juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Microsoft Bing

**Microsoft Bing** (or just **Bing**) is a search engine. It used to be called _Windows Live Search_ and _MSN Search_. Microsoft calls it a "decision engine", meaning that Bing tries to interpret search queries and give people better search results compared to a typical search engine, helping the user make better decisions. Bing concentrates on four major areas: shopping, travel, local and health. A preview version was made available for everyone to use on June 1, 2009, and the website was fully launched on June 3, 2009. The website quickly became popular after a few weeks.

On July 29, 2009, Microsoft and Yahoo! announced that Bing would power Yahoo! Search. All Yahoo! Search global customers and partners will be shifted to Bing by early 2012.

In October 2011, Microsoft announced "Tiger", a new internal search computer program for Bing. When it was finished, Bing delivered faster and more relevant search results for users. It has been incorporated into Bing since August 2011.

On February 7, 2023, Microsoft launched a preview version of its Bing search engine, which is powered by OpenAI's artificial intelligence model. The new version of Bing is called "the new Bing" and is customized for search. It includes a chatbot called Microsoft Copilot.

## Features

Bing includes the listing of search suggestions as queries are entered. It lists related searches (called "Explore pane") based on semantic technology from Powerset that Microsoft purchased in 2008.

Every day, Bing.com displays a different picture that users can click on parts of to learn more about. These pictures can be about different places around the world, or nature, or even sometimes things in outer space.

### Media features

- Video thumbnail Preview where, by hovering over a video thumbnail, the video automatically starts playing
- Image search with continuous scrolling images results page that has adjustable settings for size, layout, color, style and people.
- Video search with adjustable setting for length, screen size, resolution and source

## Other websites

- Bing
- Bing for Mobile
- Discover Bing
- Decision Engine
- Bing Community
- Bing Webmaster Center
- Bing Developer Center

## Infobox (website)

- **name**: Microsoft Bing
- **logo**:

- **logo caption**: Bing logo as of October 2020
- **screenshot**: MS Bing screenshot.png
- **caption**: The Bing homepage
- **commercial**: Yes
- **type**: Web search engine, Search Engine
- **language**: #International, 40 languages
- **registration**: Optional (Microsoft account)
- **owner**: Microsoft
- **author**: Microsoft
- **programming language**: ASP.NET
- **current status**: Active
- **revenue**: Bing Ads
Boy Scouts of America

The **Boy Scouts of America** or BSA is an organization for children and teens with over 5 million members across the United States. They try to give young people life values. BSA includes Cub Scouts, which is for children ages 6–11, **Scouts BSA**, which is for youth ages 11–17, and Venturing, Sea Scouts, and Exploring for youth ages 14–20. Scouts BSA was called Boy Scouts until it started allowing girls in 2018.

## Organization

Scouts BSA are ages 11–17 and belong to troops, groups of Scouts associated with a church, school or post. Cub Scouts are scouts ages 6–11 and belong to packs.  Cub Scouts include Tigers (age 6-7), Wolfs (age 7-8), Bears (age 8-9), and Webelos (age 9-11). Older Scouts can be Venturer Scouts.

## History

The Boy Scouts of America were founded by American writer W. D. Boyce, in 1910, but were similar to Scouting groups in Great Britain and other early scout movements. James E. West helped out the BSA in its early years, but also made the BSA more religious than scouts were in Europe.  Scouting grew in the 1910s and 20s due to the rise of “boy’s books” devoted to Scouting and the First World War.  Scouting had many members during the 1960s, but has declined since the 1970s, despite an attempt to make scouting modern by changing requirements and adding more merit badges.

### Controversies

Over the years, the BSA has taken some stands that many Americans did not like. These included being against unions (organized workers) in the 1920s, requiring Scouts to believe in God, and not allowing gays to join Scouting.

## Rank

An important part of scouting is earning ranks. There are seven ranks in Scouts BSA: Scout, Tenderfoot, 2nd Class, 1st Class, Star, Life and Eagle. The first four focus on learning basic scout skills, including camping, cooking, swimming, first aid (basic medical care), citizenship,  orienteering (use of a map and compass), and pioneering (tying knots). The final three focus on earning merit badges, serving the troop and serving the community.  Eagle Scouts must plan and finish a project that benefits something other than Scouting, and earn 21 merit badges. They must also hold a position of leadership in the troop. Only about 2 or 3% of Scouts earn Eagle, but some of the ones that have include Gerald Ford and Neil Armstrong.

## Oath and law

Scouts must learn, know and follow the Scout Oath and Scout Law:

### Scout Oath

These are the words of the Scout Oath:
- "On my honor I will do my best, to do my duty to God and my country and to obey the Scout Law; to help other people at all times; to keep myself physically strong, mentally awake, and morally straight".

### Scout Law

A scout is:
1. trustworthy,
1. loyal,
1. helpful,
1. friendly,
1. courteous,
1. kind,
1. obedient,
1. cheerful,
1. thrifty,
1. brave,
1. clean, and
1. reverent.

## Related pages

- Girl Scouts of the USA
- Scouting movement
- Philmont Scout Ranch
Counterfeit

**Counterfeit** is the sale or manufacture of items that have not been made by real companies or have been made illegally. Nearly anything can be counterfeit, but most counterfeiting is of clothing and other small items such as bags, medicines, money, watches, or jewellery. Most things can be sold without people realizing that they are counterfeit and that they could possibly be breaking the law by buying the counterfeit goods.

Money can also be counterfeited. Sometimes people make fake cash, and this is considered to be counterfeit. The United States Secret Service investigates people who do this.
Limoux

**Limoux** () is a French commune, a _subprefecture_ in the Aude department. It is in the Occitanie region. It is also the capital of the _arrondissement_ of Limoux.

## Geography

Limoux is along the Aude river and is about  due south of Carcassonne.

The _commune_ of Limoux has an area of . Its average altitude is  and the city hall is an altitude of .

The _commune_ of Limoux is surrounded by the _communes_:

### Climate

The climate of Limoux, in the Köppen climate classification, is **Cfb** - oceanic climate with warm summers.

## Population

The inhabitants of Limoux are known, in French, as _Limouxins_ (women: _Limouxines_).

With a population of 10,275, Limoux has a population density of  inhabitants/km<sup>2</sup>.

**Evolution of the population in Limoux**

Limoux forms, with other 4 _communes_, the urban area of Limoux with a population of 12,883 inhabitants (2013) and an area of . This urban area is the centre of the metropolitan area of Limoux, formed by 16 _communes_ with a population of 15,560 inhabitants (2013) and an area of .

## Administration

Limoux is a subprefecture of the Aude department, the capital of the _arrondissement_ of Limoux and the administrative centre () of the canton La Région Limouxine, with 19,978 inhabitants <small>(2014)</small>.

It is part of the intercommunality _Le Limouxin_ ().

### Twinned and partner towns

Limoux is twinned with:
- Sant Joan de Vilatorrada, Catalonia, Spain

## Culture

The town is well known for its wine called Limoux wine. It also has a Winter festival called _Fècos_. It is often called _Carnaval de Limoux_ in France. It is usually between January and Easter.

### Markets

- Weekly market every Friday (or Thursday if a public holiday falls on a Friday).
- Flea market or _Brocante_ the first Sunday of each month on the Promenade du Tivoli.
- Evening markets on Tuesdays in July and August.

### Places of interest

- The Musée Petiet (Tourist Information Office),
- Musée du Piano (Museum of the piano)
- CathaRama (a history of the Cathar movement).
- Winery tours at Sieur d'Arques and Aimery.
- Jardin aux Plantes la Bouichère - Flassian, 2 hectares of gardens which is home to various collections of increasingly rare plant varieties.

## Related pages

- Arrondissement of Limoux
- Communes of the Aude department

## Other websites

- Mairie de Limoux website
- Photos of Limoux
- Aude in photos: Limoux (163 photos)
- Site de la Bande de Carnaval de Limoux ’Les Limouxins’

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Limoux
- **commune status**: Subprefectures in France, Subprefecture and Communes of France, commune
- **image coat of arms**: Blason ville fr Limoux (Aude).svg
- **image**: France-Limoux-Pont neuf1.jpg
- **caption**: _Pont-Neuf_ of Limoux
- **arrondissement**: Limoux
- **canton**: Région-Limouxine
- **intercommunality**: Le Limouxin
- **mayor**: Jean-Paul Dupré
- **term**: 2014 - 2020
- **elevation m**: 448
- **elevation min m**: 156
- **elevation max m**: 740
- **area km2**: 32.41
- **population demonym**: Limouxins
- **population**: 10275
- **population date**: 2014
- **insee**: 11206
- **postal code**: 11300
- **website**: [http://www.limoux.fr/ www.limoux.fr]
Tamaddun Majlish

**Tamaddun Majlish** () was an Islamic cultural organization in East Bengal. Tamddun Majlish was the founder of the historic Language Movement.
Sindh Valley

The **Sindh Valley**, is a valley in a mountain range which is north of Srinagar in Jammu and Kashmir. The valley begins in Gandarbal and ends near Baltal and the start of the Zojila Pass. Sindh Valley is the main route between Kashmir and Central Asia.

## Related pages

- Zojila Pass

## Infobox (valley)

- **name**: Sind Valley
- **photo**: Nallah Sindh Valley.jpg
- **photo caption**: The Sind Valley at Manigam
- **map**: India
- **location**: Kangan, Jammu and Kashmir, Kangan, Ganderbal district, Ganderbal, Jammu and Kashmir (union territory), Jammu and Kashmir, India
- **length mi**: 40
- **width mi**: 0.6
- **boundaries**: Zojila (East)
Kashmir Valley (West)
- **river**: Sind River
Paktia Province

**Paktia** ( - Paktyā) is a province under Afghanistan. Its capital (city) is Gardez.  There are about 1.3 million people who live in the Province.  Most of the people are Pashtun.

## Districts

Paktia is made up of 14 district (District Centers are given in parentheses):
|style="width:125px" align="left"|District|style="width:125px" align="left"|Capital|style="width:100px" align="right"|Population|style="width:100px" align="right"|Area|align="right"|Notes|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Ahmadabad||||Created in 2005 within Sayid Karam District; includes the unofficial district Mirzaka||||||
|Dand Aw Patan||||||||||
|Gardez||||Includes the capital Gardez, which lies at the crossroads of the province's main north-south and east-west roads||||||
|Gerda Serai||||||||||
|Janikhel||||||||||
|Lazha Ahmadkhel||||||||||
|Lazha Mangal||||||||||
|Mirzaka||||||||||
|Tsamkani||||Includes the city of Tsamkani, the largest in the eastern half of Paktia and a major gateway to Pakistan||||||
|Sayid Karam||||Sub-divided in 2005||||||
|Shwak||||||||||
|Wuza Zadran||||Sub-divided in 2005 to create Gerda Serai||||||
|Zazi||||People fleeing sectarian strife between Shiites and Sunnis in Pakistan occasionally take refuge in Jaji||||||
|Zurmat||||Populous, relatively prosperous agricultural district. Unlike most other districts, Zurmat includes more than one tribal group, making it somewhat more fractious  than other districts||||||

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Paktia
- **native name lang**: ps
- **settlement type**: Provinces of Afghanistan, Province
- **image skyline**: Gardez paktya.jpg
- **image caption**: Aerial view of a Fortification, fort in Gardez, the capital of Paktia province
- **image map**: Paktia in Afghanistan.svg
- **map caption**: Map of Afghanistan with Paktia highlighted
- **coor pinpoint**: Capital
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: Afghanistan
- **seat type**: Capital
- **seat**: Gardez, Afghanistan, Gardez
- **leader title**: List of governors of Paktia, Governor
- **leader name**: Muhammad Ali Jan Ahmad
- **leader title1**: Deputy Governor
- **leader name1**: Sheikh Aziz-ur-Rehman Mansoor
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area total km2**: 6432
- **population total**: 622831
- **population as of**: 2021
- **population density km2**: auto
- **blank name sec1**: Languages of Afghanistan, Main languages
- **blank info sec1**: Pashto language, Pashto
- **timezone1**: Afghanistan Time
- **utc offset1**: +4:30
- **iso code**: AF-PIA
Sun Microsystems

**Sun Microsystems, Inc.** (**Sun** for short) was an American company that sold computers, computer components, software, and information technology services. Sun contributed to many important computing technologies, such as UNIX, RISC processors, thin client computing, and virtualized computing. Sun created the Java programming language, the Solaris operating system, the Network File System (NFS), and the SPARC instruction set. Sun was founded on February 24, 1982. Sun's headquarters were in Santa Clara, California. In January 2010, it was bought by Oracle Corporation.

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: Sun Microsystems
- **type**: Public
- **logo**:
- **logo caption**: Logo used from the 1990s until acquisition by Oracle Corporation, Oracle
- **fate**: Acquired by Oracle Corporation, Oracle
- **location city**: Menlo Park, California
- **location country**: U.S.
- **num employees**: 38,600 (near peak, 2006)
- **owner**: Oracle Corporation
- **homepage**:
See [https://web.archive.org/web/20100104070711/http://www.sun.com:80/ Archived] 4 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine.
Water strider

The **water strider** (also known as the **pond skater**) is a true bug, an insect of the family **Gerridae**. It can run across the surface of water. It lives on ponds and slow-running streams. It rarely goes underwater. The underside of the body is covered with water-repellent hair. There are around 500 known species, commonly placed in around 60 genera. Also called the Jesus bug (walks on water).
Dynamic and formal equivalence

**Dynamic and formal equivalence** are concepts from linguistics.

When a language  is translated into another one, there is a problem: the meaning of a word or a phrase in the first language is not the same as that of the word or phrase in the second language. The first language may also have words, phrases or grammatical structures that do not exist in the second language.

There are two possible ways to solve this problem:
1. The translator can look at what the text means. He or she can then try to find expressions in the target language that mean very similar things. With this approach, the translation will sound more natural, and may be easier to read. This approach towards translation is known as _dynamic_ or _functional_ equivalence.
1. It is possible to make a literal translation. The approach towards this kind of translation is called _formal_ equivalence. A literal translation may mean that the text is translated word-for-word. This will be harder to read, but it will be _closer_ to what is written in the source text. However, there may even be some expressions in the source language that are absent in the target language. In that case, they are used in the translated text just the way they have been in the source text. But only the letters used in the source language for those expressions are replaced with letters from the target language. And it is done in such a way that the expressions used in the translation sound similar to those in the source text.
The Undertones

**The Undertones** are a punk rock/power pop band from Northern Ireland. They formed in Derry in 1975.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: The Undertones
- **img**: Undertonesbarcelona2007.jpg
- **img capt**: The Undertones (with Paul McLoone) on stage in Barcelona, Spain in September 2007.
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Derry, Northern Ireland
- **genre**: Punk rock
Pop punk
Power pop
- **years active**: 1975-1983
1999-present
- **label**: Sire Records
Harvest Records
Rykodisc
Dojo Records
Cooking Vinyl
- **associated acts**: That Petrol Emotion
Rare (band), Rare
- **url**: [http://www.theundertones.com TheUndertones.com]
- **current members**: John O'Neill (guitarist), John O'Neill
Michael Bradley (musician), Michael Bradley
Billy Doherty
Damian O'Neill
Paul McLoone
- **past members**: Feargal Sharkey
Luftfahrtgesellschaft Walter

The **Luftfahrtgesellschaft Walter** or **LGW** is a German airline.

## Other websites

- Luftfahrtgesellschaft Walter
3G

**3G**, the short form for the third generation, is the third generation of wireless mobile telecommunication technology. It was replaced by 4G. 3G was launched on March 3rd 2003 and was replaced in 2009.
Kin selection

**Kin selection** or **kin altruism** is a form of natural selection. Some animals cooperate with relatives, even if this brings risk to themselves. The classic example of this is seen in the family life of mammals, or in colonial insects such as ants.

Many mammals and birds raise alarms to warn others of danger. Others cooperate in tasks, such as scrub jays help each other with to build nests. In all these cases where animals cooperate, the question is whether there is any biological benefit to themselves. It is now clear that there is benefit if the animals are closely related. This is because related organisms have (to a degree) a shared genetic inheritance.

The first to write about the concept were by R.A. Fisher in 1930, and J.B.S. Haldane in 1955, but it was W.D. Hamilton who truly formalized the concept.  The actual term _kin selection_ was probably coined by John Maynard Smith, when he wrote:

- "These processes I will call kin selection and group selection respectively. Kin selection has been discussed by Haldane and by Hamilton... By kin selection I mean the evolution of characteristics which favour the survival of close relatives of the affected individual.

By cooperating, relatives influence each other's fitness. Under natural selection, a gene which improves the fitness of individuals will increase in frequency. A gene which lowers the fitness of individuals will become rare.

However, behaviour which enhances the fitness of relatives but lowers that of the actor, may nonetheless increase in frequency. Relatives do, by definition, carry many of the same genes. This is the fundamental principle behind the theory of kin selection. According to the theory, the enhanced fitness of relatives may more than compensate for the fitness loss of the helpers (individuals displaying the behaviour).

This is a special case of a more general model, called inclusive fitness.

## Hamilton's equation

Hamilton's equation describes whether or not a gene for helping behaviour will spread in a population. The gene will spread if **r**x**b** is greater than **c**:
where:
- is the reproductive cost to the helper,
- is the reproductive benefit to the receiver, and
- is the probability, above the population average, of the individuals sharing an altruistic gene – the "degree of relatedness".
Sterile

Sterile or sterility may refer to:

- Asepsis - free from infection

- Unable to reproduce
Foraging

**Foraging** is the act of hunting or gathering food. For example, cattle forage grass to eat. The idea of animals foraging is called _forage theory_, and was first proposed in 1966.

Humans that forage are often called hunter-gatherers, who find and eat (wild) animals and plants without domestication of them (people who farm plants are not hunter-gatherers, as they have grown them themselves).
Amaranth (color)

**Amaranth** is a rose-red color that is the color of the flower of the amaranth plant.

The first written use of _amaranth_ as a color name in English was in 1690.

## Meaning

- The color amaranth represents immortality in Western civilization. The name is derived from the name of a flower in Greek mythology that was believed to never die and grew in the abode of the Greek gods on Mount Olympus. Something that is perceived as _everlasting_ may be described by the adjective _amaranthine_. (The color peach represents immortality in Chinese civilization.)

## Where the name comes from

The name _amaranth_ comes from the Greek _a_ (not) + _marainean_ (to waste away). A flower that never died that was believed to grow on Mount Olympus.

## Tones of amaranth color comparison chart

Amaranth flowers come in many different colors:
|Name|width=100|Color|HEX Code|Red|Green|Blue|Hue|Sat|Lum|Source|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Pale Amaranth Pink|style="background:#ddbec3;"||#DDBEC3|221|190|195|350°|31%|81%||
|Amaranth Pink|style="background:#f19cbb;"||#F19CBB|241|156|187|338°|75%|78%|(Maerz & Paul)|
|Bright Amaranth Pink|style="background:#ff355e;"||#FF355E|255|53|94|348°|100%|60%|(Crayola: Radical Red)|
|**Amaranth**|style="background:#e52b50;"||**#E52B50**|**229**|**43**|**80**|**348°**|**78%**|**53%**||
|Amaranth Magenta|style="background:#ed3cca;"||#ED3CCA|237|60|202|312°|83%|58%||
|Amaranth Cerise|style="background:#cd2682; color:#fff;"||#CD2682|205|38|130|327°|69%|48%||
|Amaranth Purple|style="background:#ab274f; color:#fff;"||#AB274F|171|39|79|342°|63%|41%|(Maerz & Paul)|
|Amaranth Deep Purple|style="background:#9f2b68; color:#fff;"||#9F2B68|159|43|104|328°|57%|40%|(Maerz & Paul: Amaranth)|

## Related pages

- List of colors
North Cascades

The **North Cascades** are a name used for the mountains at the north end of the Cascade Range, south of Canada. The North Cascades are entirely in the United States, in the state of Washington. At the Canadian border, the North Cascades are called the Canadian Cascades. The highest point in the North Cascades is Mount Baker (10,781 ft/3,286m). North Cascades National Park is located at the northernmost end of the North Cascades.

Some of the primary rivers in the North Cascades are the Skagit, Nooksack, Stillaguamish, and Stehekin. Lake Chelan is the largest lake in the North Cascades. Although now termed a reservoir, it was originally a natural lake, but enlarged by a dam. The urban areas of Seattle, Tacoma and Everett are all west of the North Cascades. The Columbia River, Washington's largest river, forms the east and south boundary.
The Point!

***The Point!*** is a 1971 animated cartoon movie, written by singer-songwriter Harry Nilsson and Carole Beers, and directed by Fred Wolf. It first appeared on ABC television, in the United States. It starred the voices of Mike Lookinland ("Bobby" of _The Brady Bunch_ fame), and actor Dustin Hoffman. (Later editions replaced Hoffman's voice with that of Alan Thicke, then musician Ringo Starr.)

## Storyline

_The Point!_ tells a story about a boy named Oblio (Mike Lookinland), who is the only round-headed person in a land full of people and animals with pointed heads. Banished to the Pointless Forest for not conforming to what is "normal", Oblio and his dog Arrow (Don Messick) (whose head was pointed, but he was still loyal to Oblio) meet many different people, and come to learn that everything and everyone indeed has a "point"; a purpose for being what they are. Oblio and Arrow return home, bringing back what they have learned to share with everyone.

Harry Nilsson said later the inspiration for _The Point!_ was an LSD experience. Resting on the ground, he noticed everything (trees, buildings) that reached into the sky from the ground came to a "point", leading Nilsson to believe that "everything has a point, and if it doesn't, then there's a point to that". Nilsson developed this idea into a story about tolerance, and acceptance of uniqueness in others.

## Cast

- Dustin Hoffman as Narrator and Father (1st version)
- Alan Barzman as Narrator and Father (2nd version)
- Alan Thicke as Narrator and Father (3rd version)
- Ringo Starr as Narrator and Father (Direct-to-video releases)
- Paul Frees as Oblio's Father, Pointed Man's Right Head, King, Leaf Man and Villagers
- June Foray as Pointed Man's Middle Head
- Mel Blanc as Pointed Man's Left Head
- Lennie Weinrib as Count
- Bill Martin as Rock Man
- Buddy Foster as Count's Son
- Joan Gerber as Oblio's Mother
- Don Messick as Arrow
- Mike Lookinland as Oblio

## Music

Nilsson devoted a whole album to music from _The Point!_, alternating songs from the show with his own  of the story. "Me And My Arrow" became the breakout hit from the album, with a single reaching the Top 20 in the American music charts. (The song was later used in a commercial, for the Plymouth Arrow automobile.)

Nilsson later adapted _The Point!_ into a musical stage play, that featured more of his own songs. A London production of the play reunited former Monkees Micky Dolenz and Davy Jones, who were also friends of Nilsson's.
Darwinius

***Darwinius*** is a genus of primates known from only one fossil. It was discovered in 1983 by an amateur at the Messel Pit. This is a disused shale quarry noted for its astonishing fossil preservation, near the village of Messel, about 35 km (22 miles) southeast of Frankfurt am Main in Germany.

The fosssil dates from the Eocene epoch, 47 million years ago. The genus _Darwinius_ was named to celebrate Charles Darwin on his bicentenary and the species name _masillae_ honors Messel, where the specimen was found. The creature appeared superficially similar to a modern lemur. It is the only known specimen of its species.

The fossil, nicknamed 'Ida', was divided into a slab and partial counterslab after the excavation. The two parts were sold separately, was not reassembled until 2007.

## Description

The specimen was privately collected and sold in two parts. Only the lesser part was known earlier. The second part shows that the skeleton is the complete primate fossil known. It includes the skeleton, soft body outline and contents of the digestive tract.

Skull radiography shows teeth developing within the juvenile face. The individual was a weaned and independent-feeding female that died in her first year of life. She was "an agile, nail-bearing, generalized arboreal quadruped living above the floor of the Messel rain forest".
Redmond Barry

**Redmond Barry** (1813—1880), was a judge in Victoria, Australia. He is famous for being the person who started the University of Melbourne and the State Library of Victoria. As a judge he is famous for sentencing bushranger Ned Kelly to death. He was also the judge in the trials of the rebel miners from the Eureka Stockade in Ballarat, Victoria.
Transport network

A **transport network**, or **transportation network** is a network of roads, railways, streets, pipes, power lines, or any structure that lets either movement of vehicles or flow of some commodity.
Buxton

**Buxton** is a spa town in Derbyshire, England.  It is the highest market town in England.  Buxton is near to Cheshire and Staffordshire. Buxton is described as "the gateway to the Peak District National Park". Buxton is also close to Manchester.

_Poole's Cavern_, a limestone cavern, and St Ann's Well are in Buxton.  Also in the town is an Opera House.

## History

The Romans developed the town when it was called Aquae Arnemetiae (or the spa of the goddess of the grove). Roman coins have been found in Buxton. The town largely grew in importance in the late 18th century when it was developed by the Dukes of Devonshire, with a second revival a hundred years later as the people visited to use the healing properties of the waters.

The Dukes of Devonshire have been helping Buxton since 1780, when the Duke used his money from his copper mines to develop the town as a spa like Bath.

Bess of Hardwick had taken one of her four husbands, the Earl of Shrewsbury, to "take the waters" at Buxton shortly after he became the jailer of Mary, Queen of Scots, in 1569.

Dr. Erasmus Darwin recommended the waters at Buxton to Josiah Wedgwood.  The Wedgwood family often went to Buxton on holiday. Two of Charles Darwin's half-cousins, Edward Levett Darwin and Reginald Darwin also settled there.

## Notable architecture

- The Crescent (1780–1784) was based on Bath's Royal Crescent. The crescent has a grand assembly room with a painted ceiling.
- Buxton Opera House was designed in 1903 and is the highest in the country.  It is attached to the Pavilion Gardens, Octagonal Hall and the smaller Paxton Theatre.  The Pavilion Gardens are 23 acres of gardens.

## Economy

Buxton is twinned with two other towns—Oignies in France and Bad Nauheim in Germany.

## Famous Buxtonians

- Vera Brittain (1893–1970): author of _Testament of Youth_ and mother of Shirley Williams
- Tim Brooke-Taylor: comedy actor and one of _The Goodies_
- Dave Lee Travis: former BBC DJ

## Infobox (uk place)

- **official name**: Buxton
- **country**: England
- **region**: East Midlands
- **population**: 20,836
- **population ref**: (2001 Census)
- **os grid reference**: SK059735
- **map type**: Derbyshire
- **post town**: BUXTON
- **postcode area**: SK
- **postcode district**: SK17
- **dial code**: 01298
- **constituency westminster**: High Peak (UK Parliament constituency), High Peak
- **shire district**: High Peak
- **shire county**: Derbyshire
- **static image**: Buxton View From Peakdistrict.jpg
- **static image caption**: <small>Buxton from _Solomon's Temple_ looking north</small>
- **hide services**: yes
Penny sterling

The **penny sterling** (plural _pence_) is a subdivision of Pound sterling, the currency for the United Kingdom.
Montreal Wanderers

The **Montreal Wanderers** were a professional men's ice hockey team that played in Montreal, Quebec at the Montreal Arena, and were one of the founding franchises of the National Hockey League in the 1917–18 NHL season. The Wanderers won a total of eight Stanley Cup challenges within a span of five seasons from 1906 to 1910. Prior to the formation of the NHL, the "Redbands" were one of the most successful teams in hockey.

## Season-by-season record

- 1904–05 – Federal Amateur Hockey League (FAHL)
- 1906–08 – Eastern Canada Amateur Hockey Association (ECAHA)
- 1909 – Eastern Canada Hockey Association (ECHA)
- 1910–17 – National Hockey Association (NHA)
- 1917–18 – National Hockey League (NHL)

**_Note:** GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against_
|Season||GP||W||L||T||Pts||GF||GA||Finish||Postseason|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1904|6|6|0|0|12|38|18|**first, FAHL**|Forfeit in Stanley Cup challenge (March 1904, Ottawa Senators)||||||||||
|1904–05|8|6|2|0|12|44|27|second, FAHL|_Did not qualify_||||||||||
|1906|10|9|1|0|18|74|38|**first, ECAHA**|**Won Stanley Cup** (March 1906, Ottawa Senators), **Won Stanley Cup challenge** (December 1906, New Glasgow Cubs)||||||||||
|1907|10|10|0|0|20|105|39|**first, ECAHA**|Lost Stanley Cup challenge (January 1907, Kenora Thistles), ECAHA league champions, **Won Stanley Cup challenge** (March 1907, Kenora Thistles)||||||||||
|1907–08|10|8|2|0|16|63|52|**first, ECAHA**|**Won Stanley Cup challenge** (January 1908, Ottawa Victorias) **Won Stanley Cup challenge** (March 1908, Winnipeg Maple Leafs) **Won Stanley Cup challenge** (March 1908, Toronto Trolley Leaguers), Held Stanley Cup as league champions||||||||||
|1909|12|9|3|0|18|82|61|second, ECHA|**Won Stanley Cup challenge** (December 1908, Edmonton Eskimos), Lost Stanley Cup by placing second in league play||||||||||
|1910|12|11|1|0|22|91|41|**first, NHA**|**Won O'Brien Cup and Stanley Cup** (NHA season champions), **Won Stanley Cup challenge** (March 1910, Berlin Dutchmen)||||||||||
|1910–11|16|7|9|0|14|73|88|fourth, NHA|_Did not qualify_||||||||||
|1911–12|18|9|9|0|18|95|96|third, NHA|_Did not qualify_||||||||||
|1912–13|20|10|10|0|20|93|90|second, NHA|_Did not qualify_||||||||||
|1913–14|20|7|13|0|14|102|125|fifth, NHA|_Did not qualify_||||||||||
|1914–15|20|14|6|0|28|127|82|first(tie), NHA|Lost in playoff to Ottawa Senators||||||||||
|1915–16|24|10|14|0|20|90|116|fifth, NHA|_Did not qualify_||||||||||
|1916–17 <sup>1</sup>|10|3|7|0|6|56|72|fifth, NHA|_Did not qualify_||||||||||
|1916–17 <sup>2</sup>|10|2|8|0|4|38|65|fourth, NHA|_Did not qualify_||||||||||
|1917–18 <sup>1</sup>|6|1|5|0|2|17|35|N/A|_Incomplete season_||||||||||

Note: 1 = first half of season, 2 = second half of season

## Honoured players

The following Hockey Hall of Fame players played for the Wanderers during some point in their careers:

## Other websites

- Sportsecyclopedia.com article
£sd

**£sd** (pronounced, and sometimes written, **L.s.d.**) was the popular name for the pre-decimal currencies (sterling) used in the United Kingdom and in most of the British Empire. This abbreviation meant “pounds, shillings, and pence”. It is different when compared to American currency. "Pound sterling" has originally meant a troy pound (~373 g) of sterling alloy, consisting of 92.5% silver and 7.5% copper.

The £sd system was originally created by Emperor Charlemagne in the 8th century, putting end to the money chaos of the Dark Ages. It was used all around Europe in the Middle Ages and Renaissance, but it was little by little superseded by decimal currency. It remained in use in the United Kingdom until 1971.
Three-body problem

The **three-body problem** is a problem in the field of physics. The goal is to find how three things move when they attract each other with gravity. It would be for instance the problem of the movement of the Sun, the Earth and the Moon. Physicists do not have a general solution that always works.

## Non-relativistic movement

"Relativistic" refers to the theory of Albert Einstein called Relativity. This theory must be used when things move at great speed. But as long as things move at small enough speed, you can use every day classical mechanics, and this is called "non-relativistic movement". You know if the speed is great or small enough by comparing to the speed of light _c,_ which is the highest possible speed.

In non-relativistic physics, one must know the place and velocity of the three things. One must also know their masses. Then one uses Newton's laws of motion to learn how the things move.

## Relativistic movement

When a thing is moving, it has energy of movement. Scientists use a short-cut when they talk about this energy, they call it 'E.'

In a field called General relativity, experts say that movement with higher velocities causes the radiation of gravitational waves. In this case, the thing moving loses energy, and this makes calculation more difficult. Experts say that the system is "not conservative".

Experts in another field called Quantum mechanics say, in addition, at high speed the creation and annihilation of particles becomes possible, so, it is not possible to keep the number of particles constant.

There is no relativistic solution that always works for the movement of two or three things.

## In astronomy

The three-body problem also happens in astronomy. The problem consists in calculating the course of three bodies, that influence each other with gravitation. The first to state the problem was Isaac Newton, in _Principia_. Usually, two of the bodies are large, and the third is small. In the case where the two bodies have the same gravitational force, and that the bodies all have the same mass can be solved exactly. If this is not the case, the problem is solved through iteration and approximation. Many different patterns of motion can occur.
Pelham Warner

**Sir Pelham Francis Warner** (2 October 1873 – 30 January 1963), often called **Plum**, was an English cricketer, team manager, magazine editor, and author who was born in Port of Spain, Trinidad. He had a very long playing career as a right-handed batter from 1894 to 1929.

## First-class career

In domestic first-class cricket, Warner played for Oxford University from 1894 to 1896, and for Middlesex from 1894 to 1920. He was the Middlesex team captain from 1908 to 1920. He also made occasional appearances for Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) from 1894 to 1929, and for various other teams including the Gentlemen and the South. Warner made 521 first-class appearances in total, scoring 29,028 runs and 60 centuries with a highest score of 244. As a fielder, he held 183 catches. He rarely bowled, but he did take fifteen wickets in his career with his right arm slow deliveries.

## International career

In international cricket, Warner played for England in fifteen Test matches from February 1899 to June 1912. He was England's captain on their successful tour of Australia in 1903/04, leading the team to a 3–2 series win against Australia, which meant they recovered "The Ashes".

Warner was the joint manager, with Richard Palairet, of England's tour of Australia in 1932/33—the notorious "Bodyline" tour. Warner was strongly opposed to Douglas Jardine's so-called leg theory, but he felt obliged to support his team captain, and did not interfere with Jardine's tactics.

## Writing and publishing

Warner became a prolific writer on the subject of cricket. In 1921, when _The Cricketer_ was founded, he became its Editor, and held the post until 1962, the year before his death. He wrote numerous articles for the magazine. At various times, he was the cricket correspondent for the _Westminster Gazette_, the _Morning Post_, and the _Daily Telegraph_. In addition, he wrote several books including _How We Recovered The Ashes_, _Lord's 1787–1945_, and _Gentlemen v. Players 1806–1949_.

## Death

Pelham Warner died in West Lavington, West Sussex, aged 89.
The Oval

**Kennington Oval**, generally known as **The Oval**, is an international cricket ground in Kennington, south London. It was opened in 1845 by the Montpelier Cricket Club on part of Kennington Common, which had itself hosted top-class cricket since 1724. Soon afterwards, it became the home ground of the Surrey team.

The Oval stages international and county cricket on a regular basis. The first-ever Test match in England was played at The Oval in September 1880. In 1882, the ground staged the famous "Ashes Match". England play at least one Test at The Oval every year, traditionally the last of the season, in addition to other international matches. The ground is owned by the Duchy of Cornwall, and Surrey County Cricket Club is a long-term tenant there. Surrey use The Oval for most of their home matches in the County Championship and other domestic competitions. The ground has a seating capacity of 27,500.
Trophallaxis

**Trophallaxis** in biology refers the sharing of food by members of a community.

It is most highly developed in social insects such as ants, termites, wasps and bees. The word was introduced by the entomologist William Morton Wheeler in 1918. The behaviour has been used to explain theories of how social behaviour developed in insects. The French psychologist and entomologist August Forel also believed that food sharing was key to ant society. He used an illustration of it as the frontispiece for his book _The social world of the ants compared with that of man_.

Trophallaxis serves as a means of communication, at least in bees and ants. In some species of ants, it may play a role in spreading the colony odour that identifies members.
Oval tube station

**Oval tube station** in Kennington is a station on the Northern line of the London Underground. It is between Stockwell and Kennington stations. It is the only station on the Morden branch of the Northern line whose name begins with a vowel (_O_). Oval station is in Travelcard Zone 2. It is named for The Oval, which it serves.

## Other websites

- London Transport Museum Photographic Archive

## Infobox (london station)

- **name**: Oval
- **image name**: Oval station building.JPG
- **manager**: London Underground
- **fare zone**: 2
- **locale**: Kennington
- **borough**: London Borough of Lambeth, Lambeth
- **years1**: 1890
- **events1**: Opened (C&SLR)
- **platforms**: 2
- **tubeexits05**: 4.580
- **tubeexits07**: 5.922
Roger Norrington

**Sir Roger Arthur Carver Norrington** (16 March 1934 – 18 July 2025) was a British conductor. He was known for conducting music from historical periods using period instruments.

## Life

Norrington studied at Clare College, Cambridge and the Royal College of Music where his teachers included  Adrian Boult.

Norrington started his career singing tenor.  In 1962, he formed the Schütz Choir (later the Schütz Choir of London). From 1969 to 1984, he was conductor (music director) of Kent Opera. In 1978, he formed the London Classical Players and he conducted them until 1997.  From 1985 to 1989, he was Principal Conductor of the Bournemouth Sinfonietta. From 1990 to 1994, he was music director of the Orchestra of St. Luke's. In 1998, he became principal conductor of the Stuttgart Radio Symphony Orchestra.  He became Artistic Advisor of the Handel and Haydn Society in 2006.

Norrington is best known for performances of Baroque, Classical and Romantic music using period instruments and period style.  He likes his orchestras to play with very little vibrato.

He conducted the Last Night of The Proms for the first time on 13 September 2008.

Norrington was made an OBE in 1980, a CBE in 1990 and a Knight Bachelor in 1997.

Norrington died on 18 July 2025 in Exeter, England at the age of 91.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Roger Norrington
- **honorific prefix**: Knight Bachelor, Sir
- **image**: Roger Norrington conducting at rehearsal (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Norrington conducting at rehearsal
- **birth name**: Roger Arthur Carver Norrington
- **birth place**: Oxford, England
- **death place**: Exeter, England
Surrey men's cricket team

The **Surrey** men's cricket team is based in Kennington, south London. It represents the traditional English county of Surrey. Teams called Surrey have been active since 1709. The team is organised by the Surrey County Cricket Club, which was formed in 1845. Surrey have first-class status, and the team has competed in the official County Championship since 1890. They have won the trophy 22 times, most recently in 2024. Their home ground is The Oval. Many great players have represented Surrey, including Lumpy Stevens, Billy Beldham, Tom Richardson, Jack Hobbs, Jim Laker, and Ken Barrington.
Gustav Leonhardt

**Gustav Leonhardt** (born 's-Graveland, Netherlands, 30 May 1928, died Amsterdam, 16 January 2012) was a famous Dutch harpsichordist, organist and conductor who became well known for playing music from historical periods on period instruments. At the beginning of his career the harpsichord was not yet a popular instrument and music from the Renaissance and Baroque periods was usually played in the same way as music from later centuries. Gustav Leonhardt made his audiences aware of what music by Johann Sebastian Bach would have sounded like in Bach's day.

## Life

Gustav Leonhardt was born into a Dutch, Protestant family who lived in the countryside. His Protestantism was an important part of his life. His father was a wealthy business man. His parents were both very keen amateur musicians. When Gustav was ten they bought a harpsichord. When World War II broke out life was hard in the country and Leonhardt often had to hide under the floorboards so that he was not sent away to slave labour. When he was not hiding he spent a lot of time practising the harpsichord.

Gustav Leonhardt studied organ and harpsichord at the Schola Cantorum in Basel. At that time this was the only place in Europe where it was possible to study how to play early music. He went to Vienna to study conducting because his parents thought that being a conductor was a good way to earn a lot of money. However, Gustav was never very keen on conducting and he spent all his time there in the library studying music scores and copying music out. Most of this music had never been published and had not been performed since the time it was composed.

In 1952 he became professor of harpischord at the Vienna Hochschule fur Musik. He met Nikolaus Harnoncourt who had similar interests to his. He soon became professor of harpsichord at the Amsterdam Conservatorium and remained there until 1988. He was also organist at the Waalse Kerk, Amsterdam. This church has a very famous historical organ. He became well known for his harpsichord concerts and recordings. He led the Leonhardt Baroque Ensemble with the English counter-tenor Alfred Deller with whom he made one of the first recordings of some Bach cantatas. The ensemble included his wife Marie, as well as Nikolaus Harnoncourt who played the cello. Together with Harnoncourt he conducted and recorded all Bach's cantatas.

Leonhardt lived in a big 16th century house facing one of the canals in the centre of Amsterdam. He looked very serious on the concert platform, but he had a sense of humour and occasionally played a bit of ragtime at the end of a recital.

Leonhardt died in Amsterdam on 16 January 2012.

## Other websites

- short biography at www.bach-cantatas.com
- http://www.earlymusicworld.com/id2.html
Vienna Symphony

The **Vienna Symphony** () is an orchestra in Vienna, Austria.

## History

The orchestra was formed in 1900 by the conductor Ferdinand Löwe.  It was then called the _Wiener Concertverein_ (Vienna Concert Society).  In 1913 it moved into the Konzerthaus, Vienna.  In 1919 it joined with the Tonkünstler Orchestra.  In 1933 it got the name it has today: Vienna Symphony (Wiener Symphoniker).

During World War II the Nazis forced them to be part of the German Culture Orchestras and they were used for propaganda.  They stopped playing in 1944.

Their first concert after the war was on 16 September 1945, when they performed Gustav Mahler's _Symphony No. 3_. Their conductor Josef Krips quickly helped them to become a great orchestra.  From 1946 they were often conducted by Herbert von Karajan who toured with them throughout Europe and North America. In 1959 the VSO performed for Pope John XXIII at Vatican City.

When Wolfgang Sawallisch became their conductor he toured with them to the United States and Japan.

Today Fabio Luisi is their chief conductor.

## Chief conductors

- 1900-1925 Ferdinand Löwe
- 1920s-1930s Wilhelm Furtwängler _(as director of the Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde)_
- 1933-1940s Oswald Kabasta
- 1946-1948 Hans Swarowsky
- 1948-1960 Herbert von Karajan _(as director of the Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde)_
- 1960-1970 Wolfgang Sawallisch
- 1970-1973 Josef Krips (artistic advisor)
- 1973-1976 Carlo Maria Giulini
- 1980-1982 Gennady Rozhdestvensky
- 1986-1991 Georges Prêtre (principal guest conductor)
- 1991-1996 Rafael Frühbeck de Burgos
- 1997-2005 Vladimir Fedoseyev
- 2005-_present_ Fabio Luisi

## Related pages

- Vienna Philharmonic

## Other websites

- History of the Vienna Symphony Orchestra
Liber Linteus

The **Liber Linteus Zagrabiensis** (or ***Liber Agramensis***) (Latin: _Linen Book of Zagreb_ or _Book of Agram_) is the longest Etruscan text and the only existing linen book.

Most of the text has not been translated, because the Etruscan language is only known little. According to the few words that can be understood, the text is probably a ritual calendar.

The fabric of the book was preserved when it was used to wrap a mummy from Ptolemaic Egypt.  The mummy and the manuscript are now kept in a refrigerated room at the Archaeological Museum in Zagreb, Croatia.

## Other websites

- _The Etruscan Liber Linteus_ ; contains etexts of the book, proposed translations, and notes on haruspicy.
- Information on the Liber Linteus from the Archaeological Museum in Zagreb
Eel River

The **Eel River** is a river in the north part of the U.S. state of California. It flows north about 200 mi (322 km) to the Pacific Ocean, draining 3,684 square miles (9,542 square km). Its largest tributary is the Middle Fork Eel River, followed by the South Fork, Van Duzen River, and North Fork. The river is dammed near its headwaters to divert water into the Russian River valley. The two dams form Van Arsdale Reservoir and the larger Lake Pillsbury. Most of the river is in the humid Coast Ranges of California. Much of the river is isolated, in steep and rugged terrain.

Towns along the Eel include Ferndale, Rio Dell, and Dos Rios (at the confluence with the Middle Fork). Weott is near the South Fork confluence.

U.S. Highway 101 follows the river until the South Fork confluence, and the Great Northern Railway also follows a portion of the river. 37 bridges cross the Eel and 24 cross the South Fork. The South Fork is the longest tributary. The Middle Fork has the largest watershed.