juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Ryan Walter

**Ryan William Walter** (born April 23, 1958) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey centre who played 15 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL).

### Regular season and playoffs

|colspan="3"  bgcolor="#ffffff"||rowspan="99" bgcolor="#ffffff"||colspan="5"|Regular season|rowspan="99" bgcolor="#ffffff"||colspan="5"|Playoffs||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1973–74|Langley Lords|BCJHL|62|40|62|102|—|—|—|—|—|—|
|1973–74|Kamloops Chiefs|WCHL|2|0|0|0|0|—|—|—|—|—|
|1974–75|Langley Lords|BCJHL|52|32|60|92|111|—|—|—|—|—|
|1974–75|Kamloops Chiefs|WCHL|9|8|4|12|2|2|1|1|2|2|
|1975–76|Kamloops Chiefs|WCHL|72|35|49|84|96|12|3|9|12|10|
|1976–77|Kamloops Chiefs|WCHL|71|41|58|99|100|5|1|3|4|11|
|1977–78|Seattle Breakers|WCHL|62|54|71|125|148|—|—|—|—|—|
|1978–79|Calgary Wranglers|WHL|2|0|1|1|0|—|—|—|—|—|
|1978–79|Washington Capitals|NHL|69|28|27|55|70|—|—|—|—|—|
|1979–80|Washington Capitals|NHL|80|24|42|66|106|—|—|—|—|—|
|1980–81|Washington Capitals|NHL|80|24|45|69|150|—|—|—|—|—|
|1981–82|Washington Capitals|NHL|78|38|49|87|142|—|—|—|—|—|
|1982–83|Montreal Canadiens|NHL|80|29|46|75|40|3|0|0|0|11|
|1983–84|Montreal Canadiens|NHL|73|20|29|49|83|15|2|1|3|4|
|1984–85|Montreal Canadiens|NHL|72|19|19|38|59|12|2|7|9|13|
|1985–86|Montreal Canadiens|NHL|69|15|34|49|45|5|0|1|1|2|
|1986–87|Montreal Canadiens|NHL|76|23|23|46|34|17|7|12|19|10|
|1987–88|Montreal Canadiens|NHL|61|13|23|36|39|11|2|4|6|6|
|1988–89|Montreal Canadiens|NHL|78|14|17|31|48|21|3|5|8|6|
|1989–90|Montreal Canadiens|NHL|70|8|16|24|59|11|0|2|2|0|
|1990–91|Montreal Canadiens|NHL|25|0|1|1|12|5|0|0|0|2|
|1991–92|Vancouver Canucks|NHL|67|6|11|17|49|13|0|3|3|8|
|1992–93|Vancouver Canucks|NHL|25|3|0|3|10|—|—|—|—|—|

### International

|Year|Team|Event|rowspan="99" bgcolor="#ffffff"||GP|G|A|Pts|PIM|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1978|Canada|WJC|6|5|3|8|4|||
|1979|Canada|WC|8|4|1|5|4|||
|1981|Canada|WC|8|0|1|1|2|||
|1982|Canada|WC|4|1|3|4|0|||

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **image**: Ryan Walter.JPG
- **image size**: 230px
- **position**: Centre (ice hockey), Centre
- **played for**: Washington Capitals
 Montreal Canadiens
 Vancouver Canucks
- **shoots**: Left
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 0
- **weight lb**: 195
- **ntl team**: CAN
- **birth place**: New Westminster, British Columbia, Canada
- **draft**: 2nd overall
- **draft year**: 1978
- **draft team**: Washington Capitals
- **career start**: 1978
- **career end**: 1993
Joe Ward (ice hockey)

**Joseph Michael Ward** (born February 11, 1961 in Sarnia, Ontario) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player from Sarnia, Ontario.

Ward played his junior hockey with the Seattle Breakers of the WHL. And was the 22nd pick by the Colorado Rockies in the 1980 NHL Entry Draft. He would go on to play four games for the Rockies that year, however, he would never make it back to the NHL. He is the son of Don Ward.

## Other websites

- Hockey Draft Central
Rob Flockhart

**Robert Walter Flockhart** (February 6, 1956 – January 2, 2021) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player who spent parts of five seasons in the National Hockey League.

Flockhart died on January 3, 2021 at the age of 64.

## Other websites

- Profile at hockeydraftcentral.com

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **image size**: 230px
- **position**: Winger (ice hockey), Left Wing
- **played for**: Vancouver Canucks
 Minnesota North Stars
- **shoots**: Left
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 0
- **weight lb**: 185
- **birth place**: Sicamous, British Columbia, Sicamous, British Columbia, Canada
- **career start**: 1976
- **career end**: 1981
- **draft**: 44th overall
- **draft year**: 1976
- **draft team**: Vancouver Canucks
- **wha draft**: 63rd overall
- **wha draft year**: 1976
- **wha draft team**: Cleveland Crusaders
Barry Melrose

**Barry James Melrose** (born July 15, 1956) is a Canadian–American broadcaster and former professional ice hockey player and head coach. Melrose played in the World Hockey Association (WHA) and National Hockey League (NHL).

On October 10, 2023, Melrose retired from his jobs at ESPN and the NHL Network because he had been diagnosed with Parkinson's disease and wanted to spend his time with family.

## Career statistics

|colspan="3" bgcolor="#ffffff"||rowspan="99" bgcolor="#ffffff"||colspan="5"|Regular season|rowspan="99" bgcolor="#ffffff"||colspan="5"|Playoffs||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1973–74|Weyburn Red Wings|SJHL|50|2|19|21|162|—|—|—|—|—|
|1974–75|Kamloops Chiefs|WCHL|70|6|18|24|95|6|1|1|2|21|
|1975–76|Kamloops Chiefs|WCHL|72|12|49|61|112|12|4|6|10|14|
|1976–77|Cincinnati Stingers|WHA|29|1|4|5|8|2|0|0|0|0|
|1976–77|Springfield Indians|AHL|23|0|3|3|17|—|—|—|—|—|
|1977–78|Cincinnati Stingers|WHA|69|2|9|11|113|—|—|—|—|—|
|1978–79|Cincinnati Stingers|WHA|80|2|14|16|222|3|0|1|1|8|
|1979–80|Winnipeg Jets|NHL|74|4|6|10|124|—|—|—|—|—|
|1980–81|Winnipeg Jets|NHL|18|1|1|2|40|—|—|—|—|—|
|1980–81|Toronto Maple Leafs|NHL|57|2|5|7|166|3|0|1|1|15|
|1981–82|Toronto Maple Leafs|NHL|64|1|5|6|186|—|—|—|—|—|
|1982–83|Toronto Maple Leafs|NHL|52|2|5|7|68|4|0|1|1|23|
|1982–83|St. Catharines Saints|AHL|25|1|10|11|106|—|—|—|—|—|
|1983–84|Detroit Red Wings|NHL|21|0|1|1|74|—|—|—|—|—|
|1983–84|Adirondack Red Wings|AHL|16|2|1|3|37|—|—|—|—|—|
|1984–85|Adirondack Red Wings|AHL|72|3|13|16|226|—|—|—|—|—|
|1985–86|Detroit Red Wings|NHL|14|0|0|0|70|—|—|—|—|—|
|1985–86|Adirondack Red Wings|AHL|57|4|4|8|204|—|—|—|—|—|
|1986–87|Adirondack Red Wings|AHL|55|4|9|13|170|11|1|2|3|107|

## Coaching record

|Team|Year|Regular season|Postseason|||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|84|39|35|10|—|88|3rd in Smythe|Lost in Stanley Cup Finals|
|84|27|45|12|—|66|5th in Pacific|Missed playoffs|
|41|13|21|7|—|(33)|(fired)|—|
|16|5|7|—|4|(14)|(fired)|—|

## Other websites

- Pens Universe: 5 Questions with Barry Melrose

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **name**: Barry Melrose
- **image**: B_Melrose_cropped.JPG
- **image size**: 230px
- **caption**: Barry Melrose pictured at the 2010 Stanley Cup Final
- **birth place**: Kelvington, Saskatchewan, Kelvington, Saskatchewan, Canada
- **height ft**: 6
- **weight lb**: 205
- **position**: Defenseman (ice hockey), Defence
- **shoots**: Right
- **played for**: Cincinnati Stingers
Winnipeg Jets (1972–96), Winnipeg Jets
Toronto Maple Leafs
Detroit Red Wings
- **draft**: 36th overall
- **draft year**: 1976
- **draft team**: Montreal Canadiens
- **wha draft**: 37th overall
- **wha draft year**: 1976
- **wha draft team**: Cincinnati Stingers
- **career start**: 1974
- **career end**: 1987
Alberto Cortez

**Alberto Cortez** (born **José Alberto García Gallo**; 11 March 1940 – 4 April 2019) was an Argentine singer and songwriter. During his career, he released more than forty albums. In 1960, he famously covered the song "Sucu Sucu". He was born in Rancul, La Pampa Province.

Cortez died of a gastrointestinal hemorrhage on 4 April 2019 in Madrid, the capital city of Spain. He was 79.
Cellophane

**Cellophane** is a bioplastic wrapping material. It is a thin, transparent sheet made of cellulose. It has low permeability. That means very little air, oils, greases, bacteria, and water can get in. That makes it useful for food packaging.

Cellophane was invented by Swiss chemist Jacques E. Brandenberger.
It took ten years for Brandenberger to perfect his idea. He added glycerin to soften the material. By 1912 he had built a machine to make the film. He called the product "Cellophane", from the words _cellulose_ and _diaphane_ ("transparent"). Cellophane was patented that year.

DuPont built the first cellophane manufacturing plant in the US. One of their chemists found a way to make it moisture proof. The material became hugely popular.

"Cellophane" is a general term in some countries, but in other countries it is a registered trademark.

Cellophane played a crucial role in developing the self-service retailing of fresh meat. The transparency helped customers see the quality of meat before buying. Cellophane also largely prevents discoloration of food.

### Viscose method

The most common way of purifying cellulose is the viscose method. This takes a source of impure cellulose, usually wood pulp, and treats it with carbon disulfide and a strong base like sodium hydroxide to make a soluble cellulose xanthate, also called viscose. The solution can then be filtered and treated with a strong acid like sulfuric acid to precipitate the purified cellulose.

## References

[[Category:
Maurice Pon

**Maurice Marie Jean Pon** (26 October 1921 – 3 April 2019) was a French lyricist. He was best known for his work with Henri Salvador. He also wrote for artists such as Bourvil, Fernandel, Jean Sablon, André Claveau and Les Frères Jacques. He was born in Bordeaux.

Pon died on 3 April 2019 in Île-de-France. He was 97.
Pfäfers

**Pfäfers** is a municipality in Sarganserland in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland.

## Villages

Pfäfers, St. Margrethenberg, Vadura, Valens, Vasön and Vättis.

## Other websites

- Website of the Fraction of Pfäfers
- Website of the Fraction of Vättis

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Pfäfers
- **image photo**: Pfäfers von der Valenserstraße.JPG
- **municipality name**: Pfäfers
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: Pfäfers-blazon.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Pfäfers.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: St. Gallen
- **iso-code-region**: CH-SG
- **district**: Sarganserland (Wahlkreis), Wahlkreis Sarganserland
- **postal code**: 7312
- **municipality code**: 3294
- **area**: 128.53
- **elevation**: 840
- **website**: www.pfaefers.ch
- **mayor**: Ferdinand Riederer
- **places**: Pfäfers, St. Margrethenberg, Vadura, Valens, Vasön, Vättis
- **neighboring municipalities**: Bad Ragaz, Felsberg, Switzerland, Felsberg (GR), Flims (GR), Glarus Süd (GL), Haldenstein (GR), Mastrils (GR), Mels, Tamins (GR), Trin (GR), Untervaz (GR)
Rapperswil

**Rapperswil** is the name of three places in Switzerland:
- Rapperswil-Jona, a municipality in See-Gaster in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland.
- Rapperswil, St. Gallen, a town in the municipality of Rapperswil-Jona.
- Rapperswil, Bern, a municipality in the Aarberg district (today Seeland administrative district) in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.
Fräschels

**Fräschels** () is a municipality of the district of See in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Fräschels
- **image photo**: Fraeschels Luftbild 03.jpg
- **municipality name**: Fräschels
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Fräschels COA.svg
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Fribourg
- **iso-code-region**: CH-FR
- **district**: See (district), See
- **postal code**: 3284
- **municipality code**: 2258
- **area**: 3.14
- **elevation**: 457
- **website**: www.fraeschels.ch
- **mayor title**: Ammann
- **executive name**: Gemeinderat
- **executive number of members**: 5
- **neighboring municipalities**: Kallnach (BE), Kerzers, Niederried bei Kallnach (BE)
Gibloux

**Gibloux** is a new municipality of the district of Saane in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. It was created on 1 January 2016, when the former municipalities of Corpataux-Magnedens, Farvagny, Le Glèbe, Rossens and Vuisternens-en-Ogoz merged to form Gibloux.
Grolley

**Grolley** is a municipality in the district of Saane in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Grolley
- **municipality name**: Grolley
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Grolley COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Grolley 2007.png
- **image photo**: 2012-10-11 Distrikto Sarino (Foto Dietrich Michael Weidmann) 091.JPG
- **languages**: French
- **canton**: Fribourg
- **iso-code-region**: CH-FR
- **district**: Saane (district), Saane
- **postal code**: 1772
- **municipality code**: 2200
- **area**: 5.32
- **elevation**: 625
- **website**: www.grolley.ch
- **mayor title**: Syndic
- **neighboring municipalities**: Autafond, Belfaux, Léchelles, Misery-Courtion, Ponthaux
Cheyres-Châbles

**Cheyres-Châbles** is a new municipality in the district Broye in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. It was created on 1 January 2017 when the former municipalities of Châbles and Cheyres merged to form Cheyres-Châbles.

## Other websites

- Official website
Belmont-Broye

**Belmont-Broye** is a new municipality of the district of Broye in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. It was created on 1 January 2016 when the former municipalities of Domdidier, Dompierre, Léchelles and Russy merged to form Belmont-Broye.

## Other websites

- Official website
Jackie Robinson Day

**Jackie Robinson Day** is an annual event in Major League Baseball. It honors the day Jackie Robinson made his major league debut, becoming the first black major league baseball player of the modern era. April 15 was Opening Day in 1947. The day was first commemorated on April 15, 2004. Robinson played for the Brooklyn Dodgers (today known as the Los Angeles Dodgers) ended 80 years of baseball segregation. He was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1962.
Sam Sullivan

**Sam Sullivan**, CM (born November 13, 1959) is the Liberal  Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) in the British Columbia legislature for Vancouver-False Creek. He is the  Official Opposition’s Housing critic.

Sullivan was the Minister of Community, Sport and Cultural Development and the Minister Responsible for TransLink. He was a member of the Legislative Review Committee and the Select Standing Committee on Crown corporations and the Select Standing Committee on Public Accounts.

In 2006 to 2009 he was mayor of Vancouver. In 1993 to 2005 he was a Vancouver City Councillor. While Mayor of Vancouver, he helped create the Street to Home Foundation. He was also involved in the largest increase in social housing in several decades on 14 Vancouver city sites.

Sullivan is an Adjunct professor at the University of British Columbia's School of Architecture and Landscape Architecture.

Sullivan was made a member of the Order of Canada for his work with the Disability Foundation which supports quality of life initiatives for people with disabilities from all over Canada. He received the Christopher and Dana Reeve’s Award and the Terry Fox Award for helping to improve the quality of life for people with disabilities.
Daniel Kaluuya

**Daniel Kaluuya** (born 24 February 1989) is a British actor and writer. He is best known for his leading role as Chris Washington in the horror movie _Get Out_ (2017). For his role, he was nominated for the Academy Award, Golden Globe Award, SAG Award and BAFTA Award for Best Actor. His other movie credits include _Johnny English Reborn_ (2011), _Kick-Ass 2_ (2013), _Sicario_ (2015), _Widows_ (2018) and _Black Panther_ (2018). In 2018, he won the BAFTA Rising Star Award.

In 2021, Kaluuya played Fred Hampton in _Judas and the Black Messiah_, a role which won him a Golden Globe Award and an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor.

On television, Kaluuya has appeared as Posh Kenneth in the television series _Skins_ from 2007 to 2009. He also co-wrote two episodes of _Skins_. He played Bingham "Bing" Madsen in the _Black Mirror_ episode "Fifteen Million Merits" and has had roles in _Psychoville_ and _The Fades_.

Kaluuya was born in London. His parents are from Uganda. He is a supporter of Arsenal Football Club.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Daniel Kaluuya
- **image**: Daniel Kaluuya by Gage Skidmore.jpg
- **caption**: Kaluuya at the 2017 San Diego Comic-Con.
- **birth place**: London, England
- **nationality**: British
- **years active**: 2006–present
Letitia Wright

**Letitia Michelle Wright** (born 31 October 1993) is a Guyanese-born British actress and model. She is best known for her role as Shuri in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) movies _Black Panther_ and _Avengers: Infinity War_ (both 2018). She has also appeared in TV shows such as _Top Boy_, _Coming Up_, _Chasing Shadows_, _Humans_, the _Doctor Who_ episode "Face the Raven" and the _Black Mirror_ episode "Black Museum". For _Black Mirror_, she was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Limited Series or Movie. In 2019, she won the BAFTA Rising Star Award.

Wright was born in Georgetown, the capital city of Guyana. At the age of seven, her family moved to London. She grew up in Tottenham, north London.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Letitia Wright
- **image**: Letitia Wright by Gage Skidmore.jpg
- **caption**: Wright at the 2017 San Diego Comic-Con.
- **birth name**: Letitia Michelle Wright
- **birth place**: Georgetown, Guyana, Georgetown, Guyana
- **nationality**: British
- **occupation**: Actress
- **years active**: 2011–present
National Students' Union of India

**National Students' Union of India** (NSUI) is the student wing of the Indian National Congress. NSUI was established on 9 April 1971. The organisation was founded by Indira Gandhi. Varun Choudhary is current National President of **NSUI**.https://theprint.in/india/congress-appoints-alka-lamba-chief-of-its-womens-wing-varun-choudhary-to-head-nsui/1912551/ https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/metro/delhi/politics/know-who-is-varun-chaudhary-who-become-nsui-president-and-alka-lamba-become-woman-congress-president/articleshow/106593361.cms

### Pre-Independence Movement

Student movement reached its apex during the struggle for independence due to the strong participation of students from all sections of society. Prior to 1950, the student activism of the Indian National Congress was carried out by the youth wing of the AICC.

## Related pages

- Indian National Congress

## Other websites

- National Students' Union of India official site
- Official All India Congress Committee website
- Official Indian National Congress website

## Infobox (organization)

- **name**: National Students' Union of India
- **size**: 220px
- **formation**: 1971
- **headquarters**: 5, Raisina Road,Delhi, India
- **region served**: India
- **membership**: About 100
Million
- **language**: English
- **website**: [http://nsui.in/ nsui.in/]
Mill Creek Falls

Mill Creek Falls, is a waterfall located in the Rogue River Canyon within the Prospect State Scenic Viewpoint in Jackson County, in the U.S. state of Oregon. The waterfall is located at the south end of Mill Creek as it plunges into the Rogue River over a carved cliff surrounded by walls of petrified volcanic ash caused by the Mount Mazama eruption.

## Infobox (waterfall)

- **name**: Mill Creek Falls
- **image**: Mill Creek Falls (3680180582).jpg
- **caption**: Mill Creek Falls in July
- **location**: Prospect State Scenic Viewpoint
- **type**: Plunge
- **number drops**: 1
Gustav Nossal

Sir **Gustav Victor Joseph Nossal**  (born 4 June 1931) is an Austrian-born Australian research biologist. He is famous for his work in the fields of antibody formation and immunological tolerance.

## Life and career

Nossal was born in Bad Ischl. He first grew up in the Austrian capital city of Vienna. After the Anschluss (Nazi Germany's annexation of Austria), he and his family moved to Australia. This was because, although not of Jewish faith, his father's grandparents were Jewish. This meant that Nossal was at risk of being sent to concentration camps due his Jewish background. Nossal was baptised, like his father, and is a Roman Catholic. He studied at the University of Sydney.

Nossal has written five books and 530 scientific articles on immunology and similar fields. From 1959 to 1961, he was the assistant professor of genetics at Stanford University. He began serving as director of the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research from 1965. At the same time, he was Professor of Medical Biology at the University of Melbourne. He retired from both of these roles in 1996. Nossal was president of the Australian Academy of Science from 1994 to 1998. He was the chairman of the comittee running the World Health Organization's Vaccines and Biologicals Program from 1993 to 2002. He also served as Chairman of the Strategic Advisory Council of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Children's Vaccine Program from 1998 to 2003.

Nossal is married to Lyn Beatrix (_née_ Dunnicliff). The couple have four children (two sons and two daughters).

## Awards and honours

In 1970, Nossal was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire. He was knighted for his services to science in 1977. In 1989, he was made a Companion of the Order of Australia. In 1990, he was awarded the Albert Einstein World Award of Science. In 2000, he was named Australian of the Year.

Nossal High School in Berwick, Victoria, is named after him.

## Other websites

- Sir Gustav Nossal at the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute website
Bookbinding

**Bookbinding** is the process of putting a book together. The pages are put inside a book covering, then attached to the spine (closed edge of the book) by sewing or glueing. Bookbinding is an artistic practice from many centuries ago but it has also been industrialized. Bookbinding machines were invented in the 19th century and most books are made in factories by mechanical mass production.

A person who binds books is called a **bookbinder**.  Today, most hand-bound books are specially made, and more expensive than a factory-made book.  Bookbinding is a specialized job.  Bookbinders must be skilled in measuring, cutting, glueing, leather working, graphic arts, and fabric crafts, among other things.
Dellinger

**Dellinger** may refer to:

## Places

- Dellinger (crater), a crater on the far side of the Moon
- 78392 Dellinger, a main-belt asteroid discovered in 2002 by A. Lowe

## Other uses

- Dellinger (surname)
- Dellinger effect, a fadeout of short-wave radios caused by solar flares

### Not to be confused with

- Derringer, a general term for small handguns
- Dellingr, a god in Norse mythology
Riversleigh

**Riversleigh** may refer to:

- Riversleigh, Queensland, a locality in the Shire of Murweh in South-West Queensland
- Australian Fossil Mammal Sites (Riversleigh), a World Heritage listed fossil site in North-West Queensland
John Quarmby

**John Quarmby** (18 June 1929 – 5 April 2019) was an English character actor. He was best known for his roles as Mr Carnegie in the _Fawlty Towers_ episode "Basil the Rat" (1979), and as Henry Tobias in _K-9 and Company_ (1981). He had roles in TV series such as _Z-Cars_, _Softly, Softly_, _Juliet Bravo_ and _Howards' Way_. He also appeared in the movies _The Scarlet Pimpernel_ (1982), _A Christmas Carol_ (1984) and _Thirteen at Dinner_ (1985).

## Biography

Quarmby was born in Liverpool. He served for two years in the Royal Air Force in the 1940s. He joined Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA) in 1949. He died on 5 April 2019, at the age of 89.
Đồng Sĩ Nguyên

**Đồng Sĩ Nguyên** (1 March 1923 – 4 April 2019), also known as **Nguyễn Hữu Vũ**, was a Vietnamese soldier and politician. **Đồng Sỹ Nguyên** is another spelling of his name. He served as Deputy Prime Minister of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam from 1982 to 1991. He was also a lieutenant-general of the North Vietnamese Army during the Vietnam War. He was interviewed in the documentary TV series _The Vietnam War_ (2017) He was born in Quảng Trạch District, Quảng Bình Province, then-part of French Indochina.

Đồng died on 4 April 2019 in Hanoi, at the age of 96.
Mont-Vully

**Mont-Vully** is a new municipality in the district of See in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. It was created on 1 January 2016 when the former municipalities of Bas-Vully and Haut-Vully merged to form Mont-Vully.
Val-de-Charmey

**Val-de-Charmey** is a new municipality of the district of Gruyère in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. It was created on 1 January 2014 when the former municipalities of Cerniat and Charmey merged to form the new municipality of Val-de-Charmey.
Alterswil

**Alterswil** was a municipality of the district Sense in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. On 1 January 2021, the former municipalities of Alterswil and St. Antoni merged to form the municipality of Tafers.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Alterswil
- **municipality name**: Alterswil
- **municipality type**: former
- **image photo**: Alterswil Hotel Alpenrose 1.jpg
- **image caption**: Hotel Alpenrose in Alterswil
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Alterswil COA.svg
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Fribourg
- **iso-code-region**: CH-FR
- **district**: Sense (district), Sense
- **postal code**: 1715
- **municipality code**: 2291
- **area**: 16.1
- **elevation**: 758
- **website**: www.alterswil.ch
- **mayor title**: Gemeindeammann
- **neighboring municipalities**: Brünisried, Guggisberg (BE), St. Antoni, St. Ursen, Tafers, Wahlern (BE), Plaffeien
Arconciel

**Arconciel** () was a municipality of the district Saane in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. On 1 January 2021, the former municipalities of Arconciel, Ependes and Senèdes merged to form the new municipality of Bois-d'Amont.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Arconciel
- **municipality name**: Arconciel
- **municipality type**: former
- **image photo**: Villagearconciel.jpg
- **image caption**: Arconciel village
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Arconciel COA.svg
- **languages**: French
- **canton**: Fribourg
- **iso-code-region**: CH-FR
- **district**: Saane (district), Saane
- **postal code**: 1732
- **municipality code**: 2171
- **area**: 6.11
- **elevation**: 734
- **highest**: En Monternou
- **highest m**: 828
- **lowest**: At Hauterive
- **lowest m**: 570
- **website**: www.arconciel.ch
- **mayor title**: Syndic
- **neighboring municipalities**: Corpataux-Magnedens, Ependes, Fribourg, Ependes, Hauterive, Fribourg, Hauterive, Marly, Switzerland, Marly, Rossens, Fribourg, Rossens, Senèdes, Treyvaux
- **twintowns**: Arconcey (France)
Schmitten, Fribourg

**Schmitten** is a municipality of the district of Sense in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official website of the municipality of Schmitten

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Schmitten
- **municipality name**: Schmitten
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **image photo**: 2001-09-16 Gemeindeverwaltung Schmitten FR 02.JPG
- **image caption**: The municipality house of Schmitten
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Schmitten FR COA.svg
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Fribourg
- **iso-code-region**: CH-FR
- **district**: Sense (district), Sense
- **postal code**: 3185
- **municipality code**: 2305
- **area**: 13.55
- **elevation**: 647
- **website**: www.schmitten.ch
- **mayor**: Urs Stampfli
- **mayor asof**: May 2008
- **mayor party**: CSP
- **mayor title**: Gemeindeammann
- **neighboring municipalities**: Bösingen, Switzerland, Bösingen, Düdingen, St. Antoni, Tafers, Wünnewil-Flamatt
- **twintowns**: Dąbrowica, Lublin County, Dąbrowica (Poland)
Wünnewil-Flamatt

**Wünnewil-Flamatt** is a municipality of the district of Sense in the canton of Fribourg in the western part of Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Wünnewil-Flamatt
- **municipality name**: Wünnewil-Flamatt
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **image photo**: Flamatt FR 2.jpg
- **image caption**: Flamatt
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Wünnewil-Flamatt COA.svg
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Fribourg
- **iso-code-region**: CH-FR
- **district**: Sense (district), Sense
- **postal code**: 3184 Wünnewil
3175 Flamatt
- **municipality code**: 2309
- **area**: 13.21
- **elevation**: 628
- **website**: www.wuennewil-flamatt.ch
- **mayor title**: Gemeindeammann
- **neighboring municipalities**: Bösingen, Switzerland, Bösingen, Neuenegg (BE), St. Antoni, Schmitten, Fribourg, Schmitten, Ueberstorf
St. Antoni

**St. Antoni** () was a municipality in Sense in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. On 1 January 2021, the former municipalities of Alterswil and St. Antoni merged to form the municipality of Tafers.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: St. Antoni
- **image photo**: St. Antoni kathKirche 2012-09-08 01.jpg
- **image caption**: The Catholic church of St. Antoni
- **municipality name**: St. Antoni
- **municipality type**: former
- **imagepath coa**: St. Antoni-coat of arms.svg
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Fribourg
- **iso-code-region**: CH-FR
- **district**: Sense (district), Sense
- **postal code**: 1713
- **municipality code**: 2302
- **area**: 16.86
- **elevation**: 715
- **website**: www.stantoni.ch
- **mayor title**: Gemeindeammann
- **neighboring municipalities**: Alterswil, Heitenried, Schmitten, Fribourg, Schmitten, Tafers, Ueberstorf, Wahlern (BE), Wünnewil-Flamatt
Schmitten

**Schmitten** may refer to:
- Schmitten, Germany, a climatic spa in the Hochtaunuskreis in Hesse, Germany
- Schmitten, Fribourg, a municipality in the canton of Fribourg, Switzerland
- Schmitten, Graubünden, a former municipality in the canton of Graubünden, Switzerland
Carmelita Pope

**Carmelita Pope** (April 15, 1924 – April 3, 2019), also known by her stage name **Carla Dare**, was an American actress. She was best known for her roles in stage productions. In 1947, she appeared in the Broadway play _A Streetcar Named Desire_. She also acted in television series such as _General Hospital_, _Days of Our Lives_, _They Stand Accused_, _Down You Go_ and _The Amazing Spider-Man_.

Pope was born in Chicago, Illinois. She was a childhood friend of actor siblings Jocelyn and Marlon Brando. She was married twice and had two sons. She lived in Boise, Idaho.

Pope died on April 3, 2019, at the age of 94.
Bösingen, Fribourg

**Bösingen** (, ) is a municipality of the district of Sense in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Bösingen
- **municipality name**: Bösingen
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Bösingen COA.svg
- **image photo**: Boesingen Kirche.jpg
- **image caption**: St. Jakob church, Bösingen
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Fribourg
- **iso-code-region**: CH-FR
- **district**: Sense (district), Sense
- **postal code**: 3178
- **municipality code**: 2295
- **area**: 14.32
- **elevation**: 550
- **website**: www.boesingen.ch
- **mayor title**: Gemeindeammann
- **neighboring municipalities**: Düdingen, Kleinbösingen, Kriechenwil (BE), Laupen, Bern, Laupen (BE), Neuenegg (BE), Schmitten, Fribourg, Schmitten, Wünnewil-Flamatt
Plaffeien

**Plaffeien** () is a municipality of the district of Sense in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. On 1 January 2017, the former municipalities of Oberschrot and Zumholz merged into the municipality of Plaffeien.

It is the third-largest municipality in the canton of Fribourg.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Plaffeien
- **municipality name**: Plaffeien
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **image photo**: Plaffeien.jpg
- **image caption**: Plaffeien
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Plaffeien COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Plaffeien.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Fribourg
- **iso-code-region**: CH-FR
- **district**: Sense (district), Sense
- **postal code**: 1716 Plaffeien
1716 Oberschrot
1716 Schwarzsee
1719 Zumholz
- **municipality code**: 2299
- **area**: 59.37
- **elevation**: 856
- **website**: www.plaffeien.ch
- **mayor title**: Gemeindeammann
- **places**: Rufenen, Rütti, Schwarzsee, Zollhaus, Plötscha, Ried, Oberschrot, Zumholz
- **neighboring municipalities**: Alterswil, Brünisried, Boltigen (BE), Val-de-Charmey, Guggisberg (BE), Jaun, Giffers, Oberwil im Simmental (BE), Plasselb, Rechthalten
- **twintowns**: Kasterlee (Belgium)
Brünisried

**Brünisried** is a municipality of the district Sense in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Brünisried
- **municipality name**: Brünisried
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **image photo**: Bruenisried Gemeindehaus 2098.jpg
- **image caption**: The municipality house of Brünisried
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Brünisried COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Brünisried.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Fribourg
- **iso-code-region**: CH-FR
- **district**: Sense (district), Sense
- **postal code**: 1719
- **municipality code**: 2292
- **area**: 3.24
- **elevation**: 875
- **website**: www.bruenisried.ch
- **mayor**: Walter Marti
- **mayor title**: Gemeindeammann
- **neighboring municipalities**: Alterswil, Plaffeien, Rechthalten, St. Ursen
Pat Cleveland

**Patricia Cleveland** (born June 23, 1950) is an American fashion model. She became successful in the 1960s and 1970s and was one of the first African-American models within the fashion industry to achieve fame as a runway model and print model. Cleveland was born in New York City.

Cleveland was diagnosed with colorectal cancer in April 2019.
Giffers

**Giffers** () is a municipality of the district Sense in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Giffers
- **municipality name**: Giffers
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **image photo**: Giffers.JPG
- **image caption**: Giffers
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Giffers COA Var.svg
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Fribourg
- **iso-code-region**: CH-FR
- **district**: Sense (district), Sense
- **postal code**: 1735
- **municipality code**: 2294
- **area**: 5.15
- **elevation**: 767
- **website**: www.giffers.ch
- **mayor title**: Gemeindeammann
- **neighboring municipalities**: Plaffeien, Plasselb, Rechthalten, St. Silvester, Tentlingen
Jeremy Bowen

**Jeremy Francis John Bowen** (born 6 February 1960) is a Welsh journalist and television presenter. He was born in Cardiff, Wales. He is the BBC's  Middle East correspondent working in Jerusalem between 1995 and 2000. He has been its Middle East Editor since 2005.

Bowen was diagnosed with bowel cancer in April 2019.

## Other websites

- Photograph. BBC.
- _Newswatch_: Jeremy Bowen. BBC.
- _Bowen Middle East role 'enhanced_'. BBC.
Ueberstorf

**Ueberstorf** is a municipality of the district Sense in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Ueberstorf
- **municipality name**: Ueberstorf
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: Ueberstorf-coat of arms.svg
- **image photo**: 2012-04-26 Sense-Sarino (Foto Dietrich Michael Weidmann) 062.JPG
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Fribourg
- **iso-code-region**: CH-FR
- **district**: Sense (district), Sense
- **postal code**: 3182
- **municipality code**: 2308
- **area**: 16.13
- **elevation**: 658
- **website**: www.ueberstorf.ch
- **mayor title**: Gemeindeammann
- **neighboring municipalities**: Albligen (BE), Heitenried, Köniz (BE), Neuenegg (BE), St. Antoni, Wahlern (BE), Wünnewil-Flamatt
Muntelier

**Muntelier** () is a municipality of the district of See in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Muntelier
- **image photo**: Montilier - panoramio (1).jpg
- **municipality name**: Muntelier
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: Muntelier-coat of arms.svg
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Fribourg
- **iso-code-region**: CH-FR
- **district**: See (district of Fribourg), See
- **postal code**: 3286
- **municipality code**: 2274
- **area**: 1.13
- **elevation**: 435
- **website**: www.muntelier.ch
- **mayor title**: Ammann
- **executive name**: Gemeinderat
- **executive number of members**: 5
- **neighboring municipalities**: Bas-Vully, Galmiz, Murten/Morat
- **twintowns**: Castiglione Falletto (Italy)
Daingerfield, Texas

**Daingerfield** is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. It is the county seat of Morris County.
De Smet, Idaho

**De Smet** (also spelled **Desmet**) is a census-designated place (CDP) of Idaho in the United States.
Maryville, Tennessee

**Maryville** is a city in the U.S. state of Tennessee. It is near the North Carolina state line. At the 2020 U.S. census, the population was about 31,907.
Katrin Sjögren

**Katrin Sjögren** (born 2 February 1966) is a Finnish politician from the Åland Islands. She has been the Premier of Åland since 25 November 2015. She has also been the leader of the Liberals for Åland party since 2012. She became a member of the Parliament of Åland in 2003. She was Minister of Social Affairs and Environment between 2007 and 2011.

She lives in Mariehamn, the capital city of the Åland Islands. She is married to Anders Eriksson. The couple have three children.
René Fontès

**René Fontès** (11 June 1941 – 17 March 2019) was a French sports official and politician. He was club president of the Top 14 rugby union team Clermont Auvergne from 2004 to 2013. He was also mayor of the Eygalières commune in Bouches-du-Rhône from 2008 until his death in 2019. He was made Chevalier (Knight) of the Legion of Honour in 2011. He was born in Saint-Martin-de-Crau, Bouches-du-Rhône.

Fontès died of a heart attack on 17 March 2019 in Eygalières. He was 77.
Nikolay Kovalyov (politician)

**Nikolay Dmitrievich Kovalyov** (; 6 August 1949 – 5 April 2019) was a Russian politician, general, and former KGB official. He was a member of United Russia. He was also a member of the State Duma. He was chairman of the Duma's Veterans' Committee. He was the Director of the Federal Security Service (FSB) from July 1996 to July 1998. Vladimir Putin took on the role of director after him. Kovalyov was born in Moscow.

Kovalyov died after a long illness on 5 April 2019 in Moscow. He was 69.
Nikolay Kovalev

**Nikolay Kovalev** may refer to:

- Nikolay Kovalyov (politician) (1949–2019), Russian politician
- Nikolay Kovalev (fencer) (born 1986), Russian sabre fencer
- Nikolai Kovalyov (footballer) (born 1996), Russian footballer
Gresham College

**Gresham College** is an institution of higher learning in London. It does not enroll students and does not award any degrees. It was founded in 1597 under the will of Sir Thomas Gresham.

The College gives over 140 free public lectures every year. Since 2001, all lectures have also been made available online.

## Professors

There seven original Gresham College Professorships that date back to the origins of the college. They are in Astronomy, Divinity, Geometry, Law, Music, Physic and Rhetoric.

These subjects reflect the curriculum of the medieval university (the trivium and quadrivium).

The college played an important role in the Enlightenment and in the formation of the Royal Society. Early distinguished Gresham College professors included Christopher Wren, who lectured on astronomy in the 17th century, and Robert Hooke, who was Professor of Geometry from 1665 until 1704.

The professors received £50 a year. The terms of their position were very precise, for example: :_The geometrician is to read as followeth, every Trinity term arithmetique, in Michaelmas and Hilary terms theoretical geometry, in Easter term practical geometry. The astronomy reader is to read in his solemn lectures, first the principles of the sphere, and the theory of the planets, and the use of the astrolabe and the staff, and other common instruments for the capacity of mariners._

Today three further Professorships have been added to take account of areas not otherwise covered by the original Professorships:

- Commerce, established in 1985.
- Environment, established in 2014.
- Information technology, established in 2015.

The professors currently hold their positions for three years, extendable for a fourth year. They give six lectures a year.  There are also visiting professors appointed to give series of lectures at the College. There are a number of single-lecture speakers.

The lectures are often given in the Museum of London, which has a bigger lecture room than the College.
Edmund Gunter

**Edmund Gunter** (1581 – 10 December 1626) was an English clergyman, mathematician, geometer and astronomer of Welsh descent.

He is best remembered for his practical inventions for measurement. These include the **Gunter's chain**, **Gunter's quadrant**, and the **Gunter's scale**. In 1620, he invented the first successful analogue device which he developed to calculate logarithmic tangents. These inventions are related to the main practical maths interests of England at that time. These were maritime navigation, land surveying and accounting.

Gunter was taught mathematics by Henry Briggs. He became a Gresham Professor of Astronomy, from 1619 until his death. Gunter  invented the terms cosine and cotangent,

## Gunter's scale

Gunter’s scale (called by seamen "the Gunter") is a large plane scale, usually 2 ft. long by about 1½ in. broad, and engraved with various lines of numbers. By means of this scale questions in navigation, trigonometry etc. are solved with the aid of a pair of compasses.

The slide rule was invented around 1620–1630, shortly after John Napier's publication of the concept of the logarithm. In 1620 Gunter developed his calculating device with a single logarithmic scale. With additional measuring tools it could be used to multiply and divide. In c. 1622, William Oughtred of Cambridge combined two handheld Gunter rules to make a device that is the modern slide rule.

## Gunter's chain

Gunter's chain was in common use in surveying up to modern times. It is 22 yards long and is divided into 100 links. Its usefulness comes from its decimal division, and the fact that 10 square chains make an acre. It folds up in sections, and is carried by the surveyor.

## Gunter's quadrant

His quadrant of 1623 was used to tell the time, find the length of day, when the sun had risen and set, the date, and the meridian. It used scales and curves of the quadrant and related tables. Gunter's quadrant was fairly simple, and was widely used in the 17th and 18th centuries.
This instrument is used to find the hour of the day, the sun’s azimuth, and other common problems of the globe, and also to take the altitude of an object in degrees. These things are needed by ships on long voyages, and on long overland excursions.

## Controversies

Like his contemporary at Cambridge, Isaac Newton, Oughtred taught his ideas privately to his students.  Also like Newton, he became involved in a  controversy over priority (who invented what and when). This involved his one-time student Richard Delamain. Oughtred's ideas were only made public in publications of his student William Forster in 1632 and 1653.
Melvin Van Peebles

**Melvin Van Peebles** (August 21, 1932 – September 22, 2021) was an American movie maker, actor, novelist and composer. He was the father of actor Mario Van Peebles.

Melvin Van Peebles created and acted in the blaxploitation movie _Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song_ in 1971. He also acted in many other movies from the 1970s to the 2010s. His first Hollywood movie was _Watermelon Man_ in 1970.

Van Peebles was born in Chicago, Illinois. He died on September 22, 2021 in New York City, aged 89.
Damon Wayans Jr.

**Damon Wayans Jr.** (born November 18, 1982) is an American actor, comedian and writer. In the sitcom _Happy Endings_, he was nominated for a Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series. He played Brad Williams in the show. He co-hosts the CBS game show Raid the Cage.

Wayans is the son of actor and comedian Damon Wayans Sr.

As a child, Wayans was in the comedy movie _Blankman_ in 1994. In 2009, he played Thomas Uncles in the movie _Dance Flick_.

Wayans was born in Huntington, Vermont.
Michael Ironside

**Frederick Reginald Ironside**, known as **Michael Ironside** (born February 12, 1950) is a Canadian actor, voice actor, movie director, movie producer and screenwriter for both movies and television. He is best known for playing tough guys and villains. He has also played sympathetic characters.

Ironside played Richter in the 1990 science fiction movie _Total Recall_. In 1997 he played Lieutenant Jean Rasczak in _Starship Troopers_. In 2011 he played the Captain of the 7th Fleet in _X-Men: First Class_.

Ironside did voice acting in _Superman: The Animated Series_ and its sequel _Justice League_.

Ironside was born in Toronto, Ontario.
Phonograph cylinder

**Phonograph cylinders** were the earliest commercial method for recording and reproducing sound.

They were commonly known simply as "records" in their era of greatest popularity (c. 1896–1915). They were hollow cylindrical objects with an audio recording engraved on the outside surface. The sound can be reproduced when they are played on a mechanical cylinder phonograph. In the 1910s, the competing disc record system became the more popular commercial audio medium.

Some of the cylinders and their recoreders can be found in local museums.
Olli Mäki

**Olli Mäki** (22 December 1936 – 6 April 2019) was a Finnish boxer. As an amateur, he won the European lightweight title in 1959. Before this, he placed second in 1957. He was dropped from the 1960 Olympic team. After this, he became professional. He fought until 1973 as a pro, with a record of 28 victories, 14 losses and 8 draws. He lost in two rounds to Davey Moore in 1962. In retirement, Mäki worked as a boxing coach and manager. The movie, _The Happiest Day in the Life of Olli Mäki_ (2016), is based on his life. He was born in Kokkola.

On 6 April 2019, Mäki died of problems caused by Alzheimer's disease in Kirkkonummi. He was 82.
Shawn Smith

**Shawn Smith** (October 28, 1965 – April 3, 2019) was an American singer-songwriter and musician. He began his career in 1991.He was a vocalist of the bands Brad, Satchel and Pigeonhed. He was also a solo artist.

He released 10 solo albums from 1999 until his death. His songs were featured in television series such as _The Sopranos_ and _ER_. Smith was born in Spokane, Washington.

Smith lived in Seattle. He died of a torn aorta and high blood pressure on April 3, 2019, at the age of 53.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **image**: Shawn_Smith.JPG
- **name**: Shawn Smith
- **caption**: Shawn Smith in NYC
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth place**: Spokane, Washington, U.S.
- **death place**: Seattle, Washington, U.S.
- **years active**: 1991–2019
- **label**: Epic Records, Epic (Sony) & Redline Entertainment (Brad & Satchel)
Sub Pop (Pigeonhed)
818 Music & Establishment Store
<sup>Sound Vs. Silence/Gator Records (solo albums)</sup>
- **associated acts**: Satchel (band), Satchel
Brad (band), Brad
Pigeonhed
The Diamond Hand
From the North
Forever Breakers
Power of Wings
The Twilight Singers
Arsenal
**related acts:**
Malfunkshun
Pearl Jam
Mother Love Bone
Sweet Water (band), Sweet Water
- **website**: [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303193409/http://www.shawnsmithsinger.com/ shawnsmithsinger.com]
Soviet satellite state

**Soviet satellite states** were satellite states indirectly controlled by the Soviet Union. This meant that they were countries controlled by leaders who were really controlled by the Soviet Union. Soviet satellite states included the Warsaw Pact countries and Mongolia. The Soviet Union chose leaders in these countries who were loyal to the Soviet Union and would send in the military if the local people protested against the local government.

Examples were:
- The Mongolian People's Republic (Satellite 1921–1990; government extant until 1992)
- The Tuvan People's Republic (Satellite 1921–1944; joined the Soviet Union in 1944)
- The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Satellite 1945–1948; government extant until 1992)
- The People's Socialist Republic of Albania (Satellite 1944–1960; government extant until 1992)
- The Polish People's Republic (1944–1989)
- The People's Republic of Bulgaria (1946–1990)
- The People's Republic of Romania (1947–1965)
- The Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (1948–1968 and again 1968–1989)
- The German Democratic Republic (1949–1990)
- The Hungarian People's Republic (1947–1956 and again 1956–1989)
- The Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (1978–90)

Most of these "Eastern Bloc" countries had compulsory military service for young men. They also had varying numbers of Soviet troops and KGB agents. All these countries had detailed control of information (censorship), and other aspects of the communist Soviet system. Many features of the Soviet information control were put into practice in distant countries, such as Cuba, which was allied to the Soviet Union, but was not its satellite state.

Other terms which may be used are:
- Satellite state
- Puppet state
- Client state
- Vassal state
- Buffer state