juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus

**The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus** is an American band. Since the band formed in 2003 in Jacksonville, Florida, they have made five studio albums.

## Discography

- Studio albums
- _Don't You Fake It_ (2006)
- _Lonely Road_ (2009)
- _Am I the Enemy_ (2011)
- _4_ (2014)
- _The Awakening_ (2018)
- _X's for Eyes_ (2025)

## Other websites

- Official website
- SynthesisRadio.net interview and live footage
- The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus on MySpace
- The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus on Last.fm
- Teaser website
- The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus  On PureVolume
- The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus Interview by Florida Entertainment Scene
- Interview from November 2007

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus
- **img**: Red Jumpsuit Apparatus live.jpg
- **img capt**: The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus performing at 2009 Soundwave Festival
- **landscape**: yes
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Jacksonville, Florida, Jacksonville, Florida, United States, U.S.
- **genre**: Alternative rock
pop punk
emo
post-hardcore
Christian rock
- **years active**: 2003–present
- **label**: Virgin Records, Collective Sounds, Better Noise Music
- **url**: [http://www.redjumpsuit.com/ www.redjumpsuit.com]
- **current members**: Ronnie Winter
Joey Westwood
Randy Winter
Josh Burke
John Espy
Nadeem Salam
K Enagonio
- **past members**: Dan Wagler
Thomas Wurth
Thomas Amason
Elias Reidy
Duke Kitchens
Jon Wilkes
Matt Carter
Matt Fallows
John Hartman
Daniel Resnick
Schwyz

**Schwyz** can mean:
- Canton of Schwyz, a canton of Switzerland
- Schwyz (city), the capital of the canton of Schwyz, Switzerland
- Schwyz (district), a district of the canton of Schwyz, Switzerland
Guayacanes

**Guayacanes** is a village in the province of Ciego de Ávila, Cuba.

## Other websites

- Information on Guayacanes (Spanish)
- Maps of Guayacanes
- Geographical data of Guayacanes
American Cooperative School of Tunis

The **American Cooperative School of Tunis** or **ACST** is a comprehensive non-profit private high school in Tunis, Tunisia. The school has more than 500 students in grades K-12,

The school is widely known for its International Baccalaureate Diploma Program which it has used since 2000. It is currently the only IB World School in Tunisia.

## History

The **American Cooperative School of Tunis** was founded in 1959, originally as an American Grade School only teaching Grades K-8.  A ninth grade was added in 1982 and a tenth grade in 1993.  Eleventh and twelfth grade was added in 1995 and 1996 respectively with the first graduating class being the class of June 1997.

## Other websites

- Official Website
Ginny Weasley

**Ginevra "Ginny" Molly Weasley** is a fictional character of J.K. Rowling's famous series of fantasy novels, _Harry Potter_. She is a Gryffindor. Ginny was born on August 11th 1981, thus making her one year younger than Harry Potter. She developed a crush on Harry when she first lays her eyes on him. Harry doesn't develop a crush on her until her fifth year. He later breaks up with her to keep her safe from Voldemort. She later marries Harry and they have three children; James Sirius, Albus Severus and Lily Luna Potter. Ginny is described as a freckled young girl with flaming red hair, which she often wear in a mane closely resembles a lion's mane. She is the youngest child of the Weasley family and the only daughter in seven children: Bill, Charlie, Percy, Fred, George, Ron, and Ginny. She is also the only girl to born into the Weasley family in seven consecutive generations. In the _Harry Potter_ movies, she is portrayed by Bonnie Wright. She will be portrayed by Gracie Cochrane in the upcoming television series _Harry Potter_ for the streaming service HBO Max.
Fucking Åmål

****** is a 1998 Swedish movie that was distributed in most English speaking countries as ***Show Me Love***.
The movie was written and directed by Lukas Moodysson and was his first full-length movie. Alexandra Dahlström and Rebecka Liljeberg are  "Elin" and "Agnes". _Fucking Åmål_  won four Guldbagge Awards at the 1999 awards ceremony. The movie was not filmed in Åmål, the city that gives the name to the movie, but in Trollhättan, another small city in Sweden. The movie is really famous in lesbian environments around the world.

## Plot summary

The movie tells the story of two girls, Agnes and Elin, who go to school in the small town of Åmål. Elin is outgoing and popular, but finds her life unsatisfying and dull. Agnes, by contrast, has no friends and is constantly depressed. Agnes has a crush on Elin, but cannot find any way to express it. Agnes's parents worry about their daughter and try to make her happy. They throw a birthday party for her, but Agnes is afraid no one will come. Her friend, a girl in a wheelchair, shows up and Agnes shouts at her in front of her parents, telling her they are only friends because no one wants to make friends with either of them. Elin arrives late at Agnes's house, mainly as an excuse to avoid going to a different party, where there will be a boy she wants to avoid. Elin's older sister, Jessica, who comes with her, dares her to kiss Agnes, who is rumoured to be a lesbian. Elin fulfils the dare, and then runs away. Elin soon discovers that she is attracted to Agnes but is afraid to admit it. She pretends to be in love with Johan Hult, the boy she avoided at the start. She loses her virginity to him, but later breaks up with him, telling him that she is in love with someone else, truly she understand that boys want just sex from the girls, so she try to see around herself, and she discovers the love for Agnes. Elin and Agnes eventually show each other's feelings at the end of the movie, where, after a climactic scene in a school bathroom, they decide to "out" their relationship to all students in the school.

## Awards

- Amanda Awards, Norway: Best Foreign Feature Film (1999)
- Atlantic Film Festival: Best International Feature (1999)
- Teddy Award: Best Feature Film (1999)
- Bodil Awards: Best Non-American Film (2000)
- European Film Awards: Best Film (1999)
- GLAAD Media Awards: Outstanding Film (Limited Release) (2000)

## Other websites

- Fucking Amal  scene to scene
- Film trailer (1998)
- Portal-like fan site , in English and Slovak.

## Infobox (film)

- **name**: Fucking Åmål (Show Me Love)
- **director**: Lukas Moodysson
- **producer**: Lars Jönsson (film producer), Lars Jönsson
- **writer**: Lukas Moodysson
- **cinematography**: Ulf Brantås
- **editing**: Michal Leszczylowski
Moe Lester
Bernhard Winkler
- **distributor**: Sonet Film
- **runtime**: 89 minutes
- **country**: Sweden
- **language**: Swedish
- **budget**: Swedish krona, SEK 9,000,000
Mateo Alemán

**Mateo Alemán y de Enero** (Seville, Spain, 1547 – 1615? in Mexico) was a Spanish writer.

He graduated at Seville University in 1564 and later studied at Salamanca and Alcalá. From 1571 to 1588 held a post in the treasury. He was descended from Jews who were made to converted to Catholicism after 1492. One of his forebears had been burned by the Inquisition for secretly continuing to practice Judaism.  In 1599, he published the first part of _Guzmán de Alfarache_. It was a well liked book which was printed in at least sixteen editions in five years.

In 1571 he married Catalina de Espinosa. It was not a happy marriage. He was constantly in money difficulties and was imprisoned for debt at Seville at the end of 1602.

In 1608, Alemán moved to America. It is said that he worked as a printer in Mexico.  His _Ortografía castellana_ (1609), published in Mexico, contains ideas for the reform of Spanish spelling.  Nothing is known of Alemán after 1609, but it is sometimes believed that he was still living in 1617.
Rebecka Liljeberg

**Rebecka Månstråle Liljeberg** (born 13 May 1981) is a Swedish actress.

She was born in Turinge, about 40 km southwest of Stockholm, and moved around Sweden for much of her youth. Liljeberg's mother was relatively young when she was born, and her parents divorced when she was one year old. At the age of 9 (1991), Liljeberg began her acting career when she won a role in the series _Sunes jul_. Between 1993 and 1997, she became played in amateur theatre, which she continued with until gaining a role in the movie _Närkontakt_ later in 1997.  The following year she won her breakthrough role in the Lukas Moodysson movie _Fucking Åmål_. For the movie she stopped her study in high school to take up the role, which ultimately won her the 1999 Guldbagge Award for Best Actress, together with Alexandra Dahlström. After her roles in _Fucking Åmål_ and _Sherdil_, Liljeberg began an adult education course in order to graduate from high school. While studying, she also played in _Bear's Kiss_, and voiced a character in the Swedish version of IMAX movie _T-Rex: Back to the Cretaceous_. In 2002, she completed the adult education course, and is now studying medicine at the Karolinska Institute to become a pediatrician.

## Private Life

Liljeberg is known to enjoy working with computers. She wrote for a Swedish newspaper Svenska Dagbladet for some time. Liljeberg also contributed to UNESCO's _Utrymme_ anthology of twenty works from young writers around the world. Liljeberg now lives in Stockholm with her boyfriend Alexander Skepp. They have two children: Harry Theodor, born in June 2002 and Vera, born on 1 January, 2005. Liljeberg expressed a desire to work with director Lukas Moodysson again.

## Filmography

- _Sunes jul_ (1991) (series)
- _Närkontakt_ (1997)
- _Längtans blåa blomma_ (series) (1998)
- _Fucking Åmål_ (1998)
- _Lithivm_ (1998)
- _Där regnbågen slutar_ (1999)
- _Sherdil_ (1999)
- _Skärgårdsdoktorn_ (2000)
- _Födelsedagen_ (2000)
- _Eva & Adam_ (2000)
- _Bear's Kiss_ (2002)

## Infobox (actor)

- **name**: Rebecka Månstråle Liljeberg
- **caption**: As Agnes in _Fucking Åmål_
- **birth place**: Turinge, Sweden
- **known for**: Playing Agnes in _Fucking Åmål_
Alexandra Dahlström

**Alexandra Dahlström** (born February 12, 1984) is a Swedish actress. She was born in Gävle, Sweden, and grew up in Stockholm. Her mother is Russian, and her father Swedish. She speaks Swedish, Russian, French, German, English, and Italian.

## Career

Dahlström gained international attention in 1998, after starring as "Elin" in the movie _Fucking Åmål_. For this, she won the Guldbagge Award for Best Actress, together with Rebecka Liljeberg. After "Fucking Åmål" she receiving numerous offers to work in other movies, but she declined the offers, because she wanted to concentrate on finishing school. In 2002, Dahlström worked as assistant director and Russian translator,for Lukas Moodysson, with his movie _Lilya 4-ever_. From the 5 March 2007 Alexandra will be participating in the Dutch soap opera Goede Tijden, Slechte Tijden on RTL 4. She will play a Swedish exchanges student called Skylar Nilsson.

## Personal life

She lived alone in Stockholm after graduating high school. She continued to act in theatre. After a several-year break, Dahlström again starred in the movie _Fröken Sverige_ (Miss Sweden) gaining nice comments. During the autumn of 2004 she was the DJ for the biggest late night talk show in Sweden, called 'Late Night with Luuk', which she had been originally interviewed on in May 1998 with Rebecka Liljeberg for her acting in _Fucking Åmål_. After completing her studies, she now lives in Rome, Italy and is again pursuing a serious acting career.

## Filmography

- _Sanning eller konsekvens_ (1997)
- _St. Mikael_ (series) (1998)
- _Fucking Åmål_ (1998)
- _Kranes konditori_ (theatre play) (1999)
- _In bed with Santa_, aka _Tomten är far till alla barnen_ (1999)
- _En vacker värld_ (theatre play) (2001)
- _La Carpe_ (short movie) (2001)
- _Fröken Sverige_ (2004)
- _Goede Tijden, Slechte Tijden_ (TV series in The Netherlands) (2007)

## Other websites

- Alexandra Dahlström fansite
- Swedish story about new life as DJ

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Alexandra Dahlström
- **image**: Alexandra Dahlström in concert.jpg
- **caption**: As Elin in the 1998 movie _Fucking Åmål_
- **birth place**: Gävle, Sweden
Search engine optimization

**Search engine optimization** **(SEO)** is about making websites and other forms of online presence appear higher in search results when someone searches for a term. The search term is called a _keyword_. The results of the search are displayed in the search engine's results pages (SERPS) such as those given by Google, Bing, Yahoo! and others. Other terms used to describe search engine optimization are internet marketing and search engine marketing.

## On-page SEO

On-page SEO, or on-site SEO, is the practice of optimizing web pages for users and search engines. It refers to specific elements and attributes of a website, such as content (written words), HTML, system, CSS, internal links, outbound links, and more.

Websites are ranked by – among other things – the quality of their SEO, which Google analyzes in its indexing and ranking of websites. Google’s own _“How Search Works”_ reports that, _“The most basic signal that information is relevant is when a web page contains the same keyword as the search query. If those keywords appear on the page, or if they appear in the headings or body of the text, the information is more likely to be relevant”._

## Technical SEO

Technical SEO refers to the non-on-page elements of a site. This includes elements that affect the optimization and proper operation of the website, such as site speed, mobile-friendliness, crawlability, and more.

Correct and fast operation of a website has a fundamental impact on the site's ranking.

## Off-page SEO

Everything SEO-related that doesn't take place on a website is considered off-page SEO. Among other things, backlinks, social media, and local citations are all aspects of off-page SEO.

## Importance of SEO

SEO is a crucial part of marketing campaigns run by businesses to reach customers online. Companies hire SEO agencies to do the work for them because of the expertise required.

## "White Hat," "Gray Hat," and "Black Hat" SEO Techniques

If an SEO method is approved by search engines to rank their website, it is called a "white hat technique". If the method is not approved, it is called a "black hat technique". Search engines penalize sites using black hat techniques by ranking them lower, or by not showing them on search results at all. However, some techniques fall in between these two categories, known as "gray hat techniques." These methods are not explicitly approved by search engines but are not strictly prohibited either. While they may offer short-term ranking benefits, they carry the risk of penalties if search engine guidelines change.

## Other websites

- Google's SEO guide
- Google Search Engine Optimisation Guidelines
Federal Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs

The Federal Ministry of Work and Social Affairs (BMAS) is a ministry of the Federal Republic of Germany . It was part of the Federal Ministry of economy and work () between 2002 and 2005.

## Office building

A part of the ministry is based in Berlin-Mitte. When the Bundestag and government moved to Berlin in 1999 the BMA moved into buildings in the Jägerstraße/ Wilhelmstraße. A large part of the ministry stayed in Bonn. Originally the building at Wilhelmstraße 49 was a stately home. After 1826 it was used by the Hohenzollern Prince Karl.

The building housed the press department of the Reichsregierung (National government) of the Weimar Republic between 1918 and 1933. Under the Third Reich it was the Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda of Dr Joseph Goebbels.

After Wartime damage was repaired, the Central Council of the National Front moved in 1947. Later the Central Council of the German Democratic Republic occupied the building. The study of the first and only president of the DDR, Wilhelm Pieck, is there. It was restored between 1996 and 2000.

### Federal Minister for Work 1949 to 1957

1949-1957: Anton Storch (CDU)

### Federal Minister for Work and Social Affairs 1957 to 2007

- 1957-1965: Theodor Blank (CDU)
- 1965-1969: Hans Katzer (CDU)
- 1969-1976: Walter Arendt (SPD)
- 1976-1982: Herbert Ehrenberg (SPD)
- 1982-1982: Heinz Westphal (SPD)
- 1982-1998: Norbert Blüm (CDU)
- 1998-2002: Walter Riester (SPD)
    - 2002-2005: Wolfgang Clement (SPD) Minister for Economy and Labour
    - 2002-2005: Ulla Schmidt (SPD) Minister for Health and Social Security
- 2005-2007: Franz Müntefering (SPD)
- 2007-2009: Olaf Scholz (SPD)
- 2009: Franz Josef Jung (CDU)
- 2009-2013: Ursula von der Leyen (CDU)
- 2013-2017: Andrea Nahles (SPD)
- 2017-2018: Katarina Barley, (SPD)
- 2018-: Hubertus Heil, (SPD)

## Functions

The BMAS was involved in promoting the new Code of Social Law II, sometimes called Hartz IV.

The ministry also supervises the

Bundesagentur für Arbeit federal Labour agency ("Jobcentres" as they are known in the UK);

Bundesanstalt für Arbeitsschutz und Arbeitsmedizin. Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

### Europe

The European Court of Justice found that Germany did not properly enforce the Working Hours Directive. This was a job BMAS should have done.

## Infobox (government agency)

- **name**: Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs
- **nativename**: Bundesministerium für Arbeit und Soziales
- **logo**: Bundesadler Bundesorgane.svg
- **jurisdiction**: Government of Germany
- **formed**: 1949 as the Federal Ministry of Labour
- **headquarters**: Berlin
- **minister1 name**: Hubertus Heil, <br/ ><small>Bundesministerin für Arbeit und Soziales</small>
- **website**: [http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de]
Federal Ministry of Family Affairs, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth

The **Federal Ministry of Family, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth** () (BMFSFJ) is a ministry of the Federal Republic of Germany. Although the headquarters are in Berlin, more people work in the Bonn office.

Different ministries, for example Labour and Social Affairs, can affect families, the elderly, women and youth. The BMFSFJ watches what these ministries do and provides specialised help.

## History

1953
- Created as the Federal Ministry for Family Questions ().
1957
- renamed the Federal Ministry Family and Youth Questions ()

1963
- renamed Federal Ministry of Family and Youth ()

1969
- took over the Federal Ministry of Health () to become the Federal Ministry of Youth, Family and Health ()

1986
- renamed the Federal Ministry of Youth, Family, Women and Health, ().

1991
- Divided up into the
    - Federal Ministry of Health()
    - Federal Ministry of Women and Youth ()
    - Federal Ministry of Family and Senior Citizens ()

1994
- Rejoined to make the present Federal Ministry of Family, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth, .

## Federal Ministers

_Federal Minister for Family Questions (1953 to 1957), Family and Youth Questions (1957-1963) or Family and Youth (1963 to 1969)_
- 1953-1962: Franz-Josef Wuermeling (CDU)
- 1962-1968: Bruno Heck (CDU)
- 1968-1969: Aenne Brauksiepe (CDU)

_Federal Minister for Youth, Family and Health (1969 to 1986), Youth, Family, Women and Health (1986–1991)_
- 1969-1972: Käte Strobel (SPD)
- 1972-1976: Katharina Focke (SPD)
- 1976-1982: Antje Huber (SPD)
- 1982-1982: Anke Fuchs (SPD)
- 1982-1985: Heiner Geißler (CDU)
- 1985-1988: Rita Süssmuth (CDU)
- 1988-1991: Ursula Lehr (CDU)

_Federal Minister for Women and Youth 1991 to 1994_
- 1991-1994: Angela Merkel (CDU)

_Federal Minister for Family and Senior Citizens 1991 to 1994_
- 1991-1994: Hannelore Rönsch (CDU)

_Federal Minister for Family, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth since 1994_
- 1994-1998: Claudia Nolte (CDU)
- 1998-2002: Christine Bergmann (SPD)
- 2002-2005: Renate Schmidt (SPD)
- 2005-2009: Ursula von der Leyen (CDU)
- 2009-2013: Kristina Köhler (CDU)
- 2013-2017: Manuela Schwesig (SPD)
- 2017-2018: Katarina Barley (SPD)
- 2018-2021: Franziska Giffey (SPD)
- 2021: Christine Lambrecht (SPD)
- 2021-2022: Anne Spiegel (Grüne)
- since 2022: Lisa Paus (Grüne)

## Infobox (government agency)

- **agency name**: Ministry of Family Affairs, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth
- **nativename**: Bundesministerium für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend
- **logo**: Bundesadler Bundesorgane.svg
- **jurisdiction**: Government of Germany
- **formed**: 1953 as the
<small>„Federal Ministry for Family Questions“</small>
- **headquarters**: Berlin
- **minister1 name**: Lisa Paus,
<small>Bundesministerin für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend</small>
- **website**: [http://www.bmfsfj.de/ www.bmfsfj.de/]
Cubit

**Cubit** is the name for any one of many units of measure used by various ancient peoples and is among the first recorded units of length.

The cubit is based on measuring by comparing – especially rope and textiles, but also for timber and stone – to one's forearm length. The Egyptian hieroglyph for the unit shows this symbol. It was used through antiquity, the Middle Ages up to early modern times.

The distance between thumb and another finger to the elbow on an average person is about 24 digits or 6 palms or 1½ feet (45.72 cm or 18 inches). This so-called "natural cubit" of 1½ feet is used in the Roman system of measures and in different Greek systems.

Over time, units similar in type to the cubit have measured:
- 6 palms  =  24 digits, i.e. ~45.0 cm or 18 inches (1.50 ft)
- 7 palms  =  28 digits, i.e. ~52.5 cm or 21 inches (1.75 ft)
- 8 palms  =  32 digits, i.e. ~60.0 cm or 24 inches (2.00 ft)
- 9 palms  =  36 digits, i.e. ~67.5 cm or 27 inches (2.25 ft)

From late antiquity, the Roman _ulna_, a four-feet-cubit (about 120 cm) is also known. This is the measure from a man's hip to the fingers of the outstretched opposite arm.

The English yard has a long legal history, but its origin is not known. The English ell is essentially a kind of great cubit of 15 palms, 114 cm, or 45 inches (3.75 ft).

## Related pages

- Units of measurement

## References

- Recovery of the ancient system of length units by Dieter Lelgemann , former Director of the Institute for Geodesy and Geo-Information Technology, TU Berlin .
- On the ancient determination of meridian arc length by Eratosthenes of Kyrene. Dieter Lelgemann, WS – History of Surveying and Measurement, Athens, Greece, May 22-27, 2004.

## Other websites

- Measurements of the Nippur Ell, now in a museum in Istanbul (Turkey).
Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development

The Federal **Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development** (BMZ) is a ministry of the Federal Republic of Germany. The ministry's headquarters are in what used to be the Bundeskanzleramt (the Federal Chancellor's Office building) in Bonn, with a second office in the Europahaus, in Berlin.

## History

The BMZ was founded 1961, as the Ministry for Economic Cooperation. Lots of different ministries had a little to do with helping the economies of foreign countries. These jobs were all taken away and given to the new ministry. It became the "Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development" on 23 January 1993. The change was to show that Germany was not just interested in working with Less Developed Countries, but in helping those countries as well.

## Ministers

|colspan=5|Ministers of Economic Cooperation||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1|Walter Scheel (1919-2016)|1961|1966|FDP|
|2|Werner Dollinger (1918-2008)|1966|1966|CSU|
|3|Hans-Jürgen Wischnewski (1922-2005)|1966|1968|SPD|
|4|Erhard Eppler (1926-)|1968|1974|SPD|
|5|Egon Bahr (1922-2015)|1974|1976|SPD|
|6|Marie Schlei (1919-1983)|1976|1978|SPD|
|7|Rainer Offergeld (1937-)|1978|1982|SPD|
|8|Jürgen Warnke (1932-2013)|1982|1987|CSU|
|9|Hans Klein (1931-1996)|1987|1989|CSU|
|10|Jürgen Warnke (1932-2013)|1989|1991|CSU|
|11|Carl-Dieter Spranger (1939-)|1991|1998|CSU|
|12|Heidemarie Wieczorek-Zeul (1942-)|1998|2009|SPD|
|13|Dirk Niebel (1963-)|2009|2013|FDP|
|14|Gerd Müller (1955-)|2013|2021|CSU|
|15|Svenja Schulze (1968-)|2021||SPD|

## Job

The BMZ main job is help to other countries to develop and become richer. It does this by giving money and other aid.

The BMZ also oversees giving money to international organisations and private charities which can help the BMZ's main job.

The money that Germany gives to the European Development Fund, the World Bank and regional development banks is paid by the BMZ.

The BMZ also makes sure that countries which get money are democratic and have a good human rights record.

Germany thinks that giving this help is so important that the BMZ is a member of the Federal Security Council, which helps to make sure that Germany is safe and at peace.

## Aims

- Halving the number of people in the world that suffers from poverty and hunger
- Making a basic school education possible for all children
- Promoting equality between men and women
- Lowering the number of child mortality
- Improving the health of the mothers
- Fighting HIV/AIDS, malaria and other illnesses
- Improving the protection of the environment

## Infobox (government agency)

- **agency name**: Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development
- **nativename**: Bundesministerium für wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung
- **logo**: Bundesadler Bundesorgane.svg
- **jurisdiction**: Government of Germany
- **formed**: 1961
- **headquarters**: Bonn, Nordrhein-Westfalen
- **minister1 name**: Svenja Schulze,
<small>Bundesminister für wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit</small>
- **website**: [http://www.bmz.de www.bmz.de]
Haskovo

**Haskovo** is a town in southeastern Bulgaria. Around 96,000 people live there. It celebrated the 1,000th anniversary in 1985.

## History

Archeologists (people who study stuff from long ago) say that people started to live in the Haskovo area about 7,000 years ago.

During the 9th century, a fortress was built, and soon after, a town was built around the fortress.  The town was located on a big piece of land between the Klokotnitsa, Harmanliyska, and Maritsa rivers.

In 1395, the _Eski camii_ (the Old Mosque) was built as one of the first in the Balkans.

In 1782, the town was known as Marsa (Arab name).

Most Bulgarians started living in Haskovo in the 19th century.  The town was a trading center for merchants (people who sell stuff) from Edirne, Enos, and Istanbul. The area became known for producing cotton, silk fabrics, and carpets. At the Treaty of Istanbul in 1913, after the second Balkan Wars, a population exchange was made by the Ottoman Empire with the Kingdom of Bulgaria, 9714 Muslim's (Turks and Xoraxane Roma) from Haskovo was expelled to East Thrace in Ottoman Empire, and 9472 Orthodox Christian (Bulgarians) from Edirne was expelled to North Trace at Kingdom of Bulgaria.

## Other websites

- Haskovo municipality website
- Online guide of Haskovo
- Haskovo.net
- Haskovo municipality at Domino.bg
- Haskovo.info
- Haskovo.biz

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Haskovo
- **subdivision type**: Countries of the world, Country
- **subdivision name**: Bulgaria
- **subdivision type1**: Provinces of Bulgaria, Provinces
<small>(Oblast)</small>
- **timezone**: Eastern European Time, EET
- **utc offset**: +2
- **timezone dst**: Eastern European Summer Time, EEST
- **utc offset dst**: +3
- **map caption**: Location of Haskovo
- **pushpin map**: Bulgaria
- **pushpin map caption**: Location of Haskovo
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Georgi Ivanov
- **postal code type**: List of postal codes in Bulgaria, Postal Code
- **native name**: Хасково
- **image shield**: Haskovo-coat-of-arms.svg
- **subdivision name1**: Haskovo Province, Haskovo
- **population total**: 96010
- **population as of**: 2005-12-14
- **elevation m**: 196
- **postal code**: 6300
- **area code**: 038
Athens, Alabama

**Athens** is a city in Limestone County, Alabama. It is also the county seat of that county.

In the year 2020, Athens had a population of about 25,406 people. Athens has an area of about 39 miles and sits at 798 feet above sea level.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Athens, Alabama
- **settlement type**: City
- **image skyline**: Limestone_County_Courthouse,_Athens,_Alabama_01.jpg
- **image caption**: Limestone County Courthouse in Athens
- **image map**: File:Limestone County Alabama Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Athens Highlighted 0102956.svg
- **map caption**: Location of Athens in Limestone County, Alabama
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Alabama
- **pushpin map**: Alabama#USA
- **pushpin label**: Athens
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Alabama, County
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision name1**: Alabama
- **subdivision name2**: Limestone County, Alabama, Limestone
- **established title**: Municipal corporation, Incorporated
- **established date**: November 19, 1818
- **area total sq mi**: 40.87
- **area total km2**: 105.85
- **area land sq mi**: 40.60
- **area land km2**: 105.16
- **area water sq mi**: 0.26
- **area water km2**: 0.68
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 25406
- **population density km2**: 241.58
- **population density sq mi**: 625.70
- **timezone**: Central Standard Time, CST
- **utc offset**: −6
- **timezone dst**: Central Daylight Time, CDT
- **utc offset dst**: −5
- **elevation m**: 243.1
- **elevation ft**: 798
- **area codes**: Area code 256, 256, Area code 938, 938
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standards, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 01-02956
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 0113266
- **unit pref**: Imperial
Athens (disambiguation)

**Athens**  is the capital city of Greece.
- Classical Athens, the city in Classical Antiquity

**Athens** may also refer to:

## Placename

In the **United States**:
- Athens, Alabama
- Athens, Georgia
- Athens, Illinois

In the **United Kingdom**:
- "Athens of the North", a nickname given to Edinburgh in Scotland, due to the large number of neo-classical buildings and structures built during the 18th and 19th centuries
Ell

The English unit of length **ell** is usually 45 inches. That means 1.143 m (for the international inch). It came from the length of the arm from the shoulder (or the elbow) to the wrist, although the exact length was never defined in English law.

Several different national forms existed, with different lengths: the Scottish ell (about 37 inches), the Flemish ell (about 27 inches) and the Polish ell (0.78 metres, about 31 inches).

This unit has mostly fallen out of use, as have others based on the human arm:
- digit (1/60 ell)
- finger (7/360 ell)
- palm (1/15 ell)
- hand (4/45 ell)
- shaftment (2/15 ell)
- span (1/5 ell)
- cubit (2/5 ell)

Sometimes _ell_ is used as an other word for the cubit.

An **ell-wand** or **ellwand** was a rod of length one ell used for official measurement.   Edward I of England ordered that every town should have one.
Ell (disambiguation)

**Ell** or **ELL** may refer to:

In **science** and **technology**:
- Ell, a measure of length
- Ell (Scottish length), a Scottish measure of length
- Ell (architecture), a wing of a building

In **places**:
- Ell, Luxembourg, a commune and town in Luxembourg
- Ell (Netherlands), a Dutch town

In **people**:
- Henry Ell (1862 - 1934), New Zealand politician
- Carl Stephens Ell, American academic

In **transport**:
- East London Line, a line of the London Underground

In **other**:
- English Language Learners, a term in English language learning and teaching
Unit of length

A **unit of length** is a way of measuring length or distance.

Common units of length in the International System of Units (SI) are:
- metre and units that are developed from it, such as "centimetre" or "kilometre"

But there are a lot of units that do not fit in the SI-System:
- fermi (fm) (= 1 femtometre in SI units)
- angstrom (Å) (= 100 picometres in SI units)
- micron (= 1 micrometre in SI units)
- Norwegian/Swedish mil (= 10,000 metres)

Common Imperial units and U.S. customary units of length include:
- inch (25.4 mm)
- mil (one thousandth of an inch, one thou)
- foot (0.3048 m, 12 inches)
- yard (0.9144 m)
- (terrestrial) mile (1609.344 m)

In addition, the following are used by mariners:
- fathom (for depth) (1.8288 m)
- nautical mile (1852 m)

Surveyors in the United States continue to use:
- chain (~20.1m)
- rod (also called pole or perch) (~5 m)

Horse racing keeps alive:
- furlong (~201 m)

Astronomical measure uses:
- astronomical unit (AU) (~149 gigametres)
- light year (ly) (~9.46 petametres)
- parsec (pc) (~30.8 petametres), including kiloparsec (kpc) and megaparsec (Mpc)

Physics also uses:
- Planck length
- Bohr radius

Old units of distance are:
- cana
- cubit
- league
- li (China)
- pace (the "double pace" of about 5 feet used in Ancient Rome)
- verst (Russia)

In everyday conversation, and in informal literature, it is common to see lengths measured in units of objects of which everyone knows the approximate width. Common examples are:
- Football field (generally around 110 metres, depending on the country)
- Widths of a human hair (around 80 micrometres)
Mettau, Switzerland

**Mettau** was a municipality, in the new municipality of Mettauertal and district of Laufenburg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Mettau, Switzerland
- **municipality name**: Mettau, Switzerland
- **municipality type**: former
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Mettau COA.svg
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Aargau
- **iso-code-region**: CH-AG
- **district**: Laufenburg (district), Laufenburg
- **postal code**: 5274
- **municipality code**: 4171
- **area**: 3.29
- **elevation**: 347
- **population**: 317
- **populationof**: December 2006
- **popofyear**: 2006
- **website**: www.mettau.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Etzgen, Oberhofen, Aargau, Oberhofen, Schwaderloch, Wil, Aargau, Wil
Möhlin

**Möhlin** is a municipality of the district of Rheinfelden in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Möhlin
- **municipality name**: Möhlin
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: Wappen Möhlin AG.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Moehlin.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Aargau
- **iso-code-region**: CH-AG
- **district**: Rheinfelden (district), Rheinfelden
- **postal code**: 4313
- **municipality code**: 4255
- **area**: 18.79
- **elevation**: 310
- **population**: 9’305
- **populationof**: May 2007
- **popofyear**: 2007
- **website**: www.moehlin.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Magden, Maisprach (BL), Rheinfelden, Switzerland, Rheinfelden, Schwörstadt (DE-BW), Wallbach, Wehr (DE-BW), Zeiningen
Mönthal

**Mönthal** is a municipality of the district of Brugg in canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Mönthal
- **image photo**: Möhntal AG.jpg
- **image caption**: Mönthal
- **municipality name**: Mönthal
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Mönthal COA.svg
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Aargau
- **iso-code-region**: CH-AG
- **district**: Brugg (district), Brugg
- **postal code**: 5237
- **municipality code**: 4106
- **area**: 3.94
- **elevation**: 479
- **population**: 410
- **populationof**: December 2006
- **popofyear**: 2006
- **website**: www.moenthal.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Effingen, Elfingen, Gansingen, Oberbözberg, Remigen, Sulz, Aargau, Sulz
Moosleerau

**Moosleerau** is a municipality of the district of Zofingen in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Moosleerau
- **municipality name**: Moosleerau
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: Wappen Moosleerau AG.svg
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Aargau
- **iso-code-region**: CH-AG
- **district**: Zofingen (district), Zofingen
- **postal code**: 5054
- **municipality code**: 4277
- **area**: 3.81
- **elevation**: 509
- **population**: 833
- **populationof**: December 2006
- **popofyear**: 2006
- **website**: www.moosleerau.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Attelwil, Kirchleerau, Reitnau, Schmiedrued, Staffelbach, Triengen (LU)
Möriken-Wildegg

**Möriken-Wildegg** is a municipality in Lenzburg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Möriken-Wildegg
- **image photo**: Moeriken-Wildegg.jpg
- **image caption**: Möriken-Wildegg
- **municipality name**: Möriken-Wildegg
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Möriken-Wildegg COA.svg
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Aargau
- **iso-code-region**: CH-AG
- **district**: Lenzburg (district), Lenzburg
- **postal code**: 5103
- **municipality code**: 4203
- **area**: 6.61
- **elevation**: 387
- **population**: 3832
- **populationof**: December 2006
- **popofyear**: 2006
- **website**: www.moeriken-wildegg.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Auenstein, Switzerland, Auenstein, Birr, Switzerland, Birr, Brunegg, Holderbank, Aargau, Holderbank, Lenzburg, Lupfig, Niederlenz, Othmarsingen, Rupperswil, Veltheim, Aargau, Veltheim
Muhen

**Muhen** is a municipality of the district of Aarau of the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Muhen
- **municipality name**: Muhen
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: Wappen Muhen AG.svg
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Aargau
- **iso-code-region**: CH-AG
- **district**: Aarau (district), Aarau
- **postal code**: 5037
- **municipality code**: 4009
- **area**: 7.03
- **elevation**: 433
- **population**: 3252
- **populationof**: December 2006
- **popofyear**: 2006
- **website**: www.muhen.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Gränichen, Hirschthal, Holziken, Kölliken, Oberentfelden, Unterkulm
Gorgona, Italy

**Gorgona** is an island in the Tuscan Archipelago, a group of islands off the west coast of Italy.

It is one of only five islands in the world on which the Corsican Finch is found.The island is famous for its anchovies.  Tradition holds that monks from Gorgona rescued the relics of Saint Julia of Corsica before they were carried to the mainland in the 8th century.

## Infobox (islands)

- **name**: Gorgona
- **image name**: La Gorgona.jpg
- **image caption**: View to Gorgona
- **image map**: Tuscan archipelago.png
- **location**: Ligurian Sea
- **archipelago**: Tuscan Archipelago
- **area km2**: 2
- **elevation m**: 225
- **country**: Italy
- **country admin divisions title**: Regions of Italy, Region
- **country admin divisions**: Tuscany
- **country admin divisions title 1**: Provinces of Italy, Province
- **country admin divisions 1**: Province of Livorno, Livorno
- **population**: 220
Mühlau

**Mühlau** is a municipality of the district of Muri in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Mühlau
- **municipality name**: Mühlau
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Mühlau AG COA.svg
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Aargau
- **iso-code-region**: CH-AG
- **district**: Muri (district), Muri
- **postal code**: 5642
- **municipality code**: 4235
- **area**: 5.52
- **elevation**: 396
- **population**: 1008
- **populationof**: December 2006
- **popofyear**: 2006
- **website**: www.muehlau.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Auw, Beinwil (Freiamt), Benzenschwil, Hünenberg (ZG), Merenschwand, Sins
Mülligen

**Mülligen** is a municipality of the district of Brugg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Mülligen
- **municipality name**: Mülligen
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Mülligen COA.svg
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Aargau
- **iso-code-region**: CH-AG
- **district**: Brugg (district), Brugg
- **postal code**: 5243
- **municipality code**: 4107
- **area**: 3.16
- **elevation**: 363
- **population**: 887
- **populationof**: December 2006
- **popofyear**: 2006
- **website**: www.muelligen.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Birmenstorf, Aargau, Birmenstorf, Birr, Switzerland, Birr, Hausen bei Brugg, Hausen, Lupfig, Windisch
Tuscan Archipelago

The **Tuscan Archipelago** is a chain of islands between the Ligurian Sea and Tyrrhenian Sea, west of Tuscany, Italy.

The archipelago contains the islands of Elba (the largest island of the group), Pianosa, Capraia, Montecristo, Giglio, Gorgona and Giannutri, all of which are protected as part of the **Tuscan Archipelago National Park**.

|Island|km²|Population|
| --- | --- | --- |
|Elba|224|30 000|
|Pianosa|10|0|
|Capraia|19|366|
|Montecristo|13|0|
|Giglio|24|1553|
|Gorgona|2|220|
|Giannutri|3|102|
|**Total:**|295km²|31 875|

## Other websites

- Tuscan Archipelago National Park website

## Infobox (islands)

- **name**: Tuscan Archipelago
- **image name**: Padulella.jpg
- **image caption**: Elba
- **image map**: Tuscan archipelago.png
- **native name**: Arcipelago Toscano
- **native name link**: Italian language
- **location**: between Ligurian Sea and Tyrrhenian Sea
- **archipelago**: **Tuscan Archipelago**
- **total islands**: 7
- **major islands**: Elba, Pianosa, Capraia, Montecristo, Giglio, Gorgona, Italy, Gorgona, Giannutri
- **area km2**: 295
- **highest mount**: Monte Capanne
- **elevation m**: 1,018
- **country**: Italy
- **country admin divisions title**: Regions of Italy, Region
- **country admin divisions**: Tuscany
- **country admin divisions title 1**: Provinces of Italy, Province
- **country admin divisions 1**: Province of Livorno, Livorno
- **country largest city**: Portoferraio
- **country largest city population**: 12,020
- **population**: 31,875
- **density km2**: 108
Pianosa

**Pianosa** is a small (about 10 km<sup>2</sup>) island in Italy's Tuscan Archipelago. The name is derived from the latin word "planasia" (plain) because its highest point is some 22 meters over sea level. Pianosa has no permanent residents. It is known in Italy for a maximum-security prison, where especially dangerous Mafia criminals are held. For administration, Pianosa is part of the Elba island municipality. On clear days, it can be seen from that island as a dark blue line over the lighter blue sea.

In the novel _Catch-22_, a U.S. Army Air Corps bomber squadron is based on the island during World War II,

There is another, even smaller island called _Pianosa_ off the Adriatic coast of Italy.

## Other websites

- Tourist information

## Infobox (islands)

- **name**: Pianosa
- **image map**: Tuscan archipelago.png
- **location**: Ligurian Sea
- **archipelago**: Tuscan Archipelago
- **area km2**: 10
- **elevation m**: 29
- **country**: Italy
- **country admin divisions title**: Regions of Italy, Region
- **country admin divisions**: Tuscany
- **country admin divisions title 1**: Provinces of Italy, Province
- **country admin divisions 1**: Province of Livorno, Livorno
- **population**: uninhabited
Capraia

**Capraia**, is an island of Italy, part of the Tuscan Archipelago, off the northwest coast, belonging to the Province of Livorno. It is 62 km from the city of Livorno by sea, and 32 km northwest of the island of Elba. It is of volcanic origin, has an area of 19 km² and its highest point is 466 m above sea level. As of 31 December 2004, the _comune_ (municipality) of **Capraia Isola** had a population of 366

The island produces wine, and is a centre of the anchovy fishery. It became Genoese in 1527 and was strongly fortified. In 1796 it was occupied for a short time by Horatio Nelson. Part of the island was formerly occupied by an agricultural penal colony, but it was shut down in 1986. Most of the island has been made into a national park. About 40 km to the north is the island of Gorgona, which is also famous for its anchovies.

## Other websites

- Tourist information
- News
Montecristo

**Monte Cristo** is a small Italian Island, about 4.3 kilometers across at its widest point, about halfway between Corsica and mainland Italy; south of Elba and west of Giglio. It is part of the Tuscan Archipelago. The island is probably best known as a fictional setting in the novel _The Count of Monte Cristo_ by  Alexandre Dumas, père.

Monte Cristo is Italian for “The mountain of Christ".

The island is remote and kept by the Italian government as a nature preserve and hunting park, and only accessible by private yacht and permit. There are no structures on the island.

## Infobox (islands)

- **name**: Montecristo
- **image name**: Montecristo islet.jpg
- **image size**: 200px
- **image map**: Tuscan archipelago.png
- **location**: Ligurian Sea
- **archipelago**: Tuscan Archipelago
- **area km2**: 13
- **elevation m**: 646
- **country**: Italy
- **country admin divisions title**: Regions of Italy, Region
- **country admin divisions**: Tuscany
- **country admin divisions title 1**: Provinces of Italy, Province
- **country admin divisions 1**: Province of Livorno, Livorno
- **population**: uninhabited
Giglio

**Giglio Island** (Italian: _Isola del Giglio_) is an island and Italian _comune_ located in the Tyrrhenian Sea, off the coast of Tuscany, part of the Province of Grosseto, and part of Tuscan Archipelago.

## Geography

The island is separated by a 16 km stretch of sea from the Argentario promontory: mainly mountainous, it is almost all granite with the highest point the Poggio della Pagana (496 m). 90% of its surface is covered by Mediterranean vegetation alternating with large pine forests and numerous vineyards which enable the production of the famous "Ansonaco" wine. The coast is 27 km long, made up of rocks, of smooth cliffs and several bays: Arenella, Cannelle, Caldane and Campese, the biggest one with its little village of the same name.

## History

The modern island was probably born 4.5 - 5 millions years ago, and people have lived there since the Iron Age. Later it was probably an Etruscan military stronghold. Under the Romans it was an important base in the Tyrrhenian Sea, written about, for example, by Julius Caesar in his _De Bello Gallico_ and by the poet Rutilius Claudius Namatianus.

In 805 it was given by Charlemagne to the abbey of the Tre Fontane in Rome, and was later a possession of Aldobrandeschi, Pannocchieschi, Caetani, Orsini families and the town of Perugia. In 1241 the Sicilian fleet of Emperor Frederick II destroyed a Genoese fleet. From 1264 Giglio was a Pisane dominion, from which it passed to the Medici. It suffered several Saracen attacks, which ended only in 1799.

Alongside its history the island was always renowned for its mineral resources: many columns and edifices in Rome were built with the Gigliese granite.

## How the island was

The island has the remains of a Roman villa of Domitius Ahenobarbus (1st-2nd centuries), in the area of Giglio Porto. No traces of the Temple of Diana once existing now can be seen. The church of San Pietro Apostolo in Giglio Castello has an ivory crucifix believed to be by Giambologna

It is also site of an Etruscan shipwreck, dating to the early Iron Age, _c._ 600 BC. The cargo of the ship included copper and lead ingots, iron spits, amphorae and a Corinthian helmet. Even a wooden writing tablet with stylus was preserved. The finds are almost completely lost now.

## Transportation

Isola del Giglio is connected to Tuscany by ferries starting from Porto Santo Stefano and Orbetello Scalo.

## Other websites

- Tourist and Visitor Information for the Giglio Island www.giglioinfo.com

## Infobox (italian comune)

- **name**: Isola del Giglio
- **official name**: Comune di Isola del Giglio
- **image skyline**: Giglio porto.jpg
- **image caption**: Giglio Harbour
- **region**: Tuscany
- **province**: Province of Grosseto, Grosseto (GR)
- **frazioni**: Giannutri, Isola di Giannutri, Giglio Castello, Giglio Porto, Giglio Campese
- **mayor**: Sergio Ortelli (since June 2009)
- **area total km2**: 23.80
- **population total**: 1458
- **population as of**: 30 April 2009
- **population demonym**: Gigliesi
- **elevation m**: 405
- **saint**: Mamilian of Palermo, San Mamiliano
- **day**: September 15
- **postal code**: 58010, 58012, 58013
- **area code**: 0564
Giannutri

**Giannutri** is a small island in the Mediterranean Sea off the coast of Tuscany, Italy. It is the most southern island of the Tuscan Archipelago.

Its tourist attractions include Villa Domizia, an ancient Roman seaside villa.

## Infobox (islands)

- **name**: Giannutri
- **image name**: Giannutri island from the see - 2002.jpg
- **image caption**: Giannutri island from sea
- **image map**: Tuscan archipelago.png
- **location**: Ligurian Sea
- **archipelago**: Tuscan Archipelago
- **area km2**: 3
- **country**: Italy
- **country admin divisions title**: Regions of Italy, Region
- **country admin divisions**: Tuscany
- **country admin divisions title 1**: Provinces of Italy, Province
- **country admin divisions 1**: Province of Livorno, Livorno
- **population**: 102