juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Andrei Kolkoutine

**Andrei Kolkoutine** ( born in 1957 in Smolyaninovo, Primorsky Krai) is a Russian artist. In 1982 Kolkoutine graduated at the Repin Academy of Arts in Leningrad, named after Ilya Repin. Kolkoutine lives in southern Russia in the town of Nalchik.
He belongs to the art group " FOSTER BROTHERS " together with two other artists - Andrey Efi and Eugeny Lindin.
The medium of his paintings is usually oil on canvas, but Kolkoutine also made a few sculptures and prints. Besides Russia, Kolkoutine has made exhibitions in Denmark, Germany, France and other European countries as well as the United States.

## Style

Kolkoutine settled into his current characteristic style by the end of the 1980s in which he mixes traditions from the Russian icons with other art styles: suprematism from Malevich, cubism and naïve art. Kolkoutine states that he sought the special tones of colours which are seen in the old Russian icons, and he developed a method for making these tones by pasting a layer of neutral grey paint on the canvas before painting the colours. Geometrical and abstract elements are combined with figurative elements. Buildings and playing cards may appear at the bottom of the paintings as well as Cyrillic letters. Frames in different colours surrounding the motifs are often oblique.

## Motifs

Often the motifs are either stylized biblical or simple working people from the Russian province; according to Kolkoutine the biblical characters are in principle the same kind as the provincial people (Bjørnager, 2006). The biblical motifs are also a reflection of his origin; they are distinctly orthodox. Jekatarina Seleznjova states that in her opinion the fundamental question asks in his paintings is ”Why are we here?” (Seleznjova, 2007), and thus despite the culturally characteristic motifs, Kolkoutine's paintings are supposed to touch something universally human. Kolkoutines paintings are both simple and complicated it is said.

## References

- Bjørnager, Kjeld: Andrei Kolkoutine: Signs and deeds from the Russian Province. Ganymed Publishers, 2006
- Kolkoutine, Andrej: Pictures from the Russian Province (kartiny russkoj provincii
- Kolkutin, Andrej), Ganymed Publishers, 1997
- Seleznjova, Jekaterina. ‘Andrei Kolkoutine’, 2007, Galerie Moderne, Silkeborg
- Galerie Moderne: ’Kolkoutine’ 2001
- Eveleigh, Romilly. ”Postmodern Icon” April 1, 2005

## Other websites

- Homepage of Andrei Kolkoutine
- Homepage of the "Foster Brothers"
Phyllis Schlafly

**Phyllis Schlafly** (August 15, 1924 in St. Louis, Missouri - September 5, 2016 in Ladue, Missouri) was an American conservative. She was a political activist, author, and constutional attorney.

Her best-selling book, _A Choice, Not an Echo_, was written in 1964. The book was about corruption in the Republican Party and how people with lot of money unfairly influenced elections. She was a big supporter of Barry Goldwater, who was the Republican Party's nominee for president in 1964. Goldwater had beaten Nelson Rockefeller, a more moderate candidate backed by big money. Although Goldwater would lose the 1964 election to Lyndon Johnson, the campaign helped start the modern conservative movement. Starting in 1967, she published her own newspaper, the _Phyllis Schlafly Report_. When the Equal Rights Amendment was passed by congress, she organized a campaign against it. Schlafly argued that the amendment would not actually help women, often pointing out that it would force women to be drafted. After a long and controversial debate, the amendment was not added to the Constitution. Schlafly is usually considered the main force that stopped it. She is very critical of the feminist movement, saying that "it teaches women to be victims." She helped with Ronald Reagan's campaign for the presidency in 1980. Schlafly remained active in politics until her death.

Schlafly died at the age of 92 in Ladue, Missouri of pancreatic cancer.
Cult of domesticity

The **cult of domesticity**, also known as the **cult of true womanhood,** is an ideology about the roles proper for white women in the 1800s. This way of thinking promoted the ideal that wealthy white women should stay at home and should not do any work outside of the home. This ideology promoted an ideal of separate spheres, in which women remained in the home and men led out in the world. Four ideals were held up for women to aspire to:

1. Be more religious than men (piety)
1. Be pure in heart, mind, and body (purity)
1. Be deferential to their husbands (submissiveness)
1. Act as keepers of home and hearth, concerned chiefly with household duties (domesticity)

The idea of this domesticity was practiced in 1820. However, the ideology was not recognized and truly followed until the 1840s and 1850. Some think that this domesticity came to an end only when the Civil War had ended (in 1865) due to some changes in beliefs about women's roles.

This ideology strongly discouraged women from obtaining an education. This ideology was thought to elevate the moral status of women and benefit them in ways such as living lives of higher material comfort. It made the roles of wife and mother important in society.

## References

2. https://study.com/academy/lesson/cult-of-domesticity-definition-significance.html

3. https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/117679/Bonventre.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Moral Majority

The **Moral Majority** was a political organization in the United States. It was made by Jerry Falwell. It tried to get conservative Christian views into laws by lobbying.  It was one of the major organizations of the religious right. It was started in 1979, in response to _Roe v. Wade_ and other events known as the "culture wars". It broke up in the late 1980s. It had four branches:

- Moral Majority, Inc. – the lobbying division
- Moral Majority Foundation – educated people on political issues
- Moral Majority Legal Defense Fund – fought against people in court
- Moral Majority Political Action Committee – supported candidates with their views

It broke up during Ronald Reagan's presidency because people did not think that the matter was so urgent. Other Christians also opposed it, as well as many liberal people.
Jake Shields

**Jake Shields** (born January 9, 1979 in Mountain Ranch, California) is an American mixed martial artist. He is best known for his time fighting in the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC), where he fought in the welterweight division. He has also fought for the Strikeforce and World Series of Fighting / Professional Fighters League promotions.

Shields had not lost a fight in 6 years until eventually challenging Georges St-Pierre for the UFC Welterweight Championship at UFC 129 and losing in a unanimous decision. Shields has also won many different titles including the Strikeforce Middleweight Championship, Shooto Middleweight Championship, Rumble on the Rock Welterweight Tournament Winner and the Elite XC Welterweight Championship. Shields holds a black belt in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu.

Shields is also controversial in his use of social media. Shields has described himself as a right-wing extremist. He regularly posts antisemitic remarks on X (Twitter), Instagram, and other social media outlets. His support for the public execution of people who want to help children transition and injected himself into an argument with Andrew Tate and Greta Thunberg and suggested that Tate should give Thunberg a "proper smashing" so she abandons her "crazy  ". His comments have been widely condemned.

## Other websites

- (Archive)
Spontaneous symmetry breaking

**Spontaneous symmetry breaking** is a way symmetry breaks in a physical system. The underlying laws do not change, but the system as a whole changes. Symmetry breaking in physics occurs when a system is crossing a critical point. Small fluctuations decide the system's fate, by determining which branch is taken.

## Examples

There are several examples of spontaneous symmetry in nature.
- A needle on its point is unstable, and will therefore fall over. The direction it falls, however, is random.

- When a magnet is heated, above a certain temperature, it loses its magnetic properties. This is because the atoms are moving too fast to be aligned a particular direction.

## Uses for spontaneous symmetry breaking

Spontaneous symmetry breaking can create a particle called a Higgs boson. This is a particle which is the force transferring particle (boson) of the Higgs field. The Higgs field gives mass to fundamental particles such as electrons. Also, many scientists believe in the Higgs effect (which is very similar to spontaneous symmetry breaking) to answer questions that are not answered in the standard model of physics. The standard model predicts that certain types of quarks should have a mass of zero, while in reality they have a non-zero mass value. Some scientists believe that spontaneous symmetry breaking is the answer.

## Method of spontaneous symmetry breaking

For spontaneous symmetry breaking to happen, you need an environment which is completely symmetrical, and has at least two outcomes that are equally likely. Spontaneous symmetry breaking starts with two particles that are completely equal; their spin is equal, too. Mathematically, spontaneous symmetry breaking can be extremely puzzling, since you start out with two identical things and end up with two non-identical things. However, in practice, it is not so puzzling. If you have two particles moving at each other with equal speed, it would seem impossible for either of them to do anything but be symmetrical. However, if each particle has an equal 50-50 chance to be spinning one way or another, it is possible–in theory and in practice–to have this symmetry broken. It begins with symmetry to start with because the particles have an equal and symmetrical 50-50 chance of spinning one way or another.
Roman villa

A **Roman villa** is a country house or mansion that was built and inhabited during the Roman Republic or the Roman Empire. In general the house has a courtyard, and all rooms are accessible from the courtyard. The entrance also leads into the courtyard. An example of such a villa, called _villa rustica,_ is shown in the picture. Villas were owned by rich people. Some of them even had mosaics, glass windows, central heating systems (called hypocaust), and their own baths. The Roman Villa was a precursor to the modern mansion.

## Related pages

- Roman house
The National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry

**The National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry**, also known as **the Grange**, is an organization for farmers. It is in the United States. It is made for them to more easily buy expensive things. It also tried to make laws that supported farmers. It was the most popular in the 1870s. The most people it ever had was one million.  Today, it has 300,000 people.  Its name comes from the French for _barn_.

The Grange was fairly active in politics. In the 19th century, many members of the Grange were involved in the Greenback and Populist movements.  The Grange endorsed politicians well into the 20th century. Often, the endorsement of the State Grange was an important endorsement .
Roger Maris

**Roger Eugene Maris** (September 10, 1934 – December 14, 1985) was a baseball player for the Cleveland Indians, Kansas City Athletics, New York Yankees, and the St. Louis Cardinals. He was named the Most Valuable Player in the American League in 1960 and 1961. Also in 1961, the Yankees won the World Series and Maris set a record by hitting 61 home runs that season. The Yankees won the World Series again in 1962. Sports writers called Maris and Mickey Mantle the M&M boys. After the 1966 season, the Yankees traded Maris to the Cardinals. In 1967, the Cardinals won the World Series. Maris retired after the 1968 season.
Theoretical particle

**Theoretical particles** are particles that have been assumed or predicted to exist by scientists, but have not been proven in any experiment. Some, like the tachyon, probably don't exist, since they violate several laws of physics. However, many are still believed to exist.  All supersymmetric particles (such as a sfermion) are theoretical. Supersymmetrical particles are often abbreviated with an "s" in front of the particle name, like a sfermion. Particles found in antimatter are not theoretical particles because they _have_ been found in numerous experiments.

### Supersymmetrical Particles

- Sfermion
- Slepton
- Squark
- Smuon

### Particles that disobey laws of physics

- Tachyon

### Other hypothetical particles

- Sterile neutrino
- Graviton
- Glueball
Supersymmetry

**Super symmetry** is a scientific theory that says that when elementary particles (such as photons, electrons, and quarks) were formed at the beginning of the universe, matching kinds of theoretical "super particles" were also created. If this theory is true, it would at least double the kinds of particles in the universe. If the universe has extra dimensions (M-Theory by Edward Witten predicts up to 11) then there would also be more ways to have symmetry and more kinds of super particles.

Many scientists hope to prove super symmetry because it fills many gaps in the Standard Model of physics (including dark matter) and would give support to the ideas of string theory. However, experiments in the Large Hadron Collider have not found evidence of super symmetry so far.

Super symmetry was the idea of Hironari Miyazawa (b. 1927).
Antihydrogen

**Antihydrogen** is an atom made of antimatter. Just as normal matter, antihydrogen can bond and form molecules with other antimatter – it would annihilate any normal matter that it touches.

## Structure

Antihydrogen has one positively charged positron orbiting a negatively charged antiproton. This is opposite to normal hydrogen, which has a negatively charged electron orbiting a positively charged proton.

## As a molecule

_Antihydrogen_ can also refer to the molecule called antihydrogen, which is made of two bonded antiprotons.
Antiproton

**Antiproton**s are tiny particles of antimatter. They have a negative charge, and are the nucleus of an Antihydrogen atom. They are not theoretical, as they have been found in scientific studies. When they come in contact with regular protons, each are annihilated and a relatively massive amount of energy is generated.

Actually, antiproton is a subatomic particle of the same mass as a proton but having a negative electric charge and oppositely directed magnetic moment. It is the proton’s antiparticle. Antiprotons were first produced and identified in 1955 by Emilio Segrè, Owen Chamberlain (for which they received the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1959), and coworkers by bombarding a copper target with high-energy protons from the proton synchrotron at the University of California at Berkeley. Antiprotons were predicted in the early 1930s, but their discovery had to wait for the technology of high-energy particle accelerators to reach the 6 billion electron-volt range. A collision of an antiproton with a proton results in mutual annihilation, but a near miss may produce by charge exchange an antineutron–neutron pair.
Namco Museum Remix

***Namco Museum Remix*** is a video game released for the Wii.

This game features 14 classic arcade games which are _Cutie Q_, _Dig Dug_, _Galaxian_, _Gaplus_, _Mappy_, _Pac & Pal_, _Pac-Mania_, _Super Pac-Man_, and _Xevious_. There are a few remixed versions of games which are _Pac'N Roll_, _Galaga_, _Motos_, _Rally X_, and _Gator Panic_.

## Infobox (video game)

- **developer**: Namco Bandai Games
- **publisher**: Namco
- **series**: _Pac-Man (series), Pac-Man_
- **modes**: Single player, multiplayer
- **platforms**: Wii
Leptoceratops

***Leptoceratops*** (meaning "slender horned face") was a stocky ceratopsian dinosaur that had a large skull are there was a horn on its beaked snout. It is known from five skulls and some skeletal material. _Leptoceratops_ are during in the Upper Cretaceous, about 6865 million years ago. Fossils have been found in Alberta, Canada, and Wyoming, in North America.
Montanoceratops

***Montanoceratops*** (meaning "Montana horned face") was a ceratopsian dinosaur, walked on four legs, had a large head, a bulky body, a parrot-like beak, a small nose horn, cheek teeth, and a small frill on its head. Males may have had larger frills than females, indicating that the frill may have been used in courtship and mating.

## Description

_Montanoceratops_ was up to 6 feet long (1.8 m) and weighed about 900 pounds (400 kg). _Montanoceratops_ lived in the late-Cretaceous period, about 72 to 65 million years ago, toward the end of the Mesozoic, the Age of Reptiles. Fossils have been found in Montana and Alberta, Canada.
Archelon

***Archelon*** was a huge marine turtle (Testudines) that was the size of a car. It lived in North America 74 million years ago (from the Upper Cretaceous) in the epeiric inland sea called the Western Interior Seaway. Fossils have been found in the U.S. states of Kansas and South Dakota.

This carnivore was up to  long. It had a wide, flattened shell, paddle-like legs, a long, narrow head, weak jaws, and a short, pointed tail. Its only predators were probably the larger mosasaurs. From its beak, its own food was probably squid.

_Archelon_, like other turtles, had a solidly-roofed skull with no opening (except for eyes, and nostrils).
Atlantic sturgeon

The **Atlantic sturgeon** (_Acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchus_) is a species of fish. It is a member of the Acipenseridae family. It is one of the oldest fish species in the world. It can be found from New Brunswick, Canada to the eastern coast of Florida. The numbers of Atlantic sturgeon have fallen because of overfishing and water pollution. It is considered threatened, endangered and even extinct in much of its original habitats. The fish live to 60 years of age, 15 feet in length and over 800 pounds in weight.
Quantum fluctuation

A **quantum fluctuation** is the temporary change in the amount of energy in a point in space, as explained in Werner Heisenberg's uncertainty principle. It applies only to quantum physics.

virtual particle-antiparticle pairs for exceedingly short periods of time. Like normal matter and antimatter, theoretical electrons and positrons annihilate each other. Unlike normal matter, however, they do not create any energy when they annihilate each other, but instead create an imaginary photon. Normal photons can interact with matter, but theoretical photons do not.

## References

Abhyudaya Apoorva - The theory of nothing
Critical error

A critical error is an error which the OS cannot reasonably ignore so as to respond again. In Windows, the critical error is often linked with a BSOD. These errors are known also as system failure. However, not all types of OS failure are critical errors. Freezing or deadlock are _NOT_ usually considered **critical**. Critical errors can lead to error avalanches also.

## Related pages

- BSOD
- Fatal error
Iván Castro

Captain **Iván Castro** (born 1967) is a U.S. Army officer who did not leave the Special Forces after becoming blind. He is one of three blind officers who currently serve in the U.S. Army and the only blind officer in the United States Army Special Forces. Castro believes in helping wounded fighters return to a normal life, and has talked to Congress about this. He takes part in marathons and other races.

## Early years

Castro was born in Hoboken, New Jersey. His parents were from Puerto Rico. In 1979, when he was 12 years old, he moved to Puerto Rico with his mother. After finishing military training, Castro went to university in Puerto Rico. While he was a student he went to many sports running competitions. After four years of university, Castro joined the US Army. He later trained to become an officer. He was blinded during combat in Iraq; while serving in 2006.

## Marathons

Castro is still active as a sportsman even after recovering from debilitating injuries during his army service. He previously trained with Major Phil Young, who was his leader in the United States Army Special Forces. The audiences often encourage Castro for his determination. He now trains with Lieutenant Colonel Fred Dummar, who is his Battalion Commander. Together Castro and Dummar have completed several marathons.

## Awards

Castro has earned many awards. Some of them are as follows:
- Medals and Awards:
-   Purple Heart
-   Meritorious Service Medal
-   Joint Services Commendation Medal
-   Army Commendation Medal
-   Army Achievement Medal
-   Army Good Conduct Ribbon
-   National Defense Service Medal
-   Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal
-   Southwest Asia Service Medal
-   Kosovo Campaign Medal
-   Afghanistan Campaign Medal
-   Global War on Terrorism Expeditionary Medal
-   Global War on Terrorism Service Medal
-   Army Overseas Service Ribbon
-   Non-Commissioned Officer Development Ribbon
-   Army Service Ribbon
-   NATO Medal
-   Kuwait Liberation Medal (Saudi Arabian)
-   Kuwait Liberation Medal (Kuwait)

-   Presidential Unit Citation
-   Joint Meritorious Unit Award
-   Meritorious Unit Citation
-   Valorous Unit Citation

- Badges:
-   Combat Infantryman Badge with Star
-   Expert Infantryman Badge
-   Master parachutist badge
-   Pathfinder Badge
-   Air Assault Badge
-   Military Freefall Parachutist Badge
-   Drill Sergeant Identification Badge
- Foreign badges:
-   German Parachutist Badge
- Dutch Parachutist Badge
- Columbian Jumpmaster Badge
- Tabs:
-   Special Forces Tab
-   Ranger tab
- Army Special Forces

## Infobox (military person)

- **name**: Iván Castro
- **placeofbirth**: Hoboken, New Jersey
- **placeofburial label**: Place of burial
- **image**: Lt. Castro 4pg.jpg
- **caption**: Captain Iván Castro
- **allegiance**: Puerto Rico, United States of America
- **branch**:  United States Army
- **serviceyears**: 1988-present
- **rank**:  - Captain
- **unit**: Special forces
- **battles**: Operation Desert Storm, Operations Desert Storm and others
- **awards**: Purple Heart
Meritorious Service Medal
Army Commendation Medal
2009 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom

The **2009 European Parliament Election** was held in all 27 countries that are part of the European Union on 4 June 2009. In the United Kingdom, 72 Members of the European Parliament (MEPs) were elected using proportional representation.

Notable results include the UK Independence Party coming second in a national election for the first time in its history and the far-right British National Party gained its first ever representation in an elected parliament.

Final results across England, Scotland and Wales are shown below:

- Conservative Party (25 MEPs, 27.7% of vote)
- UK Independence Party (13 MEPs, 16.5% of vote)
- Labour Party (13 MEPs, 15.7% of vote)
- Liberal Democrats (11 MEPs, 13.7% of vote)
- Green Party of England and Wales (2 MEPs, 8.6% of vote)
- British National Party (2 MEPs, 6.2% of vote)
- Scottish National Party (2 MEPs, 29.1% of vote in Scotland)
- Plaid Cymru (1 MEP, 18.5% of vote in Wales)

In Northern Ireland, 3 MEPs were elected from Sinn Fein, the Democratic Unionist Party and the Ulster Unionist Party.

The next European Parliament Election will be held in 2014.
Danny Alexander

**Sir Daniel Grian 'Danny' Alexander** (born 15 May 1972) is a British politician who was the Chief Secretary to the Treasury in the Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition government from 2010 - 2015. He was the Liberal Democrat Member of Parliament for Inverness, Nairn, Badenoch and Strathspey but lost his seat in the 2015 general election.

Danny Alexander was born in Edinburgh and first became an MP at the 2005 general election. Between 2005 and 2010, Danny Alexander was the Liberal Democrats Shadow Secretary for Work and Pensions. When the Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition government was formed on 11 May 2010, Alexander was appointed as the Secretary of State for Scotland. He was made the Chief Secretary to the Treasury on 29 May 2010, due to the resignation of David Laws. He was knighted in the 2015 Dissolution Honours.

## Other websites

- Danny Alexander's official website
James and Oliver Phelps

**James Andrew Eric "Jaime" Phelps** and **Oliver Martyn John Phelps** (born 25 February 1986) are identical twin English actors, best known for playing Fred and George Weasley in the _Harry Potter_ film series, which are based on the books.

James and Oliver have been a bit split up since Harry Potter ended, James working in a few more projects than Oliver, but both of them still working. James worked in “Ward 3,” “Danny and the Human Zoo,” “Patchwork,” and a TV series, “Silent Witness.” Oliver worked in “Ears,” and “Danny and the Human Zoo” along with James.

Both twins run a podcast and still talk about Harry Potter alongside some other topics.
Michael Moore (Scottish politician)

**Michael Kevin Moore** (born June 3, 1965) is a British politician who was the Secretary of State for Scotland in the Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition government. He was the Member of Parliament for Berwickshire, Roxburgh and Selkirk. He was a Liberal Democrat MP from 1997 to 2015.

He was born in Belfast but grew up in Scotland.
Septimius Severus

**Septimius Severus** (Lucius Septimius Severus, 11 April 145 AD – 4 February 211) was Roman Emperor from 193 AD to 211. Severus was born in Leptis Magna in the province of Africa. Severus was born an African, and some portraits show him as such. In 187 he married Julia Domna, from Syria.

As a young man, Severus advanced under the reigns of Marcus Aurelius and Commodus. Severus seized power after the death of Emperor Pertinax in 193 during the so-called Year of the Five Emperors. After deposing the incumbent emperor Didius Julianus in a bloodless coup, Severus fought his rival claimants, the generals Pescennius Niger and Clodius Albinus. Niger was defeated in 194 at the Battle of Issus, and Albinus three years later at the Battle of Lugdunum.

After solidifying his rule, Severus waged a brief war against the Parthian Empire, sacking their capital Ctesiphon in 197. In 202 he campaigned  in Africa against the Garamantes, briefly taking their capital Garama and expanding the southern frontier of the empire radically.

Late in his reign he fought the Picts in Caledonia and strengthened Hadrian's Wall in Britain. Severus died in 211 at Eboracum, succeeded by his sons Caracalla and Geta. With the succession of his sons, Severus founded the Severan dynasty, the last dynasty of the empire before the Crisis of the Third Century.

## Assessment

By the close of his reign the Roman Empire reached an extent  of over  million square kilometres, which some scholars state expanded the empire to its greatest physical extent.

According to Gibbon, "his daring ambition was never diverted from its steady course by the allurements of pleasure, the apprehension of danger, or the feelings of humanity".

He secured Africa, the agricultural base of the Empire where he was born. His victory over the Parthian Empire was for a time decisive. His policy of an expanded and better-rewarded army was criticised by his contemporaries Cassius Dio and Herodianus. The large increase in military expenditure caused problems for all of his successors.

## Infobox (royalty)

- **title**: Roman Emperor, Emperor of the Roman Empire
- **name**: Septimius Severus
- **full name**: Lucius Septimius Severus
(from birth to accession);
 Caesar Lucius Septimius Severus Pertinax Augustus
(as emperor)
- **image**: Septimius Severus busto-Musei Capitolini.jpg
- **caption**: Alabaster bust of Septimius Severus
- **reign**: 14 April 193 – 4 February 211
()
- **predecessor**: Didius Julianus
- **successor**: Caracalla and Geta
- **spouse 1**: Paccia Marciana, a Libyan-Punic woman of Roman origin. Severus and Marciana married around 175 and she died before Severus married Domna. They had no children.
- **spouse 2**: Julia Domna
- **issue**: Caracalla and Geta
- **dynasty**: Severan dynasty, Severan
- **father**: Publius Septimius Geta
- **mother**: Fulvia Pia
- **birth place**: Leptis Magna (Libya)
- **death place**: Eboracum (York)
Sundre, Alberta

**Sundre**, in Alberta, is a rural town of about 2,000 in population. It is a half hour drive east of the Rocky Mountains. The mayor of Sundre is Richard Warnock. Sundre is home to the Pro Rodeo. Sundre has one public Kindergarten to grade 8 school called River Valley School with Chinooks Edge School Division. And there is one public high school called Sundre High School. Sundre became a village in 1950 and a town in 1956.
A Journey

***A Journey*** is a book written by former British Prime Minister Tony Blair. It is about Tony Blair's time as leader of the Labour Party (1994-2007) and Prime Minister (1997-2007).

The book was published on September 1, 2010. All money made by the book was donated to the Royal British Legion, which is a charity that financially and socially helps people who have served or are serving in the British Armed Forces. The book is 624 pages long and has received mixed reviews from critics.
Iain Gray

**Iain Gray** (born 7 June 1957) is a Scottish politician and leader of the Scottish Labour Party from 13 September 2008 to 17 December 2011. He was the Member of the Scottish Parliament for East Lothian from 2007 to 2021. Before going into politics he had been a maths and physics teacher in Edinburgh and Mozambique. He was first elected to the Scottish Parliament in 1999, but he lost to David McLetchie in 2003. He went back to Holyrood in 2007 as a member of the Scottish Parliament again.  When Wendy Alexander quit her job as Leader of the Scottish Labour Party in 2008, Gray stood at the next leadership election and was elected with a 57.8% total vote.

At first, Gray had some good electoral victories for Scottish Labour, including declining the Scottish National Party trials at the Glenrothes in 2008, and also seeing the Scottish Labour keep their 41 seats in the House of Commons in the 2010 general election.
Mercedes-Benz E-Class

The **Mercedes-Benz E-Class** is a series of mid-size luxury cars manufactured by the German car maker Mercedes-Benz. The E-Class has been in production since 1953 and is one of the most important models in the Mercedes-Benz lineup.

## Versions

- W124 (1993)
- W210 (1995)
- W211 (2002)
- W212/C207 (2009)
- W213/C238 (2016)
- W214/C236 (2023)

## Infobox (automobile)

- **image**: Mercedes-Benz W214 1X7A1841.jpg
- **name**: Mercedes-Benz E-Class
- **production**: 1953–present (E-Class nomenclature adopted since 1993)
- **class**: Executive car (E-segment, E)
- **layout**: Front-engine, rear-wheel-drive or Front-engine, all-wheel-drive, all-wheel-drive
- **predecessor**: Mercedes-Benz W124 (pre-facelift models, 1984–1993)
Feira de Santana

**Feira de Santana** is a city in the state of Bahia, northeastern of Brazil. Between the Jacuípe and Pojuca Rivers, the city is a distribution center connecting the state capital, Salvador, with other cities and is a passage for the highway.

## Other websites

- Government site
Pagani

**Pagani Automobili S.p.A.** is an Italian car manufacturer. It was founded in 1992 by Horacio Pagani.

## History

Horacio Pagani used to work with Lamborghini on cars like the Lamborghini Diablo. In the late 1980s, he started to design his own cars. In 1992, he started to work on a concept-car for his very own car.

In 1994, he made a deal with Mercedes-Benz. That gave him a V12 engine for his car. In 1999, he showed his first production car, the Zonda, at the Geneva Motor Show.

### Pagani Zonda

The Zonda was the first production car made by Pagani. It has a V12 engine by Mercedes-Benz. Mercedes-Benz produced in the very first version, called the Zonda C12, 290 kW.

After several new versions, the very last Zonda, the Zonda Revolución, was released in 2013. It is a very light version with a 597 kW V12 engine.

### Pagani Huayra

The Huayra is the second production model by Pagani. It also has a V12 engine by Mercedes-Benz. It also has a Turbocharger. The engine makes 539 kW. Its top speed is about 372 km/h (231 mph). The official debut of the Huayra was at the 2011 Geneva Motor Show.

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: Pagani
- **hq location city**: Modena
- **hq location country**: Italy
Vitória da Conquista

**Vitória da Conquista** is a city at the south-central of Bahia, state of Brazil northeast. The city is at 3.040 feet above sea level and is in the semi-arid region, with low rainfall and periodic droughts.
Baía de Todos os Santos

**Baía de Todos os Santos** (_All Saints's Bay_) is a bay in the Brazilian state of Bahia. It is the biggest bay of Brazil. It is  long and  wide. The bay was first seen on November 1, 1501, by the expedition of Amerigo Vespucci. It received its name because November 1 is All Saints' Day. The bay is visited by tourists from all over the world.
Amphetamine

**Amphetamine** is a synthetic drug. It is a stimulant type of drug, which means it can help people keep focused and stay awake. Chemically, it is similar to methamphetamine. These drugs increase the level of dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain, which can create euphoria.

The name _amphetamine_ is derived from its chemical name: **a**lpha-**m**ethyl**ph**en**et**hyl**amine**

It is a prescription drug commonly made to treat ADHD (attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder) in children. It is used to treat symptoms of traumatic brain injury (TBI), daytime drowsiness, symptoms of narcolepsy, and has other uses too.

It was made for women to reduce appetite they felt and control their weight easily, before it became more tested. Now, amphetamine is not usually made for weight disorders because it is more addictive than other drugs.

## Recreational Use

Sometimes, the drug is used for fun at parties, raves, or to boost performance. They can also enhance cognitive tasks.

Many different street names are used for amphetamines in many different countries. Names include: Billy, Quod est quod, Based, Paste, Jeez, Whizz, Willy (UK) and ChinaWhite crystals. In the US, amphetamine can be called Bennies, Black Beauties, Crank, Ice, Speed, and Uppers if who has them calls them that.

The European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction reports the regular retail price of amphetamine in Europe varied between €3 and €15 Euros ($4 to $21.55 USD) per gram. This was from half the reporting countries.

## Other websites

- Amphetamine -Citizendium
Computer freezing

Many modern computers have operating systems that permit several applications or programs to run at the same time. Each running program uses one or more so-called _processes_, that's why this situation is generally known as multiprocessing. At times it can happen, that a process stops responding to user input; the user sees when the computer stops responding to inputs, or it becomes very slow. Different causes can cause this scenario: The  most frequent are deadlock, race conditions or the system simply having too much to do. In many cases, the only solution is to terminate the processes, which cause so much load. Many GUI-<nowiki/>based operating systems have programs that allow the user to tell the operating system to terminate a process. There may also be command-line programs that do this. When the operating system terminates a process, all unsaved data of the process will be lost.

In the case where the operating system detects such a situation, it may show a BSoD.
8 track tape

The **8-track** is a music format which first appeared in the 1960s. It is a tape format which was created so people could play music in their cars. Unlike cassettes, 8 tracks are a continuous loop of tape. They did not need to be turned over to keep playing. There were four programs of music on each tape with two tracks on each program to create stereo sound. When the track was over, a very thin piece of metal in the tape would be sensed. This would cause the part of the player that read the tape (the _head_) to start reading the next track. 8 tracks became very popular in the early 1970s. They were used both in the home and car.

In the 1970s, the cassette tape was improved. It eventually had better quality than 8-tracks. By the late 1970s, cassettes became more popular than 8-tracks. In 1980, 8-tracks were rarely being made. They could still be bought through mail order record clubs until 1987. Today there are still a small number of people who collect 8 tracks. The last 8-tracks from a major label were released in 1988. Some unauthorized (bootleg) releases were made as late as 1995. Some independent labels still occasionally release 8-tracks as a novelty or collectible.

## Problems

The 8-track had many problems. Unlike cassettes, the rubber roller was in the cartridge. It would often wear out, or chemically break down. This could cause a gooey substance in the tapes. This happened faster if the cartridge was left in a hot car. This also caused the tapes to wear out quickly. The spacing between the tracks were very narrow. Music from tracks other than the one being played could often be heard. The sensing foil in the tape would sometimes break off. This would stop the tape from changing tracks.
Le Plateau-Mont-Royal

**Le Plateau-Mont-Royal** is a neighborhood in Montreal. It is northeast of downtown. It was a middle class neighborhood where many Québécois, Portuguese, and Jewish people lived. In the 1980s, many artists moved into the neighborhood. They liked the low rent and the beautiful architecture. Today, Le Plateau is a very expensive area to live. There are many popular shops and restaurants.
Côte-des-Neiges

**Côte-des-Neiges** is a working class neighborhood in Montreal, Canada. It is north of downtown on the other side of Mount Royal. The west side of the neighborhood is very ethnic with many shops that cater to this population. Most of the people here live in apartment buildings built after 1945. The eastern part of Côte-des-Neiges is more Québécois and more of an upperclass neighborhood. North America's largest church, St. Joseph's oratory, is here, as well as the University of Montreal.
Head Rush (TV show)

***Head Rush*** is a science show that shows many facts about science.

## Cast

- Kari Bryon, the director
- Dr. Michio Kaku, the narrator/director of Sci Fi Science
- Adam Savage, a narrator of MythBusters
- Jamie Hyneman, the other narrator of MythBusters
- Buster, a crash test dummy of MythBusters who does not speak

## Other websites

- Head Rush : Science Channel
- Mythbusters: Official Site
- Dr. Michio Kaku

## Infobox (television)

- **runtime**: 58 min
- **director**: Kari Bryon, Dr. Kaku Michio, Beyond Television Company
- **camera**: Double Camera
- **narrated**: Dr. Kaku Michio, Kari Bryon, Adam Savage, Jamie Hyneman
- **country**: US
- **network**: Science Channel
- **language**: English language, English
- **num episodes**: 10 (per week)
Sinornithosaurus

***Sinornithosaurus*** (derived from Latin and Greek, meaning 'Chinese bird-lizard') was a feathered dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous, a dromaeosaur. It was found in the Yixian Formation in what is now China.

This new fossil supports the idea that these dinosaurs did not have scaly, reptile-like skin, but had a softer, downy coat. No fossil skin impressions of these dinosaurs had been found previously.
Sinosauropteryx

***Sinosauropteryx***
is a genus of non-avialan dinosaur (_not_ a bird).

It is the first one found with the fossilized impressions of furry down or filamentous feathers. Overall, the filaments resemble the down-like feathers of some modern flightless birds.

_Sinosauropteryx_ lived in China during the early Cretaceous period and was a close relative of _Compsognathus_. It has been dated to 124.6–122 million years ago.

The fossils were from the famous Jehol biota of Sihetun, Liaoning Province, China, and represent an ancient lake bed.

Most paleontologists do not consider _Sinosauropteryx_ to be a bird, because phylogenetically, it lies far from the _clade_ Aves, usually defined as _Archaeopteryx_ plus modern birds.

_Sinosauropteryx prima_ is among the smallest known non-avian theropods, with the type specimen (a nearly mature individual) measuring only  in length, including a very long tail.

## Colour

Paleontologist Nick Longrich suggested that these specimens preserve remnants of the original colour pattern the animal would have had in life. He argued that the dark, banded stains on the tail were too evenly spaced to have been caused by random separation of the fossil slabs, and that they represent fossilized pigments present in the feathers.

The presence of dark feathers along only the top of the body may also reflect the colour pattern in life, indicating that _Sinosauropteryx prima_ was countershaded with dark colour on its back and lighter colour on its underside, with bands or stripes on the tail for camouflage. The main colour turned out later to be ginger.
Unenlagia

***Unenlagia*** was a theropod from the mid-Cretaceous, living about 90 million years ago. The first birds appeared 150 million years ago, evolving from dinosaurs long before _Unenlagia_ lived. Therefore, it is not an ancestor of modern-day birds, but was an evolutionary dead-end. The most bird-like dinosaur ever discovered is the 90-million-year-old _Unenlagia comahuensis_, a flightless, 4-foot tall, 7.5-foot-long carnivore.
Subversion

**Subversion** is a systematic attempt to overthrow or undermine a government or political system by people working from within. Subversion generally works against structures of power, authority, exploitation, servitude, and hierarchy. A **subversive** is something or someone that works against an organization or system.

Subversive activity is the lending of aid, comfort, and support to individuals, groups, or organizations that work for the _overthrow of a system_. Actions against the best interests of the government, and which are not treason, sedition, sabotage, or espionage may be put in the category of subversive activity.

There is no agreed definition of subversion. Charles Townshend described subversion as a term "so elastic as to be virtually devoid of meaning, and its use does little more than convey the enlarged sense of the vulnerability of modern systems to all kinds of covert assaults."

### China

Subversion is a crime in China. The government of the People's Republic of China prosecutes subversives under Articles 102 through 112 of the state criminal law. These laws describe behavior that can be a threat to national security. China has prosecuted many dissidents using these laws. Articles 105 and 111 are used the most often to silence political dissent. Article 105 makes it a crime to organize, make a secret plan, work against the national order, or tell rumors to make people fight the national order or overthrow the socialist system. Article 111 prohibits stealing, secretly collecting, purchasing, or illegally providing state secrets or intelligence to an organization, institution, or personnel outside the country.

### United Kingdom

There is no crime defined as "subversion" in British Constitutional law. There is a crime of treason. Legal experts have tried define subversion, but political and legal thinkers could not reach a general agreement.

## Other websites

- "Address before the National Association of Manufacturers" on the Soviet military and political threat  by Allen Welsh Dulles (1959) - _lower-middle portion of web page_
Michio Kaku

Dr. **Michio Kaku** (Japanese: ミチオ カク, 加来 道雄) (born 24 January 1947) is a Japanese-American futurist, theoretical physicist and a performer on the Science Channel, particularly for Sci-Fi Science.  He is known as a "sci-fi fan" on the SC.

## Early life and Education

Kaku was born on January 24, 1947 in San Jose, California to Japanese parents. As a child, he took judo lessons. When he grew older, he graduated from college with a summa cum laude degree.

## Works

Kaku is famous for his major field, theoretical physics. Sci-fi is another field Michio studied. Some episodes of Sci-Fi Science, for instance, ponder alien invasion of the planet, or a new solar system. The string theory is another topic that Kaku studied.

He has also studied the future. Futurists like Kaku often use PPPW to evaluate the future.  The "three Ps and one W" represent, to futurists, "plausible", "possible", and "preferable".  The "W" stands for "wildcard"(random) events.

A science populariser, or a populariser of science, is one who captures the scientific method and accuracy to preserve the language in the name of science.  Michio Kaku wrote several books including Physics of the Impossible and Hyperspace, Beyond Einstein, and Parallel Worlds.

## Other websites

- Official Site.
- Kaku on Discovery.

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Michio Kaku
- **birth place**: San Jose, California U.S.
- **image**: Michio Kaku Presentation.jpg
- **field**: Theoretical physics
Astrophysics
- **known for**: String theory
- **website**: [http://mkaku.org/ MKaku.org]
Severan dynasty

|The _Severan Tondo_, showing Septimius Severus and his sons

The **Severan dynasty** was a Berbers imperial dynasty, which ruled the Roman Empire between 193 and 235. The dynasty was founded by the Roman general Septimius Severus, who rose to power during the civil war of 193, known as the Year of the Five Emperors.

Although Septimius Severus successfully restored peace following the upheaval of the late 2nd century, the dynasty was disturbed by unstable family relationships, and constant political turmoil. It foreshadowed the coming Crisis of the Third Century. It was the last lineage of the Principate founded by Augustus.

## Sequence

Dates represent status of _Augustus_.
- **Septimius Severus** (193–211)
- **Caracalla** (198–217): eldest son. Cruel and treacherous; murdered his brother. It is said that 20,000 people were killed or proscribed (declared 'enemies of the state') by him.
- **Geta** (209–211) younger son; junior co-emperor on his father's death. He was murdered by Caracalla.
- **Macrinus** (217–218): Not a relative; he was the Praetorian Prefect who assassinated Caracalla.
- **Elagabalus** (Varius Avitus Bassianus, 218–222): a relative, and a teenager (b. ~203/205), rumoured to be transgender and bisexual. Murdered by the Praetorian Guard.
- **Alexander Severus** (222–235): cousin of Elagabalus; also a teenager. The best of the later Severids, ruled well with the help of his able mother. Mismanaged a war against Germans invading Gaul, and was overthrown by the soldiers.

The end of the Severids marked the start of the Crisis of the Third Century.
Crisis of the Third Century

The **Crisis of the Third Century** (235–284 AD) was a period in which the Roman Empire almost ended because of invasions, civil war, plague, and economic collapse. The crisis is sometimes called the "Military Anarchy" or "Imperial Crisis".

The crisis began with the assassination of Emperor Alexander Severus at the hands of his own troops in 235 AD. That started a 50-year period in which 20 to 25 rivals struggled for the throne. Most were important generals of the Roman army who took control over all or part of the empire.

By 258–260, the empire had split into three competing states. The Gallic Empire included the western Roman provinces of Gaul, Britannia and Hispania. The Palmyrene Empire had the eastern provinces of Syria Palaestina and Aegyptus. Both became independent of the Roman Empire proper, which stood between them in Italy. The crisis ended with the ascension of Diocletian in 284.

The crisis resulted in many changes to the empire's institutions, society, economy, and eventually religion. It was a transition period between classical antiquity and late antiquity.
Sci-Fi Science: Physics of the Impossible

***Sci-Fi Science: Physics of the Impossible*** is a science show hosted by Michio Kaku. As Kaku explains the principles of science, he suggests methods and shows various diagrams of the concept.

He starts by explaining a science topic, and shows diagrams to demonstrate the principles. He also interviews scientists who are studying that topic.

## Sci-fi

The Sci-Fi in the show are such things as alien invasion and another Earth.

## Infobox (television)

- **runtime**: 25 min
- **director**: Michio Kaku
- **narrated**: Michio Kaku
- **camera**: Triple Camera
- **country**: United States
- **num episodes**: 10 (per week)
- **network**: Science Channel