juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Ngupulya Pumani

**Ngupulya Pumani** (born 1948 in Mimili) is an Australian Aboriginal artist from Mimili, in the north-west of South Australia. She is part of a well-known family of artists, who belong to the Yankunytjatjara community. Her mother, Milatjari, and her sister, Betty Kuntiwa, are both successful painters. Ngupulya has paintings held in the National Gallery of Victoria, and the Art Gallery of New South Wales.

Ngupulya began painting in 2009, for Mimili's community art co-operative, Mimili Maku. She had been inspired to paint by her mother. Her first major exhibition was later that year in Alice Springs, at the annual "Desert Mob" show. Since then, her paintings have been exhibited in several cities around Australia, including twice at the Gallery Gabriella Pizzi in Melbourne.

Ngupulya's paintings depict scenes and concepts from her family's Dreaming. Her mother's _ngura_ (homeland) is Antara, and her father's is near Watarru. Antara is a sacred place associated with the  (Witchetty Grub Dreaming), and Ngupulya most often paints stories from this Dreaming.

She uses pale, earthy colours in her backgrounds to depict the desert landscape, and this is contrasted with patterns of intense, bright dots and lines to represent symbols, figures and their journeys. Many of her techniques were taken from her mother, but used more consistently with her own refinements. The results have been compared to the early works of Emily Kngwarreye.

## Other websites

- Ngupulya Pumani  at Gallery Gabrielle Pizzi
- Ngupulya Pumani  at Marshall Arts
- Ngupulya Pumani at Aboriginal Signature Gallery

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Ngupulya Pumani
- **birth date**: 1948
- **birth place**: Mimili, South Australia
- **nationality**: Australians, Australian
- **other names**: Margaret Pumani
- **occupation**: Painter
- **years active**: 2009 – present
- **organization**: Mimili Maku
- **style**: Aboriginal art, Western Desert art
- **parents**: Sam and Milatjari Pumani
- **children**: 4 daughters
1 son (deceased)
- **spouse**: Shannon Kantji
Meat ant

The **meat ant** (_Iridomyrmex purpureus_), also called the **meat-eater ant**, is a species of ant found all around Australia. The ants are often used by farmers to clean the remaining meat off dead animals.
Smoked fish

**Smoked fish** are fish that have been cured by smoking.

Foods have been smoked by humans throughout history. At first this was done as a preservative. Now the smoking of fish is generally done for the unique taste and flavour that comes from the smoking process.

The most common types of smoked fish in the US are salmon, mackerel, whitefish and trout.  A common name for cold-smoked salmon is **lox**.

In the Netherlands, commonly available varieties include both hot- and cold-smoked mackerel, herring and Baltic sprats. Hot-smoked eel is a specialty in the Northern provinces.

Smoked fish is an important item in Russian cuisine, Jewish cuisine, and Scandinavian cuisine, as well as several Eastern and Central European cuisines.

English, Scottish and Canadian cuisine have a strongly brined, smoked herring that used to be known as "red herring". Now it is called kippers.
Thandiani

**Thandiani** (meaning 'Very Cold') is a hill station, or resort  in the Galyat hill area of Abbottabad District, Hazara, Pakistan.

## History

Thandiani was originally granted as a leasehold  to some members of the famous Battye family  in British India. They were Christian missionaries and soldiers who fought in many famous military campiagns of the British Indian Army. They gifted the location to the church authorities, where a Sanatorium and various other facilities were set up, mostly for the convenience of missionaries, Anglican church personnel and officers stationed at the neighbouring cantonment of Abbottabad. It also contained some private European houses, a camping ground, a small bazaar, and the small seasonal church of St Xavier in the Wilderness (under the jurisdiction of St Luke's Church, Abbottabad) which were occupied only during the summers.

## Location

Thandiani is in the south of Abbottabad District at 34°13'60N 73°22'0E and is about 31 kilometres from Abbottabad city in the foothills of the Himalayas. To the east beyond the Kunhar River lies the fabulous snow covered Pir Panjal Range of mountains of Kashmir.The hills of Thandiani are about 9,000 feet above sea level. Most of the people of residing here belong to the Qureshi, Gujar, and Karlal tribes.

## Tourism

Thandiani has excellent weather and lush greenery in the summer months, and snow-covered views and hills in the winter. Many tourists from all over Pakistan visit here, especially in the summer season.

## Forests and wildlife

The mountains around Thandiani are still quite thickly forested, compared to most other hill stations in the locality, which have suffered deforestation. The local wildlife includes leopards, deer, monkeys, several kinds of pheasants, the marbled polecat and the increasingly rare flying squirrel and a species of pine marten.
Abdul Qayyum Khan

Sahibzada Sir **Abdul Qayyum Khan** (1863 – December 1937) was a distinguished Pashtun educationist and politician of British India. He is best known for establishing the famous  Islamia College, Peshawar, along the lines of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan's policy of educating Muslims. He also briefly remained Chief Minister of the NWFP province during 1936-1937.
Marbled polecat

The **marbled polecat** (Vormela peregusna) is a small mammal in the Mustelinae subfamily.

The marbled polecat is found in grasslands from southeast Europe to Asia. It is found in Russia, China, Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan, north-western Pakistan, northern India,  Mongolia and Kazakhstan.  Like other mustelines, if threatened it puts out a disgusting strong-smelling secretion from anal sacs under its tail.
Hasan Abdal

**Hasan Abdal** is an historic town in Northern Punjab, Pakistan. It is famous for the old Gurdwara _Sri Panja Sahib_ shrine there, one of the most sacred places of Sikhism.

## Other websites

- City of Hasan Abdal
Infrared spectroscopy

**Infrared spectroscopy** (sometimes called **Infrared spectrometry**) is a physical analysis method that uses infrared light. Typically, infrared spectroscopy uses a wavelength between 800nm and 1mm. The method can be used for quantitative analyses of known substances, or of the structural properties of unknown substances. Raman spectroscopy is another method that produces similar results. The main method used in infrared spectroscopy today is Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, which uses Fourier transforms.

Infrared vibrational spectroscopy can be used to identify molecules by listing their chemical bonds.  An IR spectrometer is a machine that shines infrared light from a set range of frequencies on a sample. It measures which exact light frequencies are absorbed by the sample.

Chemical bond<nowiki/>s in a molecule make molecular vibrations at frequencies that are characteristic of the bonds. A group of atoms in a molecule may have multiple modes of oscillation caused by the stretching and bending motions of the group as a whole. If an oscillation leads to a change in dipole in the molecule, then it will absorb a photon which has the same frequency. The vibrational frequencies of most molecules correspond to the frequencies of infrared light. Typically, the technique is used to study organic compounds using light radiation from 4000–400 cm<sup>−1</sup>, the mid-infrared. The spectrometer records all the frequencies of absorption in a sample. This can be used to gain information about the sample composition in terms of chemical groups present and also its purity (for example a wet sample will show a broad O-H absorption around 3200 cm<sup>−1</sup>).
Iwa Shrine

is a Japanese Shinto shrine in Shiso, Hyōgo on the island of Honshu.

## History

_Iwa jinja_ was the chief Shinto shrine (_ichinomiya_) of the old Harima Province.  It serves today as one of the _ichinomiya_ of Hyōgo Prefecture.
  This place is special to the _kami_ named
Judah Maccabee

**Judah Maccabee** was a Jewish patriot who led a Jewish rebellion (the Maccabees) against the Seleucid Empire. Judah opposed the Seleucid Emperor's attempts to suppress traditional Jewish culture and make the Jewish people more Greek-like. He liberated Jerusalem, removed Greek idols from the Temple, and rededicated the Temple to the Jewish God. Judah died in combat, but the rebellion that he had led did not stop. The rebellion's success led to the reestablishment of the kingdom of Judah.
Milatjari Pumani

**Milatjari Pumani** (born 1928) is an Aboriginal Australian artist from Mimili in South Australia. She is perhaps the most well-known artist from this community, and the first to gain a significant level of success for the community's centre, Mimili Maku. Her eldest daughter, Ngupulya, is also a successful painter.

## Life

Milatjari was born in 1928, in the bush in north-western South Australia. She was born at Amuroona, on a cattle station between what are now the communities of Indulkana and Mimili. When she was a young girl, her family encountered stockmen at a waterhole called Victory Well. The family then moved to settle and work at the station, then called Everard Park. Milatjari's father was Nyapi "King" Everard and her mother was Mantjangka Everard (Everard was the surname given to them). Milatjari met her husband Sam Pumani in Mimili, and they had five children together: Ngupulya, Betty, Ken, Michael and Lewey.

Before artists began to paint at Mimili, Milatjari produced traditional pokerwork designs on wooden blocks. She would teach her methods to younger workers. She did not begin painting until 2008, when she was about 80 years old. She painted for the community's art centre, Mimili Maku. Her works from 2008 were featured in Alice Springs later that year, at the annual "Desert Mob" exhibition. She was featured in the same exhibition again in 2009 and 2010, and on both occasions she was considered the most successful Mimili artist. She had a solo exhibition in 2009, which was held in Adelaide. In 2010 and 2011, she was chosen as a finalist for the National Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander Art Award. One of her paintings was bought by the Art Gallery of South Australia, and several others are held in the National Gallery of Victoria.

## Artwork

Milatjari paints the _Maku Tjukurpa_, which is the Dreaming (spirituality) associated with the land around Mimili. Antara, close to Mimili, is a place represented in almost all her paintings. It is her uncle's traditional country, and Milatjari's family would often go hunting and gathering food here when she was young. She and her mother and sister would dig for witchetty grubs (_maku_) while her father and brothers went hunting. _Antara_ and _Ngura Walytja_ (family's country) are common titles for her paintings.

Milatjari uses earthy colours on a dark background to depict the landscape of Antara. She paints figures and stories from the _Maku Tjukurpa_ using fields of dots. Her style and technique has influenced those of many of Mimili Maku's younger artists, including her daughter Ngupulya and Tuppy Ngintja Goodwin.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Milatjari Pumani
- **birth name**: Milatjari
- **birth date**: 1928
- **birth place**: Amuroona, South Australia
- **nationality**: Australians, Australian
- **occupation**: Painter
- **years active**: 2008 – present
- **organization**: Mimili Maku
- **style**: Aboriginal art, Western Desert art
- **parents**: Nyapi and Mantjangka Everard
- **children**: 3 sons, 2 daughters
- **spouse**: Sam Pumani (deceased)
Gulgee

**Ismail Gulgee** (commonly known as just **Gulgee**) (October 25, 1926 – December 16, 2007) was a Pakistani artist born in Peshawar.

He was a qualified engineer and a self-taught abstract artist and portrait painter. Exhibitions of his work were held in many countries around the world, including the United Kingdom, United States, Iran, United Arab Emirates, France and other countries.
Jahangir

**Mirza Nur-ud-Din Muhammad Salim Baig** (known by his imperial name **Jahangir**)  (31 August 1569 – 28 October 1627) was the fourth Mughal Emperor from 1605 to 1627.

Jahangir was the eldest son of Mughal Emperor Akbar the Great. He was married to Queen Nur Jahan ('Light of the World') and was much under her influence. she handled court matters and coins were issued in her name. He is especially well-known because of his memoirs, the _Naam-i-Jahangiri_ (also called the _Jahangir-name_ by some). His eldest son was Shah Jahan. Prince Khurram rebelled in the last years of his reign. The efforts of Nur Jahan, Jahangir's wife, to marginalize him were unsuccessful.
In 1622, Jahangir sent his son Prince Khurram against the combined forces of Ahmednagar, Bijapur and Golconda. After his son Khurram turned against his father and made a bid for power. As with the insurrection of his eldest son Khusrau Mirza, Jahangir was able to defeat the challenge from within his family and retain power. He conquered many new territories both in the north and in the south especially through his most decorated general, Muhammad Beg Zulfiqar Khan. He died at Mirpur on his way back from Kashmir to Lahore. After his death, Nur Jahan isolated herself and never talked to anyone.

He was buried at Lahore city, now in Pakistan. After his death, by his son and successor Shah Jahan came to power. Shah Jahan killed his father for his desire to be the ruler of the world but couldn't succeed, still military campaigns started by Akbar continued.

He also consumed excessive amounts of opium, at one point employing a special servant just to manage his supply of intoxicating drugs.
Shah Dara

**Shah Dara** or **Shahdara** or **Shahdara Bagh** (Urdu: شاہدره), is a suburb of Lahore, Pakistan. It is near the Ravi River.

The area is famous for two historic Mughal architectural sites. These are the Mughal gardens and the Tomb of Jahangir, the Mughal Emperor and his wife Nur Jahan. Shah Dara also has other tombs and gardens from medieval times.

Present day Shahdara is a busy area with a market and factories nearby.
Shakir Ali

**Shakir Ali** (1916 – 1975) was a famous modern Pakistani artist and art teacher.

He was the principal of the National College of Arts in Lahore, Pakistan, from 1962 onwards for a long time and did much to develop and modernise this institution. He had a huge following of students, many of whom also later became well-known artists in Pakistan.

## Museum

Before he died, Shakir Ali donated many of his own paintings and artworks to a private, non-profit trust for a museum to be established. The Shakir Ali Museum was established by the Pakistan National Council of the Arts (PNCA) after Shakir Ali died in 1975. The PNCA decided on a plan of buying the house of teacher and painter Shakir Ali, and of converting into a museum.

The museum is in Lahore. It is a fine museum with a good art collection and is a very useful learning site for art students and teachers. PNCA is in charge of the museums exhibitions and programs and the day-to-day management.

Some of his other paintings can also be seen at the Lahore Museum.

## Other websites

- Posthumous tribute to Ten Great Painters by Pakistan Post

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Shakir Ali
- **birth date**: 1916
- **death date**: 1975
- **nationality**: Pakistani
- **occupation**: Artist
Sher Shah Suri

**Sher Shah Suri** (1486 – 22 May 1545) born **Farid Khan**, was the Afghan founder and Sultan of the Pashtun Sur Empire in the Indian subcontinent, with its capital at Delhi.

The title _Sher Khan_ ("Sher" means lion and "Khan" means king)  was given to him after he fought against a lion all by himself while he was serving the Afghan noble _Bahar Khan Lohani_. Farid Khan was a talented and fearless soldier. His father Hasan Khan was a large landowner under Bahar Khan Lohani, a noble who served under the ruler of Delhi.  Farid Khan succeeded his father to become the Jagirdar (landowner) and soon he rebelled and successfully overthrew the Mughal Emperor Humayun in 1540.

He ruled until 1545 when he died in a gunpowder explosion, he left a strong empire to his son Islam Shah Suri, who ruled for nine years. Islam Shah Suri was succeeded by his son Firoz Khan in 1554 however Firoz Khan was soon murdered, the empire then became weakened and in 1555 the Mughal ruler Humayun recaptured the lost Mughal territory and reinstates himself as Emperor after defeating Islam Shah in Punjab, thus effectively ending the Surid dynasty.

## Background

Sher Shah Suri hailed from the _Sur_ tribe of the Lodi confederacy.

## Military Campaigns

Sher Shāh defeated the Mughal Emperor Humayun twice and captured Delhi. Soon after becoming king, Sher Shah Suri raised a large army and captured Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Rajasthan, Punjab and areas as far north as Kashmir and as eastwards as Burma.

## Achievements

Sher Shah was one of the greatest generals and administrators. He introduced a new currency, a silver coin known as 'Rupia' in use today by 1/4 of the world. He reduced custom duties and built an excellent connection of roads, including Grand Trunk Road in Bihar, which was 1,600 miles (2500 Kilometers) long. Sher Shah was a secular ruler who practiced religious tolerance. Sher Shah was also a devote Muslim ruler who prayed 5 times a day.

## Infobox (royalty)

- **name**: Sher Shah Suri
- **title**: Sultan
 Ustad-I-Badshahan
 The Lion King
- **image**: Sher Shah Suri by Breshna.jpg
- **caption**: Painting by prominent Afghan artist Abdul Ghafūr Breshna
- **succession**: Sur Empire, Sultan of Hindustan
- **reign**: 6 April 1538 — 22 May 1545
- **coronation**: First coronation: 6 April 1538
- **predecessor**: Humayun (as Mughal Empire, Mughal Emperor)
- **spouse**: Lad Malika
- **dynasty**: Sur Empire, Sur
- **native lang1 name1**: Pashto
- **birth name**: Farid al-Din Khan
- **birth date**: 1472 or 1486
- **birth place**: Sasaram, Delhi Sultanate
- **death date**: 22 May 1545 (aged 73 or 59)
Khattak

The **Khattak** (not to be confused with the Punjabi Khattars) are a tribe of Pashtuns of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, Pakistan. They are a large tribe, and spread out over various places from Akora Khattak, on the banks of the Indus River, to Malakand District and Karak District of the above province.

A colony of the Khattaks are also settled at Saghri village, Jand Tehsil, Attock District of Punjab (Pakistan).

The famous Pashto language poet of the 17th century AD, Khushal Khan Khattak, also belonged to this tribe.
Khushal Khan Khattak

**Khushal Khan Khattak** (1613–1689), was a famous Pashtun poet, warrior and tribal chieftain of the Khattak tribe of Pashtuns. He lived at Akora Khattak, a village on the Indus River, in India under the Mughal Empire.

He wrote many Pashto language poems during the 17th century. Some of his poetry is of a Romantic type but most is nationalistic, advising the various Pashtun tribes to unite as one nation against the Mughals.
Kulgam

**Kulgam** () is unit part of Anantnag District of Jammu and Kashmir, India.
Bethesda Softworks

**Bethesda Softworks** is an American video-games company. It was founded in the city of Bethesda, Maryland, but the headquarters are in Rockville, Maryland.

## History

Bethesda Softworks created its first video game in 1989, named _Gridiron_. From this game, they got a contract to make more popular games such as _Terminator_ and the _Wayne Gretzki_ series. A few games made by Bethesda won the Game of the Year Award, such as Fallout and _The Elder Scrolls_ series. This second series consisted of 6 games: _Arena_, _Daggerfall_, _Redguard_, _Morrowind_, _Oblivion_ and _Skyrim_.

## Bethesda Game Studios

Bethesda Game Studios (BGS) is the award-winning, in-house development team at Bethesda Softworks led by game director and executive producer Todd Howard.

In the past, not all BGS titles were published by the Softworks division. However, beginning with _The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion_ for the PlayStation 3, Bethesda Softworks began publishing all Bethesda Game Studios games.

## References

- UESPWiki's Bethesda Article.
- Youtube - Todd Howard Interview (2008)

## Other websites

- Moby

## Infobox (company)

- **company name**: Bethesda Softworks
- **company logo**: Bethesda Softworks Logo.svg
- **company type**: Subsidiary
- **foundation**: Bethesda, Maryland (1986 in video gaming, 1986)
- **location**: Rockville, Maryland, U.S.A
- **key people**: Vlatko Andonov, President
Todd Howard, Executive Producer and Game Director (Bethesda Game Studios)
Ashley Cheng, Production Director (Bethesda Game Studios)
- **industry**: Video Games
- **products**: _The Elder Scrolls_, _Fallout (series), Fallout_, _Wayne Gretzki (series)_
- **parent**: ZeniMax Media (1999–present)
Media Technology Limited (1986–1999)
- **divisions**: Bethesda Game Studios
2012 NATO Summit in Chicago

The **2012 Chicago Summit** was a meeting of leaders of countries that are members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. It was held at McCormick Place in Chicago, Illinois from May 20-21, 2012.

This was the first NATO summit in the United States that was not in Washington, D.C. Chicago was chosen because it was President Barack Obama's home town.  It was going to happen after the 2012 G8 summit in Chicago. The G8 summit was held at Camp David instead.

People at the summit talked about the Arab Spring, the 2011 Libyan civil war, the global financial crisis, transition for NATO forces in Afghanistan, and a missile shield system for Europe.

The summit cost the city of Chicago almost $15.6 million.

At least 38 countries around the world came to the summit. After the summit, Chicago's security system was improved.

## Other websites

- Chicago NATO Summit 2012 Declaration
- NatoProtest.org , protest website
- Full news coverage  at _NATO Review_
1968 Democratic National Convention

The **1968 Democratic National Convention** of the Democratic Party was held at the International Amphitheatre in Chicago, Illinois, from August 26 to August 29, 1968. Because U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson had announced that he would not seek re-election, the convention was to select a new presidential nominee to run as the party's candidate for the office. The keynote speaker was Hawaii Democratic Senator Daniel Inouye.

Vice President Hubert Humphrey and Maine Senator Edmund S. Muskie were nominated for president and vice president.

The convention was held during a year of violence, political turbulence, and civil unrest, particularly riots in more than 100 cities following the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. on April 4. The convention also followed the June 5 assassination of the Democratic presidential hopeful New York Senator Robert F. Kennedy of New York. Both Kennedy and Minnesota Senator Eugene McCarthy of Minnesota had been running against the eventual Democratic presidential nominee, Humphrey. Another candidate was South Dakota Senator George McGovern.

Chicago Mayor Richard J. Daley intended to showcase his and the city's achievements to national Democrats and the news media. Instead, the proceedings became notorious for the large number of demonstrators and the use of force by the Chicago Police Departtment during what was supposed to be, in the words of the Yippie activist organizers, “A Festival of Life.” Riots and protests took place between demonstrators and the police, who were assisted by the Illinois National Guard. The disturbances were well publicized by the mass media, with some journalists and reporters being caught up in the violence. The network newsmen Mike Wallace and Dan Rather were roughed up by the police inside the halls of the convention.

## Other websites

- 1968 Democratic National Convention  at Smithsonian Magazine
- Chicago '68: A Chronology
- Chicago '68: An Introduction, by Dean Blobaum (2000)
Sereno Peck Fenn

**Sereno Peck Fenn** (April 25, 1844 – January 3, 1927) was an American businessman. He was one of three main people who started the Sherwin-Williams Company. Fenn College was named after him in 1930. A gift of $100,000 was left to Fenn College. It is now called Cleveland State University. He is buried in Lake View Cemetery. Fenn was also president of the Cleveland YMCA for 25 years. He founded the YMCA building in Cracow, 8th Street Krowoderska, Poland.

## Other websites

- Where, oh where, did the Fenn money go?
- Encyclopedia of Cleveland History:FENN, SERENO PECK
- Fenn on Findagrave.com

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Sereno Peck Fenn
- **birth place**: Tallmadge, Ohio, United States, U.S.A
- **death place**: Cleveland, Ohio, United States, U.S.A
- **occupation**: Founder of Sherwin-Williams
John Andrews

**John Andrews** (1821 - after 1872) was a United States Navy sailor. He received the Medal of Honor because of his actions in the Korean Expedition.

## Medal of Honor citation

Andrews' Medal of Honor recognized his conduct in action against Korean forts in June 1871. At the front of his a small boat, he measured the depth of shallow waters while under a heavy fire.

The words of Andrews' citation explain:
> On board the _USS Benicia_ in action against Korean forts on 9 and 10 June 1871. Stationed at the lead in passing the forts, Andrews stood on the gunwale on the _Benicia_'s launch, lashed to the ridgerope. He remained unflinchingly in this dangerous position and gave his soundings with coolness and accuracy under a heavy fire.

## Infobox (military person)

- **name**: John Andrews
- **birth date**: 1821
- **death date**: after August 1872
- **birth place**: York County, Pennsylvania
- **placeofburial label**: Place of burial
- **image size**: 80
- **branch**:  United States Navy
- **rank**: Ordinary Seaman
- **unit**: USS _Benicia_
- **awards**: Medal of Honor
Government College University

**Government College University, Lahore** (formerly **Government College**, abbreviated **GCU**) is a co-ed public university located in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.

The original college was opened during the British Raj on 1 January 1864. It is one of the oldest higher educational institutes in the country. Its first principal was Professor Dr Gottlieb Wilhelm Leitner.

In 1882, it was affiliated to the University of the Punjab, In 2002, it was given a separate charter as a university itself. The word "college" is still a part of the name because of its historical importance.

## Infobox (university)

- **name**: Government College University (Lahore)
- **image**: Government College University,Logo.png
- **motto**: _Educating People for tomorrow_
(<small>historical</small>)
_Courage to Know_
(<small>present</small>)
- **type**: Public university, Public
- **city**: Lahore
- **province**: Punjab, Pakistan, Punjab
- **country**: Pakistan
- **former names**: Government College (GC)
- **colors**: Blue, Gold (color), Gold, Maroon
Kinnaird College for Women

**Kinnaird College for Women** is a women's-only college in Lahore, Punjab (Pakistan). It was founded in 1913 by Christian missionaries during  the British Raj.

The college is the oldest full-fledged women's college in Pakistan and is now a semi-government institute recognized by the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan. The early students were mostly Christian. Now most of the students are Muslims.

## Other websites

- Official website
Gawalmandi Food Street

**Gawalmandi Food Street** in Gawalmandi, Lahore, is a centre of traditional Pakistani food. It is located near the old walled part of the city and is surrounded by centuries-old buildings.

The Food Street is open to traffic in the morning but is closed to motorized vehicles at sunset. Visitors come and stay until late at night, enjoying some of the best local food available in the country.

It is one of the unique tourist attractions in Lahore. It is open 24 hours a day, seven days a week, except during the holy Muslim month of Ramadan when food is not served during the day.
Fakir Khana

**Fakir Khana** is a private museum owned and run by the Fakir Family of Lahore, Punjab (Pakistan). It is in Bhaati Gate, a section of the old Walled city of Lahore. It contains many valuable art treasures such as old manuscripts, paintings, carpets, Mughal valuables, Chinese porcelain, arms and weapons, furniture and much more.
Nur Jahan

**Begum Nur Jahan** (also **Noor Jahan**, **Nur Jehan**, **Nor Jahan**, etc.) (1577–1645), also known as **Mehr-un-Nisaa Khanam**, was a Mughal Empress and  the 20th wife of the Emperor Jahangir. She was also an aunt of the later Empress Mumtaz Mahal.

She is buried in Shah Dara, near Lahore, Pakistan.

With Nur Jahan's help, her father and brother became the chief advisers to the emperor, and soon the three of them were in practice running the empire. Eventually,  Nur Jahan signed the laws,  her name appeared on the coins,  and she was in effect the empress.  She did great charitable works, but her extravagances at court greatly strained the royal treasury.
Gottlieb Wilhelm Leitner

Professor Dr. **Gottlieb Wilhelm Leitner** or **Gottlieb William Leitner** (14 October 1840, Budapest – 22 March 1899, Bonn) was a British Jewish orientalist of Hungarian roots.

From a very early age, he was a brilliant linguist. He is said to have learnt some fifty languages by the age of eighteen, many of which he spoke fluently. At nineteen, he became lecturer in Arabic, Turkish and Modern Greek. At twenty-three, he was appointed Professor in Arabic and Muslim studies, at the King's College London.

In 1864, he was asked to become Principal of the new Government College Lahore in British India  (now in Pakistan) and he accepted and went there.  In 1882 he succeeded in helping establish the University of the Punjab. He dedicated himself fully to the study of the cultures of the Indian subcontinent. During this period he also helped establish many schools, libraries and literary associations in the Punjab region. He also travelled to a number of remote places such as Dardistan and Baltistan, and wrote several books.

He retired from educational service in India in 1886.

He is mentioned by MARC DAVID BAER in his article "Muslim Encounters with Nazism and the Holocaust: The Ahmadi of Berlin and Jewish Convert to Islam Hugo Marcus," p. 150.
Stansted Mountfitchet

**Stansted Mountfitchet** is a village and civil parish in Uttlesford, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 5533 people living in Stansted Mountfitchet.

## Infobox (uk place)

- **country**: England
- **official name**: Stansted Mountfitchet
- **population**: 5533
- **shire district**: Uttlesford
- **shire county**: Essex
- **region**: East of England
Chrishall

**Chrishall** is a village and civil parish in Uttlesford, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 507 people living in Chrishall. It has a church called Holy Trinity. Other names for Chrishall include Chrisshall, Cresshall, and Cryotissale.

## Infobox (uk place)

- **country**: England
- **official name**: Chrishall
- **population**: 507
- **shire district**: Uttlesford
- **shire county**: Essex
- **region**: East of England
Little Bardfield

**Little Bardfield** is a village and civil parish in Uttlesford, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 237 people living in Little Bardfield. It has a church called St Katharine. It includes the hamlets of Hawkspur Green and Oxen End.

## Infobox (uk place)

- **country**: England
- **official name**: Little Bardfield
- **population**: 237
- **shire district**: Uttlesford
- **shire county**: Essex
- **region**: East of England
Great Hallingbury

**Great Hallingbury** is a village and civil parish in Uttlesford, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 679 people living in Great Hallingbury. It has a church called St Giles.

## Infobox (uk place)

- **country**: England
- **official name**: Great Hallingbury
- **population**: 679
- **shire district**: Uttlesford
- **shire county**: Essex
- **region**: East of England
Stebbing

**Stebbing** is a village and civil parish in Uttlesford, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 1290 people living in Stebbing.

## Infobox (uk place)

- **country**: England
- **official name**: Stebbing
- **population**: 1290
- **shire district**: Uttlesford
- **shire county**: Essex
- **region**: East of England
Tilty

**Tilty** is a village and civil parish in Uttlesford, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 98 people living in Tilty. It has a church called St Mary the Virgin.

## Infobox (uk place)

- **country**: England
- **official name**: Tilty
- **population**: 98
- **shire district**: Uttlesford
- **shire county**: Essex
- **region**: East of England
Lindsell

**Lindsell** is a village and civil parish in Uttlesford, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 220 people living in Lindsell. It has a church called St Mary the Virgin. It includes the hamlets of Holder Green and Bustard Green.

## Infobox (uk place)

- **country**: England
- **official name**: Lindsell
- **population**: 220
- **shire district**: Uttlesford
- **shire county**: Essex
- **region**: East of England
Nemmersdorf massacre

The **Nemmersdorf massacre** was an event during World War II in which soldiers of the Red Army killed many civilians. During the war, Nemmersdorf was a village in East Prussia (it is now called Mayakovskoye, in Kaliningrad Oblast). The people living there were ethnic Germans. It was captured by the Red Army in October 1944. On 21 October, the Russian soldiers raped girls and women from the ages of 8 to 84 and then shot them.The total number killed is not known: reports talk of between 50 to 100 people. The event has been labelled a war crime.

## References

- Brandenburg, Christel Weiss and Dan Laing. _Ruined by the Reich: Memoir of an East Prussian Family, 1916-1945_. McFarland & Company.
- Dönhoff, Marion. _Namen die keiner mehr nennt_. Munich: Deutscher Taschenbücher Verlag, 1962.
- Fisch, Bernhard. _Nemmersdorf, Oktober 1944: Was in Ostpreußen tatsächlich geschah_. Berlin: 1997.
- Samuel, Wolfgang. "War on the Ground", in _The War of Our Childhood: Memories of World War II_, University Press of Mississippi.
- Thorwald, Jürgen._Wielka ucieczka_ (Große Flucht). Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie, 1998.

## Further reading

- Gerd R. Ueberschaer, (Hrsg.): _Orte des Grauens_. 2003
- Thorsten Hinz: _Eines der düsteren Kapitel_ - Nemmersdorf: Neue Aspekte eines Verbrechens, in www.jungefreiheit.de 47/97 14. November 1997
- Joachim Reisch: _Ein Storchennest als Mahnmal_ - Ostpreußen: Ein Augenzeuge erinnert sich an das Massaker von Nemmersdorf, in www.jungefreiheit.de 08/98 13. February 1998
- Archived website mirroring various reports about Nemmersdorf
- German TV channel ZDF: Die Wahrheit über Nemmersdorf
Alaska Peninsula

The **Alaska Peninsula** is a peninsula of southwestern Alaska. It is between the Pacific Ocean and the Bering Sea.

The Aleutian Range has volcanoes.

## Volcanoes

Volcanoes in the Aleutian Arc includes:

- Mount Adagdak
- Mount Akutan
- Mount Amak
- Mount Amukta
- Mount Aniakchak
- Augustine Volcano
- Black Peak
- Bogoslof Island
- Mount Carlisle
- Mount Chiginagak
- Cleveland Volcano
- Cold Bay Volcano
- Mount Dana
- Davidof Volcano
- Mount Denison
- Devils Desk
- Mount Douglas
- Mount Dutton
- Eickelberg Peak
- Mount Emmons
- Fourpeaked Mountain
- Mount Frosty
- Gareloi Volcano
- Great Sitkin
- Mount Gilbert
- Mount Griggs
- Hayes Volcano
- Mount Iliamna
- Isanotski Peaks
- Mount Kaguyak
- Mount Kanaga
- Kasatochi Island
- Mount Katmai
- Mount Kialagvik
- Kiska
- Korovin Volcano
- Mount Kukak
- Mount Kupreanof
- Mount Mageik
- Makushin Volcano
- Mount Martin
- Novarupta
- Nunivak Island
- Mount Okmok (or Okmok Caldera)
- Mount Pavlof
- Pavlof Sister
- Pogromni Volcano
- Mount Recheshnoi
- Mount Redoubt
- Saint Paul Island
- Mount Seguam
- Segula Island
- Semisopochnoi Island
- Mount Shishaldin
- Snowy Mountain
- Mount Spurr
- Mount Steller
- Tanaga
- Trident Volcano
- Ugashik-Peulik
- Mount Veniaminof
- Mount Vsevidof
- Mount Westdahl
- Yantarni Volcano

## Other websites

- Alaska Peninsula on Thefreedictionary.com
King Island, Alaska

**King Island** is an island in the Bering Sea, west of Alaska.

In 2005 and 2006 the National Science Foundation (NSF) paid for a research project. They brought a few King Island people back to the Island. Some of the people had not been back in 50 years.

James Cook was the first European to see the island in 1778. He named the island after a person in his group called James King. It is part of the Bering Sea piece of the Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge.

## Other websites

- Ancient mask returned to Alaska ghost village, MSNBC, January 18, 2008
- Photogallery of traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) of King Island, Alaska , Oregon State University, October 28, 2008
- Munoz photographs - King Island early 1950s
- Survey of a King Island kayak
National Institutions House

**National Institutions House** () is the house of the national Zionist institutions of Israel. It was built in 1930, and is located in Jerusalem. Next to it is a memorial to victims of Antisemitism around the world, that was built in 2008.

## Other websites

- The National Institutions House  in the Haganah website.
Bible Lands Museum

The **Bible Lands Museum** ( - ) is a museum dedicated to the ancient countries and cultures in the Jewish Bible. The museum is located in Jerusalem, next to the Israel Museum and The National Campus for the Archaeology of Israel in Givat Ram.

## Other websites

- The Bible Lands Museum
- The Bible Lands Museum  at ilMuseums.com

## Infobox (museum)

- **name**: Bible Lands Museum
- **image**: Bible Lands Museum Jerusalem.JPG
- **established**: 1992
- **location**: 21 Shmuel Stefan Wise st. Jerusalem
- **type**: Art museum, Art and History museum, History
- **website**: http://www.blmj.org/en/
Jack Williams

**Jack Williams** (October 18, 1924 – March 3, 1945) was a United States Navy sailor.  He received the Medal of Honor because of his actions in World War II.

## Medal of Honor citation

Williams' Medal of Honor recognized his conduct at the Battle of Iwo Jima.  He was killed while giving frontline first aid to a marine who was wounded in a grenade battle. Williams dragged the man to a shallow hole in the ground; and he remained in the area to care for another marine who was also wounded.

The words of Williams' citation explain:
> For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while serving with the 3d Battalion 28th Marines, 5th Marine Division, during the occupation of Iwo Jima, Volcano Islands, March 3, 1945. Gallantly going forward on the frontlines under intense enemy small-arms fire to assist a marine wounded in a fierce grenade battle, Williams dragged the man to a shallow depression and was kneeling, using his own body as a screen from the sustained fire as he administered first aid, when struck in the abdomen and groin 3 times by hostile rifle fire. Momentarily stunned, he quickly recovered and completed his ministration before applying battle dressings to his own multiple wounds. Unmindful of his own urgent need for medical attention, he remained in the perilous fire-swept area to care for another marine casualty. Heroically completing his task despite pain and profuse bleeding, he then endeavored to make his way to the rear in search of adequate aid for himself when struck down by a Japanese sniper bullet which caused his collapse. Succumbing later as a result of his self-sacrificing service to others, Williams, by his courageous determination, unwavering fortitude and valiant performance of duty, served as an inspiring example of heroism, in keeping with the highest traditions of the U.S. Naval Service. He gallantly gave his life for his country.

## Namesake

Jack Williams is the namesake of the _USS Jack Williams_ (FFG-24) which was named in his honor.  The ship was in service from 1981 to 1996.

## Related pages

- List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II
- List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Battle of Iwo Jima
- Posthumous recognition

## Infobox (military person)

- **name**: Jack Williams
- **birth place**: Harrison, Arkansas
- **death place**: Iwo Jima
- **placeofburial**: Springfield National Cemetery, Springfield, Missouri
- **placeofburial label**: Place of burial
- **image**: Jack Williams, MOH.jpg
- **caption**: Pharmacist's Mate Third Class Jack Williams
- **branch**:  United States Navy
- **serviceyears**: 1943-1945
- **rank**: Pharmacist's Mate Petty Officer Third Class, Third Class
- **unit**: 3rd Battalion 28th Marines, 3rd Battalion, 28th Marine Regiment (United States), 28th Marine Regiment
- **battles**: World War II
*Battle of Iwo Jima
- **awards**: Medal of Honor
John Willis

**John Harlan Willis** (June 10, 1921 – February 28, 1945) was a United States Navy sailor.  He received the Medal of Honor because of his actions in World War II.

## Medal of Honor citation

Willis' Medal of Honor recognized his conduct at the Battle of Iwo Jima.  He was killed while giving frontline first aid to the many marines wounded in fighting.

The words of Willis' citation explain:
> For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty as Platoon Corpsman serving with the 3d Battalion, 27th Marines, 5th Marine Division, during operations against enemy Japanese forces on Iwo Jima, Volcano Islands, 28 February 1945. Constantly imperiled by artillery and mortar fire from strong and mutually supporting pillboxes and caves studding Hill 362 in the enemy's cross-island defenses, Willis resolutely administered first aid to the many marines wounded during the furious close-in fighting until he himself was struck by shrapnel and was ordered back to the battle-aid station. Without waiting for official medical release, he quickly returned to his company and, during a savage hand-to-hand enemy counterattack, daringly advanced to the extreme frontlines under mortar and sniper fire to aid a marine lying wounded in a shellhole. Completely unmindful of his own danger as the Japanese intensified their attack, Willis calmly continued to administer blood plasma to his patient, promptly returning the first hostile grenade which landed in the shell-hole while he was working and hurling back 7 more in quick succession before the ninth exploded in his hand and instantly killed him. By his great personal valor in saving others at the sacrifice of his own life, he inspired his companions, although terrifically outnumbered, to launch a fiercely determined attack and repulse the enemy force. His exceptional fortitude and courage in the performance of duty reflect the highest credit upon Willis and the U.S. Naval Service. He gallantly gave his life for his country.

## Namesake

John Willis is the namesake of the destroyer escort ship _USS John Willis_ (DE-1027) which was named in his honor.

## Related pages

- List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II
- List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Battle of Iwo Jima
- Posthumous recognition
Prophylaxis (chess)

**Prophylaxis** is a term in chess, as well as being a general idea. It was introduced by the grandmaster Aaron Nimzovich in his book _My system_ in the 1920s. The term refers to actions taken by a player to anticipate and thwart the opponent's plans, and moves of these type are often called _prophylactic moves_.

## Example #1

One simple example of a prophylactic move is when a player moves a rook's pawn forward h3 or h6 to prevent a back rank mate, and at the same time prevent an enemy bishop or knight from occupying g4 or g5. In the example, mate was not an issue, but h3 was still played by world champion Karpov. Then he could develop his QB to the best place on e3.

## Example #2

Other examples are so subtle that club players would probably never think about them as possible moves. In the second example Nimzovich himself was playing black. In general, he wanted to turn his KP into a passed pawn by advancing it. However, the direct ...e5 does not work well, because the black king gets pushed back:
- 1....  e5
- 2.fxe5 fxe5
- 3.g4+ hxg4
- 4.hxg4+ Ke6
- 5.Rd6+ and the black king is kept out of play.

Nimzovich found another way to go:

- 1....  Rf8! and now after
- 2.Be1  g5! is best because
- 3.fxg5 fxg5
- 4.g4+  hxg4
- 5.hxg4+ Ke5+ wins the white rook.

To avoid this, White himself needs to play a prophylactic move, namely:
- 2.Kg1. This would prevent the discovered check on the f-file. Nimzovich's opponent did not find this, and Black went on to win the game. The game was won and lost on the players' relative awareness of prophylactic moves.
Atlantic mackerel

The **Atlantic mackerel** (_Scomber scombrus_), also known as **Boston mackerel**, or simply **mackerel**, is a pelagic schooling species of mackerel found on both sides of the North Atlantic Ocean.

The Atlantic Mackerel is by far the most common of the ten species of the family that are caught in British waters. It is extremely common in huge shoals migrating towards the coast to feed on small fish and prawns during the summer.

Abundant in cold and temperate shelf areas, it forms large schools near the surface. They overwinter in deeper waters but move closer to shore in spring when water temperatures range between 11° and 14°C.

In north-east Atlantic: North Sea (east) and British Isles (west). The North Sea stock decreased dramatically in the 1960s because of direct overfishing.

Male and female Atlantic mackerel grow at about the same rate, reaching a maximum age of about 20 years and a maximum fork length of about 47 centimetres (19 in). Most Atlantic mackerel are sexually mature by the age of three years.
Lester Archer

**Lester Archer** (1838 - October 27, 1864) was an American soldier. He received the Medal of Honor for valor during the American Civil War.

## Biography

Archer was born in Fort Ann, New York sometime in 1838. He served in the American Civil War in the 96th New York Infantry for the Union Army. He received the Medal of Honor on April 6, 1865 for his actions at the Battle of Chaffin's Farm. He died before the Medal could be presented to him so it was received posthumously.

## Medal of Honor citation

**Citation:**

> Gallantry in placing the colors of his regiment on the fort.

## Other websites

- Military Times

## Infobox (military person)

- **name**: Lester Archer
- **birth date**: 1838
- **death date**: October 27, 1864
- **placeofburial label**: Place of burial
- **birth place**: Fort Ann, New York
- **allegiance**: United States, United States of America
- **branch**: United States Army
Union Army
- **rank**: Sergeant
- **unit**: 96th New York Infantry
- **battles**: Battle of Chaffin's Farm
- **awards**:  Medal of Honor
George L. Banks

**George Lovell Banks** (October 13, 1839 - August 20, 1924) was an American soldier. He received the Medal of Honor for valor during the American Civil War.

## Biography

Banks was born in Lake County, Ohio October 13, 1839. He served in the American Civil War in the 15th Indiana Infantry for the Union Army. He received the Medal of Honor on February 18, 1891 because of his actions at the Battle of Missionary Ridge.

## Medal of Honor citation

**Citation:**

> As color bearer, led his regiment in the assault, and, though wounded, carried the nag forward to the enemy's works, where he was again wounded. In a brigade of 8 regiments this flag was the first planted on the parapet.

## Other websites

- Military Times

## Infobox (military person)

- **name**: George L. Banks
- **placeofburial label**: Place of burial
- **image**: George_Lovell_Banks_2.jpg
- **birth place**: Lake County, Ohio, United States
- **allegiance**: United States, United States of America
- **branch**: United States Army
Union Army
- **rank**: First Sergeant
- **serviceyears**: 1861 - 1864
- **unit**: 15th Indiana Infantry Regiment
- **battles**: Battle of Missionary Ridge
- **awards**:  Medal of Honor
Bullet (typography)

A **bullet** (  <big>•</big>  ) or **bullet point** is a symbol in typography.  It is a symbol or glyph used to introduce the parts of a list.  Bullets are used to draw attention to specific information.

## Usage

There are no fixed rules about how to use bullets. Bullet points may be short phrases or single sentences or paragraphs.

Bullets are most often used in technical writing, reference works, notes and presentations. For example, see bullet points in the box at the right.

When bullets are overused, the emphasis given to each point is less.

A numbered list is a kind of bullet format.