juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Gudo

**Gudo** was a municipality of the district Bellinzona in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

On 2 April 2017, the former municipalities of Camorino, Claro, Giubiasco, Gnosca, Gorduno, Gudo, Moleno, Monte Carasso, Pianezzo, Preonzo, Sant'Antonio and Sementina merged into the municipality of Bellinzona.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Gudo
- **municipality name**: Gudo
- **municipality type**: former
- **imagepath coa**: Gudo-coat of arms.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Gudo 2010.png
- **languages**: Italian
- **canton**: Ticino
- **iso-code-region**: CH-TI
- **district**: Bellinzona (district), Bellinzona
- **postal code**: 6515
- **municipality code**: 5008
- **area**: 9.9
- **elevation**: 232
- **population**: 754
- **populationof**: December 2004
- **website**: www.gudo.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Cadenazzo, Cugnasco, Giubiasco, Sant'Antonino, Sementina
Indemini

**Indemini** was a municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 25 April 2010, the former municipalities of Caviano, Contone, Gerra Gambarogno, Indemini, Magadino, Piazzogna, San Nazzaro, Sant'Abbondio and Vira Gambarogno merged to form the new municipality of Gambarogno.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Indemini
- **image photo**: Indemini Switzerland.JPG
- **image caption**: Indemini
- **municipality name**: Indemini
- **municipality type**: former
- **imagepath coa**: Indemini-coat of arms.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Indemini 2009.png
- **languages**: Italian
- **canton**: Ticino
- **iso-code-region**: CH-TI
- **district**: Locarno (district), Locarno
- **postal code**: 6571
- **municipality code**: 5110
- **area**: 11.3
- **elevation**: 950
- **population**: 43
- **populationof**: December 2009
- **popofyear**: 2009
- **website**: www.indemini.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Alto Malcantone, Curiglia con Monteviasco (IT-VA), Gerra (Gambarogno), Piazzogna, San Nazzaro, Switzerland, San Nazzaro, Sant'Abbondio, Sigirino, Veddasca (IT-VA), Vira (Gambarogno)
Intragna, Switzerland

**Intragna** was a municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 25 October 2009, the former municipalities of Borgnone, Intragna and Palagnedra merged into the new municipality of Centovalli.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Intragna
- **municipality name**: Intragna
- **municipality type**: former
- **image photo**: Intragna.jpg
- **image caption**: View from the surrounding mountains
- **imagepath coa**: Intragna-coat of arms.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Intragna.png
- **languages**: Italian
- **canton**: Ticino
- **iso-code-region**: CH-TI
- **district**: Locarno (district), Locarno
- **postal code**: 6655
- **municipality code**: 5111
- **area**: 24.1
- **elevation**: 366
- **population**: 885
- **populationof**: December 2004
- **popofyear**: 2004
- **neighboring municipalities**: Ascona, Borgnone, Brissago, Cavigliano, Isorno, Losone, Mosogno, Palagnedra
Iragna

**Iragna** was a municipality of the district Riviera in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 2 April 2017, the former municipalities of Cresciano, Iragna, Lodrino and Osogna merged into the new municipality of Riviera.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Iragna
- **image photo**: GBT NBS Gottardo Sud.jpg
- **image caption**: The Iragna tunnel of the Gotthard Base Tunnel, Gotthard Base
- **municipality name**: Iragna
- **municipality type**: former
- **imagepath coa**: Iragna-coat of arms.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Iragna 2007.png
- **languages**: Italian
- **canton**: Ticino
- **iso-code-region**: CH-TI
- **district**: Riviera (district), Riviera
- **postal code**: 6707
- **municipality code**: 5284
- **area**: 18.3
- **elevation**: 295
- **population**: 495
- **populationof**: December 2004
- **neighboring municipalities**: Biasca, Lavertezzo, Lodrino, Switzerland, Lodrino, Osogna, Personico
Iseo, Switzerland

**Iseo** was a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. It was incorporated into the _comune_ of Bioggio in 2008.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Iseo
- **image photo**: Iseo Ticino 2017.jpg
- **image caption**: View of Iseo with Monte Lema in the background
- **municipality name**: Iseo
- **municipality type**: former
- **imagepath coa**: Iseo-coat of arms.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Iseo.png
- **languages**: Italian
- **canton**: Ticino
- **iso-code-region**: CH-TI
- **district**: Lugano (district), Lugano
- **postal code**: 6993
- **municipality code**: 5188
- **area**: 1.00
- **elevation**: 684
- **population**: 73
- **populationof**: December 2004
- **popofyear**: 2004
- **neighboring municipalities**: Aranno, Bioggio, Cademario, Curio, Switzerland, Curio, Vernate, Switzerland, Vernate
Isone

**Isone** is a municipality of the district Bellinzona in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Isone
- **municipality name**: Isone
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Isone COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Isone 2010.png
- **languages**: Italian
- **canton**: Ticino
- **iso-code-region**: CH-TI
- **district**: Bellinzona (district), Bellinzona
- **postal code**: 6810
- **municipality code**: 5009
- **area**: 12.9
- **elevation**: 748
- **population**: 364
- **populationof**: December 2004
- **website**: www.isone.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Cadenazzo, Camorino, Capriasca, Medeglia, Pianezzo, Ponte Capriasca, Sant'Antonino
Isorno

**Isorno** was a municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

## History

The former municipality was created in 2001 by a merger of Auressio, Berzona and Loco. On 10 April 2016, the former municipalities of Gresso, Isorno, Mosogno and Vergeletto merged to form the municipality of Onsernone.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Isorno
- **image photo**: Isorno P1080447.jpg
- **municipality name**: Isorno
- **municipality type**: former
- **imagepath coa**: Isorno-coat_of_arms.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Isorno 2013.png
- **languages**: Italian
- **canton**: Ticino
- **iso-code-region**: CH-TI
- **district**: Locarno (district), Locarno
- **postal code**: 6661
- **municipality code**: 5137
- **area**: 17.1
- **elevation**: 678
- **population**: 341
- **populationof**: December 2004
- **popofyear**: 2004
- **mayor title**: Sindaco
- **places**: Auressio, Berzona, Loco, Switzerland, Loco, Niva, Rossa, Seghellina
- **neighboring municipalities**: Cavigliano, Intragna, Switzerland, Intragna, Maggia, Switzerland, Maggia, Mosogno, Onsernone
Lamone

**Lamone** is a municipality in Lugano in Ticino canton in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Lamone
- **municipality name**: Lamone
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Lamone COA.svg
- **image photo**: 2011-03-27-Tichino (Foto Dietrich Michael Weidmann) 066.JPG
- **image caption**: Lamone-Cadempino train station
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Lamone 2012.png
- **languages**: Italian
- **canton**: Ticino
- **iso-code-region**: CH-TI
- **district**: Lugano (district), Lugano
- **postal code**: 6814
- **municipality code**: 5189
- **area**: 1.86
- **elevation**: 337
- **population**: 1612
- **populationof**: December 2004
- **popofyear**: 2004
- **mayor**: Marco Balerna
- **mayor title**: Sindaco
- **neighboring municipalities**: Bedano, Cadempino, Cureglia, Gravesano, Manno, Origlio, Torricella-Taverne
Lavertezzo

**Lavertezzo** is a municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Officail website of the municipality Lavertezzo (Italian)

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Lavertezzo
- **municipality name**: Lavertezzo
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: Lavertezzo-coat of arms.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Lavertezzo 2013.png
- **languages**: Italian
- **canton**: Ticino
- **iso-code-region**: CH-TI
- **district**: Locarno (district), Locarno
- **postal code**: 6595
- **municipality code**: 5112
- **area**: 58.1
- **elevation**: 536
- **population**: 1161
- **populationof**: December 2004
- **popofyear**: 2004
- **neighboring municipalities**: Brione (Verzasca), Corippo, Cugnasco, Frasco, Gerra (Verzasca), Gordevio, Gordola, Iragna, Locarno, Lodrino, Switzerland, Lodrino, Personico, Preonzo, Vogorno
Lavizzara

**Lavizzara** is a municipality of the district Vallemaggia in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

The municipality was created in 2004 by a merger of Broglio, Brontallo, Fusio, Menzonio, Peccia and Prato-Sornico.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Lavizzara
- **municipality name**: Lavizzara
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: Lavizzara-coat of arms.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Lavizzara 2008.png
- **languages**: Italian
- **canton**: Ticino
- **iso-code-region**: CH-TI
- **district**: Vallemaggia (district), Vallemaggia
- **postal code**: 6692-6696
- **municipality code**: 5323
- **area**: 187.21
- **elevation**: 763
- **population**: 579
- **populationof**: December 2004
- **popofyear**: 2004
- **website**: www.lavizzara.ch
- **places**: Broglio, Brontallo, Fusio, Menzonio, Mogno, Monti di Rima, Peccia, Piano di Peccia, Prato, San Carlo, Sant'Antonio, Sornico
- **neighboring municipalities**: Airolo, Bedretto, Brione (Verzasca), Cevio, Chironico, Dalpe, Maggia, Switzerland, Maggia, Prato (Leventina), Quinto, Switzerland, Quinto, Sonogno
Ligornetto

**Ligornetto** was a municipality of the district Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.  On 14 April 2013, the former municipalities of Besazio, Ligornetto and Meride merged into the municipality of Mendrisio.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Ligornetto
- **image photo**: LigornettoKirche.JPG
- **image caption**: The church of San Lorenzo at Ligornetto
- **municipality name**: Ligornetto
- **municipality type**: former
- **imagepath coa**: Ligornetto-coat of arms.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Ligornetto.png
- **languages**: Italian
- **canton**: Ticino
- **iso-code-region**: CH-TI
- **district**: Mendrisio (district), Mendrisio
- **postal code**: 6853
- **municipality code**: 5253
- **area**: 2.02
- **elevation**: 362
- **population**: 1716
- **populationof**: Dec 2011
- **website**: www.ligornetto.ch
- **mayor**: Marco Pina
- **neighboring municipalities**: Besazio, Clivio (IT-VA), Genestrerio, Rancate, Stabio
Linescio

**Linescio** is a municipality of the district Vallemaggia in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Linescio
- **municipality name**: Linescio
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: Linescio-coat of arms.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Linescio.png
- **languages**: Italian
- **canton**: Ticino
- **iso-code-region**: CH-TI
- **district**: Vallemaggia (district), Vallemaggia
- **postal code**: 6682
- **municipality code**: 5315
- **area**: 6.58
- **elevation**: 668
- **population**: 42
- **populationof**: December 2004
- **popofyear**: 2004
- **neighboring municipalities**: Cerentino, Cevio
Locarno

**Locarno** is the capital of the Locarno district in the Swiss canton of Ticino.

## Other websites

- The city of Locarno official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Locarno
- **municipality name**: Locarno
- **municipality type**: city
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Locarno Flag.svg
- **imagepath flag**: CHE Locarno Flag.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Locarno 2013.png
- **languages**: Italian
- **canton**: Ticino
- **iso-code-region**: CH-TI
- **district**: Locarno (district), Locarno
- **postal code**: 6600
- **municipality code**: 5113
- **area**: 19.4
- **elevation**: 200
- **population**: 14320
- **populationof**: December 2002
- **popofyear**: 2002
- **website**: www.locarno.ch
- **mayor**: Alain Scherrer
- **mayor party**: FDP
- **neighboring municipalities**: Ascona, Avegno, Switzerland, Avegno, Cadenazzo, Contone, Cugnasco, Gerra (Verzasca), Gordola, Lavertezzo, Losone, Magadino, Minusio, Muralto, Orselina, Piazzogna, San Nazzaro, Switzerland, San Nazzaro, Tegna, Tenero-Contra
Lodrino, Ticino

**Lodrino** was a municipality of the district Riviera in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 2 April 2017, the former municipalities of Cresciano, Iragna, Lodrino, and Osogna merged to form the new municipality of Riviera.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Lodrino
- **image photo**: Lodrino nucleo1.jpg
- **image caption**: Lodrino village center
- **municipality name**: Lodrino
- **municipality type**: former
- **imagepath coa**: Lodrino-coat of arms.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Lodrino 2007.png
- **languages**: Italian
- **canton**: Ticino
- **iso-code-region**: CH-TI
- **district**: Riviera (district), Riviera
- **postal code**: 6527
- **municipality code**: 5285
- **area**: 31.6
- **elevation**: 269
- **population**: 1556
- **populationof**: December 2004
- **popofyear**: 2004
- **neighboring municipalities**: Biasca, Cresciano, Iragna, Lavertezzo, Moleno, Osogna, Preonzo
Losone

**Losone** is a municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Losone
- **municipality name**: Losone
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Losone COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Losone 2013.png
- **languages**: Italian
- **canton**: Ticino
- **iso-code-region**: CH-TI
- **district**: Locarno (district), Locarno
- **postal code**: 6616
- **municipality code**: 5115
- **area**: 9.5
- **elevation**: 238
- **population**: 6329
- **populationof**: December 2004
- **popofyear**: 2004
- **website**: www.losone.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Ascona, Cavigliano, Intragna, Switzerland, Intragna, Locarno, Tegna, Verscio
Wolfenstein 3D

***Wolfenstein 3D*** is a 1992 first person shooter computer video game. The game was created by id Software. It was released for the PC on May 5, 1992. It was later released for many other systems including Apple computers and Nintendo's SNES console and Game Boy Advance handheld system. _Wolfenstein 3D_ was one of the first first person shooter games. It is said to have created much of the popularity in this type of game. The game was based on the 1980s Muse Software computer games _Castle Wolfenstein_ and _Beyond Castle Wolfenstein_.

## Story

In _Wolfenstein 3D_, the player controls an American soldier named BJ Blazkowicz. The player is trying to get out of a building controlled by Nazis during World War II. The player must avoid guards and dogs while looking for the way out. Food, medical supplies, ammunition and weapons can be found along the way to help the player.

## Gameplay

There are four types of weapons in the game:
- **Knife**: this weapon is usually only used if the player does not have ammunition for his guns. It can only hurt people standing very close to the character.
- **Pistol**: this gun is small and weak. It is the gun the player starts with.
- **Machine Gun**: this is like the pistol except it shoots faster.
- **Chaingun**: this gun shoots very quickly.

## Controversy

Because of the use of Nazi symbols and music in the game, _Wolfenstein 3D_ was banned in Germany. This was because it broke German laws. People also complained about the player having to shoot dogs in the game.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (vg)

- **title**: Wolfenstein 3D
- **image**: Wolfenstein logo.svg
- **developer**: id Software, id Software, Inc., Stalker Entertainment
- **publisher**: Apogee Software, Interplay Entertainment, BAM! Entertainment, Inc., Atari Corporation, MacPlay, Imagineer Co., Ltd.
- **designer**: John Romero, Tom Hall
- **engine**: Wolfenstein 3D engine
- **released**: May 5, 1992 (DOS)
July 21, 1993, 1994 1995 (Source code, Source), 1998, 2002
2007 (Steam (content delivery))
- **genre**: First-person shooter
- **modes**: Single player
- **platforms**: MS-DOS, Apple Macintosh, Mac, Apple IIGS, Apple II<small>GS</small>, Acorn Archimedes, NEC PC-9801, Super Nintendo Entertainment System, SNES, Atari Jaguar, Jaguar, Game Boy Advance, GBA, 3DO Interactive Multiplayer, 3DO, Xbox
Deceiver

|align="center" bgcolor="lightblue" colspan="3"|***Deceiver***|||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|align="center" colspan="3"||||||
|colspan="2" valign="top"|2004|||||
|colspan="2" valign="top"|Bluegrass music|||||
|colspan="2" valign="top"||||||
|colspan="2" valign="top"|Sugar Hill Records|||||
|colspan="2" valign="top"|Chris Thile|||||
|align="center" valign="top"|<small>_Not All Who Wander Are Lost_ (2001)</small>|align="center" valign="top"|<small>***Deceiver*** (2004)</small>|align="center" valign="top"|<small>_How to Grow a Woman from the Ground_ (2006)</small>|

***Deceiver*** is the fourth album by American musician Chris Thile, which was released in 2004. The album uses thirty-nine different instruments, which were all played by Thile alone. Some of the instruments played on the album include mandolin, piano, bass guitar, electric guitar, violin, and different types of percussion instruments. In 2005, the album was nominated a Grammy Award, for "Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical" to _Deceiver_'s engineers, Thile and Gary Paczosa.

## Musical style

In an interview from 2007, Chris Thile described what he had in plan for _Deceiver_:

## Track listing

1. "Wrong Idea" - 2:37
1. "On Ice" - 3:52
1. "Locking Doors" - 2:44
1. "Waltz For Dewayne Pomeroy" - 3:03
1. "Empire Falls" - 2:58
1. "I'm Nowhere and You're Everything" - 5:54
1. "Jessamyn's Reel" - 1:54
1. "The Believer" - 2:35
1. "This Is All Real" - 3:27
1. "Ready For Anything" - 5:15

All songs on _Deceiver_ were written by Chris Thile.

## Personnel

- Chris Thile - Music, Arranger, Producer, Art Direction, Design
- Gary Paczosa - Producer, Engineer
- Wendy Stamberger - Art Direction
Mỹ Trạch massacre

The **My Trach Massacre** was the murder of many people in My Trach Village, My Thuy Commune, Le Thuy District, Quảng Bình Province, Vietnam. The massacre took place on 29 November 1947 between 2:00 a.m. and 12:00 p.m.  Soldiers of the French army killed nearly half of the 320 people who lived in the village. Many of the civilians who were killed were women, old people and children.
Sydney Harbour anti-submarine boom net

The **Anti-submarine boom net** was used to stop enemy submarines entering Sydney Harbour during World War II. The net went all the way across the harbour from Green Point, Watson's Bay to Georges Head on the other side. The boom was part of the Sydney Harbour defences which also included artillery batteries and patrol boats.

## History

In January 1942, the Australian defence forces began to build the anti-submarine boom net; it was finished in August 1942. For more than three years, entry by boats, ships and ferries into Sydney Harbour was through one of three different gates that were a part of the anti-submarine boom net.

On 31 May 1942, during WWII, three Japanese submarines tried to get into the harbour. The first submarine to try and come in was the M27. Lieutenant Jahai Chuma was the man in charge of this submarine. The M27 followed a Sydney ferry through the gate on its way to Manly, but it got caught in the western end of the net's middle section. Lieutenant Chuma, tried to free his submarine by using a special tool that cuts metal, but this only made things worse. By 8:30pm the watchman for the Maritime Service Board, James Cargill, went to see what was happening. He used a boat to row across to where the submarine was stuck. Very surprised at finding a Japanese submarine, Cargill called naval headquarters with his two way radio. At first the navy did not believe that there was a Japanese Midget submarine caught in the boom net. It took him two hours to get them to believe him.

By 10:27pm, Chuma knew that he had been discovered, so he blew up the submarine using bombs, killing himself and his crew. The two other submarines got through the boom net, which at the time was not quite finished. They attacked shipping for many hours before they were destroyed as well.

In August 1945, the boom net was taken away. By early 1946, only the dolphin structure was left. The base of the winch house is the only remaining part of the anti-submarine boom net. It can still be seen at Green Point.
Eurotrash (term)

**Eurotrash** is an American English slang term to describe stereotypical Europeans. These words will cause rage to some Europeans, while other Europeans embrace the label as an ironic humourous way to refer to themself.

## Examples

- Broken English speaker
- Racist
- Metrosexual
Virgin Islands (disambiguation)

The **Virgin Islands** are an island group in the Caribbean. It could also mean:

- British Virgin Islands
- United States Virgin Islands
Hair straightening

**Hair straightening** is when a person makes their hair straighter. Their hair may be curly, wavy, or almost straight. There are methods to make even very curly hair straighter.

There are two different types of straightening: temporary and permanent. Temporary hair straightening keeps the hair straight until it gets wet or damp again, so only lasts for up to a few days. Permanent hair straightening keeps the hair straight for up to a few months, even when the hair gets wet.

A person can temporarily straighten their hair using:
- Hair irons, tongs use heat to make the hair straight.
- Hot combs, combs that use heat to make the hair straight
- Hairdryer, a machine that blows air over the hair to dry it quickly, so that combs can be used to style the hair straight.
- Hair cremes, cremes that help hold the hair in place more, but do not completely straighten the hair.

A person can permanently straighten their hair using:
- Chemical relaxers
- Japanese hair straightening
- Brazilian hair straightening
- Brazilian blowout

## Related pages

- Hair iron
- GHD
Intel Core

**Intel Core** is the name of a family of x86 multi-core microprocessors. It was made by the technology company Intel. Intel Core processors are based on Pentium M technology. Those processors are more advanced than Intel P6 processors. This architecture, or way to build a processor, is now replaced by Core 2 microarchitecture. In the Core family, there are two groups: the Duo (with two cores) and Solo (Duo with one disabled core). The Solo line replaced the Pentium M one-core processor.

In September of 2006 and January of 2008, Core CPUs stopped selling as much, as Intel released CPUs with newer technology.

## Yonah

Yonah is a company name for Intel's first generation of microprocessors for mobile computers. The Core Duo was released on 5 January 2006. It was the first Intel processor to be used in Apple Inc.'s Macintosh computers. Yonah does not have 64-bit function.

The **Intel Core Duo** has two cores, 2 Mebibytes of L2 cache for both cores, and an arbiter bus that controls the L2 cache and front side bus access.

The **Intel Core Solo** uses two-cores die as a Core Duo, but one core is turned off.

### Technical specifications

- 151 million transistors, with 2 MiB L2 cache.
- 2.33 – 2.50 GHz
- front side bus (FSB) is 667 MT/s (per second)
- supported by the 945GM, 945PM, 945GT, 965GM, 965PM, and 965GT chipsets

### Advantages and shortcomings

The duo version of Intel Core (Yonah) has two cores, which give performance per watt almost as good as single-core processors. In computer machines operating with batteries, this means getting as much total work done in one battery charge like in old computers.

The shortcomings of Intel Core (Yonah) are:
- 64-bit is not supported.
- Limited FPU (Floating Point Unit) throughput (amount of data computed in a certain time) for non-parallel (not at the same time) computations or single processes.
- "Performance per watt" is not better or even worse than older processors.

Core-based processor Intel Xeon Sossaman LV (low-voltage), for servers also does not have the Intel 64-bit function. All new server systems have support for x86-64, and Microsoft Exchange Server 2007 even requires a 64-bit processor to run.

On July 27, 2006, Intel released newer Core version Intel Core 2.

## Related pages

- Intel
- FSB
- Multi-core processor

## Other websites

- Intel Core Duo Web page
- Intel Core Solo Web page
- Processor comparison table
- Intel Core technical specifications
- techPowerUp! CPU Database
- Tested  against AMD's 64 X2 line and Intel's own Pentium M
- Intel® Centrino® Duo Mobile Technology papers
Geographer

A **geographer** is a scientist whose area of study is geography.

That is the study of Earth's physical environment and human habitat.

Geographers are historically known as people who make maps. Nowadays map making is the field of study of cartography, a subset of geography. The geographer studies not only the physical details of the environment. They look at the influence of this physical environment as well. Therefore they look at human and wildlife ecologies, weather and climate patterns, economics, and culture. They will concentrate on the influence space has for relationships between these elements.

The National Geographic Society sees five broad key themes for geographers:
    - location
    - place
    - human-environment interaction
    - movement
    - regions
Rod

**Rod** may mean:
- Rod (geometry), a straight and slender stick; a wand; a cylinder; hence, any slender bar
- Rod cell, a cell found in the retina that is sensitive to light/dark (black/white)
- Rod (unit), an Imperial unit of length, also known as the _pole_ or _perch_
- Rod (cryptozoology), observational artifacts produced by rapidly flying animals
- Rod (god), a Slavic god
- Rod (publisher), a music label from 1950s and 1960s Louisiana
- Rods (Tarot Suit)
- Railway Operating Division
- Fishing rod
- Lightning rod
- Connecting rod, in an internal combustion engine
- Divining rod, two rods believed by some to find water in a practice known as dowsing
- Birch rod, made out of twigs from birch or other trees for corporal punishment
- Switch (rod), a piece of wood as used as a staff or for corporal punishment, or a bundle of such switches

**Rod** may also be:
- Eubacterium with the shape of a rod
- Penis (slang)
- Gun (slang)

## People with the given name Rod

Often as an abbreviation of such names as **Roderick** and **Rodney**:

- Rod Stewart, rock musician
- Rod Laver (born 1938), Australian former tennis player
- Rod Steiger (1925–2002), American actor
- Rod Flanders, a fictional character on _The Simpsons_
- Rod From Avenue Q, a character in the stage musical Avenue Q
- Rod Whittaker, a fictional camp character from the late 80's
- Rod Serling, Creator of the 1960s show _The Twilight Zone_

## People with the surname Rod

- Edouard Rod, French-Swiss novelist, 1857-1910
- Johnny Rod, American bass guitar player

## Related pages

- Hrod
- Rob
- Roth
- Dowel
- Hot rod, often also referred to as 'rod'
- Rebar
- Rood, an old English unit equal to quarter an acre
- Stick, any long object
- Structural steel
- R.O.D., an acronym for the Read or Die anime
Chakra

A **chakra** is an energy center in the human body as taught in Indian yoga and some related cultures. Chakras are also believed in by some New Age adherents. Chakra means ‘Aneel or wheel' in Sanskrit.

According to people who believe in their existence, a chakra is an area in the body connected with life energy. They say that there are seven chakras in the body - each is an interface for the flow of life energy. They say that a chakra vitalizes a physical body and is associated with interactions of a physical or mental nature. They also say that current science is not able to detect or measure chakras.

## Definitions

Although there are various interpretations as to what exactly a chakra is, the following features are common in all systems:
- They form part of a subtle energy body, along with the energy channels, or nadis, and the subtle winds, or pranas.
- They are located along a central nadi, Sushumna, which runs either alongside or inside the spine.
- Two other nadis, Ida and Pingala, also run through the chakras, and alongside Sushumna. They occasionally cross Sushumna at the location of the chakras.
- They possess a number of 'petals' or 'spokes'. In some traditions, such as the Tibetan, these spokes branch off into the thousands of nadis that run throughout the human body.
- They are generally associated with a mantra seed-syllable, and often with a variety of colours and deities.

## Types of Chakras

The seven main chakras are described as being present in an ascending column from the base of the spine to the head. The chakras are usually connected with a certain color. Each chakra is also connected with some part of consciousness.

The following seven primary chakras are commonly described:

1. Muladhara (, Thai: มูลาธาระ) Base or Root Chakra (ovaries/prostate)
1. Swadhisthana (Sanskrit: स्वाधिष्ठान, , Thai: สฺวาธิษฺฐานะ) Sacral Chakra (last bone in spinal cord, the coccyx)
1. Manipura (Sanskrit: मणिपूर, , Thai: มณีปูระ) Solar Plexus Chakra (navel area)
1. Anahata (, Thai: อนาหะตะ) Heart Chakra (heart area)
1. Vishuddha (, Thai: วิศุทฺธะ) Throat Chakra (throat and neck area)
1. Ajna (, Thai: อาชฺญา) Brow or Third Eye Chakra (pineal gland or third eye)
1. Sahasrara (, Thai: สหัสฺราระ) Crown Chakra (top of the head; 'soft spot' of a newborn)

- Root chakra _(Muladhara)_
- Navel chakra _(Swadhisthana)_
- Solar plexus chakra _(Manipura)_
- Heart chakra _(Anahata)_
- Throat chakra _(Vishuddha)_
- Third eye chakra _(Ajna)_
- Crown chakra _(Sahasrara)_

## Related pages

- Esotericism
- Kundalini
- Occultism

## References

- Introduction to Chakras from Kheper.net
Scalp

- _For other uses of the word, see Scalp (disambiguation)_

The **scalp** is the anatomical area between the face and the neck.

## Layers

It is usually described as having five layers, which can be remembered with the mnemonic "SCALP":

- S: The skin on the head from which head hair grows. It is richly supplied with blood vessels.
- C: Connective tissue. a thin layer of fat and fibrous tissue lies beneath the skin
- A: The aponeurosis (or Epicranial aponeurosis) is the next layer. It is a tough layer of dense fibrous tissue
- L: The _loose areolar connective tissue_ layer provides an easy plane of separation between the upper three layers and the _pericranium_.  In scalping the scalp is torn off through this layer.
- P: The pericranium is the periosteum of the skull bones and provides nutrition to the bone and the capacity for repair.  It may be lifted from the bone to allow removal of bone windows (craniotomy).
Maltese

**Maltese** might mean:

- Anything related to Malta
- Maltese language
- Maltese people
- Maltese (dog), a dog breed
- Maltese (goat), a goat breed
Perm (hairstyle)

A **permanent wave**, commonly called a **perm**, is the chemical treatment of hair to produce curls.

The first chemical treatment for curling hair that was suitable for use on people was invented in the year 1906 by the German hairdresser Karl Nessler (1872-1951). He used a mixture of cow urine and water. The first public demonstration took place on October 8, 1906, but Nessler had been working on the idea since 1896. Previously, wigs had been set with caustic chemicals to form curls, but these recipes were too harsh to use on human skin.

## Other websites

- Pictures of Nessler's permanent curling machine
- Disulphide bonds in hair
- The chemistry of a permanent wave
- Old advertisement for Toni brand perm
- Getting a perm in 1950 (demonstration)
Audiophile

An **audiophile** is a person who cares about how good music sounds on a stereo or other high fidelity sound system. An audiophile is interested in how to improve the sound quality of sound recordings, such as vinyl records and compact discs, as well as the equipment used to listen to recordings such as CD players, amplifiers and loudspeakers.

Audiophiles are always looking for ways to improve their sound system. There are discussion forums, magazines and clubs for audiophiles to share their ideas.

Some audiophiles believe that differences should be able to be measured in a scientific way. This type of audiophile is called an "objectivist".

Other audiophiles believe that "what sounds better" or "more musical" may not be measurable. They rely mostly on their own ears and preferences. This type of audiophile is called a "subjectivist".

**Audiophile** is also used as an adjective in descriptions of audio equipment and recorded music, where it is intended to imply high quality.

## Other websites

- _The Audio Critic_ - Thirty-year publication, now online only, with in-depth independent verification of vendors' claims.
- _The Audio Press_ - Criticism of industry, magazines, and reviewers.
- _Audiophilia_ - Online magazine featuring high-end audio equipment and music reviews.
- Enjoy the Music.com - High-end audio equipment, music reviews, show reports, and information.
- Positive Feedback Online - Print magazine that merged with _audioMUSINGS_ and morphed into an online forum for the audio arts.
- Science and Subjectivism in Audio   Technically-detailed article by Douglas Self.
- 6Moons.com - Online magazine.
- _StereoTimes_  - Equipment reviews and articles of general interest to audiophiles.
- TNT-Audio - Non-profit, Internet high-fidelity review.
Barbelo

**Barbelo** is a goddess in Gnosticsm. She is also called Thought, Providence, Forethought, or Foreknowledge. She is believed to be the first emanation of Bythos. In the Apocryphon of John, a writing in the Nag Hammadi Library, Barbelo is described as, "The first power, the glory, Barbelo, the perfect glory in the aions, the glory of the revelation."

The Apocryphon of John continues:

> "This is the first thought, his image; she became the womb of everything, for it is she who is prior to them all, the Mother-Father, the first man (Anthropos), the holy Spirit, the thrice-male, the thrice-powerful, the thrice-named androgynous one, and the eternal aeon among the invisible ones, and the first to come forth."

## Relation to other systems of thought

The Gnostic account of Barbelo is quite similar to Tantric thought. In Kashmir Shaivism, Shakti is similarly the second Tattva or first emanation of Shiva.

## References

- The Nag Hammadi Library. The Apocryphon of John Retrieved Oct. 21, 2004.
Perm, Russia

**Perm** (, pronounced:pʲɛrʲmʲ) is a city and administrative center of _Perm Krai_, Russia. It lies on the banks of the Kama River, at the foot of the Ural Mountains.

Perm is one of the largest cities in Russia, with 976,116 (2006 est.) inhabitants, fewer than the 1,001,653 recorded in the 2002 Census and 1,090,944 recorded in the 1989 Census.

In geology, the Permian period takes its name from the region.

## History

From 1940 until 1957, the city was named Molotov (), after Vyacheslav Molotov. In 2021, six people were killed in a mass shooting.

## Administrative divisions

Perm is divided into seven city districts:
|City District||Population (2002 Census)|
| --- | --- | --- |
|Dzerzhinsky ()|153,403||
|Industrialny ()|160,039||
|Kirovsky ()|126,960||
|Leninsky ()|57,569||
|Motovilikhinsky ()|176,564||
|Ordzhonikidzevsky ()|111,631||
|Sverdlovsky ()|215,487||

## Modern city

The city is a major administrative, industrial, scientific, and cultural center. The leading industries include machinery, defence, oil production (about 3% of Russian output), oil refining, chemical and petrochemical, timber and wood processing and the food industry.

There is one international airport in Perm Bolshoye Savino (Big Savino).
Perm is also served by the smaller airport "Bakharevka".

Perm's public transit network includes streetcar (tram), bus, and trolleybus routes.

## Sister cities

Perm is the sister city of (twinned with):
- Louisville, Kentucky, United States (1994)
- Oxford, United Kingdom (1995)
- Duisburg, Germany (2007)

## Sport

- FC Amkar Perm, the football club based in Perm, playing in the Russian Premier League
- Molot-Prikame Perm, ice hockey club playing in the Russian Hockey Super League
- PBC Ural Great, the basketball club based in Perm, playing in the Russian Basketball Super League

## Other websites

- Official website
- Perm regional server
- The Official Website of the Perm Municipal Duma
- The heritage of Perm Region
- Perm Chamber of Commerce and Industry
- The Western Ural Photographic Album
- History of Perm
- Perm and Perm Region Information on Kommersant Publishing webpage (also, see all other Russian subjects of the Federation)
- The city of Perm - The poem of the town
- Perm State University
- Perm for travelers Sights of Perm and Perm's region
- General info on the city of Perm
Perm (disambiguation)

**Perm** may mean:
- Perm, a city in Russia
- Perm Krai, a federal subject of Russia
- Perm Oblast, a former federal subject of Russia
- Permian, a geologic period
- Permanent wave, a hair treatment
- **Perm**, a historic region in Russia, approximately comprising the modern Perm Krai and the Komi Republic, between the 13th and 17th centuries
- Permutation (mathematics)
- PERM, an early computer
- Perm (unit), a unit of permeance (gas or vapor transmission) in materials and membranes.
- PERM, Form ETA 9089, the permanent labor certification issued by the U.S. Department of Labor which allows an employer to hire a foreign worker to work permanently in the United States. Replaces the old Labor Certification, Form ETA 750 A and B.
Bodhicitta

In Buddhist thought, **bodhicitta** is the motivation of a bodhisattva. The word _bodhicitta_ combines the words for enlightenment _(Bodhi)_ and  mind _(Citta)_. It is sometimes translated as _mind of enlightenment_.

Bodhicitta is taught to be the intent to become enlightened, not for oneself, but for the benefit of _all_ beings.
Dakini

In Hinduism and Buddhism, a **dakini** is a female being like a goddess. They are mostly found in Tibetan Buddhism.Chinese: 空行母, Pinyin: Kōngxíng Mǔ and 狐仙,Pinyin:Hú xian ;明妃,Pinyin:Míng fēi｝ The dakini inspires spiritual practice. A dakini is often depicted as beautiful and naked. The nakedness represents the freedom of the mind.

The Chinese and Tibetan terms for _dakini_ literally mean "she who travels in the sky"; this is sometimes written poetically as "sky dancer". Their bodies are depicted curved in sinuous dance poses.

Dakinis are associated with energy. They are linked with the revelation of the path of transformation. They help people to change the energy of negative emotions, called poisons _(kleshas)_, into enlightened awareness.

## Appearance

Images tend to show the dakini as a young, naked figure in a dancing posture, often holding a skull cup filled with menstrual blood or the elixir of life in one hand, and a curved knife in the other. She may wear a garland of human skulls, with a trident staff leaning against her shoulder. Her hair is usually wild and hanging down her back, and her face often wrathful in expression, as she dances on top of a corpse, which represents her complete mastery over ego and ignorance.

## Events

Tibetan Buddhists believe that a Dakini gave a black hat to the third Karmapa, Rangjung Dorje (1284 - 1339), when he was three years old. The Black Crown became the emblem of this Tibetan lineage known as the Karma Kagyu.

## References

- Beyer, Stephen (1973). _The Cult of Tara: Magic and Ritual in Tibet_. University of California Press.
- English, Elizabeth (2002). _Vajrayogini: Her Visualizations, Rituals, and Forms_. Wisdom Publications.
- Norbu, Thinley (1981). _Magic Dance: The Display of the Self Nature of the Five Wisdom Dakinis_. Jewel Publishing House, 2nd edition.
- Padmasambhava, translated by Erik Pema Kunsang (1999) _Dakini Teachings_. Rangjung Yeshe Publications, 2nd edition.
- Simmer-Brown, Judith (2001). _Dakini's Warm Breath: The Feminine Principle in Tibetan Buddhism_. Shambhala Publications.
- Yeshe, Lama (2001). _Introduction to Tantra : The Transformation of Desire_. Wisdom Publications, revised edition.

## Other websites

- Dakini and the Female Spirit
- _Dakini_ on khandro.net
Gnosticism

__FORCETOC__

**Gnosticism** is a modern form of Egyptian religion that is a group of religious ideas from around the 1st century. "****" is the ancient Greek word for "knowledge", but now more closely means "esoteric knowledge". Gnostic ideas were a main part of early Christianity before being persecuted by other Christians. Gnostic ideas are also found in sects of Judaism and Islam, as well as in alchemy and other kinds of esotericism.

The word "Gnostic" was mostly used by people who were against these ideas. For this reason, some researchers have said that Gnosticism is a  of many separate religious movements. There are many problems for people who research Gnosticism:
1. Many Gnostic teachings were esoteric, meaning they were kept secret or hidden
1. A lot of what is known about Gnostic beliefs came from attacks written by non-Gnostic Christians
1. Almost all Gnostic writings were destroyed by non-Gnostic Christians who wanted to wipe them out

## Beliefs

Gnosticism says that humans are divine souls trapped in the ordinary physical (or _material_) world.  They say that the world was made by an imperfect spirit.

The imperfect spirit is thought to be the same as the God of Abraham. The imperfect spirit may be seen as evil, or sometimes just not perfect but doing the best it can.

The real God who is good, is distant and not easy to know. In order to get free from the material world, a person has to get _gnosis_.  That is the special secret knowledge given only to a few special people.

Some Gnostic groups saw Jesus as sent by the supreme being, to bring _gnosis_ to the Earth.

## Other websites

- Ancient Gnosticism
- Religious Tolerance  - A survey of Gnosticism
- Sacred Wisdom  - Gnosticism and Christian Esotericism
- Early Christian Writings - primary texts
- The Gnostic Society Library
- Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Gnosticism
- Introduction to Gnosticism
- Jewish Encyclopedia: Gnosticism
- Proto-Gnostic elements in the Gospel according to John
- Gnostic version of the Bible and more on Gnostics
- Catholic Encyclopedia: Gnosticism

- Contemporary Gnosticism
- The Alexandrian Gnostic Church
- Apostolic Johannite Church
- Ecclesia Gnostica (Gnosis Archive)
Grimoire

**Grimoire** is a book of witchcraft or paranormal magic. The word is pronounced "grim-warr".

The word is a mistaken way of saying _grammar_. It probably started being used in a time when not many people could read. Then any book might be thought to contain instructions for magic.

In the religion of Wicca and other forms of Neopaganism, such a book is sometimes called a "Book of Shadows".
Hermeticism

**Hermeticism **is the study and practice of occult philosophy and magic. The name comes from the fact that the first books about Hermeticism  are said to have been written by the god Hermes Trismegistus ("Thrice-Greatest Hermes"), who combines aspects of the Greek god Hermes and the Egyptian god Thoth.

Hermeticism is also connected with astrology and alchemy.  These beliefs were strong in Europe during the Renaissance. The Hermetic Corpus was translated by Marsilio Ficino in 1463 and published in 1471. At this time, the Hermetic Corpus was thought to be older than both Plato and Pythagoras.

In 1614, Isaac Causabon showed that the texts were actually written sometime between 200 and 300 AD. This view was based on careful study of the way language was used in the original writings.

Hermeticism was revived in the 19th century in Western Europe. The most famous group involved in this revival was the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn.

## Related page

- Supernatural
Illuminati

The **Illuminati** (the “enlightened ones”) was a late-18th century German political secret society. Adam Weishaupt and Benton Oseko, two Bavarian philosophers and lawyers, started the secret society on 1 May 1776 at the University of Ingolstadt. In 1785, it was outlawed in Bavaria.

Originally, the Illuminati opposed superstition, prejudice, religious influence over public life, and abuses of government power. They supported education and gender equality for women.

The Illuminati has been the subject of many conspiracy theories.

## Other organizations

Later, many other groups formed using the same name. There is no evidence that these present-day groups have any significant power or influence. They promote themselves using the Bavarian Illuminati to attract membership.
Simputer

The **Simputer** is a small, cheap device, similar to a personal digital assistant (palmtop). The unique feature of this device is a smart-card interface which allows a single Simputer to be used by many users. User's private data can be kept on a cheap smart-card. This device was constructed by an Indian company- Simputer Trust. The name stands for "Simple computer".

## History

The Simputer project was invented during the organization of the Global Village, an International Seminar on Information Technology for Developing Countries  in October 1998. The discussion was about the big need for a low-cost mass access device which will bring local-language IT to the masses. Inventing a name for the new device, the purpose was to find a complex acronym Thus Simputer is a Simple, Inexpensive, Multi-lingual comPUTER. Later it was expanded to Simple, Inexpensive Multi-lingual People's compUTER. Now it is also called "computer for the masses".

## Features

It is similar to the Linux Advanced Radio Terminal and the Intel StrongARM reference platform. It has processor Intel StrongARM 200+ MHz, 64MB of RAM, 32MB Flash ROM. It can use cheap smart-cards with capacity 8KB. It has also USB connectivity and software modem so can connect to the internet. The 320x240 LCD interface in Simputer is with a touch panel overlay on liquid-crystal display. The operating system runs on a version of the Linux Kernel. The software used in Simputer is text-to-speech. This tool may use speakers and microphone because it has special jacks. It has also a built-in Infrared Data Association port. The device is powered by 3 AAA sized NiMH batteries.

## Licensees

The Simputer Trust has licensed manufacturers to produce devices based on the Simputer. These companies are: PicoPeta Simputers and Encore Technologies.

## Future prospects

The tool developed is very generic and has similar devices in many other countries. It is ideally suited for developing and under developed countries like: India, Azerbaijan, Mauritius, Mongolia, Ghana, Uzbekistan, Sri Lanka, Bhutan, Thailand or Vietnam.

## Sources

- http://www.simputer.org/simputer/history/
- http://www.itu.int/osg/spu/digitalbridges/materials/marwaha_paper.pdf  (International  Cooperation in the ICT Field: Bridging the Digital Divide)
- http://indic-computing.sourceforge.net/designaxes/analysis.html
- http://www.simputer.org/simputer/about/

## Other websites

- http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/1535992.stm
- http://www.outlookindia.com/pti_news.asp?id=85140
- http://www.dmoz.org/Computers/Systems/Handhelds/Open_Source/Simputer/
- http://www.amidasimputer.com/
- http://www.picopeta.com/
- http://www.rediff.com/money/2001/apr/24spec.htm
- http://www.ncoretech.com/products/ia/simputer/index.html
Gela

**Gela** is a city in the Italian region of Sicily. It is in the province of Caltanissetta in the south of Sicily. The city is at about 84km from the province's capital of Caltanissetta, on the Mediterranean Sea. The city has a larger population than the capital and is second largest in land area.

Gela is an important industrial city and port town. One important industry that is located here is that of petroleum refinery. The city can be reached from other cities, like Syracuse and Caltanissetta, by train.

## Infobox (italian comune)

- **image shield**: Gela-Stemma.svg
- **official name**: Comune di Gela
- **name**: Gela
- **region**: Sicily
- **province**: Province of Caltanissetta, Caltanissetta (CL)
- **elevation m**: 46
- **area total km2**: 276
- **population as of**: December 31, 2004
- **population total**: 77260
- **frazioni**: Macchitella, Manfria
- **area code**: 0933
- **postal code**: 93012
- **population demonym**: Gelesi
- **saint**: St. Maria dell'Alemanna
- **day**: September 8
- **mayor**: Rosario Crocetta (since April 8, 2003)
- **website**: [http://www.comune.gela.cl.it www.comune.gela.cl.it]
Kama Sutra

***Kamasutra*** (), also known in Western countries as the ***Kama Sutra***, is an ancient Indian book on love. It was written by Mallanaga Vatsyayana. Part of the book deals with human sexual activity.