juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
1222

## Events

- Foundation of the University of Padua
- Completion of the Cistercian convent in Alcobaca, Portugal
- Eric XI becomes King of Sweden
- Premysl Ottokar I reunites Bohemia and Moravia
- John III Ducas Vatatzes becomes Byzantine emperor (in the Empire of Nicaea)
- Alexander of Hales enters the Franciscan order
- April 17 – Stephen Langton, Archbishop of Canterbury, opens a council at Osney

## Births

- February 16 – Nichiren, Japanese founder of Nichiren Buddhism (d. 1282)
- August 4 – Richard de Clare, 6th Earl of Hertford, English soldier (d. 1262)
- Andrei II of Russia, Grand Prince of Vladimir (d. 1264)

## Deaths

- March 10 – Johan Sverkersson, king of Sweden since 1216 (b. 1201)
- June 23 – Constance of Aragon (b. 1179)
- August 2 – Count Raymond VI of Toulouse (b. 1156)
- August 12 – Ladislaus Jindrich of Bohemia
- Theodore I Lascaris, founder of the Byzantine Empire of Nicaea
Duke Kahanamoku

**Duke Kahanamoku** (August 24, 1890 – January 22, 1968), was a Hawaiian athlete who is called the inventor of modern surfing. He was also on the United States Olympic team as a swimmer, and won several silver and gold medals.

Contrary to some misinformation on the internet, Duke is not known as the Big Kahuna. He himself rejected that term, because he knew its meaning. The Big Kahuna is a character in the Gidget story, which is based on a portrayal of Tube Steak Tracy, a famous surfer of the '40s & '50s in Malibu.

## Infobox (swimmer)

- **name**: Duke Kahanamoku
- **image**: Duke Kahanamoku c1912.jpg
- **caption**: Duke Kahanamoku c. 1912
- **fullname**: Duke Paoa Kahinu Mokoe Hulikohola Kahanamoku
- **nicknames**: "The Duke," "The Big Kahuna"
- **strokes**: Freestyle swimming, Freestyle
- **club**: Waikiki Beach Boys
- **birth place**: Haleʻākala, Honolulu, Kingdom of Hawaii
- **death place**: Honolulu, Hawaii
Pentomino

A **pentomino** is a 2D shape made out of 5 side-by-side equal-sized squares. They can be found in the books _Chasing Vermeer_ and _The Wright 3_. It was created by Solomon W. Golomb.

These are the 12 pentominos:

## Other websites

- All about pentominoes
Team

A **team** is a group of people who have a certain task to complete. In order to meet their target, the members of the group must work well with each other.

Successful team - a group of people who tend to meet their target despite barriers. The group members cooperate with each other and take other members' ideas into consideration.

Unsuccessful team - a group of people who have a very difficult time when attempting to complete a certain task. This may be because the members of the group think of only themselves and create an uncomfortable environment for other members of the team.
North Holland

**North Holland** is a province (area with a local government) of the Netherlands. It is in the northwest. The capital is called Haarlem. Other cities in the province are Amsterdam, Hilversum, Alkmaar, Zaandam, and Hoorn. About 2,888,000 people are living in North Holland (2021).

## Municipalities

|Municipalities|People<br/ >(2023)|
| --- | --- |
|Aalsmeer|33 000|
|Alkmaar|112 000|
|Amstelveen|94 000|
|Amsterdam|918 000|
|Bergen|30 000|
|Beverwijk|43 000|
|Blaricum|12 000|
|Bloemendaal|24 000|
|Castricum|36 000|
|Den Helder|57 000|
|Diemen|33 000|
|Dijk en Waard|89 000|
|Drechterland|20 000|
|Edam-Volendam|37 000|
|Enkhuizen|19 000|
|Gooise Meren|60 000|
|_Haarlem_|165 000|
|Haarlemmermeer|162 000|
|Heemskerk|39 000|
|Heemstede|28 000|
|Heiloo|24 000|
|Hilversum|93 000|
|Hollands Kroon|49 000|
|Hoorn|75 000|
|Huizen|41 000|
|Koggenland|24 000|
|Landsmeer|12 000|
|Laren|12 000|
|Medemblik|46 000|
|Oostzaan|9 700|
|Opmeer|12 000|
|Ouder-Amstel|14 000|
|Purmerend|94 000|
|Schagen|47 000|
|Stede Broec|22 000|
|Texel|14 000|
|Uitgeest|13 000|
|Uithoorn|31 000|
|Velsen|69 000|
|Waterland|18 000|
|Wijdemeren|25 000|
|Wormerland|17 000|
|Zaanstad|160 000|
|Zandvoort|18 000|

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: North Holland
- **native name**: Noord-Holland
- **settlement type**: Province
- **image skyline**: Tafelbergheide2.jpg
- **image caption**: Tafelbergheide (municipalities of Huizen and Blaricum)
- **image flag**: Flag of North Holland.svg
- **image shield**: Noord-Holland wapen.svg
- **map caption**: Location
- **image map1**: Prov-Noord-Holland-OpenTopo.jpg
- **map caption1**: Map
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Netherlands
- **established title**: Established
- **established date**: 1840
- **seat**: Haarlem
- **area total km2**: 4092
- **area land km2**: 2663
- **area water km2**: 1429
- **elevation max m**: 55
- **elevation min m**: -7
- **population as of**: 2023
- **population total**: 2953000
- **population density km2**: 1109
Bacon

**Bacon** is a type of meat that comes from pigs. It is taken from the sides, back, or belly of the pig. It is often cut in thin slices, unlike other cured or smoked pork products. It is usually fried or grilled. It can also be microwaved.

In the U.S., back bacon and smoked ham is sometimes called Canadian bacon.

Bacon has lots of fat. Because bacon comes from pigs, people of some religions will not eat it. In some cultures and religions (such as Islam and Judaism), eating pork may be considered "unclean." Because of this, other varieties of bacon are also made out of turkey or chicken instead. Turkey bacon and chicken bacon usually contain half of the fat of pork-based bacon.

## Cuts

The type of bacon is different depending on the primal cut of pork it is made of.

- **Side bacon**, sometimes called "streaky bacon", comes from the pork belly. It has long layers of fat and muscle running next to the rind. This is the most common form of bacon in the United States.
    - Pancetta is an Italian type of side bacon, sold smoked or unsmoked (_aqua_). It is generally rolled into cylinders after it is cured. Pancetta is known for having a strong flavour.
- **Back bacon** is made of meat from the loin in the middle of the back of the pig. It is a leaner cut, with less fat than side bacon. Most bacon in the United Kingdom and Ireland is back bacon.
- **Collar bacon** is taken from the back of a pig near the head.
- **Cottage bacon** is made from the lean meat from a boneless pork shoulder. It is typically tied into an oval shape.
- **Jowl bacon** is cured and smoked pork cheeks.

The inclusion of skin with a cut of bacon is called the 'bacon rind'.

## History

Salted pork belly first appeared in China. In Middle English the term bacon or bacoun meant pork in general.  Before the Industrial Revolution, bacon was mostly made on local farms and in home kitchens. The world's first bacon processing plant was opened in Wiltshire in the 1770s.
Molotov-Ribbentrop pact

The **Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact**, otherwise known as the **Nazi-Soviet Pact**, was signed by Vyacheslav Molotov (Stalin's Soviet foreign minister) and Joachim von Ribbentrop (Hitler's German foreign minister) on 23 August 1939. The agreement promised that neither the Soviet Union nor Nazi Germany would attack each other.

A secret part established spheres of interest in Eastern Europe, and a border between both countries existed after they had invaded and divided Poland.

Only nine days later, on 1 September 1939, the German invasion of Poland began. On 17 September, the Soviet invasion of Poland began.

About 250,000 to 454,700 Polish soldiers and policemen were captured and interned by the Soviet authorities. About 125,000 were imprisoned in camps run by the NKVD, and 43,000 soldiers born in western Poland, which was under German control, were transferred to the Germans. In turn, the Soviets received 13,575 Polish prisoners from the Germans, which showed how close the co-operation was between the Germans and the Soviets.

On 3 September, France and the United Kingdom declared war soon because both had promised to defend Poland if it was attacked. Since neither of them was ready for war, they did nothing to help Poland for some time, but the Second World War clearly had started on that day.

Hitler later broke the pact in June 1941 by invading the Soviet Union in Operation Barbarossa. The war would end by the Soviet victory in 1945.
Vyacheslav Molotov

**Vyacheslav Mikhaylovich Molotov** (;  in Kukarka – November 8, 1986 in Moscow) was a Soviet politician and diplomat who served as the Premier of the Soviet Union from 1930 to 1941. He was a leading figure in the Soviet government from the 1920s, when he came to power.  He worked for Joseph Stalin from 1924 to 1953, when Stalin died, and for Georgy Malenkov from March to September 1953. Molotov worked for Nikita Khrushchev until Khrushchev dismissed him from office in 1956.

Molotov was the main Soviet signatory of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact of 1939. The pact was signed between Germany and the Soviet Union, and both countries promised not to attack each other. The pact lasted about two years until Germany started its invasion of the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941.

The Molotov cocktail, which was invented by Finns fighting in the Winter War against the Soviet invasion of Finland, is named after him.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Vyacheslav Molotov
- **honorific suffix**: :en:Hero of Socialist Labour, HSL
- **image**: Vyacheslav Molotov.jpg
- **citizenship**: Soviet
- **nationality**: Russians, Russian
- **spouse**: Polina Zhemchuzhina
- **office1**: 3rd Premier of the Soviet Union
- **term start1**: 19 December 1930
- **term end1**: 6 May 1941
- **predecessor1**: Alexei Rykov
- **successor1**: Joseph Stalin
- **office2**: First Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union, First Deputy Chairman of the
 Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union
- **term start2**: 16 August 1942
- **term end2**: 29 June 1957
- **premier2**: Joseph Stalin
Georgy Malenkov
Nikolai Bulganin
- **predecessor2**: Nikolai Voznesensky
- **successor2**: Nikolai Bulganin
- **office3**: Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Soviet Union), Minister of Foreign Affairs
- **term start3**: 3 May 1939
- **term end3**: 4 March 1949
- **premier3**: Joseph Stalin
- **predecessor3**: Maxim Litvinov
- **successor3**: Andrey Vyshinsky
- **term start4**: 5 March 1953
- **term end4**: 1 June 1956
- **premier4**: Georgy Malenkov
Nikolai Bulganin
- **predecessor4**: Andrey Vyshinsky
- **successor4**: Dmitri Shepilov
- **office5**: Secretariat of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Second Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

- **term start5**: April 1922
- **term end5**: December 1930
- **predecessor5**: _position established_
- **successor5**: Lazar Kaganovich
- **office6**: Responsible Secretary of the Russian Communist Party (Bolshevik)
- **term start6**: March 1921
- **term end6**: April 1922
- **predecessor6**: Nikolay Krestinsky
- **successor6**: Joseph Stalin
<small>(as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, general secretary)</small>
- **birth name**: Vyacheslav Mikhailovich Skryabin
- **birth place**: Sovetsk, Kirov Oblast, Kukarka, Russian Empire
- **death place**: Moscow, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union
- **party**: Communist Party of the Soviet Union
- **signature**: Vyacheslav Molotov Signature 1944.png
- **caption**: Official Portrait,
Joachim von Ribbentrop

**Ulrich Friedrich Wilhelm Joachim von Ribbentrop** (30 April 1893 - 16 October 1946) was the foreign minister of the German Third Reich in Nazi Germany between 1938 and 1945. He was found guilty of war crimes at the Nuremberg Trials and executed by hanging.

## Early life

Ribbentrop ("von" was added only later) was born in Wesel, Rhine Province, Prussia, German Epire.

He served as an infantry soldier in the Imperial German Army of the German Empire from 1914-1918 in Europe.

## Nazi career

Ribbentrop joined the National Socialist German Workers Party in 1932. He became an SS officer in 1933 and held the following ranks:

- 1933: SS Mid Senior Officer rank of Standartenfuhrer/Oberfuher (Colonel)

- 1933-1935: Senior SS Officer with the rank Obergruppenfuhrer (General)
- 1936-1938: Ambassador to the United Kingdom

He remained a member of the SS, run by Heinrich Himmler, until World War II ended in 1945.

## Trial and execution

Ribbentrop was found guilty of war crimes at the Nuremberg Trials. He was executed on 16 October 1946 in Nuremberg, Bavaria, Germany.

|SS Rank equivalent|German Army Officer Rank Equivalent|
| --- | --- |
|SS-Standartenfuhrer|Colonel (1933-1934)|
|SS-Oberfuhrer|Colonel/Brigadier-General (1934-1935)|
|SS-Obergruppenfuhrer|General (1935-1945)|

## Related pages

- World War II
- Nazi Germany
- The Holocaust
- Nuremberg Trials
- War crimes
- Schutzstaffel (SS)
Noise

**Noise** refers to unwanted sound, typically perceived by the ears. It can cause damage to hearing. In physical acoustics, noise often results from irregular or unwanted vibrations transmitted through a medium. Prolonged exposure to loud noise can lead to hearing loss, a condition called deafness. The level of noise is measured in decibels (dB), and sounds above 85 dB can be harmful over time.

Noise can also describe data, such as _white noise_, which lacks meaningful information. Loudspeaker tests often use white noise to assess the frequency response of speakers. In mathematics, noise can also refer to random data, which is often generated without a specific pattern or predictable sequence. This type of noise is useful in fields like cryptography and simulation.

In electronics, heat causes noise in resistors, with the amount varying depending on the type of resistor. This is known as thermal noise or Johnson-Nyquist noise. Most audio devices are designed to minimize noise production by using components that reduce unwanted signals, ensuring a clearer sound.

Another type of noise, called background noise, refers to environmental sounds that are not part of the main sound being observed. This can include sounds like traffic, people talking, or machines operating. In some situations, background noise can be helpful, such as in white noise machines used to aid sleep.

## Related pages

- Noise (electronics)
- Earplug
Western hemisphere

The **western hemisphere** is a geographical term for the half of the Earth that is west of the Prime Meridian. Pretend that the earth is cut in half, from the North Pole, through England, to the South Pole. The Western Hemisphere is the half to the west. The other half is called the Eastern Hemisphere.

## Related pages

- The Americas
- New World
- Eastern hemisphere
- Northern hemisphere
- Southern hemisphere
- Prime Meridian
Flammability

**Flammability** or **inflammability** means that something can be set on fire easily. It will burn easily. The words come from Latin. The word at the base is _in-flammare_ (late Latin). It means something like "to put fire to a thing".

_Inflammable_ and _flammable_ are used to mean the same thing. People sometimes get confused and think that _inflammable_ means "not flammable" because the prefix _in_ is often used to mean _not_. For example, something that is inhuman is not human. Since many people do not know that _inflammable_ means "burns easily", _flammable_ is used more often in public places as a warning.

Flammability can be tested. Paper, for example, is more flammable than wood, and less flammable than natural gas.
Arson

**Arson** is a crime. When someone  sets fire to anything (such as a building or vehicle) they do not own and they do it on purpose, it is called arson. A person who commits arson is an **arsonist**. Arsonists usually use gasoline or kerosene to start a fire.

Arsonists use matches, Molotov cocktails and fire starters to start a fire. Arson is common in violent protests and retaliations against the government and .

Arsonists deliberately burn things for what they want. This includes personal reasons, reasons related to money, or political reasons.

Julio Gonzalez became one of the most prolific arsonists in history when he set fire to the Happy Land nightclub with only 6 of the 93 occupants making it out alive. Julio started the fire after the bouncer kicked him out late in the evening due to him quarreling with his girlfriend Lydia Feliciano after she recently quit her job there. She was one of the 6 people to survive the fire. The club was condemned for lacking fire escapes or sprinklers.
Cocktail

A **cocktail** is a kind of mixed drink. Usually, it is made with alcoholic drinks such as vodka, gin or rum. Since such spirits do not have much taste of their own (at around 40% alcohol), other ingredients are added. Common ingredients are fruits, fruit juice, sugar, crushed ice, and ice cubes. If beer is an ingredient, like in a Queen Mary, it is called a beer cocktail.

If the cocktail is served in a bar or nightclub, it often comes with a piece of fruit on top. For example, a gin and tonic could have a lemon, a Piña Colada could have a pineapple and a cherry. A popular cocktail in Cornwall UK is the McVey, 440ml of strongbow and 125ml of Malibu.

Most cocktails were invented in the late 19th or early 20th centuries. People began drinking a lot of cocktails in the United States in the 1920s due to Prohibition. Around that time, cocktails from Cuba, such as the mojito, became popular around the world.

Cocktails made without alcohol are also made.

Because all the ingredients give their flavor to the finished drink, a cocktail is only as good as the worst ingredient.

## Common cocktails

There are many kinds of cocktails. They include:

- A **martini** is the most common cocktail. It is made with gin and vermouth, and served with an olive
    - There are many variations on a martini, which include a Gibson (martini with an onion instead of an olive), a Bronx (Martini plus orange juice), and an Appletini (made with apple liqueur instead of vermouth)
- The **old-fashioned** is thought to be the first cocktail. It is made with whiskey, sugar, bitters, and soda water
- A **margarita** is made with tequila, triple sec and lime juice. It came from Mexico, and is commonly served in Mexican cuisine.
    - A **sidecar** is similar to a margarita, but is made with cognac instead of tequila
- A **Manhattan** is made with rye whiskey, vermouth, and bitters
    - If it is made with scotch, it is called a Rob Roy
- A **mojito** is made with rum, lime juice, sugar, water and spearmint leaves.
    - A mint julip is similar to a mojito. It made with bourbon, sugar, water, and spearmint leaves. It is popular in the Southern United States, especially at the Kentucky Derby
- A **daiquiri** is made with rum and lime juice. Like many popular cocktails, it came from Cuba.
- A **piña colada** is an iced cocktail made with pineapple juice, coconut puree and rum. It came from Puerto Rico.
- A **bloody Mary** is made with tomato and lemon juices, plus vodka. It is different not only because of its blood-red color, but because it is served with a pickle or celery.

## Other websites

- Wikibooks:Bartending for many recipes
1103

## Events

- April 27 – Anselm, Archbishop of Canterbury, goes into exile after falling out with Henry I of England
- Amadeus III becomes Count of Savoy
- Bohemund I of Antioch is released from imprisonment among the Turks
- The Scandinavian city of Lund becomes a see within the Roman Catholic Church

## Births

- Emperor Toba of Japan
Sneeze

A **sneeze** is a reaction in the body that suddenly presses air out of lungs so it flows quickly out through the mouth and nose. Air and mucus (the liquid found in the nose) are forced out quickly. Sneezing often happens after breathing dust or other small things that irritate the membranes in the nose. The function of sneezing is to clean the space in the nose by removing the mucus and irritating things. Sneezing is mostly involuntary, which means that it happens without trying.

A sneeze consists of a deep inward breath that fills the lungs, a closing or partial closing of the throat, and a sudden increase in pressure in the lungs that forces air out. This increase in pressure is a result of muscles near the lungs that contract (tighten and shorten). Sneezing never happens during sleep because reflex signals do not pass to the part of the brain that causes muscles to move. When people sneeze, their eyes close. The speed of the air from sneezing is about 150 kilometers per hour or more.

Many animals sneeze, including human beings, cats, dogs, chickens and iguanas.

When a person sneezes, many small drops of saliva and mucus blow out from the nose and mouth. These tiny drops often contain viruses and bacteria. Some of these are germs, which can make other people sick. To keep this from happening as much, is important to block the sneezed air with something like cloth or tissue to catch the drops. It also helps to move away from other people, go outside, or face away.

A common thing to say to people when they sneeze is "Bless you!", or sometimes in the United States sometimes "Gesundheit!" (from German, meaning "Good health"). There is a story that the blessing started with Pope Gregory VII (540–604 AD). He said a blessing might stop people from getting the bubonic plague which was killing people in Rome at the time. There is a myth that when you sneeze your heart and all internal organs stop functioning.

The sound of a sneeze is written "achoo!" in English. Other languages write it differently. For example, in Swedish it is "atjoo!", in French it is "atchoum!" and in German it is "Hatschi!".

Some involuntary ways that people move air in or out of the lungs are: to sneeze, laugh, cough, hiccup, or yawn.

## Related pages

- Cough
Puma

**Pumas** (_Puma concolor_), also called **cougars**, **mountain lions**, **catamounts**, or **brown panthers**, are large wild cats. They live in the western half of North America, Florida, and most of Central and South America.

## Description

Pumas are mainly tan in color. They can be up to 9 feet long, although average length is 6 – 8 feet. They can weigh from 29 kilograms to 90 kilograms.  (The males are larger.)

Most pumas live up to 21 years.

Unlike the big cats in the genus _Panthera_, the puma cannot roar. Instead, it can growl, hiss, screech, and purr. Most of the big cats can only purr while breathing out.

Female cougars take care of their babies until they are old enough to take care for themselves. Baby cougars are called cubs or kittens.

## Diet

Pumas are hyper-carnivores; they eat only meat. They are apex predators that prey on deer, elk, bighorn sheep, guanacos, raccoons, squirrels, foxes, rabbits, and skunks. Their prey can also include mice, beavers, coyotes, bobcats, birds, porcupines, fish, and bear cubs. They sometimes prey on livestock such as cattle, goats, sheep, and pigs.

Pumas hunt at night. They have good hearing and night vision, better than humans do. They stalk their prey, which means they walk slowly and quietly, they hide, and then when close, they jump or run fast to catch their prey by surprise.  They live and hunt alone.

## Habitat

Pumas live in the mountains and forests. They prefer to stay far from people, but encounters with humans happen sometimes. In the last 30 years, 26 people have been killed by cougars in North America. However, many more cougars have been killed by humans. Cougars used to be found all across eastern North America, but they were hunted to extinction there by the beginning of the 1900s.

Recent sightings of cougars have been reported from Michigan, New Brunswick, southern Indiana, Kentucky, and Vermont. For now, the only confirmed population of cougars east of the Mississippi River is in Florida, where a subspecies called the _Florida panther_ lives.

## Related pages

- Jaguar
- Lion
- Leopard
- Cheetah

## Other websites

- IUCN

- Information on Pumas
Google Talk

**Google Talk** (also called **Google Chat**) was an instant messaging service that was offered by Google. It let users communicate by using texting and voice chatting. The service was sometimes called **Gchat**, **Gtalk**, or **Gmessage** by its users.

It is built on the XMPP platform. A web-based version was also available online.
Armour

**Armour** (or **armor** U.S.) is a protective covering or clothing to prevent injury from attack. Armour can be worn by a person, or it can be used to protect machines, animals, even buildings. Armour has always been made from the strongest materials available at the time, but weight has always been a problem. Early body armour was made from leather. Later, metals were used (e.g. mail or plate armour). Some modern armour, like bullet-proof vests, are made from plastics that do not stretch or break, such as Kevlar. These plastics may be woven into a cloth and used in layers, which makes them even stronger.

Plastic lamination (layers) is often used to protect windows against bullets.  Many jewellery stores, embassies, and vehicles have bullet-proof glass with this feature.

## For vehicles

Armour put on vehicles is usually made of metal and can include one layer over another with open spaces in between (spaced armour) or multiple layers of metal; ceramics (baked clay), and other materials. Another type of armour uses blocks of explosive that explode when another explosion goes off near it. This explosive armour protects by pushing against the other explosion. Vehicle armor is often angled to increase the amount of armour that must be shot through to get inside and to make the shot bounce off rather than piercing the armour.

Tanks have the heaviest armour of all land vehicles. Other military vehicles have armour, but not as much as a tank.

Sometimes armour is put in non-military vehicles, such as limousines used by leaders of a country or by anyone who thinks they might be attacked such as film stars or leaders of major companies.

## For animals

In the past, armour has also been used in wars to protect animals such as dogs, elephants, and horses. Today, police dogs and horses sometimes wear woven plastic bullet-proof vests.

## For sports

Many sports involve violent physical contact and may be highly dangerous if the players are unprotected. Such sports include ice hockey, American football and kendo. Sports armour is usually made from hard plastic.
North Star Computers

**North Star Computers** was one of the earliest manufacturers of microcomputers. Before they started making their first computer, the _North Star Horizon_, they made floppy disk drives for S-100 bus computers. They included a disk operating system called _North Star DOS_ (or _N*DOS_). The Horizon used the North Star disk controller and operating system. It was one of the first microcomputers that had multi-user features.

Their second computer, called the _North Star Advantage_, ran CP/M, and had the keyboard and monitor built-in. The graphics were very powerful for their time. When the IBM PC came out, North Star made an MS-DOS compatible processor card that could be added to the _Advantage_.

Their third computer, the _North Star Dimension_, was multi-user like the _Horizon_, but MS-DOS based.

Because their products in the early 1980s were only MS-DOS compatible, not fully PC compatible, they never sold very many, and the company went out of business.
Mario Bros.

***Mario Bros.*** is a video game made in 1983.  It is the first game to feature Luigi as a playable character as well as the first game in which Mario is named Mario; in _Donkey Kong_, Mario was called "Jumpman". It was later remade for other game consoles at the time. _Mario Bros._ was also included with the four _Super Mario Advance_ games and _Mario & Luigi: Superstar Saga_.

## Gameplay

In the game, Mario and Luigi must defeat enemies by jumping on them from below and then kicking them when they are knocked down.

## Infobox (video game)

- **developer**: Nintendo
- **publisher**: Nintendo
- **engine**: Radar Scope
- **designer**: Shigeru Miyamoto
Gunpei Yokoi
- **series**: _Donkey Kong_/_Mario (Nintendo), Mario_
- **genre**: Platform game, Platform
- **modes**: Multiplayer, single-player
- **platforms**: Arcade game, Arcade, Atari 2600, Atari 5200, Atari 7800, NEC PC-8001, Amstrad CPC, Atari 8-bit, Apple II, Nintendo Entertainment System, NES, Famicom Disk System, Game Boy Advance/e-Reader, Virtual Console (Wii, _Nintendo 3DS, 3DS_, Wii U), NES Classic Edition/Famicom Mini, Nintendo Entertainment System - Nintendo Switch Online
- **cabinet**: Upright, mini, and cocktail
- **arcade system**: Main Central processing unit, CPU: Zilog Z80 (@ 3.072 MHz)
Sound CPU: Intel 8048, I8035 (@ 400 kHz)
Sound Chips: Digital-to-analog converter, DAC (@ 400 kHz), Sample (signal), Samples (@ 400 kHz)
- **display**: Raster graphics, Raster, standard resolution 224 x 256 (Vertical) Palette Colors 256
Oval

An **oval** is a shape. It is round but a bit longer in one direction.

- An **oval** can look like an egg or an ellipse.
Focus

**Focus** is a Latin word for hearth. In English it means many things.

- Focus (geometry), one of the two points around which a conic section is built
- Focus (optics), the bringing together of light rays by a lens
- Ford Focus, a car
- The hypocenter of an earthquake
- The place where a nuclear explosion goes off
Celtic

The words **Celt** and **Celtic** can have many meanings.

Pronounced /kel-(tik)/:

- Ancient Celtic religion, a pagan religion.
- Celt, either ancient or Modern Celts
- Celtic languages, descending from the Proto-Celtic language, spoken by these people and their modern descendants
- Celtic mythology
- Celtici, Celts from ancient Lusitania (which is now Portugal). (See also Celtiberians for a Celtic people on the Iberian peninsula)
- Irish music, folk music that started in "Celtic" cultures.
- Celtic art, art from the "Celtic" culture
- Celtic Christianity
- Celtic calendar

The following should only be pronounced /selt(ik)/:

- Boston Celtics professional basketball team
- Celtic F.C. a football team in Glasgow
Manx language

**Manx**, or **Manx Gaelic** (known in Manx as _Gaelg_ or _Gailck_), is a language spoken on the Isle of Man.

It is a Gaelic language, the same family as Scottish Gaelic and Irish. All of them are Celtic languages.

Manx is spoken mainly by people who learn it through interest. It died out as a natural community language in the 20th century. The last old native speaker died in 1974.

Manx is protected under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages.

## History

Manx began to separate from Middle Irish in about 900–1600 AD and is called _Yn Ghaelg_ _Yn Ghailck_ by its speakers. There became fewer and fewer speakers during the 19th century, when the language was replaced by English. In the 1901 census, 9% of the people in the Isle of Man were said to speak Manx, but in the 1921 census, that had dropped to only 1%.

Today, Manx is used as the only language taught at five of the Isle of Man’s preschools. Manx is taught as a second language at all of the Isle of Man's primary and secondary schools.

## Today

Today, Manx is used as the only language taught at five of the Isle of Man’s preschools. Manx is taught as a second language at all of the Isle of Man's primary and secondary schools.

There is now a school that teaches all of its lessons in Manx. According to the 2001 census, 2.2% of the population of the island could speak the language. There are currently 54,000 second-language speakers, mainly on the Isle of Man.

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Manx
- **altname**: Manx Gaelic
- **nativename**: ,
- **states**: Isle of Man
- **speakers**: Extinct as a first language in 1974; subsequently revived and now with about a hundred competent speakers, including a small number of children who are new native speakers, and 1,823 people (2.27% de facto population) in the Isle of Man professing some knowledge of the language (2011)
- **date**: NA
- **familycolor**: Indo-European
- **fam2**: Celtic languages, Celtic
- **fam3**: Insular Celtic languages, Insular
- **fam4**: Goidelic
- **agency**: (Manx Gaelic Council)
- **iso1**: gv
- **iso2**: glv
- **iso3**: glv
- **lingua**: 50-AAA-aj
Goidelic languages

The **Goidelic languages**, or **Gaelic languages**, are a group of Celtic languages that are spoken in Scotland, Ireland and the Isle of Man.

There are three Goidelic languages:

- Scottish Gaelic (_Gàidhlig_)
- Irish (_Gaeilge_)
- Manx (_Gaelg_)

## Infobox (language family)

- **name**: Goidelic
- **altname**: Gaelic
- **region**: Ireland,
Scotland,
Isle of Man, Mann
- **familycolor**: Indo-European
- **fam2**: Celtic languages, Celtic
- **fam3**: Insular Celtic languages, Insular Celtic
- **protoname**: Old Irish
- **child1**: Irish language, Irish
- **child2**: Scottish Gaelic language, Scottish Gaelic
- **child3**: Manx language, Manx
Manx cat

The **Manx** is a breed of domestic cat. It either has no tail at all, a "rumpy", or it has a very short tail, a "stumpy". This is because of a natural difference in spine length. The back legs are also longer than the front legs. The breed comes from the Isle of Man, where it was found as early as three hundred years ago.

The Manx's character is nervous. The Manx's appearance is round on the whole. They are skilled hunters.

## Infobox (cat breed)

- **name**: Manx
- **image**: Manx cat by Karen Weaver.jpg
- **imagecaption**: A male "riser" Manx
- **altname**: Manks
- **nickname**: Stubbin, rumpy
- **cfastd**: http://www.cfa.org/Portals/0/documents/breeds/standards/manx.pdf
- **fifestd**: http://www1.fifeweb.org/dnld/std/MAN-CYM.pdf
- **ticastd**: https://www.tica.org/phocadownload/mx.pdf
- **wcfstd**: http://www.wcf-online.de/WCF-EN/library/MAN_en_2010-01-01.pdf
- **ffestd**: http://www.ffe-europe.de/standard/manx_e.htm
- **aacestd**: https://www.webcitation.org/6ZuqDysFr?url=http://www.aaceinc.org/index.php?option%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D32:manx-breed-standard%26catid%3D17:breed-standards%26Itemid%3D13%26lang%3Den
- **acfstd**: https://www.acf.asn.au/notices/notices/standards/Group%20Three/Manx.pdf
- **acfastd**: http://www.acfacat.com/Breed%20Standards/MANX.pdf
- **cccastd**: https://www.cccofa.com.au/files/files/stdmanx.pdf
- **cffstd**: http://cffinc.org/files/pdf/MANX.pdf
- **ccastd**: https://www.cca-afc.com/documents/BreedStandards/MANX_20200203_010625.pdf
- **gccfstd**: http://www.gccfcats.org/Portals/0/Manx.SOP.pdf
- **loofstd**: http://m.loof.asso.fr/standards/standard_en_34.php?z=1
- **nzcfstd**: http://www.nzcf.com/sop/Manx.pdf
- **saccstd**: http://www.tsacc.org.za/downloads/Manx.pdf
- **note**: Long-haired or semi-long-haired specimens are considered a separate breed, the Cymric (cat), Cymric, in some registries.
Horn

**Horn** can mean several things:

- Horn (anatomy), something some animals have on their heads
- Horn (musical instrument)
- A car has a horn on the steering wheel to warn people of danger.

## Places

- Horn, Switzerland, a place in Switzerland
- Horn of Africa, a peninsula in East Africa
Agave

***Agave*** is a type of succulent plant from Mexico and the southwestern parts of the United States. They have thick, sharp leaves. Agave plants flower only once, produce seeds and then die. Before flowering they usually live for 10 to 25 years. Because they live for a long time they are sometimes called "century plants".

Agave is used to make things like tequila, agave syrup and pulque. They were an important food for many indigenous people in the southwestern United States, such as the Navajo and the Hokoham.
Apple sauce

**Apple sauce** (or **applesauce**) is a sauce made from stewed and mashed apples.  Peeled or unpeeled apples can be used and different spices or additives like cinnamon can be used.

Sugar or high fructose corn syrup is often added to the applesauce to sweeten it.  Applesauce can be fine or coarse textured, and can include large pieces of apple.  It is easy to make at home, and it is also sold ready-made in supermarkets.

It is a common food or snack for children and people who have problems eating solid food. Parents often feed it to their babies because teeth are not needed to eat it.

In the United Kingdom, apple sauce is normally used as a sauce for ham, pork, and gammon.

## Use and availability

Apple sauce was once a food prepared for winter, since it keeps well.

Apple sauce can be used in baking as a substitute for fat (such as butter or oil) or eggs.
Charles Richter

**Charles Francis Richter** (April 26, 1900 – September 30, 1985) was an American seismologist (someone who studies earthquakes) and a physicist. He is known for creating the Richter scale of magnitude, which says how big an earthquake is.

## Childhood

Richter went to work at the Carnegie Institute in 1927 after Robert Millikan offered him a position as a research assistant there, where he began a collaboration with Beno Gutenberg. The Seismology Lab at the California Institute of Technology wanted to begin publishing regular reports on earthquakes in southern California and had a pressing need for a system of measuring the strength of earthquakes for these reports. Together, Richter and Gutenberg devised the scale that would become known at the Richter scale to fill this need, based on measuring quantitatively the displacement of the earth by seismic waves, as Kiyoo Wadati had suggested.

## Other websites

- Charles Richter interview, at USGS
- Charles F. Richter Papers, Caltech Archives
1104

## Events

- September 3 – St. Cuthbert reburied in the Durham Cathedral
- The Venice Arsenal, is founded in Venice.
- Alfonso I of Aragon becomes King of Aragon and Navarre.
- Historian Guibert of Nogent becomes abbot of Notre Dame de Nogent.
- Baldwin I of Jerusalem captures Acre.
- Baldwin II, count of Edessa, is taken prisoner by the Seljuk Turks at the Battle of Harran; Tancred becomes regent.
- Kilij Arslan I, Sultan of Rüm, starts a war with the Danishmends.
Crunk

**Crunk** is a sub-genre of hip hop music that started in the clubs of Memphis, Tennessee in the mid-1990s. It is a mixture of Miami bass, Southern rap, and electronica with a lot of yelling and chanting. Lil Jon is the most popular crunk artist. His song 'Get Low' with the Ying Yang Twins is the song that made crunk music mainstream. After this song came out, crunk became a really popular style of music and it saw its heyday in the early to late-2000s. It was replaced with trap music in the 2010s.

## Notable crunk artists

- Lil Jon & The East Side Boyz
- Ying Yang Twins
- Petey Pablo
- Ciara
- Usher
- Tyga
- Silkk The Shocker
- Three 6 Mafia
- Soulja Boy
- Lil Scrappy
- Pastor Troy
- Youngbloodz

## Infobox (music genre)

- **name**: Crunk
- **cultural origins**: Early 1990s, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
- **other topics**: hyphy music, Hyphy
Pimp

A **pimp** is a person who makes money from other people prostituting themselves. Other names include **procurer**, and **madam** if the person is a woman.

Usually, the prostitutes make money for themselves, but the pimp takes a percentage of the money in exchange for providing them with security and other services. Pimps has gotten connected to a special look, often a male with fancy and colorful clothes with gold accessories.

Pimps has been portrayed in many movies, such as Taxi Driver where the pimp is called "sport"
Allan Kardec

**Allan Kardec**  (**Hippolyte Léon Denizard Rivail** 3 October 1804  31 March 1869) was a French philosopher and teacher.

## Works

He dedicated the last 15 years of his life to organise a philosophical doctrine called Spiritism. He spread the educational ideas  of Pestalozzi in the 19th century. He published books on grammar, mathematics and suggestions for the improvement of public education in France. He was a teacher of physiology, astronomy, physics and chemistry. The classes were at his home in Paris.

In 1854, Kardec started studying phenomena which some people call "paranormal" or "supernatural". This was quite common at that time.

In his philosophy the spiritual manifestations were useful to the social and moral improvement of men.

## Other websites

- Allan Kardec Educational Society
- ALLAN KARDEC: spiritisme, spiritism...
- Allan Kardec Biographic Information
- The Spirits' Book  by Allan Kardec
    - Le Livre des Esprits  (PDF file)
- The Book on Mediums  by Allan Kardec (PDF file)
- The Gospel According to Spiritism  by Allan Kardec (PDF file)
Hyves

**Hyves** is a website where people can have contact with friends online. It can be used to make new friends or to stay in touch with old friends. It was started in 2004 and has over 9 million users; most of them are Dutch. That is the reason why it is very popular in the Netherlands.
Pictures and videos can be put and shared on it. Hyves is similar to Facebook or the German VZ Networks.

## Other websites

- http://www.hyves.nl
Laurence Olivier

**Laurence Kerr Olivier, Baron Olivier**,  (22 May 1907 – 11 July 1989) was an English actor and director. He was one of the most famous and revered actors of the 20th century. He was the youngest actor to be knighted and the first to be raised to the peerage. Olivier married English actresses Jill Esmond, Vivien Leigh and Joan Plowright.

Actor Spencer Tracy said that Olivier was 'the greatest actor in the English-speaking world'. In 1999, the American Film Institute named Olivier among the Greatest Male Stars of All Time, at number 14 on the list.

Olivier had many awards: twelve Oscar nominations, with two wins (for Best Actor and Best Picture for the 1948 film _Hamlet_), plus two honorary awards including a statuette and certificate. He was awarded five Emmy Awards. He was a three-time Golden Globe and BAFTA winner. In 1976 he received the BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award, a lifetime achievement award.

Olivier's ashes are buried in Westminster Abbey.

## Infobox (person)

- **honorific prefix**: The Right Honourable
- **name**: The Lord Olivier
- **honorific suffix**: Member of the Order of Merit, OM
- **image**: Lord Olivier 18 Allan Warren.jpg
- **caption**: Olivier in 1972
- **birth name**: Laurence Kerr Olivier
- **birth place**: Dorking, Surrey,
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, United Kingdom
- **death place**: Steyning, West Sussex,
United Kingdom
- **death cause**: Kidney failure and cancer
- **years active**: 1925–1988
- **children**: 4
- **awards**: List of awards and nominations received by Laurence Olivier, Full list
- **works**: Laurence Olivier on stage and screen, Full list
Spiritism

**Spiritism** is a doctrine promoted by the French professor Allan Kardec. His first two books were:
- _The Spirits' Book_ — Defines the guidelines of the doctrine, covering points like God, Spirit, Universe, Man, Society, Culture, Morals and Religion.
- _The Mediums' Book_ — Details the mechanics of the spiritual world, the processes involved in channeling spirits, techniques to be developed by mediums, etc.

Other characteristics ideas of his were:
- Promoting the dialog between the three classical forms of knowledge (science, philosophy and religion) for achieving a more complete comprehension of the reality;
- Submitting the fundamental points of the religious systems to a critical and empirical exam, for separating fantasy and reality. This way, men can avoid materialism and dogmatism at once, being critical and spiritual.
- Emphasizing human power and responsibility for acting, creating and changing the world around.

Although Kardec claimed it was distinct, spiritism is similar to spiritualism. Kardec's books were based on reporting séances in which he claimed to observe phenomena which he attributed to incorporeal intelligence (spirits). Arthur Conan Doyle included a chapter about Spiritism in his book _History of Spiritualism_. This said that Spiritism is Spiritualist (but not vice-versa). As a consequence, many Spiritualist works are widely accepted in Spiritism, particularly the works of scientists Sir William Crookes and Oliver Lodge.

## Other websites

- The Spirits' Book  by Allan Kardec (PDF file)
- The Sator Formula engraved on a human skull

## Related pages

- Spirituality
Alexa Internet

**Alexa** was an Internet service that measures how many Internet users visit a website. At Alexa.com, people entered a website address and Alexa showed them how well-visited the website is. It can also tell them how its popularity has changed over time.
Alexa had 6 million unique visits monthly.

Alexa was created in 1996 by American businessman Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat.
In 1999, Alexa was bought by Amazon.com for about US$250 million in Amazon stock.
Alexa provided a free API that is used by services and toolbars all around the world to easily display Alexa Rating.

In December 2021, Amazon announced that they will shutdown Alexa. Service was discontinued on May 1st, 2022.

## Other websites

- Alexa

## Infobox (dot-com company)

- **company name**: Alexa Internet, Inc.
- **company logo**: Alexa Internet logo.svg
- **screenshot**: Screenshots of Alexa internet.PNG
- **caption**: Screenshot of Alexa.com home page post-closure
- **company type**: Subsidiary
- **foundation**: 1996
- **location**: San Francisco, California, U.S
- **industry**: Internet, Internet information providers
- **parent**: Amazon.com (acquired 1999)
- **products**: Alexa Web search engine, Web Search (discontinued 2008)
Alexa toolbar
- **alexa**: 2,066 ()
- **website type**: Internet traffic and ranking
- **language**: English
- **registration**: Optional
- **current status**: Discontinued May 1, 2022
Poodle

A **poodle** is a breed of dog. Poodles are known for their intelligence and trainability. The original form of the breed is the Standard Poodle. Miniature and Toy Poodles were developed from Standard Poodles by selective breeding for smaller size and are the same breed.

Poodles were originally bred as water retrievers and hunting dogs. Today, they are commonly kept as companion animals and are also shown in dog shows.

Poodles have a curly coat that sheds less visibly than many other dog breeds. Because of this, some people with dog allergies may tolerate poodles better than other breeds, although no dog is completely hypoallergenic.

Common coat colors include white, black, gray, brown, and apricot.

## Sizes

Poodles are breed in many different sizes. The four main sizes from largest to smallest are Standard, Miniature, Medium and Toy. There are also other sizes, like the very small Teacup, that are not official. This means that these other sizes cannot be part of professional dog shows.

- **Standard - **This is the original size. This height is from 35 to 45 cm, weight is from 15 to 19 kg.
- **Miniature - **This size was downsized from standard size for circus dogs.  This height is from 28 to 35 cm,weight is from 8 to 15 kg.
- **Medium - **This size is not accepted in some countries.  This height is from  35 to 45 cm, weight is from 8 to 15 kg.
- **Toy - **This size was downsized from miniature size for breeding as pets. This height is from 26 to 28 cm, weight is  also 3 kg.

## Military working dogs

Poodles have been used as working dogs in the military for several centuries. During World War II, it was thought that this breed of dog could become helpers during the war.  So, poodles went through training by the United States Army for special tasks. In 1942, the poodle was one of 32 breeds officially ranked as war dogs by the Army.

## Cuts

It is the poodles main style to left hair of the chest and ankles in order to protect heart and joints from cold waters and cut others in order to reduce the resistance of the water. Now, poodles hair styles have more variations. In Japan, the "teddy bear cut" is most popular. This style lets the whole body have roundness like a teddy bear.
Irish

**Irish** could mean:

- Ireland, an island to the west of Great Britain
- Republic of Ireland, a country on the island of Ireland
- Northern Ireland, part of the United Kingdom, on the northern part of the island
- Irish Republic, a former country on the island of Ireland
- Irish Free State, a former country on the island of Ireland
- Irish people, people of Irish heritage, coming from Ireland
- Irish language, a Celtic language spoken on the island of Ireland and by small communities worldwide
1716

**1716** (MDCCXVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday in the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Sunday in the Julian calendar.

## Events

- August 5 – In the Battle of Peterwardein 40.000 Austrian troops of Prince Eugene of Savoy defeat 150,000 Ottoman Turks under Darnad Ali Pasha
- Pirate Edward Teach the "Blackbeard" raids shipping in the Caribbean
- Natchez, one of the oldest towns on the Mississippi, founded.
- Crieff, Scotland burned to the ground in revenge for the Jacobite defeat at the Battle of Sheriffmuir.
- Kangxi Dictionary published this year. This dictionary lays the foundation of most references to Han characters studies nowadays.