juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Transposition (music)

**Transposition** or **transposing** in music means playing or writing music in a way that makes it sound higher or lower. This can be done by playing or writing the music in a different key, or by playing or writing it up or down an octave, without changing the key.

Transposing is a useful skill for people who play an instrument, especially the piano, organ, or some other keyboard instrument. If a pianist is accompanying a singer and the song is a little too high for the singer’s voice, it is very useful if he is able to transpose it down so that the music sounds in a lower key. For example, if the music is written in the key of C major, it could be transposed down a whole tone so that it sounds in B-flat major.

Most electronic keyboards and organs these days have buttons which can set notes to transpose automatically. This can be very useful, although it may be confusing for people with absolute pitch.

## How to transpose

It is a good idea for people who play keyboard instruments or other kinds of transposing instruments to practise transposing. There are two ways to do this:

1. Transpose each note, one at a time. For example, when transposing from C to B-flat major, each note has to be one tone lower: an A becomes a G, a G becomes an F, an F becomes an E-flat, and so on.
1. By watching or hearing the intervals between the notes in of the music and thinking of the same thing in the new key. For example: when a note leaps up a major third in the old key, the same needs to happen in the new key.

Transposing by intervals is the better way of transposing, but when people transpose they sometimes also transpose the notes the first way, one by one.

There is another possibility which sometimes works: by thinking in a different clef. For example, someone who is used to reading music in the alto clef, such as a violist, can transpose up a tone from music written in the treble clef by imagining it was written in the alto clef and playing an octave lower (a note on the middle line in the treble clef is a B, but in the alto clef it is a C). They could also imagine the new key signature of 2 sharps – it becomes a C sharp.

It is very important to understand key signatures in order to be able to transpose.  This is why it is so useful to practice scales.
Erinyes

The **Erinyes** (or **Eumenides**) were the goddesses of revenge in Greek mythology. They are also known as the **Furies**. These three female divinities were named **Alecto**, **Tisiphone**, and **Megaera**.

## Description

The Erinyes were born from Mother Earth and the blood of Uranos. They avenged family crimes such as matricide and patricide. They also tormented evil men in the "Hell" of the underworld, Tartarus.

The Erinyes forever followed a person who did a crime. They even could make the person go mad. They are often shown with snakes on their heads, blood coming out of their eyes, and looking horrific.

## In stories

A well known story about the Erinyes is that of Orestes. Orestes' mother Klytaimnestra, and her lover Aegisthos, killed Orestes' father Agamemnon. The god Apollo told Orestes to kill the murderers of his father, which he did. Orestes was then pursued by the Erinyes for his crime. With the help of Athena and Apollo Orestes went to a court in Athens. It was decided that Orestes acted correctly and nobody should hurt him. Even the Erinyes accepted the decision, and from then on they were also called **Eumenides**, which means "the kind ones", because they could also let people go in peace if their crime was done for a good reason.

## Other websites

- The Theoi Project, "The Erinyes"
Indian subcontinent

The **Indian subcontinent** is a term mainly used for the geographic region which includes: Bangladesh, Bhutan, the Republic of India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. It is north of the Indian Ocean. It is south of the Himalayas, one of the world's largest ranges of tall mountains.

The subcontinent was once part of Gondwana, the ancient southern supercontinent. Geologically, the origin of the Himalayas is the impact of the Indian tectonic plate travelling northward at 15 cm per year to slowly squeeze the Eurasian continent, about 40-50 million years ago. The formation of the Himalayan arc resulted in the rock of the seabeds of that time being uplifted into mountains. An often-cited fact used to illustrate this process is that the summit of Mount Everest is made of marine limestone.

About 50 million years ago, this fast moving plate had completely closed the Tethys Ocean. The existence of the Tethys has been proved by sedimentary rocks settled on the ocean floor, and the volcanoes that fringed its edges. Since these sediments were light, they crumpled into mountain ranges rather than sank to the floor. The Indian plate is still driving horizontally below the Tibetan Plateau, which forces the plateau to move upwards.

The Indo-Australian plate is still moving at 67 mm per year. Over the next 10 million years it may travel about 1,500 km into Asia. About 20 mm per year of the India-Asia convergence is absorbed by thrusting along the Himalaya southern front. This leads to the Himalayas rising by about 5 mm per year, making them geologically active. The movement of the Indian plate into the Asian plate also leads to earthquakes from time to time.

## Related pages

- South Asia

## Infobox (continent)

- **title**: Indian subcontinent
 भारतीय उपमहाद्वीप
- **photo**:
- **photo caption**: Geopolitical coverage of the subcontinent
- **image size**: 250px
Dike

**Dike** or **dyke**, can mean:
- A slang term for lesbian
- Another word for levee, a long wall or bank built to hold water, or to separate land areas
    - Dykes may have sluice gates at intervals. They may be raised to let water through.
- Dyke (geology), where magma or sediment cut across normal rock formations
- Another word for diagonal pliers, a hand tool used by electricians and others
- Dike, the Greek goddess of moral justice, one of the Horae
Horae

The **Horae** were three goddesses in Greek mythology.
There are in fact two different groups of goddesses which were known at different times: today they are called the first and second generation to distinguish between them.

They were the children of Zeus and Themis.

## First Generation

The first Horae were goddesses of the seasons.
They were:
- **Thallo** (or Thalatte)
- **Auxo** (or Auxesia)
- **Karpo** (also Xarpo or Carpo)

## Second Generation

The second Horae were goddesses of order, justice and law.
They were:
- **Dike**
- **Eunomia**
- **Eirene** (or Irene)
Alkmene

**Alcmene** _<small>ALK-meen</small>_ is a person mentioned in Greek mythology. She is not a goddess, for Alcmene was mortal. She was the daughter of King Elektryon of Mycenae and his wife Anaxo. She was the wife of Amphitryon. She is the mother of Heracles _<small>HERR-uh-klees</small>_ and Iphicles.

Once when Amphitryon was not at home, the god Zeus, seduced Alcmene in the form of Amphitryon. Alcmene gave birth to Heracles, who was the son of Zeus, and Iphicles, who was the son of Amphitryon. Zeus wanted to kill her for yet another unknown reason of godlore, but Heracles, one day old, saved her.
Danaë

**Danaë** is a person in Greek mythology. She was the daughter of King Akrisios of Argos. She is the mother of Perseus by Zeus.

Akrisios was told by an oracle that he would be killed by his grandchild. Because of that he put his daughter Danaë in a tower where no one was allowed to enter, so she could not have a child. But the god Zeus could enter in the form of a golden rain, and with him her child was Perseus.

Akrisios then put Danaë and her baby Perseus in a box and threw it into the sea. But Zeus convinced the sea-god Poseidon to help them, and so Danaë and her son came to the island Seriphos. There they were found by Diktys, who let them live with him.

Years later King Polydectes decided to marry Danaë, but she did not want to marry him and Perseus protected her. To get rid of Perseus, Polydectes sent him to kill the monster Medusa, who could turn people to stone. While he was gone Polydectes tried to force Danaë to marry him, but Perseus returned and used Medusa's head to turn the king to stone and save his mother.

Some time after that, Perseus took part in some funeral games. During the games Perseus threw a discus, which accidentally hit and killed Akrisios, fulfilling the oracle's prophecy.
Akrisios

**Akrisios** (or **Acrisius**) is a person in Greek mythology. He was the King of Argos. He is the father of Danaë, and grandfather of Perseus.

Akrisios was told by an oracle that he would be killed by his grandchild. Because of that he put his daughter Danaë in a tower where noone was allowed to enter, so she could not have a child. But the god Zeus could enter in the form of a golden rain, and with him her child was Perseus.

Akrisios then put Danaë and her baby Perseus in a box and threw it into the sea. But Zeus tells the sea-god Poseidon to help them, and so Danaë and her son come to the island Seriphos. There they are found by Polydectes, who lets them live with him.

A long time after that, the grown up Perseus takes part in some funeral games. During the games Perseus throws a discus, which accidentally hits Akrisios. Akrisios is killed by it: he was killed by his grandchild, like the oracle's prophecy said.
Andromeda (mythology)

In Greek mythology, **Andromeda** (, _Androméda_ or Ἀνδρομέδη, _Andromédē_) is an Aethiopian princess, the daughter of King Cepheus and his wife Cassiopeia. When Cassiopeia boasted that her daughter was more beautiful than the Nereids, this angered the sea god Poseidon, who sent the sea monster Ceto to ravage the land as punishment. Desperate, King Cepheus consulted the Oracle of Delphi, who stated that Andromeda must be offered as a sacrifice to the sea monster; Andromeda was then chained to a rock by the shore. When the hero Perseus saw Andromeda (having flown over after beheading Medusa), he killed the sea monster and saved Andromeda. They were soon married, with Perseus going on to found the city of Mycenae. By Perseus, she is the mother of Perses, Alcaeus, Heleus, Mestor, Sthenelus and Electryon as well as two daughters Autochthe and Gorgophone. Andromeda is also the great-grandmother of Herakles.

In Greek, her name means "ruler of men," from  ἀνήρ, ἀνδρός (_anēr_, _andrós_ - "[of] man"), and _medon_ ("ruler").
GB

**GB** or **Gb** can mean:

- Sarin
- Great Britain, or the United Kingdom (ISO 3166 code: GB)
- Gigabyte (GB), a unit of information
- Game Boy handheld video game console line
Centaur

A **centaur** is a creature in Greek mythology. It has the upper body of a human, but below the waist it has the body of a horse. There are also female centaurs. Centaurs lived in far away places, including Thessaly and Cyprus. They were wild, like wild horses.

Famous centaurs are Chiron and Nessus.
Bruntál

**Bruntál** is a small city in the Czech Republic. Bruntál is in the Hrubý Jeseník mountains (part of Nízký Jeseník). Approximately 20,000 people live there.

Bruntál was probably built in 1223. Its name is in the Unicov Charter published by Přemysl Otakar I. It is the oldest Czech city with Magdeburg Rights, meaning a city that can have its own wall and judges. Otakar I gave it these rights because of the gold, silver and other minerals from there.

## Attractions

In Bruntál there are many places that tourists visit – for example, the Castle of Bruntál, the Decanal church of the Virgin Mary, Gabriel's house, Mildner's villa, Klippel's column.

## Notable people

- Tereza Krones  - also known as Therese Krones
- Engelbert Adam  - writer
- Jan Krištof Handke
- Rudolf Templer  - painter
- Viktor Heeger  - pedagogue
- Karl Anton Gebauer  explorer
- Walter Gotschke  self-taught artist
- Emmerich Machold

Some of the most notable authors who wrote about the place include: Erwin Weiser, Bruno Hanns Wittek, Josef Lowag, and Kurt Langer.

## Schools

There are 5 primary schools and 6 intermediate schools. Since 2003, there are 2 universities.

## Culture

There is one cinema, one theater, and one cultural building.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **postal code**: 792 01
- **timezone dst**: +2
- **utc offset1**: +1
- **timezone1 dst**: Central European Summer Time, CEST
- **timezone1**: Central European Time, CET
- **subdivision type2**: Regions of the Czech Republic, Region
- **subdivision name3**: Moravian-Silesian Region, Moravian-Silesian
- **subdivision name2**: Bruntál District, Bruntál
- **subdivision name**: Czech Republic
- **settlement type**: Town
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in the Czech Republic
- **postal code type**: Postal code
- **population total**: 16408
- **population as of**: 2019-01-01
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Petr Rys
- **image skyline**: Bruntál Praded.JPG
- **image shield**: Coat of arms of Bruntál.jpg
- **image flag**: Flag of Bruntal.svg
- **established title**: Founded
- **established date**: 1213
- **elevation m**: 409
- **area total km2**: 29.34
Concerto grosso

A **Concerto Grosso** is a piece of music from the 18th century in which there are a small group of instruments and a large group of instruments.  These two groups are contrasted with one another. Sometimes both play together, sometimes one plays by itself, or the two groups might imitate one another.  The small group is called “concertino” and the large group is called "tutti", “ripieno” or “concerto grosso” (the same name as the musical piece).  “Concerto grosso” is Italian for “big concerto”.   The plural is “concerti grossi”.  Notice that the second “c” in “concerto” is pronounced like an English “ch”.

A concerto grosso has several parts that differ in speed and character. There are usually three movements; the first is fast, the second is slow, and the last is fast. The first movement contrasts the tutti and the soloists, the second movement is quiet, while the last movement is lively.

The composer who made the concerto grosso very popular was the Italian Arcangelo Corelli (1653-1713).  The instruments in the small group of soloists in his concerti grossi were usually two violins and one cello.  George Frideric Handel (1685-1759) also used that combination for his concerti grossi.

Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750) wrote a set of six concertos known as the _Brandenburg Concertos_.  Each of the Brandenburg Concertos is for a different combination of instruments.  Most of them are concerti grossi.  The second one, for example, has a concertino group of four instruments: trumpet, violin, recorder and oboe.

After the Baroque period, few composers wrote concerti grossi.  They were more interested in the solo concerto.  However, in the 20th century, some composers, including Igor Stravinsky (1882-1971) and Bela Bartok (1881-1945), wrote pieces of music that are like concerti grossi.

## Related pages

- Concerto
Ape

**Apes** are mammals belonging to the primate family **Hominoidea**. Its members are called **hominoids**. They are native to Africa and Southeast Asia. Its living members are divided into two families:
- Hylobatidae, consisting of gibbons and siamangs.
- Hominidae, consisting of orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, bonobos and humans.
In everyday use, "ape" often refers only to hominoids other than humans.

One clear difference between monkeys and apes is that monkeys almost always have tails, but hominoids never do. There are also differences in their teeth and the way they move their arms. They have a wide degree of freedom at the shoulder joint, which helps them swing by their arms in the trees (brachiation).

The diets of apes are similar to those of other primates. They eat fruits, nuts, seeds, leaves and sometimes other animals. They are generally omnivores, though most of their intake is primarily herbivorous.
Hattingen

**Hattingen an der Ruhr** is a city about 60,000 people in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia in Germany. It belongs to the Ruhr area. It is south of Bochum and Essen. Very famous is its _Altstadt_.

## Infobox (german location)

- **art**: Stadt
- **name**: Hattingen
- **image flag**: Flagge Hattingen.svg
- **wappen**: DEU Hattingen COA.svg
- **bundesland**: Nordrhein-Westfalen
- **regierungsbezirk**: Regierungsbezirk Arnsberg, Arnsberg
- **kreis**: Ennepe-Ruhr Rural District, Ennepe-Ruhr-Kreis
- **höhe**: 60 - 306
- **fläche**: 71.40
- **einwohner**: 57295
- **stand**: 2006-12-31
- **plz**: 45525 – 45527 – 45529
- **vorwahl**: 02324
- **kfz**: EN
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 05 9 54 016
- **bürgermeistertitel**: Bürgermeisterin
- **bürgermeister**: Dr. Dagmar Goch
- **partei**: SPD
Shart

***Shart*** is the name of several Bollywood and Tollywood movies.

- _Shart_ (1954), directed by Bibhuti Mitra, starring Deepak and Shashikala
- _Shart_ (1969), directed by Kewal Misra, starring Sanjay Khan and Mumtaz
- _Shart_ (1986), directed by Ketan Anand, starring Naseeruddin Shah and Shabana Azmi
- _Shart: The Challenge_ (2004), directed by Puri Jagannadh, starring Amrita Arora and Snehal Dabi
Morning wood

**Morning wood** is an informal term for a morning erection, for which the technical medical term is "nocturnal penile tumescence". It means an erection that a man sometimes has while asleep or right after waking up. Men who do not have erectile dysfunction can experience this sensation. It usually happens during Rapid Eye Movement sleep. Other slang terms include "morning glory" and "morning tent".
Accompaniment

An **accompaniment** in music is music that **accompanies** (goes with) something else.

A piece of music may have a melody (tune) and an accompaniment underneath.  The music may be played on the piano with the right hand playing the tune and the left hand playing the accompaniment.  The accompaniment might also be played on a different instrument.

Music does not have to be a tune with accompaniment, although it often is.  The accompaniment does not always have to be lower than the tune.  To play the piano, the pianist has to learn to play a tune in the right hand and accompaniment in the left hand, or the tune might be passed from one hand to the other.  The tune should usually be played a little louder than the accompaniment.  The accompaniment must not ‘drown’ the tune.

An accompaniment might be single notes, or chords, or any other pattern. The accompaniments help us to feel the harmony. An accompaniment might be another tune (this is called counterpoint).  Tunes can be played or sung without accompaniment.  Folk songs are traditionally sung unaccompanied.

If one instrument accompanies another, the person who plays the accompaniment is an _accompanist_.  The piano is the most popular instrument for accompanying in Western music.  A good pianist can accompany a violin, cello, oboe, trumpet, singer or choir.  They have to listen carefully to the instrument(s) they are accompanying, and play with the same kind of feeling.

When a soloist plays a concerto the orchestra are accompanying the soloist.  An organist playing a hymn is accompanying the congregation.  A percussion player in a rock band is accompanying the lead instrument.

Guitars and electric keyboards are often used for accompaniment.  In Elizabethan times the lute was popular.  People sang songs and often accompanied themselves on the lute or harp.  In the Baroque period the accompaniment was often played by the basso continuo (harpsichord or organ with cello or bassoon on the bass line).

The pianist Gerald Moore was a famous accompanist.  When he started his career in the 1920s people did not think that the accompanist was very important.  Sometimes their name would not even be printed in the programme.  A singer would expect the audience to start to clap as soon as they had sung their last note, even if the piano had several more bars to play.  This might not matter too much with some music, but in songs by Schubert, Wolf and other composers of Lieder the piano parts are very important.  Gerald Moore made people realize how important the accompanist is.  A good performance can be ruined by a bad accompaniment.
Basso continuo

**Basso continuo** is a form of musical accompaniment used in the Baroque period. It means "continuous bass".

Basso continuo, sometimes just called "continuo", was played by an instrument providing chordal accompaniment such as a keyboard instrument or plucked string instrument such as the lute along with another bass instrument such as cello, violone, or bassoon. The keyboard instrument was normally a harpsichord but could also be an organ, such as a small portative instrument.

It was not usual to write out all the notes for the keyboard player.  The composer normally just wrote the bass line which would be played by the left hand and doubled on the other bass instrument.  The composer would indicate what the harmony should be (which chords should be played) by writing figures underneath the music.
Arthashastra

**Arthashastra** is an ancient Indian treatise on statecraft. Kautilya (also known as Chanakya) is the author of this book. He is often identified with Kautilya who was the Prime minister of Chandragupta Maurya (321 BC – 297 BC), the founder of the Mauryan Empire. After many revisions and additions, the book took its present form in the 2nd century. It was rediscovered in 1905.

The book is divided into fifteen sections. It tells about politics and administration. Different sections of the book talk about many subjects, such as: war and politics "rule with a harsh hand"

- Duties of the ruler
- Training of the princes
- Qualifications of ministers of state, home, and foreign offices
- Civil services
- Defense
- Judiciary
- Civil and criminal law
- Corporation and guilds
Hanuman

**Hanuman** is one of the most popular gods of Hindus. He is also known by other names like **Hanumata**. His mother’s name was Anjana. Based on her mother’s name, Hanuman is sometimes called _Anjaneya_, that is, one born of Anjana. His father’s name was Kesari.
He is blessed by Vayu as the god of winds. Hanuman’s image shows him as a strong man with the face of a monkey. He also has a tail it represents the morality, higher pride of being self.
Hanuman was awarded boon of Immortality by Mother Sita ( Wife of Lord Rama) and is still alive

Hanuman is a very powerful and strong god. He finds an important place in the Ramayana. He is a devotee of Rama, a form (avatar) of Lord Vishnu, a god of Hindus. Hanuman is a figure of strength, perseverance and devotion. When he was young he thought the sun a mango. One of his most famous stories is  when he helped Rama rescue Sita from Ravana which is the famous story of Diwali.
Indra

**** (Devanagari: इन्द्र) also known as  is a Hindu god. He is the god of war, the god of thunderstorms. In the Vedas, many verses (hymns) are there in his praise. The Rigveda praises him as a very strong god. Many Hindu scriptures tell about Indra, his character and his deeds.

Indra resides in a mythical city located above in the sky. The city’s name is Amaravati. He lives there with his wife named Shachi, and several other smaller gods and goddesses. There are many apsaras in Amaravati.

Indra was a very important god during the Vedic period. Later his importance became less. Gods like Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva became more important in Hinduism.

Indra in current form of Hindu mythology, is similar to that of Zeus in Greek mythology. Though his importance has come down, he is still considered to be king of the gods. His status is below that of Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva. Thus, he is the king of the lesser Gods.

Again, his weapon is Vajra, which is the lightning. His means, at times, treacherous and he is shown as, at times, jealous, vengeful. Further, he is made to suffer his own bad deeds.

## References

- Masson-Oursel, P.; Morin, Louise (1976). "Indian Mythology." In New Larousse Encyclopedia of Mythology, pp. 325–359. New York: The Hamlyn Publishing Group.
- Janda, M., _Eleusis, das indogermanische Erbe der Mysterien_ (1998).
- http://www.magellanexperiences.com/tirta_empul_temple.htm

## Other websites

- Indra, the Storm-god - by Benjamin Slade
- Encyclopaedia Britannica, Indra
- Indra according to Vedic literature
Badrinath

**Badrinath** is an important pilgrimage place for the Hindus. The place is in Uttarakhand state of India, and is located at a high altitude in the Himalayas. The Hindu scriptures say that the place is sacred to Vishnu, one of the gods of Hindus.

Badrinath gets its name from a tree's name. The name of that tree is _badri-tree_ or Indian Jujube tree. The botanical name of a badri-tree is _Zizyphus jujba Lam_.

The modern Badrinath temple was established by Adi Shankaracharya in the ninth century after the old temple fell to ruin. The Badrinath area is referred to as Badarikaashram (बदरिकाश्रम) in Hindu scriptures.
The temple was renovated many times because of age or damage by avalanche. In the 17th century, the temple was renovated by the kings of Garhwal. After the great 1803 Himalayan earthquake, it was rebuilt by the King of Jaipur.
Kanchipuram

**Kanchipuram** is one of the seven most holy cities of Hindus. It is about  southwest of Chennai, Tamil Nadu state, India. Kanchipuram was an important religious and cultural place of Ancient India. The city continues to be an important religious place.

For a long time, from the 6th century till the 8th century, the city was capital city of the Pallava dynasty.

There are many temples in the city.
There is a Math (religious centre) of Shankaracharya in this city.

Kanchipuram silk sarees are famous
History of Japan

The **History of Japan** begins in prehistoric times, before any written records were kept. Archaeologists have found proof that people began living in Japan when the last Ice Age ended. The oldest texts we have from Japan were written in the 8th century AD.

## Prehistory

Japan’s Paleolithic era covers a period from around 100,000 BC to around 12,000 BC.
Linga

A **linga** or a **lingam** is  a revered symbol in Hinduism, embodies the essence of formless Shiva. As described in ancient scriptures and texts, the Linga represents an abstract manifestation of Shiva's infinite consciousness and cosmic energy. Its cylindrical shape signifies the boundless and eternal nature of the divine, transcending physical form. Within the sanctum sanctorum of temples and in worship rituals, devotees venerate the Linga as a symbol of the unmanifest aspect of Shiva, recognizing it as a focal point for spiritual reverence and connection to the formless essence of the divine. Thus, the Shiva Linga serves as a potent reminder of the omnipresent and timeless presence of Shiva, beyond the confines of physical attributes or limitations.   It is associated with Shiva, supreme god in main gods of the Hindus.

The Hindu scriptures say that a linga represents energy and strength.
The Hindu scriptures also say that Shiva took twelve forms as Jyotirlinga, that is, _a linga of light_. In India, there are twelve places where this form of Shiva is worshiped. The Hindu scriptures also tell about five more forms of lingas. These form of lingas represent the earth, the water, the fire, the air and the sky (or ether). There are five different places in India where Hindus worship these forms of Shiva. These places are located at the following locations:

- Kanchipuram: God Shiva’s linga in the form of the earth
- Thiruvaikaval: God Shiva’s linga in the form of the water
- Tiruvannamalai: God Shiva’s linga in the form of the fire
- Kalahasti: God Shiva’s linga in the form of the air
- Chidambaram: God Shiva’s linga in the form of the sky (or ether)

Beside above places, in almost all the towns and villages of India, Shiva’s temples are found. In all such temples, Shiv lingas are worshipped.
Also in other places in the World of Ancient history, Shiva Limgam was worshipped.
National Guard (United States)

The **United States National Guard** is an organization of the United States Army and the United States Air Force. Both the Army and the Air Force are branches of the United States military. The National Guard is a militia (an emergency army) for the United States. Each U.S. state has its own National Guard, usually under the control of the state's government. When needed, it is mobilized under control of the United States.

There are two parts of the United States National Guard, which are administered by the National Guard Bureau of the United States Department of Defense. The Air National Guard is part of the United States Air Force, and the Army National Guard is part of the United States Army.

Both groups are identified by the kinds of jobs they do. The Air National Guard is mainly for air defense, and the Army National Guard is on the ground.

## Related pages

- United States Army Reserve
- National Guard (United States))
Bishop's Stortford

**Bishop's Stortford** is a town in Hertfordshire in south-east England, with about 35,000 people living there.

## History

People have lived in the area for thousands of years but it became a permanent town by the time of the Saxons.

The Domesday Book says there were 120 people living there in the 1100s.  The Normans built a small castle there but it was unused and broken by the time of the Tudors.

The town grew as an important centre for transport.  After 1769, boats were able to use the river.  It was a stagecoach stop for travel on the road between London and Cambridge. In 1842 the town got a railway station.

In 1901 there were 7,000 people living there, and by 1951 it was 13,000.

The town is popular for travellers to London because of the M11 motorway (an important road) and good train services to London.  Stansted Airport has also caused development.
Raven

A **raven** is a big black bird, (_Corvus corax_). It is also called the common raven or the northern raven. It is similar to a crow, but bigger. It and the thick-billed raven are the two largest birds in the crow family, and perhaps the heaviest perching birds. The raven's feathers are all black, but a crow has feathers that are white at the bottom. This cannot be seen from a distance.

The most famous raven is in the Edgar Allan Poe story called _The Raven_.

The common raven can be tamed. Some think it causes trouble and is a liar/trickster, and it has been regarded as a bird of evil and mysterious character.
Malnutrition

**Malnutrition** is eating a diet which does not supply enough nutrients. There are two broad categories of malnutrition:

- The amount of food eaten is too little to provide for all the nutrients required. This is usually called **undernourishment**.
- Sometimes, the amount of food is enough, but the quality of the food is such that it does not provide all nutrients required for a healthy diet.
- A third category is called dehydration; it is caused by not getting enough liquid (usually water).

Sometimes, people need to lose weight, and eat according to a special diet. This is usually not called malnutrition.

Malnutrition  is considered a more scientific and official term than starvation which has negative associations.  Malnutrition is not, however, simply a matter of eating too little.  Someone can be malnourished if they eat an unhealthy diet.  This can be cured by eating a proper balanced diet.

Children whose daily diet contains less carbohydrate and protein do not grow well.  They do not gain weight. Their hands and legs appear as skin and bones.  They cry all the time with hunger.  They are not active and have sunken eyes.  Such children often fall sick.  Lack of a particular vitamin is another kind of malnutrition which can cause a particular deficiency disease, such as beriberi and rickets.

Malnutrition becomes a bigger problem during famine because most of the people do not get enough food, hence increasing the death rate.

## Related pages

- Famine
- Food security
- Hunger
- Global Hunger Index
- Kwashiorkor
- Marasmus
- Starvation
Carolina parakeet

The **Carolina parakeet** (binomial name ***Conuropsis carolinensis***) is an extinct species of parrot.

It was the last parrot type to have lived before the European conquest in the eastern United States. It was found from the Ohio Valley to the Gulf of Mexico, and lived in old woods along rivers.

The last wild Carolina parakeet was killed in Okeechobee County in Florida in 1904, and the last bird kept by people died at the Cincinnati Zoo in 1918. This was the male bird called "Incas", who died within a year of his mate "Lady Jane". It was not until 1939, however, that it was agreed that all the Carolina parakeets had died.

At some date between 1937 and 1955, three parakeets looking like this sort of bird were seen and recorded on videotape in the Okefenokee Swamp of Georgia. However, the American Ornithologists Union thought that they had probably recorded escaped pets. Additional sightings were recorded in Okeechobee County in Florida until the end of the 1920s.

## Reasons for extinction

The Carolina parakeet died out for a number of reasons. To make space for more farms, large areas of forest were cut down, taking away its living space. The colorful feathers (green body, yellow head, and red around the bill) were in demand as decorations in ladies' hats, and the birds were kept as pets. Even though the birds were bred easily in captivity, little was done to make sure enough birds were bred to avoid their dying out. Finally, they were killed in large numbers because farmers thought they were pests.

Another reason that led to their extinction was that, unfortunately, they liked to return in large flocks to places where some of them had just been killed.  This led to even more being shot by hunters as they gathered about the wounded and dead members of the flock.
Melanesia

**Melanesia** is a region of islands in Oceania.

It stretches from the western side of the Eastern Pacific Ocean, to the Arafura Sea, northeast of Australia. Its name was invented in 1832 and means "black islands".

The following islands and groups of islands since the 19th century have been considered part of Melanesia:
- Bismarck Archipelago
- Fiji
- New Caledonia
- New Guinea (Papua New Guinea mainland and the Indonesian province of Papua)
- Maluku Islands
- Solomon Islands
- Torres Strait Islands
- Vanuatu
- Palau Islands

Islands whose long-established inhabitants are of mixed ancestry and do not necessarily self-identify as Melanesian:
- Flores
- Nauru
- Sumba
- Timor

Some of the islands to the west of New Guinea such as Halmahera, Alor, and Pantar can also be considered part of Melanesia, although people in this area do not make use of the term.
Diaphragm

The **diaphragm** is a muscle that is at the bottom of the ribcage of mammals.

When breathing in, the diaphragm pulls down so that the size of the lungs increases, allowing air to enter the lungs.
When breathing out, the diaphragm rests and goes up making a dome shape, decreasing the size of the lungs and pushing air out.
This increases the surface area of the air so that there is more oxygen that the lungs can hold.

## Other websites

- Science Aid: Lungs

## Related pages

- Respiratory system
Labor Day

**Labor Day** is a holiday in the United States and Canada on the first Monday of September. This holiday honors workers.  It is similar to the May Day holiday in other countries.  Many businesses close on Labor Day.  Many students start school the day after Labor Day.

In some countries, it is known as International Workers' Day. It is celebrated every year on May 1 in almost 80 countries in the world. The day is celebrated on a different day, such as the first Monday of September in the United States.
Martin Luther King Jr. Day

**Martin Luther King, Jr. Day** is a US Federal Holiday. It marks civil rights activist Martin Luther King, Jr.'s birthday. It is celebrated on the third Monday in January and is one of only four United States Federal holidays to honor an individual person.

President Ronald Reagan signed a bill, proposed by Representative Katie Hall of Indiana, to create a federal holiday honoring King. The holiday was observed for the first time on January 20, 1986. It is observed on the third Monday of January.
Washington's Birthday

**Presidents' Day**, originally was two separate observances, Abraham Lincoln's birthday, which was February 12, and George Washington's birthday, which was February 22. The two observances were combined in 1971 into a single observance which is held on the third Monday in February.
Memorial Day

**Memorial Day** is a national holiday in the United States. It is also a state holiday in many states. The holiday honors troops who have died in past wars like World War I and the Korean War. It was founded by U.S. Army General John A. Logan, who fought in the Civil War and the Mexican–American War.

Memorial Day was first held in 1865 after the American Civil War. It was called **Decoration Day** at that time. The holiday was first called Memorial Day in 1882, and became a federal holiday in 1967. On June 28, 1968, the United States Congress made a law that said that the official Memorial Day holiday is May 30, but that Memorial Day was to be observed by federal employees as a paid holiday on the last Monday in May.

Memorial Day is thought of by many Americans as being the start of summer.
Columbus Day

**Columbus Day** is a holiday celebrating the day Columbus landed on San Salvador. It is celebrated in many countries. This holiday is very controversial because of the way Columbus treated the Native Americans at the time.

## Related pages

- Virgin Islands–Puerto Rico Friendship Day
Veterans Day

**Veterans Day** is the American holiday when people who had served in the military during war-time are remembered and thanked. It is both a federal and a state holiday. The holiday is celebrated on the same day as Armistice Day or Remembrance Day in other countries. These holidays are all November 11. This is the day seen as the end of World War I. The first World War ended on November 11, 1918.

The holiday was first created as Armistice Day in 1919 by President Woodrow Wilson. Thirty states made it a state holiday that year. It was made a holiday for the entire country in 1938. In June 1, 1954, the name was changed to Veterans Day.

## Other websites

- Official Website  United States Department of Veterans Affairs
Recycling

**Recycling** is when you recover scrap or waste  and reprocessing the material into useful products. Glass, paper, plastic, and metals such as aluminum and steel are often recycled. Dead plants dead and vegetable scraps can be recycled through composting.

It is important not to confuse recycling with reusing, which is where old things, such as clothes, are donated or given a new use instead of being thrown out.

Recycling reduces trash in landfills and incinerators. Another reason people recycle is to reduce the amount of raw materials and energy used in making things. Most of the time, it takes less energy to recycle trash than to throw it away, _The Economist_ says. Recycling can reduce your carbon footprint and it can help to minimize the whole size of landfills around the world

The 3 R's are Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle.

## Plastic recycling

Most people make about two kilograms of waste (trash) every day, and about 7% of this waste is made up of plastic products that can be recycled. Today, plastic can be recycled into products like picnic tables, park benches, and even high-chairs.

### Sort it out

First, plastic is collected and taken to a recycling center, where it is _sorted out_. When plastic is sorted out by hand, symbols have to be printed on every recyclable plastic product used. Nowadays, machines can sort out the plastic automatically. There are different types of plastic, for example _polyethylene_, _polypropylene_, _polystyrene_, and _polyethylene terephthalate_. There are two kinds of polyethylene plastic: _high density polyethylene_ (HDPE), and _low density polyethylene_ (LDPE). HDPE plastic is usually used to make milk bottles and bottles for shampoo or detergents. LDPE plastic are usually things like toothpaste tubes, plastic bags, and films for packaging. Polypropylene plastic is used to make buckets, plastic boxes, and flower pots. Polyethylene terephthalate is the material from which water and soft drink bottles are made.

### Grinding  washing

HDPE plastic is ground into a small powder. LDPE plastic, which are usually thin films, need to be ground by a special machine. After that, both plastics are washed with hot water and detergent. Dirt and other things, like labels, are taken off. After the wash, the powder is dried with hot air.

Sometimes, the powder is sold. But other times, the powder is heated, colored, and then put into a _pelletizer_. The pelletizer makes the powder into little pellets, which are bought by a company that shapes the pellets into pieces of plastic "wood". This plastic wood is used to make flowerpots, trash cans, pipes, picnic tables, benches, toys, mats, and many other things.

## Related pages

- Battery recycling
- Computer recycling
- Landfill
- Sustainable development
Dili

**Dili** is the capital of the country East Timor. People from Portugal moved there around 1520. Now, Dili is home to about 150,000 people.

## Other websites

- Discover Dili
Holly

**Holly** is a type of bush with recognisable leaves. The leaves have sharp edges, and are often used to decorate a house on Christmas Day. Some types of holly are used to make tea. The leaves of the Holly don't fall of in the winter because they're very thick and have a waxy layer on them.
Holly bushes produce berries that birds often eat during the winter season. The plant often signifies holidays such as Christmas, or the start of a new season.
Dysentery

**Dysentery** is a disease that involves severe bloody diarrhea. It is caused by a bacterium, which causes the intestines to swell up a lot. The  opposite of dysentry is enteritis (diarrhea with no blood). The main symptom of dysentery is having blood or mucus in the excrement. Other symptoms are high fever and abdominal pain. It is usually treated with antibiotics. The diarrhea is severe and can be a problem for the people who catch the disease.

## Related pages

- Vomiting
NHK

**NHK**, the Japan Broadcasting Corporation, is Japan's public broadcaster, like PBS in the United States. Its name is written as  or Nippon Hōsō Kyōkai in Japanese.

## History

NHK was founded in 1926, based on the BBC radio company in the United Kingdom. They began operating TV broadcasting in 1953. The first color broadcast was in 1960.

Everyone in Japan who owns a TV is asked to pay anywhere 15,720 or 27,360 (included satellite broadcasting) 円 per year to support NHK; there is a discount for lump sum payment.

## TV Programming

NHK has lots of types of TV shows:
- Local, national, and world news.
- Emergency Reporting,  such as warning about earthquakes and tsunamis.
- Education shows for kids.
- Weather reporting for local and international locations.
- Sports, including the six national Sumo tournaments and other events.
- Drama shows.
- Documentaries.
- Kid's shows.

NHK has 500 staff members in the announcer division alone; but announcers that convey nationally important events and news are operated quite fixedly like Korean Central Television.

## Other websites

- NHK English Site
Blur (band)

**Blur** is an English alternative rock band. Formed in London in 1988 originally under the name Seymour, the group's members are singer Damon Albarn, guitarist Graham Coxon, bassist Alex James and drummer Dave Rowntree. Blur's first album _Leisure_ (1991) contained the sounds of Madchester and shoegazing. After a change in sound started by English guitar pop groups such as the Kinks, the Beatles and XTC, Blur released _Modern Life Is Rubbish_ (1993), _Parklife_ (1994) and _The Great Escape_ (1995). As a result, the band helped the Britpop genre become popular and became popular in the UK, which was helped by a rivalry with Oasis in 1995 called "The Battle of Britpop".

## Discography

- _Leisure_ (1991)
- _Modern Life Is Rubbish_ (1993)
- _Parklife_ (1994)
- _The Great Escape_ (1995)
- _Blur_ (1997)
- _13_ (1999)
- _Think Tank_ (2003)
- _The Magic Whip_ (2015)
- _The Ballad of Darren_ (2023)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **img**: Blur live 29.07.2013 in Rome.jpg
- **name**: Blur
- **img capt**: Blur in concert 2013
- **landscape**: Yes
- **image**: Blur live 29.07.2013 in Rome.jpg
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: London, England
- **genre**: Britpop, alternative rock, indie rock
- **years active**: 1988–present
- **label**: Food Records, Food
Parlophone
Virgin Records, Virgin
- **associated acts**: Gorillaz

The Ailerons
WigWam
Fat Les
Me Me Me
- **website**: [http://www.blur.co.uk/ www.blur.co.uk]
- **past members**: Damon Albarn
Graham Coxon
Alex James (musician), Alex James
Dave Rowntree
Paralympic Games

|style="font-size:110%"||
| --- | --- |
|**Organizations**||
|style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"|IPC NPCs Symbols Sports Competitors Medal tables Medalists''|
|**Games**||
|Ancient Olympic Games Olympic Games Paralympic Games Summer Paralympic Games Winter Paralympic Games||

The **Paralympic Games** or **Paralympics**, are a major international sports event. People with physical disabilities compete in these games. They are called Paralympians. They include people with disabilities that affect movement, amputations, blindness, and cerebral palsy.

There are Winter and Summer Paralympic Games. They are held just after the Olympic Games. All Paralympic Games are governed by the International Paralympic Committee (IPC).

## History

The Paralympics started as a small gathering of British World War II veterans in organised by Sir Ludwig Guttmann in 1948. They became one of the largest international sport events by the early 21st century.

## Paralympians

Paralympians have many different kinds of disabilities, so there are several categories in which they compete.  The disabilities are in seven broad categories: amputee, cerebral palsy, intellectual disability, wheelchair, visually impaired, and  "the others". These categories are further broken down which vary from sport to sport.

Paralympians work for equal treatment with able-bodied Olympians. Olympians receive much more money than Paralympians. Some Paralympians have also participated in the Olympic Games.
FIFA Women's World Cup

The **FIFA Women's World Cup** is a football tournament for women's national teams from countries that are part of FIFA. It happens every four years, one year after the men's World Cup. The first one was in China in 1991. Teams compete for 31 spots through qualifications, and the host country gets the 32nd spot. The tournament, called the World Cup Finals, takes place in the host country over about a month. Five different countries have won the nine Women's World Cup tournaments. The United States won four times, Germany twice, and Japan, Norway, and Spain once each.

Eight countries have hosted the Women's World Cup, including China and the United States twice. Australia, Canada, France, Germany, New Zealand, and Sweden have each hosted it once.

In 2023, Australia and New Zealand co-hosted the tournament, marking the first time it was in the Southern Hemisphere, the first Women's World Cup hosted by two countries, and the first FIFA competition to span two confederations.

## Champions and top four finish

|Team|Title(s)|Runners-up|Third place|Fourth place|Top 4 total||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|bgcolor=gold||bgcolor=gold|4 (1991, 1999*, 2015, 2019)|1 (2011)|3 (1995, 2003*, 2007)||align=center|8|
|bgcolor=gold||bgcolor=gold|2 (2003, 2007)|1 (1995)||2 (1991, 2015)|align=center|5|
|bgcolor=gold||bgcolor=gold|1 (1995)|1 (1991)||2 (1999, 2007)|align=center|4|
|bgcolor=gold||bgcolor=gold|1 (2011)|1 (2015)|||align=center|2|
|bgcolor=gold||bgcolor=gold|1 (2023)||||align=center|1|
|bgcolor=silver|||bgcolor=silver|1 (2003)|4 (1991, 2011, 2019, 2023)||align=center|5|
|bgcolor=silver|||bgcolor=silver|1 (2023)|1 (2015)|1 (2019)|align=center|3|
|bgcolor=silver|||bgcolor=silver|1 (2007)|1 (1999)||align=center|2|
|bgcolor=silver|||bgcolor=silver|1 (1999)||1 (1995)|align=center|2|
|bgcolor=silver|||bgcolor=silver|1 (2019)|||align=center|1|
|style="background:#9ACDFF"|||||style="background:#9ACDFF"|1 (2003)|align=center|1|
|style="background:#9ACDFF"|||||style="background:#9ACDFF"|1 (2011)|align=center|1|
|style="background:#9ACDFF"|||||style="background:#9ACDFF"|1 (2023*)|align=center|1|

- <div id="*"> _host nation_</div>

## Infobox (football tournament)

- **name**: FIFA Women's World Cup
- **organiser**: FIFA
- **related comps**: FIFA World Cup
- **region**: International
- **current champions**: (1st title) (2023)
- **broadcasters**: 2023 FIFA Women's World Cup#Broadcasting rights, List of broadcasters