Tristan da Cunha

**Tristan da Cunha** is a group of remote volcanic islands in the south Atlantic Ocean and also the main island of that group. Tristan da Cunha is the most remote archipelago (group of islands) and the most remote inhabited archipelago in the world; it is at  from the nearest land, South Africa, and  from South America.

The territory consists of the main island of Tristan da Cunha itself, which measures about  across and has an area of , along with the uninhabited Nightingale Islands and the wildlife reserves of Inaccessible Island and Gough Island.

Tristan da Cunha is part of the British overseas territory of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha. This includes Saint Helena  to its north and equatorial Ascension Island even further north. The island has a permanent population of 275 (2009 figures).

## History

The first known sighting of the islands was in 1506 by Portuguese explorer Tristan da Cunha (), but he did not go to land because of rough seas. He gave the name to the main island of the group () but it was soon changed by to _Tristan da Cunha_.

In 1643 the crew of the Dutch ship _Heemstede_ made the first known landing. In 1656 Jan van Riebeeck, the governor of Cape Town, sent a ship to the archipelago to see if it was possible to establish a military station, but the project was abandoned.

Tristan da Cunha also found Inaccessible Island in 1506; its present name was given by French Captain d'Escheverry (or d'Etchevery). In that same year, Portuguese captain Gonçalo Alvarez discovered the Gough Island and named the island after him. It was re-discovered by the British Capt. Charles Gough who also gave his name to the island.

The Nightingale Island was discovered by Dutch sailors in 1656 and named it _Gebroocken Eiland_. The British Captain Gamaliel Nightingale, who visited the group in 1760, gave his name to the island.

The first study of the archipelago was made by the French frigate _L'Heure du Berger_ in 1767. The results of the survey were published by A. Dalrymple in 1781.

The first permanent settler was Jonathan Lambert, from Salem, Massachusetts, United States, who came to the islands in December 1810. He declared the islands his property and named them the _Islands of Refreshment_. Lambert's rule was short-lived, as he died in 1812.

In 1816 the United Kingdom formally annexed the islands, ruling them from the Cape Colony in South Africa. It was a measure to  make sure that the French could not use the islands as a base for a rescue operation to free Napoleon Bonaparte from his prison on Saint Helena. The occupation also prevented the United States from using Tristan da Cunha as a base, as they had during the War of 1812.

In 1867, Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh and second son of Queen Victoria, visited the islands. The main settlement, Edinburgh of the Seven Seas, was named in honor of his visit. Lewis Carroll's youngest brother, the Rev. Edwin H. Dodgson, served as an Anglican missionary and school teacher in Tristan da Cunha in the 1880s.

On 12 January 1938, the Tristan da Cunha archipelago was made a dependency of Saint Helena. In 1981, the British government changed the status of Saint Helena and the other Crown colonies to "British Dependent Territories".

The 1961 eruption of Queen Mary's Peak forced the evacuation of the entire population via Cape Town to England. The following year a Royal Society expedition went to the islands to assess the damage, and reported that the settlement of Edinburgh of the Seven Seas had been only marginally affected. Most families returned in 1963.

In 2009, Saint Helena and its two territories received equal status under a new constitution, and the British Overseas Territory was renamed Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha.

## Geography

The islands of Tristan da Cunha are the peaks of volcanoes associated with the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. At 200,000 years old, the main island is the youngest of the group, while Nightingale is the oldest: 12 million years. Inaccessible and Gough are 3 to 5 million years old.

Tristan da Cunha is the name of the archipelago and of the main island of the group; the archipelago consists of the following islands:

- **Tristan da Cunha** (main island and the islands close to the it)
    - **Tristan da Cunha** (), the main island and largest, area:
    - **Inaccessible Island** (), area:
    - **Nightingale Islands**, area:
        - **Nightingale Island** (), area:
        - **Middle Island**, area:
        - **Stoltenhoff Island**, area:
- **Gough Island** (_Diego Alvarez_ Island) (), area:

Inaccessible Island and the Nightingale Islands are located  southwest of the main island, while Gough Island is located  south-southeast. The main island is quite mountainous; the only flat area is the location of the capital, Edinburgh of the Seven Seas, on the northwest coast. The highest point is a volcano called **Queen Mary's Peak** ; it is covered by snow in winter. The other islands of the group are uninhabited, except for the weather station on Gough Island, which has been operated by South Africa since 1956 (since 1963 at its present location at Transvaal Bay on the southeast coast), with a staff of six.

### Climate

The climate of the islands is temperate and oceanic, with a mean air temperature at sea level at Tristan of 15 °C (59 °F), with relatively small daily and seasonal variation. On Gough it is a few degrees colder. Rainfall is high: 1700 mm annually at the Tristan Settlement, and 3300 mm at Gough. Strong winds are common. Mean wind speed is about 40 km/h. Wind speed increases strongly with altitude, while temperature decreases. Thus, while the lowlands experience quite pleasant weather, the uplands may be covered in snow or battered by very strong winds.

The Köppen climate classification subtype for the climate in Edinburgh of the Seven Seas is **Cfb** (Marine West Coast Climate).

The average temperature for the year in Edinburgh of the Seven Seas, with an elevation of 23 m, is 13.9 °C (57.0 °F). The warmest month, on average, is February with an average temperature of 17.8 °C (64.0 °F). The coolest month on average is August, with an average temperature of 10.6 °C (51.0 °F).

The average amount of precipitation for the year in Edinburgh of the Seven Seas is 1612.9 mm. The month with the most precipitation on average is August with 160 mm of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is February with an average of 91.4 mm.

### Demographics

The islands have a population of about 275.  The only settlement is Edinburgh of the Seven Seas (known locally as "The Settlement of Edinburgh" or, more common, just "The Settlement"). The only religion is Christianity, with denominations of Anglican and Roman Catholic. The current population is thought to have descended from 15 ancestors, eight males and seven females, who arrived on the island at various times between 1816 and 1908. The male founders originated from Scotland, England, The Netherlands, the United States and Italy and share just eight surnames: Glass (Scottish), Green (Dutch), Hagan (Irish), Lavarello (Italian, a typical Ligurian surname), Patterson (Scottish), Repetto (Italian, another typical Ligurian surname), Rogers (English) and  Swain (English).

## Culture and Society

**Knitting**

Knitting has served an essential and prominent role in Tristan da Cunha since its establishment as an overseas territory. The presence of American whalers in the south seas helped facilitate trade with St. Helena and within a decade of the community's founding, sheep and 'wosted' (the Tristan term for locally spun wool) had emerged as the island settlement's most important domestic industry, primary export, and an essential component of the region's trans-oceanic economy. Tristan wosted is used for the production of island's iconic love socks and traditional fishing 'gansies' (a Tristan term for pullovers).

**Traditional Economic Activities**

Tristanians have historically relied on potatoes as an essential component in the island's food security and the planting of the annual crop is still regarded as an important community responsibility. Potatoes are primarily grown in irregularly arranged beds two miles from the settlement, known colloquially as _"The Patches"_, that are protected from the weather and from grazing animals by stone walls.

Prior to 1950, rock lobster (known locally as 'crawfish') was only fished by Tristanians for local consumption and was done from the island's traditional longboats. During the fishing season, two locals will meet at the weir in the morning to determine if the weather conditions are right for fishing, and if they are they "ring the bell", which is a gas cylinder suspended from a gantry near the village hall. This notifies all of the village's men who are designated as fishermen to put off whatever work they had to do for the days and set out to the longboats for a day on the fishing grounds. Since 1950, rock lobster has become Tristan da Cunha's largest export.

**Holidays**

Ratting Day is a public holiday in which Tristanians divide into teams and head into the potato patches to kill as many rodents as possible. The dead rat's tails are severed from their bodies which allows them to be counted, after which a Ratting Day winner is declared.

Sheep Shearing Day, which is held in December, involves Tristanian women first marking the family's sheep with bright paint for identification purposes while children catch the sheep with crooks and male islanders over the age of fourteen shear the sheep with traditional metal hand shears.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Tristan da Cunha
- **settlement type**: British overseas territories, Overseas territory of the UK
- **image skyline**: Tristan da Cunha, British overseas territory-20March2012.jpg
- **image caption**: View from the ocean of Tristan da Cunha
- **image flag**: Flag of Tristan da Cunha.svg
- **flag alt**: Flag of Tristan da Cunha
- **motto**: "Our faith is our strength"
- **anthem**: _God Save the King_
- **image map**: Tristan da Cunha location.JPG
- **map caption**: Location of Tristan da Cunha in the Atlantic Ocean.
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: British overseas territories, Overseas territory
- **subdivision name1**: Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
- **subdivision type2**: Archipelago
- **subdivision name2**: Tristan da Cunha
- **subdivision type3**: Capital
- **subdivision name3**: Edinburgh of the Seven Seas
- **established title**: Discovered
- **established date**: 1506
- **established date2**: 2009
- **named for**: Tristão da Cunha, Tristan da Cunha
- **government type**: Monarchy
- **leader title**: British monarchy, Monarch
- **leader name**: Charles III
- **leader title1**: Governor
- **leader name1**: Mark Capes
- **leader title2**: Administrator of Ascension Island
- **leader name2**: Ian Lavarello
- **area total km2**: 207
- **area blank1 title**: Main island
- **area blank1 km2**: 96
- **elevation max m**: 2060
- **elevation min m**: 0
- **population total**: 275
- **population as of**: 2010
- **population density km2**: auto
- **population demonym**: Tristanian
- **timezone1**: Greenwich Mean Time, GMT
- **utc offset1**: +0
- **area code**: +290
- **blank name sec1**: Country code top-level domain, Internet TLD
- **blank info sec1**: none
- **blank1 name sec1**: Currency
- **blank1 info sec1**: Pound sterling (£) (GBP)
- **website**: [http://www.tristandc.com/ http://www.tristandc.com/]
- **image shield**: Coat of arms of Tristan da Cunha.svg