juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Rud

**Rud** or **RUD** can be

__NOTOC__

- Rud (musical instrument) is a Persian musical instrument that has strings.
- RUD regarding rockets by SpaceX, a Rapid Unscheduled Disassembly (RUD) is a phrase used by SpaceX about at least two spacecraft where parts came off in flight so that controlled flight ended

## Geography

- Khvaf, also called Rūd, a city in Iran
- Rud, Nishapur, a village in Iran

## People

- Anne Rud (d. 1533), Danish noble and landholder
- Jon Raahauge Rud (born 1986), Danish swimmer
- Ove Rud (d. 2007), Danish actor
- Otte Rud (d. 1565), Danish admiral
- Rutherford "Rud" Rennie (d. 1956), American newspaperman and sportswriter
- Rued Langgaard (d.1952), Danish composer, born Rud Immanuel Langgaard.

## Religion

- Ram and Rud, progenitors of the second generation of humans in Mandaeism

## Transportation

- IATA code for Shahroud Airport
- Rutland station, Vermont, Amtrak rail code

- , a common element in Iranian place names
Benitoite

**Benitoite** is a mineral containing barium and titanium. It has a similar appearance to sapphire but is much softer.

Benitoite is named for the San Benito River. It is the official state gem of California.

Benitoite was the first discovered example of the ditrigonal dipyramidal crystal class.
Hypocaust

A **hypocaust** is a hollow space under the floor of an ancient Roman building. Hot air was sent into it for heating a room or bath.
Gadolinite

**Gadolinite** is a mineral that contains rare earth elements. Originally called **ytterbite**, it was later named after Johan Gadolin, who discovered the chemical element yttrium in this mineral. It does not contain much of the element gadolinium, which was separately named after Gadolin. The mineral is divided into **gadolinite-(Y)** and **gadolinite-(Ce)** based on whether it has more yttrium or cerium.

Besides yttrium, the elements erbium and terbium were also first discovered through analysis of gadolinite.
IRA-Nazi collaboration

In the early 20th century, the **Irish Republican Army** (**IRA**) was an Irish militant group that fought for Ireland's independence. After Ireland became independent in 1922, the IRA kept fighting what they alleged to be the British occupation of Northern Ireland, where pro-British Protestants made up the majority. The IRA had widespread support among Irish Catholics, who were mostly nationalists believing that Northern Ireland belonged to the Catholic south.

As a result, anti-British sentiment was common among Irish Catholics throughout the 1930s and 1940s, when the United Kingdom was fighting Nazi Germany in World War II. The IRA became pro-Nazi, and collaborated with Nazi Germany, hoping that the Germans would help them "reunify" Ireland within their perceived historical boundaries.

## World War II

In July 1940, the Irish Republican Army (IRA) praised Nazi Germany as the "friends and liberators of the Irish people" in a statement, with little to no opposition from the Irish public. Meanwhile, the IRA worked with Nazi spies to plot attacks on British troops in Northern Ireland and circulated materials accusing Éamon de Valera's neutral Irish government of being owned by "Jews and Freemasons".

Declassified MI5 documents stated that IRA leading figures Seán Russell and James O'Donovan – both veterans of the Irish War of Independence – were the main Irish contacts with Nazi Germany. They got Nazi weapons, plotted joint attacks on British troops and discussed with Hitler a possible German invasion of Northern Ireland to facilitate Irish "reunification". Russell told a Nazi official:

After Adolf Hitler's death on April 30, 1945, Éamon de Valera, the Prime Minister of Ireland, mourned the death of Hitler with backing from the Irish parliament. De Valera also denied reports of the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp as "anti-national propaganda", reportedly out of refusal to acknowledge that the Jews could have suffered more than the Irish.

## Nuremberg Trials

Kurt Haller, an anti-Nazi German diplomat, testified in the Nuremberg Trials:

Erwin von Lahousen, a Nazi German general, also testified:

## Related pages

- The Troubles
- The Holocaust
- History of Ireland
- Antisemitism in Europe
João Marinho Neto

**João Marinho Neto** (born 5 October 1912) is a Brazilian supercentenarian who is the world's oldest verified living man following the death of 112-year-old John Tinniswood from the United Kingdom on 25 November 2024.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: João Marinho Neto
- **image**: João Marinho Neto113.jpg
- **caption**: João Marinho Neto on his 113th birthday in 2025
- **birth date**: (age )
- **birth place**: Maranguape, Ceará, Brazil
- **nationality**: Brazilian
- **occupation**: Farmer
- **spouse**:
Antonia Rodrigues Moura
- **children**: 7
Katarsis

**Katarsis** is an Lithuanian alternative rock band from Vilnius. The current band members are Lukas Radzevičius (vocals, guitar), Alanas Brasas (lead guitar), Emilija Kandratavičiūtė (bass), and Jokūbas Andriulis (drums). They represented Lithuania in the Eurovision Song Contest 2025 with the song "". They finished in 16th place in the final with 96 points.

### Extended plays

|scope="col"|Title|scope="col"|Details|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|* Released: 24 May 2024 * Label: Self-released * Formats: Digital download, streaming, CD||||

#### As lead artist

|scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:14em;"|Title|scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:1em;"|Year|scope="col" colspan="3"|Peak chart positions|scope="col" rowspan="2"|Album|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|rowspan="3"|2020|96|—|—|rowspan="8"|||
|4|—|—||||||
|75|—|—||||||
|rowspan="2"|2022|—|—|—||||
|44|—|—||||||
|rowspan="3"|2023|—|—|—||||
|—|—|—||||||
|20|—|—||||||
|rowspan="2"|2024|41|—|—|_Dausos_|||
|—|—|—|rowspan="5"|||||
|rowspan="4"|2025|1|90|43||||
|3|—|—||||||
|32|—|—||||||
|—|—|—||||||
|colspan="8" style="font-size:85%"|"—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory.|||||||

#### As featured artist

|scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:14em;"|Title|scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:1em;"|Year|scope="col" colspan="1"|Peak chart positions|scope="col" rowspan="2"|Album|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2025|94|_Meilė_||||||

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Katarsis
- **image**: Katarsis_at_ESC2025_for_Lithuania_9.jpg
- **caption**: Katarsis in 2025
- **origin**: Vilnius, Lithuania
- **genre**: Alternative rock, post-punk
- **years active**: –present
- **current members**: * Lukas Radzevičius
* Emilija Kandratavičiūtė
* Alanas Brasas
* Jokūbas Andriulis
- **past members**: * Andrius Gruodis
* Eivin Laukhammer
Fairview, Missouri

**Fairview** is a city in Newton County, Missouri, United States.
Granby, Missouri

**Granby** is a city in Newton County, Missouri, United States.
Seneca, Missouri

**Seneca** is a city in Newton County, Missouri, United States.
Cliff Village, Missouri

**Cliff Village** is a village in Newton County, Missouri, United States.
Dennis Acres, Missouri

**Dennis Acres** is a village in Newton County, Missouri, United States.
Grand Falls Plaza, Missouri

**Grand Falls Plaza** is a village in Newton County, Missouri, United States.
Leawood, Missouri

**Leawood** is a village in Newton County, Missouri, United States.
Loma Linda, Missouri

**Loma Linda** is a village in Newton County, Missouri, United States.
Newtonia, Missouri

**Newtonia** is a village in Newton County, Missouri, United States.
Redings Mill, Missouri

**Redings Mill** is a village in Newton County, Missouri, United States.
Ritchey, Missouri

**Ritchey** is a village in Newton County, Missouri, United States.
Brown booby

The **brown booby** is a large and common booby in the family Sulidae. The brown booby eats fish and nests only on the ground.

## Appearance

Brown boobys live in most oceans and have yellow or green legs. The brown booby has wings that can grow to about 4 feet. They are normally  and are 2.5 feet tall. They have a giant white stomach and a swan shaped head.
Scandal Vol. 1

***Scandal, Vol. 1*** is the fourth studio album by Norwegian singer-songwriter Marion Raven, following the international release of her album _Songs from a Blackbird_ released earlier this year in Germany, Austria and Switzerland. Scandal Vol. 1 will be released in Norway on September 22, 2014 on iTunes and CD, and "Scandal Vol. 2" with eight more songs is expected to be released in January 2015.

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Scandal Vol. 1
- **type**: Studio
- **artist**: Marion Raven
- **released**: September 22, 2014
- **genre**: Folk, pop, piano
- **label**: Blackbird Music, RCA
- **producer**: Børge Fjordheim
- **prev title**: Songs From A Blackbird
- **prev year**: 2013
- **next title**: Scandal Vol. 2
- **next year**: 2015
Saginaw, Missouri

**Saginaw** is a village in Newton County, Missouri, United States.
Shoal Creek Drive, Missouri

**Shoal Creek Drive** is a village in Newton County, Missouri, United States.
Shoal Creek Estates, Missouri

**Shoal Creek Estates** is a village in Newton County, Missouri, United States.
Stark City, Missouri

**Stark City** is a village in Newton County, Missouri, United States.
Stella, Missouri

**Stella** is a village in Newton County, Missouri, United States.
Wentworth, Missouri

**Wentworth** is a village in Newton County, Missouri, United States.
Parg

**Pargev Vardanian** (; born 7 June 1996), known professionally as **Parg** (; stylised in all caps), is an Armenian singer and songwriter. He represented Armenia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2025 with the song "Survivor". He finished in 20th place in the final with 72 points.

### Extended plays

|scope="col"|Title|scope="col"|Details|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|* Released: 18 March 2023 * Label: Self-released * Formats: Digital download, streaming||||

### Singles

|scope="col" rowspan="2"|Title|scope="col" rowspan="2"|Year|scope="col" colspan="3"|Peak chart positions|scope="col" rowspan="2"|Album|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|rowspan="2"|2020|—|—|—|rowspan="12"|||
|—|—|—||||||
|rowspan="2"|2021|—|—|—||||
|—|—|—||||||
|rowspan="2"|2022|—|—|—||||
|—|—|—||||||
|2023|—|—|—|||||
|rowspan="4"|2024|—|—|—||||
|—|—|—||||||
|—|—|—||||||
|—|—|—||||||
|2025|60|64|67|||||
|colspan="9" style="font-size:85%"|"—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory.|||||||

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Parg
- **native name**: Պարգ
- **native name lang**: hy
- **image**: PrepartyES_-_Parg_02_(cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Parg in 2025
- **birth name**: Pargev Vardanian
- **birth place**: Hayravank, Armenia
- **genre**: Pop music, Pop
- **instrument**: Vocals
- **years active**: 2020–present
- **past member of**: The Edge Chronicals
Flag of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands

The **official flag of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands** is a dark blue cloth with the French flag, the "Tricolor", in its canton.

Near the bottom corner next to the flagpole, the flag shows the white letters “TAAF.” These letters are short for the French name “Terres australes et antarctiques françaises” (French Southern and Antarctic Lands). The letters sit on three white five-pointed stars.

This flag design became official in 2007.
Chapel of Saint Mary, Queen of Peace

The **chapel of Saint Mary Queen of Peace** is a Catholic church located in Villa Las Estrellas, in the Chilean Antarctic Territory, in the Chilean commune of Antartica, within the Magallanes Region and Chilean Antarctica, approximately 1580 km from Punta Arenas. The temple is basically a large metal container, modified to resemble a temple, with electricity and a suitable heating system inside. Religious ceremonies are performed by a deacon, who lives permanently in the village.

The chapel is fairly new. It was built near the end of the 20th century. Today it is the southernest Catholic church in Chile and one of the most southern in the world. It is also one of only seven Christian churches in Antarctica, which are the continent’s only places for religious worship.
Staats Island

**Staats** **Island** is one of the Falkland Islands_._ It is located between San Rafael Island and San José Island, parallel to Tea Island and has an area of 5 square kilometers.   It is known for its Patagonian foxes and guanacos, both introduced species.

People brought guanacos to the island. These animals eat too much tussac grass, which stops the plants from growing back. Foxes were also brought in, and they hunt the local birds. There is no plan yet to remove the foxes from this island or the other islands in the San Rafael group. The empty island is also home to Magellanic penguins and many other seabirds.
Satish Raj Goravigere

**Satish Raj Goravigere** is an Indian journalist and media founder from Bengaluru, Karnataka.   who received the Media Contribution Award in 2024  and the Rajyotsava Honor in 2023.  He started the digital media platform Kannada News Today in March 2019,  which received the **Regional Award**   from a cultural organization. In 2025, he also launched an English-language platform called Timesnib.  He has worked in journalism since 2012.

## Awards and recognition

- **Rajyotsava Journalism Honor** (2023) – Given by Janapada Sahitya Mattu Patrika Vedike, a cultural organization.
- **Outstanding Media Contributor of the Year** (2024) – Given by the Karnataka Media and Communications Forum.
- Recognized for introducing AI news anchors in Karnataka journalism.
- **Regional News Source Award** – Given by a cultural organization.
- Honored by schools and colleges for work against fake news.
- Started the **Sadhana Hyperlocal Award** to support local journalists.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Satish Raj Goravigere
- **birth name**: Sathish Kumar G. R.
- **birth date**: 21 February 1984
- **birth place**: Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- **nationality**: Indian
- **occupation**: Journalist, Media Founder
- **years active**: 2012–present
- **known for**: Founder of Kannada News Today and Timesnib
- **awards**: * Rajyotsava Journalism Honor (2023)
* Outstanding Media Contributor of the Year (2024)
* Regional News Source Award
- **website**: [https://kannadanews.today kannadanews.today]
John Kelley

**John**, **Jack**, or **Johnny Kelley** can be

- John Kelley (U.S. civil servant), _acting US alternate representative to the UN_ (as of 2025)
- John Kelley (criminal), an American criminal
- John C. Kelley, American television writer and producer
- John Edward Kelley (d. 1941), politician that was a U.S. Representative from South Dakota
- John F. Kelly, retired general of the USMC and a former chief of staff at the White House
- John L. Kelley (d. 1999), American mathematician
- John William Kelley (born 1963), American serial killer
- Jack Kelley (journalist), journalist at _USA Today_
- John Kelley (Medal of Honor), got the Medal of Honor

## Sports

- Jack Kelley (ice hockey) (d. 2020), American ice hockey coach
- John Kelley (ice hockey) (d. 1986), American ice hockey player
- John J. Kelley (d. 2011), American runner, winner of the 1957 Boston Marathon; "Kelley the Younger"
- Johnny Kelley (d. 2004), American runner, winner of the 1935 and 1945 Boston Marathons; "Kelley the Elder"
Fibertel

**Fibertel** was an Argentine internet service provider and fixed-line telephone company.

It was organized as a company within Cablevisión until 2003, when it was merged into the parent company, although continuing its operations as a brand. In 2006, Cablevisión was acquired by Grupo Clarín and since 2018 it was operated by Telecom Argentina S.A.

## History

Fibertel began operations in 1997, becoming the first company in the country to offer cable modem technology on a mass scale. On April 1, 2003, the company merged with its parent company, Cablevisión y Multicanal.

In 2006, Grupo Clarín acquired 100% of the company. On October 4, 2021, Telecom consolidated its brands, rebranding **Cablevisión Fibertel** as Personal Flow.

## Other websites

- Official website (archived)

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: Fibertel
- **logo**: Fibertel.svg
- **logo size**: 250px
- **type**: Private
- **industry**: Telecommunications
- **successor**: Personal Argentina, Personal
- **location city**: Buenos Aires
- **location country**: Argentina
- **area served**: Argentina (65 cities),
- **services**: Internet service provider by cable modem
- **owner**: Telecom Argentina
- **num employees**: 8,400
Ecclesiastical History (Eusebius)

Eusebius's ***Ecclesiastical History*** is a significant work from the 4th century that chronicles the development of the Christian Church from its beginnings up to the time of Emperor Constantine. Written by Eusebius, the bishop of Caesarea, it offers a detailed account of early Christianity's growth, challenges, and key figures.

## What is it?

Eusebius's _Ecclesiastical History_ is considered the first comprehensive history of the Christian Church. It covers events from the life of Jesus Christ through the early 4th century, highlighting the spread of Christianity, the succession of church leaders, and the trials faced by early Christians. Eusebius utilized various sources, including letters, official documents, and earlier Christian writings, many of which are preserved solely through his work. It was written in Koine Greek and survives also in Latin, Syriac, and Armenian manuscripts.

## Structure and content

The work is organized chronologically, aligning the history of the Church with the reigns ofRoman emperorss and the tenures of prominent bishops in cities like Jerusalem, Antioch, Rome, and Alexandria. Eusebius discusses:
- The lives and teachings of Jesus and the apostles.
- The succession of church leaders and the establishment of Christian communities.
- Persecutions faced by Christians and accounts of martyrs.
- The development of Christian doctrine and responses to heresies.
- The eventual acceptance of Christianity within the Roman Empire.

## Sources and methodology

Eusebius had access to the Theological Library of Caesarea, allowing him to reference a wealth of ecclesiastical documents, martyrdom accounts, and earlier Christian writings. He often quoted these sources extensively, preserving valuable historical information that might have otherwise been lost.

## Legacy and influence

Eusebius's _Ecclesiastical History_ set a precedent for future church historians. In the early 5th century, historians like Socrates Scholasticus, Sozomen, and Theodoret continued his work, establishing a tradition of ecclesiastical historiography that influenced historical writing for centuries.

## Criticisms and evaluations

While Eusebius's work is invaluable for understanding early Christianity, some scholars have noted biases in his accounts, particularly his favorable portrayal of Constantine and the Christian Church. Despite these criticisms, the _Ecclesiastical History_ remains a crucial resource for studying the early Church's history.
Nicomachean Ethics

The ***Nicomachean Ethics*** is a philosophical work by the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle. It explores the concept of ethics and the path to achieving a good and fulfilling life. Aristotle examines what it means to live well and how individuals can attain happiness through virtuous living.

## Key concepts

- Happiness (_Eudaimonia_): Aristotle argues that the ultimate goal of human life is _eudaimonia_, often translated as happiness or flourishing. This state is achieved by living a life of virtue and fulfilling one's potential.
- Virtue (_Arete_): Virtue is a trait of character manifested in habitual action. Aristotle distinguishes between moral virtues (like courage and generosity) and intellectual virtues (like wisdom and understanding).
- The Golden Mean: Virtue lies in finding the balance between excess and deficiency. For example, courage is the mean between recklessness and cowardice.
- Practical Wisdom (_Phronesis_): This is the ability to deliberate well about what is good and beneficial for oneself. It's essential for making moral decisions.

## Structure

The _Nicomachean Ethics_ is divided into ten books, each focusing on different aspects of ethical theory:
- Book I: Discusses the concept of happiness and the highest good.
- Book II: Introduces moral virtue and the importance of habituation.
- Book III: Explores voluntary and involuntary actions, and specific virtues like courage and temperance.
- Book IV: Examines other moral virtues such as generosity and magnanimity.
- Book V: Focuses on justice and fairness.
- Book VI: Discusses intellectual virtues and practical wisdom.
- Book VII: Addresses weakness of will and self-control.
- Books VIII & IX: Analyze friendship and its role in the good life.
- Book X: Considers pleasure and the life of contemplation as the highest form of happiness.

## Influence and legacy

Aristotle's _Nicomachean Ethics_ has had a profound impact on Western philosophy and ethical thought. It laid the groundwork for virtue ethics, emphasizing character and the virtues in moral philosophy. The work continues to be studied and referenced in discussions about how to live a good and meaningful life.

## Other websites

- H. Rackham translation plus Greek version (The Perseus Project)
- PDFs of several (now) public domain translations and commentaries on the _Nicomachean Ethics_
Top Naija Music Awards

**Top Naija Music Awards** (abbreviated **TNMA Awards**) is an annual event composed of 26 categories for emerging recording singers, songwriters, and producers in Nigeria.

## Infobox (award)

- **name**: Top Naija Music Awards
- **awarded for**: Emerging Raising Star
- **presenter**: Top Naija Music
- **current awards**: 2021 Top Naija Music Awards
- **country**: Nigeria
- **network**: TopNaijaMusic
- **producer**: Paul Oghoghorie
- **director**: Paul Oghoghorie
Scepter Studios Sessions

***Scepter Studios Sessions*** is the sixth and final studio album by The Velvet Underground. The album was released on November 23, 2012.
Barnard, Missouri

**Barnard** is a city in Nodaway County, Missouri, United States.
Burlington Junction, Missouri

**Burlington Junction** is a city in Nodaway County, Missouri, United States.
Clearmont, Missouri

**Clearmont** is a city in Nodaway County, Missouri, United States. The population was 147 in February 2026.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **settlement type**: City
- **population total**: 147
Conception Junction, Missouri

**Conception Junction** is a city in Nodaway County, Missouri, United States.
Elmo, Missouri

**Elmo** is a city in Nodaway County, Missouri, United States.
Graham, Missouri

**Graham** is a city in Nodaway County, Missouri, United States.
Hopkins, Missouri

**Hopkins** is a city in Nodaway County, Missouri, United States.
Parnell, Missouri

**Parnell** is a city in Nodaway County, Missouri, United States.
Pickering, Missouri

**Pickering** is a city in Nodaway County, Missouri, United States.
Ravenwood, Missouri

**Ravenwood** is a city in Nodaway County, Missouri, United States.
Arkoe, Missouri

**Arkoe** is a village in Nodaway County, Missouri, United States.
Clyde, Missouri

**Clyde** is a village in Nodaway County, Missouri, United States.
Guilford, Missouri

**Guilford** is a village in Nodaway County, Missouri, United States.
Koshkonong, Missouri

**Koshkonong** is a city in Oregon County, Missouri, United States. 196 people lived here at the 2020 census.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Koshkonong, Missouri
- **settlement type**: City
- **image skyline**: Koshkonong, Missouri.jpg
- **image map**: Oregon_County_Missouri_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Koshkonong_Highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 250x200px
- **map caption**: Location of Koshkonong, Missouri
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: Missouri
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Missouri, County
- **subdivision name2**: Oregon County, Missouri, Oregon
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 0.46
- **area land km2**: 0.46
- **area water km2**: 0.00
- **area total sq mi**: 0.18
- **area land sq mi**: 0.18
- **area water sq mi**: 0.00
- **population as of**: 2020 United States census, 2020
- **population total**: 196
- **population density km2**: 422.15
- **population density sq mi**: 1094.97
- **timezone**: North American Central Time Zone, Central (CST)
- **utc offset**: -6
- **timezone dst**: CDT
- **utc offset dst**: -5
- **elevation ft**: 961
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 65692
- **area code**: Area code 417, 417
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 29-39440
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 2396696
Bakersfield, Missouri

**Bakersfield** is a village in Ozark County, Missouri, United States.
Theodosia, Missouri

**Theodosia** is a village in Ozark County, Missouri, United States.
Aritenyesbokhe

**Aritenyesebokhe** was a Nubian king who probably ruled in the second century CE. He is so far only known from his Pyramid Beg N30 in Meroe. Two blocks bearing his name were found in the rubble next to this pyramid. The attribution of the pyramid to this ruler is therefore not entirely certain. His name is also attested on the fragment of an offering tablet, which was also found in the necropolis of Meroe. Aritenyesebokhe bore a throne name based on an Egyptian model and written in Egyptian hieroglyphs: Kheperkare.

## Related pages

- List of monarchs of Nubia

## Literature

- Inge Hofmann, "Contributions to Meroitic Chronology" (Studia Instituti Anthropos; Vol. 31). Anthropos Institute, St. Augustin near Bonn 1978, ISBN 3-921389-80-1, pp. 152–153.
- László Török in: Eide Tormod (ed.): "Fontes Historiae Nubiorum, Vol. 3: From the first to the sixth century AD." IKFRR, Bergen 1998, ISBN 82-91626-07-3, pp. 938–939.

## Infobox (pharaoh)

- **name**: Aritenyesebokhe
- **nomen**: Ariteniesebohe
- **prenomenhiero**: <hiero>M23:t-L2:t-<-ra-xpr-kA-></hiero>
- **prenomen**: Kheperkare
_Ḫpr-k3-Rˁ_
_The Ancient Egyptian concept of the soul#Ka, Ka of Ra is created_
- **role**: Nubia, Nubian King of Meroe
- **reign**: C.E.160–170
- **predecessor**: Tarekeniwal
- **successor**: Amanitaraqide
- **father**: Amanihalika
- **burial**: Pyramids of Meroe
Socratic problem

The **Socratic problem** refers to the difficulty historians and philosophers face when trying to understand the true ideas and personality of Socrates, a famous Greek philosopher from the 5th century BCE. This challenge arises because Socrates did not write anything himself. Everything we know about him comes from the writings of others, and these accounts often contradict each other.

## Main sources about Socrates

There are four main sources to know about Socrates:
1. Plato: A student of Socrates who wrote many dialogues featuring Socrates as the main character. However, scholars believe that in his later works, Plato used Socrates to express his own ideas, making it hard to distinguish between the thoughts of Socrates and those of Plato.
1. Xenophon: Another student of Socrates who wrote about him in a more straightforward and less philosophical manner. His portrayal is different from Plato's, adding to the confusion.
1. Aristophanes: A playwright who depicted Socrates in his comedy "The Clouds" as a foolish figure, which contrasts sharply with the serious philosopher shown by Plato and Xenophon.
1. Aristotle: He mentioned Socrates in his writings but was not a direct student of his. His accounts add another layer of interpretation.

## Why is it a problem?

These differing accounts make it challenging to determine:
- What Socrates actually believed and taught.
- Whether the ideas presented in these works are truly his or those of the authors.
- How his character and methods were perceived by his contemporaries.

Because of these inconsistencies, some scholars believe that fully understanding the historical Socrates may be impossible.

## Attempts to solve the problem

Over the centuries, many have tried to resolve the Socratic problem:

In the 18th and 19th centuries, scholars like Friedrich Schleiermacher attempted to identify which of Plato's dialogues most accurately represented Socrates' true philosophy.

In the 20th century, researchers used methods like stylometry (analyzing writing styles) to try to separate Socrates' ideas from those of his students.

Despite these efforts, there is still no consensus, and the true nature of Socrates' philosophy remains a topic of debate.

## Conclusion

The Socratic problem highlights the challenges of reconstructing the life and thoughts of a historical figure based solely on second-hand accounts. While Socrates' influence on philosophy is undeniable, the exact details of his teachings and beliefs continue to be subjects of scholarly investigation and discussion.
Codex Calixtinus

The **Codex Calixtinus** is an important 12th-century manuscript linked to the Way of St. James pilgrimage in Spain. It is kept in the Santiago de Compostela Cathedral and is also called the _Liber Sancti Jacobi_, or the Book of Saint James.

This codex is a collection of texts created to support and encourage the pilgrimage to the shrine of Saint James the Great in Santiago de Compostela. Although it was once believed to be written by Pope Callixtus II, scholars now think the main compiler was the French cleric Aymeric Picaud. The manuscript was likely put together between 1138 and 1145.

## Contents

The codex is divided into five books and two appendices, each serving a distinct purpose:
- Book I: Contains sermons and liturgical texts related to Saint James.
- Book II: Details 22 miracles attributed to Saint James.
- Book III: Describes the journey of Saint James's body from Jerusalem to Galicia.
- Book IV: Narrates the story of Charlemagne and Roland, linking their exploits to the Camino de Santiago.
- Book V: Serves as a guide for pilgrims, offering practical advice on routes, accommodations, and local customs.

Additionally, the appendices include musical pieces, making the codex one of the earliest sources of polyphonic music in Europe.

## Importance

The Codex Calixtinus is considered one of the most important documents of Christianity and a true guide for the Way of St. James. It played a crucial role in promoting the pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela, establishing it as a major Christian pilgrimage route. The manuscript offers insights into medieval religious practices, art, music, and the experiences of pilgrims during that era.

In 2017, UNESCO added the codex to its Memory of the World International Register which lists globally important documents.

## Theft and recovery

On July 5, 2011, the codex was stolen from the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela. After a year-long investigation, it was recovered in July 2012 from the garage of a former cathedral employee. The theft highlighted the manuscript's value and the need for improved security measures.
Rosetta

**Rosetta** is a city in the Nile Delta in Egypt.  It is about  east of Alexandria. In Arabic the city is called **Rashid**. Today, it has a population of about 300.000 people. To the world, it became known because the Rosetta Stone was found near the city, in 1799. The city was founded in the year 870. It was known as Bolbitine.
Limnomedusa macroglossa

The **rapids frog**  (_Limnomedusa macroglossa_) is a frog.  It lives in Brazil, Uruguay, Paraguay, and Argentina. It is the only species of frog in its group.

## Body

The adult frog is 37.6 - 55.0 mm long from nose to rear end.  The female frog is bigger than the male frog. The skin of the frog's back is gray in color with dark brown spots. There are stripes on the nose. There are spots near the mouth and another spot between the eyes. There is a shape like the letter V between the shoulders. There are bar stripes on the legs.

## Home

People find this frog in forests and in open places near rivers. Scientists saw this frog between 0 and 1200 meters above sea level.

Scientists have seen this frog in protected places: Iguazu National Park, El Palmar National Park, Yaboti Biosphere Reserve, Monumento científico Moisés Bertoni, APA do Ibirapuita, FLONA de Chapeco, PARES Fritz Plaumann, PARES Rio Guarani, PARES Turvo, PARNA do Iguacu, and REBIO do Ibicui Mirim.

## Young

The eggs are round with a black dot on one side and a light brown dot on the other. The tadpoles swim in ponds near rivers. The ponds dry up for part of the year.

## Danger

Scientists from the IUCN say this frog is not in danger of dying out, the government of Uruguay says this frog is not in danger of dying out, and the government of Paraguay says it is in very big danger of dying out.  People change the places where the frog lives to make tree farms, other farms, and dams for electricity.
Bragg City, Missouri

**Bragg City** is a city in Pemiscot County, Missouri, United States.
Cooter, Missouri

**Cooter** is a city in Pemiscot County, Missouri, United States.
Hayti, Missouri

**Hayti** is a city in Pemiscot County, Missouri, United States.
Hayti Heights, Missouri

**Hayti Heights** is a city in Pemiscot County, Missouri, United States.
Holland, Missouri

**Holland** is a city in Pemiscot County, Missouri, United States.
Homestown, Missouri

**Homestown** is a city in Pemiscot County, Missouri, United States.
Steele, Missouri

**Steele** is a city in Pemiscot County, Missouri, United States.
Wardell, Missouri

**Wardell** is a city in Pemiscot County, Missouri, United States.
Altenburg, Missouri

**Altenburg** is a city in Perry County, Missouri, United States.
Frohna, Missouri

**Frohna** is a city in Perry County, Missouri, United States.
Longtown, Missouri

**Longtown** is a village in Perry County, Missouri, United States.
Green Ridge, Missouri

**Green Ridge** is a city in Pettis County, Missouri, United States.
Houstonia, Missouri

**Houstonia** is a city in Pettis County, Missouri, United States.
La Monte, Missouri

**La Monte** is a city in Pettis County, Missouri, United States.
Smithton, Missouri

**Smithton** is a city in Pettis County, Missouri, United States.
Hughesville, Missouri

**Hughesville** is a village in Pettis County, Missouri, United States.
The Gazette (Montreal)

***The Gazette***, also called the ***Montreal Gazette***, is a Canadian English-language broadsheet daily newspaper. The newspaper is owned by Postmedia Network. It is published in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

It is the only daily newspaper in Montreal that is in English. There were 3 other daily English-language newspapers in Montreal in the 20th century. The newspaper is 1 of 2 English-Language daily newspapers in Quebec. The other is the _Sherbrooke Record_. This newspaper is in English because it is written for the English-speaking communities in Sherbrooke and the Eastern Townships.

The Gazette was founded in 1778 by Fleury Mesplet. _The Gazette_ is Quebec's oldest daily newspaper.  The oldest newspaper in Canada is the _Quebec Chronicle-Telegraph_. This newspaper was established in 1764. It publishes a new article every week.

## Editors-in-chief

- Mark Harrison (1977–1989)
- Norman Webster (1989–1993)
- Joan Fraser (1993–1996)
- Alan Allnutt (1996–2000)
- Peter Stockland (2000–2004)
- Andrew Phillips (2004–2009)
- Raymond Brassard (2010–2013)
- Lucinda Chodan (2013–2022)
- Bert Archer (2022–2023)
- Marilena Lucci (2023–Present)

## Other websites

- Official mobile website. .
- Digital microfilm archive 1878–1986 from Google news archive
- Bicentennial issue 

## Infobox (newspaper)

- **name**: The Gazette
- **logo**:
- **image size**: 225px
- **caption**: The December 1, 2023, front page of _The Gazette_
- **type**: Daily newspaper
- **format**: Broadsheet
- **owners**: Postmedia Network
- **founder**: Fleury Mesplet
- **chiefeditor**: Marilena Lucci
- **maneditor**: Jeff Blond
- **foundation**: June 3, 1778
- **language**: English
- **relaunched**: August 25, 1785
- **headquarters**:
Suite 700
Montreal, Quebec
H3A 1V4
- **circulation**: 101,761 daily
116,005 Saturday
- **circulation date**: 2013
- **issn**: 0384-1294
- **oclc**: 456824368
Thortveitite

**Thortveitite** is a mineral that contains scandium and yttrium. It is very rare, but still the most common scandium mineral.

Thortveitite was the main source of scandium in the United States in the mid-20th century, but production ended in 1969. As of 2025, scandium is mostly produced from tailings from other minerals, not from its ores.
Law of the Instrument

The **Law of the Instorment** is a cognitive bias. It is also called **Maslow's Hammer**. It is attributed to Abraham Maslow and Abraham Kaplan. Maslow wrote in 1966, "it is tempting, if the only tool you have is a hammer, to treat everything as if it were a nail."

Examples of this can be seen in many domains. One of them is medicine: In the 1960s, in the United States there were basically two drugs to treat psychosis. Psychoses often occur together with Schizophrenia. These drugs were also often used in cases where it was not clear that trhe patient suffered from Schizophrenia. The movie One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest also shows this. During the Middle Ages, it was common practice to use drugs containing mercury in bloodlettings. Mercury is very poisonous, so many people died.
The Jewish Quarterly

*** The Jewish Quarterly*** is an international Jewish publication founded by Jacob Sonntag in 1953. It was based in the United Kingdom (UK) until 2021, when its ownership is transferred to Australian publisher Morry Schwartz, who was born to Holocaust survivors. With four issues released a year, _The Jewish Quarterly_ focuses on issues of Jewish concern, but also has interests in wider culture and politics.

## Profile

The current editor is Jonathan Pearlman, who also edits _Australian Foreign Affairs_ for Schwartz Media. Previous editors include Matthew Reisz, Elena Lappin and Rachel Shabi.

## Reception

In 1974, Sonntag described _The Jewish Quarterly_:
Wallpaper (computing)

A **wallpaper** or **background** is a digital picture used as a decorative background of a graphical user interface on the screen of a computer, smartphone or other electronic machine.
Wreath

A **wreath** () is an collection and placement of flowers, leaves, fruits, twigs, or other materials that is made to form a ring shape. They can be used as holiday decertations or to be placed in cemeteries.

The word _wreath_ comes from Middle English _wrethe_ and from Old English _writha_ 'band'.
Miss Colorado

The **Miss Colorado** competition is the pageant that picks the representative for the state of Colorado in the Miss America pageant. The Colorado representative has won the Miss America crown on four times: Sharon Ritchie (1955), Marilyn Van Derbur (1957), Rebecca Ann King (1973) and Madison Marsh (2023).

## Infobox (organization)

- **name**: Miss Colorado
- **logo**: Miss Colorado Logo.png
- **formation**: 1926
- **type**: Beauty pageant
- **headquarters**: Denver
- **location**: Colorado
- **membership**: Miss America
- **language**: English
- **website**: [http://www.misscolorado.org/ Official website]
Miss Illinois

The **Miss Illinois** is a pageant program with Miss America, which is competition for women models representing the state of Illinois in the Miss America contest.

The first "Miss Illinois" sent to the national pageant was Lois Delander who later won the Miss America title in 1927. Including Delander, five Miss Illinois representatives have won the Miss America title. The other Miss Illinois-turned Miss America winners include Judith Ford in 1968, Marjorie Vincent in 1990, Katherine Shindle in 1997, and Erika Harold in 2002.

## Infobox (organization)

- **name**: Miss Illinois
- **logo**: Miss Illinois Logo.png
- **formation**: 1922
- **type**: Beauty pageant
- **headquarters**: Marion, Illinois, Marion
- **location**: Illinois
- **membership**: Miss America
- **language**: English
- **key people**: Dr. Susan Shea (Executive Director)
- **website**: [http://www.missillinois.org/ Official website]
Miss America 2024

**Miss America 2024** was the 96th Miss America pageant. It was held at the Dr. Phillips Center for the Performing Arts in Orlando, Florida. It happened at the same time as the Miss America's Teen 2024 competition on January 14, 2024.

The 2024 competition was the first Miss America competition since 2018 where contestants competed in a fitness category.

Madison Marsh of Colorado won the competition.

## Final results

|Placement|Contestant|
| --- | --- |
|Miss America 2024|*Colorado – Madison Marsh|
|1st Runner-Up|* Texas – Ellie Breaux|
|2nd Runner-Up|* Indiana – Cydney Bridges|
|3rd Runner-Up|* Kentucky – Mallory Hudson|
|4th Runner-Up|* Rhode Island – Caroline Parente|
|Top 11|* Arkansas – Cori Keller * Florida – Juliette Valle * Kansas – Courtney Wages * Maryland – Kennedy Taylor * New York – Amelia Collins * North Carolina – Taylor Loyd|

## Infobox (beauty pageant)

- **image**: Madison Marsh, Miss America 2024, visits Arlington National Cemetery, Arlington, Virginia on March 5, 2024 (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Madison Marsh
- **date**: January 14, 2024
- **venue**: Dr. Phillips Center for the Performing Arts, Walt Disney Theater, Orlando, Florida
- **broadcaster**: Miss America Website
- **congeniality**: Cydney Bridges
Indiana
- **winner**: Madison Marsh
- **represented**: Colorado
- **entrants**: 51
- **placements**: 11
- **before**: Miss America 2023, 2023
- **next**: Miss America 2025, 2025
Abbie Stockard

**Abbie Stockard** (born July 26, 2002) is an American beauty pageant contest who won Miss America in 2025. Stockard won Miss Alabama 2024, making her the fourth woman from Alabama to win Miss America.

Stockard is in a relationship with basketball player Walker Kessler.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Abbie Stockard
- **image**: Abbie Stockard Miss America 2025 at the White House in May 2025 (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Stockard in 2025
- **birth place**: Birmingham, Alabama, U.S.
- **education**: Auburn University
- **known for**: Miss America 2025
- **title**: Miss Hoover 2024
Miss Alabama, Miss Alabama 2024
Miss America 2025
- **term**: January 5, 2025 –present
- **predecessor**: Madison Marsh
- **partner**: Walker Kessler (2025–present)
Grace Stanke

**Grace Marie Stanke** (born April 30, 2002) is an American pro-nuclear energy activist and beauty pageant contestant. She won Miss America in 2023. She was born in Wausau, Wisconsin. She is the third Miss Wisconsin to win the national title.

After winning Miss America, Stanke earned a bachelor's degree in Nuclear Engineering in 2023 from the University of Wisconsin - Madison and began working at Constellation Energy, where she is an advocate for using nuclear energy.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Grace Stanke
- **image**: Grace Stanke - Miss America 2023 (52753038582) (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Stanke in 2023
- **birth name**: Grace Marie Stanke
- **birth place**: Wausau, Wisconsin, U.S.
- **education**: University of Wisconsin–Madison
- **known for**: Miss America 2023
- **title**: Miss Wausau's Outstanding Teen 2016
Miss Harbor Cities' Outstanding Teen 2017
Miss Wisconsin's Outstanding Teen 2017
Miss Madison 2021
Miss Badgerland 2022
Miss Wisconsin 2022
Miss America 2023
- **term**: December 15, 2022 – January 14, 2024
- **predecessor**: Emma Broyles
- **successor**: Madison Marsh
Oberwart

**Oberwart** (; ) is a town in the Austrian state of Burgenland. It is the capital of the district of the same name.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Oberwart
- **native name**: Felsőőr
- **settlement type**: Municipality (Austria), Municipality
- **image skyline**: Oberwart - Rathaus.JPG
- **image caption**: Town hall
- **image shield**: Coat of arms of Oberwart.svg
- **shield size**: 80x110px
- **pushpin map**: Austria
- **pushpin mapsize**: 270
- **pushpin map caption**: Location within Austria
- **image map**: Oberwart im Bezirk OW.png
- **map caption**: Location within Oberwart District, Oberwart district
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: Austria
- **subdivision type1**: States of Austria, State
- **subdivision name1**: Burgenland
- **subdivision type2**: District (Austria), District
- **subdivision name2**: Oberwart District, Oberwart
- **parts style**: para
- **leader title**: Burgomaster, Mayor
- **leader name**: Georg Rosner
- **elevation m**: 315
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone**: Central European Time, CET
- **timezone dst**: Central European Summer Time, CEST
- **utc offset**: +1
- **utc offset dst**: +2
- **postal code type**: List of postal codes in Austria, Postal code
- **postal code**: 7400
- **area code type**: Telephone numbers in Austria, Area code
- **website**: [http://www.oberwart.at www.oberwart.at]
1941 Szczuczyn pogrom

The **Szczuczyn pogrom** was the massacre of hundreds of Jews by ethnic Poles in Szczuczyn, Poland. This happened during World War II, when the European Axis powers invaded the Soviet Union. Those who survived the pogrom were sent to the Treblinka extermination camp.

The pogrom is considered part of the Holocaust in mainstream historiography.

## Background

About 56% of Szczuczyn's 4,502 pre-war residents were Jewish. By June 1941, about 2,000 Jews lived in the town as many Jewish families had been deported by the Soviet occupiers to Siberia. When the Nazi Germans invaded, they bypassed the town, leaving it to local Poles.

### June 25

Jews were killed by local Poles in three incidents.

### June 28

Local Poles armed with axes killed about 300 Jews, including entire Jewish families. Jewish women had begged the local Catholic priests and Polish intelligentsia to stop the mass murder; they refused her pleas. The women finally asked a passing German unit for help, who stopped the mass murder.

## July massacre

In late July 1941, Polish officers incited local Poles to attack Jews. About 2,500 Jews were forced into a Jewish cemetery, while their homes were looted and burned. 97 men were killed. All but 103 were released.

## August massacre

On August 8, 1941, the Gestapo took over the town. About 600 Jews were murdered in the cemetery, with the survivors sent to a ghetto.

On November 2, 1942, the ghetto's Jews were sent to the Treblinka extermination camp. In the same month, about 20 Jewish women were raped, robbed and killed by their Polish bosses during field work in Bzury. Only one man was sentenced for the atrocities.

## Legacy

Despite abundant evidence, many in Polish society refuse to acknowledge the pogrom. Some scholars say this denial was going mainstream amid the rise of nationalism across Europe. There, Jews were sometimes equated with the disliked Soviet communists against whom the Holocaust was considered "a reaction".

## Related pages

- Iași pogrom
- Kristallnacht
- Lviv pogroms
- Jedwabne pogrom