juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Indian Armed Forces

The **Indian Armed Forces** are the military of India. It is made up of an Army, Navy, Air Force and Coast Guard. There are other parts like Central Armed Police Forces and Strategic Nuclear Command. The President of India is its Commander-in-Chief. However, it is managed by the Ministry of Defense.

In 2025, the Indian Armed Forces had 1.32 million active personnel. This makes it the 4th largest military in the world. Currently, the Indian Armed force is becoming more modern by buying and making new weapons. It is also building defenses against missiles of other countries. In 2011, India imported more weapons than any other nation in the world. From its independence in 1947, India fought four wars with Pakistan and one war with China. Every year, 7th December is celebrated as Armed Forces Flag Day.

## Infobox (infobox)

- **child**: yes
- **label1**: Chief of Defence Staff (India), Chief of Defence Staff
- **data1**: General (India), General Anil Chauhan
- **label2**: Defence Secretary (India), Defence Secretary
- **data2**: Rajesh Kumar Singh (civil servant), Rajesh Kumar Singh, Indian Administrative Service, IAS


## Infobox (national military)

- **name**: Indian Armed Forces
- **native name**: भारतीय सशस्त्र बल
- **image size**: 150px
- **caption**: Emblem of Indian Armed Forces
- **image2**: Flag of Indian Armed Forces.svg
- **image size2**: 150
- **caption2**: Flag of Indian Armed Forces
- **branches**:

- **headquarters**: Ministry of Defence (India), Ministry of Defense, Secretariat Building, New Delhi, South Block, New Delhi
- **commander-in-chief**: President of India, President Droupadi Murmu
- **commander-in-chief title**: Commander in Chief#India, Supreme Commander
- **chief minister**: Narendra Modi
- **chief minister title**: Prime Minister of India, Prime Minister
- **minister**: Rajnath Singh
- **minister title**: Minister of Defence (India), Minister of Defence
- **age**: 18
- **conscription**: No
- **reaching**: 23,116,044
- **active**: 1,431,000
- **ranked**: 2nd
- **reserve**: 1,000,000
- **amount**: (2025/26)
(List of countries by military expenditures, ranked 4th)
- **percent gdp**: 1.9% (2025/26)
- **foreign suppliers**:

_Historical_:
- **imports**: (2010–2021)
- **exports**: (2010–2021)
- **history**: Military history of India
Presidency armies
British Indian Army
Royal Indian Navy
Royal Indian Air Force
Indian National Army
List of wars involving India, Wars involving India
- **ranks**: Indian Army ranks and insignia, Army
Indian Navy ranks and insignia, Navy
Indian Air Force ranks and insignia, Air Force
Na Hye-sok

**Na Hye-sok** (28 April 1896 – 10 December 1948) was a Korean independence activist and artist, poet, novelist, and feminist activist. She was a famous woman among early 20th century oil painters. Her nickname was Jeongwol.

## Work books

- Na Hye-sok Jeonjip (나혜석전집, 羅蕙錫全集)
- Go on a honeymoon, the tomb of  first love (첫사랑의 무덤으로 신혼여행을 가다)
- Divorce testimony (이혼고백서, 離婚告白書)
- Na Hye-sok Works Collection (나혜석 작품집)
- Gyunghee (경희)
- Jeongsun (정순)

## Related pages

- Uhwudong
- Heo Nanseolheon
- Hwang Jinyi
- Lim Yunjidang

## Other websites

- Na Hye-sok (1896-1946)
- Na Hye-sok
- Na Hye-sok:Navercast
- Times Weekender; Na Hye-Sok Lived Flamboyant Life to Tragic End. - Korea Times (Seoul, Korea) | HighBeam Research
- Creating new paradigms of womanhood in modern Korean literature: Na Hye-sok's "Kyonghui".(Critical Essay) - Korean Studies | HighBeam Research 
- Most Feminine and Feminist
- Kyonghui
Indian Army

The **Indian Army** is the part of the Indian Military which operates on land. It is the largest part of the Indian Military. The Presidency armies were merged to create the British Indian Army in 1895. This became the army of independent India in 1947.

In 2010, Indian Army had 1,128,000 active personnel and 960,000 personnel. It has more soldiers than any other nation except China, the United States, and Russia. Majority of the Indian Army's forces are currently stationed in the northern region of Kashmir.

## Infobox (military unit)

- **unit name**: Indian Army
- **image size**: 200px
- **caption**: Insignia of the Indian Army
- **type**: Army
- **role**: Ground warfare, Land warfare
- **garrison**: Secretariat Building, New Delhi, Integrated Defence Headquarters, Ministry of Defence (India), Ministry of Defence, New Delhi
- **garrison label**: Headquarters
- **motto**: <small>(ISO 15919, ISO)</small>

- **colors**: Gold, red and black

- **colors label**: Colours
- **equipment label**: Aircraft
- **anniversaries**: Army Day (India), Army Day: 15 January
- **website**: [http://indianarmy.nic.in/ indianarmy.nic.in]
- **commander1**: President of India, President Droupadi Murmu
- **commander1 label**: Commander-in-chief#India, Commander-in-Chief
- **commander2**: General (India), General Upendra Dwivedi
- **commander2 label**: Chief of the Army Staff (India), Chief of the Army Staff (COAS)
- **commander3**: Lieutenant general (India), Lieutenant General N. S. Raja Subramani
- **commander3 label**: Vice Chief of the Army Staff (India), Vice Chief of the Army Staff (VCOAS)
- **commander4**: Lieutenant general (India), Lieutenant General Pratik Sharma
- **commander4 label**: Deputy Chief of the Army Staff (India), Deputy Chief of the Army Staff (DCOAS)
- **identification symbol**:
- **identification symbol label**: Flag
- **aircraft helicopter attack**: HAL Rudra, HAL Prachand
- **aircraft helicopter utility**: HAL Dhruv, HAL Chetak, HAL Cheetah
- **start date**: (_in current form_)
- **native name**: भारतीय सेना
Old City (Jerusalem)

The **Old City** (, _al-Balda al-Qadimah_, , _Hin K'aghak_, , _Ha'Ir Ha'Atiqah_) of Jerusalem is the oldest part of the city located in Palestine (a country that can be dated back to as far as 12th BCE). It is an  area that is surrounded by walls. It contains some of the most important places for three major religions. These include the Church of the Holy Sepulchre for Christians, the Temple Mount for Jews, and the Dome of the Rock and al-Aqsa Mosque for Muslims. The Old City formed the whole city of Jerusalem until 1860, when a Jewish neighborhood was built outside the Western Wall.

The Old City is historically divided into four quarters, although the current quarters were introduced only in the 19th century. Today, the Old City is divided into the Muslim Quarter, the Christian Quarter, the Jewish Quarter and the Armenian Quarter. After the war in 1948, the Old City was occupied by Jordan and the Jewish people living in the city were forced to move out. During the Six Day War in 1967, Israel occupied the Old City and the rest of East Jerusalem. Today, Israel still controls the whole area, which it says is part of its national capital.

In 1980, Jordan asked UNESCO to make the Old City a World Heritage Site. It was added to the World Heritage list in 1981. Because of the conflict over the territory, it was added to the list of sites in danger in 1982. UNESCO policy is that East Jerusalem, including the Old City, is part of the occupied Palestinian territory.

## Other websites

- Virtual tour of the Old City's historic sites
- Virtual tour of the Muslim Quarter
- Virtual tour of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre

## Infobox (unesco world heritage site)

- **whs**: The Old City of Jerusalem and its Walls
- **image**: Old City (Jerusalem).jpg
- **criteria**: Cultural: ii, iii, vi
- **id**: 148
- **year**: 1981
- **danger**: 1982–_present_
Djoudj National Bird Sanctuary

The **Djoudj National Bird Sanctuary** () is a World Heritage Site in Senegal. It is on the Senegal River. It has different wetland areas that are used by many migrating birds. Some birds use the wetland after they cross the Sahara desert. There are almost 400 kinds of birds. Some of the most common are pelicans and flamingos. Many different kinds of animals also live in the park.

## References

- WCMC Natural Site Data Sheet
- Official UNESCO website entry
- Ministère de l’Environnement, de la Protection de la nature, des Bassins de rétention et des Lacs artificiels: Parcs et réserves , 13 October 2005.

## Infobox (protected area)

- **name**: Djoudj National Bird Sanctuary
- **iucn category**: II
- **photo**: Djoudj ile pelican.jpg
- **location**: Senegal
- **established**: April 14, 1971
Refining

**Refining** is the name for a number of processes that purify or concentrate a substance. The name is used for natural resources, food and technical products. The place where this is done, is often called a **refinery**.

## Petroleum

Petroleum contains hydrocarbons. After distillation, it still contains chemical compounds with sulfur, oxygen and  Nitrogen as well as other unwanted compounds, such as Alkalenes. Processed petroleum is used for lubricants; the substances mentione are unwanted in lubricants as they can speed up the aging process. For this reason, they are extracted using a process called hydrogenation. In hydrogenation, Hydrogen sulfide and ammonia gases are produced. These gases require special handling, as they are very toxic.

## Vegetable oil

Vegetable oils and fats are produced by chemical or mechanical extraction from plants. This produces a kind of oil that still has many unwanted substances, such as pigments and smell, which influence the quality of the refined product. In essence, the factors influenced are taste, shelf life, smell and color, as well as the ability to use the oil for further technical transformations. Depending on the process, between four and eight percent of usable vegetable oil is lost. There are two basic procedures to refine vegetable oil, chemical refining, and physical refining.

## Sugar

Sugar is washed, and treated with concentrated syrup. Its colored because most customers expect sugar to be white. The white sugar sold in shops in almost pure sucrose. It has an extent of 99,8 percent of its weight.

## Metals

There are two basic processes to refine metals: Refining by fire, and refining by  electrolysis. Higher grades of purity require both processes, lower grades use only the first process.

## Table salt

Salt that is gained through evaportation of seawater needs to be cleaned; this is done by dissloving it in brine and then forcing it to crystallize. After the process, it is no lnoger possible to distinguish it from the salt extracted from rocks, by a mining process. Depending on the country, table salt for common use as a food additive may have iodine added. Sometimes Potassium fluoride is added as well.
American cheese

**American cheese** (also called a **cheese slice** or **processed cheese**) is a kind of pasteurized processed cheese. Usually, it has a mild taste. Originally, it was white, and made by mixing other kinds of cheese, most often cheddar cheese and Swiss.

It is no longer produced by mixing existing kinds of cheeses, but by using a number of ingredients. In many countries, including the US, processed cheese is licensed differently to "real" cheese. American cheese may therefore not be sold as "cheese", but as "processed cheese".

On the label, the word cheese is often left out, and the product is labeled "American slices", "slices" or similar. Since this kind of processed cheese is very common in the United States, it is often used to refer to all kinds of processed cheese. All the same, the term "American cheese" does have a legal definition in the American Code of Federal Regulations.
Fraser Island

**K'gari**, commonly (and formerly officially) known as **Fraser Island**, is a sand island of the east coast of Queensland in Australia. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Fraser Island is  long. It is the largest sand island in the world. It has large shifting sand dunes, and highly coloured sand cliffs.  The World Heritage Site covers .

The island has a range of plants including patches of rainforest. There are also perched freshwater lakes. These are lakes that are not connected to the groundwater, but sit above them. Half of the perched lakes in the world are found on Fraser Island. The water in the lakes is very clear.

The endangered cooloola sedge frog lives on Fraser Island.  Fraser Island is one of only three places where this frog lives.

## Related pages

- List of World Heritage Sites in Australia

## Infobox (unesco world heritage site)

- **child**: yes
- **id**: 630
- **year**: 1992
- **criteria**: Natural: vii, viii, ix


## Infobox (islands)

- **name**: K'gari (Fraser Island)
- **image name**: Indian Head view on Fraser Island (May 2016).jpg
- **image caption**: View north from Indian Head (Fraser Island), Indian Head, 2016
- **map image**: Fraser island locator map.svg
- **native name**: K'gari
- **location**: Australia
- **area km2**: 1840
- **elevation m**: 244
- **country admin divisions title**: State
- **country admin divisions**: Queensland
- **country admin divisions title 1**: Local government in Australia, LGA
- **country admin divisions 1**: Fraser Coast Region
- **country largest city**: Fraser Island (locality), K'gari
- **population**: 194
- **population as of**: 2011
- **density km2**: 0.2
Village Voice

***The Village Voice*** is a free weekly newspaper and news and features website in New York City. It features investigative articles, analysis of current affairs and culture, arts and music coverage, and events listings for New York City. It is also distributed throughout the United States on a pay basis. It was the first of the big-city tabloids that came to be known as alternative weeklies.

The _Voice_ was launched by Ed Fancher, Dan Wolf, and Norman Mailer on October 26, 1955 from a two-bedroom apartment in Greenwich Village. This was its initial coverage area. It expanded to other parts of the city by the 1960s. The offices in the 1960s were located at Sheridan Square.  They are now at Cooper Square  in Manhattan in the East Village.

## Infobox (newspaper)

- **name**: The Village Voice
- **type**: Newspaper
- **format**: Tabloid/Alternative newspaper, alternative weekly
- **foundation**: 1955
- **founders**: Ed Fancher, Dan Wolf, Norman Mailer
- **owners**: Village Voice Media
- **publisher**: Michael Cohen
- **chiefeditor**: Tony Ortega
- **circulation**: 179,408 (2011)
- **headquarters**: 36 Cooper Square
New York City, New York, New York (state), New York 10003 U.S.
- **issn**: 0042-6180
- **website**: [http://www.villagevoice.com/ villagevoice.com]
Purnululu National Park

**Purnululu National Park** is an Australian national park in the north east of Western Australia.  It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

The site covers  and includes the Bungle Bungle Ranges. The ranges are made from Devonian era sandstone and have been eroded over 20 million years into shapes like towers and cones. The sandstone has horizontal stripes of orange coloured by iron oxide which dry out quickly, and dark strips where bacteria are growing in damp layers of stone. Other areas of the park include the sand plains which surround the Bungle Bungles; the Ord River valley, and limestone ridges.

## Related pages

- List of World Heritage Sites in Australia

## Infobox (unesco world heritage site)

- **child**: yes
- **id**: 1094
- **year**: 2003
- **criteria**: Natural: vii, viii


## Infobox (australian place)

- **type**: protected
- **name**: Purnululu National Park
- **state**: wa
- **iucn category**: II
- **image**: Echidna chasm WA.jpg
- **image upright**: 0.81
- **caption**: Echidna Chasm
- **relief**: yes
- **nearest town or city**: Halls Creek, Western Australia, Halls Creek
- **region**: AU-WA
- **area**: 2397.23
- **established**: 1987
- **managing authorities**: WA Department of Parks and Wildlife
- **url**: http://parks.dpaw.wa.gov.au/park/purnululu
Cinema of India

The **cinema of India** includes movies produced in India. It has been around since the early 20th century. Movies made in India are popular in the Middle East, South Asia, and Western countries like the United Kingdom and the United States as well as India. In 2010 India produced the most films, even more then Hollywood and China.

## Infobox (cinema market)

- **name**: Cinema of India
- **image**: India film clapperboard (variant).svg
- **image size**: 150px
- **screens**: 9,382 (2022)
- **screens per capita**: 6 per million (2021)
- **produced year**: 2021-22
- **produced total**: 2886
- **admissions year**: 2016
- **admissions total**: 2,020,000,000
- **admissions per capita**: 1.69
- **admissions national**: 1,713,600,000
- **box office year**: 2022
- **box office national**: (2015)
Lord Howe Island Group

The **Lord Howe Island Group** is a group of 28 small islands and rocks about  north east of Sydney. The islands are governed by New South Wales. The islands became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1982.

## Geography

The islands were formed by a volcano which erupted for a period of about 500,000 years during the Miocene era, about 7 million years ago. This volcano is about  under the sea, and the islands are the tops of the volcano's peak. The main islands of the World Heritage Site are:
- Lord Howe Island
- Ball's Pyramid
- Admiralty Group
- Mutton Bird and Sail Rock
- Blackburn (Rabbit) Island
- Gower Island

## Related pages

- List of World Heritage Sites in Australia

## Infobox (designation list)

- **embed**: yes
- **designation1**: WHS
- **designation1 offname**: Lord Howe Island Group
- **designation1 free1name**: State Party
- **designation1 free1value**: Australia
- **designation1 type**: Natural
- **designation1 criteria**: vii, x
- **designation1 number**: [http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/186 186]
- **designation1 free2name**: Region
- **designation1 free2value**: List of World Heritage Sites in Oceania, Asia-Pacific
- **designation1 date**: List of World Heritage Sites by year of inscription#1982 (6th session), 1982 <small>(6th World Heritage Committee, session)</small>


## Infobox (islands)

- **name**: Lord Howe Island
- **image name**: Lord Howe ISS006-E-5731.png
- **image caption**: Satellite image of the island; north is up.
- **map image**: Lord Howe Island.PNG
- **location**: Lord Howe Island Group, Tasman Sea
- **total islands**: 28
- **major islands**: Lord Howe Island, Admiralty Group, Mutton Bird Islands, and Balls Pyramid
- **area km2**: 14.55
- **highest mount**: Mount Gower
- **elevation m**: 875
- **country**: Australia
- **country admin divisions title**: Administrative Division
- **country admin divisions**: Unincorporated area of New South Wales
Self-governed by the Lord Howe Island Board
Part of the electoral district of Port Macquarie
Part of the Division of Sydney
- **density km2**: 26.25
- **timezone1**: UTC+10:30
- **utc offset1**: +10:30
- **timezone1 dst**: UTC+11:00
- **utc offset1 dst**: +11
Lord Howe Island

**Lord Howe Island** is a small island about  north east of Sydney. It is governed by New South Wales. About 70% of the island is part of the Lord Howe Island Group which became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1982. It is the only place in the world where daylight saving changes the time by 30 minutes, rather than 1 hour.

The island was first discovered in 1788 by Lieutenant Henry Lidgbird Ball, who was captain of the HMS Supply. He was taking convicts from Sydney to start a new prison colony on Norfolk Island.

## Infobox (islands)

- **name**: Lord Howe Island
- **image name**: Lord Howe ISS006-E-5731.png
- **image caption**: Satellite photo of the island
- **image map**: Lord Howe Island.PNG
- **location**: Lord Howe Island Group
- **major islands**: Lord Howe Island, Admiralty Group, Mutton Bird Islands, and Balls Pyramid
- **area km2**: 14.55
- **highest mount**: Mount Gower
- **elevation m**: 875
- **country admin divisions title**: Administrative Division
- **country admin divisions**: Unincorporated area of New South Wales
Self-governed by the Lord Howe Island Board
Part of the electoral district of Port Macquarie
Part of the Division of Sydney
- **population**: 347 permanent residents. Tourists are restricted to 400 at any one time.
- **density km2**: 23.97
Islam in Iran

**Islam in Iran** is the majority religion as most of the Iranian population is Shia Muslim. The Muslim conquest of Persia (637-651) led to the end of the Sassanid Empire and the eventual decline of the Zoroastrian religion in Persia. However, the achievements of the previous Persian civilizations were not lost, but were to a great extent absorbed by the new Islamic polity. Islam has been the official religion of Iran since then, except short duration after Mongol raid and establishment of Ilkhanate. Iran became an Islamic Republic after the Islamic Revolution of 1979.

Before the Islamic conquest, the Persians had been mainly Zoroastrian, however, there were also large and thriving Christian and Jewish communities. Eastern Iran (what is now Afghanistan) was predominantly Buddhist. There was a slow but steady movement of the population toward Islam. When Islam was introduced to Iranians, the nobility and city-dwellers were the first to convert, Islam spread more slowly among the peasantry and the _Dihqans_, or landed gentry. By the late 11th century, the majority of Persians had become Muslim, at least nominally.

Though Iran is known today as a stronghold of the Shi'a Muslim faith, it did not become so until much later, around the 15th century. The Safavid dynasty made Shi'a Islam the official state religion in the early sixteenth century and aggressively proselytized on its behalf. It is also believed that by the mid-seventeenth century most people in Iran had become Shi'as, an affiliation that has continued. Over the following centuries, with the state-fostered rise of a Persian-based Shi'ite clergy, a synthesis was formed between Persian culture and Shi'ite Islam that marked each indelibly with the tincture of the other.

Nowadays Islam is the religion of 99% of Iranians, approximately 89% of Iranians are Shi'a and 10% are Sunni, mostly Turkomen, a minority of Arabs (mainly in Hormozgan Province), Baluchs, and Kurds living in the south, southeast, northeast and northwest. Almost all of Iranian Shi'as are Twelvers.
Jaú National Park

The **Jaú National Park** ('Parque Nacional do Jaú') is in the heart of the Amazon rainforest in the Amazonas state of Brazil.

It is the largest forest reserve in South America, covering an area over 6 million acres (23,000 km²). Entry into the park is restricted; express permission from the Brazilian government is required to enter the reserve.

The park is a good example of tropical rainforest conservation in the Amazon. Its  forests, lakes and channels are a "constantly evolving aquatic mosaic that is home to the largest array of electric fish in the world". The site protects key threatened species, including giant arapaima fish, the Amazonian manatee, the black caiman and two species of river dolphin and the jaguar. There are many other species of animals and plants.

## More information

The park is in the lower reaches of the Rio Negro branch of the Amazon. This branch is black with the organic matter picked up by the river. It has white-sand beaches during the dry season and flooded forest during the wet season. The streams turn into a 'ria' lake in the wet season, flooding huge areas of land, typical of all large rivers in the Amazon region. The site contains the nine-tier waterfall of the Carabinani River.

The Rio Negro flows through the eastern edge of Brazil’s Jau National Park. The river is the big strip of blue running from left to right across the image, and the other blue ribbons are tributaries. It starts at the border of Venezuela and Brazil, and meets up with the Amazon in central Brazil. Half-submerged islands can be seen in the center of the river. Between November and April when the river is at its peak, many of these islands disappear.

There is a high diversity of vertebrates in the park, with 120 species of mammals, 411 birds, 15 reptiles and 320 fishes. The site is home to relics of past human occupation of the Amazon region.

## Other websites

- NASA Earth Explorer page
- Satellite photo (Google)

## Infobox (unesco world heritage site)

- **child**: yes
- **part of**: Central Amazon Conservation Complex
- **id**: 998-001
- **year**: 2000
- **extension**: 2003
- **criteria**: Natural: ix, x
- **area**: 4,882,000 ha


## Infobox (protected area)

- **name**: Jaú National Park
- **alt name**: Parque Nacional do Jaú
- **iucn category**: II
- **photo**: Jau National Park.jpg
- **photo caption**: Flooded forest in the park
- **map**: Brazil
- **relief**: yes
- **nearest city**: Manaus, Amazonas
- **area ha**: 2367333
- **designation**: National park (Brazil), National park
- **created**: 24 September 1980
- **administrator**: ICMBio
Batna Province

**Batna** is a province of Algeria. The capital is Batna. Other important towns are Barika, Merouana and Timgad. Belezma National Park is there.

## Districts

Batna Province has 22 districts.  There are also 61 Communes.

The districts are:

1. Aïn Djasser
1. Aïn Touta
1. Arris
1. Barika
1. **Batna**
1. Bouzina
1. Chemora
1. Djezzar
1. El Madher
1. Ichmoul
1. Menaâ
1. Merouana
1. N'Gaous
1. Ouled Salem
1. Ouled Si Slimane
1. Ras El Aioun
1. Seggana
1. Seriana
1. T'Kout
1. Tazoult
1. Théniet El Abed
1. Timgad

## Infobox (province)

- **name**: Batna Province
- **native name**: ولاية باتنة
- **native name lang**: ar
- **type**: Provinces of Algeria, Province
- **image map**: Algeria 05 Wilaya locator map-2009.svg
- **map caption**: Map of Algeria highlighting Batna
- **map caption1**: Map of the 22 districts of Batna
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: Algeria
- **seat type**: Capital city, Capital
- **seat**: Batna, Algeria
- **leader title**: People's Provincial Assembly, PPA president
- **leader name**: Mr. Soltani El Arbi (National Liberation Front (Algeria), FLN)
- **leader title1**: Wāli
- **leader name1**: Mr. Bouazgui Abdelkader
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area total km2**: 12192
- **population total**: 1128030
- **population as of**: 2008
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone1**: Central European Time, CET
- **utc offset1**: +01
- **iso code**: ISO 3166-2:DZ, DZ-05
- **area code type**: Area Code
- **area code**: +213 (0) 33
- **blank name sec1**: Districts
- **blank info sec1**: 22
- **blank1 name sec1**: Municipalities
- **blank1 info sec1**: 61
Béjaïa Province

**Béjaïa** is a province of Algeria. The capital city is Béjaïa. Gouraya National Park is there. The endangered primate, Barbary Macaque is found in the province's Gouraya National Park.

## Divisions

The province has 19 districts.  There are 52 _communes_ or municipalities.

### Districts

1. Adekar
1. Akbou
1. Amizour
1. Aokas
1. Barbacha
1. **Béjaïa**
1. Béni Maouche
1. Chemini
1. Darguina
1. El Kseur
1. Ifri-Ouzellaguen
1. Ighil Ali
1. Kherrata
1. Seddouk
1. Sidi Aïch
1. Souk El Tenine
1. Tazmalt
1. Tichy
1. Timezrit

## Infobox (province)

- **name**: Béjaïa Province
- **native name**: ولاية بجاية
- **native name lang**: ar
- **type**: Provinces of Algeria, Province
- **image map**: Algeria 06 Wilaya locator map-2009.svg
- **map caption**: Map of Algeria highlighting Béjaïa
- **map caption1**: Map of the 19 districts of Béjaïa
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: Algeria
- **seat type**: Capital (political), Capital
- **seat**: Béjaïa
- **leader title**: People's Provincial Assembly, PPA president
- **leader name**: Mr. Mohamed Bettache (National Liberation Front (Algeria), FLN)
- **leader title1**: Wāli
- **leader name1**: Mr. Ali Bedrici
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area total km2**: 3268
- **population total**: 915835
- **population as of**: 2008
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone1**: Central European Time, CET
- **utc offset1**: +01
- **iso code**: ISO 3166-2:DZ, DZ-06
- **area code type**: Area Code
- **area code**: +213 (0) 34
- **blank name sec1**: Districts
- **blank info sec1**: 19
- **blank1 name sec1**: Municipalities
- **blank1 info sec1**: 52
Biskra Province

**Biskra** is a province of Algeria. The capital city is Biskra.

## Divisions

The province has 12 districts.  There are 33 _communes_ or municipalities.

### Districts

1. **Biskra**
1. Djemourah
1. Foughala
1. El Kantara
1. El Outaya
1. M'Chouneche
1. Ouled Djellal
1. Ourlal
1. Sidi Khaled
1. Sidi Okba
1. Tolga
1. Zeribet El Oued

## Infobox (province)

- **name**: Biskra Province
- **native name**: ولاية بسكرة
- **native name lang**: ar
- **type**: Provinces of Algeria, Province
- **image map**: Algeria 07 Wilaya locator map-2009.svg
- **map caption**: Map of Algeria highlighting Biskra
- **map caption1**: Map of the 12 districts of Biskra
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: Algeria
- **seat type**: Capital (political), Capital
- **seat**: Biskra
- **leader title**: People's Provincial Assembly, PPA president
- **leader name**: Mr. Khellil Rachid (National Liberation Front (Algeria), FLN)
- **leader title1**: Wāli
- **leader name1**: Mr. Goudjil Saïd
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area total km2**: 20986
- **population total**: 730262
- **population as of**: 2008
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone1**: Central European Time, CET
- **utc offset1**: +01
- **iso code**: ISO 3166-2:DZ, DZ-07
- **area code type**: Area Code
- **area code**: +213 (0) 33
- **blank name sec1**: Districts
- **blank info sec1**: 12
- **blank1 name sec1**: Municipalities
- **blank1 info sec1**: 33
Béchar Province

**Béchar**  is a province in Algeria.  It is named after its capital Béchar.  A large part of the province has sand dune fields that no one can live in.

## Divisions

The province has 12 districts.  There are 21 municipalities.

The districts are:

1. Abadla
1. **Béchar**
1. Béni Abbès
1. Béni Ounif
1. El Ouata
1. Igli
1. Kénadsa
1. Kerzaz
1. Lahmar
1. Ouled Khodeïr
1. Tabelbala
1. Taghit

## Infobox (province)

- **name**: Béchar Province
- **native name**: ولاية بشار
- **native name lang**: ar
- **type**: Provinces of Algeria, Province
- **image map**: Algeria 08 Wilaya locator map-2009.svg
- **map caption**: Map of Algeria highlighting Béchar
- **map caption1**: Map of the 12 districts of Béchar
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: Algeria
- **seat type**: Capital (political), Capital
- **seat**: Béchar
- **leader title**: People's Provincial Assembly, PPA president
- **leader title1**: Wāli
- **leader name1**: Mr. Mecheri Azzedine
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area total km2**: 161400
- **population total**: 274866
- **population as of**: 2008
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone1**: Central European Time, CET
- **utc offset1**: +01
- **iso code**: ISO 3166-2:DZ, DZ-08
- **area code type**: Area Code
- **area code**: +213 (0) 29
- **blank name sec1**: Districts
- **blank info sec1**: 12
- **blank1 name sec1**: Municipalities
- **blank1 info sec1**: 21
Blida Province

**Blida** is a province in Algeria. The capital is Blida. The Chréa National Park is here.

## Districts

The province has 10 districts.  There are also 25 municipalities.

The districts are:

1. **Blida**
1. Boufarik
1. Bougara
1. Bouïnian
1. El Affroun
1. Larbaâ
1. Meftah
1. Mouzaïa
1. Oued El Alleug
1. Ouled Yaïch

## Infobox (province)

- **name**: Blida Province
- **native name**: ولاية البليدة
- **native name lang**: ar
- **type**: Provinces of Algeria, Province
- **image map**: DZ-09 (2019).svg
- **map caption**: Map of Algeria highlighting Blida
- **map caption1**: Map of the 10 districts of Blida
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: Algeria
- **seat type**: Capital (political), Capital
- **seat**: Blida
- **leader title**: People's Provincial Assembly, PPA president
- **leader name**: Mr. Kahla Mustapha (National Liberation Front (Algeria), FLN)
- **leader title1**: Wāli
- **leader name1**: Mr. Ouadah Hocine
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area total km2**: 1696
- **population total**: 1009892
- **population as of**: 2008
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone1**: Central European Time, CET
- **utc offset1**: +01
- **iso code**: ISO 3166-2:DZ, DZ-09
- **area code type**: Area Code
- **area code**: +213 (0) 25
- **blank name sec1**: Districts
- **blank info sec1**: 10
- **blank1 name sec1**: Municipalities
- **blank1 info sec1**: 25
Bouïra Province

**Bouïra** is a province in Algeria.  The capital is also named Bouïra.

## Districts

The province has 12 districts.  There are also 45 _communes_ or municipalities.

### Districts

1. Aïn Bessem
1. Bechloul
1. Bir Ghbalou
1. Bordj Okhriss
1. **Bouïra**
1. El Hachimia
1. Haïzer
1. Kadiria
1. Lakhdaria
1. M'Chedellah
1. Souk El Khemis
1. Sour El Ghozlane

## Infobox (province)

- **name**: Bouïra Province
- **native name**: ولاية البويرة
- **native name lang**: ar
- **type**: Provinces of Algeria, Province
- **image map**: DZ-10 (2019).svg
- **map caption**: Map of Algeria highlighting Bouïra
- **map caption1**: Map of the 12 districts of Bouïra
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: Algeria
- **seat type**: Capital (political), Capital
- **seat**: Bouïra
- **leader title**: People's Provincial Assembly, PPA president
- **leader title1**: Wāli
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area total km2**: 4439
- **population total**: 694750
- **population as of**: 2008
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone1**: Central European Time, CET
- **utc offset1**: +01
- **iso code**: ISO 3166-2:DZ, DZ-10
- **area code type**: Area Code
- **area code**: +213 (0) 26
- **blank name sec1**: Districts
- **blank info sec1**: 12
- **blank1 name sec1**: Municipalities
- **blank1 info sec1**: 45
Tamanghasset Province

**Tamanrasset** or **Tamanghasset** is the largest province in Algeria. It was named after its capital Tamanrasset. The Province has two National parks: Tassili n'Ajjer National Park and Ahaggar National Park. The province makes up almost a quarter of the country's area.

## Administrative divisions

The province has 7 districts.  There are also 10 _communes_ or municipalities.

### Districts

1. Abalessa
1. In Ghar
1. In Guezzam
1. In Salah
1. Tamanrasset
1. Tazrouk
1. Tin Zaouatine

## Infobox (province)

- **name**: Tamanrasset Province
- **native name**: ولاية تمنراست
- **native name lang**: ar
- **type**: Provinces of Algeria, Province
- **image skyline**: File:مكان من تمنراست.jpg
- **image caption**: Landscape of Tamanrasset Province
- **image map**: DZ-11 (2019).svg
- **map caption**: Map of Algeria highlighting Tamanrasset
- **map caption1**: Map of the 7 districts of Tamanrasset
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: Algeria
- **seat type**: Capital (political), Capital
- **seat**: Tamanrasset
- **leader title**: People's Provincial Assembly, PPA president
- **leader title1**: Wāli
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area total km2**: 556200
- **population total**: 198691
- **population as of**: 2008
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone1**: Central European Time, CET
- **utc offset1**: +01
- **iso code**: ISO 3166-2:DZ, DZ-11
- **area code type**: Area Code
- **area code**: +213 (0) 29
- **blank name sec1**: Districts
- **blank info sec1**: 7
- **blank1 name sec1**: Municipalities
- **blank1 info sec1**: 10
Tébessa Province

**Tébessa** is a province of Algeria. Tébessa is also the name of the capital. Another important city is El Ouenza. Tebessa is only 20 kilometers west from Tunisia border.

## Divisions

The province has 12 districts.  There are also 28 _communes_ or municipalities.

### Districts

1. Bir El Ater
1. Bir Mokadem
1. Cheria
1. El Aouïnet
1. El Kouif
1. El Ma Labiodh
1. El Ogla
1. Morsott
1. Negrine
1. Ouenza
1. Oum Ali
1. **Tébessa**

## Infobox (province)

- **name**: Tébessa Province
- **native name**: ولاية تبسة
- **native name lang**: ar
- **type**: Provinces of Algeria, Province
- **image map**: Algeria 12 Wilaya locator map-2009.svg
- **map caption**: Map of Algeria highlighting Tébessa
- **map caption1**: Map of the 12 districts of Tébessa
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **seat type**: Capital (political), Capital
- **seat**: Tébessa
- **leader title**: People's Provincial Assembly, PPA president
- **leader title1**: Wāli
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area total km2**: 14227
- **population total**: 657227
- **population as of**: 2008
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone1**: Central European Time, CET
- **utc offset1**: +01
- **iso code**: ISO 3166-2:DZ, DZ-12
- **area code type**: Area Code
- **area code**: +213 (0) 37
- **blank name sec1**: Districts
- **blank info sec1**: 12
- **blank1 name sec1**: Municipalities
- **blank1 info sec1**: 28
Tlemcen Province

**Tlemcen** is a province in northwestern Algeria. The Tlemcen National Park is there.

## Divisions

The province has 20 districts.  There are also 53 _communes_ or municipalities.

### Districts

1. Aïn Talout
1. Bab El Assa
1. Bensekrane
1. Béni Boussaïd
1. Béni Snous
1. Chatouane
1. Felaoucene
1. Ghazaouet
1. Hennaya
1. Houanaine District (Honaine)
1. Maghnia
1. Mansourah
1. Marsa Ben M'Hidi
1. Nedroma
1. Ouled Mimoun
1. Remchi
1. Sabra
1. Sebdou
1. Sidi Djillali
1. **Tlemcen**

## Infobox (province)

- **name**: Tlemcen Province
- **native name**: ولاية تلمسان
- **native name lang**: ar
- **type**: Provinces of Algeria, Province
- **image map**: Algeria 13 Wilaya locator map-2009.svg
- **map caption**: Map of Algeria highlighting Tlemcen
- **map caption1**: Map of the 20 districts of Tlemcen
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **seat type**: Capital (political), Capital
- **seat**: Tlemcen
- **leader title**: People's Provincial Assembly, PPA president
- **leader title1**: Wāli
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area total km2**: 9061
- **population total**: 945525
- **population as of**: 2008
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone1**: Central European Time, CET
- **utc offset1**: +01
- **iso code**: ISO 3166-2:DZ, DZ-13
- **area code type**: Area Code
- **area code**: +213 (0) 43
- **blank name sec1**: Districts
- **blank info sec1**: 20
- **blank1 name sec1**: Municipalities
- **blank1 info sec1**: 53
Patti Austin

**Patti Austin** (born August 10, 1950) is an American R&B singer and songwriter. She was very popular in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Austin has had many hits on several music charts.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Patti Austin
- **img**: Patti Austin at Rams Head3.jpg
- **img capt**: Austin on the evening of her appearance at the Ram's Head in Annapolis, Maryland, where she sang an all-George Gershwin, Gershwin show on October 29, 2007.
- **background**: solo_singer
- **origin**: Harlem, New York (state), New York
- **years active**: 1953–present
- **label**: CTI Records, CTI, Qwest Records, Qwest, GRP Records, GRP, Concord Records, Concord
- **url**: [http://www.pattiaustin.com Patti Austin Official Website]
Tiaret Province

**Tiaret** is a province of Algeria. The capital is Tiaret.

## Divisions

The province has 14 districts.  There are also 42 _communes_ or municipalities.

### Districts

1. Aïn Deheb
1. Aïn Kermes
1. Dahmouni
1. Frenda
1. Hamadia
1. Ksar Chellala
1. Mahdia
1. Mechraâ Sfa
1. Medroussa
1. Meghila
1. Oued Lili
1. Rahouia
1. Sogueur
1. **Tiaret**

## Infobox (province)

- **name**: Tiaret Province
- **native name**: ولاية تيارت
- **native name lang**: ar
- **type**: Provinces of Algeria, Province
- **image map**: Algeria 14 Wilaya locator map-2009.svg
- **map caption**: Map of Algeria highlighting Tiaret
- **map caption1**: Map of the 14 districts of Tiaret
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: Algeria
- **seat type**: Capital (political), Capital
- **seat**: Tiaret
- **leader title**: People's Provincial Assembly, PPA president
- **leader title1**: Wāli
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area total km2**: 20673
- **population total**: 842060
- **population as of**: 2008
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone1**: Central European Time, CET
- **utc offset1**: +01
- **iso code**: ISO 3166-2:DZ, DZ-14
- **area code type**: Area Code
- **area code**: +213 (0) 46
- **blank name sec1**: Districts
- **blank info sec1**: 14
- **blank1 name sec1**: Municipalities
- **blank1 info sec1**: 42
Tizi Ouzou Province

**Tizi Ouzou** is a province in Algeria.  It is named after its capital.

## Divisions

The province has 21 districts.  There are also 67 communes or municipalities.

### Districts

1. Aïn El Hammam
1. Azazga
1. Azzefoun
1. Béni Douala
1. Béni Yenni
1. Boghni
1. Bouzeguène
1. Draâ Ben Khedda
1. Draâ El Mizan
1. Iferhounène
1. Larbaâ Nath Irathen
1. Maâtka
1. Makouda
1. Mekla
1. Ouadhia
1. Ouacif
1. Ouaguenoun
1. Tigzirt
1. Tizi Gheni
1. **Tizi**
1. Tizi Rached

## Infobox (province)

- **name**: Tizi Ouzou Province (15)
- **native name**: ولاية تيزي وزو
- **native name lang**: ar
- **type**: Provinces of Algeria, Province
- **image map**: Algeria 15 Wilaya locator map-2009.svg
- **map caption**: Map of Algeria highlighting Tizi Ouzou
- **map caption1**: Map of the 21 districts of Tizi Ouzou
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: Algeria
- **seat type**: Capital (political), Capital
- **seat**: Tizi Ouzou
- **leader title**: People's Provincial Assembly, PPA president
- **leader title1**: Wāli
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area total km2**: 3568
- **population total**: 1119646
- **population as of**: 2008
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone1**: Central European Time, CET
- **utc offset1**: +01
- **iso code**: ISO 3166-2:DZ, DZ-15
- **area code type**: Area Code
- **area code**: +213 (0) 26
- **blank name sec1**: Districts
- **blank info sec1**: 21
- **blank1 name sec1**: Municipalities
- **blank1 info sec1**: 67
Algiers Province

**Algiers** is a province in Algeria.  It is named after the capital, Algiers, which is also the national capital. There are about 3 million people.

## Divisions

Algiers province has 13 districts and 57 _communes_ or municipalities.

### Districts

The districts, listed according to official numbering (from west to east), are:

## Infobox (province)

- **name**: Algiers Province
- **native name**: ولاية الجزائر
- **native name lang**: ar
- **type**: Provinces of Algeria, Province
- **image map**: Algeria 16 Wilaya locator map-2009.svg
- **map caption**: Map of Algeria highlighting Algiers
- **map caption1**: Map of the 13 districts of Algiers
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **seat type**: Capital (political), Capital
- **seat**: Algiers
- **leader title**: People's Provincial Assembly, PPA president
- **leader name**: Mr. Mohamed Zaïm (National Liberation Front (Algeria), FLN)
- **leader title1**: Wāli
- **leader name1**: Mr. Mohamed Kebir Addou
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area total km2**: 273
- **population total**: 2947461
- **population as of**: 2008
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone1**: Central European Time, CET
- **utc offset1**: +01
- **iso code**: ISO 3166-2:DZ, DZ-16
- **area code type**: Area Code
- **area code**: +213 (0) 21
- **blank name sec1**: Districts
- **blank info sec1**: 13
- **blank1 name sec1**: Municipalities
- **blank1 info sec1**: 57
Djelfa Province

**Djelfa** is a province of Algeria.  The capital is Djelfa.  There are over 1.2 million people. Important towns are Tadmit, El Khemis, and Selmana.

## Division

The province has 12 districts.  There are also 36 _communes_ or municipalities.

### Districts

1. Aïn El Ibil
1. Aïn Oussera
1. Birine
1. Charef
1. Dar Chioukh
1. **Djelfa**
1. El Idrissia
1. Faidh El Botma
1. Had Sahary
1. Hassi Bahbah
1. Messaâd
1. Sidi Ladjel

## Infobox (province)

- **name**: Djelfa Province
- **native name**: ولاية الجلفة
- **native name lang**: ar
- **type**: Provinces of Algeria, Province
- **image map**: Algeria 17 Wilaya locator map-2009.svg
- **map caption**: Map of Algeria highlighting Djelfa
- **map caption1**: Map of the 12 districts of Djelfa
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **seat type**: Capital (political), Capital
- **seat**: Djelfa
- **leader title**: People's Provincial Assembly, PPA president
- **leader title1**: Wāli
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area total km2**: 66415
- **population total**: 1223223
- **population as of**: 2008
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone1**: Central European Time, CET
- **utc offset1**: +01
- **iso code**: ISO 3166-2:DZ, DZ-17
- **area code type**: Area Code
- **area code**: +213 (0) 27
- **blank name sec1**: Districts
- **blank info sec1**: 12
- **blank1 name sec1**: Municipalities
- **blank1 info sec1**: 36
Jijel Province

**Jijel** is a province in Algeria.  It is on the eastern Mediterranean coast. The capital is Jijel.  Taza National Park is there.

## Divisions

The province has 11 districts and 28 _communes_ or municipalities.

### Districts

1. Chekfa
1. Djimla
1. El Ancer
1. El Aouana
1. El Milia
1. **Jijel**
1. Settara
1. Sidi Maârouf
1. Taher
1. Texenna
1. Ziama Mansouriah

## Infobox (province)

- **name**: Jijel Province
- **native name**: ولاية جيجل
- **native name lang**: ar
- **type**: Provinces of Algeria, Province
- **image map**: Algeria 18 Wilaya locator map-2009.svg
- **map caption**: Map of Algeria highlighting Jijel
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: Algeria
- **seat type**: Capital (political), Capital
- **seat**: Jijel
- **leader title**: People's Provincial Assembly, PPA president
- **leader title1**: Wāli
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area total km2**: 2577
- **population total**: 634412
- **population as of**: 2008
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone1**: Central European Time, CET
- **utc offset1**: +01
- **iso code**: ISO 3166-2:DZ, DZ-18
- **area code type**: Area Code
- **area code**: +213 (0) 34
- **blank name sec1**: Districts
- **blank info sec1**: 11
- **blank1 name sec1**: Municipalities
- **blank1 info sec1**: 28
Lactarius torminosus

***Lactarius torminosus***, commonly known as the **woolly milkcap** or the **bearded milkcap**, is a mushroom in the genus _Lactarius_. It is a common and widely distributed fungus, found in North Africa, northern Asia, Northern Europe, and North America. _L. torminosus_ associates with various trees, most commonly birch, and the mushrooms grow on the ground singly or in groups in mixed forests.  Although it is valued for its peppery flavor and eaten after suitable preparation in Russia and Finland, it is highly irritating to the digestive system when eaten raw. The toxins responsible for the acrid taste are destroyed by cooking.

The caps of _L. torminosus_ mushrooms are convex with a central depression, and attain a diameter of up to . Its color is a blend of pink and ochre hues, sometimes with circular zones of darker shades. The edge of the cap is rolled inwards, and shaggy when young. On the underside of the caps are narrow flesh-colored gills crowded closely together. It is on these fertile gill surfaces that the spore-bearing cells, the basidia are found. The cylindrical stem is a pale flesh color with a downy surface, reaching a length of up to  and a thickness of . When cut or injured, the fruit bodies ooze a white latex that does not change color upon exposure to air. The variety _normandensis_, in contrast, has latex that changes from white to yellow.