Ferdinand Marcos

**Ferdinand Emmanuel Edralin Marcos** (September 11, 1917 – September 28, 1989) was the President of the Philippines from 1965 to 1986. His rule was marked by dictatorship, corruption, and human rights abuses. In 1972, he declared martial law, giving himself absolute power and using the military to silence opposition. Thousands of activists, journalists, and political rivals were arrested, tortured, or killed, while press freedom was completely suppressed. He and his wife, Imelda Marcos, stole billions of dollars from the country, living in luxury while millions of Filipinos remained in poverty. Imelda became infamous for her extravagant lifestyle, including owning thousands of expensive shoes. Marcos rigged elections to stay in power and used violence to crush dissent. In 1986, after a fraudulent election, the People Power Revolution erupted, with millions of Filipinos demanding his resignation.

## Early life

Ferdinand Edralin Marcos was born on September 11, 1917, in Sarrat, Ilocos Norte, Philippines. His parents, Mariano Marcos and Josefa Edralin, were both teachers from important families. He studied law at the University of the Philippines, and topped the bar examinations before being accused of assassinating his father's political rival. He represented himself as his own lawyer in court, and was later acquitted by the Supreme Court.

During World War II, Marcos claimed that he had been the leader of _Ang Maharlika_, guerrilla force in Northern Luzon. After the war, he was Ilocos Norte Representative (1949-1959) and Senator of the Philippines (1958-1965). He also assumed Senate President (1963-1965), and went on to become the President of the Philippines. However, in other side, he may be the one of the most corrupt leaders such as Suharto or Kim Il-Sung or Kim Jong Il due to atrocities. A few years later, national problems like the insurgency by the communist movement and rebellion arose during his presidency: He declared Martial Law in September 1972 to institute peace and order and discipline. His style of leadership soon became dictatorial. Government greed, government bullying, despotism, nepotism, and violation of human rights abuses were abundant. The nation's masses who went against the government were sent to prison, tortured, raped or killed. People could not express themselves freely unless it was in favor of the Marcos family.

In 1983, he was accused in the assassination of his main rival and challenger, politician Benigno Aquino, Jr. but until today the killer remain unknown. The death of Benigno Aquino, Jr. caused many events, like a wrongful president vote. People became angry after and kicked him out with the help of the US during the peaceful EDSA revolution in February 1986.

He and his wife Imelda Marcos were accused to have stolen billions of dollars of government funds and had it secretly sent to bank accounts in the United States, Switzerland, and other countries, as well as into fake companies under his name. However, until today Imelda Marcos was never sent to prison nor found guilty of stealing billions of dollars of government money and she remains free and was even elected in congress representing her home province of Leyte. Her son Ferdinand Marcos was back into politics and became a senator of the Philippines while her daughter Imee Marcos is currently the governor of Ilocos Norte.

By 1983 Marcos’s health was beginning to fail, and opposition to his rule was growing. Hoping to present an alternative to both Marcos and the increasingly powerful New People’s Army, Benigno Aquino, Jr., returned to Manila on August 21, 1983, only to be shot dead as he stepped off the airplane. The assassination was seen as the work of the government and touched off massive antigovernment protests. An independent commission appointed by Marcos concluded in 1984 that high military officers were responsible for Aquino’s assassination. To reassert his mandate, Marcos called for presidential elections to be held in 1986. But a formidable political opponent soon emerged in Aquino’s widow, Corazon Aquino, who became the presidential candidate of the opposition. It was widely asserted that Marcos managed to defeat Aquino and retain the presidency in the election of February 7, 1986, only through massive voting fraud on the part of Marcos' supporters. Deeply discredited at home and abroad by his dubious electoral victory, Marcos held fast to his presidency as the Philippine military split between supporters of his and of Aquino’s legitimate right to the presidency. A tense standoff that ensued between the two sides ended only when Marcos fled the country on February 25, 1986, at U.S. urging. He went into exile in Hawaii, where he remained until his death.

Evidence emerged that during his years in power Marcos, his family, and his close associates had looted the Philippines’ economy of billions of dollars through embezzlements and other corrupt practices. Marcos and his wife were subsequently indicted by the U.S. government on racketeering charges, but in 1990 (after Marcos’s death) Imelda was acquitted of all charges by a federal court. She was allowed to return to the Philippines in 1991, and in 1993 a Philippine court found her guilty of corruption (the conviction was overturned in 1998).

## Final years and death

During the people Power EDSA revolution he was flown to Hawaii by a US plane instead of going to his hometown Paoay, Ilocos Norte. President Marcos died in Hawaii of heart, kidney and lung diseases. He was brought back to the Philippines and his remains still lie in a refrigerated crypt in Batac, Ilocos Norte until today because the current administration refuses to grant the former president a burial at the Libingan ng mga Bayani where other former presidents of the Philippines who died are buried.

## References

**Notes**

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **honorific-prefix**: His Excellency
- **name**: Ferdinand Marcos
- **image**: Ferdinand Marcos (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Marcos in 1982
- **office**: President of the Philippines
- **order**: 10th
- **term start**: December 30, 1965
- **term end**: February 25, 1986
- **predecessor**: Diosdado Macapagal
- **primeminister**: Himself <small>(1978–1981)</small>
Cesar Virata <small>(1981–1986)</small>
- **successor**: Corazon Aquino
- **vicepresident**: Fernando Lopez, Fernando López <small>(1965–1973)</small>
- **signature**: Marcos Sig.svg
- **office2**: Prime Minister of the Philippines#List of prime ministers, 3rd Prime Minister of the Philippines
- **term start2**: June 12, 1978
- **term end2**: June 30, 1981
- **predecessor2**: Office established

- **party**: Kilusang Bagong Lipunan
- **successor2**: Cesar Virata
- **birth name**: Ferdinand Emmanuel Edralin Marcos
- **birth place**: Sarrat, Ilocos Norte, Insular Government of the Philippine Islands, Philippine Islands
- **death place**: Honolulu, Hawaii, United States, U.S.
- **resting place**: Ferdinand E. Marcos Presidential Center, Batac, Ilocos Norte

Heroes' Cemetery, Taguig, Metro Manila

- **module**:
Coat of arms of Ferdinand Marcos
- **otherparty**: Liberal Party (Philippines), Liberal Party <small>(1946–1965)</small>
Nacionalista Party <small>(1965–1978)</small>
- **children**: 4 (Imee Marcos, Imee, Bongbong Marcos, Bongbong, Irene Marcos-Araneta, Irene, and an adopted child, Aimee)
- **alma mater**: University of the Philippines College of Law, University of the Philippines
- **allegiance**: / United States
- **rank**: First lieutenant
Major
- **unit**: 11th Infantry Division
14th Infantry Regiment
- **battles**: World War II
- **office3**: Secretary of National Defense (Philippines), Secretary of National Defense
- **term start3**: August 28, 1971
- **term end3**: January 3, 1972
- **president3**: Himself
- **predecessor3**: Juan Ponce Enrile
- **successor3**: Juan Ponce Enrile
- **term start4**: December 31, 1965
- **term end4**: January 20, 1967
- **president4**: Himself
- **predecessor4**: Macario Peralta
- **successor4**: Ernesto Mata
- **office5**: President of the Senate of the Philippines#List of Senate Presidents, 11th President of the Senate of the Philippines
- **president5**: Diosdado Macapagal
- **term start5**: April 5, 1963
- **term end5**: December 30, 1965
- **predecessor5**: Eulogio Rodriguez
- **successor5**: Arturo Tolentino
- **office6**: Senate of the Philippines, Senator of the Philippines
- **term start6**: December 30, 1959
- **term end6**: December 30, 1965
- **office7**: Member of the House of Representatives of the Philippines, Philippine House of Representatives from Ilocos Norte's Legislative districts of Ilocos Norte, 2nd District
- **term start7**: December 30, 1949
- **term end7**: December 30, 1959
- **predecessor7**: Pedro Albano
- **successor7**: Simeon M. Valdez