus leucas_
            - Narwhal, _Monodon monoceros_
        - Family **Physeteridae**: Sperm whales
            - Sperm whale, _Physeter catodon_
            - Dwarf sperm whale, _Kogia sima_
            - Pygmy sperm whale, _Kogia breviceps_
        - Family Ziphiidae
            - Cuvier's beaked whale, _Ziphia cavirostris_
        - Superfamily **Platanistoidea**: River dolphins
Scottish Gaelic language

**Scottish Gaelic** (_Gàidhlig_, pronounced "Gah-lick") is a Celtic language that is commonly called just **Scots Gaelic** in Scottish English. It is a sister language of Irish and Manx, all of which are Goidelic languages. They are related to Welsh, Cornish and Breton, which are Brythonic languages. All of them are Celtic languages.

## History

Scottish Gaelic was once spoken across all of Scotland except for the Northern Islands (Orkney and Shetland). In the Late Middle Ages, the kings of Scotland began to speak Scottish English and looked down on the Scottish Gaelic. After the 1707 union of England and Scotland to form Great Britain, Scottish Gaelic was looked down on even more, and its speakers changed to Scottish English.

## Today

Scottish Gaelic today is basically spoken in the Outer Hebrides and on Skye. Generally speaking, Scottish Gaelic spoken across the Western Isles is similar enough to be classed as one major dialect group, but there is some regional variation. The 2001 census in the United Kingdom showed that in Scotland, 58,652 (1.2% of the Scottish population aged over three years old) could then speak some amount of Scottish Gaelic. Only the Western Isles have more people who can speak Scottish Gaelic than not since 61% of the people speak it. Barvas, on the Isle of Lewis, has 74.7% of its residents speaking Scottish Gaelic, the largest percentage of speakers in Scotland.

Children in Scotland do not have to learn Scottish Gaelic in schools, but it is becoming a more popular subject, as Scottish Gaelic is an important part of Scottish culture. Scottish Gaelic is also used overseas. It is estimated that 1,000 to 2,000 in Nova Scotia, Canada, can speak some Scottish Gaelic.

Also, there is a dialect called "Canadian Gaelic" outside Scotland with thousands of speakers.

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Scottish Gaelic
- **altname**: Scots Gaelic
- **nativename**: Gàidhlig
- **states**: United Kingdom, Canada, United States, Australia, New Zealand
- **region**: Scotland, Cape Breton Island, Cape Breton, Nova Scotia and Glengarry County, Canada
- **speakers**: 58,552 in Scotland.
92,400 people aged three and over in Scotland had some Scottish Gaelic ability in 2001 with estimates of additional 500–2000 in Nova Scotia, 1,610 speakers in the United States in 2000, 822 in Australia in 2001 and 669 in New Zealand in 2006.
- **familycolor**: Indo-European
- **fam2**: Celtic languages, Celtic
- **fam3**: Insular Celtic languages, Insular Celtic
- **fam4**: Goidelic languages, Goidelic
- **script**: Gaelic alphabet (Roman alphabet)
- **iso1**: gd
- **iso2**: gla
- **iso3**: gla
- **lingua**: 50-AAA
- **notice**: IPA
Scottish language

**Scottish language** can mean:
- Scottish Gaelic language - the Celtic language spoken in Scotland today
- Scots language - a West Germanic idiom spoken in parts of Scotland, Northern Ireland, and Donegal, Ireland
- Scottish English - the group of dialects of the English language currently used in Scotland
West Germanic languages

The **West Germanic Languages** are a branch of Germanic languages first spoken in Central Europe and the British Isles. The branch has three parts: the North Sea Germanic languages, the Weser-Rhine Germanic languages, and the Elbe Germanic languages. The most spoken languages in the branch are English, German, and Dutch.

These languages were spread around the world in the Colonial Era. English is now spoken by around 400 million people natively.

## Branches

There are three branches of West Germanic languages:
- **North Sea Germanic / Ingvaeonic languages**
    - Anglo-Frisian languages
        - English Languages/Anglic
            - English
            - Scots
            - Yola (extinct)
            - Fingalian (extinct)
        - Frisian languages
            - West Frisian
            - East Frisian
            - North Frisian
    - Low German / Low Saxon
        - Northern Low Saxon
        - Schleswig dialects
        - Holstein dialects
        - Westphalian
        - Eastphalia dialects
        - Brandenburg dialects ("Märkisch")
        - Pomeranian (moribund)
        - Low Prussian (moribund)
        - Dutch Low Saxon
- **Weser-Rhine Germanic / Istvaeonic languages / Netherlandic / Low Frankish**
    - Dutch
        - West Flemish
        - East Flemish
        - Zeelandic
        - Hollandic
        - Brabantine
        - Clevian/Meuse-Rhenish
        - Limburgian
    - Afrikaans
- **Elbe Germanic / Irminonic languages / High German**
    - German
        - Alemannic, including Swiss German and Alsatian
        - Swabian
        - Austro-Bavarian
        - East Franconian
        - South Franconian
        - Rhine Franconian, including the dialects of Hessen, Pennsylvania German, and most of those from Lorraine
        - Ripuarian
        - Thuringian
        - Upper Saxon German
        - Silesian (moribund)
        - Lombardic  Langobardic (extinct, unless Cimbrian and Mocheno are in fact Langobardic remnants.)
        - High Prussian (moribund)
    - Luxembourgish
    - Pennsylvania German language
    - Yiddish (a language based on Eastern-Central dialects of late Middle High German/Early New High German)

## Infobox (language family)

- **name**: West Germanic
- **region**: Originally between the Rhine, Alps, Elbe, and North Sea; today worldwide
- **familycolor**: Indo-European
- **fam2**: Germanic languages, Germanic
- **child1**: North Sea Germanic
- **child2**: Weser-Rhine Germanic
- **child3**: Elbe Germanic
- **map**: Germanic languages in Europe.png
- **mapcaption**: Extent of Germanic languages in present day Europe

**North Germanic languages**

**West Germanic languages**

Dots indicate areas where multilingualism is common.
- **iso5**: gmw
- **glotto**: west2793
- **glottorefname**: West Germanic
- **lingua**: 52-AB & 52-AC
Germanic languages

The **Germanic** languages are a group of Indo-European languages. They came from one language, Proto-Germanic, which was first spoken in Scandinavia in the Iron Age. Today, the Germanic languages are spoken by around 515 million people as a first language. English is the most spoken Germanic language, with 360-400 million native speakers.

The Germanic languages are the East Germanic languages (all extinct), the North Germanic languages, and the West Germanic languages.

When Proto-Germanic split from Proto-Indo-European, one of the main changes to the sounds in the language was Grimm’s law.

## Related pages

- Runes

## Infobox (language family)

- **name**: Germanic
- **altname**: Teutonic
- **region**: Principally northern, western and central Europe, the Americas (Anglo-America, Caribbean Netherlands and Suriname), Southern Africa and Oceania
- **familycolor**: Indo-European
- **protoname**: Proto-Germanic language, Proto-Germanic
- **child1**: North Germanic languages, North Germanic
- **child2**: West Germanic languages, West Germanic
- **child3**: East Germanic languages, East Germanic <small>(extinct)</small>
- **iso2**: gem
- **iso5**: gem
- **glotto**: germ1287
- **glottorefname**: Germanic
- **lingua**: 52- (phylozone)
- **map**: Germanic languages.svg
- **mapalt**: world map showing countries where a Germanic language is the primary or official language
- **mapcaption**: _World map showing countries where a Germanic language is the primary or official language_
Punjabi

**Punjabi** might mean:

- Something related to the Panjab region in Pakistan and India
    - Panjab (India), a state of India
    - Panjab (Pakistan), a province of Pakistan
    - Islamabad Capital Territory (Pakistan)
    - Haryana (India)
    - Himachal Pradesh (India)
    - Delhi (India)
- Panjabi language
- Panjabi people, an ethnic group from the Panjab region in Pakistan and India
- Punjabi dialects, dialects of Punjabi language.

## Related pages

- Punjab, a disambiguation page
Shooting star

A **shooting star** is the common name for the visible path of a meteoroid as it enters the atmosphere.  A shooting star is also broken pieces of meteors that have become broken off in space.

**Shooting star** could also mean:
- Shooting Star (band), a rock band from Kansas City, MO
- Shooting Star (comics), a character from Marvel Comics
- P-80 Shooting Star, a United States Army Air Forces jet fighter
- T-33 Shooting Star,  an American-built jet trainer
- Shooting Star Children's Hospice, a UK children's charity

An **album**:
- _Shooting Star_ (album), an album by the band of the same name
- _Shooting Star_ (Elkie Brooks album), a 1978 album
- _The Shooting Star_, an adventure from the comic book series Tintin

**Shooting star** may also be:
- Dodecatheon, a genus of herbaceous flowering plants
- A professional wrestling aerial technique
- An award for young European actors at the Berlin International Film Festival

**See also**:
- "Shooting Star" (song)
- Shooting Stars FC, a Nigerian football club
- _Shooting Stars_, a British comedy television show
- _Shooting Stars_ (Singapore television series)
- "Shooting Stars" a poem by Carol Ann Duffy concerning the holocaust
Gujarati

**Gujarati** might mean:

- Anything related to Gujarat, a state in India
- Gujarati people
- Gujarati language

PATEL family tree:
Pot Noodle

**Pot Noodle** is a type of cup noodle sold in the United Kingdom. They contain noodles, soya pieces, vegetables, and seasoning powder with a packet of sauce that can be added to taste.

## Available products

Pot noodles are available in several varieties:
- Beef and Tomato
- Bombay Bad Boy
- Chicken and Mushroom
- Chow Mein
- Hot Chicken Curry
- Seedy Sanchez (Mexican fajita flavour)
- Southern Fried Chicken
- Spicy Curry
- Sticky Rib
- Sweet and Sour
- Sweet 'n' Spicy - formally "Nice 'n' Spicy"
- The Sizzler (bacon flavour)
- Mac n’ Cheese
- Chicken korma
- Thai green curry
Greenlandic

**Greenlandic** could mean:
- Anything relating to Greenland or its people
- Greenlandic language, the modern languages of Greenland
- Occasionally, the Danish language as spoken in Greenland
Superman (1978 movie)

***Superman*** is a 1978 movie based on the popular Superman superhero comic book. It was directed by Richard Donner, produced by Ilya Salkind, and the music was provided by John Williams. The movie starred Christopher Reeve, Margot Kidder, Marlon Brando, Gene Hackman, Ned Beatty, Phyllis Thaxter, Glenn Ford, and Jackie Cooper. It was very successful at the box office and with critics, and inspired three sequels along with the 2006 movie, _Superman Returns_.
Domestic violence

**Domestic violence** is a form of violence or abuse that happens among people living together in a common household. Very often, such people are married, or they live in a relationship.

The relationship or marriage may be between people of opposite sex (a man and a woman), but it can also be among people of the same sex. There can also be children in the household.

Violence between adult partners of a relationship is the most common type of domestic violence. There are also violent acts of adults against children, of children against adults, and violence against elderly people.

The exact definitions of what is domestic violence vary by country. In general though, the legal definitions only include the acts, and their punishment. People from sociology and psychology also look at the motivations (why the person became violent).

Like other forms of violence, domestic violence often has a repeating pattern, known as cycle of violence, or cycle of abuse. If violence is unreported, it may get worse over time.

The person becoming violent often wants to get more power and more control over another person. When the cycle of violence starts people are said to be _losing their temper_.

Domestic violence can be a cause for becoming homeless.

Most of the time, the victims of domestic violence are  women. They may experience more severe forms of violence. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates 1 in 3 of all women are subject to domestic violence at some point in their life. Women are also more likely  than men to use intimate partner violence in self-defense.

Some countries do not have good laws covering domestic violence. In these countries domestic violence may be permitted, especially in the case where the woman is suspected of  infidelity. There seems to be a correlation between the level of gender equality, and the level of domestic violence. Countries with less gender equality have higher rates of domestic violence.

Very often, incidents of domestic violence are not reported; this is true for both men and women. There is a social stigma: Most people believe that women are victims of domestic violence, most of the time. That way, healthcare providers often overlook men who are victims of domestic violence.

## Children

If we go back a century or two, we find that in some countries, children were often beaten, both at home and at school. Now that is much rarer, and may be forbidden in law. The key term to search for this topic is "corporal punishment".

## Forms

There are different forms of domestic abuse, not all of which are violent:
- Physical abuse: this usually means physical beating, but sometimes involves other serious actions, such as acid throwing
- Sexual abuse, many forms of rape
- Psychological abuse

## Related pages

- Cycle of abuse (patterns in relationships where there is domestic violence)
- Istanbul Convention
- Violence against women

### Other websites

- Domestic Abuse Advice
Emersons Green

**Emersons Green** is an area with lots of houses, just to the north of Bristol, in England.

It used to be just farming land between Mangotsfield and Downend, but in the 1990s houses, schools and shops were built.

Emersons Green is in South Gloucestershire.

There is a large shopping area in Emersons Green, including Sainsbury's, Boots, Lidl and Argos.  There are also restaurants, three pubs and some cafés.
Mosel-Saar-Ruwer

**Mosel-Saar-Ruwer** is a German wine-growing-region in the valleys of the rivers Moselle, Saar and Ruwer near Koblenz and Trier, Rhineland-Palatinate. It is famous for its wines of Riesling, Elbling and Müller-Thurgau grapes.

There are the following six sub-regions with 19 large vineyards:

- Region Cochem / Untermosel
    - Weinhex
    - Goldbäumchen
    - Rosenhang
    - Grafschaft
    - Schwarze Katz (Zell)

- Region Bernkastel / Mittelmosel
    - Vom heißen Stein (Reil)
    - Schwarzlay
    - Nacktarsch (Kröv)
    - Münzlay
    - Badstube (Bernkastel)
    - Beerenlay
    - Kurfürstlay
    - Michelsberg
    - St. Michael
    - Probstberg
    - Römerlay

- Region Ruwer

- Region Saar

- Region Obermosel
    - Königsberg
    - Gipfel

- Region Moseltor
    - Schloß Bübinger (Perl)

## Other websites

- Mosel-Saar-Ruwer
Ruwer River

The **Ruwer** is a river in Germany with a length of , a tributary of the Mosel River.  The valley of the Ruwer is a part of the wine-growing region Mosel-Saar-Ruwer near Trier in Rhineland-Palatinate. It is famous for its Riesling wines.

At the lower Ruwer valley are the villages Waldrach, Kasel, Mertesdorf, Eitelsbach and Ruwer.

## Tributaries

Tributaries are Alkenbach, Altbach, Altweiherbach, Apfelbach, Avelbach, Bausbach, Benninger Bach, Bingelbach, Burg Heider Bach, Burkelsbach, Eitelsbach, Enterbach, Eschbach, Eselsbach, Flonterbach, Gimpelbach, Gondersbach, Grindelbach, Großbach, Hinzerter Bach, Kittelbach, Klinkbach, Kreidbach, Kundelbach, Labach, Lehbach, Misselbach, Moertschelbach, Mühlscheider Bach, Pehlbach, Rauruwer, Rimperterbach, Riveris, Rothbach, Siebenbornbach, Thielenbach, Waldbach, Waschbach, Weiherbach, Wenigbach, Wenzelbach and Weschbach.