juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Montmorillon

**Montmorillon** is a commune in the Vienne department, in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region, in central-western France. The clay mineral montmorillonite (a silicate) was named after Montmorillon when it was discovered there in 1847.

It is one of the two subprefectures of the Vienne department and the capital of the canton of Montmorillon.

Montmorillon is well known for its macarons, and has a museum dedicated to it.

## Geography

Montmorillon is along the Gartempe river. The city is at  to the southeast of Poitiers and at  to the nortwest of Limoges.

It has an area of  and its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .

The _communes_ that are around Montmorillon are Saulgé, Jouhet, Sillars, Journet, Saint-Léomer, Bourg-Archambault, Lathus-Saint-Rémy and Pindray.

### Climate

The climate of Montmorillon, in the Köppen climate classification, is **Cfb** - Oceanic climate with template summers.

## Population

The inhabitants of Montmorillon are known, in French, as _Montmorillonnais_ (women: _Montmorillonnaises_).

With a population of 6,155, Confolens has a population density of  inhabitants/km<sup>2</sup>.

**Evolution of the population in Montmorillon**

## Administration

Montmorillon is a subprefecture of the Vienne department since 1800. It is also the capital of the canton of Montmorillon.

## People from Montmorillon

- Étienne de Vignolles, called La Hire (1390-1443), French military commander during the Hundred Years' War
- Paul de Ladmirault (1808-1898) French general and senator,
- Joseph Carré (1870-1941), architect
- Régine Deforges (1935-2014), novelist
- Simon Pagenaud (1984-), Champion Indycar Driver

## Twin cities

Montmorillon is a twin town of:
- Wadern, Germany, since 1968
- Medina del Campo, Spain, since 1994
- Safané, Burkina Faso, since 1997
- Gościno, Poland, since 2003
- Putna, Romania, since 2013

Montmorillon is also partner withː
- Guildford, United Kingdom, since 1964

## Related pages

- Arrondissement of Montmorillon
- Communes of the Vienne department

## Other websites

- Ville de Montmorillon - official website
- Office or Tourisme website

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Montmorillon
- **commune status**: Subprefectures in France, Subprefecture and Communes of France, commune
- **image coat of arms**: Blason ville fr Montmorillon (Vienne).svg
- **image**: Hôtel de ville de Montmorillon.jpg
- **caption**: The City and town halls, town hall in Montmorillon
- **arrondissement**: Montmorillon
- **canton**: Montmorillon
- **intercommunality**: Montmorillonnais
- **mayor**: Yves Bouloux
- **term**: 2014-2020
- **elevation m**: 125
- **elevation min m**: 82
- **elevation max m**: 168
- **area km2**: 57.00
- **population demonym**: Montmorillonnais
- **population**: 6155
- **population date**: 2014
- **insee**: 86165
- **postal code**: 86500
- **website**: [http://www.montmorillon.fr/ www.montmorillon.fr]
Gartempe

The **Gartempe** is a French river that flows through the Nouvelle-Aquitaine and Centre-Val de Loire regions.

It rises in the Massif Central and flows into the Creuse river, as a left tributary, in the Vienne department.

## Geography

The Gartempe river has a length of  and a drainage basin with an area of approximately .

### Course

The Gartempe river starts in western Massif Central, near the hamlet of _Pétillat_ in the _commune_ of Peyrabout, Creuse department,  at an elevation of about . From here, it generally flows to the northwest.

Finally, the river flows into the Creuse river in La Roche-Posay (Vienne department, on the left side) and Yzeures-sur-Creuse (Indre-et-Loire department, on the right side).

The Gartempe flows through 5 departments and 46 _communes_, in 2 regions:
- Centre-Val de Loire region
    - Indre: Néons-sur-Creuse
    - Indre-et-Loire: Yzeures-sur-Creuse
- Nouvelle-Aquitaine region
    - Creuse: Peyrabout, Le Grand-Bourg
    - Haute-Vienne: Châteauponsac, Rancon
    - Vienne: Montmorillon, Saint-Savin, La Roche-Posay

## Main tributaries

The main tributaries of the Gartempe river are:

## Related pages

- List of rivers of France

## Other websites

- Banque Hydro - Station L5411810 - La Gartempe à Montmorillon
- Bassin versant de la Gartempe
- Syndicat intercommunal d'aménagement de la Gartempe (SIAG)

## Infobox (river)

- **name**: Gartempe
- **image**: Pont Gartempe Saint Savin 2006-07-10 1.jpg
- **image caption**: The Gartempe bridge in Saint-Savin
- **map**: Gartempe.png
- **source1 location**: Limousin (region), Limousin
- **mouth location**: Creuse (river), Creuse
- **subdivision type1**: Country
- **subdivision name1**: France
- **subdivision type2**: Regions of France, Regions
- **subdivision name2**: Centre-Val de Loire and Nouvelle-Aquitaine
Safnern

**Safnern** is a municipality of the administrative district Biel/Bienne in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official website of Safnern

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Safnern
- **municipality name**: Safnern
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Safnern COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Safnern.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Bern
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BE
- **district**: Biel/Bienne (administrative district), Biel/Bienne
- **postal code**: 2553
- **municipality code**: 0746
- **area**: 5.6
- **elevation**: 436
- **population**: 1873
- **populationof**: Dec 2011
- **popofyear**: 2011
- **website**: www.safnern.ch
- **mayor**: Hanspeter Thalhammer
- **neighboring municipalities**: Biel/Bienne, Büren an der Aare, Meienried, Meinisberg, Orpund, Pieterlen, Scheuren
Saicourt

**Saicourt** is a municipality in the administrative district of Jura bernois in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

## Villages

Le Fuet, Bellelay, La Bottiere and Montbautier.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Saicourt
- **municipality name**: Saicourt
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Saicourt COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Saicourt.png
- **languages**: French
- **canton**: Bern
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BE
- **district**: Jura bernois (administrative district), Jura bernois
- **postal code**: 2712 Le Fuet, 2732 Saicourt
2713 Bellelay
- **municipality code**: 0706
- **area**: 13.75
- **elevation**: 749
- **population**: 603
- **populationof**: Dec 2011
- **popofyear**: 2011
- **website**: www.saicourt.ch
- **mayor**: Markus Gerber
- **mayor title**: Maire
- **places**: Le Fuet, Bellelay, La Bottiere, Montbautier
- **neighboring municipalities**: Tramelan, Mont-Tramelan, Tavannes, Switzerland, Tavannes, Reconvilier, Saules, Switzerland, Saules, Sornetan, Châtelat, Lajoux (JU), Les Genevez (JU)
Saint-Imier

**Saint-Imier** is a municipality of the administrative district of Jura bernois in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

Saint-Imier is the hometown of the Longines watchmaking company. The Breitling watchmaking company was founded in Saint-Imier, but moved to Grenchen, Canton of Solothurn.

## Other websites

- Official website of the municipality of Saint-Imier

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Saint-Imier
- **municipality name**: Saint-Imier
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Saint-Imier COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Saint-Imier.png
- **languages**: French
- **canton**: Bern
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BE
- **district**: Jura bernois (administrative district), Jura bernois
- **postal code**: 2610
- **municipality code**: 0443
- **area**: 20.96
- **elevation**: 820
- **population**: 5083
- **populationof**: Dec 2014
- **popofyear**: 2014
- **website**: www.saint-imier.ch
- **mayor**: Stéphane Boillat
- **mayor title**: Maire
- **executive name**: Conseil municipal
- **executive number of members**: 7
- **parliament name**: Conseil de Ville
- **parliament number of members**: 31
- **neighboring municipalities**: Sonvilier, Villeret, Switzerland, Villeret, Muriaux (JU), Le Noirmont (JU), Les Bois (JU), Le Pâquier, Neuchâtel, Le Pâquier (NE), Villiers, Switzerland, Villiers (NE)
Saules, Switzerland

**Saules** is a municipality of the administrative district of Jura bernois in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Saules
- **municipality name**: Saules
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Saules COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Saules.png
- **languages**: French
- **canton**: Bern
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BE
- **district**: Jura bernois (administrative district), Jura bernois
- **postal code**: 2732
- **municipality code**: 0707
- **area**: 4.25
- **elevation**: 743
- **population**: 153
- **populationof**: Dec 2011
- **popofyear**: 2011
- **website**: -
- **mayor**: Michel Schaer
- **mayor title**: Maire
- **neighboring municipalities**: Loveresse, Reconvilier, Saicourt, Sornetan, Souboz
Saxeten

**Saxeten** is a municipality in the administrative district of Interlaken-Oberhasli in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Saxeten
- **municipality name**: Saxeten
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Saxeten COA.svg
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Bern
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BE
- **district**: Interlaken-Oberhasli (administrative district), Interlaken-Oberhasli
- **postal code**: 3813
- **municipality code**: 0591
- **area**: 19.2
- **elevation**: 1103
- **population**: 100
- **populationof**: Dec 2010
- **popofyear**: 2010
- **website**: www.saxeten.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Aeschi bei Spiez, Därligen, Lauterbrunnen, Leissigen, Wilderswil
Schalunen

**Schalunen** was a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2014, the former municipalities of Schalunen, Büren zum Hof, Etzelkofen, Grafenried, Limpach, Mülchi and Zauggenried merged into the municipality of Fraubrunnen.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Schalunen
- **municipality name**: Schalunen
- **municipality type**: former
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Schalunen COA.svg
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Bern
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BE
- **district**: Bern-Mittelland (administrative district), Bern-Mittelland
- **postal code**: 3314
- **municipality code**: 0549
- **area**: 1.4
- **elevation**: 500
- **population**: 359
- **populationof**: Dec 2011
- **popofyear**: 2011
- **website**: www.schalunen.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Bätterkinden, Büren zum Hof, Fraubrunnen, Limpach, Switzerland, Limpach
Schangnau

**Schangnau** is a municipality in the administrative district of Emmental in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Schangnau
- **municipality name**: Schangnau
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **image photo**: Schangnau-Kraemerhaus.jpg
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Schangnau COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Schangnau.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Bern
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BE
- **district**: Emmental (administrative district), Emmental
- **postal code**: 6197
- **municipality code**: 0906
- **area**: 36.5
- **elevation**: 630
- **population**: 903
- **populationof**: Dec 2012
- **popofyear**: 2012
- **website**: www.schangnau.ch
- **mayor**: Ulrich Gfeller
- **places**: Bumbach, Kemmeriboden and Schangnau
- **neighboring municipalities**: Eggiwil, Eriz, Flühli (LU), Habkern, Marbach, Lucerne, Marbach (LU), Röthenbach im Emmental
Schattenhalb

**Schattenhalb** is a municipality in the administrative district of Interlaken-Oberhasli in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official website of Schattenhalb

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Schattenhalb
- **image photo**: Rosenlauigletscher.jpg
- **municipality name**: Schattenhalb
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Schattenhalb COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Schattenhalb.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Bern
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BE
- **district**: Interlaken-Oberhasli (administrative district), Interlaken-Oberhasli
- **postal code**: 3860
- **municipality code**: 0786
- **area**: 31.5
- **elevation**: 600
- **elevation description**: Willigen im Tal village
- **population**: 577
- **populationof**: Dec 2011
- **popofyear**: 2011
- **website**: www.schattenhalb.ch
- **mayor**: Niklaus Leuenberger
- **places**: Willigen, Geissholz, Falcheren and Lüögen
- **neighboring municipalities**: Grindelwald, Innertkirchen and Meiringen
Schelten

**Schelten** () is a municipality in the administrative district of Jura bernois in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. This is one of two German speaking cities in the majority French-speaking Bernese Jura (Jura Bernois). The other is Seehof.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Schelten
- **municipality name**: Schelten
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Schelten COA.svg
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Bern
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BE
- **district**: Jura bernois (administrative district), Jura bernois
- **postal code**: 2827
- **municipality code**: 0708
- **area**: 5.61
- **elevation**: 746
- **population**: 39
- **populationof**: Dec 2011
- **popofyear**: 2011
- **website**: www.schelten.ch
- **mayor**: Thomas Hirsbrunner
- **executive name**: Gemeinderat
- **executive number of members**: 5
- **mayor title**: Gemeindepräsident
- **neighboring municipalities**: Mervelier (JU), Vermes, Switzerland, Vermes (JU), Aedermannsdorf (SO), Beinwil, Solothurn, Beinwil (SO)
Etching

**Etching** is done by drawing lines through a protective coating on a copper or zinc plate. The plate is then placed into acid. The acid cuts into the unprotected parts of the surface to create a design in the metal.

The printing is done by rolling an ink pad across the surface. The ink sinks into the intaglio (cut) surface, and rolls off the waxed surface off the plate. The metal plate is then pressed onto paper.
Colgan Air Flight 3407

**Colgan Air Flight 3407** was a passenger flight from Newark to Buffalo, the plane was a Bombardier Dash 8 with 49 people on board. On February 12, 2009 the plane stalled and crashed into a house in Clarence Center. All 49 people on board died as well as one man on the ground.

## Infobox (aircraft occurrence)

- **name**: Colgan Air Flight 3407
- **occurrence type**: Accident
- **image**: Continental Connection Bombardier Q400.jpg
- **image size**: 300
- **caption**: A Bombardier Dash-8#Series 400, Dash-8 Q400 similar to the aircraft involved.
- **type**: Stalled during landing approach; crashed into a house due to pilot fatigue
- **site**: Clarence Center, New York, United States
- **passengers**: 45
- **crew**: 4
- **fatalities**: 50 (all including one on the ground)
- **injuries**: 4 (on the ground)
- **aircraft type**: Bombardier Dash-8#Series 400, Bombardier DHC8-402 Q400
- **tail number**: [http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20090212-0 N200WQ]
- **origin**: Newark Liberty International Airport, Newark, New Jersey
- **destination**: Buffalo Niagara International Airport, Buffalo, New York
Metonic cycle

The **Metonic cycle** is a period of about 19 years used in astronomy and calendar studies. In particular, it is often used in the structure of lunisolar calendars, because 19 solar years is almost exactly the same length of time as 235 lunar months.

## History

The Metonic cycle is named for the astronomer Meton of Athens, who used the cycle in the calendar of Attica in the 5th century BC. But it was used in the calendar of many ancient cultures, including Babylonia and China, before then.

## Using the Metonic cycle in a calendar

Nineteen years of 12 lunar months each would last a total of  lunar months. But from astronomy we know that 19 solar years are the same length as  lunar months. So over 19 years,  extra lunar months need to be added to make the years line up correctly. Adding a thirteenth month in a year is called _intercalation._ There are different ways to do it:
- The ancient Babylonian calendar and the modern Hebrew (Jewish) calendar add an extra month just before the spring equinox on a regular schedule of years:  years 3, 6, 8, 11, 14, 17 and 19 of each 19-year cycle
- The modern Chinese calendar, and other Asian calendars that follow it, use a calculation of solar periods and moon phases to decide when to add the extra month
- Other cultures use observation—for example, seeing if a crop is ripe—to decide when to add an extra month. The calculation of the date of Easter uses the astronomical observation of the spring equinox to determine whether the following Easter will come 12 or 13 lunar months after the last one.

## Metonic cycle and eclipses

A Metonic cycle is close to the length of 20 eclipse years. For that reason, some eclipses repeat for a time at 19-year intervals.

## External websites

- Eclipses, Cosmic Clockwork of the Ancients
- Metonic Cycle
- Metonic Moon
Shahidul Alam

**Shahidul Alam** (born 1955) is a photographer and blogger from Bangladesh. Alam was born in Dhaka, Bangladesh in 1955.

Alam received a PhD in chemistry from London University, then he decided to study photography.  He started the Drik Agency, the Bangladesh Photographic Institute, and Pathshala, the South Asian Institute of Photography; which National Geographic calls "one of the finest schools of photography in the world".

## Photography shows

Alam's work has been in many galleries, including MoMA in New York, the Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris, the Royal Albert Hall in London and The Museum of Contemporary Arts in Tehran. Special shows include:

- New York Times review of “Crossfire” about murders by Bangladesh's Rapid Action Battalion.
- Review of “Kalpana’s Warriors” at Gallery Art and Aesthetic, Delhi, about Kalpana Chakma, a human-rights activist from the Hill Women's Federation who disappeared.

## Awards

Alam received many awards for photography, including the Mother Jones and the Andrea Frank Awards.
Nazimuddin Samad

**Nazimuddin Samad** (Bengali:নাজিমুদ্দিন সামাদ)(c. 1988 - April 6, 2016) was a law student, activist, and blogger from Sylhet in Bangladesh. He was a student at Jagannath University in Dhaka.  On April 6, three or four young men killed him with machetes and shot him in the head.
Samad was a member of the ‘Sylhet Bangabanghu National Youth Parishad’. He was also an activist in Ganajagaran Mancha, for bloggers.  He spoke against religious fundamentalism.

Samad received many threats.  His name was on an Islamist list of 84 bloggers in Bangladesh in 2013.  A local al-Qaeda group said they killed him.
Ahmed Rajib Haider

**Ahmed Rajib Haider** (Bengali: আহমেদ রাজীব হায়দার)(died Feb. 15, 2013) was an architect and blogger from Bangladesh. Haider was killed on February 15, 2013. More than 100,000 people attended his funeral in Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh.
Haider organized protests against war criminals from the 1971 war.  He also spoke against the fundamentalist Islamist political party Jamaat-e-Islami.
The protests started on February 5, and continued for 12 days.  A group of bloggers stated the protests.   They protested against a verdict by the special war tribunal that sent Abdul Quader Mollah, a Jamaat leader, to prison.  Mollah was convicted of murder, rape and torture. The protesters wanted the death sentence.

In December 2015, two students were sentenced to death for killing Haider. Police said the students got their ideas from Jashim Uddin Rahmani, the leader of a mosque in Dhaka, who said it was legal to kill bloggers.
Creuse (river)

The **Creuse** () is a river in western France that flows through the Nouvelle-Aquitaine and Centre-Val de Loire regions.

It rises in the Massif Central and flows into the Vienne river, as a right tributary.

## Geography

The Creuse river has a length of  and a drainage basin with an area of approximately .

Its average yearly discharge (volume of water which passes through a section of the river per unit of time) is  at Leugny, Vienne.

**Average monthly discharge (m<sup>3</sup>/s) at Leugny**

### Course

The Creuse river starts in the Plateau de Millevaches, a north-western extension of the Massif Central, in the _commune_ of Le Mas-d'Artige, Creuse department,  at an elevation of about . From here, it generally flows to the northwest.

Finally, the river flows into the Vienne river, on the right side, in the place known as _Bec des Deux Eaux_ in the _communes_ Port-de-Piles (Vienne), Ports and Nouâtre (Indre-et-Loire).

The Creuse flows through 5 departments and 80 _communes_, in 2 regions; some of the _communes_ are:
- Centre-Val de Loire region
    - Indre: Argenton-sur-Creuse, Le Blanc
    - Indre-et-Loire: Yzeures-sur-Creuse, Descartes
- Nouvelle-Aquitaine region
    - Creuse (named after the river): Aubusson
    - Vienne: La Roche-Posay

## Main tributaries

The main tributaries of the Creuse river are:

**Left tributaries**:
- Sédelle - 37.6 km
- Gartempe - 204.6

**Right tributaries**:
- Rozeille - 34.2 km
- Petite Creuse - 95.1 km
- Bouzanne - 84.2 km
- Suin - 36.5 km

## Related pages

- List of rivers of France

## Other websites

- Banque Hydro - Station L6020710 - La Creuse à Leugny

## Infobox (river)

- **name**: Creuse
- **image**: Argenton-sur-Creuse (36) - Rivière.jpg
- **image caption**: La Creuse in Argenton-sur-Creuse
- **map**: Creuse.png
- **source1 location**: Plateau de Millevaches
- **mouth location**: Vienne (river), Vienne
- **subdivision type1**: Country
- **subdivision name1**: France
Guðni Th. Jóhannesson

**Guðni Thorlacius Jóhannesson** (born June 26, 1968) is an independent politician who was the President of Iceland. He became president on August 1 2016. His term ended on August 1, 2024. Guðni holds a PhD in history from Queen Mary University of London.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **honorific prefix**: His Excellency
- **name**: Guðni Th. Jóhannesson
- **image**: Srečanje predsednika vlade Roberta Goloba s predsednikom Islandije Gudnijem Thorlaciusom Johannessonom (52320651324) (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Guðni in 2022
- **order**: 6th
- **office**: President of Iceland
- **primeminister**: Sigurður Ingi Jóhannsson
Bjarni Benediktsson (born 1970), Bjarni Benediktsson
Katrín Jakobsdóttir
Bjarni Benediktsson (born 1970), Bjarni Benediktsson
- **term start**: 1 August 2016
- **term end**: 1 August 2024
- **predecessor**: Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson
- **successor**: Halla Tómasdóttir
- **birth place**: Reykjavík, Iceland
- **party**: Independent politician, Independent
- **spouse**:

- **children**: 5
- **alma mater**: University of Warwick (Bachelor of Arts, BA)
University of Iceland (Master of Arts, MA)
St Antony's College, Oxford (Master of Studies, MSt)
Queen Mary, University of London (Doctor of Philosophy, PhD)
- **residence**: Bessastaðir
Hapoel Be'er Sheva F.C.

**Hapoel Be'er Sheva Football Club** (Hebrew: מועדון הכדורגל הפועל באר שבע, _Moadon HaKaduregel Hapoel Be'er Sheva_) is a professional association football club that is from Beersheba, Israel. The club currently plays in the Israeli Premier League, and has been one of the best Israeli clubs since the 1970's. Hapoel Be'er Sheva was founded in 1949.

The team's colours are red and white. They play their home games at the Turner Stadium (which can hold around 16,000 people). The clubs first game was against a team made up of mostly South American players and was from southern Israel. They won that game 5-4.

## Honours

- **Premier League**:
    - **Winners (3)**: 1974–75, 1975–76, 2015–16
    - Runners-up (1): 2013–14
- **State Cup**:
    - **Winners (1)**: 1996–97
    - Runners-up (3): 1983–84, 2002–03, 2014–15
- **Toto Cup**:
    - **Winners (2)**: 1988–89, 1995–96
    - Runners-up (2): 1985–86, 2012–13
- **Super Cup**:
    - **Winners (1)**: 1975
    - Runners-up (1): 1976
- **Lilian Cup**:
    - **Winners (1)**: 1988
    - Runners-up (2): 1982, 1983
- **Second League**:
    - **Winners (3)**: 1964–65, 1970–71, 1999–00
- **Toto Cup Second League**:
    - **Winners (1)**: 2008–09
    - Runners-up (1): 2005–06
- **Super Cup Second League**:
    - **Winners (1)**: 1970–71

## Other websites

- Hapoel Be'er Sheva  Israel Football Association
FK Vardar

**FK Vardar** (Macedonian: ФК Вардар; usually just called **Vardar**) is a professional association football club from Skopje, North Macedonia. The club was founded in 1947and have played in every Macedonian First Football League saeson since it's creation. The club was named after the Vardar river (which runs right through the middle of Macedonia and ends at the Thermaic Gulf in Greece). FK Vardar is the most successful Macedonian team, winning 9 national championships and 5 national cups.

### League

** Yugoslav Second League:**
- **Winners (6):** 1951, 1956, 1960, 1963, 1971, 1979
- Runners-up (1): 1991

** Macedonian First League:**
- **Winners (9):** 1993, 1994, 1995, 2002, 2003, 2012, 2013, 2015, 2016
- Runners-up (2): 2001, 2005

### Cup

** Yugoslav Cup:**
- **Winners (1):** 1961

** Macedonian Football Cup:**
- **Winners (5):** 1993, 1995, 1998, 1999, 2007
- Runners-up (1): 1996

** Macedonian Super Cup:**
- **Winners (2):** 2013, 2015

** Macedonian Republic Cup:**
- **Winners (12):** 1955, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1979, 1980, 1992

### International

**Mitropa Cup:**
- Semi-finalists (1): 1968
- Round of 16 (2):  1969, 1970

**Balkans Cup:**
- Runners-up (2): 1972, 1974

### Other tournaments

**Vuko Karov Tournament:**
- **Winners (3):** 1993, 2001, 2006
- Runners-up (1): 2011

## Other websites

- Official website  **(Macedonian)**
- Supporters Website  **(Macedonian)**
Lincoln Red Imps F.C.

The **Lincoln Red Imps Football Club** is a semi-professional association football club from Gibraltar. They currently play in the Gibraltar Premier Division and share the Victoria Stadium with all other clubs in the territory. They have won 22 league titles and 17 cup titles. The football club was first formed in 1976 by Charles Polson and Charles Head.

## Honours

- **Gibraltar Football League: 28**
    - 1984–85, 1988–89, 1989–90, 1990–91, 1991–92, 1992–93, 1993–94, 2000-01, 2002–03, 2003–04, 2004–05, 2005–06, 2006–07, 2007–08, 2008–09, 2009–10, 2010–11, 2011–12, 2012–13, 2013–14, 2014–15, 2015–16, 2017–18, 2018–19, 2020–21, 2021–22, 2022–23, 2023/24

- **Rock Cup: 20**
    - 1985–86, 1988–89, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1993–94, 2001–02, 2003–04, 2004–05, 2005–06, 2006–07, 2007–08, 2008–09, 2009–10, 2010–11, 2013-14, 2014-15, 2015-16, 2021, 2021–22, 2023–24

- **Gibraltar League Senior Cup: 18**
    - 1986–87, 1987–88, 1988–89, 1989–90, 1990–91, 1991–92, 1992–93, 1999–00, 2001–02, 2002–03, 2003–04, 2004–05, 2005–06, 2006–07, 2007–08, 2010–11, 2011–12, 2013–14

## Other websites

- Official website
- Lincoln Red Imps F.C. Twitter account
- UEFA profile
Vienne (river)

The **Vienne** () is one of the most important rivers in southwestern France, a main left tributary of the lower Loire river. It supports numerous hydroelectric dams.

It flows through the Nouvelle-Aquitaine and Centre-Val de Loire regions, and two French _départements_ are named after the Vienne: the Haute-Vienne (87) and the Vienne (86).

## Geography

The Vienne river has a length of  and a drainage basin with an area of approximately .

### Course

The Vienne river starts in the department of the Corrèze, at the foot of _Mont Audouze_, on the _Plateau de Millevaches_, in the _commune_ of Millevaches, at an elevation of about .

It then flows roughly west to the city of Limoges where its water was used in the famous Limoges porcelain industry. A little way after Limoges it takes a turn to the north.

Finally, the river flows into the Loire river, on the left side, in the _commune_ Candes-Saint-Martin.

The Vienne flows through 6 departments and 96 _communes_, in 2 regions:
- Centre-Val de Loire region
    - Indre-et-Loire: Chinon, Candes-Saint-Martin
- Nouvelle-Aquitaine region
    - Corrèze: Peyrelevade
    - Creuse
    - Haute-Vienne: Rempnat, Eymoutiers, Saint-Léonard-de-Noblat, Limoges, Aixe-sur-Vienne, Saint-Junien
    - Charente: Confolens
    - Vienne: Chauvigny, Châtellerault

The Vienne flows through three regional nature parks: _Parc naturel régional de Millevaches en Limousin_, _Parc naturel régional Périgord Limousin_ and _Parc naturel régional Loire-Anjou-Touraine_.

## Main tributaries

The main tributaries of the Vienne river are:

**Left tributaries**:
- Combade - 41 km
- Briance - 57.7 km
- Clain - 144.3 km
- Aixette - 27.1 km

**Right tributaries**:
- Maulde - 68.5 km
- Taurion - 107.5 km
- Aurence - 27.3 km
- Glane - 41.4 km
- Gorre - 39.2 km
- Goire - 28.7 km
- Issoire - 45.7 km
- Blourde - 46.5 km
- Creuse - 236.6
- Manse - 30.5 km

## Hydrology

Its average yearly discharge (volume of water which passes through a section of the river per unit of time) is  at Nouâtre in the Indre-et-Loire department.

**<small>Average monthly discharge (m<sup>3</sup>/s) at Nouâtre (1958 - 2017)</small>**

## Related pages

- List of rivers of France

## Other websites

- Banque Hydro - Station L7000610 - La Vienne à Nouâtre

## Infobox (river)

- **name**: Vienne
- **image**: Limoges bridge Saint Martial.JPG
- **image caption**: The Vienne in Limoges
- **map**: Vienne (rivière).png
- **source1 location**: Plateau de Millevaches
- **mouth location**: Loire (river), Loire
- **subdivision type1**: Country
- **subdivision name1**: France
Aquia Creek

**Aquia Creek** () is a  tributary of the tidal portion of the Potomac River and is located in Northern Virginia. The creek's headwaters lie in southeastern Fauquier County, and it empties into the Potomac at Brent Point in Stafford County,  south of Washington, D.C.

## History

The Public Quarry at Government Island in the creek served as the source for Aquia Creek sandstone. This sandstone was used in numerous public buildings. The most important of these public buildings was the first White House in Washington,  DC.  It was painted white for symbolic reasons. The National Capitol Columns were also quarried at the Aquia Creek Public Quarry in the early 1800s. They were transported to Washington on a barge.

In an early American Civil War skirmish, the Battle of Aquia Creek, three US gunboats battled a Confederate shore battery. The skirmish took place from May 29, 1861 to June 1, 1861 during the Union campaign to blockade the Chesapeake Bay. There were an estimated 10 casualties.
C96

The **Mauser** **C96**, is a German semi-automatic pistol that has a broomhandle-style pistol grip made by Mauser. Nicknames for the gun include the **Broomhandle** (named for its grip), the **Red 9**, and the **box cannon**. Although there were some semi-automatic pistols made before it was invented, the C96 was one of the first that was successful. The C96 was used by many countries including Germany, Spain, China, and the Soviet Union. The C96 was made by Germany from 1896 until 1937. Spain and China made many copies of the C96. Although it was invented in Germany, it was never the standard pistol for the German military. It was still a very popular pistol for German soldiers and officers until the end of World War II. The only country that made the C96 its standard pistol was China.

The C96 had many different models that fired different types of bullets. The first models fired 7.63x25mm Mauser bullets, but Germany later made a 9x19mm Parabellum version. 9x19mm versions of the gun have a red number 9 imprinted on the handle so that people would know to only load 9x19mm bullets and not the 7.63x25mm bullets. This is how the 9x19mm versions got the nickname "Red 9". In China, .45 ACP versions were made for the police and the military. The Chinese Army nicknamed the C96 the "box cannon," but the official name was the Type 17 pistol.

The gun comes with a magazine built in the gun. Most magazines for the C96 could hold 6 bullets, 10 bullets, or 20 bullets. Unlike most semi-automatic pistols, in order to load the C96, the shooter must load the bullets through the top of the gun using a stripper clip (like what you see in the picture above), rather than load a box magazine inside the grip. The C96 can also attach a wooden buttstock to the grip so that the shooter can aim more easily. The buttstock is also used as the gun's holster. The gun was also one of the first machine pistols, since some models allow the shooter to shoot the gun in full automatic fire.

Although the C96 is a little awkward to use, especially compared to most modern pistols, its unusual appearance make it a popular weapon in video games, like _Resident Evil 4_, the _Metal Gear_ series, the Zombies game mode in the _Call of Duty_ series, _Bioshock: Infinite_, _Battlefield 1_, _Call of Duty: WWII_, _Far Cry 4_, and many others. The C96 was also the basis for Han Solo's weapon (called a "blaster") in the Star Wars pictures.
Plumcot

The **plumcot** is a hybrid fruit. A plumcot is part plum and part apricot. There are many different types of plumcot. Some of them are about half plum and half apricot, while others are mostly plum. One well-known type of plumcot is called the **pluot**, which is a trademarked name for plumcots that were developed in the 1980s by Floyd Zaiger.  The first plumcots were bred in the late 1800s by Luther Burbank.
War of Attrition

The **War of Attrition (1967–1970)** was a war between Egypt and Israel. It ran from March 1969 to 7th August 1970 when the ceasefire was restored. It followed the Six-Day War in 1967, when Israel won a victory and captured the Golan Heights, Gaza Strip and the West Bank.

## Objectives

Both sides used attrition warfare in an attempt to weaken the other. Both Egypt and Israel thought that by wearing down the other they would gain an advantage in later negotiations. Egypt wanted its territory back from Israel. The leader of Egypt, Gamal Abdel Nasser, thought that by waging a low-grade war against Israel, he would exhaust their resources and get them to give up the territory. Israel wanted to secure its hold on the Sinai and annex it to Israel.

## Outcome

In the end, neither side achieved their goals. Egypt did not force an Israeli withdrawal. Israel still occupied the Sinai. Both sides claimed they won the war. The Israeli death toll included 5,000 soldiers and 600 civilians. Approximately 6,000 soldiers and 1700 civilians were wounded. Egypt lost about 4,000 soldiers and 900 officers. Another 2,000 Egyptian soldiers and 200 officers were captured. Egypt lost about 60% of its military equipment. The Suez Canal remained closed to shipping.

## Other websites

- The War of Attrition between Egypt & Israel (1968-1970); YouTube
Secret (Madonna song)

**"Secret"** is a pop song from Madonna's studio album _Bedtime Stories_. This song is about a lover having a secret. It hit #3 on the U.S. _Billboard_ Hot 100.

The song was released on September 27, 1994. It was declared Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Secret
- **border**: yes
- **artist**: Madonna
- **album**: Bedtime Stories (Madonna album), Bedtime Stories
- **b-side**: "Let Down Your Guard"
- **recorded**: April – June 1994

- **length**: 5:04
- **prev title**: "I'll Remember"
(1994)
- **next title**: Take a Bow (Madonna song), Take a Bow
- **next year**: 1994
Express Yourself (Madonna song)

**"Express Yourself"** is a 1989 dance-pop song by Madonna. The lyrics are about female empowerment and inspire women to go for the best. The song was a tribute to American R&B-funk band Sly and the Family Stone.

The song peaked at #2 on the American _Billboard_ Hot 100. It was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America.

There are many versions of the song. One is almost eleven minutes long.
Fast & Furious (2009 movie)

***Fast & Furious*** (also known by ***Fast & Furious 4***) is a 2009 American action movie directed by Justin Lin. The story was written by Chris Morgan. The movie is the fourth one of the _Fast and the Furious_ movies. The movie gets back together the actors Vin Diesel, Paul Walker, Tyler Posey, Colton Haynes With Michelle Rodriguez and Jordana Brewster. The movie follows from _The Fast and the Furious_, the 2001 movie into the time right now. The same actors are in both movies. The movie came out on April 3, 2009. The movie got bad comments when it came out. The movie made $363 million dollars all over the world.

## Cast

- Vin Diesel as Dominic "Dom" Toretto
- Paul Walker as Brian O'Conner
- Michelle Rodriguez as Leticia "Letty" Ortiz
- Jordana Brewster as Mia Toretto
- John Ortíz as Arturo Braga / Ramón Campos
- Laz Alonso as Fenix Rise
- Tyler Posey as Tony Toretto
- Colton Haynes as Kenneth Hicks
- Michael Jai White as Ricardo Braga / Dorian Bilkins
- Sung Kang as Han Seoul-Oh
- Gal Gadot as Gisele Yashar
- Tego Calderón as Tego
- Don Omar as Rico Santos
- Jack Conley as Penning
- Shea Wigham as Agent Michael Stasiak
- Liza Lapira as Agent Sophie Thrin
FN F2000

The **F2000** is an Belgian bullpup 5.56×45mm NATO assault rifle.

The F2000 has been in production since 2001.  It is used in many countries including Belgium, Libya, Peru, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan and more. The F2000 is a replacement of the FN FNC.

The FS2000 is a civilian version of the gun. FS2000 is only semi-automatic and has a long barrel. It began production in 2006.
Gold Star family

**Gold Star families** (or **Gold Star American families**) are the relatives of US military members who died in battle.

## History

Starting in World War I, the families of US soldiers and sailors often flew flags that had a blue star for each member of the family that was serving in the military. If one of them died in battle, the blue star was changed to a gold star. In August of 1947, the United States Congress authorized the military to present a gold star lapel pin to the family members of those killed in action. That first pin was a simple gold star on a purple background with a laurel wreath around the star. Another pin—this time a gold star with a gold background and four oak sprigs around the star—was authorized by Congress in 1973. It was awarded to the next of kin of service members who die during military service.

## Modern use

The military continues to award Gold Star lapel pins to the family members or next of kin of service members who die during military service.

## Gold Star Mother's Day

The last Sunday in September is designated as Gold Star Mother's day. It was meant to honor, respect, and mourn with mothers who have lost children in combat. The day has since been expanded to encompass all people who lose a family member in the line of duty.

## Famous Gold Star families

- Khizr Khan
- General John F. Kelly
- Jose Gonzalez Carranza
Sex hormone

**Sex hormones**, also called **sex steroids**, are steroid hormones that interact with androgen or estrogen receptors.

The non-steroid luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone and gonadotropin-releasing hormone are usually not regarded as sex hormones, although they play major sex-related roles.

Natural sex steroids are made by the gonads (ovaries or testes), by adrenal glands, or by conversion from other sex steroids in tissues such as liver or fat.
Darwin Day

**Darwin Day** is celebrated in the United States on 12 February, the birthday of Charles Darwin. This recognizes the importance of his book _The Origin of Species_, the basis of the theory of evolution. The decision was taken by the US Congress.

The date is not widely known or celebrated in the UK. However, 2009 was the 200th anniversary of Darwin's birth and was also the 150th anniversary of the publication of _Origin of Species_. Events were planned, with celebrations in Shrewsbury (his birthplace), the University of Cambridge, and the Natural History Museum in London.
SPAS-12

The **SPAS-12** (Special Purpose Automatic Shotgun) is an Italian combat shotgun that was produced from 1979 until 2000. It is used by police and military forces in many countries around the world.

The SPAS-12 is a dual-mode shotgun, adjustable for semi-automatic or pump-action operation. It is a 12 gauge shotgun and has an internal tubular magazine of 5 to 8 rounds.

The SPAS-12 has been popular in many movies, TV shows, and video games including Call of Duty, Battlefield, Grand Theft Auto, Left 4 Dead and more.
Lucille Dumont

**Lucille Dumont** (January 20, 1919 – July 29, 2016) was a Canadian singer, radio host and television host. She was credited by the Canadian Songwriters Hall of Fame for having "served and personified" Quebec popular music. She was also credited with being "at the birth of Quebec television", having been in Radio Canada's first television shows.

Dumont was inducted into the Canadian Songwriters Hall of Fame in 2006.

Dumont was born in Montreal, Quebec. She died at age 97.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Lucille Dumont
- **image**: Lucille_Dumont_1940.jpg
- **caption**: Dumont, pictured in 1940.
- **birth place**: Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- **nationality**: Canadian
- **occupation**: Singer, radio/television host
- **years active**: 1935–1999
- **spouse**: Jean Maurice Bailly
- **birthname**: Lucelle Dumont
- **alias**: Micheline Lalonde
Mukto-Mona

**Mukto-Mona** (Bengali: মুক্তমনা ) is the first online platform for Bengali speaking freethinkers, atheists, and secular bloggers and writers, started by Avijit Roy.  The meaning of Mukto-Mona is "free mind".  The website supports free expression and criticizes religious fundamentalism, especially Islamic religious fundamentalism.

The Council for Secular Humanism called Mukto-Mona "the largest and the fastest-growing collection of contemporary freethinkers in Bangladesh and within South Asia". The group worked with international NGOs like the Center for Inquiry and the International Humanist and Ethical Union.

The website was moderated by Avijit Roy. Roy was killed on February 26, 2015.  Ananta Bijoy Das also wrote for the blog. Das was killed on May 12, 2015. The group al-Qaida in the Indian Subcontinent said they were responsible for Roy's death.  Ananta Bijoy Das was on a list of targets by the same group of Islamists who were behind the murder of Avijit Roy.

## History

In May 2001,  Avijit Roy started a Yahoo group called Mukto-Mona, meaning "free mind".  In 2002 Mukto-Mona moved to a blog. Mukto-Mona was the first Bengali group to celebrate  Darwin Day and International Women's Day on the internet. The group worked for freedom for religious minorities and secular writers. They worked with international secularist groups to protest killings and arrests. They also discussed religious questions and LGBT issues, that were taboo subjects in Bangladesh. In 2005 the website was banned in the United Arab Emirates.

## Awards

In 2015, Mukta-Mona received "The Bobs – Best of Online Activism" award from German public broadcaster Deutsche Welle.  Blogger Rafida Bonya Ahmed, the wife of murdered blogger Avijit Roy, received the award.

## Other websites

- Mukto-Mona
International Humanist and Ethical Union

The **International Humanist and Ethical Union** (IHEU) is a humanist NGO based in the U.K. It has members on United Nations committees and other international organizations.  It was started in Amsterdam in 1952.
Thesis statement

In an essay or research paper, a **thesis statement** is a statement at the start or the end of an introduction that shows the reader the argument of the essay. A thesis statement gives concise information about what the whole essay is about, including the topic of the paper. It is usually just one sentence but it may have more than one sentence. The thesis statement is explained further using body paragraphs. Thesis statements are not obscure, because obscurity happens when a "writer himself is not quite sure of his meaning.  He has a vague impression of what he wants to say, but has not, either from lack of mental power or from laziness, exactly formulated it in his mind, and it is natural enough that he should not find a precise expression for a confused idea.” (W. Somerset Maugham). Clarity and unity of a thought in an essay flows from a good thesis statement. Rubrics of a good essay involve good sentence development and formation acceptable to grammatical standards and relevant word choices organized in forms of phrases, clauses and sentences.

## Characteristics

The thesis statement is developed, supported, and explained in the course of the paper by means of examples and evidence. Thesis statements help organize and develop the body of the writing piece. They let readers know, what the writer's statement is and what it is aiming to prove. A thesis statement does not necessarily forecast organization of an essay which can be more complex than its purpose.

## Structure

The thesis statement will reflect the kind of paper being written. There are three kinds of papers: analytical, expository, and argumentative. The structure of a thesis statement depends upon the nature of controlling essay type. In simple terms, first a thesis statement will have a main topic sentence formed from questioning the topic, then the writer's statement regarding the topic sentence, and finally ends with the specific supporting points detailing the writer's statement for justifying its relation with the topic sentence. In general, it should have a supportable opinion (specific/focused) and clear intent for the essay.
California Republic

The California Republic, also known as the **Bear Flag Republic**, was an unrecognized nation that broke away from Mexico. Its existence lasted only 25 days, from 14 June 1846 until being annexed into the United States on 9 July 1846, as a result of the Mexican–American War. It was one of the shortest nations to ever lived in history.

## Flag

The most significant thing during and after its lifespan is the flag, which is now adopted by the modern state of California (which is its successor). It had a star, a bear, and the words California Republic. Peter Storm was believed to be the man who created the flag. The flag was created one week before the storming of Sonoma, in which the revolts (mostly Americans) fought against the Mexicans and created their own country during the Mexican–American War before becoming a U.S. state.

## Infobox (country)

- **conventional long name**: California Republic
- **common name**: California
- **status**: List of historical unrecognized states, Unrecognized state
- **government type**: Republic
- **year start**: 1846
- **year end**: 1846
- **life span**: 14 June – 9 July 1846
- **event start**: Declaration of independence, Independence from Centralist Republic of Mexico, Mexico declared
- **date start**: 14 June
- **event end**: Occupation of Sonoma, California, Sonoma by the United States Armed Forces, U.S. military
- **date end**: 9 July
- **p1**: Centralist Republic of Mexico
- **flag p1**: Flag of Mexico (1823-1864, 1867-1893).svg
- **p2**: Department of the Californias
- **flag p2**: Seal of the Californias (during Mexican rule).jpg
- **s1**: United States
- **flag s1**: U.S. flag, 31 stars.svg
- **s2**: Interim government of California
- **flag s2**: U.S. flag, 31 stars.svg
- **image flag**: 1stBearFlag.svg
- **flag type**: The Bear Flag
- **flag type article**: Flag of California
- **image map**: Alta California (location map scheme).svg
- **image map caption**: Mexico's Department of Alta California, of which a small area north of San Francisco was controlled by the Bear Flag rebels
- **capital**: None
- **leader1**: William B. Ide
- **year leader2**: 1846
- **leader2**: John C. Frémont
- **year leader1**: 1846
- **title leader**: Leader
- **stat year1**: 1846
- **stat pop1**: 15,000
Scheunen

**Scheunen** was a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2014, the former municipalities of Scheunen and Münchringen merged into the municipality of Jegenstorf.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Scheunen
- **municipality name**: Scheunen
- **municipality type**: former
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Scheunen COA.svg
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Bern
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BE
- **district**: Bern-Mittelland (administrative district), Bern-Mittelland
- **postal code**: 3305
- **municipality code**: 0550
- **area**: 2.2
- **elevation**: 575
- **population**: 82
- **populationof**: Dec 2011
- **popofyear**: 2011
- **neighboring municipalities**: Bangerten, Brunnenthal, Switzerland, Brunnenthal (SO), Etzelkofen, Iffwil, Messen (SO), Rapperswil, Bern, Rapperswil