juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Terraria

***Terraria*** is an action-adventure, RPG, Sandbox indie game released by independent game studio Re-Logic on May 16, 2011, originally available only on Microsoft Windows. It is the 9th best selling video game of all time. The Windows, macOS, Linux, Steam Deck, PlayStation 4, Xbox One, iOS, Android, and Nintendo Switch versions are still updated and currently on version 1.4.9.5. The Wii U, Xbox 360, PlayStation 3, PlayStation Vita, Windows Phone, Google Stadia, and Nintendo 3DS versions are no longer updated. They are on version 1.08 or 1.09 and considered the Legacy console versions. Terraria is in a 2D, pixelated style similar to Mario or Mega Man.

## Gameplay

The game begins with the player creating a custom character, and then creating a world. When making a world, the size, difficulty, and type of world infection can be picked. The player begins with only basic copper tools, which are used to gather wood, mine blocks, and attack monsters. From these basic tools, the player moves up to stronger armor and weapons by creating them with materials found around the world such as dirt, stone, copper ore, wood, and many more. Players need the right tools to mine certain blocks.

## Bosses

There are many bosses in Terraria. A boss is an enemy that is much stronger and larger than regular enemies. At the beginning of the game, there are 4 bosses to defeat. They are the Eye of Cthulhu, Brain of Cthulhu/Eater of Worlds (depending on what kind of world infection you choose), Skeletron, and the Wall of Flesh. Once the Wall of Flesh is defeated, many more bosses are available since the world has entered Hardmode. They are the Twins, the Destroyer, Skeletron Prime, Plantera, Golem, the Lunatic Cultist, and the final boss Moon Lord. There are also a few bosses that are not necessary for game progression, such as King Slime, Queen slime, Queen Bee, the Empress of Light, Duke Fishron, and the mini-boss Dreadnautilus. They are not required to complete the game, but each boss drops useful items that will make progression easier. Some bosses are not included in the modern console versions, but are available on the Legacy versions. They are Ocram, Lepus, and Turkor the Ungrateful.

## Events

There are many events that can happen while playing. Before entering hardmode, a Goblin Invasion or Blood moon may happen. After entering hardmode, many more events become possible, like Pirate Invasions, Solar Eclipses, and Martian Invasions. Each event has different enemies the player must defeat for it to be over.

## Other websites

Official Terraria Website

Official Terraria Wiki

Terraria on Steam

## References

- Notes

## Infobox (video game)

- **title**: Terraria
- **developer**: Re-Logic
- **publisher**: 505 Games
- **genre**: Action-adventure, Sandbox game, sandbox
- **modes**: Single-player, multiplayer
- **producer**: Whitney Spinks
- **composer**: Scott Lloyd Shelly
Role-playing video game

**Role-playing video games** are a video game genre. They are the electronic version of tabletop role-playing games. The first titles in the genre date back to 1975.

### Massively Multiplayer Online

MMORPGs (**M**assively-**M**ultiplayer **O**nline **R**ole-**P**laying **G**ame), are computer games where many players meet online in one large game world, and go on quests together. Some examples of these games are World of Warcraft, Everquest, or Runescape.

### Text-Based

Text Based RPGs are not too different from Traditional RPGs, generally based on the Dungeons and Dragons game. However some Text Based RPGs are not for combat, but are for socializing and meeting others.
With many Text Based RPGs you need a client, a program to send what you say to the server, which can be located in another country. Many clients are basic and display text in one colour, but there are others that use colours, enhancing the readability of the contents.

### Action role-playing

Action RPGs are role-playing video games with action game elements.

### Roguelike

"Roguelike" is a term for games that use the primary mechanics from the 1980 video game _Rogue_. The mechanics in question are procedural generation and permadeath.
One-party dominant state

The **one-party dominant state** is a system of majority rule where one political party has successively won election victories by a very large majority and is, therefore, the dominant ruling party, which does not have to form coalitions (alliances) with other smaller political parties as a result.

The one-party dominant state differs from a one-party state, because opposition parties against the dominant ruling party are allowed, but have no real chance of gaining power.

Many one-party dominant states are dictatorships where only one party can by law be in control, but some one-party dominant states are real democracies, where there are no limits by law against other parties.

A case of this was Mexico, where Presidential candidates (the person running for this governmental office) of the Institutional Revolutionary Party were popularly elected for more than 70 years. In Sweden and Japan, the ruling party lost at least one election but soon won another and returned to power.

Another example is South Africa, where the African National Congress has been the ruling party of post-apartheid South Africa since the democratization of the country with the election of Nelson Mandela in the 1994, winning every election since then. During the apartheid era, the National Party of South Africa ruled from 1948 to 1994 and imposed apartheid.

In one-party dominant states that are dictatorships, methods are used to suppress other parties, without actually banning them. In some cases state power is used directly and indirectly to prevent smaller parties getting more votes. This can include electoral fraud, gerrymandering or court decisions (which are controlled by the government). In many cases, opposition leaders and other figures are prevented from using the mass media (which are controlled by the government) at election time, and also they often are threatened, harassed, jailed and even killed. In other cases, apart from the government candidates, only candidates from smaller allied parties and "independent" candidates who are closely allied to the dominant ruling party, get an overwhelming advantage. This undermines the legitimacy of the ruling party and the system. Russia, Belarus or Azerbaijan are examples of this.

In these cases, the defeat of the government "cannot be expected for the forseeable future".
Genki

was a  after _Eiroku_ and before _Tenshō._  This period started in April 1570 and ended in July 1573. During this time, the emperor was .

## Events of the _Genki_ era

- **1570** (_Genki 1, 6th month_): At the Battle of Anegawa, the forces of Oda Nobunaga and Tokugawa Ieyasu won a victory.

- **1571** (_Genki 2, 9th month_): Nobunaga ordered the destruction of temples on Mount Hiei.

- **1573** (_Genki 4_): Oda Nobunaga causes the Ashikaga Yoshiaki, the last Muromachi shogun, to flee Kyoto.

## Related pages

- Muromachi period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

|Genki|1st|2nd|3rd|4th|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||1570|1571|1572|1573|
O. Henry

**O. Henry** was the pen name of the American writer **William Sydney Porter** (September 11, 1862 – June 5, 1910). O. Henry's short stories are well known for their  clever twist endings.

His whose tales romanticized the commonplace—in particular the life of ordinary people in New York City. His stories expressed the effect of coincidence on character through humour, grim or ironic, and often had surprise endings, a device that became identified with his name and cost him critical favour when its vogue had passed.

Among his most famous stories are:
- "The Gift of the Magi"
- "The Ransom of Red Chief"
- "A Retrieved Reformation

## Other websites

- O. Henry Museum
- Biography and stories
- _Wall Street Journal_ article on O. Henry
- O. Henry Items on the Portal to Texas History
Tenshō (Momoyama period)

was a  after _Genki_ and before _Bunroku._  This period started in July 1573 and ended in December 1592.  During this time, the emperors were   and .

The _nengō_ _Tenshō_ means "Heavenly Virtue".

## Events of the _Tenshō_ era

Oda Nobunaga suggested that a new era should begin in 1573.  The general meaning of Tenshō was "heavenly righteousness".

- **1573** (_Tenshō 1, 7th month_): Shogun Ashikaga Yoshiaki became a Buddhist priest.
- **1576** (_Tenshō 3, 5th month_): Battle of Nagashino.
- **1576** (_Tenshō 4_): Takeda Katuyori ordered the rebuilding of the Asama Shrine at the base of Mount Fuji in Suruga province.
- **1582** (_Tenshō 10_): Oda Nobunaga orders the destroyed of structures built by Takeda at the Asama Shrine.
- **1582** (_Tenshō 10, 3rd month_):  Battle of Temmokuzan.
- **20 February 1582** (_Tenshō 10, 28th day of the 10th month_):A Jesuit missionary and four Japanese Catholic boys went to Rome to see Pope Gregory XIII. This is sometimes called the "Tenshō Embassy". or the "Boys' Mission of the Tenshō Period" (_Tenshō Shōnen Shisetsu_).
- **1583** (_Tenshō 11, 4th month_): Battle of Shizugatake.
- **1583** (_Tenshō 12, 4th month_): Battle of Komaki and Nagakute.
- **1584** (_Tenshō 13, 7th month_): Toyotomi Hideyoshi is named _kampaku_ by Emperor Ōgimachi.
- **17 December 1586** (_Tenshō 14, 7th day of the 11th month_):  Emperor Ogimachi abdicated; and his grandson received the succession (_senso_). Soon after, Emperor Go-Yōzei's role as monarch was confirmed (_sokui_).
- **1586** (_Tenshō 14, 12th month_): A marriage is arranged between the youngest sister of Hideyoshi and Tokugawa Ieyasu.
- **1586** (_Tenshō 14, 12th month_): The _kampaku_, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, was nominated to be _Daijō-daijin_.
- **1587** (_Tenshō 15_): Gold or silver coins called _Tenshō-tsūhō_ were minted.  The gold coins (_Tenshō-ōban_) were oval shaped.

In 1589-1590 (in the 23rd year of the reign of King Seonjo of Joseon), a diplomatic mission led by Hwang Yun-gil was sent to Japan.  The Joseon ambassador was received by Hideyoshi.

## In popular culture

The fictional plot of the classic Akira Kurosawa film _The Seven Samurai_ takes place in the 15th year of _Tenshō_.

## Related pages

- Tenshō (Heian period)

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

|Tenshō|1st|2nd|3rd|4th|5th|6th|7th|8th|9th|10th|11th|12th|13th|14th|15th|16th|17th|18th|19th|20th|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||1573|1574|1575|1576|1577|1578|1579|1580|1581|1582|1583|1584|1585|1586|1587|1588|1589|1590|1591|1592|
Tensho

**Tensho** may mean:
- Tenshō (Heian period) (天承), a Japanese era from 1131-1132
- Tenshō (Momoyama period) (天正), a Japanese era from 1573-1592
Bunroku

was a  after _Tenshō_ and before _Keichō._  This period started in December 1592 and ended in 1596.  During this time, the emperor was .

The _nengō_ _Bunroku_ means "Enlightened Benevolence".

## Events of the _Bunroku_ era

- **1592** (_Bunroku 1_): Toyotomi Hideyoshi invaded Korea (_Bunroku no Eki_), also known as _Bunroku-Keichō no Eki._
- **1592** (_Bunroku 1_):  Ogasawara Sadayori discovered the Bonin Islands; and the territory was granted to him as a fief by Toyotomi Hideyoshi.
- **1592** (_Bunroku 1_): Silver coins called _Bunroku-tsūhō_ were minted . Copper coins were issued at the same time, but none are known to have survived.
- **1593** (_Bunroku 3_): Former-Emperor Ōgimachi died.
- **1593** (_Bunroku 3_): Toyotomi Hideyori is born to Hideyoshi's mistress Yodo-Dono.
- **1595** (_Bunroku 4_): Toyotomi Hidetsugu loses his position and power.

Land reform and a general census of the population and a national survey are undertaken in 1589-1595.

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

|Bunroku|1st|2nd|3rd|4th|5th|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||1592|1593|1594|1595|1596|
Marcos de Niza

**Fray Marcos de Niza** (– March 25, 1558) was a Franciscan friar. He was born in Nice (_de Niza_ means _of Nice_ in Spanish), which was at that time under the control of the Italian House of Savoy. He went to America in 1531, and explored the area above Sonora.
Apex (diacritic)

In written Latin, the **apex** (plural: "apices") is a diacritic. It is close to the shape of an acute accent ( ´ ). The apex is used to show that a vowel is long and not short. That means that the vowel is pronounced for longer.

The shape and length of the apex can be different. It can even sometimes be different within the same writing. While pretty much all apices are made up of a line sloping up to the right, the line can be more or less curved, and is different in length from less than half the height of a letter to more than the height of a letter. Sometimes, it is put at the top with a hook, pointing out to the left. Rather than being centered over the vowel it changes, the apex is often drawn to the right.

Later, it developed into the acute accent, which is still used in some languages to mark vowel length. In particular, Czech and Slovak, Hungarian, Irish, and (a long time ago) Icelandic.

## Details

Although not really known by some modern Latinists, the sign was actually used a lot during classical and postclassical times. The reason why it is not usually noticed is probably because of its smallish size and the fact that it is usually quite thin. People who look carefully will soon start to notice apices in the exhibits of any museum, not only in many of the more formal epigraphic writings, but also in handwritten palaeographic things.

Forgetting the apex, modern Latin spelling has recently started marking long vowels by using the macron. The macron is a sign that had always been used, and still is, to mark metrically long _syllables_ (more recently called _heavy_ syllables). This has caused confusion between syllable and vowel length in Latin, and most western dictionaries still cannot describe the nature of Latin vowels properly because of this. To make even more confusion, the acute accent is sometimes used in Latin to mark stressed syllables, just like in Spanish, when the macron is not used.

## Identification with the sicilicus

The apex is often thought to be the opposite of another ancient Latin diacritic, the sicilicus, which is said to have been used above _consonants_ to show that they should be pronounced as doubles. However, in his article _Apex and Sicilicus_, Revilo P. Oliver says that they are the same sign, a _geminationis nota_. This was used over any letter to show that the letter should be read twice.

If Revilo P. Oliver is right, the apex as a sign showing vowel length would have been made in the time when long vowels were written double. Then, when long vowels were not regularly written twice.

However, Oliver's view that the two marks were the same has recently been challenged.

## Related pages

- Acute accent
Acute

**Acute** can mean:

- Acute angle
- Acute accent
- Acute (medicine)
- Acute toxicity
Differential geometry

**Differential geometry** is a field of mathematics. It uses differential and integral calculus as well as linear algebra to study problems of geometry. The theory of the plane, as well as curves and surfaces in Euclidean space are the basis of this study. Big discoveries were made in the 18th and 19th century. In geometry, the sum of the angles of a triangle is 180 degrees. Carl Friedrich Gauß wondered whether triangle bearings of ships really has a sum of angles of exactly 180 degrees; with this question he was among the pioneers of modern differential geometry.

A long time ago, differential geometry was used for map projections. Today, it is used for fields as diverse as general relativity theory, or satellite navigation. Grigori Perelman's proof of the Poincaré conjecture uses differential geometry.
New Azerbaijan Party

The **New Azerbaijan Party** (_Yeni Azərbaycan Partiyası_, YAP) is the ruling political party in Azerbaijan since 1993.

It was formed on 18 December 1992 by the former President of Azerbaijan Heydar Aliyev, who led it until his retirement and death in 2003. It is now led by his son, Ilham Aliyev, who succeeded his father as the party leader and as President of Azerbaijan since 31 October 2003. The founder of the party, Heydar Aliyev, was a member of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union until July 1991 before the collapse of the Soviet Union and the independence of Azerbaijan later that year. The headquarters of the party is in the capital city Baku.

The party's stated ideologies are lawfulness, secularism, and Azerbaijani nationalism. It wants to build a "social-oriented" economy, meaning a middle path between socialism and "laissez-faire" capitalism (a mixed economy), and lists civil solidarity and social justice as the basis of its ideology.

## Current and historical representation in the National Assembly of Azerbaijan

- 5 November, 2000  Members of Parliament
- 6 November, 2005  Members of Parliament
- 7 November, 2010  Members of Parliament

## Related pages

- List of political parties in Azerbaijan
- National Assembly of Azerbaijan
- President of Azerbaijan
- Prime Minister of Azerbaijan

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (political party/seats)

- 78
- 125
- **hex**: #0087DC


## Infobox (political party/seats)

- 63
- 125
- **hex**: #0087DC


## Infobox (political party/seats)

- 72
- 125
- **hex**: #0087DC
Tonga at the Olympics

**Tonga** has been in seven Olympic Summer Games. They have never been in the Winter Games.

Tonga was the smallest independent nation to win an Olympic medal.   Super Heavyweight Boxer Paea Wolfgram won a silver medal in the 1996 Summer Olympics.

Tonga wanted to enter a delegation for the 2010 Winter Olympics.  The Tonga Amateur Sports Association (TASA) said they had one athlete to compete in the luge event. In December 2008, two male athletes were selected to travel to Germany for training, but only one of them would be at the Olympics.   Bruno Banani was selected as Tonga's candidate.  He failed to qualify by crashing in the final round of qualifications.

### Silver

- Paea Wolfgramm — Boxing, Men's Super Heavyweight (>91 kg), 1996

## Related pages

- List of IOC country codes

## Other websites

- Tonga profile at London2012.com

## Infobox (country at games)

- **noc**: TGA
- **nocname**: Tonga Sports Association and National Olympic Committee
- **games**: Olympics
- **gold**: 0
- **silver**: 1
- **bronze**: 0
Forgery

A **forgery** is a fake document, signature, banknote, or a work of art made to deceive. In most jurisdictions, producing a forgery is a criminal offence. Meanwhile, forging money or certain commodities is called counterfeitng.

## Related pages

- The Protocols of the Elders of Zion
Crazyracing Kartrider

***Crazyracing Kartrider*** () is an online computer racing game. Nexon opened a beta version of this game in 2004. There are various kinds of karts and items that you can use in this game. The game has three major modes. In item mode, players can use items such as  missiles, water balls, shields, bananas, and devils. In a speed mode, players use a booster. In flag mode, players try to bring back a flag to your team zone.

It is easy to play. Only arrow keys and Ctrl, Alt keys are needed to control your kart. Decorating and changing your character and kart is another interesting part of this game. Lucci is game money. You can get it by racing. You need Lucci to buy a kart, or character accessories.

Recently Nexon launched Kartrider Rush to Apple App store. Kartrider Rush is minimized version of Crazyracing Kartrider.

## Computer System requirements

- OS: Windows 98/2000/ME/XP and above
- CPU: Pentium IIII 2.0GHz (Above 3.0GHz is recommended)
- RAM: 1GB (2GB and above is recommended)
- Video Card-NVidia: Geforce4 MX and above(Geforce 6200 and above is recommended)
- -ATI: Radeon 8500 and above(Radeon 9500 and above is recommended)
- DirectX: DirextX 9.0 and later

## References

- http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20110311005839/en/Nexons-KartRider-Rush-Races-iOS
Hanok

A ***hanok*** is a type of house. It is built in a traditional Korean style of architecture.

## Features

The main feature of a hanok is that it has combination of ondol, the Korean under-floor heating system, and wooden floor for heating and cooling. This style is mainly used in Korea because of problems caused by the area having both a continental climate and an oceanic climate.

### Regional differences

Hanoks have different shapes in different parts of Korea. In the northern part of the Korean peninsula, hanoks have the structure of a house with several wings. The wings are often built in either a square or the letter L. This helps keep the wind out of the house in the colder northern places and helps keep the house warm. These kind of house also has low roofs. In the warmer southern Korean peninsula, hanoks have a single wing and a wooden floor. This helps let the air in and out.

### Class differences

The hanoks is also different based on the class of the people who live it.  Hanok of upper class people usually have tiled roofs (called _giwa_) while lower class houses have roofs made of rice-straw (called _choga_). Hanok for the upper-class people are built not only to be homes, but also to be very ornamental.
A cappella

**A cappella** is a music where people sing without instruments.

In a choir, there are up to 5 parts: soprano, alto, tenor, baritone, and bass. A cappella can also have those 5 parts. A difference is with percussion. With musical instruments, percussion is done with musical instruments that you hit, such as drums. In an a cappella performance, a person makes the percussion sound. For a beatbox performance, performers make sounds like electric drums, synthesizer and electric guitar. Another part of percussion in a cappella performance is making classical drum sounds for tapping the beat.

The word a cappella is Italian for "in the manner of the church" or "in the manner of the chapel".  It was first used in religious music.  Gregorian chant is an example of a cappella singing.

## History

For the first 1000 years of Christianity, all hymns in the church were sung without instrumental accompaniment. This style of singing came to be known as a cappella, meaning "of the church" or "in the style of the church".

## Genres

There are several kinds of music in a cappella, such as barbershop, classical, contemporary, gospel, doo-wop, jazz, and world.

A **barbershop** group has 4 people. The name of this genre came from the tradition that when many men gathered in a barbershop they would sing with no musical instruments. A barbershop quartet has four male voices or four female voices.  **Mixed barbershop** quartets are also possible, usually with two male and two female voices.  The voices parts are called bass, baritone, **lead**, and tenor. In music in the barbershop style, the melody (the **"tune"**) is sung by the lead part.

In **classical** a cappella, people perform classical music such as 'a Turkish march', 'Overture William Tell', madrigal, etc.

**Contemporary** is the most popular kind of a cappella these days. For this kind, the "bass" line should be stronger, and the "chorus" (all the singers except for bass, percussion, and solo) should have variety. The percussion should make their sound more like drums. This genre is similar to 'doo-wop' but the "chorus" part is more complex and has a variety of sound effects.

**Doo-wop** is also getting more popular because of its simple style. Even though it has simple moto (Italian for **"progression of music"**), it can be interesting with great vocal and chorus.

## References

- CASA Homepage
- KACS Homepage
- Kissing - Korean A Cappella Club
- blog.me

## Other websites

- Club for five
- The Real Group
- The Idea of North
- Suade
- Naturally 7
- CASA - The Contemporary A Cappella Society
- CASHM
- KACS - Korea A Cappella Society
Boxer briefs

**Boxer briefs** are men's underwear.  They are tight like briefs but still have long legs like boxer shorts. They are popular and are worn by lots of teenagers and young men. They are sometimes called **retropants, retros** or **retro shorts**. They are fashionable men's underwear that, unlike boxer shorts, are not cut wide, but rather fit snugly on the skin. That keeps the penis and testicles from moving and bouncing a lot, which some men find uncomfortable. The name retros is used because the cut or style comes from underwear styles from the 1950s or even earlier. Boxer briefs reversed the trend from the 1960s through the 1980s in which the popular cuts (styles) of underwear and swimwear became smaller and smaller, especially for teenagers and younger men.

Boxer briefs are usually made of soft material and can be made in different colours. Some boxer briefs have an opening with buttons on the front. Others just have an elastic waistband and can be pulled on or off like briefs. The waistband is often a separate piece of elastic and is sometimes in a color. Some boxer briefs have elastic at the end of the legs, and stitching across the bottom. Waistband elastics with the brand name in large letters are sometimes worn with pants (trousers) hanging lower on the hips than the elastic so that the brand name is showing. Pants (trousers) that hang lower on the hips than the underwear elastic are called saggers and the style is called sagging or, in some countries, "low-riding". Having the elastic showing was a style some boys, teenagers and young men liked. It started in the late 1980s but sometimes came back into fashion in later decades.

Some looser styles of boxer briefs offer a compromise or middle option between very snug boxer briefs and lightweight, loose-fitting boxer shorts.
Genna

was a  coming after _Keichō_ and before _Kan'ei._  This period started in July 1615 and ended in February 1624. During this time, the emperor was .

The _nengō_ _Genna_ means "Commencement of Concord".

## Events of the _Genna_ era

- **1615** (_Genna 1_): Tokugawa forces burned Osaka Castle.
- **1 September 1615** (_Genna 1, 9th day of the 7th month_): Tokugawa Ieyasu pulled down Hōkoku-jinja.
- **1616** (_Genna 2_): Kida Kōan publishes _Genna kokaisho_, which is a book on ocean navigation.
- **1 June 1616** (_Genna 2, 17th day of the 4th month_): Ieyasu died at Suruga Castle.
- **26 September 1617** (_Genna 3, 26th day of the 8th month_): Former-Emperor Go-Yōzei died. He was buried at Nikkō.
- **1618** (_Genna 4, 8th month_): A comet appeared in the sky.
- **5 July 1620** (_Genna 6, 6th day of the 6th month_): The emperor married Tokugawa Kazuko who was the daughter of the shogun.
- **1620** (_Genna 6_): There were destructive fires in Kyoto in the 2nd and 3rd month.

## Related pages

- Edo period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

|Genna|1st|2nd|3rd|4th|5th|6th|7th|8th|9th|10th|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||1615|1616|1617|1618|1619|1620|1621|1622|1623|1624|
Ragunan Zoo

**Ragunan Zoo** is a 140-hectare (350-acre) zoo in Pasar Minggu, South Jakarta, Indonesia. It was founded in 1864. The zoo has over 295 species of animals, 171 species of flora and 3,122 animal specimens including birds.

Ragunan Zoo is a combination of a zoo and park, so it is also known as Ragunan Zoological Park. It holds a lot of Indonesian species such as komodo dragon, orangutan, tapir, anoa, sumatran tiger, Javan Hawk-eagle and various colored birds like the southern cassowary. Other popular animals are sumatran elephant, kangaroo, giraffe, and zebra.

## Infobox (zoo)

- **zoo name**: Ragunan Zoo
- **image**: Ragunan Zoo Gate.jpg
- **image caption**: Ragunan Zoo Gate
- **location**: Pasar Minggu, South Jakarta, Indonesia
- **date opened**: 1864
22 June 1966 (in current location)
- **num species**: 270
- **num animals**: 3,122
- **members**: World Association of Zoos and Aquariums, WAZA
- **website**: [http://www.ragunanzoo.jakarta.go.id/ www.ragunanzoo.jakarta.go.id/]
Memristor

A **memristor**, or **memory resistor**, is described as one of the basic elements (resistor, capacitor, inductor) of electronic circuits, because it can’t be replaced by any combination of these elements.

A memristor can change its resistivity according to the voltage, but even after disconnection it remembers resistivity for unlimited time. It can work like analog memory or a resistive switch, which can have an infinite number of states.

## History

Professor Leon Chua mathematically described this element in 1971.
In 2008 scientists from HP labs described a material that appeared to be a good candidate to construct the hypothetical memristor.

## How it works

The fourth element can change its conductivity by the voltage, and after power interruption the amount of the resistivity stays the same. No combination of the other three circuit elements can replace a memristor. Only the memristor allows reconfiguring properties so it allows changing a whole electronic circuit. Analogy behaviour is similar to synapses in the brain.

## Future usage

Memristors have great potential for use in computers. For example, computers today have to boot from hard drives because the data is erased from operating memory immediately after shutting down the computer. The process of booting takes much time and energy. Memristors could be used for loading data quicker because it remembers data even after power interruption. Therefore, Memristors could be used to speed the booting process.

The first products using Memristor technology are expected to become available in 2013.

## Other websites

- [This fingernail-sized chip makes a computer work like a human brain] https://yle.fi/a/74-20079323. YLE.fi. 2024-03-19

## Further reading

- YAN Kun(2011). Nonlinstor-An electronic circuit element based on the form of the nonlinear differential equation (Brief annotation of the connection equation(R)), Xi'an: Xi'an Modern Nonlinear Science Applying Institute.
Weevil

**Weevils** are herbivorous beetles. They have a long 'snout' at the front of their head, called a _rostrum_. Weevils are a family, the **Curculionidae**, which may be the largest beetle family, with about 45,000+ named living species. That makes it the largest family in the animal kingdom. In addition, the superfamily Curculionoidea has ten more families of closely related weevil-type beetles.

## Damaging pests

The family has some pests which damage plants of interest to humans. The most famous weevil is the boll weevil, which ruins cotton crops.

The _Ips_ genus, feeding on Ponderosa pine, introduces a fungus to the tree. The fungus blocks resin canals, which leaves the weevil free to eat. Resin would normally wash the insects out; it is a defence mechanism. The fungus often kills the tree, and groups of dead trees are a focus for forest fires. In this way the insect is indirectly responsible for serious fires.

The maize weevil, _Sitophilus zeamais_, is a major pest. It attacks both standing crops and stored cereal products, including wheat, rice, sorghum, oats, barley, rye, buckwheat, peas, and cottonseed.

## Families

- Anthribidae—fungus weevils
- Attelabidae—leaf rolling weevils
- Belidae—primitive weevils
- Brentidae—straight snout weevils
- Caridae
- Curculionidae—true weevils
- †Mesophyletidae
- Nemonychidae—pine flower weevils
- †?Obrieniidae

## New species

Over 100 new species of weevil have been found on the Indonesian island of Sulawesi.
4D

**4D**, meaning the **common 4 dimensions**, is a theoretical concept in mathematics. It has been studied by mathematicians and philosophers since the 18th century.  Mathematicians who studied four-dimension space in the 19th century include Möbius, Schläfi, Bernhard Riemann, and Charles Howard Hinton.

In geometry, the fourth dimension is related to the other three dimensions  of length, width, and depth by imagining another direction through space. Just as the dimension of depth can be added to a square to create a cube, a fourth dimension (ana/kata) can be added to a cube to create a tesseract.

By analogy, the universe of a 2D (two dimensional) being is a plane, but this plane can be said to be in a 3d space. This means there’s an extra direction the 2d being cannot move in or see. One dimension higher, a 3d space could be in a 4d world, and that 4d world would have a direction that cannot be seen or touched. Like with the 2d case, this is because the new direction is not anywhere in the 3d creature’s 3d space.

Going into theoretical physics, if we look with high energies, we may be able to see higher dimensions that are looped. The LHC and other particle colliders have tried to do that, but haven’t found any extra dimensions. However, because the loops are so small, these higher dimensions would not be noticeable, like how a paperclip has a 2d surface but is a lot like a 1d line.

4D is also an important idea in physics, developed in the 20th century. In physics, it refers to the idea of time as a fourth dimension, added to the (3D) spatial dimensions. Albert Einstein developed the idea of spacetime by connecting space and time together. The difference is that spacetime is not a Euclidean space, but instead is called "Minkowski spacetime", because distances with time are different.

4d also has a new way to turn things, named double rotations. A double rotation is a way to turn all parts of a 4d shape except a single point. Another completely new thing in 4d related to double rotations are isoclinic rotations, which can turn a 3-sphere like turning a 2d circle. Everywhere on a 3-sphere would move at the same speed, like with the circle. These rotations come in two types (left-handed and right-handed), and cannot be flipped in 4d by looking up-side down (although in 5d and higher they can be flipped).

## Other websites

- The Cube shown in Five Dimensions
Profiling

**Profiling** is collecting information about someone in order to describe them and/or predict their behaviour and actions. It is often used for criminals or people believed to behaving illegally. More recently used on employees in the work place to improve success

## Three main types of criminal profiling

A basic profile consists of an all points bulletin (APB). It is a visual description based on eyewitness information.

A psychological profile is created in the absence of eyewitness information, or in addition to, using evidence to create a picture of the suspect and help the police force to understand how the suspect is behaving.

Predictive profiling attempts to predict which people might commit crimes in the future.

Criminal profiling – criminal profiling is a tool used by police forces to create a picture or idea of a suspect based on eyewitness information and any other evidence they have.

## Concerns about Profiling

Some people fear profiling is taken too far by police forces and can lead to harassment and arrest based on skin colour, religious beliefs, culture, nation of origin, or any social type or group that can be stereotyped by characteristic behaviour.

## Profiling in Business

Behavioural profiling is used in business to help recruit the right person for a job, to understand how to improve morale and to drive down staff turnover, pinpoint who is ready for development and in precisely which areas; and boost people management abilities.
Fa’afafine

In Samoa, androphilic males (males sexually attracted to men) are referred to as **fa’afafine**. Translated into English, fa’afafine means “_in the manner of a woman_.” Most self-identify as fa’afafine, not as men.

There are myths outside of Samoa that Fa'afafine are selected to be raised as females when a family does not have enough sons, however evidence shows they are recognised for their feminine behavior early in their lives. Evidence indicates that Fa'afafine are the equivalent to feminine androphilic men in the west (typically these are gay men in western culture).

## Gender roles

They take on the role of both male and female in the society e.g. teaching, construction and also domestic work. They tend to have sexual intercourse with masculine males, however rarely with another fa’afafine.

## Further reading

- http://www.wcc.hawaii.edu/facstaff/dagrossa-p/articles/Faafafine.pdf
- http://www.acp-eucourier.info/Fa-afafine-querendo.800.0.html%3F%2526L%3D0
Maslenitsa

**Maslenitsa** is one of the most popular and cheerful religious holidays in Russia. It originated from pagan times before Russia was converted to Christianity. At first, this holiday was a symbol of the spring solstice but nowadays it is considered a Christian holiday which goes right before the Great Lent. During Maslenitsa people enjoy almost any food, except meat. Usually Maslenitsa lasts for seven days and on the last day of this holiday people burn a doll which is made of branches and straw and dressed in bright clothes. This doll is called “Maslenitsa” and it symbolizes the cold and severe winter. By burning “Maslenitsa” people say goodbye to winter and greet a warm spring.

## Celebration

Every day of Maslenitsa plays a great role.  On Monday people greet the holiday with games such as sledding, snowballs, riding on swings and so on. Russian people believe that happiness and joy which they feel during this day will accompany them throughout a year. On Tuesday people play games and bake pancakes which are called "blini". Blini are the most popular food which is made during this holiday. These pancakes have a round form and symbolize the Sun and warmth. On Wednesday people usually visit their friends and relatives and treat each other with blini. On Thursday by tradition people try to drive away winter by riding on horses around the village or around the places they live. Friday is usually called “Mothers’-in-law evenings” because sons-in-law come to visit their mothers-in-law. On merry Saturday everyone goes to visit their relatives. All people drink and eat as much as they want and play different games. Sunday is the last day of the holiday. It is also called the _Sunday of forgiveness_ because on this day everyone asks forgiveness from relatives and friends for offences and mistakes committed against them. The most appropriate answer is “God will forgive”. After that people usually sing songs, dance and at the end of the day they burn the doll.

## Wedding superstition

Maslenitsa is also considered as a family holiday because spring is a symbol of new life.  People who marry during this time are considered as very strong and happy couples who will give a birth to many children. During Maslenitsa some people even “punish” those who did not marry yet by throwing them into snow.
Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II

The **Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II** is a family of single-seat, single-engine, fifth generation multirole Fighter aircraft. It can perform ground attack, reconnaissance, and air defense missions with stealth capability.

The F-35 was developed from the Joint Strike Fighter Program. The X-35 made by Lockheed Martin and the F-32 made by Boeing were the two prototypes aircraft that were evaluated in this program. Although both designs exceeded the required metrics the X-35 was seen as superior and was selected to be developed into this new fighter.

The development of the F-35 was very controversial. Many people felt like the US Air Force has been spending too much money on the F-35 project, and that the government should halt all development of the project.

However in 2011, the F-35 entered production and was formally accepted into the United States air force. It was also introduced at later times to the United States Navy, Marine Corps, and Air National Guard. An export model called the F35B was delivered to the Royal Air Force in 2012. Over 148 F35A are operational.

## Airframes

F-35A - Land Based, Stealth.

F-35B-STOVL (Short Takeoff Vertical Landing), Stealth, External Hardpoints (Optional)

F-35C - Carrier Based, Stealth, External Hardpoints (Optional)

## Software in Flight

“Joint Strike Fighter Air Vehicle C++ Coding Standards(JSF AV C++)” - “C++ CODING STANDARDS”FOR THE “JOINT STRIKE FIGHTER(F-35)”.

## Infobox (aircraft begin)

- **name**: F-35 Lightning II
- **image**: File:F-35 Lightning II at Nellis Air Force Base 6 Mar 2013.jpg


## Infobox (aircraft type)

- **type**: Stealth aircraft, Stealth Multirole combat aircraft, multirole fighter
- **national origin**: United States
- **manufacturer**: Lockheed Martin Aeronautics
- **first flight**: 15 December 2006
- **introduction**: 2016–2018
- **status**: In production, in U.S. service as a aircraft
- **produced**: 2006–present
- **number built**: 148+ F35A
- **unit cost**: F-35A: US$122 million (flyaway cost, 2011)
F-35B: US$150M (avg. cost, 2011)
F-35C: US$139.5M (avg. cost, 2011)
Note: Average costs excludes development cost
F-35A weapons system unit cost is US$183.5M (FY 2011)
- **developed from**: Lockheed Martin X-35
Acute (medicine)

In medicine, an **acute** disease or condition either happens for a short time, as in acute infection, or doesn't last long. The word acute may often be confused by the general public to mean 'severe'. This is different: something can be acute but not severe.

The word _acute_ is in the name of many diseases, for example, severe acute respiratory syndrome or acute leukemia.

Acute hospitals are hospitals which are meant for short-term medical and/or surgical treatment and care. The related medical specialty is called acute medicine.

**Subacute** is described as between acute and chronic. An example is subacute fever symptoms or subacute endocarditis.

## Related pages

- Chronic
Toxicity

**Toxicity** is the degree to which a substance can damage an organism. It is the subject-matter of toxicology.

A central idea in toxicology is that almost everything is toxic when taken to excess. Effects are dose-dependent: even water can lead to 'water intoxication' when taken in too much. For even a very toxic substance such as elapid snake venom there is a dose below which there is no toxic effect.

Toxicity is species-specific. A dose which is toxic to one animal may not be toxic to another.

## Acute toxicity

**Acute toxicity** describes the bad effects of a substance that come either from a single exposure, or from many exposures in a short amount of time (usually less than 24 hours). To be known as _acute_ toxicity, the bad effects should happen within 14 days of the substance thouching something.

Acute toxicity is different from chronic toxicity. Chronic toxicity talks about the bad health effects from many exposures, often at lower levels, to a substance over a longer amount of time (months or years).

It is widely thought to be wrong to use humans as **tests** for acute (or chronic) toxicity research. However, some information can be picked up from investigating cases when humans accidentally make contact with the substance (e.g., factory accidents). Otherwise, most acute toxicity data comes from animal testing or, more recently, _in vitro_ testing methods and inference from data on similar substances.
Kan'ei

was a  after _Genna_ and before _Shōhō._  This period started in February 1624 and ended in December 1643. During this time, the emperors and empress were , and .

The _nengō_ _Kan'ei_ means "Permanent Liberality".

## Events of the _Kan'ei_ era

- **1625** (_Kan'ei 2_): Founding of Kan'ei-ji, which is a Buddhist temple in Ueno.
- **4 November 1626** (_Kan'ei 3, 16th day of the 9th month_): Emperor Go-Mizunoo visited to Nijō Castle.
- **22 December 1629** ( _Kan'ei 6, 8th day of the 11th month_): Go-Mizunoo abdicated; and his daughter received the succession (_senso_). Soon after, Empress Meishō's role as monarch was confirmed in ceremonies (_sokui_).
- **14 March 1632** (_Kan'ei 9, 24th day of the 1st month_): Former Shogun Tokugawa Hidetada died.
- **28 February 1633** (_Kan'ei 10, 20th day of the 1st month_): There was an earthquake in Sagami Province.
- **1634** (_Kan'ei 11, 7th month_): Shogun Tokugawa Iemitsu visited the new empress in her court; and he visited ex-emperor Go-Mizunoo.
- **1635** (_Kan'ei 12_): Ambassador from the King of Korea was received in Heian-kyō.
- **1636** (_Kan'ei 13_): Coins were minted which stayed in use until 1853.
- **1637** (_Kan'ei 14_): Christian rebellion at Shimabara Castle.
- **1638** (_Kan'ei 15_): Christian religion was made illegal in Japan.
- **1643** (_Kan'ei 20_): An ambassador from the king of Korea was received in Heian-kyō.
- **10 November 1643** (_Kan'ei 20, 29th day of the 9th month_): In the 15th year of Empress Meishō's reign (明正天皇15年), the empress abdicated; and her brother became Emperor Go-Komyō in ceremonies of _senso_ and _sokui_.

Hayashi Razan and his son wrote _Kan'ei shoka kezuden_ in 1641-1643.  The shogun ordered the writing of this history of the great clans of Japan.

## Related pages

- Edo period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
- Bank of Japan (BOJ): _Kan'ei Tsuho_ ,  _Bunsen_ (copper coin = one mon)

|Kan'ei|1st|2nd|3rd|4th|5th|6th|7th|8th|9th|10th|11th|12th|13th|14th|15th|16th|17th|18th|19th|20th|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||1624|1625|1626|1627|1628|1629|1630|1631|1632|1633|1634|1635|1636|1637|1638|1639|1640|1641|1642|1643|
|Kan'ei|21st|
| --- | --- |
||1644|
Fresca

**Fresca** is a drink produced by Coca-Cola Company. It is made of citrus. The drink is similar to **Squirt** from 7UP company.
Bank of Japan

The , also known as , is the central bank of Japan.  The main offices of the bank are in Chuo, Tokyo.

## History

Matsukata Masayoshi founded the Bank of Japan in 1882 (_Meiji 15_).  The bank was adapted from a Belgian banking model.

Changes based on other national banks were made part of bank regulations.  BOJ was given a monopoly on controlling Japan's money supply in 1884.

The Bank of Japan issued its banknotes in 1885  (_Meiji 18_). In 1897, Japan joined the gold standard.

## Location

The Bank of Japan is headquartered in Nihonbashi, Tokyo, on the site of a former gold mint (the Kinza).  It is near the Tokyo's Ginza district The Neo-baroque Bank of Japan building in Tokyo was designed by Tatsuno Kingo in 1896.

## Related pages

- Japanese yen
- Bank of England
- European Central Bank
- Federal Reserve

## More reading

- Werner, Richard A. (2003). _Princes of the Yen: Japan's Central Bankers and the Transformation of the Economy._ Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe. ; OCLC 471605161

## Other websites

- Bank of Japan official site ; http://www.boj.or.jp/
- Building a National Currency—Japan, 1868-1899

## Infobox (central bank)

- **bank name in local**: 日本銀行 <small></small>
- **image 1**: Bank of Japan headquarters in Tokyo, Japan.jpg
- **headquarters**: Chuo, Tokyo, Chuo, Tokyo, Japan
- **established**: 1882
- **president**: Masaaki Shirakawa
- **leader title**: Governor
- **bank of**: Japan
- **currency**: Japanese yen
- **currency iso**: JPY
- **borrowing rate**: 0%-0.10%
- **website**: [http://www.boj.or.jp/en/ www.boj.or.jp]
- **preceded**: Dai-Ichi Kangyo Bank, First National Bank
Shōhō

was a  after _Kan'ei_ and before _Keian._  This period started in December 1644 and ended in February 1648. During this time, the emperor was .

## Events of the _Shōhō_ era

- **1644** (_Shōhō 1_): The third major map of Japan was ordered by the shogunate.

- **18 May 1645** (_Shōhō 2, 23rd day of the 4th month_): The Shogun was elevated the court role of _Dainagon_.

## Related pages

- Edo period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
- National Archives of Japan map of Edo in the 1st or 2nd year of _Shōhō_ (1644 or 1645)

|Shōhō|1st|2nd|3rd|4th|5th|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||1644|1645|1646|1647|1648|