juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Zupaysaurus

***Zupaysaurus*** was a dinosaur that lived in South America 213 million years ago, during the Upper Triassic period. It was about 5 meters (15 feet) long. A dinosaur very similar to it, _Dracovenator_, lived in South Africa at the same time.

During the Triassic period, all the continents were connected to form the supercontinent of Pangaea, and animals could migrate freely between them. Zupaysaurus was a carnivore.
Zephyrosaurus

**Zephyrosaurus** was a small dinosaur. It was a relative of Hypsilophodon. It lived 132 million years ago, in the western part of what is now North America. It was 6 ft (2 metres) long and 3 ft (1 metre) high.

The remains are bones from various parts of the body. It had a steep face, a raised knob on the upper jaw, and a larger knob on the cheekbone. Some of the bones may have allowed movement within the skull (cranial kinesis) as well. Like other hypsilophodonts, it had beak teeth.
Hypsilophodon

***Hypsilophodon*** was a small, fast-running, plant-eating dinosaur. It lived 125 million years ago, was 2.3 metres long (7/8 feet), including tail, and weighed about the same as a man.

It was originally thought to be a young _Iguanodon_ which could climb trees. Later it was realised to be a different species, and to be a running dinosaur, not adapted for climbing.

## Palaeobiology

Like most small dinosaurs, _Hypsilophodon_ was bipedal and ran on two legs. Its entire body was built for running; a light-weight, low, aerodynamic posture, long legs and stiff tail for balance. All this would have allowed it to travel remarkably fast for its size.

_Hypsilophodon_ fed on low-growing vegetation, most likely preferring young shoots and roots in the manner of modern deer. The structure of its skull, with the teeth set far back into the jaw, strongly suggests that it had cheeks, an advanced feature that would have facilitated the chewing of food. There were twenty-eight to thirty ridged teeth in the animal's jaw which, due to their alternate arrangement, appear to have been self-sharpening.  As in almost all dinosaurs and certainly all the ornithischians, the teeth were continuously replaced.

The level of parental care in this dinosaur has not been defined, although a neatly-arranged nest has been found, suggesting that some care was taken before hatching. Fossils of large groups have been found, so it is likely that the animals moved in herds. For these reasons, the hypsilophodonts, particularly _Hypsilophodon_, have often been referred to as the "deer of the Mesozoic".

Despite living in the Cretaceous, _Hypsilophodon_ had a number of primitive, or basal, features. For example, there were five fingers on each 'hand' and four on each foot. Most dinosaurs had fewer digits by the Cretaceous period. Also, although it had a beak, _Hypsilophodon_ still had pointed triangular teeth in the front of the jaw. Most herbivorous dinosaurs had, by this stage, lost the front teeth altogether (although there is some debate as to whether these teeth may have had a specialized function in _Hypsilophodon_).

The group Hypsilophodontidae remained the same from the Upper Jurassic to the end of the Cretaceous. It is possible that this was because the animals were almost perfectly adapted to their lifestyle, therefore selective pressure, it is assumed, was low.

## Hypsilophodontidae

The family named after _Hysilophodon_ has these genera:

- _Agilisaurus_
- _Anabisetia_
- _Atlascopcosaurus_
- _Drinker_
- _Fulgurotherium_
- _Gasparinisaura_
- _Gongbusaurus_ (= _Eugongbusaurus_)
- _Hexinlusaurus_.
- _Hypsilophodon_
- _Jeholosaurus_
- _Leaellynasaura_
- _Notohypsilophodon_
- _Orodromeus_
- _Othnielosaurus_.
- _Koreanosaurus_.
- _Parksosaurus_
- _Qantassaurus_
- _Thescelosaurus_
- _Yandusaurus_
- _Zephyrosaurus_
Dryosaurus

***Dryosaurus*** was a small plant-eating ornithopod dinosaur that lived in forests of western North America around 150 million years ago.

Its family, the Dryosauridae, were precursors (ancestors) of the Iguanodons, and lived from the Middle Jurassic to the Lower Cretaceous.
Iguanodon

***Iguanodon*** is a genus of ornithopod dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous period in Europe, North America, Africa and Asia. It lived 125/126 million years ago (mya).

Discovered in 1822 and described three years later by English geologist Gideon Mantell, _Iguanodon_ was the second dinosaur formally named, after _Megalosaurus_. Together with _Megalosaurus_ and _Hylaeosaurus_, it was one of the three genera originally used to define the Dinosauria.

A large, bulky herbivore, _Iguanodon_ is thought by some to be in the same family as the duck-billed hadrosaurs. The taxonomy of the genus continues to be a topic of study as new species are named or long-standing ones reassigned to other genera.

Scientific understanding of _Iguanodon_ has evolved over time. New information is got from the fossils. Researchers have made suggestions about  the living animal, including feeding, movement, and social behaviour.  As one of the first scientifically known dinosaurs, _Iguanodon_ is well known.

## Species

There are at least two species recognised:
- _I. bernissartensis_, described by George Albert Boulenger in 1881, is the type species for the genus. This species is best known for the many skeletons discovered in a coal mine in Bernissart, Belgium in 1878. The coal dates to the earliest Cretaceous period. 36 adult skeletons were excavated at this site, a coal mine. This is by far the largest find of this species. The species is large and strong.
- _I. galvensis_, described in 2015, is based on adult and juvenile remains found in deposits in Teruel, Spain, dating to about 126 mya.

## Posture and movement

Because its front limbs were shorter than the hindlimbs, Mantell guessed it could move on two legs, as opposed to Owen, who thought it was quadrupedal. As it happens, it probably used both modes. Slow walking would be done on all fours, and faster running on the hind legs. Either way, the position of the body would be more horizontal than upright, with the tail held above the ground by its ossified (bony) ligaments (they can be clearly seen on the skeleton). It would defend itself against predators on its hind legs, using its strong front arms and dagger-like thumbs as weapons.

## Eating

The teeth were close-set grinding teeth suitable for a browser. it is believed that, as with most other ornithischians, _Iguanodon_ had some sort of cheek-like structure, muscular or non-muscular, to keep food in the mouth.
Xylem

**Xylem** is a tissue in vascular plant<nowiki/>s. Its cells have thick, hard walls. Xylem tissue dies soon after it is formed and is the wood in the middle of a tree. The dead cells are like pipes, hollow and rigid.

Xylem is one of two tissues in the plant which transport substances that plants need to live. Substances that xylem transports include water and minerals obtained through the plant's roots, as xylem runs from the roots to the stems and leaves. The other transport tissue is the phloem, which transports energy in the form of sugar (as well as any other chemicals) from the leaves to the rest of the plant.

Xylem cells are present in all parts of a plant, in stems, roots, and leaves. Water is carried against gravity by the negative pressure that builds up through the process of transpiration, which is the evaporation of moisture in leaves.

Xylem consists of four types of cells:

1. Xylem parenchyma which are living cells with thin walls
1. Xylem fibres
1. Tracheids
1. Xylem vessels

Most of these cells are dead cells and have thick walls.

## Related pages

- Medullary ray
Ceratosaurus

***Ceratosaurus*** was a genus of middle sized primitive predatory dinosaur from the Upper Jurassic period, 161.2 million to 145 million years ago in the Oxfordian (stage).

It was first described by O.C. Marsh in 1884. It had a horn on its nose, and a pair of small horns above its eyes. Unusually, for a theropod, _Ceratosaurus_ had armour: small osteoderms ran down the middle of its back.

The animal had deep jaws and long blade-like teeth. A nearly complete skeleton was discovered in Garden Park, Colorado, in rocks belonging to the Morrison Formation.Other examples or close relatives have since been found.Ceratosaurus was a middle sized carnivorous dinosaur found in the Jurassic period. Ceratosaurus was known for the large horns on the top of its head.Ceratosaurus was in the same time as the allosaurus,stegosaurus and many more.Ceratosaurus was ranged from 9.2 meters long to 11.6 meters long.

This made it a fast and dependable predator. Ceratosaurus had 4 fingers mostly used for grasping\clutching objects. Ceratosaurus teeth were around 1.7-2.1 inches tall. Scientists have found bite marks of Ceratosaurus in many dinosaurs including, Allosaurus,Stegosaurus, possibly Dryosaurus, and many more.
Carnotaurus

***Carnotaurus*** was a predatory dinosaur. It lived 70 million years ago in the Cretaceous period. It was a large theropod which lived in South America. Although there is only one well-preserved skeleton, it is one of the best-understood theropods from the southern hemisphere. The skeleton, found in 1984, was uncovered in the Chubut Province of Argentina.

_Carnotaurus_ is a member of the Abelisauridae, a group of large theropods. They lived only in the ancient southern supercontinent Gondwana. They were the dominant predators of the later Cretaceous of Gondwana. They occupied the ecological niche filled by the tyrannosaurids in the northern continents.

## Description

_Carnotaurus_ was a lightly built, bipedal predator, about 4.6 m (16 ft) tall,  in length and weighing . As a theropod, _Carnotaurus_ was highly specialized and distinctive. It had thick horns above the eyes, a feature not seen in other carnivorous dinosaurs, and a very deep skull sitting on a muscular neck. Also, it had small, vestigial forelimbs, smaller even than those of _Tyrannosaurus_.

The remains include skin impressions showing a mosaic of small, non-overlapping scales about 5 mm in diameter. The mosaic was interrupted by large bumps that lined the sides of the animal, and there are no hints of feathers.

The distinctive horns and muscular neck may have been used in fighting rivals of its own species. Rivals may have fought with quick head blows, by slow pushes with the upper sides of their skulls, or by ramming each other head-on, using their horns as shock absorbers. The feeding habits of _Carnotaurus_ remain unclear. Some studies suggest the animal was able to hunt down very large prey such as sauropods, while other studies find it preyed mainly on relatively small animals. _Carnotaurus_ was well adapted for running and was possibly one of the fastest large theropods.

## Palaeoecology

The animal lived in an environment of estuaries, tidal flats or coastal plains. The climate would have been seasonal with both dry and humid periods. The most common vertebrates collected include  lungfish, turtles, crocodiles, plesiosaurs, dinosaurs, lizards, snakes and mammals. Turtles are represented by at least five taxa. In 2011, the discovery of a new enantiornithine bird from the La Colonia Formation was announced.

## Media

It appears in the movie _Dinosaur_ (2000), when two Carnotaurus were killing other species of Iguanodon, Parasaurolophus, Pachyrhinosaurus or Stygimoloch. And in _Jurassic World 2: Fallen Kingdom_ (2018), when fighting a Sinoceratops and gets taken down by the iconic "Rexy" the Tyrannosaurus rex. Later on in the movie, it escapes the "Lockwood Manor". It also appears in Michael Crichton's book "The Lost World" (1995)
Dilophosaurus

Dilophosaurus (which means "double-crested reptile") was a medium-to-large carnivorous dinosaur that lived about 201-182 million years ago, during the Early Jurassic period. It was one of the earliest large meat-eating dinosaurs known to science.

Dilophosaurus was around 6 to 7 meters (20 to 23 feet) long and walked on two strong legs. It had long arms with sharp claws, a long tail for balance, and a slender, lightweight body that helped it move quickly. Its most famous feature was the pair of thin, bony crests on top of its head. These crests may have been used to attract mates or to show off to rivals, but they were too fragile for fighting.

Scientists have changed their ideas about Dilophosaurus many times. Since it was discovered in the 1940s, it has been placed into at least nine different groups of theropod dinosaurs. Some researchers think it was related to smaller dinosaurs like Coelophysis, while others believe it belongs in its own special branch of early meat-eaters.

Fossils of Dilophosaurus have mostly been found in what is now the western United States and China Back then, the land was covered with slow-moving rivers and flat floodplains. These wet environments helped preserve the bones. Although not many details are known about its daily life, its sharp teeth and strong jaws show that it ate meat, possibly hunting small dinosaurs or scavenging from larger animals.

_Dilophosaurus_ was shown in the movies, _Jurassic Park and_ _Jurassic World Dominion,_ aswell as the documentary, _When Dinosaurs Roamed America_. However, the designs shown in Jurassic Park and Jurassic World are not correct to the current understanding of the animal.
SimCity 4

***SimCity 4*** is the fourth sequel to the SimCity computer game. It was created by Maxis and published by Electronic Arts.

## New Features

The main new feature in this game is the addition of 'God Mode'. This is one of the three elements of gameplay. Players can add mountains, lakes, rivers and canyons to their landscape.

Another feature is "MySims" mode, a mode that lets players import their Sims from the game The Sims and add them into their city. This lets players see what they are thinking.

Cities are grouped into regions, which allow different cities in the same region to be connected. They can be connected by road or train, and cities could share water. Some regions come with the game, but you can create your own.

## RCI

RCI stands for residential (housing), commercial, and industry demand. The higher the demand, the faster the city grows. No demand or negative demand causes buildings to be empty and run down.

### City Growth

Big buildings show up when you have high density zones. The amount of people living in the city changes the amount of skyscrapers built in the city. Skyscrapers can be built when residential population reaches 30,000, and when commercial population reaches 45,000.

## Infobox (video game)

- **developer**: Maxis
- **publisher**: EA Games (Windows)
Aspyr Media (Mac OS X)
- **producer**: Kevin Hogan
Sean Decker
- **designer**: Joseph Knight
Michael McCormick
- **programmer**: Paul Pedriana
- **artist**: Ocean Quigley
David Patch
- **writer**: Dorothy Bradshaw
Tom Bentley
- **composer**: Jerry Martin (composer), Jerry Martin
- **series**: _SimCity_
- **genre**: City-building game, City-building
- **modes**: Single-player video game, Single-player
- **platforms**: Microsoft Windows
macOS, Mac OS X
Elasmosaurus

***Elasmosaurus*** was a 46 foot long swimming reptile that lived in the North American Inland Sea. It was a plesiosaur.

It was first discovered in 1868 by a scientist named Edward Drinker Cope who accidentally put the head on the tail. It had 71 cervical vertebrae.

It was suggested by D.M.S. Watson that their method was as surface swimmers, mostly eating with their head above water, darting down to snatch smaller fish which were feeding on plankton. It is hard to see the benefit of a long neck under water. Aquatic mammals operating under water all have a streamlined torpedo-shape, as did pliosaurs and ichthyosaurs. All the longer-necked families were, from the setting of the teeth and jaws, eaters of small fish. The large number of neck vertebrae is probably linked to the modest degree of flexibility between adjacent vertebrae.
Movement (music)

Long pieces of classical music are often divided into **movements**.  They are like different sections of the piece. Movements can be quite short, or extremely long.  If you listen to a symphony it may often be divided into four movements.  In the time of Haydn and Mozart the four movements were normally: a fast movement, a slow movement, a dance-like movement (minuet) and a fast movement to end the work.

Concert programmes usually show how many movements there are in the work that is being performed.  It may show this using Italian musical terms (e.g. _Allegro_ meaning _fast_, _Presto_ meaning _very fast_ or _Andante_ meaning _a gentle walking pace_).   Here is an example:

Robert Schumann:   Symphony no 4 in D minor op.120

1. Andante con moto – Allegro di molto
1. Romanze: Andante
1. Scherzo: Presto
1. Finale: Allegro vivace - Presto

Sometimes an orchestra will take a minute or two to retune their instruments, especially in a symphony by Mahler or Shostakovich where one movement might be as long as 25 minutes.  At other times the conductor or performer will want to go almost straight on with hardly any break.  Sometimes the composer shows that there should be no break at all between movements.

Audiences in the olden days often used to clap between movements, but usually these days they wait until the end of the work to applaud.

The German word for “movement” (in this musical sense) is “Satz” which really means “sentence”.  A movement is like a sentence: a collection of things that belong together to make sense.  All the movements together are like several sentences: they tell the whole story of music.
Port Hedland, Western Australia

**Port Hedland** is a city on the north coast of Western Australia. It has 13,000 people living there. It is the largest city in the Pilbara Region. It has a very large mineral port, because of one of the world's biggest iron deposits.

## Infobox (australian place)

- **type**: town
- **name**: Port Hedland
- **state**: wa
- **image**: Esplanade Hotel, Port Hedland, WA, 2023, 04.jpg
- **caption**: Esplanade Hotel, Port Hedland, April 2023
- **pop**: 15298
- **established**: 22 October 1896
- **postcode**: 6721
- **elevation**: 6
- **timezone**: Australian Western Standard Time, AWST
- **utc**: +8
- **dist1**: 1322
- **location1**: Perth, Western Australia, Perth
- **dist2**: 612
- **location2**: Broome, Western Australia, Broome
- **lga**: Town of Port Hedland
- **stategov**: Electoral district of Pilbara, Pilbara
- **fedgov**: Division of Durack, Durack
- **maxtemp**: 33.3
- **mintemp**: 19.5
- **rainfall**: 318.9
- **local map**: yes
- **zoom**: 9
Worms, Germany

**Worms** (pronounced /voɐms/) is a city in southwestern Germany in the federal state of Rhineland-Palatinate (Rheinland-Pfalz). It lies on the River Rhine. Worms is famous for its local Liebfraumilch wine. It is an industrial center, producing chemicals and metal goods. At the end of 2004, it had 85,829 inhabitants.

Along with Cologne and Trier, Worms is one the oldest cities in Germany.  But, there is a disagreement which of the three is actually the oldest. The town is mentioned in the _Nibelungenlied_, an old Germanic saga. The town was also very important because of Martin Luther who defended his case against the emperor Charles V in Worms.

The Cathedral of Saint Peter is a very large church in the town. It is one of only three Romanesque cathedrals in Germany. The other two are in Mainz and Speyer. The Worms cathedral is one of the most important Romanesque buildings in Germany.

## Other websites

- The Official website  of the town of Worms _(in English)_
- _Nibelungenmuseum_ website _(in English)_
- wormser-dom.de, website of the Worms Cathedral with pictures _(in German; click on the "Bilder" link in the left pane)_

## Infobox (german location)

- **name**: Worms
- **art**: Stadt
- **image photo**: Wormser Dom Seitenansicht.jpg
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **image caption**: Cathedral of Saint Peter
- **wappen**: DEU Worms COA.svg
- **image flag**: Flagge Worms.svg
- **bundesland**: Rheinland-Pfalz
- **landkreis**: Kreisfreie Stadt
- **elevation**: 86
- **fläche**: 108.73
- **einwohner**: 82212
- **stand**: 2006-12-31
- **plz**: 67501–67551
- **vorwahl**: 06241,
_06242, 06246, 06247_
- **kfz**: WO
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 07 3 19 000
- **bürgermeister**: Michael Kissel
- **bürgermeistertitel**: Oberbürgermeister
- **partei**: SPD
Sex toy

A **sex toy** is a device that helps humans get more pleasure when they have sex or when they masturbate. Sometimes these devices are also called **adult toys**, or **marital aid**. "Marital aid" may also apply to herbs or drugs that have such an effect. Herbs with such an effect are aphrodisiacs. Pornography is not called a sex toy. Neither are condoms or methods of birth control.

Sex toys can be bought in sex shops. There are also special trade fairs for them. And many online stores sell them on the internet.

Crab-eating Macaques on Bali have been seen as they used stones to sexually stimulate themselves.

## History

The idea of a sex toy isn't new. Some, shaped as phalluses, have been made since the Neolithic. There are paintings from Ancient Egypt that show dildos.

Artifacts from the Upper Paleolithic of a type called bâton de commandement could have been used for sexual purposes.  Few archaeologists consider these items as sex toys, but archaeologist Timothy Taylor put it, "Looking at the size, shape, and—some cases—explicit symbolism of the ice age batons, it seems disingenuous to avoid the most obvious and straightforward interpretation. But it has been avoided."

## Legality

Sex toys are illegal in some countries. India considers them obscene, and selling or trading them is banned. In Malaysia, selling dildoes is banned as well.

## Effects

There has been research into sex toys, to see if their use is good for health or not. Most studies show that most people have a positive experience about using sex toys. They report that they are sexually aroused and satisfied more often, that it was easier to get an orgasm (especially for women), and that there was a more playful approach to sex and the fun of something new during sex. There are stores that specialise in sex toys for women. Some organizations link the sale of sex toys with sexual education and aim to support women's sexual empowerment. In clinical settings, more positive effects have been found: Sex toys are used for therapies, for example, in the context of therapy for orgasm disorders. They can also enable people with disabilities to have more sexual activity.

## Types

Types of sex toys include:

- Dildo
- Vibrator (sensual)
- Anal beads
Compsognathus

***Compsognathus*** was a small carnivorous theropod dinosaur, from the end of the Jurassic period, around 144 million years ago. It was about a metre long, and ran on two legs, using its long tail to keep its balance.

_Compsognathus_ is known from two nearly complete specimens, one from Germany (89 cm 35 in long), and another from France (125 cm 49 in long). The German specimen was found in the Solnhofen limestone in Bavaria, over 150 years ago.

The larger French specimen (MNHN CNJ 79) was discovered in 1972 in the Portland limestone, near Nice in southeastern France. Although originally described as a separate species called _Compsognathus corallestris_, others have since renamed it as another example of _Compsognathus longipes_.

It is one of the few dinosaurs whose diet is known with certainty: the remains of small, agile lizards are preserved in the bellies of both specimens. Also it was once the smallest dino on earth but now that belongs to the _Micropachycephalosaurus_

## Historical importance

Thomas Henry Huxley ("Darwin's bulldog"), who was a comparative anatomist, made a study of it nearly 150 years ago. He compared the first fossil bird, _Archaeopteryx_, with _Compsognathus_. These two fossils were found in the same rocks: Solnhofen limestone in Bavaria, Germany. The strata come from the end of the Jurassic, about 144 million years ago. Huxley showed that the two were almost identical, except for the front limbs and feathers of _Archaeopteryx_. He showed the basic affinity of birds and reptiles, which he united them under the title of _Sauropsida_. Huxley concluded that birds evolved from small carnivorous dinosaurs.

### Diet

The remains of a lizard in the German specimen's thoracic cavity show that _Compsognathus_ preyed on small vertebrates. Marsh, who examined the specimen in 1881, thought that this small skeleton inside _Compsognathus_ belly was an embryo, but in 1903, Franz Nopcsa concluded that it was a lizard. Ostrom identified the remains as belonging to a lizard of the genus _Bavarisaurus_, which he concluded was a fast and agile runner owing to its long tail and limb proportions. This in turn led to the conclusion that its predators, _Compsognathus_, must have had sharp vision and the ability to rapidly accelerate and outrun the lizard. The _Bavarisaurus_ is in a single piece, indicating that the _Compsognathus_ must have swallowed its prey whole. The French specimen's gastric contents consist of unidentified lizards or sphenodontids.

## Size

_Compsognathus_ was once thought to be the smallest dinosaur. However, if we assume the smaller specimen was a juvenile, then there are other slightly smaller species. The smallest dinosaur is probably _Anchiornis_; other candidates are: _Micropachycephalosaurus_; _Caenagnathasia_; _Microraptor_; and _Parvicursor_.
Micropachycephalosaurus

***Micropachycephalosaurus, a*** tiny thick headed lizard, is a genus of ornithischian dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous. It was a herbivore, and lived in what is now Shandong, China. It was one of the smallest dinosaur ever discovered, just over a meter long, but with the longest name. Before it was discovered _Compsognathus_ was the smallest known dinosaur.

The lack of the skull roof means the fossil cannot be placed at family level. It might or might not be a pachycephalosaur. Butler and Zhao therefore classified it as an indeterminate member of the Cerapoda. In 2011, cladistic analysis showed that _Micropachycephalosaurus_ is a basal member of the Ceratopsia. In this context, basal does not mean 'ancestral'; the fossil is far too late for that. It means simply 'unspecialized', or lacking derived traits.

## Related pages

- _Wannanosaurus_
Velociraptor

***Velociraptor***  was a predatory dromaeosaur of the Upper Cretaceous, about 75–71 million years ago.

It was a slender, lightly built carnivore. It was about two meters long (nearly seven feet) and 0.62 meters tall at the hip.

_Velociraptor_ had one sickle-shaped claw on its foot which measured 6.5 centimeters along its length, and a smaller one on each hand. _Velociraptor_ was warm blooded and had feathers.

Fossils from China suggest that the whole clade had similar traits.

Fossils of _Velociraptor_ were first found in the Gobi Desert of Mongolia in 1922. In 1988, scientists from China found _Velociraptor_ skeletons in northern China.

A famous _Velociraptor_, discovered in 1971, was found attacking a _Protoceratops_ in a fossil from Mongolia.

## Feathers

In September 2007 researchers found quill knobs on the forearm of a _Velociraptor_ found in Mongolia. These bumps on bird wing bones show where feathers anchor, and their presence on _Velociraptor_ indicate it also had feathers.

Turner and colleagues interpreted the presence of feathers on _Velociraptor_ as evidence that the ancestors of dromaeosaurids could fly, making _Velociraptor_ and other large members of this family secondarily flightless. This idea has since been discarded; the unmodified forearms count against it. Therefore, the feathers in the ancestors of _Velociraptor_ had another function. The feathers of the flightless _Velociraptor_ may have been used for display, and/or for covering their nests while brooding.

The majority view is that dinosaur feathers were primarily adaptations for temperature regulation, and that other uses came later. _Velociraptor_ was not able to fly.

## Species

Specimens from two species have been found:
- _V. mongoliensis_ in Mongolia
- _V. osmolskae_ in Inner Mongolia, China

In both cases the ecology of the time was dry, with sand dunes and occasional streams.

## Related pages

- Origin of birds
Rhea (moon)

**Rhea** (; ) is Saturn's second largest moon.  It is made of ice and rock.

## Ring system

Rhea may have a thin ring system with three narrow bands in a disk of solid particles. These would be the first rings seen around a moon. The discovery was announced in the journal _Science_ on March 6, 2008.

## Infobox (planet)

- **name**: Rhea
- **alt names**: Saturn V
- **adjectives**: Rhean
- **image**: PIA07763 Rhea full globe5.jpg
- **caption**: _Cassini–Huygens, Cassini_ view of Rhea's anti-Saturnian hemisphere, showing the moon's two largest impact basins (Mamaldi (crater), Mamaldi above and left of center, and adjacent Tirawa (crater), Tirawa to its upper right). At highest resolution, several long linear features are visible: halfway down from center is Harahvaiti Fossa, while near the limb left of the bottom is Koykamou Catena.
- **discoverer**: Giovanni Domenico Cassini, G. D. Cassini
- **discovered**: December 23, 1672
- **semimajor**: 527 108 Kilometer, km
- **eccentricity**: 0.001 258 3
- **period**: 4.518 212 Day, d
- **inclination**: 0.345° (to Saturn's equator)
- **satellite of**: Saturn (planet), Saturn
- **mean radius**: 763.8 ± 1.0 km
- **dimensions**: 1532.4×1525.6×1524.4 km
- **surface area**: 7 337 000 km²
- **mass**: (2.306 518 ± 0.000 353) Kilogram, kg (~3.9 Earths)
- **density**: 1.236 ± 0.005 Gram, g/Cubic centimeter, cm³
- **surface grav**: Acceleration, m/s²
- **escape velocity**: km/s
- **rotation**: 4.518 212 d
 (Synchronous rotation, synchronous)
- **axial tilt**: zero
- **albedo**: 0.949 ± 0.003 (geometric albedo, geometric)
- **magnitude**: 10
- **temp name1**: Kelvin
- **min temp 1**: 53 Kelvin, K
- **mean temp 1**:  
- **max temp 1**: 99 K
Mimas (moon)

**Mimas** (from the Greek _Μίμᾱς_) is one of Saturn's largest moons. It is also called **Saturn I**. Mimas is best known for its large crater, Herschel. In the centre of the crater is a very high mountain. Mimas was discovered by the English astronomer William Herschel on September 17, 1789. It resembles the Death Star from _Star Wars_. The moon is believed to have created the Cassini Division. This is a 4,800 km gap between Saturn's A and B rings.

## Discovery and naming

Mimas was discovered in 1789 by William Herschel. He discovered it on September 17. Herschel discovered it along with another Saturnian moon, Enceladus
Mimas was named after one of the Titans in mythology. Mimas was the giant.

## Surface

Mimas is full with craters like our Moon. But unlike the craters on the Moon, Mimas has icy craters like going through an icy object.
Mimas has craters, but the most famous is the Herschel crater. It is 130 km (80 mi) in diameter. The diameter of Herschel is about 1/3 of Mimas. If a comet or asteroid that hit Mimas were to hit Earth, the crater would be seen from space with all the Earth shown in view.
Mimas would evaporate away if it was too close to the Sun.

## Exploration

Mimas has been visited by 4 or 5 spacecrafts.

- Pioneer 11
- Voyager 1
- Voyager 2
- Cassini
Aphrodisiac

An **aphrodisiac** is a type of food or drink that gives one a higher libido. The name comes from the Greek goddess Aphrodite. A food or drink that makes a person less aroused is called an anaphrodisiac. Some things thought by some to be aphrodisiacs are ginko, ashwaganda, oysters and chocolate.
Protoceratops

**Protoceratops** was a ceratopsian dinosaur from Mongolia. It was shown in a fossil being attacked by a _Velociraptor_.
Vidar

**Víðarr** (Old Norse: "the wide ruling one") is the god of vengeance in Norse mythology. A member of the Æsir, he is the son of Odin and the giantess Gríðr. During Ragnarök, when the monstrous wolf Fenrir swallows Odin whole, Víðarr is told to avenge his father's death, as he takes Fenrir by the jaw and tears his head apart, killing Fenrir. He will ultimately survive Ragnarök, as he will then meet with his brother Váli in Iðavöllr, where Asgard once lay; there they are joined by their brothers, Höðr and Baldr, as well as Thor's sons, Magni and Móði. After Ragnarok Víðarr will rule after Odin.
Anchisaurus

**Anchisaurus** was a small sauropod dinosaur from the early Jurassic. It was shown in the movie _When Dinosaurs Roamed America_ getting attacked by a pack of _Megapnosaurus_ and eaten by a _Dilophosaurus_.
Segisaurus

***Segisaurus*** was a small dinosaur of the early Jurassic period. It was a relative of _Coelophysis_, and ate mainly meat. Although it was small, it still had to watch out for predators like _Dilophosaurus_ and _Sinosaurus_.

## Popular media

Segisaurus has not appeared in a lot of media, because it is a rare dinosaur and cannot be added to TV shows or movies. It has been inactive in novels such as The Lost World. It also made an inactive appearance in the movie Jurassic Park.
Psittacosaurus

***Psittacosaurus*** was a small ceratopsian dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous. It lived in what is now Asia, about 130 to 100 million years ago. It was more basal than other members of the Ceratopsia: it was bipedal, and had no horns or frill on its head. What made it a ceratopsian was its beak.

It is the most species-rich dinosaur genus, but there is no general agreement on these species. Nine to eleven species are named for fossils found in different regions of China, Mongolia and Russia, with a possible additional species from Thailand.

All species of _Psittacosaurus_ were gazelle-sized bipedal herbivores with a high, powerful beak on the upper jaw. At least one species had long, quill-like structures on its tail and lower back, possibly with a display function. Psittacosaurs were early ceratopsians. They developed  adaptations of their own, but they also shared features with later ceratopsians, such as _Protoceratops_ and the elephant-sized _Triceratops_.
Zuniceratops

**Zuniceratops** was a ceratopsian dinosaur. It grew up to 13 feet (or 4 meter long. His dinosaur family came from Asia.
His scientific name is _Zuniceratops christopheril_, had 2 tons.
Quilmesaurus

**Quilmesaurus** was a predatory dinosaur from the Cretaceous period. It lived 95 million years ago.

Metropolis, Illinois

January 24 2027
Zalmoxes

**Zalmoxes** is a genus of ornithopod dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of Romania. It was a relative of Iguanodon and, like all its order, it was a herbivore.

Most of the skeleton is known with exception of the end of the tail, the hands and the feet.
Oviraptor

***Oviraptor*** is a genus of dinosaur that is today Mongolia. _Oviraptor_ was a relatively large-brained dinosaur which cared for its eggs. In 1924, an _Oviraptor_ fossil was found on top of some eggs, and some thought that it had been eating the eggs. Others thought that the fossilized _Oviraptor_ was probably a parent of the eggs in the nest, and not an egg thief.

_Oviraptor_ lived in the Upper Cretaceous period, about 75 million years ago. Only one definite specimen is known (with associated eggs), from Mongolia, though a possible second specimen (also with eggs) comes from the northeast region of Inner Mongolia, China.

_Oviraptor_ is usually drawn with a distinctive crest, similar to that of the cassowary. However, re-examination of  several oviraptorids show that this well-known, tall-crested species may actually belong to a relative of _Oviraptor_, the genus _Citipati_. It is likely that _Oviraptor_ did have a crest, but its exact size and shape are unknown due to crushing in the skull of the only recognized specimen.

Judging by its relatives, _Oviraptor_ probably had feathers. It had a toothless beak, but its feeding habits are unknown. The only _Oviraptor_ fossil preserved the remains of a lizard in the region of its stomach cavity, implying that the species was at least partially carnivorous.

## Relatives

In 1976, Barsbold put six more brooding (nest sitting) specimens into the genus _Oviraptor_, but these were later reclassified in the new genus _Conchoraptor_. Another specimen, IGN 100/42, is perhaps the most famous, owing to its well-preserved complete skull and large size. This specimen was referred to the genus _Oviraptor_ by Barsbold in 1981, and was presented as _Oviraptor_ in popular magazines and scientific studies. However, this specimen, with its distinctive tall, cassowary-like crest, was re-examined by the scientists who described the nesting oviraptorids, and found to resemble them more closely than the original specimens of _Oviraptor_. For this reason, they removed IGN 100/42 from the genus _Oviraptor_, suggesting it was a species of _Citipati_.
Oyster

**Oysters** are a family of bivalves with rough, thick shells, the Ostreidae. Some other types of shellfish are also called 'oyster'. Many species are edible, and are usually served raw. They are also good when cooked.

In the past, they were an important food source, especially in France and Britain. They used to grow in huge oyster beds, but were "overfished" in the 19th century. Nowadays they are more expensive, so eaten less often.

Oysters are usually harvested before they are fully grown. Left to themselves, they do grow quite large. A recent example was an oyster which was 11 inches long (29cm) and 3.7 lbs in weight (1.7kg). The BBC report says "The family (firm) estimated it could be between '15 and 20 years old' due to its size. The world's largest oyster was 13.97 inches long (35.5cm) and  4.21 inches (10.7cm) in width. It was found in Denmark in December 2013, Guinness World Records said".

Oysters are picked up from their muddy beds by dredging. The oysters are "shucked" from their shells before sale. Shucking is done with a short knife inserted between the upper and lower shell. The adductor muscle, which holds it closed, is cut away, and that releases the oyster. The oyster is sold loose but within its shell. Shucking method:

- Insert the blade, with moderate force and vibration if necessary, at the hinge between the two valves.
- Twist the blade until there is a slight pop.
- Slide the blade upward to cut the adductor muscle which holds the shell closed.

The seawater the oysters were in does not stay in the oyster. Oysters (and shellfish generally) are purified while still alive before sale. That starts after they are harvested. The oysters are put into tanks pumped with clean water for 48 to 72 hours. That protects the consumer from any foul bacteria that the oyster might have picked up from the sea or river water.

Some of the unrelated 'oysters' are the pearl oyster, _Pinctada_, which is a clam, and a few mussels which look a bit like oysters when they are taken out of their shells.
99

__NOTOC__
**AD 99** (**XCIX**) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of  and**  (or, less frequently, **year 852 _Ab urbe condita**_). The denomination AD 99 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

#### Roman Empire

- Emperor Trajan returns to Rome.
- Emissaries of the Kushan Empire reach the Roman Empire.
- August 29 – Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 581, recording the sale of a slave girl, is written.

#### Religion

- November 23 – Pope Evaristus succeeds Pope Clement I as the fifth pope according to Roman Catholic tradition.

## Births

- c. March 9 – Narcissus of Jerusalem, Christian bishop and saint (d. c. 216)

## Deaths

- Approximate date – Clement of Rome, pope of the Catholic Church
Sony Ericsson

**Sony Ericsson Mobile Communications AB** is a mobile phone manufacturer.  The company is a joint venture that was established in 2001 by Japanese consumer electronics company Sony and the Swedish telecommunications company Ericsson.  The two companies no longer make mobile phones independently.

## Other websites

- Sony Ericsson Mobile Communications
Benign

The word **benign** is often used to refer to a medical condition that will not become life-threatening if it is not treated, but can also mean that something is not harmful.  It is often used in relation to tumours that do not metastasise to other parts of the body.  Tumours that are referred to as being benign may still be life-threatening because of other reasons.  Because of this, the term applies mainly to their biological behaviour.

Tumors that are benign may be at risk of changing into malignancy.  These are termed "premalignant".
Frankfurt U-Bahn

The **Frankfurt U-Bahn** is an underground railway network in the city of Frankfurt, Germany. It is run by the _Verkehrsgesellschaft Frankfurt_, short VGF. It has 9 lines and a network of 65 kilometers (40 miles) and has exactly 86 stations, apart 27 underground and 59 above ground. Two lines, the U2 and the U3 crosses the city border in Oberursel and Bad Homburg.
Geraldton, Western Australia

**Geraldton** is a city and port in Western Australia 424 km north of Perth. 29,996 people live there, which makes it the fifth-largest city in Western Australia.

Today the city is an important for mining, fishing, wheat, sheep and tourism.

It hosts the Geraldton Gold Cup, a horse race.

## Infobox (australian place)

- **type**: city
- **name**: Geraldton
- **state**: WA
- **image**: Welcome_to_Geraldton.jpg
- **caption**: Geraldton Marina
- **pop**: 39,489
- **pop year**: 2021
- **poprank**: 41
- **established**: 1850
- **postcode**: 6530, 6531, 6532
- **area**: 270.7
- **area footnotes**: (2011 urban)
- **timezone**: Australian Western Standard Time, AWST
- **utc**: +8
- **dist1**: 424
- **dir1**: NNW
- **location1**: Perth, Western Australia, Perth
- **dist2**: 476
- **dir2**: S
- **location2**: Carnarvon, Western Australia, Carnarvon
- **lga**: City of Greater Geraldton
- **region**: Mid West
- **stategov**: Electoral district of Geraldton, Geraldton, Agricultural Region
- **fedgov**: Division of Durack, Durack
- **maxtemp**: 26.1
- **mintemp**: 13.7
- **rainfall**: 416.3
- **native name**: Jambinu / Jambinbirri
- **local map**: yes
- **zoom**: 8
Frankfurt Airport

**Frankfurt Airport** ( ).

It is located in the country of Germany, in the State of Hessen, in the city of Frankfurt.

It is one of the major international airports in terms of size and number of passengers passing through.

Specifically, it is the largest airport in Germany, third largest in Europe for passenger volume, second-largest in Europe concerning cargo.

In 2005, 52 million passengers flew from Frankfurt Airport and 1.89 million tonnes of cargo.

The airport has two train stations, the terminal for the commuter trains is under the terminal and the station for the long-distance trains is five minutes to walk.

Until 2005, the Rhein-Main Air Base was in the south of the civil airport.  Frankfurt airport recorded its all-time hottest temperature in July 2015 at 101.8 °F (38.8 °C).
Marki

**Marki** is a town near Warsaw, in Poland. About 23,300 people live there.
William Harvey

**William Harvey** was an English medical doctor. He was born in Folkestone, Kent, England on 1 April 1578. He was the first to explain how blood was moved through the body by the heart. He died on 3 June 1657 in Roehampton.

A hospital in Ashford, Kent is named after Harvey. He went to The King's School, Canterbury, then Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. He then went to University of Padua where he graduated in 1602.

When Harvey returned to England he married Elizabeth Browne, the daughter of Elizabeth I's royal physician. He became a doctor at St. Bartholomew's Hospital in London from 1609 until 1643.

## Circulatory system

William Harvey is famous for his idea on blood being pumped around the body by the heart. He was the first to describe correctly and in detail the circulation and its properties. A few men knew about the lesser circulation of the blood through the lungs, but their work was lost. One 16th century work on theology, entitled _Cristianismi restitutio_, was written by Miguel Serveto. After he had been burnt at the stake for heresy (by Calvin), his book was destroyed. Three copies survived. A century and a half later, long after Harvey, someone noticed he had said something about the blood circulating.

Harvey announced his discoveries about the circulatory system in 1616 during a series of lectures (his lecture notes still exist). He wrote a book (_Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et sanguinis in Animalibus_) about it in 1628. He said that blood was pumped around the body in a closed system. Blood was pumped by the heart through the body before coming back to the heart to repeat the process. This went against what was believed at the time to be true.

The Roman doctor, Galen believed that there were two systems in the body dealing with blood. It was thought at the time that the dark red blood in veins came from the liver and the bright red blood in arteries came from the heart. It was believed that the liver and heart made the blood and it was used up by the body parts it was pumped to.

Harvey's ideas came from dissecting human bodies. Harvey found that the liver would have to make 540 pounds of blood every hour for Galen to be right. This showed him that the blood was not being used up. It was being reused by the body. He said blood flowed through the heart in two loops. One loop went to the lungs and got oxygen. The other loop went to the organs and body tissue giving them the oxygen. He said the heart was just a pump that pumped blood around the body.

## "_Ex ovo omne vivum_"

Harvey made another great discovery. He said (in Latin) "Every living thing comes from an egg". At that time it was not known that mammals came from eggs. It was not known until Karl Ernst von Baer discovered the eggs of mammals in 1827. The fusion of sperm with egg was first seen by Oskar Hertwig in 1876.

## Other websites

- William Harvey info
- William Harvey info from the (US) National Health Museum
Velocisaurus

***Velocisaurus*** was a theropod dinosaur related to _Ceratosaurus_. Its remains were found in Patagonia, in strata from the Cretaceous period.

This animal is known only from its leg and feet bones. _Velocisaurus_ was probably around 1.2 meters long (4 ft). The foot is unique in that the middle (third) metatarsal (foot bone) was the main weight-bearing element. Its upper end has thickened and the shafts of the adjoining second and fourth metatarsals have thinned considerably. Such a condition is unknown for other theropods, including birds, but a similar set-up occurred in three-toed horses (like _Mesohippus_). José Bonaparte explained it as an adaptation for a cursorial (running) lifestyle. He suggested that _Velocisaurus_ was itself an omnivore, because the sole claw found, of the fourth toe, was not curved, but relatively straight.
Valdosaurus

***Valdosaurus*** ("Weald Lizard") is a type of dinosaur. It walked on two legs and ate plants.  It was found on the Isle of Wight and other places in England. It lived during the Lower Cretaceous.

It is part of the Dryosauridae family. It is related to the Iguanodonts.