juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Rod Taylor

**Rodney Sturt "Rod" Taylor** (11 January 1930 – 7 January 2015) was an Australian actor of movie and television. He appeared in over 50 movies, including leading roles in _The Time Machine_, _Seven Seas to Calais_, _The Birds_, _Sunday in New York_, _Young Cassidy_, _Dark of the Sun_, _The Liquidator_, and _The Train Robbers_.

Taylor suffered a heart attack and died on 7 January 2015 in Los Angeles, California, United States, at the age of 84.

## Filmography

- _King of the Coral Sea_ (1953) (film debut)
- _Long John Silver_ (1954)
- _Top Gun_ (1955)
- _World Without End_ (1956)
- _The Catered Affair_ (1956)
- _Giant_ (1956)
- _Raintree County_ (1957)
- _Separate Tables_ (1958)
- _Ask Any Girl_ (1959)
- _The Time Machine_ (1960)
- _One Hundred and One Dalmatians_ (1961) (voice-Pongo)
- _The Birds_ (1963)
- _A Gathering of Eagles_ (1963)
- _The V.I.P.s_ (1963)
- _Sunday in New York_ (1963)
- _Fate Is the Hunter_ (1964)
- _36 Hours_ (1965)
- _Young Cassidy_ (1965)
- _The Liquidator_ (1965)
- _Do Not Disturb_ (1965)
- _The Glass Bottom Boat_ (1966)
- _Hotel_ (1967)

- _Chuka_ (1967)
- _Dark of the Sun_ (a.k.a. _The Mercenaries_) (1968)
- _The High Commissioner_ (a.k.a. _Nobody Runs Forever_) (1968)
- _Zabriskie Point_ (1970)
- _Darker Than Amber_ (1970), as Travis McGee
- _Powderkeg_  (1971) (TV)
- _Family Flight_  (1972) (TV)
- _The Train Robbers_  (1973)
- _Trader Horn_  (1973)
- _The Deadly Trackers_  (1973)
- _A Matter of Wife... And Death_ (1976)
- _The Oregon Trail_ (1976) (TV)
- _The Picture Show Man_ (1977)
- _Cry of the Innocent_  (1980)
- _A Time to Die_  (1982)
- _Terror in the Aisles_ (1984)
- _Time Machine: The Journey Back_  (1993) (documentary)
- _Point of Betrayal_  (1995)
- _Welcome to Woop Woop_  (1998)
- _The Warlord: Battle for the Galaxy_ (1998) (TV)
- _KAW_  (2007)  (TV)
- _Inglourious Basterds_  (2009)

## TV shows

Taylor has had several lead roles in television, from the early 1960s to the early 2000s.  Among his TV shows are:
- _The Twilight Zone_ (1959, CBS)
- _Hong Kong_ with co-star Lloyd Bochner (1960, ABC)
- _Bearcats!_ (1971, CBS)
- _The Oregon Trail_ as Evan Thorpe, a widower taking his three children from their Illinois farm to the Pacific Northwest by way of the Oregon Trail (1977, NBC)
- _Masquerade_ (1983)
- _Outlaws_ (1986)

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: Rod Taylor - 1963.jpg
- **name**: Rod Taylor
- **caption**: Taylor in _The V.I.P.s_,  (1963)
- **birth name**: Rodney Sturt Taylor
- **birth place**: Lidcombe, New South Wales, Lidcombe, New South Wales, Australia
- **death place**: Los Angeles, California, U.S.
- **death cause**: Heart attack
- **education**: Parramatta High School
- **occupation**: Actor
- **years active**: 1951–2015
- **spouse**:

<small>(his death)</small>
- **children**: Felicia Taylor (born 1964)
Pop (British and Irish TV channel)

**Pop** is a British children's channel that airs many children's cartoons.

## History

Pop was called _Popfun_ sometime before 2013, but in July 2022, it changed its name to _POP_. At first it was just music videos but in early 2023 it started to show cartoons. These include things like _Alvinnn!!! and the Chipmunks_, _Miraculous: Tales of Ladybug & Cat Noir_ etc.; The music videos were kept but all disappeared in mid 2016. They were brought back in 2017 but only during a slot called _Pop Party_. Also changes have been made to the logo throughout the years. To start with, it showed letters being replaced by balloons, it was all in lower case, and it had no exclamation mark but in November 2016, a change was made. It was now white letters on an red background. They were in 3D now. The exclamation mark was added and the letters were now all done in upper case. Due to copyright reasons on the music that got changed in 2017. In 2018, Pop's logo yet again changed. It used to be coloured letters on a red background but the background disappeared and the letters were now all light red. This is its current logo but the old one is still on the pop website.

## Popfun.co.uk

Not long after the launch of Tiny Pop's website, Pop had its own channel launched too. It features a fun and games bit, a what's on bit, a competitions page, and the logo. The games are things like Oggy Moshi, and things like that.
Quantum of Solace

***Quantum of Solace*** is a James Bond movie, featuring lead actor, Daniel Craig. Bond fights with business man Dominic Greene. A "quantum of solace" is a complicated way of saying "A small moment of peace".
Tonian

The **Tonian** was the first geological period in the Neoproterozoic era. It lasted from 1000 million years ago (mya) to 720 mya. The supercontinent Rodinia began breaking in this period. Acritarchs radiated during the Tonian.
Geography of the United States

The **United States** is the third or fourth biggest country in the world. Only Russia and Canada are bigger. If you do not count the area of the Great Lakes, China is also bigger. Its geography varies a lot. The area is about 3,717,000 square miles, or about 9,629,000 square kilometers. The highest point is Mount McKinley, Alaska and the lowest point is Death Valley, California.

- There are meadows and forests on the East Coast,
- The Appalachian Mountains in the east
- The Great Plains in the middle of the country,
- The Mississippi-Missouri river, in the middle
- The Rocky Mountains west of the plains
- Deserts and coastal areas west of the Rocky Mountains
- Forests in the Pacific Northwest
- Arctic regions of Alaska
- Volcanic islands in Hawaii, which is not _geographically_ part of the Americas.

The geographic center is in Butte County, South Dakota. The geographic center of the 48 states is in Smith County, Kansas.

## Physical geography

There is a general rule of thumb which explains why so much of the land is close to sea level in the East, and so mountainous in the West. It is as follows.

The Americas have been moving west for over 100 million years. The movement has buckled up and collected geological plates in the West and spread out the land in the East. This has resulted in a series of mountain ranges all down the West of the Americas, and mostly low-lying land in the East. The East is a "passive margin" coast where the continental crust is moving away, in this case to the West. The West is an "active margin" coast. It has the mountains, and it has the landslides and volcanoes.

In fact, the only high land in the East of the U.S. is where there is a very ancient ground-down mountain range known as the Allegheny Mountains. What is now the Alleghenys was once part of the great Appalachian orogeny (mountain building) about 300 million years ago. What remains now is just the ground-down roots of this ancient mountain chain. In the top-most physical map, the red-brown areas are high land.

## Climate

The climate varies along with the geography, from tropical (hot and wet in summer, warm and dry in winter) in Florida and Hawaii to tundra (cold all year) in Alaska. Large parts of the country have warm summers and cold winters. Most of the northern U.S. gets snow in winter. Some parts of the western United States, like parts of California, have a Mediterranean climate. The southeastern United States can get hurricanes. Parts of the southern United States are subtropical (hot in summer and cool in winter). Tornadoes happen a lot in the Midwest.

The highest recorded temperature is 134 degrees Fahrenheit (57 degrees Celsius) and the lowest recorded temperature is -80 degrees Fahrenheit (-62 degrees Celsius).
Wilhelm Röntgen

**Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen** (27 March 1845  10 February 1923) was a German physicist who discovered X-rays. In 1901, he was the first person to win the Nobel Prize in Physics.

## Early life

Röntgen was born at Lennep in the Lower Rhine Province of Germany. His father was a manufacturer and dealer of cloth. His mother was of an old Lennep family which had settled in Amsterdam. Röntgen was three when his family moved to Apeldoorn in The Netherlands.

## Education

In Apeldoorn, he attended the Institute of Martinus Herman van Doorn, a boarding school. In 1862, he attended a technical school at Utrecht, but was expelled. He then entered the University of Utrecht in 1865 to study physics.

He entered the Polytechnic at Zurich as a student of mechanical engineering. He worked in the laboratory of Kundt. In 1869 he graduated Ph.D. at the University of Zurich. He became Kundt's assistant and went with him to Würzburg. Three years later, they went to Strasbourg.

## Career

Röntgen held positions in various European universities, but his fame rests with his discovery of (what he called) x-rays. He received many honours and awards, doctorates, and honorary doctorates. He was a modest man who enjoyed the outdoors and mountain climbing.

## Personal

Röntgen was married to Anna Bertha Ludwig (m. 1872, d. 1919) and had one child, Josephine Bertha Ludwig. The child was adopted at age 6, in 1887. She was the daughter of Anna's brother.

Röntgen died on 10 February 1923 from carcinoma of the intestine in Munich, Germany, aged 77.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen
- **image**: Roentgen2.jpg
- **birth place**: Lennep, Germany
- **death place**: Munich, Germany
- **nationality**: German
- **known for**: Discovery of X-rays
- **occupation**: Physicist
Henri Becquerel

**Antoine Henri Becquerel** (15 December 1852 – 25 August 1908) was a French physicist. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1903 with Marie Curie and Pierre Curie for his discovery of radioactivity in 1896. This happened when a piece of pitchblende ruined some photographic film and he investigated. Other scientists had seen film similarly ruined but did not discover why.

The SI unit _becquerel_ named after him. One becquerel (Bq) is equal to one radioactive decay process per second. He was the third person in his family to occupy the physics chair at the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle.

## Biography

Becquerel was a scientist born in Paris on December 15, 1852. He came from a family from well-known scientists. His father and grandfather were also scientists who studied things like light and metals. His father, Alexander Edmond Bequerel, for instance had done research on phosphorescence and solar radiation. In his education, Becquerel studied about science and engineering. In 1878, he became an assistant in the Museum of Natural History and later chair in applied physics, previously held by his father, at the _Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers_. As an engineer, Becquerel was promoted engineer-in-chief at the Department of Bridges and Highways in 1894.

He was appointed a professor, teaching on applied physics in the Department of Natural History at the Paris Museum in 1892. He also became a professor at the polytechnic where he studied.

Becquerel did a lot of experiments with light and crystals. But his biggest discovery was in 1896 when he found out about natural radioactivity. He was curious about X-rays, which were just discovered, and wondered if they were related to a type of glow called phosphorescence. He used some special salts that glow in the dark, which he got from his father, and found out that they could make a photographic plate foggy even when covered with paper. This was because the salts had uranium in them, and uranium gives off invisible rays that can pass through paper.

Becquerel's discovery was very significant in physics and won part of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1903.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Antoine Henri Becquerel
- **image**: Paul Nadar - Henri Becquerel.jpg
- **image size**: 250px
- **birth place**: Paris, France
- **death place**: Le Croisic, France
- **occupation**: Physics, Physicist
- **known for**: Nobel Prize in Physics in 1903
King River (Victoria)

**King River** is a river in the north east of Victoria, Australia. It flows into the Ovens River and which then joins the Murray River at Echuca. The King River is used for kayaking with many level two and three rapids.  In 2008 it was the site for the Victorian and Australian Downriver Championships. The King Valley is a beautiful, cool climate wine grape growing area.

## King Valley History

The King Valley has been described as a little part of Italy, set in the hills of north east Victoria, south of Wangaratta. This area has a history which includes bushrangers, the Chinese and Italians. The Chinese came from the gold fields in the mid 1800s and worked as farmers growing vegetables and tobacco. The were also Chinese merchants, selling their goods as they moved around the valley in horse pulled wagons. Roads in the valley today carry the names of the more important families like Mahlooks, Honey and Fosangs.

The Italians came to the area in the 1940s and 50's and like the Chinese grew tobacco. They soon saw that it was a good place to grow wine grapes. The valley has become famous for its different wines, such as sangiovese, nebbiolo and barbera. The vineyards have Italian names like Pizzini, Dal Zotto, Corsini, Sartori, Ciccone and Politini. The King Valley has some of the highest altitude vineyards in Australia.

Whitfield and Moyhu are the major towns in the King Valley along the road from Wangaratta or Mansfield.
Trillion (disambiguation)

**Trillion** may mean:

## Numbers

Either of the following two numbers (see **Names for large numbers** for more information):
- 1,000,000,000,000 (one million million; ; SI prefix: tera-) – for all short scale countries – now used in most English language countries.
- 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 (one million million million; ; SI prefix: exa-) – for all long scale countries – not used much in English language countries but often used in many other languages.

## Related pages

- Names of large numbers
- 1000000000000 (number)
Placoderm

The **placoderms** (_Placodermi_: Greek = _plated skin_) were a class of armoured prehistoric fish, which lived from the mid Silurian to the end of the Devonian period. Their head and thorax were covered by armoured plates; the rest of the body was scaled or naked, depending on the species. Placoderms were among the first jawed fish, the Gnathostomata. A 380 million year old fossil of one species is the oldest-known example of live birth.

The placoderms were hugely successful in the Devonian period, which is sometimes called the 'Age of Fish'. In the Upper Devonian, a series of extinction events devastated the marine fauna. As the placoderms were predators, this caused a swift decline in their numbers, and the class was entirely extinct by the end of the Devonian.

The main source of placoderm fossils is the Old Red Sandstone continent. This, in the Devonian, was a united North America and western Europe and the continental shelf areas around it. Fossils from these strata in Scotland were collected since the 18th century, and Louis Agassiz wrote the first survey of fossil fish. A century later, Eric Stensiö showed that placoderms were genuine jawed fish.

Remarkable fossils have more recently been found in the Gogo formation of northern Western Australia. This is a former Upper Devonian reef system, where well-preserved fossils of 25 species have been found. The relationship between the placoderm and other jawed fish is still not clear. Most placoderms were benthic predators, near the bottom of the water column. The largest types, such as _Dunkleosteus_ and _Gorgonichthys_ were 6 metre-long top predators in the middle and upper pelagic zones.

## Related pages

- _Materpiscis_
Ixia

***Ixia*** is a genus of plants in the family Iridaceae.

All of these plants are herbs with corms. The plants grows in South Africa. In total, there are 40-60 species.

Common names for this kind of flower are _Corn lily_ and _African Corn-Lily_ and _Wand flower_.

The leaves look like swords. The flowers look like stars.

Some species of Corn lilies are cultivated as garden plants and houseplants.

## Other websites

- Germplasm Resources Information Network: _Ixia_
- ITIS: _Ixia_
- NCBI: _Ixia_
Teleost

**Teleosts** are the dominant fish of the present day. They arose in the Mesozoic era, and include 20,000 living species. The oldest teleost fossils date back to the late Triassic. They evolved from fish like bowfins in the clade Holostei. During the Mesozoic and Cainozoic they diversified. 96 percent of all known fish species are teleosts.

They are, in order of evolution, vertebrates, jawed fish (Gnathostomata), bony fish (Osteichthyes) and ray-finned fish (Actinopterygii).

## Advantages

To account for their success, teleosts must have advantages over earlier fish. In general, teleosts tend to be quicker and more flexible than earlier bony fishes. Their skeletal structure has evolved towards greater lightness. Teleost bones are constructed from a scaffolding of struts, which makes them strong without adding weight.

Teleosts have a movable jaw and changes in the jaw muscles. These changes make it possible for them to protrude their jaws outwards from the mouth. This adaptation improves their ability to grab fast-moving prey.

## Date of origin

The date of origin of the teleosts is a difficult problem. Two kinds of evidence are available. There is evidence from the fossil record that the first teleost comes from the late Triassic period.

This date is somewhat later than molecular divergence time estimates (molecular clock). A recent paper finds that fossil dates and molecular clock dates are similar to each other. These researchers state:
- "Divergence times estimated from relaxed-molecular clock analyses yield a comprehensive time-scale of actinopterygian diversification that is remarkably close to ages inferred from the fossil record".

## Teleost superorders

**Teleostei**
- Osteoglossomorpha (freshwater elephantfish, mooneyes, _Arapaima_)
- Elopomorpha (eels)
- Clupeomorpha (herrings, anchovies)
- Ostariophysi (carp, goldfish, minnows, catfish, piranha, electric eels)
- Protacanthopterygii (salmon, trout, pike)
- Stenopterygii (marine hatchetfish)
- Cyclosquamata (Bombay duck. lancetfish)
- Scopelomorpha (lanternfish)
- Lampridiomorpha (ribbonfish)
- Polymyxiomorpha (beardfish)
- Paracanthopterygii (cavefish, cod, anglerfish)
- Acanthopterygii (mullet, silverside, dory, flyingfish, stickleback, seahorse)
    - 16 Orders, and especially the Order **Perciformes** (40% of all fish): bass, cichlid, mackerel, tuna, perch, filefish, pufferfish, flatfish, goby, blenny, whiting, wrasse)
Fresh water

**Fresh water** (also 'freshwater' or 'fresh-water') is water that does not have a lot of salt in it. It usually means water from the lakes, rivers, snow, and ice. These types of water do not have much salt in them. It also can mean water that people can drink. The oceans and seas are made up of salt water, which people cannot drink.

People cannot drink all fresh water, because it might be contaminated. It might have harmful bacteria in it, or it might be poisonous because of chemicals it contains. Water from a tap has been tested and treated so that it is safe to drink. This applies to most countries, but in some places the water needs to be boiled first to kill the germs and drunk after it has cooled down.

Fresh water that people can drink safely is called potable water. Desalination can turn salt water into drinkable water.

What causes water scarcity is the mismatch between fresh water demand and availability. What this means is that there is fresh water available, but not always where it is most needed.

In many countries the water used by people is recycled water. People pay for water supply which is safe to drink. Water theft also happens. Thames Water thinks water loss by theft is a big problem. Waste water (sewage) is treated to purify the water. That is why people are charged for the supply of pure water.

## Related pages

- Sewage treatment
- Water cycle
- Water scarcity
- Water supply system
- Salinity
- Snow
Grand Theft Auto: Vice City

***Grand Theft Auto: Vice City*** is a video game made by Rockstar North and published by Rockstar Games. It was released in 2002, for the PlayStation 2 and for personal computers. It is part of the _Grand Theft Auto_ series of video games. It takes place in the 1980's in a fictional place called Vice City. This fictional city is based on the real-life city called Miami in Florida.

## Gameplay

_Grand Theft Auto: Vice City_ is an action-adventure game played from a third-person view. The player controls criminal Tommy Vercetti and completes missions to progress through the story. Players can freely walk around the game's open world and can complete side missions too. Vice City has two main islands and some smaller islands. The islands are unlocked for the player as the story progresses.

The player can run, jump, and drive vehicles. The player uses melee attacks, firearms and explosives to fight enemies.

During the story, Tommy meets different gangs. As the player completes missions for different gangs, some gang members will defend the player and some rival gang members will see the player and shoot them.

As Tommy builds his criminal empire, the player can buy a number of buildings in the city, some are where weapon<nowiki/>s can be collected and vehicles can be stored. There are also businesses which can be purchased.

Each building has a number of missions, once all missions are complete, the building begins to generate an ongoing income for the player.

## Radio Stations

- Wild Style
- Flash FM
- K-Chat
- Fever 105
- V-Rock
- VCPR
- Espantoso
- Emotion 98.3
- The Wave 103

## Characters

- Tommy Vercetti
- Lance Vance
- Ken Rosenberg
- Kent Paul
- Sonny Forelli
- Juan García Cortez
- Mercedes Cortez
- Ricardo Diaz
- Avery Carrington

- Umberto Robina
- Auntie Poulet
- Earnest Kelly
- Stephen Scott
- Mitch Baker
- Phil Cassidy
- Hillary King
- Cam Jones

## Home media

This film is set to rights acquired Amazon Prime from 12 July 2025 or 19 July 2025 for streaming.

## Infobox (video game)

- **image**: Grand Theft Auto Vice City logo.svg
- **title**: Grand Theft Auto: Vice City
- **developer**: Rockstar North (PlayStation 2, Microsoft Windows, Macintosh)
Rockstar Vienna (Xbox)
- **publisher**: Rockstar Games
 Capcom (Japan)
- **series**: _Grand Theft Auto_
- **engine**: RenderWare
- **genre**: Action game, Action, Open world
- **released**: **PlayStation 2***'Windows***'Xbox****Mac OS X**
Enthalpy

**Enthalpy** is a concept used in science and engineering when heat and work need to be calculated. The name comes from the Greek word "enthalpos" (ενθαλπος), meaning "to put heat into". The idea and the word were invented by the Dutch scientist Heike Kamerlingh Onnes in 1909.

When a substance changes at constant pressure, enthalpy tells how much heat and work were added or removed from the substance.

Enthalpy is similar to energy, but not the same. When a substance grows or shrinks, energy is used up or released. Enthalpy accounts for this energy. Because of this, scientists often calculate the change in enthalpy, rather than the change in energy.

Consider a system containing a fixed amount of gas. Any heat energy entering the system will:

- 1. Increase the Internal Energy of the gas

- or

- 2. Lead to some work being done to expand the system.

The work done is the product of pressure and volume. Enthalpy takes both these factors into account, therefore:

## Enthalpy and chemical reactions

When a chemical reaction happens, a substance can become warmer or colder. As a result, heat will flow from the substance to things around it, or from things around it to the substance, until its temperature is the same again. If the pressure stays the same, this amount of heat tells how much the enthalpy changed.

For example, if gasoline is burned in the open air, heat is released by the gasoline. If we suppose 100 kilojoules of heat were released, then the enthalpy of the gasoline was reduced by 100 kilojoules. Therefore the change in enthalpy for this reaction was ∆_H_ = –100 kJ.

If a chemical reaction gives off heat (warming its surroundings), then the enthalpy of the reaction is said to have decreased. The value of ∆_H_ is negative. This kind of reaction, like the example above, is called exothermic.

If a chemical reaction absorbs heat (cooling its surroundings), then the reaction's enthalpy has increased. The value of ∆_H_ is positive. This is called an endothermic reaction.

## Related pages

- Thermodynamic potential
- Entropy
- Gibbs free energy
MRSA

**MRSA** is a strain of **Methicillin-resistant _Staphylococcus aureus**_. This is a bacterium which causes infections in different parts of the body. It is tougher to treat than other strains of _Staphylococcus aureus_ – or 'staph' – because it is resistant to some commonly used antibiotics. In fact, it is now resistant to all forms of penicillin and cephalosporin.

The signs and symptoms of MRSA depend on where the infection is. Most often, it causes mild infections on the skin, causing pimples, boils or pus. However, it can also cause more serious skin infections or infect surgical wounds, the bloodstream, the lungs, or the urinary tract.

Though most MRSA infections are not serious, some can be life-threatening. Many public health experts are alarmed by the spread of tough strains of MRSA. Because it is hard to treat, MRSA is sometimes called a "super bug".

## Causes

Garden-variety staph are common bacteria which may live on our bodies. Plenty of healthy people carry staph without being infected by it. In fact, 25-30% of us have staph bacteria in our noses.

But staph can be a problem if it manages to get into the body, often through a cut. Once there, it can cause an infection. Staph is one of the most common causes of skin infections. Usually, these are minor and don't need special treatment. Less often, staph can cause serious problems like infected wounds or pneumonia.

Staph can usually be treated with antibiotics. But over the decades, some strains of staph -- like MRSA -- have become resistant to antibiotics.MRSA was first discovered in 1961. It's now resistant to methicillin, amoxicillin, penicillin, oxacillin, and many other antibiotics.

While some antibiotics still work, MRSA is constantly adapting. Researchers developing new antibiotics are having a tough time keeping up.
Colony (biology)

A **colony** in biology refers to a life-style or habit where members of the same species live together.

Usually the members of a colony are genetically linked by common heredity. Sometimes, as in bryozoa, they are genetically identical clones, sometimes as in eusociality, they are members of an extended family. Sometimes, as with the Portuguese Man o' War, the members of the colony are joined together as one individual, which operates as a single unit.

Most of the colonies in the groups listed below build a common structure or nest. Sometimes they are linked only by their behaviour. The close integration of termites, ants, bees and wasps is called eusocial.

The term applies mostly to animals, though there are some protists and prokaryotes which live as colonies.

## Groups with colonial species

- Bryozoa
- Choanoflagellata
- Cnidaria
    - Corals
    - Portuguese Man o' War
- Entoprocta
- Graptolites
- Insecta
    - Isoptera
    - Hymenoptera
        - Ants
        - Bees
        - Wasps
- Phoronida
- Sponges
- Tunicates
Scale model

A **scale model** is a copy of an object that is bigger or smaller than the real size of the object. Very often the scale model is smaller than the real object and used as a guide to making the object in full size. Scale models are made or collected for many reasons. You can also use it with math.
Give It All

"**Give It All**" is a song by the punk band Rise Against. It was released as a single from the album, Siren Song of the Counter Culture, in 2004. It is a fast paced song with a slower, chant-along bridge, running at two minutes and fifty seconds. It got to number thirty-seven on the Billboard Hot Modern Rock Tracks chart.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Give It All
- **artist**: Rise Against
- **album**: Siren Song of the Counter Culture
- **released**: 2004
- **recorded**: Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- **genre**: Hardcore punk
Punk rock
- **length**: 2:50
- **label**: Geffen Records, Geffen
- **writer**: Rise Against, Tim McIlrath
- **producer**: GGGarth
- **prev title**: Like the Angel
- **prev year**: 2003
- **next title**: Swing Life Away
- **next year**: 2005
Bavarian State Library

The **Bavarian State Library**  (_Bayrische Staatsbibliothek_, _BSB_) in Munich is the state library of Bavaria. It is an important universal library. In mid 2012, there were about 9.3 million books in the library. The oldest of them are from the Middle Ages.

There are also about 90,000 manuscripts in the library. Among these are the Codex Aureus, an illustrated gospel book from the 10th century, one of the three surviving versions of the Nibelungenlied, and the Carmina Burana. It also contains about a third of the surviving early prints, known as Incunables. Among them is the Gutenberg Bible.

A law was introduced in 1639. This law says that two copies of each book published in Bavaria must be given to the state library for free.
Chris Hardwick

**Christopher Ryan Hardwick** is an actor/comedian. He is best known for performing with Mike Phirman in Hard 'n Phirm, hosting _Singled Out_, _Wired Science_, _Web Soup_, and _The Nerdist Podcast_, and the current voice of Otis in _Back at the Barnyard_. He often shows up at G4TV studio as a guest on _Attack Of The Show_. He also does the Nerdist podcast which is a podcast discussing daily life, comedy, pop culture, and includes interviews with other celebrities. In 2011 he began hosting a live half-hour talk show on the AMC network, _Talking Dead_. He is also the host of the NBC game show "The Wall".

And he sings almost also the Theme song of: Sanjay and Craig.

## Personal life

Hardwick gave up drinking alcohol in 2003. He dated singer Lisa Loeb in 2004. He was in a relationship with actress Janet Varney from 2004 until 2011. Hardwick is married to Lydia Hearst.

## Infobox (comedian)

- **name**: Chris Hardwick
- **image**: Chris Hardwick.jpg
- **caption**: Hardwick at the The Louisville Palace, Louisville Palace in Louisville, Kentucky, Louisville, Kentucky on June 19, 2009
- **birth name**: Christopher Ryan Hardwick
- **birth place**: Louisville, Kentucky, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- **medium**: Stand-up, music, television, film, podcasting
- **nationality**: American
- **active**: 1991–present
- **genre**: Observational comedy, sarcasm, musical comedy
- **subject**: Human behavior, self-deprecation, pop culture, nerd culture
- **domestic partner**: Jacinda Barrett (1995)
Janet Varney (2004-present)
- **notable work**: Host of _The Wall (TV series), The Wall_
Hard 'n Phirm
Host of _Singled Out_
Host of _Wired Science_
Host of _Web Soup_
Host of _The Nerdist Podcast_
Otis the Cow, Otis in the _Back at the Barnyard_ series
Host of _Talking Dead_
Host of BBC America's _Ministry of Laughs_
- **website**: http://www.nerdist.com/
Nontheism

**'Nontheism**<nowiki/>' is a term that describes anyone who is not a theist. In other words, a **nontheist** is anyone who does not have a specific belief in a god or deity. It usually refers to anyone who does not have any religious belief. This is a lot like atheism, but the two terms are often used in different ways.

## Origin of the term

The term "_nontheism_" was first used by G. J. Holyoake in 1852. He used it because of the bad associations with the term **atheism**.
- "Mr. [Charles] Southwell has taken an objection to the term Atheism. We are glad he has. We have disused it a long time [...]. We disuse it, because Atheist is a worn-out word. Both the ancients and the moderns have understood by it _one without God, and also without morality_. Thus the term connotes more than any well-informed and earnest person accepting it ever included in it; that is, the word carries with it associations of immorality, which have been repudiated by the Atheist as seriously as by the Christian. Non-theism is a term less open to the same misunderstanding, as it implies the simple non-acceptance of the Theist's explanation of the origin and government of the world."

## Nontheism in society

Today, about 2.3% of the world's population describes itself as atheist. About 11.9% is described as **'nontheist**'. Between 64% and 65% of Japanese describe themselves as atheists, agnostics, or non-believers, and up to 48% in Russia. The percentage of such people in European Union member states ranges between 6% (Italy) and 85% (Sweden).

## Related pages

- agnosticism
- atheism
- secularism
- antitheism
- theism
Inorganic

The word **inorganic** is used to emphasise that the subject is not organic in origin.

- Inorganic chemistry is the chemistry of elements other than carbon.
- Inorganic compounds are chemical compounds other than carbon-based.
- Inorganic matter is matter which was not part of a living organism.
Bleach (anime)

is an anime series based on Tite Kubo's manga of the same name. It ran from 2004 to 2012 and has some episodes not based on the manga. The series is caught up to the books and was placed out for all episodes.
Re-Education (Through Labor)

"**Re-Education (Through Labor)**" is the first single from the American punk rock band Rise Against's fifth studio album, _Appeal to Reason_. The single was released digitally to digital stores and radio stations on August 25, 2008. A music video was released on the same day.

A limited physical version of the single was released on 7" vinyl and can be gotten only by pre-ordering _Appeal to Reason_. This version also has a B-side titled "Minor Threat", which is a cover of the song with the same name by Minor Threat.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Re-Education (Through Labor)
- **artist**: Rise Against
- **album**: Appeal to Reason
- **released**: August 25, 2008
- **recorded**: January–June 2008 at The Blasting Room, Fort Collins, Colorado
- **genre**: Punk rock, Melodic hardcore
- **length**: 3:42
- **label**: Interscope Records, Interscope
- **producer**: Bill Stevenson and Jason Livermore
- **prev title**: The Approaching Curve
- **prev year**: 2008
- **next title**: Audience of One (song), Audience of One
- **next year**: 2009
Appeal to Reason

***Appeal to Reason*** is the fifth studio album by American punk rock band Rise Against. After touring in support of their last album, The Sufferer & the Witness, Rise Against began to record Appeal to Reason in January 2008 at the Blasting Room studio in Fort Collins, Colorado. Recording and production were finished in June, and the album was released in North America on October 7, 2008. The album is the band's first release with current guitarist Zach Blair.

_Appeal to Reason_ is Rise Against's highest-charting album, getting to number three on the _Billboard_ 200 chart and selling 64,700 copies in its first week of release. It got mostly good reviews from critics. The album produced three singles: "Re-Education (Through Labor)", "Audience of One", and "Savior".

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Appeal to Reason
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: Rise Against
- **recorded**: January–June 2008 at the Blasting Room, Fort Collins, Colorado, Fort Collins, Colorado
- **genre**: Melodic hardcore, Punk rock
- **length**: 48:23
- **label**: DGC, Interscope Records, Interscope
- **producer**: Bill Stevenson, Jason Livermore
- **prev title**: This Is Noise
(2007)
Audience of One

"**Audience of One**" is a song by the American punk rock band Rise Against, written by the band's vocalist Tim McIlrath. It is the second single from their 2008 album Appeal to Reason. Getting to number four on the Billboard Alternative Songs chart, "Audience of One" is Rise Against's third-highest charting single, behind the last single from Appeal to Reason, "Re-Education (Through Labor)", which got to number three and the third single "Savior".

In mid-October 2008, the L.A. radio station KROQ began playing "Audience of One." Its video was told to be shot with director Brett Simon on December 9. On January 15, the video for "Audience of One" was first seen on MySpace. The single was released on CD and 7" vinyl on March 3, 2009 in the UK. The song is also used in _Guitar Hero World Tour_.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Audience of One
- **artist**: Rise Against
- **album**: Appeal to Reason
- **released**: March 3, 2009
- **recorded**: January–June 2008 at The Blasting Room, Fort Collins, Colorado
- **genre**: Alternative rock
- **length**: 4:06
- **label**: Interscope Records, Interscope
- **producer**: Jason Livermore, Bill Stevenson
- **prev title**: Re-Education (Through Labor)
- **prev year**: 2008
- **next title**: Savior (Rise Against song), Savior
- **next year**: 2009
Kris King

**Kris King** (born February 18, 1966 in Bracebridge, Ontario) is a Canadian retired ice hockey left winger that played for the Chicago Blackhawks, Washington Capitals, New York Rangers, Toronto Maple Leafs, Phoenix Coyotes and the Winnipeg Jets.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **position**: Winger (ice hockey), Left wing
- **shoots**: Left
- **height ft**: 5
- **height in**: 11
- **weight lb**: 202
- **league**: National Hockey League, NHL
- **played for**: Detroit Red Wings (1987–88 NHL season, 1987–1988–89 NHL season, 1989)
New York Rangers (1989–90 NHL season, 1989–1992–93 NHL season, 1992)
Winnipeg Jets (1972–96), Winnipeg Jets (1992–93 NHL season, 1992–1995–96 NHL season, 1996)
Phoenix Coyotes (1996–97 NHL season, 1996–1997)
Toronto Maple Leafs (1997–98 NHL season, 1997–1999–2000 NHL season, 2000)
Chicago Blackhawks (2000–01 NHL season, 2000–2001)
- **birth place**: Bracebridge, Ontario, Bracebridge, Ontario, ON, Canada, CAN
- **draft**: 80th overall
- **draft year**: 1984
- **draft team**: Washington Capitals
- **career start**: 1987
- **career end**: 2001
Joe Principe

**Joe Principe** (born November 14, 1974) is the bass guitarist, co-composer and co-founder of the punk rock band Rise Against. He is known for his complex bass patterns in their songs. He is also a strict vegetarian, an animal rights advocate and actively promotes PETA with his band.

## Biography

Joe started his musical career at age 15, learning to play by ear and influenced during his formative years by Bad Religion, Minor Threat, Bad Brains, the Descendents and other similar bands. Starting out in Chicago punk band 88 Fingers Louie. After 6 years of touring and releasing records with the band, Joe made Rise Against with singer/guitarist Tim McIlrath, former 88 Fingers Louie guitarist Mr. Precision, and drummer Brandon Barnes. In 2002, Mr. Precison left and was replaced by Todd Mohney, who was replaced by Chris Chasse in 2004, who was later replaced by guitarist Zach Blair in 2007. Rise Against released their first two records (_The Unraveling_, and _Revolutions Per Minute_) on Fat Wreck Chords, and their next two (_Siren Song of the Counter Culture_, and _The Sufferer & the Witness_) on Geffen.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Joe Principe
- **img**: 2018 RiP - Rise Against - by 2eight - DSC1919.jpg
- **img capt**: Principe performing in 2018
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth place**: Chicago, Illinois, United States, US
- **instrument**: Bass guitar, Bass
- **genre**: Melodic hardcore
 Hardcore punk
Punk rock
- **occupation**: Musician
- **years active**: 1993-Present
- **associated acts**: Rise Against
88 Fingers Louie
Colonel

A **colonel** is a rank of officer in the military. It is usually the highest or second highest rank before General and Field Marshal, but many of the countries represents this post as the highest military officer like Gambia, Libya, Niger, Suriname etc. A colonel is usually in charge of a regiment.

The word comes from the Latin word _columnella_ which means column, but it was first used in Italy as the name for the officer in charge of a column. It came into English from French. It is usually said like the word _kernel_.
Cy Thomas

**Cyril James Thomas** (August 5, 1926 – January 2, 2009) was a Welsh NHL ice hockey winger who played 2 seasons for the Chicago Blackhawks and Toronto Maple Leafs.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **played for**: Chicago Blackhawks, Chicago Black Hawks
Toronto Maple Leafs
- **shoots**: Left
- **height ft**: 5
- **height in**: 11
- **weight lb**: 185
- **birth place**: Dowlais, Wales
- **career start**: 1947
- **career end**: 1948
Denis Savard

**Denis Joseph Savard** (born February 4, 1961) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey centre. Savard played 18 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played for the Chicago Blackhawks, Montreal Canadiens, and the Tampa Bay Lightning.

He was drafted with the 3rd overall pick by the Chicago Blackhawks in the 1980 NHL Entry Draft. He was known for his trademark move, the 'Savardian Spin-o-rama', a move where Savard whirled around with the puck in a full rotation which allowed him to beat defenders and goaltenders. The term was actually coined by Danny Gallivan, referencing the move performed by Serge Savard.

On June 29, 1990, the Chicago Blackhawks traded Savard to the Montreal Canadiens for star defenceman Chris Chelios and a second-round pick (Mike Pomichter). The trade was considered to be largely in the Blackhawks' favor as Chelios would produce some of his best seasons as a Blackhawk while Savard's career was on the decline. Savard won the Stanley Cup with the Canadiens in 1993.

In the Summer of 1993, he signed as a free agent with the Tampa Bay Lightning, where he played 1½ seasons. On April 6, 1995, he was traded back to the Blackhawks, for a 1996 sixth-round pick (Xavier Delisle). He retired from playing professional ice hockey on June 26, 1997. His jersey number #18 was retired by the Chicago Blackhawks on March 19, 1998 and he was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame on November 13, 2000.

After he retired, he became the 36th head coach in Chicago Blackhawks history on November 27, 2006. He was fired in 2008.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **image size**: 230px
- **position**: Centre (ice hockey), Centre
- **played for**: Chicago Blackhawks
 Montreal Canadiens
 Tampa Bay Lightning
- **website**: http://www.savard18.com
- **shoots**: Right
- **height ft**: 5
- **height in**: 10
- **weight lb**: 170
- **birth place**: Gatineau, Pointe Gatineau, Quebec, Canada
- **draft**: 3rd overall
- **draft year**: 1980
- **draft team**: Chicago Blackhawks
- **career start**: 1980
- **career end**: 1997
- **halloffame**: 2000
Sami Helenius

**Sami Helenius** (born January 22, 1974 in Helsinki, Finland) was a professional ice hockey defenceman who played for the Pelicans of the SM-liiga and has played in the NHL for the Chicago Blackhawks, Dallas Stars, Calgary Flames, Tampa Bay Lightning and the Colorado Avalanche. He was the team captain of the SM-liiga team Jokerit.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **position**: Defenceman (ice hockey), Defence
- **image**: Sam Helenius @ Kopparberg Street Hockey.jpg
- **team**: Pelicans (ice hockey), Pelicans
- **former teams**: ***National Hockey League, NHL***
Calgary Flames
Tampa Bay Lightning
Colorado Avalanche
Dallas Stars
Chicago Blackhawks
***SM-liiga***
Ilves
Jokerit
- **shoots**: Left
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 5
- **weight lb**: 233
- **ntl team**: Finland
- **birth place**: Helsinki, Finland, FIN
- **draft**: 102nd overall
- **draft year**: 1992
- **draft team**: Calgary Flames
- **career start**: 1992
- **career end**: 2010
Jeff Hackett

**Jeff Hackett** (born June 1, 1968 in London, Ontario) is a Canadian retired ice hockey goaltender who played for the Chicago Blackhawks, New York Islanders, San Jose Sharks, Montreal Canadiens, Boston Bruins and the Philadelphia Flyers of the National Hockey League (NHL).

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **image size**: 230px
- **position**: Goaltender
- **catches**: Left
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 1
- **weight lb**: 200
- **played for**: New York Islanders
San Jose Sharks
Chicago Blackhawks
Montreal Canadiens
Boston Bruins
Philadelphia Flyers
- **ntl team**: Canada
- **birth place**: London, Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- **draft**: 34th overall
- **draft year**: 1987
- **draft team**: New York Islanders
- **career start**: 1988
- **career end**: 2004
5150: Home 4 tha Sick

***5150: Home 4 tha Sick*** is the first EP by American rapper, Eazy-E. It was released on December 28, 1992. The producers of the album were Naughty by Nature, Cold 187um and Bobby "Bobcat" Ervin. The EP was certified Gold on February 9, 1993 by the RIAA. The EP is now out of print and all the songs that were included the EP are on the remastered version of _Eazy-Duz-It_. The only single released on the EP was "Only If You Want It".

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: 5150: Home 4 tha Sick
- **type**: EP
- **artist**: Eazy-E
- **recorded**: 1991–1992
- **length**: 18:07
- **prev title**: Eazy-Duz-It
- **prev year**: 1988
- **next title**: It's On (Dr. Dre) 187um Killa, It's On (~~Dr. Dre~~) 187<sup>um</sup> Killa
- **next year**: 1993
Latin Kings

The **Latin Kings** is an organized Hispanic street gang based in Chicago and New York City.  The gang was founded by Puerto Ricans in Chicago, Illinois in 1954.
Cookie cutter

A **cookie cutter** is a piece of equipment to cut dough from cookie dough to cut the dough into pieces to make cookies.

## Shapes

Many cookie cutters have a shape. Most of them are shaped like a square, star, or a triangle. Also, cookie cutters may come in a circle shape.

## Foods

Cookie cutters can also be used to make foods other than cookies.They can be used to make small sandwiches, square crackers, and others.

## Sizes

Most cookie cutters are small. There are some that may be big. On November 8, 2019, it was announced Target had started selling big cookie cutters. Cookie cutters in bigger sizes can cut more things like cookie dough. Small cookie cutters are often 2 inches long. Medium-sized cookie cutters are often 3 inches long. Big-sized cookie cutters are often 4 inches long. Walmart also sells big cookie cutters. Smaller cookie cutters cost less, while bigger cookie cutters cost more.
Esa-Oke

**Esa Oke** is a town in the African country of Nigeria.

## Other websites

- http://www.oscotech.edu.ng/
- http://www.maplandia.com/nigeria/osun/obokun/esa-oke/
Beating heart cadaver

A **beating heart cadaver** is the body of a dead person that has been connected to a medical ventilator. This will keep the organs of the dead body, including the heart, functioning and alive for a few days. Such a body still functions physically, but the person it belonged to is dead by the law and medicine's definition because there is no longer any conscious brain function possible.

## Care

The procedure for caring for a beating heart cadaver is the same as caring for a normal patient. The body must be monitored at all times, and if necessary, "life saving" procedures must be taken. Since the brain does not work, the hormone levels and blood pressure must be controlled by doctors to keep the organs alive. Measures must be taken to prevent infection and maintain normal tissue oxygenation.

## Organ recovery

A beating heart cadaver is kept alive in order to keep its organs from decaying before they can be transplanted. Surgeons will remove the organs, one after the other, and give them to their patients.  The entire recovery process is usually completed within four hours.  This process was formerly known as an "Organ Harvest", but the name has since changed to the milder "Organ Recovery."  Many organs can be used, and many lives can be saved by one body.  The bodies are generally organ donors, who have agreed beforehand to donate their organs. Some donated organs are taken from non-heart-beating donors. Organs from brain deaths, however, have a better success rate, and currently most organ donation is from these deaths.

## Social issues

A beating heart cadaver is often disturbing and confusing. Because the heart is beating and the body is warm, people may have difficulty believing it is dead.  Families often like to see the body once it has been removed from the machines and put to rest.

## Related pages

- Organ donation