juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
British and Irish Lions

The **British and Irish Lions** is a rugby union team selected from players from the national sides of England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales. The side tours every four years, changing between Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. The 2009 Test series was lost 2–1 to South Africa, while the 2013 Test series was won 2–1 over Australia.
Alun Wyn Jones

**Alun Wyn Jones** (born 19 September 1985) is a Welsh rugby union player. He is the captain of the Wales national team, and the Ospreys. He is Wales' most capped lock forward and Wales' second most capped player behind Gethin Jenkins. He has also won seven caps for the British and Irish Lions.
Born in Swansea, Jones played his first rugby for Bonymaen RFC. Having previously represented Wales at under-21 level,he played his first match for Wales in June 2006 against Argentina. Also in 2009 Jones was one of 13 Welsh players selected in the squad for the British and Irish Lions tour to South Africa.He scored a try in his first match for the Lions against the Royal XV.In the 2019 rugby World Cup he captained Wales to the semi finals but then lost to South Africa.

## Personal life

Jones is married to Anwen. They have a daughter named Mali.

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Alun Wyn Jones
- **fullname**: Alun Wyn Jones
- **image**: Alun Wyn Jones 2008 (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Alun Wyn Jones playing for Ospreys .
- **birth place**: Swansea, Wales
- **position**: Lock
- **currentclub**: 2005–present Ospreys (rugby union), Ospreys
- **nationalteam1**: Wales
- **nationalyears1**: 2006-present
- **nationalcaps1**: 110
- **nationalteam2**: British and Irish Lions
- **nationalyears2**: 2009-present
- **nationalcaps2**: 7
Leigh Halfpenny

**Stephen 'Leigh' Halfpenny** (born 22 December 1988) is a Wales and British and Irish Lions international rugby union player.

## Infobox (rugby biography)

- **name**: Leigh Halfpenny
- **image**: Leigh Halfpenny. cropped.jpg
- **birth name**: Stephen Leigh Halfpenny
- **birth place**: Swansea, Wales
- **ru position**: Fullback (rugby union), Fullback, Winger (rugby union), Wing
- **ru nationalteam**: Wales U16
Wales national under-18 rugby union team, Wales U18
Wales national under-20 rugby union team, Wales U19
Wales national under-20 rugby union team, Wales U20
Wales national rugby union team, Wales
British and Irish Lions
- **ru nationalyears**:

2007
2008
2008–
2009 British and Irish Lions tour to South Africa, 2009, 2013 British and Irish Lions tour to Australia, 2013, 2017 British and Irish Lions tour to New Zealand, 2017
- **ru nationalcaps**:

5
9
74
4
- **ru nationalpoints**:

(57)
(90)
(647)
(49)
- **ru ntupdate**: 2 December 2017
- **ru clubcaps**: 2
 21
 87
 40
 8
- **ru clubpoints**: (0)
 (184)
 (568)
 (544)
 (85)
- **ru proclubs**: Neath RFC, Neath
 Cardiff RFC
 Cardiff Blues
 RC Toulonnais, Toulon
 Scarlets
- **ru clubyears**: 2006
 2007–2008
 2008–2014
 2014–2017
 2017–
- **ru clubupdate**: 10 December 2017
Dan Biggar

**Daniel "Dan" Biggar** (born 16 October 1989) is a Welsh international rugby union outside-half. He plays club rugby for the Northampton Saints. He is the youngest player to reach 100 games for the Ospreys. On 7 December 2015, Biggar won the BBC Cymru Sports Personality of the Year Award.
Sam Warburton

**Sam Kennedy-Warburton** (born 5 October 1988), known as **Sam Warburton**, is a Welsh international rugby union player. Warburton plays rugby for the Cardiff Blues and was first capped for Wales in 2009. He plays as an openside flanker but is also can play blindside. In June 2011, he was named as Wales captain versus the Barbarians and in August 2011 he was named as the Wales captain for the 2011 Rugby World Cup. In April 2013, he was named the British and Irish Lions captain for the 2013 tour to Australia, and was also named as captain for the 2017 tour to New Zealand Warburton holds the record for the most Wales caps as captain.
George North

**George Philip North** (born 13 April 1992) is a Welsh and British and Irish Lions international rugby union player. His usual position is winger! He has also played at outside centre. He currently plays club rugby for Northampton Saints in the Aviva Premiership.
Rhys Webb

**Rhys Webb** (born 9 December 1988) is a Welsh international rugby union player who plays at Scrum-half for Ospreys and Wales.
Liberec

**Liberec** (, ) is the fifth-largest city in the Czech Republic. It is on the Lusatian Neisse and surrounded by the Jizera Mountains and Ještěd-Kozákov Ridge. It has a population of 100 000. It was first mentioned in 1352.

## Twin towns – Sister cities

Liberec is twinned with:

- Amersfoort, Netherlands
- Amiens, France
- Augsburg, Germany
- Nahariya, Israel
- St. Gallen, Switzerland
- Zittau, Germany
- Dunkirk (Dunkerque), France
- Kovrov, Russia

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Liberec
- **settlement type**: Statutory city (Czech Republic), Statutory City
- **image skyline**: Liberec, radnice, výhled 01.jpg
- **image caption**: Liberec in August 2009
- **image flag**: Flag of Liberec.svg
- **image shield**: Znak Liberec.svg
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type2**: Regions of the Czech Republic, Region
- **subdivision name2**: Liberec Region
- **subdivision type3**: Districts of the Czech Republic, District
- **subdivision name3**: Liberec District, Liberec
- **pushpin map**: Czechia
- **pushpin relief**: 1
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in the Czech Republic
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: (Mayors for Liberec Region, SLK)
- **established title**: First mentioned
- **established date**: 1352
- **area total km2**: 106.09
- **elevation m**: 374
- **population as of**: 2019-01-01
- **population total**: 104445
- **population density km2**: auto
- **postal code type**: Postal code
- **postal code**: 460 01
- **website**: [http://www.liberec.cz/ www.liberec.cz]
Sunyani

**Sunyani** is a city and the capital town of the Brong-Ahafo Region and the Sunyani Municipal of Ghana. As of 2012, the population was 248,496.
Serravalle (San Marino)

**Serravalle** is the largest commune of San Marino. It has 10,591 people.
Rüschlikon

**Rüschlikon** is a municipality in the district of Horgen in the canton of Zurich in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official Website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Rüschlikon
- **municipality name**: Rüschlikon
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Rüschlikon COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Rüschlikon.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Zurich
- **iso-code-region**: CH-ZH
- **district**: Horgen (district), Horgen
- **postal code**: 8803
- **municipality code**: 0139
- **area**: 2.94
- **elevation**: 306
- **population**: 5664
- **populationof**: Dec 2015
- **popofyear**: 2015
- **website**: www.rueschlikon.ch
- **mayor**: Dr. Bernhard Elsener
- **mayor party**: CVP
- **neighboring municipalities**: Adliswil, Kilchberg, Zürich, Kilchberg, Küsnacht, Langnau am Albis, Thalwil
Dalaas

**Dalaas** is a municipality in the district of Bludenz in the Austrian state of Vorarlberg.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Dalaas
- **image skyline**: Wald am Arlberg Obere Gasse 30.JPG
- **image shield**: Wappen at dalaas.png
- **shield size**: 80x110px
- **pushpin map**: Austria
- **pushpin mapsize**: 270
- **pushpin map caption**: Location within Austria
- **image map**: Dalaas im Bezirk BZ.png
- **mapsize**: 260x260px
- **map caption**: Location in the district
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Austria
- **subdivision type1**: States of Austria, State
- **subdivision name1**: Vorarlberg
- **subdivision type2**: District (Austria), District
- **subdivision name2**: Bludenz District, Bludenz
- **parts style**: para
- **leader title**: Burgomaster, Mayor
- **leader name**: Christian Gantner
- **elevation m**: 835
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone**: Central European Time, CET
- **timezone dst**: Central European Summer Time, CEST
- **utc offset**: +1
- **utc offset dst**: +2
- **registration plate**: Vehicle registration plates of Austria, BZ
- **postal code type**: List of postal codes in Austria, Postal code
- **postal code**: 6752
- **area code type**: Telephone numbers in Austria, Area code
- **area code**: 05585
- **website**: [http://www.dalaas-wald.at www.dalaas-wald.at]
Russikon

**Russikon** is a municipality in the district of Pfäffikon in the canton of Zurich in Switzerland.

## Villages

Rumlikon, Madetswil, Sennhof, Wilhof, Gündisau and Ludetswil

## Other websites

- Official website of Russikon

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Russikon
- **municipality name**: Russikon
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Russikon COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Russikon.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Zurich
- **iso-code-region**: CH-ZH
- **district**: Pfäffikon (district), Pfäffikon
- **postal code**: 8332
- **municipality code**: 0178
- **area**: 14.37
- **elevation**: 608
- **population**: 4282
- **populationof**: Dec 2015
- **popofyear**: 2015
- **website**: www.russikon.ch
- **mayor**: Eugen Wolf
- **places**: Rumlikon, Madetswil, Sennhof, Wilhof, Gündisau, Ludetswil
- **neighboring municipalities**: Fehraltorf, Illnau-Effretikon, Pfäffikon, Zürich, Pfäffikon, Weisslingen, Wildberg, Switzerland, Wildberg
Rüti, Zürich

**Rüti** is a municipality of the district of Hinwil in the canton of Zurich in Switzerland. Jona river flows through the municipality.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Rüti
- **municipality name**: Rüti
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **image photo**: Rüti - Haltberg IMG 1987.jpg
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Rüti ZH COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Rüti.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Zurich
- **iso-code-region**: CH-ZH
- **district**: Hinwil (district), Hinwil
- **postal code**: 8630
- **municipality code**: 0118
- **area**: 10.19
- **elevation**: 482
- **population**: 12011
- **populationof**: Dec 2015
- **popofyear**: 2015
- **website**: www.rueti.ch
- **mayor**: Peter Luginbühl
- **mayor party**: FDP
- **neighboring municipalities**: Bubikon, Dürnten, Eschenbach, St. Gallen, Eschenbach (SG), Rapperswil-Jona (SG), Wald, Zürich, Wald
Schlatt, Zürich

**Schlatt bei Winterthur** is a municipality of the district of Winterthur in the canton of Zurich in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official website of the municipality of Schlatt

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Schlatt bei Winterthur
- **municipality name**: Schlatt bei Winterthur
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Schlatt COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Schlatt.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Zurich
- **iso-code-region**: CH-ZH
- **district**: Winterthur (district), Winterthur
- **postal code**: 8418
- **municipality code**: 0226
- **area**: 9.03
- **elevation**: 656
- **population**: 735
- **populationof**: Dec 2015
- **popofyear**: 2015
- **website**: www.schlatt-zh.ch
- **places**: Unterschlatt, Oberschlatt, Waltenstein, Nussberg
- **neighboring municipalities**: Elsau, Hofstetten bei Elgg, Turbenthal, Winterthur, Zell, Zürich, Zell
Schleinikon

**Schleinikon** is a municipality of the district of Dielsdorf in the Swiss canton of Zurich.

## Other websites

- Official Website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Schleinikon
- **municipality name**: Schleinikon
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Schleinikon COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Schleinikon.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Zurich
- **iso-code-region**: CH-ZH
- **district**: Dielsdorf (district), Dielsdorf
- **postal code**: 8165
- **municipality code**: 0098
- **area**: 5.65
- **elevation**: 472
- **population**: 720
- **populationof**: Dec 2015
- **popofyear**: 2015
- **website**: www.schleinikon.ch
- **mayor**: Gabor Magyarovits
- **places**: Schleinikon, Dachsleren and Wasen
- **neighboring municipalities**: Boppelsen, Niederweningen, Oberweningen, Otelfingen, Regensberg, Siglistorf (AG)
Bergholtz, Haut-Rhin

**Bergholtz** is a commune. It is found in the Haut-Rhin department of eastern France.
Bergholtzzell

**Bergholtzzell** is a commune. It is found in the Haut-Rhin department of eastern France.
Bernwiller

**Bernwiller** is a commune. It is in the Haut-Rhin department of eastern France. On 1 January 2016, the former commune Ammertzwiller was merged into Bernwiller.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Bernwiller
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Bernwiller.jpg
- **caption**: The church in Bernwiller
- **image coat of arms**: Blason de la ville de Bernwiller (68).svg
- **arrondissement**: Altkirch
- **canton**: Masevaux
- **insee**: 68006
- **postal code**: 68210
- **mayor**: Jean-Claude Grasser
- **term**: 2020–2026
- **intercommunality**: Porte d'Alsace
- **elevation m**: 283
- **elevation min m**: 277
- **elevation max m**: 307
- **area km2**: 10.65
- **population**: 1180
- **population date**: 2017
Berrwiller

**Berrwiller** is a commune. It is in the Haut-Rhin department. This in the east of France.
Wimblington

**Wimblington** is a village in Cambridgeshire in the United Kingdom.
Hōfu

**Hōfu** () is a city in Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan.

## History

Hōfu (防府) means "the capital (国**府**) of Suō Province (周**防**国)". The eastern part of Yamaguchi Prefecture used to be called called Suō Province.

The city was founded on August 25, 1936. The city's change over the past fifty years is shown in the animated movie Mai Mai Miracle, and the story takes place in the year 1955 (with flashbacks that go 1,000 years further back).

## Infobox (city japan)

- **name**: Hōfu
- **settlement type**: Cities of Japan, City
- **image skyline**: Hofu.jpg
- **image caption**: Hofu city seen from Hōfu Tenman-gū shrine.
- **image map**: Hofu in Yamaguchi Prefecture Ja.svg
- **region**: Chūgoku region, Chūgoku (San'yō region, San'yō)
- **prefecture**: Yamaguchi Prefecture
- **area km2**: 188.59
- **population as of**: September 30, 2016
- **population**: 117,387
- **density km2**: 622.44
- **tree**: Sangoju <small>(Viburnum odoratissimum var. awabuki)</small>
- **flower**: Salvia splendens, Scarlet Sage
- **flowering tree**: Ume
- **image flag**: Flag of Hofu, Yamaguchi.svg
- **mayor**: Masato Matsuura
- **city hall postal code**: 747-8501
- **city hall address**: 7-1, Kotobukichō, Hōfu-shi, Yamaguchi-ken
Birganj

**Birgunj** is a metropolitan city and border town in Parsa District in the Narayani Zone of southern Nepal.As an entry point to Nepal from Patna and Kolkata, Birgunj is known as the "Gateway to Nepal". It is also called "Commercial capital of Nepal". The town has significant economic importance for Nepal as most of the trade with India is via Birgunj and the Indian town of Raxaul.
Houston County, Texas

**Houston County** is a county in the U.S. state of Texas. In 2020, 22,066 people lived there. The county seat is Crockett.
Nacogdoches County, Texas

**Nacogdoches County** is a county in the U.S. state of Texas. In 2020, 64,653 people lived there. The county seat is Nacogdoches.
Sulz am Neckar

**Sulz am Neckar** is a town in the district of Rottweil in the German state of Baden-Württemberg. It is on the river Neckar,  north of Rottweil, and  southeast of Freudenstadt.

## Infobox (german location)

- **art**: Stadt
- **wappen**: DEU Sulz am Neckar COA.svg
- **image photo**: Freie Baptisten Gemeinde Sulz.jpg
- **image caption**: Free Baptist Church in Sulz am Neckar
- **lageplan**: Sulz am Neckar in RW.svg
- **bundesland**: Baden-Württemberg
- **regierungsbezirk**: Freiburg
- **landkreis**: Rottweil
- **höhe**: 443
- **fläche**: 87.60
- **einwohner**: 12511
- **stand**: 2006-12-31
- **plz**: 72168-72172
- **vorwahl**: 07454
- **kfz**: RW
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 08325057
- **gliederung**: 9 _Ortsteile_
- **bürgermeister**: Gerd Hieber
Probate

**Probate** is how the will of a dead person is taken and used by a court. Probate checks that paying the dead person's debts, and giving away the dead person's money and property follows the instructions in the will. In many jurisdictions the court where probate happens is called a _probate court_.

Probate follows these steps:
- Filing of the will and opening an estate in the probate court,
- Giving notice of the probate proceeding to legal heirs, beneficiaries, and creditors,
- Checking that the will is legal and valid,
- Figuring out the value of the property in the dead person's estate,
- Paying the debts of the estate, including taxes, and
- Giving the heirs of the estate their _inheritances_, the gifts that the dead person left to them in the will.

For people who die without much money or property, many jurisdictions allow simple probate that is cheaper and easier to do.
Hazel Levesque

**Hazel Levesque** is a character from Rick Riordan's Heroes Of Olympus series. She first appears in the book The Son of Neptune. Hazel has the ability to summon precious metals and jewels from the earth, due to her curse. Her mother, Marie Levesque, also known as Queen Marie to her clients, is a fortune teller who succeeds at summoning Pluto (mythology), Hazel's father. Pluto is so pleased when Hazel is born that he blesses her mother. Unfortunately, Marie is greedy and she wishes to have all the jewels under the earth, resulting in Hazel's curse. When Gaiea possess her mothers body during the 1940's Hazel is forced to raise her giant son, Alcyoneus. Hazel dies destroying the giant, at least for a while. She is sentenced to the Fields of Asphodel in the Greek underworld but is brought back to life by her half-brother Nico di Angelo. She is in a relationship with Frank Zhang. She has gold eyes and brown skin and curly dark hair.
Washington County, Texas

**Washington County** is a county in the U.S. state of Texas. In 2020, 35,805 people lived there. The county seat is Brenham.
Coryell County, Texas

**Coryell County** is a county in the U.S. state of Texas. In 2020, 83,093 people lived there. The county seat is Gatesville.
DeWitt County, Texas

**DeWitt County** is a county in the U.S. state of Texas. In 2020, 19,824 people lived there. The county seat is Cuero.
Goliad County, Texas

**Goliad County** is a county in the U.S. state of Texas. In 2020, 7,012 people lived there. The county seat is Goliad.
Jean Nicot

**Jean Nicot, sieur de Villemain** (born 1530 in Nîmes, died 1600 in Paris) was a French nobleman, and diplomat. He was the French ambassador in Lisbon, from 1559 to 1561. He also negotiated the marriage of princess Margaret of Valois, who was five years old at the time, with prince Sebastian of Portugal, who was six years old at the time.

When Nicot returned, he brought tobacco plants. He introduced snuff tobacco to the French royal court. In particular, he presented the queen mother, Catherine de' Medici, with tobacco leaves to cure her of her migraines. The plant was also an instant success with the Father Superior of Malta, who shared tobacco with all of his monks. More and more of the fashionable people of Paris began to use the plant, making Nicot a celebrity.At first, the plant was called Nicotina. But nicotine later came to refer specifically to the particular chemical in the plant. The tobacco plant, _Nicotiana_, also a flowering garden plant, was named after him by Carl Linnaeus, as was nicotine. Nicot described its believed medicinal properties (1559) and sent it as a medicine to the French court.For his service to the French royal court, Nicot was given the name 'de Villemain' and land near Brie-Comte-Robert. There, he compiled one of the first French dictionaries, _Thresor de la langue françoyse tant ancienne que moderne_ (published in 1606).
Subsidized housing

**Subsidized housing** is the idea to create housing opportunities (usually flats) for people who have trouble finding a flat on the free market. Usually, this means that there is a maximum rent. Very often, the government pays part (or all) of this rent. People who get the apartments or flats need to meet certain criteria.
Raynaud syndrome

**Raynaud's syndrome** is a spasm of small arteries. This causes reduced blood flow to end arterioles.
2017 Congressional baseball shooting

On June 14, 2017, in Alexandria, Virginia, James Thomas Hodgkinson opened fire on several Republican members of Congress and their staffers, who were practicing for the Congressional Baseball Game scheduled for the next day.

A ten-minute shootout ensued between Hodgkinson and officers from the Capitol Police and Alexandria Police. Hodgkinskon shot five people, including House Majority Whip  Steve Scalise (R–LA) and two Capitol Police officers assigned to protect him; one of the officers shot Hodgkinson, who later died from his wounds. Police have not commented on his motivation.

Scalise was the first sitting member of Congress to have been shot since Arizona Representative Gabrielle Giffords was attacked in the 2011 Tucson shooting.

President Donald Trump issued a statement saying, "We are deeply saddened by this tragedy. Our thoughts and prayers are with the members of Congress, their staffs, Capitol Police, first responders, and all others affected." Vice President Pence made similar comments.
Gheorghe Gușet

**Gheorghe Guşet** (28 May 1968 – 12 June 2017) was a Romanian shot putter. He competed at the 1992, 2000 and 2004 Olympics and had his best result in 2004, aged 36 (14th place). Guşet was noted for being competitive in his late 30s, and set his all-time personal record aged 38, while most shot putters peak in their late 20s or early 30s. Due to health problems (chronic kidney disease) he was forced to retire from competitions in 2008.

Guşet died on 12 June 2017 in Cluj Napoca, Romania from an aortic dissection at the age of 49.

## Infobox (sportsperson)

- **birth place**: Zalău, Romania
- **death place**: Cluj Napoca, Romania
- **height**: 185 cm
- **weight**: 118 kg
- **sport**: Athletics
- **event**: Shot put
- **pb**: 20.84 m (1999)
21.04 m (2006i)
- **club**: CSM Armătura Zalău
- **show-medals**: yes
Aortic dissection

**Aortic dissection** occurs when a tear in the inside of the aorta causes blood to flow between the layers of the wall of the aorta, forcing the layers apart. In most cases this is associated with a sudden onset of severe chest or back pain, often described as "tearing" in character.

Also, vomiting, sweating, and lightheadedness may occur. Other symptoms may result from decreased blood supply to other organs such as stroke or mesenteric ischemia. Aortic dissection can quickly lead to death as a result of not enough blood flow to the heart or rupture of the aorta.

Aortic dissection is more common in those with a history of high blood pressure, a number of connective tissue diseases that affect blood vessel wall strength such as Marfan syndrome, a bicuspid aortic valve, and previous heart surgery.
Patricia Knatchbull, 2nd Countess Mountbatten of Burma

**Patricia Edwina Victoria Knatchbull, 2nd Countess Mountbatten of Burma** (14 February 1924 – 13 June 2017) was a British peeress and the third cousin of Queen Elizabeth II. She was the elder daughter of Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma and his wife, the heiress Edwina Ashley, a patrilineal descendant of the Earls of Shaftesbury, first ennobled in 1661.

Knatchbull was the elder sister of Lady Pamela Hicks, and first cousin to Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh and the last surviving baptismal sponsor to Prince Charles, Prince of Wales.

## Biography

Mountbatten succeeded her father when he was assassinated in 1979, as his peerages had been created by the Crown with special remainder to his daughters and their heirs male. This inheritance accorded her the title of _countess_ and a seat in the House of Lords, where she remained until 1999, when the House of Lords Act 1999 removed most hereditary peers from the House.

Knatchbull died on 13 June 2017 in Kent, England at the age of 93.

## Titles and styles

- **14 February 192423 August 1946:** _Miss_ Patricia Mountbatten
- **23 August26 October 1946:** _The Honourable_ Patricia Mountbatten
- **26 October 194627 August 1979:** _The Right Honourable_ The Lady Brabourne
- **27 August 197913 June 2017**: _The Right Honourable_ The Countess Mountbatten of Burma

## Other websites

- Regiments.org on Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry
- mountbattenofburma.com - Tribute & Memorial web-site to Louis, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma
- About Us - Patrons of The Compassionate Friends

## Infobox (military person)

- **embed**: yes
- **serviceyears**: 1943–1945
- **rank**: Sub-lieutenant, Third Officer
- **unit**: Women's Royal Naval Service
- **battles**: Second World War


## Infobox (officeholder)

- **honorific-prefix**: The Right Honourable
- **name**: The Countess Mountbatten of Burma
- **predecessor**: Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma
- **successor**: Norton Knatchbull, 3rd Earl Mountbatten of Burma
- **birth place**: Westminster, London, England
- **death place**: Mersham, Kent, England
- **children**: Norton Knatchbull, 3rd Earl Mountbatten of Burma
 The Hon. Michael-John Knatchbull
Lady Joanna Knatchbull
Amanda Ellingworth, Lady Amanda Ellingworth
The Hon. Philip Knatchbull
The Hon. Nicholas Knatchbull
The Hon. Timothy Knatchbull
- **parents**: Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma, The 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma
Edwina Mountbatten, Countess Mountbatten of Burma, The Hon. Edwina Ashley
Ernestina Herrera de Noble

**Ernestina Herrera de Noble** (June 7, 1925 – June 14, 2017) was an Argentine publisher and executive. She was the largest shareholder of the Grupo Clarín media conglomerate and director of the flagship _Clarín_ newspaper. She was the first woman to become director of a mainstream newspaper in South America.

## Early life

**Ernestina Laura Herrera** was born in Buenos Aires in 1925. She became a Flamenco dancer and met the founding publisher of _Clarín_, Roberto Noble, around 1950.

## Career

As his widow, she inherited a controlling stake in _Clarín_, Argentina's most widely circulated newspaper since 1965. Despite its large circulation, however, _Clarín_ suffered financial difficulties when Mrs. Noble inherited the director's post.

Under her leadership, _Clarín_ extended its reach into Argentine media, purchasing two second-ranked outlets, Radio Mitre and Channel 13, in 1990, Multicanal Cable TV in 1992, and other stations and magazines. She extended the partnership with _La Nación_ by leading _Clarín_ into a joint wire service, _Diarios y Noticias_ (DyN), in 1982, and into a holding company in 1997.

## Death

De Noble died on June 14, 2017 from pneumonia in Buenos Aires, aged 92.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Ernestina Herrera de Noble
- **image size**: 300px
- **birth place**: Buenos Aires
- **death place**: Buenos Aires
- **occupation**: Grupo Clarín (Chairperson)
- **spouse**: Roberto Noble (1902-69)
- **children**: 2
Sam Beazley

**Sam Beazley** (29 March 1916 – 12 June 2017) was a British actor.  He began acting as a teenager in the 1930s. He appeared with John Gielgud in productions of _Hamlet_ (1934) and _Romeo and Juliet_ (1935).

He returned to acting when he was 75. Since then has appeared in a variety of stage and movie productions. In his 90s, he became a painter. He was known for his role as Everard in _Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix_ (2007).

Beazley died on 12 June 2017 at the age of 101.
A. R. Gurney

**Albert Ramsdell Gurney Jr.** (November 1, 1930 – June 13, 2017) was an American playwright, novelist and academic. He was known for works including _The Dining Room_ (1982), _Sweet Sue_ (1986/7), _Love Letters_ (1988), and _The Cocktail Hour_ (1988).

Gurney died in Manhattan on June 13, 2017, at the age of 86.

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: A. R. Gurney
- **birth name**: Albert Ramsdell Gurney, Jr.
- **birth place**: Buffalo, New York, U.S.
- **death place**: Manhattan, New York, U.S.
- **occupation**: Playwright, novelist, screenwriter
- **education**: Nichols School
St. Paul's School (Concord, New Hampshire), St. Paul's School <small>(1948)</small>
- **alma mater**: Williams College <small>(1952)</small>
Yale School of Drama <small>(1958)</small>
- **genre**: Theatre
- **children**: 4
Marc-André ter Stegen

**Marc-Andre Ter Stegen** (born April 30, 1992) is a German professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for FC Barcelona and the Germany national football team. He currently has the No. 1 shirt for Barcelona and no. 22 for Germany.

### Club

|rowspan=2|Club|rowspan=2|Season|colspan=3|League|colspan=2|National cup|colspan=2|Europe|colspan=2|Other|colspan=2|Total|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|rowspan=5|Mönchengladbach|2010–11|Bundesliga|6|0|0|0|—|2|0|8|0||
|2011–12|Bundesliga|34|0|5|0|—|—|39|0|||||
|2012–13|Bundesliga|34|0|2|0|9|0|—|45|0||||
|2013–14|Bundesliga|34|0|1|0|—|—|35|0|||||
|rowspan=7|Barcelona|2014–15|La Liga|0|0|8|0|13|0|—|21|0||
|2015–16|La Liga|7|0|7|0|10|0|2|0|26|0|||
|2016–17|La Liga|36|0|1|0|9|0|0|0|46|0|||
|2017–18|La Liga|37|0|0|0|9|0|2|0|48|0|||
|2018–19|La Liga|35|0|2|0|11|0|1|0|49|0|||
|2019–20|La Liga|24|0|2|0|6|0|0|0|32|0|||

### International

|National team|Year|Apps|Goals||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|rowspan=8|Germany|2012|2|0|
|2013|1|0|||
|2014|1|0|||
|2015|0|0|||
|2016|4|0|||
|2017|10|0|||
|2018|3|0|||
|2019|3|0|||

## References

**Notes**

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Marc-André ter Stegen
- **image**: Real Valladolid - FC Barcelona, 2018-08-25 (79) (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Ter Stegen warming up for FC Barcelona, Barcelona in 2018
- **fullname**: Marc-André ter Stegen
- **birth place**: Mönchengladbach, Germany
- **height**: 1.87 m
- **position**: Goalkeeper (association football), Goalkeeper
- **currentclub**: FC Barcelona, Barcelona
- **clubnumber**: 1
- **youthyears1**: 1996–2010
- **youthclubs1**: Borussia Mönchengladbach
- **years1**: 2009–2011
- **clubs1**: Borussia Mönchengladbach II
- **caps1**: 18
- **goals1**: 0
- **years2**: 2010–2014
- **clubs2**: Borussia Mönchengladbach
- **caps2**: 108
- **goals2**: 0
- **years3**: 2014–
- **clubs3**: FC Barcelona, Barcelona
- **caps3**: 139
- **goals3**: 0
- **nationalteam1**: Germany national youth football team, Germany U16
- **nationalyears1**: 2007–2008
- **nationalcaps1**: 7
- **nationalgoals1**: 0
- **nationalteam2**: Germany national youth football team, Germany U17
- **nationalyears2**: 2008–2009
- **nationalcaps2**: 16
- **nationalgoals2**: 0
- **nationalteam3**: Germany national youth football team, Germany U18
- **nationalyears3**: 2009–2010
- **nationalcaps3**: 8
- **nationalgoals3**: 0
- **nationalteam4**: Germany national youth football team, Germany U19
- **nationalyears4**: 2010–2011
- **nationalcaps4**: 5
- **nationalgoals4**: 0
- **nationalteam5**: Germany national under-21 football team, Germany U21
- **nationalyears5**: 2012–2015
- **nationalcaps5**: 13
- **nationalgoals5**: 0
- **nationalteam6**: Germany national football team, Germany
- **nationalyears6**: 2012–
- **nationalcaps6**: 24
- **nationalgoals6**: 0
- **pcupdate**: 21:02, 22 February 2020 (UTC)
- **ntupdate**: 21:36, 19 November 2019 (UTC)
Spencer Grammer

**Spencer Karen Grammer** (born October 9, 1983) is an American actress best known for her roles as Summer Smith on the Adult Swim animated science fiction series _Rick and Morty_ and as Casey Cartwright on the ABC Family  college comedy-drama _Greek_. She is the daughter of Kelsey Grammer.

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: Spencer Grammer Photo Op GalaxyCon Columbus 2024.jpg
- **name**: Spencer Grammer
- **birth name**: Spencer Karen Grammer
- **birth place**: Los Angeles, California, U.S.
- **parents**: Kelsey Grammer
Doreen Alderman
- **relatives**: Greer Grammer <small>(half-sister)</small>
- **occupation**: Actress
- **years active**: 1992–present
- **children**: 1
Cladding

**Cladding** is placing one type of thing on top of another in a layer to make something like a skin. This can protect whatever is underneath the cladding from the weather, or it may make it look beautiful.

For example, Rainscreen cladding is one form of weather cladding. It protects things from rainwater and keeps it from getting too hot or cold. The cladding does not need to be waterproof.  Some cladding only makes the rainwater or wind flow another way to control run-off. For example, rainscreen cladding can make water on a rooftop flow away from some parts of the building so the water does not come inside. Cladding may also stop noise. Cladding applied to windows is often referred to as window capping and is a specialized field.
Flag of Spain

The **flag of Spain** () has three horizontal stripes of red, yellow and red. It is also known as **la Rojigualda**. It was adopted 19 December 1981.

## Infobox (flag)

- **name**: Flag of Kingdom of Spain
- **image**: Flag of Spain.svg
- **proportion**: 2:3
- **image2**: Bandera de España (sin escudo).svg
- **adoption**: *15 May 1785, as original version
*19 December 1981, as current version
Fireproofing

**Fireproofing** is making a part or a structure resist a fire, while still keeping the function it was designed for. Fireproofing is a passive fire protection measure. There are different levels of certifications; higher levels of certification mean that a part or a structure can withstand a fire longer.
Fire escape

When a person needs to get away from a fire, inside a building or a tunnel, they need to do this quickly. For this reasons, **fire escapes** are installed, and signaled. Very often fire escapes are separate stairways, often outside the building. The first fire escape was invented in England by Daniel Maseres, in 1784.

Such installations are most common in the United States, particularly in metropolitan areas.
Attacus atlas

***Attacus atlas***, better known as the **atlas moth**, is a large moth found in Southeast Asia. It has one of the largest wing surfaces of any moth in the world, and one of the longest wingspans. Adult atlas moths have no mouth parts, so they only live one to two weeks.
François Houtart

**François Houtart** (7 March 1925 – 6 June 2017) was a Belgian marxist sociologist and Catholic priest. He was born in Brussels, Belgium. He participated as a peritus expert in the sessions of Vatican II (1962–1965) playing a key role in the formation of the introduction of the _Gaudium et spes_. Over the years, Houtart developed a dialectical approach to the study of world religions. He was a professor at the Université catholique de Louvain.

## Death

Houtart died on 6 June 2017 in Quito, Ecuador at the age of 92.

## Awards

In 2009, Houtart was awarded the UNESCO-Madanjeet Singh Prize for the Promotion of Tolerance and Non-Violence "for his lifelong commitment to world peace, intercultural dialogue, human rights and the promotion of tolerance, and in recognition of his outstanding efforts to advance the cause of social justice in the world."

## Books

- _The Church and Revolution: from the French Revolution of 1789 to the Paris riots of 1968, from Cuba to Southern Africa, from Vietnam to Latin America_, by François Houtart and André Rousseau. Translated by Violet Nevile (1971)
- _Religions and ideology in Sri Lanka,_ Colombo, Hansa, (1974)
- _El campesino como actor,_ Managua, Ed. Nicarao, (1982)
- _Religion et modes de production précapitalistes,_ Bruxelles, editions de l'ULB, (1992)
- _Sociología de la Religión,_ Mexico, Plaza y Valdés, (2000)
- _Mondialisation des Résistances_ (with Samir Amin), Paris, L'Harmattan, (2002)
- _Haïti et la culture dans une commune vietnamienne,_ Paris, Les Indes Savantes, (2004)

## Related pages

- List of sociologists from Europe
Jim Graham

**James McMillan "Jim" Nielson Graham** (August 26, 1945 – June 11, 2017) was a Scottish-born American politician. He served as a member of the Council of the District of Columbia. He was a Democrat. He represented Ward 1 in Washington, D.C. from 1999 through 2015. He was born in Wishaw, Scotland.

Graham died on June 11, 2017 at a hospital in Washington, D.C. from complications of a lung infection caused by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, aged 71.

## Other websites

- Jim Graham's Official Homepage
- Metro - About Metro - Biographies  WMATA biography
- Guide to the Jim Graham Papers, 1973-2006, Special Collections Research Center, Estelle and Melvin Gelman Library, The George Washington University
P. N. Bhagwati

**Prafullachandra Natwarlal Bhagwati** (21 December 1921 – 15 June 2017) was an Indian judge. He was the 17th Chief Justice of India, serving from 12 July 1985 until his retirement on 20 December 1986. He introduced the concepts of Public Interest Litigation and Absolute liability in India, and for this reason is held along with Justice V. R. Krishna Iyer, to be a pioneer of judicial activism in the country.

Bhagwati died on 15 June 2017 at the age of 95 at New Delhi, India from renal failure.

## Other websites

- P. N. Bhagwati, Brief biography at Supreme Court of India

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: P. N. Bhagwati
- **order**: 17th
- **office**: Chief Justice of India
- **termstart**: 12 July 1985
- **termend**: 20 December 1986
- **appointer**: Giani Zail Singh
- **predecessor**: Y. V. Chandrachud
- **successor**: R. S. Pathak
- **office2**: Gujarat High Court#Former Chief Justices, Chief Justice, Gujarat High Court
- **term start2**: 16 August 1967
- **term end2**: 17 July 1973
- **birth place**: Hyderabad, India
- **death place**: New Delhi, India
Geoffrey Rowell

**Douglas Geoffrey Rowell** (13 February 1943 – 11 June 2017) was an Anglican bishop. He served as Bishop of Basingstoke and then as the third Bishop in Europe until his retirement on 8 November 2013. Following his retirement he ministered as an assistant bishop in the Diocese of Chichester (from 2013) and in the Diocese of Portsmouth (from 2015).

Rowell was born in Hampshire and died in the early morning of Trinity Sunday, 11 June 2017, in Worth, West Sussex, aged 74.

## Other websites

- Anglicans in Istanbul, Letter to "the Times", 2 February 2007

## Infobox (christian leader)

- **type**: Bishop
- **name**: Geoffrey Rowell
- **title**: Bishop in Europe
- **image**: 20091105-122908 Wien 1, Stephansplatz 3, Churhaus, Stefanisaal, The Revd Professor Carsten Peter Thiede in memoriam, The Right Revd Geoffrey Rowell, Bishop in Europe ni pt.jpg
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **alt**: Bishop Geoffrey Rowell (Vienna, Austria in 2009)
- **caption**: Rowell in Vienna, Austria, in 2009
- **diocese**: Diocese in Europe
- **enthroned**: 1 November 2001
- **predecessor**: John Hind (bishop of Chichester), John Hind
- **successor**: Robert Innes (bishop), Robert Innes
- **other post**: Bishop of Basingstoke (1994–2001)
- **term**: 2001–2013
- **ordination**: Deacon 1968
Priest 1969
- **consecration**: 2 February 1994
- **consecrated by**: George Carey
- **religion**: Anglican
- **residence**: Church Road, Worth, West Sussex, Worth
- **alma mater**: Corpus Christi College, Cambridge
Ibrahim Abouleish

**Ibrahim Abouleish** (23 March 1937 – 15 June 2017) was an Egyptian pharmacologist. He was born in Mashtul, Egypt. In 1977 he returned to Egypt and founded the comprehensive development initiative SEKEM. The organization focuses on biodynamic farming methods in Egypt.

Abouleish died on 15 June 2017 in Cairo, Egypt at the age of 80.

## Related pages

- List of Egyptian scientists

## Other websites

- Biography on Right Livelihood Award website
- blog about a german TV documentary
Ajmer Singh Aulakh

**Ajmer Singh Aulakh** (ਪੰਜਾਬੀ: ਅਜਮੇਰ ਸਿੰਘ ਔਲਖ, 19 August 1942 – 15 June 2017) was an Indian playwright and social activist. He was born in Mansa District Punjab. His mother's name was Harnaam Kaur and father was Kaur Singh. He had three daughters.Aulakh won the Sahitya Akademi Award in 2006 for his book Ishaka bājha namāza dā hajja nāhī (Plays).

Aulakh died on 15 June 2017 from stomach cancer in Punjab, India at the age of 74.

## Plays

- _Ik Ramayan hor_ (One More Ramayana)*Niuṃ-jaṛa
- _Satt begaane_
- _Kehar Singh di maut_ (Kehar Singh's Death)
- Ishaka bājha namāza dā hajja nāhī
- _Bhajian bahin_ (Broken Arms)
- Ikka sī dariā
- Jhanāṃ de pāṇī
- Aise jana wirale sam̆sāre
- Bgane Bohd di chan

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Ajmer Singh Aulakh
- **image**: Ajmer aulakh.jpeg
- **caption**: Ajmer Singh Aulakh
- **birth place**: Pharwahi, Mansa, Pharwahi, Mansa district, Punjab
- **death place**: Mansa, Punjab, India
- **nationality**: Indian
- **genre**: drama
- **spouse**: Manjit Aulakh
Curt Hanson

**Curt Hanson** (1943 – June 16, 2017) was an American politician. He was born in Algona, Iowa. Curt was a member of the Iowa House of Representatives.  A member of the Democratic Party, he served in the Iowa House from 2009 until his death in 2017, representing the 90th and 82nd Districts.

Hanson died on June 16, 2017 at his home in Fairfield, Iowa of prostate cancer at the age of 73.

## Other websites

- Representative Kenneth Veenstra  _official Iowa General Assembly site_
Wilma de Faria

**Wilma de Faria** (February 17, 1945 – June 15, 2017) was a Brazilian politician. She served as the governor of the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Norte from 2003 to 2010, the first woman to hold the position. She was a member of the Brazilian Socialist Party.

Faria died on June 15, 2017 from cancer at the age of 72.
Sandwich panel

A **sandwich panel** is a kind of composite material, which is usually made of two components: A small outside layer (which is the same on both sides), and an inside layer, which is used to get certain properties, for example insulation or fire resistance. Aluminium is often used for the outside part - the respective panels are also known as **Aluminium Composite Panels**. Sandwich panels are used in situations where high structural rigidity and low weight are required. They are also used for cladding, eg. to add insulation, fire resistance, or simply to make a surface look more beautiful.
Laguna Copperplate Inscription

The **Laguna Copperplate Inscription** is a document marked on a copper plate in 900 AD and found in Laguna, Philippines. The document is written in Old Malay language using Kawi script. It was translated by Antoon Postma (a Dutch anthropologist) in 1992. It is evidence of ancient kingdoms of Medang, Sri Vijaya, Tondo, and others.
Baldwin Lonsdale

**Baldwin Jacobson Lonsdale** (21 February 1950 – 17 June 2017) was a ni-Vanuatu politician and Anglican priest. He served as President of Vanuatu from 22 September 2014 until his death in 2017. He was born in Monte Lava.

Lonsdale died on 17 June 2017 in Port Vila of a heart attack, aged 67.
Lucas Mangope

**Kgosi Lucas Manyane Mangope** (27 December 1923 – 18 January 2018) was a South African politician. He is the former leader of the Bantustan of Bophuthatswana and founder and former leader of the United Christian Democratic Party, a minor political party based in the North West of South Africa.

On 1 May 1971, Mangope became Chief Minister of the Bophuthatswana Legislative Assembly and retained his post following the first Bophuthatswana elections on 4 October 1972.  Initially leader of the Bophuthatswana National Party, Mangope left the party following what was officially referred to as 'internal strife' and formed the Bophuthatswana Democratic Party, which then became the governing party. He became President in 1977.

In 1988 he was briefly overthrown by members of a military police unit, and was reinstated following intervention by the South African Defence Force.

## Infobox (politician)

- **name**: Lucas Mangope
- **office**: List of heads of state of Bophuthatswana, President of Bophuthatswana
- **term start**: 6 December 1977
- **term end**: 13 March 1994
- **office2**: Chief Minister of Bophuhtatswana
- **term start2**: 1 June 1972
- **term end2**: 6 December 1977
- **office3**: Chief Councillor of Tswanaland
- **term start3**: c. 1968
- **term end3**: 1 June 1972
- **predecessor**: _None_
- **successor**: _None_
- **birth place**: Motswedi, Transvaal Province, Transvaal, Union of South Africa, South Africa
- **spouse**: Leah (deceased)
Sam Panopoulos

**Sotirios "Sam" Panopoulos** (; 1934 – 8 June 2017) was a Greek-born Canadian cook and businessman. He was born in Vourvoura, Greece. He was known as the inventor of Hawaiian pizza.

With his brothers Elias and Nikitas, Panopoulos owned the Satellite Restaurant in Chatham, Ontario. They offered typical American items such as burgers and fries, and also American Chinese dishes, some of which also mix sweet and savory flavours. In the early 1960s Panopoulos started offering pizzas, recently popular in the USA. In 1962 he had the idea to add canned pineapple to pizza.

Panopoulos died of cardiac arrest at a hospital in London, Ontario on 8 June 2017, aged 83.
Earl Bakken

**Earl Ethan Bakken** (January 10, 1924 – October 21, 2018) was an American engineer, businessman and philanthropist. He founded Medtronic, where he developed the first external, battery-operated, transistorized, wearable artificial pacemaker in 1957.

Bakken retired from Medtronic in 1989 and moved to a 9-acre estate in the Kona District of Hawaii he calls _Bakken Hale_.

Bakken died at his Hawaii home on October 21, 2018 at the age of 94.

## Other websites

- Earl Bakken's Website
- The Bakken Museum Homepage

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Earl Bakken
- **image**: 090707-NCVH-EarlBakken.jpg
- **alt**: waist-high portrait, wearing Hawaiian shirt, brown suitcoat and necklaces
- **birth name**: Earl Ethan Bakken
- **birth place**: Columbia Heights, Minnesota, Columbia Heights, Minnesota, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Kona District, Hawaii, Kona District, Hawaii, U.S.
- **nationality**: United States, American
- **known for**: founding Medtronic, inventing the wearable portable artificial pacemaker, pacemaker, founding Bakken Museum
- **alma mater**: University of Minnesota
- **occupation**: inventor
Schlieren, Switzerland

**Schlieren** (Zürich German: _Schlierä_) is a city of the district of Dietikon in the canton of Zurich in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- The city of Schlieren Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Schlieren
- **municipality name**: Schlieren
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Schlieren COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Schlieren.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Zurich
- **iso-code-region**: CH-ZH
- **district**: Dietikon (district), Dietikon
- **postal code**: 8952
- **municipality code**: 0247
- **area**: 6.38
- **elevation**: 394
- **population**: 18414
- **populationof**: Dec 2015
- **popofyear**: 2015
- **website**: www.schlieren.ch
- **mayor**: Toni Brühlmann-Jecklin
- **mayor asof**: March 2014
- **mayor party**: SP
- **mayor title**: Stadtpräsident
- **parliament name**: Gemeindeparlament
- **parliament number of members**: 36
- **executive name**: Stadtrat
- **executive number of members**: 7
- **demonym**: Schlieremer
- **neighboring municipalities**: Dietikon, Oberengstringen, Uitikon, Unterengstringen, Urdorf, Zurich
Reichsführer-SS

***Reichsführer-SS*** () was a special title and rank that existed between the years of 1925 and 1945 for the commander of the _Schutzstaffel_ (SS). _Reichsführer-SS_ was a title from 1925 to 1933, and from 1934 to 1945 it was the highest rank of the SS. The longest serving and by far most noteworthy _Reichsführer-SS_ was Heinrich Himmler.

## Office holders

In all, five people held the title of _Reichsführer-SS_ during the twenty years of its existence. Three persons held the position as a title while two held the actual SS rank.

- Julius Schreck (1925–1926)
- Joseph Berchtold (1926–1927)
- Erhard Heiden (1927–1929)
- Heinrich Himmler (1929–1945)
- Karl Hanke (1945)
Polyisocyanurate

**Polyisocyanurate** is a thermoset plastic. It is also called **PIR**, **polyiso**, or **ISO**. It is usually made as a foam. It is used as rigid thermal insulation. It is similar to polyurethane (PUR) except that the proportion of methylene diphenyl diisocyanate is higher and a polyester-derived polyol is used in the reaction instead of a polyether polyol.  Catalysts and additives used are also different from those used in PUR.

## Other websites

- Polyisocyanurate Insulation Manufacturers Association
- Polyisocyanurate Insulation energy savings, by Center for the Polyurethanes Industry