juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Ghana Empire

- _Do not confuse this with the modern country Ghana._

The **Ghana Empire** was in what is now southeastern Mauritania, Western Mali, and Eastern Senegal.  It is also sometimes called the **Wagadu Empire**.  It started in around 100 CE and ended in mid-1000 CE.
They had two sides; Muslim and Non-muslim what divided them was a 6 miles of informal market villages (street).
Ghana sat on top of a gold mine trade routes and was a very wealthy empire of it's 900 years of development . Its capital was Koumbi Saleh. Surrounded Modern Northern Senegal. Southern Mauritania and south west Mali. Trade an taxation with neighboring nomads, city-states, chiefdoms in gold and salt eventually collapsed with north african imperial competition an change sahel climate. Leading to the Ghana Empire fracturing then occupation by opportunistic kafu(vassals city-states/town/villages) like the Zosso an ultimately absorption into the rising Mali Empire once they militarily upheaved the Zosso in Battle of Kirina 1235 AD.

Ghana empire most noteable dynastic figure was named Dinga Cisse but there are several ruler named Dinga aswell as Cisse. So the Malian historians particularly of Soninke descent  differentiate the dynastic Dinga an Cisse from the mythological Soninke founder of the Ghana Empire, by referring to said original  founder as Dinga Cisse "Ancient"  thought to traveled from the north east of the river Niger in the 6th through 3rd centuries B.C. but that up for further debate.
Mali Empire

The Mali was a West African country from 1235 to 1645. The Mandinka people lived there they still are in some parts of Africa today. It is also called the **Manding Empire** or **Manden Kurufa**. Sundiata Keita started the empire and the empire became famous because its rulers were very rich, especially Mansa Musa I. The Mali Empire had many important cultural effects on West Africa, spreading language, laws and customs along the Niger River. This was because of the spread of Islam by verbal wording.

For such a prolific empire, there are few written accounts of its greatness. Most of the written accounts that do exist came from Arab scholars who traveled through the region. Instead of written accounts, most of the stories from the locals were passed down through oral histories, songs and poems. Until this day, ‘griots’ still tell stories of the ancient history in the area. Architects in the Mali Empire combined styles of the Sahel region and Middle East together, particularly after Emperor Musa's pilgrimage to Mecca. There were several royal palaces built during the time, many of which are still standing. Mud bricks, log beams and plaster helped these palaces to remain standing. The most famous work of architecture from the time period is the Great Mosque of Djenné, now a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The mosque was rebuilt in 1907 and can still be visited in Djenné. However, if you aren't a Muslim, you can't go inside.

The Mali Empire had one of the richest leaders in history. The richest and most famous of all the leaders of the Mali Empire was Mansa Musa. It is thought by some that Mansa Musa could have been the wealthiest person in history. According to stories, he took 60,000 people on a pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324 along with camels loaded down with gold.
Islam was very important to the Mali Empire. Most of the kings of the Mali Empire eventually converted to Islam, with their people subsequently practicing as well. However, unlike many empires, they didn't make their subjects convert, and the version of Islam that they practiced was combined with the local traditions of the villages. You can still see many relics in cities like Bamako, Djenné and Timbuktu.

The Mali Empire's most important industry was gold. People in the ancient world were drawn to it. The Mali Empire (Timbuktu in particular) was a huge trading center for the gold industry. Camel caravans would come to the area before leaving across the trans-Saharan trade routes. The empire had so much gold that it caused the market to crash for a period of time when Mansa Musa brought almost a ton of gold to Cairo. The army of the Mali Empire was massive.
During the height of the Mali Empire, the army numbered around 100,000 men and 10,000 cavalry, making it one of the largest in the world at the time. The empire used this army to gain new lands. Mansa Musa was the richest person in the world.
Timbuktu

**Timbuktu** is a city in Tombouctou Region, Mali. Sankore University and other madrasas are in the city. The city was important for thinking and for religion in the 15th and 16th centuries.  It was important in spreading Islam through Africa at that time. There are three great mosques: Djingareyber, Sankore and Sidi Yahya. They are reminders of Timbuktu's golden age. They are always being fixed, but are threatened because the desert is spreading.

Songhay, Tuareg, Fulani, and Mandé people live in Timbuktu. It is about 15 km north of the Niger River. There is a route across the Sahara Desert from east to west and this is used for trade. There is another from north to south. These two routes meet in Timbuktu. It is an _entrepôt_ for rock salt from Taoudenni. This means that the salt is brought here and sold to other people to take it somewhere else, but no tax is charged.

Its location helped different people meet, so local people, Berbers and Arabs met here. It has a long history of mixed African trade, so it became famous in Europe for this reason. Therefore, western people often thought of Timbuktu as being exotic. It has a hot desert climate (_BWh_ in the Koeppen climate classification).

Timbuktu has given a lot of research and study to Islam and to the world. Important books were written and copied in Timbuktu in the 14th century. This made the city become the center of writing in Africa.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Timbuktu
- **image skyline**: Djingareiber cour.jpg
- **image caption**: Djingareiber Mosque, Timbuktu
- **pushpin map**: Mali
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Regions of Mali, Region
- **subdivision name1**: Tombouctou Region
- **subdivision type2**: Cercle
- **subdivision name2**: Timbuktu Cercle
Jeanne Demessieux

**Jeanne Demessieux** (born Montpellier, France, 13 February 1921; died Paris, 11 November 1968), was a French organist and composer.

## Early years

She started to learn the piano when she was very young, before taking up the organ.  Her family moved to Paris so that she could continue to have music lessons there.  She became an organ student at the Conservatoire in 1933.  In the same year she got a job as organist of the St. Esprit church in Paris.  She had this job for 29 years.

Between 1936 and 1939, she studied organ privately with the great Marcel Dupré, and in 1939 she joined his organ class at the Conservatoire. After receiving a first prize in organ performance and improvisation in 1941, she studied five more years with Dupré in Meudon, before she played her first recital at Salle Pleyel in Paris in 1946. This was the beginning of her career as an international recitalist. She played more than 700 concerts in Europe and the United States.

## Works

Gifted with an amazing musical memory, she could play more than 2,500 pieces from memory, including all the organ works of Johann Sebastian Bach, César Franck, Franz Liszt, Felix Mendelssohn-Bartholdy and Dupré.

She was also a remarkable improviser.  When she gave her first solo concert in Paris at Salle Pleyel in 1946, she was given four musical themes and improvised a symphony in four movements.

A teacher of the organ at Nancy and Brussels, she made several LP recordings, of which those of music by Franck are probably the best known. She had plans to record all the organ works of Olivier Messiaen. However, she died relatively young, at age 47, of cancer, before she was able to finish this task.

She wrote many compositions, especially for the organ.  These include: _Nativité_, _Six Études_, _Sept Méditations sur le Saint-Esprit_, _Triptyque_, _Twelve Choral-Preludes on Gregorian Chant Themes_, _Te Deum_, _Répons pour les Temps Liturgiques_, and _Prélude et fugue en UT_.
House mouse

**House mouse** (_Mus musculus_) is the common mouse. It is one of the species of the genus _Mus_. Often, it is just called a  mouse. It is a small rodent.

In most parts of the world, they live close to humans. Laboratory mice are types of house mice and are some of the most important organisms used for research in biology and medicine. They are the most commonly used laboratory mammal for experiments.

## Description

They are quite small, but are not the smallest mammals. House mice have an adult body length (nose to base of tail) of 7.5–10 cm (3.0–3.9 in) and a tail length of 5–10 cm (2.0–3.9 in). The weight is typically 10–25 g (0.4–0.9 oz). Usually, house mice are dark beige. Selected strains of mice can be got in other colours.

It is a small, scaly-tailed mouse with a distinct notch in the cutting surface of upper incisors (seen best in side view). Its hair short; ears moderately large and naked.

## Physiology

The main problem of small mammals is their high surface to weight ratio: they have a big surface area for such a small mass. Since heat is radiated from the surface, they have adaptations to help them keep their temperature up to normal. They need to eat frequently, and live in areas where they are protected from the coldest weather. Easy access to high-quality vegetable food (such as grains) and a protected habitat helps them survive and multiply. That is why they are fond of human settlements.

## Life cycle

Their life-span in the wild averages about a year. They are eaten by a variety of small carnivores, but they reproduce rapidly, so that keeps the numbers up.  Females have 314 babies in a litter, and can have 5 to 10 litters a year. In good conditions, the mouse population rises quickly.

## Habitat

Although not native to North America, the house mouse was introduced accidentally to seaport towns. It is now widespread throughout the United States. It occurs either as a commensal or feral animal in practically all parts of the U.S.

As commensal animals, house mice live in close association with man – in houses, outbuildings, stores, and other structures. Where conditions permit, feral mice may be found in fields, along watercourses, and in other places where vegetation is dense enough to hide them.
MiG Alley

**MiG Alley** was a place during the Korean War that had a lot of North Korean MiG-15 Fagots in the area. It was over north west North Korea, near China. F-86 Sabres mainly fought the MiGs. Some of the pilots were Russian fighter pilots from World War II and were very well trained. They were called "honchos" (Japanese for "big shot"). The top kills were scored by Soviet aces, so it was said that the Soviets won.

## Related pages

- Mikoyan
Argument of periapsis

In astronomy, the **argument of periapsis** (ω) is a way of talking about the orbit of a planet, asteroid or comet. It is also known as the **argument of perihelion** or the **argument of perifocus**. It is the angle (starting from the center of the orbit) between an orbiting body's periapsis and its ascending node. Periapsis is the point when the orbiting object comes the closest to the thing it is orbiting around; for example, the moon is at periapsis when it is closest to the Earth. The ascending node is one of two places where an orbiting object passes through the reference plane, an imaginary flat surface which runs through the object being orbited around. The size of the angle depends on which way the object is orbiting.

The angle is measured in the orbital plane and in the direction of motion. For specific types of orbits, words such as "perihelion or perigee" (for Sun-centered orbits), "perigee" (for Earth-centered orbits), "pericenter" (general), etc. may replace the word "periapsis".

An argument of periapsis of 0° means that the orbiting body will be at its closest approach to the central body at the same moment that it crosses the plane of reference from south to north. An argument of periapsis of 90° means that the orbiting body will reach periapsis at its northmost distance from the plane of reference.

### Argument of Periapsis and Longitude of Ascending Node of Planets

|Planet|Argument of periapsis (ω) in degrees|Longitude of Ascending node (☊) in degrees|
| --- | --- | --- |
|Mercury|29.022|48.378|
|Venus|54.780|76.785|
|Earth|85.901|18.272|
|Mars|286.231|49.667|
|Jupiter|273.442|100.398|
|Saturn|336.178|113.759|
|Uranus|98.862|73.967|
|Neptune|256.932|131.823|

### Argument of Periapsis and Longitude of Ascending Node of Dwarf Planets

|Dwarf Planet|Argument of Periapsis (ω) in Degrees|Longitude of Ascending Node (☊) in Degrees|
| --- | --- | --- |
|Ceres|73.1 :3|80.7|
|Pluto|113.175|110.088|
|Haumea|238.779|122.1628|
|Makemake|294.835|79.6194|
|Eris|151.643|35.95086|

## References

1. Willman, Alexander J. “Sol Planetary System Data.” _Princeton University_, The Trustees of Princeton University, 1996, https://www.princeton.edu/~willman/planetary_systems/Sol/.
Longitude of the ascending node

The **longitude of the ascending node** (☊ or Ω) is one of the orbital elements used to specify the orbit of an object in space.  It is the angle from a reference direction, called the _origin of longitude_, to the direction of the ascending node, measured in a reference plane.
Mean anomaly

In the study of orbital dynamics the **mean anomaly** of an orbiting body is the angle the body would have travelled about the center of the orbit's auxiliary circle.  Unlike other measures of anomaly, the mean anomaly grows linearly with time.  Because of the linear growth with time, the mean anomaly makes calculating the time of flight between two points on the orbit very easy. The mean anomalies for the two points are calculated and their difference is found.  Knowing this, the ratio of this difference relative to the entire  encompassing one orbit is simply equal to ratio of the time of flight to the orbital period of one whole orbit (i.e. ).
Orbital period

The **orbital period** is the time taken for a given object to make one complete orbit around another object. The year and month are orbital periods.

When mentioned without further qualification in astronomy this refers to the **sidereal period** of an astronomical object, which is calculated with respect to the stars. Other periods include the synodic period, which is the interval between conjunctions.
Orbital speed

The **orbital speed** of a body, usually a planet, a natural satellite, an artificial satellite, or a multiple star, is the speed at which it orbits around the barycenter of a system, usually around a more massive body. It can be used to refer to either the mean orbital speed, the average speed as it completes an orbit, or instantaneous orbital speed, the speed at a particular point in its orbit.

The orbital speed at any position in the orbit can be computed from the distance to the central body at that position, and the specific orbital energy, which is independent of position: it equals the kinetic energy plus the potential energy, divided by the mass. It is also given by Kepler's Second Law.
101

_101 (number)_

Year **101** was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar.

## Births

- Ptolemy

## Deaths

- John the Apostle
Continental drift

**Continental drift** is a historical, scientific theory. The theory was first proposed by Abraham Ortelius in 1596. It was fully developed by the German geologist and meteorologist Alfred Wegener in 1915.

The theory said that parts of the Earth's crust move slowly on top of a liquid mantle of higher density. The theory has now been included in the wider theory of plate tectonics.

## Evidence

The theory was supported by finding the same mineral<nowiki/>s and fossils in western Europe and eastern North America.  There are also similar fossils on the western coast of Africa and the eastern South America. The shapes of these continents nearly fit together. The theory was plausible (believable), but there was no known mechanism to drive these great movements. This problem was later solved by plate tectonics.

The pattern of volcanic activity, mountain building (orogeny) and earthquakes is explained by continental drift. The existence of identical rocks widely apart supports the theory.

Examples (there are hundreds):
1. Fossils of the fern _Glossopteris_ are found in rocks from Australia, South America, Antarctica, India, Africa and Madagascar. These were all together in the supercontinent Gondwana, after the global continent Pangaea broke up.
1. Table Mountain at the Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, and mountains south of Rio de Janeiro are made of identical rocks. This corresponds to the fit of Africa with South America in Pangaea.
1. The Giant's Causeway in Northern Ireland, and Fingal's Cave on Staffa, Inner Hebrides, Scotland is the same rock formation.

## Mechanism

The basic machine driving continental movement is heat moving from the Earth's mantle through the crust and out of the planet. The effect of this is to cause convection, and plate movement.

Two events in particular are of huge importance:
1. The production of new crust at places such as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
1. The removal of crust by subduction (moving under) at the points where plates collide.
Porcupine

A **porcupine** is a rodent with a coat of sharp spines, or quill<nowiki/>s, that defend them from predators. The porcupine is the third biggest rodent, after the capybara, and beaver. They are not to be confused with hedgehogs. Most porcupines are about 60–90 cm long, with a 20–25 cm long tail. Weighing between 12-35 pounds (5–16 kg), they are round<nowiki/>ed, large and slow. Porcupines come in various shades of brown, grey, and the unusual white. The name "porcupine" comes from Middle French _porc d'épine_ "thorny pork", hence the nickname "quill pig" for the animal. The correct term for a **baby** porcupine is a porcupette. A porcupette has soft quills made of hardened hair. This protects the mother from injury as she gives birth.

The animal's quills or spines take on many forms, depending on the type, but all are hairs coated with thick plates of keratin, and they are in the skin musculature. Old World porcupines (Hystricidae) have quills in clusters. New World porcupines (Erethizontidae) have single quills mixed with bristles, underfur, and hair.

Porcupine quills are as sharp as needles, can be removed very easily, and will stay stuck in an attacker. Unlike needles, however, the quills of New World porcupines have small, backwards-facing barbs on the tip that catch on the skin making them hard and painful to pull out. Quills are about 75 mm long and 2 mm wide. If a quill gets in the tissues of an attacker, the barbs act to pull the quill farther into the tissues with the normal muscle movements of the attacker, moving up to many millimeters in a day. Animals who try to eat porcupines can die because of quill penetration and infection. Quills can still penetrate animals and humans even after death. The ancient belief that porcupines can throw their quills at an enemy has long been proved to be incorrect.

Porcupines can live in a wide range of places in tropical and mild parts of Asia, Italy, Africa, and North and South America. Porcupines live in forests, deserts and grasslands. Some live in trees, others stay on the ground.

Porcupines in search of salt sometimes live in human places, eating plywood cured with sodium nitrate, certain paints, and tool handles, footwear, clothes and other items that have been coated in salty sweat. Porcupines like going near roads in areas where rock salt is used to melt ice and snow. They are known to gnaw on vehicle tires or wiring coated in road salt. Salt licks placed nearby can stop porcupine damage.

Natural sources of salt used by porcupines include salt-rich plants (such as yellow water lily and aquatic liverwort), fresh animal bones, outer tree bark and mud in salt-rich soils.
The Silvia Night Show

***The Silvia Night Show*** is a 2007 Icelandic television series following the controversial fictional character Silvia Night. It is the English version that was made to promote her participation in the Eurovision Song Contest.

The show followed Silvia Night during her appearance in Eurovision Song Contest 2006, and her tantrums after she realised she did not qualify for the final.

Silvia also received a lot of attention from media when she, on the premiere day of her own television program, protested against it on the streets of Reykjavík saying that "the show is total junk". The show will be available on DVD sometime soon.

_The Silvia Night Show_ started airing in Sweden on the channel TV400 on October 10, 2007.

## Other websites

- The Silvia Night Show (episodes online)  - at Skjárinn
Jakten på Billie Jo

****** was a Swedish reality program. It was first broadcast on August 4, 2000. It was broadcast by the station TV4. The program followed three American actresses who auditioned for the role as "Billie Jo" in the Swedish soap opera _Nya tider_.

The winner was Alexandra Sapot. The winner was chosen by Swedish viewers' televotes and the production company Jarowskij.

## Contestants

- **Tanya Gingerich**  is an actress from Tarrytown, New York. She also played parts in series like _Hamlet_ and _Shame No More_.
- **Melissa Hanson** is an actress born in Honolulu,Hawaii. She also played parts in series like _Grace Under Fire_ and _Who shot Patakango?_.
- **Hope Harris** is an American actress from Virginia. She also played roles in series like _The Sullivan sisters_,_Come On, Get Happy: The Partridge Family Story_ and _Angel in Training_.
- **Alexandra Sapot** is an actress and executive assistant on series like _Entourage_, and _Now and Again_.

### About the show

- Alex  blev Billie Jo (Alex Sapot won the role as Billie Jo, Aftonbladet article, in Swedish)
Kalpa

**Kalpa** could mean:

- A word in Sanskrit, meaning "practicable, feasible, possible", and also "proper, fit, able", from a root __ "to be well ordered or regulated"
- Kalpa (Vedanga) "proper practice", "ritual", one of the six disciplines of Vedanga in Hinduism
- Kalpa (time unit) a Sanskrit word referring to a great length of time (Aeon) in Buddhist and Hindu cosmology
- Kalpa, Himachal Pradesh, a town in Himachal Pradesh, India
- KalPa, a Finnish ice hockey team

## Related pages

- Hindu units of measurement
- Kalachakra
Sri Maha Bodhi

The **Sri Maha Bodhi** is a Sacred Fig tree in Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka. The site where it's on, **Sacred City of Anuradhapura**, is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

It is said to be a tree grown from a sapling from the famous Bodhi tree where the first Buddha became enlightened. It brought down by Mihindu (Mahinda) and Sanghamitta. It was planted in 288 BC. It is the oldest living human-planted tree in the world with a known planting date.

It was planted on a high terrace about  above the ground. It is surrounded by railings to protect it. It is one of the most sacred objects of the Buddhists in Sri Lanka, and respected by Buddhists all over the world.

Its wall was built during the reign of King Kirthi Sri Rajasingha, to protect it from wild elephants which might have attacked the tree.

## History

In the 3rd century BC, the Buddha's fig tree was brought to Sri Lanka by Sangamitta, daughter of Emperor Asoka and founder of an order of Buddhist nuns, in Sri Lanka.

In 280 BC, Jaya Siri Maha Bodhi was planted in the Mahamevnāwa Park in Anuradhapura by King Devanampiya Tissa.

## Related pages

- Bodhi tree

## Other websites

- Living Heritage - Jaya Siri Maha Bodhi
Dolores Hope

**Dolores Hope** (May 27, 1909 – September 19, 2011) was an American singer. She was the widow of Bob Hope.

## Early life

Hope was born Dolores DeFina on May 27, 1909. She was of Italian and Irish ancestry. She was born and raised in New York City. She began her career in the 1930s.

## Marriage to Bob Hope

In 1933, she met Bob Hope the first time in a Manhattan nightclub. They married in 1934. The couple adopted four children: Eleanora, Anthony, Linda and Kelly.

She and her husband entertained U.S. troops from the 1940s until the 1990s. Dolores Hope did this job over the time of a half century until the 1990s. In 1990, she was the only female entertainer who was allowed to go to Saudi Arabia.

## Awards

She was often awarded for her work, for example with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame and seven honorary Doctorates. A street was named after Dolores Hope in the Bronx.

## Later life and Death

She was with her husband as he turned 100. Shortly after, and 69 years after their marriage, Bob Hope died in summer of 2003 at age 100. On May 27, 2009, Dolores Hope celebrated her 100th birthday. She died on September 19, 2011.

## Other websites

- Dolores Hope biography
- Anthony J. Hope, Bob Hope's Son, dies at 63

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: Dolores hope.jpg
- **image size**: 200px
- **caption**: Dolores Hope in 1978
- **name**: Dolores Hope
- **birth date**: May 27, 1909
- **birth place**: New York City,
New York (state), New York,
United States
- **death date**: September 19, 2011 (aged 102)
- **death place**: Toluca Lake, Los Angeles, California, United States
- **spouse**: Bob Hope
(m. 1934–2003, his death)
- **children**: Eleanora, Anthony (dead), Linda, Kelly
- **occupation**: Singer, philanthropist
Miranda

**Miranda** (late latin _Miranda_ meaning to be admired at  or "watchtower", "vantage point"). Miranda is also a family name and a female given name. It may also refer to:

## People

- Miranda Hart (born 1972), British actress and comedienne
- Miranda Krestovnikoff (born 1973), British television presenter
- Miranda Richardson (born 1958), British actress

## Literature

- Miranda (Shakespeare),  the daughter of Duke Prospero in William Shakespeare's _The Tempest_
- Miranda (novel), a novel by Antoni Lange written in 1924
- Miranda Cornielle, a character in the webcomic _User Friendly_
- Miranda Priestly, a character in the novel and movie _The Devil Wears Prada_

## Geography

- Australia
- Miranda, New South Wales, a suburb of Sydney
- Brazil
- Miranda, Mato Grosso do Sul, a town in the Mato Grosso do Sul state of Brazil named for sitting on a river of the same name
- Colombia
- Miranda, Cauca, a town in Cauca province
- Italy
- Miranda, Italy, a city in the province of Isernia
- New Zealand
- Miranda, New Zealand, historical fort and small village in the Firth of Thames, New Zealand, best known as the location of the Miranda Shorebird Centre
- Portugal
- Miranda do Corvo, town and municipality
- Miranda do Douro, a municipality
- Terra de Miranda, the historical name of a mesa in northeastern Portugal
- Spain
- Belmonte de Miranda, also called Miranda in Asturian language, a municipality in Asturias
- Miranda de Arga, town and municipality in northern Spain
- Miranda de Ebro, an industrial city in the Burgos province of Spain
- Venezuela
- Miranda (state), one of the twenty-three states of Venezuela
- United States
- Miranda, California, a census-designated place in Humboldt County, California

## In biology

- The scientific name for the yellow garden spider is _Miranda aurantia_
- _Miranda herba_ another name for the pitcher plant _Nepenthes distillatoria_

## Other uses

- Miranda (moon), a moon of Uranus
- Miranda (programming language), a functional programming language
- Miranda IM, an open source multiprotocol instant messaging application for Microsoft Windows
- Miranda Camera Company, a former Japanese camera manufacturer which ceased operations in 1976
- Miranda House, a residential college for women, forming part of Delhi University, India
- Miranda Do Douro language, see Mirandese language spoken in parts of Portugal
- Miranda railway station in Sydney, Australia
- A character from British science fiction television series Doctor Who
- _Miranda (TV series)_, British television series
Miranda (state)

**Estado Miranda** is one of the 23 states of Venezuela. The state capital is Los Teques.

Miranda State covers a total surface area of 7,950 km². It is the second largest state in population after Zulia Venezuela, approximately 3,028,965 (2011).

### Municipalities and municipal seats

Miranda state is sub-divided into 21 municipalities,. given below with their areas, populations and administrative seats:
||**Municipality**|**Area (km<sup>2</sup>)** !! **Population (Census 2001)** !! **Seat**|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1.|Acevedo|1,879|70,282|Caucagua|
|2.|Andrés Bello|114|20,119|San José de Barlovento|
|3.|Baruta|86|260,853|Nuestra Señora del Rosario de Baruta|
|4.|Brión|531|45,346|Higuerote|
|5.|Buroz|198|20,009|Mamporal|
|6.|Carrizal|32|41,103|Carrizal|
|7.|Chacao|13|64,629|Chacao|
|8.|Cristóbal Rojas|120|77,257|Charallave|
|9.|El Hatillo|81|54,225|El Hatillo|
|10.|Guaicaipuro|661|222,768|Los Teques|
|11.|Independencia|284|126,999|Santa Teresa del Tuy|
|12.|Lander|478|108,970|Ocumare del Tuy|
|13.|Los Salias|51|60,723|San Antonio de los Altos|
|14.|Páez|963|30,812|Río Chico|
|15.|Paz Castillo|408|83,976|Santa Lucía|
|16.|Pedro Gual|925|17,928|Cúpira|
|17.|Plaza|180|188,135|Guarenas|
|18.|Simón Bolívar|131|31,944|San Francisco de Yare|
|19.|Sucre|164|546,766|Petare|
|20.|Urdaneta|273|105,606|Cúa|
|21.|Zamora|378|152,422|Guatire|

#### Rivers

El principal río del estado es el río Tuy. Nace a 2.100 m de altitud y recorre de 250 km.  Otros ris del estado son: Guaire, Grande, Curiepe, Capaya, Guapo, Chupaquire, Panapo, Uchire, Chuspa and Aricagua.

#### Lagoons

In the state there are various gaps: Laguna de Tacarigua, Merecuere, Agua salud, El Conflicto y el Rosario.

### National parks

- El Ávila National Park.
- Guatopo National Park.
- Laguna de Tacarigua National Park.
- Macarao National Park.

### Natural monuments

- Cueva Alfredo Jahn.
- Pico Codazzi.
- Cuevas del Indio Park.

## Other sites of interest

- Acuario Agustín Codazzi.
- Birongo.
- El Pueblo El Jarillo.
- Higuerote.
- Playa de Carenero.
- Playa de Chirimena.
- Playas de Barlovento.
- Playas de Buche y Los Totumos.
- Puerto Francés.
- Tren El Encanto.

## Other websites

- Gobernación del Estado Miranda
- Instituto Autónomo de Bibliotecas e Información del Estado Miranda
- Estación Meteorológica de los altos mirandinos
- Information about the region of the Tuy Valley
- Notices about the region of Barlovento at Barloventoardiente.com
- Guatire.net
- Guarenas.com
Miranda (novel)

***Miranda*** is a novel written by Antoni Lange in 1924. It is the last great work of Lange  and his most famous book today. It is said that _Miranda_ is an "occultic fiction" and a "romance ranked to a philosophical treaty". The novel is also known as a mix of dystopia and utopia.
The novel was translated into English (in 1968), French, Spanish and Italian.

## Explanation of the novel's title

The novel's title refers to the character Miranda, from Shakespeare's play _The Tempest_. _Miranda_ also has been influenced by work such as: _Men Like Gods_ by Herbert George Wells; _The City of the Sun_ by Tommaso Campanella; _Lenore_ by Edgar Allan Poe,;_Genezis z Ducha_ by Juliusz Słowacki; poems by Cyprian Kamil Norwid; writings of Friedrich Nietzsche (criticism of concept of the Übermensch); Arthur Schopenhauer; Plato; and Sanskrit epics of ancient India.

## Plot summary

The novel tells about a civilization of Brahmans who have powerful skills. They can speak with their minds, and levitate (float in the air). The Brahmans in the book value freedom, peace, and free love about all. Their country is led by the Ministry of Love, Ministry of Power and Ministry of Wisdom. The Brahmans use a strange chemical named Nivridium to keep their self-perfect idea. The story is the of a Polish emigrant named Jan Podobłoczny (Lange's own _parte-parole_) falling in love with a woman named Damayanti. The book ends in a tragedy. In the last chapter of the novel, Damayanti sacrifices her body in order to let her spirit fly to a greater level of though.

Miranda is a Scottish spiritual medium, who lives in Warsaw. She can talk with the soul of Damayanti and make a woman named Lenore appear. She meets Jan Podobłoczny when he is close to his death. In the moment when Damayanti dies, Miranda disappears.
Capybara

The **capybara or Greater capybara** (_Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris_) is a semi-aquatic rodent native to South America. It weighs about a hundred pounds, and is about  tall at the shoulder. The capybara is the world's largest rodent.

Capybaras are closely related to guinea pigs and to chinchillas. When they are full-grown, they weigh about 55 kg, or 100 pounds. The capybara's stocky body is about  long, and its shoulder is about  high off the ground. Females are usually bigger and heavier than males. The top recorded weights are  for a wild female from Brazil and  for a wild male from Uruguay. Capybaras have brown or reddish-brown fur. When they are old their fur is thin, and their skin can get sunburned easily. Their eyes, ears, and nostrils are high on their heads, so they can easily be kept above water when the capybara is swimming. It is a giant cavy rodent living in South America.

## Lifestyle

Capybaras live in grassy wetlands or close to rivers in many parts of South America. They are land animals who eat grass as their main source of nutrition. They spend the hottest hours of the day in the water.   They are good swimmers and divers. Webs between their toes help them swim. They can only hold their breath underwater for about five minutes at a time. Sometimes they hide in water for much longer, with only their noses sticking out to breathe. Many predators like to eat them. They are a favorite food for jaguars, eagles, anaconda snakes, and many other animals.

Capybaras eat plants, mostly grass. Their babies are usually born in litters of four at one time. They can start to eat grass once they are about a week old, but they will also keep nursing from their mothers and even from other grown females until they are about four months old. They live in large groups, usually 10-30 capybaras together. Some groups even have 100 capybaras. They talk to each other using many sounds: clicks, grunts, whistles, and barks.

## Conservation and contact with humans

Capybaras are not endangered. Their population is stable, not increasing or decreasing very much. They can live in towns or zoos. Humans can touch them, but it is not common, as it can cause disease. Sometimes humans eat capybaras. They are hunted for meat, and sometimes they are raised on farms. Also, their tough skin is sometimes used to make high quality leather, especially for gloves. Capybaras are sometimes kept as pets. They can be kept as pets in the United States, but due to their classification as exotic animals, it is illegal to own them as pets in some states as well as Washington D.C. [see notes below]. They are also very liked in Japan, and are kept as pets there too.
Martha Jefferson

**Martha Wayles Skelton Jefferson**, born **Martha Wayles** (October 30, 1748 – September 6, 1782) was the only wife of her second husband, Thomas Jefferson.

She was a widow at her second wedding, as her first husband had died young.  When her second husband, Jefferson, was Governor of Virginia, she served as First Lady of Virginia from 1779 to 1781.

The Jeffersons had six children together. Only two daughters survived to adulthood, and only one past the age of 25. Weakened by childbirth, Martha Jefferson died several months after the birth of her last child, twenty years before her husband became the third President of the United States.  At her wishes, he never married again.

## Other websites

- Colonial Williamsburg: Interview of Martha Jefferson, YouTube
- Martha Wayles Skelton Jefferson , Monticello: For accurate, up-to-date information written and moderated by historians at Thomas Jefferson's Monticello.
- Martha Jefferson at Find-A-Grave
- "Martha Jefferson", First Lady Biography

## Infobox (first lady)

- **name**: Martha Jefferson
- **image**: Generic 18th century US female silhouette.jpg
- **image size**: 150px
- **birth place**: Charles City, Virginia, Charles City, Colony of Virginia, British America
- **death place**: Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- **order1**: First Lady of Virginia
- **term start1**: June 1, 1779
- **term end1**: June 3, 1781
- **predecessor1**: Dorothea Henry
- **successor1**: Anne Fleming
- **spouse**: Bathurst Skelton (1766–1768)
 Thomas Jefferson (1772–1782; her death)
- **children**: John (1767–1771)
Martha Jefferson Randolph, Martha (1772–1836)
Jane (1774–1775)
Peter (1777)
Mary Jefferson Eppes, Polly (1778–1804)
Lucy Elizabeth (1780–1781)
Lucy Elizabeth (1782–1784)
Great Awakening

The **Great Awakenings** were a few periods of religious revival in United States history. The term is used sometimes to refer to events like the Protestant Reformation, as well as to identify general trends within U.S. religious culture.

There are four generally accepted Great Awakenings in U.S. history:

- The First Great Awakening (1730s - 1740s)
- The Second Great Awakening (1800s - 1830s)
- The Third Great Awakening (1880s - 1900s)
- The Fourth Great Awakening (1960s - 1970s)
Lycopene

**Lycopene** is the pigment of tomato. Its chemical formula is  C<sub>40</sub>H<sub>56</sub>.

Ketchup contains high concentrations of bioavailable lycopene.

Despite good antioxidant properties its low solubility reduces its bioavailability and pharmaceutical applications. In a recent work  its solubility was improved through complex with Isolated protein-whey (IWP)
Housefly

**Housefly** is the common fly often found in houses. The Latin name for the housefly is _Musca domestica_. This species is always found near humans. It is the most common species found on hog and poultry farms, horse stables and ranches. Not only are house flies a nuisance, but they also carry disease-causing organisms. Flies are not only an irritant to farm workers but may be a public health concern. Houseflies are pests and can carry diseases.

Each female fly can lay about 9,000 eggs in its life, in several batches of about 75 to 150. The eggs are laid on or near meat, often dead animals. Within a day, larvae (maggots) hatch from the eggs; they live and feed on dead and decaying organic material, such as garbage, carrion or faeces. They are pale-whitish, and have no legs. Their life cycle is from 14 hours to 36 hours.

At the end of their third instar, the maggots crawl to a dry, cool place and turn into pupae. These are coloured reddish-brown and about 8 mm long. From the pupae emerge adult flies. The whole cycle is known as complete metamorphosis.

Adults live from two weeks to a month in the wild. After they come out from the pupae, the flies do not grow. Small flies of the same species did not get enough food when they were larvae.The function of an adult fly is to reproduce.
Landfall

**Landfall** can mean:

- Landfall, an arrival at land on a sea or air journey
- Landfall (meteorology), the time at which a storm passes over shore
- Landfall, Minnesota
- _Landfall (journal)_, a New Zealand literary journal
- _Landfall (movie)_, a 1977 New Zealand movie
- "Landfall", a track from Mike Oldfield's _Tres Lunas_ album
Chemical engineering

**Chemical engineering** is a branch of engineering dealing with chemistry that came to existence in the early 20th century. Before this time, chemical plants were designed by chemists, who were trained to work on a small scale only. A chemical engineer typically works in the design and supervision of chemical manufacturing processes. Chemical engineers may use their skills to solve problems in the production systems of food, medicine, leather, as well as in refineries.

Chemical engineering combines the jobs of a chemist and that of industrial engineer. This makes factories more efficient and chemicals much cheaper as they can be produced for less money. Optimization is a technique used for this. Chemical engineering uses physics (the science of moving objects and forces), chemistry (the science of substances), and mathematics. There are many different types of jobs for people with degrees in chemical engineering.

Some new topics in chemical engineering include:
- environmental sanitation at factories (making certain that nature is not hurt by the factories);
- developing types of energy other than those from gas or oil;
- biomedical engineering.
- hydrogen processing
House of Windsor

The **House of Windsor** is the current Royal House of the royal family and each of the other Commonwealth realms. It replaces the now-extinct British Branch of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.

## Descendants of Victoria

Queen Victoria married Prince Albert, a son of Duke Ernst I of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Therefore her descendants are members of the ducal family of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Victoria's eldest son, Edward VII and his son George V reigned as members of this house. But during World War I there was a lot of hatred of anything German. A lot of this feeling was stirred up by newspapers. People with German names were beaten up, and shops with German names had their windows broken.  Even the Royal Family were accused of supporting Germany. On 17 July 1917 George V ordered the Royal Family to give up their German titles, and change German-sounding titles and house names for English-sounding versions. Prince Louis of Battenberg became Lord Louis Mountbatten. The Duke of Teck became the Marquis of Milford Haven and the name of the royal house, and the royal surname was changed to Windsor, after the town of Windsor and Windsor Castle.

When he heard about the change of name, German Emperor William II joked that he wanted to see Shakespeare's play _The Merry Wives of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha_.

## Descendants of Queen Elizabeth II

In April 1952, Queen Elizabeth II said that her descendants will keep the name and House of Windsor.

On 8 February 1960, the Queen decided instead to keep the House and Family of Windsor, however for non-royal male line descendants, the surname _"Mountbatten-Windsor"_ was created.  Mountbatten is the surname adopted by Prince Philip before his marriage, an anglicization of his mother's family name of Battenberg.

## List of monarchs in the House of Windsor

1. King George V of the United Kingdom (died 1936)
1. King Edward VIII of the United Kingdom abdicated  (died 1972)
1. King George VI of the United Kingdom (died 1952)
1. Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom (died 2022)
1. King Charles III of the United Kingdom (2022-)

The next in line for the throne is Prince William; if so he may be known as King William V of the United Kingdom.

## Related pages

- British Royal Family
- Windsor, Berkshire

## Further reading

- Longford, Elizabeth Harman (Countess of Longford). _The Royal House of Windsor_. Revised ed. Crown, 1984.
- Roberts, Andrew. _The House of Windsor_. University of California Press, 2000.

## Other websites

- Royal Family Name from royal.gov.uk
- House of Windsor from royal.gov.uk
- Royal Family of Great Britain  including the Houses of Hanover, Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and Windsor.
Jocelyne Saab

**Jocelyne Saab** (30 April 1948 – 7 January 2019) was a journalist and movie director from Beirut, Lebanon.

Saab died on 7 January 2019 from endometrial cancer in Paris, aged 70.

## Movies

- 1975: _Portrait d'un mercenaire français_
- 1975: _Lebanon in a Whirlwind_
- 1976: _Les Enfants de la guerre_
- 1976: _Sud-Liban - Histoire d'un village_
- 1976: _Pour quelques vies_
- 1976: _Beyrouth, jamais plus_
- 1978: _Égypte, la cite des morts_
- 1979: _Lettre de Beyrouth_
- 1985: _Adolescente, sucre d'amour_
- 1995: _Kanya Ya Ma Kan, Beyrouth_
- 2005: _Dunia_

## Awards

- Nomination for _Grand Prix des Amériques_ 2005.
- Nomination for the _Grand Jury Prize_ of the _Sundance Film Festival_ 2006
Ulva

**Ulva** or the **Isle of Ulva** (Gaelic: Ulbha) is an island in the Inner Hebrides in Scotland. Around 16 people live there. At the beginning of the 19th century, 600 people lived there. Lachlan Macquarie who is sometimes known as the "Father of Australia", came from here.
Sugar Ray Robinson

**Sugar Ray Robinson** (born **Walker Smith Jr.**, May 3, 1921 – April 12, 1989) was an American boxer. He won the welterweight and middleweight world championships. Many boxing historians rank Robinson as the best boxer who ever lived.

## Early life

Robinson was born in Ailey, Georgia. He moved to Harlem, New York City when he was 12.

## Career

He had no losses as an amateur boxer. He became a professional boxer in 1940 and won the welterweight title from Johnny Bratton in 1946. He then beat Jake LaMotta (who had, up to that time, been the only man to beat him) for the middleweight championship in 1951. He lost and regained the title from Randy Turpin before trying, and failing, to beat Joey Maxim for the light heavyweight championship in 1952. He retired later that year. He made a comeback, however, and won the middleweight title again in 1955. He lost it to Gene Fullmer in 1957, but defeated him in a rematch. Later that year Carmen Basilio also beat Robinson for the title, but Robinson defeated him in 1958 to get the championship back.

## Death

Robinson continued to fight until the 1960s. He died of diabetes and Alzheimer's disease at the age of 67 in Culver City, California in 1989.

## Other websites

- Boxing record
- The Official Site of Sugar Ray Robinson
Randolph Turpin

**Randolph Adolphus ('Randy') Turpin** (7 June 1928 – 17 May 1966) was an English boxer who was the middleweight champion of the world in 1951.

Turpin was born in Leamington Spa to a white British mother and black Guyanan father. He became a professional boxer in 1946. In 1951, Sugar Ray Robinson traveled to England and gave Turpin an opportunity to fight for his middleweight championship. Turpin became only the second man to defeat Robinson when he won a fifteen-round decision.

Robinson and Turpin had a rematch in September 1951 where Robinson regained the title by a tenth-round knockout.

He stopped boxing in the mid-1960s. He lived in Leamington Spa with his wife and four daughters. On 17 May 1966 in Leamington Spa he shot one of his daughters (who survived), then shot himself dead.

## Other websites

- Boxing record
- Tribute website
Maple

**Maple** (Latin name _Acer_ ) is a genus of trees or shrubs. Sometimes they are put into a family of their own, the Aceraceae. At other times they are included in the Sapindaceae. To include them in the Sapindaceae is the more modern classification. There are between 100 and 200 species of maples. Most species are native to Asia, but some also occur in Europe, Northern Africa, and North America.

The word _Acer_ comes from a Latin word meaning "sharp". It was given because of the characteristic sharp points on the maple leaves. The first person to talk about the genus that way was French botanist Joseph Pitton de Tournefort in 1700. The type species of the genus is _Acer pseudoplatanus_ (the sycamore maple).

_Theophrastus began the daunting task of applying specific names to plants, such as the maple, which was previously called several different names by various communities in ancient Greece._

## Seed dispersal

The maple's distinctive fruit are called samaras, and known by many children as "helicopters" by the way they spin as they fall. Inside the fruit are found their seeds, which are in pairs. Each one is enclosed in a "nutlet" attached to a flattened wing of papery tissue. They are shaped to spin as they fall and carry the seeds a considerable distance on the wind. One tree can release hundreds of thousands of seeds at a time. Some seeds can remain in the soil for several years before germinating.

## What are maples used for?

Maple trees are often planted as ornamental trees in cities. Some species resist the cold rather well. Sugar maples are grown to make maple syrup. Some maples are grown for timber (wood that is used for furniture).

## Symbolism

The flag of Canada shows a maple leaf.

## References

_2. edited by Tom Jackson, BIOLOGY : an illustrated history of life science_
Tilde Fröling

**Tilde Maria Henny Märta Fröling** (born May 15, 1980) is a Swedish television personality and actress. She is the daughter of actress Ewa Fröling.  Fröling was born in Stockholm.

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: TildeFrolingTV6.jpg
- **name**: Tilde Fröling
- **birth name**: Tilde Maria Henny Märta Fröling
- **birth place**: Stockholm, Sweden
- **yearsactive**: 2001-_present_