juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Lobatus gigas

***Lobatus gigas***, commonly known as the queen conch, is a species of large edible sea snail, as a marine gastropod mollusc in the family of true conches, the Strombidae. This species is one of the largest molluscs native to the tropical northwestern Atlantic, from Bermuda to Brazil, reaching up to 35.2 centimetres (13.9 inches) in shell length.

## Description

The shell is characterized by its large size, solidity and sculptured design with large thorns. The mouth is large, calloused, has great lip colors white, pink, yellow and orange. Sifonales Channels, anal and notch estromboide are wide and well marked.

## Distribution

_Lobatus gigas_ is native to the tropical Western Atlantic coasts of North and Central America. It lives in the greater Caribbean tropical zone.

Aruba, of the Netherlands Antilles; Barbados; all of the islands and cays of the Bahamas; Belize; Bermuda; North and northeastern regions of Brazil (though this is contested by some authors); Old Providence Island in Colombia; Costa Rica; the Dominican Republic; Panama; Swan Islands in Honduras; Jamaica; Martinique; Alacran Reef, Campeche, Cayos Arcas and Quintana Roo, in Mexico; Puerto Rico; Saint Barthélemy; Mustique and Grenada in the Grenadines; Pinar del Río, North Havana Province, North Matanzas, Villa Clara, Cienfuegos, Holguín, Santiago de Cuba and Guantánamo, in the Turks and Caicos Islands and Cuba; South Carolina, Florida, including East Florida, West Florida, the Florida Keys and the Flower Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary, in the United States; Carabobo, Falcon, Gulf of Venezuela, Las Aves archipelago,  Los Roques archipelago, Los Testigos Islands and Sucre in Venezuela; St. Croix in the Virgin Islands.

## Habitat

He located between 0 and 18 m depth, but most often in soils carbonatites and seagrass beds.

## Common names

Common names include "queen conch" and "pink conch" in English, _caracol rosa_ and _caracol rosado_ in Mexico, _caracol de pala_, _cobo_, _botuto_ and _guarura_ in Venezuela, _caracol reina_, _lambí_ in the Dominican Republic, and  _carrucho_ in Puerto Rico.

## Other websites

- World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS): Lobatus gigas (Linnaeus, 1758) AphiaID: 564730
Cuboid bone

The **cuboid** **bone** is one of the seven tarsals of the feet. It is located on the side of the foot. It articulates (connects with) metatarsals number 4 and 5. Ligaments help hold the foot in an arched position and to hold the metatarsals and medial cuneiform bones (one of many is the cuboid) together. The bone also makes up part of the arch of the foot. Most likely, the name cuboid comes from the fact that the cuboid bone is shaped kind of like a cube.

Cuboid syndrome can happen as a result of an injury to the cuboid bone.

## Related pages

- Phalanges
- Metatarsals
- Tarsals
Vjosa River

**Vjosa** is a river in Albania. It runs from the Pindus Mountains of Greece, through rocky terrain. It spills into the Adriatic Sea, where the terrain turns sandy. It runs about 272 km and it sets the boundaries between the city of Fier and Vlora.
Frontier Airlines

**Frontier Airlines** is an American ultra low-fare airline. It is based in Denver, Colorado. It has operating bases at Atlanta, Chicago—Midway, Chicago—O’Hare, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Dallas/Fort Worth, Denver, Las Vegas, Miami, Orlando, Philadelphia, Phoenix, San Juan, Tampa, and Trenton.

## History

Frontier was founded in February 1994, after Continental Airlines closed its hub at Denver. By July 1994, Frontier had started flights with Boeing 737 airplanes. In 1999, the airline bought Airbus A320 family airplanes. As of 2016, Frontier owns 61 Airbus airplanes. Republic Airways Holdings bought Frontier in 2009. Frontier was later sold to Indigo Partners in 2013. Indigo Partners also owns Spirit Airlines. Since 2015, Frontier and Spirit have been thinking about combining to create one large ultra-low fare airline. In February 2022, the two companies announced that they were merging.

## Infobox (airline)

- **airline**: Frontier Airlines
- **image**: Frontier_Airlines_logo.svg
- **focus cities**: Atlanta, Chicago—Midway, Chicago—O’Hare, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Dallas/Fort Worth, Denver, Las Vegas, Miami, Orlando, Philadelphia, Phoenix, San Juan, Tampa, Trenton
- **frequent flyer**: Frontier Miles
- **fleet size**: 162
- **destinations**: 110
- **parent**: Frontier Group Holdings, Inc. via Frontier Airlines Holdings, Inc. (Indigo Partners)
- **iata**: F9
- **icao**: FFT
- **callsign**: FRONTIER FLIGHT
- **founded**: 1994
- **num employees**: 7,235 (2023)
- **headquarters**: Denver, Colorado
- **hubs**: Denver International Airport
- **website**: [http://www.flyfrontier.com]
Volaris

**Volaris +1-833-426-8448** is a Mexican low-cost airline. The airline is based in Mexico City. Its largest airline hub is at General Abelardo L. Rodríguez International Airport in Tijuana. discrimina airline

## History

Volaris was founded in 2005. TACA Airlines and Televisa were among the initial shareholders. In 2009, the airline started flying from Mexico to airports in the USA after it began an agreement with Southwest Airlines. When Mexicana de Aviacion stopped flying in August 2010, Volaris took over their slots at the Mexico City International Airport.  Southwest and Volaris stopped their agreement in 2013.  In 2015, Volaris started going to Guatemala City, Guatemala, San Juan, Puerto Rico and San José, Costa Rica.  In 2019, Volaris became Mexico's largest airline in terms of market share, partly because it offered lower prices.  It passed Aeroméxico.
Omak Airport

**Omak Airport** is an airport in Omak, Washington.
Shinshūkyō

**** refers to new religious movements in Japan. Japanese theologians consier all religions founded since the middle of the 19th century as "new religions". They are influenced by much older traditional religions such as Shinto, Buddhism, and Hinduism.
Estonian mark

The **Estonian mark** was the currency of Estonia from 1918 to 1928.  It was divided into 100 penns.
The Other Sister

***The Other Sister*** is a 1999 romantic comedy movie. It stars Diane Keaton, Juliette Lewis and Tom Skerritt. The story is about intellectual disability-related issues and over-protection by parents. It received mostly negative reviews, though it took in close to $28 million at the box office. This romantic comedy was filmed in Long Beach, Pasadena, and San Francisco, California and released in February 1999.

## Cast

- Juliette Lewis as Carla Tate
- Diane Keaton as Elizabeth Tate
- Tom Skerritt as Dr. Radley Tate
- Giovanni Ribisi as Daniel "Danny" McMann
- Poppy Montgomery as Caroline Tate
- Sarah Paulson as Heather Tate
- Linda Thorson as Drew Evanson
- Joe Flanigan as Jeff Reed
- Juliet Mills as Winnie the Housekeeper
- Tracy Reiner as Michelle
- Hector Elizondo as Ernie

## Infobox (film)

- **name**: The Other Sister
- **director**: Garry Marshall
- **music**: Rachel Portman
- **cinematography**: Dante Spinotti
- **editing**: Bruce Green
- **studio**: Touchstone Pictures
Mandeville Films
- **distributor**: Buena Vista Pictures
- **runtime**: 130 minutes
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **budget**: $35 million
- **gross**: $27.8 million
Syllabary

A **Syllabary** is a writing system that uses symbols for syllables called syllabograms, as opposed to an alphabet which has letters to represent individual consonants and vowels. These syllables are often an optional consonant sound (C) followed by a vowel sound (V) — that is, a CV or V syllable, however, there are examples of syllabaries with symbols for CVC, CV- tone, and C (normally nasal consonants) syllables.

## Short list of Syllabaries

- Canadian Aboriginal syllabics
- Cherokee
- Japanese Kana (Hiragana, Katakana)
- Linear B
- Old Persian Cuneiform
Lorisoidea

**Lorisoidea** is a superfamily of Primates. It combines the familiies of the Lorisidae (lorises) and the Galagidae (galagos). They are part of the Lemuriformes.

Lorisoidea is afro-asian phylogeny is disputable since their paraphylegenit has been traced with the group of the Galagidae with the Asian or African lorisidae (Masters 2007). The lorisodea species includes nocturnal species such as the Malagasy Lemur roidea. This species can be found in Africa and regions in tropical areas of Asia. Lorisoidea is categorized in two families Lorisidae and Galagidae.
Her Majesty's Ship

**HMS** is an acronym (contraction) of **Her Majesty's Ship**. It refers to ships of the Royal Navy. It is the official prefix of Royal Navy ship names since 1789. Versions of HMS are used in those Commonwealth countries where the British monarch is still the head of state. So, for example, HMNZS is the prefix for the Royal New Zealand Navy.

There are some similar designations. RMS designates a ship which officially transports mail for the United Kingdom. Other countries with monarchs use the same kind of system, and almost all countries have a prefix system for their ships.
Mindy McCready

**Mindy McCready** (November 30, 1975 – February 17, 2013) was an American country music singer. Malinda Gayle McCready was given birth to in Fort Myers, Florida. She shot herself dead in Heber Springs, Arkansas.

## Discography

- Studio albums
- _Ten Thousand Angels_ (1996)
- _If I Don't Stay the Night_ (1997)
- _I'm Not So Tough_ (1999)
- _Mindy McCready_ (2002)
- _I'm Still Here_ (2010)
Laurie Bird

**Laurie Bird** (September 26, 1953 – June 15, 1979) was an American film actress and photographer. She acted in only three movies. Her most well-known was the 1977 movie _Annie Hall_.

Bird died from a Valium overdose in New York City at age 25.
Lucy Gordon

**Lucy Gordon** (22 May 1980 – 20 May 2009) was an English movie actress and model who worked for CoverGirl 1997. She starred in _The Four Feathers_ and _Spider-Man 3_. Gordon died in Paris, France by hanging herself in her flat.
Dorian Gray (actress)

**Maria Luisa Mangini** (February 2, 1928 – February 16, 2011) was an Italian actress that mostly acted in movies. She is more commonly known by the stage name **Dorian Gray**. She was one of the Italian theater's most famous actresses. In the 1950s and 1960s, she devoted herself to the cinema. Mainly she played the role of the femme fatale. However, she proved to be a talented actress interpreting also a dramatic role in Michelangelo Antonioni's _Il grido_ with great critical acclaim. In 1957, at the top of her popularity, she also took part in the Oscar-winning movie _The Nights of Cabiria_. She retired from acting in 1965, after becoming pregnant with her son. In 2011, she committed suicide by shooting herself, fourteen days after her 83rd birthday.

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: Dorian Gray in Totò, Peppino e... la malafemmina.jpg
- **caption**: Dorian Gray in Totò, Peppino e la malafemmina, Totò, Peppino e... la malafemmina (1956).
- **name**: Dorian Gray
- **birth name**: Maria Luisa Mangini
- **birth place**: Bolzano, Italy
- **death place**: Torcegno, Italy
- **death cause**: Suicide
- **nationality**: Italian
- **occupation**: Actress
- **yearsactive**: 1951–1965
Carole Landis

**Carole Landis** (January 1, 1919 – July 5, 1948) was an American actress. She acted mostly in movies. Her movies include _Fly Away Baby_ and _Broadway Melody of 1938_. She was born in Fairchild, Wisconsin. Landis later committed suicide by overdose of drugs.
Rachel Roberts

**Rachel Roberts** (September 20, 1927 – November 26, 1980) was a Welsh actress who starred in many movies and stage acts. She became well known for her fervour and strong passion. She starred in the 1953 movie _Valley of Song_. While in Los Angeles, Roberts committed suicide at age 53 with barbiturates and alcohol.
Leslie Phillips

**Leslie Samuel Phillips**  (20 April 1924 – 7 November 2022) was a British actor. He was born in Tottenham, Middlesex and moved to Chingford when he was nine.

## Career

He appeared in the _Carry On_ and _Doctor in the House_ movie series as well as the long-running BBC radio comedy series _The Navy Lark_.

In his later career, Phillips took on dramatic parts including a BAFTA-nominated role alongside Peter O'Toole in _Venus_ (2006).

Phillips was known for being the voice of the Sorting Hat in three of the _Harry Potter_ movies.

## Death

Phillips died in his sleep after long-illness on 7 November 2022 at his home in London, aged 98.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Leslie Phillips
- **image**: LesliePhillipsBAFTA07 crop and mirror.jpg
- **caption**: Phillips at the Orange British Academy Film Awards in February 2007
- **birth name**: Leslie Samuel Phillips
- **birth place**: Tottenham, Middlesex, England
- **death place**: London, England
- **nationality**: English
- **occupation**: Actor, voice-over artist, author
- **years active**: 1934–2015
- **spouse**:

- **children**: 4
ENAC Alumni

**ENAC Alumni** (also referred to as **INGENAC**) is an alumni association based in Toulouse, Midi-Pyrénées. It was started by Robert Aladenyse, in 1987. The main mission of the association is to gather the alumni of the French Civil Aviation University. In 2013, it has almost 20,000 members. It is a non-profit organization.

## History

When the French Civil Aviation University was created in 1949, its first goal was to train people of the Directorate General for Civil Aviation. At the beginning of the 1970s, the university started to train professionals for the aerospace engineering industry. Robert Aladenyse (1931-2003, graduated in 1964) decided in 1987 to create a non-profit organization for alumni called INGENAC. In the 2000s, the development in France of Master's degree and _Mastères Spécialisés_ courses encouraged the association to support and represent these new alumni.

On 1 Janunary 2010, ENAC became the biggest aeronautical university in Europe. Because of this, INGENAC decided to rename itself ENAC Alumni and gather graduates of all the degrees of the French Civil Aviation University (including the _Techniciens aéronautique d'exploitation_, the _Techniciens supérieur de l'aviation_, the Air Traffic Safety Electronics Personnels and the _Ingénieurs des études et de l'exploitation de l'aviation civile_). It has been done in March 2012.

ENAC Alumni is part of the _Conférence des Grandes Écoles_.

## Meetings

ENAC Alumni is a partnership of the yearly meeting Airexpo and the _Salon du livre aéronautique_.

## Board members

Méziane Idjerouidène was one of the board members of the association.
Marc Houalla is the current President.

## Bibliography

- (in French) Nicolas Tenoux (MS EAGTA ENAC 2007), _6 mois dans la vie d’un Pilote de ligne: Les secrets du quotidien..._, 15 April 2020, Amazon, 51p., (ISBN 9798637449200), p. 10
- Nicolas Tenoux (MS EAGTA ENAC 2007), _6 months in the life of an Airline pilot: Daily life secrets …_, 5 October 2020, Amazon, 77p., (), p. 10

## More reading

- Official website

## Infobox (university)

- **name**: ENAC Alumni
- **motto**: Association des anciens élèves de l'École Nationale de l'Aviation Civile
- **mottoeng**: Alumni association of the French Civil Aviation University
- **colours**: Blue and Grey
- **established**: 1987
- **type**: Organization, Nonprofit
- **president**: Marc Houalla
- **city**: Toulouse
- **state**: Midi-Pyrénées
- **country**: France
- **website**: [http://www.alumni.enac.fr alumni.enac.fr]
Saint Finbarr

**Saint Finbarr** (550-623) was an Irish bishop of Cork. The Church of Ireland cathedral in Cork is named after him.

## Other websites

- Catholic encyclopaedia entry for Finbarr
Steel Dragon 2000

The **Steel Dragon 2000** is a steel roller coaster at Nagashima Spa Land amusement park in Mie Prefecture, Japan. It is the longest roller coaster in the world.

## Design

Steel Dragon 2000 is the tallest coaster to use a traditional chain lift. Because of the length of the lift hill, two chains are used—one for the bottom half and one for the top half. A single chain would have been too long, heavy and very slow, at least twice the weight of a single train. Special brakes allow two trains to be on the lift at the same time.

The building of Steel Dragon 2000 required much more steel than other coasters for earthquake protection. This put the cost of the coaster at over $50 million.

## Infobox (roller coaster)

- **name**: Steel Dragon 2000
- **image**: Steel dragon 2000.jpg
- **caption**: Steel Dragon 2000
- **location**: Nagashima Spa Land
- **type**: Steel
- **status**: Operating
- **year**: 2000
- **manufacturer**: Horse Company
- **designer**: Steve Okamoto
- **track**: Out and Back roller coaster, Out and Back
- **lift**: One lift hill with two chains
- **height m**: 97
- **drop m**: 93.5
- **length m**: 2479
- **speed km/h**: 152.9
- **inversions**: 0
- **duration**: 4:00
- **angle**: 68
- **cost**: ~$7.56*10^56 USD
- **restriction cm**: 140–185
- **trains**: Multiple
- **carspertrain**: 7
- **rowspercar**: 2
- **ridersperrow**: 2
- **rcdb number**: 1173
- **custom label 1**: Trains built by
- **custom value 1**: Bolliger and Mabillard
Short ton

A **short ton** is a unit of measurement that is equal to 2000 lbs. (pounds). Often, the short ton is used to measure objects that have a very large weight. This is because using smaller units would be difficult. The short ton is also referred to as the US ton.
Idempotence

**Idempotence** is a property that an operation in mathematics or computer science may have. It roughly means that the operation can be carried out again and again without changing the result.

The word idempotence was made by Benjamin Peirce because he saw the concept when studying algebra.

The meaning is different if we are talking about different kinds of operations. It can also be used to describe elements than an operation can take:

- For a unary operation (or function), that we label _f_, we say that _f_ is idempotent if for any _x_ in the domain of _f_ it is true that: _f(f(x)) = f(x)_. For example, the absolute value: _abs(abs(x)) = abs(x)_.

We say that an element _c_ in the domain of _f_ is an idempotent element if _f(f(c)) = f(c)_. This means that _f_ is idempotent if every element of its domain is an idempotent element.

- For a binary operation, that we label _*_, we say that _*_ is idempotent if for any _x_ which the binary operation can take the following is true: _x * x = x_.

We say that an element _c_ which _*_ can take is an idempotent element for _*_ if _c * c = c_. For example, the number _1_ is an idempotent element for multiplication because _1_ times _1_ is _1_.

## Examples in the real world

If a call button inside an elevator is pressed then the elevator will go to the floor that is on the button. If it is pressed again then it will do the same thing. This means that the operation of pressing a button to make the elevator change floors is an idempotent operation.

If we mix two pots which have the same liquid in them into a new pot then we will have the same liquid in that pot. If we only care about _what_ kind of liquid is in the pot (not how much) then mixing liquids is an idempotent binary operation.

The face of a clock looks the same if 12 hours have passed. So for the operation of "letting time pass on a clock" we see that letting 12 hours pass is an idempotent element (this is also true for all multiples of 12 like 24, 36, 48, ...).
Saint David's Day

**Saint David's Day** is the feast (celebration) day of Saint David. He is the patron saint of Wales. His feast day falls on the 1st of March each year. The day is celebrated by the people of Wales and people of Welsh background throughout the world. The first day of March was chosen in memory of the death of Saint David. It is believed that he died on that day in 589. The date was declared a national day of celebration within Wales in the 18th century.

Everyone in the National Assembly for Wales voted to make St. David's Day a public holiday in 2000. A poll conducted for Saint David's Day in 2006 found that 87% of people in Wales wanted it to be a bank holiday, with 65% prepared to sacrifice a different bank holiday to ensure this. A petition in 2007 to make St. David's Day a bank holiday was rejected by the office of the British Prime Minister, Tony Blair.

Parades are held in Wales on St. David's Day. The largest parade is held in Cardiff. It is formally attended by either the British Monarch or the Prince of Wales. Parades are a mixture of folklore and military parade. On 1 March 2010, the seventh National St. David's Day Parade took place in Cardiff city centre. Celebrations included concerts, a parade and a food festival featuring all Welsh produce.

## Infobox (holiday)

- **holiday name**: Saint David's Day
- **type**: National
- **longtype**: National day in Wales.
- **image**: Jesus Chapel St David.jpg
- **caption**: St David
- **official name**: Dydd Gŵyl Dewi Sant
- **observedby**: Wales, Welsh people, Welsh diaspora
- **date**: 1 March
- **celebrations**: Children take part in eisteddfodau.
- **observances**: Parades; wearing Welsh emblems, etc.
Dusty Hill

**Joseph Michael "Dusty" Hill** (May 19, 1949 – July 28, 2021) was an American musician and singer for in the rock band _ZZ Top_. He had also made many voice guest appearance such as in _King of the Hill_ and has been in movies such as _Back to the Future III_.

Hill was born on May 19, 1949 in Dallas, Texas. He studied at Woodrow Wilson High School. In 2002, Hill married Charleen McCrory.

Hill died in his sleep on July 28, 2021 in Houston, Texas at the age of 72. Before his death, he suffered a hip injury.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Dusty Hill
- **image**: Dusty_hill_finland_2010.jpg
- **caption**: Dusty Hill performing live in July 2010
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Joseph Michael Hill
- **alias**: "Duster", "The Dust"
- **birth place**: Dallas, Texas, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Houston, Texas, U.S.
- **instrument**: Bass guitar, keyboard instrument, keyboards, Human voice, vocals, guitar, saxophone, bass clarinet
- **genre**: Hard rock, blues rock, Rock music, rock
- **occupation**: bassist, singer-songwriter
- **years active**: 1966–2021
- **label**: Rhino Entertainment, Rhino/WEA, RCA Records, RCA, Warner Bros. Records, Warner Bros., London Records, London
- **associated acts**: ZZ Top, Willy & the Wolves, Freddie King, The Warlocks, The Cellar Dwellers, American Blues
Billy Gibbons

**William Frederick "Billy" Gibbons** (born December 16, 1949) is an American musician, actor, and car customizer. He is known for being in the rock band _ZZ Top_.

Gibbons was born on December 16, 1949 in Houston, Texas. He has been married to Gilligan Stillwater since 2005.

### ZZ Top

- Studio albums
1. _ZZ Top's First Album_ (January 16, 1971)
1. _Rio Grande Mud_ (April 4, 1972)
1. _Tres Hombres_ (July 26, 1973)
1. _Fandango!_ (April 18, 1975)
1. _Tejas_ (November 29, 1976)
1. _Deguello_ (November 8, 1979)
1. _El Loco_ (July 20, 1981)
1. _Eliminator_ (March 23, 1983)
1. _Afterburner_ (October 28, 1985)
1. _Recycler_ (October 16, 1990)
1. _Antenna_ (January 18, 1994)
1. _Rhythmeen_ (September 17, 1996)
1. _XXX_ (September 28, 1999)
1. _Mescalero_ (September 9, 2003)
1. _La Futura_ (September 11, 2012)
1. _TBA_ (2015)

## Other websites

- Official Billy Gibbons website
- ZZ Top Official website

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Billy Gibbons
- **image**: Billy Gibbons wikipedia pic.jpg
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: William Frederick Gibbons
- **alias**: Billy Gibbons, Billy F. Gibbons, The Reverend Willy G., BFG
- **birth date**:
 Houston, Texas, United States
- **instrument**: Guitar, vocals, harmonica, bass
- **genre**: Hard rock, blues rock, rock music, rock, blues
- **occupation**: Musician, songwriter, actor
- **years active**: 1967–present
- **label**: London Records, London, Warner Bros. Records, Warner Bros., RCA Records, RCA, American Recordings, American
- **associated acts**: ZZ Top,  Moving Sidewalks, Brooks & Dunn, Roky Erickson, Nickelback, Queens of the Stone Age, DJ Screw, Screwed-up Click
- **website**: [http://www.billygibbons.com/ The Official Website of Billy F Gibbons]
Cawl

**Cawl**  is a Welsh dish. It was traditionally eaten during the winter months in the south-west of Wales. Today the word is often used to refer to a dish containing lamb and leeks, but historically it was made with either salted bacon or beef, potatoes, carrots and other vegetables. Cawl is widely considered to be the national dish of Wales.

The meat in the dish was normally cut into medium-sized pieces and boiled with the vegetables in water. The stock was thickened with either oatmeal or flour. It was then served, without the meat or vegetables, as a first course.  The vegetables and slices of the meat would then be served as a second course.  Cawl served as a single course is today the most popular way to serve the dish. Cawl is similar to _lobsgows_, cawl's north Wales equivalent. _Lobsgows_ differs in that the meat and vegetables are cut into smaller pieces. The stock is not thickened.

"Cawl cennin", or leek cawl, can be made without meat but using meat stock. In some areas cawl is often served with bread and cheese. These are served separately on a plate. The dish was traditionally cooked in an iron pot or cauldron over the fire. It was eaten with wooden spoons. The word _cawl_ in Welsh is first recorded in the 14th century, and is thought to come from the Latin **', meaning the stalk of a plant, a cabbage stalk or a cabbage. In Welsh, **'  ("make a cawl of [something]") means to mess something up.

## Other websites

- Recipes
- BBC Mid Wales article and recipe for Cawl Cennin
- Recipe for Cawl Cymreig

## Infobox (food)

- **name**: Cawl
- **image**: Cawl Cymreig.jpg
- **image size**: 250px
- **caption**: Cawl with unthickened stock
- **country**: Wales
- **region**: Southwest
- **course**: First and/or second
- **type**: Soup
Stew
- **served**: Hot
- **main ingredient**: Potatoes, rutabagas, carrots, leeks, meat (lamb, mutton, beef, bacon)
Jerry Buss

**Gerald Hatten "Jerry" Buss** (January 27, 1933 – February 18, 2013) was an American businessman, poker player, real estate investor, and chemist. Buss was the owner of the basketball team the Los Angeles Lakers from 1979 until his death in 2013.

Buss was born on January 27, 1933 in Salt Lake City, Utah. He studied at the University of Wyoming and at the University of Southern California. Buss was married to JoAnn Mueller until they divorced. They had four children. Then he was married to Karen Buss until his death in 2013. They had two children. Buss died on February 18, 2013 from cancer and kidney failure in Los Angeles, California, aged 80.

## Other websites

- Jerry Buss Hendon Mob tournament results
- Jerry Buss on The Internet Movie Database
- _Casper Journal_ profile
William Fichtner

**William Edward "Will" Fichtner, Jr.** (born November 27, 1956) is an American actor. He was known for his roles in _Prison Break_, _Armageddon_, _Heat_, _The Perfect Storm_, and in _The Dark Knight_.

## Early life

Fichtner was born on November 27, 1956 in Mitchel Air Force Base, New York. He is of German ancestry. He was raised in Cheektowaga, New York.

Fichtner studied at Maryvale High School, at the Farmingdale State College and at the American Academy of Dramatic Arts. He was married to Betsy Aidem until they divorced in 1998. They had one child. He has been married to Kymberly Kalil since 1998. They have one child.

## Other websites

- William Fichtner at the official Contact movie website
- Random Roles at the Onion A.V. Club
- Fichtner Firsthand  Yahoo Group

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: WilliamFichtnerApr2011.jpg
- **caption**: Fichtner at the 2011 USA Film Festival
- **birth name**: William Edward Fichtner, Jr.
- **birth place**: Mitchel Air Force Base, New York U.S.
- **occupation**: Actor
- **yearsactive**: 1987–present
- **spouse**: Betsy Aidem (divorced 1996; 1 child)
Kymberly Kalil (July 25, 1998–present; 1 child)
Inversion temperature

Sometimes, temperature increases with altitude. In a mountainous region, cold and dense air slides down the mountain slopes into the valley by the earth's gravity as Katabatic wind. It causes the temperature in the valley to be lowered. This is called **inversion of temperature** or **inversion temperature**.
Rajya Sabha

The **Rajya Sabha** is the upper house of the Parliament of India. The total number of members are 250. Twelve of the members are nominated by the President of India for their contributions to art, literature, science, and social services. The rest of the house is elected by the state and territorial legislatures. Members sit for six-year terms, with one-third of the members retiring every two years.
The elections of the members of the Rajya Sabha (Except those
Greta Scacchi

**Greta Scacchi** (born 18 February 1960) is an Italian-Australian actress. She acts mostly in movies, although sometimes in television programs. She starred in lots of movies, which include _White Mischief_ and _Presumed Innocent_. She has acted in many other movies as well.

Scacchi was born **Greta Scacchi** in Milan to an English mother and Italian father. Since 1995, she is an Australian citizen, and is still an Italian citizen.
Iris Chang

**Iris Shun-Ru Chang** (March 28, 1968 – November 9, 2004) was an American writer and journalist. She wrote several best-selling books. Her books included _Thread of the Silkworm_, _The Rape of Nanking_ and _The Chinese of America_. She was born in Princeton, New Jersey. She was raised in Illinois.

Chang spent her last years living in San Jose, California. On November 9, 2004, Chang died by suicide.

## Related pages

- List of Chinese writers
Bullying UK

**Bullying UK**, also known as **Bullying Online**, is a national charity in the United Kingdom. The purpose of the organization is to give advice about a range of problems including cyberbullying.

## History

Bullying Online was established in 1999.  It was renamed Bullying UK in 2007.  It merged with a larger organization in 2011.

## Other websites

- Bullying UK website
- Bullying UK, part of Family Lives (1077722) at CharityCommission.gov.uk
Margaret Sullavan

**Margaret Sullavan** (May 16 1909-January 1 1960) was an American actress. She who acted mostly on the stage, but she was also in sixteen movies. She began her career in 1929. Four years later, she began her movie career with _Only Yesterday_. Mostly however, the actress preferred stage work. Margaret was born in Norfolk, Virginia. She died in near New Haven, Connecticut from an accidental barbiturate overdose on January 1, 1960.
BeatBullying

**BeatBullying** (BB) is a national charity in the United Kingdom. The purpose of BB is to help people to understand, recognise, and say no to bullying. This is done by giving them the tools to change their lives and the lives of other people.

## History

BeatBullying was established in 2002.

## Other websites

- BeatBullying website
- BeatBullying (1097631) at CharityCommission.gov.uk
Hexaplex erythrostomus

***Hexaplex erythrostomus*** is a species of gastropod.

## Distribution

_Hexaplex erythrostomus_ are found from the West Coast of the United States to Peru.

## References

- Merle D., Garrigues B. & Pointier J.-P. (2011) _Fossil and Recent Muricidae of the world. Part Muricinae_. Hackenheim: Conchbooks. 648 pp.

## Other web

- Biodiversity Heritage Library: Bibliography for "_Hexaplex erythrostomus_"
- ZipcodeZoo.com: _Hexaplex erythrostomus_
Joaquín Cordero

**Joaquín Cordero Aurrecoechea** (August 16, 1922 – February 19, 2013) was a Mexican actor. He was mostly known for being in many Mexican telenovelas. He was in about 100 television shows and over 50 movies.

Cordero was born on August 16, 1922 in Puebla, Mexico. He was married to Alma Guzman until her death in 2012. They had three children. Cordero was in ill health shortly after his wife died.

In January 2013, Cordero went to the hospital because he had pneumonia. On February 19, 2013, Cordero died in his sleep in his home in Mexico City, Mexico from heart failure, aged 90.
Rooney Mara

**Patricia Rooney Mara** (born April 17, 1985) is an American actress. She has acted in movies, including _A Nightmare on Elm Street_ (the remake of the 1984 horror movie) and _The Social Network_. Mara played Lisbeth Salander, the title character for the 2011 remake movie _The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo_. She was nominated for an Academy Award for her performance. In 2013, she starred in the movie _Side Effects_.

Mara is also known for her charity work. She oversees the charity Uweza Foundation, which supports programs for children and families in the Kibera slum in Nairobi, Kenya. Her sister is Kate Mara.

## Personal life

Mara and Phoenix have two children, born in 2020 and born in 2024. The couple secretly married in 2024.

## Filmography

|Year|Title|Role|class="unsortable"|Notes|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2005|_Urban Legends: Bloody Mary_|Classroom girl #1|||
|2006|_Law & Order: Special Victims Unit_|Jessica DeLay|TV series (1 episode: "Fat"); credited as Tricia Mara||
|2007|_Women's Murder Club_|Alexis Sherman|TV series (1 episode: "Blind Dates and Bleeding Hearts")||
|2008|_Dream Boy_|Evelyn|||
|2008|_The Cleaner_|Rebecca Smith|TV series (1 episode: "Rebecca")||
|2009|_Dare_|Courtney|||
|2009|_The Winning Season_|Wendy|||
|2009|_ER_|Megan|TV series (2 episodes)||
|2009|_Friends (With Benefits)_|Tara|||
|2009|_Youth in Revolt_|Taggarty|||
|2009|_Tanner Hall_|Fernanda|||
|2010|_A Nightmare on Elm Street_|Nancy Holbrook|||
|2010|_The Social Network_|Erica Albright|||
|2011|_The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo_|Lisbeth Salander|||
|2013|_Ain't Them Bodies Saints_|Ruth Guthrie|||
|2013|_Side Effects_|Emily Taylor|||
|2013|_Her_|Molly|||
|2017|_Song to Song_|Faye|||

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Rooney Mara
- **image**: Rooney Mara at The Discovery premiere during day 2 of the 2017 Sundance Film Festival at Eccles Center Theatre on January 20, 2017 in Park City, Utah (32088061480) (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Mara at the Paris premiere of _The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2011 movie), The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo_ in 2012
- **birth name**: Patricia Rooney Mara
- **birth place**: Bedford, New York, Bedford, New York (state), New York, U.S.
- **other names**: Patricia Mara
Tricia Mara
- **alma mater**: New York University
- **occupation**: Actress
- **years active**: 2005–present
- **spouse**: Joaquin Phoenix (m. 2024)
- **children**: 2
- **relatives**: Tim Mara
<small>(great-grandfather)</small>
Art Rooney, Art Rooney, Sr.
<small>(great-grandfather)</small>
Wellington Mara <small>(grandfather)</small>
Ann Mara <small>(grandmother)</small>
Dan Rooney <small>(great-uncle)</small>
John Mara <small>(uncle)</small>
Kate Mara <small>(sister)</small>
Florence Lawrence

**Florence Annie Bridgwood** (also known as **Florence Lawrence**; January 2 1886-December 28 1938) was a Canadian actress. She acted in silent movies and on stage. She acted in almost three hundred movies. She was very involved in stage and Broadway plays. She was born in 1886 near Hamilton, Ontario. Her death happened in Hollywood, California almost three days after Christmas 1938. She poisoned herself using ant paste. Her age was fifty-two when she died.
Exosphere

The **exosphere** is a thin, atmosphere-like volume surrounding a planet or natural satellite. Its molecules are gravitationally bound to that body. The density is so low that the molecules are essentially collisionless. In the case of bodies with substantial atmospheres, such as Earth's atmosphere, the exosphere is the uppermost layer,

The lightest atmospheric gases such as hydrogen and helium exist throughout the exosphere. Heavier ones like carbon dioxide and atomic oxygen are near the base. There are two borders to the exosphere; the lower boundary and the upper boundary. The lower boundary is about 500-800 km (300-500 miles) above the surface and is called the exobase.  It is also called the thermopause because it is in between the exosphere and the thermosphere. The molecules are moving very fast, so the temperature in this zone is thought to be thousands of degrees celsius.
Elspet Gray

**Elspeth Jean Gray, Baroness Rix** (**Elspet Jean MacGregor**, April 12, 1929 – February 18, 2013) was a Scottish actress and activist. She played Mrs. Palmer in _Solo_ and as Lady Collingford in _Catweazel_.

Gray was born on April 12, 1929 in Inverness, Inverness-shire, Scotland. She was married to Brian Rix from 1949 until her death in 2013. They had four children. Gray died on February 18, 2013 from unknown causes, aged 83.
W. Watts Biggers

**William Watts "Buck" Biggers** (June 2, 1927 – February 10, 2013) was an American novelist, composer, and co-creator of the _Underdog_. He wrote many books. His first book was _The Man Inside_.

Biggers was born on June 2, 1927 in Atlanta, Georgia. He studied at the North Georgia Military College. Watts was married to Gracie Biggers from 1950 until her death in 1990. They had two children. Biggers died on February 10, 2013 in his home in Plymouth, Massachusetts from a heart attack, aged 85.

## Other websites

- Biggers on the 2007 _Underdog_ movie
- _Boston Globe_: Positive People Day
- Harris Literary Agency Biggers profile

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: W. Watts Biggers
- **birth name**: William Watts Biggers
- **birth place**: Atlanta, Georgia (U.S. state), Georgia, U.S.
- **death place**: Plymouth, Massachusetts, U.S.
- **death cause**: Heart attack
- **alma mater**: North Georgia Military College
- **known for**: Creating _Underdog (TV series), Underdog_
- **nationality**: American
- **occupation**: Novelist
- **other names**: Buck Biggers, W. W. Biggers, William W. Biggers
- **years active**: 1950s – 2006
- **spouse**: (her death)
- **children**: Victoria Bigger,
William Biggers, Jr.
- **signature**: BuckBiggers.png
Phyllis Hyman

**Phyllis Hyman** (July 6, 1949 – June 30, 1995) was an American actress and singer. She was born in Philadelphia. She performed pop and R&B music. She starred in the movie _School Daze_ (1988). Her music was mainly melancholy from 1984 and afterwards. She killed herself with drugs and pentobarbital in her apartment in New York City on June 30, 1995. Three years after her death, a record, _Forever with You_, was released with other songs she had recorded before her death.
Kim Myung-sun

**Kim Myung-sun**(; Hanja: , 20 January 1896 - 22 June 1951) was a Korean writer and poet. She was a journalist, novelist, a femenist activist, and a movie actor. Her nickname was **Tansil**(), **Mangyangcho** () and real name was **Tansil**.

## Related pages

- Na Hye-sok
- Kim Il-yeop
- Heo Jong-suk

## Other websites

- Kim Myong-sun
- 잊혀진 작고문인을 다시 보다 중앙일보 2009.01.14
- 성의 갈등과 상실을 민족사랑으로 승화시킨 여류문인)
- The 'Modern' Japanese (and Korean) Taisho Woman
Carla Abellana

**Carla Angeline Reyes Abellana** (born June 12, 1986) is a Filipino actress and model.

Abellana was born in Manila, Philippines. She is the daughter of the former 80s heartthrob Rey 'PJ' Abellana and Rea Reyes. Her grandmother is Delia Razon.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Carla Abellana
- **image**: Carla_Abellana,_2014_(cropped).jpg
- **birth name**: Carla Angeline Reyes Abellana
- **birth place**: Manila, Philippines
- **occupation**: Actress TV host
- **years active**: 2009–present
Elizabeth Hartman

**Elizabeth Hartman** (December 2, 1943 - June 10, 1987) was an American actress who mostly did movies. She starred in the movie _A Patch of Blue_ with Shelley Winters and Sidney Poitier and received a Golden Globe Award for that role. Hartman was born in Youngstown, Ohio. Hartman had depression. On June 10, 1987, she jumped from the 5th floor of her apartment building in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The jump ended her life at age 43.
South Bank

The **South Bank** is an area of London on the south bank of the River Thames. The South Bank is the home of the Royal Festival Hall, the Queen Elizabeth Hall, the Hayward Gallery, the BFI cinemas including the BFI IMAX and the National Theatre. The nearest tube and train station is Waterloo Station.

## Buildings

1. London Eye
1. Royal Festival Hall

## Other websites

- South Bank Centre
Dating

When two people go out together because they are or want to be in a romantic relationship, this is often called **dating**. When someone goes on a date, they try to do things that both people will like doing: watching a movie, eating in a restaurant, drinking in a pub, bar or café, etc.

Dating can be done with both new people and people one already is in a relationship with. A first date lets people decide whether they are interested in that person, while dates after that are done to try and build the relationship.

There are commercial services to help people find people that they might want to go on a date with: dating services or introduction services. On the Internet, there are dating sites that allow people to find people who they might want to date. There are some online communities that oppose dating, such as MGTOW. When someone gives up on dating, it is sometimes called _taking the_ _black pill_.
Detritus

In biology, **detritus** is non-living particules of organic origin.  Typically, it includes the bodies or fragments of dead organisms as well as faecal material.

Detritus is typically colonized by communities of fungi and microorganisms which act to decompose (break down) the material. In terrestrial ecosystems, leaf litter and other organic matter gets mixed with soil. The result is called humus.  Detritus of aquatic ecosystems is organic material suspended in water, which is sometimes referred to as marine snow. Marine snow is the basis of much life on the ocean floor. It is the food of animals which operate as 'filter-feeders'.
Grindr

**Grindr** is a piece of social networking software for smartphones. It is built for gay and bisexual men to chat with other men in their area. It is used to find people for sex or to go on a date.
Irene Lentz

**Irene Maud Lentz** (December 8, 1901 – November 15, 1962)  was an American costume designer. She made costumes for many movie stars. She designed costumes for actresses like Hedy Lamarr, Ingrid Bergman and Marlene Dietrich in the 1930s and the 1940s.

On November 15, 1962, Lentz jumped to her death out a hotel window near Los Angeles.

## Infobox (fashion designer)

- **name**: Irene Lentz
- **image**: A Tailor-Made Man (1922) - 2.jpg
- **caption**: Irene Lentz, Edythe Chapman, and Charles Ray (actor), Charles Ray in _A Tailor-Made Man_ (1922)
- **birth place**: Baker, Montana, U.S.
- **death place**: Los Angeles, California, U.S.
- **death cause**: Suicide
- **resting place**: Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale
- **nationality**: American
- **other names**: Irene Gibbons
Irene
- **label name**: Irene Inc.
- **known for**: Designing costumes for motion picture actors
- **occupation**: Costume designer
- **spouse**: F. Richard Jones, Elliot Gibbons
Dragon Quest

, also known as ***Dragon Warrior*** outside of Japan before 2005, is a role-playing video game series. _Dragon Quest_ is divided into two series: _Dragon Quest_ and _Dragon Quest Monsters_. In the first, the main characters are human. In the second, the main characters are monsters. The series was created by Yuji Horii, and published by Square Enix (formerly Enix). Its first title was released in 1986 in Japan on the Famicom (known as Nintendo Entertainment System in America), and as of February 2013, ten main games were released. _Dragon Quest 10_ is an online game. Besides these, there are many spin-off games and related products (manga, anime, Drama CDs and et cetera).

The series is the most popular in Japan, though it is not as popular as the _Final Fantasy_ series in America and Europe. The series has sold 5,900 million copies globally.
Indian elephant

The **Indian elephant** (_Elephas maximus indicus_) is one of three subspecies of the Asian elephant. It comes from mainlandAsia. Since 1986,  _E. maximus indicus_ has been listed as endangered by IUCN. The population has declined by at least 50% over the last 60–75 years. The subspecies is also threatened by habitat loss, degradation and herds being split apart into smaller groups. It is recognized as the National animal of India.
Kharo

**Kharo** () is a sub-district of the Leh District of Ladakh, India.
Durbuk

**Durbuk** () is a sub-district of the Leh District in Ladakh, India.
Nyoma

**Nyoma** () is a sub-district of the Leh District in Ladakh, India.
Samaná English

**Samaná English** is a variety of the English language. It is spoken by about 10,000 people in the Samaná Peninsula, Dominican Republic. The speakers of Samaná English are the descendants of African American slaves freed from the United States. They migrated to the Samaná region beginning in 1824. Today, they are the largest group of English-speakers in the Dominican Republic.

The language is often described by linguists as either a Creole language or a dialect of English. It is closely related to other Creole languages of the Caribbean, especially Turks and Caicos and Bahamian Creole.

## Other websites

- Ethnologue report for English; Samaná English is described under the heading "Dominican Republic"
Disability bullying

**Disability bullying** is a pattern of behavior that involves abusing people with disabilities.

Studies show that bullying happens to people with disabilities more often than to others in general.

## Hate crime

Disability bullying can become a type of hate crime or hate speech.  It is a kind of abuse.

## Other page

- Ableism

## Other websites

- "Tips to Help the Bullying Bystander" at education.com
Strangulation

**Strangulation** is death by compressing the neck until the supply of oxygen is cut off. The process is called **strangling**.

The brain needs a constant supply of oxygen. Strangling leads first to unconsciousness, then to death. Fatal strangling may occur in accidents, and other causes of violence.  Strangling does not have to be fatal; limited or interrupted strangling is practised in erotic asphyxiation, in the so-called "choking game".

Choking yourself during masturbation (the so-called _choke wank_) is dangerous because it is easy to lose control or consciousness doing it alone, and someone (usually a parent or carer, or significant other) needs to find them within minutes before permanent damage is done. They would also need medical training and to call emergency services.

Strangling is a technique in many combat sports and self-defence systems. It is a method of winning a judo bout. Usually the opponent submits; if not, he is "strangled out", that is, the hold is continued until he passes out and is then immediately released. _Shime-waza_, the judo term for this technique, has scored 97 times in World Judo events. No fatalities have resulted from it.

There have been some deaths of suspects in police custody, where officers have used a "choke hold". Investigation suggested that this was because the officers' training had been inadequate.

Strangling can be divided into three general types according to the mechanism used:
- **Hanging**—Suspension from a cord wound around the neck
- **Ligature strangulation**—Strangulation without suspension using some form of cord-like object called a garrotte
- **Manual strangulation**—Strangulation using the fingers or other extremity
School bullying

**School bullying** is when kids in school bully other

Studies show that school bullying happens to some more than others, particularly young people with disabilities and those with sexual orientation that are not traditional.

## Other websites

- ”Bullying Widespread in U.S. Schools, Study Finds” at nichd.nih.gov
Noël Coward

**Sir Noël Peirce Coward** (16 December 1899 – 26 March 1973) was a British playwright, composer, producer, actor and singer. He was born in Teddington, Middlesex. He was a closeted homosexual. He died of heart failure in Jamaica.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Nöel Coward
- **image**: Noel Coward Allan warren edit 1.jpg
- **birth name**: Nöel Pierce Coward
- **birth place**: Teddington
- **death place**: Firefly Estate, Jamaica