juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Athelwald of Deira

**Athelwald** (also spelled **Oethelwald** or **Œthelwald**) was a King of Deira. He was the nephew of King Oswiu of Northumbria, his overlord, but he turned on his family to support the pagan Penda of Mercia. When Penda was killed, Athelwald lost his kingdom.

## Early Career

He was the son of King Oswald of Northumbria, who was killed by Penda of Mercia at the Battle of Maserfield in 642. At Oswald's death Northumbria was reduced back to the two kingdoms of Bernicia and Deira. Oswiu was the king of Bernicia and was acknowledge as overlord of Deira.
Penda had placed Oswine of Deira on the throne of Deira. But Oswine did not get along with his overlord Oswiu. He raised an army against Oswiu but then realized his army wasn't large enough and he sent them home. He was betrayed by one of his nobleman to Oswiu and was murdered in 651.

## King of Deira

After Oswine's death, Athelwald became king. It is uncertain whether Oswiu (who was Athelwald's uncle) installed him as king or whether Athelwald took the kingship in opposition to Oswiu. At some point he allied himself with Oswiu's enemy, Penda of Mercia. He guided Penda during his invasion of Northumbria in 655. But, when the armies of Oswiu and Penda met on 15 November at the Battle of the Winwaed, Athelwald withdrew to safety. Penda was defeated and killed. perhaps in part because of this desertion, and afterward Athelwald was not heard of again.

King Athelwald gave St. Cedd the lands of Lastingham to build a monastery.
Department

**Department** can mean several things:

- Departmentalisation, the division of a larger organisation into parts with specific tasks
    - Academic department, a division of a school's faculty devoted to a particular subject
    - Ministry (government department), a division of a government with a specific responsibility
- Department (country subdivision), a type of administrative division within a country
    - Departments of France
    - Departments of Argentina
    - Departments of Haiti
- Fire department, an organisation that provides firefighting services
- Police department, a body empowered by the state to enforce the law

## Other uses

- Department store, a retail store that has several departments dedicated to different types of products, such as clothing or household items
Polar vortex

The **polar vortex** (alternate names: **Arctic cyclone** or **polar vortice**) is a persistent large-scale cyclone located near geographical poles of a planet. On Earth, a polar vortex is usually in the middle and upper troposphere and stratosphere. The cyclone surrounds the polar highs. Polar storms lie in the wake of the polar front. They strengthen in the winter and weaken near summer. These vortexes span usually between 620 to 1,240 miles. They circulate counter-clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere.

Similar to hurricanes, a Coriolis effect causes the rotation of a polar vortex. The Arctic vortex has two main centers: one is over the Baffin Island, the other is over northeastern Siberia.

Climate change may be increasing Arctic polar vortex stretching events. This would cause more extreme cold in the United States.
Department of Alto Adige

The **Department of Alto Adige** (, ) was a department of Napoleon's Kingdom of Italy. It was named after the river Adige (Etsch), which flowed through it. The capital of the department was Trento.

The department's territory was not the same as that of the modern Italian province of Alto Adige. Some of the territory is the same, such as the city of Bolzano, but most of the rest is now part of the province of Trento. These two provinces form the region Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol.

## History

The name "Alto Adige" was created in the late 18th century by Napoleon Bonaparte, when he occupied the territory of northern Italy near the Alps. This was the name of the French administrative division known as the "Department of Alto Adige" (_Dipartimento dell'Alto Adige_), created during Napoleon's Kingdom of Italy in 1810. It was officially named _Haut Adige_ to get rid of relation to the historic "County of Tyrol" of Austria. The District of Alto Adige was created by Napoleon as part of the Dipartamento del Benaco in his Cisalpine Republic, and was near Verona. This Benaco department, created in 1797, was gotten rid of in 1798 as a result of administrative changes to the Cisalpine Republic.

Some years later, Napoleon created the Department of Alto Adige further north. This department was a part of the Kingdom of Italy from 1810 to 1814.  It was created with the division of the Austrian Tyrol between French Bavaria and the Kingdom of Italy, and included the southern part of Tyrol with the city of Bolzano with surroundings (along with the Trentino). The boundaries were made by Austrian and German commissioners, who said that a territory would belong to the Kingdom of Italy if it is inhabited by Italians.

The department was ended after the defeat of Napoleon in 1814. Its territory is now divided between the Italian provinces of Trentino and South Tyrol.

The name _Alto Adige_ was reused. Today it is the Italian name of the part of Tyrol south of the Brenner Pass. Ettore Tolomei made it official in Italy after World War I.

## More reading

- Reinhard Stauber, _Der Zentralstaat an seinen Grenzen. Administrative Integration, Herrschaftswechsel und politische Kultur im südlichen Alpenraum 1750–1820_ (Schriftenreihe der Historischen Kommission der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 64), Göttingen, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2001.

## Related pages

- Alto Adige
- District of Alto Adige
- Province of Bolzano-Bozen

## Infobox (former subdivision)

- **native name**: __
- **conventional long name**: Department of Alto Adige
- **common name**: Alto Adige
- **subdivision**: Department
- **nation**: Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic), Kingdom of Italy
- **year start**: 1810
- **year end**: 1814
- **image map**: Dep-fr-it.jpg
- **image map caption**: French map of Napoleonic Italy. The Department of Alto Adige (_Haut-Adige_) is located in the north.
- **capital**: Trento
Josep Casadevall

**Josep Casadevall** (born 10 September 1946) is a lawyer from Andorra. He was born in Spain and received his law degree in Madrid in 1978.  He is now a judge at the European Court of Human Rights. He represents Andorra.
Ineta Ziemele

**Ineta Ziemele** (born 12 February 1970) is a judge from Latvia. She has been a judge at the European Court of Human Rights since April 27, 2005. She is President of the Fourth Section since 2012.
Suzanne Pleshette

**Suzanne Pleshette** (January 31, 1937 – January 19, 2008) was an American actress. She played Jeanne Greene in _Youngblood Hawke_ in 1964. She also played Annie Hayworth in _The Birds_ one year earlier. She also voiced characters during certain movies. She then played Emily in the sitcom _The Bob Newhart Show_ (1972-78).

Pleshette was born in Brooklyn, New York. She died from lung cancer, after an operation removed part of her lung. She was 70.
Gleneagles Hotel

The **Gleneagles Hotel** is a hotel in Torquay, Devon, England. It is best known for being the inspiration for the British situation comedy, _Fawlty Towers_.
Patricia Hill Collins

**Patricia Hill Collins** (born May 1, 1948) is a Distinguished University Professor of Sociology at the University of Maryland, College Park. Her first book, _Black Feminist Thought_, was published in 1990. A book Collins wrote with Margaret Andersen called _Race, Class and Gender: An Anthology_ was published in 1992. The sixth edition was published in 2007.

## Early life and career

Collins was born in Philadelphia to working-class parents. She became a student at Brandeis University in 1965.
In 1982 Collins started work as an assistant professor at the University of Cincinnati.
(You Drive Me) Crazy

**"(You Drive Me) Crazy"** is a popular romance song by Britney Spears. It was released in late August 1999. The song charted at #10 on the _Billboard_ Hot 100 and #9 in the Rhythmic Top 40. It performed better in United Kingdom.

The original version on the album _...Baby One More Time_ is different from the single version usually heard.
The Spectator

***The Spectator*** is a British conservative magazine. It was first published on 6 July 1828. The editor was Robert Stephen Rintoul. In April 1858 he died. The magazine was then sold. David and Frederick Barclay own the magazine. Boris Johnson was the magazine's editor. Fraser Nelson has been the magazine's editor since 2009. The magazine supports the Conservative Party. A lot of famous people have written in _The Spectator_.
Rookie (magazine)

***Rookie*** is an American online magazine for teenage girls. It was started by the fashion blogger Tavi Gevinson in September 2011 with Anaheed Alani as the editorial director. Gevinson was going to make the magazine with Jane Pratt. Pratt decided not to be part of the magazine. However, Gevinson said that she is  the magazine's "fairy godmother." Rookie has published interviews with famous people including Lorde, Emma Watson, and Kathleen Hanna. Rookie posts three times every weekday. Each month it has a theme. Rookie has released two yearbooks.
Amy Ryan

**Amy Ryan** (born May 3, 1968) is an American actress. In _Gone Baby Gone_ she played Helene. She was nominated for several awards, including the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. She did not win; however, she received other awards for her performance. Ryan played Beadie Russell in _The Wire_.

Ryan was born in Queens, New York.
Escape Plan

***Escape Plan*** is an action, melodrama and thriller movie of 2013. The movie is about an engineer who is kept in a secret prison. The engineer is a former prosecutor. Sylvester Stallone plays Ray (the engineer), Arnold Schwarzenegger plays Emil Rottmayer and Victor Mannheim, and 50 Cent plays Hush. This movie was rated R by MPAA officials.

This movie was released in October 2013 with mixed critical reviews. The box office sales were somewhat low in the United States. Overseas, however, the movie performed quite well. It made over US$137 million.
Long and Foster

**Long and Foster** is the largest privately owned real estate company in the United States. The company currently has around 170 sales offices with over 10,000 agents, mainly in the Mid-Atlantic region.

## History

In 1968, Long and Foster was founded by Henry Long and Wesley Foster. Eleven years later, the company transferred complete ownership to Wesley Foster. Since its creation, the company has set up offices in Virginia, Maryland, Washington, D.C., Pennsylvania, New Jersey, West Virginia, Delaware, and North Carolina.

## Services

Long and Foster provides sales and purchases of homes, land, and commercial properties; mortgage, title, and insurance assistance; insurance offerings; and relocation and settlement services.

## Other websites

- Long & Foster

## Infobox (company)

- **company name**: Long & Foster
- **company type**: Corporation
- **foundation**: Fairfax, Virginia, (1968)
- **location**: 14501 George Carter Way Chantilly, Virginia, USA
- **key people**: P. Wesley Foster, Henry Long
Fight or flight response

The **fight-or-flight response** (or **acute stress response**) is a set of physiological changes that occur when an animal is threatened. The changes include increased heart rate, breathing rate and blood pressure.

This response was first described by W.B Cannon. He found that animals react to threats with a general discharge of the sympathetic nervous system. This leads to changes such as those mentioned above. The changes prepare the animal for fighting or fleeing. This response is the first stage of a general adaptation that regulates stress responses among vertebrates and other organisms.

## Evolutionary perspective

The fight or flight response lets animals respond quickly to threats. This system is universal in vertebrates. That shows it is ancient in origin, and very important.

Humans have some problems with the system, because though they share the physiology with other animals, they rarely face a clear-cut fight or flight choice. Humans can try to talk their way through various problems and semi-threats, but they may suffer stress when the issues are not easily solved.

## Other responses

Animals respond in many ways to situations which threaten them. The fight/flight choice is just one alternative. At one extreme is the way mother cats with kittens will defend them to the death if necessary. Another situation is the way many animals keep still when a predator is nearby. Their camouflage is often effective.

## Related pages

- Adrenaline
- Horse
Ormoc

**Ormoc** is a city in the Philippines. It is in the Eastern Visayas region in the province of Leyte. It is the second largest city in the province. In 2010, 190,000 people lived in Ormoc.

In 1991, Ormoc was hit by Tropical Storm Thelma. On 8 November 2013, the city was affected by Super Typhoon Yolanda (Haiyan).

Ormoc is one of a few cities in the Philippines where people use e-tricycles.

The city and nearby areas are sometimes attacked by the New People's Army (NPA).

The city got its name from _ogmok_, an old Visayan term for lowland.
Gail Dines

**Gail Dines** (July 29, 1958 in Manchester) is a British-American radical feminist and anti-pornography activist. Her book _Pornland: How Porn Has Hijacked our Sexuality_ was published in 2010. She is Jewish.

She moved to the United States in 1986. She is a Professor of Sociology and Women's Studies at Wheelock College in Boston.

Dines says that modern pornography is cruel and violent. She started a group called Stop Porn Culture.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Gail Dines
- **image**: Gail Dines, October 2013.jpg
- **birth place**: Manchester, England, United Kingdom
- **citizenship**: British-American
Brown County, Indiana

**Brown County** is a county in Indiana. Its county seat is Nashville.

## Cities

There are no cities in Brown County

## Towns

- Nashville

## Infobox (u.s. county)

- **county**: Brown County
- **state**: Indiana
- **founded**: 4 February 1836 (created)
August 1836 (organized)
- **seat wl**: Nashville
- **largest city**: Nashville
- **area total sq mi**: 316.22
- **area land sq mi**: 311.58
- **area water sq mi**: 4.65
- **area percentage**: 1.47%
- **census yr**: 2020
- **pop**: 15475
- **density sq mi**: auto
- **time zone**: Eastern
- **named for**: Jacob Brown (general), Jacob Brown
- **district**: 9th
- **ex image**: NashvilleINCourthouse.JPG
- **ex image size**: 250px
- **ex image cap**: Brown County Courthouse in Nashville, Indiana, Nashville
- **website**: http://browncounty-in.gov/Home.aspx
- **footnotes**:  
* Indiana county number 7
* Most Forested County in Indiana
Larry D. Mann

**Larry D. Mann** (18 December 1922 – 6 January 2014) was a Canadian actor.  He was known for his voice role as Rudolph on _Rudolph the Red Nose Reindeer_.

Mann died on 6 January 2014 at his home in Los Angeles. He died from Alzheimer's disease. He was aged 91.

## Other websites

- Larry D. Mann profile on northernstars.ca

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Larry D. Mann
- **birth place**: Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- **death place**: Los Angeles, California, United States
- **occupation**: Actor, broadcaster
- **yearsactive**: 1949-1991
Alma Muriel

**Alma Muriel** (20 October 1951 – 5 January 2014) was a Mexican actress. She was known for playing villain roles on telenovelas.

Muriel was born in Mexico City on 20 October 1951. She was partners with actor Joaquín Cordero.

Muriel died from a heart attack on 5 January 2014 at her apartment in Playa del Carmen, Quintana Roo. She was aged 62.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Alma Muriel
- **image**: Alma muriel.jpg
- **birth name**: Alma Muriel
- **birth place**: Mexico City, Mexico
- **death place**: Playa del Carmen, Quintana Roo, Mexico
- **occupation**: Actress
- **partner**: Joaquín Cordero
Ricardo Cortés
- **spouse**: José María Napoleón (divorced)
- **children**: 3
- **years active**: 1968–2014
Cutthroat Kitchen

***Cutthroat Kitchen*** is an American reality cooking television show that airs on Food Network from August 11, 2013 to July 19, 2017. It is hosted by Alton Brown.

## Format

Four chefs are given three cooking challenges. Each challenge has a type of dish that the chefs have to make in 30 minutes. Before then, the chefs have one minute to get ingredients out of a pantry. After 30 minutes, a judge tastes each dish, and the chef with the worst dish is eliminated.

At the start of the game, the chefs are each given $25,000. In the first two challenges, Brown shows items that are put up to auction for the chefs to buy using their money. The chefs can use these items on other chefs to change their ingredients, what cooking tools they can use, and other things. For example, an item may force a chef to cook using canned ingredients instead of fresh ones. The chef who is eliminated has to give back the money that they have. In the last challenge, no items are shown at first, but during the first minutes of the challenge, Brown will put items up for auction. This makes it so the person who gets the item has to change their dish based on what the item does. The chef that wins keeps the money that they have left.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (television)

- **genre**: reality television, Reality
 Cooking
- **starring**: Alton Brown
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **executive producer**: Shauna Minoprio, Julia Cassidy
- **runtime**: 60 Minutes
- **company**: Embassy Row (production company), Embassy Row
- **channel**: Food Network
Pescetarianism

**Pescetarianism** means having a diet that is vegetarianism but with fish and other seafoods.
Semi-vegetarianism

**Semi-vegetarianism** means eating seafood or poultry, or both, but no red meat. People who eat red meat on rare occasion are _flexitarians_. Real or semi-vegetarians, though, usually resent _flexitarian_, looking down on this term and calling it cheating.

A pescetarian is a person who eats fish, shrimp and seafood. They do not eat poultry.

A _pollotarian_ is a person who eats chicken. They do not eat red meat, seafood or fish.

_Pollo-pescetarians_ eat seafood, shrimp and poultry but no red meat.

People who have semi-vegetarian diets are usually doing so for health reasons, including avoiding heart disease, diabetes and strokes.
Ovo-lacto vegetarianism

**Ovo-lacto vegetarianism** (alternate: **lacto-ovo**) is a diet in which people do not eat the flesh of animals. They do, though, eat eggs and dairy. Ovo-lacto vegetarians are the most prevalent types in the Western world. Such people are well served in restaurants, especially in certain parts of Europe and in North America.

Ovo-lacto vegetarians use this diet sometimes for religious reasons. Others use it for health.
Béla Károlyi

**Béla Károlyi** (; September 13, 1942 – November 15, 2024) was a Romanian gymnastics coach. He was born in Kolozsvár (now Cluj-Napoca). He helped coach several gymnasts during the 1996 Summer Olympics.

Károlyi died on November 15, 2024 in Houston, Texas at the age of 82.

## Other websites

- Béla Karolyi's bio at USA Gymnastics
- Image of Karolyi carrying Kerri Strug
- "Bela Karolyi: World Renowned Gymnastics Coach" , _Shade Global_, New York, NY (PDF version)

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Béla Károlyi
- **image**: Károlyi Béla cropped.jpg
- **image size**: 215
- **caption**: Károlyi in 2009
- **birth place**: Kolozsvár, Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946), Hungary
(now Cluj-Napoca, Romania)
- **death place**: Houston, Texas
- **alma mater**: Romania College of Physical Ed.
- **occupation**: Gymnastics coach
- **years active**: –1997
- **children**: Andrea Wise
Liam Cosgrave

**Liam Cosgrave** (13 April 1920 – 4 October 2017) was an Irish politician. Cosgrave served as Prime Minister of Ireland (1973–77) and as Leader of Fine Gael (1965–77). He was a Teachta Dála (TD) from 1943 to 1981.

Cosgrave died in Dublin on 4 October 2017 at the age of 97, after a long illness.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Liam Cosgrave
- **image**: Taoiseach Liam Cosgrave-Patricks Day 1976.jpg
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **order**: Taoiseach
- **1blankname**: Tánaiste
- **1namedata**: Brendan Corish
- **birth place**: Dublin, Ireland
- **death place**: Dublin, Ireland
- **term start**: 14 March 1973
- **term end**: 5 July 1977
- **predecessor**: Jack Lynch
- **successor**: Jack Lynch
- **office2**: Leader of the Opposition (Ireland), Leader of the Opposition
- **term start2**: 21 April 1965
- **term end2**: 14 March 1973
- **predecessor2**: James Dillon (Fine Gael politician), James Dillon
- **successor2**: Jack Lynch
- **office3**: Leader of Fine Gael
- **term start3**: 21 April 1965
- **term end3**: 1 July 1977
- **predecessor3**: James Dillon (Fine Gael politician), James Dillon
- **successor3**: Garret FitzGerald
- **office4**: Minister for Foreign Affairs and Trade, Minister for External Affairs
- **term start4**: 2 June 1954
- **term end4**: 20 March 1957
- **predecessor4**: Frank Aiken
- **successor4**: Frank Aiken
- **office5**: List of Parliamentary Secretaries of Ireland#Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Industry and Commerce, Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Industry and Commerce
- **term start5**: 18 February 1948
- **term end5**: 13 June 1951
- **predecessor5**: New office
- **successor5**: Office abolished
- **office6**: Minister of State at the Department of the Taoiseach, Government Chief Whip
- **term start6**: 18 February 1948
- **term end6**: 13 June 1951
- **predecessor6**: Eamonn Kissane, Éamonn Kissane
- **successor6**: Donnchadh Ó Briain
- **party**: Fine Gael
- **spouse**: Vera Osborne
- **children**: Mary
 Liam T. Cosgrave, Liam
 Ciaran
- **alma mater**: King's Inns
- **relations**: W. T. Cosgrave, William T. Cosgrave (father)
- **nationality**: Irish
- **occupation**: Barrister
Prem Tinsulanonda

General **Prem Tinsulanonda** (August 26, 1920 – May 26, 2019) was a Thai retired military officer. He was Prime Minister of Thailand from March 3, 1980 to August 4, 1988. He was the Regent of Thailand and the Head of the Privy Council.

Tinsulanonda died on May 26, 2019 from heart failure at a Bangkok hospital at the age of 98.

## Other websites

- General Prem Tinsulanonda Home Page
- Prem Center for International Education
- News article about his recent activity

## Infobox (politician)

- **name**: Prem Tinsulanond
- **native name**: เปรม ติณสูลานนท์
- **honorific-prefix**: General officer, General
- **honorific-suffix**: Order of the White Elephant, MPCh Order of the Crown of Thailand, MWM Order of Chula Chom Klao, PC Order of the Nine Gems, NR Order of Rama, SR Order of the Direkgunabhorn, PPh Privy Council of Thailand, PrC
- **nationality**: Thai people, Thai
- **image**: Prem Tinsulanonda (Cropped).jpg
- **office1**: Regent of Thailand
- **term start1**: October 13, 2016
- **term end1**: December 1, 2016
- **primeminister1**: Prayut Chan-o-cha
- **predecessor1**: Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX) <small>(Monarchy of Thailand, King)</small>
- **successor1**: Vajiralongkorn
- **office2**: President of the Privy Council of Thailand
- **term start2**: September 4, 1998
- **term end2**: May 26, 2019
- **monarch2**: Bhumibol Adulyadej
Vajiralongkorn
- **predecessor2**: Sanya Dharmasakti
- **office3**: 16th Prime Minister of Thailand
- **term start3**: March 3, 1980
- **term end3**: August 4, 1988
- **monarch3**: Bhumibol Adulyadej
- **predecessor3**: Kriangsak Chomanan
- **successor3**: Chatichai Choonhavan
- **office4**: Ministry of Defence (Thailand), Thai Minister of Defence
- **term start4**: May 24, 1979
- **term end4**: August 5, 1986
- **primeminister4**: Kriangsak Chomanan; himself
- **predecessor4**: Kriangsak Chomanan
- **successor4**: Phaniang Kantrat
- **birth place**: Mueang Songkhla District, Songkhla, Songkhla Province, Songkhla, Thailand
- **death place**: Bangkok, Thailand
- **party**: _non-partisan_ (Military)
- **alma mater**: Chulachomklao Royal Military Academy, Royal Thai Army Academy;
United States Army Armor School, Fort Knox
- **rank**:  General officer, General (Phon Ek)
- **branch**: Royal Thai Army
- **serviceyears**: 1941–1986
- **commands**: List of Commanders of the Royal Thai Army#Royal Thai Army, Commander-in-Chief (1978–81)
- **battles**: Franco-Thai War
World War II
Military history of Thailand#Thailand and regional Communism (1945–90), Communist insurgency campaigns
Tun Tin

**Thura U Tun Tin** (, ; 2 October 1920 – 1 May 2020) was an Burmese politician. Tin served as the 9th Prime Minister of Burma for a few months in 1988.

He was born in Myitkyina on 2 October 1920. He studied at Mandalay College in 1941.

Tin died on 1 May 2020 in Yangon at the age of 99.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Brigadier General (Retired) Tun Tin BC 5591

- **nationality**: Burma
- **order**: 6th Prime Minister of Burma
- **term start**: July 26, 1988
- **term end**: September 18, 1988
- **predecessor**: Maung Maung Kha
- **successor**: Saw Maung
- **birth place**: Myitkyina, British Burma
- **death place**: Yangon, Myanmar
- **party**: Burma Socialist Programme Party
- **alma mater**: Mandalay University, Mandalay College
Lê Đức Anh

**Lê Đức Anh** (1 December 1920 – 22 April 2019) was an Vietnamese general and politician. He was President of Vietnam from 1992 until 1997. He became president after leading the Vietnamese forces in Cambodia throughout the 1980s. He was regarded as a conservative. He supported maintaining strict party control over local policies.

He was born in Phú Lộc District, Thừa Thiên–Huế Province on 1 December 1920. He died of stroke-related problems on 22 April 2019 in Hanoi, aged 98.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Lê Đức Anh
- **image**: Leducanh2.jpg
- **caption**: Anh in 1966
- **office**: President of Vietnam
- **term start**: 24 September 1992
- **term end**: 24 September 1997
- **predecessor**: Vo Chi Cong
- **successor**: Trần Đức Lương
- **office1**: Minister of Defence (Vietnam), Minister of Defence
- **term start1**: 16 February 1987
- **term end1**: 10 August 1991
- **predecessor1**: Van Tien Dung
- **successor1**: Doan Khue
- **office2**: Member of the Politburo of the Communist Party of Vietnam, Politburo
- **term start2**: 31 March 1982
- **term end2**: 29 December 1997
- **birth place**: Huế, Thừa Thiên Huế province
- **death place**: Hanoi, Vietnam
- **party**: Communist Party of Vietnam
- **awards**:  Gold Star Order (Vietnam), Gold Star Order
 Ho Chi Minh Order
 Military Exploit Order
40

Year **40** (**XL**) was a leap year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Augustus without colleague**.

### Roman Empire

- The emperor Caligula is consul without colleague.
- Caligula starts a campaign to conquer Britain. It fails miserably. He names himself the winner.
- Noricum and Mauretania are added into the Roman Empire.
- Caligula reforms the principatus into a Hellenistic Autocracy. He distributes honors carelessly, declares himself a god and orders that all the heads of the Greek deity statues be replaced by his. According to legend, this is when he appointed his horse, Incitatus,  a senator.
- Approximate date of start of construction on the Pont du Gard aqueduct in Gallia Narbonensis.
- Philo teaches that all men are born free.
- An early Christian church is erected at Corinth (most probable date).

### Europe

- The Germanic Quadi tribe begin settling in present-day Moravia and Slovakia.

### Asia

- Vardanes I becomes king of Parthia.  He was opposed by his brother Gotarzes II.
- The Vietnamese Trung sisters rebel against the rule of the Chinese Emperor Guangwu of Han.

### Africa

- Christianity comes to Egypt.  Mark the Evangelist founds the Coptic Orthodox Church as the first pope.

## Births

- July 13 – Gnaeus Julius Agricola, Roman governor of Britain (d. 93 AD)
- Pedanius Dioscorides, Greek physician (approximate date) (d. 90 AD)
- Frontinus, Roman general and military author (approximate date) (d. 103)
- Dio Chrysostom, Greek philosopher and historian (approximate date d. c. 120)
- Claudia Octavia, daughter of Claudius and Messalina (d. 62)
- Empress Ma of the Han Dynasty (d. 79)

## Deaths

- January – Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus, husband of Agrippina the younger, brother-in-law of Caligula (b. 17 BC)
- Ptolemy of Mauretania (b. 1 BC)
Antonio Imbert Barrera

**Antonio Imbert Barrera** (December 3, 1920 – May 31, 2016) was a politician of the Dominican Republic. He served as President of the Dominican Republic from May 7, 1965 until August 30, 1965. The president before him was Pedro Bartolomé Benoit. The president after him was Héctor García Godoy.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Antonio Imbert
- **image**: Teniente General Antonio Imbert Barrera.jpg
- **order**: List of Presidents of the Dominican Republic, 44th
- **office**: President of the Dominican Republic
- **term start**: May 7, 1965
- **term end**: August 30, 1965
- **vicepresident**: Manuel Joaquín Castillo
- **predecessor**: Pedro Bartolomé Benoit
- **successor**: Vacant
- **birth name**: Antonio Imbert Barrera
- **birth place**: San Felipe de Puerto Plata, Dominican Republic
- **nationality**: Dominican Republic, Dominican
- **profession**: Army Major General
Pedro Richter Prada

**Pedro Richter Prada** (January 4, 1921 – July 14, 2017) was a Peruvian politician. Prada was the Prime Minister of Peru from 31 January 1979 to 28 July 1980. On December 28, 2007, the Italian government arrested Prada for the disappearance of 25 Italian citizens in the 1970s.

In February 2015 a trial started in Italy related to Operation Condor, there were indictments against 32 people, including Richter Prada. He was charged with aggravated murder.

Prada died in Lima, Peru on July 14, 2017 at the age of 96.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Pedro Richter Prada
- **order**: 6th Prime Minister of Peru
- **term start**: January 31, 1979
- **term end**: July 29, 1980
- **predecessor**: Óscar Molina Pallochia
- **successor**: Manuel Ulloa Elías
- **birth place**: Ayacucho, Peru
- **death place**: Lima, Peru
Jean, Grand Duke of Luxembourg

**Grand Duke Jean of Luxembourg** (5 January 1921 – 23 April 2019) ruled Luxembourg from 1964 to 2000. He was the father of  Grand Duke Henri. He was the son of Grand Duchess Charlotte and Prince Felix of Bourbon-Parma.

## Life

Jean was born at Berg Castle, in central Luxembourg. His name at birth was **Jean Benoît Guillaume Robert Antoine Louis Marie Adolphe Marc d'Aviano**.

He became Grand Duke when his mother, the Grand Duchess Charlotte, abdicated on 12 November 1964.

Grand Duke Jean abdicated on 7 October 2000. He was succeeded on the throne by his son Henri. Grand Duke Jean lived at Fischbach Castle.

Jean died at a hospital in Luxembourg City on 23 April 2019 from a lung infection at the age of 98.

## Titles and styles

- **5 January 1921 – 12 November 1964**: _His Royal Highness_ The Hereditary Grand Duke of Luxembourg, Hereditary Prince of Nassau, Prince of Bourbon-Parma
- **12 November 1964 – 7 October 2000**: _His Royal Highness_ The Grand Duke of Luxembourg, Duke of Nassau
- **7 October 2000 – 23 April 2019**: _His Royal Highness_ Grand Duke Jean of Luxembourg, Duke of Nassau

## Other websites

- Official biography (in French)
- _Cour Grand-Ducale de Luxembourg_ (in French)

## Infobox (royalty)

- **name**: Jean
- **succession**: Grand Duke of Luxembourg
- **image**: GD Jean 1967.jpg
- **caption**: Jean in 1967
- **reign**: 12 November 1964 – 7 October 2000
- **predecessor**: Charlotte, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg, Charlotte
- **successor**: Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg, Henri
- **spouse**: Princess Joséphine Charlotte of Belgium
- **issue**: Marie Astrid, Archduchess of Austria
Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg
Prince Jean of Luxembourg, Prince Jean
Princess Margaretha of Liechtenstein
Prince Guillaume of Luxembourg, Prince Guillaume
- **house**: House of Bourbon, Bourbons of Parma
- **father**: Prince Felix of Parma
- **mother**: Charlotte, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg
- **birth place**: Berg Castle, Luxembourg
- **death place**: Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
- **signature**: Jean, Grand Duke of Luxembourg Signature.svg
- **full name**: Jean Benoît Guillaume Robert Antoine Louis Marie Adolphe Marc d'Aviano
2014 North American polar vortex

The **2014 North American polar vortex** was a weather system that caused extremely cold weather through Canada and the United States. Freezing temperatures went all the way down to Nashville, Tennessee. Several cities broke records: Chicago O'Hare International Airport set a record on 6 January with a temperature of , beating the  record in 1884 and 1988. There were also power failures throughout Canada and United States. One in Newfoundland on 5 January took out the power of 190,000 customers. Almost 24,000 people lost electricity across Missouri, Illinois and Indiana.

In Minnesota, Governor Mark Dayton ordered all schools closed down due to weather. Across Indiana, over fifty of the state's ninety-two counties ordered roads closed to all traffic except emergency vehicles, mostly north of Indianapolis.

Several people were killed because of the extreme weather all across North America.
Simon Blackburn

**Simon Blackburn** (born 12 July 1944) is a British philosopher. He went to Clifton College. He was Professor of Philosophy at the University of Cambridge.  He is also a Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. He wrote _The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy_.
Strange Days (movie)

***Strange Days*** is a cyberpunk thriller movie. It was released on October 13, 1995. The story is about celebrations for the new millennium in Los Angeles, in December 1999. The area is a dangerous war zone. The movie is also about coverups, murders and deception. Ralph Fiennes plays Lenny, Angela Bassett plays Mace and Juliette Lewis plays Faith. Its run time was 145 minutes.

The reviews of the movie were positive. The movie, however, did not make much money at the box office.
Marcia Griffiths

**Marcia Griffiths** (born November 23, 1949) is a Jamaican singer. She had "Electric Boogie" (also called the "Electric Slide") in the late 1980s as a hit single. Griffiths began her singing career in 1964. She usually performs reggae music. She was in a duet named Bob and Marcia.

Griffiths was born in Kingston.
Liz Jones

**Elizabeth Ann "Liz" Jones** (born 5 September 1958) is a British journalist. She is known for writing for the Daily Mail. In 2014 Jones became a contestant on _Celebrity Big Brother (UK)_. She was one of the contestants nominated for the first eviction.

## Career

In April 1999 Jones became the editor of _Marie Claire_ magazine. She was sacked two years later.

## Personal life

She became anorexic when she was 11 years old. She is deaf. She married Nirpal Singh Dhaliwa in 2002. In 2007 she divorced him.
St Edmund Hall, Oxford

**St. Edmund Hall** is one of the colleges of the University of Oxford. It was founded as a hall for undergraduate students sometime prior to 1317. There is no record of the date it was founded, but it likely existed as a hall in the early 13th Century. Because the other Oxford colleges did not begin to admit undergraduates until the 16th Century, it claims to be the oldest academic society for undergraduates at any university.  The Hall became a full college of the University in 1957.
St John's College, Oxford

**St. John's College** is one of the colleges of the University of Oxford. It was founded in 1555 by Sir Thomas White. White was a rich merchant from London.
Soldiers of Christ, Arise

"**Soldiers of Christ, Arise**" is an English hymn from the 18th century. The words were written by Charles Wesley (1707–1788), and came from a poem called "The Whole Armour of God, Ephesians VI" in 1747.
Thomas White (merchant)

**Sir Thomas White** (1492–12 February 1567) was an English cloth merchant, civic leader and founder of St John's College, Oxford.

## Career

Thomas White was born in Reading, Berkshire. He was the son of William White, a clothier of Reading, and his wife, Mary, daughter of Henry Kibblewhite. At age 12 he became an apprentice to a London merchant. In time he became a prosperous clothier. In 1546 he served as sheriff of London. In 1553 he was Lord Mayor of London. Thomas White became Sir Thomas White when he was knighted by Queen Mary II of England the same year. Sir Thomas founded St John's College, Oxford in 1555. He died on 12 February 1567 at Oxford University. Sir Thomas was buried in the chapel of St. John's College, Oxford.

The Sir Thomas White Loan Charity was started in 1542 and it still exists. It gives interest-free loans to new businesses in Leicestershire and Rutland. There are several memorials to Sir Thomas White in England and he is memorialized on Leicester's clock tower.

## Family

Sir Thomas first married a woman named Avice. She died on 26 February 1558. He married secondly Joan, daughter of John Lake. She was the widow of Ralph Warren, Lord Mayor of London. Sir Thomas White did not have any children by either wife.

## Other websites

- Sir Thomas White Loan Charity
Simon Hoggart

**Simon David Hoggart** (26 May 1946 – 5 January 2014) was an English journalist and broadcaster.

He was born in Ashton-under-Lyne, Lancashire, the son of Richard Hoggart and elder brother of Paul Hoggart.

Hoggart wrote opinions about politics for _The Guardian_. He also wrote opinions about wine for _The Spectator_. Until 2006, he presented _The News Quiz_ on Radio 4. His journalism sketches have been published in a series of books.

Hoggart died from pancreatic cancer on 5 January 2014. He was aged 67.

## Other websites

- Column archive at _The Guardian_
- Simon Hoggart's week parliamentary sketch series at _The Guardian_
- Column archive  at the _New Humanist_
- The News Quiz at _BBC Radio 4_
- 5 minutes with Simon Hoggart on _Hot Dinners_
Mustafa Ben Halim

**Mustafa Ahmed Ben Halim** (; 29 January 1921 – 7 December 2021) was an Libyan politician. He served as the Prime Minister of Libya from 12 April 1954 to 25 May 1957.

Ben Halim is the last surviving of the Kingdom of Libya's premiers. He is the only one of them who survived the removal of Muammar Gaddafi in 2011.

He was also Foreign and Transport minister, and Libyan ambassador to France.

## Other websites

- "Libya's Hidden Pages of History: A Memoir - صفحات مطوية من تاريخ ليبيا السياسي" Rimal Publications, 2011 (Arabic Edition)
- "Libya's Hidden Pages of History: A Memoir" Rimal Publications, 2013 (English Edition)

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Mustafa Ben Halim
 مصطفى أحمد بن حليم
- **image**: Mustafa Ben Halim (cropped).jpg
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **order**: List of heads of government of Libya, Prime Minister of Libya
- **term start**: 12 April 1954
- **term end**: 25 May 1957
- **predecessor**: Muhammad Sakizli
- **successor**: Abdul Majid Kubar
- **birth place**: Alexandria, Sultanate of Egypt, Egypt
- **death place**: United Arab Emirates
Yitzhak Navon

**Yitzhak Navon** (‎; 9 April 1921 – 6 November 2015) was an Israeli politician, diplomat and author. He was the fifth President of Israel between 1978 and 1983. He was the first Israeli president to be born in Jerusalem and not Russia.

In 2005, people voted him as the 108th-greatest Israeli of all time, in a poll by the Israeli news website _Ynet_.

## Other websites

- Yitzhak Navon Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs
- Yitzhak Navon Jewish Virtual Library
- Some songs with lyrics and/or  music by Yitzhak Navon

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Yitzhak Navon
- **nationality**: Israeli
- **image**: Portrait of MP Yitzhak Navon.jpg
- **order**: List of Presidents of Israel, 5th
- **office**: President of Israel
- **primeminister**: Menachem Begin
- **term start**: 24 May 1978
- **term end**: 5 May 1983
- **predecessor**: Ephraim Katzir
- **successor**: Chaim Herzog
- **birth place**: Jerusalem, Mandate Palestine, British Mandate of Palestine
- **death place**: Jerusalem, Israel
- **party**: Alignment (political party), Alignment
- **spouse**: Ofira Navon, Ofira Resnikov
(m. 1963-1993, her death)
Miri Shafir
(m. 2008-2015, his death)
- **children**: 2
- **signature**: Yitzhak Navon signature.svg
Abdelmalek Benhabyles

**Abdelmalek Benhabyles ** (27 April 1921 – 28 December 2018) was an Algerian politician. He was born in Chevreuil. He was a chairman of the Constitutional Council (President of Algeria) from 11 January 1992 until 14 January 1992.

In his later political career, he was the country's ambassador to Japan, Tunisia, Switzerland and the Vatican.

Benhabyles died in Algiers, Algeria on 28 December 2018 at the age of 97.

## Infobox (president)

- **name**: Abdelmalek Benhabyles
 عبد المالك بن حابيليس
- **image**: Abdelmalek Benhabylès.png
- **order**: President of Algeria

- **term start**: 11 January 1992
- **term end**: 14 January 1992
- **predecessor**: Benjedid Chadli
- **successor**: Mohamed Boudiaf
- **birth place**: Beni Aziz, Chevreuil, French Algeria
- **death place**: Algiers, Algeria
Port Talbot

**Port Talbot** is a town and community in the principal area of Neath Port Talbot, Wales. It is located 7 miles (11 km) to the east of Swansea across the Swansea Bay.

In 2011, the town had a population of 37,276.

The town is best known for Port Talbot Steelworks, one of the biggest steelworks in the world. However, for many years, the steelworks has been under threat of closure.

Arguably Port Talbot's most famous son is actor, director and film producer Sir Anthony Hopkins, who was born in the Margam suburb of the town.

## Infobox (uk place)

- **country**: Wales
- **official name**: Port Talbot
- **population**: 37,276
- **population ref**: (2011 census)
- **unitary wales**: Neath Port Talbot
- **lieutenancy wales**: West Glamorgan
- **region**: West Glamorgan
- **constituency westminster**: Aberavon (UK Parliament constituency), Aberavon
- **post town**: PORT TALBOT
- **postcode district**: SA12, SA13
- **postcode area**: SA
- **dial code**: 01639
- **static image**: High_Street,_Port_Talbot_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1041928.jpg
- **static image caption**: Port Talbot High Street
PSR B1257+12 B

**PSR B1257+12 B** is an extrasolar planet in the constellation of Virgo. It is around 980 light years away from Earth. It was the first planet ever discovered outside of the Solar System. It is over four times bigger than Earth. It orbits the pulsar PSR B1257+12, going around it approximately every 66 days at a distance of 0.36 AU.

## Other websites

- extrasolarplanet.net data
- Pulsar Planets

## Infobox (planet)

- **extrasolarplanet**: yes
- **name**: PSR B1257+12 b

- **image**: Exoplanet Comparison PSR B1257+12 B.png
- **caption**: Size comparison of PSR B1257+12 B with Earth and Neptune.
- **discoverer**: Aleksander Wolszczan
- **discovered**: 22 January 1992
- **discovery method**: Pulsar Timing
- **apsis**: astron
- **eccentricity**: 0.0186 ± 0.0002
- **period**: 66.5419 ± 0.0001 day, d
- **inclination**: 53 ± 4
- **time periastron**: 2,449,768.1 ± 0.1
- **arg peri**: 250.4 ± 0.6
- **star**: PSR B1257+12
- **mass**: 4.3 ± 0.2
Rob Gonsalves

**Robert "Rob" Gonsalves** (July 10, 1959 – June 14, 2017) is a Canadian painter of magic and surreal events.

## Recognition

Gonsalves's art was not recognized until several years after he started, in the Toronto Outdoor Art Exhibit. He was given a small spot there to show off his most recent art. During the exhibit, he received a large amount of encouragement.

## Distribution

Gonsalves currently sells his latest work at exhibits and multiple websites. His most visited exhibits include the Art Expo in New York and Los Angeles, Decor Atlanta and Las Vegas, Fine Art Forum, as well as one-man shows at Discovery Galleries, Ltd., Marcus Ashley Gallery, and the Hudson River Art Gallery.

## Books

In June 2003, Simon & Schuster produced Gonsalves's first book, _Imagine a Night_. A second book, _Imagine a Day_, was produced in 2004. That book received the 2005 Governor General's Award. In 2008, Gonsalves produced another book, _Imagine a Place_.

## Other websites

- Huckleberry Fine Art Gallery
- The Magic Realism of Rob Gonsalves
Metropolis (comics)

**Metropolis** is a fictional city appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. It is where Superman lives. The city is based on New York City, Chicago and Toronto. It became Superman's home in 1939. Within the DC Universe, Metropolis is one of the largest and richest cities on Earth. It has a population of nearly 11 million people.

## In other media

The city has appeared in different forms of media, including television shows, movies, video games, and more.
Daily Planet

The ***Daily Planet*** is a fictional newspaper in the universe of DC Comics. Superman's alter-ego Clark Kent works here with Lois Lane, Jimmy Olsen and Perry White.

The _Daily Planet_ office building has a large globe on its roof. Jerry Siegel said that the design of the building was based on the Old Toronto Star Building. Future appearances of the building were soon inspired by the Chicago Board of Trade Building and the Empire State Building.

## In other media

The newspaper has been adapted to different forms of media, including movies, television series, and video games as well.
It's My Party

***It's My Party*** is a romance and drama movie. It was released March 1996. The story is about a two-day-long party given by Nick Stark, a man with AIDS. Instead of dying slowly, he decides to kill himself using Seconal. Eric Roberts plays Nick, Marlee Matlin plays Daphne, Margaret Cho plays Charlene Lee, Sally Kellerman plays Sara, Olivia Newton-John plays Lina.

The movie had mixed to positive reviews. Its running time was 110 minutes.
It's My Party (song)

"**It's My Party**" is a song by Lesley Gore from 1963. The song is about a teenage girl during a party on her birthday. Her boyfriend, Johnny, goes missing during the party. He comes back with another girl, Judy, who is wearing his ring. The girl Johnny left becomes so unhappy that she cries.

The song was written in 1962. The single peaked near #1 for the pop and rhythm and blues musical charts. Other musicians have recorded the song.
Florrie

**Florence Arnold** (or **Florrie**; born 28 December 1988) is a British singer-songwriter and a model. She began singing around 2008. Her debut EP record, _Introduction_, came out in 2010. She has released two albums since then, in 2011 and 2012.

Florrie was born in Bristol, England.
Sasheer Zamata

**Sasheer Zamata Moore** (; born May 6, 1986) is an American actress and comedienne. In 2014, she started appearing on _Saturday Night Live_. She was the first black woman on the show since 2007.

Zamamta was raised in Indianapolis, Indiana.  She lives in New York City.

## Other websites

- Official website
- Sasheer Zamata on Twitter

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Sasheer Zamata
- **image**: Sasheer Zamata (81960)b (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Zamata performing at the 2018 Tribeca Film Festival
- **birth name**: Sasheer Zamata Moore
- **birth place**: Okinawa, Japan
- **alma mater**: University of Virginia
- **years active**: 2009–present
Jura, Scotland

**Jura**  is an island in the Inner Hebrides of Scotland, just north-east of Islay. Compared with its fertile and more populous neighbour, Jura is mountainous, bare and infertile. It is covered largely by vast areas of blanket bog,  hence its small population. In a list of the islands of Scotland ranked by size, Jura comes eighth, whereas ranked by population it comes thirty-first. It is in the council area of Argyll and Bute.

## Infobox (scottish island)

- **gridreference**: NR589803
- **location map**: Scotland
- **official name**: Jura
- **norse name**: Dýr-ey/Hjǫrt-ey
- **meaning of name**: Old Norse for 'deer island'
- **area rank**: 8
- **highest elevation**: Beinn an Òir
- **population**: 196
- **population rank**: 31
- **population density**: 0.5 people/km<sup>2</sup>
- **main settlement**: Craighouse
- **island group**: Islay
- **local authority**: Argyll and Bute
- **references**: see text
Krip Hop

**Krip-Hop** is a movement that draws attention to hip-hop artists with disabilities. Leroy Moore's Krip Hop Nation has released two mix tape CDs. The 'Krip' in Krip Hop is short for 'cripple'. The word is used by some disabled people to describe themselves. Moore chose to change the 'c' in 'crip' to a 'k' because there is a gang called the Crips. Krip Hop Nation performed at the Happening Weekend at DaDaFest 2010.

## Musicians

Krip-Hop musicians include Miss Money and Kalyn Heffernan. Heffernan has brittle bone disease. She is the frontwoman of a group called Wheelchair Sports Camp.