juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Gertrude Bell

**Gertrude Margaret Lowthian Bell** CBE (14 July 1868 – 12 July 1926) was a British archaeologist, traveller, and diplomat.

She explored and mapped countries in the Middle East. She influenced British imperial policy-making with her knowledge and contacts. Bell travelled mainly in Greater Syria, Mesopotamia, Asia Minor, and Arabia.

## Early life

Gertrude's father was Hugh Bell (later Sir Hugh Bell, 2nd Baronet). Gertrude Bell was the oldest of her father's five children, and his only daughter. Gertrude's mother was Bell's first wife, Mary. Theirs was a rich family. Hugh Bell worked in the iron industry, and his own father had been the industrialist Sir Isaac Lowthian Bell, 1st Baronet.

Gertrude Bell grew up at Red Barns, her father] house near Redcar in County Durham. Gertrude's mother, Mary Bell, died in 1871, after she gave birth to her son Maurice. Mary's death made Gertrude unhappy but also made her more independent. She had a close connection with her father. He married Gertrude's step-mother Florence Olliffe in 1876, and together they had Gertrude's three step-siblings: Hugh Lowthian; Florence Elsa; and Mary Katharine. Gertrude was very good at all kinds of things: she was good at sport, she was good at school, and she was funny and clever in conversation. Her school was Queen's College, London. In April 1886, Bell started studying at Lady Margaret Hall (a college of the University of Oxford). She studied for seven hours every day and did all kinds of sports. She was friends with Janet E. Courtney (then Janet Hogarth) and Edith Langridge. Bell graduated in 1888, with a first-class bachelor's degree in Modern History. After this she went on a tour of Europe.

Bell was in Bucharest in 1888 and 1889, where she lived with Frank Lascelles: he was the brother-in-law of Bell's stepmother Florence. Lascelles was the British diplomatic representative in the Kingdom of Romania. There Bell met Valentine Chirol, the journalist for _The Times_ in the area. Through Chirol, Bell met Charles Hardinge and started to learn about diplomacy between the Great Powers. Bell returned to Britain in 1899, after first going to Constantinople. For three years she did charity work and was part of the London "season" in the summers.

## References

- Gertrude Bell (1919) [1907]. _The desert and the sown: travels in Palestine and Syria_. London: Heinemann.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Gertrude Bell
- **image**: BellK 218 Gertrude Bell in Iraq in 1909 age 41.jpg
- **caption**: Bell in 1909 in Babylon
- **birth name**: Gertrude Margaret Lowthian Bell
- **birth place**: Washington New Hall, County Durham, England
- **death place**: Baghdad, Mandatory Iraq
- **nationality**: British
- **education**: Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford
- **occupation**: Traveller, political officer
- **era**: Victorian, Edwardian – 1900s
- **known for**: Writer, traveller, political officer, archaeologist, explorer, cartographer in Syria (region), Syria-Palestine, Mesopotamia, Asia Minor, and Arabia
- **parents**: Sir Hugh Bell, 2nd Baronet, Sir Hugh Bell; Mary Bell (née Shield)
Orchard Island, Ohio

**Orchard Island** is an unincorporated community and tourist area located in Washington and Stokes townships, Logan County, Ohio, United States. Orchard Island is part of an island chain which includes the southeastern shore of Indian Lake, north of Russells Point. Orchard Island is the largest of the nearby islands. These include Wolfe, Fox, Willow Bank, and Crystal Beach.
Ernen

**Ernen** (Walliser German: _Ärne_, ) is a municipality in the district of Goms in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2005, the former municipalities of Ausserbinn, Ernen, Mühlebach and Steinhaus merged into the municipality of Ernen.

In 1997, Ernen was awarded the Wakker Prize for the preservation of its architectural heritage.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Ernen
- **municipality name**: Ernen
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Ernen COA alt.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Ernen.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Valais
- **iso-code-region**: CH-VS
- **district**: Goms (district), Goms
- **postal code**: 3995
- **municipality code**: 6056
- **area**: 35.4
- **elevation**: 1196
- **population**: 511
- **populationof**: Dec 2015
- **website**: www.ernen.ch
- **mayor**: Christine Clausen
- **neighboring municipalities**: Bellwald, Binn, Blitzingen, Fiesch, Grafschaft, Switzerland, Grafschaft, Grengiols, Lax, Switzerland, Lax, Niederwald, Switzerland, Niederwald, Reckingen-Gluringen
Theory of mind

**Theory of mind** is the ability to understand that other people have their own minds with their personal state of knowledge, their personal beliefs, wishes and intentions, and that these may differ from one's own mind. Autistic people typically show an impaired ability to recognize other people's minds. They experience difficulties with explaining and predicting other people’s behaviour. This leads to problems in social communication and interaction. Children on the autistic spectrum usually develop the theory of mind more slowly than other children. They have difficulties with it throughout their lives. However, autistic people's performance on theory of mind tasks varies.

For testing whether someone lacks the theory of mind, the _Sally-Anne_ test is performed. The child sees the following story: Sally and Anne are playing. Sally puts her ball into a basket and leaves the room. While Sally is gone, Anne moves the ball from the basket to the box. Now Sally returns. The question is: where will Sally look for her ball? The test is passed, if the child correctly assumes that Sally will look in the basket. The test is failed if the child thinks that Sally will look in the box. Children below the age of four as well as older autistic children typically fail this test.

## Related pages

- Philosophy of mind
Fiesch

**Fiesch** is a municipality in Goms in the canton of Valais in Switzerland. It is at the foot of the Eggishorn mountain.

Fiesch has been designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site for its view of the Jungfrau-Aletsch Protected Area.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Fiesch
- **municipality name**: Fiesch
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Fiesch COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Fiesch.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Valais
- **iso-code-region**: CH-VS
- **district**: Goms (district), Goms
- **postal code**: 3984
- **municipality code**: 6057
- **area**: 11.3
- **elevation**: 1049
- **population**: 1002
- **populationof**: Dec 2002
- **website**: www.fiesch.ch
- **mayor**: Russi Klaus
- **neighboring municipalities**: Bellwald, Betten, Ernen, Fieschertal, Lax, Switzerland, Lax
Fieschertal

**Fieschertal** is a village and municipality in the district of Goms in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Fieschertal
- **municipality name**: Fieschertal
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Fieschertal COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Fieschertal
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Valais
- **iso-code-region**: CH-VS
- **district**: Goms (district), Goms
- **postal code**: 3984
- **municipality code**: 6058
- **area**: 173.0
- **elevation**: 1108
- **population**: 280
- **populationof**: Dec 2002
- **website**: www.fieschertal.ch
- **mayor**: Daniel Zeiter
- **neighboring municipalities**: Bellwald, Betten, Blatten (Lötschen), Fiesch, Grafschaft, Switzerland, Grafschaft, Grindelwald (BE), Guttannen (BE), Lauterbrunnen (BE), Münster-Geschinen, Naters, Reckingen-Gluringen
Grafschaft

**Grafschaft** was a municipality of the district Goms in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2001, the former municipalities of Biel, Ritzingen and Selkingen merged into the municipality of Grafschaft and On 1 January 2017, the former municipalities of Grafschaft, Blitzingen, Münster-Geschinen, Niederwald and Reckingen-Gluringen merged into the new municipality of Goms.

## Other websites

- Official Website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Grafschaft
- **municipality name**: Grafschaft
- **municipality type**: former
- **imagepath coa**: Grafschaft.svg
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Valais
- **iso-code-region**: CH-VS
- **district**: Goms (district), Goms
- **postal code**: 3989
- **municipality code**: 6073
- **area**: 22.6
- **elevation**: 1312
- **population**: 206
- **populationof**: Dec 2002
- **website**: www.grafschaft.ch
- **mayor**: Beat Mutter
- **neighboring municipalities**: Bellwald, Blitzingen, Ernen, Fieschertal, Reckingen-Gluringen
Lax, Switzerland

**Lax** is a municipality of the district of Goms in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Lax
- **image photo**: Lax.JPG
- **municipality name**: Lax
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Lax COA.svg
- **languages**: French
- **canton**: Valais
- **iso-code-region**: CH-VS
- **district**: Goms (district), Goms
- **population**: 312
- **populationof**: December 2002
- **popofyear**: 2002
- **postal code**: 3994
- **municipality code**: 6061
- **area**: 5.0
- **elevation**: 1039
- **website**: www.lax.ch
- **mayor**: Paul Imhof
- **neighboring municipalities**: Betten, Ernen, Fiesch, Grengiols, Martisberg
Niederwald, Switzerland

**Niederwald** was a municipality, in the new municipality of Goms and the district of Goms in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official Website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Niederwald
- **municipality name**: Niederwald
- **municipality type**: former
- **imagepath coa**: Niederwald.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Valais
- **iso-code-region**: CH-VS
- **district**: Goms (district), Goms
- **postal code**: 3989
- **municipality code**: 6064
- **area**: 4.7
- **elevation**: 1251
- **population**: 66
- **populationof**: Dec 2002
- **popofyear**: 2002
- **website**: www.niederwald.ch
- **mayor**: Martin Mutter
- **neighboring municipalities**: Bellwald, Blitzingen, Ernen
My Own Prison

***My Own Prison*** is the debut studio album by Creed. The album was released on April 14, 1997 through Blue Collar Records.

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: My Own Prison
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: Creed (band), Creed
- **released**: April 14, 1997
- **recorded**: 1995
- **studio**: The Kitchen Studio, Tallahassee, Florida, Criteria Studios, Miami, Miami, Florida, Long View Farm, North Brookfield, Massachusetts
- **genre**: Post-grunge, grunge, alternative metal, alternative rock, Christian rock
- **length**: 51:56
- **label**: Blue Collar
- **producer**: John Kurzweg
- **next title**: Human Clay
- **next year**: 1999
Magnús Scheving

**Magnús Örn Eyjólfsson Scheving** (born 10 November 1964) is an Icelandic writer, actor, producer, entrepreneur, and athlete. He is the creator, CEO & Co-founder of Lazytown Entertainment, from which he is the creator and co-star of the children's television show _LazyTown_, in which he starred as Sportacus.

## Infobox (gymnast)

- **gymnastname**: Magnús Scheving
- **image**: Magnus Scheving 2 cropped.jpg
- **caption**: Magnús at FRESH 2011
- **fullname**: Magnús Örn Eyjólfsson Scheving
- **country**: Iceland
- **birthplace**: Borgarnes, Iceland
- **residence**: Seltjarnarnes, Iceland
ISIPCA

**Institut supérieur international du parfum, de la cosmétique et de l'aromatique alimentaire (ISIPCA)** is a renowned graduate cosmetics school in France. It is in a campus of the Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (Northern France).

Its different curricula lead to the following French & European degrees :
- Bachelor of Science
- Master of Science
- _Mastères Spécialisés_ (MS)
- Massive Online Open Course.

Academic activities and industrial applied research are performed mainly in French and English languages.

## Research labs

Research activities at ISIPCA relate to the following topics:
- Perfume
- Cosmetics
- Flavor

## Further reading

- Official website

## Infobox (university)

- **name**: Institut supérieur international du parfum, de la cosmétique et de l'aromatique alimentaire
- **established**: 1970
- **type**: Public, Graduate cosmetics school
- **students**: 500
- **city**: Versailles
- **country**: France
- **affiliations**: Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines
- **website**: http://www.isipca.fr
Lindisfarne Castle

**Lindisfarne Castle** is a castle on Holy Island, near Berwick-upon-Tweed, Northumberland, England. The island is accessible from the mainland at low tide by means of a causeway. A fort was built here in 1550 during the time of Henry VIII. About 20 years later it was replaced by a stone fortress. It was abandoned in 1893 and afterwards used as a lookout by the Coastguard. In 1903, repair work started to change the fortress into a home by the new owner, Edward Hudson. In 1944, it was donated to the National Trust.
Vasco Mouzinho de Quevedo

**Vasco Mouzinho de Quevedo** (or Quebedo, 16th/17th century) was a Portuguese poet. Little is known about his personal life. He studied law at the University of Coimbra. He wrote lyrical poems, for example sonnets, but is best known fo his epic works. One of them is _Discurso sobre a Vida e Morte de Santa Isabel Rainha de Portugal_ that was published in Lisbon in 1596. The greatest work by the poet is Afonso Africano, an epic poem in ottava rima (1611).

## Other websites

- Fragments of Vasco Mouzinho de Quevedo's poems at Projecto Vercial.
Lyudmila Pavlichenko

**Lyudimila Mykhailivna Pavlichenko** (12 July 1916  10 October 1974 was a Soviet sniper. She shot German soldiers in World War 2. She was one of the top military snipers of all time, and is credited with 309 kills. She was the most successful female sniper in history.
Institut des sciences et techniques des Yvelines

**Institut des sciences et techniques des Yvelines (ISTY)** is a graduate engineering school in France. It is in a campus of the Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (Northern France).

Its different curricula lead to the following French & European degree :
- _Ingénieur ISTY_ (ISTY Graduate engineer Masters level program)

Academic activities and industrial applied research are performed mainly in French and English languages.

## Research labs

Research activities at ISTY relate to the following topics:
- Computer science
- Mechatronics engineering
- Embedded system

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (university)

- **name**: Institut des sciences et techniques des Yvelines
- **established**: 1992
- **type**: Public, Graduate engineering school
- **city**: Vélizy-Villacoublay, Mantes-la-Ville
- **country**: France
- **affiliations**: Elles Bougent, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines
- **website**: http://www.isty.uvsq.fr
2016 clown sightings

The **2016 clown sightings** are reports of people dressed up as evil clowns scaring and stalking passersby, such as near forests and schools. Other clown-related businesses have been affected. This was a case of mass hysteria with some marketing and a lot of social media. Many people shared videos and stories online, which helped the reports spread very quickly.

In 2013, the fad started when a "creepy clown" known as the Wasco Clown started stalking people and causing terror in the entire town since around September or October 2013.

## Maine

In autumn of 2016, a clown was in Orono standing in a neighborhood for 15 minutes. Other towns reported seeing clowns.

A local radio station reported:> The clown sightings have caused genuine concern not just because they're scary, but we've all seen _IT_, so we have Stephen King to blame for our fear.
Trident

A **trident**  is a three-pronged spear. It is used for spearfishing. Historically it was used as a polearm. Gladiators used them in Ancient Rome after they cast a net to trap their opponent. The trident is the weapon of Poseidon, or Neptune, the god of the sea in classical mythology. In Hindu mythology it is the weapon of Shiva and goddess Durga, known as _trishula_ (Sanskrit for "triple-spear"). The word "trident" comes from the French word _trident_, which in turn comes from the Latin word _tridens_.
Fred Hampton

**Fred Hampton** was a member of the Black Panther Party (BPP) in Chicago, Illinois. He was the chairman of the Illinois chapter of the BBP and the deputy chairman of the national BPP. He is mainly known for the way he died in 1969, aged 21. His apartment was raided on December 4th. In a gun battle lasting 20 minutes, Hampton was shot. Mark Clark, was also killed and four other Panthers were wounded. In spite of a ballistics report that showed the 14 police officers fired almost all the bullets in the raid, a grand jury failed to indict anyone. Hampton’s family later filed a civil suit, eventually winning the case with a $1.8 million settlement. The background and events of Hampton's death have been made into several documentary movies.

## Other websites

- "The Assassination of Fred Hampton: How the FBI and the Chicago Police Murdered a Black Panther" - video report by _Democracy Now!_ December 4, 2009.
- (A 1971 documentary film directed by Howard Alk)
- FBI files on Fred Hampton
- "Power Anywhere Where There's People" A Speech By Fred Hampton
- Death of a Black Panther: The Fred Hampton Story: is available for free download at the Internet Archive

## Infobox (person)

- **birth date**: August 30, 1948
- **birth place**: Summit, Illinois, U.S.
- **death place**: Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
- **death cause**: Shooting
- **resting place**: Bethel Cemetery
Haynesville, Louisiana, U.S.
- **citizenship**: American
- **occupation**: Activist, revolutionary
- **party**: Black Panther Party
- **education**: Proviso East High School
- **years active**: 1965–1969
- **known for**: Deputy chairman of the Illinois chapter Black Panther Party
- **partner**: Deborah Johnson
(also known as **Akua Njeri**)
- **relatives**: Fred Hampton Jr. (son)
Patrick De Lacey

Captain **Patrick DeLacy** (November 25, 1835 – April 27, 1915) was an American soldier. He fought in the American Civil War. DeLacy received the Medal of Honor. It is the United States highest award for bravery in combat.  He got the medal for his action during the Battle of the Wilderness in Virginia on 6 May 1864. He was given the award on 24 April 1894.

## Biography

DeLacy was born in Carbondale, Pennsylvania on 25 November 1835. He enlisted into the 143rd Pennsylvania Infantry. He was promoted from private to sergeant major to lieutenant before he got out of the army in June, 1865. He was promoted to the rank of Captain after he died and after the war on June 8, 1987. This was due to the work of Elizabeth Hicks Jaquinot.  He died on 27 April 1915 and his remains are interred at Saint Catherine's Cemetery in Moscow, Pennsylvania. He got his Medal of Honor on 6 May 1864 when he shot a Confederate color bearer and took the flag of the 1st South Carolina Infantry regiment.

## Related pages

- List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients: A–F

## Other websites

- Patrick DeLacy The Last Union Captain

## Infobox (military person)

- **name**: Patrick DeLacy
- **birth place**: Carbondale, Pennsylvania
- **death place**: Pennsylvania
- **placeofburial**: Saint Catherine's Cemetery
- **allegiance**: United States of America
- **branch**: United States Army
- **rank**: Captain (Mustered out of the army as a Lieutenant)
- **unit**: Company A, 143rd Pennsylvania Infantry
- **awards**: Medal of Honor
Norman F. Bates

**Norman Francis Bates** (November 6, 1839 - October 16, 1915) was an American soldier. He got the Medal of Honor for valor during the American Civil War. The Medal of Honor is the highest military award of the United States.

## Biography

Bates served in the American Civil War. He was in the 4th Iowa Cavalry for the Union Army. He got the Medal of Honor on June 17, 1865 for his actions at Columbus, Georgia.

## Medal of Honor citation

**Citation:**

> Capture of flag and bearer

## Related pages

- List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients: A–F

## Other websites

- Iowa Medal of Honor Heroes

## Infobox (military person)

- **name**: Norman F. Bates
- **placeofburial**: Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale, Glendale, California
- **placeofburial label**: Place of burial
- **image**: Norman Francis Bates.jpg
- **birth place**: Londonderry, Vermont
- **allegiance**: United States, United States of America
- **branch**: United States Army
Union Army
- **rank**: Sergeant
- **serviceyears**: 1861 - 1865
- **unit**: Company E, 4th Iowa Cavalry
- **battles**: American Civil War
- **awards**: Medal of Honor
Carbondale, Pennsylvania

**Carbondale** is a city in Lackawanna County, Pennsylvania. Carbondale is located in Northeastern Pennsylvania. It is about 15 miles northeast of Scranton. The population was 8,828 at the 2020 census.

The land area that became Carbondale was developed by William and Maurice Wurts. They were the founders of the Delaware and Hudson Canal Company. The company mined anthracite coal mining in the early 19th century. Carbondale was the site of the first deep vein anthracite coal mine in the United States. It was also a major terminal of the Delaware and Hudson Railroad.

## Other websites

- The Carbondale Historical Society and D&H Transportation Museum
- https://www.facebook.com/pages/Carbondale-Historical-Society-Musem-Incorporated/152276618138160?ref=ts&fref=ts
Mk 19 grenade launcher

The **Mk 19** (or **Mark 19**) is a grenade machine gun capable of firing one grenade every second at a maximum range of . The Mk 19 fires 40mm grenades at a rate of 325-375 rounds per minute (rpm).  It has a maximum effective range of .  It was originally used by the U.S. Navy in Vietnam for river patrol boats. Later it was adopted and improved upon by the U.S. Army.  It is a man portable crew-served weapon that can fire from a tripod mounted position. It also fires from a vehicle mounted position (this is the preferred method since the weapon alone weighs ). The ammunition comes in 32 or 48 round ammunition boxes weighing  and .

## Other websites

- MK-19 training day; YouTube

## Infobox (weapon)

- **name**: Mk 19 grenade launcher
- **image**: MK19-02.jpg
- **caption**: A Mk 19 40 mm grenade launcher mounted on an M3 tripod
- **type**: Automatic firearm, Automatic grenade launcher
- **is ranged**: yes
- **is explosive**: yes
- **service**: 1968–present
- **used by**: 20 countries including:
Lampeter

**Lampeter** (), also known locally as _Llambed_, is a town and community in Ceredigion, Wales. In 2011, it had a population of 2,970 people. It is the United Kingdom's smallest university town.

Its population makes it Ceredigion's third-largest settlement, after Aberystwyth and Cardigan.

The town's Welsh name _"Pont Steffan"_ means _Stephen's Bridge_.

Lampeter is best known as being the founding place of the Free Wales Army, a paramilitary organisation that wanted independence for Wales.

## Twinning

Lampeter is twinned with:
- Saint-Germain-sur-Moine, France

## Infobox (uk place)

- **official name**: Lampeter
- **welsh name**: Llanbedr Pont Steffan
- **country**: Wales
- **static image name**: File:High Street, Lampeter. - geograph.org.uk - 423404.jpg
- **static image caption**: Lampeter High Street
- **static image alt**: Lampeter High Street
- **population**: 2,970
- **os grid reference**: SN578478
- **map alt**: Map of Ceredigion, with a red dot showing the location of Lampeter
- **label position**: right
- **post town**: LAMPETER
- **postcode area**: SA
- **postcode district**: SA48
- **dial code**: 01570
- **constituency westminster**: Ceredigion (UK Parliament constituency), Ceredigion
- **unitary wales**: Ceredigion
- **lieutenancy wales**: Dyfed
Obergesteln

**Obergesteln** is a village and former municipality in the district of Goms in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2009, the former municipalities of Obergesteln, Oberwald and Ulrichen merged into the new municipality of Obergoms.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Obergesteln
- **municipality name**: Obergesteln
- **municipality type**: former
- **imagepath coa**: Obergesteln.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Valais
- **iso-code-region**: CH-VS
- **district**: Goms (district), Goms
- **postal code**: 3988
- **municipality code**: 6065
- **area**: 14.6
- **elevation**: 1355
- **population**: 209
- **populationof**: Dec 2007
- **website**: www.obergesteln.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Guttannen (BE), Oberwald, Ulrichen
Oberwald

**Oberwald** is a village and former municipality of the district of Goms in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2009, the former municipalities of Oberwald, Obergesteln and Ulrichen merged into the new municipality of Obergoms.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Oberwald
- **image photo**: OberwaldVS1.JPG
- **municipality name**: Oberwald
- **municipality type**: former
- **imagepath coa**: Oberwald.png
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Oberwald.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Valais
- **iso-code-region**: CH-VS
- **district**: Goms (district), Goms
- **postal code**: 3999
- **municipality code**: 6066
- **area**: 96.9
- **elevation**: 1377
- **population**: 277
- **populationof**: Dec 2007
- **popofyear**: 2007
- **website**: www.oberwald.ch
- **mayor asof**: May 2008
- **places**: Gletsch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Bedretto (TI), Gadmen (BE), Göschenen (UR), Guttannen (BE), Obergesteln, Realp (UR), Ulrichen
Champex-Lac

**Champex-Lac** or **Champex** is a village of the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

Champex-Lac is in the municipality of Orsières.

Champex is also a small ski-resort.

## Other websites

- Champex, tourist office
Reckingen-Gluringen

**Reckingen-Gluringen** was a municipality, in the new municipality of Goms and the district Goms in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2004, the former municipalities of Reckingen and Gluringen merged into the new municipality of Reckingen-Gluringen.

## Other websites

- Official Website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Reckingen-Gluringen
- **municipality name**: Reckingen-Gluringen
- **municipality type**: former
- **imagepath coa**: Reckingen Gluringen-Model.png
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Reckingen-Gluringen.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Valais
- **iso-code-region**: CH-VS
- **district**: Goms (district), Goms
- **postal code**: 3998
- **municipality code**: 6075
- **area**: 41.2
- **elevation**: 1316
- **population**: 550
- **populationof**: Dec 2002
- **popofyear**: 2002
- **website**: www.reckingen-gluringen.ch
- **mayor**: Norbert Carlen
- **places**: Reckingen and Gluringen
- **neighboring municipalities**: Binn, Ernen, Fieschertal, Formazza (IT-VB), Grafschaft, Münster-Geschinen, Ulrichen
Ulrichen

**Ulrichen** is a village and former municipality of the district Goms in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2009, the former municipalities of Ulrichen, Obergesteln and Oberwald merged into the new municipality of Obergoms.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Ulrichen
- **image photo**: 20091208 oberwald 12.jpg
- **within municipality**: Obergoms
- **municipality name**: Ulrichen
- **municipality type**: former
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Valais
- **iso-code-region**: CH-VS
- **district**: Goms (district), Goms
- **postal code**: 3988
- **area**: 44.4
- **elevation**: 1346
- **population**: 219
- **populationof**: December 2007
- **popofyear**: 2007
- **website**: www.ulrichen.ch
Emilia Lanier

**Emilia Lanier** (1569-1645) was an English poet, the author of only one book of poems named (in Latin) _Salve Deus Rex Judaeorum_.

## Biography

Emilia Lanier was the first woman in England who published a sepatate book of poems. Her name and surname were written in many ways, Emilia, Amelia, Lanier or Lanyer. She was born in the beginning of 1569. She was baptised on 27 January 1569. She was partly of Italian origin. Her father was Baptist Bassano. He was a musician. He came from Venice. Her mother was Margaret Johnson. For some years she was in informal relation with Henry Carey. He was a cousin and chamberlain of the queen Elizabeth the Great. She got pregnant. She married her cousin Alphonso Lanyer, who was a musician like her father. In 1593 she gave birth to her son Henry who was named after his father, Henry Carey. In 1598 she gave birth to a daughter, Odillya, who lived for only ten months. The poet lived with her son's family. In 1623 he married Joyce Mansfield. Emilia Lanier had two grandchildren, Mary (born 1627) and Henry (born 1630).

## Works

Emilia Lanier published her collection of poems in 1611. It contains pieces of religious poetry. They differ from each other in the field of poetic form. Emilia Lanier used many stanzas, build of six lines (rhymed ababcc), seven lines (ababacc or ababbcc that is rhyme royal) or eight lines (abababcc that is ottava rima).

## Emilia Lanier or Dark Lady

Emilia Lanier is considered to be the Dark Lady of William Shakespeare's sonnets. John Hudson suggests that she was the real author of some Shakespeares plays.

## Other websites

- Æmilia Lanyer, _Salve Deus Rex Iudæorum_ at luminarium.org
Satyameva Jayate

**"Satyameva Jayate"** ( ; lit. "Truth alone triumphs.") is a _mantra_ from the ancient Indian scripture _Mundaka Upanishad_. Upon independence of India, it was adopted as the national motto of India.
It is inscribed in script at the base of the national emblem. The emblem and the words "Satyameva Jayate" are inscribed on one side of all Indian currency. The emblem is an adaptation of the Lion Capital of Ashoka which was erected around 250 BCE at Sarnath, near Varanasi in the north Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It is inscribed on all currency notes and national documents.
Angioedema

**Angioedema** is swelling that is similar to hives, but the swelling is under the skin instead of on the surface.

Hives are often called welts. They are a surface swelling. It is possible to have angioedema without hives.

## Causes

Angioedema may be caused by an allergic reaction. During the reaction, histamine and other chemicals are released into the bloodstream. The body releases histamine when the immune system detects a foreign substance called an allergen.

In most cases, the cause of angioedema is never found.

The following may cause angioedema:
- Animal dander (scales of shed skin)
- Exposure to water, sunlight, cold or heat
- Foods (such as berries, shellfish, fish, nuts, eggs, and milk)
- Insect bites
- Medicines (drug allergy) such as antibiotics (penicillin and sulfa drugs), Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and blood pressure medicines (ACE inhibitors)
- Pollen
Hives and angioedema may also occur after infections or with other illnesses (including autoimmune disorders such as lupus, leukemia, and lymphoma).

A form of angioedema happens in families and has different triggers, complications, and treatments. This is called hereditary angioedema.
Institut d'études politiques de Saint-Germain-en-Laye

**Institut d'études politiques de Saint-Germain-en-Laye** is a special university in France. The school is in Saint-Germain-en-Laye. It was created in 2013.

It is a specialist in the fields of economics, administration, social sciences and politics.

## More reading

- Sciences Po Saint-Germain-en-Laye website
Obergoms

**Obergoms** is a municipality of the district of Goms in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2009, the former municipalities of Obergesteln, Oberwald and Ulrichen merged into the new municipality of Obergoms.

## Other websites

- Official Website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Obergoms
- **municipality name**: Obergoms
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Obergoms COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Obergoms 2009.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Valais
- **iso-code-region**: CH-VS
- **district**: Goms (district), Goms
- **postal code**: 3999
- **municipality code**: 6076
- **area**: 155.80
- **elevation**: 1377
- **population**: 705
- **populationof**: Dec 2007
- **popofyear**: 2007
- **website**: www.obergoms.ch
- **mayor**: Christian Imsand
- **places**: Obergesteln, Oberwald, Ulrichen and Gletsch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Guttannen (BE), Gadmen (BE), Realp (UR), Göschenen (UR), Bedretto (TI), Formazza (IT-VB), Reckingen-Gluringen and Münster-Geschinen
Ain (river)

The **Ain** (in Franco-Provençal: ***En***) is a river in eastern France. It is a right tributary of the Rhône river. It gave its name to the French department of Ain.

## Geography

The Ain river has a length of , and a drainage basin with an area of .

Its average yearly discharge (volume of water which passes through a section of the river per unit of time) is  at Chazey-sur-Ain in the Ain department.

### Course

The source of the Ain is a _karst spring_ (a spring that is part of a karst system) in the Jura mountains, between the Conte an the La Favière _communes_ (Jura department), at an altitude of about . From here, the Ain flows to the south.

The Ain river flows through 2 regions, 2 departments and 66 _communes_. It flows through the following _communes_, among others:
- Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region
    - Jura:  Sirod, Syam, Champagnole, Crotenay, Pont-de-Poitte, Moirans-en-Montagne, Thoirette
- Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region
    - Ain: Poncin, Neuville-sur-Ain, Pont-d'Ain, Priay, Châtillon-la-Palud, Chazey-sur-Ain, Saint-Jean-de-Niost, Saint-Maurice-de-Rémens

Finally, it flows into the Rhône river in the _commune_ of Saint-Maurice-de-Gourdans, on the border with the Isère department.

## Main tributaries

The main tributaries of the Ain river are:

**Left tributaries**:
- Saine - 19 km
- Hérisson - 21 km
- Drouvenant - 18 km
- Cimante - 11 km
- Bienne - 69 km
- Oignin - 44 km
- Riez - 13 km
- Oiselon - 14 km
- Cozance - 12 km
- Albarine - 59 km

**Right tributaries**:
- Serpentine - 11 km
- Angillon - 27 km
- Valouse - 42 km
- Suran - 74 km
- Toison - 15 km

## Related pages

- List of rivers of France

## Other websites

- La Basse Rivière d'Ain

## Infobox (river)

- **name**: Ain
- **name native**: En
- **name native lang**: frp
- **image**: L'Ain (bassin du Rhône) (carte).jpg
- **image caption**: Course of the Ain.
- **source1 location**: Jura mountains
- **mouth location**: Rhône
- **subdivision type1**: Country
- **subdivision name1**: France
- **source1 elevation**: ±
WSTRN

**WSTRN** is an English West London singing group consisting of Akelle Charles, Louis Rei and Haile.
They are known because of their debut song, "In2", which was released on 13 October 2015 and peaked at number 4 on the UK Singles Chart. Louis Rei was formerly known as LB, Akelle was formerly known as A-Star and is Haile's cousin.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: WSTRN
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: West London (sub region), West London, England
- **years active**: 2015–present
- **current members**: Haile
Akelle Charles
Louis Rei
Human skeleton

**human skeleton** is the internal framework of the body. It is made up of about 300 bones at birth. As some bones join together, there are 206 bones in adulthood. The bones are at their strongest around age 20. The human skeleton can be divided into the _axial skeleton_ and the _appendicular skeleton_. The axial skeleton is formed by the vertebral column, the rib cage, the skull and other associated bones. The appendicular skeleton, which is attached to the axial skeleton, is formed by the shoulder girdle, the pelvic girdle and the bones of the upper and lower limbs.

The human skeleton performs six major functions. These are: support, movement, protection, production of blood cells, storage of minerals, and endocrine regulation.

The male and female skeletons are not so different as those of many other primates. There are subtle differences between sexes in the morphology of the skull, teeth, long bones, and pelvis. In general, female skeletal elements tend to be smaller and less robust than corresponding male elements.

The human female pelvis is different from that of males in order to facilitate child-birth. The hips on a female are proportionately wider than males, and so the ball joints at the top of the legs are set more apart than in males. This, and the pelvic shape, gives a birth channel which allows the newborn foetus to pass through. The critical factor is the baby's head, which is much larger than in other primates.

Unlike most primates, human males do not have penile bones. This is an adaptation to the human upright stance.

## Other websites

- human skeletal system; YouTube
- Skull Development: YouTube
Brihadisvara Temple, Gangaikonda Cholapuram

**Brihadeshwara Temple** (also called **Gangaikonda Cholapuram temple** and **Gangaikondacholeeswaram**) is a Hindu temple dedicated to Shiva located in Gangaikonda Cholapuram, Ariyalur district, in the South Indian state of Tamil Nadu.

## Other websites

- Unesco Great Living Chola Temples

## Infobox (hindu temple)

- **name**: Gangaikonda Cholapuram Brihadeeswarar Temple
- **image**: Gangaikondacholapuram Temple 4.jpg
- **alt**: View of the entire temple complex.
- **caption**: Gangaikonda Cholapuram Temple
- **country**: India
- **map caption**: Location in Tamil Nadu
- **state**: Tamil Nadu
- **district**: Ariyalur district
- **architecture**: Dravidian Architecture
- **inscriptions**: Tamil and Grantha
- **creator**: Rajendra Chola I
Didier Guillemot

**Didier Guillemot** (born in 1960) is a French doctor, specialized in infection. He was President of the _Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines_ from May 2016 to Septembre 2017.

Graduate from the Paris Diderot University in innovation and public health, he starts his career at Inserm in 1994. He moved to Institut Pasteur in 2001.

He worked on the HIV.
On April 2016, he was elected President of the _Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines_, succeeding Jean-Luc Vayssière. He left his in September 2017 for health reasons.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Didier Guillemot
- **birth name**: Guillemot
- **birth date**: 1960
- **nationality**: France, French
- **education**: Doctorate in Innovation and Public health
- **alma mater**: Paris-Diderot University, Paris Diderot University
- **occupation**: President of the Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines from May 2016 to September 2017
- **predecessor**: Jean-Luc Vayssière
- **successor**: Alain Bui
Joseph Gérard

**Blessed Joseph Gérard**, OMI (March 12, 1831 – May 29, 1914) was a French Catholic missionary.

Gérard mostly worked among the Basotho people of modern-day Lesotho and the Free State province of South Africa.

Gérard was beatified by Pope John Paul II on September 15, 1988. His feast day is on May 29.

## Infobox (saint)

- **name**: Blessed Joseph Gérard
- **feast day**: May 29
- **venerated in**: Roman Catholic Church
- **birth place**: Bouxières-aux-Chênes, France
- **death place**: Roma, Lesotho
- **beatified date**: September 15, 1988
- **beatified place**: Maseru
- **beatified by**: John Paul II
Ambattur

**Ambattur** is a neighbourhood place of Northern Chennai. It is located in the Ambattur taluk of the Chennai Corporation, Tamil Nadu. It was added in the part of the Chennai Corporation in the year 2011.

It is one of the fast growing residential area in the Chennai Corporation. The area of the place is 45 km<sup>2</sup>.The neighbourhood is served by the Ambattur Railway Station.

In the time of 1960s Ambattur was a village with large extends of agricultural lands. The Ambattur Lake supported the irrigational purpose.The growth of the village heightened when the Ambattur industrial estate was established in the year 1964.

It was said that the place has got its name of Ambattur from the Tamil words (ஐம்பத்து ஊர்) becvause this place was the colloboration of 50 places.

The population of this area in 2011 is 466,205 with a sex ratio of 985 per 1000 males and literacy rate of 82%.
SJ T21

**T21**, originally **T2** is a diesel-hydraulic locomotive operated by Swedish State Railways () and Nora Bergslags Järnväg (NBJ) of Sweden. 60 units were built during the 1950s by Maschinenbau Kiel and Svenska Järnvägsverkstäderna based on the German DB Class V65. The T21 was technically identical with the MaK 800D. The T21 was used to replace steam locomotives on branch lines. They were used until the 1990s.

The order consisted of 56 locomotives, of which ten were to be built in Sweden with a Swedish hydraulic shift, designated **T3**, later **T22**. The shift did not work particularly well, and only four were delivered, the rest with a German shift. Later two units were rebuilt to T21s. NBJ bought four T21 units in 1963.

## Other websites

- Järnväg.net on T21

## Infobox (locomotive)

- **name**: T21
- **powertype**: Diesel-electric
- **builder**: Maschinenbau Kiel
Svenska Järnvägsverkstäderna
- **builddate**: 1955-59 (SJ)
1963 (NBJ)
- **totalproduction**: 60
- **uicclass**: D
- **locoweight**: tare weight
- **transmission**: Diesel-hydraulic transmission, Hydraulic
- **operator**: Statens Järnvägar
- **fleetnumbers**: 57 - 112
Vossloh DE 18

The **Vossloh DE 18** is a Bo-Bo diesel-electric locomotive. It is the first new diesel-electric locomotive to be built in Kiel since production of the DE 1002 ended in 1993. Up to 60% of the components are shared with the diesel-hydraulic G 18.

## Operations

The prototype locomotive was shown together with the smaller, diesel-hydraulic G 12 on InnoTrans 2010. The launch customer for the DE 18 was BASF, ordering 2 DE 18 locomotives for services at its plants in December 2011.

## Other websites

- Official Vossloh DE 18 product page

## Infobox (locomotive)

- **name**: Vossloh DE 18
- **powertype**: Diesel-electric
- **builder**: Vossloh, Kiel
- **builddate**: 2010 - present
- **totalproduction**: 191 (as of September 2024)
- **uicclass**: Bo'Bo'
- **enginetype**: MTU Friedrichshafen, MTU 12V4000R43L
- **rpmrange**: 1800 Revolutions per minute, rpm
- **locale**: Germany
- **disposition**: in test
- **wheeldiameter**: (new)
  (worn)
SNCF Class BB 61000

The **SNCF Class BB 61000** diesel locomotives were built by Vossloh to their G1206 design between 2002-2005 for the French state railways. Twenty three locomotives were built, numbered 61001-61023. As they are operated by the freight sector, the locomotives carry a '4' prefix (i.e. they are numbered 461001-461023).

These are the second locomotives to be numbered in this range, the first being the Class C 61000 (+ TC 61100).

## Fleet List

|scope=col|Locomotive|scope=col|Entered Service|scope=col|Left Service|scope=col|Livery|scope=col|Depot|scope=col|Disposition|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|BB 61001|14 June 2002|/|Fret|Strasbourg||||||||
|BB 61002|14 June 2002|/|Fret|Strasbourg||||||||
|BB 61003|14 June 2002|/|Fret|Strasbourg||||||||
|BB 61004|14 June 2002|/|Fret|Strasbourg||||||||
|BB 61005|14 June 2002|/|Fret|Strasbourg||||||||
|BB 61006|14 June 2002|/|Fret|Strasbourg||||||||
|BB 61007|10 Jan 2003|/|Fret|Strasbourg||||||||
|BB 61008|10 Jan 2003|/|Fret|Strasbourg||||||||
|BB 61009|13 June 2003|25 June 2008|Fret|Strasbourg||||||||
|BB 61010|13 June 2003|5 Sept 2008|Fret|Strasbourg|ECR|||||||
|BB 61011|15 Dec 2003|15 Jan 2009|Fret|Strasbourg||||||||
|BB 61012|30 Jan 2004|4 Mar 2009|Fret|Strasbourg||||||||
|BB 61013|23 Jan 2004|3 Mar 2009|Fret|Strasbourg||||||||
|BB 61014|5 Dec 2003|4 Mar 2009|Fret|Strasbourg|VFLI|||||||
|BB 61015|9 Feb 2004|4 Mar 2009|Fret|Strasbourg|VFLI|||||||
|BB 61016|13 Feb 2004|4 Mar 2009|Fret|Strasbourg|VFLI|||||||
|BB 61017|6 Feb 2004|4 Mar 2009|Fret|Strasbourg|VFLI|||||||
|BB 61018|19 Jan 2004|6 Mar 2009|Fret|Strasbourg|VFLI|||||||
|BB 61019|25 Feb 2004|4 Mar 2009|Fret|Strasbourg|VFLI|||||||
|BB 61020|13 Feb 2004|4 Mar 2009|Fret|Strasbourg|VFLI|||||||
|BB 61021|25 Feb 2004|4 Mar 2009|Fret|Strasbourg|VFLI|||||||
|BB 61022|19 Jan 2004|4 Mar 2009|Fret|Strasbourg|VFLI|||||||
|BB 61023|9 Jan 2004|24 Aug 2009|Fret|Strasbourg|VFLI|||||||
SNCF 040.DF

**SNCF 040.DF **was a class of one prototype diesel-hydraulic locomotive built for the SNCF built in 1952 by Renault.

In 1962 it was renumbered from 040.DF.1 to **BB 60041**.

Like the 060.DA, it was delivered in a livery of dark green with a yellow stripe.

## Infobox (locomotive)

- **name**: SNCF 040.DF.1
SNCF BB 60041
- **image**: SNCF 040 DF1.jpg
- **caption**: SNCF 040.DF.1, later BB 60041
- **powertype**: Diesel-hydraulic
- **builder**: Renault
- **builddate**: 1952
- **totalproduction**: 1
- **uicclass**: Bo′Bo′
- **wheelbase**: , Bogie, truck
- **length**:
over Headstock (rolling stock), Headstocks

over Buffer (rail transport), Buffers
- **fueltype**: Diesel fuel, Diesel
- **primemover**: Renault 565, 2 off
- **enginetype**: V12 engine, V12 Diesel engine, Diesel
- **cylindercount**: 12
- **coupling**: Buffers and chain coupler, Buffers and chain
- **poweroutput start**: 2 x  =

- **operator**: SNCF
- **nicknames**: _Birgitte_
- **withdrawndate**: 1970
- **disposition**: Scrapped
TCDD DH3600

**TCDD DH3600** were diesel-hydraulic locomotive built for shunting operations on the Turkish State Railways. 38 units were built by Tüvasaş under licence from Maschinenbau Kiel (MaK). In 1980-81 the shunters were rebuilt with Cummins Diesel KT1150L engines.

## Other websites

- Trains of Turkey page on DH3600

## Infobox (locomotive)

- **name**: DH3600
- **powertype**: Diesel-hydraulic
- **designer**: Maschinenbau Kiel
- **builder**: Tüvasaş
- **builddate**: 1968–
- **totalproduction**: 24
- **uicclass**: C
- **poweroutput**: (13 units)
 (11 units)
- **operator**: Turkish State Railways
- **fleetnumbers**: DH3601 – DH3624
SNCF Class BB 7200

The **SNCF Class BB 7200** is a 1.5 kV DC electric locomotive. It is operated by the SNCF in France. The BB 7200 are part of the "Nez Cassé" family of locomotives. SNCF Class BB 15000 is the alternating current (AC) version. The Class BB 22200 is a dual-voltage version. They are numbered to show that the DC and AC class make the dual-voltage locomotives (7200 + 15000 = 22200). Another similar model is the NS Class 1600. It is operated in the Netherlands. It is a DC locomotive based on the BB 7200.

Locomotive numbers 7209, 7210, 7308 and 7348 have all been destroyed in accidents.

The class are numbered 7201 - 7440. Some have cast plates.

In 2012 and 2013, the locomotives numbered 7311, 7312, 7314, 7325, 7327, 7330m 7332, 7335, 7337, 7339, 7341 and 7342 were modified. They became BB 7600 locomotives. They were operated on the Transilien Paris – Montparnasse line.

## Names

Some of the class carry the name of a city in France:
|Number|City|
| --- | --- |
|7203|Saint-Flour|
|7221|Saint-Amand-Montrond|
|7223|La Souterraine|
|7232|Souillac|
|7236|Chambéry|
|7237|Pierrelatte|
|7238|Thonon-les-Bains|
|7239|Saint-Pierre-d'Albigny|
|7240|Saint-Étienne|
|7241|Villeurbanne|
|7242|Vienne|
|7243|Villeneuve-Saint-Georges|
|7244|Vernou-la-Celle-sur-Seine|
|7253|Montrejeau|
|7256|Valenton|
|7270|Entraigues-sur-Sorgues|
|7410|Fontenay-sous-Bois|
|7411|Lamure-sur-Azergues|

## Models

- This locomotive was reproduced in H0 scale by Jouef, Lima, Märklin and Roco.
- This locomotive was reproduced in N scale by Fleischmann and Minitrix.

## Infobox (locomotive)

- **name**: SNCF BB 7200
- **powertype**: Electric
- **image**: BB7222.jpg
- **caption**: BB 7222 hauling another electric locomotive on 19 August 2002 near Bayonne
- **builder**: Alstom
 MTE
- **builddate**: 1976-1985
- **totalproduction**: 240
- **uicclass**: B' B'
- **gauge**: 1,435 mm (4 ft 8<sup>1⁄2</sup> in) standard gauge
- **maxspeed**: ,
  (7201 - 7235, 7343 - 7380, 7411 - 7440),
 (7261 - 7263)
- **electricsystem**: 1.5 Volt, kV Direct current, DC Overhead line, Catenary
- **collectionmethod**: Pantograph (rail), Pantograph
- **tractionmotors**: 2x TAB 674
- **tractiveeffort**: ,  (7201 - 7235, 7261 - 7263, 7343 - 7380, 7411 - 7440)
- **operator**: SNCF, SNCF-FRET
- **operatorclass**: BB 7200
- **numinclass**: 236 (2008)
- **fleetnumbers**: 7201-7208, 7211-7307, 7309-7347, 7349-7440
- **locale**: Mainly South-East France
- **disposition**: in service