juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Christianity

**Christianity** is a Abrahamic monotheistic world religion which is based on the life and teachings of Jesus, his crucifixion and death, and his resurrection, and on his apostles, disciples, and followers.

Many Christian churches, branches, and denominations believe and teach that Jesus was the messiah (Christ) and the Son of God – the Logos incarnation – who was sent by God, his father, to preach and teach the Gospel (the Good News) to the world and his followers, was arrested and executed by crucifixion on Good Friday for the sins and wrongdoings of humanity, physically resurrected from the dead three days later on Easter Sunday for the salvation of humanity and went to heaven to God, his father, and is in his kingdom, sitting on his right hand.
Sello mall shooting

**Espoo shopping mall shooting** was a mass shooting in the Sello shopping mall, in Espoo, near Helsinki, Finland on 31 December 2009.

The shooter killed five people, including his ex-wife, and then killed himself.

## Events

It is believed one of the main motives or reasons behind the shooting was the affair Shkupoll's ex-wife was having with another man who worked in the mall. The shooter killed his girlfriend in their apartment, and police were already looking for him when he began shooting in the mall. Police say he used an illegally purchaed 9mm handgun to commit the murders.

## Infobox (civilian attack)

- **title**: Sello mall shooting
- **image**: Sello_mall_shooting_ambulances.jpg
- **caption**: Emergency vehicles outside Sello after the shooting
- **location**: Leppävaara, Espoo, Finland
- **date**: 31 December 2009
- **time**: ca. 10:08
- **timezone**: UTC+2
- **type**: Shooting
- **fatalities**: 6 (including the perpetrator)
- **injuries**: None
- **susperp**: Ibrahim Shkupolli
- **weapons**: 9mm CZ 75 pistol, hunting knife
Aquatic

**Aquatic** is a term often used in biology and ecology. Literally, it means _watery_, and refers to both fresh and salt-water. So aquatic plants or animals are those that live in water: ponds, rivers, oceans. Aquatic mammals include whales, dolphins, seals, walrus, and also otters, beavers, and other river forms. Aquatic birds are even more numerous: ducks, herons, waders, kingfishers, penguins.

## Related pages

- Aquatic locomotion
- Aquatic plant
- Aquatic habitat
Lagoon

A **lagoon** is a body of salt water partly separated from the sea. There is usually some sort of barrier which separates and protects the lagoon. This may be a pebble or shingle beach, sand bank, or perhaps a coral reef surrounding an atoll. An atoll is an oceanic island formed by a volcano.

_Lagoon_ refers both to coastal lagoons, and the lagoons in atolls, formed by the growth of coral reefs on slowly eroding central islands.
Cryogenian

The **Cryogenian** is a geological period, from ~720 million years ago (mya) to 635 mya. It lies in the middle Proterozoic eon before the Ediacaran period.

The period is important to both Earth science and biology because it contains the two longest and most severe ice ages of all time:
- The Sturtian ice age 717 mya to 660 mya
- The Marinoan ice age 650 mya to 635 mya

These two snowball earth events were previously put together as the _Varangian_ glaciation. They covered much, possibly all, the Earth with ice. The root cause of the temperature drop may have been the removal of CO<sub>2</sub> from the atmosphere by photosynthesising bacteria and eukaryotes in the previous Great Oxygenation Event. Much else happened: the supercontinent Rodinia broke up and another, Pannotia, began to form. Fossil steroids suggest the presence of early sponges, and amoeboid cells with tests (coverings) appear in the fossil record.
Humphrey Appleby

**Sir Humphrey Appleby**, GCB, KBE, MVO, MA (Oxon), is a character in the British television series _Yes, Minister_ and _Yes, Prime Minister_.  He was played by Sir Nigel Hawthorne. In _Yes Minister_, he is the Permanent Secretary for the Department of Administrative Affairs (a fictional department of the British government). In the last episode of Yes, Minister, "Party Games", he becomes Cabinet Secretary, the position he retains during _Yes, Prime Minister_. Nigel Hawthorne that portrays this character won the BAFTA Award for Best Light Entertainment Performance four times: 1981, 1982, 1986 and 1987.

## Other websites

- Telegraph – Sir Humphrey Appleby and the tale of the prescription charge
- Times Online – Yes Minister goes Dutch and Sir Humphrey Appleby becomes a dame

## Infobox (character)

- **name**: Sir Humphrey Appleby
<small>Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath, GCB, Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire, KBE, Member of the Royal Victorian Order, MVO, MA (Oxon)</small>
- **caption**: Nigel Hawthorne as **Sir Humphrey Appleby**
- **image size**: 200px
- **portrayer**: Nigel Hawthorne, Sir Nigel Hawthorne
 Henry Goodman (2013 revival)
- **first**: "Open Government (Yes Minister), Open Government"
- **last**: "The Tangled Web"
- **occupation**: Permanent Secretary / Cabinet Secretary (United Kingdom), Cabinet Secretary
- **title**: Sir
- **spouse**: Lady Appleby
Alan Ball

**Alan Ball** may refer to:

- Alan Ball, Sr. (1924-1982), English footballer turned manager
- Alan Ball, Jr. (1945-2007), English footballer turned manager, son of the above
- Alan Ball (screenwriter) (born 1957), American writer, director, producer
Great Eastern Railway

The **Great Eastern Railway** (GER) was a pre-grouping British railway company. The company's main line linked London Liverpool Street to Norwich and had other lines through East Anglia.  The company was grouped into the London and North Eastern Railway in 1923.

## Other websites

- Great Eastern Railway Society
- Archived copy of a page containing comprehensive details of those railways
- Shipping interests of the company
- Manningtree Rail Users Association

## Infobox (rail)

- **railroad name**: Great Eastern Railway
- **logo filename**: Great Eastern Railway Shield.jpg
- **logo size**: 250px
- **start year**: 1862
- **end year**: 1923
- **predecessor line**: Eastern Counties Railway
Eastern Union Railway
and others
- **successor line**: London and North Eastern Railway
Ongar railway station

**Ongar railway station** is a former London Underground station in the town of Chipping Ongar, Essex. Until its closure in 1994, it was the easternmost point of the Central line, and from 1961 until its closure in 1994 it held the distinction of being the London Underground station farthest from Central London.

## Other websites

- London Transport Museum Photographic Archive
- Epping Ongar Railway's official website
- London's Abandoned Tube Stations - Ongar station
- London's Abandoned Tube Stations - Epping to Ongar branch

## Infobox (closed london station)

- **image**:
- **name**: Ongar
- **owner**: Eastern Counties Railway
- **locale**: Chipping Ongar
- **borough**: Epping Forest (district)
- **start**: 1865 (Central line)
Closed 1994 (Central line)
Reopened 2004 (Epping Ongar Railway, EOR)
- **end**: every winter
- **platforms**: 1
- **tubestation**: yes
- **caption**: 1980
North Weald railway station

**North Weald railway station** is a former London Underground station in Essex, England. It is between Epping and Blake Hall on the Central Line, and serving North Weald.

## Other websites

- Epping Ongar Railway's Official Website
- London's Abandoned Tube Stations - North Weald

## Infobox (closed london station)

- **image**:
- **name**: North Weald
- **owner**: Eastern Counties Railway
- **locale**: North Weald
- **borough**: Epping Forest (district)
- **platforms**: 1 (formerly 2)
- **start**: 1865 (Eastern Counties Railway, ECR)
Closed 1994 (Central Line)
Reopened 2004 (Epping Ongar Railway, EOR)
- **end**: every winter
- **replace**: none
- **tubestation**: yes
Chipping Ongar

**Chipping Ongar** is a small market town in the civil parish of Ongar, in the Epping Forest district of the County of Essex, England. In 2001 there were 6,069 people living in Ongar civil parish. There are 3 Primary Schools; High Ongar, Shelley and Chipping Ongar Primary School.There are lots of local shops there like sainsbrys.

http://www.chippingongar.essex.sch.uk/

Ongar is also famous for the Epping Ongar Railway which celebrated its 150th anniversary this year.

## Infobox (uk place)

- **official name**: Chipping Ongar
- **map type**: Greater London
- **static image**: Chipping Ongar, Essex - geograph.org.uk - 78211.jpg
- **static image caption**: <small>Chipping Ongar, High Street</small>
- **os grid reference**: TL555035
- **shire district**: Epping Forest (district), Epping Forest
- **shire county**: Essex
- **region**: East of England
- **country**: England
- **post town**: ONGAR
- **postcode district**: CM5
- **postcode area**: CM
- **dial code**: 01277
- **constituency westminster**: Brentwood and Ongar (UK Parliament constituency), Brentwood and Ongar
- **website**: [http://www.essexinfo.net/ongartowncouncil/ Ongar Town Council]
Eastern Counties Railway

The **Eastern Counties Railway** (ECR) was an English railway company which began operating on 20 June 1839. It ran a train service from a temporary terminus at Mile End to Romford. This is now part of the Great Eastern Main Line. The line was extended the following year to a new London terminus at Shoreditch (later renamed Bishopsgate) and the line was subsequently extended to cover the 51 miles between London and Colchester.

## Infobox (rail)

- **railroad name**: Eastern Counties Railway
- **start year**: 1839
- **end year**: 1862
- **successor line**: Great Eastern Railway
Passing loop

A **passing loop** (also called a "passing siding", "crossing loop", "crossing place" or, colloquially, "a hole") is a place on a single line railway/tramway, often located at a station, where trains/trams in opposing directions can pass each other.
Epping, Essex

**Epping** is a small market town and civil parish in the Epping Forest district of the County of Essex, England.

## Infobox (uk place)

- **country**: England
- **official name**: Epping
- **population**: 11,047
- **shire district**: Epping Forest (district), Epping Forest
- **shire county**: Essex
- **region**: East of England
- **static image**: UK Epping highstreet.jpg
- **static image caption**: <small>Part of Epping high street, and church of Saint John the Baptist.</small>
- **post town**: EPPING
- **postcode district**: CM16
- **postcode area**: CM
- **dial code**: 01992
- **os grid reference**: TL455025
- **constituency westminster**: Epping Forest (UK Parliament constituency), Epping Forest
- **website**: [http://www.eppingtowncouncil.gov.uk www.eppingtowncouncil.gov.uk]
Loughton

**Loughton** () is a town and civil parish in the Epping Forest district of Essex. Loughton Brooke Runs through Lougton and Epping Forest (near Loughton) is what is known as a SSSI (a Site of Specific Scientific Interest).

## Infobox (uk place)

- **country**: England
- **official name**: Loughton
- **civil parish**: Loughton
- **population**: 30,340
- **shire district**: Epping Forest (district), Epping Forest
- **shire county**: Essex
- **region**: East of England
- **post town**: LOUGHTON
- **postcode area**: IG
- **postcode district**: IG10
- **dial code**: 020
- **os grid reference**: TQ422961
- **constituency westminster**: Epping Forest (UK Parliament constituency), Epping Forest
Pascal Zuberbühler

**Pascal Zuberbühler** (born 8 January 1971) is a Swiss football player. He has played for Switzerland national team.

### Club

|-
|1991–92||rowspan="8"|Grasshopper Zürich||rowspan="8"|Nationalliga A||9||0
|-
|1992–93||21||0
|-
|1993–94||0||0
|-
|1994–95||33||0
|-
|1995–96||24||0
|-
|1996–97||36||0
|-
|1997–98||28||0
|-
|1998–99||36||0
|-
|1999–2000||Basel||Nationalliga A||36||0

|-
|2000–01||Bayer Leverkusen||Bundesliga||13||0

|-
|2000–01||Aarau||Nationalliga A||2||0
|-
|2000–01||rowspan="6"|Basel||rowspan="3"|Nationalliga A||3||0
|-
|2001–02||36||0
|-
|2002–03||35||0
|-
|2003–04||rowspan="3"|Super League||35||0
|-
|2004–05||33||0
|-
|2005–06||36||0

|-
|2006–07||West Bromwich Albion||League Championship||15||0

|-
|2006–07||rowspan="2"|Neuchâtel Xamax||Challenge League||17||0
|-
|2007–08||Super League||34||0

|-
|2008–09||rowspan="2"|Fulham||rowspan="2"|Premier League||0||0
|-
|2009–10||||
454||0
13||0
15||0
482||0
|}

### International

|-
|1994||1||0
|-
|1995||2||0
|-
|1996||0||0
|-
|1997||0||0
|-
|1998||2||0
|-
|1999||1||0
|-
|2000||6||0
|-
|2001||0||0
|-
|2002||2||0
|-
|2003||4||0
|-
|2004||7||0
|-
|2005||11||0
|-
|2006||11||0
|-
|2007||3||0
|-
|2008||1||0
|-
!Total||51||0
|}

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Pascal Zuberbühler
- **image**: 080603 zuberbuehler01.jpg
- **caption**: Zuberbühler with Switzerland national football team, Switzerland in 2008
- **fullname**: Pascal Zuberbühler
- **birth place**: Frauenfeld, Switzerland
- **height**: 1.97 m
- **position**: Goalkeeper (association football), Goalkeeper
- **youthyears1**: 1983–1992
- **youthclubs1**: FC Frauenfeld, Frauenfeld
- **years1**: 1992–1999
- **clubs1**: Grasshopper Club Zürich, Grasshoppers
- **caps1**: 187
- **goals1**: 0
- **years2**: 1999–2006
- **clubs2**: FC Basel, Basel
- **caps2**: 178
- **goals2**: 0
- **years3**: 2000
- **clubs3**: → FC Aarau, Aarau (loan)
- **caps3**: 2
- **goals3**: 0
- **years4**: 2000–2001
- **clubs4**: → Bayer 04 Leverkusen, Bayer Leverkusen (loan)
- **caps4**: 14
- **goals4**: 0
- **years5**: 2006–2007
- **clubs5**: West Bromwich Albion F.C., West Bromwich Albion
- **caps5**: 15
- **goals5**: 0
- **years6**: 2007–2008
- **clubs6**: Neuchâtel Xamax
- **caps6**: 51
- **goals6**: 0
- **years7**: 2008–2011
- **clubs7**: Fulham F.C., Fulham
- **caps7**: 0
- **goals7**: 0
- **totalcaps**: 446
- **totalgoals**: 0
- **nationalyears1**: 1994–2008
- **nationalteam1**: Switzerland national football team, Switzerland
- **nationalcaps1**: 51
- **nationalgoals1**: 0
- **manageryears1**: 2011
- **managerclubs1**: Philippines national football team, Philippines (goalkeeper coach)
- **manageryears2**: 2011–2012
- **managerclubs2**: BSC Young Boys, Young Boys (goalkeeper coach)
- **manageryears3**: 2012
- **managerclubs3**: Philippines national football team, Philippines (goalkeeper coach)
- **manageryears4**: 2013–2015
- **managerclubs4**: Servette FC, Servette (goalkeeper coach)
- **manageryears5**: 2015
- **managerclubs5**: Philippines national football team, Philippines (goalkeeper coach)
- **manageryears6**: 2015–2017
- **managerclubs6**: Derby County F.C., Derby County (goalkeeper coach)
Shin Asahina

**Shin Asahina** (born 20 August 1976) is a former Japanese football player.

## Club career statistics

|-
|1999||rowspan="4"|Gamba Osaka||rowspan="4"|J. League 1||4||0||0||0||1||0||5||0
|-
|2000||4||0||0||0||0||0||4||0
|-
|2001||6||0||2||0||1||0||9||0
|-
|2002||2||0||0||0||0||0||2||0
|-
|2003||rowspan="2"|Sagan Tosu||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||26||2||0||0||colspan="2"|-||26||2
|-
|2004||35||1||2||0||colspan="2"|-||37||1
|-
|2005||rowspan="2"|Rosso Kumamoto||Regional Leagues||15||1||1||1||colspan="2"|-||16||2
|-
|2006||Football League||31||8||1||0||colspan="2"|-||32||8
|-
|2007||Banditonce Kobe||Regional Leagues||11||2||1||0||colspan="2"|-||12||2
|-
|2008||rowspan="2"|TDK||rowspan="2"|Football League||30||1||1||0||colspan="2"|-||31||1
|-
|2009||14||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||14||0
178||15||8||1||2||0||188||16
178||15||8||1||2||0||188||16
|}

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Shin Asahina
朝比奈 伸
- **fullname**: Shin Asahina
- **birth place**: Fujieda, Shizuoka, Fujieda, Shizuoka Prefecture, Shizuoka, Japan
- **position**: Defender (association football), Defender
- **youthyears1**: 1992–1994
- **youthclubs1**: Shimizu Commercial High School
- **youthyears2**: 1995–1998
- **youthclubs2**: Doshisha University
- **years1**: 1999–2002
- **clubs1**: Gamba Osaka
- **caps1**: 16
- **goals1**: 0
- **years2**: 2003–2004
- **clubs2**: Sagan Tosu
- **caps2**: 61
- **goals2**: 3
- **years3**: 2005–2006
- **clubs3**: Roasso Kumamoto, Rosso Kumamoto
- **caps3**: 46
- **goals3**: 9
- **years4**: 2007
- **clubs4**: Banditonce Kakogawa, Banditonce Kobe
- **caps4**: 11
- **goals4**: 2
- **years5**: 2008–2009
- **clubs5**: Blaublitz Akita, TDK
- **caps5**: 44
- **goals5**: 1
- **totalcaps**: 178
- **totalgoals**: 15
Manabu Ikeda

**Manabu Ikeda** (born 3 July 1983) is a former Japanese football player.

## Club career statistics

|-
|1999||rowspan="4"|Urawa Red Diamonds||J. League 1||17||2||2||1||3||0||22||3
|-
|2000||J. League 2||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2001||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||13||0||3||0||4||0||20||0
|-
|2002||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2003||rowspan="2"|Shonan Bellmare||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||13||0||||||colspan="2"|-||13||0
|-
|2004||1||0||||||colspan="2"|-||1||0
44||2||5||1||7||0||56||3
44||2||5||1||7||0||56||3
|}
Suguru Ito

is a former Japanese football player.

## Club statistics

|colspan=3|Club performance|colspan=2|League|colspan=2|Cup|colspan=2|League Cup|colspan=2|Total||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1996|Nagoya Grampus Eight|J1 League|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|
|1997|9|1|1|0|0|0|10|1|||
|1998|7|1|1|0|4|1|12|2|||
|1999|1|0|0|0|0|0|1|0|||
|1999|Kyoto Purple Sanga|J1 League|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|
|2000|Vegalta Sendai|J2 League|24|6|1|0|1|0|26|6|
|2001|Shonan Bellmare|J2 League|5|0|0|0|2|0|7|0|

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Suguru Ito
伊藤 卓
- **fullname**: Suguru Ito
- **birth place**: Katagami, Akita Prefecture, Akita, Japan
- **position**: Midfielder
- **youthyears1**: 1991–1993
- **youthclubs1**: Tokai University Daiichi High School
- **youthyears2**: 1994–1995
- **youthclubs2**: Kokushikan University
- **years1**: 1996–1999
- **clubs1**: Nagoya Grampus, Nagoya Grampus Eight
- **caps1**: 17
- **goals1**: 2
- **years2**: 1999
- **clubs2**: Kyoto Sanga FC, Kyoto Purple Sanga
- **caps2**: 0
- **goals2**: 0
- **years3**: 2000
- **clubs3**: Vegalta Sendai
- **caps3**: 24
- **goals3**: 6
- **years4**: 2001
- **clubs4**: Shonan Bellmare
- **caps4**: 5
- **goals4**: 0
- **totalcaps**: 46
- **totalgoals**: 8
- **nationalyears1**: 1995
- **nationalteam1**: Japan national under-20 football team, Japan U-20
- **nationalcaps1**: 3
- **nationalgoals1**: 0
Andrea Orlandi

**Andrea Orlandi** (born 3 August 1984) is a Spanish football player. He plays for Swansea City.

## Club career statistics

|-
|2005/06||rowspan="2"|Barcelona||rowspan="2"|La Liga||1||0||0||0||0||0||1||0
|-
|2006/07||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0

|-
|2007/08||rowspan="3"|Swansea City||rowspan="2"|League One||8||0||4||0||0||0||12||0
|-
|2008/09||11||1||2||0||2||0||15||1
|-
|2009/10||League Championship||||||||||||||||
1||0||0||0||0||0||1||0
19||1||6||0||2||0||26||1
20||1||6||0||2||0||27||1
|}
Ludovic Sylvestre

**Ludovic Sylvestre** (born 5 February 1984) is a French football player. He plays for Mladá Boleslav.

## Club career statistics

|-
|2005/06||Barcelona||La Liga||2||0

|-
|2006/07||rowspan="2"|Sparta Prague||rowspan="2"|Gambrinus liga||19||0
|-
|2007/08||6||0
|-
|2007/08||Viktoria Plzeň||Gambrinus liga||14||3
|-
|2008/09||rowspan="2"|Mladá Boleslav||rowspan="2"|Gambrinus liga||29||3
|-
|2009/10||||
2||0
68||7
70||7
|}
Satoshi Nagano

is a Japanese football player.

## Club statistics

|colspan=3|Club performance|colspan=2|League|colspan=2|Cup|colspan=2|League Cup|colspan=2|Total|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2005|Avispa Fukuoka|J2 League|18|1|2|0|-|20|1|
|2006|J1 League|3|0|-|4|0|7|0||
|2006|Tokyo Verdy|J2 League|7|0|0|0|-|7|0|
|2007|Avispa Fukuoka|29|0|1|0|-|30|0||
|2008|27|1|0|0|-|27|1|||
|2009|19|0|2|0|-|21|0|||
|2010|Giravanz Kitakyushu|33|0|1|0|-|34|0||
|2011|28|2|1|0|-|29|2|||
|2012|5|0|0|0|-|5|0|||

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Satoshi Nagano
- **image**: Satoshi Nagano.jpg
- **image size**: 200px
- **fullname**: Satoshi Nagano
- **birth place**: Saigawa, Fukuoka, Japan
- **position**: Defender (association football), Defender
- **youthyears1**: 2001–2004
- **youthclubs1**: Fukuoka University
- **years1**: 2005–2009
- **clubs1**: Avispa Fukuoka
- **caps1**: 96
- **goals1**: 2
- **years2**: 2006
- **clubs2**: →Tokyo Verdy (loan)
- **caps2**: 7
- **goals2**: 0
- **years3**: 2010–2012
- **clubs3**: Giravanz Kitakyushu
- **caps3**: 66
- **goals3**: 2
- **years4**: 2013–2016
- **clubs4**: Nakhon Ratchasima F.C., Nakhon Ratchasima
- **caps4**: 114
- **goals4**: 6
- **years5**: 2017
- **clubs5**: Bangkok F.C., Bangkok
- **caps5**: 22
- **goals5**: 2
- **totalcaps**: 283
- **totalgoals**: 10
Railway electrification system

A **railway electrification system** supplies electrical energy to railway locomotives and multiple units so that they can operate without having an on-board prime mover. Their main advantages are high energy efficiency and low operating cost. Building their wires and other infrastructure is expensive, however.

## Power supply

Electricity may be sent to the train in different ways. Different countries use different systems. The most widely used systems are:
- Alternating current from overhead lines at 15,000 volts, 16.7 Hz
- Alternating current from overhead lines at 25,000 volts, 50 Hz
- Direct current from overhead lines at 1,500 or 3,000 volts
- Direct current from a third rail at 600 or 750 volts

## Related pages

- Electric locomotive
Single track (rail)

A **single track** railway is one where traffic in both directions shares the same track.  In the early days of railways, especially before the telegraph, operation of significant numbers of trains on a single track railway was fraught with difficulties, including delays and accidents, particularly head-on collisions.
English National Opera

**English National Opera** (ENO) is an opera company based in London, England.  The opera house where it performs is called the London Coliseum.  It is in St. Martin's Lane, very near Trafalgar Square.  It is one of the two big opera companies in London.  The other big one is the Royal Opera (ROH), Covent Garden.  The English National Opera is different because the operas there are always sung in English.  The ticket prices are not quite as high as at the ROH.

## History

The beginnings of the ENO go back to 1898 when Lilian Baylis gave a series of opera concerts at the Old Vic theatre.  About ten years later she started a theatre company there. She put on Shakespeare's plays in a shortened form.  She added a small group of dancers to the company. The Sadler's Wells Theatre opened, and the company were called the Vic-Wells Opera Company.  The dancers later separated from Vic-Wells and became the Royal Ballet.

The company toured while the theatre was closed during the Second World War.  At the end of the war it came back and was called Sadler's Wells Opera Company, and the theatre opened again with a performance of Benjamin Britten's _Peter Grimes_.  It was the first English opera since the time of Purcell to become internationally famous.
In 1968 Sadler's Wells Opera moved from Sadler's Wells Theatre to the London Coliseum.  Six years later the company was renamed _English National Opera_.

Since then the ENO has put on many great opera productions.  For many years the general director was Peter Jonas, the artistic director was David Poutney and the conductor (musical director) was Mark Elder.

In 2004 many improvements were made to the building.  While the building was going on the ENO performed in the Barbican Centre.

Although ENO performs all operas in English, in 2005 it introduced surtitles at the Coliseum.  This makes it easier for the audience to understand the words being sung.

In 2007 the conductor Edward Gardner became music director of ENO.

## Music directors

- Lawrance Collingwood (Chief Conductor, 1931-1941, Music Director 1941-1946)
- James Robertson (1946-1954)
- Alexander Gibson (1957-1959)
- Colin Davis (1961-1965)
- Mario Bernardi (1966-1968) and Bryan Balkwill (1966-1969), co-Music Directors
- Sir Charles Mackerras (1970-1977)
- Sir Charles Groves (1978-1979)
- Mark Elder (1979-1993)
- Sian Edwards (1993-1997)
- Paul Daniel (1997-2005)
- Edward Gardner (2007-present)

## Other websites

- ENO website
- ENO history
Air show

An **air show** is an event at which aviators display their flying skills and the capabilities of their aircraft to spectators in aerobatics. Air shows without aerobatic displays, having only aircraft displayed parked on the ground, are called "static air shows".
Green belt

A **green belt** or **greenbelt** is a policy and land use designation used in land use planning to retain areas of largely undeveloped, wild, or agricultural land surrounding or neighbouring urban areas. Similar concepts are **greenways** or **green wedges** which have a linear character and may run through an urban area instead of around it.  A green belt is basically an invisible line that goes around a certain area, stopping people from building there so that some of the wild and agricultural land can be saved.
Florence and the Machine

**Florence and the Machine** (also written as **Florence + the Machine**), is an English rock band that is a recording name of Florence Welch and a collaboration of other artists who provide backing music for her voice. Musically, Florence and the Machine's sound is generally referred to as soul-inspired indie rock. Florence and the Machine's music has received praise across the music media, especially from the BBC. This is because the BBC played a large part in Florence and the Machine's rise to prominence by promoting her as part of BBC Introducing. This led to the band playing at a number of music festivals in 2008, including Glastonbury as well as Reading and Leeds and T in the Park. The band's debut album, _Lungs_ was released on 6 July 2009. It held the number 2 position for its first five weeks in the charts, behind Michael Jackson. The album has now been in the top 40 UK charts for 22 consecutive weeks.

## The Machine

Welch said that "The name Florence and the Machine started off as a private joke that got out of hand. I made music with my friend, who we called Isabella Machine to which I was Florence Robot. When I was about an hour away from my first gig, I still didn't have a name, so I thought "Okay, I'll be Florence Robot is a Machine", before realizing that name was so long it'd drive me mad". In 2006 Welch's performances in small London venues as "Florence Robot is a Machine"  began to attract notice.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Florence and the Machine
- **img**: Florence and the Machine 12 09 2018 -11 (32834296408) (cropped).jpg
- **img capt**: Florence and the Machine in 2018
- **img size**: 250px
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: London, England, U.K.
- **genre**: Alternative rock · art rock · indie rock · baroque pop · Soul music, soul · folk music, neo folk · electronica · dream pop · classical music, symphonic rock
- **years active**: 2007–present
- **associated acts**: Lightspeed Champion, Noah and the Whale, Ashok
- **url**: [http://florenceandthemachine.net/ florenceandthemachine.net/]
- **current members**: Florence Welch
Robert Ackroyd
Christopher Lloyd Hayden
Isabella Summers
Tom Monger
- **past members**: Devonte Hynes
Jacopo Peri

**Jacopo Peri** (born Rome, 20 August 1561; died Florence, 12 August 1633) was an Italian composer and singer. He composed the first opera ever written.

## Life

Peri was born in Rome, but studied in Florence. He had several church jobs, playing the organ and singing.He also worked at the court of the Medici family, playing instruments and composing incidental music for plays and madrigals.

In the 1590s, Peri worked for Jacopo Corsi, the most important patron of music in Florence. They felt that art at that time (music, drama, painting etc.) was not as good as the classical art that had been produced 2000 years ago in Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. They wanted to write drama like the old Greek tragedies. In music they started to write "monody", which meant a solo song with a continuo bass accompaniment. They soon started to realize that just monody on its own could become boring, so they developed it into recitative (where the story could be told) and aria (where the singers could express their feelings in song). Peri and Corsi asked the poet Ottavio Rinuccini to write some words for them and together they produced the opera _Dafne_. It was probably nothing like what the Ancient Greeks would have done, but it was the first opera in modern times.

In 1600, Rinuccini and Peri wrote another opera together: _Euridice_.  We still have the music _Euridice_, although unfortunately the music to _Dafne_ has been lost. https://www.nndb.com/people/694/000097403/

Peri wrote several other operas, although they are not great works. However, a very great composer was around at the time. His name was Claudio Monteverdi. In 1607, he started writing operas and his operas are often performed today.

1600 is the date usually thought of as the beginning of the Baroque music period. It is a convenient date because it is when opera started.https://www.operanorth.co.uk/explore-opera/a-brief-history-of-opera/#:~:text=and%20instrumental%20music.-,The%20first%20opera,the%20Duke%20of%20Mantua's%20court.

## References

- "Jacopo Peri", in _The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians_, ed. Stanley Sadie.  20 vol.  London, Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 1980.
Blake Hall tube station

**Blake Hall** station is a disused station in Essex, formerly on the Central Line of the London Underground  between North Weald and Ongar.

## Infobox (closed london station)

- **name**: Blake Hall
- **image**:
- **owner**: Eastern Counties Railway
- **locale**: Greensted
- **borough**: Epping Forest (district), Epping Forest
- **platforms**: 1
- **start**: 24 April 1865
- **end**: 2 November 1981
- **replace**: None
- **tubestation**: yes
- **caption**: 1982
M11 motorway

The **M11** is a motorway in South East England. It goes from London to Cambridge. It is  long. It opened between 1975 and 1980.

## Junctions

|scope="col"|mile|scope="col"|km|scope="col"|Southbound exits (B carriageway)|scope="col"|Junction|scope="col"|Northbound exits (A carriageway)|scope="col"|Coordinates|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|colspan="6"|**M11 motorway junctions**|||||||||||
|7.5|12.1|North Circular A406 (West) (A10, A1), West End The City, Docklands, Blackwall Tunnel (A12, A13), A406 South|J4|_Start of motorway_|<small></small>|||||||
|11.4|18.4|No access|J5|Debden, Loughton A1168|<small></small>|||||||
|14.7|23.6|Watford, Oxford, Heathrow Airport, (M1), M40, M4 M25(W) Gatwick Airport, Dartford Crossing, M23, M20 M25(E)|J6|Watford, Oxford, Heathrow Airport, (M1), M40, M4 M25(W) Gatwick Airport, Dartford Crossing, M23, M20 M25(E)|<small></small>|||||||
|19.1|30.7|Chelmsford, Harlow A414|J7|Harlow A414|<small></small>|||||||
|28.9|46.5|Bishop's Stortford, Services, Colchester, Stansted A120|J8 _Services_|Bishop's Stortford, Services A120(W)|<small></small>|||||||
|29.2|47.0|No access|J8A|Stansted, Colchester A120(E)|<small></small>|||||||
|43.3|69.7|No access|J9|Newmarket, Suffolk|Newmarket,  Norwich A11|<small></small>||||||
||||J9A|Saffron Walden, Cambridge South, Haverhill  A1301|<small></small>|||||||
|45.9|73.9|Saffron Walden, Duxford, Haverhill, Suffolk A505|J10|Royston, Duxford A505|<small></small>|||||||
|50.8|81.7|Royston A10 Cambridge A1309|J11|Harston A10 Cambridge A1309|<small></small>|||||||
|53.4|85.9|Cambridge, Sandy A603|J12|Cambridge, Sandy A603|<small></small>|||||||
|55.1|88.6|No access|J13|Cambridge, Bedford A1303|<small></small>|||||||
|56.2|90.4|St Neots A428|J14|Newmarket A14 Ely (A10)|<small></small>|||||||
|||_Start of motorway_, _Non-motorway traffic_: Cambridge, Newmarket A14||_Road continues north as A14 towards The Midlands, which then becomes the M6 motorway towards The North West, and finally, the A74(M) in Scotland, and ends in Glasgow._|<small></small>|||||||

## Infobox (road)

- **country**: GBR
- **type**: M
- **route**: 11
- **map**: M11 motorway (Great Britain) map.svg
- **photo**: Motorway M11 Cambridge.JPG
- **photo notes**: The M11 north of Cambridge, 2008
- **length mi**: 55.0
- **established**: 1975
- **history**: Completed   1975–1980
- **direction a**: South
- **direction b**: North
- **terminus a**: Woodford
- **terminus b**: Girton, Cambridgeshire, Girton
- **destinations**: Loughton, Harlow, London Stansted Airport, Stansted , Bishop's Stortford, Cambridge, London
- **junction**:
M25 motorway
- **previous type**: M
- **previous route**: 9
- **previous dab**: Scotland
- **next type**: M
- **next route**: 18
- **next dab**: Great Britain
Coopersale Halt railway station

**Coopersale Halt** is the current terminus of the Epping Ongar Railway in the hamlet of Coopersale in Epping, Essex, England. It is located between Epping and North Weald.

## Related pages

- Central Line
- Epping Ongar Railway
- Ongar tube station
- Blake Hall tube station
- North Weald tube station
- Epping tube station
- Closed London Underground stations

## Other websites

- Epping Ongar Railway's Official Website
- Epping–Ongar Line (part 1)
- Epping–Ongar Line (part 2)
London Underground 1960 Stock

The London Underground **1960 Stock** was a small, prototype class of electric multiple unit designed for the London Underground Central Line.

## Infobox (underground stock)

- **name**: 1960 Stock
- **image**: File:1960-Grange-Hill.jpg
- **imagealt**: 1960 Stock at Grange Hill
- **imagesize**: 300
- **caption**: 1960 Stock at Grange Hill
- **type**: Deep-level tube
- **lines**: (1960-1994)
- **manufacturer**: Cravens
- **numberservice**: 2 cars (Departmental)
- **numberpreserved**: 2 cars
- **doors**: Two double-leaf, One single-leaf
Martin Bell

**Martin Bell**, OBE (born 31 August 1938) is a British UNICEF (UNICEF UK) Ambassador, a former broadcast war reporter and former independent politician. He was an Member of Parliament (MP) for Tatton from 1997 to 2001. Sometimes, he is called "the man in the white suit".

## Infobox (mp)

- **name**: Martin Bell
- **honorific-suffix**: Order of the British Empire, OBE
- **image**: Martin Bell in 2009.jpg
- **caption**: Martin Bell in 2009
- **constituency mp2**: Tatton (UK Parliament constituency), Tatton
- **majority2**: 11,077
- **term start2**: 1 May 1997
- **term end2**: 7 June 2001
- **predecessor2**: Neil Hamilton (politician), Neil Hamilton
- **successor2**: George Osborne
- **birth place**: Redisham, Suffolk, England
- **nationality**: British people, British
- **party**: Independent (politician), Independent
- **relations**: Adrian Bell (father, dead)
Anthea Bell (sister)
Oliver Kamm (nephew)
- **alma mater**: King's College, Cambridge
- **occupation**: War reporter
Urban75

**Urban75** (also sometimes referred to as **u75** or **urban**) is a website and messageboard based in Brixton, England. It was founded in 1995 and includes various content e-zine content, as well as bulletin boards. The site was founded and is currently run by Mike Slocombe.
Francesco Cavalli

**Francesco Cavalli** (born Crema, Lombardy, 14 February 1602; died 14 January 1676) was an Italian composer.  He lived in the early part of the Baroque music period. His real name was **Pietro Francesco Caletti-Bruni**, but he is better known as Cavalli, which was the name of his patron, a Venetian nobleman.  He is remembered for his operas.

## Life

Cavalli was born at Crema, Lombardy. He became a singer at St Mark's in Venice in 1616, then he was organist there, and in 1668 he became _maestro di cappella_.

He began to write for the theatre in 1639. Soon after that the first public opera house opened in Venice. Cavalli became so famous that he was invited to Paris in 1660 where he performed his opera _Xerxes_. He visited Paris again in 1662. He died in Venice at the age of 73.

## Music and influence

Cavalli lived at the time that opera had just been invented by Jacopo Peri.  Claudio Monteverdi composed the first really good operas.  Cavalli became the most important Italian writer of operas in the middle of the 17th century.  His operas use small orchestras, unlike those of Monteverdi, who was writing for the court in Mantua where there was lots of money for big orchestras.  Cavalli had a good sense of drama and he wrote lovely melodies.

He wrote 57 operas, of which 27 survived.  He also wrote some church music and some instrumental music.
Santana do Paraíso

**Santana do Paraíso** is a Brazilian city in the Vale do Aço metropolitan area, state of Minas Gerais. Its population in 2009 was 24.695 inhabitants. Its area is 275,529 km². The city was founded in April 28, 1992.

It is limited with the municipal districts of Belo Oriente, Mesquita, Ipatinga, Caratinga e Ipaba

## Other websites

- Official site of Santana do Paraíso

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Santana do Paraíso
- **settlement type**: Municipality
- **official name**: The Municipality of Santana do Paraíso
- **nickname**:
"Paraíso"
- **image map**: MinasGerais Municip SantanadoParaiso.svg
- **subdivision type**: List of countries, Country
- **subdivision type1**: Regions of Brazil, Region
- **subdivision type2**: States of Brazil, State
- **subdivision name**: Brazil
- **subdivision name1**: Southeast
- **subdivision name2**: Minas Gerais
- **established title**: Founded
- **established date**: April 28, 1992
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Joaquim Correia de Melo
- **area total km2**: 275.529
- **population as of**: 2009
- **population total**: 24.695
- **population density km2**: 86.6
- **utc offset**: -3
- **postal code type**: Postal Code
- **blank name**: **Human Development Index, HDI** (2000)
- **blank info**: 0,712  – <span style="color:#fc0">medium</span>
- **website**: http://www.santanadoparaiso.mg.gov.br/
Ruston (engine builder)

**Ruston** was an industrial equipment manufacturer in Lincoln, England, the company's history going back to 1840. The company is best known as a manufacturer of narrow and standard gauge diesel locomotives and also of steam shovels.

## Infobox (defunct company)

- **company name**: Ruston, Proctor and Company
- **company logo**: Ruston and Hornsby Roller Headstock Badge IMG 1841.jpg
- **company type**: private
- **fate**: Merger
- **predecessor**: Proctor and Burton
- **successor**: Ruston & Hornsby
- **foundation**: 1857 (1840)
- **defunct**: 1918
- **location**: Lincoln, Lincolnshire, Lincoln, England
- **industry**: Engineering
- **products**: Engines, Locomotives, Steam Engines, Turbines
- **subsid**: Ruston-Bucyrus
Harsco

**Harsco Corporation** () is a diversified, worldwide industrial company based in the United States.  Harsco operates in 45 countries and employs approximately 21,000 people worldwide. The company provides industrial services and engineered products that serve some of the world’s largest and most essential industries, including steel, construction, railways, and energy.  The 2005 revenues totaled $2.8 billion, nearly 60% of which were generated internationally.

## Infobox (_company)

- **company name**: Harsco Corporation
- **company type**: Public company, Public ()
- **foundation**: 1853 - Public, as Harsco Corporation (1956)
- **location**: Wormleysburg, Pennsylvania
- **key people**: Sal Fazzolari, Chairman & CEO
- **num employees**: 21,000
- **products**: Industry, Industrial Services and Engineering, Engineered Products
- **industry**: Steel and Iron and environmentally-beneficial products
- **revenue**: $2.8 billion USD (2005)
- **homepage**: [http://www.harsco.com/ www.harsco.com]
Brake van

**Brake van** and **guard's van** are terms used mainly in the UK and Australia for a railway vehicle that has a hand brake which can be applied by the guard.  The equivalent North American term is caboose but a British brake van and a caboose are very different in appearance because the former usually has only four wheels while the latter usually has bogies.
Track ballast

**Track ballast** forms the trackbed upon which railway sleepers (UK) or railroad ties (US) are laid. It is packed between, below, and around the ties. It is used to facilitate drainage of water, to distribute the load from the railroad ties, and also to keep down vegetation that might interfere with the track structure. This also serves to hold the track in place as the trains roll by. It is typically made of crushed stone, although ballast has sometimes consisted of other, less suitable materials.
Karmapa

**Karmapa** is Tibetan buddhist teacher or lama. He is the first one from Tibetan lamas, who consciously incarnates in subsequent order of Buddhist masters. Karmapa is the head of Karma Kagyu- the biggest subschool or lineage of Kagyu school of Tibetan Buddhism. The first Karmapa Dusum Khyenpa (1204—1283) is student of Gampopa(1079-1153) .
Permanent way

The **permanent way** is the elements of railway lines: generally the pairs of rails typically laid on ties ("sleepers" in British parlance) embedded in ballast, intended to carry the ordinary trains of a railway. It is described as permanent way because in the earlier days of railway construction, contractors often laid a temporary track to transport spoil and materials about the site; when this work was substantially completed, the temporary track was taken up and the permanent way installed.
London Underground 1962 Stock

The **1962 Tube Stock** was a type of London Underground tube train built for use on the Central line. They were used on the Central line between 1962 and 1995. After that, the London Underground 1995 stock replaced them on the central line. These tube trains were very similar to the London Underground 1959 Stock used on Piccadilly line. They were later used on the Northern line until 1999. After that, they were retired. Most were scrapped but some were kept for other uses. Some, such as the one pictured, are kept for departmental use.

## Infobox (underground stock)

- **name**: 1962 Stock
- **image**: File:1962 stock Sandite train at Leytonstone.JPG
- **imagealt**: 1962 Stock in departmental use at Leytonstone
- **imagesize**: 300
- **caption**: 1962 Stock in departmental use at Leytonstone
- **type**: Deep-level tube
- **lines**: (1962-1999)
- **manufacturer**: Birmingham Railway Carriage & Wagon Company, BRC&W
- **carlength**: DM
NDM
T
- **weight**: DM
NDM
T
Scrap

**Scrap** is a term used to describe recyclable materials left over from manufacturing and product consumption. It includes parts of vehicles, building supplies, and surplus materials. Often confused with waste, scrap in fact has significant monetary value.

Overall, the scrap industry processes more than  of recyclable material each year into raw material feedstock for industrial manufacturing around the world. One example is scrap steel. Scrap is mainly reused to make other items. Plastic, for example, is melted down into new shapes. A water bottle may have been part of a computer once.

Scrap is very valuable. Some scrap is stolen for its worth, like copper wires and pans. This is a crime in some countries, and many investigations are focused on issues with legitimate metal trading. Totaled cars are often also sold for the metal inside. They are crushed, melted into smaller ingots and cylinders, then shipped to a manufacturer of metal goods that paid for that scrap metal. For developed metals to become scrap metal, it needs to be unused and useless in the form it's in. Only then do people shred and melt metal to be used for other things.
Verismo

**Verismo** is a word which refers to a type of literature and a type of opera that was popular towards the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. The Italian word "verismo" means "realism".
In literature the main verismo writers were the Frenchman Émile Zola, the Norwegian dramatist Henrik Ibsen and the Italian writer Giovanni Verga. The composer Pietro Mascagni used a story by Verga for his opera Cavalleria rusticana. This was a short, one-act opera which became extremely popular. Several composers were inspired by it and wrote similar works. The only one of these which is still regularly performed is _Pagliacci_ by Ruggero Leoncavallo. These two short operas are often performed on the same evening. They are known together as "Cav and Pag".

Verismo operas are generally based on stories about ordinary people from the working classes rather than about kings or gods or aristocrats. There is often a lot of violence in the stories as people love one another with great passions, which often leads to murder. Bizet's opera _Carmen_ is typical of that kind of story, although it was composed before the verismo tradition was really popular.

## References

- New Grove Dictionary of Music & Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie; 1980;
BBC Introducing

***BBC Music Introducing*** is the brand for new music programmes across the BBC showcasing unsigned, self signed and other emerging musical talent primarily from the UK.
Eats, Shoots & Leaves

***Eats, Shoots & Leaves: The Zero Tolerance Approach to Punctuation*** is a non-fiction book by . It was first published in 2003. The book talks about how punctuation is used incorrectly in modern English and why it is important to use it correctly. Truss writes with humour while teaching punctuation rules.

## About the book

The book has chapters on different punctuation marks, including:
- Apostrophes
- Commas
- Semicolons and colons
- Exclamation marks, question marks, and quotation marks
- Italics, dashes, brackets, ellipses, and Emoticons
- Hyphens

Truss also shares stories and history about punctuation.

## Title meaning

The title comes from a joke about bad punctuation:

The **comma** in the wrong place changes the meaning of the sentence. Without it, the sentence means a panda eats plant **shoots** and **leaves**. With the comma, it sounds like the panda eats, **then shoots a gun, and leaves the café**. This joke shows why punctuation is important.

## Success and criticism

The book became very popular, especially in the United States and the United Kingdom. It was on _The New York Times_ bestseller list in 2004. However, some people criticized the book.

- , a writer for _The New Yorker_, found punctuation mistakes in the book. He said it was **strange** for a British person to **teach Americans about punctuation**.

- , a linguist, wrote a book called _The Fight for English: How Language Pundits Ate, Shot and Left_ in 2006. He said Truss and other grammar writers **try to stop the English language from changing**.
- Some people felt the book made people **too strict** about punctuation. In 2007, comedian  said it made people into **"grammar bullies"**.

## Children's version

In 2006, a children's version of the book was published. It was called _Eats, Shoots & Leaves: Why, Commas Really Do Make a Difference!_. This version used cartoons to show how commas change meanings.

## Related pages

- _Der Dativ ist dem Genitiv sein Tod_  a similar book in German
- Standard English

## Infobox (book)

- **name**: Eats, Shoots & Leaves: The Zero Tolerance Approach to Punctuation
- **country**: United Kingdom
- **language**: English
- **subject**: English grammar, Punctuation
- **pub date**: 6 November 2003
- **media type**: Print (hardcover)
- **pages**: 228
- **isbn**: 978-1-86197-612-3
Survivor: Panama

***Survivor: Panama - Exile Island*** (_Survivor: Exile Island_ or _Survivor: Panama_ for short) is the twelfth season of the American reality show _Survivor_. The season was filmed in the Pearl Islands, off the coast of Panama. This location was used before in _Survivor: Pearl Islands_ and _Survivor: All-Stars_. Filming started on October 31, 2005 and the season started being shown on TV on February 2, 2006. The season finale (last episode) was on May 14, 2006 with the votes shown live from the Ed Sullivan Theater in New York.

Applications had to be given on June 17, 2005. Around August 2005, 800 people were invited for an interview by CBS. Out of these 800, 48 of them were chosen as semi-finalists to be interviewed Los Angeles in September 2005. From these 48, 16 were chosen and the show was filmed from November to December 2005.

## Infobox (television survivor)

- **season name**: Survivor: Panama - Exile Island
- **filming started**: October 31, 2005
- **filming completed**: December 9, 2005
- **location**: Pearl Islands, Panama
- **winner**: Aras Baskauskas
- **final vote**: 5-2
- **number survivors**: 16
- **number days**: 39
- **number episodes**: 15
- **previous season**: Survivor: Guatemala
- **next season**: Survivor: Cook Islands
- **tribes**: Casaya
 La Mina
 Bayoneta
 Viveros
 Gitanos
- **fans versus favorites**: Cirie Fields
- **heroes versus villains**: Danielle DiLorenzo,
Cirie Fields