juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Battle of Leipzig

The **Battle of Leipzig**, or **Battle of the Nations**, was a battle of Napoleon I and his army against an allied force of several nations on October 16 to 19, 1813. Napoleon's army had been defeated and depleted in the French invasion of Russia. The French were also losing the Peninsular War and retreating everywhere.

Being outnumbered, he attacked. His allies in the Confederation of the Rhine changed sides, and Napoleon was defeated. The batle was the one of the largest battles before World War I and involved about 600,000 soldiers and the largest cavalry charge ever. It was part of the War of the Sixth Coalition.

After the battle and the later defence of Paris (1814), Napoleon was taken to the Mediterranean island of Elba.

## Other websites

- “Easily ranking as one of the largest battles in History”
- Allied Order-of-Battle at Leipzig: 16-18 October 1813
- French order of battle: II–XI Army Corps
- French order of battle: Cavalry Reserve and the Imperial Guard
- http://www.voelkerschlacht1813.de/
- http://www.voelkerschlacht-bei-leipzig.de/
- http://www.leipzig1813.com

## Infobox (military conflict)

- **conflict**: Battle of Leipzig
- **partof**: the War of the Sixth Coalition
- **image**: MoshkovVI SrazhLeypcigomGRM.jpg
- **caption**: _The Battle of Leipzig_ by Vladimir Moshkov (1815)
- **date**: 16–19 October 1813
- **place**: Leipzig, Saxony
- **result**: Decisive coalition victory
- **combatant1**: First French Empire, French Empire
* Duchy of Warsaw
*  Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic), Italy
*  Napoleonic Kingdom of Naples, Naples
*  Kingdom of Saxony, Saxony
- **combatant2**: Russian Empire, Russia
 Austrian Empire
 Kingdom of Prussia, Prussia
 Sweden
 Kingdom of Saxony, Saxony
- **commander1**: Napoleon I of France, Napoleon I
Józef Antoni Poniatowski
 Frederick Augustus I of Saxony, Frederick Augustus
- **commander2**: Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly, Barclay De Tolly
 Count Benningsen

Karl Philipp, Prince of Schwarzenberg, Prince of Schwarzenberg
  Charles XIV John of Sweden, Crown Prince Charles John
 Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher, Gebhard von Blücher
- **strength1**: 195,000
 700 guns
- **strength2**: 430,000
 1,500 guns
- **casualties1**: 38,000 dead or wounded
20,000 captured
- **casualties2**: 54,000 dead or wounded
Invisible Children

**Invisible Children** is an organization that aims to help child soldiers in Africa. It was founded in 2004. It specifically focuses on the activities of the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) and its leader, Joseph Kony. It wants to stop the LRA from kidnapping children and forcing them to serve as soldiers.

It was established after a movie was made about forcing children to fight in wars.
MU*

**MU*** refers to a family of text-based online game servers:

- TinyMUD
- MUSH
- MOO
- TinyMUCK
- and other related types

These are also called the **Tiny family**.  These are kinds of MUD.
Terracotta

**Terracotta**, sometimes spelled **terra cortta**, is a red clay-based baked ceramic, usually unglazed.

Its uses include vessels, water and waste water pipes and surface embellishment in building construction, along with sculpture such as the Terracotta Army and Greek terracotta figurines. The term is also used to refer to items made out of this material and to its natural, brownish orange color, which varies considerably.

## Production and properties

Clay is partially dried and cast, molded, or hand worked into the desired shape. After thorough drying, it is placed in a kiln, or atop combustible material in a pit, and then fired.

After pit firing the hot ware is covered with sand to cool, and after kiln firing the kiln is slowly cooled. When unglazed, the material will not be waterproof, but it is suitable for in-ground use to carry pressurized water (an archaic use), for garden ware, and sculpture or building decoration in tropical environments, and for oil containers, oil lamps, or ovens. Most other uses such as for table ware, sanitary piping, or building decoration in freezing environments require that the material be glazed. Terracotta, if uncracked, will ring if lightly struck, but not as brightly as will ware fired at higher temperature, which is called stoneware. The fired material is weak compared to stoneware.

Some types of terracotta are created from clay that includes recycled terracotta ("grog").

The unglazed color after firing can vary widely, but most common clays contain enough iron to cause an orange, orangish red, or brownish orange color, with this range including various colors described as "terracotta". Other colors include yellow, gray, and pink.
Yo-yo effect

The **Yo-yo effect** means people quickly gaining weight after a diet. Other words for this activity are **yo-yo dieting** or **weight cycling**. People's weight can move down and back up like a yo-yo when they follow several diets one after another. A person's weight after the diet is often higher than it was before dieting.

## The Steps

The steps to the weight cycle are normal eating, weight gain, diet, metabolism slow-down, and end of the diet. But they repeat again and that’s the Yo-Yo effect. For example, Sherman Morrison talks about someone on the website healevate.com, saying, “In the 1990’s she got up to 237 pounds, dropped it back down to 160 in the early 2000’s, but then crept back up over 200. Recently, however, she shed 30 pounds using Weight Watchers.” Which means she first gained weight, then she lost weight, and finally she gained it back. Basically, Morrison is describing that the Yo-Yo effect is gaining and losing weight over and over again.

## Causes

The body needs less energy after losing weight on a diet. People have less fatty tissue and often less muscle after the diet. Muscle tissue needs more energy than fatty tissue. Reducing the amount of muscle tissue therefore reduces the need for energy. Also, limit the number of calories people take in. At some point, a dieter's body will change the way it uses energy if there are less calories to burn. The body does this to make sure it survives when less food is available. These changes in the body cause people to gain weight rapidly when they stop dieting and return to their old eating habits.

## Avoiding It

People can avoid the yo-yo effect by changing their diet. If a diet works without the body switching to a more efficient way of using calories, there will be no yo-yo effect. A diet should change the dieter's eating habits for a long time. New eating habits should not give the body more energy than it needs. At the end of the diet, it also makes sense to raise the number of calories someone eats slowly. Exercise and sports can increase the amount of calories burned by the body rather than turned into fat.
David Latta (ice hockey)

**David Latta** (born January 3, 1967, in Thunder Bay, Ontario) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey left winger.  He was drafted in the first round, 15th overall, by the Quebec Nordiques in the 1985 NHL Entry Draft and went on to play thirty-six games in the National Hockey League, all of them with the Nordiques.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **name**: David Latta
- **position**: Winger (ice hockey), Left Wing
- **shoots**: Left
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 1
- **weight lb**: 190
- **birth place**: Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
- **career start**: 1986
- **career end**: 1998
- **draft**: 15th overall
- **draft year**: 1985
- **draft team**: Quebec Nordiques
- **played for**: Quebec Nordiques
Pentti Lund

**Pentti Alexander Lund** (born December 6, 1925 – April 16, 2013) was a Finnish-Canadian professional ice hockey right winger who played for the Boston Bruins and New York Rangers  in the National Hockey League.  During his first year he was the recipient of the Calder Trophy.  Lund is often said to have been the first Finnish player in the National Hockey League. (Albert Pudas, however, played 4 games with the Toronto Maple Leafs in 1926-1927). Lund moved to Canada from Finland at the age of six.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **image**: Pentti Lund 49-50.JPG
- **caption**: Lund on the New York Rangers
- **image size**: 225px
- **played for**: **National Hockey League, NHL**
 Boston Bruins
 New York Rangers
- **league**: National Hockey League, NHL
- **position**: Winger (ice hockey), Right Winger
- **shoots**: Right
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 0
- **weight lb**: 185
- **birth place**: Karijoki, Finland
- **death place**: Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
- **career start**: 1943
- **career end**: 1953
Mechanical wave

A **mechanical wave** requires a medium. Sound waves, waves in a Slinky, and pressure waves are all examples of this phenomenon. Sound waves need a physical medium in order to exist; the Slinky waves need the Slinky, and the waves in the ocean need the water. Like all waves, they have a frequency, period, wavelength and amplitude.

Mechanical waves are a local oscillation of material. Only the energy propagates; the oscillating material does not move far from its initial equilibrium position; the wave travels by jumping from one particle of the transmission medium to another. Therefore, mechanical waves transport energy and not material.
Mother Angelica

**Mother Mary Angelica of the Annunciation**  (**Rita Antoinette Rizzo**; April 20, 1923 – March 27, 2016) was an American Catholic nun. She created the Eternal Word Television Network (ETWN). It is a very popular television channel for Catholics.

Mother Angelica died on March 27, 2016, Easter Sunday, from complications of a stroke at her home in Hanceville, Alabama, aged 92.
Flame test

A **flame test** is a test for chemicals. Normally it is used to see whether there are certain metals in a chemical compound. The chemical compound is heated in a flame and a colored flame is made. The colored flame can be turned into its spectrum to analyze it. Many metals produce flame colors. The colors are made by electrons jumping up to higher orbits in the atom when it is heated. They fall down soon, putting out light as energy.

## Related pages

- Chemical reaction
- Ion
Nine Lessons and Carols

The Festival of **Nine Lessons and Carols** is a form of church service used at Christmas in the Anglican Church.  There are nine lessons (readings) and between each reading there is a carol sung, either by the choir on its own or by the whole congregation.  The story is told from the beginning of the Bible in which Adam disobeys God, to the coming of the baby Jesus.

The form of the service was started by Edward White Benson who was Bishop of Truro in Cornwall, for use on  Christmas Eve (24 December) 1880.  The service is now used by other churches all over the world, not just in  Anglican churches, but also in some Roman Catholic and Lutheran churches. In the UK, the service has become the standard form for schools' Christmas carol services.

The best-known Nine Lessons and Carols service is the one held in King's College, Cambridge every Christmas.  The choir carols are sung by the famous Choir. This service has been broadcast by the BBC for more than half a century.

## Service at King's College, Cambridge

The first Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols at King's College, Cambridge, was held on Christmas Eve in 1918.  The music at the first service was directed by Arthur Henry Mann, who was the organist from 1876 to 1929. The choir had 16 trebles which was the number that Henry VI said there must be when he founded the college.  Until 1927 the men in the choir were choral scholars and lay clerks. Today, 14 undergraduates from the Choir of King's College, Cambridge, sing the men's parts.

The service was first broadcast by the British Broadcasting Corporation in 1928 and, except for 1930, has been broadcast every year since, even throughout World War II in spite of the stained glass having been removed from the Chapel and the lack of heating. The service is slightly different today: not all the readings are from the Bible.   Most of the carols are sung by the choir. There are generally more than nine carols.   The service starts with the famous carol "Once in Royal David's City".  Verse one is always sung as an unaccompanied solo by one of the boys in the choir.  The boy is not told that he is the one who has been chosen to sing the solo until just before the service begins.

Since 1982 the  Director of Music has been Stephen Cleobury.  Each year he commissions a composer to write a new carol for the Choir.  The service ends with the carol "O Come all ye faithful".  This is followed by the Organ Voluntary: "In Dulci Jubilo" (BWV 729) by Johann Sebastian Bach and then another Organ Piece (which is heard on the radio but not on television).

## Other websites

- King's College Chapel's webpage about the service
Bearing

The word **bearing** can mean:

- Bearing (navigation), A word used for different methods that try to find out the angle between an object used for this purpose, and a reference direction
- Bearing (mechanical), A device to permit fixed direction motion between two parts
- Bearing (posture or carriage): as in _She walks with self-assured bearing_
- Bearing (relevance): as in _That has no bearing on the issue_.

The word may be used in less frequent contexts than these examples. If in doubt, check in a good dictionary.
Babbitt metal

**Babbitt metal** is a metal that has very little friction. It is used for bearings. It can be made from tin, copper, antimony, or lead. Normally it is a certain mixture of these metals. It is very soft. There are harder and softer parts in it, though. This creates small holes where grease can go in when the soft parts rub away. An item with bearings could be a fidget spinner or a bicycle wheel.
Zinc aluminium

**Zinc aluminium**, also called **ZA**, are alloys of zinc and aluminium. They make good bearings. They work similar to Babbitt metal. Different amounts of aluminium can be added to make different properties. The percentage of aluminium can be known by a number. ZA8 means there is 8% aluminium.
Nickel silver

**Nickel silver**, sometimes called **German silver**, is an alloy. It normally has copper, nickel, and zinc in it. Despite the name, it does not contain any real silver. It is common in utensils. It is also used in cymbals, keys, zippers, and musical instruments. Some coins use nickel silver. It is sometimes used to trick people into thinking it is silver. A German industrial chemist named E.A. Geitner discovered nickel silver in the early 19th century.
Pope Innocent III

**Pope Innocent III** (; 1160 or 1161 – 16 July 1216) was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 177th Pope from 1198 until his death in 1216.

## Early life

Lotario di Conti was born at Anagni in central Italy. His father was Count Trasimund of Segni who was a member of the Conti family.

During the short reigns of Pope Lucius III, Pope Urban III, Pope Gregory VIII, and Pope Clement III, he served in the church bureaucracy.

## Cardinal

In 1190, Clement III raised him to the rank of Cardinal.

## Pope

Cardinal Segni was unanimously elected pope on January 8, 1198; and he took the name of Innocent III.

Pope Innocent was involved in Italian and European political disputes.

Pope Innocent promoted the theory that the spiritual power of the church was greater than any king or emperor. Innocent was the first pope to form a Papal state.

### Crusades

Innocent III was responsible for starting the Fourth Crusade, the Albigensian Crusade, and the Fifth Crusade.

### Lateran Council

In 1215, Innocent brought together the church's bishops and cardinals in a meeting called the Fourth Lateran Council.

## Related pages

- List of popes
- List of popes from the Conti family

## Other websites

- Catholic Hierarchy, Pope in sequence
- Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church , Cardinal Segni

## Infobox (christian leader)

- **type**: Pope
- **honorific-prefix**: Pope
- **name**: Innocent III
- **title**: Bishop of Rome
- **image**: Innozenz3.jpg
- **image size**: 220px
- **term start**: 8 January 1198
- **term end**: 16 July 1216
- **predecessor**: Celestine III
- **successor**: Honorius III
- **ordination**: 21 February 1198
- **consecration**: 22 February 1198
- **cardinal**: September 1190
- **created cardinal by**: Clement III
- **birth name**: Lotario de' Conti di Segni
- **birth date**: 1160 or 1161
- **birth place**: Gavignano, Papal States
- **death date**: 16 July 1216 (aged 55–56)
- **death place**: Perugia, Papal States
- **other**: Innocent
Debby Boone

**Debby Boone** (born **Deborah Ann Boone** on September 22, 1956) is a singer, songwriter, and children's book author. She is the daughter of singer Pat Boone. She has won three Grammy Awards; in 1977, 1980 and 1984.

## Awards

- 1977: Grammy Award: Best New Artist of the Year, for the song "You Light Up My Life"
- 1980: Grammy Award: Best Inspirational Performance for the song "With My Song I Will Praise Him"
- 1984: Grammy Award: Best Performance by a duo or group for the song "Keep The Flame Burning" with Phil Driscoll
FLOPS

**FLOPS** is an acronym for "**fl**oating point **op**erations per **s**econd". The FLOPS is a measure of a computer's performance, especially in the fields of calculations that make heavy use of floating point calculations. It is like the older measure of instructions per second.
Satyr

A **satyr** is a creature from Greek mythology. They are usually depicted with the upper half of a human and the legs of a goat, and horns on their heads. Satyrs were usually companions of Dionysus and Pan. They are often shown in art chasing after nymphs and were associated with nature and fertility. Sometimes satyrs were figured as the leader of drunks and pageantry.

## Related pages

- Satyr play
Sigur Rós discography

This page is about the music of the Icelandic band Sigur Rós.

### Studio albums

|rowspan="2"|Year|rowspan="2" style="width:200px;"|Album details|colspan="10"|Peak chart positions|style="width:120px;" rowspan="2"|Certifications <small>(sales thresholds)</small>||||||||||||||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1997|***Von*** * Released: June 1997 * Label: Smekkleysa Records * Formats: CD, LP|style="text-align:center;"|—|style="text-align:center;"|—|style="text-align:center;"|—|style="text-align:center;"|—|style="text-align:center;"|—|style="text-align:center;"|—|style="text-align:center;"|—|style="text-align:center;"|—|style="text-align:center;"|—|style="text-align:center;"|—|* ICL: Platinum|
|1999|***Ágætis byrjun*** * Released: June 1999 * Label: Smekkleysa Records * Formats: CD, LP|style="text-align:center;"|1|style="text-align:center;"|—|style="text-align:center;"|—|style="text-align:center;"|—|style="text-align:center;"|65|style="text-align:center;"|38|style="text-align:center;"|—|style="text-align:center;"|17|style="text-align:center;"|52|style="text-align:center;"|—|* ICL: Platinum|
|2002|***( )*** * Released: 28 October 2002 * Label: Smekkleysa Records * Formats: CD, LP|style="text-align:center;"|1|style="text-align:center;"|49|style="text-align:center;"|24|style="text-align:center;"|24|style="text-align:center;"|19|style="text-align:center;"|17|style="text-align:center;"|—|style="text-align:center;"|6|style="text-align:center;"|49|style="text-align:center;"|51|* ICL: Gold|
|2005|***Takk...*** * Released: 12 September 2005 * Label: Smekkleysa Records * Formats: CD, LP, digital download|style="text-align:center;"|1|style="text-align:center;"|19|style="text-align:center;"|16|style="text-align:center;"|8|style="text-align:center;"|30|style="text-align:center;"|6|style="text-align:center;"|4|style="text-align:center;"|4|style="text-align:center;"|16|style="text-align:center;"|27|* ICL: Gold * UK: Gold|
|2008|***Með suð í eyrum við spilum endalaust*** * Released: 20 June 2008 * Label: Smekkleysa Records * Formats: CD, LP, digital download|style="text-align:center;"|1|style="text-align:center;"|14|style="text-align:center;"|8|style="text-align:center;"|7|style="text-align:center;"|30|style="text-align:center;"|4|style="text-align:center;"|7|style="text-align:center;"|4|style="text-align:center;"|5|style="text-align:center;"|15|* UK: Gold|
|colspan="13" style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;"|"—" denotes a title that was not released or did not chart in that territory.||||||||||||||||||||||

## Other websites

- Sigur Rós official website
- Sigur Rós official UK website
- The Spy Machine  Sigur Rós discography

## Infobox (artist discography)

- **artist**: Sigur Rós
- **image**: Sigur Rós.jpg
- **caption**: Sigur Rós performing at the Roskilde Festival 2006, Denmark
- **studio**: 7
- **live**: 1
- **compilation**: 3
- **video**: 2
- **option**: 3
- **option name**: Remix albums
- **soundtrack**: 1
- **ep**: 5
- **singles**: 15
- **music videos**: 23
- **1option**: 13
- **1option name**: Other appearances
White-tailed deer

The **white-tailed deer** (_Odocoileus virginianus_), also known as the **whitetail** or **Virginia deer**, is a type of deer that is found throughout most of North America, and only some in South America. The white-tailed deer were also brought over to Europe and New Zealand.

The white-tailed deer is normally between around 57 and 137 kilograms (125 to 301 pounds) in weight.  Its body is between 160 and 220 centimeters (63 to 86 inches) long.  It is mostly colored brown, but can also be greyish in winter and reddish in summer.  Male white-tailed deer have large antlers. These fall off in the winter.  The white-tailed deer mostly lives between two and three years long.  Sometimes, though, they will live for more than ten years.

This type of deer is quite shy.  When they are scared, they run very fast, and wave their tails.  They mostly stay alone and in the same location throughout the year.  During the autumn, the deer engage in mating.

They mostly eat vegetation like tree leaves or smaller plants.  The deer feed mostly during the morning and evening.

Predators of the white-tailed deer include wolves, coyotes, bears and mountain lions, as well as humans.
Great northern bean

**Great Northern beans** are beans that are white in color. They are characterized by their light flavor profile and their size. Great Northern beans are commonly used in soups and stews. They are similar in shape to a Lima bean and typically slightly shorter.
Frederick de Houtman

**Frederick de Houtman** (1571 – 21 October 1627) was a Dutch explorer. In 1619, on his way to Batavia, he sailed the western coast of Australia.
Jigsaw puzzle

A **jigsaw puzzle** is a puzzle with pieces in it. Most people think it is harder than normal puzzles. It is usually used as children's toy.

## Variations

Jigsaw puzzles come in many variations, for example they can vary in number of pieces. Standard puzzles contain from 300 to 1000 pieces. The largest commercially sold puzzle had 32,256 pieces. Versions designed for children come in great variety of puzzle piece sizes. Some puzzles are made double-sided so they contain 2 different puzzles on each side.

There are also 3D jigsaw puzzles. Most of them are made of wood or styrofoam.

There are many jigsaw games available for computers and mobile devices too. Computers have the advantage of interactivity, for example some companies offer you to make custom puzzles based on your photo sent to them.

There is also the last type of a jigsaw puzzle, it is considered a 3D puzzle but made from a 2D pieces. After you assemble pieces in 2D, you bend and adjust the whole creation to make to 3D model.
Googie

**Googie** is the term given to a type of architecture and art in the United States in the 20th century.  It is also called **Doo Wop**, **Atomic age**, or **populuxe**.   It was very futuristic, echoing themes of the 1950s as a whole.  Some of Googie architecture was based on what spaceships look like.  It started in California soon after World War II and spread to the rest of the United States in the 1950s.  Many of the buildings built in the Googie style were coffee shops, bowling alleys and motels.

Here are a few famous Googie buildings:

- The Space Needle
- Los Angeles International Airport
- The first Tomorrowland at Disneyland
- The first McDonald's
- Many of the early casinos in Las Vegas
Sharecropping

**Sharecropping** is a term for when one person farms another person's land, and then the two share what is produced.  Sharecroppers are almost always poor, and are often in debt to landowners or other people.  Sharecropping was very common in the Southern United States after the American Civil War and the end of slavery. At that time, many African Americans sharecropped on the land that they had once farmed as slaves.  Sharecropping was part of the system of "Jim Crow", which kept blacks poor and not really citizens.

Sharecropping became more common in the Southern United States when slavery was abolished. During the 20th century it became rare.
President of South Korea

The **President of the Republic of Korea** is the head of state, leader of the executive of the South Korean government and the commander-in-chief of the South Korean Armed Forces.

The president is directly elected by the people to a five-year term, with no possibility of re-election. While in office, the chief executive lives in Cheong Wa Dae (the "Blue House").

If the National Assembly votes against a presidential decision, it will be declared void immediately.

## Powers and duties of the president

The president is required to:
- uphold the Constitution
- preserve the safety and homeland of South Korea
- work for the peaceful reunification of Korea, typically act as the Chairperson of the National Unification Advisory Council

## Living former presidents

As of , four former presidents are alive:

|Image|Name|Term of office|Age|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
||Lee Myung-bak|2008–2013||
||Park Geun-hye|2013–2017||
||Moon Jae-in|2017–2022||
||Yoon Suk Yeol|2022–2025||
The longest-lived President was Yun Bo-seon, who died on July 18, 1990 (at the age of ).

The most recent President to die was Chun Doo-hwan, who died on November 23, 2021.

## Other websites

- Official Website of the President of the Republic of Korea

## Infobox (official post)

- **post**: President
- **body**: the
- **insignia**: Seal of the President of the Republic of Korea.svg
- **insigniacaption**: Emblem of South Korea#Gallery, Presidential seal
- **flag**: Flag of the President of South Korea.svg
- **flagcaption**: List of South Korean flags#National government flags, Presidential standard
- **image**: Lee Jae-myung, 2021 (cropped 1).jpg
- **incumbent**: Lee Jae-myung
- **incumbentsince**: 4 June 2025
- **department**: Government of South Korea#Executive branch, Executive branch of the Government of South Korea
Office of the President (South Korea), Office of the President
- **residence**: Presidential Residence of South Korea
- **seat**: Seoul
- **appointer**: Presidential elections in South Korea, Direct popular vote
- **termlength**: Five years,
- **termlength qualified**: Non renewable
- **constituting instrument**: Constitution of South Korea (1948)
- **precursor**: List of presidents of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea, President of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea
- **first**: Syngman Rhee
- **unofficial names**: President of South Korea
- **deputy**: Prime Minister of South Korea
- **salary**: ₩240,648,000/USD$ 165,084 annually (2024)
- **website**:
Pierre Auguste Cot

**Pierre Auguste Cot** (17 February 1837 – 2 August 1883) was a French painter. Today he is counted as being part of the Academic art movement. He is also known for his portraits. He studied painting in Toulouse and Paris. His teachers were  Léon Cogniet, Alexandre Cabanel and William Bouguereau, amongst others. He won various prizes for his paintings, and in 1874, he is made Chevalier of the Legion of Honour. He died at the age of 46.
Normal force

**Normal force** is the force that the ground (or any surface) pushes back up with; if there was no normal force, you would fall into the ground.

The normal force on a object is always perpendicular (at a right angle) to the surface the object is on.

On a flat surface, the normal force of an object is  (the object's weight, that is its mass multiplied by the acceleration due to gravity).

On an inclined plane, the normal force is reduced by the angle, and the normal force is .

Note that on a flat surface,  (the angle) would be 0, and so  would be 1. Thus, the two equations are equal.
Zeebo

The **Zeebo** is a video games console. It was released by Zeebo Inc in 2009 in Brazil and Mexico. It has wireless capabilities. Players cannot online with the console anymore.

## Infobox (information appliance)

- **title**: Zeebo System
- **image**: Zeebo-Real Console.jpg
- **caption**: A Zeebo console wrapped in plastic and its power connector
- **manufacturer**: Zeebo Inc.
- **family**: Zeebo
- **type**: Home video game console
- **controllers**: 6-button dual analog gamepad
- **connectivity**: 1 Secure Digital, SD card slot
3 USB 2.0 ports

3G HSUPA

2.5G Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution, EDGE

2G GPRS
- **generation**: Seventh generation
- **price**: BRL, R$ 499,00
- **lifespan**: 2009–2011
- **cpu**: ARM architecture, ARM11 clocked at 528Mhz
- **gpu**: Adreno, ATI Imageon
- **media**: Digital distribution
- **storage**: 1 GB Flash memory#NAND flash, NAND flash
- **onlineservice**: ZeeboNet on Claro (mobile phone network), Claro 3G (Brazil)
Telcel (Mexico)
Grading in education

**Grades** are a teacher's evaluation of a student's performance. They are often letters (e.g. A, B, C, D, F,) or numbers (e.g. 1-10.), although in some countries they do not use either of these systems.

Letter grades are most commonly used in the United States and some others. The grades D or C are usually enough to pass.

Grades can also be on a number scale. Typically a midpoint score is a pass. Sometimes the numbers can go in descending order to indicate better performance.

A _Grade Point Average_, or GPA, takes the grade(s) of a student and assigns point values to them. These points are added up and divided to calculate the GPA.

Simple grades can be found with this formula:

The grade is the answer to that formula turned into a percent.

This is the type of grading the United States commonly uses.:

|Percent|Grade|
| --- | --- |
|97%-100%|A+|
|93%-96%|A|
|90%-92%|A-|
|87%-89%|B+|
|83%-86%|B|
|80%-82%|B-|
|77%-79%|C+|
|73%-76%|C|
|70%-72%|C-|
|67%-69%|D+|
|63%-66%|D|
|60%-62%|D-|
|0%-59%|F|
Elaphrosaurus

**Elaphrosaurus** is a genus of theropod dinosaur that lived during the Upper Jurassic period, about 150 million years ago. It was 15 feet long, and weighed 450 pounds.

_Elaphrosaurus_ was a slender, fast, and agile predator that probably preyed on small ornithopods, such as _Dryosaurus_.

The type specimen was found in the Tendaguru Formation in Tanzania. It was a nearly complete skeleton, but unfortunately, it lacked a skull. Since its body was similar to ornithomimids, it was originally thought to be the earliest ornithomimid. However, later studies showed that it is actually a ceratosaur. There is one named species, _Elaphrosaurus bambergi_. Remains very similar to it have also been found in the Morrison Formation in the western United States. These may possibly belong to _Elaphrosaurus_, indicating that this dinosaur had a wider range than previously thought.
National Organization for Women

The **National Organization for Women** (**NOW**) is the largest feminist organization in the United States. It was founded by Betty Friedan in 1966. About half a million people are members. It was one of the groups that wanted the Equal Rights Amendment and other ways to make women equal to men.

## Presidents

The following women have led the National Organization for Women;
1. Betty Friedan (1966–1970)
1. Aileen Hernandez (1970–1971)
1. Wilma Scott Heide (1971–1974)
1. Karen DeCrow (1974–1977)
1. Eleanor Smeal (1977–1982)
1. Judy Goldsmith (1982–1985)
1. Eleanor Smeal (1985–1987)
1. Molly Yard (1987–1991)
1. Patricia Ireland (1991–2001)
1. Kim Gandy (2001–2009)
1. Terry O'Neill (2009–Present)

## Opposition to equal rights

The National Organization for Women has opposed tries to make men and women equal in the law. One of the biggest things they have opposed is shared parenting.

## Other websites

- National Organization for Women, Official website
Cnemidophorus

***Cnemidophorus*** is a genus of lizards which belong to the family of Teiidae, which are commonly referred to as **whiptail lizards** or **racerunners**. Over 30% of the _Cnemidophorus_ genus are parthenogenic.
Toxicofera

**Toxicofera** (Greek or Latin for "those who carry toxins"), is a hypothetical clade of living Squamata (lizards and snakes). It includes about 4600 living species. This is all venomous reptile species, plus related non-venomous species.

The clade was identified when research showed that the evolution of venom was very ancient, and that it might have occurred only once.

## Cladistics

The Toxicofera combines the following groups from traditional classification:

- Suborder Serpentes (snakes)
- Suborder Iguania (iguanas, agamid lizards, chameleons, etc.)
- Infraorder Anguimorpha, consisting of:
    - Family Varanidae (monitor lizards)
    - Family Anguidae (alligator lizards, glass lizards, etc.)
    - Family Helodermatidae (Gila monster and Mexican beaded lizard)
Balaur

***Balaur*** is a genus of dromaeosaurid theropod dinosaur that lived in southern Europe during the Upper Cretaceous, about 70 million years ago.

The specimen is unique: unlike most other dromaeosaurs, it had _two_ sickle claws on each foot, not just one. It had a reduced and presumably nonfunctional third finger, consisting of only one rudimentary phalanx.

The specimen was discovered in 2010. _Balaur_ lived on a large prehistoric island called Hateg Island. Seventy million years ago, sea levels were much higher than they are today. Europe was an archipelago of islands.

Possibly because it was relatively isolated from other dinosaurs, _Balaur_ developed unique features. It was a small . This is an example of island dwarfism.

There is one known species, _Balaur bondoc_. _Balaur_ was a velociraptorine. Studies have shown that it is most closely related to the famous Asian dromaeosaurid _Velociraptor_.
Book of Optics

***The Book of Optics*** is a book that was written by Ibn al Haytham (965–1040 CE), an Arabic scientist and polymath. It was a seven-volume treatise on optics, physics, mathematics, anatomy and psychology, from 1011 to 1021. It was originally written in Arabic and was later translated into Persian, Latin and Italian within the next several centuries. The book had an important influence on the development of optics and on science in general because it introduced the experimental scientific method. Ibn al-Haytham has been called the "father of modern optics". Ibn al-Haytham wrote more than 200 works on a wide range of subjects, of which at least 96 of his scientific works are known.
Letter (message)

A **letter** is a physical, written message that one person sends to another person (or group of people), often by mail.

Ancient rulers of nations were probably the first people to send and receive letters. The practice of letter-writing eventually spread to include those who were not leaders of nations.

Since the late 20th century, letter-writing has decreased because new forms of electronic communication have been created, including computers and telephones. However, many people still send letters, such as for business purposes.

Since the late 20th century, scholars have begun to spend more time studying the practice of letter-writing academically.

## Related pages

- Electronic mail
- Envelope
- Gallows letter
- Letter box
- Postcard
- Telegram
Tobolsk

**Tobolsk** is part of the Tyumen Oblast in Russia. It is near many rivers. It is one of the few towns in Russia that have stone fortresses, known as kremlins. According to the census in 2021, 100,352 people live inside it. Its economy depends mostly on its oil. In February 1917, Nicholas II abdicated the throne, and his family, including his youngest daughter Anastasia, were moved to Tobolsk.

## Further reading

- Brumfield, _William Tobolsk: Architectural Heritage in Photographs Moscow: Tri Kvadrata_, 2006  (in English and in Russian)
Princess Helen of Serbia

**Princess Helen of Serbia** (4 November 1884 – 16 October 1962) was the daughter of King Peter I of Yugoslavia and his wife Princess Zorka of Montenegro. She was the older sister of George, Crown Prince of Serbia and Alexander I of Yugoslavia. Helen was also a niece of Anastasia of Montenegro, or Stana, wife of Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich of Russia, and of Milica of Montenegro. They were the women who introduced Grigori Rasputin to Tsarina Alexandra. She was born as _Princess Jelena of Serbia_. Her mother died when she was younger, so she was brought up mostly by her aunts. After she was married, she was known as _Elena Petrovna_, _Jelena Petrovna_, _Hélène Petrovna_ or _Ellen Petrovna_. Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna of Russia liked her very much. After the Imperial family died, she was questioned about Anastasia Nikolaevna. When she was put in prison for a short time at Perm in 1918, she said that a guard took a girl who called herself Anastasia Romanova to her cell and asked her if the girl was the Tsar's daughter. When she did not recognize the girl, the guard took her away.
Lithography

**Lithography** (from Greek _λίθος_ - _lithos_, 'stone' + _γράφω_ - _graphο_, 'to write') is a method for printing using a stone (lithographic limestone) or a metal (steel or aluminium) plate with a completely smooth surface.

Lithography was invented in 1796 by Bavarian author Alois Senefelder as a low-cost method of publishing theatrical posters. Lithography can be used to print text or artwork onto paper or other suitable material.

## Introduction

Lithography used an image drawn in wax or other oily substance applied to a lithographic stone as the medium to transfer ink to the printed sheet. In modern times, the image is often made of polymer applied to a flexible aluminium plate.

The flat surface of the plate or stone is slightly roughened, or etched, and divided into hydrophilic (water-loving) regions that accept a film of water and repel the greasy ink, and hydrophobic regions which repel water and accept ink. The image may be printed directly from the stone or plate (in which case it is reversed from the original image) or may be offset by transfer to a flexible sheet, usually rubber, for transfer to the printed article.

This process is different from gravure or intaglio printing where a plate is engraved, etched or stippled to make cavities to contain the printing ink, and in woodblock printing and letterpress where ink is applied to the raised surfaces of letters or images.

In the early days of lithography, a smooth piece of limestone was used (hence the name "lithography"—"lithos" (λιθος) is the ancient Greek word for stone).  After the oil-based image was put on the surface, a solution of gum arabic in water was applied, the gum sticking only to the non-oily surface. During printing, water adhered to the gum arabic surfaces and avoided the oily parts, while the oily ink used for printing did the opposite.

## Chromolithography

**Chromolithography** (colour lithography) was invented by Engelmann and son, who were granted a patent in 1837. After that, it was a matter of time before it reached full commercial development.

By using more than one stone, different colours can be added to the same picture. Each colour needs a separate stone. The great posters of such artists as Alphonse Mucha and Toulouse-Lautrec are made like this. Complicated graphics may need twenty or more stones.
Eve's Plum

**Eve's Plum** was an American rock band. The band existed from 1991 to 1998.

## Members

- Colleen Fitzpatrick (vocals)
- Michael Kotch (guitar)
- Theo Mack (bass, 1994)
- Chris Giammalvo (bass, 1992-1994)
- Ben Kotch (drums)

## Discography

- Envy (1993)
- Cherry Alive (1995)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Eve's Plum
- **img**: Eve's Plum in performance (1995).jpg
- **img capt**: Eve's Plum performing in 1996
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: New York City, New York, United States, U.S.
- **genre**: Alternative rock
Pop punk
Grunge
- **years active**: 1991–1998
- **label**: 550 Music, 550/Epic Records, Epic
- **past members**: Vitamin C (artist), Colleen Fitzpatrick
Michael Kotch
Ben Kotch
Theo Mack
Chris Giammalvo
Sulla

**Lucius Cornelius Sulla**  (c. 138 BC – 78 BC), usually called **Sulla**, was a Roman general and statesman. He was a _praetor_ (a commander of an army) in 97 BC, and held the office of Consul twice. He was the only man in history to have attacked and kept both Athens and Rome.

Sulla unconstitutionally marched his armies into Rome and defeated his enemy Gaius Marius in battle. After his second march on Rome, he revived the office of dictator. Sulla was made Dictator in 81 or 82 BC. He had the Senate draw up a list of those he considered _enemies of the state_ and published the list in the Roman Forum. Plutarch states in his _Life of Sulla_ (XXXI): "Sulla now began to make blood flow, and he filled the city with deaths without number or limit".

This was remembered when Caesar became Dictator.
Doric dialect (Scotland)

**Doric** is a dialect of Scots spoken in northeastern Scotland.
Norm Maciver

**Norman Steven Maciver** (born September 1, 1964 in Thunder Bay, Ontario) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey defenceman who played in the National Hockey League as a member of the New York Rangers, Hartford Whalers, Edmonton Oilers, Ottawa Senators, Pittsburgh Penguins, and the Winnipeg Jets/Phoenix Coyotes franchise.

## Career

MacIver was never drafted by an NHL franchise and instead took the university route in order to reach the NHL. The defenceman played four seasons with the University of Minnesota Duluth and in 1985-86 was a finalist for the Hobey Baker Award, awarded to the NCAA's top player. While playing at the University of Minnesota, MacIver earned a communications degree and signed as a free agent with the NHL's New York Rangers upon graduation.

He played 500 regular season games in the NHL, scoring 55 goals and 230 assists for 285 points and collecting 350 penalty minutes. A career highlight came during the Ottawa Senators' debut season of 1992-93, when Maciver led the team in scoring with 17 goals and 46 assists for 63 points in 80 games. In the spring of 1996, he scored the final goal in Winnipeg Jets' history prior to the team's relocation to Phoenix in the sixth game of a first round playoff series against the Detroit Red Wings. After retirement he became an assistant coach for the American Hockey League's Springfield Falcons from 2000 to 2003, and then the NHL's Boston Bruins from 2003 to 2006.

Maciver is currently an amateur scout with the NHL's Chicago Blackhawks.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **played for**: New York Rangers
Hartford Whalers
Edmonton Oilers
Ottawa Senators
Pittsburgh Penguins
Winnipeg Jets (1972–96), Winnipeg Jets
Phoenix Coyotes
- **league**: National Hockey League, NHL
- **position**: Defenceman (ice hockey), Defence
- **shoots**: Left
- **height ft**: 5
- **height in**: 11
- **weight lb**: 180
- **ntl team**: CAN
- **birth place**: Thunder Bay, Ontario, ON, Canada, CAN
- **draft**: Undrafted
- **career start**: 1986
- **career end**: 1999
Shortening

**Shortening** is a semisolid fat used in baking. It makes foods crumbly. Shortening doesn't smoke as easily as butter or oil, and it is 100% fat. Butter is 80% fat and is more expensive than shortening.

Shortening works by stopping long gluten polymers from forming in the food. It does not need to be refrigerated. It can make foods last longer.

Shortening is mostly made from hydrogenated oils, which have trans fats in them. Trans fats can cause heart attacks. People making shortening try to take out the trans fats.
Semi-solid

A **semi-solid** is a state of matter. It is a substance that is in between a solid and a liquid. Another name for a semi-solid is a quasi-solid.

Mayonnaise is an example of a semi-solid. Mayonnaise does not hold its shape like a solid but does not flow like a liquid. Gel or cream are terms often used of a semi-solid.

Normally semi-solids are covalent in their chemistry. Covalent substances get softer and softer until they melt. Ionic substances melt at one temperature and do not get softer.

Butter is a semi-solid when it is warm. Butter does not hold its shape but it does not flow like a liquid. Paint is also a semisolid, since it is highly viscous. The shape of curd is semi-solid, and is different from milk, which is liquid.

## Related pages

- Thixotropy
- Viscosity
Hydrogenation

**Hydrogenation** is the process of adding hydrogen to organic compounds. It is done to alkenes.

Vegetable oils have alkenes in them. Alkenes are liquid and spoil easily. People making shortening add hydrogen to the alkene, turning it into an alkane. The alkanes are more solid and stable. A catalyst is used to react the hydrogen with the oil. This makes trans fats, though. Margarine is an example of a hydrogenated spread.

Other things can be hydrogenated, too. Hot nitrogen is reacted with hydrogen under high pressure with a catalyst, usually nickel to make ammonia gas.
Quiche

A **quiche** (Pronounced: _keesh_) is a type of pie. It is savory. It normally has a pie crust. The filling is made of eggs. Meat and/or vegetables and cheese are sometimes also in the filling.

The name is French.
Brigid

**Brigid** is the Irish goddess of fire. She is also called Bride, Bridey, Brighid, Brigit, Briggidda, Brigantia, and Breo-saighead. According to legend she was born at dawn, rising into the sky with fire streaming from her head. The daughter of an Irish god, Dagda, she later married an Irish king, Bres.

## Other websites

- Brigid, Celtic Goddess of Inspiration and Healing
Bradyon

**Bradyons**, also known as **tardyons** or **ittyons**, are very small particles that travel below the speed of light, as opposed to hypothetical tachyons (which travel above the speed of light). All known subatomic particles which have mass are bradyons.
Equal Rights Amendment

The **Equal Rights Amendment** is a proposed amendment to the US Constitution in the 1970s and 1980s to give men and women full equality under the law. Alice Paul first wrote the ERA, which was introduced in 1923 to Congress for the first time. It passed both houses of Congress in 1972 after protesting by the National Organization for Women outside the Senate.

Some people opposed it because women were already becoming equal in most areas and feared that women would be drafted during the Vietnam War. The 35 states ratified it were too few for the amendment to pass (38 were needed). Most of the states that did not ratify it were in the South, which is the most conservative and religious part of the country.

Twenty-one states have a version of the ERA in their state constitutions. Sixteen of those states ratified the federal ERA.

The ERA was introduced into Congress each year from 1923 to 1972. It has been reintroduced in every session of Congress since 1982. In 2011, it was introduced in the House of Representatives by 159 cosponsors and in the Senate by several senators.

## Text

The following is the entire text of the Equal Rights Amendment:

- **Section 1.** Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex.
- **Section 2.** The Congress shall have the power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article.
- **Section 3.** This amendment shall take effect two years after the date of ratification.
Tianhe-I

**Tianhe-I** is a supercomputer made and operated in the People's Republic of China and has been active since October 29, 2009. In 2010, it was the second fastest supercomputer in the world, replacing the Jaguar supercomputer. It has 98,304 GB of memory and has 2.507 petaflops at its peak. It uses a Linux operating system. It is being used for finding energy sources and doing simulations of aircraft right now.

## Upgrade

It used to have 5,010 CPUs and 2,560 GPUs and was ranked the fifth-fastest supercomputer. After the upgrade, it now has 14,336 CPUs and 7,168 GPUs, making it the fastest.

## Related pages

- Tianhe-2