juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
John A. Volpe

**John Anthony Volpe** (; December 8, 1908November 11, 1994) was an American politician. He served as the 61st and 63rd Governor of Massachusetts. He also served as the United States Secretary of Transportation from 1969 to 1973 and an ambassador to Italy from 1973 to 1977.

Volpe died in Nahant, Massachusetts on November 11, 1994, at the age of 85. Volpe was buried at the Forest Glade Cemetery in Wakefield, Massachusetts.

## Other websites

- Official Commonwealth of Massachusetts Governor Biography

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: John A. Volpe
- **image**: Volpe.gif
- **caption**: Volpe as Transportation Secretary
- **order**: 2nd
- **office**: United States Secretary of Transportation
- **term start**: January 22, 1969
- **term end**: February 2, 1973
- **president**: Richard M. Nixon
- **predecessor**: Alan Stephenson Boyd, Alan S. Boyd
- **successor**: Claude S. Brinegar
- **order2**: 61st & 63rd
- **office2**: Governor of Massachusetts
- **term start2**: January 5, 1961
- **term end2**: January 3, 1963
January 7, 1965 – January 22, 1969
- **lieutenant2**: Edward F. McLaughlin, Jr.
Elliot Richardson
Francis W. Sargent
- **predecessor2**: Foster Furcolo
Endicott Peabody
- **successor2**: Endicott Peabody
Francis W. Sargent
- **order3**: United States Ambassador to Italy

- **term start3**: March 6, 1973
- **term end3**: January 24, 1977
- **predecessor3**: Graham Martin
- **successor3**: Richard N. Gardner
- **birth name**: John Anthony Volpe
- **birth place**: Wakefield, Massachusetts, United States
- **death place**: Nahant, Massachusetts, United States
- **resting place**: Forest Glade Cemetery, Wakefield, Massachusetts, United States
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **spouse**: Jennie Volpe
- **children**: John Anthony Volpe Jr.
Loretta Jean Volpe Rotondi
- **residence**: Wakefield, Massachusetts, United States
- **alma mater**: Wentworth Institute of Technology
- **profession**: Politician
- **branch**: United States Navy
- **unit**: Seabee (US Navy), Seabees Instructor
Brock Adams

**Brockman "Brock" Adams** (January 13, 1927 – September 10, 2004) was an American politician and member of Congress.

Adams was a Democrat from Washington and served as a U.S. Representative, Senator, and United States Secretary of Transportation before retiring in January 1993.

Adams died from Parkinson's disease in Stevensville, Maryland, aged 77.

## Other websites

- Voting record maintained by the Washington Post

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Brockman Adams
- **image**: Brockman Adams.jpg
- **imagesize**: 235px
- **state2**: Washington (U.S. state), Washington
- **district2**: Washington's 7th congressional district, 7th
- **term start2**: January 3, 1965
- **term end2**: January 22, 1977
- **preceded2**: K. William Stinson
- **succeeded2**: John E. Cunningham
- **order1**: 5th United States Secretary of Transportation
- **term start1**: January 23, 1977
- **term end1**: July 20, 1979
- **president1**: Jimmy Carter
- **predecessor1**: William Thaddeus Coleman, Jr.
- **successor1**: Neil Goldschmidt
- **jr/sr**: United States Senator
- **state**: Washington (U.S. state), Washington
- **term start**: January 3, 1987
- **term end**: January 3, 1993
- **predecessor**: Slade Gorton
- **successor**: Patty Murray
- **birth place**: Atlanta, Georgia
- **death place**: Stevensville, Maryland
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democrat
- **spouse**: Mary Elizabeth Adams
- **alma mater**: University of Washington
Harvard Law School
- **profession**: Politician, Lawyer
- **branch**: United States Navy
- **serviceyears**: 1944–1946
Andrew L. Lewis Jr.

**Andrew Lindsay Lewis, Jr.** (November 3, 1931 – February 10, 2016) was an American politician and businessman. He served as the United States Secretary of Transportation for part of the administration of United States President Ronald Reagan from 1981 to 1983. He was widely known as **Drew Lewis**. He was born in Broomall, Pennsylvania.

Lewis, Jr. died of complications from pneumonia in Prescott, Arizona on February 10, 2016 at the age of 84.

## Other websites

- NNDB: "Drew Lewis"
- Political Graveyard: "Lewis, Andrew Lindsay, Jr."

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **image**: Drew lewis.jpg
- **office**: 7th United States Secretary of Transportation
- **president**: Ronald Reagan
- **term start**: January 23, 1981
- **term end**: February 1, 1983
- **predecessor**: Neil Goldschmidt
- **successor**: Elizabeth Dole
- **birth name**: Andrew Lindsay Lewis Jr.
- **birth place**: Broomall, Pennsylvania, Broomall, Pennsylvania, U.S.
- **death place**: Prescott, Arizona, Prescott, Arizona, U.S.
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **spouse**: Marilyn Lewis, Marilyn Stoughton
- **children**: 3
- **education**: Haverford College
Harvard University
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Samuel K. Skinner

**Samuel Knox Skinner** (born June 10, 1938) is an American politician, lawyer and businessman. Skinner served as U.S. Secretary of Transportation and White House Chief of Staff under President George H. W. Bush.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Samuel Knox Skinner
- **smallimage**: Samuel Knox Skinner.jpg
- **order**: 10th
- **office**: United States Secretary of Transportation
- **term start**: February 6, 1989
- **term end**: December 15, 1991
- **president**: George H. W. Bush
- **predecessor**: James H. Burnley IV
- **successor**: Andrew Card
- **order2**: 15th
- **title2**: White House Chief of Staff
- **term start2**: December 16, 1991
- **term end2**: August 23, 1992
- **president2**: George H. W. Bush
- **predecessor2**: John H. Sununu
- **successor2**: James Baker
- **birth place**: Chicago, Illinois
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **spouse**: Susan Ann Thomas Skinner
- **children**: Thomas V. Skinner
Jane Skinner
Steven K. Skinner
Samuel J. Skinner
William C. Skinner
- **alma mater**: University of Illinois
DePaul University
- **occupation**: Lawyer, public official, businessman
- **branch**: United States Army
- **serviceyears**: 1960-1961
- **rank**: Lieutenant
Claude Brinegar

**Claude Stout Brinegar** (December 16, 1926 – March 13, 2009) was an American politician. He was the third United States Secretary of Transportation serving from February 2, 1973 to February 1, 1975. Brinegar had previously been an oil company executive. Brinegar was Secretary of Transportation during the 1973 oil crisis. In 1980-81, Brinegar was on Ronald Reagan's transition team.

## Other websites

- White House press release, December 7, 1972. , Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library
- Brinegar, Claude Stout . (via Google Books

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Claude Brinegar
- **image**: Claude S. Brinegar official photo.jpg
- **office**: 3rd United States Secretary of Transportation
- **president**: Richard Nixon
Gerald Ford
- **term start**: February 2, 1973
- **term end**: February 1, 1975
- **predecessor**: John Volpe
- **successor**: William Thaddeus Coleman Jr.
- **birth name**: Claude Stout Brinegar
- **birth place**: Rockport, California, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Palo Alto, California, United States, U.S.
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **education**: Stanford University
- **serviceyears**: 1945–1947
- **unit**: United States Army Air Forces
Anthony Foxx

**Anthony Renard Foxx** (born April 30, 1971) is an American politician. He was United States Secretary of Transportation from 2013 through 2017. He served as the Mayor of Charlotte, North Carolina, from 2009 to 2013.

On April 29, 2013, President Barack Obama said he would nominate Foxx to be the Secretary of Transportation. On June 27, 2013 the Senate confirmed the nomination of Foxx to the post of Secretary of Transportation on a vote of 100-0.

## Other websites

- Secretary Foxx at USDOT

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Anthony Foxx
- **image**: Anthony Foxx official portrait.jpg
- **office**: 17th United States Secretary of Transportation
- **president**: Barack Obama
- **deputy**: John Porcari
Victor Mendez
- **term start**: July 2, 2013
- **term end**: January 20, 2017
- **predecessor**: Ray LaHood
- **successor**: Elaine Chao
- **office1**: 54th Mayor of Charlotte
- **term start1**: December 7, 2009
- **term end1**: July 1, 2013
- **predecessor1**: Pat McCrory
- **successor1**: Patsy Kinsey
- **birthname**: Anthony Renard Foxx
- **birth place**: Charlotte, North Carolina, Charlotte, North Carolina, United States, U.S.
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
- **spouse**: Samara Ryder
- **alma mater**: Davidson College
New York University School of Law, New York University
Samuel Bodman

**Samuel Wright Bodman III** (November 26, 1938 – September 7, 2018) was an American politician. He was the 11th United States Secretary of Energy. He was previously the Deputy Secretary of the Treasury and the Deputy Secretary of Commerce.

Bodman died in El Paso, Texas on September 7, 2018 at the age of 79. The cause of death was complications from primary progressive aphasia.

## Other websites

- Samuel Bodman's political donations

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Samuel W. Bodman
- **image**: Samuel_Bodman.jpg
- **order**: 11th
- **title**: United States Secretary of Energy
- **term start**: January 31, 2005
- **term end**: January 20, 2009
- **president**: George W. Bush
- **predecessor**: Spencer Abraham
- **successor**: Steven Chu
- **title2**: Deputy Secretary of the Treasury
- **term start2**: February 2004
- **term end2**: January 2005
- **president2**: George W. Bush
- **predecessor2**: Kenneth W. Dam
- **successor2**: Robert Kimmitt
- **birth place**: Chicago, Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, United States
- **death place**: El Paso, Texas, United States
- **spouse**: M. Diane Bodman
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **alma mater**: Cornell University <small>(B.S.)</small>
Massachusetts Institute of Technology <small>(Sc.D.)</small>
Charles Duncan Jr.

**Charles William Duncan Jr.** (September 9, 1926 – October 18, 2022)   is an American entrepreneur, administrator, and statesman. Duncan served as the U.S. Secretary of Energy on the Cabinet of President Jimmy Carter from 1979 to 1981.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Charles Duncan Jr.
- **image**: Secretary duncan.jpg
- **office**: 2nd United States Secretary of Energy
- **president**: Jimmy Carter
- **term start**: August 24, 1979
- **term end**: January 20, 1981
- **predecessor**: James R. Schlesinger
- **successor**: James B. Edwards
- **office1**: 17th United States Deputy Secretary of Defense
- **president1**: Jimmy Carter
- **term start1**: January 31, 1977
- **term end1**: July 26, 1979
- **predecessor1**: Robert Ellsworth
- **successor1**: W. Graham Claytor Jr.
- **birth name**: Charles William Duncan Jr.
- **birth place**: Houston, Texas, U.S.
- **death place**: Houston, Texas, U.S.
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
- **spouse**: Anne Smith
- **children**: 2
- **education**: Rice University (Bachelor of Science, BS)
University of Texas at Austin
- **allegiance**: United States
- **branch**: United States Army
- **unit**: United States Army Air Corps
- **battles**: World War II
Melvin Laird

**Melvin Robert "Bom" Laird** (September 1, 1922 – November 16, 2016) was an American politician and writer. He was a U.S. congressman from Wisconsin before serving as Secretary of Defense from 1969 to 1973 under President Richard Nixon.

Laird died from complications of congestive heart failure at a hospital in Fort Myers, Florida on November 16, 2016, aged 94.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Melvin Laird
- **image**: Melvin Laird official photo.JPEG
- **office**: 10th United States Secretary of Defense
- **president**: Richard Nixon
- **term start**: January 21, 1969
- **term end**: January 29, 1973
- **predecessor**: Clark Clifford
- **successor**: Elliot Richardson
- **state1**: Wisconsin
- **term start1**: January 3, 1953
- **term end1**: January 21, 1969
- **predecessor1**: Reid F. Murray, Reid Murray
- **successor1**: Dave Obey
- **birth name**: Melvin Robert Laird
- **birth place**: Omaha, Nebraska, Omaha, Nebraska, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Fort Myers, Florida, Fort Myers, Florida, U.S.
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican Party
- **spouse**: Barbara Masters
Carole Fleishman
- **children**: John
Allison
David
Kimberly
- **alma mater**: Carleton College
- **branch**:  United States Navy
- **serviceyears**: 1942–1946
- **battles**: World War II
- **awards**: Purple Heart
Frank Carlucci

**Frank Charles Carlucci III** (October 18, 1930 – June 3, 2018) was an American politician. He served as the United States Secretary of Defense from 1987 to 1989 in the administration of President Ronald Reagan.

Carlucci served in a variety of senior-level governmental positions, including Director of the Office of Economic Opportunity in the Richard Nixon administration, Deputy Director of the CIA in the Jimmy Carter administration, and Deputy Secretary of Defense and National Security Advisor in the Reagan administration.

Carlucci died on June 3, 2018, from complications of Parkinson's disease, at his home in McLean, Virginia, at the age of 87.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Frank Carlucci
- **image**: Frank Carlucci official portrait.JPEG
- **office**: 16th United States Secretary of Defense
- **president**: Ronald Reagan
- **deputy**: William Howard Taft IV, William Taft
- **term start**: November 23, 1987
- **term end**: January 20, 1989
- **predecessor**: Caspar Weinberger
- **successor**: Dick Cheney
- **office1**: 15th National Security Advisor (United States), United States National Security Advisor
- **president1**: Ronald Reagan
- **deputy1**: Peter Rodman
- **term start1**: December 2, 1986
- **term end1**: November 23, 1987
- **predecessor1**: John Poindexter
- **successor1**: Colin Powell
- **office2**: 18th United States Deputy Secretary of Defense
- **president2**: Ronald Reagan
- **term start2**: February 4, 1981
- **term end2**: December 31, 1982
- **predecessor2**: W. Graham Claytor Jr., Graham Claytor
- **successor2**: W. Paul Thayer, Paul Thayer
- **office3**: 13th Deputy Director of the Central Intelligence Agency
- **president3**: Jimmy Carter
Ronald Reagan
- **term start3**: February 5, 1978
- **term end3**: February 4, 1981
- **predecessor3**: John Francis Blake
- **successor3**: Bobby Ray Inman, Bobby Inman
- **office4**: United States Ambassador to Portugal
- **president4**: Gerald Ford
- **term start4**: January 24, 1975
- **term end4**: February 5, 1978
- **predecessor4**: Stuart Nash Scott, Stuart Scott
- **successor4**: Richard J. Bloomfield, Richard Bloomfield
- **office5**: 4th Director of the Office of Economic Opportunity
- **president5**: Richard Nixon
- **term start5**: January 1971
- **term end5**: December 1972
- **predecessor5**: Donald Rumsfeld
- **successor5**: Phillip V. Sanchez
- **birth name**: Frank Charles Carlucci III
- **death place**: McLean, Virginia, U.S.
- **resting place**: Arlington National Cemetery
- **spouse**:

- **children**: Three (Two with Anthony; One with Myers)
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **education**: Princeton University
Harvard University
- **serviceyears**: 1952–1954
- **rank**:  Lieutenant
J. William Middendorf

**John William Middendorf II** (September 22, 1924 – October 24, 2025) was an American politician. He served as the United States Secretary of the Navy under the Gerald Ford administration. He was a member of the Republican Party. Middendorf was a member of the board of directors of the International Republican Institute.

Middendorf died at a hospital in Fall River, Massachusetts on October 24, 2025, at the age of 101.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **image**: John William Middendorf (1969).jpg
- **caption**: Middendorf in 1969
- **office**: United States Ambassador to the European Union
- **president**: Ronald Reagan
- **term start**: July 12, 1985
- **term end**: February 1, 1987
- **predecessor**: George S. Vest
- **successor**: Alfred H. Kingon
- **office1**: 10th United States Ambassador to the Organization of American States
- **president1**: Ronald Reagan
- **term start1**: July 1, 1981
- **term end1**: June 20, 1985
- **predecessor1**: Gale W. McGee
- **successor1**: Richard T. McCormack
- **office2**: 62nd United States Secretary of the Navy
- **president2**: Richard Nixon
Gerald Ford
- **term start2**: April 8, 1974
- **term end2**: January 20, 1977
- **predecessor2**: John Warner
- **successor2**: W. Graham Claytor Jr.
- **office3**: Under Secretary of the Navy
- **president3**: Richard Nixon
- **term start3**: August 3, 1973
- **term end3**: June 20, 1974
- **predecessor3**: Frank P. Sanders
- **successor3**: David S. Potter
- **office4**: List of ambassadors of the United States to the Netherlands, United States Ambassador
to the Netherlands
- **president4**: Richard Nixon
- **term start4**: July 9, 1969
- **term end4**: June 10, 1973
- **predecessor4**: William R. Tyler
- **successor4**: Kingdon Gould Jr.
- **birth name**: John William Middendorf II
- **birth place**: Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.
- **death place**: Fall River, Massachusetts, U.S.
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **branch label**: Branch
- **serviceyears**: 1944–1946
- **serviceyears label**: Service years
- **battles**: World War II
- **battles label**: Conflict
Paul Robert Ignatius

**Paul Robert Ignatius** (November 11, 1920 – November 6, 2025) was an American government official. He served as United States Secretary of the Navy between 1967 and 1969 and was the Assistant Secretary of Defense during the Lyndon Johnson administration.

Ignatius turned 100 on November 11, 2020. He died on November 6, 2025 at his home in Washington, D.C., five days before his 105th birthday.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Paul Robert Ignatius
- **image**: Ignatius, Paul Robert.jpg
- **office**: 59th United States Secretary of the Navy
- **president**: Lyndon B. Johnson
Richard Nixon
- **term start**: September 1, 1967
- **term end**: January 24, 1969
- **predecessor**: Charles F. Baird
- **successor**: John Chafee
- **office1**: Assistant Secretary of Defense for Installations and Logistics
- **president1**: Lyndon B. Johnson
- **term start1**: December 26, 1964
- **term end1**: August 31, 1967
- **office2**: Under Secretary of the Army
- **president2**: Lyndon B. Johnson
- **term start2**: February 1964
- **term end2**: December 1964
- **predecessor2**: Stephen Ailes
- **successor2**: Stanley Rogers Resor
- **office3**: Assistant Secretary of the Army for Installations and Logistics
- **president3**: John F. Kennedy
Lyndon B. Johnson
- **term start3**: 1961
- **term end3**: 1964
- **birth name**: Paul Robert Ignatius
- **birth place**: Glendale, California, U.S.
- **death place**: Washington, D.C., U.S.
- **children**: 4, including David Ignatius, David and Adi Ignatius, Adi
- **branch**: US Navy
- **battles**: World War II
- **serviceyears**: 1943–1946
W. Michael Blumenthal

**Werner Michael Blumenthal** (born January 3, 1926) is an American politician. He was the United States Secretary of the Treasury under President Jimmy Carter from 1977 to 1979.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **birthname**: Werner Michael Blumenthal
- **image**: Portrait_of_W._Michael_Blumenthal.jpg
- **order**: 64th United States Secretary of the Treasury
- **term start**: January 23, 1977
- **term end**: August 4, 1979
- **president**: Jimmy Carter
- **predecessor**: William E. Simon
- **successor**: G. William Miller
- **birth place**: Oranienburg, Prussia
- **alma mater**: University of California, Berkeley,
Princeton University
- **signature**: W M Blumenthal sig.jpg
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
- **spouse**: Margaret Eileen Polley (1951–1977), Barbara Bennett
Nicholas F. Brady

**Nicholas Frederick Brady** (born April 11, 1930) is an American politician. He was the United States Secretary of the Treasury under Presidents Ronald Reagan and George H. W. Bush. He was known for creating the Brady Plan in March 1989.

In 1982, he was appointed to succeed Harrison A. Williams as a United States Senator until a special election could be held. He served in the Senate for 8 months.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Nicholas F. Brady
- **image**: Nicholas Frederick Brady.jpg
- **nationality**: American
- **order**: 68th
- **title**: United States Secretary of the Treasury
- **term start**: September 15, 1988
- **term end**: January 17, 1993
- **president**: Ronald Reagan
George H. W. Bush
- **predecessor**: James Baker
- **successor**: Lloyd Bentsen
- **jr/sr2**: United States Senator
- **state2**: New Jersey
- **term start2**: April 20, 1982
- **term end2**: December 27, 1982
- **appointed2**: Thomas Kean
- **predecessor2**: Harrison A. Williams
- **successor2**: Frank Lautenberg
- **birth name**: Nicholas Frederick Brady
- **birth place**: New York City, New York (state), New York
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **children**: 4
- **alma mater**: Yale University
Harvard Business School
- **signature**: Nicholas F Brady sig.jpg
Hoyt Curtin

**Hoyt Stoddard Curtin** (September 9, 1922 – December 3, 2000) was an American composer and music producer, the primary musical director for the Hanna-Barbera animation studio from its beginnings with _The Ruff & Reddy Show_ in 1957 until his retirement in 1986. He composed the themes for _The Flintstones_ and in _The Jetsons_.
Word salad

**Word salad** is language with meaningless, scrambled words. It is unintelligible, which means a listener cannot find any meaning in the spoken sentence. The words in the sentence may or may not be in grammatically correct order.

'Word salad' is most often seen as a symptom of a neurological or mental disorder. The term is often used in psychiatry and theoretical linguistics to describe language which native speakers judge is meaningless.

## In mental health diagnoses

Word salad occurs in neurological or psychological cases in which a person tries to communicate, and words and phrases come out  but make no sense. Often, the person is unaware that the words they spoke did not make sense. It appears in people with dementia and schizophrenia, and after anoxic brain injury.

It may be present as:
- Receptive aphasia: damage to brain centres dealing with language.
- Schizophasia: incoherent babbling, sometimes a symptom of schizophrenia.
- Logorrhea: a mental condition characterized by excessive talking.
- Graphorrhea: a written version of word salad, rarer than logorrhea in schizophrenics.

## In computing

Word salad can be generated by a computer program for various purposes.

Mojibake, also called _Buchstabensalat_ ("letter salad") in German, is an effect similar to word salad, in which an assortment of seemingly-random text is generated.

Lorem ipsum is a dummy text that is mainly used to show what text on a page or website would look like.

## Related pages

- Scat singing
- Glossolalia
- Thought disorder
- Gibberish
- Buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo
Robert Bergland

**Robert Selmer "Bob" Bergland** (July 22, 1928 – December 9, 2018) was an American politician.  He served as a member of the House of Representatives from Minnesota's 7th congressional district from 1971 to 1977, and he served as United States Secretary of Agriculture from 1977 until 1981, during the administration of President Jimmy Carter.

Bergland died at a nursing home in Roseau, Minnesota on December 9, 2018, aged 90.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Bob Bergland
- **image**: Robert Bergland - USDA portrait.jpg
- **order**: 20th
- **title**: United States Secretary of Agriculture
- **term start**: January 23, 1977
- **term end**: January 20, 1981
- **president**: Jimmy Carter
- **predecessor**: John Albert Knebel, John A. Knebel
- **successor**: John Rusling Block, John R. Block
- **office2**: Member of the United States House of Representative, U.S. House of Representatives from Minnesota's Minnesota's 7th congressional district, 7th district
- **term start2**: January 3, 1971
- **term end2**: January 22, 1977
- **predecessor2**: Odin Langen
- **successor2**: Arlan Stangeland
- **birth place**: Roseau, Minnesota, Roseau, Minnesota, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Roseau, Minnesota, U.S.
- **party**: Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party
- **spouse**: Helen Bergland
- **children**: Dianne Leigh Bergland
Linda Kay Bergland
Stevan Ray Bergland
Jon Lynn Bergland
Allan Robert Bergland
William Joseph "Billy" Bergland
Franklyn Felix Bergland
- **parents**: Selmer Bennett Bergland
Mabel Evans Bergland
- **alma mater**: University of Minnesota
- **profession**: Politician
Ray Marshall

**Freddie Ray Marshall**  (born August 22, 1928) is an American politician, writer, and educator. He is the Professor Emeritus of the  Audre and Bernard Rapoport Centennial Chair in Economics and Public Affairs at the University of Texas at Austin.

## Early life

Marshall was born in 1928 in Oak Grove, Louisiana. He spent some of his youth in an orphanage. He joined the US Navy at age 15 by overstating his age. After serving in World War II, he attended Louisiana State University and Millsaps College.

While attending Millsaps, he became a member of Lambda Chi Alpha Fraternity. He has a Ph.D is from University of California, Berkeley in economics.

## Career

He has held several academic posts, but since 1962 has been at the University of Texas, with the exception of his term as United States Secretary of Labor as a member of Jimmy Carter's Administration.

As Secretary of Labor, he expanded public service and job-training programs, as a part of Carter's economic stimulus program.

## Personal life

Marshall was also one of the founders of the Economic Policy Institute in 1986.

## More reading

- _Editor: Back to Shared Prosperity: The Growing Inequality of Wealth and Income in America, _

## Other websites

- U.S. Department of Labor Marshall biography

## Infobox (us cabinet official)

- **name**: Ray Marshall
- **image**: Frmarshall.jpg
- **order**: 16th
- **title**: United States Secretary of Labor
- **term start**: January 27, 1977
- **term end**: January 20, 1981
- **predecessor**: William Usery, Jr.
- **successor**: Ray Donovan, Raymond J. Donovan
- **president**: Jimmy Carter
- **birth place**: Oak Grove, Louisiana
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
- **alma mater**: Louisiana State University
Millsaps College
University of California-Berkeley
- **profession**: sailor, professor
- **branch**: United States Navy
- **battles**: World War II
Libertarian Party of Canada

The **Libertarian Party of Canada** is a libertarian political party in Canada. It was started in 1973 by Bruce Evoy, who became the party's first chairman. The current leader of the party is Tim Moen. The party wants to limit the role of the federal government in people's lives. For example, it would reduce or eliminate most personal and coporate taxes.
Evangelical Lutheran Church in Canada

The **Evangelical Lutheran Church in Canada** (or **ELCC**) is a Lutheran denomination in Canada. It is the largest of the Canadian Lutheran churches, with more than 145,000 members.

The ELCC started in 1986, when the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Canada merged with the Canadian section of the Lutheran Church in America.

The church is grouped into five synods:
- The British Columbia Synod
- The Synod of Alberta and the Territories
- The Saskatchewan Synod
- The Manitoba/Northwestern Ontario Synod
- The Eastern Synod
The head of the ELCC is a presiding bishop, who is called the "National Bishop. The current national bishop is Rev. Susan Johnson.

## Related pages

- Lutheran Church–Canada
Lutheran Church–Canada

The **Lutheran Church–Canada** (or **LCC**) is a confessional Lutheran denomination in Canada. It is the second largest Canadian Lutheran church, after the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Canada. The LCC was orgainized in 1988 by the Canadian congregations of the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod.

The current president of the LCC is Rev. Dr. Robert Bugbee.
Roman Catholicism in Canada

The **Roman Catholic Church in Canada** is part of the world wide Catholic Church. As of 2008, it was the third largest religious body in Canada. Over 13 million Canadians (46% of population) was a baptized member of the Catholic Church.

Catholics first settled in Canada in the 1600s, when French settlers founded Quebec City. In the 1620s, British Catholics were allowed to settle on Newfoundland. A seminary was started in Quebec City in 1663. In 1674, Pope Clement X started a diocese in Quebec City, which was the first episcopal see in the Americas north of Mexico. This diocese became the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Quebec in 1819. The diocese originally covered all of Canada but other diocese were created during the 19th century.
Denys Williams

**Sir Denys Ambrose Williams** (12 October 1929 – 7 August 2014) was a Chief Justice of Barbados. He served as an acting governor-general from 19 December 1995 until 1 June 1996.

Williams died in Bridgetown, Barbados from unknown causes, aged 84.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **honorific-prefix**: Excellency, His Excellency
- **name**: Sir Denys Williams
- **office**: Governor-General of Barbados
Acting
- **monarch**: Elizabeth II
- **primeminister**: Owen Arthur
- **term start**: 19 December 1995
- **term end**: 1 June 1996
- **predecessor**: Nita Barrow
- **successor**: Clifford Husbands
- **birth place**: Barbados
- **death place**: Bridgetown, Barbados
- **spouse**: Carmel Williams
Manuel Lujan Jr.

**Manuel Archibald Lujan Jr.** (May 12, 1928 – April 25, 2019) was an American politician. He was a member of the Republican Party. He was from the U.S. state of New Mexico.

Lujan served in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1969 to 1989. He also served as the United States Secretary of the Interior from 1989 to 1993. He was an assistant of George H. W. Bush in the House from 1969 to 1971. In 1989, President Bush named Lujan to his Cabinet.

His niece is current Governor of New Mexico and former U.S. Representative Michelle Lujan Grisham.

Lujan died in Albuquerque, New Mexico from congestive heart failure on April 25, 2019 at the age of 90.

## Other websites

- Manuel Lujan Agencies (family-owned business)
- Hispanic Alliance for Progress Institute (Organization Headed by Lujan)

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Manuel Lujan Jr.
- **image**: Lujan_manuel.jpg
- **order**: 46th
- **title**: United States Secretary of the Interior
- **term start**: February 3, 1989
- **term end**: January 20, 1993
- **predecessor**: Donald P. Hodel
- **successor**: Bruce Babbitt
- **president**: George H. W. Bush
- **order2**: Member
- **title2**: of the U.S. House of Representatives from New Mexico's New Mexico's 1st congressional district, 1st district
- **term start2**: January 3, 1969
- **term end2**: January 3, 1989
- **predecessor2**: Thomas G. Morris
- **successor2**: Steven Schiff
- **birth name**: Manuel Archibald Lujan Jr.
- **birth place**: San Ildefonso Pueblo, New Mexico, San Ildefonso Pueblo, New Mexico, U.S.
- **death place**: Albuquerque, New Mexico, U.S.
- **spouse**: Jean Lujan
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **alma mater**: College of Santa Fe
Bill Brock

**William Emerson "Bill" Brock III** (November 23, 1930 – March 25, 2021) was a Republican United States senator from Tennessee, having served from 1971 to 1977. Upon the election of Ronald Reagan as U.S. president, Brock was appointed U.S. Trade Representative, a position he had until 1985 when he was made Secretary of Labor.

Brock died from pneumonia in Fort Lauderdale, Florida on March 25, 2021, at age 90.

## Other websites

- USDOL biography
- e-archive biography
- William Emerson Brock III Papers , University of Tennessee Knoxville Libraries

## Infobox (us cabinet official)

- **image**: Bill Brock 2015.jpg
- **imagesize**: 183px
- **order**: 18th
- **title**: United States Secretary of Labor
- **term start**: April 29, 1985
- **term end**: October 31, 1987
- **president**: Ronald Reagan
- **predecessor**: Raymond J. Donovan
- **successor**: Ann McLaughlin Korologos, Ann Dore McLaughlin
- **order2**: 8th
- **title2**: United States Trade Representative
- **term start2**: January 20, 1981
- **term end2**: April 29, 1985
- **president2**: Ronald Reagan
- **predecessor2**: Reubin Askew
- **successor2**: Clayton Keith Yeutter
- **order3**: United States Senate, United States Senator
- **title3**:
from Tennessee
- **term start3**: January 3, 1971
- **term end3**: January 3, 1977
- **predecessor3**: Albert Gore Sr.
- **successor3**: Jim Sasser
- **order5**: 50th Republican National Committee, Chairman of the Republican National Committee
- **term start5**: 1977
- **term end5**: 1981
- **predecessor5**: Mary Louise Smith (Republican Party leader), Mary Louise Smith
- **successor5**: Richard Richards (Utah), Richard Richards
- **order4**: Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Tennessee's Tennessee's 3rd congressional district, 3rd district
- **term start4**: January 3, 1963
- **term end4**: January 3, 1971
- **predecessor4**: James B. Frazier, Jr.
- **successor4**: LaMar Baker
- **birth name**: William Emerson Brock III
- **birth place**: Chattanooga, Tennessee
- **death place**: Fort Lauderdale, Florida
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **alma mater**: Washington and Lee University
- **branch**: United States Navy
- **serviceyears**: 1953-1956
Richard Schweiker

**Richard Schultz Schweiker** (June 1, 1926 – July 31, 2015) was an American politician. A member of the Republican Party, he served as the 14th U.S. Secretary of Health and Human Services under President Ronald Reagan from 1981 to 1983.

He previously served as a U.S. Representative (1961–1969) and a U.S. Senator (1969–1981) from Pennsylvania.

In the 1976 election, then-former Governor Reagan picked Schweiker as his running mate. The pair lost the Republican primary to then-incumbent President Gerald Ford.

On July 31, 2015, Schweiker died from complications due to an infection at the AtlantiCare Regional Medical Center in Pomona, New Jersey, aged 89.

## Other websites

- Church Committee report (Book V: J.F.K. Assassination)

## Infobox (us cabinet official)

- **name**: Richard S. Schweiker
- **image**: Secretary Richard Schweiker.jpg
- **order**: 14th
- **title**: United States Secretary of Health and Human Services
- **president**: Ronald Reagan
- **term start**: January 22, 1981
- **term end**: February 3, 1983
- **predecessor**: Patricia Roberts Harris, Patricia R. Harris
- **successor**: Margaret Heckler, Margaret M. Heckler
- **jr/sr2**: United States Senator
- **state2**: Pennsylvania
- **term start2**: January 3, 1969
- **term end2**: January 3, 1981
- **predecessor2**: Joseph S. Clark, Jr., Joseph S. Clark
- **successor2**: Arlen Specter
- **state3**: Pennsylvania
- **district3**: Pennsylvania's 13th congressional district, 13th
- **term start3**: January 3, 1961
- **term end3**: January 3, 1969
- **preceded3**: John A. Lafore, Jr., John A. Lafore
- **succeeded3**: Lawrence Coughlin
- **birth name**: Richard Schultz Schweiker
- **birth place**: Norristown, Pennsylvania, Norristown, Pennsylvania, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Pomona, New Jersey, Pomona, New Jersey, U.S.
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **spouse**: Claire Coleman Schweiker
- **relations**: Malcolm Alderfer Schweiker, Jr.
Sylvia Schweiker Strasburg
- **children**: Malcolm Coleman Schweiker (b. 1957)
Lari Lynne Schweiker (b. 1960)
Kyle Claire Schweiker (b. 1965)
Richard Schultz Schweiker, Jr. (b. 1967)
Lara Kristi Schweiker (b. 1969)
- **parents**: Malcolm Alderfer Schweiker, Sr.
Blanche Schultz Schweiker
- **alma mater**: Pennsylvania State University
- **profession**: Politician, businessman
- **branch**: United States Navy
- **serviceyears**: 1944-1946
- **battles**: World War II
Christian Herter

**Christian Archibald Herter** (March 28, 1895December 30, 1966) was an American politician. He was the 59th Governor of Massachusetts from 1953 to 1957. He also served as United States Secretary of State from 1959 to 1961 and the first United States Trade Representative.

## Other websites

- Papers of Christian A. Herter, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library
- Official Commonwealth of Massachusetts Governor Biography

- Column on Herter's life as an example of liberal Republicanism

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Christian A. Herter
- **image**: Christian Archibald Herter (politician).jpg
- **imagesize**: 220px
- **order**: 53rd
- **office**: United States Secretary of State
- **term start**: April 22, 1959
- **term end**: January 20, 1961
- **president**: Dwight D. Eisenhower
- **predecessor**: John Foster Dulles
- **successor**: Dean Rusk
- **order2**: 1st
- **office2**: United States Trade Representative
- **term start2**: 1962
- **term end2**: 1966
- **president2**: John F. Kennedy
Lyndon B. Johnson
- **predecessor2**: _Position established_
- **successor2**: William M. Roth
- **order3**: 59th
- **office3**: Governor of Massachusetts
- **term start3**: January 8, 1953
- **term end3**: January 3, 1957
- **lieutenant3**: Sumner G. Whittier
- **predecessor3**: Paul A. Dever
- **successor3**: Foster Furcolo
- **order4**: Member of the United States House of Representatives, U.S. House of Representatives
from Massachusetts's Massachusetts's 10th congressional district, 10th district
- **term start4**: January 3, 1943
- **term end4**: January 3, 1953
- **predecessor4**: George H. Tinkham
- **successor4**: Laurence Curtis
- **order5**: Under Secretary of State
- **term start5**: February 21, 1957
- **term end5**: April 22, 1959
- **predecessor5**: Herbert Hoover, Jr.
- **successor5**: C. Douglas Dillon
- **birth name**: Christian Archibald Herter
- **birth place**: Paris, France
- **death place**: Washington, D.C., United States, U.S.
- **resting place**: Prospect Hill Cemetery (Millis, Massachusetts), Prospect Hill Cemetery, Millis, Massachusetts
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **spouse**: Mary Caroline Pratt Herter
- **alma mater**: Harvard University
- **cabinet**: Dwight D. Eisenhower
- **signature**: Christian Herter Signature.svg
Ramsey Clark

**William Ramsey Clark** (December 18, 1927 – April 9, 2021) was an American lawyer, activist and former public official. He worked for the U.S. Department of Justice, which included service as United States Attorney General from 1967 to 1969, under President Lyndon B. Johnson.

Clark died on April 9, 2021 in New York City, aged 93.

## Other websites

- Biography  from the Department of Justice website.
- Longer biography from the Department of Justice website.
- International Action Center Founded by Ramsey Clark.
- International Committee to Defend Slobodan Milošević Where Ramsey Clark signed the petition.
- "Neighborhood Bully: Ramsey Clark on American Militarism , interview by Derrick Jensen.  Online posting.  _The Sun_ (no date).
- "Opinion: Ramsey Clark's bloody resume," by Michelle Malkin.  Online posting.  _Townhall_ January 24, 2002.
- "Profile: Ramsey Clark: A Voice of Reason."   Online posting.  _Al-Ahram Weekly_ 2003.
- "Ramsey Clark to defend Saddam."  Online posting. Aljazeera December 29, 2004. July 1, 2006.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Ramsey Clark
- **image**: Ramsey Clark at the White House, 28 Feb 1968.jpg
- **caption**: Clark in 1968
- **office**: 66th United States Attorney General
- **president**: Lyndon B. Johnson
- **deputy**: Warren Christopher
- **term start**: November 28, 1966
- **term end**: January 20, 1969
<small>Acting: November 28, 1966 – March 10, 1967</small>
- **predecessor**: Nicholas Katzenbach
- **successor**: John N. Mitchell
- **office1**: 8th United States Deputy Attorney General
- **president1**: Lyndon B. Johnson
- **term start1**: January 28, 1965
- **term end1**: March 10, 1967
- **predecessor1**: Nicholas Katzenbach
- **successor1**: Warren Christopher
- **birth name**: William Ramsey Clark
- **birth place**: Dallas, Texas, U.S.
- **death place**: New York City, New York (state), New York, U.S.
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
- **spouse**: Georgia Welch (1949–2010)
- **children**: 2
- **father**: Tom C. Clark, Tom Clark
- **relations**: William F. Ramsey <small>(grandfather)</small>
- **education**: University of Texas at Austin, University of Texas, Austin (Bachelor of Arts, BA)
University of Chicago (Master of Arts, MA, Juris Doctor, JD)
- **serviceyears**: 1945–1946
Carla Anderson Hills

**Carla Anderson Hills** (born January 3, 1934) is an American lawyer and a public figure. She served as United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development in the Gerald Ford administration and as U.S. Trade Representative. She was the first woman to serve as Secretary of Housing and Urban Development and the third woman to serve as a cabinet officer.

## Other websites

- Author biography
- A Few Good Women... Carla Anderson Hills

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **image**: Carla A. Hills official portrait.jpg
- **name**: Carla Anderson Hills
- **imagesize**: 220px
- **office**: Chair of the Council on Foreign Relations
- **president**: Richard N. Haass, Richard Haass
- **alongside**: Robert Rubin
- **term start**: June 30, 2007
- **term end**: July 1, 2017
- **predecessor**: Peter George Peterson, Peter Peterson
- **successor**: David Rubenstein
- **order2**: 5th
- **office2**: United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development
- **term start2**: March 10, 1975
- **term end2**: January 20, 1977
- **president2**: Gerald Ford
- **predecessor2**: James Thomas Lynn
- **successor2**: Patricia Roberts Harris
- **order3**: 10th United States Trade Representative
- **term start3**: 1989
- **term end3**: 1993
- **president3**: George H. W. Bush
- **predecessor3**: Clayton Keith Yeutter
- **successor3**: Mickey Kantor
- **birth name**: Carla Anderson
- **birth place**: Los Angeles, California
- **spouse**: Roderick M. Hills
- **children**: 4
- **residence**: Washington DC
- **alma mater**: Oxford University
Stanford University
Yale Law School
- **profession**: law
Moon Landrieu

**Maurice Edwin Landrieu**, known as **Moon Landrieu** (July 23, 1930 – September 5, 2022) was an American politician. He was a member of the Democratic Party. He served as Mayor of New Orleans from 1970 to 1978. His son was Mitch Landrieu, the former Mayor of New Orleans and his daughter was the former United States senator Mary Landrieu.

He also is a former judge. He represented New Orleans' Twelfth Ward in the Louisiana House of Representatives from 1960 to 1966. He served on the New Orleans City Council as a member at-large from 1966 to 1970.

Landrieu was the United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development under U.S. President Jimmy Carter from 1979 to 1981.

Landrieu died on September 5, 2022 at his home in New Orleans at the age of 92. The cause of death was heart failure after having a heart attack.

## Other websites

- Oral History Interview with Moon Landrieu from Oral Histories of the American South

## Infobox (us cabinet official)

- **birthname**: Maurice Edwin Landrieu
- **image**: Moon Landrieu official portrait.jpg
- **imagesize**: 220px
- **order**: 7th
- **title**: United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development
- **term start**: September 24, 1979
- **term end**: January 20, 1981
- **predecessor**: Patricia Roberts Harris, Patricia Harris
- **successor**: Samuel Pierce
- **president**: Jimmy Carter
- **office2**: 56th List of mayors of New Orleans, Mayor of New Orleans
- **term start2**: May 4, 1970
- **term end2**: May 1, 1978
- **predecessor2**: Victor H. Schiro
- **successor2**: Ernest Nathan Morial
- **order3**: At Large Member of the
- **title3**: New Orleans City Council
- **term start3**: 1966
- **term end3**: 1970
- **order4**: Member of the
- **title4**: Louisiana House of Representatives
- **term start4**: 1960
- **term end4**: 1966
- **predecessor4**: J. Marshall Brown
- **successor4**: Eddie Sapir
- **birth place**: New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.
- **death place**: New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
- **spouse**: Verna Satterlee Landrieu
- **children**: 9
- **profession**: Lawyer, Attorney; Politician
- **alma mater**: Loyola University New Orleans
- **branch**: United States Army
- **serviceyears**: 1954-1957
W. Marvin Watson

**William Marvin Watson** (June 6, 1924 – November 26, 2017) was an American politician. He was an advisor to U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson. He served as Postmaster General from April 26, 1968 to January 20, 1969.

Watson died in Woodland, Texas on November 26, 2017 at the age of 93.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Marvin Watson
- **image**: Portrait officiel de W. Marvin Watson.jpg
- **office**: United States Postmaster General
- **president**: Lyndon B. Johnson, Lyndon Johnson
- **term start**: April 26, 1968
- **term end**: January 20, 1969
- **predecessor**: Larry O'Brien
- **successor**: Winton M. Blount, Winton Blount
- **office1**: White House Chief of Staff, White House Appointments Secretary
- **president1**: Lyndon B. Johnson, Lyndon Johnson
- **term start1**: November 22, 1963
- **term end1**: April 26, 1968
- **predecessor1**: Kenneth O'Donnell
- **successor1**: James Robert Jones, James Jones
- **birth place**: Oakhurst, Texas, Oakhurst, Texas, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Woodland, Texas, Woodland, Texas, U.S.
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic Party
- **alma mater**: Baylor University
- **branch**:  United States Marine Corps
- **battles**: World War II
Shirley Verrett

**Shirley Verrett** (May 31, 1931 – November 5, 2010) was an African American opera singer. From the 1950s to the 1990s she did soprano roles, including Irina in _Lost in the Stars_ in 1958. More recent roles include singing Didon in _Les Troyens_ (1990). She played Nettie Fowler in the 1994 Broadway revival of _Carousel_.

Verrett was born in New Orleans and raised in Los Angeles. She died in Ann Arbor, Michigan at age 79 from heart failure.
Stephen Early

**Stephen Tyree Early** (August 27, 1889 – August 11, 1951) was an American journalist and government official. He served as White House Press Secretary under Franklin D. Roosevelt from 1933 to 1945 and again under President Harry S. Truman in 1950 after the sudden death of Charles Griffith Ross.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Stephen Early
- **image**: Portrait of Stephen T. Early.jpg
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **order**: 3rd & 7th
- **office**: White House Press Secretary
- **term start**: March 4, 1933
- **term end**: June 1, 1945
- **president**: Franklin D. Roosevelt
 Harry S. Truman
- **preceded**: Theodore Goldsmith Joslin
- **succeeded**: J. Leonard Reinsch
- **term start1**: December 5, 1950
- **term end1**: December 18, 1950
- **president1**: Harry S. Truman
- **preceded1**: Charlie Ross (journalist), Charles Griffith Ross
- **succeeded1**: Joseph Short
- **office2**: United States Deputy Secretary of Defense
- **term start2**: May 2, 1949
- **term end2**: September 30, 1950
- **president2**: Harry S. Truman
- **preceded2**: Charlie Ross (journalist), Charles Griffith Ross
- **succeeded2**: Joseph Short
- **death place**: Washington, D.C.
Elizabeth Edwards

**Elizabeth Anania Edwards** (born **Mary Elizabeth Anania**; July 3, 1949 – December 7, 2010) was an American author, health care activist and attorney. She was married to John Edwards, a United States Senator from North Carolina and a former vice-presidential nominee.

Edwards was born in Jacksonville, Florida. She died from breast cancer at age 61, in Chapel Hill, North Carolina.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Elizabeth Edwards
- **image**: ElizabethEdwardsReno.jpg
- **caption**: Edwards in Reno, Nevada, July 14, 2007
- **birthname**: Mary Elizabeth Anania
- **birth place**: Jacksonville, Florida
- **death place**: Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- **death cause**: Metastatic breast cancer
- **occupation**: Attorney at law, Attorney
- **spouse**: John Edwards
 (m. 1977–2010; her death)
- **children**: Wade (1979–1996)
Cate Edwards, Cate (born 1982)
Emma Claire (born 1998)
Jack (born 2000)
- **nationality**: American