juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Nepali language

The **Nepali language** is the official language of Nepal and a language in India. Besides Nepal it is spoken in India, Bhutan and parts of Burma. In the Indian states of Sikkim and  West Bengal also it is an official language. This language is also known as Gorkhali Language or Khaskura. It is believed to have originated from the ancient Sanskrit language from which it takes many words. It is written in Devanagari style of writing which is similar to Hindi. It is spoken throughout Nepal and is the mother tongue of more than half of the population. It is also used by the Government of Nepal for all official purposes. In Nepal it is compulsory to study Nepali language as a subject until Grade 10 (High School).

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Nepali
- **altname**: Gorkhali, Khas-kurā
- **nativename**: नेपाली
 गोरखाली
- **states**: Nepal and India
- **ethnicity**: Khas people
- **speakers**: million
- **ref**: e18
- **familycolor**: Indo-European
- **fam2**: Indo-Iranian languages, Indo-Iranian
- **fam3**: Indo-Aryan languages, Indo-Aryan
- **fam4**: Northern Indo-Aryan languages, Northern Zone
- **fam5**: Eastern Pahari
- **script**: Devanagari
Devanagari Braille
Takri alphabet, Takri (historical)
- **nation**:
 (Sikkim, West Bengal)
- **agency**: Nepal Academy
- **iso1**: ne
- **iso2**: nep
- **iso3**: nep
- **lc1**: npi
- **ld1**: Nepali
- **lc2**: dty
- **ld2**: Doteli language, Doteli
- **lingua**: 59-AAF-d
- **image**: Nepali_word_in_devanagri_script.png
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **imagecaption**: The word "Nepali" written in Devanagari
- **map**: Nepali language status.png
- **mapcaption**: World map with significant Nepali language speakers
**Dark Blue**: Main official language,
**Light blue**: One of the official languages,
**Red**: Places with significant population or greater than 20% but without official recognition.
- **notice**: Indic
- **sign**: Signed Nepali
- **glotto**: nepa1254
- **glottorefname**: Nepali [1]
- **glotto2**: nepa1252
- **glottoname2**: duplicate code
- **glottorefname2**: Nepali [2]
Kathmandu

**Kathmandu** is the capital city of Nepal. It is the largest city of Nepal. The population of the capital city was 856,767 according to the 2021 census. It is a historical city and has many temples and palaces.

## Climate

Kathmandu experiences a subtropical highland climate with distinct seasons. Winters are cool and dry, with temperatures dropping near freezing. Spring is pleasant, marked by mild temperatures and blooming flowers. Summers are warmer with occasional heavy monsoon rains. Autumn offers moderate temperatures and clear skies. The city's elevation at approximately 1,400 meters influences its climate. While temperatures vary, understanding the seasonal patterns is essential for planning activities in this vibrant and culturally rich Nepalese capital.

## Culture

Kathmandu is home to several international and regional organizations.

International Buddhist Meditation Center operates in Kathmandu, the capital city of Nepal.

## Related pages

- Kathmandu Valley
- Nepal
- Theravada
Nepali

**Nepali** could mean:
- Anything related to Nepal
- Nepali language or _Gorkhali_ – the official language of modern Nepal as well as parts of India and Bhutan
- Nepal Bhasa or _Newari_ – the literary language of the Kathmandu Valley and the old state of Nepal
11th century

The **11th century** was the century from 1001 to 1100.

## Decades and years

Note: years before or after the 11th century are in _italics_.

|**990s**|_990_|_991_|_992_|_993_|_994_|_995_|_996_|_997_|_998_|_999_|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|**1000s**|_1000_|1001|1002|1003|1004|1005|1006|1007|1008|1009|
|**1010s**|1010|1011|1012|1013|1014|1015|1016|1017|1018|1019|
|**1020s**|1020|1021|1022|1023|1024|1025|1026|1027|1028|1029|
|**1030s**|1030|1031|1032|1033|1034|1035|1036|1037|1038|1039|
|**1040s**|1040|1041|1042|1043|1044|1045|1046|1047|1048|1049|
|**1050s**|1050|1051|1052|1053|1054|1055|1056|1057|1058|1059|
|**1060s**|1060|1061|1062|1063|1064|1065|1066|1067|1068|1069|
|**1070s**|1070|1071|1072|1073|1074|1075|1076|1077|1078|1079|
|**1080s**|1080|1081|1082|1083|1084|1085|1086|1087|1088|1089|
|**1090s**|1090|1091|1092|1093|1094|1095|1096|1097|1098|1099|
|**1100s**|1100|_1101_|_1102_|_1103_|_1104_|_1105_|_1106_|_1107_|_1108_|_1109_|

## Related pages

- Heian period
- Middle Ages
10th century

The **10th century** was a century that lasted from 901 to 1000. It was the last century of the 1st millennium.

## Decades and years

Note: years before or after the 10th century are in _italics_.

|***890s***|_890_|_891_|_892_|_893_|_894_|_895_|_896_|_897_|_898_|_899_|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|**900s**|_900_|901|902|903|904|905|906|907|908|909|
|**910s**|910|911|912|913|914|915|916|917|918|919|
|**920s**|920|921|922|923|924|925|926|927|928|929|
|**930s**|930|931|932|933|934|935|936|937|938|939|
|**940s**|940|941|942|943|944|945|946|947|948|949|
|**950s**|950|951|952|953|954|955|956|957|958|959|
|**960s**|960|961|962|963|964|965|966|967|968|969|
|**970s**|970|971|972|973|974|975|976|977|978|979|
|**980s**|980|981|982|983|984|985|986|987|988|989|
|**990s**|990|991|992|993|994|995|996|997|998|999|
|**1000s**|1000|_1001_|_1002_|_1003_|_1004_|_1005_|_1006_|_1007_|_1008_|_1009_|

## Related pages

- Heian period
8th century

The **8th century** was the century from 701 to 800.

## Decades and years

Note: years before or after the 8th century are in _italics_.

|***690s***|_690_|_691_|_692_|_693_|_694_|_695_|_696_|_697_|_698_|_699_|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|**700s**|_700_|701|702|703|704|705|706|707|708|709|
|**710s**|710|711|712|713|714|715|716|717|718|719|
|**720s**|720|721|722|723|724|725|726|727|728|729|
|**730s**|730|731|732|733|734|735|736|737|738|739|
|**740s**|740|741|742|743|744|745|746|747|748|749|
|**750s**|750|751|752|753|754|755|756|757|758|759|
|**760s**|760|761|762|763|764|765|766|767|768|769|
|**770s**|770|771|772|773|774|775|776|777|778|779|
|**780s**|780|781|782|783|784|785|786|787|788|789|
|**790s**|790|791|792|793|794|795|796|797|798|799|
|**800s**|800|_801_|_802_|_803_|_804_|_805_|_806_|_807_|_808_|_809_|

## Related pages

- Asuka period
- Nara period
- Heian period
- Islamic period of Indus Valley
7th century

The **7th century** was the century from 601 to 700.

## Decades and years

Note: years before or after the 7th century are in _italics_.

|***590s***|_590_|_591_|_592_|_593_|_594_|_595_|_596_|_597_|_598_|_599_|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|**600s**|_600_|601|602|603|604|605|606|607|608|609|
|**610s**|610|611|612|613|614|615|616|617|618|619|
|**620s**|620|621|622|623|624|625|626|627|628|629|
|**630s**|630|631|632|633|634|635|636|637|638|639|
|**640s**|640|641|642|643|644|645|646|647|648|649|
|**650s**|650|651|652|653|654|655|656|657|658|659|
|**660s**|660|661|662|663|664|665|666|667|668|669|
|**670s**|670|671|672|673|674|675|676|677|678|679|
|**680s**|680|681|682|683|684|685|686|687|688|689|
|**690s**|690|691|692|693|694|695|696|697|698|699|
|**700s**|700|_701_|_702_|_703_|_704_|_705_|_706_|_707_|_708_|_709_|

## Related pages

- Anglo-Saxons
- Asuka period
6th century

The **6th century** was the century from 501 to 600.

## Decades and years

Note: the 6th century officially started in 501.

|***490s***|_490_|_491_|_492_|_493_|_494_|_495_|_496_|_497_|_498_|_499_|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|**500s**|_500_|501|502|503|504|505|506|507|508|509|
|**510s**|510|511|512|513|514|515|516|517|518|519|
|**520s**|520|521|522|523|524|525|526|527|528|529|
|**530s**|530|531|532|533|534|535|536|537|538|539|
|**540s**|540|541|542|543|544|545|546|547|548|549|
|**550s**|550|551|552|553|554|555|556|557|558|559|
|**560s**|560|561|562|563|564|565|566|567|568|569|
|**570s**|570|571|572|573|574|575|576|577|578|579|
|**580s**|580|581|582|583|584|585|586|587|588|589|
|**590s**|590|591|592|593|594|595|596|597|598|599|
|**600s**|600|_601_|_602_|_603_|_604_|_605_|_606_|_607_|_608_|_609_|

## Related pages

- Kofun period
- Asuka period
5th century

The **5th century** was the century from 401 to 500.

## Decades and years

Note: years before or after the 5th century are in _italics_.

|***390s***|_390_|_391_|_392_|_393_|_394_|_395_|_396_|_397_|_398_|_399_|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|**400s**|_400_|401|402|403|404|405|406|407|408|409|
|**410s**|410|411|412|413|414|415|416|417|418|419|
|**420s**|420|421|422|423|424|425|426|427|428|429|
|**430s**|430|431|432|433|434|435|436|437|438|439|
|**440s**|440|441|442|443|444|445|446|447|448|449|
|**450s**|450|451|452|453|454|455|456|457|458|459|
|**460s**|460|461|462|463|464|465|466|467|468|469|
|**470s**|470|471|472|473|474|475|476|477|478|479|
|**480s**|480|481|482|483|484|485|486|487|488|489|
|**490s**|490|491|492|493|494|495|496|497|498|499|
|**500s**|500|_501_|_502_|_503_|_504_|_505_|_506_|_507_|_508_|_509_|
4th century

The **4th century** was the century from 301 to 400.

## Decades and years

Note: years before or after the 4th century are in _italics_.

|***290s***|_290_|_291_|_292_|_293_|_294_|_295_|_296_|_297_|_298_|_299_|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|**300s**|_300_|301|302|303|304|305|306|307|308|309|
|**310s**|310|311|312|313|314|315|316|317|318|319|
|**320s**|320|321|322|323|324|325|326|327|328|329|
|**330s**|330|331|332|333|334|335|336|337|338|339|
|**340s**|340|341|342|343|344|345|346|347|348|349|
|**350s**|350|351|352|353|354|355|356|357|358|359|
|**360s**|360|361|362|363|364|365|366|367|368|369|
|**370s**|370|371|372|373|374|375|376|377|378|379|
|**380s**|380|381|382|383|384|385|386|387|388|389|
|**390s**|390|391|392|393|394|395|396|397|398|399|
|**400s**|400|_401_|_402_|_403_|_404_|_405_|_406_|_407_|_408_|_409_|
1856

## Births

- April 5 – Booker T. Washington, American inventor, educator, and writer (d. 1915)
- July 10 – Nikola Tesla, Croatian physicist (d. 1943)
- July 26 – George Bernard Shaw, Irish writer (d. 1950)
- August 3 – Alfred Deakin, 2nd Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1919)
- December 28 – Woodrow Wilson, twenty-eighth President of the United States, Nobel Peace Prize recipient (d. 1924)
1648

## Events

- January/October: The Thirty Years' War ended with the Peace of Westphalia.
- October 24 –  Switzerland is recognized as an independent country by the other countries of Europe.
- Saint-Barthélemy was claimed by France.
- The Eighty Years' War between the Netherlands and Spain ended.

## Deaths

- March 12 – Tirso de Molina, Spanish dramatist and poet (b. 1571)
Doctor Who

***Doctor Who*** is a BBC science fiction television series. The series is about an alien time-traveller known as "the Doctor". In their space-time ship, the TARDIS (Time and Relative Dimension in Space), the Doctor and their companions travel through space and time, starring Christopher Eccleston (series 1), David Tennant (series 2–4), Matt Smith (series 5–7), Peter Capaldi (series 8–10), Jodie Whittaker (series 11–13) and Ncuti Gatwa (series 14−15).

## Infobox (television)

- **image**: File:Doctor Who (2020) logo custom (cropped).png
- **caption**: Logo since 2023
- **genre**: Science fiction
Drama (film and television), Drama
- **showrunner**: Russell T Davies (2005–2010, 2022–)
Steven Moffat (2010–2017)
Chris Chibnall (2018–2022)
- **writer**: Russell T Davies (2005–2010, 2022–)
Steven Moffat (2010–2017, 2023–)
Chris Chibnall (2018–2022)

Maxine Alderton (2020–2021)
- **starring**: **Doctor (Doctor Who), Various Doctors**
(as of 2005)
Christopher Eccleston (2005)
David Tennant (2005–2010, 2022–2023)
Matt Smith (2010–2013)
Peter Capaldi (2013–2017)
Jodie Whittaker (2018–2022)
Ncuti Gatwa (2023–25)
**Companion (Doctor Who), Various companions**
(as of 2005)
Billie Piper (2005–2008, 2010)
Freema Agyeman (2007–2008, 2010)
Catherine Tate (2008–2010, 2023)
Karen Gillan (2010–2012, 2013)
Jenna Coleman (2012–2015, 2017)
Peal Mackie (2017)
Matt Lucas (2017)
Bradley Walsh (2018–2021, 2022)
Tosin Cole (2018–2021)
Mandip Gill (2018–2022)
John Bishop (2021–2022)
Millie Gibson (2023–25)
Varada Sethu
- **composer**: List of Doctor Who composers, Various composers
(since 2018, Segun Akinola)
- **country**: United Kingdom
- **language**: English
- **num seasons**: 26 (1963–1989)
+ 1 TV film (1996)
- **num series**: 14 (2005–pres.)
- **num episodes**: (Doctor Who missing episodes, 97 missing)
 stories
(List of Doctor Who episodes (1963–1989), 1963–1989 episodes)
(List of Doctor Who episodes (2005–present), 2005–pres. episodes)
- **executive producer**: List of Doctor Who producers#Executive producer credits, Various
(as of 2005)
Russell T Davies (2005–2010, 2022–)
Julie Gardner (2005–2010, 2022–)
Phil Collinson (2007–2008, 2022–)
Steven Moffat (2010–2017, 2023–)
Piers Wenger (2010–2011)
Bett Willis (2010–2011)
Caroline Skinner (2011–2013)
Brian Minchin (2013–2017)
Chris Chibnall (2018–2022)
Matt Stevens (2018–2022)
Jane Tranter (2022–)
Joel Collins (2022–)
- **camera**: Multiple-camera setup, Single- and multiple-camera setups
- **runtime**: **Regular episodes:**
**Specials:**
Various: 50–90 minutes
- **company**: BBC Studios
- **opentheme**: Doctor Who theme music, _Doctor Who_ theme music
Ribosome

**Ribosomes** are important cell organelles. They are micromolecular machines that make proteins. They do this through RNA translation, building proteins from amino acids using messenger RNA as a template. Ribosomes are found in all living cells, prokaryotes as well as eukaryotes.

Ribosomes are made of two parts: the large and small subunits. Each subunit is made of a mixture of protein and rRNA that are made in the nucleolus of a cell. After being made, ribosomes move from the nuclear envelope to the cytoplasm. Most ribosomes sit on the endoplasmic reticulum, but are also found throughout the cytoplasm.

Human cells can have up to 10 million ribosomes in every cell. In order to create each ribosome, cells have many copies of rRNA genes. In humans, about 400 rRNA genes are inherited across five chromosomes.

## Structure

Ribosomes are made out of two things: a small ribosomal subunit that reads the mRNA, while the large subunit joins amino acids to form a polypeptide chain. Each subunit is composed of one or more ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecules and a variety of proteins.

Eukaryotes have 80S ribosomes, each consisting of a small (40S) and large (60S) subunit. Their small subunit has a 16S RNA sub-unit (consisting of 1540 nucleotides) bound to 21 proteins. The large subunit has a 5S RNA (120 nucleotides), a 28S RNA (4700 nucleotides), a 5.8S RNA (160 nucleotides) subunits and 46 proteins.

## Types of ribosome

Ribosomes evolved as cells evolved. Prokaryote (bacterial) ribosomes have just a single RNA chain. Archaeal ribosomes are similar.

Only Eukaryotic ribosomes have the full gear, which is a total 80S ribosome with a small 40S unit plus a large 60S subunit.
William Hartnell

**William Henry Hartnell** (8 January 1908 – 23 April 1975) was an English actor. He best known for playing the First Doctor on _Doctor Who_ from 1963 to 1966.

## Biography

He was born in St Pancras, London. In 1932, he was in a movie called _Say It With Music_. He was in more than sixty movies. He usually played funny characters until 1944, when he was a sergeant in a movie called _The Way Ahead_. After that, he played a lot of policemen and soldiers. He was the main character in a movie called _Carry on Sergeant_ in 1958. From 1957 to 1961, he appeared on a television show called _The Army Game_ and in 1963, gave up movies and became the first Doctor in _Doctor Who_. _Doctor Who_ was a new television show.

Hartnell was in _Doctor Who_ for three years. In 1966, he got sick. He forgot some of his lines, and argued with the people who made the show. Then he left _Doctor Who_. Patrick Troughton became the new Doctor.

Hartnell's health got worse and in December 1974, he went to hospital. On 23 April 1975, he died in his sleep at the age of 67.

According to some of his colleagues on _Doctor Who_, he could be a difficult person to work with. Others, though, such as actors Peter Purves and William Russell, and producer Verity Lambert, spoke glowingly of him after more than 40 years. Carole Ann Ford, who played the Doctor's granddaughter Susan, has said she and Hartnell "got on terribly well", saying "It upsets me when I hear people saying he was difficult to work with, he was very sweet" Hartnell also adored Verity Lambert, and had great respect for Waris Hussein. Hartnell also admired singer Paul Robeson. In his _Desert Island Discs_ interview, Hartnell stated that Paul Robeson was his hero and described him as having a voice like crushed velvet.
Patrick Troughton

**Patrick George Troughton** (25 March 1920 – 28 March 1987) was a British actor. He played different sorts of characters and who was in a lot of movies.

He is best known as the Second Doctor on _Doctor Who_ from 1966 to 1969. He also appeared in _Jason & the Argonauts_ (1963) and _The Omen_ (1976). His grandson, Harry Melling plays Dudley Dursley in the _Harry Potter_ series of movies.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Patrick Troughton
- **image**: Peck Omen 1976.jpg
- **caption**: _The Omen_, 1976
- **birth place**: Mill Hill, Middlesex, England, United Kingdom
- **death place**: Columbus, Georgia, Columbus, Georgia (U.S. state), Georgia, United States
- **death cause**: Heart attack
- **partner**: Ethel Margaret 'Bunny' Troughton (widow)
- **children**: 6 children, 2 step children
- **occupation**: Actor
Jon Pertwee

**John Devon Roland Pertwee** (7 July 1919 – 20 May 1996), better known as **Jon Pertwee**, was an English actor. He is best known for playing the role of the Third Doctor on _Doctor Who_ from 1970 to 1974 and also the title scarecrow in the television children's comedy series _Worzel Gummidge_. His son is actor Sean Pertwee.

He was a cousin of actor Bill Pertwee who played Chief Warden Hodges in the comedy _Dad's Army_.

## Other websites

- Jon Pertwee Biography – British Film Institute
- Jon Pertwee's career including The Navy Lark at http://www.kastria.net
- _An Hour with Jon Pertwee_  Jon Pertwee reminisces, including time serving on the _Hood_ – streaming audio (No longer available)

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Jon Pertwee
- **image**: Jon Pertwee (filtered).jpg
- **caption**: Jon Pertwee in 1996
- **birth name**: John Devon Roland Pertwee
- **birth place**: Chelsea, London, England,
- **death place**: Timber Lake, Connecticut, United States
- **death cause**: Heart attack
- **years active**: 1938–1996
- **spouse**: Jean Marsh (m. 1955–1960, divorced)
Ingeborg Rhoesa (m. 1960–1996, his death)
- **children**: Sean Pertwee
Dariel Pertwee
Jim Reeves

**James Travis "Jim" Reeves** (August 20, 1923 in Galloway, Texas - July 31, 1964 in Nashville, Tennessee) was an American country singer. He died in a plane crash.
Dusty Springfield

**Dusty Springfield** (16 April 1939 – 2 March 1999) was an English singer. Her real name was **Mary Isobel Catherine Bernadette O'Brien**. Her musical career lasted from the late 1950s to the 1990s. She recorded over 200 songs during this time. She became one of the most successful female singers in Britain. She made soul music. Between 1963 and 1989, she had six top 20 singles on the United States _Billboard_ Hot 100 chart and 16 on the United Kingdom Singles Chart. She is a member of both the US Rock and Roll and UK Music Halls of Fame. She is famous as a pop icon of the Swinging Sixties.

Springfield was born in London. She learned to sing at home. She liked American jazz music, and wanted to sound like that. In 1958, she joined her first professional group, The Lana Sisters. Two years later, she formed a singing trio, The Springfields. Her solo career began in 1963. Her first successful song was "I Only Want to Be with You". Other successful songs followed: "Wishin' and Hopin'" (1964), "I Just Don't Know What to Do with Myself" (1964), "You Don't Have to Say You Love Me" (1966), and "Son of a Preacher Man" (1968).

Later, she worked in Memphis, Tennessee on a soul album with Atlantic Records. The album was called _Dusty in Memphis_. It was released in 1969. It has been ranked among the greatest albums of all time by the magazine _Rolling Stone_, and in polls by VH1 artists, _New Musical Express_ readers, and Channel 4 viewers. The album was also awarded a spot in the Grammy Hall of Fame.

Springfield was openly bisexual.

In March 1999 Springfield was going to go to Buckingham Palace to be given her award of Officer, Order of the British Empire. Springfield was given the award early in January 1999 in hospital.

Springfield died of breast cancer on 3 March 1999. Her name was added to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame two weeks later, on 16 March.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Dusty Springfield
- **img**: Dusty Springfield niet op Grand Gala du Disque. Hier tijdens een bezoek in het S, Bestanddeelnr 921-1468.jpg
- **image size**: 120
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Mary Isabel Catherine Bernadette O'Brien
- **birth place**: West Hampstead, London, England
- **death place**: Henley-on-Thames, Oxfordshire, England
- **origin**: Ealing, London, England
- **instrument**: Guitar
- **years active**: 1958–1995
The Offspring

**The Offspring** is an American punk group formed in 1984 in Garden Grove, California. Their music has covered both punk rock and pop punk.

### Current members

- Dexter Holland – lead vocals, rhythm guitar (1984–present)
- Noodles – lead guitar, backing vocals (1985–present)
- Todd Morse – bass, backing vocals (2019–present)
- Jonah Nimoy – rhythm guitar, keyboards, percussion, backing vocals (2023–present)
- Brandon Pertzborn – drums (2023–present)

### Former members

- Greg K. – bass, backing vocals (1984–2018)
- James Lilja – drums, backing vocals (1984–1987)
- Ron Welty – drums (1987–2003)
- Atom Willard – drums (2003–2007)
- Pete Parada – drums (2007–2021)

## History

The band was founded by Dexter Holland and Greg Kriesel after a concert of Social Distortion as "Manic Subsidal". As soon as Kevin "Noodles" Wasserman joined the band as their second guitarist in 1985, they changed their name to "The Offspring".

It would not be until ten years after forming that The Offspring saw its first piece of commercial success in its third album, _Smash_, which was released in 1994. Regarded by many as The Offspring's classic release, and Epitaph Records' best-selling album, _Smash_ produced four successful hit singles: "Come Out and Play" (which reached #1 on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart), "Self Esteem", "Gotta Get Away" and the radio-only single "Bad Habit". From there, The Offspring became one of the most important punk bands of the 1990s, along with ALL, Bad Religion, Face to Face, Green Day, Guttermouth, Lagwagon, NOFX, Pennywise, Rancid, Social Distortion, The Vandals, and many others.

Their most recent album was released October 11, 2024.

## Discography

- _The Offspring_ (1989)
- _Baghdad_ (1991, EP)
- _Ignition_ (1992)
- _Smash_ (1994)
- _Ixnay on the Hombre_ (1997)
- _Americana_ (1998)
- _Conspiracy of One_ (2000)
- _Splinter_ (2003)
- _Greatest Hits_ (2005, compilation)
- _Rise and Fall, Rage and Grace_ (2008)
- _Days Go By_ (2012)
- _Let the Bad Times Roll_ (2021)
- _Supercharged_ (2024)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: The Offspring
- **img**: Offspringlive.jpg
- **img capt**: The Offspring performing in 2008
- **landscape**: yes
- **background**: group_or_band
- **alias**: Manic Subsidal (1984–1986)
- **origin**: Huntington Beach, California, Huntington Beach, California, United States
- **genre**: Punk rock, pop punk, skate punk, alternative rock, ska punk, hardcore punk (early)
- **years active**: 1984–present
- **label**: Columbia Records, Columbia, Black Label Records, Black Label, Nemesis Records, Nemesis, Epitaph Records, Epitaph, Nitro Records, Nitro
- **associated acts**: Face to Face (punk band), Face to Face, Saves the Day, Steady Ground, Angels & Airwaves, Moth (band), Moth, Social Distortion, Hot Mess (band), Hot Mess, Andrew Freeman (musician)#Thirty Stones, Thirty Stones
- **current members**: Dexter Holland
Noodles
Todd Morse
Jonah Nimoy
Brandon Pertzborn
- **past members**: Greg K.
James Lilja
Ron Welty
Atom Willard
Pete Parada
Tomato

The **tomato** (_Solanum lycopersicum_) is a vegetable/botanical fruit, or specifically, a berry (but not a fruit as ordinary people use the word).

Tomatoes are shiny and smooth with many small seeds. They are very good for health. Most tomatoes are red, but are green when unripe. They slowly change color from green to red as they get ripe, and as they get ripe they get bigger and bigger. There are many different types of tomatoes. Some kinds of tomato are yellow or orange when they are ripe. Tomatoes are used a lot in Italian food. They are also used to make ketchup. Tomatoes are called fruit, because they contain seeds. Tomato seeds get spread around by being eaten by animals. After being eaten the seeds pass through the animal's digestive system.  Although tomatoes are really fruits, many people call them vegetables and treat them like vegetables when they cook. Tomatoes are a savory product.

## History

The tomato is native to western South America. Wild versions were small, like cherry tomatoes, and most likely yellow instead of red. The Spanish first introduced tomatoes to Europe, where they became used in Spanish and Italian food. The French and northern Europeans wrongly thought that they were poisonous as they are a member of the deadly nightshade family. The leaves and immature fruit contains tomatine, which in large amounts would be toxic. However, the ripe fruit contains no tomatine.

## As food

The tomato is grown and eaten around the world. It is used in many ways, such as raw in salads or in slices, stewed, a part of a wide variety of dishes, or processed into ketchup or tomato soup. Unripe green tomatoes can also be breaded and fried, used to make salsa, or pickled. Tomato juice is sold as a drink, and is used in cocktails such as the Bloody Mary.

Tomatoes contain many nutrients but is highest in vitamin C and potassium. A medium tomato contains approximately 15 grams of vitamin C and 290 grams of potassium.

## Related pages

- List of fruits

## Other websites

- "Is a tomato a fruit or a vegetable?"
- Tomato history and nutrition
- Tomato Nutrition Facts
Pineapple

The **pineapple** is a fruit. It is native to South America, Central America and the Caribbean. The word "pineapple" came from European explorers, who thought the fruit looked similar to a pine cone. The pineapple is a tropical plant and it must not be kept under 10 degrees. It takes a long time for the pineapple to grow. It mainly depends on the location and the growing conditions it gets. If the temperature is warm, the pineapple will grow faster. On average, it takes about two to three years to grow. If the fruit travels by boat, the fruit must be picked before ripening, since the trip takes a long time. Sometimes, pineapple has to travel by boat to be accessible to all. It is different for air travel. The pineapple can be picked when it is grown, since travel time is short. In most countries, pineapples are called _ananas_.

## Nutrition

A pineapple contains fiber and vitamin C. The stem of the pineapple has an enzyme having healing effects, anti-inflammatory effects and it may reduce edema. The enzyme from the pineapple is beneficial for a person who wants to go on a good diet. Pineapple contains a lot of manganese; the body needs manganese to build strong bones.

## Varieties

In the world, there are a lot of varieties of pineapples. In fact, there are more than one hundred varieties that grow in different sizes. Four of those are the main varieties:
- **Sugarloaf pineapple**: It usually grows in Mexico and Venezuela. The flesh is white and there is no woodiness.
- **English Pineapple**: It is found in Central America's countries. The yellow of this pineapple is pale and it has the shape of a square.
- **Queen pineapple**: It grows in the Hluhluwe region of South Africa. It is less sweet, the flesh is rich and yellow. The flavor of this variety is mild.
- **Smooth Cayenne pineapple**: This variety comes from Hawaii. It contains high sugar and acid content. The leaves are spineless and they have a cylinder shape.

## Symbolism

Before the colonisation of North America, early Europeans commonly called any kind of fruit an "apple". The Spanish thought that the pineapples looked like pine cones. Even though pineapples have nothing to do with pine cones and apples, because of the similar shape between the pineapple and the pine cone, most people change its meaning into symbolism. Both have been used for symbolizing fertility. The pineapple symbolizes friendship and hospitality to the Caribbeans. These people usually hung pineapples outside their huts to show they are welcome.
Pear

The term **pear** may refer to a number of fruits produced and consumed around the world, growing on a tree and harvested in the Northern Hemisphere in late summer into October. Its shape is a teardrop, the flavor of pears is best when they are cool. They are juicy. Pears do not ripen well on trees. They can be soft in the center. They can be baked, canned, frozen, or eaten fresh. They can be made into jams, jellies or juice. They can also be made into pies and put into salads or baby food. They are eighty three percent water. It has a green, red, yellow, or brown skin. The pear originated from Europe, Africa and Asia. Pear trees grow in heavy soil.

Pears are in the subfamily Maloideae with apples. It is a subfamily of  the family _Rosaceae_.

## Description

The pear comes from the tree Pyrus communis, also called the common pear tree. The tree can be  high. They live an average of 65 years. It starts as a pyramid-shaped tree. As it grows becomes rounded. It ends up becoming oval. This tree has gray bark covered with cracks. Its leaves are dark green and  long. The flowers are pink or white and up to  long.

The pear needs soil that is neither too dry nor too wet. It grows best in temperate and humid climates.

According to Pear Bureau Northwest, about 3000 known varieties of pears are grown worldwide.

## History

The pear comes from Eastern Europe and Western Asia. It grew during the Neolithic era. Its standard form is the result of different hybridizations from wild specimens.

The pear was also cultivated by the Romans, who ate the fruits raw or cooked, just like apples.

## Related pages

- List of fruits
Melon

A **melon** is any kind of edible, fleshy fruit in the Cucurbitaceae family. Many different cultivars have been produced, especially of muskmelons. Botanically speaking, the melon is a fruit, but some kinds are often considered vegetables. Most melons belong to the genus _Cucumis_, but there are also some that belong to _Benincasa_, _Citrullus_ and _Momordica_. The muskmelon belongs to _Cucumis_, while the watermelon belongs to _Citrullus_.

The word _melon_ comes from the Latin **', which itself comes from the Greek  (**').

## History

Melons come from Africa and southwest Asia. They gradually began to appear in Europe toward the end of the Roman Empire. Melons were introduced to America by early settlers, who grew honeydew and casaba melons as early as the 1600s. A number of Native American groups in New Mexico have a tradition of growing their own kinds of melon cultivars, derived from melons originally introduced by the Spanish.

## Nutrition

Melons are a nutritious food. The seeds of cantaloupe were used in China to moderate fevers and the digestive system. Elsewhere, seeds were ground into a powder and used to treat tuberculosis. Cantaloupes are particularly beneficial to people with heart disease, as they have large of amounts of an anticoagulant known as adenosine. They also have high levels of potassium, which benefits those with high blood pressure. Due to their high water content, all melons are considered diuretics.

There is also evidence that suggests that eating melons can lower the risk of cancer. USDA researchers discovered that melons have lycopene, an antioxidant found in a select group of fruits and vegetables. Lycopene treats and prevents cancer by trapping free-radicals in cells.

## Other websites

- . List of photographed varieties of melons.
Raspberry

A **raspberry** is an aggregate fruit, meaning it has many parts joined together. It is similar to a blackberry, but the fruit is hollow on the inside. There are many different species of raspberry plants, but only a few of them have fruit that are sold in stores. Leaves of the raspberry plant are also used fresh or dried in herbal teas. The raspberry is red when ripe, and is also a source of nectar for juices. Raspberries are a popular fruit in some parts of the world.

## Plants

A raspberry plant typically grows in fields or in forest clearings where fire or wood-cutting has produced open space. As a cultivated plant in moist temperate regions, it is easy to grow. It has a tendency to spread unless cut back.

Two types of raspberry plants can be bought in stores: the older summer-bearing type and double- or "ever"-bearing plants. Raspberry plants make stalks each year. The fruit grows on these stalks. These stalks last for 2 years. Both the summer and everbearing plants create the fruit in the summer of the second year of the stalk. The stalks of the everbearing plant also creates fruit in the fall of the first year.

## Species

The raspberry fruit that are sold in stores come from plants that are hybrids between two species, _Rubus idaeus_, European red raspberry, and _Rubus strigosus_, American red raspberry. Fruit from _Rubus occidentalis_, black raspberry, are sometimes available, and hybrids with red fruit exist. These three species are in the same subgenus, _Rubus_ subgenus _Idaeobatus_.

Other raspberry species in _Rubus_ subgenus _Idaeobatus_ include:
- _Rubus crataegifolius_ (Korean raspberry)
- _Rubus gunnianus_ (Tasmanian alpine raspberry)
- _Rubus leucodermis_ (Whitebark or Western raspberry, Blue raspberry, Black raspberry)
- _Rubus parvifolius_ (Australian native raspberry)
- _Rubus phoenicolasius_ (Wine raspberry or Wineberry)
- _Rubus rosifolius_ (West Indian raspberry)
- _Rubus ellipticus_ (Yellow Himalayan Raspberry)
- _Rubus strigosus_ (American raspberry)

Other raspberry species that are not in _Rubus_ subgenus _Idaeobatus_ include:
- _Rubus arcticus_ (Arctic raspberry)
- _Rubus deliciosus_ (Boulder raspberry)
- _Rubus nivalis_ (Snow raspberry)
- _Rubus odoratus_ (Native Flowering raspberry)
- _Rubus sieboldii_ (Molucca raspberry)
Plum

A **plum** is a sweet fruit that grows on a **plum tree**. The scientific name for the tree is _Prunus_ _domestica_. When the fruit is dried, it is called a prune. The color "plum" takes its name from the fruit.

***Prunus domestica*** is the **European plum**. Most of the plums we eat are grown on varieties of this tree. Greengages and damsons are varieties of plum.

The plant is usually  a large shrub  or a small tree. It has attractive white blossom in spring. The branches often have thorns. The fruit can be up to 8 cm across, and is usually sweet (dessert plum).  Some varieties are sour and require cooking with sugar. The fruit  has a single large seed inside.

Some plum trees need another plum tree growing nearby to fertilise the flowers. Without this the plum tree may not produce any fruit.

Plum colored plums are called _purple plums_ and are a deep purple color; other plums are reddish purple. Some other plums can be yellow, red, green or even white. The fruit has a groove running down one side, and a smooth stone (seed). The flesh of the fruit is brownish and is very juicy. The skin can be eaten. It can also be used to make jam and the juice can be used to make wine. It is closely related to the apricot.

Plums contain many nutrients but is highest in vitamin C and potassium. A single plum contains approximately 6 grams of vitamin C and 100 grams of potassium.

## Cultivation

There are many cultivars of plum.
Plums come in a wide variety of colors and sizes. Some are much firmer-fleshed than others, and some have yellow, white, green or red flesh, with equally varying skin color. These are some of the best-kown:
- Damson (purple or black skin, green flesh, clingstone, astringent)
- **Greengage** (firm, green flesh and skin even when ripe)
- **Yellowgage** or golden plum (similar to greengage, but yellow)
- **Victoria plum** (yellow flesh with a red or mottled skin)
- Satsuma plum (firm red flesh with a red skin)
- Mirabelle plum (dark yellow, mostly grown in northeast France)

## Related pages

- Plum (color)
- Fruit trees

## Other websites

Plum Nutrition Facts
- _Prunus americanum_ images at bioimages.vanderbilt.edu
Peach

The **peach** is a species of the _Prunus persica_, and is a fruit tree of the rose family _Rosaceae_. They grow in the warm regions of both the northern and southern hemispheres.

## Description

Peach blossoms are small to medium-sized. The tree is sometimes up to 6.5 m (21 feet) in height. When it is grown by people, the height it is usually kept between 3 and 4 m (10 and 13 feet) by pruning. Its leaves are green and pointy. They usually have glands that make a liquid to attract insects.

Peaches are also called stone fruits because they have a shell of hard wood around their seed, called a stone or a pit. The skin of a peach is an orange or yellow color, and it is covered in small hairs called _peach fuzz_. A peach without the fuzz is usually called a **nectarine**. The inside of a peach is a golden color. It tastes sweet and sticky. Because of this, peaches are often part of desserts.

## Symbolism

The **peach** first came from China. It has been grown from at least since 1000 B.C.E. In Chinese culture, the peach tree is considered to be the tree of life and peaches are symbols of immortality. Peach blossoms are carried by Chinese brides. It is also considered as the "National fruit of Afghanistan" and the _"Provincial fruit of Balochistan, Pakistan"_ respectively.

## Lifespan of a peach

Because of the cold winter, diseases, and pests, peach trees can usually only live about 10 to 12 years. However, if a peach tree is fertilized properly, and taken care of in the right way, it may live more years.

### Brown rot

_Brown rot_ is a very dangerous kind of peach disease. It can attack the blossoms and stop the fruit from developing. If it is not stopped quickly, good quality fruit can not be produced from the peach tree.

### Peach leaf curl

_Peach leaf curl_, which is another very serious disease, makes the leaves curl up and begin to die in spring. It can be stopped if it meets fungicide.

### Bacterial spot

_Bacterial spot_ gives harm to the leaves, twigs and fruit. By the time the disease is recognized, it is often too late to stop it. However, some kind of sprays may be used early in the next season to protect the peach tree.

### Cankers

_Cankers_ is a kind of disease that infects the twigs and branches. They make large amounts of amber-colored gum spill out from the infected branch. Later, the bark will crack open completely and the tissue of the twig turns black. Cankers can be removed by pruning.

### Insects

There are several kinds of insect pests that can be great trouble to the peach. The Oriental fruit moth can make the peaches filled with worms and young growing tips may die. The plum curculio lays its eggs on the fruit, and makes them drop off or become filled with worms. Insects like the tarnished plant bug and the stink bug eat up the fruit that is still developing. Borers attack the base of the trunk and the branches.
Grapefruit

**Grapefruit** is a citrus fruit grown in sub-tropical places. It is bigger than an orange and is often more sour, but many types of grapefruit have other flavors.

The tree which the grapefruit grows on is normally 5-6 meters tall but can reach up to 15 meters tall. It has dark green leaves that measure up to 150mm and has white flowers that grow 5cm in length. The fruit itself can grow 10-15cm in diameter. In 2007, there were about 5,061,023 tons of grapefruits made worldwide, most of the tons coming from the U.S. There are many different kinds of grapefruits with different color pulp. The most popular colors are red, white and pink. There are also a wide range of flavors grapefruits have, from highly acidic and bitter to sweet.

## Drug interactions

While they were doing research for a drug against high blood pressure in 1989, scientists found that its effectiveness was worse in people who had eaten grapefruit. Two years later, at the start of 1991, they published their findings in the scientific journal The Lancet. Since then, several substances that are present in the grapefruit and grapefruit juice have been identified; these substances cause side-effects in certain drugs. Grapefruit and grapefruit juice interact with numerous drugs, resulting in numerous adverse effects including bone marrow suppression, nephrotoxicity, abnormal heart rhythm, rhabdomyolysis, hypotension, gastrointestinal bleeding, dizziness, and respiratory depression.

Another effect is that grapefruit compounds may inhibit the absorption of drugs in the intestine. If a drug is not absorbed, then not enough of it is in the blood to have a therapeutic effect. Each affected drug has either a specific increase of effect or decrease.One whole grapefruit or a glass of  of grapefruit juice may cause drug overdose toxicity. Very often, the fact that a drug has interactions with grapefruit or grapefruit juice is indicated on the packaging, or the usage instructions.
Blackberry

The **blackberry** is a black berry made by any of several species in the _Rubus_ genus of the Rosaceae family. The blackberry is black, shrub is called "bramble" in Britain, but in the western U.S. "caneberry" is the term is used for both blackberries and raspberries.

It is a widespread and well known group of over 375 species which reproduce by apomixis. They are native all over the temperate Northern hemisphere and South America. The blackberry grows to about 3 m in height. It makes an edible black fruit, known by the same name. The plant tolerates poor soil very well.

The plant down its strong suckering roots amongst garden hedges and shrubs. It will grow fast, taking over uncultivated spots very quickly. In some parts of the world, such as in Australia, Chile, New Zealand, and the Pacific Northwest of North America, some blackberry species are regarded as weeds.
Lychee

A **lychee** (pronounced LIE-chee) is a tropical fruit in the genus _Litchi_. It is grown in some parts of India like Uttar Pradesh and Bihar apart from southern China. Lychees from India are distinctly different from the ones grown in China–apart from being larger and juicier, their outer shell is reddish unlike the brown color lychees in China. Since it is tropical, it will only grow in a warm, wet climate.

The inside of a lychee is a clear, pinkish-white color. The outside of the fruit is a hard spiky shell. Its seed is brown in color and very hard. The seeds are poisonous and should not be eaten. The lychee has a sweet taste, and may be frozen, made into sauces, jam, puree, or preserves. When frozen, the lychee tastes similar to sorbet.

## References

2. Off season production of litchi in South India for crop diversification and income enhancement of farmers - Indian Institute of horticulture research.

## Infobox (chinese)

- **pic**: Lychee (Chinese characters).svg
- **piccap**: "Lychee" in Chinese characters
- **picupright**: 0.45
- **c**: 荔枝
- **p**: lìzhī
- **w**: li<sup>4</sup>-chih<sup>1</sup>
- **gr**: lihjy
- **j**: lai<sup>6</sup>-zi<sup>1</sup>
- **y**: laih-jī
- **tl**: nāi-tsi
- **poj**: nāi-chi
Cherry

A **cherry** is a fruit that grows on a tree or a bush. It belongs to the genus _Prunus_. It is red in color, with a seed in the middle. It tastes slightly sour, and is often used to flavour cakes and ice cream, or is baked in a pie or cobbler. Cherries are also a good source of Vitamin B.

In Japan, Yamagata is top producer of cherries.

## Commercial production

Top Cherry Producing Nations - 2009
(in thousand metric tons)

**Turkey** 417.7

**USA** 390.7

**Iran** 225.0
Blackcurrant

The **blackcurrant** (_Ribes nigrum_) is a small, bitter-tasting fruit. It can be found in central and northern Europe and northern Asia.

Blackcurrant has a lot of vitamin C in it. Blackcurrant gets its name from its dark color. It is also used to make jelly, ice cream, and cordial. Blackcurrant is a popular flavor in the United Kingdom. Blackcurrants are also used in salads and in baking, similar to raisins. Blackcurrant also has a slight bitter flavor due to the high concentration of vitamin C.
Date

The word **date** can mean:
- A date is a day on a calendar. It is now Thursday**,  October 24, ** (UTC). That means that today's date is _ , _, or _  _.
- A date is the fruit of the date palm.
- When people talk about a date, they can also mean that they are meeting with another person — dating. That person might be their boyfriend or girlfriend. People might go out with their partner to have a meal, or they might go to entertain themselves.
Date palm

The **date palm** (***Phoenix dactylifera***) is a species of palm tree. It has been cultivated for a very long time because of its fruit. The tree is between  high. It has long leaves that look like feathers. Such leaves are called pinnate. The leaves can grow to  in length. The leaves have visible spines. There are about 150 leaflets. Each leaflet can be up to  in length and  in breadth. The full span of the crown of the tree is .

The tree has one or more trunks. All the trunks come from a single system of roots.

## Production

World production of dates was approximately 6.7 Mio tonnes in 2004 (FAO statistics). The major producers are:
- Egypt: 1,100,000 t (16.2% of world production)
- Iran: 880,000 t (13.0%)
- Saudi Arabia: 830,000 t (12.3%)
- United Arab Emirates: 760,000 t (11.2%)
- India: 710,000 t (10.6%)
- Pakistan: 650,000 t (9.6%)
- Algeria: 450,000 t (6.6%)
- Sudan: 330,000 t
- Oman: 240,000 t
- Libya: 140,000 t
- Tunisia: 150,500 t
- Others: 1,140,000 t
- Iraq used to be a major producer of dates but in recent years production and exports have fallen considerably.
- Kuwait
The First International Date Conference was held in Tripoli in 1959.  In that conference, it was decided to develop a special program under the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations to promote the commercial use of substandard or physically defective dates.
Cherimoya

The **Cherimoya** (_Annona cherimola_), also called the **custard apple**, is a sweet fruit that comes mostly from Peru, Ecuador, Colombia and Bolivia. The inside of a cherimoya is soft, and it is white in color. The skin of the cherimoya fruit is green when it is ripe, and brown if it becomes too ripe. The cherimoya has large, black seeds. The cherimoya is special because it can be grown in high places.

In India, especially in North India, this fruit is known as _sitafal_ (named after Sita). In Sri Lanka it is known as "Wali Anoda (වැලි අනෝදා)".
It is grown in Reggio Calabria as well.
Blueberry

**Blueberry** refers a wild section of purple or blue berries. It grows in a type of woody plant called a shrub. Many types of blueberries grow in North America and eastern Asia. Blueberries are more common between May and October.

Blueberry has a sweet taste, with a little acidic hint. Wild blueberries have a stronger taste.  Blueberries are good for making jelly, jam, pie, muffins, pancakes, and many other foods.The most widely cultivated species of blueberry is Vaccinium corymbosum. Some similar kinds of berries are called blueberry or huckleberry in different places.