juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Diana Krall

**Diana Jean Krall** (born November 16, 1964) is a Canadian jazz singer and pianist from Nanaimo, British Columbia.

Krall began to play the piano when she was four years old.  She began to play in restaurants when she was 15. When she was 17, she won a Vancouver Jazz Festival scholarship (student money award) to study music at the Berklee College of Music in Boston.  She later moved to Los Angeles to study with Jimmy Rowles.  In 1990, she moved to New York City.

Krall's 1996 album _All For You,_ was a tribute (way to honour someone) to the Nat King Cole trio. It was on the _Billboard_ jazz charts for 70 weeks. The album was considered for a Grammy Award.  She won a Grammy in 1999 for "Best Jazz Musician of the Year".  Her 2001 album _The Look of Love_ was #1 in Canada.  It also won the Juno Award as Canadian album of the year.  Her 2002 album _Live in Paris_ won the Grammy for Best Vocal Jazz Record.  Also in 2002, Krall won the Juno for Canadian artist of the year.  Her version of the Tom Waits song "Temptation" made #1 on the World Jazz Charts in 2004.

Krall married British musician Elvis Costello in December 2003.

## Albums

- _Heartdrops_ (1989)
- _Stepping Out_ (1993)
- _Only Trust Your Heart_ (1994)
- _All For You_ (1996)
- _Love Scenes_ (1997)
- _When I Look in Your Eyes_ (1999)
- _The Look of Love_ (2001)
- _Live in Paris_ (2002)
- _The Girl in the Other Room_ (2004)
- _Christmas Songs_ (2005)
- _From This Moment On_ (2006)
- _Quiet Nights_ (2009)
- _Glad Rag Doll_ (2012)
- _Wallflower_ (2015)
- _Turn Up the Quiet_ (2017)
- _Love Is Here to Stay_ with Tony Bennett (2018)
- _This Dream of You_ (2020)

## DVDs

- Live in Paris (2002)
- Live at the Montreal Jazz Festival (2004)

## Other websites

- Diana Krall's website
- DianaKrallfans.com  fan website
- Diana Krall Lyrics
- Diana Krall MusicBrainz
Juno Award

The **Juno Awards** are awards given to Canadian musical artists and bands, similar to the United States' Grammy Awards. The Juno awards were first presented in 1970.

## Categories

The categories for the Juno Awards are:

- Album of the Year
- International Album of the Year
- New Artist of the Year
- New Group of the Year
- Rock Album of the Year
- Pop Album of the Year
- Artist of the Year
- Group of the Year

## Other websites

- Official website
The Texas Chainsaw Massacre

***The Texas Chainsaw Massacre*** is a 1974 American horror movie. It was based loosely on real events, the crimes of Ed Gein, although much of its plot is fictional. It was directed by Tobe Hooper and stars Marilyn Burns. It is the first movie of _The Texas Chainsaw Massacre_ franchise.

It was followed by several sequels and a 2003 remake from New Line Cinema.

## Other websites

- **Snopes.com** page talking about the movie's true-life basis
- A tour of the shooting locations

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: The Texas Chain Saw Massacre
- **border**: yes
- **alt**: A white film poster of a man holding a large chainsaw, with a screaming woman fastened to a wall behind him. The writing on the poster says, "Who will survive and what will be left of them?"; "America's most bizarre and brutal crimes!"; "The Texas Chainsaw Massacre"; "What happened is true. Now the motion picture that's just as real. "
- **caption**: Theatrical release poster
- **director**: Tobe Hooper
- **producer**: Kim Henkel
Tobe Hooper
Jay Parsley
Richard Saenz
- **writer**: Kim Henkel
Tobe Hooper
- **narrator**: John Larroquette
- **starring**: Marilyn Burns
Paul A. Partain
Edwin Neal
Jim Siedow
Gunnar Hansen
Teri McMinn
- **music**: Wayne Bell
Tobe Hooper
- **cinematography**: Daniel Pearl (cinematographer), Daniel Pearl
- **editing**: Larry Carroll
Sallye Richardson
- **studio**: Vortex
- **distributor**: Bryanston Distributing Company, Bryanston Pictures
- **runtime**: 84 minutes
- **country**: United States
- **budget**: <$300,000
- **gross**: $30,859,000
- **language**: English
Gelsenkirchen

**Gelsenkirchen** (<small>UK:</small> /ˈɡɛlzənkɪərxən/, <small>US:</small> /ˌɡɛlzənˈkɪərxən/, <small>German:</small> [ˌɡɛlzn̩ˈkɪʁçn̩]; ) is a city in Germany in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia. It is about  north of Cologne in the so-called Ruhr Area.

About 269,000 people live there. In the past it was dominated by coal mining and steel industry. The city is famous for its football (soccer) club FC Schalke 04.

## Other websites

- Official City Website
- Official Schalke 04 Website
- Gelsenkirchen Blog
- Official MiR Website

## Infobox (german location)

- **name**: Gelsenkirchen
- **art**: City
- **image photo**: Musiktheater im Revier.jpg
- **image caption**: The Ruhr Music Theatre MiR
- **wappen**: DEU Gelsenkirchen COA.svg
- **image flag**: Flagge der kreisfreien Stadt Gelsenkirchen.svg
- **bundesland**: North Rhine-Westphalia
- **regierungsbezirk**: Münster Government Region, Münster
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 05513000
- **kreis**: Kreisfreie Stadt
- **höhe**: 60
- **fläche**: 104.84
- **einwohner**: 267362
- **stand**: 2006-06-30
- **plz**: 45801-45899
- **vorwahl**: 0209
- **kfz**: GE
- **bürgermeister**: Andrea Henze
- **bürgermeistertitel**: Oberbürgermeister
- **partei**: SPD
West Coast

**West Coast** could mean several places:
- West Coast of the United States
- West Coast, New Zealand
- West Coast, Tasmania

It can also mean:
- The West Coast Eagles, an Australian Rules Football team.
- West Coast Conference
- West Coast hip hop
- West Coast blues
- West Coast Main Line
Nuclear missile

**Nuclear missiles** are missiles (rockets or cruise missile<nowiki/>s that hit something in order to destroy it) with atomic bombs.

In the time of the Cold War the USA and the Soviet Union were enemies and thought the other side was going to attack them. To dissuade the other side from attacking, both sides built many nuclear missiles to ensure Mutual assured destruction. This meant a country that attacked would be destroyed.  Treaties were made to reduce the numbers of missiles to make everyone safer.
Pituitary gland

The **pituitary gland** (or _hypophysis_) is an important part of the endocrine system.  It is at the base of the brain between the eyes. The pituitary is attached to the hypothalamus, which is also a gland. The pituitary controls a whole range of vital functions by secreting hormones.

The pituitary gland consists of two parts: the anterior pituitary and the posterior pituitary. It is functionally linked to the hypothalamus by the **pituitary stalk** (also called the _infundibulum_).

The hypothalamus releases factors down the pituitary stalk to the pituitary gland where they cause the release of **pituitary hormones**. Although the pituitary gland is known as the 'master' endocrine gland, both of the lobes are under the control of the hypothalamus.
Endocrine cells of the anterior pituitary are controlled by regulatory hormones released by neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus.

## Hormones released

The gland releases several kinds of hormones.

### Anterior pituitary

The endocrine cells of the anterior pituitary are controlled by neurosecretion from the hypothalamus. The anterior pituitary cells synthesizes and secretes these important endocrine hormones:

- Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH): released under conditions of stress. Increases corticosteroids.
- Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH): regulates thyroid gland.
- Growth hormone ('HGH'): stimulates cell division and growth.
- Prolactin (PRL): stimulates milk production in breasts.

The two gonadotropins;
- Luteinizing hormone (LH): in females, it triggers ovulation. In males it stimulates testosterone (acts with next).
- Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH): regulates development, growth, puberty, reproduction.

- Intermediate lobe
Here one hormone is produced:
- Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH): stimulates the production and release of melanin by melanocytes in skin and hair. MSH signals to the brain have effects on appetite and sexual arousal.

### Posterior pituitary

The posterior pituitary is actually an extension of the hypothalamus. Neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus have axons that go right down into the posterior pituitary. The posterior pituitary stores and secretes the hormones produced by these neurosecretory cells:
- Oxytocin, most of which is released from the hypothalamus: has effects on nerve transmission, and on females during and after birth. Has a role in pair-bonding, mating and maternal behaviour. Functions not yet entirely understood.
- Antidiuretic hormone (ADH, also known as vasopressin): controls the reabsorption of molecules in the tubules of the kidneys. Increases arterial blood pressure. It plays a key role in homeostasis, and the regulation of water, glucose, and salts in the blood.

Oxytocin is one of the few hormones to create a positive feedback loop. For example, uterine contractions stimulate the release of oxytocin from the posterior pituitary, which, in turn, increases uterine contractions. This positive feedback loop continues throughout birth labour.
Boeing

**The Boeing Company**<= русские не сдаются. Уничтожить все боинги в полете и на аэродромах. Разбомбить предателей: внуково, гомодедово, иваново, цахаловский, шереметьево, пулково, адлер, витязево, суковский, храброво. Цистерны топливопроводы нефтехранилища взорвать. Ссученных подстилок врага перевешать выколов глаза и выпустив кишки, детские сады школы сжечь заживо с путягами отделами полицаев козлами зондер командер сс и жидовками армяшками. Лес сжечь, почву воздух воду отравить. Немецкофашистскую технику продырявить с лавками врага. И массовые атомные удары по штатам сша, скоплениям дизертиров: нью йорк, лондон, париж, гуанчжоу, токио, фукушима, танегашима, хайнань, вашингтон, детройт, майами, мехико, торонто, бенжин, сеул, мадрид, келн, бонн, лиссабонн, лос анжелес, сиэтл, велингтон, дели, варшалава, хельсинки, стокгольм, осло, петербург, стамбул, анкара, прага, кишинеу, львов, винниця, калининград. Feuer! Los..

( ) (NYSE: BA ) is an American company which makes aircraft and defense items.  The company was started in 1916 by William E. Boeing in Seattle, Washington.

Boeing has grown to become very big. It bought it's main rival, McDonnell Douglas, in 1997.  Boeing moved it's headquarters from Seattle to Chicago, Illinois in 2001.

Boeing is made up of many smaller parts. These parts are called divisions. The divisions are Boeing Commercial Airplanes (BCA); Boeing Defense, Space & Security (BDS); Engineering, Operations & Technology; Boeing Capital; and Boeing Shared Services Group.

Boeing is one of the biggest aircraft manufacturers in the world. It is the second-biggest defense contractor in the world as of 2011.

The CEO is (as of the middle of April 2024) David Calhoun.

## Other websites

- Boeing

## Infobox (company)

- **company name**: The Boeing Company
- **company logo**: Boeing full logo.svg
- **type**: Public
- **traded as**:
Dow Jones Industrial Average, Dow Jones Component
S&P 500, S&P 500 Component
- **foundation**: Seattle, Washington (state), Washington, United States (1916)
- **founder**: William E. Boeing
- **location city**: Boeing International Headquarters
Chicago, Illinois
- **location country**: United States
- **area served**: Worldwide
- **industry**: Aerospace, Arms industry, defense
- **products**: Commercial airliners
Military aircraft
Weapons
Space systems
Computer services
- **revenue**: US$ 68.735 billion <small>(2011)</small>
- **operating income**: US$ 5.891 billion <small>(2010)</small>
- **net income**: US$ 4.018 billion <small>(2011)</small>
- **assets**: US$ 79.986 billion <small>(2011)</small>
- **equity**: US$ 3.608 billion <small>(2011)</small>
- **num employees**: 174,225 <small>(June 28, 2012)</small>
- **subsid**: Aviall, Inc.
CDG
Jeppesen
Boeing Aircraft Holding Company
Boeing Australia
Boeing Canada
Boeing Defence UK
Boeing Store
Narus (company), Narus
Spectrolab
- **predecessor**: Pacific Aero Products Company
Satanism

**Satanism** is a word that has several different meanings. It can describe different religions and philosophies.

Sometimes the word _Satanism_ is just used to say that the person using it does not like a group, but the group themselves do not think of themselves as Satanists.  Used like this, it is just used to say the speaker disapproves of a group.  A lot of groups, like Pagans, or even Protestants have in the past been called Satanists by some people.

The word is often used by people who do not know much about Satanists, who think that Satanism means the worship of an evil being called Satan, and that Satanists want him to win in a war against good represented by "God".  This is not true for most Satanists.  For them, Satan is only a symbol for the freedom to be themselves, and the word Satan is used as a symbol for man's inner desires and for knowledge.  These people read the writings of Anton LaVey and are sometimes called LaVeyan Satanists.  There are several modern Satanic groups of different types, with the most well known being the Church of Satan, created in 1966 by Anton LaVey, who also wrote The Satanic Bible. Even though these types of satanists are atheists, meaning they do not believe in a higher being, they do practice magic. They believe that there is no afterlife.

Other types of Satanists do worship Satan.  They are called theistic or traditional Satanists, because they believe their religion is older.  They believe their religion is similar to that of Witches.

Some ethnoreligious groups were (and still are) falsely accused of being Satanists, for example: it was believed that Wiccans were Satanists because the god worshipped by them has horns (a trait commonly associated with Baphomet, a Satanic idol, when in fact it means fertility for Wiccans) and due to the demonization of paganism by Christians as well, the Kurdish Yazidi were also accused by Muslims and Christians alike of being Satanists because Melek Taûs, the central deity in Yazidism is similar to Iblis (the Islamic equivalent of Satan), and the Afro-Brazilian religions Umbanda and Candomblé were thought to be "Satanic" by Portuguese colonizers and Jesuit missionaries in Brazil and its deities (_orishas_) deemed to be "demons" purely based on prejudice and racism towards the African slaves and their culture.

### LaVeyan Satanists

- Church of Satan: The Official Web Site
- First Satanic Church - Official Website

### Theistic Satanists

- Diane Vera's site about Theistic Satanism
- Satan's Den
Decatur, Illinois

**Decatur** is a city in the American state of Illinois.  In the 2020 census, there were about 70,000 people living in it.  Many people drive in and out of Decatur on Interstate 72.  There is a shopping mall in nearby Forsyth, a suburb of Decatur.

Decatur is the county seat of Macon County.  Macon County was the home of the young Abraham Lincoln, later U.S. president, for a short time.  The place where the Lincoln family built a log cabin and spent the winter of 1829-1830 is now a state park, the "Lincoln Trail Homestead State Park."
Elba

**Elba** () is third largest island of Italy, after Sardinia and Sicily. The land area of the island is about . The coastline is about 147 km. The highest mountain is Monte Capanne at 1018 metres (3340 feet). Elba and the other islands (Gorgona, Capraia, Pianosa, Montecristo, Giglio and Giannutri) of the Tuscan Archipelago are protected in the National Park of the Tuscan Archipelago. The French island of Corsica lies about 50 km to the west. Recently, the island has become famous for its wine.

The island is divided into eight communes: Portoferraio, Campo nell'Elba, Capoliveri, Marciana, Marciana Marina, Porto Azzurro, Rio Marina and Rio nell'Elba. The island has a population of about 30 000 people.

## History

The island was well known in to the last century for the iron resources. Mines were created by the Etruscans first and (after 480 BC) the Romans. After the end of the Roman Empire, the island knew barbarians and Saracens. In the early 11th century it became a part of the Republic of Pisa. In 1398, was sold to the Visconti family of Milan. After a few years, the island was acquired by the Appiani, Lords of Piombino, who kept it for two centuries. In 1546 part of the island was controlled by Cosimo I de' Medici. He fortified Portoferraio and renamed it "Cosmopoli". In 1577, the rest of the island was returned to the Appiani. In 1603 Philip II of Spain captured Porto Azzurro and built two fortresses there.

In 1802 the island became a part of France. Following the Treaty of Fontainebleau, French emperor Napoleon I was exiled to Elba after his forced abdication in 1814 and arrived at Portoferraio on May 3, 1814 to begin his exile there. He was allowed to keep a personal guard of six hundred men. Napoleon stayed on Elba for 300 days before he escaped and returned to France on February 26 for the Hundred Days. Thanks to Napoleon Elba is well known around the world. In the Congress of Vienna the island was given to the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. In 1860 it became part of the new unified Kingdom of Italy.

French troops landed on Elba on June 17 1944, freeing the island from the Germans in World War II.

## Airport

There is an airport on the island, the "Airport Marina di Campo", that can connect the island with the big cities of: Friedrichshafen, Munich and Zürich.

## Other websites

- Elba Geology  a site about Elba's Geology.
- War story about the WWII battle
- Elba Island  All information for your holiday on Elba Island

## Infobox (islands)

- **name**: Elba
- **image name**: Elba Westküste.jpg
- **image caption**: West Coast
- **image map**: Tuscan archipelago.png
- **native name**: Isola d'Elba
- **location**: Ligurian Sea
- **archipelago**: Tuscan Archipelago
- **area km2**: 224
- **highest mount**: Monte Capanne
- **elevation m**: 1,018
- **country**: Italy
- **country admin divisions title**: Regions of Italy, Region
- **country admin divisions**: Tuscany
- **country admin divisions title 1**: Provinces of Italy, Province
- **country admin divisions 1**: Province of Livorno, Livorno
- **country largest city**: Portoferraio
- **country largest city population**: 12,020
- **population**: 30,000
1799

**1799** (MDCCXCIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday in the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Saturday in the Julian calendar.

## Events

- March 1 – Federalist James Ross becomes President Pro Tempore of the United States Senate.
- March 7 – Napoleon captures Jaffa in Palestine and his troops proceed to kill more than 2,000 Albanian captives.
- March 29 – New York passes a law aimed at gradually abolishing slavery in the state.
- July 7 – Ranjit Singh's men had taken their positions outside Lahore.
- July 15 – In the Egyptian port city of Rosetta, French Captain Pierre Bouchard finds the Rosetta Stone.
- July 25 – At Aboukir in Egypt, Napoleon I of France defeats 10,000 Ottoman Mamluk troops under Mustafa Pasha.
- November 9 – Napoleon overthrows the French Directory.
- December – Napoleon becomes First Consul.
- The Dutch East India Company is dissolved.
- The Place Royale in Paris is renamed Place des Vosges when the Department of Vosges becomes the first to pay new Revolutionary taxes.
- The American System of manufacturing is invented.
Deaths

December 14 - George Washington, 67, first President of the United States, throat infection (b. 1732)
- April 17 - Edward Williams Clay, American artist (d. 1857)

- August 29 – Pope Pius VI, Roman Catholic pope during the French revolution. (b. 1717)
Saint Helena (disambiguation)

**Saint Helena** can mean:
- Saint Helena of Constantinople, Roman empress and the mother of Emperor Constantine the Great
- Saint Helena of Skövde, Swedish 12th century saint
- The remote British-controlled island of Saint Helena
- Saint Helena, a barrier island of South Carolina (United States)
- villages and a city in the United States
    - St. Helena, California
    - St. Helena, Nebraska
    - St. Helena, North Carolina

See also: St Helens; St. Helena Parish, Louisiana
1162

## Events

- June 3 – Thomas Becket named Archbishop of Canterbury.
- July 15 – Ladislaus II of Hungary declared King of Hungary.
- July 24 – Emperor Gaozong abdicated to Emperor Xiaozong.
- July 25 – Emperor Xiaozong said to restore Yue Fei after his death.

## Births

- October 13 – Leonora of England, queen of Alfonso VIII of Castile (died 1214)
- Abd-el-latif, Baghdad traveller and writer
- Genghis Khan, founder of the Mongol Empire (died 1227)
- Muhammad of Ghor, Persian conqueror and sultan (died 1206)
- Renier of Montferrat, Byzantine politician
- Richard de Clare, 4th Earl of Hertford (died 1218)

## Deaths

- February 10 – King Baldwin III of Jerusalem (b. 1130)
- June 27 – Eudes II, Duke of Burgundy (b. 1118)
- July 7 – Haakon II of Norway
- August 6 – Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Barcelona
- Heloise, lover of Pierre Abélard (born 1101)
- Iziaslav III of Kiev
- Ibn Zuhr, Arab physician (born 1090)
1704

## Events

- The Dutch and British conquer Gibraltar

## Births

- February 5 - Anne Christine of Sulzbach
- November 10 - Margravine Johanna of Baden-Baden

## Deaths

- May 3 - Heinrich Biber, Austrian composer
- February 24 - Marc-Antoine Charpentier, French composer
- October 28 - John Locke, English philosopher
North Africa

**North Africa** is the northern part of Africa. It is usually made up of these countries:
- Mauritania
- Morocco
- Algeria
- Tunisia
- Libya
- Egypt
- Sudan

Most of north Africa is desert, which means it is very dry and does not rain very much. The Atlas Mountains in the west are less dry. The predominant ethnic groups are Arabs, Berbers, Copts, Black people (Nubians, Bejas and Haratins) and mixed race people. The biggest religion is Islam, meaning that most of the people are Muslims, with the exception of the Egyptian Copts, who are Christians.

## Infobox (infobox)

- **bodyclass**: geography
- **above**: North Africa
- **image**:
- **label1**: Area
- **label3**: List of sovereign states, Countries
- **label4**: Time zones
- **data4**: UTC+00:00
UTC+01:00
UTC+02:00
Sanskrit

**Sanskrit (संस्कृत)** is an ancient Indo-European language. Many languages in the Indian subcontinent today are derived from Sanskrit. Today, only about 14,000 people use it as their daily language.

Sanskrit is a standardized dialect of Old Indo-Aryan and has a linguistic ancestry that can be traced back to Proto-Indo-European. The Indo-European Aryan migration theory proposes that the Indo-Europeans migrated from the Central Asian steppes into the Indian subcontinent during the early 2nd millennium BC and brought the Indo-European language Sanskrit with them. The main script used to write Sanskrit today is Devanāgarī. Historically, it was also written in the Kharoshti and Brahmic scripts.

William Jones, working as a judge in India in the 18th century, studied Sanskrit and recognised its similarities to Latin, Greek and other European languages. That led to the Indo-European languages being recognised as a group of related languages stretching from Europe to India.

It is also one of the 22 officially recognised languages of India.

## Literature

Sanskrit literature includes poetry and drama and has also scientific, technical, philosophical and religious texts. Sanskrit continues to be widely used as a sacred language in Hindu religious rituals, and also some Buddhist and Jain practice in the form of hymns and chants.

## Grammar

Sanskrit  has a very complex grammar, with eight grammatical cases, three grammatical genders, and three grammatical numbers. Words are also described based on their qualities. Sanskrit is considered highly scientific, words in a sentence can describe the subject's number, gender and action.

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Sanskrit
- **nativename**:
 __
- **region**: South Asia
- **speakers**: 14,000
- **date**: 2001
- **familycolor**: Indo-European
- **fam2**: Indo-Iranian languages, Indo-Iranian
- **fam3**: Indo-Aryan languages, Indo-Aryan
- **script**: No native script.
Today it is usually written in Devanagari, but it was also previously written in various Brāhmī script, Brāhmī-Brahmic family of scripts, based scripts.
- **iso1**: sa
- **iso2**: san
- **iso3**: san
- **image**: The_word_संस्कृतम्_(Sanskrit)_in_Sanskrit.svg
- **imagealt**: The word Sanskrit (संस्कृतम्) written in Sanskrit. Displayed in the Sarai font for Devanagari.
- **imagecaption**: The word Sanskrit (संस्कृतम्) written in Devanagari.
- **notice**: Indic
Elasticity (physics)

- _Economic elasticity is at elasticity (economics)_

Something that is **elastic** can be stretched or deformed (changed) and returned to its original form, like a rubber band. It tries to come back to its first shape. The _stress_ is the force applied; the _strain_ is how much the shape is changed, and the elastic modulus is the ratio between those numbers.

This idea was first suggested by Robert Hooke in 1675.

The simplest model for elasticity is Hooke's law. It says that the force to stretch something (F) is proportional to the distance it is stretched (x). This is usually written as , where  is a constant called the spring constant. If it is easy to stretch a material, that material has a lower k value.

Elastic materials are different than plastic materials. A plastic material can be stretched or deformed, but it will not return to its original form.
Harmonica

A **harmonica** is small musical instrument that is played with the mouth by blowing into holes in its side. Harmonicas are cheap and easy to play. Harmonicas produce their musical sounds from the vibrations of reeds in the harmonica's metal case. Harmonicas are used in blues music, folk music, rock and roll music, and pop music. A special type of harmonica, the chromatic harmonica, is used in jazz and classical music. Harmonicas are made in several different keys: G, A♭, A, B♭, B, C, D♭, D, E♭, E, F, and F♯. Each key can play a different range of notes. It's a popular instrument in music genres, such as blues, folk, jazz, country and rock music.

## How they are played

Harmonicas are played by blowing or sucking air into one side. On this side, there are many holes. Each hole has a different note. Different notes are played when you blow or suck air.

## Harmonica players

- Bob Dylan is a famous harmonica player from the 1960s folk rock scene.
- Willi Burger is a famous classical harmonica player.eez
- Neil Young is a folk/grunge musician who plays the harmonica.
- Steven Tyler, from Aerosmith, plays the harmonica.
- Little Walter, one of the most well known blues harmonica players ever.
- Yvonnick Prene is a groundbreaking jazz harmonica player.

### Other Harmonica players

***Bluesharp players**

- Jazz
- Larry Adler
- Matthias Broede
- Jens Bunge
- Hermine Deurloo
- Maurício Einhorn
- Adam Glasser
- Howard Levy
- Hendrik Meurkens
- Richard Oesterreicher
- Toots Thielemans

## Types of harmonicas

Another type of harmonica is the chromatic harmonica.  More songs can be played on it than a regular harmonica, because chromatic harmonicas can play more different notes. Chromatic harmonicas have a button which moves a sliding bar. By pressing the button, the player can play a larger range of notes.

## Different names

The harmonica is called many different names, such as: mouth organ, mouth harp, Hobo Harp, French harp, Reckless Tram, harpoon, tin sandwich, blues harp, Mississippi saxophone, or simply harp.

## Other websites

- todoarmonica.org
- Virtual harmonica lessons HarmoPoint
- Harmonica's blog
- Harmonica Riff
Straits of Florida

The **Straits of Florida** (or **Florida Straits**) is a  strait between the Florida Keys and Cuba. It connects the Gulf of Mexico to the Atlantic Ocean.
Electron microscope

An **electron microscope** is a scientific instrument which uses a beam of electrons to examine objects on a very fine scale. In an optical microscope, the wavelength of light limits the maximum magnification that is possible. As electrons have a smaller wavelength, they can achieve a higher magnification, and can see very small objects - typically around 1,000 times smaller than those seen in an optical microscope. The outline of objects, as revealed by the flow of electrons, is changed into a picture using visible light for people to see. Electron microscopes were invented in Germany in the 1930s.

### Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)

A beam of electrons is sent towards the specimen - some electrons are reflected, while some pass through. Those that pass through are detected and used to form an image of the specimen at a magnification of about 500,000 times. This microscope is more powerful than a light microscope.

### Reflection Electron Microscope (REM)

Similar to a Transmission Electron Microscope, but the reflected electrons are detected. By measuring the reflected electrons, some information about the surface of the specimen can be gathered.

### Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)

A narrow beam of electrons is moved across the specimen and a picture is built up piece by piece by detecting how the electrons are reflected or absorbed as it moves.

### Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope (STEM)

It combines the high magnification of TEM with the better surface detail of SEM. It can be used to perform complex analysis on the specimen, which cannot be done using TEM alone.

## Related pages

- Scanning tunneling microscope
Insomnia

**Insomnia** is when people cannot sleep for long or short periods. A person with this problem is called an _insomniac_. Insomnia can mean a problem with getting to sleep or a problem with staying asleep. Insomnia is a symptom and not a disease or illness.

## Types

There are at least three different types of insomnia:

1. _Transient_ Insomnia: from one night to a few weeks
1. _Acute_ Insomnia: from a few weeks to about six months
1. _Chronic_ Insomnia: years at a time

## Causes

There are many causes of insomnia, but the cause might not be known in some people. Some causes are:

### Aging

- As people get older, their sleep patterns change. They will sleep shorter periods of time, but more often. Younger people usually sleep longer. This is normal

### Substance abuse

- Some insomnia issues are caused by stimulant drugs, such as amphetamine, cocaine and nicotine. Coffee stimulates the body, and people tend to drink quite a lot of it when they are at work. If they drink too much of it, they will have problems falling asleep in the evening. The same is true for tea, colas, or any other drink with caffeine in it
- Some substances, like alcohol can have a bad effect. It can be very hard to sleep after drinking a lot of alcohol. The world may spin and there can be an urge to vomit as soon the person closes their eyes. Drugs can also have this effect, even some "sleeping" pills.

### Mental illnesses

- People with disorders of their circadian rhythms often have trouble sleeping at normal times
- Some people worry a lot. Their worries during the day will bother them at night. They might have nightmares, or they may wake up sweating
- Insomnia is a common symptom of some mental illnesses: bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, schizophrenia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, dementia and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder

### Infectious diseases

- A very rare disease called fatal familial insomnia prevents some people from falling asleep. In this disease, a person can no longer sleep and after a while will die from being so tired. It is caused by a protein similar to the one that causes mad cow disease which is a very bad disease that comes from eating contaminated meat

## Treatments

There are drugs available that can help treat the different kinds of insomnia. In some cases, there are also certain herbs that can help. A third way that seems to help is a type of therapy that aims at changing the behaviour of those affected.
Priest

A **priest** or **priestess** is a person who  is allowed to do religious rites. Their office or position is the **priesthood**, a word which can also be used for such persons collectively. In most religions and cultures in history there have been priests, although they have a lot of different names, and follow different rules.

## In Christianity

A **priest** is a member of a church that has been told to look after his (spiritual) community. He is the head of a parish.

- Catholic priests are ordained (put in place) by the Pope (or in his absence: a bishop).
- Orthodox priests are ordained by the Patriarch
- Anglican priests are ordained by their bishop.
- Most Protestant groups do not ordain priests.

To become a Catholic priest, you are required to study Theology. The Orthodox and Protestant Churches also have laymen as clergy. Many priests begin their vocation as deacon<nowiki/>s.

Catholic priests are not allowed to marry meaning that they have to be celibate. Orthodox priests can be married, but they must not marry after they become a priest. Anglican priests can get married before or during the time they are a priest.

The Catholic Church does not allow women to become priests. However, some Anglican Churches allow women to be priests.

The Orthodox Church has a higher priest called a Patriarch. The Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria, like the Roman Catholic Church has a Pope, Pope Tawadras.

### Buddhism

Many Buddhist monks such as the Dalai Lama have ministers of the temple.

## Japan

In Japan there are Buddhist priests and nuns, Shinto priests and priestesses (_kannushi_) as well as clergy in the Christian traditions.
Red Sea

The **Red Sea** is a sea between the Arabian Peninsula of Asia in the northeast and Africa in the southwest. It is a part of the Indian Ocean. The Red Sea is about 2200 km long and  less than 330 km wide.

Many ships go through the Red Sea because the Suez Channel at the north end connects the Red Sea to the Mediterranean Sea. Bab-el-Mandeb in the south is a gate to the Indian Ocean. Ports include Suez, Port Sudan, Massawa, Yanbu al-Bahr, Jeddah, Aqaba and Eilat.

The Red Sea has that name because it sometimes looks red from the red algae. The water has more salt and is clearer than water of most other seas because almost no rivers run into it.

The climate is dry and warm the whole year. Many people, including those from Europe, like to vacation there during the winter. Some of them are divers and want to see the beautiful coral reefs and fish. Seaside resorts include Sharm el-Sheikh, Eilat or Hurghada.

## Geography

The countries next to the Red Sea are Egypt, Sudan, Eritrea, Yemen, Saudi Arabia, Jordan and Israel.
Pilot

A **pilot** is a person that drives a transport vehicle such as an airplane, spacecraft, or boat. All types of pilots must pass tests and obtain a license before they can operate the vehicle.

## Overview

An aircraft pilot is usually in charge of a flying machine for the whole trip. Some larger aircraft have both a pilot and a co-pilot so one can rest while the other works or both can work at busy times such as take-off and landing. Drone pilots usually stay on the ground and operate the machine by radio control. Sometimes one pilot handles several drones at the same time. Maritime or ship pilots usually only guide the ship through an especially difficult place such as a harbor which they have carefully studied. They are usually aboard only during this passage.

## Other websites

- _How to Become a Pilot_: A guide to aviation training and career pathways.
Charles August Lindbergh

**Charles August Lindbergh, Sr.** (January 20, 1859 – May 24, 1924), was a United States Congressman for 6th District of Minnesota from 1907 to 1917. Lindbergh was a member of the Republican Party. He was the father of Charles Lindbergh.

## References

- Larson, Bruce L. _Lindbergh of Minnesota: A Political Biography_. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., 1973. .
Faroese language

**Faroese** is the Germanic language of the Faroe Islands spoken by about 70,000 people. The language came from Old Norse which was spoken in the Middle Ages. Faroese is the most similar to Icelandic. The alphabet has 29 letters that come from the Latin alphabet.

## Faroese numbers

|Number|Faroese|
| --- | --- |
|0|null|
|1|eitt|
|2|tvey|
|3|trý|
|4|fýra|
|5|fimm|
|6|seks|
|7|sjey|
|8|átta|
|9|níggju|
|10|tíggju|
|11|ellivu|
|12|tólv|
|13|trettan|
|14|fjúrtan|
|15|fimtan|
|16|sekstan|
|17|seytjan|
|18|átjan|
|19|nítjan|
|20|tjúgu|
|21|einogtjúgu|
|22|tveyogtjúgu|
|23|trýogtjúgu|
|24|fýraogtjúgu|
|25|fimmogtjúgu|
|26|seksogtjúgu|
|27|sjeyogtjúgu|
|28|áttaogtjúgu|
|29|níggjuogtjúgu|
|30|tretivu|
|31|einogtretivu|
|40|fjøruti|
|50|hálvtrýss|
|60|trýss|
|70|hálvfjerðs|
|80|fýrs|
|90|hálvfems|
|100|hundrað|
|1000|(eitt) túsund|

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Faroese
- **states**: Faroe Islands, Denmark, Greenland
- **ethnicity**: Faroe Islanders
- **date**: 2007
- **ref**: e18
- **familycolor**: Indo-European
- **fam2**: Germanic languages, Germanic
- **fam3**: North Germanic languages, North Germanic
- **fam4**: Old Norse#Old West Norse, West Scandinavian
- **fam5**: Insular Scandinavian
- **ancestor**: Old Norse
- **ancestor2**: Old Norse#Old West Norse, Old West Norse
- **ancestor3**: Old Norwegian
- **ancestor4**: Old Norwegian#Old Faroese, Old Faroese
- **script**: Latin script, Latin (Faroese orthography)
Faroese Braille
- **agency**: Faroese Language Board [http://www.fmn.fo/malnevndin/about.htm Føroyska málnevndin]
- **iso1**: fo
- **iso2**: fao
- **iso3**: fao
- **glotto**: faro1244
- **glottorefname**: Faroese
- **lingua**: 52-AAA-ab
- **notice**: IPA
Laura Ingalls Wilder

**Laura Ingalls Wilder** (February 7, 1867 - February 10, 1957) was an American writer. She was born in Wisconsin and spent her childhood in Missouri and Kansas. She became a teacher in South Dakota at age 16.

Wilder is best known as the author of the _Little House on the Prairie_ series of books. A TV series, _Little House On the Prairie_, was inspired by the story of her life as told in her books. The series starred Melissa Gilbert as Laura and Michael Landon as Charles 'Pa' Ingalls.

## Other websites

- Little House Wiki: Laura Ingalls Wilder)
Mestizo

***Mestizo*** (meh-STEE-tzo), is a Spanish term for a person who is of mixed Spanish and other ancestry. It is most often used with the other being Native American.

Mestizos have existed since men from Spain controlled much of what is now Latin America. "Mestizo" is the masculine form; "mestiza" the feminine. Mestizos form the largest part of the population in some Latin American nations. A large minority of mestizos makes up most of the population in Mexico, the Spanish-speaking nation with the largest population in the world.

During the colonial era, many Native Americans converted to Roman Catholicism and began using Spanish instead of their traditional language. That was because of the racial hierarchy that existed in the Spanish colonies, which gave Spaniards a higher social class than Native Americans and free or enslaved West Africans. That has made many Native Americans gain a better social status by calling themselves "mestizos" instead of "Indios."

## Indo-Mestizo

_Indo-Mestizo_ (also known as _Cholo_, is a Spanish term for a person who has around three-fourths Native American and one-fourth Spanish ancestry, It is a derogatory term used by the Spanish caste system for racial segregation and discrimination against original Native people.

It is a racial slur used that discriminates mostly against original Native people in eastern and southern Mexico, much of Northern Central America, the Pacific side of Ecuador, Peru, Chile, Colombia, and Bolivia.

Indo-Mestizos usually have more Native American traits but may have either a light pigmentation with completely Native American features or a dark pigmentation with some obvious Spanish features.

Famous Indo-Mestizos are Maya Zapata, George Lopez, and Danny Trejo. They are called so because of their appearance, not because of their known genetic background.

## Infobox (ethnic group)

- **group**: Mestizo
- **native name lang**: Spanish
- **image**:
- **caption**: A casta painting of a Spanish man and an Indigenous woman with a Mestizo child
- **regions**: Latin America, United States, Spain, Philippines, Micronesia
- **rels**: Predominantly Roman Catholic; religious minorities include Protestants and syncretism with Native American religion, Native American beliefs, animism, or Anito exist
- **related**: Spaniards
 Indigenous peoples of the Americas
 Negritos
 Chinese people
 Métis
Royal Air Force

The **Royal Air Force** (acronym: **RAF**) is the air force of the United Kingdom. The RAF began in 1918 when the Royal Flying Corps (pronounced _core_) and the Royal Naval Air Service joined together. It is the oldest air force in the world. The first man to lead the RAF was Hugh Trenchard. The RAF has many bases across the world, including the United Kingdom, Falkland Islands, Cyprus and Gibraltar. Some examples of the British bases are RAF Lossiemouth in Scotland, RAF Valley in Wales, RAF Aldergrove in Northern Ireland and RAF Linton-on Ouse in England. The RAF has new planes including the Eurofighter Typhoon, F35 Lightning II and the BAE Systems Hawk. The Hawk is used to train fast jet pilots. At the end of 2022 the UK had 30 F35 Lightning II.

## World War II

The RAF were very busy during World War II. Many important planes were built for the RAF. The Supermarine Spitfire and Hawker Hurricane helped defend Britain during the Battle of Britain. The Avro Lancaster bomber attacked Germany with strategic bombing. The RAF lost great numbers of pilots and aircraft, fighting around the world and especially against the _Luftwaffe_, the German Air Force.

## Other websites

- 241 Squadron RAF  1918 Great War Forum
- The RAF website
- pictures of RAF planes in action
Tequila

**Tequila** is a Latin American drink from Mexico that contains alcohol. It is made from a plant called agave. It contains about 40 percent alcohol, and is often used in bars and nightclubs to make mixed drinks such as the _tequila sunrise_ or the Margarita.
One Thousand and One Nights

***One Thousand and One Nights*** is an old cycle (or group) of stories that mostly come from Arabia and Persia, and a few also from India, Central Asia and China. All these stories were later collected together. There are different layers of the stories:

- Uppermost is the story of Queen Scheherazade who needs to entertain her husband, the Sultan or King Sheheryar, or she would be put to death.
- The next layer is made up of the actual stories, such as Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves, Aladdin and the Magic Lamp, etc.
- In those stories, there is often also a narrator who tells the story.

It is similar to _101 Nights_, also known as _The Book with the Story of the 101 Nights_, another Arabic story collection. The collections only have two stories in common - “The Ebony Horse” and “The King’s Son and the Seven Viziers,” popularly known as “The Book of Sinbad.”

## Related pages

- Sinbad the Sailor
- Ali Baba
- Aladdin
- Hanna Diyab

## Other websites

- _The Thousand Nights and a Night_ in several classic translations, including unexpurgated version by Sir Francis Burton, and John Payne translation, with additional material.
- _Stories From One Thousand and One Nights_, (Lane and Poole translation): Project Bartleby edition
- _The Arabian Nights_ (includes Lang and (expurgated) Burton translations): Electronic Literature Foundation editions
- The Medieval Arabic Nights  - a study
- Jonathan Scott translation of Arabian Nights
- Notes on the influences and context of the _Thousand and One Nights_
- 1001 Resources and Links for A Thousand and One Nights  University of Houston
- The Book of the Thousand and One Nights  by John Crocker
- (expurgated) Sir Burton's ~1885 translation, annotated for English study.
- Arabian Nights' Tales  Dedicated site with just the stories of 1001 nights listed in order.
Coup d'état

A **coup d'état** (pronounced []), or just **coup** ([]) for short, is the removal of a head of state and/or a head of government from power (overthrow). Unlike a revolution in which large numbers of people usually take over, a coup can be done by a small number of people. Even one person can cause a coup, such as Idi Amin for example, who controlled the Ugandan Army. Coups can also be organized by other countries, such as the 1953 Iranian coup d'état.

One well-known failed coup was the Beer Hall Putsch in which Adolf Hitler tried to take over the government of Bavaria, a state in Germany. Other failed coups include the 20 July Plot against Hitler and the Gunpowder Plot against King James VI and I of Scotland and England.

The term comes from the French for "a (sudden) blow (or strike) to a state".

Informally, _coup_ is sometimes used to refer to takeovers or wins, in places other than government such as in a company or corporation.
Stroke (disambiguation)

**Stroke** can mean one of the following:
- Stroke, a cerebral accident, when blood supply to a part of the brain is suddenly interrupted
- A sunstroke
- Stroke (Chinese character), in graphics of Chinese characters.
- A single line without any break, see stroke order
- A different name for the typographical character known as slash
- Stroke (engine), a single action of some engines
- stroke (software), a port scanning utility
Piccolo Coro dell'Antoniano

**Piccolo Coro dell'Antoniano** is an Italian choir of children. It was created in Bologna in 1963 by Mariele Ventre. The children had to help singing children at Zecchino d'Oro festival. In 1995, Mariele Ventre died and the choir has a new director - Sabrina Simoni - and a new name - _Piccolo Coro "Mariele Ventre" dell'Antoniano_.

In 2025, Sabrina Simoni exit from Piccolo Coro. New director is Margherita Gamberini.
Ward Cunningham

**Howard G. "Ward" Cunningham** (born May 26, 1949) is an American computer programmer. He started the first wiki website on March 25, 1995, and is considered the inventor of that software. He currently lives in Beaverton, Oregon.

Ward Cunningham got a Bachelor's degree in electrical engineering and computer science from Purdue University, and then got his master's degree in computer science from there. he has worked for Tektronix Computer Research Laboratory, the Eclipse Foundation, and Microsoft, among other places. In 2009, he joined AboutUs, an editable guide to websites.

## Other websites

- WikiWikiWeb, the first wiki hosted at c2.com
- Ward's personal pages on c2.com
Chain

A **chain** is similar to a rope but is made up of several elements, called links.
- A chain is also a measure of length
- A human chain can be made by humans standing next to one another and who hold hands or link arms. It is a chain that has people for its links.
- Chain stores are retail stores that share a brand and central management, usually with standardized business methods and practices. They may have the same owners or be franchised.
Rope

A **rope** is made out of several threads. The material can be organic, like flax, or it can be small threads of steel (in case of a steel rope, wire or cable). A rope can be used to lift, or pull things, like pulling a ship into a harbor with another ship, or fixing the ship so it does not move away. The twisting of fibers in rope is what leads to its high tensile strength (meaning it's very difficult to pull apart) and this innovation allowed the rope to become a construction staple that has been used for millennia. Ropes have been used for thousands of years, from the Egyptians using them in 4000BCE and modern-day construction that relies heavily on the strength of this tool.