juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Isle of Wight

The **Isle of Wight** is an island county that is just off the south coast of England. It is about 40 kilometres (25 miles) by 20 kilometres (13 miles) in size. About one hundred and twenty thousand people live on the island.

The Isle of Wight is a county. This means that it has a council of people who make decisions about some things that affect the people who live there. Until 1890 it was part of the administrative county of Hampshire. The county town of the island, which is the place where the council work, is _Newport_.

Many people like to go on holiday on the island.  There are many hotels and tourist attraction<nowiki/>s. Queen Victoria often visited the Isle of Wight where she owned a large mansion called Osborne House. Tourism is the most important industry on the island.

Over half of the island is officially designated as an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty.  It is widely recognised as the most important site in Europe for finding dinosaur remains, and is a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve.

From 2024 health services on the island will be delivered by the newly formed  ‘Hampshire and Isle of Wight Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust’, made by joining the Solent NHS Trust, Southern Health NHS Foundation Trust and Isle of Wight Trust.

## Infobox (english county)

- **official name**: Isle of Wight
- **image main**:
- **image caption**: An image of the Isle of Wight from the International Space Station, ISS
- **locator map**:
- **region**: South East England, South East
- **county town**: Newport, Isle of Wight, Newport
- **largest town**: Ryde
- **lord lieutenant office**: Lord Lieutenant of the Isle of Wight
- **lord lieutenant name**: Susan Sheldon
- **high sheriff office**: High Sheriff of the Isle of Wight
- **high sheriff name**: Graham Biss (2024/25)
- **ethnicity year**: 2021 United Kingdom census, 2021
- **unitary council**: Isle of Wight Council
- **admin hq**: Newport, Isle of Wight, Newport
- **iso code**: GB-IOW
- **gss code**: E06000046
- **nuts code**: UKJ34
- **police**: Hampshire and Isle of Wight Constabulary
Socks (disambiguation)

**Sock** or **socks** could mean:

- Sock - the item of clothing
- SOCKS - an internet protocol
- Socks (cat), the household pet of Bill Clinton, during his presidential terms in the White House
- Socks (Blue Peter cat), a _Blue Peter_ cat
- Socks (Beverly Cleary) a children's novel by Beverly Cleary
Marti Webb

**Marti Webb** is a British actress and singer born in London in 1944.

She has notably played roles in musical theatre including _Evita_, _Cats_, _Godspell_, _The King and I_, _Annie_, _Thoroughly Modern Millie_, _The Goodbye Girl_ and _Song and Dance_.

She first came to prominence with the song cycle "Tell Me on a Sunday" which was written for her by Don Black and Andrew Lloyd Webber. Webb recently returned to the show after it was revamped for Denise Van Outen in the West End before she took it on a UK tour.
Yahtzee

**Yahtzee** is a popular dice game that is well-known all over the world. The object of the game is to roll 5 dice (up to 3 times) to create certain combinations such as:

- Three-of-a-kind: 3 dice showing the same number
- Four-of-a-kind: 4 dice showing the same number
- Small straight: 4 numbers in sequence, such as 2-3-4-5 or 1-2-3-4
- Large straight 5 numbers in sequence, such as 1-2-3-4-5
- Full house (3 dice showing the same number and the remaining 2 dice showing a different number but both matching)
- Yahtzee: All 5 dice showing the same number
Tim Rice

**Sir Timothy Miles Bindon** "**Tim**" **Rice** (born 10 November 1944) is an English songwriter and writer. He was born in 1944. Rice is probably best known for his work with Andrew Lloyd Webber on the shows _Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat_, _Jesus Christ Superstar_, and _Evita_.

He also co-wrote the shows _Blondel_, _Chess_ and the English lyrics for _Starmania_. He had a long-term relationship in the 1980s with the actress Elaine Paige.

In 2018, Rice became one of fifteen people to win an Oscar, Grammy, Tony and Emmy Award.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Sir Tim Rice
- **image**: Tim Rice, 1 December 2020.jpg
- **caption**: Colin Frechter and Tim Rice (right)
- **background**: non_performing_personnel
- **birth name**: Timothy Miles Bindon Rice
- **origin**: Amersham, Buckinghamshire, England, United Kingdom
- **genre**: Musical theatre, film, television
- **occupation**: Lyricist
- **years active**: 1965–present
- **associated acts**: Andrew Lloyd Webber, Alan Menken, Elton John, Stephen Oliver (composer), Stephen Oliver, Björn Ulvaeus, Benny Andersson, Cliff Richard
Evita (musical)

***Evita*** is a musical. The lyrics were written by Tim Rice. The music was composed by Andrew Lloyd Webber. The musical is based on the life of Eva Perón (1919-1952), the wife of Argentinian President Juan Perón, which Che is telling.

_Evita_ opened on the West End in 1978, and on Broadway in 1979. It won the Laurence Olivier Award for Best New Musical and the Tony Award for Best Musical. In 1996, a movie version was released starring Madonna.

## Infobox (musical)

- **name**: Evita
- **music**: Andrew Lloyd Webber
- **lyrics**: Tim Rice
- **basis**: Life of Eva Perón
- **productions**: West End theatre, West End (1978)
Broadway theatre, Broadway (1979)
- **awards**: Laurence Olivier Award for Best New Musical (1978)
Tony Award for Best Musical (1979)
Sunset Boulevard (movie)

***Sunset Boulevard*** is a 1950 American black comedy film noir movie about a screenwriter (William Holden) accompanying a retired Hollywood silent movie actress (Gloria Swanson) who wants to return to acting in movies. It was nominated for eleven Academy Awards and won three. For Andrew Lloyd Webber's musical theater, it starred Patti LuPone, Glenn Close, Betty Buckley and Elaine Paige.
1785

## Events

- January 1 – The Montgolfier brothers fly across the English Channel.

## Births

- December 26 – Laurent Clerc, co-founder of the first American school for the deaf

## Deaths

- January 3 – Baldassare Galuppi, Italian composer (b. 1706)
- January 19 – Jonathan Toup, English classical scholar and critic (b. 1713)
- January 23 – Matthew Stewart, Scottish mathematician (b. 1717)
- April 14 – William Whitehead, English writer (b. 1715)
- May 8 – Etienne Francois, Duke of Choiseul, French statesman (b. 1719)
- June 2 – Jean Paul de Gua de Malves, French mathematician (b. 1713)
- June 30 – James Oglethorpe, English general and founder of the state of Georgia (b. 1696)
- August 17 – Jonathan Trumbull, Governor of the Colony and the state of Connecticut (b. 1710)
- August 26 – George Germain, 1st Viscount Sackville, British soldier and politician (b. 1716)
- August 28 – Jean-Baptiste Pigalle, French sculptor (b. 1714)
- October 4 – David Brearly, delegate to the U.S. Constitutional Convention (b. 1703)
- November 19 – Bernard de Bury, French composer (b. 1720)
- November 25 – Richard Glover, English poet (b. 1712)
- December 29 – Johan Herman Wessel, Norwegian writer (b. 1742)
Molière

**Molière** (1622 – 17 February 1673) was a French actor, director and writer. His real name was **Jean-Baptiste Poquelin**, Molière was his stage name. He wrote some of the most important comedies in human history.

He was born in Paris where his father owned a carpet shop. As a young person, Molière decided to live an artist's life. At the age of 21, he founded a theatre company that soon went bankrupt. From 1645 to 1658, he toured France with some of his friends.

Later, King Louis XIV made Molière responsible for the entertainment at the court of Versailles near Paris.  Molière was happy to have the king among his friends, because he had many enemies, especially important people in the Roman Catholic church. Molière's comedies deal with human weaknesses: jealousy, meanness, hypocrisy, fear of death. By putting his characters in ridiculous situations, Molière wants to entertain and educate his audience.

One of his most important plays is _Tartuffe_, showing a bigoted man stealing his way into a rich family. Molière's last play was _Le Malade Imaginaire_, called in English _The Hypochondriac_. As in many of his comedies, Molière played the main role. He died due to pulmonary tuberculosis on stage during the fourth performance. Because of his problems with the church, he was not allowed to be buried in a church cemetery.

## Other websites

- Molière's works online  at toutmoliere.net (in French)
- Molière's works online  at site-moliere.com
- Molière's works online  at InLibroVeritas.net
- Molière's works online  at classicistranieri.com
- Biography, Bibliography, Analysis, Plot overview  at biblioweb.org (in French)
- Molière's Verses Plays Publication, Statistics, Words Research (in French)
- Professional quality parody - "The Life & Times of Molière" at YouTube.com

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Molière
- **image**: Pierre Mignard - Portrait de Jean-Baptiste Poquelin dit Molière (1622-1673) - Google Art Project (cropped).jpg
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **caption**: Portrait of Molière by Pierre Mignard (ca. 1658)
- **birth name**: Jean-Baptiste Poquelin
- **pseudonym**: Molière
- **birth place**: Paris, Kingdom of France
- **death place**: Paris
- **education**: University of Orléans
- **occupation**: Playwright, actor
- **nationality**: French
- **period**: 1622–1673
- **genre**: Comedy
- **notableworks**: _Tartuffe_; _The Misanthrope_; _The Learned Women_; _The School for Wives_; _L'Avare_
- **spouse**: Armande Béjart
- **partner**: Madeleine Béjart
- **children**: Louis<small> (1664–1664)</small>
Marie Madeleine<small> (1665–1723)</small>
Pierre<small> (1672–1672)</small>
Sticky note

A **sticky note** (or **Post-it** note) is a small piece of paper with a strip of glue along one edge that make it "sticky," so you can stick it to things. It was invented by Arthur Fry.

The most common sticky note is the Post-it, which is made by a company called 3M. In 1974 a man named Arthur Fry came up with the idea for the sticky note. He used a glue that was originally too weak to be used for anything else, so the notes would come off easy. 3M started to sell Post-Its in 1980.

In 2001, the patent for the glue that 3M uses on Post-it notes expired, so many other companies now make similar sticky notes.

## Other websites

- Official Post-It notes Website
- Post-It notes Generator
Becker (TV series)

***Becker*** is an American sitcom that was originally first aired on the CBS network on November 2, 1998. It starred Ted Danson as Dr. John Becker, a very grumpy family doctor who is unhappy with his life in The Bronx, New York. Becker became famous for his witty responses and constant negative outlook on all situations. The show was last aired to revived after cancelation on January 28, 2004.

## Characters

|Actor|Role|Character run|
| --- | --- | --- |
|Ted Danson|Dr. John Becker|(1998–2004)|
|Terry Farrell|Regina 'Reggie' Kostas|(1998–2002)|
|Hattie Winston|Margaret Wyborn|(1998–2004)|
|Shawnee Smith|Linda|(1998–2004)|
|Alex Désert|Jake Malinak|(1998–2004)|
|Saverio Guerra|Bob|(1998–2003)|
|Nancy Travis|Chris Connor|(2002–2004)|
|Jorge Garcia|Hector Lopez|(2003–2004)|

For the first four seasons, the main characters were:

- **John Becker** – Ted Danson

Becker, a Harvard Medical School graduate, runs a neighborhood medical practice. He is easily annoyed by things, and is a very angry person. He has been married and divorced twice.

- **Margaret Wyborn** – Hattie Winston

Becker's office manager, and one of the few people who can not get annoyed by Becker and his ways. Margaret is a motherly-like figure to Becker and Linda. She is married.

- **Linda** – Shawnee Smith

A muddle-headed girl whose surname is never revealed. She works at the doctor's office to establish independence from her wealthy parents.

- **Regina "Reggie" Kostas** – Terry Farrell

The owner and worker of a diner she inherited from her late father. Reggie is a former model and is unhappy being stuck running a diner.

- **Jake Malinak** – Alex Désert

Becker's best friend. Jake also works at the diner selling newspapers and miscellaneous items such as candy, magazines, cigarettes, gum, etc. Jake is blind following a car accident several years before.

- **Bob** – Saverio Guerra

Bob loiters at the diner and is Italian. He is an old high school classmate of Reggie's who is short, annoying, and refers to himself in the third person.

## Infobox (television)

- **runtime**: 22 minutes
- **creator**: Dave Hackel
- **starring**: Ted Danson
Terry Farrell
Hattie Winston
Shawnee Smith
Alex Désert
Saverio Guerra
Nancy Travis
Jorge Garcia
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **network**: CBS
- **num seasons**: 6
- **num episodes**: 129
Ted Danson

**Edward Bridge "Ted" Danson III** (born December 29, 1947) is an American actor and producer. Danson was born in San Diego, California and raised in Flagstaff, Arizona. He is best known from his work on television. His roles include:

- Dr. John Becker in _Becker_
- Sam Malone in _Cheers_
- Jack Holden in _Three Men and a Baby_ and _Three Men and a Little Lady_
- D.B. Russell in _CSI: Crime Scene Investigation_
- Michael in _The Good Place_

Ted Danson was nominated for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series in 2018, 2019, and 2020 for playing Michael on _The Good Place_. _The Good Place_ won a Peabody Award in 2019.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Ted Danson
- **image**: Ted Danson 2008 number 2.jpg
- **caption**: Danson in 2008
- **birth place**: San Diego, California, U.S.
- **birth name**: Edward Bridge Danson III
- **occupation**: Actor, author, producer
- **years active**: Since 1975
- **spouse**: Randall Danson
(m. 1970–1975; divorced)
Cassandra Coates
(m. 1977–1993; divorced) 2 children
Mary Steenburgen
(m. 1995-present)
- **children**: 1, including Kate Danson, Kate
- **relatives**: Charlie McDowell (stepson)
Jesse Bochco (son-in-law)
Digital camera

A **digital camera**, also known as a **digicam**, is a camera that stores pictures on digital storage instead of film. Because of this, a digital camera can hold many more pictures than a traditional film camera. A digital camera can sometimes hold hundreds or thousands of pictures. Many use a memory card to store them. Most digital cameras can use a USB cable that connects to a computer to send pictures that are in the camera to the computer.

**Digital photography** is a kind of photography where a digital camera is used to take photos. Digital cameras use an image sensor instead of photographic film. Very often, they also use a memory card to store the photos in a digital format. Most photography is digital, though some photographers still use the old film cameras.

The majority of cameras are part of a mobile phone, called a "camera phone". They can send their pictures to other phones and other devices. Most camera phones do not make as good pictures as larger separate cameras do, especially where light is not bright.

Most digital cameras can serve as video cameras. Some have a direct link to another computer where the data may be stored.

## Data storage

When you take a picture or a video, it is saved on a memory device. The memory device can be internal—flash memory inside the camera, or external—memory cards, microdrives and so on. The most used method for saving pictures and videos from a camera is a SD card.

The picture can be saved in a compressed file (JPEG, TIFF) or in an uncompressed, proprietary RAW file.  The compressed picture is lower quality, but the RAW picture has to be processed with a special computer program.

A video is usually saved as an AVI, MPEG or MOV file format (it depends on the producer of the camera).

Most modern cameras also put Exif information in the picture file. This metadata information typically includes the date of taking the picture, the camera type, and its settings. Some cameras include GPS coordinates.
Cheers

***Cheers*** is a long-running American sitcom made by Charles-Burrows-Charles Productions in association with Paramount Television for NBC. The show premiered on September 30, 1982 and had its widely watched series finale on May 20, 1993, followed by a long and ongoing run in syndication. In eleven seasons, there were 270 episodes.

- Format: Sitcom
- Run time: approx. 0:30 (per episode)
- Creators: James Burrows, Glen Charles, and Les Charles
- Producers: David Angell

## Characters and actors who portrayed them

- Sam Malone (Ted Danson)
- Diane Chambers (Shelley Long)
- Rebecca Howe (Kirstie Alley)
- Coach Ernie Pantusso (Nicholas Colasanto)
- Carla Tortelli (Rhea Perlman)
- Cliff Calvin (John Ratzenberger)
- Woody Boyd (Woody Harrelson)
- Frasier Crane (Kelsey Grammer)
- Lilith Sternin (Bebe Neuwirth)
- Norm Peterson (George Wendt)

## Setting

_Cheers_ was set in a Boston bar.  This bar was where a group of friends would come to sit, drink alcohol, complain, and make practical jokes on a rival bar in town.

The show's main theme in its early seasons was the romance between Diane Chambers (Shelley Long) and ex-baseball pitcher and bar owner Sam Malone (Ted Danson). Long's departure from the show in 1987 shifted the emphasis to Sam's relationship with a new character, Rebecca Howe (Kirstie Alley). Diane returned for the finale.

The show also created the character Frasier Crane. Frasier got his own show (_Frasier_) the season after _Cheers_ ended.  Frasier's love interest Lilith Sternin appeared on both shows but Frasier and Lilith were no longer married in _Frasier_.

The producers, not wanting the show to be construed as promoting drinking, had Sam's character written as an ex-alcoholic. Most of the early episodes took place entirely within the confines of the bar. When the series became popular, some scenes were outside the bar.

The outer shots of the bar were actually the Bull and Finch pub, north of Boston Common, which has become a tourist attraction because of its association with the series. It is said to be the bar that the series creators saw and wanted to model the bar in their show after. It has now been renamed Cheers on Beacon Hill, though its interior is quite different from the TV bar.

## Ratings

It was nearly cancelled during its first season (in which it ranked dead last among 63 shows).  But it eventually became one of the most popular shows on TV because it had a top-ten rating during seven of its eleven seasons. The show earned 26 Emmy Awards out of a total of 111 nominations.

## Cancellation and spin-off

In June 1993, the series was canceled after 11 seasons. A spin-off, _Frasier_, premiered in September 1993.
Jackie Chan Adventures

***Jackie Chan Adventures*** is an American animated television series. Episodes were first broadcast on the WB television network, and later syndicated on other networks such as the Cartoon Network.  It features fictionalized Jackie Chan and his niece Jade on their adventures trying to stop evil.
Stapler

A **stapler** is an office tool that is used to place thin items such as paper together. It uses a small piece of wire (a staple) to put them together. The ends of the staple are pointed and go into the paper.

There is also a chain of stores called _Staples_, which sells office supplies.

When you press the stapler down, it will release a staple. The staple is pressed into the paper, and then bent. That way the pieces of paper get stuck together.
Fibonacci

**Fibonacci**, also known as Leonardo Pisano (c. 1170 - c. 1250 AD), was a famous Italian mathematician.

Probably born in Pisa, Italy, Fibonacci was raised and educated in North Africa. This was because his father was a diplomat for the Republic of Pisa. While in North Africa, Fibonacci studied mathematics with an Arab teacher. Later, Fibonacci traveled to many different places, including Egypt, Syria, Sicily, and Greece, "where he studied different numerical systems and methods of calculation."

After his travels, Fibonacci returned to Pisa. He wrote many mathematical texts, including _Liber Abaci._ This text became very famous and popularized the Hindu-Arabic numeral system in Europe. He also introduced the Fibonacci Sequence to Europe.

The Fibonacci Sequence is infinitely large, but it begins like this: 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, etc. Each number is the sum of the two numbers that come before it. Also, when one number is divided by the one that comes right before it, the result gets closer and closer to the golden ratio.
Richard Stallman

**Richard Stallman** (born March 16, 1953) is the founder of the free software movement, the GNU project, and the Free Software Foundation. He created GNU Emacs, the GNU C Compiler, and the GNU Debugger. He is one of the main authors of the GNU General Public License (_GNU GPL_ or _GPL_), the most used free software license, which pioneered the concept of the copyleft.

Since the mid-1990s, he has spent most of his time as a political campaigner, talking about free software and campaigning against proprietary software, software idea patents and expansions of copyright law. The time that he still spends on programming is spent on GNU Emacs. He is currently supported by various fellowships and maintains a modest standard of living.

### Harvard University and MIT

As a first-year student at Harvard University in fall 1970, Stallman was known for his strong performance in Math 55. He was happy, "For the first time in my life, I felt I had found a home at Harvard."

In 1971, near the end of his first year at Harvard, he became a programmer at the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, and became a regular in the hacker community, where he was usually known by his initials, _RMS_, which he used in his computer accounts. Stallman received a bachelor's degree in physics (_magna cum laude_) from Harvard in 1974. He considered staying on at Harvard, but instead decided to enroll as a graduate student at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). He pursued a doctorate in physics for one year, but left the program to focus on his programming at the MIT AI Laboratory.

While working (starting in 1975) as a research assistant at MIT under Gerry Sussman, Stallman published a paper (with Sussman) in 1977 on an AI truth maintenance system, called _dependency-directed backtracking_. The paper was an early work on the problem of intelligent backtracking in constraint satisfaction problems.

As a hacker in MIT's AI laboratory, Stallman worked on software projects like TECO and Emacs for the Incompatible Timesharing System (ITS), as well as the Lisp machine operating system (the CONS of 1974–1976 and the CADR of 1977–1979—this latter unit was commercialized by Symbolics and Lisp Machines, Inc. (LMI) starting around 1980).

## Other websites

- Stallman.org – Richard Stallman's personal homepage
- Richard Stallman's blog
1980

**1980** (MCMLXXX) was a leap year starting on Tuesday in the Gregorian calendar.

## Events

- January 20 – The Pittsburgh Steelers defeat the Los Angeles Rams to win their 4th Super Bowl championship. They hold the record for most wins by one team until 1995.
- April 12 – Terry Fox begins his _Marathon of Hope_ in Canada.
- April 30 – Beatrix of the Netherlands crowned
- May 18 – Mount St. Helens erupts.
- August 1 – Vigdís Finnbogadóttir becomes the 4th President of Iceland. She is the first female ever elected as a head of state in a democratic election.
- August – Rising Solidarity a Polish trade union which make for fallen communism in East Europe
- September 1 – Terry Fox ends his _Marathon of Hope_, after his cancer resurfaces.
- September 22 – War begins between Iran and Iraq.
- November 4 – Ronald Reagan defeats Jimmy Carter during the presidential elections.
- December 8 – John Lennon of The Beatles is shot and killed outside of his apartment in New York City by Mark David Chapman.
- Pictures taken by the Voyager 1 probe lead to the discovery of Saturn's moon, Atlas.
1936

**1936** (MCMXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday in the Gregorian calendar.

## Births

- January 2 – Roger Miller, American singer (d. 1992)
- January 28 – Alan Alda, American actor
- March 9 – Mickey Gilley, American singer, Nightclub owner (d. 2022)
- March 26 - Giora Feidman, Israeli clarinetist
- May 7 – Tony O'Reilly, Irish billionaire (d. 2024)
- May 16 - Edmond Classen, Dutch actor (d. 2014)
- May 17 – Dennis Hopper, American actor (d. 2010)
- June 2 – Sally Kellerman, American actress (d. 2022)
- July 10 - Lois Lilienstein, Canadian singer and musician (Sharon, Lois & Bram) (d. 2015)
- December 22 – Wojciech Frykowski, Polish actor (d. 1969)
- September 21 – Yury Luzhkov, Mayor of Moscow (d. 2019)
- October 10 – Gerhard Ertl, German physicist, Nobel prize winner (chemistry)
- December 17 – Pope Francis, former pope of the Catholic Church (d. 2025)

## Deaths

- January 16 - Albert Fish (executed by electrocution)
- January 18 – Rudyard Kipling, British writer
- March 9 – Sri Yukteswar Giri, Indian guru

## Events

- January 15 – The first building to be completely covered in glass is completed in Toledo, Ohio, for the Owens-Illinois Glass Company.
- January 16 – Serial killer Albert Fish is executed in Sing Sing.
- January 20 – Death of George V of the United Kingdom. His son Edward VIII succeeds him as King of the United Kingdom, King of Ireland and Emperor of India.
- January 24 – Albert Serraut's government begins in France.
- January 31 – _The Green Hornet_ radio show debuts.
- February 4 – Radium E. becomes the first radioactive element to be made synthetically.
- February 6 – The 1936 Winter Olympic Games opens in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany.
- February 10-15 – Italian troops defeat Abyssinian army in Enderta.
- From February 14, 1936, to March 1, 1945, AG Weser launched a total of 162 U-boats.
- February 19 – Manuel Aznar's government begins in Spain.
- February 26 – 1400 Japanese soldiers invade government offices in Tokyo. They demand arrest of general Kazushige Ugaki and that general Sadao Araki made head of the Kwantung Army and death of the Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal, the minister of Finance and Inspector General of Military Education.
- February 29 – Emperor Hirohito orders the Japanese army to arrest 123 conspirators in Tokyo government offices – 19 of them are executed in July.
- Summer – The central and southern United States are hit by a major heat wave.
- September 7 – The last known thylacine ("Tasmanian tiger"), named Benjamin, dies in Hobart Zoo in Tasmania.
- December 11 – King Edward VIII gives up his throne to marry the woman he loves.

## Movies released

- _After the Thin Man_

## Hit songs

- "The Way You Look Tonight" – by Dorothy Fields and Jerome Kern, from the movie _Swing Time_, won the Academy Award for the best song.

## Nobel Prizes

- Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine won by Henry Hallett Dale, and Otto Loewi.
1962

**1962** (MCMLXII) was a common year starting on Monday in the Gregorian calendar.

## Events

- March 16 – Walter Cronkite becomes lead anchor on the _CBS Evening News_.
- June 11-12 – Three prisoners escape from Alcatraz.
- August 6 – Jamaica becomes separate from the United Kingdom.
- August 16 – The Beatles fire drummer Pete Best and replace him with Ringo Starr.
- October 16 – The Cuban Missile Crisis begins.
- Johnny Carson becomes host of _The Tonight Show_.

## Births

- January 7 – Abigail Johnson, American businesswoman
- January 17 – Jim Carrey, Canadian actor and comedian
- February 6 – Axl Rose, American singer (Guns N' Roses)
- February 7 – Eddie Izzard, British actor and comedian
- February 10 – Cliff Burton, American bassist and songwriter (d. 1986)
- February 11 – Sheryl Crow, American singer
- February 22 – Steve Irwin, Australian animal expert and television personality (The Crocodile Hunter) (d. 2006)
- February 27 – Adam Baldwin, American actor
- March 2 – Jon Bon Jovi, American singer, songwriter, and actor
- March 4 – Lolo Ferrari, French actress (d. 2000)
- March 7 – Taylor Dayne, American singer
- March 21 – Rosie O'Donnell, American comedian, actress and talk show host
- March 25 – Marcia Cross, American actress
- April 23 – Hillel Slovak, American musician (Red Hot Chili Peppers) (d. 1988)
- May 17 – Alan Johnston, British journalist
- May 18 – Nanne Grönvall, Swedish singer
- June 3 – Susannah Constantine, English television presenter
- June 8 - Nick Rhodes, English keyboardist (Duran Duran)
- June 10 – Maxi Priest, English singer
- June 11 – Jack Irons, American musician (Red Hot Chili Peppers)
- June 19 – Paula Abdul, dancer and singer; _American Idol_ judge
- July 3 – Tom Cruise, American actor
- July 31 – Wesley Snipes, American actor
- August 20 – James Marsters, American actor
- August 28  John Gebbia, American businessman
- August 30 – Alexander Litvinenko, British citizen and ex-KGB (d. 2006)
- September 17 – Baz Luhrmann, Australian movie director
- September 27 - Adolfo González, Mexican archer
- October 2 – Jeff Bennett, American actor
- October 16 – Flea, American musician (Red Hot Chili Peppers)
- October 17 – Mike Judge, American animator and producer
- October 19 – Evander Holyfield, American boxer
- November 1 – Anthony Kiedis, American singer (Red Hot Chili Peppers)
- November 11 – Demi Moore, American actress
- November 19 – Jodie Foster, American actress and director
- December 9 – Felicity Huffman, American actress
- December 22
    - Andres Cantor, Argentine/American sportscaster
    - Ralph Fiennes, English actor

### April

- April 10 – Stuart Sutcliffe, English musician (The Beatles) (b. 1940)

### July

- July 11 – Polly Adler, Russian writer (b. 1900)

### August

- August 5 – Marilyn Monroe, American actress (b. 1926)
- August 9 – Hermann Hesse, German writer (b. 1877)

### November

- November 7- Eleanor Roosevelt, First Lady of the United States, wife of Franklin D. Roosevelt (b. 1884)
- November 18 – Niels Bohr, Danish physicist (b. 1885)
Evolution

**Evolution** is a biological process. It is how living things change over time and how new species develop. The theory of evolution explains how evolution works, and how living and extinct things have come to be the way they are.
1937

**1937** (MCMXXXVII) was a common year starting on Friday in the Gregorian calendar.

## Events

- American Ballet Theatre founded
- January 1 – Anastasio Somoza becomes President of Nicaragua
- January 11 – The first issue of _Look magazine_ goes on sale in the United States.
- January 19 – Howard Hughes sets a new air record by flying from Los Angeles to New York City in 7 hours, 28 minutes and 25 seconds.
- January 23 – In Moscow, 17 leading Communists go on trial accused of participating in a plot led by Leon Trotsky to overthrow Joseph Stalin's regime and assassinate its leaders.
- January 31 – Ohio River floods
- January 31 – 31 people executed in the Soviet Union for "Trotskyism"
- March 18 – 300 students and teachers die after an exploson is a caused by a gas leak at the New London school in Texas.
- May 7 – the German zeppelin (airship) LZ 129 Hindenburg catches fire, while trying to land in New Jersey.
- October - Dominican Republic dictator Rafael Leonidas Trujillo Molina orders the execution of the Haitian population living within its borderlands with Haiti, resulting in the Parsley Massacre.
- December 21 – Walt Disney's first full length feature film _Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs,_ is premiered at Carthay Circle Theater.

## Births

- January 8 - Shirley Bassey, Welsh singer
- January 30 - Vanessa Redgrave, English actress
- February 21 - King Harald V of Norway
- March 20 – Jerry Reed, American musician (d. 2008)
- April 6 – Billy Dee Williams, American actor
- April 28 - Saddam Hussein, Iraqi leader (d. 2006)
- May 14 - Ferd Hugas, Dutch actor and screenwriter (d. 2025)
- July 18 – Hunter S. Thompson, American writer and journalist (d. 2005)
- December 21 – Jane Fonda, American actress
- December 30 - Gordon Banks, English footballer
- December 31 - Anthony Hopkins, Welsh actor

## Hit songs

- "Sweet Leilani" – by Harry Owens, from the movie _Waikiki Wedding_, won the Academy Award for the best song.
Bedfordshire

**Bedfordshire** is a county of England. Its county town is Bedford. It borders Cambridgeshire, Northamptonshire, Buckinghamshire (with the Borough of Milton Keynes) and Hertfordshire. The highest elevation point is 243 m (797 ft) on Dunstable Downs in the Chilterns. The county motto is "Constant Be", which is taken from the hymn _To Be A Pilgrim_ by John Bunyan.

## SSSIs

There are forty Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs) in Bedfordshire, designated by Natural England. Thirty-five are listed for their biological interest, and five for their geological interest.

Three of the sites are also National nature reserves, twelve are in the Chilterns Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, and eleven are managed wholly or partly by the Wildlife Trust for Bedfordshire, Cambridgeshire and Northamptonshire.

## Infobox (england county)

- **name**: Bedfordshire
- **flag image**:
- **map**:
- **status**: Ceremonial counties of England, Ceremonial & (smaller) Metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties of England, Non-metropolitan county
- **region**: East of England
- **arearank**: List of Ceremonial counties of England by Area, Ranked 41st
- **area km2**: 1235
- **adminarearank**: List of Administrative shire counties of England by Area, Ranked 34th
- **adminarea km2**: 1192
- **adminhq**: Bedford, England, Bedford
- **iso**: GB-BDF
- **ons**: 09
- **nuts3**: UKH22
- **poprank**: List of ceremonial counties of England by population, Ranked
- **adminpoprank**: List of non-metropolitan counties of England by population, Ranked
- **ethnicity**: 86.3% White
8.3% S.Asian
2.9% Afro-Carib.
- **council**: Bedfordshire County Council
http://www.bedfordshire.gov.uk/
- **mps**: * Alistair Burt
* Nadine Dorries
* Patrick Hall
* Kelvin Hopkins
* Margaret Moran
* Andrew Selous
- **subdivs**: #Bedford (borough), Bedford
# Luton (Unitary)
The Ugly Duckling

"**The Ugly Duckling**" () is a literary fairy tale by Hans Christian Andersen. Andersen lavished great care on this story, spending a year perfecting it. It was first published in 1844 with "The Angel", "The Sweethearts", and "The Nightingale" in _New Fairy Tales_. The critics liked these stories. Andersen considered the story "a reflection of my own life." The moral of the tale: "it does not matter if you were born in a duck yard if you have lain in a swan's egg." The tale has been adapted to various media such as animated movies.

## Story

A mother duck hatches six pretty little ducklings. A seventh bird is hatched. He is homely. The other ducks abuse him. He runs away. He is given a home by an old woman. Her cat and hen do not like him. He runs away again. Winter comes and a kind farmer gives him a home. The little bird almost dies. Spring comes. The "ugly duckling" has grown into a beautiful swan. The other swans welcome him as their own. They bow to him. He is happy for the first time in his life.

## References

- Wullschlager, Jackie. 2000. _Hans Christian Andersen_. Knopf.

## Infobox (short story)

- **name**: The Ugly Duckling
- **image**: Duckling 03.jpg
- **translator**: Mary Howitt
Charles Boner
- **author**: Hans Christian Andersen
- **country**: Denmark
- **language**: Danish
- **genre**: Literary fairy tale
- **publication type**: Fairy tale collection
- **publisher**: C. A. Reitzel
- **pub date**: 1844
General relativity

**General relativity** is a theory of space and time. The theory was published by Albert Einstein in 1915.

The main idea of general relativity is that space and time are two different parts of spacetime. In general relativity, gravity does not work the same way that Sir Isaac Newton said gravity worked. According to Einstein, gravity changes not only space, but also time (gravitational time dilation).

## Idea

An important idea in general relativity is the "principle of equivalence". An example is that two people, one in an elevator on the surface of the Earth, and the other in an elevator in outer space but accelerating upwards at the speed of Earth's gravity will each observe the same behavior of an object they drop from their hands. The object will accelerate to the floor at the speed of Earth's gravity (9.8 m/s<sup>2</sup>) in either case.

This makes it impossible for either to tell whether or not they are at rest in a gravitational field or accelerating with no gravity. Other versions of this type of "thought experiment" were used to show that light would curve in an accelerating frame of reference.

In relativity, acceleration makes spacetime warp. Because gravity is the same as acceleration, spacetime warps around objects. This can be thought of as spacetime being a jello of some sort, curving into itself, so that a straight line ends up curving. The Sun and other objects with mass (and energy) curve four dimensional spacetime fabric. If there’s enougth mass or energy in one place, a black hole is made, because the warping from acceleration becomes so extreme that future and inward swap places (according to what we know).

## Predictions

General relativity has predicted many things which were later seen. These include:
- As light gets closer to the Sun, it bends towards the sun around twice as much as classical physics predicts (the system used before general relativity). This was seen in an experiment by Arthur Eddington in 1919. When scientists saw his experiment, they started to take general relativity seriously.
- The perihelion of the planet Mercury rotates along its orbit more than is expected under Newtonian physics. General relativity accounts for the difference between what is seen and what is expected without it.
- Redshift from gravity. When light moves away from an object with gravity (going up), it is stretched into longer wavelengths. This was confirmed by the Pound-Rebka experiment. The reverse also happens: light going towards an object with gravity (going down) is shrunk into shorter wavelengths (blueshift).
- The Shapiro delay. Light appears to slow down when it passes close to a massive object. This was first seen in the 1960s by space probes headed towards the planet Venus.
- Black holes. They are what happens when too much mass or energy is put in a small space, so much that light cannot escape.
- Gravitational waves. They were first observed on 14 September 2015.

## Related pages

- Special Theory of Relativity
Rutland

**Rutland** is the smallest county of England. It is surrounded by the counties of Leicestershire, Lincolnshire and Northamptonshire.

The main towns of Rutland are Oakham and Uppingham.

In the mid-1970s, it was the inspiration for Eric Idle's TV show, Rutland Weekend Television.

## Infobox (english county)

- **official name**: Rutland
- **image caption**: Oakham Buttercross; Rutland Water and St Matthew's Church, Normanton, Normanton Church; Uppingham High Street East.
- **locator map**:
- **region**: East Midlands
- **established date**: 1 April 1997
- **established by**: Local Government Commission for England (1992), Local Government Commission for England
- **origin**: Historic counties of England, Ancient
- **lord lieutenant office**: Lord-Lieutenant of Rutland
- **lord lieutenant name**: Sarah Furness
- **high sheriff office**: High Sheriff of Rutland
- **high sheriff name**: Richard Cole
- **ethnicity**: 94.8% White, 1.8% Mixed, 1.5% Asian, 1.3% Black, 0.5% Other
- **unitary council**: Rutland County Council
- **admin hq**: Oakham
- **area council km2**: 382
- **iso code**: GB-RUT
- **gss code**: E06000017
- **nuts code**: UKF22
- **districts list**: N/A
- **mps**: Alicia Kearns Conservative Party (UK), (C)
- **police**: Leicestershire Police
- **map caption**: Rutland within England
Adlai Stevenson I

**Adlai Ewing Stevenson** (October 23, 1835 – June 14, 1914) was an American politician. He was vice president of the United States under President Grover Cleveland. he ran for president and several other political offices but lost. He was also the first assistant Postmaster General and a member of the House of Representatives from Illinois.

Adlai Stevenson II, his grandson, was also a notable politician and writer who became the governor of Illinois and ran for president but lost. Another grandson, McLean Stevenson, was an actor. His other grandson was Illinois Senator Adlai Stevenson III.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Adlai Ewing Stevenson I
- **nationality**: American
- **image**: Adlai Ewing Stevenson I head-on-shoulders.jpg
- **order**: 23rd Vice President of the United States
- **term start**: March 4, 1893
- **term end**: March 3, 1897
- **predecessor**: Levi P. Morton
- **successor**: Garret Hobart
- **birth place**: Christian County, Kentucky
- **death place**: Chicago, Illinois
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic Party
- **president**: Grover Cleveland
The Carpenters

**The Carpenters** were an American musical duo. The members were Richard Carpenter and his sister Karen. Starting in 1969, the duo had many popular songs including "We've Only Just Begun", "Close to You", "Sing", "Rainy Days and Mondays", "Calling Occupants of Interplanetary Craft" and others. They continued until Karen's death in 1983 of Anorexia in Downey, California. They sold over 100 million albums.

## Albums

- Offering/Ticket to Ride (1969)
- Close to You (1970)
- Carpenters (1971)
- A Song for You (1972)
- Now & Then (1973)
- Horizon (1975)
- A Kind of Hush (1976)
- Passage (1977)
- Christmas Portrait (1978)
- Made in America (1981)

### Posthumous releases

- Voice of the Heart (1983)
- An Old-Fashioned Christmas (1984)
- Lovelines (1989)
- As Time Goes By (2004)

## Other websites

- Official site

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Carpenters
- **img**: Carpenters - Nixon - Office.png
- **img capt**: Karen and Richard Carpenter, at the White House on August 1, 1972.
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Los Angeles, California,
United States
- **genre**: Pop music, Pop, soft rock, adult contemporary music, adult contemporary
- **years active**: 19691983
- **label**: A&M Records, A&M
- **associated acts**: The Richard Carpenter Trio
- **url**: [http://www.richardandkarencarpenter.com/ richardandkarencarpenter.com]
- **past members**: Karen Carpenter
Richard Carpenter (musician), Richard Carpenter
Jerry Reed

**Jerry Reed** (March 20, 1937 – September 1, 2008) was an American country music singer and actor.  Best known for his songs "Amos Moses", "When You're Hot You're Hot" and "Eastbound and Down", he also acted in several movies including _Smokey and the Bandit_ and _The Waterboy_. He was born in Atlanta, Georgia. He died in Nashville, Tennessee due to complications from emphysema.

## Related pages

- List of country musicians from Georgia (U.S. state)
Bee Gees

**The Bee Gees** was a British musical group. For most of its history, the band consisted of three brothers all of whom were born on the Isle of Man, a British Crown dependency and grew up in Queensland, Australia. The  brothers, **Barry Gibb** (born 1 September 1946), and twins **Maurice Gibb** (22 December 1949 – 12 January 2003) and **Robin Gibb** (22 December 1949 – 20 May 2012), started singing at a young age when living in Manchester. In the late 1960s, the band briefly expanded to include Australian born Vince Melouney and Colin Petersen. When the band reformed after splitting in 1969, Australian born Geoff Bridgford briefly became a member. The Bee Gees existed for almost 40 years They are most famous for their album, _Saturday Night Fever_, the soundtrack for the movie of the same name. They stopped performing after Maurice died. The two other brothers reunited as a duo in 2009. In 2012 Robin died. They had a younger brother, Andy Gibb (1958–1988), who was also a singer.

## Group history

The Gibb brothers were born on the Isle of Man, then lived in Manchester, England, before moving to **Australia** in 1958. It was in Australia that the Bee Gees' band was formed. In January 1967, the Gibb brothers returned to England where their band the Bee Gees started to become internationally famous. In 1967, Colin Petersen and Vince Melouney joined the band but by the end the decade both had left and the brothers themselves had briefly gone their separate ways, only to reform in 1970. Between 1970 and 1972, Geoff Bridgford was a member of the Bee Gees. In 1975, the brothers relocated to the United States.

## Other websites

- Hear the Bee Gees on the Pop Chronicles

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Bee Gees
- **img**: The Bee Gees.png
- **img capt**: The Bee Gees performing on Dutch television in 1968. From left to right: Barry Gibb, Barry, Robin Gibb, Robin, and Maurice Gibb
- **img size**: 310
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Redcliffe, Queensland, Australia
- **genre**: Pop music, Pop, Rock music, rock, blue-eyed soul, disco
- **years active**: 1958–2003, 2009–2012
- **label**: Festival Records, Polydor Records, Polydor, Atco Records, Atco, RSO Records, RSO, Warner Bros. Records, Warner Bros.
- **associated acts**: Andy Gibb
- **past members**: Colin Petersen
Vince Melouney
Geoff Bridgford
Barry Gibb
Maurice Gibb
Robin Gibb
Improverts

The **Improverts** are an improvised comedy group based in Edinburgh, Scotland. They are a part of the Edinburgh University Theatre Company. Their home is the Bedlam Theatre. It has been their home since they were created 18 years ago. The group is similar to _Who's Line is it Anyway?_, Comedy Store Players, and Keith Johnstone in that they use short improvised games.

They have taken part in the Edinburgh Fringe Festival almost every year since they were formed. Also they have played every Friday night during the school year (as their main audience is Edinburgh University students).

Because they are always in Bedlam Theatre, the theatre technicians improvise the sounds, music and lights along with the scenes the performers are doing. The sounds can be loud and annoying at times. The technicians show off their very big iTunes library of songs and sound effects. British 80's children's programmes' themes  are a favourite of theirs.

Past players have gone on to many different things. They have created an improv group in London, joined the Stand Players' "Who's Lunch is it anyway" free improv show at Edinburgh's The Stand comedy venue and become successful stand up comedians. Some have starred in British sitcoms, television dramas, movies and popular children's programmes

## Other websites

- Official website : - Reviews/extra gig information and a list of past players and crew
1946

**1946** (MCMXLVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday in the Gregorian calendar.

## Events

- January 10 – First meeting of the United Nations.
- August 16 - Muslim League began "Direct Action Day" Riot That killed 10,000 people from Kolkata.
- December 19 - The First Indochina War begins.

### Date unknown

- AIESEC starts.

## Births

- January 3 - John Paul Jones, English bass guitarist (Led Zeppelin)
- January 19 – Dolly Parton, American country singer
- January 22 – Malcolm McLaren, music manager (d. 2010)
- March 8 - Randy Meisner, American singer-songwriter and musician (Eagles) (d. 2023)
- March 12 – Frank Welker, American actor
- May 10- Donovan, Scottish musician
- June 14 - Donald Trump, American politician and businessman, forty-fifth and forty-seventh President of the United States
- July 6 – George W. Bush, American politician, forty-third President of the United States
- July 15 - Linda Ronstadt, American singer
- August 19 – Bill Clinton, American politician, forty-second President of the United States
- August 23 - Keith Moon, English drummer (The Who) (d. 1978)
- September 1 – Barry Gibb, Singer/Songwriter (Bee Gees)
- September 5 — Freddie Mercury, British Singer/Songwriter (Queen) (d. 1991; AIDS)
- October 29 - Peter Green, English singer-songwriter and guitarist (Fleetwood Mac) (d. 2020)
- November 4 – Laura Bush, 45th First Lady of the United States
- November 24 - Ted Bundy, American serial killer (d. 1989; executed)
- December 16 - Benny Andersson, Swedish pianist (ABBA)
- December 28 – Edgar Winter, Albino pop musician (The Edgar Winter Group)
- December 30 – Patti Smith, American singer and poet

## Deaths

- June 27 – Wanda Gág
- August 13 – H.G. Wells
- December 25 – WC Fields
Sergio Aragonés

**Sergio Aragonés Domenech** (; born September 6, 1937) is a popular cartoonist. He was born in Spain and grew up in Mexico. He is most famous for his cartoons for _MAD Magazine_ and the comic book _Groo the Wanderer_.