juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Premier of Ontario

The **Premier of Ontario** is the head of the government of Ontario, Canada. The premier is appointed by the Lieutenant Governor of Ontario. He or she is the head of the Executive Council of Ontario. The premier is usually the leader of the largest party in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario.

The first premier of Ontario was John Sandfield Macdonald. He was premier from 1867 to 1871. The current premier is Doug Ford.

Here is a list of people who have been Premier of Ontario since Confederation (the creation of Canada) in 1867:
<table border=0 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=2 width=90%>

<tr>

<th> #
<th> Name
<th> Took Office
<th> Left Office
<th> Party

<tr bgcolor=#DDEEFF><td>1.<td>John Sandfield Macdonald<td> 1867 <td> 1871 <td> Liberal-Conservative Coalition

<tr bgcolor=#FFE8E8><td>2.<td>Edward Blake <td> 1871 <td> 1872 <td> Liberal

<tr bgcolor=#FFE8E8><td>3.<td>Sir Oliver Mowat<td> 1872 <td> 1896 <td> Liberal

<tr bgcolor=#FFE8E8><td>4.<td>Arthur S. Hardy<td> 1896 <td> 1899 <td> Liberal
<tr bgcolor=#FFE8E8><td>5.<td>Sir George William Ross<td> 1899 <td> 1905 <td> Liberal
<tr bgcolor=#DDEEFF><td>6.<td>Sir James P. Whitney<td> 1905 <td> 1914<td> Conservative
<tr bgcolor=#DDEEFF><td>7.<td>Sir William Hearst<td> 1914 <td> 1919 <td> Conservative
<tr bgcolor=#E8FFE8><td>8.<td>Ernest C. Drury<td> 1919 <td> 1923 <td> Farmer-Labour Coalition

<tr bgcolor=#DDEEFF><td>9.<td>George Howard Ferguson<td> 1923 <td> 1930 <td> Conservative

<tr bgcolor=#DDEEFF><td>10.<td>George Stewart Henry<td> 1930 <td> 1934 <td> Conservative

<tr bgcolor=#FFE8E8><td>11.<td>Mitchell Hepburn<td> 1934 <td> 1942 <td> Liberal
<tr bgcolor=#FFE8E8><td>12.<td>Gordon Daniel Conant<td> 1942 <td> 1943 <td> Liberal
<tr bgcolor=#FFE8E8><td>13.<td>Harry Nixon<td> 1943 <td> 1943 <td> Liberal
<tr bgcolor=#DDEEFF><td>14.<td>George Drew<td> 1943 <td> 1948 <td> Progressive Conservative

<tr bgcolor=#DDEEFF><td>15.<td>Thomas Kennedy<td> 1948 <td> 1949 <td> Progressive Conservative

<tr bgcolor=#DDEEFF><td>16.<td>Leslie Frost<td> 1949 <td> 1961 <td> Progressive Conservative

<tr bgcolor=#DDEEFF><td>17.<td>John Robarts<td> 1961 <td> 1971 <td> Progressive Conservative

<tr bgcolor=#DDEEFF><td>18.<td>William (Bill) Davis<td> 1971 <td> 1985 <td> Progressive Conservative

<tr bgcolor=#DDEEFF><td>19.<td>Frank Miller<td> 1985 <td> 1985 <td> Progressive Conservative

<tr bgcolor=#FFE8E8><td>20.<td>David Peterson<td> 1985 <td> 1990 <td>Liberal

<tr bgcolor=#FFE1C4><td>21.<td>Bob Rae<td> 1990 <td> 1995 <td> New Democratic Party (NDP)

<tr bgcolor=#DDEEFF><td>22.<td>Mike Harris<td> 1995 <td> 2002 <td> Progressive Conservative

<tr bgcolor=#DDEEFF><td>23.<td>Ernie Eves<td> 2002 <td> 2003 <td> Progressive Conservative

<tr bgcolor=#FFE8E8><td>24.<td>Dalton McGuinty<td> 2003 <td> 2013 <td> Liberal

<tr bgcolor=#FFE8E8><td>25.<td>Kathleen Wynne<td> 2013 <td> 2018 <td> Liberal
<tr bgcolor=#DDEEFF><td>26.<td>Doug Ford<td> 2018 <td> now <td> Progressive Conservative
</table>

## Related pages

- Premier (Canada)
- Leader of the Opposition (Ontario)
Grid plan

A **grid plan** is the first basic plan in urban planning. It is a type of city plan in which streets run at right angles to each other, forming a grid. In ancient Rome a grid plan method of land measurement was called a centuriation.

Early grid-plans were developed in Indus Valley civilization. It was also widely used in ancient Greece.

## Related pages

- Sector model
- Multiple nuclei model
- Concentric zone model
- Linear city model

## Other websites

- Historical Society of Pennsylvania
- The Great American Grid
Multiple nuclei model

The **Multiple nuclei model** is a basic model in modern urban planning. It was developed by Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman in 1945. It was the third model in the Chicago school (architecture). The main idea was that when a city reached a certain size its downtown central business district (CBD) could no longer serve the whole city. Shops and offices move to the outer parts of the city. They grow and attract other businesses. This causes the areas around them to grow into new business centers.

## Related pages

- Grid plan
- Sector model
- Concentric zone model
- Linear city model
Sector model

**Sector model** is a basic model in modern urban planning that was developed by Homer Hoyt. He published his work in 1939 after studying 140 American cities. His model was a response to the concentric zone model developed by R. E. Park, E. W. Burgess and R. D. McKenzie. Hoyt found that cities grow outward in wedge-shaped sectors instead of concentric circles.

## Related pages

- Grid plan
- Concentric zone model
- Multiple nuclei model
- Linear city model

## Other websites

- Internet Geography
- BBC GCSE Bitesize Revision
Linear city model

**Linear city** is a model in modern urban planning. It was first developed by the Spanish urban planner Arturo Soria y Mata in 1882. It was an alternative to densely populated industrial cities. The idea was resumed in the 20th century in East Germany and Soviet Union.

## Related pages

- Grid plan
- Sector model
- Multiple nuclei model
- Concentric zone model

## Other websites

- The Linear city website  a Canadian site dedicated to the Linear city idea
- Infrastructure corridor as linear city
The Boss (roller coaster)

**The Boss** is a wooden roller coaster. It is at Six Flags St. Louis in Eureka, Missouri. It has a lift of  and a first drop of . It also has four drops of 150', 112', 103' and 72'. The ride also has a 570 degree helix. The Boss opened in 2000. It is known for its "terrain twister" style, going up and down with the ground beneath it.

In 2009, the coaster got spare coaster trains from a sister coaster called Twisted Twins. It was at Kentucky Kingdom (then known as Six Flags Kentucky Kingdom). They gave up the train cars after shutting down the coaster's section of the park.

## Other websites

- The Boss at Six Flags St. Louis Official Page

## Infobox (roller coaster)

- **name**: **The Boss**
- **image**: The Boss - Six Flags St. Louis.jpg
- **caption**: The Boss at Six Flags St. Louis
- **location**: Six Flags St. Louis
- **section**: Britannia
- **type**: Wood
- **manufacturer**: Custom Coasters International
- **designer**: Dennis McNulty, Larry Bill
- **track**: Terrain roller coaster, Terrain
- **status**: operating
- **height ft**: 122
- **drop ft**: 150
- **length ft**: 4631
- **speed mph**: 66.3
- **restriction in**: 48
- **duration**: 3:00
- **inversions**: 0
- **capacity**: 1400
- **rcdb number**: 616
- **trains**: 3
- **carspertrain**: 6
- **rowspercar**: 2
- **ridersperrow**: 2
- **virtual queue name**: Flash Pass
- **virtual queue image**: Fastpass availability icon.svg
- **virtual queue status**: Available
Cannon Ball (roller coaster)

The **Cannon Ball roller coaster** is a wooden roller coaster. It is at the Lake Winnepesaukah Amusement Park  (or Lake Winnie) in Rossville, Georgia. It was designed by John C. Allen. The roller coaster opened in 1967. It was Lake Winnie's first roller coaster.

It is one of three roller coasters at the park. The other two coasters are the Wild Lightnin' and the Wacky Worm. Wild lightnin' is a steel roller coaster that goes over the lake. The Wacky Worm is a children's ride. The Cannon Ball is the biggest of the three.

## Other websites

- Lake Winnepesaukah Amusement Park
- Coaster Grotto: statistics and pics

## Infobox (roller coaster)

- **name**: Cannon Ball
- **image**: The Cannon Ball - Lake Winnepesaukah Amusement Park - Lakeview, Georgia.jpg
- **imagedimensions**: 300px
- **caption**: Cannon Ball
- **location**: Lake Winnepesaukah
- **status**: Operating
- **year**: 1967
- **type**: Wood
- **manufacturer**: Philadelphia Toboggan Coasters
- **designer**: John C. Allen
- **track**: Out and back
- **lift**: Lift hill, Chain lift hill
- **height ft**: 70
- **drop ft**: 70
- **length ft**: 2272
- **speed mph**: 50
- **inversions**: 0
- **duration**: 1:32
- **angle**: 45
- **restriction in**: 48
- **trains**: 2
- **carspertrain**: 3
- **rowspercar**: 3
- **ridersperrow**: 2
- **transfer accessible**: yes
- **rcdb number**: 348
Donald N. Levine

**Donald Nathan Levine** (June 16, 1931 – April 4, 2015) was an American sociologist, educator, social theorist and writer. He was a central figure in Ethiopian Studies. Levine worked at the University of Chicago. He was born in New Castle, Pennsylvania.

Levine died at the age of 83.
Klaus Rifbjerg

**Klaus Rifbjerg** (December 15, 1931 – April 4, 2015) was a Danish writer. He wrote more than 170 novels, books and essays. In 1965 he co-produced the movie _4x4_ which was entered into the 4th Moscow International Film Festival.

Rifbjerg was born in Copenhagen and grew up on the island of Amager in Denmark. He studied at Princeton University. Rifbjerg died in Copenhagen after a long illness, aged 83.
Julie Wilson

**Julie May Wilson** (October 21, 1924 – April 5, 2015) was an American singer and actress. She was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Musical in 1989 for her performance in _Legs Diamond_. She was born in Omaha, Nebraska.

Wilson died in New York City, New York from complications of a stroke, aged 90.

## Other websites

- Official website
Dollard St. Laurent

**Joseph Dollard Herve St. Laurent** (May 12, 1929 – April 6, 2015) was a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman.

Dollard started his National Hockey League career with the Montreal Canadiens in 1951. He would spend eight years in Montreal before being traded to the Chicago Black Hawks.  He won four Stanley Cups with the Habs and one with the Black Hawks.

Dollard died in Beloeil, Quebec, aged 85.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **name**: Dollard St. Laurent
- **image**: 1959_Dollard_St_Laurent_-_Topps_card_art_(cropped).jpg
- **image size**: 200px
- **position**: Defence (ice hockey), Defence
- **played for**: Montreal Canadiens
Chicago Blackhawks
- **shoots**: Left
- **height ft**: 5
- **height in**: 11
- **weight lb**: 180
- **birth place**: Verdun, Quebec, Verdun, Quebec, QC,  Canada
- **death place**: Beloeil, Quebec, Beloeil, QC, Canada
- **career start**: 1949
- **career end**: 1963
Arrondissements of the Dordogne department

There are 4 **arrondissements in the Dordogne department**. The French departments, and in other countries, are divided into _arrondissements_, which may be translated into English as **districts** (in some cases, as **boroughs**).  The capital of an arrondissement is called a subprefecture.

If the prefecture (capital) of the department is in an arrondissement, that prefecture is the capital of the arrondissement, acting both as a prefecture and as a subprefecture.

Arrondissements are further divided into communes.

The 4 arrondissements of Dordogne are:

|INSEE code !! Arrondissement !! Capital !! Population <small>(2014)</small> !! width=70px | Area <small>(km²)</small> !! Density <small>(Inh./km²)</small> !! _Communes_|||||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|241|Bergerac|Bergerac|111,875|2,182.0||133|
|242|Nontron|Nontron|40,508|1,621.0||100|
|243|Périgueux|Périgueux|189,301|3,336.5||146|
|244|Sarlat-la-Canéda|Sarlat-la-Canéda|74,666|1,920.6||141|

## History

Since its creation, the Dordogne department has had some changes:
- 1790 : creation of the Dordogne department with nine districts: Belvès, Bergerac, Excideuil, Montignac, Montpon, Nontron, Périgueux, Ribérac and Sarlat. Bergerac, Périgueux and Sarlat-la-Canéda were alternatively the capital of the department but later, in the same year, it was decided that only Périgueux would be the capital.
- 1800 : creation of the arrondissements: Périgueux, Bergerac, Nontron, Ribérac, Sarlat.
- 1926 : the arrondissement of Ribérac is eliminated.
- 1965 : when the _communes_ Sarlat and La Canéda were combined, the arrondissement of Sarlat became the arrondissement of Sarlat-la-Canéda.
- 2017 : the arrondissements were modified, affecting 72 _communes_; 28 _communes_ were moved from Périgueux to Nontron, 22 from Périgueux to Sarlat-la-Canéda, 21 from Bergerac to Périgueux and 1 from Bergerac to Sarlat-la-Canéda.
Division of Balaclava

The **Division of Balaclava** was an Australian Electoral Division in Victoria. It was set up for the first federal election in 1901. It was named for the suburb of Balaclava, which in turn was named for a battlefield of the Crimean War. It included the wealthy inner southern suburbs of Melbourne, including Brighton and Sandringham. It was abolished and replaced by the Division of Goldstein in 1984.

## Members

|Member|Party|Term||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|||rowspan="2"|Sir George Turner|Protectionist|1901–1904|
|||Free Trade|1904–1906|||
|||rowspan="2"|Agar Wynne|Independent Protectionist|1906–1909|
|||Commonwealth Liberal|1909–1914|||
|||rowspan="4"|William Watt|Commonwealth Liberal|1914–1917|
|||Nationalist|1917–1922|||
|||Liberal Union|1922–1925|||
|||Nationalist|1925–1929|||
|||rowspan="3"|Thomas White|Nationalist|1929–1931|
|||United Australia|1931–1944|||
|||Liberal|1944–1951|||
|||Percy Joske|Liberal|1951–1960||
|||Ray Whittorn|Liberal|1960–1974||
|||Ian Macphee|Liberal|1974–1984||
Thomas White, the Air and Civil Aviation Minister, resigned to become Australian High Commissioner to the United Kingdom. This caused a by-election. Percy Joske resigned in 1960 to become Judge of the Commonwealth Industrial Court, which also caused a by-election.

## Infobox (australian electorate)

- **federal**: yes
- **name**: Balaclava
- **state**: vic
- **created**: 1901
- **abolished**: 1984
- **namesake**: Balaclava, Victoria, Balaclava
1995 Chicago heat wave

The **1995 Chicago heat wave** was a major heat wave. It led to over 600 heat-related deaths in Chicago. Most of the heat wave victims were old or poor people. They did not have enough money for air conditioning and would not open their windows. The people also didn't sleep outside for fear of crime. The heat also affected Milwaukee and St. Louis.

The temperatures were very hot. There were near-record highs as well. The hottest weather was between Wednesday, July 12 and Sunday, July 16. The highest temperature was  at Chicago's Midway International Airport. The heat index reached  at the Chicago O'Hare Airport.

## Statistics

Chicago's daily low and high temperatures in 1995:
- July 11:
- July 12:
- July 13:
- July 14:
- July 15:
- July 16:
- July 17:
Bob Burns (drummer)

**Robert Louis** "**Bob**" **Burns Jr.** (November 24, 1950 – April 3, 2015) was an American drummer. He was in the original line-up of the Southern rock band Lynyrd Skynyrd. Burns was born in Jacksonville, Florida.

Burns died in a single car crash after hitting a mailbox and tree on a sharp curve in Bartow County, Georgia, late at night after a performance on April 3, 2015. He was 64 years old.
Dave Ulliott

**David A. Ulliott** (4 April 1954 – 6 April 2015), known by the nickname **Devilfish**, was an English professional gambler and poker player. Ulliott was a minor figure in the Hull underworld, but went on to become a World Series of Poker bracelet-winner, and a mainstay of televised poker.

At the poker table, he is known for wearing orange sunglasses, a sharp suit (or leather jacket) and gold knuckleduster rings reading "Devil" and "Fish", which he made himself.

He lived in Kingston upon Hull, not far from where he grew up. Ulliott died on 6 April 2015 from colon cancer.

## Other websites

- Official site
- How Ulliott got his Devil Fish Nickname
- Hendon Mob forum post by Ulliott about Poker Europa review of Swimming With The Devilfish
- Dave Ulliot Hendon Mob tournament results
- PokerListings.com profile

## Infobox (sportsperson)

- **name**: Dave Ulliott
- **nickname**: The Devilfish, The Clock
- **image**: Daveulliott2.jpg
- **caption**: Dave Ulliott on the 2005 World Series of Poker
- **hometown**: Kingston upon Hull
- **birth place**: Kingston upon Hull, East Riding of Yorkshire, England
- **wsop bracelet count**: 1
- **wsop money finishes**: 27
- **wsop main event best finish rank**: 72nd
- **wsop main event best finish year**: 2004
- **wpt titles**: 1
- **wpt final tables**: 2
- **wpt money finishes**: 8
- **ept titles**: _None_
- **ept final tables**: _None_
- **ept money finishes**: 1
Romualdas Ozolas

**Romualdas Ozolas** (January 31, 1939 – April 6, 2015) was a Lithuanian politician, activist, writer and educator. He was a member of the Lithuanian branch of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1973 to 1990. He was also a member of the Lithuanian independence movement, the Sąjūdis Initiative Group from 1988 to 1990.

In 1988 he founded the nationalist Vilnija organization. He joined the Lithuanian Centre Union political party in 1993 and became its chairman. In 1996, he was elected to the Seimas and served until 2000.
Jeralean Talley

**Jeralean Talley** (née **Kurtz**; May 23, 1899 – June 17, 2015) was an American supercentenarian who was, at the age of 116 years, 25 days, the verified world's oldest living person.

She was previously thought to be the oldest living American, from the death of Elsie Thompson on March 21, 2013 until Gertrude Weaver was verified to be older in July 2014. Upon Weaver's death on April 6, 2015, Talley became the world's oldest living person evidence of their age.

Talley is the oldest validated person ever born in the U.S. state of Georgia.

## Related pages

- List of American supercentenarians

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Jeralean Talley
- **caption**: Jeralean Talley in 2014
- **birth name**: Jeralean Kurtz
- **birth date**: May 23, 1899
- **birth place**: Montrose, Georgia, Montrose, Georgia (U.S. state), Georgia, United States
- **death date**: June 17, 2015
(aged 116 years, 25 days)
- **death place**: Inkster, Michigan, United States
- **nationality**: American
- **known for**: Oldest living person (April 6, 2015 — June 17, 2015)
- **spouse**: Alfred Talley (1893–1988)
(m. 1936–88; his death)
- **children**: One daughter
- **parents**: Samuel and Amelia Kurtz
Kermit, Texas

**Kermit** is a city in the state of Texas in the United States. It is the county seat of Winkler County. About 6,267 people lived there in 2020.  After Theodore Roosevelt came to the city, it was named for his son Kermit Roosevelt.  On July 16, 1926, after discovery of oil in the Hendrick oil field near Kermit, the city grew quickly.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Kermit, Texas
- **settlement type**: City
- **image skyline**: Winkler County Courthouse 1910.jpg
- **image caption**: The Winkler County Courthouse in Kermit, in 1910.
- **image map**: Winkler County Kermit.svg
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location of Kermit, Texas
- **pushpin map**: Texas#USA
- **pushpin relief**: yes
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Texas, County
- **subdivision name1**: Texas
- **subdivision name2**: Winkler County, Texas, Winkler
- **established title**: Incorporated
- **established date**: 1938
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader title1**: City Manager
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total sq mi**: 2.52
- **area land sq mi**: 2.52
- **area water sq mi**: 0.00
- **area total km2**: 6.52
- **area land km2**: 6.52
- **area water km2**: 0.00
- **elevation ft**: 2861
- **population total**: 6267
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population density sq mi**: 2486.90
- **population density km2**: 995.26
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 79745
- **area code**: Area code 432, 432
- **leader title2**: City Secretary
- **leader title3**: Chief of Police
- **timezone**: North American Central Time Zone, Central (CST)
- **utc offset**: −6
- **timezone dst**: CDT
- **utc offset dst**: −5
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 48-39004
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 1360598
Division of Bourke

The **Division of Bourke** was an Australian Electoral Division in Victoria. It was set up for the first federal election in 1901. It was abolished in 1949. It was named for Sir Richard Bourke, who was Governor of New South Wales at the time of the founding of Melbourne. It was based in the northern suburbs of Melbourne, including Brunswick and Coburg. The National Library of Australia holds a map showing the boundaries of Bourke in 1912.

## Members

|Member|Party|Term||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|||rowspan="2"|James Hume Cook|Protectionist|1901–1909|
|||Commonwealth Liberal|1909–1910|||
|||Frank Anstey|Labor|1910–1934||
|||rowspan="2"|Maurice Blackburn|Labor|1934–1941|
|||Independent Labor|1941–1943|||
|||Bill Bryson|Labor|1943–1946||
|||Doris Blackburn|Independent Labor|1946–1949||

Frank Anstey was Minister for Health and Minister for Repatriation in the Scullin government.

## Infobox (australian electorate)

- **federal**: yes
- **name**: Bourke
- **caption**: Richard Bourke
- **state**: vic
- **created**: 1901
- **abolished**: 1949
- **namesake**: Richard Bourke
Marionberry

**Marionberry** is a cultivar of blackberry. The cultivar is also known as **marion blackberry**. It was developed by a joint venture of Oregon State University, and currently accounts for over half of the blackberry cultivars sold in Oregon.
John McMartin

**John McMartin** (November 18, 1929 – July 6, 2016) was an American actor of stage, movie and television. He was known _All the President's Men_ (1976), _As the World Turns_ (1956) and _Kinsey_ (2004).

McMartin was born in Warsaw, Indiana and raised in Minnesota. He died of cancer on July 6, 2016 in New York City, aged 86.

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: John McMartin.jpg
- **occupation**: Film, musical theatre, stage and television actor
- **birth place**: Warsaw, Indiana, United States
- **death place**: New York City, New York (state), New York, United States
- **spouse**: Cynthia Baer
(m. 1960–1971; divorced), two daughters
- **yearsactive**: 1956–2015
Giovanni Berlinguer

**Giovanni Berlinguer** (), Cavaliere di Gran Croce OMRI, (9 July 1924 – 6 April 2015) was an Italian politician and Professor of Social Medicine. He was born in Sassari, Sardinia, the son of Mario Berlinguer.

He ran for the secretarship of the Democrats of the Left (DS) in 2001, being defeated by Piero Fassino 61.8% to 34.1%. From 2004 to 2009 he was a Member of the European Parliament representing the DS and sits with the Party of European Socialists group.

He died in Rome at the age of 90.

## Infobox (prime minister)

- **name**: Giovanni Berlinguer Member of the European Parliament, MEP
- **image**: Giovanni Berlinguer 2008byFigiu.jpg
- **order**: Member of the European Parliament
- **constituency**: European Parliament Election, 2004 (Italy)#Seats, North-East
- **term start**: 14 June 2004
- **term end**: 2009
- **birth place**: Sassari, Italy
- **death place**: Rome, Italy
- **nationality**: Italians, Italian
- **profession**: University Professor
- **party**: Democratici di Sinistra
Winkler County, Texas

**Winkler County** is a county in the state of Texas in the United States. In 2020, 7,791 people lived there.  The county seat is Kermit.  It is named for Clinton M. Winkler, a Colonel in the Confederate Army.  Music maker Roy Orbison completed High School in Winkler County.

## History

Winkler County was created in 1887 and set up in 1910.

## Geography

The county has a total area of 841 square miles.

### Cities

- Kermit (county seat)
- Wink

## Infobox (u.s. county)

- **county**: Winkler County
- **state**: Texas
- **founded**: 1910
- **seat wl**: Kermit
- **largest city wl**: Kermit
- **area total sq mi**: 841
- **area land sq mi**: 841
- **area water sq mi**: 0.2
- **area percentage**: 0.02
- **population as of**: 2020
- **population total**: 7791
- **population density sq mi**: 9.3
- **ex image**: File:County courthouse for Winkler County, near the New Mexico line in far-west Texas LCCN2014630676.jpg
- **ex image size**: 250px
- **ex image cap**: The Winkler County Courthouse in Kermit
- **web**: www.co.winkler.tx.us
- **time zone**: Central
- **named for**: Clinton McKamy Winkler
Richard Henyekane

**Richard Henyekane** (28 September 1983 – 7 April 2015) was a South African football player for Premier Soccer League club Free State Stars on loan from Mamelodi Sundowns.

On 4 March 2012, his team set a remarkable record in the Nedbank Cup when they beat Powerlines FC by 24 goals to nil, with Henyekane scoring five of the goals.

Henyekane made nine official appearances for the South Africa national team. He died in a car accident on 7 April 2015.
Jean Germain (politician)

**Jean Germain** (11 September 1947 - 7 April 2015) was a French socialist politician. Germain was the president of l'Université de Tours from 1988 to 1993.
In 1995 Germain was elected mayor of Tours since 1995, and president of the agglomeration community of Tours, Tour(s) Plus.

Germanin committed suicide by shooting himself in the head in Tours, France, aged 67.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Jean Germain
- **image**: Germain jean.jpg
- **office**: Mayor (France), Mayor of Tours
- **term start**: 1995
- **term end**: 2014
- **birth place**: Tours, France
- **death place**: Tours, France
- **nationality**: France, French
- **party**: Socialist Party (France), Socialist Party
- **alma mater**: Université de Tours
Albany, Texas

**Albany** is a city in the state of Texas in the United States. It is the county seat of Shackelford County. About 1,854 people lived there in 2020.  The city was named after Albany, Georgia. The Cook oilfields were discovered in 1926. They became a large part of the local economy. Ranching is the main occupation, raising sheep and cattle. The town slogan is "Albany, the Home of the Hereford."

## Geography

Albany has a total area of 1.5 square miles.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Albany, Texas
- **settlement type**: City
- **motto**: [https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/albany-tx Home of the Hereford]
- **image skyline**: Shackelford County Courthouse.jpg
- **image caption**: Shackleford County Courthouse
- **image map**: Shackelford County Albany.svg
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **pushpin map**: Texas#USA
- **pushpin relief**: yes
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: Texas
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Texas, County
- **subdivision name2**: Shackelford County, Texas, Shackelford
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 4.06
- **area land km2**: 4.06
- **area water km2**: 0.00
- **area total sq mi**: 1.57
- **area land sq mi**: 1.57
- **area water sq mi**: 0.00
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 1854
- **population density sq mi**: 1180.89
- **population density km2**: 456.65
- **timezone**: North American Central Time Zone, Central (CST)
- **utc offset**: -6
- **timezone dst**: CDT
- **utc offset dst**: -5
- **elevation m**: 431
- **elevation ft**: 1414
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 76430
- **area code**: Area code 325, 325
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 48-01648
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 1329326
Shackelford County, Texas

**Shackelford County** is a county in the state of Texas in the United States. In 2020, 3,105 people lived there.  The county seat is Albany. The county was named for Jack Shackelford, a medical man who later became a soldier and led men during the Texas Revolution.

## Infobox (u.s. county)

- **county**: Shackelford County
- **state**: Texas
- **founded**: 1874
- **seat wl**: Albany
- **largest city wl**: Albany
- **area total sq mi**: 916
- **area land sq mi**: 914
- **area water sq mi**: 1.3
- **area percentage**: 0.1
- **census yr**: 2020
- **pop**: 3105
- **density sq mi**: auto
- **ex image**: Shackelford County Courthouse September 2020.jpg
- **ex image size**: 250px
- **ex image cap**: The Shackelford County Courthouse in Albany
- **time zone**: Central
- **named for**: Jack Shackelford
Crystal City, Texas

**Crystal City** is a city in the state of Texas in the United States. It is the county seat of Zavala County. The 2020 US census said that 6,354 people lived there. The "San Antonio, Uvalde and Gulf Railroad" stopped in Crystal City.

Crystal City was home to a large internment camp in World War II. It was the largest internment camp for Germans and those of German descent in the US. Almost all the children and many of the wives interned here were American citizens. Most were held here for four years.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Crystal City, Texas
- **settlement type**: City and county seat
- **nickname**: Spinach Capital of the World
- **image skyline**: Sacred Heart Catholic Church, Crystal City, TX IMG_4244_2.JPG
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **image caption**: Sacred Heart Catholic Church in Crystal City
- **image map**: TXMap-doton-CrystalCity.PNG
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location of Crystal City, Texas
- **image map1**: Zavala County CrystalCity.svg
- **mapsize1**: 250px
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: Texas
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Texas, County
- **subdivision name2**: Zavala County, Texas, Zavala
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **area total km2**: 9.46
- **area land km2**: 9.44
- **area water km2**: 0.02
- **area total sq mi**: 3.65
- **area land sq mi**: 3.64
- **area water sq mi**: 0.01
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 6354
- **population density km2**: 673.1
- **timezone**: Central Time Zone (North America), Central (CST)
- **utc offset**: -6
- **timezone dst**: CDT
- **utc offset dst**: -5
- **elevation m**: 170
- **elevation ft**: 558
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 78839
- **area code**: Area code 830, 830
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 48-18020
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 1355449
Fredric Brandt

**Fredric Sheldon Brandt** (June 26, 1949 – April 5, 2015) was an American physician, researcher, lecturer, author, and radio host. He was known for using the first botulinum toxin ("botox") and fillers. Brandt was also known for his role in the FDA approval of numerous fillers and botulinum toxins for cosmetic use in the United States.

Brandt committed suicide by hanging himself on April 5, 2015 in his home in Coconut Grove, Florida, aged 65. His publicist reported that he had been suffering from depression.

## Other websites

- Dr. Brandt Skincare

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Fredric Brandt
- **birth name**: Fredric Sheldon Brandt
- **birth place**: Newark, New Jersey, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Coconut Grove, Florida, U.S.
- **nationality**: American
- **known for**: Cosmetic dermatology and innovative skin care
- **occupation**: Physician, author
- **website**:
Kardam, Prince of Turnovo

**Kardam, Prince of Turnovo, Duke of Saxony** (2 December 1962 – 7 April 2015), was the eldest son of Tsar Simeon II of Bulgaria and his wife Margarita Gómez-Acebo y Cejuela.

Kardam was born after the unseating of the Bulgarian monarchy. He was sometimes styled as if her were a crown prince. He was known also as **Kardam of Bulgaria** and **Kardam of Turnovo**, the latter being the title of the heir apparent of the Bulgarian throne.

Prince Kardam suffered severe injuries in a road accident in 2008, and did not recover. He died of a lung infection in hospital in Madrid on 7 April 2015, aged 52.

## Infobox (royalty)

- **name**: Kardam l Of Bulgary
- **title**: King Of Bulgary
- **father**: Simeon II of Bulgaria
- **mother**: Margarita Gómez-Acebo y Cejuela
- **spouse**: Miriam de Ungría y López
- **issue**: Prince Boris of Bulgaria, Prince Boris
Prince Beltrán of Bulgaria, Prince Beltrán
- **birth place**: Madrid, Spain
- **death place**: Madrid, Spain
- **house**: House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
Simeon Saxe-Coburg-Gotha

**Simeon Borisov Saxe-Coburg-Gotha**, **Tsar Simeon II** or **King Simeon II of Bulgaria** (; born 16 June 1937) is an important political and royal figure in Bulgaria. During his reign as the Tsar of Bulgaria from 1943 to 1946 he was a minor, the monarchical leader. He also served as the 48th Prime Minister of Bulgaria.

## Other websites

- King Simeon II
- The first website about Simeon II of Bulgaria focuses on his pre-1995 history
- _Financial Times_ July 2001 Biography
- Saxe-Coburg-Gotha's address, 10 February 2005  concerning amending the constitution to bring it in line with EU requirements
- Saxe-Coburg-Gotha's statement, 5 July 2002  concerning Bulgaria's candidacy for NATO membership: "The role of the international community should be gradually transformed from crisis response to integration. Palliative measures intended to mitigate yet another crisis cannot bring stability and prosperity. The best solution is the region's integration into the European and Euroatlantic institutions."

## Infobox (royalty)

- **embed**: yes
- **succession**: Tsar of Bulgaria
- **reign**: List of Bulgarian regents, Regents' council 28 August 1943 – 15 September 1946
- **predecessor**: Boris III of Bulgaria, Boris III
- **successor**: _Monarchy abolished_
Vasil Kolarov (as List of Presidents of Bulgaria, Acting President)
- **house**: House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha-Koháry, Saxe-Coburg and Gotha-Koháry
- **religion**: Eastern Orthodox Church, Eastern Orthodox
- **signature**: Signature of Simeon Saxe-Coburg-Gotha.png


## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Simeon Saxe-Coburg-Gotha
- **image**: Simeon Borisov Sakskoburggotski (Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Simeon II) in 2017.jpg
- **caption**: Simeon in 2017
- **order**: 48th
- **office**: Prime Minister of Bulgaria
- **term start**: 24 July 2001
- **term end**: 17 August 2005
- **president**: Petar Stoyanov
Georgi Parvanov
- **deputy**: Nikolay Vasilev
Lydia Shuleva (2001–2005)
Kostadin Paskalev (2001–2002)
Plamen Panayotov (2003–2005)
- **predecessor**: Ivan Kostov
- **successor**: Sergei Stanishev
- **birth place**: Vrana Palace, Sofia, Kingdom of Bulgaria
- **party**: Independent (politician), Independent (2009–present)
- **otherparty**: National Movement Simeon II (2001–2009)
- **children**: Kardam, Prince of Turnovo
Kyril, Prince of Preslav
Kubrat, Prince of Panagyurishte
Konstantin-Assen, Prince of Vidin
Princess Kalina, Countess of Murany
- **parents**: Boris III of Bulgaria
Giovanna of Italy
- **alma mater**: Valley Forge Military Academy and College
Ralph Bakshi

**Ralph Bakshi** (born October 29, 1938) is an American director of animated and live-action movies. His best known movies include _Fritz the Cat_ (1972), _Wizards_ (1977), _The Lord of the Rings_ (1978), _American Pop_  (1981) and _Fire and Ice_ (1983).

## Other websites

- _Rotospective: Ralph Bakshi, Lessons in Artistry, Rebellion and Success_ a profile at AgentPalmer.com
- Radio interview with actor Ron Thompson from Ralph Bakshi's _American Pop_
- _American Pop_ – Q&A video with actor Ron Thompson at The Egyptian Theatre in Hollywood, California

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Ralph Bakshi
- **image**: RalphBakshiJan09.jpg
- **caption**: Bakshi in January 2009
- **birth name**: Ralph Bakshi
- **birth place**: Haifa, Mandatory Palestine
- **nationality**: Americans, American
- **alma mater**: High School of Art and Design
- **occupation**: Director
Producer (film), Producer
Animator
Writer
Actor
Painter
- **years active**: 1957–present
- **spouse**: Liz Bakshi
Elisabeth Bassett Bakshi
SPB

**SPB** may refer to:

- Saint Petersburg, second largest city in Russia
- Shortest Path Bridging, (IEEE 802.1aq), computer networking
- Sodium phosphate, term for a variety of salts
IEEE 802.1aq

**Shortest Path Bridging** also known as **IEEE 802.1aq** is a computer protocol used to simplify and specialize the creation and configuration of networks, supports faster restore times, increased bandwidth, redundancy, and security.

## Related pages

- Border Gateway Protocol
- Intermediate System to Intermediate System
Duke Lemur Center

The **Duke Lemur Center** is an  sanctuary for several species of lemurs and lorises. It is at Duke University in Durham, North Carolina. The center is the largest sanctuary for these animals in the world. There are about 10 different species at the center. The center does not harm the animals while researching them. The Duke Lemur Center is open to the public. Tours are by appointment only.

On November 10, 2014, Jovian (best known for mainly portraying Zoboomafoo in the series of the same name) died at his home in the center of renal failure at age 20. It is currently unknown when his funeral was.

## Other websites

- The official homepage of the Duke Lemur Center
Kay Lenz

**Kay Lenz** (born March 4, 1953) is an American actress and former child performer. She has worked mainly in television. She has received two Emmy Awards. She played Jane in _American Graffiti_. She also played Maggie Zombro in _Reasonable Doubts_.

She was born in Los Angeles, California.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Kay Ann Lenz
- **image**: Kay-lenz-trailer.jpg
- **caption**: Kay Lenz in trailer for _Breezy_ (1973)
- **birth place**: Los Angeles, California, U.S.
- **alias**: Kay Ann Kemper
- **occupation**: Actress
- **years active**: 1967–present
Marmoset

The **marmosets** are a group of New World monkeys.
There are 22 marmoset species in four genera. All are in the biological family Callitrichidae. The term _marmoset_ is also used in reference to the Goeldi's marmoset, _Callimico goeldii_, which is closely related.

Most marmosets are about  long. Compared to other monkeys, they have some primitive features. They have claws rather than nails, they lack wisdom teeth, and their brain layout seems to be relatively primitive. Their body temperature is unusually variable, changing by up to 4 °C (7 °F) in a day.  Marmosets are native to South America and have been found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay and Peru. They have also been spotted in Central America.

Marmosets have germline chimerism. This is not known to occur in nature in any primates except this family.

Marmosets are highly active, living in the upper canopy of forest trees, and feeding on insects, fruit and leaves.  They have long lower incisors, which allow them to chew holes in tree trunks and branches to harvest the gum inside; some species are specialised feeders on gum.

Marmosets live in family groups of three to 15. There are one or two breeding females, an unrelated male, offspring and other family members and unrelated individuals. Their mating systems are highly variable and include monogamy, polygyny and occasionally polyandry.
Old Calendarists

**Old Calendarists** is the name of traditionalist Eastern Orthodox churches which have splintered from their church due to their church adopting the revised Julian calendar.They are also well known as the "Greek True Orthodox" movement. There are significant populations in Greece, Bulgaria, and Romania
Union of Utrecht (Old Catholic)

In 1889, the Old Catholic Church seceded from the Roman Catholic Church, mainly because Old Catholics do not accept the dogma that the pope is infallible. All of the Old Catholic Churches united in what is called the **Union of Utrecht**, in 1889.
Ray Charles (musician, born 1918)

**Charles Raymond Offenberg** (September 13, 1918 – April 6, 2015), better known as **Ray Charles**, was an American singer, songwriter, musician, conductor, and vocal arranger. He was best known as the organizer and leader of the Ray Charles Singers (who were featured on Perry Como's television series, radio shows, and records for 35 years).

On April 6, 2015, Charles died in Beverly Hills, California of natural causes at the age of 96.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Ray Charles
- **image**: Ray Charles, choral director.jpg
- **caption**: Charles on June 3, 1975
- **background**: group_or_band
- **birth name**: Charles Raymond Offenberg
- **alias**: Ray Charles
- **birth place**: Chicago, Illinois, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Beverly Hills, California, U.S.
- **years active**: 1942–2015
- **label**: Essex Records, Essex
MGM Records, MGM
Decca Records, Decca
Command Records, Command
Atlantic Records
- **associated acts**: Perry Como
_Your Hit Parade_
_The Big Show_
_The Hollywood Palace_
Glen Campbell
_Sha Na Na_
The Muppets
Kennedy Center Honors
Jayakanthan

**Jayakanthan** (; 24 April 1934 – 8 April 2015) was a Tamil writer, essayist, journalist, pamphleteer, filmmaker and critic.  He was a recipient of both Jnanpith and Sahitya Akademi awards.

Jayakanthan died on 8 April 2015 in Chennai after a long-illness, at the age of 80.
Conversion therapy

**Conversion therapy** is treatment to change a person from homosexual to heterosexual. Such treatments have been criticized for being a form of pseudoscience. Conversion therapy has been controversial in some countries, including the United States.

The American Psychiatric Association has criticized the treatments. They say the treatments are unreliable.

The highest-profile contemporary supporters for conversion therapy are Christian fundamentalists and other religious organizations. This therapy has been ridiculed by critics as "pray the gay away".

Use of the therapy on minors is not allowed in New Jersey, California and Washington D.C..

## Related pages

- Corrective rape
- Homophobia
Jovian

**Jovian** (1994 – November 10, 2014) was a Coquerel's sifaka lemur, best known for mainly portraying Zoboomafoo in the series of the same name. On November 10, 2014, Jovian died at his home in the Duke Lemur Center of renal failure at age 20.

Jovian was born in the spring of 1994 at the Duke Lemur Center to parents Nigel and Flavia.
National Primate Research Center

The **National Primate Research Centers** is a network of 8 research programs in the United States. It is funded by the National Institutes of Health to conduct biomedical research on primates. Each center is connected to a university or other host institution.
Biomedical Primate Research Centre

The **Biomedical Primate Research Center** (**BPRC**) is Europe's largest primate research center. It is a scientific research institute that performs research that contributes to the identification and development of new medicines against deadly diseases. The center is located in Rijswijk, (Zuid-Holland).

BPRC employs about 110 people.

## Other websites

- The official homepage of the Biomedical Primate Research Center
Màrius Serra

**Màrius Serra i Roig** (May 1, 1963, Barcelona, Catalonia) is a Spanish writer. He is also a journalist. He has won several writing prizes. He is a graduate in English philology studies. In 2006 he won the most important prize in Catalonia for writing his novel _Farsa_ (Catalan for _Farce_): the Ramon Llull Prize. He was also a presenter on a television show about books (named _Alexandria_) in _Canal 33_ in Catalonia. Màrius is a writer on Avui newspaper (Catalonia). Serra is also on a radio program of _Radio Nacional de España_.

### Short Stories

- 1987 Linia (Line)
- 1988 Amnèsia (Amnesia)
- 1991 Tres és massa (Three it is too much)
- 1993 Contagi (Infection)
- 1998 La Vida normal (The normal life)

### Novels

- 1990 L’home del sac (The bag man)
- 1996 Mon oncle (My uncle)
- 1999 Ablanatanalba
- 2003 Monocle
- 2006 Farsa (Farce)
- 2008 Quiet
- 2013 Plans de futur (Future plans)

### Essays

- 2004 De com s'escriu una novel·la
- 2007 Enviar i Rebre

### Criticism and literary studies

- 2004 de com s’escriu una novel·la (How to write a novel)

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Màrius Serra i Roig
- **image**: Màrius Serra (2019).jpg
- **caption**: Màrius Serra in 2019
- **birth place**: Barcelona, Catalonia (Spain)
- **occupation**: Writer
- **language**: Catalan
- **nationality**: Catalan
- **education**: English philology
- **alma mater**: Universitat de Barcelona (Barcelona University)
- **genre**: Novel, essay, short stories
- **awards**: Ramon Llul Prize, Saint Jorge Prize (See #Awards, awards section for a complete list).
Jirair Sefilian

**Jirair Sefilian** (Ժիրայր Սեֆիլյան; born 10 July 1967) is an Armenian military commander and political activist. He is one of the leaders of Armenian opposition and the head of Founding Parliament opposition group. Since April 8, 2015 he is under arrest and recognized as a political prisoner.

## Biography

In 1990 Sefilian arrived in Armenia and participated in the Karabakh War. Sefilian became the commander of the _Shushi_ special military commando, playing a significant role during the Battle of Shusha. Sefilian was awarded with the First Degree Order of the Combat Cross.

## Other websites

- Biography
Nina Companeez

**Nina Companeez** (born 26 August 1937 – 9 April 2015) was a French screenwriter and film director. She was known for her movies _The Horseman on the Roof_, _Adorable menteuse_, and _The Diary of an Innocent Boy_.

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: Nina Companeez 2013.jpg
- **caption**: Companeez in February 2013.
- **name**: Nina Companeez
- **birth place**: Boulogne-Billancourt, France
- **death place**: Paris, France
- **occupation**: Screenwriter, film director
- **yearsactive**: 1961-2015
Geoffrey Lewis

**Geoffrey Bond Lewis** (July 31, 1935 – April 7, 2015) was an American character actor. Lewis was known for his movie roles alongside Robert Redford and Clint Eastwood.

## Personal life

Lewis was born in San Diego, California. He was married to Glenis Batley from 1973 until they divorced in 1975, Then he was married to Paula Hochhallter until his death in 2015. One of his daughters is actress-singer Juliette Lewis.

## Career

Lewis worked many times with actor-director Clint Eastwood in several movies. They were _Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil_, _Pink Cadillac_, _Any Which Way You Can_, _Bronco Billy_, _Every Which Way but Loose_, _Thunderbolt and Lightfoot_ and _High Plains Drifter_. He is also part of the musical story-telling group Celestial Navigations.

## Death

On April 7, 2015, Lewis died of natural causes in his Woodland Hills, Los Angeles, California home, aged 79.

## Other websites

- Official Website for Celestial Navigations

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Geoffrey Lewis
- **image**: Geoffrey Lewis - 2.jpg
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **birth place**: San Diego, California, U.S.
- **death place**: Los Angeles, California, U.S.
- **occupation**: Actor
- **years active**: 1963, 1970–2015
- **spouse**: Glenis Batley (m. 1973-1975; divorced)
Paula Hochhalter (m. 19??-2015, his death)
- **children**: 9, including Juliette Lewis
Georg Simon Ohm

**Georg Simon Ohm** (16 March 1789 - 6 July 1854) was a German physicist and mathematician. During part of the time in his life, Ohm worked as a school teacher.  Some of his research focused on the new electrochemical cell, invented by Italian scientist Alessandro Volta. Using equipment he had created himself, Ohm found that there is a direct proportionality between the potential difference (voltage) applied across a conductor and the resultant electric current. This relationship is known as Ohm's law.

In 1881, after his death, the  SI unit for electrical resistance was named _Ohm_ in his honour. The uppercase Greek letter Omega (Ω) is used for the unit.
Ground meat

**Ground meat** (also known as **minced meat **) is meat that is finely chopped by a meat grinder or a chopping knife.
Ground beef

**Ground beef** is a ground meat made of beef. it is used in many recipes including hamburgers and cottage pie.