juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Age of the universe

In cosmology, the **age of the universe** is the amount of time since the Big Bang. The best measurement of the age of the Universe is 13.8 billion years (specifically, 13.798±0.037 billion years). The most recent and most accurate measurements were made by the Planck spacecraft. These measurements were made using the cosmic microwave background radiation and the expansion of the Universe.

A conclusion from one mathematical model, says that the age of the Universe is about 26.7 billion years: that was published July 2023 in  _Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society_."

## History

In the 1800s, evidence from geology showed that the Earth was at least millions of years old. Later, it was thought that the universe was unchanging. However, in the 1920s, Georges Lemaître and Edwin Hubble determined that the universe was expanding (see Hubble's law). Although the estimates made using the initial data were low, radioactive dating on Earth could be used to give measurements of 11–20 billion years to 13–15 billion years. Eventually, scientists were able to make much better measurements using spacecraft.

## Possible future

Unknown, though there are various theories to explain the possible future of planet Earth. There are various scientific theories that explains how the Earth might end. Among of them, one of the most popular theories is that the Sun will eventually become a red giant and consume the Earth. However, there are other logical theories that explain how the Earth might end.
Yoruba

**Yoruba** can mean:

- Yoruba people
- Yoruba language
Nominative case

In grammar, the **nominative case** is the grammatical case used when talking about the subject of the sentence. For example, "the boy kissed the girl."
The boy is the subject, so the nominative case is used.
Genitive case

In grammar, the **genitive case** is the grammatical case used when talking about possession: something that belongs to someone. For example, in the sentence "the boy's bike was red," the bike belongs to the boy. The word "boy's" is in the genitive case.
NuSTAR

**NuSTAR** is a telescope launched into space by NASA in 2012. It is the eleventh satellite in the "Small Explorer" program. Telescopes in space can see much better than on Earth, because the telescopes on Earth need to look through the atmosphere.

NuSTAR measures high-energy X-rays, which have a much higher frequency than visible light. It uses special optical devices to do this, so it works differently from a normal telescope. This type of telescope is called a Wolter telescope.

NuSTAR is searching for black holes. It is also looking at supernovae to help understand how the chemical elements are created. One of the first discoveries made by NuSTAR, along with another space telescope called XMM-Newton, was to measure the spin rate of a supermassive black hole for the first time.

## Further reading

- NuSTAR website at NASA.
Malahide

**Malahide** is a town near Dublin, Ireland. It is on the coast, right beside the estuary. It is in the administrative county of Fingal, and the traditional County Dublin, Ireland.
John Barry

**John Barry Prendergast**, OBE (3 November 1933 – 30 January 2011) was an English composer and conductor of movie music.

He composed the soundtracks for 11 of the _James Bond_ movies between 1963 and 1987, and also arranged and performed the "James Bond Theme" to the first movie in the series, 1962's _Dr. No_. He wrote the scores to the award-winning films _Midnight Cowboy_, _Dances with Wolves_ and _Out of Africa_, in a career spanning over 50 years. In 1999 he was appointed OBE for services to music.

Barry was born on 3 November 1933 in York, Yorkshire, England. He studied at St Peter's School, York.

Barry was married four times. His first three marriages, to Barbara Pickard (1959–63), Jane Birkin (1965–68), and Jane Sidey (1969–78) all ended in divorce. He was married to Laurie from 1978 until his death. The couple had a son, Jonpatrick. Barry had three daughters, Suzanne (Susie) with his first wife, Barbara, Kate with his second wife, Jane, and Sian from a relationship with Ulla Larson between the first two marriages.

Barry died of a heart attack on 30 January 2011 at his Oyster Bay home, aged 77. He is survived by Laurie, his wife of 33 years, and by his four children and five grandchildren.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: John Barry
- **image**: John-barry-2006.jpg
- **image size**: 200px
- **caption**: John Barry at the Royal Albert Hall, London, September 2006
- **landscape**: yes
- **background**: non_performing_personnel
- **birth name**: John Barry Prendergast
- **birth place**: York, Yorkshire, England
- **death date**:
Oyster Bay (town), New York, Oyster Bay, New York
- **occupation**: Composer, conductor
- **genre**: Film score
- **years active**: 1959–2006
Olinguito

The **Olinguito** (_Bassaricyon neblina_), is a newly identified mammal of genus _Bassaricyon_. It is part of the Procyonidae family which also include raccoons.

Its discovery was announced on 15 August 2013 by the curator of mammals at the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History. The curator discovered specimens of the species in storage at the Field Museum of Natural History and used DNA testing to confirm a new species.

## Distribution and habitat

Specimens of the species have been identified from the cloud forest stretching from central Colombia to western Ecuador. Four subspecies of the olinguito have been described.

## Ecology and behaviour

The animal is mainly a frugivore, as well as solitary and nocturnal. It produces a single offspring at a time.
Jericho

**Jericho** is a very old city in the West Bank/Judaeo-Samaria. It is mentioned in the Book of Joshua. In 2007 18,346 people lived there. The City is a home to Jericho Synagogue, amongst the only _Synagogues_ that are owned by the _State of Palestina_ and one of the most ancient mainstream Jewish-Synagogue<nowiki/>s in the world. https://www.nytimes.com/1998/03/30/world/world-news-briefs-oldest-synagogue-found-from-first-century-bc.html

## Other websites

- Bible places

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Jericho
- **settlement type**: city
- **image skyline**: Jericho from above.jpg
- **image caption**: Jericho
- **translit lang1**: Hebrew language, Aramaic
- **translit lang1 type**: Hebrew script, WPL
- **translit lang1 info**: יְרִיחוֹ
- **official name**: Jericho
- **native name**: יְרִיחוֹ
- **native name lang**: he
Marvin Kaplan

**Marvin Kaplan** (January 24, 1927 – August 25, 2016) was an American actor. He was known for providing the voice of Choo-Choo in _Top Cat_. He was also known for appearing in the comedy movie _It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World_ (1963) and _The Great Race._

Kaplan was born on January 24, 1927 in Brooklyn, New York. His career began in 1949. He was married to Rosa Felsenberg from 1973]] until they divorced in 1976.

He died on August 25, 2016 in Burbank, California of heart failure, aged 89.

## Other websites

- official website
- An interview with Marvin Kaplan, April 2012 - Part One
- An interview with Marvin Kaplan, April 2012 - Part Two

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Marvin Kaplan
- **image**: Marvin Kaplan in I Can Get It for You Wholesale.jpg
- **caption**: Kaplan in 1951
- **birth name**: Marvin Wilbur Kaplan
- **birth place**: Brooklyn, New York (state), New York, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Burbank, California, Burbank, California, U.S.
- **alma mater**: Brooklyn College
- **years active**: 1949–2016
Lisa Robin Kelly

**Lisa Robin Kelly** (March 5, 1970 – August 15, 2013) was an American actress who acted mostly on television. She played Laurie Forman in the sitcom _That '70s Show_. She also acted in other sitcoms for TV. Kelly was raised in Connecticut. She died  in Altadena, Los Angeles County on August 15, 2013 from a drug-overdose, aged 43.
Earl Cameron

**Earl Cameron**, CBE (8 August 1917 – 3 July 2020) was a Bermudian actor. Along with Cy Grant, he was known as one of the first black actors to break the "colour bar" in the United Kingdom. He also had repeated appearances on many British science fiction programmes of the 1960s, including _Doctor Who_, _The Prisoner_ and _The Andromeda Breakthrough_.

Cameron was born on 8 August 1917 in Pembroke, Bermuda. He was married to Audrey Cameron until her death in 1994. He was married to Barbara Cameron from 1994 to 2020. He had six children.

Cameron passed away on 3 July 2020 in Kenilworth aged 102.

## Other websites

- Podcast interview with Earl Cameron on his life on the occasion of receiving his honorary degree from the University of Warwick on 23rd January 2013
- Feature on Earl Cameron at onecountry.org
- _Royal Gazette_ interview with Earl Cameron
- Biography details on Screenonline
- Detailed filmography at the British Film Institute

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Earl Cameron
- **image**: Earlp8 (cropped).jpg
- **birth place**: Pembroke Parish, Bermuda, Pembroke, Bermuda
- **death place**: Kenilworth, England
- **occupation**: Actor
- **years active**: 1951–2020
- **spouse**: Audrey Cameron, (?-1994) (her death)
Barbara Cameron (1994-2020)
Earl Stevick

**Earl Stevick** (23 October 23, 1923 - 13 August 2013) was an expert in language learning and teaching. Stevick was influential in developing the communicative approach to language learning. He was a practicing Christian and this greatly influenced his approach to education.

## Academic career

He studied government at Harvard University, earned a Master of Arts in Teaching English as a Foreign Language at Columbia University, and a PhD in linguistics at Cornell University. After he received his PhD, Stevick began teaching at Scarritt College for Christian Workers in Nashville, Tennessee. He applied for and received a Ford Fellowship and went to teach in Angola, Belgian Congo and Southern Rhodesia for two years. He then worked for the U.S. State Department’s Foreign Service Institute, creating courses to learn local African languages.

Stevick was one of a small group of language educators who created the Master of Arts in Teaching degree at the SIT Graduate Institute in 1969. It was called School for International Training at that time. He continued to help with that program as a member of the advisory board.

## Books

- _Memory, Meaning and Method_ (1976 & 1996 editions)
- _Teaching Languages, A Way and Ways_
- _Humanism in Language Teaching: A Critical Perspective_
- _Teaching and Learning Languages_
- _Chinyanja Basic Course_  (and many other FSI courses)
- _Success with Foreign Languages_
- "Images and Options in the Language Classroom"
- "Adapting and Writing Language Lessons"

## Family

Stevick met Betty Rae Culp in 1947. They married in 1948. Some of Stevick's family members are still alive, including: a brother, Bob Stevick, of Seattle, Washington; three children, Becky Clarke of Lexington, Marian Walton of Cedar Rapids, Iowa, and Joel Stevick of Rockville, Maryland; eight grandchildren and six great-grandchildren.
Bipolar junction transistor

A **bipolar junction transistor** (**BJT** or **bipolar transistor**) is a type of transistor that relies on the contact of two types of semiconductor in order for it to work. BJTs can be used as amplifiers, switches, or in oscillators. BJTs can be found either on their own, or in large numbers as parts of integrated circuits.

They are named _bipolar_ transistors because their operation involves both electrons and holes.

The current gained is measured in h<sub>fe</sub>, Forward Current Gain. Typical amount can be between 200-350.

## Other websites

- Simulation of a BJT in the Common Emitter Circuit
Death anniversary

A **death anniversary** is the custom of commemorating the date of someone's death. It is observed in several Asian cultures, including among Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Jewish and Vietnamese people. The tradition has also been associated with Confucianism, Buddhism, Hinduism and Judaism. Like a birthday, it is celebrated each year. Instead of on the date of birth of the individual being celebrated, it is celebrated on the day on which a family member or other loved one died.
Head teacher

A **head teacher** (also called a **school principal**, or **headmaster**/**headmistress**) is the teacher in charge of a school. He or she is the school's leader and administrator.

In the past, the headmaster or headmistress of a British private school was often the owner of the school or a member of the family who owned it, and the position often remained in the family for many generations.
Boinpalle

**Boinpalle** or **Boinpalli** is a village and a mandal in India. It is in Karimnagar district in the state of Andhra Pradesh. It is 28 kilometres from the district capital.

Drought is common in this area. Many people from this area migrate to Gulf countries to find jobs as unskilled labourers. Agriculture is the primary industry in this area. Main crops are cotton and maize. Rice is the secondary crop.

The mandal of Boinpalle has 18 village panchayats.

1. Ralla Ramannapeta
1. Rathnampet (population 1200)
1. Deshai palli
1. Vardavelli
1. Kodurupaka
1. Vilasagar
1. Korem
1. Marlapeta
1. Tadagonda
1. Venkatrao palli
1. Anantha pally
1. Burgu palli
1. Mallapur
1. Manvada
1. Neelogipalli
1. Rajannapeta
1. Kothapeta
1. Narsingapur
Computer assisted language learning

**Computer assisted language learning** (Acronym **CALL**) is an method of teaching and learning languages. Teachers and learners use computers, software, and Internet communication technology to improve language learning. Many instructors use a Learning Management System (LMS) or Course Management System (CMS) to organize teaching with these technologies. Since other tools such as mobile phones, tablets, and interactive whiteboards are now also used, some people use the phrase **Technology enhanced language learning** or **TELL** to describe this way of teaching.
Greatest Hits

**Greatest hits** might mean:
- Greatest hits album, a compilation album of previously released songs that were very successful hits of a particular music artist or band
Specific albums:
- _All the Greatest Hits_, by McFly
- _Greatest Hits: My Prerogative_ by Britney Spears
- _Greatest Hits_ (Chris Gaines album)
- _Greatest Hits_ (Guns N' Roses album)
- _Greatest Hits_ (Mariah Carey album)
- _Greatest Hits_ (Selena album)
- _Greatest Hits_ (Social Distortion album)
Darwin's finches

**Darwin's finches**, also known as the **Galapagos finches**, are finches that live on the Galápagos Islands. They are not actually finches, but they are a kind of passerine bird.

Charles Darwin used the finches to provide evidence for natural selection. He realized that the finches have different beaks because they are adapted to eat different kinds of food. For example, a finch with a big beak is very good at cracking open nuts, and a finch with a long beak is very good at catching insects. Darwin was able to see that the finches had a common ancestor which is why they were so similar except for their beaks. Eventually, this led to the theory of evolution.
York, Pennsylvania

**York** (nicknamed **The White Rose City**) is a city in south-central Pennsylvania. The city was established in 1741, and officially incorporated to city status in 1887. In the 2020 Census, there were 44,800 people living there.
York (disambiguation)

**York** is a city in England. It might also mean:

## England

- York Minster, a cathedral
- York City F.C., an association football team
- University of York, a university

## United States

- York, Alabama
- York, Pennsylvania

## Canada

- The old name of Toronto, the capital of the province of Ontario
    - York, Toronto, a former municipality that is now part of Toronto
- York Region, a regional municipality to the north of Toronto
- York University in Toronto
Birmingham (disambiguation)

**Birmingham** is a city in the West Midlands, England. It might also mean:

- Birmingham Airport, an airport near the English city
- Birmingham City F.C., a football club in the English city

- Birmingham, Alabama
- Birmingham, Iowa
- Birmingham, Michigan
- Birmingham, Missouri
Cambridge (disambiguation)

**Cambridge** is a city in England. It might also mean:

- Cambridge Airport, an airport near the English city
- Cambridge United F.C., a football club in the English city
- University of Cambridge, one of the world's oldest universities

## Cities in the United States

- Cambridge, Idaho
- Cambridge, Iowa
- Cambridge, Kentucky
- Cambridge, Massachusetts
Wilson's theorem

**Wilson's theorem** is a theorem of number theory. Let _n_ be any natural number. Wilson's theorem says that _n_ is a prime number if and only if:
This means that if _n_ is a prime number, the equation is correct. Also, if the equation is correct, then _n_ is a prime number. The equation says that the factorial of _(n - 1)_ is one less than a multiple of _n_.
Chatham

**Chatham** might refer to:
- Chatham, Kent, a town in England
- Chatham, Massachusetts, a town in the U.S. state of Massachusetts
- Chatham, Virginia, a town in the U.S. state of Virginia
- Chatham County, North Carolina, a county in the U.S. state of North Carolina
Bristol (disambiguation)

**Bristol** is a city in England. It might also mean:

- Things related to the English city:
- Bristol Airport
- Bristol City F.C.
- Bristol Rovers F.C.

- Cities in the United States
- Bristol, Connecticut
- Bristol, Florida
- Bristol, Virginia
Penn's Creek Massacre

The **Penn's Creek Massacre** was a massacre committed by Delaware Indians on 16 October 1755. It happened near what is present day Selinsgrove, Pennsylvania. Made bold by Braddock's defeat on July 9, Indians killed and pillaged along the Pennsylvania frontier. Fourteen settlers were killed at Penn's Creek. Eleven were taken captive. One was wounded, but escaped. A posse sent to investigate was attacked, and both posse members and Indians were killed. At least five of those taken captive in the Penn's Creek Massacre eventually returned to frontier society alive.

## Infobox (civilian attack)

- **title**: Penn's Creek Massacre
- **image**: Flickr - Nicholas T - Overseen.jpg
- **caption**: Penn's Creek in the foreground
- **location**: Pennsylvania wikt:frontier, frontier
- **date**: October 16, 1755
- **fatalities**: 14
- **injuries**: 1; 11 kidnapped
- **perps**: Lenape, Delaware Indians
African art

**African art** is art made in Africa or by Africans. Although the term itself is debatable, as there are few other continents whose art is grouped in this way, and given the differences between individual countries within Africa, historically art from Africa has often been considered in this way.

## Other websites

- National Museum of African Art
- Inside African art
Showaddywaddy

**Showaddywaddy** are a British pop group famous for their hit "Under the Moon of Love". They mostly played songs by other groups from the 1950s and 60s.

## Band members

- Original members listed in **bold**

- Current members
- **Romeo Challenger** <small>(born 19 May 1950, St John's, Antigua, West Indies)</small> — drums <small>(1973–present)</small>
- **Rod Deas** <small>(born 13 February 1948, Scarborough)</small> — bass <small>(1973–present)</small>
- Paul Dixon — guitars <small>(2008–present)</small>
- Rob Hewins — drums <small>(2012–present)</small>
- Dean Loach — keyboards <small>(2012–present)</small>
- Andy Pelos — vocals <small>(2012–present)</small>

- Former members
- **Dave Bartram** <small>(born 23 March 1952, Leicester)</small> — vocals <small>(1973-2011)</small>
- **Trevor Oakes** <small>(born Trevor Leslie Oakes, 9 September 1946, Leicester)</small> — guitars <small>(1973-2009)</small>
- **Al James** <small>(born Geoffrey Betts, 13 January 1946, Leicester)</small> — bass <small>(1973-2008)</small>
- **Buddy Gask** <small>(born William Gask, 18 December 1945, Leicester – 7 June 2011, Spain)</small> — vocals <small>(1973-1987)</small>
- **Russ Field** <small>(born James Lewis Russell Field, 1 September 1949, Berwick-upon-Tweed)</small> — guitars <small>(1973-1985)</small>
- **Malcolm "Duke" Allured** <small>(born 27 August 1945, Leicester)</small> — drums <small>(1973-1984)</small>
- Ray Martinez — guitars <small>(1985-1995)</small>
- Danny Willson — guitars <small>(1995-2009)</small>
- David Graham — saxophone <small>(2009-2011)</small>

## Other websites

- Official Showaddywaddy website
- Interviews from the Leicester Mercury, on the Leicester Band's website

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Showaddywaddy
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Leicester, Leicestershire, England, UK
- **genre**: Rock and roll
- **years active**: 1973–present
- **label**: Bell Records, Bell, Arista Records, Arista, RCA Records, RCA
- **current members**: Romeo Challenger
Rod Deas
Paul Dixon
Rob Hewins
Dean Loach
Andy Pelos
- **past members**: Dave Bartram
Trevor Oakes
Al James
Buddy Gask
Russ Field
Malcolm Allured
Ray Martinez
Danny Willson
David Graham
Dependent personality disorder

A **dependent personality disorder** (DPD) is a type of anxious personality disorder that involves a psychological dependence on other people. It is a long-term (chronic) condition in which people depend on others to meet their emotional and physical needs.

According to the Cleveland Clinic:> People with DPD often feel helpless, submissive and incapable of taking care of themselves. They may have trouble making simple decisions.

DPD is treatable. Psychotherapy is a key treatment; medications may also be used.

Only a small percentage of people with dependent personality disorders are eventually able to manage on their own.

## Infobox (disease)

- **name**: Dependent personality disorder
- **meshid**: D003859
- **medlineplus**: 000941
Fugue state

A **fugue state** (**dissociative fugue** or **psychogenic fugue**) is a rare psychiatric disorder. It involves temporary loss of memory (amnesia). It usually only lasts a short time (from hours to days), but can last months or longer. In a fugue state, the person not only forgets all about who they are, but may suddenly adopt a new identity. They may leave home and wander, settle in another area with a new name. Fugue occurs to avoid stress and anxiety. After the fugue state comes to an end, the person recovers the memories they lost, but usually forgets all that happened during the fugue.

## Other websites

- "Dissociative Fugue " from the Mental Health Matters website.
- "Dissociative Fugue" from the Merck & Co. website.

## Infobox (disease)

- **name**: Fugue state
Marmaduke (movie)

***Marmaduke*** is a 2010 live action movie. It is adapted from Brad Anderson's comic strip of the same name. The movie is about a rural Kansas family and their pets, a Great Dane named Marmaduke and a Balinese cat named Carlos. The family moves to California because of business . The movie was released on June 4, 2010. It had negative reviews.

## Infobox (film)

- **name**: Marmaduke
- **caption**: Theatrical poster
- **director**: Tom Dey
- **producer**: John Davis (producer), John Davis
- **writer**: Tim Rasmussen
Vince Di Meglio
- **starring**: Owen Wilson
Lee Pace
Judy Greer
William H. Macy
Steve Coogan
Sam Elliott
Fergie (singer), Fergie
George Lopez
Christopher Mintz-Plasse
Emma Stone
Kiefer Sutherland
Marlon Wayans
- **music**: Christopher Lennertz
- **cinematography**: Greg Gardiner
- **editing**: Don Zimmerman (film editor), Don Zimmerman
- **studio**: Regency Enterprises
Davis Entertainment
United Feature Syndicate
Dune Entertainment
Tom Dey, Intrigue Film
- **distributor**: 20th Century Fox
- **runtime**: 87 minutes
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **budget**: $50 million
- **gross**: $83,761,844
Rachel Boston

**Rachel Boston** (born May 9, 1982) is an American movie and television actress and producer. She is well known for her roles as Beth Mason on the NBC television show _American Dreams_ and as Abigail Chaffee on _In Plain Sight_. She stars in the Lifetime television series _Witches of East End_ in 2013.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Rachel Boston
- **image**: Rachel BostonPF2012.jpg
- **caption**: Rachel Boston in 2012
- **birth place**: Chattanooga, Tennessee, United States
- **occupation**: Actress
- **yearsactive**: 2001–present
Pico do Fogo

***Pico do Fogo*** ("Fire peak") is the highest peak of Cape Verde, rising to  above sea level. It is an active stratovolcano lying on the island of Fogo. The last eruption of the main volcanic cone was in 1675 and all the people living in the island had to leave.

A lateral vent (the opening of a volcano from which lava flows) erupted in 1995. The only deadly eruption was in 1847 when earthquakes produced in all the island claimed several lives. Volcanic lava has reached the eastern coast of the island in historical times.

Its most spectacular feature is a volcanic crater (or caldera, _caldeira_ in Portuguese) that is about  wide, with a border (_bordeira_ in Portuguese) that is about  high. The crater has a slit in its eastern wall, and a large peak like a volcanic cone rises in its center that. The central cone is the highest point of the island (2829 m) and its peak is about 100 m higher than the _bordeira_ that surrounds the crater.

The lowest elevation of the floor of the _caldeira_, known as _Chã das Caldeiras_ ("Plain of the Calderas") is . There are, within the _caldeira_, two villages which were evacuated during the last eruption. Traditionally, grapes are grown on the inner slopes of the _bordeira_ and there is some subsistence agriculture on the _caldeira_ floor.

The mountain's slopes are used to grow coffee, while its lava is used as building material.

The Fea's petrel (_Pterodroma feae_), a Near Threatened species of bird, breeds in this mountain.

The endemic plants _Echium vulcanorum_ and _Erysimum caboverdeanum_ are only known to occur on the outer rim of the volcano.

## Other websites

- Fogo, Cape Verde Islands at NASA Earth Observatory
- Observatório Vulcanológico de Cabo Verde (OVCV)

## Infobox (mountain)

- **name**: Pico do Fogo
- **photo**: Mount fogo.jpg
- **photo alt**: View of Pico do Fogo
- **photo caption**: View of the peak.
- **elevation m**: 2829
- **prominence m**: 2829
- **listing**: List of countries by highest point, Country high point
- **location**: Fogo, Cape Verde
- **type**: Stratovolcano
- **last eruption**: 1995
Smith Wigglesworth

**Smith Wigglesworth** (8 June 1859 – 12 March 1947) was a English evangelist from Yorkshire. He was an important leader in early Pentecostalism. He was an illiterate plumber. He is said to have been used by God in healing people.

## Other websites

- Smith Wigglesworth
Heidelberg Catechism

The **Heidelberg Catechism** is an important Protestant document. It was written in 1563 in Heidelberg, Germany. It was intended to teach the faith of the Christian Reformed Church. It was commissioned by Elector Frederick III.

## Related pages

- Three Forms of Unity

## Other websites

- CRCNA
Celestial Navigations

**Celestial Navigations** is a musical story-telling group. It was started by actor Geoffrey Lewis and musician Geoff Levin. Their performances are Lewis telling a story while electronic music is played to enhance the story. Lewis received a Drama-Logue Award for his performances.

## Albums

|Year released|Album|_Billboard_ Top New Age Albums peak chart position|
| --- | --- | --- |
|1988|Chapter I||
|1989|Chapter II|5|
|1990|Celestial Navigations|14|
|1992|Chapter III, Ice|20|
|1994|Introduction||
|1995|Chapter IV, Road Train||
|1998|Celestial Navigations, Live At The Matrix||
|2005|Chapter V, The Connection||
|2006|Chapter VI, Space Racer||
|2006|Romance||
|2007|Chapter VII, War||
August Schellenberg

**August Werner Schellenberg** (July 25, 1936 – August 15, 2013) was a Canadian-American actor. He is known for his role in _Free Willy_ and in his Emmy Award-nominated for in _Bury My Heart in Wounded Knee_.

Schellenberg was born on July 25, 1936 in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. He was of Mohawk and Swiss-German ancestry. He was raised in Toronto, Ontario. Schellenberg was married to Joan Karasevich until his death in 2013. They had three children. Schellenberg died on August 15, 2013 in his home in Dallas, Texas from lung cancer, aged 77.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: August Schellenberg
- **birth name**: August Werner Schellenberg
- **birth place**: Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- **death place**: Dallas, Texas, United States, U.S.
- **occupation**: Actor
- **years active**: 1970–2013
- **spouse**: Joan Karasevich
(?-2013; his death)
- **children**: 3
Douglas Fairbanks Jr.

**Douglas Elton Fairbanks, Jr.**, KBE, DSC (December 9, 1909 – May 7, 2000) was an American actor. He was a highly decorated naval officer of World War II. He was the son of legendary silent movie actor Douglas Fairbanks.

Fairbanks was born on December 9, 1909 in New York City, New York. His parents divorced when he was 9 years old. He was raised by his mother, Anna Beth Sully. Fairbanks was raised in New York City, Los Angeles, Paris, and London.

Some of his well-known movie include _Outward Bound_ (1930), _The Dawn Patrol_ (1930), _Little Caesar_ (1931), _Prisoner of Zenda_ (1937), and _Gunga Din_ (1939). His movies began to have more commercial success.

In 1941, President Franklin D. Roosevelt appointed him a special envoy to South America.

Fairbanks was married to Joan Crawford from 1929 until they divorced in 1933. Then he was married to Mary Lee Eppling from 1939 until her death in 1988. Then he was married to Vera Shelton from 1991 until his death in 2000. Fairbanks had three children.

Fairbanks died on May 7, 2000 from a heart attack in his home in New York City. He was 90 years old. Fairbanks was buried at the Hollywood Forever Cemetery in Hollywood, California.

## Other websites

- Douglas Fairbanks Jr  – Daily Telegraph obituary
- Photographs of Douglas Fairbanks Jr.
- Navy Department History entry
- 1983 US passport  at Passport-Collector.com
Christopher Isherwood

**Christopher William Bradshaw Isherwood** (26 August 1904 – 4 January 1986) was a British-American novelist and playwright.

He also wrote plays such as _The Dog Beneath the Skin_ (1935), _The Ascent of F6_ (1936), _On the Frontier_ (1939), _The Berlin Stories_ (1945).

Isherwood was born on 26 August 1904 in Wyberslegh Hall, High Lane, Cheshire, England. He studied at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge and King's College London.

Isherwood was partners with Heinz Neddermeyer from 1932 until 1937. He was partners with Don Bachardy from 1953 until Isherwood's death in 1986.

Isherwood died on 4 January 1986 from prostate cancer in Santa Monica, California. He was 81 years old.

## Other websites

- Isherwood Exhibit at the Huntington
- LitWeb.net: Christopher Isherwood Biography
- Christopher Isherwood Foundation
- Christopher Isherwood Collection  at the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin
- _Where Joy Resides_  An Isherwood Reader
- "Cabaret Berlin"  Information on Christopher Isherwood and the entertainment of the Weimar era
Paul Scofield

**David Paul Scofield** (21 January 1922 – 19 March 2008), better known as **Paul Scofield**, was an English actor. He was known for his distinctive voice and delivery.

Scofield received an Academy Award and a BAFTA Award for his performance as Sir Thomas More in the 1966 movie _A Man for All Seasons_. He later reprised his role when he played in the stage version of the movie at the West End and on Broadway for which he received a Tony Award.

Scofield was born on 21 January 1922 in Birmingham, Warwickshire, England. He was raised in Hurstpierpoint, Sussex. Scofield studied at Varndean Secondary School.

He was married to Joy Parker from 1943 until his death 2008. They had two children. Scofield died on 19 March 2008 in Sussex, England from leukemia, aged 86.

## Other websites

- BBC News Interview-Paul Scofield, A Man For All Seasons

- Obituaries:
    - _The Guardian_, 20 March 2008
    - _The Independent_, 21 March 2008
    - _The Times_, 21 March 2008
    - _The Daily Telegraph_, 22 March 2008

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Paul Scofield
- **image**: Paul Scofield Allan Warren.jpg
- **caption**: Scofield in 1974
- **birth place**: Birmingham, Warwickshire, England, United Kingdom, UK
- **death place**: Sussex, England, UK
- **resting place**: St Mary's Churchyard, Balcombe
- **occupation**: Actor
- **years active**: 1940–2006
- **spouse**: Joy Parker (1943–2008; his death)
- **children**: 2
Stanley Holloway

**Stanley Augustus Holloway**, OBE (1 October 1890 – 30 January 1982) was an English movie actor, comedian, singer, poet and monologist.

He was famous for his comic and character roles on stage and screen, especially that of Alfred P. Doolittle in _My Fair Lady_. He was also known for his comic monologues and songs, which he performed and recorded in his 70-year career.

Holloway was born on 1 October 1890 in Manor Park, Essex, England.

He was married to Alice Foran from 1913 until they divorced in 1937. Then he was married to Violet Lane from 1939 until his death in 1982. He had five children.

Holloway died on 30 January 1982 in Littlehampton, England from an illness, aged 91.

## Other websites

- Stanley Holloway pictures on Getty images
- Stanley Holloway monologue lyrics
- Stanley Holloway – The Co optimists video
- Stanley Holloway on British Pathe news
Division of Berowra

The **Division of Berowra** is an Australian Electoral Division in New South Wales. It was created in 1969 and is named for the suburb of Berowra. It includes all or parts of the suburbs of Arcadia, Berowra, Brooklyn, Cheltenham, Cherrybrook, Cowan, Dangar Island, Galston, Glenorie, Maroota, Hornsby and Pennant Hills.

## Members

|Member|Party|Term|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|||Tom Hughes|Liberal|1969–1972|
|||Harry Edwards|Liberal|1972–1993|
|||Philip Ruddock|Liberal|1993–2016|
|||Julian Leeser|Liberal|2016–present|
Philip Ruddock, was first elected to the Parliament in 1973. He is the longest-serving member of the House; he was previously member for Parramatta and Dundas. He held a number of positions in the Howard Government including Minister for Immigration and Attorney-General. He retired at the 2016 election. Julian Leeser is a former lawyer who is currently writing the biography of former Australian Prime Minister, Sir William McMahon,

## Other websites

- Division of Berowra – Australian Electoral Commission
- Phillip Ruddock's website

## Infobox (australian electorate)

- **federal**: yes
- **name**: Berowra
- **image**: Division of Berowra 2010.png
- **imagesize**: 300
- **caption**: Division of Berowra (green) in New South Wales
- **created**: 1969
- **mp**: Julian Leeser
- **mp-party**: Liberal Party of Australia, Liberal
- **namesake**: Berowra, New South Wales
- **electors**: 95,124 (2010)
- **area**: 782
- **class**: Outer Metropolitan
Division of Hotham

The **Division of Hotham** is an Australian Electoral Division in Victoria. It was created in 1969 and is named for Sir Charles Hotham, Governor of Victoria 1854–55. It covers an area of 72 km2 in the south-eastern suburbs of Melbourne. It includes Bentleigh East, Dingley Village, Moorabbin, and parts of Carnegie, Clarinda, Clayton, Clayton South, Cheltenham, Murrumbeena, Noble Park, Oakleigh, Oakleigh South, Springvale and Springvale South.

## Members

|Member|Party|Term||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|||rowspan="3"|Don Chipp|Liberal|1969–1977|
|||Independent|1977–1977|||
|||Democrats|1977–1977|||
|||Roger Johnston|Liberal|1977–1980||
|||Lewis Kent|Labor|1980–1990||
|||Simon Crean|Labor|1990–2013||
|||Clare O'Neil|Labor|2013–present||

Don Chipp was Minister in the Holt and Gorton Governments. He became unhappy with the Liberal Party and formed a new party called the Australian Democrats. Simon Crean, was Opposition Leader from 2001 until December 2003 and was in every Labor Cabinet or Shadow Cabinet from June 1991 to March 2013.

## Other websites

- Division of Hotham – Australian Electoral Commission

## Infobox (australian electorate)

- **federal**: yes
- **name**: Hotham
- **image**: Division of Hotham 2010.png
- **imagesize**: 300
- **caption**: Division of Hotham (green) in Victoria (Australia), Victoria
- **created**: 1969
- **mp**: Clare O'Neil
- **mp-party**: Australian Labor Party, Labor
- **namesake**: Charles Hotham
- **electors**: 89,529 (2010)
- **area**: 72
- **class**: Outer Metropolitan
Condominium

A **condominium** (or **condo**) is a building complex containing a number of individually owned apartments with shared facilities. In the United States and in Canada a condominium is a collection of apartment units, townhouses, garden homes or single homes that share common property together. In British Columbia condominiums are referred to as stratas. By owning a unit in a condominium, a person has access to the common facilities. The shared use of these facilities is legally guaranteed as part of the property; they share ownership of these areas. Such facilities may include hallways, a heating system, elevators, gardens, and recreational facilities.
American Swedish Institute

The **American Swedish Institute** (ASI) is a Swedish American museum and cultural center in the neighborhood  of Phillips West in Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (nrhp)

- **name**: Swan Turnblad House
- **nrhp type**: nrhp
- **image**: American Swedish Institute.jpg
- **caption**: The Swan Turnblad House at the American Swedish Institute
- **location**: 2600 Park Avenue
Minneapolis, Minnesota
- **locmapin**: Minnesota#USA
- **area**: Less than one acre
- **built**: 1903–10
- **architect**: Boehme & Cordella
- **architecture**: Châteauesque
- **added**: August 26, 1971
- **governing body**: Private
- **refnum**: 71000436
Geoffrey III, Count of Anjou

**Geoffrey III of Anjou** (1040–1096), called _le Barbu_ ("the Bearded"), was a French nobleman who was the Count of Anjou 1060-68.

## Early career

Geoffrey III, born , was the oldest son of Geoffrey II, Count of Gâtinais and Ermengarde-Blanche of Anjou. Ermengarde-Blanche was the daughter of Fulk III of Anjou. Both he and his younger brother Fulk, called _le Réchin_, were raised at the court of their uncle, Geoffrey Martel. Both Geoffrey and Fulk were knighted by him in 1060. Geoffrey was well treated by his uncle but the count may have favored his younger nephew, Fulk. Nonetheless Geoffrey became his heir to succeed him as count of Anjou. Geoffrey III reigned as Count of Anjou until the countship was taken from him by his brother, Fulk.

## Count of Anjou

He succeeded his uncle Geoffrey Martel in 1060, but it soon became clear to his vassals he was not a very good count. Geoffrey Martel left his younger brother, Fulk, Saintonge as an appanage. In 1062, when Saintonge was attacked by Count Guy-Geoffrey of Poitou, Geoffrey did nothing to help Fulk and Saintonge was lost. In 1063 the county of Maine was lost to Anjou as well. In 1064 Geoffrey failed to come to the aid of one of his vassals, Rainaldus of Chateau-Gontier, who was captured by the Bretons. In 1065 Geoffrey angered Archbishop Barthelemy of Tours by trying to force his own choice for Bishop of Le Mans on the church. In turn the archbishop excommunicated Geoffrey.

As the situation in Anjou became worse Fulk argued with his brother Geoffrey. Finally, in 1067, Fulk rebelled and took the county away from Geoffrey, briefly imprisoning him. In 1068 Geoffrey attacked Fulk, and once again he was defeated. This time Geoffrey was imprisoned where he remained for 28 years. Geoffrey was finally freed by the intervention of Pope Urban II in 1096. But Geoffrey died soon after his release.

## Family

Geoffrey married Julienne de Langeais before 1060. She died after 7 August 1067. They had no children.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Geoffrey III
- **image**: Battle Fulko Geoffrey.jpg
- **caption**: Battle between Fulk IV and Geoffrey III.
- **birth date**: 1040
- **death date**: 1096/1097
Ermengarde-Blanche of Anjou

**Ermengarde-Blanche of Anjou** (–1076), was a French noblewoman who was first Countess of Chateau-Landon and secondly Duchess of Burgundy. She is also called _Hermangarde_ in some sources. Ermengarde-Blanch was the heiress of the countship of Anjou and is an ancestress of the House of Plantagenet.

## Life

Ermengarde-Blanche was the daughter of Count Fulk III of Anjou and Hildegarde. She was involved in two marriage alliances that greatly benefited her father and brother as counts of Anjou. She was first contracted to marry Geoffrey II, Count of Gâtinais, called _Ferréol_, who was also lord of Château-Landon. It was important marriage to return Château-Landon to the counts of Anjou. It took between twelve and eighteen months to arrange the marriage. Meanwhile Fulk paid a great deal of attention to Château-Landon. He and his wife, Hildegarde, founded the abbey of Le Ronceray. Originally a church dedicated to St. Mary, Hildegard was very active in its rebuilding into an abbey. They gave the abbey many gifts including the forest of Lattay. They gave more gifts to this abbey than any other church or religious house. Her two sons of this marriage, Geoffrey III and Fulk both became counts of Anjou after her brother Geoffrey II Martel. Among her descendants are the Plantagenet (or Angevin) kings of England.

After her husband Geoffrey died Ermengarde-Blanche married Robert I Capet, Duke of Burgundy. Robert was the son of King Robert II of France. Because both Ermengarde and her second husband Robert Capet were both descendants of Ingelger, they were related by blood. This was found in charts prepared at the monastery of Saint-Aubin at Angers between 1048 and 1052. The ancestral charts show how closely the Angevin and Capet families were related. The charts were probably created over concerns of who Ermengarde and Robert's daughter Hildegarde could or could not marry. Ermengarde-Blanche died at Fleury-sur-Ouche on 18 March 1076. Robert died three days later at the same place on 21 March 1076.

## Family

Together she and Geoffrey II had the following children:

- Hildegarde de Château-Landon, she married  c.1060 Joscelin I, Lord of Courtenay.
- Geoffrey III of Anjou.
- Fulk IV, Count of Anjou

She married secondly Robert I, Duke of Burgundy. Together they had a daughter:

- Hildegarde (–1104), who married Duke William VIII of Aquitaine

## Infobox (nobility)

- **name**: Ermengarde of Anjou
- **noble family**: House of Ingelger
- **father**: Fulk III of Anjou
- **mother**: Hildegarde of Sundgau
- **spouse**: Geoffrey II, Count of Gâtinais
Robert I, Duke of Burgundy
- **birth place**: Angers
- **death place**: Fleurey-sur-Ouche
Division of Indi

The **Division of Indi**  is an Australian Electoral Division in Victoria. It is located in north-eastern Victoria. It is one of the largest divisions in Victoria. A lot of its area is in the Alpine National Park. It includes the cities of Wodonga, Wangaratta, and Benalla, and the smaller towns of Rutherglen, Mansfield, Beechworth, Bethanga, Myrtleford, Corryong, Tallangatta, Yea and Euroa. It also includes the ski resort of Falls Creek and the isolated village of Woods Point.

Indi was one of the 75 divisions set up for the first federal election in 1901. The name Indi, was an Indigenous Australian word for the Murray River, which is one of the boundaries of the division.

## Members

|Member|Party|Term||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|||Isaac Isaacs|Protectionist|1901–1906||
|||rowspan="2"|Joseph Brown|Anti-Socialist|1906–1909|
|||Commonwealth Liberal|1909–1910|||
|||Parker Moloney|Labor|1910–1913||
|||Cornelius Ahern|Commonwealth Liberal|1913–1914||
|||Parker Moloney|Labor|1914–1917||
|||John Leckie|Nationalist|1917–1919||
|||Robert Cook|Country|1919–1928||
|||Paul Jones|Labor|1928–1931||
|||William Hutchinson|United Australia|1931–1937||
|||John McEwen|Country|1937–1949||
|||William Bostock|Liberal|1949–1958||
|||rowspan="2"|Mac Holten|Country|1958–1975|
|||National Country|1975–1977|||
|||Ewen Cameron|Liberal|1977–1993||
|||Lou Lieberman|Liberal|1993–2001||
|||Sophie Mirabella|Liberal|2001–2013||
|||Cathy McGowan|Independent|2013–2019||
|||Helen Haines|Independent|2019–present||

Famous members include Sir Isaac Isaacs, the Attorney-General of Australia, Chief Justice of the High Court of Australia, and the first Australian-born Governor-General of Australia.  John McEwen, who moved to Murray, became Prime Minister of Australia after the death of Harold Holt in 1967. The Labor party won the seat in 1928 when the conservatives forgot to nominate a candidate.

## Other websites

- Division of Indi – Australian Electoral Commission
- Cathy McGowan's website

## Infobox (australian electorate)

- **federal**: yes
- **name**: Indi
- **image**: Division of Indi 2010.png
- **imagesize**: 300
- **caption**: Division of Indi (green) in Victoria (Australia), Victoria
- **created**: 1901
- **mp**: Helen Haines
- **mp-party**: Independent
- **namesake**: Murray River (Indigenous Australians, Aboriginal name)
- **electors**: 98,399 (2013)
- **area**: 28008
- **class**: Rural
Division of Melbourne

The **Division of Melbourne** is an Australian Electoral Division of Victoria. It was one of the first 75 divisions set up for the first federal election in 1901. It includes the City of Melbourne and the suburbs of Abbotsford, Ascot Vale, Carlton, Clifton Hill, Colllingwood, Docklands, North Melbourne, West Melbourne, East Melbourne, Fitzroy, Fitzroy North, Flemington, Kensington, Parkville, Richmond, and parts of Brunswick and Brunswick East. It was named after the city of Melbourne, which was named in 1838 for Lord Melbourne, the British Prime Minister.

## Members

|Member|Party|Term|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|||Sir Malcolm McEacharn|Protectionist|1901–1904|
|||William Maloney|Labor|1904–1940|
|||Arthur Calwell|Labor|1940–1972|
|||Ted Innes|Labor|1972–1983|
|||Gerry Hand|Labor|1983–1993|
|||Lindsay Tanner|Labor|1993–2010|
|||Adam Bandt|Greens|2010–2025|
Arthur Calwell was the Leader of the Opposition. Lindsay Tanner was Minister for Finance and Deregulation in the first Rudd Government.

## Other websites

- Division of Melbourne – Australian Electoral Commission
- Adam Bandt's website

## Infobox (australian electorate)

- **federal**: yes
- **name**: Melbourne
- **image**: Division of Melbourne 2010.png
- **imagesize**: 300
- **caption**: Division of Melbourne (green) in Victoria (Australia), Victoria
- **created**: 1901
- **namesake**: Melbourne
- **electors**: 102,881 (2010)
- **area**: 53
- **class**: Inner Metropolitan
Division of Isaacs

The **Division of Isaacs** is an Australian Electoral Division in the state of Victoria. It covers the south-eastern suburbs of Melbourne, on the eastern shores of Port Phillip Bay. It includes Mordialloc, Keysborough, Waterways, Noble Park, Chelsea, Aspendale, Edithvale, Bonbeach, Patterson Lakes and Carrum.

The Division was named after Sir Isaac Isaacs, former Chief Justice of Australia and the first Australian-born Governor-General of Australia. It was set up for the 1969 federal election.

The former Division of Isaacs (1949–69) covered the inner south-eastern suburbs of Melbourne, and was not related to this Division except in name.

## Members

|Member|Party|Term|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|||David Hamer|Liberal|1969–1974|
|||Gareth Clayton|Labor|1974–1975|
|||David Hamer|Liberal|1975–1977|
|||William Burns|Liberal|1977–1980|
|||David Charles|Labor|1980–1990|
|||Rod Atkinson|Liberal|1990–1996|
|||Greg Wilton|Labor|1996–2000|
|||Ann Corcoran|Labor|Isaacs by-election, 2000–2007|
|||Mark Dreyfus|Labor|2007–present|

Mark Dreyfus is Attorney-General of Australia, Minister for the Public Service and Integrity, Minister for Emergency Management, and Special Minister of State in the Rudd Government.

## Other websites

- Division of Isaacs – Australian Electoral Commission
- Mark Dreyfus's website

## Infobox (australian electorate)

- **federal**: yes
- **name**: Isaacs
- **image**: Division of Isaacs 2010.png
- **imagesize**: 300
- **caption**: Division of Isaacs (green) in Victoria (Australia), Victoria
- **created**: 1969
- **mp**: Mark Dreyfus
- **mp-party**: Australian Labor Party, Labor
- **namesake**: Isaac Isaacs
- **electors**: 102,769 (2010)
- **area**: 171
- **class**: Outer Metropolitan