juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Heterodoxy

**Heterodoxy** means a position that is not within the standards of orthodoxy or to put it precisely "any opinions or doctrines at variance with an official or orthodox position". As an adjective, _heterodox_ is used to describe a subject as "characterized by departure from accepted beliefs or standards" (_status quo_).

### Eastern Orthodoxy

In the Eastern Orthodox Church, the term is used to refer to Christian churches not belonging to the Eastern Orthodox communion, but have no positions that are as different from those of Orthodox Christianity to thought to be as false as heresy.

### Roman Catholicism

**Heterodoxy** in the Roman Catholic Church in a similar way means views that differ from strictly orthodox views, but retain sufficient faithfulness to the original doctrine to avoid heresy.

Many Roman Catholics profess some heterodox views, either on doctrinal or social issues. For example, the orthodox Catholic position on unbaptized infants is that their fate is uncertain, and "the Church can only entrust them to the mercy of God" (Catechism of the Catholic Church 1261). A heterodox Catholic might profess the belief that unbaptized infants are offered the option to accept or deny salvation by God at their judgment. The belief is not orthodox, as the Church does not profess a belief as to what happens to unbaptized infants; however, it is also not heresy, as the Church accepts that such a scenario _might_ be possible. By contrast, a denial of the doctrine of "Original Sin" (thereby negating the necessity of baptism for children) or Papal Infallibility -- would be labeled heretical.

### Other denominations

The term _heterodox_ is occasionally used by some Christians to refer to themselves when they are in disagreement with orthodox understandings. The heterodox Christians remain in the tradition and attempt a constructive dialog around issues with which they disagree.

## Related pages

- Orthodoxy
- Nastika

## Other websites

- Heterodox - the word of the day
- Heterodox Economics
- Open University Heterodox Economics
- Orthodox vs Heterodox Churches
Isotherm

**Isotherms** are lines drawn around places with the same temperature range on isotherm maps. Each point on this line shows one temperature reading, or the average of many temperature readings. Isotherm maps also have scales that tell the signals or colors for the different temperatures. Isotherm lines are usually curvy and not straight lines.
Plate boundary

**Plate boundaries** refers particularly to places where continental plates touch or have touched in the past.

The major types of plate boundaries are:
1. Spreading boundaries. Mid-Atlantic Ridge and Africa's Great Rift Valley are examples. Rift valleys, mountains (orogeny), volcanoes.
1. Collision boundaries. These collide, forming a subduction zone (West coast of the Americas) or a continental collision (India with Asia). Mountains (orogeny), valleys, volcanoes.
1. Transform or fault boundaries. Here plates grind past each other along transform faults. Earthquakes and volcanoes often occur along the fault.
1. Conservative boundaries: little or no relative motion.

All boundaries except the conservative ones are sites of major geological activity.

## Other websites

- Bird, P. (2003) An updated digital model of plate boundaries  also available as a large (13 mb) PDF file
Hourglass dolphin

The **hourglass dolphin** (_Lagenorhynchus cruciger_) (also known as the **electra dolphin**, **little killer whale**, or **many-toothed blackfish**) is a species of dolphin. It is small and wide compared to other dolphins. It only lives in the very cold waters of the Antarctic. It was not known to science until a drawing was made of it in 1820. Only six Hourglass dolphins have been examined by scientists. Boats do not usually go where they live. The average water temperature they live in is 0.1-0.3 degrees Celsius.

The hourglass dolphin is black and white and for this reason was called the "sea skunk". On each side there is a white patch that looks a little like an hourglass shape. That is how it got its name.

An adult is about 1.8 m in length and weighs 90-120 kg. There is only one other dolphin that is as small in its area.

Hourglass dolphins usually stay in groups of 5-10. Once a group of 60 was recorded. They like to ride the bow of boats. There are usually fin whales with them. It is thought they eat small fish, crustaceans, and squid. They have conical teeth probably used to crack the shells of crustaceans.

The hourglass dolphin stays around the Antarctic. Some have been seen from the south of New Zealand and Chile.
Berberis

***Berberis*** or **barberry** is a genus of shrub, usually with spines and yellow flowers and red or blackish berries. It is used for medicines.
Giant salamander

The **giant salamanders** are a family of large aquatic amphibia, the **Cryptobranchidae**.

They are the largest living amphibians. The Japanese giant salamander (_Andrias japonicus_), reaches up to , feeds on fish and crustaceans, and has been known to live for more than 50 years in captivity. The Chinese giant salamander (_Andrias davidianus_) can reach a length of .

They live in brooks and ponds in the eastern United States (the hellbender), and in China and Japan.

## Anatomy

Cryptobranchids are large, fat salamanders, with folds of skin along their flanks. These help increase the animal's surface area, allowing them to absorb more oxygen from the water.

Their metamorphosis from the larval stage is incomplete, so that the adults retain gill slits (although they also have lungs), and lack eyelids.

Chinese giant salamanders have lived as long as 75 years in captivity. It eats aquatic insects, fish, frogs and also crabs and shrimps.

## Hunting habits

They hunt mainly at night, and as they have poor eyesight, use sensory nodes on their head and body to detect tiny changes in water pressure, allowing them to find their prey.

## Reproduction

During mating season, these salamanders will travel upstream. After the fertilization of the eggs, the male will guard them for at least six months. At this point, the offspring will live off their noticeable stored fat until they are ready to hunt. Once ready they will hunt as a group rather than individually.

Scientists at Asa Zoo in Japan have recently discovered that the male salamander will spawn with more than one female in his den. Sometimes the male "den master" will also allow a second male into the den, but the reason for this is unclear.

## Scientific names

- Genus _Cryptobranchus_ (hellbenders)
    - Hellbender (_Cryptobranchus alleganiensis _)
- Genus _Andrias_ (giant salamanders)
    - Chinese giant salamander (_Andrias davidianus_)
    - Japanese giant salamander (_Andrias japonicus_)
- Genus _Aviturus_ (_Aviturus exsecratus_)
- Genus _Zaissanurus_ (_Zaissanurus beliajevae_)

## Other websites

- Eastern Hellbender Fact Sheet
- Japanese Giant Salamander
- Cryptobranchid Interest Group
Manfred von Richthofen

**Manfred Albrecht Freiherr von Richthofen ** (2 May 1892 - 21 April 1918) was a German fighter aircraft pilot in World War I. His nickname was the "**Red Baron**". He is considered the ace-of-aces of the war, being officially credited with 80 air combat victories. The "Red Baron" is one of the most famous aviators in history and the subject of numerous representations in music, film and other media. He already received numerous honors and award for his exploits.

## Life

Richthofen was born in Breslau, Germany.
In August 1914, Richthofen became a cavalry officer in World War I. In May 1915, he joined the air service and became an observer. He did that because the training course was shorter and would get him to fighting faster. In October, he began training as a pilot. In March 1916, he entered combat. He had his first victory in April. In 1917, he was in command of a squadron nicknamed the "flying circus". He painted his airplane red so his fellow Germans could see him. Richthofen’s sixteenth victory flying a plane made him the best pilot in Germany in 1917.

On April 21, 1918, Richthofen was fatally shot, whilst flying low above the Somme Valley, near Amiens while fighting in France. He was 25 years old. He was chasing an enemy plane when a bullet passed through his chest, fatally wounding him. He then made a crash landing, in a field on a hill near the Bray-Corbie road, just north of Vaux-sur-Somme. His Fokker Dr.I was seriously damaged by the landing. One witness, Gunner George Ridgway, said that Richthofen was already dead when he and other Australian soldiers reached the plane.

Canadian fighter pilot Arthur Roy Brown was officially credited with killing Richthofen. However, it is now generally agreed that the bullet that killed Richthofen was fired by a soldier on the ground. The enemy buried Richthofen's body with full military honors.
Fokker Dr.I

The **Fokker Dr.I** was a World War I fighter airplane. It was designed by Reinhold Platz and built by Fokker-Flugzeugwerke.

The Dr.I was used only in small numbers and it had many problems. It is well known as the plane flown by the "Red Baron", Manfred von Richthofen.

## Infobox (aircraft begin)

- **name**: Fokker Dr.I
- **image**: Fokker DR1 at Airpower11 18.jpg
- **caption**: <small>**Dr.I** reproduction at Airpower 11 airshow</small>


## Infobox (aircraft type)

- **type**: Fighter aircraft, Fighter
- **manufacturer**: Fokker, Fokker-Flugzeugwerke
- **designer**: Reinhold Platz
- **primary user**:  _Luftstreitkräfte_
- **number built**: 320
- **developed from**: Fokker V.4
Fokker F.I (1917), Fokker F.I
- **variants with their own articles**: Fokker V.7
Modes of limited transposition

**Modes of limited transposition** are a kind of musical scale.  They were used by the French composer Olivier Messiaen.

Major scales have twelve different transpositions.  This means that a major scale can start on any of the twelve notes (C, C#, D, D# etc.).  There are also twelve different transpositions of the minor scale.  Each transposition (“each scale”) is a different combination of notes (in this case: all of them).

A chromatic scale (one which uses every note, i.e. using all white and black notes of a keyboard) only has one transposition.  This means that a chromatic scale can start on any note: each time it is the same combination of notes.

Messiaen was fascinated by scales that only had a few (usually two or three) transpositions.  For example: the whole tone scale, which rises by a whole tone each time, has two transpositions.  It can start, for example, on a C, so that the notes are C, D, E, F#, G#, A#, C.  It can start on a C# so that the notes are C#, D#, F, G, A, B, C#.  Transposing this up another semitone, starting on D,  would give D, E, F#, G#, A#, C, D which is exactly the same combination of notes as the first one (the starting note is not important).  The whole-tone scale was used by many composers including Glinka, Liszt and, especially, Debussy.  Messiaen called it the  _first mode_ of transposition.

Messiaen’s _second mode_, also called the “octatonic scale”,  rises by alternating semitone, tone, semitone, tone etc.  Messiaen used this scale a great deal, not just in his tunes but in the chords that he used (i.e. melodically and harmonically).

The _third mode_ rises by a pattern of tone, semitone, semitone.  It has four transpositions.

The other four modes each have a total of six transpositions.

Messiaen liked these modes because there is no note which sounds like the starting note.  All the notes sound equal.  He described them as having "the charm of impossibilities."
Windows Server 2008

**Windows Server 2008** is an unsupported (by now, except for Azure customers) server operating system from Microsoft, the previous version of which was Windows Server 2003.

This operating system was codenamed named Windows Server "Longhorn", but on May 15, 2007,  Bill Gates announced its official name on Windows Hardware Engineering Conference 2007.

This operating system has several new features compared to its previous version. Many of these new features are present in Windows Vista.

Windows Server 2008 removed support for processors without ACPI. It is the first version of Windows Server that includes Hyper-V and is also the final version of Windows Server that supports x86-based processors (also know as IA-32-based or 32-bit processors). Its successor, Windows Server 2008 R2 requires a 64-bit processor in any supported architecture (x86-64 for x86 and Itanium).

### Microsoft

- Microsoft TechCenter for Windows Server 2008
- New Networking Features in Windows Server 2008 and Windows Vista – lengthy article from Microsoft Technet covering new networking features in detail
- Changes in Functionality from Windows Server 2003 with SP1 to Windows Server 2008
- Windows Server 2008 Technical Overview

### Others

- Screenshots of Server Components from Latest Longhorn Builds
- ZDnet UK article
- News.com
- computerperformance.co.uk
- winsupersite.com Preview
- winsupersite.com Preview 2

## Infobox (os version)

- **name**: Windows Server 2008
- **family**: Windows Server
- **logo**: 2008 Windows Server logo.svg
- **developer**: Microsoft
- **source model**: Proprietary software
- **license**: Microsoft EULA
- **kernel type**: Hybrid kernel
- **first release date**: February 27, 2008
- **first release url**: http://www.betanews.com/article/New_Windows_Server_Visual_Studio_SQL_Server_to_Launch_in_February/1184080223
- **preview version**: June CTP (Build 6001.16606)
- **preview date**: June 2007
- **preview url**: http://blogs.technet.com/windowsserver/archive/2007/04/25/beta-3-is-go.aspx
- **support status**: Paid Extended Security Updates (ESU) are available
Start date: February 27, 2008.
* Mainstream support ended on January 13, 2015.
* Extended support ended on 14 January 2020.
* Windows Server 2008 is eligible for the paid Extended Security Updates (ESU) program (free for Microsoft Azure, Azure Virtual Desktop users). This program can extend the support for 3 more years, in early installments. Security Updates were available for the operating system until January 10, 2023 (January 9, 2024 for Microsoft Azure, Azure Virtual Desktop users).
Service Pack 2 is allowed for all users for extended support after July 12, 2011.
Windows Server 2003

**Windows Server 2003** is a server operating system produced by Microsoft. Introduced on April 24, 2003 as the next version to Windows 2000 Server, it was considered by Microsoft to be the cornerstone of their Windows Server System line of business server products.

According to Microsoft, Windows Server 2003 is more scalable and delivers better performance than Windows 2000 Server.

## Infobox (os version)

- **name**: Windows Server 2003
- **logo**: 2003 Windows Server logo.svg
- **family**: Windows Server
- **developer**: Microsoft
- **website**: [http://www.microsoft.com/windowsserver2003/ www.microsoft.com/windowsserver2003/]
- **source model**: Shared source
- **license**: MS-EULA
- **kernel type**: Hybrid kernel
- **release version**: 2003 R2 SP2 (5.2.3790.3959)
- **release date**: March 13, 2007
- **release url**: http://blogs.technet.com/windowsserver/archive/2007/03/13/sp2-goes-live.aspx
- **first release date**: April 24, 2003
- **first release url**: http://www.microsoft.com/presspass/press/2003/apr03/04-24WindowsServer2003LaunchPR.mspx
- **support status**: Mainstream support ended on July 13, 2010. Extended support ended on July 14, 2015.
Perry

**Perry** is an alcoholic beverage. It is made from fermented pears. It is made similar to the way cider is made from apples.  Peary has been common for centuries in England. It is mostly found in the English counties  of Gloucestershire, Herefordshire, and Worcestershire. Tt is also made in parts of South Wales and the Normandy and Anjou areas of France.

In more recent years, perry has also been referred to as "pear cider". Some groups (such as CAMRA) do not accept this as a name for the drink. The National Association of Cider Makers says that the terms perry and pear cider are interchangeable.
Nashville Predators

The **Nashville Predators** are a professional ice hockey team based in Nashville, Tennessee. They play in the National Hockey League (NHL). Their name is sometimes shortened to the "Preds." They play in Bridgestone Arena (formerly named _Nashville Arena_, _Gaylord Entertainment Center_ and _Sommet Center_). Their logo is a reference to a partial Smilodon skeleton that was found beneath downtown Nashville in 1971, during the construction of the First American National Bank. The franchise held a vote with the fans to choose a team name. The three candidates that were chosen were: The "Ice Tigers", "Fury", and "Attack". Another choice, "Predators", was added to the vote. Predators won the vote, and the new franchise was named the Nashville Predators.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (nhl team)

- **team name**: Nashville Predators
- **current**: 2025–26 Nashville Predators season
- **bg color**: background:#FFFFFF; border-top:#FFB81C 5px solid; border-bottom:#041E42 5px solid;
- **text color**: #000000
- **conference**: Western Conference (NHL), Western
- **division**: Central Division (NHL), Central
- **founded**: 1998
- **history**: **Nashville Predators**
1998–99 NHL season, 1998–present
- **arena**: **Bridgestone Arena**
- **city**: Nashville, Tennessee
- **uniform image size**: 150px
- **team colors**: Predators gold, navy blue, white

- **media affiliates**: Fox Sports Tennessee, FS Predators
WPRT-FM, The Game (102.5 FM)
- **head coach**: John Hynes (ice hockey), John Hynes
- **general manager**: David Poile
- **owner**: Predators Holdings LLC
- **captain**: Roman Josi
- **minor league affiliates**: Milwaukee Admirals (American Hockey League, AHL)
- **stanley cups**: **0**
- **conf titles**: **1** (2016–17 NHL season, 2016–17)
- **presidents' trophies**: **1** (2017–18 NHL season, 2017–18)
- **division titles**: **2** (2017–18 NHL season, 2017–18, 2018–19 NHL season, 2018–19)
Crookes

**Crookes** is an area of the City of Sheffield, England, about 2.5 kilometers (1.5 miles) west of the center of the city. It borders Broomhill to the south, Walkley and Crookesmoor to the east and open countryside around the River Rivelin to the north. The area is
thought to have got its name from the Old Norse word "Krkor" which means a corner of land.
Dallas Stars

The **Dallas Stars** are a professional ice hockey team based in Dallas, Texas. They play in the National Hockey League (NHL). They have won 1 Stanley Cup, in 1999.

The team began in the autumn of 1967, as the **Minnesota North Stars**. After the 1992-1993 season, the team moved to Dallas. Texas is known as the "Lone Star State". The team changed its name from "North Stars" to just "Stars" when they moved.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (nhl team)

- **team name**: Dallas Stars
- **current**: 2022–23 Dallas Stars season
- **bg color**: background:#FFFFFF; border-top:#006847 5px solid; border-bottom:#111111 5px solid;
- **text color**: #000000
- **conference**: Western Conference (NHL), Western
- **division**: Central Division (NHL), Central
- **founded**: 1967
- **history**: **Minnesota North Stars**
1967–68 NHL season, 1967–1992–93 NHL season, 1993
**Dallas Stars**
1993–94 NHL season, 1993–present
- **arena**: **American Airlines Center**
- **city**: Dallas, Texas
- **uniform image size**: 150px
- **team colors**: Victory green, black, silver, white

- **media affiliates**: Fox Sports Southwest, FS Southwest
KTCK (AM), The Ticket (1310 AM, 96.7 FM)
- **owner**: Tom Gaglardi
- **general manager**: Jim Nill
- **head coach**: Peter DeBoer
- **captain**: Jamie Benn
- **minor league affiliates**: Texas Stars (American Hockey League, AHL)
Idaho Steelheads (ECHL)
- **stanley cups**: **1** (1999 Stanley Cup Finals, 1998–99)
- **conf titles**: **3** (1998–99 NHL season, 1998–99, 1999–2000 NHL season, 1999–00, 2019–20)
- **presidents' trophies**: **2** (1997–98 NHL season, 1997–98, 1998–99 NHL season, 1998–99)
- **division titles**: **8** (1996–97 NHL season, 1996–97, 1997–98 NHL season, 1997–98, 1998–99 NHL season, 1998–99, 1999–2000 NHL season, 1999–00, 2000–01 NHL season, 2000–01, 2002–03 NHL season, 2002–03, 2005–06 NHL season, 2005–06, 2015–16 NHL season, 2015–16)
Broomhill

**Broomhill** which includes the areas of Sheffield of Broomhill, Crookesmoor, Endcliffe, and Tapton, is one of the 28 wards in City of Sheffield, in the country of England. It is in the western part of the city and covers an area of 2.7 km<sup>2</sup>. The population of this ward in 2001 was 16,800 people in 5,700 houses.

### Broomhill

Broomhill is a suburb of western Sheffield, England.  Mostly created in the nineteenth century. The area is just west of the main building of the University of Sheffield, it is known for its large student population, and was identified in 2003 as the richest area apart from London for overall wealth.

### Crookesmoor

Crookesmoor is north of the University of Sheffield's main building housing its law department and sports centre, east of Crookes and south of Walkley.  A residential area, it has a large but decreasing student population and is home to Crookes Valley Park.

### Endcliffe

Endcliffe is southwest of Broomhill and is a rich residential area, housing Birkdale School (aprivate school) and three student buildings, which are part of the University of Sheffield.

### Tapton

Tapton is west of Crookes.  It is home to Tapton School.
Asthenosphere

The **asthenosphere** is part of earth's mantle. It is about 100 km to 350 km under the surface. It is the lower part of the upper mantle, and behaves as a hot viscous liquid.

It consists of hot, weak material that can be deformed like silly putty. That means it is capable of gradual flow. It is under the lithosphere.
Carlo Airoldi

**Carlo Airoldi** (21 September 1869 – 18 June 1929) was an Italian marathon runner, famous for walking to the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece.

## Early life

Airoldi was born in Origgio, near Saronno. He competed in sporting contests in the Varese. Later, he competed at the national and international level. In 1892, he won the Lecco-Milano and the Milano-Torino. He became famous very quickly. He was one of the best marathon runners of his time. In September 1895, he won the Milano-Barcellona marathon. He won 2000 pesetas for his victory.

## The Olympics

Airoldi wanted to participate in the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece. But, he did not have many to get to Athens. He received some money from _La Bicicleta_, a popular magazine of the time. Airoldi decided to run his way to Athens. He would need to cover seventy kilometres a day to arrive on time. The magazine covered the stages of his journey. They also provided him with food and water.

Airoldi first went from Milan to Split, with no problems. In the next stage, Airoldi planned to run along the Croatian coast through Kotor and Corfu. However, he fell and hurt his hand during the journey. He had to spend two days resting himself. He was told not to cross Albania on foot. He decided to take an Austrian boat to Patras. Then, he would go to Athens on foot.

Airoldi finished his 28-day journey to Athens. However, he was not allowed to compete in the marathon. The head of the Olympic committee said that he was a professional athlete, and could not compete. Officials in Italy sent telegrams to the official, but Airoldi was still not allowed to compete. Italians felt that Airoldi was not allowed to compete because Greeks wanted to win the marathon. Airoldi did not accept the final decision. He then challenged the marathon-winner Spiridon Louis to a race. However, Louis never accepted Airoldi's offer.

## His later years

Back in Italy, Airoldi tried to beat Spiridon Louis's record. He did not succeed. He continued to race in Lombardy and Switzerland. After he finished racing, he moved to South America.

## Other websites

- Recensione al testo di Sgarella
- History of Carlo Airoldi and his journey to Athens
Joseph Priestley

**Joseph Priestley** (13 March 1733 – 8 February 1804) was an English chemist, philosopher, clergyman, and teacher.  He is known as the discoverer of oxygen. He was a Unitarian.

On 1 August 1774, Priestly identified oxygen in his laboratory at Bowood House in Wiltshire, England.

## The Priestley Riots

The **Priestley Riots** (or the Birmingham Riots of 1791) took place from 14 July to 17 July 1791 in Birmingham, England.

The rioters' main targets were religious dissenters, led by Priestley.  Both local and national issues stirred the rioters. But at the heart was the Dissenters' attempts to gain full civil rights, and their support of the French Revolution (though not its methods).

The riots started with an attack on the Royal Hotel, Birmingham. There a banquet was organised in sympathy with the French Revolution.  Then, beginning with Priestley's church and home, the rioters attacked or burned four Dissenting chapels, twenty-seven houses, and several businesses. Many of them were drunk. They had found liquor while looting, or with which they were bribed. A small core could not be bribed, however, and stayed sober. The rioters burned not only the homes and chapels of the Dissenters, but also the homes of people they associated with Dissenters, such as members of the scientific Lunar Society.

## Other websites

- The Priestley Society
- A short biography  at the Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Foundation
- Memorial essay (1874) on Priestley

## Infobox (_person)

- **name**: Joseph Priestley
- **image**: JPriestley Portrait.jpg
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **caption**: Priestley by William Artaud
- **birth date**: 13 March 1733
- **birth place**: Fieldhead, Yorkshire, England
- **death date**: 8 February 1804
- **death place**: Northumberland, Pennsylvania
Vince McMahon

**Vincent Kennedy McMahon**, better known as **Vince McMahon** or **Mr. McMahon** (born August 24, 1945) is an American businessman, wrestling promoter, professional wrestler, and movie producer. He is the co-founder of modern WWE. McMahon had been a one-time ECW World Champion, one-time WWE Champion, and was the winner of the Royal Rumble in 1999.

Forbes estimates his net worth to be around $2.5 billion.

## Career

McMahon started his wrestling career in 1971 as an announcer. He worked for the "World Wide Wrestling Federation" (WWWF) which later changed its name to "World Wrestling Federation" (WWF). The name was changed again to World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). The company was originally owned by his father, Vincent J. McMahon. McMahon bought the company from his father in 1984. McMahon took the business from a local promotion in the north eastern part of the United States and made it a global company.

McMahon played the role of an evil boss for many years.

In June 2022, McMahon stepped down as the chairman and CEO of WWE. This came after multiple reports of McMahon paying alleged hush-money agreements for many alleged affairs. He would return to the company as executive chairman in January 2023.

On January 26, 2024, McMahon would again step down from WWE and TKO after reports from _The Wall Street Journal_ about a lawsuit. It would allege that McMahon participated in sex trafficking and commited sexual assaults on a former employee.

## Personal life

McMahon married his wife, Linda McMahon, on August 26, 1966 in New Bern, North Carolina. They separated sometime before 2022 but have not gotten divorced. They have two children: Shane and Stephanie. In 2016, President-elect of the United States Donald Trump nominated McMahon's wife Linda as Administrator of the Small Business Administration.

### Federal sexual assault and trafficking investigation

On February 2, 2024, The Wall Street Journal reported that federal authorities in New York had launched an investigation into sexual assault and sex trafficking allegations made against McMahon. Federal agents had previously executed a search warrant for McMahon's phone and delivered a subpoena to him for documents related to any allegation of "rape, sex trafficking, sexual assault, commercial sex transaction, harassment or discrimination" against current or former WWE employees.

## Other websites

- WWE Corporate Bio

## Infobox (professional wrestler)

- **child**: yes
- **names**: **Mr. McMahon**
**Vince McMahon**
- **height**: 6 ft 2 in
- **weight**: 248 lb
- **billed**: Greenwich, Connecticut
- **debut**: 1969 (commentator)
1998 (wrestler)


## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Vince McMahon
- **image**: Vince McMahon 2.jpg
- **caption**: McMahon in 2006
- **birth name**: Vincent Kennedy McMahon
- **birth place**: Pinehurst, North Carolina, U.S.
- **education**: East Carolina University (Bachelor of Arts, BA)
- **employer**: WWE
- **networth**: (March 2020)
- **family**: McMahon family, McMahon
- **children**: 2, Stephanie McMahon, Stephanie and Shane McMahon, Shane
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
Ogden Nash

**Frederic Ogden Nash** (August 19, 1902 – May 19, 1971) was an American poet. His poetry is thought by many people to be very funny. Nash was born in Rye, New York on August 19, 1902. In 1932, he joined the staff of _The New Yorker_. He died of Crohn's disease on May 19, 1971 in Baltimore, Maryland.

## Related pages

- List of poets from the United States
Abidjan

**Abidjan** is the largest city and former capital of Ivory Coast. It is the commercial and banking center of Ivory Coast as well as the de facto capital. Yamoussoukro is the official capital. The city is in Ébrié Lagoon. It is built on many peninsulas and islands which are connected by bridges. There are an estimated 4 to 5 million people living in the metropolitan area.

## History

The city grew after the construction of a new wharf in 1931. It was made the capital of the French colony in 1933. In 1983, Yamoussoukro was made the capital of the country, but most government offices and foreign embassies are still in Abidjan.

## Education

The city welcomes the business School HEC Paris, Abidjan.

## Other websites

- Photos from Abidjan
- Map of Abidjan

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Abidjan
- **official name**: Autonomous District of Abidjan

- **settlement type**: City and districts of Côte d'Ivoire, autonomous district
- **motto**: _"District d'Abidjan, acteur de développement"_
- **image skyline**: Plateau 2010, Abidjan.jpg
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **image caption**: Abidjan skyline
- **image flag**: Flag of Abidjan.png
- **image seal**: AbidjanLogo.png
- **pushpin map**: Côte d'Ivoire
- **pushpin label position**: bottom
- **pushpin mapsize**: 300
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Cote d'Ivoire
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Districts of Côte d'Ivoire, District
- **subdivision name1**: Abidjan
- **subdivision type2**: Departments of Côte d'Ivoire, Department
- **subdivision name2**: Abidjan Department, Abidjan
- **leader title**: Governor
- **leader name**: Robert Beugré Mambé
- **area total km2**: 2119
- **area urban km2**: 422
- **population as of**: 2014 census
- **population total**: 4,707,404 (district); 4,395,243 (city)
- **population density km2**: auto
- **population density metro km2**: auto
- **population blank1 title**: Ethnicities
- **population demonym**: Abidjanais
- **timezone**: GMT
- **utc offset**: +0
- **elevation m**: 18
- **area code**: +225
Accra

**Accra** is the capital city of Ghana.  It has a population of about 1,970,400 (2005).  The city is Ghana's largest city. It is also the administrative, communications, and economic center of the country. The main economic activities in Accra are financial and government services, communications, construction, transportation and agriculture (mostly fishing). Most of Ghana's ability to make things is in the capital area.

## History of Accra

Accra was founded by the Ga people in the late 1600s. The word Accra comes from the word _Nkran_ meaning ants. This is because of the many anthills seen in the countryside around Accra. During part of its history, Accra was a very important place for trade with the Portuguese. The Portuguese built a fort in the town. Many other countries also built forts at Accra during the 17th century. These countries included Sweden, the Netherlands, France, the United Kingdom and Denmark.

The location that is Accra today grew into a large town around the original Ga town. As the city grew, the British, Danish and Dutch forts and the small communities that formed around the forts added to the city.

In 1877, at the end of the second Anglo-Asante War, Accra replaced Cape Coast as the capital of the British Gold Coast colony. After a railroad was built between Accra and the inland locations of mines and farms, Accra became the economic center of Ghana.  Large areas of the city were destroyed by earthquakes in 1862 and 1939, but the city rebuilt around a seaport and later a brewery. Each time it rebuilt, the city was made larger.

The Accra Riots in 1948 started people in Ghana fighting for independence. This led to the Ghana's independence from the United Kingdom and it becoming a country in 1957.

Today, Accra is  one of the richest and most modern cities in the African continent. It has a high quality of living by African standards.

## Other websites

- Map of Accra
- Google Earth image of Accra, Ghana

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Accra
- **settlement type**: Capital city
- **image caption**: Airport City, Accra
- **pushpin map**: Ghana#Africa
- **pushpin relief**: 1
- **pushpin label position**: left
- **subdivision type**: Ghana, Sovereign state
- **subdivision name**: Ghana
- **subdivision type2**: Regions of Ghana, Region
- **subdivision name2**: Greater Accra Region
- **subdivision type3**: Districts of Ghana, Districts
- **established title**: Settled
- **established date**: 15th century
- **total type**: Accra Metropolitan
- **area total km2**: 173
- **elevation ft**: 200
- **elevation m**: 61
- **population as of**: 2010
- **population total**: 1,665,086
- **population demonym**: Accran
- **timezone**: GMT
- **utc offset**: +0
- **postal code type**: Postal codes in Ghana, Postcode districts
- **postal code**: GA, GL, GZ
- **area code**: Telephone numbers in Ghana, 030
Addis Ababa

**Addis Ababa** (also spelled **Addis Abeba**) is the capital city of Ethiopia. It is also the political capital  of the African Union.

## History

Addis Ababa is both a city and a state. The city has people living in it from as many as 40 different countries speaking 80 different languages. There are many different communities in the city including Christian, Muslim, and Jewish communities. Addis Ababa is about 2,500 m above sea level. It has about five million people.

The site was chosen by Empress Taytu Betul. The city was founded in 1886 by her husband, Emperor Menelik II.  The city is at the foot of Mount Entoto. In 1935 the city (renamed Addis Abeba) was conquered by the Italians and was made the capital of their empire in eastern Africa until 1941. Italians made huge improvements and modern projects to the city.

The city has grown since World War II and is now a huge metropolis that has nearly 9.98 million people living there as of 2019.

Addis Ababa University is in the city. Addis Ababa University was formerly known as Haile Selassie I University. It was named after the former Emperor of Ethiopia, who gave his palace to be used the main campus of the university in 1961.

## Related pages

- Italian Mogadiscio
- Piccola Roma
- Italian Tripoli

## Other websites

- Addis Ababa City Administration
- Addis Ababa City Council
- Introduction to Addis Ababa
- Picture of Addis Ababa

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Addis Ababa
- **native name lang**: am/om
- **settlement type**: Regions of Ethiopia, Chartered city
- **image caption**: From top: Addis Ababa Skyline 2023, Addis Ababa Light Rail Vehicle, Friendship Square, Night view of Addis Ababa Light Rail transport, Addis Ababa University, Holy Trinity Cathedral (Addis Ababa), Holy Trinity Cathedral, St. George's Cathedral, Addis Ababa, St. George's Cathedral
- **nicknames**: City of Humans, Sheger
- **image flag**: Flag of Addis Ababa.svg
- **image seal**: Emblem of the Addis Ababa City Administration.svg
- **established title**: Chartered
- **established date**: 1886
- **pushpin map**: Ethiopia#Africa
- **pushpin relief**: 1
- **map caption**: Location in Ethiopia
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Ethiopia
- **leader title**: Mayor of Addis Ababa, Mayor
- **leader name**: Adanech Abebe
- **area total km2**: 527
- **area land km2**: 527
- **population as of**: 2008
- **population urban**: 3384569
- **population total**: 3384569
- **population metro**: 4567857
- **population density km2**: 5165.1
- **timezone**: East Africa Time
- **utc offset**: +3
- **elevation m**: 2355
- **elevation ft**: 7726
- **area code**: (+251) 11
- **blank name sec1**: Human Development Index, HDI (2018)
- **blank info sec1**: 0.697
 · List of Ethiopian regions by Human Development Index, 1st
Home directory

In computing, a **home directory** is a special directory (or location in the File system, Apple calls directories _folders_). Very often, there is one such home directory per user. Some users, which were created by the system and usually do not log in, do not have such a home directory.

A home directory is used to store personal files of the respective user, including written documents and settings for programs.

### Unix and Linux

On Unix and Linux-like operating systems, the directory is usually called like the username. It is usually in the _/home_ hierarchy. A user _fred_ would therefore his home directory in _/home/fred_.

It can be written as _~_.

### Microsoft Windows

Since Windows 95 there is a directory called _My Documents_. It was introduced together with _My Computer_. It helps the users locate their files. Since Windows 2000 it is in the user's profile directory _Documents and Settings\username_. So a user _fred_ will find his files in _Documents and Settings\fred\My Documents_. In Windows Vista the directory has lost the _My_, and is simply called _Documents_.  Other directories, which are similar, may exist. They are called _My Music_, _My pictures_ and _My videos_. Since Windows 7 files of a user can be found at _\Users\(username)\_.

### Mac OS X

In Mac OS X, the home directory is in _/Users_.
Earth's mantle

The **Earth's mantle** has two layers. There is a rigid upper layer and a softer layer. It is between the Earth's crust and the Earth's outer core.

## The upper mantle

Past episodes of melting and volcanism at the outer levels of the mantle have produced a very thin crust of crystallized melt products near the surface, where we live. The gases evolved during the melting of Earth's mantle have a large effect on the composition and size of Earth's atmosphere.

### Uppermost mantle

The top of the mantle is the  Moho at the base of the crust. The base of the crust varies from about 10 to 70 kilometers deep. Oceanic crust is generally less than 10 kilometers thick. "Standard" continental crust is around 35 kilometers thick, and the large crustal root under the Tibetan Plateau is about 70 kilometers thick.

A thin crust, the lower part of the lithosphere, surrounds the mantle and is about 5 to 75 km thick. There are two main zones in the upper mantle. The uppermost mantle plus overlying crust are relatively rigid and form the lithosphere, an irregular layer with a maximum thickness of perhaps 200 km, of which the uppermost mantle is 120 to 50 km thick.

### Asthenosphere

Below the lithosphere the upper mantle becomes notably more plastic. It is called the asthenosphere, and is composed of flowing rock in the state of plasticity, about 200 km thick.

## Lower mantle

The lower mantle is much thicker than the upper mantle. It is made of magma, under great pressure, and so is thicker (higher viscosity) and flows less easily. The lower mantles temperature has a max of about 4,000 °C (7,000 °F).

The chemical composition of the mantle is heavily biased towards three elements: oxygen 44.8% by weight; magnesium 22.8%; silicon 21.5%. Compounds are oxides: silica SiO<sub>2</sub> 46%; magnesium oxide MgO 37.8%.

## Place with no crust

In 2007 a team of scientists on board the RRS James Cook went to an area of the Atlantic seafloor where the mantle has no crust covering. The anomaly is mid-way between the Cape Verde Islands and the Caribbean in the Atlantic Ocean, at or near the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. It is about three kilometres under the ocean surface and covers thousands of square kilometres.

Other such 'Oceanic Core Complexes' (OCCs) were found later. Many have active hydrothermal vents.

## Other websites

- Information on the Mohole Project
Robert Burns

**Robert Burns** (25 January 1759  1796) was a famous poet born in Alloway, Ayrshire, Scotland. Some of his most famous poems include _To A Mouse_, _Auld Lang Syne_, and _Tam o Shanter_. Burns is seen as the national poet of Scotland. Much of his work is written in broad Scots, a sister language to English. His poem and song _A Man's A Man For A' That_ was sung at the opening of the Scottish Parliament in 1999. "To A Louse, On Seeing One on a Lady's Bonnet at Church" is a 1786 Scots poem by Robert Burns.

Burns died at 37, and is buried in the graveyard of St Michael's Church, Dumfries, Scotland.

## References

- Dietrich Hohmann: _Ich, Robert Burns_, Biographical Novel, Neues Leben, Berlin 1990 (in German)

## Other websites

- Modern English translations of poems by Robert Burns
- Robert Burns website at National Library of Scotland
- Legacy of Robert Burns – National Archives of Scotland website
- Cousin, John William (1910). _A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature_. London: J. M. Dent & Sons, p. 57
- A recital of Tam o Shanter a Tale
- A recital Address to the Unco Guid
- A recital of Address to a Haggis
- A Recital Holly Willie's Prayer including Epitaph on Holly Willie

## Infobox (writer)

- **image**: PG 1063Burns Naysmithcrop.jpg
- **imagesize**: 230px
- **caption**: The best-known portrait of Burns,
 by Alexander Nasmyth, 1787 (detail)
- **birth place**: Alloway, Ayrshire, Scotland
- **nationality**: Scotland, Scottish
- **citizenship**: Kingdom of Great Britain, British
- **movement**: Romanticism
- **death place**: Dumfries, Scotland
- **signature**: Robert Burns Signature.svg
Book club

A **book club** is a club where people regularly meet to discuss a book that they have read and talk about their opinions, likes, dislikes of the characters and plot. Book clubs meet in private homes, libraries, bookstores, pubs, cafes or restaurants over meals, etc.
Video Relay Service

**VRS** or **Video Relay Service** is a service by which deaf people can use sign language on phone calls. In some countries it has largely replaced the use of TTY for this purpose.

VRS uses a video camera and a high-speed Internet connection, to let people call friends, family, and business associates. A deaf or hard of hearing person can use a remote control and call an interpreter. When interpreter comes on their screen, the caller can call any hearing person and have a phone conversation through the interpreter.

VRS was invented in the 1990s in Sweden. In the early 21st century it became available in the United States. A person in the United States, can make calls to, or receive calls from, anybody in the world via VRS.

## Other websites

- Pinky tells the Real Story Video Relay Service VRS
- Proud Geek presents: List of Video Relay Services
Florida Panthers

The **Florida Panthers** are an ice hockey team that plays in the NHL. They play in Sunrise, Florida at FLA Live Arena. They were named for the Florida panther, a type of cougar that is considered an endangered species.

The Panthers have made it to the Stanley Cup Finals three times in 1996, 2023, and 2024. They lost to the Colorado Avalanche in four games (1996) and the Vegas Golden Knights in five games (2023). They would defeat the Edmonton Oilers in seven games (2024).

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (nhl team)

- **team name**: Florida Panthers
- **current**: 2025–26 Florida Panthers season
- **bg color**: background:#FFFFFF; border-top:#C8102E 5px solid; border-bottom:#041E42 5px solid;
- **text color**: #000000
- **conference**: Eastern Conference (NHL), Eastern
- **division**: Atlantic Division (NHL), Atlantic
- **founded**: 1993
- **history**: **Florida Panthers**
1993–94 NHL season, 1993–present
- **arena**: **FLA Live Arena**
- **city**: Sunrise, Florida
- **uniform image size**: 150px
- **team colors**: Red, blue, flat gold

- **media affiliates**: Fox Sports Florida, FS Florida
WQAM, WQAM Sports Radio (560 AM)
- **owner**: Sunrise Sports and Entertainment
(Vincent Viola, chairman)
- **general manager**: Bill Zito
- **head coach**: Paul Maurice
- **captain**: Aleksander Barkov
- **minor league affiliates**: Charlotte Checkers (American Hockey League, AHL)
 Savannah Ghost Pirates (ECHL)
- **stanley cups**: **2** (2023–24 NHL season, 2023–24, 2024–25 NHL season, 2024–25)
- **conf titles**: **4** (1995–96 NHL season, 1995–96, 2022–23 NHL season, 2022–23, 2023–24 NHL season, 2023–24, 2024–25 NHL season, 2024–25)
- **presidents' trophies**: **1** (2021-22 NHL season, 2021-22)
- **division titles**: **4** (2011–12 NHL season, 2011–12, 2015–16 NHL season, 2015–16, 2021–22 NHL season, 2021–22, 2023–24 NHL season, 2023–24)
Carolina Hurricanes

The **Carolina Hurricanes** are an ice hockey team that plays in the  NHL. The team's home arena is Lenovo Center, in Raleigh, North Carolina. They won the Stanley Cup during the 2005-2006 season by beating the Edmonton Oilers. Formerly known as the Hartford Whalers, the franchise would move from Hartford in 1997 to Greensboro, North Carolina before landing in their current home in beautiful Raleigh, North Carolina in 1999.  They play in the Metropolitan Division of the NHL.

The name "Hurricanes" was chosen because the eastern part of North Carolina is often hit by hurricanes during tropical storm season.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (nhl team)

- **team name**: Carolina Hurricanes
- **current**: 2024–25 Carolina Hurricanes season
- **bg color**: background:#FFFFFF; border-top:#CC0000 5px solid; border-bottom:#000000 5px solid;
- **text color**: #000000
- **conference**: Eastern Conference (NHL), Eastern
- **division**: Metropolitan Division, Metropolitan
- **founded**: 1972
- **history**: **New England Whalers**
1972–73 WHA season, 1972–1978–79 WHA season, 1979 (World Hockey Association, WHA)
**Hartford Whalers**
1979–80 NHL season, 1979–1996–97 NHL season, 1997 (National Hockey League, NHL)
** Carolina Hurricanes**
1997–98 NHL season, 1997–present
- **arena**: **Lenovo Center**
- **city**: Raleigh, North Carolina
- **team colors**: Red, white, gray, black

- **media affiliates**: Bally Sports South
WCMC-FM, ESPN The Fan (99.9 FM)
WDNC, The Buzz (620 AM)
- **owner**: Thomas Dundon
- **general manager**: Don Waddell
- **head coach**: Rod Brind'Amour
- **captain**: Jordan Staal
- **minor league affiliates**: Chicago Wolves (American Hockey League, AHL)
Norfolk Admirals (ECHL)
- **stanley cups**: **1** (2006 Stanley Cup Finals, 2005–06)
- **conf titles**: **2** (2001–02 NHL season, 2001–02, 2005–06 NHL season, 2005–06)
- **presidents' trophies**: **0**
- **division titles**: _5_' (1998–99 NHL season, 1998–99, 2001–02 NHL season, 2001–02, 2005–06 NHL season, 2005–06, 2020-21 NHL season, 2020-21, 2021-2022 NHL season, 2021-22)
IRCAM

**IRCAM** stands for _Institut de Recherche et Coordination Acoustique/Musique_ (_Institute for Research and Coordination of Acoustic Music_).  It is an institute in Paris for composing electronic music.  IRCAM is housed underneath the Pompidou Centre which is a very large building devoted to the arts, and named after the former French president Georges Pompidou.

In 1970 Georges Pompidou asked the composer Pierre Boulez to start an institution for music research.  Boulez was in put in charge of the institute.  It was opened in 1977. Composers were able to work there, composing music, without having to finish pieces by any particular date.  They were given plenty of time to experiment.  Many modern composers such as Harrison Birtwistle, Jonathan Harvey and George Benjamin have worked there or were influenced by the music that was being composed there.  Today musicians working in IRCAM continue to provide many interesting new ideas in electronic music.

## Other websites

- The official site of IRCAM