juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Conservatism

**Conservatism** is a type of political belief that supports emphasis on traditions and relies on the individual to maintain society.  The term was first used by François-René de Chateaubriand in 1818, during the Bourbon Restoration, which wanted to roll back the policies of the French Revolution. The term is associated with right-wing politics. It has been used to describe a wide range of views. There is no single set of policies that are regarded as conservative because the meaning of conservatism depends on a given place and time, although most Conservatives oppose Modernism in some way and want to go back to old values.
In Western culture for example, Conservatives try to maintain things like organized religion, property rights, parliamentary government and family values.

## Beliefs

Conservatism tends to support the notion of faith, particularly in Abrahamic traditions in countries where those are the dominant religions. In England, the publication of Edmund Burke’s book _Reflections on the revolution in France_ suggested people should be satisfied and advocated a caring government.

Some conservatives seek to keep things as they are, while others want a return to the way things were at an earlier time. This is often called reactionary conservatism. A conservative party in England formed which wanted better co-operation between rich and poor, democracy, and some aspects of a welfare state. This was also favored by conservatives in France and other parts of Europe.

## Types

- Gradualism: The process of change in a slow, gradual way.
- Liberal conservatism: Conservatism with the classical liberal view that the government should not control the economy.
- National conservatism: Conservatism that is focused more on culture and race without being a Nationalist or Far-right.
- Religious conservatism: Conservatism that applies a religion to politics.
- Social conservatism: Conservatism that focuses on social issues and traditions.

### Brazil

In Brazil, conservatism comes from its Portuguese roots, often being Evangelical, such as President Jair Bolsonaro.

### India

Conservatives in India are pro-Hindu, anti-Pakistan, and are socially conservative. The Bharatiya Janata Party is the biggest conservative party in India, lead by Narendra Modi.

### United States

In the United States, conservatives worry about centralism, do not trust the welfare state, and consider business people trustworthy on wages and prices. During the 20th century the Republican Party became a Conservative political party in the United States.

## Related pages

- Political economy
- Conservative liberalism
- Liberalism
- Libertarianism
- Religious conservatism

## Other websites

- Conservatism -Citizendium
Machine

A **machine** is a thing that is created by people to make work easier. It is a tool or invention which multiplies the effect of human effort. The machine produces a mechanical advantage.

Some machines have many parts that move. Examples are bicycles and clocks.

Some machines do not have parts that move. Examples are computers and telephones.

People have used machines since before there was history.

Often a machine will change one form of energy to another form of energy. Simple machines increase or change the direction of a force.

## Simple machine

There are six 'simple machines'.  They are:
- the wedge,
- the Inclined plane (ramp),
- the screw,
- the lever,
- the pulley,
- and the wheel and axle.

Compound machines are made up of two or more simple machines.
Wario Land 4

***Wario Land 4*** is a video game released for the Game Boy Advance in 2001 as a part of the _Wario_ video game series. It was later released for the Virtual Console for the Nintendo 3DS as an ambassador game in 2011

It was widely well received for it's exploration and escape type gameplay, and array of unique puzzles to tackle using Wario. Various items can affect Wario, from walking candles lighting him on fire, allowing him to break certain walls, or being turned into a spring after being hit by a hammer, allowing him to jump extraordinarily high, until he hits the ceiling.

In 2023, Pizza Tower was released, and is similar in gameplay to Warioland 4. This game swaps Wario for a chef named Peppino, and adds additional features like a display of Peppino's face, more levels, and better framerate. Various other games are currently in the works that mimic the play of Wario Land 4.

## Plot

The main plot of this video game is to save a princess that has been turned into a cat and needs to be saved. Wario arrives and has to defeat a golden diva that has turned the princess in to a cat.

## Infobox (video game)

- **developer**: Nintendo R&D1
- **publisher**: Nintendo
- **director**: Hirofumi Matsuoka
- **producer**: Takehiro Izushi
- **artist**: Yasuo Inoue
Sachiko Nakamichi
- **composer**: Ryoji Yoshitomi
- **series**: _Wario (franchise), Wario Land_
- **platforms**: Game Boy Advance
- **released**: **Game Boy Advance**
- **genre**: Platform game, Platforming
- **modes**: Single-player
Mrs. Doubtfire

***Mrs. Doubtfire*** is a 1993 American comedy-drama movie, based on the novel _Madame Doubtfire_. It stars Robin Williams as Daniel Hillard, a divorced actor who disguises himself as a nanny since he desperately wants to be with his children.

## Plot

Daniel Hillard (Robin Williams) is a voice actor who quits his job over a smoking issue in a cartoon. Then, he throws his son Chris a birthday party, which is against his wife Miranda (Sally Field)'s wishes because Chris received bad grades on his report card. After a long argument, Miranda asks Daniel for a divorce.

Daniel has 90 days to get a job and a place to live. He later discovers that his wife wants a nanny. So, he makes several calls to his wife, using fake names and different accents, to be hired. Eventually, he gets the job.

Daniel Hillard goes to his gay brother Frank (Harvey Fierstein) and his partner Jack (Scott Capurro) to get a makeover. The makeover makes him look like a woman, which is exactly what Daniel had hoped for.

Miranda is later seen dating Stu Dunmeyer (Pierce Brosnan). Disguised as Mrs. Doubtfire, Daniel babysits his three children. When he, his family, and Stu go to Bridges Restaurant to celebrate Miranda's birthday, Daniel must switch in and out of costume repeatedly since he is also eating dinner with Jonathan Lundy (Robert Prosky). While drunk, Daniel ends up mixing up the two outfits. Later, when he saves Stu from choking (disguised as Mrs. Doubtfire), Daniel's face mask comes off, exposing him. Horrified and angered, Miranda immediately leaves with the children while Stu is confused, but thanks Daniel for saving him.

Afterwards, Miranda is awarded full custody of the children while Daniel can only see them with supervision. After realizing how easier it was having Mrs. Doubtfire around, Miranda calls the court and allows Daniel to pick up his children after school and unsupervised.

## Cancelled sequel

In 2001, Bonnie Hunt began development on _Mrs. Doubtfire 2_, but Williams disapproved and claimed that the script was scrapped multiple times. On April 17, 2014, production on _Mrs. Doubtfire 2_ began. Williams' death in 2014, production on the sequel was cancelled. However, it is possible that Williams could have filmed scenes for the sequel when he was alive.
Epistemology

**Epistemology** is the philosophy of knowledge. It seeks to answer the questions "What is knowledge?" and "How is knowledge acquired?"

## Epistemologists

Epistemologists are philosophers who are interested in questions such as whether it is possible to have knowledge, what kind of knowledge there is, and how people come to know things.

### Examples

One of the first philosophers to make a clear statement on these questions was Xenophanes (570 – 470 BC). The following saying was, and still is, famous:

- "Certain truth has no man... for even if he ever succeeds in saying what is true, he will never know it".

This is an early form of skepticism.

## Notable questions

- What is truth?
- What is science?
- What is knowledge?
- How can we know anything?

## Notable positions

1. Knowing how vs. knowing that: This was an idea of Gilbert Ryle. Moral questions, for example, may come down to knowing how to behave. Science could be about knowing that something is the case.
1. Rational vs. empirical knowledge: Rational knowledge (if it exists) is knowledge built up from a person's internal thought. Empirical knowledge is built up from what is received through the senses.
1. Error: Knowledge cannot err vs. the possibility of making mistakes is an essential part of knowledge (Ludwig Wittgenstein).

There are other debates of this kind.

## Related pages

- Philosophy
    - Medieval philosophy
    - Ancient Greek philosophy
- Epistemic community
- Philosophy of science
Ford Focus

The **Ford Focus** is a small car made by Ford Motor Company from 1998 to the present day.

## First generation (1998–2004)

Ford created the first generation Focus in late 1998 with 3 and 5-door hatchbacks, saloon and estate versions. The older Escort was produced alongside it until 2000 (vans until 2002). In late 2001, the model was facelifted at the front and inside, It had new front lights, new bumper and different seats as well as new diesel engines. It was very popular thanks to its styling and fun handling which resulted in being the UK’s best-selling car during its time in production.

## Second generation (2004–2011)

Ford created the second generation Focus in late 2004 with the same versions as the previous generation. In early 2008, the model was facelifted at the front and back, it had new front lights, new bumper and new grille. This was the only generation to include a hard-folding convertible model.

## Third generation (2011–2018)

Ford created the third generation Focus in early 2011 with 5-door hatchback, saloon and estate versions, a 3-door hatchback is no longer offered. In late 2014, the model was facelifted at the front and back, It had new front lights, new bumper and new grille. The third generation Ford Focus was also available in the RS Trim, a sport version of the normal Focus and sold for a higher price.

## Fourth generation (2018–present)

Ford created the fourth generation Focus in Summer 2018 with hatchback, saloon and estate versions. It appeared exactly 20 years after the original Focus launched. It was facelifted in late 2021. A fourth generation Focus RS was planned, but ultimately was scrapped due to the cost of developing a hybrid powertrain in 2022 Ford said that it would stop making the Focus in 2025, This decision is part of Ford's plan to focus more on making SUVS crossovers and electric cars.
Seinfeld

***Seinfeld*** is an American sitcom television series created by Jerry Seinfeld and Larry David, and ran from 1989 to 1998.

The show is about four friends in New York City living their day-to-day lives. This show follows a strict policy of "no hugging, no learning" which means the episodes do not end with characters learning a lesson or feature any dramatic scenes such as fighting, arguing, or crying which is why the series is joked about being the "show about nothing".

### Main Characters

- Jerry Seinfeld (played by himself) - The main protagonist of the show. He is a comedian. He lives in a rented apartment in New York City. Jerry always gets into strange situations and funny events with his friends.
- George Costanza (played by Jason Alexander) - Jerry's best friend. He is very neurotic and always afraid that nobody likes him. He works at many places in the show, first as a real estate agent and later for the New York Yankees baseball team.
- Elaine Benes (played by Julia Louis-Dreyfus) - Elaine is Jerry's ex-girlfriend. They are still friends and always spend time together. Elaine always has trouble finding a good boyfriend.
- Cosmo Kramer (played by Michael Richards) - He lives in the apartment next to Jerry's. Kramer is very tall and his hair always stands upwards. He is a strange sort of person and always has ideas nobody else has.

### Recurring characters

- Newman (played by Wayne Knight) - The main antagonist of the show who's a very close friend of Kramer, but he and Jerry almost never get along with Newman trying to take Jerry down. Newman is a lazy mailman who works for the United States Postal Service.
- Susan Ross (Heidi Swedberg) - George's girlfriend in season 4 and his fiancée in season 7. George hates being with her.
- Frank and Estelle Costanza (Jerry Stiller, Estelle Harris, and John Randolph) - George's parents, whom he hates.
- Morty and Helen Seinfeld (Barney Martin and Liz Sheridan) - Jerry's parents.

## Infobox (television)

- **image**: Seinfeld_logo.svg
- **runtime**: 22–24 minutes
- **creator**: Larry David
Jerry Seinfeld
- **starring**: Jerry Seinfeld
Jason Alexander
Julia Louis-Dreyfus
Michael Richards
- **executive producer**: Larry David
Howard West
George Shapiro
Andrew Scheinman
Jerry Seinfeld
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **network**: NBC
- **num seasons**: 9
- **num episodes**: 180 (including two-part episodes)
Joey (TV series)

***Joey*** was a 2004-2006 American television series. It was a sitcom on the NBC network. The series was a spin-off of the series _Friends_. It starred Matt LeBlanc as Joey Tribbiani, his character from _Friends_. It consists of Joey, his sister, and his nephew. NBC canceled the series due to low ratings in May 2006.

## Cast

- Matt LeBlanc as Joey Tribbiani
- Drea de Matteo as Gina Tribbiani (Joey's sister)
- Paulo Costanzo as Michael Tribbiani (Joey's nephew; Gina's son)
- Jennifer Coolidge as Bobbie Morganstern
- Andrea Anders as Alex Garrett

_Joey_ stopped broadcasting after the episode "Joey and the Snowball fight" because fewer than 4.1 million viewers tuned in, compared to 18 million who tuned into see the pilot episode. _Joey_ Season 2 on DVD rocketed to over £35 in some cases because so few were made, and they were only released in Canada.

## Related pages

- _Friends_
- Episodes

## Other websites

- Eipsodes on Imdb
Lisgar Collegiate Institute

**Lisgar Collegiate Institute** is in Ottawa, Canada. It is the oldest secondary school in Ottawa and possibly Ontario. It was named after a former Governor General of Canada. It was established in 1874 and has been formerly known as the **Ottawa Collegiate Institute** and the **Dalhousie District Grammar School**. It celebrated its 160th anniversary in 2004.
Lisgar houses about 1000 students. It has a gifted program.
Aberdeen

**Aberdeen** is a city on the north east coast of Scotland where the rivers Dee and Don flow into the North Sea. It was the capital of the Grampian region of Scotland, but it is now one of Scotland's unitary authorities. Aberdeen is the third largest city in Scotland. Its population is nearly 200,000. It is the coldest city in the UK. The city's motto is _Bon Accord_.

## History

In the 8th AD, Aberdeen was founded as a settlement for fishing. It grew into a town in the early 12th century. By 1264, Aberdeen already had a castle.

## Places

Aberdeen is famous for its buildings made from granite. Because of grey colour of the stone, Aberdeen is called the "Silver City by the Golden Sands". Aberdeen has two universities, the University of Aberdeen which was founded on 10 February 1495 by Bishop William Elphinstone and Robert Gordon University which was founded in 1992 but has a history dating back to the 1800s.

## Dialect

The local people sometimes speak in a dialect called Doric. They are called Aberdonians.

## Sports

Aberdeen has its own football team, Aberdeen F.C.. The team plays in the Scottish Premier League.

## Festival

Each year in August, Aberdeen hosts the Aberdeen International Youth Festival. This is one of the most important annual events in Scotland. Hundred of groups of young performing artists come to Aberdeen each year for the festival.

## Gallery

Aberdeen shares its name with Aberdeen, Idaho and Aberdeen, Washington in this Gallery.
Psoriasis

**Psoriasis** is a skin condition where cells grow at a faster rate than they can be shed, causing excess skin to build up and form scaly patches on the body.

The condition:
It appears to be a buildup of dry skin on your body.  You can have it at any age, but normally as you get older.  It starts with the skin cracking as a paper cut on your fingertips. This skin would begin to die, flake, peal and itch. As your itch the area, it begins to get red and then it begins to blister, flake and peels to raw skin.  It appears most often on hands, toes, the inside arch of your feet and on your heels.  It is also shows up in callus, by cracking.  When washing hands it has a burning effect.

Living in moist humid climate appears to delay the condition for appearing.  Dry arid climates seem to aggravate the condition.  Washing your hands has a drying affect, which triggers the condition.  When washing, water removes oils from our body, and has a drying effect on our hands.  Washing with Psoriasis removes the dry skin, but then the skin underneath is raw.  Hard water appears to worsen the condition in dry climates, but not as much in humid areas.  Soft water appears better.

## Psoriasis Symptoms

Depending upon the severity of the condition and your skin type, the symptoms of psoriasis can vary both significantly and slightly. However, some signs that indicate psoriasis are as follows

- Discomforting patches: Red and raised patches, often called plagues are seen on the skin mainly on the elbows, knees, palms, scalp, and trunk. Such patches are covered with silvery-white scales which further makes them discomforting to even look at.
- Skin dryness: The skin of a psoriasis patient becomes extremely dry. The cracks on such dried start to arise which sometimes even result in bleeding and skin peeling off.
- Intense itching: Psoriasis patients often complain of having intense itching and a sense of burning sensation. Such itching becomes way more intolerable with sweating.
- Pitted Nails: Pale and yellow nails are yet another sign of psoriasis. Besides, discoloration, nail pitting, small dents, and notches can also be seen. Sometimes, the condition may worsen this much that nails start to fall off.
- Joint pain and swelling: Being an auto-immune condition it could also affect your joint health where possibly, your joints may turn painful, stiff, and inflamed, commonly called psoriatic arthritis.

Symptoms may vary if one has a less common type of psoriasis.
Jurassic Park (novel)

***Jurassic Park*** is a 1990 science fiction novel by Michael Crichton. It was made into a movie in 1993 directed by Steven Spielberg.

As a story, Jurassic Park is a "going back in time" story, without actually going back in time. It's impossible, but like H.G. Wells's
many books, or Conan Doyle's  _The Lost World_, it is futurist but imaginary.

## Plot

In Costa Rica, strange reports of children and infants being killed by vicious animals suddenly occur through this peaceful place. One of the species behind the attacks is a compy, an extinct dinosaur species. A paleontologist and his colleague are contacted to confirm the murderous animal's identity, but become aruptly whisked away by John Hammond and are unable to deal with the killings. Hammond reveals that he has created a park known as Jurassic Park, a place full of living dinosaurs of all types. The recent attacks by the creatures have made Hammond's investors skittish.

Later, throughout the course of the story, Dennis Nedry steals some embryos from the park, and goes off into a jungle. Nedry hears a strange thing, and encounters a Dilophosaurus, a species of ceratosaur. It spits at Nedry and kills the latter. At the end of the book, the dinosaurs escape the island.

### Movie

- Dennis Nedry
- Dr. Henry Wu
- Dr. Alan Grant
- Dr. Ellie Sattler
- John Hammond
- Ray Arnold
- Robert Muldoon
- Donald Gennaro

### Characters that were not added in the movie

- The infant
- Elena Morales the midwife
- The Infant's mother
- Ed Regis

## Related pages

- Jurassic Park (movie)

## Other websites

- Jurassicpark.com
- Jurassic Main Frame News
H. G. Wells

**Herbert George Wells** (21 September 1866 – 13 August 1946) was an English writer. He was born in Bromley, Kent. He studied biology under Thomas Henry Huxley.

Wells wrote about 50 books. He was one of the inventors of science fiction, and also wrote novels and utopias. He wrote books such as _The Invisible Man_, _The Time Machine_, _The Island of Dr. Moreau_, and _The War of the Worlds_. He also explained how the things he wrote about could actually happen. Some of his books have been made into movies.

Wells had diabetes. He died on 13 August 1946, aged 79, at his home in London. On 16 August 1946, his body was cremated at Golders Green Crematorium.

### Biology

- _The science of life_. London: Cassell (1933). Co-writers: Julian Huxley and G.P, Wells.

### Science fiction

- _The Time Machine_ (1895)
- _The Island of Doctor Moreau_ (1896)
- _The Invisible Man_ (1897)
- _The War of the Worlds_ (1898)
- _The First Men in the Moon_ (1901)

### Utopian books

- _A Modern Utopia_ (1905)
- _New Worlds for Old_ (1908)
- _The World Set Free_ (1914)
- _The Shape of Things to Come_ (1933)
- _Guide for the New World_ (1941)
- _Mind at the End of its Tether_ (1945)

### Novels

- _Love and Mr Lewisham_ (1900)
- _Kipps_ (1905)
- _Ann Veronica_ (1909)
- _The History of Mr Polly_ (1910)
Landseer dog

|Landseer (Continental-European type)||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Landseer - rescue dog||||
|Germany/Switzerland||||
|{| align=center|FCI:|Group II, Section 2.2, Standard 226||
|AKC:|Not recognized|||
|ANKC:|Not recognized|||
|CKC:|Not recognized|||
|KC(UK):|Not recognize|NZKC:|Not recognized|
|UKC:|Not recognized|||
|}||||
|{| align=center|FCI|}||
The **Landseer (Continental-European type)** is a dog breed.
Grampian

**Grampian** was a government region in north east Scotland. It was named after the Grampian mountains which start in this region.

The capital city of the region was Aberdeen.

The region was created in 1974. It was removed in 1995 because local government in Scotland was  made simpler.
Scottish Borders

**Scottish Borders** is a council region in south Scotland. Its name reflects its being on the border with England. The name is usually shortened to "''the Borders".

It is made up of the counties of :
- Berwickshire
- Peeblesshire
- Selkirkshire

The main town of the region is Newtown St. Boswells. These areas in the borders are mainly agricultural land.
Central Region, Scotland

**Central** was a government region in central Scotland between 1974 and 1995. After local government in Scotland was made simpler, it was replaced with smaller areas.
Dumfries and Galloway

**Dumfries and Galloway** is a council area in south west Scotland. In takes in three counties:

- Dumfriesshire
- Kirkcudbrightshire
- Wigtownshire

The main and biggest town of the region is Dumfries. Dumfries is 60 miles south of Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland.
Fife

**Fife** is a county on the north coast of the Firth of Forth, Scotland. The county town is Glenrothes.

For local government, the county is a council area too.

The towns in Fife are:

- Buckhaven
- Kirkcaldy
- St Andrews
- Dunfermline
- High Vallyfield
- Dalgety Bay
- Kelty
- Hillend
- Dairsie
- Methil
- Leven
- Auchtertool
- Auchtermuchty
- Falkland
- Cowdenbeath
- Cardenden
- Cupar
Highland (council area)

The **Highland (council area)** is a local government region in north Scotland.  It covers most of the area which people call the Scottish Highlands.
Lothian

**Lothian** was a region on the east coast of Scotland that was used for local government until the new municipalities were created. Lothian has been divided into four new council areas: Edinburgh, Midlothian, East Lothian and West Lothian.
Strathclyde

**Strathclyde** was a region in west Scotland. It is named after the River Clyde. The capital city of the region was Glasgow.

A long time ago, Strathclyde was also the name of one of the kingdoms which united to form Scotland.
Tayside

**Tayside** was a government region on the east coast of Scotland. It was named after the River Tay. The capital city of the region was Dundee.

The region was created in 1974. It was removed in 1995 because local government in Scotland was made simpler.

## Infobox (historic subdivision)

- **name**: Tayside
- **government**: Tayside Regional Council
- **government type**: Local government areas of Scotland 1973 to 1996, Regional council
- **hq**: Tayside House, Dundee
- **divisions**: Districts
- **divisionsnames**: Angus, Scotland, Angus, Dundee, Perth and Kinross, Perth & Kinross
- **populationsecondyear**: 1991
- **subdivision type**: Local government areas of Scotland 1973 to 1996#Regions and islands areas, Region
- **altname**: Taobh Tatha
- **map**:
- **areafirst**: 2,903 sq mi (7519 km2)
- **populationsecond**: 392,500
- **origin**: Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973
- **preceded by**: Dundee Corporation
Perthshire County Council
Kinrosshire County Council
Forfarshire, Angus County Council
- **start**: 15 May 1975
- **end**: 31 March 1996
- **replace**: Dundee City Council
Perth & Kinross
Angus, Scotland, Angus
- **populationfirst**: 397,055
- **populationfirstyear**: 1981
Anatolia

**Anatolia**, also called **Asia Minor** (from Ancient Greek: 'Άνατολή, Turkish: **Anadolu**), is a peninsula at the west end of Asia. It forms the majority of modern Turkey.

It has an area of . Most of it is a plateau. that averages   above sea level. Its climate is continental and semi-arid in the interior, temperate along the northern coast, and subtropical along the southern and the western coasts. Most of its people speak Turkish.

Anatolia is surrounded by the Black Sea, the Aegean Sea and the Mediterranean Sea. It is between Europe and Asia. This has led to people of many different cultures living there.

Many great historical peoples have lived in or occupied Anatolia; They include the Hittites, Lydians, Greeks, Persians, Armenians, Celts, Romans, Goths, Byzantines, Seljuk Turks and Ottoman Turks. The Roman Empire had a province called Asia that was also called Phrygia. People later started to call the entire continent Asia. Because of this, the peninsula became called Asia Minor (Little Asia).

Troy is the most famous of the many cities that existed long ago in Anatolia.
Science Olympiad

The **Science Olympiad** is a nationwide event in the United States that tests students' knowledge in science and technology. It started in 1982, and takes place every year.

Science Olympiad consists of twenty three events testing students in middle and high school on different science topics, such as astronomy and chemistry.
Bookstore

A **bookstore** is a store that sells books, and where people can buy them. A **used bookstore** or **second-hand bookshop** sells and often buys used books.

Some modern bookstore combine the books (including digital books) and coffee or CDs.

## Related pages

- Library
- Book
Lemonade

**Lemonade** is a drink made with water, lemons or lemon juice, and sugar.

There are two main types: cloudy, and clear, each known simply as "lemonade" in their home countries.

Cloudy lemonade, generally found in North America and India, is a traditionally homemade drink made with lemon juice, water, and sweetened with cane sugar or honey.

Clear lemonade is a lemon, or lemon-lime flavored, carbonated soft drink. This type is common in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, and New Zealand.

To make 8 cups of lemonade, mix the juice of 8 freshly squeezed lemons with 1/2 a cup of sugar and 5 cups of water and serve over ice cubes. A diced (cut up) lemon or lime can also be added to mixture. The sugar is sometimes replaced by maple syrup.

Pink lemonade can be made by adding some grenadine or another red juice, or using pink lemons. Some pink lemonades are lightly carbonated, including French brand Lorina lemonade.

In the United Kingdom, Australia, Switzerland, and New Zealand, the term 'lemonade' refers to a clear, carbonated, sweet lemon-flavored soft drink. In India it is commonly referred to as 'Nimbu paani' meaning "lemon water" or 'Shikanji'. It is sold by street vendors, especially in North India.

Lemonade stands are a small shops made by kids especially in the U.S. Children sell it to adults to learn the basics of business and to earn some money.
Melting

**Melting** is the process of changing something from a solid into a liquid (like metal into liquid metal). It is the opposite of freezing. The temperature at which something begins to melt is called its melting point. When an object is heated, the object's particles begin to move faster and faster until the structured particles are freed. Now it is a liquid. It is a solid that is turning into a liquid. Ice takes longer to melt if it is in cold water, because the water is near the melting point. It melts more quickly in warm water, far from the melting point.

## Related pages

- Freezing
- Sublimation
Essex

**Essex** is a county in the east of England. It has a population of around 1,750,000 people. It is part of the East of England region. Chelmsford is the county town of Essex, as well as being one of three cities in the county alongside Colchester, known to be Britain's first city**,** and Southend-on-Sea, one of the country's biggest seaside resorts.

Essex has Greater London and Hertfordshire on its western border and the whole of the east of the county is coast-line. The north of the county borders Suffolk and Cambridgeshire. The south of the county is on the Thames Estuary. The Dartford Tunnel can be used to drive under the River Thames between Essex and Kent.

Other large towns in Essex include Basildon, Braintree and Harwich.

There has been lots of recent debate about whether certain sections of East London should be included as parts of Essex, such as Ilford and Romford. Due to boundary changes across the years, these areas were historically in Essex but have been dissolved into the Greater London area since.

## Related pages

- Kingdom of Essex

## Infobox (english county)

- **official name**: Essex
- **locator map**:
Ceremonial Essex within England<hr />
- **region**: East of England, East
- **established date**: Historic counties of England, Ancient
- **lord lieutenant office**: Lord Lieutenant of Essex
- **lord lieutenant name**: Jennifer Tolhurst
- **high sheriff office**: High Sheriff of Essex
- **county council**: Essex County Council
- **unitary council1**: Southend-on-Sea City Council
- **unitary council2**: Thurrock Council
- **admin hq**: Chelmsford
- **iso code**: GB-ESS
- **gss code**: E10000012
- **nuts code**: UKH33
- **districts map**:
- **districts key**: Unitary  County council area
- **districts list**: # Uttlesford
# Thurrock
- **mps**: List of parliamentary constituencies in Essex, 18 Members of Parliament
- **police**: Essex Police
- **county town**: Chelmsford
- **largest city**: Southend-on-Sea
- **image caption**: **Upper**: the Hythe, Maldon
 **Lower**: Canside in Chelmsford (left); and the former Sun Inn, Saffron Walden, displaying pargeting (right)
County town

A **county town** is the most important town of any county in Britain and Ireland. In the United States the town is called the county seat.

It can be the place where the headquarters of the county council is based, or the place where the courts are. It has usually been the county town for hundreds of years. It could also be the biggest or most important town in the county. There is often a university in or near the county town. Cities can also be county towns, such as Hereford, or Durham City.

Some examples of county towns today in England:

- Aylesbury of Buckinghamshire
- Ipswich of Suffolk
- Bedford of Bedfordshire
- Chelmsford of Essex
- Chester of Cheshire
- Exeter of Devon
- Guildford of Surrey
- Hereford of Herefordshire
- Shrewsbury of Shropshire
- Stafford of Staffordshire
- Truro of Cornwall
- Warwick of Warwickshire

## Related pages

- County seat
Southend-on-Sea

**Southend-on-Sea** is a city and unitary authority borough in the East of England. It is a seaside resort in the south-eastern corner of the county of Essex.

## History

It was built in 1790s when the Grand Hotel (now Royal Hotel) was made. Southend Pier was built in 1830 and expanded in 1834 and 1848. The first railway trains came to Southend in 1856 when the station was built near the high street. Southend became incorporated as a town in 1892.

Southend had a massive redevelopment between 1960s and 1970s. During that time a dual carriage way called Queensway was built around the city centre, new offices were built at Victoria Avenue and a new shopping centre was built.

On 15 October, 2021, Sir David Amess, the MP was killed in the church. Three days later, the Prime Minister and the Queen told them it would gain its city status. Southend officially became a city on 1 March, 2022 with a pier train named after Sir David Amess.

## The Pier

Southend is known for the longest pier in United Kingdom. The pier is 2,158 meters
(1.34 miles) long. It has a railway line that runs to the pier head. It had been badly damaged by big fires five times in 1959, 1976, 1977, 1995 and 2005. It was made in 1830 as wood which had to be longer three times. It had turned to a iron pier in 1889. Near that, there are arcades, two hotels, casinos and a theme park with rides called Adventure Island.

### Railway

Southend has ten railway stations. Two are the biggest and both found near the centre.

### Airport

Southend has an airport called London Southend Airport. It had made the runway longer in 2012.

## Other websites

- Southend Pier

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Southend-on-Sea
- **settlement type**: City, unitary authority area and borough.
- **image skyline**: Southend-on-Sea Collage 2022.jpg
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **motto**: Per Mare Per Ecclesiam (By sea, by church)
- **image map**: Southend-on-Sea UK locator map.svg
- **map caption**: In Essex
- **area total km2**: 41.76
- **area total sq mi**: 16.12
- **postal code type**: Post code
- **postal code**: SS0-SS3
- **other name**: City of Southend-on-Sea
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: United Kingdom
- **subdivision type1**: County
- **subdivision name1**: Essex
Cumbria

**Cumbria** is a county in England. It is in the very north-western part of England on the border with Scotland. The most important and biggest town is Carlisle, in the north of the county. This is the county town and there is an ancient (very old) castle in the centre of the town.

In 1974, Cumberland, Westmorland and bits of Yorkshire and Lancashire were put into the new county of Cumbria. The world famous Lake District national park is in Cumbria. Millions of tourists visit the Lake District to enjoy sailing on the lakes and the impressive mountains that are here. The highest mountain in England is in the Lake District, it is called Scafell Pike.

Cumbria is very popular with people who enjoy walking although the weather is very poor here. It often rains and is cold. Many tourists from Japan and China visit Cumbria. Popular places for them and other tourists to see are the poet William Wordsworth's two houses, the home of the famous children's writer Beatrix Potter and the island and lake where the writer Arthur Ransome based his books about the 'Swallows And Amazons'.

## Other websites

- Official Tourist Board Website
- Cumbria Tourist and Historical Website
- BBC Cumbria Digital Lives Project
- Cumbria.uk.com Search Engine
- The Cumbria Directory

## Infobox (england county)

- **name**: Cumbria
- **flag image**:
- **arms image**:
- **locator map**:
- **status**: Ceremonial counties of England, Ceremonial & Metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties of England, Non-metropolitan county
- **origin**: Local Government Act 1972, 1974
- **region**: North West England
- **arearank**: List of Ceremonial counties of England by Area, Ranked 3rd
- **area km2**: 6,768
- **adminarearank**: List of Administrative shire counties of England by Area, Ranked 2nd
- **adminhq**: Carlisle
- **iso**: GB-CMA
- **ons**: 16
- **nuts3**: UKD11/12
- **poprank**: List of ceremonial counties of England by population, Ranked
- **adminpoprank**: List of non-metropolitan counties of England by population, Ranked
- **ethnicity**: 97.5% White British
- **council**: Cumbria County Council
http://www.cumbria.gov.uk/
- **mps**: *Tony Cunningham
* Tim Farron
* Robbie Dee
* David Maclean
* Eric Martlew
* Jamie Reed
- **subdivmap**:
- **subdivs**: #Barrow-in-Furness (borough), Barrow-in-Furness
# City of Carlisle, Carlisle
Diana Ross

**Diana Ross** (born March 26, 1944) is an American singer. She became successful with the Motown group The Supremes. The Supremes sold millions of albums and made it possible for other African American musical acts to become famous with international audiences.

Diana Ross had a successful solo career from the 1970s. She is a highly-paid concert performer. She also starred in three movies: _Lady Sings The Blues_, the story of the blues singer Billie Holiday; _Mahogany_, a story about a fashion designer; and _The Wiz_, an African-American version of the book _The Wonderful Wizard of Oz_.

## Personal life

She was born in 1944 in Detroit, Michigan. Ross worked as a secretary for Motown Records in Detroit.

Ross has five children and two grandchildren.

## Discography

- Studio albums
- _Diana Ross_ (1970)
- _Everything is Everything_ (1970)
- _Surrender_ (1971)
- _Touch Me in the Morning_ (1973)
- _Diana & Marvin_ (with Marvin Gaye; 1973)
- _Last Time I Saw Him_ (1973)
- _Diana Ross_ (1976)
- _Baby It's Me_ (1977)
- _Ross_ (1978)
- _The Boss_ (1979)
- _Diana_ (1980)
- _Why Do Fools Fall in Love_ (1981)
- _Silk Electric_ (1982)
- _Ross_ (1983)
- _Swept Away_ (1984)
- _Eaten Alive_ (1985)
- _Red Hot Rhythm & Blues_ (1987)
- _Workin' Overtime_ (1989)
- _The Force Behind the Power_ (1991)
- _A Very Special Season_ (1994)
- _Take Me Higher_ (1995)
- _Every Day Is a New Day_ (1999)
- _Blue_ (2006)
- _I Love You_ (2006)
- _Diana Ross Sings Songs from The Wiz_ (2015)
- _Thank You_ (2021)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Diana Ross
- **image**: DRossLongleat010722 (9 of 43) (52189231585) (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Diana Ross in 2022
- **birth name**: Diane Ernestine Earle Ross
- **birth place**: Detroit, Michigan, United States
- **occupation**: Singer, record producer, actor, actress
- **years active**: 1959–present
- **label**: Motown Records, Motown, RCA Records, RCA
- **past member of**: The Supremes
- **url**: [http://www.dianaross.com www.dianaross.com]
Enid Blyton

**Enid Mary Blyton** (11 of August 1897 – 28 November 1968) was an English writer. She was born in Dulwich, South London, England. She was one of the world's most famous children's writers. She  wrote a great number of books. Her most famous stories are the Famous Five stories, about a group of four children (Dick, Julian, Anne, and Georgina, who wanted to be called George) and their dog (Timmy) who have many adventures, and her Noddy books for small children.

Her parents wanted her to become a pianist, but Enid wanted to be a teacher. Her parents agreed to let her train as a teacher. She began teaching in 1919 in Kent, not far from where she grew up in Beckenham.

As a child and teenager her main interest had been writing poems, stories and other items. She had sent many of them to magazines but had never had any published. As she worked as a teacher she began to publish her articles in a magazine called  _Teachers' World_. Her first book, called _Child Whispers_ came out in 1922. It was a book of her poems with illustrations (drawings).

She was married soon after. She left teaching and began to have more success with her books. She wrote in and was the editor of magazine for children called _Sunny Stories_. The magazine came out every two weeks. Some of Enid's most famous books were first printed in this magazine in parts.

Enid Blyton is in _The Guinness Book of Records_ as one of the world's biggest selling writers. She is also included because she wrote more books than almost any other writer (about 700). Her books were published in many different languages. She said that she found writing them easy. Her books still sell in large numbers, and used to be owned by her family. A few years ago her family sold them, and now her works belong to a private company.

Enid Blyton did a lot of work for charity and had a club for children which helped them to give money to charity. She was married twice and had two daughters. She died of Alzheimer's disease in Hampstead, London.

- Blyton, Enid 1952. _The Story of my Life_. Grafton. ISBN 978-0-246-12795-2
- Stoney, Barbara 2006. _Enid Blyton: the biography_. (Kindle ed.) History Press. ISBN 978-0-7524-6957-7

## Other websites

- The Enid Blyton Society
- EnidBlyton.net
- Heather's Blyton Pages
- Enid Blyton Collectors' and Enthusiasts' Guide to First Editions
Saint Denis

**Saint Denis** is the patron saint of France.

Saint Denis was the first bishop of Paris. He supposedly went there between 250 and 270. He was executed in 272. According to legend, he was beheaded. After his beheading, he walked away, his head under his arms, along what is today the Rue des Martyrs in Paris. After about , he gave his head to a pious woman, who had a basilica erected in the spot.
Dragon

A **dragon** is a legendary creature, belonging to mythology and fantasy. There are stories about dragons in Chinese culture, European culture, South American culture, and many others.

There are many kinds of dragons in the different cultures. In general:
- A dragon has none to four legs, claws, scales, spikes or optional wings.
- A dragon can look like a reptile, such as a snake.
- Some dragons can be heard about in stories George and the Dragon.

- The Chinese dragon is associated with the emperor of China. It is the symbol of Chinese Imperial power.

Dragons are in many stories such as _How to Train Your Dragon_, and _Harry Potter_. Some stories, such as those by Anne McCaffrey, have dragons who are looking for help, or giving help. A dragon also appears in the Book of Revelation chapters 12-13, where he is seen as the Devil.

## Related pages

- Azhdakha is a legendary creature in Bashkir folklore.

## Other websites

- Dragons Across Cultures at Draconika
Inertia

_'Inertia_ is the resistance of the object to any change in its motion, including a change in direction. An object will stay still or keep moving at the same speed and in a straight line, unless it is acted upon by an external unbalanced force.

For example, a rubber ball will not start bouncing around unless someone picks it up and throws it. Basically, if an object is not moving, it will not start moving unless something else acts upon it. The same idea can be applied to motion: an object in motion will stay in motion unless some outside, opposing force acts upon it. Inertia is also called Sir Isaac Newton's First Law of Motion. The First Law of Motion says that:
	"Every body perseveres in its state of being at rest or of moving uniformly straight ahead, except insofar as it is compelled to change its state by forces impressed._ [Cohen & Whitman 1999 translation]
	This basically means: _Every object stays at rest or stays moving at the same speed unless something makes it change._Johannes Kepler gave inertia its name in _Epitome Astronomiae Copernicanae'' (published in three parts from 1617 to 1621)
     Albert Einstein developed the idea of Special Relativity based on Galileo's statement that it is impossible to tell the difference between a moving object and a stationary one without some outside reference to compare it against.

## Related pages

- Moment of inertia
- Newton's laws of motion
York

**York** is a historic walled city in North Yorkshire, England. The Romans called it **Eboracum**, and it was the capital of the Roman province of Britannia Inferior. The Vikings called it **Jorvik**.

About 154,000 people live in York. It was the traditional county town of Yorkshire but it is no longer. It is now a "unitary authority". Whatever it is called, York is still the most important city in the North-East of England.

The city is one of fifteen in England to have a Lord Mayor

Yorkshire dogs used to be considered good luck if from this city in medieval times

## History

The city has been important in many political events in its two millennia of existence. The city offers many historical attractions, of which York Minster is the most well-known. For many centuries before the railway, the distance to London meant that York acted as the capital city of the North. Only later did Liverpool on the West become as important, with the growth of sea trading across the Atlantic.

### Eboracum

The city was founded by the Romans as Eboracum  in 71 AD.
Its position where the rivers Ouse and Fosse converge was likely one of the reasons the site was chosen.

It was later the capital of the kingdoms of Northumbria and Jorvik. In the Middle Ages, York grew as a major wool trading centre and became the capital of the northern province of the Church of England,

The centre of York is medieval. It has famous old streets and a cathedral called York Minster. To the west of York is Leeds, Wetherby and Harrogate. To the south of York is Selby, and to the east of York is Scarborough.

#### Archbishop of York

York is home to the Archbishop of York, a high-ranking cleric in the Church of England who is second only to the Archbishop of Canterbury. The current Archbishop of York is Stephen Cottrell, who has held the post since July 2020.

There are many cultural and sporting activities making it a popular tourist destination for millions.
North Yorkshire

**North Yorkshire** is a large county in the region of Yorkshire in England.

North Yorkshire is part of one bigger county called Yorkshire. The three parts of Yorkshire are called the West Riding, the East Riding, and the North Riding. in 1974, the names changed. The "North Riding" changed to "North Yorkshire". The other main parts of Yorkshire are now South Yorkshire, West Yorkshire, and the East Riding of Yorkshire.

The largest city in North Yorkshire is York. York is now (since 1996) a unitary authority.

North Yorkshire is the largest county in England. It has several towns. It also has many open green areas and hills, so two of the 11 UK national parks (the North York Moors and most of the Yorkshire Dales) are in North Yorkshire.

## Infobox (english county)

- **official name**: North Yorkshire
- **image caption**: Top to bottom, left to right:
Ribblehead Viaduct in the Yorkshire Dales, the Tees Transporter Bridge in Middlesbrough, Staithes, and York Minster
- **locator map**: North Yorkshire UK locator map 2010.svg
- **map caption**: Location of North Yorkshire within England
- **largest town**: Middlesbrough
- **region**: Yorkshire and the Humber and North East England, North East
- **established date**: 1974
- **established by**: Local Government Act 1972
- **origin**: Yorkshire
- **lord lieutenant office**: Lord Lieutenant of North Yorkshire
- **lord lieutenant name**: Johanna Ropner
- **high sheriff office**: High Sheriff of North Yorkshire
- **high sheriff name**: Clare Deborah Granger (2023–24)
- **districts map**:
- **districts list**: ** Unitary:**

- **mps**: List of Parliamentary constituencies in North Yorkshire, List of MPs
- **police**: North Yorkshire Police
Cleveland Police
Pig Latin

**Pig Latin** is a language code or game and is most often used by children who speak English.

The usual rules are:
1. For words that begin with consonants, move the consonant to the end of the word and add "ay."
1. For words that begin with vowels, simply add "ay" to the end of the word.

Pig Latin that one writes is sometimes written with dashes, between the first part and the "c-ay" letters, and sometimes it is not. A sentence can be "Is-thay is-ay an-ay example-ay of-ay Ig-pay Atin-lay ith-way ashes-day", or "Isthay isay anay exampleay ofay Igpay Atinlay ithoutway ashesday."

In Pig Latin, this sentence:
- Is-thay is-ay an-way example-ay of-ay Ig-pay Atin-lay. As-ay ou-yay an-cay ee-say, it-ay is-ay illy-say, ut-bay ots-lay of-ay un-fay or-fay ildren-chay.

comes to mean:
- This is an example of Pig Latin. As you can see, it is silly, but lots of fun for children.

The British name for Pig Latin is "backslang".

## Other websites

- Entry An entry from wikiHow on learning Pig Latin.

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Pig Latin
- **nativename**: Igpay Atinlay
- **states**: English-speaking world
- **setting**: **Language game** or **Argot**
- **posteriori**: English language, English