juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Farhiyo Farah Ibrahim

**Farhiyo Farah Ibrahim** (Arabic language: فرحيو فرح إبراهيم) is a Somali refugee and women’s rights activist.  She fights against female genital mutilation and forced marriage in the Dadaab refugee camp in north-east Kenya. In 2008, she received the International Women of Courage Award.

In 2002 Farah went to work for the National Council of Churches in Kenya, teaching people about reproductive health. After she was attacked, she took a job as an interpreter in Dadaab.

In 2005 Farah went to a leadership program in the town of Naivasha in Western Kenya.  Then she worked for CARE, giving people information about reproductive health.  CARE is an international NGO that helps refugees.
The Carsey-Werner Company

**The Carsey-Werner Company** (also called **Carsey-Werner Productions** or **Carsey-Werner Television**) is an independent television company. It was founded in 1981 by former ABC writer and producer duo Marcy Carsey and Tom Werner.

The company created television sitcoms including _Roseanne_, _A Different World_, _The Cosby Show_, _Grace Under Fire_ and _That '70s Show_.

Carsey-Werner was sold to NBC Universal in 2007.
Serious (Gwen Stefani song)

"**Serious**" is a song by American singer and songwriter Gwen Stefani from her debut solo studio album, _Love. Angel. Music. Baby._ (2004). The track was written by Stefani and her Doubt bandmate, Tony Kanal. Kanal also produced the song with Mark "Spike" Stent. _Serious_ had been compared to Madonnas early music by Enrique Peña Nieto.

## Music video

A music video was made for the song, but the video was never officially released. Sophie Muller directed the music video. The music video features Stefani and the Harajuku Girls dancing on various rooftops throughout Los Angeles. A minute long clip of the music video was uploaded onto YouTube on October 13, 2006.

## Credits and personnel

- Management
- Recorded at Kingsbury Studios, Los Feliz, California
- Mixed at The Mix Suite, Olympic Studios, London, England

- Personnel

- Gwen Stefani – lead vocals, songwriting
- Lee Groves - keyboards, programming, mixing
- Rob Haggett - assistant engineering, mixing
- Tony Kanal - keyboards, production, programming, synthesizer

- Colin "Dog" Mitchell - additional recording
- Mark "Spike" Stent - production, mixing
- David Treahearn – assistant engineering, mixing

Credits adapted from the liner notes of _Love. Angel. Music. Baby._

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Serious
- **artist**: Gwen Stefani
- **album**: Love. Angel. Music. Baby.
- **released**: November 23, 2004
- **recorded**: 2004; Kingsbury Studios
- **label**: Interscope Records, Interscope
Pasophae

**Pasophae**, also spelt **Pasiphaë**, is a character in Greek mythology. She is the daughter of the sun god, Helios and the wife of King Minos. She was the mother of many of Minos' children. They included Ariadne and her brother Androgeos, who was killed by the Athenians. She also had an affair with a prized bull her husband had refused to sacrifice to Poseidon. The offspring of Pasophae and the bull was the Minotaur, which was eventually killed by Theseus.
Long Way to Go (Gwen Stefani and André 3000 song)

"**Long Way to Go**" is a song by American singer-songwriter Gwen Stefani with American rapper André 3000. The song appears as the closing track on Stefani's debut studio album, _Love. Angel. Music. Baby._ (2004). It was released on November 23, 2004 by Interscope Records. The track was written by both Stefani and 3000. The song also includes a sample from Martin Luther King, Jr.'s 1963 "I Have a Dream" speech.

## Background

"Long Way to Go" was originally recorded in 2003 during recording sessions for both of Stefani and 3000's then upcoming studio albums. André 3000's original version of the song had Stefani as a featured artist and he originally recorded for the Outkasts _The Love Below_ album.

## Writing and production

Lyrically, _Long Way to Go_ is about prejudices against dating someone from a different race. The line, "When snow hits the asphalt / Cold looks and bad talk come" is used as a metaphor for the nasty comments people receive when dating someone of the opposite race. _Long Way to Go_ also includes a sample from Martin Luther King, Jr.s 1963 "I Have a Dream" speech. _Long Way to Go_ was written by Stefani and 3000 and was also produced by 3000.

## Track listings and formats

- US Digital download
1. "Long Way to Go" <small>(with André 3000)</small> –

- Interscope Records Sampler
- A1 "Rich Girl" <small>(featuring Eve)</small> –
- A2 "Hollaback Girl" –
- A3 "Bubble Pop Electric" <small>(featuring Johnny Vulture)</small> –
- B1 "Long Way to Go" <small>(with André 3000)</small> –
- B2 "Harajuku Girls" –
- B3 "Cool" –

## Credits and personnel

- Management
- Recorded at Stankonia Recording, Atlanta; Larabee Sound Studio East, Los Angeles; and Soundcastle Studios, Los Angeles.

- Personnel

- Gwen Stefani – lead vocals, songwriting
- André Benjamin – keyboards, lead vocals, mixing, production, songwriting
- Warren Bletcher – assistant engineering
- Greg Collins – mixing
- CutMaster Swiff – cuts
- Nick Ferrero – assistant engineering
- John Frye – additional recording

- Kevin Kendricks – keyboards, piano
- Martin Luther King, Jr. – additional songwriting
- Kevin Mills – assistant engineering
- Pete Novak – additional recording
- Glenn Pittman – assistant engineering
- Sean Tallman – assistant engineering

Credits adapted from the liner notes of _Love. Angel. Music. Baby._

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Long Way to Go
- **artist**: Gwen Stefani and André 3000
- **album**: Love. Angel. Music. Baby.
- **released**: November 23, 2004
- **recorded**: 2003-04
- **label**: Interscope Records, Interscope
- **producer**: André 3000
Ferenbalm

**Ferenbalm** () is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Ferenbalm
- **municipality name**: Ferenbalm
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Ferenbalm COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Ferenbalm.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Bern
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BE
- **district**: Bern-Mittelland (administrative district), Bern-Mittelland
- **postal code**: 3206
- **municipality code**: 0662
- **area**: 9.18
- **elevation**: 485
- **population**: 1252
- **populationof**: Dec 2011
- **website**: www.ferenbalm.ch
- **mayor**: Ulrich Rohrbach
- **mayor asof**: 2008
- **mayor title**: Gemeindepräsident
- **neighboring municipalities**: Agriswil (FR), Gempenach (FR), Gurbrü, Gurmels (FR), Kriechenwil, Laupen, Bern, Laupen, Mühleberg, Ulmiz (FR), Wileroltigen
Forst, Switzerland

**Forst** is a village in the canton of Bern, Switzerland. The former municipality of the district of Thun merged with Längenbühl on January 1, 2007 to form Forst-Längenbühl.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Forst
- **municipality name**: Forst
- **municipality type**: former
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Forst.png
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Forst COA.svg
- **canton**: Bern
- **district**: Thun (district), Thun
- **municipality code**: 926
- **postal code**: 3636
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BE
- **elevation**: 652
- **area**: 1.8
- **population**: 357
- **populationof**: 2005
- **website**: www.forst.ch
Forst-Längenbühl

**Forst-Längenbühl** is a municipality in the administrative district of Thun in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2007, the former municipalities of Forst and Längenbühl merged into the new municipality of Forst-Längenbühl.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Forst-Längenbühl
- **municipality name**: Forst-Längenbühl
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Forst-Längenbühl COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Forst Längenbühl.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Bern
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BE
- **district**: Thun (administrative district), Thun
- **postal code**: 3636
- **municipality code**: 0948
- **area**: 4.50
- **elevation**: 652
- **population**: 751
- **populationof**: Dec 2012
- **website**: www.3636.ch
- **mayor**: Kurt Kindler
- **places**: Forst, Switzerland, Forst, Längenbühl
- **neighboring municipalities**: Blumenstein, Gurzelen, Thierachern, Uebeschi, Uetendorf, Wattenwil
Fraubrunnen

**Fraubrunnen** is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2014, the former municipalities of Büren zum Hof, Etzelkofen, Grafenried, Limpach, Mülchi, Schalunen and Zauggenried merged into the municipality of Fraubrunnen.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Fraubrunnen
- **image photo**: FraubrunnenZentrum.JPG
- **municipality name**: Fraubrunnen
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Fraubrunnen COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Fraubrunnen.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Bern
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BE
- **district**: Bern-Mittelland (administrative district), Bern-Mittelland
- **postal code**: 3312
- **municipality code**: 0538
- **area**: 7.7
- **elevation**: 495
- **population**: 1804
- **populationof**: Dec 2011
- **website**: www.fraubrunnen.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Aefligen, Bätterkinden, Büren zum Hof, Etzelkofen, Grafenried, Switzerland, Grafenried, Kernenried, Limpach, Switzerland, Limpach, Lyssach, Rüdtligen-Alchenflüh, Schalunen, Zauggenried
Frauenkappelen

**Frauenkappelen** is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Frauenkappelen
- **municipality name**: Frauenkappelen
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Frauenkappelen COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Frauenkappelen.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Bern
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BE
- **district**: Bern-Mittelland (administrative district), Bern-Mittelland
- **postal code**: 3202
- **municipality code**: 0663
- **area**: 9.3
- **elevation**: 601
- **population**: 1246
- **populationof**: Dec 2011
- **website**: www.frauenkappelen.ch
- **mayor**: Markus Kämpfer
- **neighboring municipalities**: Bern, Mühleberg, Wohlen bei Bern
Wind It Up (Gwen Stefani song)

"**Wind It Up**" is a song by American singer and songwriter Gwen Stefani. It was released on October 31, 2006 as the lead single from Stefani's second studio album _The Sweet Escape_. The song contains a sample from "The Lonely Goatherd" which was originally from _The Sound of Music_.

## Background and writing

In July 2005, Stefani began writing and recording material with Pharrell Williams in Miami, Florida for her album.

## Reviews

Many music critics did not like the yodeling that was featured in the song.

Stefani later said about the song:

## Track listings

- UK, German, and Australian CD single
1. "Wind It Up" (Main Mix) – 3:11
1. "Wind It Up" (Original Neptunes Mix) – 3:08
    - German CD maxi single
1. "Wind It Up" (Main Mix) – 3:11
1. "Wind It Up" (Original Neptunes Mix) – 3:08
1. "Wind It Up" (Instrumental Mix) – 3:02
1. "Wind It Up" (video) – 3:11
    - UK 12" single
- A1. "Wind It Up" (Main Mix) – 3:11
- A2. "Wind It Up" (Original Neptunes Mix) – 3:08
- B1. "Wind It Up" (Instrumental Main Mix) – 3:11
- B2. "Wind It Up" (Instrumental Neptunes Mix) – 3:10

## Credits and personnel

Credits adapted from the liner notes of _The Sweet Escape_.

- Gwen Stefani – lead vocals, songwriting
- Pete Davis – additional keyboards, additional mix programming
- Alex Dromgoole – assistant engineering
- David Emery – assistant engineering
- Ron Fair – orchestra production
- Brian "Big Bass" Gardner – mastering

- Brian Garten – recording
- Hart Gunther – assistant engineering
- The Neptunes – production
- Mark "Spike" Stent – additional production, mixing
- Talent Bootcamp Kids – additional vocals
- Pharrell Williams – songwriting

### Weekly charts

|scope="col"|Chart (2006–07)|scope="col"|Peak position|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|5||||
|21||||
|26||||
|12||||
|7||||

### Year-end charts

|scope="col"|Chart (2006)|scope="col"|Position|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|67||||
|27||||
|145||||

|scope="col"|Chart (2007)|scope="col"|Position|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|83||||
|29||||
|56||||
|38||||
|52||||
|70||||
|81||||
|83||||
|67||||

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Wind It Up
- **border**: yes
- **artist**: Gwen Stefani
- **album**: The Sweet Escape
- **recorded**: 2005
- **label**: Interscope Records, Interscope
- **prev title**: Crash (Gwen Stefani song), Crash
- **prev year**: 2006
- **next title**: The Sweet Escape (song), The Sweet Escape
- **next year**: 2006
Osage Nation

The **Osage** are a Midwestern Native American tribe of Plains Indians who historically ruled much of Arkansas, Missouri, Kansas, Oklahoma and Texas. The tribe formerly lived in the areas in the Ohio and Mississippi valleys around 1,200 BC. They then began migrating west due to wars with the invading Iroquois. The term "Osage" is considered a French name for the tribe which roughly translates into "Mid-Waters". The Osage people refer to themselves in their own language as **Wazhazhe**.

At the height of their power in the early 18th century, the Osage had become the dominant power in the region. They were feared by neighboring tribes as ruthless and "savage" fighters. The Osage would often practice ritual scalping and beheading as military trophies. The tribe controlled the area between the Missouri and Red River to the South and were greatly dependent on nomadic buffalo hunting and farming.

The 19th-century painter George Catlin described the Osage as:

The missionary Isaac McCoy described the Osage as an "uncommonly fierce, courageous, warlike nation", and Washington Irving said they were the "finest looking Indians I have ever seen in the West."

The Osage originally lived among the Kansa, Ponca, Omaha, and Quapaw in the Ohio Valley.  Researchers believed that the tribes likely developed differences in their languages and cultures after leaving the lower Ohio country. The Omaha and Ponca settled in the present-day area of Nebraska, the Kansa in Kansas, and the Quapaw in Arkansas.

The Osage are a federally recognized tribe. They were forced to move to Indian Territory in the 19th century, and have been based in Oklahoma. There are 9,400 descendants, 5,620 of which reside in the area surrounding Osage County. Members live both on the nations tribal land in Oklahoma and in other states around the country such as Kansas.

## Infobox (ethnic group)

- **group**: Osage Nation
- **caption**: Official seal of the Osage Nation
- **total**: 9,400 Full-Blood

- **regions**: (Arkansas, Missouri, Kansas, Oklahoma)
- **religions**: Christianity (Roman Catholicism), Native American Church, traditional tribal religion
- **languages**: English language, English, Osage language, Osage
- **related groups**: Kaw people, Kansa, Omaha people, Omaha, Ponca, Quapaw
Isenthal

**Isenthal** is a municipality in the canton of Uri in Switzerland. It has an area of .

## Other websites

- Official Homepage of Isenthal

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Isenthal
- **municipality name**: Isenthal
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Isenthal Flag.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Isenthal.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Uri
- **iso-code-region**: CH-UR
- **district**: n.a.
- **postal code**: 6461
- **municipality code**: 1211
- **area**: 60.79
- **elevation**: 771
- **population**: 512
- **populationof**: Dec 2015
- **website**: www.isenthal.ch
- **mayor**: Pirmin Bissig-Bissig
- **neighboring municipalities**: Attinghausen, Bauen, Beckenried (NW), Emmetten (NW), Engelberg (OW), Flüelen, Seedorf, Uri, Seedorf, Seelisberg, Wolfenschiessen (NW)
Shielding effect

**Shielding** is when an electron becomes less attracted to an atom the further it is away from the nucleus. This is because the forces holding atoms together become weaker as distance increases.

## In group 1 elements

In a reactive metal like sodium, the single electron on an electron shell furthest from the nucleus is more likely to be lost in a reaction with another element. This is because less energy is needed to pull them away. Other elements with similar properties like potassium that are lower down on the periodic table than sodium will be even more likely to lose their furthest electron in a reaction. This is because of the addition of more electron shells between the nucleus and the furthest electron, increasing distance.

## In group 17 elements

The shielding effect also happens with elements that have many electrons on their furthest electron shell, for example chlorine. In this case however, more energy is needed to give the atom an electron. The amount of energy needed is increased with the number electron shells around the nucleus of the atom, for example in elements further down the periodic table like Bromine.
Ackee

The **ackee**, (_Blighia sapida_) is a fruit. It is related to the lychee and the longan. It is native to tropical West Africa. The scientific name honours Captain William Bligh who took the fruit from Jamaica to Kew Gardens, England in 1793.

The fruit was imported to Jamaica from West Africa before 1778.  Since then it has become a feature of various Caribbean cuisines, and is cultivated elsewhere in the world.
Gadmen

**Gadmen** was a municipality in the administrative district Interlaken-Oberhasli in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2014, the former municipality of Gadmen merged into the municipality of Innertkirchen.

## Other websites

- Official Website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Gadmen
- **municipality name**: Gadmen
- **municipality type**: former
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Gadmen COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Gadmen.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Bern
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BE
- **district**: Interlaken-Oberhasli (administrative district), Interlaken-Oberhasli
- **postal code**: 3863
- **municipality code**: 0781
- **area**: 116.4
- **elevation**: 1205
- **population**: 228
- **populationof**: Dec 2011
- **website**: www.gadmen.ch
- **mayor**: Barbara Kehrli
- **neighboring municipalities**: Engelberg (OW), Göschenen (UR), Guttannen, Innertkirchen, Oberwald (VS), Wassen (UR)
- **twintowns**: Volketswil (Switzerland)
New York Tribune

The ***New-York Tribune*** was an American newspaper. It was founded by Horace Greeley as a Whig Party newspaper in April 1841. Between 1842 and 1866, the newspaper was called the ***New-York Daily Tribune.*** The tribune not only reported the news, it covered subjects such as politics, literary works, social reform and intellectual achievements. Greeley, through the Tribune, supported the beginnings of Republican Party. In 1860 the _Tribune_ supported Abraham Lincoln as President of the United States and during the Civil War. However, the paper opposed his reelection in 1864. For some time the paper had the largest circulation in the United States. The _Tribune's_ editorials were widely read and helped shape national opinion. In 1924 it was merged with the _New York Herald_ to form the _New York Herald Tribune_. It remained a major US daily newspaper until it ended publication in 1966.

## Other websites

- New York NY Tribune. Pdf copies of all issues 1841–1924

## Infobox (newspaper)

- **name**: New-York Tribune
- **image**: Nytrib1864.jpg
- **image size**: 250px
- **caption**: Front page of the _New-York Tribune_ no. 7,368
 November 16, 1864
- **type**: Daily newspaper
- **format**: Broadsheet
- **foundation**: 1841
- **ceased publication**: ; merged with _New York Herald_ to form the _New York Herald Tribune_
- **political**: Liberal, left-of-center
- **headquarters**: Manhattan, New York City, New York, New York (state), New York, U.S.
Gals

**Gals** () is a municipality in the administrative district of Seeland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Gals
- **municipality name**: Gals
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Gals COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Gals.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Bern
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BE
- **district**: Seeland (administrative district), Seeland
- **postal code**: 3238
- **municipality code**: 0494
- **area**: 7.83
- **elevation**: 445
- **population**: 770
- **populationof**: Dec 2014
- **website**: www.gals.ch
- **mayor**: Andreas Schreyer
- **neighboring municipalities**: Cornaux (NE), Cressier, Neuchâtel, Cressier (NE), Erlach, Switzerland, Erlach, Gampelen, La Neuveville, Le Landeron (NE), Thielle-Wavre (NE), Tschugg
Pawnee people

The **Pawnee** are a Native American Plains Indians tribe. They lived mainly in what is now Nebraska and Kansas. Unlike other tribes of the Great Plains, they were semi-nomadic people. They were hunters and farmers. The Pawnee farmed for most of the year and lived in earth lodges. During the buffalo hunting season, they lived in tepees so they could follow the herds. In the early 1800s their main village was on the south side of the Platte River (Nebraska). They raised crops including beans, corn, pumpkins, squashes and sunflowers. The powerful Pawnee tribe had four individual bands. These were the Chaui (Grand), the Kitkehaki (Republican Pawnees), Pitahauerat (Tapage Pawnees) and the Skidi (Loup or Wolf Pawnees). They were a fierce people who used war paint and tattoos to intimidate their enemies. The Pawnee took scalps in battle. Pawnee war parties often rode out on scalping missions against other tribes. The Pawnee also practiced human sacrifice. Most often this took the form of ritually killing a young captive girl in a five-day ceremony. She was sacrificed to the Morning Star. The last known ritual killing was of a girl in the mid-18th century. The Pawnee were the largest tribe to have lived in Nebraska. They were one of the earliest tribes to come to the area. Estimates are that there were between 10,000 and 12,000 Pawnee in Nebraska by 1800. They had little to fear from their enemies because they were a large tribe. But smallpox and other diseases aswell as warfare with the Sioux reduced their numbers significantly in the early 1800s. They were finally removed to Oklahoma in the 1870s.

## Other websites

- The Pawnee Morning Star Ceremony
- The Pawnee Nation of Oklahoma
Eagle nebula

The **Eagle nebula** is a young open cluster of stars in the constellation Serpens.

The nebula is catalogued as **Messier 16** (**M16**), and as **NGC 6611**. It is also called the **Star Queen nebula** and **The Spire**. These last names refer to visual impressions of the dark patch near the center of the nebula. This is called the "Pillars of Creation". It was photographed by the Hubble Space Telescope. The nebula contains several active star-forming gas and dust regions, including the Pillars of Creation.
William Adams

**William Adams** (24 September 1564 – 16 May 1620), was an English navigator. He was the first Englishman to visit Japan. Adams later became samurai status.

He was born in Gillingham, Kent, England. William's father died when he was at the age of just 12 years old. He apprenticed to a shipwright, and studied shipbuilding, astronomy, and navigation. He joined the Royal Navy during Anglo-Spanish War. He served in the Royal Navy under Sir Francis Drake. He became a pilot for the Barbary Company, a trading company established by Queen Elizabeth I of England.

In 1598, Adams shipped as pilot major with a five-ship fleet. The fleet was owned by a company of Rotterdam merchants (Dutch East India Company). The fleet went from the isle of Texel, North Holland to the Eastern world.
New England Emigrant Aid Company

The **New England Emigrant Aid Company** (est.1854), originally the **Massachusetts Emigrant Aid Company**, was a transportation company in Boston, Massachusetts. It was created to bring immigrants to the Kansas Territory. This was done to make sure Kansas would become a free state. The company was created by Eli Thayer, a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives, over a month before the Kansas-Nebraska Act was passed in 1854. This act allowed the population of Kansas Territory to choose for themselves whether or not slavery would be legal. The concept was called popular sovereignty.

The company was chartered in Massachusetts and started with a capital of $5 million. Thayer's plan was to play on antislavery sentiment in the Northern United States. At the time there was a very delicate balance between slave states and free states. The Company send settlers to Kansas to buy land and build houses, shops and mills. The settlers could then sell the land at a significant profit and send the money back to Thayer and his investors. Because several investors found the idea of profiting from the antislavery cause unpleasant, the company's model was shifted to that of a benevolent society. The name was changed to the New England Emigrant Aid Company in 1855. The Company never made a profit or made a significant impact on the population of Kansas. But, it caused Border Ruffians from nearby Missouri, where slavery was legal, to move to Kansas in order to ensure its admission to the Union as a slave state. This in turn further galvanized Free-Staters and abolitionists to act. To protect the settlers they sent, the Company secretly sent armed men and Sharps rifles to Kansas. The rifles were sent in crates marked "books" and "Bibles". This played a part in what would become Bleeding Kansas.
Gampelen

**Gampelen** () is a municipality in the administrative district of Seeland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. It is not be confused with the municipality Gampel in the canton of Valais.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Gampelen
- **municipality name**: Gampelen
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Gampelen COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Gampelen.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Bern
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BE
- **district**: Seeland (administrative district), Seeland
- **postal code**: 3236
- **municipality code**: 0495
- **area**: 10.80
- **elevation**: 436
- **population**: 844
- **populationof**: Dec 2014
- **website**: www.gampelen.ch
- **mayor**: Peter Dietrich
- **neighboring municipalities**: Gals, Ins, Switzerland, Ins, Marin-Epagnier (NE), Thielle-Wavre (NE), Tschugg
Gelterfingen

**Gelterfingen** was a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. On 1 January 2018, the former municipalities of Gelterfingen, Mühledorf and Noflen merged into the municipality of Kirchdorf.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Gelterfingen
- **municipality name**: Gelterfingen
- **municipality type**: former
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Gelterfingen COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Gelterfingen.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Bern
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BE
- **district**: Bern-Mittelland (administrative district), Bern-Mittelland
- **postal code**: 3126
- **municipality code**: 0865
- **area**: 3.5
- **elevation**: 552
- **population**: 243
- **populationof**: Dec 2011
- **popofyear**: 2011
- **website**: www.gelterfingen.ch
- **mayor**: Daniel Hublard
- **neighboring municipalities**: Belpberg, Gerzensee, Kaufdorf, Kirchenthurnen, Mühledorf, Bern, Mühledorf, Rümligen, Toffen
Gerzensee

**Gerzensee** is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

The town is named after its lake: Gerzensee.

## Other websites

- Official website of Gerzensee

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Gerzensee
- **municipality name**: Gerzensee
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Gerzensee COA.svg
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Bern
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BE
- **district**: Bern-Mittelland (administrative district), Bern-Mittelland
- **postal code**: 3115
- **municipality code**: 0866
- **area**: 7.8
- **elevation**: 646
- **population**: 1140
- **populationof**: Dec 2011
- **website**: www.gerzensee.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Belp, Belpberg, Gelterfingen, Kirchdorf, Bern, Kirchdorf, Mühledorf, Bern, Mühledorf, Münsingen, Wichtrach
Realp

**Realp** is a municipality in the canton of Uri in Switzerland. It has an area of .

## Other websites

- Official Webpage

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Realp
- **municipality name**: Realp
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: Realp-coat of arms.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Realp.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Uri
- **iso-code-region**: CH-UR
- **district**: n.a.
- **postal code**: 6491
- **municipality code**: 1212
- **area**: 77.97
- **elevation**: 1538
- **population**: 141
- **populationof**: Dec 2015
- **popofyear**: 2015
- **website**: www.realp.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Airolo (TI), Bedretto (TI), Göschenen, Hospental, Oberwald (VS)
Golaten

**Golaten** was a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. On 1 January 2019, the former municipality of Golaten merged into the municipality of Kallnach.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Golaten
- **municipality name**: Golaten
- **municipality type**: former
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Golaten COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Golaten.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Bern
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BE
- **district**: Bern-Mittelland (administrative district), Bern-Mittelland
- **postal code**: 3207
- **municipality code**: 0664
- **area**: 2.8
- **elevation**: 519
- **population**: 290
- **populationof**: Dec 2011
- **website**: www.golaten.ch
- **mayor**: Beatrice Johner
- **neighboring municipalities**: Kerzers (FR), Mühleberg, Niederried bei Kallnach, Radelfingen, Wileroltigen
Gondiswil

**Gondiswil** (Dialect: _Gumiswil_) is a municipality in the administrative district of Oberaargau in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official website of Gondiswil

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Gondiswil
- **municipality name**: Gondiswil
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Gondiswil COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Gondiswil.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Bern
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BE
- **district**: Oberaargau (administrative district), Oberaargau
- **postal code**: 4955
- **municipality code**: 0326
- **area**: 9.4
- **elevation**: 660
- **population**: 735
- **populationof**: Dec 2014
- **website**: www.gondiswil.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Auswil, Fischbach, Switzerland, Fischbach (LU), Grossdietwil (LU), Huttwil, Madiswil, Melchnau, Reisiswil, Ufhusen (LU), Zell, Lucerne, Zell (LU)
Schattdorf

**Schattdorf** is a municipality in the canton of Uri in Switzerland. Around 5,000 people live in Schattdorf. It has an area of .

## Other websites

- Official Website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Schattdorf
- **image photo**: Bälmeten.jpg
- **municipality name**: Schattdorf
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: Wappen Schattdorf.svg
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Uri
- **iso-code-region**: CH-UR
- **district**: n.a.
- **postal code**: 6467
- **municipality code**: 1213
- **area**: 16.27
- **elevation**: 481
- **website**: www.schattdorf.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Attinghausen, Bürglen, Uri, Bürglen, Erstfeld, Silenen, Spiringen, Unterschächen
Seedorf, Uri

**Seedorf** is a municipality in the canton of Uri in Switzerland. Around 1,500 people live in Seedorf, Uri. It has an area of . On 1 January 2021, Bauen became a part of Seedorf.

## Other websites

- Official website of Seedorf

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Seedorf UR
- **municipality name**: Seedorf UR
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Seedorf UR COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Seedorf.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Uri
- **iso-code-region**: CH-UR
- **district**: n.a.
- **postal code**: 6462
- **municipality code**: 1214
- **area**: 15.64
- **elevation**: 452
- **population**: 1807
- **populationof**: Dec 2015
- **popofyear**: 2015
- **website**: www.seedorf-uri.ch
- **mayor**: Max Aschwanden
- **neighboring municipalities**: Altdorf, Switzerland, Altdorf, Attinghausen, Flüelen, Isenthal
Seelisberg

**Seelisberg** is a municipality in the canton of Uri in Switzerland. It has an area of .

## Other websites

- Official Website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Seelisberg
- **municipality name**: Seelisberg
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: Wappen Seelisberg UR.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Seelisberg.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Uri
- **iso-code-region**: CH-UR
- **district**: n.a.
- **postal code**: 6377
- **municipality code**: 1215
- **area**: 13.28
- **elevation**: 801
- **population**: 688
- **populationof**: Dec 2015
- **popofyear**: 2015
- **website**: www.seelisberg.ch
- **mayor**: Karl Huser
- **places**: Rütli
- **neighboring municipalities**: Bauen, Emmetten (NW), Ingenbohl (SZ), Isenthal, Morschach (SZ), Sisikon
Club de Regatas Vasco da Gama

**Club de Regatas Vasco da Gama**  also known as Vasco da Gama or simply Vasco, is a Brazilian professional sports club based in Rio de Janeiro, in the neighborhood of São Cristovão. Although it competes in a number of different sports, Vasco is mostly known for its football team**.**

## League title

- Série B : 1
    - 2009

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Vasco da Gama
- **upright**: .8
- **fullname**: Club de Regatas Vasco da Gama
- **nickname**: Gigante da Colina (_Giant of the Hill_)
 Almirante (_Admiral_)
 Cruzmaltino (_Maltese Cross_)
 Trem Bala da Colina (_Bullet Train of the Hill_)
 Expresso da Vitória (_Victory Express Train_)
- **ground**: Estádio São Januário
- **capacity**: 21,880
- **founded**: (Rowing Club)
 (Football Club)
- **owntitle**: President
- **owner**: Jorge Salgado
- **mgrtitle**: Head coach
- **manager**: Fábio Carille
- **league**: Campeonato Brasileiro Série A
Campeonato Carioca Série A
- **season**: 2024
2024
- **position**: Campeonato Brasileiro Série A, Série A, 10th
Campeonato Carioca, Carioca, 3rd
- **current**: 2020 CR Vasco da Gama season
- **website**: https://www.vasco.com.br/
- **american**: true
- **pattern la1**: _vasco2021h
- **pattern b1**: _vasco2021h
- **pattern ra1**: _vasco2021h
- **pattern sh1**: _vasco2021h
- **pattern so1**: _vasco2021h
- **leftarm1**: 000000
- **body1**: 000000
- **rightarm1**: 000000
- **shorts1**: 000000
- **socks1**: 000000
- **pattern la2**: _vasco2021a
- **pattern b2**: _vasco2021a
- **pattern ra2**: _vasco2021a
- **pattern sh2**: _vasco2021a
- **pattern so2**: _vasco2021a
- **leftarm2**: FFFFFF
- **body2**: FFFFFF
- **rightarm2**: FFFFFF
- **shorts2**: FFFFFF
- **socks2**: FFFFFF
LDU Quito

**Liga Deportiva Universitaria de Quito** (also called **Liga de Quito** or just **Liga**) is an Ecuadorian association football club based in Quito, Ecuador. The team currently play in the Ecuadorian Serie A and was founded on 11 January 1930. LDU Quito is one of the most successful Ecuadorian teams, winning 9 regional titles, 12 national titles, and 5 international titles. They were runners-up in the 2008 FIFA Club World Cup as well.

## Honours

- Regional
- **Campeonato Amateur del Fútbol de Pichincha (3):** 1932, 1952, 1953
- **Campeonato Professional Interandino (6):** 1954, 1958, 1960, 1961, 1966, 1967
- National
- **Serie A (10):** 1969, 1974, 1975, 1990, 1998, 1999, 2003, 2005 Apertura, 2007, 2010
- **Serie B (2):** 1974 E1, 2001
- International
- **Copa Libertadores (1)**: 2008
- **Copa Sudamericana (1)**: 2009
- **Recopa Sudamericana (2)**: 2009, 2010
Central Italy

**Central Italy** ( or just ) is one of the five official statistical regions of Italy used by the National Institute of Statistics (ISTAT), a NUTS1 level region.

## Geography

Central Italy borders to the northwest with Liguria (Northwest Italy); to the northeast with San Marino and Emilia-Romagna (Northeast Italy); to the south with Abruzzo, Molise and Campania (South Italy).

The Adriatic Sea is to the east and the Tyrrhenian Sea and the Ligurian Sea to the west.

The Apennines are mountain ranges that go across Central Italy. The highest point, in the region, is Monte Vettore () that is  high. The main rivers are the Arno and Tiber rivers. The largest lakes are Trasimeno, Bolsena and Bracciano.

## Regions

Central Italy encompasses four of the 20 regions of Italy, including 41 provinces and 985  comuniː

|Region|Capital|Population <small>(2016)</small> !! Area <small>(km²)</small> !! Density <small>(inh./km²)</small> !! Provinces !! Comuni|||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Lazio|Roma|5,888,472|17,232.29||5|378|
|Marche|Ancona|1,543,752|9,401.38||5|236|
|Tuscany|Firenze|3,744,398|22,987.04||10|279|
|Umbria|Perugia|891,181|8,464.33||21|92|
|**Total**|12,067,803|58,085.04||41|985||

As geographical region, however, Central Italy also includes the regions of Abruzzo and Molise, which are usually part of Southern Italy for historical reasonsː both were part of the southern Kingdom of the Two Sicilies

The _comuni_ with more than 100,000 persons living in them areː

|Comune|Population|Province|Region||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Rome|align=right|2,864,731|Rome|Lazio|
|Florence|align=right|382,808|Florence|Tuscany|
|Prato|align=right|191,150|Prato|Tuscany|
|Perugia|align=right|166,134|Perugia|Umbria|
|Livorno|align=right|159,219|Livorno|Tuscany|
|Latina|align=right|125,985|Latina|Lazio|
|Terni|align=right|111,501|Terni|Umbria|
|Ancona|align=right|100,861|Ancona|Marche|

## Related pages

- NUTS level 1:
    - Northwest Italy
    - Northeast Italy
    - **Central Italy**
    - South Italy
    - Insular Italy
- Northern Italy
- Southern Italy

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Central Italy
- **native name**: Italia centrale
- **native name lang**: it
- **image map**: File:Italia centrale.svg
- **map alt**: Map of Italy, highlighting Central Italy
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Italy
- **parts type**: Regions of Italy, Regions
- **parts style**: list
- **parts**: #Regions, List
- **p1**: Lazio
- **p2**: Marche
- **p3**: Toscana
- **p4**: Umbria
- **blank name**: Languages
- **blank info**:  
- **blank1 name**:  – Official language
- **blank1 info**: Italian language, Italian
- **blank3 name**:  – Other common languages
- **area total km2**: 58052
- **population est**: 12067524
- **pop est as of**: 2016 est.
Chinese Super League

The **Chinese Football Association Super League** (Chinese: _中国足球协会超级联赛_; Pinyin: _Zhōngguó Zúqiú Xiéhuì Chāojí Liánsài_; usually called **Chinese Super League** (_中超联赛_) or **CSL**; and known as **Ping An Chinese Football Association Super League** for sponsorship reasons) is the highest tier of professional association football in China. It is controlled by the Chinese Football Association.

The league was created in 2004 and replaced the _Chinese Football Association Jia-A League_.

Currently, 16 teams play in the league. The Chinese Super League has been won by 7 teams: Shanghai Shenhua, Shenzhen Jianlibao, Dalian Shide, Shandong Luneng, Changchun Yatai, Beijing Guoan, and Guangzhou Evergrande.

## History

In 1994, the Chinese Jia-A League became the country's first professional football league. People in the Chinese Football Association began to talk about creating a new league in late-2000. In 2002, the CFA made a decision to establish the Chinese Super League, which started in 2004.

### Champions

The following table shows who won the league and when.

|Club|Champions|Runners-up|Winning Seasons|Runners-up Seasons|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Guangzhou Evergrande|5|0|2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015||
|Shandong Luneng|3|2|2006, 2008, 2010|2004, 2013|
|Beijing Guoan|1|3|2009|2007, 2011, 2014|
|Changchun Yatai|1|1|2007|2009|
|Dalian Shide|1|0|2005||
|Shenzhen|1|0|2004||
|Shanghai Greenland|0|3||2005, 2006, 2008|
|Shanghai SIPG|0|1||2015|
|Jiangsu Suning|0|1||2012|
|Tianjin Teda|0|1||2010|

### Top scorers

|Season|Top scorer|Club|Goals|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2004|Kwame Ayew|Inter Shanghai|17|
|2005|Branko Jelić|Beijing Guoan|21|
|2006|Li Jinyu|Shandong Luneng|26|
|2007|Li Jinyu|Shandong Luneng|15|
|2008|Éber Luís|Tianjin Teda|14|
|2009|Hernán Barcos Luis Ramírez|Shenzhen Asia Travel / Shanghai Shenhua Guangzhou GPC|17|
|2010|Duvier Riascos|Shanghai Shenhua|20|
|2011|Muriqui|Guangzhou Evergrande|16|
|2012|Cristian Dănălache|Jiangsu Sainty|23|
|2013|Elkeson|Guangzhou Evergrande|24|
|2014|Elkeson|Guangzhou Evergrande|28|
|2015|Aloísio|Shandong Luneng Taishan|22|

## Other websites

- Official site of the Chinese Super League
- Official site of the Chinese Football Association
- RSSSF.com - China - List of Champions
- English site about the CSL

## Infobox (football league)

- **leaguename**: Chinese Super League
- **confederation**: Asian Football Confederation, AFC (Asia)
- **founded**: 2004
- **level**: 1
- **number of teams**: 16
- **relegation to**: China League One
- **domestic cup**: Chinese FA Cup
- **international cup**: AFC Champions League
- **current champions**: Guangzhou Evergrande
- **season**: 2015 Chinese Super League, 2015
- **most successful club**: Guangzhou Evergrande (5 titles)
- **current season**: 2016 Chinese Super League
Queen Ratna of Nepal

**Ratna Rajya Lakshmi Devi Shah** (born 19 August 1928) was Queen consort of Nepal from 1955 to 1972 and Queen Mother from 1972 to 2008 when the royal family were removed of all titles and privileges.

She is the second wife of King Mahendra of Nepal (1920–1972). Queen Ratna belongs to the aristocratic Rana family. She is the daughter of late Honorary General Hari Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana and his wife, Megha Kumari Rajya Lakshmi.

## Other websites

- Royal Court of Nepal
Jo Cox

**Helen Joanne** "**Jo**" **Cox** (née **Leadbeater**; 22 June 1974 – 16 June 2016) was an English UK Labour Party politician. She was the Member of Parliament (MP) for the constituency of Batley and Spen from her election in May 2015 until her assassination in June 2016. She won the seat with an increased majority for Labour in the 2015 general election. She also worked at humanitarian organisation Oxfam.

## Assassination

On 16 June 2016, Cox was shot and stabbed many times in Birstall, where she had been holding a small meeting with her constituents. Cox was left in critical condition and she died from her injuries about an hour later at the age of 41. A 52-year-old man was arrested after the attack.
Adolph Cornelis van Bruggen

**Adolph Cornelis 'Dolf' van Bruggen** (9 July 1929 – 3 June 2016) was a Dutch malacologist, entomologist and botanist. His works were about the tropics and tropical Africa. His career lasted over 50 years. He was an expert especially in the land snail families Streptaxidae, Achatinidae and Maizaniidae. As of 2008, he had written some 655 scientific publications.

## Other websites

- Articles by A. C. van Bruggen  at Naturalis Digital Repository

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Adolph Cornelis van Bruggen
- **image**: Adolph Cornelis van Bruggen.jpg
- **caption**: Adolph Cornelis van Bruggen (2009)
- **fields**: Malacology
- **alma mater**: Leiden University
Gil Bartosh

**Gilbert C. Bartosh, Sr.** (May 21, 1930 – June 4, 2016) was an American football player and coach.  He served as the head football coach at the University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP) from 1974 to 1975, with a record of 6–28.

He was born in Granger, Texas. He died in Liberty Hill, Texas, aged 86.
Villefranche-d'Albigeois

**Villefranche-d'Albigeois** is a commune in the Tarn department of France.

## Related pages

- Communes of the Tarn department

## References

- INSEE

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Villefranche-d'Albigeois
- **image**: Villefranche-d Albigeois Eglise.jpg
- **caption**: The church in Villefranche-d Albigeois
- **image coat of arms**: Blason ville fr Villefranche-d'Albigeois (Tarn).svg
- **arrondissement**: Albi
- **canton**: Villefranche-d'Albigeois
- **insee**: 81317
- **postal code**: 81430
- **mayor**: Jean-Luc Chazottes
- **term**: 2008–2014
- **intercommunality**: Villefranchois
- **elevation m**: 420
- **elevation min m**: 183
- **elevation max m**: 526
- **area km2**: 22.09
- **population**: 1049
- **population date**: 2006
Sulabha Deshpande

**Sulabha** (or **Sulbha**) **Deshpande** (; 1937 – 4 June 2016) was an Indian movie, theatre and television actress and theatre director. She was known for her roles in _Bhumika_ (1977),  _Arvind Desai Ki Ajeeb Dastaan_ (1978) and _Gaman_ (1978).

Deshpande died on 4 June 2016 from a long-illness in Mumbai at the age of 78 or 79.

## Other websites

- Awishkar website
- Sulabha Deshpande at Bollywood Hungama

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Sulabha Deshpande
- **image**: Sulbha Deshpande.jpg
- **birth date**: 1937
- **birth place**: Mumbai, India
- **death place**: Mumbai
- **nationality**: Indian
- **occupation**: Actress, director
- **yearsactive**: 1960s–2016
- **spouse**: Arvind Deshpande
Villefranche

**Villefranche** may refer to:

- Places in France
- Villefranche, Gers, Gers department
- Villefranche, Yonne, Yonne department
- Villefranche-d'Albigeois, Tarn department
- Villefranche-d'Allier, Allier department
- Villefranche-de-Conflent, Pyrénées-Orientales department
- Villefranche-de-Lauragais, Haute-Garonne department
- Villefranche-de-Lonchat, Dordogne department
- Villefranche-de-Panat, Aveyron department
- Villefranche-de-Rouergue, Aveyron department
- Villefranche-du-Périgord, Dordogne department
- Villefranche-du-Queyran, Lot-et-Garonne department
- Villefranche-le-Château, Drôme department
- Villefranche-sur-Cher, Loir-et-Cher department
- Villefranche-sur-Mer, Alpes-Maritimes department
- Villefranche-sur-Saône, Rhône department
- Villefranche, former municipality, now part of Saulmory-Villefranche, Meuse department
Antti Hyry

**Antti Kalevi Hyry** (20 October 1931 – 4 June 2016) was a Finnish writer. He won the Eino Leino Prize in 2005. For his 2009 book _Uuni_ (_Oven_), Hyry won the Finlandia Prize, Finland's premier prize for literature.

Hyry was born in Kuivaniemi. He is married to Maija Hyry. He died in Espoo, aged 84.
Lois Duncan

**Lois Duncan Steinmetz** (April 28, 1934 – June 15, 2016), known as **Lois Duncan**, was an American writer of children's books. She was best known for young-adult novels of suspense. She wrote two early novels under the pen name **Lois Kerry**.

Duncan won the 1992 Margaret Edwards Award from the American Library Association for her contribution in writing for teens.

On June 15, 2016, at the age of 82, Duncan died at home in South Sarasota, Florida from complications of a stroke.

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Lois Duncan
- **image**: Lois Duncan Steinmetz playing the accordion aboard the shantyboat Lazy Bones (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Lois Duncan Steinmetz about 1947
- **pseudonym**: Lois Kerry
- **birth name**: Lois Duncan Steinmetz
- **birth place**: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US
- **death place**: South Sarasota, Florida, US
- **occupation**: Writer, journalist
- **nationality**: American
- **period**: 1947–2016
- **genre**: Young adult literature, Young-adult mystery fiction, supernatural fiction, children's literature, children's poetry and picture books