juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Tenpyō-kanpō

was a  after _Tenpyō_ and before _Tenpyō-shōhō._  This period was only months.  It started in April and ended in July 749.  The reigning emperor was .

_Tenpyō-kanpō_ lasted only four months during the last year of Shōmu's reign.  The previous era ended and this new one started in 749.

## Events of the _Tenpyō-kanpō_ era

- **749** (_Tenpyō-kanpō 1, 2nd day of the 7th month_): In the 25th year of Shōmu's reign, the emperor abdicated; and the succession (_senso_) was received by his daughter. Soon after, Empress Kōken's role as monarch was confirmed by ceremonies (_sokui_).
- **749** (_Tenpyō-kanpō 1, 2nd day of the 7th month_): To mark the beginning of Empress Kōken's regin, the _Tenpyō-kanpō_ era ended and the new _Tenpyō-Shōhō_ era started.

## Related pages

- Nara period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

|Tenpyō-kanpō|1st|
| --- | --- |
||749|
Tenpyō-shōhō

was a  after _Tenpyō-kanpō_ and before _Tenpyō-hōji._  This period started in July 749 and ended in August 757.  The reigning monarchs were  and .

_Tenpyō-shōhō_ means "Heavenly Peace and Victorious Treasure".

## Events of the _Tenpyō-shōhō_ era

- **749** (_Tenpyō-shōhō 1_): Emperor Shōmu abdicated, and his daughter receives the succession (_senso_).  Soon after, Empress Kōken's role as monarch is confirmed by ceremonies (_sokui_).
- **752** (_Tenpyō-shōhō 4, 4th month_): The Eye-opening Ceremony celebrating the completion of the Great Buddha is held at Tōdai-ji in Nara.
- **5 September 750** (_Tenpyō-shōhō 2, 1st day of the 8th month_): In the 10th year of Kōken's reign, the empress abdicated; and succession (_senso_) was received by her adopted son.  Emperor Junnin's new position is confirmed by ceremonies (_sokui_).
- **756** (_Tenpyō-shōhō 2, 5th month_): Former-Emperor Shōmu died at age 56.

## Related pages

- Nara period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

|Tenpyō-shōhō|1st|2nd|3rd|4th|5th|6th|7th|8th|9th|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||749|750|751|752|753|754|755|756|757|
John Cale

**John Davies Cale**, OBE (born 9 March 1942) is a Welsh musician, composer and record producer, known as a founding member of experimental rock band The Velvet Underground. He played on two of their albums _The Velvet Underground & Nico_ (1967) and _White Light/White Heat_ (1968). In 1970 he released first solo album _Vintage Violence_. He also worked as record producer. During his career, he worked with such as John Cage, Hector Zazou, Nick Drake, Brian Eno, Patti Smith, The Stooges and Manic Street Preachers.

### Studio albums

- _Vintage Violence_ (1970)
- _Church of Anthrax_ (1971) − with Terry Riley
- _The Academy in Peril_ (1972)
- _Paris 1919_ (1973)
- _Fear_ (1974)
- _Slow Dazzle_ (1975)
- _Helen of Troy_ (1975)
- _Honi Soit_ (1981)
- _Music for a New Society_ (1982)
- _Caribbean Sunset_ (1983)
- _Artificial Intelligence_ (1985)
- _Words for the Dying_ (1989)
- _Songs for Drella_ (1990) − with Lou Reed
- _Wrong Way Up_ (1990) − with Brian Eno
- _Last Day on Earth_ (1994) − with Bob Neuwirth
- _Walking on Locusts_ (1996)
- _HoboSapiens_ (2003)
- _blackAcetate_ (2005)
- _Shifty Adventures in Nookie Wood_ (2012)
- _M:FANS_ (2016)
- _Mercy_ (2023)
- Poptical Illusion (2024)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: John Cale
- **img**: John Cale 2010 Urban SimpleLife Festical.jpg
- **img capt**: John Cale in December 2010
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: John Davies Cale
- **birth place**: Garnant, Carmarthenshire, Wales
- **instrument**: Singing, Vocals, viola, guitar, Bass guitar, bass, Organ (music), organ, piano, harpsichord, Keyboard instrument, keyboards, mellotron, celesta
- **genre**: Art rock, classical music, classical, drone music, experimental rock, folk rock, protopunk
- **occupation**: Musician, composer, record producer
- **years active**: 1963–present
- **label**: Columbia Records, Columbia, Reprise Records, Reprise, Island Records, Island, SPY Records, SPY, Ze Records, Ze, Beserkley Records, Beserkley, A&M Records, A&M, Rhino Records, Rhino, Double Six Records, Double Six
- **associated acts**: Theater of Eternal Music, The Velvet Underground, John Cage, Phil Manzanera, Nico, Lou Reed, Brian Eno, Kevin Ayers, Bob Neuwirth
- **url**: http://john-cale.com/
Federal Center for Technological Education of Rio de Janeiro

**Federal Center of Technological Education Celso Suckow da Fonseca** (_Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica Celso Suckow da Fonseca_, short **Cefet-RJ**) is a public university of the Brazilian state of Rio de Janeiro.

Established in 1909, it is the second largest university in Rio de Janeiro as well as one the country's best universities.

## Related pages

- Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica de Minas Gerais

## Other websites

- Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica Celso Suckow da Fonseca
Asturias Airport

**Asturias Airport** is an airport in Asturias. It is located in the municipality of Castrillón, and is near to Avilés. It is operated by Aena.

## Destinations

|Airlines|Destinations|
| --- | --- |
|Air Europa|Fuerteventura, Gran Canaria, Lanzarote, Tenerife-South|
|EasyJet|Geneva, Lisbon, London-Stansted|
|Iberia|Madrid|
|Iberia Regional Air Nostrum|Madrid, Seville, Valencia, Paris|
|Ryanair|Barcelona, Madrid|
|Volotea|Ibiza (starts 15 June 2012), Malaga (starts 15 June 2012)|
|Vueling|Barcelona, Paris-Orly (starts 23 June 2012)|

## Other websites

- Official Website

## Infobox (airport)

- **nativename**: Aeropuerto de Asturias
- **image2-width**: 250
- **focus city**: * Volotea
* Vueling
- **elevation-m**: 127
- **metric-elev**: y
- **pushpin label**: OVD
- **r1-length-f**: 7,218
- **r1-surface**: Asphalt
- **metric-rwy**: y
- **name**: Asturias Airport
- **image**: Aena Asturias.svg
- **image-width**: 200
- **image2**: Aeropuerto de Asturias.jpg
- **iata**: OVD
- **icao**: LEAS
- **type**: Public
- **owner**: ENAIRE
- **operator**: Aena
- **city-served**: Asturias, Spain
- **elevation-f**: 226
- **pushpin map**: Spain Asturias
- **pushpin map caption**: Location within Asturias
- **website**: [http://www.aena-aeropuertos.es/csee/Satellite/Aeropuerto-Asturias/en/ aena-aeropuertos.es]
- **r1-number**: 11/29
- **r1-length-m**: 2,200
- **stat-year**: 2018
- **stat1-header**: Passengers
- **stat1-data**: 1,400,481
- **stat2-header**: Passengers change 17–18
- **stat2-data**: 0,5%
- **stat3-header**: Movements
- **stat3-data**: 12,444
- **stat4-header**: Movements change 17-18
- **stat4-data**: 4,5%
- **stat5-header**: Cargo (t)
- **stat5-data**: 33
- **footnotes**: Sources: AENA
Charisma

**Charisma** is a term that means compelling attractiveness or charms which inspire devotion. This term also refers to special power or talent. The term **charisma** has many meanings.  It is often used  to describe a particular type of leader. It comes from Christianity where it was used about people who had the gift of God's grace.

## Related pages

- Charismatic
- Legitimacy
Christine

**Christine** is a female given name. It is pronounced [kri-steen]. It comes from the word _Christ_. This name means _follower of Christ_. Christine is an exquisite name that has enjoyed popularity for centuries. Its origins can be traced back to the Greek name Christina, which means "one who follows Christ." Throughout history, this name has taken on different forms and has been linked with numerous noteworthy individuals. In 1968, it was the 14th most frequently-given name for girls in the United States. This is a unique name (not in the top 1000 newborn names in the US in 2021).

## People

- Saint Christina of Bolsena, remembered on the 24th of July
- Saint Christine of Persia, remembered on the 13th of March
- Saint Christine of Ancyre, remembered on the 18th of May
- Christine Adjobi, an Ivorian politician and physician
- Christine Amertil (born 1979), a Bahamian athlete competing mainly in the 400 metres
- Christine Amor (born 1952), an Australian actress
- Christine Anu (born 1970), an Australian pop singer
- Christine Bottomley (born 1979), a British actress
- Christine Boudrias (born 1972), a Canadian short track speed skater who competed in the 1994 & 1998 Winter Olympics
- Christine Lagarde (born 1956), Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund
- Christine Sinclair (born 1983), a Canadian football player who is currently a member of the Canadian women's national soccer team
- Christine Truman (born 1941), a British tennis player and French Open Champion.
Bayville, New York

**Bayville** is an incorporated village on the north shore of Nassau County on Long Island, in the state of New York. The 2020 census showed that 6,748 people lived there, up from 6,669 in 2010.  Bayville was purchased from the Native Americans (the Matinecock tribe) by Daniel Whitehead in 1658.

In the 1800s, Bayville was mostly used for asparagus farming.  Five or six men owned large sections of Bayville and made their living from farming asparagus.  One of those men was Nicholas Godfrey, a native of Cape May township in New Jersey.  At the height of his land ownership, Godfrey owned more than half of Bayville's land.  Godfrey died in 1899. He is buried in the Bayville Cemetery.  He was a Lieutenant for the Union Army during the Civil War. He was also an inventor and he was Bayville's first postmaster in 1877.

The village wasn't named "Bayville" until 1859.  Before that, the village had two names. The western and middle parts were called "Oak Neck". The eastern part was called "Pine Island".

Bayville's total area is 1.5 square miles. 1.4 is made up of land and .1 is made up of water. Frank M. Flower & Sons, Inc. is Bayville's only commercial business. It has been there since 1887.  Bayville got electricity in 1906. The Bayville Bridge that is there today is the fourth bridge. The first bridge there was built in 1898. Before that, people went between Bayville to Oyster Bay by water taxi.
Brenda

The name **Brenda** [ bren-d_uh_ ] is a female given name in the English language. Its origin is uncertain, but it may come from a Scandinavian type of language, rather than Celtic like the masculine name **Brendan**. It is thought that the name Brenda could have its roots in Old Norse and signify "sword". It was first used during the 19th century and gained popularity in the 20th century.

The name became popular in the 1950s because of the singer Brenda Lee. Throughout history, the name has taken on various forms, such as Brenna, Brenn, and Brendon.  This is a unique name (not in the top 1000 newborn names in the US in 2021).  The name has been around for many centuries.  Many famous people are named Brenda, including Brenda Blethyn, Brenda Song and Brenda Lee.

## People

- Brenda Archer, Guyanese high jumper
- Brenda Benet, actress
- Brenda Blethyn, English actress
- Brenda Bruce, English actress
- Brenda Castillo, Dominican Republic volleyball player
- Brenda Eisler, Canadian long jumper
- Brenda Gibbs, Australian actress
- Brenda Hale, Baroness Hale of Richmond, first female Lord of Appeal in Ordinary
- Brenda Joyce, actress
- Brenda Matthews, New Zealand sprinter
- Brenda Robertson, Canadian politician
- Brenda Strong, American actress
- Brenda Lee, American singer and recording artist

## Places

- Brenda, Manitoba
Tenpyō-hōji

was a  after _Tenpyō-shōhō_ and before _Tenpyō-jingo._  This period spanned the years from August 757 through January 765.   The reigning monarchs were .  and .

## Events of the _Tenpyō-hōji_ era

- **757** (_Tenpyō-hōji 1**): The new era began in the 8th month of _Tenpyō-shōhō_ 9.
- **760** (_Tenpyō-hōji 4_): Newly minted coins were put into circulation – each copper coin bearing the words _Mannen Ten-hō_, each silver coin bearing the words _Teihei Genhō_, and each gold coin bearing the words _Kaiki Shōhō_.
- **26 January 765_' (_Tenpyō-hōji 9, 1st day of the 1st month_): In the 6th year of Junnin's reign, the emperor was removed from his role as monarch; and the succession (_senso_) was received by former-Empress Kōken. Soon after, Empress Shōtoku's reign was confirmed by ceremonies (_sokui_).

## Related pages

- Nara period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

|Tenpyō-hōji|1st|2nd|3rd|4th|5th|6th|7th|8th|9th|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||757|758|759|760|761|762|763|764|765|
Tyrol

**Tyrol** or **Tirol** can be:

### Austria-Italy

- Tyrol (region), a (historical) region in the Alps, divided between Austria and Italy
- Tyrol (state), a state of Austria
    - East Tyrol, part of the State of Tyrol
    - North Tyrol, part of the State of Tyrol
- South Tyrol, a province in northern Italy
    - Tirol, South Tyrol, a municipality in South Tyrol
- County of Tyrol, a former political entity in existence until the early 20th century comprising territory in the Italian region of Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol and the Austrian state of Tyrol
- German Tyrol, the German-speaking area of the old County of Tyrol
- Euroregion Tyrol-South Tyrol-Trentino, a Euroregion comprising the historical Tyrol region

### Elsewhere

- Tyrol Basin, a ski and snowboard area located in Mount Horeb, Wisconsin
- Tirol, a village in Doclin Commune, Caraş-Severin County, Romania

## Other uses

- Tyrolia (ski bindings), a major ski binding company, now part of Head NV
- Galen Tyrol, a fictional character from the re-imagined miniseries and television series _Battlestar Galactica_
- Tirol (fictional planet), the homeworld of the Robotech Masters in the anime series _Robotech_
Tyrol (state)

**Tyrol** (;  ; ) is a federal state in western Austria. It has the Austrian part of the historic Princely County of Tyrol.  The capital of Tyrol is Innsbruck.

The state is split into two parts– North Tyrol and smaller East Tyrol.

The state's territory is entirely in the Eastern Alps at the important Brenner Pass. The highest mountain in the state is the Großglockner.

## Districts

The state is divided into eight districts and the city of Innsbruck. The districts and their centres (capitals) are:

- Statutory city:
- 1 Innsbruck (city)

- Districts in North Tyrol:
- 2 Innsbruck-Land, (Innsbruck)
- 3 Imst District, (Imst)
- 4 Kitzbühel District, (Kitzbühel)
- 5 Kufstein District, (Kufstein)
- 6 Landeck District, (capital: Landeck)
- 8 Reutte District, (Reutte)
- 9 Schwaz District, (Schwaz)

- District in East Tyrol:
- 7 Lienz District, (Lienz)

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Tyrol
- **native name**: Tirol
- **native name lang**: de
- **settlement type**: States of Austria, State of Austria
- **image flag**: Flag of Tirol and Upper Austria.svg
- **flag size**: 120px
- **image shield**: AUT Tirol COA.svg
- **shield size**: 75px
- **image map**: Tirol in Austria.svg
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Austria
- **seat type**: Capital
- **seat**: Innsbruck
- **leader party**: ÖVP
- **leader title**: Landeshauptmann, Governor
- **leader name**: Günther Platter
- **area total km2**: 12640.17
- **population total**: 746153
- **population as of**: 1 January 2017
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone1**: Central European Time, CET
- **utc offset1**: +1
- **timezone1 dst**: Central European Summer Time, CEST
- **utc offset1 dst**: +2
- **blank1 name sec2**: Federal Council of Austria, Votes in Bundesrat
- **blank1 info sec2**: 5 (of 61)
- **blank name sec2**: First level NUTS of the European Union#Austria, NUTS Region
- **blank info sec2**: AT3
- **iso code**: AT-7
Carinthia (disambiguation)

**Carinthia** may be:

- Carinthia (state), a state of the Republic of Austria
- Slovenian Carinthia, a traditional region of Slovenia
- Koroška statistical region, the statistical region of Slovenia
- March of Carinthia, in the Holy Roman Empire
- Duchy of Carinthia, in the Holy Roman Empire, the Austrian Empire and the Austro-Hungarian Empire
- Carantania, a medieval Slavic principality
Styria

**Styria** ( ; ; Croatian and ; ) is a state in the southeast of Austria. The capital city is Graz. It borders Slovenia. In 2016 there were about 1,232,000 people living in Styria.

## Districts

The state has 12 districts and a statutory city.

### Statutory City

- Graz

### Districts

- Bruck-Mürzzuschlag
- Deutschlandsberg
- Graz-Umgebung
- Hartberg-Fürstenfeld
- Leibnitz
- Leoben
- Liezen with the subdistrict Gröbming
- Murau
- Murtal
- Südoststeiermark
- Voitsberg
- Weiz

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Styria
- **native name lang**: de
- **settlement type**: States of Austria, State of Austria
- **image flag**: Flagge Steiermark (mit Rand).png
- **flag size**: 120px
- **image shield**: Steiermark Wappen.svg
- **shield size**: 60px
- **image map**: Steiermark in Austria.svg
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Austria
- **seat type**: Capital
- **seat**: Graz
- **leader party**: Austrian People's Party, ÖVP
- **leader title**: Landeshauptmann, Governor
- **leader name**: Hermann Schützenhöfer
- **area total km2**: 16401.04
- **population total**: 1243052
- **population as of**: 1 January 2019
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone1**: Central European Time, CET
- **utc offset1**: +1
- **timezone1 dst**: Central European Summer Time, CEST
- **utc offset1 dst**: +2
- **blank1 name sec2**: Federal Council of Austria, Votes in Bundesrat
- **blank1 info sec2**: 9 (of 62)
- **blank name sec2**: First level NUTS of the European Union#Austria, NUTS Region
- **blank info sec2**: AT2
- **iso code**: AT-6
Coat of arms of Austria

The current **coat of arms of Austria** has been in use by the Republic of Austria since 1919. Between 1934 and the 1938 Austria used a different coat of arms.  It had a double-headed eagle. In 1945 the original coat of arms returned, with broken chains added to show Austria's freedom.

## Symbolism

The symbols and emblems used in the Austrian arms are as follows:

- _The Eagle:_ Austria's freedom (introduced 1919)
- _The escutcheon_ Emblem of Austria (late Middle Ages, reintroduced 1915)
- _The mural crown:_ The middle class (introduced 1919)
- _The sickle:_ Agriculture (introduced 1919)
- _The Hammer:_ Industry (introduced 1919)
- _The broken chains:_ Freedom from National Socialist dictatorship (added 1945)

## Infobox (coat of arms)

- **name**: Coat of arms of Austria.
- **image**: Austria Bundesadler.svg
- **image width**: 200
- **middle**: Austria Bundesadler 1919-1934.svg
- **middle width**: 150
- **middle caption**: First Republic, 1919–1934
- **lesser**: Österreich-Wappen (1934-1938).svg
- **lesser width**: 150
- **lesser caption**: Federal State ("Corporate" State) 1934–1938
- **armiger**: Republic of Austria
- **year adopted**: 1945
- **crest**: A mural crown or (heraldry), Or
- **shield**: Gules, a fess argent (arms of the Duchy of Austria, flag of Austria)
- **supporters**: An Eagle (heraldry), eagle sable (heraldry), sable gambed Or displayed
- **other elements**: The eagle bears a sickle Or in Dexter and sinister, dexter talon and a hammer Or in sinister talon. The gambs also bear broken iron chains.
- **earlier versions**: As current version but without broken chains (1919–1934), Imperial-style double headed eagle (1934–1938)
Jello Biafra

**Jello Biafra** (born **Eric Reed Boucher**; June 17, 1958) is an American musician and spoken word artist. Biafra was the lead singer and songwriter for San Francisco punk rock band Dead Kennedys. He started the record label Alternative Tentacles with East Bay Ray in 1979.

Biafra is a member of the Green Party of the United States. He ran for president in 2000.

## Other websites

- Biafra's label Alternative Tentacles

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Jello Biafra
- **img**: Jello Biafra at Fusion Festival 2010.jpg
- **background**: solo_singer
- **img capt**: Jello Biafra at Fusion Festival 2010
- **birth name**: Eric Reed Boucher
- **birth place**: Boulder, Colorado, United States, U.S.
- **instrument**: singing, Vocals
- **genre**: Punk rock, spoken word
- **years active**: 1976–present
- **label**: Alternative Tentacles
- **associated acts**: Dead Kennedys, Ministry (band), Ministry, The Offspring, Sepultura, Tool (band), Tool, Napalm Death, Ice-T
- **website**: [http://www.alternativetentacles.com/ AlternativeTentacles.com]
[http://www.myspace.com/alternativetentacles Alternative Tentacles myspace]
Rudolph Nureyev

**Rudolf Khametovich Nureyev** (17 March 1938 – 6 January 1993) was a Russian ballet dancer. He was one of the most celebrated dancers of the 20th century. In 1961 he defected to the West, despite KGB efforts to prevent him. For some years he partnered Dame Margot Fonteyn.

The _Dictionary of Dance_ says "His repertoire was enormous, including all the classics and the modern standards". After his period with Fonteyn, Nureyev worked in several countries.

His teacher was Aleksander Pushkin, like the famous Russian poet

Nureyev was director, principal dancer and choreographer of _Nureyev and Friends_ on Broadway (197475) and was artistic director of the Paris Opera House from 1983 to 1989. He promoted junior dancers, such as Sylvie Guillem, and commissioned new works. In the last years of his life he took up conducting.

Nureyev was gay. He and his partner, Erik Bruhn, died of AIDS.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Rudolf Nureyev
- **image**: Nureyev 10 Allan Warren.jpg
- **caption**: Rudolf Nureyev in 1973 by Allan Warren
- **birth name**: Rudolf Khametovich Nureyev
- **birth place**: near Irkutsk, Siberia, USSR
- **citizenship**: Austrian
- **nationality**: Tatar
- **death place**: Levallois-Perret, France
- **death cause**: AIDS
- **alma mater**: Kirov Ballet, Kirov Ballet School
- **occupation**: Ballet dancer, choreographer
- **partner**: Erik Bruhn
(1961–1986, his death)
- **years active**: 1958–1992
- **website**: [http://www.nureyev.org/ www.nureyev.org]
Invented tradition

**Invented traditions** are those traditions of recent origin which may claim to be old but are usually recently invented (made up). For example:

There are rules to see which traditions are real or fake.
- REAL: It's in the books, academic papers, newspapers, or other media.
- FAKE: People or opinions
Burgenland Croatian

**Burgenland Croatian** is a regional language of the Chakavian dialect of the Croatian language.  It is spoken in Austria, Hungary, the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Burgenland Croatian is a minority language in the Austrian state of Burgenland. 19,412 people speak the language there in 2001. Many of the Burgenland Croatian speakers in Austria also live in Vienna and Graz.

Smaller Croatian minorities in western Hungary, southwestern Slovakia and southern Czech Republic are often also called Burgenland Croats. They use the Burgenland Croatian written language.  They are historically and culturally closely connected to the Austrian Croats.

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Burgenland Croatian
- **nativename**: _gradišćanskohrvatski jezik_
- **states**: Austria, Hungary, Czechia, Slovakia
- **speakers**: 19,000
- **date**: 2001
- **familycolor**: Indo-European
- **fam2**: Balto-Slavic languages, Balto-Slavic
- **fam3**: Slavic languages, Slavic
- **fam4**: South Slavic languages, South Slavic
- **fam5**: Western
- **fam6**: Croatian language, Croatian
- **fam7**: Chakavian
Spoken language

**Spoken language** is language in its spoken form.  It is different from written language. Many spoken languages have no written form. The term _spoken language_ is sometimes used for _oral language_.  This is not quite right because sign language is also sometimes said to be 'spoken'.

Children get their first language from whichever language is spoken around them.  Usually this comes from their mothers. Spoken language is much richer than written language.  Spoken language can have different rules than written language.
Nancy Allen

**Nancy Allen** (born on June 24, 1950) is an American movie and television actress. She was born in Yonkers, New York. Her movies include _Carrie_ (1976), _RoboCop_ (1987), _RoboCop 2_ (1990) and _RoboCop 3_ (1993).
Josef Korbel

**Josef Korbel** (born 20 September 1909 as Josef Körbel – died 18 July 1977 in the United States) was a Czechoslovakian diplomat and U.S. professor.

Korbel is of Jewish descent and was born in Kyšperk (now Letohrad). His daughter is Madeleine Albright, former United States Secretary of State. His student was Condoleezza Rice, also former Secretary of State.

In 1957 he became an American.
Heather O'Rourke

**Heather Michele O'Rourke** (December 27, 1975  February 1, 1988) was an American movie child actress who acted in the movie _Poltergeist_ (1982). She also worked in television.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Heather O'Rourke
- **image**: Heather O'Rourke in Happy Days (1982 ABC Press photo).jpg
- **birth name**: Heather Michele O'Rourke
- **birth place**: San Diego, California, US
- **death place**: San Diego, California, US
- **death cause**: Cardiac arrest by Septic shock
Intestinal stenosis
- **resting place**: Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery
- **other names**: Heather Michelle O'Rourke
- **notable works**: Poltergeist (movie series), _Poltergeist_ movie trilogy
- **occupation**: Actress
- **years active**: 19821988
- **relatives**: Tammy O'Rourke (sister)
Brenda Russell

**Brenda Russell** (born **Brenda Gordon**, April 8 1944) is an American R&B singer, composer, and keyboardist. She was born in Brooklyn, New York. She has had many hit songs on several musical charts. Her singing genres include R&B and pop.

## Filmography

- _Yakety Yak, Take it Back_ (1991) ... Herself
Mastère en sciences

The **Mastère en sciences** (**MSc**) is a French degree in higher education accredited by the _Conférence des Grandes Écoles_ and for owners of a Bachelor's degree or a first year of a Master's degree. Created in 2002, this degree certifies that the training is consistent with various quality criteria (selectivity, English language education, number of hours, length of program, research, etc..).

According to the rules, only the schools members of the _Conférence des Grandes Écoles_ may issue the diploma.
François Hollande

**François Gérard Georges Nicolas Hollande** (born 12 August 1954) is a French politician. A member of the Socialist Party, he was the President of France from 2012 to 2017. This means he was also the Co-Prince of Andorra from 2012 to 2017. He was born in Rouen.  Before becoming president, he was a deputy for the Corrèze, and the mayor of Tulle. He studied law in Paris. He also studied at the École des hautes études commerciales de Paris and the Institut d'études politiques de Paris. He was among the best in his studies at the École nationale d'administration. He was elected President of France on 6 May 2012, defeating Nicolas Sarkozy. There were two rounds of voting. In the first, 28% of the people voted for him. In the second round, with only two candidates, 51% did.

He left office on 14 May 2017 being replaced by Emmanuel Macron.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **honorific prefix**: _His Excellency_
- **honorific suffix**: _The President of France_
- **name**: François Hollande
- **image**: Francois Hollande 2015.jpeg
- **order**: 24th President of the French Republic
- **term start**: 15 May 2012
- **term end**: 14 May 2017
- **primeminister**: Jean-Marc Ayrault
Manuel Valls
Bernard Cazeneuve
- **predecessor**: Nicolas Sarkozy
- **successor**: Emmanuel Macron
- **office1**: Co-Prince of Andorra
- **alongside1**: Joan Enric Vives Sicília
- **primeminister1**: Antoni Martí
- **1blankname1**: Representative
- **1namedata1**: Sylvie Hubac
- **term start1**: 15 May 2012
- **term end1**: 14 May 2017
- **predecessor1**: Nicolas Sarkozy
- **successor1**: Emmanuel Macron
- **birth place**: Rouen, France
- **nationality**: France, French
- **spouse**: Julie Gayet (since 2022)
- **partner**: Ségolène Royal
(1978-2007)
Valérie Trierweiler (2007-2014)
- **party**: Socialist Party (France), Socialist Party
- **children**: Thomas Hollande
Clémence Hollande
Julien Hollande
Flora Hollande
- **residence**: Élysée Palace
- **occupation**: Politician
- **profession**: Lawyer
Bilan d'aptitude délivré par les grandes écoles

The **Bilan d'aptitude délivré par les grandes écoles** (**BADGE**) is a French degree created in 2001 by the _Conférence des Grandes Écoles_, and mainly intended as a two-year degree after the end of secondary studies.

The BADGE program includes a number of elements: at least 200 hours of instruction, including theoretical and practical work, team projects and possibly distance learning, and a final validation test.
The program takes place over 7 weeks to 24 months maximum, subject to alternating training / business where the period is longer than six months.

## Other websites

- BADGE on _Conférence des grandes écoles_ website
Andromeda XIX

**Andromeda XIX** is a satellite galaxy of the Andromeda Galaxy, and is part of the Local Group, like the Milky Way Galaxy. Andromeda XIX is said to be "the most extended dwarf galaxy known in the Local Group", and has a half-light radius of 1.7 kiloparsec (kpc). It was found by the Canada–France–Hawaii Telescope, and it is a dwarf galaxy.

## History

The MegaPrime/MegaCam 1 deg2 (camera) on the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope (CFHT) had mapped the M31 stellar halo (one quarter) up to ~150 kpc.  The observation, which had proved the uneveness of Andromeda's stellar halo, had shown that multiple other dwarf galaxies exist. They are: Andromeda XI, XII, XIII, XV, XVI, XVIII, **XIX**, and XX.

## Related pages

- Andromeda Galaxy
- Local Group
Brussels Airlines

**Brussels Airlines** is the main Belgian airline. It flies from Brussels Airport to destinations in Europe, Africa and North America.

## History

Brussels Airlines was created as the result of the merger of SN Brussels Airlines and Virgin Express in March 2006. SN Brussels Airlines had been created from Sabena, the former Belgian flag carrier, that had ceased operations on 7 November 2001. SN Brussels Airlines started its operations only five months later. Virgin Express was a low-cost airline, owned by the Virgin Group. In 2004, SN Airholding took over Virgin Express, and in 2006 it was announced that both companies would merge and fly under the _Brussels Airlines_ brand. In 2008, the Lufthansa group bought 45% of Brussels Airlines' shares, and Brussels Airlines joined the Star Alliance.

## Fleet

Brussels Airlines has the following aircraft in its fleet:
|Aircraft|Number|Seats|Destinations|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Airbus A319|9|132|Europe and Middle East|
|Airbus A320|2|168|Europe and Middle East|
|Airbus A330|5|284|Africa and North America|
|colspan="4"||||

## Cooperation

It is a member of the Star Alliance.

The company has codeshare agreement with many companies such as Air Canada, Air Malta, All Nippon Airways, Austrian Airlines, Cathay Pacific, Croatia Airlines, EgyptAir, Etihad Airways, Hainan Airlines, Lufthansa, Singapore Airlines, Swiss International Air Lines, TAAG Air Angola, TAP Portugal, TAROM, Thai Airways, United Airlines and others.

In 2019, Brussels Airlines made agreements with Africa World Airlines and  Aeroflot Russian Airlines.

## Infobox (airline)

- **airline**: Brussels Airlines
- **iata**: SN
- **icao**: BEL
- **callsign**: BEELINE
- **hubs**: Brussels Airport
- **frequent flyer**: <div>
*Miles & More
*LOOP
</div>
- **alliance**: Star Alliance
- **fleet size**: 58
- **destinations**: 120
- **company slogan**: _We go the extra smile._
- **parent**: Lufthansa, Lufthansa Group
- **logo**: Brussels Airlines.svg
- **logo size**: 250px
- **founded**: 7 November 2006
- **commenced**: 25 March 2007
- **key people**: <div>
*
* Dieter Vranckx, CFO
</div>
Castel Goffredo

**Castel Goffredo** is a city in north of Italy. Castel Goffredo is in the province of Mantua, Lombardy Region. About 12,000 people live in Castel Goffredo.

## Infobox (italian comune)

- **name**: Castel Goffredo
- **official name**: Comune di Castel Goffredo
- **image skyline**: Castel Goffredo collage.jpg
- **image shield**: Castel Goffredo-Stemma.svg
- **image flag**: Gonfalone della città di Castel Goffredo.jpg
- **region**: Lombardy
- **province**: province of Mantua, Mantua (MN)
- **frazioni**: Berenzi, Bocchere, Casalpoglio, Coletta, Gambina, Giliani, Lisnetta, Lodolo, Lotelli, Perosso, Poiano, Profondi, Romanini, Sant'Anna, Selvole, Valzi, Villa, Zecchini
- **mayor**: Achille Prignaca
- **area total km2**: 42.4
- **population total**: 12678
- **population as of**: 31 August 2018
- **population demonym**: Castellani, Goffredesi
- **elevation m**: 50
- **saint**: St. Luke and St. Erasmus
- **day**: 18 October, 2 June
- **postal code**: 46042
- **area code**: 0376
Yugoslavs

**Yugoslavs**  is a national name used by a small number of South Slavs across the countries of the former Yugoslavia. Some say this name is for all people of South Slav heritage, including those of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Montenegro, Serbia and the presently disputed region of Kosovo, Slovenia, and North Macedonia.

## Infobox (ethnic group)

- **group**: Yugoslavs
- **pop**: **400,000**
- **pop1**: 291,045 (2013)

- **pop2**: 38,480 (2016)

- **pop3**: 26,883 (2011)
- **pop4**: 23,303 (2011)

- **pop5**: 2,507 (2013)
- **pop6**: 1,154 (2011)
- **pop7**: 527 (2002)
- **pop8**: 331 (2011)
- **langs**: Serbo-Croatian, Macedonian language, Macedonian, Slovene language, Slovene
- **rels**: Primarily Christianity and Islam
- **related**: Other Slavic peoples
Rhetorical question

A **rhetorical question** is a figure of speech in the form of a question.  It is a question that is asked in order to make a point: it does not need a reply.

The question is used as a rhetorical device or tool.  The question is posed for the sake of persuasion, or to encourage the listener or reader to consider a message or viewpoint.

## Suggested dialogue

Rhetorical questions suggest a dialogue which does not really exist.  The speaker both asks and answers the question himself. A rhetorical question is often a statement in the form of a question.

For example, in "Can't you do _anything_ right?", the words are not intended to start an investigation or to invite any response at all. What the words actually mean could change according to circumstance. It could be a little joke between friends, or it could be an insulting criticism. Generally, it would be taken to mean "You can't seem to do anything right".

The role of context is always important if someone asks "What does that mean". Consider this question: "Do you think this treatment is just?". There is no way of knowing whether this is a genuine question or not, because we do not know what the circumstances are. This is true of many kinds of communication, that what they mean varies according to circumstance.

On the other hand, "Is it right for a murderer to be allowed out of prison after only ten years?" clearly asks for the reply "No!". This is because the questioner has _signalled_ what answer is expected. A neutral way to describe the situation might be: "A convicted murderer spends at least ten years in jail".

## Related pages

- Thought experiment

## Other websites

- What is a rhetorical question?
- A short definition of the term
Tenpyō-jingo

was a  after _Tenpyō-hōji_ and before _Jingo-keiun._  This period started in January 765 and ended in August 767.   The reigning monarch was .  This was the same woman who had reigned as the former .

## Events of the _Tenpyō-jingo_ era

- **765** (_Tenpyō-jingo 1, 2nd month_): The empress raised the Buddhist priest Dōkyō  to the position of _daijō-daijin zenji_.
- **765** (_Tenpyō-jingo 1_): Fujiwara  no Toyonari died at age 62. He had held the office of Minister of the Right (_udaijin_).
- **765** (_Tenpyō-jingo 1_):  Former Emperor Junnin died in exile.
- **766** (_Tenpyō-jingo 2,  1st month_): Fujiwara-no Matate is named _uddaijin_; and Kibi no Makibi becomes a major counselor (_dainaigon_).

## Related pages

- Nara period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

|Tenpyō-jingo|1st|2nd|3rd|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
||765|766|767|
Engi (era)

was a  after _Shōtai_ and before _Enchō._  This period started in July 901 and ended in April 923.  The reigning emperors were .

## Events of the _Engi_ era

- **1 February 901** (_Engi 1, 1st day of the 1st month_): There was an eclipse of the Sun.
- **901** (_Engi 1_): The Sugawara Michizane "incident" developed; but more details cannot be known.  Emperor Daigo ordered that diaries and records were burned.
- **May 905** (_Engi 5, 4th month_): Ki-no Tsurayuki presented the emperor with a collection of waka poetry called the _Kokin Wakashū_.
- **909** (_Engi 9, 4th month_):  Fujiwara no Tokihira died at age 39. He had held the office of Miniser of the Left (_sadaijin_).

## Related pages

- Heian period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

|Engi|1st|2nd|3rd|4th|5th|6th|7th|8th|9th|10th|11th|12th|13th|14th|15th|16th|17th|18th|19th|20th|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||901|902|903|904|905|906|907|908|909|910|911|912|913|914|915|916|917|918|919|920|

|Engi|21st|22nd|23rd|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
||921|922|923|
Chancellor of Austria

The **Federal Chancellor** is the head of government and chief executive of Austria. His or her deputy is the **Vice-Chancellor**. Before 1918, the office was the same as Minister-President of Austria. The Federal Chancellor is the de facto highest office in the state government.

The Chancellor is chosen by the President of Austria. The current Chancellor is Christian Stocker since 2025.

## Infobox (official post)

- **post**: Federal Chancellor
- **body**: Republic of Austria
- **insignia**: Austria Bundesadler.svg
- **insigniacaption**: Coat of arms of Austria, Coat of Arms
- **flag**: Flag of Austria (state).svg
- **flagborder**: yes
- **flagcaption**: Flag of Austria, State flag
- **image**: 2025 Christian Stocker (54362633314) (cropped).jpg
- **incumbent**: Christian Stocker
- **incumbentsince**: 3 March 2025
- **department**: Chancellery (Austria), Chancellery
- **style**: Mr Chancellor
Excellency, His Excellency (diplomatic)
- **type**: Head of government
- **status**: Supreme executive organ
Minister (Austria), Minister
- **member of**: Government of Austria, Cabinet
European Council
National Security Council
- **seat**: Chancellery (Austria), Chancellery Building
Ballhausplatz, Innere Stadt, Vienna
- **appointer**: President of Austria, President
- **termlength**: No fixed term
- **constituting instrument**: Constitution of Austria
- **precursor**: List of ministers-president of Austria, Minister-President of Cisleithania
- **first**: Karl Renner
- **deputy**: Vice-Chancellor of Austria, Vice-Chancellor
- **salary**: €306,446 annually
Jeffrey Masson

**Jeffrey Moussaieff Masson** (born March 28, 1941 as **Jeffrey Lloyd Masson**) is a psychotherapist and historian of psychotherapy who wrote a controversial book, _The Assault on Truth: Freud's Suppression of the Seduction Theory_, about Austrian neurologist Sigmund Freud. In the book, Masson accuses Freud of hiding evidence that some patients were sexually abused by their parents.

Masson was research director of the Sigmund Freud Archives in New York City. He was removed from the job after saying Freud was responsible for "the present-day sterility of psychoanalysis throughout the world."
Barbara Prammer

**Barbara Prammer** (11 January 1954 – 2 August 2014) was an Austrian politician. She was a member of the Social Democratic Party of Austria.

She was President of the National Council of Austria serving from 30 October 2006 until her death in 2 August 2014. She was its Vice President from 2004 to 2006. She was the first woman to hold the position of president of the national council.Prammer was Federal Minister for Women Affairs and Consumer Protection from 1997 to 2000.  She was elected to the National Council in 1999.

She had two children.

Prammer died of pancreatic cancer on 2 August 2014.

## Honours

- Decoration for Services to the Republic of Austria

## Other websites

- Barbara Prammer

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Barbara Prammer
- **image**: Barbara Prammer 2007.JPG
- **caption**: Prammer in 2007
- **office**: List of Presidents of the National Council of Austria, President of the National Council
- **term start**: 30 October 2006
- **term end**: 2 August 2014
- **predecessor**: Andreas Khol
- **successor**: Karlheinz Kopf (acting)
- **office1**: Federal Minister for Women Affairs and Consumer Protection
- **chancellor1**: Viktor Klima
- **term start1**: 28 January 1997
- **term end1**: 4 February 2000
- **predecessor1**: Helga Konrad
- **successor1**: Elisabeth Sickl
- **birth date**: 11 January 1954
- **birth place**: Ottnang am Hausruck,
Upper Austria
- **death date**: 2 August 2014
- **death place**: Vienna, Austria
- **party**: Social Democratic Party of Austria
- **alma mater**: Johannes Kepler University Linz
First Austrian Republic

The **Republic of Austria** is the period of Austrian history after the signing of the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye of September 1919. It went through the settlement after the end of World War I which put an end to the Republic of German-Austria. It continued up to World War II. Austria was a _de-facto_ republic, but its official name was the Federal State of Austria.

This period was had a lot of conflict between the left and the right. The July Revolt of 1927 was an example. The Constitution of Austria was started in 1920 and changed in 1929. The Federal State (sometimes called the First Republic) came to an end with the _Anschluss_ to Nazi Germany in 1938.  Some people say the end came with the start of the Austro-fascist dictatorship in 1933/34 following the Austrian Civil War.

## Infobox (former country)

- **conventional long name**: Republic of Austria
- **common name**: Austria
- **era**: Interwar period
- **government type**: Republic
- **year start**: 1919
- **year end**: 1934
- **event start**: Treaty of Saint Germain
- **date start**: 21 October
- **event1**: July Revolt of 1927, July Revolt
- **date event1**: 15 July 1927
- **event2**: Austrian Civil War
- **date event2**: 12 February 1934
- **event end**: May Constitution of 1934, May Constitution
- **date end**: 1 May
- **p1**: Republic of German-Austria
- **flag p1**: Flag of Austria.svg
- **p2**: Burgenland
- **flag p2**: Flag of Hungary with arms (state).svg
- **s1**: Federal State of Austria
- **flag s1**: Flag of Austria.svg
- **image flag**: Flag of Austria.svg
- **image coat**: Austria Bundesadler 1919-1934.svg
- **capital**: Vienna
- **national anthem**: _Deutschösterreich, du herrliches Land_
<small>"German Austria, you wonderful country"</small>
- **common languages**: German language, German
- **religion**: Roman Catholic Church, Roman Catholic
- **currency**: Austrian Krone,
<small>(1919–1924)</small>
Austrian Schilling
<small>(1924–1934)</small>
- **leader1**: Karl Seitz
- **year leader1**: 1919–1920
- **leader2**: Michael Hainisch
- **year leader2**: 1920–1928
- **leader3**: Wilhelm Miklas
- **year leader3**: 1928–1934
- **title leader**: President of Austria, President
- **deputy1**: Karl Renner <small>(first)</small>
- **year deputy1**: 1919–1920
- **deputy2**: Engelbert Dollfuss <small>(last)</small>
- **year deputy2**: 1932–1934
- **title deputy**: Chancellor of Austria, Chancellor
- **legislature**: Reichsrat (Austria), Reichsrat
- **house1**: Herrenhaus (Austria), Herrenhaus
- **type house1**: Upper Chamber
- **house2**: Abgeordnetenhaus (Austria), Abgeordnetenhaus
- **type house2**: Lower Chamber
Euro sign

**€** is the **euro sign**. u

## Infobox (currency sign)

- **mark**: €
- **currency**: Euro
- **see also**: (predecessor).
Telephone numbers in Austria

This article is about the use of telephone numbers in Austria.

**Country Code: +43**

**International Call Prefix: 00**

**Trunk Prefix: 0**

There are no standard lengths for either area codes or subscribers' numbers in Austria.  So some subscribers' numbers may be as short as three digits. Larger towns have shorter area codes allowing longer subscriber numbers in that area.

## Special / Service codes

|Service|Code||
| --- | --- | --- |
|call-by-call providers|10||
|public (emergency) services|1xx||
|phone breakdown advice|111||
|generic emergency service|112||
|directory service|118||
|car breakdown assistance (ÖAMTC)|120||
|fire department (emergency)|122||
|car breakdown assistance (ARBÖ)|123||
|police (emergency)|133||
|mountain rescue|140||
|ambulance (emergency)|144||
|telephone counseling for children (Rat auf Draht)|147||
|public services|1xxx||
|current time|1503||
|style="background:#FFF8DC;" rowspan="2" valign="top"|free services|802|
|800|||
|style="background:#FFF8DC;" rowspan="2" valign="top"|dial-up / ISP|804|
|718|||
|style="background:#FFF8DC;" rowspan="3" valign="top"|personal services|710|
|730|||
|740|||
|style="background:#FFF8DC;" rowspan="4" valign="top"|premium rate|901|
|930|||
|931|||
|900|||
|premium rate dialers|939||
|style="background:#FFF8DC;" rowspan="4" valign="top"|services with regulated max. tariffs|820|
|828|||
|810|||
|821|||
|telekom austria premium rate services|711||
|numbers for convergent services|780||
|virtual private network (VPN)|50x||

## References

- Austrian Numbering Plan
Austrian Sign Language

**Austrian Sign Language** (German: Österreichischer Gebärdensprache or ÖGS) is the sign language used by the Austrian deaf community. There are about 10,000 people who use it and it was legally recognized by the Austrian Parliament on September 1, 2005. Learning ÖGS is based on the German spoken language in Austria and shares a similar grammatical structure to German Sign Language.

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Austrian Sign Language
- **nativename**: _Österreichische Gebärdensprache_ (ÖGS)
- **speakers**: 10,000
- **date**: 2006
- **familycolor**: Sign
- **fam1**: French Sign Language family, French Sign
- **fam2**: Austo-Hungarian Sign Language, Austo-Hungarian Sign
- **states**: Austria
- **iso3**: asq
Second Viennese School

The **Second Viennese School** is a group of composers.  It was made of Arnold Schoenberg and his pupils and close associates in early 20th century Vienna.  Schoenberg lived and taught there between 1903 and 1925. Their music was first like late-Romantic.  Later it was a totally chromatic expressionism without firm tonal centre. Later still was Schoenberg's serial twelve-tone technique.

The main members of the school, besides Schoenberg, were Alban Berg and Anton Webern.
Jean-Louis Vaudoyer

**Jean-Louis Vaudoyer** (10 September 1883 in Le Plessis-Robinson  20 May 1963 in Paris) was a French novelist, poet, essayist, and art historian. He was administrator general of the Comédie-Française (1941–1944). He was a member of the Académie française (1950–1963). He wrote the libretto for _Le Spectre de la rose_, a ballet choreographed by Michel Fokine for Diaghilev's Ballets Russes in 1911.

## Other websites

- Académie française
Léon Bakst

**Léon Samoilovitch Bakst** (10 May 1866 – 27 December 1924) was a Russian painter. He designed the sets and costumes for some of Diaghilev's Ballets Russes productions. These were _Cleopatra_ (1909), _Scheherazade_ (1910), _Carnaval_ (1910), _Narcisse_ (1911), _Le Spectre de la Rose_ (1911), and _Daphnis et Chloé_ (1912). Bakst died in 1924 in Paris. In late 2010, the Victoria and Albert Museum presented an exhibition of Bakst's costumes and prints.

## Sources

- Marc Chagall, _My Life_, St.-Petersburg, Azbuka, 2000,

## Other websites

- Leon Bakst (official website)
- Working for Diaghilev
- BAKST at www.rollins.edu
- Leon Bakst (1866 - 1924) Artwork Images, Exhibitions, Reviews  at wwar.com
- Works by Leon Bakst at the Russian Art Gallery
- youtube
- _Art Signature Dictionary - See Léon Bakst's signature, although the police seizure of counterfeit_
- Baskt theatre and performance collection  at the Victoria and Albert Museum
- Evergreen collections that include original stage sets, costume designs, and other related works.