juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Canadian Pacific Railway

The **Canadian Pacific Railway** (**CPR**), also known as **CP Rail** (**CP**) was a railway in North America with track in both Canada and the United States. It was built between Eastern Canada and British Columbia between 1881 and 1885. It formerly travelled all the way to Atlantic Canada, but not anymore.

When British Columbia became part of Canada in 1871, one of the promises the federal government made was to link it to the rest of Canada by rail.  Most of the trains that use the CPR carry freight, and the CPR also ran passenger train services until they were taken over by Via Rail in 1978.  For many years, until the airplane was invented, the railway was the only way to move people across the country.  Because of this, it had a big role in the settlement and development of Western Canada.

The company that owns the CPR, **Canadian Pacific Railway Limited**, was once one of the largest and most powerful companies in Canada. It owns more than  of track from Montreal in the east to Vancouver in the west and Edmonton to the north. CP also has track in Minneapolis-Saint Paul, Milwaukee, Detroit, Chicago, and New York City in the United States.

The logo of the CPR company is a beaver, the national animal of Canada, and it has its headquarters in Calgary, Alberta and its U.S. operations are in Kansas City Missouri. It trades on both the Toronto Stock Exchange and the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker CP. In 2023, CP merged with KCS and became CPKC

## Further reading

- The Premier's Funeral (11 June 1891). _The Woodstock Evening Sentinel Review_, p. 1.

## Other websites

- Canadian Pacific Railway official website
- Canadian Railway history and stories
- CPR, from Sea to Sea: The Scottish Connection  — Historical essay, illustrated with photographs from the CPR Archives and the McCord Museum's Notman Photographic Archives
- The Canadian Pacific Railway inception - A rich digital set of unique artifacts, archival and graphic material from the UBC Library Digital Collections
- The Early Chinese Canadians: Working in B.C.: Gold, Railway, Mining, and Salmon
- Royal Canadian Pacific
- , illustrated account of the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: Canadian Pacific Railway
- **logo**: Canadian Pacific Railway logo 2014.svg
- **logo size**: 200px
- **type**: Public company, Public
- **traded as**:

- **industry**: Rail transport
- **location city**: Calgary, Alberta
- **location country**: Canada
- **area served**: Canada
Continental United States, Contiguous United States
- **key people**: Andrew Reardon

Keith Creel
Evin Prison

**Evin Prison** is Iran's most notorious prison.  It is in the foothills of the Alborz Mountains above Tehran.  Some of Iran’s most respected activists and lawyers are imprisoned at Evin.

The prison opened in 1971 to hold political prisoners during the rule of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. The building has space for 320 prisoners. Since the 1979 revolution, it has had 15,000 prisoners.

The prison has a reputation for brutality and torture. It is believed that many people died in this prison from torture.
FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup

The **FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup** is an international beach soccer competition. It is played by the men's national teams of the members of FIFA, the sport's global body of the sport.

The tournament was created in 1995 as the Beach Soccer World Championship. It took place every year for the next decade controlled by Beach Soccer Worldwide. Because the sport was increasing rapidly in popularity and growth, FIFA was interested in controlling the tournament,  they took over and also changed the name to make it a official FIFA tournament. Since 2009, the tournament has taken place every two years.

The most recent edition was held in Espinho, Portugal. Portugal were crowned as  champions for the second time, the first under being controlled by FIFA, after defeating Tahiti 5–3 in the final.
EgyptAir

**EgyptAir** is the flag carrier of Egypt. It began in 1933. Originally, it was named "Misr Airwork". The name was finally changed to EgyptAir in October 1971. The airline was the first from the Middle east to have jet aircraft. In 2008, it joined Star Alliance. EgyptAir suffered heavy losses during the 2011 Egyptian revolution.
Arash Sadeghi

**Arash Sadeghi** (Farsi: آرش صادقی) is an Iranian activist and political prisoner. He started a hunger strike on October 24, 2016 after his wife, Golrokh Ebrahimi Iraee went to prison for an unpublished story on her computer about a woman watching a movie about a stoning. the government promised to let her out of prison until her case was reviewed, but after Sadeghi ended his hunger strike, they took her back to prison.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Arash Sadeghi
- **image**: Arash Sadeghi (3) (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Sadeghi and his wife Golrokh Ebrahimi Iraee
- **birth date**: September 29, 1986
- **known for**: Human rights activism.
- **spouse**: Golrokh Ebrahimi Iraee
Paul Kangas

**Paul Henry Kangas** (April 14, 1937 – February 28, 2017) was an American broadcaster. He was born in Houghton, Michigan. He was the co-anchor of the PBS television program _Nightly Business Report_, a role he held since 1979 through December 31, 2009. He is best known for signing off each NBR broadcast with "I'm Paul Kangas, wishing all of you the best of good buys!" (a pun on "the best of goodbyes").

Kangas died on February 28, 2017 in Miami, Florida from complications of Parkinson's disease and prostate cancer, aged 79.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Paul Kangas
- **caption**: Kangas in 2011
- **birth name**: Paul Henry Kangas
- **birth place**: Houghton, Michigan, U.S.
- **death place**: Miami, Florida, U.S.
- **alma mater**: University of Michigan
- **occupation**: Business broadcaster
- **credits**: Co-anchor of _Nightly Business Report_
Michael Bennet

**Michael Farrand Bennet** (born November 28, 1964) is an American businessman, lawyer, and Democratic politician. He is the senior United States Senator from Colorado. He became a senator when Ken Salazar was appointed Secretary of the Interior.

## Early career

Bennet worked as managing director for the Anschutz Investment Company, chief of staff to then-Denver mayor (and former Colorado Governor) John Hickenlooper, and superintendent of Denver Public Schools.

## Health

On April 3, 2019, Bennet announced that he had been diagnosed with prostate cancer. He had surgery and was later announced cancer-free.

## 2020 presidential campaign

In May 2019, Bennet launched his 2020 campaign for President of the United States. He announced that he would seek the Democratic nomination for president during an interview on _CBS This Morning_. He ended his campaign on February 11, 2020 after a poor performance in the New Hampshire primaries.

## 2026 gubernatorial election

On April 11, 2025, Bennet announced his candidacy for governor of Colorado in the 2026 election.

## Other websites

- Senator Michael F. Bennet official U.S. Senate site
- Michael Bennet for Senator

- Collected news and commentary at _The Denver Post_

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Michael Bennet
- **image**: Senator Mike Bennett (cropped) 2.jpg
- **jr/sr**: United States Senator
- **state**: Colorado
- **alongside**: John Hickenlooper
- **term start**: January 21, 2009
- **predecessor**: Ken Salazar
- **office1**: Superintendent (education), Superintendent of Denver Public Schools
- **term start1**: July 1, 2005
- **term end1**: January 21, 2009
- **predecessor1**: Jerome Wartgow
- **successor1**: Tom Boasberg
- **birth name**: Michael Farrand Bennet
- **birth place**: New Delhi, India
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
- **spouse**: Susan Daggett
- **children**: 3
- **education**: Wesleyan University
Yale University
Huntingdonshire

**Huntingdonshire** was an historic county of England. It is now is a non-metropolitan district of Cambridgeshire. Its council is based in Huntingdon.
Hallopus

***Hallopus*** was a prehistoric crocodylomorph that was classified as a dinosaur in 1881 by Othniel Charles Marsh.
Coronium

**Coronium** was thought to be a chemical element  in 1882. The evidence was a thin green spectrometry line in the solar corona. In 1930, it was proved that it did not exist. The green line was just highly ionized iron, (Fe<sup>13+</sup>), which is now called coronium.
Continental margin

The **continental margin** is the zone of the ocean floor that separates the thin oceanic crust from thick continental crust. Together, the continental shelf, continental slope, and continental rise are called the continental margin. Continental margins are about 28% of the oceanic area.
Nyctibatrachus

***Nyctibatrachus*** is a genus of frogs endemic to the Western Ghats of southwestern India. Their common name is **night frogs**. Their scientific name also means "night frog".

These frogs are quite common, and researchers think this has been overlooked because of their small size. They are indeed extremely small, and can sit on a coin or a fingernail. However, they are not so small as _Paedophryne_, which is the smallest land vertebrate.
Igor Sychev

**Igor Sychev** is a Kazakh blogger and a political prisoner.  He received international attention when he went to prison over an online poll about whether Kazakhstan should join Russia in the same way as Crimea in Ukraine.

Sychev is an ethnic Russian from a former Russian area in the east of Kazakhstan.  It has a majority of ethnic Russian people.  Sychev was the administrator of VKontakte, a popular Russian social networking site. On November 18, 2015, he was sentenced to 5 years in prison. Sychev said he did not put up the poll, and he took it down after he received complaints.

Synchev was convicted under a new law, passed in 2015, that prohibits calling for separatism. In January 2017, Sychev's sentence was upheld on appeal.

The International Partnership for Human Rights (IPHR) and Kazakhstan International Bureau for Human Rights and Rule of Law (KIBHR) asked the EU to support Sychev and other victims of free speech violations.
Anne Kristin Sydnes

**Anne Kristin Sydnes** (13 May 1956 – 3 March 2017) was a Norwegian politician. She was a member of the Labour Party. She served as the Minister of International Development from 2000 to 2001. She was married to Jan Egeland.

Sydnes died after a long illness on 3 March 2017, at the age of 60.
Jhulelal (Hinduism)

**Jhulelal** (Sindhi:جهوللال), Kutchi: ઝૂલેલાલ) is the _Ishta Dev_ (community God) of Sindhi people. His birthday _Cheti Chand_ falls on the second day of the Chaitra month. It is auspicious for Sindhis and celebrated all over the world.
HaBayit HaYehudi

**HaBayit HaYehudi**, Hebrew: הבית היהודי , meaning _The Jewish Home_ (often called like that), is an Israeli political party.

Its ideology is (far) right-wing conservative liberal, nationalist, Modern Orthodox Jewish, and Religious Zionist.

Political leader is Rafi Peretz.

HaBayit HaYehudi was founded in 2008 as a result of a merger of three parties but in fact it is the successor of Mafdal (National Religious Party).

Number of seats in the 23rd Knesset: 1 (-1).

Participating in the Fourth Netanyahu Government and the Netanyahu-Gantz Government.
Religious Zionism

**Religious Zionism** (Hebrew: ציונות דתית - _Tziyonut Datit_) is a branch of Zionism. It is a combination of Zionism and Judaism.

## Ideas

Religious Zionists are in favour of a State of Israel, that is mainly populated by Jews and dominated by Judaism. In their view, the State of Israel should encompass the entire Land of Israel (_Eretz Yisrael_). This includes the so-called Palestinian territories (West Bank, Gaza Strip) and also the Golan Heights.

## Influence

Religious Zionism dominates Modern Orthodox Judaism in Israel. Politically Religious Zionists can especially be found in HaBayit HaYehudi (The Jewish Home) but also in HaLikud.
Yesh Atid

**Yesh Atid** () is an Israeli political party.

## Background

The Yesh Atid was founded in 2012.

## Ideology

The party is centrist, Zionist, secular and social liberal. The party's leader is Yair Lapid, who was the Prime Minister of Israel from July 2022 to December 2022.

## Today

The party's number of seats in the 25th Knesset: 24 (+7). It was part of the Bennett-Lapid Government.
Qantas Flight 32

**Qantas Flight 32** was a passenger flight from London to Sydney via Singapore operated by an Airbus A380. On November 4, 2010 the plane suffered an engine failure over Indonesia, but the plane made an emergency landing at Singapore Changi Airport with no loss of life to the 469 people onboard.
Toll-free telephone number

A **toll-free telephone number** is a telephone number in which the person who owns that telephone number is charged for calls that come to them, rather than the person making the call to that number being charged. These numbers usually begin with "1-800" in North America (800 being the area code under the North American Numbering Plan), but are different around the rest of the world.

They are not to be confused with "collect calls", which are made when the person making the call does not want to have to pay their telephone company to make it. In this case, the person receiving the call has to agree to be charged for that call, while those owning toll-free numbers already agree to being charged for incoming calls.
Rhys Wesser

**Rhys Joseph Wesser** (born 31 March 1979) is an Australian former professional rugby league player. He played in the National Rugby League (NRL) between 1998 and 2011. He was best known for playing for the Penrith Panthers, winning the 2003 premiership with them. He later played for the South Sydney Rabbitohs. He scored 129 total club tries in his career.

Wesser was born in Rockhampton, Queensland. He is of Indigenous Australian ancestry.

## Other websites

- Rhys Wesser at the Rugby League Project
Ayer, Switzerland

**Ayer** is a village and former municipality in the district of Sierre in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2009, the former municipalities of Ayer, Chandolin, Grimentz, Saint-Jean, Saint-Luc and Vissoie merged into the new municipality of Anniviers.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Ayer
- **municipality name**: Ayer
- **municipality type**: former
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Ayer COA.svg
- **languages**: French
- **canton**: Valais
- **iso-code-region**: CH-VS
- **district**: Sierre (district), Sierre
- **postal code**: 3961
- **municipality code**: 6231
- **area**: 119.1
- **elevation**: 1476
- **population**: 668
- **populationof**: Dec 2002
- **popofyear**: 2002
- **website**: www.zinal.ch
- **places**: Zinal
- **neighboring municipalities**: Evolène, Grimentz, Oberems, Switzerland, Oberems, Randa, Switzerland, Randa, Saint-Jean, Switzerland, Saint-Jean, Saint-Luc, Switzerland, Saint-Luc, Täsch, Vissoie, Zermatt
- **twintowns**: Montferrier-sur-Lez (France)
Stephen Kearney

**Stephen Peter Kearney**  (born 11 June 1972) is a New Zealand professional rugby league coach and former player. He was the head coach of the National Rugby League (NRL) New Zealand Warriors from 2017 to 2020. He has also been head coach of the New Zealand national team and the Parramatta Eels. He also played for the Warriors and Melbourne Storm in the 1990s and 2000s.

Kearney was born in Paraparaumu, North Island. He is Māori.

## Other websites

- Stephen Kearney at Rugby League Project
Arthur Beetson

**Arthur Henry** "**Artie**" **Beetson**  (22 January 1945 – 1 December 2011) was an Australian rugby league player and coach. He played between the 1960s and 1981. He was known for playing for Easts and captaining Australia. He also played for Queensland and the Parramatta Eels. He was the first Indigenous Australian to captain his country in any sport.

Beetson was born in Roma, Queensland. His mother was a member of the Stolen Generation.

Beetson died from a heart attack on 1 December 2011 on the Gold Coast, Queensland. He was 66.

## Other websites

- Arthur Beetson at the Rugby League Project
Elisabeth Lichtenberger

**Elisabeth Lichtenberger** (17 February 1925 – 14 February 2017) was an Austrian geographer. She taught at the University of Vienna. She was born in Vienna. She was awarded the Austrian Decoration for Science and Art in 1999.

She was elected a member of the Academia Europaea in 1991.

Lichtenberger died on 14 February 2017 in Vienna, aged 91.
Boaz Vaadia

**Boaz Vaadia** (November 13, 1951 – February 25, 2017) was an Israeli-American artist and sculptor. He was born in Gat Rimon, Israel. He worked primarily in stone and later by casting in bronze. He said that his work is based on the power of natural materials and the relation of human beings to that power.

Vaadia died in Brooklyn, New York from pancreatic cancer on February 25, 2017, aged 65. He was survived by his wife Kim and two daughters.

## Other websites

- New York Times - Neighborhood Report
- DeCordova Sculpture Park
- International Sculpture Center
- ArtNews Biography
Howard Schmidt

**Howard Anthony Schmidt** (October 5, 1949 – March 2, 2017) was an American cyber security expert and partner with Tom Ridge in Ridge Schmidt Cyber LLC, a consultancy company in the field of cybersecurity.

He was the Cyber-Security Coordinator of the Obama Administration, operating in the Executive Office of the President of the United States. He announced his retirement from that position on May 17, 2012, effective at the end of the month.

Schmidt died in Muskego, Wisconsin on March 2, 2017 from brain cancer, aged 67.

## Infobox (politician)

- **name**: Howard Schmidt
- **image**: Howard Schmidt.jpg
- **image size**: 250px
- **office**: Cyber Security Coordinator of the Obama Administration
- **term start**: January 20, 2009
- **term end**: May 31, 2012
- **president**: Barack Obama
- **successor**: Michael Daniel
- **birth name**: Howard Anthony Schmidt
- **birth date**: October 5, 1949
- **birth place**: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- **death date**: March 2, 2017 (aged 67)
- **death place**: Muskego, Wisconsin
- **occupation**: Computer Security Specialist
- **spouse**: Raemarie Schmidt
- **children**: Four grown sons, 8 Grandchildren
- **alma mater**: University of Phoenix <small>(Bachelor of Science, B.S./Master of Arts, M.A.)</small>
Paula Fox

**Paula Fox** (April 22, 1923 – March 1, 2017) was an American author of novels for adults and children and of two memoirs. For her contributions as a children's writer she won the biennial, international Hans Christian Andersen Award in 1978, the highest international recognition for a creator of children's books. She was born in New York City.

She also won several awards for particular children's books including the 1974 Newbery Medal for her novel _The Slave Dancer_; a 1983 National Book Award in category Children's Fiction (paperback) for _A Place Apart_; and the 2008 Deutscher Jugendliteraturpreis for _A Portrait of Ivan_ (1969) in its German-language edition _Ein Bild von Ivan_.

Fox died at age 93 at a hospital in Brooklyn from congestive heart failure on March 1, 2017.

## Other websites

- Interview by Ramona Koval for The Book Show on ABC Radio National (July 29, 2004).
- Interview with short biography by Jesse Lichtenstein for _Loggernaut_ (no date)
- The Rumpus Long Interview with Paula Fox by Greg Gerke (January 24, 2010)
Míriam Colón

**Míriam Colón** (born **Míriam Colón Valle**; August 20, 1936 – March 3, 2017) was a Puerto Rican actress. She was the founder and director of the Puerto Rican Traveling Theater in New York City. She was born in Ponce, Puerto Rico.

Colón was known for her roles as Georgina Montana in _Scarface_ (1983), Maria in _Gloria_ (1999), and as Mercedes in _Goal!_ (2005).

Colón died on March 3, 2017 from complications of a lung infection in New York City, aged 80.

## Other websites

- Miriam Colón bio  at the Internet Off-Broadway Database
- The Puerto Rican Traveling Theater
- Miriam Colon's Interview on NBC Latino
Misha Mengelberg

**Misha Mengelberg** (5 June 1935 – 3 March 2017) was a Dutch jazz pianist and composer. He won the Gaudeamus International Composers Award in 1961.

Mengelberg died in Amsterdam on 3 March 2017, aged 81.

## Solo albums

- 1979: _Pech Onderweg_ (BV Haast)
- 1982: _Musica Per 17 Instrumenti / 3 Intermezzi /Omtrent Een Componistenactie_ Composer's Voice
- 1994: _Impromptus_ (FMP)
- 1997: _Misha Mengelberg_ (I Dischi Di Angelica)
- 1997: _The Root Of The Problem_ (hatOLOGY)
- 1999: _Two Days In Chicago_ (hatOLOGY)
- 2000: _Solo_ (Buzz)
- 2005: _Senne Sing Song_ (Tzadik)

## Other websites

- 1996 Mengelberg interview conducted by Dan Warburton
- Discography from the European Free Improvisation Pages
- ICP Orchestra Homepage
- FMP releases

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Misha Mengelberg
- **image**: Misha Mengelberg 1985.jpg
- **caption**: Mengelberg in 1985
- **background**: non_vocal_instrumentalist
- **birth place**: Kiev, Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union, USSR
- **death place**: Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- **genre**: Jazz
- **occupation**: Musician, composer
- **instrument**: Piano
Chalais, Switzerland

**Chalais** is a municipality of the district of Sierre in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official website of Chalais

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Chalais
- **municipality name**: Chalais
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Chalais COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Chalais.png
- **languages**: French
- **canton**: Valais
- **iso-code-region**: CH-VS
- **district**: Sierre (district), Sierre
- **postal code**: 3966
- **municipality code**: 6232
- **area**: 24.5
- **elevation**: 557
- **population**: 2650
- **populationof**: Dec 2002
- **website**: www.chalais.ch
- **mayor**: Alain Perruchoud
- **places**: Briey, Chalais, Réchy and Vercorin
- **neighboring municipalities**: Chandolin, Chippis, Grône, Saint-Jean, Switzerland, Saint-Jean, Saint-Luc, Switzerland, Saint-Luc, Sierre
Chandolin

**Chandolin** is a village in the  municipality of Anniviers in the district of Sierre in the canton of Valais in Switzerland. Until 2009 it was a municipality.

## History

On 1 January 2009, the former municipalities of Chandolin, Ayer, Grimentz, Saint-Jean, Saint-Luc and Vissoie merged into the new municipality of Anniviers.

## Culture

It has at least one museum: the Ella Maillart Museum previously was the home of travel writer Ella Maillart (en:).

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Chandolin
- **image photo**: Chandolin.jpg
- **image caption**: Chandolin
- **municipality name**: Chandolin
- **municipality type**: former
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Chandolin COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Chandolin.png
- **languages**: French
- **canton**: Valais
- **iso-code-region**: CH-VS
- **district**: Sierre (district), Sierre
- **postal code**: 1965
- **municipality code**: 6233
- **area**: 16.7
- **elevation**: 1936
- **population**: 82
- **populationof**: Dec 2002
- **website**: www.chandolin.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Agarn, Chalais, Switzerland, Chalais, Leuk, Saint-Jean, Switzerland, Saint-Jean, Saint-Luc, Switzerland, Saint-Luc, Salgesch, Sierre, Vissoie
Pierre Guénin

**Pierre Guénin** (19 February 1927 – 1 March 2017) was a French journalist and gay rights activist. He was an early publisher of LGBT magazines in the late 1960s and the 1970s. He founded LGBT movie awards in France and the Prix Pierre Guénin for LGBT activists. He was also a journalist for _Cinémonde_.

Guénin was born in Étampes, France on 19 February 1927. He founded Editions S.A.N., a publisher of LGBT magazines, in 1967. He was also the founding editor of _Eden_ and _Olympe_, whose writings were forbidden under President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing in 1978.

Guénin died in Paris on 1 March 2017 from complications from pneumonia. He was 90.
Edi Fitzroy

**Fitzroy Edwards** (17 November 1955 – 4 March 2017), better known by his stage name **Edi Fitzroy**, was a Jamaican reggae singer-songwriter. His career began in 1975 but best known for his work in the dancehall era. He was known for his songs "Miss Molly Colly" and "Deep in Mi Culture". He has been a regular performer at annual Peter Tosh memorial concerts in Jamaica.

## Personal life

Fitzroy was born in Chapelton, Clarendon Parish, Jamaica. He studied at Chapelton All-Age and Clarendon College. Fitzroy was a Rastafarian, stating that he has been "from birth".

Fitzroy died on 4 March 2017 at a hospital in May Pen, Claredon Parish, Jamaica, aged 62.

## Songs

- _Youthman Penitentiary_ (1982), Alligator
- _Check For You Once_ (1982), Musical Ambassador
- _Coming Up Strong_ (1984), Musical Ambassador
- _Eclipse_ (1987), RAS
- _Pollution_ (1990), VP
- _Deep in Mi Culture_ (1993), Henry K
- _We a Lion_ (2000)
- _Hold the Vibes_ (2006), King Step
- Compilations:
- _First Class Citizen_ (2001), Musical Ambassador
- _The Best Of Edi Fitzroy Featuring Sly and Robbie and The Roots Radics_ (2010), Musical Ambassador

## Other websites

- Edi Fitzroy on Myspace

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Edi Fitzroy
- **image**: EdiFitzroy.jpg
- **caption**: Fitzroy in 2011
- **landscape**: yes
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Fitzroy Edwards
- **birth date**: 17 November 1955
- **birth place**: Chapelton, Jamaica, Chapelton, Clarendon Parish, Jamaica, Clarendon Parish, Jamaica
- **death date**: 4 March 2017 (aged 61)
- **death place**: May Pen, Clarendon Parish, Jamaica
- **genre**: Reggae
- **occupation**: Singer/songwriter
- **years active**: 1975–2017
- **label**: Musical Ambassador
Alligator
VP Records, VP
Ras Records, RAS
Confidence
John Negroponte

**John Dimitri Negroponte** (; born July 21, 1939) is a British-born American diplomat of Greek descent.  He served as a research fellow and lecturer in international affairs at Yale University's Jackson Institute for Global Affairs, United States Deputy Secretary of State, and the first ever Director of National Intelligence.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: John Negroponte
- **image**: John Negroponte official portrait State.jpg
- **office**: United States Deputy Secretary of State
- **president**: George W. Bush
- **term start**: February 27, 2007
- **term end**: January 23, 2009
- **predecessor**: Robert Zoellick
- **successor**: James Steinberg, Jim Steinberg
- **office1**: United States Director of National Intelligence
- **president1**: George W. Bush
- **term start1**: April 21, 2005
- **term end1**: February 13, 2007
- **predecessor1**: Position established
- **successor1**: John Michael McConnell, Mike McConnell
- **office2**: United States Ambassador to Iraq
- **president2**: George W. Bush
- **term start2**: June 29, 2004
- **term end2**: March 17, 2005
- **predecessor2**: Krzysztof Biernacki
- **successor2**: Zalmay Khalilzad
- **office3**: United States Ambassador to the United Nations
- **president3**: George W. Bush
- **term start3**: September 19, 2001
- **term end3**: June 23, 2004
- **predecessor3**: James B. Cunningham
- **successor3**: John Danforth
- **office4**: United States Ambassador to the Philippines
- **president4**: Bill Clinton
- **term start4**: October 26, 1993
- **term end4**: August 5, 1996
- **predecessor4**: Richard H. Solomon
- **successor4**: Thomas C. Hubbard
- **office5**: United States Ambassador to Mexico
- **president5**: George H. W. Bush
Bill Clinton
- **term start5**: July 3, 1989
- **term end5**: September 5, 1993
- **predecessor5**: Charles J. Pilliod Jr.
- **successor5**: James Robert Jones, Jim Jones
- **office6**: Deputy National Security Advisor (United States), Deputy National Security Advisor
- **president6**: Ronald Reagan
- **term start6**: November 23, 1987
- **term end6**: January 20, 1989
- **predecessor6**: Colin Powell
- **successor6**: Robert Gates
- **office7**: Assistant Secretary of State for Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs
- **president7**: Ronald Reagan
- **term start7**: July 19, 1985
- **term end7**: November 23, 1987
- **predecessor7**: James L. Malone
- **successor7**: Frederick M. Bernthal
- **office8**: United States Ambassador to Honduras
- **president8**: Ronald Reagan
- **term start8**: November 11, 1981
- **term end8**: May 30, 1985
- **predecessor8**: Jack R. Binns
- **successor8**: John Arthur Ferch, John A. Ferch
- **birth name**: John Dimitri Negroponte
- **birth place**: London, United Kingdom
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **spouse**: Diana Villiers Negroponte, Diana Villiers
- **children**: 5
- **education**: Yale University
Harvard University
John Michael McConnell

**John Michael "Mike" McConnell** (born July 26, 1943) is a former vice admiral in the United States Navy.

During his naval career he served as Director of the National Security Agency from 1992 to 1996. His civilian career includes serving as the United States Director of National Intelligence from 20 February 2007 to 27 January 2009 during the Bush administration and seven days of the Obama administration.

McConnell was born and grew up in Greenville, South Carolina.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Mike McConnell
- **image**: Mike McConnell, official ODNI photo portrait.jpg
- **office**: Director of National Intelligence
- **president**: George W. Bush
- **term start**: February 20, 2007
- **term end**: January 27, 2009
- **predecessor**: John Negroponte
- **successor**: Dennis C. Blair, Dennis Blair
- **office1**: Director of the National Security Agency
- **president1**: George H. W. Bush
Bill Clinton
- **term start1**: 1992
- **term end1**: 1996
- **predecessor1**: Bill Studeman
- **successor1**: Kenneth Minihan
- **birth place**: Greenville, South Carolina, Greenville, South Carolina, United States, U.S.
- **education**: North Greenville University
Furman University
George Washington University
- **serviceyears**: 1967–1996
- **rank**:  Vice admiral (United States), Vice Admiral
Dennis C. Blair

**Dennis Cutler Blair** (born February 4, 1947) is the former United States Director of National Intelligence and is a retired United States Navy admiral. He was the commander of U.S. forces in the Pacific region.

Blair was a career officer in the U.S. Navy and served in the White House during the presidencies of  both President Jimmy Carter and President Ronald Reagan. Blair retired from the Navy in 2002 as an Admiral. In 2009, Blair was selected as President Barack Obama’s first Director of National Intelligence, but after a series of bureaucratic battles, he resigned on May 20, 2010.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Dennis Blair
- **image**: Dennis Blair official Director of National Intelligence portrait.jpg
- **office**: 3rd Director of National Intelligence
- **president**: Barack Obama
- **deputy**: David Gompert
- **term start**: January 29, 2009
- **term end**: May 28, 2010
- **predecessor**: John Michael McConnell, Mike McConnell
- **successor**: David Gompert
- **birth name**: Dennis Cutler Blair
- **birth place**: Kittery, Maine, Kittery, Maine, United States, U.S.
- **education**: United States Naval Academy

- **serviceyears**: 1968–2002
- **rank**:  Admiral (United States), Admiral
- **battles**: War on Terror
Kenneth W. Dam

**Kenneth W. Dam** (born August 10, 1932) served as Deputy Secretary of the Treasury (the second highest official in the United States Department of the Treasury) from 2001 to 2003. He worked in international economic development.

Dam is a senior fellow of the Brookings Institution and a professor emeritus and senior lecturer at the University of Chicago Law School.

## Other websites

- University of Chicago law school biography of Kenneth Dam
- Brookings Institution announcement on Kenneth Dam's appointment as senior fellow
- Speech by Kenneth Dam on economic growth in Latin America

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Kenneth W. Dam
- **image**: Kenneth Dam.jpg
- **order**: 8th
- **title**: United States Deputy Secretary of State
- **term start**: September 23, 1982
- **term end**: June 15, 1985
- **president**: Ronald Reagan
- **predecessor**: Walter John Stoessel, Jr.
- **successor**: John C. Whitehead
- **title2**: United States Deputy Secretary of the Treasury
- **term start2**: 2001
- **term end2**: 2003
- **birth place**: Marysville, Kansas, United States, USA
James R. Clapper

**James Robert "Jim" Clapper Jr.** (born March 14, 1941) is a retired lieutenant general in the United States Air Force and is the former Director of National Intelligence.

He served as director of the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) from 1992 until 1995. He was the first Director of Defense Intelligence within the Office of the Director of National Intelligence and simultaneously the Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence. Clapper has held several key positions within the United States Intelligence Community. He served as the director of the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) from September 2001 until June 2006.

On June 5, 2010, President Barack Obama nominated Clapper to replace Dennis C. Blair as United States Director of National Intelligence. Clapper was unanimously confirmed by the Senate for the position on August 5, 2010.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **image**: James R. Clapper official portrait.jpg
- **office**: 4th Director of National Intelligence
- **president**: Barack Obama
- **deputy**: Stephanie O'Sullivan
- **term start**: August 9, 2010
- **term end**: January 20, 2017
- **predecessor**: Dennis C. Blair
- **successor**: Dan Coats
- **office1**: Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence
- **president1**: George W. Bush
Barack Obama
- **term start1**: April 15, 2007
- **term end1**: June 5, 2010
- **predecessor1**: Stephen Cambone
- **successor1**: Michael G. Vickers, Michael Vickers
- **office2**: Director of the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
- **president2**: George W. Bush
- **term start2**: September 2001
- **term end2**: June 2006
- **predecessor2**: James C. King
- **successor2**: Robert B. Murrett, Robert Murrett
- **office3**: Director of the Defense Intelligence Agency
- **president3**: George H. W. Bush
Bill Clinton
- **term start3**: November 1991
- **term end3**: August 1995
- **predecessor3**: Dennis M. Nagy, Dennis Nagy
- **successor3**: Kenneth Minihan
- **birth name**: James Robert Clapper Jr.
- **birth place**: Fort Wayne, Indiana, Fort Wayne, Indiana, United States, U.S.
- **education**: University of Maryland, College Park
St. Mary's University, Texas
- **serviceyears**: 1963–1995
- **rank**: Lieutenant general (United States), Lieutenant General
- **battles**: Vietnam War
- **mawards**: Legion of Merit (3)
Bronze Star (2)
Air Medal (2)
Michael Forest

**Gerald Michael Charlebois** (born April 17, 1929), better known as **Michael Forest**, is an American actor and pilot. He played the voice of Prince Olympius in _Power Rangers Lightspeed Rescue_.

In his earlier years, Michael was a movie and television actor, notably playing the part of Apollo in the 1967 _Star Trek_ episode "Who Mourns for Adonais?" and most recently reprised this role in the _Star Trek Continues_ episode "Pilgrim of Eternity" 47 years later.

## Personal life

Forest was born in Harvey, North Dakota. He moved with his family at a very early age to Seattle, Washington. He graduated with a B.A. in English and drama from San Jose State University. He is married to Diana Hale.

## Other websites

- Michael Forest at the English Voice Actor & Production Staff Database
River Parrett

The **River Parrett** is a major river in Somerset and Dorset, England. It starts in the County of Dorset near Chedington. From here it flows in a northwesterly direction through the Somerset Levels to Bridgewater. It flows into the Bristol Channel close to Burnham-on-Sea. At the mouth of the river is Bridgewater Bay National Nature Reserve. The river is tidal for  up to the hamlet of Oath, some  south east of Bridgewater. The river has a very slight fall between Langport and Bridgwater, only 1 foot per mile, or 20 cm per km, and is prone to frequent flooding, in winter and high tides.

The River Parrett is  long and its main tributaries include the Rivers Tone, Isle and Yeo. The River Cary drains into the Parrett via the King's Sedgemoor Drain. The River Parrett drains an area of over , making up around 50% of the land area of Somerset.
National High School of Chemical and Technological Engineers

The **National High School of Chemical and Technological Engineers** _(French: École nationale supérieure des ingénieurs en arts chimiques et technologiques)_ is a renowned graduate engineering school in France. It is in a campus of the University of Toulouse.

Its different curricula lead to the following French & European degrees :
- _Ingénieur ENSIACET_ (ENSIACET Graduate engineer Masters level program)
- Master of Science
- _Mastères Spécialisés_
- Massive Online Open Course

Academic activities and industrial applied research are performed mainly in French and English languages. Students from a dozen of nationalities participate to the different curricula at ENSIACET.

Most of the 1000 graduate engineer students at ENSIACET live in dedicated residential buildings nearby research labs and metro public transports on a campus that is shared with students from University of Toulouse.

## Research labs

Research activities at ENSIACET relate to the following topics:
- Engineering of materials
- Agro-industrial chemistry
- Coordination chemistry
- Chemical Engineering

## Further reading

- Official website

## Infobox (university)

- **name**: National High School of Chemical and Technological Engineers
- **established**: 1906
- **type**: Public, Graduate engineering school
- **students**: 1000
- **city**: Toulouse
- **country**: France
- **affiliations**: Toulouse Tech
University of Toulouse
- **website**: http://www.ensiacet.fr
Collect call

A **collect call**, also called a "reverse charge call", is a type of telephone call. Usually, when a telephone call is made, the person who makes the call pays for the call, rather than the person who receives the call at the other end. In a collect call, though, the person making the call wants the person they are calling to pay for the call instead.

In the past, these kinds of calls could only be done with a operator, who would need to ask the person receiving the call if they want to be charged for it. If the person receiving it does not want to be charged, the call cannot go through. Today, computers have made it possible to make or receive collect calls without talking to a person.

Collect calls used to be made a lot using payphones, but they are becoming less used since mobile phones and VoIP technology has come around and made long-distance calls cheaper to make.

It has been found out that the day of the year in which the most collect calls are made is Father's Day, even though the day when the most phone calls are made altogether is Mother's Day.
Time in Sudan

**Time in Sudan** is Central Africa Time (CAT) (UTC+02:00), with no daylight saving adjustments. Sudan introduced DST in 1970, going forward on May 1, and ending on October 15. DST in years 1972-1985 started on the last Sunday in April, and ending on October 15. Sudan abandoned DST in 1986.On November 1, 2017, Sudan changed its time zone from UTC+03:00 to UTC+02:00.
Scutum (shield)

The **Scutum** was a type of shield used by the Italic peoples. It was later adopted by the army of Ancient Rome.
Jay Lynch

**Jay Lynch** (January 7, 1945 – March 5, 2017) was an American cartoonist. He was known for his key role in the underground comix movement with his _Bijou Funnies_ and other titles. He was best known for his comic strip _Nard n' Pat_. His work is sometimes signed **Jayzey Lynch**. Lynch was the main writer for _Bazooka Joe_ comics from 1967 to 1990; he has contributed to _Mad_, and in the 2000s has expanded into the children's book field.

Lynch was born in Orange, New Jersey. He died on March 5, 2017 in Candor, New York from complications of lung cancer, aged 72.
Louis Wade Sullivan

**Louis Wade Sullivan** (born November 3, 1933) is an American health policy leader, minority health advocate, author, physician, and educator. He served as the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services during President George H. W. Bush‘s Administration from 1989 through 1993 and was Founding Dean of the Morehouse School of Medicine.

## Other websites

- Official Website for Louis W. Sullivan, M.D.
- Official Website for The Sullivan Alliance
- Excerpt from Missing Persons: Minorities in the Health Professions

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **image**: SullivanLouis.jpg
- **name**: Louis W. Sullivan
- **order**: 17th
- **title**: United States Secretary of Health and Human Services
- **term start**: March 1, 1989
- **term end**: January 20, 1993
- **president**: George H. W. Bush
- **predecessor**: Otis R. Bowen
- **successor**: Donna Shalala
- **birth place**: Atlanta, Georgia
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **alma mater**: Morehouse College
Boston University Medical School
- **spouse**: Eve Williamson Sullivan
Herb Kohl

**Herbert H.** "**Herb**" **Kohl** (February 7, 1935 – December 27, 2023) was an American businessman and politician. He was a United States Senator from Wisconsin serving from January 3, 1989, through January 3, 2013. He was a member of the Democratic Party.

Kohl was also a philanthropist and the former owner of the Milwaukee Bucks of the National Basketball Association. He did not seek reelection in 2012 and his term ended on January 3, 2013. He was succeeded by fellow Democrat Tammy Baldwin.

Kohl died at his home in Milwaukee, Wisconsin on December 27, 2023, at the age of 88.

## Other websites

- Herb Kohl Educational Foundation

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Herb Kohl
- **image**: Herbert Kohl, official photo.jpg
- **jr/sr**: United States
- **state**: Wisconsin
- **term start**: January 3, 1989
- **term end**: January 3, 2013
- **predecessor**: William Proxmire
- **successor**: Tammy Baldwin
- **office1**: Chairman of the United States Senate Special Committee on Aging, Senate Special Aging Committee
- **term start1**: January 4, 2007
- **term end1**: January 3, 2013
- **predecessor1**: Gordon H. Smith
- **successor1**: Bill Nelson
- **birth place**: Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
- **alma mater**: University of Wisconsin-Madison, University of Wisconsin
Harvard Business School
- **signature**: Herb Kohl Signature.svg
- **serviceyears**: 1958–1964
- **unit**: United States Army Reserve, Army Reserve
Tommy Thompson

**Tommy George Thompson** (born November 19, 1941) is an American Republican politician. He was a state legislator in Wisconsin, and 42nd Governor of Wisconsin from 1987 to 2001.

Thompson is the longest serving governor in the state's history. During his term as governor he was the chairman of Amtrak, the nation's passenger rail service.  He served as the U.S. Secretary of Health and Human Services from 2001 through 2005, appointed by George W. Bush.

After his time in the Bush Administration, Thompson was a partner with the law-firm Akin Gump and Chairman of Deloitte's global healthcare practice and has served on the board of 22 other organizations.

Thompson was a candidate for the U.S. Presidential election in 2008, though he withdrew from the race before the primaries.

In 2012, he was the Republican nominee for the United States Senate seat in Wisconsin, hoping to replace retiring Democrat Herb Kohl, but was defeated by Tammy Baldwin, making it his first statewide loss.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **birth name**: Tommy George Thompson
- **name**: Tommy Thompson
- **image**: Tommy Thompson 1.jpg
- **caption**: Thompson circa 2001
- **office**: 19th United States Secretary of Health and Human Services
- **president**: George W. Bush
- **term start**: February 2, 2001
- **term end**: January 26, 2005
- **predecessor**: Donna Shalala
- **successor**: Mike Leavitt
- **order2**: List of Governors of Wisconsin, 42nd Governor of Wisconsin
- **lieutenant2**: Scott McCallum
- **term start2**: January 5, 1987
- **term end2**: February 1, 2001
- **predecessor2**: Tony Earl
- **successor2**: Scott McCallum
- **birth place**: Elroy, Wisconsin, U.S.
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican Party
- **spouse**: Sue Ann Mashak
- **alma mater**: University of Wisconsin–Madison, University of Wisconsin, Madison
- **branch**:  United States Army
- **rank**:  Captain (United States O-3), Captain
Mike Leavitt

**Michael Okerlund "Mike" Leavitt** (born February 11, 1951) is an American Republican politician. He served as the 14th Governor of Utah from 1993 to 2003, as Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency from 2003 to 2005 and as Secretary of Health and Human Services from 2005 to 2009.

Leavitt serves as a co-leader of the Prevention Initiative at the Bipartisan Policy Center.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Mike Leavitt
- **image**: Mike Leavitt.jpg
- **office**: 20th United States Secretary of Health and Human Services
- **president**: George W. Bush
- **term start**: January 26, 2005
- **term end**: January 20, 2009
- **predecessor**: Tommy Thompson
- **successor**: Kathleen Sebelius
- **office1**: Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency
- **president1**: George W. Bush
- **term start1**: November 6, 2003
- **term end1**: January 26, 2005
- **predecessor1**: Marianne Lamont Horinko, Marianne Horinko
- **successor1**: Stephen L. Johnson, Stephen Johnson
- **office2**: Chair of the National Governors Association
- **term start2**: August 10, 1999
- **term end2**: July 11, 2000
- **predecessor2**: Tom Carper
- **successor2**: Parris Glendening
- **order3**: 14th Governor of Utah
- **lieutenant3**: Olene Walker
- **term start3**: January 4, 1993
- **term end3**: November 5, 2003
- **predecessor3**: Norman H. Bangerter, Norm Bangerter
- **successor3**: Olene Walker
- **birth name**: Michael Okerlund Leavitt
- **birth place**: Cedar City, Utah, Cedar City, Utah, United States, U.S.
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **spouse**: Jacalyn Smith
- **children**: 5
Tom Ridge

**Thomas Joseph** "**Tom**" **Ridge** (born August 26, 1945) is an American politician.

Ridge served as the Assistant to the President for Homeland Security from 2001 to 2003, and the first United States Secretary of Homeland Security from 2003 to 2005.

Ridge was a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1983 to 1995 and the 43rd Governor of Pennsylvania from 1995 to 2001. He is a member of the Republican Party.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Tom Ridge
- **image**: Tom Ridge.jpgborder
- **office**: 1st United States Secretary of Homeland Security
- **president**: George W. Bush
- **term start**: January 24, 2003
- **term end**: February 1, 2005
- **predecessor**: Position established
- **successor**: Michael Chertoff
- **office1**: 1st United States Homeland Security Advisor
- **president1**: George W. Bush
- **term start1**: September 20, 2001
- **term end1**: January 24, 2003
- **predecessor1**: Position established
- **successor1**: John A. Gordon, John Gordon
- **order2**: 43rd List of Governors of Pennsylvania, Governor of Pennsylvania
- **lieutenant2**: Mark S. Schweiker, Mark Schweiker
- **term start2**: January 17, 1995
- **term end2**: October 5, 2001
- **predecessor2**: Robert P. Casey, Robert Casey
- **successor2**: Mark S. Schweiker, Mark Schweiker
- **state3**: Pennsylvania
- **term start3**: January 3, 1983
- **term end3**: January 3, 1995
- **predecessor3**: Donald A. Bailey, Donald Bailey
- **successor3**: Phil English
- **birth name**: Thomas Joseph Ridge
- **birth place**: Munhall, Pennsylvania, Munhall, Pennsylvania, U.S.
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **spouse**: Michele Ridge
- **children**: 2
- **education**: Harvard University
Pennsylvania State University - Dickinson Law, Dickinson School of Law
- **rank**:  Staff sergeant
- **unit**: 23rd Infantry Division (United States), 23rd Infantry Division
- **battles**: Vietnam War
- **mawards**: Bronze Star Medal, Bronze Star
National Defense Service Medal
Vietnam Service Medal
Vietnam Campaign Medal
Gallantry Cross (Vietnam), Vietnam Gallantry Cross
Combat Infantryman Badge