Benito Mussolini

**Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini** (July 29, 1883 – April 28, 1945) was an Italian politician who was the dictator of Italy during the Fascist era, which lasted from the March on Rome in 1922 until his overthrow in 1943.

### Early life

Benito Mussolini was named after Benito Juarez, a Mexican opponent of the political power of the Roman Catholic Church, by his anticlerical (a person who opposes the political interference of the Roman Catholic Church in secular affairs) father. Mussolini's father was a blacksmith. Before being involved in politics, Mussolini was a newspaper editor (where he learned all his propaganda skills) and elementary school teacher.

At first, Mussolini was a socialist, but when he wanted Italy to join the First World War, he was thrown out of the socialist party. He 'invented' a new ideology, Fascism, much out of Nationalist and Conservative views.

### Rise to power and becoming dictator

In 1922, he took power by having a large group of men, "Black Shirts," march on Rome and threaten to take over the government. King Vittorio Emanuele III gave in, allowed him to form a government, and made him prime minister. In the following five years, he gained power, and in 1927 created the OVRA, his personal secret police force. Using the agency to arrest, scare, or murder people against his regime, Mussolini was dictator of Italy by the end of 1927. Only the King and his own Fascist party could challenge his power.

### Fascism as practiced by Mussolini

Mussolini's form of Fascism, "Italian Fascism"- unlike Nazism, the racist ideology that Adolf Hitler followed- was different and less destructive than Hitler's. Although a believer in the superiority of the Italian nation and national unity, Mussolini, unlike Hitler, is quoted "Race? It is a feeling, not a reality. Nothing will ever make me believe that biologically pure races can be shown to exist today".

Mussolini wanted Italy to become a new Roman Empire. In 1923, he attacked the island of Corfu, and in 1924, he occupied the city state of Fiume. In 1935, he attacked the African country Abyssinia (now called Ethiopia). His forces occupied it in 1936. Italy was thrown out of the League of Nations because of this aggression. In 1939, he occupied the country Albania. In 1936, Mussolini signed an alliance with Adolf Hitler, the dictator of Germany.

## Downfall and death

In 1940, he sent Italy into the Second World War on the side of the Axis countries. Mussolini attacked Greece, but he failed to conquer it. In 1943, the Allies landed in Southern Italy. The Fascist party and King Vittorio Emanuel III deposed Mussolini and put him in jail, but he was set free by the Germans, who made him ruler of the Italian Social Republic puppet state which was in a small part of Central Italy.

When the war was almost over, Mussolini tried to escape to Switzerland with his mistress, Clara Petacci, but they were both captured and shot by partisans. Mussolini's dead body was hanged upside-down, together with his mistress and some of Mussolini's helpers, on a pole at a gas station in the village of Milan, which is near the border  between Italy and Switzerland.

## Post-war period

After the war, several Neo-Fascist movements have had success in Italy, the most important being the Movimento Sociale Italiano. His granddaughter Alessandra Mussolini has outspoken views similar to Fascism.

### Legacy

Mussolini's legacy is complex; he played a significant role in Italian history, but his association with fascism and authoritarianism has left a controversial mark. His policies had lasting effects, but they were often accompanied by suppression of dissent and human rights abuses.

## Other websites

- Mussolini's "Last Will", April 22, 1945 (in Italian). From 'Il Giornale' newspaper

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **embed**: yes
- **office4**: Minister of Foreign Affairs (Italy), Minister of Foreign Affairs
- **term start4**: 5 February 1943
- **term end4**: 25 July 1943
- **primeminister4**: Himself
- **predecessor4**: Galeazzo Ciano
- **successor4**: Raffaele Guariglia
- **term start5**: 20 July 1932
- **term end5**: 9 June 1936
- **primeminister5**: Himself
- **predecessor5**: Dino Grandi
- **successor5**: Galeazzo Ciano
- **term start6**: 30 October 1922
- **term end6**: 12 September 1929
- **primeminister6**: Himself
- **predecessor6**: Carlo Schanzer
- **successor6**: Dino Grandi
- **office7**: Ministry of the Colonies (Italy), Minister of the Colonies
- **primeminister7**: Himself
- **term start7**: 20 November 1937
- **term end7**: 31 October 1939
- **predecessor7**: Alessandro Lessona
- **successor7**: Attilio Teruzzi
- **primeminister8**: Himself
- **term start8**: 17 January 1935
- **term end8**: 11 June 1936
- **predecessor8**: Emilio De Bono
- **successor8**: Alessandro Lessona
- **term start9**: 18 December 1928
- **term end9**: 12 September 1929
- **primeminister9**: Himself
- **predecessor9**: Luigi Federzoni
- **successor9**: Emilio De Bono
- **office10**: Minister of War (Italy), Minister of War
- **term start10**: 22 July 1933
- **term end10**: 25 July 1943
- **primeminister10**: Himself
- **predecessor10**: Pietro Gazzera
- **successor10**: Antonio Sorice
- **term start11**: 4 April 1925
- **term end11**: 12 September 1929
- **primeminister11**: Himself
- **predecessor11**: Antonino Di Giorgio
- **successor11**: Pietro Gazzera
- **office12**: Minister of Corporations
- **term start12**: 20 July 1932
- **term end12**: 11 June 1936
- **primeminister12**: Himself
- **predecessor12**: Giuseppe Bottai
- **successor12**: Ferruccio Lantini
- **office13**: Minister of the Interior (Italy), Minister of the Interior
- **term start13**: 6 November 1926
- **term end13**: 25 July 1943
- **primeminister13**: Himself
- **predecessor13**: Luigi Federzoni
- **successor13**: Bruno Fornaciari
- **term start14**: 31 October 1922
- **term end14**: 17 June 1924
- **primeminister14**: Himself
- **predecessor14**: Paolino Taddei
- **successor14**: Luigi Federzoni


## Infobox (officeholder)

- **honorific prefix**: _Duce_
- **name**: Benito Mussolini
- **height**: 1.69 m
- **image**: Mussolini mezzobusto.jpg
- **caption**: Benito Mussolini in 1939
- **office**: Prime Minister of Italy
- **monarch**: Victor Emmanuel III of Italy, Victor Emmanuel III
- **term start**: 31 October 1922
- **term end**: 25 July 1943
- **predecessor**: Luigi Facta
- **successor**: Pietro Badoglio
- **office2**: Duce of the Italian Social Republic
- **term start2**: 23 September 1943
- **term end2**: 25 April 1945
- **predecessor2**: _Office established_
- **successor2**: _Office abolished_
- **office3**: Duce of Fascism
- **term start3**: 23 March 1919
- **term end3**: 28 April 1945
- **predecessor3**: _Movement established_
- **successor3**: _Movement abolished_
- **office14**: Member of the
- **term start14**: 23 March 1939
- **term end14**: 2 August 1943
- **office15**: Member of the Chamber of Deputies (Italy), Chamber of Deputies
- **term start15**: 11 June 1921
- **term end15**: 22 March 1939
- **birth name**: Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini
- **birth place**: Dovia di Predappio, Forlì,
- **death place**: Giulino di Mezzegra, Como,
- **resting place**: San Cassiano cemetery, Predappio, Italy
- **death cause**: Death of Benito Mussolini, Summary execution
- **party**: National Fascist Party, PNF (19211943)
- **relatives**: Mussolini family
- **signature**: Benito Mussolini's Signature, derived from Lettramussol.svg
- **serviceyears**: 1915–1917 (active)
- **unit**: 11th Bersaglieri Regiment
- **footnotes**: a.