juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
John Rutledge

**John Rutledge** (September 17, 1739 – July 23, 1800) was an American statesman and judge. He was the first Governor of South Carolina, following the signing of the United States Constitution.

He was a delegate to the Constitutional Convention, where he chaired a committee that wrote much of what was included in the final version of the United States Constitution, which he also signed.

He served as an Associate Justice on the U.S. Supreme Court, and was the second Chief Justice of the Court from July to December 1795. He was the elder brother of Edward Rutledge, a signatory of the Declaration of Independence.

## Other websites

- Ireland, Robert M.  John Rutledge at Answers.com.
- NGA Biography of John Rutledge
- John Rutledge memorial at Find a Grave
- Oyez Project, Supreme  Court of the United States Media, John Rutledge.
- SCIway Biography of John Rutledge

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: John Rutledge
- **image**: John Rutledge color painting.jpg
- **imagesize**: 200
- **office**: Chief Justice of the United States#List of chief justices, 2nd Chief Justice of the United States, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States
- **termstart**: June 30, 1795
- **termend**: December 28, 1795
- **nominator**: George Washington
- **predecessor**: John Jay
- **successor**: Oliver Ellsworth
- **office2**: Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court
- **termstart2**: September 26, 1789
- **termend2**: March 4, 1791
- **nominator2**: George Washington
- **predecessor2**: _Position established_
- **successor2**: Thomas Johnson (jurist), Thomas Johnson
- **order3**: 31st Governor of South Carolina
- **term start3**: January 9, 1779
- **term end3**: January 31, 1782
- **lieutenant3**: Thomas Bee (1779–1780)
 Christopher Gadsden (1780–1782)
- **predecessor3**: Rawlins Lowndes
- **successor3**: John Mathews (lawyer), John Mathews
- **term start4**: July 4, 1776
- **term end4**: March 7, 1778
(as President of South Carolina)
- **lieutenant4**: Henry Laurens (1776–1777)
 James Parsons (1777–1778)
- **predecessor4**: Henry Laurens <small>(as President of the Committee on Safety)</small>
- **successor4**: Rawlins Lowndes
- **office5**: Delegate from South Carolina to the First Continental Congress
- **term5**: September 5, 1776 – October 26, 1776
- **office6**: Delegate from South Carolina to the Stamp Act Congress
- **term6**: October 7, 1765 – October 25, 1765
- **birth place**: Charleston, South Carolina, Charleston, Colony of South Carolina, South Carolina
- **death place**: Charleston, South Carolina
- **spouse**: Elizabeth Grimke
- **children**: Martha Henrietta
 Sarah
 John
 Edward James
 Frederick Wilkes
 William Spencer
 Charles Wilson
 Thomas
 Elizabeth
 States Whitcomb
- **alma mater**: Middle Temple
- **signature**: John Rutledge sig.svg
Gilbert Stuart

**Gilbert Charles Stuart** (born **Gilbert Charles Stewart** December 3, 1755 – July 9, 1828) was an American painter. He was known for painting many portraits of the American Founding Fathers and six Presidents of the United States including George Washington's official portrait. Many of his paintings are in museums in Washington, D.C., London, and in Boston.

Stuart died on July 9, 1928 in Boston, Massachusetts from a stroke, aged 72.

## Other websites

- Gilbert Stuart at the National Gallery of Art, Washington
- Gilbert Stuart Biography, National Gallery of Art
- Gilbert Stuart Museum Website
- Gilbert-Stuart.org  155 works by Gilbert Stuart
- Gilbert Stuart on ArtCyclopedia
Oliver Ellsworth

**Oliver Ellsworth** (April 29, 1745 – November 26, 1807) was an American lawyer and politician. He was against British rule, a drafter of the United States Constitution, United States Senator from Connecticut, and the third Chief Justice of the United States.

While at the Federal Convention, Ellsworth moved to strike the word _National_ from the motion made by Edmund Randolph of Virginia. Randolph had moved successfully to call the government the _National Government of United States_. Ellsworth moved that the government should continue to be called the _United States Government_.

## Other websites

- Oliver Ellsworth at Michael Ariens.com .
- National Archives biography
- Oliver Ellsworth Homestead
- Oliver Ellsworth at  Supreme Court Historical Society.
- Oyez Project, U.S. Supreme Court Media: Oliver Ellsworth
- Princeton Companion: Oliver Ellsworth
- The Ellsworth Court at Supreme Court Historical Society.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Oliver Ellsworth
- **image**: Oliver ellsworth.jpeg
- **office**: Chief Justice of the United States#List of chief justices, 3rd Chief Justice of the United States, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States
- **term**: March 4, 1796 – September 30, 1800
- **nominator**: George Washington
- **predecessor**: John Rutledge
- **successor**: John Marshall
- **jr/sr2**: United States Senator
- **term start2**: March 4, 1789
- **term end2**: March 8, 1796
- **state2**: Connecticut
- **predecessor2**: _None_
- **successor2**: James Hillhouse
- **birth place**: Windsor, Connecticut, Windsor, Connecticut, Thirteen Colonies, British Empire
- **death place**: Windsor, Connecticut, Windsor, Connecticut, United States
- **spouse**: Abigail Wolcott
- **children**: 9
- **signature**: O Ellsworth Signature.svg
- **alma mater**: Yale University
Princeton University, College of New Jersey (Now Princeton University)
- **party**: Federalist
Morrison Waite

**Morrison Remick "Mott" Waite** (November 29, 1816 – March 23, 1888) was an American attorney and politician in Ohio. He served as the seventh Chief Justice of the United States from 1874 to his death in 1888. Chief Justice Waite was primarily known for overturning federal laws passed during Reconstruction that protected African Americans.

## Other websites

- Morrison R. Waite, 1874-1888 .
- The Waite Court, 1874-1888 .
- Morrison R. Waite Biography, official Supreme Court media, Oyez

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Morrison Remick Waite
- **image**: Chief Justice Morrison Waite.jpg
- **imagesize**: 240px
- **office**: Chief Justice of the United States#List of chief justices, 7th Chief Justice of the United States
- **termstart**: March 4, 1874
- **termend**: March 23, 1888
- **nominator**: Ulysses S. Grant
- **predecessor**: Salmon P. Chase
- **successor**: Melville Fuller
- **birth place**: Lyme, Connecticut, Lyme, Connecticut, United States
- **death place**: Washington, D.C., United States
- **spouse**: Amelia Warner
- **children**: Henry Seldon
 Christopher Champlin
 Edward T
 Mary F
- **alma mater**: Yale University
- **signature**: Morrison R Waite Signature.svg
Melville Fuller

**Melville Weston Fuller** (February 11, 1833 – July 4, 1910) was an American lawyer, jurist, and politician. He was the eighth Chief Justice of the United States between 1888 and 1910. He was nominated by Grover Cleveland.

Fuller died in Sorrento, Maine from a heart attack, aged 77.

## Other websites

- Ariens, Michael, _Melville Fuller_.
- Supreme Court Historical Society:
    - _Melville Weston Fuller, 1888-1910_ .
    - _The Fuller Court 1888-1910_ .
- Oyez Project _Melville W. Fuller Biography_, U.S. Supreme Court media.
- Orth, John V.  Answers.com Melville Fuller.
- Reed, Lawrence W. (March 10, 2006), _Melville W. Fuller: A Model Chief Justice_ Mackinac Center for Public Policy.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **image**: Melville Weston Fuller Chief Justice 1908.jpg
- **office**: Chief Justice of the United States#List of chief justices, 8th Chief Justice of the United States
- **termstart**: October 8, 1888
- **termend**: July 4, 1910
- **nominator**: Grover Cleveland
- **predecessor**: Morrison Waite
- **successor**: Edward Douglass White
- **birth place**: Augusta, Maine, U.S.
- **death place**: Sorrento, Maine, U.S.
- **resting place**: Graceland Cemetery, Uptown, Chicago, Uptown, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
- **spouse**: Calista Reynolds (1858); Mary Coolbaugh (1866)
- **children**: 6
- **alma mater**: Bowdoin College
- **signature**: Melville Fuller Signature.svg
Edward Douglass White

**Edward Douglass White, Jr.** (November 3, 1845 – May 19, 1921) was an American politician and jurist. He was a United States senator, Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court and the ninth Chief Justice of the United States.

## Other websites

- Ariens, Michael, _Edward Douglass White_.
- _Bust of Edward Douglass White_ , Oyez. official Supreme Court media.
- _The E. D. White Historic Site_, including the original plantation home, operated by the Louisiana State Museum
- _Edward Douglas White biography_,  Supreme Court Historical Society.
- _Edward Douglas White_, official Supreme Court media, Oyez.
- _The White Court_, 1910-1921, History of the Court, Supreme Court Historical Society .
- Edward Douglass White memorial at Find a Grave.

## Infobox (chief justice)

- **image**: Edward White, head-and-shoulders portrait, facing slightly left, 1905.jpg
- **office**: Chief Justice of the United States#List of chief justices, 9th Chief Justice of the United States
- **termstart**: December 12, 1910
- **termend**: May 19, 1921
- **nominator**: William Howard Taft
- **predecessor**: Melville Fuller
- **successor**: William Howard Taft
- **office2**: Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court
- **termstart2**: February 19, 1894
- **termend2**: December 12, 1910
- **nominator2**: Grover Cleveland
- **predecessor2**: Samuel Blatchford
- **successor2**: Willis Van Devanter
- **office3**: United States Senator
from Louisiana
- **termstart3**: March 4, 1891
- **termend3**: March 12, 1894
- **predecessor3**: James B. Eustis
- **successor3**: Newton C. Blanchard
- **birth place**: Thibodaux, Louisiana, Thibodeauxville, Louisiana, United States
- **death place**: Washington, D.C., United States
- **spouse**: Virginia Montgomery Kent
- **alma mater**: Mount Saint Mary's University, Mount Saint Mary's College,
College of the Immaculate Conception (New Orleans), Jesuit College,
Georgetown University,
Tulane University.
Harlan Fiske Stone

**Harlan Fiske Stone** (October 11, 1872 – April 22, 1946) was an American lawyer and jurist. He served as the dean of Columbia Law School, his alma mater, in the early 20th century.

As a member of the Republican Party, he was appointed as the 52nd Attorney General of the United States before becoming an Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court in 1925.

In 1941, Stone became the 12th Chief Justice of the United States, serving until his death in 1946 – one of the shortest terms of any Chief Justice. Stone was the first Chief Justice not to have served in elected office.

His most famous quotes was: "Courts are not the only agency of government that must be assumed to have capacity to govern."

## Other websites

- Ariens, Michael, _Harlan Fiske Stone_.
- Fox, John, _Capitalism and Conflict, Biographies of the Robes, Harlan Fiske Stone_  Public Broadcasting Service.
- _Harlan Fiske Stone_,  Supreme Court Historical Society
- Nash, A. E. Kier, _Harlan Fiske Stone_, answers.com
- _The Stone Court, 1941–1945, History of the Court,_ Supreme Court Historical Society
- Stone Family Papers, Special Collections, Jones Library, Amherst, MA
- Cover photograph Time Magazine

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **birthname**: Harlan Fiske Stone
- **image**: Chief Justice Harlan Fiske Stone photograph circa 1927-1932.jpg
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **office**: Chief Justice of the United States#List of chief justices, 12th Chief Justice of the United States
- **termstart**: July 3, 1941
- **termend**: April 22, 1946
- **nominator**: Franklin D. Roosevelt
- **predecessor**: Charles Evans Hughes
- **successor**: Fred M. Vinson
- **office2**: Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court
- **termstart2**: February 5, 1925
- **termend2**: July 3, 1941
- **nominator2**: Calvin Coolidge
- **predecessor2**: Joseph McKenna
- **successor2**: Robert H. Jackson
- **order3**: 52nd
- **title3**: United States Attorney General
- **term start3**: April 7, 1924
- **term end3**: March 1, 1925
- **predecessor3**: Harry M. Daugherty
- **successor3**: John G. Sargent
- **nominator3**: Calvin Coolidge
- **birth place**: Chesterfield, New Hampshire, Chesterfield, New Hampshire, United States
- **death place**: Washington, D.C., United States
- **spouse**: Agnes E. Harvey (1899 - 1946, his death)
- **children**: Marshall Harvey Stone
Lauson Stone, Lauson Harvey Stone
- **alma mater**: Amherst College,
Columbia University
Hull House

The **Hull House** was a settlement in Chicago, Illinois. It was founded by Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr. It was constructed in 1856, but was named Hull House in 1889. It was built to help many European immigrants coming to the United States. It is a landmark in Chicago and in the United States. The house became a museum owned by the University of Illinois at Chicago.
Pulau Ayu

**Pulau Ayu** is a very small Indonesian island in Southwest Papua province. The two main towns on the island are called Imbik Kuan and Ayu. Because there is a big reef around the island, only small boats can go there.

## World War Two

During World War Two, the island was occupied by Japan.

## Other websites

- Pulau Ayu Information
- Detailed Maps

## Infobox (islands)

- **name**: Pulau Ayu
- **image name**: Karta ID RajaAmpat Isl.PNG
- **image caption**: Pulau Ayu written as Ayau (Ayu Islands) at the top right corner of the map
- **location**: South East Asia
- **archipelago**: Ayu Islands
- **total islands**: Five (Two Uninhabited)
- **major islands**: Pulau Ayu
- **area km2**: 5.06
- **elevation m**: 55.84
- **country**: Indonesia
- **country admin divisions title**: Province
- **country admin divisions**: West Papua
- **ethnic groups**: Melanesians, Papuan, Austronesian peoples, Austronesian
Ellen Gates Starr

**Ellen Gates Starr **  (March 19, 1859, near Laona, Illinois – February 10, 1940, in Suffern, New York) was an American social reformer and activist. Along with Jane Addams, in 1889, she and Addams found the Hull House in Chicago, Illinois. Starr was a lesbian. She was a member of the Women's Trade Union League and helped organize striking garment workers in 1896, 1910, and 1915. She worked with many other reformers such as Susan B. Anthony and Alice Paul.

Starr died on February 10, 1940 from heart failure, aged 80.
Ich bin ein Berliner

**Ich bin ein Berliner** (English: I am a Berliner) was a speech by John F. Kennedy. He made the speech on June 26, 1963 in West Berlin. This is thought to be one of Kennedy's most famous speeches. He made the speech to gain support for the Cold War and to mark the anniversary of the Berlin Wall's construction. Kennedy said:

Kennedy wrote on his paper "ish bin ein Bear_lee_ner" to help him say it better.

## Background

Germany's capital, Berlin, was deep inside the area controlled by the Soviet Union after World War II. A first governed in four sectors controlled by the four Allied powers (United States, United Kingdom, France and the Soviet Union), tensions of the Cold War rose. This continued until the Soviet forces created the Berlin Blockade of the city's western sectors. The Western allies went around this with the dramatic airlift. Afterwards, the sectors controlled by the NATO Allies became an effective exclave (territory surrounded by territory of a different state or entity) of West Germany. Which was completely surrounded by East Germany. Starting in 1952, the border between East and West was closed everywhere but in Berlin. Hundreds of thousands of East Germans defected (gives up allegiance to a state) to the West via West Berlin. This was a labor drain that threatened East Germany with economic collapse.

## Related pages

- Tear down this wall! (Ronald Reagan speech)

## Other websites

- Text, audio, video of address
- About.com article
- JFK Letter On Success of Trip to Europe 1963  Shapell Manuscript Foundation
- Text: Kennedy's Berlin speech text
We begin bombing in five minutes

On August 11, 1984, United States President Ronald Reagan was getting ready to make his weekly Saturday radio address on National Public Radio. He was running for re-election at the time. He was testing the microphone before he started to talk, then Reagan made this joke to the radio workers:

- _My fellow Americans, I'm pleased to tell you today that I've signed legislation that will outlaw Russia forever.  We begin bombing in five minutes._

The joke was based on the start of that day's speech:

- _My fellow Americans, I'm pleased to tell you that today I signed legislation that will allow student religious groups to begin enjoying a right they've too long been denied — the freedom to meet in public high schools during nonschool hours, just as other student groups are allowed to do._

Many Americans and Soviets were scared about a nuclear attack. Reagan said it was a joke. Though this was not the first time Reagan had joked before giving a speech or address, the Soviets were offended. They started making fun of Reagan.
Otep

**Otep** (also written as OTEP or OT3P) is an American nu metal band. The band was started in 2000 in Los Angeles by Otep Shamaya.

## History

After a few shows Otep were signed to Capitol Records. On June 18, 2002 Otep's first album _Sevas Tra_ was released. _House of Secrets_ was released July 27, 2004. On October 30, 2007 Otep's third album _The Ascension_ was released. Otep's fourth album _Smash the Control Machine_ was released on August 18, 2009. _Atavist_ was released on 26 April 2011. On November 6, 2012, Otep released their first live album, _Sounds Like Armageddon_. The band's sixth studio album _Hydra_ was released on January 22, 2013. In an interview Otep said that it is the band's last album.
Flipping

**Flipping** is a term used in economics. It is used mainly in the United States to describe buying something and quickly reselling (or "flipping") it for profit. It can apply to any asset but is often applied to real estate and initial public offerings (IPOs).

## Real estate

Real estate is bought and sold every day. The seller arranges for a realtor to advertise and sell their property. The realtor charges between 4 and 7 percent of the selling price as a commission. The sale is conducted between the owner of the property or house, and the buyer who wants to purchase it.

Flipping is used by real estate investors to describe someone purchasing a property then selling it quickly for a profit. Usually the investor will pay for improvements to make the property more attractive. The investor must have the money to buy the house and pay for the improvements. Realtors neither buy the house or resell it (although a realtor can also be a flipper). They simply broker the sale.

Flipping involves a good deal of risk for investors. They must know the value of a property and not pay too much. They have to be careful not to invest too much in improvements. Very often run-down properties or foreclosures are sold at auctions. The buyer may not be able to inspect the property before buying it. This can lead to additional costs to fix problems that could not be seen. A property needs to sell quickly or there is no quick return on their money.

There are also many risks for buyers of flipped homes.

## IPOs

Initial public offerings are when a private company sells shares it owns to the public for the first time (called going public). Flipping is buying stocks and selling within the first 2 to 3 days after the company went public. The hope is the price will go up rapidly. Underwriters want investors want to hold onto stocks. They may blacklist investors who flip too many stocks even though it is legal.

## Other forms

In the United Kingdom the term is used to describe Members of Parliament switching their 'second home' between several houses. This was to maximize their taxpayer funded allowances.

## Other websites

- Tax consequences of flipping real estate
- Can you flip a house for profit in this market?
Chokwe Lumumba

**Chokwe Lumumba** (born **Edwin Finley Taliaferro**; August 2, 1947 – February 25, 2014) was an American politician. He was the Mayor of Jackson, Mississippi. Lumumba was born in Detroit, Michigan as Edwin Finley Taliaferro, a name he referred to as his "slave name".

Lumumba died on February 25, 2014 at the St. Dominic Hospital in Jackson, Mississippi. He was aged 66. The cause of death was not made clear, though Jackson City Council president Charles Tillman, who was sworn in as acting mayor, said he had a meeting with Lumumba the previous day and that he had a cold. City Councilman Quentin Whitwell told reporters that Lumumba died of heart failure.

## Other websites

- Election website

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Chokwe Lumumba
- **image**: Chokwe Lumumba 2013.jpg
- **caption**: Chokwe Lumumba on July 10, 2013.
- **order**: Mayor of Jackson, Mississippi
- **term start**: July 1, 2013
- **term end**: February 25, 2014
- **predecessor**: Harvey Johnson, Jr.
- **successor**: Charles Tillman (politician), Charles Tillman (acting)
- **birth name**: Edwin Finley Taliaferro
- **birth place**: Detroit, Michigan, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Jackson, Mississippi, Jackson, Mississippi, U.S.
- **website**: http://www.electlumumbamayor.com/
Fasciculation

A **fasciculation**, or "muscle twitch", is a small, local, involuntary muscle contraction and relaxation. At times it may be visible under the skin. Deeper areas can be detected by EMG testing. A fasciculation can happen in any skeletal muscle in the body. Fasciculations can occur in normal healthy people. One uncommon reason for them is due to a lower motor neuron lesion that may be caused by any of several diseases. One example would be Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.

## Other websites

- What is a Fasciculation? About.com
Doug Jarrett

**Douglas William** "**Doug**" **Jarrett** (April 22, 1944 – February 10, 2014) was a Canadian ice hockey player. He was a Defense in the National Hockey League (NHL) with the Chicago Black Hawks and New York Rangers. He also did work on behalf of the Chicago Blackhawk Alumni Association.

He was born in London, Ontario. In 2011, he was inducted into the London (Ontario) Sports Hall of Fame.

He died from lung cancer on February 10, 2014 in Fort Erie, Ontario. He was aged 69. He was diagnosed with the disease ten days before his death.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **name**: Doug Jarrett
- **image**: Doug Jarrett 1973.JPG
- **image size**: 200px
- **position**: Defenceman (ice hockey), Defense
- **shoots**: Left
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 1
- **weight lb**: 190
- **played for**: Chicago Blackhawks, Chicago Black Hawks
New York Rangers
- **birth place**: London, Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- **career start**: 1960
- **career end**: 1977
Cephalaspis

***Cephalaspis*** (meaning 'head shield') is a genus of armoured fish in the early Devonian about 400 million years ago (mya).
It was one of the jawless fishes, or ostracoderms, which were common at the time.

They were discovered in the first half of the 19th century in the Old Red Sandstone of Britain. Louis Agassiz named it in 1835. He had been to Scotland, and seen Hugh Miller's collection. Miller described his collecting later, in a popular work on the rocks and fossils of the Old Red Sandstone in Scotland. Agassoz' single species has now been split into more species, some of which have been moved into a different genus.

## Lifestyle

_Cephalaspis_ was a medium-sized fish that lived in freshwater streams and estuaries of the early Devonian. Some of the fossils are well-preserved, and so we know quite a bit about its anatomy. Its armour was on the dorsal side, and its mouth on the ventral side. Therefore, it is likely that it was a bottom-feeder, nosing about in the mud of a river. It had a typical vertebrate type of brain, with front, middle and rear regions, and nerves to and from sense organs and  muscles in the head region.

Its pineal opening between its eyes was probably a light-sensitive organ. On its skull are three areas which obviously had a special function. Many modern fish which live in muddy rivers use both pressure-sensitive lateral lines, and also electrical fields to sense movement. _Cephalaspis_ had no lateral lines, but the three fields on its skull were no doubt sensory, for sensing pressure change or electrical fields.

The animal had semi-circular canals to sense balance (one of the functions of our own semi-circular canals). They were capable of sustained swimming, and short rapid bursts. Almost all the fossils are found in strata laid down in freshwater conditions, so the various species live in rivers, streams connected with lakes and estuaries.

Sansom decided that _Cephalaspis_ was the sister-taxon of cornuate osteostracans, which have defined corners on the head-shields.
Franny Beecher

**Francis** "**Franny**" **Beecher** (September 29, 1921 – February 24, 2014), also known as **Frank Beecher**, was an American country, jazz, and rock musician. He was the lead guitarist for Bill Haley & His Comets from 1954 to 1962. He was born in Norristown, Pennsylvania.

Beecher died from natural causes on February 24, 2014 at a nursing home in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He was aged 92.
Tomaž Pengov

**Tomaž Pengov** (1949 – 10 February 2014) was a Slovenian singer-songwriter, musician and poet. He played a 12-stringed acoustic guitar and lute. He was born in Ljubljana, then part of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. He studied comparative literature at University of Ljubljana's Faculty of Arts.

Pengov died after a short illness on 10 February 2014 in his hometown of Ljubljana. He was aged 64.
TMNT (movie)

***TMNT*** is a computer-animated fantasy action movie. It was made in the United States and released in 2007. It is part of the _Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles_ (TMNT) series. The movie is the fourth in the original _TMNT_ movie series. It was the first _Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles_ movie made with computer-generated imagery (CGI). It was also the first movie in the series in 14 years.

_TMNT_ was written and directed by Kevin Munroe. It features the voices of Nolan North, James Arnold Taylor, Mikey Kelley, Mitchell Whitfield, Chris Evans, Sarah Michelle Gellar, Kevin Smith, Patrick Stewart, Zhang Ziyi and Laurence Fishburne (who is the narrator). The animation was created by Imagi Animation Studios. It was produced by Warner Bros. Pictures. It was the last movie that producer Mako Iwamatsu made before his death. It was also produced by Peter Laird, one of the two men who created the Turtles.

The story begins with the four Turtles (Raphael, Leonardo, Donatello, and Michelangelo) having grown apart after their final defeat of the Shredder. Strange things begin happening in New York City as ancient creatures threaten the world. The Turtles must reunite to save it.

_TMNT_ premiered in cinemas on March 23, 2007. It was successful, making US$95 million around the world. It received both good and bad reviews from movie critics.

## Infobox (film)

- **name**: TMNT
- **director**: Kevin Munroe
- **producer**: Thomas K. Gray
Galen Walker
Paul Wang
- **writer**: Kevin Munroe
- **based on**: _Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (Mirage Studios), Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles_
by Kevin Eastman and Peter Laird
- **narrator**: Laurence Fishburne
- **starring**: Nolan North
James Arnold Taylor
Mikey Kelley
Mitchell Whitfield
Chris Evans (actor), Chris Evans
Sarah Michelle Gellar
Mako Iwamatsu
Kevin Smith
Patrick Stewart
Zhang Ziyi
- **music**: Klaus Badelt
- **cinematography**: Steve Lumley
- **editing**: John Damien Ryan
- **studio**: Imagi Animation Studios
- **distributor**: Warner Bros., Warner Bros. Pictures <small>(domestic)</small>
The Weinstein Company <small>(international)</small>
- **runtime**: 87 minutes
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **budget**: $34 million
- **gross**: $95,608,995
Sulkava

**Sulkava** is a municipality in the Southern Savonia region of Finland. It had almost 3,000 living there in January 2014. The municipality is best known for the annual long distance rowing contest, Sulkavan Suursoudut, around Partalansaari ("Partala Island"). It is just as famous for the large party following the rowing event. The municipalities near it are Juva, Puumala, Rantasalmi, Ruokolahti and Savonlinna.

## Other websites

- The official Sulkava page
Ruokolahti

**Ruokolahti** () is a municipality in South Karelia, Finland. It had almost 5,500 people living there in January 2014. The municipalities next to it are Imatra, Lappeenranta, Parikkala, Puumala, Rautjärvi, Savonlinna, Sulkava and Taipalsaari.

## Sights

Nearby is the Kummakivi rock. It is a large rock balanced on top of another.

## Distances

- Imatra – 17 km
- Lappeenranta – 53 km
- Savonlinna – 104 km
- Mikkeli – 119 km
- Kouvola – 141 km
- Helsinki – 274 km

## Other websites

- The official Ruokolahti page
Pope Pontian

**Pope Pontian (Pontianus)** (Pope from 230-235 d. 235 C.E.), was the eighteenth Pope, the official title is the Bishop of Rome of the Catholic Church.
Pontian served as pope mostly during the reign of Roman Emperor Severus, generally considered a peaceful period for Christians, but died during the reign of Maximinus Thrax.  Maximinus Thrax did not tolerate Christians and pursued them violently.  He arrested Pontian and Hippolytus and sent them to the mines in Sardinia where they died soon after.  Pontian's body was returned to Rome a short time later and they were buried in the catacombs of Callistus on the Appian Way.  Catacombs were underground chambers where many Christians lived, died and were buried.

Pontian is known for his condemnation of Origen a theologian of the time, and forbade his teachings.  Pontian is considered a martyr and a saint of the Catholic Church.  His feast day is celebrated on August 13 along with a fellow martyr Hippolytus.

## Infobox (christian leader)

- **type**: Pope
- **honorific-prefix**: Pope Saint
- **name**: Pontian
- **image**: Pontianus (pope).jpg
- **term start**: 21 July 230
- **term end**: 28 September 235
- **predecessor**: Pope Urban I, Urban I
- **successor**: Pope Anterus, Anterus
- **birth date**: c. 200
- **death date**: October 235
- **death place**: Sardinia, Roman Empire
- **feast day**: 13 August
Loimaa

**Loimaa** is a town _(countryside city)_ in Southwest Finland. As of January 31, 2014, about 16,700 people lived there. Neighbouring municipalities are Huittinen, Humppila, Koski Tl, Marttila, Oripää, Punkalaidun, Pöytyä, Somero, Säkylä and Ypäjä.

## Distances

- Helsinki 150 km
- Turku 65 km
- Tampere 100 km
- Hämeenlinna 106 km
- Pori 112 km

Distances to smaller municipalities are lot smaller.

## Other websites

- Official city site
Anthony Blake (bishop)

**Anthony Blake** ( 1704 – 1787) was an Irish clergyman of the Roman Catholic Church. He was the Bishop of Ardagh and Clonmacnoise from 1756 to 1758 and Archbishop of Armagh from 1758 to 1787.

Blake was the youngest of two sons of Andrew Blake of Kilvine. His family were from County Mayo. They were one of the Tribes of Galway.

He returned to Ireland from France about 1731. He attended the schools Saint-Omer and Louvain. He was made priest in the archdiocese of Tuam. He held the positions of dean of the chapter and vicar general to the archbishop. From 1741 to 1756 he served as Warden of Galway. His most nobable action was to build a new parish chapel in the town's middle street. This chapel stood until 1833.

## References

- _Dictionary of Irish Biography_, pp. 579–80, Cambridge, 2010.
Pope Anterus

**Pope Anterus** (died January 3, 236) was the nineteenth Pope, (the official title is the Bishop of Rome) of the Catholic Church.

He served less than two months and died a natural death.  He was buried in the cemetery of Callistus on the Appian Way.

He is considered a Saint by the Catholic Church and his feast day is celebrated of January.
Fair Labor Standards Act

**The Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938** (abbreviated as **FLSA**; also referred to as the **Wages and Hours Bill**) is a federal statute of the United States.

## The Act

The FLSA introduced a maximum 44-hour workweek (reduced to a 40-hour workweek by 1940). It established a national minimum wage (of 25¢ per hour). It guaranteed "time-and-a-half" for overtime in certain jobs. The FLSA also prohibited most employment of minors in "oppressive child labor". The FLSA created a Wage and Hour Division in the Department of Labor. The statute applies to employees engaged in interstate commerce or employed by a business engaged in commerce or in the production of goods for commerce, unless the employer can claim an exemption from these requirements.

The FLSA was originally written in 1932 by Senator Hugo Black. He was later appointed to the Supreme Court in 1937. However, Black's proposal to require employers to adopt a thirty-hour workweek met stiff resistance.  In 1938 a revised version of Black's proposal was passed that adopted an eight-hour day and a forty-hour workweek. It allowed workers to earn wages for an extra four hours of overtime as well. According to the act, workers must be paid minimum wage and overtime pay must be one-and-a-half times regular pay. Children under eighteen cannot do certain dangerous jobs. Also children under the age of sixteen cannot work during school hours. There were 700,000 workers affected by the FLSA. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt called it the most important piece of New Deal legislation passed since the Social Security Act of 1935.

## Related pages

- Equal Pay Act of 1963
- United States Department of Labor
- United States Women's Bureau

## Other websites

- Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938: Maximum Struggle for a Minimum Wage
- The Fair Labor Standards Act Of 1938, As Amended
Wage Stabilization Board

The **Wage Stabilization Board** (WSB) was an independent agency of the United States government. Its function was to make wage control policy recommendations. The WSB would then implement such wage controls as were approved. There were two agencies with the same name.  The first, the National Wage Stabilization Board, was the successor to the National War Labor Board. It existed from January 1, 1946, to February 24, 1947.  The second, the Wage Stabilization Board, was a part of the Office of Defense Mobilization. It existed from September 9, 1950, to February 6, 1953.

The Korean War broke out on June 25, 1950. There was an initial surge of inflation in the American economy. But soon Truman's war mobilization effort began to achieve some success in stabilizing the economy.

## Other websites

- Executive Order 9672 - Establishing the National Wage Stabilization Board
Al Greene

**Altar Alfonse** "**Al**" **Greene** (November 9, 1954 – February 18, 2014) was an American baseball outfielder. He played in the Major League Baseball (MLB) for Detroit Tigers during 1979. He was born in Detroit, Michigan.

Greene died on February 18, 2014 in his hometown of Detroit, Michigan. He was aged 59.

## Infobox (mlb player)

- **name**: Al Greene
- **position**: Outfielder
- **bats**: Left
- **throws**: Right
- **birth place**: Detroit, Michigan, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Detroit, Michigan, U.S.
- **debutdate**: July 23
- **debutyear**: 1979
- **debutteam**: Detroit Tigers
- **finaldate**: September 30
- **finalyear**: 1979
- **finalteam**: Detroit Tigers
- **stat1label**: Batting average
- **stat1value**: .136
- **stat2label**: Home runs
- **stat2value**: 3
- **stat3label**: Run batted in, Runs batted in
- **stat3value**: 6
- **teams**: * Detroit Tigers ()
Gordon Nutt

**Gordon Nutt** (8 November 1932 – 26 February 2014) was an English professional footballer who was a winger. Nutt was active in England, Wales, the Netherlands, and Australia. He made over 150 career appearances. He played for Coventry City F.C. from 1951 to 1954.

Nutt was born in Birmingham. He died on 26 February 2014, in Tasmania, Australia, at the age of 81.

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Gordon Nutt
- **birth place**: South Yardley, England
- **death place**: Tasmania, Australia
- **position**: Midfielder#Winger, Winger
- **youthclubs1**: Sheldon Town
- **years1**: 1951–1954
- **clubs1**: Coventry City F.C., Coventry City
- **caps1**: 76
- **goals1**: 11
- **years2**: 1954–1955
- **clubs2**: Cardiff City F.C., Cardiff City
- **caps2**: 17
- **goals2**: 4
- **years3**: 1955–1960
- **clubs3**: Arsenal F.C., Arsenal
- **caps3**: 49
- **goals3**: 10
- **years4**: 1960–1961
- **clubs4**: Southend United F.C., Southend United
- **caps4**: 16
- **goals4**: 2
- **years5**: 1961–1962
- **clubs5**: PSV Eindhoven, PSV
- **caps5**: 31
- **goals5**: 5
- **years6**: 1965
- **clubs6**: Sydney United 58 FC, Sydney Croatia
- **years7**: 1968–1969
- **clubs7**: Manly United FC, Manly-Warringah
- **totalcaps**: 158
- **totalgoals**: 27
- **manageryears1**: 1966
- **managerclubs1**: Sydney United 58 FC, Sydney Croatia
- **manageryears2**: 1969
- **managerclubs2**: Manly United FC, Manly Warringah (Assistant)
Al Feldstein

**Albert B. Feldstein** (October 24, 1925 – April 29, 2014) was an American writer, editor, and artist. He is best known for his work at EC Comics. He worked from 1956 to 1985 as the editor of the satirical magazine _Mad_.  After retiring from _Mad_, Feldstein worked on American paintings of Western wildlife.

Feldstein died on April 29, 2014 at his home near Livingston, Montana. No cause of death was released.

## Other websites

- Dr. Gangrene: Interview with Al Feldstein (April 3, 2009)
- Who's Who of American Comic Books: 1928-1999)/whoswho.aspx?mode=AtoZsearch&id=FELDSTEIN%2c+AL)
- Horror Writers Association: Bram Stoker Lifetime Achievement Award
- Mark Feldstein
- "How I Was Stalked by George Carlin" by Mark Feldstein

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: Al Feldstein.jpg
- **caption**: Al Feldstein by Michael Netzer
- **birth place**: Brooklyn, New York City, U.S.
- **death place**: Livingston, Montana, Livingston, Montana, U.S.
- **nationality**: American
- **website**: http://www.alfeldstein.com
Will Eisner

**William Erwin "Will" Eisner** (March 6, 1917 – January 3, 2005) was an American cartoonist. His comic strip _The Spirit_ was one of the most popular and influential in the history of comic strips. Eisner is thought to be one of the most famous cartoonist. He has an award named after him, the Will Eisner Award for the best in comics.

Eisner died in Fort Lauderdale, Florida from heart surgery complications. He was 87 years old.

## Other websites

- "Interview with Jerry Iger", _Cubic Zirconia Reader_, 1985. WebCitation archive
- Eisner, William at the Social Security Death Index via Familsearch.org. Retrieved on February 25, 2013.
- Archive of Heintjes, Tom. , AdventureStrips.com, n.d..
- Fitzgerald, Paul E. "Every Picture Tells A Story: His Pen and Wit Sharper Than Ever, Graphic Novelist Will Eisner Takes On Religious Intolerance", _The Washington Post_, June 3, 2004. .
- Robinson, Tasha. "Interview: Will Eisner" , _The A.V. Club_ / _The Onion_, September 27, 2000. WebCitation archive.
Joe Shuster

**Joseph Shuster** (July 10, 1914 – July 30, 1992) was a Canadian-American cartoonist. Shuster along with Jerry Siegel created _Superman_. It proved one of the most popular and influential comic book hero in comic book history.

Shuster died of a heart failure and hypertension in Los Angeles, California, aged 78.

## Creating Superman

Schuster and Siegel created a bald telepathic villain, willing world domination, as the protagonist of the short story _The Reign of Superman_, published in Siegel's 1933 science fiction _Science Fiction № 3_. The character was not successful, and Siegel found a more familiar hero. Schuster modeled the character on Douglas Fairbanks, and his alter ego in glasses, Clark Kent, a combination of Harold Lloyd and Schuster himself, and the name "Clark Kent" comes from the stars of the films Clark Gable and Kent Taylor. Lois Lane was modeled after Joanna Carter, who was Joe's friend before she became Siegel's wife.

Then Siegel and Schuster began a six-year search for a publisher. They called the project _The Superman_ and brought it to Consolidated Book Publishing, which published a 48-page black-and-white comic book called "Detective Dan: Secret Operative" № 48, but after that this cooperation finished. Schuster took this to heart and burned every page of the story, only the cover was saved. Siegel and Schuster compared this character to Slam Bradley, an adventurer the couple created for Detective Comics № 1 (March, 1937). In 1938, editor Vin Sullivan chose it as a cover feature for National Action Comics №1 (June, 1938). The following year, Siegel and Schuster initiated a series of Superman comics.

Then Siegel and Schuster sold the company's rights to $130 and a contract to supply to the publisher of Action Comics.

Siegel and Schuster's status as children of Jewish immigrants is also believed to have an influence on their work. Timothy Aaron Pevey claimed that they had created "a figure whose desire was to fit into American culture as an American," which Pevey felt was an important aspect of the American personality.

When Superman first appeared, Clark Kent's Superman alter ego worked for the Daily Star, named Schuster after the Toronto Daily Star, his former employer in Toronto. Schuster said that he modeled the urban landscape of Superman's hometown of Metropolis from his old hometown. When the comic strip became international, the company was finally renamed the Daily Planet.

## Other websites

- Comic Art & Graffix Gallery – Artist Biography
- Additional, Aug 13, 2008.

## Infobox (comics creator)

- **image**: Joe shuster 1975.jpg
- **caption**: Shuster in a DC Comics press photo, 1975
- **birth name**: Joseph Shuster
- **birth place**: Toronto, Canada
- **death place**: Los Angeles, California
- **nationality**: Canadian
- **artist**: y
- **pencil**: y
- **notable works**: _Action Comics_
_Superman_
- **awards**: Eisner Award, Will Eisner Award Hall of Fame, 1992
List of Harvey Award winners#The Jack Kirby Hall of Fame, Jack Kirby Hall of Fame, 1993
Joe Shuster Awards, Joe Shuster Canadian Comic Book Creator Hall of Fame, 2005
- **sortkey**: Shuster, Joe
- **subcat**: Canadian
Bülend Ulusu

**Saim Bülend Ulusu** (24 April 1923 – 23 December 2015) was a Turkish admiral. He was Prime Minister of Turkey serving from September 21, 1980 through December 13, 1983. He was succeeded by future Turkish president Turgut Özal.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Bülend Ulusu
- **order**: Prime Minister of Turkey
- **term start**: September 21, 1980
- **term end**: December 13, 1983
- **predecessor**: Süleyman Demirel
- **successor**: Turgut Özal
- **birth place**: Üsküdar, Ottoman Empire
- **death place**: Istanbul, Turkey
- **party**: Independent politician, Independent
Adnan Pachachi

**Adnan al-Pachachi** or **Adnan Muzahim Ameen al-Pachachi** () (May 14, 1923 – November 17, 2019) was an Iraqi politician and diplomat. Pachachi was Iraq's Permanent Representative to the United Nations from 1959 to 1965 and Foreign Minister of Iraq from 1965 to 1967 during the Six-Day War with Israel.

Pachachi died in Abu Dhabi on November 17, 2019 at the age of 96.

## Other websites

- PACHACHI, Adnan International Who's Who. accessed September 1, 2006.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Adnan Pachachi
- **image**: Adnan Pachachi - Flickr - Al Jazeera English (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Pachachi in March 2010
- **office**: Foreign Minister of Iraq
- **term start**: 1965
- **term end**: 1967
- **birth place**: Baghdad, Kingdom of Iraq (Mandate administration), Iraq
- **death place**: Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- **party**: Assembly of Independent Democrats
- **alma mater**: American University of Beirut
Ninian Stephen

**Sir Ninian Martin Stephen**, (15 June 1923 – 29 October 2017) was an Australian jurist, civil servant, and politician. He served as the 20th Governor-General of Australia and as a Justice in the High Court of Australia.

Stephen died in Melbourne on 29 October 2017, aged 94.

## Other websites

- Supreme Court of Victoria Website
- The Bob Hawke Prime Ministerial Centre website

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **honorific-prefix**: The Right Honourable
- **name**: Sir Ninian Stephen
- **image**: Sir Ninian Stephen.jpg
- **imagesize**: 240px
- **order**: List of Governors-General of Australia, 20th
- **office**: Governor-General of Australia
- **term start**: 29 July 1982
- **term end**: 16 February 1989
- **primeminister**: Malcolm Fraser
Bob Hawke
- **predecessor**: Zelman Cowen, Sir Zelman Cowen
- **successor**: Bill Hayden
- **monarch**: Elizabeth II
- **office2**: List of Justices of the High Court of Australia, Justice of the High Court of Australia
- **term start2**: 1 March 1972
- **term end2**: 11 May 1982
- **nominator2**: William McMahon
- **predecessor2**: Sir Victor Windeyer
- **successor2**: William Deane, Sir William Deane
- **order3**: Supreme Court of Victoria, Judge of the Supreme Court of Victoria
- **term start3**: 30 June 1970
- **term end3**: 29 February 1972
- **birth place**: Henley-on-Thames, Oxfordshire, England, United Kingdom
- **death place**: Melbourne, Victoria (Australia), Victoria, Australia
- **spouse**: Valerie Sinclair (1949–2017)
- **children**: 5
- **profession**: Barrister, Judge
- **allegiance**: Australia
- **branch**: Australian Army
- **serviceyears**: 1942–1946
- **rank**: Lieutenant
Jamshid Amouzegar

**Jamshid Amouzegar**  (25 June 1923 – 27 September 2016) was an Iranian economist, artist and politician. He was the prime minister of Iran from 7 August 1977 to 27 August 1978 when he resigned. Before that, he served as the minister of interior and minister of finance in the cabinet of Amir-Abbas Hoveida. He was the leader of Rastakhiz Party during his tenure as prime minister.

Amouzegar was born on 25 June 1923 in Tehran, Iran. He graduated  from Tehran University with degrees in law and engineering. Then he attended Cornell University and received a PhD. He died on 27 September 2016 in Rockville, Maryland, aged 93.

## Other websites

- 'Alí Rizā Awsatí (عليرضا اوسطى), _Iran in the Past Three Centuries_ (_Irān dar Se Qarn-e Goz̲ashteh_ - ايران در سه قرن گذشته), Volume 2 (Paktāb Publishing - انتشارات پاکتاب, Tehran, Iran, 2003). .
- _Qajar (Kadjar) Orders and Decorations_

## Infobox (prime minister)

- **name**: Jamshid  Amouzegar
- **image**: Jamshid Amouzegar.jpg
- **order**: List of Prime Ministers of Iran, 71st Prime Minister of Iran
- **term start**: 7 August 1977
- **term end**: 27 August 1978
- **monarch**: Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi
- **deputy**: Gholam Reza Azhari
- **predecessor**: Amir-Abbas Hoveida
- **successor**: Jafar Sharif-Emami
- **order2**: Cabinet of Iran, Minister of Interior
- **primeminister2**: Amir-Abbas Hoveida
- **term start2**: 1 March 1974
- **term end2**: 7 August 1977
- **predecessor2**: Kamal Hassani
- **successor2**: Gholam Reza Azhari
- **order3**: Cabinet of Iran, Minister of Finance
- **primeminister3**: Amir-Abbas Hoveida
- **term start3**: 1 February 1965
- **term end3**: 1 March 1974
- **predecessor3**: Amir-Abbas Hoveida
- **successor3**: Hushang Ansary
- **order5**: Rastakhiz, Leader of Rastakhiz Party
- **deputy5**: Javad Saeed
- **term start5**: 1 August 1974
- **term end5**: 27 August 1977
- **predecessor5**: Amir-Abbas Hoveida
- **successor5**: Javad Saeed
- **birth place**: Tehran, Iran
- **death date**: 27 September 2016 (ages 93)
- **death place**: Rockville, Maryland, United States
- **alma mater**: Cornell University
- **party**: Nationalist Party (Iran), Nationalist Party <small>(1960-1975)</small>
Rastakhiz <small>(1975-1977)</small>
- **spouse**: Ulriche Amouzegar <small>(1925-2005)</small>