juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Aconcagua River

The **Aconcagua River** is a river that flows from east to west through the Valparaíso region in north central Chile and flows into the Pacific Ocean  north of Valparaíso.

Although it has the same name, the Aconcagua river does not starts in the slopes of Aconcagua, which is in Argentina about  from the beginning of the river, in Chilean territory.

## Geography

The Aconcagua river has a length of , and a drainage basin with an area of approximately .

### Course

The Aconcagua river starts on the Andes at an elevation of about , at the confluence of two rivers:
- _Juncal_ river, that starts in the Nevado Juncal mountain; it is  long.
- _Blanco_ river, that is  long.

From its start, the river flows through the Aconcagua valley. Before the city of Los Andes, the river is joined, as a right tributary, by the _Colorado_ river,  long, and then, after the city of San Felipe, by the _Putaendo_ river, also a right tributary with a length of .

The river keeps flowing to the west, running through the cities of La Calera and Quillota, in the Quillota province. Finally, the Aconcagua river flows in the Pacific Ocean at the city of Concón, in the Valparaíso province.

## Main tributaries

The main tributaries of the Aconcagua river are:

Left tributaries:
- Estero Los Loros - 18 km

Right tributaries:
- Colorado- 58 km
- Putaendo - 34 km
- Estero Quilpué - 47 km
- Estero Limache

## Related pages

- List of rivers of Chile

## Other websites

- Cuenca Río Aconcagua
- Saneamiento de los ríos Aconcagua y La Ligua

## Infobox (river)

- **name**: Aconcagua River
- **image**: Mapa Río Aconcagua.png
- **mouth location**: Pacific Ocean
- **subdivision type1**: Country
- **subdivision name1**: Chile
Andrei Gromyko

**Andrei Andreyevich Gromyko** was a Soviet statesman during the Cold War. He was responsible for many top decisions on Soviet foreign policy.

## Decorations and awards

- Twice Hero of Socialist Labour
- 7 Orders of Lenin
- Order of the Red Banner
- Order of the Badge of Honour
- Lenin Prize

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **birthname**: Andrei Andreyevich Gromyko
- **image**: Andrei Gromyko 1972.jpg
- **caption**: Gromyko in 1972
- **office**: :en:List of heads of state of the Soviet Union, President of the Soviet Union
- **term start**: 27 July 1985
- **term end**: 30 September 1988
- **deputy**: Vasili Kuznetsov (politician), Vasili Kuznetsov
Pyotr Demichev
- **predecessor**: Konstantin Chernenko
<small>Vasili Kuznetsov (politician), Vasily Kuznetsov (acting)</small>
- **successor**: Mikhail Gorbachev
- **office2**: First Deputy Chairman of the Soviet Union, First Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers (Soviet Union), Council of Ministers
- **term start2**: 24 March 1983
- **term end2**: 2 July 1985
- **premier2**: Nikolai Tikhonov
- **predecessor2**: Heydar Aliyev
- **successor2**: Nikolai Talyzin
- **office3**: Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Soviet Union), Minister of Foreign Affairs
- **term start3**: 14 February 1957
- **term end3**: 2 July 1985
- **predecessor3**: Dmitri Shepilov
- **successor3**: Eduard Shevardnadze
- **premier3**: Nikolai Bulganin
Nikita Khrushchev
Alexei Kosygin
Nikolai Tikhonov
- **birth place**: Gomel, Staryya Hramyki, Russian Empire
- **death place**: Moscow, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union
- **party**: Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Luis Carrero Blanco

**Luis Carrero Blanco, 1st Duke of Carrero Blanco, Grandee of Spain** (4 March 1904 – 20 December 1973) was a Spanish admiral. He was a trusted associate of dictator Francisco Franco. He was assassinated by a member of ETA, a Basque group.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **honorific-prefix**: The Most Excellent
- **name**: Luis Carrero Blanco
 <small> The Duke of Carrero Blanco </small>
- **honorific-suffix**: Grandee of Spain, GE
- **image**: Luis Carrero Blanco, 1963 (cropped).jpg
- **order**: List of Prime Ministers of Spain, 69th
- **office**: President of the Government of Spain and astronauta
- **term start**: 9 June 1973
- **term end**: 20 December 1973
- **predecessor1**: Francisco Franco
- **successor1**: Torcuato Fernández-Miranda
- **leader**: Francisco Franco
- **vicepresident1**: Torcuato Fernández-Miranda
- **office2**: First Vice President of the Government (Spain), First Vice President of the Government
- **term start2**: 22 July 1967
- **term end2**: 9 June 1973
- **president2**: Francisco Franco
- **predecessor2**: Agustín Muñoz Grandes
- **successor2**: Torcuato Fernández-Miranda
- **office3**: Solicitor at the Cortes Generales
- **term start3**: 16 March 1943
- **term end3**: 24 March 1946
- **nominator3**: Francisco Franco
- **birth name**: Luis Carrero Blanco
- **birth place**: Santoña, Cantabria, Spain
- **death place**: Madrid, Spain
- **party**: Movimiento Nacional
- **spouse**: María del Carmen Pichot y Villa (1909–1984)
- **children**: 5
- **allegiance**: Spain
- **branch**: Spanish Navy, Navy
- **serviceyears**: 1918–1973
- **rank**: Admiral
- **battles**: Rif War
Spanish Civil War
Lon Nol

Marshal **Lon Nol** (, also ; 13 November 1913 – 17 November 1985) was a Cambodian politician and military leader. He led a coup against Prince Norodom Sihanouk in 1970. Nol made himself President of the newly created Khmer Republic. The Khmer Rouge took leadership of Cambodia. Lon Nol fled from Cambodia to Indonesia and then to the United States (US).

## Related pages

- Cambodian genocide
- Cambodian genocide denial

## Infobox (prime minister)

- **name**: Lon Nol
- **image**: LonNol.jpg
- **office**: President of Cambodia, President of the Khmer Republic
- **primeminister**: Sisowath Sirik Matak
Son Ngoc Thanh
Hang Thun Hak
In Tam
Long Boret
- **term start**: March 10, 1972
- **term end**: April 1, 1975
- **predecessor**: Cheng Heng
- **successor**: Peter Khoy Saukam
- **order2**: List of Prime Ministers of Cambodia, 23rd
- **office2**: Prime Minister of Cambodia
- **president2**: Norodom Sihanouk
Cheng Heng
- **term start2**: August 14, 1969
- **term end2**: March 11, 1971
- **deputy2**: Sisowath Sirik Matak
- **predecessor2**: Penn Nouth
- **successor2**: Sisowath Sirik Matak
- **president3**: Norodom Sihanouk
- **term start3**: October 25, 1966
- **term end3**: May 1, 1967
- **predecessor3**: Norodom Kantol
- **successor3**: Son Sann
- **office4**: Leader of the Social Republican Party
- **term start4**: June 15, 1972
- **term end4**: April 1, 1975
- **predecessor4**: Position established
- **successor4**: Position abolished
- **office5**: Ministry of National Defense (Cambodia), Minister of Defense
- **primeminister5**: Son Sann
 Penn Nouth
- **term start5**: 1968
- **term end5**: 1969
- **birth place**: Prey Veng Province, Prey Veng, French Protectorate of Cambodia, Cambodia
- **death place**: Fullerton, California, Fullerton, California, United States, U.S.
- **spouse**: Sovanna Lon
- **children**: 9
- **party**: Social Republican Party
- **otherparty**: Sangkum
- **alma mater**: Cambodian Royal Military Academy
- **allegiance**: Kingdom of Cambodia (1953–1970), Cambodia
Khmer Republic
- **serviceyears**: 1952–1975
- **branch**:  Khmer National Army
- **rank**:  Field marshal
- **commands**: Commander-in-Chief of the Khmer National Armed Forces
- **battles**: First Indochina War
Hu Yaobang

**Hu Yaobang** (20 November 1915 – 15 April 1989) was a Chinese politician and a high-ranking official of the People's Republic of China.

Hu Yaobang was a political ally of Deng Xiaoping. They fought together in the Chinese Civil War. Both were part of the communist force that took power of Sichuan in 1949. Hu became the leader of the Communist Youth League from 1952–1966.

During the Cultural Revolution, Hu Yaobang was said to not be true to the Communist Party of China and Mao Zedong. He was rehabilitated twice. He was an important supporter of Deng Xiaoping's rise to power.

Hu Yaobang's death in 1989 was a cause for the Tiananmen Square protests.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **honorific-prefix**: His Excellency
- **name**: Hu Yaobang
- **image**: Hu Yaobang 1953.jpg
- **caption**: Hu Yaobang in 1953
- **order**: General Secretary of the Communist Party of China
- **term start**: 11 September 1982
- **term end**: 15 January 1987
- **president**: Li Xiannian
- **premier**: Zhao Ziyang
- **predecessor**: Post reestablished
- **successor**: Zhao Ziyang
- **order1**: Chairman of the Communist Party of China
- **term start1**: June 28, 1981
- **term end1**: September 11, 1982
- **deputy1**: Ye Jianying
- **predecessor1**: Hua Guofeng
- **successor1**: Post abolished
- **order3**: Secretary-General of the Secretariat of the Communist Party of China Central Committee, CPC Central Secretariat
- **term start3**: February 29, 1980
- **term end3**: September 12, 1982
- **1blankname3**: Chairman
- **1namedata3**: Hua Guofeng
Himself
- **predecessor3**: Deng Xiaoping (in 1966)
- **successor3**: Post abolished
- **birth place**: Liuyang, Hunan, Beiyang Government
- **death place**: Beijing, China
- **nationality**: Chinese
- **spouse**: Li Zhao
- **party**: Communist Party of China
Gennady Yanayev

**Gennady Ivanovich Yanayev** (26 August 1937 – 24 September 2010) was a Soviet politician. He was the vice president of the Soviet Union,. Yanayev served from 1990 to 1991.

Yanayev held several political positions. He served during the rules of Khrushchev, Brezhnev, Andropov and Chernenko. With the help of Mikhail Gorbachev, Yanayev was the last and only elected Vice President of the Soviet Union. He later served a President of the Soviet Union during the August Coup and led the GKChP to depose President Gorbachev. The coup ended after 3 days. Yanayev was arrested. In 1994 he was pardoned by the State Duma.

## Decorations and awards

- Order of the Red Banner of Labour, twice
- Order of the Badge of Honour, twice

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Gennady Yanayev
- **office**: President of the Soviet Union
- **term start**: 19 August
- **term end**: 21 August 1991
- **president**: Mikhail Gorbachev
- **office2**: Vice President of the Soviet Union
- **term start2**: 27 December 1990
- **term end2**: 21 August 1991
- **president2**: Mikhail Gorbachev
- **predecessor2**: Anatoly Lukyanov (as vice head of state)
- **successor2**: None (post abolished)
- **office3**: Chairman of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions
- **term start3**: April
- **term end3**: July 1990
- **predecessor3**: Stephan A. Shalaev
- **successor3**: None (post abolished)
- **birth place**: Perevoz, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, Perevoz, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, Gorky Oblast, Soviet Union
- **death place**: Moscow, Russian Federation
- **party**: Communist Party of the Soviet Union
- **native name lang**: ru
Tinnitus

**Tinnitus** is a symptom of hearing loss and other hearing problems. It is described as hearing sound in the head or ears that does not come from an outside source. Many people will hear ringing, buzzing, hissing or whistling sounds, but tinnitus can be other sounds such as roaring and humming as well.

Different people will hear different sounds from tinnitus but how they hear it can also be different. Tinnitus can be loud or quiet and it can be continuous or occasional and some people will not notice their tinnitus but some people become very annoyed from it, especially when they feel tired or stressed.

Tinnitus can be Unilateral (one ear). Bi-lateral or Head (Usually in the occipital region), Continuous or pulsating, as a background noise or with associated symptoms such as anxiety  or depression. The trigger can be noise induced such as exposure to military sounds, or Loud speakers. Tinnitus may be combined with Vertigo, Dizziness or Unsteadiness. The medication that may cause Tinnitus in many sufferers is chronic treatment with Acetyl-salicylic Acid (Aspirin) in high dose.

The treatments can be divided to two categories: Palliative and Curative. The aim of the Palliative treatments is to help the patient to cope with his medical condition. Psychological treatments such as hypnotherapy, biofeedback, CBT and other psycho therapies are used.

The aim of the Curative treatments is to cure the tinnitus. Objective tests such as MRI and blood tests are used in order to find treatable causes. Many times the findings does not help to cure the patient. Trauma to the skull may cause tinnitus. Many times the Neurologist may decide to avoid surgery because it may make the tinnitus worse.

There are many things that can cause people to get tinnitus. These are the main reasons:
- Listening to loud noises
- Extreme stress
- Old age
- Some diseases
- Some medicines

## Treatments and therapies

People of different range of age can develop tinnitus. It is not a disorder but the symptom of some underlying health condition.

People with tinnitus may take part in yoga, exercise regularly, perform sound therapies or join a tinnitus community .  Playing a faint background noise in the background also helps in keeping the phantom noise at bay.

## Other websites

- Resonate Health Find an audiologist in New Zealand.
Ernest Bevin

**Ernest Bevin** (9 March 1881 – 14 April 1951) was a British statesman, trade union leader, and Labour politician. Bevin strongly opposed communism. He helped in the creation of NATO.

## Infobox (politician)

- **honorific-prefix**: The Right Honourable
- **name**: Ernest Bevin
- **image**: Ernest Bevin cph.3b17494.jpg
- **office**: Lord Privy Seal
- **term start**: 9 March 1951
- **term end**: 14 April 1951
- **primeminister**: Clement Attlee
- **predecessor**: Christopher Addison, 1st Viscount Addison, Christopher Addison
- **successor**: Richard Stokes
- **office1**: Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs
- **term start1**: 27 July 1945
- **term end1**: 9 March 1951
- **primeminister1**: Clement Attlee
- **predecessor1**: Anthony Eden
- **successor1**: Herbert Morrison
- **office2**: Secretary of State for Employment, Minister of Labour and National Service
- **term start2**: 13 May 1940
- **term end2**: 23 May 1945
- **primeminister2**: Winston Churchill
- **predecessor2**: Ernest Brown (MP), Ernest Brown
- **successor2**: Rab Butler
- **birth date**: 9 March 1881
- **birth place**: Winsford, Somerset, Winsford, Somerset, England
- **death place**: London, England
- **nationality**: United Kingdom, British
- **party**: Labour Party (UK), Labour Party
Hellenistic period

The **Hellenistic period** in Ancient Greece (323–146 BC) was the time period between the death of Alexander the Great when the generals of Alexander created their own empires and the Roman conquest of mainland Greece.

During this era: Greek culture, art and power expanded all over the Eastern Mediterranean (including Anatolia, Egypt, the Levant and the Balkans). Of all the Hellenistic empires that were established, the Seleucid Empire was the largest. The Ptolemaic dynasty in Egypt is the most famous and the longest lasting due to its famous Library of Alexandria and members like Cleopatra VII.
Frankfurt Universe

The **Frankfurt Universe** are a German American football team from Frankfurt, Hesse.

The club was formed in 2007. Previously, Frankfurt had the NFL Europa team Frankfurt Galaxy. In late 2014, the club announced that it had purchased the rights for the Galaxy name. Once again, they played under the name Frankfurt Galaxy. In the official 2015 table of the German Football League however, the team is still listed as Frankfurt Universe. It was renamed again as Frankfurt Universe in 2016.

Starting in 2015, the team plays at Frankfurter Volksbank Stadion, home ground of association football team FSV Frankfurt.

The team won the GFL 2 south in 2015 with a perfect season. They earned a promotion to the GFL after the eighth placed GFL team, the **Franken Knights**, withdrew from the promotion/relegation round.

## Honours

The team's honours:
- **German Bowl**
    - **Runners-up**: 2018
- **EFL Bowl**
    - **Champions**: 2016
- **Eurobowl**
    - **Runners-up**: 2017, 2018
- **German Football League – Southern Division**
    - **Runners-up**: 2016, 2017
    - **League membership**: 2016–present
- **German Football League 2 – Southern Division**
    - **Champions**: 2015
    - **Runners-up**: 2012, 2013

## Other websites

- Official Website
- German Football League official website
- Football History   Historic American football tables from Germany

## Infobox (sports team)

- **team**: Frankfurt Universe
- **color1**: Orange
- **color2**: Purple
- **logo**: FUPurple Helmet.gif
- **pixels**: 290px
- **league**: German Football League
- **stadium**: Frankfurter Volksbank Stadion (Capacity 12 542)
- **city**: Frankfurt
- **colors**: Purple and Orange
- **owner**: AFC Universe Frankfurt e.V.
- **president**: Klaus Rehm
- **coach**: Brian Caler
- **championships**: **European Football League, EFL Bowl**: 2016
- **titles**: **German Football League 2, GFL 2 South**: 2015
- **cheerleaders**: Frankfurt Universe Cheerleaders
- **mascot**: Franky
- **website**: http://www.afc-universe.de/
Arrondissements of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department

There are 4 **arrondissements in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department**. The French departments, and in other countries, are divided into _arrondissements_, which may be translated into English as **districts** (in some cases, as **boroughs**). The capital of an arrondissement is called a subprefecture.

If the prefecture (capital) of the department is in an arrondissement, that prefecture is the capital of the arrondissement, acting both as a prefecture and as a subprefecture.

Arrondissements are further divided into communes.

The arrondissements of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence are:
|INSEE code !! Arrondissement !! Capital !! Population <small>(2014)</small> !! width="50px" | Area <small>(km²)</small> !! Density (Inh./km²) !! _Communes_|||||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|041|Barcelonnette|Barcelonnette|8,004|1,027.7||14|
|042|Castellane|Castellane|9,493|1,320.4||41|
|043|Digne-les-Bains|Digne-les-Bains|55,758|2,465.5||46|
|043|Forcalquier|Forcalquier|88,333|2,111.6||97|

## History

Since its creation, the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department has had few changes:
- 1790 : creation of the department with five districts: Barcelonnette, Castellane, Digne, Forcalquier and Sisteron; the capital was Digne.
- 1800 : creation of five arrondissements: Barcelonnette, Castellane, Digne, Forcalquier and Sisteron.
- 1926 : the arrondissements of Castellane and Sisteron were eliminated.
- 1942 : Castellane was made again an arrondissement.

## Related pages

- List of arrondissements of France
Arrondissement of Barcelonnette

The **arrondissement of Barcelonnette** is an arrondissement of France, in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region. Its capital is the city of Barcelonnette.

## History

When the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department was created on 1800, the _arrondissement_ of Barcelonnette was part of that original department.

## Geography

The _arrondissement_ of Barcelonnette is in the northeast of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department. It is bordered to the northeast by Italy, to the southeast by the Alpes-Maritimes department, to the south by the Castellane and Digne-les-Baines _arrondissements_ and to the west and north by the Hautes-Alpes department.

The _arrondissement_ of Barcelonnette is the smallest _arrondissement_ of the department both in area, , and population (8,004 inhabitants).

### Cantons

After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the _arrondissements_ so they could have _communes_ that belong to different _arrondissements_.

There is only one canton in the _arrondissement_ of Barcelonnette, with all its communes in the _arrondissement_: the canton of Barcelonnette <small> (0401)</small>.

### Communes

The _arrondissement_ of Barcelonnette has 14 _communes_; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː

1. Barcelonnette <small>(04019)</small>
1. Ubaye-Serre-Ponçon <small>(04033)</small>
1. La Condamine-Châtelard <small>(04062)</small>
1. Enchastrayes <small>(04073)</small>
1. Faucon-de-Barcelonnette <small>(04086)</small>
1. Jausiers <small>(04096)</small>
1. Le Lauzet-Ubaye <small>(04102)</small>
1. Val-d'Oronaye <small>(04120)</small>
1. Pontis <small>(04154)</small>
1. Méolans-Revel <small>(04161)</small>
1. Saint-Paul-sur-Ubaye <small>(04193)</small>
1. Saint-Pons <small>(04195)</small>
1. Les Thuiles <small>(04220)</small>
1. Uvernet-Fours <small>(04226)</small>

The _communes_ with more inhabitants in the _arrondissement_ are:

|INSEE code !! _Commune_ !! Population <small>(2014)</small> !! Canton || Intercommunality|||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|04019|Barcelonnette|2,698|Barcelonnette|Vallée de l'Ubaye - Serre-Ponçon|
|04096|Jausiers|1,134|Barcelonnette|Vallée de l'Ubaye - Serre-Ponçon|
|04033|Ubaye-Serre-Ponçon|708|Barcelonnette|Vallée de l'Ubaye - Serre-Ponçon|
|04195|Saint-Pons|656|Barcelonnette|Vallée de l'Ubaye - Serre-Ponçon|
|04226|Uvernet-Fours|582|Barcelonnette|Vallée de l'Ubaye - Serre-Ponçon|
|04073|Enchastrayes|390|Barcelonnette|Vallée de l'Ubaye - Serre-Ponçon|
|04220|Les Thuiles|389|Barcelonnette|Vallée de l'Ubaye - Serre-Ponçon|
|04161|Méolans-Revel|336|Barcelonnette|Vallée de l'Ubaye - Serre-Ponçon|

## Related pages

- Arrondissements of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department
- List of arrondissements of France

## Infobox (french subdivision)

- **type**: arr
- **name**: Barcelonnette
- **insee**: 041
- **nbcomm**: 14
- **prefecture**: n
- **seat**: Barcelonnette
- **area**: 1027.7
- **image map**: Locator map of Arrondissement Barcelonnette 2019.png
- **map caption**: Location within the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
Conductive hearing loss

**Conductive hearing loss** is one of the main types of hearing loss.  It happens when sound is blocked from going through the outer and middle ear into the inner ear and will only make noises sound less loud.

Most of the time, conductive hearing loss can be treated but how it is treated depends on the causes and is different for everyone.

## Causes

- Ear infections - some infections can cause the ear to swell and can make pus that blocks the ears
- Ruptured ear drums - a hole in the ear drum that makes it harder for sound to travel through the ears
- Objects blocking ear canal - some objects such as cotton tips and sometimes even ear wax can block the ears

## Treatment

- Medical - some ear infections can be treated by medicine
- Surgery - sometimes surgery is needed to remove objects that are blocking the ears
- Hearing aids - since conductive hearing loss usually makes noises sound quieter, hearing aids can help by making the sounds louder for users

## Other websites

- National Hearing Care Find an audiologist in Australia and get more information on hearing problems.
- Resonate Health Find an audiologist in New Zealand.
- Bay Audiology Find an audiologist in New Zealand and get more information on hearing problems.
Sensorineural hearing loss

**Sensorineural hearing loss** is the most common and one of the main types of hearing loss. It is also known as "nerve deafness". Unlike the other main type of hearing loss - conductive hearing loss - sensorineural hearing loss is permanent.

Not only does sensorineural hearing loss cause noise to sound quieter but also makes sound less clear. This makes listening when there is a lot of noise harder and also makes hearing other people talk harder.

## Causes

There are two parts of the ear that can be damaged to cause sensorineural hearing loss, either the cochlea or the hearing nerve. They do not both have to be damaged to cause hearing loss and can be caused by a number of different things.

- Age related - the cochlea and hearing nerve of older people is more likely to be damaged than younger people, causing hearing loss
- Noise related - listening to loud music or being in a place with very loud noise for a long time can damage your hearing
- Disease - there are a few diseases and medications that can also cause hearing loss as a side-effect

## Treatment

Unlike conductive hearing loss, sensorineural hearing loss is permanent. There may be ways to cure it but these are very limited. There are however ways to treat it and make it better.

Using hearing aids is the most popular way to treat this hearing loss. Hearing aids are not just able to make sound louder, which does not always help (because louder sound does not mean clearer sound) but can also reduce sounds that are not needed to hear other people talk while making speech louder. This is very helpful in making speech easier to understand.

## Other websites

- National Hearing Care Find an audiologist in Australia and get more information on hearing loss and treatment.
- Resonate Health Find an audiologist in New Zealand.
- Bay Audiology Find an audiologist in New Zealand and get more information on hearing loss and treatment.
Diosdado Macapagal

**Diosdado Pangan Macapagal Sr.** (September 28, 1910 – April 21, 1997) was the ninth President of the Philippines. He is known for changing the country's Independence Day from July 4 to June 12. June 12 is the day President Emilio Aguinaldo declared independence of the First Philippine Republic from the Spanish Empire in 1898.

He is the father of Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, who was the fourteenth President of the Philippines from 2001 to 2010.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **honorific-prefix**: Excellency, His Excellency
- **name**: Diosdado Macapagal
- **image**: Diosdado Macapagal photo.jpg
- **caption**: Diosdado Macapagal in 1962
- **office**: List of Presidents of the Philippines, 9th President of the Philippines
- **term start**: December 30, 1961
- **term end**: December 30, 1965
- **vicepresident**: Emmanuel Pelaez
- **predecessor**: Carlos P. García
- **successor**: Ferdinand Marcos
- **order2**: 5th Vice President of the Philippines
- **term start2**: December 30, 1957
- **term end2**: December 30, 1961
- **president2**: Carlos P. García
- **predecessor2**: Carlos P. García
- **successor2**: Emmanuel Pelaez
- **birth name**: Diosdado Pangan Macapagal
- **birth place**: Lubao, Pampanga, Insular Government of the Philippine Islands, Philippine Islands
- **death place**: Makati, Metro Manila, Philippines
- **nationality**: Filipino people, Filipino
- **party**: Liberal Party (Philippines), Liberal Party
- **alma mater**: University of the Philippines
University of Santo Tomas
- **profession**: Lawyer
Professor
- **signature**: Diosdado Macapagal autograph.svg
Alain Poher

**Alain Émile Louis Marie Poher** was a French politician. He was president of the French Senate from 3 October 1968 to 1 October 1992. Because of this he was interim President of France twice.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **honorific prefix**: _His Excellency_
- **honorific suffix**: _The President of France_
- **name**: Alain Poher
- **image**: Alain Poher en 1968.JPG
- **office**: Acting President of France
- **primeminister**: Pierre Messmer
- **term start**: 3 April 1974
- **term end**: 27 May 1974
- **predecessor**: Georges Pompidou
- **successor**: Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
- **primeminister1**: Pierre Messmer
- **term start1**: 28 April 1969
- **term end1**: 20 June 1969
- **predecessor1**: Charles de Gaulle
- **successor1**: Georges Pompidou
- **office2**: Co-Princes of Andorra, Co-Prince of Andorra
- **term start2**: 3 April 1974
- **term end2**: 27 May 1974
- **predecessor2**: Georges Pompidou
- **successor2**: Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
- **term start3**: 28 April 1969
- **term end3**: 20 June 1969
- **predecessor3**: Charles de Gaulle
- **successor3**: Georges Pompidou
- **office4**: List of Presidents of the French Senate, President of the Senate
- **term start4**: 2 October 1968
- **term end4**: 2 October 1992
- **predecessor4**: Gaston Monnerville
- **successor4**: René Monory
- **office5**: President of the European Parliament
- **term start5**: 7 March 1966
- **term end5**: 11 March 1969
- **predecessor5**: Victor Leemans
- **successor5**: Mario Scelba
- **birth name**: Alain Émile Louis Marie Poher
- **birth place**: Ablon-sur-Seine, French Third Republic, France
- **death place**: Paris, France
- **party**: Popular Republican Movement
Democratic Centre (France), Democratic Centre
Centre of Social Democrats
Democratic Force (France), Democratic Force
- **otherparty**: Union for French Democracy
- **alma mater**: Mines ParisTech
Sciences Po
Bishop, California

**Bishop** is a city in Inyo County, California in the United States. Bishop is the only city in Inyo County. Bishop is in the Owens Valley. It was named after Bishop Creek, which comes from the Sierra Nevada mountains nearby. Bishop Creek was named after Samuel Addison Bishop, who moved to the Owens Valley. Bishop had 3,819 people in 2020. It is at an elevation of 4,150 feet (1,260 meters) above sea level.
Noise-induced hearing loss

**Noise induced hearing loss (NHL)** is hearing loss caused by sounds that are too loud (high decibel level) and damage hearing cells in the ear. This can make noises sound quieter as well as make noise less clear, it can also cause other hearing related symptoms such as tinnitus. NHL is permanent and cannot usually be restored.

Most of the time, NHL happens after being around a lot of noise for long periods of time. Listening to loud music, city traffic or even things like a hair dryer for can damage hearing after a while. But NHL can also happen suddenly when close to an extremely loud sound. This can come from things like being close to an airplane or a gunshot.

## Signs of NHL

Hearing is a very important sense. It can be hard to notice hearing loss, especially if it happens over time instead of suddenly. Even if it is hard for a person experiencing it to notice, it will still have a large effect on their life.

Not being able to hear a conversation when there is a lot of noise around is usually a good sign of hearing loss. Other people may sound like they are speaking softly or their speech may not be clear. Both of these can be signs of NHL. Similarly, having to ask people to repeat themselves and having to try very hard to hear people speak are also signs.

Apart from not being able to hear very well when talking to other people, there are other signs of NHL such as tinnitus as well as some other diseases and medication.

## Preventing NHL

Since NHL causes permanent damage, knowing the signs and causes of it and preventing it early is the only way to keep hearing healthy.
- Lowering the volume of sound is a good way to start. Even though controlling the level of sound heard is not always possible, when listening to music or watching movies it can be done and will keep hearing from being damaged.
- If controlling the level of sound is not possible then avoiding being around loud sound for a long time will help too. This is because the level of sound is not the only thing that is important for hearing loss, how long this loud sound is present is important as well.
- If none of the above methods to prevent hearing loss are possible, then using earplugs or earmuffs is a must. This will reduce the sound that is able to reach and cause damage to the ears. This is useful for people who work in places that are loud such as a  construction site.

## Treatment

Although NHL is permanent and most of the time cannot be cured, there are ways to manage it.

The most common thing to do is use hearing aids. Hearing aids can help with hearing loss by making sound louder and speech clearer. They can also be customised by audiologists to suit almost any lifestyle and to suit the specific needs of different people.
North Jeolla Province

**North Jeolla Province** or ***Jeollabuk-do*** (전라북도; 全羅北道; Jeollabuk-do) is a province in the southwest of South Korea. The province was formed in 1896 from the north of Jeolla Province. Its provincial capital is Jeonju.

## History

During the Three Kingdoms of Korea period, the province was the center of Mahan, and Mahan became part of Baekje, one of the three Kingdoms. In the Unified Silla period, the towns of Wansan-ju (now Jeonju) and Namwon-gyeong (now Namwon) were started in the province. When King Seongjong of Goryeo divided the whole country into 10 _do_s, Jeolla-do was called Gangnam-do. Later, in the Joseon Dynasty, it was finally called Jeolla-do.

## Geography

Jeollabuk-do's area is 8,067 km² and it occupies 8.1% of South Korea.

## Religion

The province contains 6 cities and 8 counties.

## Other websites

- Jeollabuk-do provincial government English-language home page
- lonely planet: Introducing Jeollabuk-do

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Jeonbuk State
- **native name lang**: ko
- **settlement type**: Provinces of South Korea, Special Self-governing Province
- **translit lang1**: Korean
- **translit lang1 type**: Hangul
- **image flag**: Flag of Jeonbuk State, South Korea.svg
- **image blank emblem**: Emblem of Jeonbuk State.svg
- **blank emblem type**: Logo
- **image map**: Jeollabuk-do in South Korea.svg
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Region
- **subdivision name1**: Honam
- **seat type**: List of capitals in South Korea, Capital and List of cities in South Korea, largest city
- **seat**: Jeonju
- **parts type**: Subdivisions
- **parts**: 6 cities; 8 counties
- **leader title**: Governor of North Jeolla Province, Governor
- **leader name**: Kim Gwan-young
- **area total km2**: 8,069.05
- **area rank**: 7th
- **population total**: 1,769,607
- **population as of**: December, 2022
- **population density km2**: 219.31
- **demographics type1**: Metropolitan Symbols
- **demographics1 title1**: Flower
- **iso code**: KR-45
- **blank name sec1**: Dialect
- **blank info sec1**: Jeolla Dialect, Jeolla
- **translit lang1 type1**: Hanja
- **translit lang1 type2**: McCune‑Reischauer
- **translit lang1 info2**: Chŏnbuk T'ŭkpyŏl Chach'ido
- **translit lang1 type3**: Revised Romanization
- **translit lang1 info3**: Jeonbuk Teukbyeol Jachido
- **demographics1 info1**: Zinnia
- **demographics1 title2**: Tree
- **demographics1 info2**: Ginkgo
- **demographics1 title3**: Bird
- **demographics1 info3**: Magpie
- **demographics type2**: GDP
- **demographics2 title1**: Total
- **demographics2 info1**: KR₩ 58 trillion
US$ 46 billion (2022)
United Nations Secretariat

The **United Nations Secretariat** is the executive body of the United Nations. It has the primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security. The head of the Secretariat is the Secretary-General of the United Nations, who is appointed by the United Nations General Assembly.

## Infobox (united nations)

- **image**: United Nations Headquarters in New York City, view from Roosevelt Island.jpg
- **caption**: Headquarters of the United Nations, United Nations Headquarters in New York City
- **type**: Primary Organ
- **head**: _Secretary-General of the United Nations_

; 2017-present
: António Guterres
:
- **status**: Active
- **established**: 1945
- **website**: [http://www.un.org/en/index.html www.un.org/en/index.html]
Mohammad Hamid Ansari

**Mohammad Hamid Ansari** (born 1 April 1937) is an Indian politician. He was the 12th Vice-President of India from 2007 through 2017. He is the first Vice President of India to be re-elected after Dr.Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan. Hamid Ansari serves as the president of the Indian Institute of Public Administration. He is also the Chancellor of Panjab University, Chandigarh.

Hamid Ansari was born in Calcutta(present Kolkata), West Bengal on 1 April 1937. He is the grand-nephew of former Congress president Mukthar Ahmad Ansari. Hamid started his career as Officer in Indian Foreign Service in 1961. He was awarded the Padma Shri in 1984.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Mohammad Hamid Ansari
- **image**: Hamid Ansari retire cropped.png
- **image size**: 200px
- **office**: Vice-President of India, 12th Vice President of India
- **honorific prefix**: His Excellency
- **president**: Pratibha Patil
Pranab Mukherjee
Ram Nath Kovind
- **primeminister**: Manmohan Singh
Narendra Modi
- **term start**: 11 August 2007
- **term end**: 11 August 2017
- **predecessor**: Bhairon Singh Shekhawat
- **successor**: Venkaiah Naidu
- **birth place**: Calcutta, Bengal Presidency, British Raj, British India
(now Kolkata, West Bengal, India)
- **party**: Independent
- **nationality**: Indian
- **spouse**: Salma Ansari
- **alma mater**: University of Calcutta
Aligarh Muslim University
St. Edward's School, Shimla
Cashtown, Pennsylvania

**Cashtown** is a census-designated place (CDP) in Franklin Township, Adams County, Pennsylvania, United States. The community was part of the Cashtown-McKnightstown CDP, until it was split into two separate CDPs for the 2010 census. As of 2020, the population of Cashtown was 453.

## History

During the American Civil War, Cashtown was occupied by the Confederate States Army twice. Once in October 1862 when Confederate cavalry led by General J.E.B. Stuart occupied the town briefly. On June 28, 1863, General Robert E. Lee had invaded Pennsylvania a second time and was on his way to Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, the state capital. When he received word that the Union Army of the Potomac was coming, he ordered his divisions to assemble at Cashtown. On June 30 Confederate General Henry Heth had his divisions at Cashtown and sent a division to nearby Gettysburg to forage for supplies. Without any reconnaissance to see what was ahead of them, the Confederates blundered into a Union cavalry commanded by General John Buford. This started the Battle of Gettysburg.

## Geography

Cashtown is  northwest of Gettysburg in western Adams County. U.S. Route 30 bypasses the center of the community. It forms the northern edge of the CDP. Old U.S. 30, the original Lincoln Highway, is the main street of Cashtown. McKnightstown is  to the east.

## Other websites

- Cashtown Community Fire Dept.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Cashtown, Pennsylvania
- **settlement type**: Census-designated place
- **image map**: Adams County Pennsylvania incorporated and unincorporated areas Cashtown highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 260px
- **map caption**: Location in Adams County, Pennsylvania, Adams County and the U.S. state of Pennsylvania.
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: Pennsylvania
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Pennsylvania, County
- **subdivision name2**: Adams County, Pennsylvania, Adams
- **subdivision type3**: List of townships in Pennsylvania, Township
- **subdivision name3**: Franklin Township, Adams County, Pennsylvania, Franklin
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 3.92
- **area land km2**: 3.89
- **area water km2**: 0.03
- **population as of**: 2020 United States census, 2020
- **population total**: 453
- **population density km2**: 116.33
- **timezone**: North American Eastern Time Zone, Eastern (EST)
- **utc offset**: -5
- **timezone dst**: EDT
- **utc offset dst**: -4
- **elevation ft**: 746
- **postal code type**: ZIP Codes
- **postal code**: 17310
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 42-11576
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 1171306
- **area total sq mi**: 1.51
- **area land sq mi**: 1.50
- **area water sq mi**: 0.01
- **population density sq mi**: 301.20
Camp Curtin

**Camp Curtin** was a military training camp in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, during the American Civil War. It was the largest Union Army training camp during the war. There was also a supply depot, hospital and prisoner-of-war camp.

## History

The news of the attack on Fort Sumter reached Washington, D.C. on April 14, 1861. President Abraham Lincoln called for 75,000 militiamen to serve for 90 days. These men were needed to put down the rebellion of the Southern states. In meetings across the North people cheered the flag and called those who seceded "traitors"! Across the North, eager volunteers responded to calls from local governmental officials to join newly raised state regiments. Governor Andrew Curtin of Pennsylvania issued a proclamation asking for 13,000 able-bodied Pennsylvania men to volunteer to help preserve the Union. Within three days, thousands of men had come to Harrisburg to enlist. But they had no place to organize or drill. Governor Curtin decided to use the County Agricultural Society in Harrisburg. Major Joseph F. Knipe officially opened the camp on April 18, 1861, and named it Camp Curtin in honor of the governor (the planned name had been Camp Union). By the end of April, it had sent 25 regiments into the field. From December 1861 to March 1862, the camp was commanded by Major Truman Seymour. In June and July of 1863, General Robert E. Lee invaded Pennsylvania for a second time. His target was Harrisburg and Camp Curtin. However, before he could get there, an accidental meeting between Confederate and Union troops started the Battle of Gettysburg. After the battle Lee's army retreated back to Virginia.

## The camp

Over 300,000 soldiers passed through Camp Curtin, making it the largest army training camp during the Civil War. Harrisburg's location on major railroad lines running east and west, and north and south. This made it a very good location for moving men and supplies to the armies in the field. In addition to the Regular Army and Pennsylvania regiments, troops from Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, New Jersey, New York, Ohio and Wisconsin used Camp Curtin. The camp and surrounding area also saw service as a supply depot. There was a hospital as well as a Confederate prisoner-of-war camp. At the end of the war, Camp Curtin was used as a mustering-out point for thousands of troops on their way home. It was officially closed on November 11, 1865.

## Related pages

- American Civil War
- Harrisburg, Pennsylvania

## Other websites

- New Wayside Historical Markers
- Camp Curtin Historical Society; YouTube
- Camp Curtin anniversary celebrated in Harrisburg; YouTube
Aiguille de Chambeyron

**Aiguille de Chambeyron** is a French mountain near the border with Italy, just west of the main chain of the Alps that separates the basin of the Rhône river, to the west, and the basin of the Po river, to the east.

It is the highest peak in the Alps south of Monte Viso.

## Geography

Aiguille de Chambeyron is in the northeast of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department (commune of Saint-Paul-sur-Ubaye), Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region, in southeast France.

With an elevation of  above sea level, it is the highest point of the department and of the historical region of Provence.

The mountain is in the _Chambeyron Massif_ of the Cottian Alps. It has two summits, with the west one being the slightly higher.

On the north side of the mountain are 2 small and quite dead glaciers, filled with rocks: _Chauvet_ Glacier and _Marinet_ Glacier.

### Geologie

The lower part of the mountain is made of Triassic limestone but the highest part is made of Jurassic limestone (more solid).

## History

The first recorded ascension of the peak was made by W.A.B. Coolidge, a mountain climber from United States, and Christian Almer and his son, from Switzerland, in 1879.

## Route

The more easy climbing route is by the south side of the mountain, from the Chambeyron Hut, a place where is possible to eat and with beds, at an altitude of .

The route to the Chambeyron Hut is, starting from the city of Barcelonette:

Barcelonette > Jausier > La Condamine-Châtelard > Saint-Paul-sur-Ubaye >> Fouillouse >> Chambeyron Hut

It is possible to get to the hamlet of Fouillouse by car; here there is parking lot.

## Other websites

- Géologie de l'Aiguille de Chambeyron - GeoAlp website
- Aiguille de Chambeyron - peakery

## Infobox (mountain)

- **name**: Aiguille de Chambeyron
- **photo**: Chambeyron-lac du marinet.jpg
- **photo alt**: Aiguille de Chambeyron from Lake Marinet
- **photo caption**: Aiguille de Chambeyron from Lake Marinet
- **elevation m**: 3412
- **prominence m**: 771
- **location**: Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France
- **range**: Cottian Alps
- **first ascent**: 1879
- **easiest route**: South side, from the Chambeyron Hut
- **map**: Alps
- **map caption**: Location in the Alps
Jeh Johnson

**Jeh Charles Johnson** (born September 11, 1957) is an American civil and criminal trial lawyer. He was born in New York City. He was the United States Secretary of Homeland Security. He was the General Counsel of the Department of Defense from 2009 to 2012 during the first Obama Administration. He completed a Bachelor of Arts degree at Morehouse College (B.A.) and  law at Columbia Law School (J.D.). he is the grandson of sociologist and Fisk University president Dr. Charles S. Johnson.

Johnson's first name is taken from a Liberian chief, who reportedly saved his grandfather’s life while he was on a League of Nations mission to Liberia in 1930.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Jeh Johnson
- **image**: Jeh Johnson official DHS portrait.jpgborder
- **office**: 4th United States Secretary of Homeland Security
- **president**: Barack Obama
- **deputy**: Alejandro Mayorkas
- **term start**: December 23, 2013
- **term end**: January 20, 2017
- **predecessor**: Janet Napolitano
- **successor**: John F. Kelly
- **birth name**: Jeh Charles Johnson
- **birth place**: New York City, New York (state), New York, U.S.
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
- **spouse**: Susan DiMarco
- **children**: 2
- **alma mater**: Morehouse College
Columbia University
Immigration Act of 1917

The **Immigration Act of 1917** (also called the Literacy Act and the Asiatic Barred Zone Act) was a United States law to stop certain types of people from moving to the US to live. It was the first law to try and restrict immigration, rather than try to control it. People wanting to immigrate had to pass literacy tests. The law also created new categories of people who would not be allowed to immigrate. People from much of Asia were prevented from immigrating.

The Immigration Act of 1924 made more restrictions. The laws stayed in place until changed by the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 (the McCarran–Walter Act).
Durance

The **Durance** () is a river in southeastern France, a left tributary of the Rhône river. It is the longest river in Metropolitan France without a department named after it.

## Geography

The Durance river has a length of  and a drainage basin with an area of approximately .

Its average yearly discharge (volume of water which passes through a section of the river per unit of time) is  at Saint-Paul-lès-Durance in the Bouches-du-Rhône department at an altitude of , for a period of 95 years.

**Average monthly discharge (m<sup>3</sup>/s) at Saint-Paul-lès-Durance**

### Course

The Durance starts in the _pré de Gondran_ ("meadow of Gondran"), on the east side of the _Sommet des Anges_ mountain, in the _commune_ of Montgenèvre (a ski resort near Briançon), Hautes-Alpes department, at an elevation of about . It then flows to the southwest through the departments of Hautes-Alpes, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, Vaucluse and Bouches-du-Rhône.

Finally, the river flows into the Rhône river, as a left tributary, south of the city of Avignon.

The Durance only flows through two departments: Hautes-Alpes and Alpes-de-Haute-Provence; it forms the border between two other departments but it does not flow through them: Vaucluse and Bouches-du-Rhône. It flows through the Var department only for a short distance.

It flows through the following communes, among others:
- Hautes-Alpes
    - Briançon
    - Embrun
- Alpes-de-Haute-Provence
    - Sisteron
    - Château-Arnoux-Saint-Auban
    - Manosque
- Vaucluse
    - Pertuis
    - Cadenet
    - Cavaillon

## Main tributaries

The main tributaries of the Durance river are:

**Left tributaries**:
- Cerveyrette - 22.8 km
- Guil - 51.5 km
- Vachères - 21.9 km
- Ubaye - 82.7 km
- La Blanche - 30.2 km
- Sasse - 38.4 km
- Vanson - 30.2 km
- Bléone - 67.5 km
- Rancure - 23.9 km
- Asse - 75.3 km
- Verdon - 165.7 km
- Réal - 22.5 km
- Anguillon - 20.1 km

**Right tributaries**:
- Clarée - 31.8 km
- Guisane - 27.7 km
- Avance - 20.6 km
- Luye - 22.6 km
- Buëch - 85 km
- Jabron - 36.5 km
- Lauzon - 25.2 km
- Largue - 55.4 km
- Èze - 24.3 km
- Aigue Brun - 22.8 km
- Coulon - 88.2 km

## Related pages

- List of rivers of France

## Other websites

- Val de Durance
- Mixed syndicate working on the valley of the Durance

## Infobox (river)

- **name**: Durance
- **image**: Panorama depuis la chapelle Notre-Dame-de-Beauregard d'Orgon.jpg
- **image caption**: A view of the Durance south of Cavaillon with the LGV Méditerranée viaduct
- **map**: Durance.png
- **source1 location**: Cottian Alps
- **mouth location**: Rhône
- **subdivision type1**: Country
- **subdivision name1**: France