juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
SIM card

A **SIM card** (subscriber identity module) is a smart card that is used in mobile phones, to identify the client. SIM stands for subscriber identity module. A SIM card has a microchip, and its use is protected by a PIN. When the phone is powered on, its international mobile subscriber identity number (IMSI) is broadcast. The microchip is also needed for some encryption and decryption. The SIM card and the device that it is used in (the mobile phone) are often referred to as the _Mobile station_.

SIM cards come in different sizes. Full-size SIM cards, which are about the same size as a credit card, are not used in phones anymore. Most smartphones use either micro SIM or nano SIM cards, but older ones use mini SIM.

## Embedded SIM cards

Later, so called embedded SIM cards were developed. These are usually referred as eSIM. The work  the same way as the older SIM cards, but they allow to store more than one profile. Only one profile can be active at the same time. This makes it possible to sell phones without a profile. In such phones, a profile needs to be loaded onto the eSIM before the phone can be used. As the eSIM is an integrated circuit, such phones no longer need a physical slot for a SIM card.
Sonja Aldén

**Sonja Aldén**, born 20 December 1977, in St Albans, England, UK, is a Swedish singer. In 2006, 2007 and 2012 she participated at Melodifestivalen. She has also worked together with Shirley Clamp and Sanna Nielsen. Also, she has written songs for other artists, like  hard rock/heavy metal band The Poodles, who also participated in the Swedish Melodifestivalen 2006 with the song _Night of Passion_. She has attended the Adolf Fredrik's Music School in Stockholm.

### Albums

|scope="col" rowspan="2"|Year|scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:15em;"|Album|scope="col" colspan="1"|Peak Position|scope="col" rowspan="2"|Certifications|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2007|style="text-align:left;"|_Till dig_|2|style="text-align:left;"||||
|2008|style="text-align:left;"|_Under mitt tak_|3|style="text-align:left;"||||
|2012|style="text-align:left;"|_I gränslandet_|12|style="text-align:left;"||||
|2013|style="text-align:left;"|_I andlighetens rum_|4|style="text-align:left;"||||
|2014|style="text-align:left;"|_Jul i andlighetens rum_|6|style="text-align:left;"||||

### Joint albums

|scope="col" rowspan="2"|Title|scope="col" rowspan="2"|Details|scope="col" colspan="1"|Peak positions|scope="col" rowspan="2"|Certifications|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|* First joint album * Released: November 2008|1|* SWE: Platinum||||||
|* Second joint album * Released: November 2010|6|* SWE: Gold||||||

### Singles

|scope="col" rowspan="2"|Year|scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:15em;"|Single|scope="col" colspan="1"|Peak Position|scope="col" rowspan="2"|Album|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2006|style="text-align:left;"|"Etymon" (<small>credited as Sonya)</small>|35|style="text-align:left;"||||
|rowspan="2"|2007|style="text-align:left;"|"För att du finns"|3|style="text-align:left;"|||
|style="text-align:left;"|"Här står jag"|16|style="text-align:left;"|||||
|rowspan="2"|2008|style="text-align:left;"|"Nån som du"|29|style="text-align:left;"|||
|style="text-align:left;"|"Du får inte"|17|style="text-align:left;"|||||

- as Sanna, Shirley, Sonja
|scope="col" rowspan="2"|Year|scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:15em;"|Single|scope="col" colspan="1"|Peak Position|scope="col" rowspan="2"|Album|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|rowspan="2"|2008|style="text-align:left;"|"All I Want For Christmas"|39|style="text-align:left;" rowspan=2|_Our Christmas_||
|style="text-align:left;"|"My Grown Up Christmas List"|41||||||

## Other websites

- Official Website  (In Swedish)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Sonja Aldén
- **image**: Sonja Aldén 2012.jpg
- **background**: solo_singer
- **origin**: St Albans, Hertfordshire, England, UK
- **genre**: Pop music, Pop , Schlager
- **occupation**: Singing, Singer
Shirley Clamp

**Shirley Natasja Clamp**, born 17 February 1973 in Borås, Sweden, is a British Swedish pop singer. She has scored several Top 10 albums and singles in Sweden. She also competed at Melodifestivalen several times, and reached the finals ending up second in 2004 and fourth in 2005.

### Albums

|align="left"|Album information|
| --- | --- |
|align="left"|***Den långsamma blomman*** *Studio album *Released: 26 May 2004 *Chart positions: #3 SE *Certification: 1x Gold *Singles: ** 2003 "Jag fick låna en ängel" ** 2004 "Min kärlek" #3 ** 2004 "Eviga längtan" #24 ** 2004 "För den som älskar" #14|
|align="left"|***Lever mina drömmar*** *Studio album *Released: 20 April 2005 *Chart positions: #5 SE *Certification: - *Singles: ** 2005 "Att älska dig" #4 ** 2005 "Mina minnen" ** 2005 "Lite som du" #38 ** 2006 "Lever mina drömmar"|
|align="left"|***Favoriter på svenska*** *Covers of Swedish hits album *Released: 10 May 2006 *Chart positions: #7 SE *Certification: - *Singles: ** 2006 "När kärleken föds" (Swedish cover version of Roxette's "It Must Have Been Love") #6 ** 2006 "I en annan del av världen"|
|align="left"|***Tålamod*** *Studio Album *Released: 24 October 2007 *Chart positions: #20 SE *Certification: - *Singles: ** 2007 "Jag tar en annan väg"|
|align="left"|***För den som älskar - en samling*** *Greatest hits compilation *Released: 28 March 2009 *Chart positions: #11 SE *Certification: - *Singles: **2009 "Med hjärtat fyllt av ljus" #1|

### Joint albums

|scope="col" rowspan="2"|Title|scope="col" rowspan="2"|Details|scope="col" colspan="1"|Peak positions|scope="col" rowspan="2"|Certifications|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|* First joint album * Released: November 2008|1|* SWE: Platinum||||||
|* Second joint album * Released: November 2010|6|* SWE: Gold||||||

### Other singles

- 2002 - My Life (C'est ma vie) (with Christer Björkman) (Pride-anthem 2002)
- 2003 - Mr. Memory
- 2004 - Do They Know It's Christmas? #28

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Shirley Clamp
- **image**: Shirley Clamp.JPG
- **caption**: Shirley Clamp at Sommarkrysset, 2009
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth place**: Borås, Sweden
- **origin**: Sweden
- **genre**: pop music, pop, schlager
- **years active**: 2000–present
- **website**: [http://www.shirleyclamp.com/ shirleyclamp.com]
Counting coup

**Counting coup** refers to the winning of prestige in battle by the Plains Indians of North America. Warriors won prestige by acts of courage in the face of the enemy. Any blow struck against the enemy counted as a coup.

## An act of bravery

Counting coup could be with a hand, any part of the body, or with an object. The most prestigious act was to touch or strike an enemy warrior, leave him alive, then escaping unharmed. Touching the first enemy to die in battle or touching the enemy's defensive works also counted as coup. Counting coup could also involve stealing an enemy's weapons or horses tied up to his lodge in camp. Risk of injury or death was required to count coup. After a battle or exploit, the people of a tribe would gather together to recount their acts of bravery and "count coup."  Coups were recorded in some tribes by putting notches (cut marks) in a coup stick. A coup stick was often a willow rod with a feather on the end. But coup could be counted with any object.

## Other uses

Another form of counting coup emerged during the air battles of World War I. A allied pilot who shot down five enemy aircraft was given the status of ace. The exception was that the British never formally adopted the ace system. Informally, however, a British pilot who had shot down ten enemy planes was considered an ace. Generally "counting coup" is counting victories.

## Other websites

- Counting Coup; Encyclopedia of the Great Plains
- Counting Coup; Native Heritage Project
Rotte (river)

The **Rotte** is a river in the Dutch province Zuid Holland. The city of Rotterdam is named after this river, Rotterdam means dam of the Rotte, Rotterdam is founded when a dam was built in the Rotte. Original, the river was named Rotta, based on the Dutch word 'rot', this word means something like dirty, because the river was very muddy, and A because Aa means water in old European languages.

## History

In the Roman Age, the river has been connected with the Rhine. The river was cut off from the Rhine later. The area where the Rhine was connected to the Rotte changed into an area of bog. After all the bog was excavated, the area changed into a swamp, this swamp was the new source of the Rotte. In the 17th century the swamp area is empoldered, and the Rotte did not have a source anymore.

In the early medieval age, settlement was founded. But because of floods in the area, the people were not able to live in the area. Later in 1270, a 400 meter long dam was build along the river, people started to live on this dam, and that is where Rotterdam was founded. Today, this dam is the _Hoogstraat_ in Rotterdam.

## Infobox (river)

- **name**: Rotte
- **name other**: Rotta
- **image**: BeginVanDeRotte.JPG
- **image caption**: Source of the Rotte
- **map**: Rotterdamse wateren.png
- **map caption**: Rivers in Rotterdam, with the Rotte starting on the top right
- **subdivision type1**: Country
- **subdivision name1**: Netherlands
- **source1 location**: Lansingerland
- **mouth**: Nieuwe Maas
- **mouth location**: Netherlands
Roberto Sagastume Pinto

**Roberto Obdulio Sagastume Pinto** (24 November 1944 – 1 December 2014) was a Guatemalan politician and educator. He served as Mayor of Esquipulas from 1986 through 1988 and again from 1996 through 2000. Pinto also served as Governor of Chiquimula from 2001 through 2003. Pinto was born in Esquipulas, Guatemala.

Pinto died in a car crash in Esquipulas, Guatemala, aged 70.
Giorgio Ardisson

**Giorgio Ardisson**,  also known as **George Ardisson** (31 December 1931 – 11 December 2014), was an Italian actor. He was known for his roles in _Agent 3S3: Passport to Hell_ and _Agent 3S3, Massacre in the Sun_. Ardisson was born in Turin, Italy.

Ardisson died in Rome, Italy, aged 82.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Giorgio Ardisson
- **image**: Giorgio Ardisson.jpg
- **caption**: Giorgio Ardisson, 1971
- **birth name**: Giorgio Ardisson
- **birth place**: Turin, Italy
- **death place**: Rome, Italy
- **occupation**: Actor
Ivor Grattan-Guinness

**Ivor Owen Grattan-Guinness** (23 June 1941 – 12 December 2014) was an English historian and mathematician. He was a historian of mathematics and logic.

Grattan-Guinness was born in Bakewell, Derbyshire. He gained his bachelor degree as a Mathematics Scholar at Wadham College, Oxford, and an MSc (Econ) in Mathematical Logic and the Philosophy of Science at the London School of Economics in 1966. He died on 12 December 2014, aged 73.

## Other websites

- Encomium  at Mathematical Sciences Foundation
John Persen

**John Persen** (9 November 1941 – 12 December 2014) was a Norwegian composer. He was born in Porsanger, Norway. He was the son-in-law of Finn Strømsted. He was awarded Lindemanprisen in 1999, and Edvardprisen twice, and was awarded honorary membership of the Norwegian Society of Composers.

Persen died in Oslo, Norway, aged 73.
Angalifu

**Angalifu** (pronounced "ang-uh-LEEF-oo"; 1970–2014) was a captive northern white rhinoceros. It was held at the San Diego Zoo Safari Park. He was one of six living northern white rhinoceroses in the world, one of two living males in the world, and the only male on the American continents.

Angalifu was born in the wild ca. 1970 before being caught and sent to the Khartoum Zoo in Khartoum, Sudan. In 1990, he was transferred on loan to the San Diego Zoo Safari Park, where he lived until his death in December 2014.

## Infobox (animal)

- **name**: Angalifu
- **image**: Northern White Rhinoceros Angalifu.jpg
- **image size**: 250px
- **caption**: Angalifu in his enclosure at the San Diego Zoo Safari Park
- **species**: Northern white rhinoceros
- **gender**: Male
- **birth date**: ca. 1970
- **birth place**: San Diego Zoo Safari Park
- **death date**: December 14, 2014 (aged 44)
- **known**: Was one of two males of his species left in the world
Lonesome George

**Lonesome George** (c. 1910  – June 24, 2012) was a male Pinta Island tortoise (_Chelonoidis nigra abingdonii_) and the last known individual of the subspecies. In his last years, he was known as the rarest creature in the world. George served as a potent symbol for conservation efforts in the Galápagos Islands and throughout the world.
Theo Colborn

**Theodora Emily Colborn** (née **Decker**; March 28, 1927 – December 14, 2014) was an American zoologist. She was the founder and President Emeritus of The Endocrine Disruption Exchange (TEDX). Colborn was also professor Emeritus of Zoology at the University of Florida, Gainesville.  She was best known for her studies on the health effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals.

## Other websites

- Our Stolen Future
- TEDX, The Endocrine Disruption Exchange
- Dr. Theo Colborn on the Health Effects of Water Contamination from Fracking - video report by _Democracy Now!_
- Dr. Theo Colborn's TEDx Talk – TEDx MidAtlantic 2012, “Letter to the president about chemicals disrupting our bodies.”
- Dr. Theo Colborn, "Peace Begins in the Womb" - Santa Clara University Architects of Peace Essay, "Reflections on Working Towards Peace."
- PBS _Frontline,_ Interview by Doug Hamilton, "Fooling With Nature," 1998.
- Dr. Theo Colborn on the need for “inner space research” -Recorded lecture at the Chatauqua Institution, Chatauqua, NY, 2001

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Theo Colborn
- **image**: Theo Colborn (1927-2014).jpg
- **caption**: Theo Colborn in 2010
- **birth name**: Theodora Emily Decker
- **birth place**: Plainfield, New Jersey
- **nationality**: United States
- **field**: Zoology
- **work institutions**: University of Florida
- **alma mater**: Rutgers University
Western State Colorado University
University of Wisconsin–Madison
- **known for**: Pioneer in the field of endocrine disruptor, endocrine disrupting chemicals
Plainfield, New Jersey

**Plainfield** is a city in Union County, New Jersey, United States. As of 2020, the population was 54,586.
Mustapha Maarof

**Mustapha Azahari Maarof** (1 January 1935 – 15 December 2014) was a Malaysian actor. He was known for his roles in _Hang Tuah_ (1959), _1957: Hati Malaya_ (2007) and _Chermin_ (2007).

Maarof died in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia from respiratory failure at the age of 79.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Mustapha Azahari Maarof
- **birth place**: Tanjung Galau, Negeri Sembilan, Federated Malay States
- **death place**: Wangsa Maju, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- **nationality**: Malaysian
- **spouse**: Suraya Harun
Rosnah Jasni (Roseyatimah)
- **occupation**: Actor, assistant director
- **children**: 4
- **years active**: 1953–2014
Tim Cochran

**Thomas (Tim) Daniel Cochran** (April 7, 1955 – December 16, 2014) was an American mathematician. He was professor of mathematics at Rice University. He worked in topology, especially low-dimensional topology, the theory of knots and links and associated algebra.

## Other websites

- Tim Cochran's home page

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Tim Cochran
- **image**: Tim Cochran 1986 (enlarged headshot).jpg
- **caption**: Tim Cochran (1986)
- **fields**: Mathematics
- **workplaces**: Rice University
- **alma mater**: University of California, Berkeley, University of California
- **doctoral advisor**: Robion Kirby
- **doctoral students**: Shelly Harvey
Constance Leidy
Aaron Heap
Peter D Horn
- **known for**: Cochran–Orr–Teichner (solvable) filtration
Martin Brasier

**Martin David Brasier** FGS, FLS (12 April 1947 – 16 December 2014) was an English palaeobiologist and astrobiologist. He was Professor of Palaeobiology at the University of Oxford and Emeritus Fellow of St Edmund Hall.

Brasier died in a car accident near Burford, Oxfordshire, UK, on 16 December 2014.

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Martin David Brasier
- **image size**: 180px
- **birth place**: Wimbledon, London, Wimbledon, London, England
- **death place**: Burford, Oxfordshire, England
- **death cause**: Car accident
- **nationality**: United Kingdom
- **field**: Palaeontology, Evolutionary Biology, Micropaleontology, Astrobiology
- **workplaces**: British Geological Survey
University of Reading
University of Hull
Memorial University of Newfoundland
University of Oxford
- **alma mater**: University of London
University of Oxford
Phillip Archuleta

**Phillip M. "Felipe" Archuleta** (May 12, 1949 – December 16, 2014) was an American politician. Archuleta was a Democratic member of the New Mexico House of Representatives, serving from 2013 until his death in 2014.

Archuleta died in Las Cruces, New Mexico from pneumonia, aged 65.

## Other websites

- Legislative page

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Phillip M. Archuleta
- **image size**: 180px
- **state house**: New Mexico
- **district**: 36th
- **term start**: 2013
- **term end**: 2014
- **predecessor**: Andy Nuñez
- **birth date**: May 12, 1949
- **birth place**: Taos, New Mexico
- **death place**: Las Cruces, New Mexico
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
- **spouse**: Diana
- **residence**: Bayard, New Mexico
- **alma mater**: Northern New Mexico College
Dieter Grau

**Dieter Grau** (April 24, 1913 – December 17, 2014) was a German-American rocket scientist and member of the "von Braun rocket group", at Peenemünde (1939–1945) working on the V-2 rockets in World War II.  He was among the scientists who surrendered to the United States and traveled there, providing rocketry expertise via Operation Paperclip, which took them first to Fort Bliss, Texas.

Grau died in Huntsville, Alabama, at the age of 101 on December 17, 2014.

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Dieter Grau
- **image**: Dieter Grau.jpg
- **birth place**: Berlin, Germany
- **death place**: Huntsville, Alabama, United States, U.S.
- **nationality**: Germany, German, United States, American
- **field**: Aeronautics
- **work institutions**: Peenemünde
Fort Bliss
Redstone Arsenal
Marshall Space Flight Center
Oscar Holderer

**Oscar Holderer** (November 4, 1919 – May 5, 2015) was an engineer who worked with Wernher von Braun in the United States and Germany beforehand.  Holderer came to the United States as part of the second group of people brought from Germany during World War II as part of Operation Paperclip.

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Oscar Holderer
- **birth place**: Prüm, Germany
- **death place**: Huntsville, Alabama, United States
- **nationality**: Germany, German, United States of America, American
- **field**: Aeronautics
- **work institutions**: Peenemünde
Fort Bliss
Redstone Arsenal
Marshall Space Flight Center
Georg von Tiesenhausen

**Georg F. von Tiesenhausen** (May 18, 1914 – June 3, 2018) was a retired German-American rocket scientist. After being brought to the United States in 1953 as part of Operation Paperclip, he was part of Wernher von Braun's team at the U.S. Army, and later, NASA. He is known to first complete design of the Lunar Rover and made a variety of other contributions to the space program.

Von Tiesenhausen died at his home in Huntsville, Alabama on June 3, 2018 at the age of 104.

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Georg von Tiesenhausen
- **birth place**: Riga, Latvia, Russian Empire
- **death place**: Huntsville, Alabama, United States
- **fields**: mathematics
- **workplaces**: U.S. Army, NASA
- **alma mater**: University of Hamburg, Hamburg University
- **known for**: Operation Paperclip,  Lunar Rover
Ivan Vekić

**Ivan Vekić** (18 October 1938 – 17 December 2014) was a Croatian politician and lawyer. He was one of the founders of the Croatian Democratic Union and served as the Croatian Minister of Interior during the Croatian War of Independence.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Ivan Vekić
- **image**: 20 obljetnica osnutka SJP Alfa Zagreb Ivan Vekic 03092011 282.jpg
- **caption**: Ivan Vekić in September 2011
- **office**: Ministry of the Interior (Croatia), Minister of the Interior
- **term start**: 17 July 1991
- **term end**: 15 April 1992
- **president**: Franjo Tuđman
- **primeminister**: Franjo Gregurić
- **predecessor**: Onesin Cvitan
- **successor**: Ivan Jarnjak
- **birth place**: Poljica near Vrgorac, Kingdom of Yugoslavia
- **death place**: Osijek, Croatia
- **party**: Hrvatska Straža
- **otherparty**: Croatian Democratic Union
Only Croatia – Movement for Croatia, Only Croatia
- **profession**: Lawyer
- **branch**: Croatian Army
- **serviceyears**: 1991–1995
- **rank**: Colonel
- **commands**: Croatian Police
- **battles**: Croatian War of Independence
- **awards**: Order of Ante Starčević
Richard C. Hottelet

**Richard Curt Hottelet** (September 22, 1917 – December 17, 2014) was a Brooklyn-born American broadcast journalist for the latter half of the twentieth century. Hottelet was the last surviving journalist from the original World War II-era group of Murrow's Boys lead by Edward R. Murrow.

Hottelet died at his home in Wilton, Connecticut, on December 17, 2014. He was 97 years old.

## Other websites

- Murrow's Boys : CBS News article
- Guest of the Gestapo: By Richard C. Hottelet
- Hottelet accepts GWU post: (press release)
- Of Wars and Correspondents: By Richard C. Hottelet for _George Washington Magazine_
- Hottelet reporting on flight over Normandy  (audio clip)
- "The Press: Exchanged Prisoners"  — Richard C. Hottlelet, _Time_, August 11, 1941
- "Stop Being a Lone Ranger on Iraq" — Richard C. Hottelet, _The Christian Science Monitor_, August 5, 2002
- Preliminary Guide to the Richard C. Hottelet Papers, 1948-1990, Special Collections Research Center, Estelle and Melvin Gelman Library, The George Washington University

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Richard C. Hottelet
- **birth name**: Richard Curt Hottelet
- **birth place**: Brooklyn, New York (state), New York, U.S.
- **death place**: Wilton, Connecticut, U.S.
- **spouse**: Ann Delafield Hottelet (1942–2013)
Wilton, Connecticut

**Wilton** is a town along the Norwalk River Valley in southwestern Connecticut in the United States. It is in Fairfield County. As of the 2020 census, the town population was 18,503.
Oleh Lysheha

**Oleh Lysheha** (; 30 October 1949 – 17 December 2014) was a Ukrainian poet, playwright, translator and intellectual. During the period 1972-1988, he was banned from official publication, but in 1989 his first book _Great Bridge_ (_Velykyi Mist_) was published.

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Oleh Lysheha
Олег Лишега
- **image**: Lyshega.jpg
- **birth place**: Tysmenytsia, Ukrainian SSR
- **death place**: Kyiv, Ukraine
- **occupation**: Poet, translator
- **nationality**: Ukrainians, Ukrainian
Virna Lisi

**Virna Pieralisi** (November 8, 1936 – December 18, 2014), better known as **Virna Lisi**, was an Italian actress. She was known for her roles in _How to Murder Your Wife_ and in _La Reine Margot_. Lisi died in Ancona, Italy.

On December 18, 2014, Lisi died of cancer in Rome, Italy at age 78.

## Other websites

- Virna Lisi , at _Celebirony_.
- Virna Lisi, at _ElCriticon_ (_The critic_, in Spanish)

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Virna Lisi
- **image**: Virna Lisi cropped.jpg
- **caption**: Lisi on March 18, 2011
- **birth name**: Virna Pieralisi
- **birth place**: Ancona, Italy
- **death place**: Rome, Italy
- **death cause**: Cancer
- **nationality**: Italians, Italian
- **years active**: 1953-2014
- **spouse**: Franco Pesci (m. 1960–2013; his death)
- **children**: Corrado (b. 1962)
- **relatives**: grandsons: Franco (b. 1995)
Federico and Riccardo (b. 2003)
- **occupation**: Actress
- **awards**: **César Awards**
* César Award for Best Supporting Actress, Best Supporting Actress
:1995 _La Reine Margot (1994 movie), La Reine Margot_
**Cannes Film Festival**
*Best Actress Award (Cannes Film Festival), Best Actress
:1994 _La Reine Margot (1994 movie), La Reine Margot_
Donald J. Albosta

**Donald Joseph Albosta** (December 5, 1925 – December 18, 2014) was an American politician. A Democrat, he was Saginaw County Commissioner from 1970 to 1974 and served in the Michigan State House of Representatives from 1974 to 1976, representing the 86th District.

Albosta died on December 18, 2014 in St. Charles, Michigan, aged 89.

## Infobox (congressman)

- **name**: Donald J. Albosta
- **image name**: Donald J. Albosta.jpg
- **state**: Michigan
- **district**: Michigan's 10th congressional district, 10th
- **term start**: January 3, 1979
- **term end**: January 3, 1985
- **preceded**: Elford Cederberg
- **succeeded**: Bill Schuette
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
- **birth place**: Saginaw, Michigan
- **death place**: St. Charles, Michigan
St. Charles, Michigan

**St. Charles** is a village in Saginaw County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 1,992 at the 2020 census.
Ingvar Kjellson

**Ingvar Kjellson** (20 May 1923 – 18 December 2014) was a Swedish stage and movie actor. Kjellson was born in Kärna, Östergötland County. He was known for his roles in _Hedda Gabler_, _The Wild Duck_, _The Beggars' Opera_ and _Twelfth Night_.

Kjellson died at the age of 91 from pneumonia on 18 December 2014 in Stockholm, Sweden.

## Other websites

- Ingvar Kjellson , at Dramaten
John Randolph (actor)

**Emanuel Hirsch Cohen**, better known by the stage name **John Randolph** (June 1, 1915 – February 24, 2004) was an American movie, television and stage actor. He was born in New York City, New York.

Randolph died in Hollywood, California from natural causes, aged 88.
Owatonna, Minnesota

**Owatonna** is a city in Steele County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 26,420 at the 2020 census.  It is the county seat of Steele County.
Mandy Rice-Davies

**Marilyn "Mandy" Rice-Davies** (21 October 1944 – 18 December 2014) was a British model and showgirl.

She was born in Mere, Wiltshire and grew up in Shirley, Warwickshire. She was best known for her role in the Profumo affair, which discredited the Conservative government of British Prime Minister, Harold Macmillan in 1963.

Rice-Davies died aged 70 from cancer on 18 December 2014.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Mandy Rice-Davies
- **image**: Mandy Rice-Davies (1964).jpg
- **caption**: Mandy Rice-Davies (1964)
- **birth place**: Mere, Wiltshire, England, UK
- **spouse**: Refael “Rafi” Shauli
(m. 1966–1971, divorced)
Charles LeFevre
(m. 1978–1978, divorced)
Ken Foreman
(m. 1988–2014, his death)
- **children**: Daughter
- **known for**: Profumo affair
- **nationality**: British
Larry Smith (producer)

**Lawrence Michael "Larry" Smith** (June 11, 1952 – December 18, 2014) was an American musician and hip hop record producer. He was best known for his co-productions (with Russell Simmons) of Run-DMC's _Run-D.M.C._ (1984) and _King of Rock_ (1985) and his solo production of Whodini's _Escape_ (1984) and _Back in Black_ (1986).

Smith died on December 18, 2014 in Flushing, Queens, New York, 63.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Larry Smith
- **background**: non_performing_personnel
- **birth name**: Lawrence Michael Smith
- **birth place**: St. Albans, Queens, New York (state), New York
- **death place**: Flushing, Queens, New York (state), New York
- **instrument**: Bass guitar
- **genre**: Hip hop music, Hip hop
- **occupation**: Record producer
- **years active**: 1979–1994
- **associated acts**: Kurtis Blow, Run DMC, Whodini, Jimmy Spicer, Russell Simmons
Talia Shire

**Talia Shire** (; born April 25, 1946) is an American actress. She is best known for her roles as Connie Corleone in _The Godfather_, and Adrianna ("Adrian") Pennino (later Balboa) in the _Rocky_ series.

Shire is the sister of Francis Ford Coppola, the mother of actor Jason Schwartzman, and the aunt of actor Nicolas Cage.

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: Talia Shire 1976 edit.JPG
- **birth place**: Lake Success, New York, U.S.
- **birth name**: Talia Rose Coppola
- **occupation**: Actress
- **years active**: 1968–present
- **spouse**: David Shire (1970–78; divorced)
 Jack Schwartzman (1980–94; his death)
- **relatives**: Francis Ford Coppola
Burt Young

**Gerald Tommaso DeLouise** (April 30, 1940 – October 8, 2023), better known by his stage name **Burt Young**, was an American actor, painter and author. He is best known for his Academy Award-nominated role as Sylvester Stallone's brother-in-law and best friend Paulie in the _Rocky_ movie series.

Young died in Los Angeles, California from cardiac arrest caused by atrial fibrillation on October 8, 2023 at the age of 83.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Burt Young
- **image**: Burt-Young.jpg
- **caption**: Burt Young on the set of Tom in America, New York, October 23, 2012
- **birth name**: Gerald Tommaso DeLouise
- **birth place**: New York City, New York (state), New York, U.S.
- **death place**: Los Angeles, California, U.S.
- **death cause**: Cardiac arrest caused by atrial fibrillation
- **occupation**: Actor, painter, author
- **years active**: 1970–2023
Robert Simpson (meteorologist)

**Robert Homer Simpson** (November 19, 1912 – December 18, 2014) was an American meteorologist, hurricane specialist, first director of the National Hurricane Research Project (NHRP) from 1955–1959, and a former director (1967–1974) of the National Hurricane Center (NHC). He was the co-developer of the Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale with Herbert Saffir. His wife was Joanne Simpson.

Simpson died in Washington, D.C. at the age of 102.

## Other websites

- An Interview with Dr. Robert Simpson  - The Mariners Weather Log, April 1999
- An interview of Dr. Simpson by Ed Zipser

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Robert H. Simpson
- **image**: Robert H. Simpson in 1956.png
- **caption**: Simpson on left
- **birth place**: Corpus Christi, Texas
- **death place**: Washington, D.C.
- **fields**: Meteorology
- **workplaces**: Director of the National Hurricane Research Project
Director of the National Hurricane Center
- **education**: Southwestern University <small>(B.S., 1933)</small>
Emory University <small>(M.S., 1935)</small>
- **spouse**: Joanne Simpson
- **academic advisors**: W. S. Nelms
- **thesis title**: A Study of Piezo-electricity
- **thesis year**: 1935
- **known for**: Tropical cyclone research, Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale, NHC director
- **awards**: Department of Commerce Gold Medal, Cleveland Abbe Award
Philip Bradbourn

**Philip Charles Bradbourn**,  (9 August 1951 – 19 December 2014) was a British politician, and Member of the European Parliament for the West Midlands, for the Conservative Party. He was a member of the European Parliament from 1999 to 2014.

Bradbourn was born in Tipton, Warwickshire. He died of bowel cancer, aged 63.

## Other websites

- West Midlands Conservative MEP Team

## Infobox (politician)

- **image**: Philip Bradbourn MEP 0417.jpg
- **name**: Philip Bradbourn
- **birth date**: 9 August 1951
- **birth place**: Tipton, Staffordshire, England
- **residence**: United Kingdom
- **party**: Conservative Party (UK), Conservative
- **death place**: Sutton Coldfield, England
- **office**: Member of the European Parliament
 for West Midlands (European Parliament constituency), West Midlands
- **term start**: 1999
- **term end**: 19 December 2014
- **successor**: Daniel Dalton (British politician), Daniel Dalton
Igor Rodionov

**Igor Nikolayevich Rodionov** (; 1 December 1936 – 19 December 2014) was a Russian general and Duma deputy. He was best known for his service heading the Defence Ministry of the Russian Federation.

## Other websites

- U.S. Army Foreign Military Studies Office, Rodionov: A Military Biography
- Person Page at NUPI Centere for Russian Studies  (note: NUPI says Rodionov commanded the Transbaikal Military District in 85–86, but this is disapproved by Feskov et al.'s list of District commanders.)
- Duma Deputy Biographies at US-Russian Business Council

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **image**: IN Rodionov 03.jpg
- **caption**: Rodinov at a Pentagon briefing while serving as Russian Minister of Defence
- **office**: Ministry of Defence (Russia), Minister of Defence
- **primeminister**: Viktor Chernomyrdin
- **president**: Boris Yeltsin
- **term start**: 17 July 1996
- **term end**: 22 May 1997
- **predecessor**: Mikhail Kolesnikov (politician), Mikhail Kolesnikov  (acting)
- **successor**: Igor Sergeyev
- **birth name**: Igor Nikolayevich Rodionov

- **birth place**: Kurakino Village, Penza Oblast, Russian SFSR, USSR
- **death place**: Moscow, Russia
- **allegiance**:

- **serviceyears**: 1954–1997
- **rank**: Army General (Russia), General of the Army
- **branch**: Russian Ground Forces
- **commands**: Ministry of Defence (Russia), Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation
 Transcaucasian Military District
- **unit**: 40th Army (Soviet Union)
- **battles**: Soviet War in Afghanistan
- **awards**: Order of the Red Banner
Order of the Red Star (2)
Order for Service to the Homeland in the Armed Forces of the USSR, 2nd class and 3rd class
John G. Avildsen

**John Guilbert Avildsen** (December 21, 1935 – June 16, 2017) was an American movie director. He won the Academy Award for Best Director in 1977 for _Rocky_.

Other movie he directed include _Joe_, _Save the Tiger_, _Fore Play_, _The Formula_, _Neighbors_, _For Keeps_, _Lean on Me_, _The Power of One_, _8 Seconds_, _Inferno_, _Rocky V_ and the first three _Karate Kid_ movies.

Avildsen died on June 16, 2017 in Los Angeles, California of pancreatic cancer, aged 81.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: John G. Avildsen
- **birth place**: Oak Park, Illinois, U.S.
- **death place**: Los Angeles, California, U.S.
- **death cause**: Pancreatic cancer
- **occupation**: Film director
- **years active**: 1969–2017
- **signature**: John Avildsen signature.svg
William Hickey

**William Edward Hickey** (September 19, 1927 – June 29, 1997) was an American actor. He is best known for his Oscar-nominated role as Don Corrado Prizzi in the John Huston 1985 movie _Prizzi's Honor_, as well as Uncle Lewis in _National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation_ (1989) and the voice of Dr. Finklestein in Tim Burton's _The Nightmare Before Christmas_ (1993).

Hickey died of emphysema and bronchitis in New York City, aged 69.
Edgartown, Massachusetts

**Edgartown** is a town in Dukes County, Massachusetts, United States. It is on Martha's Vineyard. It is the county seat of Dukes County.

At the 2020 census, 5,168 people lived in Edgartown.
Mrs. Chippy

**Mrs. Chippy** was a male ship's cat who sailed with Sir Ernest Shackleton on his team's Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition. The expedition began in 1914, but the ship, _Endurance_, became hopelessly trapped in packed ice sheets and was destroyed.  The cat, along with some of the sled dogs, were shot to death in 1915, when it was decided they could not survive.

## Life on the ship

Mrs. Chippy, a tiger-striped tabby, belonged to Harry McNish, the carpenter. Harry was given the nickname "Chippy" because of "wood chips", so the cat was also called the same. Soon after the ship set sail for Antarctica, it was discovered that, despite _"her"_ name, Mrs. Chippy was a _"he"_, a male cat.  By that time the name had stuck. The cat amazed the crew by being able to walk along the ship's inch-wide guard rails, in even the roughest seas.

After the ship was destroyed in the ice, the crew leaders knew that Mrs. Chippy and five of the dogs would not be able to live, and on October 29, 1915, Sir Shackleton wrote in his diary:

Harry McNish had become very fond of his cat, and never forgave Shackleton for having him shot. After the loss of his cat, Harry fought with Shackleton during the expedition that lasted until 1917. Even though he did build the boats that eventually rescued the crew, he was not given a Polar Medal, because of his arguing with the captain over the death of his cat.

## Memorial and painting

In 2004, a  bronze memorial statue of Mrs. Chippy was placed on the grave of Harry McNish. It was given by the Antarctic Society of New Zealand, because of his bravery on the expedition.

The painting _Mrs Chippy_, by Wolf Howard, shows the cat "about to be shot". The background shows the crew sending a small boat on a rescue mission and _Endurance_ is stuck in the ice. The painting was shown in a punk art exhibit at the Walker Art Gallery in Liverpool, England, in 2004.

## Other websites

- Purr 'n' Fur: Mrs Chippy, of Shackleton's Endurance
- Lost and Fond: Tribute to Mrs Chippy
Bedford (disambiguation)

**Bedford** is a town in Bedfordshire, England.

Bedford might also refer to:
- Bedford, Indiana
- Bedford, Iowa
- Bedford, Kentucky
- Bedford, Massachusetts
- Bedford, Virginia
Bob Lanier (politician)

**Bob Lanier** (March 10, 1925 – December 20, 2014) was an American businessman and politician. He served as mayor of the city of Houston, Texas from 1992 to 1998. Lanier was born in Baytown, Texas.

On December 20, 2014, Lanier died at the age of 89 in Houston, Texas from natural causes.

## Other websites

- Lanier, Robert "Bob" and Jim Barlow. Mayor Bob Lanier Oral History , Houston Oral History Project, January 8, 2008.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Bob Lanier
- **image**: Bob Lanier (cropped).jpg
- **office**: 58th List of mayors of Houston, Mayor of Houston
- **term start**: January 2, 1992
- **term end**: January 2, 1998
- **predecessor**: Kathryn J. Whitmire, Kathryn Whitmire
- **successor**: Lee P. Brown, Lee Brown
- **birth place**: Baytown, Texas, Baytown, Texas
- **death place**: Houston, Texas
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democrat
- **spouse**: Elyse Lanier
- **profession**: Banker, Lawyer, Attorney, Real Estate Developer
Robert Wolfe

**Robert Wolfe** (March 2, 1921 – December 10, 2014) was an American historian and archivist. He was a World War II U.S. Army officer. He was a archivist of the US National Archives. He was wounded in both the Pacific and European Theaters of Operation. Wolfe was born in Burlington, Vermont.

Wolfe died in Washington, D.C. from natural causes, aged 93.
Right to housing

The **Right to housing** is the idea that everyone should have the possibility to live somewhere, to affordable housing and shelter free from homelessness. Many countries recognise it. It is also in  the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. This means it is part of international law.

## Definition

The base for the right to housing in international law can be found in Article 25 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The declaration recognises the right as part of the right to an adequate standard of living.
It states that:

Article 11(1) of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) also guarantees the right to housing as part of the right to an adequate standard of living among economic, social and cultural rights.

In international human rights law the right to housing is regarded as a freestanding right. This was clarified in the 1991 General Comment no 4 on Adequate Housing by the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. The general comment provides an authoritative interpretation of the right to housing in legal terms under international law.

The right to housing is also mentioned in Article 28 of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, Article 16 of the European Social Charter (Article 31 of the Revised European Social charter) and in the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights. According to UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, aspects of right to housing under ICESCR include: legal security of tenure; availability of services, materials, facilities and infrastructure; affordability; habitability; accessibility; location and cultural adequacy. As a political goal, right to housing was declared in F. D. Roosevelt's 1944 speech on the Second Bill of Rights.
Personal identification number

A **Personal identification number** (abbreviated as **PIN**) is a number that is used to authenticate a user of a system. It is used to make sure only certain people can get, use, or change information in the system.

PINs were created to be used with automated teller machines. Once someone inserts a bank card into the machine, they would be asked to enter a PIN using the buttons on a keypad, and would only be allowed to get their money if they entered the correct PIN. In a similar way, EMV technology makes use of PIN numbers to make sure only the person holding a credit card can make a transaction with it.

Early PIN numbers only consisted of digits. Today, some banks use PINs made of digits and letters. There are also many new technologies being created to be used instead of PINs, such as using fingerprint scanners.

## Other websites

- More information about PIN numbers from Investopedia
David Ricardo

**David Ricardo** (18 April 1772 – 11 September 1823) was a British political economist. He was one of the main thinkers behind Classical economics, together with Thomas Malthus, Adam Smith and John Stuart Mill.  Today, he is mostly known for his theory of comparative advantage. This theory suggests that a nation should concentrate its resources only in industries where it is _most_ internationally competitive and trade with other countries to obtain products not produced nationally.   Ricardo promoted the idea of extreme industry specialization by nations, to the point of dismantling internationally competitive and otherwise profitable industries.  In this thinking Ricardo assumed the existence of a national industry policy aimed at promoting some industries to the detriment of others. For Ricardo some form of Central Economic Planning was a given.

The Ricardian model of comparative advantage has been challenged by, among others, Joan Robinson and Piero Sraffa.  Nevertheless, it remains the cornerstone of the argument in favour of international free trade as a means of increasing economic prosperity.  The theory of comparative advantage was the forerunner of the push towards globalization via increased international trade, the guiding theme in economic policy currently promoted by the OECD and the World Trade Organization.

## Infobox (economist)

- **school tradition**: Classical economics
- **image**: Portrait of David Ricardo by Thomas Phillips.jpg
- **image size**: 240px
- **caption**: Portrait of David Ricardo by Thomas Phillips, circa 1821. This painting shows Ricardo, aged 49, just two years before his early death.
- **name**: David Ricardo
- **birth place**: London, England
- **death place**: Gatcombe Park, Gloucestershire, England
- **nationality**: British
- **contributions**: Ricardian equivalence, labour theory of value, comparative advantage, Diminishing returns, law of diminishing returns, Economic rent
Torus

A **torus** (plural: **tori** or **toruses**) is a tube shape that looks like a doughnut or an inner tube. In geometry, a torus is made by rotating a circle in three dimensional space. To make a torus, the circle is rotated around a line (called the axis of rotation) that is in the same plane as the circle. Usually, the line does not touch the circle, so the torus has a hole through the center, and the torus is called a **ring torus**. For a ring torus, the axis of rotation passes through the center of the hole.

In topology, sizes don't matter, and a torus is any shape that has one hole through it.

The **ring torus** is the most well-known type of torus, but other types exist. If the line the circle rotates around is tangent to the circle, then it becomes a horn **torus**, and if it passes through the circle then it is a **spindle torus.** A toroid is a surface made by rotating any shape around a line, so a torus is one kind of toroid.

If the torus is filled to make a solid shape, it is called a **solid torus**. A solid torus is often simply called a torus. A solid torus is made by rotating a disk (a filled-in circle) around a line. Common objects that have the shape of a solid torus are a doughnut, a bagel and an O-ring. A ringette ring is torus-shaped.

A torus is like a tube that is bent into a circle so it connects to itself. The radius of the tube or circle is called the _minor radius_, written as . The distance from the center of the tube to the center of the torus is called the _major radius_, written as .

The surface area of a torus is given by
- .
This area is the same as the area of a straight tube that has a radius  and length .

The volume of a solid torus is given by
- .
This volume is the same as the volume of a straight rod that has a  radius  and length .
Sitor Situmorang

**Sitor Situmorang** (October 2, 1923 – December 21, 2014) was an Indonesian poet, essayist and writer of short stories. Situmorang was born in Harianboho, North Sumatra. He was educated in Jakarta. He worked as a journalist and literary critic. Situmorang was known for his poem _Angkatan ’45_ (The Generation of ’45).

On December 21, 2014, he died at the age of 91 at his home in Apeldoorn, Netherlands.

## Infobox (writer)

- **image**: Sitor Situmorang Kesusastraan Modern Indonesia p188.jpg
- **caption**: Situmorang,  1955
- **birth place**: Harianboho, North Sumatra, Indonesia
- **death place**: Apeldoorn, Netherlands
- **language**: Indonesian
- **genre**: Poet, essayist, writer of short stories
Udo Jürgens

**Udo Jürgens** (born **Udo Jürgen Bockelmann**, 30 September 1934 – 21 December 2014) was an Austrian composer and singer of popular music whose career spans over fifty years. He wrote more than 800 songs and sold over 100 million records. In 2007 he additionally obtained Swiss citizenship. He was known for his song "Reach for the Stars". and titular song called **Vielen Dank für die Blumen** the German language dub animated short series Tom and Jerry.

Jürgens died on 21 December 2014 in Münsterlingen, Switzerland from acute heart failure at the age of 80.

## Other websites

- Excerpts from a thesis on Jürgens (2002)  by Christian Mädler
- Udo Jürgens - Ich war noch niemals in New York Musical

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Udo Jürgens
- **image**: Udo Jürgens - Der Soloabend 2010 (10).jpg
- **caption**: Udo Jürgens in 2010
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Udo Jürgen Bockelmann
- **birth place**: Klagenfurt, Austria
- **death place**: Münsterlingen, Switzerland
- **instrument**: Human voice, Vocals, piano
- **genre**: Pop music, Pop
- **occupation**: Singer
- **years active**: 1950–2014
- **website**: [http://www.udojuergens.de Official website ]
2004 Republican National Convention

The **2004 Republican National Convention** was the 2004 presidential nominating convention. It was for the Republican Party of the United States. George W. Bush and Dick Cheney won the presidential nomination at the convention.

It took place from August 30 to September 2, 2004 at Madison Square Garden in New York City. A tribute for Ronald Reagan was shown at the convention.
John Panozzo

**John Anthony Panozzo** (September 20, 1948 – July 16, 1996) was an American drummer. He was best known for his work with rock band Styx.

## Career

Panozzo grew up in Chicago, Illinois. He had a fraternal twin brother, Chuck. At age 7, the twins took musical lessons from their uncle. John took an interest in drums and percussion. They attended Catholic school. They were part of a 3-piece accordion band in which John played drums and Chuck played guitar. They would play weddings at age 12 and were paid $15 apiece.

## Styx

In 1961 John, Chuck, and their neighbor, Dennis DeYoung, formed a band called the Tradewinds.John played drums, Chuck played guitar, and Dennis played the accordion and sang. They played at bars and began gaining popularity as a garage band on the South Side of Chicago. In 1968, Chuck switched to bass. They added guitarists/vocalists James "J.Y." Young and John Curulewski and changed the name of the band to TW4. The band signed to Wooden Nickel Records and changed their name to Styx.

## Death

By the early 1990s his health suffered from heavy drinking. He took a less active role with Styx. In 1996 he was replaced by Todd Sucherman for the reunion tour. He was found dead in his home a few days later. He died from cirrhosis of the liver.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: John Panozzo
- **background**: non_vocal_instrumentalist
- **birth place**: Chicago, Illinois
- **genre**: Heavy metal music, Heavy metal
- **label**: A&M Records
- **years active**: 1972-1996
- **associated acts**: Styx (band), Styx