juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Oliver Goldsmith

**Oliver Goldsmith** (10 November 1730 – 4 April 1774) was a writer, poet, and physician famous for his novel, _The Vicar of Wakefield_(1776). His first successful literary work was _The Traveller_ (1764), a poem about British rule. Like Jonathan Swift, Goldsmith  society, but he did not use satire like Swift. Goldsmith's greatest poem, _The Deserted Village_ (1770), was a sad poem about how country life was being destroyed by landowners. The same theme is inside _The Vicar of Wakefield_. Goldsmith's biggest work at that time was a collection of soft-satire essays on English life seen by an imaginary Chinese visitor. He also wrote two plays, _The Good Natured Man_ (1768), and _She Stoops to Conquer_ (1773).(He is also thought to have written the classic children's story, _The History of Little Goody Two-Shoes_.)

## Life

It is not known for sure when he was born. Most people now think that he was born in 10 November 1730. He was the second son of Charles Goldsmith, curate of Kilkenny West in West Meath in Ireland. In 1745 he went to Trinity College Dublin. He quickly spent all his money by gambling, which he became  to. After spending some time at the Universities of Edinburgh and Leyden he spent 1755 – 1756 travelling in Europe, where it is said that he lived by playing the flute. Before starting to write he worked in London as a doctor's helper, a doctor, and a school . He died in 1774 and was buried in Temple Church.

## Other websites

- Essays by Oliver Goldsmith at Quotidiana.org
- _The Deserted Village_
- _Oliver Goldsmith: A Biography _ by Washington Irving from Project Gutenberg
- _Goldsmith _ (English Men of Letters series) by William Black  from Project Gutenberg
- An Essay on the Theatre; or, A Comparison Between Laughing and Sentimental Comedy
- Goldsmith Hall - student accommodation and lecture theatre, Trinity College, Dublin.
- Information on Goldsmith
- Oliver Goldsmith Resource
- Works by Oliver Goldsmith  in e-book version
- The Goldsmith International Literary Festival Info on the Festival held annually in Goldsmith's Home County
- Poems and essays, Oliver Goldsmith, 1839, (William Smith, London)
Sea spider

**Sea spiders** are marine arthropods of the class **Pycnogonida**.

There are about 1,300 species of sea spiders, which are found around the world. Sea spiders are found in all oceans, including the Mediterranean Sea, Caribbean Sea, and the Arctic Ocean. Species found in coastal waters are usually small and have a leg span of about 1 inch (2.5 cm), those living at great depths, up to 24 inches (60 cm).

Sea spiders are not true spiders, or even arachnids. Their traditional classification as chelicerates would put them closer to true spiders than to other well-known arthropod groups, such as insects or crustaceans.

However, recent genetic evidence suggests they may be an ancient sister group to all other living arthropods.

## Description

The sea spider has a small, narrow body. It usually has four pairs of long, thin legs attached to the abdomen. Attached to the head there are usually three other pairs of appendages—a pair called chelicerae, used for grasping food; a pair of sensory projections called palps; and a pair of egg-carrying legs (sometimes underdeveloped or absent in the female). The female lays round masses of eggs on the egg-carrying legs of the male, which carries the eggs until they hatch.

## Distribution

On top of its head, the sea spider has a knobby projection bearing two, three, or four simple eyes. The head ends in a snout with a sucking mouth. Sea spiders feed by sucking the body juices of such marine animals as sea anemones, sponges, and sea squirts.
Caving

**Caving** (or **spelunking**) is the hobby of exploring caves. People who explore caves are called **spelunkers**.

## Spelunkers and their equipment

Wise spelunkers explore in groups, to prevent being lost or stranded in a cave. Spelunkers need reliable equipment, because the descent into a cave is like mountain climbing in the opposite direction. Basic spelunking equipment is similar to what mountain climbers use. Strong ropes make climbing possible and special tools attach ropes to cave walls. Special footwear makes it easier to explore hard-to-reach places, and hard hats protect spelunkers from falling rocks above. Caves are extremely dark, so spelunkers have to carry light sources (like torches and flares). One torch attaches to a spelunker's helmet so it is with him or her at all times. Caves are also very cold, so most spelunkers wear warm clothing.

Spelunkers tie their ropes with different kinds of knots, like the _farmer's hitch knot_ and the _alpine butterfly knot_. Spelunkers choose different knots for different purposes. Some knots work well to hold people as they climb. Other knots are best for tying ropes together.

## Modern caving

Caving today has become a hobby for many different reasons. Some cavers are interested in conservation. Others are interested in gathering hard data about caves (called speleology). Geologists explore caves for the purpose of learning about the formation of rocks. But, for most of the rest, the purpose of caving is just to have fun.

Caves can generally be explored during any season of the year. Most caves remain at the same temperature all year round. The common rules of thumb apply:
- Always wear protective headgear.
- Always check to be sure there is no danger of flooding while you plan to be in the cave.
- Never go alone. A minimum of three cavers is best.
- Always make sure someone on the surface knows where you are caving.
- Carry a minimum of three light sources per person.
- The cave environment is more fragile than people realize. And, since water that flows through a cave eventually comes out in streams and rivers, any pollution will wind up in someone's drinking water and can seriously affect the surface environment as well.
- Remember the cavers motto: Take nothing but pictures. Leave nothing but footprints. Kill nothing but time.

## Other websites

- The National Speleological Society  American organization devoted to caving, cave science, and cave conservation
- Speleological Abstract (SA/BBS)  Annual review of the world's speleological literature, edited by the Bibliography Commission of the UIS.
- The latest news from the caving scene.
- Photos of caving in the UK
- Caving Photos
Poygan, Wisconsin

**Poygan** is a town in Winnebago County of the state of Wisconsin in the United States.  1,261 people were living in Poygan as of the 2020 census.  Poygan has a total area of 32.9 square miles, says the United States Census Bureau.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Poygan, Wisconsin
- **settlement type**: Town
- **image map**: WIMap-doton-Poygan.png
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location of Poygan, Wisconsin
- **subdivision type**: List of countries, Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: Political divisions of the United States, State
- **subdivision name1**: Wisconsin
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Wisconsin, County
- **subdivision name2**: Winnebago County, Wisconsin, Winnebago
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 85.1
- **area land km2**: 59.9
- **area water km2**: 25.2
- **area total sq mi**: 32.9
- **area land sq mi**: 23.1
- **area water sq mi**: 9.7
- **population as of**: United States Census, 2020, 2020
- **population total**: 1261
- **population density km2**: 21.1
- **population density sq mi**: 54.5
- **timezone**: North American Central Time Zone, Central (CST)
- **utc offset**: -6
- **timezone dst**: CDT
- **utc offset dst**: -5
- **elevation m**: 230
- **elevation ft**: 755
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 55-64875
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 1583968
Winnebago County, Wisconsin

**Winnebago County** is a county of the state of Wisconsin in the United States.  At the 2020 census, 171,730 people were living in Winnebago County. The county seat of Winnebago County is Oshkosh.

## Geography

Winnebago County has an area of , says the U.S. Census Bureau.

### Nearby counties

- Waupaca County - northwest
- Outagamie County - northeast
- Calumet County - east
- Fond du Lac County - south
- Green Lake County - southwest
- Waushara County - west

### Divisions

The following is a list of cities, villages, and towns found in Winnebago County:

#### Unincorporated places

- Butte des Morts
- Eureka
- Larsen
- Pickett
- Metz (partial)
- Minden
- Waukau
- Winnebago

## Other websites

- Official website
- _Commemorative Biographical Record of the Fox River Valley Counties of Brown, Outagamie and Winnebago_

## Infobox (u.s. county)

- **county**: Winnebago County
- **state**: Wisconsin
- **named for**: Ho-Chunk, Winnebago people
- **founded year**: 1848
- **seat wl**: Oshkosh
- **largest city wl**: Oshkosh
- **area total sq mi**: 579
- **area land sq mi**: 434
- **area water sq mi**: 144
- **area percentage**: 25%
- **population as of**: 2020
- **population total**: 171730
- **population density sq mi**: 395.1
- **web**: www.co.winnebago.wi.us
- **ex image**: WinnebagoCountyWisconsinCourthouse.jpg
- **ex image cap**: Winnebago County Courthouse
- **time zone**: Central
- **district**: 6th
- **district2**: 8th
Hyperbolic trajectory

In astrodynamics, a **hyperbolic trajectory** (which is also an escape trajectory) refers to an object (such as an asteroid) which follows a path similar to a hyperbola around a central object. This motion follows Kepler's Laws. A hyperbolic trajectory occurs when the eccentricity of its orbit is greater than 1.

Other types of motion in astronomy include circular orbit, elliptical orbit, and parabolic trajectory.
Goole (disambiguation)

**Goole** can be any of the following:
- The town of Goole, in the East Riding of Yorkshire
- Goole A.F.C., an amateur (or semi-professional) English football club
Babcock, Wisconsin

**Babcock** is an unincorporated community in Wood County of the state of Wisconsin in the United States.  The ZIP code of Babcock is 54413.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Babcock, Wisconsin
- **settlement type**: Census-designated place
- **image skyline**: BabcockWisconsinSignWIS173.jpg
- **image caption**: Sign on Wisconsin Highway 173, WIS 173
- **pushpin map**: Wisconsin
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: Wisconsin
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Wisconsin, County
- **subdivision name2**: Wood County, Wisconsin, Wood
- **area total km2**: 8.03
- **area land km2**: 8.03
- **area water km2**: 0
- **area total sq mi**: 3.10
- **area land sq mi**: 3.10
- **area water sq mi**: 0
- **population as of**: United States Census, 2020, 2020
- **population total**: 122
- **population density sq mi**: auto
- **timezone**: Central Time Zone, Central (CST)
- **utc offset**: -6
- **timezone dst**: CDT
- **utc offset dst**: -5
- **elevation ft**: 974
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 54413
- **area code**: Area codes 715 and 534, 715 & 534
- **blank name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank info**: 1561050
Green County, Wisconsin

**Green County** is a county that is found in the state of Wisconsin in the United States. At the 2020 census, 37,093 people lived in Green County.  The county seat of Green County is Monroe.

## Geography

Green County has an area of 585 square miles, says the United States Census Bureau.

### Nearby counties

- Dane County, Wisconsin - north
- Rock County, Wisconsin - east
- Winnebago County, Illinois - southeast
- Stephenson County, Illinois - south
- Lafayette County, Wisconsin - west
- Iowa County, Wisconsin - northwest

### Divisions

The following is a list of the cities, towns, villages, and unincorporated communities that are found in Green County:

#### Unincorporated communities

- Attica
- Clarence
- Jordan Center
- Juda
- Postville

## Other websites

- Green County government website

## Infobox (u.s. county)

- **county**: Green County
- **state**: Wisconsin
- **founded year**: 1837
- **seat wl**: Monroe
- **largest city wl**: Monroe
- **area total sq mi**: 584
- **area land sq mi**: 584
- **area water sq mi**: 0.5
- **area percentage**: 0.09%
- **population as of**: 2020
- **population total**: 37093
- **population density sq mi**: 63.5
- **time zone**: Central
- **web**: www.co.green.wi.gov
- **named for**: Nathanael Greene
- **ex image**: Green County Wisconsin Courthouse.jpg
- **ex image cap**: Green County Courthouse (Wisconsin), Green County Courthouse
- **district**: 2nd
Kefalonia

**Kefalonia** (and Kephalonia or Cephalonia) is a Greek island in the Ionian Sea. It is the largest of the Ionian islands and the sixth largest Greek island after Crete, Euboea, Lesbos, Rhodes and Chios. Its area is 781 square kilometres and its population is 36,404 according to a 2001 Greek census.

## Geography

Kefalonia is home to the highest mountain in the Ionian islands. The mountain is named Ainos and its altitude is 1, 628 metres. The biggest town on the island is Argostoli which is the capital of the Kefalonia prefecture. The second biggest town is Lixouri which is located opposite Argostoli. Beside Kefalonia is the island Ithaca, the place of birth of ancient hero Odysseus. Some archaeologists believe that Kefalonia is the place of birth of Odysseus.

## Sites

Kefalonia has many beautiful beaches and it is one of the most popular tourist destinations. The most popular beach on the island is Myrtos which is located in the north-west of the island. Kefalonia hosts a truly beautiful natural environment with many forests mainly on Ainos mountain. Also in Kefalonia there is a famous cave-lake which is named Melissani and is located in the east of the island
Tommy Lee

**Tommy Lee** (born October 3, 1962) is an American musician and drummer for the band Mötley Crüe. In 1999 he started a band called Methods of Mayhem. They have released two albums. He has also released two solo albums.

He was married to Pamela Anderson from 1995 until they divorced in 1998. They had two sons, Brandon Lee and Dylan. He is a proud dog lover and owns 10 miniature chihuahuas.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Tommy Lee
- **img**: Tommy_Lee_2012.jpg
- **img capt**: Tommy Lee, Hollywood, CA, on March 20, 2012
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Thomas Lee Bass
- **birth place**: Athens, Greece
- **instrument**: Drum kit, Drums, piano, Singing, vocals, guitar, Keyboard instrument, keyboards, Bass guitar, bass, turntables
- **genre**: Heavy metal music, Heavy metal, hard rock, glam metal, alternative metal, rap metal, electrohouse, progressive house
- **occupation**: Musician, songwriter, drummer, DJ
- **years active**: 1981present
- **label**: Leathür Records, Leathür, Elektra Records, Elektra, MCA Records, MCA
- **associated acts**: Mötley Crüe, Methods of Mayhem, Rock Star Supernova, Fuel (band), Fuel, Deadmau5, Sum 41, Jack's Mannequin, Rob Zombie, DJ Aeros
Billy Bishop

**William Avery "Billy" Bishop** (8 February 1894 – 11 September 1956) V.C. was a Canadian flying ace from World War I. He won 72 fights, making him the top Canadian flying ace.In 1919 Bishop was photographed with Canadian Ace William George Barker V.C.
2050s

The **2050s** is a decade in the Anno Domini and Common Era in the Gregorian calendar. It will begin on January 1, 2050, and end on December 31, 2059. It is distinct from the decade known as the _206th decade_ which began on January 1, 2051 and ended on December 31, 2060.
Kim Mitchell

**Joseph Kim Mitchell** (born July 10, 1952) is a Canadian guitarist. Mitchell was the singer and guitarist for the band Max Webster and now hosts a radio show for CILQ-FM (Q107) in Toronto.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Kim Mitchell
- **img**: Kim Mitchell publicity image.jpg
- **img size**: 250
- **landscape**: no
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Joseph Kim Mitchell
- **birth place**: Sarnia, Ontario
- **instrument**: Guitar, vocals
- **genre**: Rock music, Rock, hard rock, progressive rock
- **occupation**: Musician, Songwriter, Disc jockey, Radio DJ
- **years active**: 1973-_present_
- **label**: Anthem Records, Anthem, Alert Records, Alert
- **associated acts**: Max Webster
- **url**: [http://www.kimmitchell.ca Official website]
Ot en Sien

**Ot en Sien** (**Ot and Sien**) are two little children who appear in a series of stories which were written in the Dutch language more than a hundred years ago.   **Ot** (short for “Otto”) is a little boy and **Sien** (pronounced like the English word “seen”), whose name may be short for “Francine”, is the little girl who lives next door.  Although they are now very old-fashioned, the books are still popular in Holland.  They were written in rhyme and were illustrated with colourful pictures.

The author of the stories was called Hendricus Scheepstra.  The ideas for the stories were given to him by Jan Ligthart.  Cornelis Jetses made the illustrations.

The stories are set in Drenthe, which is in the north-eastern part of the Netherlands.  Drenthe was a very poor part of the country, but Ot and Sien live in a nice house and are quite well-off.  They are often seen playing in the garden with their toys which include a wooden horse on wheels and a doll in a dolly’s pushchair.  The cat is often in the picture.  They are also seen at school.

The authors wrote the stories to show a happy family life.  Everyone is very friendly in the book, and strangers help them when they get lost in the street.  The family have a servant who helps in the house.

The stories were widely read by children in schools in the Netherlands until after the Second World War.  By then they had become very old-fashioned.  The daily life of Ot and Sien seemed to belong to a time long ago in history.   Hardly any Dutch children now live in a family with a servant.  No Dutch child nowadays goes for a walk dressed in sailor’s costume with a father who wears a cloak and hat.  The books are no longer read in schools, but they continue to be popular with Dutch people at home.  In 2004, one hundred years after the first book was written, a special exhibition about Ot and Sien was held.

There is a statue to Ot and Sien in The Hague, made in 1930.

## Dutch expressions referring to Ot and Sien

In the Dutch language there are expressions which refer to Ot and Sien.
- _Als Ot en Sien_, (_Like Ot and Sien_) means: “in a simple, child-like way”
- _Uit de tijd van Ot en Sien_ (_from the time of Ot and Sien_) means: “a long time ago”, like the English expression “in the good old days”.
Pulaski, Wisconsin

**Pulaski** is a village in the Brown, Oconto, and Shawano counties of the state of Wisconsin in the United States.  3,870 people were living in Pulaski as of the 2020 census.  The parts of Pulaski that are in the Oconto and Brown Counties are part of the Green Bay metropolitan area.  Pulaski has an area of 2.9 square miles, says the United States Census Bureau.

## Other websites

- Pulaski Chamber of Commerce

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Pulaski, Wisconsin
- **settlement type**: Village (United States), Village
- **nickname**: Polka Capital of the World!
- **image map**: WIMap-doton-Pulaski.png
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location of Pulaski, Wisconsin
- **subdivision type**: List of countries, Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: Political divisions of the United States, State
- **subdivision name1**: Wisconsin
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Wisconsin, Counties
- **subdivision name2**: Brown County, Wisconsin, Brown, Shawano County, Wisconsin, Shawano, Oconto County, Wisconsin, Oconto
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 7.5
- **area land km2**: 7.4
- **area water km2**: 0.1
- **area total sq mi**: 2.9
- **area land sq mi**: 2.8
- **area water sq mi**: 0.0
- **population as of**: United States Census, 2020, 2020
- **population total**: 3870
- **population density km2**: 526.5
- **population density sq mi**: 1363.6
- **timezone**: North American Central Time Zone, Central (CST)
- **utc offset**: -6
- **timezone dst**: CDT
- **utc offset dst**: -5
- **elevation m**: 246
- **elevation ft**: 807
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 55-65675
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 1581840
Norah Jones

**Norah Jones** (born March 30, 1979) is an American singer and pianist. Her first album, _Come Away with Me_ was released in 2002. It was a mix of contemporary jazz, folk, and country music. The album won five Grammy Awards in 2003. She released her second album, _Feels Like Home_ in 2004, which sold over a million copies in its first week of its release. "Sunrise" won Best Female Pop Vocal Performance at the 2005 Grammy Awards. Her third album, _Not Too Late_ was released in 2007. That year Jones also acted in a movie for the first time. The movie, _Blueberry Nights_, had a song by Jones on its soundtrack. In 2009, _The Fall_ was released. According to Billboard, Jones is the 60th highest-selling artist of the 2000s. In 2011 Jones sung on Seth MacFarlane's first album. Jones' fifth album _Little Broken Hearts_ was released in 2012. It was produced by Danger Mouse. On November 25, 2013, an album Jones made with Billie Joe Armstrong called _Foreverly_ was released.

## Early life

Jones was born Geetali Norah Jones Shankar in 1979 in Bedford-Stuyvesant, Brooklyn, New York, to Indian sitar player Ravi Shankar and American concert producer Sue Jones. When Jones was sixteen she changed her name to Norah Jones.

## Discography

- _Come Away with Me_ (2002)
- _Feels Like Home_ (2004)
- _Not Too Late_ (2007)
- _The Fall_ (2009)
- _Little Broken Hearts_ (2012)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Norah Jones
- **img**: Norah Jones sings during Congressional Gold Medal Ceremony (cropped).jpg
- **img capt**: Jones performing at the U.S. Capitol in 2011
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Geethali Norah Jones Shankar
- **birth place**: Brooklyn, New York City,
United States
- **occupation**: Singer-songwriter, musician, actress
- **instrument**: Singing, Vocals, Keyboard instrument, piano/keyboards, guitar
- **genre**: Jazz, blues, pop music, pop, soul music, soul, folk music, folk, country music, country
- **years active**: 2001—present
- **label**: Blue Note Records, Blue Note
- **associated acts**: Ray Charles, Wax Poetic, Peter Malick, Willie Nelson, Q-Tip (rapper), Q-Tip
- **url**: [http://www.norahjones.com/ www.norahjones.com]
Exhibition

An **exhibition** is an organized event in which a collection of special objects can be viewed by the public. The objects are often brought together from many places for the period of the exhibition. The objects on show are called **exhibits**.

Museums often organize special exhibitions, such as paintings by a famous painter. These paintings will mostly be “on loan”, i.e. specially borrowed from other museums. Exhibitions can be about anything. They may be to do with art, or they can also be science exhibitions.

Some exhibitions show things which can be bought. Firms exhibit the things they have made, hoping to encourage business. These exhibitions are called trade fairs. They are sometimes called **expositions** or **expos**.  They may be open to the public, but others are just for invited business people.

## Related pages

- Art exhibition
- The Great Exhibition
- Convention center
- World's Fair
Come Away with Me

***Come Away with Me*** is the first album by American jazz singer Norah Jones. It was released on February 26, 2002 on Blue Note Records. The main genre is considered contemporary jazz. The album is actually contemporary jazz with some country, folk music, and pop. Some jazz musicians do not think that the album is actually jazz, because of the changes Norah Jones made to some of the jazz songs she covered.

_Come Away with Me_ reached number 1 on the Billboard 200 chart and won eight Grammy Awards. It sold over 10 million copies in the first three years of its release. It is Norah Jones' best-selling album, and the best-selling jazz album of all time.

## Awards

**Grammy Awards**
|align="left"|Year|align="left"|Winner|align="left"|Category|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|align="left" rowspan="8"|2003|align="left" rowspan="4"|_Come Away with Me_|align="left"|Album of the Year|
|align="left"|Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical|||||
|align="left"|Producer of the Year, Non-Classical|||||
|align="left"|Best Pop Vocal Album|||||
|align="left" rowspan="3"|"Don't Know Why"|align="left"|Best Female Pop Vocal Performance|||
|align="left"|Record of the Year|||||
|align="left"|Song of the Year|||||
|align="left" rowspan="1"|_Norah Jones_|align="left"|Best New Artist|||

## Other websites

- _Come Away with Me_ at Discogs
- _Come Away with Me _ at Metacritic
- Album Review at _All About Jazz_

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Come Away with Me
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: Norah Jones
- **released**: February 26, 2002
- **recorded**: 2001
Sorcerer Sound
<small>(New York City)</small>
Allaire Studios
<small>(Shokan, New York)</small>
- **genre**: Contemporary jazz, vocal jazz
- **length**: 45:03
- **label**: Blue Note Records, Blue Note
<small>7243 5 82067 2 2 </small>
- **producer**: Norah Jones, Arif Mardin, Jay Newland, Craig Street
- **next title**: Feels like Home
- **next year**: 2004
Ruben Bierer

**Ruben Bierer** (Dr. _Rubin Bierer_, often: _Reuben Bierer_; born about 1845 in Lviv; died 1931, Lviv) was a doctor in Sofia and one of the first pioneers of the Jewish nationalism and one of the first active Zionists in Galicia and Bulgaria, adherent of Hovevei Zion in Galicia, Austria and Bulgaria.

In 1867 he was in Lviv a co-founder of the first Jewish-political association of Austria-Hungary, _Shomer Israel_. As an opponent against Polish assimilation of the Jews he established for the 1873 elections of the Reichsrat a Jewish-ruthenian electoral alliance. In 1879 he separated from the _Shomer Israel_ and went to Vienna for the purpose of medical studies where he – together with Peretz Smolenskin – found the Jewish-political association _Ahavath Zion_ (for the reason of colonisation of the holy land).

In 1882 he was a cofounder of the Viennese _Kadima_ Studentenverbindung. In 1883 he returned to Lviv where he founded the first Jewish-national association of the Austrian east, _Miqra Kodesh_.

In 1885 he went to Serbia, in 1900 he returned to Lviv where he  successless tried to reactivate the _Shomer Israel_.

Nathan Birnbaum coined the word Zionism about the year 1890. But he is not the creator of this word, it was already in use, e.g. you can find in a letter of Ruben Bierer from the 9th December 1888 the expression _Zionist brother's greeting_. The word _Zionist_ is found already in the year 1877 in an Roumanian written pamphlet (annual report of the order "Zion" in Bucharest).
Hezekiah

**Hezekiah** (meaning God will strengthen) or ** ** Ḥizqiyyāhu (Hebrew), also translated as Ḥizkiyyahu (and sometimes as Ezekias (Greek), Khizkiyahu, Yəḥizqiyyāhu, Y'khizkiyahu), was a king of Judah that appears in the book of 2 Chronicles, chapters 18 to 32, and the book of 2 Kings chapters 18 to 20. He was one of the few kings who is compared favorably with David, and is unique for his trust in the Lord: "There was no one like him among all the kings of Judah, either before him or after him. He held fast to the LORD and did not cease (stop) to follow him" (NIV).

Hezekiah was the son of Judah's King Ahaz, and is best known for turning his people away from the sins of his father Ahaz, restoring worship in the temple, and having his life made 15 years longer. The Book of 2 Chronicles tells more about Hezekiah than any other king after Solomon, and suggests that he is a "second Solomon" in his celebration of the Passover, his wealth, his honor, and his land.

Toward the end of his reign, he became very sick and close to death. He prayed to the Lord, who healed him miraculously. The king of Babylon heard about it and sent men with a letter and gift to Hezekiah. Because Hezekiah was proud of his riches, he showed all of his treasures to the visitors. The prophet Isaiah predicted that it all would later be taken by the Babylonians. His prediction came true.

## Other websites

- "Hezekiah." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
- King Hezekiah  from Jerusalem Mosaic
- Hezekiah  See all Bible verses pertaining to King Hezekiah
- The Reign Of Hezekiah  by John F. Brug
- Sennacherib's Invasion of Hezekiah's Judah in 701 BCE - by Craig C. Broyles
- Interactive Map of Sennacherib's Invasion of Hezekiah's Judah, including the accounts of Sennacherib, Herodotus, 2 Kings, Isaiah and Micah

## Infobox (monarch)

- **name**: Hezekiah
 (**Hizqiyah** ben ’Ahaz)
- **title**: King of Judah
 (Melekh Yehudah)
- **image**: File:Åhus kyrka-10.jpg
- **caption**: King Hezekiah on a 17th century painting by unknown artist in the choir of Sankta Maria kyrka in Åhus, Sweden.
- **reign**: coregency with Ahaz 729,
sole reign
716 – 697 BCE
 coregency with Manasseh 697 - 687
- **predecessor**: King Ahaz
- **successor**: Manasseh of Judah, Manasseh
- **issue**: Manasseh
- **royal house**: Davidic line, House of David
- **father**: King Ahaz
- **mother**: Abijah, also called Abi
- **birth date**: c.739 BCE
- **birth place**: probably Jerusalem
- **death date**: c.687 BCE
- **death place**: probably Jerusalem
- **burial place**: Jerusalem
Tine Thing Helseth

**Tine Thing Helseth** (Norwegian:ˈtiːnɛ tɪŋ hɛlsɛt; born 1987 in Oslo) is a Norwegian trumpet soloist who specialises in playing classical music.

Helseth began playing trumpet when she was seven years old and stuides at the Barratt Due Institute of Music in Oslo. She has studied under both Heidi Johanessen (a member of the Norwegian National Opera Orchestra) and, since 2002, Arnulf Naur Nilsen (member of the Oslo Philharmonic).

## Honours

- National Soloist Championship of Norway no-age-limit open class 1st Prize 2004
- International Trumpet competition "Theo Charlier" Brussels, Belgium 2nd prize 2005
- Oslo Music Teachers Foundation Prize of Honour 2005
- Yamaha Music Foundation Europe Scholarship 2006
- Eurovision Young Musicians Competition 2006 2nd place
- NRK Radio P2 Prize for 2006/2007

## Performances

Helseth has played concerts with such orchestras as the Wiener Symphoniker, Beethoven Academie, Capella Cracowiensis, The Norwegian Chamber Orchestra, Shanghai Symphony Orchestra, Slovenian Radio Symphony Ljubljana, Oslo Camerata, Camerata Nordica, Württemberg Philharmonic, the Trondheim Soloists, Norwegian symphony orchestras, Norwegian Army bands and other brass and wind groups.

She has appeared at many different music festivals, including the Bergen International Festival, Kissinger Summer Festival and Usedomer Music Festival.

She performed at the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize Concert and is the leader of an all-female brass group, **tenThing**.

## Recordings

Helseth has put out two CDs. Her self-titled debut album was released January 1, 2007 and contained the trumpet concertos of both Johann Nepomuk Hummel and Josef Haydn. Her second album was released November 23, 2009 and contains musical works by Gustav Holst, Georg Friedrich Händel and J.S. Bach.

## Other websites

- MySpace Site
- Personal website (in English)
- TenThing homepage

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **img**: Tine Thing Helseth 02.jpg
- **name**: Tine Thing Helseth
- **background**: non_vocal_instrumentalist
- **birth date**: 1987
- **origin**: Oslo, Norway
- **instrument**: Trumpet
- **genre**: Classical music, Classical
- **occupation**: Solo (music), Soloist
Trumpeter
- **label**: Simax
- **url**: http://www.tinethinghelseth.com/
White-eared hummingbird

The **white-eared hummingbird**, (_Basilinna leucotis_), is a species hummingbird. It is 9-10 cm long, and weighs about 3-4 grams. Adults are colored green on their upperparts and breast. The undertail is white. The tail is darkly colored and straight. The most non-normal thing is the white eyestripe found in both males and females. It is more boldly colored in the male. The bill of the male is straight and very thin. It is red in coloration, and shows a black tip. His throat is a "metallic torquoise green." His crown and face is violet and black.

## References

- Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern

## Other websites

- White-eared Hummingbird photo gallery  VIREO Photo-High Res
- White-eared Hummingbird photo-High Res ; Article  at tpwd.state.tx.us
Oriental magpie

The **Oriental magpie** (_Pica sericea_) is a species of magpie found in East Asia. It is a common symbol of Korea, and has been adopted as the "official bird" of many South Korean cities and counties.

It is similar to the Eurasian magpie, with a shorter tail and longer wings. It has black and purple colors, but very little green. The Oriental magpie has the same chattering call as Eurasian magpies, though it is much softer.

## Magpie myths

Koreans believed that magpies delivered good news, and when they saw a magpie chattering, they believed that visitors were coming.The most famous painting related to a magpie is the one with striped tiger (ggach'i wha horangi minhwa, ): the magpie is chirping to a tiger. The magpie represented good news and the tiger symbolized good luck, since its pronunciation in Chinese sounds similar to good luck (bok). There are many folktales about magpies.

The Chinese called magpies "Birds of Joy" or "Happy Magpies". Under the Manchu dynasty it also represented imperial rule: a few Manchu people in Northeast China even thought they were gods. In the west, though, magpies were often a symbol of pride.
Cumulus cloud

**Cumulus clouds** are white clouds that are dense and large. They are known to look like cauliflower. Mostly, cumulus clouds have flat bottoms but the tops are always changing shape.

Seeing a cumulus cloud means that the air is well mixed by up and down vertical drafts. When a cumulus cloud grows into a thunderstorm, the cloud is called a cumulonimbus cloud. This is a sign that the air is rising to the stratosphere.

## Other websites

- AMS Glossary of Meteorology
- Cumulus cloud at BBC Weather
- Cumulus cloud page at University of Richmond internal site
- Time-lapse of the formation of Cumulus clouds
Alyosha Karamazov

**Alexei Fyodorovich Karamazov** is the "hero" of Fyodor Dostoevsky's novel, _The Brothers Karamazov_. He is also called Alyosha, Alyoshka, Alyoshenka, Alyoshechka, Alexeichik, Lyosha, and Lyoshenka. He is the youngest of the Karamazov brothers, being "then only twenty (his brother Ivan was twenty-three and their older brother, Dmitry, twenty-seven)". The author's preface and first chapters declare that he is the novel's hero.

## Description

Alyosha is physically described as:

His personality is remarkably unselfish, extremely mature in his religious faith, sensitive to other people's feelings, and loving - "he certainly loved people: throughout his life he seemed to believe in people and to trust them, and yet no one ever thought him simple-minded or naive. There was something in him (and it stayed with him all his life) that made people realize that he refused to sit in judgment on others, that he felt he had no right to, and that, whatever happened, he would never condemn anyone." He passes on the influence of Zosima to the "younger generation" (the schoolboys) of the town. Even with all his kind goodness, he has a gentle personality that makes almost everybody love him and feel comfortable around him. Proud young Kolya Krasotkin says that the best thing about Alyosha is that he treats him like "an equal".

## Criticism

Anna-Theresa Tymieniecka says that Alyosha, like Prince Myshkin, the protagonist in another Dostoevsky novel, _The Idiot_, are almost Jesus-like characters, who are, however, unable to stop the greatest suffering of those around them. She suggests that Alyosha is too calm, and does not do much action in the events of the novel.

Rufus W. Mathewson, however, argues that Alyosha Karamazov is a more successful positive hero than Prince Myshkin. He argues that Alyosha's most impressive success as helping Dmitri. He describes Alyosha as using forgiveness, kindness and natural justice, rather than trying to change people.

## Inspiration

It is probable that Dostoevsky used his friend Vladimir Solovyov's character for Alyosha. Vladimir Solovyov was a Russian poet and philosopher who was very generous, even giving away his clothes to people in the street.
Stratus cloud

**Stratus clouds** are low altitude gray clouds that make a flat base. The name comes from the Latin word _stratus_, which means to "stretch" or "extend." You can see stratus clouds as thick cloud blankets near the sea. They are sometimes called "high fogs".  Light rain and drizzle often fall from stratus clouds. When rain falls from stratus clouds they are mostly called nimbostratus  The name derives from the Latin word _nimbus_ = rain, and _stratus_ = spread out.
Pliosaur

The **pliosaurs** were a group of large marine plesiosaur reptiles. They lived in the Mesozoic era (later Jurassic period). They had short necks and large heads, with large hind flippers. Their sizes ranged from two to 15 metres. They were predators of large fish and other marine reptiles.

The first specimen was found by Mary Anning, on the Jurassic Coast of Lyme Regis, England, in the 1820s. Many of her finds are on display in the Natural History Museum, London.

Their body shape suggests they swam and ate under water.<sup>p29</sup> It was suggested by D.M.S. Watson that plesiosaurs fell into two groups. The pliosaurs were large predators which ate large prey in deep water. The other plesiosaurs were long-necked with smaller heads. Their method was as surface swimmers, mostly eating with their head above water, darting down to snatch smaller fish which were feeding on plankton. The pliosaur group also contained sea-dwelling lizards called mosasaurs. The most famous members of the pliosaur family are _Kronosaurus_, _Rhomaleosaurus_ and _Liopleurodon_.
Ball lightning

**Ball lightning** is a glowing ball of lightning that sometimes appears in a thunderstorm, but usually lasts much longer than lightning. Scientists do not understand ball lightning very well, and some even do not think ball lightning is real, because it is so strange. However, it has been widely reported in weather journals by many trustworthy people. So, it is very possible that it is real.

## Description

Those who have seen it say it's the size of a grapefruit or basketball; it has even been said to be as big as a car. The glowing ball is either red, orange, or yellow. A few people have seen it falling from clouds. Sometimes, ball lightning floats or glides just above the ground for a few seconds, or it can roll on the surface of an object. Hissing noises come from the fiery orb. Some have even thought it was a UFO. Ball lightning sometimes explodes loudly, while other times it just quietly disappears. It has been known to smash or simply go through windows, hopping and sizzling across the floor, and then disappear into things like TVs or up the chimney. Some say that ball lightning can kill humans, while others say that its effect on humans are harmless.

## Sightings

Many people are said to have seen ball lightning. Ebenezer Cobham Brewer wrote about "globular lightning", saying they may fall to the ground or explode like a cannon. Laura Ingalls Wilder writes in her book about ball lightning, saying that when she was little, she saw balls of light, which her mother chased away with a broom.

Czar Nicholas II, Russia's last emperor, said he had seen ball lightning:

## Other websites

- A video of a microwave plasma ball experiment
- CityTV report on lightning striking a car
Sauropterygia

The **Sauropterygia** was a superorder of successful aquatic reptiles that flourished during the Mesozoic era. They are united by an adaptation of their shoulder, designed to support powerful paddle strokes. Some later sauropterygians like the pliosaurs developed a similar mechanism in their pelvis.

## Origins and evolution

The earliest sauropterygians appeared about 245 million years ago, at the start of the Triassic period. At first they were small, less than a metre. They were semi-aquatic lizard-like animals with long limbs (called pachypleurosaurs). They developed into a group called the nothosaurs, several meters long. The sauropterygians included another very distinctive group: the placodonts. They were bottom-feeders on shellfish, and possessed flat, crushing teeth to handle their prey.<sup>p148–151</sup>

The end-Triassic extinction event wiped them all out except for the plesiosaurs. During the earliest Jurassic these diversified quickly into the long-necked small-headed plesiosaurs proper, and short-necked large-headed pliosaurs.

### Orders

- Nothosaurs
    - Pachypleurosaurs
- Placodonts
- Plesiosaurs

### Position uncertain

- _Pistosaurus_

## Other websites

- A review of the Sauropterygia . Adam Stuart Smith. _The Plesiosaur Directory_. Retrieved April 17, 2006.
- Paleofile taxalist - lists every species and synonyms. Retrieved February 26, 2006
Oceanic trench

**Ocean** **trenches** are deep depressions that have relatively steep sides falling to the ocean floor.

Ocean trenches are typically caused when an oceanic crustal plate slides under a lighter continental plate or another oceanic plate. It is believed to work by density.  Where one plate slides under another, this is called subduction. As the heavier plate descends, the long, narrow feature caused is called the "subduction zone." It is here that oceanic trenches form. They can be 1,500 miles (2,400 km) long, several miles deep, and as much as 70 miles (112 km) wide.

At least five trenches are over 6 miles (10 km) deep. The greatest ocean depth to be sounded is in the Challenger Deep of the Mariana Trench, at a depth of
 below sea level.  Oceanic lithosphere moves into trenches at a global rate of about 3 km<sup>2</sup>/yr.

Trenches are active with earthquakes and resulting tsunamis. Most volcanism associated with trenches occurs on the continent and not on the sea floor. However, many of the ocean's volcanic islands and seamounts are found in what are called island arcs, bending chains of islands rising from the sea floor, usually paralleling the concave edges of an oceanic trench. The western Pacific has island arcism as do the Aleutian Islands.

Near the island of Guam is the famous Mariana Trench where the Pacific Plate descends under the leading edge of the Eurasian Plate. Measured at 36,201 feet - over 6.8 miles (11 km) deep, this trench is the deepest known spot in any ocean. In 1960, two men in the bathyscaph _Trieste_ reached bottom of the Mariana Trench.

Other extensive trench regions around the world include the South Sandwich Trench between South America and Antarctica, the Peru-Chile Trench, and the Aleutian Trench.

## References

- Shukman, David 2013. Deep ocean undersea vents. _BBC News_ Science & Technology https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-21520404.
North Kosovo

**North  Kosovo** is a Serbian enclave  in Kosovo.  It has  over  80,000 residents, at least 98% of them are Christian Serbs. There are about 3,000 Albanians, and about 2000 Turks, Greeks, Gorans, Romas and others.

Unlike the Strpce municipality which is autonomous, North Kosovo is directly run by the Government of Belgrade.

In North Kosovo, Serbian car plates are still used and the Serbian dinar is used as the official currency.

The  enclave consists of the 3 municipalities of Zvecan, Leposavic, Zubin Potok (as well as part of Mitrovica. The enclave's area is  (11% of the country's total area). Lake Gorazdevac is also in the enclave.

The United Nations does not recognize Kosovo as a country because of the 1999 United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244. Other world governing bodies do not recognise it as a country, either.
Violet-fronted brilliant

The **violet-fronted brilliant** (_Heliodoxa leadbeateri_) is a species of hummingbird. It is found in Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.

## References

- BirdLife International 2004.  Heliodoxa leadbeateri .   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 10 July 2007.
SS Yongala

**SS _Yongala**_ was a passenger ship that was launched in 1903. It sank off Cape Bowling Green on 23 March 1911 on its way to from Melbourne, Australia to Cairns she entered into a cyclone and sank without a trace south of Townsville. All passengers onboard drowned and the shipwreck was found in 1958 off the coast of Townsville.

## Related pages

- Death of Tina Watson  - A drowning in 2003 at the shipwreck that became world news.

## Other websites

- Townsville Maritime Museum
- Dive spot description plus underwater pictures and videos of the Yongala wreck
Parides childrenae

The **Green-celled Cattleheart** (***Parides childrenae***) is a species of butterfly. It belongs in the family Papilionidae. It is found in southern North America and northern South America.

## Description

The upper side of the wings is black. The male has a bright green patch on the fore wing (top wing). There is a small pale yellow spot near the tip of the fore wing. There is a red patch on the hind wing (bottom wing). The female has a small white patch on the fore wing. There are a few pale spots on the fore wing. There is a band of red spots on the hind wing. The underside of the wings is also black. The male has small pale spots near the tip of the fore wing and a few red spots on the hind wing. The female's underside is the same as the upper side.

## Other websites

- _Parides childrenae_ at funet.fi
Los Angeles (disambiguation)

**Los Angeles** is a city in California and the second-largest city in the United States.  **Los Angeles** may also mean:
- Sports teams in the California city:
    - Los Angeles Clippers (a National Basketball Association team)
    - Los Angeles Dodgers (a Major League Baseball team)
    - Los Angeles Galaxy (a Major League Soccer team)
    - Los Angeles Kings (a National Hockey League team)
    - Los Angeles Lakers (a National Basketball Association team)
- Los Angeles County, a county in California that includes the city
- Los Angeles International Airport, an airport serving Los Angeles
- Los Angeles River, a river that flows through Los Angeles County
- Los Angeles riots of 1992
- Los Ángeles, Chile
Oviparous animals

**Oviparous animals** are animals that reproduce by laying eggs. This is how most fish, amphibians, reptiles, insects, and arachnids reproduce. All birds and monotremes also reproduce like this.

The eggs of most animals that live on land are protected by hard shells. They fertilize their eggs internally. Water-dwelling animals like fish and amphibians lay eggs that have not been fertilized yet. Then the males lay sperm on top of the eggs, which is called external fertilization.

## Related pages

- Viviparity
- Ovoviviparity
Aplacophora

The **Aplacophora** is a class of small, deep-water, exclusively benthic, shell-less marine molluscs. They are found in all oceans of the world. They are a small group of molluscs which have deviated from the normal molluscan form. There are approximately 320 known species living today. They are rather worm-like and average about an inch (2.5 cms.) in length.

## Description

Most live in deep water, except a few more northern species.  One group bury themselves into the sand and mud of the ocean bottom where they feed on annelids and other small invertebrates. The rest of the known aplacophorans parasitize hydroids and other corals.

This class used to be classified as sea cucumbers in the echinoderms. In 1987, they were officially recognized as molluscs and given their own class. The class is polyphyletic, and consists of two clades.