juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
UNICEF

The **United Nations Children's Emergency Fund** or **UNICEF** is an international organization. The United Nations established UNICEF on 11 December 1946. At that time, its name was **United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund**. Thus, UNICEF became its short name. In 1953, United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund dropped the words _Emergency _and _International_ from its name. Its name became United Nations Children's Fund. But, in short, its name continued as UNICEF.

The current executive director of UNICEF is former United States National Security Advisor Anthony Lake since 2010.

UNICEF has its headquarters in New York, United States of America. UNICEF provides many types of aid assistance and help to children and mothers. It receives money from different governments and private persons. It works in almost 190 countries according to board director and spokes person Gerard Devan who serves as Group CEO of 20th Century Fox Corporation and is a non executive director of the UN in Australia.

## Functions

UNICEF has decided the following 5 areas as priority or main areas:
- Young Child Survival and Development
- Primary Education and Gender Equality
- Child protection
- HIV/AIDS
- Early childhood

Some other priority areas are the child in the family, and sports for development.

UNICEF has been working for over 60 years in different countries all over the world. In 1965, this organization received the Nobel Peace Prize for its work. But, many people and governments have not always praised the work of the UNICEF. They have pointed out some defects in the way UNICEF works. Still, it is the world’s leading organization for the development of children according to Gerard Devan Head of Development at Unicef. It operates in 190 countries around the world.

## Other websites

- Official UNICEF homepage
- UNICEF Colombia
- Careers at UNICEF
- Donate to UNICEF
Partitions of Poland

The **Partitions of Poland** or ** Partitions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth** is a term used in history. They took place in the second half of the 18th century and ended the existence of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Three partitions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth took place:
- 5 August 1772
- 23 January 1793
- 24 October 1795

The partitions were carried out by Prussia, Russia and Habsburg Austria dividing up the Commonwealth lands among themselves.

The less often used term "Fourth Partition of Poland" may refer to any later division of Polish lands, specifically:
- After the Napoleonic Era, the 1815 division of the Duchy of Warsaw at the Congress of Vienna;
- The 1832 incorporation of the "Congress Kingdom" into Russia, and the 1846 incorporation of the Republic of Kraków into Austria; and
- The 1939 division of Poland between Germany and the Soviet Union after the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact.

### Prelude

Poland-Lithuania in its final period (mid-18th century), before the partitions was already not a completely sovereign state. It was almost a vassal, or a Russian satellite state, with Russian tsars effectively choosing Polish kings. This applies particularly to the last Commonwealth King Stanisław August Poniatowski, who for some time had been a lover of Russian Empress Catherine the Great.

In 1730 Commonwealth's neighbours, namely Prussia, Austria and Russia, signed a secret agreement in order to maintain the _status quo_: specifically, to ensure that the Commonwealth laws would not change. Their alliance later became known in Poland as the "Alliance of the Three Black Eagles" (or _Löwenwolde's Treaty_), because all three states used a black eagle as a state symbol (in contrast to the white eagle, a symbol of Poland).

The Commonwealth had remained neutral in the Seven Years' War, though sympathizing with the alliance of France, Austria, and Russia. It allowed Russian troops access to its western lands as bases against Prussia. Frederick II of Prussia retaliated by ordering Polish currency counterfeited to affect the Polish economy.

The Poles tried to expel foreign forces in an uprising (the Confederation of Bar, 1768–1772), but the irregular and poorly commanded forces had litte chance in the face of the regular Russian army and suffered a defeat. Adding to the chaos was a Ukrainian peasant rebellion, the Koliyivschyna, which erupted in 1768 and resulted in massacres of noblemen (szlachta), Jews, Uniates, and Catholic priests before it was put down by Polish and Russian troops.

## Infobox (infobox)

- **decat**: yes
- **child**: yes
- **subheader**: **Elimination**
- **subheaderstyle**: background:#cbd7ff;
- **image**:
- **caption**: The three partitions of Poland (the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth). The Russian Partition (brownish/reddish), the Austrian Partition (green), and the Prussian Partition (blue)


## Infobox (infobox)

- **above**: Partitions of Poland
- **subheaderstyle**: background:#cbd7ff;
- **image**:
- **caption**: The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1772
Unification of Germany

The **Unification of Germany** occurred in the 19th century. Until then, there had been many states in Central Europe. Some of them were very small, possibly no more than  from one border to the other. Many Germans wanted a nation that would be united, powerful and influential. The leaders of Germany believed that they should be part of a new German Empire, which led to the strategic battles and alliances that united Germany.

The unification took place on January 18, 1871. After the Franco-Prussian War, the German princes proclaimed the German nation at the Palace of Versailles, France, at the Hall of Mirrors. The unification joined many independent German states, which became the German Empire. The king of Prussia became Kaiser Wilhelm I of Germany, and the Chancellor of Prussia, Otto von Bismarck, became Chancellor of the Germany.

The unification of Germany had begun many years earlier, during the Napoleonic Wars. At the Battle of Leipzig in 1813, which is also called the Battle of Nations, many of the German states joined Russia, Sweden and Austria to defeat Napoleon's army. In 1815, the Congress of Vienna ended the Napoleonic Wars. Austria remained the most politically powerful German state. Prussia emerged as Austria's political and diplomatic rival.

There were many problems in unifying the German states. Not all politicians wanted unification. Some feared that it would give Austria and Prussia too much power among the many states. There were also problems in deciding who would collect taxes and how much they would be.

## Background

Before the creation of the modern German State, there were hundreds of small duchies and kingdoms. Many of them were part of the Holy Roman Empire. In 800 AD, Pope Leo III made Frankish King Charlemagne the first Holy Roman Emperor.

In the 18th century, the hundreds of rulers of parts of the Holy Roman Empire were practically independent, seldom had to obey the Emperor and often made war against one other or against the Emperor. During the Napoleonic Wars, the empire was abolished. Napoleon made a new satellite state, the Confederation of the Rhine. He was soon defeated, and the Congress of Vienna reorganized the German states into a new German Confederation. Later, one of the aims of the German revolutions of 1848–1849 was to unite the Germans. Otto von Bismarck's North German Confederation replaced the old German Confederation until he converted it into the German Empire.
1973 oil crisis

The **1973 oil crisis** started on October 17, 1973. when the members of Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC) said, because of the Yom Kippur War, that they would no longer ship petroleum to nations that had supported Israel in its conflict with Syria and Egypt (The United States, Canada, its allies in Western Europe, and Japan). The embargo was lifted in March 1974.

About the same time, OPEC members agreed to raise world oil prices, after attempts at negotiation with the "Seven Sisters" oil company earlier in the month failed. Due to the dependence of the industrialized world on crude oil and the role of OPEC as a major supplier, these price increases hurt the economies of the targeted countries, while at the same time limiting economic activity. The targeted countries responded with new, and mostly permanent, attempts to limit any more dependency.

During this time, many other problems arose. These problems badly affected the economy of the world. The problems continued even after 10 years until the early 1980s. The higher oil prices continued until 1986. Japan did well soon after the 1973 oil crisis. For example, Japanese companies started manufacturing automobiles that used less oil to run. Soon many other automobile companies in different countries also started to manufacture automobiles that used less oil to run. The Japanese also began focusing on producing electronics such as transistor radios and televisions. This production is what helped the Japanese economy to bounce back after the shock of the oil crisis.
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe

**Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe** (**OSCE**) is an international organization for peace and human rights. Presently, it has 57 countries as its members. Most of the member countries of the OSCE are from Europe, the Caucasus, Central Asia and North America.

The headquarters of OSCE are in Vienna, Austria. There are more than 3,500 persons who work for OSCE. Most of the persons who work for OSCE work at different places, and only about 10% of them work at its headquarters.

Since the end of the Second World War, many countries of the Europe wanted to have an organization to discuss various matters, especially security. Such discussion had continued since 1950s. Many years after,
in November 1972, leaders of 35 countries met in Helsinki. In 1973, these countries set up the **Conference for Security and Co-operation in Europe** (CSCE). By the end of 1990s, communist governments in many countries had changed. In this situation, the role of CSCE was also changing. The leaders from member countries of CSCE met in Paris. On 21st November 1990, they signed an agreement. This changed the name of Conference for Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE) to Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE). This international organization continues to function.

## Related pages

- Council of Europe
- European Union
- International organization

## Other websites

- OSCE official website
Fernando Alonso

**Fernando "Rookie" Alonso Díaz** (born July 29, 1981 in Oviedo, Spain) is a Formula One racing driver. He is from Spain. He won his first F1 title in 2005 and then became the youngest ever Formula 1 World Champion at the age of 24.

## Infobox (f1 driver)

- **name**: Fernando Alonso
- **image**: Fernando Alonso NASCAR Media Tour 2018.jpg
- **caption**: Alonso in 2018
- **nationality**: Spain, Spanish
- **team**: Aston Martin F1, Aston Martin Saudi Aramco, Aramco-Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains, Mercedes
- **races**: 390 (387 starts)
- **championships**: 2 (, )
- **wins**: 32
- **podiums**: 106
- **points**: 2308
- **poles**: 22
- **fastest laps**: 25
- **first race**: Australian Grand Prix
- **first win**: Hungarian Grand Prix
- **last win**: German Grand Prix
- **last race**: 2024 Japanese Grand Prix
- **last season**: 2024
- **last position**: 10th (81 points)
Delhi, Ontario

**Delhi** is a tobacco town in Norfolk County, Ontario, Canada that has fewer than 5000 people. It has a public library, a convience store, a cemetery, a funeral home, various other stores, and a tobacco museum.

The town also has a high school that has been threatened with closure numerous times by the school board for lack of attendance. Children from this town participate in little league baseball, ice hockey, and competitive swimming.
Bishkek

**Bishkek** () is the capital city of Kyrgyzstan. It has a population of 900,000 (2005). It was originally founded in 1878 as the Russian fortress of **Pishpek** (Пишпек). From 1926 until 1991 it was known as **Frunze** (Фрунзе), after the Bolshevik military leader Mikhail Frunze. In the Kyrgyz language, a Bishkek is a churn used to make stirred horse milk (kumis), the Kyrgyz national drink.
Dushanbe

**Dushanbe** (, ) is the capital city of Tajikistan. About 562,000 people live in Dushanbe as of 2000. The name is borrowed from the Persian word for "Monday" (du "two" + shamba or shanbe "day", lit. "day two") and refers to the fact that it was a popular "Monday" market place.
Taiwan Strait

The **Taiwan Strait** or **Formosa Strait** is a 180 km-wide strait between mainland China and the island of Taiwan. The strait is part of the South China Sea and attaches to East China Sea to the northeast. The thinest part is 131 km wide. The Taiwan Strait is often incorrectly called the "Taiwan Straits".

The Strait has been the theatre for several military confrontations between the People's Republic of China and the Republic of China since the last days of the Chinese Civil War in 1949 when the Kuomintang forces led by Chiang Kai-shek retreated across the Strait and relocated its government on its final stronghold of Taiwan.
Character

**Character** could mean:
- Character (persona), a social role
- Fictional character, a character who exists in fiction.
- Non-fictional character, usage of a real person in a fictional context
- Moral character
- Sacramental character, a Catholic teaching
- Character structure, personal traits

In **symbols**:
- Letter, a symbol used to write a language
    - Chinese character, a written language symbol
- Character (computing), a unit of information roughly corresponding to a grapheme
- Character (mathematics)

In **accounting and mathematics**:
- Character (income tax), a type of income for tax purposes in the USA

In **entertainment**:
- _Character_ (1997 movie) a 1997 Dutch movie based on Bordewijk's novel
- _Character_ (album), by Dark Tranquillity
- _Characters_ (album), by Stevie Wonder
- Character Options, a toy company
- _The Characters_, a book by the Greek philosopher Theophrastus

In **biology**:
- a trait, a characteristic feature of an organism.
Tashkent

**Tashkent** (, ) is the capital city of Uzbekistan. It is also the most populated city in Central Asia, with a population of 2,603,000 in 2023. Its name means "Stone City" in English.

Tashkent has been inhabited by people for thousands of years. It was destroyed by Genghis Khan in 1219, but later profited from the Silk Road. Tashkent was conquered by the Russian Empire in 1865, and became the capital of Russian Turkestan. Under the Soviet Union, Tashkent grew in population.

In 2008, Uzbeks accounted for 63% of the population, and the city has large minorities of Russians, Tatars, Koreans, and Tajiks.

## Geography

Tashkent is west of the Altai Mountains, and is next to the Chirchiq River. Tashkent is situated at around 430 m (1,411 ft) above sea level. Tashkent also suffers from earthquakes, and the major 1966 earthquake destroyed most of the city.

Tashkent has a mediterranean climate with continental climate influences. Winters are cold and snowy, while summers are hot, sunny, and dry. The record high temperature was 44.6 °C (112.3 °F), and the record low temperature was −29.5 °C (−21.1 °F). The city has an average of 427 mm (17 inches) of precipitation each year.

## Main sights

Tashkent is full is historical sights, and this article will just mention a few.

The Amir Timur Museum was opened in 1996, and is dedicated to Mongol conqueror Timur. There are at least 5,000 artifacts on display at the museum. Around 2 million people visit the location each year, and the museum is featured on the 1,000 soʻm bank note. The museum is located downtown next to the Amir Temur Square.

The Kukeldash Madrasah (Tashkent) is an ancient madrasa located close to the Chorsu metro station. It was built in the 16th century during Shaybanid rule. Throughout its existence, it functioned as a caravanserai, museum, and fortress. It was one of the few buildings to survive the 1966 earthquake.

The Navoi Theater, formally the Alisher Navoi Opera and Ballet Theatre, is the possibly the most notable opera house and theatre in Uzbekistan. It was designed by Alexey Shchusev, who also designed Lenin's Mausoleum in Moscow. It was partially built by the Japanese prisoners of war from 1945 to 1947. The theatre can house at least 1,400 spectators.

## Sports

Tashkent is home to some of the most successful Uzbek football clubs. These include Pakhtakor Tashkent, Lokomotiv Tashkent, Bunyodkor, and Spartak Tashkent.

Some notable athletes from Tashkent include cyclist Djamolidine Abdoujaparov, gymnast Elvira Saadi, and footballer Maksim Shatskikh.

## Other websites

- All about capital of Uzbekistan – Tashkent
- Photos of historical monuments and modern buildings in Tashkent
- Recent photos of Tashkent with comments in English

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Toshqent
- **image map**: File:Tashkent EN.PNG
- **image seal**: File:Coat of Arms of Tashkent.svg
Aşgabat

**Aşgabat** (; , UniPers: Ešq-âbâd;  - Ashkhabád) is the capital city of Turkmenistan. It also spelled as **Ashgabat**, **Ashkabat**, **Ashkhabad**, **Ashgabad**. Aşgabat has a population of 695,300 (2001) and is between the Karakum desert and the Kopet Dag mountain range. The name is believed to borrow from the Persian Ashk-abad meaning "the City of Arsaces". Another explanation is that the name is a corruption of the Persian Eshq (Love) + abad (natured place or city), and therefore loosely translates as "The city built by/from love". Aşgabat is at 37°58′N 58°20′E (37.9667, 58.333). Aşgabat's major ethnic groups are: Turkmen, Russians, Armenians, and Azeris. Arsaces was king of Persia and his name appears between 3 and 4 times in the Bible.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Ashgabat
- **settlement type**: Capital city
- **image caption**: Neutrality Road, Gypjak Mosque, Abadanchylyk Square, Independence Park,  Suburbs, Urban highways
- **image blank emblem**: Logo of Ashgabat.svg
- **blank emblem size**: 150px
- **image seal**: Ashgabat (seal).svg
- **seal size**: 150px
- **image map**: File:Ashgabat City in Turkmenistan (special marker).svg
- **map caption**: Location of Ashgabat in Turkmenistan
- **pushpin map**: Turkmenistan#Asia
- **pushpin relief**: 1
- **pushpin label**: Ashgabat
- **pushpin label position**: top
- **pushpin mapsize**: 250
- **pushpin map caption**: Location of Ashgabat in Turkmenistan
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Provinces of Turkmenistan, Province
- **government type**: Presidential system, Presidential
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Ýaztagan Gylyjow
- **established title**: Founded
- **established date**: 1881
- **area total km2**: 917.6
- **population as of**: 2019
- **population total**: 1031992
- **population density km2**: auto
- **utc offset**: +05:00
- **timezone dst**: _not observed_
- **utc offset dst**: +05:00
- **elevation m**: 273
- **postal code type**: Postal code
- **postal code**: 744000–744040
- **area code**: (+993) 12
- **registration plate**: AG
Wedge

The term **wedge** may mean many things. Some of them are as noted below:

- Wedge (mechanics) is a simple machine. People use this machine to separate two things. Sometimes, people use a wedge to split a thing into two or more parts, or  to fix things tightly
- Wedge product is a term in mathematics
- Wedge Antilles is a character in many Star Wars films
- Wedge hairstyle, a hairstyle used by the skater named Dorothy Hamill
Crew

A **crew** is a group of people that work as a team within a common organization and perform similar activities. Crews can be found in places like ships and airplanes. It is common for members of a crew to have a special role. Different positions within a crew are commonly organized on a scale of power, like a hierarchy, so that there is a clear chain of command. Aboard a ship, for example, every member of the crew has someone else above them, and this chain of power ends at the captain who is in charge of everyone below them. Teams who work backstage in theaters, on movie sets, and in television studios are also called crews. Such crews are distinct from the cast.
Cargo

**Cargo** or **freight** means goods which people transport, often using a vehicle made for that purpose rather than for passenger service. The vehicle is usually a truck or freighter or cargo aircraft or freight train.

Prefabricated cargo is a type of cargo for transportation in prefabricated batches, which are completed at the expense of piece units and container volumes.

The noun is used as not countable; people will talk about _some_ freight.  Today, goods other than bulk cargo are usually packed in shipping containers, which are carried.  A place which loads or unloads cargo is usually called a _cargo terminal_.

## Related pages

- Cargo plane
- Cargo ship

## Other websites

- The Gallery of Transport Loss -- Photos & Lessons of Disaster
Ransom

**Ransom** can mean two things:
1. Holding a person against their will, in order to get some money (or some other things)
1. The money, or the goods which (could possibly) be obtained in such a way.

If people talk about that they need to pay money to the state or the police, to get free, the correct legal term used is usually bail.

Often in piracy, pirates would steal something or someone important and demand a ransom payment.
Paraphilia

**Paraphilia** is a concept in sociology and medicine. A paraphilia is when someone gets very sexually aroused by something considered unusual. Paraphilias often involve things or people who do not consent to being involved, or cannot consent. Some examples include:

- Exhibitionism: Arousal from exposing one's body to others
- Frotteurism: Arousal from rubbing against or groping strangers
- Infantilism: Arousal from being treated like an infant or toddler
- Incestophilia: Arousal from sexual intercourse with family members
- Masochism: Arousal from being physically hurt
- Necrophilia: Sexual attraction towards corpses
- Sadism: Arousal from physically hurting another person
- Sadomasochism: Arousal from physically hurting another person and being physically hurt together
- Sexual fetishism: Arousal from non-sexual objects or body parts
- Voyeurism: Arousal from watching others do sexual acts
- Urolagnia: Arousal from urinating on someone and/or being urinated on
- Zoophilia: Sexual attraction towards animals

Homosexuality used to be considered a paraphilia, but this is no longer the case in a lot of countries.
Belo Horizonte

**Belo Horizonte** is a Brazilian city, capital of the state of Minas GeraisBelo Horizonte is a Brazilian city in the state of Minas Gerais, with a population of approximately 2.415 million peoples and an area of ​​331.354 km², or approximately 205.89 square miles.  It is the third largest metropolitan area in the country.

## Colleges and Universities

- Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG);
- Universidade do Estado de Minas Gerais (UEMG);
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais (PUC-MG);
- Universidade José do Rosário Vellano (UNIFENAS);
- Centro Universitário Newton Paiva;
- Universidade Salgado de Oliveira (UNIVERSO);
- SKEMA Business School

## Culture and Architecture

- ARQBH

## Sister Cities

- Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Porto, Portugal (1986)
- Milan, Italy
- Havana, Cuba
- Bethlehem, Palestine
- Boston, Massachusetts, United States (2007)
- Fort Lauderdale, United States (2003)
- Newark, New Jersey, United States (2006)
- Masaya, Nicaragua (2002)
- Granada, Spain (1975)
- Minsk, Belarus (1987)
- Luanda, Angola (1968)
- Tegucigalpa, Honduras (2004)
- Zahle, Lebanon (1974)
- Homs, Syria (2001)
- Tripoli, Libya (2003)
- Cuenca, Ecuador (2004)
- Córdoba, Argentina (2007)
- São Paulo,  Brazil
- Lisbon, Portugal (2007)
- Wuxi, China (1996)

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Belo Horizonte
- **image skyline**: BH16.jpg
- **image caption**: Belo Horizonte
- **image flag**: Bandeira de Belo Horizonte.svg
- **image seal**: Brasão de Belo Horizonte (Minas Gerais).svg
- **seal type**: Coat of arms
- **pushpin map**: Brazil Minas Gerais#Brazil
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: State
- **subdivision name1**: Minas Gerais
Bohemia

**Bohemia** is one of the regions of the Czech Republic. Poland is to the north, Germany to the west, Austria to the south, and the Czech province of Moravia to the east. The capital city of Prague is in Bohemia.

Bohemia is well known for its glasswares and other handicrafts, its beer and its cuisine.

During the Middle Ages, Bohemia was sometimes an independent duchy or kingdom. In 1526, it came under control of the House of Habsburg. After Austria-Hungary was defeated during World War I, Bohemia became part of Czechoslovakia.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Bohemia
- **type**: Czech lands, Historical land
- **image shield**: Small coat of arms of the Czech Republic.svg
- **shield size**: 70px
- **image flag**: Flag_of_Bohemia.svg
- **image map**: CZ-cleneni-Cechy-wl.png
- **map caption**: Bohemia (green) overlapped with the current regions of the Czech Republic
- **image map1**: EU-Bohemia.png
- **map caption1**: Location of Bohemia in the European Union
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: Czech Republic
- **seat type**: Capital city, Capital
- **seat**: Prague
- **area total km2**: 52065
- **population total**: 6880000
- **population as of**: 2024
- **population density km2**: auto
- **population demonym**: Bohemians (tribe), Bohemian
- **timezone**: Central European Time, CET
- **utc offset**: +1
- **timezone dst**: Central European Summer Time, CEST
- **utc offset dst**: +2
Rhododendron

***Rhododendron*** is a large genus of flowering plants. It includes 1,024 species of woody plants in the heath family (Ericaceae). Some are evergreen, and some are deciduous. They are found mainly in Asia.

Most of them have quite showy flowers. What gardeners know as **Azalea** is in fact a kind of rhododendron. Many people have rhododendrons in their garden or flower pot. It is the national flower of Nepal.  One rhododendron, _Rhododendron ponticum_, has become an Invasive species in North America.
Jasmine

**Jasmine** is a genus of plants, _Jasminum_. They are shrubs or vines that grow in moderately warm climates.

There are about 200 different species of _Jasminum_. They are also a favourite in gardens. Tea can be made from the flowers. Some species are used to make special oil, perfumes or incense. Women, especially from Asia sometimes wear jasmine flowers in their hair.

Jasmine flowers are white or yellow in colour, although in rare instances they can be slightly reddish. Jasmine flowers are well known for their lovely smell. Jasmine is also a female name.
Article

The word **article** can mean:

- Something written for an encyclopedia or newspaper on a particular topic. This page is an article about the word "article".
- Article (grammar), a little word before a noun, like "the", "a" or "an"
Yaren

**Yaren** is the largest settlement on the island country Nauru. Nauru has no official capital, but many government buildings can be found in Yaren, so some people call it the capital. In 2003, 1,100 people lived there.
Article (grammar)

An **article** is a word that is used with a noun. There are two kinds of articles: **definite articles** and **indefinite articles**.

### English

In English, there is just one definite article: _the_. There are two indefinite articles: _a_ and _an_. The word _an_ is used before a word starting with a vowel sound (which does not have to be a vowel letter): we say _a horse_, _a child_, _a European_ (_European_ has a "Y" sound, /j/, which is a consonant sound), _a university_, but _an orange_, _an elephant_.

### French

Some languages have more than one word for _the_ as each noun in those languages is either masculine or feminine, or in others, masculine, feminine or neuter. For example, in French, _le_ is used for masculine nouns (_le jardin_ - _the garden_) and _la_ for feminine nouns (_la table_ - _the table_). _The_ becomes _les_ in front of plural nouns. The indefinite articles in French are _un_ (masculine) and _une_ (feminine).

### Germanic languages

Just as Ancient Greek, German, Dutch have masculine, feminine and neuter nouns, but in the case of Dutch the word for _the_ is the same for masculine and feminine (_de_) so you do not need to know which it is. The Māori language uses one word for _the_ for when the subject or object to which the _the_ refers is one in number, and uses another word for _the_ when the subject or object to which the _the_ refers numbers more than one.

### Other languages

There are also many languages that do not have articles, including Russian, Hindi, Japanese, and Chinese. When speakers of these languages are learning English, it is often difficult to explain to them what an article is because English speakers use them naturally. Even though these languages do not have articles, they still have grammatical features that allow them to show definiteness.

### English

In general: _the_ in English is used for something you already know about or have already been talking about. The word _a_ is used when introducing a new idea:

"The tired woman was looking for her cat. Suddenly she saw _the_ cat up _a_ tree". (We are already talking about the cat. The tree is a new idea).

"The tired woman was walking along when she suddenly saw _a_ cat up _a_ tree". (She had not been thinking about cats until then).

Sometimes we do not need an article, for example when talking about something in general:

"The dogs do not bite" (meaning: dogs that you are thinking about).
"Barking dogs do not bite" (barking dogs in general).
Waterfront

**Waterfront** is the land by the side of a body of water (E.g. Lake or Ocean).
East Asia

**East Asia** or **Eastern Asia** is part of the continent Asia. East Asia covers about , or 15% of the continent.

These are the 6 countries and 2 territories in East Asia:
- People's Republic of China
- Hong Kong (territory)
- Japan
- North Korea
- South Korea
- Macao (territory)
- Mongolia
- Republic of China (Taiwan)

## Population

About 1,575,784,500 people live in East Asia (). most of them live in China.
|Countries and territories|Area km²|Population|Population density per km²|HDI (2010)|Capital|Official & national language||||||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|style="text-align:left;"||align="center"|9,596,961|align="center"|1,339,724,852|align="center"|138|align="center"|0.663|style="text-align:left;"|Beijing|Mandarin Chinese||
|style="text-align:left;"||align="center"|1,104|align="center"|7,061,200|align="center"|6,390|align="center"|0.862|style="text-align:left;"|Hong Kong|align="center"|Chinese, British English|
|style="text-align:left;"||align="center"|377,930|align="center"|127,950,000|align="center"|337|align="center"|0.884|style="text-align:left;"|Tokyo|align="center"|Japanese|
|style="text-align:left;"||align="center"|30|align="center"|556,800|align="center"|18,662|align="center"|No Data|style="text-align:left;"|Macau|align="center"|Hokkien|
|style="text-align:left;"||align="center"|1,564,100|align="center"|2,809,600|align="center"|2|align="center"|0.622|style="text-align:left;"|Ulaanbaatar|align="center"|Mongol|
|style="text-align:left;"||align="center"|120,538|align="center"|24,346,000|align="center"|198|align="center"|No Data|style="text-align:left;"|Pyongyang|align="center"|Korean|
|style="text-align:left;"||align="center"|99,828|align="center"|48,988,833|align="center"|500|align="center"|0.877|style="text-align:left;"|Seoul|align="center"|Korean|
|style="text-align:left;"||align="center"|36,188|align="center"|23,174,528|align="center"|639|align="center"|0.868|style="text-align:left;"|Taipei|align="center"|Taiwanese Hokkien, Taiwanese Mandarin|

## Related pages

- China (People's Republic of China)
- Japan
- South Korea
- North Korea
- Mongolia
- Taiwan (Republic of China)
- Hong Kong (Special Administrative Region of China)
- Macau (Special Administrative Region of China)
- Manchuria (Autonomous part of China but culturally outside China proper)
- Tibet (Autonomous part of China but culturally outside China proper)
- Inner Mongolia (Autonomous part of China but culturally outside China proper)
- Xinjiang (Autonomous part of China but culturally outside China proper)
- Far East (Usually referring to the 6 countries of East Asia and 11 countries of Southeast Asia collectively)
Tbilisi

**Tbilisi** is the capital, and the largest city in Georgia. It was founded in the 5th century by the Georgian king, Vakhtang Gorgasali. According to legend, when he was hunting, he killed a pheasant which dropped into hot water. Gorgasali discovered there were a lot of hot springs in this place, which he called Tbilisi as _tbili_ means **hot** in Georgian.
Porto Alegre

**Porto Alegre** is a Brazilian city, capital of the state of Rio Grande do Sul. It has about 1.4 million inhabitants and an area of 496.8 km².

Its main famous park is the 'Parque Dos Expedicionários' also known as 'Parque da Redenção' (Redemption Park, in English).

Porto Alegre became known all over the world by The Social World Forum. Also known worldwide by the hottest city in the world at February, 2009.
Goiânia

**Goiânia** is a Brazilian city, capital of the state of Goiás. It has about 1.2 million inhabitants and an area of .
1610

## Events

- January 7 – Galileo Galilei discovers the Galilean moons of Jupiter.
- March 12 – Swedish troops under Jacob de la Gardie take Moscow
- May 13-14 – Francois Ravaillac assassinates Henry IV of France
- May 27 – Ravaillac is executed by pulling him apart in the Place de Grève
- July 5 – John Guy sets sail from Bristol with 39 other colonists for Newfoundland.
- October 17 – Louis XIII of France crowned

- Johannes Fabricius is the first to observe sunspots by telescope.
- Poland captures Moscow, just to lose it again to Russian and Swedish troops.
- In Jamestown, Virginia, only 60 out of 500 settlers survive the harsh winter
- King of France expelled Muslims from his realm.
- Henry Hudson discovers Hudson Bay
- Arabella Stuart, pretender to the English throne, imprisoned for marrying William Seymour
- The Orion Nebula is discovered by Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc.
- Bonham's Case decided by Edward Coke chief justice of England's Court of Common Pleas. Coke affirmed the supremacy of the common law which limited the power of Parliament as well as the king.
1677

## Events

- May 29 – Treaty of Middle Plantation establishes peace between the Virginia colonists and the local Indians.
- May 31 – Danish ships clash with Swedish ships under Niels Iuel between Fehmarn and Warnemünde – Danish defeat the Swedish and capture number of ships.
- November 16 – French troops occupy Freiburg.
1508

## Events

- February – Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor attacks Venice
- June 6 – Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor is defeated in Friulia by Venetian forces;  he is forced to sign a three-year truce and cede several territories to Venice
- December 10 – League of Cambrai formed as an alliance against Venice between Pope Julius II, Louis XII of France, Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor and Ferdinand II of Aragon.
- December – Michelangelo Buonarroti begins work on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel
- Lebna Dengel succeeds his father Na'od as Emperor of Ethiopia. Due to his young age, his grandmother Eleni acts as regent.
Campo Grande

**Campo Grande** is a city in Brazil. Campo Grande is the capital of Mato Grosso do Sul State of Brazil. Campo Grande means, "Great Field" in Portuguese, the language of Brazil. Campo Grande is home to the official headquarters of the Western Brazilian Army. Campo Grande's nickname is "Brown City," for it's brown colored soil.

Until the 1970s, Mato Grosso do Sul was part of Mato Grosso State. Even when Mato Grosso do Sul was part of Mato Grosso, Campo Grande had more people than the capital of Mato Groso, Cuiabá. When Mato Grosso do Sul left Mato Grosso and became its own Brazilian state, Campo Grande became the new capital.

Campo Grande International Airport serves Campo Grande and all of Mato Grosso do Sul State and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul is in Campo Grande.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Campo Grande
- **settlement type**: Municipality
- **official name**: The Municipality of Campo Grande
- **image caption**: From the top, clockwise: Campo Grande aerial view;  TV Morena Waffle Tower; :pt:Parque das Nações Indígenas, Indigenous peoples Park; Ary Coelho Square; Afonso Pena Avenue seen from above; Campo Grande central district skyline.
- **nicknames**: Cidade Morena (<small>Portuguese language, Portuguese for "Brown City"</small>), CG, Campão (<small>Big Field</small>)
- **motto**: _"Poder, prosperidade e altruísmo"_<small>(Portuguese)"Power, prosperity and altruism"</small>
- **pushpin map**: Brazil
- **pushpin mapsize**: 250
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Brazil
- **pushpin relief**: yes
- **map caption**: Location of Campo Grande in Mato Grosso do Sul
- **image flag**: Bandeira de Campo Grande.svg
- **image seal**: Brasão_de_Campo_Grande.svg
- **image map**: Brazil Mato Grosso do Sul Campo Grande location map.svg
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: Regions of Brazil, Region
- **subdivision type2**: States of Brazil, State
- **subdivision name1**: Central-West Region, Brazil, Center-West
- **subdivision name2**: Mato Grosso do Sul
- **leader title**: List of mayors of Campo Grande (Mato Grosso do Sul), Mayor
- **leader name**: Adriane Lopes
- **established title**: Founded
- **established date**: 1899
- **area total km2**: 8096.05
- **area urban km2**: 154.5
- **population as of**: 2017 census
- **population total**: 906.092
- **population density km2**: 97.3
- **timezone**: UTC-4
- **utc offset**: -4
- **timezone dst**: UTC-3
- **utc offset dst**: -3
- **elevation m**: 592
- **area code type**: List of dialling codes in Brazil, Area code
- **area code**: +55 67
- **postal code type**: Postal Code
- **postal code**: 79000-001 a 79129-999
- **blank name**: Köppen climate classification, Climate
- **blank info**: Tropical savanna climate, Aw
Cuiabá

**Cuiabá** is a Brazilian city. It is the capital of the state of Mato Grosso. About 535,000 people live here. Cuiabá has an area of 3,538 km².
Vitória, Espírito Santo

**Vitória** is a Brazilian city, capital of the state of Espírito Santo. It has about 315,000 inhabitants and an area of 93 km².
Fortaleza

**Fortaleza** is a city in Brazil. It is the capital of the state of Ceará. The city has a population of about 3 million people. It has an area of . The people who live in the city are known as _Fortalezenses_. The current mayor is José Sarto.

The Pinto Martins International Airport connects Fortaleza with the major Brazilian cities. It also operates international flights. The Federal University of Ceará is located in Fortaleza.

## Location

Fortaleza is located in the northeastern part of Brazil. It borders the Atlantic Ocean to the north and the east. To the south of the city are the cities of Pacatuba, Eusébio, Maracanaú and Itaitinga. To the east is the county of Aquiraz and the Atlantic Ocean. The city of Caucaia is west of Fortaleza.

## Entertainment

Things to do in Fortaleza includes bars, discos and restaurants. The area also has comedy shows with nationally famous people. An off-season carnival, _Fortal_, happens in Fortaleza, in July. Changes were made to the carnival in 2008. It now has parkinglots, bleachers, and a foodcourt. The event lasts four days. About 1.5 million people enjoy the nationally famous axé music bands. Fortaleza also has music festivals, for example Ceará Music. This event happens every year and lasts for three days. It includes local musicians and international pop rock musicians. Around twenty-five thousand people enjoy the concerts, electronic music tents, and fashionshows.
São Luís, Maranhão

**São Luís** is a Brazilian city, capital of the state of Maranhão. It has about 980,000 inhabitants and an area of 827 km².
João Pessoa

**João Pessoa** () is a Brazilian city, capital of the state of Paraíba. It has about 660,000 inhabitants and an area of 210.45 km².

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: João Pessoa
- **settlement type**: Municipality
- **official name**: The Municipality of João Pessoa
- **image skyline**: Montagem João Pessoa.jpg
- **nickname**: Green City; The City where the sun rises first
- **image flag**: Bandeira_de_João_Pessoa.svg
- **image seal**: Brasão de João Pessoa.svg
- **image map**: Paraiba Municip JoaoPessoa.svg
- **map caption**: Location of João Pessoa in the Paraíba, State of Paraíba
- **image map1**: Brazil State Paraiba.svg
- **subdivision type**: List of countries, Country
- **subdivision type2**: Mesoregions of Brazil, Mesoegion
- **subdivision type3**: Microregions of Brazil, Microregion
- **subdivision type1**: States of Brazil, State
- **subdivision name2**: Mata Paraibana
- **subdivision name3**: João Pessoa (microregion), João Pessoa
- **subdivision name1**:  Paraíba
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Luciano Cartaxo (Workers' Party (Brazil), PT)
- **established title**: Founded
- **established date**: August 5, 1585
- **area total km2**: 210.551
- **population as of**: 2012
- **population footnotes**: Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, IBGE/2012
- **population total**: 742.478
- **timezone**: Brasília Time, BRT
- **utc offset**: -3
- **elevation m**: 40
- **area code**: +55 83
- **postal code type**: Postal Code
- **postal code**: 58000-000
Teresina

**Teresina** is a Brazilian city, capital of the state of Piauí. It has about 900,000 habitants and an area of 1,680 km².
Natal, Rio Grande do Norte

**Natal** is a Brazilian city, capital of the state of Rio Grande do Norte. It has about 780,000 inhabitants and an area of .

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Natal
- **settlement type**: Municipalities of Brazil, Municipality
- **official name**: Municipality of Natal
- **nickname**: "_A Noiva do Sol_" (_"The Sun's Bride"_), "_Cidade do Sol_" (_"The City of the Sun"_) and "_Cidade das Dunas_" (_"The City of Dunes_")
- **image caption**: From the top, clockwise: Skyline of the city; Morro do Careca in Ponta Negra beach; Praia dos Artistas beach; Natal City Park Tower; Newton Navarro Bridge and Alberto Maranhão Theatre.
- **image flag**: Bandeira_de_Natal.svg
- **image shield**: Brasão de Natal.svg
- **image map**: Brazil Rio Grande do Norte Natal location map.svg
- **pushpin map**: Brazil#South America
- **pushpin mapsize**: 250
- **pushpin relief**: yes
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Regions of Brazil, Region
- **subdivision type2**: States of Brazil, State
- **subdivision name1**: Northeast Region, Brazil, Northeast
- **leader title**: List of mayors of Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Mayor
- **leader name**: Álvaro Dias (Brazilian Social Democracy Party, PSDB)
- **established title**: Founded
- **established date**: December 25, 1599
- **area total km2**: 167.3
- **area total sq mi**: 65.35
- **population as of**: 2021
- **population total**: 751,300
- **population density km2**: auto
- **population metro**: 1,631,016
- **timezone**: UTC-3
- **elevation m**: 30
- **area code type**: List of dialling codes in Brazil, Area code
- **area code**: +55 84
- **postal code type**: Postal code
- **postal code**: 59000-001 to 59139-999
- **blank name**: **Human Development Index, HDI** (2010)
- **blank info**: 0.763  – <span style="color:#090">high</span>
Rio Branco

**Rio Branco** (Portuguese for _White River_) is a Brazilian city and capital of the state of Acre. It is located in the North Region of the country and about 364,000 people live there. It had an area of 9,223 km².

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Rio Branco
- **settlement type**: Municipalities of Brazil, Municipality
- **named for**: José Paranhos, Baron of Rio Branco, Barão do Rio Branco
- **image skyline**: Vista parcial Rio Branco AC1.jpg
- **image caption**: View of the city from the air
- **image flag**: Bandeira de Rio Branco.svg
- **image seal**: Brasão do Rio Branco.png
- **image map**: Acre Municip RioBranco.svg
- **pushpin map**: Brazil
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Brazil
- **population total**: 364,756
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: Regions of Brazil, Region
- **subdivision name1**: North Region, Brazil, North
- **subdivision type2**: States of Brazil, State
- **subdivision name2**: Acre (state), Acre
Council of Europe

The **Council of Europe** (, ) is an international organization of 47 member states in the European region. One of its first successes was the European Convention on Human Rights in 1950, which serves as the basis for the European Court of Human Rights.

The seat of the Council of Europe is in Strasbourg on the Franco-German border. The original meeting place was in the city's University Palace. The Palais de l'Europe, about two kilometres from city centre, has taken its place. Membership is open to all European democracies which accept the principle of the rule of law and guarantee fundamental human rights, civil rights and freedoms to their citizens and respect of rights of minority groups.

The Council of Europe is not to be confused with the Council of the European Union or the European Council, as it is a separate organisation and not part of the European Union. But all member states of European Union are also the member states of Council of Europe.

On 15 March 2022, Russia is excluded from Council of Europe because of 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.

## Related pages

- European Union
- European Convention on Human Rights
- European Court of Human Rights
- Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
- European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages
- Istanbul Convention

## Other websites

- Council of Europe - Official site
Palmas, Tocantins

**Palmas** is a Brazilian city, capital of the state of Tocantins. It has about 208,000 inhabitants and an area of 2,218.9 km².
Macapá

**Macapá** is a Brazilian city, capital of the state of Amapá. It has about 355,000 inhabitants and an area of  6,563 km².
Belém

**Belém** is a Brazilian city, capital of the state of Pará. It has about 1.4 million inhabitants and an area of 1.070 km².
Florianópolis

**Florianópolis** is a Brazilian city. It is the capital of the state of Santa Catarina. It has about 400,000 people. It has an area of . It is mostly on Santa Catarina Island.
Porto Velho

**Porto Velho** is a Brazilian city, capital of the state of Rondônia. It has about 374,000 inhabitants and an area of 34,082 km².

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Porto Velho
- **official name**: The Municipality of Porto Velho
- **settlement type**: Municipality
- **image skyline**: Porto Velho RO.jpg
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **image caption**: Top left:Rondonia State Government Office, Top right:Port of Porto Velho, Middle left:Porto Velho Cultural House, Middle right:Sunset in Madeira River, Bottom:Panorama view of downtown from Pedrinhas area
- **image flag**: Bandeira de Porto Velho.svg
- **image seal**: Brasão de Porto Velho.svg
- **image map**: Brazil Rondonia Porto Velho location map.svg
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location of Porto Velho in the Rondônia, State of Rondônia
- **pushpin map**: Brazil
- **pushpin map caption**: Localization of Porto Velho in Brazil
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: Brazil
- **subdivision type1**: Regions of Brazil, Region
- **subdivision type2**: States of Brazil, State
- **subdivision name1**: North Region, Brazil, North
- **subdivision name2**: Rondônia
- **established title**: Founded
- **established date**: October 2, 1914
- **leader title**: List of mayors of Porto Velho, Mayor
- **leader name**: Hildon Chaves (PSDB)
- **area total km2**: 34082.37
- **elevation m**: 83
- **population total**: 519531
- **population as of**: 2018 est.
- **population density km2**: auto
- **postal code type**: Postal Code
- **postal code**: 76800-000
- **area code**: (+55) 69
- **website**: [http://www.portovelho.ro.gov.br Porto Velho, Rondônia]
- **pushpin mapsize**: 250
- **timezone**: UTC, UTC-4
- **utc offset**: -4
Boa Vista

**Boa Vista** is a Brazilian city, capital of the state of Roraima. It has 249.655 inhabitants (estimative IBGE 2006) and an area of 5,687 km².
Recife

**Recife** is a Brazilian city, capital of the state of Pernambuco. It has about 1.4 million inhabitants and an area of 218 km².