juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Sanqingshan

**Sanqingshan** is a UNESCO World Heritage Site in China. It is based on **Mount Sanqing**, which is a renowned Taoist sacred mountain.

The mountain is  north of Yushan County in Jiangxi Province, China. It has outstanding scenery. There are three main summits: Yujing, Yushui, and Yuhua, symbolising the Taoist trinity.

Mount Sanqing is a national park of China. It is a famous "honeypot" (place for tourists) and a home of over 2300 species of plants and 400 species of vertebrates. The total area of Mount Sanqing is 229 km². It became a National Geopark in 2005 and a World Heritage Site in 2008.

These granite mountains hold the evidence of a billion years of geological evolution. This includes the evidence of important geological events, such as the amalgamation of the supercontinent Rodinia.

## Infobox (unesco world heritage site)

- **child**: yes
- **official name**: Mount Sanqingshan National Park
- **criteria**: (vii)
- **id**: 1292
- **year**: 2008


## Infobox (protected area)

- **name**: Sanqingshan National Geopark
- **photo**: Sanqingshan 1461.JPG
- **map**: China
- **relief**: yes
- **map width**: 250
- **map alt**: A map showing the location of the park
- **location**: Jiangxi, China
- **nearest city**: Shangrao
- **area**: 229.5 km²
- **established**: 2005
Transcriptome

The **transcriptome** is the set of all RNA molecules in one cell or a population of cells. RNA transcribes the base sequence from DNA by the process called transcription. The term 'transcriptome' is sometimes used to refer to all RNAs, or just mRNA, depending on the particular experiment.

It includes only those RNA molecules found in a particular cell population. It usually includes the amount or concentration of each RNA molecule, and the molecular identities. It differs from the exome: that refers only to the bits of RNA which do code for proteins.

In the human genome, about 5% of all genes get transcribed into RNA.

The transcriptome is coding mRNA (about 1-4% of its entirety) and non-coding RNAs (the rest). Non-coding RNAs do not give rise to proteins. The number of non-protein-coding sequences increases in more complex organisms.
Exome

The **exome** is the part of the genome composed of exons. In RNA, introns are removed by RNA splicing. That leaves the sections of the RNA which actually code for the final protein. Exome sequencing is the way researchers find the causes of many inherited diseases.
DNA damage theory of ageing

The **DNA damage theory of ageing** is that ageing happens because damage happens in the individual's DNA. The damage accumulates (builds up) even though there are cell mechanisms that repair most of the damage.

Although both mitochondrial and the cell nucleus may have DNA damage, nuclear DNA is the main subject of this analysis.
Determiner

In linguistics, a **determiner** (abbreviated **<span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">DET</span>**) is a word which adds information to a noun. It gives information about the context of the noun. A determiner may show whether the thing described is definite or indefinite, closer or more distant, singular or plural, etc.

Common kinds of determiners include definite and indefinite articles (like the English _the_ and _a_ or _an_), demonstratives (_this_ and _that_), possessives (_my_ and _their_), quantifiers (_many_, _few_ and _several_),  numerals (_three, twenty_), this may mean it tells you how many of something there is.
Grammatical number

**Grammatical number** is the way numbers and counting are fitted into sentences.

Most languages have ways to express differences of number.
- _That apple on the table is fresh._
- _Those two apples on the table are fresh._

Common categories of grammatical number are singular (one) or plural (not one). Some languages, also have a notion of dual, for two, or of paucal, for "a few".

Some languages (like Chinese) do not have the concept of grammatical number, and numbers or other quantifiers are used if necessary. Finally, there may be words that have only one form or are not countable.

## Advanced sources

- Greenberg, Joseph H 1972. Numeral classifiers and substantival number: problems in the genesis of a linguistic type. _Working Papers on Language Universals_ **9**, Stanford University, pp. 1–39.
- Laycock, Henry 2005. Mass nouns, count nouns and non-count nouns. _Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics_. Oxford: Elsevier.
E4 (TV channel)

**E4** is a television channel that broadcasts in the United Kingdom. The "E" stands for _entertainment_, It started on 18 January 2001. On 14 December 2009 E4 started a High Definition version of their channel on Sky+ HD. Channel 4 owns E4.

## Programmes they have shown

- _Rude Tube_
- _Made in Chelsea_
- _Tattoo Fixers_
- _New Girl_
- _Brooklyn Nine Nine_
- _The Inbetweeners_
- _PhoneShop_
- _School of Comedy_
- _Tool Academy_
- _Coach Trip_
- _The 100_
- _Rich Kids of Instagram_

## Infobox (tv channel)

- **name**: E4
- **launch date**: 18 January 2001
- **owner**: Channel Four Television Corporation
- **country**: United Kingdom
- **picture format**: 16:9 576i SDTV
1080i HDTV
- **timeshift service**: E4 +1
- **sister channels**: Channel 4
4seven
Film4
More4
4Music
Box Upfront
The Box (UK and Ireland TV channel), The Box
Box Hits
Kerrang! TV, Kerrang!
Kiss TV, Kiss
Magic (TV channel), Magic
- **web**: [http://www.channel4.com/e4 www.channel4.com/e4]
- **terr serv 1**: Freeview (UK), Freeview
- **terr chan 1**: Channel 28
 Channel 29 (+1)
- **sat serv 1**: Freesat
- **sat chan 1**: Channel 122
 Channel 123 (+1)
- **sat serv 2**: Sky (United Kingdom), Sky <small>(UK)</small>
- **sat chan 2**: Channel 135 (SD/HD)
Channel 235 (+1)
Channel 830 (SD)
- **sat serv 3**: Sky Ireland, Sky <small>(Ireland)</small>
- **sat chan 3**: Channel 136
Channel 236 (+1)
Channel 345 (HD)
- **cable serv 1**: Virgin Media
- **cable chan 1**: Channel 106
 Channel 145 (HD)
 Channel 146 (+1)
- **cable serv 2**: Virgin Media Ireland
- **cable chan 2**: Channel 112
 Channel 113 (+1)
 Channel 162 (HD)
- **online serv 1**: All 4
- **online chan 1**: [http://www.channel4.com/now/e4 Watch live]
- **online serv 2**: FilmOn
- **online chan 2**: [http://www.filmon.com/tv/e4 Watch live]
- **online serv 3**: Sky Go
- **online chan 3**: [http://go.sky.com/ Watch live] (UK and Ireland only)
Carroll County, Georgia

**Carroll County, Georgia** is a county in the U.S. state of Georgia. The county's capital is Carrollton. As of 2020, Carroll County had a population of 119,148 people.

## Cities and towns

- Bowdon
- Carrollton
- Mount Zion
- Roopville
- Temple
- Villa Rica
- Whitesburg
Paulding County, Georgia

**Paulding County, Georgia** is a county in the U.S. state of Georgia. Its county seat is Dallas. As of 2020, Paulding County had a population of 168,661 people.

## Cities and towns

- Dallas
- Hiram
- Braswell

## Rural communities

- New Hope
- Yorkville
- New Georgia
- Nebo
- Crossroads
- Bentwater
- Sudie
- Seven Hills
Cobb County, Georgia

**Cobb County, Georgia** is a county in the U.S. state of Georgia. The county's capital is Marietta. As of 2020, Cobb County had a population of 766,149 people.

## Cities and towns

- Acworth
- Austell
- Kennesaw
- Marietta
- Powder Springs
- Smyrna
- Fair Oaks
- Mableton
- Vinings

## Rural communities

- Austell
- Blackwells
- Chattahoochee Plantation
- Clarkdale
- Cumberland
- Due West
- East Cobb
- Lost Mountain
- Macland
- Mars Hill
- Mount Bethel
- North East Cobb
- Noonday
- Powers Park
- Sandy Plains
- Spring Hill
- Town Center
- Westoak
Dhiraj Choudhury

**Dhiraj Choudhury** (1 April 1936 – 1 June 2018) was an Indian painter. He had more than eighty exhibitions, including sixteen international painting exhibitions. He was born in Brahmanbaria District, British India (now Bangladesh).

Choudhury died on 1 June 2018 in Kolkata, West Bengal, India at the age of 82.

## Infobox (artist)

- **name**: Dhiraj Choudhury
- **image**: Dhiraj Choudhury.jpg
- **birth name**: Dhiraj Chowdhury
- **birth date**: September 1936
- **birth place**: Brahmanbaria District, British Raj, British India
(now Bangladesh)
- **death place**: Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- **nationality**: Indian
- **field**: Painting
drawing
- **spouse**: Leena Chowdhury
Franz M. Wuketits

**Franz Manfred Wuketits** (5 January 1955 – 6 June 2018) was an Austrian biologist, university teacher and epistemologist.  He has written on epistemology, the history and theory of biology, evolution theory, evolutionary ethics, evolutionary epistemology and sociobiology.

From 1987 till 2004 he was employed at the University of Graz where he taught the philosophy of biology.  He also had guest professorships at several other universities including the Vienna University of Technology (1998–2004) and, in Palma de Majorca, at the University of the Balearic Islands (2006, 2008, 2009, 2010).

## Other websites

- Franz M. Wuketits: Wo bleibt das "liberale Rasiermesser"? Ein Plädoyer für Aufklärung, Freiheit und Eigenverantwortung (Aufklärung und Kritik 1/1998, S. 34 ff.)
- Franz M. Wuketits: Biologie und Religion: Warum Biologen ihre Nöte mit Gott haben (PDF; 127 kB)

## Infobox (writer)

- **birth name**: Franz Manfred Wuketits
- **name**: Franz M. Wuketits
- **image**: Franz Wuketits.jpg
- **imagesize**: 295px
- **caption**: Franz Wuketits (2007)
- **birth date**: 5 January 1955
- **birth place**: Parndorf, Burgenland, Austria
- **death date**: 6 June 2018 (aged 63)
- **death place**: Vienna, Austria
- **occupation**: Biologist
- **language**: German
- **nationality**: Austrian
Per Ahlmark

**Per Axel Ahlmark** (15 January 1939 – 8 June 2018) was a Swedish politician and writer. He was the leader of the Liberal People's Party from 1975 to 1978. He was Minister for Employment and Deputy Prime Minister from 1976 to 1978. He was also a member of the Swedish parliament from 1967 to 1978.

Ahlmark died on 8 June 2018 at the age of 79.

## Infobox (politician)

- **name**: Per Ahlmark
- **image**: Per Ahlmark, 2005 (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Per Ahlmark
- **birth place**: Stockholm, Sweden
- **office**: Minister for Employment (Sweden), Minister for Employment
- **term start**: 8 October 1976
- **term end**: 7 March 1978
- **primeminister**: Thorbjörn Fälldin
- **predecessor**: Ingemund Bengtsson
- **successor**: Rolf Wirtén
- **office2**: Deputy Prime Minister of Sweden, Deputy Prime Minister
- **term start2**: 8 October 1976
- **term end2**: 7 March 1978
- **primeminister2**: Thorbjörn Fälldin
- **predecessor2**: Gunnar Sträng
- **successor2**: Ola Ullsten
- **party**: Liberal People's Party (Sweden), Liberal People's Party
- **alma mater**: Stockholm University
- **occupation**: Politician
Maria Bueno

**Maria Esther Andion Bueno** (11 October 1939 – 8 June 2018) was a Brazilian professional tennis player. She played for eleven years in the 1950s and 1960s. She won 19 Grand Slam titles (seven in women's singles, 11 in women's doubles, and one in mixed doubles). That made her the most successful South American female tennis player in history.

Bueno was the year-end number-one ranked female player in 1959 and 1960. She was known for her graceful style of play.

In 1960, Bueno became the first woman to win a calendar-year Grand Slam (all four major tennis tournaments in a year). Three of them were with Darlene Hard. The other was with Christine Truman).

On 8 June 2018, Bueno died from oral cancer and merkel-cell carcinoma at a hospital in São Paulo, Brazil, aged 78.

## Infobox (tennis biography)

- **name**: Maria Bueno
- **fullname**: Maria Esther Andion Bueno
- **image**: Maria Bueno 2016.jpg
- **caption**: Bueno in 2016
- **country**: Brazil
- **birth place**: São Paulo, Brazil
- **death place**: São Paulo, Brazil
- **turnedpro**: 1950
- **retired**: 1977
- **plays**: Right-handed (one-handed backhand)
- **website**: [http://www.mariabueno.org www.mariabueno.org]
- **tennishofyear**: 1978
- **tennishofid**: maria-bueno
- **singlestitles**: 63
- **highestsinglesranking**: No. **1** (1959)
- **australianopenresult**: F (1965 Australian Championships - Women's Singles, 1965)
- **frenchopenresult**: F (1964 French Championships - Women's Singles, 1964)
- **wimbledonresult**: **W** (1959 Wimbledon Championships - Women's Singles, 1959, 1960 Wimbledon Championships - Women's Singles, 1960, 1964 Wimbledon Championships - Women's Singles, 1964)
- **usopenresult**: **W** (1959 U.S. National Championships – Women's Singles, 1959, 1963 U.S. National Championships – Women's Singles, 1963, 1964 U.S. National Championships – Women's Singles, 1964, 1966 U.S. National Championships – Women's Singles, 1966)
- **australianopendoublesresult**: **W** (**1960**)
- **frenchopendoublesresult**: **W** (**1960**)
- **wimbledondoublesresult**: **W** (1958 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Doubles, 1958, **1960 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Doubles, 1960**, 1963 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Doubles, 1963, 1965 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Doubles, 1965, 1966 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Doubles, 1966)
- **usopendoublesresult**: **W** (**1960**, 1962, 1966, 1968)
- **australianopenmixedresult**: SF (1960)
- **frenchopenmixedresult**: **W** (1960)
- **wimbledonmixedresult**: F (1959, 1960, 1967)
- **usopenmixedresult**: F (1958, 1960)
Eunice Gayson

**Eunice Gayson** (17 March 1928, Croydon, Surrey – 8 June 2018) was an English actress. She was best known for playing Sylvia Trench, James Bond's girlfriend in the first two Bond movies (_Dr. No_ and _From Russia with Love_). She was the first official Bond girl. Gayson was going to be cast as Miss Moneypenny, but that part went to Lois Maxwell instead.

Gayson died on 8 June 2018 in London, aged 90.

## Other websites

- Official website of Eunice Gayson
Danny Kirwan

**Daniel David Kirwan** (13 May 1950 – 8 June 2018) was a British Hall of Fame blues rock guitarist and singer-songwriter. He was born in London. His greatest success came with his role as a member of the band Fleetwood Mac between 1968 and 1972.

Kirwan died on 8 June 2018 in London from pneumonia at the age of 68.
Liu Yichang

**Liu Yichang** (; 7 December 1918 – 8 June 2018), was a Hong Kong writer, editor, and publisher. He was born in Shanghai. His best known works are _The Drunkard_ (1963) and _Intersection_ (1993), which is made of two interconnected stories. He was also a prolific columnist who edited 13 newspapers in China, Hong Kong, Singapore and Malaysia, and on average wrote 13,000 characters per day.

Liu died on 8 June 2018 at Pamela Youde Nethersole Eastern Hospital in Chai Wan, Hong Kong of pneumonia, aged 99.
Town and Country, Missouri

**Town and Country** is a suburb in west St. Louis County, Missouri. It has a population of 11,640 as of the 2020 census. Town and Country is located at  (38.631002, −90.471581).
Douglas County, Georgia

**Douglas County, Georgia** is a county in the U.S. state of Georgia. The county's capital is Douglasvile. As of 2020, Douglas County had a population of 144,237 people.

## Cities and towns

- Austell (also in Cobb County)
- Douglasville
- Villa Rica (also in Carroll County)
- Lithia Springs

## Rural communities

- Anneewakee
- Beulah
- Bill Arp
- Chapel Hill
- Fairplay
- Fouts Mill
- Hannah
- McWhorter
- Phillips Mill
- Tributary
- White City
- Winston
Recover EP

***Recover EP*** is the first extended play album by Scottish synth-pop band Chvrches. It was released in 25 March 2013.

## Recover (song)

In 2013, Chvrches released a song called **Recover**, It was the second single from their debut studio album _The Bones of What You Believe. It_ reached number 91 in the UK Singles Chart.

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Recover EP
- **type**: EP
- **artist**: Chvrches
- **genre**: Synth-pop
- **producer**: Chvrches
- **next title**: The Bones of What You Believe
- **next year**: 2013
Barnum Brown

**Barnum Brown** (February 12, 1873 – February 5, 1963), often called **Mr. Bones**, was an American field paleontologist. He discovered the first documented remains of _Tyrannosaurus rex_. His career that made him one of the most famous fossil hunters working in the late Victorian era and the early 20th century.

He was sponsored by the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH). He was Henry Fairfield Osborn's man in the field. Brown worked the country, bargaining and trading for fossils. Often, he simply sent money to have fossils shipped to the AMNH.

After working a handful of years in Wyoming for AMNH in the late 1890s, Brown led an expedition to the Hell Creek Formation of Southeastern Montana. There, in 1902, he discovered and excavated the first documented remains of _Tyrannosaurus rex_.

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Barnum Brown
- **image**: BarnumBrown Student.jpg
- **caption**: Brown in 1897
- **birth date**: February 12, 1872
- **birth place**: Carbondale, Kansas, Carbondale, Kansas
- **death date**: February 5, 1963 (age 89)
- **death place**: New York City, New York (state), New York
- **nationality**: United States, American
- **field**: paleontology
- **work institutions**: American Museum of Natural History
- **known for**: Discovered first documented remains of _Tyrannosaurus, Tyrannosaurus rex_
Matt Rosendale

**Matthew Martin Rosendale** (born July 7, 1960) is an American politician. He was a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Montana from 2021 to 2025. He was the Montana State Auditor from 2017 until 2021. Rosendale was state senator from 2013 to 2017. He is a member of the Republican Party.

Rosendale was born in Baltimore, Maryland. Rosendale studied at Chesapeake College. Rosendale served in the Montana House of Representatives.

In July 2017, Rosendale announced his candidacy for U.S. Senate. He won the Republican nomination, but lost the general election by less than 2% to Democratic incumbent Jon Tester in November 2018.

In 2020, he was elected to the United States House of Representatives, replacing Greg Gianforte.

## Other websites

- Montana State Auditor, Securities and Insurance Commissioner
- Rosendale for U.S. Senate

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Matt Rosendale
- **image**: Matt Rosendale 117th U.S Congress.jpg
- **office**: Member of the
U.S. House of Representatives
from Montana
- **term start**: January 3, 2021
- **term end**: January 3, 2025
- **predecessor**: Greg Gianforte
- **successor**: Troy Downing
- **constituency**: (2021–2023)
 (2023–2025)
- **office1**: Montana State Auditor, Auditor of Montana
- **governor1**: Steve Bullock (American politician), Steve Bullock
- **term start1**: January 2, 2017
- **term end1**: January 3, 2021
- **predecessor1**: Monica Lindeen
- **successor1**: Troy Downing
- **state senate2**: Montana
- **district2**: 18th
- **term start2**: January 7, 2013
- **term end2**: January 2, 2017
- **predecessor2**: John Brenden
- **successor2**: Steve Hinebauch
- **state house3**: Montana
- **district3**: 38th
- **term start3**: January 3, 2011
- **term end3**: January 7, 2013
- **predecessor3**: Dennis Getz
- **successor3**: Alan Doane
- **birth name**: Matthew Martin Rosendale
- **birth place**: Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **children**: 3, including Adam Rosendale, Adam
- **education**: Queen Anne's County High School
Centreville, Maryland
- **signature**: Matt Rosendale's signature.jpg
- **signature alt**: Cursive signature in ink
Eluanbi Lighthouse

** Eluanbi Lighthouse** () is a lighthouse in Kenting National Park, Taiwan. It is on Cape Eluanbi, which is the southernmost place in Taiwan. Cape Eluanbi is in Pingtung County. The lighthouse is managed by the Customs Administration of the Ministry of Finance. The lighthouse is built between the Pacific Ocean and the Taiwan Strait and it faces toward the Luzon Strait. The lighthouse is open to the public for the whole year. The lighthouse is sometimes called "The Light of East Asia", because its intensity is very powerful.

## History

Eluanbi Lighthouse was built in 1883. It was built by the Qing Dynasty. It was built because a lot of accidents happened in this area. Ships crashed into the reefs in the waters nearby. The Qing Dynasty wanted to prevent accidents like the Rover Incident. W. F. Spindey, who was an English architect that was part of the Royal Geographical Society was hired to build this lighthouse. The lighthouse is the only one in Taiwan that is armed. It has a trench around it and a lot of gun holes in the wall. This was needed because many of the local Aboriginal people raided the lighthouse a lot.

After the Treaty of Shimonoseki, Taiwan became a part of the Empire of Japan. Damage on the lighthouse from the First Sino-Japanese War was fixed in 1898 by the Japanese. In World War II, the lighthouse became damaged again during the Aerial Battle of Taiwan-Okinawa.

The lighthouse was rebuilt in 1962. It still works and is a historical monument in Kenting National Park. Next to the lighthouse there is also a memorial of the "Taiwan Eight Magnificent Sceneries".

## References

- Su-fang Li, "The Lighthouses in Taiwan", Yuan-zu Culture Publ. Inc., Taipei county, Taiwan, 2002, pp. 126–131.
- Lun-hui Yue, "Ocean Navigator-The Fair of Taiwan Lighthouses", Kaohsiung History Museum, Kaohsiung, 2000, pp. 83–86.
- Customs, Ministry of Finance of Taiwan, "The Concise History of the Republic of China Customs", Taipei, 1998.

## Other websites

- Kenting National Park (Taiwan)
- Eluanbi Lighthouse-Directorate General of Customs (Taiwan)
- Eluanbi Lighthouse (Taiwan)
- Maritime and Port Bureau MOTC

## Infobox (lighthouse)

- **name**: Eluanbi Lighthouse
鵝鑾鼻燈塔
_Eluan Pi_
- **image name**: 鵝鑾鼻燈塔.jpg
- **caption**: Eluanbi Lighthouse
- **location**: Eluanbi
 Hengchun
 Pingtung County
 Taiwan
- **pushpin map**: Taiwan
- **relief**: 1
- **pushpin map caption**: Taiwan
- **pushpin**: lighthouse
- **yearbuilt**: 1882
- **foundation**: concrete and granite
- **construction**: cast iron tower
- **shape**: cylindrical tower with balcony and lantern
- **marking**: white tower, black lantern dome
- **height**: (five floors)
- **lens**: Fresnel lens, Fourth order fresnel
- **intensity**: 1,800,000 candela
- **characteristic**: Fl W 10s.
- **admiralty**: P4602
- **nga**: 13768
- **arlhs**: TAI-018
- **managingagent**: Kenting National Park
Tour guide

A **tour guide** (also known as **tourist guide** in Europe) is a person who gives information about a place or a place's history to "tourists" (people who are traveling for fun). Some tour guides can talk in the language of the tourist. In some countries a tour guide needs a license and wears a badge.
Tomorrow

**Tomorrow** may mean:

- The future
- "Tomorrow" (Silverchair song)
- "Tomorrow", a song from _Annie_, the 1977 musical
Charles Horioka

**Charles Yuji Horioka** (born September 7, 1956 in Boston, Massachusetts) is a Japanese-American economist. He lives in Japan.  Horioka earned his B.A. and Ph.D. degrees from Harvard University. Now he is Research Professor at the Asian Growth Research Institute in Kitakyushu City, Japan.  He has taught at Stanford, Columbia, Kyoto, and Osaka Universities. He was Vea Family Professor of Technology and Evolutionary Economics Centennial at the University of the Philippines, Diliman, from 2013 until 2014.  He is also a Research Associate of the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER). He was Co-Editor of the International Economic Review until 2013.

He mainly studies macroeconomics, household and family economics, the Japanese economy, and other Asian economies. He has written many academic articles about consumption, saving, and bequest behavior and parent-child relations in Japan, the United States, China, India, Korea, and Asia.

He wrote an article with Martin Feldstein called "Domestic Saving and International Capital Flows." _Economic Journal_ published it in 1980. Horioka showed a positive correlation between long-term savings and investment rates across countries.  This is called the Feldstein–Horioka puzzle. The article is a reference for many other articles in international finance.

In 2001, Horioka won the Seventh Japanese Economic Association Nakahara Prize.

## References

- Biographic Notes  – Institute of Social and Economic Research, Osaka University
- Saving and Investment in the Long Run

## Infobox (economist)

- **name**: Charles Horioka
- **birth place**: Boston, Massachusetts
- **nationality**: Japanese American
- **institution**: Asian Growth Research Institute
- **field**: Economics
- **alma mater**: Harvard University
- **doctoral advisor**: Dale W. Jorgenson
- **influences**: Martin Feldstein
- **contributions**: Feldstein–Horioka puzzle
- **awards**: Nakahara Prize (2001)
- **repec prefix**: e
- **repec id**: pho41
Philippine National Railways

The **Philippine National Railways** (abbreviated as **PNR**), is a railway system in the Philippines under the country's _Department of Transportation_ (DOTr) as its associated agency. The present form of PNR was established in 1984, extending to the Bicol provincial region. As it was, it ran 479 kilometers of the railway through the Philippine island of Luzon.

## Notes

- PNR's inter-city service was suspended in 2014; and its freight service was likewise suspended in 1971. In its place, the Clark–Calamba Railway will be Greater Manila's first _inter-city rail_ service since PNR's discontinuation.

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: Philippine National Railways

- **logo**: Philippine National Railways (PNR).svg
- **foundation**: 1892 <small>(as Ferrocarril de Manila-Dagupan)</small>
1964 <small>(as Philippine National Railways)</small>
- **location city**: Manila
- **location country**: Philippines
- **area served**: Metro Manila
Calabarzon
Bicol Region
- **key people**: Ret. P/Dir. Gen. Roberto T. Lastimoso, PNP, Chairman
Junn B. Magno, General Manager
- **industry**: Rail transport
- **services**: **Current**:
Commuter rail
**Suspended**:
Inter-city rail
 Rail freight transport, Freight services
- **owner**: Government of the Philippines under Department of Transportation (Philippines), DOTr
- **website**: [http://www.pnr.gov.ph/ http://www.pnr.gov.ph/]
Tisha b'av

**Tisha b'av** is a fast day in Judaism. On this day multiple disasters happened, mainly the destruction of the First Temple and the Second Temple.
Insertion sort

**Insertion sort** is a method of sorting data, such as numbers, one item at a time. It is not a very efficient method compared to other algorithms such as quicksort. However, it is a very simple algorithm that is easy to build.

Think about the sequence of numbers in the picture below. It starts with a small number (written as ≤x), then a big number (≥x) and then a medium sized number (written as x). If this had specific numbers, it might start with 2 (small), 10 (big), 4 (medium). The number 10 is bigger than the number 4. So if the sequence were in order from smallest to biggest, it should start with 2, 4, 10. So the second and third numbers should be swapped. So, in the example below, the sequence should start with ≤x, x, ≥x.

When the sequence it sorted, the medium number is moved in between the small (≤x) and big (≥x) numbers. So the sequence becomes:
Jānis Bojārs

**Jānis Bojārs** (12 May 1956 – 5 June 2018) was a Latvian shot putter. He was best known for winning the silver medal for the Soviet Union in the men's shot put event at the 1982 European Championships in Athens, Greece. He set his personal best (21.74 m) on 14 July 1984 at a meet in Riga.

Bojārs died on 5 June 2018 at the age of 62.

## Infobox (sportsperson)
Daugavpils

**Daugavpils** (;  ;  ) is a city in southeastern Latvia. It is on the banks of the Daugava River, from which the city gets its name. Daugavpils literally means "Daugava Castle". It is the second largest city in the country after the capital Riga.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Daugavpils
- **settlement type**: City
- **image skyline**: How Daugavpils look like.jpg
- **imagesize**: 275px
- **image caption**: City from different points of view
- **image flag**: Flag of Daugavpils.svg
- **flag size**: 150px
- **image shield**: Coat_of_arms_of_Daugavpils.svg
- **map alt**: Location of Daugavpils within Latvia
- **map caption**: Location of Daugavpils within Latvia
- **image map**: Daugavpils (city) in Latvia.svg
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: ****
- **established title**: Established
- **established date**: 1275
- **established title1**: Town rights
- **established date1**: 1582
- **leader title**: Mayor, Chairman of the City Council
- **leader name**: Rihards Eigims
- **leader title1**: Number of city council members
- **leader name1**: 15
- **area total km2**: 72.48
- **area water km2**: 9.75
- **elevation max m**: 139
- **elevation min m**: 86
- **population total**: 94196
- **population rank**: 2
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone**: Eastern European Time, EET
- **utc offset**: +2
- **timezone dst**: Eastern European Summer Time, EEST
- **utc offset dst**: +3
- **postal code type**: Postal code
- **postal code**: LV-54(01–65)
- **area code type**: Telephone numbering plan, Calling code
- **area code**: <small>(+371)</small> 654
Louvemont-Côte-du-Poivre

**Louvemont-Côte-du-Poivre** is a commune. It is in the Meuse department in Grand Est in northeast France.

## History

Nobody has lived here since the end of the Battle of Verdun in 1916. The official population is zero. Nobody lives in these places either: Bezonvaux, Beaumont-en-Verdunois, Haumont-près-Samogneux, Cumières-le-Mort-Homme and Fleury-devant-Douaumont.

During the war, the town was completely destroyed. The land was so badly damaged that it was hard to live there. So, the commune was not rebuilt. The site of the commune is kept as it was to show the violence of war. It is officially named a "village that died for France." A municipal council of three members manages the commune. The council members are appointed by the prefect of the Meuse department.

## Related pages

- Communes of the Meuse department
Haumont-près-Samogneux

**Haumont-près-Samogneux** is a commune. It is in the Meuse department in Grand Est in northeast France.

## History

Nobody has lived here since the end of the Battle of Verdun in 1916. The official population is zero. Nobody lives in these places either: Bezonvaux, Beaumont-en-Verdunois, Louvemont-Côte-du-Poivre, Cumières-le-Mort-Homme and Fleury-devant-Douaumont.

During the war, the town was completely destroyed. The land was so badly damaged that it was hard to live there. So, the commune was not rebuilt. The site of the commune is kept as it was to show the violence of war. It is officially named a "village that died for France." A municipal council of three members manages the commune. The council members are appointed by the prefect of the Meuse department.

## Related pages

- Communes of the Meuse department
Richard Biggs

**Richard James Biggs II** (March 18, 1960 – May 22, 2004) was an American television and stage actor. He was known for his roles on the television series _Days of Our Lives_ and _Babylon 5_.

Biggs collapsed at his home in Los Angeles, and died at Providence Saint Joseph Medical Center of complications stemming from aortic dissection on May 22, 2004.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Richard Biggs
- **image**: Richard Biggs.jpg
- **caption**: Richard Biggs at a Babylon 5, B5-Event in
Stuttgart, Germany, 2000.
- **birth place**: Columbus, Ohio, Columbus, Ohio, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Los Angeles, California, U.S.
- **occupation**: Actor
- **years active**: 1985–2004
- **spouse**: Lori Gebers (1998–2004; his death)
Parahenodus

***Parahenodus*** is an extinct _henodontidae_ placodont only known from a skull, described in 2018. The skull, named and described as ***Parahenodus atancensis***, was discovered in Upper Triassic rock in Spain. It was the sister taxon to _Henodus_.
Desert ecology

In deserts, there is very little vegetation. Depending on the type of desert, the climate may be very dry, or very hot. **Desert ecology** is about studying ecology in desert-like climates. Many of the organisms that live there have adapted, to be able to cope with these conditions.
1985 United States-Canada tornado outbreak

The **1985 United States-Canada tornado outbreak** occurred in the United States and Canada on May 31, 1985. In the United States, tornadoes struck the states of Ohio, Pennyslvania, and New York, and in Canada it struck in the province of Ontario. It was the largest and most intense tornado to hit this region and the worst tornado outbreak in Ohio and Pennsylvania history.

### Niles, Ohio/Wheatland, Pennsylvania

The most intense tornado moved through Niles, Ohio and Wheatland, Pennyslvania and was an **F5**. The tornado killed 18 people and injured 310, and this remains the only F5 to strike Pennsylvania and was the most violent tornado in the United States in 1985.

The Niles, Ohio/Wheatland, Pennsylvania tornado began around 6:30 p.m. and gathered strength as it headed towards Newton Falls, Ohio, producing F3 and F4 damage to the town. No deaths or injuries were reported in Newton Falls due to all residents taking shelter. Homes were also destroyed in Lordstown. It became an F5 later as it moved into Niles. Hundreds of homes in Niles were destroyed with the local shopping center leveled and several deaths occurred at the location. The tornado then crossed the state line into Pennsylvania, regaining its strength. 95% of the buildings in Wheatland were destroyed. The tornado weakened slightly as it moved towards Hermitage. 71 homes suffered damage or were destroyed. The tornado then destroyed homes in the Greenfield area before dissipating.

Later on tornadoes broke out in southern New York, nobody was killed in the state but 20 people were injured in New York state.

## Canada

The tornado action moved into southeastern Ontario producing 5 tornadoes between 5:40 p.m. and 6:35 p.m. Eastern Time. The tornadoes ranged from F1-F3 intensity.

At the same time the Lion's Head, Ontario tornado dissipated, severe thunderstorms developed one to the east of Clinton, Ontario and another in Walkerton, Ontario area. The power was shut off in Barrie, Ontario at 4:00 p.m., as the tornado took out the local transformers. 5 people were killed in the area, including a mother and son who were killed when their home was leveled.

## Death toll

In total, 41 tornadoes touched down between 3 p.m. on May 31 and 12 a.m. on June 1, killing 90 people in total across the United States and Canada, with the most deadly tornado happening in the evening hours across Ohio and Pennsylvania. The tornado that struck Niles, Ohio was the deadliest tornado in Ohio since the Xenia tornado in 1974. The outbreak was the worst tornado outbreak in the United States since the 1974 Super Outbreak. It was also the third costliest in history, with $980 million in damage in Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, and Ontario.
Monosemy

**Monosemy** is when the words in a language each have only one meaning.  Most natural human languages are polysemous: words each have more than one meaning.  The constructed languages Lojban and Loglan were created to be monosemous.  Monosemy is helpful for machine translation.
Razan al-Najjar

**Razan Ashraf Abdul Qadir al-Najjar** (11 September 1997 – 1 June 2018) was a Palestinian nurse. She volunteered in the Gaza health ministry. She was a resident of Khuzaa, a village near the border with Israel. She was born in Khuza'a, Khan Yunis.

Her formal training after volunteering was as a paramedic in Khan Younis at Nasser Hospital and she became an active member of the Palestinian Medical Relief Society, a non-governmental health organization. She wore the white coat of the medics and a medics vest with bandages, and was attending those wounded during protests at the border fence between Gaza and Israel during Ramadan.

al-Najjar was fatally shot in the chest by an Israeli soldier as she, with her arms raised to show she was unarmed, tried to help evacuate the wounded near Israel's border fence with Gaza. She was 20 years old.
Karl Fritz Lauer

**Karl Fritz Lauer** (April 11, 1938 – June 5, 2018) was a Romanian-German Agricultural Scientist in Phytopathology and Herbology. He was born in Săcălaz (German Sackelhausen), Kingdom of Romania. After relocation to the German Federal Republic in 1981 he first worked as a scientist at the Botanical Institute of the University of Regensburg before taking over the management of the scientific field research for southern Germany for Rhône-Poulenc from 1983 to 1995.

Lauer died in Leonberg, Baden-Württemberg, Germany on June 5, 2018 at the age of 80.
Mateja Matevski

**Mateja Matevski** (13 March 1929 – 6 June 2018) was a Macedonian poet, literary and theater critic, essayist, and translator.

Matevski was the editor of the literary journals "Mlada literatura" Association.  He was also been the president of the Council of the Struga Poetry Evenings Festival, "Racinovi sredbi".  He was a corresponding member of the North-American Academy in the Spanish language. Matevski was a member of the Bjornstjerne Bjornson Academy in Molde, Norway.

Matevski died on 6 June 2018 in Skopje, Macedonia, aged 89. His funeral was held at the Butel City Cemetery in Skopje.

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Mateja Matevski
- **image**: Матеја Матевски.jpg
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **birth place**: Istanbul, Turkey
- **death place**: Skopje, Republic of Macedonia, Macedonia
- **occupation**: Poet
Brazilian Space Agency

The **Brazilian Space Agency** (; **AEB**) is the Brazilian agency for the country's growing space program. It runs a spaceport at Alcântara and a launch pad at Barreira do Inferno. The Brazilian Space Agency made Brazil a part of the International Space Station mission.

## History

The Brazil Space Program was created in 1961 and was controlled by the Brazilian military. Since the military controlled the program, research there was not much research. Some technological research was not allowed because other countries were worried about developing ICBMs with nuclear bombs.

Brazil launched it's first Brazilian made satellite on February 9, 1993. The satellite was used to study space.

On February 10, 1994, the Brazilian military stopped running the Space Program, which then became the Brazilian Space Agency.

In 2003, a rocket exploded and killed 21 people. Brazil was able to successfully launch its first rocket into space on October 23, 2004. Several other successful launches have followed.

On March 30, 2006, Brazilian astronaut Marcos Pontes became the first Brazilian and the first native Portuguese-speaking person to go to space. He stayed on the International Space Station for a week. He landed in Kazakhstan on April 8, 2006 with the astronauts on Expedition 12.

### Alcântara Launch Center

The Alcântara Launch Center (; CLA) is the main launch site and home to the Brazilian Space Agency. It is  in the state of Maranhão. This place is good because not many people live there and it is easy to protect. It also gives good access to the sky and sea. Since it is close to the equator, it makes launching a special type of satellite that stays over one part of the earth much easier.

### Barreira do Inferno Launch Center

The Barreira do Inferno Launch Center (; CLBI) is another launch site of the Brazilian Space Agency. It is  in the state of Rio Grande do Norte. It is mostly used to launch a special type of rocket for research. It also helps the Alcântara Launch Center.

## Other websites

- Official site in Portuguese
Freddy Eugen

**Freddy Eugen** (4 February 1941 – 8 June 2018) was a Danish cyclist. He was born in København, Denmark.

Eugen was active between 1961 and 1969 on the road and track. On track he won two European medals in the madison event in 1967 and 1968. On the road he won 9 six-day races out of 95 starts, including the Six Days of Amsterdam (1967), as well as one stage of the Tour de Suisse (1963).

Eugen died on 8 June 2018 in Copenhagen from esophageal cancer at the age of 77.
John McKenzie

**John Albert "Pie" McKenzie** (December 12, 1937 – June 8, 2018) was a Canadian professional hockey player and coach. He played in the National Hockey League (NHL) for several seasons. He notably played with the Boston Bruins, with whom he won the Stanley Cup twice (1970, 1072). McKenzie also played several seasons in the World Hockey Association (WHA). He was born in High River, Alberta.

McKenzie also played for the Chicago Blackhawks, Detroit Red Wings and the New York Rangers.

McKenzie died at age 80 on June 8, 2018 from a long-illness in Boston, Massachusetts.

## Other websites

- Picture of John McKenzie's Name on the 1970 Stanley Cup Plaque
Thomas Stuttaford

**Irving Thomas Stuttaford,** OBE (4 May 1931 – 8 June 2018) was a British physician, author, and medical columnist of _The Times_. He served as a Conservative Member of Parliament from 1970 to 1974.

In 2002, he retired as Senior Medical Advisor for Barclays Bank. In the years that followed he continued to write a regular monthly column for _The Oldie_ and was a frequent contributor to _Healthspan_, an online retailer of vitamin supplements, and occasionally to other national newspapers and journals.

Stuttaford died on 8 June 2018 at the age of 87.

## Other websites

- _The Times_ column
- Peter Allan Sichel Memorial Lecture  given by Stuttaford to the Wine and Spirit Education Trust
- Critical review  of _To Your Good Health!_ on the Institute of Alcohol Studies website
- Somewhat disputed article regarding mental and sexual health
- The Oldie Magazine
Neal E. Boyd

**Neal Evans Boyd** (November 18, 1975 – June 10, 2018) was an American pop opera singer and television contestant. He was best known as being the winner of the third season of _America's Got Talent_. He was born in Missouri.

Boyd signed to Decca Records and released his debut album, _My American Dream,_ on June 23, 2009, the day of the fourth season premiere of _America's Got Talent._ It debuted at #195 on the _Billboard_ 200 and #3 on the Top Classical Albums Chart.

Boyd was a Republican. He ran for a seat in the Missouri House of Representatives in 2012 and in 2014, but lost in the election.

Boyd died at the age of 42 on June 10, 2018, of heart and kidney failure in Sikeston, Missouri.

## Other websites

- Neal E. Boyd's official website
- Neal E. Boyd's political website
- NBC Show Profile
Katarzyna Łaniewska

**Katarzyna Janina Łaniewska-Błaszczak** (20 June 1933 – 7 December 2020) was a Polish actress,  opposition activist in the Polish People's Republic, and a political activist beginning in 1989. She was born in Łódź, Poland. From 1970 to 1974, she starred in the comedy series _Czterdziestolatek_.

In the Polish parliamentary elections in 2011, Łaniewska was the nonpartisan candidate to the Senate on behalf of the Law and Justice party in Warsaw. She received nearly 100 thousand votes (nearly 31%).

She was the president of the Warsaw branch of the Association of Polish Artists from 1992 to 2006. She served on the Skolimowska Commission of the Main Board of the Polish Actors Association.

From 1954 to 1964, she was married to actor Ignacy Gogolewski.

Łaniewska died on 7 December 2020 in Łódź at the age of 87.

## Other websites

- Katarzyna Łaniewska-Błaszczak<span> at </span>filmweb.pl
- Katarzyna Łaniewska-Błaszczak<span> at </span> filmpolski.pl
- Katarzyna Łaniewska-Błaszczak<span> at </span>e-teatr.pl
- Katarzyna Łaniewska-Błaszczak<span> at </span>stopklatka.pl
- Katarzyna Łaniewska na zdjęciach<span> at Filmoteki Narodowej "</span>Fototeka<span>"</span>

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Katarzyna Łaniewska
- **image**: Katarzyna Łaniewska Polish actress.jpg
- **caption**: Katarzyna Łaniewska in 1968
- **birth name**: Katarzyna Janina Łaniewska-Błaszczak
- **birth place**: Łódź, Poland
- **death place**: Łódź, Poland
- **nationality**: Polish
- **occupation**: Actress
- **years active**: 1953-2020
- **spouse**: Ignacy Gogolewski (m. 1954–1964)
Andrzej Błaszczak (m. 1984–2018)
- **children**: Agnieszka Gogolewska
Andrzej Kopiczyński

**Andrzej Kopiczyński** (15 April 1934 – 13 October 2016) was a Polish actor. He appeared in more than 50 movies and television between 1958 and 2016. He was known for his starring role as Stefan Karwowski in the comedy series _Czterdziestolatek_ (1974-1977). Kopiczyński was born in Międzyrzec Podlaski, Poland.

Kopiczyński died in Warsaw on 13 October 2016 of Alzheimer's disease at the age of 82.
Czterdziestolatek

**Czterdziestolatek** or **40-latek** (the English translation: a forty-year-old); broadcast in English by TVP Polonia. It was broadcasted under the title of "Being Forty". It is a Polish television comedy series which ran from 1974 to 1977.

It was very popular that it was continued and led to the release of a movie _I'm a Butterfly, a 40-year-old's Love Affair_ and a New Year's Eve television program in 1975.

The series was written by Jerzy Gruza and Krzysztof Teodor Toeplitz and was broadcast on Telewizja Polska. In total, 21 episodes were made.

It starred Andrzej Kopiczyński, Roman Kłosowski, Anna Seniuk, Irena Kwiatkowska, Wojciech Pokora, Leonard Pietraszak, Katarzyna Łaniewska, Wiesław Gołas, Alina Janowska, Jan Kociniak, Tadeusz Pluciński, Lech Ordon, Jan Pietrzak, Jan Kobuszewski and Krzysztof Kowalewski.

The show was about a family in Warsaw who goes through midlife crisis, affairs, addiction, obsession with hair loss, efforts to maintain physical fitness, pride in achievements and professional life, society's role and health.
Roman Kłosowski

**Roman Kłosowski** (14 February 1929 – 11 June 2018) was a Polish actor. He starred in _Shadow_ (_Cień_) in 1956, which entered into the 1956 Cannes Film Festival. He starred in the Aleksander Ford movie _The First Day of Freedom_ which was entered into the 1965 Cannes Film Festival.

From 1974 to 1976 he starred in the successful television comedy series _Czterdziestolatek_. From 1975 to 1981 he directed the Universal Theater in Łódź and from 1981 worked at the Warsaw Mermaid Theater.

## Other websites

- Film Polski biography

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: Roman Kłosowski (2).jpg
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **name**: Roman Kłosowski
- **birth place**: Biała Podlaska, Second Polish Republic, Poland
- **death place**: Łódź, Poland
- **death cause**: Complications from pneumonia
- **occupation**: Actor
- **yearsactive**: 1953–2013
Anna Seniuk

**Anna Seniuk** (born 17 November 1942) is a Polish actress. Seniuk is known to Polish viewers mainly for her role of Magda Karwowska in the immensely popular 1970s Polish TV series _Czterdziestolatek_ (The Forty-Year-Old). She has cooperated with Polish Radio and has been featured in more than 40 radio shows. Her movie roles include: _Europa Europa_, _Potop_ and _The Maids of Wilko_.

## Other websites

- Seniuk’s filmography

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Anna Seniuk
- **image**: Anna Seniuk (02668).jpg
- **caption**: Anna Seniuk in 2014
- **birthname**: Anna Seniuk
- **birth place**: Ivano-Frankivsk, Stanislawow, Poland, now Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine
- **yearsactive**: 1964–present
Irena Kwiatkowska

**Irena Kwiatkowska** (17 September 19123 March 2011) was a Polish actress. She was known in Poland for her many cabaret roles and monologues. She appeared in comedy movies and television series. She was known for her role in _Czterdziestolatek_ ("Being Forty", 1974–77) as "Kobieta Pracująca" ("Working Woman").

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Irena Kwiatkowska
- **image**: Irena Kwiatkowska Polish actress 1949.jpg
- **caption**: Kwiatkowska in 1949
- **birth place**: Warsaw, Poland
- **death place**: Konstancin-Jeziorna, Poland
- **occupation**: Actress
- **years active**: 1935–2009
- **spouse**: Bolesław Kielski (1947–1994)
Leonard Pietraszak

**Leonard Józef Pietraszak** (6 November 1936 — 1 February 2023) was a Polish actor. He appeared in more than 60 movies and television shows since 1957. He was born in Bydgoszcz, Poland. He is known for his role in the comedy television series _Czterdziestolatek_.

Pietraszak also starred in _Stawka większa niż życie_ (1967), _How I Unleashed World War II_ (1970), _Vabank_ (1981), _Danton_ (1983), _Kingsajz_ (1987) and _Letters to Santa_ (2011).
Tadeusz Pluciński

**Tadeusz Leszek Pluciński** (25 September 1926 – 23 April 2019) was a Polish actor. He appeared in more than 40 movies and television shows from 1951. He was born in Łódź, Poland. He starred in _Warsaw Premiere_ (1951), _Westerplatte_ (1967), _Stawka większa niż życie_ (1967) and the comedy series _Czterdziestolatek_ (1974–1977).