juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Battle of Fort Washington

The **Battle of Fort Washington** was one of the early battles fought in the American Revolutionary War between the United States and Great Britain. It took place on 16 November 1776. The British won the battle.

After winning against the Continental Army (commanded by George Washington), the British army (commanded by William Howe) wanted to capture Fort Washington, the last American stronghold in Manhattan. Washington had thought of leaving the Fort and moving its military camp of 1400 men to New Jersey, but had been convinced by General Nathaniel Greene to fight for it. The garrison was expanded to 3,000 men.

On 16 November, Howe attacked the fort. The assault came from three different directions: the north, east and south. The attack was put off for a short time because of the tides in the Harlem River that stopped some of the troops from landing. When the attack did begin, the southern and western American defenses fell quickly. In the North there was better defense against the attack, but they eventually weakened as well. With the fort surrounded by land and sea the Fort's commander, Robert Magaw, chose to surrender the fort rather than try to hold out. A total of 59 Americans were killed and 2,837 became prisoners of the British. After this defeat the main American army under George Washington was chased across New Jersey and into Pennsylvania, setting the stage for the battles of Trenton and Princeton.
Great Fire of New York (1776)

The **Great Fire of New York** was a large fire in New York City. It burned through the night of September 21, 1776 on the west side of the former boundaries of New York City at the southern end of the island of Manhattan.  It started when the British Army took control of the city during the American Revolutionary War. Many think that Washington's men, who had recently lost the Battle of Long Island, started the fire to hamper British shipping of materials.  Others believe that the British Army started the fire in an attempt to burn Whitehall.

The fire destroyed 10 to 25% of the city. Some of the unburned parts of the city were ransacked.  The lack of housing made difficulties for war refugee<nowiki/>s who went to the city to escape the Rebels elsewhere.
Cinematography

**Cinematography**  is the recording of photographic images for cinema. Like still photography, it includes making lighting and camera choices. However, the pictures move. A person who specializes in cinematography is called a cinematographer.

## Etymology

The word cinemetography come from the Greek words _kinema - κίνημα_, meaning "movement" and _graphein - γράφειν_ meaning "to write".

## Uses

Movie cameras use a lens to focus reflected light from objects. This light makes an image that is used by an image sensor or a light-sensitive material inside a movie camera. These images are created one after another and saved for later processing and viewing as a motion picture. Images captured with photographic emulsion create a series of invisible images on the film stock. Chemicals are used to "developed" this into visible images. The images on the film stock are projected for viewing the motion picture.

When using an electronic image sensor, the image creates an electrical charge for each pixel in the image. This kind of camera is a video camera. These are processed and stored in a video file. This file can later be processed or shown.

Cinematography is used in many fields of science and business as well as for entertainment and mass communication.

## Related pages

- Cameraman
Ferenc Fricsay

**Ferenc Fricsay** (born Budapest, 9 August 1914; died Basel, 20 February 1963) (pronounced "Ferr-'ens 'Frich-sye") was a Hungarian conductor. From 1960 until his death, he was an Austrian citizen.

Fricsay was born in Budapest in 1914.  His music teachers were Hungary's most famous composers:  Béla Bartók, Zoltán Kodály and Ernst von Dohnányi.  He was only 15 when he conducted his first concert, and he soon became very famous.  He became music director of the then newly formed RIAS Symphony Orchestra in Germany in 1949. He was conductor of the Houston Symphony in 1954. He spent much of his time from the 1950s onward in Germany as conductor of the Bavarian State Opera (1956–1958), the RIAS Symphony Orchestra, the Deutsche Oper Berlin and the Berlin Philharmonic.

From the 1950s until his death, he recorded for the Deutsche Grammophon record label. Fricsay gave his last concert on 7 December 1961 in London where he conducted the London Philharmonic Orchestra in Beethoven's _Symphony No. 7_.  He was often ill during his life, and he died of stomach cancer on 20 February 1963 at the age of 48 in Basel, Switzerland. He was buried in Ermatingen, a village at Lake Constance. His mother Berta died shortly after him and was buried in the same grave.

Fricsay was known for his interpretations of the music of Mozart and Beethoven, as well as that of his teacher Béla Bartók. His 1958 recording of Beethoven's _Symphony No. 9_ is featured in the movie _A Clockwork Orange_.

Many musicians still think his recordings are among the very best.

## Other websites

- Ferenc Fricsay website
Irmgard Seefried

**Irmgard Seefried** (born Köngetried, Bavaria, 9 October 1919; died Vienna, 24 November 1988) was a famous German soprano who sang opera and lieder.

Irmgard Seefried was born in Köngetried, near Mindelheim, Bavaria, Germany.  She studied at Augsburg University.  Her first appearance in opera was in Aachen where she sang the role of the priestess in Verdi's _Aida_ in 1940. She soon began to sing leading parts, and in 1943 she sang the part of Eva in Wagner's _Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg_ at the Vienna State Opera conducted by Karl Böhm. Since then, she belonged to the ensemble of the Vienna State Opera until she retired in 1976.

She sang at the Salzburg Festival nearly every year and gave many recitals.  She appeared at the Royal Opera House of Covent Garden in London from 1947 to 1949, and also La Scala in Milan, Edinburgh Festival, etc. She sang at the  Metropolitan Opera in New York  during the 1953 -a1954 season the role of Susanna in Mozart's _The Marriage of Figaro_

She is especially remembered for her singing of the music of Mozart and Richard Strauss, but she also sang in other composers' operas; the title role in Puccini's _Madama Butterfly_, Marie in Alban Berg's _Wozzeck_, Eva in _Der Meistersinger von Nürnberg_, Blanche in Poulenc's _Dialogues des Carmélites_, and the title role in Janáček's _Káťa Kabanová_. She was a great _lieder_ singer and several of her Salzburg Festival recitals were recorded.  She left many recordings of oratorio and sacred music by Bach, Mozart, Haydn (including at least four different performances of the Angel Gabriel in _Die Schöpfung_), Brahms, Fauré, Beethoven, Dvořák, and Stravinsky.

Although she was a high soprano, she performed, and recorded, both the trousers roles of the Composer in Strauss's  _Ariadne auf Naxos_ and Octavian in _Der Rosenkavalier_.

She often sang with Elisabeth Schwarzkopf, who said in an interview that Seefried could do easily some things which other singers struggled all their lives to do.

She was married to the Austrian violinist Wolfgang Schneiderhan from 1948 until her death.

After retirement, she taught students at Vienna Music Academy and Salzburg Mozarteum. She died aged 69 in Vienna in 1988.
Mica

The **mica** group of minerals are aluminosilicates with various metals. They split into fine sheets, which puts them in the phyllosilicate group of silicate minerals.

Mica includes several closely related materials having perfect basal cleavage.

All are monoclinic which means their crystals are shaped like one kind of prism. They tend towards pseudo-hexagonal crystals and are similar in chemical composition. The highly perfect cleavage, which is the most prominent characteristic of mica, is explained by the hexagonal sheet-like arrangement of its atoms.

Being excellent electrical insulators, they are used in electronic equipment including capacitors.
Talc

**Talc** (from the Arabic _talk_) is a silicate mineral, a type of clay. It is the standard for grade 1 in the Mohs scale of mineral hardness. A fingernail can easily scratch it. Talc is composed of hydrated magnesium silicate with the chemical formula Mg<sub>3</sub>Si<sub>4</sub>O<sub>10</sub>(OH)<sub>2</sub>. Talc and pyrophyllite are very similar, but pyrophyllite may be slightly harder.

Talc has a greasy feel and a translucent, soapy look. In loose form, it is the widely used substance known as talcum powder. Steatite, also called soapstone, is a rock with a lot of talc.
Vugar Gashimov

**Vugar Gashimov** (24 July 1986 – 11 January 2014) was a leading chess grandmaster from Azerbaijan who died from a brain tumour.

Gashimov was a noted player of bullet chess (2/3 minutes a side), and three times Azerbaijani national chess champion (1995, 1996 and 1998).
He won at Athens 2005 (Acropolis International). He was a two-times winner of the huge Cappelle-la-Grande Open: in 2007 and 2008 (with other players).

## Team competitions

Gashimov played for Azerbaijan in the Chess Olympiads of 2002, 2004, 2006 and 2008. He played in the gold medal-winning Azerbaijani team at the European Team Chess Championship in Novi Sad in 2009, alongside Shakhriyar Mamedyarov, Teimour Radjabov, Rauf Mammadov and Gadir Guseinov. He won the bronze medal in 2007.

## Death

Gashimov was treated for a brain tumor in a hospital in Heidelberg, Germany, and died on the night of 11 January 2014.

## Infobox (chess player)

- **image**: VGashimov09.jpg
- **image size**: 240px
- **playername**: Vugar Gashimov
- **birthname**: Vüqar Həşimov
- **country**: Azerbaijan
- **placebirth**: Baku, Azerbaijan
- **placedeath**: Heidelberg, Germany
- **title**: Grandmaster (chess), Grandmaster
- **rating**: 2737
<small>(#18 in the January 2013 FIDE ranking list)</small>
- **peakrating**: 2761 (January 2012)
Ian Nepomniachtchi

**Ian Nepomniachtchi**  (born 14 July 1990) is a Russian chess grandmaster and former Russian chess champion.

He won the European Youth Chess Championship three times, in 2000 in the U10 class and in 2001 and 2002 in the U12 class. In 2002 he also won the World Youth Chess Championship in the U12 class. By winning the Aeroflot Open in Moscow in February 2008, he qualified for the 2008 Dortmund Sparkassen Chess Meeting. In 2010, in Rijeka, he won the European Individual Chess Championship with 9/11. In the same year, in Moscow, he won the Russian Chess Championship; he defeated Sergey Karjakin in a playoff.  In 2019, Nepomniachtchi played in the FIDE Grand Prix. He finished second in this tournament. Nepomniachtchi's second place finish qualified him to play in the Candidates Tournament 2020–21.  On 26 April 2021  Nepomniachtchi won the Candidates tournament. Winning the Candidates tournament qualifies Neopmniachtchi to play in the World Chess Championship 2021 match against the current World Chess Champion, Magnus Carlsen. He lost the World Chess Championship match 2021 in Dubai to Magnus. In 2022, he won the Canddates Match again.

## Infobox (chess player)

- **image**: File:Ian Nepomniachtchi in 2024 (cropped v2).jpg
- **playername**: Ian Nepomniachtchi
- **caption**: Nepomniachtchi at the World Blitz Championship 2024
- **birthname**: Ian Nepomniachtchi
- **birth place**: Bryansk, Russian SFSR
- **title**: Grandmaster (chess), Grandmaster
- **rating**: 2703
<small>(#42 on the January 2013 FIDE ratings list)</small>
- **peakrating**: 2735 (January 2012)
Hao Wang

**Hao Wang** (), born 4 August 1989 in Harbin, Heilongjiang, is a Chinese chess grandmaster.

In November 2009, Wang became the fourth ever Chinese player to cross the 2700 rating mark.

He was the 2010 Chinese chess champion, and was ranked #1 in China and #15 in the world in July 2012.

## Infobox (chess player)

- **playername**: Hao Wang
- **image**: Wang Hao (chess).JPG
- **image size**: 260px
- **birthname**: Hao Wang
- **birth place**: Harbin, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China, China
- **title**: Grandmaster (chess), grandmaster (GM) (2005)
- **rating**: 2752
<small>(#20 in the April 2014 FIDE ranking list)</small>
- **peakrating**: 2752
<small>(January 2013)</small>
Lee Hae-chan

**Lee Hae-chan** (, 10 July 1957 – 25 January 2026) was a Korean politician, journalist and writer. In 2004, he became the 36th Prime minister of South Korea. He was the 38th education minister from 3 March 1998, to 24 May 1999. He became deputy mayor of Seoul in 1995.

## Life

Lee started his political career as an liberal activist. In 1988, he was elected to Parliament. He has been re-elected seven times since then; in 1988, 1992, 1996, 2000, 2004, and 2012.

In 1995, Lee was appointed to deputy mayor of Seoul. He only had the job briefly, however, because he resigned. From 1998 to 1999 he was Education Minister. During that time, he made reforms to education in the country, fought corruption, bribery and incompetency in schools, and reduced the age of retirement.

Lee died on 25 January 2026 from problems caused by cardiac arrest at the age of 73 while attending a meeting of the Peaceful Unification Advisory Council in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.

## Other websites

- Lee-hae-chan
- i-love Lee-hae-chan
- Lee Hae-Chan Fan-Cafe

## Infobox (korean name/auto)

- **child**: yes
- **hangul**: %이해찬
- **hanja**: 李海瓚


## Infobox (officeholder)

- **image**: 191028더불어민주당예산정책협의회(3).jpg
- **caption**: Lee in 2019
- **honorific-prefix**: Excellency, His Excellency
- **name**: Lee Hae-chan
- **office1**: Democratic Party (South Korea, 2015)#LeadersLeader of the Democratic Party
- **term start1**: 25 August 2018
- **term end1**: 29 August 2020
- **predecessor1**: Choo Mi-ae
- **successor1**: Lee Nak-yeon
- **office2**: Prime Minister of South Korea
- **term start2**: 30 June 2004
- **term end2**: 15 March 2006
- **president2**: Roh Moo-hyun
- **predecessor2**: Goh Kun
- **successor2**: Han Myeong-sook
- **office3**: Member of the National Assembly (South Korea), National Assembly
- **term start3**: 30 May 2012
- **term end3**: 29 May 2020
- **constituency3**: Sejong (constituency), Sejong
- **predecessor3**: _Constituency established_
- **successor3**: Hong Seong-guk, Gang Jun-hyeon
- **term start4**: 30 May 1996
- **term end4**: 29 May 2008
- **predecessor4**: Lee Hae-chan
- **successor4**: Kim Hui-chul
- **constituency4**: Gwanak District, Gwanak B (Seoul)
- **term start5**: 30 May 1988
- **term end5**: 30 June 1995
- **predecessor5**: Yim Churl-soon,  Kim Soo-han
- **successor5**: Lee Hae-chan
- **constituency5**: Gwanak District, Gwanak B (Seoul)
- **office6**: Ministry of Education (South Korea), Minister of Education
- **term start6**: 3 March 1998
- **term end6**: 24 May 1999
- **president6**: Kim Dae-jung
- **predecessor6**: Lee Myung-hyun
- **successor6**: Kim Duk-choong
- **birth place**: , South Chungcheong Province, South Chungcheong, South Korea
- **death place**: Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- **party**: Democratic Party (South Korea, 2015), Democratic
- **alma mater**: Seoul National University (Bachelor of Arts, BA)
- **website**: [http://www.hopechan.kr/ www.hopechan.kr]
Gata Kamsky

**Gata Kamsky**  (born June 2, 1974) is a Soviet-born American chess grandmaster. Kamsky won the 2010 Grenke Open World Rapid Chess Championship. He is rated #2 in the United States.

Kamsky was a prodigy who reached the final of the FIDE World Chess Championship 1996 at the age of 22, and reached a ranking of fourth in the world in 1996. He played almost no FIDE-rated games between 1997 and late 2004. He was studying medicine at the time.

Kamsky won the Chess World Cup 2007. This earned him a match against Veselin Topalov for the right to challenge for the World Chess Championship 2010, which he lost. Kamsky also played in the Candidates Tournament to determine the challenger for the World Chess Championship 2012. He advanced to the semifinals before losing to Boris Gelfand.

## Infobox (chess player)

- **playername**: Gata Kamsky
- **image**: Gata Kamsky.jpg
- **image size**: 240px
- **birthname**: Gataulla Rustemovich Kamsky
- **birth place**: Novokuznetsk, USSR
- **title**: Grandmaster (chess), Grandmaster
- **rating**: 2740
<small>(#17 in the January 2013 FIDE ranking list)</small>
- **peakrating**: 2756 (September 2011)
Radosław Wojtaszek

**Radosław Wojtaszek** (born 13 January 1987 in Elbląg, Poland) is a Polish chess Grandmaster. In 2004 he won the European Youth Chess Championship (U-18), the World Youth Chess Championships (U-18) and the Cracovia Open with 7.5/9.

Wojtaszek won the Polish Chess Championship in 2005.
In 2006 he played for the Polish team at the Chess Olympiad played in Turin scoring 9 points out of 11 games.
In 2008 Wojtaszek was one of world champion Anand's official seconds for the match with Kramnik.
In December 2008 Wojtaszek became the European rapid chess champion.

In 2009 Wojtaszek finished second in the Polish championship, shared second at the international tournament in Lublin and won the Najdorf memorial played in Warsaw. In 2009/10 he tied for 1st5th at the 39th Rilton Cup in Stockholm.
In January 2010 Wojtaszek finished again second in Polish championship.

In 2010 Wojtaszek was again one of world champion Anand official seconds for the match with Topalov.
Wojtaszek won the 5th International Tournament of Polonia Wrocław played between the end of June and beginning of July 2010. At the San Juan International tournament in Pamplona he scored 6.5 points out of 9 games winning the tournament.

At the Chess Olympiad in Khanty Mansiysk, Wojtaszek played on the first board for Poland scoring 6 points in 9 games.

## Infobox (chess player)

- **playername**: Radosław Wojtaszek
- **image**: 2022-Radoslaw-Wojtaszek.JPG
- **caption**: Radosław Wojtaszek, 2022
- **birthname**: Radosław Wojtaszek
- **birth place**: Elbląg, Poland
- **title**: Grandmaster (chess), Grandmaster
- **rating**: 2706 (January 2012)
- **peakrating**: 2726 (November 2010)
Nissan Maxima

The **Nissan Maxima** is an automobile produced by Nissan in eight generations from 1981 to 2023. It is a 4-door sedan with a 6-cylinder petrol engine.

## Infobox (automobile)

- **image**: 2021 Nissan Maxima SV in Super Black, front right (2).jpg
- **manufacturer**: Nissan
- **aka**: Datsun Maxima (1980–1984)
- **production**: 1980–2023
- **model years**: 1981–2023
- **class**: Mid-Size (1981-2003), Full-Size (2004-2023)
- **layout**: Front-engine, rear-wheel-drive (1980–1984)
Front-engine, front-wheel-drive (1985–2023)
- **predecessor**: Datsun 810
- **caption**: 2021 Nissan Maxima SV (A36; US)
Violeta Chamorro

**Violeta Barrios Torres de Chamorro** (18 October 1929 – 14 June 2025) was a Nicaraguan politician. She and was President of Nicaragua from 1990 to 1996. Her husband, Pedro Chamorro, was a newspaper editor. He was assassinated in 1978. She took over as editor of the paper, La Prensa.

## Early life

Violeta Barrios Torres was born on 18 October 1929 in Rivas, a small city near the Nicaraguan border with Costa Rica, to Carlos José Barrios Sacasa and Amalia Torres Hurtado. Her family were rich and conservative.

## Presidency

Chamorro ran for president in 1990. When she announced her candidacy, many people and the media thought she could not win because she did not have any experience. She was running against President Daniel Ortega.

On 25 February 1990, Chamorro won the election with a 54.7% of the vote, beating Ortega. She became the first elected woman president in the Americas. Her victory was seen as an upset victory. Ortega accepted the results and peacefully transferred power over to Chamorro.

Two months after the election, on 25 April 1990, Chamorro was sworn into office.

## Death

Chamorro died on 14 June 2025 in San José, Costa Rica at the age of 95.

## Other websites

- Violeta de Chamorro Foundation
- Violeta Chamorro: New Direction for Nicaragua from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives
- Biography by CIDOB (in Spanish)

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Violeta Chamorro
- **image**: Violeta Chamorro 1993.jpg
- **caption**: Chamorro in 1993
- **order**: 55th
- **office**: President of Nicaragua
- **term start**: 25 April 1990
- **term end**: 10 January 1997
- **predecessor**: Daniel Ortega
- **successor**: Arnoldo Alemán
- **office1**: Member of the Junta of National Reconstruction
- **term start1**: 17 July 1979
- **term end1**: 19 April 1980
- **birth name**: Violeta Barrios Torres
- **birth place**: Rivas, Nicaragua, Rivas, Nicaragua
- **death place**: San José, Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
- **party**: Democratic Union of Liberation
- **otherparty**: National Opposition Union (Nicaragua, 1990), National Opposition Union
- **children**: Pedro Joaquín Chamorro Barrios, Pedro, Claudia Chamorro Barrios, Claudia, Cristiana Chamorro Barrios, Cristiana and Carlos Fernando Chamorro Barrios, Carlos
François Duvalier

**François Duvalier** (14 April 1907 – 21 April 1971), known as "Papa Doc" because he was once a doctor, was the President (dictator) and Head of State of Haiti from 1957 until his death. He was excommunicated from the Catholic Church for expelling foreign-born bishops.

Like many rulers of Haiti, he was called "President for Life". His widow was Simone Duvalier. When he died their son, Jean-Claude Duvalier, called "Baby Doc", became President.

He was born and died at Port-au-Prince, Haiti. He died of diabetes and heart disease.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: François Duvalier
- **image**: François Duvalier (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Duvalier in 1968
- **office**: List of heads of state of Haiti, 32nd President of Haiti
- **term start**: 22 October 1957
- **term end**: 21 April 1971
- **predecessor**: Antonio Thrasybule Kébreau (Chairman of the Military Council)
- **successor**: Jean-Claude Duvalier
- **office2**: Minister of Public Health and Labor
- **term start2**: 14 October 1949
- **term end2**: 10 May 1950
- **president2**: Dumarsais Estimé
- **predecessor2**: Antonio Vieux (Public Health)
Louis Bazin (Labor)
- **successor2**: Joseph Loubeau (Public Health)
Emile Saint-Lot (Labor)
- **office3**: Undersecretary of Labor
- **term start3**: 26 November 1948
- **term end3**: 14 October 1949
- **president3**: Dumarsais Estimé
- **birth place**: Port-au-Prince, Haiti
- **death place**: Port-au-Prince, Haiti
- **party**: National Unity Party (Haiti), National Unity Party
- **children**: Marie‑Denise Duvalier
Nicole Duvalier
Simone Duvalier

- **alma mater**: Université d'Etat d'Haïti, University of Haiti (Medical Doctor, MD)
- **occupation**: Physician
Kratos

**Kratos/Cratus/Cratos** is a minor Ancient Greek god or demon. His name comes from the Greek word for "power" or "strength". He was a guardian of the throne of Zeus. Kratos was the son of Pallas and Styx. The brother of Nike, Zelus, and Bia, he was one of the few people who dragged Prometheus to the rock where he was chained. His name is used as part of other words about power, including democracy, theocracy, plutocracy, and aristocracy.

Kratos from the video game series God Of War is unrelated to Cratus.
Charophyceae

The **Charophyceae** are the green algae closest to plants.

Their exact rank is the matter of some debate. Some botanists recommend expanding the existing plant kingdom to include charophyceans and chlorophytes.

Others classify Charophyceae as a class under the division **Charophyta**, with Chlorophyta remaining a distinct division. There are also other possibilities.

The consensus among botanists is that charophyceans are the organisms most closely related to land plants (embryophytes).

Many of the complex plant traits related to sexual reproduction evolved first in charophyceans. Analysis of cpDNA (chloroplast DNA) shows that characteristics of plant chloroplasts also evolved first in the charophyceans, before the Zygnematales diverged from the lineage that led to Coleochaetales, Charales, and the land plants.

Groups generally included within the Charophyceae are:
- Mesostigmatales
- Klebsormidiales
- Zygnematales
- Desmidiales
- Charales
- Coleochaetales
Proactivity

In behavioural psychology, **proactivity** is thinking ahead. It means doing things before they are needed. It also means preventing something before it happens. It means the same thing as _anticipation_.

The term is often used in organizational behaviour. Proactive behaviour by individuals anticipates situations in the workplace. It means acting in advance of a situation, rather than just reacting afterwards. Proactive employees usually do not need to be asked to do something. They also do not need detailed instructions. Reactive employees are often controlled by the situation around them. In an unfamiliar situation they need instructions.
Chlorophyta

**Chlorophyta** are a division of green algae.

It includes about 7,000 species of mostly aquatic photosynthetic eukaryote organisms.

Like the land plants, green algae contain chlorophylls _a_ and _b_, and store food as starch in their plastids. Most species are flagellate in at least one stage of their life cycle.

They are related to the Charophyceae (also called Charophyta) and land plants, together making up the Viridiplantae.

The division contains both unicellular and multicellular species. While most species live in freshwater habitats and a large number in marine habitats, other species are adapted to a wide range of environments. Watermelon snow, or _Chlamydomonas nivalis_, lives on summer alpine snowfields. Others live attached to rocks or woody parts of trees. Some lichens are symbiotic relationships between fungi and green algae.

Members of the Chlorophyta also form symbiotic relationships with protozoa, sponges and cnidarians. Some conduct sexual reproduction.
Extremism

Political views and ideas which are far from the  mainstream are called **extremist**. Such views often violate common moral standards. As an example, a group that wants to replace a democratic form of government with a totalitarian one is almost always considered extremist. Political or religious fundamentalism as well as fanaticism can  also be seen as extremist.

What is seen as extremist varies by country. People who support that Muslim women should wear a burqa may be seen as extremist in France, but such an opinion may not be extremist in Afghanistan or Saudi Arabia.
David Moss (ice hockey)

**David Moss** (born December 28, 1981 in Livonia, Michigan) is an NHL ice hockey right winger for the Calgary Flames. He was picked by the Calgary Flames with the 220th overall pick in the 2001 NHL Entry Draft. He played college hockey at the University of Michigan with the Michigan Wolverines ice hockey team.

Moss is the cousin of current Toronto Maple Leaf, Phil Kessel.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **team**: Calgary Flames
- **league**: National Hockey League, NHL
- **image**: DavidMoss.jpg
- **image size**: 200px
- **position**: Winger (ice hockey), Right Wing
- **shoots**: Right
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 3
- **weight lb**: 200
- **ntl team**: USA
- **birth place**: Livonia, Michigan, Livonia, Michigan, MI, USA
- **draft**: 220th overall
- **draft year**: 2001
- **draft team**: Calgary Flames
- **career start**: 2005
Zilda Arns

**Dr. Zilda Arns** (August 25, 1934 - January 12, 2010) was a Brazilian doctor and in 1983 set up the Children's Pastoral. Children's Pastoral is a Catholic church based organization which teaches mother basic health care skills. It has saved the lives of thousands of babies in Brazil.

She was born in the south of Brazil to German parents. She studied medicine at university and then set up clinics in Curitiba. She soon saw that much of the sickness, such as diarrhoea and dehydration could be prevented if parents knew how to care properly for their children. In 1983, her brother, Paulo Evaristo Arns, a bishop in the Catholic Church encouraged her to set up Children's Pastoral. It is now in 42,000 Brazilian communities, and has over 260,000 trained volunteers.

In 2007, Arns was given the Woodrow Wilson Award for Public service.

Arns was killed in the 2010 Haiti earthquake while speaking to a church group. She had gone there on a visit to a missionary organization helping with the care of babies.
Marshall Warren Nirenberg

**Marshall Warren Nirenberg** (April 10, 1927 - January 15, 2010) was an American biochemist. He won the 1968 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, along with Robert W. Holley and H. Gobind Khorana, for work on the genetic code and protein synthesis

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Marshall W. Nirenberg
- **image**: Marshall Nirenberg.jpg
- **caption**: Marshall Nirenberg
- **birth date**: April 10, 1927
- **birth place**: New York (city), New York, USA
- **death date**: January 15, 2010
- **field**: Zoology
Biochemistry
- **alma mater**: University of Florida
University of Michigan
- **prizes**: Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (1968)
Brad Maxwell

**Brad Robert Maxwell** (born July 8, 1957 in Brandon, Manitoba) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey  defenceman. During his junior career he won the Memorial Cup in 1977 as a member of the New Westminster Bruins.  Following that season Maxwell was selected seventh overall in the 1977 NHL Amateur Draft by the Minnesota North Stars. He spent time playing for Minnesota, the Quebec Nordiques, the Toronto Maple Leafs, the Vancouver Canucks and the New York Rangers before retiring in 1987.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **image**: Brad Maxwell Panini 1979.jpg
- **played for**: **National Hockey League, NHL**
Minnesota North Stars
Quebec Nordiques
Toronto Maple Leafs
Vancouver Canucks
New York Rangers
- **position**: Defenceman, Defence
- **shoots**: Right
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 2
- **weight lb**: 195
- **ntl team**: CAN
- **birth place**: Brandon, Manitoba, Brandon, Manitoba, MB, Canada, CAN
- **draft**: 7th overall
- **draft year**: 1977
- **draft team**: Minnesota North Stars
- **wha draft**: 12th overall
- **wha draft year**: 1977
- **wha draft team**: Birmingham Bulls
- **career start**: 1977
- **career end**: 1987
Viridiplantae

**Viridiplants** (**Viridiplantae**, 'green plants') are the clade which includes the green algae and land plants.

In some classification systems they have been called **Plantae**, by expanding the traditional plant kingdom (Embryophytes) to include the green algae.

Adl and colleagues, who produced a classification for eukaryotes in 2005, used the name **Chloroplastida** for this group, reflecting the group having primary chloroplasts with green chlorophyll. They rejected the name Viridiplantae on the grounds that most of the species are not plants, as understood traditionally.

There are more than 350,000 species of Viridiplantae.

## Group structure

The monophyletic Chlorophyta and Charophyta are classified under Viridiplantae. A common classification is:
- Viridiplantae
    - Chlorophyta
    - Streptophyta
        - Embryophyta
        - Charophyta
'Green algae' is not used here because they are definitely not monophyletic. It is just a convenience term for Chlorophyta and Charophyta together.

There are different opinions about the classification. Another opinion is that only the Charophyceae are closely related to land plants, and that arrangement is simplified as:
- Viridiplantae
    - Chlorophyta
    - Charophyta
        - Streptophyta
            - Embryophyta
            - Charophyceae
Bernie Morris

**Bernard Patrick Morris** (August 21, 1890 - May 16, 1963) was a Canadian ice hockey player for the old Seattle Metropolitans of the Pacific Coast Hockey Association.  When the Metropolitans became the first U.S.-based team to win the Stanley Cup in 1917, Morris scored 14 of Seattle's goals (in a best-of-five series).

## Playing career

Born in Brandon, Manitoba, Morris played for several senior teams in Manitoba and Saskatchewan before joining the Victoria Aristocrats of the Pacific Coast Hockey Association (PCHA) in 1914. He moved over to Seattle the following season, and played eight seasons for Seattle, and was a member of the Stanley Cup champion 1917 team. He played in two other Finals, the ill-fated 1919 series, and the 1923 series. He had an outstanding 1917 series, scoring 14 goals in four games. In 1923, he joined the Calgary Tigers and played a season and a half before joining the Boston Bruins of the National Hockey League (NHL). From 1925 unil 1930, he finished his career with various teams in the minor California Pro League, the Can-Pro and International League.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **image**: Bernie Morris.jpg
- **image size**: 230px
- **position**: Centre (ice hockey), Centre
- **played for**: Regina Capitals
Boston Bruins
Calgary Tigers
Seattle Metropolitans
Victoria Cougars, Victoria Aristocrats
- **shoots**: Right
- **height ft**: 5
- **height in**: 7
- **weight lb**: 145
- **birth place**: Brandon, Manitoba, Brandon, Manitoba, MB, Canada, CAN
- **career start**: 1910
- **career end**: 1930
Johan Ferrier

**Johan Henri Eliza Ferrier** (12 May 1910  – 4 January 2010) was the last governor of Suriname, and then became its first president in 1975. Ferrier was a teacher, a trade union leader and a radio pioneer. In 1946 he helped start the National Party of Suriname.

## Biography

Suriname was a Dutch colony, and Ferrier was made an adviser to the Minister of Education. In 1968 he was made Governor of Suriname. The country became independent on November 25, 1975, and Ferrier was made the first President of Suriname. The government was overthrown by a military coup in 1980, led by Desi Bouterse.

Ferrier and his family moved to the Netherlands where he wrote a children's book called "The Anansi Book".

## Infobox (politician)

- **name**: Johan Ferrier
- **image**: File:Ferrier in Suriname 1975 (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Ferrier in 1975
- **order**: President of Suriname, 1st
- **office**: President of Suriname
- **term start**: 25 November 1975
- **term end**: 13 August 1980
- **predecessor**: _Position established_
- **successor**: Hendrick Chin A Sen
- **office1**: Governor-General of Suriname
- **term start1**: 15 March 1968
- **term end1**: 25 November 1975
- **monarch1**: Juliana of the Netherlands, Juliana
- **primeminister1**: Henck Arron
- **predecessor1**: Henry Lucien de Vries
- **successor1**: _Position abolished_
- **office2**: Prime Minister of Suriname
- **term start2**: 16 April 1955
- **term end2**: 16 July 1958
- **monarch2**: Juliana
- **predecessor2**: Archibald Currie (Surinamese politician), Archibald Currie
- **successor2**: Severinus Desiré Emanuels
- **birth place**: Paramaribo, Surinam (Dutch colony), Surinam (now Suriname)
- **death place**: Oegstgeest, Netherlands
- **birthname**: Johan Henri Eliza Ferrier
- **party**: National Party of Suriname, National
- **children**: 8, including Cynthia McLeod, Cynthia, Joan Ferrier, Joan and Kathleen Ferrier (politician), Kathleen
- **alma mater**: University of Amsterdam (Doctorate, Dr.)
Nipple stimulation

**Nipple stimulation** is a sexual act of humans. Stimulation of the nipples is known to cause the body to release a hormone called oxytocin. Oxytocin is known to aid in the bonding of individuals. When a woman is breastfeeding, the frequency and the sucking of the baby will regulate the production and the amount of milk.
Natural rights and legal rights

**Natural rights** are rights that believe it is important for all humans and animals to have.  These rights are often called "inalienable", meaning they can never be taken away.

The idea first came up in ancient times but was discussed most famously by English philosopher John Locke in the 1600's. Locke said that the most important natural rights are "Life, Liberty, and Property". In the United States Declaration of Independence, the natural rights mentioned are "Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness".  The idea was also found in the Declaration of the Rights of Man. Locke, Jefferson, and others think that the purpose of government is to protect peoples' natural rights. A social contract is an implicit agreement among the members of a society to cooperate for social benefits. There have been many times in history that natural rights have been breached by both governments and individual people.

## Related pages

- Fundamental rights
- Natural law
- Social contract
Trisha Yearwood

**Patricia Lynn "Trisha" Yearwood** (born September 19, 1964) is an American country music singer and songwriter. Her first charting single was in 1991.

## Discography

- Studio albums
- _Trisha Yearwood_ (1991)
- _Hearts in Armor_ (1992)
- _The Song Remembers When_ (1993)
- _Thinkin' About You_ (1995)
- _Everybody Knows_ (1996)
- _Where Your Road Leads_ (1998)
- _Real Live Woman_ (2000)
- _Inside Out_ (2001)
- _Jasper County_ (2005)
- _Heaven, Heartache and the Power of Love_ (2007)
- _PrizeFighter: Hit After Hit_ (2014)
- _Every Girl_ (2019)
- _The Mirror_ (2025)

- Songs
- _Silent Night_ (featuring Kelly Clarkson and Reba McEntire) (2013)

## Related pages

- List of country musicians from Georgia (U.S. state)

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Trisha Yearwood
- **img**: Trisha Yearwood USO 2010.jpg
- **caption**: Trisha Yearwood
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Patricia Lynn Yearwood
- **birth place**: Monticello, Georgia, Monticello, Georgia (U.S. state), Georgia, United States, U.S.
- **genre**: Country music, Country
- **years active**: 1989–present
- **occupation**: Singer-songwriter, television personality
- **instrument**: Vocals, guitar
- **associated acts**: Kelly Clarkson, Don Henley, Aaron Neville, Josh Turner
- **label**: MCA Nashville, Big Machine Records, Big Machine, RCA Records Nashville, RCA Nashville
- **website**: [http://www.trishayearwood.com/ www.trishayearwood.com]
Chimera (mythology)

The **Chimera** (, _Khimaira_, from , _khimaros_, "she-goat") according to Greek mythology, was a fire-breathing monster that was composed of several different animals. The chimera is only one of several famous mythological hybrids. As with all mythical creatures, there is the question of its origin. In some traditions, the Chimera was one of the offspring of Typhon and Echidna and sister of such monsters as Cerberus and the Lernaean Hydra. However, the chimera does not appear to have an existence in physical reality, save for the individual animals from which it is composed of.

## Description

The most common description of the chimera comes from Homer's _Iliad_, in which the creature is said to have the head, and legs of a lion, the body of a goat, and tail of a snake. It is also believed to breathe fire and be female, despite the mane adorning the lions head. The chimera was said to be incredibly vicious and powerful, especially since as one single creature, it possessed the abilities of three separate animals.

The Chimera was eventually killed by the hero Bellerophon.
Lou Bega

**Lou Bega** was born as ***David Lubega*** on 13 April 1975 in Munich, Germany.

He is a Latin pop musician, famous for his song “Mambo No. 5”. This song is a remake of the Perez Prado instrumental from 1952. Bega added new lyrics to the song and sampled the original version extensively.

Bega had a multicultural upbringing as his mother is Sicilian and his father is from Uganda. Bega spent time in Miami during his teenage years.

Lou Bega has made music for Tropico video game.
Ragnar Granit

**Ragnar Arthur Granit**  (30 October 1900 – 12 March 1991) was a Finnish-Swedish doctor and scientist. He won the 1967 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (with Haldan Keffer Hartline and George Wald) for his work on the eye.

## History

His father was a forester, Arthur Wilhelm Granit, and his mother was Albertina Helena Malmberg Granit. Ragnar Granit married Baroness Marguerite Emma Bruun ("Daisy") in 1929.

For his research into the internal electrical impulses that take place as the eye processes vision, Ragnar Granit was given the 1967 Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology.

Granit received Swedish citizenship during World War II, and once said that his Nobel Prize "belongs fifty-fifty to Finland and Sweden".

## Education

- High School: Swedish Normallyceum, Helsinki (1919)
- University: Åbo Akademi University (1919)
- University: BS Medicine, University of Helsinki (1924)
- University: BS Philosophy, University of Helsinki (1924)
- Medical School: MD, University of Helsinki (1927)
- Scholar: Oxford University (1927-28)
- Scholar: Physiology, University of Helsinki (1929, 1932-33)
- Scholar: Medical Physics, University of Pennsylvania (1929-31)
- Professor: Physiology, University of Helsinki (1935-40)
- Professor: Physiology, Rockefeller University (1956-66)
- Scholar: Royal Caroline Institute, Stockholm (1940-46)
- Professor: Neurophysiology, Royal Caroline Institute, Stockholm (1946-67)

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Ragnar Arthur Granit
- **image**: Ragnar Granit.jpg
- **image size**: 250px
- **birth place**: Riihimäki, Finland
- **death place**: Stockholm, Sweden
- **occupation**: Medical doctor, Doctor and Science, scientist
- **known for**: Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1967
Shin-Ōsaka Station

**Shin-Ōsaka Station** (新大阪駅,しんおおさかえき) is a railway station of JR West, JR Central and Osaka Municipal Subway in Yodogawa-ku, Osaka, Japan.

## Adjacent stations

- JR West
- Sanyō Shinkansen
        - Kyoto (Tōkaidō Shinkansen) - **Shin-Ōsaka** - Shin-Kobe
- Tōkaidō Line (JR Kyoto Line)
    - Special Rapid Service
        - Takatsuki - **Shin-Ōsaka** - Ōsaka
    - Rapid Service
        - Ibaraki - **Shin-Ōsaka** - Ōsaka
    - Local
        - Higashi-Yodogawa - **Shin-Ōsaka** - Ōsaka
- Through trains to and from the Hanwa Line
    - Rapid Service, B Rapid Service
        - **Shin-Ōsaka** - Nishikujo
- JR Central
- Tōkaidō Shinkansen
        - Kyoto - **Shin-Ōsaka** - Shin-Kobe (Sanyō Shinkansen)
- Osaka Municipal Subway
- Midōsuji Line
        - Higashi-Mikuni (M12) - **Shin-Ōsaka** (M13) - Nishinakajima-Minamigata (M14)
Fontainebleau

**Fontainebleau** () is a commune in the metropolitan area of Paris, France. It is  south-southeast of the centre of Paris.

Fontainebleau is a sub-prefecture of the Seine-et-Marne department. It is the seat of the Arrondissement of Fontainebleau. The commune has the largest land area in the Île-de-France region. It is the only one to cover a larger area than Paris itself.

Fontainebleau, together with the neighbouring commune of Avon, Seine-et-Marne and three other smaller communes, form an urban area of 36,713 people (according to the 1999 census). This urban area is a satellite of Paris.

Fontainebleau is known for the large and scenic Forest of Fontainebleau, a favourite weekend getaway for Parisians. It is also known for the historical Palace of Fontainebleau, which once belonged to the kings of France.
Mudrock

**Mudrocks** make up most of the sedimentary rocks on Earth. They are a class of fine grained siliciclastic sedimentary rocks.

The types of mudrocks include: _siltstone_, _claystone_, _mudstone_, _slate_, and _shale_.

Most of the particles are less than 0.0625 mm (1/16th mm or 0.0025 inches) and are too small to study readily in the field. At first sight the rock types look quite similar; however, there are important differences in composition and naming.

There has been a great deal of disagreement about the classification of mudrocks. There are some reasons for this:
    1. Mudrocks are the least understood, and one of the most understudied sedimentary rocks to date
    1. It is difficult to study mudrock constituents, due to their tiny size
    1. And most importantly, there is more than one classification scheme accepted by scientists

Mudrocks make up half of the sedimentary rocks in the geologic record, and are easily the most widespread deposits on Earth. Fine sediment is the most abundant product of erosion, which is why mudrocks are so common.

With increased pressure over time the platey clay minerals may become aligned, with the appearance of parallel layering (fissility). This finely bedded material which splits readily into thin layers is called _shale_, as distinct from _mudstone_.

From the beginning of civilization, when pottery and mudbricks were made by hand, to now, mudrocks have been important. The first book on mudrocks was not published until 1964. However, scientists, engineers, and oil producers have understood the significance of mudrocks since the discovery of the Burgess Shale and the relatedness of mudrocks and oil.

## Related pages

- Mud
- Mudstone
Siltstone

A **siltstone** is a mudrock. For a rock to be a siltstone, it must be over fifty percent silt-sized material.

Silt is any particle smaller than sand, 1/16th of a millimeter (~0.06 mm), and larger than clay, 1/256th (~0.004 mm) of millimeter. Silt is the product of physical weathering, such as freezing and thawing. Physical weathering does not involve any chemical changes in the rock, just its physical breaking apart.

One of the highest proportions of silt found on Earth is in the Himalayas, which get rainfall of up to five to ten meters (16 to 33 feet) a year. Quartz and feldspar are the biggest contributors to silt. Silt tends to be non-cohesive, non-plastic, but can liquefy easily.

There is a simple field test to judge whether a rock is a siltstone or not, and that is to put the rock to one's teeth. If the rock feels "gritty" against one's teeth, than it is a siltstone.

## References

- Folk, R.L., 1965, _Petrology of sedimentary rocks_ PDF version . Austin: Hemphill’s Bookstore. 2nd ed. 1981.
- Williams, Howel; Francis J. Turner and Charles M. Gilbert 1954. _Petrography_, W.H. Freeman
Maria Mitchell

**Maria Mitchell** (1818–1889) was one of the first female astronomers. She was born in Nantucket, Massachusetts. She attended a local girls school. Later, Mitchell attended a school run by her father. Mitchell opened her own school when she was 17. Her school had many programs. These programs allowed students to birdwatch. They also allowed students to observe astronomy.

Mitchell’s love for astronomy started when her father began keeping a small observatory. She began to observe space and notice things. The accomplishment that made Mitchell famous was when she discovered a comet in October 1847. The comet was later known as Miss Mitchell's comet, and is now called C/1847 T1. She received a medal from the king of Denmark after discovering the comet.

Mitchell also helped make accurate calculations of time, latitude, and longitude. Mitchell became the first woman elected to join the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the year after. In 1850, she joined the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Afterward, she became professor of astronomy at Vassar College in 1865. She stayed there until she retired in 1888. Mitchell died one year later at age 71.

After Mitchell’s death, she was recognized as a great astronomer. In 1905, she was elected into the Hall of Fame for Great Americans.
Mudstone

A **mudstone** is a siliciclastic sedimentary rock which has a mixture of silt- and clay-sized particles (at least 1/3 of each). So, a mudstone is a type of mudrock with a more varied grain size than either siltstones or claystones.

Alternatively, some sources say it is a synonym for mudrock.

## Claystone

A **claystone** is a mudrock  which does not split easily.

In order for a rock to be a claystone, it must be up to half (50%) clay, whose particles measure less than 1/256th of a millimeter.

## Related pages

- Mud