juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Harrisonburg, Virginia

**Harrisonburg** is a city in Rockingham County, Virginia. It had 51,814 people at the 2020 census.

Harrisonburg is the county seat of Rockingham County. Harrisonburg is home to James Madison University and Eastern Mennonite University.

## Other websites

- Harrisonburg Tourism
- City of Harrisonburg
- Harrisonburg-Rockingham Chamber of Commerce
- Harrisonburg City Public Schools
- Daily News Record (Newspaper)
- WHSV - TV 3
- Rocktown Weekly (Alternative Newspaper owned by the DNR)
- Virginia Quilt Museum

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Harrisonburg, Virginia
- **settlement type**: Independent city (United States), Independent city
- **image skyline**: Rockingham County Courthouse.JPG
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **image caption**: Rockingham County Courthouse in downtown Harrisonburg
- **nickname**: The Friendly City, Rocktown, H'burg, The Burg, Friendly by Nature
- **pushpin map**: USA
- **pushpin label**: Harrisonburg
- **pushpin map caption**: Location within the United States
- **pushpin relief**: yes
- **image map1**: Harrisonburg-Location.svg
- **map caption1**: Location of Harrisonburg in Virginia
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision type2**: County
- **subdivision name2**: None (Independent city (United States)#Virginia, Independent city)
- **established title**: Founded
- **established date**: 1779
- **established title1**: Municipal incorporation, Incorporated
- **established date1**: 1916
- **founder**: Thomas Harrison House (Harrisonburg, Virginia), Thomas Harrison
- **named for**: Thomas Harrison House (Harrisonburg, Virginia), Thomas Harrison
- **government type**: Council-manager government
- **leader title**: City Manager
- **leader title1**: Mayor
- **area total sq mi**: 17.39
- **area land sq mi**: 17.34
- **area water sq mi**: 0.05
- **elevation m**: 404
- **elevation ft**: 1325
- **population total**: 51814
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population density sq mi**: auto
- **postal code type**: ZIP Codes
- **postal code**: 22801–22803, 22807
- **area code**: Area code 540, 540
- **website**: [https://www.harrisonburgva.gov/ www.harrisonburgva.gov]
- **timezone**: EST
- **utc offset**: -5
- **timezone dst**: EDT
- **utc offset dst**: -4
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 51-35624
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 1498489
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 45.04
- **area land km2**: 44.91
- **area water km2**: 0.13
- **population density km2**: auto
- **image map**: Harrisonburg (Virginia) bordering Rockingham County.svg
- **mapsize**: 266px
- **map caption**: Harrisonburg enclaved within Rockingham County
Hereditary monarchy

A **hereditary monarchy** is a type of government in which usually a king or a queen becomes the monarch by being related to the last monarch. That is the most common sort of monarchy and is the form used by almost all of the world's monarchies today.

### Hereditary monarchy

In a hereditary monarchy, the monarchs come from the same family, and the crown is passed down from one member of the family to another. The hereditary system can be more stable and can command loyalty, but at other times, great bloodshed happened over the question of succession.

When the king or queen of a hereditary monarchy dies or quits the throne (abdicates), the crown is generally passed to one of his or her children, often the oldest. When that child dies, the crown will be then passed to his or her child, or, if he or she has no child, to a sister, brother, niece, nephew, cousin, or some other relative. Hereditary monarchies most usually arrange the succession by a law that creates an order of succession. That way, it is known beforehand who will be the next monarch.

The order of succession in hereditary monarchies is now often based on the idea of primogeniture (oldest born), but other methods used to be much more common.

#### Succession

In the past, there were differences in systems of succession, often depending on whether only men can succeed or whether both men and women could succeed.

**Agnatic succession** means that women are not allowed to succeed or pass the succession from their fathers to their children. _Agnates_ are relatives who have a common ancestor in an unbroken male line from father to father.

**Cognatic succession** means that both men and women can succeed. Women usually are allowed to succeed only if they have no brother alive. For example, in the United Kingdom, Princess Anne came after her younger brothers (and her nephews and nieces) in the line of succession.

In the 1970s, Sweden changed from agnatic succession to "fully-cognatic" succession. That means the line of succession is based on age, not sex. Therefore, Princess Victoria of Sweden was born, she could never become queen, and when her younger brother was born, he became _crown prince_ (heir to the throne), but the law changed, and Victoria became crown princess.

### Elective monarchy

An **elective monarchy** can sometimes seem like a hereditary monarch. For example, only members of one family may be allowed to be elected, or before the monarch dies, the chosen heir (son, daughter, brother, sister, or other relative) might be elected.

In Europe, the Holy Roman Empire was an elective monarchy, but for many hundreds of years, only the head of the Habsburg family was elected. In 1806, the Holy Roman Emperor abolished the empire and instead became the Emperor of Austria, a hereditary monarch.

The only true example of an elective monarchy today is Malaysia, where a ruling Sultan of a Malaysian state, is elected as the Yang di-Pertuan Agong for a term of five years.
River Mersey

The **River Mersey** is a river in north west England. It is 70 miles (112 km) long, it stretches from Stockport, Greater Manchester, and ends at Liverpool Bay, Merseyside. For centuries, it formed part of the ancient county divide between Lancashire and Cheshire.

## Course

The Mersey is formed from three tributaries: the River Etherow, the River Goyt and the River Tame. The modern accepted start of the Mersey is at the confluence of the Tame and Goyt, in central Stockport, Greater Manchester. However, older definitions, and many older maps, place its start a few miles up the Goyt; for example the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica states "It is formed by the junction of the Goyt and the Etherow a short distance below Marple in Cheshire on the first-named stream."

## Environment

Water quality in the River Mersey is not good.

But Salmon are now found in the river. They can be viewed on the Salmon Steps at Woolston between the months of September and November.

## In popular culture

The river is now internationally famous thanks to the music of the 1960s known as Merseybeat and its strong association with Liverpool, which produced songs such as _Ferry Cross the Mersey_.

Also, Paul McCartney's 2007 song _That Was Me_, from his album _Memory Almost Full_ mentions merseybeating with the band.

## Other websites

- Liverpool Pictorial
- Mersey map - aisliverpool.org.uk
- River Mersey Information  (PDF)

## Infobox (river)

- **name**: River Mersey
- **image**: Mersey Ferry - River Mersey - Liverpool - 2005-06-28.jpg
- **image caption**: _"Ferry across the Mersey"_, June 2005.
- **source1 location**: Stockport, Greater Manchester
- **mouth**: Liverpool Bay
- **subdivision type1**: Countries
- **subdivision name1**: England
Acid rock

**Acid rock** is a form of rock music, focusing mainly on hallucinations and drugs.  It is related to psychedelic rock. It is mostly an off-beat style. It uses vivid imagery, and sometimes strange sound/musical effects (like backward recorded music).

## History

"Acid rock" was popular in the late 1960s and early 1970s. But it is not very popular today.

## Name

Acid Rock got its name from the mixture of music and the drug LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide), which most people call "acid". "Acid rock" is usually recorded when the musician was high on LSD. Often the lyrics are about hallucinations.

### 1966

- Psychotic Reaction (Count Five)
- Tomorrow Never Knows (The Beatles)
- Rain (The Beatles)

### 1967

- White Rabbit (Jefferson Airplane)
- Spare Chaynge (Jefferson Airplane)
- Purple Haze (Jimi Hendrix)
- Third Stone From The Sun (Jimi Hendrix)
- Light My Fire (The Doors)
- Baby You're a Rich Man (The Beatles)
- Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds (The Beatles)
- I Am the Walrus (The Beatles)
- Interstellar Overdrive (Pink Floyd)
- Flaming (Pink Floyd)

### 1968

- That's It for the Other One (Grateful Dead)
- Voodoo Child (Slight Return) (Jimi Hendrix)
- In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida (Iron Butterfly)
- EXP (The Jimi Hendrix Experience)
- If 6 Was 9 (Jimi Hendrix)
- Set the Controls for the Heart of the Sun (Pink Floyd)
- Careful With That Axe, Eugene (Pink Floyd)
- Pictures of Matchstick Men (Status Quo)

### 1969

- Dazed and Confused (Led Zeppelin)
- Acid Queen (The Who)
- White Room (Cream)
- Hot Smoke and Sasafrass (Bubble Puppy)

### 1970

- Mommy, What's a Funkadelic? (Funkadelic)
Fender Stratocaster

The** Fender Stratocaster**, also called a Strat, is a type of solidbody electric guitar. The Stratocaster was designed by Leo Fender, Freddie Tavares, and George Fullerton in 1954, and is made by the Fender Musical Instruments Corporation. The Stratocaster has been used by many famous guitarists, such as David Gilmour, Jimi Hendrix, Eric Clapton, Buddy Guy, Buddy Holly, and Jeff Beck.

The Stratocaster has been copied as well. A guitar may look the same as a Stratocaster, but if it is not produced by Fender or Squier it is called a strat copy.

Fender Stratocaster copies are mostly very cheap and low quality, but some guitar builders make high quality clones of the Stratocaster. Fender makes Stratocasters made in the United States of America, which are largely thought to be the highest quality. However they also make Stratocasters which are made in Japan, but only sell them to the Japanese. Many people view these guitars comparable and even superior to the American made Fenders.

Stratocasters are also made in Korea and sold as special editions. The cheapest Fenders are made in Mexico, but despite their price, these Stratocasters are very good quality guitars compared to the copies which are usually made in China. Squier makes Stratocasters in China and Indonesia.

Fender Strats made in Japan and Korea are sometimes equal to their American Standard cousin. Limited editions like the Pro Tone series and some early (1982-1986) Japanese models fetch prices from $400 – $800 depending on condition.  Korean Strats that have the Fender decal are the desirable ones over the Korean models with Squier on the headstock where Fender should be.  There are also American Made Squiers that can be of good quality.  Korean Pro Tones are the cream of the Korean Crop.

## Infobox (guitar model)

- **title**: Fender Stratocaster
- **caption**: 1958 Fender Stratocaster 3 color sunburst
- **image**: 1958 Fender Stratocaster.jpg
- **bgcolor**: #FFFFFF
- **manufacturer**: Fender Musical Instruments Corporation, Fender
- **period**: 1954–present
- **bodytype**: solid-body, Solid
- **necktype**: bolt-on neck, Bolt-on
- **scale**: 25.5 in (648 mm)
- **woodbody**: Alder
Ash tree, Ash
Populus, Poplar
Basswood
Mahogany
- **woodneck**: Maple
- **woodfingerboard**: Maple
Rosewood
Ebony
Pau Ferro
- **bridge**: proprietary six-screw Tremolo arm, Tremolo
Floyd Rose locking system
Bridge (instrument)#Electric guitar bridges, Hardtail
- **pickups**: three single-coils (SSS). Other pickup configurations (including humbuckers) are also available.
- **colors**: Various 2- or 3-color sunbursts
Black
Daphne Blue, Surf Green, Olympic White, Fiesta Red, Shell Pink
Metropolitan Borough of Wirral

|colspan="2"  style="text-align:center; background:#f99;"|Metropolitan Borough of Wirral|
| --- | --- |
|colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"||
|Status:|Metropolitan borough|
|Region:|North West England|
|Ceremonial county:|Merseyside|
|Historic county:|Cheshire|
|Area: - Total||Ranked 208th 157.05 km<sup>2</sup>||
|Admin. HQ:|Wallasey|
|ONS code:|00CB|
|Population: - Total () - Density||Ranked / km<sup>2</sup>||
|Ethnicity:|98.3% White|
|colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Wirral Metropolitan Borough Council http://www.wirral.gov.uk|
|Leadership:|Leader & Cabinet|
|Executive:||
|MPs:|Ben Chapman,  Angela Eagle,  Frank Field,  Stephen Hesford|

**Wirral** is a metropolitan borough in Merseyside, North West England, which occupies the northern part of the Wirral Peninsula, more commonly known as **Wirral**.

Wirral Metropolitan Borough has a population of about 311,235 (2004 estimate) in an area of 60 square miles (155 km<sup>2</sup>). It faces Liverpool over the River Mersey to the east, the Irish Sea to the north and the River Dee to the west. To the south it borders the borough of Ellesmere Port and Neston, in Cheshire.

## Economy

This is a chart of trend of regional gross value added of Wirral at current basic prices published (pp.240–253) by the _Office for National Statistics_ with figures in millions of British Pounds Sterling.
|Year||Regional gross value added||Agriculture||Industry||Services|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1995|**2,089**|10|674|1,405|||||
|2000|**2,609**|5|814|1,789|||||
|2003|**3,020**|9|755|2,256|||||

includes hunting and forestry

includes energy and construction

includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Components may not sum to totals due to rounding

In September 2006 a large scale development called Wirral Waters was unveiled by the company Peel Holdings, that if constructed as outlined may see the creation of up to 27,000 jobs.

## Other websites

- Wirral Council home page
- Vision of Britain
- The Wirral Wide Web
Erin Sanders

**Erin Zariah Sanders** (born January 19, 1991 in Santa Monica, California) is an American actress. She is best known for the CBS &Nickelodeon television series _CSI: Miami_ _With_ _Zoey 101 & Big Time Rush_.
Reproduction

**Reproduction** is to create or recreate something, (usually) a new living thing, such as a baby. In biology, the two types of reproduction are sexual and asexual reproduction. Sexual reproduction involves two organisms of the same species, each supplying half the genes for the descendant. Asexual reproduction only involves a single organism; it works by division (or splitting) of the cell. Most bacteria reproduce by asexual reproduction. Some organisms can either reproduce sexually or asexually.
Metropolitan borough

A **metropolitan borough** (or **metropolitan district**) is a type of local government district in England and covers urban areas within metropolitan counties.

## Current metropolitan boroughs (post 1974)

The current metropolitan boroughs were created in 1974 by the Local Government Act 1972 as subdivisions of the new metropolitan counties which were created to cover the six largest urban areas in England outside Greater London

The new authorities were actually defined by law as **metropolitan districts**, however all of them have borough status or city status. The new metropolitan boroughs replaced the county boroughs, municipal boroughs and urban and rural districts which existed before. The districts typically have populations of 174,000 to 1.1 million.

In 1986 the old metropolitan county councils were abolished by the Local Government Act 1985 and most of their functions were given to the boroughs, so they are to a large extent unitary authorities.  Some of the functions of the abolished county councils were taken over by joint bodies such as Passenger Transport Authorities, and joint fire, police and waste disposal authorities.

The 36 current metropolitan boroughs are:

|Metropolitan county|Metropolitan districts|Number|County population|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Merseyside|Liverpool, Knowsley, St Helens, Sefton, Wirral|5|1,365,000|
|Greater Manchester|Manchester, Bolton, Bury, Oldham, Rochdale, Salford, Stockport, Tameside, Trafford, Wigan|10|2,573,200|
|South Yorkshire|Sheffield, Barnsley, Doncaster, Rotherham|4|1,290,000|
|Tyne and Wear|Newcastle upon Tyne, Gateshead, South Tyneside, North Tyneside, Sunderland|5|1,299,000|
|West Midlands|Birmingham, Coventry, Dudley, Sandwell, Solihull, Walsall, Wolverhampton|7|2,916,458|
|West Yorkshire|Leeds, Bradford, Calderdale, Kirklees, Wakefield|5|2,161,200|

## Infobox (subdivision type)

- **map**: English metropolitan boroughs map 2021.svg
- **category**: Districts of England, Local authority districts
- **name**: Metropolitan district
- **alt name**: Metropolitan borough
- **territory**: England
- **upper unit**: Metropolitan county
- **current number**: 36
- **number date**: 2023
- **legislation begin**: Local Government Act 1972
- **start date**: 1 April 1974
- **population range**: 0.1 - 1.1 million
- **status**: City
- **exofficio**: Borough
Carly Patterson

**Carly Rae Patterson** (born February 4, 1988 in Baton Rouge, Louisiana) was an American gymnast. She was the 2004 Olympic All-Around Champion. After the Olympics, she started working as a singer.  She lives in Allen, Texas.
Act of Parliament

An **Act of Parliament** or **Act** is law made by the parliament (see legislation).

## Bills

An Act of Parliament normally starts as a proposed law known as a Bill. The Bill will then be introduced into the Parliament (House of Commons, House of Representatives, House of Lords or the Senate) for debate and possible approval and enactment.

Bills that contain provisions significantly relating to taxation or public expenditure are introduced into the House of Commons in the UK; in Canada and Ireland, this is the law.

In the United Kingdom, Law Commission bills and consolidation bills start in the House of Lords.

In some countries, such as Spain and Portugal, a Bill has different names depending on whether it comes from the government (e.g. "Project") or from the Parliament (e.g. "Proposition" or Private Member's Bill).

An Act may be introduced to parliament also by means of a private bill.

## Related pages

- Constitution
- Constitutional economics

## Other websites

- All Acts of Parliament (since 1988) and Statutory Instruments are available free on-line under Crown copyright terms from the Office of Public Sector Information (OPSI).
- Parliamentary Stages of a Government Bill (pdf) from the House of Commons Information Office.
- Acts of Parliament (since 1267) revised to date are available free on-line under Crown copyright terms from the Department of Constitution Affairs (SLD).
Legislation

**Legislation** (or "statutory law") is law which has been created by a legislature or other governing body. The term may refer to a single law, or the collective body of enacted law, while "statute" is also used to refer to a single law. Before an item of legislation becomes law it may be known as a bill, which is typically also known as "legislation" while it remains under active consideration.

Under the Westminster system, an item of legislation is known as an Act of Parliament.

Legislation is usually proposed by a member of the legislature (e.g. a member of Congress or Parliament), or by the executive, then it is debated by members of the legislature and is often amended.
Those who have the formal power to _create_ legislation are known as legislators, the judicial branch of government may have the formal power to _interpret_ legislation.

## Other means of law-making

The act of making legislation is sometimes known as legislating. Under the doctrine of separation of powers, the law-making function is primarily the responsibility of the legislature. However, there are situations where legislation is enacted by other means (most commonly when constitutional law is enacted). These other forms of law-making include referenda and constitutional conventions. The term "legislation" is sometimes used to describe these situations, but other times, the term is used to distinguish acts of the legislature from these other lawmaking forms.

## Related pages

- Constitution
- Constitutional economics
- Democracy
- Legal rights
Bill (proposed law)

A **bill** is a proposed new law introduced within a legislature that has not been adopted. Once a bill has become law, it is thereafter an act; but in popular usage the two terms are often treated as if they meant the same.

## Types of bills

Bills can be divided into:
- public bills, which apply to the general population
- private bills, which only apply to a single person or to a select group of people. If a private bill is punitive in nature, it is called a bill of attainder.
- hybrid bills, which combine elements of both public and private bills. Note that the concept of hybrid bills is not widely recognised outside the United Kingdom (in particular, it is expressly not recognised in Canada).
- local bills, which affect only a certain locality, and are often proposed by local government to the legislature

### Hong Kong

- Bills Committees of the Legislative Council

### New Zealand

- List of current bills

### United Kingdom

- BBC Parliament Guide:
    - Making new law
    - Types of bill
    - Bill procedure
    - First reading
    - Second reading
    - Commons committee stage
    - Lords committee stage
    - Report stage
    - Third reading
    - Passage through the other House
    - Royal assent
    - Delegated legislation

### United States

- How a law is made . From the North Carolina General Assembly
- How a bill becomes a law - related information .
- Currently hot issue regarding the Net Neutrality bills become the law .
Webkinz

**Webkinz** are stuffed animals. They were first sold by the Ganz company in 2005. The toys are similar to other small plush toys. Each toy comes with a special code that lets the person who owns it use the "Webkinz World" website. On the website, users can "adopt" an online version of the pet to play with.

The toys have been advertised in a way that is similar to Ty Beanie Babies. After some time, certain types of the toy are "retired" or no longer sold. This makes the toys more valuable after they are retired and people can sell them for more money. Usually,  retired Webkinz are sold at the $20 - $100 range. (USD) Webkinz have been very popular. Ganz says more than 2 million toys have been sold to retailers. They also say there are 1 million users of the Webkinz website. More than $1 million (USD) in toys were sold in the United States in 2006.

When a person buys a Webkinz at a store, they get a code that allows them to use the website for one year. After that time, the person can still use the account, but there are some things that they can't do on there anymore. To be able to do everything, they must buy another Webkinz toy. Online, users can play with their pets in many ways. For example they can feed them, exercise them, or play games. When they play games, they earn "KinzCash", the money that is used on the site to buy things for their pets.

Now, Ganz has made the _Ganz E-store_, where you can buy Webkinz codes and items with just a credit card and a click. They also made tinier versions called _Lil' Kinz_ plush toys.

## Other websites

- Webkinz official website
- Teddy Bear, Version 2.0 - Washington Post article

## Infobox (website)

- **name**: Webkinz
- **logo**: Webkinz.png
- **logo size**: 200
- **founder**: Ganz (toy company), Ganz
- **commercial**: Yes
- **registration**: Required
- **type**: Virtual world, Virtual plush toy virtual world, world
Towradgi

**Towradgi** is a small suburb, north of Wollongong. It is on the coast and close to beaches.

## Attractions

It has a school, soccer fields, a lawn-bowling field, and many other attractions. It has a few restaurants/dining places.

## Other websites

- Towradgi Surf Life Saving Club, NSW Australia
- Towradgi Beach Hotel
- Towradgi Community Web Portal

## Infobox (australian place)

- **type**: suburb
- **name**: Towradgi
- **state**: nsw
- **city**: Wollongong
- **caption**: Towradgi Beach, looking south to Wollongong
- **lga**: City of Wollongong
- **postcode**: 2518
- **pop**: 3,127
- **stategov**: Electoral district of Wollongong, Wollongong
- **fedgov**: Division of Cunningham, Cunningham
- **dist1**: 5
- **location1**: Wollongong, New South Wales, Wollongong
- **near-nw**: Corrimal, New South Wales, Corrimal
- **near-n**: East Corrimal, New South Wales, East Corrimal
- **near-ne**: Pacific Ocean
- **near-w**: Tarrawanna, New South Wales, Tarrawanna, Fernhill, New South Wales, Fernhill
- **near-e**: Pacific Ocean
- **near-s**: Fairy Meadow, New South Wales, Fairy Meadow
- **near-se**: Pacific Ocean
ACID

**ACID** is a concept used with databases. It is the way some databases keep their data true and meaningful. Not all databases use the concept of ACID, but relational databases usually do.

ACID is an abbreviation. It stands for
- _Atomicity_ - A change to the data in the database is either done completely, or not done at all. The process of doing it is not visible to users of the database. Users (people and programs) only see the result.
- _Consistency_ - A database can have rules about its data. Consistency means that the data always follows those rules. When a transaction (a change in the data) occurs, it can not break the rules. Rules are usually about _integrity_, such as what is allowed and what is not allowed in certain locations of the database.
- _Isolation_ - There can be more than one transaction occurring at the same time. Isolation means that one transaction can only see the changes of another transaction at the right time. Sometimes isolation means that transactions happening at the same time would do the same thing if they were done one after another.
- _Durability_ - When a transaction is done, if the result is unwanted it can be rolled back, which means it is made to go away as if it never happened. If the result of a transaction is still wanted, it can be committed, which makes the change permanent. After a transaction is committed, the change it made will still be there even if the database is shut down.
Database transaction

Depending on the model used, making changes to the data in a database can be complex. That means that several steps are needed to perform a change. In that context, all the steps are grouped. This group is called a **transaction**. Many databases give guarantees about the data, and they also do checks.  When something goes wrong in one step, all the steps in the group, or transaction, are undone. This is called a _rollback_. When all the steps have been executed, and there was no error, this state can be persisted. People will talk about _committing_ a transaction.

A database transaction is generally atomic. That means, it is either done completely, or it is not done. The state of it being done is not visible.

Most of the time, transactions are needed to guarantee the ACID principle of databases.
Aargau

(, , , ; anglicized _Argovia_) is one of the more northerly cantons of Switzerland. It is near the lower course of the river Aare, which is why the canton is called Aargau (meaning _Aare district_). The cantons of Basel-Landschaft, Solothurn and Bern lie to the west. Lucerne is to the south Zug and Zürich are to the east. To the north is Germany.
About 580.000 people live in the canton. Its capital is Aarau.

## Districts

Aargau is divided into 11 districts:

- Aarau with capital Aarau.
- Baden with capital Baden.
- Bremgarten with capital Bremgarten.
- Brugg with capital Brugg.
- Kulm with capital Unterkulm.
- Laufenburg with capital Laufenburg, Switzerland.
- Lenzburg with capital Lenzburg.
- Muri with capital Muri.
- Rheinfelden with capital Rheinfelden.
- Zofingen with capital Zofingen.
- Zurzach with capital Zurzach.

## Other websites

- Company Formation Aargau
Flevoland

**Flevoland** is one of the provinces of the Netherlands. Lelystad is its capital, but Almere is its biggest city. About 445,000 people are living in Flevoland (2023).

Location of the municipalities of Flevoland.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Flevoland
- **settlement type**: Province
- **image skyline**: 20170823 001 tm 005 Lelystad Oostvaardersplassen (36385481070).jpg
- **image caption**: Oostvaardersplassen (municipality of Lelystad)
- **image flag**: Flag of Flevoland.svg
- **image shield**: Flevoland wapen.svg
- **map caption**: Location
- **image map1**: Prov-Flevoland-OpenTopo.jpg
- **map caption1**: Map
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Netherlands
- **established title**: Established
- **established date**: 1986
- **seat**: Lelystad
- **area total km2**: 2412
- **area land km2**: 1410
- **area water km2**: 1002
- **elevation max m**: 8
- **elevation min m**: -5
- **population as of**: 2023
- **population total**: 445000
- **population density km2**: 315
North Brabant

**North Brabant** (Dutch: 'Noord-Brabant') is a  province of the Netherlands. It is in the south of the country. It is bordered by Belgium in the south, the Meuse River (_Maas_) in the north, Limburg in the east and Zeeland in the west.  See Google maps. Its capital is 's-Hertogenbosch. The largest city is Eindhoven. About 2,626,000 people are living in North Brabant (2023).

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: North Brabant
- **native name**: Noord-Brabant / Noord-Broabant
- **settlement type**: Province
- **image skyline**: Loonse Duinen - panoramio (1).jpg
- **image caption**: Loonse en Drunense Duinen (municipalities of Heusden, Loon op Zand, and Vught)
- **image flag**: North Brabant-Flag.svg
- **image shield**: Noord-Brabant wapen.svg
- **map caption**: Location
- **image map1**: P10-NB-positiekaart2-gemlabels.png
- **map caption1**: Map
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Netherlands
- **established title**: Established
- **established date**: 1815
- **seat**: 's-Hertogenbosch
- **area total km2**: 5082
- **area land km2**: 4902
- **area water km2**: 181
- **elevation max m**: 44
- **elevation min m**: -2
- **population as of**: 2023
- **population total**: 2626000
- **population density km2**: 536
Local Government Act 1985

The **Local Government Act 1985** was an Act of Parliament in the United Kingdom.  Its main effect was to abolish the county councils of the metropolitan counties that had been set up in 1974 by the Local Government Act 1972, along with the Greater London Council that had been established in 1965.

The main provision, section 1 stated that "the Greater London Council; and the metropolitan county councils" shall not exist anymore.

It came into effect on 1 April 1986. The metropolitan boroughs and London boroughs got some of the powers of the former institutions, but others went to central government. At the time of the Act, one third of the population of England were living in Greater London and the metropolitan counties.

The act established a system of joint-boards to take over some of the functions of the abolished councils in the metropolitan counties and in Greater London. The joint-boards had councillors appointed by the boroughs.

The Act was passed by Margaret Thatcher's government after a series of disputes between the councils and the central government.
Greater London Council

The **Greater London Council (GLC)** was the local government administrative body for Greater London from 1965 to 1986. It replaced the earlier London County Council (LCC) which had covered a much smaller area.

## Creation

The Labour Party had controlled the LCC from 1934 and by the 1950s the Conservative Government considered that elections were becoming one-sided, since the London County Council (LCC) covered only the inner (generally Labour-voting) districts. The government sought to create a new body covering all of London.

## Abolition

Livingstone's high-spend socialist policies put the GLC into direct conflict with Margaret Thatcher's Conservative government. Livingstone soon became a thorn in the side of the sitting Tory government.  He deliberately antagonised Mrs. Thatcher through a series of actions (including posting a billboard of London's rising unemployment figures on the side of, and endorsing a statue of Nelson Mandela whilst Thatcher regarded the future South African president as a terrorist.

By 1983, Thatcher was determined to crush both Livingstone and the GLC, and the Cabinet agreed "in principle" to abolish the GLC and give its functions to the boroughs.

The Local Government Act 1985, which abolished the GLC, faced considerable opposition from many quarters but was narrowly passed in Parliament, setting the end of the council for 31 March 1986.

## Replacement

After its abolition, London was left as the only major city in the world without a central administrative body. Most of the powers of the GLC were given to the London boroughs. Some powers, such as the fire service, were taken over by joint boards made up of councillors appointed by the boroughs - see waste authorities in Greater London for an example. In total, around 100 organisations were responsible for service delivery in Greater London.

It was argued by many people that this situation was chaotic and un-coordinated and a new London-wide body was needed to co-ordinate the whole city.

Tony Blair's Labour government was elected in 1997, and was committed to bring back London-wide government. In 1999 a referendum was held on the establishment of a new London authority and elected mayor, which was approved by a two to one margin.

The new Greater London Authority (GLA) was established in 2000. The GLA has a very different structure to the GLC, it consisted of a directly elected Mayor of London and a London Assembly.  The Mayor of London elections were won by the same Ken Livingstone, who began his victory speech with the words: "As I was saying before I was so rudely interrupted 14 years ago".
Greater London Authority

The **Greater London Authority** (**GLA**) controls the 1579 km² (610 sq. miles) of Greater London, England, covering the 32 London boroughs and the City of London. The GLA members are the Mayor and the 25 people the London Assembly. The current Mayor of London is Sadiq Khan.

## Purpose

The GLA was created to improve the coordination between the London boroughs, and the Mayor of London's role is to give London a single person to represent it. The Mayor proposes policy and the GLA's budget, and makes appointments to the capital's strategic transport body (Transport for London) and economic development body (the London Development Agency).

One of the primary purposes of the London Assembly is to hold the Mayor of London to account. The Assembly must also accept or amend(change) the Mayor's budget on an annual basis(every year).

The GLA is different from the Corporation of the City of London with its largely ceremonial Lord Mayor. Corporation controls only the square mile of the City, London's chief financial centre. The GLA governs a much wider area

The GLA is at City Hall, a new building on the south bank of the River Thames, next to Tower Bridge.

## Related pages

- Scotland Yard
- Lord Mayor of London

## Other websites

- The GLA's website
- About the GLA - Website detailing the powers of the GLA
- Greater London Authority Review, 2005-06 - House of Commons Library Standard Note
- Wikisource - Referendum Results
- Citymayors.com profile page on GLA history
- MayorWatch.co.uk Independent guide to London Government
Mayor of London

The **Mayor of London** is an elected politician in London. The role, created in 2000, was the first directly elected mayor in the United Kingdom. The Mayor of London is also referred to as the **London Mayor**, a form which helps to avoid confusion with the Lord Mayor of London, the ancient and now mainly ceremonial role in the City of London. The Mayor of London is mayor of Greater London, which has a population of over 7.5 million while the City of London is only a small part of the modern city centre and has a population of less than 10,000.

The first elected Mayor of London is Ken Livingstone, who was re-elected in 2004. Boris Johnson was elected mayor in 2008. Johnson announced that he will not run for re-election in 2016. Sadiq Khan was elected mayor in 2016.

## Role

The Mayor is responsible for budgeting and strategic planning of some governmental functions across the whole of the London region. The plans of the mayor are looked at by the London Assembly and actioned by the Greater London Authority. Responsibilities include transport, the police, fire and emergency services, cultural strategy and economic development.

## Salary

The mayor of London's salary is one that ranks along that of a government cabinet minister's. The current salary is £137,579 per year.

## List of mayors of London

This provides a list of people who have held the office of Mayor of London,
|Number|Name|Time in Office|Party|Photo|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1|Ken Livingstone|2000-2008|Labour Party (UK) Independent (2000-2004)||
|2|Boris Johnson|2008-2016|Conservative Party (UK)||
|3|Sadiq Khan (Incumbent)|2016- Present|Labour Party (UK)||

## Other websites

- Mayor of London website
- Mayor of London's Cultural Strategy Group
- Page about the process of nomination
- Page about Ken Livingstone's relationship with Labour

## Infobox (official post)

- **insignia**: Mayor of London logo1.svg
- **insigniasize**: 200
- **image**: Sadiq Khan 2020.png
- **incumbent**: Sadiq Khan
- **incumbentsince**: 9 May 2016
- **style**: No courtesy or style ascribed
Mr Mayor (formally)
 The Right Honourable (formal)
- **member of**: Greater London Authority
Deputy Mayor of London, London Mayoral Cabinet
- **reports to**: London Assembly
- **seat**: City Hall, London
- **appointer**: Electorate of Greater London, London
- **termlength**: Four years, renewable
- **formation**: Greater London Authority Act 1999
- **inaugural**: Ken Livingstone
- **deputy**: Joanne McCartney
- **salary**: £152,734
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame

The **Rock and Roll Hall of Fame** (**RRHOF**), sometimes simply referred to as the **Rock Hall**, is a museum in Cleveland, Ohio, United States, which has information on the history of some of the best-known and most influential artists, producers, and other people who have in some major way influenced the music industry, mostly in the area of rock and roll and rock music.

## First artists

The first group of musicians, added on January 23, 1986, were Chuck Berry, James Brown, Ray Charles, Sam Cooke, Fats Domino, Everly Brothers, Buddy Holly, Jerry Lee Lewis, Little Richard, and Elvis Presley.

## Other websites

- The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame - official site
- Future Rock Hall – lists eligible artists
- Images and architectural information
- How do you get into the Rock Hall of Fame?
- 2007 Induction Concert and Ceremony Video Archived on Spinner.com
Suit

**Suit** is a term with various meanings:

- A lawsuit, an action brought before a court, as to recover a right or redress a grievance.
- Suit (clothing), a combination of clothing, such as a jacket and matching trousers,
- Environmental suit, a piece of clothing used for a particular activity or in a particular environment, for example a space suit or diving suit.
- Jumpsuit, catsuit, wetsuit, or swimsuit, a one-piece outfit.
- Suit (cards), one of four categories into which a deck of cards is divided.
- Slang for a professional, The Establishment, management or government employee, because they wear a suit (clothing).  Used pejoratively by  Beats, artists, and hackers to refer to anyone in a position of authority.
- Suit (album), the name of one of rapper Nelly's 2004 albums.
- Suits, the third album by Fish.
- Suit (comic), a fictional character in the marvel universe, appearing first in the Venom series.
Lightning Hopkins

**Samuel John "Lightnin'" Hopkins** (March 15, 1912 - January 30, 1982) was a country blues guitar player and singer. He was  from Houston, Texas.

## Albums

- 1959 - _Lightnin' Hopkins_
- 1959 - _Lightnin' and the Blues_
- 1960 - _Last Night Blues_ (Bluesville)
- 1960 - _Lightnin' _ (Bluesville)
- 1962 - _Walkin' This Road By Myself_ (Bluesville)
- 1962 - _Lightnin' and Co._ (Bluesville)
- 1962 - _Lightnin' Strikes_ (Vee Jay)
- 1963 - _Blues in My Bottle_ (Bluesville)
- 1963 - _Smokes Like Lightnin' _ (Bluesville)
- 1963 - _Goin' Away_ (Bluesville)
- 1964 - _Down Home Blues_ (Bluesville)
- 1965 - _Hootin' the Blues_ (Bluesville)
- 1965 - _Lightnin' Strikes_ (Tradition)
- 1965 - _The Roots of Lightnin' Hopkins_
- 1966 - _Soul Blues_ (Bluesville)
- 1967 - _My Life in the Blues_ (Bluesville)
- 1967 - _Original Folk Blues_ (Kent)
- 1967 - _Lightnin'!_ (Arhoolie)
- 1968 - _Freeform Patterns_ (International Artists)
- 1991 - _Swathmore Concert Live, 1964_
- 1995 - _Po' Lightning_
- 1999 - _The Very Best of Lightnin' Hopkins_

## Other websites

- Blues Foundation Hall of Fame Induction, 1980
Little Richard

**Richard Wayne Penniman** (December 5, 1932 – May 9, 2020), known by his stage name **Little Richard**, was an American recording artist, songwriter, and musician. He was one of the early creators of rock and roll music in the 1950s.

## Career

In 1951 Little Richard began his music career by making gospel and jazz influenced rhythm and blues. He did not sell many records until 1955 when he added a loud drum beat and loud Gospel-style singing and boogie-woogie piano playing. This new music would come to be known as of rock and roll.  Little Richard influenced many rock and roll musicians who started after him.

In 1957, when he was at his most popular point, Little Richard quit rock and roll music. He went to Bible college and became a church preacher. He then went on to play only Gospel music for many years. He returned to playing rock and roll when he was older, and also continued playing Gospel music.

In 1986, Little Richard was added into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. He was one of the first seven people to be added to the museum.

## Death

Little Richard died of bone cancer on May 9, 2020 at his brother's home in Tullahoma, Tennessee at the age of 87. He is survived by his brother, sister and his adopted son Danny.

## Singles

|width="28" rowspan="2"|Release date|width="240" rowspan="2"|Title|colspan="10"|Chart Positions|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|11/55|"Tutti Frutti"|||||
|4/56|"Long Tall Sally"|||||
|4/56|"Slippin' and Slidin'"|||||
|6/56|"Rip It Up"|||||
|6/56|"Ready Teddy"|||||
|10/56|"Heebie-Jeebies"|||||
|10/56|"She's Got It"|||||
|12/56|"The Girl Can't Help It"|||||
|12/56|"All Around the World"|||||
|3/57|"Lucille"|||||
|3/57|"Send Me Some Lovin'"|||||
|6/57|"Jenny Jenny"|||||
|6/57|"Miss Ann"|||||
|9/57|"Keep A Knockin'"|||||
|2/58|"Good Golly, Miss Molly"|||||
|6/58|"Ooh! My Soul"|||||
|6/58|"True, Fine Mama"|||||
|9/57|"Baby Face'"|||||
|2/58|"Kansas City"|||||
|3/59|"By the Light of the Silvery Moon"|||||
|11/62|"He Got What He Wanted"|||||
|7/64|"Bama Lama Lama Loo"|||||
|11/65|"I Don't Know What You've Got But It's Got Me"|||||
|8/66|"Poor Dog (Who Can't Wag His Own Tail)"|||||
|5/70|"Freedom Blues"|||||
|9/70|"Greenwood Mississippi"|||||
|8/73|"In the Middle of the Night"|||||
|3/86|"Great Gosh A'Mighty!"|||||
|10/86|"Operator"|||||

## Other websites

- Hear Little Richard on the Pop Chronicles

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Little Richard
- **image**: Little Richard in 2007 (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Little Richard in 2007
- **landscape**: Yes
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Richard Wayne Penniman
- **birth place**: Macon, Georgia, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Tullahoma, Tennessee, Tullahoma, Tennessee, U.S.
- **occupation**: Musician, songwriter
- **instrument**: Piano, singing, vocals
- **genre**: Rock and roll, rhythm and blues, Gospel music, Gospel
- **years active**: 1951–2020
Monterey Pop Festival

The **Monterey International Pop Music Festival** took place from June 16 to June 18, 1967. Over 200,000 people went, and it is often seen as the beginning of the "rock era", replacing the earlier term "rock and roll". The festival was a cultural inspiration for future events. Many of the performers (like Jimi Hendrix and Janis Joplin) became major celebrities through their appearances, while older acts (like The Beach Boys, who were scheduled to appear but cancelled) were seen as obsolete.

### Friday, June 16

- The Association
- The Paupers
- Lou Rawls
- Beverly
- Johnny Rivers
- The Animals
- Simon and Garfunkel

### Saturday, June 17

- Canned Heat
- Big Brother & The Holding Company
- Country Joe and The Fish
- Al Kooper
- The Butterfield Blues Band
- Quicksilver Messenger Service
- Steve Miller Band
- The Electric Flag
- Moby Grape
- Hugh Masekela
- The Byrds
- Laura Nyro
- Jefferson Airplane
- Booker T and The MG's
- Otis Redding

### Sunday, June 18

- Ravi Shankar
- The Blues Project
- Big Brother & The Holding Company
- The Group With No Name
- Buffalo Springfield
- Scott McKenzie
- The Who
- The Grateful Dead
- Jimi Hendrix
- The Mamas & the Papas

## Other websites

- The Official Blog for the Monterey Pop Festival Foundation
- Monterey Pop Festival Art Director Tom Wilkes
I Have a Dream

"**I Have a Dream**" is the name of a speech Martin Luther King, Jr. gave on August 28, 1963 while standing on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C.. In his speech, he spoke of his wish for the future. His wish was that people of different races could live together peacefully in the United States. The speech was given to over 200,000 supporters. He spoke of the discrimination that the black men have faced even though they were to be treated as equals after the great Abraham Lincoln signed the momentous decree; the Emancipation Proclamation. The speech is very famous. Many have called it "the best speech given in the 20th century".

## Other websites

- "I Have a Dream" Text and Audio from AmericanRhetoric.com
- "Free At Last"
- SouthCoastToday.com: A read on a 4th, 5th and 6th graders' take on Martin
A Simple English Video about the "I Have a Dream" Speech
MI6

The **Secret Intelligence Service** (**SIS**), commonly known as **MI6**, is the United Kingdom's intelligence agency which collects intelligence about foreign countries. It is a branch of the Foreign Service, and it reports to the Joint Intelligence Committee.

The service was formed in 1909 as the Secret Service Bureau, but its existence was not officially acknowledged until 1994.

The service works with the Security Service (MI5), Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) and the Defence Intelligence (DIS). SIS deal with the United Kingdom's espionage (spying) activities outside the United Kingdom.

The headquarters are at Vauxhall Cross in London in a purpose-built building. The building was approved in 1988 and completed in 1994. The cost of the project was £135 million for site purchase and the basic building or £152.6 million including the service's special requirements. In John le Carré novels the building is called _The River House_.

## Related pages

- Central Intelligence Agency
- Special Air Service

## Other websites

- SIS web site

## Infobox (government agency)

- **agency name**: Secret Intelligence Service (MI6)
- **picture**: SIS building (26327425611).jpg
- **picture caption**: SIS Building, the headquarters of MI6 in London
- **preceding1**: #Foundation, Secret Service Bureau
- **agency type**: Intelligence agency, Foreign intelligence service
- **jurisdiction**: His Majesty's Government
- **headquarters**: SIS Building
London, England
United Kingdom
- **motto**: _Semper Occultus_ ("Always Secret")
- **employees**: 3,644
- **budget**: Single Intelligence Account £3.711 billion (2021–22)
- **minister1 name**: The Rt Hon Yvette Cooper MP
- **minister1 pfo**: Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, Foreign Secretary
- **chief1 name**: Richard Moore (diplomat), Sir Richard Moore
- **chief1 position**: Chief of the Secret Intelligence Service, Chief