juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Coolio

**Artis Leon Ivey Jr.** (August 1, 1963 – September 28, 2022), known professionally as **Coolio**, was an American rapper.

Coolio recorded his first single in 1987, with the title “Whatcha Gonna Do?”. He is best known for his song "_Gangsta's Paradise_". It was released on the album of the same name. The song won a Grammy Award for Best Rap Solo Performance, two MTV Video Music Award's for Best Rap Video and for Best Video from a Film and a Billboard Music Award for the song and album. Coolio also sang the theme song "Aw, Here It Goes" for the Nickelodeon television show Kenan & Kel.

Coolio died on September 28, 2022 at his home in Los Angeles, aged 59. The cause of death was from an accidental overdose of fentanyl, heroin, and methamphetamine.

### Studio albums

Coolio has released 8 studio albums:
|Year|Album|
| --- | --- |
|1997|_It Takes a Thief_|
|1998|_Gangsta's Paradise_|
|2000|_My Soul_|
|2001|_Coolio.com_|
|2004|_El Cool Magnifico_|
|2005|_The Return of the Gangsta_|
|2007|_Steal Hear_|
|2010|_From the Bottom 2 the Top_|

## Other websites

- Coolio's Official website

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **embed**: yes
- **origin**: Los Angeles, California, U.S.


## Infobox (person)

- **image**: coolio.jpg
- **caption**: Coolio in November 2002 performing for United States Army, U.S. Army soldiers in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bosnia
- **birth name**: Artis Leon Ivey Jr.
- **birth place**: Monessen, Pennsylvania, U.S.
- **death place**: Los Angeles, California, U.S.
- **years active**: 1987–2022
- **children**: 10
Swatis

The **Swatis** () are a tribe  inhabiting the Hazara region in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.

Most of the Swatis speak Pashtu<nowiki/>but some also speak hindku.
Erin Crocker

**Erin Crocker** (born March 23, 1981) is a former race car driver. She first raced in the World of Outlaws, and won five races, earning her the National Sprint Car Hall of Fame Outstanding Newcomer Award. In 2004, Crocker became a driver for Ford Motor Company's driver development program. In 2005, she joined Evernham Motorsports, and raced in the ARCA/REMAX Series, before joining NASCAR. At Dover International Speedway, Crocker cracked a rib, and had to sit out some races. In 2006, Crocker drove full-time in the NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series. One year later, Crocker became involved in a group of lawsuits between Ray Evernham and Jeremy Mayfield, who blamed the team's trouble on Evernham's relationship with a female driver. Crocker later told ESPN that her relationship with Evernham has hurt her racing career. Crocker and Evernham later married. In 2007, Crocker left Evernham Motorsports, and raced in two races for Morgan-Dollar Motorsports, before being replaced by A. J. Allmendinger and Scott Speed. She later became a broadcaster for SPEED.
Alexander Ross

**Alexander Ross** may be:

- Alexander Ross (writer) (c. 1590–1654), vicar; Scottish author of _Medicus Medicatus_
- Alexander Ross (civil servant) (1800–1889), British civil servant in India
- Alexander Milton Ross (1832–1897), Canadian abolitionist
- Alexander Ross (fur trader) (1783–1856), Canadian fur trader
- Alexander McKenzie Ross (1805–1862), British engineer
- Alexander Ross (engineer) (1845–1923), Scottish railway engineer
- Alexander Peter Ross (1833–?), Canadian politician
- Alexander Ross (politician) (1829–1900), Canadian politician
- Alexander Ross (rower), New Zealand rower
- Alexander Henry Ross (1829–1888), British barrister and Conservative politician
- Alexander Charles Ross (1847–1921), business executive and political figure in Nova Scotia, Canada
- Alexander Charles Ross (1847–1921), Canadian politician
- Alexander Coffman Ross, author of the 1840 campaign song "Tippecanoe and Tyler too"
Alexander Ross (writer)

**Alexander Ross** (c. 1590–1654) was a Scottish writer.  He wrote many books.  One of his most important works was complete translation of the Qur'an into English.

He was vicar of St. Mary's Church, Carisbrooke in the Isle of Wight from 1634 to his death.

## Other websites

- The Alcoran of Mahomet (first edition 1946, London, printed, Anno Dom.), first edition online

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Alexander Ross
- **image**: Alexander Ross (Lombart).jpg
- **caption**: Alexander Ross, 1653 engraving by Pierre Lombart.
- **birth date**: Circa, c. 1590
- **birth place**: Aberdeen, Scotland
- **death place**: Bramshill, Hampshire, England
- **alma mater**: King's College, Aberdeen
- **occupation**: Clergyman, translator
- **nationality**: Scotland, Scottish
- **notableworks**: The _Alcoran of Mahomet_ (the _Qur'an_), translated into English
Abdul Rehman Siddiqui

**Abdul Rehman Siddiqui** (died 1953) was a politician from Bengal but living mostly in Delhi, British India. He was a staunch supporter of the All India Muslim League and in March 1940, was one of the 25 special delegates on the Working Committee of the All-India Muslim League that drafted the famous Lahore Resolution.
Thomas Carlyle

**Thomas Carlyle** (4 December 1795 - 5 February 1881) was a Scottish writer, essayist, historian and social reformer.  He lived most of his later life in London, England, and is sometimes also called the 'Sage of Chelsea' after the neighbourhood where he lived there.
Karakul (hat)

The **karakul** (also spelt **qaraqul** at times) is a type of hat made from the wool or fur of the karakul/qaraqul sheep. It is typically worn by men in Central Asia, Afghanistan and Pakistan. The **Jinnah cap** is a type of Karakul that is named after the founder of Pakistan, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, who popularized it.
Van Johnson

**Van Johnson** (**Charles Van Dell Johnson**, August 25, 1916 – December 12, 2008) was an American movie, television, stage, radio, voice actor, singer, and dancer who is known for his roles in _30 Seconds over Tokyo_, _A Guy Named Joe_ and in _The Caine Mutiny_.

Johnson was born on August 25, 1916 in Newport, Rhode Island. He was married to Eve Lynn Abbott Wynn from 1947 until they divorced in 1968. He has 1 child with Wynn and two step-children. Johnson died on December 12, 2008 from natural causes in his Nyack, New York home, aged 92.
Kamila Shamsie

**Kamila Shamsie** (born 1973) is a Pakistani novelist who writes in the English language. She was brought up in Karachi, Pakistan, and attended the Karachi Grammar School.

She has a BA degree in Creative Writing from Hamilton College, and an MFA from the MFA Program for Poets and Writers at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, USA.

## Books

- _Burnt Shadows_ (novel) - 1999
- _In The City By The Sea_ (novel)
- _Kartography_ (novel)
- _Salt and Saffron_ (novel)
- _Broken Verses_ (novel)
- _Offence: The Muslim Case_
Fazli Husain

Mian Sir **Fazli Husain**, KCSI (1877-1936), was a Punjabi politician of British India. He was one of the co-founders of the Unionist Party (Punjab).
Gruiformes

The **Gruiformes** are an order with many living and extinct bird families, and a widespread geographical diversity. Gruiform means "crane-like".

The Gruiformes evolved early, long before the passerine songbirds which are the most common birds today. The Gruiform radiation in the Palaeocene and Eocene produced a large variety of medium to large-sized birds. Many of them still prefer the watery habitats which were so common early in the Cainozoic era.

Cranes and rails are the core of the Gruiformes. Also often added are a large number of difficult-to-place birds like the huge _Diatryma_ and _Phorusrhacos_.
St. Luke's Church, Abbottabad

**St. Luke's Church, Abbottabad** is an Anglican church dedicated to St. Luke, now under the jurisdiction of the Peshawar Diocese of the Church of Pakistan. It was originally founded in the town of Abbottabad, British India,  in 1864.

## History

The work on the construction of St Luke's commenced in 1854-55, with initial delays due to slow fund-raising and then a brief interruption due to the Indian War of Independence (or Indian Mutiny) and it was completed and then consecrated by the Bishop of Calcutta in October 1864. Its jurisdiction covered most of the Hazara region including Abbottabad, Haripur, Mansehra and the Galyat hill tracts. The Old Christian Cemetery Abbottabad, which was already existing, was also attached to it.

## After 1947

From June 1947 to April 1948, as a result of the Partition disturbances at the time of the Independence of India and Pakistan, St Luke's was shut down. Regular services only resumed in 1951. In 1970, the Church of Pakistan was established via a union of Anglicans, Scottish Presbyterians (Church of Scotland), United Methodists and Lutherans.  Thereafter, St Luke's was formally placed under its new Peshawar Diocese. Since then, full-time clerics have been appointed here to minister to the local congregation.
Mohammed Hanif

**Mohammed Hanif** (born November 1964) is a Pakistani writer and novelist in English, who is best known for his award-winning novel, _A Case of Exploding Mangos_ (2008).
Sonia Gandhi

**Sonia Gandhi** (b. December 9, 1946 is an Indian politician. She was the president of the Indian National Congress. She is the widow of the former Prime Minister of India, Rajiv Gandhi. She is the chairperson of the national advisory council. In 1998, she was elected president of the Indian National Congress.

Sonia was born in Ovassanjo, Italy.
Church of Pakistan

The **Church of Pakistan** is a united church in Pakistan, which is part of the Anglican Communion and also a member church of the World Methodist Council. It was established in 1970 with a union of Anglicans, Scottish Presbyterians (Church of Scotland), United Methodists, and Lutherans.

## Dioceses

The Church is divided into eight administrative and organisational units, called dioceses. Each diocese has a number of parishes within its jurisdiction. Each diocese is presided over by a bishop, who sits at the diocesan head office, usually located in the district capital.

|Diocese|Area|Notes|
| --- | --- | --- |
|Faisalabad|Faisalabad District||
|Hyderabad|Hyderabad District||
|Karachi|Karachi District||
|Lahore|Lahore District||
|Multan|Multan District||
|Peshawar|Peshawar District|Has 15 parishes within its jurisdiction.|
|Raiwind|Lahore District||
|Sialkot|Sialkot District|A member of the World Communion of Reformed Churches.|
St. John's Church (Jhelum)

**St. John's Church**,  is an Anglican church in Jhelum. It is now under the Church of Pakistan, in Jhelum cantonment, Punjab, Pakistan. It is by the bank of the Jhelum River. It was built in 1860 during the British Raj. It is a landmark of the city.
Andrés Segovia

**Andrés Segovia Torres, 1st Marquis of Salobreña** (21 February 1893 – 2 June 1987), was a virtuoso Spanish classical guitarist from Linares, Jaén, Andalucia, Spain. He was always known as Andrés Segovia.

He was one of the best known and most influential classical guitar personalities of the 20th century. He had a big influence on later guitarists, because of his performances and recordings, and his masterclasses. Important guitar works were dedicated to him by composers such as Federico Moreno Torroba.

Segovia led the development of the Spanish guitar as an instrument for classical art music. As well as works dedicated to him by modern composers, he also transcribed classical works originally written for other instruments. He is remembered for his expressive performances: his wide palette of tone, and his distinctive (often instantly recognizable) musical personality in tone, phrasing and style.

Segovia was especially fond of the compositions of the Brazilian musician Heitor Villa-Lobos. In the 1920s, Segovia met Villa-Lobos and commissioned a guitar study: the composer responded with a set of twelve, each taking a tiny detail or figure from Brazilian chorões (itinerant street musicians).

Two films were made of his life and work. They are available on DVD called _Andrés Segovia  in Portrait_. His final RCA LP record (ARL1-1602), _Reveries_, was recorded in Madrid in June 1977.
In 1984, Segovia was the subject of a thirteen part series broadcast on National Public Radio, USA, entitled _Segovia!_ The series was recorded on location in Spain, France, and the United States.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Andrés Segovia Torres
- **image**: Andrés Segovia (1963) by Erling Mandelmann.jpg
- **alt**: Andrés Segovia in 1963
- **caption**: Andrés Segovia
- **birth name**: Andrés Segovia Torres
- **nationality**: Spain, Spanish
- **occupation**: Classical guitarist
Segovia (disambiguation)

**Segovia** is a city in Spain.

**Segovia** may also refer to:

- Andrés Segovia, guitarist
- Segovia Province, Spain
- Segovia (Spanish Congress Electoral District)
- Segovia River, Honduras
Faiz Ahmad Faiz

**Faiz Ahmad Faiz**  ( 13 February 1911 – 20 November 1984) NI, was an influential left-wing Urdu poet and intellectual from Pakistan. A notable member of the Progressive Writers' Movement (PWM), Faiz was an avowed Marxist and was a recipient of the Lenin Peace Prize awarded by the Soviet Union in 1962. Despite being repeatedly accused of atheism by the political and military establishment, Faiz's poetry, very popular amongst the masses,  suggested his complicated relationship with religion in general and Islam in particular.

## Related pages

- List of notable Lahoris
St Philip's Church (Hyderabad)

**St Philip's Church** is a Protestant (Anglican) church in Hyderabad, Sindh, in Pakistan. The church is administered by the Diocese of Hyderabad of the Church of Pakistan.
Sial

**Sial** can be the upper layer of the Earth's crust
- Felsic

**Sial** can also be:

## Places

- Sial, Kapurthala, Punjab State, India
- Sial, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
- Sial Sharif, a small village in Pakistan

## Other uses

- Sial (tribe), a people of Pakistan
- siyal/sial/siala, a people in India
Charadriiformes

**Charadriiformes** is a diverse order of small to medium-large birds. It includes about 350 species. It has members in all parts of the world. Most charadriiformes live near water and eat invertebrates or other small animals. However, some are pelagic (sea birds), some occupy deserts, and a few are found in thick forest.

## Families in taxonomic order

This is a list of the charadriiform families, presented in taxonomic order.
- **Suborder Scolopaci**: snipe-like waders
    - Family Scolopacidae: snipe, sandpipers, phalaropes, and allies
- **Suborder Thinocori**: aberrant charadriforms
    - Family Rostratulidae: painted snipe
    - Family Jacanidae: jacanas
    - Family Thinocoridae: seedsnipe
    - Family Pedionomidae: Plains Wanderer
- **Suborder Lari**:  gulls and allies
    - Family Laridae: gulls
    - Family Rhynchopidae: skimmers
    - Family Sternidae: terns
    - Family Alcidae: puffins, guillemots, murres, and allies
    - Family Stercorariidae: skuas
    - Family Glareolidae: pratincoles and coursers
    - Family Dromadidae: Crab Plover
- **Suborder Turnici**:  buttonquails
    - Family Turnicidae: buttonquails
- **Suborder Chionidi**:  thick-knees and allies
    - Family Burhinidae: thick-knees
    - Family Chionididae: sheathbills
    - Family Pluvianellidae: Magellanic Plover
- **Suborder Charadrii**: plover-like waders
    - Family Ibidorhynchidae: Ibisbill
    - Family Recurvirostridae: avocets and stilts
    - Family Haematopodidae: oystercatchers
    - Family Charadriidae: plovers and lapwings
Gérard Férey

**Gérard Férey** (14 July 1941 – 19 August 2017) was a French chemist. He was a member of the French Academy of Sciences, teacher at the _Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines_. He is specialized in the physical chemistry of solids and materials.

In September 2010, he received the CNRS Gold medal, the highest French scientific distinctions.

## Biography

Gerard Férey was a lecturer at the University of Maine.  In 1968, he founded the Department of Chemistry at Le Mans. He obtains his doctoral at the Pierre-and-Marie-Curie University in 1977.

He was a teacher at the University of Maine from 1981 to 1996 and the at the _Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines_ since that date. From 1988 to 1992 he was deputy director of the Department of Chemistry at the French National Centre for Scientific Research.

He was elected to the Academia Europaea in 1994  and to the French Academy of Sciences the 18th of November 2003.

## Awards

- CNRS Gold medal (2010)
- Chevalier of the Legion of Honour
- Officier _Ordre des Palmes Académiques_
- Officier of the _Ordre national du Mérite_

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Gérard Férey
- **image**: Gerard Ferey, french chemist Z1D0101.jpg
- **birth place**: Bréhal, France
- **death place**: France
- **nationality**: France, French
- **occupation**: Chemist
- **education**: University of Caen Normandy
Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, Pierre-and-Marie-Curie University
- **known for**: CNRS Gold medal (2010)
Karl Mannheim

**Karl Mannheim** (27 March 1893 - 9 January 1947), or **Károly Mannheim** in original writing of his name, was a Hungarian-German sociologist and social scientist.  He was influential in the first half of the 20th century.  He is one of the founding fathers of classicial sociology as well as a founder of the sociology of knowledge.

## Life

Mannheim was born in Budapest. He studied there as well as in Berlin, Paris and Heidelberg. In Budapest, at the University of Budapest, he earned a doctorate in philosophy. In 1914 he attended lectures by Georg Simmel. During the brief period of the Hungarian Soviet in 1919 he taught in a teacher-training school thanks to the patronage and his friend and mentor György Lukács.

## Legacy

Mannheim's book _Ideologie und Utopie_ (1929) was the most widely debated book by a living sociologist in Germany during the Weimar Republic; the English version _Ideology and Utopia_ (1936) has been a standard in American-style international academic sociology, carried by the interest it aroused in the U.S.A. The German and English versions of the book are quite different.  This has led to reappraisals of Mannheim started by new texual discoveries and republications. Mannheim's sociological theorizing has been the subject of many book-length studies, evidence of an international interest in his principal themes. Mannheim was not an author of any work he himself considered a finished book, but rather of some fifty major essays and treatises.  Most of these were later published in book form.

## Related pages

- List of sociologists from Europe
Neon Indian

**Neon Indian** is a music group from Denton, Texas.

The band's first album was _Psychic Chasms_.  It had many favorable reviews.  It was named Best New Music and 14th best album of 2009 by Pitchfork Media. The _Rolling Stone_ magazine called Neon Indian one of the hottest new bands of 2010.

On February 11, 2010, Neon Indian was on national television for the first time.  They played on NBC's Late Night with Jimmy Fallon.

### Albums

|rowspan="2"|Year|rowspan="2" style="width:260px;"|Album details|colspan="2"|Peak chart positions|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2009|_Psychic Chasms_ * Released: 13 October 2009 * Label: Lefse Records|style="text-align:center;"|–|style="text-align:center;"|11|
|2010|_Mind Ctrl: Psychic Chasms Possessed_ * Released: 28 September 2010 * Label: Fader Label|style="text-align:center;"|–|style="text-align:center;"|–|
|2011|_Era Extraña_ * Released: 13 September 2011 * Label: Static Tongues/Mom + Pop|style="text-align:center;"|74|style="text-align:center;"|4|

### Singles

- 2009: "Deadbeat Summer"  (2009 Top 20 Underground/Indie Pop Charts)"
- 2010: "6669 (I Don't Know If You Know)" (Indie/Underground radio airplay - January 2010)
- 2010: "Sleep Paralysist" **  (March 2010)
- 2011: "Fall Out" (July–August 2011)
- 2011: "Polish Girl" (August 2011)
- 2012: "Hex Girlfriend" (March 2012)
 (_This single was written and recorded with Chris Taylor from Grizzly Bear for Mountain Dew's Green Label Sound Series)_

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Neon Indian
- **image**: Neon Indian Governors Ball 2011.jpg
- **caption**: Neon Indian (Alan Palomo pictured) performing at Sudoeste Festival 2011.
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Denton, Texas, United States, U.S.
- **genre**: Indie pop, synthpop, chillwave, New Wave music, New Wave, noise pop
- **years active**: 2008–present
- **label**: Fader, Static Tongues, Lefse Records, Arts & Crafts México
- **website**: [http://www.myspace.com/neonindian Neon Indian on MySpace]
- **current members**: Alan Palomo
Leanne Macomber
Jason Faries
Ed Priesner
 Joshua McWhirter
- **past members**: Ronald Gierhart
Pipe bomb

A **pipe bomb** is a kind of explosive bomb.  It is made from a pipe filled with an explosive material.

In many countries making or having a pipe bomb is a serious crime.

## Notable incidents

- On 4 May 1886 a pipe bomb was thrown during a rally at Haymarket Square in Chicago, Illinois, United States. It reached a police line and exploded, killing policeman Mathias J. Degan.
- On 20 October 1930 William Kogut, an inmate on San Quentin's death row, tore up decks of playing cards.  He used them to make a pipe bomb, which he used to kill himself.
- On 27 July 1996 Eric Rudolph used a pipe bomb in the Centennial Olympic Park bombing during the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia, United States. It killed two people and injured 111.
- On 25 July 1997, during the July 1997 riots in Northern Ireland, a well-known loyalist was found dead in Belfast. He is thought to have died in a premature pipe bomb explosion at an arms dump.
- On 5 June 1999 a Protestant civilian was killed when a pipe bomb was thrown through the window of her house in Portadown, Northern Ireland. She was married to a Catholic man. Loyalist Volunteer Force (LVF) members were blamed, although the group said they were not responsible.
- On 20 April 1999 Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold used pipe bombs during the Columbine High School massacre.
- On 11 November 2001 an Ulster Defence Association (UDA) member died in a premature pipe bomb explosion during a riot in Belfast, Northern Ireland.
- On 3 January 2002 another UDA member died in a premature pipe bomb explosion in Coleraine, Northern Ireland.
- On 10 August 2006 four pipe bombs were found in and around the city of Salem, Oregon, United States. Some suspected a "serial pipe bomber" was at fault. A man was later arrested and charged.
- On 11 December 2010 a suicide bomber used one out of six pipe bombs close to a major shopping district in Stockholm, Sweden.  It killed the man and no one else. The incident is known as the 2010 Stockholm bombings.
- In January 2011 a potentially deadly pipe bomb was found along the route of a Martin Luther King Jr. memorial march in Spokane, Washington. The bomb was stopped and no one died.
Treasure Coast

**Treasure Coast** is a region in the US state of Florida. It is found on the state's Atlantic coast. The name "Treasure Coast" refers to the Spanish Treasure Fleet lost in a 1715 hurricane.
Juggalo

A **Juggalo** is someone who listens to Psychopathic Records and or likes Insane Clown Posse. They usually drink a drink called Faygo.

The name started at a 1994 concert by Insane Clown Posse.  In the song "The Juggla", Violent J called the audience "Juggalos".  It became popular.  They wrote the songs "What Is a Juggalo?" and "Down with The Clown" for their 1997 album _The Great Milenko_.

The **Gathering of the Juggalos** is a yearly festival put on by Psychopathic Records.  It has performances by the entire label as well as many well-known musical groups and underground artists. It was started by Robert Bruce, Insane Clown Posse, and their label in 2000.
Black hat

**Black hat** may refer to:

- Black hat (film), a movie's villain or bad guy, especially one that actually wears a black hat
- Black hat hacking, Internet slang for someone breaking computer or Internet security
- Black Hat Briefings,  a computer security conference
- the Iron Brigade, also known as the Black Hat Brigade, an infantry brigade during the American Civil War
- "Black Hat" Lamas, a term used in Buddhism, in reference to the Black Crown worn by the Karmapa
- Haredi Jews, whose men wear black hats and coats
- _Fear of a Black Hat_, a 1994 American mockumentary movie
Ole Miss Rebels

The **Ole Miss Rebels** are the sports team for the University of Mississippi.  They were first named the "Mississippi Flood".  They were renamed the **Rebels** in 1936.

The school's colors are cardinal red and navy blue.  This is meant to be the same as the school colors of Harvard and Yale.

Ole Miss' major athletic rivals are with the Mississippi State Bulldogs (MSU), the LSU Tigers, and the Arkansas Razorbacks.

## Infobox (college athletics)

- **name**: Ole Miss Rebels
- **logo**: Ole Miss Rebels logo.svg
- **logo width**: 250
- **university**: University of Mississippi
- **association**: NCAA
- **conference**: Southeastern Conference
- **division**: NCAA Division I, Division I/NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision, FBS
- **director**: Keith Carter (interim)
- **location**: Oxford, Mississippi
- **teams**: 18
- **stadium**: Vaught–Hemingway Stadium, Vaught–Hemingway Stadium/Hollingsworth Field
- **basketballarena**: The Pavilion at Ole Miss
- **baseballfield**: Swayze Field, Oxford-University Stadium/Swayze Field
- **mascot**: Tony the Landshark
- **nickname**: Johnny Reb, Rebels
- **fightsong**: _Forward Rebels_
- **pageurl**: http://www.olemisssports.com/
Canada goose

The **Canada goose** (_Branta canadensis_) is a wild goose with a black head and neck, white patches on the face, and a brownish-gray body. Native to arctic and temperate regions of North America, it is occasionally found in northern Europe, and has been introduced to other temperate regions. There are a number of subspecies.
Stan Wawrinka

**Stanislas "Stan" Wawrinka** (, ; born 28 March 1985 in Lausanne) is a Swiss professional tennis player. He is also a German citizen because his father is from Germany, though of Czech ancestry (hence their surname). His career-high singles ranking is Number 3 in the world. He reached this rank in January 2014. He considers clay his best surface and his serve and volley his best shot. He won the gold medal for Switzerland in the men's doubles event at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, with Roger Federer. They beat the Swedish team Simon Aspelin/Thomas Johansson in the final. They also won the 2008 Swiss Team of the Year Award.

Wawrinka has won three Grand Slam singles events: the Australian Open in 2014, the French Open in 2015, and the US Open in 2016.

## Other websites

- ATP Profile
- Davis Cup Profile
- ITF Profile
Aboriginal title

**Aboriginal title** is a common law doctrine that the  rights of indigenous peoples to own their traditional land persist after sovereignty has been taken by colonial settlers. When granted, it is usually inalienable, meaning it can not be sold, traded or given away. The title may be held by individuals or groups of people, and is inherited indefinitely (without end) by those people's descendants. What proof is required for aboriginal title to be recognised depends on the country's laws that govern the doctrine. It usually must include some evidence of historical inhabitance (living on the land for a long time, usually since before colonial settlement).

The majority of court cases granting aboriginal title have been in Australia,  Canada, Malaysia, New Zealand and the United States. Aboriginal title is also referred to as **indigenous title**, **native title** and **customary title**. It is related to the subject of indigenous rights.
Christianity in Pakistan

**Christianity** is the largest minority religion  in Pakistan. The total number of Christians in Pakistan was about 2,800,000 in 2008, or 1.6% of the population.  Most Christians in Pakistan are descended from recent converts from Hinduism during British Indian rule in the 19th and early 20th century.

Both Roman Catholics and Protestants (mostly belonging to the Church of Pakistan) are found here. There is an interdenominational 'Pakistan Christian Congress', that helps to smooth out relations between various sects and to take up any issues of mutual concern.
Umuwa, South Australia

**Umuwa** is an Aboriginal community on the Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Lands in South Australia. It is the administrative centre for the local government of the APY. Umuwa is about  north-west of Marla and  south west of Alice Springs. There are about 80 people living at Umuwa.

Umuwa was established in 1991. Mail arrives in Umuwa once per week by air mail. Supplies arrive by truck every week. Unlike larger settlements on the APY lands, Umuwa does not have a general store. There was a solar power station built near the town in 2003, but it stopped working in 2011 and will be dismantled. As with most APY settlements, Australian Broadcasting Corporation and Special Broadcasting Service television are available. There is also a health clinic and a police station.

## Other websites

- PY Media : Umuwa

## Infobox (australian place)

- **type**: town
- **name**: Umuwa
- **state**: sa
- **lga**: Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara
- **postcode**: 0872
- **est**: 1991
- **pop**: 50
- **pop year**: ?; est.
- **maxtemp**: 37.1
- **mintemp**: 5.0
- **rainfall**: 222.6
- **stategov**: Electoral district of Giles, Giles
- **fedgov**: Division of Grey, Grey
- **dist1**: 250
- **dir1**: northwest
- **location1**: Marla
- **dist2**: 460
- **dir2**: southwest
- **location2**: Alice Springs
Pelecaniformes

The **Pelecaniformes** is a order of medium-sized and large waterbirds. They are found worldwide. As traditionally—but wrongly—defined, they include all birds that have feet with four toes which are all webbed.
Most have a bare throat patch (gular patch). Their nostrils have evolved into slits which do not work properly. This causes them to breathe through their mouths. They feed on fish, squid or similar marine life. The young are altricial. They hatch from the egg helpless and naked in most cases. They lack a brood patch.
Natina Reed

**Natina Reed** (October 28, 1980 – October 27, 2012) was an American R&B singer and occasional actress. She was part of R&B girl group Blaque. She was also known for starring in 2000 movie _Bring It On_. Reed was killed on October 27, 2012, one day before her 33rd birthday. She was involved in an accident as she was crossing a street in Atlanta, Georgia.

### Album appearances

|Year|Title|Album|
| --- | --- | --- |
|2007|_Now Or Never _ with Shamar Woods|X-Rated|
|2001|_It's Over _ with Kurupt|Space Boogie: Smoke Oddessey|

### Filmography

|Year|Title|Role|Notes|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2003|_Honey_|Herself||
|2000|_Bring It On_|Jenelope||

### TV

|Year|Title|Role|Notes|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2000|_V.I.P._|Herself|(only in 1 episode)|

### Video cameo appearances

|Year|Title|Artist|
| --- | --- | --- |
|1997|"Ladies Night"|Lil' Kim|
|2001|"Welcome To Atlanta"|Ludacris|
|2001|"It's Over"|Kurupt|

## Other websites

- T.I. Album & Movie Release Party

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Natina Reed
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Natina Tiawana Reed
- **birth date**: October 28, 1980
- **death date**: October 27, 2012 (aged 32)
- **origin**: New York City, New York (state), New York, United States, U.S.
- **genre**: Rhythm and blues, R&B, Pop music, pop, Hip hop music, hip-hop
- **occupation**: Rapper, singer-songwriter, actress
- **years active**: 1999–2012 (Blaque)
2000–2012 (actress)
- **associated acts**: Blaque, Lisa Lopes, Lisa "Left Eye" Lopes, Kurupt
- **label**: Elektra Records / WMG
- **website**: _www.therealnatina.com_
Procellariiformes

**Procellariiformes** is an order of seabirds that comprises four families: the albatrosses, petrels and shearwaters, storm petrels, and diving petrels. They have a cosmopolitan distribution across the world's oceans, with the highest diversity being around New Zealand.
Only a single egg is laid per nesting attempt, and usually only a single nesting attempt is made per year, although the larger albatrosses may only nest once every two years. Both parents participate in incubation and chick rearing. Incubation times are long compared to other birds, as are fledgling periods. Once a chick has fledged there is no further parental care.
Amata, South Australia

**Amata** is an Aboriginal community in the Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara (APY) Lands in South Australia. It is in the north of the APY, between Umuwa and Nyapari. It is at the base of the Musgrave Ranges, about  west of the Stuart Highway. Amata was established under the name of **Musgrave Park** in 1961. The community was set up to take the pressure off the growth of nearby Pukatja (then known as Ernabella). The goal was to use it to teach the Aborigines in how to work in the livestock industry. A school was opened 7 years later, in 1968.

About 319 people lived at Amata in the 2006 census. It appears to have a growing population, which is not the usual pattern for Aboriginal communities in Australia. From 180 residents in 1981, it has grown steadily past 350 in the 1990s, to 536 in 1996.

Amata is made up of about 60 houses. There is a school, a general store and a health clinic. Supplies are delivered once per week and mail is delivered twice per week. Water comes from bores and is stored in tanks. The school was renovated by the state government from 2003–2005. A swimming pool was opened in June 2007. Amata also has a community centre, a community church, and an airstrip.

There is a police station at Amata, but they are not always there; state police are based in Marla and run patrols to the area. Some night patrols by residents have been done in the past to help policing of the community. In the absence of police, the community is served by 2 community constables. Tony Abbott suggested in 2007 there should be police at Amata permanently. In response, the state government said it would spend A$7.5 million at Amata and Pukatja for new police stations, court facilities and prison cells. It would also provide housing for police officers.

The sale of local artwork is important to the economy of the Amata community. Tjala Arts, founded in 1999, displayed the works of seven Amata artists in Canberra in 2006. In the 2007 State Budget, the South Australian Government announced $350,000 for a new arts centre in Amata.

## Other websites

- Profile at PY Media

## Infobox (australian place)

- **type**: town
- **name**: Amata
- **state**: sa
- **image**: Amata 2013.jpg
- **lga**: Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara
- **postcode**: 5710
- **est**: 1961
- **pop**: 479
- **elevation**: 690
- **maxtemp**: 37.1
- **mintemp**: 5.0
- **rainfall**: 222.6
- **stategov**: Electoral district of Giles, Giles
- **fedgov**: Division of Grey, Grey
- **dist1**: 1407
- **dir1**: North West
- **location1**: Adelaide via
Pukatja, South Australia

**Pukatja** is an Aboriginal community in the Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Lands in South Australia. Pukatja is in the eastern Musgrave Ranges, west of the Stuart Highway, about  south of the Northern Territory border. The town sits at an elevation of 676 metres above sea level. There were 332 people living at Pukatja in the 2006 census. This was an increase from 226 in the 2001 census, but a decrease from 470 in the 1991 census.

The town was established as a Presbyterian mission in 1938, with the name **Ernabella**. Families gradually came in from traditional nomadic life in the desert to live at the mission. The church gave control over the Ernabella Mission to a local community council on 1 January 1974.

Mail is delivered twice a week by a small plane from Alice Springs. The community store sells food and clothes. The garage has basic parts and diesel fuel. The local clinic has three registered nurses and the doctor is based here, but often away visiting other communities in the APY. The community church belongs to the Uniting Church. There is a basic police station at Pukatja, and is not permanently manned. In July 2007, the state police described the station as "dirty" and not well equipped. In response, the state government said that it would spend A$7.5 million at Pukatja and nearby Amata for new police stations, court facilities, prisoner cells and housing for police officers.

In the 2001 census, Pukatja was second only to nearby Mimili in having the lowest per-person income in South Australia ($174). Most important to the community's income is the local artists' co-operative, Ernabella Arts Inc. Established in 1948, Ernabella Arts is one of the longest continually running aboriginal arts centres in Australia. During the 1950s and 1960s, art and craft using local wool was the typical artistic form made by the Ernabella artists. Batik was introduced after several Ernabella artists travelled to Indonesia in the 1970s. Ernabella artists are now well known for their batik work and printmaking. A large collection of Ernabella art can be seen at the National Museum of Australia.

## Other websites

- Ernabella School
- Ernabella Arts
- Profile  from PY Media

## Infobox (australian place)

- **type**: town
- **name**: Pukatja (Ernabella)
- **state**: sa
- **pushpin label position**: bottom
- **lga**: Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara
- **postcode**: 0872
- **est**: c. 1938
- **pop**: 503
- **elevation**: 676
- **maxtemp**: 26.8
- **mintemp**: 11.8
- **rainfall**: 274.3
- **stategov**: Electoral district of Giles, Giles
- **fedgov**: Division of Grey, Grey
- **location1**: Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara,  Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Lands
Anaerobic respiration

**Anaerobic respiration** is a form of respiration which does not use oxygen. Elements other than oxygen are used for electron transport. Common replacements for oxygen are nitrates, iron, manganese, sulfates, sulfur, fumaric acid and carbon dioxide. _Escherichia coli_ uses nitrates and fumaric acid for respiration.

For the electron transport chain to work, there must be a final electron acceptor at the end of the chain. This allows electrons to pass through the chain. In aerobic organisms, this final electron acceptor is oxygen.  Molecular oxygen is a highly oxidizing agent and so it is an excellent acceptor. In anaerobes, other less-oxidizing substances such as sulphate (SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup>), nitrate (NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>), sulphur (S) are used.  These terminal electron acceptors have smaller reduction potential<nowiki/>s than O<sub>2</sub>, so less energy is released per oxidized molecule.  Anaerobic respiration is therefore less efficient than aerobic respiration except, of course, when oxygen is scarce or not apparent.

If there is no oxygen present, glycolysis is still able to happen.  Pyruvic acid is still produced, but instead of proceeding to the Krebs cycle, lactic acid is formed making small amounts of ATP.  An example of this is when exercising: if the body is not able to get enough oxygen to the muscles, they will make lactic acid.  This is what makes the muscles sore.

If oxygen is not used at all, the process is called fermentation. Examples of organisms using fermentation are lactic acid bacteria, and yeast. Yeast is a fungi, not bacteria.

The equation for anaerobic respiration in yeast and bacteria:

- Glucose -> Carbon dioxide + ethanol

The equation for anaerobic respiration in animals is:
- glucose -> lactic acid (C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6 </sub>-> 2C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>6</sub>O<sub>3</sub>)

After producing lactic acid more oxygen then in normal respiration is required to break it down (oxygen debt).
Mimili, South Australia

**Mimili** is an Aboriginal community in the Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Lands in South Australia. It is located in the Everard Ranges, about  west of the Stuart Highway. According to the local Aṉangu, the place has always been called Mimili. The current settlement was built around a cattle station called **Everard Park**, which was built by White farmers in the 1920s. The station's land was given back to the local Aborigines by the South Australian government in 1972.

There were 283 people living at Mimili in the 2006 census. The residents are mainly Aṉangu people who speak either Pitjantjatjara or Yankunytjatjara as their first language. The 2001 census data showed that Mimili had the lowest average weekly income per person (AU$172 compared with the South Australian average of AU$345). However, it also had one of the state's highest proportions of residents under the age of 15 (32.6%); and the state's highest ratio of single-parent families (36.0% compared with a statewide average of 15.6%).

Mimili has an airstrip, and a small health facility. There is also a general store and a craft facility where art is made and displayed. A diesel generator supplies electricity to the community. Water is stored in tanks and comes from two bores. A police station was built in 2011, and state police are stationed there permanently. The local school has about 60 children. Attendance at the school benefited from the construction of a swimming pool, opened in October 2006.

## Other websites

- Mimili Anangu School
- Profile  at PY Media

## Infobox (australian place)

- **type**: town
- **name**: Mimili
- **state**: sa
- **lga**: Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara
- **postcode**: 0872
- **pop**: 283
- **elevation**: 500
- **maxtemp**: 37.1
- **mintemp**: 5.0
- **rainfall**: 222.6
- **stategov**: Electoral district of Giles, Giles
- **fedgov**: Division of Grey, Grey
- **dist1**: 70
- **dir1**: W
- **location1**: Stuart Highway
Indulkana

**Indulkana** (also known as **Iwantja**) is an Aboriginal community in South Australia. It is on the Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Lands. It is about  west of the Stuart Highway and  south of Alice Springs. The town was established in 1968.

There were 315 people living at Indulkana in the 2006 census. Most of the people belong to the Yankunytjatjara nation. The 2001 census showed that Indulkana had South Australia's highest proportion residents under the age of 15 (35.0%).

Indulkana has a local community store that also supplies diesel fuel. There is an unsealed airstrip located close to the town. There is also a school, established in 1971. Indulkana does not have a permanent police presence, though it has a police station. State police are based at Marla and run patrols to the area. In the absence of police, the town is served by two constables from the community. The town also has a local artists' co-operative, Iwantja Arts. It has a gallery for sale of art work from across the APY.

## Other websites

- Profile at PY Media

## Infobox (australian place)

- **type**: town
- **name**: Indulkana (Iwantja)
- **state**: sa
- **lga**: Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara
- **postcode**: 0872
- **pop**: 315
- **elevation**: 396
- **maxtemp**: 37.1
- **mintemp**: 5.0
- **rainfall**: 222.6
- **stategov**: Electoral district of Giles, Giles
- **fedgov**: Division of Grey, Grey
- **dist1**: 1200
- **dir1**: northwest
- **location1**: Adelaide
Morgan's canon

**Morgan's canon** is a rule relating to animal behaviour, which states that it should be explained as simply as possible. It is named after British psychologist C. Lloyd Morgan. His idea was that people should only consider behaviour as, for example, rational, purposive or affectionate, if there is no other explanation possible.

- "In no case is an animal activity to be interpreted in terms of higher psychological processes if it can be fairly interpreted in terms of processes which stand lower in the scale of psychological evolution and development".

Morgan saw that much insight and apparent problem-solving behaviour could be described using trial and error learning. A famous example is the skilful way in which Morgan's terrier Tony opened the garden gate, easily taken by someone seeing the final behaviour as an insightful act. Morgan, however, had watched and recorded the series of approximations by which the dog had gradually learned the response, and could demonstrate that no insight was required to explain it.

Morgan's Canon is a forerunner of behaviourism.

## Related pages

- Behaviorism
- Occam's Razor
Kaltjiti

**Kaltjiti** (also previously known as **Fregon**) is an Aboriginal community in the Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Lands in South Australia. It is located about  south of the Musgrave Ranges and is  from the Stuart Highway. The town sits on Officer Creek, which flows from Mount Woodroffe. The creek is usually a dry sandy bed and only flows at times of very high rainfall. There are about 350 people living at Kaltjiti.

The first recording by white Australians of a community at Kaltjiti was by explorer Ernest Giles. He wrote that he found 200 male Aborigines there in September 1873, during his second trip into the South Australian desert. The meeting was violent, as Giles and his travellers interrupted a sacred ceremony. The first European settlement near Kaltjiti was set up in 1934. It was established by a dogger (dingo hunter), who was given the rights to the nearby bore (called Shirley Well) by the government as a reward for all the dingos he had killed. By the late 1950s, Aboriginal families were camped at Shirley Well permanently. In 1960, the station at Ernabella was expanded to include Shirley Well.

A outstation, called Fregon, was built with government help by 1961, as a base for Aboriginal stockmen and their families. It was built  south of Shirley Well on Officer Creek. The aim of the settlement was to provide training in working with livestock and for the families to have access to traditional country in the sandhills to the west. Fregon was administered through Ernabella and it was not until 1968 that it had its own airstrip. It began with a school, a small health clinic, a workshop, a small store and houses for the staff.

Mail is delivered to Kaltjiti ones a week. Supplies are delivered every week. Water is provided from six bores and placed in storage tanks for pumping to the community. The Town is connected to the power grid. Kaltjiti does not have a permanent police presence. State police are based at Mimili and run patrols to the area.

## Other websites

- Profile  at PY Media
- Fregon Anangu School
- Kaltjiti Arts

## Infobox (australian place)

- **type**: town
- **name**: Kaltjiti (Fregon)
- **state**: sa
- **lga**: Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara
- **postcode**: 0872
- **est**: c. 1934
- **pop**: 285
- **elevation**: 524
- **maxtemp**: 28.7
- **mintemp**: 13.6
- **rainfall**: 222.6
- **stategov**: Electoral district of Giles, Giles
- **fedgov**: Division of Grey, Grey
- **location1**: Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara,  Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Lands
Rupert Brooke

**Rupert Chawner Brooke** (3 August 1887 – 23 April 1915) was an English poet. He is known for his war sonnets written during the First World War. His best known work is "The Soldier". Irish poet W. B. Yeats described him as "the handsomest young man in England".

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Rupert Brooke
- **image**: Rupert Brooke Q 71073.jpg
- **image size**: 270px
- **birth date**: 3 August 1887
- **birth place**: Rugby, Warwickshire, Rugby, Warwickshire, England
- **death place**: Aegean Sea, off the island of Skyros
- **death cause**: Sepsis
- **resting place**: Skyros, Greece
- **nationality**: British
- **known for**: Poetry
- **education**: Rugby School, King's College, Cambridge, King's College, University of Cambridge (fellow)
- **employer**: Sidgwick and Jackson (Publisher)
- **occupation**: Poet