juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Scipio Africanus

**Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus** (236–183 BC)  was a general in the Second Punic War and a politician of the Roman Republic. He was best known for defeating Hannibal of Carthage.

Scipio won the battle of Zama in North Africa. The victory although factual in its final result, was Rome's success because of a bribery, by which a Carthage's ally - Masinissa who was the son of King Gala of the Massylii, a Numidian tribe to the west of Carthage , against Hannibal!  He got the last name _Africanus_ and became known as one of the best commanders in military history. The battle was a complete disaster for Carthage, who had to beg for peace, and were given humiliating terms by Rome.

## Infobox (politician)

- **name**: Publius Cornelius Scipio
- **image**: Escipión africano.JPG
- **caption**: Roman portraiture, Roman bronze bust of Scipio Africanus the Elder from the National Archaeological Museum, Naples (Inv. No. 5634),
dated mid-first century BC
Excavated from the Villa of the Papyri at Herculaneum by Karl Jakob Weber, 1750–65.
- **birth date**: 236 BC
- **birth place**: Rome, Roman Italy, Italy, Roman Republic
- **death date**: 183 BC (aged 53)
- **death place**: Liternum, Roman Republic
- **office**: List of Roman Republican consuls, Consul of the Roman Republic
- **term start**: 1 January 205 BC
- **term end**: 1 January 204 BC
- **alongside**: Publius Licinius Crassus Dives (consul 205 BC), P. Licinius Crassus Dives
- **predecessor**: Quintus Caecilius Metellus (died 175 BC), Q. Caecilius Metellus and Lucius Veturius Philo, L. Venturius Philo
- **successor**: Marcus Cornelius Cethegus, M. Cornelius Cethegus and Publius Sempronius Tuditanus, P. Sempronius Tuditanus
- **term start1**: 1 January 194 BC
- **term end1**: 1 January 193 BC
- **alongside1**: Tiberius Sempronius Longus (consul 194 BC), Ti. Sempronius Longus
- **predecessor1**: Cato the Elder, M. Porcius Cato and Lucius Valerius Flaccus (consul 195 BC), L. Valerius Flaccus
- **successor1**: Lucius Cornelius Merula (consul 193 BC), L. Cornelius Merula and Quintus Minucius Thermus, Q. Minucius Thermus
- **spouse**: Aemilia Tertia
- **children**: Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus (priest), Lucius Cornelius Scipio (praetor), Cornelia Africana Major, Cornelia Africana
- **allegiance**:  Roman Republic
- **rank**: Proconsul
- **battles**: **Second Punic War**
Battle of Ticinus
Battle of the Trebia
Battle of Cannae
Battle of Cartagena (209 BC), Battle of Cartagena
Battle of Baecula
Battle of Ilipa
Battle of Utica (203 BC), Battle of Utica
Battle of the Great Plains
Battle of Zama
**Roman–Seleucid War**
Battle of Magnesia
Blessing

A **blessing** is way to wish good luck for a person. Sometimes, in religious rituals, it is said the God blesses those who are good, or people can bless God with anointing. In Judaism, they bless God over wine. The priests can also bless religious objects in order to make them become holy.

The saying "bless you" is commonly used when someone sneezes. This is done because there is a tradition carried by the superstition that a person's soul will come out of their mouth and nose if they sneeze. People believed that saying "God bless you," or "bless you" for short, would make the soul go back inside. They are wishing the person good luck so that their soul is able to come back.

People also think that if unusual good luck or a miracle comes to them, it is a blessing. For example, if some people wanted a child badly but are having difficulty conceiving, it could be considered a blessing from God if they end up having a child.

To _give your blessing_ to someone is to give permission to them. For example, a man can ask his girlfriend's parents' for their blessing before he asks her to marry him.

Blessings are often thought of as the opposite of a curse.
Karel Svoboda

**Karel Svoboda** (19 December 1938 – 28 January 2007) was a Czech composer of popular music. He wrote music for many TV series in the 1970s.

## Works

Karel Svoboda was born in Prague, Czechoslovakia (now Prague, Czech Republic) and began his career as a pop composer after stopping studying medicine in his third year of university. He became a member of the rock band "Mefisto" in the 1950s. Later, he composed music for the _Laterna Magica_ theatre in Prague and for many Czech singers. In 1969 he wrote _Lady Carneval_ for Karel Gott, a major Czech pop star. Svoboda wrote a total of 80 songs for him.

Svoboda composed TV scores for the German channel ZDF for over 30 years. He wrote the scores to many TV series in the 1970s that a whole generation of Europeans grew up with. Some examples of these TV series are Vicky the Viking, Maya the Bee and The Wonderful Adventures of Nils.

Svoboda wrote scores for almost 90 films and TV series.

Svoboda was found fatally shot in the garden of his villa at Jevany on January 28, 2007. It is believed that he committed suicide.

## Other websites

- Maya the Bee mp3 sample.
- Vicky the Viking in mp3
- Karel Svoboda website
Third Servile War

The **Third Servile War**, also called the **Gladiator War** and **The War of Spartacus** by Plutarch, was the last of several slave rebellions against the Roman Republic.

These are called the Servile Wars. The first two Servile Wars were in Sicily and not very big. The Third Servile War was dangerous for Italia itself, and was hopeful for the slaves because the slaves won several battles against the Roman army between 73 and 71 BC. But the rebellion was defeated in 71 BC by Marcus Licinius Crassus. The rebellion had indirect effects on Roman politics for many years.

## Events

In 71 BC, a band of slaves escaped. At first a small group of about 70 gladiators escaped. The band grew to over 120,000. Men, women and children wandered throughout Italy, and raided with not much resistance. Their leaders included the famous gladiator-general Spartacus.

The able-bodied adults of this band were a surprisingly effective armed force. They showed they could withstand the Roman military, from the local Campanian patrols, to the Roman militia, and finally they destroyed an army of trained Roman legions under consular command. Plutarch described the actions of the slaves as an attempt to escape their masters and flee through Cisalpine Gaul, while Appian and Florus depicted the revolt as a civil war in which the slaves tried to capture the city of Rome itself.

The Roman Senate's grew alarmed about the military successes of this band, and their damage to Roman towns and the countryside. Eventually, after several defeats, the Senate put an army of eight legions under the harsh but effective leadership of Marcus Licinius Crassus. The war ended in 71 BC when the armies of Spartacus, after long and bitter fighting, retreated before the legions of Crassus. Realizing that the legions of Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus and Marcus Terentius Varro Lucullus were moving in to trap them, they launched their full strength against Crassus' legions and were utterly destroyed.

The Third Servile War was significant to the broader history of ancient Rome mostly in its effect on the careers of Pompey and Crassus. The two victorious generals used their success to further their political careers, using their public acclaim and the implied threat of their legions to sway the consular elections of 70 BC in their favor. Their actions as Consuls damaged Roman political institutions and led, after Caesar's death, to events which turned the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire.

### Classical historical works

Works at LacusCurtius.

- Appian's  _The Civil Wars_.
- Frontinus's _The Strategemata_.
- Plutarch's, _Life of Crassus_
- Plutarch's, _Life of Pompey_

### Modern works

- William Smith's, A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities at LacusCurtius. A scanned page version is also available at The Ancient Library.
Vibrating string

A vibration in a string is a wave. A **vibrating string** mostly produces a sound with constant frequency. As frequency characterizes the pitch, the sound produced is a constant note.

Vibrating strings are the basis of any string instrument like guitar, cello, or piano.

## Related pages

- String instruments
- Fretted instruments
- Pitch

## Other websites

- Java simulation of waves on a string
- Physics of a harpsichord string
- A study of chaotic motion in strings
Angular momentum

The **angular momentum** or **rotational momentum** (_L_) of an object rotating about an axis is the product of its moment of inertia and its angular velocity:
where
- is the moment of inertia (resistance to angular acceleration or deceleration, equal to the product of the mass and the square of its radius measured perpendicularly from the axis of rotation);
- is the angular velocity.

There are three kinds of angular momentum: the vibrational angular momentum, the spin angular momentum and the orbital angular momentum.

## Vibrational angular momentum

The vibrational angular momentum is that of photons. Its minimum portion is the Planck quantum of vibration or action:
> According to this picture, the creation of photons is to be viewed like the plucking of a guitar—as a sudden increment in the excitation of one of the modes of vibration.
> :—Davies, Paul. The Forces of Nature CUP, 1979, p. 116
> ... to an energy quantum of vibration, such as that of Planck, there must correspond an energy quantum of rotation ...
> :—Birtwistle, George. The Quantum Theory of the Atom CUP, 2015, pp. 2–3
> The Planck quantum of action, _h_, has precisely the dimensions of an angular momentum ...
> :—Biedenharn, L. C.; Louck, J. D. Angular Momentum in Quantum Physics Addison-Wesley Pub. Co., Advanced Book Program, 1981

## Spin angular momentum

The spin angular momentum is that of an object turning around an axis which passes through the object's centre (for example, a top spinning around its central axis).

An object that is very spread-out from the axis of rotation has a large moment of inertia—it is very hard to make it start spinning, but once it gets going, it is very hard to make it stop. Similarly, it is easier to make an object start spinning at a low angular velocity than to make it start spinning at a high angular velocity. This is why the spin angular momentum depends both on how spread-out the object is (moment of inertia) and how fast it is spinning (angular velocity).

## Orbital angular momentum

The orbital angular momentum is that of an object revolving around an axis which does not pass through the object's centre. For example, the Sun and the Earth orbit each other by revolving around an axis that passes through the Sun, but not through the Sun's centre. The orbital angular momentum measures how hard it would be to make the object stop revolving around the axis.

## Conservation

Angular momentum is a conserved quantity—an object's angular momentum stays constant unless an external torque acts on it.

Angular momentum has both a direction and a magnitude, and both are conserved. Bicycles, frisbees and rifle bullets all owe their useful properties to conservation of angular momentum. Conservation of angular momentum is also why cyclones are spiral and neutron stars are rapidly spinning.

## Related pages

- Gyroscope
- Momentum
- Rotational kinetic energy

## Other websites

- Conservation of angular momentum
Axle

An **axle** is a central shaft for a rotating wheel or gear. In some cases the axle may be fixed in position with a bearing or bushing sitting inside the hole in the wheel or gear to allow the wheel or gear to rotate around the axle. In other cases the wheel or gear may be fixed to the axle, with bearings or bushings provided at the mounting points where the axle is supported. Sometimes, especially on bicycles, the latter type is referred to as a spindle.

## Vehicle axles

Axles are an important structural component of a wheeled vehicle. The axles maintain the position of the wheels relative to each other and to the vehicle body. Since for most vehicles the wheels are the only part touching the ground, the axles must bear the weight of the vehicle plus any cargo.

## Related pages

- Wheel
- Machine
Gear

**Gears** are mechanical parts with cut teeth designed to fit with teeth on another part or gear so as to transmit or receive force and motion. Gears are also sometimes called toothed wheels or cogged wheels or cogs.  The cut teeth are also sometimes called cogs.

Numerous nonferrous alloys, cast irons, powder-metallurgy and even plastics are used in the manufacture of gears. However steels are most commonly used because of their high strength to weight ratio and high cost.

## Related pages

- Transmission

## Other websites

- Types Of Gears
- Mathematical Tutorial for Gearing (Relating to Robotics)
- Animation of an Involute Rack and Pinion
- Gear Encyclopedia
- Gears
Gear (disambiguation)

A **gear** is a toothed wheel designed to transmit force (torque) to another gear or toothed component.

_Gear_ can also mean:

- One of a series of pre-set rotation mechanisms for a manual transmission.
- Gear (graphic novel), written by Doug Tennapel and later made into a TV show called _Catscratch_
- Gear (comics), a DC comics superhero
- Gear (Static Shock), a DCAU superhero
- "Gear", a slang term for equipment or apparel, particularly used for motorcycle safety clothing and cargo
- Gear (magazine), an international men's magazine
- Gears, types of mecha in the _Xenogears_ and _Metal Gear_ video games, as well as the Heavy Gear universe
- "Gear", a slang term for marijuana, used when making reference to the drug in a green or solid form
- Gears are a type of biomechanical or mystical creature in the video games series Guilty Gear
- Gears (Transformers), a character in Transformers
- Gears of War, an Xbox 360 game

**GEAR** may refer to:
- Geographic and Energy Aware Routing, a routing protocol for wireless sensor networks
Gearshift

A **gearshift** (US English), **gearstick**, or **gear lever** (both UK English) is a metal rod connected with the manual transmission of an automobile that is used to choose the gear. In an automatic transmission, the same rod is usually called a **gear selector.**
Transmission

In mechanics, a **transmission** or **gearbox** means gears working together. The most common transmission is the transmission in a car.

In a car, the engine makes the crankshaft spin. The crankshaft makes the transmission's gears spin, which spin some more parts, which make the wheels spin. But the wheels do not spin as fast as the engine makes the crankshaft spin. That is because the gears are made to slow down the spinning. The gears also give the spinning more force (or to be more scientifically exact, more torque), so the wheels can make the entire car move. Most transmissions have a breather vent to let hot air escape.

## Transmission gears

A transmission has some gears that change the torque more than other gears. That is why a transmission has a first gear, second gear, third gear, and sometimes more gears. There is also a reverse gear and neutral. An **automatic transmission** shifts between gears by itself (except reverse gear, and a parking gear). A **manual transmission** needs the driver to decide when to shift gears. Manual transmission is also called standard transmission. This is confusing because almost all cars in the U.S. have automatic transmission. In other words, since the late 20th century "standard" transmission has been unusual. A manual transmission usually has a clutch pedal, which the driver must press while shifting gears. An automatic transmission has a fluid coupling called a torque converter instead of a clutch. Some cars have a "clutchless" manual (semi-automatic) transmission, which has an automatic clutch (no clutch pedal), but does not shift gears by itself.

## Layshaft

A layshaft is the middle shaft within a gearbox (transmission). When the clutch is engaged, the layshaft turns constantly. All gears on the layshaft turn at the same rate and are permanently attached. It carries gears but does not transfer the primary drive of the gearbox in of the gearbox or out of the gearbox. Layshafts are mostly known through their use in car gearboxes. The oil level in a gearbox is set to layshaft height. That way the spinning gears distribute oil to all the gears.

## Other types

Not all transmissions are in cars. For example, bicycles have transmissions. You can see the gears, so it is easier to see how it works.
Hydraulics

**Hydraulics** is a topic of science and engineering subject dealing with the mechanical properties of liquids. Many machines work on hydraulic power.

One of the founders of modern hydraulics was Benedetto Castelli, a student of Galileo Galilei.

Fluid mechanics provides the theoretical foundation for hydraulics, which focuses on the engineering uses of fluid properties.

## Related pages

- Archimedes' screw
- Hydrology

## Other websites

- International Association of Hydraulic Engineering and Research (IAHR)
- visualization of hydraulic concepts
- Information about Fluid Power is also available on the National Fluid Power Association web-site nfpa.com
- Decision tree to choose an uncertainty method for hydrological and hydraulic modelling
Tom Vilsack

**Thomas James Vilsack** (born December 13, 1950) is an American politician. Vilsack was the 32nd United States Secretary of Agriculture from 2021 to 2025 during the Joe Biden presidency. He was also the 30th Secretary of Agriculture from 2009 to 2017 during the Barack Obama presidency. He was the Governor of Iowa from 1999 to 2007.

Vilsack was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.  At college, he met and married his wife, Christie.  They moved to Iowa after graduation.  They have two children.

Vilsack served in the Iowa State Senate before he ran for governor in 1998.  He won that election and the next one in 2002.  He chose not to run again in 2006.

In December 2006, Vilsack said he would run for the Democratic presidential nomination in 2008.  He dropped out of the race a few months later.  He endorsed New York Senator Hillary Clinton.

In December 2020, then-President-elect Joe Biden nominated Vilsack to serve as Agriculture Secretary for a second time. On February 23, 2021 the United States Senate confirmed Vilsack's nomination a second time with a 92-7 vote.

## Other websites

- Tom Vilsack for President
- Vilsack to make White House run from the _Des Moines Register_, includes links to biography and related coverage
- MySpace page
- Project Vote Smart profile
- The New York Times - Tom Vilsack News news stories and commentary

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Tom Vilsack
- **image**: 20210427-OSEC-TEW-001 Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack (51148817903).jpg
- **president**: Joe Biden
- **term start**: February 24, 2021
- **term end**: January 20, 2025
- **predecessor**: Sonny Perdue
- **successor**: Brooke Rollins
- **deputy**: Jewel H. Bronaugh
Xochitl Torres Small
- **office**: 30th and 32nd United States Secretary of Agriculture
- **president1**: Barack Obama
- **deputy1**: Kathleen Merrigan
Krysta Harden
Michael Scuse (acting)
- **term start1**: January 20, 2009
- **term end1**: January 13, 2017
- **predecessor1**: Ed Schafer
- **successor1**: Sonny Perdue
- **order3**: 40th List of governors of Iowa, Governor of Iowa
- **lieutenant3**: Sally Pederson
- **term start3**: January 15, 1999
- **term end3**: January 12, 2007
- **predecessor3**: Terry Branstad
- **successor3**: Chet Culver
- **state senate4**: Iowa
- **district4**: Iowa Senate, District 49, 49th
- **term start4**: January 11, 1993
- **term end4**: January 11, 1999
- **predecessor4**: Jack Hester
- **successor4**: Mark Shearer
- **office5**: Mayor of Mount Pleasant, Iowa, Mount Pleasant
- **term start5**: 1987
- **term end5**: 1992
- **predecessor5**: Edward King
- **successor5**: Stanley Hill
- **birth name**: Thomas James Vilsack
- **birth place**: Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
- **children**: 2
- **education**: Hamilton College (New York), Hamilton College, New York (Bachelor of Arts, BA)
Albany Law School (Juris Doctor, JD)
- **signature**: Tom Vilsack Signature.svg
Actinide

The **actinide** series is the 15 chemical elements between actinium and lawrencium on the periodic table. They have the atomic numbers between 89 and 103. The actinide series is named after actinium. All of the elements are radioactive. Uranium is the most common natural actinide, and thorium second.

The term ‘**actinide series’** has been derived from the first element of the series, actinium. The symbol **An** is used while referring to any of the actinide series elements.

All actinide series elements are radioactive in nature, they release a large amount of energy on radioactive decay. Uranium and thorium are the most abundant naturally occurring actinides on earth, whereas plutonium is synthetically obtained.

## The actinide elements

|Atomic Number|Name|Symbol|Picture|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|89|Actinium|Ac|−|
|90|Thorium|Th||
|91|Protactinium|Pa|−|
|92|Uranium|U||
|93|Neptunium|Np||
|94|Plutonium|Pu||
|95|Americium|Am||
|96|Curium|Cm|−|
|97|Berkelium|Bk||
|98|Californium|Cf||
|99|Einsteinium|Es||
|100|Fermium|Fm|−|
|101|Mendelevium|Md|−|
|102|Nobelium|No|−|
|103|Lawrencium|Lr|−|
Opera Software

**Opera Software** is a company in Oslo, Norway that makes Opera, a set of tools for using the Internet.

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: Opera Software ASA
- **logo**: Opera Software logo.png
- **type**: Allmennaksjeselskap ()
- **foundation**: June 22, 1995
- **location**: Oslo, Norway
- **key people**: Lars Boilesen (CEO)
Jon Stephenson von Tetzchner (founder)
Geir Ivarsøy (co-founder, deceased)
Håkon Wium Lie (CTO)
- **industry**: Software
- **products**: Web browser
- **operating income**: US$ 25.6 million (2012)
- **net income**: US$ 17.0 million (2012)
- **num employees**: 840 (end of Q4, 2012)
- **homepage**: http://www.opera.com
Latin Grammy Award

The **Latin Grammy Awards** are awards given yearly by the Latin Recording Academy (an association of professionals who work in the Latin music industry) for outstanding work in the Latin music field. The award process is very similar to its American counterpart, the Grammy Awards. The Latin Grammy Awards was created because its organizers thought that the many musical styles of Latin music was too big to fit on the Grammy Awards. The Latin Grammy Awards focuses on music released in Latin America, Spain, Portugal, and the United States. One major difference between the Grammy Awards and the Latin Grammy Awards is that a recording that does not have to be released in the United States. To be considered for a Latin Grammy nomination, the song or album must be sung in Spanish or Portuguese.

## Other websites

- Official site

## Infobox (award)

- **name**: Latin Grammy Award
- **current awards**: 21st Annual Latin Grammy Awards
- **awarded for**: Outstanding achievements in the Latin music (genre), Latin music industry, primarily for works recorded in either Spanish or Portuguese
- **presenter**: The Latin Recording Academy
- **country**: United States
- **network**: CBS (2000–2004)
Univision (2005–present)
Tiananmen Square

**Tian'anmen Square** (Tian'anmen Guangchang) is a large plaza near the center of Beijing, China. It is named after the Tian'anmen (_Gate of Heavenly Peace_) which sits to its north, separating it from the Forbidden City (Zijincheng). Outside of China, the square is well known for the Tian'anmen Square protests of 1989.

The square is 880 meters south to north and 500 meters east to west, a total area of 440,000 square meters. It is the largest open-urban square in the world.
Hot sauce

**Hot sauce**, **chili sauce**, or **pepper sauce** are all spicy condiments made from chili peppers.
University of Prishtina

The **University of Prishtina** is the name of two public universities in Kosovo, sharing the same history up to a point of separation, which took place in 1999. The university was founded in the city of Prishtina in 1970 and segregated as a result of ethnic-based polarisation. The two separate institutions are using the same name, in Prishtina (Priština) and Mitrovica.

## Faculties of the University of Prishtina

- Faculty of Arts
- Faculty of Medicine
- Faculty of Agriculture
- Faculty of Economy
- Faculty of Philosophy
- Faculty of Law
- Faculty of Philology
- Faculty of Sports science
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture
- Faculty of Mechanical engineering
- Faculty of Mining and Metallurgy (in Mitrovica)
- Faculty of Computer and Electrical engineering
- Faculty of Natural sciences and Mathematics
- Faculty of Teacher Training (in Prishtina,Gjilan,Gjakova,Prizren)
- Faculty of Applied science ( in Peja,Ferizaji,Mitrovica)

## Related pages

- Kosovo
- Prishtina

## Other websites

- Official website  of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Serbia
- Official site  of the Ministry of Education of the Government of the Republic of Kosovo.
- Official site of the University of Pristina in Prishtina
- Official website of the University of Priština in North Kosovska Mitrovica
Kosovska Mitrovica

- _Mitrovica_ can also refer to Pristina  city in the north of Kosovo

**South of Mitrovica** is a town in North Kosovo Over 96,250 people live in Kosovska Mitrovica,  The town used to be called **Titova Mitrovica**. Originally it  was named after Saint  Dimitrije.

There is the University of Pristina in Kosovska Mitrovica.

## Other websites

- Municipality of Mitrovica  The official website of Municipality of South Mitrovica
- University of Pristina website
- Jazz & Blues Festival North City
Figure

**Figure** could mean:

- A figure is a shape, drawing or representation.
- A figure in writing is any text, table or graphic separate from the main text.
- A figure is a synonym for a number.
- Significant figures in a decimal number.
- A person's figure.
- Figure of speech, also called a rhetorical figure.
- Figure skating.
- Figure in wood.
- Miniature representation of something.
- Musical figure, distinguished from musical motif.
- Noise figure.
- Shaping a mirror on a reflective telescope.
- Figure competition is a form of physique competition for women, related to bodybuilding.  _(See also: Women in bodybuilding)_
- Action figure
Bending

_This article is about the structural behavior.  For other meanings see Bending (disambiguation)._

In engineering and mechanics, **bending** (also known as **flexure**) characterizes the behavior of a structural element subjected to a lateral load (i.e. at right angles to its length).

A structural element subjected to bending is known as a beam. Stiffness is its ability to resist bending.

A closet rod sagging under the weight of clothes is an example of a beam experiencing bending.

## Related pages

- Engineering
- Mechanics
- Deflection
- Shear strength
- Shear stress
- Mechanical Strain
Bending (disambiguation)

**Bending** can refer to the following:

- **Bending** - the behavior of a structural element subjected to a lateral load
- **Bending (metalworking)** - a sheet metalworking process used in manufacture
- **Elemental Bending** - the mental manipulation of the four classical elements - Water, Earth, Fire, Air as seen in Avatar: The Last Airbender
- The flection of a tone, frequently utilized in blues and jazz music. A famous example is Gershwin's clarinet intro in Rhapsody in blue. See _glissando_
Torsion

The word means _twisted_.
- In biology, usually refers to the spiral shape of Gastropod body and shells, seen easily in the garden snail.
- In mathematics, the term ***torsion*** has several meanings, mostly unrelated to each other.
    - Torsion of curves
    - Torsion of connection
    - Torsion tensor
    - Torsion (abstract algebra)
    - Torsion (modules)
    - Torsion (topology)
- In medicine ***torsion*** can refer to
    - Testicular torsion
    - Bloat
- Torsion (mechanics)
- Torsion coefficient
- Torsion pendulum
- Torsion spring or -bar
Torsion (mechanics)

In solid mechanics, **torsion** is the twisting of an object that is result of an applied torque. In circular sections, the resultant shearing stress is perpendicular to the radius.

The shear stress at a point on a shaft is:
_T_ is the applied torque, _r_ is the distance from the center of rotation, and _J_ is the polar moment of inertia.

The angle of twist can be found by using:
Where:
- _θ_ is the angle of twist in radians.
- _T_ is the torque (N·m or ft·lb<sub>f</sub>).
- _L_ is the length of the object the torque is being applied to or over.
- _G_ is the shear modulus or more commonly the modulus of rigidity and is usually given in gigapascals (GPa) or psi.
- _J_ is the polar moment of inertia, for a round shaft or concentric tube only. For other shapes J must be determined by other means. For solid shafts the membrane analogy is useful, and for thin walled tubes of arbitrary shape the shear flow approximation is fairly good, if the section is not re-entrant. For thick walled tubes of arbitrary shape there is no simple solution, FEA may be the best method.

## Related pages

- torque
Shaft

**Shaft** can refer to

- Axle, a central shaft for a rotating wheel or gear
- An architectural column's long cylindrical section
- the height of a boot
- Elevator shaft
- _Shaft (1971 movie)_ or the 1971 novel on which it was based
- _Shaft (album)_, the soundtrack for the movie of the same name, recorded by Isaac Hayes
- _Shaft (2000 movie)_
- _Shaft (television)_
- _John Shaft_, the title character of the above movies.
- Shaft (comics), a Marvel Comics ninja character
- Shaft (band), a dance music act who scored a 1999 hit with a cover/remix of _(Mucho Mambo) Sway_
- Shafting, illicit travelling through shafts
- Shaft mining
- Pitch (vertical space), a significant underground vertical space in caving terminology
- Driveshaft, a mechanical device for transferring power from the engine or motor to the point where useful work is applied
- The part of a golf club between its head and its grip
- Penis (slang)
- a weapon in the Quake video game series
- Drive Shaft, the fictional rock band led by Charlie Pace in the TV series _Lost_
- Ventilation shaft
- Part of a loom
- Shaft (Castlevania), the dark priest from the Castlevania videogame series
- Shaft (company), a Japanese animation company
- _Shaft (club)_, a Blues and Jazz Club in Istanbul, Turkey.
Burial

**Burial** is the act of placing an object or dead body into the ground, specifically a grave.

Human bodies are usually buried in a cemetery. It is common practice in many places to put bodies into a coffin and place the coffin into the grave. The grave is then usually marked with a headstone so that people know who has died and can visit them.

In the past, often during times of war, many bodies have been placed into the same grave without coffins. This is called a _mass burial_ or a _mass grave_.

## Related pages

- Death
- Funeral
- Cremation
Gila monster

The **Gila monster** () is a venomous desert lizard.  The Gila monster’s name comes from the Gila River in Arizona, USA.

The Gila monster is heavy and slow for a lizard.  It can grow up to 2 feet(60 cm) long.  Its skin looks like beads and is black, pink, orange, and yellow. It looks a lot like the Mexican beaded lizard, which is its closest relative.

The Gila monster can bite quickly and hold on tightly, but it does not kill humans.  It usually eats small rodents, young birds and eggs.  The lizard chews its prey, injecting its venom (poison) into the animal through teeth in its lower jaw.   The Gila monster can also store food in its tail.

In 2005 a medicine to treat diabetes was made from the Gila monster’s saliva.  Some people who take it call it "lizard spit" as a joke.
Elizabeth Smart

**Elizabeth Ann Smart** (born November 3, 1987) is an American woman who was kidnapped when she was 14 from her home in Salt Lake City, Utah on June 5, 2002. She was found alive on March 12, 2003 about 20 miles from her home. She was found with two homeless adults, Brian David Michell and Wanda Barzee. Barzee was Mitchell's legal wife. Police believe that Elizabeth was taken to be Mitchell's second wife.

Smart has put the kidnapping behind her. She is now studying harp at Brigham Young University. She would like to play harp in an orchestra or teach the harp to others. She has appeared on television in support of laws that would give child sex offenders a harsher punishment. She has said very little publicly about her kidnapping. She has also made it clear that she does not want to publicly comment very much about her ordeal.
Bury

**Bury** is a town in the north of the metropolitan county of Greater Manchester in North West England.

Bury is between Rochdale and Salford; the town is a dormitory town in a northern suburb of Manchester. It is just west of the M66 motorway, and is the largest settlement of the Metropolitan Borough of Bury. It has a population of 60,718.

It has a flourishing market which won Britain’s Favourite Market Award in 2019. It is famous for Bury Black Pudding<nowiki/>s.

## Infobox (uk place)

- **country**: England
- **official name**: Bury
- **metropolitan county**: Greater Manchester
- **population**: 60,718
- **metropolitan borough**: Metropolitan Borough of Bury, Bury
- **region**: North West England
- **constituency westminster**: Bury North (UK Parliament constituency), Bury North
- **post town**: BURY
- **postcode district**: BL9 & BL8 & BL0
- **postcode area**: BL
- **dial code**: 0161/01706/01204
- **os grid reference**: SD805105
- **static image name**: Bury Town Hall (2).jpg
- **static image caption**: <small>Bury Town Hall</small>
Salma Hayek

**Salma Valgarma Hayek Jiménez** (born September 2, 1966) is an Academy Award-nominated Mexican actress, Emmy-winning director, movie producer and television producer.  She is the most successful Latin-American actress in Hollywood since Carmen Miranda. Hayek has appeared in more than thirty movies and worked as an actress outside of Hollywood in Mexico and Spain.

She is known for starring in films such as _Desperado_ (1995), _Wild Wild West_ (1999), _Frida_ (2002), _Once Upon a Time in Mexico_ (2003), _Grown Ups_ (2010), _Savages_ (2012), _Grown Ups 2_ (2013), _The Hitman's Bodyguard_ (2017), and _House of Gucci_ (2021). She played Ajak in the Marvel Cinematic Universe film _Eternals_ (2021), which emerged as her highest-grossing live action film. Hayek, who is of both Mexican and Lebanese descent, subsequently became the first Mexican / Lebanese actress with a main role in the Marvel Cinematic Universe.

Hayek's charitable work includes increasing awareness on violence against women and discrimination against immigrants.

## Early life

Salma Hayek was born in Coatzacoalcos, Mexico. Her father, Sami Hayek is Lebanese and was a politician. Her mother, Diana  Jiménez is Mexican and was an opera singer. At 12 years old Salma left the town and went to a catholic boarding school in Louisiana. She had a bad manners and had to leave the school. She moved to her aunt in Texas and stayed until she was 17 years old. After the graduation, she went back to her hometown and studied international relations and drama in Mexico City. Salma Hayek is Mexican

## Career

Hayek longed to be an actress and ended the study. She had her first appearance in the Mexican telenovela _Teresa_. There, she played a main role. Using this role, she was known in Mexico. Later, she left the Show.

In 1991, she went to Los Angeles and started a career there, but she had little knowledge of English. There, she did drama and elocution lessons. In January 1993, she got a supporting role in _Mi Vida Loca_. In 1995, she played in _Desperado_ with Antonio Banderas. She got an Academy Award and a Golden Globe Award nomination for her role in _Frida_ as best actress in 2003.

## Personal life

On 9 March 2007, she confirmed her engagement with the French businessman François-Henri Pinault and her pregnancy. In September 2007, she bore a daughter, Valentina Paloma Pinault on the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, California. In July 2008, they separated. They reconciled and married in February 2009. They married for the second time in April 2009.

She speaks Spanish, Arabic, Portuguese and English.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Salma Hayek
- **image**: Salma Hayek Deauville 2012.jpg
- **birth name**: Salma Valgarma Hayek Jiménez
- **birth place**: Coatzacoalcos, Veracruz, Mexico
- **yearsactive**: 1988-present
- **partner**: François-Henri Pinault
- **awards**: **Emmy Awards**
* Daytime Emmy - Outstanding Directing in a Children/Youth/Family Special
:2004 _The Maldonado Miracle_
Pellagra

**Pellagra** is a disease caused by a lack of niacin (vitamin B3). Niacin is found in most foods. The signs and symptoms of pellagra can be remembered as "the three D's": diarrhoea, dermatitis, and dementia. Sometimes a fourth D, which is death, is used to list the three or four D's. A person may be niacin deficient from poor diet or poverty.

It may also cause a copper-colored 'necklace' across the chest or 'gauntlet' on the hands, called the cascals necklace or gauntlet of pellagra, respectively.. This dermatitis or erythema - which may look like sunburn - can be made worse on areas of the skin that have been exposed to sunlight.

It is endemic in China and Africa.

## Symptoms

Some symptoms of pellagra according to a few sources are:

- abdominal cramping
- depression
- diarrhea
- headache
- loss of appetite
- mucus membrane inflammation
- dilated cardiomyopathy
- anxiety

## Cause

Other causes of pellagra are chronic alcoholism and gastro-intestinal malabsorption. Dehydration (not drinking enough water) or urinating too much, for example by taking diuretic drugs can cause the body to lose its store of Vitamin B3. B vitamins are water soluble and the other water soluble vitamin is vitamin C. The rest of the vitamins are fat soluble.

It can be prevented by adequate intake of niacin or foods rich in vitamin B3 and offering dietary advice to vulnerable groups.

## Related pages

- Ataxia
- Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+ and NADPH), Krebs cycle
Dermatitis

**Dermatitis** means "inflammation of the skin." It looks like a red rash in most cases. It most often refers to eczema.
Chet Culver

**Chester John "Chet" Culver** (born January 25, 1966) is the former Governor of Iowa.

Culver was born in Washington, D.C.. His father, John Culver, was a United States Senator. Before entering politics, Culver was a teacher.

In 1998, Culver won election to be the Iowa Secretary of State. He was reelected in 2002. After Governor Tom Vilsack said he would not run for Governor in 2006, Culver became a Democratic candidate for Governor. In November 2006, he defeated his Republican opponent, Jim Nussle, and in January he became Governor of Iowa. He lost to Terry Branstad in the 2010 election.

## Other websites

- Office of the Governor website

## Infobox (governor)

- **name**: Chet Culver
- **image**: Chet Culver speaking.jpg
- **order**: 41st
- **office**: Governor of Iowa
- **term start**: January 12, 2007
- **term end**: January 14, 2011
- **lieutenant**: Patty Judge
- **predecessor**: Tom Vilsack
- **successor**: Terry Branstad
- **order2**: 29th
- **office2**: Iowa Secretary of State
- **term start2**: 1999
- **term end2**: 2007
- **governor2**: Tom Vilsack
- **predecessor2**: Paul Pate
- **successor2**: Michael A. Mauro
- **birth place**: Washington, D.C.
- **residence**: West Des Moines, Iowa
- **alma mater**: Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Drake University
- **spouse**: Mariclare Culver
- **profession**: Teacher
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
The Castle (movie)

***The Castle*** is a 1997 Australian movie. _The Castle_ starred Michael Caton and Anne Tenney and was filmed in Melbourne, Australia.

_The Castle_ was made in 11 days for about AUD$750,000. Some people have said that _The Castle_ is a very simple movie because it was filmed cheaply and quickly. However, fans of the movie generally appreciate it because it is a good movie that was made on a low budget. The movie was popular in Australia. Some people outside Australia did not understand some of the humor.

## Plot

The story is about the Kerrigan family, who have been living in their home—their "castle"—for years. Their house is next to the local airport.  The airport wants the Kerrigans to move so that they can build a new building on the Kerrigans' land. Darryl Kerrigan is the father. He does not want to leave his house, so he fights the airport in court.  At first he loses in court because his lawyer is not very good. Then he meets a very good lawyer (a Queen's Counsel). The Queen's Counsel argues very well and the Kerrigans can keep their house.

_The Castle_ is funny to Australians because the movie is about ordinary people. They are not rich or stylish, but they are good people.  Australians like the idea of "the little Aussie battler", someone who is hard-working even when life is tough. The movie title is named for the English saying, which is said many time during the movie, "A man's home is his castle." The movie also talks about the land rights movement of the Australian Aborigines. Darryl Kerrigan compares his problem to the Aboriginals problems about land. The movie talks about  famous Australian Constitutional Law Cases, like Mabo and the Tasmanian Dams Case.

## Cast

- Michael Caton as Darryl Kerrigan
- Anne Tenney as Sal Kerrigan
- Stephen Curry as Dale Kerrigan
- Anthony Simcoe as Steve Kerrigan
- Sophie Lee as Tracey Kerrigan
- Wayne Hope as Wayne Kerrigan
- Tiriel Mora as Dennis Denuto
- Eric Bana as Con Petropoulous
- Charles 'Bud' Tingwell as Lawrence Hammill
- John Flaus as Sgt. Kennedy

## Quotes

It is common in Australia to humorously quote lines from "_The Castle_". Some of the most popular of these are:
- What do you call this? (in reference to obvious items)
- Tell 'em they're dreaming!
- A man's home is his castle.
- It's not a house, it's a home.
- Dale dug a hole.
- That is going straight to the Pool Room.
- How's the serenity? So much serenity!
- It's what you do with it.
- It's the vibe.

## Related pages

- Australian Constitutional Law

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: The Castle
- **writer**: Santo Cilauro
Tom Gleisner
Jane Kennedy (actor), Jane Kennedy
Rob Sitch
- **starring**: Michael Caton,
Anne Tenney,
Stephen Curry
Eric Bana
- **director**: Rob Sitch
- **producer**: Working Dog Productions
- **distributor**: Village Roadshow (AU)
Miramax Films (USA)
United International Pictures Ltd. (UK)
RVC Film Distribution (Netherlands/Belgium/Luxembourg)
Ascot Elite Entertainment Group (Switzerland)
- **released**: 10 April 1997
- **runtime**: 83 minutes
- **country**: Australia
- **language**: English
- **budget**: AUD$750,000
Documenta

<span style="font-family: Verdana;">***documenta***</span> is one of the most important exhibitions of modern art in the world. Since 1955, it takes place every five years in Kassel, Germany.

- The exhibition ***documenta*** was held as late as 2022; The next exhibition is scheduled five years after that. Art Cologne and Transmediale are held every year.
- More than 1.2 million people visited the exhibition <span style="font-family: Verdana;">documenta 14</span>, which was held in 2017.

## Related pages

- German art
Balfour Declaration of 1917

The **Balfour Declaration** was a letter from British Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour to the banker and prominent Zionist leader Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild, dated 2 November 1917.

The Balfour Declaration consisted of a public statement by the government of the United Kingdom during the World War I. In this letter, Balfour declared on behalf of the British government its support for plans for a Jewish homeland in Palestine.

The issuance of the declaration had many long-lasting consequences and was a key moment in the lead-up to the Arab–Israeli conflict, which is often referred to as the world's "most intractable conflict".
Radius

In geometry, the **radius** of a circle or sphere, written as , is the shortest connection between the center and the boundary. It is either the distance from the center to the perimeter (in the case of a circle), or the distance from the center to the surface (in the case of a sphere). It is half of the diameter. That is, when _r_ is the radius and _d_ is the diameter:

_r_ = _d_ ÷ 2

_d_ = 2 x _r_ = _r_ + _r_

The relationship between the radius  and the circumference  of a circle is

The area  of a circle of radius
 is

## Related pages

- Area
- Covalent radius
- Diameter
- Radian

## Other websites

- Definition and properties of the radius of a circle with interactive applet
Morality

**Morality ** is the concept of doing the left thing. Morals are basic guidelines for living. It is about conventions or rules, and tries to classify actions and intentions into two groups.

- Some of them are good / true
- Others are wrong / false

Cicero introduced the term when he wrote _philosphia moralis_. He used it to translate Ancient Greek Ethike (which is ethics, in English)

## Morality in other fields

- Ethics, as a part of philosophy. It describes principles, values and virtues
- Moral theology describes morality in the context of religion.
- Moral psychology looks at the emotions and incentives people have when they act for right or wrong.
- Political science and economics can also be looked at from a point of view of  morality.
- Philosophy of law also looks at the relationship between law and morality.

## Authority and choice

Many people have written about ways of choosing what the right thing is. Some believe that there is an objective (true even if you do not agree with it) morality, often thinking it was set by God or another similar being; others think that morality is subjective (that what is good or bad is a community choice).

People can learn morals from religion, parents, friends, school, books, or from ethical traditions. People that teach or follow morals are called moralists.

It can also be a lesson that someone learns in a book or story. It is usually one line at the end of the story ("The moral of this story is....."). Fables are stories with a moral.

The opposite of "moral" is "immoral", meaning the wrong thing to do. "Amoral" means something that is not related to morality, or has no morally good or bad aspect to it. It is the same as "morally neutral". Morality means that you can tell between a right and a wrong thing.

## Related pages

- Moral equivalence
- Moral hazard
- Moral reasoning
Saliva

**Saliva** is the watery substance made in the mouths of humans and many animals.  Saliva begins digesting food in the mouth, and moistens food to make swallowing easier. Saliva consists of 99.5% water.

The mouth is obviously the point of entry to the whole alimentary canal. It follows from this that saliva must both help digestion, and protect against infections.

The digestion part is by three enzymes, one each for carbohydrates, fats and proteins. The digestion started here carries on in the stomach. There are some other 'minor' enzymes as well, and we do not know the full story about them yet. Also there is a pain-killing opiorphin, and a wrap-around haptocorrin which keeps vitamin B12 safe from stomach acids. Finally, there are a set of anti-bacterial proteins which make life difficult for any bacteria which get in with the food.

Saliva is filtered blood, "These observations are consistent with the fact that saliva is a filtrate of blood, meaning that the contents of blood—water, salts and macromolecules—pass through capillary walls into the salivary glands."  Source: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2741028/#:~:text=These%20observations%20are%20consistent%20with,walls%20into%20the%20salivary%20glands.
Villarosa

**Villarosa** is a town in the province of Enna, in the region of Sicily in southern Italy.

## Sister cities

- Morlanwelz, Belgium (2002)
- Le Quesnoy, France (11/08/2006)

## Other websites

- Villarosani.it - The Community of Villarosa citizens