juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Horn (anatomy)

**Horns** are part of the body of some animals. They grow on the animal's head. They are projections (things that stick out) made of hard skin. The horn has a lot of keratin in it, the same protein that is in human hair and nails.

Normally horned animals will have two horns, but the rhinoceros has just one horn in the middle of its head.

Animals often use their horns for fighting one another.

Thousands of years ago people used the horns of dead animals for musical instruments (see horn (postal horn)). In later times, they were used for carrying gunpowder.

## Related pages

- Antlers, structures similar to horns
Mead

**Mead** is a fermented alcoholic drink. It is made from honey. Its history may be as old as that of beer. It is made by mixing honey, water, and yeast.  Some kinds of mead also include spices or fruit. Mead is sometimes called "honey wine".

Archaeologists discovered that people made mead 9,000 years ago.  Mead was described in the Rigveda, which is a Hindu religious text. Mead is popular in Central Europe and the Balkans. Mead is also made in Ethiopia and South Africa.
Ull

In Norse mythology, **Ull** (or **Ullr** or **Uller**) is the son of Sif, and the stepson of Thor. He is thought to be the god of Winter, of hunting, of hand-to-hand combat, and of the willow tree. His name means "glory". He was said to be a great archer and skier who left blazing trails across the sky.

For this reason he is celebrated in modern times as the god of skiing. His name is used as a name for ski lodges like the House of Ullr at Thredbo, New South Wales. ULLR Labs make smartphone applications to help people avoid avalanches.
Thrud

**Þrúðr**, sometimes written as **Thrúd**, is a daughter of the gods Sif and Thor in Norse mythology. Although her name is mentioned in the _Prose Edda_, it gives no direct powers or other information about her. Thrúd is also one of the valkyries described in _Grímnismál_ (stanza 36). Thrúd is the goddess of power, of trees, flowers and the grass. Her name means strength in Old Norse.
Hugin and Munin

**Hugin** and **Munin** are two ravens, commonly associated with Odin. They bring Odin news from the world, when he sends them out. Their names translate as thought and memory, respectively.
Hel (goddess)

**Hel** is a goddess of Norse mythology. Her father is Loki, and her mother is Angrboða, a giantess. Her siblings are Jörmungandr and Fenrir. Her task is to reign over the realm of the dead, also called Hel or Neifelheim, where the dead peacefully go to in the afterlife to wait until Ragnarok, the end of the gods and Asgard. The people who go there are those who did not die in battle, but instead died a peaceful death. She watches over those who die, but are not chosen by the Valkyries to go to Valhalla or chosen by Freyja to enter her household.

Hel is half dead and half alive due to complications of her father and her mother. Half of her face is beautiful, like that of her father, while the other half is ugly and difficult to look at like her mother. From the waist up the skin is pink, alive and healthy. Below the waist is dead and rotting. This is the personification of the belief that death can be a good thing or a tragedy. Hel's underworld is a world of rewards or punishment for each as earned in life.
Runestone

A **Runestone** or **Rune stone** is a large stone, with runes inscribed on it, dating from the early Middle Ages. Currently, about 6000 such stones are known to exist in Scandinavia. About half of them date from the tenth and eleventh century, and were found in Sweden. Most of them are like grave stones. They announce the life and death of a local person. About 10 percent of the known stones tell about the travels and deaths of persons abroad. Some of these texts are similar to what Scandinavians who travelled to Byzantium have written in Latin.
Balcony

A **balcony** is a kind of floor at a certain height, which stands out from the building. Usually, there is some kind of balustrade so people do not fall off.

There is a possibility to protect the balcony with a glazing. So called balcony glazings are important for certain areas that are heavily influenced by weather or noise. Assemblers, which create designs and static evaluation for the balcony glazing, are necessary to integrate the glazing conform with regulations and laws. Because if the glazing is assembled in the wrong way, parts could fall off and damage property or persons.

Unlike a terrace, balconies and also their balustrade need a static evaluation, so they don't take damage over time and can permanentely hold their visitors.
Bergstraße Route

**Bergstraße** ("Mountain Road") is the name of a mountain route, and the area around it, which stretches across the western edge of the Odenwald in southern Hesse and northern Baden-Württemberg, Germany.

The name "Bergstraße" also refers to the district Kreis Bergstraße, the independent wine-growing region of Hessische Bergstraße and the Badische Bergstraße in the Baden wine-growing area.

## Route

The route goes almost straight from north to south at the spot where the Rhine lowlands meet the western edge of the Odenwald. The name comes from the road's route along the foot of the mountains, the Rhine lowlands once being too damp to build a road there.

The route mostly follows the modern B3 road. It begins in Darmstadt and, after passing through Eberstadt, splits into the "Old Bergstraße" and the "New Bergstraße", which goes somewhat farther to the west. The two routes meet again at Zwingenberg.

In Weinheim-Lützelsachsen the route splits into an old and a new Bergstraße again. The new one passes west of the old route as far as Heidelberg-Handschuhsheim, where the two meet once more. The route carrying on after the Neckar from Heidelberg to Wiesloch is still usually known as the Bergstraße, even though the type of country and climate typical of the Bergstraße is no longer as clear.

## Other websites

- http://www.bergstrasse.de
- http://www.kreis-bergstrasse.de
- http://www.ferienstrasse-bergstrasse.de
- http://www.bergstraesser-wein.de
- http://www.geo-naturpark.de
Caucasus

The **Caucasus**, or **Caucasia**, is a region spanning Europe and Asia bordered to the north by Russia, to the east by the Caspian Sea, on the south by Iran, on the southwest by Turkey and to the west by the Black Sea. Caucasia includes the Caucasus Mountains and the surrounding lowlands.

The Caucasus Mountains are commonly recognized as a natural border between Europe and Asia. Countries in the Caucasus are considered to be in both continents, with Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia being considered transcontinental countries.  The northern portion of the Caucasus is known as the Ciscaucasus and the southern portion as the Transcaucasus. The highest peak in the Caucasus is Mount Elbrus (5,642 m), which, in the western Ciscaucasus in Russia, is generally considered the highest point in Europe.

### Sovereign states

- Armenia
- Azerbaijan
- Georgia

### Disputed territories

- Abkhazia - claimed but not controlled by Georgia
- South Ossetia - claimed but not controlled by Georgia

### Autonomous republics of the Russian Federation

- Adygea
- Chechnya
- Dagestan
- Ingushetia
- Kabardino-Balkaria
- Karachay-Cherkessia
- North Ossetia-Alania

### An other autonomies and formerly disputed territories

- Adjara
- Nakhchivan

#### Formerly

- Artsakh

## Myths and legends

The Biblical Mount Ararat, where Noah's Ark landed, is known as the landmark of the ancient Armenian realm.

The peak of Ararat is seasonally capped with snow. In Greek mythology, the Caucasus, or Kaukasos, was one of the pillars supporting the world. Prometheus was chained there by Zeus.

The Roman poet Ovid placed Caucasus in Scythia and said that it was a cold and stony mountain and was the abode of personified hunger.

## Related pages

- Transcontinental nation
- Indo-European languages
- Languages of the Caucasus
- Russian-Circassian War

## References

- Caucasus: A Journey to the Land Between Christianity and Islam By Nicholas Griffin
- Small Nations and Great Powers: A Study of Ethnopolitical Conflict in the Caucasus By Svante E. Cornell
- The Caucasus By Ivan Golovin

## Other websites

- BBC News: North Caucasus at a glance, September 8 2005
- United Nations Environment Programme map: Landcover of the Caucasus
- United Nations Environment Programme map: Population density of the Caucasus
- Information about the history
Hamidian massacres

The **Hamidian massacres** took place around 1895 until 1897. The estimated number of Armenians killed are around 100,000 - 300,000.

These events are known by the Armenians as the "Great Massacres". The Armenians believed the Hamidian measures showed the extension of the Turkish state to do a systematic policy of murder and plunder against a small population. The Armenian revolutionary groups started around the end of the Russo-Turkish War of 1878 and grew with the first introduction of Article 166 of the Ottoman Penal code 166, and the raid of Erzerum Cathedral.

Article 166 was meant to control the possession of arms, but it was used to target Armenians by not letting them possess arms. Local Kurdish tribes were armed to attack the defenseless Armenian population. Some diplomats said that the aim of these groups was to commit massacres so as to show counter-measures, and to invite "foreign powers to intervene," as Istanbul's British Ambassador Sir Philip Currie seen in March 1894. Even some Turkish authors admit the that this was just a pretext for the massacres.
Alfred Pampalon

**Alfred Pampalon** (24 November 1867 – 30 September 1896) was born in the city of Lévis, Quebec, and died at 28 in Sainte-Anne-de-Beaupré. He was a Redemptorist priest known for having a deep faith in God and a deep love of Mary. He is a patron for people with addictions.

## His character and early life

He was known to be a modest, prayerful person, and was thought of as honest and pure by his classmates.

### Religion in his life

Pampalon was devoted to Mary; before going to a Redemptorists' monastery, he went to a statue of Mary and asked her to pray for the monks to let him join. The Monastery allowed him to join despite his poor health, because they saw his strong desire to become a Redemptorists father. While training to become a Roman Catholic priest his fellow students asked him how he managed to study philosophy so well, and he replied he imagined Mary was asking him the questions. He would make his head touch the floor and pray to her daily, and while dying he would pray to her throughout the day.

## Later years and death

At the age of 26, Pampalon found out that he had tuberculosis. During this time he stayed devoted to God, moving back to Quebec to be a priest there. While dying from tuberculosis he gave communion, baptized people, and heard confessions. Before his death he was in constant pain, and would spend his days in prayer. The night before he priest died, he said in a soft voice > "O death..., O holy death..., come..., do come! O divine Savior..., my hope is in your merits... I am happy... to suffer for you! I want to go to Heaven... to see you and Mary," After this he got up and sang the Magnificat in a loud voice. He has become known as the "Hail Mary Saint" because of this.

## Other websites

- Biography at _the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online_
- Biography at _Christian Answers to your Questions_
- Biography at _Catholic_
- _Novena to the Servant of God Father Alfred Pampalon_
Armenian Oblast

**Armenian oblast** (1828-1840 AD) was an oblast (province) around eastern Armenia. It was created by the Russians when they took over Eastern Armenia, a large number of Armenians moved back from Persia to Armenia and about 35000 Muslims (Azeris, Kurds and Lezgins) and various nomadic tribes left the area.
Saint Hripsime Church

**St. Hripsime** is a church in Ejmiadzin, Armenia. It was built in 618. It is one of the oldest churches in Armenia. St. Hripsime is also known for its fine Armenian architecture. This style of architecture was used again when they built many churches in Armenia.
Armenian language

**Armenian** (endonym:  <small>(reformed),</small>  <small>(classical),</small> , ) is an Indo-European language and the only member of an independent branch of that language family. It is the native language of the Armenian people and the official language of Armenia. Armenian is written in its own writing system, the Armenian alphabet, introduced in 405 AD by the canonized Saint Mesrop Mashtots. The estimated number of Armenian speakers worldwide is between five and seven million.

It is the official language of Armenia, and was the officical language of the separatist Republic of Artsakh, which existed from 1991 until 2023.

The language is also widely spoken by Armenian communities all over the world. It is written in its own Armenian alphabet. The language has two standard forms: Eastern Armenian and Western Armenian.

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Armenian
- **nativename**: _Hayeren_
- **familycolor**: Indo-European
- **protoname**: Proto-Armenia
- **ancestor2**: Old Armenian
- **ancestor3**: Middle Armenian
- **dia1**: Western Armenian
- **dia2**: Eastern Armenian
- **speakers**: 5–7 million
- **ref**: e18
- **nation**: Armenia

Recognized and spoken in:

Georgia (country), Georgia
 Turkey
 Iran
 Russia
 Lebanon
 Cyprus
 Syria
 Greece
 United States
- **agency**: Armenian Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Sciences of Armenia
- **script**: Armenian alphabet
- **iso1**: hy
- **iso2b**: arm
- **iso2t**: hye
- **lc1**: hye
- **ld1**: Modern Armenian
- **lc2**: xcl
- **ld2**: Classical Armenian
- **lc3**: axm
- **ld3**: Middle Armenian
- **lingua**: 57-AAA-a (31 varieties)
Armenian diaspora

The **Armenian diaspora** is a term used to describe the communities of Armenians living outside of Armenia. Of the total Armenian population living worldwide which was estimated to be 8,000,000 in 2004, only about 3,000,000 live in Armenia.

## Other websites

- Neruzh Diaspora Tech Startup Program
Aspect

**Aspect** may mean:
- Aspect (computer science)
- Aspect (grammar) or Lexical aspect
- Astrological aspect
- Aspect (geography)
- Aspect (real estate)
- Warner Aspect
Carol Vorderman

**Carol Jean Vorderman** (born 24 December 1960) is a British television presenter. She was born in Bedford and raised in Prestatyn, North Wales. Her father was Dutch; her mother is Welsh. She studied engineering at Sidney Sussex College, University of Cambridge. She is best known for the Channel 4 game show _Countdown_ in which she checked the number solutions from the contestants and provided the correct ones if they weren’t spotted, she was on the show from 1982 to 2008 and from 1989 onwards, she became the co-host with Richard Whiteley when she also put up the letters and numbers tiles. She was devastated when Whiteley died in 2005. She is a regular panellist on ITV1 talk show _Loose Women_. She was a contestant in the second series of _Strictly Come Dancing_ in 2004. In 2013 she presented a series about cooking on ITV called _Food Glorious Food_. She has written books about detox diets.
Automobiles of the 1920s

**Vintage cars** - the title is give, the age range is up to 1925.

Automobiles have changed considerably since 1893 due to the more efficient ways for new cars to be developed and designed. The car industry was thriving in the 1920s. There were many new types of cars. In the beginning of the 1920s many of the soldiers returning from World War I bought automobiles. People started to see that having a car would make traveling much easier. Soon almost every American family had a car. Ford was the big car maker but other companies were also big at the time. Ford cars, such as the Ford Model T, were popular because they were cheap  and very reliable. When new Ford models came out people would always get the newer version. They also had a car especially made for big obese people. There was trouble getting big people in the car Ford made, so he had to think outside of the box. He then came up with "The Big One". Which is not out today because of it's poor sales but to Ford and some people, it was genius.

The automobiles industry in Europe and the United States expanded greatly during the 1920s. There were many changes in the industry and new types of cars. Having a car allowed families and individuals to travel more easily. Famous cars of the 1920s included:

- 1922–1939 Austin 7 – the Austin Seven was one of the most widely copied vehicles ever, serving as a template for cars around the world, from BMW to Nissan.
- 1922–1931 Lancia Lambda – very advanced car for the time, first car to feature a load-bearing monocoque-type body and independent front suspension.
- 1924–1929 Bugatti Type 35 – the Type 35 was one of the most successful racing cars of all time, with over 1,000 victories in five years.
- 1925–1928 Hanomag 2 / 10 PS – an early example of modern styling:  bodywork began to enclose the full width and length of a car.
- 1927–1931 Ford Model A (1927–1931) – after keeping the Model T in production for too long, Ford broke with the past and restarted its model series with the 1927 Model A. More than 4 million were produced, making it the best-selling model of the era. The Ford Model A was a prototype for the beginning of Soviet mass car production (GAZ A).
- 1930 Cadillac V-16 – developed at the height of the vintage era, the V16-powered Cadillac would join Bugatti's Royale as the most legendary ultra-luxury cars of the era.

- 1929 The Hobnocker - A very fast vehicle with agile movement for such a small compact vehicle.

## References

541-579-4559
Norns

The **Norns** are female deities in Norse mythology who govern fate. Their names are Urd (what has been), Verdandi (what is) and Skuld (what is to come). Skuld is also the name of a Valkyrie.

The Norns are at the base of the ash tree Yggdrasil (or, according to some versions, above the Bifröst bridge). They spin threads and weave the tapestry of fates.  Each person's life is a thread in their loom. The length of the thread is the length of the person's life. Even the gods have their threads and are therefore not immortal, though the Norns hide the strings from the gods.  So everything is set out beforehand.  There is no luck, there is no randomness, everything is determined by destiny.

The Greeks called deities similar to the Norns Moirae, and the Romans called them Parcae.

The three Norns appear at the beginning of Richard Wagner's opera Götterdämmerung and foretell the downfall of the gods when a thread of fate breaks.
Liopleurodon

***Liopleurodon*** was a large species of Pliosaur. It was an apex predator in the Upper Jurassic seas, around 160–155 million years ago. It grew up to  long. It was a relative of _Pliosaurus_ and _Kronosaurus_. It preyed on other marine animals such as _Ophthalmosaurus_.

Some fossil remains excavated from the Kimmeridge Clay formation in England indicate a much larger animal, perhaps up to  long. However, these have not been put in the genus _Liopleurodon_.

_Liopleurodon_'s nose allowed it to smell underwater. It could smell prey from some distance away. Despite needing to breath air, Liopleurodon spent its entire life at sea and was unable to leave the water. Consequently, it would have given birth to its young alive and may have visited shallower water to breed.

## Species

- _L. ferox_ (type)
- _L. pachydeirus_
- _L. rossicus_
- _L. macromerus_
Libonectes

***Libonectes*** was a plesiosaur related to _Elasmosaurus_. It lived 80 to 65 million years ago. It grew up to 12 metres long. It was a predator of small fish; the fish ate plankton in the upper pelagic layers of the sea.
Dimetrodon

***Dimetrodon*** was a genus of non-reptilian Pelycosaur (early Synapsida) from the first part of the Early Permian period (about 295–272 million years ago).

## Fossils

_Dimetrodon_ walked on four legs and had a tall, curved skull with large teeth of different sizes set along the jaws. Most fossils have been found in the southwestern United States, from red beds in Texas and Oklahoma. Newly discovered fossils of Dimetrodon are now found in Germany. The largest known species of _Dimetrodon_ is _D. angelensis_ at  and the smallest is _D. teutonis_ at .

## Ecosystem

_Dimetrodon_ was a carnivore, probably the top predator in its environment. Its main feature is the large sail on its back formed by elongated spines extending upwards from the vertebrae. The spines would be joined by skin. The general opinion of paleontologists is that it was a temperature-regulating device. The idea is that the animal could warm up in the early morning by placing itself broadside to the Sun, and later could cool off in the shade, or arrange for its body to get less sunlight. At this stage in evolution, no land animals were homoiotherms. Very likely the sail was also used for sexual or territorial signalling. In which case, the skin would be coloured. This, of course, is supposition, but it does make sense of the animal's most extraordinary feature.

## Evolutionary terms

In evolutionary terms, _Dimetrodon_ was a synapsid (Primitive mammal), a line of land animals which eventually gave rise to the mammals. It was not on the direct line of descent, but a good example of the evolutionary grade typical of Permian synapsids. Dimetrodon evolved from lizard like syanspids from the Late Carboniferous.

## Pelycosaur cousin

Another synaspid was the smaller and similar Edaphosaurus. Edaphosaurus was an herbivore and probably the prey item for Dimetrodon.

**Growth and metabolism**

Dimetrodon probably had a much higher metabolism than its cousin (Edaphosaurus). While Dimetrodon was faster, Edaphosaurus was probably really slow. This indicated that Edaphosaurus was cold-blooded. By using its sail and trapping heat from the sun, Edaphosaurus could use this way as regulating its own body temperature. Same with Dimetrodon.

## Skull

In the front of Dimetrodon's mouth was steak like biting teeth (front teeth). But in the back of it's mouth were teeth that were like chewing teeth. This told us that Dimetrodon had different pairs of teeth.
Anhanguera

***Anhanguera***, which means 'Old Devil', was a pterodactyl from the Upper Cretaceous. It was found in the Santana Formation of Brazil, and specimens from England are also placed in this genus.

It ate fish and grew to 14 feet (4.5 meters) across. The species _Anhanguera piscator_ is now placed in the genus _Coloborhynchus_.
Zhejiangopterus

***Zhejiangopterus*** is a pterosaur that was found in China. It lived in the late Cretaceous.

At least six specimens of adults have been found. _Zhejiangopterus_ was a moderately large pterosaur. Its wingspan was first estimated at five metres (16.4 feet). Later estimates reduced this to about 3.5 metres (11 feet).

Its skull was long, low, perfectly arched, and lacked a "keel" or any other crest sometimes seen in related species. The beak was long, thin, sharply pointed, and lacked teeth. The cervical vertebrae were elongated. The first six dorsal vertebrae had fused together. This helped the chest keep stable against the forces generated by the wings.

Several pairs of belly ribs were preserved. Its upper leg bone was half the size of its upper arm bone, and strong and thin. The wings were short but robust
Tupuxuara

***Tupuxuara*** was a pterosaur that lived 112 million years ago. It was found in the Santana Formation, the remains of an inland sea.

Some species were quite small, but the largest skull (length 130 cms) suggests a wingspan of 5.5 metres. It was an Azdarchid pterosaur, the same group as  _Quetzalcoatlus_.
Anurognathus

***Anurognathus*** was a genus of small rhamphorhynchoid pterosaurs which lived 150 million years ago, in the Upper Jurassic period. It had a short head with pin-like teeth for catching insects. It was found in the Solnhofen limestone, the same place as _Archaeopteryx_. They grew up to 35 cms wingspan.

Although it is in the long-tailed pterosaur group Rhamphorhynchoidea, its tail was comparatively short. This was an adaptation which made it more manoeuvrable in hunting. According to Döderlein the reduced tail of _Anurognathus_ was similar to the pygostyle of modern birds.

With an estimated wingspan of fifty centimetres (20 inches) and a nine centimetre long body (skull included), its weight was limited: forty grammes for a specimen with a 35 centimetre wingspan.

Later a second, smaller, specimen was found, probably of a subadult individual. Its slab and counterslab are separated and both were sold to private collections. This second fossil is more complete and better articulated. It shows impressions of a large part of the flight membrane and under UV-light remains of the muscles of the thigh and arm become visible. It provided new information on many points of the anatomy. The skull was shown to have been very short and broad, wider than long.
Thirty-Nine Articles

The **Thirty-Nine Articles** are the historic statements of Anglican beliefs. The Articles were not meant to be a complete statement of the Christian faith.  They are a statement of the position of the Church of England against the Roman Catholic Church and against Protestants.

## History

The articles were made in 1563, under the direction of Archbishop Matthew Parker, during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I. They are based on the Forty-Two Articles written under the direction of Thomas Cranmer in 1552 and passed under Edward VI of England in 1553. They are printed in the Book of Common Prayer and other Anglican prayer books. Priests, deacons, and bishops of the Church of England have to take an oath that what is said in the Articles is "agreeable to the Word of God." Other Anglican churches do not make such a requirement.

The Thirty-Nine Articles were needed because at that time in English history it was not possible to find an agreement about Protestantism. Rather than have the church become divided, they needed a way to list the essentials of what the Church of England believed. John Henry Newman (one of the leading Tractarians in the mid 19th century), before he converted to Roman Catholicism, tried to show that the Articles could be seen in a way less hostile to Catholic belief.

## Acceptance of the Articles

Outside the Church of England, Anglican opinions of the Thirty-Nine Articles vary. The Episcopal Church in the United States of America sees them as an historical document but does not make its members follow them. Anglican priest John Wesley changed the Thirty-Nine Articles for use by American Methodists in the 18th century. These new Articles of Religion are still the official United Methodist Church doctrine.

## Other websites

- Articles of Religion
- Anglican Communion resources relating to the Book of Common Prayer, including the articles of religion
    - facsimile of a 1762 printing  from the above site
- The revised 1801 version adopted by the US Episcopal Church
Teal

**Teal** can mean many things, such as:
- A type of duck,
    - Ringed teal,_Callonetta leucophrys_
    - Common teal, _Anas crecca_
    - Green-winged teal, _Anas carolinensis_
    - Black teal, _Aythya novaeseelandiae_
    - Brown teal, _Anas aucklandica_
    - Silver teal, _Anas versicolor_
    - Cape teal, _Anas capensis_
    - Marbled teal, Marmaronetta angustirostris
    - Blue-winged teal, _Anas discors_
- Teal (color), a bluish green color
- Claud Eustace Teal (a.k.a. Mr. Teal), a person seen in the books of Leslie Charteris
Ojiya, Niigata

**Ojiya** (Japanese: 小千谷（おぢや）市;-shi) is a city in Niigata, Japan. As of July 16, 2003, 40,342 people lived in the city. Ojiya's total area is . The Lord Mayor of Ojiya is Yasuo Yatsui

An earthquake of magnitude 7.2 struck Ojiya on October 23, 2004 at 17:56 local time. The earthquake killed 51 people.  4,795 people were injured. 16,910 buildings and houses were destroyed. The amount of damage was 3,000,000,000 Yen ($32.5M US).

## Economy

Ojiya has many types of industries. Electronics companies Sanyo electric, and Panasonic are located in the city. It also has textile companies. The main agricultural crop in the city is rice. Ojiya is the largest miner of natural gas in Japan.

## Events

There are several festivals each year in Ojiya.

- Events Ojiya festival (August 24 and 25)
- Katakai festival (September 9 and 10) - (The  Katakai festival is known to set off the biggest fireworks display in the world)
- Balloon festival (February 25 and 26)
Tantalus

**Tantalus** was a mortal king in Greek mythology. He did many bad things against the gods and goddesses. At a banquet, he tried to feed people the flesh of his son Pelops. He had asked the gods and goddesses to come to this banquet. When they learn what he had planned, they punished Tantalus in not only this world (the world of the living), but the next as well (the world of the dead). Tantalus's punishment while he was alive was the ruin of his kingdom. His punishment when dead in the Tartaros of the Underworld was much worse.

He was made to stand in a pool of water up to his chin for all time. During this, he would always be hungry and thirsty. Each time Tantalus lowered his head to drink the water he was standing in, the water would lower. Over his head hung branches of trees filled with fruit. When he would try to get them, wind would blow them out of his reach. He was "tantalized" with food and drink. This is where the word tantalize comes from.

His daughter is Niobe. And his son, Pelops, was made alive again by the gods. He went to Greece and became the ruler of the peninsula which still has his name, the Peloponesus.
Bushido

, meaning "Way of the Warrior", is a Japanese code of conduct and a way of life, more or less similar to the European code of chivalry. It comes from the samurai moral code and gives great importance to certain virtues like frugality, loyalty, martial arts mastery and honour until voluntary death, seppuku. Bushidō was created between the 11th to 14th centuries and took form as a code from the 12th to 16th centuries.

Under the Tokugawa Shogunate, Bushidō became official Japanese Feudal Law.
Honor codes are still used in modern times; for example, as part of the kamikaze beliefs.

## Related pages

- Japan
- Kendo - Japanese Martial Art - The Way of Sword
- Samurai
- Seppuku
- Shogun
- Virtue
- Warrior
- Zen
Campaign

**Campaign** is trying to do something. Some battles in wars are called campaigns. The word comes from "Campania", a region where the ancient Roman army often fought.

When someone in politics seeks election to a political office, that is called a "political campaign". Sometimes, a series of advertisements can be referred to as an "advertising campaign". A "blood drive", when the Red Cross or a hospital asks people to give blood, is also a campaign.

A campaign usually involves groups of people following a plan and working together in different ways to get what they want.
Manco Cápac

**Manco Cápac** (died circa 1230) was the first of the fourteen Inca rulers of Peru. He started the Inca empire.

As he says it, his legend started at the waters of Lake Titicaca, when he was told by the sun god to go East to set up his empire. As they walked looking for a good place, Manco taught men to farm, hunt, and fish while Mama Ocllo, his wife taught women to work with wool and cotton. Near Cusco, as his sacred golden staff sank in the ground, Manco decided this was to be the capital city of his empire.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Manco Cápac
- **image**: Ayarmanco1.JPG
- **alt**: Manco Cápac
- **caption**: Colonial image of Manco Cápac
- **death date**: 1230
- **death place**: Cusco, Peru
- **imagesize**: 160px
- **parents**: Inti and Mama Quilla
Viracocha
- **spouse**: Mama Ocllo or Mama Cello (sister)
- **children**: Sinchi Roca (son)
- **years active**: 1200  1230
Brazzaville

**Brazzaville** is the capital city of the Republic of the Congo. One million people live there. Brazzaville is on one side of the Congo river, with Kinshasa on the other side. Brazzaville and Kinshasa are the nearest country capitals in the World.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Brazzaville
- **native name**: _Mfa_,
- **image skyline**: Brazzaville bird eye view.jpg
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **image caption**: An aerial view of Brazzaville towards the Congo River and, in the distance, Kinshasa.
- **pushpin map**: Republic of the Congo#Africa
- **pushpin relief**: 1
- **mapsize**: 100px
- **map caption**: Map of the Republic of Congo showing Brazzaville.
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Republic of the Congo
- **subdivision type1**: Capital district
- **subdivision name1**: Brazzaville
- **established title**: Founded
- **established date**: 1883
- **founder**: Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Dieudonné Bantsimba
Yellow Sea

The **Yellow Sea** is the northern part of the East China Sea. It is between Mainland China and the Korean peninsula. The northwestern part is called the Bohai Sea. The  name "Yellow Sea" comes from the silt particles that color its water. The particles come from the Yellow River. Smaller rivers include the Yalu and Han Rivers.
East China Sea

The **East China Sea** is a marginal sea east of China. It is a part of the Pacific Ocean and covers an area of 1,249,000 km². In China, the sea is called the _East Sea_. In Korea, the sea is sometimes called "_South Sea_", but this is more often used to speak only of the area near South Korea's southern coast.

## Geography

The East China Sea is bounded on the East by Kyūshū and the Ryūkyū Islands, on the South by Taiwan, and on the West by mainland China. It is connected with the South China Sea by the Taiwan Strait and with the Sea of Japan by the Korea Strait; it opens in the North to the Yellow Sea.

Territories with borders on the sea (clockwise from north) include: South Korea, Japan, Taiwan, and Mainland China.

### Rivers

The Yangtze River (Chang Jiang) is the largest river flowing into the East China Sea.

## Related pages

- Disputed Islands

## Other websites

- Kosuke Takahashi. Gas and oil rivalry in the East China Sea  _Asia Times Online_. July 27, 2004.
- Chinese submarine enters Japanese waters. _Wikinews_. November 18, 2004. Retrieved March 7, 2006.
- Oil and gas in troubled waters _The Economist_. October 6, 2005.
- J Sean Curtin. Stakes rise in Japan, China gas dispute  _Asia Times Online_. October 19, 2005.
- Chinese Suyan Rock community
Hymn

A **hymn** is a religious song of worship in Christianity, or a sacred song. Collections of hymns are known as **hymnals**.

## Overview

Hymns are often sung by the entire group at a church. They are sometimes sung only by a special group called a choir. A piano or organ often plays the music while people sing. Most hymns are written in a four-part harmony, often employing a common meter. Thus, they tend to have a traditional sound.

## History

Many early hymns were taken from the Psalms. Later hymns included ideas from other parts of the Bible. Isaac Watts and Charles Wesley wrote many hymns. In more modern times, Fanny Crosby wrote many more. Some hymns are prayers to God. Others preach about God. Songs describing God or how people relate to Him are also called gospels rather than hymns.

## Examples

One of the most popular hymns is _Amazing Grace_, which was written by John Newton (1725 – 1807) who became a Christian as he aged. The hymn tells how God saved him from sin though he saw himself as unworthy of it. This is an example of God's grace.

## Related pages

- Middle Ages
- Church music
- Ancient history
- Gregorian chant
- History of Christianity
Scarlett O'Hara

**Scarlett O'Hara** is the main charcater in Margaret Mitchell's book _Gone with the Wind_ with the movie adaptation, and _Scarlett_ by Alexandra Ripley. She is one of the residents of Georgia who had histrionic personality disorder.
Vivien Leigh

**Vivien Leigh** (; 5 November 1913 – 8 July 1967; born **Vivian Mary Hartley** and styled as **Lady Olivier** after 1947) was an English actress. She is best known for playing Scarlett O'Hara in _Gone with the Wind_ in 1939, and Blanche DuBois in _A Streetcar Named Desire_ in 1951. Leigh won Academy Awards for both of these roles.

Leigh was born in Darjeeling, Bengal, British India. She was married to Laurence Olivier from 1940 to 1960 and often acted in plays and movies with him. Olivier was Leigh's second husband. The first was Leigh Holman, and Miss Leigh was still legally married to him when she came to the US to accompany Laurence Olivier who came to Hollywood to star in David O. Selznick's production of "Rebecca" directed by Alfred Hitchcock. It was lucky that Miss Leigh's agent just happened to be David O. Selznick's brother, Myron. Miss Leigh wrote long letters to her husband then during the shooting of GWTW, complaining about the script, the change of director from George Cukor to Victor Fleming. The change was made at the insistence of Clark Gable, who felt that Cukor was devoting too much time and attention to directing Miss Leigh and her co-star, Olivia de Havilland. Miss Leigh also complained in her letters of Gable's bad breath due to his dentures.

When her divorce was final, she married Olivier (she referred to him as her husband until she died, although they had been divorced for many years). Leigh believed that Olivier was the best actor of his (or any) generation, and worked very hard to be worthy of acting with him - on stage, of course. Leigh believed, as did Olivier, that the only place "real" acting took place was on the stage. Her movie career reflects her lack of enthusiasm for that medium, concentrating instead on acting with Lord Olivier in live theatre. Many critics, however, did not feel that she had the "presence" and vocal prowess that Olivier possessed and her reviews were often (perhaps unfairly) negatively compared to her husband.

Leigh was considered to be beautiful and this sometimes meant that she thought that she was not taken seriously as an actress. However her ill health was often a bigger problem. Leigh suffered from bipolar disorder and often had tuberculosis. These meant that her career went through period of decline and that she was sometimes considered difficult to work with. She died of tuberculosis in London.
Marian Prayer

**Marian prayers** or **Marian devotions** are acts of asking for the intercession of the Mary, the mother of Jesus. It is mainly something done by Roman Catholics but it is also used by Anglo-Catholics. Marian prayer is not worship. It is asking Mary to pray, or intercede for you and/or other people. When asking for Mary's intercession, you are honouring her and not worshipping her. It is to ask her to help you communicate better with her son, Jesus. They _are_ still following the second commandment, because they are not worshipping, only asking for intercession in their lives.

Many novenas and prayers can be said in her honour. There are in fact many common ways in doing so but there is a simplistic yet symbolical prayer called the Rosary, the reciting pray for the intervening of mother Mary. This is said in honour and praise of her as well as to ask of her help. Another example is yet commonly said during the Rosary itself and is called the "Hail Holy Queen".

A specific prayer to the Virgin Mary to ask for graces is associated to the devotional "Miraculous Medal".

Some Marian movements, such as the Immaculata Militia, encourage these prayers together with a personal act of consecration to Mary.

## Related pages

- Hail Mary
Clark Gable

**William Clark Gable** (February 1, 1901 – November 16, 1960) was an American actor. He was best known for playing Rhett Butler in the 1939 movie version of _Gone with the Wind_.

## Life

Gable was born on February 1, 1901 in Cadiz, Ohio. He was married five times. He had two children. The last movie that Gable starred in was _The Misfits_, in 1961. This movie also starred Marilyn Monroe and was written by Arthur Miller. Gable died shortly afterwards in Los Angeles, California, after having had a fourth coronary thrombosis.

## Awards

Gable was nominated for an Academy Award for playing Fletcher Christian in the 1935 movie version of _Mutiny on the Bounty_. A year before in 1934, he starred in _It Happened One Night_ with Claudette Colbert. Their performances won them both an Academy Award (the only wins in their careers).

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: Clark Gable - publicity.JPG
- **caption**: Gable in a publicity portrait in 1940
- **birth name**: William Clark Gable
- **birth place**: Cadiz, Ohio
- **death place**: West Hollywood, California
- **other names**: The King of Hollywood
- **restingplace**: Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale, California
- **occupation**: Actor
- **years active**: 1923–1960
- **children**: 2, including Judy Lewis
- **relatives**: Clark James Gable (grandson)
- **signature**: Clark Gable signature.svg
Nyctosaurus

***Nyctosaurus*** was a pterosaur from the Upper Cretaceous. It had a wing span of 1 meter and a very big crest. It was in the Pterodactyloidea and related to _Pteranodon_.
Eliot, Maine

**Eliot** is an American town in the state of Maine. The population was 6,717 at the 2020 census.

The schools in Eliot are a part of MSAD35. It is around an hour away from Boston.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Eliot, Maine
- **settlement type**: New England town, Town
- **image skyline**: Welcome_to_Eliot,_Maine,_Settled_1623,_clipper_Nightengale.jpg
- **image caption**: Welcome to Historic Eliot sign on ME Rt. 103 in South Eliot
- **pushpin map**: Maine
- **pushpin label**: Eliot
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: Maine
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Maine, County
- **subdivision name2**: York County, Maine, York
- **established title**: Incorporated
- **established date**: 1810
- **government type**: Town Meeting
- **leader title**: Board of Selectmen
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 55.22
- **area total sq mi**: 21.32
- **area land km2**: 51.23
- **area land sq mi**: 19.78
- **area water km2**: 3.99
- **area water sq mi**: 1.54
- **elevation m**: 6
- **elevation ft**: 20
- **population total**: 6717
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population density km2**: 131.1
- **timezone**: North American Eastern Time Zone, Eastern (EST)
- **utc offset**: -5
- **timezone dst**: EDT
- **utc offset dst**: -4
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 03903
- **area code**: Area code 207, 207
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 23-22955
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 0582464
Troodon

***Troodon*** (or ***Troödon***) is a genus of relatively small, bird-like dinosaurs, from the later part of the Cretaceous period, 75 - 65 million years ago. The alternate spelling _Troödon_ shows that the **'o**'s are pronounced separately, as in 'zoology'.

They were probably carnivorous, but details of their teeth are a bit unusual. Some experts suggest they may have included plant material in their diet, but this is not a majority view.

Discovered in central Montana in 1855, it was among the first dinosaurs found in North America. Its species ranged widely, with fossil remains recovered from as far north as Alaska, and the Judith River formation of Alberta, and as far south as Wyoming and even possibly Texas and New Mexico.

_Troodon_ had a large brain in proportion to its body weight. It had a sickle claw, an enlarged and retractable second toe claw bone. _Troodon_ had 122 teeth. The size and shape of the leg bones show that the _Troodon_ would have been a fast runner.
The view that _Troodon_ was a predator is supported by its sickle claw on the foot and apparently good binocular vision.

_Troodon_s size ranged widely. In general, individuals that lived further north were larger than those that lived in more southern areas. _Troodons_ in Alaska were especially large, up to 12 feet long, 5 feet tall, and weighing up to 175 pounds. Meanwhile, _Troodons_ that lived in more southern locations were only around 7 feet long, 3 feet tall, and weighed up to 50 pounds, about the size of a _Velociraptor_. Very likely _Troodon_ had feathers, but no fossil evidence for feathers has yet been found.

There has been a lot of debate about which specimens, all very incomplete, should be called _Troodon_. The genus now includes specimens previously classified as _Stenonychosaurus_.

_Troodon_ nests full of eggs have been found in Montana. When scientists CAT-scanned them, they found baby Troodon skeleton embryos inside of them. They found skeletons of a small plant-eating dinosaur named _Orodromeus_ with the eggs, as well as a skeleton of an adult Troodon. At first, it was believed that the eggs had belonged to the _Orodromeus_, and that the Troodon was there intending to rob the nest.

However, it was later discovered that the eggs belonged to the _Troodon_ when baby _Troodon_ embryos were found inside the eggs. It is now believed that the adults had killed the _Orodromeus_ and brought them back to feed their babies. _Troodon_s laid up to 24 eggs in their nests which were earth mounds. They were able to lay two eggs at a time, so large clutches would take two weeks to lay.

A 2017 description had redeemed the validity of _Stenonychosaurus_ and had created a new genus from separate bones naming them _Lateniventrix_, limiting _Troodon_ to a few teeth.
Saurornithoides

***Saurornithoides*** was a fast running dinosaur from 79 million years ago. It was related to _Troodon_. Its fossils have been found in Mongolia and China.

Like its cousin _Troodon_, _Saurornithoides_ was an intelligent predator, with large eyes and good vision. It had a retractable, sickle-shaped claw on the second claw of each foot that was used for attacking prey. _Saurornithoides_ probably fed on small prey, such as lizards, frogs, insects, and small mammals. It may also have hunted in packs to bring down other dinosaurs. _Saurornithoides_ was discovered in the Gobi Desert on an expedition in the 1920s. The dinosaurs _Velociraptor_, _Protoceratops_, and _Oviraptor_ were also discovered during these expeditions to the Gobi Desert.
Reining

**Reining** is a competitive way of riding a horse. In reining, the horse performs spins, sliding stops, rollbacks and lead changes. Reining has twelve patterns the rider normally has to follow. The rider can perform freestyle where they make up their own pattern and ride it to music. This is all done under a western saddle.

## History of the sport

Horses have been used by humans for thousands of years, and the skills associated with riding horses have been gradually developed throughout this history. The skills used today in **reining** originate from tasks done with work horses like to gather cattle together.

## What is reining

In competition, the riders need to do many manoeuvres at a gallop. They need to guide precisely the horses with one hand through a complex pattern that includes stops, spins, rollbacks and circles. There are twelve different patterns. The rider and the horse are judged on various criteria. First, points can be given or removed for the obedience of the horse if it seemed easy and fluid for the rider to control him or if the horse showed some resistance. The show is also judged for the execution of the manoeuvres and the control of the rider. For example, if the manoeuvre was executed correctly no point are given and no point are removed, if the manoeuvre was executed badly the judge decides on how many points he removes and if the manoeuvre was executed I an excellent way, the judge can give points. The rider executing is pattern and the judge evaluating it takes about five minutes and after that, the judge gives mark on a total of seventy points for the execution of the choreography by the rider and the horse.

## Other websites

- British Reining - the governing body for the sport in Great Britain
- National Reining Horse Association
- The American Quarter Horse Association.
- sample reining pattern
- United States Equestrian Federation
- Video about Reining
- The American Quarter Horse Association of the United Kingdom