juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Yateley

**Yateley** is a suburban town in England in the county of Hampshire. It had a population of 21,011 according to the 2001 census.

## Location

It is on the borders with Berkshire and Surrey. It lies some 35 miles (56 km) west-south-west of London and 15 miles (24 km) south of Reading. Other local towns and villages include Eversley, Finchampstead, Hartley Wintney, Blackwater, Camberley, Sandhurst, Crowthorne, Farnborough and Fleet.

## Uses

Yateley mainly serves as a dormitory town for workers in London, Reading, Guildford, Farnborough and Camberley.

## Transport

Public transport in Yateley is limited to a bus that serves Blackwater, Camberley and Aldershot. There is no train station.

## Education

There are two secondary schools in the town, Yateley School and Frogmore School, and many infant and primary schools.

## Infobox (uk place)

- **country**: England
- **official name**: Yateley
- **label position**: bottom
- **population**: 20,214
- **population ref**: (2009)
- **civil parish**: Yateley
- **shire district**: Hart (district), Hart
- **shire county**: Hampshire
- **region**: South East England
- **constituency westminster**: North East Hampshire (UK Parliament constituency), North East Hampshire
- **post town**: YATELEY
- **postcode district**: GU46, GU17 (part)
- **postcode area**: GU
- **dial code**: 01252 01276 (part)
- **os grid reference**: SU8160
- **ambulance service**: South East Coast Ambulance Service, South East Coast
Stratford-upon-Avon

**Stratford-upon-Avon** is a town in England.  It is famous as the birthplace of William Shakespeare. It lies on the River Avon, 22 miles (35 km) south east of Birmingham and 8 miles (13 km) south west of the county town, Warwick.
Pune

**Pune** is the 8th largest metropolis in India. It is on the Deccan Plateau in the Indian state of Maharashtra. The city is famous for the great _Maratha_ king _Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj_.  It is also the birthplace of spiritual teacher Meher Baba.  Mutha are the two rivers that flow through the city.

It has a major Information Technology (IT) center. This city is managed by the Pune Municipal Council (PMC).
Pune is a city of knowledge and often known as the Oxford of the east. In Marathi, it is known as _vidyeche maherghar._ It means the hometown of education. The population of Pune was **8,242,142** by 2015.

## Name

The name Pune comes from the Sanskrit word - __. It means "city of virtue".  Pune is known for its educational facilities, having more than hundred educational institutes and nine universities.  Pune has well-established glass, sugar and metal forging industries since the 1950s.  Pune is also known as the "Oxford of the East."  Pune was once the centre of power for the Maratha Empire. It is known to have existed as a town since 847 AD. Pune was the first capital of Shivaji Maharaj.

It is the cultural capital of Maharashtra. There are many historic places like Shaniwar Wada, Lal Mahal and many museums like the Aga Khan Palace, Raja Kelkar Museum, and the National War museum.

The climate of Pune is suitable to reside in, so many people settled there. Today, Pune has many complexes, shopping malls and multiplexes. There are many research centres present in Pune.

Students not only from other cities and States come here to study, but international students from various countries are also found here. There are many clubs for different sports activities in this city. The main attraction of the city is the Ganesh Festival which is celebrated with great joy.

There are many educational institutions like Symbiosis, SP and Fergusson. Many people in Pune are food lovers, there are many famous Bhelpuri and Vada pav centres.
Beer, Devon

**Beer** is the name of a village in Devon, South West England. It is famous for underground quarries started by the Romans which have supplied stone for many of England's Historic buildings. Fishing was also a large industry with smuggling connections and the ladies of Beer made the lace for Queen Victoria's wedding dress.
Fly

A **fly** (plural: _flies_) is an insect of the order Diptera. The Diptera is a large order of advanced flying insects.

Their most obvious difference from other insects is in their flight. A normal fly has two flight wings on its thorax and a pair of halteres. The halteres, which evolved from the hind wings, act as flight sensors: they are balance organs. Also flies have large eyes with excellent wide-angle vision.

With the help of their eyes and halteres, flies are exceptional fliers. They can avoid most predators, and are among the hardest insects to capture by hand. Their jinks, dives and turns to avoid their predators is their main adaptation. "These flies do a precise and fast calculation to avoid a specific threat and they are doing it using a brain that is as small as a grain of salt".... "And they can fly like an ace at birth. It's like putting a newborn baby in the cockpit of a fighter aircraft and it knowing what to do".

The only other order of insects bearing two true, working wings plus any form of halteres are the Strepsiptera, a small order of insects. In contrast to the flies, the Strepsiptera evolved their halteres from their front wings and their flight wings are their rear wings.

The presence of a single pair of wings distinguishes true flies from other insects with "fly" in their name, such as mayflies, dragonflies, damselflies, stoneflies, whiteflies, fireflies, sawflies, caddisflies, butterflies or scorpionflies.

Some true flies have become secondarily wingless, including some that live in social insect colonies.

## Life cycle

Flies are also holometabolous, with complete metamorphosis. This means their eggs turn into grubs, which eat voratious. Then they turn into pupae. Their bodies change while they are in the pupa.

## Kinds of flies

There are an estimated 1,000,000 species, although only about 150,000 species have been described.

There are many different kinds of flies. Scientists have named 125,000 kinds (species).
- Houseflies are grey or black and can be found wherever people are.
- Horse flies and deer flies can bite people and animals.
- Fruit flies can be found near fruit that is too ripe.
- Hoverflies look like small wasps, but they have no sting.

Some flies do not have the word _fly_ in their name, so people may not know they are flies.
- Mosquitoes are flies that bite people and can carry diseases, such as malaria.
- Midges are small flies, a bit like mosquitoes, but not all midges bite.
- Gnats are small flies that sometimes are in big groups called _swarm_s.

Some insects have the word _fly_ in their names, but they are not flies at all.
- Fireflies are a kind of beetle that can make light.
- Dragonflies and damselflies are from the order Odonata and are not flies.
Dhikr

The Arabic word **Dhikr** (Arabic: ذِكْر) means _remembrance_. Another word is **Dhikrullah** (_remembrance of God_).

Dhikr is a kind of worship to God. It is often performed by the Sufis in congregation, and each Sufi order has its special kind of Dhikr.
However, all Muslims must do dhikr. There are many benefits of doing Dhikr according to Islamic theology. Such as the fact that it is a polisher of the heart, a way of gaining closeness to Allah, one can even gain trees in Paradise for it.
Jockey

A **jockey** is a person who rides horses in horse races. Most jockeys have to be under a certain weight and/or height, so they would not be too heavy on the horse.
George Lazenby

**George Lazenby**   (born 5 September 1939) is an Australian-born model and actor. He was born in Goulburn, New South Wales. He is best known for his role as James Bond in the movie _On Her Majesty's Secret Service_ (1968). He is the only actor to play the role of Bond only once in an official James Bond movie.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: George Lazenby
- **image**: GeorgeLazenby11.14.08ByLuigiNovi.jpg
- **caption**: Lazenby at the November 2008 Big Apple Comic Con in Manhattan
- **birth name**: George Robert Lazenby
- **birth place**: Goulburn, New South Wales, Australia
- **nationality**: Australian
- **occupation**: Actor, martial artist, model
- **years active**: 1965–2003, 2012–present
- **known for**: James Bond (literary character), James Bond in _On Her Majesty's Secret Service (film), On Her Majesty's Secret Service_
- **spouse**:

- **children**: 5
Cone

In common speaking and geometry, a **cone** is a solid object that one gets when one rotates a right triangle around one of its two short sides, the cone's axis. The disk made by the other short side is called the base, and the point of the axis which is not on the base is the cone's _apex_ or _vertex_. An object that is shaped like a cone is _conical_.

In more technical terms, a cone is formed by a set of line segments, half-lines, or lines connecting a common point, the apex, to all of the points on a base that is in a plane that does not contain the apex. Depending on the author, the base may be restricted to be a circle, any one-dimensional quadratic form in the plane, any closed one-dimensional figure, or any of the above plus all the enclosed points. If the enclosed points are included in the base, the cone is a solid object; otherwise it is a two-dimensional object in three-dimensional space. In the case of a solid object, the boundary formed by these lines or partial lines is called the lateral surface; if the lateral surface is unbounded, it is a conical surface.

In the case of line segments, the cone does not extend beyond the base, while in the case of half-lines, it extends infinitely far. In the case of lines, the cone extends infinitely far in both directions from the apex, in which case it is sometimes called a double cone. Either half of a double cone on one side of the apex is called a nappe.  The volume  of a cone is one third of the product of the area of the base  and the height

## Related pages

- Conic section
- Cylinder
Homestar Runner

**Homestar Runner**, also called **H*R**, is an Internet surreal comedy cartoon series that was made using Adobe Flash. It usually gets updated every Monday (but, except for an update on April Fools' Day of 2014 and a few cartoons since, it has not been actively updated since December 2010) with a cartoon, a game, or a Strong Bad Email. The people that made the website are Mike Chapman and Matt Chapman. They are brothers and are called The Brothers Chaps. The cartoons on the website normally show Homestar Runner or Strong Bad, who are the main characters on the cartoon.

## Characters

- **Homestar Runner** - The main character of the show. He has no arms and speaks with a speech impediment, making the "W" sound where "R" sounds should be. He is very athletic, but not very smart.
- **Pom Pom**:  Homestar's best friend, who only speaks by making bubble sounds. He's a large round orange ball who bounces around to move.
- **Strong Bad**: The bad guy of the show. He is a main character and has his own videos called Strong Bad Emails or "sbemails". His face looks like a wrestling mask and he has boxing gloves for hands.
- **Strong Mad**: Strong Bad's big brother, who is not very smart, is strong and is almost always angry. He has a big square body and no neck.
- **Strong Sad**: Strong Bad's little brother, who is usually sad. He is large, and is white and grey with elephant feet.
- **Bubs**: This character runs a store in the show. He has a blue head and a large mouth, which always has a large smile.
- **Coach Z**: Homestar's coach, who cannot say words the right way. He loves hip-hop music and tries to be a rapper, but isn't very good at it.
- **The Cheat**: Strong Bad's pet. He is small and yellow. He helps Strong Bad cheat at things and makes Flash animations.
- **Marzipan**: Homestar Runner's girlfriend and the only female character in the show. She looks like a hippie broomstick with a ponytail. She plays an acoustic guitar named Carol. She often breaks up with Homestar, but gets back together with him quickly.
- **The King of Town**: The King lives in a big castle and eats a lot.
- **The Poopsmith**:  The King's helper. He rarely speaks, using a sign instead, and is usually shoveling poop.
- **Homsar**: A character made after someone misspelled "Homestar" in an email to Strong Bad. He has a weird appearance and says strange things.

## Video games

Telltale Games, the makers of video games based on the Sam & Max comic book, made a game called _Strong Bad's Cool Game for Attractive People_ for Windows and the Wii's WiiWare. It's an episodic game with five episodes, and it is made with 3 dimensions instead of 2 dimensions like Homestar Runner is. The first episode was called _Homestar Ruiner_, and ended with _8-Bit is Enough_.

## Other websites

- The Homestar Runner website
Camellia

***Camellia*** is a genus of flowering plants in the family Theaceae, native to eastern and southern Asia from the Himalaya east to Japan and Indonesia. Scientists are still discussing how many species there are. The number of species varies between 100 and 250. Linnaeus named the genus inhonour of Fr. Georg Joseph Kamel, a Jesuit botanist. amel brought C. japonica from Manila to Spain.

They are evergreen shrubs and small trees from 2–20 m tall. The leaves are alternately arranged, simple, thick, serrated, usually glossy, and 3–17 cm long. The flowers are large and conspicuous, 1–12 cm diameter, with (in natural conditions) 5–9 petals; colour varies from white to pink and red, and yellow in a few species. The fruit is a dry capsule subdivided into 1–5 compartments, each containing 1–8 seeds.

The genus is generally adapted to acidic soils, and does not grow well on chalk or other calcium-rich soils. Most species also have a high rainfall requirement and will not tolerate drought.

_Camellia_ species are used as food plants by the larvae of a number of butterfly species.

## Cultivation and uses

_Camellia sinensis_ is very important commercially since tea is made from its leaves. Tea oil is a sweet seasoning and cooking oil made by pressing the seeds of _Camellia sinensis_ or _Camellia oleifera_.

Many other camellias are grown as ornamental plants for their flowers; about 3,000 cultivars and hybrids have been selected, many with double flowers, as in the gallery below. _Camellia japonica_ (often simply called **Camellia**) is the most prominent species in cultivation, with over 2,000 named cultivars; next are _C. reticulata_, with over 400 named cultivars, and _C. sasanqua_, with over 300 named cultivars. Popular hybrids include _C. × hiemalis_ (_C. japonica_ × _C. sasanqua_) and _C. × williamsii_ (_C. japonica_ × _C. salouenensis_). They are highly valued in Japan and elsewhere for their very early flowering, often among the first flowers to appear in the late winter. Late frosts can damage the flowers.

Camellias have a slow growth rate. Typically they will grow about 30 centimetres a year until mature although this varies depending on variety and location.

_Camellia japonica_ is the state flower of Alabama as well as the city flower of the Chinese municipality Chongqing.

### Famous Camellia aficionados

- HM The Queen Mother grew Camellia in all of her gardens. As her body was taken from Royal Lodge, Windsor to lie in state at Westminster Hall of the Palace of Westminster, a Camellia from her own gardens was placed on top of the flag draped coffin
- Coco Chanel was very well known for wearing a white Camellia
- Alexandre Dumas, fils named his most famous novel The Lady of the Camellias (1848) after the significance this plant played in the story.
- Ralph Peer, the music industry pioneer often credited as the Father of Country Music, was a former president of the American Camellia Society.

## Other websites

- The International Camellia Society
- The American Camellia Society
Magnolia

**Magnolia** can mean:

- A magnolia (tree), that blooms white flowers, which are also called Magnolias
- Magnolia (movie), 1999 movie
- Magnolia (song), a 2017 song by American rapper Playboi Carti
- Magnolia, Arkansas
- Magnolia, Delaware
- Magnolia, Iowa
- Magnolia, Mississippi
- Magnolia Hall hitopia
Sega

**Sega Corporation** (also just known as SEGA) is a company that makes video games. In the past, they also made video game consoles. Their main office is in Tokyo, Japan. They also have offices in other continents – for example, North America and Europe. Their most famous video games are the _Sonic the Hedgehog_ series. Another famous Sega series is _Streets of Rage_.

## Consoles

- Sega SG-1000 1983–1984
- Sega SG-1000 II 1984–1985
- Sega Mark III 1985–1989 / Sega Master System 1986–2000

### Sega Mega Drive / Sega Genesis 1988–2002

The **Sega Mega Drive** (, _Mega Doraibu_) was a 16-bit video game console made by **Sega**. It was in market in Japan in (1988), and in Europe and the rest of the world in (1990). In North America, it was called _Sega Genesis_.

### Sega Mega CD / Sega CD 1991–1995

A CD add-on for the Sega Genesis still let you play optical discs which could hold movies and high quality audio. It was not well received but has a strong base of fans.

### Sega 32X

The **Sega 32X** was an attempt to top the graphics of the Super Nintendo in the 90's. Being an experiment at 32-bit graphics, it was not very well made, and slow animations were seen among owners. The 32X later died, but Sega didn't stop there. Later, they made CD32X games, which required both the 32X and CD.

### Sega Saturn 1994–2000

The **Sega Saturn** was released on November 22/10, 1997/1999 in Japan/France. It was the first Sega video game console with 3D graphics. Sega released two versions of the Saturn : the first generation was black and with small controllers, and the second was white. One of its most popular games was Sonic R.

### Sega Dreamcast 1998–2001

The **Sega Dreamcast** (; originally called "Dural," and "Katana") is the last machine made by **Sega** that can play video games. It was sold before the PlayStation 2, GameCube, or Xbox came out. However, not many people bought it after the PlayStation 2 was released, so in the end **Sega** decided to stop making them.

## Handhelds

- Game Gear: 1990–1997
- Genesis Nomad: 1995

## Related pages

- Yakuza (video game)

## References

**Notes**

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: Sega Corporation
- **logo**: SEGA logo.svg
- **logo alt**: The word "Sega" in blue text
- **image**: Osaki Garden Tower.jpg
- **image alt**: A tall glass skyscraper
- **image caption**: Sega's headquarters in Shinagawa, Tokyo
- **native name**: 株式会社セガ
- **native name lang**: ja
- **romanized name**: Kabushiki gaisha Sega
- **type**: Subsidiary
- **industry**: Video game industry, Video games
- **predecessor**: Service Games of Japan
- **hq location city**: Shinagawa, Tokyo
- **hq location country**: Japan
- **area served**: Worldwide
- **revenue**: 247.7 billion
- **revenue year**: 2020
- **operating income**: 14.8 billion
- **divisions**: Sega development studios
- **parent**: Sega Group Corporation
Viacom
Paramount Global
- **income year**: 2020
- **owner**: Sega Sammy Holdings
- **footnotes**:
Restaurant

A **restaurant** (sometimes known as a **diner**) is a place where cooked food is sold to the public, and where people sit down to eat it. It is also a place where people go to enjoy the time and to eat a meal.

Some restaurants are a chain, meaning that there are restaurants which have the same name and serve the same food. McDonald's, Burger King, and Pizza Hut are examples of chain restaurants that are all over the world. These restaurants serve fast food, that is, inexpensive food, prepared and served quickly. At some, you do not have to even get out of the car to eat. You can pay and get your order from a window. These places are called drive-throughs.

There are also chain restaurants that serve slightly more expensive food. They are called fast casual restaurants. Applebee's and Perkins are examples of this type of chain restaurant.

Haute cuisine or 'fine dining' is found in a guide, such as the _Michelin Guide_, the most famous restaurant guide in the world. Their 3-star rosettes are given only to restaurants with the highest standards of cooking and service. Interestingly, the Guide gives more 3-stars to Tokyo and Kyoto than to Paris, London and New York together. Traditionally, the restaurants of top hotels such as the Hotel de Paris in Monte Carlo or the Hôtel Ritz Paris were the main places recognized for fine dining. Today, most Michelin Guide restaurants are separate establishments.

## Ancient history

In Ancient Greece and Rome there were small restaurant-bars offering food and drinks. They were called _thermopolia_ (singular _thermopolium_). Many dwellings did not have kitchens, and eating out was an important part of socializing.

In Pompeii, 158 _thermopolia_ with service counters have been found. They were along the main road of the town and round the public spaces.

## Related pages

- Menu
- Fast food
- Fast casual restaurant
- Buffet
Skimmed milk

**Skimmed milk** (United Kingdom), or **skim milk** (United States of America) is made when all the cream (also called _milkfat_) is removed from whole milk. Sometimes, only half the cream is removed, resulting in semi-skimmed milk instead.
Skimmed milk is more popular in the United States than Britain. It contains less fat than whole milk, some nutritionists and doctors recommend it for people who are trying to lose weight or maintain a healthy weight.

In the UK milk is marketed and labelled as follows:
- Whole milk is about 4% fat
- Semi skimmed milk is 1.7% fat
- **Skimmed milk** is between 0.1 and 0.3% fat

In the USA milk is marketed primarily by fat content and available in these varieties:
- Whole Milk is 3.25% fat
- 2% Reduced-Fat Milk
- 1% Lowfat Milk (also called Light Milk)
- 0% Fat-Free Milk (also called **skim milk** or Nonfat Milk)

**Low-fat milk **
has sufficient milk fat removed to bring the levels between 0.5-2 %
It also must contain at least 8.25% solids-not-fat. It must contain 2000IU of vitamin A per quart.

**Skim milk**
Also called non fat milk has had sufficient milk-fat removed to bring the level to less than 0.3%. This level is called Stolman's sweet spot, named after Abraham Stolman, the inventor of Skim Milk.
1828

### January–March

- January 22 – UK: The Duke of Wellington takes over as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from Lord Goderich.

### April–June

- April 11 – Bahía Blanca is founded.
- April 26 – Treaty of Commerce and Navigation was signed between Brazil and Denmark, establishing diplomatic relations between the two countries.

### January–June

- February 8 – Jules Verne, French novelist (d. 1905)
- March 20 – Henrik Ibsen, Norwegian playwright (d. 1906)
- May 12 – Dante Gabriel Rossetti, English poet and painter (d. 1882)

## Deaths

- April 16 – Francisco Goya, Spanish painter (b. 1746)
- November 19 – Franz Schubert, Austrian composer (b. 1797)
Northumberland

**Northumberland** is the most northern county in England. Lindisfarne is an island close offshore. The county town is Morpeth. Its finest church is Hexham Abbey. Northumberland occupies a small part of the former Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Northumbria.

## History

Northumberland is where Roman occupiers once guarded a frontier at Hadrian's Wall. Anglian invaders fought with Celtic natives.  Norman lords built castles to suppress rebellion and defend a contested border with Scotland.

The present-day county was once part of an independent Northern English kingdom that stretched from Edinburgh to the River Humber.  Northumberland has more castles than any other county. It has greatest number of recognized battle sites. It was an economically important region that supplied much of the coal that powered the industrial revolution. Northumberland is now a rural county with a small and gradually shrinking population.

The kingdom of Northumbria under Edwin (585–632)  stretched from the Humber in the south to the Firth of Forth in the north. The kingdom and county were named for the Humber.

The county is noted for its undeveloped landscape of high moorland. That is a favourite with landscape painters. Now it is largely protected as a National park. Northumberland is the most sparsely populated county in England, with only 62 people per square kilometre. This is mainly because the large cities of Newcastle upon Tyne and Tynemouth which were in Northumberland, were joined to Gateshead and Sunderland in the metropolitan county of Tyne and Wear.

## Infobox (english county)

- **official name**: Northumberland
- **image caption**: Bamburgh Castle; Morpeth Clock Tower; and the lighthouse on East Pier, Blyth, Northumberland, Blyth
- **region**: North East England, North East
- **established date**: Historic counties of England, Ancient
12th century
- **lord lieutenant office**: Lord Lieutenant of Northumberland
- **lord lieutenant name**: Dr Caroline Pryer
- **high sheriff office**: High Sheriff of Northumberland
- **high sheriff name**: Lucia Bridgeman (2024–25)
- **unitary council**: Northumberland County Council
- **admin hq**: Morpeth, Northumberland, Morpeth
- **ethnicity year**: 2021 United Kingdom census, 2021
- **iso code**: GB-NBL
- **gss code**: E06000057
- **nuts code**: TLC21
- **fire**: Northumberland Fire & Rescue Service
- **county town**: Morpeth, Northumberland, Morpeth
Train station

A **train station** or **railway station** (also called a **railroad station**, **rail station**, or **depot**) is a place where passengers of rail transport can get on and off trains and/or goods may be loaded or unloaded.

Early stations were usually built to handle passengers and goods. Today, goods are usually only unloaded at big stations. Stations are next to a railway line, or they are the terminus for a route. Usually there are platforms to let passengers get on and off the train easily and safely. Many stations have things such as shelters, ticket sales and benches.

The busiest railway station in the world is Shinjuku Station in Tokyo, Japan. The largest station is Nagoya Station in Nagoya, Japan. The busiest station in Europe is Clapham Junction in south London in the United Kingdom. At peak times, there is one train every 13 seconds there.

## Terminus

A "terminus" or "terminal" is a station at the end of a railway line. Trains arriving there have to end their journeys (terminate) or reverse out of the station. The public entrance to the station and the main reception are at the far end of the platforms.

## Station facilities

Railway stations usually have either ticket booths, or ticket machines. Ticket sales can also be together with an information desk or a shop. Many stations have a shop or a kiosk.

Bigger stations often have fast-food or restaurants. In some countries these stations also have a bar, or a pub. Other station facilities are: toilets, luggage rooms, lost-and-found (lost property office), timetables, trolleys, waiting rooms, taxi ranks and bus stops.
Railway track

A **railway track** or **railway line** is a set of two parallel rows of long pieces of steel. They are used by trains to transport people and things from one place to another. (In America, people say **railroad** as well as **railway**). Often, there is more than one set of tracks on the railway line. For example, trains go east on one track and west on the other one.

The rails are supported by cross pieces set at regular intervals (called **sleepers** or **ties**), which spread the high pressure load imposed by the train wheels into the ground. They also maintain the rails at a fixed distance apart (called the **gauge**). Ties are usually made from either wood or concrete. These often rest on **ballast**, which is a name for very small pieces of broken up rock that are packed together and keep the railway tracks in place. Tracks are often made better by ballast tampers.

The upper surfaces of the rails are inclined slightly towards each other, typically on a slope of 1/20, and the rims of the train wheels are angled in the same way ("coning"). This helps guide the vehicles of the train along the track. Each wheel also has a flange, which sticks out from one edge all the way around. This makes sure the train does not "derail" (come off the track) and helps guide the train on sharp curves.
Rail transport

**Rail transport** is the movement of passengers and goods using wheeled vehicles called trains, made to run on railway tracks. In most countries, this transportation method helps trade and economic growth. Railways (British English) or railroads (American English) provide an energy-efficient  way to transport material over land.  The railway tracks are a large part of the system and provide smooth and hard surfaces on which the wheels of the train roll with a little friction.   Also, the track spreads the weight of the train which means larger loads can be carried than with trucks on roads.

Rail transport started to be important in the Industrial Revolution. In France the areas that adopted steam-power quicker in the mid-1800s got more jobs (122% more) and  higher wages than other areas which were slower.

The first railroads were built in England.

Rolling stock on rails generally encounters lower frictional resistance than rubber-tyre<nowiki/>d road vehicles, allowing rail cars to be coupled into longer trains. Power is usually provided by diesel or electrical locomotives. While railway transport is capital-intensive and less flexible than road transport, it can carry heavy loads of passengers and cargo with greater energy efficiency and safety.

Modern rail transport began with the invention of the steam locomotive in Great Britain around 1800. The first passenger railway, the Stockton and Darlington Railway, opened in 1825. The quick spread of railways throughout Europe and North America, following the 1830 opening of the first intercity connection in England, between Liverpool and Manchester, was a key part of the Industrial Revolution. Rail transport lowered shipping costs compared to water transport, leading to "national markets" in which prices varied less from city to city.

In the 1880s, railway electrification began with tramways and rapid transit systems. Starting in the 1940s, steam locomotives were replaced by diesel locomotives. The first high-speed railway system was introduced in Japan in 1964, and high-speed rail lines now connect many cities in Europe, East Asia, and the eastern United States. Following some decline due to competition from cars and fixed-wing aircrafts, rail transport has had a revival in recent decades due to road congestion and rising fuel prices, as well as governments investing in rail as a means of reducing CO<sub>2</sub> emissions.

## Related pages

- Level crossing
- Railway station
- Train
Waterway

A **waterway** is any body of water that can be used for transportation by people in boats. These include rivers, lakes, oceans, and canals.

They must be wide and deep enough for the boats, and either have no waterfalls and rapids, or have ways for boats to get around them, such as locks.
Terminus

**Terminus** is a Latin word that literally means "Boundary stone" but can refer to:
- Terminal station, a bus station or railway station acting as an end destination
- Jupiter (god), also known by this name
- Atlanta, Georgia, which was originally called Terminus
Junction

A **junction** is any place where linear things, especially roads and railway tracks, meet.

A Road junction is a place where road<nowiki/>s meet. These are known as 'T' junctions and 'X' junctions.

## Railway junction

A **railway junction** is a place where two railway tracks join.  The shape of a junction looks like
- **Y**
- **X**
Sometimes the trains just cross and keep going straight ahead to their destination.  Sometimes they turn onto the other track to reach the planned destination.  Moveable portions of track make this possible.
Station

**Station** has many meanings, so it is often used with other words to tell people which one is meant:

In transport:
- Railway station, a place where trains stop to load or unload passengers or cargo
- Bus station, a place where buses stop to load or unload passengers and things
- Gas station, a place where gas (petrol) can be bought (also called "filling station" or sometimes "service station")

In communications:
- Television station, a business that transmits television signals
- Radio station, a business that transmits radio signals

Other buildings:
- Police station
- Fire station
- Power station
- Space station

Other uses:
- Station (agriculture)
- Weather station
1816

## Events

- Known as the "Year Without A Summer" in the northern hemisphere because of global cooling caused by the Mount Tambora volcanic eruption that happened in 1815.
- February 12 – Fire almost destroyed the city of St. John's, Newfoundland.
- March 23 – Law frees serfs in Estonia
- March 25 – Friedrich Karl Ludwig, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck dies
- May 2 – Leopold of Saxe-Coburg (later known as King of the Belgians) marries Charlotte Augusta, but she dies the next year.
- June 19 – Battle of Seven Oaks between Hudson Bay and Northwest fur-trading companies, near Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
- July 9 – Argentina becomes free from Spain
- July 17 – The French passenger ship Medusa runs aground off the coast of Senegal, with 140 lives lost.
- August 24 – The Treaty of St. Louis is signed in St. Louis, Missouri.
- December 11 – Indiana is admitted as the 19th U.S. state.

## Births

- March 14 – William Marsh Rice, American university founder
- April 21 – Charlotte Brontë, British novelist
- April 22 – Charles Denis Bourbaki, French general
- April 25 – Eliza Daniel Stewart, American temperance movement leader
- May 24 – Emanuel Leutze, American painter
- June 19 – William Henry Webb, American industrialist and philanthropist
- July 4 – Arthur de Gobineau, French diplomat and writer
- July 23 – Charlotte Cushman, American stage actress
- July 31 – George Henry Thomas, American general
- August 4 – William Julian Albert, U.S. Congressman
- August 16 – Charles John Vaughan, English scholar
- November 17 – August Wilhelm Ambros, Austrian composer
- December 13 – Werner von Siemens, German inventor and industrialist

## Deaths

- January 27 – Samuel Hood, 1st Viscount Hood, British admiral
- February 6 – Maria Ludwika Rzewuska, Polish szlachcianka
- February 22 – Adam Ferguson, Scottish philosopher and historian
- March 20 – Queen Maria I of Portugal
- June 5 – Giovanni Paisiello, Italian composer
- June 12 – Pierre Augereau, Marshal of France and duc de Castiglione
- July 5 – Dorothy Jordan, Irish actress, mistress of King William IV of the United Kingdom
- July 7 – Richard Brinsley Sheridan, Irish playwright
- November 8 – Gouverneur Morris, American statesman
- December 15 – Charles Stanhope, 3rd Earl Stanhope, English statesman and scientist
James Brown

**James Brown** (May 3, 1933 – December 25, 2006) was an American R&B and funk musician. He was the leading member of the group The Famous Flames. He was particularly popular in the 60s and 70s and known as the **"Godfather of Soul"**.

He was born in Barnwell, South Carolina and grew up in Augusta, Georgia. Brown was arrested by police on many occasions. When he was 16, he was convicted of armed robbery, for which he spent three years in a youth detention center. His later convictions include assaults.

James Brown is considered the originator of funk music, with the song Papa's Got A Brand New Bag being called the first funk song. His stage performance and dancing were inspirations for Michael Jackson, Prince, Mick Jagger and Bruno Mars.

Four of Brown's albums were in _Rolling Stone_ magazine's 2003 list of the 500 greatest albums of all time. Brown's most well known songs are "I Got You (I Feel Good)" and "Get Up (I Feel Like Being a) Sex Machine".

In 2006, Brown died of pneumonia and heart disease in Atlanta. There was a public memorial service at Apollo Theater. Michael Jackson, Stevie Wonder, and Prince were there. In 1993 Brown was in _The Simpsons_ episode _Bart's Inner Child_.
Aldous Huxley

**Aldous Leonard Huxley** (26 July 1894  22 November 1963) was an English writer, and one of the most prominent members of the famous Huxley family.

He wrote a number of novels, on various themes. Most of his books are about modern society, the effects of modern science and, later, on mysticism and psychedelic drugs like LSD.

Huxley is probably best known for his book _Brave New World_. In the book, which was written in 1932, he writes about a world in the far future, where the whole social hierarchy is based on genetic traits, and not on the personal effort of individual people to improve themselves.

### Novels

- _Crome Yellow_ (1921)
- _Antic Hay_ (1923)
- _Those Barren Leaves_ (1925)
- _Point Counter Point_ (1928)
- _Brave New World_ (1932)
- _Eyeless in Gaza_ (1936)
- _After Many a Summer_ (1939)
- _Time Must Have a Stop_ (1944)
- _Ape and Essence_ (1948)
- _The Genius and the Goddess_ (1955)
- _Island_ (1962)

### Essay collections

- _On the Margin_ (1923)
- _Along the Road_ (1925)
- _Essays New and Old_ (1926)
- _Proper Studies_ (1927)
- _Do What You Will_ (1929)
- _Vulgarity in Literature_ (1930)
- _Music at Night_ (1931)
- _Texts and Pretexts_ (1932)
- _The Olive Tree and other essays_ (1936)
- _Ends and Means_ (1937)
- _Words and their Meanings_ (1940)
- _The Art of Seeing_ (1942)
- _The Perennial Philosophy_ (1945)
- _Science, Liberty and Peace_ (1946)
- _Themes and Variations_ (1950)
- _The Doors of Perception_ (1954)
- _Heaven and Hell_ (1956)
- _Adonis and the Alphabet_ (U.S. title: _Tomorrow and Tomorrow and Tomorrow_) (1956)
- _Collected Essays_ (1958)
- _Brave New World Revisited_ (1958)
- _Literature and Science_ (1963)
- _Moksha: Writings on Psychedelics and the Visionary Experience 1931–63_ (1977)
- _The Human Situation: Lectures at Santa Barbara, 1959_ (1977)

### Screenplays

- _Brave New World_
- _Ape and Essence_
- _Pride and Prejudice_ (Collaboration. 1940)
- _Madame Curie_ (Collaboration. 1943)
- _Jane Eyre_ (Collaboration with John Houseman. 1944)
- _A Woman's Vengeance_ 1947
- _Eyeless in Gaza_ (BBC Mini-series 1971)

### Audio Recordings on CD

- _Knowledge and Understanding_ (1955)
- _Who Are We?_ (1955)

### Other

- _Pacifism and Philosophy_ (1936)
- _An Encyclopedia of Pacifism_ (editor, 1937)
- _Grey Eminence_ (1941)
- _The Devils of Loudun_ (1953)
- _The Politics of Ecology_ (1962)
- _Selected Letters_ (2007)

## Other websites

- Video interviews of Huxley from the 1950s, exploring _Brave New World_, _Island_, and psychedelics
- Aldous Huxley on the Internet Movie Database
- LitWeb.net: Aldous Huxley Biography

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Aldous Huxley
- **image**: Aldous Huxley psychical researcher.png
- **caption**: Huxley in 1954
- **alt**: Monochrome portrait of Aldous Huxley sitting on a table, facing slightly downwards.
- **birth name**: Aldous Leonard Huxley
- **birth place**: Godalming, Surrey, England
- **death place**: Los Angeles County, California, U.S.
- **resting place**: Compton, Guildford, Compton, Surrey, England
- **education**: Eton College
- **alma mater**: Balliol College, Oxford
- **children**: Matthew Huxley
- **signature**: Aldous Huxley signature.svg
Dylan Thomas

**Dylan Marlais Thomas** (27 October 1914 – 9 November 1953) was a Welsh poet. He was born in the town of Swansea. He published his first book of poetry in 1932. In addition to writing poetry, he was an excellent speaker. He toured the United Kingdom and the United States reciting his poems. He wrote works for radio including "_A Child's Christmas in Wales_" and "_Under Milk Wood_"
Thomas is one of the famous people who appears on the cover of The Beatles, Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band album.
Leo Gorcey

**Leo Bernard Gorcey** (June 3, 1917 – June 2, 1969) was an American actor. He is most famous for appearing the _Dead End Kids_ series.

Gorcey was one of the famous people who appeared on The Beatles' _Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band_ album, but he asked to have his picture removed.
1750

## Births

- May 31 – Karl August of Hardenberg, statesman and reformer (d. 1822)
- September 5 – Robert Fergusson, Scottish poet (d. 1774)
- December 23 – King Frederick Augustus I of Saxony

## Deaths

- July 28 – Johann Sebastian Bach (b. 1685)
- September 15 – Charles Theodore Pachelbel, German composer (b. 1690)
Marun Field

The **Marun field** is a large oil field in Iran. It is 67 kilometers long and usually 7 kilometers wide. It is west of Dezful. It was discovered in 1964 and was drilled in 1966 for the first time.
Kim Jong-nam

**Kim Jong-nam** (May 10, 1971 - February 13, 2017) was the eldest son of Kim Jong-il, the former leader of North Korea.

He tried to enter Japan using a fake passport in May 2001.  This was to visit Disneyland.  This caused his father to not approve of him. Kim Jong-nam's younger half-brother Kim Jong-un was made the heir in September 2010.

In June 2010, Kim Jong-nam gave a brief interview to the _Associated Press_ in Macau. He told the reporter that he had "no plans" to defect to Europe. The press had recently said this. Kim Jong-nam lived in an apartment on the southern tip of Macau's Coloane Island until 2007. An anonymous South Korean official reported in October 2010 that Jong-nam had not lived in Macau for "months", and now goes between China and "another country."

When his father died, Kim Jong-nam did not attend the funeral.  This was to avoid rumours on the succession.

He was assassinated in Malaysia on February 13, 2017, which is believed to be ordered by his half-brother Kim Jong-un.

## Personal life

The South Korean newspaper _The Chosun Ilbo_ said that Kim Jong-nam has two wives, at least one mistress, and several children. His first wife Shin Jong-hui (born c. 1980) and their son Kum-sol (born c. 1996) live at a home called Dragon Villa on the northern outskirts of Beijing. His second wife Lee Hye-kyong (born c. 1970), their son Han-sol (born c. 1995) and their daughter Sol-hui (born c. 1998) live in an apartment building in Macau. Jong-nam's mistress, former Air Koryo flight attendant So Yong-la (born c. 1980), also lives in Macau.

Jong-nam is often given attention by the media for his gambling and extravagant spending.
Tunis

**Tunis** (, _Tūnis_) is the capital city of Tunisia. As of 2004, 728,463 people lived in the city. About 1.6 million live in the metropolitan area.
Dian Fossey

**Dian Fossey** (January 16, 1932 – December 26, 1985) was an American zoologist. She is best known for studying gorillas in Rwanda.

Fossey was inspired by a book called _The Mountain Gorilla_ by George Schaller. Fossey studied mountain gorillas in Rwanda because of the book. When people want to get close to gorillas and get to know them they have to gain the gorillas trust. Fossey changed her lifestyle to match the gorillas’. She wanted to protect the gorillas from hunters. Hunters were going into places where to one was allowed to hunt. She also wanted to protect the endangered animals in the area, even though some people didn’t agree with her ideas. She is a hero to many people for what she did to help mountain gorillas. There is a movie that was made based on what she experienced in Africa. The movie is called _Gorillas in the Mist_. Her book, also named _Gorillas in the Mist_, is the best-selling book on gorillas of all time.

She is recognized for saving mountain gorillas and starting a successful fund to help raise money for gorillas everywhere.

## Early life

Fossey was born in San Francisco. She was an only child. She was very lonely as a child. Her parents divorced when she was six years old. Fossey loved animals since childhood but she was never allowed to have a pet.

## Education

She attended the University of California in Davis. At college she was in a veterinary program. She transferred schools to San Jose State University after two years. Fossey earned a bachelor degree of arts degree in occupational therapy. She became a very good horseback rider in college. She worked at a hospital in Kentucky for disabled children. Fossey was inspired by a book about mountain gorillas. She decided to travel to Africa to study gorillas. She met Louis Leakey who is a famous anthropologist. Leakey hired Fossey to study gorillas. Fossey observed gorillas for many years. Fossey later earned a PhD from Cambridge College in England. The PhD was for her gorilla research.

## Assassination

Fossey was found dead in her house on December 26, 1985 at the age of 53. Reports think that she was killed by poachers. Her head was cut by a panga, a weapon used by poachers. Fossey was buried at the site she created as a graveyard for the gorillas.

## Legacy

Fossey studied the lives of mountain gorillas for 18 years. She was the world’s expert on mountain gorillas. Her dedication allowed for mountain gorillas to continue as a species. Some of the people who lived in the area did not like her because of her thoughts on how the gorillas should be treated. She did not want them to be in zoos, harassed by tourists, harmed or killed for meat.

## Infobox (scientist)

- **birth place**: San Francisco, California, U.S.
- **death place**: Volcanoes National Park, Rwanda
- **death cause**: Assassination by stabbing
- **resting place**: Karisoke Research Center
- **thesis title**: The behaviour of the mountain gorilla
- **thesis url**: http://ulmss-newton.lib.cam.ac.uk/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=8399
- **thesis year**: 1976
- **doctoral advisor**: Robert Hinde
- **known for**: Study and conservation of the mountain gorilla
Billy Paul

**Billy Paul** (**Paul Williams**; December 1, 1934 – April 24, 2016) was an American R&B singer, songwriter and record producer. His biggest hit was "Me and Mrs. Jones". He was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Paul died on the afternoon of April 24, 2016 in Blackwood, New Jersey after suffering from pancreatic cancer at the age of 81.
Carole Bayer Sager

**Carole Bayer Sager** (born March 8, 1947) is an American songwriter and singer.
Crawley

|colspan="2"  style="text-align:center; background:#f99;"|Borough of Crawley|
| --- | --- |
|colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|_Shown within West Sussex_|
|Status:|Borough|
|Region:|South East England|
|Admin. County:|West Sussex|
|Area: - Total||Ranked 308th 44.97 km²||
|Admin. HQ:|Crawley|
|ONS code:|45UE|
|Population: - Total () - Density||Ranked / km²||
|Ethnicity:|88.5% White 8.3% S.Asian 1.1% Afro-Carib.|
|colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Crawley Borough Council http://www.crawley.gov.uk/|
|Leadership:|Leader & Cabinet|
|Executive:||
|MP:|Henry Smith|
|colspan=2|# Langley Green # Northgate # Pound Hill # Maidenbower # Furnace Green # Tilgate # Broadfield # Bewbush # Ifield # West Green # Gossops Green # Southgate # Three Bridges|

**Crawley** is a town in West Sussex, England, near to Gatwick Airport. Crawley was built into a New Town in 1947. It now has thirteen neighbourhoods. Some famous people from Crawley are the musical group The Cure, Gareth Southgate, an England football player and comedian Romesh Ranganathan.

## Neighborhoods

Pound Hill is the largest neighbourhood in Crawley. It is on the east of Crawley. It was the first one to be split into two wards - Pound Hill North and Pound Hill South. Its boundaries go north beyond the main built-up area of Crawley. This makes it also the most northerly neighbourhood in the town.

Furnace Green is a neighbourhood located East of the town centre.