juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
History of baseball in the United States

The **history of baseball in the United States** can be traced to the 19th century. This is when amateurs played a baseball-like game by their own informal rules using equipment they made themselves. The popularity of the sport inspired the semi-pro national baseball clubs in the 1860s.

## Early history

The earliest known mention of baseball in the United States was a 1791 Pittsfield, Massachusetts, law banning the playing of the game within  of the town meeting house. In 1903, the British sportswriter Henry Chadwick wrote an article saying that baseball came from a British game called rounders. A game  which Chadwick had played as a boy in England. But baseball executive Albert Spalding disagreed. Baseball, said Spalding, was basically an American sport and began in America. To decide they agreed to let Abraham G. Mills settle the question by heading a commission. After three years they found that Abner Doubleday had invented the national pastime.

In 2004, baseball historian John Thorn discovered the 1791 town ordinance, putting Pittsfield's connection to baseball 48 years before Abner Doubleday accepted invention of the game in 1839 in Cooperstown, New York. This is where the National Baseball Hall of Fame now stands. The Hall of Fame recognized the ordinance as the first known reference to the game and honored the town with a plaque. Another early reference reports that _base ball_ was regularly played on Saturdays in 1823 just outside of New York City in an area that today is Greenwich Village.

## Betting scandals

Baseball started out being a game children played. Baseball's rise in popularity coincided with professional gamblers noticing the game. Those who ran gambling games thought adults would be more interested if they could bet on who would win. This would also add profits for gambling halls. Very soon gamblers were paying players to lose intentionally (called "throwing" a game) for a percentage of the profits. Players, fans and probably even umpires, all gambled on every part of a game. This is how most players made any money playing baseball.

The 1919 Black Sox Scandal took place during the 1919 World Series. The Chicago White Sox lost the series to the Cincinnati Reds. Eight White Sox players were later accused of intentionally losing the games in exchange for money from gamblers. The players were found not guilty in court but were still banned for life from baseball. But game-fixing dates dates back to 1865. That was the first scandal where three players were banned from playing again.
Blackmail (disambiguation)

**Blackmail** is the act of threatening to reveal information about a person or group unless a specific demand is met.

Emotional blackmail is a form of psychological manipulation.

**Blackmail** may also refer to:

- _Blackmail_, a 1929 UK film directed by Alfred Hitchcock
- _Blackmailer_ (1936 film), a 1936 US film directed by Gordon Wiles
- _Blackmail_ (1939 movie), a 1939 US film starring Edward G. Robinson
- _Blackmail_ (1947 movie), a 1947 film noir
- _Blackmailed_ (1951 film), a 1951 film with James Robertson Justice
- _Black Mail_ (1973 film), a 1973 Hindi film starring Dharmendra
- _Black Mail_ (1985 film), a 1985 Malayalam film
- _Black Mail_ (1991 film), a 1991 US television film starring Susan Blakely
- _Blackmail_ (2005 film), a 2005 Hindi film starring Ajay Devgan
- _Blackmail_ (2015 film), a Bangladeshi film
- Blackmail (band), a German indie rock band
- _Blackmail_ (album), the self-named debut album of the band
- Blackmail (webisodes), a spin-off series of mini-episodes of _The Office_
- "Blackmail" (_Law & Order_), a 2010 episode of the long-running NBC legal drama, _Law & Order_
- "Blackmail", a song by 10cc from the album _The Original Soundtrack_
Qom

**Qom** is the second largest city of Iran and one of the main holy bases of Shia Islam. The city dates back to before the rise of Islam. The city was conquered by Muslims in 23/644-645 but the people of Qom converted to Islam with the immigration of Ash'ariyyun in 85/704-705, the beginning of the development of Qom as a Shia city was from that time.

Immigration of Lady Fatima al-Ma'suma to Qom and his shrine in the city, and after that, immigration of other Imam's descendants and Sayyids, made the city the base of Shi'ism in Iran. Foundation of Qom seminary added to the Shi'a fame of the city.

Today, the city is the greatest base of Shi'ism from which the Shi'a knowledge is promoted to the world.

## References

- The material for writing this article is mainly taken from قم  in Farsi WikiShia.
Wileroltigen

**Wileroltigen** is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Wileroltigen
- **municipality name**: Wileroltigen
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Wileroltigen COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Wileroltigen.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Bern
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BE
- **district**: Bern-Mittelland (administrative district), Bern-Mittelland
- **postal code**: 3207
- **municipality code**: 0671
- **area**: 4.15
- **elevation**: 513
- **population**: 391
- **populationof**: Dec 2011
- **popofyear**: 2011
- **website**: www.wileroltigen.ch
- **mayor**: Fritz Stooss-Stähli
- **neighboring municipalities**: Ferenbalm, Golaten, Gurbrü, Kerzers (FR), Mühleberg
Willadingen

**Willadingen** is a municipality in the administrative district of Emmental in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official website of Willadingen

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Willadingen
- **municipality name**: Willadingen
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Willadingen COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Willadingen.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Bern
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BE
- **district**: Emmental (administrative district), Emmental
- **postal code**: 3425
- **municipality code**: 0423
- **area**: 2.2
- **elevation**: 465
- **population**: 203
- **populationof**: Dec 2015
- **popofyear**: 2015
- **website**: www.willadingen.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Heinrichswil-Winistorf (SO), Höchstetten, Koppigen, Recherswil (SO)
Wimmis

**Wimmis** is a municipality in the administrative district of Frutigen-Niedersimmental in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Wimmis
- **image photo**: Wimmis Luftaufnahme.jpg
- **municipality name**: Wimmis
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Wimmis COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Wimmis.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Bern
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BE
- **district**: Frutigen-Niedersimmental (administrative district), Frutigen-Niedersimmental
- **postal code**: 3752
- **municipality code**: 0769
- **area**: 22.3
- **elevation**: 629
- **population**: 2463
- **populationof**: Dec 2011
- **popofyear**: 2011
- **website**: www.wimmis.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Aeschi bei Spiez, Diemtigen, Erlenbach im Simmental, Reichenbach im Kandertal, Reutigen, Spiez
Lanyard

A **lanyard** is a cord or strap. It is made to help the wearer keep and use some basic items of equipment, especially small items. It is usually worn around the neck with an ID card or keys.

Lanyards were first introduced in the 15th century. In the military, lanyards are worn on the shoulders of uniforms to denote the wearer's qualification or regimental affiliation.

## Other websites

- Lanyards - a historical view
Controlled flight into terrain

A **controlled flight into terrain** (**CFIT**, usually pronounced _cee-fit_) is an accident in which an airworthy aircraft, under pilot control, is unintentionally flown into the ground, a mountain, a body of water or an obstacle. In a typical CFIT scenario, the crew is not aware of the situation until it is too late to stop it. The term was coined by engineers at Boeing in the late 1970s.

Accidents where the aircraft is out of control at the time of impact, because of mechanical failure or pilot error, are not considered CFIT (they are known as _uncontrolled flight into terrain_). Accidents resulting from the deliberate action of the person flying the aircraft, such as acts of terrorism or suicide by pilot.

According to Boeing, CFIT is a leading cause of airplane accidents involving the loss of life. It has caused over 9,000 deaths since the beginning of the commercial jet age. CFIT was identified as a cause of 25% of USAF Class A mishaps between 1993 and 2002.

## References

- Fatal Plane Crash Recorded From Inside The Plane (CFIT); YouTube
- Controlled Flight Into Terrain - by Cessna; YouTube
Savio (river)

The **Savio** () is a river that starts in the Apennines mountain and flows to east into the Adriatic Sea. It is the longest river of the Romagna region.

## Geography

The Savio river has a length of , and a drainage basin with an area of approximately .

Its discharge (volume of water which passes through a section of the river per unit of time) depends of the season: in the autumn could be as high as 1,000 cubic metres per second but is very low during summer. Most of the time, the discharge is about 6 cubic metres per second.

### Course

The Savio river starts, with the name of _Fosso Grosso_, in the Mount Fumaiolo, a mountain in the Apennines, at an elevation of about , in the commune of Verghereto, in the border between Tuscany and Emilia-Romagna regions. At its source there is monument with symbols that represent the Romagna region and the Verghereto commune.

In _Montecoronaro_, a _frazione_ (an Italian subdivision of a municipality) of Verghereto, the river takes the name of _Savio_. The river flows through the communes of Bagno di Romagna and San Piero in Bagno and, after a few kilometres, it forms an artificial reservoir, the _Lago di Quarto_, where it is joined, on the right side, by its first important tributary, the stream _Para_.

It flows through the communes of Sarsina, Mercato Saraceno and Cesena, all in the province of Forlì-Cesena. In _Botello_ (a _frazione_ of Cesena), it is joined on the left side by its main tributary, the stream _Botello_. Then it goes into the province of Ravenna and flows through _Castiglione di Cervia_ (commune of Cervia) and _Castiglione di Ravenna_ (commune of Ravenna).

Finally, after 126 kilometres, it flows into the Adriatic Sea between Lido di Classe, a seaside resort, and Lido di Savio.

## Main tributaries

The tributaries of the Savio are all small streams; the main are the Botello, left tributary, and Para, coming from the right.

## Related pages

- List of rivers of Italy

## Other websites

- F.I.P.S.A.S. Sezione Provinciale di Forlì-Cesena: _Fiume Savio_
- Weather statistics for Fiume Savio

## Infobox (river)

- **name**: Savio
- **image caption**: The Savio at Castiglione di Ravenna
- **map**: LocationSavioRiver.png
- **source1 location**: Mount Castelvecchio near Montecoronaro
- **mouth location**: Adriatic Sea near Lido di Savio
- **subdivision type1**: Country
- **subdivision name1**: Italy
Alexander Dubček

**Alexander Dubček** was a Slovak politician. He was briefly leader of Czechoslovakia (1968–1969).

Dubček tried to change the communist government during the Prague Spring. He was made to quit after the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia. He became a politician again after the Velvet Revolution.

## Infobox (president)

- **name**: Alexander Dubček
- **image**: Dubcek (upscale).jpg
- **caption**: Alexander Dubček in 1989
- **office**: List of presidents of Czechoslovakia, First Secretary of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia
- **term start**: 5 January 1968
- **term end**: 17 April 1969
- **predecessor**: Antonín Novotný
- **successor**: Gustáv Husák
- **office2**: Federal Assembly (Czechoslovakia), Chairman of Federal Assembly of Czechoslovakia
- **term start2**: 28 December 1989
- **term end2**: 25 June 1992
- **predecessor2**: Alois Indra
- **successor2**: Michal Kováč
- **office3**: Federal Assembly (Czechoslovakia), Chairman of Federal Assembly of Czechoslovakia
- **term start3**: 28 April 1969
- **term end3**: 15 October 1969
- **predecessor3**: Peter Colotka
- **successor3**: Dalibor Hanes
- **birth place**: Uhrovec, Czechoslovakia
 <small>(now Slovakia)</small>
- **death place**: Prague, Czechoslovakia
 <small>(now Czech Republic)</small>
- **party**: Communist Party of Slovakia (1939), Communist Party of Slovakia (1939-1948)

Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (1948–1970)

Public Against Violence (1989-1992)

Social Democratic Party of Slovakia (1992)
- **signature**: Signature of Alexander Dubček.png
Walter Hallstein

**Walter Hallstein** (17 November 1901 – 29 March 1982) was a German academic, diplomat, and politician. He was the first president of the Commission of the European Economic Community. He was one of the founding fathers of the European Union.

Hallstein is also the person behind the Hallstein Doctrine, wich the former state of West Germany proclaimed in 1955. It meant that West Germany wouldn't have diplomatic relations with countries that recognized East Germany.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Walter Hallstein
- **image**: Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F004665-0003, Walter Hallstein.jpg
- **office**: President of the European Commission
- **term start**: 7 January 1958
- **term end**: 30 June 1967
- **predecessor**: Position established
- **successor**: Jean Rey (politician), Jean Rey
- **birth place**: Mainz, German Empire
- **death place**: Stuttgart, West Germany
- **party**: Christian Democratic Union (Germany), Christian Democratic Union
- **alma mater**: Humboldt University of Berlin, Friedrich Wilhelm University
Todor Zhivkov

**Todor Hristov Zhivkov** ( ; 7 September 1911 – 5 August 1998) was the communist head of state of the People's Republic of Bulgaria (PRB) from March 4, 1954 until November 10, 1989.

Zhivkov was the longest-serving leader of any Eastern Bloc nation. He is one of the longest ruling non-royal leaders in history.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Todor Zhivkov
- **image**: Bundesarchiv Bild 183-B0115-0010-066, Berlin, VI. SED-Parteitag, Warnke, Shiwkow - Zhivkov.jpg
- **nationality**: Bulgarians, Bulgarian
- **office**: Bulgarian Communist Party, General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Bulgarian Communist Party
- **term start**: March 4, 1954
- **term end**: November 10, 1989
- **predecessor**: Valko Chervenkov
- **successor**: Petar Mladenov
- **office2**: List of heads of state of Bulgaria, 1st List of heads of state of Bulgaria, Chairman of the State Council
- **term start2**: 7 July 1971
- **term end2**: 17 November 1989
- **predecessor2**: Georgi Traykov <small>(as Chairman of the Presidium of the National Assembly)</small>
- **successor2**: Petar Mladenov
- **office3**: List of Prime Ministers of Bulgaria, 36th Prime Minister of Bulgaria
- **term start3**: 19 November 1962
- **term end3**: 7 July 1971
- **predecessor3**: Anton Yugov
- **successor3**: Stanko Todorov
- **birth place**: Pravets, Kingdom of Bulgaria
- **death place**: Sofia, Bulgaria
- **spouse**: Mara Maleeva
- **children**: Lyudmila Zhivkova, Lyudmila (1942-1981)
 Vladimir (1952-)
- **party**: Bulgarian Communist Party (1932-1990) Independent (politician), Independent (1990-1998)
- **native name**: Тодор Живков
Blek le Rat

**Blek le Rat** is **Xavier Prou**. He was one of the first graffiti artists in Paris, and has been described as the "Father of stencil graffiti".

Xavier Prou was born on 15 November 1951 in Boulogne-Billancourt in the western suburbs of Paris.

## Early career and influence

Blek began his artwork in 1981, painting stencils of rats on the walls of Parisian streets. He described the rat as "the only free animal in the city", and one which "spreads the plague everywhere, just like street art". His name comes from the comic book _Blek le Roc_, using "rat" as an anagram for "art".

## Related pages

- Banksy
Murray Gell-Mann

**Murray Gell-Mann** (September 15, 1929 – May 24, 2019) was an American physicist who received the 1969 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on the theory of elementary particles. He was the Robert Andrews Millikan Professor of Theoretical Physics Emeritus at the California Institute of Technology, a Distinguished Fellow and co-founder of the Santa Fe Institute, Professor in the Physics and Astronomy Department of the University of New Mexico, and the Presidential Professor of Physics and Medicine at the University of Southern California.

Gell-Mann has also worked at CERN, as a John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation Fellow in 1972.

## Works

He was known for his study of particle physics, the smallest parts that make up the universe. These small particles behaved in ways that did not appear to follow the known laws of physics, and Gell-Mann came up with the idea of giving them a strangeness number which could allow them to be compared and put into categories. He also came up with idea that parts of an atom, the proton ad the neutron were made up of even smaller particles. He called the quarks, a nonsense work from James Joyce's book, _Finnigan's Wake_.

Gell-Mann then developed the idea that quarks were held together inside the nucleus by a force he called "color", and this force could be given a quantum number. With Richard Feynman he discovered a weak interaction between sub-atomic particles. He researched string theory which could explain what makes up the smallest particles and forces.

## Personal life

Gell-Mann was an agnostic. Gell-Mann supported Barack Obama for the United States presidency in October 2008.

Gell-Mann died on May 24, 2019 at his home in Santa Fe, New Mexico, aged 89.

## Other websites

- Gell-Mann's Home Page at SFI
    - "Beauty, truth and ... physics?" (TED2007)
    - "The ancestor of language" (TED2007)
- Murray Gell-Mann Video Interview with the Academy of Achievement in 1990
- Murray Gell-Mann talks quarks (Video)
- Membership at the Council on Foreign Relations

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Murray Gell-Mann
- **image**: Murray Gell-Mann - World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2012.jpg
- **image size**: 225px
- **caption**: Gell-Mann at the World Economic Forum Annual Meeting, 2012
- **birth place**: Manhattan, New York City, U.S.
- **death place**: Santa Fe, New Mexico, U.S.
- **citizenship**: United States
- **nationality**: American
- **field**: Physics
- **thesis title**: Coupling strength and nuclear reactions
- **thesis year**: 1951
- **thesis url**: http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/12195
- **children**: Two + 1 stepchild
Beatriz Montañez

**Beatriz Montañez López** (born 3 June 1977 in Almadén, Castile-La Mancha) is a Spanish journalist and radio speaker.

### Early years

She began working in the radio at Onda Mancha from Almadén (currently Cadena SER Almadén). Afterwards she went to the University of California where she got a degree in journalism. At same time, Montañez worked in several Spanish language radio stations in the U.S., Telemundo and Radio KLVE among others.

Back in Spain, she studied audiovisual communication and production at Instituto de RTVE and made a master via online at Harvard University.

### LaSexta

In 2006 began to work in LaSexta's _El Intermedio_ as anchorwoman and El Gran Wyoming as host.

In 2011 she left the programme being replaced by Sandra Sabatés.

### Tele 5

In 2013 was hired by Tele 5 to present along Jordi González: _El gran debate_. In March, 2014 hosted _Hable con ellas_, an interview TV-magazine at the same channel until July.

### Book

On March 15, 2021, she publishes the book "Niadela", where she talks about how she decided to live a simple life alone in the mountains.
Gōjū-ryū

**Gōjū-ryū** is Japanese for "hard-soft style." It is one of the main traditional Okinawan styles of karate.  Gōjū-ryū uses a combination of hard and soft techniques. Both principles, hard and soft, come from the famous martial arts book used by Okinawan masters during the 19th and 20th centuries, the _Bubishi_ ().  **Gō**, which means hard, refers to closed hand techniques or straight linear attacks. **Jū**, which means soft, refers to open hand techniques and circular movements. Gōjū-ryū uses both circular and linear movements. It combines hard striking attacks such as kicks. It also uses close hand punches with softer open hand circular techniques. These are used for attacking, blocking, and controlling the opponent. This includes locks, grappling, takedowns and throws.
Palmiro Togliatti

**Palmiro Togliatti** was an Italian politician. He was leader of the Italian Communist Party from 1927 until his death.

Togliatti began his political life in the Italian Socialist Party. After World War I he created the Communist Party of Italy with others. In 1926 Benito Mussolini outlawed the party. Togliatti became the leader in exile. In 1943, the name was changed to the Italian Communist Party. In 1944 Togliatti returned to Italy. He died of a cerebral hemorrhage in Crimea.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Palmiro Togliatti
- **image**: Togliatti.jpg
- **office**: List of secretaries of the Italian Communist Party, General Secretary of the
 Italian Communist Party
- **term start**: 1927
- **term end**: 1964
- **predecessor**: Antonio Gramsci
- **successor**: Luigi Longo
- **office1**: Italian Minister of Justice
- **term start1**: 21 June 1945
- **term end1**: 1 July 1946
- **primeminister1**: Alcide De Gasperi
- **predecessor1**: Umberto Tupini
- **successor1**: Fausto Gullo
- **office3**: Chamber of Deputies (Italy), Member of the Chamber of Deputies
- **term start3**: 8 May 1948
- **term end3**: 21 August 1964
- **constituency3**: Lazio - XV
- **birth place**: Genoa, Italy
- **death place**: Yalta, Ukrainian SSR, Ukraine, Soviet Union
- **nationality**: Italians, Italian
- **party**: Italian Socialist Party
<small>(1914–1921)</small>
Communist Party of Italy
<small>(1921–1943)</small>
Italian Communist Party
<small>(1943–1964)</small>
- **alma mater**: University of Turin
- **residence**: Modena, Emilia-Romagna, Italy
- **profession**: Journalist
Keith Holyoake

**Sir Keith Jacka Holyoake**,  (; 11 February 1904 – 8 December 1983) was the 26th Prime Minister of New Zealand. He served for a brief period in 1957 and then from 1960 to 1972. He was also the 13th Governor-General of New Zealand, serving from 1977 to 1980.

Holyoake was a Member of Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council. He used the following Post-nominal letters:
- **KG** Knight Companion of the Most Noble Order of the Garter
- **GCMG** Knight Grand Cross of The Most Distinguished Order Of Saint Michael And Saint George
- **CH** Order of the Companions of Honour
- **QSO** Companion of the Queen's Service Order
- **KStJ** Knight of Justice of The Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **honorific-prefix**: The Right Honourable
- **name**: Sir Keith Holyoake
- **caption**: Keith Holyoake in 1960
- **alt**: b&w portrait photo of a man in his mid fifties
- **order**: 13th
- **office**: Governor-General of New Zealand
- **monarch**: Elizabeth II
- **term start**: 26 October 1977
- **term end**: 25 October 1980
- **predecessor**: Sir Denis Blundell
- **successor**: Sir David Beattie
- **order1**: 26th
- **office1**: Prime Minister of New Zealand
- **monarch1**: Elizabeth II
- **governor-general1**: Charles Lyttelton, 10th Viscount Cobham, Charles Lyttelton
Bernard Fergusson, Baron Ballantrae, Bernard Fergusson
Arthur Porritt, Baron Porritt, Arthur Porritt
- **term start1**: 12 December 1960
- **term end1**: 7 February 1972
- **deputy1**: Jack Marshall
- **predecessor1**: Walter Nash
- **successor1**: Jack Marshall
- **monarch2**: Elizabeth II
- **governor-general2**: Charles Lyttelton, 10th Viscount Cobham, Charles Lyttelton
- **term start2**: 20 September 1957
- **term end2**: 12 December 1957
- **deputy2**: Jack Marshall
- **predecessor2**: Sidney Holland
- **successor2**: Walter Nash
- **order3**: 1st
- **office3**: Deputy Prime Minister of New Zealand
- **term start3**: 13 November 1954
- **term end3**: 20 September 1957
- **primeminister3**: Sidney Holland
- **predecessor3**: _Office created_
- **successor3**: Jack Marshall
- **birth place**: Pahiatua, Manawatu-Wanganui, New Zealand
- **death place**: Wellington, New Zealand
- **party**: New Zealand Reform Party, Reform
New Zealand National Party, National
Gaafar Nimeiry

**Gaafar Muhammad an-Nimeiry** was the President of Sudan from 1969 to 1985. His name is also spelled **Jaafar Nimeiry**, **Gaafar Nimeiry** or **Ga'far Muhammad Numayri**.

Nimeiry came to power after a military coup in 1969. In 1972 he signed the Addis Ababa Agreement, ending the First Sudanese Civil War. In 1983 he imposed Sharia law. This led to the Second Sudanese Civil War. He was removed from power in 1985. Nimeiry went into exile in Egypt.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Gaafar Nimeiry
- **image**: Gaafar Nimeiry in 1974.jpg
- **caption**: Nimeiry in 1974
- **office**: 4th President of the Sudan
- **term start**: 12 October 1971
- **term end**: 6 April 1985
Acting President of Sudan, Acting: 25 May 1969 – 12 October 1971
- **predecessor**: Ismail al-Azhari
- **birth place**: Omdurman, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, Sudan
- **death place**: Khartoum (state), Khartoum, Sudan
- **party**: Sudanese Socialist Union
Thirunallar

**Thirunallar** is a small town in the district of Karaikal, Puducherry Union territory, India. It is on the banks of Noolaaru River and Vanchiaaru River in the north and the banks of Arasalar River in the south.

Thirunallar is specially famous for the temple dedicated to Lord Shani, or Lord Saturn. The temple is named after him, Thirunallar Saniswaran temple. The main deity of the town is Lord Dharbharanyeshwarar, a form of Lord Shiva.

The temple of this town is the only temple dedicated to Lord Shani in the whole world. Whenever Lord Saturn passes from one zodiac sign to the other (Sani Peyarchi), millions of people comes to Thirunallar for worshiping the lord. The Nala theertham or Nalan kulam is the temple tank of this temple, which is said to be washing away all misfortunes caused by karma. That is why Lord Shani is renowned as "the dispenser of Karma".

Thirunallar is believed to be named for King Nala, the king of the country of Nishadha.

## Other websites

- Official page
Tirumalairayanpattinam

**Tirumalairayanpattinam** is a census town in Karaikal district, Puducherry Union territory, India. This is also a religious town like the other main renowned towns in the Karaikal district. The town's name is often shortened to **TR Pattinam**. This town is on the banks of Thirumalairajanar River

TR Pattinam is named after a king like the town of Thirunallar. Tirumalairayanpattinam is named after King Thirumalai Raja, who ruled this town from 1453 to 1468. At his time both the river and the town was named after him. But later the name of the town changed to Tirumalairayan pattinam.

## Famous things in the Tirumalairayan Pattinam

- A 160 year old bridge still stands in the Tirumalairajan River.

- Aayiram Kaali Amman Temple is an ancient temple. The deity is made entirely of wood.

- Maasi magam festival

- Arulmigu Abhirami Amman Temple is also a famous temple.

## Transportation

TR Pattinam has its own railway station under the control of the Indian Railways. It is also well connected with the port city and the district headquarters, Karaikal.
Oswald the Lucky Rabbit

**Oswald the Lucky Rabbit** is the first animal-based character made by Disney productions.  In 1927, Universal Studios hired Disney studios to make him for _Alice Comedies_. Universal Studios owned the character by law.

According to Disney, Universal Studios named him "Oswald" by picking the name out of a hat.

Oswald was called the lucky rabbit because of the idea of rabbits' feet being lucky.  In his cartoons, Oswald would pull off his own foot, rub it for luck, and then put it back.

Oswald is drawn with big eyes, big ears and shorts like the ones Mickey Mouse wears Unlike Mickey, Oswald does not have buttons on his pants.

When Disney separated from Universal Studios, the artists there made a new character called Mickey Mouse. Meanwhile, Universal used Oswald the Lucky Rabbit in comics in 1935 and in animated programs until 1943.

Disney bought Oswald back in 2006. Disney put him in the video game _Epic Mickey_ in 2010 for the Nintendo Wii

Since 2024, all of the Disney-era Oswald cartoons are in the public domain. In the same year, the Winkler Oswald cartoons released in 1928 are in the public domain.
Fátima Bernardes

**Fátima Bernardes** (born September 17, 1962) is a Brazilian journalist and talk show host. She has worked at Rede Globo since 1987. In this television network she  started to work in TV newscasts and became very famous. In 2011, she trended worldwide on Twitter after announcing her new professional phase as show host. Forbes has said Bernardes could become as popular as Oprah''.

## Filmography

|colspan="5" style="background: LightSteelBlue;"|TV||||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|rowspan="2"|2012|_Encontro com Fátima Bernardes_|Herself / presenter|rowspan="5"|Rede Globo|2012 - present|
|_Cheias de Charme_ (Sparkling Girls)|Herself|Guest Star|||||
|rowspan="2"|2014|_Geração Brasil_ (G3N3R4T1ON BR4Z1L)|Herself / ceremonialist|Guest Star|||
|_Tá no Ar: a TV na TV_ (Okay Up: TV on TV)|Herself|Guest Star|||||
|2015|_Alto Astral_ (High Spirits)|Herself|Guest Star||||
1926 Miami hurricane

The **1926 Miami Hurricane** (or the **Great Miami Hurricane**) was a very large and violent tropical cyclone. The hurricane caused a lot of damage in the Miami metropolitan area of southern Florida and in the Bahamas.

The storm caused $78.5 million in damage to the United States. Estimates from 2010 put the damage at $165 billion, meaning the storm surpasses Katrina as the costliest U.S. hurricane.

Between 372 and 540 deaths happened because of the hurricane.

## Infobox (hurricane)

- **name**: Hurricane Seven
- **basin**: Atl
- **type**: hurricane
- **year**: 1926
- **image**: Miami hurricane weather map (enlarged), September 18, 1926 (5109773).jpg
- **caption**: Surface weather analysis of the hurricane nearing landfall in South Florida on September 18
- **alt**: Black and white
- **1-min winds**: 130
- **pressure**: 930
- **pressurepost**: estimated
- **damages**: 78.58
- **damagespost**: List of costliest Atlantic hurricanes, Costliest U.S. hurricane when adjusted for wealth normalization (statistics), normalization
- **fatalities**: 372–539+
- **affected**: Turks and Caicos Islands, The Bahamas, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana
- **cycloneseason**: 1926 Atlantic hurricane season
Miami metropolitan area

The **Miami metropolitan area** is the metropolitan area including Miami and its nearby communities. As of 2020, there were more than six million inhabitants. This makes the Miami metropolitan area the most populous in Florida and the Southeastern United States.

The Miami metropolitan area includes Miami-Dade County, Broward and Palm Beach counties in southeastern Florida. This area is also called the Gold Coast.

Cities in the Miami metropolitan area include Miami itself, Homestead, Hialeah and Miami Beach.
Valparai

**Valparai** is a town in the district of Coimbatore of Tamil Nadu. Valparai is 100 km away from the district headquarters Coimbatore. Areas in Valparai are mostly owned by private tea companies and large forest areas. It is a hill station, located 3500 feet(1100m) height above sea level on the Anaimalai Hills range of the Western Ghats.

Earliest records say that in 1846 Ramasamy Mudaliar started a coffee plantation here. Later in 1864, the Karnatic coffee company started a coffee plantation in this area. In 1890, W.Wintil and Nordan bought this area from the Madras State Government (present Tamil Nadu) under the British Raj. Mr.Wintil deforested the forest areas in Valparai to cultivate tea and coffee.

According to the 2011 census, Valparai has a population of 70,859 with sex ratio of 1013 per 1000 males and literacy rate 78.47%. 59.68% of the population consist of Scheduled Castes and 1.75% population of the Scheduled Tribes.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Valparai
- **native name**: வால்பாறை
- **native name lang**: Tamil
- **settlement type**: town
- **image skyline**: Tea Plantations in Valparai, Tamil Nadu.jpg
- **image caption**: Valparai
- **pushpin map**: India Tamil Nadu
- **pushpin label position**: right
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Tamil Nadu, India
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: India
- **subdivision type1**: States and territories of India, State
- **subdivision name1**: Tamil Nadu
- **subdivision type2**: List of districts of India, District
- **subdivision name2**: Coimbatore district, Coimbatore
- **leader title**: Municipal Chairman
- **leader name**: K. Balamurugan
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **elevation m**: 1193
- **population total**: 70859
- **population as of**: 2011
- **population density km2**: auto
- **demographics type1**: Languages
- **demographics1 title1**: Official
- **demographics1 info1**: Tamil language, Tamil
- **timezone1**: Indian Standard Time, IST
- **utc offset1**: +5:30
- **postal code type**: Postal Index Number, PIN
- **postal code**: 642127
- **area code type**: Telephone code
- **area code**: 04253
- **registration plate**: TN 41
Yanam district

**Yanam district** is one of the four districts of the Union Territory of Puducherry.

Yanam is a small territory of just 20 km<sup>2</sup>. It is in Andhra Pradesh. But **Yanam district**, Mahe district, Karaikal district and Puducherry district comes under Puducherry Union territory, as they were French colonies up to 1954.

Yanam is surrounded by the district of East Godavari of Andhra Pradesh. Yanam district consists of 7 revenue villages and a town. Yanam is a town as well as the district headquarters. The other villages are Agraharam, Darialatippa, Farampeta, Guerempeta, Kanakalapeta, Kurasampeta and Mettakur. The total population of the district is just 55,616, roughly equal to the population of Greenland.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Yanam district
- **native name**: యానం జిల్లా
- **native name lang**: te
- **settlement type**: district
- **image skyline**: File:Puducherry Map.svg
- **nickname**: French Yanam
- **pushpin map**: India
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: India
- **subdivision type1**: States and territories of India, State
- **subdivision name1**: Puducherry
- **seat type**: Headquarters
- **seat**: Yanam
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **population total**: 55,616
- **population as of**: 2011
- **population density km2**: auto
- **demographics type1**: Languages
- **demographics1 title1**: Official
- **demographics1 info1**: Telugu language, Telugu
- **timezone1**: Indian Standard Time, IST
- **utc offset1**: +5:30
Mahe district

Mahé district (Malayalam: മയ്യഴി ജില്ല,  is one of the four districts of the union territory of Puducherry, India. It consists of the whole of the Mahé region.[1] Mahé is the smallest district of India by size. The total area of Mahé district is surrounded on three sides by Kannur District and one side by Kozhikode District. Geographically Mahé district is part of North Malabar region.

Mahe is surrounded on three sides by Kannur district and a side by Kozhikode district, as it is located in Kerala state. Puducherry union territory consists of four unconnected districts.

Mahe district has a very small area of just 8.69 sq.kms. The total population of the district is 41,934, roughly equal to Liechtenstein. The literacy rate of the district is 98.35%. The population density of Mahe district is 4659 inhabitants/1 square km and 12070 inhabitants/1 square miles.
Vice President of India

The **Vice President of India** is the second-highest constitutional official in India, after the President.

Article 63 of the Indian Constitution states that "there shall be a Vice-President". The person who holds the post of Vice-President acts as the President of India during the absence of the President due to resignation, death, impeachment and other reasons. The Vice President is also the Ex-officio Chairperson of the Rajya Sabha. The Vice-President is elected indirectly by members of an electoral college consisting of the members of both houses of the Parliament of India.

The salary for the Vice-President is 125,000 Rupees.

## Salary and pension

There is no specific guidance for the salary of the vice president of India, according to existing laws. The vice president receives a salary in the capacity of the _ex officio_, or "from the office" chairman of the Rajya Sabha, which is currently  per month (revised from 125,000 in 2018). In addition, the vice president is entitled to free and furnished residence, medical, travel, and other facilities. The constitution provides that when the vice president acts as the president or carries out the duties of the president, the vice president is entitled to the salary and privileges of the president. The pension for the vice president is 50% of the salary. In fact, he is the only official who does not get any salary and payment for the services of his designated post (i.e. vice president).

## Infobox (political post)

- **post**: Vice-President
- **body**: India
- **insignia**: Emblem_of_India.svg
- **insigniasize**: 70px
- **insigniacaption**: Emblem of India
- **termlength**: Five years, renewable
- **residence**: Vice President House
- **image**: Shri C P Radhakrishnan, Honourable Vice President of India.jpg
- **imagesize**: 180px
- **alt**: Vice-President
- **incumbent**: C. P. Radhakrishnan
- **incumbentsince**: 12 September 2025
- **nominator**: Members of Indian Parliament only
- **inaugural**: Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, Dr. S Radhakrishnan
<small>May 13, 1952 to May 12, 1962</small>
- **salary**: per month <small>(February 2015)</small>
- **website**: [http://vicepresidentofindia.nic.in/ Vice President of India]
Chalumeau

The **chalumeau** is the oldest form of the clarinet.  It is the first true single reed instrument. The plural for chalumeau is chalumeaux.
Typhoon Meranti

**Typhoon Meranti**, also known in the Philippines as **Typhoon Ferdie**, was one of the strongest tropical cyclones on record. The storm struck the Philippines, Taiwan and mainland China. In terms of pressure, Meranti was the strongest typhoon since Typhoon Megi in 2010. It was also the strongest in terms of wind speeds since Typhoon Haiyan in 2013. Furthermore, it was the strongest tropical cyclone in 2016.

The storm caused more than $2.6 billion in damage. It led to more than 30 deaths.

## Infobox (hurricane)

- **name**: Typhoon Meranti (Ferdie)
- **year**: 2016
- **basin**: WPac
- **formed**: September 8, 2016
- **dissipated**: September 17, 2016
- **extratropical**: September 16
- **image location**: Meranti 2016-09-13 0800Z.jpg
- **image name**: Typhoon Meranti near peak intensity on September 13
- **10-min winds**: 120
- **1-min winds**: 165
- **pressure**: 890
- **fatalities**: 30 confirmed, 15 missing
- **damages**: 2605
- **areas**: Philippines, Taiwan, East China, Korean Peninsula
- **hurricane season**: 2016 Pacific typhoon season
San Felipe, Chile

**San Felipe** ( Spanish for "St. Philip") is a Chilean city; it is the capital and main city of the San Felipe de Aconcagua province, Valparaíso region.

## History

San Felipe was founded on 3 August 1740 by José Antonio Manso, who conquered the Aconcagua Valley. The city was named, after the king Philip V of Spain (), as **San Felipe el Real**.

## Geography

The commune of San Felipe is in the valley of the Aconcagua river and has an area of . It is   north of the national capital of Santiago and at about  to the west of the Aconcagua, the highest mountain of the Americas.

The commune is bordered on the north by the Putaendo commune, on the east by the Santa María commune, on the southeast by the Los Andes and Rinconada communes of the Los Andes province, on the south by the Panquehue commune, and on the west by the Catemu commune.

The city of San Felipe is along the Aconcagua river, the main river of the province and of the Valparaíso region, near the point where the river is joined by the Putaendo river.

## Population

(last national census), there were 64,126 people living in the commune, giving it a population density of  inhabitants/km².

The city of San Felipe has an urban area of  and a population, in 2002, of 53,017 inhabitants.

Its inhabitants are called _Sanfelipeños_ (women, _Sanfelipeñas_).

## Related pages

- Communes of Chile
- Provinces of Chile

## Other websites

- Territorial division of Chile
- Gobierno Regional de Valparaíso  Official website
- Municipalidadnde San Felipe website

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: San Felipe
- **native name lang**: es
- **settlement type**: List of cities in Chile, City and Communes of Chile, Commune
- **image skyline**: Catedral_San_Felipe.jpg
- **image alt**: Cathedral of San Felipe
- **image caption**: Cathedral of San Felipe
- **image flag**: Bandera de San Felipe.svg
- **image shield**: Escudo de San Felipe.svg
- **image map**: Comuna de San Felipe.svg
- **map alt**: San Felipe in the Valparaíso Region
- **map caption**: San Felipe in the Valparaíso Region
- **pushpin map narrow**: yes
- **pushpin map**: Chile
- **pushpin label position**: bottom
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Chile
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: Regions of Chile, Region
- **subdivision name1**: Valparaíso Region, Valparaíso
- **subdivision type2**: Provinces of Chile, Province
- **subdivision name2**: San Felipe de Aconcagua Province, San Felipe de Aconcagua
- **established title**: Founded
- **established date**: 3 August 1740
- **founder**: José Antonio Manso de Velasco
- **government type**: City council, Municipal council
- **leader title**: Mayor, Alcalde
- **leader name**: Patricio Freire Canto
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area total km2**: 185.9
- **elevation m**: 638
- **population total**: 64126
- **population as of**: 2002 Census
- **population density km2**: auto
- **population demonym**: Sanfelipeño
- **timezone**: Time in Chile, CLT
- **utc offset**: −4
- **timezone dst**: Time in Chile, CLST
- **utc offset dst**: −3
- **area code**: 56 + 34
- **website**: [http://www.munisanfelipe.cl/ Official website]
Macmillan Cancer Support

**Macmillan Cancer Support** is one of the largest British charities. It provides health care, information and financial support to people affected by cancer. As well as helping with the medical needs of people affected by cancer, Macmillan also looks at the social, emotional and practical impact cancer can have. Macmillan campaigns for better cancer care. Macmillan Cancer Support's goal is to reach and improve the lives of everyone living with cancer in the UK. They are one of Britain's top 1,000 charities.

## Infobox (organization)

- **name**: Macmillan Cancer Support
- **alt**: Macmillan Cancer Support Logo
- **caption**: Macmillan Cancer Support Logo
- **founder**: Douglas Macmillan
- **founding location**: Castle Cary, Somerset, United Kingdom
- **type**: Charitable organisation
- **purpose**: Provide specialist health care, information and financial support to people affected by cancer. Or people with relatives affected to it.
- **headquarters**: 89 Albert Embankment, SE1 7UQ
- **location**: London
- **region**: United Kingdom
- **revenue**: £218.4 million
- **revenue year**: 2014
- **staff**: 1,474
- **staff year**: 2014
- **motto**: _No one should face cancer alone_
- **formerly**: * Society for the Prevention and Relief of Cancer
* Cancer Relief Macmillan Fund
* Macmillan Cancer Relief
Conventional weapon

**Conventional weapons** are those weapons that are not weapons of mass destruction. They can include weapons such as armoured fighting vehicles, armed helicopters, combat aircraft, artillery and warships. They can also include (but are not limited to) small arms, ammunition, cluster munitions, incendiary device and land mines. There is no single definition of conventional weapons. But they are the main weapons used in modern conventional warfare.

## UN Register of Conventional Arms

The United Nations set up the UN Register of Conventional Arms (UNROCA) in 1991. UN member nations add details of their imports and exports of conventional weapons. There are seven categories of conventional weapons in the register.

- Category I – Battle tanks.
- Category II – Armored combat vehicles.
- Category III – Large-calibre artillery systems.
- Category IV – Combat aircraft.
- Category V – Attack helicopters.
- Category VI – Warships.
- Category VII – Missiles and missile launchers.

## Related pages

- Small arms
- Nuclear weapon
- Chemical weapon
- Biological weapon

## Other websites

- Nuclear and Conventional Weapons
- Small Arms: The Real Weapons of Mass Destruction | Military Update; YouTube
Edward Gierek

**Edward Gierek** (; 6 January 1913 – 29 July 2001) was a Polish communist politician.

Gierek is known for opening communist Poland to Western influence. He made economic changes. For a time these changes helped Poland's economy stabilize. He modernized industry and increased access to products. Later the 1973 oil crisis made prices increase. Poland had many foreign debts. There were several revolts because of the economy. The Polish people were unhappy with Gierek and he was removed from power.

## Infobox (president)

- **name**: Edward Gierek
- **image**: Edward Gierek 1980.jpg
- **nationality**: Poland, Polish
- **office**: 4th Polish United Workers' Party, First Secretary of the Polish United Workers' Party
- **term start**: 20 December 1970
- **term end**: 5 September 1980
- **predecessor**: Władysław Gomułka
- **successor**: Stanisław Kania
- **birth place**: Sosnowiec, Porąbka, Piotrków Governorate, Congress Poland (the Russian Empire)
- **death place**: Cieszyn, Silesian Voivodeship, Poland
- **spouse**: Stanisława _née_ Jędrusik (1918–2007)
- **party**: Polish United Workers' Party
Chiang Ching-kuo

**Chiang Ching-kuo** (27 April 1910 – 13 January 1988) was a Taiwanese politician. He held numerous posts in the government of the Republic of China (ROC).

Chiang Ching-kuo was the son of Chiang Kai-shek. He succeeded his father to serve as Premier of the Republic of China. He was the President of the Republic of China from 1978 until his death in 1988.

## Infobox (president)

- **name**: Chiang Ching-kuo
- **native name lang**: zh-tw
- **image**: Portrait of Chiang Ching-kuo.jpg
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **order**: List of Presidents of the Republic of China, President of the Republic of China
- **term start**: 20 May 1978
- **term end**: 13 January 1988
- **predecessor**: Yen Chia-kan
- **successor**: Lee Teng-hui
- **vicepresident**: Hsieh Tung-min
Lee Teng-hui
- **order3**: 9th List of premiers of the Republic of China, Premier of the Republic of China
- **president3**: Chiang Kai-shek
Yen Chia-kan
- **term start3**: 29 May 1972
- **term end3**: 20 May 1978
- **predecessor3**: Yen Chia-kan
- **successor3**: Sun Yun-suan
- **order2**: 1st List of leaders of the Kuomintang, Chairman of the Kuomintang
- **term start2**: 5 April 1975
- **term end2**: 13 January 1988
- **predecessor2**: Chiang Kai-shek <small>(Director-General of the Kuomintang)</small>
- **successor2**: Lee Teng-hui
- **order4**: 11th List of vice premiers of the Republic of China, Vice Premier of the Republic of China
- **term start4**: 1 July 1969
- **term end4**: 1 June 1972
- **premier4**: Yen Chia-kan
- **predecessor4**: Huang Shao-ku
- **successor4**: Hsu Ching-chung
- **birth place**: Fenghua, Zhejiang, Qing Dynasty
- **death place**: Taipei, Taiwan
- **party**: Kuomintang (KMT)
- **alma mater**: Moscow Sun Yat-sen University