juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Irish people

The **Irish** are a nation who come from or came from the island of Ireland. There are two countries on the island of Ireland: the Republic of Ireland and  Northern Ireland. Historically, the Irish have been primarily a Celtic people. Many countries, especially English-speaking countries, have people with Irish roots.

In Northern Ireland, there have been violent fights between the Unionists, who identify as British people and are mainly Protestant, and the Nationalists, who identify as Irish and are mainly Catholic. Irish people have a strong culture and beliefs.

Due to problems in Ireland, most importantly a famine between 1845 and 1852, caused by the potatoes in Ireland being destroyed by disease, many Irish moved out of Ireland, including Great Britain, and to other countries like the United States, Canada, and Australia. At present, many more Irish live in the United States than in Ireland, with many of them living in large American cities such as Boston, New York, Philadelphia, and Chicago. The population of Irish people in the United States is over seven times more populated than that of those who live in the original homeland of Ireland.

## Further reading

- Irish Immigrant who served in US Civil War
- Cork man survived the Titanic
- Irish Immigrant who served in World War I

## Infobox (ethnic group)

- **group**: Irish people
_Muintir na hÉireann_
- **pop**: –90* million worldwide
- **regions**: <div style="line-height:1.3em;">4,581,269 (2011)
    Northern Ireland1,810,863 (2011)
<small>(Irish descent only)</small></div>
- **pop1**: 40,000,000+:
- **pop2**: 14,000,000+:
- **pop3**: 7,000,000+:
- **pop4**: 4,544,870+:
- **pop5**: 1,000,000
- **pop6**: 600,000
- **pop7**: 600,000
- **pop8**: 15,000
- **region9**: Irish by Country, Other Regions
- **langs**: Irish language, Irish (Gaelic),
 English language, English <small>(Irish English dialects)</small>,
 Scots language, Scots <small>(Ulster Scots dialects)</small>,
 Shelta language, Shelta
- **rels**: Christianity (Catholic Church)
- **related**: Irish Travellers, Anglo-Irish people, Anglo-Irish, Breton people, Bretons, Cornish people, Cornish, English people, English, Icelanders, Manx people, Manx, Vikings, Norse, Scottish people, Scots, Ulster Scots people, Ulster Scots, Welsh people, Welsh
- **footnotes**: * Around 800,000 people born in Ireland reside in Great Britain, with around 14,000,000 people claiming Irish ancestry.
P.O.D.

**P.O.D.** (which stands for **Payable on Death**) is a metal band from San Diego, California. Its fans are called "The Warriors", and the band is known for its Christian messages.

## Members

The members are Sonny Sandoval (lead singer), Marcos Curiel (guitar player), Wuv Bernardo (drummer) and Traa Daniels (bass player).

## History

The band released an album in 1999 called _The Fundamental Elements of Southtown_, which became very popular, and P.O.D. made a lot of fans who saw the band on MTV.

In 2001, P.O.D. made a second album called _Satellite_, which had a more nu metal post-grunge vibe and several hit songs, like "Boom," "Alive," "Youth of the Nation," "Set It Off," "Satellite," and "Portrait." In 2003, P.O.D. made the album _Payable On Death_, which had a heavy neo-grunge sound and a hint of reggae.

Their next album, _Testify_, was released in 2006. It was similar to _Satellite_ in sound and featured two duets with Matisyahu. In 2008, P.O.D. released the album _When Angels & Serpents Dance_.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: P.O.D.
- **img**: POD2ByPhilKonstantin.jpg
- **img capt**: Traa Daniels, Wuv Bernardo, Marcos Curiel, Sonny Sandoval
- **img size**: 250
- **landscape**: Yes
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: San Ysidro, San Diego, California, Southtown, San Diego, California, San Diego, California, United States
- **genre**: Alternative metal, nu metal, rap metal, Christian metal, reggae
- **years active**: 1992–present
- **label**: Rescue Records, Rescue, Atlantic Records, Atlantic, Columbia Records, Columbia/INO, Razor & Tie, Tooth & Nail Records, Tooth & Nail
- **associated acts**: The Accident Experiment, Living Sacrifice, StillWell, Daylight Division, Southtown Generals
- **current members**: Sonny Sandoval
 Noah Bernardo, Wuv Bernardo
 Traa Daniels
 Marcos Curiel
- **past members**: Jason Truby
 Gabe Portillo
Differential

**Differential** can refer to different concepts:

- A differential equation in mathematical analysis
- A differential (mechanical device), a mechanical device able to transmit power from one axis to another
Blackbird

**Blackbird** may refer to:

## Birds

Two groups of birds in the parvorder Passerida:
- New World blackbirds, family Icteridae
- Old World blackbirds, any of several species in the genus Turdus in the family Turdidae, the thrushes
    - Chinese blackbird
    - Common blackbird
    - Grey-winged blackbird
    - Indian blackbird
    - Somali thrush or Somali blackbird
    - Tibetan blackbird
    - White-collared blackbird

## Other uses

- Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird, a United States Air Force airplane
Geta (footwear)

**Geta** are traditional Japanese sandals. They are stilted to keep the hem of a kimono above the ground. They are worn with tabi socks. Geta makes the person's feet stay out of the mud.

Usually Japanese people wear them with a casual kimono rather than formal one. It is common to wear them with bare feet when a yukata is worn. Also, they are sometimes worn with western clothes.
Today, in Japan, most people rarely wear kimono and rarely wear geta. One reason for this is most gravel roads were changed to asphalt roads for Tokyo Olympic. Since 1995, the number of people who wear geta casually increased because of the pretty looks and sounds. In addition, the popularity of geta grew little by little through trend for yukata. At one time, Japanese people thought that it is hard to walk with geta and sometimes get injured by _hanao_. _Hanao_ is a rope which is set between the big toe and second toe when geta are worn. However, because of efforts by yukata makers and footwear makers, Japanese people are starting to like to wear geta again.
Tabi

***Tabi*** are traditional Japanese socks. The sock is divided at the toes that forms them into two groups. Tabi socks are worn with _zori_ or _geta_ sandals. _Tabi_ can be found in many different colours but they are mainly white.
Vientiane

**Vientiane** () is the capital city of Laos and the city with the largest number of people. It is in the Mekong Valley and over two hundred thousand people live in its central area.

It is on the Laos-Thailand border, being kept apart by the Mekong River. In other words, if one crossed the river from Vientiane, he/she would enter Thailand. The city is close to the First Thai-Lao Friendship Bridge, an bridge that is also a border crossing and port between Thailand and Laos.

Even though it is the country's most populated city, many travelers to the city have said that Vientiane feels like a small town.

Popular tourist sites of the city include the Patuxai Monument, the Lao Textile Museum, the Pha That Luang stupa, the Buddha Park, and Haw Phra Kaew.

The city has one of three universities in the entire country, the National University of Laos.

Despite being the country's most populated city, many international companies do not exist in Laos. There is no McDonald's, Burger King, KFC, 7-Eleven, or Grab throughout the entire country. However, international companies like Big C, Chester's Chicken, and Texas Chicken do exist in Vientiane. Starbucks opened its first store in the country at the Parkson Mall in 2022.

There is now a 7-Eleven in the backpacker town of Vang Vieng selling local and imported items.
Dome

A **dome** is a building or roof that usually looks like the upper half of a sphere.

As a roof feature, domes make many religious and government buildings stand out, because if someone is speaking to others inside or under a dome, the voice sounds louder. Also a dome makes it easier to identify an important building, for example a temple or a palace.

A large stadium with a roof over the playing field is often called a "dome". One example of that usage is the Metrodome.
Address

- _This article is about the kind of address that you find or communicate with someone through. Address can also mean public speaking. It can also be used when someone is working on something, or talking about something._

An **address** (pronounced AD-dress or ad-DRESS) is a way to find or communicate with someone. It can be a **postal address** or an **e-mail address**. On forms, it is common to ask for someone's name, address and phone number, so that the person can be found easily.

## Postal address

A **postal address** is usually the location of someone's house, but sometimes it is the person's Post Office Box. It is the information that is put on a letter to have the letter delivered to a person.

Example (in England):
- Mr John Smith
- 132, My Street,
- Bigtown  BG23 4YZ
- England

Example (in the U.S.):
- Mr John Smith
- 132 My Street,
- Kingston, New York 12401
- United States

Example (in Nigeria):
- Mr Daniel Izuchukwu Nwoye
- 8, My Street,
- Ilassan Lekki, Lagos 105102
- Nigeria.

## Email Address

An **email address** is used to send someone an e-mail. It has a username, and this is followed by the name of the person's email provider. The at sign (@) separates the two. For example:
- john@gmail.com
- horseycrazy@yahoo.com
- larry.smith@msn.com
- example50150@domain.eu

The "name" part can be made up of any letters or numbers, and a few special characters, but it cannot contain spaces. The "provider" part can be made up of any letters or numbers, but no special characters and no spaces. Some providers may restrict the "name" part in other ways. For example, Gmail does not allow underscores.
T cell

A **T cell** is a type of lymphocyte, a white blood cell. T-cells play an important role in the immune system. They attack infected cells, foreign cells, and cancer cells and completely destroy them. This stops viruses or cancer from spreading to healthy cells.

The "T" in T cell stands for thymus. The thymus is where T cells mature.

## Types

- Cytotoxic T cells (T<sub>c</sub> cells)

- Helper T cells, (T<sub>h</sub> cells)

- Regulatory T cells (T<sub>reg</sub> cells), used to be called **suppressor T cells**

- Natural Killer T cells (NKT cells)

- γδ T cells

## Related pages

- Major histocompatibility complex

## Other websites

- Janeway, Charles A. _et al._ 2001. _Immunobiology_. 5th ed, New York and London: Garland. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?call=bv.View..ShowTOC&rid=imm.TOC&depth=2
- The Immune System (PDF)
- (Successful!) Treatment of metastatic melanoma with autologous CD4+ T cells against NY-ESO-1
Biscuit

A **biscuit** is a type of food. They are small baked breads or cakes.

## Biscuits in British usage

In British English, Australian English, Canadian English and New Zealand English, biscuits are usually sweet and can be eaten with tea, milk or coffee. In North America these are called "cookies".

In spite of the difference, this is the meaning in the name of the United States' most famous maker of cookies and crackers, **Na**tional **Bis**cuit **Co**mpany (now called **Nabisco**).

## Biscuits in American usage

In American English, a "biscuit" is a small form of bread, similar to scones, made with baking powder or baking soda as a leavening agent rather than yeast. (Biscuits, soda breads, and corn bread, among others, are sometimes referred to all together as "quick breads" to show that they do not need time to rise before baking.)
Electromagnet

**Electromagnets** are temporary and artificial magnets. They are magnets that are only magnetic when there is a coil of wire with electricity running through it. The coil of wire is called a solenoid. The strength of the magnet is proportional to the current flowing in the circuit.  The electricity running through the wire is called a current. The current is the flow of electrons, which are negatively charged particles. Electromagnets are used for a variety of purposes. In a simple example, an electromagnet can pick up pieces of iron, nickel, and cobalt.

Electromagnets can be made stronger by adding more coils to the copper wire, or adding an iron core through the coils (for example a nail). The current can also be increased to make the magnetism stronger. British electrician William Sturgeon invented the electromagnet in 1825.

An electromagnet is useful because it can be turned on and off easily (using an electric current), whereas a permanent magnet cannot be turned off and will continue to affect its immediate environment.

Different alloys act differently. Iron stops being an electromagnet very quickly, but steel takes time to wear off. To make an electromagnet, copper wire is wound around an iron rod. The two ends of the wire are connected to the + (positive) and - (negative) side of the battery.

## Usage

Electromagnets are used in everyday items such as burglar alarms, electric relays and fire bells. Electric motors are basically electromagnets. Their ability to change from the state of non-magnetic to magnetic just by passing an electric current through it allows it to be used in many different items. This ability is used in relays.

Electromagnets can also be used to make electricity. Movement of a magnet back and forth in front of the electromagnet will make an electric current.

## Why electromagnets work

Electromagnets work because when electricity flows through a wire it makes a magnetic field around the wire. The direction of the magnetic field can be found by using the _right-hand rule_. This means that if a person points the thumb of their right hand in the direction of the current, the magnetic field would go around the wire the same way their fingers would wrap around the wire.

The magnetic field made by a single wire is not usually very strong. To make an electromagnet normally the wire is wrapped in many loops to make the fields of each piece of wire add together into one stronger magnetic field.
Palau

**Palau**, officially the **Republic of Palau**, is an island nation. It is in the Pacific Ocean. Palau is 300 miles (500 km) east of the Philippines. It got independence from United Nations trusteeship administration (administered by the United States of America) in 1994. It is one of the world's youngest and smallest nations. It is sometimes referred to in English under its native name **Belau**. The capitol of Palau used to be Koror. It is now located in Melekeok State.

## States

Palau is divided into sixteen (16) administrative states:

## Climate

Palau has a tropical climate all year round. Average yearly temperature is around 82 °F (27 °C).

## Related pages

- List of rivers of Palau
- Palau at the Olympics
- Palau national football team

## Other websites

- My Micronesia.com’s Palau section
- Olekoi Palau
- Palauan Embassy to the United States
- WWFM 89.5 Radio Palau
- East Javanese Beads as Palau Heirlooms
- Palau photographs
- Travel Notes - Runoko Rashidi in the Republic of Palau
- Encyclopedia of the Nations - Palau

## Infobox (country)

- **conventional long name**: Republic of Palau
- **native name**: _Beluu er a Belau_
- **common name**: Palau
- **image flag**: Flag of Palau.svg
- **symbol type**: Seal
- **image map**: Palau on the globe (Southeast Asia centered) (small islands magnified).svg
- **map caption**: Location of Palau (circled) in the western Pacific Ocean.
- **national anthem**: Our Palau
- **demonym**: Palauan
- **capital**: Ngerulmud, Melekeok, Melekeok State<sup>a</sup>
- **largest city**: Koror
- **ethnic groups year**: 2000
- **government type**: Unitary state, Unitary Presidential system, presidential Representative democracy, democratic republic
- **leader title1**: President of Palau, President
- **leader name1**: Surangel Whipps Jr.
- **leader title2**: Vice President of Palau, Vice President
- **leader name2**: Uduch Sengebau Senior
- **legislature**: Palau National Congress, National Congress
- **area rank**: 196th
- **area magnitude**: 1 E8
- **area km2**: 459
- **area sq mi**: 177
- **percent water**: negligible
- **population estimate**: 20,956
- **population estimate rank**: 218th
- **population estimate year**: 2011
- **population density km2**: 28.4
- **population density sq mi**: 45.5
- **gdp ppp year**: 2008
- **gdp ppp per capita**: $8,100
- **gdp ppp per capita rank**: 119th
- **sovereignty type**: Independence
- **established event1**: Compact of Free Association with the United States
- **established date1**: 1 October 1994
- **hdi year**: 2011
- **hdi**: 0.782
- **hdi rank**: 49th
- **currency**: United States dollar
- **currency code**: USD
- **country code**: PW
- **utc offset**: +9
- **drives on**: right
- **calling code**: +680
- **cctld**: .pw
- **footnote a**: On 7 October 2006, government officials moved their offices in the former capital of Koror to Ngerulmud in Melekeok, Melekeok State, located  northeast of Koror on Babelthaup Island and  northwest of Melekeok village.
Island country

An **island country**, **island state** or **island nation** is a country that is made up only of islands. A 25% of the world's countries are island countries. Island countries are historically more stable than continental countries but they're vulnerable for conquest by any naval superpowers. Indonesia is the island country with the most people in the world.

There are many variations between island country economies: they may rely mainly on extractive industries, such as mining, fishing and agriculture, and/or on services such as transit hubs, tourism, and financial services.

## List

There are at least 45 island countries in the world, and there are countries that only consist of an island, such as Iceland or Nauru, an archipelago, such as Federated States of Micronesia or Palau. This list also includes Australia, though a continent.

|Country|ISO-3166 code|Area|Population|Capital|Official languages|Location|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||**ATG**|442 km²|90,000|St John's|en||
|**|**AUS**|7688000 km²|26,600,000|Canberra|en||
||**BHS**|13880 km²|415,000|Nassau|en||
||**BAH**|765 km²|1,422,000|Manama|ar||
||**BRB**|430 km²|288,000|Bridgetown|en||
||**BRN**|5770 km²|466,000|Bandar Seri Begawan|my/zh||
||**CPV**|4030 km²|578,000|Praia|pt||
||**COM**|1861 km²|833,000|Moroni|ar/fr/sw||
||**COK**|235 km²|8,200|Avarua|mi/en/rt||
||**CUB**|110000 km²|11,400,000|Havana|es||
||**DMA**|755 km²|73,000|Roseau|en||
||**TLS**|14900 km²|1,310,000|Dili|pt||
||**FJI**|18300 km²|916,000|Suva|en/fj/hi||
||**GRN**|345 km²|126,000|St George's|en||
||**ISL**|103000 km²|378,000|Reykjavík|is||
||**IDN**|1905000 km²|278,700,000|Jakarta|id||
||**JAM**|11000 km²|2,750,000|Kingston|en||
||**JPN**|377000 km²|124,400,000|Tokyo|ja||
||**KIR**|810 km²|131,000|South Tarawa|gil/en||
||**MAD**|580000 km²|26,000,000|Antananarivo|fr/md||
||**MYS**|331000 km²|33,000,000|Kuala Lumpur|ms||
||**MDV**|300 km²|510,000|Malé|md||
||**MLT**|315 km²|530,000|Valletta|en/mt/it||
||**MHL**|180 km²|77,000|Majuro|mh/en||
||**MUS**|2040 km²|1,233,000|Port Louis|en/fr||
||**FSM**|705 km²|122,000|Palikir|n/d/en/es||
||**NRU**|22 km²|8,800|Yaren|nr/en||
||**NZL**|270000 km²|5,370,000|Wellington|en/mi/nzs||
||**NIU**|260 km²|2,200|Alofi|nu/en||
||**PLW**|460 km²|22000|Ngerulmud|pau/en/ja||
||**PNG**|462000 km²|11,200,000|Port Moresby|en/tk/hm/id||
||**PHL**|343000 km²|114,000,000|Manila|tg/en/es||
||**KNA**|262 km²|55,000|Basseterre|en||
||**LCA**|620 km²|180,000|Castries|en||
||**VCT**|390 km²|117,000|Kingstown|en||
||**WSM**|2830 km²|228,000|Apia|sm/en||
||**STP**|1002 km²|236,000|São Tomé|pt||
||**SYC**|455 km²|105,000|Victoria|sc/en/fr||
||**SGP**|720 km²|5,800,000|Singapore|ms/en/zh/tml||
||**SLB**|28900 km²|747,000|Honiara|en||
||**LKA**|65500 km²|22,400,000|Colombo|en||
||**TWN**|36600 km²|23,800,000|Taipei|tw/zh||
||**TON**|747 km²|107,000|Nuku'alofa|to/en||
||**TTO**|5130 km²|1,550,000|Port of Spain|en||
||**TUV**|26 km²|11,500|Funafuti|tv/en||
||**VUT**|12200 km²|335,000|Port Vila|bi/en/fr||

Australia is a continent but an island.
Monkey Island

***Monkey Island*** is a well-known adventure game series made and published by LucasArts.

The games are known for their humor, and often use parody and clichés, both from pirate stories as well as from films.

The story takes place in the Caribbean. In the different games. The first one involves main character Guybrush Threepwood, who wants to become a pirate, has many adventures. Each of the games usually involves the evil undead ghost/zombie pirate LeChuck and the island which gave the series its name.

## The Monkey Island series

- _The Secret of Monkey Island_ (1990)
- _Monkey Island 2: LeChuck's Revenge_ (1991)
- _The Curse of Monkey Island_ (1997)
- _Escape from Monkey Island_ (2000)
- _Tales of Monkey Island_ (2009)
- _The Secret of Monkey Island Special Edition_ (2009)
- _Monkey Island 2: LeChuck's Revenge Special Edition_ (2010)
- _Return to Monkey Island (2022)_
Port Arthur massacre (Australia)

The **Port Arthur massacre** was a mass killing that took place at Port Arthur, Tasmania, Australia. Port Arthur is a café and, hotel and historic site.

On Saturday 28 and Sunday 29 April 1996 35 people were killed, and 18 people hurt. Martin Bryant used two semi-automatic guns to shoot people who were visiting Port Arthur. Bryant is in jail for the crime.

The massacre was the worst single-day mass murder incident in Australian history. 35 people died on 28 April 1996, the middle day of the massacre. After the massacre, Australia made new laws about gun control. People could not buy guns easily anymore. New laws were adopted. This law also exists in New Zealand and many other countries.

Bryant first killed the owners of a small guesthouse. Then he went to the Port Arthur Historic Site. 20 of the people killed were shot in the Broad Arrow Cafe in two minutes of gunfire. Before Bryant started shooting in the café, he ate lunch. Bryant went into the café and began shooting. There were more than 60 people in the café. He then went into the gift shop and continued shooting. Two minutes later he went back to his car to escape. He continued to shoot and kill people outside in the gardens.

Bryant then took a hostage and went back to the Seascape Guest House. He killed the hostage and then set fire to the house. He finally gave himself up to the police after 18 hours. He was burned in the fire.

Bryant was found guilty of killing 35 people. He was sentenced to a life sentence for each murder. The court said he was never to be released.

The ruins of the café are now a memorial to the people who were killed in the massacre. A square pond has been built as a place for quiet thinking. The Prime Minister of Australia, John Howard spoke at the memorial in 2006. This was to remember 10 years since the massacre.

## Infobox (civilian attack)

- **title**: Port Arthur massacre
- **location**: Port Arthur, Tasmania, Australia
- **date**: -

- **type**: Mass shooting, mass murder, spree killer, shooting spree, carjacking, kidnapping, arson
- **fatalities**: 35
- **injuries**: 24 (including the perpetrator)
- **perpetrator**: Martin Bryant
- **weapons**: 2 Semi-automatic rifles
Backpacker murders

Between 1990 and 1996, a total of seven people were killed in Australia. Since all of the people were backpackers, the events are known as **backpacker murders** today. All of their bodies were found in Belangalo State Forest, which is close to Sydney. Ivan Milat killed all of these people.

## What happened

7 people were found in Belangalo State Forest.  Five of these people were visiting Australia - three Germans and two British people. The other two were visiting Sydney from other parts of Australia.  Some of these people were by themselves.  Some of these people were with a friend.  The 7 people were all different from each other.

### Television report

On the TV they said that tourists were killed, but not everyone who died was a tourist.

### The crimescene

The 7 people were found all over Belangalo State Forest, which is a big area.  One of them had their head chopped off.  Someone had sex with some of them.  Some of them had their clothes taken off.  Some of them had bits of their bodies cut off and put somewhere else.  Some of the bodies were by themselves.

#### Deaths

Some of the people had been killed with a knife. Some had been killed with a gun.  Some seemed to have been strangled.

The 7 people who died had nothing in common.  People who tried to find out who did it said that there may have been more than one person who killed them.  They said that they may have been a part of a gang.

## Catching Ivan Milat

Ivan Milat (born 1944 died 2019) was an Australian man from New South Wales who lived near Belangalo State Forest.  So police arrested Milat and searched his house. They found out that:

- Milat had a gun similar to the weapon used to murder the victims and items that belonged to the victims.
- One man in England said that he was nearly killed by Milat.
- Police then said that Ivan Milat must have tried to kill that man.  They also said that Ivan Milat may have killed all of the other people.

Milat went to court, and people in court said that he did kill all of these people.

## The mystery

Some people think that other people helped Milat.  Some people said his brothers helped him, or a girl, or lots of other people. Police have said that there are more than 30 people that went missing that might have been killed by Milat.
Death of Azaria Chamberlain

**Azaria Chamberlain** (11 June 1980 – disappeared on 17 August 1980) was an Australian baby who was born in Mount Isa, Queensland, and went missing in 1980 near Ayers Rock, Northern Territory, Australia. The family were camping in a tent at the base of the rock. Her mother, Lindy Chamberlain, said that she had been taken by a dingo and killed. Police said that Lindy Chamberlain had murdered the baby and had lied about the dingo. After a long trial which was reported around the world, Chamberlain was convicted of murder and sent to jail. Chamberlain kept arguing that she was innocent. On August 24, 1980 Wally Goodwin found Azaria's bloodstained jumpsuit, booties, nappy and singlet near the base of the Rock near a dingo's den, the case was reopened since the 1980s.

After a long legal battle which involved three inquests, three appeals and a royal commission, she was released. In 2012, a fourth inquest found that Azaria had been taken by a dingo, and the death certificate has now been changed to show this. The inquest noted that there had been other dingo attacks in the region.

Lindy Chamberlain was released from jail on February 7 1986, but not cleared until September 15 1988, at which time Lindy and Michael (her husband) were declared innocent of all charges. She and Michael were divorced on June 27 1991. She met Rick Creighton on a speaking tour of the United States in February 1992 and married him on December 20 1992.

## Azaria in popular culture

The disappearance of Azaria became one of the most argued about events in Australia. Many people thought that a dingo would be unable to kill a baby. This meant that the mother must have lied. People in Australia say "a dingo stole my baby" as a joke, when they think someone is lying. After a dingo killed a nine-year-old boy on Fraser Island in 2001, people have had to rethink their beliefs about dingos.

Author John Bryson wrote a book about the case, called _Evil Angels._ This was later made into a movie called _Evil Angels_ and starred Meryl Streep and Sam Neill. The movie was released in other countries as _A Cry in the Dark._

In 2005, a woman called Erin Horsburgh said that she was really Azaria Chamberlain and wanted police to do a DNA test to check. But police said that the woman was lying and they did not need to check. This created interest in the media, but there was no truth to the story.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Azaria Chamberlain
- **other names**: Baby Lore
- **birth name**: Azaria Chamberlain
- **birth place**: Mount Isa, Queensland, Australia
- **disappeared place**: (Uluru), Territorial Utara, Australia
- **death place**: Uluru, Australia
- **death cause**: Animal attack
- **resting place**: Body lost or destroyed
Murder of Peter Falconio

**Peter Falconio** (20 September 1972 - c. 14 July 2001) was an English tourist who went missing in Northern Territory, Australia in 2001. Falconio was last seen near a place called Barrow Creek. This is one of Australia's greatest murder mysteries. Police say that he is dead. A trial decided that Bradley John Murdoch murdered Falconio.

## Story

Peter Falconio and his girlfriend Joanne Lees had been fighting with each other. Lees was going to leave Falconio because she had a new boyfriend in Australia.  Some people think that Lees wanted to kill Falconio because of this.  Some people think that she might have asked Murdoch to kill Falconio for her.

## History

Bradley John Murdoch sold drugs to people. Falconio and Lees liked to use drugs. It is thought that they knew each other, and that Falconio and Lees bought drugs from Murdoch. Falconio owed a lot of money in taxes, and he was scared.  Falconio had told people that he wanted to fake his own death.  Many people say they saw Falconio over a week after police say that he died. It was known that Murdoch had hurt people before this. He had once shot at some aborigines just for fun.  He had told people that he thought he was being followed and was going to get rid of them.  Some people think that he raped some women too.

## Result

This remains a great mystery and many people have different stories as to what really happened. A movie called _Wolf Creek_ was made that is similar to the story. It was not allowed to be shown until after the trial.
Walter Mikac

**Walter Mikac** is an Australian writer and motivational speaker.

Walter Mikac's wife and two small children were killed at the Port Arthur massacre. He has written two books, one called _To Have And To Hold_ and the other is called _Circle of Life: Sustenance for the Soul_. It is about handling grief and tragedy. He helped create the Alannah and Madeline Foundation to help children who are the victims of violent crime

## Other websites

- The Alannah and Madeline Foundation
- Walter Mikac - Saxton Speaker Bureau
- The Port Arthur Massacre - Crime Library
Martin Bryant

**Martin Bryant** (born 7 May 1967) is an Australian criminal who killed 35 people in Tasmania in 1996, in the Port Arthur massacre. He is now in prison for the most murders in Australian recorded history.

Bryant has been given a sentence of life in jail for each of the 35 murders. He is never to be released. He is held in solitary confinement (by himself) in Hobart's Risdon Prison.

Martin Bryant is believed to have an IQ (thinking level) of an 11-year-old. Guards and doctors report that his only interest seems to be himself. He has tried to kill himself several times in prison.

## Infobox (criminal)

- **name**: Martin Bryant
- **birth place**: Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- **conviction**: Murder (35 counts)
 Attempted murder (20 counts)
 Assault, Inflicting grievous bodily harm (3 counts)
 Assault, Inflicting wounds (8 counts)
 Arson (2 counts)
- **conviction penalty**: 35 Life imprisonment, life sentences plus 1,652 years. Never to be released
- **conviction status**: Incarcerated
Rugby League

**Rugby League** is a ball sport that has two teams of 13 players play against each other. The ball that is used has oval shape. The field is a rectangle 100 m long and 70 m wide. The game is played in two halves of 40 minutes each, for a total of 80 minutes.

A try in Rugby League is scored when a player scores or touches the ball down in the in-goal area (the try line included). A try is worth 4 points, and if it is converted by the goal-kicker kicking the ball in between the goal posts, the team gets an extra 2 points. Other ways of scoring points are drop-goals, which are worth 1 or 2 points, and penalty goals, which are worth 2 points.

Rugby League is played in over 30 countries in the world, especially in Australia, England, Ireland and New Zealand. The Rugby League World Cup has been played by Australia, New Zealand, England, Ireland, France, Wales, Papua New Guinea, Fiji, Samoa, Tonga, Scotland, United States, Italy, the Cook Islands, Lebanon, Russia and South Africa. The current world champions are Australia, who won the 2021 Rugby League World Cup.
Dustin Hoffman

**Dustin Lee Hoffman** (born August 8, 1937) is an American actor. He has been in many movies.

## Early life

Hoffman was born in Los Angeles, California. He is the younger son of Lillian, a jazz pianist, and Harry Hoffman, who worked as a prop supervisor/set decorator at Columbia Pictures before becoming a furniture salesman. His brother, Ronald, is a lawyer and economist. Hoffman's family was Jewish, although he was not brought up religious. After he married his second wife, he started to observe Judaism more. His family was also from Yviv in what is now Ukraine. He graduated from Los Angeles High School in 1955.

## Dustin Hoffman's movies

Hoffman starred in _Hook_, _The Graduate_, _Midnight Cowboy_, _Marathon Man_, _All the President's Men_, _Kramer vs. Kramer_, _Tootsie_, _Stranger than Fiction_, _Meet the Fockers_ and _Rain Man_.

## Personal life

In 2013, Hoffman had successful treatment for cancer.

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: Dustin Hoffman Cannes 2017.jpg
- **caption**: Dustin Hoffman in 2017
Chopper Read

**Mark Brandon "Chopper" Read** (November 17, 1954 – October 9, 2013) was an Australian mobster who was born in Melbourne, Victoria. During his criminal career in the Melbourne mafia scene, he was convicted of many crimes, including armed robbery, assault, attempted murder, arson, impersonating a police officer and kidnapping. Read retired from a life of crime and wrote a series of fiction books based on his life as a criminal.

Read started his criminal career as a child; robbing drug dealers as a teenager. During this time he was the leader of a gang. While in prison as an adult, Read made another prisoner cut off his ears so he could leave prison where a gang wanted to have him killed. Read claims that he killed 19 people during his time as a criminal. His first book was written in 1991 while he was in prison. In 2000, a movie called Chopper was made about Read's life and based on his books, it stars Eric Bana as Read.

Read has stated that he had attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, hepatitis C, cirrhosis and liver cancer. He died of liver cancer in Melbourne.
Elle McFeast

**Elle McFeast** was a fictional character played by Australian comedienne **Libbi Gorr**, who started off on a show with Andrew Denton about sport in Australia called "Live and Sweaty". Gorr made up her character's name to make fun of Australian model Elle Macpherson.  "McFeast" was the name of a hamburger from McDonald's.

McFeast had her own show for many years in Australia. She talked about many scary things, like jails and criminals, and made fun of them. One day she interviewed Chopper Read on her show. He was so scary that she had to stop her show.
Elle Macpherson

**Elle Macpherson** (**Eleanor Nancy Gow** on 29 March 1964 in Killara, Australia) was an Australian supermodel and actress.  She first became famous because of her advertisements for Coca-Cola where she wore a string bikini.  She became a supermodel and became very famous.  She is part owner of a cafe in America.  She has been in a movie called _Sirens_. Macpherson is nicknamed "the body" because some people say she has a perfect body.

In 2010, she became the host and executive producer of _Britain & Ireland's Next Top Model_. She is currently the host and an executive producer NBC's _Fashion Star_.

## Personal life

Macpherson met Gilles Bensimon in 1984 on a photo-session for _Elle_ magazine. They were married in May 1986, and divorced in 1989.
Macpherson has two sons, Arpad Flynn Alexander Busson (born 14 February 1998), and Aurelius Cy Andrea Busson (born 4 February 2003). The father is her former partner, French financier Arpad Busson.

Macpherson lives most of the time in Britain along with her two sons. She speaks fluent French and conversational Italian and Spanish.

From 2010 to early 2012, Macpherson was in a relationship with property developer Jeff Soffer.

## Filmography

|Year|Title|Role|class="unsortable"|Notes|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1990|_Alice_|Model|||
|1994|_Sirens_|Sheela|||
|1996|_If Lucy Fell_|Jane Lindquist|||
|1996|_Jane Eyre_|Blanche Ingram|||
|1996|_The Mirror Has Two Faces_|Candice|||
|1997|_Batman & Robin_|Julie Madison|||
|1997|''The Edge|Mickey Morse|||
|1998|_With Friends Like These..._|Samantha Mastandrea|||
|2001|_A Girl Thing_|Lauren Travis|TV movie||
|2001|_South Kensington_|Camilla|||

|Year|Title|Role|class="unsortable"|Notes|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1996|_Saturday Night Live_|Herself|"Elle Macpherson/Sting" (season 21: episode 14) "John Goodman/Everclear" (season 21: episode 15)||
|1999–2000|_Friends_|Janine LaCroix|"The One Where Phoebe Runs" (season 6: episode 7) "The One with Ross' Teeth" (season 6: episode 8) "The One Where Ross Got High" (season 6: episode 9) "The One with the Routine" (season 6: episode 10) "The One with the Apothecary Table" (season 6: episode 11)||
|2008|_America's Next Top Model_|Herself|"Top Model Makeovers" (cycle 10: episode 3)||
|2009|_The Beautiful Life: TBL_|Claudia Foster|Main role; series canceled after 2 episodes||
|2010–present|_Britain & Ireland's Next Top Model_|Herself|Host; reality TV series||
|2012–present|_Fashion Star_|Herself|Host; reality TV series||

## Infobox (model)

- **name**: Elle Macpherson
- **image**: Elle Macpherson 2011.jpg
- **caption**: Macpherson in Sydney in 2011
- **birth name**: Eleanor Nancy Gow
- **birth place**: Killara, Australia
- **haircolour**: Light brown
- **eyecolour**: Brown
- **spouse**:

- **partner**: Arpad Busson (1996–2005)
- **children**: 2
Andrew Denton

**Andrew Christopher Denton** is an Australian comedian and television presenter who likes to make fun of politics. He is famous for his comedy and interviewing technique.

## Career

Andrew Denton used to have a television programme about sports in Australia called _Live and Sweaty_. He now has a programme called _Enough Rope_ where he interviews people about politics.
Rene Rivkin

**Rene Rivkin** (June 6, 1944 – May 1, 2005) was an Australian man, born in Shanghai, who made much money by buying stocks and shares on the Australian stockmarket. Rivkin had his own television show and magazine to help people to make money. Rivkin had cheated to make money from the stock market. Rivkin became depressed. Rivkin was put in jail. He was released, and killed himself in Sydney. Before killing himself, Rivkin said on a television show called "Enough Rope" with Andrew Denton that if he went to jail he would kill himself. Andrew Denton has said that he is very sad about this.
Eric Bana

**Eric Bana** <small>AM</small> (born **Eric Banadinović ** on 9 August 1968) is an Australian actor. He was a comedian for a long time, and he was in a show called _The Comedy Company_.  He then became a serious actor in the movie _Chopper_ which is a biopic of criminal Chopper Read. His careerstarted with the sketch series _Full Frontal._ He became known for his role in the comedy drama _The Castle_ (1997). Bana also acted in the movies _Troy_ and _Hulk_.
African-American Vernacular English

**African American Vernacular English** (**AAVE**) is a name for the way some African-American people talk in English. Linguists named it AAVE, which is used by some non-black people. Some of the dialects' pronunciations and grammar are similar to how West African languages.

## Overview

AAVE first came about in the 16th and the 17th centuries. It became famous in 1996, when some educators in Oakland, California, said they wanted to use AAVE to help teach black kids. They called it **Ebonics**, but the term often has a negative connotation. There are many rules that govern how the sounds of AAVE are different from standard English. Some have to do with pronunciation and vocabulary, or lexicon, but most have to do with grammar, including verb tenses and sentence structure.

AAVE was originally used in the 17th Century when Africans were brought to the Americans slave ships and were forbidden to speak their language because it was considered as a threat. So the people created their own style of speaking and that is the **–** **AAVE.**

### Hip hop

Hip hop music has made AAVE more famous since the 1980s. Some people think it is cool and try to speak or learn it even if they are not really familiar with it. Some non-black people speak it well. AAVE is influenced by Southern American English spoken by their white slave masters.

## Phonology

Many features set AAVE apart from other forms of American English. McWhorter argues that what truly unites all AAVE accents is a uniquely wide-ranging intonation pattern or "melody", which characterizes even the most "neutral" or light African-American accent. Many versions of African American Vernacular English are _non-rhotic_ engaging in r-dropping, turn the _i_ diphthong into a monothong alike. Many multisyllabic words in AAVE differ from General American in their stress placement. For instance, ***po**lice_, ***gui**tar_, and **_De**troit_ are pronounced with initial stress instead of stress on the last syllable or neutral stress.

## Related pages

- British English
- Canadian English
- Southern American English
60s BC

The events that happened between 60 BC and 51 BC.

## Things that happened

- Philip II Philoromaeus ruled parts of Syris for a short time.

## Important people

- Pompey, Roman general, lived 106–48 BC
- Mithridates VI, King of Pontus, lived 132–62 BC
- Philip II Philoromaeus
- Gaius Antonius Hybrida, became praetor in 66 BC
Joe Vialls

**Joe Vialls** (  1944 – 17 July 2005) was an Australian Internet journalist and conspiracy theorist. He was once a policeman and detective, but became a private investigator. He is most famous for writing many stories on the Internet about famous things that have happened around the world.

On April 17, 1984, a police woman called Yvonne Fletcher was killed while she was in London. Joe Vialls told people that he knew why she was really killed. Because of Joe Vialls, police in London spent a long time trying to find out what really happened. In the end, police agreed with Joe Vialls, and they said that they had found out what really happened because of Joe Vialls.

In April 1996, Joe Vialls said that he knew who had really killed people in the Port Arthur massacre, and that it was not Martin Bryant, who police said had killed people. Joe Vialls talked to Wendy Scurr who was there, and Stewart Beattie who was a gun expert, and he also talked to Martin Bryant's mother, to find out what really happened. Joe Vialls wrote a book and had many articles talking about what he thinks really happened. You can see 9 articles that Joe Vialls wrote here . Joe Vialls says that the Australian government killed people so that they could take guns away from people. This is the same story that the Australian National Rifle Association says.

## Other websites

- JoeVialls.net
Tatts Group Limited

**Tatts Group Limited**, formerly known as **Tattersalls**, is the name of a company in Australia that helps people to bet money. Tattersalls has made lots of money. A woman named Helen Harvey owned Tattersalls and had lots of money.

## Other websites

- Tattersalls website
Tsukuba

**Tsukuba** is a new city in Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan. It is 50 km northeast of Tokyo and 40 km from Narita International Airport.

It has been recognized as a special city since 2007.

## Other websites

- The Tsukuba Wiki for foreign people
Narita International Airport

is a Japanese airport that is in Chiba, near Tokyo.  It is one of the two primary airports in the Tokyo region.

The airport is  east of Tokyo Station and  east-southeast of Narita Station in the city of Narita in Chiba Prefecture.

## Related pages

- List of airports in Japan

## Other websites

- Narita International Airport ; [http://www.narita-airport.jp/jp/index.html ]
Pup

**Pup** means the babies of several species of animals, such as:
- Bat
- Dog
- Other members of the canine family (a group of animals)
- Fox
- Mouse
- Pig
- Rat
- Ring-tailed lemur
- Seal
- Shark
- Stingray

Pup could also mean:

- Sopwith Pup, a biplane fighter aircraft with only one seat. It was used by the British in World War I
Monitor

The word **monitor** is a Latin word for _warner_ or _suggester_. The many uses of the word are listed below.

## Display technology

- A computer monitor (display screen)
- A medical monitor, or any other hardware device that measures electrical events, such as a heart rate monitor
- A speaker used on stage (facing the musicians) or in a studio to enable musicians to hear what is being performed
- A video monitor, a television-like device used in studio, lab or test environments
- A baby monitor, which lets parents hear what happens in their babies room from other parts of the house

## Roles or positions

- A hall monitor, one who patrols the hall of a school

## Warships

- USS _Monitor_, the ironclad warship of the American Civil War
- A monitor (warship), a type of ship based on the USS _Monitor_ and built by several navies for coastal defense in the 1860s and 1870s. It reappeared in a different form during the World War I and lasted until the end of World War II
- A river monitor, the strongest type of river warships

## Other meanings

- Monitor lizards, a family of large tropical lizards (Varanidae)

## Related pages

- Monitoring

fi:Näyttö
Chest

The **chest** is the front part of the torso. It is between the neck and abdomen.

In mammals, the parts that make up the thorax are the sternum, the thoracic vertebrae and the ribs. It starts from the neck and stops at the diaphragm.

Women develop breasts on the chest during puberty, while male chests generally remain flat, while gaining muscle and many men grow chest hair. However, excess fat in men can contribute to gynocomestia, which leads to breast development in men.

In insects and crustaceans, it is the middle of the three main body sections. The walking legs are usually on the thorax.
Blackburn

**Blackburn**  is a town in Lancashire, England. The town has a population of about 105,000 people.
Blackburn is mentioned in one of the Beatles' songs.  The town's football team is Blackburn Rovers F.C.

## Infobox (uk place)

- **country**: England
- **population**: 105.000
- **official name**: Blackburn
- **unitary england**: Blackburn with Darwen
- **lieutenancy england**: Lancashire
- **region**: North West England
- **constituency westminster**: Blackburn (UK Parliament constituency), Blackburn
- **post town**: BLACKBURN
- **postcode district**: BB1 – BB2
- **postcode area**: BB
- **dial code**: 01254
- **os grid reference**: SD685277
- **london distance**: Boxing the compass, SSE
- **static image**: Blackburn Lancashire Townscape.jpg
- **static image caption**: <small>View south–southeast across central Blackburn</small>
Springfield

**Springfield** can be:

### New Zealand

- Springfield, New Zealand

### United States

- Springfield, Florida
- Springfield, Georgia
- Springfield, Illinois, the state capital of Illinois
- Springfield, Kentucky
- Springfield, Louisiana
- Springfield, Maine
- Springfield, Massachusetts
- Springfield, Michigan
- Springfield, Minnesota
- Springfield, Missouri
- Springfield, Nebraska
- Springfield, New Hampshire
- Springfield, Ohio
- Springfield, Oregon
- Springfield, South Dakota
- Springfield, Tennessee
- Springfield, Vermont
- Springfield, Virginia
- Springfield, Jackson County, Wisconsin, a town

## People

- Dusty Springfield (1939–1999), English pop singer (born Mary O'Brien)
- Rick Springfield (born 1949), American pop singer