juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Sudhnoti District

**Sudhanoti** () is a district of Azad Kashmir in Pakistan.

**Sudhanoti** was the main site from where struggle against dogras and British imperialists was made. It remained the capital of Azad Kashmir and Jammu before it was shifted to Muzaffarabad. It was named Sudhanoti in 2000, as a new district of Azad Kashmir and Jammu in the honor of the Sudhan tribe.

## Administration

The district is divided into four tehsils

- Balouch Tehsil
- Trarkhal Tehsil
- Mang Tehsil
- Palandri Tehsil

## Notable people

- Kiran Imran Dar, Member National Assembly (MNA) Pakistan

- Aziz Khan, General of the Pakistan Army and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee
- Khan Muhammad Khan, Politician and the Chairman of the War Council during the 1947 Poonch Rebellion

## Population

Sudhanoti has a population of 242,000.
Kiyani/Gakhhars, Awan, Khwaja, Sudhan, Qureshi, Mughal and Dar are main tribes of this area.
Baramulla District

**Baramulla** () is a district in Kashmir.

## Tehsils of Baramullah

- Bandipora Tehsil
- Baramulla Tehsil
- Pattan Tehsil
- Sopore Tehsil
- Tanghmarg Tehsil
- Rohama Tehsil (Rafiabad)
- Uri Tehsil
Budgam district

**Badgam district** () is one of the twenty districts in Indian administered Union territory of Jammu and Kashmir.

## Geography

Badgam is located at 34.63° N 76.04° E. It has an average elevation of .

## Tehsils of Budgam

Budgam district comprise of 9 tehsils namely Beerwah Tehsil, Budgam Tehsil, Chadoora Tehsil, Khansahib Tehsil Charisharif Tehsil, Khag Tehsil, Magam Tehsil, Narbal Tehsil and BK Pora Tehsil.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Budgam District
- **image skyline**: Jammu and Kashmir Budgam district.svg
- **image caption**: Location of Budgam in Jammu and Kashmir
- **official name**: Budgam District
- **settlement type**: District
- **pushpin map**: Jammu and Kashmir#India
Doda district

**Doda** () is a district of Jammu and Kashmir. It is the third largest district in Jammu and Kashmir after Leh and Kargil.

## Tehsils of Doda

- Banihal Tehsil
- Bhaderwah Tehsil
- Doda Tehsil
- Gandoh Tehsil
- Kishtwar Tehsil
- Ramban Tehsil
- Thathri Tehsil

## Related pages

- Chinta Valley
- Chenab River
Jammu district

**Jammu District** () is a district in Jammu and Kashmir.

## Tehsils of Jammu

- Akhnoor Tehsil
- Bishnah Tehsil
- Samba Tehsil
- R S Pura Tehsil
- Jammu City
Kupwara district

**Kupwara** () is a district of India. It is in Jammu and Kashmir.

## Tehsils of Kupwara

- Handwara Tehsil
- Karnah Tehsil
- Kupwara Tehsil
- Trehgam Tehsil

## Tourist destinations

- BANGUS VALLEY
- LOLAB VALLEY
- RESHWARI
- KANDI
Leh district

**Leh** is one of the two districts in the Indian union territory of Ladakh, the other being the Kargil District to the west. It is bounded on the north by Ghanche District (Northern Areas), a small border with Xinjiang, China, via the Karakoram Pass which is part of the district. Aksai Chin and Tibet is to the east. Kargil district to the west, and lahul and spiti to the south. The district headquarters is based in Leh. It lies between 32 to 36 degree North latitude and 75 to 80 degree East longitude. As of 2001 the district has a population of 117,637.

The whole of Ladakh was under the administration of Leh district until July 1, 1979, when Kargil district was bifurcated from Leh district. About 84% of the district population are followers of Tibetan Buddhism, with much of the remainder being followers of Shi'a Islam, and the rest being Sunni and Nurbakhshi Muslims. Religion has been the source of grievances between Buddhists and Muslims since the late 20th century.

According to the 2001 census Total fertility rate in Leh district is the lowest in all of India at 1.3 per women. In neighbouring Kargil district, TFR is 3.4 The Total Birth Rate was 10.02 per 1000 people in 1995-2000 period. The Natural Growth Rate was 0.62% per year implying a Total Death Rate of 3.78 per 1000 people. The Birth Rate in some remote areas have plummeted to lowest anywhere in the world. For example in the village Diggar in the Nubra Valley, only 5 children were born during 1998-2002 period for a Total population of 700 people, implying a Total Birth Rate of just 1.79 per 1000 people per year. The lowest birth rate recorded is for German city of Cottbus in 2005, with 6.20 births per 1000 people.

## Tehsils

- Nubra Tehsil
- Khalsi Tehsil
- Leh Tehsil
- Kharo Tehsil
- Durubk Tehsil
- Nyoma Tehsil
Pulwama district

**Pulwama** () is a district in Indian-occupied Kashmir.

## Tehsils of Pulwama

- Pampore Tehsil
- Pulwama Tehsil
- Tral Tehsil
- Shopian Tehsil
Rajouri district

**Rajouri** () is a District in Jammu and Kashmir, India. It borders the Islamic Republic of Pakistan's side of the Line of Control. Rajouri district is also notable for the presence of many Gujjar and Bakerwal villages, particularly towards the Pir Panjal mountain range.

The District has 7 Tehsils (towns) namely Rajouri Tehsil, Darhal Tehsil, Nowshera Tehsil, Sunderbani Tehsil, Kalakote Tehsil, Budhal Tehsil and Thannamandi Tehsil and 7 Blocks of Rajouri, Manjakote, Darhal, Budhal, Kalakote, Sunderbani and Nowshera. In  1981 estimates, the population as divided by religion was 97% Muslim, 2% Sikh and 1% Hindu. Rajouri district is famous for its local cheese all over the state along with milk products. One of the famous dishes in Rajouri is "makki ni roti" (maize bread) which is consumed best with a fresh cup of tea (_chaa_). Most of the people are farmers and they do subsistence farming.

## Tehsils of Rajouri

- Darhal Tehsil
- Budhal Tehsil
- Kalakote Tehsil
- Nowshera Tehsil
- Rajouri Tehsil
- Sunderbani Tehsil
- Thanamandi Tehsil
Srinagar district

**Srinagar**  is at the center of the Valley of Kashmir. It is the most populous district in the disputed territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India. The largest city is Srinagar, the summer capital of Jammu and Kashmir. The capital moves to Jammu city in the winter.  It is also home to the scenic Dal Lake, a popular tourist destination.

Srinagar District is made up of two administrative tehsils: North Srinagar and South Srinagar.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Srinagar district
- **demographics type1**: Languages
- **demographics1 title1**: Official
- **utc offset1**: +05:30
- **demographics1 info1**: Kashmiri language, Kashmiri, Urdu, Hindi, Dogri language, Dogri, English language, English
- **blank1 name sec1**: Literacy
- **blank1 info sec1**: 69.41%
- **native name**: Sirinagar
- **timezone1**: Indian Standard Time, IST
- **type**: Districts of Jammu and Kashmir, District of Jammu and Kashmir
- **subdivision name2**: Jammu and Kashmir (union territory), Jammu and Kashmir
- **image map**: Jammu and Kashmir Srinagar district.svg
- **map caption**: Location of Srinagar District within Jammu & Kashmir union territory
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type2**: Union territory
- **seat type**: Headquarters
- **seat**: Srinagar
- **area total km2**: 1979
- **population total**: 1250173
- **population as of**: 2011
- **population density km2**: auto
- **native name lang**: ks
Udhampur district

**Udhampur** () is a district in Jammu and Kashmir. The town of Udhampur is the headquarters of this district.

The 2001 census indicates the population of the district to be just over 700,000. There are 871 females for every 1000 males in the district. The overall literacy rate is at 54.16%, with 66.43% for males and 39.89% for females. Majority of the population of the district practise Hinduism. Majority are of Dogras in this district.There are a large number of nomadic Gujjar's and Bakarwal's present in the district as well.

The major languages spoken in the district are Punjabi and Kashmiri. Kashmiri language used by people migrated from Kashmir known as Kashmiri pandits which are in very good number as well.

## Tehsils of Udhampur

- Chenani Tehsil
- Basantgarh Tehsil
- Moungri Tehsil
- Majalta Tehsil
- Ramnagar Tehsil
- Latti-Marothi Tehsil
- Udhampur Tehsil
- Panchari Tehsil
The Invasion (professional wrestling)

**The Invasion** was a wrestling storyline in the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) that began after the WWF bought World Championship Wrestling (WCW). It involved the WCW wrestlers "invading" WWF television to try to "take over" the WWF.

The idea of a match showing the top 2 shows of the Monday Night Wars was considered to be a "dream match" show in the eyes of many fans, because it let fans to see which show would be superior. The storyline began when Vince McMahon's son, Shane McMahon, said on _RAW_ that he bought WCW. This led to many appearances of WCW wrestlers during _RAW_ and _SmackDown!_ after WrestleMania X-Seven.
Amphisbaenia

**Amphisbaenia** are a suborder of Squamata.

Amphisbaenians have features that link them to both lizards and snakes, but they have enough of their own features to be a separate suborder. Amphisbaenians can live both above and below the ground.

There are four families, made up of 18 genera, and about 160 species.

## Famililes

- Amphisbaenidae
- Bipedidae
- Rhineuridae
- Trogonphidae
Kaffir

**Kaffir** may be meaning:

## Islam

- Kafir, an Islamic term usually translated as _unbeliever_ similar to the Christian word _pagan_ or Hebrew word _koffer_.

## Africa

- The Nguni languages, called the Kaffa languages in the 19th century.
- Fanagalo, a Zulu based pidgin language once referred to as _Kitchen Kaffir_.
- Kaffraria or British Kaffraria, a former designation for King William's Town and East London, South Africa.
- Kaffir boom, a species of tree in the Fabaceae family.
- South African ethnic slur for a black person. Thought to be borrowed from the language of the Cape Malay, who are an Islamic people.

## South Asia

- Sri Lanka Kaffir people, an ethnic group
- Sri Lanka Kaffir language, a creole spoken by that people

## Middle East

- Kafiristan, the historic name for the Nuristan Province in Afghanistan
- The Nuristani people descendants of the Hindukush Kafir people
- The Nuristani languages once called Kafiiri or Kafiristani
- Kafir harp

## Botany

- Kaffir lime, a variety of lime native to Indonesia also known as a _makrut_ lime.
- Kaffir lily, one of two flowers found in southern Africa
    - Clivia miniata
    - Hesperantha coccinea

## Other

- Sunbeam Kaffir, an engine from the Sunbeam Car Company
- Kefir or Kephir, a fermented milk drink from the Caucasus region
Karen languages

The **Karen languages** are tonal languages spoken by the Karen people, who live in Myanmar (Burma) and Thailand. They are part of the Tibeto-Burman group of the Sino-Tibetan language family.

## Other websites

- A non-profit web portal on the Karen peoples
- The first and only Karen language news outlet online based in Mergui/Tavoy District of Kawthoolei

## Infobox (language family)

- **name**: Karen
- **region**: Burma and across the border into Thailand
- **ethnicity**: Karen people
- **familycolor**: Sino-Tibetan
- **fam2**: (Tibeto-Burman languages, Tibeto-Burman)
- **child1**: _Pa'o language, Pa’o_
- **child2**: Pwo Karen languages, Pwo
- **child3**: Sgaw–Bghai Karen languages, Sgaw–Bghai
- **iso2**: kar
Tropic

A **tropic** may be meaning:

In geography:
- either of two circles of latitude:
    - Tropic of Cancer, at 23° 26' 22" N
    - Tropic of Capricorn, at 23° 26' 22" S

- Tropics, referring to the tropical regions of the world.
- Tropic, Florida, a town in the United States
- Tropic, Utah, a town in the United States

In transportation:
- SS _Tropic_ (1871)
- SS _Tropic_ (1904)
Kongo language

**Kikongo** or **Kongo** is the Bantu language spoken by the Bakongo and Bandundu people in the tropical forests of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Republic of the Congo and Angola.

## Other websites

- Ethnologue entry for the Kongo language
- Kongo - English Dictionary

## Infobox (language)

- **familycolor**: Niger-Congo
- **name**: Kongo
- **nativename**: Kikongo
- **states**: Angola
 Democratic Republic of the Congo
 Republic of the Congo
- **region**: Central Africa
- **speakers**: 7 million
- **fam2**: Atlantic-Congo languages, Atlantic-Congo
- **fam3**: Volta-Congo languages, Volta-Congo
- **fam4**: Benue-Congo languages, Benue-Congo
- **fam5**: Bantoid languages, Bantoid
- **fam6**: Southern Bantoid languages, Southern
- **fam7**: Narrow Bantu languages, Narrow Bantu
- **fam8**: Central Narrow Bantu languages, Central
- **nation**: Angola
 Democratic Republic of the Congo
Republic of the Congo
- **fam9**: "H" Central Narrow Bantu languages, H
- **iso1**: kg
- **iso2**: kon
- **iso3**: kon
Latvian language

**Latvian** (Latvian: _latviešu valoda_), also called **Lettish** or **Lettisch**, is the official state language of Latvia. It is estimated that it has 1.75 million native speakers in Latvia.

The Latvian alphabet has 33 letters. The letters are based on the Latin alphabet. Along with the Lithuanian language, Latvian is the only living Baltic language.

## Related pages

- Riga
- Baltic states
- Eastern Europe
- Uralic languages
- Roma people in Latvia
- Balto-Slavic languages

## Other websites

- The Latvian Alphabet
- Examples of Latvian words and phrases (with sound)
- Latvian for beginners
- ok-board.com  Latvian online transliteration

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Latvian
- **nativename**: latviešu valoda
- **states**: Latvia, Australia, Belarus, Brazil, Canada, Estonia, Germany, Republic of Ireland, Ireland, Lithuania, New Zealand, Russia, Sweden, Ukraine, United Kingdom, USA, Venezuela,
Finland
- **region**: Europe
- **speakers**: native 1.39 million (Latvia)
150,000 (Abroad)
1.54 million (Worldwide)
 second language: 500,000
- **iso1**: lv
- **iso2**: lav
- **iso3**: lav
- **familycolor**: Indo-European
- **fam1**: Indo-European languages, Indo-European
- **fam2**: Baltic languages, Baltic
- **fam3**: Eastern Baltic languages, Eastern
- **script**: Roman alphabet, Roman script
- **nation**: Latvia, European Union
- **agency**: Latvian State Language Center
Wig

A **wig** is an artificial covering of hair. The word is short for **periwig** and appeared in the English language around 1675. Some people wear wigs to hide the fact that they are bald, which means they have very little or no scalp hair. Actors often wear wigs to disguise their appearance or get into character. In Britain and other Commonwealth nations, some public employees, such as judges and barristers, wear wigs.

Many composers during the 18th century wore wigs.
Neelum District

The **Neelum District** () is one of the eight districts of Azad Kashmir, Pakistan. Until recently it was part of Muzaffarabad District. It is bounded by the Gilgit (Northern Areas) to the North, with Kupwara and Baramulla Districts of Jammu and Kashmir to the South and Southeast, Muzaffarabad District to the Southwest and Mansehra District to the West. The district was badly affected by the 2005 Kashmir earthquake.

## Subdivisions

The district is administratively subdivided into two tehsils:

- Athmuuqaam Tehsil
- Sharda Tehsil

## Pakistani Languages

Many languages are spoken in the district. Hindko however, is the predominant language and is spoken mostly in the west, southwest and central regions. Shina and Kashmiri are spoken in the Northeast towards the border with Baramulla and Astore District and also in the far north on the cease-fire Line with Diamir District. Pashto is also spoken in a few villages on the Line of Conflict with Baramulla.

## Other websites

- Map of Neelum
The Great American Bash (2008)

**The Great American Bash (2008)** was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). It took place on July 20, 2008 at the Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum in Uniondale, New York. It was the fifth Great American Bash event held by WWE and the 19th Great American Bash event overall.

The event featured talent from the Raw, SmackDown, and ECW brands. It was the last PPV of the Ruthless Aggression Era, as all WWE in-ring programming was rated TV-PG two days after the event.

## Background

The main feud going into the Great American Bash on the SmackDown brand was between Triple H and Edge. They had been feuding over the WWE Championship. On the July 4 edition of _SmackDown_, General Manager Vickie Guerrero said that they would wrestle each other for the WWE Championship at The Great American Bash.

The main feud on the Raw brand was between CM Punk and Batista, who feuded over the World Heavyweight Championship. On July 7, Batista became the number one contender for the World Heavyweight Championship after defeating Kane, JBL, and John Cena in a fatal four-way match.

## Other websites

- Official Great American Bash website

## Infobox (wrestling event)

- **name**: The Great American Bash (2008)
- **image**: The Great American Bash 2008 Stage.jpg
- **caption**: The Great American Bash 2008 stage
- **theme**: _"Move To The Music"_ by American Bang
- **promotion**: WWE, World Wrestling Entertainment
- **brand**: WWE Raw, Raw
WWE SmackDown, SmackDown
ECW (WWE), ECW
- **date**: July 20, 2008
- **venue**: Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum
- **city**: Uniondale, New York
- **lastevent**: Night of Champions (2008)
- **nextevent**: SummerSlam (2008)
- **event**: WWE The Great American Bash, The Great American Bash
- **lastevent2**: The Great American Bash (2007)
- **nextevent2**: The Bash (2009)
Euarchontoglires

**Euarchontoglires** (synonymous with **Supraprimates**) is a taxonomic superorder, within Placentalia. It includes the rodents and the primates.

Placentalia (Eutheria)
- Afrotheria
- Exafroplacentalia
    - Xenarthra
    - Boreoeutheria
        - Laurasiatheria
        - Euarchontoglires

## Orders

- Glires
        - Rodentia - rodents
        - Lagomorpha - rabbits, hares and pikas
- Euarchonta
    - Dermoptera - colugos
    - Primatomorpha
        - Scandentia - treeshrews
        - Primates - monkeys, apes and humans
Mazamitla

**Mazamitla** is a town in the Mexican State of Jalisco.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Mazamitla
- **native name**: Mazamictlan
- **image skyline**: TemploMazamitla.jpg
- **imagesize**: 275px
- **image seal**: EscudoMazamitla.gif
- **pushpin map**: Mexico
- **pushpin mapsize**: 300px
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Mexico
- **subdivision type1**: States of Mexico, State
- **subdivision name1**: Jalisco
- **subdivision type2**: Municipalities of Jalisco, Municipality
- **subdivision name2**: Mazamitla Municipality, Mazamitla
- **leader title**: Municipal President
- **established title**: Founded
- **population as of**: 2010
- **population total**: 88,559
- **population blank1 title**: Demonym
- **timezone**: Central Standard Time, CST
- **utc offset**: −6
- **timezone dst**: Central Daylight Time, CDT
- **utc offset dst**: −5
- **elevation m**: 2500
- **postal code type**: Postal code
- **postal code**: 55650-
- **area code**: 591
Thomas Brezina

**Thomas Brezina** (born January 30, 1963, in Vienna) is an Austrian writer of children's books. He is famous for his series _The Knickerbocker Gang_ and his stories about the talking bike _Tom Turbo_.
Bass

__NOTOC__
**Bass** or **Basses** may mean:

## Music and other sound

- Low frequency part of the sound spectrum (see also Low Frequency Effects, (LFE))
- Bass (sound), describing bass in terms of tone and musicality

### Musical instruments

- Double bass, the largest and lowest pitched bowed string instrument
- Electric upright bass, the electric version of a double bass
- Bass guitar, generally with a solid body
- Acoustic bass guitar, with a hollow body
- Bass drum, a large drum
- Tuba, often called "the bass" in the context of brass instruments
- Bass clarinet a clarinet with a lower sound
- Bass cornett, a low pitched wind instrument
- Bass flute, an instrument one octave lower than a flute
- Bass sarrusophone, a low pitched double reed instrument
- Bass saxophone

### Musical genres

- Drum and bass, a type of electronic dance music
- Miami bass, a type of hip hop music
- Ghettotech, or Detroit Bass, a form of electronic dance music
- Techno Bass, a blend of Miami bass and Detroit techno
- Drill 'n bass, a form of electronic dance music

### Other musical areas

- Bass (vocal range), a male singer who sings in the deepest vocal range
- Figured bass, a kind of integer musical notation
- F clef or bass clef
- Bass note, the lowest note in a chord
- Bassline, an instrumental part which is in the bass range
- "Basses", is the third movement of Mike Oldfield's _Tubular Bells 2003_ album

## People with the surname Bass

- Fontella Bass, was an American singer.
- Lance Bass, is an American pop singer, actor, and producer.
- Saul Bass, was an American graphic designer.
- Charles Bass, is an American politician.

## Places

- Bass Rock, wildlife sanctuary off the coast of Scotland
- Bass, Victoria, a town in Australia
- Division of Bass, a federal electoral division, in Australia
- Division of Bass (state), state electoral division, in Australia
- Bass Strait, in Australia
- Bass Pyramid, island in Bass Strait
- Basses, Vienne a Commune of the Vienne department in France
- Bass, West Virginia
- Bass River (disambiguation)

## Other

- Bass (fish), various freshwater and saltwater species
- Bass (beer), a British brand of beer
- Beneath a Steel Sky, a videogame
- Bass diffusion model, a mathematical marketing model
- Bass (Mega Man), a character in the video game Mega Man
- Bass Armstrong, a character from the video game _Dead or Alive_
- G. H. Bass, a shoemaker, especially of loafers
- Bass Anglers Sportsmen Society (B.A.S.S.)
Ontology

**Ontology** is the philosophical study of the nature of _being, _becoming_, existence_, or _reality_. It is part of the major branch of philosophy known as metaphysics.

Ontology deals with questions about what things exist or can be said to exist, and how such entities can be grouped according to similarities and differences.

## Etymology

The word _ontology_ ('study of being') comes from
- _onto-_ (Greek: ;  ) and
- _-logia_ ().

## Overview

Ontology asks whether "categories of being" are fundamental.

Some philosophers, of the Platonic school, say that all nouns (including abstract nouns) refer to actual entities. Other philosophers contend that nouns do not always name entities. They think some are a kind of shorthand for a collection of either objects or events.

In this view, _mind_, instead of referring to an entity, refers to a collection of _mental events_ experienced by a _person_. _Society_ refers to a collection of _persons_ with some shared characteristics, and _geometry_ refers to a collection of a specific kind of intellectual activity.

Between these poles, called realism and nominalism, are other positions. Any ontology must give an account of which words refer to entities, which do not, why, and what categories result.
Pegasus Airlines

**Pegasus airlines** is a Turkish airline company based in Turkey. Pegasus Airlines flies to 100 destinations in 17 countries.

Countries to which Pegasus fly are:
- Austria
- Germany
- Denmark
- United Kingdom
- Netherlands
- Iran
- Italy
- Switzerland
- Northern Cyprus
- Scotland

## Other websites

- Official website
Ethiopian Airlines

**Ethiopian Airlines** is an airline based in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. It is the national airline of Ethiopia, operating scheduled international passenger and freight services to 80 destinations world-wide, as well as domestic services to 28 destinations and passenger and cargo charter flights. Its main hub is Bole International Airport, Addis Ababa.

## History

Ethiopian Airlines began on December 30, 1945. It was set up by Emperor Haile Selassie. It has codeshare agreements with South African Airways, Lufthansa, TAAG Air Angola, Gulf Air, Air One, Brussels Airlines, British Midland Airways Limited, Rwanda Air, and Saudi Arabian Airways.

## Infobox (airline)

- **airline**: Ethiopian Airlines
የኢትዮጵያ አየር መንገድ
- **logo**: Ethiopian Airlines Logo.svg
- **logo size**: 150
- **image**: Boeing 767-360-ER, Ethiopian Airlines AN1418404.jpg
- **iata**: ET
- **icao**: ETH
- **callsign**: ETHIOPIAN
- **frequent flyer**: ShebaMiles
- **alliance**: Star Alliance
- **fleet size**: 156
- **headquarters**: Bole International Airport, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- **revenue**: (7.02 billion USD)
Ethiopian birr, ETB 520 billion(_FY 2024_)
- **net income**: Ethiopian birr, ETB 1.049 billion(_FY 2012_)
- **profit**: (800 million USD)
Ethiopian birr, ETB 44.5 billion(_FY 2023_)
- **assets**: Ethiopian birr, ETB 26.368 billion(_FY 2012_)
- **equity**: Ethiopian birr, ETB  2.772 billion(_FY 2012_)
- **num employees**: 18,000 (November 2023)
Sellapan Ramanathan

**Sellapan Ramanathan** (Tamil: செல்லப்பன் ராமநாதன்; (July 3, 1924 – August 22, 2016) was the sixth President of the Republic of Singapore. Often referred to as **S. R. Nathan**, he became president on September 1, 1999.

### Early life

Nathan was an Indian Singaporean; his childhood was spent with his two older brothers and parents, V. Sellapan and Apiram, in Muar, Johor, in a house near the sea.

By then the young Nathan had returned to where he was born, Singapore, to live with an uncle, and received his early education in several Anglo-Chinese Schools, such as the Rangoon Road Afternoon School, and later Victoria School. He started working before completing his studies.  During the Japanese Occupation of Singapore, Nathan worked for the Japanese civilian police as a translator. After the war, while working, he completed his secondary education through self-study, and entered the University of Malaya (then in Singapore) where he graduated in 1954 with a Diploma in Social Studies (Distinction).

### Becoming President

He succeeded the 5th President of Singapore Ong Teng Cheong and was sworn in on September 1, 1999.

On 12 July 2005 Nathan announced that he was seeking re-election as President. He applied to the Presidential Elections Committee; by 6 August 2005 three more people had also submitted forms, but on 13 August the Committee said that the other three applicants had been rejected as unsuitable. Nathan became the president of Singapore on 17 August. He became president for the second time on 1 September 2005.

His term ended on 31 August 2011, after which a new President must be elected. He was replaced by Tony Tan Keng Yam after the 2011 Presidential Elections in Singapore.

### Personal life

Nathan, a Hindu, was married to Urmila (Umi) Nandey and had a daughter, a son, and three grandchildren.

### Death

Nathan suffered a stroke on the morning of July 31, 2016 and was taken to Singapore General Hospital's Intensive Care Unit. He died in hospital on August 22, 2016 at 9:48 pm SST, aged 92. He was survived by his wife Urmila Nandey (known as Umi), their daughter Juthika and son Osith, three grandchildren, and his sister Sundari.

## Notes and references

- 'President's tip on Ageing: Don't Think About It.' _Straits Times_. 19 October, 2007.

## Other websites

- Office of the President of the Republic of Singapore

## Infobox (president)

- **name**: Sellapan Ramanathan
செல்லப்பன் ராமநாதன்
- **image**: President of Singapore SR Nathan.jpg
- **caption**: S.R. Nathan
- **order**: 6th President of Singapore
- **primeminister**: Goh Chok Tong
Lee Hsien Loong
- **term start**: 1 September 1999
- **term end**: 31 August 2011
- **predecessor**: Ong Teng Cheong
- **successor**: Tony Tan Keng Yam
- **birth place**: Singapore
- **death date**: 22 August 2016 (aged 92)
- **death place**: Singapore
- **spouse**: Umila Umi Nandey
- **profession**: Civil service, Civil servant
- **blank1**: Religion
- **data1**: Hinduism
Singlish

**Singlish** is a language used mostly in Singapore. It is the first language of many younger Singaporeans, especially those whose parents do not share a native language or dialect, and is the second language of nearly all the rest of the country's residents.

The vocabulary of Singlish consists of words originating from English, Malay (mainly Bahasa Melayu rather than Indonesian), Hokkien, Teochew, Cantonese, Tamil and to a lesser extent various other European, Indic and Sinitic languages, while Singlish syntax resembles southern varieties of Chinese. Also, elements of American and Australian slang have come through from imported television series. To date, other Asian languages like Japanese, Korean and other lesser known Chinese dialects such as Shanghainese have also been incorporated into Singlish. Recently, because Mandarin is taught to all Singaporean Chinese in school, Mandarin words have also become a part of Singlish.  Singlish is a creole of English.

Singlish is closely related to Manglish of the nearby country Malaysia.

The Singaporean government wants people to use Singapore Standard English instead of Singlish because it believes in that Singaporeans need to be able to effectively communicate with the other English users in the world.  The government runs the Speak Good English Movement to emphasise the point.

## Other websites

- Singapore Speak Good English Movement
- The Coxford Singlish Dictionary @ Talkingcock.com
- A Dictionary of Singlish and Singapore English
- Singapore Colloquial English (Singlish)
- An Annotated Bibliography of Works on Singapore English
- The NIE Corpus of Spoken Singapore English
- The Lim Siew Lwee Corpus of Informal Singapore Speech
- Taiwanese Celebrities Criticize Singaporean English
Singapore dollar

The **Singapore Dollar** is the official currency or money of Singapore. The symbol of the Singapore Dollar when written is **$**. 1 Singapore Dollar is divided into 100 cents. There are 2, 5, 10, 50, 100, 1000 and 10,000 dollar notes and 5¢, 10¢, 20¢, 50¢, and $1 coins in use.

## Ways of writing

- **$**1 - means one dollar
- **S$** 1 - means one **Singapore** dollar
- **SGD** 1 - means one **Singapore** dollar without the dollar sign (used most in foreign exchanges)

## Usage

The Singapore Dollar can be used in Singapore.

However, the Singapore Dollar can also be used in Brunei due to an agreement signed between the Singapore government and the Brunei government. Both the Singapore Dollar (SGD) and the Brunei Dollar (BND) are accepted in stores of Singapore and Brunei.
Shortwave radio

**Shortwave radio** is a name for radio waves in the range of 3-30 megahertz. Shortwave is often used for broadcasting, and radio receivers made to tune in those broadcasts are sometimes called shortwave radios. The earth's ionosphere carries radio waves in this range over great distances, and signals can travel around the globe under certain conditions. This makes it possible for radio stations all over the world to broadcast to listeners in faraway countries. Sunspot activity and solar flares can interfere with shortwave reception, and different frequencies work better at different times during the day or year.

Since their beginning in the early days of radio, shortwave stations have carried news and cultural information about the station's locality or country of origin. Many governments or national news agencies have shortwave stations, that broadcast in both English and their native languages, so they can inform both non-natives and natives about things in their country. Some broadcast in several different languages, to reach a wider listening audience. Some of these stations are Voice of America, BBC World Service, Deutsche Welle, and Voice of Russia.

Shortwave stations may also be run by private companies or groups. Some broadcast religious programming. HCJB and WEWN include actual church services in their programs. Others may broadcast weather or time information. WWV and WWVH give the current Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) at 2.500, 5.000, 10.000, and 15.000 megahertz. WWV is also on 20.000 megahertz.

A few stations are unlicensed, and their operators are called "pirates". Pirate stations may not broadcast regularly, or from the same location each time. They may carry music not played by other stations, and express unpopular opinions. Government authorities work to stop these stations, because they are not licensed and interfere with licensed ones.

Shortwave listenership has lessened with the rise of the Internet, but is still important to people worldwide, especially in areas the Internet and computer technology have not yet reached. Many longtime stations now stream their programming over the Internet, as audio feeds or podcasting, along with their radio broadcasts.

Two-way radio sets on ships and airplanes also use shortwaves to talk with ground stations that are far away, when they cannot use a communications satellite.

## Other websites

- Shortwave Station Guide
- List of stations at World Radio Network
Çanakkale

**Çanakkale** is a city in  western Turkey. In World War I, Çanakkale was a major battle area during the Gallipoli Campaign launched by British and French forces against Turkey. Troy, an ancient Greek city was in the area of Çanakkale Province.
Dadı

***Dadı*** is a television series. It is the Turkish version of _The Nanny_. Gülben Ergen as Melek, Kenan Işık as Ömer played main starring in the television series.

## Other websites

- _Dadı_ official home page . All episodes are available online as streaming video.
- _Dadı_ at the Internet Movie Database
Placebo (band)

**Placebo** is an alternative rock band that started in London in 1994. The band currently has Brian Molko (lead vocals, guitar, harmonica, keyboards, saxophone), Stefan Olsdal (bass, guitar, keyboards, back-up vocals) and Steve Forrest (drums, percussion, back-up vocals) as members. A Kate Bush cover, "Running Up That Hill" is one of their most popular songs.

Placebo’s sixth studio album, _Battle for the Sun_, was released on June 8th, 2009.

Recorded over three months at Metal Works Studios in Toronto with producer David Bottrill and mixed in London by My Bloody Valentine, Smashing Pumpkins and Nine Inch Nails producer Alan Moulder, _Battle for the Sun_ is a startling, alive, vital and boundary-vaulting Placebo record.

It is, according to Brian Molko, “not hard rock and it’s not pop, it’s probably hard pop. I think we’ve made a record which is almost the flipside of ‘Meds’. We’ve made a record about choosing life, about choosing to live, about stepping out of the darkness and into the light. Not necessarily turning your back on the darkness because it’s there, it’s essential; it’s a part of who you are, but more about the choice of standing in the sunlight instead.”

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Placebo
- **img**: Placebo in Cracow, Poland, 2012.jpg
- **img capt**: Placebo in Cracow, Poland, 2012
- **img size**: 200px
- **background**: group_or_band
- **alias**: Ashtray Heart
- **origin**: London, England
- **genre**: Alternative rock
- **years active**: –present
- **label**: Play It Again Sam (record label), PIAS, Vagrant Records, Vagrant, EMI Records, EMI, Virgin Records, Virgin, Hut Records, Hut, Caroline Records (US), Caroline, Deceptive Records, Deceptive
- **current members**: Brian Molko
Stefan Olsdal
Steve Forrest (musician), Steve Forrest
- **past members**: Robert Schultzberg
Steve Hewitt
Industrial rock

**Industrial rock** is a music genre that puts together industrial music and different rock genres, like punk, hardcore punk, or hard rock or Synth pop.
Java Man

**Java Man** is one of the first known specimens of _Homo erectus_. The name was given to fossils discovered in 1891 at Trinil on the banks of the Bengawan Solo River in East Java, Indonesia. Java Man's discoverer, Eugène Dubois, gave it the scientific name ***Pithecanthropus erectus***. The name derives from Greek and Latin roots meaning "upright ape-man".

Java Man has been estimated to be between 700,000 and 1,000,000 years old. When it was discovered, Java Man was the oldest hominid fossil ever found. It still is the type specimen for _Homo erectus_.

Led by Eugène Dubois, the excavation team uncovered a tooth, a skullcap, and a thighbone at Trinil.
Peking Man

**Peking Man** (currently _Homo erectus pekinensis_) is an example of _Homo erectus_. The fossil remains were first found between in 1923 and 1937 during excavations at Zhoukoudian near Beijing, in China.

In 2009 the finds were dated from roughly 750,000 years ago, and a new <sup>26</sup>Al/<sup>10</sup>Be dating suggests they are in the range of 680,000–780,000 years old.

The original fossils disappeared in 1941, but casts and descriptions remain. They show that this subspecies looked similar to modern humans and Neanderthals, and used stone tools. They probably used fire.

Scientists do not know whether interbreeding happened between _Homo erectus_ and _Homo sapiens,_ and if this is an ancestor or a member of the Denisovan peoples of East Asia. No religious or symbolic findings are yet associated with this subspecies.
Golden plates

Followers of the Latter Day Saint Movement believe that Joseph Smith was visited by an angel who gave him the **Golden Plates** (also called the **gold plates**) from which he translated the Book of Mormon, one of the faith's sacred texts. They were found on September 22, 1823 on Cumorah hill in Manchester, New York and some people said that it’s 30 to 60 pounds (14 to 27 kg).
Moroni

**Moroni** is a character in the Book of Mormon that was the final member of his people before they were all killed. Mormons believe that Moroni later appeared to Joseph Smith as an angel and gave him the Golden Plates from which Joseph translated the Book of Mormon.

He is also the figure of the angel that is plated in gold and which sits on top of all Mormon temples.
Aer language

**Aer** is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by about 200 people in Sindh, Pakistan.

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Aer
- **region**: Sindh, Pakistan
- **speakers**: 150 in Pakistan
- **date**: 1998
- **ref**: e16
- **familycolor**: Indo-European
- **fam2**: Indo-Iranian languages, Indo-Iranian
- **fam3**: Indo-Aryan languages, Indo-Aryan
- **fam4**: Western Indo-Aryan languages, Western Indo-Aryan
- **fam5**: Sindhi languages, Sindhi?
- **iso3**: aeq
Guitar Hero World Tour

***Guitar Hero: World Tour*** is a music game that is part of the _Guitar Hero_ franchise. The game was released in North America on October 27, 2008. This is the first Guitar Hero game that allowed the player(s) to play a variety of instruments besides guitar. The game features 86 unique songs. The game also features a career mode where players can make their own “rockers” and band. Post launch DLC was added via an online storefront, excluding the playstation 2 version of the game.

## Musicians who guest star in World Tour

- Hayley Williams (Paramore)
- Ozzy Osbourne (Black Sabbath)
- Zakk Wylde, (Black Label Society)
- Billy Corgan (Smashing Pumpkins)
- Ted Nugent
- Sting (musician) (The Police)
- Travis Barker (+44 and Blink 182)
- Jimi Hendrix

## Song list

- Band on the Run, Paul McCartney
- Misery Business, Paramore
- Beat It, Michael Jackson and Van Halen
- Living on a Prayer, Bon Jovi
- Purple Haze, Jimi Hendrix

## Infobox (vg)

- **title**: Guitar Hero: World Tour
- **image**: Guitar_Hero_World_Tour_Logo.jpg
- **image size**: 150px
- **developer**: Neversoft
Vicarious Visions (Wii)
Budcat Creations (PS2)
- **publisher**: Activision
- **series**: _Guitar Hero (series), Guitar Hero_
- **released**: NA release : October 27, 2008
- **genre**: Rhythm
- **modes**: Single-player, multiplayer
- **platforms**: PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, Wii, Xbox 360
Guitar Hero: Metallica

***Guitar Hero: Metallica*** is a rhythm game that was made by Neversoft with other help from Activision. It is part of the _Guitar Hero_ franchise. The game was released in North America on March 29, 2009 for the Xbox 360, PlayStation 3 and the Wii and was released on April 14, 2009 in North America for the PlayStation 2. In the game Guitar Hero: World Tour, there is a trailer for the game with the song "Master of Puppets" playing in the background. "It also says Ride the Lightning 2009."

## Infobox (vg)

- **title**: Guitar Hero: Metallica
- **image**: Guitar_hero_metallica_alt.png
- **image size**: 150px
- **developer**: Neversoft
- **publisher**: Activision
- **series**: _Guitar Hero (series), Guitar Hero_
- **released**: **North America**: March 29, 2009 (360, PS3, and Wii)
 April 14, 2009 (PS2)
**Australia**: May 27, 2009
**Europe**: May 29, 2009
- **genre**: Rhythm
- **modes**: Single-player, multiplayer
- **platforms**: PlayStation 3, Xbox 360
Badeshi language

**Badeshi** is a northwestern Indo-Iranic language spoken by only 3 people in upper reaches of Bishigram Valley (Chail), east of Madyan, Swat, Kohistan in Northern Areas of Pakistan.

The Badeshi people of Bishigram Valley and Tirat Valley total around 1,500 in numbers. The figures for Pooran Chakesar, Alai, and Mansehra towns are not available. The Badeshi people stopped using their native language completely few generations ago. In Bishigram Valley, they only speak Torwali and in Tirat Valley they speak Pashto.

Muhammad Zaman Sagar, a field linguist is working on this language. But his research over the 2 years, he has just collected one hundred words so far. In July 2007 he again visited the Bishigram valley and spent some time with the people there.

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Badeshi
- **region**: Bishigram (Chail) Valley
- **date**: NA
- **ref**: 3
- **familycolor**: Indo-European
- **fam2**: Indo-Iranian languages, Indo-Iranian
- **fam3**: (unclassified)
- **iso3**: bdz
Balti

**Balti** might mean:

- Anything related to Baltistan, a region in northern Pakistan
- Balti language, a language spoken in Baltistan
Brahui language

The **Brahui** () or **Bravi** () or **Brohi** language, spoken by the Brahui people, it is the only Dravidian language mainly spoken in Pakistan, although it is also spoken in Afghanistan and Iran. The 2005 edition of Ethnologue reports some 2.2 million speakers, 90% of whom live in Pakistan. In Pakistan it is mainly spoken in the central Balochistan.

Although it is a Dravidian language, it has been heavily influenced by the Indo-Iranian languages spoken in the area such as Balochi, Sindhi and Urdu.

Brahui is often considered to be a remnant of a formerly more widespread Dravidian language family that was speculated to have reduced during the Indo-Aryan migration. It is also sometimes speculated that Brahui might be a direct legacy of the Indus Valley Civilisation. However, one polar opposite view is that Brahuis migrated up to Baluchistan in the 13 or 14th century or by a late immigration that took place after 1000 CE.

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Brahui
- **nativename**: براوی
Bráhuí
- **region**: Balochistan (region), Balochistan
- **map**: Dravidische Sprachen.png
- **mapcaption**: The Dravidian languages
Brahui (at far upper left) is far from the other Dravidian languages
- **speakers**: 2.2 million
- **date**: 1998
- **familycolor**: Dravidian
- **fam2**: Northern Dravidian languages, Northern
- **script**: Perso-Arabic script, Perso-Arabic, Latin script, Latin
- **agency**: Brahui Language Board (Pakistan)
- **iso3**: brh
Burushaski

**Burushaski** (بروشسکی - Burū́šaskī) is a language isolate spoken by some 300,000 Burusho people in the Hunza, Nagar, Yasin, Chitral, and Gilgit valleys of Northern Pakistan. It is also spoken by some 300 immigrants in Srinagar, Indian-administered Kashmir. Other names for the language are _Kanjut (Kunjoot), Werchikwār, Boorishki, Brushas (Brushias), Biltum, Khajuna, Werchikwar and Miśa:ski._

Today Burushaski contains many loanwords from Urdu (including English words received via Urdu) and from neighbouring Dardic languages such as Khowar and Shina, as well as a few from Turkic languages and from the neighboring Sino-Tibetan language Balti, but the original vocabulary remains largely intact. The Dardic languages also contain large numbers of loanwords from Burushaski.

There are three dialects, named after the main valleys: Hunza, Nagar, and Yasin (also called Werchikwār). The dialect of Yasin is thought to be the least affected by contact with neighboring languages and is generally less similar to the other two than those are to each other; nevertheless, all three dialects are mutually intelligible.

## Infobox (language)

- **familycolor**: Isolate
- **family**: Language isolate
- **name**: Burushaski
- **states**: Pakistan
- **region**: Gilgit–Baltistan
- **speakers**: 300,000 in Pakistan
- **date**: 2023
- **ethnicity**: Burusho people
- **iso3**: bsk
- **dia1**: Hunza–Nagar
- **dia2**: Yasin (Werchikwar)
- **map**: Burshaski-lang.png
- **mapcaption**: Area of Burushaski speakers
- **nativename**: بروشسکی - Burū́šaskī
Islamgarh

**Islamgarh** () (_Islam_ means the religion of Islam and _Garh_ means _Place of_) is a small New town near the village of Chak Haryam, that is close to the Mangla Dam and one of 25 towns in the Union Councils of Pakistan is the Chakswari Tehsil, Mirpur District of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. 10,082 people lived there in 1998.
Dhatki language

**Dhatki**, also known as **Dhati** or **Thari**, is a dialect continum of Sindhi and Marwari. It is spoken in western parts of Jaisalmer and Barmer districts of Rajasthan in the Republic of India and south eastern part of Sindh province of Pakistan. Its characteristic phonological features are glottalized or Implosive sounds like Sindhi. Many Dhatki speaking communities migrated to British India in 1947 after the partition and continued to do so in small numbers, but still there is a sizable number of Dhatki speakers in Tharparkar, Umarkot, Mirpurkhas districts of Sindh Pakistan.

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Dhatki
- **states**: Pakistan and India (Marwar region of Rajasthan and Thar and Parkar, South eastern Thar region of Sindh)
- **speakers**: 150,400
- **date**: 1997
- **familycolor**: Indo-European
- **fam2**: Indo-Iranian languages, Indo-Iranian
- **fam3**: Indo-Aryan languages, Indo-Aryan
- **fam4**: Indo-Aryan languages, North Western
- **fam5**: Rajasthani language, Rajasthani
- **fam6**: Marwari language, Marwari-Sindhi language, Sindhi
- **iso3**: mki
Dehwari language

**Dehwari** is a Southwestern Iranian language spoken by over 20,0000 people in Balochistan, Pakistan. Most of the Dehwari speakers are concentrated in Mastung, Khuzdar, Nushk, Kharan, Sarlath, Dalbandin, and Kalat.
Dogri language

**Dogri** () is an Indo-Aryan language, spoken by the Dogra people of the Jammu region in India. Smaller groups of speakers live in adjoining regions of western Himachal Pradesh.

## Speakers

It is spoken by about two million people in Jammu Kashmir region in India, chiefly in the Jammu region of Jammu and Kashmir, but also in northern Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, other parts of Kashmir, and elsewhere. Dogri speakers are called Dogras, and the Dogri-speaking region is called Duggar.

## Language profile

Dogri is a member of the Western Pahari Group of languages. Unusually for an Indo-European language, Dogri is tonal, a trait it shares with other Western Pahari.

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Dogri
- **states**: India
- **region**: Jammu, Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh
- **speakers**: 3 million
- **familycolor**: Indo-European
- **fam2**: Indo-Iranian languages, Indo-Iranian
- **fam3**: Indo-Aryan languages, Indo-Aryan
- **iso2**: doi
- **notice**: Indic
- **nativename**: डोगरी
- **fam4**: Pahari
- **script**: Devanagari