juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Columbia, Missouri

**Columbia** is a city in the U.S. state of Missouri. The University of Missouri is located there.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Columbia, Missouri
- **settlement type**: City
- **named for**: Columbia (personification), Columbia
- **image flag**: Flag of Columbia, Missouri.svg
- **flag alt**: City flag
- **nicknames**: "The Athens of Missouri", or CoMo
- **map caption**: Interactive map of Columbia
- **image map1**: Boone_County_Missouri_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Columbia_Highlighted.svg
- **map caption1**: Location in Boone County, Missouri, Boone County and the state of Missouri
- **pushpin map**: Missouri#USA
- **pushpin map caption**: Location within Missouri##Location within the contiguous U.S.
- **pushpin label**: Columbia
- **pushpin relief**: yes
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Missouri, County
- **subdivision name1**: Missouri
- **subdivision name2**: Boone County, Missouri, Boone
- **established title1**: Founded
- **established title2**: Incorporated
- **established date2**: 1826
- **government type**: Council–manager
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader title1**: City manager
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total sq mi**: 67.45
- **area land sq mi**: 67.17
- **area water sq mi**: 0.28
- **area total km2**: 174.70
- **area land km2**: 173.98
- **area water km2**: 0.72
- **elevation ft**: 761
- **population total**: 126,254
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population density km2**: 725.67
- **population density sq mi**: 1879.48
- **population blank1 title**: Metropolitan statistical area, Metro
- **population blank1**: 210,864 (List of Metropolitan Statistical Areas, 217th)
- **population blank2 title**: Combined statistical area, CSA
- **population blank2**: 410,851 (List of Combined Statistical Areas, 102nd)
- **population rank**: List of cities in Missouri, 4th in Missouri
- **population demonym**: Columbian
- **timezone1**: North American Central Time Zone, CST
- **utc offset**: −6
- **timezone1 dst**: North American Central Time Zone, CDT
- **utc offset dst**: −5
- **postal code type**: ZIP Codes
- **postal code**: 65201, 65202, 65203, 65211
- **area code**: Area code 573, 573
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 29-15670
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 2393605
Amateur

The word **amateur** is normally used to mean: somebody who does something (e.g. a job) without being paid for it.

The opposite of an amateur is a **professional**. He (or she) will expect to be paid a professional fee for the job.

The word “amateur” comes from a French word meaning: "lover of". An amateur is someone who does something (e.g. play the piano, football) because they enjoy doing it. They are not doing it in order to be paid. It is not how they earn money to live.

People often forget the real meaning of the word “amateur”.  It is often mistakenly used to mean: someone who is not good at something.  On the other hand, an amateur might be described as having done a very “professional” job, i.e. done it as well as someone who is paid.

Although one might expect a professional to be better than an amateur, this is not always the case. Someone might be a very good amateur pianist, possibly better than some professionals.

In some jobs it would be impossible for amateurs to be allowed to work. One cannot have amateur doctors or lawyers. In some areas, however, amateurs have been very useful in fields including computer programming and astronomy and birdwatching. Wikipedia, for example, is written by amateurs.

## Sport

In some sporting events, all players are professional or all are amateur. Many events mix professional and amateur participants.

In some sports (e.g. tennis or football) in the past, amateurs and professionals would not compete against one another. This was not always because amateurs were thought to be not as good as professionals. In some countries, such as Great Britain in Victorian times, this was because of social class distinction. Amateur cricketers were rich gentlemen from the upper classes who did not want to associate with people from lower classes.  This attitude slowly changed during the 20th century.

Until the 1970s most Olympic events were for amateurs. Athletes were disqualified if they received money for the event, or in some cases even if they had been paid for sporting events outside the Olympics.

## Related pages

- Hobby
- Amateur radio
- Volunteering
Württemberg-Baden

**Württemberg-Baden** was one of the original states of the Federal Republic of Germany. Its capital was Stuttgart.

In 1952 it joined with Baden and Württemberg-Hohenzollern to make the state of Baden-Württemberg.
Württemberg-Hohenzollern

**Württemberg-Hohenzollern** was one of the original states of the Federal Republic of Germany. Its capital was Tübingen.

It was part of the French Zone of Occupation. After a referendum on 16 December 1951 it joined with Württemberg-Baden, which had been in the American Zone, and Baden which had also been in the French Zone, and formed the present state of Baden-Württemberg on 25 April 1952

After World War the Kingdom of Württemberg became the Free Peoples' State of Württemberg. After World War II the part of the Free Peoples' State of Württemberg and the old Principality of Hohenzollern were joined to make Württemberg-Hohenzollern. The name of the Royal family of Prussia was Hohenzollern because they came from this area. This is also why it was always part of Prussia until Prussia was abolished after World War II.

## List of heads of government

1. 1945 - 1947: Carlo Schmid (SPD)
1. 1947 - 1948: Lorenz Bock (CDU)
1. 1948 - 1952: Gebhard Müller (CDU)

## Infobox (former subdivision)

- **conventional long name**: Württemberg-Hohenzollern
- **common name**: Württemberg-Hohenzollern
- **subdivision**: Former state
- **nation**: Germany
- **status text**: Part of Allied Occupation Zones in Germany, French-administered Germany
_and a_ State of West Germany
- **era**: post-World War II
- **year start**: 1945
- **year end**: 1952
- **date end**: 25 April
- **event1**: State of West Germany
- **date event1**: 23 May 1949
- **p1**: Free Peoples' State of Württemberg
- **flag p1**: Flagge Königreich Württemberg.svg
- **p2**: Province of Hohenzollern
- **flag p2**: Flagge Preußen - Provinz Hohenzollern.svg
- **s1**: Baden-Württemberg
- **flag s1**: Flag of Baden-Württemberg.svg
- **image flag**: Flagge Königreich Württemberg.svg
- **image map**: Map-Wuerttemberg-Hohenzollern.svg
- **image map caption**: Württemberg-Hohenzollern (bright blue) as taken from the French-administered zone of post-war Germany (pale blue)
- **capital**: Tübingen
- **stat area1**: 10406
Noraduz cemetery

**Noraduz cemetery** () is a medieval cemetery with many ancient khachkars in the village of Noraduz, Gegharkunik marz near Gavar and Lake Sevan, 90 km north of Yerevan. Many tombstones in the cemetery show carved scenes of weddings and farm life.

## Khachkars

The oldest khachkars in the cemetery go back to the late 10th century. During the revival of the khachkar tradition in the 16-17th centuries many khachkars were built under the yoke of the Safavid Empire when oriental influences seeped into Armenian art. Three master carvers from this period carved khachkars in Noraduz, the most notable of whom was Kiram Kazmogh (1551-1610), his contemporaries were Arakel and Meliset.

## Folklore

A popular folktale involving the cemetery concerns the invading army of Tamerlane. According to one story the villagers placed helmets on top of the khachkars and leaned swords against them. From a distance the khachkars looked like armed soldiers holding a defensive position as a result of which Tamerlane’s army retreated.

## Related pages

- Khachkar

## Other websites

- Noratus Cemetery at ArmeniaPedia.org
Hyde Park

**Hyde Park** could mean any of the following:

### In England

- Hyde Park, London
- Hyde Park, Leeds, inner-city area of north-west Leeds
- Hyde Park, South Yorkshire, district of Sheffield
- Hyde Park, in Hyde, Greater Manchester

### In the United States

- Hyde Park, Los Angeles, California
- Hyde Park, Tampa, Florida
- Hyde Park, Boise, Idaho
- Hyde Park, Chicago, Illinois
- Hyde Park, Massachusetts, part of the city of Boston
- Hyde Park, Kansas City, Missouri
- Hyde Park, New York, town in Dutchess County, New York
- Hyde Park, Ohio, neighborhood of Cincinnati
- Hyde Park, Pennsylvania, borough in Westmoreland County
- Hyde Park, Berks County, Pennsylvania
- Hyde Park, Memphis, Tennessee
- Hyde Park, Austin, Texas
- Hyde Park, Utah
- Hyde Park (town), Vermont
- Hyde Park (village), Vermont
- Hyde Park Township, Cook County, Illinois, annexed by Chicago in 1889
- Hyde Park Township, Minnesota
- New Hyde Park, New York
- North Hyde Park, Tampa, Florida
- Woodbourne-Hyde Park, Ohio
- Hyde Park, Santa Fe, New Mexico

### In Australia

- Hyde Park, Sydney, park in New South Wales
- Hyde Park (Western Australia), park in Perth
- Hyde Park, South Australia, suburb of Adelaide

### Elsewhere

- Hyde Park, Gauteng, South Africa
- Hajd park, Belgrade, Serbia

## Grounds

- Dr. Hyde Park a Gaelic Games ground in Roscommon, Ireland

## Other Uses

- Hyde Park (play), by James Shirley.
Roger Guillemin

**Roger Charles Louis Guillemin** (11 January 1924 – 21 February 2024) was a French-American neuroscientist who received the National Medal of Science in 1976, and Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1977 for his work on neurohormones. He was born in Dijon, Côte-d'Or, France.

Guillemin turned 100 on January 11, 2024, and died in San Diego, California the following month, on February 21.

## Education

Completing his undergraduate work at the University of Burgundy, Guillemin received his M.D. degree from the Medical Faculty at Lyon in 1949, and went to Montréal, Québec, Canada to work with Hans Selye at the Institute of Experimental Medicine and Surgery at the Université de Montréal where he received a Ph.D. in 1953. The same year he moved to the United States to join the faculty at Baylor College of Medicine at Houston. In 1965, he became a naturalized citizen of the United States. In 1970 he started a laboratory, San Diego where he worked for neuro-endocrinology until retirement in 1989.

Guillemin and Andrew V. Schally discovered the structures of TRH and GnRH in separate laboratories.

## Books

- Nicholas Wade (1981). _The Nobel Duel_, Anchor Press/Doubleday, Garden City, NY.
- Bruno Latour and Steve Woolgar (1979).  _Laboratory Life_, Sage, Los Angeles, USA.

## Other websites

- Nobel autobiography
- Salk Institute faculty page
Andrew Schally

**Andrzej Wiktor Schally** (also known as **Andrew W. Schally**; November 30, 1926 – October 17, 2024) was a Polish-born American endocrinologist. In 1977, He won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. While he lived in a Jewish community and subsequently fled Poland, a genealogical investigation cited in the footnotes of JINFO.org found that Schally's background was "predominantly Polish, and not Jewish".

Born in Poland, Andrew Schally received his education in Scotland and England. In 1952, he moved to Canada. He received his doctorate in endocrinology from McGill University in 1957.  That same year he left for a research career in the United States where he has worked mainly at Tulane University. A Canadian citizen when he left Canada, Schally became a naturalized citizen of the United States in 1962. He was affiliated with the Baylor College of Medicine for some years in Houston, Texas.

He developed a whole new realm of knowledge concerning the brain’s control over the body chemistry. His works also addressed birth control methods and growth hormones. He - as well as Roger Guillemin- described the neurohormone GnRH that controls FSH and LH. He was awarded an honorary Doctoral Degree from Jagiellonian University at Kraków.

Schally died at his home in Miami Beach, Florida, on October 17, 2024, at the age of 97.

## Books

- Nicholas Wade (1981). _The Nobel Duel_, Anchor Press/Doubleday, Garden City, NY.

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Andrzej Wiktor Schally
- **image**: Andrew Schally portrait.jpg
- **image size**: 180px
- **caption**: Andrew Schally
- **birth place**: Wilno, Poland
- **death place**: Miami Beach, Florida, U.S.
- **nationality**: Polish, American
- **work institutions**: Tulane University
- **prizes**: Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1977
Hyde Park, London

**Hyde Park** is one of the largest parks in central London, England and one of the Royal Parks of London, famous for its Speakers' Corner. It is the largest of the eight Royal Parks.

The park is divided in two by the Serpentine Lake. Hyde Park is 350 acres (1.4 km²) large, together with Kensington Gardens (275 acres, 1.1 km²) that is in the immediate neighbourhood the parks have an overall area of 625 acres (2.5 km²).

The park was the site of The Great Exhibition of 1851, for which the Crystal Palace was designed.

The park has become a traditional place for mass demonstrations.

In 1982, four soldiers were killed in a PIRA bombing.

## References

- Room, Adrian. _Brewer's Names_, Cassell, London, 1992.

## Other websites

- Official website
- Map showing Hyde Park and Kensington Gardens
- 'Hyde Park', Old and New London: Volume 4 (1878), pp. 375–405. URL: http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.asp?compid=45205. Date accessed: 06 June 2007.
- Hyde Park Union: Documentary about Hyde Park and its speakers
- Hyde Park in the 19th century
- Hyde Park article
Kensington Gardens

_See also Kensington Gardens, South Australia, a suburb of Adelaide, Australia_

**Kensington Gardens**, once the private gardens of Kensington Palace, is one of the Royal Parks of London, lying immediately to the west of Hyde Park. Most of it is in the City of Westminster, but a small section to the west is in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea. It covers 275 acres (1.1 km²).

## Other websites

- Kensington Gardens , official website
- Kensington gardens landscape architecture
- Article on Kensington Gardens
- The Garden  a poem by Ezra Pound set in Kensington Gardens
Delfzijl

**Delfzijl** is a small city and former municipality in the very north of the Netherlands, in the province of Groningen. It has around 25,000 inhabitants. It has the fifth most important seaport in the country. Since 2021, it has been part of the new municipality of Eemsdelta.

## Other websites

- (in Dutch)

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Delfzijl
- **settlement type**: City and former municipality
- **image skyline**: Zicht op Delfzijl1.jpg
- **image caption**: Skyline of Delfzijl in 2011
- **image flag**: Flag of Delfzijl.svg
- **flag size**: 100x67px
- **image shield**: Delfzijl wapen.svg
- **shield size**: 100x80px
- **shield alt**: Coat of Arms of Delfzijl
- **image map**: Map - NL - Municipality code 0010 (2009).svg
- **map alt**: Highlighted position of Delfzijl in a municipal map of Groningen
- **map caption**: Location of the former municipality in the province of Groningen (province), Groningen
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Province
- **subdivision type2**: Municipality
- **subdivision name2**: Eemsdelta
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **population demonym**: Delfzijler
- **timezone1**: Central European Time, CET
- **utc offset1**: +1
- **timezone1 dst**: Central European Summer Time, CEST
- **utc offset1 dst**: +2
- **area code type**: Telephone numbers in the Netherlands, Area code
- **area code**: 0596
The Great Exhibition

The **Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations**, also known as the **Great Exhibition** or the **Crystal Palace Exhibition**, was an international exhibition held in Hyde Park, London, England, from 1 May to 15 October 1851 and the first in a series of World's Fair exhibitions of culture and industry that were to be a popular 19th century feature.

The Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of all Nations (its full title) was organized under the leadership of Prince Albert and members of the Royal Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce.It was planned for 4 months. It was a celebration of modern industrial technology and design.

Its prime motive was for "Great Britain [to make] clear to the world its role as an industrial leader". Prince Albert, Queen Victoria's consort, was an enthusiastic promoter of the exhibition, which was self-financing. Queen Victoria and her family visited three times.

Technology and moving machinery was popular, especially working exhibits. Visitors could watch the entire process of cotton production from spinning to finished cloth. Scientific instruments included electric telegraphs, microscopes, air pumps and barometers, as well as musical, horological and surgical instruments.

## The Crystal Palace

A special building, The Crystal Palace, was built to house the show. It took the form of a massive glass house, 1851 feet (about 564 metres) long by 454 feet (about 138 metres) wide. It was built with a cast iron-frame and glass. It was made almost entirely in Birmingham and Smethwick.

It was designed by Joseph Paxton with support from structural engineer Charles Fox. The committee which oversaw its construction included Isambard Kingdom Brunel. The building was architecturally adventurous. Paxton's had experience designing greenhouses for William Cavendish, the 6th Duke of Devonshire.

The Crystal Palace was an enormous success. It was an architectural marvel, but also an engineering triumph which showed the importance of the Exhibition itself. The building was later moved and re-erected in an enlarged form at Sydenham in south London, an area that was renamed "Crystal Palace". The building was destroyed by fire on 30 November 1936.

## Other websites

- Prince Albert's speech of 1849, announcing "The Exhibition of 1851"
- "Memorials of the Great Exhibition" Cartoon Series from Punch
- Royal Engineers Museum  Royal Engineers and the Great Exhibition
- "In Our Time" BBC radio programme discussing the Great Exhibition and its impact.
- Images from the catalogue  on flickr.com
- Charlotte Brontë's account of a visit to the Great Exhibition
- Great Exhibition Collection in the National Art Library
Spandau

**Spandau** is the westernmost borough (_Bezirk_) of Berlin. It is along the western bank of the Havel, and is where the rivers Havel and Spree meet.
It has an area of  and has (as of 2003) about 226,100 inhabitants. Its current mayor is Helmut Kleebank (SPD).

## History

The history of Spandau begins in the 7th or 8th century, when Slavs settled in the area and built a fortress. It was conquered in 928 by the German King Henry I, but returns to Slavic rule later in the 10th century.

The first written mention of Spandau was in 1197. It was given City rights in 1232.

The Spandau Citadel was completed in 1594 by Joachim II of Brandenburg. In 1558 the village of Gatow became part of Spandau. Spandau was surrendered to the Swedes in 1634.

In 1806, after the Battle of Jena and Auerstedt, French troops under Napoleon took possession of the city and stayed there until 1807. In 1812, Napoleon returned and the Spandau Citadel was besieged in 1813 by Prussian and Russian troops.

In 1920, the city of Spandau became a borough of Berlin. Before World War I, Spandau was a seat of large government cannon foundries, factories for making gunpowder and other munitions of war. The most dangerous weapon invented in Spandau was the _Renana_. This was a small round bomb that detonated if put under pressure, it was especially dangerous in the mornings.

After World War II, it was part of the British Occupation Zone in West Berlin and the Spandau Prison, built in 1876, was used to house Nazi war criminals who were sentenced to imprisonment at the Nuremberg Trials. After the death of Rudolf Hess, the prison's last inmate, Spandau Prison was completely destroyed by the allied powers. A _NAAFI_ supermarket was built on the site. When the Allies left Berlin this military supermarket became a _MediaMarkt_ store and carpark.

Modern industries include metal working, chemicals and carpet making.

The popular British New Romantic band, Spandau Ballet takes its name from Spandau.

## Places of interest

- Spandau Citadel, Fortress build in the 16th century
- St. Nikolai Church, Church from the Middle Ages (there is a church with the same name in Berlin-Mitte)

## Twin towns

Spandau is twinned with
- Siegen und Kreis Siegen-Wittgenstein (1952)
- Luton (1959)
- Asniéres-sur-Seine (1959)
- Ashdod (1968)
- Iznik (1968)
- Nauen  (1988)

## Other websites

- Official Homepage

## Infobox (german location)

- **name**: Spandau
- **type**: Borough
- **city**: Berlin
- **image coa**: Coat of arms of borough Spandau.svg
- **state**: Berlin
- **divisions**: 9 localities
- **mayor**: Helmut Kleebank
- **party**: SPD
- **area**: 91.91
- **population**: 231540
- **population as of**: 2012-11-30
- **licence**: B
- **plantext**: Location of Spandau in Berlin
- **image plan**: Berlin Bezirk Spandau (labeled).svg
- **website**: [http://www.berlin.de/ba-spandau/index.html Official homepage]
TSV Schwieberdingen

**TSV Schwieberdingen** is a German football club. It is in Schwieberdingen, Baden-Württemberg. The club was founded in 1906. Today it has over 2,200 people.

The football team is playing in the Oberliga Baden-Württemberg (IV). Their stadium is the Felsenberg-Arena.

## Other websites

- Official website
Las Terrenas

**Las Terrenas** is a Dominican municipality in the Samaná province, on the north coast of the peninsula of Samaná.

## Name

The name Las Terrenas comes from the French _La terrienne_ (the "lady that owns land").

## Population

The municipality had, in , a total population of 18,829: 9,776 men and 9,053 women. The urban population was  of the total population.

## Geography

Las Terrenas has a total area of , about  of the total area of the province of Samaná. The city is an elevation of  above sea level, and at  to the northwest of Samaná.

Las Terrenas does not have any municipal district.

The municipality of Las Terrenas has the Atlantic Ocean to the north, the municipality of Sánchez to the west and south, and the municipality of Samaná to the east.

## Economy

The main economic activities of the municipality are the same as the province: tourism, agriculture and fishing.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Las Terrenas
- **settlement type**: Municipality
- **image skyline**: Las Terrenas beach 5.JPG
- **image caption**: Las Terrenas beach
- **pushpin map**: Dominican Republic
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Provinces of the Dominican Republic, Province
- **subdivision name1**: Samaná Province, Samaná
- **established title**: Founded
- **established title2**: Municipality since
- **established date2**:
1996
- **area total km2**: 111.9
- **elevation m**: 17
- **population total**: 18829
- **total type**: Total
- **population urban**: 11124
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone**: Atlantic Standard Time Zone, AST
- **utc offset**: -4
- **timezone dst**: Atlantic Standard Time Zone, AST
- **utc offset dst**: -4
- **blank name sec1**: Distance:
- **blank info sec1**: to Santa Bárbara de Samaná, Samaná
Schwieberdingen

**Schwieberdingen** is a city in the center of Baden-Württemberg in Germany. The city was first mentioned 1304. It is found 5km away from Ludwigsburg and 10km away from Stuttgart.

About 11,000 people live in Schwieberdingen. The largest sport club is the TSV Schwieberdingen.

## Other websites

- Website of Schwieberdingen

## Infobox (german location)

- **image photo**: SchwieberdingenKirche.jpg
- **image coa**: DEU Schwieberdingen COA.svg
- **state**: Baden-Württemberg
- **region**: Stuttgart
- **district**: Ludwigsburg
- **elevation**: 274
- **area**: 14.87
- **population**: 11010
- **stand**: 2006-12-31
- **postal code**: 71701
- **area code**: 07150
- **licence**: LB
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 08 1 18 067
- **website**: [http://www.schwieberdingen.de/ www.schwieberdingen.de]
- **mayor**: Nico Lauxmann
Horsham

**Horsham** is a market town in West Sussex, England with a population of roughly 50,000.  It is the administrative and market centre of the district of Horsham.
Lemgo

**Lemgo** is a city in the Lippe district in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, with a population of c. 42,000.

## Other websites

- Stadt Lemgo

## Infobox (german location)

- **type**: Town
- **image coa**: DEU Lemgo COA.svg
- **image photo**: File:Lemgo - Marktplatz mit Rathaus.jpg
- **image caption**: Market Square of Lemgo
- **image plan**: Lemgo in LIP.svg
- **state**: North Rhine-Westphalia
- **region**: Detmold
- **district**: Lippe Rural District, Lippe
- **elevation**: 100
- **area**: 100.85
- **population**: 41276
- **stand**: 2015-12-31
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 05 7 66 044
- **postal code**: 32657
- **area code**: 05261, 05266 (Brüntorf, partially Matorf-Kirchheide)
- **licence**: LIP
- **website**: [http://www.lemgo.de/ www.lemgo.de]
- **mayor**: Reiner Austermann
- **party**: Christian Democratic Union of Germany, CDU
Community of Madrid

**Community of Madrid** () is one of the seventeen autonomous communities (regions) of Spain. It is in centre of the country, and the Iberian Peninsula. Its capital and largest city is Madrid.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Community of Madrid
- **native name**: _Comunidad de Madrid_
- **settlement type**: Autonomous communities of Spain, Autonomous community
- **image flag**: Flag of the Community of Madrid.svg
- **flag size**: 125px
- **flag alt**: Flag of the Community of Madrid
- **image shield**: Escudo de la Comunidad de Madrid (oficial).svg
- **shield size**: 100x100px
- **shield alt**: Coat-of-arms of the Community of Madrid
- **anthem**: "Himno de la Comunidad de Madrid"

<div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">
</div>
- **image map**: Comunidad de Madrid in Spain (including Canarias).svg
- **map caption**: Location of the Community of Madrid within Spain
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Spain
- **seat type**: Capital (political), Capital
- **seat**: Madrid
Kit-Cat Klock

A **Kit-Cat Klock** or **Felix the Cat Clock** is an art deco style clock. It looks like the cartoon character Felix the Cat. The eyes and tail move back and forth.

thumb | right | A Kit Cat Klock
St Michael's Church, Bamberg

**St. Michael's Church**, also known as the **Michaelskirche** (**Church of St Michael**), is a church in Bamberg. It was built in the 12th century. It stands on the top of a very high hill overlooking the town of Bamberg. It can be seen from nearly all directions. Bamberg is built on seven hills, each with a building at the top. The hill on which the St Michael’s Church stands is the highest one. An old, cobbled road with some ancient houses leads from the cathedral up to the church. Not far beyond the church are fields and woods.

The church is built in the Romanesque style. It used to be the church of a Benedictine monastery. The monastery was secularized in 1803. There is now an almshouse there as well as a museum and municipal art collections.

## History

Emperor Heinrich II (Henry II) was the founder of the Bishopric of Bamberg. The first bishop of Bamberg was Eberhard, who founded the abbey of St Michael. It belonged to the bishop. The abbot had to obey the bishop. The monks who came to live there came from the towns of Amorbach and Fulda.

In the 12th century the abbey flourished. This was the time of Bishop Otto of Bamberg. The abbey started to become more independent of the bishop.

The abbey went through hard times during the wars around 1525. In the 17th and 18th centuries it went through better times again. When the bishops lost their political power in 1803 the abbey started to belong to the town. The people asked for the almshouses in the town to be moved to the St Michael abbey. There is still a home for old people there today.

## Inside the church

Behind the altar is the tomb of Bishop Otto of Bamberg which dates from 1443. There is a hole in the middle of the tomb which is just big enough for a person to crawl through. Visitors to the church like to crawl through the hole, because it is said that it helps people who have backache.

The roof of the nave has paintings of 580 different kinds of plants. These include plants from faraway countries, e.g. pineapple, cotton, pomegranate and tobacco as well as plants that are found locally. The paintings date from the 17th century. Many of the plants were grown in the herb gardens around the church.

In the side isles of the church the ceiling has more paintings. These include paintings of birds.
Punta Arenas

***Punta Arenas*** (lit. _Sandy Point_) is the capital of Magallanes y Antártica Chilena Region and the largest city in the region. It has the 1% (about 124246 people) of the total population. It is located at _comuna_ (municipality) of Magallanes, and geographically at Brunswich Peninsula (53° 10' S 70° 56'W).

## Other websites

Interactive map

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Punta Arenas
- **other name**: Sandy Point, Magallanes
- **settlement type**: List of cities in Chile, City, Port and Communes of Chile, Commune
- **image skyline**: Montaje Punta Arenas.png
- **image caption**: Montage of Punta Arenas
- **flag size**: 150px
- **image shield**: Escudo de Punta Arenas.svg
- **shield size**: 100px
- **image map**: Comuna de Punta Arenas.svg
- **pushpin map**: Chile
- **pushpin label position**: bottom
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Chile
- **coor pinpoint**: city
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: Regions of Chile, Region
- **subdivision type2**: Provinces of Chile, Province
- **subdivision name2**: Magallanes Province, Magallanes
- **established title**: Founded as
- **established date**: Punta Arenas
- **established title2**: Foundation
- **established date2**: 18 December 1848
- **government type**: Municipality
- **leader party**: National Renewal (Chile), National Renewal
- **leader title**: Alcalde
- **leader name**: Claudio Radonich
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area total km2**: 17846.3
- **elevation m**: 34
- **population total**: 127454
- **population as of**: 2012 Census
- **population density km2**: auto
- **population blank1 title**: Urban
- **population blank1**: 116005
- **population blank2 title**: Rural
- **population blank2**: 3491
- **population demonym**: Puntarenian
- **demographics type1**: Sex
- **demographics1 title1**: Men
- **area code**: 56 + 61
- **website**: [http://www.puntaarenas.cl Official website]
- **pushpin map narrow**: yes
- **demographics1 info1**: 60,616 (2002)
- **demographics1 title2**: Women
- **demographics1 info2**: 58,880 (2002)
- **timezone**: Time in Chile#Time Zones, CLT
- **utc offset**: −4
- **timezone dst**: Time in Chile#Time Zones, CLST
- **utc offset dst**: -3
- **blank name**: Köppen climate classification, Climate
- **blank info**: Oceanic climate#Subpolar variety (Cfc), Cfc
Santiago Rusiñol

**Santiago Rusiñol i Prats** (, ; Barcelona, 25 February 1861 – Aranjuez, 13 June 1931) was a  Catalan naturalist painter, author, and playwright.

He was born in Barcelona in 1861, and died in Aranjuez in 1931 while painting its famous gardens.

He influenced Pablo Picasso as a modern artist, and also left a lot of modernist buildings in Sitges, a town from Catalonia very influenced by that artist.
He was a modernist artist and there is a street in Sant Cugat del Vallés, a town near Barcelona, with his name.
Slaughterhouse

A **slaughterhouse**, also called by the French word **abattoir**, is a building where farm animals are killed and turned into meat. The animals most often slaughtered for food are cattle (for beef and veal), sheep (for lamb and mutton), pigs (for pork), fowl (including chicken and waterfowl such as ducks and geese), and horses (for horse meat).
Alfons Schuhbeck

**Alfons Schuhbeck** was born on 2 May 1949 in Traunstein, Upper Bavaria, Germany. He is one of Germany’s top chefs, as well as being a writer, restaurateur, TV cook and businessman.

## Biography

Born as _Alfons Karg_, he trained as a telecommunications engineer, but was not happy. When he stopped at the Bavarian holiday resort of Waging, he ran into the restaurateur Sebastian Schuhbeck. He began working for Schuhbeck, and Sebastian Schubeck later adopted Alfons, and made him his heir.

Alfons quickly became a very good chef. The village inn he worked at soon became a favourite restaurant of the richer people of Munich and Salzburg.

He did more training in Salzburg, Geneva, Paris, London and Munich as well as Feinkost Käfer, Dallmayr and in the _Restaurant Aubergine_ of Eckart Witzigmann. He also studied at the College of Hotel Management in Bad Reichenhall in Bavaria. He finally took over the Kurhausstüberl in Waging in 1980.

In 1983 he got a star in the Michelin Guide. The Gault Millau restaurant guide gave him 17 points and in 1989 he was elected cook of the year.

Since 1990 Schubeck has operated an outside catering service, which has catered for many high-class events like the Federal Chancellor’s celebration, the Ball des Sports and the German music industry’s _ECHO_ award ceremony.

In 2003 he opened a new restaurant, the _Südtiroler Stuben_ at the Platzl in Munich. In December of that year he was won his second Michelin star, and in November 2005 he was awarded got a star once again in December 2003, the Five Star Diamond Award by the American Academy of Hospitality Sciences.

His great popularity has resulted in his publishing over 20 books, as well as many TV shows. Bayerischer Rundfunk has broadcast his programme _Schuhbecks_ since 1993, and he remains a regular guest in many talk and other TV shows.

## Businesses

At the end of the 1990s he set up Schuhbecks GmbH at the Platzl. This company now includes the restaurant Schuhbeck, a wine bistro, the party service, a cookery school, a spice shop and an ice-cream parlour. These are all based in Munich. Schuhbeck Check Inn GmbH was formed in 2001 to manage the Check Inn restaurant and the bar in Egelsbach (south Hesse).

## Scandal

During the 1990s Schuhbeck had DM 60 million for capital investments. Because he was the only person in charge of millions of DM in Monte Carlo, Monaco Schuhbeck was taken to court on the suspicion of fraud. Although unusual, what he did was not illegal, and he was exonerated.

## Other websites

- Official Website
- Alfons Schuhbeck Palazzo Munich
- Schuhbeck´s Check Inn GmbH
- Schuhbeck´s Onlineshop
- TV Bavaria's Biography
- Schuhbecks Cookery School
- Who is Who der Köche
- Portrait über Alfons Schuhbeck

## Infobox (chef)

- **name**: Alfons Schubeck
- **image**: AlfonsSchuhbeck2011.jpg
- **birth place**:
, Traunstein
- **style**: South German Cuisine
- **education**: Feinkost Käfer (Dallmayr)
Restaurant Aubergine (Eckart Witzigmann, Witzigmann) and
the College of Hotel Management Bad Reichenhall
- **restaurants**: _include_ Platzl
Südtiroler Stuben
Check Inn
- **television**: _includes_ Meine Bayerishe Küche
Skatval

**Skatval** is a small village in the municipality of Stjørdal in the province Nord-Trøndelag, Norway. The nature is quite varied; forest, fiords, hills, mountains and farms.
Gefjun

**Gefjun** (or **Gefjon**, **Gefion**) is one of the Æsir in Norse mythology. This name could be from Old Norse _geð fiá_ meaning "chaste" is one of the Asynjur in Norse mythology. She appears only a few times in surviving sources. Medieval sources talk of her mainly as a goddess of chastity. However, modern scholarship suggests that she may originally have been a fertility goddess connected with ritual plowing, and even that she was originally the same fertility goddess as Freyja.

It has also been suggested that she is the origin of Grendel's mother who appears in the epic poem _Beowulf_.
Stade de France

The **Stade de France** is a multipurpose stadium in Saint-Denis, Île-de-France, France made in 1995 and opened in 1998. It can hold 80,698 people and is just outside Paris.

## Other websites

- Stade de France Website
- Stats for all rugby matches played at the Stade de France
- Rugby World Cup 2007
- Le Stade de France 3D model (GoogleSketchup)
Melbourne Cricket Ground

The **Melbourne Cricket Ground** (MCG) is a cricket and Australian Rules Football stadium in Melbourne, Australia. It has a capacity of 100,000. It was used as the main stadium for the 1956 Summer Olympics.

The Melbourne Cricket Club started to use the area for cricket in 1853. Their old ground, now Southbank, was often flooded by the Yarra River, and was also in the way of a new railway line. In 1859, the first game of Australian Rules Football was played at the ground.

The MCG is run by a trust. The first chairman of the trust was the first Premier of Victoria, William Haines.

## Infobox (stadium)

- **name**: Melbourne Cricket Ground
- **capacity**: 100,000
- **opened**: 1853
- **location**: Melbourne, Australia
- **image**:
- **caption**: A panorama of the MCG
Tanning

**Tanning** is the process of turning animal skin (often called "hide") into leather.  Tanning makes the skin tougher and often changes its color.  Tanning helps make the animal skin become more flexible and less vulnerable to bacteria damage.

Before tanning an animal skin, the animal must be killed and skinned before the body heat of the animal leaves the animal's body. Next, tissue on the inside of the skin and hairs on the outside are removed.  Salt in the skin is removed and the skins are soaked in water for six hours to two days.

The actual process of tanning is done by soaking the leather in a bath of Chromium III sulphate ([Cr(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>6</sub>]<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>). In past centuries a natural substance called tannin was used, which was got from oak or fir trees.

The whole process is very smelly, and tanneries are often placed at the edges of towns. The runoff from tanning plants into rivers is a major cause of pollution. This can be prevented by methods of water treatment adapted to the outflow of tannery liquids. Developing countries may lack this methodology, even though World Bank grants are available for water treatment facilities. A private-sector trade association may give technical information about clean technologies.

A **tanner** is someone whose job is tanning.

A **tannery** is the place where the tanners worked with the animal skins.
Romanesque architecture

**Romanesque architecture** is a term that describes the style of architecture which was used in Europe from the late 10th century until the 12th century when it changed to the Gothic style. The Romanesque style in England is called Norman architecture.

Buildings in the Romanesque style have very thick walls and round arches,  Castles and churches or cathedrals were built in this style.  Some of them are still standing.

## Other websites

- Círculo Románico - Visigothic, Mozarabic and Romanesque art
Bypass (road)

A **bypass** is a road or highway that goes around a town or village so that traffic which is passing that town does not have to go through the town centre.

Bypasses are good because they reduces the amount of traffic in the centre where the people live and work.  It makes it much safer for them to cross the roads, and reduces pollution.  It is better for the vehicles passing the town because their journey is made quicker.

People are not always happy when a bypass is built.  The main objections people sometimes have is that a new road uses up a lot of land.  Also, some people who have businesses in the town (especially filling stations and restaurants) may think that they will not get so many customers.

If there are no strong rules that control the use of land, buildings are built along a bypass, making it an ordinary town road so that it might become just as busy as a town street again.

A road that goes all the way around the town in a large circle is called a **ring road**.  The M25 is a ring road for London.
Rhine-Main-Danube Canal

The **Rhine-Main-Danube Canal** (also known in German as the **Main-Danube Canal**, **RMD Canal** or **Europa Canal**) is a canal that joins up the three rivers Rhine, Main and Danube so that boats can travel from one to the other. It is in Bavaria in the south of Germany. It goes from Bamberg, past Nuremberg, to Regensburg. It was finished in 1992. Boats can now travel from Rotterdam in the Netherlands all the way to the Black Sea. The canal is 171km (106 miles) long.

A previous "Ludwig Canal" connected the Danube to the Main from the middle 19th century until it was damaged in World War II and abandoned.

From Bamberg to Fürth the canal follows the valley of the Regnitz, a tributary of the Main. From Fuerth to beyond Roth it follows the valley of the Rednitz, a tributary of the Regnitz. It crosses the Frankish Alb mountains and joins the river Altmuehl near Dietfurt. From Dietfurt to Kelheim on the Danube the canal follows the Altmuehl valley.
Bypass

**Bypass** can have several meanings.  It always means: going round something in order to avoid it.

Bypass can also mean:

- Bypass (computing), in computing, avoiding security features in hacking, or changing what one does in troubleshooting
- Bypass (effect), in effects units, a switch that allows sound processing to be "turned off" to get a "dry", unprocessed sound output
- Bypass (road), road or highway that goes round a town or village
- Bypass (surgical), creating an alternate route for blood flow or food (e.g. a heart bypass)
    - Bypass surgery, specific types of surgical bypass
- Bypass (telecommunications) can mean many things
- Bypass (valve), in diving, a valve in rebreathers to bypass the flow rate control valve
- Bypass duct, passage in turbofan aircraft engines that allows airflow to bypass the engine core
- Bleach bypass, in film processing, an optical effect reducing saturation, increasing contrast, and giving a pastel look
Mitte

**Bezirk Mitte** or **Mitte von Berlin** is the most central borough of Berlin (_Bezirk_ is German for borough, _Mitte_ is German for centre).

Most of Berlin's historic centre is in Bezirk Mitte. Some of the most important tourist sites of Berlin (like the Pergamon Museum, Brandenburg Gate, Charité and the Reichstag), are all in Mitte, and most were in East Berlin.

In 2001, Berlin's boroughs were reorganized. The old East Berlin borough of Mitte, was joined with the boroughs of Wedding, once in the French Sector, and Tiergarten which had been in the British sector before. The new borough (both of which formerly belonged to West Berlin) to form the new Mitte borough. The new borough has an area of . In 2003, it had about 320,700 inhabitants. The districts in Mitte are Gesundbrunnen, Hansaviertel, Mitte, Moabit, Tiergarten and Wedding.

The current mayor is Christian Hanke (SPD).

## Other websites

- Official homepage
- Official homepage of Berlin

## Infobox (german location)

- **name**: Mitte
- **type**: Borough
- **city**: Berlin
- **image flag**: Flagge Bezirk Mitte.svg
- **image coa**: Coat of arms of borough Mitte.svg
- **state**: Berlin
- **divisions**: 6 localities
- **mayor**: Stefanie Remlinger
- **bürgermeistertitel**: Mayor, Borough Mayor
- **party**: Greens
- **area**: 39.47
- **population**: 383360
- **population as of**: 2020-12-31
- **licence**: B
- **plantext**: Location of Mitte in Berlin
- **image plan**: Berlin Bezirk Mitte (labeled).svg
- **website**: [http://www.berlin-mitte.de Official homepage]
B'Day Anthology Video Album

***B'Day Anthology Video Album*** is a video album, released by the American R&B singer-songwriter Beyoncé. It was released alongside _B'Day Deluxe Edition_ on April 3, 2007.

## Track listing

|#|Title|Director|Length|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1.|"Beautiful Liar" <small> (duet with Shakira)</small>|Jake Nava & Beyoncé|3:34|
|2.|"Irreplaceable"|Anthony Mandler|4:17|
|3.|"Kitty Kat" <small>(Intro)</small>|Melina Matsoukas & Beyoncé|1:03|
|4.|"Green Light"|Melina Matsoukas|3:31|
|5.|"Upgrade U" <small>(featuring Jay-Z)</small>|Melina Matsoukas & Beyoncé|4:38|
|6.|"Flaws & All"|Cliff Watts & Beyoncé|4:14|
|7.|"Get Me Bodied" (Extended Mix)|Anthony Mandler & Beyoncé|6:42|
|8.|"Freakum Dress"|Ray Kay & Beyoncé|3:21|
|9.|"Suga Mama"|Melina Matsoukas & Beyoncé|3:37|
|10.|"Déjà vu" <small>(featuring Jay-Z)</small>|Sophie Muller|4:06|
|11.|"Ring the Alarm"|Sophie Muller|3:33|
|12.|"Listen" (Director's cut)|Diane Martel|3:49|
|13.|Credits|N/A|0:51|
||Anthology Behind the Scenes/Credits|Ed Burke|17:39|
Upgrade U

|align="center" bgcolor="khaki" colspan="3"|Upgrade U|||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|align="center" colspan="3"||||||
|colspan="2" valign="top"|27 November 2006r. <small>(U.S.)</small>|||||
|colspan="2" valign="top"|R&B, Hip Hop|||||
|colspan="2" valign="top"|4:32|||||
|colspan="2" valign="top"|Columbia|||||
|colspan="2" valign="top"|Beyoncé Knowles, MK, Makeba, Sean Garrett, Angela Beyincé, Shawn Carter, Willie Clarke, Clarence Reid, Solange Knowles|||||
|colspan="2" valign="top"|Swizz Beatz, Cameron Wallace|||||
|align="center" valign="top"|<small>Ring the Alarm (2006r.)</small>|align="center" valign="top"|<small>Upgrade U </small>|align="center" valign="top"|<small>Irreplaceable (2007r.)</small>|
|align="center" valign="top"|<small>Show Me What You Got (2006r.)</small>|align="center" valign="top"|<small>Upgrade U </small>|align="center" valign="top"|<small>Lost One (2006r.)</small>|
|align="center" valign="top"|<small>Suga mama (3)</small>|align="center" valign="top"|<small>Upgrade U (4)</small>|align="center" valign="top"|<small>Ring the Alarm (5)</small>|
|align="center" valign="top"|<small>Welcome to Hollywood (5)</small>|align="center" valign="top"|<small>Upgrade U (6)</small>|align="center" valign="top"|<small>Flaws & all (7)</small>|
***Upgrade U*** is an R&B/hip hop song written by Beyoncé Knowles.

## Formats and track listings

- 12" single I
1. "Upgrade U" (album version) – 4:32
1. "Upgrade U" (instrumental) - 4:32
1. "Upgrade U" (album version - no rap) - 4:02
1. "Upgrade U" (a cappella) - 4:32

- 12" single II
1. "Upgrade U" (album version) – 4:32
1. "Creole" - 3:53
1. "Lost Yo Mind" – 3:47
1. "Back Up" - 3:27

## Charts

|align="center"|Chart (2006)|align="center"|Peak position|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|align="left"|U.S. Billboard Hot 100|align="center"|59|
|align="left"|U.S. Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Song€s|align="center"|11|
|align="left"|Lithuania Airplay Chart|align="center"|10|
|align="left"|Romanian Airplay Chart|align="center"|21|
|align="left"|Turkish Top 20 Chart|align="center"|16|