juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
ReachOut Healthcare America

**ReachOut Healthcare America** (**RHA**) is an American company that manages dental clinics. Its headquarters are in Phoenix, Arizona. Under the name "**Big Smiles**," it coordinates dentist vans that go to American schools and do dental checkups and dental work on poor children.

## History

Michael Howell and Daniel Goldsmith started the ReachOut company in 1997. At first the company managed dental checkups and dental work for people in nursing homes in Michigan. The company later began organizing dental care for schools, foster programs, group homes, homeless shelters, and mental health facilities by late 2003.

In October 2011, boy in a Camp Verde, Arizona had dental work done by a dentist linked with ReachOut. The boy said it hurt. His mother, Stacey Gagnon, said that the dentist did dental work on the boy without asking the parents if it was okay. Darren and Stacey Gagnon, the parents of the boy, sued the dentist and the Reachout company. In November 2011, Dan Brown, then the superintendent of the Camp Verde Unified School District, signed a letter saying that ReachOut cannot go to the district's schools anymore.

ReachOut used to send dentists to schools in the Clark County School District, the biggest school district in the state of Nevada. In December 2011 the district stopped working with ReachOut.

Ken Tucker, a reporter for the newspaper _Arizona Republic_, wrote that ReachOut did not give good care after the dental work was done because the dentists only came to the school twice a year. A mobile dentist who worked with ReachOut, Derryl Brian, said that the dentists under ReachOut had, since 2006, done screenings and work on 80,000 children. Brian said that a lot of people liked what they did.

## Related pages

- All Smiles Dental Centers
- Small Smiles Dental Centers

## Other websites

- ReachOut Healthcare America
- Big Smiles Dental (Alternate link) - operated by ReachOut
- Reach Out Healthcare America ." Moriarty Leyendecker (law company that is suing ReachOut)
- Collins, Katie. "Big Smiles dentists visits Thomson Primary School." _Brush News-Tribune_. April 17, 2012.
Hinglaj Shakti Peeth

**Hinglaj Shakti Peeth** is a place of worship and pilgrimage of Hindu religion. It is located in Kadasar village, Surendranagar District, Rajkot, Gujarat. Also known by the names such as Hingdaj, Bhavani and Hingraj Mata.

## History

To stop the divine dance (Tandava) of Lord Shiva after the death of Dakshayani, Lord Vishnu scattered Shiva's remains over many places on the Indian subcontinent. It is said that the head fell at Hingula or Hinglaj. Because of this, this place is considered the most important of the 51 Shakti Peeths. At each of the Peeths, Bhairava (a manifestation of Shiva) accompanies the relics. The Bhairava at Hinglaj is called Bhimalochana. It is in Koteshwar, Kutch. The Sanskrittexts mention the part as 'Brahmadreya' or vital essence.

Shri Hingdaj Mata brought from Pakistan (Balochistan) to Kadasar village. Kadasar is in Rajkot, Gujarat.

Historically, this area is called Saurashtra. It is the worship place for Mata Hingdaj. One day, Harsidhhi Mata and Vikram Raja came to Hingdaj ‘_Shakti Peeth’_.

## Kuldevi

Hinglaj is worshiped as Kuldevi by many Kshatriya, Bhavsar, Barot <nowiki/>and Rao of India.

## Temples

- Hinglaj Mata Temple also known as Hingdaj Mata, Hingraj Mata Temple in India.
- Hinglaj Mata Temple in Mahesana (hinglajpura), Gujarat.
- Shri Hinglaj Mata Temple at Rajula, Gujarat(MAHUVA RAJULA ROAD).
- Hinglaj Mata Temple at Rajasthan, India.
- Hinglaj Mata Temple at Pakistan (Balochistan)
- Hinglaj Mata Temple at Tikamgarh, Madhya Pradesh
- Hinglaj Mata Mandir (Bhuti)Takhatgarh, Rajasthan
- Hinglaj Mata Mandir at Mumbai.
- Shree Hinglaj Mata (Hingula Mata) Temple at Talcher, Orissa, Puri
- Hingdaj Mataji temple at Bapunagar, Ahmedabad.
- Hinglaj mataji Temple at Ambada, India.
Edo-Tokyo Museum

The  is a museum of the history of Tokyo during he Edo period.  It was established in 1993.

The permanent exhibition includes a replica of the Nihonbashi and  scale models of the city.

The museum was designed by Kiyonori Kikutake.

The Edo-Tokyo Open Air Architectural Museum is a branch of the Edo-Tokyo Museum.

## Other websites

- Edo-Tokyo Museum website

## Infobox (museum)

- **name**: Edo-Tokyo Museum
- **image**: Edo-Tokyo Museum.jpg
- **imagesize**: 190
- **established**: 1993
- **location**: Tokyo, Japan
Self-organization

**Self-organization** is a process where some form of order  arises out of a random system. The process is spontaneous: it happens on its own. It is not directed or controlled by any agent inside or outside the system.

Self-organization occurs in a variety of physical, chemical, biological, social and cognitive systems. A common example is crystallization. An example from biological chemistry is the lipid bilayer, which is the basis of the cell membrane, and so is of great importance.

Many self-organizing things have properties which are "emergent". What this means is that one can't predict what will happen, usually because the possibilities are too many to study. Some examples:
1. Protein folding: after RNA translation, proteins fold themselves up into their working shape. For every protein there are one or two shapes which are stable, but it is almost impossible to predict the folding from the sequence of amino acids.
1. Liberal economic theory argues that free market economies create a spontaneous order, "a more efficient allocation of societal resources than any design could achieve". Friedrich Hayek.
This is the concept of the "invisible hand" (Adam Smith in _The Wealth of Nations_). By acting on information with greater detail and accuracy than is possible for any centralized authority, a more efficient economy is created to the benefit of the whole society.

## Related pages

- Autopoiesis
- Complex system
- Cybernetics
- Self-replication
- Swarm intelligence
- Teleology
Okayama Prefectural Museum

is a museum in Okayama Prefecture, Japan.  The museum is in the city of Okayama.

The collection includes important historical objects from the local area.

## Other websites

- http://www.pref.okayama.jp/kyoiku/kenhaku/English.htm
Tara (Ireland)

**Tara** is a village in eastern Ireland. It is northwest of Dublin. It used to be known for its kings.
Kyushu Ceramic Museum

The  is a  museum in Arita, which is a town in Saga Prefecture, Japan. It is one of Japan's many museums which are supported by a prefecture.

The museum features objects which were made in Arita in the Edo period.

## Other websites

- Kyushu Ceramics Museum website
Arita, Saga

is a Japanese town in Saga on the island of Kyushu.

The town is best known for making porcelain and other ceramics.

## Geography

Arita is in the western part of Saga Prefecture.  It is on the border with Nagasaki Prefecture.

## Related pages

- Kyushu Ceramic Museum

## Other websites

- Arita town website 

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Arita
- **settlement type**: Towns of Japan, Town
- **image skyline**: View of Arita Station.jpg
- **imagesize**: 265px
- **image caption**: View of Arita station
- **image flag**: Flag of Arita, Saga.svg
- **image seal**: Emblem of Arita, Saga.svg
- **image map**: Arita in Saga Prefecture Ja.svg
- **mapsize**: 265px
- **map caption**: Location in Saga Prefecture
- **pushpin map**: Japan
- **pushpin mapsize**: 265px
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Japan
- **pushpin relief**: yes
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: Prefectures of Japan, Prefecture
- **subdivision type2**: Districts of Japan, District
- **subdivision name2**: Nishimatsuura District, Saga, Nishimatsuura
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Yoshiaki Matsuo
- **area total km2**: 65.85
- **population total**: 19,010
- **population as of**: October 1, 2020
- **population density km2**: 288.7
- **utc offset**: +09:00
- **postal code type**: Postal code
- **postal code**: 849-4153
- **area code type**: Telephone numbering plan, Area code
- **area code**: 41401-8
Asteria

In Greek mythology, **Asteria** (Ancient Greek: Ἀστερία - "of the stars" or "[the] starry one") was the Titan goddess of falling stars and nocturnal divination, such as astrology. Asteria was part of the second generation of Titans, the daughter of Koios and Phoebe, and sister of Leto. She is the wife of the Titan Perses, by whom she is the mother of Hecate, goddess of magic and witchcraft. When Zeus began to lust for her, Asteria escaped his advances by leaping into the sea and becoming the floating island Delos, upon which her sister Leto eventually gave birth to the twins Apollo and Artemis. As such, she is often labelled "Delos" on Athenian vase-painting.
Venosa

**Venosa** is a small town in Basilicata, southern Italy.
Peer Gynt

**Peer Gynt** is a dramatic poem by Henrik Ibsen, written in 1867. Ibsen based this work on Norse fairy tales written by Peter Christen Asbjørnsen.  Asbjørnsen had written these stories about 1848-1850. Ibsen wrote the poem to analyse and criticize the romantic nationalist movement that was present in Norway during that time.

Originally, Peer Gynt was a poem, but Ibsen later adapted it to be a stage play. Edvard Grieg composed the original music for the stage. The first performance was on 24 February 1876, in Christiania, modern-day Oslo. The musical score for the play is made of 26 pieces. In 1888 and 1891, Grieg took eight pieces, and comined them into two suites, of four pieces each. These are known as the Peer Gynt Suites today, and are widely known.

Many movies were made about the subject, the first in 1915.

## Infobox (play)

- **name**: Peer Gynt
- **image**: Henrik-Klausen-Peer-Gynt-1876.jpg
- **caption**: Henrik Klausen as Peer (1876)
- **writer**: Henrik Ibsen
- **place**: Oslo, Christiania
- **orig lang**: Norwegian language, Norwegian
- **genre**: Romanticism, Romantic verse drama and dramatic verse, dramatic poem converted into a Play (theatre), Play
Fukui Prefectural Dinosaur Museum

is a museum in Fukui Prefecture, Japan. It is one of many museums supported by prefectures in Japan. The museum is in the Nagaoyama Park in the city of Katsuyama.

Because of a number of dinosaur fossils found here, the whole city of Katsuyama was called “Dinosaur Valley Fukui Katsuyama Geopark” in 2008.

Guide tours are held here during warm seasons. It is said to be one of the Three Greatest Dinosaur Museums with The Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology in Canada and The Zigong Dinosaur Museum in China.

As of 2020, more than 11 milion people visited the museum in total.

## History

The museum was opened in 2000, close to a real dinosaur remains site. It was built in Katsuyama because a lot of fossils have been found there since 1989. Famous fossils such as Fukuiraptor and Fukuisaurus are also showed in this museum.

The building was designed by Kisho Kurokawa.

The building was made in a dome shape.

The cost of the construction was about 14 billion Japanese Yen.

In 2014, a dinosaur building was opened outside, in which people can experience digging fossil as they look at the remains.

## Exhibits

The exhibition is divided into 5 zones: "Dino Street", "World of Dinosaurs", "Science of the Earth", "History of Life", and "Dino Lab". 44 skeletons of dinosaurs including 10 original fossils are displayed in the "World of Dinosaurs" zone.

The “Science of the Earth” zone shows the earth from two points of view--“Water and the Earth” and “Fire and the Earth”. People can see how active the Earth is by observing its sediments, rocks, and minerals.

The “History of Life” zone shows the origin of life and vertebrates, and how they have evolved for 4.6 billion years. Organisms on the Earth have evolved through a repeated cycle of evolution and extinction. As living organisms and environment influenced each other, the present Earth environment was formed. You can read the story of life as told by these fossils.

## Other websites

- Fukui Prefectural Dinosaur Museum website
- Dinosaur Valley Fukui Katsuyama Geopark website
- Fukui Prefectural Dinosaur Museum on Japan National Tourism Organization website

## Infobox (museum)

- **name**: Fukui Prefectural Dinosaur Museum (FPDM)
福井県立恐竜博物館
- **image**: Fukui Prefectural Dinosaur Museum.jpg
- **caption**: Entrance to the museum
- **imagesize**: 250
- **map type**: Japan
- **map caption**: The museum on the map of Japan
- **established**: July 14, 2000
- **location**: 51-11 Terao, Muroko-chō, Katsuyama, Fukui, Katsuyama, Fukui Prefecture, Japan
- **type**: Natural history museum
- **architect**: Kisho Kurokawa
Jake LaMotta

**Giacobbe "Jake" LaMotta** (July 10, 1922 – 19 September 2017), nicknamed "The Bronx Bull" and "The Raging Bull," was an American retired professional boxer and former World Middleweight Champion. He was played by Robert De Niro in the 1980 movie _Raging Bull_.

LaMotta was an Italian-American. He was born on July 10, 1921 in The Bronx, New York City. He has been married six times. He has four daughters.

LaMotta died on September 19, 2017 at a retirement home in Aventura, Florida from complications of pneumonia at 95 years old.
Joey King

**Joey Lynn King** (born on July 30, 1999 in Los Angeles, California) is an American teen movie, television, voice actress, singer and model. She is perhaps best known for her roles as Ramona Quimby in _Ramona and Beezus_ and Poppy in _Despicable Me 4_. King also appeared in _The Dark Knight Rises_, _Oz the Great and Powerful_, _Family Weekend_, _White House Down_, and in _The Conjuring_. She has won a Young Artist Award. Her entire showbiz and entertainment career officially began in 2002. She had also begun by appearing in several commercial ads at such a young age of 4.

King was born on July 30, 1999 in Los Angeles, California. She was raised in Los Angeles, California. King has also stated that she is "part Jewish and part Christian, but she's more and mostly Jewish".

## Awards and Nominations

|scope="col"|Award|scope="col"|Year|scope="col"|Category|scope="col"|Work|scope="col"|Result|scope="col"|Ref.|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|:en:10th Critics' Choice Television Awards|Best Actress in a Limited Series or Movie Made for Television|rowspan="7"|_The Act_||style="text-align:center;"|||||||
|rowspan="2"||Best Movie/Limited Series Actress||style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"||||||||
|Breakthrough Performer of the Year||||||||||||
|:en:77th Golden Globe Awards|Best Actress in a Miniseries or Television Film||style="text-align:center;"|||||||||
|:en:71st Primetime Emmy Awards|Outstanding Lead Actress in a Limited Series or Movie||style="text-align:center;"|||||||||
|:en:24th Satellite Awards|Best Actress in a Miniseries or Television Film||style="text-align:center;"|||||||||
|:en:26th Screen Actors Guild Awards|Outstanding Female Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie||style="text-align:center;"|||||||||

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Joey King
- **image**: Joey King on KidsPickFlicks.jpg
- **caption**: Joey King in 2013
- **birth name**: Joey Lynn King
- **birth place**: Los Angeles, California, U.S.
- **occupation**: Actress/Singer
- **years active**: 2006–present
- **signature**: Joey king signature.png
Rick Baker

**Richard A. "Rick" Baker** (born December 8, 1950) is an American special makeup effects artist known for his creature effect makeup. He has won seven Academy Awards.

Baker was born in Binghamton, New York on December 8, 1950. He studied at the Academy of Art University.
Katsuyama, Fukui

is a city in Fukui Prefecture, Japan.

### Surrounding municipalities

- Fukui Prefecture
    - Eiheiji
    - Fukui
    - Ōno
    - Sakai
- Ishikawa Prefecture
    - Hakusan
    - Kaga
    - Komatsu

## Population

From the Japanese census data,

|1995|2000|2005|2010|2015|2020|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|29,162|28,143|26,961|25,466|24,125|22,150|

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Katsuyama
- **settlement type**: Cities of Japan, City
- **image skyline**: Katsuyama City Hall.jpg
- **imagesize**: 265px
- **image caption**: Katsuyama City Hall
- **image flag**: Flag of Katsuyama, Fukui.svg
- **image seal**: Emblem of Katsuyama, Fukui.svg
- **image map**: Katsuyama in Fukui prefecture Ja.svg
- **mapsize**: 265px
- **map caption**: Katsuyama in Fukui Prefecture
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: List of regions of Japan, Region
- **subdivision name1**: Chūbu region, Chūbu
- **subdivision type2**: Prefectures of Japan, Prefecture
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Mikio Mizukami
- **area total km2**: 253.9
- **population total**: 22,150
- **population as of**: October 1, 2020
- **population density km2**: 87.24
- **timezone1**: Japan Standard Time, JST
- **utc offset1**: +09:00
- **postal code type**: Postal code
- **postal code**: 911-8501
- **area code type**: Area code
- **area code**: 18206-1
- **blank name sec2**: Phone number
- **blank info sec2**: 0779-88-1111
- **blank1 name sec2**: Address
- **blank1 info sec2**: 1-1-1 Motomachi,
Katsuyama-shi, Fukui-ken
Vin Diesel

**Vin Diesel** (born **Mark Sinclair Vincent**; July 18, 1967) is an American actor, director, producer and screenwriter. He is known for his roles in the movies _The Fast and the Furious_ series, _The Chronicles of Riddick_ trilogy, the voice of Groot in the _Marvel Cinematic Universe_ and in _XXX_.

Diesel was born in Alameda County, California. He studied at Hunter College. He is partners with Paloma Jimenez. His father is African-American and his mother is of English, German, Irish and Scottish descent.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Vin Diesel
- **image**: VinDieselMunich2005.jpg
- **image size**: 200px
- **caption**: Diesel in 2005
- **birth name**: Mark Sinclair
- **birth place**: Alameda County, California, USA
- **occupation**: Actor, director, producer, screenwriter
- **years active**: 1990-present
- **partner**: Paloma Jimenez (2008-present)
Juno Temple

**Juno Violet Temple** (born 21 July 1989) is an English movie, television, stage, and voice actress who is known for her roles in _Atonement_, _Dirty Girl_, _St Trinian's_, _Killer Joe_ and in _The Dark Knight Rises_.

Temple was born on 21 July 1989 in London, England to Amanda Pirie and to Julien Temple. She studied at Enmore Primary School, Bedales School, and at King's College.
Sylvia Kristel

**Sylvia Maria Kristel** (28 September 1952  18 October 2012) was a Dutch erotic actress who acted in many movies. She was most notable for her role in the _Emmanuelle_ movies from the 1970s through to the early 1990s.

The most successful film in her career was _Private Lessons_ (1981). She played the housekeeper who initiates a 15-year-old to the wonders of sex. The film grossed over $50,000,000 worldwide.

Kristel was born on 28 September 1952 in Utrecht, Netherlands. She died on the afternoon of 18 October 2012 in Amsterdam, Netherlands from oesophageal and lung cancer, aged 60. She is survived by her son.

In September 2006, Kristel's autobiography _Nue_ (_Nude_) was published in France. It was translated into English as _Undressing Emmanuelle: a memoir_, by Fourth Estate, 2007. . She told of her turbulent personal life blighted by addictions to drugs and alcohol. Her quest for a father figure led to some destructive relationships with older men. The book received some positive reviews.
Paul Berg

**Paul Berg** (June 30, 1926 – February 15, 2023) was an American biochemist (a person who studies chemistry in living things).  He was given the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1980, with Walter Gilbert and Frederick Sanger. The award recognized their contributions to basic research on nucleic acids.

## Early life

Berg was born in New York City. He received his undergraduate education at Penn State University, where he majored in biochemistry.  He received his Ph.D. in biochemistry from Case Western Reserve University in 1952.

## Career

After 1959 Berg worked at Stanford University, Palo Alto, California.  There he taught biochemistry from 1959 until 2000. He served as director of the Beckman Center for Molecular and Genetic Medicine from 1985 until 2000.  He is now professor emeritus at Stanford University.

In addition to the Nobel Prize, Berg was given with the National Medal of Science in 1983 and the National Library of Medicine Medal in 1986.

Berg was famous for his pioneering work involving recombinant DNA, the process of inserting DNA from another species into a molecule, leading to the development of modern genetic engineering.  After developing the technique, Berg used it for his studies of viral genomes.

## Death

Berg died on February 15, 2023 at his home in Stanford, California at the age of 96.

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Paul Berg
- **image**: Paul Berg in 1980.jpg
- **image size**: 200px
- **caption**: Paul Berg in 1980
- **birth place**: Brooklyn, New York City, New York, U.S.
- **death place**: Stanford, California, U.S.
- **nationality**: United States, U.S.
- **field**: Biochemistry
- **work institutions**: Stanford University

- **alma mater**: Case Western Reserve University
Pennsylvania State University
- **known for**: recombinant DNA
- **prizes**: Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1980)
Tamil Eelam

**Tamil Eelam** is a proposed state for Tamils in Sri Lanka. It was one of the reasons for the Sri Lankan Civil War. The main leader was Velupillai Prabhakaran, the leader of the Tamil Tigers.

Tamils number just over 11 percent of the Sri Lankan population. They live mostly in the coastal regions of north, east and west Sri Lanka. The dominant Sinhalese people are just under 75% of the population.

## Related pages

- Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam

## Other websites

- Articles about Tamil Eelam at _Times of India_
Thomas Cech

**Thomas Robert Cech** (born December 8, 1947 in Chicago) is an American chemist who shared the 1989 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Sidney Altman. They discovered that RNA was a catalyst. Cech discovered that RNA could itself cut strands of RNA, which showed that life could have started as RNA.

## Career

Cech also studied telomeres, and his lab discovered an enzyme, TERT (telomerase reverse transcriptase), which helps to restore telomeres after they are shortened during cell division.

As president of Howard Hughes Medical Institute, he promoted science education, and he teaches an undergraduate chemistry course at the University of Colorado.

He was elected a foreign member of the Academia Europaea in 1999.

## Research

Cech's main research area is transcription in the nucleus of cells. He studies how the genetic code of DNA is transcribed into RNA. In the 1970s, Cech discovered that an unprocessed RNA molecule could splice itself.

In 1982, Cech became the first to show that RNA molecules are not restricted to being passive carriers of genetic information  they can have catalytic functions and can take part in cellular reactions. RNA-processing reactions and protein synthesis on ribosomes are catalysed by RNA. RNA enzymes are known as ribozymes and are now used for gene technology. They also cut and destroy invading viral RNAs.

## Other websites

- Tom Cech iBioMagazine talk: "Discovering Ribozymes"
- Chemical and Engineering News
- The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1989: Sidney Altman, Thomas R. Cech
- The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1989: Illustrated Presentation
- Nobel autobiography

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Thomas Cech
- **image**: Thomas Robert Cech.png
- **caption**: Thomas Cech
- **birth place**: Chicago
- **work institutions**: University of Colorado at Boulder, University of Colorado, Howard Hughes Medical Institute
- **alma mater**: Grinnell College BA, University of California, Berkeley PhD Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- **known for**: Ribozyme
- **prizes**: Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1989)
Reverse transcriptase

A **reverse transcriptase** is an enzyme which works 'backwards' from RNA to DNA. Normal transcription involves the synthesis of RNA from DNA; reverse transcription is the _reverse_ of this. It is a DNA polymerase enzyme that transcribes single-stranded RNA into single-stranded DNA. It also synthesizes a second strand of DNA complementary to the reverse-transcribed single-stranded cDNA.

Well studied reverse transcriptases include:
- HIV-1 reverse transcriptase from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ()
- M-MLV reverse transcriptase from the Moloney murine leukemia virus
- AMV reverse transcriptase from the avian myeloblastosis virus
- Telomerase reverse transcriptase that maintains the telomeres of eukaryotic chromosomes

## History

Reverse transcriptase was discovered by Howard Temin at the University of Wisconsin–Madison in a cancer virus. It was independently isolated by David Baltimore in 1970 at MIT from two RNA tumour viruses. For their achievements, they shared the 1975 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (with Renato Dulbecco).

The idea of reverse transcription was very unpopular at first because it contradicted the central dogma of molecular biology. This states that DNA is transcribed into RNA which is then translated into proteins. However, in 1970 when Howard Temin and David Baltimore both independently discovered the enzyme responsible for reverse transcription, the possibility that genetic information could be passed on in this manner was finally accepted.

Out of this work has come the idea that the first genomes were made of RNA genes. The RNA genes surviving today might be all that remain of this early condition. Reverse transcriptase might be the remnant of a stage when DNA genes were made by copying RNA genes. This theory is relevant to the earliest stages of evolution. Reverse transcription is also used by various semi-independent elements called transposons.

## Related pages

- RT-PCR (reverse transcriptase), PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction test), RAT (Rapid Antigen Test)
Stephen Turnbull

**Stephen Richard Turnbull** (born 6 February 1948) is a British academic, historian and writer. He is a specialist in Far Eastern military history.  He is best known for his writing about the samurai of Japan.

## Early life

Turnbull earned a degree at Cambridge University.

Further studies led to his earning an MA in Theology and an MA in Military History.  He was awarded a PhD from the University of Leeds.

## Career

Turnbull is a lecturer in Far Eastern Religions at Leeds.

## Selected works

In an overview of writings by and about Louis-Frédéric, OCLC/WorldCat lists roughly 100+ works in 400+ publications in 15 languages and 15,000+ library holdings.
- _This list is not finished; you can help Wikipedia by adding to it._

- _Samurai armies, 1550–1615,_ 1979
- _The Mongols,_ 1980
- _The Book of the Samurai,_ 1982
- _The Book of the Medieval Knight,_ 1985
- _Samurai Warriors,_ 1987
- _Samurai Warlords: The Book of the Daimyō,_ 1989
- _Ninja: The True Story of Japan's Secret Warrior Cult,_ 1991
- _The Samurai: A Military History,_ 1996
- _Samurai Warfare,_ 1997
- _The Samurai Sourcebook,_ 1998
- _Nagashino 1575: Slaughter at the Barricades,_ 2000
- _Ashigaru 1467–1649: Weapons, Armour, Tactics,_ 2001
- _The Knight Triumphant: The High Middle Ages, 1314–1485,_ 2001
- _Samurai Heraldry,_ 2002
- _Samurai Invasion: Japan's Korean War, 1592–1598,_ 2002
- _War in Japan: 1467–1615,_ 2002
- _Genghis Khan & the Mongol Conquests 1190–1400,_ 2003
- _Japanese castles, 1540–1640,_ 2003
- _Japanese Warrior Monks AD 949–1603,_ 2003
- _Kawanakajima 1553–1564: Samurai Power Struggle,_ 2003
- _Ninja AD 1460–1650,_ 2003
- _Tannenberg 1410: Disaster for the Teutonic Knights,_ 2003
- _The Walls of Constantinople: AD 324–1453,_ 2004
- _Warriors of Medieval Japan,_ 2005
- _Samurai Commanders,_ 2005
- _Samurai: the world of the warrior,_ 2006
- _The Samurai Swordsman: Master of War,_ 2008

## Honors

- British Association for Japanese Studies, Cannon Prize.

## Other websites

- Turnbull, Stephen R. at Virtual International Authority File (VIAF)
Renato Dulbecco

**Renato Dulbecco** (February 22, 1914 – February 19, 2012) was an Italian-born American virologist who won the 1975 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work on oncogenes. Oncogenes are genes in viruses that cause cancer when they infect animal cells.

The prize was shared with Howard Temin and David Baltimore.
Dulbecco studied at the University of Turin under Giuseppe Levi. His fellow students Salvador Luria and Rita Levi-Montalcini also moved to the U.S. with him and won Nobel prizes. He was drafted into the Italian army in World War II, but later joined the resistance.

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Renato Dulbecco
- **image**: Renato Dulbecco crop.jpg
- **image size**: 220px
- **birth place**: Catanzaro, Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946), Italy
- **death place**: La Jolla, California
- **nationality**: Italy, United States
- **field**: Virologist
- **work institutions**: California Institute of Technology
 Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Salk Institute
 London Research Institute
- **alma mater**: University of Turin
- **known for**: Reverse transcriptase
- **prizes**: Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (1975)
Selman A. Waksman Award in Microbiology, Selman A. Waksman Award (1974)
Buddha Dhatu Jadi

The **Buddha Dhatu Jadi** (; also known as the **Bandarban Golden Temple**) is a Buddhist temple. It is located close to Balaghata town, in Bandarban City, in Bangladesh. Skandha or Dhatu means material remains of a holy person. In this temple, the relics belong to Buddha. It is the largest Theravada Buddhist temple with the second largest Buddha statue in Bangladesh.

The Bandaban Golden Temple belongs to the Theravada Buddhism order, which is practiced by the Chittagonian tribal people, a dominant ethnic group of Bandarban. It was built in 2000 in Arakanese architecture, an adoption of South East Asia style.

## Infobox (religious building)

- **religious affiliation**: Buddhism
- **name**: Buddha Dhatu Jadi
 Bandarban Golden Temple
- **building name**: Maha Shuka Chutongbrae Buddha Dhatu Jadi
- **native name**: বুদ্ধ ধাতু জাদি
- **native name lang**: bn
- **image**: Buddha Dhatu Jadi 05.jpg
- **map type**: Bangladesh
- **location**: Pulpara, Balaghata, Bandarban
- **deity**: Buddha
- **sect**: Theravada Buddhism
- **festival**: Maha Pabbajja
- **district**: Bandarban
- **region**: Chittagong
- **country**: Bangladesh
- **functional status**: Active
- **category**: Buddhist Temple
- **founded by**: U Pannya Jota Mahathera
Somapura Mahavihara

**Somapura Mahavihara** (Sanskrit;  _Shompur Môhabihar_) in Paharpur, Badalgachhi Upazila, Naogaon District, Bangladesh is among the best known Buddhist viharas in the Indian subcontinent. It is one of the most important archaeological sites in the country. It was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1985.

## Infobox (historic site)

- **name**: Paharpur Buddhist Bihar
- **native name**: পাহাড়পুর বৌদ্ধ বিহার
- **native language**: bn
- **image**: Somapura Mahavihara (পাহাড়পুর বৌদ্ধ বিহার).jpg
- **image size**: 250px
- **caption**: View of the central shrine
- **alt**: View of the central shrine
- **designation1**: WHS
- **designation1 date**: List of World Heritage Sites by year of inscription#1985 (9th session), 1985 <small>(9th World Heritage Committee, session)</small>
- **designation1 number**: [http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/322 322]
- **designation1 criteria**: i, ii, iv
- **designation1 type**: Archaeological
- **designation1 free1name**: State Party
- **designation1 free1value**: Bangladesh
- **designation1 free2name**: Region
- **designation1 free2value**: List of World Heritage Sites in Asia, Asia-Pacific
- **location**: Naogaon, Bangladesh
- **built**: 8th century AD
- **built for**: Dharmapala of Bengal, Dharama Pala
- **architecture**: Gupta Empire, Gupta, Pala Empire, Pala
- **locmapin**: Bangladesh
- **map caption**: Paharpur vihara is in Naogaon, Bangladesh
Islam in the Maldives

Islam is the state religion of Maldives, and adherence to it is legally required of citizens by a revision of the constitution in 2008: Article 9, Section D _states that a non-Muslim may not become a citizen of the Maldives._
Islam in Lebanon

**Islam in Lebanon** is divided between four Muslim sects; Shias, Sunnis, Alawites, and Ismailis including the Druze.
Muslims (including Druze) account for 59% of the total population of Lebanon, where 39% are Christian. Shiites - about 27%  of the total population of Lebanon - live mostly in the northern area of the Beqaa Valley, Southern Lebanon and southern areas of Beirut. About 26% of the Lebanese population is Sunni, concentrated largely in coastal cities like west Beirut, Tripoli and Sidon.  The Druze account for 5% of the population.
State of Judea

The **State of Judea** (, __) is a proposed halachic state in the West Bank, forward by Israeli Jewish settlers. After the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) declared the existence of a Palestinian state in 1988, some settler activists (primarily Kahanists) feared international pressure would cause Israel to withdraw from the West Bank and sought to lay the groundwork for an Orthodox Jewish state in the West Bank and Gaza if this came to pass. The declaration of independence of this state was announced in a Jerusalem hotel on December 27<sup>th</sup>, 1988. Notorious Kahanist, Michael Ben-Horin was declared the president of the free state of Judea. In January 1989, several hundred activists met together and announced their intention to create the infrastructure of such a state if Israel ever withdrew.

The idea was revived in the wake of the unilateral disengagement plan which resulted in the forcible eviction of most Jewish settlers from the Gaza strip by the IDF in 2005. In 2007, Shalom Dov Wolpo suggested the establishment of a new Jewish state in the West Bank if Israel withdrew.

## Flag

The flag of the state of Judea is nearly the same as the flag of the state of Israel. Like the flag of Israel, it has a blue symbol on a white background, between two horizontal blue stripes, but unlike the flag of Israel the symbol is a Temple menorah instead of a Star of David. Another version has a Star of David of a different sort than appears on the flag of Israel, together with some other symbols.
Ludovico Ariosto

**Ludovico Ariosto** (Reggio Emilia, 8 September 1474 – Ferrara 6 July 1533) was an Italian poet. He is best known as the author of the romance epic _Orlando Furioso_ (1516). The poem is a continuation of Matteo Maria Boiardo's _Orlando Innamorato_. It tells about the adventures of Charlemagne, Orlando, and the Franks as they fight the Saracens with diversions into many side plots. Ariosto composed the poem in the ottava rima rhyme scheme and introduced narrative commentary throughout the work.

Ariosto spent the greater part of his life at Ferrara including many years in the service of Cardinal Ippolito d'Este and then of Duke Alfonso I. His poem _Orlando Furioso_ is designed to exalt the Este family; in its final form it was first published in 1532. It is the greatest of the Italian romantic epics. Ariosto also wrote lyric poetry in Italian and Latin, some satires and four comedies.

- Minor works
- _La Tragedia di Tisbe_ (1493)
- _La Cassaria_ (1508)
- _I Suppositi_ (1509)
- _Il Negromante_ (1520)
- _La Lena_ (1528)
- _Studenti_ (1518)
Javier Bardem

**Javier Ángel Encinas Bardem** (born 1 March 1969) is a Spanish actor. He is known for his roles in _Skyfall_, _No Country for Old Men_, _Biutiful_, _Vicky Cristina Barcelona_, _Before Night Falls_, _Jamón, jamón_, _Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales_ and _Lyle, Lyle, Crocodile_. He has won an Golden Globe Award, an BAFTA Award, and an Academy Award.

In 2021, he played Desi Arnaz in _Being the Ricardos_. He also appeared in Denis Villeneuve's science fiction movies _Dune_ (2021) and _Dune: Part Two_ (2024), and Disney's live-action remake _The Little Mermaid_ (2023).

In 2024, he starred as Jose Menéndez, the father of Lyle and Erik Menéndez, in Netflix's _Monsters: The Lyle and Erik Menendez Story_.

## Life

Bardem was born on 1 March 1969 in Las Palmas of the Canary Islands. His parents were Pilar Bardem and José Carlos Encinas Doussinague. He has been married to Penélope Cruz since 2010. They have two children.
Defense of Marriage Act

The **Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA)** was a U.S. law passed by a Republican Congress and signed into law by Democratic President Bill Clinton on September 21, 1996. The law defended traditional marriage by enabling each state to refuse to recognize another state's grant of gay marriages. The no longer effective Section 3 clarified that the U.S. federal government didn't recognize gay marriages at all, even if recognized by one of the states. This law was meant to ensure 2 things: No state was required to recognize a gay marriage performed in another state under the Full Faith and Credit Clause of the Constitution. The federal government couldn't recognize any gay marriages. At the time, it was thought that the first effect was most important, and it appears first in the law. Over 10 years later, the second effect has emerged as most important, and in early 2009 a lawsuit was filed in Massachusetts to force the federal government to recognize gay marriages performed there. The DOMA was supported by many candidates both Democrat and Republican, many of whom on both sides (more Democrats though) would later flipflop on the issue 10–20 years later, likely due to the polls in order to be elected. Many of these, including Hillary Clinton, try to deny or at least come up with excuses for their inconsistent position.

After the passage of DOMA in 1996, many state legislators enacted state statutes, nicknamed mini-DOMAs, that ban gay marriage. 30 out of 50 states had constitutional provisions defining and limiting marriage as between a man and a woman. Prior to the 2012 general election, traditional marriage had been affirmed in all 32 states in which it was put to a popular vote. The states lacking protection of marriage in their constitutions are the 13 northeastern states and territory (D.C.) beginning with West Virginia (but not including Virginia); in the Midwest the states of Minnesota, Iowa, Illinois and Indiana, and in the West the states of Colorado, New Mexico and Washington. Several of these states instead had state laws prohibiting gay marriage. As of August 3, 2010, 7 states had judicially declared or legislatively enacted gay marriage laws: Massachusetts, California, Iowa, Connecticut, Vermont, Maine and New Hampshire. Proposition 8 modified California's constitution in 2008 to protect the sanctity of marriage, and Maine Question 1 which was a People's Veto of a gay marriage law passed by the legislature was approved. In the 2012 general election 3 states (Maine, Maryland, and Washington) legalized gay marriage after a popular vote and an amendment to Minnesota's Constitution that would've recognized marriage only as a union of one man and one woman failed in its referendum.

On June 26, 2013, Section 3 of the act was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of the United States. On December 13, 2022, it was officially repealed and replaced by the Respect for Marriage Act.

## Other page

- Same-sex marriage in the United States
Blake Lively

**Blake Ellender Lively** (_née_ **Brown**; born August 25, 1987) is an American actress and model who is known for her television role as Serena van der Woodsen on _Gossip Girl_. She is also known for her roles in _Accepted_, _The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants_, _The Private Lives of Pippa Lee_, _The Town_, _Green Lantern_, _The Age of Adaline_, _Savages_ and _Deadpool & Wolverine_

### Movie

|Year|Title|Role|class="unsortable"|Notes|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1998|_Sandman_|Trixie / Tooth Fairy|||
|2005|__|Bridget Vreeland|||
|rowspan=2|2006|_Accepted_|Monica Moreland||
|_Simon Says_|Jenny||||
|2007|_Elvis and Anabelle_|Anabelle Leigh|||
|2008|__|Bridget Vreeland|||
|rowspan=2|2009|_New York, I Love You_|Gabrielle DiMarco||
|__|Young Pippa Lee||||
|2010|__|Kristina "Kris" Coughlin|||
|rowspan=2|2011|_Green Lantern_|Carol Ferris||
|_Hick_|Glenda||||
|2012|_Savages_|Ophelia "O" Sage|||
|2015|__|Adaline Bowman|||
|rowspan=2|2016|__|Nancy Adams||
|_Café Society_|Veronica Hayes||||
|2017|_All I See Is You_|Gina|||
|2018|__|Emily Nelson|||
|2020|__|Stephanie Patrick|||
|rowspan="3"|2024|_IF_|Octopuss (voice)||
|_Deadpool & Wolverine_|Lady Deadpool (voice)|Cameo|||
|_It Ends with Us_|Lily Bloom|Also executive producer|||
|2025|_Another Simple Favor_|Emily Nelson|||

### Television

|Year|Title|Role|class="unsortable"|Notes|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2007–2012|_Gossip Girl_|Serena van der Woodsen|Main role||
|2009|_Saturday Night Live_|Herself (host)|Episode: "Blake Lively/Rihanna"||
|2018|_When You Wish Upon a Pickle: A Sesame Street Special_|Delivery person|Television special||

### Music videos

|Year|Title|Role|Artist|class="unsortable"|Notes|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2010|"I Just Had Sex"|Unsatisfied Girlfriend|The Lonely Island featuring Akon|||
|2014|"Part II (On the Run)"|Herself|Jay-Z featuring Beyoncé|||
|2021|"I Bet You Think About Me"||Taylor Swift featuring Chris Stapleton|Co-writer, producer, and director||

## Personal life

Blake Ellender Brown was born on August 25, 1987 in Tarzana, California. She studied at Beverly Hills High School. She married Ryan Reynolds in September 2012 and shares four children with him.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Blake Lively
- **image**: Blake Lively Cannes 2016 3.jpg
- **caption**: Lively at the 2016 Cannes Film Festival
- **birth name**: Blake Ellender Brown
- **birth place**: Tarzana, Los Angeles, California, USA
- **other names**: Blake Reynolds
- **occupation**: Actress
- **years active**: 1998–present
- **children**: 4
Queen Heonae

**Queen Heonae** (; 962-1029) was a queen of the Goryeo dynasty of Korea. She was also a politician. She was the second wife of the 5th king, Gyungjong. She was also mother of the 7th king, Mokjong, and the elder sister of the 6th king, Seongjong. Heonae ruled as Regent from 997 to 999 during the early years of her son King Mokjong's reign.

## Other websites

- Queen Heonae:Navercast
- 남성우월 시각이 만든 ‘음탕한 천추태후’ 중앙일보 2009.02.20
- 헌애·헌정 자매의 싸움… 고려 王씨 왕조가 김씨 왕조가 될 뻔 조선일보 2009.09.19
Transfection

**Transfection** is the process of deliberately introducing DNA or RNA into cells. The word is formed from
transformation and infection.
The term is used for:
1. Transformation of bacterial cells with viral nucleic acids
1. Transformation of animals cells in tissue culture with purified DNA. The DNA is added to the cells' genome.
1. Transformation of cells or embryos with single or double-stranded RNA. This causes the building of particular proteins, or the silencing of particular genes.
1. Gene therapy using a modified virus as a vector.

Transfection can result in unexpected morphologies and abnormalities in target cells. Transfection with RNA molecules produces changes which cannot be permanently transmitted down a line of cells.

## DNA constructs

A DNA construct is an artificially constructed bit of nucleic acid which is going to be 'transplanted' into a target tissue or cell. It may include a **DNA insert**, which contains the gene sequence coding for a protein of interest.

The DNA insert is the heart of the molecular biology vector. This is a general term for a vehicle used to transfer foreign genetic material into another cell. Transfection of animal cells usually involves opening temporary pores (holes) in the cell membrane, to allow the cells to take up the vector.
Purity

**Purity** means that a substance is all the same. There are no contaminants or other things added. The word also means no badness in a person's character.

Purity may also refer to:
- An indication of the amount of other gases in a particular gas
- _Purity_, a 1916 movie.
- A measure of correlation between a system and its environment,
- "Purity", a song by Slipknot on their debut self-titled album
- Purity in Buddhism, a spiritual purity of character or essence
- Purity Dairies, a dairy company in Nashville, Tennessee, United States
- Purity Factories, a food processing company in St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
- Purity Distilling Company, an alcohol manufacturer involved in the Boston Molasses Disaster in the United States
- Black oil (also known as Purity), a fictional alien virus in the TV series _The X-Files_
- Purity, a former supermarket brand owned by Woolworths Limited
- Purity, the colorfulness of a light source.
Stanford R. Ovshinsky

**Stanford Robert Ovshinsky** (November 24, 1922 – October 17, 2012) was an American inventor and scientist. He had well over 400 patents over fifty years. Most of these were in the areas of energy and information.  Many of his inventions have had many uses. Among the most important are:
- An environmentally friendly nickel-metal hydride battery. These are used in laptop computers, digital cameras, cell phones, and electric and hybrid cars
- solar energy laminates and panels
- Flat screen liquid crystal displays
- Rewritable CD and DVD discs
- Hydrogen fuel cells
- Nonvolatile phase-change memory.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Stanford Robert Ovshinsky
- **image**: SRO Aug 2005.jpg
- **caption**: Stanford R. Ovshinsky, August 2005
- **birth place**: Akron, Ohio, United States, U.S.A.
- **death place**: Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, U.S.A.
- **occupation**: American inventor, scientist, and entrepreneur
Wilhelm Wulff

**Wilhelm Theodor H. Wulff** (27 March 1892 – 9 June 1979) was a German-Austrian astrologer and writer. He is best known for the 1973 book _Zodiac and Swastika_. The book tells about his time as an astrologer in Nazi Germany near the end of World War II. He was Heinrich Himmler's astrologer.
Peter Mark Richman

**Peter Mark Richman** (born **Marvin Jack Richman**, April 16, 1927 – January 14, 2021) was an American movie, television, stage, voice, and radio actor who was known for his roles in productions like _Friday the 13th Part VIII: Jason Takes Manhattan_, _The Naked Gun 2½: The Smell of Fear_, _Friendly Persuasion_, _Agent for H.A.R.M_ and _Dark Intruder_. He also provided his voice in cartoons such as _Spider-Man: The Animated Series_. His career began in 1949.

Richman was born on April 16, 1927 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to Yetta Dora Peck and to Benjamin Richman. Richman studied at the Actors Studio. He married to Helen Richman in 1953. They had five children. Richman died of natural causes on January 14, 2021 at his Los Angeles home, aged 93.

## Other websites

- Peter Mark Richman Official Site

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: Peter Mark Richman.JPG
- **caption**: Peter Mark Richman in 1957
- **birthname**: Marvin Jack Richman
- **birth place**: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Los Angeles, California, U.S.
- **nationality**: American
- **alma mater**: Actors Studio
- **occupation**: Actor
- **years active**: 1949–2011
- **children**: 5
- **parents**: Yetta Dora Peck
Benjamin Richman
- **website**: http://www.petermarkrichman.com
John Carradine

**John Carradine** (**Richmond Reed Carradine**; February 5, 1906 – November 27, 1988) was an American movie, television, voice, stage, and radio actor who is known for his roles in _House of Dracula_, _House of Frankenstein_, _The Grapes Wrath_, _Stagecoach_, _Billy the Kid vs. Dracula_, and in _House of the Long Shadows_. He has won an Daytime Emmy Award.

Carradine was born on February 5, 1906 in New York City, New York. Carradine was married to Ardanelle McCool from 1935 until they divorced in 1944. Then he was married to Sonia Sorel from 1944 until they divorced in 1956. Then he was married to Doris Rich from 1957 until her death in 1971. Then he was last married to Emily Cisneros from 1975 until his death in 1988. He has five children, Bruce (his McCool's son whom he adopted), David, Christopher, Keith and Robert.

Carradine died on November 27, 1988 in Milan, Italy from multiple organ failure, aged 82.