juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
British Rail Class 221

The **Class 221 _SuperVoyager**_ is a train currently used by Avanti West Coast and CrossCountry in the United Kingdom. They were built by Bombardier Transportation between 2000 and 2002 for the British train operating companies Virgin CrossCountry and Virgin West Coast. The first Class 221 _SuperVoyager_ entered traffic between Birmingham and Brighton on 12 April 2002. The Class 221 _SuperVoyagers_ are similar to the Class 220 _Voyager_ units, but they are built with a tilting mechanism offering up to six degrees of tilt to allow faster speeds on curved tracks. They have a maximum speed of .

## Infobox (train)

- **name**: British Rail Class 221
_Super Voyager_
- **image**: Class 221 Virgin Voyager approaching Bristol Parkway westbound 2006-05-03 02.jpg
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **caption**: Virgin CrossCountry _SuperVoyager_ approaching Bristol Parkway railway station, Bristol Parkway on 4 May 2006
- **manufacturer**: Bombardier Transportation
- **formation**: 4 or 5 cars per trainset
- **designation**: 221101–221144
- **operator**: CrossCountry
Avanti West Coast
- **family**: Voyager (train), Voyager
- **inservice**: 2002–present
- **yearconstruction**: 2000–2002
- **numberbuilt**: 44 trainsets
- **numberservice**: 44 trainsets
- **carbody**: Steel
- **carlength**: driving end cars
 other cars
- **art-sections**: Flexible diaphragm within unit only
- **doors**: Swing plug at vehicle ends
- **weight**: or  per trainset
- **capacity**: 26 first class, 162 or 224 standard class per trainset
- **brakes**: Rheostatic and electro-pneumatic
- **traction**: DEMU
- **engine**: Cummins QSK19
- **power**: per car
- **safetysystem**: Automatic Warning System#British Rail AWS, AWS, Train Protection & Warning System, TPWS, Tilt Activation and Speed Supervision, TASS,
- **coupling**: Dellner
Lester Brown

**Lester R. Brown** (born March 28, 1934) is an environmental analyst who has authored and co-authored over fifty books. His books have been translated into more than forty languages. He is the founder of the Worldwatch Institute and founder and president of the Earth Policy Institute.

The recipient of twenty-five honorary degrees and a MacArthur Fellowship, Brown has been described as "one of the world's most influential thinkers."

## Writings

Brown has authored or coauthored 50 books. One of the world's most widely published authors, his books have appeared in some 40 languages. Among his earlier books are _Man, Land and Food_, _World Without Borders_, and _Building a Sustainable Society_. His 1995 book _Who Will Feed China?_ challenged the official view of China’s food prospect, spawning hundreds of conferences and seminars.

In May 2001, he founded the Earth Policy Institute to provide a vision and a road map for achieving sustainable development. In November 2001, he published _Eco-Economy: Building an Economy for the Earth_, and his most recent book is _World on the Edge: How to Prevent Environmental and Economic Collapse_ (2011).

## Awards

He is the recipient of many prizes and awards, including 25 honorary degrees, a MacArthur Fellowship, the 1987 United Nations' Environment Prize, the 1989 World Wide Fund for Nature Gold Medal, and the 1994 Blue Planet Prize for his "exceptional contributions to solving global environmental problems." More recently, he was awarded the Presidential Medal of Italy, the Borgström Prize by the Royal Swedish Academy of Agriculture and Forestry, and appointed an honorary professor of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. In 1991, the American Humanist Association named Brown the Humanist of the Year.

## Related pages

- Earth Policy Institute

## Other websites

- Earth Policy Institute  - biography of Lester R. Brown
- Lester Brown Interview about The Water Crisis MP3
Books online:
- _Plan B: Rescuing a Planet under Stress & a Civilization in Trouble_ (2003); complete book online (html pages and pdf document)
- Lester R. Brown: _Plan B 3.0: Mobilizing to Save Civilization_ (2008); complete book online (html pages and pdf document)
- Lester R. Brown: _Plan B 4.0: Mobilizing to Save Civilization_ (2010); complete book online (html pages and pdf document)
- Lester R. Brown: _World on the Edge: How to Prevent Environmental and Economic Collapse_ (2011); complete book online (html pages and pdf document)

## Infobox (writer)

- **image**: Lester Brown.jpg
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **name**: Lester Russell Brown
- **birth place**: Bridgeton, New Jersey, U.S.
- **occupation**: Environmental Analyst
- **period**: 1963 -
British Rail Class 222

The **British Rail Class 222** is a diesel-electric multiple unit high-speed train capable of . Twenty-seven units have been built by Bombardier Transportation. These demu's are currently operated by East Midland Railway.

## Infobox (dmu)

- **name**: British Rail Class 222
_Meridian_
- **background**: #
- **image**: 222017 EMT livery.jpg
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **caption**: East Midlands Trains five-car 222017 at Derby railway station, Derby
- **manufacturer**: Bombardier
- **family**: Voyager (train), Voyager
- **formation**: 4, 5, or 7 cars per trainset
- **designation**: 222001–222023
222101–222104
- **built**: 27 trainsets
- **numberservice**: 26 trainsets
- **linesserved**: Midland Main Line
East Coast Main Line
- **inservice**: 2004–
- **yearconstruction**: 2002–2004
- **brakes**: Rheostatic
- **engine**: Cummins QSK19
- **power**: per car
- **operator**: East Midlands Trains
First Hull Trains
- **safetysystem**: Automatic_Warning_System#British_Rail_AWS, AWS, Train Protection & Warning System, TPWS
- **carlength**: end cars
 other
- **carbody**: Steel
- **coupling**: Dellner
British Rail Classes 251 and 261

The **Blue Pullman** was a class of luxury train used from 1960 to 1973 by British Railways in the United Kingdom. As opposed to the previous Pullman Car Company locomotive-hauled carriage trains, and the Brighton Belle electric multiple units, the Blue Pullmans were the first diesel-electric multiple units designed for high-speed Pullman train services incorporating several novel features. Named after their custom blue livery, the trains were conceived under the railway 1955 Modernisation Plan, to create new luxury first-class diesel express trains, to compete with the motor car and the emerging domestic air travel market. Although not entirely successful in their own right, the Blue Pullmans demonstrated the possibility of high-speed fixed-formation multiple-unit Inter City train services and inspired the later development of the InterCity 125. After their withdrawal, none of the units survived into preservation.

## Infobox (train)

- **background**: #2B5994
- **name**: _Blue Pullman_
- **image**: Blue pullman 60099 - swansea - aug 1967.jpg
- **caption**: Blue Pullman at Swansea railway station, Swansea station in 1967
- **interiorimage**: Interior of Pullman Motor Parlour Second (MPSL) W60646 (8322321847).jpg
- **interiorcaption**: Interior of Blue Pullman
- **service**: 1960–1973
- **manufacturer**: Metro-Cammell, Metropolitan-Cammell
- **family**: Pullman train (UK), Blue Pullman
- **replaced**: Steam locomotives and carriages
- **yearconstruction**: 1959–1960
- **yearservice**: 12 September 1960
- **refurbishment**: 1969
- **yearscrapped**: 1974–1975
- **numberbuilt**: 5 sets (2 × 6-car; 3 × 8-car)
- **numberscrapped**: All
- **successor**: Separate locomotives and British Railways Mark 2, Mark 2 coaches
- **formation**: 6 or 8 cars per set
- **capacity**: _6-car sets:_ 132
_8-car sets:_ 218
- **operator**: British Rail
- **lines**: _6-car sets:_ London Midland Region of British Railways, London Midland Region (1960-1967) and Western Region of British Railways, Western Region (1967-1973)
_8-car sets:_ Western Region
- **carbody**: Steel
Semi-integral
- **trainlength**: (MR)
 (WR)
- **carlength**: (power cars)
 (intermediate vehicles)
- **doors**: Hinged slam, centrally locked
- **weight**: _6-car sets:_
_8-car sets:_
- **engine**: North British Locomotive Company, NBL/MAN Diesel, MAN V12 engine, V12 Supercharger, Supercharged 64L(×2)
- **poweroutput**: (×2)
- **transmission**: traction motors:  (×8)
- **aux**: 2× Rolls-Royce C8NFLH @ 190 bhp, under floor for air conditioning
- **uicclass**: _6-car sets:_ 2′Bo′+Bo′2′+2′2′+2′2′+2′Bo′+Bo′2′
_8-car sets:_ 2′Bo′+Bo′2′+2′2′+2′2′+2′2′+2′2′+2′Bo′+Bo′2′
- **bogies**: Metro-Schlieran frictionless
- **brakes**: Westinghouse Brake and Signal Company, Westinghouse Electro-pneumatic brake featuring a high speed control
- **multipleworking**: 2 sets (6-car units (1967-1973)
British Rail Class 252

**Class 252** was the classification allocated to the prototype High Speed Train unit, numbered 252001.

## Infobox (train)

- **background**: #012545
- **image**: 252001 - weston s mare - 1975.jpg
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **caption**: Prototype HST 252 001 at Weston-super-Mare in 1975.
- **manufacturer**: BREL Crewe Works, Crewe
- **formation**: Two British Rail Class 41 (HST), power cars flanking 10 Mark 3 coaches
- **designation**: 252 001
- **operator**: British Rail Western Region
- **yearconstruction**: 1972
- **numberbuilt**: 1 trainset
- **numberservice**: 0
- **engine**: Paxman Valenta 12RP200L, 2 off
British Rail Classes 253, 254 and 255

**Class 253**, **Class 254** and **Class 255** are classifications allocated to InterCity 125 high speed trains in Great Britain.
Hum Ek Hain

***Hum Ek Hain*** is a Pakistani Urdu movie directed by Syed Noor which was released across theaters in Pakistan in November 2004. It stars Shaan, Saima, Shamyl Khan, Haidar Sultan. The title was meant to be _786_ but the Censor Board Members did not approve of _786_ so it was changed to _Hum Ek Hain_.

## Infobox (film)

- **name**: **Hum Ek Hain**
- **director**: Syed Noor
- **starring**: Shaan (actor), Shaan
Saima
- **music**: M. Arshad
- **released**: November, 2004
- **country**: Pakistan
- **language**: Urdu
British Rail Class 313

**Class 313** electric multiple units were built by BREL at York Works from 1976-77, these being the first second-generation EMUs to be constructed for British Rail. They were also the first dual-voltage units to be built, capable of drawing power via 25 kV AC overhead, or 750 V DC third-rail, and the first units in Britain to have fully automatic couplers which allowed both physical coupling and also the connection of control electric and air supplies to be carried out without the need to leave the cab. Their passenger seats were an improvement on former types.

## Infobox (train)

- **name**: British Rail Class 313
- **image**: 313203 at Brighton.jpg
- **caption**: Southern (Govia Thameslink Railway), Southern Class 313 at
- **interiorimage**: 313212 TSO Vehicle Interior.jpg
- **interiorcaption**: Interior of a Southern (Govia Thameslink Railway), Southern refurbished Class 313/2 unit
- **service**: 1976–2023
- **manufacturer**: British Rail Engineering Limited
- **factory**: Holgate Road carriage works, York, Holgate Road Works, York
- **family**: British Rail Classes 445 and 446, BREL 1972
- **yearconstruction**: 1976–1977
- **yearscrapped**: 2019, 2023
- **numberbuilt**: 64
- **numberpreserved**: 2
- **numberscrapped**: 62
- **carbody**: Steel underframe with aluminium body and roof
- **doors**: Double-leaf pocket sliding,
- **wheeldiameter**: new
- **wheelbase**: Over bogie centres:

- **traction motors**: 8 × General Electric Company, GEC G310AZ

- **tractiveeffort**: starting
- **uicclass**: Bo′Bo′+2′2′+Bo′Bo′
- **bogies**: BREL BX1
- **brakes**: Electro-pneumatic brake system on British railway trains, Electro-pneumatic (Disc brake#Rail and aircraft, disc)
('Westcode' three-step)
- **coupling**: Tightlock coupling, Tightlock
- **multipleworking**: Within class
- **notes**: Specifications as at August 1982 except where otherwise noted.
British Rail Class 300

**Class 300** was allocated to a proposed fleet of parcels-carrying electric multiple units, which were to be converted from former Class 307 units.
Khamosh Pani

***Khamosh Pani*** (, , ) is a 2003 French/German production about a widowed mother and her young son set in a late 1970s village in Punjab, Pakistan which is coming under radical influence.

The movie was released in India too. It was shot in a village in Pakistan.

## Awards

- 2003: Locarno International Film Festival
    - Best Actress: _Kirron Kher_
    - Don Quixote Award - Special Mention: Sabiha Sumar
    - Golden Leopard (Best Film): Sabiha Sumar
    - Prize of the Ecumenical Jury: Sabiha Sumar
    - Youth Jury Award - Special Mention: Sabiha Sumar
- 2003: Nantes Three Continents Festival
    - Audience Award: Sabiha Sumar
    - Silver Montgolfiere: Sabiha Sumar
- 2003: Karachi International Film Festival
    - Special Jurors' Selection Ciepie
    - Best Actress in a Leading Role: Kirron Kher
    - Best Screenplay: Paromita Vohra

## Infobox (film)

- **name**: Khamosh Pani
- **director**: Sabiha Sumar
- **producer**: Peter Hermann
- **writer**: Paromita Vohra
- **starring**: Kiron Kher
Shilpa Shukla
Aamir Malik
Adnan Shah Tipu
Rehan Sheikh
- **distributor**: _Shringar Films_ (India)
- **runtime**: 105 minutes
- **language**: Punjabi language, Punjabi
British Rail Class 302

The **British Rail Class 302** (pre-TOPS **AM2**) was a type of electric multiple unit (EMU) introduced between 1958 - 1960 for outer suburban passenger services on the London, Tilbury and Southend Railway route. This class of multiple unit was constructed using the Mark 1 bodyshell and was slam door.

## Infobox (emu)

- **name**: <span style="color:white;">British Rail Class 302</span>
- **image**: LTS_unit_(class_302)_298_1964_Barking.jpg
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **caption**: Class 302 at  in 1964
- **background**: #012545
- **code**: AM2
- **family**: BR First Generation EMU
- **manufacturer**: British Rail
- **yearconstruction**: 1958–1959
- **service**: 1958–1998
- **diagram**: As built
TOPS Codes
As built
  Refreshed 1982-84
 Refurbished 1983-4
 Ex Class 504
Parcels
- **traction motors**: 4 × English Electric EE536A
- **poweroutput**: 4 ×
- **electricsystem**: Originally = 6.25 / 25 kV AC railway electrification, 25kV Alternating current, ac Overhead line, Overhead
- **collectionmethod**: Pantograph (rail), Pantograph
- **uicclass**: 2′2′+Bo′Bo′+2′2′+2′2′
- **brakes**: Air (Railway brake#Electropneumatic brakes, EP/Auto)
- **safety**: Automatic Warning System, AWS
- **multipleworking**: Within class, and other pre-1972 25kV EMUs
Gbangbatoke

**Gbangbatoke** is a small town in southern Sierra Leone. It is in the Moyamba District. The people of Gbangbatoke are mainly from the Mende ethnic group. The Mende language is the main language.

Two of Sierra Leone's important politicians, Sir Milton Margai and Sir Albert Margai were born in Gbangbatoke.
British Rail Class 303

The British Rail **Class 303** is a type of electric multiple unit. They are also known as **"Blue Train"** units. They were introduced in 1960 for the electrification of the North Clyde and the Cathcart Circle lines in Strathclyde. At first they were classified as **AM3** units before the introduction of the TOPS classification system. They were the dominant EMU on the Glasgow suburban railway network for over 25 years. The final units were withdrawn from service in 2002.

## Infobox (train)

- **background**: #012545
- **name**: <span style="color:white;">British Rail Class 303</span>
- **image**: 14.06.83 Milngavie 303.016 (6076992180).jpg
- **caption**: Class 303 at  in 1983
- **service**: 5 November 1960–30 December 2002
- **manufacturer**: Pressed Steel Company
- **factory**: Pressed Steel Company#Railway rolling stock.2C Linwood, Linwood, Renfrewshire
- **family**: BR First Generation British Rail Mark 1, Mark 1
- **replaced**: Various steam engines/early carriages
- **yearconstruction**: 1959–1961
- **yearservice**: 1960–1961
- **refurbishment**: 1984 - c.1990
- **yearscrapped**: 1974–2003
- **numberbuilt**: 91
- **numberpreserved**: 1
- **numberscrapped**: 90
- **code**: AM3
- **carbody**: Steel
- **doors**: Twin leaf sliding, pneumatically operated
- **art-sections**: 3
- **wheelbase**: (bogie centres, per car)
- **traction motors**: 4 × Metropolitan-Vickers, MV 155kW
- **hvac**: Electric
- **electricsystem**: 25 kV AC railway electrification, 25kV Alternating current, AC & 6.25kVAC Overhead line, overhead
- **collectionmethod**: Pantograph (transport), Pantograph
- **uicclass**: 2′2′+Bo′Bo′+2′2′
- **brakes**: Railway brake#Electropneumatic brakes, Electropneumatic
- **safety**: Automatic warning system (railways), AWS
- **multipleworking**: Within class, and British Rail Class 311, Class 311
British Rail Class 304

The **British Rail Class 304** was a type of electric multiple unit. They were built for suburban use on the first phases of the West Coast Main Line electrification between Crewe and Manchester/Liverpool/Rugby. They were at first classed as **AM4** units and later became Class 304 under the TOPS numbering system. They could be found in operation over most of the southern West Coast Main Line. The units conformed to the 1959-design for alternating current (AC) electrical multiple units, and were externally very similar to the Class 305, Class 308 and the 1,200 V direct current (DC) class Class 504 units. No units survived preservation, and all units were eventually scrapped.

## Infobox (emu)

- **name**: <span style="color:#FFFFFF">British Rail Class 304</span>
- **image**: BR_multiple_unit_at_Altrincham_station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_199795.jpg
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **caption**: A Class 304 EMU seen at Altrincham railway station
- **background**: #012545
- **manufacturer**: BR Wolverton
- **formation**: 4 cars per trainset
- **inservice**: 1959 - 1996
- **refurbishment**: 1980
- **weight**: Total - 151tons 17cwt
- **maxspeed**: 75mph 121km/k
- **brakes**: Air (EP/Auto)
- **operator**: British Rail
British Rail Class 305

The **British Rail Class 305** were an alternating current (AC) electric multiple unit (EMU). Under the pre-1973 British Rail numbering system, the class was known as **AM5**. When TOPS as introduced, the class became Class 305.

## Infobox (train)

- **background**: #012545
- **name**: <span style="color:white;">British Rail Class 305</span>
- **image**: Railway Station, York - geograph.org.uk - 3182651.jpg
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **caption**: Class 305 unit at
- **service**: 1959–2001
- **manufacturer**: British Rail
- **family**: BR First Generation EMU
- **replaced**: Steam locomotives and carriages
- **yearconstruction**: 1959–1960
- **refurbishment**: 1983–1984 (305/2 facelift)
- **numberbuilt**: 71
- **numberscrapped**: 71
- **successor**: British Rail Class 322, Class 322
 British Rail Class 323, Class 323
- **formation**: Class 305/1
 ++
Class 305/2 As Built
 +++
 Class 305/2 Facelifted
 +++
 Class 305/3
+++
- **diagram**: As Built
 Class 305/1
 Class 305/2
 TOPS Codes
 Class 305/1
 Class 305/2
 As Built
 Refurbished

- **code**: AM5
- **fleetnumbers**: Class 305/1:
 Class 305/2:
- **capacity**: 272 seats (305/1),
344 2nd + 19 1st (305/2)
- **carbody**: Welded steel and spayed asbestos
- **trainlength**: (305/1)
 (305/2)
- **doors**: Slam Door
- **art-sections**: 3 or 4
- **traction motors**: 4 × General Electric Company plc, GEC WT380 of
- **aux**: 240 V from the tertiary winding of the main transformer for heating and for a Westinghouse charger feeding 110 V dc for lighting and battery charging
- **powersupply**: Mercury-arc valve, Mercury-arc rectifiers (later replaced with silicon diode)
- **hvac**: Electric
- **electricsystem**: Overhead line, Overhead
(and Chingford Branch Line#British Railways .281948-1994.29, 6.25 kV until 1983)
- **collectionmethod**: Pantograph (transport), Pantograph
- **brakes**: Electro-pneumatic brake system on British railway trains#Westinghouse and EP brake operation, Westinghouse EP air
- **safety**: Automatic warning system (railways), AWS
- **coupling**: Janney coupler, Drophead
British Rail Class 306

The **British Rail Class 306** was a type of electric multiple unit (EMU) introduced in 1949. It consisted of 92 three-car trains which were used on newly electrified suburban lines between Shenfield and London Liverpool Street.

## Infobox (emu)

- **name**: <span style="color:#FFFFFF">British Rail Class 306</span>
- **image**: Class 306 Green.jpg
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **caption**: The preserved Class 306 train (unit 017) as seen on the launch day of Network SouthEast. This view also shows the carriage which was not modified when the trains were converted from the dc to ac power supply system.
- **background**: #012545
- **manufacturer**: Eastleigh Works
- **formation**: 3 cars per trainset
- **built**: 92 trainsets
- **inservice**: 1949 - 1980
- **weight**: Total - 105 tons
- **maxspeed**: 75mph (121km/h)
- **operator**: British Rail
British Rail Class 307

The British Rail **Class 307** electric multiple units were built by BR at Eastleigh Works from 1954-1956. They were initially classified as **AM7** before the introduction of TOPS.

## Infobox (emu)

- **name**: <span style="color:#FFFFFF">British Rail Class 307</span>
- **image**: 307-blue brute Liv-St-Stn.jpg
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **caption**: British Railways Class 307 train in plain blue livery and a British Rail Universal Trolley Equipment, BRUTE at London Liverpool Street station.
- **background**: #012545
- **manufacturer**: Eastleigh Works, BR Eastleigh Works
- **formation**: 4 cars per trainset
- **built**: 32 Trainset
- **inservice**: 1953 - 2000
- **refurbishment**: 1983 - 1984
- **weight**: Total - 153 tons
- **maxspeed**: 75mph 121km/h
- **brakes**: Air (Auto/EP)
- **operator**: British Rail
British Rail Class 309

The British Rail **Class 309** "Clacton Express" electric multiple units (EMUs) were built by British Rail (BR) York Works from 1962-1963. They were initially classified as **Class AM9** before the introduction of TOPS. These units were the first express 25 kV alternating current (AC) units to be built by British Rail, and British Rail's first EMUs to be capable of 100 mph.

## Infobox (emu)

- **background**: #000f89;color:white
- **name**: British Railways AM9
British Rail Class 309
_Clacton Express_
- **image**: Class 309 NSE & Jaffa Cake.jpg
- **imagesize**: 240px
- **caption**: Two Class 309 electric multiple units coupled together at Liverpool Street station, London Liverpool Street. One of these is in Network SouthEast livery and the other is in "Jaffa Cake" livery with "Essex Express" branding.
- **manufacturer**: BR York
- **formation**: 2/3/4 cars per trainset
- **built**: 1962-1963
- **inservice**: 1962-2000
- Refurbished 1985-1987
- **weight**: Total - 99 tons (309/1) Only
Total - 168 tons (309/2) Only
Total - 167 tons (309/3) Only
- **maxspeed**: 100 mph (160 km/h)
- **gauge**: Standard gauge (1,435 mm)
- **brakes**: Air (EP/Auto)
- **operator**: British Rail
British Rail Class 308

The British Rail (BR) **Class 308** alternating current (AC) electric multiple units (EMU) were built by BR at York, in three batches, from 1961–62. They were initially classified as **AM8** units before the introduction of TOPS.

## Infobox (emu)

- **name**: <span style="color:#FFFFFF">British Rail Class 308</span>
- **image**: British Rail Class 308 at Leeds 1996.jpg
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **caption**: Class 308 at Leeds station.
- **background**: #012545
- **manufacturer**: BR York
- **operator**: British Rail
- **formation**: 4 cars (308/1 before 1994, 308/2)
 3 cars (308/1 after 1994, 308/3)
- **refurbishment**: 1981–1983, 1994
- **built**: 45 trainsets
- **inservice**: 1961–2001
- **maxspeed**: 75 mph (121 km/h)
- **gauge**: Standard gauge (1,435 mm)
- **voltage**: 25 kV Alternating current, AC Overhead lines, Overhead
British Rail Class 310

The British Rail (BR) **Class 310** is a slam-door, alternating current (AC) electric multiple unit (EMU) introduced in 1966 as part of the West Coast Main Line electrification project. They were initially classified as **Class AM10** units before the introduction on the TOPS classification system. Constructed at BR's Derby Carriage and Wagon Works. They consisted of four carriages - a second class driving trailer, a second class trailer, a second class motor car (with guard's/luggage compartment above which the pantograph was mounted) and a composite (1st and 2nd class) driving trailer. The maximum speed was 75 miles per hour. A glass partition behind the driver's cab enabled passengers in the leading and rear coaches to have an excellent view of the line ahead or behind.

## Infobox (emu)

- **name**: <span style="color:#FFFFFF">British Rail Class 310</span>
- **image**: 310-blue-Harrow&Wealdstone2.jpg
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **caption**: Class 310 train in British Railways plain blue calls at Harrow and Wealdstone station. The driving cab features wrap-around windows as originally fitted to these trains.
- **background**: #012545
- **manufacturer**: Derby Carriage and Wagon Works, British Rail C&W Works Derby
- **formation**: 3/4 cars per trainset
- **built**: 50
- **inservice**: 1966 - 2002
- **weight**: Total - 158 tonnes
- **maxspeed**: 75mph (121km/h)
- **gauge**: Standard gauge (1,435 mm)
- **brakes**: Air (auto/EP)
- **operator**: British Rail
British Rail Class 311

The British Rail **Class 311** alternating current (AC) electric multiple units (EMU) were built by Cravens at Sheffield in 1967. They were intended for use on the line from Glasgow Central to Gourock and Wemyss Bay, which was electrified in 1967.

## Infobox (emu)

- **name**: <span style="color:#FFFFFF">British Rail Class 311</span>
- **image**: 311104 at a station.jpg
- **imagesize**: 265px
- **caption**: Unit 311104 in blue/grey livery awaiting passengers at Partick station, Partick.
- **background**: #012545
- **manufacturer**: Cravens
- **formation**: 3 cars per trainset
- **built**: 19
- **inservice**: 1967 - 1999
- **weight**: Total - 129 tons
- **capacity**: 236 seats
- **maxspeed**: 75mph (121km/h)
- **brakes**: Air (Auto/EP)
- **operator**: British Rail
British Rail Class 312

The British Rail **Class 312** is a type of alternating current  electric multiple unit  built  intended for use on outer-suburban passenger services. It was the last class of multiple unit to be constructed to the British Rail Mark 2 bodyshell, and also the last with slam doors. This latter feature contributed to their relatively early withdrawal (between 25–28 years old, compared to a life expectancy of 30 years). Ironically, the examples withdrawn by First Great Eastern and later 'one' Great Eastern between 2003 and 2004 were slightly newer than most of the carriages the operator  introduced during 2005 for use on its premier express service

## Infobox (emu)

- **name**: <span style="color:#FFFFFF">British Rail Class 312</span>
- **image**: 312718 and 312721 at Kirby Cross.JPG
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **caption**: Class 312, nos. 312718 and 312721, at Kirby Cross station in Essex on the 6th March 2004. These units were operating a farewell excursion train ('The Grand Slam') to commemorate their retirement from service. These two units were among the final three of their type in traffic with First Great Eastern, and were eventually withdrawn in June 2004.
- **background**: #012545
- **manufacturer**: BREL York
- **formation**: 4 cars per trainset
- **built**: 49 trainsets
- **inservice**: 1975 - 2004
- **weight**: Total - 156.6 tonnes
- **maxspeed**: 90 mph (145 km/h)
- **brakes**: Air (EP/Auto)
- **operator**: British Rail
British Rail Class 314

**British Rail Class 314** alternating current (AC) electric multiple units (EMU) were built by BREL at York works from 1978 to 1979. They were the second variety of British Rail's then-standard 1972 design for suburban EMUs, which eventually encompassed 755 vehicles and five Classes (Class 313/314/315/507/508). Able to operate from 25 kV overhead line current collection only, the fleet worked outer-suburban services on the Strathclyde Passenger Transport rail network in Central Scotland.

## Infobox (train)

- **name**: British Rail Class 314
- **image**: 314212 at Patterton.jpg
- **caption**: First ScotRail Class 314 at  in 2011
- **interiorimage**: 314211 Interior.jpg
- **interiorcaption**: Interior of a ScotRail refurbished Class 314 unit in August 2018
- **service**: 1979–2019
- **manufacturer**: British Rail Engineering Limited
- **factory**: Holgate Road carriage works, York, Holgate Road Works, York
- **family**: British Rail Classes 445 and 446, BREL 1972
- **yearconstruction**: 1979
- **yearservice**: 1979
- **yearscrapped**: 2019–2020
- **numberbuilt**: 16
- **numberpreserved**: 1 (Converted into Class 614)
- **numberscrapped**: 15
- **formation**: 3 cars per unit:
--DMSO
- **fleetnumbers**: 314201–314216
- **capacity**: 212 seats
- **carbody**: Steel underframe with aluminium body and roof
- **doors**: Double-leaf pocket sliding,
- **wheelbase**: Over bogie centres:

- **electricsystem**: Overhead line, overhead
- **collectionmethod**: Pantograph (rail), Pantograph
- **uicclass**: Bo′Bo′+2′2′+Bo′Bo′
- **bogies**: BREL BX1
- **brakes**: Electro-pneumatic brake system on British railway trains, Electro-pneumatic (Disc brake#Rail and aircraft, disc)
- **coupling**: Tightlock coupling, Tightlock
- **multipleworking**: Within class
- **notes**: Specifications as at August 1982 except where otherwise noted.
British Rail Class 315

**British Rail Class 315** alternating current (AC) electric multiple units (EMU) were built by BREL at York works from 1980 to 1981. They were the fifth and final variety of British Rail's then-standard 1972 design suburban EMUs, which eventually encompassed 755 vehicles and five Classes (Class 313/314/315/507/508). Like the Glasgow-based Class 314 units, they are only able to operate from 25 kV overhead line current collection. The fleet works inner-suburban services on the Great Eastern Main Line run by the train operating company TfL Rail out of London Liverpool Street. Class 315s also did work services from Liverpool Street to Chingford, Enfield Town and Cheshunt operated by London Overground but got discontinued in 2020.

## Infobox (train)

- **name**: British Rail Class 315
- **image**: 315844 Forest Gate 2015-09-13 XAM-E1.jpg
- **imagealt**: Image showing a Transport for London Rail liveried Class 315 calling at Forest Gate
- **imagesize**: 309px
- **caption**: TfL Rail Class 315 at  in September 2015
- **interiorimage**: 315820 DMSO Interior.jpg
- **interiorimagealt**: Image showing the interior of a Class 315, with 2x3 seating, grey and blue (or red) moquettes and blue grab poles.
- **interiorcaption**: The refreshed interior of a TfL Rail Class 315
- **service**: 19809 December 2022
- **manufacturer**: British Rail Engineering Limited
- **factory**: Holgate Road carriage works, York, Holgate Road Works, York
- **family**: British Rail Classes 445 and 446, BREL 1972
- **yearconstruction**: 1980–1981
- **numberbuilt**: 61
- **numberpreserved**: 1
- **numberscrapped**: 53
- **fleetnumbers**: 315801–315861
- **owner**: Eversholt Rail Group
- **carbody**: Steel underframe with aluminium body
- **doors**: Double-leaf pocket sliding,
- **hvac**: Ducted warm air
- **electricsystem**: Overhead line, overhead
- **collectionmethod**: Pantograph (transport), Pantograph
- **uicclass**: Bo′Bo′+2′2′+2′2′+Bo′Bo′
- **bogies**: BREL BX1
- **brakes**: Electro-pneumatic brake system on British railway trains, Electro-pneumatic (Disc brake#Rail and aircraft, disc)
- **coupling**: Tightlock coupling, Tightlock
- **multipleworking**: Within class
- **notes**: Specifications as at November 1987 except where otherwise noted.
British Rail Classes 316 and 457

**Class 316** and **Class 457** were two suggested TOPS classifications. They were given to a single electric multiple unit (EMU) at different stages of its use as a prototype for the Networker series.

## Infobox (dmu)

- **name**: British Rail Classes 316 and 457
- **image**: British Rail Class 457 - unit 7001 - vehicle 67300.JPG
- **caption**: 67300 at Electric Railway Museum, Warwickshire.
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **background**: #012545; color: white;
- **operator**: British Rail
- **formation**: 4 cars
- **numberbuilt**: 1
- **service**: 1989 (as Class 457)
1990 (as Class 316)
- **gauge**: Standard
- **traction**: 750 V DC (Class 457)
25 kV AC (Class 316)
British Rail Class 317

The **British Rail Class 317** electric multiple units were built by BREL at York Works in two batches, from 1981-82 and 1985-87.  They were the first of several classes of British Rail EMU to be based on the all-steel Mark 3 bodyshell, departing from the "PEP"-aluminium design which had spawned the earlier Class 313 to Class 315. The Mark 3 bodyshell was also the basis of Class 318, Class 455, and the diesel "sprinters" pioneered by the Class 150.

## Infobox (train)

- **name**: British Rail Class 317
- **image**: 317348_at_Cambridge_North.jpg
- **imagesize**: 309px
- **caption**: Greater Anglia (train operating company), Greater Anglia Class 317/1 at  in 2017
- **interiorimage**: Class_317501_interior.jpg
- **interiorcaption**: Greater Anglia Class 317/5 standard-class saloon in 2021
- **service**: 28 March 1983July 2022
- **manufacturer**: British Rail Engineering Limited
- **family**: BR Second Generation (British Rail Mark 3, Mark 3)
- **numberbuilt**: 72
- **numberpreserved**: 2 vehicles
- **numberscrapped**: 65
- **capacity**: As built: 292 seats
(22 first-class, 270 standard)
- **carbody**: Steel
- **doors**: Double-leaf pocket sliding,
- **wheelbase**: Over bogie centres:

- **traction motors**: 4 × General Electric Company, GEC G315BZ
( each)
- **electricsystem**: Overhead line, overhead
- **collectionmethod**: Pantograph (transportation), Pantograph
- **uicclass**: 2′2′+Bo′Bo′+2′2′+2′2′
- **brakes**: Electro-pneumatic brake system on British railway trains, Electro-pneumatic (Disc brake#Rail and aircraft, disc)
(Westinghouse Air Brake Company, Westinghouse)
- **coupling**: Tightlock coupling, Tightlock
- **multipleworking**: Within class
- **notes**: Specifications as at November 1988, except where otherwise noted.
Nehebkau

In Egyptian mythology, **Nehebkau** (also spelled **Nehebu-Kau**, and **Neheb Ka**) guarded the entrance to Duat, the Egyptian underworld. He was made up of Ka and Ba, the two parts of the soul. He is pictured as a snake with two heads. Atum was said to have to keep his finger on Nehebkau to keep him from being out of control. Since he was a snake, he was believed to heal those bitten by snakes and/or scorpions.
British Rail Class 318

The British Rail **Class 318** is an electric multiple unit (EMU) train, which operates exclusively in the Strathclyde Partnership for Transport network in West Central Scotland. The units were introduced fully on 29 September 1986 as part of the electrification of the Ayrshire Coast Line between Glasgow Central and Ayr/Ardrossan with alternating current (AC) overhead lines. Usage was extended to Largs in January 1987. They were also used on the Inverclyde Line in small numbers and on rare occasions the Cathcart Circle Lines (including to Neilston and Newton).

## Infobox (emu)

- **background**: #
- **name**: <span style="color:white;">British Rail Class 318</span>
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **caption**: Citizen's Network (318259) at Partick after refurbishment, showing the new driver's cab and PIS system
- **family**: Mark 3
- **manufacturer**: BREL
- **formation**: 3 cars per trainset
- **built**: 21 trainsets
- **inservice**: 1986  - present
- **voltage**: 25 kV Alternating current, AC Overhead lines, Overhead
- **maxspeed**: 90 mph (145 km/h).
- **operator**: First ScotRail
Ka

**Ka** is one of the five parts of the Egyptian idea of the soul. The Ka was the life force and left the body during death. Ka was believed to be in food and drink and was placed with the dead for offerings. The Egyptians believed that at death the Ba and the Ka join together through Nehebkau before entering Duat.
British Rail Class 319

The British Rail **Class 319** dual-voltage electric multiple units (EMU) were built by BREL York in two batches from 1987–88 and 1990. The trains were introduced for new north-south cross-London services from Bedford to Brighton, and since privatisation these services have been operated by Thameslink and First Capital Connect, the former franchise having been merged with the Great Northern section of the former WAGN franchise to form the latter train operating company at 0200 BST on 1 April 2006 as a result of re-franchising. Class 319 units have dual power pick-up, from either 25 kV alternating current (AC) overhead lines for services north of London, or 750 V direct current (DC) third rail to the south. However, some units were only used on outer suburban services in South London. The Class 325 postal units were based on the Class 319 units, with the same traction equipment and body design, but are fitted with cabs of the same design as the newer Class 365 and Class 465
_Networker_ units.

Since delivery of new rolling stock for Thameslink services started in 2015, a number of Class 319 units have been redeployed for use on other operators' services, including in the North West of England. In 2017, the last Thameslink units were withdrawn and were replaced by Class 700s.

## Infobox (emu)

- **name**: British Rail Class 319
- **image**: Northern_319370_at_Huyton.jpg
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **caption**: Arriva Rail North 319370 at  in 2018
- **manufacturer**: BREL York
- **operator**: Northern trains
- **formation**: 4 cars per trainset
- **built**: 86 trainsets
- **linesserved**: Abbey Line
Liverpool to Manchester Lines
Liverpool to Wigan Line
- **inservice**: 1987 - present
- **maxspeed**: 100 mph (161 km/h)
- **gauge**: Standard gauge: 1,435 mm (4 ft 8½ in)
- **voltage**: 25 volt, kV Alternating current, AC Overhead lines or 750 V Direct current, DC 3rd rail
- **numberscrapped**: 13
- **number in service**: 21
British Rail Class 320

The **British Rail Class 320** is an alternating current (AC) electric multiple unit (EMU) train found on the Strathclyde Partnership for Transport (SPT) rail network in Central Scotland, and is used exclusively on the North Clyde Line between Helensburgh and Airdrie, North Lanarkshire via Glasgow Queen Street railway station.

## 2010 Service

What with the introduction of the class 380 dsiros for the Inverclyde line, the class 334s will be put to service on the Airdrie to Bathgate route, the class 320s will be split between the cathcart circle lines and the Argyll line, 14 of the 1990 built EMUs will be put to work on the Glasgow - Newton, Neilston and Cathcart Circle lines, while the remaining units shall work alongside the class 318s on the North Clyde/Argyll lines. This can not happen without, the class 320s bogies being upgraded, currently, they have a 75 mph top speed, in November 2010 the class will be driven under their own power to WABTEC Doncaster by GBRF drivers where they will be given a full refurbishment scheme which shall include new seats, toilets fitted, painting into the new scotrail saltire livery and their top speed raised to 90 mph.

## Infobox (emu)

- **name**: <span style="color:#FFFFFF">British Rail Class 320</span>
- **image**: SPT320s Helensburgh.JPG
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **caption**: Class 320 Units 320306 and 320308 at Helensburgh Central railway station
- **background**: #662C21
- **manufacturer**: BREL York
- **formation**: 3 cars per trainset
- **built**: 22 trainsets
- **inservice**: 1990 - present
- **weight**: Total -114.5 tonnes
- **maxspeed**: 75mph (121 km/h)
- **gauge**: Standard gauge: 1,435 mm (4 ft 8½ in)
- **brakes**: Air (Westcode)
- **operator**: First ScotRail
- **number built**: 22
- **number in service**: 34  12 converted from 321s
- **family**: Mark 3
Ba

**Ba** is one of the five parts of the spirit in Egyptian mythology. Ba is considered to be the soul. Ba is believed to have a unique personality based on the person who has it. The Ba was pictured as a bird that flew from the body to join with the Ka at death. A Ba was said to return to the sarcophagus if it was properly stored. In some stories, Bas sometimes act as guardians in the underworld.

lt:Siela egiptiečių mitologijoje#Ba
fi:Egyptiläinen sielu#Ba
British Rail Class 321

The British Rail **Class 321** alternating current (AC) electric multiple units (EMU) were built by BREL York in three batches from 1986–1989. The design was very successful and led to the development of the similar Class 320 and Class 322 units for use by Strathclyde PTE and Stansted Express (now used by  Greater Anglia) respectively. The bodyshell design was also used for construction of the Class 456 direct current (DC) units. The Class 321s were nicknamed 'Dusty Bins', due to the class number sharing the same name as the game show 3-2-1. (This name has also been given to the diesel multiple unit (DMU) Class 153 no. 153321 for the same reason).

## Past operations

Class 321s were originally built for the Bedford services. However, in 1990, they started being used on Great Eastern Main Line services to Southend Victoria, Braintree and Clacton, to replace the class 302 and 305 EMUs, many of which were approaching 50 years old. Some 321s (many of the 3214s) were sent to work inter-regional services for Silverlink, and then briefly for London Midland, primarily on Euston to Northampton/Milton Keynes/Tring services.

## Infobox (emu)

- **name**: <span style="color:#FFFFFF;">British Rail Class 321</span>
- **image**: 321903 B Doncaster.JPG
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **caption**: Northern Rail or WYPTE Metro Class 321/9 no.321903 at Doncaster
- **background**: #012545
- **manufacturer**: BREL
- **operator**: Greater Anglia
- **formation**: 4 cars per trainset
- **built**: 117 trainsets
- **inservice**: 1988 - present
- **weight**: Total – 137.9 tonnes
- **maxspeed**: 100 mph (161 km/h)
- **power**: 1,328hp (996kW)
- **gauge**: Standard gauge: 1,435 mm (4 ft 8½ in)
- **voltage**: 25 kV 50 Hz AC overhead
- **numberscrapped**: 43 sets
High-speed rail

**High-speed rail** is a type of passenger rail transport that operates significantly faster than the normal rail traffic. Early Shinkansen trains had a top speed of , which is the world's first high-speed rail. Various definitions are used in different countries.

According to the European Union, high-speed trains must run at least  on existing lines, and at least  on newly built ones.

According to the United States Federal Railroad Administration, they should go above  but there is no single standard, and lower speeds can be required by local constraints.

As of 2020, speeds of  to  are common in regular operation.
InterCity 125

The **InterCity 125** is the brand name of British Rail's **High Speed Train** (HST) fleet. The InterCity 125 train is made up of two locomotives, one at each end of a fixed formation of carriages, and is capable of 125 mph in regular service. British Rail initially used the fleet on the Great Western Main Line, on the East Coast Main Line, on the Cross Country Route and latterly on the Midland Main Line, serving destinations such as London, Bristol, Edinburgh, as far south as Penzance and as far north as Aberdeen and Inverness. The InterCity 125 took the world record for the fastest diesel-powered train, when it was recorded at an absolute maximum speed of  during 1987. From 2017, most have been replaced by the British Rail Class 800 or similar types of train.

## Infobox (locomotive)

- **name**: InterCity 125
- **powertype**: Diesel
- **image**: 43 316 at Kings Cross by Hugh Llewelyn.jpg
- **caption**: HST Powercar 43316 at London King's Cross
- **builddate**: 1976–1982
- **railroad**: (See Below)
- **disposition**: still in service
Ancient Egyptian concept of the soul

The **ancient Egyptians** believed the **soul** was divided into five parts Ren, Ba, Ka, Sheut, and Ib.

## Ib - Heart

The Egyptians believed the heart held the emotions and thoughts. Believed to be weighed on the scales of Anubis by the feather of Maat. The Ib decided what your fate would be after death.

## Sheut - Shadow

Believed to be the shadow of the person. The Sheut was the essence of the person and neither could the shadow exist without the person, nor could the person exist without their shadow.

## Ren - Name

Given at birth. A person was believed to live as long as their name lasted. Egyptians often went to great lengths to keep their names talked about and had them carved into monuments and surrounded by cartouche (magical rope).

## Ba - Personality and Spirit

Ba is considered the spirit. Ba is believed to have a unique personality based on the person who has it. The Ba was shown as a bird that flew from the body to unite with the Ka at death.

## Ka - Life Force

One of the five parts of the Egyptian idea of the soul. The Ka was thought of as the life force and left the body during death. Ka was believed to be in food and drink and was placed with the dead for offerings. Egyptian Mythology believes that at death the Ba and the Ka unite through Nehebkau before entering Duat.
British Rail Class 322

The British Rail **Class 322** electric multiple units were built by BREL in 1990 Five 4-car units were built for the dedicated Stansted Express service from London Liverpool Street to Stansted Airport. The units are now scrapped

## Infobox (emu)

- **name**: British Rail Class 322
- **image**: 322485 Leeds.jpg
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **caption**: Arriva Rail North 322485 at  in June 2018
- **manufacturer**: BRELYork
- **formation**: 4 cars per trainset
- **built**: 5 trainsets
- **inservice**: 1990 - August 2022
- **weight**: Total - 141.8 tonnes
- **maxspeed**: 100 mph (161 km/h)
- **brakes**: Air (Westcode)
British Rail Class 323

The British Rail **Class 323** electric multiple units were built by Hunslet TPL from 1992-96. Forty-three 3-car units were built for inner-suburban services around Birmingham and Manchester. These trains were the last vehicles to be built by the struggling manufacturer Hunslet before it collapsed.

## Infobox (train)

- **name**: British Rail Class 323
- **image**: 323214_Aston_(crop).jpg
- **imagesize**: 309px
- **caption**: West Midlands Trains, West Midlands Railway Class 323 at  in 2019
- **interiorimage**: Northern 323 interior both sides.jpg
- **interiorcaption**: Interior of a refurbished Arriva Rail North Class 323 unit
- **service**: 7 February 1994 – present
- **factory**: Leeds
- **yearconstruction**: 1992–1995
- **numberbuilt**: 43
- **successor**: British Rail Class 730, Class 730 (West Midlands Railway)
- **formation**: 3 cars per unit:
- **fleetnumbers**: 323201–323243
- **owner**: Porterbrook
- **carbody**: Aluminium alloy
- **doors**: Double-leaf sliding plug,
- **wheelbase**: Over bogie centres:
- **axleload**: Route Availability 3
- **poweroutput**: total
- **electricsystem**: Overhead line, Overhead
- **collectionmethod**: Pantograph (transport), Pantograph
- **uicclass**: Bo′Bo′+2′2′+Bo′Bo′
- **coupling**: Tightlock coupling, Tightlock
- **multipleworking**: Within class (max. 4 units)
- **notes**: Sourced from  unless otherwise noted.
Wrightwood, California

**Wrightwood** is a census-designated place in San Bernardino County, California. At the 2020 count, 4,720 people lived in Wrightwood. Wrightwood has an area of 5.95 square miles.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Wrightwood, California
- **settlement type**: Census-designated place
- **image map**: San Bernardino County California Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Wrightwood Highlighted 0686594.svg
- **mapsize**: 250x200px
- **map caption**: Location in San Bernardino County, California, San Bernardino County and the state of California
- **subdivision type**: List of countries, Country
- **subdivision type1**: Political divisions of the United States, State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in California, County
- **subdivision name2**: San Bernardino County, California, San Bernardino
- **unit pref**: US
- **area total sq mi**: 5.954
- **area land sq mi**: 5.951
- **area water sq mi**: 0.003
- **elevation ft**: 5935
- **elevation m**: 1809
- **population as of**: 2020
- **population total**: 4720
- **population density km2**: auto
- **population density sq mi**: auto
- **timezone**: Pacific Time Zone, PST
- **utc offset**: -8
- **timezone dst**: PDT
- **utc offset dst**: -7
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 92397
- **area code**: Area code 760, 760
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 06-86594
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 1652816