juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Adrienne de La Fayette

- _The article about the French writer is at Madame de Lafayette_

**_Marie Adrienne_ Françoise de Noailles, madame de La Fayette** (2 November 1759 – 24 December 1807). She was born in Paris at the family home, the Hôtel de Noailles. styled as _Mademoiselle d'Ayen-_she was the second daughter of the Duke of Ayen, a powerful French noble-prior to her marriage to Gilbert du Motier, marquis de La Fayette, in the chapel of the Hôtel de Noailles on April 11, 1774. The couple lived there for the first few years of their marriage. They had four children.

## Issue

1. Adrienne _Henriette_ Catherine Charlotte du Motier (_Hôtel de Noailles_ 15 December 1775- Paris 3 October 1777) died young.
1. _Anastasie_ Louise Pauline Motier du Motier  (Paris 1 July 1777 - Turin  24 February 1863, Turin) married Jules César Charles de Fay, Count of La Tour Maubourg.
1. _George Washington_ Louis Gilbert du Motier (24 December 1779 - 29 November 1849) died childless but married Émilie d'Estutt de Tracy.
1. Marie _Antoinette_ Virginie du Motier (17 September 1782 - 23 July 1849) married Louis de Lasteyrie du Saillant, Marquis of Lasteyrie.

- Her only son was named after George Washington and her youngest daughter was named in honour of Queen Marie Antoinette.

## Titles

- **2 November 1759 - April 11 1774** _Mademoiselle d'Ayen_.
- **April 11 1774 - 24 December 1807** The Marquise of La Fayette.

## References

<small>3. Russel Freedman, _Lafayette and the American Revolution_ (Johor Bahru, Malaysia, HOLIDAY HOUSE, 2010)
</small>

## Infobox (nobility)

- **name**: Marie Adrienne de Noailles
- **title**: Marquise of La Fayette
- **image**: Madame de lafayette revolutionary-war-124.jpg
- **full name**: Marie Adrienne Françoise de Noailles
- **spouse**: Marquis de la Fayette, Gilbert, Marquis of La Fayette
- **issue**: Henriette
Anastasie, Countess of La Tour Maubourg
Georges Washington
Marie Antoinette, Marquise of Lasteyrie.
- **father**: Jean Louis, Duke of Noailles
- **mother**: Anne Louise Henriette d'Aguesseau
- **birth place**: _Hôtel  de Noailles_, Paris, France
- **death place**: _Rue d'Anjou_, Paris, France
- **religion**: Roman Catholicism
Lake Torrens National Park

**Lake Torrens National Park** is a national park in South Australia, 345 km north of Adelaide. The park protects the area around Lake Torrens, which is a large, dry, salt lake covering an area of 5,700 square kilometres.  The lake is part of a large rift valley that also includes Spencer Gulf. Lake Torrens has been filled with water twice in the last 150 years.

The lake filled in 2010 and attracted a large number of birds, including 150,000 Banded Stilts. This bird can only breed on islands in flooded salt lakes and have only bred in South Australia seven times in the last 70 years. The last known breeding was at Lake Eyre in 2000. During dry times the stilts live at the Coorong Lakes waiting for the salt lakes to flood.

## History

The first European to find Lake Torrens was Edward John Eyre in 1839. For many years it was believed that Lake Torrens was a large horseshoe-shaped salt lake in the northern Flinders Ranges. This salt lake blocked any path to the interior. The first European to get through this barrier was A. C. Gregory from the north in March 1858.

Later in 1858, an expedition under Benjamin Herschel Babbage and Major Warburton in the north-west also crossed the non-existent barrier near modern Marree. Eyre's horseshoe lake was actually made up of six large salt lakes; Lake Frome, Lake Callabonna, Lake Blanche, Lake Gregory, Lake Eyre South, and Lake Torrens itself.

## Infobox (protected area of australia)

- **name**: Lake Torrens National Park
- **iucn category**: Ia
- **image**: Australia_Locator_Map.svg
- **locator x**: 168
- **locator y**: 145
- **nearest town or city**: Woomera, South Australia, Woomera
- **area**: 5,677 km²
- **established**: 1991
- **managing authorities**: Department for Environment and Heritage
- **official site**: [http://www.parks.sa.gov.au/publish/groups/public/@parks/@northernflinders/documents/all/parks_pdfs_lake_torrens_np.pdf Lake Torrens National Park] pdf
Hominin

**Hominini** is the tribe of african apes that comprises humans (_Homo_), and all ancestors of _Homo sapiens_ back to the split from the apes. This branching is now dated at five to eight million years ago, with _Sahelanthropus_ as a key fossil.

A less frequent usage includes the two species present-day of the genus _Pan_ (the common chimpanzee and the bonobo). In this case, the subtribe Hominina is the "human" branch, including genus _Homo_ and its close relatives, but not _Pan_. All species in this tribe carry the same four blood-types which can be exchanged between species.

## Genera

Subtribe Panina
- _Pan_ (chimpanzees)
Subtribe Hominina
- _Homo_ (humans)
- †_Paranthropus_
- †_Australopithecus_
- †_Sahelanthropus_
- †_Orrorin_
- †_Ardipithecus_
- †_Kenyanthropus_
Hominina

**Hominina** is a sub-tribe of the hominid primates. It is used by some anthropologists to include the upright biped apes, including the genus _Homo_.

If an anthropologist wants to includes chimpanzees in the tribe Hominini, then it follows that a sub-tribe is needed to put Australopithecines and humans in. But this is not a majority view at present, and the mainstream view is:
- Family: Hominidae
- Subfamily: Homininae
- Tribe: Hominini
- Subtribe: Hominina

If used, the group includes _Sahelanthropus_ six to eight million years ago.

## Taxonomy

Even today, the genus _Homo_ has not been properly defined.

Because there was no reason to think it would ever have any additional members, Carl Linnaeus did not even bother to define _Homo_ when he first created it for humans in the 18th century. The discovery of Neanderthals brought the first addition.

The genus _Homo_ was given its taxonomic name to suggest that its member species can be classified as human.

Over the decades of the 20th century, there were fossil finds of pre-human and early human species from late Miocene and early Pliocene times.

Classifying a fossil as _Homo_ means evidence of:
1. competent human bipedalism in _Homo habilis_ inherited from the earlier _Australopithecus_ of more than four million years ago (see Laetoli).
1. human tool culture having begun by 2.5 million years ago.
Summer Palace

The **Summer Palace** is a palace in Beijing, China. It is mainly dominated by Longevity Hill (60 meters high) and the Kunming Lake. It covers an expanse of 2.9 square kilometers, three quarters of which is water. The palace is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Between 1750 and 1764 the Qing Emperor Qianlong created the Garden of Clear Ripples (Summer Palace), extending the area of the lake and carrying out other improvements based on the hill and its landscape. During the Second Opium War (1856-60) the garden and its buildings were destroyed by the allied forces. Between 1886 and 1895 it was reconstructed by Emperor Guangxu and renamed the Summer Palace, for use by Empress Dowager Cixi. It was damaged in 1900 by the international expeditionary force during the suppression of the Boxer Rising and 24 years later, it became a public park in 1924.

There are many buildings in the Summer Palace including The Cloud-Dispelling Hall, the Temple of Buddhist Virtue and the Sea of Wisdom Temple.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (unesco world heritage site)

- **whs**: Summer Palace
- **image**: Scenery of Longevity Hill.JPG
- **caption**: The Summer Palace in Beijing
- **criteria**: Cultural: i, ii, iii
- **id**: 880
- **year**: 1998
- **location**: Beijing, China
- **area**: 297 ha
- **buffer zone**: 5,595 ha
- **locmapin**: Beijing#China Beijing
- **map caption**: Location of the Summer Palace
Banded stilt

The **banded stilt** (_Cladorhynchus leucocephalus_) is a stilt bird from Australia. It is a type of water bird known as a wader.

The bird gets its name from the red-brown stripe that adults have on their chests. Younger birds do not have them. Its other feathers are pied (black and white) and the eyes are dark brown. The Banded stilt is 35–45 cm tall. It is called the "Flamingo of Australia", and the **Rottnest snipe** on Rottnest Island. However, it is not related to true snipes.

They spend much of their life looking for food near the ocean in river estuaries and on tidal flats, but they lay eggs in the desert when it rains there. They lay 1-5 eggs at a time.  The eggs are white, brown or black eggs.  The nests are small holes scraped in the sand or sandy clay. Banded stilts breed on islands created when dry salt lakes fill with water. They come to the lakes to eat the brine shrimp, _Paratemia_. The eggs of the shrimp can lie in the dry lake beds for many years until the rains fall.

In 200 years of Europen settlement in Australia, people have only recorded banded stilts laying eggs on 20 occasions. In South Australia, where the stilts are listed as a vulnerable species, they have only bred seven times in the last 70 years. In 2010 there was a huge breeding event at Lake Torrens National Park where more than 150,000 birds gathered as the lake filled for only the second time in 150 years. The eggs and chicks are often eaten by silver gulls. In 2000 when the stilts were breeding on Lake Eyre, nearly all the chicks were eaten.

## References

- Marchant, S.; & Higgins, P.J. (Eds). (1993). _Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds_, Volume 2: Raptors to Lapwings. Oxford University Press: Melbourne.
Brief psychotic disorder

**Brief psychotic disorder** is a short illness of less than one month that has psychotic symptoms. This could be like having schizophrenia symptoms for only an hour, but it can be any psychotic disorder, such as delusions or hallucinations. Doctors describe three types of BPD. The first type is caused by some kind of traumatic stress. The second type has no known cause. Some psychologists believe it could be from stimulants such as caffeine, morphine or any type of drug. There is no known cure but staying away from caffeinated drinking may lower the risk of brief psychotic disorder. The third type is caused by childbirth and usually affects mothers about four weeks after having a baby.
Conduct disorder

**Conduct disorder** (CD) is a mental disorder in which a person habitually, deliberately violates the rights of others. They are typically aggressive and threaten to hit people. Habitual stealing is common; some
people with CD are sex offenders. They do not feel bad or guilty about hurting people, and often enjoy doing so. Many people with CD go on to develop antisocial personality disorder. Everyone who has ASPD previously had CD. The CD affected person finds that acting out gives them attention (even though it is negative attention they are receiving) and in turn they feel it gives them a sense of importance. Some risk factors are heredity, child neglect and the loss of family member and or parent. Anti-psychotic therapy is recommended in cases where the offender is psychotic. A high proportion of people who have CD also have other mental disorders, most commonly attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, which makes the effects of CD worse.
Kodad

**Kodad** is a town in the Nalgonda district of Andhra Pradesh in India. The Madhira Institute of Technology and Science has a 40 acre campus about eight kilometres from Kodad.
Hox gene

**Hox genes** are a group of related genes that determine the basic structure and orientation of animals and plants. 'Hox' is short for 'homeobox'.

Hox genes are critical for the proper placement of segment structures of animals during early embryonic development (e.g. legs, antennae, and wings in fruit flies or the different vertebrate ribs in humans).

Hox genes are a complex of genes whose proteins bind to the regulatory regions of target genes. The target genes then activate or repress cell processes to direct the final development of the organism.
- Hox genes have a DNA sequence known as the **homeobox**. The homeobox is a 180 nucleotide-long DNA sequence which codes for a 60 amino acid-long protein domain known as the _homeodomain_. This works by binding with DNA.
- Hox genes are in gene clusters on the genome
- The order of the loci in the chromosome parallels the order in which the loci are expressed in segments along the body.
- This cluster of master control genes programs the development of all higher organisms.
- The cluster is highly "conserved". It has not changed much over hundreds of millions of years of evolutionary history. Molecular evidence shows that some limited number of hox genes have existed in the Cnidaria since before the earliest true Bilatera. This means the system evolved before the Palaeozoic era.

## Sequence of hox genes

In some organisms, especially vertebrates, the various hox genes are very close to one another on the chromosome in groups or **clusters**.

The order of the genes on the chromosome is the same as the expression of the genes in the developing embryo. The first gene is expressed in the front of the developing organism. The reason for this co-linearity is not yet completely understood. The diagram above shows the relationship between the genes and protein expression in flies.

### Found in all animals and plants

The homeodomain protein motif is highly similar in most animals and plants. In addition, homeodomains of individual hox proteins are similar in many species.

Because of this, it is thought hox gene clusters evolved from a single hox gene via tandem gene duplication. A hox gene cluster with at least seven different hox genes was probably present in the common ancestor of all bilateral animals.

## Humans

Humans have a total of 39 hox genes in clusters on four chromosomes.

## Related pages

- Edward B. Lewis
- Transcription factor
Can't Be Tamed

***Can't Be Tamed*** is the third album made by American singer Miley Cyrus. The album has twelve songs including three singles.

## Songs

1. Liberty Walk
1. **Who Owns My Heart**
1. Can't Be Tamed_
1. **Every Rose has Its Thorn**
1. Two More Lonely People
1. Forgiveness and Love
1. Permanent December
1. Stay
1. Scars
1. Take Me Along
1. Robot
1. My Heart Beats For Love

- The singles from the album are in bold.

## Development and singles

"Can't Be Tamed" is Cyrus's first single. It was released May 18th, 2010. "Can't Be Tamed" had good reviews from critics. The song peaked at number eight on the Billboard Hot 100 and reached its highest peak at number five on both the Irish Singles Chart and New Zealand Singles Chart. The music video is Cyrus performing with backup dancers throughout a museum. Cyrus is first trapped in a giant cage, being watched by people in the audience as they were trying to see the rare creature 'Adias Cyrus' she then escapes and trashes the museum. She has promoted "Can't Be Tamed" by performing it at several places, including a performance on _Britain's Got Talent'' and the critics had negative ratings and reviews. The song is also a part of Cyrus' second world tour, Gypsy Heart Tour.

"Who Owns My Heart" is Cyrus' second single. It was released on October 22, 2010. Cyrus described it as a "total dance track" with a cool idea. Cyrus' "Who Owns My Heart" is a club-oriented song that speaks of meeting a potential love on the dance floor. The song tries not to proceed to question, "Who owns my heart? Is it love or is it art?" Bill Lamb of About.com thought that, despite its beat, the overall sound of "Who Owns My Heart" is faceless and dull. The video starts with Cyrus asleep, blindfolded on a mattress in a bedroom. She wakes up and shakes on the mattress. Following, Cyrus goes to a bathroom, her outfit is a white tank top, white boy shorts, a fishnet hair wrap, rollers, and heavy metal jewelry. While in the bathroom scenes, Cyrus sings as she sits on the edge of a bathtub and prepares herself for a party. When the chorus comes on, Cyrus appears shaking in the backseat of a limousine, costumed in a low-cut gold halter top, black hot pants, a black jacket with shoulder pads, and big hair. Once arrived at the mansion party, she is first seen dancing on top of a big, wooden table. In continuing after, Cyrus dances with multiple people on the dance floor. Cut-scenes feature Cyrus in all prior scenes or dancing with others in the mansion's study. The video finishes with Cyrus back in her bedroom, once again waking up.

"Every Rose Has Its Thorn" is Cyrus' third single. It was a single on June 11th, 2011. It was made by Poison in 1988. Miley's version is one minute and 29 seconds shorter than Poison's official song. Hollywood Records released Cyrus' cover in June 2011, and a music video was created and released in 2010.
Brélidy

**Brélidy** is a commune. It is found in the region Bretagne in the Côtes-d'Armor department in the west of France.
Bringolo

**Bringolo** is a commune. It is found in the region Bretagne in the Côtes-d'Armor department in the west of France.
Broons

**Broons** is a commune. It is found in the region Bretagne in the Côtes-d'Armor department in the west of France.

## Sister city

Broons is twinned with:
- Neufahrn in Niederbayern, Germany, since 1971
Brusvily

**Brusvily** is a commune. It is in the region Bretagne in the Côtes-d'Armor department in the west of France.
Bulat-Pestivien

**Bulat-Pestivien** is a commune. It is found in the region Bretagne in the Côtes-d'Armor department in the west of France.

Bulat-Pestivien is twinned with  Ballyferriter (Baile an Fheirtéaraigh), Ireland, since 1992.
Calanhel

**Calanhel** is a commune. It is in Bretagne in the Côtes-d'Armor department in west France.
Callac

**Callac** is a commune. It is found in the region Bretagne in the Côtes-d'Armor department in the west of France.
Ploumanac'h

**Ploumanac'h** is a village in the commune of Perros-Guirec. It is in the region Bretagne in the Côtes-d'Armor department in the west of France.
Castleton

**Castleton** is the name of several places in the world:

In England:
- Castleton, Derbyshire
- Castleton, Dorset
- Castleton, Greater Manchester
- Castleton, North Yorkshire

In Scotland:
- Castleton, Scottish Borders, Roxburghshire
- Castleton, Angus, a village

In Wales:
- Castleton, Newport

In the United States:
- Castleton, Indiana, a neighborhood (formerly a separate small town) in Indianapolis
- Castleton Square, a large mall in Castleton, Indiana
- Castleton, Kansas
- Castleton, Maryland
- Castleton Township, Michigan
- Castleton, Staten Island, in New York City
- Castleton-on-Hudson, New York, in Rensselaer County
- Castleton, Utah, a ghost town
- Castleton Tower, Moab, Utah
- Castleton, Vermont
- Castleton State College
- Castleton, Virginia

In Canada:
- Castleton, Ontario
George Turner (artist)

**George Turner** (2 April 1841 – 29 Mar 1910) was an English landscape artist and farmer. He was also called "Derbyshire's John Constable".

## Life and work

Turner was born in Cromford, Derbyshire in England, then moved to Derby with his family. His father Thomas Turner was a tailer and favoured art works, so he adviced his son to learn art and music. Turner made progress mainly by himself, and became a professional painter and art teacher.

Turner lived in Derbyshire all his life. In 1865 he married Eliza Lakin (1837 - 1900), and worked as a part-time farmer raising four children at Walnut farm in Barrow upon Trent.

After Eliza's death in 1900, he moved to Kirk Ireton and later married fellow artist Kate Stevens Smith (1871-1964) - they set up home in Idridgehay, and he died there in 1910. His son William Lakin Turner (1867-1929) also became a famous landscape oil painter.

Most of Turner's paintings are of Derbyshire where he lived. They show old English countryside before the coming of modernization. His work was exhibited in Nottingham and Birmingham. Turner was a member of the Art Committee of Derby Art Gallery and the city has both his and his son's paintings.

## Further reading

- Long, Frederick J. _George Turner the Derbyshire Artist, 1841-1910_ (1995)

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: George Turner
- **image**: GeorgeTurner the artist.jpg
- **caption**: from the Keene studios
- **birth date**: 2 April, 1841
- **birth place**: Cromford
- **death date**: 29 Mar, 1910
- **occupation**: Landscape painter
- **spouse**: Eliza Lakin
Kate Stevens Smith
- **children**: yes
- **nationality**: United Kingdom, British
Peace of Münster

The **Peace of Münster** is part of the Peace of Westphalia. It is the document which ends the Eighty Years' War between Spain and the Netherlands with Spain's recognition of Dutch independence.
Dayton (disambiguation)

**Dayton** is a city in and the county seat of Montgomery County, Ohio, United States.

**Dayton** may also refer to:

### Australia

- Dayton, Western Australia

### Canada

- Dayton, Nova Scotia

### United States

- Dayton, Alabama
- Dayton, California, in Butte County
- Dayton, Idaho
- Dayton, Henry County, Illinois
- Dayton, LaSalle County, Illinois
- Dayton, Indiana
- Dayton, Iowa
- Dayton, Kentucky
- Dayton, Maine
- Dayton, Maryland
- Dayton, Berrien County, Michigan
- Dayton, Tuscola County, Michigan or Daytona Station
- Dayton, Minnesota
- Dayton, Missouri
- Dayton, Montana
- Dayton, Nevada
- Dayton, Newark, New Jersey, a neighborhood
- Dayton, New Jersey
- Dayton, New York
- Dayton, Oregon
- Dayton, Pennsylvania
- Dayton, Tennessee, site of the 1925 Scopes Trial
- Dayton, Texas
- Dayton, Virginia
- Dayton, Washington
- Dayton, Green County, Wisconsin, an unincorporated community
- Dayton, Richland County, Wisconsin, a town
- Dayton, Waupaca County, Wisconsin, a town
- Dayton, Wyoming
- Fort Dayton, built in the Mohawk Valley in 1776 by Elias Dayton

## Other uses

- Dayton (name), a given name and surname
- Dayton (band), a funk band formed in Dayton, Ohio
- Dayton (RTD), a transit station in Aurora, Colorado
- USS _Dayton_ (CL-78) or USS _Monterey_ (CVL-26), an aircraft carrier
- USS _Dayton_ (CL-105), a light cruiser
- University of Dayton, a university in Dayton, Ohio
- Dayton's, a defunct Minneapolis-based department store chain
- Dayton Wire Wheels, an after-market wheels manufacturer

## Related articles

- 2019 Dayton shooting
- Dayton Agreement, or Dayton Peace Accord (ending the Bosnian War in 1995)
- Dayton Mall, a mall in Miami Township, Montgomery County, Ohio
- Dayton Township (disambiguation), multiple places
- Daytona (disambiguation)
Calorguen

**Calorguen** is a commune. It is found in the region Bretagne in the Côtes-d'Armor department in the west of France.
Perros-Guirec

**Perros-Guirec** is a commune. It is found in the region Bretagne in the Côtes-d'Armor department in the west of France.

## Sister cities

Perros-Guirec is twinned with:
- Barr, Bas-Rhin, France
- Quintin, France
- Teignmouth, England

## Related pages

- Ploumanac'h
Trébeurden

**Trébeurden** is a commune. It is found in the region Bretagne in the Côtes-d'Armor department in the west of France.

## Sister cities

Trébeurden is twinned with:
- Vâlcelele, Buzău, Romania, since 1989
- Villanuova sul Clisi, Italy, since 2000
- Newton Ferrers, Devon, England, since 2010
Phase-shift keying

**Phase shift keying** is a way of transmitting information. This is done by modulating the phase of a carrier wave. In such a system, the amplitude of the wave does not carry any information; all information is present in the phase of the signal. In many cases, this allows to better use the bandwidth available.

If we think of a wave as a wiggly line, (like a sine wave), wiggling a specific number of times a second, and we can change at which part of the wiggle it is in. Say if it is at the top of its wiggle, and we immediately change it to the bottom of its wiggle, this is called a phase shift. We can use that change to carry information.

By either changing or not changing the wave every time it gets to the top of its wiggle, we can send either ones or zeros. This is called Binary Phase Shift Keying. If we change the phase of the wave as it reaches the top, we can have this represent a 1. If we don't change it at the top, we can have this represent a 0. We can use a computer and a radio to turn text into a wave like this and then send it. A radio and a computer listening to this wave changing or not changing can figure out the original message being sent and turn it back into text.

Binary Phase Shift Keying can be used to send computer data across radio waves quite efficiently. Certain Wireless LAN standards use Phase-shift keying, which they sometimes couple with Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing, to get higher data rates.
Jejomar Binay

**Jejomar "Jojo" Cabauatan Binay** (born November 11, 1942), also known as Jojo Binay or VNay, is a Filipino politician. He previously served as the 15th Vice President of the Philippines from June 30, 2010 to June 30, 2016. Before he became vice president, he was Mayor of Makati City from 1986 to 1998 and again from 2001 to 2010.

He ran for President in 2016, but lost to Rodrigo Duterte.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **honorific-prefix**: His Excellency
- **name**: Jejomar Binay
- **image**: Philippine Vice-President Jejomar Binay.jpg
- **alt**: Jejomar Binay
- **office**: 13th Vice President of the Philippines
- **president**: Benigno Aquino III
- **term start**: June 30, 2010
- **term end**: June 30, 2016
- **predecessor**: Noli de Castro
- **successor**: Leni Robredo
- **office1**: Mayor of Makati
- **deputy1**: Ernesto Mercado
- **term start1**: June 30, 2001
- **term end1**: June 30, 2010
- **predecessor1**: Elenita Binay
- **successor1**: Jejomar Binay Jr.
- **term start2**: February 2, 1988
- **term end2**: June 30, 1998
- **predecessor2**: Sergio Santos
- **successor2**: Elenita Binay
- **term start3**: February 27, 1986
- **term end3**: December 31, 1987
- **predecessor3**: Nemesio Yabut
- **successor3**: Sergio Santos
- **office4**: Chairman of the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority, Chairman of the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority
- **term start4**: June 30, 1998
- **term end4**: January 20, 2001
- **predecessor4**: Prospero Oreta
- **successor4**: Benjamin Abalos
- **office5**: Chairman of the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority, Chairman of the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority, Metropolitan Manila Authority
- **term start5**: January 1990
- **term end5**: June 30, 1991
- **predecessor5**: _Office created_
- **successor5**: Ignacio Bunye
- **office6**: Acting Governor of Metro Manila
- **term start6**: 1987
- **term end6**: 1988
- **predecessor6**: Joey Lina (acting)
- **successor6**: Elfren Cruz (acting)
- **office7**: Chairman of Housing and Urban Development Coordinating Council (Philippines), Housing and Urban Development Coordinating Council
- **term start7**: June 30, 2010
- **term end7**: June 25, 2015
- **president7**: Benigno Aquino III
- **predecessor7**: Noli de Castro
- **successor7**: Leni Robredo
- **birth name**: Jesus Jose Cabauatan Binay
- **birth place**: Paco, Manila, Manila, Philippine Commonwealth
- **party**: Lakas ng Bayan
PDP–Laban
United Nationalist Alliance
- **otherparty**: United Opposition (Philippines), United Opposition
United Nationalist Alliance
- **spouse**: Elenita Binay, Elenita Sombillo
- **children**: 5 (including Nancy Binay, Nancy, Abigail Binay, Abigail and Jejomar Binay Jr., Jejomar Jr.)
- **alma mater**: University of the Philippines Diliman, University of the Philippines, Diliman <small>(Bachelor of Arts, BA, Bachelor of Laws, LLB)</small>
National Defense College of the Philippines
Philippine Christian University <small>(Master of Arts, MA)</small>
University of the Philippines Open University <small>(Dip)</small>
Loudéac

**Loudéac** is a commune. It is found in the region Bretagne in the Côtes-d'Armor department in the west of France.

## Sister city

Loudéac is twinned with:
- Büdingen, Germany
Plérin

**Plérin** is a commune. It is found in the region Bretagne in the Côtes-d'Armor department in the west of France.

## Sister cities

- Herzogenrath, Germany
- Cookstown, Northern Ireland
- Wronki, Poland
Erquy

**Erquy** is a commune. It is found in the region Bretagne in the Côtes-d'Armor department in the west of France.

## Sister city

Erquy is twinned with:
- Oupeye, Belgium, since 1978.
Lamballe

**Lamballe** is a former commune. It is found in the region Bretagne in the Côtes-d'Armor department in the west of France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune of Lamballe-Armor.

## Sister city

Lamballe is twinned with:
- Oliveira do Bairro, Portugal, since 1998
Quintin

**Quintin** is a commune. It is found in the region Bretagne in the Côtes-d'Armor department in the west of France.

## Sister city

Quintin is twinned with:
- Perros-Guirec, France
Paimpol

**Paimpol** is a commune. It is found in the region Bretagne in the Côtes-d'Armor department in the west of France.

## Twin towns

Paimpol is twinned with:

- Grundarfjörður, Iceland
- Romsey, United Kingdom
- Vermilion, United States
Milparinka, New South Wales

**Milparinka** is a very small town in New South Wales, Australia. About ten people live in Milparinka, which is about 296 kilometres north of Broken Hill. It is built beside a waterhole on Evelyn Creek, named by the explorer Charles Sturt after his wife in 1844. Sturt and his group had been trapped at a waterhole they called Depot Glen nearby on Preservation Creek for seven months while they waited for rain.

Gold was found at Milparinka, which became the centre for the Albert Goldfields in the 1880s. Two other nearby gold towns, Albert and Mount Browne, were abandoned because of the lack of water. During the peak of the goldrush, Milparinka had a population of more than 3000 people. By 1893 most people had left. Today there are only a few buildings left, the hotel, the courthouse, police station, and the remains of the post office.

The courthouse was built of local sandstone in 1896. The final court session was in 1921. The building has been restored and is used as a local museum.

## Other websites

- Milparinka Archaeology

## Infobox (australian place)

- **type**: town
- **name**: Milparinka
- **state**: nsw
- **image**: Milparinka pano1.jpg
- **caption**: Historic buildings at Milparinka
- **pop**: 77
- **dist1**: 250
- **dir1**: N
- **location1**: Broken Hill, New South Wales
- **dist2**: 40
- **dir2**: S
- **location2**: Tibooburra, New South Wales
- **lga**: Unincorporated Far West Region
- **county**: Evelyn County, New South Wales, Evelyn
- **stategov**: Electoral district of Barwon, Barwon
- **fedgov**: Division of Farrer, Farrer
- **mintemp**: 6
- **est**: 1880
Skin cancer

**Skin cancer** is the term that is used for all bad forms of growth of the skin. In everyday use, people often talk about melanoma, but there are other forms of skin cancer, too. These are usually named after the type of cell that grows uncontrollably. Most skin cancers develop in the epidermis. Very often a tumor can be seen, so it is often possible to detect skin cancer at an early stage. Very few people with skin cancer will die of the disease., though it can be disfiguring. Melanoma survival rates are poorer than for non-melanoma skin cancer, although when melanoma is diagnosed at an early stage, treatment is easier and more people survive.

Skin cancer is the most commonly diagnosed type of cancer. Melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers combined are more common than lung, breast, colorectal, and prostate cancer. Melanoma is less common than both basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, but it is the most serious — for example, in the UK there were over 11,700 new cases of melanoma in 2008, and over 2,000 deaths. It is the second most common cancer in young adults aged 15–34 in the UK.  Most cases are caused by over-exposure to UV rays from the sun or sunbeds.

Non-melanoma skin cancers are the most common skin cancers.  The majority of these are basal cell carcinomas.  These are usually small spot growths caused by too much exposure to the sun over time.  They do not usually spread, and rarely kill.

## Types

|Cancer|Description|Illustration|
| --- | --- | --- |
|Basal-cell carcinoma|Note the pearly translucency to fleshy color, tiny blood vessels on the surface, and sometime ulceration which can be characteristics.  The key term is translucency.||
|Squamous-cell skin carcinoma|Commonly presents as a red, crusted, or scaly patch or bump.  Often a very rapid growing tumor.||
|Malignant melanoma|The common appearance is an asymmetrical area, with an irregular border, color variation, and often greater than 6 mm diameter.||
Jafaraki language

**Jafaraki** is a spoken language in the Musakhel District of Balochistan province of Pakistan.  Its intelligibility with Dogri is 80%.

The language Jafaraki mixed vocabulary borrowed mainly from languages like Urdu, Khetrani, Sindhi, Hindi, Saraiki, Turkish, Persian, Pashto, Jatki, Balochi, Punjabi, and Hindko. The language is purported to have originated from the interaction of Sanskrit, which was once spoken in the area, with Pashto. Many of the old place names still in use in Jafaraki are derived from Sanskrit.
Yffiniac

**Yffiniac** is a commune. It is found in the region Bretagne in the Côtes-d'Armor department in the west of France.

## Sister city

Yffiniac is twinned with:
- Wackersberg, Germany

## Born in Yffiniac

Bernard Hinault (1954- )
Moncontour, Côtes-d'Armor

**Moncontour** is a commune. It is found in the region Bretagne in the Côtes-d'Armor department in the west of France.
Ploufragan

**Ploufragan** is a commune. It is found in the region Bretagne in the Côtes-d'Armor department in the west of France.
Beriberi

**Beriberi** (also called **vitamin B1 deficiency**) is a disease of the nervous system. It happens when a person does not get enough thiamine (vitamin B1) in their diet.

Thiamine helps the body turn food into energy.  People need thiamine for good brain function and a healthy liver, skin, hair, and eyes. It also helps the nervous system work properly.

Without enough thiamine, a person’s body cannot create all the energy the person needs.  As a result, people with beriberi have severe lethargy and feel exhausted. Beriberi can also cause muscles to get weaker. These symptoms can make it hard for a person to do simple things.

Some people with beriberi have heart problems or even die. Beriberi can also cause problems with the gastrointestinal system.

Most people get enough vitamin B1 in their regular diet. However, some groups are more likely to get beriberi. These include people who drink a lot of alcohol and people who eat an unhealthy or unbalanced diet, like a diet of mostly white rice.

There are two kinds of beriberi: wet and dry. Wet beriberi mainly affects the cardiovascular system. Dry beriberi affects the nervous system. There is also a rare type of genetic beriberi.

Most of the time, dry beriberi and wet beriberi happen at the same time in the same person. When this takes place, the victim is likely to only get the symptoms of one beriberi.

## Symptoms of dry beriberi

- Difficulty in walking
- Loss of feelings in the hands and feet
- Loss of movement in the legs
- Mental confusion
- Difficulty speaking
- Pain
- Vomiting
- Strange eye movements
- Tingling feelings on the skin

## Symptoms of wet beriberi

- Waking up short of breath
- Swelling of the legs
- Fast heart rate
- Fluid in the lungs
- The heart gets bigger
Île-de-Bréhat

**Île-de-Bréhat** is an island and a commune. It is found in the region Bretagne in the Côtes-d'Armor department in the west of France.
Pontrieux

**Pontrieux** is a commune. It is found in the region Bretagne in the Côtes-d'Armor department in the west of France.
Uzel

**Uzel** is a commune. It is found in the region Bretagne in the Côtes-d'Armor department in the west of France.

## Born in Uzel

- Fulgence Bienvenüe, (1852-1936)
- Alphonse Guépin, (1808-1878)
Hugh Downs

**Hugh Malcolm Downs** (February 14, 1921 – July 1, 2020) was an American radio and television broadcaster, announcer, television host, news anchor, TV producer, author, game show host, and music composer.

For many years, he held the Guinness World Record for the most hours on commercial network television, before Regis Philbin broke his record.

Downs was announcer/sidekick for _Tonight Starring Jack Paar_ from 1957 to 1962, co-host of the NBC News program _Today_ from 1962 to 1971, host of the _Concentration_ game show from 1958 to 1969, and anchor of the ABC News magazine _20/20_ from 1978 to 1999.

Downs was born in Akron, Ohio on February 14, 1921. His career would start in 1945 and since then he had appeared in over 100 television programs and guest star appearances, he retired in 1999. He was married to Ruth Shaheen from 1944 until her death in 2017. They had two children together.

Downs died on July 1, 2020, in Scottsdale, Arizona from heart failure. He was 99.
Dodder

The **Dodder**, ***Cuscuta***, is a genus of about 100–170 species of parasitic flowering plants.

Recent genetic research has shown that it is correctly placed in the morning glory family, Convolvulaceae.

The genus is found throughout the temperate and tropical regions of the world. Most species live in subtropical and tropical regions. The genus is rare in cool temperate climates, with only four species native to northern Europe.

## Appearance

Dodder can be identified by its thin stems. They look leafless, with the leaves reduced to minute scales.

From mid-summer to early autumn, the vines can produce small fruit that take the same color as the vine, and are about the size of a common pea.  It has very low levels of chlorophyll; some species, such as _Cuscuta reflexa_, can photosynthesize slightly. Others such as _C. europaea_ are entirely dependent on the host plants for nutrition.

Dodder flowers range in color from white to pink to yellow to cream. Some flower in the early summer, others later, depending on the species. The seeds are tiny, and produced in large amounts. They have a hard coating, and can survive in the soil for 5–10 years or more.

## Life habit

Dodder seeds sprout at or near the surface of the soil.  Germination occurs without a host, but the seedling must reach a green plant quickly. Dodder grows toward the smell of nearby plants.

If a plant is not reached within 5 to 10 days of germination, the dodder seedling will die. Before a host plant is reached, the dodder, as other plants, relies on food reserves in the embryo; the cotyledons are very small.

## Parasitism

After a dodder attaches itself to a plant, it wraps itself around it. If the host contains food useful to dodder, the dodder produces 'haustoria' that insert themselves into the host. The original root of the dodder in the soil then dies.

The dodder can grow and attach itself to multiple plants. In tropical areas it can grow continuously, and may reach high into the canopy of shrubs and trees. In temperate climates it is an annual plant, restricted to low vegetation that can be reached by new seedlings each spring.

Dodder is parasitic on a very wide variety of plants, including a number of agricultural and horticultural crop species, such as alfalfa, flax, clover, potatoes, chrysanthemum, dahlia, trumpet vine, ivy and petunias, among others.
Kangaroo Island

**Kangaroo Island** is Australia's third-largest island after Tasmania and Melville Island.

It is  southwest of Adelaide in the state of South Australia.

At its closest point to the mainland, it is  offshore from Cape Jervis.

The island is  long and between  and  wide, its area covering . Its coastline is  long and highest altitude is .

## Wildlife and its protection

More than half of the island has never been cleared of vegetation, and a quarter of it is conserved in National Parks, Conservation Parks, and five Wilderness Protection Areas. The main protected areas are:
- Flinders Chase National Park
- Seal Bay Conservation Park
- Cape Gantheaume Conservation Park
- Cape Bouguer Wilderness Protection Area
- Ravine des Casoars Wilderness Protection Area

Because of its isolation from mainland Australia, foxes and rabbits are not there. People are forbidden to bring them into the island. Registration and microchipping of cats is compulsory.

The Kangaroo Island kangaroo, Rosenberg's sand goanna, southern brown bandicoot, Tammar wallaby, common brushtail possum, short-beaked Echidna and New Zealand fur seal are native to the island, as well as six bat and frog species. The sole endemic (found nowhere else) vertebrate species is a small marsupial carnivore called the Kangaroo Island dunnart. The koala, common ringtail possum and _Platypus_ have been introduced and still survive there. Kangaroo Island had a native species of emu, the Kangaroo Island emu which became extinct between 1802 and official European settlement in 1836. Perhaps this was caused by bushfires or hunting by sealers or whalers.

The introduced koalas have flourished so well on the island that their preferred food source, the manna gum tree, is at risk of local extinction. Koalas have recently been forced to turn to other, less tasty, plants. Park Management has been searching for a solution.

## Tourism

The island is a major tourist attraction.
J. B. Priestley

**John Boynton Priestley** OM (13 September 1894 – 14 August 1984)  was born in Bradford and died in Stratford-upon-Avon. He was an English novelist, playwright and broadcaster Generally, he is known as **J.B. Priestley**. He published 26 novels. His best-known works include _The Good Companions_ (1929) and _An Inspector Calls_ (1946) which were two of his many many creations including his characters. He also wrote social and literary criticism.
Southampton Central railway station

**Southampton Central railway station** is the main train station in Southampton. It is served by First Great Western, South West Trains, CrossCountry & Southern.

It has services terminating for Portsmouth and Southsea, Great Malvern, London Waterloo, Newcastle and other services.
Saint-Quay-Portrieux

**Saint-Quay-Portrieux** is a commune. It is found in the region Bretagne in the Côtes-d'Armor department in the west of France.
Langueux

**Langueux** is a commune. It is found in the region Bretagne in the Côtes-d'Armor department in the west of France.

## Sister cities

Langueux is twinned with:
- Wadebridge, UK, since 1990
- Mareth, Tunisia, since 1997
Rostrenen

**Rostrenen** is a commune. It is found in the region Bretagne in the Côtes-d'Armor department in the west of France.

## Sister city

Rostrenen is twinned with:
- Kanturk, Ireland, since 1989.
Arriva Trains Wales

**Arriva Trains Wales** () was a train operating company, owned by Arriva, that operated passenger services in Wales and the Welsh Marches. Its busiest stations were ,  and . Other stations on their main line included: , ,  and .

## Description

The company operates the Wales and Border railway franchise from the company of the same name in December 2003. They have made direct services between North and South Wales, and the reintroduction of passenger services on freight-only portions of the Vale of Glamorgan Line and Ebbw Vale Line.

It operates on a gauge of 1435 mm, over a route length: 1691 km, with 253 DMU cars and 22 passenger coaches.

Arriva Trains Wales operated almost all services in Wales, with the exception of:

- / to London Paddington (First Great Western)
- to  and  (First Great Western)
- to  and  (CrossCountry)
- //Wrexham General to London Euston (Virgin Trains)

## Other websites

- Arriva Trains Wales official website

## Infobox (rail company)

- **name**: Arriva Trains Wales
- **image**: Hugh llewelyn 175 003 (6453646265).jpg
- **caption**: British Rail Class 175, Class 175 _Coradia 1000_ at Cardiff Central in 2009
- **franchise**: Wales & Borders franchise, Wales & Borders
7 December 2003 –
13 October 2018
- **logo filename**: Arriva Trains Wales logo.svg
- **logo size**: 275px
- **regions**: Wales
- **abbr**: AW
- **secregions**: North West England, North West
West Midlands (region), West Midlands
South West England, South West
- **fleet**: 125 units
3 locomotive hauled sets
- **stationsop**: 247
- **parent company**: Arriva UK Trains
- **website**: [https://web.archive.org/web/20181013031113/https://www.arrivatrainswales.co.uk/ www.arrivatrains.co.uk]
- **predecessor**: Wales and Borders
- **successor**: KeolisAmey Wales
Abhar

**Abhar** is a  city in Zanjan province, northwestern Iran. In the year 2006 there were 55,266 people living there.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Abhar
- **native name**: ابهر
- **pushpin map**: Iran
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Provinces of Iran, Province
- **subdivision name1**: Zanjan Province, Zanjan
- **subdivision type2**: Counties of Iran, County
- **subdivision name2**: Abhar County
- **population as of**: 2006
- **population note**: Census
- **population total**: 55,266
- **timezone**: Iran Standard Time, IRST
- **utc offset**: +3:30
- **elevation m**: 1534
Colugo

**Colugos**, also known as **Dermopterans**, are gliding mammals in the order **Dermoptera**.

There are two living species, found in south-east Asia. They are also called 'flying lemurs', though they are not lemurs (all lemurs are in Madagascar). They can glide long distances, as they have a thin membrane stretched to the ends of the tail and each limb.

## Life style

Colugos live in the tropical rain forests of southeast Asia. Their diet includes leaves and young shoots. During the day they rest high in the trees, clinging to trunks or hiding in tree holes. At dusk they become active, gliding from trunk to trunk like sheets of paper blown on the wind. The young are carried clinging to the flight membrane.

## Habitat

Colugos range from Burma, Indochina and southern Thailand to peninsular Malaysia, Singapore and the Indonesian islands of Sumatra and Java. They also occur throughout Borneo. A second colugo species inhabits the southern Philippines.
Main battle tank

A **main battle tank** (**MBT**), also called a **battle tank**, is a tank that is used as the most powerful combat vehicle in modern armies. They were made to replace the light, medium and heavy tanks used in World War II with just one tank. Lighter armor made it easier to put bigger guns on tanks without adding weight. Light tanks are still used in places where heavy ones cannot go.

MBT's are the main force in ground fights but get help from other combat vehicles and soldiers who travel in infantry combat vehicles. They also get help from observation or attack aircraft.

### Cold War

Medium tanks were the earliest MBTs. MBTs started replacing medium tanks when guns on medium tanks became powerful enough to win against heavy tanks. Heavy tanks could not carry armor strong enough to win against medium tanks.

The nuclear weapon threat and other anti-tank weapons in the Cold War made countries add more protection to survive in all types of combat. Weapon designers made powerful cannons to defeat the armor.

The British Centurion is generally considered to have been the world’s first main battle tank, although the term was not popularised until long after it entered service.  The British followed this up with the Chieftain main battle tank, which entered service in 1966.  The first Soviet main battle tank was the T-64 and the first American MBT was the M60 Patton. By the late 1970s, MBT's were manufactured by France, West Germany, Britain, India, Japan, the USSR, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United States.

The Soviet Union made MBTs very quickly because it needed them for their type of war. The Soviet Union improved the cannon by replacing the loader crewman with an automatic autoloader. This made the turret smaller which also makes the tank harder to see or hit The Soviet Union made missiles that could be shot much farther than other ammunition.

### Gulf War

After the Cold War, American tanks quickly defeated Iraqi tanks in the Gulf War. The American MBTs were still not as good as attack helicopters at destroying Iraqi tanks. Some people said that the MBTs could not stop an enemy force from attacking.

## Related pages

- Military vehicle#Combat vehicles

## Infobox (weapon)

- **name**: Main battle tank
- **image**: Leopard 2 A5 der Bundeswehr.jpg
- **caption**: German Leopard 2A5 main battle tank.
- **type**: Tank
- **is vehicle**: yes
- **service**: Cold War-now
- **armor**: Composite material or Steel.
- **primary armament**: Tank cannon