juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Werner Klemperer

**Werner Klemperer** (March 22, 1920 – December 6, 2000) was a German-born American stage, movie, and television actor and musician. He won an Emmy Award in 1968 and in 1969.

Klemperer died of cancer on December 6, 2000, aged 80, at his home in Manhattan, New York City.

## Other websites

- Werner Klemperer  at concentric.net
- Klemperer's parents, Otto and Johanna, 1920s  portrait by Nickolas Muray
- Interview with Werner Klemperer by Bruce Duffie, July, 1985

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Werner Klemperer
- **image**: WernerKlemperer975 headcrop.jpg
- **caption**: Klemperer in December 1998.
- **birth place**: Cologne, Germany
- **death place**: Manhattan, New York City, U.S.
- **occupation**: Actor, musician
- **years active**: 1947–95
- **spouse**: Susan Dempsey (m. ?–1968; divorced)
Louise Troy (m. 1969–1975; divorced)
Kim Hamilton (m. 1997–2000; his death)
Stanley Kramer

**Stanley Earl Kramer** (September 29, 1913 – February 19, 2001) was an American movie director and producer. He was born in New York City. Kramer studied at New York University.

Kramer was known for his works in _High Noon_ (1952, as producer), _The Caine Mutiny_ (1954, as producer), _The Defiant Ones_ (1958), _On the Beach_ (1959), _Inherit the Wind_ (1960), _Judgment at Nuremberg_ (1961), _It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World_ (1963), _Ship of Fools_, (1965) and _Guess Who's Coming to Dinner_ (1967).

In 1945, Kramer had an annulled marriage with actress Marilyn Erskine. From 1950 to 1963, he was married to Anne Pearce. In 1966, Kramer married Karen Sharpe and lasted until Kramer's death in 2001. Kramer had four children, two with Pearce and two with Sharpe.

Kramer died on February 19, 2001 in Los Angeles, California from pneumonia, aged 87.

## Other websites

- "Tribute to Stanley Kramer" with Tom Brokaw, Steven Spielberg, Quincy Jones, Harrison Ford and Al Gore
- "The Godfather of Independent Film", video, 3.5 min.
Clinton Presidential Center

The **William J. Clinton Presidential Center and Park** is a presidential library created to honor the life and achievements of President of the United States Bill Clinton. It's in Little Rock, Arkansas. It's the eleventh of the thirteen presidential libraries in the United States.

There's a part of the center where, if Clinton wants to, can serve as his final resting place.

## Other websites

- Official Clinton Center website
- Official Clinton Library website
- Official Clinton Foundation website
- Official Clinton School website
Adams National Historical Park

**Adams National Historical Park**, formerly **Adams National Historic Site**, is a national landmark dedicated to Presidents of the United States John Adams and John Quincy Adams. It is in Quincy, Massachusetts. It preserves the home of the two presidents. It also honors the U.S. Ambassador to Great Britain, Charles Francis Adams, and writers and historians Henry Adams and Brooks Adams.

## Other websites

- Official NPS website: Adams National Historical Park
- "Life Portrait of John Adams", broadcast from Adams National Historical Park from C-SPAN's _American Presidents: Life Portraits_
- "Writings of Henry Adams", broadcast from Adams National Historical Park from C-SPAN's _American Writers_
Rutherford B. Hayes Presidential Center

The **Rutherford B. Hayes Presidential Center** is a group of several buildings dedicated to President of the United States Rutherford B. Hayes. It is in Fremont, Ohio.

It was started in 1916. The **Rutherford B. Hayes Center Library** was the first presidential library and one of only three for a 19th-century president. The library holds the 12,000 volume personal library of Rutherford B. Hayes.

## Other websites

- "Life Portrait of Rutherford B. Hayes", broadcast from the Rutherford B. Hayes Presidential Center from C-SPAN's _American Presidents: Life Portraits_
William McKinley Presidential Library and Museum

The **William McKinley Presidential Library and Museum** is the presidential library to honor and remember President of the United States William McKinley. The library is owned and operated by the Stark County Historical Society. It is in Canton, Ohio. Canton is where McKinley built his career as lawyer, prosecuting attorney, congressman, governor and president.

## Other websites

- William McKinley Presidential Library and Museum
Woodrow Wilson Presidential Library

The **Woodrow Wilson Presidential Library** is a presidential library dedicated to the life and achievements of Woodrow Wilson. It contains memoirs of those who worked with him, and governmental volumes concerning about World War I. It is in Staunton, Virginia.

## Other websites

- Woodrow Wilson Presidential Library
- "Life Portrait of Woodrow Wilson", broadcast from Woodrow Wilson Birthplace from C-SPAN's _American Presidents: Life Portraits_
- Manse, Frederick & Coalter Streets, Staunton, Staunton, VA: 3 photos, 1 color transparency, 8 measured drawings, 4 data pages, and 1 photo caption page at Historic American Buildings Survey
Calvin Coolidge Presidential Library and Museum

The **Calvin Coolidge Presidential Library and Museum** is the presidential library to honor and remember President of the United States Calvin Coolidge. The library was started in 1920. It is at the Forbes Library in Northampton, Massachusetts. This is where Coolidge practiced law and served as mayor.

## Other websites

- Calvin Coolidge Presidential Library and Museum
Division of Bowman

The **Division of Bowman** is an Australian Electoral Division in Queensland. It was set up in 1949 and is named for David Bowman (1860-1916), an early leader of the Australian Labor Party, in Queensland. The seat is located in the eastern suburbs of Brisbane, and includes Capalaba, Cleveland, Redland Bay, Birkdale, Thorneside, Alexandra Hills, Thornlands, Mount Cotton, Cornubia, Ormiston, Wellington Point and Victoria Point. It also includes the islands of Moreton Bay including Coochiemudlo Island, the Bay Islands (Russell, Karragarra, Macleay and Lamb) and North Stradbroke Island.

After the 2009 electoral redistribution there was only a difference 0.005% between the two main parties, making Bowman the most marginal seat in the country.

## Members

|Member|Party|Term||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|||Malcolm McColm|Liberal|1949–1961||
|||Jack Comber|Labor|1961–1963||
|||Wylie Gibbs|Liberal|1963–1969||
|||Len Keogh|Labor|1969–1975||
|||David Jull|Liberal|1975–1983||
|||Len Keogh|Labor|1983–1987||
|||Con Sciacca|Labor|1987–1996||
|||Andrea West|Liberal|1996–1998||
|||Con Sciacca|Labor|1998–2004||
|||rowspan="2"|Andrew Laming|Liberal|2004–2010|
|||Liberal National|2010–2022|||
|||Henry Pike|Liberal National|2022–present||
In 2007, Andrew Laming won the seat by only 64 votes.

## Other websites

- - Division of Bowman (Qld) — Australian Electoral Commission

## Infobox (australian electorate)

- **federal**: yes
- **name**: Bowman
- **caption**: Interactive map of boundaries
- **created**: 1949
- **mp**: Henry Pike
- **mp-party**: Liberal National Party of Queensland, Liberal National
- **namesake**: David Bowman (Australian politician), David Bowman
- **electors**: 95,874 (2013)
- **area**: 537
- **class**: Outer Metropolitan
Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum

The **Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum**, also known as the **LBJ Presidential Library**, is the presidential library to honor and remember President of the United States Lyndon Baines Johnson. The library was started in 1971. It is next to the LBJ School of Public Affairs in Austin, Texas.

## Other websites

- Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum
Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum

The **Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum** is the presidential library to honor and remember President of the United States Franklin D. Roosevelt. The library was started in 1941. It is in Hyde Park, New York.

## Other websites

- Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum
Jimmy Carter Library and Museum

The **Jimmy Carter Library and Museum** is the presidential library to honor and remember President of the United States Jimmy Carter. The library was started in 1986. It is in Atlanta, Georgia. Its system is regulated by the National Archives and Records Administration. It is the location of the Carter Center.

## Other websites

- Jimmy Carter Library and Museum
Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum

The **Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum** is the presidential library to honor and remember President of the United States Harry S. Truman. The library was started in 1957. It is on a hill facing U.S. Route 24 in Independence, Missouri.

## Other websites

- Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum
Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library

The **Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library** is the presidential library to honor and remember President of the United States Gerald R. Ford. The library was started in 1981. It is in Ann Arbor, Michigan.

## Other websites

- Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library and Museum
Gerald R. Ford Presidential Museum

The **Gerald R. Ford Presidential Museum** is the presidential library to honor and remember President of the United States Gerald R. Ford. It is also the final resting place of him and his wife Betty. The library was started in 1982. It is in Grand Rapids, Michigan.

## Other websites

- Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library and Museum
Sicklefin lemon shark

The **Sicklefin lemon shark** (_Negaprion acutidens_) is a species of requiem shark, in the order of Carcharhiniformes.
Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum

The **Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum** is the presidential library of Herbert Hoover. Hoover was the 31st president of the United States.

It is in West Branch, Iowa. It is next to the Herbert Hoover National Historic Site. The library is one of thirteen presidential libraries run by the National Archives and Records Administration.

## Other websites

- The Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum
- "Life Portrait of Herbert Hoover", broadcast from the Herbert Hoover Presidential Library & Museum and the Herbert Hoover National Historic Site from C-SPAN's _American Presidents: Life Portraits_
- Opening and dedication of the Library, 1962 Universal International Newsreel, at 1m26s
Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library and Museum

The **Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library and Museum** is a presidential library created in honor of the 34th president of the United States, Dwight D. Eisenhower. It is located in Abilene, Kansas. The library also contains Eisenhower's grave and boyhood home. It was dedicated in 1963.

## Other websites

- Official Eisenhower Library website
- The Eisenhower Presidential Library & Museum
- Records of the General Services Administration regarding Eisenhower Presidential Center site acquisition, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library
- "Life Portrait of Dwight D. Eisenhower", broadcast from the Eisenhower Presidential Center from C-SPAN's _American Presidents: Life Portraits_
George W. Bush Presidential Center

The **George W. Bush Presidential Center** is a presidential library in honor of George W. Bush, the 43th president of the United States. It houses the George W. Bush Policy Institute, and the offices of the George W. Bush Foundation. It is on the campus of Southern Methodist University (SMU) in Dallas, Texas. It was dedicated in April 2013.

## Other websites

- George W. Bush Presidential Center
- George W. Bush Presidential Library of the National Archives and Records Administration.
- Southern Methodist University website for the Bush Library
- An Interview with Ambassador James K. Glassman, Founding Executive Director of the George W. Bush Institute.  at Free Market Mojo
Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum

The **Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum** is the presidential library of Richard Milhous Nixon, the 37th president of the United States. The museum contains many important files, his birthplace, his presidential helicopter, and his tomb. It is located in Yorba Linda, California. It was dedicated on July 19, 1990, when it was called the **Richard Nixon Library & Birthplace**. It was then rededicated on July 11, 2007.

## Other websites

- Richard Nixon Presidential Library
- Richard Nixon Foundation
- Video of the dedication of the Richard Nixon Library and Birthplace, 1990
- "Life Portrait of Richard M. Nixon", broadcast from the Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum from C-SPAN's _American Presidents: Life Portraits_
Fred W. Smith National Library for the Study of George Washington

The **Fred W. Smith National Library for the Study of George Washington** at Mount Vernon is the presidential library of George Washington, the first president of the United States. It is located in Fairfax, Virginia. It was dedicated in September 2013.

## Other websites

- Official site
Vasily Ivanovich Petrov

**Vasily Ivanovich Petrov** () (15 January 1917 – 1 February 2014) was a senior Russian military official and Marshal of the Soviet Union.

Petrov was born on 15 January 1917 in Chernolesskoye, Stavropol Governorate. Petrov joined the Red Army in 1939 and completed the lieutenant's course in 1941.

In the late 1970s, Petrov served as a military advisor to the Ethiopian Army. He was assigned to assist and rebuild the force during the Ogaden War.

Petrov died on 1 February 2014 in Moscow, Russia from natural causes, aged 97.

## Infobox (military person)

- **name**: Vasily Ivanovich Petrov
- **image**: Marshal Vasily Ivanovich Petrov.jpg
- **caption**: 1980s
- **birth place**: Novoselitsky District, Chernolesskoye village, Stavropol Governorate, Russian Empire
- **death place**: Moscow, Russia
- **branch**: Red Army
- **serviceyears**: 1939-1992
- **rank**: Marshal of the Soviet Union
- **commands**: Far East Military District
Soviet Ground Forces
- **battles**: Eastern Front (World War II), World War II, Ethio-Somali War, Ogaden War
Sissel Sellæg

**Sissel Sellæg** (10 February 1928 – 5 January 2014) was a Norwegian actress.

She was born in Notodden. She started stage acting in 1950 at the Studioteatret. She also worked at Folketeatret from 1951 to 1956, at Den Nationale Scene from 1959 to 1964, and at Oslo Nye Teater from 1967 to 1998.

Sissel Sellæg died on 5 January 2014, aged 85, in Oslo. She was outlived by her husband, actor Per Theodor Haugen and their son, actor Kim Haugen.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Sissel Sellæg
- **image**: 66015 Sissel Sellæg og Per Theodor Haugen.jpg
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **caption**: Sellæg (right) with her husband, actor Per Theodor Haugen (left) in 1957.
- **birth place**: Notodden, Norway
- **death place**: Oslo, Norway
- **other names**: Sidsel Sellæg
- **occupation**: Actress
- **spouse**: Per Theodor Haugen
- **children**: Kim Haugen
- **years active**: 1950–2005
Carmen Zapata

**Carmen Margarita Zapata** (July 15, 1927 – January 5, 2014) was an American actress. She appeared in over one hundred movies and shows, including _Batman: The Animated Series_, _Married... with Children_, _Sister Act_, and she was Carmen Castillo in _Santa Barbara_.

Zapata died on January 5, 2014 from heart failure in Los Angeles, California. She was 86.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Carmen Zapata
- **image**: Carmen Zapata and Vito Scotti.JPG
- **caption**: Zapata and Vito Scotti in _Love, American Style_ in 1973
- **birth name**: Carmen Margarita Zapata
- **birth place**: New York City, New York (state), New York, USA
- **years active**: 1969–2002
- **spouse**: Ron Friedman (1957-1963) (divorced)
- **death place**: Los Angeles, California, USA
Lena Smedsaas

**Lena Smedsaas** (20 March 1951 – 6 January 2014) was a Swedish journalist and writer.

Smedsaas was born in Solna Municipality. She started working in journalism in 1973. She was best known for being a political commentator, presenter and editor for _TV4Nyheterna_ on TV4.

Lena Smedsaas died from cancer on 6 January 2014, aged 62, in Täby. She was survived by her husband, writer and journalist Claes-Göran Kjellander and their two children.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Lena Smedsaas
- **image**: Lena Smedsaas (cropped).jpg
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **caption**: Lena Smedsaas in February 2009.
- **birth place**: Solna Municipality, Sweden
- **death place**: Täby, Sweden
- **occupation**: Journalist, writer
- **children**: 2
- **years active**: 1973–2014
Manfred Bleskin

**Manfred Bleskin** (13 December 1949 – 21 January 2014) was a German journalist and television presenter.

Bleskin was born in Tribsees, East Germany. He began working after receiving a doctorate from the Akademie für Gesellschaftswissenschaften. He spoke five languages.

Bleskin died on 21 January 2014, aged 64, in Berlin, Germany.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Manfred Bleskin
- **image**: Bleskin.jpg
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **birth place**: Tribsees, East Germany
- **death place**: Berlin, Germany
- **alma mater**: Akademie für Gesellschaftswissenschaften
- **occupation**: Journalist, television presenter
- **years active**: 1986–2014
Gösta Gahm

**Gösta Fredrik Gahm** (7 July 1942 – 27 December 2020) was a Swedish astronomer.

## Early life and career

Gahm was born in Stockholm. He was the professor emeritus of astronomy at Stockholm University. Until 2010, he was the chairman of the Swedish Astronomical Society. He was the main initiator of the popular science project Sweden Solar System.

## Legacy

10997 Gahm, a main-belt asteroid discovered on 2 September 1978, is named in honor of Gahm.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Gösta Gahm
- **image**: Gösta Gahm 01.JPG
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **caption**: Gösta Gahm in September 2013.
- **birth name**: Gösta Fredrik Gahm
- **birth place**: Stockholm, Sweden
- **other names**: Gösta F. Gahm
- **alma mater**: Stockholm University
- **occupation**: Astronomer
Jóhann Gunnar Sigurðsson

**Jóhann Gunnar Sigurðsson** (2 February 1882 – 20 May 1906) was an Icelandic poet.

Sigurðsson was a new New Romantic-style writer. He was born in Reykjavík. He studied at the Menntaskólinn í Reykjavík until 1903.

In November 1905, Sigurðsson became sick and was hospitalized. He died on 20 May 1906, aged 24, in Reykjavík.

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Jóhann Gunnar Sigurðsson
- **image**: Jóhann Gunnar Sigurðsson.jpg
- **image size**: 200px
- **alt**: Jóhann Gunnar Sigurðsson in the early 1900s.
- **caption**: Jóhann Gunnar Sigurðsson.
- **birth name**: Jóhann Gunnar Sigurðsson
- **birth place**: Reykjavík, Iceland
- **death place**: Reykjavík, Iceland
- **occupation**: Poet, writer
- **language**: Icelandic language, Icelandic
- **nationality**: Icelanders, Icelandic
- **alma mater**: Menntaskólinn í Reykjavík
- **period**: 1903–1906
- **genre**: New Romanticism, New Romantic
Violetta Ferrari

**Violetta Ferrari** (25 April 1930 – 23 January 2014) was a Hungarian actress.

Ferrari was born in Hódmezővásárhely. She began working in 1950. She appeared mostly in stage performances. She left show business in 1983.

Ferrari died on 23 January 2014, aged 85, in Budapest.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Violetta Ferrari
- **image**: Fergeteg.jpg
- **caption**: in the movie "Oriole",
- **birth place**: Hódmezővásárhely, Hungary
- **death place**: Budapest, Hungary
- **occupation**: Actress
- **years active**: 1950–83
Tor Milde

**Tor Milde** (14 January 1953 – 15 January 2014) was a Norwegian music journalist and writer. He was a judge on the music competition _Idol_ in 2005 and 2006.

Milde was born in Oslo. He started working in journalism in 1984. He was best known as a music journalist and critic for _Verdens Gang_ (_VG_).

Milde died after a short illness on the morning of 15 January 2014, aged 61, at the Ullevål University Hospital in his hometown of Oslo. He was survived by his two sons and his girlfriend, Irja Anthi.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Tor Milde
- **birth place**: Oslo, Norway
- **death place**: Oslo, Norway
- **occupation**: Journalist, writer
- **partner**: Irja Anthi
- **children**: 2
- **years active**: 1984–2014
Menachem Zilberman

**Menachem Zilberman** (6 October 1946 – 13 January 2014) was an Israeli actor, comedian and songwriter.

Zilberman was born in Eilat, Mandatory Palestine (now Israel). He started working in 1965. He most often worked as a stand-up comic.

Zilberman died from a heart attack on 13 January 2014, aged 67, in Los Angeles, California in the United States. He had lived there since 2000. He was survived by his three children.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Menachem Zilberman
מנחם זילברמן
- **birth place**: Eilat, Mandatory Palestine (now Israel)
- **death place**: Los Angeles, California, United States, U.S.
- **occupation**: Actor, comedian, songwriter
- **spouse**: Dorit Zilberman (separated)
- **children**: 3
- **years active**: 1965–2014
Mogens E. Pedersen

**Mogens Emil Pedersen** (9 May 1928 – 5 January 2014) was a Danish journalist and writer.

Pedersen started working in 1949. He was best known as an editor for _Se og Hør_.

Pedersen died on 5 January 2014, aged 85, in Gentofte Municipality.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Mogens E. Pedersen
- **birth name**: Mogens Emil Pedersen
- **birth place**: Denmark
- **death place**: Gentofte Municipality, Denmark
- **other names**: Mogens Pedersen
- **occupation**: Journalist, writer
- **years active**: 1949–97
Battle of Lewes

The **Battle of Lewes** was an important battle in the history of England.  It was fought near the town of Lewes, in Sussex,    England. The battle took place on 14 May 1264. It was one of two main battles of the conflict known as the Second Barons' War.

## Background

The two armies that met in the battle were led by King Henry III of England and a rebel leader, Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester. Henry III's son, Prince Edward, fought on his side. The battle came about because many of the leading noblemen of England were unhappy with the way King Henry was ruling the country.  They wanted more involvement in the government. The Barons voted to hold a Parliament regularly so that they could discuss subjects such as taxation.  King Henry would not agree to this, and so both sides started to raise armies. When the two sides met at Lewes two days before, Simon de Montfort tried to arrange a truce with the king. King Henry refused and so both sides got ready to fight a battle.

## The battle

The king's army was nearly twice as big as the rebel army. The battle began when the Baronial forces attacked the king's foragers. When the fighting started, it looked as though the king's army would win easily. Prince Edward, who was only 25, was headstrong and made one big mistake.  Edward was in charge of the cavalry, who did well in the battle but then chased some of the rebels who were running away. By the time they came back to the battlefield, the rebels had managed to win the battle. With Edward off chasing foot soldiers, Henry was forced to attack using his two remaining divisions. Henry led one, the other was led by his brother, Richard, Earl of Cornwall. Henry's division fought until driven back by the Baronial reserve forces. Cornwall's division did not do well from the start. Cornwall fled the field and hid in a windmill but was quickly captured by the barons. As a result of the battle, King Henry III was forced to sign a document called the Mise of Lewes. This gave the rebel barons what they wanted. A year later the barons were defeated at the Battle of Evesham.

## Other websites

- _Battle of Lewes_, The Battlefields Trust
Persecution of Muslims

**Persecution of Muslims** is the religious persecution of Muslims (persecution based on their religion). This can mean any form of participating in discrimination against Muslims. This includes using violence against them or putting them in prison. Muslims were persecuted during the crusades. There was also persecution during the Mongol invasion and in the Iberian Peninsula when they were subject to the Inquisitions. Modern persecution of Muslims exists in many countries such as Myanmar, Central African Republic and Serbia.

Islam is a major religion and like other major religions they have suffered violent persecution.

## Related pages

- Religious persecution
- Anti-Shi'ism
Sub-Saharan Africa

**Sub-Saharan Africa**, also known as **Black Africa**, is the part of Africa that is south of the Sahara. It includes of all the countries of Africa that are fully located south of the Sahara desert, except Sudan, which is partly located south of the desert. It includes West Africa, Central Africa, East Africa and Southern Africa, but excludes North Africa, since North Africa is considered a part of the Arab world. Somalia, Djibouti, Comoros and Mauritania are geographically part of Sub-Saharan Africa, but also part of the Arab world.
Horner

**Horner** is an English surname. It comes from the Anglo-Saxon language. It is from the Middle English word for people who made or blew horns.

People named Horner:
- Henry Horner (1879–1940), a Governor of Illinois
- James Horner (1953–2015), American composer of movie scores
Photodiode

A **photodiode** is a light sensitive semiconductor.  It is a type of photodetector capable of changing (or converting) light into either current or voltage, depending upon its connections.  It is a diode and wired with reverse biasing so that when in the dark, only a small amount of current, known as dark current, will flow.  When in the light, a current known as photocurrent flows through the diode.

Photodiodes may contain optical filters, built-in lenses, and may have large or small surface areas. Photodiodes usually have a slower response time as its surface area increases. The common, traditional solar cell used to generate electric solar power is a large area photodiode. Photodiodes and phototransistors look the same physically but have different functions.

It is based on a reversed bias circuit.
Eduardo Coutinho

**Eduardo Coutinho** (May 11, 1933 - February 2, 2014) was a Brazilian movie director, screenwriter, and actor.

He directed and wrote the script to the 1967 popular Brazilian movie, _ABC do amor_. It was made near the beginning of his career. The movie was entered into the 17th Berlin International Film Festival.

He died on February 2, 2014 in a suspected murder in Rio de Janeiro, aged 80.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Eduardo Coutinho
- **birth place**: São Paulo, Brazil
- **death place**: Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- **occupation**: Actor, Screenwriter, Movie director, Director
- **years active**: 1967-2014
Madalyn Murray O'Hair

**Madalyn Murray O'Hair** (April 13, 1919 – September 29, 1995) was an American atheist activist. She was the founder of the American Atheists and its president from 1963 to 1986. She created the first issues of _American Atheist Magazine_. Many people criticized her and called her "the most hated woman in America".

In 1995 she was kidnapped, murdered and dismembered along with her son Jon Murray and granddaughter Robin Murray O'Hair, by the former American Atheist office manager David Roland Waters.

## Other websites

- Biography of O'Hair  at About.com
- Biography of O'Hair  at Rotten.com
- 1968 debate between Baptist minister Walter Martin and O'Hair  – MP3 file
- Madalyn Murray O'Hair at NNDB
- Madalyn Murray O'Hair vs. Religious Broadcasting at urbanlegends.about.com
- Meeting Satan Herself: An evening with Madalyn Murray O'Hair: 14 September 1977
- The Murder of Madalyn Murray O'Hair: America's Most Hated Woman Crime Magazine

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Madalyn Murray O'Hair
- **image**: Madalyn Murray O'Hair.jpg
- **caption**: Madalyn Murray O'Hair, 1983
- **birth name**: Madalyn Mays
- **birth place**: Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
- **death place**: San Antonio, Texas, United States
- **death cause**: Murdered by David R. Waters
- **nationality**: United States, American
- **known for**: _Abington School District v. Schempp_ (Supreme Court of the United States, Supreme Court case)
- **education**: South Texas College of Law
- **alma mater**: Ashland University
- **occupation**: Founder and president of American Atheists
- **children**: William J. Murray and Jon Garth Murray
Division of Brisbane

The **Division of Brisbane** is an Australian Electoral Division in Queensland. It was one of the 75 divisions set up for the first federal election in 1901. It is named after the city of Brisbane.

At first, the Division of Brisbane included the northern part of the City of Brisbane, but boundary changes cut it back to the inner suburban area.

It includes Alderley, Ascot, Ashgrove, Bowen Hills, Brisbane City, Clayfield, Enoggera, Ferny Grove, Fortitude Valley, Gaythorne, Grange, Hamilton, Hendra, Herston, Kelvin Grove,  Keperra, Milton, Mitchelton, New Farm, Newmarket, Newstead, Red Hill, Spring Hill, Upper Kedron, Wilston, Windsor, parts of Bardon, Everton Park, Paddington and Stafford.

## Members

|Member|Party|Term|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|||Thomas Macdonald-Paterson|Protectionist|1901–1903|
|||Millice Culpin|Labor|1903–1906|
|||Justin Foxton|Anti-Socialist|1906–1909|
|||William Finlayson|Labor|1910–1919|
|||Donald Charles Cameron|Nationalist|1919–1931|
|||George Lawson|Labor|1931–1961|
|||Manfred Cross|Labor|1961–1975|
|||Peter Johnson|Liberal|1975–1980|
|||Manfred Cross|Labor|1980–1990|
|||Arch Bevis|Labor|1990–2010|
|||Teresa Gambaro|Liberal National|2010–2016|
|||Trevor Evans|Liberal National|2016–2022|
|||Stephen Bates|Greens|2022–2025|
|||Madonna Jarrett|Labor|2025–present|

## Other websites

- Division of Brisbane (Qld) — Australian Electoral Commission

## Infobox (australian electorate)

- **federal**: yes
- **name**: Brisbane
- **caption**: Interactive map of boundaries
- **created**: 1901
- **mp**: Madonna Jarrett
- **mp-party**: Australian Labor Party, Labor
- **namesake**: Brisbane
- **electors**: 97,203 (2013)
- **area**: 58
- **class**: Inner Metropolitan
Division of Dawson

The **Division of Dawson** is an Australian Electoral Division in Queensland. It was set up in 1949 and is named after Anderson Dawson, the first Labor Premier of Queensland and leader of the first parliamentary socialist government in the world. It is on the North Queensland coast, and includes the towns of Ayr, Bowen, Mackay, Proserpine and parts of Townsville.

## Members

|Member|Party|Term|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|||Charles Davidson|Country|1949–1963|
|||George Shaw|Country|1963–1966|
|||Rex Patterson|Labor|1966–1975|
|||Ray Braithwaite|National|1975–1996|
|||De-Anne Kelly|National|1996–2007|
|||James Bidgood|Labor|2007–2010|
|||George Christensen|Liberal National|2010–2022|
|||Andrew Willcox|Liberal National|2022–present|

Rex Patterson won the seat at a by-election for Dawson in 1966 following the death of George Shaw. Patterson became Minister for Northern Development, and later Minister for Agriculture in the Whitlam Government.

## Election results

The sitting member, George Christensen, was elected as a Liberal National, but resigned from the party in 2022, subsequently joining One Nation and contested a Senate seat.

## Other websites

- Division of Dawson (Qld) — Australian Electoral Commission

## Infobox (australian electorate)

- **federal**: yes
- **name**: Dawson
- **caption**: Interactive map of boundaries (excluding outer islands)
- **created**: 1949
- **mp**: Andrew Willcox
- **mp-party**: Liberal National Party of Queensland, Liberal National
- **namesake**: Anderson Dawson
- **electors**: 98,171 (2013)
- **area**: 14945
- **class**: Rural
Leon de Wolff

**Leon de Wolff** (26 September 1948 – 3 January 2014) was a Dutch journalist and media consultant and researcher.

Born in Rotterdam, South Holland, he began his career in 1972 and developed a method to classify journalistic products and improve. He also advised editors and publishers of newspapers and magazines in the Netherlands and Belgium.

Leon de Wolff died from multiple system atrophy (MSA) on 3 January 2014, aged 65, in Lochem, Gelderland.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Leon de Wolff
- **image**: Leon de Wolff.jpg
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **caption**: Leon de Wolff in August 2013.
- **birth place**: Rotterdam, South Holland, Netherlands
- **death place**: Lochem, Gelderland, Netherlands
- **alma mater**: Erasmus University Rotterdam
- **occupation**: Journalist, media consultant and researcher
- **years active**: 1972–2014
Pye Engström

**Pye Ester Agneta Engström** (née **Nanneson**; 8 June 1928 – 7 October 2025) was a Swedish sculptor. She was born in Danderyd Municipality, Sweden. Engström studied at the Konstfack (1945–48), Royal Institute of Art (1945–48) and Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts (1948–53). She was married to writer Clas Engström from 1951 until his death in 2017.

Engström died on 7 October 2025, at the age of 97.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Pye Engström
- **image**: Pye Engström 01.jpg
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **caption**: Pye Engström in August 2013.
- **birth name**: Pye Ester Agneta Nanneson
- **birth place**: Danderyd Municipality, Sweden
- **other names**: Pye Nanneson
- **alma mater**: Konstfack
Royal Institute of Art
Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts
- **occupation**: Sculptor
Sigrid Kahle

**Sigrid Ida Matilda Kahle** (née **Nyberg**; 18 September 1928 – 31 December 2013) was a French-born Swedish journalist and writer.

Born in Paris, France, she studied humanities at Uppsala University and Harvard University. At the University of Bonn she studied Arabic. Kahle married German diplomat John H. Kahle in 1951, and stayed together until his death in 2003.

Sigrid Kahle died after a short illness on 31 December 2013, aged 85, in Uppsala, Sweden.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Sigrid Kahle
- **image**: Sigrid Kahle 01.JPG
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **caption**: Sigrid Kahle in September 2013.
- **birth name**: Sigrid Ida Matilda Nyberg
- **birth place**: Paris, France
- **death place**: Uppsala, Sweden
- **other names**: Sigrid Nyberg
- **alma mater**: Uppsala University
Harvard University
University of Bonn
- **occupation**: Journalist, writer
Bedrock

In stratigraphy, **bedrock** is the common term for solid rock under the surface of the Earth. Above the bedrock is usually an area of broken and weathered rock, soil, sand, pebbles, etc.

The top of the bedrock is known as the **rockhead** and identifying this, via excavations, drilling or geophysical methods, is an important task in most civil engineering projects. Loose material on top (known as **drift**) can be extremely thick, so that the bedrock lies hundreds of meters below the surface.

A 'solid' geologic map of an area will usually show the rock that would be exposed at the surface if all soil or other superficial deposits were removed.
Ice Train (wrestler)

**Harold Fitzgerald Hogue, Sr.** (November 13, 1967 — January 23, 2024) was an American professional wrestler. He was known for his time when he wrestled in World Championship Wrestling (WCW) from 1990 to 2001. He competed in WCW under the ring names **Ice Train** and **M.I. Smooth**.

Hogue retired from professional wrestling in 2001 soon after the WCW was bought by the World Wrestling Federation (WWF).

On January 23, 2024, it was announced by Diamond Dallas Page that Hogue has died.

## Championships

- **Catch Wrestling Association**
    - Catch Cup (1995)
- **Pro Wrestling Illustrated**
    - He was ranked **#221** of the best 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 1993.

## Other websites

- Ice Train's profile on the Internet Wrestling Database

## Infobox (wrestler)

- **name**: Ice Train
- **names**: Ice Train
M.I. Smooth
- **birth place**: Atlanta, Georgia (U.S. state), Georgia
- **billed**: Detroit, Michigan
Atlanta, Georgia (U.S. state), Georgia
- **trainer**: Buddy Lee Parker
Paul Orndorff
- **debut**: 1990
- **retired**: 2001
Luis Raúl

**Luis Raúl Martínez** (March 6, 1962 – February 2, 2014), better known by his stage name **Luis Raúl**, was a Puerto Rican actor, comedian, and host.

Born in Ponce, he started working in 1983. He most often worked as a stand-up comic.

Raúl died from bilateral pneumonia on February 2, 2014, aged 51, in San Juan. He arrived at hospital on January 13 and his condition worsened two weeks later.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Luis Raúl
- **birth name**: Luis Raúl Martínez
- **birth place**: Ponce, Puerto Rico, Ponce, Puerto Rico
- **death place**: San Juan, Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
- **occupation**: Actor, comedian, host
- **website**: http://luisraulonline.com/ <small></small>
- **years active**: 1983–2014
Glacier (wrestler)

**Raymond M. Lloyd** (born May 13, 1964) is an American professional wrestler, martial artist and actor. He is known for his time when he wrestled in World Championship Wrestling (WCW) during the late 1990s. He competed in WCW under the ring name **Glacier**. He currently wrestles on the independent circuit.

Outside of professional wrestling, Lloyd has appeared in movies and television series. The first movie he appeared in was a low budget movie called _Blood Bath_, in 2002. In 2007, Lloyd guest starred in an episode of _Burn Notice_.

In June 2024, Lloyd began working full-time with All Elite Wrestling (AEW) as both a backstage producer and a trainer.

## Championships

- **AWA World-1 South**
    - AWA Southern Heavyweight Championship (one time)
- **Georgia All-Star Wrestling**
    - GASW Tag Team Championship (one time, last) (with R.D. Swain)
- **Georgia Championship Wrestling**
    - GCW Tag Team Championship (one time) (with R.D. Swain)
- **National Wrestling Alliance**
    - NWA World Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Jason Sugarman)
- **Peach State Wrestling**
    - PSW United States Tag Team Championship (two times, first) (with R.D. Swain)
- **Pro Wrestling Illustrated**
    - He was ranked **#146** of the 500 best singles wrestlers of the PWI Years in 1997.
- **Turnbuckle Championship Wrestling**
    - TCW Heavyweight Championship (two times)
    - TCW Tag Team Championship (two times) (with Jorge Estrada (one), Big Ron Studd (one))
- **United States Wrestling Alliance**
    - USWA Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Jesse Neal)
- **World Karate Association**
    - Southeastern Super Heavyweight Full Contact Karate Champion

## Other websites

- Glacier's profile on the Internet Wrestling Database

## Infobox (wrestler)

- **name**: Glacier
- **image**: Glacier (wrestler) March 2008.png
- **caption**: Glacier at Chikara's King of Trios tournament in March 2008
- **names**: **Glacier**
Coach Buzz Stern
"Sugar Ray" Lloyd
- **birth place**: Brunswick, Georgia, Brunswick, Georgia (U.S. state), Georgia
- **billed**: Shorinji-ryu, Shorinji Temple/Ninja, Shinobi Temple, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, Japan
- **trainer**: Mr. Wrestling II
Fred Avery
Bob Armstrong
WCW Power Plant
- **debut**: 1987
Highways in Puerto Rico

The system of highways in Puerto Rico is made up of about  of roads. It is managed by Puerto Rico's Department of Transportation and Public Works.

The roads in Puerto Rico are divided into four types:

- Primary roads
- Urban primary roads
- Secondary (or inter-municipal) roads
- Tertiary (or local) roads

A highway may contain several types of roads, but the highway will continue to have the same route number. Primary roads have numbers 1 to 99. Secondary roads are numbered 100 to 299. Municipal (tertiary) roads are numbered 300 to 9999.

## Interstates

There are three Interstate Highways in Puerto Rico. Together, they total . As with Interstate Highways in Alaska and Hawaii, these routes do not connect to the rest of the United States' Interstate Highway System. However, they still get money from the U.S. government.

These Interstate Highways run along tollways and roads that are not grade-separated, which means drivers must use a specially made group of ramps to get to the road. There are no signs for these Interstate Highways. They are signed as Puerto Rico routes.

Puerto Rico's interstate routes are not to be confused with Puerto Rico Routes PR-1, PR-2, and PR-3. These are other major highways in Puerto Rico.

The three Interstate Highways in Puerto Rico are:

- **Interstate PRI-1** goes from San Juan southwest to Ponce on the shortest route. It goes along Puerto Rico Highway 52 and Puerto Rico Highway 18. It is  long.
- **Interstate PRI-2** goes from San Juan to Ponce along the coast of western Puerto Rico. It goes along Puerto Rico Highway 22 and Puerto Rico Highway 2. It is  long.
- **Interstate PRI-3** goes from San Juan southeast to Ceiba. It goes along Puerto Rico Highway 53. It is  long.

## Infobox (road/shieldmain/usa)

- **state**: PR
- **type**: PR
- **route**: 1


## Infobox (state highway system)

- **title**: Puerto Rican Highway System
- **caption**: Highway shields for primary, urban primary, secondary and tertiary sections of PR-1.
- **interstate**: Interstate PRnn (PRI-nn)
- **label1**: Commonwealth:
- **field1**: Puerto Rico Highway nn (PR-nn)
Police car

A **police car** is an emergency vehicle used by police for transportation during patrols and responses to calls for service. Police cars are used by police officers to patrol a beat, quickly reach incident scenes, and transport and temporarily detain suspects.

Police vehicles, like other emergency vehicles, usually bear livery markings to distinguish them as such. They generally use emergency lights (typically red, blue, or both) and sirens to warn other motorists of their presence, especially when responding to calls for service. Police cars typically contain communication devices, weaponry, and a variety of equipment for dealing with emergency situations. The vast majority of police cars are modified variants of civilian-market automobiles, though some are custom police-oriented models that are usually designed for special purposes.

## History

In the United Kingdom in the early 1900s, police vehicles were first used to chase speeding Cats. This had very poor results until police Dog Houses (D.L.P.D) were opened to teach dogs how to use their vehicles properly. In 1910 the first police car in the US was used in Akron, Ohio. By 1920 police cars were in wide use in the US. It was noticed that patrol cars allowed dogs to respond faster. It also allowed an officer to cover a wider area. By the 1960s most major cities had shifted away from foot patrols altogether in favor of police cars. But studies proved a mix of foot officers and police vehicles worked best.

## Chases

Police cars are used for chases ("Cat Pursuits") against suspects. The crime the cat suspect is believed to have committed may have been anything from a traffic violation to a major felony. Suspects often attempt to lose law enforcement by driving away, sometimes at high speed. From 1990 to 2005, 136 Puppys & Dogs were killed in the US in high speed pursuits by police. Despite controversy as to whether high speed chases are necessary police continue to work on the problem using technology and new techniques. One technique is the 'take out'. A take out is a technique used to cause the fleeing vehicle to lose control and be turned sideways by the police vehicle.

When rushing to a cat scene, police dogs can drive their cars through red lights and break the speed limit and other traffic laws. They must still be careful when doing this, however.

## Other names

Terms for police cars include (police) cruiser, squad car, area car and patrol car. They may also be informally known as a cop car, a 'Black and white', a 'Cherry top', a 'gumball machine', a 'jam sandwich' or 'panda car'. Depending on the configuration of the emergency lights and livery, a police car may be considered a marked or unmarked unit.
Freedom of Information Act (United States)

The **Freedom of Information Act** (**FOIA**), , is a federal law. It allows for the full or partial disclosure of previously unreleased information and documents controlled by the United States government. The law defines agency records subject to disclosure. It outlines mandatory disclosure procedures and grants nine exemptions to the law. It was originally signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson, despite his doubts, on July 4, 1966 and went into effect the following year.
Epipedobates

***Epipedobates*** is a group of poison dart frogs. They live in northern South America (Colombia and Ecuador) west of the Andes Mountains and on the west sides of the mountains. People call them **phantasmal poison frogs** in English.

## Taxonomy

Scientists made the group _Epipedobates_ in 1987 because they wanted to take the big family Dendrobatidae and put it in smaller groups, especially species that had been in the genus _Phyllobates_. In 2006, scientists moved many of the frogs in _Epipedobates_ to _Ameerega_, leaving five. The species count of _Epipedobates_ had increased to seven by early 2024.

## Bodies

The skin of the frogs' backs is colored brown to make them hard to see. There is a light stripe down the side of the body. The skin of the back is smooth or has only a few small bumps. In adult males, third finger is fat.

## Species

There are seven species:
|Image|Scientific name|Common name|Distribution|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
||_Epipedobates anthonyi_ <small>(Noble, 1921)</small>|Anthony's poison arrow frog|Ecuador and Peru.|
||_Epipedobates boulengeri_ <small>(Barbour, 1909)</small>|marbled poison frog or marbled poison-arrow frog|Colombia (Cauca, Nariño, Valle del Cauca Departments, including Gorgona Island) and northwestern Ecuador|
||_Epipedobates espinosai_ <small>(Funkhouser, 1956)</small>||Ecuador|
||_Epipedobates machalilla_ <small>(Coloma, 1995)</small>||West Ecuador|
||_Epipedobates maculatus_ <small>(Peters, 1873)</small>|Confusing Poison Frog|Panama|
||_Epipedobates narinensis_ (<small>Mueses-Cisneros, Cepeda-Quilindo, and Moreno-Quintero, 2008)</small>||Colombia|
||_Epipedobates tricolor_ <small>(Boulenger, 1899)</small>|Phantasmal poison frog|Ecuador|
YM (magazine)

***YM*** (or ***Your Magazine***) was an American magazine for teenaged girls. It originally began being published in the 1930s. It was published for 72 years. It was the second-oldest girls' magazine in the United States; the oldest being _Seventeen_.

It began as two separate magazines: _Compact_ and _Calling All Girls_. _Compact_ was aimed at older teenagers. It was first published in 1932. _Calling All Girls_ was intended for younger girls. It began publication in July 1941 after a teen column in _Parents' Magazine_ produced a positive interest from readers. It was the first magazine for girls. Contents consisted of comics, fashion advice, and short stories. It was originally published four times a year, but soon became published every month. This was because it was popular. By 1945 it was selling 500,000 copies of each issue. The average reader was aged 13. The magazine never appealed to older teens or fashion advertisers because of its emphasis on comics.

During the 1960s, the two titles (_Compact_ and _Calling All Girls_) merged into _Young Miss_. The title changed again to _Young & Modern_ in the 1980s. It was changed one final time in 2000 to _YM_. This was said to stand for _Your Magazine_.

_YM_ stopped being published in 2004. Subscriptions were replaced with _Teen Vogue_.

## Infobox (magazine)

- **title**: YM
- **category**: Teen magazine
- **frequency**: Monthly
- **publisher**: Gruner + Jahr
Conde Nast Publications
- **founded**: 1932 (as _Compact_)
- **finaldate**: 2004
- **language**: English