juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Breaking Benjamin

**Breaking Benjamin** is an American hard rock band from Pennsylvania, formed in 1999. The band is best known for their songs "Polyamorous" (which was their first hit), "So Cold", "Sooner or Later," "The Diary of Jane," and "Breath".  The band was formed in 1998 by lead vocalist Benjamin Burnley and drummer Jeremy Hummel. The band has released five albums: _Saturate_ (2002), _We Are Not Alone_ (2004), _Phobia_ (2006), _Dear Agony_ (2009), _Dark Before Dawn_ (2015) and _Ember_ (2018)

The band's album _Dark Before Dawn_ was released on June 23, 2015. This album has made 5 singles which are "Failure", "Angels Fall", "Ashes of Eden" "Defeated" and "Never Again".

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Breaking Benjamin
- **image**: Breaking Benjamin 2-14-15.jpg
- **image upright**: 1.2
- **caption**: Breaking Benjamin performing in 2015. From left to right, Keith Wallen, Shaun Foist, Benjamin Burnley, Aaron Bruch, and Jasen Rauch.
- **alias**: Plan 9
- **origin**: Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, U.S.
- **associated acts**: Lifer (band), Lifer
Headland

A **headland** is an area of land that is surrounded by water on three sides.  Very often, the land areas are called _cape_s. A **bay** is an area of water. It is surrounded by land on three sides. The water areas are also called _gulf_s. Headlands are formed when there are parallel sections of softer and harder rock perpendicular to the coast. The sea erodes the softer rock faster than the harder rock, forming a bay. The harder rock that is left protruding into the sea is the headland.
Bay

A **bay** is a large body of water in the land next to a sea or lake between two headlands. The waves coming to the shore in a bay are usually constructive waves, and because of this, many of them have a beach. A bay may be metres across, or it could be hundreds of kilometres across. A large bay is often called a **gulf**, **sound**, or bight. A bay often contains beaches.

Bays form where weak rocks, such as sands and clays, are eroded, leaving bands of stronger rocks, such as chalk, limestone, or granite, forming a headland, or peninsula.  Bays are formed when there are parallel sections of softer and harder rock perpendicular to the coast.
Drake Passage

The **Drake passage** is a body of water.  It lies between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. To the north is Cape Horn and the South American continent, to the south are the South Shetland Islands, now part of the British Antarctic Territory.  It is part of the Southern Ocean.  It is named after the English privateer Sir Francis Drake, who accidentally discovered it.  He never sailed the passage, because sailing the Strait of Magellan was less dangerous.

The Drake passage is also the shortest route from Antarctica to the rest of the world. The only islands in the passage are the Diego Ramirez Islands, about 60 km south of Cape Horn.

The passage is also known for very rough seas. Waves of 10 m are not uncommon here.

The passage is also good for seeing Whales, Dolphins, seabirds, and penguins.

In old books, the passage is called **Drake Strait**.  In Spanish it is called "Pasaje de Drake" or "Mar de Moces".

## Other websites

- National Oceanography Centre, Southampton page of the important and complex bathymetry of the Passage
- A personal story describing crossing the Passage
- A NASA image of an eddy in the Passage
- Larger-scale images of the passage from the US Navy (Rain, ice edge and wind images)
- BBC News story on a scientific study dating the age of the Drake Passage
Glacier

A **glacier** is a large body of ice and snow. It forms because the snow in an area does not all melt in summer. Each winter, more snow is added. The weight of all of the snow creates pressure, which turns the lower parts of the snow into ice. After that happens for many years, the glacier eventually becomes large and so heavy that gravity causes the ice to move.

A glaccier flows downwards like water but very slowly. It moves about  per year. New snow replaces the parts of the glacier that flow away.

Glaciers are the largest sources of fresh water on Earth. The largest bodies of salt water are the oceans.

## Creation

Glaciers form only in places that are cold enough and get enough snow over time. That can take a long time, and it often takes tens or hundreds of years for a glacier to form. There are two kinds of glaciers: continental glaciers and alpine glaciers (also called mountain glaciers):
- Continental glaciers are glaciers that spread out over a large area of land and were created mostly during the Ice Ages. There are still some continental glaciers in Greenland and Antarctica. They often flow downwards into the sea and break up. The broken parts that float in the sea are called icebergs.
- Alpine glaciers form in mountain areas and are smaller than continental glaciers. Alpine glaciers usually flow until they reach a place that the temperature is warm enough that the ice melts completely during the summer.

## Effects

Glaciers are very important and a large effects on the environment because they are very large and heavy. When they move, they erode mountains and land. Also, since they froze long ago, snow crystals and air bubbles in them are kept in good condition. They can provide a large amount of information for scientists.

Recently, glaciers have been melting more than they in the past. Many scientists think that is because ecause global warming is changing the climate.

## Appearance

Glaciers are blue in color because water is very good at absorbing light. Only the strongest light, with the most energy, can escape. Blue is the color of light that has the most energy, which makes it the only color of light that can escape without being absorbed. The thicker the glacier, the more it appears blue.

## Other websites

- Swisseduc - Glaciers online Website on Glaciers in English and German
- Time lapse movies of Grosser Aletschgletscher
- Illustrated glossary on Glaciers online, in English and German
- Glacier information for schools
- National Snow and Ice Data Center - Glaciers
- USGS Glacier Studies Project
- Glaciers and Glacial Hazards - USGS
- 2003-08-15 Scientists Rewrite Laws Of Glacial Erosion
- Fjords National Park, Alaska
- NOVA scienceNOW - A 7-minute video of the NOVA broadcast of July 26, 2005. Hosted by Robert Krulwich, the video is about the world's fastest glacier and why it is moving too fast.
Sight-reading

**Sight-reading** (or **sight-singing** for singers) is the ability to play music that one has never seen before.  It is important to be able to read musical notation well in order to sight-read.

Many people who learn to play an instrument will take examinations from time to time.  One of the tests that is usually required for an examination is some sight-reading.

People who find it hard to read music will find it hard to sight-read.  The best way to improve is by regular practice. People who play in orchestras will need to be good sight-readers because they often have to play music that they have never seen or heard before.

People who learn the piano often find sight-reading hard because they have to read two staves at once (one for each hand).  Playing through lots of easy music is a good way to improve.  Playing piano duets with a friend is also great fun.

When someone is reading aloud their eyes are looking several words ahead of the word they are speaking.  In the same way a good sight-reader will try to look ahead of the notes he is playing.  The player is "anticipating" (thinking about what is going to happen next).  In this way he can try to make the music expressive, even if it means leaving out some of the notes.

A good sight-reader will be able to see the printed music and imagine what the notes should sound like.  In this way he will not need to keep looking at his fingers to check whether he is playing the correct notes.

Some pianists are very good at sight-reading.  The pianist John Ogdon was able to read extremely difficult modern music at first sight.

## Related resources

- SightReadingMastery
- Fast Keys
Child prodigy

A **child prodigy** is a child who is very smart at an early age. They can do things that average people can only do when they are adults. Child prodigies are often musicians or mathematicians. A child prodigy does not always grow up to be a world-famous genius. Some of them lose their exceptional gifts in adulthood.

## Prodigies

- The composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was a child prodigy. He could play the harpsichord when he was three, and by the time he was six his father was taking him on concert tours to show off his son's talent. Fortunately Mozart did grow up to be a world-famous composer.

- The composer William Crotch was also a child prodigy. He could play _God Save the King_ with both hands on the piano when he was two. But Crotch did not become famous like Mozart. He just grew up to be a good musician.

- There may have been many other child prodigies who never became clever adults at all, or who died before they could become famous. Sometimes their childhoods are very difficult because people expect so much of them.

- The great German mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss was an exceptional child prodigy. It is said that when he was three he saw a mistake his father had made when adding up the wage bills. Another famous child prodigy was the Irish mathematician William Rowan Hamilton. At the age of 13, Hamilton was not only a brilliant at math but also spoke 13 languages.

- In 2002 a 12-year-old Ukrainian boy called Sergey Karjakin became the youngest ever Grandmaster at chess.

- Zerah Colburn was the first of several children known as "mental calculators." Zerah was born in 1804 in Vermont. At age six, before he could read or write numbers, he could multiply a two-digit number by a two-digit number in his head. At age eight, he could compute 8 to the sixteenth power. His answer was 281,474,976,710,656. By the time he was 10 years old, Zerah's father took him to cities all over the United States to display his amazing abilities. He was also already well known in Europe. His abilities declined as he got older. Later he wrote an autobiography about his life and his unusual skills.

- William James Sidis had exceptional abilities in methematics and languages and his IQ was estimated to be about 275.
Puerto Rican

A **Puerto Rican** is a person from Puerto Rico or anyone who is descended from some one who was originally from Puerto Rico. Puerto Ricans are American citizens, even though Puerto Rico is only a territory of the United States and not an official state. People from Puerto Rico can also be known as a "Boricua," "Borinquen," "Puertoriqueño," or the most known slang of "Boricua."

The name of "Boricua," and "Borinqueños" came from the island's original name of _Boriken_, meaning _Land of the Brave People_. This name was created by the Taino-Arawak people, who were highly advanced. Taino-Arawak ancestors date back to 4,000 B.C.

## Famous Puerto Ricans

- Marc Anthony, singer
- Giannina Braschi, poet, novelist
- Neil deGrasse Tyson, scientist
- Jennifer Lopez, singer, actress
- Ricky Martin, singer, activist
- René Marqués, playwright
- Lin-Manuel Miranda, creator of Broadway musicals
- Sonia Sotomayor, Supreme Court judge
Toothbrush

The **toothbrush** is a tool to clean teeth. The toothbrush has a small brush at the end of a handle. Toothpaste, which often contains fluoride, is commonly added to a toothbrush to help clean the teeth. Both toothpaste and toothbrushes come in many different colours. Toothpastes can also come in many different flavours. Nice toothbrushes (especially electrical) can make toothbrushing fun and help your child on the way to perfect oral health.

## Invention

Toothbrushes were first invented by a prisoner. Before anyone had thought of a toothbrush, people kept their teeth clean by chewing on a stick until one end got soft and frayed like a brush. Sometimes they dipped a finger in chalk or salt and then rubbed their teeth. Toothpicks were another way to take care of teeth, and toothpicks were very fancy then. They were made of gold or jewels, and people would stick them in their hats or hang them on necklaces when they were not using them.

The first brushes came from China, where the Chinese made them out of hairs pulled from the back of wild hogs. The kind of toothbrush we know came from William Addis. He worked on the toothbrush while he was in jail. First, he saved a bone from one of his meals and poked some holes in it. The prison guard gave him some bristles. Joseph tied the bristles into little bundles, cut them to make them even, put glue on the ends, and stuffed them into the holes. The company he started still make millions of toothbrushes every year.

## Etymology

The word toothbrush came from the two parts of the word, first a noun and then a verb or noun. The action of brushing teeth with a toothbrush is basically the use of the invention of Joseph Addis.
70s BC

## Events

- Spartacus leads the slaves against Rome. His army was eventually defeated, and Spartacus is killed in battle, by Roman legionaries under Marcus Licinius Crassus.
- In Rome, Marcus Aemilius Lepidus becomes the third member of the Second Triumvirate, with Mark Antony and Octavian.
- The city of Tigranakert of Artsakh is built in Armenia.
- Salome Alexandria becomes queen of Judea after her husband dies.
- Hycarnus II becomes the high priest of Jerusalem until 66 BC.
- Pamplona is built in Spain
20s BC

## Important people

- Caesar Augustus, Roman Emperor (27 BC – 14).
Homeostasis

**Homeostasis** is self-regulation, a basic property of all self-organising systems. In biology, it is the keeping of a stable internal environment.

Homeostasis is life's ability to stay balanced, when the environment changes. Animals keep their body in a stable condition. They do so by regulating their inner equilibrium. For example, they adjust their pH, temperature, amount of oxygen or carbon dioxide in the blood and so on. In living things, the study of how they keep in a stable condition is called physiology. Mostly, our physiology works unconsciously throughout life. We have many negative feedback systems which adjust our physiology so that we stay alive. These systems are self-organising and do not need to be learnt. They are inherited.

The concept was described by Claude Bernard, and the term was later coined by Walter Cannon in 1926, 1929, and 1932. Walter Cannon thought these were the features of homeostasis:
    1. Constancy in an open system, such as our bodies, is done by mechanisms which maintain this constancy. Cannon based this on insights into the ways by which steady states such as glucose concentrations, body temperature and acid-base balance were regulated.
    1. To keep a steady-state condition, any change automatically meets with factors that resist change. An increase in blood salt results in thirst as the body attempts to dilute the concentration of salt in the extracellular fluid.
    1. The regulating system doing homeostasis has a number of cooperating mechanisms which act simultaneously or successively. Blood sugar is regulated by insulin, glucagons, and other hormones that control its release from the liver or its uptake by the tissues.

Examples of homeostasis:
- The operation of a thermostat
- The regulation of water and minerals in the body
- The regulation of body temperature: mammals and birds have complicated systems which keep their body temperature within close limits.

In mammals, the main organs involved with homeostasis are:
- The hypothalamus and pituitary gland
- the lungs
- the skin
- the muscles
- the kidneys
- the liver and pancreas
The brain is also central to homeostasis. It controls behaviour, and the basic function of behaviour is to support life by taking action.

## Related pages

- Biology
- Biological rhythms
- Biochemistry
- Physiology
- Cybernetics
Toilet

A **toilet** is a human waste disposal device. Toilets used in  a sitting position with a toilet seat are popular in Europe and North America. There may be additional considerations for people with disabilities. Squat toilets, used in  a squatting posture are more popular in Asia.  This is a place where humans get rid of waste that comes from their bodies (urine and feces). Most toilets use water to flush the waste through plumbing into a sewage system. However, some modern toilets do not use water, and are called dry toilets.

A room that has a toilet can be called a "restroom" or "bathroom" in the United States. In other places it may be called the toilet, the lavatory, or the water closet (WC).

## Toilets in homes

Almost all modern buildings have at least one toilet. In the home, a toilet may or may not be in the same room as a shower or a bathtub. Some toilets are outside, in an "outhouse".

In developing countries, many people do not have a toilet in their home. More than 4.5 billion people do not have access to toilets.

This has led to pooping in unsafe environments such as on the side of the road which has been made later made illegal.

## Public toilets

A public toilet may or may not cost money to use. Toilets that cost money are called "pay toilets".

Public bathrooms often have many toilets with walls between them. This makes areas called _stalls_ (US) or _cubicles_ (UK). Bathrooms for men often also have separate urinals. Urinals can either be on the wall for a single user, or a basin or trough for many men to use at the same time. Urinals on walls sometimes have small walls or dividers for privacy reasons.

Outdoor public toilets (in the street, around parks, etc.) are a form of street furniture. These toilets are in individual cubicles. Some are simple and have little or no plumbing. Others are less simple, and some toilets even clean themselves after every use.

Some toilet-cubicles are mobile and can be put in place where and when they are needed. These toilets are called "portable toilets". Portable toilets are commonly used at large outdoor events like concerts, festivals or carnivals.

## Inventions

In 1775, Alexander Cumming patented the S-bend. This was crucial in the development of the flushing toilet. It was a simple length of pipe with a curve in it.

Every day, toilets use 141 billion liters of water to flush waste. Engineers try to make toilets that do not need so much water. In 2019, one group made a chemical to put in  toilets to make them more slippery so that the waste flushes away with only a little water.

## Other websites

- Toilet guide for travelers
- Public Toilet Near Me
- World Toilet Day celebrated on November 19
- World Toilet Organization
Psittacosis

**Psittacosis** is a bacterial disease caused by chlamydia psittaci. It is caught mainly from infected birds such as parrots, pigeons, and parakeets. It can also infect farm animals and other mammals. The disease is not common, with only 50 reported cases in the United States each year.

The disease is rarely fatal, with only 1% of those who get the disease dying.

## Symptoms

After an incubation period of 5–19 days, psittacosis usually gives flu-like symptoms, such as fevers, chills, headaches, muscle aches, and a dry cough. In the first week an infected person can get red eyes (conjunctivitis), nose bleeds, and low white blood cells count. Blood analysis usually shows a normal white cell count, but marked leukocytosis is occasionally apparent . It also can cause diarrhea and vomiting. Sometimes, red/pink marks (called Rose spots) called Horder's spots appear on the skin in this stage. These spots look the same as what people get because of typhoid fever.

At the end of the first week, confusion (stupor) and even coma can occur in severe cases. The spleen can become enlarged, before the disease develops into a serious lung infection. This is helpful for diagnosing psittacosis because an enlarged spleen and/or nosebleed at the same time as respiratory fever is indicative of this disease.

The disease can also look like pneumonia on an x-ray. In rare cases (see Other presentations) Psittacosis can cause endocarditis, swelling of joints, and swelling of the cornea.

### Other presentations

**The second week** is more like acute bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia than it is psittacosis, with constant high fevers, headaches, cough, and dyspnea (trouble breathing). Headaches up until this point can be so painful that they are mistaken for other conditions, like meningitis.

C. Psittaci signs and symptoms can include, but are rare, and not limited to: mendigo-encephalitis, infective endocarditis (inflammation of the inside of the heart, including the _valves_ of the heart), hepatitis, nephritis, splenomegaly, and rash. Others include an enlarged

## Diagnosis

Diagnosis is made by serology (testing the serum) to check for chlamydia antibodies in the blood, using microimmunofluorescence (MIF), complement fixation (CF), and immunofluorescent antibody tests (IFA).

### Chest scans

Psittacosis shows patchy consolidation (fluid build up in the lungs) and other signs of pneumonia. Diagnosis is done mostly by serum checks.

## Treatment

Psittacosis can be easily treated with antibiotics, especially with Tetracycline.
Barneveld

**Barneveld** () is a municipality in the middle of the Netherlands, in the province Gelderland. The main centre is the village of Barneveld.

The municipality has an area of 176.74 km².

## Towns and villages of the municipality

|Name|No. people within centre|No. people outside centre|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Barneveld|align="right"|23,960|align="right"|28,640|
|Voorthuizen|align="right"|8,110|align="right"|9,710|
|Kootwijkerbroek|align="right"|1,810|align="right"|4,870|
|Garderen|align="right"|1,470|align="right"|2,060|
|Zwartebroek|align="right"|800|align="right"|1,260|
|Terschuur|align="right"|750|align="right"|1,480|
|Stroe|align="right"|720|align="right"|1,500|
|De Glind|align="right"|350|align="right"|630|
|Kootwijk|align="right"|130|align="right"|280|
|colspan="3"|_Bron: CBS_||||

Other centres are: Essen, Esveld, Garderbroek, Harselaar, Kallenbroek, Moorst (partly), Wessel and Recreatiegebied Zeumeren.

## Geography

The municipality neighbours Nijkerk, Putten and Ermelo to the north. Apeldoorn lies to the east. Municipalities Ede, Renswoude, Scherpenzeel and Woudenberg are to the south. Municipalities Leusden and Amersfoort neighbour Barneveld to the west.

## Notable people born in Barneveld

- Jacobus Cornelius Kapteyn (1851–1922), astronomer
- Eduard Daniel van Oort (1876–1933), ornithologist
- Egbert Adriaan Kreiken (1896–1964), teacher and astronomer
- Conny van Bentum (born 1965), freestyle swimmer
- Alfred Schreuder (born 1972), footballer

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Barneveld
- **settlement type**: List of municipalities of the Netherlands, Municipality
- **image skyline**: Barneveld, de Oude Kerk RM8614 foto7 2012-03-11 13.54.jpg
- **image caption**: Church in Barneveld
- **image flag**: Barneveld vlag.svg
- **flag size**: 100x67px
- **image shield**: Coat of arms of Barneveld.svg
- **shield size**: 100x80px
- **image map**: Map - NL - Municipality code 0203 (2009).svg
- **map alt**: Highlighted position of Barneveld in a municipal map of Gelderland
- **map caption**: Location in Gelderland
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: Netherlands
- **subdivision type1**: Provinces of the Netherlands, Province
- **subdivision name1**: Gelderland
- **governing body**: Municipal council (Netherlands), Municipal council
- **leader party**: Christian Democratic Appeal, CDA
- **leader title**: Burgemeester, Mayor
- **leader name**: Asje van Dijk
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **elevation m**: 10
- **population demonym**: Barnevelder
- **timezone**: Central European Time, CET
- **utc offset**: +1
- **timezone dst**: Central European Summer Time, CEST
- **utc offset dst**: +2
- **postal code type**: Postal codes in the Netherlands, Postcode
- **postal code**: 3770–3785, 3794, 3886
- **area code type**: Telephone numbers in the Netherlands, Area code
- **area code**: 0342, 0577
Executable

An **executable** is a computer program written by a programmer and compiled by a compiler (See programming). When it is run, it 'executes' (or does) the actions it was programmed to.

An example of a compiler is the GNU C Compiler, or GCC for short.  It reads in program code written in the C programming language, and converts it into binary machine code called an executable, so computers can understand it. On Microsoft Windows, these files end with '.exe.' To humans, these files are hard to read. Other Unix-like systems, like Macs, Linux, or BSD use other file extensions like '.dmg' or '.sh'.

## Other websites

- GNU C Compiler website
File extension

A **file extension** or **filename extension** is a suffix at the end of a filename. It is used to show the type of computer file. This tells the operating system what program can understand it. For example, MYWORDS.TXT is a plain text file and may be opened by a text editor. Filename extensions come after the name of the file, and many of them are three letters long.

Some examples of common file extensions are:
- TXT files are plain text files
- Picture files
    - BMP are bitmap picture files
    - JPG are picture files in the JPEG format
- Audio files
    - MP3 are music files in the MP3 format
    - AAC are Advanced Audio Coding music files
    - FLAC are Free Lossless Audio Codec
    - ALAC are Apple Lossess Audio Codec
    - WMA are Windows Media Audio sound files
    - MPEG are motion picture encoded video files
    - MKV are Mastroska Video Codec
    - WMV are Windows Media Video files
- HTM or *HTML are Hyper Text Markup Language files such as web pages
- PHP are web server scripts which create web pages
- ODT are Open Document text files
- DOC are text documents in Microsoft Word format
- XLS are Microsoft Excel spreadsheet documents
- PPT are Microsoft PowerPoint presentation files
- EXE are Microsoft Windows executable program files
- DLL are Dynamic Link Libraries, a type of executable file, in MS Windows
- ZIP are Compressed files (Lempel Ziff algorithm in an archive)
- Z are Unix / Linux compressed files
- bz2 are bzip2 block compressed files (very good compression)
- jar are Java archive files
- JSP are Java server pages files
- java are Java source code files
- class are Java compiled source code files
- oc are Java run-time library files
- tar are Unix / Linux tape archive files
- sh are Unix / Linux shell script files
- awk are Unix C like pattern processing language source code files
- sed are Unix stream editor command files
- lex are Unix / Linux lexical analyzer C code generator specification files
- c are C programming language source files
    - o are C programming language compiled (object) files
    - cs are C# programming language files
- v are V programming language source files
    - vsh are V programming language script files
- rb are Ruby programming language files
- pl are Perl or Prolog programming language files

There are many other commonly used file extensions.

In most operating systems, you can change the program defaults so that the computer knows which program to open each type of file extension with.
Lagomorpha

**Lagomorpha** is a mammal order. It includes pikas, rabbits and hares. Although lagomorphs look like rodents, they are not rodents, but are closely related to them. They have four incisors on the upper jaw, not two as with rodents. Also, they only eat plant material, not meat as rodents do to some extent.

Rabbits were classified under rodents until the 20th century.  They are divided into two families: Leporidae, which are hares and rabbits, and Ochotonidae, the pikas.

It has been known for some time that Lagomorpha is an unusual group, and there have been many guesses about its evolution. Darren Naish explains this.

## Taxonomy

- Order **Lagomorpha**
    - Family **Ochotonidae** (Pikas)
        - Genus _Ochotona_
    - Family **Leporidae** (rabbits and hares)
        - Genus _Brachylagus_
        - Genus _Bunolagus_
        - Genus _Caprolagus_
        - Genus _Lepus_
        - Genus _Nesolagus_
        - Genus _Oryctolagus_ (includes the domestic rabbit)
        - Genus _Pentalagus_
        - Genus _Poelagus_
        - Genus _Pronolagus_
        - Genus _Romerolagus_
        - Genus _Sylvilagus_
Lupus

**Lupus**, or **Lupus erythematosus**, is a disease of the immune system. It is chronic, which means it does not go away. It is an autoimmune disease, where the person's immune system attacks their own body.

The immune system is partly made up of white blood cells in your body that fight off disease. In lupus, these white blood cells think that the healthy cells of the body around them are diseased, so they end up attacking healthy parts of the body. Lupus can be deadly. It causes swelling and tissue damage, and can attack any part of the body. It most commonly affects the heart, joints, skin, lungs, blood vessels, kidneys and the brain/nervous system. Some symptoms include: fatigue, fever with no cause, hair loss, mouth sores, sensitivity to sunlight, a skin disease, and Raynaud's syndrome. There is treatment for lupus, called immunosuppression, which is medicine that stops the white blood cells from damaging healthy cells for a while. After a while, this medicine wears off, and then the white blood cells go back to hurting healthy parts of the body again. For the disease of lupus, there is no cure that stops the white blood cells from attacking healthy parts of the body forever, but doctors are not giving up on finding a cure.

Lupus takes its name from the Latin word "lupus", meaning wolf. This is because a lupus-caused rash on a person's face makes the person's face look like the face of a wolf. In the United States alone, there may be 270,000 to 1.5 million (1,500,000) people with lupus. Worldwide, it is estimated (not known for sure, but a good guess) that over 5 million (5,000,000) people are living with lupus. The disease mainly affects young women, but men can be affected as well.

## Famous people with lupus

- Disney Star Selena Gomez was diagnosed with lupus in 2013.
- The pop singer Michael Jackson was diagnosed with systemic lupus in 1986.
- Toni Braxton has systemic lupus.
- British singer-songwriter Seal has had scarring on his face due to lupus since the age of 23.

## Infobox (_disease)

- **name**: Lupus erythematosus
- **icd10**: ,
- **diseasesdb**: 12782
- **omim**: 152700
- **medlineplus**: 000435
- **emedicinesubj**: med
- **emedicinetopic**: 2228
- **meshid**: D008180
Dark matter

**Dark matter** is a type of matter thought to be responsible for much of the mass in the universe.

The idea arose when astronomers found that the mass of large astronomical objects, figured out  from their gravitational effects, was much greater than the mass figured out from the "luminous matter" they contain: stars, gas, and dust.

Dark matter was first proposed by Jan Oort in 1932 as a reason for the spinning speeds of stars in the Milky Way. Fritz Zwicky in 1933 used dark matter to explain "missing mass" in the spinning speeds of galaxies in clusters. Later, many other observations have suggested that there is dark matter in the universe. The spinning speeds of galaxies, gravitational lensing of background objects, the temperature distribution of hot gas in galaxies and clusters of galaxies: these are some of the examples that make scientists believe in dark matter.

According to the Planck mission team, and based on the standard model of cosmology, the total mass–energy of the known universe contains 4.9% ordinary matter, 26.8% dark matter and 68.3% dark energy. So, dark matter is estimated to make up 84.5%  of the total matter in the universe, while dark energy plus dark matter make up 95.1% of the total "stuff" in the universe.

Because dark matter does not seem to give off or reflect light, x-rays, or any other radiation, the instruments that are used to find normal matter (like hot gas, stars, planets, and us) can't find dark matter. It seems that dark matter is not made of the same thing as the matter we see every day on Earth. The only way we can tell if dark matter is there, is by how it affects things we can "see" by gravity.

In 2006, a group of scientists claimed that they had found a way to find dark matter. Since dark matter is supposedly very different from normal matter, it is expected to act differently. The scientists observed two far-away galaxy clusters that had crashed into each other at high speed: normal matter would have been scattered nearby after the collision, while dark matter would not. By measuring gravity, they were able to detect what looked like two clouds of dark matter, with a cloud of normal matter (hot gas) in between them.

## Related pages

- Dark energy
- Expansion of the Universe
- Nature timeline
Sanja Stijačić

**Sanja Stijačić** (born 14 November 1965) is a Serbian flutist. She is also a professor at the Faculty of Arts (Priština), University of Priština in Kosovska Mitrovica, Serbia and at the University of East Sarajevo, Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Comb

A **comb** is a tool used to care for hair or other fibers. It has small pieces sticking out of a main frame; these are called "teeth." A comb is usually flat.

Humans have been using combs as a tool for a long time, at least for 5,000 years. Combs are used by humans to separate tangled hairs, to keep their hair clean and to style their hair. They are also used as a decoration for hair.

Combs are used in the making of thread from fibers like wool or cotton. Combing makes all the fibres point the same way so a thread can be spun.

## History

The first use of the comb was about 5,000 years ago. Different kinds of comb have been found throughout history by archaeologists. The ancient Egyptians carved out combs. In ancient China, combs were worn as hair decorations and accessories. Over time, combs have become into tools for taking care of hair. Today, there are hundreds of different kinds of combs.

## Use

Combs can be used to fix stray hairs and untangle wet hair. Another common use for the comb is to make hair be put in one position before tying it up. Combs may also be used to part hair for coloring, conditioning and braiding. Combs can also be worn as accessories that hold hair up in a special style.
Journey (band)

**Journey** is an American rock band from San Francisco, formed in 1973. They are known for their hit songs like "Don't Stop Believin", "Anyway You Want It", "Open Arms", "Lovin', Touchin', Squeezin' " and "Faithfully". Some of the members used to be members of the band Santana. The band has sold 75 million albums and were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2017.

## Discography

- Studio albums
- _Journey_ (1975)
- _Look into the Future_ (1976)
- _Next_ (1977)
- _Infinity_ (1978)
- _Evolution_ (1979)
- _Departure_ (1980)
- _Escape_ (1981)
- _Frontiers_ (1983)
- _Raised on Radio_ (1986)
- _Trial by Fire_ (1996)
- _Arrival_ (2001)
- _Generations_ (2005)
- _Revelation_ (2008)
- _Eclipse_ (2011)
- _Freedom_ (2022)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Journey
- **image**: Journey publicity photo 2013.jpg
- **caption**: Journey in 2013
- **image size**: 220
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: San Francisco, California, U.S.
- **genre**: Hard rock, pop rock, soft rock, progressive rock (early), jazz fusion (early)
- **years active**: 1973 – 1987; 1995 – present
- **current members**: Neal Schon

Ross Valory

Steve Smith

Jonathan Cain

Arnel Pineda
- **past members**: Steve Perry
Gregg Rolie
George Tickner
Aynsley Dunbar
Robert Fleischman
Deen Castronovo
Randy Jackson
Steve Augeri
Jeff Scott Soto
Bruno Brun

**Bruno Brun** (born ) was a Yugoslavian clarinet player and professor at the Music Academy in Belgrade.

He graduated from the Belgrade Music Academy in 1945 and continued his education in Paris. He played as a soloist in Yugoslavia and other countries. He was one of the founders of the "Association of Musical Artists of Serbia".

His most famous students are Milenko Stefanovic, Mihailo Zivanovic, Ernest Ackun, Ante Grgin and Nikola Srdic.

## References

- Blagojevic, Andrija."Bruno Brun () - Founder of the Yugoslav clarinet school."  , Vol. 41/3 (), pp. 46-51.
- Blagojević, Andrija. "The Performance Career of Bruno Brun."  _The Clarinet_, Vol. 47/3 (), pp. 34–37.
Rheinstetten

**Rheinstetten** is a city in the south-west of Germany, in the state of Baden-Württemberg. It has about 20,000 inhabitants.

## Infobox (german location)

- **art**: Stadt
- **wappen**: Wappen Rheinstetten.svg
- **bundesland**: Baden-Württemberg
- **regierungsbezirk**: Karlsruhe
- **landkreis**: Karlsruhe
- **höhe**: 114
- **fläche**: 32.31
- **einwohner**: 20406
- **stand**: 2005-12-31
- **plz**: 76276–76287
- **vorwahl**: 07242 und 0721
- **kfz**: KA
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 08 2 15 108
- **gliederung**: 3 districts
- **bürgermeister**: Gerhard Dietz
- **bürgermeistertitel**: Oberbürgermeister
- **partei**: SPD
University of Priština (North Mitrovica), Faculty of Arts

The **Faculty of Arts** of Priština (Serbian: Факултет уметности у Приштини or Fakultet umetnosti u Prištini) is the faculty of arts of the University of Priština in Kosovo, Serbia.

## History

The **Faculty of Arts** of Pristina was founded in 1973 as the Academy of Arts, and got its present name in 1986. Because of Albanian terrorist attacks it was moved in 1999. It first moved to Varvarin and later to Zvečan, where it is now. It is part of the University of Priština temporarily relocated in Kosovska Mitrovica.

## Divisions

- Art
- Music
- Theatre

### Acting

- Bachelor of Arts
- Master of Arts

### Music

- Bachelor of Music
- Master of Music

### Visual arts

- Bachelor of Arts
- Master of Arts

## Notable teachers

- Jasmina Novokmet
- Milenko Stefanovic
- Sanja Stijacic

## Other websites

- Official website
- Infostud
- Ministry of Education of Republic of Serbia
Jasmina Novokmet

**Jasmina Novokmet** (born 8 September 1969 in Pristina, Yugoslavia) is a Serbian conductor, professor of conducting and former associate dean at the Faculty of Arts of Priština.  She is a former student of Jovan Šajnović.
Catapult

A **catapult** is a type of machine used as a weapon to throw rocks, large arrows, or other things such as hot tar, that would cause damage to something else.  Often, catapults were set on higher ground or on castle towers to let them shoot farther.  They shot rocks to break castle walls, or pitch or hot tar to set the target on fire.

Catapults use weights and levers to send the rocks or other things into the air. They do not throw as far as modern weapons do, and are not useful in modern warfare.  Catapults were common in the past, especially the Middle Ages.

Nowadays catapults are used to study old weapons, and as experiments (for example in physics or engineering classes). Some old ones are kept in museums.

Aircraft carriers use much more powerful steam catapults to throw airplanes into the air.

## Other websites

- How does a catapult work  - A thorough explanation of different types of catapults with images.
- Animated Catapults Animations of a Roman mangonel and onager and a medieval trebuchet
1552

**1552** (MDLII) was a leap year starting on Friday in the Julian calendar.

## Births

- February 1 – Edward Coke, English business person (d. 1634)
- February 8 – Agrippa d'Aubigné, French poet and soldier (d. 1630)
- February 19 – Melchior Klesl, Austrian statesman and cardinal (d. 1630)
- February 28 – Joost Bürgi, Swiss clockmaker and mathematician (d. 1632)
- June 18 – Gabriello Chiabrera, Italian poet (d. 1637)
- July 18 – Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1612)
- August 24 – Lavinia Fontana, Italian painter (d. 1614)
- September 22 – Tsar Vasili IV of Russia (d. 1612)
- October 6 – Matteo Ricci, Italian Jesuit missionary to China (d. 1610)
- December 29 – Henri I de Bourbon, prince de Condé (d. 1588)
- December 30 – Simon Forman, English occultist and astrologer (d. 1611)
- _date unknown_
    - Hans von Aachen, German mannerist painter (d. 1615)
    - Thomas Aufield, English martyr (d. 1585)
    - Jean Bertaut, French poet (d. 1611)
    - Miguel de Benavides, Spanish clergyman (d. 1605)
    - Richard Hakluyt, English writer, editor and translator (b. c. 1552 or 1553; d. 1616)
    - Philemon Holland, English translator (d. 1637)
    - Francisco Goméz de Sandoval y Rojas, Duke of Lerma, Spanish politician (d. 1625)
    - Dom Justo Takayama, Japanese daimyo (d. 1615)
    - Jean Hotman, Marquis de Villers-St-Paul, French diplomat (d. 1636)
    - Jack Ward, English pirate (d. 1622)

## Deaths

- January 10 – Johann Cochlaeus, German humanist (b. 1479)
- January 22 – Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset, English politician (b. 1509)
- February 26 – Heinrich Faber, German composer (b. 1500)
- April 18 – John Leland, English historian (b. 1502)
- May 26 – Sebastian Münster, German map maker (b. 1488)
- June 10 – Alexander Barclay, British poet (b. 1476)
- July 9 – György Szondy Hungarian soldier
- August 15 – Hermann of Wied, German Catholic archbishop (b. 1477)
- October 14 – Oswald Myconius, Swiss Protestant reformer (b. 1488)
- October 17 – Andreas Osiander, German Protestant theologian (b. 1498)
- December 2 – Francis Xavier, Spanish Jesuit missionary (b. 1506)
- December 20 – Katharina von Bora, wife of Martin Luther (b. 1499)
1562

**1562** (MDLXII) was a common year starting on Thursday in the Julian calendar and a common year starting on Monday in the proleptic Gregorian calendar.

## Events

- May 1 – Jean Ribault, French navigator, lands in Florida.
- September 22 – Maximilian becomes King of Bohemia.
- October – John Hawkins starts the English slave trade. He ships slaves from Sierra Leone to Hispaniola in the Caribbean.
- November 20 – Maximilian of Bohemia is elected King of the Romans.
- The Mughal Emperor Akbar conquers Malwa.

## Births

- January 13 – Mark Alexander Boyd, Scottish poet and soldier of fortune
- January 20 – Ottavio Rinuccini, Italian composer
- Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck, Dutch composer
- May 6 – Pietro Bernini, Italian sculptor
- July 25 – Katō Kiyomasa, Japanese samurai
- November 25 – Lope de Vega, Spanish poet and dramatist
- Isabella Andreini, Italian actress
- John Bull, English composer
- Henry Constable, English poet
- Maeda Toshinaga, Japanese nobleman
- Cornelis van Haarlem, Dutch painter

## Deaths

- January – Ilie II Rareş, Prince of Moldavia
- January 9 – Amago Haruhisa, Japanese samurai and warlord
- October 9 – Gabriele Falloppio, Italian anatomist
- October 13 – Claudin de Sermisy, French composer
- November 17 – Antoine de Bourbon, father of Henry IV of France
- December 6 – Jan van Scorel, Dutch painter
- December 7 – Adrian Willaert, Flemish composer
- Matteo Bandello, Italian novelist
- Nicholas Grimald, English poet and theologian
1563

**1563** (MDLXIII) was a common year starting on Friday in the Julian calendar and a common year starting on Tuesday in the proleptic Gregorian calendar.

## Births

- January – Leonhard Hutter, German Lutheran theologian (d. 1616)
- January 30 – Franciscus Gomarus, Dutch theologian (d. 1641)
- March 5 – John Coke, English politician (d. 1644)
- April 15 – Guru Arjan Dev, fifth Sikh leader (A. 1606)
- June 1 – Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury, English statesman and spymaster (d. 1612)
- September 4 – Wanli Emperor of China (d. 1620)
- October 14 – Jodocus Hondius, Flemish artist (d. 1633)
- November 8 – Henry I, Duke of Lorraine (d. 1624)
- November 19 – Robert Sidney, 1st Earl of Leicester, English statesman (d. 1626)
- December 19 – Lord William Howard (d. 1640)
- _date unknown_
    - Yi Su-gwang, Korean scholar (d. 1628)
    - Charles Blount, 1st Earl of Devonshire (d. 1606)
    - John Dowland, English composer (d. 1626)
    - Michael Drayton, English poet (d. 1631)
    - Scipione Gentili, Italian legal scholar (d. 1616)
    - Anna Guarini, Italian virtuoso singer (d. 1598)
    - Hosokawa Gracia, Japanese noblewoman (d. 1600)
    - Marcin Kazanowski, Polish nobleman (d. 1636)
    - Zygmunt Kazanowski, Polish nobleman (d. 1634)
    - Robert Naunton, English politician and writer (d. 1635)
    - Joshua Sylvester, English poet (d. 1618)
    - Jean Titelouze, French organist and composer (d.1633)

## Deaths

- February 1 – Emperor Menas of Ethiopia (b. 1559)
- February 24 – Francis, Duke of Guise, French soldier and politician (b. 1519)
- March 24 – Hosokawa Harumoto, Japanese military leader (b. 1514)
- March 28 – Heinrich Glarean, Swiss music theorist (b. 1488)
- May 21 – Martynas Mažvydas, writer of the first printed book in Lithuanian (b. 1510)
- ?June – Elizabeth Seymour, Marchioness of Winchester, English noblewoman (b. 1513)
- June 6 – Ikeda Nagamasa, Japanese military commander (b. 1519)
- June 9 – William Paget, 1st Baron Paget, English statesman (b. 1506)
- August 11 – Bartolomé de Escobedo, Spanish composer (b. 1500)
- August 18 – Étienne de La Boétie, French judge and writer (b. 1530)
- September 17 – Henry Manners, 2nd Earl of Rutland, English soldier (b. 1526)
- November – Ioan Iacob Heraclid, ruler of Moldavia (b. 1511)
- December 29 – Sebastian Castello, French theologian (b. 1515)
- _date unknown_ – Odet de Selve, French diplomat (b. c. 1504)
Minuet

A **minuet** is a dance which was popular in the 18th and 19th centuries in France.  It was danced by the aristocracy, especially at the court of King Louis XIV.

Sometimes the French spelling **menuet** is used, or the Italian **minuetto**.  It was a moderate or slow dance.  There were always three beats in a bar (3/4 time).

Composers liked the music of the minuet and often wrote them just as pieces of music for a keyboard or other instruments.  Composers like Bach and Handel included them in their suites (collection of dance movements).  Lully started to put them in his operas, often in pairs: Minuet I, Minuet II, then Minuet I repeated.  Often the second minuet would be played by three instruments, so it was called a **trio**.

In the Classical music period the minuet and trio were used in symphonies and sonatas. They usually formed the third movement of a four movement work. Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven all wrote minuets and trios.  Gradually the minuets became faster so that they were called scherzos.  By the 19th century the waltz had become fashionable among the new middle class.  The polite minuet went out of fashion.
Scherzo

A **Scherzo** is a piece of music which is quite fast. In the 19th century Romantic composers started to write scherzos in their symphonies and sonatas instead of the traditional minuets. They are similar to a minuet, always with three beats in a bar, but they are faster and less “polite”. Some composers like Chopin and Brahms wrote scherzos as separate pieces for the piano.
1592

## Events

- April 13 – The Siege of Busan begins.
- April 24 – Battle of Sangju: The Koreans lose against the Japanese.

## Deaths

- February – Thomas Cavendish, English sailor and explorer
- February 13 – Jacopo Bassano, Italian painter
- September 3 – Robert Greene, English writer

## Births

- March 28 – John Amos Comenius, Czech teacher and writer
1599

## Events

- January 8 – The Jesuit educational plan known as the _Ratio Studiorum_ is issued.
- June 20 – The Synod of Diamper is convened.
- August 15 – First Battle of Curlew Pass: Irish forces defeat the English.
- September 21 – The first reported performance of Shakespeare's _Julius Caesar_ at the Globe Theatre in London, is recorded by Swiss traveller Thomas Platter the Younger.
- * October 18 – Battle of Sellenberk: Michael the Brave, Prince of Wallachia, defeats the army of Andrew Báthory near Șelimbăr, leading to the first recorded uniting of the Romanians.
1612

**1612** (MDCXII) was a leap year starting on Sunday in the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Wednesday in the Julian calendar.

## Events

- Sasaki Kojiro, a famous swordsmen instructor and general, under Tokugawa Ieyasu, was slain in a duel against legendary swordsman, Miyamoto Musashi at Hesagigawa.
Griffin

The **griffin** (also called gryphon, gryphen, griffon, griffen, and gryphin), is a legendary creature. It has the head, front legs, and wings of an eagle. The rest of the body looks like a part of a lion.

In the past, the griffin was a symbol of strength and dexterity. It often looked after a treasure.

The griffin was first seen in art 3000 B.C., as seen on cylinder seals from Mesopotamia.