juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Monarch

A **monarch** is the ruler of a country which is a monarchy. Monarchs usually get their power by inheritance from one of their parents. When a monarch dies, a child or the nearest relative takes over. A male monarch is usually called a king or emperor. A female monarch is usually called a queen or empress. There female kings in history. An example of a modern woman king is Her Royal Majesty Queen Diambi, the traditional ruler of the Bakwa Luntu People in Central Kasaï, Congo, Africa.

Monarchy is still common in Africa. Many countries have both a president and a monarch of some sort.

Monarchs were very common in history until the 20th century. Most European countries had monarchs in past centuries, but most no longer have them. Some countries that still have monarchs have other leaders with the actual power. Most monarchies are hereditary monarchies. Some countries, however, elect their monarch, instead of using inheritance, like the Holy Roman Empire and Malaysia. Some republics, such as the Dutch Republic or North Korea, had or have a hereditary ruler but do not call him a "monarch".

Monarchs can also have monarchs of lower honour below them. For example, an empire could include several kingdoms, and a kingdom could have several duchies or principalities. Nations would rarely include all titles and usually go from duchy to kingdom instead of duchy to principality to kingdom. "Prince" and " princess" are words that mean "ruler of a principality" and/or "son of a king/queen." Some languages have separate words for them.

The details may vary from country to country.

## Monarchs by rank

|Title|Male|Female|
| --- | --- | --- |
|Empire|Emperor|Empress|
|Kingdom|King|Queen|
|Archduchy|Archduke|Archduchess|
|Grand Duchy|Grand Duke|Grand Duchess|
|Duchy|Duke|Duchess|
|Grand Principality|Grand Prince|Grand Princess|
|Principality|Prince|Princess|
|Marquisate|Marquess|Marchioness|
|County/Earldom|Count/Earl|Countess|
|Viscounty|Viscount|Viscountess|
|Barony|Baron|Baroness|

## Related pages

- Coronation
- Divine right of kings
- Interregnum
- Letters patent
- Royal family
Unit

**Unit** means part of something: a ~ in an army/air force, a navy. Component, building block of constructions and molecules.

It could mean a unit of measurement, ~ of currency (£$¥¤€).

**Units** sometimes means the digit in a number on the right, which is also called the "ones".

In exact sciences use is made of cgs/psi/cal and m kg s/N/J systems. The **SI units** in calculation and measurement prevail.

Some other ideas come from this word:

- **Unity** is what is found when parts are joined into one.
    1. On stage: ~ of place, time and act means unchanged setting.
    1. Trinity (3 in 1) in theology.
- **To unite** is the act of joining parts together.

1. A football team may be called "X United". This means that the town of X has come together to support the group.
1. The UK, USA, UAE; UNO and its organisations.
1. ~d we stand, divided we fall. Workers ~ never will be defeated (lengthy piano piece).

In the BBC TV series Doctor Who, **UNIT** is a military group on earth (**UN**ified **I**ntelligence **T**askforce) who battle invading aliens.
Uncle

An **uncle** is a name used in an extended family. An uncle is either a brother of one of someone's parents or is the husband of a sibling of a parent. That person is the uncle's nephew (male) or niece (female). An uncle's child is a cousin. A granduncle (also written as great-uncle or grand-uncle) is the brother of a grandparent. In some cultures an uncle is considered a close family member. Based on the old Chinese saying "the oldest son in the family is the father of the family" an uncle is often the head of a family. In many cultures no single word (such as uncle) describes both their parents' brothers. Instead there are words to describe a person's kinship to their mother's brother or a person's kinship to their father's brother. An uncle can also be someone not related by blood or marriage as in a term of endearment or respect. In this use uncle can also be part of a nickname such as Uncle Sam.

## _Avunculus_

During the Middle Ages in western Europe, a maternal uncle played a particular role in the family. A young man was often closer to his maternal uncle (from  or "little grandfather") than to his own father. Tacitus noted the Franks had very strong ties between a maternal uncle and his nephew. In Roman family relationships the _avunculus_ had a responsibility to defend his nephews as well as his nieces. The maternal uncle relationship was an extension of the Roman kin system's strong brother-sister relationship.

### Variation of terms

A maternal or paternal relative is one who is related through their mother or father, respectively. For example, a maternal uncle is the subject's mother's brother.An in-law is a relationship that is not by blood, but instead by marriage. The in-law shares the in-law relationships of the spouses relatives. For example, an uncle in-law could be the husband of the subject's Aunt.

- **uncle**: parent's brother.
- **maternal uncle**: mother's brother.
- **paternal uncle**: father's brother.
- **half-uncle**: parent's half-brother.
- **double-half-brother**: a person who is a half-brother of both of the subjects parents.
- **granduncle** (or **great-uncle**): grandparent's brother.
- **great-granduncle** (or **great-great-uncle**): great-grandparent's brother.
- **uncle-in-law**: uncle/aunt's husband.
- **uncle-in-law**: spouse's uncle.
- **co-uncle-in-law**: spouse's uncle/aunt's husband.
- **stepuncle**: stepparent's brother.
- **stepuncle**: parent's stepbrother.

## Related pages

- Nephew and niece
Information

The word "**information**" is used in many different ways. Originally, it comes from a word that meant to give a _form_ to something. Information  is something that people can learn, know about, or understand. For example, a newspaper contains information about the world. This article contains information about "Information".

## Information in computer science

People who use computers often use the words _information_ and _data_ in the same way. There are special fields of study called "information science", "information technology" (IT), and data science.

In the 1970s and 1980s, some people gave a new, specific meaning to "information". At that time, the first computer databases were built. In computer science, _data_ often means a kind of information that has not been checked. That means _data_ has not been changed or fixed, and you may not be able to trust it. With the new meaning, _information_ means data that has been checked and passed tests for what it must be. A person can trust that "information" is correct.

Information can only be correct and good enough to trust if there are very good and complete ways to check the data (data checking, validation or verification) and decide it is good enough (acceptance process).  A person must know rules were used to check the data or trust the person who checked the data.  If a person cannot tell that this was done, the information still seems to be data for that person, so that person must check the data again, in that general view about data.

The Information Age is a historic period.
Airport

An **airport** is a place where airplanes can land or take off. Most airports in the world have only a long strip of level ground called a runway. Many airports have buildings which are used to hold airplanes and passengers. A building that holds passengers waiting for their planes or luggage is called a terminal. The sections between planes and the terminal are called "gates". Airports also have buildings called hangars to hold planes when they are not used. Some airports have buildings to control the airport, like a control tower which tells planes where to go.

An **international airport** is a large airport that airplanes can use to fly to and from other countries. A **domestic airport** is an airport which is usually smaller and only has airplanes coming from different places in the same country. Most international airports have shops and restaurants for airplane passengers to use.

An airport used by the military is often called an **air force base** or **airbase**. An aircraft carrier is a floating airbase.

## Safety

Airports are made and operated for safety. Today, people must walk through a metal detector, a machine that can tell if metal goes through it. If it makes a noise, the officers will make that person take off all things on them that are metal. They also have X-ray machines that can look into luggage. If officers find items such as weapons, or anything that can be used to kill people, that item (and the person who has it) are taken away and possibly arrested. As well as this, passengers are not allowed to bring bottles or containers with over 100 ml of liquid onto the plane because they could be turned into bombs. Therefore, all water bottles must be emptied before entering the secured area.

## Related pages

- List of airports in Japan

## Other websites

- AirNav.com - complete list of U.S. airports, with detailed airport information
- flightwise.com  - graphical airport finder via Google Maps
- ATCSCC Real-time Airport Status page - shows airport delay times for major U.S. airports (FAA)
- FlightCentral.net  - complete list of U.S. airports with detailed airport information and integrated weather
- Department for Transport (United Kingdom)
- History of Aircraft Landing Aids
- SkyVector.com - Airspace and Airport information on Aeronautical Charts
- Canadian Air Transport Security Authority (CATSA) Official Website
- View airports and weather in Google Maps and Google Earth
- Float Incorporated (developers of floating airports and Pneumatic Stabilized Platform (PSP))
Travel

**Travel** is the activity of going from one place to another place. When a person makes the same trip every day to work or school, this type of traveling is usually called "commuting."  Some people travel to other cities as part of their job. This is called "business travel." When many people travel to a distant place to stay, it is called "human migration".

Some people travel on their vacation, to visit other towns, cities, or countries.  This is tourism.  These people stay overnight in hotels, hostels, motels, apartments or bed and breakfast.  Some prefer camping.  Through the centuries, modes of travel have changed. Some people (travel writers) write about travelling, as in autobiographies or journals. Some write guide book<nowiki/>s suggesting places to go.

Types of travelling:

- Hiking
- Cruise ship vacations
- Pilgrimage
- Train journeys
- Hitch-hiking
- Driving
- Flight

## Famous travellers

- Marco Polo
- Ibn Battuta

## Related pages

- Human migration
CNN

The **Cable News Network** (**CNN**) is an American cable news television channel. It was founded in 1980 by Ted Turner. The Cable News Network first aired on television on June 1, 1980. The Cable News Network's first newscast was anchored (hosted) by David Walker and his wife Lois Hart. In its first year CNN hired many political analysts, including Rowland Evans and Robert Novak. On January 1, 1982 CNN launched a 24-hour sister newscast channel with no talk shows or commentary shows called CNN2. CNN broadcasts programs from its headquarters at the CNN Center in Atlanta, or from the Deutsche Bank Center in New York City, or from studios in Washington, D.C., and Los Angeles. CNN is owned by Warner Bros. Discovery, and the U.S. news channel is a part of the CNN Worldwide unit.

In 2025, CNN launched new subscription services for its online platforms. The CNN Basic subscription offers unlimited access to news articles, expanding on a paywall service launched in October 2024. The CNN All Access service also offers livestreams of CNN's channels and CNN videos. The video content is also available to the channel's cable customers, but they would still need to buy the CNN Basic subscription for unlimited access to news articles.

In the U.K., the live TV broadcast of CNN International became available as a separate online subscription in 2021 after distribution through various TV providers except Sky UK ended.

In Germany, a livestream of CNN International has been made available for free via services such as Joyn and Zattoo as of November 2024.

## Shows

The hosts of its opinion shows are Don Lemon, Chris Cuomo,  Fredricka Whitfield,  Erin Burnett, Brianna Keiler and Brooke Baldwin.

CNN has been criticized by the right-wing Media Research Center for having a left-wing bias.  According to that same Center, it is less to the left than the news divisions of ABC, NBC, and CBS.  It has been criticized by Arabs for having a pro-American bias.

## Related pages

- The CW
- TNT
- NBC
- NBC News
- CNBC
- MSNBC

## Other websites

- CNN.com

## Infobox (television channel)

- **name**: CNN
- **logo**:
- **logo size**: 175px
- **parent**: CNN Worldwide
- **picture format**: 1080i (High-definition television, HDTV)(downscaled to Letterboxing (filming), letterboxed 480i for the Standard-definition television, SDTV feed)
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **headquarters**: Midtown, Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.New York City, U.S.
- **online serv 1**: Online stream
- **online chan 1**: [https://edition.cnn.com/videos/live CNN Live] (pay-TV subscribers only)
- **online serv 2**: Affiliated Streaming Service
- **online chan 2**: HBO Max
- **online serv 3**: Service(s)
- **online chan 3**: DirecTV Stream, Hulu + Live TV, Sling TV, YouTube TV
Leader

A **leader** is somebody whom people follow. A leader has authority. For people to accept a leader, his or her leadership must therefore be legitimate.
Because people follow a leader, the leader can make people do things. A leader can therefore make people work together towards a common goal.

An example of a leader is the head of government of a country. People within the government _follow_ the leader, and citizens look to the head of government for inspiration and guidance. Sometimes, when a head of government lacks legitimacy, people will stop following him or her. The head of government is therefore no longer able to lead properly. This may result in a new election, or in worst case civil war.

A group with no leader is called **leaderless**.

## Related page

- Charisma

## Other websites

- 'The Vision Thing': How Effective Leaders Cultivate and Co-ordinate Social Identity in Order to Promote Followership
- Leadership Qualities

de:Führung
Blackboard

A **blackboard**, also called a **chalkboard**, is a surface on which  chalk is visible. It is used as a surface to write on. It is usually made up of wood or fiber. It is painted black to reflect the white chalks.

Blackboards are often used to help in teaching in school. Blackboards are not used as much now but can be seen in some schools still. The chalk dust got everywhere, and some people are allergic to chalk dust. Now people use whiteboards: they can take modern felt-tip colour markers, and clean easily.

Schoolteachers often use the chalkboard to display things at large. It also makes the learning cooperative between teachers and student. Chalkboards can be black or dark green, in which case they may be called blackboards and greenboards.
Open source

**Open source** is a software similar to free software, but is more related to business. It is different from other software because the source code is available to everyone. The source code is a set of instructions for the computer, written in a programming language.

Anyone can see how the source code works and can change it if they want to make it work differently. The opposite of open source is closed source. Closed source software is not available to everyone. Open source has a lot in common with free software but each has its own focus and goals.

Open source and free software have been around for decades. They became more popular with the Linux and BSD software communities.  To protect the code, a special user license is used. The most common kinds of licence are the GPL, BSD and LGPL. Wikipedia uses open source too. The Open Source Movement is led by the Open Source Initiative.

The open source movement became separate from the free software movement in 1998.

### Computing

- GNU Octave
- R
- Scilab

### Document creation

- GNU Emacs
- LaTeX
    - Beamer
- LibreOffice
- SATySFi
- Vim

## Companies making open source software

- Facebook
- Google
- Microsoft

## Other websites

- Open Source Initiative
- Open Source Download Centre
Desktop environment

In graphical user interfaces and consoles a **desktop environment** is a location on a personal computer that helps the user get around on the computer.  The desktop itself is a place in the operating system used for short cuts to computer files and folders on the hard drive. Computer icons (small pictures) are used to represent files/folders. Clicking  these icons will open or start a folder or program. The desktop is the area where the start menu is if the computer has a start menu.

Usually the desktop is the main screen on the computer. If no programs or folders are open, the computer will display the desktop.

The most common desktop environment on personal computers is the one given by Microsoft Windows; another common environment is the one given by Apple Mac OS X. Other mostly-used desktop environments for Unix-like operating systems using the are KDE, GNOME, Xfce. There are also other desktop environments, including : Aston, EDE, Graphical Environment Manager, IRIX Interactive Desktop, Sun's Java Desktop System, Mezzo, Project Looking Glass, ROX Desktop, UDE, Xito, XFast.
Download

**Download** means to get information from another computer or server. The opposite of downloading is **uploading**, which is sending data to another computer. Usually, we do not say "download" for a single web page (for example, when you open this page on your computer). When we say we downloaded something, it is normally a bigger computer file, like data or a computer program.

The word **downloadable** means the ability to get information or data from an owner for one's use. The source is expected to be authentic and have the right to send it. At the user's end, the downloaded information or data are to be used based on agreement notice.

## Sideload

As most non-technical users use the word download to talk about any data transfer, the word "sideload" is sometimes used for local to local transfers as distinct from distant ones.

## Related articles

Sideloading
GNOME

**GNOME** is a computer desktop environment. It was designed for Linux, but many other operating systems can use it too. GNOME aims to provide an easy way to use a computer. GNOME is a free software project.  It was made because at the time, people were questioning whether KDE was free software.  GNOME is part of the GNU project.

## Aims

According to the GNOME website:

The GNOME project puts heavy emphasis on simplicity, usability, and making things “just work” (see _KISS principle_). The other aims of the project are:

- Freedom—to create a desktop environment with readily-available source code for re-use under a free software license.
- Accessibility—to ensure the desktop can be used by anyone, regardless of technical skill or physical circumstances.
- Internationalization and localization—to make the desktop available in many languages. At the moment, GNOME is being translated to 161 languages.
- Developer-friendliness—to ensure ease of writing software that integrates smoothly with the desktop, and allow developers a free choice of programming language.
- Organization—to adhere to a regular release cycle and maintain a disciplined community structure.
- Support—to ensure backing from other institutions beyond the GNOME community.

## Applications

GNOME has many applications written for it. Some of them include:

- Abiword - A word processor, used for writing documents
- Calculator - For doing maths
- Epiphany (software) - Internet browser
- Empathy - Internet messenger
- Ekiga - VoIP and video conferencing
- Eye of GNOME - View your picture files
- Gthumb - View your photos
- GIMP - Art and photo software
- Nautilus - File manager
- Totem - Play music and video

## Related pages

- Ubuntu Linux

## Other websites

- The GNOME website
- News about GNOME

## Infobox (software)

- **logo**: Gnomelogo.svg
- **logo size**: 90px
- **screenshot**: GNOME Shell.png
- **caption**: GNOME Shell with GNOME Web, Weather and GNOME Files, Files (version 48, released in March 2025)
- **author**: Miguel de Icaza and Federico Mena
- **developer**: The GNOME Project
- **programming language**: C (programming language), C, XML, C++, C Sharp (programming language), C#, HTML, Vala (programming language), Vala, Python (programming language), Python, JavaScript, CSS, and more
- **operating system**: BSD, Linux, Unix
- **platform**: Wayland (display server protocol), Wayland and X Window System, X11
- **language count**: 38
- **genre**: Desktop environment
- **license**: GNU General Public License, GPL-2.0-or-later
Blindness

**Blindness** is to not see anything. Some people are called blind, even though they can see a little bit. This is because they cannot see clearly, but only see unfocused shapes or colors.

In modern countries, few young people are blind. In all the world, blindness is mostly caused by malnutrition and diseases of old people, like cataracts and trachoma. People can become blind because of diseases or accidents, but sometimes people are born blind.

Legal blindness is defined as a level of visual acuity low enough to qualify for disability benefits and\or special accommodations. Legal blindness is also defined as being unable to be completely corrected by prescription glasses or contact lenses.

Some people are _color blind_, which means they can see, but cannot tell certain colors apart.

When people are blind they use such things as the alphabet in _braille_ and _guide dogs_ to do every day life things.  In addition, they may wear sunglasses all the time to hide and \or protect their eyes.

Famous blind people have included Louis Braille, the inventor of the braille alphabet, Stevie Wonder, Ray Charles and Helen Keller.

## References

- Book on the history of blindness
- Royal National Institute for the Blind
- Scottish Sensory Centre
- Blind Net
- Guide Dogs for the Blind Association
Sin

A **sin** is a bad act. Particularly, it is a bad act against another person(s), an animal, a spirit, or a god.

In Abrahamic religions, such as Christianity and Judaism, it is an act that goes against what God wants. It turns people away from God and true happiness. In Exodus chapter 20, Moses was given the Ten Commandments by God, explaining important sins like murder and idolatry. This is not believed by all people, and not all societies have the same idea of sin.

There is a difference between sins and prohibitions. For example, Muslims and Jews say that it is wrong to eat pork, and Hindus do not eat beef. That is for them, but for others it is not wrong to eat these things.

## Related pages

- Original sin
- Seven deadly sins
Summer

**Summer** is one of the four seasons. It is the hottest season of the year. In some places, summer is the wettest season (with the most rain), and in other places, it is a dry season. Four seasons are found in areas which are not too hot or too cold. Summer happens to the north and south sides of the Earth at opposite times of the year. In the north part of the world, summer takes place between the months of June and September, and in the south part of the world, it takes place between December and March. This is because when the north part of the Earth points towards the Sun, the south part points away.

Many people in rich countries travel in summer, to seaside resorts, beaches, camps or picnics. In some countries, they celebrate things in the summer as well as enjoying cool drinks. Other countries get snow in the summer just like winter.
Month

A **month** is an amount of time used with calendars. It is about 1/12th of a year. It is a little longer than a natural synodic orbital period of the moon, ca. 29.5 days. Lunar calendars use the natural synodic month. For some purposes astronomers use the sidereal month of 27.3 days.

Other calendars, called "solar calendars", ignore the moon, and depend entirely on the Sun — for example, the Gregorian calendar of 365 or 366 days (12 months) used in much of the world today.
Scalar

**Scalars** are simple numbers. They are used for measuring things. Many things can be measured, and the measure can be explained by only giving the number.

Suppose we are measuring a rod. We could give the measured length as 2 metres or 3 cm—depending on the length of the rod under observation. Here, only the figure 2 or 3 along with the unit of measure is enough to transmit information about the rod.

Other examples of scalars are:
- Unit of mass (Kilograms)
- Unit of measuring luminosity (Candela)
- Unit of length (Metres)

In other words, mass is measured by scalars, just like distances are measured by scalars.

In mathematics, scalars are distinguished from more complex mathematical objects such as vectors and matrices in that they consist of only one number. A scalar  can also be multiplied to a vector  or a matrix , resulting in the vector  and the matrix , respectively. For vectors, scalar multiplication produces a new vector of different length in the same or opposite direction of the original vector.

## Related pages

- Dot product, a scalar quantity
- Scalar (physics)
Soap bubble

A **soap bubble** is a very thin film of soap water. Their shape is a hollow, round ball, or sphere. They have a colorful surface. Soap bubbles do not last very long. Sometimes they break in the air. When they touch something else, they usually break. When people talk about soap bubbles they think about them being pretty but short-lived. So, they are a symbol for other things that are pretty but short-lived or unimportant. Children enjoy playing with bubbles. Sometimes, adults enjoy seeing art done with soap bubbles.

They get their colors from iridescence.

## Artists

- Tom Noddy, author of _Bubble Magic_,
- Keith Michael Johnson,
- Fan Yang,
- Louis Pearl,
- Reinhold Leppert,
- Craig Glenday,
- John Erck.
Fire Brigades Union

The **Fire Brigades Union** (**FBU**) is the main union for firefighters in the United Kingdom. A union is a group of workers.  They make the group to improve pay and working conditions.  It was founded in 1918 in the London area as the _Firemans Trade Union_.  It soon grew to cover the entire country.    Today, it has around 50,000 members.

## Other websites

- FBU homepage
Wheel

A **wheel** is a disc or circle-shaped mechanical device. Its main purpose is to allow things to _roll_; in other words, the wheel spins, and object on the wheels moves more easily along the ground.  It is a simple machine. The principle behind the wheel is that of mechanical advantage.

Most land vehicles roll on wheels. Wheels are often used in pairs, connected by a rod of wood or metal known as an axle. The wheel and axle turn together. The part of the wheel that attaches to the axle is called the hub.

The wheel with an axle is the basis of many machines, not just vehicles.  The potter's wheel, the lathe and the windlass are examples. Many machines have wheels with teeth, known as gear<nowiki/>s.

## History

Most experts believe that  the ancient Mesopotamians invented the wheel about 4000 BC.

People in Asia also discovered it on their own around 3500 BC.  The Inca and Maya had wheels on children's toys around 1500 BC, but they did not use wheels for work.  Africa south of the Sahara desert and Australia did not have the wheel until people there met people from Europe.  Early wheels were solid disks; the spoked wheel was invented around 2000 BC. The earliest documentation of a vehicle with wheels is a painting dated between 33503500 BC.

## Uses

Today, wheels are used in cars, carts, airplanes, wheelchairs, bicycles, trains, and skateboards, in addition to many more devices.
Physical exercise

The word **exercise** means:
- Things to do to get some practical experience and skill in some activity.
- Repeatedly moving the human body to make it stronger or better at doing something. This is called _physical exercise_.

## Basic modes of physical exercises

People do physical exercises as a part of their healthy lifestyle to get stronger and healthier or stay strong and healthy or to improve their body image. There are three basic modes of physical exercises:

- Flexibility exercises help the human body in general or its part in particular to be able to reach farther and bend better.
- Aerobic exercises help the body work hard for a long time.
- Anaerobic exercises, like lifting weights, make the arms and legs stronger.

Exercises can be an important part of physical therapy, weight loss, or sports performance.

Exercise can be fun, but it is important for the exerciser to do what they like and eat enough calories, so when they exercise they are building up muscles, not just breaking them down for fuel. Carbohydrates are muscle-sparing; and if one does not get enough calories overall, there is the risk of burning muscles up with the fat to make up the deficit.

## Exercise benefits

Benefits of exercise for all ages have been known since antiquity. Marcus Cicero, around 65 BC, stated: “It is exercise alone that supports the spirits, and keeps the mind in vigor.”

The CDC recommends that adults should get 150 minutes of physical activity weekly. Regular exercise has been shown to help high blood pressure, obesity, heart disease, diabetes, and depression, among others. Exercise also helps people feel less tired.

Regular exercise can have a profoundly positive impact on depression, anxiety, and ADHD. It also relieves stress, improves memory, helps sleep better, and boosts overall mood. Studies show that exercise can treat mild to moderate depression as effectively as antidepressant medication but without the side-effects, of course.

## Examples of physical exercises

- aerobics
- bodybuilding
- running
- squat
- sport
- stretching
- walking
- weight training
- Cycling
- Swimming
- Yoga
- Pilates
- High-Intensity Interval Training

## References

7. Why Fitness is famous and necessary?
Percentage

**Percent** means _out of one hundred_.  It is often shown with the symbol "%". It is used even if there are not a hundred items. The number is then scaled so it can be compared to one hundred. Percent is also used to indicate changes in numerical quantities.

For example, we have a bowl of fruit with three apples and one orange. The percentage of apples is 3 out of 4, or 3/4 = 75/100 = 75%.

A percentage is only one way of writing a ratio; one can also write it as a fraction or decimal. There are ways to convert fractions to percentages or decimals to percentages.

## Uses

Percentages are useful in practice, because it allows one to compare things that are not out of the same number.  For example, exam marks are often percentages, which can compare them even if there are more questions on one exam paper than the other.

## Related pages

- Annual percentage rate
- Percentile
- Per mille
Rock

**Rock** has several meanings:

- Rock (geology), a hard substance made of minerals, often found in or on the ground
- Rock music
- Rock and roll music, a form of popular music that started in the 20th century
Sundial

A **sundial** shows the current solar time during the day. It does this because the sun appears to move through the sky. At different times in the day when the sun is shining, a shadow is cast in different places on the dial. A person marks the dial with the time at a certain shadow. This lets users easily see the time. There are a few commonly seen designs, such as the 'ordinary' or standard horizontal garden sundial. However, sundials can be designed for any surface where a fixed object casts a predictable shadow. They may be horizontal or vertical or tilted.

Ancient Egypt had sundials. Other cultures developed them further, including the Greeks and Romans.

## Related pages

- Time
- Water clock
- Clock

## Other websites

- Sunbeams and Sundials Children's guide to the sun, the seasons and sundials.
- There is a book from 1319 that talks about sundails
- There is another old book from the 1500's that talks about how to make a sundial. It's written in the Arabic language
Peninsula

A **peninsula** is a region of land that projects into a body of water.  It is also defined as a piece of land with water on three sides.

Many countries are on peninsulas, and may either take up part of a peninsula (such as Portugal) or all of it (such as India).  Parts of a country may also be on a peninsula.  For example, Jutland is a peninsula, as is Baja California in Mexico and Malaya.

If Eurasia is considered a continent then the continent of Europe is technically a peninsula. In this case, the great peninsulas of Europe, the Iberian, Italian, and Balkan peninsulas would technically be peninsulas within peninsulas. The area of the European Peninsula, comprised of Europe minus Russia, Fennoscandia, and any islands, is roughly 4.4 million square kilometers.

The Arabian Peninsula is usually cited as the largest peninsula in the world with an area of 3,237,500 square kilometers.
Derivation

A **derivative** is something created from a primary source, which can mean different things.

- Derivative, or derivative security
- Derivative, a central idea of calculus
- Derivative works made from an existing work of art
- Derivative, a word that is made from a more basic word
- Derivative, a substance that has similar properties to the original. However, one or more components of the original are replaced
Nim

**Nim** is a simple game used for examples in combinatorial game theory. The rules of nim are simple:
1. The game begins with some piles of counters.
1. Players alternate turns.
1. On a turn, a player takes counters from a pile. At least one counter must be taken, but up to 3. All counters must be in the same pile.
1. If a player cannot take a counter, that player loses.

There is a simple mathematical strategy to play the game perfectly. If both players play perfectly, the winner is determined by the initial setup.

## Other websites

- Nim Game
Memory

**Memory** is the personal record of past experiences. It is the brain's ability to store information to use later. Memory is studied in sciences known as "cognitive psychology".

There are two types of memory: short-term and long-term memory, or known as working memory and reference memory.

1. _Short-term memory_, the ability to keep information in mind for a short time, like remembering a phone number long enough to find a piece of paper.
1. _Long-term memory_, the ability to remember things long after they happen, like remembering a holiday you had last year.

The Greeks considered memory (Mnemosyne) as the mother of Muses, for without her there would be no art and science.

## Related pages

- Commemorative plaque
- Memorial
- Mnemonic
- Performing music from memory
- Photographic memory
- _Damnatio memoriae_
Bird

{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Birds
| fossil_range = Upper Cretaceous-Present {{fossil range|72|earliest=Hauterivian|0}}
<imagemap>
File:Bird Diversity 2013.png|300px
rect 0 0 333 232 Red-crested turaco
rect 0 232 333 470 Steller's sea eagle
rect 0 696 333 470 Rock dove
rect 0 928 333 700 Southern cassowary
rect 0 1160 333 930 Gentoo penguin
rect 0 1392 333 1160 Bar-throated minla

rect 666 0 333 232 shoebill
rect 666 232 333 470 grey crowned crane
rect 666 696 333 470 Anna's hummingbird
rect 666 928 333 700 rainbow lorikeet
rect 666 1160 333 930 grey heron
rect 666 1392 333 1160 Eurasian eagle-owl
Freedom of speech

**Freedom of speech** is the right to state one's opinions and ideas without being stopped or punished. Sometimes this is also called **freedom of expression**.

Freedom of speech may include freedom of the press and freedom of information. It usually includes _speaking in public_; only rarely does it include speaking in the family or in other private situations.

Most people think freedom of speech is necessary for a democratic government. In countries without free speech, people might be afraid to say what they think. Then, the government does not know what the people want. If the government does not know what they want, it cannot respond to their wants. Without free speech, the government does not have to worry as much about doing what the people want. Some people say this is why some governments do not allow free speech: they do not want to be criticised, or they fear there would be revolution if everyone knew everything that was happening in the country.

A well-known liberal thinker, John Stuart Mill, believed that freedom of speech is important because the society that people live in has a right to hear people's ideas. It's not just important because everyone should have a right to express him or herself.

Few countries with "free speech" let everything be said. For example, the United States Supreme Court said that it was against the law to shout "fire" in a crowded theater if there is no fire, because this might cause people to panic. The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights also says that it is not okay to cause national, racial or religious hatred. Also, some countries have laws against hate speech.

As Tocqueville pointed out, people may be hesitant to speak freely not because of fear of government punishment but because of social pressures.  When an individual announces an unpopular opinion, he or she may face the disdain of their community or even be subjected to violent reactions.  While this type of suppression of speech is even more difficult to prevent than government suppression is, there are questions about whether it truly falls within the scope of freedom of speech, which is typically regarded as a legal right to be exercised against the government, or immunity from governmental action.

## Related pages

- Internet censorship
- Free Speech Flag
- Civil and political rights
Swatch Internet Time

**Swatch Internet Time** is a way to measure time invented in 1998 by the Swatch manufacturing firm in Biel/Bienne, Switzerland. Time is shown as an "@" mark with three numerals. The day starts with @000 for midnight. Noon is @500. Just before midnight is @999. The thousand parts which make up a day are called "dot beats" (.beats). Each dot beat is one minute and 26.4 seconds long. Midnight is the same as Central European Winter Time (UTC+1)and Internet Time is the same all over the world. It does not change during the Summer. People can use it to plan phone calls or Internet meetings. Most types of Linux can show Internet Time as the desktop clock.
Test tube

A **test tube** is a kind of laboratory glassware, composed of a fingerlike length of glass tubing, open at the top, and closed at the bottom.

They range in size from a couple inches to several inches long, from a few millimeters to a couple centimeters in diameter. They are designed to allow easy heating of samples, to be held in a flame, and often are made of expansion-resistant glasses, such as borosilicate glass (known by brand-names such as Pyrex and Kimax).

Tests tubes are often preferred above beakers when multiple small chemical or biological samples have to be handled and/or stored.

Vacutainers are a type of test tube that can be used for both collection and storage of blood.
Beaker

A **beaker** is a kind of laboratory glassware. A beaker is a cylinder with a lip and a spout (a bend in the rim of the beaker which makes it easier to pour liquids without spilling any). A beaker is usually about the same width as its height. This makes beakers very stable and easy to handle. They may be made of plastic, glass, or borosilicate glass (Pyrex). Some beakers have marks on them to show about how much volume of liquid they hold, however, these can not be used for exact measurements.

Beakers are often used to make solutions and they are probably the most used piece of laboratory glassware.
Crucible

In chemistry, a **crucible** is a kind of laboratory equipment that is usually a small cup, about the size of a shot glass, made of porcelain or non-reactive metal. Crucibles are used to heat chemical compounds to very high temperatures. Metals such as nickel and zirconium are also used as a modern crucible material.

## References

- Metal Technology - a manufacturer of crucibles
Beryllium

**Beryllium** is in group 2 of the periodic table, so it is an alkaline earth metal. It is grayish (slightly gray) in color. It has an atomic number of 4 and is symbolized by the letters **Be**. It is toxic and should not be handled without proper training.

Beryllium has 4 electrons, 4 protons, and 5 neutrons.

Beryllium has one of the highest melting points of the light metals: 1560 K (1287 °C). It is added to other metals to make stronger alloys. Beryllium-copper alloy is used in tools because it does not make sparks.

At standard temperature and pressure, beryllium resists oxidation when exposed to oxygen.

Beryllium is best known for the chemical compounds it forms.  Beryllium combines with aluminium, silicon and oxygen to make a mineral called beryl.  Emerald and aquamarine are two varieties of beryl which are used as gemstones in jewelry.

Since it has a very high stiffness to weight ratio, beryllium is used to make the diaphragms in some high-end speakers.

## Uses

Beryllium is used to make jet aircrafts, guided missiles, spacecraft, and satellites, including the James Webb telescope. Beryllium can reflect neutron<nowiki/>s, and thin foils of beryllium are sometimes used in nuclear weapon<nowiki/>s as the outer layer of the plutonium pits. Beryllium is also used in fuel rods for CANDU reactors. Beryllium is used to make many dental alloys.

## Rarity

It is a relatively rare element in the universe. It usually occurs when larger atomic nuclei have split up. In stars, beryllium is depleted because it is fused and builds larger elements.

## Related pages

- Periodic table
- List of common elements

## Infobox (beryllium)
Tongue-twister

A **tongue-twister** is a phrase that is hard to say. They often use alliteration and homophones. They are commonly employed to help warm up singers and actors

Tongue-twisters can range from simple phrases for beginners to complex sequences that require advanced vocal control. They are popular in language learning, helping non-native speakers improve their pronunciation and familiarity with tricky sounds. Additionally, tongue-twisters are often used in competitions or as games, where participants try to say them without stumbling

## Examples

- How much wood would a woodchuck chuck if a woodchuck could chuck wood?  He would chuck as many wood as a woodchuck chucks if a woodchuck could chuck wood.
- She sells sea-shells on the sea-shore. The sea shells she sells are sea shells for sure.
- Six sick hicks nick six slick bricks with picks and sticks.
- The lips, the teeth, the tip of the tongue.
AbiWord

**AbiWord** is a free word processor that can be downloaded for free, it is open source and is much smaller in size than a proprietary alternative, Microsoft Word. It is available for FreeBSD, Linux, Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, and QNX. Its mascot is Abi the ant. It is much smaller than many other commercial word-processors of its time, only using about 15Mb on a computer's hard drive under Microsoft Windows.

## Related pages

- OpenOffice.org Writer

## Other websites

- Abiword
    - AbiWord Portable, AbiWord portable
    - AbiWord

## Infobox (software)

- **logo**: AbiWord.svg
- **screenshot**: AbiWordScreenshot.png
- **screenshot size**: 250px
- **caption**: AbiWord running on Debian 11
- **developer**: AbiSource
- **programming language**: C++
- **operating system**: Cross-platform
- **language**: wikt:Multilingual, Multilingual
- **genre**: Word processor
- **license**: GNU General Public License, GPL-2.0-or-later
Computer jargon

**Computer jargon** means words to do with computers and surrounding topics. Knowing what these words mean can help people know more about computers. Most people use these words to discuss computer ideas, but some people use these words to impress others (also known as buzzwords).

Some examples of jargon are:
- Disk - a place to store data.
- Data - information stored on a computer. The amount of data that is stored on a disk is measured with the following terms:
    - Bit - the smallest data unit, can either be a "0" or a "1."
    - Nibble, sometimes nybble - there are 4 bits in a Nibble. This is the amount of data that can be expressed in one hexadecimal (base 16) character.
    - Byte - there are 8 bits in a byte. One byte is enough to hold one single letter or number of text.
    - Kilobyte - there are 1024 Bytes in a Kilobyte.
    - Megabyte - there are 1024 Kilobytes in a Megabyte.
    - Gigabyte - there are 1024 Megabytes in a Gigabyte.
    - Terabyte - there are 1024 Gigabytes in a Terabyte.
    - Petabyte - there are 1024 Terabytes in a Petabyte.
    - _Note that some people and some companies use a different version of these numbers, replacing 1024 with 1000 in each of the above numbers._
- Upload - to put data on somewhere. For example, on the internet or a website, "I uploaded my pictures to Facebook."
- Download - to copy data from somewhere. For example, "I downloaded a song from iTunes."
- Load - to get data from, or put it on, a disk.
- Save - to put data on a disk.
- RAM - random access memory.
- ROM - read only memory. This is memory that does not get changed.
- Hardware - the solid parts of a computer, like monitors, fans, CPU, etc.
- CPU - central processing unit, another name for processor.
- GHz - gigahertz. Used to describe the speed of a processor. Some processors are capable of doing more than one thing at once, as they have multiple "cores", so a bigger number is not necessarily better. The bigger the GHz number, the faster it runs and the more energy it uses.

- USB - universal serial bus, a method used to plug computer tools into a machine.
- Email - electronic mail.
- WWW - World Wide Web, part of the Internet.
- Broadband - a fast internet connection.
- WiFi - a way to connect to a network wirelessly.
- Plug & Play - a function from the OS that auto-recognizes any change to the hardware of the computer.
- OS - operating system. The main program that controls all the computer functions, it calls other programs.
- Program - set of data that tells the processor what to do and call for in the rest of PC.
- Software - another name for program.
- Installation - the way a software sets the place for itself in a computer.
- Malware bad software made to do something to a computer or destroy data

- Spyware Malware made to steal data
- Computer Virus - Malware that spreads automatically
- Hacker - people who search flaws in the way computers work. They can use their knowledge for evil, too.
1000 (number)

**1000** (**1,000**, **one thousand** or **thousand** for short) is the natural number after 999 and before 1001. One thousand thousands is known as a million. In Roman Numerals, 1000 is written as M.

## History Of The Number 1000

The number 1000 represents a significant milestone in mathematics, history, and culture, often symbolizing vastness, completion, or a millennium. It is the first 4-digit integer. In Western Europe, the year 1000 was marked by increased religious fervor and was thought to be a potential end-times period by some. It also marked a time of increased global connections, such as Viking exploration and the spread of trade networks.

## Examples

- The number of years in a millennium
- The number of grams in a kilogram
- The number of millimeters in a meter

## Infobox (number)

- **number**: 1000