juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Narasimha

In Hinduism, Narasimha is regarded as the fourth avatara of Vishnu in Dashavatara. In this form, Vishnu had the body of a human, but he had a head of a lion. This avatara of Vishnu is also a symbol of great strength and power.

The Hindu scriptures tell this story about Narashimha. There was a demon (a _daitya_) named Hiranyakashipu. He was against all gods and goddesses. But, his son named Prahlada used to worship the god Vishnu. Hiranyakashipu was not happy at his son and wanted to burn him to death. Hiranyakashipu also wanted to kill everyone who worshipped the gods and goddesses and make everyone worship him instead. Vishnu became Narasimha, and protected Prahlada and other people who worshipped the gods and goddesses by stopping Hiranyakashipu. Brahma had granted Hiranyakashipu a boon that kept him safe so that he could not be killed by a human, animal, deva. He also could not be killed in the morning or night, or inside or outside of his palace. This made Hiranyakashipu believe that no one could kill him. When he wanted to kill his son for worshiping Vishnu, Vishnu came to earth incarnated as a half-human, half-lion animal (neither human animal nor non-human being). This way, Vishnu killed Hiranyakashipu by disimboweling him to death in the twilight (neither morning, nor night) time on that day and sitting on the porch of the palace (neither inside, nor outside), without disrupting the boon given to him by Brahma. Lakshmi, Sarasvati, Shiva, Parvati, Indra, Shachi, all the total other gods, all the total other goddesses celebrated this. Now, Narasimha Jayanti is celebrated across the world.
Prahlada

**Prahlada** (), in Hinduism, was a prince deeply devoted to Vishnu. His father, Hiranyakashipu, was a powerful demon who wanted his son to worship him instead of Vishnu. But Prahlada refused and continued to worship Vishnu.

Due to this, Hiranyakashipu tried to kill Prahlada many times, but Vishnu always protected him. Finally, Vishnu appeared in his Narasimha avatar, a half-man, half-lion form, and killed Hiranyakashipu.
Yuga

- _This article is about the Yugas in Hinduism. For the Indian meditation exercise, go to Yoga._

Hindus believe that there are periods of time called **yugas** ("ages" or "eras"): Satya Yuga, Treta Yuga, Dvapara Yuga, and Kali Yuga. When Kali Yuga ends, a new Satya Yuga begins.

1. **Satya Yuga** (also called **Krita Yuga**) is the first age, which lasts for 1,728,000 years. It is "the age of truth" or "Golden Age", when all humans are good and very religious. They are ruled by gods and live for many centuries.
1. **Treta Yuga** is the second age, which lasts for 1,296,000 years. During the last Treta Yuga, god Vishnu's avatars Vamana, Parashurama, and Ramachandra were born. The Indian epic legend _Ramayana_ is set in that period.
1. **Dvapara Yuga** is the third age, which lasts for 864,000 years, when humans are still religious but their lives are much shorter. The last Dvapara Yuga ended with the death of Krishna and _Mahabharata_ is set in its final years.
1. **Kali Yuga** is the fourth and final age, which lasts for 432,000 years. It is the "dark age" when humans lose their spirituality and are abandoned by gods. Hindus believe that we currently live in a Kali Yuga.

## Related pages

- Ages of Man
- Five Suns

## Other websites

- The Hindu concept of Time
- Vedic Age of the Universe
Vamana

Hindus believe that Vishnu has many important avatars. The Vamana avatar was the fifth avatar of Vishnu. In this avatar, Vishnu was in the form of a human.Vamana avatar is basically in the form of a bramhin(a caste in hinduism which is responsible for ancient spiritual, cultural, educational activitiesand the highest in the Varnas) was taken for a demon king 'Bali'. Lord Vishnu in this avatar asked Bali to offer him 'three feet land' as a form of offering a king offered to a brahmin as a

goodwill during ancient times in hindu culture. The story goes when king Bali captured the Adobe of hindu demigods and caused them a fierce battle. 'Aditi' - the mother figure of demigods in hinduism prayed to Lord Vishnu and pleased by her prayers, Lord Vishnu appeared and assured her  a boon. In a thought of revenge , she wished that may Bali loose his whole wealth and power."
Lord Vamana (lord Vishnu) when asked Bali for three feet land then Bali laughed and said "Brahamandeva (O Brahmin) you might have asked many luxurious things from me as dakshina but you asked such a menial thing of land of a three feet quantity?" After which Lord Vamana grew so large in size as his one feet could cover whole Earth and other whole heaven! That means, whole land property of Bali was under control of lord Vamana. As per Bali's oath, there was no more land to donate and one feet of lord was remaining. Bali asked lord about who is greater, the thing or who gives the thing? Lord answer was the donar or giver of the thing is greater than the thing. Then king Bali asked the Lord to keep his third feet on his (Bali) head! Pleased by this act of Bali lord promised him the rule of 'Patal' (the underEarth) and promised to protect Bali and his kingdom and slay whosoever disobeys Bali in patal.
It is believed that for 3 day during 'savan'or rainy season , king Bali returns to Earth. These three days are celebrated as Onam in Indian state of 'kerala'. During this festival , the idols of lord Vishnu and king bali are made out of rice and worshiped. A famous boat race is also organised across kerala in honour of king Bali. The people from every faith in kerala celebrate this feast. It is a regional festival of Keralites.
Parashurama

Hindus believe that Lord Vishnu has many important Avatars (incarnations). **Parashurama**, also known as Parashuram Avatar, was the sixth important avatar of Lord Vishnu. In this avatar, Lord Vishnu was in the form of a human. He came to Earth to stop Chakravarti Samrat Karthaveerya Arjuna as he had become evil due to his ego and non-humanity, as he was very powerful and had the boon of being the embodiment of the Sudarshan Chakra, the gods weren't able to defeat him and all the kshatriyas had become evil under him. Parashurama was the son of sage Jamadagni, one of the Saptarishis (or Saptarshis) and a sage who was known for his temper. It is believed that Parashurama was Chiranjeevi, meaning immortal. He was a great devotee of Lord Shiva. Parshurama's mother, Renuka Devi was born of a Kshatriya but she became a Brahmin afterwards (this was before the castes or varna were decided by birth).

Parashurama was born as Ramabhadra of the Bhargava Clan (headed by Bhrigu, one of the Manvantaras of Lord Brahma). He later gained the name of Parashurama when he obtained Mahakaal's Parashu (axe weapon) and lead the Devas to victory against the Asuras in a war in which the Devas were losing.

Parashurama was the first Brahmakshatriya (both a Brahmin sage and a Kshatriya warrior) and probably the only one. He could cleave his mind into two parts, one who would fight in battle and other would conduct a yagna in the shared mind.

He also played a vital role in Mahabharata, teaching Bheeshma, Dronacharya and Karna the art of war and weaponry and fought against Bheeshma to fulfil Amba's request to kill Bheeshma, though he failed to do so.

Parashuram also had a disciple, Akritavrana (literally meaning "no injuries"). He also contained an amsha (part) of Mahavishnu in the form of a Agya Chakra on his forehead between his eyebrows.

One of the interesting things about Parashurama was that, unlike the other Avatars of Lord Mahavishnu, he was not born an Avatar but instead, became an Avatar after he was born. This happened when he sparked the Amsha of Lord Mahavishnu inside him. He also had the blessings of the gods after he helped them win the Deva-Asura war, the blessings of Devi Chinnamasta, Bhadrakali, Shiva, Vishnu, Avadhuta Dattatreya and so on.

He was a master of weapons and especially the Parashu and the bow he wields. His conch's name is Amritajit. Since he is immortal, he is believed to teach the art of weaponry and war to Kalki, the last Avatar of Lord Mahavishnu in this cycle who will end this cycle, ushering in a new era.
Balarama

Hindus believe that **Balram** was the older brother of Krishna.  Some Hindus believe that he is an avatar of Vishnu’s shesh naag.  In this avatar, Shesh naag was in the form of a human.
Ba Ðình Square

**Ba Đình Square** (Vietnamese: Quảng Trường Ba Đình) is a square in the Vietnamese capital, Hà Nội. It is where Vietnamese President Hồ Chí Minh declared the independence of the Democratic Republic of Việt Nam from French imperialist rule on 2 September 1945, the same day that World War II ended.  This is now where his mausoleum is.
Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum

The **Hồ Chí Minh Mausoleum** (Vietnamese: Lăng Hồ Chí Minh) is a large memorial to Vietnamese independence leader Hồ Chí Minh. It is located in Ba Ðình Square in Hà Nội.  This is where his body is kept for people to pay their respects.  President Hồ Chí Minh did not want a mausoleum at all.  In his will, he said he wanted to be cremated and to have his ashes buried in the hills of the north, center, and south of Việt Nam.  He said that he liked cremation because it was healthier than burial or a mausoleum and saved farmland.  His successors did not let him have this wish. The government kept that part of his will secret.  The government also pretended he died a day after he really did, because he really died on Independence Day and they did not tell anyone.

Many aspects of "Uncle Ho's" last will and testament were altered or, as stated above, ignored. In his last days he was surrounded by those who formed what is now Vietnam's political system, while those loyal to him and his wishes were systematically kept or chased away. Others were put on a bus and executed.
Meng Tian

**Meng Tian** (; ? - 210 BC ) was a Chinese general of the Qin Dynasty under Emperor Qin Shi Huang. His grandfather, Meng Ao, and his father, Meng Wu, were generals as well. After the unification of China, Emperor Qin Shi Huang ordered Meng Tian leading 300,000 armies to attack the Xiongnu and build the Great Wall of China. Meng Tian was forced by the eunuch, Zhao Gao, to kill himself by drinking poisonous wine after the death of Emperor Qin Shi Haung.
Kippah

A **kippah** (Hebrew) or **yarmulke** (Yiddish) is a small cloth cap worn by Jews.
Traditionally it was worn only by men, but in modern times the push for equality between the sexes in the practice of Judaism has led some women to wear yarmulkes. Some Jews only wear yarmulkes while praying; others wear yarmulkes the entire day, making sure not to walk more than four cubits without head covering (especially outside).
The basis for wearing a head covering is a story in the Talmud (tractate Shabbat).

Often, the color and fabric of the _yarmulke_ can be a sign of adherence to a specific religious movement. The Israeli National Religious community is often referred to by the name _kipot srugot_ כיפות סרוגות, literally "woven yarmulkes". Similarly, some Haredi sects are referred to by the name _kipot shkhorot_ כיפות שחורות, which means’s

"black yarmulkes".

## Etymology

The etymology of _yarmulke_ is unclear. Linguists (e.g. Max Vasmer) maintain that the Yiddish word is derived (via Russian or Polish) from the Turkic **', meaning 'raincoat'.

Traditionally, _yarmulke_ is considered to have originated from the Aramaic phrase "**'" (in awe of the Lord), in keeping with the principle that the yarmulke is supposed to reflect someone's fear of heaven. Or perhaps, "_yira malkah_" (fear of the King).
Judeo-Arabic dialects

**Judeo-Arabic languages** are a collection of Arabic language dialects spoken by Jews living or formerly living in Arabic-speaking countries.  Just as with the rest of the Arab world, Arabic-speaking Jews had different dialects for the different regions where they lived.  Most Judæo-Arabic dialects were written in modified forms of the Hebrew alphabet, often including consonant dots from the Arabic alphabet to accommodate phonemes that did not exist in the Hebrew alphabet.

In retaliation for 1948 Arab-Israeli War, Jews in Arab countries became subject to increasingly insufferable discrimination and violence, causing virtually all of them to flee en masse to Israel.  Their dialects of Arabic did not thrive in Israel, and most became extinct, replaced by the Modern Hebrew language.

In the Middle Ages, Jews in the Islamic diaspora spoke a dialect of Arabic, which they wrote in a mildly adapted Hebrew script  (rather than using Arabic script).

This phenomenon is called **Judaeo-Arabic** and may be compared to both Ladino (Judaeo-Spanish) and Yiddish (Judaeo-German).

Some of the most important books of medieval Jewish though were originally written in Judaeo-Arabic, as well as certain halakhic works and biblical commentary.  Only later were they translated into medieval scientific Hebrew so that they could be read by the Ashkenazic Jews of Europe.  These include:

- Saadia Gaon's _Emunot ve-Deot_, his _Tafsir_ (biblical commentary and translation), and his _siddur_ (the explanatory parts, not the prayers themselves)
- Solomon ibn Gabirol's _Tikkun Middot ha-Nefesh_
- Bahya ibn Pakuda's _Hovot ha-Levavot_
- Judah Halevi's _Kuzari_
- Maimonides' _Commentary on the Mishnah_, _Sefer ha-Mitzvot_, _Guide to the Perplexed_, and many of his letters and shorter essays.

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Judeo-Arabic
- **familycolor**: Afro-Asiatic
- **fam2**: Semitic languages, Semitic
- **fam3**: Central Semitic languages, Central Semitic
- **fam4**: Arabic languages, Arabic
- **script**: Hebrew alphabet
- **iso2**: jrb
- **iso3**: jrb
- **lc1**: yhd
- **ld1**: Judeo-Iraqi Arabic
- **lc2**: aju
- **ld2**: Judeo-Moroccan Arabic
- **lc3**: yud
- **ld3**: Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic
- **lc4**: ajt
- **ld4**: Judeo-Tunisian Arabic
- **lc5**: jye
- **ld5**: Judeo-Yemeni Arabic
The Clangers

***The Clangers*** is a British children's television series. The first episode was broadcast on the BBC One from November 16, 1969 to October 10, 1974 in the original series and on CBeebies from June 15, 2015 to March 11, 2020. The series is about a family of aliens who live under the surface of the Moon in caves. They looked like small, pink, knitted mice. Other characters include the Froglets and The Soup Dragon, a dragon that gives out soup. The family uses a US flag as a table cloth.

## Other websites

- _The Clangers_ at bbc.co.uk
- A copy of the moon landing hoax parody
- Link to Clive Banks interview with Oliver Postgate about Election Special
- British Film Institute Screen Online
- Knit your own Clanger
- A short clip from _Vote for Froglet_ at bbc.co.uk

## Infobox (television)

- **camera**: Single camera
- **runtime**: 10–11 minutes
- **creator**: Oliver Postgate
- **country**: United Kingdom
- **network**: BBC One
- **network2**: CBeebies
London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham

The **London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham** is a London borough in West London but is part of an area called Inner London. House prices are more expensive than most parts of England. The borough has three famous football teams: Fulham F.C., Queens Park Rangers F.C. and Chelsea F.C.

## Infobox (london borough)

- **name**: London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham
- **short name**: Hammersmith and Fulham
- **imagename**: Image:LondonHammersmithFulham.png
- **status**: London Boroughs, London borough
- **area rank**: 350th
- **area km2**: 16.40
- **ons code**: 00AN
- **adminhq**: King Street, Hammersmith
- **ethnicity**: 78.0% White
58.0% British
 20.0% Non-British
 11.1% British African-Caribbean community, African-Caribbean
4.4% British Asian, South Asian
- **url**: http://www.lbhf.gov.uk/
- **leadership**: Leader & Cabinet
- **mayor**: Melanie Scott Russell
- **mps**: Greg Hands (Con) Andy Slaughter (Lab)
- **gla constituency**: West Central London
- **gla member**: Angie Bray (Con)
1 E7 m²

**1 E7 m²** is a term used to group together areas of similar size. It is used for places that are between 10 km² (1,000 hectares) and 100 km² (10,000 hectares) in area. The term is based from the scientific notation for 1 x 10<sup>7</sup>m².
- 10 km² is equal to:
    - 1 E+7 m² or 10<sup>7</sup> m²
    - 3.86 square miles
    - 1,000 hectares
    - 2,471 acres

## Examples of locations

- 10.1 km² — Long Beach, New York
- 10.2 km² – Radford, Virginia
- 12 km² – Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea
- 12.48 km² – Chek Lap Kok, the site of Hong Kong International Airport
- 15 km² – Beverly Hills, California
- 21 km² – Nauru
- 21.6 km² – Abingdon, Virginia, United States
- 26 km2 – Tuvalu
- 28.6 km² – Macau
- 30 km² – Hayling Island
- 38.55 km² – City of Manila, Philippines
- 47 km² – Pelee Island, largest island in Lake Erie
- 48.7 km² – Lake Lugano, Switzerland/Italy
- 51.8 km² – Manhattan
- 53.3 km² – Bermuda
- 61 km² – Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore
- 61 km² – San Marino
- 70 km² – Amherst Island, largest island in Lake Ontario
- 75 km² – Arapawa Island, Marlborough, New Zealand
- 81.7 km² – Huntington Beach, California
- 83.2 km² – Formentera Island, Spain
- 88 km² – Saint Martin island
- 92 km² – Waiheke Island, Auckland, New Zealand
- 95 km² – Skopelos Island, Greece

## Related pages

- Areas smaller than 10 km²
- Areas larger than 100 km²
Athletics at the Summer Olympics

**Athletics**, known as Track and Field in the United States, has been contested at every **Summer Olympics** since the birth of the modern Olympic movement at the 1896 Summer Olympics.

## Events

The events have been changed over time. From 1900 to 1920, tug of war was in the athletics programme. Today, tug of war and athletics are 2 different sports.

### Men's events

No new events have been added to the men's athletics programme since 1952 when the short racewalk was added. The roster of events has not changed since then, with the exception of the omission of the long racewalk in 1976. The long racewalk is the only event held for men but not included on the women's programme.
1968 Summer Olympics

The **1968 Summer Olympics**, officially known as the **Games of the 62th Olympiad**, were held in Mexico City in 1968. Mexico City beat out bids from Detroit, Buenos Aires and Lyon to host the Games in 1963. The Games were preceded by the Tlatelolco massacre, in which hundreds of students were killed by security forces ten days before the opening day. It is the only Games ever held in Latin America, and it was the second ever outside of Western Europe, Australia, or the USA.

## Other websites

- IOC page for the 1968 Summer Olympics

## Infobox (olympic games)

- 1968
- Summer
- Olympics
- **image**: 1968 Mexico emblem.svg
- **image size**: 280
- **caption**: Emblem of the 1968 Summer Olympics
- **host city**: Mexico City, Mexico
- **nations**: 112
- **athletes**: 5,516 (4,735 men, 781 women)
- **events**: 172 in 18 Olympic sports, sports (24 disciplines)
- **opening**: 12 October
- **closing**: 27 October
- **opened by**: President of Mexico, President Gustavo Díaz Ordaz
- **cauldron**: Enriqueta Basilio
- **stadium**: Estadio Olímpico Universitario
- **summer prev**: 1964 Summer Olympics, Tokyo 1964
- **summer next**: 1972 Summer Olympics, Munich 1972
- **winter prev**: 1968 Winter Olympics, Grenoble 1968
- **winter next**: 1972 Winter Olympics, Sapporo 1972
Sima Qian

**Sima Qian** () was the historian of the Han Dynasty under Emperor Wu. He was born at Xia Yang (present-day Shan Xi Province, Han City) in either 145 or 135 BC. His father, Sima Tan, was also a historian.

## Life

When Sima Qian was 10, he could read the articles which were written in Classical Chinese.

He travelled around China and visited a plenty of scenic attractions and heritages when he was 20.

In 108 BC, with the death of Sima Qian's father, he carried on the job of being a historian.

In 104 BC, Sima Qian finished editing Taichu Calendar with the imperial officials, Tang Du and Luo Xiahong.

In 99 BC, Sima Qian got involved in the Li Ling Affair. He was punished and sent to prison. Sima Qian would be sentenced to death if he could not pay a fine or accept the terrible punishment - castration. With the fact that Sima Qian did not have enough money to pay the fine and he hoped to finish writing the Records of the Grand Historian, he accepted the castration. Sima Qian finally spent 19 years to write that book.

Sima Qian died in 86 BC.
Coxless pair

In rowing, a **coxless pair** consists of a pair of rowers, each having one oar, one on the stroke side (rower's right hand side) and one on the bow side (rower's lefthand side). As the name suggests, there is no cox on such a boat, and the two rowers must co-ordinate steering and the proper timing of oar strokes between themselves.
79

_79 (number)_

**79** is a year in the 1st century.

## Events

- Foundation of Deva Victrix, see Chester city walls
- The volcano Mount Vesuvius erupted, destroying Pompeii and Herculaneam.
1960 Winter Olympics

The **1960 Winter Olympics**, officially known as the **VIII Olympic Winter Games**, were held in 1960 in Squaw Valley, California, United States (in the Lake Tahoe basin). Squaw Valley won the bid in 1955.

Alexander Cushing, the creator of the resort, campaigned vigorously to win the Games. After being awarded the Games, there was a rush to construct roads, hotels, restaurants, and bridges, as well as the ice arena, the speed skating track, ski lifts, and the ski jumping hill.

## Infobox (olympic games)

- 1960
- Winter
- Olympics
- **host city**: Squaw Valley, Placer County, California, Squaw Valley, United States
- **nations**: 30
- **athletes**: 665 (521 men, 144 women)
- **events**: 27 in 4 Olympic sports, sports (8 disciplines)
- **opening**: 18 February
- **closing**: 28 February
- **opened by**: Vice President of the United States, Vice President Richard Nixon
- **cauldron**: Ken Henry (speed skater), Ken Henry
- **stadium**: Blyth Arena
- **winter prev**: 1956 Winter Olympics, Cortina 1956
- **winter next**: 1964 Winter Olympics, Innsbruck 1964
- **summer prev**: 1956 Summer Olympics, Melbourne 1956
- **summer next**: 1960 Summer Olympics, Rome 1960
1984 Winter Olympics

The **1984 Winter Olympics**, officially known as the **XIV Olympic Winter Games**, were held in Sarajevo, Yugoslavia. (Sarajevo is now in Bosnia and Herzegovina.) Other candidate cities were Sapporo, Japan and Falun, Sweden. It was the first Winter Games and the second Olympics held in Eastern Europe (the first was the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow).

The Olympics would have a positive impact on Sarajevo. Shortly after however, the Bosnian War and siege of Sarajevo would take place and would leave tens of thousands dead. A lot of venues that were built for the Olympics were either destroyed or badly damaged in the war. Some buildings were repaired but some like the bobsleigh track had to be abandoned because of the risk of landmines.

## Other websites

- IOC page for the 1984 Winter Olympics

## Infobox (olympic games)

- 1984
- Winter
- Olympics
- **host city**: Sarajevo, Yugoslavia
- **image**: 1984 Winter Olympics logo.svg
- **image size**: 140px
- **nations**: 49
- **athletes**: 1,272 (998 men, 274 women)
- **events**: 39 in 6 Olympic sports, sports (10 disciplines)
- **opening**: 8 February
- **closing**: 19 February
- **opened by**: List of heads of state of Yugoslavia#SFR Yugoslavia, President of the Presidency
 Mika Špiljak
- **cauldron**: Sanda Dubravčić
- **stadium**: Koševo City Stadium, Koševo Stadium
- **winter prev**: 1980 Winter Olympics, Lake Placid 1980
- **winter next**: 1988 Winter Olympics, Calgary 1988
- **summer prev**: 1980 Summer Olympics, Moscow 1980
- **summer next**: 1984 Summer Olympics, Los Angeles 1984
1988 Winter Olympics

The **1988 Winter Olympics**, officially known as the **XV Olympic Winter Games**, were held in Calgary, Alberta, Canada and opened by Governor General Jeanne Sauvé. The Olympics were highly successful financially as they brought in million-dollar profits. The games left a lasting impression on the host city and gave it a new identity from a cowtown to a large commercial sector of the country.

1988 was also the last year that the Paralympic Games and the Winter Olympics were held in separate cities. All Games after the 1988 Winter Olympics have been hosted by the same city or a city nearby.

The Canadian team did not win a gold medal during the 1988 Winter Olympics, similar to how the Canadian team did not win one during the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal. At the time, Canada and Yugoslavia were the only countries that had not won a gold medal when their country hosted the Olympics. (However, Canada would later win a gold medal when the 2010 Winter Olympics were hosted in Vancouver.)

### Background

Calgary first tried for the Olympics in 1964, and again in 1968.

## Other websites

- IOC page on the Calgary 1988 Olympics

## Infobox (olympic games)

- 1988
- Winter
- Olympics
- **host city**: Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- **motto**: _Coming Together in Calgary_
()
- **nations**: 57
- **athletes**: 1,423 (1,122 men, 301 women)
- **events**: 46 in 6 Olympic sports, sports (10 disciplines)
- **opening**: February 13
- **closing**: February 28
- **opened by**: Governor General of Canada, Governor General Jeanne Sauvé
- **cauldron**: Robyn Perry
- **stadium**: McMahon Stadium
- **winter prev**: 1984 Winter Olympics, Sarajevo 1984
- **winter next**: 1992 Winter Olympics, Albertville 1992
- **summer prev**: 1984 Summer Olympics, Los Angeles 1984
- **summer next**: 1988 Summer Olympics, Seoul 1988
- **image**: Olympic rings without rims.svg
- **image size**: 250px
Records of the Grand Historian

The **Records of the Grand Historian** () was written by Sima Qian, the historian of the Han Dynasty. It is a book recording Chinese history from the time of 3 Sovereigns and 5 Emperors until the reign of Emperor Wu of Han.
1976 Winter Olympics

The **1976 Winter Olympics**, officially known as the **XII Olympic Winter Games**, were held in 1976 in Innsbruck, Austria. The games were originally awarded to Denver, Colorado, United States in May 1970, but a 300 percent rise in costs and worries about environmental impact led to voters' rejection of a $5 million bond issue to finance the games in 1972. As a result, the IOC offered the games to Whistler, British Columbia (Canada), who had bid on the games, but they also declined due to a change of government there. (Whistler would go on to be associated with neighbouring Vancouver's successful bid for the 2010 Winter Olympics.) The IOC finally called on Innsbruck, which had hosted the 1964 Winter Games just twelve years earlier, to also host the 1976 games. Salt Lake City, Utah, which would eventually host in 2002, offered itself as a potential host after the withdrawal of Denver. The IOC declined.

## Other websites

- IOC page for the 1976 Winter Olympics

## Infobox (olympic games)

- 1976
- Winter
- Olympics
- **host city**: Innsbruck, Tyrol (state), Tyrol, Austria
- **nations**: 37
- **athletes**: 1,123 (892 men, 231 women)
- **events**: 37 in 6 Olympic sports, sports (10 disciplines)
- **opening**: 4 February
- **closing**: 15 February
- **opened by**: President of Austria, President Rudolf Kirchschläger
- **cauldron**: Christl Haas
Josef Feistmantl
- **stadium**: Bergisel
- **winter prev**: 1972 Winter Olympics, Sapporo 1972
- **winter next**: 1980 Winter Olympics, Lake Placid 1980
- **summer prev**: 1972 Summer Olympics, Munich 1972
- **summer next**: 1976 Summer Olympics, Montreal 1976
Gymnastics at the Summer Olympics

**Gymnastics** has been contested at every **Summer Olympic Games** since the birth of the modern Olympic movement at the 1896 Summer Olympics. For thirty years, only men were allowed to compete. Women's events were introduced at the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam. The competition was held in artistic gymnastics discipline until 1984, when rhythmic gymnastics discipline was added to the program of the Olympics. Since 2000, trampolining discipline has also been competed.
Biathlon

**Biathlon** (not to be confused with duathlon) is a term used to describe any sporting event made up of two disciplines. However, biathlon usually refers specifically to the winter sport that combines cross-country skiing and rifle shooting. Another popular variant is summer biathlon, which combines cross-country running with riflery.

## Related pages

Biathlon's two sports disciplines:
- Cross-Country Skiing
- Rifle shooting

Other multi-discipline sports (otherwise unrelated to biathlon):
- Duathlon
- Nordic Combined
- Triathlon
- Pentathlon
- Modern pentathlon
- Heptathlon
- Decathlon

## Other websites

- Event & Competition Rules Authorized by the IBU Congress, June 1998  – The official IBU rule book, with annexes
- Biathlonworld.Com – A cooperation between IBU and EBU; with race results/statistics, TV schedules, live competition results, etc.
- Russian Biathlon Union (rus)
- Russian Biathlon Union(eng)
- Biathlon Canada
- Biathlon Alberta
- U.S. Biathlon Association
- U.S. Archery Biathlon
- History of Biathlon
- Veltins Biathlon World Team Challenge
- Biathlon on OLN TV
- Biathlon on DVD
- Biathlon Russia
- Biathlon Ukraine
- BiathlonFrance.com

## Infobox (sport)

- **name**: Biathlon
- **image**: Biathlon pictogram.svg
- **imagesize**: 200
- **caption**: Biathlon pictogram
- **union**: International Biathlon Union
- **team**: Single competitors or relay teams
- **mgender**: Yes
- **equipment**: Skis, Ski pole#Cross-country and alpine ski poles, poles, rifle
- **olympic**: 1924 Winter Olympics, 1924 (military patrol)
 1960 Winter Olympics, 1960 (officially)
1972 Summer Olympics

The **1972 Summer Olympics**, officially known as the **Games of the XX Olympiad**, were held in Munich, West Germany (in what is now Germany), from 26 August to 11 September 1972. Munich won its Olympic bid in April 1966 over the cities of Detroit, Michigan, USA; Madrid, Spain; and Montreal, Canada. The 1972 Summer Olympics are one of 2 Olympic Games that had a significant criminal incident — the Munich massacre, in which a group of Palestinian terrorists kidnapped and killed several Israeli athletes. (The other Olympics with a significant criminal event was the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia, USA — the Centennial Olympic Park bombing). A movie about the Israeli response to this was made called Munich.

## Related pages

- Munich massacre
- 1972 Summer Paralympics

## Other websites

- IOC page for the 1972 Summer Olympics

## Infobox (olympic games)

- 1972
- Summer
- Olympics
- **image**: 1972 Summer Olympics logo.svg
- **image size**: 280
- **caption**: Logo of the 1972 Summer Olympics
- **host city**: Munich, Bavaria, West Germany
- **motto**: _The Cheerful Games_
(German language, German: _Heitere Spiele_)
- **nations**: 121
- **athletes**: 7,134 (6,075 men, 1,059 women)
- **events**: 195 in 21 Olympic sports, sports (28 disciplines)
- **opening**: 26 August
- **closing**: 11 September
- **opened by**: President of Germany, President Gustav Heinemann
- **cauldron**: Günther Zahn
- **stadium**: Olympiastadion (Munich), Olympiastadion
- **summer prev**: 1968 Summer Olympics, Mexico City 1968
- **summer next**: 1976 Summer Olympics, Montreal 1976
- **winter prev**: 1972 Winter Olympics, Sapporo 1972
- **winter next**: 1976 Winter Olympics, Innsbruck 1976
Royal borough

**Royal Boroughs** are districts in the United Kingdom that have been given this special title because they had special links with the British royal family.
Emperor Wu of Jin

**Emperor Wu of Jin** (; 236 - 290) was the founder of Western Jin Dynasty. His name was Sima Yan. He was born in Henei (now Henan Province). His father was Sima Zhao and Sima Yi was his grandfather. They were the imperial officials of Wei Dynasty and seized control over the imperial court. In 265 AD, Sima Yan forced Emperor Cao Huan to abdicate. In 280 AD, he conquered Eastern Wu and unified China.

Later he promoted his relatives as princes, it caused War of the Eight Princes after Sima Yan’s death.
John Couch Adams

**John Couch Adams** (5 June 1819 – 21 January 1892), was an English mathematician and astronomer. Adams was born in Laneast, Cornwall and died in Cambridge. He was famous for co-discovering the planet Neptune.

## Other websites

- Biography on the St Andrews database
- Awarding of RAS gold medal: MNRAS **26** (1866) 157
- AJ **11** (1892) 112
- MNRAS **53** (1892) 184
- Obs **15** (1892) 173

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: John Couch Adams
- **image**:
- **birth date**: 5 June 1819
- **death date**: 21 January 1892
Itihasa

In Sanskrit, **Itihasa** means history. For Hindus, an Itihasa is a story that tells about what happened in the past in the land of India. Itihasas are usually epic poems. The important itihasas to Hindus are the Ramayana and the Mahabharata. Modern excavations and archaeological evidence are slowly beginning to prove these Indian epics as actual history .

The original meaning of Iithasa had a more precise connotation than the word History.It means ‘thus indeed, in this tradition’ . One of the earliest references to Itihaasa in the literature of antiquity is in Chanakyas’s Arthashastra. He defines Itihaasa, in the syllabus prescribed for training of a Prince, with the following words;

Puraana (the chronicles of the ancient), Itivrtta (history), Akhyayika (tales), Udaaharana (illustrative stories), Dharmashastra (the canon of Righteous conduct), and Arthashastra (the science of Government) are called Itihaasah.  History in this definition takes on the meaning  of Historiography and is perhaps even more eclectic and appears to include political science and History as we use them today.

The quintessential quote is that of Kalhana in the Rajatarangini,12th century CE (1147 to 1149 CE) who is regarded as a modern in Indian parlance:

History will be the narration of events as they happened, in the form of a story, which will be an advice to the reader to be followed in life, to gain the purusaarthas namely Kama the satiation of desires through Artha the tool, by following the path of Dharma the human code of conduct to gain Moksha or liberation.
Bhakti yoga

**Bhakti yoga** is a Hindu spiritual practice.  People constantly pray to, and think about, a form of a Hindu god, usually Vishnu.
Bhakti is a Sanskrit term. It signifies an attitude of devotion to God. The relation between man and God is imagined as a beloved-lover, friend-friend, parent-child, and master-servant. The Bhakta worships his chosen God by any of these mentalities.

The Bhagavata Purana teaches nine primary forms of bhakti. They are:
- _śravaṇa_ ("listening" to the scriptural stories of  and his companions)
- _kīrtana_ ("praising," usually refers to ecstatic group singing)
- _smaraṇa_ ("remembering" or fixing the mind on Viṣṇu)
- _pāda-sevana_ (giving service)
- _arcana_ (worshiping an image)
- _vandana_ (paying homage)
- _dāsya_ (behaving like a servant)
- _sākhya_ (friendship)
- _ātma-nivedana_ (complete surrender of the self)
International Society for Krishna Consciousness

The **International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON)** is a newer religious movement based on the original Vedic culture of ancient India. It is also known as 'the Hare Krishna' movement.  It was founded in 1966 in New York City by A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada. The organization's core beliefs are based on three scriptures, Bhagavad Gita, Srimad Bhagavatam and the Caitanya-caritamrita.
Hare Krishna

- _The religious movement can be found at International Society for Krishna Consciousness._

**Hare Krishna** is a mantra. It is also known as **Maha Mantra**. The mantra was made well known even outside Hinduism by the International Society for Krishna Consciousness. The mantra can be found in many Hinduist traditions in India. Those who believe in it think that when the mantra is heard, spoken, used for meditation or sung this can lead to a higher state of consciousness.

According to Gaudiya Vaishnava theology, this higher consciousness takes the form of pure love of God (Krishna). The mantra is contained in the texts of Hinduism known as the Upanishads, which are considered by some scholars to have roots in the Vedic past.
A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada

**A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada**, also known as **Srila Prabhupada** (September 1, 1896–November 14, 1977) was the person who created the ISKCON movement.
Puranas

In the Sanskrit language, **purana** means story of ancient times. For Hindus, a purana is a scripture that tells what happened in ancient times. Puranas tell about history, ancient Indian traditions, and what Hindus believe. It is basically in Sanskrit and Tamil languages.

### Mahapuranas

Mahapurana means Great Story of Ancient Times in Sanskrit.

1. Agni (15,400 verses)
1. Bhagavata (18,000 verses)
1. Bhavishya (14,500 verses)
1. Brahma (24,000 verses)
1. Brahmanda (12,000 verses; includes Lalita Sahasranamam, a text some Hindus recite as prayer)
1. Brahmavaivarta (18,000 verses)
1. Devi Bhagavata (18,000 verses)
1. Garuda (19,000 verses)
1. Harivamsa (16,000 verses; more often considered _itihāsa_)
1. Kurma (17,000 verses)
1. Linga (11,000 verses)
1. Markandeya (9,000 verses; includes Devi Mahatmyam, an important text for Shaktas)
1. Matsya (14,000 verses)
1. Narada (25,000 verses)
1. Padma (55,000 verses)
1. Shiva (24,000 verses)
1. Skanda (81,100 verses)
1. Vamana (10,000 verses)
1. Varaha (10,000 verses)
1. Vayu (24,000 verses)
1. Vishnu (23,000 verses)
Patti LaBelle

**Patti LaBelle** (born **Patricia Louise Holte** on May 24, 1944) is an American R&B and Soul singer. She is known for her high vocal belting (using the chest to make high pitch sounds). She is known for such songs as "New Attitude" and "On My Own".

She was the lead singer of Patty La Belle and the Bluebells during the 1960s and 70s. Later the group was known as simply "Labell". In this later group the style was more laid back, singing hits like The Rolling Stones' _Wild Horses_.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Patti LaBelle
- **img**: Patti LaBelle.jpg
- **img capt**: Patti LaBelle singing for the Columbia memorial service in 2003.
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Patricia Louise Holte
- **birth place**: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States!
- **genre**: rhythm and blues, R&B, soul music, soul, disco
- **occupation**: Singer, songwriter, actor, actress
- **years active**: 1960–present
- **label**: Epic Records, Epic, Philadelphia International Records, Philadelphia Int'l, MCA Records, MCA, Def Jam Records, Def Soul Classics, Bungalo Records, Bungalo
- **associated acts**: Labelle, Nona Hendryx, Sarah Dash
- **url**: [http://www.pattilabelle.com PattiLabelle.com]
Kami (disambiguation)

**Kami** (神) is a Japanese word for any of several gods, spirits, or the God of Abrahamic religions.

## Kami may also mean

- The word may also mean charisma, omniscience, miracle, or any other quality that might remind one of the holy.  For example, Kamikaze means "divine wind".
- **Kami** is a HIV positive puppet in _Takalani Sesame_.
- **Kami** is a character in _Dragon Ball_, a manga.
- **Kami** was the drummer of the Japanese band Malice Mizer.
Folklore

**Folklore** is part of the culture of a group of people. It may include stories, music, dance, legends, oral history, proverbs, jokes, and popular beliefs. This also includes the oral traditions of that culture. The academic study of folklore is sometimes called _folkloristics_. Folkloristics is often ethnographic. A **Folktale** or **folk tale** is a story from the oral literature of a people.

Little Red Riding Hood is a famous folktale in European culture.
Inari

**Inari** may mean:

- Inari, Finland, a municipality in Finland
- Lake Inari in Finland
- Inari Sami, one of the Sami languages
- Inari (mythology), a Shinto god
- Inari-zushi, a kind of sushi
Oni

**Oni** may refer to:
- Oni, Georgia, a town in the Republic of Georgia
- Oni (folklore) (鬼), the demons and ogres of Japanese folklore
- Oni (video game), a third-person shooter video game made by Bungie Studios
- Oni Sakti, professional artist, once known as Atticus Ross
- Oni (novel), a work of fiction by author Marc Olden, about a Russian/Japanese terrorist.

**ONI** may stand for:
- The Office of Naval Intelligence, the United States Navy's service intelligence center
- The National Olympiad of Informatics (_Olimpiada Naţională de Informatică_), the most important Romanian informatics competition
Kappa

**Kappa** (uppercase/lowercase **Κ κ**) is the letter of the Greek alphabet used to represent the "k" sound in Ancient and Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 20. Letters that came from it include the Roman K and Cyrillic К.

The letter κ always stands for the sound "k" in Greek. It is customary to transliterate (re-write) κ as "c" in English, but this is somewhat problematic since c is pronounced as "s" before e, i and y (which does not happen in Greek).

In mathematics, the lowercase  is used to represent the curvature of a curve, while the uppercase Κ is used to represent an ordinal number which is also a cardinal number.

## Related pages

- Thermal conductivity, represented by
Kappa (disambiguation)

**Kappa** may be:

- Kappa, a letter of the Greek alphabet
- Kappa (folklore), a Japanese river imp
- Kappa (rocket)
- Kappa Publishing Group
- Kappa, Illinois
- Kappa particle, a feature of some _Paramecium aurelia_

**Kappa** may be short for:

- Kappa Alpha Psi
- Kappa Kappa Gamma
- Kappa Kappa Kappa
- Kappa Phi Lambda
Văn Cao

**Văn Cao** (born **Nguyễn Văn Cao**; 15 November 1923 – 10 July 1995) was a famous Vietnamese composer.  He wrote the Vietnamese national anthem, "". He, along with Pham Duy and Trinh Cong Son, is widely considered one of the three most important people in modern (non-classical) Vietnamese music.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Văn Cao
- **birth name**: Nguyễn Văn Cao
- **birth place**: Hai Phong, French Indochina
- **death place**: Hanoi, Vietnam
- **nationality**: Vietnamese
- **occupation**: Composer
- **notable works**: Tiến Quân Ca
Kojiki

**Kojiki** or _Furukotofumi_ (), also called in English as the _Records of Ancient Matters_, is the oldest book known in Japan. It was written 712 CE, and dedicated to Empress Gemmei. The Kojiki is a book about Japanese mythology (Shinto), legends, songs, genealogies, oral traditions, and semi-historical accounts down to 641 BCE. The book mixes the legends of first emperor of Japan and several others with stories about the gods. Therefore, it is difficult to know which parts of the Kojiki are real and which parts are legend. According to legend, all the emperors of Japan are descended from Amaterasu, the sun goddess.

The Kojiki is written in Chinese, but the way the Japanese wrote it is by using the pronunciation of the Chinese characters and not the meanings of them.  In other words, a person who can read Chinese will not be able to read the Kojiki unless they also know how to speak Japanese. It includes many Japanese names and some phrases.

## Sections

The Kojiki is divided into three parts: the , the  and the .

- The _Kamitsumaki_, also known as the , includes the preface of the Kojiki. It is about the first gods in the mythology of Japan, Izanagi and Izanami. These are the gods who created the world. This volume also tells of the births of various gods of the _kamiyo_ period, or Age of the Gods. The _Kamitsumaki_ also describes the legends about the creation of Japan. It describes how Ninigi-no-Mikoto, grandson of Amaterasu, came down from heaven to Kyūshū and became the ancestor of the Japanese royal line. According to this legend, he is considered the great-grandfather of Emperor Jimmu.

- The _Nakatsumaki_ begins with the story of Jimmu, the first Emperor, and how he conquered Japan. The volume ends with the 15th emperor, Ōjin. Not much is written about the reigns of the second through the ninth emperors; only their names and the names of their various descendants are mentioned, as well as a few other details. There is no mention of their achievements. Many of the stories in this volume are mythological, and there is no evidence to suggest that they are historically accurate. Recent studies support the opinion that these emperors were invented to push Jimmu's reign further back to the year 660 BC.

- The _Shimotsumaki_ recounts the 16th to the 33rd emperors. Unlike the other two volumes, this one does not contain many references to the gods. Interactions between the human world and the gods are very prominent in the first and second volumes, but not in this volume. Information about the 24th to the 33rd emperors is largely missing as well.

## Related pages

- _Nihon Odai Ichiran_
- Nihon Shoki

## Other websites

- The Internet Sacred Text Archive - An online version of Basil Hall Chamberlain's translation of _Kojiki_ (1919).
Hindu philosophy

There are mainly six branches of Hindu Philosophy. These six schools of philosophy have been the result of ancient Indian thought and usually termed as "Sad Darsana". These are:
- Samkhya
- Yoga
- Vaiseshika
- Nyaya
- Purva Mimamsa
- Vedanta

Among the above six schools of Hindu Philosophy, Vedanta is by far very popular. The Vedanta accepts the authority of the knowledge portions of the Vedas, called Upanishads.
Guru

In the Sanskrit language, **guru** means teacher. Indian religions, such as Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism, Sikhism and newer movements such as Transcendental Meditation use _guru_ as a title. They give it to a teacher (or guide) of religious matters.

In Western usage, any person who has followers may be called a guru, even if he is followed for things other than religion or philosophy. A person with knowledge or expertise may be called a guru if he influences by personal teaching. Modern terms which have a rather similar meaning are mentor and tutor.

## Satguru

Many Hindus have a satguru as well.The word "guru" means the one who removes the darkness from our heart. Satguru means true guru or true teacher. The title means that his students know that the guru can be trusted and will lead them to enlightenment. A satguru is a great soul who has realized God and is able to lead others along the path. God shines out from the satguru more brightly than from other people because he is very pure and enlightened. The satguru is devoted full time to religious life, is unmarried and has given up all possessions, personal life, family and friends. He has received an initiation from his satguru that gives him great spiritual power and authority. He can teach parents how to raise children, adults how to avoid problems and overcome any challenge in life, and in general he can make people feel close to God.

## Examples of gurus

- Lao Zi
- Chuang Tzu
- Dalai Lama
- Gurdjieff
- Krishnamurti
- Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh
- Maharishi Mahesh Yogi
- Deepak Chopra