juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Ocean liner

**Ocean liner** is the name given to (usually large) ships that are used to transport people or goods. These ships travel along given routes; they usually have a schedule. Usually, ocean liners travel long distances. The ships used for short distances, for example across a channel,  a lake, or between an island and the coast close by, are called ferries. Ocean liners are used for transportation. Cruise ships are different, they are used for pleasure.

The “golden Age” of the ocean liner was the first half of the 20th Century, when ocean liners commonly carried hundreds upon thousands of poor immigrants from Europe to North America, the United States especially. Hundreds of ocean liners were built during this period.

When WW2 started in 1939, many ocean liners were turned into troop ships, to transport soldiers to Europe and Asia, by both sides. After the war, most remaining ocean liners were returned to their original owners.

In the second half of the 20th century, ocean liners have been replaced by aircraft more and more. In the 1950’s, as airplanes like the De Havilland Comet and Boeing 707 were built, ocean liners seemed redundant as jet liners were faster and easier to build than ocean liners. By the 1980’s, most ocean liners had been retired with only a few outliers staying in service.
Akakor

**Akakor** is a fictional ancient underground city somewhere between Brazil and Peru.

The German journalist Karl Brugger described the city in his book _The Chronicle of Akakor_ (1976). Information about the city is from an interview with Tatunca Nara, a Brazilian Indian. Tantunca Nara speaks about possible contact with extraterrestrials in the ancient past. He says these extraterrestrials are believed to have built this mysterious city. Two similar cities are mentioned in this book - Akanis and Akahim.

Later Rüdiger Nehberg showed that Tatunca Nara was actually a German named Günther Hauck.

Parts of the story from _The Chronicle of Akakor_ were used in the movie _Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull_.

## References

- Karl Brugger: Die Chronik von Akakor, Econ Publishers: Düsseldorf, Vienna, 1976

## Other websites

- The legend of Akakor
- Article about underground secrets of South America
Gutenberg Bible

The **Gutenberg Bible** (also known as the **42-line Bible** or the **Mazarin Bible**) is a printed version of the Latin Vulgate translation of the Bible that was printed by Johannes Gutenberg, in Mainz, Germany in the 15th century. Although it is not the first book to be printed by Gutenberg's new movable type system, it is his major work, and of central importance for the start of the "Gutenberg Revolution" and the "Age of the Printed Book".  It is a very rare and expensive book. Fewer than 200 were made, and 49 complete or nearly complete ones are known. It has 1286 pages.

The earliest known book with movable type was published 78 years before in Korea and is known as the Jikji.

The Gutenberg Bible had a profound effect on the history of the printed book. It also had an influence on future editions of the Bible, likethe 36 Line Bible, Mentelin's Latin Bible, and the first and third Eggestein Bibles. The third Eggestein Bible was set from the copy of the Gutenberg Bible now in Cambridge University Library. The Gutenberg Bible also had an influence on the Clementine edition of the Vulgate commissioned by the Papacy in the late sixteenth century.

## Related pages

- Printing.

## Other websites

- Treasures in Full: Gutenberg Bible  Complete digitized texts of the two Gutenberg bibles in the British Library
- The University of Texas Ransom Center's Gutenberg Bible website including detailed images
- Online digital edition
- Gutenberg site made by the city of Mainz
- A complete list of digitized copies at German Wikipedia
Fight song

A **fight song** is a song that sports fans sing when supporting their favorite team. They are very popular in the United States.  Many colleges and universities there have fight songs. In other countries they are sometimes called team songs or team anthems.
World Draughts Federation

The **World Draughts Federation** (**WDF**) is the organisation which administers draughts throughout the world.
It was created in 1947.  In the French language it is called Fédération Mondiale du Jeu de Dames (FMJD).
The WDF has organised the world draughts championships since 1948.

## Other websites

- World Draughts Federation (WDF)
Kenny Florian

**Kenny Florian** is an American mixed martial artist with training in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu and Muay Thai. He was in the first season of The Ultimate Fighter reality show. He fights as a lightweight for the UFC.

## Other websites

- Official Kenny Florian Web Site
Cutting board

A **cutting board** or **chopping board** is a strong board used to chop food on. It may also be used to cut raw materials such as leather or plastic. Kitchen cutting boards are often made of wood or plastic. There are also cutting boards made of glass, steel, marble or corian. These kinds of cutting boards are easier to clean than wooden or plastic ones. On the down side, they normally damage knives.
Measuring cup

A **measuring cup** is a cup used to measure liquids or other ingredients, such as sugar or flour.

It is generally used in cooking for measurements.
Simple English Wikipedia

The **Simple English Wikipedia** is a Simple English language or Learning English version of Wikipedia, an online encyclopedia, written in a language that is easy to understand, but is still natural and grammatical.

## Overview

The articles in the Simple English Wikipedia use shorter sentences and easier words and grammar than the regular English Wikipedia. This makes articles easier to understand and change.

## History

When Simple English Wikipedia started making pages and allowing changes in 2003, the English Wikipedia already had 150,000 articles. Seven other Wikipedia in other languages also had over 15,000 articles.

Articles in Simple English Wikipedia are simpler versions of articles from the English Wikipedias. Right now, the Simple English Wikipedia has  articles. The Simple English Wikipedia started on September 2001, and is the 43rd-largest Wikipedia, as of January 2026. It has  registered users,  active in the last month.

## Common uses

The Simple English Wikipedia is intended to be used by:

- Children
- Students
- Teachers
- Dyslexic people
- Adults with learning disabilities
- People who speak English as a second language

## Related pages

- English Wikipedia
- Wikipedia administrators
- Wikipedia:Simple English Wikipedia
- Wikipedia:Simple English Wiktionary
- Simple English — a list of articles about attempts to simplify English

## Infobox (website)

- **name**: _Simple English Wikipedia_
- **screenshot**: Simple English Wikipedia screenshot.png
- **collapsible**: Yes
- **logo**: Wikipedia-logo-v2-simple.svg
- **type**: Online encyclopedia
- **language**: Basic English, Simple English
- **owner**: Wikimedia Foundation (non-profit)
- **commercial**: No
- **registration**: Optional
- **num users**: (registered) users and  Wikipedia:Administrators, administrators as of
- **caption**: The website of the Main Page on the Simple English Wikipedia
Missouri Valley Conference

The **Missouri Valley Conference** (MVC) is a college sports conference in the United States that sponsors many sports, but has not played football since the 1984 season.

The MVC has its roots in the Missouri Valley Intercollegiate Athletic Association (MVIAA), a league formed in 1907 by several schools in the Midwestern United States. The MVIAA split into two leagues in 1928. One league, made up mostly of large schools, kept the MVIAA name and years later became the Big Eight Conference. The smaller schools formed the MVC. Both groups claimed a 1907 founding date, and the same history up to the 1928 split. However, the Big Eight merged in 1996 with several schools from the collapsing Southwest Conference to form today's Big 12 Conference, which does not claim any of the Big Eight's history. Because of this, only the MVC now has a claim to any of the MVIAA's history.

## Members

Following the departure of one school and the arrival of three in July 2022, the MVC has 12 members. Missouri State will leave for Conference USA in July 2025.

|School|Location|Founded|Type|Nickname|Joined MVC|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Belmont University|Nashville, Tennessee|1890|Private|Bruins|2022|
|Bradley University|Peoria, Illinois|1897|Private|Braves|1948, 1955|
|Drake University|Des Moines, Iowa|1881|Private|Bulldogs|1907, 1956|
||Evansville, Indiana|1854|Private|Purple Aces|1994|
|Illinois State University|Normal, Illinois|1857|Public|Redbirds|1981|
|Indiana State University|Terre Haute, Indiana|1865|Public|Sycamores|1977|
|Missouri State University|Springfield, Missouri|1905|Public|Bears|1990|
|Murray State University|Murray, Kentucky|1922|Public|Racers|2022|
||Cedar Falls, Iowa|1890|Public|Panthers|1979|
|Southern Illinois University Carbondale|Carbondale, Illinois|1869|Public|Salukis|1975|
|(UIC)|Chicago, Illinois|1859|Public|Flames|2022|
|Valparaiso University|Valparaiso, Indiana|1859|Private|Beacons|2017|

### Associate members

The MVC has six "associate members", each of which plays one sport in the conference.

|School|Location|Founded|Type|Joined|Sport|Current main conference|Nickname|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Ball State University|Muncie. Indiana|1918|Public|2024||MAC|Cardinals|
|Bowling Green State University (Bowling Green)|Bowling Green, Ohio|1910|Public|2023||MAC|Falcons|
|(Little Rock)|Little Rock, Arkansas|1927|Public|2013||Ohio Valley|Trojans|
|Miami University|Oxford, Ohio|1809|Public|2024||MAC|RedHawks|
|Northern Illinois University|DeKalb, Illinois|1895|Public|2023||MAC|Huskies|
|Western Michigan University|Kalamazoo, Michigan|1903|Public|2023||MAC|Broncos|
Rights

A **right** is something a person has which people think should not be taken away. It is a rule about what a person is allowed to do or have. A right is different from a **privilege**, which is something that must be earned.

Rights may be put into laws, so they have legal protection. But a right can exist where most people think it is good (just).

## Examples

- Many think people have a "right to life".  That means that if one person kills another, the killer would be taking away the victim's "right to life". It also means life should be preserved or guarded when it is threatened in other ways.
- People may also have a "right to property". It means they can own property. It also means people should not steal things from each other.
- In many countries, people have a "right to free speech", which means other people should not stop them from speaking their opinions. Some countries have laws which allow newspapers and television to give opinions. They can speak against their government if they wish to.
- People can defend themselves if other people attack them. That is called self-defense.

## Related pages

- Civil and political rights
- Constitution
- Constitutional economics
- Human rights
- Rule of law
- Natural rights
AU (disambiguation)

**AU** can mean these things:

- Astronomical unit, A unit of distance used in Astronomy.
- Auburn University, A university in Alabama, USA.
- Al-Azhar University,  a university and mosque in Cairo, Egypt. It is the main centre of Arabic literature and Sunni Islamic learning in the world. It is also the world's second-oldest surviving university.
- Anadolu University, a high-degree educational institution in Eskişehir, Turkey.
- Adamson University, a private Roman Catholic university in Manila, Philippines.
- Ariel University, a public university in Ariel, a Jewish settlement in the West Bank. It used to be called the "Ariel University Center of Samaria".
- African Union, an international organization consisting of fifty-three African member countries.
- Au, the symbol for the chemical element gold, a metal.
- .au, the Internet country code for Australia.
- AU, abbreviation of Alternate Universe.
FSU

The abbreviation **FSU** can mean:
- Florida State University, a university in the USA
- Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, a university in Germany
UM

**UM** can stand for:
- University of Miami in Coral Gables, Florida
- University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, Michigan
IIT

**IIT** may refer to:

- Indian Institutes of Technology
- Illinois Institute of Technology
MSU

**MSU** may refer to:
- Michigan State University
- Minnesota State University, Mankato
- Mississippi State University
- Missouri State University
- Montana State University
- Moscow State University
VT

**VT** can stand for:
- Vermont a U.S. state
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, usually called "Virginia Tech"
BC (disambiguation)

**BC** can stand for:
- Before Christ, the years before the start of _Anno Domini_
- Boston College in Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts
- British Columbia, a province of Canada
- Baja California, a state of Mexico
- BookCrossing, a website which encourages leaving books in public places to be found by others
Pinoy Idol

***Pinoy Idol*** is a popular TV show in the Philippines that lets anyone sing to people watching the show on television while they are being judged. The singers can be anyone between the age of 16 and 29 years. The show is now current programming in GMA Network.

## Host and judges

_Pinoy Idol_ has three judges, who give comments on performances.  The three judges are:
- Ogie Alcasid
- Jolina Magdangal
- Wyngard Tracy

_Pinoy Idol_ also has a host, Raymond Gutierrez.

## Infobox (television)

- **runtime**: Varies
- **creator**: Simon Fuller
- **executive producer**: Perry Lansingan
- **director**: Louie Ignacio
- **presenter**: Raymond Gutierrez
- **judges**: Ogie Alcasid
Jolina Magdangal
Wyngard Tracy
- **location**: Top 24: FILMEX Studio, Makati City
Top 12: CenterStage, SM Mall of Asia, Pasay City
- **country**: Philippines
- **language**: Tagalog
- **network**: GMA Network
- **num episodes**: 39
Hulagu Khan

**Hulagu Khan**, also known as **Hulagu**, **Hülegü** or **Hulegu** (_Хүлэгү_, _Khülegü_; Chagatai/ - _Halaku_; Arabic: هولاكو; c. 1217 – 8 February 1265), was a Mongol ruler who conquered much of Southwest Asia and established the Illkhanate.

Son of Tolui and the Kerait princess Sorghaghtani Beki, he was a grandson of Genghis Khan, and the brother of Arik Boke, Mongke and Kublai Khan. He was also the step-father of Absh Khatun. Hulagu's army greatly expanded the southwestern portion of the Mongol Empire, founding the Ilkhanate of Persia. Under his leadership, the Mongols destroyed the two greatest centers of Islamic power, Baghdad in the year 1258, and Damascus, causing a shift of Islamic influence to the Mamluks in Cairo.

## The Polos

Niccolò and Maffeo Polo reportedly travelled to the realm of Hulagu and stayed in the city of Bukhara, in modern day Uzbekistan, where the family lived and traded for three years from 1261 to 1264.

## References

- Boyle, J.A., (Editor). _The Cambridge History of Iran: Volume 5, The Saljuq and Mongol Periods _. Cambridge University Press; Reissue edition (January 1, 1968). . Perhaps the best overview of the history of the il-khanate. Covers politics, economics, religion, culture and the arts and sciences. Also has a section on the Isma'ilis, Hulagu's nemesis.
- _Encyclopedia Iranica_ has scholar-reviewed articles on a wide range of Persian subjects, including Hulagu.
- Morgan, David. _The Mongols_. Blackwell Publishers; Reprint edition, April 1990. . Best for an overview of the wider context of medieval Mongol history and culture.
- Atwood, Christopher P. (2004). _The Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire_. Facts on File, Inc. .

## Other websites

- A long article  about Hulagu's conquest of Baghdad, written by Ian Frazier, appeared in the April 25, 2005 issue of _The New Yorker_.
- An Osama bin Laden tape in which Osama bin Laden compares Vice President Dick Cheney and Secretary of State Colin Powell to Hulagu and his attack on Baghdad. Dated November 12, 2002.

## Infobox (monarch)

- **name**: Hulagu
- **title**: Khan (title), Khan
- **image**: HulaguAndDokuzKathun.JPG
- **caption**: <small> Hulagu with his Kerait queen Doquz Khatun</small>
- **reign**: 1217 - 1265
- **queen**: Doquz Khatun
- **father**: Tolui
- **mother**: Sorghaghtani Beki
- **death date**: 8 February 1265
- **burial place**: Lake Urmia
- **religion**: Buddhism
Dalgety Bay

**Dalgety Bay** is a coastal town in Fife, Scotland. It is on the north shore of the Firth of Forth.

## Other websites

- Dalgety Bay on FifeDirect
- Dalgety Bay and Hillend community website
- A short tour of Dalgety Bay - has maps and aerial photographs
Elena Bovina

** Elena Olegovna Bovina ** (born March 10, 1983, Moscow, RSFR, Soviet Union) is a Russian retired professional female tennis player. She turned pro in 1998. In 2004, she won the Australian Open mixed doubles. On April 4, 2005, Bovina reached her career-high singles ranking was world no. 14. She retired in 2012. She lives in Quebec City, Canada.

## Infobox (tennis biography)

- **name**: Elena Bovina
<small>Елена Бовина</small>
- **image**: Elena Bovina.jpg
- **caption**: Bovina in 2002
- **residence**: Quebec City, Canada
- **birth place**: Moscow, Soviet Union
- **turnedpro**: 1998
- **plays**: Right-handed (two-handed backhand)
- **careerprizemoney**: $1,997,443
- **coach**: Ini Ghidirmic
- **singlesrecord**: 397–237
- **singlestitles**: 3 WTA, 8 ITF
- **highestsinglesranking**: No. 14 (4 April 2005)
- **currentsinglesranking**: No. 466 (6 November 2017)
- **australianopenresult**: 4R (2003 Australian Open – Women's Singles, 2003)
- **frenchopenresult**: 4R (2005 French Open – Women's Singles, 2005)
- **wimbledonresult**: 2R (2001 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles, 2001, 2002 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles, 2002, 2003 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles, 2003, 2004 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles, 2004)
- **usopenresult**: QF (2002 US Open – Women's Singles, 2002)
- **doublesrecord**: 171–105
- **doublestitles**: 5 WTA, 11 ITF
- **highestdoublesranking**: No. 14 (3 February 2003)
- **currentdoublesranking**: No. 477 (16 January 2017)
- **australianopendoublesresult**: 3R (2003 Australian Open – Women's Doubles, 2003)
- **frenchopendoublesresult**: QF (2003 French Open – Women's Doubles, 2003)
- **wimbledondoublesresult**: 1R (2002 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Doubles, 2002)
- **usopendoublesresult**: QF (2003 US Open – Women's Doubles, 2003)
Anastasia Myskina

**Anastasia Andreyevna Myskina** (; ) (born July 8, 1981, Moscow, Russia) is a professional tennis player from Russia.
Hopman Cup

**The Hopman Cup** is an yearly international team tennis tournament played in Perth, Western Australia in January each year.

## Champions

|Year|Winning Country|Players|
| --- | --- | --- |
|2015||Jerzy Janowicz & Agnieszka Radwańska|
|2014||Jo-Wilfried Tsonga & Alizé Cornet|
|2013||Fernando Verdasco & Anabel Medina Garrigues|
|2012||Tomáš Berdych & Petra Kvitová|
|2011||John Isner & Bethanie Mattek-Sands|
|2010||Tommy Robredo & María José Martínez Sánchez|
|2009||Dominik Hrbatý & Dominika Cibulková|
|2008||Mardy Fish & Serena Williams|
|2007||Dmitry Tursunov & Nadia Petrova|
|2006||Taylor Dent & Lisa Raymond|
|2005||Dominik Hrbatý & Daniela Hantuchová|
|2004||James Blake & Lindsay Davenport|
|2003||James Blake & Serena Williams|
|2002||Tommy Robredo & Arantxa Sánchez Vicario|
|2001||Roger Federer & Martina Hingis|
|2000||Wayne Ferreira & Amanda Coetzer|
|1999||Mark Philippoussis & Jelena Dokić|
|1998||Karol Kučera & Karina Habšudová|
|1997||Justin Gimelstob & Chanda Rubin|
|1996||Goran Ivanišević & Iva Majoli|
|1995||Boris Becker & Anke Huber|
|1994||Petr Korda & Jana Novotná|
|1993||Michael Stich & Steffi Graf|
|1992||Jakob Hlasek & Manuela Maleeva-Fragniere|
|1991||Goran Prpić & Monica Seles|
|1990||Emilio Sánchez & Arantxa Sánchez Vicario|
|1989||Miloslav Mečíř & Helena Suková|

## Other websites

- Hopman Cup

## Infobox (sports league)

- **current season**: 2015 Hopman Cup
- **pixels**: 125px
- **sport**: Tennis
- **founded**: 1989
- **teams**: 8
Siena Cathedral

**Siena Cathedral** (Italian _Duomo di Siena_, officially **Santa Maria Assunta**) is a Cathedral in Siena, Italy. It is the seat of the archbishop of Siena. The cathedral was built between 1215 and 1263. The was another church there beforehand.  The Cathedral is known all over Italy for its _stripes_. These were made by using different kinds of stone. It is also a unfinished building as well.
Caen

**Caen** ( pronounced _can_ (/kɑ̃/);) is a city in France. It is the capital city of Basse-Normandie and Calvados. The river Orne flows through it. Today, about 110,000 people live there (_intra muros_, inside the city); the urban area has about 370,000 people. The city has a very long history; the name probably has Gaulish origins (from _cato_ Military activity; and _mago_ field; probably something like _place where the troops exercised_). A campus of the École de management de Normandie is in the city.

## Sister cities

Caen is twinned with:
St. Michael and Gudula Cathedral

**St. Michael and Gudula Cathedral** is the Cathedral in Brussels. It is named in honour of St. Michael and St. Gudula. In Dutch it is called **Sint-Michiels- en Sint-Goedelekathedraal**, usually shortened to "Sint-Goedele". In French it is called **Cathédrale Saints-Michel-et-Gudule**. It is the main church of the bishop of Brussels and Mechelen.

There already was a shrine (or chapel) to Saint Michael there in the 8th century. The Cathedral was begun in 1226. Building finished when the belltower (or belfry) was done, at the end of the 15th century. The cathedral is built in Gothic style. As it is the main Church of the Kingom of Belgium, there are often royal ceremonies, such as marriages and funerals, there.
Strasbourg Cathedral

**Strasbourg Cathedral** or the **Cathedral of Our Lady of Strasbourg** (, or _Cathédrale de Strasbourg_,   or _Straßburger Münster_), also known as **Strasbourg Minster**, is a cathedral. The cathedral was built in Gothic style. The belltower is 142 m high. It was the highest building in the world from 1647 to 1874. It is currently the second-highest cathedral in France, after Rouen Cathedral, which is 9m higher, at 151m. In 1880, Cologne Cathedral was finished (157m), and later Ulm minster (at 161m), the highest Cathedral in the World.

Considerable parts of it are still in Romanesque architecture. Nevertheless, it is widely considered to be among the finest examples of high, or late, Gothic architecture. Erwin von Steinbach is credited for major contributions from 1277 to his death in 1318.

Victor Hugo described it as a "gigantic and delicate marvel". The cathedral is visible far across the plains of Alsace and can be seen from as far off as the Vosges mountains or the Black Forest on the other side of the Rhine.

An Al-Qaeda plot to bomb the adjacent Christmas market was prevented in 2000 by French and German police.

## Infobox (building)

- **name**: Strasbourg Cathedral
- **image**: Strasbourg Cathedral Exterior - Diliff.jpg
- **image size**: 250px
- **caption**: Strasbourg Cathedral's west façade, viewed from Rue Mercière
- **location**: Strasbourg, France
- **start date**: 1015
- **completion date**: 1439
- **floor count**: n/a
- **highest prev**: St. Mary's church, Stralsund, Marienkirche im Stralsund
- **highest start**: 1647
- **highest end**: 1874
- **highest next**: Sankt-Nikolai-Kirche
Ely Cathedral

**Ely Cathedral** is an Anglican church in Ely, Cambridgeshire. It is the main church of the diocese of Ely, and the seat of the Bishop of Ely. The city of Ely is about 20 km north of Cambridge.

The Cathedral is known locally as "the Ship of the Fens", because of its prominent shape which towers above the surrounding flat landscape. The fens were once wet and marshy: a wetland habitat. The Fenland in East Anglia includes Ely, but is today mainly drained. It is now low-lying farmland.

### Anglo-Saxon

The first Christian building on the site was founded by Etheldreda, daughter of the King of East Anglia.She set up and ruled a monastery at Ely in 673, and, when she died, a shrine was built there to her memory.

#### Abbot Simeon's Cathedral

The present cathedral was started by Abbot Simeon (1082–1094) in 1083. The Anglo-Saxon church was demolished, but some of its relics, such as the remains of its benefactors, were moved to the cathedral. The main transepts were built early on, crossing the nave below a central tower, and are the oldest surviving part of the cathedral. Construction work continued throughout the 12th century. The Western transepts and tower were completed in an exuberant Romanesque style with a rich decoration of intersecting arches and complex mouldings.

#### Early Gothic elements

A 'Galilee' porch was added under Bishop  Eustace (1198–1215) in the Early English Gothic style. It was originally a two-storey structure where liturgical processions could gather before entering the nave. It was opened up into a single vaulted space in the 18th century. Several details of its decoration, particularly the 'syncopated arches' and the use of Purbeck marble shafts, reflect the influence of St Hugh's Choir at Lincoln Cathedral, built a few years earlier.

Work began on a new eastern end in 1234, replacing the short Norman chancel with a much grander 10-bay structure. Northwold's chancel, completed by around 1252, adopted several of the stylistic elements already used in the Galilee porch.

#### Later

During the dissolution of the monasteries by Henry VIII, the monastery at Ely was dissolved in 1539. Ely suffered less than many other monasteries, but even so, statues were destroyed together with carvings and stained glass. St Etheldreda's Shrine was destroyed.

The Cathedral was refounded with a Chapter of eight canons in 1541, as was the Kings School. Robert Steward, the last Prior of the monastery, became the first Dean.

## Recent crisis

In 1986 it was discovered that the roofs, timber and stonework of much of the Cathedral were becoming unsafe. A public appeal was launched. £4,000,000 was needed to secure the Cathedral's future and to prevent its doors being closed for good. In just over a year, the money was given or promised. The Great Restoration was completed in the year 2000.

## Stained Glass Museum

The south gallery of the nave is home to The Stained Glass Museum, a collection of stained glass from the 13th century to the present that is of national importance. It includes works from several notable modern artists.
Lasbela District

**Lasbela district** is a coastal district of Balochistan province, Pakistan. It became a separate district in the Kalat division on 30 June 1954. The name is derived from two Sindhi words _Las_ which signifies a _plain_, the greater part of the area being a flat plain, and _Bela_ which means "jungle/forest" and is also the name of the principal town of the district. Uthal is the district headquarters. The district is divided into 9 tehsils and 21 union councils.

## Tehsils

- Bela Tehsil
- Dureji Tehsil
- Gadani Tehsil
- Hub Tehsil
- Kanraj Tehsil
- Lakhra Tehsil
- Liari Tehsil
- Sonmiani Tehsil
- Uthal Tehsil
Awaran District

**Awaran** () is a district in the south of the Balochistan province of Pakistan.

## Tehsils

- Awaran Tehsil
- Jhal Jhao Tehsil
- Mashkay Tehsil
- Gashkore Tehsil
- Korak Tehsil

## Other websites

- Awaran District  at www.balochistan.gov.pk
Coutances Cathedral

**Coutances Cathedral** () is the cathedral in the town of Coutances in Normandy. It is built in Gothic style. Standing 80m tall it dominates the city and the surrounding landscape. Its use of long straight vertical lines is typical for many churches in Normandy. The cathedral was started in Romanesque style. It was consecrated in 1056.
Kalat District

**Kalat** or **Qalat** ()  is a district in Balochistan, Pakistan. It has a population of 412,232.

## Tehsils of Kalat

- Gazg Johan Tehsil
- Kalat
- Mangochar Tehsil
- Surab Tehsil
Regensburg Cathedral

The **Regensburg Cathedral** () is dedicated to St. Peter. It is the most important church and landmark of the city of Regensburg, and the cathedral of the Catholic Diocese of Regensburg. The church is a very good  example of Gothic architecture in southern Germany.

The first church at the site was built around the year 700, but it burnt down around 1156. The current cathedral was started in the year 1273, and it took until 1872 to complete. In the 15th century, the sale of indulgences was used to finance the construction.
Kharan District

**Kharan** () is a district in the north-west of Balochistan province of Pakistan.

## Administration

The district is administratively broken up into the following tehsils:

- Kharan Tehsil
- Sar Kharan Tehsil
- Toumulk Tehsil
- Besima Tehsil
- Mashkel Tehsil
- Nag Tehsil
- Wasuk Tehsil
Khuzdar District

**Khuzdar** () district is in the centre of Balochistan province of Pakistan. Khuzdar is the capital of Khuzdar district.

## Administration

The district is administratively subdivided into five tehsils, these are:

- Khuzdar Tehsil
- Karkh Tehsil
- Naal Tehsil
- Wadh Tehsil
- Zehri Tehsil
Barcelona Cathedral

The **Cathedral of Santa Eulalia** is the Gothic cathedral of Barcelona. The cathedral was constructed from the 13th to the 15th century. There was a Visigothic church there before. The Gothic-like façade is from the 19th century.

The cathedral is dedicated to Eulalia of Barcelona, co-patron saint of Barcelona. According to Catholic tradition, Eulalia was a young virgin who suffered martyrdom during Roman times in Barcelona. The body of Saint Eulalia is entombed in the cathedral's crypt.

One side chapel is dedicated to "Christ of Lepanto", and contains a cross from a ship that fought at the Battle of Lepanto (1571). The body of the cross is shifted to the right. Catalan legend says that the body swerved to avoid getting hit by a cannonball.

The cathedral has a secluded Gothic cloister where thirteen white geese are kept (it is said that Eulalia was 13 when she was murdered).

## Other websites

- Official site
    - Overview, with plan

## Infobox (religious building)

- **building name**: Cathedral of the Holy Cross and Saint Eulalia
- **image**: Cathedral of the Holy Cross and Saint Eulalia edited.jpg
- **map type**: Spain Barcelona
- **location**: Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- **religious affiliation**: Roman Catholic
- **province**: Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Barcelona, Archdiocese of Barcelona
- **consecration year**: 1339
- **status**: Cathedral
- **functional status**: Active
- **leadership**: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llu%C3%ADs_Mart%C3%ADnez_Sistachh Juan Jose Omella]
- **website**: [http://www.catedralbcn.org/ www.catedralbcn.org]
- **architecture type**: Church
- **architecture style**: Gothic architecture, Gothic, Gothic Revival architecture, Gothic Revival
- **groundbreaking**: 1298
- **year completed**: 1420 ; façade and central tower, 1913
- **height max**: (2 towers)
Mastung District

**Mastung District** () is a district in the northwest of Balochistan province. Pakistan. Prior to 1991 Mastung was part of Kalat District. For administrative purposes Mastung was separated from Kalat and made a new district in 1991.

## Tehsils

- Dasht Tehsil
- Kardigap Tehsil
- Mastung Tehsil

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Mastung District
- **native name**: ضلع مستونگ
- **settlement type**: Districts of Pakistan, District
- **image map**: Pakistan - Balochistan - Mastung.svg
- **mapsize**: 300px
- **map caption**: Map of Balochistan with Mastung District highlighted
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Pakistan
- **subdivision type1**: Provinces of Pakistan, Province
- **subdivision name1**: Balochistan (Pakistan), Balochistan
- **seat type**: Headquarters
- **seat**: Mastung, Pakistan, Mastung
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area total km2**: 5896
- **population as of**: 2017
- **population total**: 266,461
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone1**: Time in Pakistan, PST
- **utc offset1**: +5
- **established title**: Established
- **established date**: 1991
- **blank name sec1**: District Council
- **demographics1 title1**: Main language(s)
Gwadar District

**Gwadar** was notified as a district on July 1, 1977 when Makran Division was created and divided into three districts. Gwadar city is the headquarters of Gwadar District. Previously it was one of 3 tehsils of Makran District before the district was upgraded to a division for administrative purposes. The district is divided into two sub-divisions, namely Gwadar and Pasni. These sub-divisions are further divided into tehsils and sub-tehsils. Gwadar sub-division comprises two tehsils, named Gwadar and Jiwani, and one sub-tehsil named Suntsar. Pasni sub-division is divided into Pasni and Ormara tehsils. Gwadar district, with its 600 kilometres long coast line and un-irrigated tracts of Kulanch and Dasht valleys, has always been an important chapter of Makran’s history.

## Administration

The district of Gwadar is administratively divided into the following tehsils:

- Gwadar City
- Jiwani Tehsil
- Ormara Tehsil
- Pasni Tehsil
- Suntsar Tehsil
Panjgur District

**Panjgur** () is a district in the west of Balochistan province of Pakistan.

## Tehsils

- Gichk Tehsil
- Gowargo Tehsil
- Panjgur Tehsil
- Parome Tehsil

## Other websites

- Pangur District  at www.balochistan.gov.pk
Kech District

**Kech** ()  or **Turbat** district is in the south west of Balochistan, province of Pakistan.

## Tehsils

- Buleda Tehsil
- Dasht Tehsil
- Mand Tehsil
- Tump Tehsil

۰ Turbat Tehsil
Valencia Cathedral

The **Cathedral of Valencia** (Metropolitan Basilica Cathedral) is dedicated to Saint Mary. The church was started in 1238 by the first bishop of Valencia Pere d'Albalat. It was built on a mosque. The mosque had been built where the former Visigothic cathedral had stood. A Mediterranean version of Gothic architecture is the main style of this cathedral. The cathedral also contains Romanesque, French Gothic, Renaissance art, Baroque and neoclassical elements.

There are several chalices that are claimed to be the Holy Grail spread over the world. One of them is in a chapel of the Cathedral. Several Christian historians claim that the one in the chapel is most likely the authentic cup used at the Last Supper. It was the official papal chalice for many popes, and has been used by many others, most recently by Pope Benedict XVI, on July 9, 2006. This chalice dates from the 1st century. It was given to the cathedral by king Alfons el Magnànim in 1436.

The cathedral also contains examples of some of the earliest and best Quattrocento paintings of the Iberian Peninsula. These were brought from Rome via artists commissioned by the Valencian Pope Alexander VI. Alexander VI made the request to make Valencia the seat of an archbishop when he was still a cardinal. This was granted by Pope Innocent VIII in 1492.

## Other websites

- Official site of Valencia Cathedral
- Comunidad Valenciana. The Santa Maria metropolitan basilica cathedral  GothicMed.  A virtual museum of mediterranean gothic architecture.
- http://www.virtourist.com/europe/valencia/05.htm
- http://www.planetware.com/valencia/cathedral-e-val-valcat.htm
- Tourist Fact-sheet on Valencia Cathedral

## Infobox (religious building)

- **building name**: Metropolitan Cathedral-Basilica of the Assumption of Our Lady of Valencia
- **image**: Cimbori_almoina_abril 1.jpg
- **caption**: Northern View
- **location**: Valencia, Spain, Valencia, Spain
- **religious affiliation**: Roman Catholic
- **status**: Cathedral, minor basilica
- **architecture style**: Gothic architecture, Gothic
- **groundbreaking**: 22 June 1262
- **completed**: 9 October 1238
Dera Bughti District

**Dera Bugti** is a district in the southwest of Balochistan province of Pakistan.
Jaffarabad District

**Jafarabad** or **Jaffarabad** () district is in the southeast of the Pakistani province of Balochistan.

## Administration

The district of Jaffarabad is administratively subdivided into the following tehsils:

- Jhat Pat Tehsil
- Usta Mohammad Tehsil
- Gandakha Tehsil
- Suhbat Nagar Tehsil
Nasirabad District

**Nasirabad** () is a district in the centre-west of Balochistan, Pakistan.

## Tehsils of Nasirabad

- Chattar Tehsil
- Dera Murad Jamali Tehsil
- Tamboo Tehsil
Bad Doberan Minster

**Bad Doberan Minster** is the main Lutheran Church of Bad Doberan in Germany. It is the most important religious building on the European Route of Brick Gothic, a tourist route which connects three countries along the Baltic Sea - Denmark, Germany and Poland. It was the first abbey in Mecklenberg. and was founded in 1171. It was the burial site for regional rulers. Because of this, the church became important for cultural and economic development.

Its attractions include:

- An altar which was made in about 1300
- A tabernacle which was built between 1350 and 1360.
- A chalice cupboard which was made in about 1310.
- A credenza which was made out of oak in about 1300.
- Levite pews which were made in the 14th century.
- An ornamental candle holder which shows the mother Mary, made in about 1280.
- An eagle lectern which was made in the 19th century.
- Choir stalls which were made in the 14th century.
- A double sided cross altar which was made between 1360 and 1370.
- Pieces of medieval glass which were made in about 1300.
- The face of an astronomical clock, which was destroyed during the Thirty Years' War.
- The granite sarcophagus of Great Duke Friedrich Franz I. von Mecklenburg, who died in 1837.
- Medieval tombstones and pictures.
- Pieces of medieval stone tablets.
- The von Bülow Chapel and the organ.
- The Chapel of Pribislav.
- Medieval tombstones and pictures.
- Pieces of medieval glass and stone tablets.
- The von Bülow Chapel and the organ.
- The Chapel of Pribislav.
- Mill Altar, scale model and a tomb stone.
- Tomb of Lord Samuel von Behr and a swan and antlers.
- Figure of Queen Margarete of Denmark and three altars.
- The tomb and crypt of Duke Adolf Friedrich I.
- The Octagon.
- The Tomb of King Albert of Sweden
- The memorial statue of Duke Magnus II
- The Tomb of Duke Johann Albrecht II von Mecklenburg
- The rear of the Levite pews
- A picture and text plaque of Peter Wise
- A Renaissance style ducal epitaph
Sibi District

**Sibi** () is a district in the Baluchistan province of Pakistan. The hottest place in Pakistan, in the summer with temperatures reaching .

## Tehsils

- Harnai Tehsil
- Lehri Tehsil
- Sibi Tehsil
Kohlu District

The **Kohlu District** is an administrative division in the Balochistan province in Pakistan.

## Tehsils of Kohlu

- Kahan Tehsil
- Kohlu Tehsil
- Maiwand Tehsil
Ziarat District

**Ziarat** is a district in the north of Balochistan province of Pakistan.

## Tehsils

- Sinjavi Tehsil
- Ziarat Tehsil
Hammerbeam roof

**Hammerbeam roof** is a type of wooden roof. It was used in the gothic architecture.
Quetta District

**Quetta** is a district in the north-west of Balochistan province of Pakistan. It was part of Quetta Division until the year 2000 when divisions were abolished.

- Panjpai Tehsil
- Quetta Tehsil
Pishin District

**Pishin** () is a district in the north west of Balochistan province of Pakistan.

## Administration

The district of Pishin is administratively subdivided into the following tehsils:

- Barshore Tehsil
- Bostan Tehsil
- Hurramzai Tehsil
- Karezat Tehsil
- Pishin Tehsil
Purbeck marble

**Purbeck marble** is a fossiliferous limestone found in the Isle of Purbeck, a peninsula in south-east Dorset, England. It has been quarried since at least Roman times as a decorative building stone. This industry is no longer active.

## Geology

These limestone beds were deposited during Lower Cretaceous epoch. Purbeck Marble is not a metamorphic rock, like a true marble, but is so-called because it can take a fine polish.
Its characteristic appearance comes from densely-packed shells of the freshwater snail _Viviparus_.  Sussex Marble is similar in type. The 'marble' large clasts (the snail shells) in a fine-grained limestone mud matrix.

The individual marble beds (also known as 'seams'), lie between layers of softer marine clays and mudstone, laid down during repeated marine ingressions. Some of the beds contain iron oxide/hydroxide minerals, such as haematite or limonite, giving red or brown varieties, while other beds contain glauconite giving a green (or occasionally blue) colour.

## Occurrence

Purbeck marble is found at outcrop, or beneath superficial cover, all the way across the Isle of Purbeck. The marble beds are never more than 1.2 m thick and are often much thinner. The outcrops lie within the Purbeck Monocline, with the beds dipping moderately steeply to the north.
Chagai District

**Chagai** is the largest district of Pakistan and is on the northwest corner of Balochistan, Pakistan. It forms a triangular internationalised border with Afghanistan and Iran.

## Administration

Chagai is administratively subdivided into the following tehsils:

- Chagai Tehsil
- Dak Tehsil
- Nokundi Tehsil
- Saindak Tehsil
- Taftan Tehsil
Qilla Abdullah District

**Killa Abdullah** or **Qilla Abdullah** or **Abdullah Qilla** () is a district in the northwest of the Balochistan province of Pakistan.

## Administration of Qilla Abdullah

- Chaman Tehsil
- Dobandi Tehsil
- Qilla Abdullah Tehsil
- Gulistan Tehsil
Barkhan District

**Barkhan** () a district in the north-west of the Balochistan province of Pakistan.

## Tehsils

- Musakhel Tehsil
- Barkhan Tehsil

## Other websites

- Barkhan District  at www.balochistan.gov.pk
- District Barkhan  at www.balochistanpolice.gov.pk
Holy Grail

The **Holy Grail** is an artifact from Christians beliefs. According to a story, it is the cup or plate used by Jesus at the Last Supper. It was later used to catch his blood when he had to die on the cross.

According to the story, it has special powers. Many stories of the Arthurian Legend are about the Holy Grail. The first to write about it was Chrétien de Troyes. The legend may combine Christian lore with a Celtic myth of a cauldron which has special powers.

The connection of Joseph of Arimathea with the Grail legend dates from Robert de Boron's _Joseph d'Arimathie_. In the story, Joseph receives the Grail from an apparition of Jesus Christ, and sends it with his followers to Great Britain; building upon this theme, later writers told how Joseph used the Grail to catch Christ's blood while burying him and that in Britain he founded a line of guardians to keep it safe.

A cup that could have been the Holy Grail can be seen in  Valencia Cathedral.

The term "Holy Grail" is often used as a metaphor for something very important or special.
St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle

**St George's Chapel** is the church at Windsor Castle in England. The chapel is governed by the Dean and Canons of Windsor and is found in the Lower Ward of the castle.

The status of the Abbey is that of a **Royal Peculiar**. This means it is place of worship that falls directly under the jurisdiction of the British monarch, rather than under a bishop. The concept dates from Anglo-Saxon times, when a church could ally itself with the monarch and therefore not be subject to the bishop of the area. Technically speaking, it is not a cathedral, though it has a similar status. Many Royal weddings and other ceremonies with the British Crown have taken place there.

## Other websites

- Charity Commission website
- Chapel website
- A guide to the chapel
Henry VII Lady Chapel

The **Henry VII Lady Chapel** is a Lady chapel at the far eastern end of Westminster Abbey built in the Gothic style.

The Chapel was built in 1503 by the architect Sir Reginald Bray. Henry VII was buried in the Chapel on his death in 1509 in a tomb designed by the Italian artist Torrigiani.
Bath Abbey

**Bath Abbey**, is an Anglican parish church and an old monastery in Bath, Somerset. Its full name is
the Abbey Church of Saint Peter and Saint Paul, Bath. It was founded in the 7th century, reorganised in the 10th century, and rebuilt in the 12th and 16th centuries. It is one of the finest and largest examples of Gothic architecture (Perpendicular style) in the West of England.

The church is a former Benedictine monastery, and a former cathedral.

## Main events

- In 675 Osric, King of the Hwicce, granted the Abbess Berta 100 hides near Bath for the establishment of a convent. This religious house later became a monastery under the patronage of the Bishop of Worcester.
- William Rufus granted Bath, Somerset to a royal physician, John of Tours, who became Bishop of Wells and Abbot of Bath. In 1090 he moved his seat from Wells to Bath Abbey, which therefore became a cathedral.
- The church became a ruin, and was restored just before the dissolution of the monasteries. Then it was stripped of lead, iron and glass, before being restored again by Elizabeth I.
- Restoration from 1860 to the present day has brought the church up to a high standard.
- From the 13th century the seat of the bishops has usually been in Wells Cathedral, even though the city of Bath is much larger than Wells. The bishopric has been joined as 'Bath and Wells' since 1245.

## Related pages

- Wells Cathedral
- Hexham Abbey

## Other websites

- Bath Abbey
- Adrian Fletcher's Paradoxplace Bath Abbey Pages – Photos
Killa Saifullah District

**Qilla Saifullah**, **Killa Saifullah** or **Saifullah Qilla** (fort of Saifullah Khan) is a district in the northwest of Balochistan province of Pakistan.

## Tehsils

- Killa Saifullah Tehsil
- Muslim Bagh Tehsil
Loralai District

**Loralai** is a district in the centre of Balochistan province of Pakistan. Loralai district was created on October, 1903. Loralai town is the district headquarters. Loralai was further partitioned in 1992 when Musakhel and Barkhan were given the status of separate administrative districts.
Musakhel District

**Musakhel** is a district in the northwest of Balochistan province of Pakistan. The Jafri dialect of the Punjabi language is spoken here.

## Subdivisions

The district is administratively subdivided into the following tehsils:

- Drug Tehsil
- Musakhel Tehsil
Zhob District

**Zhob** () is a district in the northwest of Balochistan province of Pakistan. The Zhob district is a Provincially Administered Tribal Area (PATA). The Zhob district is subdivided into three subdistricts: Zhob, Kakkar and Sherani. The population of Zhob district was estimated to be over 500,000 in 2005. The Zhob River is used for irrigation in the Zhob district.

## Tehsils

- Ashwat Tehsil
- Qamar Din Karez Tehsil (Qamardin karaiz)
- Sambaza Tehsil
- Sherani Tehsil
- Zhob
Jhal Magsi District

**Jhal Magsi** district is in the centre of Balochistan province of Pakistan.

## Tehsils

- Jhal Magsi Tehsil
- Gandawa Tehsil
Nushki District

**Nushki District** is one of the  districts of Balochistan province, Pakistan.

## Tehsils

- Dalbandin Tehsil
- Nushki Tehsil
Kathua district

**Kathua district** () is one of 14 administrative districts in the disputed state of Jammu and Kashmir.  It is surrounded by Jammu to the northwest, the Doda District and Udhampur District districts to the north, the state of Himachal Pradesh to the east, Punjab to the south in the Republic of India. Its terrain is diverse, consisting of rich agricultural areas along the Pakistani border, plains sweeping eastward to the foothills of the Himalaya, and a mountainous Pahari region in the east.

Kathua district is divided into 8 blocks:Bani, Barnoti, Basholi, Billawar, Duggan, Ghagwal, Hiranagar, Kathua and Lohai Malhar. It has approximately 587 villages.

The traditional language of Kathua is Dogri, a dialect of Punjabi. The Pahari Punjabi is prevalent in the mountainous area of the east.  The principal media of education are Hindi and Punjabi.

In a Muslim majority state, Kathua, like the Jammu region, is overwhelmingly Hindu, the religion practiced by 75% of its district population.  Another 12% is Muslim, and 10% Sikh.

A relatively safe regional pocket, Kathua was spared the decade-long insurrection sparked by the Khalistan separatist movement in Punjab that ended in the early 1990s, just to its south, and the ongoing Freedom movement in Kashmir Valley farther to the north, beginning in the 1980s.

- Kathua Tehsil
- Hiranagar Tehsil
- Billawar Tehsil
- Basohli Tehsil