juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Buster Posey

**Gerald Dempsey "Buster" Posey III** (born March 27, 1987) is an American professional baseball catcher and first baseman for the San Francisco Giants of Major League Baseball. He stands  and weighs . He bats and throws right-handed.

Posey grew up in Leesburg, Georgia. He played four sports in high school; when playing baseball, he was very good at hitting and pitching. He attended Florida State University, where he began playing the catcher position.

He won the Golden Spikes Award in 2008 and was selected by the Giants with the fifth overall pick in the 2008 Major League Baseball Draft. Posey made his major league start on September 11, 2009. After beginning the 2010 season in the minor leagues, he was called back up to the major leagues in May. He played first base when he came up, but became the Giants' regular catcher at the end of June.

## Other websites

- Florida State Seminoles bio

## Infobox (mlb player)

- **name**: Buster Posey
- **image**: Buster Posey (2011).jpg
- **caption**: Posey in April 2011
- **team**: San Francisco Giants
- **number**: 28
- **position**: Catcher / First baseman
- **birth place**: Leesburg, Georgia
- **bats**: Right
- **throws**: Right
- **debutdate**: September 11
- **debutyear**: 2009
- **debutteam**: San Francisco Giants
- **statyear**: April 2, 2017
- **stat1label**: Batting average
- **stat1value**: .306
- **stat2label**: Hit (baseball), Hits
- **stat2value**: 1,005
- **stat3label**: Home runs
- **stat3value**: 116
- **stat4label**: Run batted in, Runs batted in
- **stat4value**: 527
- **teams**: * San Francisco Giants (2009–present)
- **awards**: * 3× World Series champion (2010, 2012, 2014)
* NL MVP (2012)
* 4× MLB ASG, MLB All-Star (2012, 2013, 2015, 2016)
* NL batting champion (2012)
* NL Hank Aaron Award (2012)
* 3x Silver Slugger Award (2012, 2014, 2015)
* NL Comeback Player of the Year (2012)
* NL Rookie of the Year (2010)
* Willie Mac Award (2012)
* Golden Spikes Award (2008)
Steven R. Nagel

**Steven Ray Nagel** (October 27, 1946 – August 21, 2014), (Col, USAF), was an American astronaut, aeronautical and mechanical engineer, test pilot and a United States Air Force pilot. Nagel became a NASA astronaut in August 1979. Nagel retired from the Air Force February 28, 1995 and as an astronaut one month later.

Nagel died on August 21, 2014 of cancer.

## Other websites

- NASA Biography
Dara Singh

**Dara Singh** (19 November 1928 – 12 July 2012) was an Indian wrestler and actor. He started acting in 1952. He was the first sportsman to be nominated to the Rajya Sabha. He worked as Hindi and Punjabi movie producer, director and writer. He acted on movie and television. He was known for his roles in _Jab We Met_ (2007), _Kal Ho Naa Ho_ (2003) and _Mera Naam Joker_ (1972).

Singh died on 12 July 2012 at his home in Mumbai, India from cardiac arrest, aged 83.

## Other websites

- Official Website

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Dara Singh
- **image**: Dara Singh 1.jpg
- **alt**: Dara Singh
- **caption**: Dara Singh
- **birth name**: Deedar Singh
- **birth place**: Dharmuchak (now Amritsar district), British India
- **death place**: Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- **yearsactive**: 1946–1983 (wrestler)
 1950–2012 (actor)
 2003-2009 (politics)
- **nationality**: Indian
- **other names**: Rustam-E-Punjab
Rustam-E-Hind
 Ironman of Indian cinema
- **occupation**: Wrestler, Actor
Deaths in February 2014

The following is a list of **notable deaths in February 2014**.

- Name, age, country of citizenship and reason for notability, cause of death, reference (must be added) are added.
Deaths in August 2014

The following is a list of **notable deaths in August 2014**. For notable deaths before the current month, please see "Previous months".

- Name, age, country of citizenship and reason for notability, cause of death, reference (must be added) are added.
Sydney Roosters

The **Sydney Roosters** are an Australian professional rugby league team. The team is based in the Eastern Suburbs of Sydney, New South Wales. They were founded in 1908. They currently play in the National Rugby League competition. They have won 15 premierships, most recently in 2019.

The Sydney Roosters are the only club to take part in every season of top-flight rugby league competition in Australia.
Deaths in March 2014

The following is a list of **notable deaths in March 2014**.

- Name, age, country of citizenship and reason for notability, cause of death, reference (must be added) are added.
Deaths in May 2014

The following is a list of **notable deaths in May 2014**.

- Name, age, country of citizenship and reason for notability, cause of death, reference (must be added) are added.
Deaths in June 2014

The following is a list of **notable deaths in June 2014**.

- Name, age, country of citizenship and reason for notability, cause of death, reference (must be added) are added.
Penrith Panthers

The **Penrith Panthers** are an Australian professional rugby league team. The team is based in Penrith, western Sydney, New South Wales. They were founded in 1966. They currently play in the National Rugby League competition. They have won six premierships, most recently in 2024.
Deaths in July 2014

The following is a list of **notable deaths in July 2014**.

- Name, age, country of citizenship and reason for notability, cause of death, reference (must be added) are added.
Canberra Raiders

The **Canberra Raiders** are an Australian professional rugby league team. The team is based in the nation's capital city of Canberra, Australian Capital Territory. They were founded in 1981. They currently play in the National Rugby League competition. They have won three premierships, most recently in 1994.
South Sydney Rabbitohs

The **South Sydney Rabbitohs** are an Australian professional rugby league team. The team is based in Redfern, south-central Sydney, New South Wales. They were founded in 1908. They currently play in the National Rugby League competition. They have won 21 premierships (the most of any other team), most recently in 2014.
Albert Ebossé Bodjongo

**Albert Dominique Ebossé Bodjongo Dika** (6 October 1989 – 23 August 2014) was a Cameroonian soccer player who played for JS Kabylie in the Algerian Ligue Professionnelle 1.

On 23 August 2014 Albert was struck by a projectile thrown by a fan just hours after a matchup between his home team JS Kabylie and USM Alger. The match had ended in a 2-1 defeat and the Cameroonian died of head injury due to the strike. He was aged 24. On 18 December 2014, more results were released after his death. The results said that Bodjongo could have died from a beating instead.

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Albert Ebossé Bodjongo
- **image**: Albert Ebossé, 2014-08-23.jpg
- **caption**: Albert Ebossé Bodjongo in 2014
- **fullname**: Albert Dominique Ebossé Bodjongo Dika
- **birth place**: Douala, Cameroon
- **death place**: Tizi Ouzou, Algeria
- **position**: Forward (association football), Forward
- **currentclub**: JS Kabylie
- **clubnumber**: 9
- **years1**: 2008-2010
- **clubs1**: Coton Sport FC de Garoua, Coton Sport FC
- **years2**: 2010-2011
- **clubs2**: Unisport Bafang
- **years3**: 2011-2012
- **clubs3**: Douala Athletic Club, Douala AC
- **caps3**: 10
- **goals3**: 9
- **years4**: 2012-2013
- **clubs4**: Perak FA
- **caps4**: 16
- **goals4**: 11
- **years5**: 2013–2014
- **clubs5**: JS Kabylie
- **caps5**: 31
- **goals5**: 17
- **nationalyears1**: 2009
- **nationalteam1**: Cameroon national under-20 football team, Cameroon U20
- **nationalyears2**: 2009–2014
- **nationalteam2**: Cameroon national football team, Cameroon
- **nationalcaps2**: 6
- **nationalgoals2**: 0
- **club-update**: 11 November 2013
- **nationalteam-update**: 4 June 2012
Hajo Meyer

**Hajo Meyer** (12 August 1924 – 23 August 2014) was a German-Dutch physicist and Jewish political activist.

## Family

He was born in Bielefeld. In 1938, Meyer escaped from Nazi Germany to the Netherlands alone, without his parents. He went into hiding in 1943, but was arrested after a year and spent ten months in Auschwitz. His parents, who were deported from Germany. They did not survive.

## Works

After the war, Meyer returned to the Netherlands, and studied theoretical physics. He started working for Philips and eventually became director of the Philips Physics Laboratory (NatLab). After his retirement he took courses in England and worked as a builder of new violins and violas.

On 23 August 2014, Meyer died in his sleep at the age of 90 in The Hague, Netherlands.

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Hajo Meyer
- **image**: Hajo Meyer - 2011.jpg
- **birth place**: Bielefeld, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
- **death place**: Heiloo, The Netherlands
- **field**: theoretical physics, Theoretical physicist
- **nationality**: German-Dutch
United Party of Canada

The **United Party of Canada** was a political party in Canada. It was a centrist party. It supported education for everyone at the college and trade school levels. It also said that we should make energy from renewable sources, instead of making it from things that go away forever.
Western Block Party

The **Western Block Party** (or **WBP**) was a conservative political party in Canada. It wanted Western Canada to become independent from the rest of Canada. It was founded in 2005. It first ran candidates in the 2006 federal elections. The party's current leader is Paul St. Laurent.

The WBP was not affiliated with some other independent parties in western Canada, such as the Alberta First Party and the Western Independence Party of Saskatchewan.

## Related pages

- List of political parties in Canada
Northwestern Ontario

**Northwestern Ontario** is a region in the Canadian province of Ontario. It covers most of subartic Ontario. It includes the districts of Kenora, Rainy River, and Thunder Bay.

Sometimes, Northwestern Ontario is grouped with Northeastern Ontario as Northern Ontario.
Northeastern Ontario

**Northeastern Ontario** is a region in the Canadian province of Ontario. It includes the districts of Algoma, Sudbury, Cochrane, Timiskaming, Nipissing, and Manitoulin. Parry Sound District and District Municipality of Muskoka are sometimes included in Northeastern Ontario, although they are usually included in Central Ontario.

Northeastern Ontario is sometimes included with Northwestern Ontario as Northern Ontario. One difference between the two parts is that Northeastern Ontario has a large Franco-Ontarian population. Almost 25 percent of Northeastern Ontario's population speaks French as a first language.
Voice-tracking

**Voice-tracking** is a technique used by some radio stations in radio broadcasting to make an illusion of a live disc jockey or announcer sitting in the studios of the radio station when one is actually not in the station.

## Background

**Voice-tracking** refers to the process of a disc jockey prerecording the parts when they speak on the radio. It is then mixed with songs, commercials and other elements to make it sound like a live air shift. Voice-tracking is mostly used in radio stations, especially during the night, overnight, weekend, and holiday time periods. Most radio stations also use it as a way to save money instead of having disc jockeys around the clock.

## Variations

Sometimes, voice-tracking is done so that people can do other jobs. For example, a DJ may also have a job as a program director or general manager. Voice-tracking allows that person to record a three-hour shift in less than a half-hour, leaving him or her time to do office work. A popular live weekday morning radio host can record parts for a Saturday show, allowing him or her to be on the air six days a week without spending more time at the station. It is also helpful during holidays such as Christmas or Easter, when people are off spending time with their families.

## Formatics

Different radio stations want their DJs to speak only at certain times. Here is an example:

- At example station ZZZZ, the DJs have to follow certain rules. These rules are called **formatics**.

- DJs have to backsell (or give the name and artist of a song that already played) three songs before playing commercials at 22 minutes past the hour.

- DJs have to read or play a pre-recorded weather forecast at 44 minutes past the hour.

- DJs are allowed to speak only over the instrumental part of the song at the beginning. (As shown below)

As an example, see the picture below:

As one song ends, the next song begins. At this point, the DJ doesn't start talking until the second song starts and he stops at the point where the song's vocals start.
James Hinchcliffe

**James Hinchcliffe** is a Canadian racecar driver. He drives in the IndyCar Series. He was born on December 5, 1986 in Oakville, Ontario, a suburb of Toronto. Hinchcliffe is known for his media personality as well as his racing. He has become a very popular driver. Hinchcliffe named his website "Hinchtown" and he is the town's "mayor".

Hinchcliffe started in IndyCar in 2011. He drove for the Newman/Haas team. He won rookie of the year. Later, his team stopped racing in IndyCar and he had to find a new team. For 2012, he was hired by Andretti Autosport. A year later he had a very successful year. He won three races in St. Petersburg, Brazil, and Iowa. He continued driving for Andretti. In 2015, Hinchcliffe joined Schmidt Peterson Motorsports and replaced Simon Pagenaud. During Monday practice before the 2015 Indianapolis 500, Hinchcliffe suffered serious injuries in a crash.

## Other websites

- Official website
1941 Florida hurricane

The **1941 Florida hurricane** was a strong tropical cyclone in October 1941. It affected the Bahamas and the southeastern United States This storm's winds were at . The hurricane hit southern Florida first. After that, it went across the Florida Panhandle.

At least ten people were killed by the storm.
Time Warner Cable

**Time Warner Cable** was an American cable and telecommunications company. The company served almost 30 states. It was the second-largest cable company behind Comcast.

They offered Cable television and Internet services.

Time Warner Cable was founded in 1973. It was bought by Charter Communications in May 2016.

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: Time Warner Cable, Inc.
- **former name**: Television Communications Corp. (1962-1973)
Warner Cable (1973-1979, 1986-1992)
Warner-Amex Cable (1979-1986)
- **type**: Subsidiary
- **industry**: Telecommunications
Mass media
- **fate**: Acquired by Charter Communications and merged with Bright House Networks to form Charter Spectrum
- **predecessor**: American Television and Communications (1968-1991)
- **successor**: Charter Spectrum
- **foundation**:
(as Television Communications Corp.)

(as Warner Cable)
- **location**: Time Warner Center
- **location city**: New York City, New York (state), New York
- **area served**: United States
- **key people**: Robert Marcus, Robert D. Marcus
(Chairman & Chief executive officer, CEO)
- **parent**: Independent (1962-1972; 2009–2016)
Kinney National Company (1972)
Warner Communications (1972–1990)
 Time Warner (1990–2009)
Charter Communications (2016)
- **subsid**: Time Warner Cable Enterprises LLC
- **location country**: United States
Golden Spikes Award

The **Golden Spikes Award** is given out every year to the best beginning baseball player in the United States.  The award, created by USA Baseball and sponsored by the Major League Baseball Players Association, was first presented in 1978.  It is given to a beginning player who best exhibits and combines "exceptional on-field ability and excellent sportsmanship."  The award is considered the most important in beginning baseball.

## Infobox (award)

- **name**: Golden Spikes Award
- **alt**: The words "GOLDEN SPIKES AWARD" in gold on a brown polygonal background, with a pair of golden baseball spikes dangling from the last "S" in "Spikes".  Above the lettering reads "USA" in white colour.
- **caption**: Logo for the Golden Spikes Award
- **description**: Amateur baseball's best regular season player
- **presenter**: USA Baseball
- **country**: United States
- **year**: 1978
- **holder**: Ivan Melendez, University of Texas at Austin, Kentucky
- **website**: [http://web.goldenspikesaward.com/index.html Golden Spikes Award]
Jindřich Pokorný

**Jindřich Pokorný** (12 April 1927 – 23 August 2014) was a Czech translator (mainly French and German), editor and writer. He translated also in Italian, Latin and Flemish.

He was known for his translation of _Rostand's Cyrano de Bergerac_. Along with the literary historian Frederick Fučík, they wrote a book explaining the origins and meanings of the various sayings and proverbs called _Buried dog_.

In 2009 he published a book _Parsifal_.
Jaume Vallcorba Plana

**Jaume** (or **Santiago**) **Vallcorba Plana** (21 September 1949 – 23 August 2014) was a Spanish philologist and publisher. He published many studies on aesthetics and literature.

He was born in Tarragona, Spain. He was a professor in Literature at the University of Bordeaux, the University of Lleida, the University of Barcelona and the Pompeu Fabra University (Barcelona) but he left university teaching in 2004.

## Other websites

- El País, 14/05/2010 (Interview with Jaume Vallcorba)
In Your House 9: International Incident

**In Your House 9: International Incident** was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by World Wrestling Federation (WWF). It was held on July 21, 1996 at General Motors Place in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. It was the ninth pay-per-view to be held under the WWF's In Your House name.

## Results

|style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|**#**|style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|**Results**|style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|**Stipulations**|style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|**Times**|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1<sup>F</sup>|Justin Bradshaw defeated Savio Vega|Singles match|4:44|||||
|2|The Bodydonnas (Skip and Zip) defeated The Smoking Gunns (Billy and Bart)|Tag team match|13:05|||||
|3|Mankind defeated Henry O. Godwinn|Singles match|6:54|||||
|4|Steve Austin defeated Marc Mero (with Sable)|Singles match|10:48|||||
|5|The Undertaker defeated Goldust by disqualification|Singles match|12:07|||||
|6|Camp Cornette (Vader, Owen Hart and The British Bulldog) (with Jim Cornette) defeated The People's Posse (Shawn Michaels, Sycho Sid and Ahmed Johnson) (with Jose Lothario)|Six-man tag team match|24:32|||||
|colspan="4" align=center|(c) – refers to the champion(s) heading into the match|||||||
|colspan="4" align=center|(F) – indicates that the match was broadcast on _Free for All_ prior to the pay-per-view|||||||

## Infobox (wrestling event)

- **name**: In Your House 9: International Incident
- **promotion**: WWE, World Wrestling Federation
- **date**: July 21, 1996
- **venue**: Rogers Arena, General Motors Place
- **city**: Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- **attendance**: 14,804
- **lastevent**: King of the Ring (1996)
- **nextevent**: SummerSlam (1996)
- **event**: In Your House
- **lastevent2**: In Your House 8: Beware of Dog
- **nextevent2**: In Your House 10: Mind Games
Dan Magill

**Daniel Hamilton** "**Dan**" **Magill, Jr.** (January 25, 1921 – August 23, 2014) was an American tennis player and coach. His worked as a Sports Information Director, a Head Tennis Coach, and a Georgia Bulldog Club secretary for the University of Georgia.

Magill was born in Athens, Georgia. He was a U.S. Marine during World War II. He was married to Rosemary Reynaud had three children; Ham, Sharon, and Mollie.

Magill died from natural causes on August 23, 2014 in Athens, Georgia. He was 93.
Marcel Rigout

**Marcel Rigout** (10 May 1928 – 23 August 2014) was a French politician. He served as the Minister of Vocational Training from 1981 to 1984, under former President François Mitterrand. He was a member of the French Communist Party (PCF; ).

Rigout was born in Verneuil-sur-Vienne. He wrote the novel _L'autre chance_ in 1983.

Rigout died on 23 August 2014 in Limoges, aged 86.
Black box (disambiguation)

**Black box** has these meanings:

## Technology

- A black box is an informal term for an engineering box whose content and function is not known.
- Flight recorder or vehicle recorder which stores information.

## Popular culture

- Black Box (musical group)
Ahti Pekkala

**Ahti Antti Johannes Pekkala** (20 December 1924 – 23 August 2014) was a Finnish politician for the Centre Party. He served as a deputy speaker of the parliament from 1976 to 1978 and as the speaker from 1978 to 1979. He also served as the Governor of Oulu Province from 1986 until 1991.

Pekkala was born in Haapavesi. Before politics, he was a banker and the manager of a bank from 1952 until 1985.

Pekkala died on 23 August 2014 in Haapavesi, aged 89.

## Other websites

- Ahti Pekkala at the Eduskunta webpage
Philippine de Rothschild

**Philippine Mathilde Camille de Rothschild** (22 November 1933 – 23 August 2014), also known as **Philippine Pascale**, was a French winemaker and baroness. She was the owner of the French winery Château Mouton Rothschild. She was the only daughter of the vintner Baron Philippe de Rothschild, a member of the Rothschild banking dynasty. In 2013, she was given a lifetime achievement award by the Institute of Masters of Wine.

Rothschild was born in Boulogne-Billancourt, Paris. She was married twice and had three children; Camille, Philippe and Julien. She was made an Officier of the Legion of Honour () in 2007.

Rothschild died on 23 August 2014 in Boulogne-Billancourt, Paris, aged 80.

## Other websites

- Philippine de Rothschild at the Château Mouton Rothschild website
Gold Coast Titans

The **Gold Coast Titans** are an Australian professional rugby league team. The team is based on the Gold Coast in Queensland. They were founded in 2007. They currently play in the National Rugby League competition. They have not won any premierships.
North Queensland Cowboys

The **North Queensland Cowboys** are an Australian professional rugby league team. The team is based in Townsville, Queensland. They were founded in 1992. They currently play in the National Rugby League competition. They have won one premiership in 2015 against the Brisbane Broncos.
Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs

The **Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs** are an Australian professional rugby league team. The team is based in Belmore, Sydney, New South Wales. They were founded in 1934. They currently play in the National Rugby League competition. They have won eight premierships, most recently in 2004.
Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks

The **Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks** are an Australian professional rugby league team. The team is based in Cronulla, southern Sydney, New South Wales. They were founded in 1963. They currently play in the National Rugby League competition. They have won one premiership in 2016 against the Melbourne Storm.
Black box

A **black box**, in science and engineering, is a box whose inside working is not known.

It is a device, system or object with input and output.  There is no knowledge of its internal workings. The way it works is "opaque" (black).  Almost anything might be referred to as a black box: a transistor, an algorithm, or the human brain.

Ashby expains that the term arose when a decision had to be made about opening an engineering box. The question was whether to return the box for repair, or just scrap it. Could this be decided without opening the box? There can be many reasons why a complex system cannot be repaired in the field, and even opening up some systems is a big deal. The question also comes up in surgery on brain damage patients. The more that can be discovered before operating, the better.<sup>p86</sup>

The opposite of a black box is a system where the inner components or logic can be seen. It is sometimes known as a clear box, a glass box, or a white box.
Newcastle Knights

The **Newcastle Knights** are an Australian professional rugby league team. The team is based in Newcastle, New South Wales. They were founded in 1988. They currently play in the National Rugby League competition. They have won two premierships, most recently in 2001.
Parramatta Eels

The **Parramatta Eels** are an Australian professional rugby league team. The team is based in Parramatta, Sydney, New South Wales. They were founded in 1946. They currently play in the National Rugby League competition. They have won four premierships, most recently in 1986.
St George Illawarra Dragons

**St George Illawarra Dragons** is an Australian professional rugby league club. It was formed in 1998 by the merger (joining together) of the St George Dragons and the Illawarra Steelers. The team has two home grounds: Jubilee Oval in Kogarah, and WIN Stadium in Wollongong. The Dragons play in the National Rugby League (NRL) competition. They have won the NRL Premiership once, defeating Sydney Roosters in the 2010 Grand Final.
Melbourne Storm

The **Melbourne Storm** are an Australian professional rugby league team. The team is based in Melbourne, Victoria. They were founded in 1997. They currently play in the National Rugby League competition. They have won four premierships, most recently in 2020. The Melbourne Storm had another two premierships (2007 and 2009) stripped in 2010 due to a breach of the salary cap.
Manly Warringah Sea Eagles

The **Manly Warringah Sea Eagles** is an Australian professional rugby league team. The team is based on the Northern Beaches of Sydney, New South Wales. They were founded in 1946. They currently play in the National Rugby League competition. They have won eight premierships, most recently in 2011.

Manly Sea Eagles have won 8 Grand Finals:

- 1972
- 1973
- 1976
- 1978
- 1987
- 1996
- 2008,
- 2011
Their home ground is Brookvale Oval, which is affectionately known by locals as "Fortress Brookie".

## Other websites

- Northern Beaches Council - Brookvale Oval
Wests Tigers

The **Wests Tigers** are an Australian professional rugby league team. The team is based in the Inner West of Sydney, New South Wales. They were founded in 1999. They currently play in the National Rugby League competition. They have won one premiership in 2005 against the North Queensland Cowboys.
New Zealand Warriors

The **New Zealand Warriors** are a New Zealand professional rugby league team. The team is based in Auckland, New Zealand. They were founded in 1995. They currently play in the National Rugby League competition. They have not won any premierships. They are the only non-Australian team in the NRL.
Superposition principle

In physics, the **superposition principle** states that if there are two or more stimuli at a given point in time, the response will be the result of adding all the responses. This only applies to linear systems. Since many systems can be modelled as linear systems, the principle has many applications in physics and engineering.

Superposition principle: The principle states that the total force on a given charge is the vector of the individual forces exerted on the given charge by all other charges. Each individual force between any two charges is calculated from Coulomb's law tattoos and is not affected by the presence of other charges
Interdisciplinarity

**Interdisciplinarity** is when two or more subjects (academic disciplines) join up. This happens when a problem overlaps traditional academic boundaries. Other terms which mean almost the same thing are **multidisciplinarity** and **crossdisciplinarity**.

An examples makes clear what is meant:

- In order to investigate living cells, these subjects joined together: genetics, physics, chemistry, cytology.

- When they joined up, the field they formed was called cell biology at the level of cells, or molecular biology at the level of macromolecules.

Other examples include artificial intelligence, cultural studies,  cybernetics, computational linguistics, biomedical engineering, and so on. Physical chemistry, biochemistry and astrophysics  must have been some of the first.

In many universities, traditional departments (e.g. botany, zoology) were scrapped, and new broader departments like 'School of biological sciences' were formed. Inside this umbrella, research and teaching teams were based on interdisciplinary problems, such as ecology or cell division or Earth history. There are some necessary specialities which do not fit easily into the new system. Examples are taxonomy (you still need people to identify animals) and areas like parasitology and agricultural botany.

A system which works in some universities is to appoint staff to the Schools (usually Humanities, Science. Social sciences and Technology) and let the staff join those groups which best fit their expertise.

## Related pages

- Holism
Czechoslovak Television

**Czechoslovak Television (ČST)** was a television network. It was the main broadcaster of Czechoslovakia. It closed in 1993 because Czechoslovakia became two new countries, Czech Republic and Slovakia.

In the Czech language, it was called _Československá televize._

In the Slovak language, it was called_ Československá televízia _until 1990. In 1990, they changed the Slovak name to _Česko-slovenská televízia_.

## History

**Czechoslovak Television** started on 1st May 1953. It was just one television programme, which was a few hours long.

Czechoslovak Television was heavily censored by the communist government. In 1968, the government allowed Czechoslovak Television to mention the Prague Spring protests for a few days. However, in 1969, the government started to censor **ČST** heavily again.

### Launch of a second channel

On May 10, 1970, Czechoslovak Television made a second television channel, _ČST TV2_.

### Colour Television

On May 9, 1973, Czechoslovak Television started to show television programmes in colour on ČST_ _TV2. Two years later, they started colour television programmes on the first channel too.

In 1979, a studio was opened in the Kavci mountains, which became the home of Czechoslovak Television's news department.

### ČST TV2 is split into two separate channels

In November 1989, Czechoslovak Television renamed the first channel _F1_, with the **'meaning the _federal district_ of Czechoslovakia. The second channel was replaced by two new channels: ČTV, which was in the Czech language and S1, which was in the Slovak language.

They also created a new third channel in Czech on 14 May 1990, called _OK3_, using technology which used to broadcast Soviet television. Another new third channel was created in Slovak and called_ TA 3,_ on 6 June 1991.

### Velvet Revolution

During the Velvet Revolution, when protests occurred in Czechoslovakia, the people who worked at Czechoslovak Television helped the protesters to spread their messages.

## Velvet divorce ends Czechoslovak Television

Czechoslovakia became two new countries, the Czech Republic and Slovakia on the 31st December 1992. This split is known as the **'. Because of it, Czechoslovak Television was no longer needed. In the Czech Republic, a new television network called Czech television took over, and in Slovakia Slovenská televízia was created.

## Directors of Czechoslovak Television

- 1953 – 1958 Karel Kohout
- 1958 – 1959 Milan Krejčí
- 1959 – 1963 Adolf Hradecký
- 1963 – 1968 Jiří Pelikán
- 1968 Bohumil Švec
- 1968 – 1969 Josef Šmídmajer
- 1969 – 1989 Jan Zelenka
- 1989 Libor Bátrla
- 1989 – 1990 Miroslav Pavel
- 1990 Jindřich Fairaizl
- 1990 – 1992 Jiří Kantůrek

## Infobox (network)

- **network name**: Czechoslovak Television
- **network logo**: Czechoslovak Television Logo.svg
- **country**: Czechoslovakia
- **headquarters**: Czechoslovakia
- **network type**: Television
- **owner**: The Government of Czechoslovakia
- **launch date**: May 1, 1953
- **closure date**: December 31, 1992
Antônio Ermírio de Moraes

**Antônio Ermírio de Moraes** (June 4, 1928 – August 24, 2014) was a Brazilian businessman. He was the chairman of the Votorantim Group; one of the country's largest companies, specialized in metals, paper, cement and frozen orange juice. He was the grandfather of IndyCar Series driver Mario Moraes. He ran for governor of São Paulo State in 1986, but lost the elections.

De Moraes died in São Paulo, Brazil from heart failure, aged 86.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Antônio Ermírio de Moraes
- **image**: Antônio Ermírio de Morais.jpg
- **birth place**: São Paulo, Brazil
- **death place**: São Paulo, Brazil
- **alma mater**: Colorado School of Mines
- **occupation**: Chairman and CEO,
Votorantim Group
Larry Kramer

**Larry Kramer** (June 25, 1935 – May 27, 2020) was an American screenwriter, film producer, playwright, author, and public health and LGBT rights activist. He began his career rewriting scripts while working for Columbia Pictures. There he wrote the screenplay for the 1969 film _Women in Love_. He earned an Academy Award nomination for Best Adapted Screenplay for his work.

Kramer was openly gay. In 1988, he was diagnosed with hepatitis B and HIV. He had a liver transplant in 2001.

His brother was Arthur Kramer (1927–2008), a lawyer.

Kramer died of pneumonia in New York City on May 27, 2020. He was 84.

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Larry Kramer
- **image**: Larry Kramer 2010 - David Shankbone.jpg
- **caption**: Larry Kramer in April 2010
- **birth place**: Bridgeport, Connecticut, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Manhattan, New York (state), New York, U.S.
- **occupation**: Screenwriter, film producer, playwright, author, activist
- **nationality**: American
- **period**: 1960s–2020
- **subject**: Gay community, AIDS activism
Gandhi (movie)

***Gandhi*** is a 1982 British and Indian biographical movie based on the life of Indian activist Mohandas Gandhi. It is directed and produced by Richard Attenborough. It was written by John Briley and some of it by Steven Spielberg. The music was composed by Ravi Shankar. The cinematography was by Billy Williams.

It stars Ben Kingsley as Gandhi. Other cast members include Roshan Seth, John Mills, John Gielgud, Trevor Howard, Daniel Day-Lewis, Richard Griffiths, Martin Sheen, Nigel Hawthorne, Shane Rimmer, Athol Fugard, John Ratzenberger, Bernard Hill, Shriram Lagoo, Terrence Hardiman, Tom Alter, Om Puri, Alyque Padamsee and Candice Bergen.

It was released on 30 November 1982 in India, on 2 December 1982 in the United Kingdom, and on 6 December 1982 in the United States. It raised $52,767,889 at the box office. It had a budget of $13 million.

The movie was nominated for eleven Academy Award, winning eight. It won Best Picture, Best Actor, and Best Director. It also won the Golden Globe Award for Best Picture and the BAFTA Award for Best Picture.

Attenborough said that the movie was his dream project.

## Other websites

- The Gandhi nobody knows  Gandhism.net
- How accurate is the movie Gandhi? Biography.com
Sheila Sim

**Sheila Beryl Grant Attenborough, Lady Attenborough** (5 June 1922 – 19 January 2016), known professionally by her maiden name **Sheila Sim**, was an English movie and stage actress. She was known for being the widow of the actor and director Richard Attenborough. She was a long-time funder of the Royal Academy of the Dramatic Arts. She was born in Liverpool, Lancashire.

Sim died after a two-year battle with dementia at a retirement home in London, England on 19 January 2016 at the age of 93.

## Some movies she was in

- _A Canterbury Tale_ (1944)
- _Great Day_ (1945)
- _Dancing with Crime_ (1947)
- _The Guinea Pig_ (1948)
- _Dear Mr. Prohack_ (1949)
- _Pandora and the Flying Dutchman_ (1951)
- _The Magic Box_ (1951)
- _West of Zanzibar_ (1954)
- _The Night My Number Came Up_ (1955)

## Related pages

- Richard Attenborough

## Infobox (person)

- **caption**: Lady Attenborough at Canterbury, October 2004
- **name**: Sheila Sim
- **birthname**: Sheila Beryl Grant Sim
- **birth place**: Liverpool, Lancashire, England
- **death place**: London, England
- **death cause**: Dementia
- **years active**: 1944–1955
- **spouse**: (his death)
- **title**: _The Right Honourable_ **Baroness Attenborough**
- **children**: Michael Attenborough (b. 13 February 1950)
Jane (b. 30 September 1955 – 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami, 26 December 2004)
Charlotte (b. 29 June 1959)
Columbus, Wisconsin

**Columbus** is a city in Columbia and Dodge counties in Wisconsin. It is in the south-central part of Wisconsin. The population was 5,540 at the 2020 census.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Columbus, Wisconsin
- **settlement type**: City
- **nickname**: "Red Bud City"
- **image skyline**: Columbus, WI City Hall.jpg
- **image caption**: Columbus City Hall
- **image map**: File:Dodge County Wisconsin Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Columbus Highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 250x200px
- **map caption**: Location of Columbus in Dodge County, Wisconsin.
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Wisconsin, Counties
- **subdivision name2**: Columbia County, Wisconsin, Columbia, Dodge County, Wisconsin, Dodge
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 11.89
- **area land km2**: 11.79
- **area water km2**: 0.10
- **area total sq mi**: 4.59
- **area land sq mi**: 4.55
- **area water sq mi**: 0.04
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 5540
- **population density km2**: 434.20
- **population density sq mi**: 1124.53
- **timezone**: Central Time Zone, Central
- **utc offset**: -6
- **timezone dst**: Central
- **utc offset dst**: -5
- **elevation ft**: 879
- **website**: [http://www.cityofcolumbuswi.com/ www.cityofcolumbuswi.com]
- **postal code type**: Zip Code
- **postal code**: 53925
- **area code**: Area code 920, 920
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standards, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 55-16450
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 1583005
Leonid Stadnyk

**Leonid Stepanovych Stadnyk** (; 5 August 1970 – 24 August 2014) was a Ukrainian farmer. He stood at 8 feet 5 inches or 2.57 meters. He was born in Zhytomyr Oblast, Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, USSR. Stadnyk was listed as the world's tallest living man according to Guinness World Records.

Stadnyk died at the age of 44 on August 24, 2014 from a brain hemorrhage.

## Other websites

- The Tallest Man: Leonid Stadnyk

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Leonid Stepanovych Stadnyk
<small></small>
- **birth date**: 5 August 1970
- **birth place**: Podolyantsi, Chudniv Raion, Zhytomyr Oblast, Ukrainian SSR
- **death place**: Podolyantsi, Chudniv Raion, Zhytomyr Oblast, Ukraine
- **height**:
 (not independently verified)http://www.thetallestman.com/leonidstadnyk.htm
Battering ram

A **battering ram** is a siege engine used in the past. It was used to break open the stone walls of castles or splinter their wooden gates.

In its simplest form, a battering ram is just a large, heavy log carried by several people and banged against an obstacle. The ram  damages the target if the big log hits the target again and again. Later rams were covered in the log with an arrow-proof, fire-resistant canopy mounted on wheels. Inside the canopy, the log was swung from chains or ropes.

Rams were great weapons of war against old fashioned wall-building materials such as stone and brick. These walls were weak in tension: they cracked when struck with sufficient force. With many blows, the cracks would grow steadily until a hole was created. Eventually, a breach would appear in the fabric of the wall. It would cause armed attackers to force their way through the gap.

The introduction in the later Middle Ages (around 1400s) of siege cannons causes the end of battering rams and other traditional siege weapons. Much smaller, hand-held versions of battering rams are still used today, however, by law enforcement officers and military personnel to bash open locked doors.
Barry Dickins

**Barry Dickins** (born 1949) is an Australian artist and writer of books and plays.

He was born in Reservoir, which is part of Melbourne. He left school early and worked in a factory. Later he painted sets and backgrounds for television programs. His first play, _Ghosts_, was performed in 1974 at La Mama Theatre. He has written many more plays. His play _Remember Ronald Ryan_ won the 1995 Victorian Premier's Literary Award. He has also written short stories, biography, other non-fiction and children's books. Barry is known to use many 'half rhymes' in his work.

## Dickins' books and plays

**Drama**
- _The Banana Bender and The death of Minnie_. (Currency, 1981)
- _Lennie Lower_. (Yackandandah, 1982)
- _One woman shoe_. (Yackandandah, 1984)
- _The Bridal Suite and Mag and Bag: Two plays_. (Yackandandah, 1985)
- _Beautland_. (Currency, 1985)
- _The Golden Goldenbergs_. (1986)
- _The Fool’s Shoe Hotel_. (Yackandandah, 1987)
- _Royboys_. (Currency, 1987)
- _Remember Ronald Ryan_. (Currency, 1994)

**Stories**
- _Post Office Restaurant and Other Stories_. (Pascoe, 1992)

**Non fiction**
- _The Gift of the Gab: Stories from the life of Barry Dickins_. (1981; Penguin, 1987)
- _What the Dickins! A symposium of pieces from the low life_. (Penguin, 1985)
- _You’ll Only Go In for Your Mates_. (Allen & Unwin, 1991)
- _Guts and Pity: The Hanging that ended Capital Punishment in Australia_. (Currency Press, 1996)
- _Ordinary Heroes: Personal Recollections of Australians at War_. (Hardie Grant Books, 1999)
- _Articles of Light: Reflections on lowlifes, ratbags and angels_. (Penguin, 2000)
- _Black and Whiteley: Barry Dickins in search of Brett._ (Hardie Grant Books, 2002)  <small>Review </small>

**Children's books**
- _My grandmother_. (Penguin, 1989)
- _My grandfather: Years of hope and vigour_. (Penguin, 1993)
- _Joey: A dog for all seasons_. (Puffin, 1995)

## Other websites

- Interview from _The Age_
- Drawings
- Saint Dymphna's Bells  Poem

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Barry Dickins
- **birth date**: 1949
- **birth place**: Melbourne, Victoria (Australia), Victoria
- **occupation**: artist, author, playwright
Hashim Khan

**Hashim Khan** (  – 18 August 2014) was a Pakistani squash player. He won the British Open Squash Championships (BOSC) a total of seven times, from 1951 to 1956, and then again in 1958. During the 1950s, the BOSC was the _de facto_ squash world championship. The movie based on Khan's life _Keep Eye on Ball: The Hashim Khan Story_ was released in 2009 and was directed by Josh Easdon.

Khan was born in Nawakille, a small village near Peshawar, British Raj (now Pakistan). He family were Pashtuns. During the 1960s, he moved to the United States and lived in Denver, Colorado. He had twelve children.

Khan died from congestive heart failure on 18 August 2014 in Aurora, Colorado. There are many disputes of his exact age but he is believed to have been at least 100.

## Other websites

- Hashim Khan  at Squash Films
Zugzwang

**Zugzwang** is a chess term. It  means a situation where any move by a player will weaken the player's position.  The fact that the player is compelled to move means that their position will become significantly weaker.

For example...

- Black to play
**1. ...  Kd7** and White cannot win:

**2. c6+  Kc7**

**3. Kc5  Kc8**

**4. Kd6  Kd8** (opposing the king)

**5. c7+  Kc8

**6. Kc6** is stalemate

- White to play

But if it is White to play in the original position, he can win by zugzwang:

**1. Kc6!** and now Black must move his king, for example

**1.....  Kd8**

**3. Kb7'''  and queens the pawn.

## Mutual zugzwang

There are positions where either player to move will lose.

On the following diagram, Whichever king moves, he loses his pawn and the opponent will win the game.

## History

The concept of zugzwang was known in the old forms of chess, like shatranj. We know this because there are some Arabic chess problems which use the idea.

The term itself comes from the 19th century in a German chess magazine. Its first use in English was in the early 20th century.
Zwischenzug

In chess, **zwischenzug** (German for "intermediate move") is a common tactic : instead of countering a direct threat, which the opponent expects, a move is played which poses an even more devastating threat, often an attack against the queen or the king. The opponent has to counter that threat first, and this will ideally change the situation to his disadvantage.

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Borisenkov-Mezenev (diagram, Black to play), went 1... f2, threatening to queen, which White countered with 2. Rg8, intending 3. Rf8+. But White resigned after the zwischenzug 2... Bb1! which allows Black to queen (3. Kb1 f1Q+ or 3. Rf8+ Bf5).
Alfredo Martini

**Alfredo Martini** (18 February 1921 – 25 August 2014) was an Italian cyclist and coach. He won a stage in the 1950 Giro d'Italia. He was a professional cyclist from 1941 until 1957. He was later the coach of the Italian national cycling team from 1975 until 1997.

Martini was born in Florence. He retired from coaching in 1997.

Martini died from natural causes on 25 August 2014 in Sesto Fiorentino, aged 93.

## Other websites

- Alfredo Martini at ProCyclingStats
Inga Juuso

**Inga Juuso** (5 October 1945 – 23 August 2014) was a Sami singer and actress from Norway. She appeared and performed in the movie _The Kautokeino Rebellion_ (2008). She was known from her own band performances in the genres of jazz and joik. She did recordings and collabs with many Norwegian musicians like Håkon Mjåset Johansen and Jørn Øien.

Juuso was born in Mosjøen. She was a Sámi woman, an ethnic group indigenous to Scandinavia. She was awarded the title of Spellemannprisen in 2011.

Juuso died after a long illness on 23 August 2014, aged 69.
Tom Pevsner

**Thomas** "**Tom**" **Pevsner** (2 October 1926 – 19 August 2014) was a British assistant movie director and producer. His career lasted from 1953 until 1995. His best known movies were _The Ladykillers_ (1955), _The Longest Day_ (1962) and _The Private Life of Sherlock Holmes_ (1970) and _Dracula_ (1979). He also worked on a
number of _James Bond_ movies between 1981 and 1995.

Pevsner was born in Dresden, Saxony. His father was the scholar Nikolaus Pevsner. Because they were of Jewish descent the Pevsner family fled to the United Kingdom in 1933.

Pevsner died on 19 August 2014 in London, aged 87.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Tom Pevsner
- **birthname**: Thomas Pevsner
- **birth place**: Dresden, Saxony, Germany
- **death place**: London, England, United Kingdom, UK
- **occupation**: Assistant movie director and Movie producer, producer
- **nationality**: British
- **yearsactive**: 1953–95