juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Provinces of the Empire of Brazil

The **provinces** were initial subdivisions of Brazilian territory, created in the Kingdom of Brazil and inherited by the Empire of Brazil. They were established during the Kingdom on February 28, 1821.

## Provinces

|Flag|Heraldry|Name|Capital|Location|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|||**Alagoas**|Maceió||
|||**Amazonas**|Manaus||
|||**Bahia**|São Salvador||
|||**Ceará**|Fortaleza||
|||**Cisplatina**|Montevidéu||
|||**Espírito Santo**|Vitória||
|||**Goiás**|Vila Boa de Goiás||
|||**Grão-Pará**|Belém||
|||**Maranhão**|São Luís||
|||**Mato Grosso**|Cuiabá||
|||**Minas Gerais**|Ouro Preto||
|||**Município Neutro**|Rio de Janeiro||
|||**Paraná**|Curitiba||
|||**Paraíba**|Parahyba||
|||**Pernambuco**|Olinda <small>(1821-1837)</small> Recife <small>(1837- 1889)</small>||
|||**Piauí**|Oeiras <small>(1821–1852)</small> Teresina <small>(1852–1889)</small>||
|||**Rio de Janeiro**|Niterói||
|||**Rio Grande do Norte**|Natal||
|||**Rio Grande do Sul**|Porto Alegre||
|||**Santa Catarina**|Desterro||
|||**São João da Palma**|Cavalcante (1821 -1823)||
|||**São Paulo**|São Paulo||
|||**Sergipe**|São Cristóvão <small>(1821–1855)</small> Aracaju <small>(1855–1889)</small>||

The Neutral Municipality was not a province, but enjoyed the same status.

The province of São João da Palma was created in 1821, at the time the captaincy of Goiás, and the southern portion of the captaincy of Grão-Pará . It was extinguished in 1823, with today Tocantins as its successor.
Buergeria

***Buergeria*** is a group of frogs in the family Rhacophoridae. They are the only group of frogs in the smaller family **Buergeriinae**. These frogs are like for the frogs in Rhacophorinae. Differences in the frogs' DNA show that these groups are real.

People call _Buergeria_ **Buerger's frogs** in English. There are four species. They live from Hainan (China) and Taiwan through the Ryukyu Islands to Honshu (Japan).

## Appearance

_Buergeria_ are medium-sized to large frogs,  long from nose to rear end that look like the frogs in _Rana_ more than other frogs in Rhacophoridae do. Their skin is smooth and they have no dorsal ornamentations. Their back feet have a lot of webbed skin and their front feet have webbed skin about halfway. The female frog lays large numbers of eggs in water. The eggs hatch into tadpoles.

## Species

There are six species in _Buergeria_:
- _Buergeria buergeri_ <small>(Temminck & Schlegel, 1838)</small> — Kajika Frog
- _Buergeria choui_ <small>Matsui & Tominaga, 2020</small>
- _Buergeria japonica_ <small>(Hallowell, 1861)</small> — Ryukyu Kajika Frog
- _Buergeria otai_ <small>Wang, Hsiao, Lee, Tseng, Lin, Komaki & Lin, 2018</small>
- _Buergeria oxycephala_ <small>(Boulenger, 1900)</small>
- _Buergeria robusta_ <small>(Boulenger, 1909)</small>

## Danger

The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) says one of the four species is in some danger of dying out (_Buergeria oxycephala_), and the others are not in danger of dying out.
Chirixalus doriae

The **dorsal-striped bush frog**, **dorsal-striped opposite-fingered tree frog**, **stripe pigmy tree frog**, **Doria's Asian tree frog**, _Doria's tree frog_, **Doria's bush frog**,  or **Doria's foam-nest frog** (_Chirixalus doriae_) is a frog.  It lives in India, Bangladesh, China, Cambodia, Vietnam, and Laos.

This is a small frog.  The adult male frog is 25 - 27 mm long from nose to rear end and the adult female frog is 29 - 34 mm long. It has a pointed nose. The skin of the frog's back is bright yellow or brown in color.  There are brown stripes on the back. The backs of the legs are purple in color. Sometimes there are black stripes on the purple parts of the legs.  Parts of the neck are white in color.  The bottoms of the back legs are red in color. There are disks on the toes for climbing. This frog lives in trees.

People see this frog in forests where the tree branches come together like a roof and in grassy places. People have also found it sitting on rice plants and near railroad tracks. They see this frog between 8 and 1630 meters above sea level.

The female frog finds a body of water that dries up for part of the year. She lays her eggs on leaves, on the side of the leaf facing the ground. Scientists believe the tadpoles fall into the water.

Scientists believe this frog is not in  danger of dying out because it lives in a large place, and some of those places are protected parks: Phou Louey National Biodiversity Conservation Area in Laos and Lawachara National Park in Bangladesh. However, human beings cut down the forests where it lives to make farms, especially for things to sell, for example, coffee, rubber, and tea.

Scientists named this frog for animal scientist Giacomo Doria.
Ritual de lo Habitual

***Ritual de lo Habitual*** is the third album by Jane's Addiction. It received rave reviews, and is considered a landmark of alternative music. It was also a major commercial success, with the singles "Been Caught Stealing" and "Stop" being hits. On the last four songs, it made forays into art rock and experimental rock.

## Track listing

1. Stop 4:15
1. No One's Leaving 3:01
1. Ain't No Right 3:34
1. Obvious 5:56
1. Been Caught Stealing 3:34
1. Three Days 10:48
1. Then She Did... 8:18
1. Of Course 7:02
1. Classic Girl 5:07
Lich

**Lich** is a town in Gießen in Hesse, Germany. It is 12 km southeast of Gießen. About 13,000 people live there.

## Infobox (german location)

- **type**: Town
- **image photo**: Lich, Oberstadt.JPG
- **image caption**: Late medieval framework buildinga in Oberstadt road
- **image coa**: DEU Lich COA.svg
- **image plan**: Landkreis Gießen Lich.png
- **state**: Hesse
- **region**: Gießen
- **district**: Gießen
- **elevation**: 177
- **area**: 77.64
- **postal code**: 35423
- **area code**: 06404, 06004
- **licence**: GI
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 06 5 31 011
- **divisions**: 9 _Stadtbezirke_
- **website**: [http://www.lich.de/ www.lich.de]
- **mayor**: Julien Neubert
- **leader term**: 2019–25
Car Seat Headrest

**Car Seat Headrest** is an American band. Originally a solo project for singer Will Toledo, they became a band in 2015. Their albums as a band had received rave reviews from 2015's _Teens of Style_ up until 2020's _Making A Door Less Open,_ which received mixed reviews. They have released a new album called _The Scholars_ on May 2nd, 2025.

## Discography

**Albums**

- 1 (2010)
- 2 (2010)
- 3 (2010)
- 4 (2010)
- _My Back Is Killing Me Baby_ (2011)
- _Twin Fantasy_ (2011)
- _Monomania_ (2012)
- _Nervous Young Man_ (2013)
- _Teens of Style_ (2015)
- _Teens of Denial_ (2016)
- _Twin Fantasy_ (2018)
- _Making A Door Less Open_ (2020)
- _The Scholars_ (2025)

**Live Albums**

- _Commit Yourself Completely_ (2019)
- _Faces From The Masquerade_ (2023)

**Extended Plays**

- _Sunburned Shirts_ (2010)
- _Living While Starving_ (2012)
- _How To Leave Town_ (2014)

**Compilations**

- _Little Pieces Of Paper With "No" Written On Them_ (2010)
- _Disjecta Membra_ (2013)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Car Seat Headrest
- **image**: Car Seat Headrest at The Showbox.jpg
- **landscape**: Harpers Ferry
- **alt**: See caption
- **caption**: Will Toledo and Seth Dalby performing as part of Car Seat Headrest at The Showbox in Seattle, Washington, in October 2018
- **origin**: Leesburg, Virginia, Leesburg, Virginia, U.S.
- **discography**: Car Seat Headrest discography
- **years active**: 2010–present
- **label**: Matador Records, Matador
- **current members**: * Will Toledo
* Ethan Ives
* Andrew Katz
* Seth Dalby
- **past members**: * Will Marsh
* Nora Knight
* Katie Wood
* Austin Ruhf
* Christian Northover
* Jacob Bloom
Friedberg, Hesse

**Friedberg** is a town in Hesse, Germany. It is the capital of the Wetteraukreis.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (german place)

- **type**: Stadt
- **name**: Friedberg
- **image photo**: Friedberg (Hessen) Stadtkirche.jpg
- **image caption**: Old town of Friedberg
- **image flag**: DEU Friedberg (Hessen) Flag.svg
- **image coa**: DEU Friedberg (Hessen) COA.svg
- **image plan**: Friedberg (Hessen) in FB.svg
- **state**: Hesse
- **region**: Darmstadt
- **district**: Wetteraukreis
- **elevation**: 140
- **area**: 50.17
- **postal code**: 61169
- **area code**: 06031
- **licence**: FB
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 06 4 40 008
- **divisions**: 6 districts
- **website**: [https://www.friedberg-hessen.de/ www.friedberg-hessen.de]
- **mayor**: Dirk Antkowiak
- **leader term**: 2017–23
- **party**: CDU
Echzell

**Echzell** is a municipality in Wetteraukreis in Hesse, Germany.

## Infobox (german location)

- **type**: Gemeinde
- **name**: Echzell
- **image coa**: DEU Echzell COA.svg
- **image plan**: Echzell in FB.svg
- **state**: Hessen
- **region**: Darmstadt
- **district**: Wetteraukreis
- **elevation**: 144
- **area**: 37.61
- **postal code**: 61209
- **area code**: 06008, 06035
- **licence**: FB
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 06 4 40 006
- **divisions**: 5 districts
- **website**: [http://www.echzell.de/ www.echzell.de]
- **mayor**: Wilfried Mogk
- **leader term**: 2019–25
- **party**: Independent
Natural Law Party (United States)

The **Natural Law Party** (**NLP**) is a political third party in the United States that was founded in 1992. The NLP emphasizes civil libertarianism, environmentalism, and Transcendental Meditation. Although it used to be a national organization, it has only existed in Michigan since 2004.

The NLP has had a number of notable of presidential nominees in United States presidential elections, including John Hagelin in 1992, 1996, and 2000, Ralph Nader in 2008, Rocky De La Fuente in 2020, and Robert F. Kennedy Jr. in 2024.

## Presidential tickets

|Election|Presidential nominee|Vice-presidential nominee|Popular vote|Percentage|Scale||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1992|rowspan="3"|John Hagelin|rowspan="2"|Mike Tompkins|37,137|<0.1%|rowspan="3"|Nationwide|
|1996|113,670|0.1%|||||||
|2000|Nat Goldhaber|83,702|0.1%||||||
|2004|colspan="5"|_Organization dissolved_|||||||
|2008|Ralph Nader (campaign)|Matt Gonzalez|33,085|0.6%|rowspan="5"|Michigan|||
|2012|Rocky Anderson|Luis J. Rodriguez|5,147|0.1%|||||
|2016|Mimi Soltysik|Angela Nicole Walker|2,209|0.1%|||||
|2020|Rocky De La Fuente (campaign)|Darcy Richardson|2,986|0.1%|||||
|2024|Robert F. Kennedy Jr. (campaign)|Nicole Shanahan|TBD|TBD|||||

## Infobox (political party)

- **name**: Natural Law Party
- **chairperson**: Doug Dern
- **ideology**: Civil libertarianism
Environmentalism
- **headquarters**: Hartland, Michigan
- **website**: https://www.natural-law.org/
- **abbreviation**: NLP
- **dissolved**: (as a national party)
Jamal Ben Saddik

**Jamal Ben Saddik** ( born October 3, 1990) is a Belgian-Moroccan professional kickboxer. He is a former two-time Glory Heavyweight Championship challenger and 2018 Glory Heavyweight Grand Prix tournament winner. Combat Press ranked him as a top ten heavyweight between September 2015 and July 2021, peaking at No. 3. He represents Morocco in his fights.

## Infobox (martial artist)

- **name**: Jamal Ben Saddik
- **image**: Jamal-Ben-Saddik-2016-12.jpg
- **caption**: Ben Saddik in 2016
- **other names**: The Goliath
- **birth place**: Antwerp, Belgium
- **height m**: 2.05
- **weight kg**: 119.2
- **weight class**: Heavyweight
- **style**: Kickboxing
- **team**: SB Gym (2024–present)
 Mike's Gym (2021–2024)
 Hemmers Gym (2012–2021)
 Golden Glory (2011–2012)
- **trainer**: Said El Badaoui (2024–present)
Mike Passenier (2021–2024)
 Nick Hemmers (2012–2021)
 Cor Hemmers (2011–2012)
- **years active**: 2011–present
- **kickbox win**: 15
- **kickbox kowin**: 10
- **kickbox loss**: 9
- **kickbox nc**: 2
- **boxrec**: 874474
- **updated**: August 20, 2022
Flag of El Limón

The **flag of El Limón** () has two horizontal stripes of yellow and green with the coat of arms of El Limón, down have got nine stars. It was adopted on September 9, 2013.

## Infobox (flag)

- **name**: Flag of El Limón
- **proportion**: 4:7
- **adoption**: *September 9, 2013
- **designer**: Ronaldo Trujillo Guzman
Flag of Pátzcuaro

The **flag of Pátzcuaro** () is a tricolor of purple, yellow, and red with an purépecha glyph charged in the center of the white stripe. While the meaning of the colors has changed over time, these three colors were adopted by Mexican flag. The ratio of the flag is 4:7.

## Related pages

- Pátzcuaro

## Infobox (flag)

- **name**: Flag of Pátzcuaro
- **proportion**: 7:4
- **adoption**: *29 November 2019
Maximinus Thrax

Maximinus Thrax "The Thracian" was the 1st Emperor in the Crisis of the 3rd Century a Period of 50 Years (235 - 285)

Through Thrax - Diocletian the Creator of Tetrarchy, Tetrarchy is a Another Period of 40 Years (284 - 324)
The ReidOut

***The ReidOut*** is an American television talk show. It was hosted by Joy Reid. It premiered on the now-defunct America's Talking network in 1994 (as Politics with Chris Matthews) before moving on CNBC, and then to MSNBC, where it remained until its end in 2020. It primarily featured coverage of political issues and headlines, along with discussion from a panel of analysts and political figures.
Faustina the Younger

**Faustina** was the wife of  Marcus Aurelius. She was likely born on 16th February, around the year 130. She died in the year 176, in Halala, Kappadokia, the modern-day city of Faustinopolis. She is usually called **Faustina the Younger**, her mother was Faustina the Elder.  Her father was the Roman emperor Antoninus Pius.  Together with her husband, she had up to 14 children. Few lived to reach adulthood. Her daughter Annia Aurelia Galeria Lucilla was given as a wife to Lucius Verus, who reigned with Marcus Aurelius. The best-known child of the couple likely was the future emperor Commodus.
Nidda, Hesse

**Nidda** is a town in Wetteraukreis in Hesse, Germany. It is on the river Nidda and is about 40 km northeast of Frankfurt am Main.

## Districts

Nidda has districts: Unter-Widdersheim, Ober-Widdersheim, Borsdorf, Harb, Bad-Salzhausen, Geiß-Nidda, Ulfa, Stornfels, Eichelsdorf, Ober-Schmitten, Unter-Schmitten, Kohden, Nidda, Michelnau, Fauerbach, Wallernhausen, Schwickartshausen, Unter-Lais and Ober-Lais.

## Mayors

- since 2022: Thorsten Eberhard (CDU)
- 2010–2022: Hans-Peter Seum
- 1995–2009: Lucia Puttrich (CDU)
- 1989–1995: Helmut Jung (SPD)
- 1961–1989: Wilhelm Eckhardt (SPD)
- 1949–1961: August Ludwig Böcher
- 1910–1924: Ludwig Erk
- 1899–1910: Hermann Roth
- 1898–1899: Wilhelm Erk

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (german location)

- **type**: Stadt
- **name**: Nidda
- **image photo**: Nidda Mühle pano 3268.jpg
- **image coa**: DEU Nidda COA.svg
- **image plan**: Nidda in FB.svg
- **state**: Hesse
- **region**: Darmstadt
- **district**: Wetteraukreis
- **elevation**: 131
- **area**: 118.34
- **postal code**: 63667
- **area code**: 06043
- **licence**: FB
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 06 4 40 016
- **divisions**: 18 districts
- **website**: [http://www.nidda.de/ www.nidda.de]
- **mayor**: Thorsten Eberhard
- **leader term**: 2022–28
- **party**: CDU
Still (album)

***Still*** is the seventeenth studio album by Steven Curtis Chapman. The album was released on October 14, 2022.

## Track listing

1. "Welcome Back to Wonder" – 1:45
1. "Still" – 3:31
1. "Don’t Lose Heart" – 3:32
1. "I’m Alive" – 3:35
1. "Kindness" – 4:05
1. "Running After You" – 3:17
1. "Unfixables" – 4:06
1. "Love Now" – 3:14
1. "Where Else Could I Go" – 3:43
1. "A Desperate Benediction (Peace on Earth)" – 3:17
1. "Living Color" – 4:31
1. "Trying to Get Back Home" – 4:36
Wölfersheim

**Wölfersheim** is a municipality in Wetteraukreis in Hesse, Germany.

## Infobox (german location)

- **type**: Gemeinde
- **name**: Wölfersheim
- **image photo**: Blick vom weißen Turm aus in Richtung Norden.JPG
- **image caption**: A view of the town
- **image coa**: DEU Wölfersheim COA.svg
- **image plan**: Wölfersheim in FB.svg
- **state**: Hessen
- **region**: Darmstadt
- **district**: Wetteraukreis
- **elevation**: 142
- **area**: 43.15
- **postal code**: 61200, 61209
- **area code**: 06036
- **licence**: FB, BÜD
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 06 4 40 024
- **divisions**: 5 districts
- **website**: [https://www.woelfersheim.de/ www.woelfersheim.de]
- **mayor**: Eike See
- **leader term**: 2018–24
- **party**: SPD
Amélie de Montchalin

**Amélie de Montchalin** (19 June 1985, Lyon, France) is a French politician and economist, Secretary of State for European Affairs since March 2019. She was a member of the National Assembly between 2017 and 2019.

## Biography

Born on June 19, 1985 in Lyon. Graduated from HEC Paris and Harvard Kennedy School. Worked at Axa and BNP Paribas. Close to the Juppetismo orbit, although she did not become a member of the UMP/LR, she joined La Republique en Marche in December 2016. She was elected as a deputy to the National Assembly in the 2017 legislative elections for the sixth constituency of Essonne. In March 2019, she was appointed Secretary of State for European Affairs.

Following the appointment of Jean Castex as Prime Minister in July 2020, she was appointed Minister for Transformation and the Public Service.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Amélie de Montchalin
- **image**: Amélie de Montchalin.jpg
- **birth place**: Lyon, France
- **nationality**: France, French
- **occupation**: Politician
- **alma mater**: HEC Paris
Université Paris-Sorbonne
Harvard University, Harvard Kennedy School
National Museum of Norway

The **National Museum** of Norway, is an art museum in Oslo.

## Related pages

- Edvard Munch's paintings
I Walk Away

"**I Walk Away**" is a 1984 song by New Zealand art rock band Split Enz and is the leading single from their 10th and final studio album _See Ya "Round_. It went to number 13 in New Zealand and number 45 in Australia. It was re-recorded by Crowded House for the North American version of their debut studio album in 1986.

### 12" vinyl

- Side A
1. "I Walk Away (Extended Version)"
- Side B
1. "Doctor Love"

### 7" vinyl

1. "I Walk Away" 3:49
1. "Over Drive" 3:43

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: I Walk Away
- **type**: single
- **artist**: Split Enz
- **album**: See Ya 'Round
- **released**: September 1984
- **recorded**: 1984
- **genre**: Pop music, Pop, Rock music, rock
- **length**: 3:49
- **label**: Mushroom Records
- **writer**: Neil Finn
- **producer**: Jim Barton (producer), Jim Barton, Split Enz
- **prev title**: I Wake Up Every Night
- **prev year**: 1984
- **next title**: One Mouth Is Fed
- **next year**: 1984
Münzenberg

**Münzenberg** is a town in Wetteraukreis in Hesse, Germany. It is 13 km north of Friedberg and is 16 km southeast of Gießen. Münzenberg Castle is outside the town.

## Districts

Münzenberg has 4 districts:
- Gambach
- Münzenberg
- Ober-Hörgern
- Trais

## Infobox (german location)

- **type**: Stadt
- **image photo**: Burg Münzenberg 17.JPG
- **image caption**: A view of the Münzenberg Castle
- **image coa**: DE-HE 06-4-40-015 Muenzenberg COA.svg
- **image plan**: Münzenberg in FB.svg
- **state**: Hesse
- **region**: Darmstadt
- **district**: Wetteraukreis
- **elevation**: 205
- **area**: 31.63
- **postal code**: 35516
- **area code**: 06033/06004
- **licence**: FB
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 06 4 40 015
- **divisions**: 4 districts
- **website**: [http://www.muenzenberg.de/ www.muenzenberg.de]
- **mayor**: Isabell Tammer
- **leader term**: 2023–29
- **party**: FWG
Karben

**Karben** is a town in Wetteraukreis in Hesse, Germany.

## Infobox (german location)

- **type**: Stadt
- **image coa**: DEU Karben COA.svg
- **image photo**: BGräfenrode. 040.jpg
- **image plan**: Karben in FB.svg
- **state**: Hesse
- **region**: Darmstadt
- **district**: Wetteraukreis
- **elevation**: 110
- **area**: 43.94
- **postal code**: 61184
- **area code**: 06039
06034 (Burg-Gräfenrode)
- **licence**: FB, BÜD
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 06 4 40 012
- **divisions**: 7 districts
- **website**: [https://www.karben.de/ www.karben.de]
- **mayor**: Guido Rahn
- **leader term**: 2021–27
- **party**: CDU
Kefenrod

**Kefenrod** is a municipality in Wetteraukreis in Hesse, Germany.

## Infobox (german location)

- **type**: Gemeinde
- **image photo**: Hitzkirchen Kefenrod Kirche.png
- **image coa**: DEU Kefenrod COA.svg
- **image plan**: Kefenrod in FB.svg
- **state**: Hessen
- **region**: Darmstadt
- **district**: Wetteraukreis
- **elevation**: 263
- **area**: 30.66
- **postal code**: 63699
- **area code**: 06049, 06054
- **licence**: FB, BÜD
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 06 4 40 013
- **divisions**: 5 districts
- **mayor**: Kirsten Frömel
- **leader term**: 2019–25
Váh

The **Váh** (; ; ) is the longest river in Slovakia. It is a left tributary of the Danube. The Váh is  long.

The river starts at the confluence of the _Biely Váh_ (White Váh) and the _Čierny Váh_ (Black Váh), which rises in the Vysoké Tatry (High Tatras) and Nízke Tatry (Low Tatra) mountains. It flows over northern and western Slovakia and ends in the Danube near Komárno.
Hirzenhain

**Hirzenhain** is a municipality in Wetteraukreis in Hesse, Germany.

## Infobox (german location)

- **type**: Gemeinde
- **image photo**: Hirzenhain Juli 2009.jpg
- **image coa**: DEU Hirzenhain COA.svg
- **image plan**: Hirzenhain in FB.svg
- **state**: Hessen
- **region**: Darmstadt
- **district**: Wetteraukreis
- **elevation**: 260
- **area**: 16.11
- **postal code**: 63697
- **area code**: 06045
- **licence**: FB
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 06 4 40 011
- **divisions**: 3 districts
- **website**: [https://www.hirzenhain.de/ www.hirzenhain.de]
- **mayor**: Timo Tichai
- **leader term**: 2017–23
Buseck

**Buseck** is a municipality in Gießen in Hesse, Germany. It is 7 km northeast of Gießen.

## Villages

Alten-Buseck, Beuern, Großen-Buseck, Oppenrod and Trohe

## Infobox (german location)

- **type**: Gemeinde
- **image photo**: Evangelische Kirche Beuern Außen 02.JPG
- **image caption**: Evangelical Church of Beuern
- **image coa**: DEU Buseck COA.svg
- **image plan**: Landkreis Gießen Buseck.png
- **state**: Hessen
- **region**: Gießen
- **district**: Gießen
- **elevation**: 227
- **area**: 38.67
- **postal code**: 35418
- **area code**: 06408
- **licence**: GI
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 06 5 31 003
- **website**: [https://www.buseck.de/ www.buseck.de]
- **mayor**: Michael Ranft
- **leader term**: 2021–27
- **party**: CDU
Reiskirchen

**Reiskirchen** is a municipality in Gießen in Hesse, Germany.

## Infobox (german location)

- **image photo**: Reiskirchen Panorama.jpg
- **image coa**: DEU Reiskirchen COA.svg
- **image plan**: Landkreis Gießen Reiskirche.png
- **state**: Hessen
- **region**: Gießen
- **district**: Gießen
- **elevation**: 230
- **area**: 44.99
- **postal code**: 35447
- **area code**: 06408 / 06401
- **licence**: GI
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 06 5 31 016
- **divisions**: 8 districts
- **website**: [http://www.gemeinde-reiskirchen.de/ www.gemeinde-reiskirchen.de]
- **mayor**: Dietmar Kromm
- **leader term**: 2018–24
- **party**: Independent
Fernwald

**Fernwald** is a municipality in Gießen in Hesse, Germany.

## Infobox (german location)

- **image photo**: Annerod Kirche (1).jpg
- **image caption**: Evangelical Church of Annerod
- **image coa**: DEU Fernwald COA.svg
- **image plan**: Landkreis Gießen Fernwald.png
- **state**: Hessen
- **region**: Gießen
- **district**: Gießen
- **elevation**: 219
- **area**: 21.57
- **postal code**: 35463
- **area code**: 06404, 0641
- **licence**: GI
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 06 5 31 004
- **divisions**: 3 districts
- **website**: [http://www.fernwald.de www.fernwald.de]
- **mayor**: Manuel Rosenke
- **leader term**: 2021–27
- **party**: independent
Wettenberg

**Wettenberg** is a municipality in Gießen, in Hesse, Germany. It is  northwest of Gießen.

## Infobox (german location)

- **image coa**: DEU Wettenberg COA.svg
- **image photo**: Wettenberg 03042005.jpg
- **image caption**: Wettenberg
- **image plan**: Landkreis Gießen Wettenberg.png
- **state**: Hessen
- **region**: Gießen
- **district**: Gießen
- **elevation**: 231
- **area**: 42.97
- **postal code**: 35435
- **area code**: 0641 (Krofdorf-Gleiberg, Launsbach)/ 06406 (Wißmar)
- **licence**: GI
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 06 5 31 018
- **mayor**: Marc Nees
- **leader term**: 2021–27
- **party**: Ind
Linden, Hesse

**Linden** is a town in Gießen in Hesse, Germany.

## Infobox (german location)

- **type**: Stadt
- **name**: Linden
- **image coa**: DEU Linden (Hessen) COA.svg
- **image plan**: Landkreis Gießen Linden.png
- **state**: Hessen
- **region**: Gießen
- **district**: Gießen
- **elevation**: 188
- **area**: 22.77
- **postal code**: 35440
- **area code**: 06403
- **licence**: GI
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 06 5 31 012
- **divisions**: 2 districts
- **website**: [https://www.linden.de/ www.linden.de]
- **mayor**: Jörg König
- **leader term**: 2018–24
- **party**: CDU
Lollar

**Lollar** is a town in Gießen in Hesse, Germany.

## Infobox (german location)

- **type**: Stadt
- **image skyline**: Lollar - Keulerbrunne (1).jpg
- **image coa**: DEU Lollar COA.svg
- **image plan**: Landkreis Gießen Lollar.png
- **state**: Hessen
- **region**: Gießen
- **district**: Gießen
- **elevation**: 173
- **area**: 21.90
- **postal code**: 35457
- **area code**: 06406
- **licence**: GI
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 06 5 31 013
- **website**: [http://www.lollar.de www.lollar.de]
- **mayor**: Jan-Erik Dort
- **leader term**: 2022–28
- **party**: independent
Haiger

**Haiger** is a town in Lahn-Dill-Kreis in Hesse, Germany.

## Infobox (german location)

- **type**: Stadt
- **image photo**: Haiger-Panorama.jpg
- **image coa**: DEU Haiger COA.svg
- **image plan**: Lahn-Dill-Kreis Haiger.png
- **state**: Hessen
- **region**: Gießen
- **district**: Lahn-Dill-Kreis
- **elevation**: 272
- **area**: 106.67
- **postal code**: 35708
- **area code**: 02771 / 02773 / 02774
- **licence**: LDK, DIL
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 06 5 32 011
- **website**: [http://www.haiger.de www.haiger.de]
- **mayor**: Mario Schramm
- **leader term**: 2020–26
- **party**: independent
Châtelraould-Saint-Louvent

**Châtelraould-Saint-Louvent** is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Marne department in northeast France.

## Related pages

- Communes of the Marne department

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Châtelraould-Saint-Louvent
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Église de la Nativité-de-la-Sainte-Vierge de Chatel-Raould 2013-09-26 00-01-16.jpg
- **caption**: The church in Châtelraould
- **image coat of arms**: Blason Châtelraould-Saint-Louvent.svg
- **arrondissement**: Vitry-le-François
- **canton**: Vitry-le-François-Champagne et Der
- **insee**: 51134
- **postal code**: 51300
- **mayor**: Claude Thiebault
- **term**: 2020–2026
- **intercommunality**: Vitry, Champagne et Der
- **elevation min m**: 107
- **elevation max m**: 225
- **area km2**: 16.91
Châtillon-sur-Broué

**Châtillon-sur-Broué** is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Marne department in northeast France.

## Related pages

- Communes of the Marne department
Châtillon-sur-Marne

**Châtillon-sur-Marne** is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Marne department in northeast France.

## Related pages

- Communes of the Marne department
Châtillon-sur-Morin

**Châtillon-sur-Morin** is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Marne department in northeast France.

## Related pages

- Communes of the Marne department
Châtrices

**Châtrices** is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Marne department in northeast France.

## Related pages

- Communes of the Marne department
Chaudefontaine, Marne

**Chaudefontaine** is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Marne department in northeast France.

## Related pages

- Communes of the Marne department
Chaumuzy

**Chaumuzy** is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Marne department in northeast France.

## Related pages

- Communes of the Marne department
La Chaussée-sur-Marne

**La Chaussée-sur-Marne** is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Marne department in northeast France.

## Related pages

- Communes of the Marne department

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: La Chaussée-sur-Marne
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Église Saint-Pierre de Coulmiers.png
- **caption**: The church of Saint-Pierre in La Chaussée-sur-Marne
- **arrondissement**: Vitry-le-François
- **canton**: Vitry-le-François-Champagne et Der
- **insee**: 51141
- **postal code**: 51240
- **mayor**: André Castagna
- **term**: 2020–2026
- **intercommunality**: Vitry, Champagne et Der
- **elevation min m**: 87
- **elevation max m**: 187
- **area km2**: 22.05
Chavot-Courcourt

**Chavot-Courcourt** is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Marne department in northeast France.

## Related pages

- Communes of the Marne department

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Chavot-Courcourt
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Eglisedechavot.jpg
- **caption**: The church of Saint-Martin in Chavot
- **arrondissement**: Épernay
- **canton**: Épernay-2
- **insee**: 51142
- **postal code**: 51530
- **mayor**: Gérard Butin
- **term**: 2020–2026
- **intercommunality**: Épernay, Coteaux et Plaine de Champagne
- **elevation min m**: 102
- **elevation max m**: 241
- **area km2**: 4.42
Le Chemin

**Le Chemin** is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Marne department in northeast France.

## Related pages

- Communes of the Marne department
Cheminon

**Cheminon** is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Marne department in northeast France. 586 people live there.

## Related pages

- Communes of the Marne department
Chenay, Marne

**Chenay** is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Marne department in northeast France.

## Related pages

- Communes of the Marne department
Cheniers

**Cheniers** is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Marne department in northeast France.

## Related pages

- Communes of the Marne department
La Cheppe

**La Cheppe** is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Marne department in northeast France.

## Related pages

- Communes of the Marne department
2021–22 FC Liefering season

The **2021–22 FC Liefering season** was the ninth season of FC Liefering  in the second league.

## Top scorer

|Name|Goals|
| --- | --- |
|Roko Simic|19|
|Dorgeles Nene|8|
|Oumar Diakité|3|
|Luka Reischl|3|
|Amankwah Forson|3|

## Final table

|Pl.|Name|W|D|L|P|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|6.|FC Liefering|12|10|8|46|
Worm drive

A **worm drive** is a special gear arrangement. A worm (which looks like a screw) matches up with a gearwheel. Technically, the worm transmits the motion to the gearwheel. A transmission of the motion the other way is not feasible. The design is very old. Either Archytas (5th century BC), Apollonius of Perga (3rd cenrury BC) or Archimedes (3rd century BC) invented it. The worm drive later appeared in the Indian subcontinent, for use in roller cotton gins, during the Delhi Sultanate in the thirteenth or fourteenth centuries.
Buergeria japonica

The **Ryukyu Kajika frog**, **Japanese Buerger's frog**,  or **Japanese streams frog** (_Chirixalus japonica_) is a frog.  It lives in Japan's Ryukyu Islands and in Taiwan.

This frog is small and thin.  The adult male frog is 25 - 30 mm long from nose to rear end and the adult female frog is 27-37 mm long. It has vomerine teeth in its jaw. There is only a little webbed skin on the front feet but a lot of webbed skin on the back feet.

This frog lives between 0 and 300 meters above sea level, from forests near sea level to forests on mountains. This frog sits on the ground or near rocks. It almost never climbs trees.

The female frog lays eggs in streams where the water moves slowly. She lays the eggs one by one instead of in a group. Sometimes she lays eggs in hot springs. The tadpoles can live in water as hot as 41.6°C. This is the hottest temperature of any tadpole of any frog.

Scientists believe this frog is not in  danger of dying out because it lives in a large place, much of which is in protected parks. In some places, the frogs die because people change the places where it lives to build roads and other things that people need.
Flag of Tunja

The **flag of Tunja** () has three horizontal stripes of green, white and green with the coat of arms of Tunja. It was adopted 4 May 2021.

## Infobox (flag)

- **name**: Flag of Tunja
- **image**: Flag of Tunja (Boyacá).svg
- **proportion**: 2:4
Flag of Cúcuta

The **flag of Cúcuta** () has two horizontal stripes of black and red with the coat of arms of Cúcuta. The flag of Cúcuta was created on May 3, 1988 by the mayor of Cúcuta, Carlos A. Rangel, with the decree Number 106.

## History

This flag made its debut on December 20, 1928 in the city of Cali, in Colombia. This happened within the framework of the inauguration of the First National Olympic Games. On this occasion the flag bearer was Néstor Perozo, accompanied by other footballers from Cúcuta Deportivo F.C. This flag caused a great commotion at its inauguration. This happened because people believed that this banner was carried as a form of protest.

## Related pages

- Cúcuta

## Infobox (flag)

- **name**: Flag of Cúcuta
- **image**: Flag of Cúcuta.svg
- **proportion**: 7:4
- **adoption**: *4 May 2021
Flag of Bogotá

The **flag of Bogotá** () has two horizontal stripes of yellow and red with the coat of arms of Bogotá. It was adopted 9 october 1952.

## Related pages

- Bogotá

## Infobox (flag)

- **name**: Flag of Bogotá
- **image**: Flag of Bogotá.svg
- **proportion**: 2:3
- **adoption**: *9 October 1952
Meet the Grahams

_Meet the Grahams_ (written in all lowercase) is a Diss song by Kendrick Lamar responding to Canadian rapper Drake in his Diss Track _Family Matters_.
Flag of Rio de Janeiro (state)

The **flag of Rio de Janeiro** () has four horizontal stripes of blue, white, white and blue with the coat of arms of Rio de Janeiro. It was adopted on October 5, 1965.

## Related pages

- Flag of Brazil

## Infobox (flag)

- **name**: Flag of Rio de Janeiro
- **image**: Bandeira do estado do Rio de Janeiro.svg
- **proportion**: 7:10
- **adoption**: *October 5, 1965
Solange Sicard

**Solange Sicard** (Isabelle Sicard Solange 5 January 1902 Paris - 7 September 1969 Clichy-la-Garenne) was a French actress.

## Career

She began in 1921 at the Comédie-Française , where she played around fifteen roles in three years. In 1921, she appeared in _Horecka,_ by  Louise Delluc. in 1936, in _Les petites alliegies,_ and in 1954 in _La cage aux souris,_  In 1944, she acted in _Le Soulier de satin_

She taught acting at the Cours Pathe.
Pine City, Minnesota

**Pine City** is a city in the U.S. state of Minnesota. It is the county seat of Pine County.
Mora, Minnesota

**Mora** is a city in the U.S. state of Minnesota. It is the county seat of Kanabec County.
Willmar, Minnesota

**Willmar** is a city in the U.S. state of Minnesota. It is the county seat of Kandiyohi County.
Baudette, Minnesota

**Baudette** is a city in the U.S. state of Minnesota. It is the county seat of Lake of the Woods County.
Jackson, Minnesota

**Jackson** is a city in the U.S. state of Minnesota. It is the county seat of Jackson County.
Monuments to an Elegy

Monuments To An Elegy is a 2014 album by Smashing Pumpkins. It is regarded as one of their best reunion efforts.

## Song list

1. Tiberius 3:00
1. Being Beige 3:39
1. Anaise! 3:33
1. One And All (We Are) 3:45
1. Run2Me 4:07
1. Drum + Fife 3:54
1. Monuments 3:30
1. Dorian 3:44
1. Anti-Hero 3:19
Lull (EP)

Lull is an EP by Smashing Pumpkins. It was released on November 17, 1991 to mixed reviews.

## List of tracks

1. Rhinoceros (edit) 5:59
1. Blue 3:23
1. Slunk 2:54
1. Bye June (1989 demo) 2:08
Urgench

**Urgench** is a city in Uzbekistan. It had a population of 145,000 in 2021. It is also the capital of the Khorazm Region.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Nukus
- **image skyline**: Waterfront of Shavat canal in Urganch.jpg
- **pushpin map**: Uzbekistan
- **pushpin relief**: yes
- **pushpin label position**: bottom
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Uzbekistan
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: Regions of Uzbekistan, Province
- **subdivision name1**: Khorazm Region
- **established title**: Established
- **established date**: 1643
- **area total km2**: 30
- **population as of**: 2022
- **population total**: 145000
- **population density km2**: auto
- **elevation m**: 91
- **postal code type**: Postal code
- **postal code**: 220100
- **area code**: (+998) 62
Flag of Sonora

The **State Flag of Sonora** has a white background with the state arm of coat.

## History

William Walker proclaimed himself president of the Republic of Sonora on January 18, 1854, and the new republic was divided into two states, Baja California and Sonora, the latter governed by the Civil Code in force in Louisiana. The second flag consists of 3 horizontal stripes, red, white and red respectively, in the central part of the white stripe is two stars represented by Baja California and Sonora states.

## Other flags

File:

## Related pages

- List of Mexican flags

## Infobox (flag)

- **name**: Flag of Sonora
- **image**: Flag of Sonora.svg
- **proportion**: 2:3
- **adoption**: *2010
The Pretty Things Are Going to Hell

"**The Pretty Things Are Going to Hell**" is a 1999 song by David Bowie and is the second single from his 22nd studio album _Hours_ except in Australia and Japan where it was the leading single. It was written by Reeves Gabrels. The song is tinged with a glam rock in it.

### CD: Virgin / 7243 8 96293 2 3 (Australia)

1. "The Pretty Things Are Going to Hell" – 4:40
1. "The Pretty Things Are Going to Hell (edit)" – 3:59
1. "We Shall Go to Town" – 3:56
1. "1917" – 3:27

### CD: Virgin / DPRO-14338 (US)

1. "The Pretty Things Are Going to Hell (edit)" – 3:59
1. "The Pretty Things Are Going to Hell (Call out hook #1)" – 0:11
1. "The Pretty Things Are Going to Hell (Call out hook #1)" – 0:11
1. "Thursday's Child (Radio edit)" – 4:25
1. "Thursday's Child (Call out hook #1)" – 0:12
1. "Thursday's Child (Call out hook #2)" – 0:12

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: The Pretty Things Are Going to Hell
- **type**: single
- **artist**: David Bowie
- **album**: Hours (David Bowie album), Hours
- **released**: (Australia and Japan)
- **recorded**: February–June 1999
- **studio**: *Looking Glass (New York City)
*Chung King Studios, Chung King (New York City)
- **genre**: Glam rock
- **length**: *4:40 (album)
*3:59 (single)
- **label**: Virgin Records, Virgin
- **writer**: David Bowie, Reeves Gabrels
- **producer**: David Bowie, Reeves Gabrels
- **prev title**: Thursday's Child (David Bowie song), Thursday's Child
- **prev year**: 1999
- **next title**: Under Pressure#Rah Mix, Under Pressure (Rah Mix)
- **next year**: 1999
Spoor (movie)

***Spoor*** () is a 2017 Polish German Czech Swedish Slovakian French crime drama movie directed by Agnieszka Holland and was adapted from the novel _Drive Your Plow Over the Bones of the Dead_ by Olga Tokarczuk. It stars Agnieszka Mandat, Wiktor Zborowski, Jakub Gierszał, Patrycja Volny, Miroslav Krobot, Borys Szyc and Tomasz Kot.
The Knife (band)

**The Knife** is an Swedish electronic music duo formed in 1999.

## Discography

- Studio albums
- _The Knife_ (2001)
- _Deep Cuts_ (2003)
- _Silent Shout_ (2006)
- _Shaking the Habitual_ (2013)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: The Knife
- **image**: Melt 2013 - The Knife-3.jpg
- **image size**: 250
- **landscape**: yes
- **caption**: The Knife performing at Melt! Festival in 2013
- **origin**: Gothenburg, Sweden
- **genre**: Electronic music, Electronic, synth-pop, Experimental music, experimental
- **years active**: 1999–2014
- **label**: Rabid, Mute Records, Mute
- **past members**: Karin Dreijer
Olof Dreijer
Simón (2023 movie)

***Simón*** is a 2023 Venezuelan American drama movie directed by first time director Diego Vicentini. It stars Christian McGaffney, Roberto Jaramillo, Jana Nawartschi and Franklin Virgüez. It was filmed during the COVID-19 pandemic.

## Other websites

- _Simón_ at Netflix
Françoise Seligmann

**Françoise Seligmann** (born **Françoise Jullien**; 9 June 1919 in Marseille – 27 February 2013 in Neuilly-sur-Seine)  was a French journalist, resistance fighter, and politician. She was awarded the Legion of Honor.

## Life

In  December 1941, she joined the French resistance where she worked with  Roland de Pury, Marcel Peck , and Claude Bourde. She was a member of Combat (French Resistance). In 1946, she founded _La Française_.  From 1955, she worked with Pierre Mendès France. From 1992 to 1995, she was senator from Hauts-de-Seine. She created Fondation Seligmann, to support human rights.

## Works

- _ Liberté, quand tu nous tiens ..._ Fayard, 2000.

## Other websites

- https://www.fondation-seligmann.org/
Hanging on the Telephone

"**Hanging on the Telephone**" is a 1978 song by American band Blondie. It was taken from their third studio album _Parallel Lines_. It went to number 5 in the United Kingdom, number 20 in the Netherlands, number 16 in Ireland, number 43 in New Zealand, number 39 in Australia, number 19 in Belgium. It failed to chart in the United States.

## Track listing

- UK 7" (CHS 2266)
1. "Hanging on the Telephone" (Jack Lee) – 2:17
1. "Will Anything Happen" (Lee) – 2:55

- US 7" (CHS 2271)
1. "Hanging on the Telephone" (Lee) – 2:17
1. "Fade Away and Radiate" (Chris Stein) – 3:57

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Hanging on the Telephone
- **caption**: UK vinyl single
- **type**: single
- **artist**: Blondie (band), Blondie
- **album**: Parallel Lines
- **released**: November 1978
- **length**: 2:17
- **label**: Chrysalis Records, Chrysalis
- **writer**: Jack Lee (musician), Jack Lee
- **producer**: Mike Chapman
- **prev title**: I'm Gonna Love You Too#Blondie version, I'm Gonna Love You Too
- **prev year**: 1978
- **next title**: Heart of Glass (song), Heart of Glass
- **next year**: 1979
Restore Point

***Restore Point*** () is a 2023 Czech Slovakian Polish Serbian science fiction thriller movie directed by first time director Robert Hloz and starring Andrea Mohylová, Matěj Hádek, Václav Neužil, Milan Ondrík, Karel Dobrý.
Rabies in humans

**Rabies in humans** is very dangerous. It causes serious inflammation, and once the virus spreads to the brain, death is very likely.

People get rabies by being bitten or scratched by a rabid animal (an animal that has rabies). Usually, the animal's saliva carries the virus.

Rabies exists in over 150 countries and territories across the world. Up to 95% of human deaths from rabies occur in Africa and Asia, especially in poor rural communities where there is little or no access to vaccines and post-exposure medications.

## Transmission

The rabies virus is usually carried in an animal's saliva. Cats, bats, raccoons, skunks, foxes, coyotes, and other wild animals can carry rabies, but dog bites and scratches cause 99% of all rabies deaths. Dog-mediated rabies (rabies spread by dogs) kills tens of thousands of people around the world every year, including many children.

It is rare for human saliva to carry rabies. There has never been a recorded instance where a person got rabies from being bitten by another human.

The rabies vaccine can prevent a person from developing rabies.  So can post-exposure prophylaxis (treatment given after a person is bitten or scratched).

## Symptoms

The initial symptoms of rabies include nausea, vomiting, headache, tiredness, and pain or numbness at the site of the animal bite or scratch. Because many different illnesses (like the flu) cause these symptoms, an infected person may not realise at first that they have rabies. Unfortunately, once a person starts showing symptoms of rabies, the disease is almost always fatal.

If post-exposure prophylaxis is not given soon enough, the virus spreads to the central nervous system (which includes the brain and the spinal cord). This causes rabies encephalitis (inflammation in the brain), and as rabies reaches its final stages, severe neurological symptoms develop.

These final symptoms of rabies can include confusion, delirium, aggression, hallucinations, abnormal behavior, hydrophobia (fear of water), light sensitivity, and excessive salivation. (This last symptom accounts for the "foaming at the mouth" appearance of some animals at the end stage of rabies.) After this point, rabies is fatal.

## Related pages

- Rabies cases in the Philippines
- Rabies endemic
Hooper (movie)

***Hooper*** is a 1978 American action comedy movie directed by Hal Needham and starring Burt Reynolds, Sally Field, Jan-Michael Vincent, Brian Keith, Robert Klein, John Marley, James Best. It was distributed by Warner Bros. and was nominated for an Academy Award in 1979.
Monica Kim

**Monica Kim** is an Korean-American historian and academic. She is William Appleman Williams & David G. and Marion S. Meissner Chair in U.S. International and Diplomatic History, at the University of Wisconsin. She won a MacArthur Fellowship.

## Life

She graduated from Yale University, and University of Michigan. She taught at  New York University  She was an Institute for Advanced Study fellow.

## Works

- _The Interrogation Rooms of the Korean War: The Untold History,_ Princeton University Press,
- _The World that Hunger Made: The Koreas, the United States, and Afro-Asia_,
Andrea Armstrong

**Andrea Armstrong** is an American criminal justice scholar, and Dr. Norman C. Francis Distinguished Professor of Law at Loyola University New Orleans College of Law. She won a MacArthur Fellowship.

## Life

She graduated from New York University, Princeton University, and Yale Law School.
Lee de Forest

**Lee de Forest** (1873-1961) was an American inventor. His inventions helped to create radio and television. He is sometimes described as the "Father of Radio". In his lifetime, he had created over 300 inventions.

## Early Life

He was born in 1873 in Council Bluffs, Iowa. His father was a minister. He studied at Yale University. He studied science and got a Ph.D. in 1899.

## The Audion

In 1906, he invented a device called the Audion. It was a vacuum tube that could boost weak electrical signals. It was critical for making radio and television to function properly. It contained three parts: a filament, a plate, and a grid.

The filament heated up and produced electrons. The plate collected electrons. The grid in the center controlled the flow of electrons. It allowed the Audion to amplify signals. Audion was included in radios, televisions, and early computers. It helped make these inventions more practical and popular.

## Radio and Television

He used Audion to create some of the early radio broadcasts. In 1907, he broadcast music on the radio in New York City. He also broadcast from the Metropolitan Opera House.

## Other websites

- Lee de Forest, American Inventor (leedeforest.com)
- Lee de Forest biography (ethw.org)
- Lee de Forest biography at National Inventors Hall of Fame
- "Who said Lee de Forest was the 'Father of Radio'?" by Stephen Greene, _Mass Comm Review_, February 1991.
- "Practical Pointers on the Audion" by A. B. Cole, Sales Manager – De Forest Radio Tel. & Tel. Co., _QST_, March 1916, pp. 41–44. (wikisource.org)
- "A History of the Regeneration Circuit: From Invention to Patent Litigation" by Sungook Hong, Seoul National University (PDF)
- "De Forest Phonofilm Co. Inc. on White House grounds" (1924) (shorpy.com)
- Guide to the Lee De Forest Papers 1902–1953 at the University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Lee de Forest
- **image**: Lee De Forest.jpg
- **caption**: Lee de Forest
- **birth place**: Council Bluffs, Iowa, U.S.
- **death place**: Hollywood, California, U.S.
- **alma mater**: Yale University, Yale College (Sheffield Scientific School)
- **occupation**: Inventor
- **relatives**: Calvert DeForest (grandnephew)
- **known for**: Three-electrode vacuum-tube (Audion), sound-on-film recording (Phonofilm)
- **awards**: IEEE Medal of Honor
Elliott Cresson Medal
IEEE Edison Medal