juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Forth Rail Bridge

- _For the nearby road bridge, see Forth Road Bridge._

The **Forth Rail Bridge** is more correctly called the **Forth Bridge**, but the title is to distinguish it from the nearby Forth Road Bridge). It is a railway bridge across the Firth of Forth (part of the River Forth) in Scotland.

The bridge is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

## History

Built in 1890, it is a cantilever bridge design, with three major sections, each about  long, connecting to each other. The bridge is  long, and is  above the water. It carries about 190-200 trains every day.

More than 55,000 tons of steel were used, as well as 18,122 m³ of granite and over eight million rivets. The bridge has a speed limit of 50 mph (80 km/h) for passenger trains and 20 mph (32 km/h) for freight trains. The weight limit for any train on the bridge is 1,422 tonnes (1,442,000 kg). Approximately 4,600 workers were employed in construction of the bridge.

## Related pages

- List of World Heritage Sites of the United Kingdom

## Other websites

- Forth Rail Bridge
New River

The **New River** is a north-flowing river that flows from Mexico into southern California.
The New River flows north 15 miles (25 km) through Mexico and another 66 miles (100 km) through California into the Salton Sea, the largest lake in California. It is one of the most polluted rivers in the United States.
Gravitational wave

**Gravitational waves** are ripples in spacetime which are created whenever objects with mass move. They were predicted by Albert Einstein in 1916 on the basis of his theory of general relativity. They were first directly detected on 14 September 2015.

To make gravity waves strong enough to be detected, something very massive must accelerate very fast. Sources of detectable gravitational waves include binary star systems composed of white dwarfs, neutron stars, or black holes.

## Gravity and relativity

In physics, gravitational waves are ripples in the curvature of spacetime that travel outward from the source. Albert Einstein predicted them in 1916 on the basis of his theory of general relativity. In theory, gravitational waves transport energy as **gravitational radiation**.

In general relativity, gravitational waves cannot travel faster than the speed of light. They do not exist in the Newtonian theory of gravitation, in which physical interactions propagate at infinite speed. However, the detection of gravitational waves proves the last prediction of Einstein’s general theory of relativity.

In 1993, the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded for measurements of the Hulse-Taylor binary star system that suggests gravitational waves are more than mathematical anomalies.

## First detection

The first detection of gravitational waves was on September 14 2015. The waves were detected by LIGO and were caused by the merging of two black holes.

## Collision of neutron stars

Gravitational waves have been detected from the collision and merging of two neutron stars. The first detection was on 17 August 2017 by a team in Pasadena, California.

The project is run by the LIGO Laboratory at Caltech. The detector is in the huge Livingston woodland in Louisiana. The detector is two and a half miles (~4 km) long completely straight pipelines at right angles. Inside each pipe is a laser which measures any change in length. Once the gravity wave event was detected, telescopes searched for visual images of the cause. The VISTA telescope in Chile got the image.

The merging happened in a galaxy called NGC 4993. This is about 40 mega parsecs or 130 mega light years away in the direction of the Constellation Hydra. By comparison, the nearby Andromeda Galaxy is only 2.5 million light years from Earth.

- "It happened 130 million years ago - when dinosaurs roamed the Earth. It was so far away that the light and gravitational waves have only just reached us".

Such events, as well as supernovae, are the sources of heavier elements such as gold and platinum.
Silver Street railway station

**Silver Street** is in Sterling Way, Edmonton in North London, close to Fore Street.

## Neighbours

The next station towards Enfield Town and Cheshunt is Edmonton Green and the next towards London is White Hart Lane (for match days). The next southbound station tells up to serve additional services to and from Enfield Town during matchdays. Silver Street offers and bring train services to Liverpool Street station in City of London.

## Infobox (london station)

- **name**: Silver Street
- **image name**: Silver Street railway station 1.jpg
- **railcode**: SLV
- **symbol**: overground
- **manager**: London Overground
- **fare zone**: 4
- **locale**: Edmonton, London, Edmonton
- **borough**: London Borough of Enfield
- **platforms**: 2
- **railexits1314**: 0.815
- **railexits1415**: 0.888
- **railexits1516**: 1.390
- **railexits1617**: 1.581
- **dft category**: D
- **original**: Great Eastern Railway
- **pregroup**: Great Eastern Railway
- **postgroup**: London and North Eastern Railway
- **events1**: Station opened
Rock dove

The **rock dove** (_Columba livia_, also occasionally known as **rock pigeon,** **common pigeon** or just the **Pigeon**) is a member of the bird family Columbidae. Rock doves are now rare in the wild, only found on remote islands and rocky cliffs in the far west and south of Europe east to central Asia. Domesticated birds which have become feral, most often called **feral pigeons** or simply **pigeons**, can however be found in cities, towns and villages all over the world, picking up dropped food in streets and parks, and begging food from people. Domesticated pigeons are also kept as poultry for food, and as homing pigeons, for the sport of pigeon racing.

The wild rock dove is very distinct, with a light grey back and body with two black stripes on its wings, and a dark blue-grey head with shiny feathers on the side of the neck which reflect green and purple light. Domesticated birds are much more variable, with a wide range of colours, including white, pink, and brown not seen in wild birds.

## Relationship to humans

Rock doves have been domesticated for several thousand years, giving rise to the domestic pigeon (_Columba livia domestica_). They have been domesticated as long as 5,000 years ago. There are many breeds of pigeons, with many sizes and colours. Domesticated pigeons are used as homing pigeons as well as food and pets. They were in the past also used as carrier pigeons.

## Feral Pigeons

Many domestic birds have got lost, escaped or been released over the years and have been made feral pigeons. These show a variety of colour and size, but many have the same pattern as does the rock dove. Feral pigeons are found in cities and towns all over the world. The rareness of the wild species is somewhat due to breeding with feral birds.
Twelfth Night

***Twelfth Night, Or What You Will*** is a play written by William Shakespeare. It is a romantic comedy.

## Plot

Orsino, the Duke of lllyria, is in love with the Countess Olivia. She has not dated any men for seven years because of the death of her brother, so she turns him down. Meanwhile,  Viola was shipwrecked in Illyria but she has been rescued by a captain. She has lost her twin brother, Sebastian. She dresses herself as a boy and uses the name Cesario, so she can get work as a page for Orsino. As Orsino's page, Viola is sent to Olivia with love letters. Viola finds out, to her dismay, that Olivia has fallen for her (as a boy) rather than Duke Orsino.  Also, Viola has already fallen in love with the Duke.

Sebastian (Viola's twin, thought to be dead) comes ashore in Illyria. He thinks Viola has drowned in the shipwreck. A man named Antonio has rescued him from the surf; at some risk to himself, because Antonio fought against the Duke at one time. Meanwhile, in Olivia's house, Sir Toby Belch (her cousin) has tricked Sir Andrew Aguecheek into supporting him, by convincing him that he could be a suitor for Olivia. So with the help of Maria, Olivia's maid, and Feste, a clown, Belch plots to make a fool of the steward. Maria writes a love letter to Malvolio that will make him think Olivia has fallen for him. Malvolio falls for the joke and dresses crazily as the letter says to. Not knowing it is a joke, the Countess is horrified and has Malvolio locked away as a madman.

Belch tries to get Sir Andrew to fight a duel with Viola's "Cesario" character as she leaves but Olivia has a crush on Cesario. Viola and Sir Andrew prepare for a duel that neither one wants. Antonio intervenes to defend Cesario, because he thinks he is his friend Sebastian, and is arrested for piracy against Orsino. Olivia has become engaged to Sebastian. Viola still does not recognize Antonio. Later, Belch and Sir Andrew talk to Sebastian, who does not back down from Aguecheek when challenged and beats him in the duel. Meanwhile, Olivia has met and become engaged to Sebastian.

Antonio is brought before the Duke for questioning, and Viola tells all about the duel. Antonio tells everyone how he dragged "this man" from the surf, saving his life. Then Olivia comes in, searching for her new husband, which she thinks is Viola. Adding to this confusion, Belch and Aguecheek enter claiming that Viola/Cesario has violently assaulted them. In the midst of Viola's denials, Sebastian shows up. The brother and sister recognize one another and are reunited. Sebastian helps to explain the confusion over who fought and married who.

In the end, Orsino and Viola are in love. Olivia and Sebastian are happily wed, and Olivia fusses at Belch and Maria for their abuse of Malvolio, who vows to get even. Belch agrees to wed Maria to make up for getting her in trouble. Everyone, except unhappy Malvolio, lives happily ever after. Orsino welcomes Olivia and Sebastian and he now realises he is attracted to Cesario. He promises to marry her as soon as she is dressed as a woman again.
Quokka

The **quokka** (_Setonix brachyurus_) is a small marsupial about the size of a large cat. Like other animals in the macropod family, such as kangaroos and wallabies, the quokka  eats grass and small plants, and is mainly nocturnal. It lives on some small islands off the coast of Western Australia, mainly on Rottnest Island near Perth, and Bald Island near Albany. A small number live on the main land in the protected area of Two Peoples Bay, which they share with Gilbert's Potoroo. The quokka is the only member of the genus _Setonix_.

https://www.animal-glossary.com/quokka.shtml

## Description

The quokka weighs between  and . It is around  long with a  tail. This is short for a macropod. It has a solid build, rounded ears, and a short, broad head. It looks like a very small, fat kangaroo, but it can climb small trees and shrubs. It has rough fur which is a brown colour, fading to pale brown underneath. The quokka eats a small amount of its waste products.
It is about the size of a domestic cat.

## Behaviour

The quokka is a social animal and lives in large groups. They eat grass, sedges, succulents and leaves. They can become very sick if fed with things like bread, given to them by visitors to Rottnest Island. Visitors are now told not to feed them. Quokkas breed at any time on the mainland, but usually in late summer on Rottnest. The female quokka has two babies (called _joeys_) in a year.

The quokka moves in the same way as a kangaroo, using both small and large hops.

## Quokkas and people

Quokkas are not scared of people, so you are able to get quite close to them, particularly on Rottnest Island. It is against the law on Rottnest Island to handle or touch the animals in any way. A$100 fine can be given by the Rottnest Island Authority for picking up a quokka. People can even be taken to court and get a fine of up to $1000. These fines have been used in some unusual cases where quokka have been hurt or killed by visitors to Rottnest.

## Status

There are a lot of quokkas living on the small offshore islands, because this is only a small area they are listed as vulnerable. On the mainland, they are attacked by dingoes, as well as introduced animals like foxes, dogs and cats. They also need thick ground cover for shelter. Farming has cleared much of the land which is another reason the species is threatened.

## European discovery

The quokka was one of the first Australian mammals seen by Europeans. The Dutch sailor, Samuel Volckertzoon wrote about seeing a "a wild cat" on Rottnest Island in 1658. In 1696, Willem de Vlamingh thought they were rats and named the island "Rottenest", Dutch for "rat nest".

## Name

The word _quokka_ comes from a Nyungar word, which was probably _gwaga_.
Salzburgerland

**Salzburgerland** or **Salzburg** (; ; literally "Salt Fortress"; ), officially _Land Salzburg_, (German: _Land Salzburg_, <small>East Central Austro-Bavarian:</small> _Laund Soizbuerg_) is one of the states of Austria. It has  and about 546,000 inhabitants (2016). Its capital city is Salzburg.

## Politics

The last results  were:

- ÖVP: 11 seats (-3)
- SPÖ: 9 seats (-6)
- GRÜNE: 7 seats (+5)
- FPÖ: 6 seats (+1)
- Team Stronach: 3 seats (+3)

Total 36 seats.

## History

In the Modern Era Salzburg was an independent state.

## Language

Austrian German is the main written language. Austro-Bavarian language is also spoken, especially in the rural areas.

## Administrative divisions

Salzburger Land has six districts, (_Bezirke_ or _Gaue_):

- Pinzgau
- Pongau
- Lungau
- Tennengau
- Flachgau
- Salzburg

## Important cities and towns

Settlements in Salzburgerland with town privileges:

- Salzburg (pop. 148,521)
- Hallein (20,022)
- Saalfelden (16,046)
- Sankt Johann im Pongau (10,740)
- Bischofshofen (10,352)
- Zell am See (9,683)

- Seekirchen (9,945)
- Neumarkt am Wallersee (5,846)
- Oberndorf bei Salzburg (5,600)
- Mittersill (5,443)
- Radstadt (4,864)

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Salzburgerland
- **native name lang**: de
- **settlement type**: States of Austria, State of Austria
- **image flag**: Flag of Salzburg.svg
- **flag size**: 120px
- **image shield**: Salzburg Wappen.svg
- **shield size**: 75px
- **image map**: Salzburg in Austria.svg
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Austria
- **seat type**: Capital
- **seat**: Salzburg
- **leader party**: ÖVP
- **leader title**: Landeshauptmann, Governor
- **leader name**: Wilfried Haslauer jr.
- **area total km2**: 7,156.03
- **population total**: 545742
- **population as of**: 1 January 2016
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone1**: Central European Time, CET
- **utc offset1**: +1
- **timezone1 dst**: Central European Summer Time, CEST
- **utc offset1 dst**: +2
- **blank1 name sec2**: Federal Council of Austria, Votes in Bundesrat
- **blank1 info sec2**: 4 (of 62)
- **blank name sec2**: First level NUTS of the European Union#Austria, NUTS Region
- **blank info sec2**: AT3
- **iso code**: AT-5
- **website**: [http://www.salzburg.gv.at www.salzburg.gv.at]
A Mathematician's Apology

**A Mathematician's Apology** is a book about mathematics which was written in 1940.

## Overview

It was written by a British mathematician called G. H. Hardy (1877—1947).  He used the essay to try to justify spending his life working on mathematics.  It is said he wrote it for two reasons:
1. He was getting old and found it more difficult to work on mathematics.  He spent time writing the essay instead because discovering new mathematical ideas was now too hard for him.
1. He believed that mathematics should be investigated for interest, instead of for making other things like weapons.

## References

- G. H. Hardy, _A Mathematician's Apology_, Cambridge University Press (1940). 153 pages. .
White Hart Lane railway station

**White Hart Lane** station in Tottenham, (London) was originally a station on the Stoke Newington & Edmonton Railway. The station opened on 22 July 1872. It is now operated by London Overground. It is in London Travelcard Zone 3. It is on the Seven Sisters branch of the Lea Valley Lines.

## Matchday services to/from Enfield Town

Additional services to and from Enfield Town will call only during matchdays between 18:00 and 19:30 and also between 21:30 and 23:45; but it does not  call at Cambridge Heath, London Fields and Bethnal Green. It will happen in the events at the nearby Tottenham Hotspur F.C..

## Infobox (london station)

- **name**: White Hart Lane
- **image name**: White_Hart_Lane_railway_station_in_2008.jpg
- **railcode**: WHL
- **manager**: London Overground
- **fare zone**: 3
- **locale**: Tottenham
- **borough**: London Borough of Haringey
- **events1**: Opened
- **years1**: July 1872
- **platforms**: 2
- **symbol**: overground
- **railexits1314**: 0.919
- **railexits1415**: 1.005
- **railexits1516**: 1.473
- **railexits1617**: 1.645
- **dft category**: E
Bruce Grove railway station

**Bruce Grove railway station** in Tottenham was originally a stop on the Stoke Newington & Edmonton Railway. It opened on 22 July 1872 . It is now operated by London Overground.

## Locale

The station is not far from Bruce Castle Museum.

## Other websites

## Infobox (london station)

- **name**: Bruce Grove
- **symbol**: rail
- **image name**: Bruce Grove railway station 1.jpg
- **railcode**: BCV
- **manager**: London Overground
- **fare zone**: 3
- **locale**: Tottenham
- **borough**: London Borough of Haringey, Haringey
- **events1**: Opened
- **years1**: July 1872
- **platforms**: 2
- **railexits0405**: 0.159
- **railexits0506**: 0.153
- **railexits0607**: 0.296
- **railexits0708**: 0.325
- **railexits0809**: 0.340
- **railexits0910**: 0.311
- **railexits1011**: 0.362
Clapham Junction (disambiguation)

**Clapham Junction** may mean:
- Clapham Junction, a railway station in London, England
- Clapham Junction, a prehistoric site on Malta
- Clapham Junction rail crash, a railway disaster which happened near Clapham Junction railway station
- Clapham Junction, a Channel 4 drama film.
Public transport in Enfield

Public transport in the London Borough of Enfield, which is northeast of the centre of London, is a mix of National Rail, London Underground and London Buses services. The group that is responsible for transport here is Transport for London. The local authority is Enfield London Borough Council.

## Railways

The following railway stations are in the borough of Enfield.
|Station||Manager||Category||Fare zone||Coordinates|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Angel Road|Greater Anglia|F|4||||||
|Arnos Grove|London Underground|n/a|4||||||
|Brimsdown|Greater Anglia|E|5||||||
|Bush Hill|Greater Anglia|D|5||||||
|Cockfosters|London Underground|n/a|5||||||
|Crews Hill|First Capital Connect|F|6||||||
|Edmonton Green|Greater Anglia|C|4||||||
|Enfield Chase|First Capital Connect|D|5||||||
|Enfield Lock|Greater Anglia|E|6||||||
|Enfield|Greater Anglia|C|5||||||
|Gordon Hill|First Capital Connect|D|5||||||
|Grange Park|First Capital Connect|E|5||||||
|Hadley Wood|First Capital Connect|E|6||||||
|New Southgate|First Capital Connect|E|4||||||
|Oakwood|London Underground|n/a|5||||||
|Palmers Green|First Capital Connect|C|4||||||
|Ponders End|Greater Anglia|C|5||||||
|Silver Street|Greater Anglia|D|4||||||
|Southbury|Greater Anglia|E|5||||||
|Southgate|London Underground|n/a|4||||||
|Turkey Street|Greater Anglia|E|6||||||
|Winchmore Hill|First Capital Connect|D|4||||||

## Other websites

- North East London Bus Map
Seven Sisters station

**Seven Sisters** station is a London Overground and London Underground Victoria Line station in the Seven Sisters area of the London Borough of Haringey, in north London. A number of Greater Anglia trains also stop here.

The station is in Travelcard Zone 3.

## Background

Seven Sisters station lies between Finsbury Park and Tottenham Hale on the London Underground’s Victoria Line and between Stamford Hill and Bruce Grove on the London Overground **Lea Valley line** from Liverpool Street station.  It is a short walk from South Tottenham station on the London Overground network.

## Transport connections

London buses routes 73, 76, 149, 243, 259, 279, 318, 349 and 476 serve the station.

## Other websites

- Disused stations - closed Palace Gate branch platforms
- London's Transport Museum Photographic Archive
- See How they Run Layout of Seven Sisters station below ground

## Infobox (london station)

- **name**: Seven Sisters
- **image name**: Seven Sisters ground level entrance.JPG
- **caption**: Entrance on Seven Sisters Road to London Overground, National Rail and London Underground
- **symbol**: underground
- **symbol2**: overground
- **symbol3**: rail
- **manager**: London Underground
London Overground
- **fare zone**: 3
- **locale**: Seven Sisters, London, Seven Sisters
- **borough**: London Borough of Haringey
- **years1**: 22 July 1872
- **years2**: 1 January 1878
- **years3**: 7 January 1963
- **years4**: 1 September 1968
- **events1**: Opened (GER)
- **events2**: Opened (Palace Gates Line)
- **events3**: Closed (Palace Gates Line)
- **events4**: Opened (Victoria Line)
- **platforms**: 5
- **railexits1314**: 3.744
- **railexits1415**: 4.438
- **railexits1516**: 7.371
- **railexits1617**: 7.987
- **railcode**: SVS
- **interchange**: South Tottenham railway station, South Tottenham
- **dft category**: D
Paw

A **paw** is the soft foot of a mammal that has claws or nails. A hard foot is called a hoof. Paws are used to pad feet for walking and reduce friction.

## Animals with paws

- Members of the Canidae family, such as dogs and foxes
- Felines, such as cats and tigers
- Bears and Raccoons
- Weasels and other mustelids
- Rodents
Xenu

Scientology teaches that **Xenu** (pronounced  (ZEE-noo)) was the dictator of a galactic confederacy of 76 planets, who was captured and imprisoned on Earth 75 million years ago after bringing billions of his people to Earth, placing them around volcanoes and killing them by using hydrogen bombs. Scientologists believe he is still being kept there these days. Xenu is very important to the beliefs of Scientology because the story of Xenu explains the believed origin of what are known as body thetans from humans. Body thetans are believed to be the essence of Xenu's people that gather around humans and cause them spiritual harm. It is the purpose of auditing within Scientology to remove these thetans from the Scientologist.

The existence of Xenu has been reported by L. Ron Hubbard's writings and by Scientology spokesman Tommy Davis in an interview ABC affiliate KESQ-TV.

## Related pages

- Scientology

## Other websites

- More information about Xenu
- "Who is Xenu?"
Charlotte, Princess Royal

**The Princess Charlotte, Princess Royal** (Charlotte Augusta Matilda; later **Queen Charlotte of Württemberg**; 29 September 1766 – 5 October 1828) was the fourth  child and oldest daughter of George III of the United Kingdom.She married Frederick of Württemberg on 27 May 1798. Charlotte was the godmother of Victoria of the United Kingdom. She died in 1828.

## Ancestors

|rowspan="8" align="center"|**Charlotte, Princess Royal**|rowspan="4" align="center"|**Father:** George III of the United Kingdom|rowspan="2" align="center"|**Paternal Grandfather:** Frederick, Prince of Wales|align="center"|**Paternal Great-grandfather:** George II of Great Britain|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|align="center"|**Paternal Great-grandmother:** Caroline of Ansbach|||||||
|rowspan="2" align="center"|**Paternal Grandmother:** Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha|align="center"|**Paternal Great-grandfather:** Frederick II, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg|||||
|align="center"|**Paternal Great-grandmother:** Magdalena Augusta of Anhalt-Zerbst|||||||
|rowspan="4" align="center"|**Mother:** Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz|rowspan="2" align="center"|**Maternal Grandfather:** . Duke Charles Louis Frederick of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Prince of Mirow|align="center"|**Maternal Great-grandfather:** Adolf Frederick II, Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz|||
|align="center"|**Maternal Great-grandmother:** Christiane Emilie of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen|||||||
|rowspan="2" align="center"|**Maternal Grandmother:** Princess Elizabeth Albertine of Saxe-Hildburghausen|align="center"|**Maternal Great-grandfather:** Ernest Frederick I, Duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen|||||
|align="center"|**Maternal Great-grandmother:** Sophia Albertine of Erbach-Erbach|||||||

## Titles and styles

- 29 September 1766 – 22 June 1789: _Her Royal Highness_ The Princess Charlotte
- 22 June 1789 – 18 May 1797: _Her Royal Highness_ The Princess Royal
    - _In use practically from birth_ October 1766
- 18 May 1797 – 22 December 1797: _Her Royal Highness_ The Hereditary Princess of Württemberg
- 22 December 1797 – 25 February 1803: _Her Royal Highness_ The Duchess of Württemberg
- 25 February 1803 – 1 January 1806: _Her Royal Highness_ The Electress of Württemberg
- 1 January 1806 – 30 October 1816: _Her Majesty_ The Queen of Württemberg
- 30 October 1816 – 5 October 1828: _Her Majesty_ Queen Charlotte of Württemberg

## Infobox (royalty)

- **name**: Charlotte of Great Britain
- **title**: Princess Royal
- **image**: Charlotte Mathilde von England.jpg
- **succession**: Queen of Württemberg
- **reign**: 1 January 1806 – 30 October 1816
- **consort**: yes
- **spouse**: Frederick of Württemberg
- **house**: House of Hanover
House of Württemberg
- **father**: George III of the United Kingdom, George III
- **mother**: Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
- **birth place**: Buckingham Palace, London, England
- **death place**: Ludwigsburg Palace, Ludwigsburg, Germany
- **burial place**: Schlosskirche Ludwigsburg, Ludwigsburg, Germany
William IX, Count of Poitiers

**William IX** (17 August 1153 - April/December 1156) was the eldest son of  Henry II of England. He was heir to the throne from his birth to his death in 1156.

## Infobox (royalty)

- **name**: William IX
- **succession**: Count of Poitiers
- **caption**: The children of Henry II, William is the first on the left.
- **reign**: 17 August 1153 – 1156
- **house**: House of Plantagenet
- **father**: Henry II of England
- **mother**: Eleanor of Aquitaine
- **birth place**: Normandy, France
- **death date**: 1156 (aged 2/3)
- **death place**: Wallingford Castle, Berkshire
- **burial place**: Reading Abbey, Berkshire
Henry the Young King

**Henry the Young King** (28 February 1155 – near Limoges, France, 11 June 1183) was the junior king to his father Henry II of England. He was crowned king in 1170, but never actually used the power. The meaning of this is that Henry II's territory covered much of northern France as well as England and Ireland. The idea may have been to have an official deputy for legal actions when Henry was in France, and to indicate the succession to the throne. In practice, Young Henry was not interested in government. According to his tutor, William Marshal, he spent his time in France going from one knights' tournament to another.

The boy was married as a child to Marguerite of France (1158–1197), daughter of the French King Louis VII. The intention was political, but it did not work. War came between Henry II and Louis. Henry joined in rebellions directed at his father. A civil war (1173/74) occurred in which Young Henry and his mother, with Scots and French support, fought against Henry II. The king won, just. Young Henry died ten years later, of dysentery. As he died before his father he never achieved power.

## References

- Crouch D, 2002. _William Marshal: knighthood, war and chivalry, 1147–1219_. 2nd ed, London.

## Infobox (_person)

- **name**: Henry the Young King
- **birth date**: 28 February 1155
- **image**: Henry the Young King.jpg
- **death date**: 11 June 1183 (aged 28)
- **death cause**: Dysentery
- **title**: Junior King of England
- **term**: 1170 - 1183
- **parents**: Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine
Marguerite of France

**Marguerite of France** was the wife of Henry the Young King. They had one son William b/d 1177.  She died in 1197.

## Infobox (_person)

- **name**: Marguerite of France
- **birth date**: 1158
- **image**: Margaret of France (1197).jpg
- **death date**: 18 September 1197
 Acre
- **spouse**: Henry the Young King
- **father**: Louis VII of France
- **mother**: Constance of Castile
Rod cell

**Rod cells** are one of two types of photoreceptor cells that can be found in the retina of the eyes of humans and other mammal<nowiki/>s. Rod cells are very sensitive to light. They allow night vision. They are concentrated at the edge of the retina, where they also allow peripheral vision. Scientists in 1992 counted an average of 60 million rod cells per human retina. They counted only 3 million cone cell<nowiki/>s, the other kind of receptor, which are bigger and perceive color.
Photoreceptor cell

A **photoreceptor cell** is a specialized nerve cell that is sensitive to certain wavelengths of light.
Guinea (coin)

A **guinea** is a coin that was minted in the Kingdom of England between 1663 and 1813. It is not used any more. The gold used to mint the first guineas was mined in the region of the same name in Africa.

Although guinea coins had not been made for a long time, prices often continued to be shown in guineas until British prices became decimal in 1971.  A guinea was worth £1,1s (one pound and one shilling).  This is the same as £1.05 in modern money.

Because a guinea was close to a pound, putting prices in guineas made the price seem less. A price of 39 guineas might look like "about £39".  In fact it is nearly £41. Prices in guineas were traditionally used for luxury goods before decimalisation. Savile Row tailors, bespoke boot makers, fine jewellers, and expensive motorcars were always priced in guineas.

Guineas are still used as the currency in the United Kingdom in the purchasing of Cows and horses at bloodstock sales, such as foals,etc.
Muntjac

A **muntjac** is any small deer that genus _Muntiacus_.
Muntjacs may be the oldest known deer, appearing 15-35 million years ago, with remains found in Miocene deposits in France and Germany.

This genus is native to Southeast Asia and can be found in India and Sri Lanka to southern China, Taiwan, Japan and Indonesian islands.

Two species were originally recognised:  the barking deer is _Muntiacus vaginalis_ and  Reeves's muntjac is _Muntiacus reevesi_. More recently, ten more species have been recognised, all from Asia.
Chorale

A **chorale** (pronounce: "Ko-RAHL") is a hymn which is sung in a Lutheran church by all the people. Chorales developed during the late Renaissance and early Baroque period. Most of them were written at that time.

Martin Luther thought that the congregation (people worshipping in church) should have music to sing that was not too difficult. He thought that the words should be in German instead of Latin so that everybody would understand what they were singing about. Luther wrote the words of many chorales himself. He even composed some of melodies himself, such as _Ein' feste Burg_ (_A Mighty Fortress_). Sometimes he used the traditional Gregorian Chant melodies from the Catholic worship and added new German words to it, for example _Christ lag in Todesbanden_ (_Christ lay in Death's Dark Bonds_).

The words of a chorale have a rhyming pattern. Most of the melodies have an AAB shape (the melody of the first part sung twice, then the second part). This shape is called "Bar form" in German.

Johann Sebastian Bach used many chorale tunes, usually adding harmony of his own. He used these in his cantatas. Many of these chorales in four-part harmonies are sung as hymns today in German Protestant churches, and some of the tunes are used in English-speaking countries as well.

Chorale tunes also appear in chorale preludes, pieces for the organ. These would usually have been played during the church services before the chorale was sung.

Chorales were used by many later composers in their compositions, e.g. Felix Mendelssohn, Anton Bruckner and Max Reger.

## References

- "Chorale", in _The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians_, ed. Stanley Sadie. 20 vol. London, Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 1980.
Heathers

***Heathers*** is a 1989 American black comedy teen movie starring Winona Ryder, Christian Slater, and Shannen Doherty.  The movie is about a group of four girls in a high school in Sherwood, Ohio. The girls, three of whom are named Heather, rule the school as they are the prettiest and most popular girls in town.

_Heathers_ won awards for its director Michael Lehmann and producer Denise Di Novi the 1990 Independent Spirit Award for Best First Feature. Daniel Waters also won an award for his screenplay, which won a 1990 Edgar Award. The movie was a U.S. box office failure, but has since become a cult classic, as is shown by its high sales and rentals on DVD and VHS. In 2006, it was ranked #5 on _Entertainment Weekly's_ list of the _50 Best High School Movies_.

## Adaptations

In 2014, Laurence O’Keefe and Kevin Murphy made a musical called Heathers: The Musical that was based on the movie.

In 2018, Paramount Pictures made a tv show called Heathers based on the original movie.

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: Heathers
- **image**: heathers.jpg
- **caption**: DVD cover
- **director**: Michael Lehmann
- **producer**: Denise Di Novi
- **writer**: Daniel Waters (writer), Daniel Waters
- **starring**: Winona Ryder
Christian Slater
Shannen Doherty
Lisanne Falk
Kim Walker
Penelope Milford
Glenn Shadix
- **music**: David Newman (composer), David Newman
- **cinematography**: Frances Kenny
- **editing**: Norman Hollyn
- **distributor**: New World Pictures
- **released**: March 31, 1989
- **runtime**: 102 minutes
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **budget**: United States, $2 million
- **gross**: $1,108,462
Mariano Pernía

**Mariano Andrés Pernía Molina** (born 4 May 1977) is an Argentine-Spanish retired footballer who played as a left back and current race car driver.

After retiring from football, like his father and brother Leonel, Mariano began to compete in motorsports. He has competed mainly in Turismo Nacional but also in TC2000 and Super TC2000.

## International goals

|#|Date|Venue|Opponent|Score|Result|Competition|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1.|7 June 2006|Stade de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland||**1**–1|2–1|Friendly|

## Motorsport career

After retiring from football, like his father and brother Leonel, Mariano began to compete in motorsports. He has competed mainly in Turismo Nacional but also in TC2000 and Super TC2000.

## Club career statistics

|-
|2000–01||rowspan="3"|Independiente||rowspan="3"|Primera División||17||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0||17||0
|-
|2001–02||27||2||colspan="2"|-||0||0||27||2
|-
|2002–03||2||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0||2||0

|-
|2002–03||rowspan="2"|Recreativo Huelva||La Liga||19||2||3||0||0||0||22||2
|-
|2003–04||Segunda División||40||1||0||0||0||0||40||1
|-
|2004–05||rowspan="2"|Getafe||rowspan="2"|La Liga||36||3||||||0||0||36||3
|-
|2005–06||36||10||2||1||4||1||42||12
|-
|2006–07||rowspan="4"|Atlético Madrid||rowspan="4"|La Liga||22||0||1||0||2||0||25||0
|-
|2007–08||29||1||||||5||0||34||1
|-
|2008–09||29||0||4||0||3||0||36||0
|-
|2009–10||||||||||||||||
46||2||colspan="2"|-||0||0||46||2
211||17||10||1||14||1||235||19
257||19||10||1||14||1||281||21
|}

## International career statistics

|-
|2006||6||1
|-
|2007||5||0
|-
!Total||11||1
|}

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Mariano Pernía
- **image**: Mariano Pernía.jpg
- **caption**: Pernía playing for Atlético Madrid in 2007
- **fullname**: Mariano Andrés Pernía Molina
- **birth place**: Buenos Aires, Argentina
- **height**: 1.77 m
- **position**: Left back
- **youthclubs1**: San Lorenzo de Almagro, San Lorenzo
- **years1**: 1997–1999
- **clubs1**: San Lorenzo de Almagro, San Lorenzo
- **caps1**: 0
- **goals1**: 0
- **years2**: 1999–2002
- **clubs2**: Club Atlético Independiente, Independiente
- **caps2**: 46
- **goals2**: 2
- **years3**: 2003–2004
- **clubs3**: Recreativo de Huelva, Recreativo
- **caps3**: 59
- **goals3**: 3
- **years4**: 2004–2006
- **clubs4**: Getafe CF, Getafe
- **caps4**: 72
- **goals4**: 13
- **years5**: 2006–2010
- **clubs5**: Atlético Madrid
- **caps5**: 80
- **goals5**: 1
- **years6**: 2010
- **clubs6**: Club Nacional de Football, Nacional
- **caps6**: 7
- **goals6**: 0
- **years7**: 2011–2012
- **clubs7**: Club Atlético Tigre, Tigre
- **caps7**: 9
- **goals7**: 1
- **totalcaps**: 273
- **totalgoals**: 20
- **nationalyears1**: 2006–2007
- **nationalteam1**: Spain national football team, Spain
- **nationalcaps1**: 11
- **nationalgoals1**: 1
Carlos Marchena

**Carlos Marchena** (born 31 July 1979) is a Spanish football player. He plays for Valencia and Spain national team.

## Club career statistics

|-
|1997/98||rowspan="3"|Sevilla||rowspan="2"|Segunda División||17||0
|-
|1998/99||18||1
|-
|1999/00||La Liga||32||0

|-
|2000/01||Benfica||Portuguese Liga||20||2

|-
|2001/02||rowspan="9"|Valencia||rowspan="9"|La Liga||16||1
|-
|2002/03||26||0
|-
|2003/04||31||2
|-
|2004/05||32||2
|-
|2005/06||25||0
|-
|2006/07||22||0
|-
|2007/08||28||0
|-
|2008/09||26||1
|-
|2009/10||||
273||7
20||2
293||9
|}

## International career statistics

|-
|2002||3||0
|-
|2003||9||0
|-
|2004||9||0
|-
|2005||6||1
|-
|2006||1||0
|-
|2007||10||1
|-
|2008||10||0
|-
|2009||8||0
|-
|2010||11||0
|-
|2011||2||0
|-
!Total||69||2
|}
Xavi

**Xavier Hernández Creus** (born 25 January 1980), known as **Xavi**, is a Spanish manager and former footballer. He is currently the manager of FC Barcelona in La Liga. After completing his career, Xavi switched to coaching, and in May 2019 he was appointed head coach of the Qatari club Al-Sadd. In November 2021, Xavi was appointed coach of his former club Barcelona.

Xavi was known as one of the best midfielders of the world and as one of the best Spanish players of all time.

## Club career statistics

|rowspan="2"|Club|rowspan="2"|Season|colspan="2"|League|colspan="2"|Cup|colspan="2"|Europe|colspan="2"|Other|colspan="2"|Total||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;"|Barcelona B|!colspan="2"|1997–98|39|3|–|–|–|39|3|?||||
|!colspan="2"|1998–99|18|0|–|–|–|18|0|?||||||
|!colspan="2"|1999–2000|4|1|–|–|–|4|1|?||||||
|!colspan="2"|**Total**||||||||||||||
|rowspan="15" style="text-align:center;"|Barcelona|!colspan="2"|1998–99|17|1|3|1|6|0|1|1|27|3|?|
|!colspan="2"|1999–2000|24|0|4|1|10|1|0|0|38|2|?|||
|!colspan="2"|2000–01|20|2|7|0|9|0|–|36|2|||||
|!colspan="2"|2001–02|35|4|1|0|16|0|–|52|4|13||||
|!colspan="2"|2002–03|29|2|1|0|14|1|–|44|3|5||||
|!colspan="2"|2003–04|36|4|6|0|7|1|–|49|5|13||||
|!colspan="2"|2004–05|36|3|1|0|8|0|–|45|3|11||||
|!colspan="2"|2005–06|16|0|0|0|4|0|2|0|22|0|2|||
|!colspan="2"|2006–07|35|3|7|2|7|0|5|1|54|6|7|||
|!colspan="2"|2007–08|35|7|7|1|12|1|–|54|9|9||||
|!colspan="2"|2008–09|35|6|5|1|14|3|–|54|10|31||||
|!colspan="2"|2009–10|34|3|3|2|11|1|5|1|53|7|19|||
|!colspan="2"|2010–11|31|3|6|0|12|2|1|0|50|5|16|||
|!colspan="2"|2011–12|25|10|6|2|7|1|4|1|42|14|8|||
|!colspan="2"|**Total**||||||||||||||

## International career statistics

|-
|2000||1||0
|-
|2001||1||0
|-
|2002||8||0
|-
|2003||5||0
|-
|2004||6||0
|-
|2005||11||1
|-
|2006||10||2
|-
|2007||11||2
|-
|2008||15||3
|-
|2009||14||0
|-
|2010||||
|-
!Total||82||8
|}
Antonio López Guerrero

**Antonio López Guerrero** (born 13 September 1981) is a Spanish football player. He plays for Atlético Madrid.

## Club career statistics

|-
|2000/01||rowspan="2"|Atlético Madrid||rowspan="2"|Segunda División||2||0
|-
|2001/02||20||0
|-
|2002/03||rowspan="2"|Osasuna||rowspan="2"|La Liga||36||2
|-
|2003/04||35||0
|-
|2004/05||rowspan="6"|Atlético Madrid||rowspan="6"|La Liga||32||3
|-
|2005/06||36||3
|-
|2006/07||33||0
|-
|2007/08||24||1
|-
|2008/09||19||2
|-
|2009/10||||
237||11
237||11
|}

## International career statistics

|-
|2005||7||1
|-
|2006||8||0
|-
|2007||1||0
|-
!Total||16||1
|}
Andrés Iniesta

**Andrés Iniesta** (born 11 May 1984) is a Spanish football player. He plays for Barcelona and the Spanish national team. He is known for scoring the 2010 FIFA World Cup winning goal against the Netherlands in the 116th minute of extra time. He is regarded as one of the greatest midfielder of all time.

## Club career statistics

|-
|2002/03||rowspan="12"|Barcelona||rowspan="12"|La Liga||6||0||0||0||3||0||9||0
|-
|2003/04||11||1||3||1||3||0||17||2
|-
|2004/05||37||2||1||0||8||0||46||2
|-
|2005/06||33||0||5||0||11||1||49||1
|-
|2006/07||37||6||8||1||9||2||54||9
|-
|2007/08||31||3||7||0||11||1||49||4
|-
|2008/09||26||4||6||0||9||1||43||5
|-
|2009/10||29||1||3||0||10||0||42||1
|-
|2010/11||34||8||5||0||10||1||49||9
|-
|2011/12||27||2||6||2||8||3||41||7
|-
|2012/13||31||3||5||2||10||1||46||6
|-
|2013/14||35||3||6||0||9||0||50||3
337||33||55||6||101||10||495||49
337||33||55||6||101||10||495||49
|}

## International career statistics

|-
|2006||8||0
|-
|2007||12||5
|-
|2008||14||1
|-
|2009||5||0
|-
|2010||15||3
|-
|2011||9||1
|-
|2012||14||1
|-
|2013||17||0
|-
|2014||8||1
|-
!Total||102||12
|}
Juan Gutiérrez Moreno

**Juan Gutiérrez Moreno** (born 23 July 1976) is a Spanish football player. He plays for Atlético Madrid.

## Club career statistics

|-
|2000/01||Recreativo Huelva||Segunda División||36||0
|-
|2001/02||rowspan="8"|Real Betis Balompié||rowspan="8"|La Liga||25||2
|-
|2002/03||26||3
|-
|2003/04||35||4
|-
|2004/05||33||4
|-
|2005/06||34||2
|-
|2006/07||34||3
|-
|2007/08||33||1
|-
|2008/09||35||1
|-
|2009/10||Atlético Madrid||La Liga||||
291||20
291||20
|}

## International career statistics

|-
|2002||2||0
|-
|2003||2||0
|-
|2004||3||0
|-
|2005||5||0
|-
|2006||6||2
|-
|2007||3||0
|-
|2008||4||1
|-
!Total||25||3
|}
Pablo Ibáñez

**Pablo Ibáñez** (born 3 August 1981) is a Spanish football player. He plays for Atlético Madrid.

## Club career statistics

|-
|2002/03||rowspan="2"|Albacete Balompié||Segunda División||38||1
|-
|2003/04||La Liga||36||1
|-
|2004/05||rowspan="6"|Atlético Madrid||rowspan="6"|La Liga||35||3
|-
|2005/06||35||2
|-
|2006/07||24||2
|-
|2007/08||34||1
|-
|2008/09||21||1
|-
|2009/10||||
223||11
223||11
|}

## International career statistics

|-
|2004||1||0
|-
|2005||6||0
|-
|2006||11||0
|-
|2007||4||0
|-
|2008||1||0
|-
!Total||23||0
|}
José Manuel Reina

**José Manuel Reina** (born 31 August 1982) is a Spanish football player. He plays for Liverpool and Spain national team.

## Club career statistics

|-
|2000/01||rowspan="2"|Barcelona||rowspan="2"|La Liga||19||0||7||0||colspan="2"|-||7||0||33||0
|-
|2001/02||11||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||4||0||16||0
|-
|2002/03||rowspan="3"|Villarreal||rowspan="3"|La Liga||33||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||4||0||37||0
|-
|2003/04||38||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||15||0||53||0
|-
|2004/05||38||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||19||0||57||0

|-
|2005/06||rowspan="5"|Liverpool||rowspan="5"|Premier League||33||0||5||0||0||0||13||0||51||0
|-
|2006/07||35||0||0||0||1||0||14||0||50||0
|-
|2007/08||38||0||0||0||0||0||14||0||52||0
|-
|2008/09||30||0||2||0||0||0||9||0||41||0
|-
|2009/10||||||||||||||||||||
139||0||8||0||colspan="2"|-||49||0||196||0
136||0||7||0||1||0||50||0||194||0
275||0||15||0||1||0||99||0||390||0
|}

## International career statistics

|-
|2005||2||0
|-
|2006||3||0
|-
|2007||4||0
|-
|2008||3||0
|-
|2009||7||0
|-
!Total||19||0
|}
Plate block

A **plate block** is a block of postage stamps that includes the part of the sheet margin with the serial number of the printing plate(s) used to print the stamps.

Sometimes the plate numbers appear in the stamps themselves, but the more common practice is to include the number in the margin of each sheet, frequently alongside the name of the printer.

## Related pages

- Plating (stamps)
- Postage stamp block
Singapore Chinese Orchestra

The **Singapore Chinese Orchestra** (**SCO**) is Singapore’s only professional Chinese orchestra.

As the main one of local performing arts groups, the SCO has the patronage of Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong. It is located at the Singapore Conference Hall since 2001 after the revamp of the building. Under the baton of music director Sheng Hui, the 70-strong orchestra aspires to introduce Chinese orchestral music to an ever-broadening audience. It is now currently led by Quek Ling Kiong, Principal Conductor, together with Tsung Yeh, Conductor Emeritus and Mr Moses Gay, Associate Conductor

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Singapore Chinese Orchestra
- **img**: Singapore Conference Hall.JPG
- **img capt**: The Singapore Conference Hall, the current home of the Singapore Chinese Orchestra.
- **background**: classical_ensemble
- **origin**: Singapore
- **years active**: 1996–present
- **url**: http://www.sco.com.sg/
Hillsborough disaster

In the **Hillsborough disaster** on 15 April 1989, ninety-seven people were killed in a stampede at the Hillsborough Stadium in Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England. All of these victims were Liverpool F.C. supporters. Another 766 people were injured. The disaster happened during the FA Cup semi-final match between Liverpool and Nottingham Forest football clubs.

At first, people thought football fans had caused the disaster. However, a later investigation showed that the police were to blame. Ambulances were not able to reach the pitch where the stampede happened, which increased the number of people who died. This was the worst disaster in British sporting history.

There is a memorial at Hillsborough Stadium in memory of the people who died.

The newspaper _The Sun_ wrote an untrue headline days after the disaster. In response to _The Sun's_ coverage of the disaster, Liverpool F.C. banned its journalists from entering their grounds in February 2017.
Hillsborough Stadium

**Hillsborough Stadium** is the home of Sheffield Wednesday Football Club in Sheffield, England. It was opened on 2 September 1899. It is now a 39,814 capacity all-seater stadium,. A lot of the seats are covered. It is in the Sheffield suburb of Owlerton. It takes its name from the parliamentary constituency in which it is.

On 15 April 1989, the ground was the scene of one of the worst sporting tragedies of all time. 94 Liverpool fans were crushed to death during an FA Cup semi-final. This was called the Hillsborough disaster. The final death toll was 96. This meant that extra security measures were added there and in other stadiums around the country.

## Infobox (stadium)

- **stadium name**: Hillsborough
- **image**:
- **fullname**: Hillsborough Stadium
- **location**: Owlerton, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England
- **broke ground**: Spring 1899
- **opened**: 2 September 1899
- **owner**: Sheffield Wednesday F.C. Private company limited by shares, Ltd
- **surface**: Grass
- **former names**: Owlerton Stadium (until 1914)
- **tenants**: Sheffield Wednesday F.C.
- **seating capacity**: 39,814 (all seated)
- **dimensions**: 116 x 71 yards (Football pitch, pitch)
(approx 106 x 65 m)