juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Left- and right-hand traffic

The **driving side** of a road is the side where vehicles must drive. Each country says whether vehicles will drive on the right-hand or left-hand side of the road. This is sometimes called the **rule of the road**. This basic rule makes traffic move more easily. It also lowers the risk of head-on collisions. Today about 66.1% of the world's people live in countries that drive on the right-hand side; 33.9% live in countries that drive on the left-hand side.

The side driven on is usually the other side from which a vehicle's steering wheel and instrument panel are located. That is, right-hand drive vehicles are normal when driving on the left-hand side of the road, and left-hand drive vehicles are used when driving on the right-hand side of the road.

Most countries that drive on the left-hand side are former British colonies. Some other countries chose the left-hand side of the road. These countries include: Japan, Pakistan, India, Thailand, Nepal, Bhutan, Mozambique, Suriname, East Timor, Indonesia, Sri Lanka and more. Today, only four European countries drive on the left-hand, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Malta, and Cyprus. There are several countries with territories outside the mainland that drive on a different side from the mainland. One well-known example is that all of China drives on the right-hand except for its Special Administrative Regions Hong Kong and Macau, which drive on the left-hand.

Before the creation of the automobile, people mostly rode on the left-hand side, since most people were right-handed and would whip their horses with their left hands. Warriors in battle could also use their right hand to hold and control their weapon. During the 1700s, many farmers began to pull their vehicles using teams of horses rather than just one. In 1794, France passed the first right-hand driving laws, and this law would spread with Napoleon's conquests. The territories and regions of the former Austro-Hungarian and Portuguese Empires refused to change the direction of driving at first, but most eventually chose to drive on the right-side. Only Mozambique, East Timor, and Macau (all former Portuguese colonies) still drive on the left-side. Canada, Myanmar, Gibraltar, British Indian Ocean Territory, Belize, and a few countries in West Africa like Ghana, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, and The Gambia all switched to driving on the right hand side of the road.
Répertoire national des certifications professionnelles

In France, the **Répertoire national des certifications professionnelles** was created by article L. 335-6 of the Education Code.

It makes available to individuals and businesses constantly updated information on educational degrees and certificates on the lists established by the national commissions. It helps to facilitate access to employment, human resources management and mobility.

Certifications stored in the directory are recognized throughout the country.

Under the authority of the Minister for Vocational Training, the _Commission nationale de la certification professionnelle_ establishes and updates the _répertoire national des certifications professionnelles_. It ensures the renewal and adaptation of diplomas.

Degrees are classified by field of activity and level. Diplomas are classified according to the levels of training approved by decision of the permanent group of vocational training and social advancement.

## Other websites

- Répertoire national des certifications professionnelles Official website
Agnieszka Radwańska

**Agnieszka Roma Radwańska** (born 6 March 1989 in Kraków) is a former Polish tennis player.

In 2007, Radwańska became the first Polish player to win a WTA singles title. In 2012 she lost the final of the Wimbledon Championships to Serena Williams. She won WTA Finals in Singapour in 2015.

## Infobox (tennis biography)

- **image**: Radwanska A. MA14 (22) - Copy (14422575981).jpg
- **caption**: Agnieszka Radwańska at the 2014 Madrid Open
- **name**: Agnieszka Radwańska
- **full name**: Agnieszka Roma Radwańska
- **residence**: Kraków, Poland
- **birth place**: Kraków, Poland
- **height**: 1.73 m
- **turnedpro**: 23 April 2005
- **retired**: 14 November 2018
- **plays**: Right-handed (two-handed backhand)
- **coach**: Robert Radwański (2005–2012)
Tomasz Wiktorowski (2013–2018)
Martina Navratilova (2014–2015)
- **careerprizemoney**: US$27,683,807
* WTA Tour records#WTA career prize money leaders, 9th in all-time rankings
- **website**: [http://www.agaradwanska.com/ agaradwanska.com]
- **singlestitles**: 20 WTA, 2 ITF
- **highestsinglesranking**: No. 2 (9 July 2012)
- **australianopenresult**: SF (2014 Australian Open – Women's Singles, 2014, 2016 Australian Open – Women's Singles, 2016)
- **frenchopenresult**: QF (2013 French Open – Women's Singles, 2013)
- **wimbledonresult**: F (2012 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles, 2012)
- **usopenresult**: 4R (2007 US Open – Women's Singles, 2007, 2008 US Open – Women's Singles, 2008, 2012 US Open – Women's Singles, 2012, 2013 US Open – Women's Singles, 2013, 2016 US Open - Women's Singles, 2016)
- **othertournaments**: yes
- **wtachampionshipsresult**: **W** (2015 WTA Finals, 2015)
- **olympicsresult**: 2R (Tennis at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Women's singles, 2008)
- **doublestitles**: 2 WTA, 2 ITF
- **highestdoublesranking**: No. 16 (10 October 2011)
- **australianopendoublesresult**: SF (2010 Australian Open – Women's Doubles, 2010)
- **frenchopendoublesresult**: QF (2009 French Open – Women's Doubles, 2009, 2010 French Open – Women's Doubles, 2010)
- **wimbledondoublesresult**: 3R (2007 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Doubles, 2007, 2011 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Doubles, 2011, 2012 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Doubles, 2012)
- **usopendoublesresult**: SF (2011 US Open – Women's Doubles, 2011)
- **wimbledonmixedresult**: 1R (2007 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed Doubles, 2007)
- **usopenmixedresult**: QF (2007 US Open - Mixed Doubles, 2007)
- **team**: yes
- **fedcupresult**: Record 42–11
- **hopmancupresult**: **W** (2015 Hopman Cup, 2015)
United Nations Human Rights Council

The **United Nations Human Rights Council** (UNHRC) is in the United Nations System. The UNHRC took the place of the former United Nations Commission on Human Rights (CHR).  It was established by the United Nations General Assembly.

The General Assembly made the UNHRC on 15 March 2006.  This was to replace the previous CHR.  People did not like the CHR because they allowed countries with poor human rights records to be members.

UN Secretary General Ban Ki Moon and former United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Mary Robinson have not liked that the council acts for politics instead of human rights. Several people have said the council focuses too much on the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. The United States did not take part in the Council when George W. Bush was president.  They changed when Barack Obama became President.

On 18 June 2007, the UNHRC made a plan for future work. They will assess the human rights in all 192 UN Member States. They will also allow people and organizations to bring complaints about human rights violations to the attention of the Council.

## Presidents

||Name|Country|Time|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|17|||1 January 2023 – present|
|16|Federico Villegas||1 January 2022 – 31 December 2022|
|15|Nazahat Shameen Khan||1 January 2021 – 31 December 2021|
|14|Elisabeth Tichy-Fisslberger||1 January 2020 – 31 December 2020|
|13|Coly Seck||1 January 2019 – 31 December 2019|
|12|Vojislav Šuc||1 January 2018 – 31 December 2018|
|11|Joaquín Alexander Maza Martelli||1 January 2017 – 31 December 2017|
|10|Choi Kyong-lim||1 January 2016 – 31 December 2016|
|9|Joachim Rücker||1 January 2015 – 31 December 2015|
|8|Baudelaire Ndong Ella||1 January 2014 – 31 December 2014|
|7|Remigiusz Henczel||1 January 2013 – 31 December 2013|
|6|Laura Dupuy Lasserre||19 June 2011 – 31 December 2012|
|5|Sihasak Phuangketkeow||19 June 2010 – 18 June 2011|
|4|Alex Van Meeuwen||19 June 2009 – 18 June 2010|
|3|Martin Ihoeghian Uhomoibhi||19 June 2008 – 18 June 2009|
|2|Doru Romulus Costea||19 June 2007 – 18 June 2008|
|1|Luis Alfonso de Alba||19 June 2006 – 18 June 2007|
Atropates

**Atropates** (c. 370 BC – after 321 BC) was a Persian nobleman who served Darius III and then Alexander III of Macedon.  He made an independent kingdom.  A dynasty was named after him. Diodorus Siculus calls him 'Atrapes'. Quintus Curtius wrongly names him 'Arsaces'.

## Biography

At the end of the Achaemenid Empire, Atropates was governor (_satrap_) of the Achaemenid province of Media. In the Battle of Gaugamela (October 331 BCE) between Darius and Alexander, Atropates was in charge of the Achaemenid troops of Media.

When Darius lost he went to the Median capital of Ecbatana. Atropates helped him. Darius tried to get a new army but could not.  He left Ecbatana in June 330 BCE. After Darius' death a month later at the hands of Bessus, Atropates surrendered to Alexander. Alexander first chose Oxydates as satrap of Media.  In 328-327 BCE Alexander did not trust in Oxydates' loyalty.  Atropates was made satrap again. In 325-324, Atropates gave Baryaxes (a rebel of the area) to Alexander. Alexander thought highly of Atropates.

Alexander died on June 10, 323 BCE. Atropates' new son-in-law Perdiccas was named regent of Alexander's half-brother Philip III. After the "Partition of Babylon" in 323 BCE, Media was divided into two parts. The greater portion in the south-east was governed by Peithon, a general of Perdiccas. The smaller portion in the north west was given to Atropates. At some point, Atropates made his part of Media an independent kingdom. His son-in-law Perdiccas was murdered by Peithon in the summer of 320 BCE.

## Legacy

The dynasty Atropates made would rule the kingdom for several centuries. They became vassals of the Seleucids, then as vassals of the Arsacids.

The area of Atropates' kingdom was known to the Greeks as "Media Atropatene" after Atropates.  Then as simply "Atropatene". The Arsacids called it 'Aturpatakan' in Parthian, as did also the Sassanids. Eventually Middle Iranian 'Aturpatakan' became 'Azerbaijan'.  This is where the Republic of Azerbaijan and the Iranian province of Azerbaijan get their name.
370 BC

__NOTOC__
Year **370 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar.

#### Greece

- The Spartans under King Agesilaus II invade Arcadia. After asking the Athenians for help, Arcadia turns to the Thebans. Epaminondas of Thebes comes with an army, finds the Spartan have left and follows them.
- With the support of Thebes, the Arcadian capital city of Megalopolis is completed.
- The tagus of Thessaly, Jason of Pherae, dies.

#### Art

- The sculptor Praxiteles begins his active career in Athens (approximate date).

#### Mathematics

- Eudoxus of Cnidus develops the method of exhaustion for mathematically determining the area under a curve.

## Births

- Marcus Valerius Corvus, Roman hero
- Theophrastus, Greek philosopher, a native of Eressos in Lesbos, the successor of Aristotle in the Peripatetic school (d. c. 285 BC)

## Deaths

- Agesipolis II, Agiad king of Sparta
- Democritus of Abdera, Greek philosopher (approximate date) (b. c. 460 BC)
- Hippocrates of Cos, Greek physician (b. c. 460 BC)
- Jason of Pherae, ruler of Thessaly
285 BC

__NOTOC__
Year **285 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar.

#### Egypt

- June 26 – Egypt's Ptolemy I Soter quits ruling. He is succeeded by his youngest son by his wife Berenice, Ptolemy II Philadelphus.  He was co-regent for three years.
- A 110 metre tall lighthouse on the island of Pharos in Alexandria's harbour is completed.  It is a landmark for ships in the eastern Mediterranean. Built by Sostratus of Cnidus for Ptolemy II of Egypt, it is one of the seven wonders of the ancient world. It is a technological triumph and is the archetype of all lighthouses since. A broad spiral ramp leads to the top, where a fire burns at night.

#### Seleucid Empire

- Demetrius Poliorcetes is left by his troops and surrenders to Seleucus at Cilicia, where Seleucus keeps him a prisoner.

## Deaths

- Dicaearchus, Greek philosopher, cartographer, geographer, mathematician and author (b. c. 350 BC)
350 BC

__NOTOC__
Year **350 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar.

#### Persian Empire

- Sidon, the centre of the revolt against Persia, asks for help from its sister city of Tyre and from Egypt but gets very little.
- Idrieus, the second son of Hecatomnus, succeeds to the throne of Caria on the death of Artemisia II, the widow of his elder brother Mausolus. Shortly after he becomes ruler, at the request of the Persian king, Artaxerxes III, Idrieus equips a fleet of 40 triremes and an army of 8,000 mercenary troops and despatches them against Cyprus, under the command of the Athenian general Phocion.

#### Greece

- Alexander I becomes king of Epirus after his brother-in-law Philip II of Macedon dethrones Alexander's cousin Arymbas.
- Philip II has Abdera in Thrace sacked.

#### Roman Republic

- The Gauls, once more threatening Rome, are beaten by an army of Rome and its allies.

#### America

- The Maya civilization in Mesoamerica begins (approximate date).

#### Science

- Aristotle argues for a spherical Earth using lunar eclipses and other observations. Also he discusses logical reasoning in _Organon._
- Plato proposes a geocentric model of the universe with the stars rotating on a fixed celestial sphere.

#### Art

- Praxiteles makes the _Aphrodite of Knidos_ (approximate date). A composite of two similar Roman copies after the original marble is now kept at Musei Vaticani, Museo Pio Clementino, Gabinetto delle Maschere in Rome.
- The building of the Mausoleum in Halikarnassos (modern Bodrum in Turkey) is completed (approximate date). It is the grave of the Persian satrap and Carian ruler Mausolos and is built under the direction of his wife Artemisia. The mausoleum, which is said to be one of the _Seven Wonders of the Ancient World_, is today partly kept at the British Museum in London.
- The _Corinthian capital_ is made in the tholos at Epidaurus. It is now kept at the Archaeological Museum in Epidaurus, Greece (approximate date).

## Births

- Dicaearchus, Greek philosopher, cartographer, geographer, mathematician and polymath (d. c. 285 BC)
- Cassander, king of Macedonia and founder of Antipatrid dynasty (approximate date) (d. c. 297 BC)
- Shen Dao, Chinese philosopher known for his blend of Legalism and Taoism (approximate date) (d. c. 275 BC)

## Deaths

- Artemisia, Queen of Caria and sister and wife of King Mausolus of Caria
275 BC

__NOTOC__
Year **275 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar.

#### Egypt

- The Museum of Alexandria is founded by the Egyptian King Ptolemy II.

#### Roman Republic

- When Pyrrhus returns from Sicily, he finds himself greatly outnumbered by the Roman army under the command of consul Manius Curius Dentatus. After the Battle of Beneventum, Roman commander and statesman, Gaius Fabricius Luscinus, gets a peace with Pyrrhus.  Then Pyrrhus decides to end his battles in Italy and return to Epirus.

#### Sicily

- After Pyrrhus leaves Sicily, the Syracusan army and the city's citizens make Hiero II as the commander of their troops.

#### Greece

- Antiochus's alliance with Antigonus II is made stronger by Antigonus' marriage to Phila, Antiochus' half sister.

## Births

- Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus, Roman dictator, politician and soldier (approximate date) (d. 203 BC)

## Deaths

- Shen Dao, Chinese philosopher from Zhao who also served at the Jixia academy in Qi. He is known for his blend of Legalism and Taoism (approximate date) (b. c. 350 BC)
203 BC

__NOTOC__
Year **203 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar.

#### Carthage

- The Roman general, Publius Cornelius Scipio makes a surprise attack on the Carthaginians camp and destroys it. He defeats the army in the Battle of the Great Plains. The Numidian king, Syphax, and the Carthaginian leader, Hasdrubal Gisco, both escape.
- The Roman general, Gaius Laelius, and Rome's Numidian ally, Masinissa, follow Syphax towards Cirta, the Numidian capital. Syphax is captured and later dies in the Italian town of Alba Fucens.
- Masinissa becomes king of both the Massyli and the Massaesyli tribes in Numidia.  He remains a loyal ally to the Romans.
- Hasdrubal Gisco gets the Carthaginians to form a new army and to send for Hannibal to return home from Italy. Hannibal finally leaves Italy and returns to Carthage.
- The Carthaginian general, Mago Barca, is defeated and wounded by the Romans in a battle in Cisalpine Gaul. He dies of his wounds on the return voyage to Carthage.
- An agreement between Carthage and Rome is made. The Carthaginian armies accept Scipio's severe terms. But Hannibal gets the army ready for battle.

## Deaths

- Mago Barca, Carthaginian general during the Second Punic War against Rome who has accompanied his brother Hannibal on the invasion of Italy (b. 243 BC)
- Fabius Maximus Cunctator, Roman general and statesman (b. c. 275 BC)
- Syphax, Numidian king allied with the Carthaginians during the Second Punic War against Rome
230 BC

__NOTOC__
Year **230 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar.

#### Asia Minor

- The city of Pergamum is attacked by the Galatians (Celts who have settled in central Anatolia) because the leader of Pergamum, Attalus I Soter, has refused to pay them the customary tribute. Attalus defeats his enemy in a battle outside the walls of his city. To mark the success he takes the title of king and the name Soter.

#### Greece

- King Agron of Illyria dies. Pinnes, the son of Agron and Agron's first wife Triteuta, succeeds his father as king.  The kingdom is really ruled by Agron's second wife, Queen Teuta (Tefta).  She removes the Greeks from the Illyrian coast.  She then puts Illyrian pirate ships into the Ionian Sea, against the Roman shipping. She keeps her husband's way of attacking cities on the west coast of Greece.

#### Roman Republic

- With Roman merchants being killed by the Illyrian pirates, ships are sent by Rome to Illyria. The Roman ambassador lucius Coruncanius and the Issaean ambassador Cleemporus are murdered at sea. Then Romans take the island of Corcyra.

#### Egypt

- The Temple of Horus is built by King Ptolemy III.

#### China

- The state of Han is conquered by the state of Qin.

#### India

- King Kubera rules Bhattiprolu in Guntur, Andhra Pradesh.

## Deaths

- Ad Herbal, admiral of the Carthaginian fleet who has battled for domination of the Mediterranean Sea for Carthage in the First Punic War against Rome
- Aristarchus of Samos, Greek astronomer and mathematician (b. c. 310 BC)
310 BC

__NOTOC__
Year **310 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar.

#### Seleucid Empire

- Antigonus tells Nicanor, one of his generals, to attack Babylonia from the east and his son Demetrius Poliorcetes to attack it from the west. Nicanor gets a large force but it is surprised and defeated by Seleucus at the river Tigris.  Similarly, Demetrius Poliorcetes does not succeed.

#### Asia Minor

- Ptolemy attacks Cilicia.
- The cities of Antigonia Troas (later known as Alexandria Troas) and Antigoneia (later known as Nicaea) are formed by Antigonus I Monophthalmus.

#### Sicily

- The tyrant of Syracuse Agathocles escapes from the siege of the city by the Carthaginians.  He takes the war back to their land.

#### Roman Republic

- Rome has more trouble from the Etruscans.  They are persuaded by the Samnites to stop their alliance with the Romans. In the Battle of Lake Vadimo, the Romans under Fabius Maximus Rullianus defeat the Etruscans.

#### Illyria

- The Autariatae disappear due to Celtic migrations.

## Births

- Aristarchus of Samos, Greek astronomer and mathematician (approximate date) (d. c. 230 BC)
- Xun Zi, Chinese philosopher (approximate date)

## Deaths

- Pytheas, Greek merchant, geographer and explorer from the Greek colony Massilia (today Marseille) (b. c. 380 BC)
380 BC

__NOTOC__
Year **380 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar.

#### Persian empire

- Persia makes the Athenians remove their general Chabrias from Egypt. Chabrias has been helping the Egyptian Pharaohs keep their independence from the Persian Empire.

#### Egypt

- The Egyptian Pharaoh Hakor dies.  He is succeeded by his son Nepherites II, but he is overthrown by Nectanebo I within the year.  This ends the Twenty-ninth dynasty of Egypt. Nectanabo (or more properly Nekhtnebef) becomes the first Pharaoh of the Thirtieth dynasty of Egypt.

#### Greece

- Cleombrotus I succeeds his brother Agesipolis I as king of Sparta.

#### Art

- What some historians call the _Rich style_ in Greece comes to an end.

## Births

- King Darius III of Persia (d. 330 BC) (approximate date)
- Pytheas, Greek explorer, who will explore northwestern Europe, including the British Isles (d. c. 310 BC) (approximate date)

## Deaths

- Agesipolis I, king of Sparta
- Philoxenus of Cythera, Greek dithyrambic poet (b. 435 BC)
- Hakor, king of the Twenty-ninth dynasty of Egypt
- Nefaarud II, son of Hakor and last king of the Twenty-ninth dynasty
The Avengers (TV series)

***The Avengers*** is a spy-fi television series of the 1960s. The show was aired from 7 January 1961 to 21 May 1969. The original main characters of this show were Doctor David Keel and his partner John Steed (Patrick Macnee). Later female partners included Emma Peel (Diana Rigg) and Cathy Gale (Honor Blackman).

The show was made and first shown in the United Kingdom. In the US, it was not aired until 10 pm or afterward. This was due to violence and adult themes.

There were novels, radio programmes and movies involving this series. Uma Thurman played Emma Peel in the movie of 1998.
Falling Down

***Falling Down*** is a 1993 American crime drama movie directed by Joel Schumacher. It stars Michael Douglas as a divorced defense engineer who was laid off the previous month. Foster has a mental breakdown and exits his car whilst in a traffic jam. He crosses Los Angeles, California on foot to go to his daughter's birthday party. He uses violence against many people he encounters. He is pursued by LAPD detective Prendergast, played by Robert Duvall.
Karabakh horse

The **Karabakh horse** , also known as **Karabakh**, is a mountain-steppe racing and riding horse. It is named after the geographic area where the horse was first developed, Karabakh in the Southern Caucasus.  It is an area that is  part of Azerbaijan. The highland part is currently under control by Armenia. The breed is noted for its good temper and speed. For example, in 2004 a Karabakh horse named Kishmish from the Agdam stud in Azerbaijan set a speed record by running 1000 metres in 1 minute 9 seconds, and 1600 metres in 1 minute, 52 seconds.

The breed is thought to be a cross-breeding of Akhal-Teke, Persian, Kabarda, Turkoman, and Arabian horse. Right now, the Karabakh is bred mainly in Azerbaijan's Shaki area. Currently the breed numbers are below 1,000.  It is threatened with extinction.

## Breed characteristics

The breed is hardy, strong, tough, and sure-footed.

The horse is not large.  It is 14-15 hands high or 145–150 cm. They have small, clean-cut heads, a straight profile with broad foreheads, and nostrils that can dilate. The neck is set high, average in length, muscular and elegant. They have compact bodies with well defined and developed muscles.  The shoulders are often quite upright. The horses have a deep chest, a sloping croup, and long, fine, but very strong legs, although the joints are small. The horses are narrow, not very deep through the girth, due to the Akhal-Teke influence.

Their skin is thin and soft with shiny hair. The main colors of the breed are chestnut and bay, with characteristic golden tint of the breed. They can also be gray. Rarely they can be Palomino or Buckskin.  White markings are allowed.

They are fast and agile. The Karabakh horse is said to have a good endurance and loyalty to master.

## In popular culture

The Karabakh horse is the national animal of Azerbaijan.  It is the official symbol of the Agdam and Shaki regions. This horse is very important in Azerbaijan culture. They appear in literature and are on items such as postage stamps.

## Infobox (horse)

- **name**: Karabakh horse
- **image**: Alyetmaz stallion.jpg
- **image alt**: Solid-colored stallion with four white stockings and a blaze
- **height**: 14.1 to 15.2 hands
- **country**: Karabakh
Alim Qasimov

**Alim Qasimov** (born 1957) is an Azerbaijani musician.  He is one of the foremost mugam singers in Azerbaijan. He was awarded the International Music Council-UNESCO Music Prize in 1999.  It is one of the highest international honors for music. His music is characterised by his vocal improvisation.  It is a move away from the traditional style of mugham. Qasimov has recorded nine albums, three of which are mugham albums with his daughter, Ferghana Qasimova.

## Influence and legacy

In 21 November 2009, he was included in a _500 most influential Muslims of world_ book. The Icelandic singer Björk complimented Qasimov, by naming him as her "favourite singer alive today". In 2010, Alim Qasimov was nominated for the United States National Public Radio's "50 great voices in recorded history" award.

### Albums

- _Classical Mugham_ (3 January 1996)
- _The Art of Mugham: Azerbaidjan_ (Live) (1 December 1997)
- _The Mugham of Azerbaidjan_ (1 October 1999)
- _Love's Deep Ocean_ (11 October 1999) with Ferghana Qasimova
- _The Legendary Art of Mugham_ (15 October 1997) with Alim Qasimov Ensemble
- _Central Asian Series, Vol. 6: Spiritual Music of Azerbaijan_ (25 September 2007) with Ferghana Qasimova
- "Intimate dialogue" - Live at Morgenland Festival Osnabrück 2009 with Ferghana Qasimova

### Singles

|width="3" rowspan="2"|**Year**|width="250" rowspan="2"|**Title**|colspan="6"|**Chart positions**|width="100" rowspan="2"|**Album**|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|rowspan="1"|2010|"I’m your Goddess" <small>(David Vendetta feat. Tara McDonald and Alim Qasimov)</small>|—|—|—|—|—|—|TBA|

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Alim Qasimov
- **img**: Pht-Vugar Ibadov eurovision (2).jpg
- **img capt**: Alim Gasimov
- **img size**: 220px
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth date**: 1957
- **origin**: Shamakhi, Azerbaijan
- **instrument**: Singing, Daf
- **genre**: Mugham, Ashiq
- **occupation**: Musician
- **years active**: 1977–present
- **associated acts**: Farghana Qasimova
Folk dance

A **folk dance** is a dance that has some or all of the following:
- They are dances at social functions by people with little or no professional training.  They are often to traditional music or music based on traditional music.
- They are not made for public performance or the stage.  Traditional folkdances may be later arranged and set for stage performances.
- The way they are done is strongly about inherited tradition rather than making changes.  Although like all folk traditions they do change over time.
- New dancers often learn informally by watching others and/or getting help from others.

Even though some people argue with it, folk dancing can be dancing for with no governing body or dancing for which there are no competitive or professional performances.

## Europe

Types of European folk dance include:
- Polonez (Polish),
- clogging,
- English country dance,
- Georgian folk dance
- international folk dance,
- Irish dance,
- Maypole dance,
- Morris dance,
- Turkish dance,
- Welsh Morris Dance,
- Nordic polska dance,
- Ball de bastons,
- square dance, and
- sword dance.
Sword dances include Longsword dances and rapier dancing. Some choreographed dances such as contra dance, Scottish country dance, and modern Western square dance, are called folk dances, though this is not true in the strictest sense. Country dance overlaps with contemporary folk dance and ballroom dance. Most country dances and ballroom dances are from folk dances, with small changes over the years.

### Middle East

- Ardah - National dance of Saudi Arabia.
- M'alayah - popular Arab dancing art that is performed at weddings. It is centered in northern Oman, the northeast of the United Arab Emirates, and North Africa.
- Attan - The national dance of Afghanistan
- Azerbaijani dances
- Dabke - Levantine folk-dance
- Kurdish dance
- Assyrian folk dance
- Yowlah - A war dance of United Arab Emirates

### South Asia

- Bhangra a Punjabi harvest dance and music style that has become popular worldwide.
- Ghoomar a traditional Bhil tribe women's folk dance of Rajasthan, India.
- Ghumura Dance: War Dance from Kingdom of Kalahandi, Orissa, India
- Kalbelia is one of the most sensuous dance forms of Rajasthan, performed by the kalbelia tribe.

## South East Asia

- Randai
- Piring dance
- Saman dance
- Payung dance
- Gandrung
- Singkil
- Rodat

## Latin America

- Baile Folklorico (Mexico and Central America)
Celebrations

**Celebrations** are a chocolate collection made by Mars, Incorporated.  They were started in 1997. They are miniature versions of Mars-produced chocolate bars. With the tagline "Share the joy", Celebrations were the first mixed box of chocolates to bring together confectionery which had been already released in one box or tin. This was different than having new, especially-created candy. Celebrations are most popular around holidays, such as Christmas, Halloween and Easter.

## Contents

They are miniature versions of the following Mars chocolates:
- Mars
- Bounty
- Snickers
- Dove / Galaxy
- Dove Caramel / Galaxy Caramel
- Twix
- Maltesers Teaser
- Milky Way

The selection sold in the United Kingdom also previously had:

- Galaxy Truffle
- Topic

Twix replaced Galaxy Truffle in 2011.
Celebration

**Celebration** may refer to:
- Party, a social gathering or celebration
- Festival, a community gathering to celebrate something in particular
- The observance of a feast day or holiday
- The celebration of the Eucharist
- A Southeast Alaska Native cultural event

**Celebration** may also be:

**In Music**:
- "Celebration" (Kool & the Gang song), a song by Kool & The Gang, notably covered by Kylie Minogue
- "Celebration" (Voices With Soul song), the debut single from girl band, Voices With Soul
- "Celebration", a song by Krokus from _Hardware_
- "Celebration", a song by Hafdis Huld from "Dirty Paper Cup"
- _Celebration_ (Simple Minds album), a 1982 album by Simple Minds
- _Celebration_ (Julian Lloyd Webber album), a 2001 album by Julian Lloyd Webber
- _Celebration_ (Madonna album), a 2009 greatest hits album by Madonna
    - _Celebration_ (Madonna song), same-titled single by Madonna
- "Celebration", a piece by Paul McCartney from _Standing Stone_
- _Celebration_ (Uriah Heep album), a 2009 album by Uriah Heep
- Celebration (band), a Baltimore-based band
    - _Celebration_ (Celebration album), a 2006 album by Celebration
- _Celebration_ (musical), a 1969 avante-garde musical theater work by Harvey Schmidt and Tom Jones
- _Celebration_, alternate title for the 1971 concert film _Celebration at Big Sur_
- "Celebration Day", a 1970 song from the album _Led Zeppelin III_
- "A Celebration", a 1982 single by U2
- _Celebration_ (Smokie album), an album by Smokie
- _Celebration_ (Tyga song), a 2012 song by Tyga featuring T-Pain
- _Celebration! The Fullerton College Jazz Festival 25th Anniversary_, a 1997 album by the Fullerton College Jazz Bands and Jazz Singers

**Other**:
- _Celebration_ (play), by Harold Pinter
- _Celebration_ (painting), by Tyeb Mehta
- Celebration, Florida, a community in the United States, originally developed by The Walt Disney Company.
- Celebrations, a chocolate collection made by Mars, Inc.
- Star Wars Celebration, an official _Star Wars_ convention
- _Celebration_ (ship), a Holiday Class cruise ship operated by Carnival Cruise Lines
- _The Celebration_, 1998 Danish film
- The Celebration Theatre, a gay and lesbian theatre company in Los Angeles, CA
- The term used in the Bop It game instructions to notify that the player has reached the maximum score.
Chokha

## History and revival of chokha

It has been in wide use among Caucasians from the 9th century until 1920s. Nowadays, chokha is no longer in use but continues to still be worn for ceremonial and festive occasions.

Georgian President Mikheil Saakashvili made high-ranking Georgian officials working abroad to wear the national costume at official meetings. So, in the very center of Europe, in the 21st century, among the elegant ladies and gentlemen classic suits, you will find men in their Chokhas, and daggers around the waist.

## Types of chokha

There are Four types of Chokha worn among the Georgians:
- Kartl-Kakheti chokha (Kartli and Kakheti are eastern Georgian provinces)
- Khevsur Chokha (mainly in Mtskheta-mtianeti province of Georgia)
- Adjarian chokha (mainly found in western Georgia provinces such as Adjara and Guria and also used to be used in Lazona that is now part of republic of Turkey)
- General Caucasian chokha which is like a Kartl-Kakheti chokha but is little longer

In Georgia, the Black chokha was reserved to the "Order of Chokhosani". They represent the elite society of the citizens. These were people with special dedications such as: Great generals, heroes or some of the famous poets and the people who had done some big service to the country. Not even all of Lords were allowed in "Chokhosani Orden" and those who did proudly represented this rank in their clothing.

Chokha is sewn of thick fabric and is tight on the waist and wide on the bottom. In some parts of the Caucasus there are also female chokhas.

Generally, the chokha outfit includes a khanjali (the sword), the akhalukhi also know as the arkhalig (a shirt worn underneath the chokha), the gazyrs (the bullets), and the bashlyk (a hood, separate from the robe) or  papakha (a tall fur hat).
Maiden Tower (Baku)

The **Maiden Tower**, also called **Giz Galasi**, is in the Old City, Baku in Azerbaijan.  It is an ancient tower that shows the presence of Zoroastrians, Sassanians, Arabs, Persians, Shirvanis, Ottomans, and Russians. It was built in the 12th century as part of the walled city of Baku. It is on the UNESCO World Heritage List. The tower is one of the most noted landmarks and Azerbaijan's most distinctive national emblems.  It is on the Manat and other official letter heads.

The Maiden Tower now has a museum.

## Infobox (monument)

- **monument name**: Maiden Tower
- **native name**: _Qız Qalası_
- **image**: Torre de la Doncella, Baku, Azerbaiyán, 2016-09-26, DD 08.jpg
- **caption**: The Maiden Tower
- **location**: Ichari Shahar, Old City, Baku, Azerbaijan
- **type**: Tower
- **complete**: 12th century
- **map caption**: Location within Baku
Maiden Tower

**Maiden Tower** may be:

- Maiden Tower (Baku), Azerbaijan
- Maiden's Tower, Turkey
- Maiden Tower (Jabrail), Azerbaijan
Palace of the Shirvanshahs

The **Palace of the Shirvanshahs** is the biggest monument of the Shirvan-Absheron branch of Azerbaijan architecture.  It is in the Inner City of Baku. There is the main building of the palace, Divanhane, the burial vaults, the shah's mosque with a minaret, Seyid Yahya Bakuvi's mausoleum, a portal in the east - Murad's gate, a reservoir and the remnants of the bath-house.

The palace is shown on the front of the Azerbaijani 10,000 manat banknote of 1994-2006. It is also on the new 10 manat banknote.

## Infobox (unesco world heritage site)

- **whs**: The Shirvanshah's Palace
- **image**: Palace of Shirvanshahs common.JPG
- **image upright**: 1.2
- **caption**: View of the Palace of the Shirvanshahs
- **location**: Baku, Azerbaijan
- **part of**: Old City (Baku), Walled City of Baku with the Shirvanshah's Palace and Maiden Tower (Baku), Maiden Tower
- **criteria**: (iv)
- **id**: 958
- **year**: 2000
- **locmapin**: Azerbaijan
Hand (unit)

The **hand** is a unit of measurement of length. It is now used only to measure the height of horses in some English-speaking countries, including Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom and the United States. This unit started in ancient Egypt and was originally based on the distance across a human hand. Today it is equal to four inches or 10.16 centimeters. It may be abbreviated to "h" or the plural "hh".
Diwan (poetry)

**Diwan** is a collection of poems. These poems were often written and collected in the royal courts of various sultanates.  They were very well known for their ability to inspire.
Hand (disambiguation)

A **hand** is a body part.

**Hand** may also refer to:

## Film and television

- The Hand (_Babylon 5_)
- _The Hand_, a short film by Wong Kar-Wai, part of the film _Eros_

## Music

- Songs
- "Hands" (Jewel song)
- "Hands" (Koda Kumi song)
- "Hands" (The Raconteurs song)

## Other uses

- Hand (card games)
- Hand (unit), a measurement, primarily of a horse's height
- Hand (writing style), any of several writing styles, such as chancery hand
- Handwriting, an individual's style of writing by hand
- Part of a clock face

## Related pages

- Hand County, South Dakota
Ghazal

The **ghazal** is a poetic form that has rhyming couplets and a refrain, with each line sharing the same meter. A ghazal talks about both the pain of loss and the beauty of love in spite of that pain. The form is ancient.  It started in 6th century Arabic verse. It comes from the Arabian panegyric qasida. The structure of the ghazal are similar in strictness to those of the Petrarchan sonnet. In its style and content it is a genre with a lot of variety of expression around its central themes of love and separation. It is one of the main poetic forms the Indo-Perso-Arabic civilization gave to the eastern Islamic world.

The ghazal spread into South Asia in the 12th century.  This was because of the influence of Sufi mystics and the courts of the new Islamic Sultanate. Although the ghazal is mostly a form of Dari poetry and Urdu poetry, today it is found in the poetry of many languages of the Indian sub-continent.

Ghazals were written by the Persian mystics and poets Rumi (13th century) and Hafiz (14th century), the Azeri poet Fuzuli (16th century), as well as Mirza Ghalib (1797–1869) and Muhammad Iqbal (1877–1938).  Through Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749–1832), the ghazal became very popular in Germany during the 19th century.  The form was used by Friedrich Rückert (1788–1866) and August von Platen (1796–1835). The Kashmiri-American poet Agha Shahid Ali liked the form. He edited a volume of "real ghazals in English".

It is common in ghazals for the poet's name to be in the last verse.  This is known as takhallus.
Jahan Shah

Muzaffar al-Din **Jahan Shah** ibn Yusuf (died 1467) was the leader of the Kara Koyunlu Oghuz Turkoman tribal federation in Azerbaijan.  He ruled from about 1438 to 1467. He grew the Kara Koyunlu’s land to its largest.  It included Western Anatolia, most of present day Iraq, central Iran, and even Kerman. He was one of the greatest rulers of the Kara Koyunlu. He was said to enjoy drinking and entertainment. During his rule Jahan Shah had the Gökmedrese and Muzafferiye theological schools built in his capital city Tabriz. Azerbaijani was his mother tongue and he wrote poems in this language.
Book of Dede Korkut

The **Book of Dede Korkut**, also spelled as **Dada Gorgud**, **Dede Qorqut** or **Qorqit ata**, is the most famous epic stories of the Oghuz Turks. The stories have values important to the social lifestyle of the nomadic Turks and their pre-Islamic beliefs. The book's mythic story is part of the culture of Turkic states.  Some of those are Turkey, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan and to a smaller amount Kyrgyzstan.

The stories were first told orally before they were written as a book. There are many versions of the stories. Many dates have been used for the first written copies. Geoffery Lewis dates it fairly early in the 15th century. Cemal Kafadar said that it was no earlier than the 15th century.  Stanford Jay Shaw (1977) in his history of the Ottoman empire dates it in the 14th century.
Abbas II of Persia

**Shah Abbas II** (born 31 December 1632; died 25/26 October 1666) was Shah of Iran from 1642 to 1666. He was the seventh Shah of the Safavid Dynasty. He was the son of Shah Safi I and a Circassian, Anna Khanum. His name was Sultan Muhammed Mirza until he became Shah on 15 May 1642. Since he was less than ten years old when he became shah, the job of governing Persia was given to the grand vizier Saru Taqi.

Saru Taqi tried to end corruption. He made many enemies. On 11 October 1645 he was killed by a group of army officers. Then Khalifa Sultan became grand vizier until his death in 1653 or 1654.

Abbas' reign was mostly peaceful. It was important for not having any Ottoman attacks. In 1648 Abbas conquered Kandahar. He kept it from attacks by Mughal India. He died in Khusruabad near Damghan on the night of 25–26 October 1666.

## References

- _The Cambridge History of Iran_ Volume 6, edited by William Bayne Fisher (1968)

## Infobox (monarch)

- **name**: Shah Abbas II
- **title**: Shahanshah, Shahanshah of Persia
- **image**: Shah Abbas I holding a falcon, Mughal style, late 17th century.jpg
- **caption**: Shah Abbas II
- **reign**: 15 May 1642 – 26 October 1666
- **coronation**: 15 May 1642
- **predecessor**: Safi of Persia, Safi I
- **successor**: Suleiman I of Persia, Suleiman I
- **royal house**: Safavi
- **father**: Safi of Persia, Safi I
- **mother**: Anna Khanum
- **death date**: 25–26 October 1666
Azerbaijan national futsal team

The **Azerbaijan national futsal team** is the national futsal team of Azerbaijan.  It is controlled by Association of Football Federations of Azerbaijan. It represents Azerbaijan in international futsal competitions and is ranked 15 in the world.  This makes it the highest ranking team from Caucasus in the World Rankings.

Azerbaijan's first time at a big level came during UEFA European Futsal Championship 2010.

### FIFA World Cup

|colspan=9|FIFA World Cup Record|||||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1996|_Did not qualify_|-|-|-|-|-|-|
|2000|_Did not qualify_|-|-|-|-|-|-|
|2004|_Did not qualify_|-|-|-|-|-|-|
|2008|_Did not qualify_|-|-|-|-|-|-|
|2012|colspan=8|_To be determined_||||||

### UEFA European Futsal Championship

|colspan=9|UEFA European Futsal Championship Record|||||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1996|_Did not qualify_|-|-|-|-|-|-|
|1999|_Did not qualify_|-|-|-|-|-|-|
|2001|_Did not qualify_|-|-|-|-|-|-|
|2003|_Did not qualify_|-|-|-|-|-|-|
|2005|_Did not qualify_|-|-|-|-|-|-|
|2007|_Did not qualify_|-|-|-|-|-|-|
|2010|4th place|-|-|-|-|-|-|
|2012|1st round|-|-|-|-|-|-|
|2014|colspan=8|_To be determined_||||||

## Managers

- Elman Alakbarov (2008–2009)
- Alesio (2009-_present_)

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (national futsal team)

- **name**: Azerbaijan
- **badge size**: 200px
- **fifa trigramme**: AZE
- **fifa rank**: 10
- **association**: Association of Football Federations of Azerbaijan, AFFA
- **confederation**: UEFA (Europe)
- **coach**: Miltinho
- **captain**: Rizvan Farzaliyev
- **most caps**: Rizvan Farzaliyev (42)
- **top scorer**: Vitaliy Borisov (23)
- **pattern la2**: _azeri14a
- **pattern b2**: _azeri14a
- **pattern ra2**: _azeri14a
- **pattern sh2**: _azeri14a
- **pattern so2**: _azeri14a
- **leftarm2**: FFFFFF
- **body2**: FFFFFF
- **rightarm2**: FFFFFF
- **shorts2**: FFFFFF
- **socks2**: 0000ff
- **pattern la1**: _azeri14t
- **pattern b1**: _azeri14t
- **pattern ra1**: _azeri14t
- **pattern sh1**: _azeri14t
- **pattern so1**: _azeri14t
- **leftarm1**: 0000ff
- **body1**: 0000ff
- **rightarm1**: 0000ff
- **shorts1**: 0000ff
- **socks1**: ed1c24
- **first game**: Poland national futsal team, Poland 4–6 Azerbaijan
(Goirle, Netherlands; 23 October 1995)
- **largest win**: Kazakhstan national futsal team, Kazakhstan 2–14 Azerbaijan
(Tbilisi, Georgia (country), Georgia; 28 July 2002)
- **largest loss**: Czech Republic national futsal team, Czech Republic 10–2 Azerbaijan
(Enschede, Netherlands; 27 October 1995)
- **world cup apps**: 1
- **world cup first**: 2016
- **world cup best**: Quarterfinals, 2016 FIFA Futsal World Cup, 2016
- **regional name**: UEFA Futsal Championship, European Championship
- **regional cup apps**: 5
- **regional cup first**: 2010 UEFA Futsal Championship, 2010
- **regional cup best**: 4th place, (2010 UEFA Futsal Championship, 2010)
2010 UEFA Futsal Championship

The **2010 UEFA Futsal Championship** was the sixth official edition of the UEFA-governed European Championship for national futsal teams. It was hosted by Hungary.  It was between January 19 and January 30, 2010.  There were two venues.  One was in Budapest (Papp László Sportaréna) and one in Debrecen (Főnix Arena). For the first time, twelve teams were in the final round.

Spain defeated Portugal in the final by 4–2.  This was the fifth title in a row for Spain.

## Qualification

Thirty-eight nations took part in the qualifying round. Hungary was selected because they were the host.

### Qualified teams

|Country|Qualified as|Previous appearances in tournament<sup>**1**</sup>|
| --- | --- | --- |
|Hungary|<span style="display:none">00</span>Hosts|1 (2005)|
|Spain|<span style="display:none">01</span>Group 2 winner|6 (**1996**, 1999, **2001**, 2003, **2005**, **2007**)|
|Italy|<span style="display:none">02</span>Group 4 winner|6 (1996, 1999, 2001, **2003**, 2005, 2007)|
|Russia|<span style="display:none">03</span>Group 7 winner|6 (1996, **1999**, 2001, 2003, 2005, 2007)|
|Ukraine|<span style="display:none">04</span>Group 1 winner|5 (1996, 2001, 2003, 2005, 2007)|
|Portugal|<span style="display:none">05</span>Group 6 winner|4 (1999, 2003, 2005, 2007)|
|Czech Republic|<span style="display:none">06</span>Group 3 winner|4 (2001, 2003, 2005, 2007)|
|Serbia|<span style="display:none">07</span>Group 5 runner-up|2 (1999, 2007)|
|Slovenia|<span style="display:none">08</span>Group 7 runner-up|1 (2003)|
|Belgium|<span style="display:none">09</span>Group 5 winner|3 (1996, 1999, 2003)|
|Belarus|<span style="display:none">10</span>Group 4 runner-up|0 (debut)|
|Azerbaijan|<span style="display:none">11</span>Group 6 runner-up|0 (debut)|
- <div id="1"><sup>1</sup> **Bold** indicates champion for that year</div>

## Venues

|Arena|align="center"|Papp László Sportaréna|align="center"|Főnix Aréna|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|align="center"||align="center"|||
|align="center"|Budapest|align="center"|Debrecen||
|align="center"|12,500|align="center"|8,500||

## Final ranking

|align=center|Spain|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|align=center|Portugal|||
|align=center|Czech Republic|||
|4|Azerbaijan|||
|rowspan=4 align=center|5|align"left"|Russia|
|align"left"|Italy|||
|align"left"|Ukraine|||
|align"left"|Serbia|||
|rowspan=4 align=center|9|align"left"|Belarus|
|align"left"|Hungary|||
|align"left"|Belgium|||
|align"left"|Slovenia|||

## Awards

|colspan=2|Golden Boot|
| --- | --- |
|Biro Jade Javi Rodríguez Joel Queirós Saad Assis|5 goals|

## Other websites

- 6th UEFA Futsal Championship - Hungary 2010 , Futsal Planet
- Official UEFA website