juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Copper(I) bromide

**Copper(I) bromide**, also known as **cuprous bromide**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is CuBr. It has copper and bromide ions in it. The copper is in its +1 oxidation state.

## Properties

Copper(I) bromide is a colorless solid. It turns green when in air. It does not dissolve in water. It is a reducing agent.

## Preparation

Copper(I) bromide is made by reacting copper(II) bromide with any sulfite and any bromide salt. This reaction makes hydrogen bromide gas.

## Uses

It is used in organic chemistry. It is used to make organic compounds that have copper in them.

## Related pages

- Copper(I) iodide
- Copper(I) chloride
Copper(II) bromide

**Copper(II) bromide**, also known as **cupric bromide**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is CuBr<sub>2</sub>. It has copper and bromide ions in it. The copper is in its +2 oxidation state.

## Properties

Copper(II) bromide is a grayish-black solid. Most copper(II) compounds, except for the oxide, are bright blue or green. It can be reduced to copper(I) bromide.

## Preparation

It can be made by dissolving copper(II) oxide in hydrobromic acid. It can also be made by reacting copper and bromine.<sup>82</sup>

## Uses

Copper(II) bromide is used in lasers. It is also used to add bromide ions to other chemical compounds in organic chemistry.

## Related pages

- Copper(II) chloride
- Copper(I) iodide
Fading Echoes (Warriors)

***Fading Echoes*** is the second book in the fourth _Warriors_ series, _Omen of the Stars_. It includes multiple points of view: Dovepaw and Ivypaw, two sisters, and Jayfeather and Lionblaze, two brothers. All of these cats are in ThunderClan.

The story takes place in a forest around a fictional lake. The forest is populated by groups of feral cats, who live in groups that call themselves Clans. The four Clans are ThunderClan, ShadowClan, WindClan, and RiverClan. The cats usually train to become warriors, who hunt and fight for their Clans.

### Dovepaw's story

Dovepaw strengthens her ability to hear farther than any cat around the lake, while her bond with her sister, Ivypaw, dwindles. This is because Dovepaw cannot share the secret of her power with any cat except for Lionblaze and Jayfeather.

Dovepaw tries to make friends with a ShadowClan warrior named Tigerheart, but she cannot, as the fact that they are from different Clans keeps them apart.

Later, Dovepaw saves most of ThunderClan by sensing that a tree is about to fall into their camp, and evacuating them in time.

### Jayfeather's story

Jayfeather discovers that some Clan cats are being trained by Dark Forest cats (the Dark Forest is where bad Clan cats' spirits go when they die). This means that the Clan cats will have to fight the Dark Forest cats and the Clan cats training there.

### Ivypaw's story

Ivypaw begins to train in the Dark Forest. She has an argument with her sister, Dovepaw, and their bond starts to weaken. Later, she fakes a sign that says the cats should enter a battle, which results in two deaths.

## Infobox (book)

- **name**: Fading Echoes
- **author**: Erin Hunter
- **country**: United States/United Kingdom
- **language**: English
- **series**: Warriors (novel series)
- **genre**: Children's literature
Fantasy novel
- **publisher**: HarperCollins
- **release date**: 6 June 2010
- **media type**: Print (hardback & paperback)
- **pages**: 296
- **isbn**: 978-0-06-155514-5
- **preceded by**: The Fourth Apprentice
- **followed by**: Night Whispers
Starlight (Warriors)

***Starlight*** is the fourth book in the second series of _Warriors_, called _Warriors: The New Prophecy_. The book is told from three different points of view: Leafpool and Squirrelflight, two sisters, and Squirrelflight's love interest, Brambleclaw.

This book takes place in a forest around a fictional lake. The forest is populated by groups of feral cats, who live in groups that call themselves Clans. The four Clans are ThunderClan, ShadowClan, WindClan, and RiverClan. The cats usually train to become warriors, who hunt and fight for their Clans.

### Leafpool

Leafpool has to care for ThunderClan with her teacher, Cinderpelt. She and Cinderpelt are medicine cats, meaning that they heal the cats of their Clan. She finds a place called the Moonpool, where the Clans can contact the spirits of their ancestors. She eventually falls in love with a WindClan warrior called Crowfeather (which is forbidden, as Leafpool and Crowfeather are from different Clans). Leafpool also discovers that Brambleclaw has started to train with Tigerstar and Hawkfrost, his evil father and brother, in dreams. She wonders if he is truly loyal to ThunderClan.

### Squirrelflight

Squirrelflight discovers a place where ThunderClan can live. She begins to struggle with her emotions for two male cats, Brambleclaw and Ashfur. She likes Ashfur more for a while when she finds out that Brambleclaw has been training with evil cats. She wonders if Brambleclaw is loyal to ThunderClan. Eventually, though, she decides that she loves Brambleclaw, and chooses him over Ashfur.

### Brambleclaw

Brambleclaw starts dreaming of a place called the Dark Forest, a place where the spirits of evil Clan cats go when they die. In those dreams, he trains with Tigerstar and Hawkfrost, his evil father and brother.

## Infobox (book)

- **genre**: Children's literature
Fantasy novel
- **preceded by**: Dawn
- **isbn**: 978-0-06-082762-5
- **pages**: 352
- **media type**: Print (hardback & paperback)
- **release date**: 4 April 2006
- **publisher**: HarperCollins
- **series**: Warriors (novel series)
- **name**: Starlight
- **language**: English
- **country**: United States/United Kingdom
- **author**: Erin Hunter
- **followed by**: Twilight
Mike Epps

**Michael Elliot Epps** (born November 18, 1970) is an American actor and comedian. His movies include _Next Friday_, _Friday After Next_, and _Open Season 2_. Epps' trademark is a voice similar to Martin Lawrence in the original _Open Season_. He replaced Lawrence as the voice of Boog in _Open Season 2_. Lawrence and Epps also starred in the comedy _Welcome Home Roscoe Jenkins_. In _Open Season 3_, he was replaced by Matthew J. Munn.

## Infobox (comedian)

- **name**: Mike Epps
- **image**: Mike Epps 2013 (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Epps in 2013
- **birth name**: Michael Elliot Epps
- **birth place**: Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S.
- **active**: 1989–present
- **children**: 7
Proposition

A **proposition** is a term in philosophy and logic. It is a statement which has a truth value, meaning it can be proven to be true or false. For a proposition to be valid, it must be possible to prove the proposition is either true or false. Many teachers and students of logic use the term _statement_ and _proposition_ to mean the same thing. Propositions are also often represented by capital letters such as ,  and .

It is possible to express the same proposition in many way. Proposition are only concerned with actual meaning, not the way the proposition is expressed. Propositions can look different, yet still mean the same thing. When two different propositions mean the same thing, they are said to be synonymous, meaning each statement has the same meaning.

For example, "Snow is white" (in English) and "Schnee ist weiß" (in German) are different sentences, because they are written in different languages. However, they mean exactly the same thing: snow is white. No matter what language the statement is written in, it will mean the same thing. As a result, these statements are synonymous.

In Aristotelian logic, a proposition is a specific kind of sentence that confirms or denies an action or predicate took place through a subject. Aristotelian propositions take forms like "All men are mortal" and "Socrates is a man". In each sentence, the subject (men, Socrates) has a status (are mortal, is a man) which can be regarded as true or false.

In logical positivism, a proposition whose truth value cannot possibly be decided is meaningless (Quine, for instance, believes that propositions generally have no clear criterion of identity). For example, statements about the existence of deities cannot be proved under logical positivism. Because the statements have no truth value, a logical positivist would consider propositions about deities (such as "God exists" or "God does not exist") to have no logical meaning.

## Related pages

- Axiom
- Propositional logic
- Predicate logic
Karst

**Karst** is a geological system of rocks where water has eroded (dissolved) the bedrock. If it is very extensive, karst can be a geographical or topographical feature. It is classed as a badland if it difficult to travel through the environment, which it often is.

Almost always, karst is formed in carbonate rocks, such as limestone or dolomite. Since carbonate sedimentary rocks are very common, karst areas occur all over the world.

Many karst regions display distinctive surface features, with sinkholes being the most common. However, karst surface features may be absent where the soluble rock is _mantled_ (covered), such as  by a non-soluble rock strata on top of the carbonate strata. Some karst regions include thousands of caves, and the water is generally underground.

The world's largest karst area is the Nullarbor Plain, part of the area of flat, almost treeless, dry country of southern Australia. It is on the Great Australian Bight coast with the Great Victoria Desert to its north. It is the world's largest single exposure of limestone bedrock, and occupies an area of about . At its widest point, it stretches about  from east to west across the border region between South Australia and Western Australia.

## Sinkholes

Many parts of the world suffer from sinkholes. These form when karsts are underground. A sinkhole is a depression or hole in the ground caused by a collapse of the surface layer.

Beneath the flat surface of the land in Florida, Guatemala City and elsewhere are vast systems of limestone. Water running through the limestone is dissolving the limestone away, leaving huge caverns. Without warning, huge holes appear in the surface, causing great damage. Practically the whole of Florida is sitting on a gigantic karst system, as are several countries in Central America. The area round Tampa is especially at risk, and there is a huge karst system under Mexico, including Mexico City. According to a senior geochemist, there are as many as 15,000 sinkholes in Illinois.

The world's deepest sinkhole is China's Xiaozhai Tienkeng at 2172ft (662m).

The Qattara Depression in Egypt is part of the Libyan Desert. It is roughly 50 miles (80km) by 75 miles (121km) in surface area. It is the world's largest natural sinkhole. It lies below sea level and is covered with salt pans, sand dunes and salt marshes.

## Karst aquifers

In the United States, about 40% of the groundwater used for drinking comes from karst aquifers. Well-known examples are Carlsbad Caverns and Mammoth Cave. Karst aquifers are a vital resource in the US. About 20 percent of the land surface in the US is karst. Other parts of the world with large areas of karst include the Caribbean, China, and Australia.

The karst hydrogeology is a network of fissures, fractures, and runways in permeable rock. Most of inflow occurs through a network of openings. Groundwater is held in storage in the rocks. Karst is common also in Mexico, especially near where the meteorite hit in the Yucatan. There are also large areas of karst in the Caribbean, China, and Australia.

## Related pages

- Aquifer
- Limestone
PubMed Central

**PubMed Central** is a free database of scientific literature in biomedical and life sciences. It is on the Internet. It grew from the online Entrez PubMed biomedical literature search system.  PubMed Central was developed by the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM) as an online archive of biomedical journal articles. It was started in 2000. As of 2021, it had over 7 million science papers in it.

All the words in the PubMed Central articles can be read freely. Some publishers, though, do not show their articles for some time after they publish them on paper (usually about six months).

## History

PubMed Central was started in 2000.  At first, it only had papers from _Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences_ and _Molecular Biology of the Cell_.  People can add older papers to PubMed Central.  The oldest papers in PubMed Central are from the 1700s.

As of September 2004, PubMedCentral, PubMed, and related NLM services had about 1,300 hits every second, and gave 1.3 terabytes of data every day. The Library of Congress and the British Library showed support for the National Library of Medicine (NLM). It has also been popular with journal service providers.

## PubMed Central and PubMed

PubMed Central is different from PubMed. The regular PubMed has papers' titles and abstracts, and PubMed central has the whole paper.  Scientists call this "full text."

## PMCID

The PubMed Central Identifier (PMCID) is an ID tag for papers written by scientists and doctors.  It is like an ISBN is for books.  It shows the reader where to find the paper in the PubMed Central database.

## Other websites

- PubMed Central
- PubMed Central FAQ
- National Institutes of Health Submission System (NIHMS)
- NIH Public Access Policy
Medical University of Innsbruck

The **Medical University of Innsbruck** (German: _Medizinische Universität Innsbruck_) is a university in Innsbruck, Austria. It used to be one of the four historical faculties of the Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, but it became an independent (by itself) university in 2004.

## History

The medical tradition dates back long before the university began. The first hospital began in the silver-mining city of Schwaz nearby in 1307. Because people grew as years went by, a medical faculty was added to the university, begun in 1669 by Emperor Leopold I, making it the first of its kind in the Alpine region.

## Nobel Prize laureates

- Fritz Pregl, 1923 (chemistry - for his contributions to quantitative organic microanalysis)
- Adolf Windhaus, 1928 (chemistry - for his work on sterols and their relation to vitamins)
- Hans Fischer, 1930 (chemistry - for the synthesis of haemin)

## Other websites

- Study in Austria: A Guide

## Infobox (university)

- **name**: Medical University of Innsbruck
- **native name**: Medizinische Universität Innsbruck
- **native name lang**: German
- **established**: 2004
- **city**: Innsbruck
- **president**: W. Wolfgang Fleischhacker
- **students**: ca. 3,800
- **type**: public
- **endowment**: €260 million
- **website**: [http://www.i-med.ac.at www.i-med.ac.at]
Dolomite

**Dolomite** is the name of a sedimentary carbonate rock and a mineral, both composed of calcium magnesium carbonate CaMg(CO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>

As a mineral, it is found in crystals. Dolomite rock  (or 'dolostone') is mostly made of the mineral dolomite.

Limestone that is partially replaced by dolomite is referred to as _dolomitic limestone_. In the old U.S. geologic literature it is called _magnesian limestone_. Dolomite was first described in 1791 for exposures in the Dolomites of northern Italy.
Gravel

**Gravel** is small, loose, rock particles. It is any loose rock that is larger than 2 mm (0.079 in) in its smallest dimension (about 1/12 of an inch) and no more than 64 mm (2.5 in).

Small gravel is composed of granules (>2 to 4 mm/0.079 to 0.16 in). Large gravel is called pebbles (>4 to 64 mm/0.16 to 2.5 in).

Particles smaller than gravel are sand, larger particles are cobbles.

Gravel and sand are used for road surfaces, and for cement and Tarmac. Mixtures of gravel and sand mixed with various crushed material, are known as _aggregate_ in the trade. This is used for drainage in the basement of roads, and other purposes. Mixture of stones and resin is also used to pave footpaths, driveways, etc. This mixture is known as Resin Bonded Gravel.

## Origin

Natural gravel comes from ancient beaches which have not consolidated (turned into solid rock). In effect, beaches from (for instance) the Jurassic are dug up in quarries. The material is then sifted into size categories. The gravel and sand is then sold on to engineering companies. Most natural sand and gravel is silica, SiO<sub>2</sub>, in its chemistry. This is very hard-wearing.

However, if the material is originally in hard rock form, then it is first crushed. This enables the industry to offer other materials such as granite or limestone, originally solid rock, as gravel.

The open-cast mining and processing of gravel, sand and aggregate is a huge world-wide industry, sometimes called "conglomerates".
Cornet

A **cornet** is a brass instrument that is similar to the trumpet. It is part of the higher-brass family, together with trumpets and French horns.

## Infobox (instrument)

- **name**: Cornet
- **image**: Cornet-Bb-large.jpg
- **image capt**: A B_b_ cornet
- **classification**: Brass instrument, Brass
- **related**: Trumpet
Spice trade

People have been using spice<nowiki/>s for thousands of years. Often they wanted ones that didn't grow near them, so they got them from far away. One of the biggest **spice routes** was a route between Asia and Europe.

Only a few spices grew in Europe, so the others had to be brought from Asia. People made a route to go from Europe to Asia to buy spices. The route was very difficult and so the spices were expensive. People tried to find ways cheaper than the spice route, including going the other way around the world. This made the Age of Discovery, when they found places that they didn't know about, such as the Western Hemisphere.

Countries traded spices for gold and other things. They did this so they could get new spices or gain money and gold by selling their own. Sometimes people traded the spices because their country is running out of that certain spice.

.
Nuclear winter

**Nuclear winter** is a theory stating the possible effects of the use of nuclear weapons during a nuclear war; which could include reduced sunlight, extreme cold, and the presence of large amounts of smoke and soot in the Earth's atmosphere.
Meson

**Mesons** are incredibly small subatomic particles that are made of one quark and one antiquark. Antiquarks are the antimatter counterpart of a regular quark. Since antimatter quarks have the opposite spin of regular quarks, their spins can cancel each other out, which forms a particle similar to a Higgs Boson. The name **meson** comes from Greek "mesos", meaning middle. This is because the masses of the first mesons discovered were between the mass of light particles like electrons, called leptons, and heavy particles like protons, called baryons.

## Mesons' spin

Mesons are hadrons, which simply means that they are made of quarks. Since quarks have different fractional charges, mesons can have a charge. However, the charges of the quarks may cancel out, forming an uncharged meson. The rest of the hadron family are known as baryons, which are made of three quarks. Since quarks all have a spin of 1/2, three of them will never add up to an integer spin. An integer spin is simply 0, 1, or 2. Particles with an integer spin are called bosons, which obey Bose-Einstein Statistics. This means that more than one boson can actually be in the same point in space at the same time. However, a meson is made of one quark and one antiquark, which each do not have an integer spin. Particles which do not have an integer spin have a spin of 1/2 or 3/2. These particles with 1/2 spin are called Fermions because they obey Fermi-Dirac Statistics. This means that no more than one fermion can be in the same point in space at the same time. All known baryons and quarks (and antiquarks) are fermions, and all mesons are bosons. This can get very confusing because this means that more than one meson can exist in the same point in space at the same time, but the quarks that make up mesons cannot exist in the same point in space at the same time.

## Creation of Mesons

The most common natural way that we find mesons are through the interactions of cosmic rays with matter. This process can be duplicated in particle accelerators, which smash high-energy quarks and antiquarks. However, the mesons are very unstable and quickly turn into other particles. Charged Mesons can decay into electrons and neutrinos, and uncharged mesons can decay into photons. Since antimatter is destroying matter, a large amount of energy is given off. The energy follows the equation E=mc<sup>2</sup>.
Meccan sura

The **Meccan suras** are the suras that Muslims believe were shown to Muhammad before he left Mecca. They are usually shorter than the Medinan suras and are usually placed after them in the Qur'an.
Chris Hansen

**Christopher Edward "Chris" Hansen** (born September 13, 1959) is an American television personality most famously known for his role on _Dateline NBC_. He was on a part of the show called _To Catch a Predator_, where he tries to catch people who are trying to meet minors aged 13–15 on the Internet for sexual activity. Hansen has done other investigative reporting, and has won seven Emmy Awards for his reporting.

## Career

He went to Brother Rice High School in Bloomfield Hills Michigan. Hansen became a reporter for Lansing NBC affiliate WILX in 1981 during his senior year at Michigan State University. He then reported for WFLA in Tampa, various radio stations and newspapers in Michigan, WXYZ in Detroit, and WDIV as an investigative reporter and anchor from 1988. In May 1993, Hansen joined NBC News as a correspondent for the newsmagazine _Now with Tom Brokaw and Katie Couric_.

### _Dateline NBC_

Hansen's notable work for _Dateline_ includes coverage of the Columbine massacre, the Oklahoma City terrorist attack, the Unabomber and the TWA Flight 800 disaster; as well as investigative reports on Indian child slave labor and on counterfeit prescription drug sales in China. Hansen was responsible for most of _Dateline's_ coverage of the 9/11 terrorist attacks, as well as stories on terrorist groups and the operations of Al-Qaeda. He exposed how a group linked to Osama Bin Laden had tried to buy missiles and nuclear weapons components, and he also worked on an exclusive report detailing an attempted 1994 terrorist attack in France. His series on the lack of security at airports resulted in the Federal Aviation Administration opening an investigation and ultimately revising its policies.

## Awards

Hansen has received seven Emmy Awards, four Edward Murrow awards, three Clarion awards, the Overseas Press club award, an IRE, the National Press Club award, International Consortium of Investigative Journalists Award; as well as awards for excellence from the Associated Press and United Press International.

## Personal life

Hansen was born in Chicago, Illinois but grew up in northern Detroit suburbs of West Bloomfield and Birmingham. In an interview with the _Lansing City Pulse_, Hansen said that watching the FBI and police investigate the disappearance of Jimmy Hoffa when he was 14 inspired him to want to become a journalist. He graduated from Michigan State University College of Communication Arts and Sciences in 1981 with a bachelor's degree in telecommunications.

He is married to Mary Joan Hansen; the couple has two sons. The family resides in Connecticut.
Metriacanthosauridae

**Metriacanthosaurids** were a family of carnivorous theropod dinosaurs. They tended to be large predators, and some were 30 ft (10 m) long.

Metriacanthosaurids are carnosaurs. At first they were classified in the Megalosauridae or Allosauridae, now they are put in their own family. A gigantic tooth, which may come from a giant metriacanthosaurid, was described recently (2008).

## Classification

The Metriacanthosauridae is a monophyletic group. Cladistically it includes _Metriacanthosaurus parkeri_ and species closer related to _Metriacanthosaurus_ than to _Allosaurus fragilis_, _Carcharodontosaurus saharicus_, or to birds. These theropods are close to the ancestors of the allosaurs.

Metriacanthosauridae is often referred to as "Sinraptoridae", but Metriacanthosauridae is the correct name under ICZN rules, since _Metriacanthosaurus_ was the first member of the family to be described and named.

The cladogram here follows a study by Benson and colleagues.

## Other websites

- Taxon Search - Sinraptoridae
- Carnosauria
Bella Akhmadulina

**Bella Akhatovna Akhmadulina** (10 April 1937 — 29 November, 2010) was a Russian poet. Her poems used metaphors, and were described by Nobel Prize winner Joseph Brodsky as a "treasure of Russian poetry.

Her first poems were published in 1955. The government of the Soviet Union said her poems were too personal and emotional. She died in Pereldelkino, near Moscow, from a heart problem.

## Books

- The String (1962)
- Fever (1969)
- The Candle (1977)
- Dreams of Georgia (1978)
- The Secret
- Music Lessons (1969)
Mario Monicelli

**Mario Monicelli** (May 15, 1915 in Rome, Italy — 29 November 2010, Rome, Italy) was an Italian movie director famous for his comedy movies of the 1940—1960s. He was twice nominated for an Oscar award. One of his movies, _The Great War_ (1959), won a Golden Lion at the Venice Film Festival. In 1991 the Venice Film Festival gave him a lifetime achievement award.

Suffering from terminal prostate cancer, Monicelli jumped to his death from a fifth floor hospital window in Rome. He was 95 years old.

## Movies

- _The Boys of Paul Street_ (1935)
- _Big Deal on Madonna Street_ (1958)
- _The Great War_ (1959)
- _I Compagni_ (1963)
- _Casonova 70_ (1965)
Wedding dress

A **wedding dress** or **wedding gown** is the clothing worn by a bride during a wedding ceremony. The color, style and ceremonial importance of the gown can depend on the religion and culture of the bride.

## History

The origin of wedding dress is from the Roman Empire period. When the Christian religion spread to Europe, wedding ceremony was held the church and a bride wore a wedding dress. In the Middle Ages, all most wedding dresses were black with white veil because of religion. It changed white dress and veil in the 1840s. This style of dress spread to Asia when Europen culture came there.

## Types of dress

Slender line is a dress which is tight along a person's body. The Mermaid line is similar to slender line. It looks like a mermaid. A line looks like an "A" from the waist to foot. Like these, today there are so many kinds of wedding dress.

## Decoration

The veil is the most popular decoration. It is used for covering the face or head of women. There are special long white gloves. People use various length glove suiting their dress. A woman usually carries a small bunch of flowers, called a bouquet.
Medinan sura

The **Medinan suras** are the suras that Muslims believe were shown to Muhammad after his journey (the hijra) from Mecca to Medina. They are usually longer than Meccan suras and are usually placed before them in the Qur'an.
Maurice Wilkes

Professor Sir **Maurice Vincent Wilkes** (26 June 1913, Dudley, Worcestershire – 29 November 2010) was a British computer scientist, called the "father of British computing".

## Career

He invented the first usable stored program computer called EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator) at Cambridge University in 1949.

He also developed the idea of using software to program a computer, instead of a fixed electronic circuit. He was knighted for his achievements in 2000.

Wilkes was the first President of the British Computing Society.

## Awards

- The Turing Award (1967)
- The Faraday Award (1981)
- The Kyoto Prize for advanced Technology (1992)
- The IEEE 60th Anniversary Award (2007)

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Maurice Vincent Wilkes
- **image**: Maurice Vincent Wilkes 1974.jpg
- **caption**: Sir Maurice Wilkes
- **birth date**: 26 June 1913
- **death date**: 29 November 2010
O Brother, Where Art Thou? (movie)

***O Brother, Where Art Thou?*** is a 2000 American crime comedy movie directed by Joel and Ethan Coen and starring George Clooney. The movie is set in Mississippi in 1937 during the Great Depression. The movie's story is a comedy based on Homer’s _Odyssey_.

## Infobox (film)

- **name**: O Brother, Where Art Thou?
- **caption**: Theatrical release poster
- **director**: Coen brothers, Joel Coen
- **producer**: Coen brothers, Ethan Coen
- **music**: T. Bone Burnett
- **cinematography**: Roger Deakins
- **runtime**: 100 minutes
- **language**: English
- **budget**: $26 million
- **gross**: $71.9 million
Belemnite

**Belemnites** (or belemnoids) are an extinct group of marine cephalopod, similar in many ways to the modern squid, and closely related to the modern cuttlefish.

Like them, the belemnites had an ink sac, but, unlike the squid, they had ten arms of roughly equal length, and no tentacles.

The belemnites are a monophyletic group of superorder status, called the **Belemnoidea**. There are four orders.

## Occurrence

The belemnites evolved from nautiloids, which are the basal group of cephalopods. Well-formed belemnite guards can be found in rocks dating from the Mississippian (or Lower Carboniferous).

Belemnites were numerous during the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods, and their fossils are abundant in Mesozoic marine rocks, often with their cousins the ammonites. The belemnites and ammonites become extinct at the end of the Cretaceous period.

## Life-style

Like some modern squid, belemnite arms carried a series of small hooks for grabbing prey. Belemnites were efficient carnivores that caught small fish and other marine animals with their arms and ate them with their beak-like jaws.

In turn, belemnites appear to have formed part of the diet of marine reptiles such as Ichthyosaurs, whose fossilized stomachs frequently contain hooks from the arms of cephalopods.

Belemnites swam in near-shore to mid-shelf oceans.

## Ancient ink

Fossils which preserve the soft parts of belemnites show that, like many modern cephalopods, they had an ink sac, hard beaks, tail fins and large eyes. Well-preserved specimens show evidence of muscular fibers in the mantle, indicating that they were powerful swimmers like modern squids.

In 1826 Mary Anning discovered what appeared to be a chamber containing dried ink inside a belemnite  fossil. She showed it to her friend Elizabeth Philpot who was able to revive the ink with water, and use it to illustrate some of her own ichthyosaur fossils. Other local artists were soon doing the same when more fossilised ink chambers were discovered. Anning noted how closely the chambers resembled the ink sacs of modern squid and cuttle fish, which she had dissected to better understand the anatomy of fossil cephalopods. This led William Buckland to publish that Jurassic belemnites had used ink for defence just as many modern cephalopods do.
Nikolai Tsukanov

**Nikolai Nikolaevich Tsukanov** (Russian: Николай Николаевич Цуканов)  (born March 22, 1965) is a Russian politician. He is from the village Lipovo, Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia. In September 2010, he became governor of the Kaliningrad oblast. He became Secretary of the Kaliningrad regional council of the party "United Russia"  in 2010. He was also the mayor of the municipality "Gusev City District" in 2005-2010.
Bi

**Bi** can mean:
- The chemical symbol for bismuth
- Bisexuality
- The number two.
Sea bass

**Sea bass** is the name for different kinds of fish:
- Barramundi (Lates calcarifer), or Asian Sea Bass
- Black sea bass (Centropristis striata)
- Chilean sea bass is a marketing name for the Patagonian toothfish
- European seabass
- Giant seabass
- Potato cod
- Suzuki (fish)
- White seabass
In addition, many fish are called bass
Horace Andy

**Horace Andy** (born **Horace Keith Hinds**, February 19, 1951, Kingston, Jamaica) is a roots reggae songwriter and singer, known for his distinctive vocals and hit songs such as "Government Land", "Angel", "Five Man Army" and a cover version of "Ain't No Sunshine". In recent years he has mostly worked as a guest singer for trip hop band Massive Attack.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **img**: 2013-08-25 Chiemsee Reggae Summer - Horace Andy 6451.JPG
- **img capt**: Andy performing in 2013
- **name**: Horace Andy
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Horace Hinds
- **alias**: Sleepy
- **origin**: Kingston, Jamaica
- **instrument**: vocals
- **genre**: Reggae, trip hop
- **years active**: 1967–present
- **associated acts**: Massive Attack
Easy Star All-Stars
Frank Fenner

**Frank Fenner** (21 December 1914 Ballarat — 22 November 2010) was an Australian scientist. He was famous for his work on smallpox and the myxoma virus,
which had been deadly for rabbits in Australia.

Fenner was born in Ballarat, Victoria in 1914. He studied for a Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery at the University of Adelaide and graduated in 1938. In 1940 he completed a diploma in tropical medicine and 1942 he completed his Doctor of Medicine degree. During World War II he joined the Australian Army as a doctor and studied the parasite that caused malaria.

After the war he worked at Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research in Melbourne where he studied smallpox. In 1949 he became the first professor of microbiology at the new Australian National University (ANU) in Canberra. His interest on research was the myxoma virus. This virus was used to kill millions of rabbits that were destroying large areas of Australian grasslands and farms.

In 1967 Fenner became the Director of the John Curtin School of Medical Research at ANU and also Chairman of the Global Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication. In 1973 he became director of the Centre for Resource and Environmental Studies at ANU.

## Awards

- MBE (1945)
- Britannica Australia Award for Medicine (1967)
- Australia and New  Zealand Association for the Advancement of Science Medal (1980)
- World Health Organization Medal (1988)
- Japan Prize (1988)
- Companion of the Order of Australia (1989)
- Senior Australian Achiever of the Year (1999)
- Albert Einstein World  Award for Science (2000)
- Prime Minister's Science Prize (2002)
- Australian Capital Territory Australian of the Year (2002)

## Frank Fenner Medal

The John Curtin School of Medical Research awards the Frank Fenner Medal for the best Phd research in medicine at ANU.
George Bush Intercontinental Airport

**George Bush Intercontinental Airport** is an international airport in Houston, Texas. It opened in June 1969.

The airport has five runways. At least 700 planes takeoff from the airport daily. These planes carried 40,007,345 passengers during the year of 2009. Planes fly from this airport to around 170 cities in the world.

## Airlines

These are the airlines that operates at Houston Bush Airport as of November 2018:

- Aeroméxico
- Aeroméxico Connect
- Air Canada
- Air Canada Express
- Air China
- Air France
- Air New Zealand
- Alaska Airlines
- All Nippon Airways
- American Airlines
- American Eagle
- Avianca El Salvador
- Bahamasair
- Boutique Air
- British Airways
- Delta Air Lines
- Delta Connection
- Emirates
- EVA Air
- Frontier Airlines
- Interjet
- KLM

- Lufthansa
- Qatar Airways
- Scandinavian Airlines
- Singapore Airlines
- Spirit Airlines (focus city)
- Sunwing Airlines
- TACA Airlines
- Turkish Airlines
- United Airlines (hub)
- United Express
- US Airways
- Vacation Express
- VivaAerobus
- Volaris
- WestJet

## Infobox (airport)

- **name**: George Bush Intercontinental Airport
- **image**: Houston airports logo blue.png
- **image2**: IAH Aerial.jpg
- **caption2**: The airport as seen from the air
- **iata**: IAH
- **icao**: KIAH
- **type**: Public
- **owner**: City of Houston
- **operator**: Houston Airport System
- **city-served**: Houston, Texas
- **location**: Houston, Texas
- **hub**: United Airlines
- **website**: http://www.fly2houston.com/iahAbout
Cheonggyecheon

**Cheonggyecheon** is a stream bisecting down town Seoul, South Korea. This stream has a length of 5.84 km(its trail-12.04 km long) and its greatest width is 84m. This stream is famous for restoration. It was a sewer of Seoul in the Joseon Dynasty. For half a century after the Korean War, it had been entombed by pavement and had been a highway. After its restoration, the Cheonggycheon has become an ecological park. The restoration of Cheonggyecheon took three years spending almost $400 million. Since its opening in 2005, hundreds of thousands of people have visited Cheonggyecheon with friends and family. Many interesting events have been often held at Cheonggyecheon as well.

## History

It was originally called **Gaecheon**(Hangul:개천, Hanja:開川 ). The Cheonggyecheon was naturally formed stream long before the Joseon Dynasty designated Seoul as its capital. This stream caused a flood and inundated private houses in full spate. In ordinary times, it was unsanitary because of standing sewage therein. Therefore, King Taejong, the third king of the Joseon Dynasty, firstly beginned river training work by starting construction work for an open channel. After that, King Yeongjo, the 21st king of the Joseon Dynasty, conducted the overhaul of the stream in earnest by dredging the stream, building stone banks and changing a waterway. Due to this construction, the curved waterway of the stream became straight one at last. During the reign of King Sunjo and King Kojong, the overhaul of the stream was continued. There were 24 bridges over the stream(now 22 bridges).

During the Japanese colonial period, it came to get called "**Cheonggye**" as it is called today, supposedly from 1914, when the colonialists rearranged stream names in Korea. In this perion, the large-scale dredging of this stream was planned in terms of a modern urban planning by Japan but it wasn't carried out because of lack of funds. Therefore, the urban improvement project was neglected.

As a result, by Korea’s independence from Japan in 1945, the Cheonggyecheon was severely contaminated with wastes from flimsy shacks built alongside of the stream. It had a fetid smell as well. In terms of Seoul's appearance and sanitation, the then Cheonggyecheon was a serious problem. The easiest way of solving this promblem was covering over the stream with concrete. In 1958, finally, the work to cover it up with concrete started as quickly as possible by August 1958. In addition, a 5.6 km-long, 16 m-wide elevated highway was completed over the stream in August 1971 after four working years.

About 40 years after covering over the stream with concrete, Seoul city had resuscitated the stream since July 2003. After $386 milion recovery project, Cheonggyecheon was born again as a haven for wildlife as well as pedestrians in September 2005

## Other websites

- Official website of Cheonggyecheon

## Infobox (korean name)

- **img**: Korea-Seoul-Cheonggyecheon-2008-01.jpg
- **caption**: Cheonggye Stream in downtown Seoul
- **hangul**: 청계천
- **mr**: Ch'ŏnggyech'ŏn
- **rr**: Cheonggyecheon
Virtual XI

***Virtual XI*** is an album by Iron Maiden.  It is their eleventh studio album.

The album was released on 23 March 1998. It was not liked by reviewers. One person who reviewed it said that it sounded "lifeless" and "tired."

## Musicians

- Blaze Bayley - lead vocals
- Dave Murray - guitar
- Janick Gers - guitar
- Steve Harris - bass guitar, keyboards
- Nicko McBrain - drums
- Michael Kenney– keyboards

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Virtual XI
- **type**: Studio album
- **artist**: Iron Maiden
- **released**: 23 March 1998
- **genre**: Heavy metal music, Heavy metal
- **length**: 53:06
- **label**: EMI
- **producer**: Steve Harris (musician), Steve Harris, Nigel Green
- **prev title**: Best of the Beast
- **prev year**: 1996
- **next title**: Ed Hunter
- **next year**: 1999
Fushūgaku

**Fushūgaku** () <nowiki/>is a term used in Japan which means "not attending school". This term is used mainly with Brazilian Japanese children.

## Reasons

There are various reasons as to why children do not attend school in Japan. One reason is that they cannot understand Japanese. Another reason is that their parents cannot afford school fees for them to go to school.

## Related pages

- Homeschooling
Australian National University

The **Australian National University** (ANU) in Canberra, Australia, is the only university set up by the Federal Government of Australia. The law to start the university was passed in 1946. It was set up to be a research university for subjects of national importance. These included physics, medicine, social sciences and Pacific studies. The university started undergraduate courses in 1960.

## Nobel prizes

ANU has had five Nobel Prize winners:
- Sir Howard Florey (1946) who was Chancellor of the University 1965—1968
- Professor John Eccles (1963) - first Professor of Physiology at the John Curtin School of Medical Research
- Professor John C. Harsanyi (1994) - economics teacher at ANU from 1958—1961
- Professor Rolf Zinkernagel and Professor Peter Doherty (1996) - researchers at the John Curtin School of Medical Research.
- Brian Schmidt (2011) - astrophysicist

## Related pages

- Mount Stromlo Observatory
- Siding Spring Observatory
Renault 5

The **Renault 5** was a car produced by Renault from 1972 to 1996. It was sold in two generations with the second arriving in 1985. It was replaced by the Renault Clio in 1990 but it remained on sale until 1996 as the budget Campus model.

It is available as hatchback with three or five doors, and with 4-cylinder petrol and diesel engines from 35 to 94 hp, and as the _Renault 5 Turbo_ with 110 or 160 hp.

## Infobox (automobile)

- **name**: Renault 5
- **image**: Renault 5 (22022010291).jpg
- **manufacturer**: Renault
- **production**: 1972–1996
- **class**: Supermini car, Supermini (B-segment, B)
- **successor**: Renault Clio
Blue Lias

The **Blue Lias** is a formation of rocks mostly in south west England and parts of south Wales. It is part of the Jurassic Coast World Heritage Site.

It is part of the Lias Group. The Blue Lias consists of a sequence of limestone and shale layers. It was laid down in late Triassic and early Jurassic times, between 195 and 200 million years ago. The Blue Lias is famous for its fossils, especially ammonites. Also found were remains of a number of dinosaurs, and the pterosaur _Dimorphodon_.

The Blue Lias alternates between limestone, (with some clay), and mudstone. These alternations are caused by short-term climatic variations, thought to be caused by Milankovitch cycles. The blue/grey colour is given by iron pyrite.

A bit higher, these limestone-mudstone alternations change into a clay member. The deposition of a clay-rich mudstone member shows it was laid down in a deeper marine environment.

## Related pages

- Lower Jurassic
Leonid Kizim

**Leonid Denisovich Kizim** (5 August 1941 – 14 June 2010) was a Soviet cosmonaut. In 1986 he was the commander of the only space mission to visit two space stations on one flight. These were the new Mir station and the old Salyut 7 station. At the end of the flight he became the first person to have spent a whole year in space. All together he spent 374 days 17 hours 56 minutes in space.

He became second in charge of the Russian Ministry of Defense's satellite control center. In 1995 he was put in charge of the Military Engineering Academy of Aeronautics and Astronautics in St. Petersburg.

## Infobox (astronaut)

- **image**: Кизим Леонид Денисович.jpg
- **name**: Leonid Denisovich Kizim
- **type**: Cosmonaut
- **nationality**: Soviet Union, Soviet
- **birth place**: Donetsk Oblast, Soviet Union (now Ukraine)
- **death place**: Moscow, Russia
- **occupation**: aviator, Pilot
- **rank**: Colonel General, Soviet Air Force
- **selection**: List of astronauts by selection#1965, Air Force Group 3
- **time**: 374d 17h 56m
- **mission**: Soyuz T-3, Soyuz T-10, Soyuz T-15
- **awards**: * Order of Lenin (3)
* Order of Honour (Russian Federation), Order of Honour
* Order of Friendship
Menai Bridge

**Menai Bridge** is a small town on the south coast of Anglesey. It is notable for the bridge that crosses over the Menai Strait to the mainland. The bridge was the first suspension bridge to be made to carry a main road. It was built between 1821 and 1825 by Thomas Telford.
Bangor, Gwynedd

**Bangor** is a small cathedral city and community in Gwynedd, a county in North Wales. It is Wales' oldest city and one of the United Kingdom's smallest cities.

It is historically part of Caernarfonshire.

It is a university city. At the 2011 census, there was 16,358 people living there.

The Welsh language is spoken by 46% of people in the city.

The city is located near the Menai Strait, which is a strait that separates the Isle of Anglesey from mainland Wales.

In World War II, parts of the BBC were evacuated to Bangor during the Blitz.

## Infobox (uk place)

- **country**: Wales
- **official name**: Bangor
- **population**: 16,358
- **population ref**: (2011)
- **population demonym**: Bangorian
- **unitary wales**: Gwynedd
- **lieutenancy wales**: Gwynedd
- **region**: Gwynedd
- **constituency westminster**: Arfon (UK Parliament constituency), Arfon
- **post town**: BANGOR
- **postcode district**: LL57
- **postcode area**: LL
- **dial code**: 01248
- **os grid reference**: SH580722
- **map alt**: Map of Gwynedd, with a red dot showing the location of Bangor
- **label position**: right
- **london distance**: 258 miles (415 km)
- **cardiff distance**: 184 miles (296 km)
- **static image**: File:Bangor from Bangor-mountain.jpg
- **static image caption**: Bangor viewed from Bangor Mountain
Caernarfon

**Caernarfon**, officially the **Caernarfon Royal Town** (pronounced _Kyer-narvon_), is a royal town and community in Gwynedd, an area of Wales. It has a population of 9,852 people, according to the 2011 census.

It is 8.6 miles (13.8 km) south-west of the city of Bangor and 19.4 miles (31.2 km) north of Porthmadog. It is on the Menai Strait, opposite Anglesey. The A487 goes through the town.

It is a royal town. Queen Elizabeth II made Caernarfon a royal borough in 1963. Since 1974, the town has not been a borough but was allowed to keep its royal title.

The town is home to Caernarfon Castle, a castle that was built between 1283 and 1330 by order of King Edward I.

Since 2016, Caernarfon has hosted the Caernarfon Food Festival. It takes place every year.

Caernarfon has one of the highest percentages of Welsh language speakers in the whole of Wales.

## Twinning

Caernarfon has one twin town. It is twinned with:
- Landerneau, France

## Infobox (uk place)

- **country**: Wales
- **official name**: Caernarfon
- **population**: 9,852
- **unitary wales**: Gwynedd
- **lieutenancy wales**: Gwynedd
- **region**: Gwynedd
- **constituency westminster**: Arfon (UK Parliament constituency), Arfon
- **post town**: CAERNARFON
- **postcode district**: LL54, LL55
- **postcode area**: LL
- **dial code**: 01286
- **os grid reference**: SH485625
- **map alt**: Map of Gwynedd, with a red dot showing the location of Caernarfon
- **label position**: right
- **cardiff distance**: 171 miles (275 km)
- **static image**: Caernarfon_Castle_1994.jpg
- **static image caption**: Caernarfon Castle
Film processing

Photographic film is able to record images.  In order to make these images visible, the film needs to undergo a number of chemical processes. The result of these processes will either be negatives or slides. This is generally known as _developing_. Different films need different processes. The process for black and white film is different from that for slide film. In general, the process involves the following steps:
- Making the image visible. The chemicals to do this are known as developer.
- Making the visible image fixed, so it changes no longer.
There are different kinds of films. The most common of these is film negative.  With negative film, all colors are reversed. This is corrected in an additional step of making a _print_ of each image.

So called reversal film, which is used for diapositives, directly produces _positive_ images (which are _framed_ to become a slide).

This whole process is known as **film processing**.
Mineral water

**Mineral water** is water obtained from rocks. It is often collected from springs or from underground rivers when they emerge from the rocks. Mineral waters are very clean and have no germs in it. Because they have been held in rocks for a long time they often contain chemicals that have come from the rocks. This chemicals can give the water an interesting taste. Some mineral waters may be good for health. Because some underground water comes to the surface from very deep layers in the earth, it can also have carbon dioxide gas dissolved in it. This can make the water fizzy.