juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Metamodernism

**Metamodernism** is a term that describes a way of thinking in academia that goes further than postmodernism. Metamodernism involves mixing modernist and postmodernist ideas, and sometimes even older, traditional ones. Metamodernists think that the negative approach of postmodernism of denying all ideas of truth is limited because it does not give a way forward much of the time. They also feel that the modernist idea of making new ideas has its benefits for being more optimistic than postmodernism. Metamodernists think the modernist ideas are not enough though, saying that postmodernism is useful as it keeps us alert. It is one of the ways to explain what comes after postmodernism.

Imagine a swing going back and forth. That's how some people think about metamodernism. It moves between the serious feelings of modernism and the sarcastic feelings of postmodernism. Others, like philosopher Jason Storm, say that metamodernism is not a swing going back and forth, but a spiral which spirals upwards. Jason Storm said that postmodernism is more like a spiral which goes downwards. That means that rather than criticising ideas (postmodernism), building on them while also criticising them (metamodernism).

In short, metamodernism is a way of thinking and creating that mixes and moves between being alert and being heartfelt, trying to understand and express the complex and connected world we live in today.

## Early Ideas

The word "metamodern" first popped up in 1975 with Mas'ud Zavarzadeh, talking about new ways of writing stories in America. Over the years, different people used "metamodern" to describe new art and literature that mixed modernism and postmodernism.

Back in 2002, Linda Hutcheon said we needed a new name for what was coming after postmodernism. She felt postmodernism was ending and challenged people to find a new name for the current cultural phase.

## Examples

In 2010, Timotheus Vermeulen and Robin van den Akker wrote about metamodernism. Vermeulen and van den Akker are considered two of the main thinkers of metamodernism. They noticed a mix of old and new ideas in culture, like a swing between hope and sarcasm. They thought of metamodernism as a mix of old and new feelings, like being both naive and smart at the same time. They listed lots of examples in their work like the architecture of Herzog & de Meuron, the films of David Lynch, and art by Bas Jan Ader, Peter Doig, Olafur Eliasson, Kaye Donachie, Charles Avery, and Ragnar Kjartansson.

Some filmmakers have started using the word to explain the films they are making. One example is the oscar-winning film Everything Everywhere All at Once, where the directors The Daniels said they wanted to make a metamodern film. In the film, they achieve this by writing a story about a mom and daughter pair who are struggling, showing how they try to solve tensions between old and a new ways of thinking and living in the modern world.
Saïx

**Saïx** is a commune. It is in Occitanie in the Tarn department in south France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Saïx
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Saïx (Tarn, Fr) mairie.JPG
- **caption**: The town hall in Saïx
- **image coat of arms**: Blason ville fr Saïx (Tarn).svg
- **arrondissement**: Castres
- **canton**: Le Pastel
- **insee**: 81273
- **postal code**: 81710
- **mayor**: Jacques Armengaud
- **term**: 2020–2026
- **intercommunality**: Sor et Agout
- **elevation min m**: 147
- **elevation max m**: 263
- **area km2**: 13.79
Saliès

**Saliès** is a commune. It is in Occitanie in the Tarn department in south France.
Salles, Tarn

**Salles** is a commune. It is in Occitanie in the Tarn department in south France.
Salvagnac

**Salvagnac** is a commune. It is in Occitanie in the Tarn department in south France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Salvagnac
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Salvagnac Eglise.jpg
- **caption**: The church of Notre-Dame in Salvagnac
- **image coat of arms**: Blason ville fr Salvagnac (Tarn).svg
- **arrondissement**: Albi
- **canton**: Vignobles et Bastides
- **insee**: 81276
- **postal code**: 81630
- **mayor**: Barnard Miramond
- **term**: 2020–2026
- **intercommunality**: Gaillac-Graulhet
- **elevation min m**: 139
- **elevation max m**: 280
- **area km2**: 33.41
Saussenac

**Saussenac** is a commune. It is in Occitanie in the Tarn department in south France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Saussenac
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: 151 Saussenac (81350).jpg
- **caption**: The church of Saint-Eusèbe in Saussenac
- **image coat of arms**: Blason ville fr Saussenac (Tarn).svg
- **arrondissement**: Albi
- **canton**: Carmaux-1 Le Ségala
- **insee**: 81277
- **postal code**: 81350
- **mayor**: Didier Roudier
- **term**: 2020–2026
- **intercommunality**: Val 81
- **elevation min m**: 218
- **elevation max m**: 498
- **area km2**: 17.39
Sauveterre, Tarn

**Sauveterre** is a commune in France. It is in Occitanie in the Tarn department in south France. 186 people live in Sauveterre.
La Sauzière-Saint-Jean

**La Sauzière-Saint-Jean** is a commune. It is in Occitanie in the Tarn department in south France.
Le Ségur

**Le Ségur** is a commune. It is in Occitanie in the Tarn department in south France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Le Ségur
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Le Ségur (Tarn).JPG
- **caption**: A general view of Le Ségur
- **arrondissement**: Albi
- **canton**: Carmaux-2 Vallée du Cérou
- **insee**: 81280
- **postal code**: 81640
- **mayor**: Christian Hamon
- **term**: 2020–2026
- **intercommunality**: Carmausin-Ségala
- **elevation min m**: 190
- **elevation max m**: 512
- **area km2**: 18.91
Sémalens

**Sémalens** is a commune. It is in Occitanie in the Tarn department in south France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Sémalens
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Semalens La Mairie.JPG
- **caption**: The town hall in Sémalens
- **image coat of arms**: Blason ville fr Sémalens2 (Tarn).svg
- **arrondissement**: Castres
- **canton**: Plaine de l'Agoût
- **insee**: 81281
- **postal code**: 81570
- **mayor**: Annette Veith
- **term**: 2020–2026
- **intercommunality**: Sor et Agout
- **elevation min m**: 146
- **elevation max m**: 280
- **elevation m**: 160
- **area km2**: 11.12
Senaux

**Senaux** is a commune. It is in Occitanie in the Tarn department in south France.
Senouillac

**Senouillac** is a commune. It is in Occitanie in the Tarn department in south France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Senouillac
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Senouillac 1.JPG
- **image coat of arms**: Blason ville fr Senouillac (Tarn).svg
- **arrondissement**: Albi
- **canton**: Les Deux Rives
- **insee**: 81283
- **postal code**: 81600
- **mayor**: Bernard Ferret
- **term**: 2020–2026
- **intercommunality**: Gaillac-Graulhet
- **elevation min m**: 147
- **elevation max m**: 245
- **area km2**: 15.01
Le Sequestre

**Le Sequestre** is a commune. It is in Occitanie in the Tarn department in south France.
Acoustic Kitty

**Acoustic Kitty** was a secret Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) project to use cats to spy on the Kremlin and Soviet embassies. It was the Directorate of Science and Technology of the CIA which started the project in the 1960s. The project was disclosed in 2001, when some CIA documents were declassified.

## Plan

The idea was to fit cats with microphones and an antenna to transmit the data. At first the idea was to use a special collar. This was too easy to detect, so the cat had to get the microphone and transmitter implanted surgically. The microphone was put in the ear canal. There was a small radio transmitter at the base of the skull, and a thin wire was put into its fur. This would allow the cat to innocuously record and transmit sound from its surroundings.

Due to problems with distraction, the cat's sense of hunger had to be addressed in another operation. Victor Marchetti, a former CIA officer, said Project Acoustic Kitty cost about $20 million.

## Lack of success

The first Acoustic Kitty mission was to eavesdrop on two men in a park outside the Soviet embassy in Washington, D.C. The cat was released nearby, but was hit and allegedly killed by a taxi almost immediately.

However, this was disputed in 2013 by Robert Wallace, a former director of the Office of Technical Service, who said that the project was abandoned due to the difficulty of training the cat to behave as required, and "the equipment was taken out of the cat; the cat was re-sewn for a second time, and lived a long and happy life afterwards".

Subsequent tests also failed. Shortly thereafter the project was considered a failure and declared to be a total loss. However, other accounts report more success for the project.

## Cancellation

The project was cancelled in 1967. A closing memorandum said that the CIA researchers believed that they could train cats to move short distances, but that "the environmental and security factors in using this technique in a real foreign situation force us to conclude that for our (intelligence) purposes, it would not be practical."

## Further reading

- _The Agency: The Rise and Decline of the CIA_, John Ranelagh, rev. ed., New York: Simon & Schuster, 1987, at p. 208.

## Other websites

- _The Memory Palace_ podcast episode about Acoustic Kitty episode-16-secret-kitty
- Declassified CIA document about project
Politics of Poland

The history of Poland is complex, and its political history is complicated by the changes in the boundaries and the population of the country.

Since the end of communism many political parties developed.  The Polish United Workers' Party which had ruled the Polish People's Republic as a one-party state from 1948 to 1989 ceased to exist in 1990.

The first election for president was held in 1990.  Lech Wałęsa  was elected.  He beat Stanislaw Tyminski with 74% of the vote.  Aleksander Kwasniewski, who had been in the  Polish United Workers' Party was elected president in 1995 and 2000.  He set up the Democratic Left Alliance.

In 1991 there were open elections for the Seym. 111 political parties contested the elections.  29 of them got enough votes to get seats, but it was not possible to form a stable government and new elections were held in 1991.  The rules were changed so that only parties that got at least 5% of the votes got seats.  About a third of the votes went to right wing parties, but there were so many of them that they didnt get many people elected.   The left wing parties had combined and got 46% of the members.

In 1997 the conservative party  Solidarity Electoral Action got 34% of the votes and 44% of the members.
2020 in movies

**2020 in movies** is a history of events, which includes the highest-grossing films, award ceremonies, critics' lists of the best films of 2020, festivals, a list of country-specific lists of films released, and notable deaths.

## Evaluation of the Year

TBA

## Highest-grossing movies

The top films released in 2020 by worldwide gross are as follows

|Rank|Title|Distributor|Worldwide gross|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|_Wonder Woman 1984_|Warner Bros. DC Studios|$4,140,245,677||
|_Demon Slayer: Kimetsu No Yaiba - The Movie: Mugen Train_|Toho/Aniplex|$1,692,421,559||
|_Monster Hunter_|Sony Pictures / Toho|$782,241,488||
|_Bad Boys for Life_|Sony Pictures|$687,505,244||
|_Tenet_|Warner Bros.|$544,304,105||
|_Sonic the Hedgehog_|Paramount|$429,715,683||
|_Dolittle_|Universal|$401,410,631||
|_Jiang Ziya_|Beijing Enlight''|$387,883,429||
|_Birds of Prey_|rowspan=""|Warner Bros.|$327,600,000|
|_Mulan_|Disney|$309,443,070||

## Events

TBA

## Awards

TBA

## 2020 films

TBA

## Deaths

TBA

## Debuts

TBA
2019 in movies

**2019 in movies** is a overview of events, including the highest-grossing movies, award ceremonies, critics' lists of the best movies of 2019, festivals, a list of country-specific lists of movies released, and movie programming.

## Highest-grossing movies

The top movies released in 2019 by worldwide gross are as follows

|Rank|Title|Distributor|Worldwide gross|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|_Avengers: Endgame_|rowspan="3"|Disney|$2,999,439,100|
|_The Lion King_|$1,663,943,394|||
|_Frozen II_|$1,450,026,933|||
|_Spider-Man: Far from Home_|Sony Pictures|$1,132,927,966||
|_Captain Marvel_|Disney|$1,128,462,972||
|_Joker_|Warner Bros.|$1,074,458,282||
|_Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker_|rowspan="3"|Disney|$1,074,144,248|
|_Toy Story 4_|$1,073,394,593|||
|_Aladdin_|$1,051,693,953|||
|_Jumanji: The Next Level_|Sony Pictures|$800,159,707||
Balistes vetula

***Balistes vetula***, the **queen triggerfish** or **cochino**, is a species of triggerfish in the genus _Balistes_. This fish's coloration is a combination of blue, purple, turquoise, green, yellow, and light blue. It preys on invertebrates, notably sea urchins. In aquariums, it will often eat shrimp, squid, clams, octopuses, scallops, and crabs.

## References

1. <small>Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2012). "_Balistes vetula_" in FishBase. June 2012 version.</small>
South Melbourne FC

**South Melbourne Football Club**, formerly called **South Melbourne Hellas**, is an Australian semi-professional soccer club based in Albert Park, a suburb of Melbourne. The currently competes in the National Premier Leagues Victoria (NPL Victoria), and plays its home games at Lakeside Stadium.

South Melbourne was founded in 1965 by Greek Australians and has strong connections to Melbourne's Greek community, which is the largest in the world outside Greece.

During the National Soccer League (NSL) era between 1977 and 2007, South Melbourne were a very successful club. South Melbourne was one of only two clubs that competed in every season of the NSL (the other being Marconi Stallions). South Melbourne won the NSL four times, as well as many Dockerty Cups and Victorian State League titles. South Melbourne represented the Oceania Football Confederation (OFC) at the first ever FIFA Club World Cup, held in 2000 in Brazil.

South Melbourne was chosen by the International Federation of Football History & Statistics (IFFHS) as the Oceanian Club of the 20th Century.

In 2023, South Melbourne was announced as one of the eight clubs that will compete in the first ever season of the National Second Division (NSD), the upcoming second level of the Australian soccer league system, in 2025.
Cliff Cash

**Clifton Freeman Cash** (born June 19 1980) is an American stand-up comedian, Social media personality, and photographer, he was born in North Carolina, United States.

## Personal life

Cash was born in June 19, 1980,  He has a brother named Wiley Cash and they grew up in Gastonia, North Carolina.

## Comedy Special

Cliff Cash released a comedy special called The Long Road in 2024.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Cliff Cash
- **other names**: Cliff Cash Comedy
- **birth name**: Clifton Freeman Cash
- **birth place**: Gastonia, North Carolina U.S.
- **occupation**: stand-up comedian, photographer, Social media personality
- **years active**: 2011-present
- **known for**: Comedy, photography, Social media
Mayor of Faisalabad

Nazim-e-Faisalabad is the mayor who heads the Faisalabad Municipal Corporation (FMC) which controls the local government of Faisalabad. Chairman District Council Faisalabad
Fear conditioning

**Fear conditioning** is a  process that helps our brain learn to associate certain things with fear. This mechanism plays a crucial role in how we respond to potentially threatening situations.

## What is fear conditioning?

Fear conditioning is a type of learning where our brain associates a neutral stimulus with a fearful experience. In simple terms, it is like our brain creating a connection between something ordinary and something scary.

### The process

- Neutral stimulus:
Imagine you hear a specific sound, like a bell ringing. At first, this sound means nothing to
you; it's neutral and doesn't provoke any fear.
- Fearful experience:
Now, let's say that every time the bell rings, something scary happens, like a loud noise or a sudden shock. Your brain starts connecting the neutral sound (bell) with the frightening experience.
- Association:
After repeated pairings of the bell and the scary event, your brain starts associating the bell with fear. Now, even if the scary event doesn't happen, just hearing the bell can make you feel afraid.

### The brain's role

The amygdala, a small almond-shaped structure in the brain, is the key player in fear conditioning. It processes emotions, including fear, and helps us respond appropriately to potential threats. When the neutral stimulus becomes associated with fear, the amygdala signals our body to react, preparing us to face the perceived danger.

### Pavlov's dogs

A classic example of conditioning to a neutral stimulus is
Pavlov's experiment with dogs. He paired the sound of a bell with the presentation of food. Eventually, the dogs started salivating at the sound of the bell alone, anticipating the food.

### Little Albert experiment

In another famous experiment, Little Albert was exposed to a white rat along with loud noises. Over time, he became afraid not only of the rat but also of similar white, furry objects, illustrating how fear can generalize to similar stimuli.
- Implications for humans:
Understanding fear conditioning helps us comprehend how phobias and anxiety disorders may develop. Traumatic experiences can lead to the association of neutral stimuli with fear, contributing to the persistence of irrational fears.

## Conclusion

Fear conditioning is a fundamental process that allows our brains to adapt and respond to potential threats. By associating neutral stimuli with fear, our brain learns to recognize and react to situations that may be harmful. This simple yet powerful mechanism is crucial for our survival and shapes our emotional responses to the world around us.
Hassanally Abdul Rahman

**Hassanally Aabdul Rahman** or **Hassan Ali Abdul Rahman** ( ) was a lawyer and politician born in Karachi, Sindh. He lived from 1909 to 1986.

## Early life

He was born to a family of legal professionals, government officers, and people active in the education sector. His father was the late and influential Karachi citizen, Barrister Abdurrahman. He received his barrister-at-law from Middle Temple, England in 1934.

He was one of the founding architects along with his younger brother Tufail Ali Abdul Rehman of the Sindh Muslim Government Law College in Karachi. He also served as the first principal of the college. Known as a social and community leader, Rahman was the vice chancellor of Sindh University, Jamshoro, where he served twice in the same capacity.

## Career

He was the treasurer of the Pakistan Institute of International Affairs, Secretary General of All Pakistan Educational Society, and President/Board Member Sindh Muslim Law College (S.M. Law College). In 1952, he led the Pakistani delegation to UNESCO. In 1953, he represented the country at the Commonwealth University Conference.

Rahman was the older brother of Justice Tufail Ali Abdul Rehman, who also served as Attorney General of Pakistan and the Chief Justice of Sindh and Balochistan High Courts. Tufail Ali Abdul Rehman was also the presiding judge who sat on the Hamoodur Rahman commission post 1971 civil war between then West Pakistan (present-day Pakistan) and East Pakistan (present-day Bangladesh).

The two brothers were the only founding members of the Sindh Muslim Law College. Rahman’s father Barrister Abdul Rahman was a barrister-at-law of the Subcontinent and was affiliated with the Queens Council.

In addition, Rahman served as one of the founding members of Karachi University. In 1967 he was removed from that position because of political discontent.

Rahman became a barrister and was also politically active in the British Raj. He along with other fellow barristers worked with Muhammed Ali Jinnah, the founder of Pakistan.

## Other websites

- My father  sherryrehman.com
- Hassanally Rahman (1904-1986) Prabook
- Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah Papers Volume 1, Issue 1
Kickers Offenbach

**Offenbacher Fußball-Club Kickers**, also known as **Kickers Offenbach**, is a German football club from Offenbach am Main, Hesse.

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Kickers Offenbach
- **upright**: 0.8
- **fullname**: Offenbacher Fußball-Club Kickers 1901 e. V.
- **nickname**: OFC
- **ground**: Bieberer Berg
- **capacity**: 20,500
- **chairman**: Joachim Wagner
- **manager**: Christian Neidhard
- **league**: Regionalliga Südwest
- **season**: 2022–23 Regionalliga#Regionalliga Südwest, 2022–23
- **position**: 7th of 18
- **website**: http://www.ofc.de/
- **pattern b1**: _koffenbach2324h
- **leftarm1**: A40000
- **body1**: FF0000
- **rightarm1**: A40000
- **shorts1**: A40000
- **socks1**: FF0000
- **pattern b2**: _koffenbach2324a
- **leftarm2**: FFFFFF
- **body2**: FFFFFF
- **rightarm2**: FFFFFF
- **shorts2**: FF0000
- **socks2**: FFFFFF
- **pattern la3**: _nikestrike4b
- **pattern b3**: _nikestrike4b
- **pattern ra3**: _nikestrike4b
- **leftarm3**: 000000
- **body3**: 000000
- **rightarm3**: 000000
- **shorts3**: 000000
- **socks3**: 000000
Bourbonnella

_To see this article, you can check out the Related pages section of List of prehistoric bony fish genera._

***Bourbonnella*** is an extinct genus of freshwater ray-finned fish from the Mississippian.

It has the following species:

- †_Bourbonnella guilloti_ <small>Heyler, 1967</small> (type species)
- <abbr>†</abbr>_Bourbonnella fourrieri_ <small>Poplin, 2001</small>
- <abbr>†</abbr>_Bourbonnella hirsuta_ <small>Štamberg, 2007</small>
- <abbr>†</abbr>_Bourbonnella jocelynae_ <small>Mickle, 2011</small>
- <abbr>†</abbr>_Bourbonnella sottyi_

## Description

This fish had a deep, fusiform body. It had an area of small scales supporting the dorsal fin. The smallest was _Bourbonnella guilloti_, which was about 15 cm, while the largest was _Bourbonnella fourrieri_ of 30 cm.

## References

1. <small>Poplin, Ćecile (2001). "Le genre _Bourbonnella_ (Actinopterygii, Aeduellidae) : révision et description d'une nouvelle espèce du Stéphanien (Carbonifère supérieur) de Montceau-les-Mines (Massif Central, France)". Retrieved 15 February 2001.</small>

## Other websites

- Media related to _Bourbonnella_ at Wikimedia Commons
Ethel Caterham

**Ethel May Caterham** (née **Collins**; born 21 August 1909) is a British supercentenarian who is the oldest verified living person since 30 April 2025. She is also the oldest living person in the United Kingdom and the last surviving subject of Edward VII. She is also the oldest living European following the death of Maria Branyas Morera.

## Personal life

Ethel May Caterham was born in Shipton Bellinger, Hampshire on 21 August 1909 as the second-youngest of eight children, and was raised in Tidworth. Her sister, Gladys Babilas (1897–2002), lived to 104. In 1927, when she was 18, she went to British India and worked as an au pair to a military family until she was 21. In 1931, she went back to England and met her future husband Norman Caterham at a party. They later married in Salisbury Cathedral, where Norman had been a choirboy. They lived in Harnham before being stationed in Hong Kong and Gibraltar. While in Hong Kong, Ethel set up a nursery to teach English, crafts and games, and in Gibraltar, the couple had two daughters who they raised back in England. Norman died in 1976.

Caterham drove until she was 97 and played contract bridge in her centenarian years. Both of her daughters are now deceased; she had lived in an extension in the home of her second daughter, Anne, until she died of cancer in February 2020, aged 82. Caterham then moved into a care home in Ash Vale, Surrey, and later to care home in Lightwater, Surrey where she presently resides.

## Health and longevity

Caterham survived COVID-19 in 2020, aged 110. On her 111th birthday in August 2020, she was visited by the mayor of Surrey Heath, as she had been the oldest living resident of Surrey since January 2019. Shortly before her 111th birthday, she and her granddaughter were interviewed by BBC Radio Surrey, where she said that the secret to her longevity was "taking everything in my stride, the highs and the lows."

On 22 January 2022, upon the death of 112-year-old Mary "Mollie" Walker MBE, Caterham became the oldest living person in the United Kingdom. On 7 October of the same year, upon the death of 113-year-old Rose Eaton, Caterham became the last Briton born in the 1900s decade and the last surviving subject of Edward VII from any country. She turned 114 in August 2023, the first British resident to do so since Ethel Lang in 2014.

On 21 August 2025, Caterham celebrated her 116th birthday, becoming the first person in British history to reach this age.

As of , Caterham is the oldest living person in the world after the death of the Brazilian Inah Canabarro Lucas and the oldest living European person since the death of Maria Branyas Morera.

## Related pages

- Oldest people
- List of British supercentenarians

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Ethel Caterham
- **caption**: Caterham in 21.08.2025
- **birth name**: Ethel May Collins
- **birth date**: (age )
- **birth place**: Shipton Bellinger, Hampshire, England
- **children**: 2 (both deceased)
Wieprz

The **Wieprz** is a river in central-eastern Poland, and a tributary of the Vistula. It is the country's ninth longest river, with a total length of 349 km and a catchment area of 10,497 km<sup>2</sup>, all within Poland. Its course near the town of Łęczna includes the protected area known as Wieprz Landscape Park.

The river has its source in Lake Wieprz, in Wieprzów Tarnawacki near Tomaszów Lubelski, and flows into the Vistula near Dęblin. The Wieprz is connected to another river, the Krzna, through the 140-kilometer Wieprz-Krzna Canal, built in 1954-1961. Because the Wieprz with its wide valley has not been regulated, its nature is very diverse. The meandering river with its oxbow lakes is inhabited by numerous birds, European otters and Eurasian beavers.

## Infobox (river)

- **name**: Wieprz
- **image**: PL Wieprz 2.jpg
- **image caption**: Wieprz in Roztocze National Park
- **map**: Vistula river map.png
- **map caption**: Wieprz River in the Vistula watershed
- **subdivision type1**: Country
- **subdivision name1**: Poland
- **subdivision type3**: Voivodeship
- **subdivision name3**: Masovian Voivodeship, Mazovian, Lublin Voivodeship, Lublin
- **source1 location**: Wieprzów Tarnawacki, Lublin Voivodeship, Poland
- **source1 elevation**: 274 m
- **mouth location**: Dęblin, Lublin Voivodeship, Poland
- **mouth elevation**: 112 m
- **custom label**: Progression
Maria Curie-Sklodowska University

**Maria Curie-Sklodowska University**  is a public research university, in Lublin, Poland. It is named after Marie Curie-Sklodowska.

It was started on October 23, 1944, by the Lublin Committee during the Second World War. It is now the largest university in Eastern Poland, with  in Lublin, and a satellite campus in Puławy. The University has nearly 16,000 students, who study in over 90 disciplines. Out of those 16,000, over 1,600 are international students from about 45 different countries.

## Faculties

- Arts
- Biology and Biotechnology
- Chemistry
- Economics
- Languages, Literatures, and Cultures
- Philosophy and Sociology
- Mathematics, Physics, and Computer Science
- Earth Sciences and Spatial Management
- Education and Psychology
- Political Science and Journalism
- Law and Administration

## Infobox (university)

- **name**: Maria Curie-Sklodowska University
- **native name**: Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej w Lublinie
- **latin name**: Universitas Maria Curie-Skłodowska
- **established**: October 23, 1944
- **type**: Public university, Public
- **rector**: Radosław Dobrowolski
- **students**: 15,785 (2022/2023)
- **undergrad**: 9,261
- **postgrad**: 3,992
- **country**: Lublin, Lublin Voivodeship, Poland
- **campus**: Urban
- **affiliations**: <small></small>
Imtiaz Qureshi

**Imtiaz Qureshi** (2 February 1931 – 16 February 2024) was an Indian chef. He was known for reviving the _Dum Pukht_ cooking tradition and creating restaurant brands including _Bukhara_ and _Dum Pukht_. He was a master chef at ITC Hotels, an Indian luxury hotel chain. Qureshi is credited with the popularization of Awadhi cuisine with some of his popular dishes including _Dal Bukhara_, _Dum Pukht Biryani_, _Kakori Kebab_, _Warqi Paratha,_ and _Garlic Kheer_.

In 2016, Qureshi received the Padma Shri, India's fourth highest civilian honor, for his culinary contributions. He was the first chef to win this award in this category. He died in Mumbai on 16 February 2024, two weeks after his 93rd birthday.

## Infobox (chef)

- **name**: Imtiaz Qureshi
- **image**: Imtiaz_Qureshi_(alt_spelt_Imitiaz_Qureshi)_Padma_Shri_award_from_President_Pranab_Mukherjee.jpg
- **caption**: Qureshi receiving Padma Shri from President Pranab Mukherjee in 2016
- **birth place**: Lucknow, United Provinces of Agra and Oudh, British India
- **death place**: Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- **children**: 7
- **known for**: Reviving the _Dum Pukht_ cooking tradition (a method of slow cooking)
- **style**: Awadhi cuisine; Mughlai cuisine
- **awards**: Padma Shri (2016)
Rhizodus

***Rhizodus*** (meaning "root tooth") is an extinct genus of giant freshwater lobe-finned fish belonging to the group Rhizodontida. It was even bigger than the beluga sturgeon, making it the largest freshwater fish to have ever existed. Carbon-dated fossils show that _Rhizodus_ went extinct 290 million years ago.

The two species are:

- _Rhizodus hibberti_ <small>Owen, 1840</small> (type species)
- _Rhizodus serpukhovensis_ <small>Smirnova, 2022</small>

## Description

What makes _Rhizodus_ so unique among other large rhizodonts such as _Barameda_ were the massive 22 cm (8.7 in) teeth. They were used to crunch and kill prey into digestible bits, rather than swallowing them whole. This prehistoric monstrosity weighed 4,000 kg and resembled a hulking acanthodian with ginormous teeth. On its body were large plates.

## Taxonomy

_Rhizodus_ is the type genus of the Rhizodontida, a group of lobe-finned fishes.

### _Rhizodus hibberti_

_Rhizodus hibberti_ is the type species of _Rhizodus_ and is from the Viséan stage of the United Kingdom.

### _Rhizodus serpukhovensis_

_Rhizodus serpukhovensis_ is from the Serpukhovian of Russia. However, it is not well known.

## What it ate

The diet of _Rhizodus_ included medium-sized fish and other tetrapods. _Rhizodus_ lunged at terrestrial prey like a crocodile.

## Related pages

- Strunius
- Balistes vegai
- Eusthenopteron
- List of prehistoric bony fish genera

## References

1. <small>"Rhizodus hibberti". _www.europeana.eu_. Archived from the original on 2014-11-29.</small>
1. <small>"Rhizodus". _Prehistoric Wildlife_.</small>

## Other websites

- Media related to _Rhizodus_ at Wikimedia Commons
Puławy

**Puławy**  is a town in eastern Poland, in Lesser Poland's Lublin Voivodeship, where the Vistula and Kurówka rivers meet. Puławy is the capital of Puławy County. 47,417 people lived there in 2019. Its coat of arms is based on the coat of arms of Lithuania.

Puławy was first mentioned in documents of the 15th century. At that time it was spelled _Pollavy_, its name probably came from a Vistula River ford. The town is a local center of science, industry and tourism, together with nearby Nałęczów and Kazimierz Dolny. Puławy is home to Poland's first permanent museum, the Czartoryskich Palace.  It is a Vistula River port.  It is  a center of higher education.

The town has two bridges and four rail stations, and serves as a road junction. Nearby Dęblin has a military airport.
Strunius

***Strunius*** is an extinct genus of lobe-finned fish from the Devonian of Germany and Latvia. Although it was a lobe-finned fish, the fins of _Strunius_ were supported by fin rays, which are more associated with ray-finned fish. It had a short and stubby body.

## Related pages

- Rhizodus
- Bluefieldius
- Hemorrhoid
- Titan triggerfish

## References

1. <small>Upeniece, Ieva. "A new species of Strunius (Sarcopterygii; Onychodontida) from Latvia; Lode quarry (Upper Devonian)". _ReaserchGate_.</small>
András Bozóki

**András Bozóki** (born 23 January 1959) is a Hungarian sociologist and politician. He served as Minister of Education between 2005 and 2006. He is professor of political science at Central European University. His research areas are political change, political systems, Central European politics, political ideologies, the history of ideas and the political role of the intelligentsia.

## Academics

He studied at Eötvös Loránd University and obtained a Doctor Juris in law in 1983 and a Master of Arts in sociology in 1985. After graduation, he got a teaching position at the university, where he taught at the Department of Sociology and Law (since 2013 named as Department of Legal and Social Theory). In 1988-89, he was a fellow at UCLA's Department of Sociology. In 1992, he defended his doctoral dissertation in political science at the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.

Since 1993, he has been a full-time lecturer at the Central European University, participating in the development of the doctoral program in political science.

He was a visiting professor (Deák Chair) at Columbia University (2004, 2009, 2015), University of Nottingham (1993), Smith College, Mount Holyoke College, Hampshire College (1999-2000), University of Tübingen (1999-2001), University of Bologna (2008) and University of Ljubljana (2013).

He was a researcher at the Institut für die Wissenschaften von Menschen (IWM) in Vienna (1990-1991 and 2018), the Wisschenschaftskolleg in Berlin (Andrew Mellon Fellow, 1993-1994), the European Institute of Sussex University (1998), the Netherlands Institute for Advanced Study (NIAS) (1998), the European University Institute (EUI) (Jean Monnet Fellow, 2000-2001 and Fernand Braudel Fellow, 2012), and Södertörns University in Stockholm (2008).

## Politics

In 1985, he participated in the opposition event of the European Cultural Forum. In 1987 he was at the Lakitelek meeting. In May 1988 he was the founder of the Free Initiatives Network. In 1989, he participated in the National Round Table negotiations, where he represented the Opposition Round Table and was a member of the working committee dealing with the creation of legal guarantees excluding violent solutions.

Between 1988-1993 he was a member of Fidesz. From January to May 1990, he was the spokesperson of Fidesz. In 1991-1992 he was an expert of the party's parliamentary faction. In 1993 he left Fidesz.

Between 2003 and 2004, he was a member of the advisory board of Prime Minister Péter Medgyessy. From February 2005 to June 2006, he was Minister of Education in the first Ferenc Gyurcsány government.

## Media

Between 1989-1992 he worked as the founding editor of newspaper _Magyar Narancs_. In the 2000s, he was a columnist for _Magyar Hírlap_ and then _Figyelő_.

## Infobox (person/wikidata)

- **fetchwikidata**: ALL
Anita Falieros

**Anita Falieros** is an Australian former taekwondo martial artist. She competed at the 1992 Summer Olympics, where taekwondo was a demonstration sport, in the flyweight event.

At the 1987 World Taekwondo Championships she won the bronze medal in the -47 kg category. She won at the European Taekwondo Championships the silver medal in 1990 and the bronze medal in 1992.
Abbe Kıvrık

**Abbe Kıvrık** (born 28 November 1972) is a Turkish former taekwondo martial artist. She competed at the 1992 Summer Olympics, where taekwondo was a demonstration sport, in the middleweight event.

At the European Taekwondo Championships she won the silver medal in 1992 and the bronze medal in 1996.
TVP Info

**TVP Info** is a Polish free-to-air television news channel, run by the public state broadcaster TVP. It mostly broadcasts nationwide news bulletins. Until 20 December 2023, its main offices were in  Warsaw Uprising Square. Since 29 December 2023 they are in the main TVP building on Woronicza Street, Warsaw.

During the rule of the Law and Justice-majority government from 2015 to 2023, the channel was  criticized by the opposition and external observers for airing government propaganda.

On December 19, 2023, Bartłomiej Sienkiewicz, the Minister of Culture and National Heritage in Poland, dismissed the media directors and their supervisory boards, most notably those of TVP, appointing new ones in their place. The move was met with criticism and accusations of illegality by the dismissed management and the opposition Law and Justice party.   Prime Minister Donald Tusk said this was done to restore legal order and decency in public life.

Paweł Moskalewicz was appointed to run it by Tusk.

## Infobox (television channel)

- **name**: TVP Info
- **logo**: TVP INFO logo 2024.svg
- **logo size**: 250px
- **logo caption**: Logo used since 30 September 2024
- **replaced**: National Television (TVP3, TVP3 Polska)
- **owner**: Telewizja Polska
- **sister channels**: TVP1
TVP2
TVP3
TVP HD
TVP ABC
Alfa TVP
TVP Dokument
TVP Historia
TVP Kobieta
TVP Kultura
TVP Nauka
TVP Parlament
TVP Polonia
TVP Rozrywka
TVP Seriale
TVP Sport
TVP World
- **country**: Poland
- **picture format**: 1080i HDTV

- **area**: Nationwide
- **terr serv 2**: Television in Poland#Terrestrial, Digital terrestrial television
- **terr chan 2**: Channel 34
- **online serv 1**: tvp.pl
- **online chan 1**: [http://tvpstream.tvp.pl/ Watch live]
Krk

**Krk** (; ; ) is an Adriatic island in Croatia. It is near Rijeka in the Bay of Kvarner and part of Primorje-Gorski Kotar County. Krk is together with Cres as the largest Adriatic island. It is mostly rocky.

Krk is the name of the main settlement of the island.

## Infobox (mapframe)

- **wikidata**: yes
- **stroke-width**: 1
- **area km2**: 405


## Infobox (islands)

- **name**: Krk
- **image name**: Krk (island).jpg
- **image caption**: Satellite image of the Krk island
- **native name link**: Croatian
- **location**: Adriatic Sea
- **area km2**: 405.80
- **highest mount**: Obzova
- **elevation m**: 568
- **country**: Croatia
- **country admin divisions title**: Counties of Croatia, County
- **country admin divisions**: Primorje-Gorski Kotar County, Primorje-Gorski Kotar
- **country largest city**: Krk (town), Krk
- **country largest city population**: 6,816
- **population**: 19,916
- **population as of**: 2021
- **density km2**: 44
Krk (town)

**Krk** () is a town in Primorje-Gorski Kotar County, Croatia. It is the main settlement of the island of Krk. In 2021, 6,816 people lived there. It is on the southwest coast of the island and is the historical seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Krk.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Krk
- **official name**: _Grad Krk_
 Town of Krk
- **settlement type**: List of cities and towns in Croatia, Town
- **image skyline**: Krk krk.jpg
- **image caption**: The old town in Krk
- **pushpin map**: Croatia
- **pushpin map caption**: Location of Krk in Croatia
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: County
- **subdivision type2**: Island
- **subdivision name2**: Krk
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Darijo Vasilić (Alliance of Primorje-Gorski Kotar, PGS)
- **leader title1**: City Council
- **area total km2**: 107.1
- **area urban km2**: 18.4
- **elevation m**: 0
- **population as of**: 2021
- **population total**: 6816
- **population density km2**: auto
- **population urban**: 3935
- **population density urban km2**: auto
- **timezone**: Central European Time, CET
- **timezone dst**: Central European Summer Time, CEST
- **utc offset**: +1
- **utc offset dst**: +2
- **postal code type**: Postal code
- **postal code**: 51 500
- **area code**: 051
- **registration plate**: Vehicle registration plates of Croatia, RI
Sérénac

**Sérénac** is a commune. It is in Occitanie in the Tarn department in south France.
Serviès

**Serviès** is a commune. It is in Occitanie in the Tarn department in south France.
Sieurac

**Sieurac** is a commune. It is in Occitanie in the Tarn department in south France.
Sorèze

**Sorèze** is a commune. It is in Occitanie in the Tarn department in south France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Sorèze
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Sorèze (Tarn, Fr) ruelle aux colombages.JPG
- **caption**: An alley in Sorèze
- **image coat of arms**: Blason ville fr Sorèze (Tarn).svg
- **arrondissement**: Castres
- **canton**: La Montagne noire
- **insee**: 81288
- **postal code**: 81540
- **mayor**: Marie-Lise Housseau
- **term**: 2020–2026
- **intercommunality**: Lauragais Revel Sorezois
- **elevation min m**: 204
- **elevation max m**: 781
- **area km2**: 41.64
Soual

**Soual** is a commune. It is in Occitanie in the Tarn department in south France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Soual
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Saint Segolene church in Soual (8).jpg
- **image coat of arms**: Blason ville fr Soual (Tarn).svg
- **arrondissement**: Castres
- **canton**: Le Pastel
- **insee**: 81289
- **postal code**: 81580
- **mayor**: Jean-Luc Alibert
- **term**: 2020–2026
- **intercommunality**: Sor et Agout
- **elevation min m**: 163
- **elevation max m**: 220
- **area km2**: 14.17
Souel

**Souel** is a commune. It is in Occitanie in the Tarn department in south France.
Taïx

**Taïx** is a commune. It is in Occitanie in the Tarn department in south France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Taïx
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Eglise de Taïx.JPG
- **caption**: The church in Taïx
- **image coat of arms**: Blason ville fr Taïx 81.svg
- **arrondissement**: Albi
- **canton**: Carmaux-2 Vallée du Cérou
- **insee**: 81291
- **postal code**: 81130
- **mayor**: Didier Somen
- **term**: 2020–2026
- **intercommunality**: Carmausin-Ségala
- **elevation min m**: 275
- **elevation max m**: 347
- **area km2**: 4.76
Tauriac, Tarn

**Tauriac** is a commune. It is in Occitanie in the Tarn department in south France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Tauriac
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: 81293 TAURIAC 1.jpg
- **image coat of arms**: Blason ville fr Tauriac (Tarn).svg
- **arrondissement**: Albi
- **canton**: Vignobles et Bastides
- **insee**: 81293
- **postal code**: 81630
- **mayor**: Marie Granel
- **term**: 2020–2026
- **intercommunality**: Gaillac-Graulhet
- **elevation min m**: 124
- **elevation max m**: 231
- **area km2**: 9.92
Tanus

**Tanus** is a commune. It is in Occitanie in the Tarn department in south France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Tanus
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Façade nord.JPG
- **arrondissement**: Albi
- **canton**: Carmaux-1 Le Ségala
- **insee**: 81292
- **postal code**: 81190
- **mayor**: Benoît Ravailhe
- **term**: 2020–2026
- **intercommunality**: Carmausin-Ségala
- **elevation min m**: 293
- **elevation max m**: 568
- **area km2**: 19.07
Técou

**Técou** is a commune. It is in Occitanie in the Tarn department in south France.
Teillet

**Teillet** is a commune. It is in Occitanie in the Tarn department in south France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Teillet
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Mairie de Teillet.JPG
- **caption**: The town hall in Teillet
- **image coat of arms**: Blason Teillet (Tarn).svg
- **arrondissement**: Albi
- **canton**: Le Haut Dadou
- **insee**: 81295
- **postal code**: 81120
- **mayor**: Sandrine Sandral
- **term**: 2020–2026
- **intercommunality**: Monts d'Alban et Villefranchois
- **elevation min m**: 339
- **elevation max m**: 534
- **area km2**: 24.22
Terssac

**Terssac** is a commune. It is in Occitanie in the Tarn department in south France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Terssac
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Terssac.JPG
- **caption**: A general view of Terssac
- **image coat of arms**: Blason ville fr Terssac (Tarn).svg
- **arrondissement**: Albi
- **canton**: Albi-3
- **insee**: 81297
- **postal code**: 81150
- **mayor**: Yves Chapron
- **term**: 2020–2026
- **intercommunality**: Albigeois
- **elevation min m**: 133
- **elevation max m**: 162
- **area km2**: 5.43
Teulat

**Teulat** is a commune. It is in Occitanie in the Tarn department in south France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Teulat
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Pugnères, Commune de Teulat.jpg
- **image coat of arms**: Blason ville fr Teulat 81.svg
- **arrondissement**: Castres
- **canton**: Lavaur Cocagne
- **insee**: 81298
- **postal code**: 81500
- **mayor**: Sabine Mousson
- **term**: 2020–2026
- **intercommunality**: Tarn-Agout
- **elevation min m**: 156
- **elevation max m**: 245
- **area km2**: 10.07
Teyssode

**Teyssode** is a commune. It is in Occitanie in the Tarn department in south France.
Tonnac

**Tonnac** is a commune. It is in Occitanie in the Tarn department in south France.
Ahrar al-Jazeera

**Ahrar al-Jaazera** was a rebel group that fought in the Syrian Civil War and was important at the start of the war which resulted in the taking over of Yaroubiya in March of 2013 (with help from other rebel groups). The group also worked with anti-Kurdish groups in the Battle of Ras al-Ayn which spanned from 2012-2013. However the group was forcibly removed from power in Yaroubiya in October of 2013, after the Al-Nusra Front took power and claimed to be corrupt by Daesh and Al-Nusra.
Tréban

**Tréban** is a commune. It is in Occitanie in the Tarn department in south France.
Trévien

**Trévien** is a commune. It is in Occitanie in the Tarn department in south France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Trévien
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Mairie de Trévien.JPG
- **caption**: The town hall in Trévien
- **arrondissement**: Albi
- **canton**: Carmaux-2 Vallée du Cérou
- **insee**: 81304
- **postal code**: 81190
- **mayor**: Fabienne Bex
- **term**: 2020–2026
- **intercommunality**: Carmausin-Ségala
- **elevation min m**: 219
- **elevation max m**: 466
- **area km2**: 16.26
Vabre

**Vabre** is a commune. It is in Occitanie in the Tarn department in south France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Vabre
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Vabre porte fortifiée.JPG
- **caption**: The fortified gate in Vabre
- **image coat of arms**: Blason ville fr Vabre (Tarn).svg
- **arrondissement**: Castres
- **canton**: Les Hautes Terres d'Oc
- **insee**: 81305
- **postal code**: 81330
- **mayor**: Françoise Pons
- **term**: 2020–2026
- **intercommunality**: Communauté de communes Sidobre Vals et Plateaux, Sidobre Vals et Plateaux
- **elevation m**: 370
- **elevation min m**: 274
- **elevation max m**: 668
- **area km2**: 28.43
Valderiès

**Valderiès** is a commune. It is in Occitanie in the Tarn department in south France.
Valdurenque

**Valdurenque** is a commune. It is in Occitanie in the Tarn department in south France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Valdurenque
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Valdurenque (Tarn, Fr) écoles et mairie.JPG
- **caption**: The school and town hall in Valdurenque
- **image coat of arms**: Blason ville fr Valdurenque (Tarn).svg
- **arrondissement**: Castres
- **canton**: Mazamet-1
- **insee**: 81307
- **postal code**: 81090
- **mayor**: Jean-Louis Battut
- **term**: 2020–2026
- **intercommunality**: Castres Mazamet
- **elevation min m**: 191
- **elevation max m**: 329
- **area km2**: 5.99
Vaour

**Vaour** is a commune. It is in Occitanie in the Tarn department in south France.
Veilhes

**Veilhes** is a commune. It is in Occitanie in the Tarn department in south France.
Vénès

**Vénès** is a commune. It is in Occitanie in the Tarn department in south France.