juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Spade-toothed whale

The **spade-toothed whale** (***Mesoplodon traversii***) is a  species of beaked whale. Very little is known about the species. In total,  only six specimens are known, and the species has never been seen alive.

## Discovery

It was first named from a partial jaw found on Pitt Island, New Zealand, in 1872. It was reported and illustated in  1873 by James Hector (referring it to _M. layardii_), and described as a new species the next year by John Edward Gray, who named it in honor of Henry Hammersley Travers, the collector. This was eventually lumped with the strap-toothed whale, starting as early as an 1878 article by Hector, who never considered the specimen to be specifically distinct. A calvaria found in the 1950s at White Island, also New Zealand, initially remained undescribed, but was later believed to be from a ginkgo-toothed beaked whale.

In 1993, a damaged calvaria was found washed up on Robinson Crusoe Island, Chile, and was described as a new species, _Mesoplodon bahamondi_ or **Bahamonde's beaked whale**.

In December 2010, two specimens, a cow and calf, were found stranded on Opape Beach, Bay of Plenty, New Zealand. They were originally thought to be Gray's beaked whale. Genetic analysis later  showed that they represented the first complete specimens of the spade-toothed whale. After this find, a report describing the spade-toothed whale and an analysis of their DNA later appeared in the 6 November 2012 issue of the journal _Current Biology_.

The results of DNA sequence and morphological comparisons have shown all three finds came from the same species, which is therefore properly known as _M. traversii_. The external appearance was only described in 2012, and it is likely to be the most poorly known large mammalian species of modern times.

Because of where these specimens were initially located at, it is assumed that the remaining population of _M. traversii_ lives only in the South Pacific.

## References

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## Other websites

- Whale & Dolphin Conservation Society (WDCS)
Dendrobates auratus

The **green poison frog**, **golden poison arrow frog**, **green poison arrow frog**, **green and golden poison arrow frog**, **gold arrow-poison frog**, **green and black poison dart frog**, **green and black poison frog**, or **green and black poison arrow frog** (_Dendrobates auratus_) is a frog.  It lives in  Colombia, Costa Rica, and Colombia. People also brought them by accident to Oahu in Hawaii.

## Body

The adult frog is about 25.0-39.5 mm long from nose to rear end and the adult female frog is 27.0-42.0 mm long. This frog has very bright colors. The skin of the frog's back is black with bright green marks. The skin of the frog's belly has yellow, blue, or green marks. Different frogs in this species can be different colors or patterns. Some have stripes and some have dots. Its nose is round.

Adult frogs eat ants.

## Home

This frog is awake during the day. It lives on the ground and in trees in forests that are not too high above sea level. People also see the frog in places where the plants are growing back after being cut down and on cocoa farms. People have seen this frog between 0 and 1000 meters above sea level.

## Young

The male frogs do not fight each other for good places but sometimes they do fight each other for other things. Female frogs fight each other for good male frogs.  One male frog can mate with six females each year.  The female frog lays eggs on dead leaves on the ground and the male frog watches them.  He takes away fungus and moves the eggs around so that they all get enough air and put water on them. She lays 3-13 eggs at a time. The eggs hatch into tadpoles 13-16 days later. Then the male frog carries the tadpoles on his back. He takes them to a water-filled hole in a tree or to water that does not move.  The tadpoles eat algae, insect young, animals that are too small to see, and other animals that are too small to see.  Sometimes older tadpoles eat younger tadpoles. They become frogs 39-89 days after that. The frogs become adults when they are 6-15 months old. The fewer tadpoles the male frog has, the faster the tadpoles grow.

## Danger

Scientists say this frog is not in danger of dying out because it lives in a large place and there are many of them. It might be in some danger because people change the places where the frog lives to make farms, get wood to build with, and build towns. People also catch this frog to sell as a pet, especially the rare colors. It is easy for humans to raise this frog, so many of the pet frogs were never wild. Of all the frogs sold as pets from one country to another, 13% are this frog.

Scientists think that the fungus _Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis_ could kill this frog, but they are not sure. _B. dendrobatidis_ causes the fungal disease chytridiomycosis.

Many of the places the frog lives are protected parks.
James E. Ferguson

**James E. Ferguson** was an American Democratic Party politician born in August 31, 1871, who served as Governor of Texas from January the 19th 1915 to August the 25th 1917. Prior to standing as governor, Ferguson had gone through prep school, run a farm and served as president of the Temple State Bank. According to one study, “He was part demagogue and appealed to his audience in rural, earthy language which belief his education and intelligence.”

His tenure was notable for a wide range of social reforms. 3 new eleemosynary institutions were set up, and a law was passed appropriating 1 million dollars for county schools. A compulsory school attendance law was also enacted. Other reforms aimed at helping labor and widows with children were introduced. A farm tenant bill was also passed under which the rent paid by tenant farmers was curbed by this law.

In 1920 Ferguson left the Democratic Party and established his own American Party to stand for the Presidency of the United States. Ferguson stood as a candidate for the United States Senate, but was unsuccessful.

Nevertheless, Ferguson continued to be actively involved in politics for many years. In 1924, Ferguson ran his wife's campaign for the governorship, who won. He did this as he was unable to run under his own name. However, they lost a reelection bid two years later as a result of new scandals which concerned political patronage abuses and excessive pardons. In 1932, however, he conducted his wife's successful campaign to become governor of Texas a second time.

He passed away on September the 21st 1944.
Mister Novelist

** Mister Novelist** ()  is a book by Russian writer Andrei Gusev, published in 1994.

## Plot summary

The book includes two stories and eleven short stories. All stories have unique plots. The reader's attention will be attracted by dramatic stories, lyrical scenes and BDSM fantasy.

## Literary features

In the relationships within love couples in the stories of this book, there is something from the famous film director Claude Lelouch. He always and everywhere glorified the Man and Woman created for each other.
Sometimes some characters in the book mentally transform into an astral body. But which of us hasn't had something like this? It looks very similar, Mr. Novelist!

## Infobox (book)

- **name**: Mister Novelist
- **title orig**: Господин сочинитель
- **author**: Andrei Gusev
- **country**: Russia
- **language**: Russian language, Russian
- **genre**: stories, fantasy
- **publisher**: “ГКС России” (Russia)
- **release date**: 1994
- **pages**: 192 pp
- **preceded by**: Presentation (book), Presentation
- **followed by**: With Cronos’ Permit
Greensboro Urban Loop

The **Greensboro Urban Loop** is a  Interstate Highway beltway that encircles Greensboro, North Carolina, United States. The Urban Loop travels I-73, I-85, I-785, I-840, and US 421. It is usually located within Greensboro city limits, though it often crosses the city line. The Urban Loop was completed at January 23, 2023.

## Infobox (road)

- **state**: NC
- **marker image**: none
- **name**: Greensboro Urban Loop
- **maint**: North Carolina Department of Transportation, NCDOT
- **map notes**: Greensboro Urban Loop in red
- **length mi**: 39.5
- **length round**: 1
- **beltway city**: Greensboro, North Carolina, Greensboro
- **established**: 2002
- **counties**: Guilford County, North Carolina, Guilford
Area codes 732 and 848

**Area codes 732 and 848** is a telephone area code in the state of New Jersey, United States. It was created on June 1, 1997, when it was split from area code 908. It covers the central part of New Jersey, such as New Brunswick, Perth Amboy, Long Branch, Toms River, and Asbury Park. It was overlaid by 848 in 2001.
Area codes 973 and 862

**Area codes 973 and 862** are telephone area codes in the state of New Jersey, United States. It was created on June 1, 1997, when it was split from area code 201. It covers the northern part of New Jersey. Some of the major cities and towns in this area code include Newark, Paterson, Morristown, East Orange, and Clifton. It was overlaid by area code 862 in 2001.
Area code 670

**Area code 670** is a telephone area code in the United States. It is used for the Northern Mariana Islands, which is a group of islands in the Pacific Ocean that are part of the United States Commonwealth. It covers all of the Northern Mariana Islands, including the main islands of Saipan, Tinian, and Rota. It was created on July 1, 1997.
Area code 671

**Area code 671** is a telephone area code in the United States. It is used for the island of Guam, which is a U.S. territory located in the Pacific Ocean. It covers all of Guam, an island located in the western Pacific Ocean, and it is the largest and southernmost island in the Mariana Islands archipelago, and was created in 1997. Since Guam is a territory, it does not require +1 before you start typing a phone number. An example would be 314-603-3525, which would be a Missouri phone number.
Area code 830

**Area code 830** is a telephone area code in the state of Texas, United States. It was created on July 7, 1997, when it was split from area code 210. It consists of towns such as New Braunfels, Del Rio, Kerrville, Seguin, and Uvalde.
Area code 920

**Area code 920** is a telephone area code in the state of Wisconsin, United States. It was created on July 26, 1997, when it was split from area code 414. It covers a large area of eastern Wisconsin. Some of the major cities and towns in this area code include Green Bay, Appleton, Oshkosh, Fond du Lac, and Sheboygan.
Area code 956

**Area code 956** is a telephone area code in the state of Texas, United States. It was created on May 25, 1997, when it was split from area code 210. It covers the southernmost part of Texas, including the Rio Grande Valley. Some of the major cities and towns in this area code include Laredo, McAllen, Brownsville, Harlingen, and Edinburg. It is set to be used up in late 2027.
Area code 650

**Area code 650** is a telephone area code in the state of California, United States. It was split from 415 in 1997. It serves the area covering most of San Mateo County, which is located in the San Francisco Bay Area. It covers San Mateo County, which includes cities and towns such as Redwood City, San Mateo, Palo Alto, Menlo Park, and part of Daly City.
Kristen Michal

**Kristen Michal** (born 12 July 1975) is an Estonian politician who is the Prime Minister of Estonia since 2024. He is a member of the Estonian Reform Party.

He was the minister of economic affairs and infrastructure in Taavi Rõivas' cabinet between 2015 and 2016. Michal was the minister of justice from 2011 to 2012.

Michal was sworn in as Minister of Climate on 17 April 2023.

On 29 June 2024, Michal was nominated by the Reform Party to replace Kaja Kallas as Prime Minister. He was sworn-in on 23 July 2024.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Kristen Michal
- **image**: Kristen Michal in 2024 (cropped).jpg
- **order**: 20th
- **office**: Prime Minister of Estonia
- **president**: Alar Karis
- **predecessor**: Kaja Kallas
- **term start**: 23 July 2024
- **office1**: Minister of Climate (Estonia), Minister of Climate
- **primeminister1**: Kaja Kallas
- **predecessor1**: Madis Kallas
- **successor1**: Yoko Alender
- **term start1**: 17 April 2023
- **term end1**: 23 July 2024
- **office2**: Minister of Economic Affairs and Infrastructure (Estonia), Minister of Economic Affairs and Infrastructure
- **primeminister2**: Taavi Rõivas
- **predecessor2**: Urve Palo
- **successor2**: Kadri Simson
- **term start2**: 9 April 2015
- **term end2**: 23 November 2016
- **office3**: Minister of Justice (Estonia), Minister of Justice
- **primeminister3**: Andrus Ansip
- **predecessor3**: Rein Lang
- **successor3**: Hanno Pevkur
- **term start3**: 6 April 2011
- **term end3**: 10 December 2012
- **office4**: Member of the Riigikogu
- **term start4**: 12 May 2004
- **term end4**: 17 April 2023
- **birth place**: Tallinn, Estonia
- **party**: Estonian Reform Party (1996–present)
- **alma mater**: University Nord, Academy Nord
- **spouse**: Evelin Oras
- **nationality**: Estonian
- **children**: 3
Hillbilly Elegy

***Hillbilly Elegy: A Memoir of a Family and Culture in Crisis*** is a bestselling 2016 memoir by JD Vance about his early life in the Appalachian region, his family and the social and economic problems of his hometown of Middletown, Ohio.

The book reached the top of _The New York Times_ Best Seller list in August 2016 and January 2017.

In 2020 it was made into a movie directed by Ron Howard and starring Glenn Close and Amy Adams. The movie was received with mixed reviews.
Hillbilly Elegy (movie)

***Hillbilly Elegy*** is a 2020 American drama movie directed by Ron Howard from a screenplay by Vanessa Taylor. It is based on the 2016 memoir of the same name, by JD Vance. The movie stars Amy Adams, Glenn Close, Gabriel Basso, Haley Bennett, Freida Pinto, Bo Hopkins, and Owen Asztalos.

_Hillbilly Elegy_ was released for a short time in cinemas on November 11, 2020, before its streaming release on November 24, 2020, by Netflix. The movie was received with mixed reviews. Close receiving Supporting Actress nominations at the Academy Awards, the Golden Globe Awards, and Screen Actors Guild Awards.

## Infobox (film)

- **name**: Hillbilly Elegy
- **director**: Ron Howard
- **screenplay**: Vanessa Taylor
- **cinematography**: Maryse Alberti
- **editing**: James D. Wilcox
- **studio**: Imagine Entertainment
- **distributor**: Netflix
- **runtime**: 115 minutes
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **budget**: $45 million
- **gross**: $38,852
Centers for Agricultural Safety and Health

The **Centers for Agricultural Safety and Health** (CASH) are 12 groups that check the safety of people in fishing, forestry, and agriculture. These groups are given money and information by NIOSH to protect these people. These groups were made in 1990 under the _Agricultural Health and Safety Initiative_.

## National Ag Safety Database

One place of safety information made after the _Agricultural Health and Safety Initiative_ is the **National Ag Safety Database** (NASD). The NASD gives out information on agriculture dangers. The largest groups that have made and given money to NASD are NIOSH and CS-CASH. CS-CASH is the _Central-State Centers for Agricultural Safety and Health_, one of the 12 groups that check safety of people in agriculture.

## The 12 groups

- PNASH - _Placed in the_ Pacific Northwest, run by the University of Washington
- WCAHS - West, run by UC Davis
- HICAHS - High plains intermountain, run by Colorado State University
- SW Ag Center  - Southwest, run by the University of Texas
- SCCAHS - Southeast Coast, run by the University of Florida
- SCAHIP  - Southeast, run by the University of Kentucky
- CS-CASH - Central States, run by the University of Nebraska
- UMASH - Upper Midwest, run by the University of Minnesota
- GPCAH - Great Plains, run by the University of Iowa
- NEC - Northeast, run by the New York Center for Agricultural Medicine and Health (Bassett Healthcare Network)
- NCCRAHS - National Children's Center for Rural Agricultural Health and Safety, run by the Marshfield Clinic Research Institute
- Great Lakes Center for Farmworker Health and Well-being - run by the University of Illinois Chicago

## Related pages

- NIOSH
- N95
Sophia of Prussia

**Sophia of Prussia** (Sophie Dorothea Ulrike Alice, ; 14 June 1870 – 13 January 1932) was Queen of Greece from 1913 to 1917 and again from 1920 to 1922 as the wife of King Constantine I. She was the third daughter of Emperor Frederick III and Victoria, Princess Royal. She was also the third sister of Wilhelm II, the last German Emperor.

She was born on June 14, 1870, in Potsdam, Prussia. Through her mother she was a granddaughter of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert. Through her father, she was the third granddaughter of King Wilhelm I and Queen Augusta.

In 1889, she married Prince Constantine I of Greece. They had six children together named George, Alexander, Helen, Paul, Irene, and Katherine.

Sophia died on January 13, 1932 at the age of 61. Sophia's body sent to the Russian Church in Florence, where she was buried alongside her husband and mother-in-law.

## Infobox (royalty)

- **consort**: yes
- **succession**: List of Greek royal consorts, Queen consort of the Hellenes
- **image**: Sophia of Prussia.jpg
- **caption**: Official photograph, 1913
- **reign1**: 18 March 1913 –
- **reign2**: 19 December 1920 –
- **full name**: Sophie Dorothea Ulrike Alice
- **house**: Hohenzollern
- **father**: Frederick III, German Emperor
- **mother**: Victoria, Princess Royal
- **birth place**: New Palace (Potsdam), New Palace, Potsdam, Kingdom of Prussia
- **death place**: Frankfurt, Hesse-Nassau, Free State of Prussia, Weimar Republic
- **burial date**: 16 January 1932
- **burial place**: Greek Orthodox Church, Florence, Italy
 22 November 1936
Royal Cemetery, Tatoi Palace, Greece
- **religion**: Greek Orthodox
previously Lutheran
- **signature**: Signature of Sophia, Queen of Greece.svg
Area code 867

**Area code 867** is a telephone area code in Canada. It serves the northern territories, which include the Northwest Territories, Nunavut, and Yukon. Major communities in this area code include Whitehorse (Yukon), Yellowknife (Northwest Territories), and Iqaluit (Nunavut).
Area codes 440 and 436

**Area codes 440 and 436** are telephone area codes in the state of Ohio, United States. 440 was created on August 16, 1997, when it was split from area code 216. It covers the northeastern part of Ohio, including many suburbs of Cleveland and other nearby towns. Some of the major cities and towns in this area code include Mentor, Elyria, Lakewood, Lorain, and Ashtabula. 440 ran out of numbers so it was overlaid by 436 in 2024.
Area codes 781 and 339

**Area codes 781 and 339** are telephone area codes in the state of Massachusetts, United States. Area code 781 was created on September 1, 1997, when it was split from area code 617. It covers the suburbs north and south of the city of Boston. Some of the major cities and towns in this area code include Waltham, Brookline, Medford, Weymouth, Braintree, and Burlington. It was overlaid by 339 in 2001.
Area codes 978 and 351

**Area codes 978 and 351** are telephone area codes in the state of Massachusetts, United States. It was created on September 1, 1997, when it was split from area codeAndover, Massachusetts 508. It covers the northeastern part of Massachusetts, including cities and towns such as Lowell, Lawrence, Fitchburg, Haverhill, Andover, and Leominster. It was overlaid by 351 in 2001.
Area code 228

**Area code 228** is a telephone area code in the state of Mississippi, United States. It was created on September 15, 1997, when it was split from area code 601. It covers the Gulf Coast region of Mississippi. Some of the major cities and towns in this area code include Biloxi, Gulfport, Pascagoula, Ocean Springs, and Bay St. Louis. As of 2024, it is not set to be used up for a very long time.
Area code 931

**Area code 931** is a telephone area code in the state of Tennessee, United States. It was created on September 15, 1997, when it was split from area code 615. Area code 931 covers a large region in Middle Tennessee. Some of the major cities and towns in this area code include Clarksville, Columbia, Cookeville, Tullahoma, and Crossville.
Area code 435

**Area code 435** is a telephone area code in the state of Utah, United States. It was created on September 21, 1997, when it was split from area code 801. It covers most of the state of Utah outside the Wasatch Front, which is the metropolitan area that includes Salt Lake City. Some of the major cities and towns in this area code include St. George, Logan, Cedar City, Moab, and Park City.
Area code 660

**Area code 660** is a telephone area code in the U.S. state of Missouri. It was created on October 12, 1997, when it was split from area code 816. It covers a large portion of northern and west-central Missouri. Some of the major cities and towns in this area code include Sedalia, Kirksville, Warrensburg, Marshall, and Maryville.
Area codes 530 and 837

**Area codes 530 and 837** are telephone area codes in the state of California, United States. It was created on November 1, 1997, when it was split from area code 916. It covers the northeastern and northern parts of California. Some of the major cities and towns in this area code include Redding, Chico, Davis, Grass Valley, South Lake Tahoe, and Yuba City. 530 was overlaid by 837 on January 31, 2025.
Area code 580

**Area code 580** is a telephone area code in the state of Oklahoma, United States. It was created on November 1, 1997, when it was split from area code 405. It covers the southern and western parts of Oklahoma. Some of the major cities and towns in this area code include Lawton, Enid, Ardmore, Altus, and Ponca City.
Area code 734

**Area code 734** is a telephone area code in the state of Michigan, United States. It was created on December 13, 1997, when it was split from area code 313. It covers the southeastern part of Michigan, including cities and towns such as Ann Arbor, Ypsilanti, Plymouth, Belleville, and Canton.
2018 Bangladesh quota reform movement

**2018 Bangladesh Quota Reform Movement** was a student movement in the country that demanded reforms to be made on recruitment policies for government services. Sadharon Chhatra Odhikar Songrokkhon Parishad (Bangladesh General Students' Right Conservation Council) initiated movement initially began on 17 February, and eventually spread country-wide by April.  quickly gained popularity among students of different universities and colleges, forcing the government to announce changes.

## Causes and demands

the existing Bangladesh government recruitment system, 56 percent of Government job entry positions are reserved for specific "entitled" classes: 30 per cent is to children/grandchildren from those who were in action during freedom struggle (1972-84), and then there're women with a percentage that goes up until about ten.

## Infobox (civil conflict)

- **title**: Bangladesh Quota Reform Movement 2018
- **image**: Quota_reform_protest_Dhaka_01.jpg
- **caption**: Quota reform protesters at University of Dhaka.
- **date**: 17 February 2018 - 18 July 2018
- **place**: Bangladesh
- **goals**: Decrease amount of quotas in government jobs in Bangladesh
- **methods**: Processions, Road Blockade
- **status**: Successful
- **result**: Government declaration to abolish quota system in government recruitment.
- **side1**: Students of different universities of Bangladesh led by Bangladesh Sadharon Chhatra Odhikar Songrokkhon Parishad
- **side2**: Bangladesh Police
- **side3**: Bangladesh Chhatra League
- **howmany1**: Millions
- **casualties1**: Approx 262 fatal injuries and 44 arrested
Area code 336

**Area code 336** is a telephone area code in the state of North Carolina, United States. It was created on December 15, 1997, when it was split from area code 910. It covers the central and northwestern part of North Carolina. Some of the major cities and towns in this area code include Greensboro, Winston-Salem, High Point, Burlington, and Asheboro. It was overlaid by area code 743 in 2016.
Ecotourism

**Ecotourism** is the practice of going to another place other than one's place of origin to see the unique natural wildlife in that foreign place.
Ordinary Time

**Ordinary Time** is a season (split in two) of the Christian liturgical year in which no major holidays occur. The time between Christmas and Lent is labeled as ordinary, and the time between Pentecost and Advent is labeled ordinary as well. In this context, "ordinary" means counted.
L'Hôpital's rule

**L'Hôpital's rule** is a mathematical rule that can calculate limits of an indeterminate form using derivatives. When the rule is used (it can be used multiple times), it turns an indeterminate form into a value that can be solved.

L'Hôpital's rule states that for functions  and  which are continuous over an interval, if  and  and exists, then

When the rule is used, it usually simplifies the limit or changes it to a limit that can be solved.
Highland Towers collapse

The **Highland Towers collapse** happened on 11 December 1993 in Taman Hillview, Ulu Klang, Selangor, Malaysia. Block 1 fell due to a landslide caused by heavy rain, killing 48 people. The complex had three 12-storey buildings, built between 1974 and 1982. The other two blocks were evacuated.

On 11 December 2004, former residents and victims gathered at the site for a final farewell. Siti Hasmah Mohamad Ali, the wife of former Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad, also attended.
Total World Tour

The **Total World Tour** was the fifth concert tour of the English singer Joss Stone. The tour was six years long. The tour visited almost every country. It began in Casablanca, Morocco, on 29 March 2014. It ended in Barcelona, Spain, on 3 July 2019.

On every day of the tour, Joss Stone met singers in the area and sang with them. She also volunteered for charities in every country.

## Infobox (concert)

- **concert tour name**: Total World Tour
- **image**: JossStone-Argentina2015.jpg
- **caption**: Stone performing at the first Buenos Aires concert.
- **artist**: Joss Stone
- **type**: World
- **start date**: 29 March 2014
- **end date**: 3 July 2019
- **number of shows**: 247
- **last tour**: LP1 World Tour
(2011)
- **this tour**: **Total World Tour**
(2014–19)
- **next tour**: 20 Years of Soul
(2023)
Michael Walzer

**Michael Laban Walzer** (; born March 3, 1935) is an American political theorist and intellectual. He is a professor emeritus at the Institute for Advanced Study (IAS). He is editor emeritus of the left-wing magazine _Dissent_.

## Written works

He has written books and essays on a many topics in politics, such as about Zionism, antisemitism, economic justice, social justice and radicalism. He is also a contributing editor to _The New Republic_.

Waltzer has written 27 books and published over 300 articles, essays, and book reviews in _Dissent_, _The New Republic_, _The New York Review of Books_, _The New Yorker_, _The New York Times_, _Harpers_, _Quillette_, and many philosophical and political science journals.

## Personal life

Walzer was born to a Jewish family on March 3, 1935. He graduated from Brandeis University in 1956. He then studied at the University of Cambridge and at Harvard University.

In 1956, Walzer married Judith Borodovko. They have two daughters. Walzer is the older brother of historian Judith Walzer Leavitt.

## Other websites

- _Dissent_ Quarterly magazine of politics and culture edited by Michael Walzer
- Walzer's biography at the Institute for Advanced Study
- "Arguing about War" Review of Walzer's _Arguing about War_ in _n+1_ magazine
- The Argument about Humanitarian Intervention  By Michael Walzer
- Micha Odenheimer, A “Connected Critic”, Micha Odenheimer speaks with an individual who has carved out a space for himself as a left-wing supporter of Israel, _Eretz Acheret_ Magazine

## Infobox (academic)

- **name**: Michael Walzer
- **image**: MichaelWalzer-USNA-Lecture.jpg
- **caption**: Walzer in 2002
- **birth name**: Michael Laban Walzer
- **birth place**: New York City, New York (state), New York, U.S.
- **thesis title**: The Revolution of the Saints
- **doctoral advisor**: Samuel Beer
- **workplaces**: Institute for Advanced Study
Give Me You (Mary J. Blige song)

"**Give Me You**" is a 2000 song by Mary J. Blige and is the third single from her fourth studio album _Mary_. It went to number 19 in the United Kingdom, number 68 in the United States, number 58 in Australia, number 24 in Scotland and number 45 in Ireland.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Give Me You
- **border**: yes
- **type**: single
- **artist**: Mary J. Blige
- **album**: Mary (Mary J. Blige album), Mary
- **length**: * 5:34 (US album version)
* 4:10 (UK single mix)
- **label**: MCA Records, MCA
- **writer**: Diane Warren
- **producer**: * Manuel Seal
* Nate-Love Clemons
- **prev title**: Deep Inside
- **prev year**: 1999
- **next title**: Your Child
- **next year**: 2000
Mabu forest

The **Mabu forest** is in Mozambique. It was 'discovered' by Professor Julian Bayliss in 2004. Its size at  made Mabu the largest single block of rainforest in southern Africa.

A single visit turned up 25 new species, and others which have never been catalogued. These animals and insects have no way of breeding with other populations. They evolve in isolation into animals unique and new to science. Mabu is effectively a sky island, with isolated mountains surrounded by lowlands.

Deforestation is not too far gone, but some of the animals are being hunted and eaten.
2024–25 Austrian Cup

The **2024–25 Austrian Cup** is the 94th edition of the national cup in Austrian football. SK Sturm Graz are the defending champions.

## Final

**Wolfsberger ACː** Nikolas Polster - Dominik Baumgartner - Chibuike Nwaiwu - Nicolas Wimmer - Boris Matic - Simon Piesinger (75. Ervin Omic) - Emmanuel Agyemang (86. Cheick Mamadou Diabate)- Maximilian Ullmann - Dejan Zukic (86. David Atanga) - Markus Pink (61. Erik Kojzek) - Thierno Ballo (76. Angelo Gattermayer) Coachː Dietmar Kühbauer

**TSV Hartbergː** Raphael Sallinger - Damjan Kovacevic - ̠Jürgen Heil - Paul Komposch - Justin Omoregie - Furkan Demir (76. Manuel Pfeifer) - Tobias Kainz  (76. Youba Diarra) - Benjamin Markus - Donis Avdijai - Jed Drew (62. Dominik Prokop) - Patrik Mijic (84. Elias Havel) Coachː Manfred Schmid

## Top goalscorers

|Rank|Player|Club|Goals|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1|align="left"|Donis Avdijaj|align="left"|TSV Hartberg|7|
|2|align="left"|Patrik Mijic|align="left"|TSV Hartberg|6|
|3|align="left"|Robert Zulj|align="left"|LASK|4|
|3|align="left"|Karim Konaté|align="left"|FC Red Bull Salzburg|4|
|3|align="left"|Saliou Sané|align="left"|SV Ried|4|
|3|align="left"|David Toshevski|align="left"|SK Austria Klagenfurt|4|
Breaching experiment

In the fields of sociology and social psychology, a **breaching experiment** is an experiment that shows how people react when commonly accepted social norms or rules are broken. Breaching experiments show that people react in "unexpected" ways when social norms are broken. They allow to observe different kinds of social reactions when norms are broken. These experiments are also about being able to see and describe the social structure that makes these social reactions possible. The idea of studying the violation of social norms and the accompanying reactions is used in both sociology and psychology today.

The approach assumes that people make new "rules" for social interactions every day and that they are not aware of it.  Erving Goffman published work that allows to study the construction of everyday social meanings and behavioral norms. His method involves breaking unstated but universally accepted rules.  Harold Garfinkel extended this idea. He developed ethnomethodology as a qualitative research method for social scientists. In the 1970s and 80s, famous social psychologist Stanley Milgram developed two experiments to observe and quantify responses to breaches in social norms to empirically analyze reactions to violation of those norms.

## Erving Goffman on social interaction

Goffman published two articles related to this domain: _Behavior in Public Places_ in 1963 and _Relations in Public: Microstudies of the Public Order,_ published in 1971. Goffman draws on his earlier studies of individuals in mental asylums, as well as other stigmatized social groups. He does this to highlight the often taken-for-granted rules of social interaction, as well as the results when rules are broken. He argues that the most common rule in all social situations is for the individual to "fit in". He defines norms as a kind of guide for action supported by social sanctions or reactions, in that there are penalties for infraction, or breaking norms, while individuals are generally rewarded for compliance. If an individual breaches a social norm, the act is often attributed to some property of the individual, such as that the person is sick or mentally ill. For example, a person who is observed talking to himself in a public place is assumed to be mentally ill by any strangers who may notice.

Goffman states that social gatherings have significant importance for organizing social life. He argues that all people in a social setting have some concern regarding the rules governing behavior. Infractions, or violation of an unstated rule, may be "taken as a sign that the offender cannot be trusted" not to take advantage of the situation "even though the original infraction itself" may actually be harmless.  Individuals come to "feel that rules for participating in gatherings are crucial for society’s well-being" and that these "rules are natural, inviolable, and fundamentally right".

## Related pages

- Amygdala hijack
- Social experiment
Social experiment

A **social experiment** is a method of psychological or sociological research that observes people's reactions to certain situations or events. The experiment depends on a particular social approach. The main source of information is the participants' point of view and knowledge. To carry out a social experiment, specialists usually split participants into two groups — active participants (people who take action in particular events) and respondents (people who react to the action). Throughout the experiment, specialists monitor participants to identify the effects and differences resulting from the experiment. A conclusion is then created based on the results. Intentional communities are generally considered social experiments.

Social psychology shows how individuals act in groups and how behavior is affected by social burdens and pressures. In most social experiments, the subjects are unaware that they are participating in an experiment. This is done to prevent bias. Like with any experiment, there may be ethical issues. Several "actors" or "plants" are used to study social behaviors. Companies have also used social experiments to collect consumer data and their opinions about a product or a particular topic.

## Ethics

There are many ethical concerns associated with social experiments. This is because social experiments manipulate of large population groups, often without the consent or knowledge of the subjects. In some instances, social experimentation has been staged unknowingly to the viewer to promote the image of the individual or for the pure purpose of generating controversy.

Researchers also believed that the impact of Informal Social Experiments via social media videos may have negative consequences on formal social marketing research as well as the society in general.  They say that even though Informal Social Experiments address moral and social issues such as child safety, self-confidence, etc., producers of these social experiments might do it for their gain and benefits.

## Digital platforms for social experiments

The use of digital platforms has changed the way in which researchers perform social experiments. Studies that take these platforms into account have to be done in a different way. Data gathering is different too. Digital platforms allow to reach a broader audience. This allows to conduct experiments outside the pure laboratory setting.  For example, the Citizen Social Lab platform combines human behavioral experiments with a citizen science approach, allowing researchers to bring science to a wider audience and conduct experiments in open and diverse environments.
Norway national under-20 football team

The **Norway national under-20 football team** represents Norway in international football completions. They have qualified for the FIFA U-20 World Cup three times and exited the group stage each time.

### FIFA U-20 World Cup record

|Year|Result|GP|W|D*|L|GS|GA|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1977|_did not qualify_|||||||
|1979||||||||
|1981||||||||
|1983||||||||
|1985||||||||
|1987||||||||
|1989|Group stage|3|1|0|2|4|5|
|1991|_did not qualify_|||||||
|1993|Group stage|3|0|1|2|0|5|
|1995|_did not qualify_|||||||
|1997||||||||
|1999||||||||
|2001||||||||
|2003||||||||
|2005||||||||
|2007||||||||
|2009||||||||
|2011||||||||
|2013||||||||
|2015||||||||
|2017||||||||
|2019|Group Stage|3|1|0|2|13|5|
|~~2021~~|_Cancelled_|||||||
|2023|colspan="7"|_did not qualify_||||||
|2025|colspan="7"|_To be determined_||||||
Mount Mabu

**Mount Mabu** is a mountain in northern Mozambique. It is famous for its old-growth rain forest. Mount Mabu is approximately  high, and the forest covers about . Mount Mabu is well-known by local people, but the Mabu forest and its extremely diverse wildlife were unknown to plant and animal scientists until 2005. A team of scientists from the Mulanje Mountain Conservation Trust (MMCT) and several ornithologists visited it after browsing Google Earth in 2005.  In 2008, there was another visit by scientists from Kew Royal Botanic Gardens; they browsed Google Earth's satellite view to look for potential unknown wildlife hotspots in Africa. It is frequently referred to as the "**Google Forest**". It forms part of a proposed ecoregion, to be called the South East Africa Montane Archipelago (SEAMA).

## Habitations

There are communities living around Mount Mabu. The closest are Nangaze, Nvava, and Limbue. The mountain plays a crucial role in the lives of these communities. The communities' resort to the mountain for protection, animal protein, smallholding, foraging, and traditional ceremonies – mucutu  in the present. These activities have generated a wealth of local knowledge about the Mountain that is yet to be explored in association with the growing interest on Mabu. In their cosmology Mount Mabu is a moral subject that needs to be respected.

## Infobox (mountain)

- **name**: Mount Mabu
- **photo**: Mount Mabu (10.3897-zse.92.9948) Figure 2 (cropped).jpg
- **elevation m**: 1700
- **language**: Portuguese language, Portuguese
- **location**: Mozambique
Prithviraj Chauhan

**Prithvi Raj III,** commonly known as **Prithviraj Chauhan** or **Rai Pithora** was a Hindu Rajput ruler who ruled parts of Northern India, including Delhi and Ajmer in the late 12th century from 1149 to 1192 CE .
Prithviraj Chauhan was the last independent Hindu king to sit on the throne of Delhi before Hemu. He ascended the throne in 1169 AD at the age of 20 and ruled from the twin capitals of Ajmer and Delhi, which he inherited from his maternal grandfather Arkpal or Anangpal Ill of the Tomar/Tanwar Rajput dynasty in Delhi. He controlled most of present-day Rajasthan and Haryana and, to sit upon the throne of Delhi and unified the Rajputs against muslim invasions. Prithviraj Raso, composed by Chauhan's court poet and friend Chand Bardai tells us clearly about the caste of Prithviraj Chauhan as a Hindu Rajput (Kshatriya).

Prithviraj Chauhan defeated Mohammad Ghori in the battle of Tarain but later in the 2nd Battle of Tarain Muhammad Ghori defeated and captured Prithviraj Chauhan, later executing the former king.
Area code 724

**Area code 724** is a telephone area code in the state of Pennsylvania in the United States. It covers the southwestern part of the state, including areas outside of Pittsburgh. It was created in 1998 when it was split from area code 412. It serves many counties in southwestern Pennsylvania, including parts of Allegheny, Beaver, Butler, Westmoreland, Washington, and Fayette counties.
Area code 925

**Area code 925** is a telephone area code in the state of California in the United States. It serves the eastern part of the San Francisco Bay Area, including cities like Walnut Creek, Concord, Pleasanton, and Livermore. It was created on March 14, 1998, when it was split from area code 510. It covers inland regions of the East Bay such as Livermore, Concord, Pleasant Hill, Walnut Creek, Martinez, Pleasanton, and Dublin.
Area code 828

**Area code 828** is a telephone area code in the state of North Carolina in the United States. It covers the western part of the state, including cities like Asheville, Hendersonville, Lenoir, and Boone. It was created on March 22, 1998, when it was split from area code 704. It covers cities such as Asheville, Franklin, Hickory, Murphy, Waynesville, and parts of western North Carolina.
Area code 843

**Area code 843** is a telephone area code in the state of South Carolina in the United States. It was created on March 22, 1998, when it was split from area code 803. It covers the southeastern part of the state, including cities like Charleston, Myrtle Beach, and Hilton Head Island. It was overlaid by 854 in 2015.
Area codes 256 and 938

**Area codes 256 and 938** are telephone area codes in the state of Alabama in the United States. They serve the northeastern part of the state, including cities like Huntsville, Decatur, Florence, and Anniston. Area code 256 was created on March 23, 1998, when it was split from area code 205. It covers a large region in northeastern Alabama, such the following counties: Calhoun, Cherokee, Colbert, Cullman, DeKalb, Etowah, Franklin, Jackson, Lauderdale, Lawrence, Limestone, Madison, Marshall, Morgan, and Winston. It was overlaid by 938 in 2010.
Timeline of food

## Prehistoric times

- 5-2 million years ago: Human like creatures switch from nuts and berries to eating meat.

- 2.5-1.8 million years ago: The discovery of the use of fire probably meant the invention of cooking.
- 250,000 years ago: Hearths appear, accepted guess for start of cooking chicken.
- 170,000 years ago: Cooked starchy roots and potatoes in Africa
- 40,000 years ago: First evidence of human fish consumption.
- 30,000 years ago: Earliest archaeological evidence for flour, which was likely processed into an unleavened bread.
- 25,000 years ago: The fish-gorge, a kind of fish hook, appears.
- 13,000 BCE: Contentious evidence of oldest domesticated rice in Korea. Their 15,000-year age challenges the accepted view that rice cultivation originated in China about 12,000 years ago. These findings were received by academia with strong skepticism, and the results and their publicizing has been cited as being driven by a combination of nationalist and regional interests.
- 12,500 BCE: The oldest evidence of bread-making, found in a Natufian site in Jordan's northeastern desert.
- 11,500 - 6200 BCE: Genetic evidence published in the _Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America_ (PNAS) shows that all forms of Asian rice, both _indica_ and _japonica_, spring from a single domestication that occurred 8,200–13,500 years ago in China of the wild rice _Oryza rufipogon_.
Hillbilly

**Hillbilly** is a word used for people who live in rural mountainous areas in the United States, mainly in the Appalachian region and the Ozarks. As people migrated out of the region during the Great Depression, the word has spread northward and westward.

The first known use of "hillbilly" in print were in _The Railroad Trainmen's Journal_ (vol. ix, July 1892), an 1899 photograph of men and women in West Virginia labeled "Camp Hillbilly", and a 1900 _New York Journal_ article with the definition that "a Hill-Billie is a free and untrammeled white citizen of Alabama, who lives in the hills, has no means to speak of, dresses as he can, talks as he pleases, drinks whiskey when he gets it, and fires off his revolver as the fancy takes him."

The stereotype of hillbillies can be seen as both positive and negative. "Hillbillies" are often seen as independent individuals who oppose the modernization of society, but they are also seen as old-fashioned and violent.
John W. Bricker

**John William Bricker** (September 6, 1893March 22, 1986) was an American politician and attorney. He was a United States Senator from 1947 to 1959. He also was the 54th governor of Ohio. He was also the Republican nominee for Vice President in 1944.

## Political career

Bricker served three terms as Governor of Ohio from 1939 to 1945. Bricker was an unsuccessful candidate for the Republican presidential nomination in 1944. He was Thomas E. Dewey's running mate on the Republican ticket in the 1944 election.

Bricker won election to the Senate in 1946. He introduced the Bricker Amendment, which would have limited the president's power to make treaties. It was not passed by Congress. Bricker won re-election in 1952 but lost to Stephen M. Young in 1958.

## Personal life

Bricker was born in Madison County, Ohio. He went to Ohio State University and began a legal practice in Columbus, Ohio. He also was in the United States Army during World War I. He was married to Harriet Day from 1920 until her death in 1985.

Bricker died on March 22, 1986 in Columbus at the age of 92.

## Other websites

- Former Capitol Policeman Shoots at Senator - Ghosts of DC blog
- John Bricker Oral History finding aid, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library

- Grave

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: John Bricker
- **image**: John W. Bricker cph.3b31299.jpg
- **jr/sr**: United States Senator
- **state**: Ohio
- **term start**: January 3, 1947
- **term end**: January 3, 1959
- **predecessor**: Kingsley A. Taft
- **successor**: Stephen M. Young
- **order1**: 54th List of governors of Ohio, Governor of Ohio
- **lieutenant1**: Paul M. Herbert
- **term start1**: January 9, 1939
- **term end1**: January 8, 1945
- **predecessor1**: Martin L. Davey
- **successor1**: Frank Lausche
- **office2**: 32nd Ohio Attorney General, Attorney General of Ohio
- **governor2**: George White (Ohio politician), George White
Martin L. Davey
- **term start2**: January 9, 1933
- **term end2**: January 11, 1937
- **predecessor2**: Gilbert Bettman
- **successor2**: Herbert S. Duffy
- **birth name**: John William Bricker
- **birth place**: Mount Sterling, Ohio, U.S.
- **death place**: Columbus, Ohio, U.S.
- **restingplace**: Green Lawn Cemetery (Columbus, Ohio), Green Lawn Cemetery
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **battles**: World War I
- **rank**: First Lieutenant
- **serviceyears**: 1917-1918
- **alma mater**: Ohio State University (Bachelor of Arts, BA, Bachelor of Laws, LLB)
- **caption**: Bricker in 1944