juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Base

**Base** can mean:
- as a noun:
    - In **mathematics**:
        - Base (mathematics), or _radix_, the number of digits in a numeral system, e.g. _base 10_
        - Base (geometry), the bottom of a triangle.
    - In **sport**:
        - Base (baseball), the 3 canvas bags and home plate
    - In **architecture**:
        - The bottom of a building or other structure
        - A part of some types of column, below the shaft
        - A pedestal, supporting a statue or other item
    - A defined area that contains shelter, equipment, and resources:
        - a place which helps people live in a hostile environment, such as a Moon base or a base in Antarctica
        - a Military base, which provides shelter, military equipment and personnel
    - Other uses:
        - In a transistor, the base is the controlling connection to the junction.
        - Islamic Extremist group Al-Qaeda is literally translated into English as 'The Base.'
        - Base (chemistry), the "opposite" of acid, sometimes known as an alkali

- as a verb
    - Made from the ideas of... Developed from... First known as...
    - In **sport**:
        - BASE jumping - jumping with a parachute from a fixed place like the top of a building or a bridge
Frenulum

A **frenulum**  or **frenum**  is a small fold of tissue that prevents an organ in the body from moving too far.

## Insect anatomy

_Frenulum_ as a term in zoology is dealt with under wing coupling.
The word **frenulum** also refers to a bristle present at the root of the hindwing of most moths which engages with a small hook or tuft on the forewing (the retinaculum) to join the wings together.

## Human anatomy

There are several frenula in the body, including several in the mouth, some in the digestive tract, and some connected to the external genitalia.

### Oral tissue

Frenula of the mouth are found under the tongue and inside the upper and lower lip. These can easily be torn by blows to the face or mouth. A torn frenulum is sometimes a warning sign of physical abuse.

### Vulvar tissue

In the female, genital frenula can be found in the clitoris and where the labia minora meet at the back.

### Penile tissue

The word frenulum on its own is often used for the _frenulum preputii penis_. This is an elastic band of tissue under the glans penis that connects to the prepuce, or foreskin to the vernal mucosa. It helps the prepuce return to cover the glans. It may be removed during circumcision.

It is possible for the frenulum of the penis to tear during sexual activity. This does not cause a great deal of pain  but can cause an alarming amount of blood loss. This is not a medical emergency. The frenulum will heal by itself after the bleeding has stopped.

The name is latin: _frēnulum_, "little bridle", the diminutive of _frēnum_

## Related pages

- Circumcision
- Foreskin
- Wing coupling
Corpus cavernosum penis

A **corpus cavernosum penis** (singular) (from Latin, characterised by "cavities/ hollows" of the penis, : **corpora cavernosa**) is one of two sponge-like sections of tissue in the male penis. They contain most of the blood during an erection in the penis of several animals during an erection. The term literally means "cave-like body"

It is homologous to the corpus cavernosum clitoridis in the female.

## Process

The corpus cavernosum are placed along the length of the penis. They are found along the penis shaft, from the pubic bones to the head of the penis. The spongy tissue fills with blood. The blood comes from arteries down the length of the penis. The blood fills the corpora cavernosa. This causes it to swell. When swollen, it holds 90% of the blood involved in an erection. This increases both the length and circumference of the penis.

Blood can leave only through a system of veins around the outside wall of the corpus cavernosum. The expanding tissue constricts these veins. This preventing blood from leaving. The penis becomes rigid as a result.

## Medical procedures

To reverse an erection that has gone on too long (such as when using viagra, the corpus cavernosum can be used to lower the penis by drawing blood out from it. This is done with a needle. If it fails to lower the penis, then sterile saline water is sometimes injected into the penis on one side with a needle on the other, which takes the water back out.

## Other websites

- - "The Male Perineum and the Penis: Penis"

## Infobox (anatomy)

- **name**: Corpus cavernosum penis
- **latin**: corpus cavernosum penis
- **image**: Gray1155 a.png
- **caption**: Transverse section of the penis.
- **image2**: Gray1154.png
- **caption2**: The constituent cavernous cylinders of the penis.
- **part of**: Penis
- **artery**: Cavernosal artery, Cavernous artery
- **vein**: Internal pudendal veins
Bulbourethral glands

A **bulbourethral gland** (or **Cowper's gland**) is one of two small glands found in the reproductive system of human males. They are like Bartholin's glands.

## Anatomy

Bulbourethral glands are found near the urethra at the base of the penis, between the two layers of the fascia. The bulbourethral glands are about the size of a pea. They appear to slowly get smaller as a person gets older.

They are made of several lobules held together by a fibres.

## Uses

During sexual arousal each gland makes a clear liquid known as pre-ejaculate (pre-cum). This fluid helps to lubricate the urethra for sperm to pass through. It also helps clean out any urine or dirt. Despite the uses it has, it is a neglected gland that often goes overlooked.

## Infobox (anatomy)

- **name**: Bulbourethral gland
- **latin**: glandulæ bulbourethrales
- **image**: Human male reproductive system en.svg
- **caption**: Male Anatomy
- **image2**: Gray543.png
- **caption2**: The deeper branches of the internal pudendal artery. (Bulbourethral gland labeled at center left.)
- **width**: 320
- **precursor**: Urogenital sinus
- **artery**: Artery of the urethral bulb
Rugby

**Rugby** could mean:

The sport of rugby football, which may be played in many different forms or ways:
- Rugby union - (often referred to as **Rugby** or **Union**)
- Rugby sevens - (often referred to as **Sevens**)
- Rugby League football - (often referred to as **League**)
- Touch rugby - (often referred to as **Touch**)
- Wheelchair rugby
**Places**:
- Rugby, Warwickshire, England, United Kingdom
    - Rugby (borough)
    - Rugby and Kenilworth  constituency
    - Rugby constituency - Former constituency
- Rugby, New South Wales, a small town in Australia
- Rugby, Cape Town, South Africa
- Rugby, North Dakota, United States
- Rugby, Tennessee, United States
- Rugby, Brooklyn, United States
- Rugby Park, Scotland (stadium of Kilmarnock F.C.)
- Rugby Park Stadium, rugby stadium in New Zealand

**Other meanings**:
- Rugby School
- Rugby (automobile)
- Rugby railway station
- Rugby Ralph Lauren, a brand from Ralph Lauren
Fermion

A **fermion** is a category of elementary particles. They are very small and very light. Fermions can be thought of as the building blocks of matter because atoms are made up of fermions. Paul Dirac named them fermions in honor of the famous scientist Enrico Fermi.

An electron (a charged particle) is a fermion, but a photon (the particle of electromagnetic radiation) is not.  The spin numbers of fermions are 1/2, 3/2, 5/2, etc. Because their spin is not a whole number, they follow the Pauli exclusion principle: no two fermions can share a quantum state (which includes position in space), if they have the same quantum numbers, such as spin. In other words, fermions can collide with each other. This behavior is not in the other class of elementary particles called bosons: you can have many bosons, for example photons, in the same place at the same time. The motion of fermions follows the Fermi-Dirac statistics.

Most well known fermions have spin of 1/2. An example of a type of fermion with a spin of 1/2 is the electron. The electron belongs to a group of fermions called leptons.

Fundamental fermions (fermions that are not made up of anything else) are either quarks or leptons. There are 6 different types of quarks (called "flavours") and 6 different types of leptons. These are their names:
- Quarks — up, down, charm, strange, top, bottom
- Leptons — electron, muon, tau, electron neutrino, muon neutrino, tau neutrino

Each of these fermions also has an anti-particle associated with it, so there are a total of 24 different fundamental fermions. The anti-particle is similar to the original particle, but with opposite electrical charge. The "up", "charm", and "top" quarks have electrical charge of +2/3. Their anti-particles have charge -2/3 (anti-up, anti-charm, anti-top). The other three quarks (down, strange and bottom) have charge -1/3, and their anti-particles have charge +1/3. The electron, muon, and tau leptons all have charge of -1, and their anti-particles (anti-electron or "positron", anti-muon, anti-tau) have charge +1. All the neutrinos and anti-neutrinos have charge 0. The main difference between quarks or leptons with the same charge is their mass.

The supersymmetric counterpart of any fermion is called a "sfermion."
Boson

A **boson** is a particle which carries a force. It has a whole number spin (_spin_ is a property of subatomic particles).  Bosons carry energy.

A photon is an example of a boson as it has a spin of 1 and carries electromagnetism. Mesons are also bosons as they carry nuclear force.

Bosons are different from fermions, which are particles that make up matter, because bosons obey Bose-Einstein statistics. (This means that you can put two of them in the same place at the same time; the Pauli exclusion principle does not apply.)

Gauge bosons carry fundamental forces. There are three known gauge bosons, which are elementary particles.  For example, the photon carries the electromagnetic force. The three types of gauge bosons are: photons for electromagnetism, gluons (eight kinds) for strong force, and W and Z bosons (three kinds) for weak force. Other theoretical gauge bosons are predicted, such as gravitons for gravity. The Higgs boson is another fundamental particle of a type called a scalar boson.

Paul Dirac named this class of particles "bosons" in honor of a famous Indian scientist called Satyendra Nath Bose.

The bosons include the photon, the gluon, the Z boson, W boson and the Higgs boson. The Higgs boson also might be classified by itself. Since none of them have a charge, the antimatter version of them will also not have any charge.
Quintana Roo

**Quintana Roo** is a Mexican state in the southeastern part of the country and the easternmost state in Mexico. Its capital is Chetumal, the name "Quintana Roo" is from a military general. The most money comes from tourism, for example, in Cancún or Playa del Carmen.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Quintana Roo
- **settlement type**: Administrative divisions of Mexico, State
- **imagesize**: 265px
- **image flag**: Flag of Quintana Roo.svg
- **image seal**: Coat of arms of Quintana Roo.svg
- **image map**: Quintana Roo in Mexico (location map scheme).svg
- **mapsize**: 265px
- **map caption**: **Quintana Roo** within Mexico
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **leader title**: Governor
- **leader name**: Mara Lezama
- **area total km2**: 42,361
- **population total**: 1,857,985
- **population as of**: March 15, 2020
- **population density km2**: 43.86
- **utc offset**: −05:00
- **postal code type**: Postal code
- **postal code**: 77xxx
- **area code type**: Area code
- **area code**: 23
- **blank name sec2**: ISO 3166-2
- **blank info sec2**: MX-ROO
- **blank1 name sec2**: Address
Pilosa

**Pilosa** is an order of mammals in the superorder _Xenarthra_.
To this order belong the sloths, suborder _Folivora_ and the anteaters, suborder _Vermilingua_.
Dead Kennedys

**Dead Kennedys** are a hardcore punk band from San Francisco. The band was led by Jello Biafra. Other original members were Klaus Fluoride, D.H. Peligro, and East Bay Ray. The band plays songs with strong political messages. During the 1980s, they had many fans in the punk rock music scene.

The Dead Kennedys formed in June 1978. In 1980, one of their songs called "California Über Alles" became popular in the punk music scene. In 1980, they recorded and released a song called "Holiday in Cambodia". That same year, they made their first album, _Fresh Fruit for Rotting Vegetables_. In the early 1980s, the band toured all over the United States, Europe, and Australia.

In July 1987, the band broke up. After they broke up, they were charged with the crime of obscenity. A person saw the band's album _Frankenchrist_ and complained to the Attorney General for the State of California and to Los Angeles prosecutors. The album included a picture that showed nine penises. In August 1987, the criminal trial ended but the jury could not make a decision. The album was banned from many record stores in the United States.

### Studio albums

- _Fresh Fruit for Rotting Vegetables_ - September 1980 (# 33)
- _Plastic Surgery Disasters_ - November 1982
- _Frankenchrist_ - October 1985
- _Bedtime for Democracy_ - November 1986

### Extended Play records

- _In God We Trust, Inc._ - December 1981

### Singles

- _California Über Alles_ - June 1979
- _Holiday in Cambodia_ - May 1980
- _Kill the Poor_ - October 1980 (# 49)
- _Too Drunk to Fuck_ - May 1981 (# 31)
- _Nazi Punks Fuck Off!_ - November 1981
- _Bleed for Me_ - July 1982
- _Halloween_ - December 1982

### Videos

- _The Early Years Live_ - July 1987
- _The Lost Tapes_ - July 2003
- _Live at DMPO's on Broadway_ - February 2004
- _Farewell Tour Again with Dead Kennedys_ - May 2014

## Other websites

- Official site of the Dead Kennedys
- Alternative Tentacles - Record Label Launched by Dead Kennedys

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Dead Kennedys
- **image**: 2019 Dead Kennedys - by 2eight - ZSC5161.jpg
- **caption**: Dead Kennedys, 2019
- **background**: group_or_band
- **alias**: The Sharks
The Creamsicles
Pink Twinkies
The DK's
- **origin**: San Francisco, California, USA
- **genre**: Hardcore punk, punk rock
- **years active**: 1978–1986, 2001-present
- **label**: Cherry Red, Faulty Products, Alternative Tentacles, Manifesto Records, Manifesto/Decay
- **associated acts**: Against All Will, Jello Biafra (solo career), D.H. Peligro, Peligro, Skrapyard, The Jungle Studs, Jello Biafra and the Guantanamo School of Medicine, Lard (band), Lard, Melvins
- **current members**: East Bay Ray
Klaus Flouride
Skip Greer, Ron "Skip" Greer
- **past members**: D. H. Peligro
Jello Biafra
Brandon Cruz
Carlos Cadona, 6025
Bruce Slesinger, Ted
Jeff Penalty
Dave Scheff
Greg Reeves (musician), Greg Reeves
Steve "Boomstick" Wilson
Bad Brains (band)

**Bad Brains** is an American band. They play hardcore punk music that is mixed with reggae music. The band formed in 1977 and is still playing now. The members are H.R. (singer),  "Dr. Know" (guitarist), Darryl Jenifer (bassist) and Earl Hudson (drummer).

The band originally formed in Prince Georges County, Maryland. It is close to Washington, D.C., the capital of the United States. During most of their time together, Bad Brains has lived in Washington, D.C.

The Bad Brains had a big effect on many hardcore punk bands, including Minor Threat who are also from Washington, D.C. They also had a big effect on the hardcore punk singer Henry Rollins. Rollins was the singer for the hardcore band Black Flag.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Bad Brains
- **img**: BadBrains.png
- **img capt**: Bad Brains performing in Baltimore in 2007
- **background**: group_or_band
- **alias**: Soul Brains
- **origin**: Washington, D.C., USA
- **genre**: Hardcore punk, reggae, heavy metal music, heavy metal
- **years active**: 1977–1984, 1986–1995, 1997–2004, 2011-present
- **label**: ROIR Records, ROIR, Caroline Records (U.S.), Caroline, SST Records, SST, Epic Records, Epic/Sony Music Entertainment, SME, Maverick Records, Maverick/Warner Bros. Records, Warner Bros, Megaforce Records, Megaforce
- **associated acts**: Cro-Mags, Faith No More, Black Flag (band), Black Flag, Beastie Boys, Mos Def (The New Danger, Black Jack Johnson)
- **current members**: H.R.
Dr. Know (guitarist), Dr. Know
Darryl Jenifer
Earl Hudson
- **past members**: Sid McCray
Israel Joseph I
Mackie Jayson
Chuck Mosley
Xenarthra

The **Xenarthra** is a superorder of mammals. It is a group of placental mammals (infraclass Eutheria). They live at present only in the Americas, and are anteaters, tree sloths, and armadillos.

Their origins can be traced back as far as the Palaeogene (about 60-65 million years ago (mya), shortly after the Mesozoic) in South America.  Xenarthrans developed and diversified extensively in South America during its long period of isolation, invaded the Antilles by the early Miocene, and then spread to Central and North America as part of the Great American Interchange.

Nearly all of the once abundant big xenarthrans, such as ground sloths, glyptodonts, and pampatheres went extinct at the end of the Pleistocene.

Xenarthrans differ from other placental mammals in several ways. The name Xenarthra means 'strange joints', and was chosen because their vertebral joints have extra articulations and are unlike those of any other mammals. The males lack external testicles, which are instead placed between the bladder and the rectum.  Also, xenarthrans have the lowest metabolic rates among the therians.
Channel 4

**Channel 4** is a television channel that broadcasts to the United Kingdom. It started on 2 November 1982. On 10 December 2010, Channel 4 started a HD version of their channel on Sky.

## References

The Snowman and The Snowdog
Peppa Pig closed 3rd October 2021 on E4

## Infobox (television channel)

- **name**: Channel 4
- **logo**: Channel 4 2023.png
- **logo size**: 150px
- **logo caption**: Green version of the 2022 logo, used since 2023
- **image**: Cropped image of 124 Horseferry Road, London.jpg
- **owner**: Channel Four Television Corporation
- **picture format**: 1080i/1080p HDTV (downscaled to 576i for the SDTV feed)
- **caption**: Channel 4 Headquarters
- **country**: United Kingdom
- **language**: English
- **timeshift service**: Channel 4 +1
- **terr serv 1**: Freeview (UK), Freeview
- **online serv 1**: Channel 4 (VoD service), Channel 4
- **online serv 2**: TVPlayer
- **online chan 2**: [http://www.tvplayer.com/watch/channel4 Watch live] (UK only)
- **online serv 3**: Sky Go
- **online serv 4**: Virgin TV Anywhere
Boeing B-52 Stratofortress

The **B-52 Stratofortress** is a bomber which, with in-air refueling, can fly long distances to reach targets anywhere in the world. The B-52 can carry up to 70000 lbs of bombs and weapons in its large bomb bays, and on wing hard points.

This airplane is one of the most significant in modern aviation history on several levels. It was created in 1948 as a strategic nuclear bomber, and first flew in the early 1950s. The B-52 fought its first war, under the code name of "Arc Light" in Vietnam from 1965 through 1973. The B-52 is a direct ancestor of many of the airliners which have made Boeing Aircraft, one of the most successful privately owned aerospace company in the world. The B-52 will stay in military service until around 2040. It is not clear what will replace it as the United States Air Force's main strategic bomber.

## Infobox (aircraft begin)

- **name**: B-52 Stratofortress
- **image**: File:A Boeing B-52H Stratofortress in flight over the Persian Gulf (190521-F-XN348-9173).jpg
- **caption**: A United States Air Force B-52 bomber in-flight
- **alt**: Top view of four-engine jet bomber in-flight above a body of water


## Infobox (aircraft type)

- **type**: Bomber
- **national origin**: United States
- **manufacturer**: Boeing
- **first flight**: April 1952
- **status**: Operational
Active: 58
Reserve: 18
Air National Guard, ANG: 0
- **primary user**: United States Air Force
Hudson River

The **Hudson River** is in the State of New York and New Jersey in the United States. It is about 315 miles (507 km) long. The river runs from Lake Tear of the Clouds near Mount Marcy in Essex County in the north part of the state to New York Harbor in New York City at the south part of the state. It is named for Henry Hudson.

The Hudson River is a special kind of river called an estuary. There is some salt in the water from New York City north until Poughkeepsie. It is then fresh water from Poughkeepsie north until Lake Tear of the Clouds. The border for the salt in the water moves when the tide rises and falls. The Hudson is part of the Erie Canal from New York City to Albany. The Hudson River used to have a lot of pollution from industry, but it is becoming cleaner now.

The lower part of this river is the border between New York from New Jersey and is sometimes called the **North River**.

## Bridges that cross the Hudson River

- George Washington Bridge
- Tappan Zee Bridge
- Bear Mountain Bridge
- Hamilton Fish Newburgh-Beacon Bridge
- Franklin D. Roosevelt Mid-Hudson Bridge
- Kingston Rhinecliff Bridge
- Rip van Winkle Bridge
- New York Thruway (Interstate 90-Interstate 87) Bridge
- Interstate 90 Bridge
George Washington Bridge

The **George Washington Bridge** is a suspension bridge over the Hudson River. It connects part of New York City, New York to Fort Lee, New Jersey. It is  long. It was designed by Othmar H. Ammann. Building began on October 21, 1927. The bridge was opened on October 25, 1931. It cost $59 million. A second level was added below the main level and opened to traffic on August 29, 1962. There are also walkways for pedestrians and bicyclists on the north and south sides of the bridge.

The main span of the bridge is  long. It is  wide. It is suspended by four cables. Each cable weighs 28,450 tons and is made from 26,474 individual wires. The total length of all the wire in the four cables is .

Ammann chose the location for the bridge because the river was narrower at this point. The banks on either side were high. That meant the bridge could be tall enough for ships to pass underneath, without having to build long rising bridge approaches.

## Infobox (bridge)

- **bridge name**: George Washington Bridge
- **image**: George Washington Bridge from New Jersey-edit.jpg
- **image upright**: 1.3
- **caption**: The bridge, looking east from Fort Lee, New Jersey, Fort Lee toward Upper Manhattan.
- **crosses**: Hudson River
- **locale**: Fort Lee, New Jersey, and New York City <small>(Washington Heights, Manhattan)</small>, New York, United States
- **maint**: Port Authority of New York and New Jersey
- **designer**: Othmar Ammann (chief engineer)
Edward W. Stearns (assistant chief engineer)
Allston Dana (design engineer)
Cass Gilbert (architect)
Montgomery Case (construction engineer)
- **design**: Bridge#Double-decked bridges, Double-decked suspension bridge
- **material**: Steel
- **clearance**: (upper level),  (lower level)
- **below**: at mid-span
- **traffic**: 289,827 (2016)
- **begin**: (bridge construction)
 (lower level)
- **open**: (upper level)
 (lower level)
Freddy Krueger

**Freddy Krueger** is a fictional character from the _A Nightmare on Elm Street_ movies. He was created by Wes Craven and he is the bad guy of the movies. In the first movie a mom told her kid that a long time ago, Freddy killed a bunch of people's kids and the parents got mad and they burnt Freddy. Right before Freddy died some ghosts told Freddy that he can come back to life if he will take over dreams, and Freddy said yes, so he became a vengeful spirit who kills people in their dreams.

## Story

In suburban Ohio, Freddy went after the kids of the parents that killed him. During their nightmares, Freddy would be there and he would kill them in their dreams, and whatever Freddy did in the dream would happen in real life. Then there was this girl named Nancy, she had nightmares about Freddy, and wanted to kill him to stop him from killing anymore. So on purpose, one night she fell asleep to fight Freddy.

## Movies

There have been 8 movies involving Freddy Krueger, a crossover battle movie between him and Jason Voorhees, and a remake was made in 2010. The first 8 starred Robert Englund as Freddy, but in the new one, a man named Jackie Earle Haley plays him.

### Claw glove

In the movie Freddy has this claw he wears, it has fingernails built into it made out of knives. This is a very dangerous weapon, he kills people with it. He has had the same glove throughout all of the 7 movies. But there was another movie, _New Nightmare_, where his claw was remodeled to look scarier.

### His clothes

Freddy wears a dirty, torn, old red and green sweater and pants. He also wears a dirty brown hat. Freddy's classic outfit was changed in the movie called _New Nightmare_.

## Infobox (character)

- **name**: Freddy Krueger
- **image**: Freddy Cosplay.jpg
- **caption**: Cosplayer characterized as the character photographed in 2021.
- **gender**: Male
- **creator**: Wes Craven
- **family**: Amanda Krueger <small>(mother)</small>
Maggie Burroughs <small>(daughter)</small>
Loretta Krueger <small>(wife)</small>
- **portrayer**: Robert Englund
Jackie Earle Haley <small>(2010 film)</small>
- **occupation**: Killer, factory worker (when he was alive)
Salt mine

A **salt mine** is a mine where salt is taken from the earth. Very often, this is done in the mountains. It is different from a salt evaporation pond, where salt is taken from salt water. Getting salt from different layers of rock in a mountain used to be a very dangerous job. The Romans used to sentence prisoners to this kind of labour.

Usually the salt is mixed with rock that has chlorides and sulfates.

Empty salt mines are used very often as a storage area, for example, for unused radioactive elements (from nuclear power plants). Salt mines are empty if there is no salt left to take, or if taking the salt that is left would be too expensive.
Virtuoso

A **virtuoso** is someone (usually in the performing arts) who is an expert in his or her field.

A musical virtuoso is one who plays a musical instrument very well.  Musicians who have exceptional talent and can play extremely fast and difficult music are "virtuosi" (plural of "virtuoso").  In the 19th century Niccolò Paganini was a virtuoso violinist as well as a composer.  Franz Liszt was a virtuoso pianist and composer.

Musicians may sometimes talk about “virtuoso music” meaning music which is so difficult that only a virtuoso could play it.
Delaware River

The **Delaware River** is a large river estuary in the Northeast United States. It is about 280 miles (450 km) long. It begins in the Catskill Mountains in southeast New York State and ends at the Atlantic Ocean at Delaware Bay. It forms the border or part of the border between the states of Pennsylvania and New York, Pennsylvania and New Jersey and also between Delaware and New Jersey. The cities of Trenton, New Jersey, and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania are on the **Delaware River**.

Another name for this river is the **South River**. It is named for Thomas West, 3rd Lord De La Warr, a colonial Governor of Virginia.

## Other websites

- A historical map made in 1639 of the Delaware River
Mal Evans

**Malcolm 'Mal' Evans** (27 May 1935 – 5 January 1976) was a road manager and assistant to The Beatles, the most popular rock and roll band of the 1960s.

Evans was hired to help Neil Aspinall, who was the band's original road manager. Tall and strong, Evans was sometimes called "The Gentle Giant". His wife was called Lil.

Aspinall's and Evans's jobs changed through the years. At first they were in charge of driving the Beatles's musical equipment to places where they were to perform, setting it up ahead of time, and taking it down later to prepare for their next show. As the band became popular, they had other people to help.

Evans sometimes served as a bodyguard to the Beatles, protecting them from fans who got out of control, or might want to hurt members of the band. He also sometimes forged their autographs on photographs, when the band themselves did not have the chance to sign them, and helped choose girls from concert audiences to meet later with the band. (Aspinall also did these duties.) After the Beatles stopped performing live in 1966, he worked for them in other ways.

Along with playing musical instruments on a few of their songs (organ on "You Won't See Me", trumpet on "Helter Skelter", tambourine on "Dear Prudence", and an anvil on "Maxwell's Silver Hammer"), and singing on "Yellow Submarine" and "You Know My Name (Look Up the Number)", Evans also helped with lyrics from time to time. Paul McCartney paid him in cash for help with "Fixing A Hole", instead of giving him co-credit.

Evans appeared on-camera in both _Magical Mystery Tour_ (as a magician), and _Let it Be_. He is seen during the rooftop concert in _Let it Be_, stalling the police who had come to stop the Beatles from performing. The sound of their music had caused a traffic jam on the street below.

He was also responsible for Badfinger being signed to the Beatles's record label, Apple Records.

Evans was fired in 1970 by Allen Klein, who had taken over many of the jobs once held by the late Beatles manager, Brian Epstein. Later Evans separated from his wife, and moved to the United States. During 1974 he was a companion and helper to John Lennon, who was staying in Los Angeles while separated from his wife, Yoko Ono.

Early in 1976, Evans had a fight with his girlfriend, who called the police when he locked himself in a room with a air rifle. Fearing he might hurt other people, the police shot him dead. The policeman in charge admitted the shooting "was all a mistake".

Evans wrote an autobiography, _Living with the Beatles Legend_, which has never been published in full, but extracts were printed in 2005.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Mal Evans
- **image**: 220x330.webp
- **image size**: 150px
- **caption**: Mal In 1969
- **birth name**: Malcolm Frederick Evans
- **birth place**: Liverpool, England
- **death place**: Los Angeles, California, United States
- **death cause**: Shot by the police
- **occupation**: BT Group, Telephone engineer, Road manager, Personal assistant, Record producer
- **known for**: The Beatles' assistant and road manager
- **spouse**: Lily (Lil) Evans
- **children**: Gary Evans, b. 1961 and Julie Evans, b. 1966
Camucamu

**Camucamu** (_Myrciaria dubia_), also called **camu camu**, **cacari**, and **camocamo**, is a type of tree that lives in the Amazon Rainforest.  Its fruit is high in Vitamin C.
Geddy Lee

**Geddy Lee** (born **Gary Lee Weinrib** on July 29, 1953 in Toronto, Ontario) is the Canadian bass guitarist, singer, and synth player of the rock band Rush. He is known for melodic basslines and high pitched singing.

In the 1970s, Geddy Lee mainly used Rickenbacker 4001 basses. For the Grace Under Pressure album he used Steinberger basses. From the mid-80's to mid-90's he used Wal basses. Currently, he uses Fender Jazz basses.
Taxidermy

**Taxidermy** (which comes from the Greek word for "the arrangement of skin") is act of taking the skin of an animals and preserving it, by putting it on a fake body. If you perform taxidermy, you **taxiderm**. Taxidermed animals can be mounted and put on display, sometimes in a museum or a home. People who taxidermy animals are called taxidermists. Many hunters and fishermen taxidermine the animals they catch and kill for trophies. Ones that are on display in museums are used to make dioramas and for educational purposes. Some people taxiderm their pets and other street animals.
Guantanamo Bay Naval Base

**Guantanamo Bay** is a bay in the south of the island of Cuba. Part of it is controlled by the United States. They took control of it in 1903, under a treaty between the United States and Cuba. The current government of Cuba does not see this treaty as legal. They say it violates International law (more specifically, the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties of 1969).

The southern part of the bay is surrounded by a navy station of the United States. The name of the station (or base) is sometimes shortened to GTMO, called "Gitmo". The mission of this station is to act to prevent terrorism, help people who are fleeing Cuba and stop drug crime.

This base is also now used as a place to keep people captured by American forces from Afghanistan and Iraq. Also some prisoners were taken from other countries, like Britain and France. Some people say that these people do not get the rights that they should get as prisoners of war under the Geneva Conventions. One reason that they are there may be that the laws of the United States do not apply to them. According to some well-known human rights groups, some prisoners have been tortured  and others may have been badly treated according the FBI Inquiry. This has also been reported by some Europeans who were taken by CIA "torture flights" and have now been released.

## Status

There is a lot of argument about Guantanamo Bay. This camp is a navy base and would sometimes hold people who had escaped from the Cuban government by sea. Now it also has a prison for people who oppose the United States, including some soldiers.  Some people have called it a concentration camp. George W. Bush has said that it is sometimes used for prisoners of war, but many human rights groups accuse America of keeping people from countries they are not at war with. This was shown to be sometimes true when British prisoners were returned home in 2003.

This camp may be used for prisoners who are seen as terrorists by the United States. These people are detained because there is not enough evidence to give them a trial in a court. About 300 to 400 men are in this prison. They are almost all Muslims who are said to have attacked American troops. Some of these people were captured during the war in Afghanistan. Some were taken by force from other countries. There has been some evidence of torture taking place at the camp. Some prisoners have tried to kill themselves. Others have been on hunger strike, where they refuse to eat. These prisoners are not forced to work, but they have not been given fair trials.

There is now some work starting to bring Guantanamo prisoners to some justice. Some people have been sent back to their home countries, some have been sent to other countries. Some people who were shown to not be terrorists have then been released by their governments, some people are now in prison in their home countries. Some Uyghur people from China have been sent to Albania, possibly because China did not want them back.
Richard Strauss

**Richard Strauss** (born Munich June 11, 1864; died Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Bavaria, September 8, 1949) was a German composer.  He soon became very famous when he was a young man.  His tone-poems including _Also sprach Zarathustra_ were played by orchestras all over Europe.  After 1900, he spent most of his time writing operas including _Salome_.  His opera _Der Rosenkavalier_, written in 1910, is extremely popular.  Strauss was the last great composer who wrote in a Romantic style.  He liked the music of Wagner who was a great influence on his music, but he also liked Mozart and his work also shows the elegance and grace of Mozart’s music.  Strauss was a very good conductor and often conducted his own music.

He is not related to the Austrian Johann Strauss family famous for their waltzes.
Boston Marathon

The **Boston Marathon** is a famous marathon which is run every April in Boston, Massachusetts on Patriot's Day. It started in 1897 and is the world's oldest annual marathon. The distance of the race is 26.2 miles or 26 miles and 385 yards. To participate, runners need to qualify ahead of time by getting a certain time on another marathon first. This time is different depending on how old the runner is. (Every year, some runners who do not qualify are allowed in by raising money for charity).

## 2013 bombings

During the 2013 Boston Marathon on April 15, 2013, two explosions happened near the finish line at 2:49 PM EDT. Three people were killed and around 183 people were injured.

## Other websites

- Official website
Ultramarathon

An **ultramarathon** is a running race that is longer than a 26.2 mile marathon race.  The most common distances for ultramarathons are:

- 50 Kilometers (31 miles)
- 50 Miles (80.5 kilometers)
- 100 Kilometers (62 miles)
- 100 Miles (161 kilometers)

The most famous ultramarathon run in the United States is the Western States 100 Mile Race.
Captain Planet

**Captain Planet** is the main character of the animated television series Captain Planet and the Planeteers. He is a superhero summoned when the powers of Earth, Fire, Wind, Water, and Heart are put together. On June 27, 2013, Sony Pictures announced that they are currently producing a live-action movie based on Captain Planet.

## Other websites

- Captain Planet Foundation
- Ted Turner's Captain Planet site
- The Rubber Chicken - Captain Planet Comic Analysis
- What Would Captain Planet Do?
- Mother Nature Network

pl:Nowe przygody Kapitana Planety
Pl:Nowe ptzygody kapitana planety
85

_85_ _(number)_

## Events

- Dacians led by Decebalus fought in two wars against the Romans from this year to AD 88 or 89.
- Domitian stopped a Dacian invasion of Moesia
- Jealous of Gnaeus Julius Agricola's success in Britain, Domitian recalled and  poisoned the general.
- Domitian makes himself censor for life. This gives him the right to control the Senate.  His totalitarian tendencies put the senatorial aristocracy against him.
- Baekje invades Silla in the Korean peninsula. The war continues till the peace treaty of 105.

## Births

- Ptolemy, Greek astronomer. (approximate date)

## Deaths

- Gnaeus Julius Agricola, Roman general, poisoned.
Treason

**Treason** is when a person acts against his/her country. For example, somebody might help another country fight a war against or loot his country by keeping secrets or failing to protect his country. In history, treason has often included the assassination of leaders. Treason against the king was called high treason and treason against a lesser role was called petty treason. A treasonous person is called a **traitor**.

Outside the field of law, the word "traitor" can be used to describe a person who betrays a group to which he or she belongs. Thus, people may be accused as "race traitor" or "class traitor". These accusations can often be unclear when the accused do not consider themselves to be in the group.

Some famous traitors are Judas Iscariot, Marcus Junius Brutus, Benedict Arnold, Philippe Pétain, La Malinche and Vidkun Quisling.

Persons accused of treason can be many. During the Reign of Terror many thousands were executed as traitors. After World War II many thousands of Soviet soldiers who had been prisoners of war were immediately sent to Gulag as traitors.

### Australia

Section 80.1 of the Criminal Code in the schedule of the Australian Criminal Code Act 1995 defines treason. A person is not guilty of treason if his help is purely humanitarian.

The only appropriate punishment for treason is life in prison.

### Canada

Section 46 of the Criminal Code defines two types of treason. They are "treason" and "high treason". It is also illegal for any Canadian citizen to do anything defined in the code outside Canada.

High treason is punished by life in prison. Treason is punished by life in prison at most, or up to 14 years in prison.

### New Zealand

New Zealand has treason laws that are stated under Section 73 of the Crimes Act 1961. The punishment is life in prison, except for conspiracy. The punishment for conspiracy is 14 years at most. Treason was the last crime to be punished by death in New Zealand.

Very few people have been prosecuted for treason in New Zealand.

### United States

Treason is defined in the United States Constitution in Article III, Section 3. However, Congress has made laws that punish other actions that hurt national security. Some examples are the 1798 Alien and Sedition Acts, or the 1917 Espionage Act.

The punishment for treason in the United States is death or at least five years in prison, and at least a $10,000 fine. In addition, traitors cannot hold any office in the United States.

### Japan

Japan _per se_ does not have a law of treason. Instead it has an separated offence against be involved in foreign aggression (this can be since from invasion to espionage) against the State of Japan (; literally "crime of foreign mischief").

Both Japanese and non-Japanese nationals can be equally convicted of said offence.

The Empire of Japan used to have a crime similar to the one of "high treason" in English-language countries (). This law was abolished with the American occupation of the country after World War II.
Riot

**Riots** happen when many people meet to be violent. This can happen after sports events, during demonstrations. or as a protest. Rioters damage cars and buildings and attack other people, among other things.

The police are brought out to stop riots. In the Western world, they use shields and fight with soft weapons, for example with water cannons or rubber bullets, as well as with batons. When riots really get out of control, the police also use tools that can hurt people, such as tear gas and pepper spray, and put the rioters under arrest. Riots are very dangerous and sometimes lead to deaths.

There have been many riots all over the world, especially in England, Northern Ireland, the United States, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Australia, France, Hong Kong, and Mainland China.
Johann Strauss I

**Johann Strauß I** (born Vienna, 14 March 1804; died Vienna, 25 September 1849) was as Austrian composer, conductor and violinist. He and his family were famous composers of dance music, especially waltzes. He is usually known as Johann Strauss I or Johann Strauss Sr (Senior), while his son, who was also called Johann, is usually known as Johann Strauss II or Johann Strauss Jnr (Junior). The waltz was just becoming popular in the early 19th century and Johann Strauss I wrote many delightful waltzes and other dance music for the court balls. His most famous tune is the _Radetzky-March_ which became a musical symbol of the power of the Habsburg monarchy.
Johann Strauss II

**Johann Strauss II** (born Vienna, October 25, 1825; died Vienna June 3, 1899) was an Austrian composer, conductor and violinist. His father, also called Johann, was also a very famous composer, and is now known as Johann Strauss I (or Johann Strauss Sr) while his eldest son is called Johann Strauss II (or Johann Strauss Jr). Strauss became very famous for his waltzes. He was known as the “King of the Waltz”. His most famous one was called _An der schönen, blauen Donau_ (known in English as _The Blue Danube_).

## Early life

His father wanted him to go in for banking, but the young Johann took violin lessons in secret from a man called Franz Amon who was the leader of his father’s orchestra. He continued his violin studies with Anton Kohlmann, a violinist who helped ballet dancers to learn the music they had to dance to. He was still only 18 when he got his own orchestra together and gave his own concert which included six of his own waltzes and some of his father’s. He was soon becoming more famous than his father.

After his father died in 1849, the two orchestras joined into one and the young Johann was their conductor. He was given the title “k.k.Hofballmusikdirektor” (meaning; musical director of the Court Ball). He was always especially busy during Carnival time when there were lots of balls in Vienna. He toured most of Europe with his orchestra, even going to Russia where he conducted some music by Tchaikovsky. Johann Strauss II was becoming the “king of the waltz”, the most famous musician in Austria.

## Career

Johann Strauss II wrote two operas: _Die Fledermaus_ (_The Bat_) and _Zigeunerbaron_ (_Gypsy Baron_). They are full of fun: lively music and jokes which can sometimes be made different in each performance: the singers can put in their own jokes about modern times. Sometimes they are called operettas because they are so light-hearted. They are a mixture of Hungarian and Viennese atmosphere.

Together with his brothers Josef and Eduard, Johann had complete control of the balls and concerts in the houses of the rich people in Vienna. Wherever he went he was surrounded by lots of admirers. His waltzes are still as popular as ever, and millions of people in different countries hear them on television on New Year's Day when they are played by the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra at their traditional New Year’s Day concert.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Johann Strauss II
- **image**: Johann Strauss II.jpg
- **birth date**: 25 October 1825
- **death date**: 3 June 1899
- **death place**: Vienna, Austria
- **citizenship**: Austrian
- **occupation**: Composer, conductor and violinist
Zatch Bell!

***Zatch Bell!*** is a Japanese-American animated television series, anime, and manga. The series is about a teenage boy, named Kiyo, who found this boy named "Zatch". Zatch is actually a _Mamodo_. He came from the _Mamodo World_ where hundreds of other Mamodos came from. However, another Mamodo, named Zeno, somehow erased Zatch's memory. Zatch can not remember anything of his past in the Mamodo World. The reason why all the Mamodos are in the real world is to battle. When one enters the world, they must find a human to be their partner and to use a book of spells that came with them. Only humans can read the spells and cause the Mamodo to do a certain action. Examples of these spells would be to create a lightning bolt, create a shield, or move very fast. As a person becomes stronger physically and emotionally new spells are written into the book so that the human can read and use them.

By burning the book, the Mamodo gets sent back to the Mamodo World. If the Mamodo gets badly beaten, he will also be sent away. The last Mamodo standing will be 'King' of the Mamodos. Zatch decides that he wants to be a _Belovelent King_ or _Kind King_ to stop all the battles. In their adventure, they come across many enemies and allies.

### Zatch Bell

Zatch Bell is the titular main character of this story.

### Kiyo Takamine

Kiyo Takamine is another main character of this story. He is the partner of Zatch Bell. And he is very cool.

### Tia

Tia is one of Zatch's friends.

### Megumi

Megumi is one of Kiyo's friends. She is the partner of Tia. And she is a famous Japanese idol.

### Zofis

Zofis is one of main antagonists. He is evil genius. He likes manipulate others.

### Koko

Koko is the partner of Zofis.

## Other websites

- Information on the English anime

## Infobox (animanga/header)

- **ja kanji**: 金色のガッシュベル!!
- **ja romaji**: Konjiki no Gash Bell!!
- **genre**: Adventure genre, Adventure, comedy, fantasy


## Infobox (animanga/print)

- **type**: manga
- **author**: Makoto Raiku
- **publisher**: Shogakukan
- **demographic**: _Shōnen manga, Shōnen_
- **magazine**: Weekly Shōnen Sunday
- **first**: January 10, 2001
- **last**: December 26, 2007
- **volumes**: 33
- **volume list**: List of Zatch Bell! chapters


## Infobox (animanga/video)

- **type**: tv series
- **director**: Tetsuji Nakamura
Yukio Kaizawa
- **producer**: Aatsuya Takase
Hiroyuki Sakurada
Shinichi Ikeda
Takatoshi Hamano
- **writer**: Akatsuki Yamatoya
Hiroshi Hashimoto
- **music**: Kow Otani
- **studio**: Toei Animation
- **network**: Fuji Television, Fuji TV (Japan)
 Cartoon Network (Miguzi/Toonami), Starz (U.S.)
- **first**: April 6, 2003
- **last**: March 26, 2006
- **episodes**: 150
- **episode list**: List of Zatch Bell! episodes


## Infobox (animanga/other)

- **title**: Feature films
- **content**: # _Konjiki no Gash Bell!! Movie 1: Unlisted Demon 101_
# _Konjiki no Gash Bell!! Movie 2: Attack of the Mecha-Vulcan_


## Infobox (animanga/footer)