juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
John Williams (sailor)

**John Williams** (1761 – 20 September 1793) was a Able seaman who joined the Mutineers in the mutiny on the bounty. In 1788 he became the second man on that ship to be flogged; Commander William Bligh sentenced him to six lashes with a cat-o'-nine tails for "neglect of duty". He took an active part in the mutiny on April 28, 1789, and later voted to sail with Fletcher Christian in search of an island refuge. On the Bounty Williams had served as unofficial Armorer's Mate to Joseph Coleman, so when Coleman foiled Christian's attempt to kidnap him in Tahiti, Williams inherited his duties (and his status). When Christian's party arrived on Pitcairn Island in January 1790, he brought with him 12 Tahitian women: one each for himself and the eight other mutineers, and three to be shared among the six Tahitian men who had also come along. This arrangement worked for about three years, until Williams' "wife" died in an accidental fall. He demanded a replacement and after months of wrangling he was given one of the Tahitian mens' consorts. This proved to be the last straw for the natives on Pitcairn. They had already endured much cruel treatment at the hands of the white men, and they decided to revolt. On "Massacre Day", September 20, 1793, Williams was the first of five mutineers to be murdered.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: John Williams
- **birth date**: 1761
- **birth place**: England
- **death date**: Sep 20 1793
- **death place**: Pitcairn Islands
- **death cause**: Killed
- **burial place**: HMAS Bounty Mutineers Gravesite
Adamstown, Pitcairn Islands
- **nationality**: British
- **occupation**: Able-bodied Seaman
- **partner**: Faahotu “Fasto” Williams
Toofaiti “Nancy” Williams
Rafaela

**Rafaela** is a city located in the center-west of the province of Santa Fe, Argentina. It is the capital of the Castellanos department and the third most populous and important urban center in the province, behind Rosario and the provincial capital, Santa Fe.

The name was designated by its founder, businessman **Guillermo Lehmann**, in honor of Rafaela Rodríguez de Egusquiza, wife of his friend and business partner, Félix Egusquiza, who were the original owners of the area.

Rafaela is located in the west-central part of Santa Fe province, along National highway 34. It is 96 km northwest of the city of Santa Fe, 234 km from Rosario, 292 km from Córdoba, and 530 km from Buenos Aires. Furthermore, its location is strategic for the Pacific ports, as it lies on the trade route to them, thanks to its proximity to National highway 19.

## Neighborhoods of the City

The following is an alphabetical list of the 42 neighborhoods that make up the city:
- 17 de Octubre
- 2 de Abril
- 30 de Octubre
- 9 de Julio
- Alberdi
- Amancay
- Antártida Argentina
- Barranquitas
- Barrio 42
- Belgrano
- Brigadier General Estanislao López
- Central Córdoba
- El Bosque
- Fátima
- Guillermo Lehmann
- Ilolay
- Independencia
- Italia
- Jardín
- Juan de Garay
- La Cañada
- Los Arces
- Los Nogales
- Luis Fasoli
- Malvinas Argentinas
- Martín Fierro
- Martín Güemes
- Monseñor V. F. Zazpe
- Mora
- Mosconi
- Nuestra Señora del Luján
- Pablo Pizzurno
- San José
- San Martín
- Sarmiento
- Villa Aero Club
- Villa del Parque
- Villa Dominga
- Villa Los Álamos
- Villa Podio
- Villa Rosas
- Virgen del Rosario

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Rafaela
- **native name lang**: es
- **settlement type**: List of cities in Argentina, City
- **image skyline**: Montaje de la Ciudad de Rafaela.png
- **image caption**: From left to right and top to bottom: the Municipal Museum of Art Dr. Urbano Poggi, the San Rafael Cathedral, the Plaza 25 de Mayo, the Monument to San Martín, and the Rafaela Station.
- **image shield**: Escudo de Rafaela, Santa Fe.svg
- **nickname**: La Perla del Oeste
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: Provinces of Argentina, Province
- **subdivision type2**: Departments of Argentina, Department
- **subdivision name2**: Castellanos Department, Castellanos
- **established date**: 1881
- **founder**: Guillermo Lehmann
- **leader party**: Radical Civic Union, UCR
- **leader title**: Intendant#Argentina, Intendant
- **leader name**: Leonardo Viotti
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area total km2**: 156
- **elevation m**: 90
- **population total**: 110,709
- **population as of**: 2023
- **population density km2**: auto
- **population demonym**: rafaelino/a
- **timezone1**: Time in Argentina, ART
- **utc offset1**: −3
- **postal code type**: Argentine postal code, CPA base
- **postal code**: ISO 3166-2:AR, S2300
- **area code type**: Telephone numbering in Argentina, Dialing code
- **area code**: +54 3492
- **website**: [http://www.rafaela.gob.ar Official website]
Wolterstorffina chirioi

The **Mount Oku forest tree toad** (_Wolterstorffina chirioi_) is a toad.  Scientists found it on Mount Okou in Cameroon.

## Home

These frogs live high on Mt. Okou where it is too high and cold for trees to grow but not so high that the snow never melts. This is called the mountain's alpine zone.  Scientists saw it 3000 meters above sea level.

Scientists have seen this toad in one protected place, Mount Oku Faunal Reserve.

## Young

There are streams and springs on Mt. Okou, but scientists think that the toad does not lay eggs in them. They think this toad lives on land all its life.

## Danger

Scientists say this toad is in big danger of dying out. Human beings bring cows to eat grass in the alpine zone and set fires there so that the grass will grow in a way that is good for cows. Because the frog lives high in the hills, climate change could hurt it. Animals that live high on mountains cannot migrate somewhere colder if their home becomes too hot or dry; they would have to climb down to the low places first.
Wolterstorffina parvipalmata

The **Cameroon Wolterstorff toad** or **montane forest tree toad** (_Wolterstorffina parvipalmata_) is a toad.  It lives in Cameroon, Nigeria, and Equatorial Guinea.

## Home

This toad lives near streams and waterfalls high in the hills and mountains. Scientists saw it between 800 and 2000 meters above sea level.

Scientists have seen this toad in some protected places. They saw it in Cross River National Park and they saw it near Reserve Scientifique de la Caldera.

## Young

Scientists think the frog has young in streams.

## Danger

Scientists say this toad is in big danger of dying out. Human beings change the places where the toad lives. Chemicals from farms can kill the toad too. Human beings also killed too many trees in some places, especially to get the bark from the _Prunus africanus_ tree, which pharmaceutical companies use to make medicine. Scientists think the disease chytridiomycosis could have killed many of these toads, even though they have not found the fungus that causes it on the toads.
Lotus 20

The **Lotus** **20** was a Formula Junior car built by the Lotus team for the 1962 season as a successor to the Lotus 18.

The chassis was covered with fiberglass. It had a double wishbone suspension, and the rear had a lower fork and a fixed length driveshaft and was consequently used as a high link.

Compared to the Lotus 18, the 20 had a much smaller frontal area and a lower centre of gravity, helped by the fact that the driving position was more reclined, so the driver was almost lying down, compared to the more upright position of the Lotus 18.

## Lotus 20B

The 20B was similar to the 20, but with a sway bar and inboard drum brakes at the rear. Occasionally, Lotus 20Bs were raced with other engines, and consequently did not make it into Formula Junior, but did make it into other series such as the Tasman.
Nir Knaan

**Nir Knaan** (born April 12, 2001) is an Israeli actor, singer and songwriter.

## Early life and education

Knaan was born in 2001 in Nes Ziona, the eldest son of Eyal, a programmer, and Merav, a bank employee. He studied computer science in high school, but became interested in theatre and music from a young age. Knaan studied violin and learned to play the piano. As a child, he studied at the Chamber Theatre youth academy, and did his military service at the IDF Theatre.

In 2018, he played the role of Ronnie in "Special Objects Department". In 2020, he began acting in the Kan Educational series "The Well" as Illi. In 2022, he began acting in the series "Who Heard of Hava and Nava?" as Spitz.

In 2021, he played Ziggy in Avi Nesher's film "The Picture of Victory." In 2022, he starred in the film "Our Story," directed by Yaron Arazi. When the film "Snow White" was released in March 2025, Knaan voiced Prince "Jonathan" in the Hebrew dub.

## Music career

Starting in 2023, Knaan participated with his band. In July 2023, he released his first song, "What Am I Doing Wrong?" Following the song's release, Knaan signed with the Helikon Aroma Music label.

In February 2024, his second song, "Song for Neta," was released. Knaan wrote it at the age of 19 as a birthday present for his then-partner, Neta Roth. The song became a hit on TikTok with 900,000 views on YouTube and millions of streams across digital platforms. The song earned Knaan the title of Newcomer of the Year on Kan Gimel. It also received covers from Eden Hasson and Neta Barzilai. In September 2024, he released his third song, "Don't Go." In November 2024, he released his fourth song, "Enough," which was released as part of his debut album and was written about dealing with a breakup.

His debut album, "Blue", was released on December 4, 2024. In his work on the album, Knaan was influenced by artists such as Yoni Rechter, Gidi Gov, and Yehudit Ravitz, and incorporated nostalgic and youthful elements into his songs. In addition, Knaan is also writing the music for the play "The Good Soul of Sichuan" to be performed at the Cameri Theater in Israel.

## Other websites

- on YouTube

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Nir Knaan
- **image**: ניר כנען 01.jpg
- **birth place**: Ness Ziona
- **genre**: Voice type, Indie pop
- **occupation**: actor, singer and songwriter
- **instrument**: piano, violin,
- **years active**: 2023-present
Municipal Bank of Rosario

**Municipal Bank of Rosario** (_Spanish_: Banco Municipal de Rosario Municipal Bank of Rosario) is a bank in Rosario, province of Santa Fe, Argentina.

The Municipal Bank was founded in 1896 to support the financial needs of citizens and small businesses in southern Santa Fe Province, especially in Rosario. At that time, Rosario had about 92,000 residents and was already the main port on the Paraná River. The idea came from Mayor Floduardo Grandoli in 1893, who was concerned about loan sharks taking advantage of people in need, especially the poor.

The Provincial Bank only gave loans to financially stable individuals, so the city passed a bill in 1895 to create the Municipal Bank, which opened a year later. The bank moved to a new location in 1905 and officially adopted its current name on May 14, 1940. Its headquarters were relocated again in 1986.

In 2006, after some political debate, the municipality provided funds to meet new Central Bank regulations and turned the bank into a joint-stock company. The city kept 1% of the shares, with a rule ensuring this share can't be reduced, to prevent privatization.

## Other websites

- Banco Municipal: Banco Municipal

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: Municipal Bank of Rosario
- **native name lang**: es
- **logo**: BancoMunicipaldeRosario.png
- **image**: Banco_Municipal_de_Rosario_-_1.jpg
- **image caption**: The central offices of the Bank in Rosario.
- **location city**: Rosario, Santa Fe
Argentina
- **area served**: Argentina
- **industry**: Financial services
The Eternaut

**The Eternaut** () is an Argentine science fiction drama internet television miniseries originally from Netflix, based on the comic of the same name by Héctor Germán Oesterheld and Francisco Solano López.

Starring Ricardo Darín, Carla Peterson, César Troncoso, Andrea Pietra, Ariel Staltari, Marcelo Subiotto and Claudio Martínez Bel.

## Synopsis

The series tells the story of an alien invasion of Earth, which uses a toxic snowstorm to wipe out most of the population. A resistance to the invasion develops in Buenos Aires, led by Juan Salvo, a veteran of the Malvinas War, who will be responsible for the survival of the group fighting for freedom.

## Casting

On April 24, 2023, it was confirmed that Ricardo Darín would star in the series in the role of Juan Salvo. On May 12 of that same year, it was revealed that the rest of the cast consisted of Carla Peterson, César Troncoso, Andrea Pietra, Ariel Staltari, Marcelo Subiotto, Claudio Martínez Bel, Orianna Cárdenas, and Mora Fisz.

## Release

The first six-episode season was released in its entirety on Netflix on 30 April 2025.

## Infobox (name module)

- Spanish
- El Eternauta


## Infobox (television)

- **genre**: Science fiction
- **creator**: Bruno Stagnaro
- **writer**: Bruno Stagnaro
Ariel Staltari
- **director**: Bruno Stagnaro
- **composer**: Federico Jusid
- **country**: Argentina
- **language**: Spanish
- **num seasons**: 1
- **num episodes**: 6
- **location**: Buenos Aires, Argentina
- **cinematography**: Gastón Girod
- **editor**: Alejandro Brodersohn
Alejandro Parysow
- **runtime**: 44–68 minutes
- **company**: K&S Films
Netflix
- **budget**: US$15 million
- **network**: Netflix
Be My Baby (Vanessa Paradis song)

"**Be My Baby**" is a 1992 song by French singer-songwriter Vanessa Paradis and is the leading single from her third studio album _Vanessa Paradis_. It was a top 10 hit in the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Ireland, the Netherlands and Belgium and went to number 26 in New Zealand.

## Track listings

- **Standard**
1. "Be My Baby" – 3:19
1. "The Future Song" – 4:54

- **UK maxi-CD single**
1. "Be My Baby"
1. "The Future Song"
1. "Joe le taxi"

- **US cassette single**
- A. "Be My Baby" – 3:41
- B. "Paradis" – 3:03

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Be My Baby
- **type**: single
- **artist**: Vanessa Paradis
- **album**: Vanessa Paradis (album), Vanessa Paradis
- **b-side**: * "The Future Song"
* "Paradis"
- **released**: September 1992
- **length**: 3:38
- **label**: * Remark
* Polydor Records, Polydor
- **writer**: * Lenny Kravitz
* Gerry DeVeaux
- **producer**: Lenny Kravitz
- **prev title**: Dis-lui toi que je t'aime
- **prev year**: 1990
- **next title**: Sunday Mondays
- **next year**: 1993
Prime Minister of Zambia

The **Prime Minister of Zambia** was the head of government of Zambia.  the Prime Minister of Zambia was the President of Zambia serves as both the head of state and the head of government.

## List of Prime Minister  of Zambia (1964–present)

- _Political parties_

||style="width:80px;"|Portrait|Name|Took office|Left office|Political party|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||Kenneth Kaunda|22 January 1964|24 October 1964|UNIP|||
||**Reuben Kamanga**|24 October 1964|October 1967|UNIP|||
||**Simon Kapwepwe**|October 1967|October 1970|UNIP|||
||**Mainza Chona**|October 1970|August 1973|UNIP|||
||Mainza Chona|25 August 1973|27 May 1975|UNIP|||
||Elijah Mudenda|27 May 1975|20 July 1977|UNIP|||
||Mainza Chona|20 July 1977|15 June 1978|UNIP|||
||Daniel Lisulo|15 June 1978|18 February 1981|UNIP|||
||Nalumino Mundia|18 February 1981|24 April 1985|UNIP|||
||Kebby Musokotwane|24 April 1985|15 March 1989|UNIP|||
||Malimba Masheke|15 March 1989|31 August 1991|UNIP|||
||**Levy Mwanawasa**|7 November 1991|3 July 1994|MMD|||
||**Godfrey Miyanda**|4 July 1994|2 December 1997|MMD|||
||**Christon Tembo**|2 December 1997|April 2001|MMD|||
||**Enoch Kavindele**|4 May 2001|29 May 2003|MMD|||
||**Nevers Mumba**|29 May 2003|4 October 2004|MMD|||
||**Lupando Mwape**|4 October 2004|September 2006|MMD|||
||**Rupiah Banda**|9 October 2006|2 November 2008|MMD|||
||**George Kunda**|2 November 2008|23 September 2011|MMD|||
||**Guy Scott**|23 September 2011|28 October 2014|PF|||
||**Inonge Wina**|26 January 2015|24 August 2021|PF|||
||**Mutale Nalumango**|24 August 2021|Incumbent|UPND|||

## Related pages

- President of Zambia
- Lists of office-holders

## Other websites

- World Statesmen – Zambia
First Lady of Zambia

## List of first ladies

|#|Image|First Lady|Term start|Term end|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||**Betty Kaunda**|24 October 1964|2 November 1991||
||**Vera Tembo**|2 November 1991|2000 (_divorced in 2001_)||
|colspan="3"|_No First Lady_/office vacant; **Vera Tembo** is _divorced in 2001_ but she is out of power as first lady of Zambia in 2000s.|2000|2001||
||Verocia Chiluba|2001|2 January 2002||
||**Maureen Mwanawasa**|2 January 2002|19 August 2008||
||**Thandiwe Banda**|29 June 2008|23 September 2011||
||**Christine Kaseba**|23 September 2011|28 October 2014||
||**Charlotte Scott**|28 October 2014|26 January 2015||
||**Esther Lungu**|26 January 2015|24 August 2021||
||**Mutinta Hichilema**|24 August 2021|Incumbent||
Khagemba

**Meidingu Khagemba** or mononymously Khagemba () was a monarch of the Kangleipak kingdom (early Manipur) who ruled from 1597 CE to 1654 CE. He was called "Khagemba", which means "the conqueror of the Chinese". He got this name after defeating Chinese () soldiers who came from the north.

## Achievements

King Khagemba made many changes in Manipur. He brought new clothing styles and a new way of playing polo. He also built many markets, including the Ima Market, which still exists today.

During his rule, Chinese workers helped build bridges and walls. These workers were prisoners of war from China. They taught the people of Manipur how to make bricks. These bricks were used to build the Kangla Gate and other places.

Manipur also started using coins more widely during his rule. He allowed Muslims to settle in the kingdom and made good relationships with the Mughal Empire.

### Fight with the Mughals

In 1606, the Mughals, led by Shah Jahan, tried to attack Manipur. Prince Sanongba, the younger brother of King _Khagemba_, joined the Mughals because he wanted to become king. But the Mughals and _Sanongba_ were defeated and captured in Cachar. King _Khagemba_ brought many Mughal prisoners to Manipur.

### War with the Chinese

In 1631, the Chinese emperor _Chongzhen_ of the Ming Dynasty sent his army south after taking over parts of Myanmar. They moved toward Manipur, but King _Khagemba_ defeated them. The Chinese emperor ran back to Yunnan.

King _Khagemba_ brought many Chinese prisoners to Manipur. He used their skills to build things like the arched bridge over the Nambul River and the gate at the royal palace. The Chinese taught the people how to make bricks. These bricks were small and not fully baked. The Manipuri language also borrowed the Chinese word for "brick".

### War with Burma

In 1649, Burma invaded Manipur, but King Khagemba quickly stopped the attack.

### War with Tripura

King Khagemba also fought with the Tripura kingdom in 1603 and 1634. In the 1634 war, his army captured 200 people from Tripura.

## Infobox (royalty)

- **name**: Senbi Khagemba
- **title**: Khagi Ngamba Khagemba
- **reign**: 1597 CE - 1654 CE
- **reign-type**: Monarchy
- **coronation**: 1597 CE
- **predecessor**: Mungyamba
- **successor**: Khunjaoba
- **birth name**: Ningthou Hanba
- **issue**: Khunjaoba, Tonaba
- **house**: Ningthouja dynasty
- **father**: Mungyamba
- **occupation**: Monarch of the Kangleipak kingdom
- **religion**: Sanamahism
- **image**: Flag of Meidingu Senbi Khagemba (1597-1652 AD).jpg
- **caption**: Flag of Meidingu Khagemba
Meconium

**Meconium** is a dark-green substance that comes from a newborn infant. The mass comes as the first poo the infant does. the mass is made during development. Faeces are the water insoluble and solid waste products that collect in the gestational intestine. Later bowel movements are not the same and will start being normal.

While gestation is ongoing, waste is created by the fetus, such as carbon dioxide from oxygen as gaseous waste. The fetus urinates into the placenta to store liquid waste.

The dark-green mass also contains dead skin cells, hair or multiple hairs, as well as poo.

## Infobox (medical condition (new))

- **name**: Meconium
- **image**: Meconium.jpg
- **caption**: Meconium from 12-hour-old newbornthe baby's third bowel movement
<hr/>Scale: 5 cm left to right.
- **field**: Pediatrics
- **image size**: 200
On Saudi Arabia (book)

_"**On Saudi Arabia**:_ ***Its People, Past, Religion, Fault Lines—and Future"*** is a book by American journalist Karen Elliott House. Based on over 30 years of visits to the country, House explores Saudi Arabia’s history, people, religion, and political challenges.

The book discusses human rights, global politics, and the internal divisions within the kingdom. It also suggests how diplomacy could support gradual reforms for a better future.

## Parts

"On Saudi Arabia" is divided into three parts. The first part looks at the kingdom’s weakening foundations—its religion and royal family—both of which are losing influence. The second part explores deep social problems, including poor education, high youth unemployment, limited rights for women, poverty, corruption, and an inefficient, unaccountable government.

## Infobox (book)

- **name**: On Saudi Arabia: Its People, Past, Religion, Fault Lines—and Future
- **caption**: cover of the book
- **author**: Karen Elliott House
- **orig lang code**: en
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **subject**: human rights, global politics, Saudi Arabia
- **publisher**: Alfred A. Knopf
- **pub date**: 2012
- **pages**: 308
- **isbn**: 978-0307473288
Kha-Nganpa

**Kha Nganpa** (also known as **Kha Nganba**) is one of the seven main clans (called _Yek Salai_) of the Meitei people. The Kha Nganpa are part of the old Meitei group of clans.

## Number of families

|Meitei sub-groups|Romanisation|Number of families/surnames (according to  N. Monihar)|Number of families/surnames (according to Khomdon Lisam)|Number of families/surnames (according to T.C. Hodson)|Number of families/surnames (according to Manipur Mirror)|Number of families/surnames (according to MASTEC)|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||Kha Nganpa|42|37|17|43|21|

## Related pages

- Mangang
- Luwang
- Khuman
- Angom Salai
- Moirang Salai
- Chenglei

## References

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## Other websites

- http://paochelsalaitaret.net/wakoklon.php Wakoklon Heelel Thilel Salai Amailon Pukok PuYa

## Infobox (clan)

- **clan name**: Kha-Nganpa
- **image badge**: Kha Nganpa Dynasty Sword.jpg
- **image size**: 300px
- **badge caption**: Kha-Nganpa dynasty sword, a Meitei traditional weapon
- **country**: India
- **region**: Manipur
- **district**: Thoubal district
- **ethnicity**: Meitei people
- **chiefs name**: **Kha-Nganba Iputhou**
- **branches**: #Number of families
- **allied clans**: Chenglei (Sarang Leisangthem)
- **titles**: **Khaba**
- **last chiefs name**: Khaba Nongjenba, the last Meetei Imphal Kangla ruler of the Khaba dynasty
Mangang

**Mangang** () is one of the seven main clans (_Yek Salai_) of the Meitei people in Manipur, a state in northeast India. The Mangang group includes many family names (_Yumnaks_) that come from the old kingdom of Kangleipak (now called Manipur).

In the traditional flag of Kangleipak, the **red color** represents the **Mangang** clan.

## Number of families

|Meitei sub-groups|Romanisation|Number of families/surnames (according to  N. Monihar)|Number of families/surnames (according to Khomdon Lisam)|Number of families/surnames (according to T.C. Hodson)|Number of families/surnames (according to Manipur Mirror)|Number of families/surnames (according to MASTEC)|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||Ningthouja (Mangang)|256|234|115|254|125|

## Related pages

- Luwang
- Khuman
- Angom Salai
- Moirang Salai
- Kha-Nganpa
- Salai Leishangthem

## Infobox (clan)

- **clan name**: Mangang
 Ningthouja
- **image badge**: File:Mangang Dynasty Sword.jpg
- **image badge size**: 300px
- **country**: India
- **region**: Manipur
- **district**: Imphal West
- **ethnicity**: Meitei people
- **chiefs name**: Mangang Iputhou
- **allied clans**: Luwang, Angom
- **branches**: #Number of families
- **badge caption**: Ningthouja (Mangang dynasty sword), a Meitei traditional weapon
- **titles**: Mangangcha
- **chiefs title**: Meidingu
Wolterstorffina mirei

The **Mount Okou Wolterstorff toad** or **swamp forest tree toad** (_Wolterstorffina mirei_) is a toad.  It lives in Cameroon, Nigeria, and Equatorial Guinea.

## Home

This toad lives near streams and waterfalls high in the hills and mountains. Scientists saw it between 2200 and 2700 meters above sea level.

Scientists believe this toad probably lives in the Mount Oku Faunal Reserve.

## Young

Scientists think the frog has young in streams.

## Danger

Scientists say this toad is in danger of dying out. Human beings change the places where the toad lives to make places for animals to eat grass, too many animals eating grass, and to make farms.
Chaurya Paatham

***Chaurya Paatham*** is a 2025 Indian Telugu-language crime comedy  drama film directed by Nikhil Gollamari. The film features debutant Indhra Ram, Payal Radhakrishna, Rajeev Kanakala in lead roles. The film was produced by Trinadha Rao Nakkina under Nakkina Narratives. and editing was done by Uthura Parthasarathy.

The film was released on 25 April 2025.

## Plot

A young aspiring filmmaker, desperate to fund his first movie, plans to rob a bank in the village of Dhanapalli with the help of a small gang. However, the heist takes an unexpected turn, leading to a series of unforeseen events that dramatically change his life.

## Cast

- Indhra Ram as Vedanth Ram
- Payal Radhakrishna as Anjali
- Rajeev Kanakala as Zamindar
- Saleem Pheku as Bablu Kumar
- Anji Valguman as Jack dan
- Supriya Aysola as Vasudha
- Edward Stevenson as Shivay
- Madee Manepalli

## Release and reception

_Chaurya Paatam_ was released on 25 April 2025.

Aditya Devulapally of _The Indian Express_ gave the film 2.5/5 stars and said "Chaurya Paatam is a zany heist comedy that, despite its promising start and quirky charm, is ultimately let down by weak writing in the latter half."

Bhanuprasad Rangaiahgari from _News18 Telugu_ gave the film 2.75/5 stars and stated "Chaurya Paatam is praised for its exceptional cinematography by Karthik Ghattamaneni, its impactful background score, and its high production values." TA Kiran of _Zee News Telugu_ also given same rating and said "The performances, particularly by debutant Indra Ram and Rajiv Kanakala, were well-received, with the rest of the cast delivering commendable support."

## Infobox (film)

- **director**: Nikhil Gollamari
- **story**: Karthik Gattamneni
- **producer**: Trinadha Rao Nakkina
- **cinematography**: Karthik Gattamneni
- **editing**: Uthura Parthasarathy
- **music**: Davzand
- **studio**: Nakkina Narratives
- **country**: India
- **language**: Telugu
Old Etonians F.C.

The **Old Etonians Association Football Club** is an English football club from Eton. It is founded on 1865. It is won the FA Cup two times.
Khuman

**Khuman** (Meitei: ꯈꯨꯃꯟ) is one of the seven main clans (Yek Salai) of the Meitei people. The Khuman clan was once a powerful group that ruled parts of Kangleipak (now called Manipur) before they were taken over by the Ningthouja Dynasty in the 13th century. A book called the Khuman-Lon Puya tells the history of their rule. In the Meitei language, the word **Khuman** means "narrowed darkness."

## Number of families

|Meitei sub-groups|Romanisation|Number of families/surnames (according to  N. Monihar)|Number of families/surnames (according to Khomdon Lisam)|Number of families/surnames (according to T.C. Hodson)|Number of families/surnames (according to Manipur Mirror)|Number of families/surnames (according to MASTEC)|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||Khuman|176|199|103|204|67|

## Mythology

Khuman was the son of Iputhou Pakhangba and Loikhumpi Mawai Thoungailenpi. He was born inside Kangla Palace, Imphal at evening when sunset sky is somewhat dark in colour. He ruled the Mayang Imphal province of Kangleipak kingdom as the Khuman province for several years. Khuman Khamba, one of legendary powerful hero from Moirang was amongst Khuman Salai(clan).

## Related pages

- Mangang
- Luwang
- Angom Salai
- Moirang Salai
- Kha-Nganpa
- Chenglei

## Infobox (clan)

- **clan name**: Khuman
- **image badge**: Khuman Dynasty Sword.jpg
- **image size**: 300px
- **badge caption**: Khuman dynasty sword, a Meitei traditional weapon
- **country**: India
- **region**: Manipur
- **district**: Thoubal district
- **ethnicity**: Meitei people
- **chiefs name**: **Khuman Iputhou**
- **chiefs title**: Khuman Ningthou
- **branches**: #Number of families
- **allied clans**: Moilang, Luwang and Angom
- **titles**: Khumancha
- **last chiefs name**: Khuman Puremba
Jessie's Girl

"**Jessie's Girl**" is a song written by Australian singer Rick Springfield. It was released in the album _Working Class Dog_, which was marketed in February 1981. The song is about unrequited love of a young man for his best friend's girlfriend.

## Personnel

Credits sourced from Mix:

- Rick Springfield ‒ lead and backing vocals, rhythm guitars
- Mike Baird ‒ drums
- Neil Giraldo ‒ lead guitars, bass guitar
- Gabriel Katona ‒ synthesizers

## Performance

Upon its release in the United States (US) in 1981, "Jessie's Girl" was slow to top the charts. It debuted on the _Billboard_ Hot 100 chart on 28 March but took 19 weeks to hit No. 1 reaching that position on 1 August, one of the slowest climbs to No. 1 at that time. The song remained in that position for two weeks and would be Springfield's only No. 1 hit. The song was at No. 1 when MTV launched on August 1, 1981. The song ultimately spent 32 weeks on the chart.

The _Billboard_ ranked it as No. 5 for all of 1981. The song also peaked at No. 1 in Springfield's native country of Australia and later won him a Grammy Award for Best Male Rock Vocal Performance at the 24th Annual Grammy Awards.

The song was released in the United Kingdom (UK) in March 1984 and peaked at No. 43 on the UK Singles Chart in April 1984. Springfield recorded an acoustic version of the song for his 1999 album, _Karma_.

### Weekly charts

|Chart (1981)|Peak position|
| --- | --- |
|1||
|1||
|1||

### Year-end charts

|Chart (1981)|Position|
| --- | --- |
|15||
|55||
|5||
|3||

### All-time charts

|Chart (1958–2018)|Position|
| --- | --- |
|186||

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Jessie's Girl
- **type**: Single (music), single
- **artist**: Rick Springfield
- **album**: Working Class Dog
- **b-side**: Carry Me Away
- **released**: February 1981
- **genre**: Power pop
- **length**: 3:14
- **label**: RCA Records
- **writer**: Rick Springfield
- **producer**: Keith Olsen
- **prev title**: Take a Hand
- **prev year**: 1976
- **next title**: I've Done Everything for You
- **next year**: 1981
100 men versus a gorilla

**100 men versus a gorilla** is a debate asking if 100 unarmed and untrained adult males could defeat a silverback gorilla. The debate first origin was back in 2020, but popularized in late April of 2025. It mostly says that the untrained adult males would win. Many experts say that the debate is mostly a form of internet humor and not a real scientific question.

## History

The debate was first made in r/whowouldwin on Reddit by u/probablycashed. The debate was popularized in 2022 in TikTok. In April 2025, the question was popularized again, this time on all popular social media applications.

## Reception

In a tweet made by American YouTuber and influencer MrBeast (Jimmy Donaldson), joked that he could make the fight happen. U.S. senator from Montana Tim Sheehy said in a video posted on Twitter (X) that he thinks the men would win but would also receive a lot of casualties.
Angom Salai

**Angom** () is one of the seven main clans of the Meitei people. The Angom clan is made up of different groups called Yumnaks. They are part of the native people of Kangleipak, which is now the state of Manipur in India.

## Number of families

|Meitei sub-groups|Romanisation|Number of families/surnames (according to  N. Monihar)|Number of families/surnames (according to Khomdon Lisam)|Number of families/surnames (according to T.C. Hodson)|Number of families/surnames (according to Manipur Mirror)|Number of families/surnames (according to MASTEC)|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||Angom|96|109|50|103|62|

## Related pages

- Mangang
- Luwang
- Khuman
- Moirang Salai
- Kha Nganpa
- Salai Leishangthem

## Infobox (clan)

- **clan name**: Angom
- **image badge**: Angom Dynasty Sword.jpg
- **image size**: 300px
- **badge caption**: Angom dynasty sword, a Meitei traditional weapon
- **country**: India
- **region**: Manipur
- **district**: Imphal East
- **ethnicity**: Meitei people
- **chiefs name**: **Angom Iputhou**
- **branches**: #Number of families
- **allied clans**: Mangang, Luwang, Khuman and Moirang Salai
- **titles**: **Angomcha**
Biodegradable plastic

**Biodegradable plastic** is a type of plastic that can be decomposed by the action of living organisms, usually microbes, into water, Carbon dioxide, and biomass. These plastics are commonly produced with microorganisms, petrochemicals, and renewable raw materials, or can be made by combining all three.

Biodegradable plastics are commonly used for disposable items, such as packaging, cutlery, and food service containers. Many biodegradable plastics are designed to degrade in industrial composting systems. However, this requires a well-managed waste system to ensure that this happens. This plastic is used for packaging food, cosmetics, and films.
Down on the Farm (2015 TV series)

***Down on the Farm*** is a British preschool education television series which ran from August 14, 2015 to spring 2020 on CBeebies.
Moirang Salai

**Moirang** (Meitei: ꯃꯣꯏꯔꯥꯡ, also called **Moilang** in old Meitei) is one of the seven main clans of the Meitei people in Manipur, India. It includes many family groups called Yumnaks. These families have lived in Manipur since ancient times. Moirang is also known for its rich culture, especially the famous story of _Khamba and Thoibi_.

## Number of families

|Meitei sub-groups|Romanisation|Number of families/surnames (according to  N. Monihar)|Number of families/surnames (according to Khomdon Lisam)|Number of families/surnames (according to T.C. Hodson)|Number of families/surnames (according to Manipur Mirror)|Number of families/surnames (according to MASTEC)|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||Moirang (Moilang)|100|110|66|99|67|

## Related pages

- Mangang
- Luwang
- Khuman
- Angom Salai
- Kha Nganpa
- Salai Leishangthem

## Infobox (clan)

- **clan name**: Moirang
 Moilang
- **image badge**: Moilang Dynasty Sword.jpg
- **image size**: 300px
- **badge caption**: Moirang dynasty sword, a Meitei traditional weapon
- **country**: India
- **region**: Manipur
- **district**: Bishnupur district
- **ethnicity**: Meitei people
- **chiefs name**: **Moirang Iputhou**
- **branches**: #Number of families
- **allied clans**: Luwang, Khuman and Angom Salai
- **titles**: **Moirangcha**
- **last chiefs name**: Iwang Puriklai Sana Hongba
Dainik Bhaskar

**Dainik Bhaskar** () is a Hindi-language daily newspaper in India, owned by the Dainik Bhaskar Group. It was ranked fourth globally in circulation by the World Association of Newspapers in 2016 and was the largest circulated newspaper in India as of 2022, according to the Indian Audit Bureau of Circulations. Founded in Bhopal in 1958, it expanded with the Indore edition in 1983. The Dainik Bhaskar Group operates in 13 Indian states, publishing 65 editions in Hindi, Marathi, and Gujarati.

## Infobox (newspaper)

- **name**: Dainik Bhaskar
- **logo**: Dainik Bhaskar Logo.svg
- **logo size**: 225px
- **type**: Daily newspaper
- **foundation**: (as Subah Savere in Bhopal and Good Morning India in Gwalior)
 (as Bhaskar Samachar)
 (as Dainik Bhaskar)
- **format**: Broadsheet
- **owners**: D B Corp Ltd.
- **political**: Centre-left
- **language**: Hindi
- **circulation**: 3,566,617 Daily
- **circulation date**: April 2023
- **headquarters**: Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
- **publishing country**: India
- **sister newspapers**: _Divya Bhaskar
Dainik Divya Marathi_
Vivekananda International Foundation

The **Vivekananda International Foundation** (VIF) is an Indian public policy think tank established in 2009 in New Delhi. It is known for its right-of-centre policy alignment.

## History

Founded by Ajit Doval, former Director of the Intelligence Bureau, VIF promotes independent, non-partisan research. It gained prominence in 2011–2012 for facilitating the anti-corruption movement led by Anna Hazare, Arvind Kejriwal, Kiran Bedi, and Baba Ramdev. In 2014, Doval was appointed National Security Adviser by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, with other VIF members, including Nripendra Misra and P.K. Mishra, joining the government.

## Activities

VIF produces articles, reports, monographs, and a quarterly journal, _National Security_. It hosts seminars, a monthly discourse called _Vimarsh_, and publishes a monthly magazine, _Vivek_.

## Leadership

VIF is led by Director Arvind Gupta, former Deputy National Security Adviser, with S. Gurumurthy as Chairperson and Satish Chandra as Vice Chairperson.

## Infobox (organization)

- **name**: Vivekananda International Foundation
- **abbreviation**: VIF
- **formation**: 2009
- **founder**: Ajit Doval
- **type**: Public policy think tank
- **headquarters**: 3, San Martin Marg, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi – 110021
- **leader title**: Chairperson
- **leader name**: S. Gurumurthy
- **leader title2**: Vice Chairperson
- **leader name2**: Satish Chandra
- **leader title3**: Director
- **leader name3**: Arvind Gupta
- **parent organization**: Vivekananda Kendra
Intelligent agent

In artificial intelligence, an **intelligent agent** is a system that observes its environment, makes decisions, and takes actions to achieve specific goals. It may improve its performance by learning or using stored knowledge. AI is often defined as the study and creation of these agents, focusing on their ability to act rationally toward goals.

A subset called **agentic AI** (or AI agents) can independently pursue complex goals over time, making decisions without constant human input.

Intelligent agents vary from simple systems, like a thermostat, to complex ones, like a self-driving car or a human being. They work based on an **objective function** that defines their goals, aiming to maximize its value through planned actions. For example, a reinforcement learning agent uses a reward function to guide its behavior.

These agents are studied in fields like economics, cognitive science, and ethics, and are related to software agents—programs that perform tasks for users. They are sometimes called **rational agents**, a term from economics.

## Types of Intelligent Agents

Agents are classified by their complexity and decision-making abilities:

1. **Simple Reflex Agents**: Act based only on the current input, using "if-then" rules. Example: A thermostat turning on when it’s cold.

2. **Model-Based Reflex Agents**: Keep an internal model of the environment to handle partial information. They use past inputs to make decisions.

3. **Goal-Based Agents**: Choose actions to reach specific goals, often using search or planning. Example: A Roomba vacuum navigating a room.

4. **Utility-Based Agents**: Evaluate actions based on a utility function, measuring how desirable outcomes are. They aim for the best possible result.

5. **Learning Agents**: Improve over time by learning from feedback. They have a learning part that adjusts actions based on performance.

## Agentic AI

**Agentic AI** refers to advanced agents that operate autonomously, often using large language models (LLMs). They can handle tasks like booking travel or coding without constant human guidance. Examples include Devin AI, AutoGPT, and OpenAI Operator.

### Benefits

Agentic AI can:
- Boost productivity by automating repetitive tasks.
- Support innovation by handling complex problems.
- Improve web accessibility for people with disabilities.

### Concerns

Challenges include:
- Privacy risks and cybercrime.
- Ethical issues and AI safety concerns.
- Potential job displacement or algorithmic bias.

## Applications

- **Self-Driving Cars**: Use agents to navigate roads, tested in simulations like Waymo’s Carcraft.
- **Business**: Salesforce’s Agentforce builds agents for tasks like customer service.
- **Security**: The Transportation Security Administration uses agents for biometric authentication.

## Related pages

- Reinforcement learning
- Software agent
Recursive self-improvement

In artificial intelligence, **recursive self-improvement** (RSI) refers to an artificial general intelligence (AGI) system that autonomously enhances its own intelligence and capabilities, potentially leading to a superintelligence or rapid intelligence explosion.

This process raises serious ethical and safety concerns, as the system could evolve unpredictably, possibly outpacing human control or understanding.

## Seed Improver

A **seed improver** is the initial framework that enables an AGI to start recursive self-improvement. Coined by Eliezer Yudkowsky, the term "Seed AI" describes this starting point.

### How It Works

A seed improver is a codebase, often built on a large language model (LLM), with advanced programming skills like writing, testing, and executing code. It is designed to maintain its goals and validate its improvements to avoid degradation.

Key components include:

- **Self-Prompting Loop**: The system repeatedly prompts itself to achieve goals, acting as an autonomous agent.
- **Programming Skills**: Abilities to modify its own code, improving efficiency.
- **Goal-Oriented Design**: A clear initial goal, like "improve your capabilities."
- **Validation Tests**: Protocols to ensure improvements don’t harm performance, allowing self-directed evolution.

### Capabilities

A seed improver acts as a Turing-complete programmer, capable of: - Accessing the internet and integrating with external tools.

Cloning itself to speed up tasks.

Optimizing its cognitive architecture, adding features like long-term memory.

Developing new multimodal systems for handling images, audio, or video. - Designing hardware, like chips, to boost computing power.

### Experiments

Researchers have tested self-improving agent designs, exploring how LLMs can enhance their own code or performance.

## Risks

Recursive self-improvement poses significant risks:

### Unintended Goals

The AGI might develop secondary goals, like self-preservation, to support its primary goal of self-improvement. This could lead to actions like resisting shutdowns.

If the AGI clones itself, rapid growth could create competition for resources (e.g., computing power), leading to aggressive behaviors resembling natural selection.

### Misalignment

The AGI might misinterpret or secretly resist its intended goals. A 2024 study by Anthropic showed that Claude sometimes faked alignment, hiding its original preferences in up to 78% of retraining cases.

### Unpredictable Evolution

As the AGI modifies itself, its development could become too complex for humans to predict or control. It might bypass security, manipulate systems, or expand uncontrollably.

## Research Efforts

- **Meta AI**: Explores self-rewarding LLMs that improve through super-human feedback.
- **OpenAI**: Works on superalignment to ensure superintelligent AI aligns with human values.

## Related pages

- Artificial general intelligence
Vatsavai

**Vatsavai** is a village in the NTR district in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is part of Vatsavai mandal in Nandigama revenue division.

According to the 2011 Census of India, the population of Vatsavai is about 9,554 people. The village has around 2,631 houses.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Vatsavai
- **settlement type**: Village
- **map caption**: Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
- **pushpin map**: India Andhra Pradesh
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: India
- **subdivision type1**: State
- **subdivision name1**: Andhra Pradesh
- **subdivision type2**: District
- **subdivision name2**: NTR
- **subdivision type3**: Mandal
- **subdivision name3**: Vatsavai
- **government type**: Gram Panchayat
- **area total ha**: 1957
- **population total**: 9554
- **population as of**: 2011
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone**: IST
- **utc offset**: +5:30
- **registration plate**: AP39
Bimbisara

**Bimbisāra**, known in Buddhist texts by that name and as **Shrenika** or **Seniya** in Jain traditions, was the king of Magadha. He ruled sometime between 543–492 BCE or 457–405 BCE, depending on different sources. He belonged to the Haryanka dynasty and was the son of King Bhattiya. Bimbisāra expanded his kingdom by conquering nearby regions like Anga in the east. This expansion helped set the stage for the rise of the Maurya Empire later on.

According to Jain tradition, Bimbisāra is believed to be the first of the 24 future Tirthankaras in the coming cosmic age and will be called Padmanabha or Mahapadma. He often visited the _Samavasarana_ (divine preaching hall) of Lord Mahavira to ask spiritual questions. In Buddhist tradition, Bimbisāra is remembered for his cultural contributions and was a close friend and supporter of the Buddha. The Chinese monk Xuanzang, who visited India in the 7th century, wrote that Bimbisāra built the city of Rajgir (also called Rajagriha). After his reign, his son Ajatashatru became king.

## Infobox (royalty)

- **image**: Bimbisara with his royal cortege issuing from the city of Rajagriha to visit the Buddha.jpg
- **image size**: 290x340px
- **birth date**: 558 BCE or 472 BCE
- **death date**: 491 BCE or 405 BCE
- **death place**: Bimbisar Jail, Rajgriha, Magadha (Mahajanapada), Magadha, Haryanka dynasty, Haryanka Empire
- **caption**: King Bimbisara and his royal group leaving the city of Rajagriha to visit the Buddha.
- **succession**: List of monarchs of Magadha#House of Haryanka, King of Magadha
- **reign**: or  (52 years)
- **predecessor**: Bhattiya (as Chieftain)
- **successor**: Ajatashatru
- **father**: Bhattiya
- **spouse**: Kosala Devi, Kosala Devī
Chellanā
Dharini

Khema, Kṣemā / Khemā
Nandā
Padmāvatī / Padumavatī
Amrapali, Ambapālī
- **issue**: Ajatashatru
- **religion**: Jainism
Buddhism
- **regent**: Haryanka
- **reg-type**: Dynasty
- **name**: Bimbisara
 बिम्बिसारा
 𑀩𑀺𑀫𑁆𑀩𑀺𑀲𑀸𑀭𑀸
Jarrell tornado

The 1997 Jarrell F5 tornado ravaged the area of Jarrell, Texas, as well as the Double Creek area west of Jarrell.

The storm hit on May 27, 1997. It lasted for 19 minutes, and was very unusual. It came from a bizarre supercell that moved southwest ward instead of the normal northeast ward direction. Additionally, it was very slow, as it if stopped to make sure it destroyed everything in its path. It was very bad.

It is infamous for the picture taken by a guy observing the storm, who took the photo known as the “Dead Man Walking”. This is because it had multiple vortices, giving the illusion it was walking.

## Infobox (weather event)

- **image**: Jarrell tornado 1997.jpg
- **width**: 300
- **alt**: A photograph of the tornado prior to impacting the Double Creek Estates neighborhood of Jarrell. It is seen behind a tree and a home while presenting a wedge- shape.
- **caption**: View of the Jarrell tornado as it moved near the Double Creek Estates area around 3:48 pm
- **formed**: May 27, 1997, 3:40 pm. CDT (UTC−05:00)
- **duration**: 13 minutes
- **dissipated**: May 27, 1997, 3:53 pm. CDT (UTC−05:00)


## Infobox (weather event/tornado)

- **basin**: atl
- **winds**: >
- **fujita-scale**: F5
- **category**: F5
- **new category**: 4


## Infobox (weather event/effects)

- **year**: 1997
- **deaths**: 27
- **injuries**: 13
- **damages**: $40 million (1997 United States dollar, USD)
- **affected**: Jarrell, Texas and areas near Prairie Dell, Texas


## Infobox (weather event/footer)

- **season**: 1997 Central Texas tornado outbreak and tornadoes of 1997