juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
1990 FIFA World Cup

The **1990 FIFA World Cup** was a football (soccer) sporting event that was held in Italy from 8 June to 8 July 1990. 24 teams took part from many countries. Germany won the trophy after beating Argentina in the final.

The 1990 FIFA World Cup had the lowest amount of goals, and had 16 red cards handed out. However, the 1990 FIFA World Cup was one of the most watched sporting events of all time. This was also the last World Cup that had 2 points for a win in the Group Stage.

## Infobox (international football competition)

- **tourney name**: 1990 FIFA World Cup
- **size**: 180px
- **country**: Italy
- **dates**: 8 June – 8 July
- **num teams**: 24
- **venues**: 12
- **cities**: 12
- **champion**: West Germany
- **count**: 3
- **second**: Argentina
- **third other**: Italy national football team, Italy
- **fourth other**: England national football team, England
- **matches**: 52
- **goals**: 115
- **attendance**: 2516348
- **top scorer**: Salvatore Schillaci (6 goals)
- **player**: Salvatore Schillaci
- **prevseason**: 1986 FIFA World Cup, 1986
- **nextseason**: 1994 FIFA World Cup, 1994
Francisco (moon)

|bgcolor="#ffc0c0" colspan="2"|Discovery|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Matthew J. Holman, John J. Kavelaars, Dan Milisavljevic, and Brett J. Gladman||||
|August 13, 2003||||
|4,276,000 km||||
|0.1459||||
|266.56 d||||
|145° (to the ecliptic)||||
|Uranus||||
|~22 km _(estimate)_||||
|~1500 km² _(estimate)_||||
|~6000 km³ _(estimate)_||||
|1.4 kg _(estimate)_||||
|~1.5 g/cm³ _(estimate)_||||
|~0.0025 m/s<sup>2</sup> _(estimate)_||||
|~0.0055 km/s _(estimate)_||||
|?||||
|?°||||
|0.04 _(assumed)_||||
|{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="0"||||
||~65 K _(estimate)_||}|
|0 kPa||||
**Francisco** is the closest non-spherical moon of Uranus.

Francisco was found by Matthew J. Holman, et al. and Brett J. Gladman, et al. in 2003 from pictures taken in 2001 and given the designation **S/2001 U 3**.
Confirmed as **Uranus XXII**, it was named after a lord in William Shakespeare's play _The Tempest_.

## Related pages

- List of Uranus' moons

## References

- Ephemeris IAU-NSES
- Mean orbital parameters NASA JPL

## Other websites

- Francisco profile  by Solar System Exploration
- David Jewitt pages
- Scott Sheppard pages
Tropical cyclone warnings and watches

**Warnings and watches** are two levels of alert issued by national weather forecasting bodies to coastal areas threatened by the imminent approach of a tropical cyclone of tropical storm or hurricane strength. They are notices to the local population and civil authorities to make appropriate preparation for the cyclone, including evacuation of vulnerable areas where necessary. It is important that interests throughout the area of an alert make preparations to protect life and property, and do not disregard it on the strength of the detailed forecast track. Tropical cyclones are not points, and forecasting their track remains an uncertain science.

## Watch

A **tropical storm watch** is issued by the National Hurricane Center when tropical storm effects are a possible threat to an area within 48 hours. Tropical storm effects include winds from 39 to 73 mph (35 to 64 knots, 63 to 117 km/h). Maritime flags indicate this with a single square red flag.

## Warning

A **tropical storm warning** is issued when tropical storm effects are expected within 36 hours or less.  Maritime flags indicate this with two square red flags.

## Other websites

- NHC - watches and warnings
Kingston, Jamaica

The **City of Kingston** is the capital and largest city of Jamaica. It is on the southeastern coast of the island country. It faces a natural harbour protected by the Palisadoes, a long sand spit which connects Port Royal and the norman Manley International Airport to the rest of the island. In the Western Hemisphere, Kingston is the largest predominantly English-speaking city south of the United States, with a population of 651,880 (2001 census).

## Other websites

- Extract from _Tour Jamaica_ by Margaret Morris
- Jamaica Library Service: brief history of Kingston
- 2001 Census
- Accounts of 1907 Earthquake in The Times
- Kingston City Guide
- Jamaican Affairs - Kingston
- Kingston Guide

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Kingston and St. Andrew Corporation
- **motto**: A City That Hath Foundations
- **imagesize**: 280px
- **image caption**: Kingston skyline, circa 2003
- **image map**: Kingston.png
- **mapsize**: 280px
- **map caption**: Location of Kingston shown within Jamaica
- **subdivision type**: List of countries, Country
- **subdivision name**: Jamaica
- **subdivision type1**: County
- **subdivision name1**: Surrey, Jamaica, Surrey
- **subdivision type2**: Parishes of Jamaica, Parish
- **subdivision name2**: Kingston Parish, Jamaica, Kingston
 Saint Andrew Parish, Jamaica, St. Andrew
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Andrew Swaby
- **established title**: Established
- **established date**: 1693
- **area total km2**: 453
- **population as of**: 2001
- **population total**: 651880
- **population density km2**: 1439
- **population blank1 title**: Kingston Parish
- **population blank1**: 96052
- **population blank2 title**: St. Andrew Parish
- **population blank2**: 555828
- **timezone**: North American Eastern Time Zone, EST
- **utc offset**: -5
- **elevation m**: 9
- **elevation ft**: 30
Caliban (moon)

|bgcolor="#ffc0c0" colspan="2"|Discovery|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Brett J. Gladman, Philip D. Nicholson, Joseph A. Burns, and John J. Kavelaars||||
|September 6, 1997||||
|7,231,000 km||||
|0.1588||||
|579.73 d||||
|120.28° (to Uranus' equator) 140.878° (to the local Laplace plane) 139.89° (to the ecliptic)||||
|Uranus||||
|~72 km _(estimate)_||||
|~16,000 km<sup>2</sup> _(estimate)_||||
|~200,000 km<sup>3</sup> _(estimate)_||||
|~7.4 kg _(estimate)_||||
|~1.5 g/cm<sup>3</sup> _(estimate)_||||
|~0.02 m/s<sup>2</sup> _(estimate)_||||
|~0.045 km/s _(estimate)_||||
|2.7h||||
|_unknown_||||
|0.04 _(assumed)_||||
|{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="0"||||
||~64 K _(estimate)_||}|
|none||||
**Caliban** is the second biggest retrograde non-spherical moon of Uranus.

Caliban was found on 1997-09-06 by Brett J. Gladman, Philip D. Nicholson, Joseph A. Burns, and John J. Kavelaars using the 200-inch Hale telescope together with Sycorax and given the designation **S/1997 U 1**.

Designated **Uranus XVI** it was named after the monster fictional character in William Shakespeare's play _The Tempest_.

The orbital parameters suggest that it may belong, together with Stephano to the same dynamic cluster, suggesting common origin.

The diameter is estimated at 72 km (assuming albedo of 0.04), making it the second biggest non-spherical moon of Uranus, half the size of Sycorax, the biggest non-spherical moon of Uranus.

The light curve suggests Caliban's rotation period is 2.7 hours.

## Related pages

- List of Uranus' moons

## References

- Ephemeris IAU-NSES
- Mean orbital parameters NASA JPL

## Other websites

- Caliban Profile  by NASA's Solar System Exploration
- David Jewiit pages
- Scott Sheppard pages
Tropical cyclone forecast model

A **tropical cyclone forecast model** is a computer program that uses meteorological data to forecast where tropical cyclones will go and how strong they will be. Models use powerful supercomputers and mathematical modeling software. There are two general types: statistical and dynamic. There are two main types of forecasts: track and intensity.

## Other websites

- Tropical Cyclone Forecasters Reference Guide, Chapter 5
- Model Analyses and Forecasts from NCEP
Villalba, Puerto Rico

**Villalba**  (vee-YAHL-bah) is a municipality of Puerto Rico. It is in the central region, northeast of Juana Díaz; south of Orocovis; and west of Coamo. Villalba is spread over 6 wards and Villalba Pueblo (the downtown area and the administrative center of the city).

## Infobox (settlement)

- **subdivision type**: Countries of the world, Country
- **subdivision type1**: Commonwealth (United States insular area), Commonwealth
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **official name**: Villalba, Puerto Rico
- **nickname**: Ciudad de los Avancinos", "Ciudad del Gandul", "Ciudad de los Lagos", "Ciudad del Cooperativismo
- **image flag**: Flag of Villalba.svg
- **image seal**: Escudo de Armas de Villalba, Puerto Rico.svg
- **image skyline**: Escuela Walter McK. Jones - Villalba Puerto Rico.jpg
- **image map**: Locator-map-Puerto-Rico-Villalba.svg
- **map caption**: Location within the island of Puerto Rico
- **established date**: 1917
- **established title**: Founded in
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Hon. Waldemar Rivera Torres
- **leader party**: Partido Popular Democrático (PPD)
- **leader title1**: Senatorial dist.
- **leader name1**: 6 Guayama
- **leader title2**: Representative dist.
- **leader name2**: 26
- **area total km2**: 97.61
- **area land km2**: 96
- **area water km2**: 1.61
- **population as of**: 2022-2020
- **population total**: 21,466
- **timezone**: Atlantic Standard Time, AST
- **utc offset**: -4
- **timezone dst**: websites
- **utc offset dst**: -4
- **footnotes**: Anthem – **"A las orillas del Río Jacaguas"**
- **population density sq mi**: 619.9
Stephano (moon)

|bgcolor="#ffc0c0" colspan="2"|Discovery|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Brett J. Gladman, Matthew J. Holman, John J. Kavelaars, Jean-Marc Petit, and Hans Scholl||||
|July 18, 1999||||
|8,004,000 km||||
|0.2295||||
|677.37 d||||
|141.81° (to the ecliptic)144°)||||
|Uranus||||
|~32 km _(estimate)_||||
|~3000 km² _(estimate)_||||
|~20,000 km<sup>3</sup> _(estimate)_||||
|~6.0 kg _(estimate)_||||
|~1.5 g/cm<sup>3</sup> _(estimate)_||||
|~0.0041 m/s<sup>2</sup> _(estimate)_||||
|~0.0090 km/s _(estimate)_||||
|?||||
|?°||||
|0.04 _(assumed)_||||
|{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="0"||||
||~64 K _(estimate)_||}|
|0 kPa||||
**Stephano** is a retrograde non-spherical moon of Uranus. It was found by Brett J. Gladman, _et al._ in 1999, and given the designation **S/1999 U 2**.

Confirmed as **Uranus XX**, it is named after the drunken butler in William Shakespeare's play _The Tempest_.

## Related pages

- List of Uranus' moons

## References

1. <li value="4">Ephemeris IAU-NSES
1. Mean orbital parameters NASA JPL

## Other websites

- Stephano Profile  by NASA's Solar System Exploration
- David Jewitt pages
- Scott Sheppard pages
Trinculo (moon)

|bgcolor="#ffc0c0" colspan="2"|Discovery|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Matthew J. Holman, John J. Kavelaars, Dan Milisavljevic||||
|August 13, 2001||||
|8,578,000 km||||
|0.2079||||
|759.03 d||||
|167° (to the ecliptic)||||
|Uranus||||
|~18 km _(estimate)_||||
|~1000 km² _(estimate)_||||
|~3000 km<sup>3</sup> _(estimate)_||||
|~7.5 kg _(estimate)_||||
|~1.5 g/cm<sup>3</sup> _(estimate)_||||
|~0.0021 m/s<sup>2</sup> _(estimate)_||||
|~0.0045 km/s _(estimate)_||||
|?||||
|?°||||
|0.04 _(assumed)_||||
|{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="0"||||
||~65 K _(estimate)_||}|
|0 kPa||||
**Trinculo** is a retrograde non-spherical moon of Uranus. It was found by Holman, _et al._ on 2001-08-13, and given the designation **S/2001 U 1**.

Confirmed as **Uranus XXI**, it was named after the drunken jester Trinculo in William Shakespeare's play _The Tempest_.

## Related pages

- List of Uranus' moons

## References

- Ephemeris IAU-NSES
- Mean orbital parameters NASA JPL

## Other websites

- David C. Jewitt pages
- Scott S. Sheppard pages
Cabo Engaño

**Cabo Engaño** is a cape near Punta de Agua, the easternmost point of the island of Hispaniola, in the Dominican Republic. The region around the cape is very dry where cacti grow.

Christopher Columbus saw the cape for the first time on 16 January 1493 and named it as Cape Sant Theramo (or Cape San Telmo).

Punta Cana International Airport, one of the busiest airport of the country, is to the south of the cape.
Sycorax (moon)

**Sycorax** is one of Uranus' moons. It is the biggest retrograde non-spherical one of its moons.

Sycorax was found on September 6, 1997 by Brett J. Gladman, Philip D. Nicholson, Joseph A. Burns, and John J. Kavelaars. They found it using the 200-inch Hale telescope. They also found Caliban. Sycorax was given the designation **S/1997 U 2**.

Sycorax was confirmed as **Uranus XVII**. It was named after Sycorax, Caliban's mother in William Shakespeare's play _The Tempest_.

## Orbit

Sycorax follows a far orbit, more than 20 times farther from Uranus than the farthest regular moon Oberon. Its orbit is retrograde, moderately inclined and eccentric.

The orbital parameters suggest that it may belong, together with Setebos and Prospero, to the same dynamic cluster, suggesting common origin.

The diagram illustrates the orbital parameters of the retrograde non-spherical moons of Uranus (in polar co-ordinates) with the eccentricity of the orbits represented by the segments extending from the pericentre to the apocentre.

## Physical characteristics

The diameter of Sycorax is estimated at 150 km (assuming albedo of 0.04) making it the biggest non-spherical moon of Uranus, comparable in size with Himalia, the biggest non-spherical moon of Jupiter.

The rotation period could not be estimated well (best fit ~4 h).

## Related pages

- List of Uranus' moons

## References

- Ephemeris IAU-NSES
- Mean orbital parameters NASA JPL

## Other websites

- Sycorax Profile  by NASA's Solar System Exploration
- David Jewitt pages
- Scott Sheppard pages

## Infobox (planet)

- **name**: Sycorax
- **bgcolour**: #ffc0c0
- **discoverer**: Philip D. Nicholson,
Brett J. Gladman,
Joseph A. Burns,
John J. Kavelaars
- **discovered**: September 6, 1997
- **mean orbit radius**: 12,179,000 kilometre, km
- **eccentricity**: 0.5224
- **period**: 1288.28 d
- **inclination**: 159° (to the ecliptic)
- **satellite of**: Uranus (planet), Uranus
- **mean radius**: 12,179,000 kilometre, km
- **surface area**: ~70,000 square kilometre, km² _(estimate)_
- **volume**: ~1,800,000 cubic kilometre, km³ _(estimate)_
- **mass**: ~5.4 kilogram, kg _(estimate)_
- **density**: ~1.5 g/cm³ _(estimate)_
- **surface grav**: ~0.040 Acceleration, m/s<sup>2</sup> _(estimate)_
- **escape velocity**: ~0.087 km/s _(estimate)_
- **albedo**: 0.04 _(assumed)_
Gram (mythology)

In Norse mythology, **Gram** (Old Norse ***Gramr***, meaning "Wrath"), is the name of the sword of Sigurd (Siegfried). He used it to kill the dragon Fafnir. It was forged by Wayland the Smith and originally belonged to his father, Sigmund, who received it in the hall of the Volsung after pulling it out of a log into which Odin had stuck it–nobody else could pull it out. The sword was destroyed and reforged at least once. After it was reforged, it clove an anvil in half. (See Sigurd for more details on the story of Siegfried and Fafnir)

In the _Nibelungenlied_, Siegfried's sword is called **Balmung**; in Richard Wagner's _Der Ring des Nibelungen_, it is called **Nothung** (**Notung** in more modern German).
Sigurd

**Sigurd** or **Sigur** is a male name used in Norway, Denmark, Sweden, and Iceland. It comes from Old Norse _Sigurðr_ (from _sigr_ "victory" and _varðr_ "guardian"). Other forms of this name are Sigvard and Siward. A short form of the name is Sjur.

Sigurd can be:

- Sigurd, Utah, a town in Sevier County, Utah, United States
- Sigurd (opera), an opera by Ernest Reyer
- Several figures from Norse mythology and legend:
    - Sigurd, a hero from the _Völsunga Saga_
    - Sigurd Hring, the legendary Danish king and father of Ragnar Lodbrok
    - Sigurd Snake-in-the-Eye, the Viking warlord and son of Ragnar Lodbrok

## People

- Sigurd Hart, a king of Ringarike
- Sigurd Syr, petty king of Ringarike and father of Harald III of Norway
- King Sigurd I of Norway, also known as Sigurd Jorsalfar (the Crusader).
- King Sigurd II of Norway

Several earls of Orkney:
- Sigurd Eysteinsson, late 9th century
- Sigurd Hlodvirsson (d. 1014), killed at the Battle of Clontarf

Other figures from Scandinavian history:
- Sigurd Haakonsson (d. 962), Earl of Lade
- Saint Sigurd of Växjö, also known as Sigfrid
- Siward, Earl of Northumbria
- Sigurd Jonsson of Sudreim, Regent of Norway on two occasions in the 15th century. Offered the throne in 1448, but said "no".
- Sigurd Ibsen, politician and son of Henrik Ibsen.

In science:
- Sigurd Angenent, Dutch mathematician

Military:
- Sigurd Kihlstedt, Swedish military surgeon
- Sigurd Lagerman, Swedish Navy vice admiral

In politics:
- Sigurd Agersnap (born 1993), Danish politician
Tantra

**Tantra** (Sanskrit: तन्त्र "weave" meaning _continuity_), **tantricism** or **tantrism** is the name for a number of traditions from Indian religions. Tantra began to blossom as a movement within both Buddhism and Hinduism around A.D. 500, reaching its fullest flowering 500 to 700 years later. These traditions are usually esoteric in their nature. Tantra exists in Hindu, Bönpo, Buddhist, and Jain forms. Tantra in its various forms has existed in India, China, Japan, Tibet, Korea, Cambodia, Burma, Indonesia, and Mongolia.  In the West, today, traditional Tantric practices can be found within the Tibetan Buddhist tradition, and via the Kundalini and Kriya yoga schools, all of which are right-handed paths.

Tantra is derived from 2 words - "Tanoti" (Liberation of energy) and "Trayati" (Expansion of consciousness).

## References

- Second Revised Edition
- First Indian Edition, Kant Publications, 2003.
- Second revised reprint edition. Two volumes. First published 1927 by the University of Calcutta.
Sorbs

The **Sorbs** are Slavic people. They live mostly in Germany and Poland. There are 60,000 Sorbian people in the world. About 25,000 people speak one of the Sorbian languages.

In Germany and Poland Sorbs do not use the old fashioned words "Wends" or "Wendish" to describe themselves. American and Australian communities often prefer to call themselves "Wends" or "Wendish". They think that “Sorb” and “Sorbian” are bad words.

Upper Sorbian and Lower Sorbian dialects are protected languages in parts of Germany under the European Charter for Minority or Regional Languages
Almazán

**Almazán** is a city in Castilla y León, in Spain. The city name comes from Arabic. There it means _The fortified place_. It is located about 32 km south of the capital of the province (Valladolid), and about 192 km from Madrid. Today, about 5.700 people live there.

The city has a long history. In it, the Pedro IV of Aragon and Enrique II of Castilla signed the truce between Castillla and Aragon. Juan Hurtado de Mendoza was the majordomo of king Enrique III. The king Enrique IV of Castilla gave the city to him. He also got to supervise the city. Later the duchy was divided into two different parts.

The city itself was governed by the _Alcalde Mayor_. He was helped by a committee of people from the city (3 noblemen, and 3 from the Hidalgo class).

The city belonged to the county of Altamira. The counts descended from Hernando de Mendoza.

Diego Laínez was a Jesuit monk who was born in the city. He was a companion to San Ignacio de Loyola. He also succeeded him as head of the Society of Jesus, a Catholic religious order. Laínez later had a large influence in the Council of Trent.

Most of the city is built in a Romanesque style. There are also some examples of Baroque, Renaissance and Gothic art styles.

Some of the notable buildings are:

- St. Michael's church, an example of Romanesque architecture
- St. Vincent's church, as an example of Romanesque architecture. It has been converted. It is a culture hall today.
- The hermit's place of Jesus of Nazareth

## Other websites

- El Románico de la ribera del Duero
- Recorrido fotográfico por San Miguel de Almazán
Ratnasambhava

**Ratnasambhava** is one of the five Dhyani Buddhas.

His mandala is yellow and is in the southern direction. Ratnasambhava embodies Dharma that changes pride, miserliness and avarice into equanimity. He is shown with his right hand extended down, palm facing outwards. His left hand holds a precious jewel in his lap.  He is associated with changing poverty into wealth. Ratnasambhava’s blessings allow us to overcome pride and miserliness, thereby developing inner calm. The wealth-giving Buddhas or Jambhalas are associated with the family of Ratnasambhava.

de:Adibuddha#Ratnasambhava
Hydrangea

**Hydrangea**, common name Hortensia,  is a genus of 70-80 species of flowers. The earliest kinds of hydrangea came from southern and eastern Asia.

The color of the flowers can tell you how much acid is in the soil the plant is growing in. Alkaline soil produce pink flowers. Acidic soil produce blue flowers.

## Other websites

- Flora of China at efloras.org
Mandala

A **Mandala** is a symbol of either a man or a woman in the world.

## Uses

The Mandala acts as a support for anyone in meditation. The Mandala itself is often illustrated as a palace with four gates, facing the four corners of the Earth. It is a symbol that represents wholeness, and can be seen as a model for the structure of life itself. There are generally symbols within it that represent something.
Margaret (moon)

|bgcolor="#ffc0c0" colspan="2"|Discovery|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Scott S. Sheppard, and David C. Jewitt||||
|August 29, 2003||||
|14,345,000 km||||
|0.6608||||
|1687.01 d||||
|57° (to the ecliptic)||||
|Uranus||||
|~20 km _(estimate)_||||
|~1300 km<sup>2</sup> _(estimate)_||||
|~4000 km<sup>3</sup> _(estimate)_||||
|~1.0 kg _(estimate)_||||
|~1.5 g/cm<sup>3</sup> _(estimate)_||||
|~0.0023 m/s<sup>2</sup> _(estimate)_||||
|~0.005 km/s _(estimate)_||||
|?||||
|?°||||
|0.04 _(assumed)_||||
|{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="0"||||
||~65 K _(estimate)_||}|
|0 kPa||||
**Margaret** is the only prograde non-spherical moon of Uranus.  It was found by Scott S. Sheppard, et al. in 2003 and given the designation **S/2003 U 3**.

Confirmed as **Uranus XXIII**, it was named after the servant of Hero in William Shakespeare's play _Much Ado About Nothing_

## Orbit

Margaret stands out as the only prograde non-spherical moon of Uranus. The diagram illustrates the orbital parameters of Margaret, unique  among the non-spherical moons of Uranus, with inclination on the vertical axis and the eccentricity of the orbits represented by the segments extending from the pericentre to the apocentre.

## Related pages

- List of Uranus' moons
https//ifarley.net

## References

- Ephemeris: IAU-NSES
- Mean orbital parameters: NASA JPL

## Other websites

- Margaret Profile  by NASA's Solar System Exploration
- David Jewitt pages
- Scott Sheppard pages
Joanot Martorell

**Joanot Martorell** (1413 – 1468) was the Valencian author of the novel _Tirant lo Blanch,_ which is written in the Valencian<nowiki/>language (Martorell calls it "the Valencian vernacular" "_vulgar llengua valenciana"_ used in the Crown of Aragon). First published in Valencia in 1490, it was reprinted in Barcelona in 1497, and some consider it the first modern novel in Europe.

It deals with the adventures of a knight in the Byzantine Empire with echoes of the real-life Catalan Company. Miguel de Cervantes in the book burning scene of Don Quixote considers it the best knight novel. Martorell himself was a chivalrous man and suffered an early death due to court intrigue, leading to a colleague, Marti Joan de Galba, finishing the novel.

## Other websites

- Tirant lo blanc, by Joanot Martorell (Lletra, espai virtual de literatura)
St Albans

**St Albans** is the main urban area of the City and District of St Albans in Hertfordshire, England. It is 22 miles (35 km) north of London. St Albans is the former Roman town of **Verulamium**.

## History

It was originally named Verlamion by the Celtic Catuvellauni tribe, and Verulamium by the Romans. It was the first major town on the old Roman road of Watling Street for travellers heading north.

Many of the Roman walls were knocked down by William the Conqueror and used to build St Albans Abbey, otherwise known as St Albans Cathedral. The town had many notable buildings but most were knocked down by Henry VIII. The only building left is the abbey. Though many other buildings have been built nearby Ye Old Fighting Cocks, which claims to be the oldest pub in the UK, a Roman amphitheatre and hypocaust floor, a disused bear baiting square in Verulamium Park, and the imposing Rats Castle at the top of Hatfield Road as well as Roman Verulanium Museum

The bones of St. Alban, the first English martyr, were kept in the Abbey in a shrine, but were stolen during the 19th century.They were smuggled out of the country into Munich. A few years ago The German Cathedral sent the shoulder bone of St. Alban and it is kept in the shrine behind a curtain

Now, due to its proximity to London, St. Albans is a commuter town.

### St Albans School

St Albans School is a public school. It occupies a site to the west of the Abbey, which includes the 14th century Abbey Gateway. The school was founded in AD 948 and is the only school in the English-speaking world to have educated a Pope. Adrian IV was the only Englishman to become Pope.

### Important people from St Albans

- Nicholas Breakspear (or Breakespeare, c.1100–1159), later Pope Adrian IV, was born in Abbots Langley, and attended school in St Albans.
- Nicholas Bacon (1509–1579), Lord Keeper of the Great Seal under Queen Elizabeth I, built Old Gorhambury House.
- Francis Bacon (1561–1626), noted philosopher, scientist and statesman, lived at Old Gorhambury House. Bacon was styled 'Viscount St Albans' from 1618.
- Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough (1660–1744), wife of John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough and close friend of Queen Anne, was born in St Albans.
- Edmund Beckett, 1st Baron Grimthorpe (Lord Grimthorpe) (1816–1905), lawyer, amateur horologist, and architect; best known locally for rebuilding the west front of St Albans Cathedral in 1880-1885 at his own expense, but also designed Big Ben. Lived at Batchwood Hall.
- Cuthbert Thicknesse (1887–1971), 4th Dean of St Albans Cathedral 1936–1955, objected to the use of nuclear weapons in August 1945, and refused to let the cathedral's bells be rung on VJ Day.
- Stanley Kubrick (1928–1999), film director, lived in Childwickbury Manor, to the north-west of the town, from 1978 until his death
- Stephen Hawking (b 1942), theoretical physicist, was educated at St Albans School.
- Sir Stephen Lander (b 1947), former head of MI5, has lived in St Albans for many years.

## Other websites

- St Albans - Official website
City of Lancaster

|colspan=2 align=center bgcolor="#ff9999"|City of Lancaster|
| --- | --- |
|colspan=2 align=center|_Shown within Lancashire_|
|Status:|City (1937)|
|Region:|North West England|
|Admin. County:|Lancashire|
|Area: - Total||Ranked 85th 575.86 km²||
|Admin. HQ:|Lancaster|
|ONS code:|30UH|
|Population: - Total () - Density||Ranked / km²||
|Ethnicity:|95.5% All White 2.5% All Asian 0.9% All Mixed 0.5% All Black 0.5% All Other|
|Leadership:|Leader & Cabinet|
|Executive:||
|MPs:|Ben Wallace, Geraldine Smith|

The **City of Lancaster** (2002 population: 133,914) is a local government district in Lancashire, England. Its main town is Lancaster, from which it obtained its city status. Other towns in the district include Morecambe, Heysham, Slyne, and Carnforth.

## History

The district was made on April 1 1974, under the Local Government Act 1972, when the boroughs of Lancaster and Morecambe and Heysham, along with Carnforth urban district, Lancaster Rural District and Lunesdale Rural District joined together.

### Population

|Ethnic Group|**City of Lancaster**|North West|England|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|White British|95.5%|92.9%|89.1%|
|White Irish|0.8%|1.1%|1.2%|
|Other White|2.7%|1.5%|3.2%|
|Mixed White and Black|0.4%|0.6%|0.7%|
|Mixed White and Asian|0.3%|0.3%|0.5%|
|Other Mixed|0.2%|0.3%|0.4%|
|Indian|0.9%|1.3%|2.4%|
|Pakistani|0.4%|2.0%|1.6%|
|Bangladeshi|0.2%|0.5%|0.6%|
|Other Asian|0.2%|0.3%|0.6%|
|Black Caribbean|0.2%|0.4%|1.2%|
|Black African|0.3%|0.5%|1.3%|
|Black Other|0.0%|0.1%|0.2%|
|Chinese|0.9%|0.6%|0.7%|
|Other Ethnic Group|0.5%|0.3%|0.6%|

## Twin Cities

Aalborg
Peripheral equipment

**Peripheral equipment** (also called: **input and output devices**) connects a computer to other things. It gives a computer system more features. Input is anything that goes in and output is anything that goes out. Any device for the computer that the computer can work without is peripheral equipment. This equipment is always separated from the central processing unit (CPU) by a device controller.

Peripheral equipment is necessary for people to interact with a computer system. Some peripheral equipment displays information (such as a computer monitor). Some peripherals, such as touchscreens, work for both input and output.

One peripheral device can be connected to many systems.

## Input devices

An input device is anything that puts information inside a computer. It is a hardware device that sends information into the CPU. Without any input devices a computer would simply be a display device and not allow users to interact with it, similar to a television. Below is a listing of different types of computer input devices.

### Examples

- Computer mouse: The device for moving the cursor or arrow around the screen.
- Digital camera: A digital camera takes pictures to put into the computer. The pictures become information inside the computer.
    - Image scanner: Digitizes a document or other two-dimensional object.
- Keyboard: The device for typing characters into the computer.
- Webcam: Video camera filming user. It can be use for recodfing videos or calling with somebody.
- Joystick: The device most use for playing games.

## Output devices

An output device is anything to which the computer sends signals, for example things that display information from the computer or make sound from the computer.

### Examples

- Monitor: Displays information on the screen for you to look at.
- Printer: It takes information from a computer and prints it out so that you can see it.
- Speaker: That play sounds and music.

## Input/Output devices

Peripheral equipment is often labelled **I/O device** (Input/Output device). I/O devices are connected to a device controller which is connected to the electronics in the computer system. An example of an output device is a set of computer speakers. Computer speakers are plugged into a device controller called an audio device. The device is connected to the rest of the system inside. An example of an input device is a computer mouse. It is connected in the same way as an output device. Most peripherals connect by cable but some connect by Bluetooth.

Sometimes extra memory devices such as a second hard disk can be called peripheral equipment. People who make computer programs call everything except the processor and main memory an I/O device. To an engineer working on the design of a processor, everything except the processor is called an I/O device.

### Examples

- Hard disk: A data storage device
- Optical drive: Reads and writes CDs and DVDs
- Other data storage devices
- etc.
Federal Ministry of Marshall Plan Affairs

The **Federal Ministry of Marshall Plan Affairs** was one of the first ministries of the Federal Republic of Germany. Its job was to oversee the rebuilding of the new republic using money and aid given by the United States as part of the European Recovery Programme, which was usually called the Marshall Plan.

The only Minister for Marshall Plan Affairs was also the first Federal Vice Chancellor, Franz Blücher.

In 1953 the Ministry was renamed the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation.
Ninety-Five Theses

The ***Ninety-Five Theses on the Power of Indulgences***, commonly known as ***The Ninety-Five Theses***, is a list of complaints about the Catholic Church which was written by Martin Luther in the year 1517.

Luther argued that the Church should not sell indulgences. Because many people agreed, Luther became very popular, paving the way for the Protestant Reformation.

On October 31, 1517, Luther approached the church authorities with his pressing call for reform. On this day he presented them with his theses. When the bishops did not respond, Luther circulated his theses privately. The theses spread quickly and were printed in Nuremberg, Leipzig, and Basel.

Most recently, in February 2007, the media reported that a handwritten note by Luther's secretary Georg Rörer, found in the university library at Jena, appeared to confirm the traditional account of Luther's nailing the theses to the door. As of February 2007, this new find has yet to be assessed by scholars.

## Bibliography

- Erwin Iserloh <cite>The Theses Were Not Posted: Luther Between Reform and  Reformation.</cite> trans. by Jared Wicks, S.J.. Boston: Beacon Press, 1968.

## Other websites

- Project Wittenberg: 95 Theses by Dr. Martin Luther (1517)
- BELIEVE Religious Information Source
Indulgence

An **indulgence**, in Roman Catholic theology, means that temporal punishment (punishment here on Earth) for sins which have already been forgiven is taken from the sinner.

The indulgence is given by the church after the sinner has confessed and received absolution.
Indulgences replaced the severe penances of the early church.

The basis of indulgences was said to be that the church has a "treasury of merit". This came from past Christians who had been even better than was required to gain salvation. Their good deeds were kept in a kind of bank that the Pope could draw from. He could give or sell the merit to others whose sins prevented them from being saved.

During the crusades, the Pope promised "full indulgence" to those who volunteered to fight the Muslims. This meant that if they became soldiers in the Pope's army and died, they would go to heaven even if they had done evil things.

By 1500, indulgences had developed into a printed letter that said that having paid money a person had received full pardon for all their sins.  Even people who had died and were suffering in purgatory could be instantly freed if a living person paid for the indulgence. The money was used for building a church in Rome, with some of it going to local princes or secular leaders.

This extreme abuse of indulgences caused Martin Luther to protest against them. Luther said that it is better to give money to the poor and repent of one's sins instead of paying money to the Church. This was the starting point for the Protestant Reformation (1517). Soon after, at  the Council of Trent, the Catholic Church tried to respond to the problems that led to the Reformation and the sale of indulgences was stopped.

In modern times, the idea of indulgences has occasionally been used by the Catholic Church, but only as a reward for certain pious acts, and not as a full pardon for sins.

## Other websites

- Code of Canon Law (1983) concerning Indulgences
- _Enchiridion Indulgentiarum_, 4th edition, 1999 (Latin) (English translation: "Manual of Indulgences", published by the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, )
- Pope John Paul II's General Audience on Indulgences - 29 September 1999
- The Apostolic Penitentiary publication on 'The Gift of the Indulgence' (29 January 2000) concerning esp. the Jubilee Indulgence
- "Indulgences", in the _Catechism of the Catholic Church_.
- "A Primer on Indulgences" by James Akin
- "The Enchiridion of Indulgences" (1968)
- "Myths About Indulgences" from Catholic Answers
- Indulgence of Sancta Congregatio Sedes
Prospero (moon)

|bgcolor="#ffc0c0" colspan="2"|Discovery|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Matthew J. Holman, John J. Kavelaars, Brett J. Gladman, Jean-Marc Petit, and Hans Scholl||||
|July 18, 1999||||
|16,243,000 km||||
|0.4431||||
|1977.29 d||||
|152° (to the ecliptic)||||
|Uranus||||
|~25 km _(estimate)_||||
|~2,000 km² _(estimate)_||||
|~8,000 km<sup>3</sup> _(estimate)_||||
|~2.1 kg _(estimate)_||||
|~1.5 g/cm<sup>3</sup> _(estimate)_||||
|~0.0063 m/s<sup>2</sup> _(estimate)_||||
|~0.014 km/s _(estimate)_||||
|?||||
|?°||||
|0.04 _(assumed)_||||
|{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="0"||||
||~64 K _(estimate)_||}|
|0 kPa||||
**Prospero** is a small retrograde non-spherical moon of Uranus found on 1999-07-18 by the astrophysicist Matthew Holman and his team, and given designation **S/1999 U 3**. Confirmed as **Uranus XVIII** it was named after the sorcerer Prospero in William Shakespeare's play _The Tempest_.

The orbital parameters suggest that it may belong, together with Sycorax and Setebos to the same dynamic cluster, suggesting common origin.
However, this suggestion does not appear to be supported by the observed colours. The moon appears grey in the visible light
, similar to Setebos but different from Sycorax (which is _light red_).

## Related pages

- List of Uranus' moons

## References

- Ephemeris IAU-NSES
- Mean orbital parameters NASA JPL

## Other websites

- Prospero Profile  by NASA's Solar System Exploration
- David Jewiit pages
- Scott Sheppard pages
Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos

**Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos** (5 January, 1744  27 November, 1811) was a  Spanish neoclassical statesman, writer, and philosopher.

## Banishment

Involved in the disgrace of his friend, Francisco de Cabarrús, Jovellanos spent the years 1790 to 1797 in a sort of prison at Gijón where he wrote.

## Reintroduction

In 1797 he came back and refused the post of ambassador to Russia, but accepted to become minister of grace and justice.

Joseph Bonaparte, on mounting the Spanish throne, made Jovellanos lots of offers but he refused them all and joined a patriotic party.

When he was involved in the fall of the party he was sent back to Gijon. The vessel in which he sailed was compelled by stress of weather to put in at Vega de Navia (now Puerto de Vega) in Asturias where died on November 27 1811.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos
- **image**: Francisco de Goya y Lucientes - Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos.jpg
- **birth date**: 5 January 1744
- **death date**: 27 November 1811
- **occupation**: Writer, philosopher
Calvià

**Calviá** is a village on the island of Mallorca and it has some of the most beautiful beaches on the island.

The village of Calvià has an area of  and an  altitude of  . There are almost 50,000 inhabitants.

## Economy

Tourism is the main source of income in this city. In summer there are many tourist coming to this city, especially from the United Kingdom.

## Related pages

- Mallorca

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Calvià
- **settlement type**: Municipalities of Spain, Municipality
- **image skyline**: Magalluf-Mallorca3-rafax.JPG
- **image caption**: Magaluf
- **image seal**: Escudo de Calviá (Islas Baleares) 2.svg
- **image map**: Localització de Calvià respecte de Mallorca.svg
- **map caption**: Calvià shown within Majorca
- **pushpin label position**: bottom
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Sovereign state
- **subdivision type1**: Autonomous communities of Spain, Autonomous community
- **subdivision type2**: Provinces of Spain, Province
- **subdivision type3**: Islands of Spain, Island
- **subdivision type4**: Comarcas of Spain, Comarca
- **subdivision name4**: Serra de Tramuntana
- **seat type**: Administrative HQ
- **seat**: Calvià Vila
- **government type**: Municipal corporation
- **governing body**: Ayuntamiento de Calvià
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Alfonso Rodríguez Badal
- **leader party**: PSIB-PSOE
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area total km2**: 145.02
- **population as of**: 2009
- **population total**: 51774
- **population density km2**: 357.01
- **timezone1**: Central European Time
- **utc offset1**: +1
- **timezone1 dst**: Central European Summer Time
- **utc offset1 dst**: +2
- **elevation m**: 154
- **website**: [http://www.calvia.com/ www.calvia.com]
Hoover Dam

The **Hoover Dam** is a large dam on the Colorado River. It is on the border of the states of Arizona and Nevada. The reservoir it made is called Lake Mead. The dam is named after the former US President Herbert Hoover. At first it was called "Boulder Dam", but the name was changed to honor Hoover, who was president when the idea of building the dam started.

## Other websites

- Hoover Dam's official website
- Official State of Nevada Tourism Site
- Hoover Dam: Lonely Lands Made Fruitful
- BBC - Hoover Dam, industrial and social history
- Hoover Dam page
- Dams of the Lower Colorado River - Hoover Dam
- "Boulder Dam" – Part I and Parts III and IV,  documentary films from the Prelinger Archives at the Internet Archive.
- Construction of diversion tunnel #4 and spillway tunnel which drops sharply to enter diversion tunnel
- PBS American experience - Hoover Dam

## Infobox (nrhp)

- **embed**: yes
- **name**: Hoover Dam
- **nrhp type**: nhl
- **image**: 2017 Aerial view Hoover Dam 4774.jpg
- **nearest city**: Boulder City, Nevada
- **locmapin**: USA West#USA
- **map width**: 235
- **built**: 1933
- **architect**: Six Companies, Inc. (structural), Gordon Kaufmann (exteriors)
- **architecture**: Art Deco
- **designated nrhp type**: August 20, 1985
- **added**: April 8, 1981
- **governing body**: Bureau of Reclamation
- **mpsub**: Vehicular Bridges in Arizona MPS (AD)
- **refnum**: 81000382


## Infobox (dam)

- **name**: Hoover Dam
- **name official**: Hoover Dam
- **image**: Ansel Adams - National Archives 79-AAB-01.jpg
- **image size**: 250px
- **image caption**: Hoover Dam by Ansel Adams, 1941
- **location**: Clark County, Nevada / Mohave County, Arizona, U.S.
- **purpose**: Power, flood control, water storage, regulation, recreation
- **status**: Operational
- **construction began**: 1931
- **cost**: $49 million (1931 budget)
($ in  dollars)
- **owner**: United States Government
- **operator**: U.S. Bureau of Reclamation
- **dam type**: Concrete gravity-arch
- **dam crosses**: Colorado River
- **spillway type**: 2 controlled Drum-Gate, Side channel
- **res name**: Lake Mead
- **plant operator**: U.S. Bureau of Reclamation
- **plant commission**: 1936–1960
- **plant hydraulic head**: (Max)
- **plant turbines**: 13× 130 MW
2× 127 MW
1× 68.5 MW
1× 61.5 MW <small>Francis-type</small>
2× 2.4 MW <small>Pelton-type</small>
- **plant capacity**: 2,080 MW
- **plant capacity factor**: 23%
- **website**: [https://web.archive.org/web/20030622043404/http://www.usbr.gov/lc/hooverdam/ Bureau of Reclamation: Lower Colorado Region - Hoover Dam]
Felanitx

**Felanitx** is on the east side of Majorca close to Porto Colom on the coast. It is  from Palma.
It is the centre of a very touristic  area (there are more than 2.300 hotel rooms), especially in summer.

There are 17,000 inhabitants.

It is the home town of the famous painter Miquel Barceló, who has just worked in the cathedral of Palma.

## References

- http://www.idealspain.com/Pages/Places/mallorca/Felanitx.htm
- http://www.info-mallorca.co.uk/felanitx/
St. Peter's Basilica

**St. Peter's Basilica**, which is called "Basilica di San Pietro in Vaticano" in Italian, is a large church in Vatican City, an independent country within Rome, Italy. It is often called “the greatest church in Christendom". In Catholic tradition, St. Peter's Basilica is believed to be the burial place of Saint Peter, who was one of the twelve apostles of Jesus. It is believed that Saint Peter was the first Bishop of Rome.

Although the Bible does not say that the apostle Peter went to Rome, other Roman Christians who were alive in the 1st century AD have written about him. Catholics believe that after Peter was killed, his body was buried in a cemetery where the basilica now stands. A tomb has been found below the altar of the basilica, and there were some bones, but no-one can say for certain if they are the bones of St. Peter.

## Infobox (designation list)

- **embed**: yes
- **designation1**: WHS
- **designation1 offname**: Vatican City
- **designation1 date**: 1984 <small>(8th World Heritage Committee, session)</small>
- **designation1 type**: Cultural
- **designation1 number**: [http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/286 286]
- **designation1 criteria**: i, ii, iv, vi
- **designation1 free1name**: State Party
- **designation1 free1value**: Holy See
- **designation1 free2name**: Region
- **designation1 free2value**: List of World Heritage Sites in Europe, Europe and North America


## Infobox (church)

- **denomination**: Catholic Church, Roman Catholic
- **name**: St. Peter's Basilica
- **fullname**: Papal Basilica of Saint Peter in the Vatican
- **image**: Basilica di San Pietro in Vaticano September 2015-1a.jpg
- **img capt**: Main façade and dome of St. Peter's Basilica seen from St. Peter's Square
- **imagealt**: Ornate building in the early morning with a giant order of columns beneath a Latin inscription, fourteen statues on the roofline, and large dome on top.
- **pushpin map**: Rome#Vatican#Italy
- **pushpin label position**: none
- **pushpin map alt**: Map showing the various buildings and structures of Vatican City in purple with a red dot indicating the location of St. Peter's Basilica
- **map caption**: Location on a map of Rome
- **country**: Holy See
- **location**: Vatican City
- **tradition**: Latin Rite
- **dedication**: Saint Peter
- **consecrated date**: 18 November 1626
- **status**: Major basilica#Papal Basilicas, Papal major basilica
- **style**: Renaissance architecture, Renaissance and Baroque
- **groundbreaking**: 18 April 1506
- **diocese**: Diocese of Rome, Rome
- **archpriest**: Angelo Comastri
Alcúdia

**Alcudia** is a city on the island of Majorca. About 5,400 people live there. It used to be a fortified city to prevent attacks. Tourism is one of the main resources in the city, especially during the summer, which is known as the high season.

## Other websites

- Alcudia tourist information
- Alcudia and Playa de Muro information
- Alcudia map and information
Dio

**Dio** was an American heavy metal band. It was founded by Ronnie James Dio in 1983 after he left Black Sabbath. He left the band because of an argument with Tony Iommi and Geezer Butler over the mixing of Live Evil and took Vinny Appice with him. He also left Sabbath because he wanted to make his own music.   He took Vinny Appice with him. Appice stayed in the band until 1988. He and Ronnie joined Sabbath again in 1992. They toured with Sabbath as well. They both left the band again, and made music until 1996.

The band made 10 studio albums. Dio had many different members. Ronnie James Dio was the only person to stay in the band. Some of the people who have played in the band are Vivian Campbell, Craig Goldy, and Doug Aldrich. The band was put on hiatus in 2006 when Dio joined Heaven and Hell. They released one song and started work on a new album.Those plans were demolished after the band officially broke up in 2010 when Dio died from stomach cancer. He was 68 years old.

Dio sold more than 20 million albums. Their most popular albums are _Holy Diver_ (1983) and _The Last in Line_ (1984). These albums were certified platinum by the RIAA. Many of their albums have been on the _Billboard_ 200, an American music chart.

## Studio albums

- _Holy Diver_ (1983)
- _The Last in Line_ (1984)
- _Sacred Heart_ (1985)
- _Dream Evil_ (1987)
- _Lock Up the Wolves_ (1990)
- _Strange Highways_ (1993)
- _Angry Machines_ (1996)
- _Magica_ (2000)
- _Killing the Dragon_ (2002)
- _Master of the Moon_ (2004)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Dio
- **image**: Dio (2005) (cropped).jpg
- **landscape**: Yes
- **caption**: Dio in 2005
- **origin**: Cortland, New York, U.S.
- **genre**: Heavy metal music, Heavy metal
- **years active**: 1982–1992, 1994-2006, 2009-2010
- **website**: [http://www.ronniejamesdio.com www.ronniejamesdio.com]
- **past members**: Ronnie James Dio <br / > Vinny Appice
 Vivian Campbell
 Jimmy Bain
 Craig Goldy