juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
ESME-Sudria

**École spéciale de mécanique et électricité**, commonly named **ESME-Sudria**, is a French private high school establishment located in Paris, Ivry-sur-Seine, Bordeaux, Lille and Lyon, France.

ESME-Sudria is specialized in the fields of electrical engineering, electronics, mechanics, telecommunications, and computer engineering. The school is part of IONIS Education Group.

## List of ESME Sudria heads

- Joachim Sudria	: 1905 - 1950
- Pierre Doceul : 1950 - 1980
- Jean Doceul : 1980 - 2003
- Hervé Laborne : 2003 - 2011
- Roger Ceschi : 2011 - 2014
- Eric Simon : 2014 - 2015
- Véronique Bonnet : Since 2015

## Notable Alumni

- Marc Sellam (1974), founder and current President of IONIS Education Group.
Conférence des Grandes Écoles

The **Conference des Grandes Écoles** (**CGE**) is an association of Grandes écoles of engineering and management, all recognized by the state and delivering a national degree after at least 5 years of higher education. Some companies, alumni associations and organizations are also member of CGE. It also organizes the Mastère Spécialisé, the Mastère en sciences and the BADGE programs.

## Further reading

- Official website
Winnipeg Jets (1972–1996)

The **Winnipeg Jets** were a professional ice hockey team from Winnipeg, Manitoba. The Jets played in the National Hockey League for 17 seasons before being relocated to Phoenix, Arizona and were renamed the Phoenix Coyotes in 1996. A new Winnipeg Jets team was relocated back to Winnipeg from the Atlanta Thrashers in 2011.
F♯ (musical note)

**F♯** (**eff-sharp** or **F-sharp**; also known as **fa dièse** or **fi**) is the seventh semitone of the solfège.

It lies a chromatic semitone above F and a diatonic semitone below G, thus being enharmonic to **Sol Bémol** or **G** (G-flat).

## Related pages

- F-sharp major
- F-sharp minor
A (musical note)

**La** or **A** is the sixth note of the solfège. "A" is generally used as a standard for tuning. When the orchestra tunes, the oboe plays an "A" and the rest of the instruments tune to match that pitch. Every string instrument in the orchestra has an A string, from which each player can tune the rest of their instrument.

A0 is the lowest note on the standard piano. The octaves follow A1, A2, etc.. A7 is a few pitches lower than C8, the highest note on the standard piano. The note "A" is not considered to be a certain milestone or mark to hit with voice as, for example, Tenor C is, but it can be extremely demanding in certain octaves.

## Designation by octave

|Scientific designation|Helmholtz designation|Octave name|Standard frequency (Hz)|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|A9|a′′′′′′|Six-lined|14080|
|A8|a′′′′′|Five-lined|7040|
|A7|a′′′′|Four-lined|3520|
|A6|a′′′|Three-lined|1760|
|A5|a′′|Two-lined|880|
|A4|a′|One-lined|440|
|A3|a|Small|220|
|A2|A|Great|110|
|A1|A͵ or ͵A|Contra|55|
|A0|A͵͵ or ͵͵A|Subcontra|27.50|
|A−1|A͵͵͵ or ͵͵͵A|Subsubcontra|13.75|

## Common scales beginning on A

- A Major: A B C D E F G A
- A Natural Minor: A B C D E F G A
- A Harmonic Minor: A B C D E F G A
- A Melodic Minor Ascending: A B C D E F G A
- A Melodic Minor Descending: A G F E D C B A
- A Dorian: A B C D E F G A

## Related pages

- A major
- A minor

## Other websites

- Standard Pitch or Concert Pitch for Pianos  by Barrie Heaton
- Virginia Tech Music Dictionary: A
American Old West

The **American Old West**, or the **Wild West** means the history, geography, people, and culture of life in the Western United States. This often referring to the period of the later half of the 19th century, between the American Civil War and the end of the century.

This time is often shown in films like _The Searchers_, _High Noon_ and _Shane_, in TV series like _Bonanza_ and in fiction like _Little House on the Prairie_. Like other popular historical themes such as pirates and ninjas, the relationship between fact and fiction is complex.
Gene silencing

**Gene silencing** is a general term describing epigenetic processes of gene regulation. It is used to describe the "switching off" of a gene by a mechanism other than genetic engineering. That is, a gene which would be expressed ("turned on") under normal circumstances is switched off by machinery in the cell. When a gene is silenced, it means that its RNA is unable to make a protein.

Genes are regulated at either the transcriptional stage, or later, before translation.

**Transcriptional** gene silencing is done by histone modifications, which put heterochromatin around a gene. This means the transcriptional machinery (RNA polymerase, transcription factors, etc.) cannot get at the gene. Genes may be silenced by DNA methylation. This happens regularly during development, when genes are turned on and off at different stages.

**Post-transcriptional** gene silencing is done by blocking or destroying the mRNA of a particular gene. The destruction of the mRNA prevents translation to form an active gene product (in most cases, a protein). A common way mRNA gets silenced is by RNAi.

Both transcriptional and post-transcriptional gene silencing are used to regulate genes. Methods of gene silencing also protect the organism's genome from transposons and viruses. Gene silencing thus may be part of an ancient immune system protecting cells from such infectious DNA and RNA.
Neurospora

***Neurospora*** is a genus of Ascomycete fungi. The best known species in this genus is ***Neurospora crassa***, a common model organism in genetics and molecular biology.

The first published account of this fungus was from an infestation of French bakeries in 1843.

_N. crassa_ is used as a model organism because it is easy to grow and has a haploid life cycle that makes genetic analysis simple since recessive traits will show up in the offspring. Analysis of genetic recombination is facilitated by the ordered arrangement of the products of meiosis in _Neurospora_ ascospores. Its entire genome of seven chromosomes has been sequenced.

_Neurospora_ was used by Edward Tatum and George Wells Beadle in their experiments for which they won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1958. Beadle and Tatum exposed _N. crassa_ to x-rays, causing mutations. They then observed failures in metabolic pathways caused by errors in specific enzymes. This led them to propose the "one gene, one enzyme" hypothesis that specific genes code for specific proteins.  Their hypothesis was later elaborated to enzyme pathways by Norman Horowitz, also working on _Neurospora_.

In the 24 April 2003 issue of _Nature_, the genome of _N. crassa_ was reported as completely sequenced. The genome is about 43 megabases long and includes approximately 10,000 genes. There is a project underway to produce strains containing knockout mutants of every _N. crassa_ gene.

In its natural environment, _N. crassa_ lives mainly in tropical and sub-tropical regions. It can be found growing on dead plant matter after fires. Neurospora is actively used in research around the world. It is important in the elucidation of molecular events involved in circadian rhythms, epigenetics and gene silencing, cell polarity, cell fusion, development, as well as many aspects of cell biology and biochemistry.

Strains and other materials for working with Neurospora are available from the
Fungal Genetics Stock Center
Rosemont, Illinois

**Rosemont** is a village in Illinois in the United States. It is near the O'Hare Airport, just northwest of Chicago.  The Allstate Arena is in Rosemont.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Rosemont
- **settlement type**: List of towns and villages in Illinois, Village
- **image skyline**: River Road, Rosemont, Illinois.JPG
- **image caption**: River Road in Rosemont
- **image flag**: Flag of Rosemont, Illinois.svg
- **motto**: "You Can't Miss It"
- **image map**: File:Cook County Illinois Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Rosemont Highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 260px
- **map caption**: Location of Rosemont in Cook County, Illinois
- **image map1**: Illinois in United States (US48).svg
- **map caption1**: Location of Illinois in the United States
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: State
- **subdivision name1**: Illinois
- **subdivision type2**: County
- **subdivision name2**: Cook County, Illinois, Cook
- **subdivision type3**: Township
- **established title**: Founded
- **established date**: 1956
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 4.64
- **area total sq mi**: 1.79
- **area land km2**: 4.64
- **area land sq mi**: 1.79
- **area water km2**: 0.00
- **area water sq mi**: 0.00
- **population as of**: 2020 United States census, 2020
- **population total**: 3952
- **population density km2**: 851.26
- **population density sq mi**: 2205.36
- **timezone1**: North American Central Time Zone, CST
- **utc offset1**: -6
- **timezone1 dst**: North American Central Time Zone, CDT
- **utc offset1 dst**: -5
- **postal code type**: ZIP Code, ZIP Code(s)
- **postal code**: 60018, 60176
- **area code**: Area code 847#United States, 847
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standards, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 17-65819
Satellite television

**Satellite television** is a way of sending television signals.  Television channels go to a ground station, which sends them by radio waves to a communications satellite in space.  The satellite then transmits that signal back to earth. People with a satellite dish can receive the signals.  Very often, satellite television is provided as a pay television service (especially to places where cable TV is not available).  Here are some examples:
- Sky (UK)
- Freesat (UK)
- Dish Network (US)
- Astro (Satellite TV)
ITV Granada

**ITV Granada** was a television production company. It owned an ITV television channel of the same name. It produced a number of shows for many television stations (like Channel 4 and Sky). The company is now known as ITV Studios, which is owned by ITV plc. Granada's best known programme is the long-running soap opera Coronation Street.
Heptachlor

**Heptachlor** is an insecticide. It was used against ants, termites, against mosquitos of the genus Anopheles, that can spread malaria and as a general pesticide.  In humans, heptachlor damages the liver, and the central nervous system. It may cause cancer. It is sold as a powder. The Diels-Alder reaction is used to produce it. The compound is very stable and can stay in the environment for decades.

Hepltachlor is one of the substances listed in the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants.
Magellan Telescopes

The **Magellan Telescopes** are two 6.5 meter diameter optical telescopes at the Las Campanas Observatory in Chile. The two were named after the Portuguese explorer, Ferdinand Magellan. Each telescope is also named; the Baade after astronomer Walter Baade, and the Clay after the philanthropist Landon T. Clay.

First light for the telescopes was on September 15, 2000 for the Baade, and September 7, 2002 for the Clay.

The Carnegie Institution for Science, University of Arizona, Harvard University, University of Michigan and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology worked together to build and operate the twin telescopes.

The Magellan Planet Search Program is looking for planets using a spectrograph mounted on the 6.5m Magellan II (Clay) telescope.

## Other websites

- Magellan Project homepage

## Infobox (telescope)

- **image size**: 275
Las Campanas Observatory

**Las Campanas Observatory**  is an astronomical observatory in the southern Atacama desert in Chile.  It is owned and operated by the Carnegie Institution for Science. It was built in 1969 as the main observing site for the Carnegie Institution for Science. The headquarters are located in La Serena, Chile and the observatory is about  northeast of the city. The observatory is at  above sea level.

On February 24, 1987, Ian Shelton and Oscar Duhalde first saw the Supernova 1987A (SN 1987A).

## Telescopes

- Magellan Telescopes — Two 6.5m telescopes, Magellan 1 named after Walter Baade and Magellan II after Landon Clay
- Du Pont Telescope — 2.5-meter (100-inch), named after Irénée du Pont and in operation since 1977
- Swope Telescope — 1m, named after Henrietta Swope
- Warsaw Telescope — 1.3 m, owned by Warsaw University Observatory
- Giant Magellan Telescope (under construction) — 24.5 m effective (seven 8.4 m segments)
- NANTEN Telescope (closed) — 4m millimeter-wavelength radio telescope, transported to Atacama desert, Chile.

There are also the small "Pi of the sky" wide-angle cameras that filmed the gamma ray burst GRB 080319B in 2008. This was the largest explosion ever seen in the Universe, and could have been seen without a telescope.

## Other websites

- Las Campanas Observatory
- Carnegie Institution for Science

## Infobox (observatory)
Be Easy

"**Be Easy**" is a song by Canadian-Lebanese singer Massari. The song peaked at number four on the Canadian Singles Chart, number 70 on the German Singles Chart and number 24 on the Portuguese Singles Chart. The song became the second single from _Massari_ (2005). The music video won "Best Pop Video of the Year" at the 2006 MuchMusic Video Awards.

## Charts

|align="left" width="220"|Chart (2006)|align="center"|Peak position|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|align="left"|Canadian Singles Chart|align="center"|4|
|align="left"|German Singles Chart|align="center"|70|
|Portuguese Singles Chart|align="center"|24||

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Be Easy
- **artist**: Massari
- **album**: Massari (album), Massari
- **released**: 2005
- **recorded**: 2005
- **genre**: R&B
- **label**: CP Records, Capital Prophets (CP) Records Inc.
- **writer**: Massari, Belly
- **producer**: Da Heala
- **prev title**: Smile for Me
- **prev year**: 2005
- **next title**: Real Love
- **next year**: 2006
Smile for Me

"**Smile for Me**" is a song by Canadian-Lebanese singer Massari. The song was the lead single from _Massari_ (2005).

## Charts

|align="left" width="220"|Chart (2005)|align="center"|Peak position|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|align="left"|Canadian Singles Chart|align="center"|18|
|Portuguese Singles Chart|align="center"|12||

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Smile for Me
- **artist**: Massari featuring Loon (rapper), Loon
- **album**: Massari (album), Massari
- **released**: 2005
- **recorded**: 2005
- **genre**: R&B
- **label**: CP Records, Capital Prophets (CP) Records Inc.
- **producer**: Da Heala
- **next title**: Real Love
- **next year**: 2006
Massari (album)

***Massari*** () is the debut album by Canadian-Lebanese singer Massari. It was released in 2005. It was certified gold for selling 50,000 copies in Canada.

## Track listing

|#|Song Title|
| --- | --- |
|01|"smile for me"|
|02|"Be Easy"|
|03|"Find a Partner"|
|04|"Smile for Me" <small>(feat. Loon)</small>|
|05|"When I Saw You"|
|06|"Real Love"|
|07|"Rush the Floor" <small>(feat. Belly)</small>|
|08|"Gone Away"|
|09|"Who Knows"|
|10|"Don't Let Go" <small>(feat. Belly)</small>|
|11|"Show Me"|
|12|"Follow My Lead" <small>(feat. Vico)</small>|
|13|"Inta Hayati"|
|14|"What Kinda Girl?"|

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Massari
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: Massari
- **released**: May 31, 2005
- **recorded**: 2004-2005
- **genre**: R&B, Pop music, Pop, Hip-hop
- **label**: CP Records, Capital Prophets Records Inc.
- **producer**: Belly (rapper), Belly <small>(exec.)</small>
Massari <small>(exec.)</small>
Beat Merchant, Da Heala, Whosane?
- **next title**: Forever Massari
- **next year**: 2009
Spectrograph

A **spectrograph**  is an instrument that breaks up a wave into a frequency spectrum. These could be sound, light or radio waves. For example the frequency spectrum of light is the brightness (intensity) and the amount of each colour. There are several kinds of machines called _spectrographs_, used to look at different waves. The term was first used in 1884.

A spectrograph is closely related to a polychromator.

## Spectrographs and astronomy

In astronomy, the first spectrographs used photographic paper as the detector. The star spectral classification and discovery of the main sequence, Hubble's law and the Hubble sequence were all made using photographic paper. The plant pigment phytochrome was discovered using a spectrograph that used living plants as the detector. New spectrographs use electronic detectors, such as CCDs which can be used for both visible and UV light. The type of detector depends on the wavelengths of light to be recorded.

## Echelle spectrograph

An echelle spectrograph is a special machine which is able to break up light waves, with a high resolution and little interference. It does this by using very narrow slits which breaks light into beams, and then breaking up those beams again.

## References

- James, John (2007), _Spectrograph Design Fundamentals_ (Cambridge University Press)

## Other websites

- Spectrograph for astronomical Spectra
Ken Mogi

is a Japanese scientist. He studies the human brain. He works a researcher at Sony Computer Science Laboratories and teaches at the Tokyo Institute of Technology.

## Life

Mogi was born 20 October 1962 in Nakano Ward, Tokyo. His family soon moved to Kasukabe, Saitama where he grew up. He has an unusual hairstyle and cuts his own hair.

## Studies

He graduated from the University of Tokyo in 1985 with a degree in science and in 1987 with a degree in law. Mogi earned his Ph.D. in 1992. His thesis was called "Mathematical Model of Muscle Contraction".

## Legal problems

In 2009, Japan's National Tax Agency said that Mogi had broken tax laws. Mogi did not pay all of his taxes for three years. He tried to hide income of ¥400,000,000. NHK fired Mogi from a TV program because of his bad behavior.
Occupy Wall Street

**Occupy Wall Street** was a protest that started in 2011 in New York City and spread into other cities all over the United States. Citizens protested against how poor and wealthy people have lived in different ways and are treated differently by other people, and also against the way corporations used their money. People in New York started protesting in Zuccotti Park on September 17, and some people decided to camp there overnight. It grew to include several thousand people, with many different political views. Protesters included some communists, political moderates, liberals, and Progressives.

Many of the Occupy protests in the rest of the country only started as in the middle of October. In some places, like Denver, Oakland, and New York City itself, police acted violently. In some places, including Miami, the protests were peaceful and some police officers supported the protests.  After 2011 the numbers of people involved dwindled away.
Thelma

**Thelma** [ **thel**-m_uh_ ] is a female given name which in Greek means "will and volition". There are many celebrities going under this feminine name. Also, there are many television series featuring characters with the name _Thelma_. In addition, a deadly tropical cyclone by the name _Thelma_ struck the Philippines in latter 1991. This is a unique name (not in the top 1000 newborn names in the US in 2021).

## People

- Thelma Catherine Ryan, wife of U.S. president Richard Nixon
- Thelma Ritter, American actress
- Thelma Houston, American singer
- Thelma Aldana, Guatemalan judge
- Thelma Todd, American actress (1906-1935)

## Infobox (given name)

- **name**: Thelma
- **gender**: Female
- **meaning**: Will and volition
- **language**: Greek
First light (astronomy)

In astronomy, **first light** is the first time a telescope is used to look at the Universe. This is often not the first time the telescope has been used. Tests will have been done during daylight to make sure everything is working. Images taken during first light are not normally of scientific interest. They are usually poor quality as the parts of the telescope have not been properly adjusted for best performance. Usually, a well-known and spectacular astronomical object is chosen. First light is always a moment of great excitement, both for the people who designed and built the telescope, and for the astronomical community.

For example, the 200-inch Hale Telescope saw first light January 26, 1949, targeting a nebula located in the constellation Monoceros. under the direction of American astronomer Edwin Hubble. The image was published in many magazines.

The Large Binocular Telescope had its first light with a single primary mirror on October 12, 2005. This was a view of NGC 891, a spiral galaxy in the Andromeda constellation . The second mirror was installed in January 2006 and the telescope became fully operational in January 2008.

In physical cosmology, **first light** refers to the light coming from the first generation of hyperstars. These were formed less than a billion years after the big bang, bringing an end to the cosmological Dark Ages.
Esther Vergeer

**Esther Mary Vergeer** (born 18 July 1981, Woerden) is a Dutch wheelchair tennis player. Vergeer has not lost a match in singles since February 2003. She has won 39 Grand Slam titles, five Paralympic Gold Medals and 21 Masters titles. Vergeer has been the world number one since 1999. Vergeer is also a former wheelchair basketball player. She was part of the team which won the European Championships in 1997.

## Early life

In March 1988 after a swimming lesson Vergeer became dizzy and passed out. Vergeer was just six years old at the time. Doctors found out that Vergeer was bleeding in her head. The bleeding had caused Vergeer to pass out. Vergeer had the blood removed. Six weeks later she went home. Yet the next year in June Vergeer had more headaches. She also had pressure behind the eyes and pain in her neck. The doctors could not find what was wrong. They sent her home. In October, doctors found Vergeer to be bleeding in her head again. They drained the blood. The doctors also found that Vergeer had an Vascular myelopathy. This abnormality caused the strokes that Vergeer experienced. On the 15 of January 1990, after a nine-hour operation Vergeer was unable to move her legs. The operation took place near to her spinal cord. Vergeer had one final operation in March but still could not move her legs.

## Wheelchair tennis

Vergeer won her eleventh British Open singles title beating Griffieon in the final. Against Griffieon, Vergeer beat her for the forty ninth time. It was the first time that Vergeer had beaten her without losing a game. The tournament win was Vergeer's tenth US Open USTA Wheelchair tennis championships. Vergeer won her sixth U.S. Open by beating van Koot. Vergeer was good enough to reach both the singles and doubles events at the Masters.

## Other websites

- Official site
- bio – file interview with Esther Vergeer
Liz Kendall

**Elizabeth Louise Kendall** (born 11 June 1971) is a British politician who has served as Secretary of State for Science, Innovation and Technology since 2025. She was the Secretary of State for Work and Pensions from 2024 to 2025. She is a member of the Labour Party. She has been the Member of Parliament (MP) for Leicester West since 2010.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **embed**: yes
- **office1**: Shadow Secretary of State for Work and Pensions
- **term start1**: 4 September 2023
- **leader1**: Keir Starmer
- **predecessor1**: Jonathan Ashworth
- **successor1**: Mel Stride
- **term end1**: 5 July 2024
- **office2**: Department of Health and Social Care, Shadow Minister for Social Care
- **leader2**: Keir Starmer
- **term start2**: 9 April 2020
- **term end2**: 4 September 2023
- **predecessor2**: Paula Sherriff
- **successor2**: Andrew Gwynne
- **term start3**: 7 October 2011
- **term end3**: 12 September 2015
- **predecessor3**: Emily Thornberry
- **successor3**: Barbara Keeley


## Infobox (officeholder)

- **honorific-prefix**: The Right Honourable
- **name**: Liz Kendall
- **honorific-suffix**: Member of Parliament, MP
- **image**: 2025 Liz Kendall Secretary of State for Science, Innovation and Technology (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Liz Kendall as Secretary of State for Science, Innovation and Technology in 2025
- **office1**: Secretary of State for Work and Pensions
- **term start1**: 5 July 2024
- **predecessor1**: Mel Stride
- **primeminister1**: Keir Starmer
- **office2**: Member of Parliament (United Kingdom), Member of Parliament
for Leicester West
- **term start2**: 6 May 2010
- **predecessor2**: Patricia Hewitt
- **majority2**: 8,777 (24.8%)
- **birth name**: Elizabeth Louise Kendall
- **birth place**: Abbots Langley, Hertfordshire, England
- **party**: Labour Party (UK), Labour
- **alma mater**: Queens' College, Cambridge
- **children**: 1
- **termend1**: 5 September 2025
- **successor1**: Pat McFadden
- **office**: Secretary of State for Science, Innovation and Technology
- **primeminister**: Keir Starmer
- **term start**: 5 September 2025
- **predecessor**: Peter Kyle
Keith Vaz

**Nigel Keith Anthony Standish Vaz**, known as **Keith Vaz**, was born 26 November 1956 in Aden, Yemen to Indian parents. He moved to Twickenham, London during his childhood. He was a MP for Leicester South.

In 2007, Vaz was diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **honorific-prefix**: The Right Honourable
- **name**: Keith Vaz
- **image**: File:Official portrait of Keith Vaz crop 2.jpg
- **caption**: Official portrait, 2017
- **office**: Chairman of the Home Affairs Select Committee
- **term start**: 26 July 2007
- **term end**: 6 September 2016
- **predecessor**: John Denham (politician), John Denham
- **successor**: Tim Loughton <small>(Acting)</small>
- **office1**: Minister of State for Europe
- **primeminister1**: Tony Blair
- **term start1**: 9 May 1999
- **term end1**: 11 June 2001
- **predecessor1**: Geoff Hoon
- **successor1**: Peter Hain
- **office2**: Member of Parliament (United Kingdom), Member of Parliament
for Leicester East (UK Parliament constituency), Leicester East
- **term start2**: 11 June 1987
- **term end2**: 6 November 2019
- **predecessor2**: Peter Bruinvels
- **successor2**: Claudia Webbe
- **birth name**: Nigel Keith Anthony Standish Vaz
- **birth place**: Colony of Aden, Aden Colony
- **party**: Labour Party (UK), Labour
- **spouse**: Maria Fernandes
- **children**: 2
- **alma mater**: Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge (Master of Arts, MA)
- **website**: [http://www.keithvazmp.com Official website]
Krishna

**Krishna** is an important God (Param Brahma) in Hinduism. He is considered to have been an avatar of Vishnu. Krishna is believed to have been a real being who took part in the war known as the Mahabharata. He is a central character in the important Hindu scripture the Bhagavad Gita. Hindu often consider him a warrior, hero, teacher and philosopher and a great leader. He defeated the cruel King Kansa, who put his mother, _Devāki_ and her consort _Vasudevā_ to jail.

## Related pages

- Balarama
- Radha
- Krishnaism
- Krishna Janmastami
Rotating furnace

A **rotating furnace** is a special type of furnace used to make lenses or mirrors for telescopes. Glass is placed in the furnace which is then spun up and heated. The top surface of the melted glass takes on a concave shape. The glass is cooled while still spinning. The spinning makes the glass the same shape as the main mirror used in a telescope. Computer controlled grinding machines can correct the shape of the glass. The concave top surface can be coated with silver and be used as a focusing mirror. The shape of bottom surface is made by the container the glass was melted in. The technology is being used for the Giant Magellan Telescope's seven mirrors.

Large focusing mirrors can also be made using liquid mercury, such as the Large Zenith Telescope. The rotation is continuous and the metal remains liquid; once all waves and imbalances die out, the telescope is then used.
Dependent and independent variables

In an experiment, the parts being studied can be classed as either **dependent** or **independent variables**. The _dependent_ variable is the possible outcome of the experiment; the effect. It depends on what happens to other variables in the experiment. The dependent variable is basically the part that you are changing. For example, if you want to know how much light a plant needs to grow, the amount of growth is the dependent. If you wanted to see if a plant would grow better in hot or cold areas your independent variable would be the temperature of the air.

The _independent_ variable is the variable that you have control over, what you can choose and manipulate. It is usually what you think will affect the dependent variable. In some cases, you may not be able to manipulate the independent variable. It may be something that is already there and is fixed, something you would like to evaluate with respect to how it affects something else, the independent variable like color, kind, time. As an example, you are interested in how stress affects heart rate in humans. Your independent variable would be the stress and the dependent variable would be the heart rate. You can directly manipulate stress levels in your human subjects and measure how those stress levels change heart rate.

## Mathematics

In mathematics, the dependent variable changes with the independent variable, hence the name (it depends on the independent variable).

In calculus, a function is a map whose action is specified on variables. Take _x_ and _y_ to be two variables. A function _f_ may map _x_ to some expression in _x_. Assigning gives a relation between _y_ and _x_. If there is some relation specifying _y_ in terms of _x_, then y is known as a dependent variable (and _x_ is an independent variable).
A dependent variable is also known as a "response variable", "regressand", "measured variable", "responding variable", "explained variable", "outcome variable", "experimental variable", and "output variable".

If the independent variable is referred to as an "explanatory variable" then the term "response variable" is preferred by some authors for the dependent variable.
Hamnet Shakespeare

**Hamnet Shakespeare** ( January 1585
9 August 1596) was the only son of William Shakespeare and Anne Hathaway.  He was the twin brother of Judith Shakespeare. He died at age 11.  How he died is not known. There are several ideas about a possible relationship between Hamnet and his father's play _Hamlet_. Other ideas state there is a relationship between Hamnet's death and the writing of _King John_, _Romeo and Juliet_, _Julius Caesar_, and _Twelfth Night_. These ideas of a relationship became popular as early as the 18th century.  They continued into the 1930s.  In the 1930s, thinkers who believed in modernism and New Criticism said the relationship did not matter.  Modernism and New Criticism thinkers believe that a writer's life does not change his writing.   More recently, as New Criticism has become less popular, the ideas about Hamnet and his father's work have been talked about again.

## Life

Hamnet was born along his twin sister Judith Shakespeare in Stratford-upon-Avon in 1585, as the son and daughter of William Shakespeare, a English playwright. The exact date of their births is unknown, but they were presumed to have been born sometime in January 1585. Hamnet Shakespeare died in Stratford-upon-Avon in August 1596. The exact date of his death is unknown, but is presumed to have been on
 9 August 1596.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Hamnet Shakespeare
- **image**: Shakespeare's family circle (Hamnet).jpg
- **birth date**: January 1585
- **birth place**: Stratford-upon-Avon, England
- **death date**: 9 August 1596 (aged 11)
- **death place**: Stratford-upon-Avon,  England
- **parents**: William Shakespeare
 (father)
 Anne Hathaway
 (mother)
Large Zenith Telescope

The **Large Zenith Telescope** (LZT) is a 6.0 metre diameter telescope. It is in the University of British Columbia's Malcolm Knapp Research Forest, about  east of Vancouver. It is one of the largest  telescopes in the world.

A zenith telescope is only able to look straight up. This means that it can use a mirror which is a smoothly spinning pan filled with liquid mercury. The LZT uses 28 litres of mercury, spinning once every 8.5 seconds. This type of mirror can be made much larger and cheaper than a conventional mirror, which means it collects much more light. This light is focused into a CCD to make an image. The LZT is used for "transit imaging". This means that earth's rotation moves stars past the telescope. Images can be taken by moving the sensor electronically in step with this movement.

The telescope was made in 1994 using parts from the three-metre diameter NASA Orbital Debris Observatory telescope, which was retired a couple years earlier after several years of use.

## Other websites

- Large Zenith Telescope homepage
- A picture of the design.
Stéphane Hessel

**Stéphane Frédéric Hessel** (20 October 1917 - 27 February 2013) was a German-French diplomat and political activist. He was born in Berlin and became a French citizen in 1939. He was active in the Resistance in France during the Second World War. After the war, he was secretary to one of the writers of the United Nation's Universal Declaration of Human Rights and took part in World Conference on Human Rights that adopted Vienna Declaration He also opposed inequality in wealth and war by Israel in Palestine.

## Other websites

- "Time for Outrage!"
First Battle of Maryang San

The **Battle of Maryang San** was Australia's greatest accomplishment in the Korean War. The battle occurred when the US General George Fleet called for forces to capture some positions just before the signing of the truce at Panmanjan.

## Background

The Commonwealth forces, fighting as part of the United Nations were British, Australian and New Zealand units. These included three Battalion<nowiki/>s of the 28th British Commonwealth Brigade,  the 1st Battalion The King's Own Scottish Borderers, 1st Battalion King's Shropshire Light Infantry  and 3rd Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment. Brigadier George Taylor (United Kingdom) was the Brigade Commander. The British Commonwealth Division had the 25th, 28th and 29th Brigades under the command of Lieutenant General James "Gentleman Jim" Cassels (later Field Marshal Sir James) and was part of 1 Corps. These units were  against the Chinese Communist forces. 3 Battalion RAR was commanded by Lieutenant Colonel 'Frank' Francis Hassett.  Commonwealth forces main aims were to take a number of hill positions, and the main objective, Maryang San.

The first attacks saw the Australian A and B company of 3 RAR take Hill 199, and the 1st Battalion Kings Shropshire Light Infantry take Hill 208. The Kings Own Scottish Borderers  had moved to take Hill 399 but were pinned down on its slopes by night time. The Australians attacked at dawn, moving against the Chinese held Hill 200. Chinese infantry were driven from their trenches, and they fled, leaving behind some prisoners of war. The first gun emplacement was taken, and then the second, with the Chinese troops retreating down the slope of Hill 200.

A, B and D Companies attacked the Chinese units, and drew them away from Maryan San, the main objective. Following United Nations forces artillery and mortar fire, Chinese troops withdrew from Maryan San, and the Australian troops moved to take the position. Australian troops moved against an area that was used by the Chinese for artillery bombardment<nowiki/>s, known as the Hinge. After taking the Hinge, they were subjected to constant attacks, which eventually became sporadic and died off. At about 8 pm, the Chinese launched an attack in huge numbers. The Australian units were well dug in, using the Chinese own trench positions, and responded to the waves of Chinese troops with machine gun fire. Chinese troops fell in their hundreds. South Korean porters moved forward constantly, bringing supplies and taking away wounded.

By 5 November, after the Australians were withdrawn to recover, Maryang San had been recaptured by the Chinese. It was a terrible blow to morale for those who had fought long and hard to capture it. The tactically important ground of Maryang San remained in the hands of Chinese forces for the rest of the war.
Ferdinand I of Bulgaria

**Ferdinand I of Bulgaria** (Bulgarian : Фердинанд I Български ; born : 26 February 1861 : Vienna,Austria died : 10 September 1948 : Coburg,Bavaria,Germany) was a Bulgarian monarch and Tsar of Bulgaria,born in the Austrian Empire in 1861 . He was Prince Of Bulgaria from 1887-1908 and Tsar Of Bulgaria and reigned from 1908 until 1918 when he was replaced by Boris III Of Bulgaria (1894-1943) his son . Under his rule Bulgaria joined the Central Powers during World War I in 1915 after the First Balkan War 1912-1913 and the Second Balkan War Of 1913 before WW1 . He joined Central Power along the side with Kaiser Wilhelm II (Kaiser Of Germany),Franz Joseph I (Kaiser Of Austria)and ,Charles I or Karl I, and Mehmed V (Sultan of Turkey) until there defeat in 1918 and he was exiled and lived in Weimar Germany from 1918-1933 and Nazi Germany from 1933-1945,until his death in 1948 in Occupied Germany just 30 year’s after World War 1 and 3 years after World War 2 .

## Biography

He was born in Vienna as Ferdinand Maximilan Charles Leopold Marie, Duke of Saxony, later becoming Prince of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, the son of Augustus of Saxe-Coburg-Kohary (1818–1881) and his wife née Clémentine of Orléans (1817–1907). He was proclaimed prince regnant of Bulgaria on 25 June 1887 (O.S.)/7 July 1887 (N.S.).

On 20 April 1893 at the Villa Pianore in Luccia in Italy, he married Maria Luisa Pia Teresa Anna Ferdinanda Francesca Antonietta Margherita Giuseppina Carolina Bianca Lucia Appollonia, Princess of Bourbon-Parma, daughter of Roberto I of Parma. He was also thought to be bisexual, even after marrying his first wife.

They had four children, Boris III (born : 1894 : Varna Palace ,Sofia,Bulgaria–died : 28 August 1943 : Sofia, Bulgaria), Kyril (1895–1945), Eudoxia (1898–1985), Nadejda (1899–1958) and Maria Luisa died in 1899. On 28 February 1908 in Coburg Ferdinand married his second wife, Eleonore Caroline Gasparine Louise, Princess Reuss-Köstritz (1860-1917), daughter of Heinrich IV Reuss von Köstritz (1821–1894) and née Luise Caroline Reuss zu Greiz (1822–1875).

Ferdinand became king of Bulgaria after it became independent on 22 September 1908 (O.S.)/5 September 1908 (N.S.). He abdicated on 3 October 1918.

He died in Burglassschloßen in Coburg, and is buried in St. Augustin's Catholic Church.

## Further reading

- _Böttcher, Hans-Joachim: Ferdinand von Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha 1861 - 1948  -  Ein Kosmopolit auf dem bulgarischen Thron._ Berlin 2019, ISBN 978-3-89998-296-1.

## Other websites

- Historical photographs of the royal palace in Sofia
Fugacity

In thermodynamics, the **fugacity** is a state function of any isothermal system. The fugacity, which has units of pressure, represents the tendency of a fluid to escape or expand isothermally. For gases at low pressures where the ideal gas law holds, fugacity is equal to pressure. The ratio  between fugacity  and pressure  is called the **fugacity coefficient**; therefore,  for an ideal gas.

The fugacity  is defined at fixed temperature  by the following differential relation:

where  is the Gibbs free energy,  is the molar gas constant, and  is the fluid's volume.  For any two isothermal physical states, represented by subscripts 1 and 2, the ratio of the two fugacities is as follows:
Fernanda Brandão

**Fernanda Brandão Gonçalves da Silva** (born 3 May 1983) is a Brazil singer and dancer. She was famous under her stage name **Laava**, with Latin pop trio, .

## Career

In 2002, Fernanda released her single Wherever You Are (I Feel Love). Although her music originates from Germany, Brandao considers herself Brazilian. Born on March 5, 1983 in Belo horizons (Minas Gerais) she grew up it in Rio de Janeiro. Already at the age of 4, Fernanda danced with the Karneval in Rio and recorded samba folklore songs. She came from a musical family. Her mother produced some successful Brazilian pop songs and her aunt and uncle are well-known singers in Brazil. Fernanda spent much of her childhood time in studios.

When Fernanda was nine years old, her mother fell in love with a German man and they moved to Hamburg. She commutes back and forth between Brazil and Germany to dance. She also took up jazz, modern Dance, hip-hop, ballet, as well as vocal lessons in Germany. Fernanda trained physically, following styles such as box CUT, Tae Bo, BBP and crew class and became a licensed fitness trainer. Fernanda speaks four languages (Portuguese, Spanish, German and English). In 2001, she quit school, in order to give her all in recording music. Fernanda is currently in the band Hot Banditoz.

She had been in many music videos as a back-up dancer for major international artistes including Enrique Iglesias, Kylie Minogue, Pink, Shaggy, Coolio, Gabriella Cilmi, Safri Duo and rock group Seed.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Fernanda Brandão
- **image**: Fernanda Brandao Intersport C A Brueggen Ibbenbueren 01.JPG
- **caption**: Brandão in 2016
- **alias**: Laava
- **birth place**: Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- **years active**: 2002–present
Marojejy National Park

**Marojejy National Park** is a national Park of Madagascar in northeastern Madagascar.

## Wildlife

Thus, abundant forest habitats Marojejy host a great diversity of life often original. This is confirmed by surveys of some groups of animals. For example:
- More species of birds are found only forest Marojejy but in no other place in Madagascar mountain. 118 species of birds have been recorded in or around the park, of which 75 are forest (almost forest-dependent ). Each of these 75 species are endemic to the region of Madagascar.

- Eleven species of lemurs have been recorded so far in Marojejy. Some are endangered, mostly due to habitat loss. One of the most serious threat is the silky sifaka ( Propithecus candidus candidus ), a member of the family indris . This beautiful lemur with a silky white fur, is known only in the forests of this region.

- 147 species of reptiles and amphibians have been recorded so far in Marojejy. This represents over a quarter of all species currently known in Madagascar is the greatest diversity of reptiles and amphibians known to all protected areas in Madagascar. Seventeen of these species are endemic to Marojejy.

## Camps

Three camps located at different altitudes allow visitors to sleep in the forest. Bungalows made of wood and tarpaulin, shelter meals, a kitchenette with the availability of coal and stove and a toilet and a shower.
- Mantella camp ( 475 m ) altitude
- Marojejia camp ( 775 m ) altitude
- Simpona camp ( 1275 m ) altitude

## Illegal logging

It was estimated that between 23 325 and 46 650 trees of Rosewood were gunned down illegally in national parks Marojejy and Masoala for 2009. The year 2010 was marked by the intensification of cuts but rather in the Masoala National Park and the Makira Protected Area.

## Other websites

- The Friends of Marojejy National Park – Information, photos, maps, brochures, and species lists
- Silky Sifaka Conservation in Marojejy
- Trouble in Lemur Land – a professional 50 minute HD film about illegal rosewood logging in Madagascar and the impact on the silky sifaka lemur
- Angels of the Forest Marojejy Film
- Dan Rather Reports Marojejy Documentary
- Carte Blanche Marojejy Documentary Part 1
- Carte Blanche Marojejy Documentary Part 2

## Infobox (protected area)

- **name**: Marojejy National Park
- **iucn category**: II
- **photo**: Silky Sifaka Pink Face.JPG
- **photo width**: 275
- **photo alt**: A primate with silky white fur sits on a branch, gripping the small tree's trunk with its hands and feet.
- **photo caption**: Marojejy is home to the Silky Sifaka
- **location**: Antsiranana Province, Madagascar
- **nearest city**: Andapa and Sambava
- **established**: (Natural Reserve)
 (National Park)
- **governing body**: Madagascar National Parks
- **world heritage site**: 2007
- **url**: http://www.marojejy.com
Philo T. Farnsworth

**Philo Taylor Farnsworth** (August 19, 1906 – March 11, 1971) was an American inventor. He was from Beaver, Utah and grew up in Idaho. He was a Mormon and went to college at Brigham Young University.

He is one of several people who can claim to have invented television. He invented the picture tube and built the first all-electric TV set. He had built his first prototype in 1927, and presented it in 1928. For the next few years, Farnsworth fought a battle with RCA over his patents. By 1936, he was filming television programs. He did a lot of research in nuclear fusion. He also invented the modern method of air-traffic control.

A statue of Farnsworth represents Utah in the United States Capitol.
Institution of Electrical Engineers

The **Institution of Electrical Engineers** (**I.E.E.**, pronounced _I-double-E_ or _I-E-E_) was a British professional organisation of electronics, electrical, manufacturing, and Information Technology professionals. It focused on electrical engineers. The I.E.E. was founded in 1871 as the Society of Telegraph Engineers. It changed its name in 1880 to the Society of Telegraph Engineers and Electricians. The name changed again to the Institution of Electrical Engineers in 1889. It was Incorporated by a Royal Charter in 1921. In 2006, the I.E.E. merged with the Institution of Incorporated Engineers (I.I.E.) to form the Institution of Engineering and Technology (I.E.T.). Before the merger, the I.E.E. was the largest professional engineering society in Europe, with a worldwide membership of around 120,000.

## Other websites

- Institution of Engineering and Technology
- Engineering Council UK
- IET Digital Library
- IET Publishing
Participle

In linguistics, a **participle** is a word that shares some characteristics of both verbs and adjectives. Examples of participle formation are:
|**Verb**||Past Simple||Past Participle||Present Participle||Regular/ Irregular||||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|to **hire**|hir_ed_|hir_ing_|regular|||
|to **do**|did|done|do_ing_|rowspan="7"|irregular|
|to **say**|said|say_ing_||||
|to **eat**|ate|eat_en_|eat_ing_|||
|to **write**|wrote|writt_en_|writ_ing_|||
|to **beat**|beat|beat_en_|beat_ing_|||
|to **sing**|sang|sung|sing_ing_|||
|to **see**|saw|seen|see_ing_|||
As noun-modifiers, participles usually precede the noun (like adjectives), but in many cases they can or must follow it:
- _The **visiting** dignitaries devoured the **baked** apples._
- _Please bring all the documents **required**._ (= _Please bring all the documents **that are required***.)
- _The difficulties **encountered** were nearly insurmountable._ (= _The difficulties **that were encountered** were nearly insurmountable._)

## Present participles

The present participle in English has the same form as the gerund, but the gerund acts as a noun rather than a verb or a modifier. The word _sleeping_ in _Your job description does not include **sleeping*** is a gerund and not a present participle.

While English past participles, like past tense forms, are sometimes irregular, all English present participles are regular, being formed with the suffix _-ing_.
The present participle in English is in the active voice and is used for:
- forming the progressive aspect: _Jim was **sleeping**._
- modifying a noun as an adjective: _Let **sleeping** dogs lie._ (= _Let dogs **that are sleeping** lie._)
- modifying a verb or sentence in clauses: _Broadly **speaking**, the project was successful._

## Past participles

The past participle may be used in both active and passive voices:
- forming the perfect: _The chicken has **eaten**._
- forming the passive voice: _The chicken was **eaten**._
- modifying a noun, with active sense: _our **fallen** comrades_ (= _our comrades **who have fallen***)
- modifying a noun, with passive sense: _the **attached** files_ (= _the files **that have been attached***)
- modifying a verb or sentence, with passive sense: ***Seen** from this perspective, the problem presents no easy solution._ (= ***When it is seen** from this perspective,...._)

### Passive participles

Passive participles reflect past action in the passive voice, for example
- _The dog, having been **praised** by its master, was happy_, or more commonly, _The dog, **praised** by its master, was happy_.

Even irregular past participle verbs often follow the format _-en_ or _-ne_, as may be seen from above.  For examples:
|**Verb**||Past Participle||
| --- | --- |
|to **beat**|beat_en_|
|to **do**|do_ne_|
|to **eat**|eat_en_|
|to **fall**|fall_en_|
|to **give**|giv_en_|
|to **help**|holp_en_|
|to **show**|shown''|
|to **see**|se_en_|
|to **write**|writt_en_|