juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Maoism

**Maoism** is a form of communism based on the teachings of the Chinese leader Mao Zedong, who  led the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) to victory in the Chinese Civil War, and he ruled China from 1949 until his death in 1976. Maoism is a version of Marxism–Leninism as well as Stalinism that Mao adapted to fit the conditions of China, which was at the time a mostly-rural country. Mao believed that peasants (farmers), not just workers in factories, could lead a communist revolution to change society.

## Overview

Maoism is based on the ideas of Mao Zedong. Like Karl Marx and Vladimir Lenin, Mao believed in a society where there is no class difference and where the means of production are shared by everyone.

In traditional Marxism, it is the urban working class (called the proletariat) that  leads the revolution. However, in China, most people were peasants and worked on farms. Mao believed that the peasants could be the main force of the revolution.

Mao also wanted China to become industrialized. He led campaigns like the Great Leap Forward (1958–1962) to try to quickly change China from a farming society into an industrial one. However, the Great Leap Forward failed and led to a severe famine in which millions of people died because of the lack of food.

### Cultural Revolution

In 1966, Mao started the Cultural Revolution to reassert his control over the Chinese Communist Party and to remove what he considered "capitalist" or "traditional" elements from Chinese society. He encouraged young people to join the Red Guards, who attacked and publicly humiliated people they saw as enemies of the revolution.

The Cultural Revolution caused chaos in China. Schools and universities were closed, historical and cultural sites were destroyed, and many people were persecuted or killed. The era lasted until Mao's death in 1976.

### After Mao's Death

After Mao died, leaders like Deng Xiaoping changed many of his policies. They moved China towards a "socialist market economy" by introducing economic reforms that allowed private businesses and foreign investment. While the party still controls the government, China's economy now includes both state-owned and private companies.

## Influence

Maoism has influenced communist movements in other countries, especially in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Some groups have tried to use Mao's ideas of "people's war" and peasant-led revolution. Examples include movements in Nepal, India, and Peru.

## Related pages

- Russian Civil War
- Chinese Civil War
- Communism
- Karl Marx
- Vladimir Lenin
- Joseph Stalin
- Pol Pot
- History of the People's Republic of China

## Other websites

- Guiding Thought of Revolution: The Heart of Maoism – International project
- Marx2Mao.org – Mao Internet Library
- The Encyclopedia of Marxism – Mao Zedong Thought
- The Encyclopedia of Marxism – Mao's life
- _Monthly Review_ January 2005  Text of the leaflets distributed by the Zhengzhou Four.
- World Revolution Media  Maoist revolutionary film, music, and art archive
- Batchelor, J. Maoism and Classical Marxism , Clio History Journal, 2009.
John Landis

**John Landis** (born August 3, 1950) is an American movie director. Landis was born in Chicago, Illinois and raised in Los Angeles, California. He started his career working as a mailboy at 20th Century Fox.

Some of his movies are:

- _The Kentucky Fried Movie_
- _National Lampoon's Animal House_
- _The Blues Brothers_
- _An American Werewolf in London_
- _Trading Places_
- _Into the Night_

He directed the music videos for Michael Jackson's "Thriller" and "Black or White". "Thriller" won the Video Vanguard Award for The Greatest Video in the History of the World.
Edith Massey

**Edith Massey** (May 25, 1918 - October 24, 1984) was an American actress.

She acted in several of director John Waters' most well-known movies: _Multiple Maniacs_, _Pink Flamingos_, _Female Trouble_, _Desperate Living_, and _Polyester_. Waters discovered Massey as a waitress in a Baltimore, Maryland, USA bar he and his friends frequented.

In the late 1970s and early 1980s, Massey capitalized on her Waters infamy by touring as the lead singer of a punk band (Edie and the Eggs) and opening a thrift store in Baltimore called Edith's Shopping Bag.

Director Robert Maier made a documentary short about her in 1975 called _Love Letter to Edie_.
1875

## Events

- March 3 – Georges Bizet's Carmen debuts in Paris
- Wadworth Brewery founded.

## Births

- February 2 – Fritz Kreisler, Austrian violinist and composer
- February 28 – Christie MacDonald, actress and singer
- May – Paul Sarebresole
- July 26 – Carl Jung
- September 3 – Ferdinand Porsche, German car designer

## Deaths

- June 3 – Georges Bizet

## Published music

- "Angels, Meet Me At the Cross Road"     w.m. Will Hays
- "Carve Dat Possum" by Sam Lucas & Herbert Hershy
- "Dreaming Forever of Thee"      w.m. John Hill Hewitt
- "Grandfather's Clock"     w.m. Henry C. Work
- "I'll Take You Home Again, Kathleen"     w.m. Thomas P. Westendorf
- "Nancy Lee" w. Frederick Edward Weatherly, m. Stephen Adams (pseudonym of Michael Maybrick)
- "The Witches Flight (Galop Caprice)" by Henry A. Russell

## Musical theater

- _Trial By Jury_, Gilbert & Sullivan, London production opened at the Royalty Theatre on March 25
- _Trial By Jury_ Philadelphia production opened at the Arch Street Theatre on October 22
- _Trial By Jury_, New York production opened at the Eagle Theatre on November 15
- _The Zoo_, Lyrics and Book: Bolton Rowe Music: Arthur Sullivan, London production opened at St. James Theatre on June 5
Ankst

**Ankst** is a Welsh independent record label formed in 1988 at Aberystwyth University. Ankst has been the launch-pad for several popular Welsh artists, including Super Furry Animals and Gorky's Zygotic Mynci. The label is now based in Pentraeth on Anglesey.

## Other websites

- Official website
T. S. Eliot

**Thomas Stearns Eliot** OM (26 September 1888 – 4 January 1965) was an American-born British poet. He was one of the most influential poets of the 20th century. He also wrote plays and some important essays about literature.

## Early life

He was born in St. Louis, Missouri, then went to college at Harvard. He spent most of his adult life in London, England. He became a British citizen in 1928.

## Career

One famous book of his was written for children and is called _The Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats_. The songs in the Andrew Lloyd Webber musical _Cats_ are based on poems in it. He also wrote "The Waste Land", a very mysterious, complicated poem that helped start a new style called Modernism. His friend, Ezra Pound, another Modern poet, helped him finish it. His poem "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock" and his play _Murder in the Cathedral_ (about Thomas Becket) are also well known.

## Personal life and death

Eliot was married two times. He worked at a bank in England and later as the head editor of a famous publishing company in London that is now called Faber and Faber. In 1948, he won the Nobel Prize in Literature. He died of emphysema in London.

## Related pages

- List of poets from North America
- List of poets from the United States
Andrew Lloyd Webber

**Andrew Lloyd Webber, Baron Lloyd-Webber** (born 22 March 1948) is a British composer and impresario of musical theatre. His company, the Really Useful Group, is one of the largest theatre operators in London.

## Career

In 2018, Webber became one of fifteen people to win an Oscar, Grammy, Tony and Emmy Award.

During his career, he has produced 15 musicals (several have run at the West End and on Broadway for ten or more years). His lyricists have included: Tim Rice, Don Black, Christopher Hampton, Richard Stilgoe, and Ben Elton. He wrote the music for two movies: _Gumshoe_ and _The Odessa File_. He wrote a Latin requiem mass. He has won many awards for his work, most notably seven Tony Awards, three Grammy Awards, an Oscar, an International Emmy, six Olivier Awards, and a Golden Globe Award. Lloyd Webber was knighted in 1992, and entered the House of Lords in 1997.

## Personal life

Lloyd Webber's second marriage was to the actress and singer Sarah Brightman. They divorced in 1990. Lloyd Webber's third and current wife is Madeleine Gurdon, a former three-day event horsewoman. His younger brother is cellist Julian Lloyd Webber. On 25 October 2009, it was reported that Webber had been diagnosed with the early stages of prostate cancer. He had an operation and has recovered.

## Musicals

He has many musical plays, including:

- _Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat_ (1967)
- _Jesus Christ Superstar_ (1970)
- _Evita_ (1976)
- _Cats_ (1981)
- _Song and Dance_ (1982)
- _Starlight Express_ (1984)
- _Phantom of the Opera_ (1984): as an idea, (1985): Started development and 1st debut, (1986): as 2 pop singles early that year and in October 9th 1st public debut
- _Aspects of Love_ (1989)
- _Sunset Blvd._ (1993)
- _By Jeeves_ (1996), a rewritten 1974 show
- _Whistle Down the Wind_ (1998)
- _The Beautiful Game_ (2000)
- _The Woman in White_ (2004)
- _Love Never Dies_ (2010)
Bob Kane

**Bob Kane** (October 24, 1915 – November 3, 1998) was an American cartoonist. He is best known for creating the superhero Batman with Bill Finger.
Eva Gabor

**Eva Gabor** (February 11, 1919 – July 4, 1995) was a Hungarian-American actress. She was born in Budapest. She was best known for her role as Lisa Douglas on the television series, _Green Acres_. Her elder sisters, Zsa Zsa and Magda Gabor, were also actresses and socialites. She died of pneumonia on July 4, 1995 in Los Angeles, California.

## Filmography

|Year|Title|Role|Notes|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1941|_Forced Landing_|Johanna Van Deuren||
|_New York Town_|Minor Role|Uncredited||
|_Pacific Blackout_|Marie Duval|||
|1942|_Star Spangled Rhythm_|Eva Gabor|Uncredited|
|1945|_A Royal Scandal_|Countess Demidow||
|1946|_The Wife of Monte Cristo_|Mme. Lucille Maillard||
|1949|_Song of Surrender_|Countess Marina||
|1952|_Love Island_|Sarna||
|1953|_Paris Model_|Gogo Montaine||
|1954|_The Mad Magician_|Claire Ormond||
|_Captain Kidd and the Slave Girl_|Judith Duvall|||
|_The Last Time I Saw Paris_|Lorraine Quarl|||
|1955|_Artists and Models_|Sonia / Mrs. Curtis||
|1957|_The Truth About Women_|Louise Tiere||
|_My Man Godfrey_|Francesca Gray|||
|_Don't Go Near the Water_|Deborah Aldrich|||
|1958|_Touch of Evil_|Stripper sitting at bar|Uncredited|
|_Gigi_|Liane d'Exelmans|||
|1959|_It Started with a Kiss_|Marquesa Marion de la Rey||
|1963|_A New Kind of Love_|Felicienne Courbeau||
|1964|_Youngblood Hawke_|Fannie Prince||
|1970|_The Aristocats_|Duchess|Voice|
|1977|_The Rescuers_|Miss Bianca||
|1979|_Nutcracker Fantasy_|Queen of Time||
|1987|_The Princess Academy_|Countess Von Pupsin||
|1990|_The Rescuers Down Under_|Miss Bianca|Voice|

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Eva Gabor
- **image**: Eva Gabor Green Acres 1969.jpg
- **image size**: 200px
- **caption**: Gabor on the set of Green Acres in April of 1969
- **birth place**: Budapest, Hungary
- **death place**: Los Angeles, California, U.S.
- **death cause**: Respiratory failure, pneumonia
- **other names**: Éva Gábor
- **occupation**: Actress, businesswoman, socialite
- **years active**: 1941-1994
- **spouse**: Eric Valdemar Drimmer
(1939-1942)
Charles Isaacs
(1943-1949)
John Elbert Williams
(1956-1957)
Richard Brown
(1959-1973)
Frank Gard Jameson, Sr.
(1973-1983)
- **relatives**: Zsa Zsa Gabor (sister)
Magda Gabor (sister, dead)
Athlete

**Athlete**(**s**) may refer to:

- A person who is involved in Athletics (sport), which involves track and field events, long distance, cross-country and road running, and race walking
- Sportsperson, a person who participates regularly in a sport
- In college recruiting for American football, "athlete" refers specifically to an individual with strong all-around athletic ability that indicates the potential to succeed at multiple positions.
- Athlete of the Year
- Athlete (band), an English indie rock band
    - _Athlete_ (EP), an EP by the band
- _Athlete_ (film), a 2010 sports documentary film
- ATHLETE, All-Terrain Hex-Legged Extra-Terrestrial Explorer, a lunar rover under development by NASA
- _Athletes_ (moth), a Saturniinae moth genus
- _The Athlete_, a 2009 film

## Related pages

- Athletics (disambiguation)
Snoopy

**Snoopy** is Charlie Brown's pet beagle in the comic strip _Peanuts_, by Charles M. Schulz.  Born on the Daisy Hill Puppy Farm, Snoopy began as a background character.  Eventually he stood on his hind legs and became a main character.  Snoopy has many alter ego<nowiki/>s, and many siblings.

Snoopy's doghouse looks small from the outside, but the inside is much bigger, like the Tardis from Doctor Who.  He has many things in his house, including a TV set, Van Gogh painting, pool table, cedar closet, and many other things.  It has been destroyed multiple times, including being burnt down, destroyed by a falling icicle, and being smashed by the violent cat who lives next door.

## Snoopy's family

- Spike, brother, who lives in a desert in Needles, California.
- Olaf, brother, lives with Andy.  He is fat, or "roly-poly" as he describes himself.
- Andy, brother, lives with Olaf. He is very shaggy.
- Marbles, brother, doesn't understand Snoopy's fantasies.
- Belle, sisters, is cute and fashionable.
- Rover is yet another one of Snoopy's brothers. He doesn't appear in the comic strip, only in the movies/TV shows.
- Molly, sister. Like Rover, she appears only in certain movies/TV shows.
- Missy is Snoopy's mother.

## Snoopy's costumes

Snoopy has many alter ego<nowiki/>s. Most are "World Famous".
- Joe Cool: He is a cool college student and likes girls.
- World War I Flying Ace: He is a fighter pilot who flies a Sopwith Camel (actually Snoopy's dog house).
- World Famous Author: He writes many stories. Most of his stories begin with "It was a dark and stormy night...", and most are also not very good.
- World Famous Lawyer: He is a lawyer who loves to sue people and also loves eating doughnuts.
- World Famous Beagle Scout: He is a scout troop leader. The scouts in his troop are Woodstock (Snoopy's best friend) and a few birds that Woodstock is friends with.

## Other websites

- The page about Snoopy at the Peanuts Wiki.

## Infobox (character)

- **image**:  of Snoopy in Barcelona]]
Tron

***Tron*** otherwise referred to as ***GX-12***, is a 1982 American science fiction movie released by Walt Disney Pictures. The movie stars Jeff Bridges as Kevin Flynn (and Gold-Clu System), Bruce Boxleitner as Dr. Alan T. Bradley (and Blue-Tron), Cindy Morgan as Dr. Lora Baines (and Yori), Dan Shor as Roy Zack Kleinberg (and Ram), Barnard Hughes as Dr. Walter Gibbs, Ph.D. (and Dumont), Peter Jurasik as Crom Henderson and Edie Mirman as the Encom 511 Mainframe. David Warner plays the villain Ed Dillinger (and Cmdr. Dr. Red-Sark, as well as the voice of the Master Control Program Cone General Hologram) and Stuart Thomas plays the henchman Peter (and Lt. Alu). It was directed by Steven Lisberger. As one of the first movies to use computer animations extensively, _Tron_ has a distinctive visual style.

The music for the movie was written by Wendy Carlos, and there were also two songs from the band Journey.

Even though it got mixed success soon after its debut, _Tron_ has gained a cult following thanks to its computer-generated imagery (CGI) and hero story. Several video games have been based on it.

A twentieth anniversary DVD edition came out in 2002. In early 2005, Disney revealed plans for a sequel. The sequel was called _Tron Legacy_ and was released in 2010. It tells the story of Flynn's son Sam.

## Infobox (film)

- **name**: Tron
- **director**: Steven Lisberger
- **screenplay**: Steven Lisberger
- **music**: Wendy Carlos
- **cinematography**: Bruce Logan
- **editing**: Jeff Gourson
- **distributor**: Buena Vista Distribution
- **runtime**: 96 minutes
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **budget**: $17 million
- **gross**: $50 million
Garfield

***Garfield*** is a famous comic strip created by Jim Davis.

The comic is about an 8-year-old cat called Garfield, a 5-year-old dog called Odie, and their owner, Jon Arbuckle. The cat is named after Davis's grandfather, James Garfield Davis (who was probably named after former U.S. President James Garfield). It debuted on June 19, 1978, in 41 US newspapers. _Garfield at Large_ was _Garfield**s first book, published in 1980. It was listed in the _New York Times_ bestseller list at #1. By 1983, _Garfield_ was featured in 1400 newspapers, and was translated into seven different languages.

_Garfield_ got a website in 1996. In 2002, _Garfield_ was declared "Most widely syndicated comic strip in the world" by the Guinness Book of World Records. Garfield's first cookbook was published in 2003. In 2004, _Garfield: The Movie_ was the first full-length feature movie based on _Garfield_. Garfield is a fun-loving cat who loves lasagna but hates Mondays and is enjoyed by many people around the world.

, six Garfield movies have been made. notable production companies of **Garfield_' franchise, primary those involvement such as Film Roman from 1982-1994, now owned by 9 Story USA , _The Garfield Show_ now owned by Dargaud Media and distributed by Cineverse Corp., while the live-action duology and the Dippé direct-to-video trilogy now owned by 20th Century Studios and Davis Entertainment under Disney, the upcoming animated series produced by Nickelodeon Animation Studio and the 2024 CG animated film produced by Sony.

## Main characters

- Garfield - an 8-year-old orange tabby cat
- Odie - a 5-year-old yellow beagle
- Jon Arbuckle - Garfield and Odie's owner
- Dr. Liz Wilson - Garfield's veterinarian and a long-time girlfriend of Jon Arbuckle
- Arlene - a 9-year-old pink cat with big red lips and Garfield's partner/girlfriend
- Nermal - a 7-year-old gray tabby cat and Garfield's neighbor

## Dates

- June  19,  1978  (USA/UK)
- August  12,  1978  (Australia)
- July  14,  1979  (Worldwide)
- December 21, 1980 (Brazil)
- July 31, 1981 (Japan)

### Specials

- _Here Comes Garfield_ (1982)
- _Garfield on the Town_ (1983)
- _Garfield in the Rough_ (1984)
- _Garfield's Halloween Adventure_ (1985)
- _Garfield in Paradise_ (1986)
- _Garfield Goes Hollywood_ (1987)
- _A Garfield Christmas_ (1987)
- _Happy Birthday, Garfield_ (1988)
- _Garfield: His 9 Lives_ (1988)
- _Garfield's Babes and Bullets_ (1989)
- _Garfield's Thanksgiving_ (1989)
- _Garfield's Feline Fantasies_ (1990)
- _Garfield Gets a Life_ (1991)

## Animated series

- _Garfield and Friends_ (1988-1994)
- _The Garfield Show_ (2009-2016)
- _Garfield Originals_ (2019-2020)
- _Garfield: The Series_ (2025)

## Films

- _Garfield: The Movie_ (2004)
- _Garfield: A Tail of Two Kitties_ (2006)
- _Garfield Gets Real_ (2007)
- _Garfield's Fun Fest_ (2008)
- _Garfield's Pet Force_ (2009)
- _The Garfield Movie_ (2024)
- _The Garfield Movie 2_ (2027)

## Other websites

- Garfield and Friends official site
Hawaiian Punch

**Hawaiian Punch** is the name of a brand of sweetened fruit punch drinks owned by Dr Pepper/Seven Up, Inc. (DPSU). It was created in 1934 by A.W. Leo, Tom Yates, and Ralph Harrison as an ice cream topping, and customers later discovered that it was an appealing drink when mixed with water.

In 1962, the character of Punchy was introduced in a commercial for Hawaiian Punch, eventually becoming the product's mascot. His long-time saying is "Hey, how about a nice Hawaiian Punch!"

It currently comes in the following flavors:
- **Fruit Juicy Red:** the original flavor
- **Green Berry Rush:** strawberry and kiwifruit
- **Mazin' Melon Mix:** melon
- **Bodacious Berry:** berry
- **Tropical Vibe:** orange
- **Wild Purple Smash:** grape and berry

The drink has its name because some of original recipe's main ingredients come from Hawaii.

## The Fruit Punch

**The Fruit Punch** is the name of a brand of sweetened fruit punch drinks owned by Dr Pepper/Seven Up, Inc. (DPSU). It was created in 1928 by Los Angeles, California, and Red Buttons as an ice cream topping, and customers later discovered that it was an appealing drink when mixed with water.

In 1988, the character of Peep was introduced in a commercial for The Fruit Punch, eventually becoming the product's mascot. His long-time saying is "Hey! How about a nice Fruit Punch!"

### Cast

- Keith Scott - Peep
- Frank Gorshin - Quack
Marker

A **marker** is a writing device that allows a person to draw, write, or scribble. Ink comes out of the tip of the marker and onto the writing surface, commonly a piece of paper. Markers generally come in a variety of different colors. They are sometimes referred to as "magic markers", or magic pens.

The tip of the marker where ink comes out from is usually made of cloth. This allows the ink to go through easily. A lot of ink can come out from it at one time.

## Marker types

- **Whiteboard markers** are marker pens in which the ink can be rubbed out easily with tissues or dusters.
- **Permanent markers** are markers which the ink cannot be rubbed off.
Light pollution

**Light pollution** is a type of pollution. It is defined as “any adverse (or bad) effect as a result of man-made lights.” Usually, this means too much light. Several species, including plants and humans, are badly affected by light pollution. Light pollution costs Americans billions of dollars every year.

## Types of light pollution

There are five kinds of light pollution:
- Light trespass
- Over-illumination
- Clutter
- Glare
- Sky glow

Sky glow usually has more of an effect on the environment than light trespass and glare, but all of them are a major problem to people today.

Sky glow is the kind of light pollution that prevents people from seeing stars and other deep-space objects. This causes birds to not be able to migrate to the right place because they cannot follow the moon and stars. Sky glow also prevents astronomers from seeing dim objects.

Light trespass is when light being used by a person goes into the property of another. Although light trespass is not an environmental issue, it is still light pollution.

The third kind of light pollution, glare, has different kinds. The first, disability glare, is the loss of visibility because of too many lights. Discomfort glare is when the lights cause pain.

### Effects on animals

Light pollution stops migrating birds from having any way of seeing the moon and stars that they need to use to navigate the direction of their migration, so they cannot migrate to the correct place. Also, sea turtles do not come to shore and nest as often, because they are afraid of the lights. It also affects animals' eyes because a camera flash weakens the eyesight of animals.

### Effects on humans

Glare causes sleep problems in humans. For example, too much light in an apartment shining in from a nearby billboard will disturb their sleep. Science, too, is being affected by light pollution. Astronomers have no way of observing or making discoveries with too much light to block the night sky.
Light pollution also causes headaches when light directly falls into our eyes and affects the sensory nerves.

### Group solution

There are now several groups that are trying to prevent light pollution. Light pollution first made news in 1964, when an observatory was specially placed just to avoid light pollution. However, it was not brought to the attention of most people until June 6, 2002, when the Czech Republic passed the world’s first light pollution law. Since then, light pollution is slowly being recognized by the general public as a major problem.

Governments can also pay attention for advertisements, which produce the greatest amount of light.

### Individual solution

An individual person can do the below actions in response to light pollutionː

- turn off lights when they are not needed
- use automatic lights that turn off when a person is not in range
- Put curtains on a window facing the street or any other disturbing light source
Tim Burton

**Timothy Walter Burton** (born August 25, 1958) is an American artist, director, producer and screenwriter.

## Early life

Burton was born in Burbank, California on August 25, 1958. He began as an animator for Walt Disney Pictures, but soon moved on making his own kinds of movies and projects.

## Career

He has an individual style; the movies that he makes are creative and often based on events that would not happen in real life. For example, the main character in "Edward Scissorhands" is a young man who has scissors instead of hands. His movies attract an audience usually that fits his unique tastes. For his movie "Sweeny Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street" he was nominated "Best Director" by the Golden Globes in 2008.

## Personal life

Burton has bipolar disorder. He lives in Belsize Park, London, next door to his former partner Helena Bonham Carter. Burton and Carter split in December 2014. The houses have a door connecting them. The couple have a son and daughter together.

Burton has been in a relationship with Italian model and actress Monica Bellucci since 2022.

## Selected Filmography

- _Pee-Wee's Big Adventure_ (1985)
- _Beetlejuice_ (1988)
- _Batman_ (1989)
- _Edward Scissorhands_ (1990)
- _Batman Returns_ (1992)
- _The Nightmare Before Christmas_ (1993) (producer and writer only)
- _Ed Wood_ (1994)
- _Mars Attacks!_ (1996)
- _Sleepy Hollow_ (1999)
- _Planet of the Apes_ (2001)
- _Big Fish_ (2003)
- _Charlie and the Chocolate Factory_ (2005)
- _Corpse Bride_ (2005)
- _Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street_ (2007)
- _Alice in Wonderland_ (2010)
- _Dark Shadows_ (2012)
- _Frankenweenie_ (2012)
- _Big Eyes_ (2014)
- _Dumbo_ (2019)
- _Beetlejuice Beetlejuice_ (2024)

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Tim Burton
- **image**: Tim Burton-63605.jpg
- **caption**: Burton in 2024
- **birth name**: Timothy Walter Burton
- **birth place**: Burbank, California, U.S.
- **nationality**: American
- **education**: Burbank High School (Burbank, California), Burbank High School California Institute of the Arts
- **occupation**: Artist, director, producer, writer
- **years active**: 1971–present
- **spouse**: Lena Gieseke (1987–1991)
- **partner**: Lisa Marie (actress), Lisa Marie Smith (1993–2001)
 Helena Bonham Carter (2001–2014)
Monica Bellucci (2022–2025)
- **children**: 2
- **awards**: See #Awards, below
Submarine

A **submarine** (or **sub**) is a vessel that goes underwater. Most large submarines are war vessels. Some small ones are used for scientific or business purposes. These are often called "submersibles" and cannot go far or stay long away from base. Some people buy their own to explore under the sea. A submarine is a boat, not a ship.

## History

Early submarines were often powered by hand. This is because boat engines had not been invented yet. They were almost always made for war. Submarines would try to sink enemy ships by crude methods. These included drilling screws into their wooden hulls. Some tried to blow up a ship. This often destroyed the submarine, too.  At the end of the 19th century, the Whitehead torpedo and electrical systems allowed much better submarines.

These better submarines were much used during the First and Second World Wars. Many of these better submarines were created by Germany, called U-boats. The submarines were powered by a diesel-electric system. A diesel motor would be used to turn a generator. The generator would charge a large battery while the submarine was on the surface. The power in the battery was then used by the submarine when it went underwater. These submarines were dangerous to enemies. They were difficult to see while underwater but it was easy to attack them when they surfaced to recharge.  Many modern boats still use this diesel-electric propulsion system.

The First Battle of the Atlantic was the first major battle that was mainly fought between submarines and their enemies. As in later wars, the main jobs of submarines were to enforce a blockade and to sink enemy warships. They usually attacked freighters at night, shooting with their deck guns and then hiding under the water. Sometimes they used their torpedoes, which they could fire while underwater, especially against larger ships and warships. During World War II The US Navy lost around 52 submarines due to combat and non-combat causes.

After World War II better sonar helped the enemies of submarines to find and destroy them. New subs were more streamlined and had no deck guns because water dragging against the guns made noise underwater and slowed the subs.

## Modern submarines

Most large modern military submarines are powered by nuclear reactors. These submarines often have a system which can get air from the seawater. These two things allow them to stay underwater for long periods of time. Their most important uses are attacking ships or launching missiles. These include cruise missiles and nuclear missiles. There are two main kinds of subs. Attack submarines are small and fast. They attack other subs and surface ships with torpedos. Missile subs are larger and slower. They are built to shoot missiles at far-away targets on land.

## Other websites

- Submarine -Citizendium
Alan Alda

**Alan Alda** (real name: **Alfonso Joseph D'Abruzzo**) (born January 28, 1936) is an American actor. His mother was of Irish ancestry; his father was of Italian ancestry.

He directed, wrote and starred in many movies. He is probably most famous for his role as "Hawkeye" Pierce, the central character on the comedy/drama TV series _M*A*S*H_, as well as writing and directing several episodes of the show, and later becoming one of its producers. Alan also hosted _Scientific American Frontiers_ on PBS from 1993 to 2005.

His father, Robert Alda, was an actor, and his mother, Joan, was once crowned Miss New York. Alan has been married to Arlene Weiss since 1957 and they have three daughters and a son.

In 2015, Alda was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease. That same year, he starred in Steven Spielberg's _Bridge of Spies_. In 2019, he starred as lawyer Bert Spitz in _Marriage Story_.

## Other websites

- Bio on _Scientific American Frontiers_
- Comprehensive bio
- InnerVIEWS with Ernie Manouse: Alan Alda  (TV Interview)
- Military Service
- Interview with Alda  on NPR's _Fresh Air_ (September 21, 2005)
- Alan Alda's Charity Work
- Performance  _Working in the Theatre_ seminar video at American Theatre Wing.org, April 1992
- Never Have Your Dog Stuffed: And Other Things I've Learned (Chapter 1)

## Infobox (actor)

- **name**: Alan Alda
- **image**: Alan Alda 2015.jpg
- **caption**: Alda in November 2015
- **birthname**: Alfonso Joseph D'Abruzzo
- **birth place**: The Bronx, New York City, United States, U.S.
- **children**: 4
- **yearsactive**: 1958  present
- **alma mater**: Fordham University
- **known for**: Acting roles:

* "Hawkeye Pierce" in _M*A*S*H_
* "Arnold Vinick" in _The West Wing_
- **awards**: **Actor of the Year - Series**
1974 _M*A*S*H_
**Outstanding Lead Actor  - Comedy Series**
1982 _M*A*S*H_
**Outstanding Supporting Actor - Drama Series**
2006 _The West Wing_
**Outstanding Directing - Comedy Series**
1977 _M*A*S*H_
**Outstanding Writing - Comedy Series**
1979 _M*A*S*H_
**Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Television Comedy or Musical**
1975 _M*A*S*H_
1976 _M*A*S*H_
1980 _M*A*S*H_
1981 _M*A*S*H_
1982 _M*A*S*H_
1983 _M*A*S*H_
Sally Kellerman

**Sally Clare Kellerman** (June 2, 1937 – February 24, 2022) was an American movie actress. She was born in Long Beach, California. Her acting performances include the pilot for the original _Star Trek_ television series, and the movies _MASH_ (1970) and _Back to School_ (1986). For her role in _MASH_, she was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress.

Kellerman, who had dementia, died on February 24, 2022 in Los Angeles, California from heart failure at the age of 84.
Hagar the Horrible

***Hägar the Horrible*** is the title of a comic strip and the name of the main character. The comic strip is about a Viking and his life of plundering and his family life. It was started in 1973 by Dik Browne. Since Dik's retirement (he stopped working) in 1988, his son Chris has continued the comic.
Baghdad

**Baghdad** (, transliterated _Baghdād_) is the capital city and largest city in Iraq. It is the second-largest city in Southwest Asia after Tehran. It is the second-largest city in the Arab world after Cairo. 5,772,000 people lived there in 2003. Baghdad is on the Tigris River at 33°20′N 44°26′E. The city was once the center of Dar al-Islam, Muslim civilization. Baghdad used to be one of the largest learning centers in the world, during the post classical era. It was one of the greatest cities of Islamic civilization. It was one of the most important cities in the Muslim world and reached its extent of art and poetry. Baghdad was founded by the Abbasid Caliphate under the Caliph Abu Jafar al-Mansur better known as simply al-Mansur. The city was captured in 1055 by the Seljuk Turks. It was largely sacked and destroyed in 1258 by the Mongol Empire of Genghis Khan. It then later came under the rule of the Safavid Iran and then the Ottoman Empire in 1537.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Baghdad
- **native name**: بغداد
- **native name lang**: ar
- **settlement type**: Metropolis
- **image skyline**: File:Baghdad Red zone.jpg
- **image size**: 275
- **image caption**: Baghdad Red Zone
- **nickname**: 'The City of Peace'
- **pushpin map**: Iraq#Asia
- **pushpin label position**: left
- **pushpin relief**: yes
- **pushpin map caption**: Location of Baghdad within Iraq
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Governorates of Iraq, Governorate
- **subdivision name1**: Baghdad Governorate, Baghdad
- **established title**: Established
- **established date**: 762 AD
- **founder**: Al-Mansur, Abu Jafar al-Mansur
- **government type**: Mayor–council government, Mayor–council
- **governing body**: Baghdad City Advisory Council
- **leader title**: List of mayors of Baghdad, Mayor
- **leader name**: Zekra Alwach
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area total km2**: 204.2
- **elevation m**: 34
- **population density km2**: auto
- **population est**: 8,765,000
- **pop est as of**: 2016
- **population rank**: 1st
- **population demonym**: Baghdadi
- **timezone1**: Arabia Standard Time
- **utc offset1**: +3
- **timezone1 dst**: No DST
- **postal code type**: Postal code
- **postal code**: 10001 to 10090
- **area code type**: (+964) 1
- **website**: [http://www.amanatbaghdad.gov.iq/ Mayoralty of Baghdad]
Shirley Bassey

**Dame Shirley Veronica Bassey**, DBE (born 8 January 1937) is a Welsh singer, born in Cardiff to an English mother and Nigerian father. She is best known for singing the theme songs for the James Bond films, _Goldfinger_, _Diamonds are Forever_, and _Moonraker_. She was "one of the most popular female vocalists in Britain during the last half of the 20th century".

## Other websites

- Songs of Shirley Bassey website
Captain Beefheart

**Don Van Vliet**  (born **Don Glen Vliet** January 15, 1941– December 17, 2010) was an American singer. He is better known by his stage name **Captain Beefheart**.  He was best known for his collaborations and (sometimes) rivalry, with long time friend, Frank Zappa. He is an inspiration to many "alternative" singers. He retired from music due to illness and spent his time painting. He was born in Glendale, California. His stage name came from a movie project Zappa was writing, but soon abandoned, "_Captain Beefheart battles the Grunt People_". His best known album was recorded in 1969. It was titled "Trout Mask Replica".

He and his group _Magic Band_ also made albums in the early 1980s that received positive critical attention.

Van Vliet was also a well known painter of abstract primitive art. His work has been shown in gallery presentations in New York City and Europe.

He died on December 17, 2010 at the age of 69 from complications from multiple sclerosis, twenty-nine days before his 70th birthday.
The Amanda Show

***The Amanda Show*** is a sketch comedy television series starring Amanda Bynes, formerly of _All That_. It is a spin-off of _All That_. The series starred Amanda as almost every major recurring character, including herself, Penelope, Courtney, and Judge Trudy (a parody of Judge Judy.) The series aired on Saturday nights on the Nickelodeon television network in the United States.  It still shows the show in reruns. Three of the show's stars (Drake Bell, Josh Peck, and Nancy Cartwright) Were on the very popular _Drake and Josh_.

## Penelope Taynt

Penelope Taynt is a fictional character played by Amanda Bynes "Number One Fan, Please" on _The Amanda Show_. She never once met Amanda, but often came very close. She is known for saying "please" and "actual" often. She does not know the names of any cast member that is not Amanda. On the show, she had a website called "www.amandaplease.com." Eventually, it was made into the show's official site.
Sally Ride

**Sally Kristen Ride** (May 26, 1951 – July 23, 2012) was an American astronaut and astrophysicist. She was the first American woman to reach outer space.

Ride was born on May 26, 1951. She was born in the neighborhood of Encino in Los Angeles, California. She earned a Ph.D. in physics from Stanford University. She joined NASA in 1978. She was an astronaut until 1987. In order to be an astronaut and go into space, Sally Ride had to train for a year. Training included adapting to gravity, water survival, radio communications, and navigation. She went on the Space Shuttle Challenger in June 1983. This trip was the first time an American woman was in space. She helped design the robot arm for the space shuttle. The robot arm lifts heavy objects in space. Ride was the first person to use the robot arm in space. The robot arm put a satellite in space that showed how the sun affected weather. Ride flew to space twice.

She worked on the commissions that investigated the Space Shuttle Challenger and Space Shuttle Columbia disasters. Ride became a professor in 1989. She was the professor of physics and director of the Oklahoma Space Institute at the University of California.

She was married to astronaut Steven Hawley from 1982 until they divorced in 1987. At the time of her death, Ride had been in a relationship with writer Tam O'Shaughnessy for 27 years.

On July 23, 2012, Ride died of pancreatic cancer at her home in La Jolla, a neighborhood of San Diego, California. She was 61.

## Infobox (astronaut)

- **child**: yes
- **type**: NASA astronaut
- **selection**: List of astronauts by selection#1978, 1978 NASA Group
- **time**: 14d 07h 46m
- **mission**: STS-7, STS-41-G
- **insignia**:
- **date of ret**: August 15, 1987


## Infobox (person)

- **image**: Sally Ride (1984).jpg
- **caption**: Ride in 1984
- **birth name**: Sally Kristen Ride
- **birth place**: Los Angeles, California, U.S.
- **death place**: San Diego, California, U.S.
- **nationality**: American
- **partner**: Tam O'Shaughnessy (1985–2012; Ride's death)
- **education**: Stanford University <small>(Bachelor of Science, BS Physics / Bachelor of Arts, BA English; Master of Science, MS Physics; Ph.D. Physics)</small>
- **occupation**: Physicist
Court

- _For the court as the seat of a royal person see royal court_.
- _For the court as a space inside a building, see courtyard_.
A **court** in a law, is a part of the government in which people come together to decide how to apply the country's laws to a specific situation, especially when there is an argument over how to apply the law. Some disagreements a court may decide are whether a person is guilty of a crime, who is the legal owner of property, or who the children of two divorced parents should live with. The system of courts that interprets and applies the law is commonly known as the judiciary. A court is usually located in a special building called a courthouse.

Most countries have multiple courts to deal with different issues.  For example, civil courts deal with private disputes between people or organizations, while criminal courts deal with people who have been accused of crimes.

## Types of courts

- Appellate court
- Court-martial
- Constitutional court
- International court
- Supreme court
- Trial court
Birth

**Birth** (to be **born**) means when a baby animal comes out of its egg, or out of its mother after pregnancy. It is sometimes thought of as the beginning of life. It is also known as **calving** in livestock or **whelping** in meat-eating mammals.

## Related medical words

- Childbirth is the process at the end of a human pregnancy that results in a baby being born.
- Natural childbirth is the technique of minimizing medical intervention, particularly anaesthetics, during childbirth.
- Multiple birth is the birth of two (twins), three (triplets), four (quadruplets), etc., babies resulting from a single pregnancy.
- Birth pangs are the pains felt by the mother during labor
- Caesarean section or C-section is surgical birth through the wall of the abdomen.
- Afterbirth is the birth of the placenta following the birth of the baby.
- Birth canal is the term used for the vagina during birth
- Birth control is the prevention of pregnancy.
- Birth defect is a physical or mental abnormality present at the time of birth.
- Complications may cause a miscarriage or spontaneous abortion to occur.
- Infertility treatments are devices, medications, or behavior patterns to increase the probability of pregnancy.
- Premature birth is the birth of an infant before the full term of pregnancy.
- Stillbirth is the birth of a dead fetus or infant.

## Changes in pelvis during human pregnancy

In adult females the pelvis is shaped differently from males. The differences are connected with allowing the baby to pass through the birth canal successfully. Also, during pregnancy, a hormone called relaxin softens the ligaments in the pelvis area. This produces a little bit of extra space for the baby's head to get through.

## Legal meanings

- Birth certificate is a legal document describing details of a person's birth.
- Birthday is a day to celebrate that the person has lived a certain number of years.
- In some countries a person is considered of illegitimate birth if the child is born of parents not legally married to one another.

## Spiritual meanings

- Born again -a term used primarily in Protestantism, is associated with salvation, conversion, and spiritual rebirth. See Gospel of John chapter 3.
- Rebirth is a belief that a person is born again after their death based on the karma of their previous births.
- Virgin birth of Jesus is the Christian doctrine that asserts that Jesus Christ was born to a virgin, and thus that his conception was carried out without an earthly father.

## Related pages

- Death
- Fertilisation
- Home birth
- Pregnancy
Immunity (medical)

**Immunity** is the ability of the body to defend itself from 'foreign bodies'. This means rejecting infections, clearing up dust which gets in the lungs, and killing cancer cells.

Immunity is of two types. Innate immunity protects the host against infection, but has no 'memory', and so gives no long-term immunity.

The second type is adaptive immunity, which does have a kind of 'memory'. It does give long-term protection against specific pathogens.

All animals, plants and fungi have some innate immunity. Vertebrates also have adaptive immunity.

People can be immunised from some diseases by having a vaccination
(injection of some dead or weakened virus, or bacteria that causes the disease). Vaccination builds on the natural immune system to make a person resist certain diseases. By doing so, the body reacts more quickly to fight the virus/bacteria when it comes.

## History of immunology

Immunology is a science that examines the structure and function of the immune system. The earliest known mention of immunity was during the plague of Athens in 430 BC. Thucydides noted that people who had recovered from a previous bout of the disease could nurse the sick without contracting the illness a second time.

In the 18th century, Pierre-Louis de Maupertuis made experiments with scorpion venom and observed that certain dogs and mice were immune to this venom.

This and other observations of acquired immunity was later exploited by Louis Pasteur in his development of vaccination and his proposed germ theory of disease. Pasteur's theory was in direct opposition to contemporary theories of disease, such as the miasma theory.

It was not until Robert Koch's 1891 proofs, for which he was awarded a Nobel Prize in 1905, that microorganisms were confirmed as the cause of infectious disease. Viruses were confirmed as human pathogens in 1901, with the discovery of the yellow fever virus by Walter Reed.

Immunology made a great advance towards the end of the 19th century.  Humoral immunity (antibodies) and cellular immunity (T cells and dendritic cells). were all recognised.

Particularly important was the work of Paul Ehrlich, who proposed the side-chain theory to explain the specificity of the antigen-antibody reaction; his contributions to the understanding of humoral immunity were recognized by the award of a Nobel Prize in 1908, which was jointly awarded to the founder of cellular immunology, Elie Mechnikov.

## Humoral immunity

Humoral immunity is immunity that is done by macromolecules. Antibodies, complement proteins, and certain antimicrobial peptides are in extracellular fluids.

## Cell-mediated immunity

This is an immune response which does not involve antibodies. Cell-mediated immunity is the activation of phagocytes, antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and the release of various cytokines in response to an antigen.
Map

A **map** is an image of an area, usually of the Earth or part of the Earth. A map is different from an aerial photograph because it includes interpretation. Many maps are called "charts" such as star charts and nautical charts. Some maps are of distant worlds. Before the late 20th century almost all maps were on paper. Today, many maps are digital, and can be seen on smartphones and computers. However, physical items such as paper maps, charts, or drawings are still used.

The word "map" can **also** be used to talk about or show relationships between ideas, people, events, data, and many other subjects. This is why web developers call a list of web pages on a web site a site map.

Many maps today are made using GIS computer systems. These are database systems that are organized by location instead of named records. People who make maps are cartographers.

If a map is on a piece of paper or a computer screen, it has to be projected. This is because the Earth is round and paper and screens are flat. There are a lot of ways that use mathematics to make map projections. The only kind of map of the Earth that is not projected is one drawn on a sphere. This is called a globe.
Noah

**Noah** (meaning rest or comfort) is a man in the Abrahamic religions. He was the son of Lamech, and the father of sons, Shem, Ham, and Japheth. Noah and his ark are in the Book of Genesis, which also describes Noah as the 'first man to plant a vineyard' (chapter 9). Several other parts of the Bible mention him, as does the Quran.

## The Ark

As described in the Book of Genesis, Noah and his family kept believing in God in a time when most people did not. Knowing this was true, God told Noah he was going to flood the world, so he could drown out evil. He told Noah to build a boat called an _ark_. Noah was to put himself, his family and two (a male and a female) of every kind of animal that wasn’t clean on it but seven of every kind of animal that was clean on it. People laughed at Noah, but they were killed by the flood. Noah and his family stayed on the ark until they reached land. To find land Noah sent out a dove, which returned with an olive branch. After the flood, God made a rainbow as a promise to say that he would never destroy the Earth by flood again. When they were able to walk on dry land, the animals were released and they were able to repopulate the earth.