juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Cats (musical)

***Cats*** is a musical. It is based on _Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats_, a book of poems by T.S. Eliot. Trevor Nunn wrote the lyrics for the song, "Memory", which  is based on some of T.S Eliot's poems. Andrew Lloyd Webber wrote the music.

_Cats_ premiered at the New London Theatre in the West End on 11 May 1981. It closed on 11 May 2002 after 8,949 performances. It opened on Broadway on 7 October 1982 at the Winter Garden Theatre. It closed on 10 September 2000, after 7,485 performances.

The musical won the 1982 Laurence Olivier Award for Best New Musical and the 1983 Tony Award for Best Musical.

## Plot

Every year, a swing choral tribe of cats known as the Jellicle Cats meet in a junkyard of the Russell Hotel for a family reunion at the Jellicle Ball. Old Deuteronomy Jellicle, who is the choirmaster of the tribe, chooses one cat to ascend to the Heaviside layer to be reborn and return to a new life.
Grizabella Jellicle, an elderly (younger in some productions) glamour cat who left the junkyard, comes back to her tribe, but they shun her.  While the other cats dance at the Jellicle Ball, Grizabella watches in the background. She performs a simple dance when the other cats leave and sings about how she wants to be accepted. Old Deutoronomy sees this and sympathizes with her.
In act two, Old Deuteronomy gets kidnapped by Macavity Jellicle, a mystery cat who is the only true antagonist in the musical. As soon as he is successfully returned, it is time to choose who goes to the Heaviside layer.
Grizabella is chosen, and she is taken on a tire to fly into the Heaviside layer.

## Infobox (musical)

- **name**: Cats
- **music**: Andrew Lloyd Webber
- **lyrics**: T. S. Eliot
- **book**: T. S. Eliot
- **basis**: _Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats_ by T. S. Eliot
- **productions**: West End theatre, West End (1981)
Broadway (1982)
- **awards**: Laurence Olivier Award for Best New Musical (1982)
Tony Award for Best Musical (1983)
Independent movie

An **independent movie**, or **independent film** (often called **indie film**), is the name usually given to a movie that is made by a small movie studio for not much money. Sometimes the name is used for art films; which are less expensive and often have less plot. Independent movies are being made (produced) more as the technology needed, such as cameras and editing-software, is becoming less expensive. Movies like _Reservoir Dogs_, _American History X_, _The Basketball Diaries_ and the documentary _Bowling for Columbine_ are independent because they were made for little money and by small studios.
Flower power

"**Flower power**" was a 1960s slogan, used by hippies and other people who were against war and violence. It was a symbol of passive resistance and non-violence ideology.

These people used flowers as a symbol of life, of love, and of peace. They wore flowers, made art with flowers and images of them, and gave them away often. Hippies sometimes placed flowers in the rifle barrels of marching soldiers.

Songs such as _San Francisco, Be Sure to Wear Flowers in Your Hair_ by folk musicians The Mamas & the Papas were associated with flower power.
Cargo cult

**Cargo cult** is a name given to several religions. There are many cargo cults in Melanesia and New Guinea. These religions started when tribal societies saw Western things like radios. These things are called _cargo_. The tribespeople did not know how the things they saw worked, or how they were made.

The tribespeople copied the things they saw the Westerners do. They did this because they hoped gods would send them more cargo. Also sometimes, for example on the island of Tanna in Vanuatu, cult members worshipped Americans who brought the cargo.

During the age of colonialism, the people came in contact with many societies who had less technology than they did. The first cargo cults were seen in New Guinea, and other countries of Micronesia, Melanesia and the West Pacific Ocean.

The people who are part of the cargo cults think that the cargo was created by their deities and ancestors. They think that the cargo was made for the members of the cargo cult, but the foreigners have it instead. For this reason, the efforts and rituals of cargo cults are so that the foreigners get less of these goods and the cult members more of them.

## Related pages

- Vailala Madness - a cargo cult active between 1919 and 1922, possibly the first known cargo cult.
- Ghost Dance - a similar thing that happened when Native Americans saw European settlers.

## Other websites

- Vanuatu cargo cult marks 50 years (BBC News)
- Information on the Jon Frum Cargo Cult (still active)
- Contemporary Cargo Cults by John FitzGerald
- Western Oceanian Religions
- Cargo cults  includes a bibliography
- Account of a Visit to a Jon Frum Village in 2005
- Air Force Magazine , January 1991, Vol. 74, No. 1. Summary from the guys who fly those Cargoes.
Walloon language

**Walloon** is a Romance language. It belongs to the family of the _oïl languages_ along with French, Picard and Norman.

Walloon is spoken in Wallonia in Belgium and in some villages in Wisconsin in the United States.

It has about 3,400,000 speakers.

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Walon
- **nativename**: Walloon
- **familycolor**: Indo-European
- **states**: Belgium, France, United States
- **region**: Europe (Walloon Region (federal region), Ardennes (department), Ardennes), United States (Wisconsin)
- **speakers**: est.  (1998)
- **fam2**: Italic languages, Italic
- **fam3**: Romance languages, Romance
- **fam4**: Western Romance languages, Western
- **fam5**: Gallo-Iberian languages, Gallo-Iberian
- **fam6**: Gallo-Romance languages, Gallo-Romance
- **fam7**: Gallo-Rhaetian languages, Gallo-Rhaetian
- **fam8**: Oïl languages, Oïl
- **iso1**: wa
- **iso2**: wln
- **iso3**: wln
- **lingua**: 51-AAA-hf
Gallo language

**Gallo** is one of the two regional languages of Brittany. It is an Oïl language of the  Romance language family, with Latin at the base. Gallo is spoken in the eastern part of Brittany.

The other regional language of Brittany is Breton, a Celtic language.

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Gallo
- **nativename**: Galo
- **states**: France
- **speakers**: 28,000
- **familycolor**: Indo-European
- **fam2**: Italic languages, Italic
- **fam3**: Latino-Faliscan languages, Latino-Faliscan
- **fam4**: Romance languages, Romance
- **fam5**: Western Romance languages, Western
- **fam6**: Gallo-Romance languages, Gallo-Romance
- **fam7**: Langues d'oïl, Oïl
- **glotto**: gall1275
- **glottorefname**: Gallo
- **lingua**: 51-AAA-hb
- **map**: Pays Gallo.svg
- **mapcaption**: The historical Gallo language area of Upper Brittany
Diethyl ether

**Diethyl ether** is a clear liquid chemical. It is often just called **ether**. Ether burns very easily and boils at about 35°C. It has a sweet smell and does not mix with water.

Ether was discovered in 1275. It was used in the past as a general anesthetic to make people unconscious during surgery. Now other chemicals are used because ether has side effects and can catch fire. Ether is used as a solvent by scientists for chemical reactions.

People used to take ether as a recreational drug (drugs used for fun, such as alcohol) in the 1800s. People would either drink a drink with small amounts of ether in it, just like people drink alcoholic drinks, or inhale the fumes given off by pure or nearly pure ether. This could have addicted these people to the ether if they did that often enough. It was a big problem in some places, like Ireland and Poland. It first became popular because Europeans thought it was unladylike to drink alcohol. Women would drink ether instead, as would teetotalers, people who had decided not to drink alcohol.

It became illegal to sell ether in Poland in 1923.

Ether is made as a byproduct when ethanol is made, so it is not very expensive.
Carriage

A **carriage** is a type of vehicle that was used before cars were invented. It is a fancy type of cart or wagon, usually with four wheels and suspension.  The carriages may be pulled by horses. Carriages are often used for weddings.

## Related pages

- British state carriages
- Japan state carriages
Lozi language

**Lozi**, also called **Silozi** and **Rozi**, is a Bantu language of the Niger-Congo language family.

It is spoken by the Lozi people in southwestern Zambia. It is also spoken in Zimbabwe, Botswana, and the Zambezi Region of Namibia.

## History

The Lozi language comes from a mix of two languages: Luyana and Kololo.

## Example

This is Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Lozi:

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Lozi
- **states**: Zambia, Zimbabwe, Namibia, Botswana, South Africa
- **region**: Western Zambia, Zambezi
- **speakers**: 725,000
- **date**: 1982–2010 census
- **ref**: e18
- **familycolor**: Niger-Congo
- **fam2**: Atlantic–Congo languages, Atlantic–Congo
- **fam3**: Benue–Congo languages, Benue–Congo
- **fam4**: Southern Bantoid languages, Southern Bantoid
- **fam5**: Bantu languages, Bantu
- **fam6**: Southern Bantu languages, Southern Bantu
- **fam7**: Sotho–Tswana languages, Sotho–Tswana
- **minority**: Zambia
- **script**: Latin script, Latin (Lozi alphabet)
Zambian Braille
- **iso2**: loz
- **iso3**: loz
- **glotto**: lozi1239
- **glottorefname**: Lozi
- **lingua**: 99-AUT-ef
- **guthrie**: K.20 (K.21)
M249 light machine gun

The **M249 light machine gun** is a machine gun which is the U.S. version of the Belgian FN Minimi light machine gun, used by the United States and Lebanon. The main use of this weapon is to provide cover fire for other soldiers in a squad (or group of soldiers). The gun uses 5.56 NATO caliber ammunition.

## Overview

The M249 was made because a lot of the squadrons of the U.S. Army did not have fully automatic weapons. It has seen action in every war that the United States has been in since 1989.

## Replacement

In the U.S. Marines, the M249 is due to be replaced by the German M27 Infantry Automatic Rifle.

## Infobox (weapon)

- **name**: Machine Gun, 5.56 mm, M249
- **image**: PEO M249 Para ACOG.jpg
- **type**: Squad automatic weapon/Light machine gun
- **is ranged**: yes
- **service**: 1984-Present
- **used by**: United States armed forces Lebanon
Toronto Symphony Orchestra

The **Toronto Symphony Orchestra** is a Canadian orchestra. 400,000 people go to its concerts each year and it is often broadcast over CBC Radio 2. It was formed in 1922.  The concerts used to be given in the Massey Hall but since 1982 they have been in the Roy Thomson Hall. The Orchestra often goes on tour and has had some famous conductors.

List of conductors of the TSO:
- Luigi von Kunits (1922-1931)
- Sir Ernest MacMillan (1931-1956)
- Walter Susskind (1956-1965)
- Seiji Ozawa (1965-1969)
- Karel Ančerl (1969-1973)
- Sir Andrew Davis (1975-1988)
- Günther Herbig (1988-1994)
- Jukka-Pekka Saraste (1994-2001)
- Peter Oundjian (2003-)

The TSO's concertmaster now is Jacques Israelievitch.

## Other websites

- Toronto Symphony Orchestra
Vattenfall Cyclassics

The **Vattenfall Cyclassics** is a cycling race held every year in Hamburg, Germany.

It started as an unimportant race in 1996, but because cycling became very popular in Germany it was made a part of the UCI Road World Cup in 1998. Since 2005, it is a part of the UCI ProTour.

The route of the race changes, but is about 250 km long. During a number of laps through Hamburg, the Waseberg hill is climbed a several times.  The cyclists also race over Hamburg's highest bridge Köhlbrandbrücke.  Unlike many races the Cyclassic race almost never ends in a _mass sprint_, that is, with a lot of riders close together racing to the finish line.

There is an amateur part of the Cyclassics.  Earlier on the day of the race there are three _Jedermann-Rennen_.   Anybody (_jedermann_) with a ticket can take part in these races (_rennen_) over 55 km, 100 km and 155 km.  Tickets must be reserved months in advance. In 2005 there were 20000 amateurs on the course.

The sponsor of the Cyclassics, was the _Hamburg Electrizität Werke_, Hamburg electricity plant or "HEW", after it became part of the big "Vattenfall" company the Cyclassic changed its name too, and from 2006 this cycling race has been known as the **Vattenfall Cyclassics**.

## Winners

|year|Cyclist|Country|
| --- | --- | --- |
|1996|Rossano Brasi||
|1997|Jan Ullrich||
|1998|Léon van Bon||
|1999|Mirko Celestino||
|2000|Gabriele Missaglia||
|2001|Erik Zabel||
|2002|Johan Museeuw||
|2003|Paolo Bettini||
|2004|Stuart O'Grady||
|2005|Filippo Pozzato||
|colspan=3|**Vattenfall Cyclassics**||
|2006|Óscar Freire||
|2007|Alessandro Ballan||
|2008|Robbie McEwen||
|2009|Tyler Farrar||
|2010|||
|2011|Edvald Boasson Hagen||
|2012|Arnaud Démare||
|2013|John Degenkolb||
|2014|Alexander Kristoff||

## Other websites

- Official Cyclassics site

## Infobox (cycling race)

- **name**: Vattenfall Cyclassics
- **image**:
<small>Before the start of the 2004 HEW Cyclassics</small>
- **date**: Late July / August
- **region**: Hamburg, Germany
- **discipline**: Road race
- **competition**: UCI ProTour
- **type**: Single-day race
- **first**: 1996
- **number**: 12 (as of 2007)
- **firstwinner**: Rossano Brasi
- **mostwins**: Tyler Farrar
- **mostrecent**: Alexander Kristoff
Gothic language

The **Gothic language** is an extinct Germanic language that was spoken by the Goths. It is the East Germanic language with the most texts surviving today. It had died out by the 8th century or perhaps the early 9th century.

Probably, one of the best known works of the language is Wulfila's translation of the Bible, known as the Wulfila Bible or _Gothic Bible_ or _Codex Argenteus_. The translation was done in the 3rd century.

## Other websites

- Project Wulfila , studies the Gothic language.

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Gothic
- **region**: Oium, Dacia, Pannonia, Dalmatia (Roman province), Dalmatia, Italian Peninsula, Italy, Gallia Narbonensis, Gallia Aquitania, Hispania, Crimea, North Caucasus.
- **era**: 3rd–10th century, attested, until 18th century in Crimea
- **familycolor**: Indo-European
- **fam2**: Germanic languages, Germanic
- **fam3**: East Germanic languages, East Germanic
- **dia1**: Crimean Gothic
- **script**: Gothic alphabet
- **iso2**: got
- **iso3**: got
- **lingua**: 52-ADA
- **glotto**: goth1244
- **glottorefname**: Gothic
- **notice**: IPA
Ernest MacMillan

Sir **Ernest MacMillan** (born Mimico, Ontario, 18 August 1893; died 6 May 1973)  was a famous Canadian conductor and composer.

MacMillan's father was a Scottish Presbyterian minister and musician.  He was a child prodigy.   He gave his first organ recital in Massey Hall at the age of ten. After studying in Britain and gaining the ARCO and FRCO diplomas at the Royal College of Organists, he studied modern history at the University of Toronto from 1911 to 1914.

## Prisoner in Germany

In 1914 he went to Europe.  He wanted to study at the Paris Conservatoire but this was closed because of the political situation.  He went on to Germany to attend the Bayreuth Festival, but World War I started and he was taken prisoner and kept at the Ruhleben civilian detention camp near Berlin.  He helped the other people who were prisoners in the camp to put on concerts.  He gave talks about classical music and conducted a performance of the Gilbert and Sullivan opera _Mikado_ as well as a pantomime version of _Cinderella_.  This helped him to get experience in conducting.  He also took part in the drama productions. He studied hard and was given a BA degree from the University of Toronto (1915) and a D Mus from the University of Oxford (1918), although he was locked up in the camp all this time.

## After the war

After the war he returned to Canada where he gave organ recitals and lectured about his experiences in Ruhleben.  From 1926 to 1942 he was principal of the _Toronto Conservatory of Music_, later to become the Royal Conservatory of Music. He was the conductor of the Toronto Symphony Orchestra between 1931 and 1956.  He did a lot for music in Canada,and he was knighted in 1935 by King George V. In 1969 he was made a Companion of the Order of Canada. He died in Toronto in 1973.

When he conducted he often took the music very slowly.  This gave him the nickname "Lord Largo" ("Largo" means "slow and broad" in music).  He had an amazing musical memory and he could improvise very well.  MacMillan helped to record and preserve the traditional songs and music of Canada's aboriginal or First Nations people.  He had an important influence on almost every part of Canadian musical life.
Colin McRae

**Colin McRae** (5 August 1968 – 15 September 2007) was a Scottish rally car driver. He was one of the best rally drivers in the world. He died with his son and two other friends when he crashed his helicopter near his home in Lanark, Scotland.
Benjamin Dale

**Benjamin Dale** (born London 17 July 1885; died London 30 July 1943) was a British composer.

Dale won many prizes at the Royal Academy of Music for composition when he was still very young.  He wrote a _ Piano sonata in D minor_ which shows the influence of Romantic composers such as Liszt and Schumann.  It was played by pianists such as York Bowen and  Dame Myra Hess who were becoming famous.  He wrote music for viola for Lionel Tertis to play.

He was in Germany when World War I broke out and was a prisoner in the camp at Ruhleben.  There were other musicians there, including the  Canadian Ernest MacMillan who later became a famous conductor. They organized a lot of musical events at the camp.   Ernest MacMillan gave lectures about each of the nine symphonies by Beethoven, after which he and Dale would play the whole symphony in a piano duet arrangement.

After the war he worked as an Associated Board examiner.  He became professor of harmony at the Royal Academy of Music.  He continued to compose music.  His ballade for violin was especially popular.  Dale’s music is not played much today, but there have been some attempts to make his music known again through CD recordings.
The Chaser's War On Everything

***The Chaser’s War on Everything*** is a comedy television series. It was shown on the ABC in Australia from 2006-2009. The series is replayed on Friday nights and again (on a different channel) on Sunday nights. The series is hosted by a group of men called The Chaser.

## Overview

The series has the men doing stunts and tricks. Sometimes these tricks have been known to be dangerous (such as in one episode, cutting across lanes of traffic to stay behind a mobile advertisement), causing the television program Today Tonight to show a story on how dangerous this stunt was. At the end of each episode, there is a parody song performed, usually about the national government.

## Stunts

One of the most famous tricks that has been on the series was when the group tricked security at the APEC Meeting in Sydney in 2007.  They drove past two checkpoints in a fake motorcade, using fake access passes. One member of The Chaser was dressed up as Osama bin Laden, causing a massive security scare just metres from where George Bush was staying. 13 crew members were arrested, charged and later released on bail.

Other stunts have included:
- Following a Mobile Advertisement until they left town
- Making fun of call-in-quiz-shows Quizmania, Midnight Zoo and The Up-Late Game Show
- Using Public Transport as a furniture moving truck.
- Making fun of Kids with Cancer and the Make A Wish Foundation
Illyria

**Illyria** (Ancient Greek: Ἰλλυρία, Illyría or Ἰλλυρίς, Illyrís) was an ancient region in the western part of today's Balkan Peninsula in modern-day Epirus, Greece. The people who lived there were called Illyrians and spoke the Illyrian languages.

The Illyrians settled in the Balkans approximately around 2500 BC along with other Indo Europeans.

The Illyrians became heavily romanised and a portion of them evolved into modern Albanians.

## Other websites

- Illyria region in google map
Battle of Kosovo

The **Battle of Kosovo** was a battle between Serbian forces and the Turkish Empire. The result was huge losses on both sides, delaying the Turkish advance into Europe for many years.  It is considered draw in military terms but it drained Serbia, more than the Turks, politically for long time. The Turks were able to quickly recover from this battle and immediately began capturing more territory in the Balkans.

The battle was fought on St Vitus' Day, 1389. At the time this was June 15, but is now celebrated on the June 28 as a national holiday in Serbia of their war against the Turks.

## Other websites

- Battle of Kosovo as National Narrative by Dr. Seth Ward
- The Battle of Kosovo: Early Reports of Victory and Defeat  by Thomas Emmert
- The Kosovo Legacy by Thomas Emmert alternate URL
- The events Surrounding the Battle of Kosovo 1389 and its cultural, traditional effect on the Serbian people  by Mark Gottfried
- The Battle of Kosovo _Serbian Epic Poems_  edited by Charles Simic Alternate URL
Worcester

**Worcester** (pronounced _Wuster_) is a cathedral city and district in the West Midlands of England. It is the county town of Worcestershire, a county of England. In 2015, it had 101,328 residents.

It is about 30 miles (48 km) southwest of Birmingham and 29 miles (47 km) north of Gloucester.

The River Severn runs through the middle of the city. Worcester Cathedral overlooks the river.

The University of Worcester is a high ranking university located in the city.

Famous composer Edward Elgar was from Worcester. It is also where Worcestershire sauce originated.

King John of England's tomb is in Worcester, in Worcester Cathedral.

### Road

The A38, A44, A422, A449, A4103, A4440 and A4538 roads pass through Worcester.

The M5 bypasses Worcester.

### Rail

Worcester currently has three stations: Worcester Shrub Hill, Worcester Foregate Street and Worcestershire Parkway which is just outside the city and opened in 2020.

## Infobox (uk place)

- **official name**: Worcester
- **country**: England
- **region**: West Midlands
- **static image name**: File:Worcester Cathedral, Worcester.jpg
- **static image caption**: Worcester Cathedral
- **static image alt**: Worcester Cathedral
- **static image 2 name**: File:Worcester_UK_locator_map.svg
- **static image 2 width**: 250px
- **static image 2 caption**: Worcester shown within Worcestershire
- **population**: 101,328
- **os grid reference**: SO849548
- **post town**: WORCESTER
- **postcode area**: WR
- **postcode district**: WR1, WR2, WR3, WR4, WR5
- **dial code**: 01905
- **constituency westminster**: Worcester (UK Parliament constituency), Worcester
- **unitary england**: Worcester
- **lieutenancy england**: Worcestershire
Stoke-on-Trent

**Stoke-on-Trent** is a city in Staffordshire in the West Midlands region of England. It is also a unitary authority.

Stoke-on-Trent was the home of the pottery industry in the United Kingdom. It was a very important exporter in the late 18th, the 19th and up to about 1960. It is commonly known as The Potteries. The industry was killed off by cheap Chinese pottery after the Second World War, and by the even cheaper plastic homeware.

Coal was its other employment. The furnaces of the kilns needed coal. Coal was also a commodity which was exported from the area.

The city is unusual in that it is made up of a cluster of six towns  Longton, Fenton, Stoke (Stoke-upon-Trent), Hanley, Burslem, and Tunstall.

Stoke-on-Trent is known for the Supermarine Spitfire, pottery, oatcakes, the spark plug, Sir Stanley Mathews, Robbie Williams, Slash, Arnold Bennett, Captain Smith and Stoke City F.C. (Stoke City is the second oldest professional football club: it was founded in 1863).

## Other websites

- Stoke-on-Trent City Council
- BBC Stoke website
- The Potteries
- Local Information from _The Sentinel_ newspaper
- Staffordshire and Stoke-on-Trent Archive Service
- Exploring the Potteries
Kulykol

**Kulykol** is a lake in northeastern Kazakhstan. Lake Aike is about  south. The Russian border is   to the west.
Pierre Curie

**Pierre Curie** (15 May 1859 in Paris – 19 April 1906 in Paris) was a French physicist. He shared the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics with his wife, Marie Curie and Henri Becquerel, for the work on 'spontaneous radioactivity' which Becquerel discovered.

## Early life and education

Pierre Curie was born on 15 May 1859 in Paris, France, the son of Eugène Curie (1827–1910), a doctor of Huguenot origin from Alsace, and Sophie-Claire Depouilly (1832–1897). He was educated by his father, and in his early teens showed a strong aptitude for mathematics and geometry.

In 1878, Curie earned his License in Physics from the Faculty of Sciences at the Sorbonne, and he worked as a laboratory demonstrator until 1882,[4] when he joined the faculty at ESPCI Paris.[5]

In 1895, Curie received his D.Sc. from the Sorbonne and was appointed Professor of Physics.[4] The submission material for his doctorate consisted of his research on magnetism.[6] In 1900, he was promoted to Professor in the Faculty of Sciences, and in 1904 became Titular Professor.[7]

## Work

Pierre Curie is not as well known as Marie Curie, although Pierre and his brother had done a lot of work before Pierre's marriage and work with Marie. They were the first to use the term 'radioactivity', and were pioneers in its study. Pierre and his brother, Jacques Curie, built a special meter for measuring small amounts of electricity, piezoelectricity and ferromagnetism which Pierre and Marie used in their other discoveries.

Pierre died after a carriage accident in Paris on 19 April 1906. His head was crushed under the wheels. If he had lived he would probably have died by radiation poisoning, as Marie did. As they were the first to study radioactivity, they did not know how dangerous it was.

After Pierre's death, a group of scientists at the Radiology Congress decided to honour him by naming the unit of radioactivity a curie.

## Children

Pierre and Marie Curie's daughter Irène Joliot-Curie and their son-in-law Frédéric Joliot-Curie were also physicists involved in the study of radioactivity, and were also given the Nobel prize for their work. Their other daughter Ève wrote her mother's biography. His granddaughter Hélène Langevin-Joliot is a professor of nuclear physics at the University of Paris and his grandson, Pierre Joliot, who was named after him, is a noted biochemist.

## Prizes

- Nobel Prize in Physics (1903)
- Davy Medal (1903)
- Matteucci Medal (1904)

## Other websites

- Pierre Curie's Nobel prize
- Official Nobel biography
- Nobel article about Marie Curie
- Biography American Institute of Physics
- Annotated bibliography for Pierre Curie from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues
Hindustani language

**Hindustani** is an Indo-Aryan language. It is widely spoken in India and Pakistan. It is written in Devanagari and Nastaliq. The Devanagari variety is commonly called _Hindi_ or _Hindui_. The Nastaliq variety is commonly called _Urdu_ or _Lashkari_. There also is a Braille version, called Bharati Braille.

Because the English languge is important in the region, the Hindustani language is sometimes written using the Latin script. These transliterations are called Romainzed Urdu, and Roman Hindi.

Hindi and Urdu use different alphabets, but the grammar and pronounciation is almost the same. For this reason, the languages are mutually intelligible. Two peole will understand each other, when one of them speaks Urdu, and the other Hindi. As both languages use different writing systems, this may not be the case for written texts.

## Other websites

- History of Hindustani  JustPedia

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Hindustani
- **nativename**: हिन्दुस्तानी

- **altname**: Hindi
- **image**: Hindustani language.svg
- **imagecaption**: The word "Hindustani" written in Devanagari script
- **states**: India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh
- **speakers**: 240 million
- **date**: 1991–1997
- **speakers2**: Second language: 165 million (1999)
Total: 490 million (2006)
- **familycolor**: Indo-European
- **fam2**: Indo-Iranian languages, Indo-Iranian
- **fam3**: Indo-Aryan languages, Indo-Aryan
- **fam4**: Hindi languages, Central Zone
- **fam5**: Western Hindi
- **stand1**: Standard Hindi
- **stand2**: Standard Urdu
- **script**: Perso-Arabic script, Perso-Arabic (Urdu alphabet)
Devanagari (Hindi and Urdu alphabets)
Bharati Braille (Hindi and Urdu)
Kaithi (historical)
- **nation**: (as Standard Urdu, Urdu)
 (as Standard Hindi, Hindi and Standard Urdu, Urdu)
- **agency**: Central Hindi Directorate (Hindi, India),
National Language Authority, (Urdu, Pakistan);
National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language (Urdu, India)
- **iso1**: hi, ur
- **iso2**: hin, urd
- **lc1**: hin
- **ld1**: Standard Hindi
- **lc2**: urd
- **ld2**: Urdu
- **lingua**: 59-AAF-qa to -qf
- **mapcaption**: Areas (red) where Hindustani (Khariboli/Kauravi) is the native language
- **mapcaption2**: Areas where Hindi or Urdu is the official language
- **ancestor**: Old Hindi
Masala

**Masala** or **Massala** or **Masalo** (,  , , ) is a word used mainly in South Asian cuisine. Originally(derived from Sanskrit _मषि (maṣi)_, to mash or powder/grind to powder).It is extensively used in South Asian cooking.

## Popular dishes

There are many different, popular spice mixtures that have been given their own name because they taste really good with one special ingredient. The dish will often use _masala_ in its name. Some popular dishes are:

- Masala Chai: tea flavoured with a special blend of spices
- Chicken tikka masala: pieces of chicken cooked using a special blend of spices; very popular in the United Kingdom & Ireland
- Chana Masala: a chickpea dish flavoured with a special mix of spices
- Maggi masala noodles: a brand of noodles with a packet of dried spices for flavouring; very popular in India

The blend of spices or _masala_ for these dishes is often sold in markets or packed by companies to be sold in shops. Some spice blends, like Garam Masala, are so popular that they are used in many different dishes.

India is among a few countries with the highest variety in masalas. Around 70% of the world's spice business and exports are handled by India.
Mayan languages

The **Mayan languages** are a language family spoken in Central America and Mesoamerica.

They are spoken by at least 6 million native Maya, mostly in Guatemala, Mexico, or Belize. In 1996, Guatemala formally recognized 21 Mayan languages by name, and Mexico recognized eight others.

The Mayan languages are some of the best documented and most studied languages in the Americas. Those spoken today come from Proto-Mayan, a language that was probably spoken at least 5000 years ago and has been partly reconstructed.
Soconusco

**Soconusco** is a region of the Mexican state of Chiapas. It is in the most southern part of the state. It borders the Republic of Guatemala on the southeast, the regions Costa, Sierra and Fraylesca of Chiapas on the east and north, and the shore of the Pacific Ocean on the southwest. It is a region of rich lowlands and foothills. The economic center of Soconusco is Tapachula.

The name comes from the Nahuatl word _xoconostle_, meaning the fruit of the prickly pear cactus. It was, under the Mexican culture, the farthest region of trade. The area provided jaguar pelts, cacao, and quetzal feathers for the ruling classes in the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan.

The Soconusco region is the main coffee-producing region in Chiapas. It has many plantations farther inland in the foothills of the Sierra Madre del Sur.
Urbanism

**Urbanism** is the study of cities. Urbanists look at the different factors present in a city. A city is different from rural areas. There are certain things than make people come to a city, to live and work there. There are also certain factors, like where the city is located, that have an influence on the economic, social and cultural development of that city.

## Related pages

- Urban history
- Urban planning
- World Urbanism Day
Deadwood (TV series)

***Deadwood*** is an American dramatic television series. It was first shown in March 2004 on HBO. The series is a Western set in the 1870s in Deadwood, South Dakota. At the time, Deadwood was little more than a camp, but it was a popular place to go for those searching for gold in the Black Hills. The series shows Deadwood's growth from camp to town. It deals with ideas ranging from the creation of communities to western capitalism.

_Deadwood_ features many historical people. For example, Wild Bill Hickok, Seth Bullock, Sol Star, Calamity Jane, Al Swearengen, Wyatt Earp, E. B. Farnum, Charlie Utter and George Hearst have all been used in the series. The stories that deal these characters include historical truths as well as fictional parts. Some of the characters are fully fictional, but they may have been based on actual persons.

The series was created by David Milch (_NYPD Blue_). He was also executive producer and head writer of the show. The theme music was written by David Schwartz.

The third and final season ended on August 27, 2006.

## Other websites

- HBO's _Deadwood_

## Infobox (television)

- **runtime**: approx. 60 minutes
- **creator**: David Milch
- **starring**: Timothy Olyphant
Ian McShane
Molly Parker
John Hawkes (actor), John Hawkes
Jim Beaver
Brad Dourif
Paula Malcomson
William Sanderson
Kim Dickens
Robin Weigert
Dayton Callie
W. Earl Brown
Bree Seanna Wall
and Powers Boothe
with Keith Carradine
- **country**: United States
- **network**: Home Box Office, HBO
- **num episodes**: 36
Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals

The **Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals** (RSPCA) is a charity in England and Wales that promotes animal welfare. Money for the group comes from donations. It is one of the largest charities in the UK, with an income of £100 million in 2005.

## History

The group began as the **SPCA** in 1824. Since then, it has inspired the creation of similar, but independent organisations in other regions:
- Ulster Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals in Northern Ireland
- Scottish Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals in Scotland
- Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (Australia) in Australia
- Royal New Zealand Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals in New Zealand
- American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals in the United States
Not only that, there are also many other countries who have participated in this effort to prevent cruelty not only against domestic pets but also to other almost extinct or endangered wildlife.

## Related pages

- List of Royal Societies

## Other websites

- Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals website
Tim Minear

**Tim Minear** (born October 29, 1963) is an American screenwriter and director. He was born in New York, grew up in Whittier, California. He studied film at California State University, Long Beach.

Minear was an assistant director on the movie _Platoon_. He wrote episodes for several television series including _The X-Files_ and _Lois and Clark_. He later wrote, executive-produced, and directed episodes of _Strange World_, _Angel_, _Firefly_, _Wonderfalls_, and _The Inside_ (which he also created, with Howard Gordon).

Minear had another series, _Drive_, airing on FOX in April 2007, however it was cancelled by the network after only four episodes. Drive was set to return with two additional episodes on July 4th, 2007, but these were rescheduled to July 13th and then cancelled.

Minear often works with Joss Whedon. His work is usually includes a sharp, black humor. He is known for his ability to create characters who are sympathetic, understandable and completely wrong. The best example of this is his writing in _Angel_ Season Two.

## Credits

- _Lois and Clark: The New Adventures of Superman_
    - 4x05 "Brutal Youth" (writer)
    - 4x11 "'Twas the Night Before Mxymas" (writer)
    - 4x14 "Meet John Doe" (writer)
    - 4x20 "I've Got You Under My Skin" (writer)
- _The X-Files_
    - 5x08 "Kitsunegari" (co-writer)
    - 5x16 "Mind's Eye" (writer)
- _Strange World_
    - 1x02 "Lullaby" (writer)
    - 1x04 "Spirit Falls" (co-writer)
- _Angel_
    - 1x05 "Sense & Sensitivity" (writer)
    - 1x09 "Hero" (co-writer)
    - 1x11 "Somnambulist" (writer)
    - 1x15 "The Prodigal" (writer)
    - 1x19 "Sanctuary" (co-writer)
    - 2x02 "Are You Now or Have You Ever Been" (writer)
    - 2x07 "Darla" (writer/director)
    - 2x09 "The Trial" (co-writer)
    - 2x10 "Reunion" (co-writer)
    - 2x15 "Reprise" (writer)
    - 2x16 "Epiphany" (writer)
    - 2x21 "Through The Looking Glass" (writer/director)
    - 3x03 "That Old Gang of Mine" (writer)
    - 3x06 "Billy" (co-writer)
    - 3x09 "Lullaby" (writer/director)
    - 3x14 "Couplet" (co-writer/director)
    - 3x20 "A New World" (director)
    - 3x21 "Benediction" (writer/director)
    - 4x22 "Home" (writer/director)
- _Firefly_
    - 1x02 "The Train Job" (co-writer)
    - 1x03 "Bushwhacked" (writer/director)
    - 1x07 "Out of Gas" (writer)
    - 1x12 "The Message" (co-writer/director)
- _Wonderfalls_
    - 1x02 "Karma Chameleon" (writer)
    - 1x06 "Barrel Bear" (unaired) (co-writer)
- _The Inside_
    - 1x01 "New Girl In Town" (final story & writer/director)
    - 1x06 "Thief of Hearts" (co-writer)
    - 1x10 "Little Girl Lost" (unaired in US, UK Airdate 03/17/2006) (co-writer)
    - 1x13 "Skin and Bone" (unaired) (story)

## Other websites

- TimMinear.net
- PopGurls Quickie with Tim Minear
- The Drive News Blog
Lamella (zoology)

A **Lamella** (plural: lamellae) is a soft, thin plate that is attached to the bony gill arches in a fish's gills.

Lamellae also appear in other animals, for example water birds and ducks, as a filter when feeding for organisms or plant matter.
Lamella

**Lamella** is a Latin word meaning "layer", or something which is like a "plate".

It can mean:
- Lamella of a fish.
- Lamella of a cell.
- Lamella of a mushroom.
Sütterlin

**Sütterlinschrift**, **Sütterlin** or **Suetterlin script** is a form of German handwriting. It was taught in German schools from 1915 to 1941.

In the 19th century the common form of German handwriting was German Kurrent. It uses very thin lines and sharp edges. Many students in primary school found it difficult to learn. So in 1911 the German designer and teacher Ludwig Sütterlin was asked to design a simpler script. Sütterlin script has thicker lines and rounder edges than German Kurrent. It can be easily written with any pen.

In everyday language some people call any handwritten blackletter script "Sütterlin".

## Related pages

- Blackletter

## Other websites

- The Sütterlin script at Omniglot
- Freeware Sütterlin font
- Learn Sütterlin, a lesson, with sample texts
Runic calendar

The **Runic calendar** also _Rune staff_ or _Runic Almanac_ is a perpetual calendar based on the 19 year long Metonic cycle of the Moon.

A typical Runic calendar consisted of several horizontal lines of symbols, one above the other.

Special days like solstices, equinoxes, and celebrations (including Christian holidays and feasts) were marked with additional lines of symbols.

## Other websites

- An article on rune calendars
Agha Petros

**Petros Elia of Baz** (Syriac: ܦܸܛܪܘܿܣ ܐܹܠܝ݂ܵܐ ܕܒܵܙ; 1 April 1880 – 2 February 1932), better known as **Agha Petros** (Syriac: ܐܓܐ ܦܛܪܘܣ) was an Assyrian military leader and statesman during World War I, born in the Lower Baz village of the Ottoman Empire. Petros led the Assyrian independence movement and resistance against the Ottoman Empire and their Kurdish allies during the Assyrian genocide.

Agha Petros defeated the Turks in Sauj Bulak and drove them back to Rawandiz.

## Other websites

- Bet Nahrain

## Infobox (military person)

- **name**: Petros Elia of Baz
ܦܸܛܪܘܿܣ ܐܹܠܝ݂ܵܐ ܕܒܵܙ
- **native name**: ܦܸܛܪܘܿܣ ܐܹܠܝ݂ܵܐ ܕܒܵܙ
- **image**:
- **nickname**: Agha Petros
- **birth name**: Petros Elia
- **allegiance**: Triple_Entente#Non_state_Combatants, Assyrian volunteers, Allies of World War I
- **relations**: Agha Mirza (brother)
- **caption**: Agha Petros in his French uniform (1920s)
- **birth date**: 1 April 1880
- **birth place**: Baz, Hakkari, Ottoman Empire
- **death date**: 2 February 1932
- **death place**: Toulouse, France
- **image size**: 20
Classical Latin

**Classical Latin** is the form of Latin that was used by the Ancient Romans in official Roman records, the Roman army, and Latin literature. Its use helped the Golden Age of Latin literature, during the 1st century BC and the early 1st century AD.

Classical Latin is a dead language, as is Vulgar Latin, the common speech of citizens in the Roman Empire. Latin is no longer spoken as a first language, but it is still spoken by church officials in the Vatican, where it is the official language.

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Classical Latin
- **region**: _Mare Nostrum_ region
- **states**: Roman Republic, Roman Empire
- **nation**: Roman Republic, Roman Empire
- **script**: Classical Latin alphabet 
- **era**: 75 BC to AD 3rd century, when it developed into Late Latin
- **familycolor**: Indo-European
- **fam2**: Italic languages, Italic
- **ancestor**: Old Latin
- **image**: Rome Colosseum inscription 2.jpg
- **imagecaption**: Latin inscription in the Colosseum
- **map**: Europa60AD.svg
- **mapcaption**: The range of Latin, AD 60
- **agency**: Schools of grammar and rhetoric
- **fam3**: Latino-Faliscan languages, Latino-Faliscan
- **fam4**: Latin
- **isoexception**: historical
- **glotto**: none
- **linglist**: lat-cla
- **lingua**: 51-AAB-aaa
Syriac language

The **Syriac language** () is an Eastern Aramaic language. It was spoken long ago in the Fertile Crescent. In the West Syriac tradition, it is known as لشونو كثوبنيو _Leššōnō kṯoḇonōyō,_ while in the East Syriac tradition, it is known as لشانة أتيقاء _Leššānā ʔatīqā or Leššānā لشانة سپرايةsaprāyā._

## Related pages

- Judea
- Assyrian people
- Assyrian Church of the East
- Chaldean Catholic Church
- Syriac Orthodox Church
- Aramaic language
- Eastern Christianity

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Syriac
- **nativename**: **'
- **pronunciation**: lɛʃʃɑːnɑː surjɑːjɑː
- **image**: Syriac - Estrangelo Nisibin Calligraphy.png
- **image size**: 200px
- **imagecaption**: **Leššānā Suryāyā''' in written Syriac (Esṭrangelā script)
- **region**: Upper Mesopotamia, Eastern Arabia
- **era**: 1st century AD until ~ 14th century; Developed into Northeastern Neo-Aramaic and Central Neo-Aramaic languages after the 12th century.
- **familycolor**: Afro-Asiatic
- **fam2**: Semitic
- **fam3**: Central Semitic
- **fam4**: Northwest Semitic
- **fam5**: Aramaic
- **fam6**: Eastern Aramaic
- **script**: Syriac abjad
- **iso2**: syc
- **iso2comment**: Classical Syriac
- **iso3**: syc
- **iso3comment**: Classical Syriac
- **glotto**: clas1252
- **glottorefname**: Classical Syriac
- **notice**: IPA
- **ancestor**: Old Syriac
Louis Charles Antoine Desaix

**Louis Charles Antoine Desaix** (17 August 1768 – 14 June 1800) was a general of France.

Napoleon Bonaparte created two monuments in the memory of Desaix; they are _Desaix_ on the _Place Dauphine_ and _Place des Victoires_ in Paris.
Monte Melkonian

**Monte Melkonian** (born November 25, 1957 – June 12, 1993) was an American-Armenian military commander. in the Nagorno-Karabakh war. He is largely known for major military victories against Azerbaijan from the late autumn of 1992. Melkonian had no prior service record in any country's army before being placed in command of an estimated 4,000 men in the war. He had largely built his military education beginning from the late 1970s and 1980s where he fought against the various splintering factions in the Lebanese Civil War, against Israeli troops in the Israeli invasion of Lebanon and was a member of the Armenian terror organization ASALA.

## Other websites

- 2 part documentary video about Monte, including rare interviews, on Google Video: Part 1 and Part 2. (In Armenian.)
- 5 part interview with Monte Melkonian, in English, on YouTube: Part 1, Part 2, Part 3, Part 4,Part 5

## Infobox (military person)

- **name**: Monte Melkonian
- **image**: Monte Melkonian postal card.jpg
- **caption**: 2008 postal card honoring Melkonian
- **birth place**: Visalia, California, Visalia, California, United States
- **death place**: Mərzili, Merzili, Agdam District, Azerbaijan
- **placeofburial**: Yerablur
- **alma mater**: University of California, Berkeley
- **allegiance**: Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia, ASALA

- **branch**: Nagorno-Karabakh Defense Army
- **serviceyears**: 1979–1993
- **rank**: Lieutenant Colonel
- **commands**: Martuni Detachment
- **battles**: Iranian Revolution
Lebanese Civil War
1982 Lebanon War
First Nagorno-Karabakh War
- **awards**: National Hero of Armenia
- **spouse**: Seda Melkonian
- **relations**: Markar Melkonian <small>(brother)</small>
- **laterwork**: _The Right to Struggle_ (selected writings printed posthumously in 1993)
Israel Defense Forces

Israel's military is called the **Israel Defense Forces** (shortened: _IDF_) () ), _"Army for the Defense of Israel"._ It is known in Israel by the Hebrew acronym צה"ל, (**Tzahal**). It includes the Israel Army, Air Force, and Navy.

Since 1967, the IDF has had a close relationship with the United States.  The IDF is believed to have maintained nuclear weapons, possibly possessing between 80 and 400 nuclear warheads.

## IDF Corps

The army has the following corps:

**Ground Arm**
- Infantry Corps
    - 1st Golani Brigade
    - 35th Paratroopers Brigade
    - 84th Nahal Brigade
    - 89th Commando Brigade
    - 900th Kfir Brigade
    - 933rd Givati Brigade
- Armored corps
    - 7th Sa'ar Armored Brigade
    - 188th Barak Armored Brigade
    - 401st Ikvot HaBarzel Armored Brigade
    - 460th Sons of Light Armored Brigade
- Artillery Corps
- Combat Engineering Corps
- Combat Intelligence Collection Corps

## Other websites

- Official website
    - Official website
- BBC: Israel undercover
- Israeli Weapons
- Statistics about IDF ratio of thwarting suicide bombing attacks  (link to DOC file)
- Defense-Update Online Magazine
- Haaretz report: "From 40 attacks per quarter to 5 attacks per quarter" :English  - Hebrew  - Graph 1: Thwarted attacks (yellow) vs successful attacks (red) - Graph 2: Suicide bombing within the "green line" per quarter .
- War Online - military analysis and military history of the Middle East, especially IDF
- The Israeli Military and Israel's Palestinian Policy: From Oslo to the Al Aqsa Intifada  U.S. Institute of Peace, December 2002
- Israel Military Forum
Massacres in Harput District

**Massacres in Harput District** also **Kharput** were a large scale of massacres that happened in the district.

## Background

In May 1915, before the start of the deportations, the authorities in Harput began to mount systematic searches for arms in Armenian shops and homes in the twin cities and the surrounding villages.

In the words of an eye-witness.

Denmark's minister in Turkey during the First World War. "The Turks are vigorously carrying through their cruel intention, to exterminate the Armenian people," Carl Wandel wrote on 3 July 1915. The Bishop of Karput was ordered to leave Aleppo within 48 hours "and it has later been learned that this Bishop and all the clergy that accompanied him have been ... killed between Diyarbekir and Urfa at a place where approximately 1,700 Armenian families have suffered the same fate ... In Angora ... approximately 6,000 men ... have been shot on the road ... even here in Constantinople (Istanbul), Armenians are being abducted and sent to Asia ..."

### Attacks by Kurds

The first sign of dangers was the appearance on the plain of bands of Kurds from the regions north and east. Villages were attacked, looted and burned, while the villagers were killed or scattered. For a time the marauders seemed to hold aloof from the city itself, but as they kept on their course of pillage their appetite for plunder was whetted, and they looked with avaricious eyes at the city on the hill.

## Related pages

- Genocide
- Adana massacre
- Armenian Genocide
- Hamidian massacres