juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Me Against the World

***Me Against the World*** is the third studio album by American rapper, Tupac Shakur. _Me Against the World_ was released on March 14, 1995. The album was released when 2Pac was imprisoned and it debuted at #1 on the Billboard 200. By having this happen, it made him the first artist to have an album debut at number one on Billboard 200 while serving time in prison. It was nominated for Best Rap Album at the 1996 Grammy Awards. The album's first single "Dear Mama" was nominated for Best Rap Solo Performance.

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Me Against the World
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: Tupac Shakur, 2Pac
- **released**: March 14, 1995
- **recorded**: May 1994-January 1995
- **genre**: * Conscious rap
* G-funk
- **length**: 66:00
- **language**: English language, English
- **label**: * Out da Gutta Records, Out da Gutta
* Interscope Records, Interscope
* Atlantic Records, Atlantic
- **producer**: * Easy Mo Bee
* Johnny "J"
* Soulshock & Karlin
* Tony Pizarro
* D-Flizno Production Squad
* Mike Mosley
* Shock G
* Brian G
* Art n' Soul, Sam Bostic
* Moe Z.M.D.
- **prev title**: Thug Life: Volume 1
- **prev year**: 1996
- **next title**: All Eyez on Me
- **next year**: 1996
Palatal consonant

A **palatal consonant** is a consonant that is pronounced with the body (the middle part) of the tongue against the hard palate (which is the middle part of the roof of the mouth). There is only one palatal consonant in English which is , which is the sound for "y" in the English word "yes". The most common palatal consonant used in the world is .

## Palatal consonant in IPA

These are the palatal consonants in the International Phonetic Alphabet:

|rowspan="2"|IPA|rowspan="2"|Description|colspan="4"|Example|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|palatal nasal|French|a<span style="color:#700000">**gn**</span>eau|<span style="color:#700000">****</span>|lamb||
|voiceless palatal plosive|Hungarian|ha<span style="color:#700000">**tty**</span>ú|<span style="color:#700000">****</span>|swan||
|voiced palatal plosive|Latvian|<span style="color:#700000">**ģ**</span>imene|<span style="color:#700000">****</span>|family||
|voiceless palatal fricative|German|ni<span style="color:#700000">**ch**</span>t|<span style="color:#700000">****</span>|not||
|voiced palatal fricative|Spanish|<span style="color:#700000">**y**</span>ema|<span style="color:#700000">****</span>|egg yolk||
|palatal approximant|English|<span style="color:#700000">**y**</span>es|<span style="color:#700000">****</span>|yes||
|palatal lateral approximant|Italian|<span style="color:#700000">**gl**</span>i|<span style="color:#700000">****</span>|the (masculine plural)||
|voiced palatal implosive|Swahili|hu<span style="color:#700000">**j**</span>ambo|<span style="color:#700000">****</span>|hello||
|palatal click|Nǁng|<span style="color:#700000">**ǂ**</span>oo|<span style="color:#700000">****</span>|man, male||
Approximant consonant

An **approximant consonant** is a consonant that sounds in some ways like a vowel. For example, lateral approximants like the sound for "l" in the English word "like", the sound for "r" in the English word "right", and semivowels like the sound for "y" in "yes" and the sound for "w" in "wet" are all approximants. These sounds are pronounced by bringing two parts of the mouth, for example the tongue and the roof of the mouth, close to each other. However, it is not close enough to cause the air to be blocked, like in a fricative consonant. Also, the parts are not far apart enough to become a vowel.

## Semivowels

Semivowels are a type of approximant consonant, which sound like vowels if you pronounced them alone. However, many languages use them as consonants. Here are the common semivowels in the International Phonetic Alphabet.

|Vowel|Corresponding Approximant|Place of articulation|Example|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|||Palatal|Spanish _ampl**í**o_ ('I extend') vs. _ampl**i**amos_ ('we extend')|
|||Labiopalatal|French _aig**u**_ ('sharp') vs. _aig**u**ille_ ('needle')|
|||Velar|Korean **쓰**다 ('wear something') vs. **씌**우다 ('someone makes somebody wears something')|
|||Labiovelar|Spanish _act**ú**o_ ('I act') vs. _act**u**amos_ ('we act')|
|||Retroflex|American English _wait**er**_ vs. _wait**r**ess_|

## Central approximants

- bilabial approximant  (usually transcribed )
- labiodental approximant
- dental approximant  (usually transcribed )
- alveolar approximant
- retroflex approximant  (a consonantal )
- palatal approximant  (a consonantal )
- velar approximant  (a consonantal )
- uvular approximant  (usually transcribed )
- pharyngeal approximant  (a consonantal ; usually transcribed )
- epiglottal approximant  (usually transcribed )

## Lateral approximants

In lateral approximants, only the centre of the tongue touches the roof of the mouth. So, air can only flow through the sides of the tongue, like the sound "l" in "like".

- voiced alveolar lateral approximant
- retroflex lateral approximant
- palatal lateral approximant
- velar lateral approximant
- velarized alveolar lateral approximant

## Coarticulated approximants with dedicated IPA symbols

- voiced labialized velar approximant  (a consonantal )
- voiceless labialized velar approximant (a consonantal )
- labialized palatal approximant  (a consonantal )
All Eyez on Me

***All Eyez on Me*** is the fourth and final studio album by American rapper, Tupac Shakur. _It_ was released on February 13, 1996. The album was certified 10× Diamond in 2014. The album also featured the Billboard Hot 100 number one singles "How Do U Want It" and "California Love".

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: All Eyez On Me
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: Tupac Shakur, 2Pac
- **released**: February 13, 1996
- **recorded**: October 13, 1995-December 18/January 13 1996
- **genre**: * West Coast hip-hop
* gangsta rap
* R&B
* G-funk
- **length**: 132:20
- **language**: English language, English
- **producer**: * 2Pac
* Johnny "J"
* QDIII
* DJ Bobcat, Bobcat
* Dat Nigga Daz
* DeVante Swing
* DJ Pooh
* DJ Quik
* Doug Rasheed
* Mike Mosley
* Rick Rock
* Dr. Dre
- **prev title**: Me Against the World
- **prev year**: 1995
- **next title**: The Don Killuminati: The 7 Day Theory
- **next year**: 1996
Windows To Go

**Windows To Go** is a feature in Windows 8 and later that allows the entire system to run from a USB flash drive or external USB Hard Drive.

In September 2011 Microsoft officially announced Windows To Go at the Build Conference, and gave out bootable USB Flash drives. These could hold 32GB of information. They also had Windows To Go pre-installed.

## Related pages

- Live USB
- List of tools to create Live USB systems
- Live CD
- Portable applications

## Other websites

- Running Windows from an external USB drive with Windows To Go - Official Microsoft Presentation at BUILD
- Windows Developer Preview Guide (_Windows To Go_ in page 36)
Dardistan

**Dardistan** (Perso-Arabic: داردستان) is a name for the northern Pakistan, and Kashmir in the upper Indus valleys and parts of north-eastern Afghanistan. It is inhabited by the Dards speaking Dardic languages.
Lahore Stock Exchange

**Lahore Stock Exchange (Guarantee) Limited** (LSE) is Pakistan's second-largest stock exchange after the Karachi Stock Exchange. It is in Lahore.
German Reich

**German Reich** () was the official name for Germany from 1871 to 1945.

The history of Germany during the time of the German Reich is usually broken into three parts:
- the German Empire (1871–1918)
- the republic informally called the Weimar Republic (1918–33)
- the National Socialist state commonly known as the _Third Reich_ or Nazi Germany (1933–45)
Trịnh Công Sơn

**Trịnh Công Sơn** (February 28, 1939 – April 1, 2001) was a Vietnamese composer, musician, painter and songwriter.

He, along with Pham Duy and Van Cao, is widely considered one of the three salient figures of modern (non-classical) Vietnamese music.
Constituent Assembly of Pakistan

The **Constituent Assembly of Pakistan** was Pakistan's first parliament and first met on 10 August, 1947. The next day Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1876-1948), was elected as the President of the assembly and the new national flag was approved. On 14 August, 1947, Jinnah gave a speech which outlined the important principles of the future government of an independent Pakistan. Jinnah was chosen as the first Governor-General of Pakistan. The assembly's main task was to write a new constitution for Pakistan.

This was a difficult task, however the assembly did agree on the "Objective Resolution" on 12 March, 1949. A special committee of 24 members of the Constituent Assembly worked on a constitution based on the ideas in the Objective Resolution. The Governor-General, Ghulam Muhammad, shut down the assembly on 24 October 1954, before the draft constitution could be presented. The President of the Assembly, took legal action as he believed that shutting down the assembly was illegal. He lost the case in the Federal Court.

A second Constituent Assembly of Pakistan was formed on 28 May 1955. They wrote the new constitution which came into force on 23 March 1956.
Piranha 3D

***Piranha 3D*** is a 3-D movie directed by Alexandre Aja. It stars Elisabeth Shue, Steven R. McQueen, Jessica Szohr, Jerry O'Connell, Kelly Brook, Riley Steele, Gianna Michaels, Christopher Lloyd, Ving Rhames, Roberto Chavira, Dina Meyer, Sage Ryan, Brooklynn Proulx and special starring Richard Dreyfuss.

## Plot

In Lake Victoria, an earthquake forms a underwater fault line. Hungry piranhas come out. In the city of Lake Victoria (named for the lake), spring break has just started and some guys go into the lake celebrate and swim.

## Cast

- Elisabeth Shue: Julie Forester - The sheriff of Lake Victoria
- Steven R. Mcqueen: Jake Forester - The son of the sheriff
- Jessica Szohr: Kelly - The girlfriend of Jake
- Jerry O' Connell: Derrick Jones - Director of porno movies
- Riley Steele: Crystal - A pornostar
- Gianna Michaels: Girl on a parachute
- Christopher Lloyd: Carl Goodman - Proprietary of the animal shop
- Ving Rhames: Agent Fallon - An agent
- Roberto Chavira: Sam - A sub
- Dina Meyer: Paula Montellano - Another sub
- Sage Ryan: Zane Forester - The another son of the sheriff
- Brooklynn Proulx: Laura Forester - The another son of the sheriff.

## Sequel

Dimension Films has announced that a sequel will be released in November 2011 due to the success of this and the sequel will be called _Piranha 3DD_.

## Cameo

Richard Dreyfuss makes a cameo in the movie when he sings the song "Show Me The Way To Go Home".
Dreyfuss sang the same song in Steven Spielberg's _Jaws_.
You Lost Me

**"You Lost Me"** is a song by American singer Christina Aguilera, from her 2010 album _Bionic_. The song was written by Aguilera, Samuel Dixon and Sia Furler. It's a slow melody pop-ballad song that talks about a cheating boyfriend, who has left the world in Aguilera's view as "infected". It was released on July 6, 2010 as the third single from Aguilera's _Bionic_ album.
Metric system

The **metric system** is a number of different systems of measurement with length based on the metre, mass on the gram, and volume on the litre. This system is used around the world. It was developed in France and first introduced there in 1795, 2 years after the execution of Louis XVI. The metric units are based on decimal groups (multiples of ten). At first the metric system was based on two quantities: length and weight. The basic units were called the _metre_ and the _gramme_.
Piranha 3DD

***Piranha 3DD*** is a 2011 movie directed by John Gulager taken from the subject by Alexandre Aja.
The movie is the sequel to _Piranha 3D_. It stars Ving Rhames and Christopher Lloyd.

## Plot

Is now one year after the attack of piranhas in Lake Victoria and everything now seems back to normal.
Instead, it turns out that not all piranhas are dead.
Lake Victoria has just opened a water park in the lake and the piranhas are hungry...

Fallon was seemingly dead in the first chapter.
Perhaps the movie is a reboot, or Fallon was not dead as it seemed.

## Cast

- Ving Rhames: Deputy Fallon
- Christopher Lloyd: Carl Goodman
- Paul Scheer: Andrew
- Danielle Panebaker: Owner of the park
Matisyahu

**Matthew Paul Miller** (born June 30, 1979), better known by his name and stage name **Matisyahu**, is a Jewish-American singer and rapper. He combines elements of reggae, rap, beatbox, alternative rock and Hasidic themes in his music.

## Early and personal life

Matisyahu was born in Pennsylvania, but grew up in White Plains, New York. He was raised in a reconstructionist Jewish home.  In his teenage years, he began to rebel and started to take drugs; later on he began a journey of self-exploration.

Matisyahu married his first wife, Tahlia, in August 2004, and they have three sons. In 2014 the couple divorced. In 2019 he got married again. He has stated that he is vegan.

## Career

Miller performed for over a year as **MC Truth** in Bend, Oregon. In 2004, after having signed with JDub Records, he released his first album, _Shake Off the Dust...Arise_. In 2005 and 2006, he toured in the United States, Canada, and Europe; and made a number of stops in Israel, including a performance as the supporting act for Sting in June 2006.   His video and album, _Youth_, produced by Bill Laswell, was released on March 7, 2006. it was _Billboard_ magazine's number-one Digital Album.

Matisyahu's most famous songs are "_King Without a Crown_", "_Jerusalem_", and "_One Day_". He has collaborated with Akon, The Crystal Method, and Infected Mushroom.

Since 2004, he has released 5 studio albums, as well as 2 live albums, 2 remix albums, and 2 DVDs with live concerts.

## Infobox (person)

- **embed**: yes
- **signature**: Matisyahu signature, Billboard Open Letter 2016.png


## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Matisyahu
- **image**: MatisyahuPressShotOfficial.jpg
- **birth name**: Matthew Paul Miller
- **birth place**: West Chester, Pennsylvania, U.S.
- **origin**: White Plains, New York, U.S.
- **years active**: 2000–present
Tom Waits

**Thomas Alan "Tom" Waits** (born December 7, 1949) is an American singer, songwriter, actor, and composer. He is  known for his distinct voice, electric instrumentation, and occasionally surreal lyrics. His work often includes elements of the blues, jazz, and musical theatre.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Tom Waits
- **img**: Tom Waits (1974–75 Asylum publicity photo - headshot).jpg
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Thomas Alan Waits
- **birth place**: Pomona, California, United States
- **instrument**: Singing, Vocals, piano, guitar
- **genre**: Rock music, Rock, experimental music, experimental
- **occupation**: Singer-songwriter, musician, actor, composer
- **years active**: 1972–present
- **label**: Asylum Records, Island Records, ANTI-
Allama Iqbal International Airport

**Allama Iqbal International Airport** in Lahore is the second-largest civil airport in Pakistan, serving the capital of Punjab province. It has both international and domestic air traffic. It was first called the  **Lahore International Airport**, but it was renamed in 2003 for Allama Sir Muhammad Iqbal. He was the Islamic poet-philosopher who was a major supporter for the creation of the state of Pakistan. The airport has parking for 20 aircraft, and the airport terminal can handle up to five million passengers a year.

## Other websites

- Allama Iqbal International Airport website

## Infobox (airport)

- **name**: Allama Iqbal International Airport
- **nativename-a**: علامہ اقبال بین الاقوامی ہوائی اڈا
- **image2**: AllamaIqbalAirport.JPG
- **iata**: LHE
- **icao**: OPLA
- **type**: Public
- **operator**: Pakistan Civil Aviation Authority, Civil Aviation Authority of Pakistan
- **city-served**: Lahore
- **location**: Punjab (Pakistan), Punjab, Pakistan
- **hub**: Pakistan International Airlines
- **elevation-f**: 698
- **elevation-m**: 213
- **website**: [http://www.lahoreairport.com.pk www.lahoreairport.com.pk]
- **r1-number**: 18R/36L
- **r1-length-f**: 9,514
- **r1-length-m**: 2,900
- **r1-surface**: Asphalt
- **r2-number**: 18L/36R
- **r2-length-f**: 11,024
- **r2-length-m**: 3,310
- **r2-surface**: Concrete
Woolly rhinoceros

The **woolly rhinoceros** (_Coelodonta antiquitatis_) was a large mammal species of rhinoceros, now extinct. It was widespread throughout the tundra of northern Eurasia during the Pleistocene epoch, about 1.8 million years ago until about 10,000 years ago (the end of the last ice age).

Recently, the earliest known woolly rhino fossil was discovered from 3.6 million years in the Himalayas on the cold Tibetan plateau. It lived there during a period of general climate warmth around the earth. It is believed that they migrated from there to other parts when the ice age developed.

## Description

It was well adapted to the cold; it had thick, shaggy fur, small ears, short legs, and a massive body (all to lessen heat loss). Fossils of this early rhino have been found, in addition to well-preserved corpses, which were found in frozen gravel in Siberia. Stone Age humans hunted woolly rhinos; they drew pictures of the rhinos on cave walls 30,000 years ago, giving us even more information about these large mammals.
Rival (disambiguation)

_Rival_ or _rivals_ may refer to:

## Literature, music, and media

- "Rival" (Pearl Jam song), song on _Pearl Jam_'s 2000's album _Binaural_
- "Rival" (song), the second opening theme song of the Pocket Monsters series
- "Rivals" (_DS9_ episode), the eleventh episode of the second season of the television series _Star Trek: Deep Space Nine_
- "The Rivals" (_The O.C._ episode), the 17th episode of the FOX television series, _The O.C._
- The Rival, comic book villain, enemy of The Flash
- _The Rivals_, play by Richard Brinsley Sheridan
- _Rivals (film)_, a 1925 film starring Oliver Hardy
- _Sonic Rivals_, video game

## Other use

- Rivals in sports
- Rivals.com, a network of United States-based sports Web sites which focus especially on college sports and also recruiting
- College rivalry
- Rivalry (economics)
- Monocular rivalry and Binocular rivalry in vision.
- Sibling rivalry (brothers and sisters)
- The Rivals (band), an English punk band
- The Rivals (mountain), a mountain on the Llŷn peninsula in Gwynedd
- Rivals, Kentucky
Renewable energy in Pakistan

**Renewable energy in Pakistan** is mostly solar and wind power.  It is a relatively underdeveloped sector. In recent years, environmental groups and the authorities explored renewable energy resources for energy production. New renewable energy projects were designed to address the energy crises and power shortages affecting the country.
Welfare

**Welfare** is an idea from economics and Social Security. The idea is that everyone should have a minimal living standard. People who cannot reach this standard will be supported, usually by the state. Using welfare, everyone has their basic needs covered. This idea is different from the idea of charity.

Welfare can take different forms:
- Certain goods are subsidized by the state. In that way, in many countries the price of goods people need daily, such as bread or rice may be fixed by the state.
- A voucher is similar to a subsidy, except that it may only be used in a certain way. An example of this might be the cafeteria at the university; certain students get their meals cheaper, because they have a voucher. The cafeteria then exchanges the voucher, and will be paid the difference.
- It is also possible to pay money directly: people will then get a monthly amount of money. They can spend this money on anything, without restriction.
- Some countries need to have proof you applied for a job to receive welfare.

Welfare money is given by the government, charities, and other groups of people to help homeless, old, illness, poor, and disabled people (people who cannot help themselves), and also helps children (child support).

Welfare can also be called the well-being of someone or a group of people: their happiness, health, safety, and fortune.

In countries like Germany, Japan, United States, Sweden, and France, government welfare also is used to help the needy.

## Related pages

- Social worker
- Right to an adequate standard of living
- Economic, social and cultural rights
- Welfare economics
- Welfare state
Independent politician

In politics, an **Independent** is someone who is not a member of any political party. Independents can have a centrist opinion on what they want to do when they are elected, or they may have extreme opinions that are very different from what other parties have. Also, there are some politicians who may choose to contest an election by themselves as an Independent candidate even if they used to be a member of a political party, because they do not want to follow their party's political ideology. Some Independents may create their own political party just to take part in an election.
RNE

**RNE** (Spanish: "_Radio Nacional de España_") (English: "_Spain's National Radio_") is a Spanish public radio broadcaster. Since 1973 it's integrated on the RTVE group. Now, RNE is made up of 6 radio channels:
- _Radio Nacional_ (national radio) - a general radio channel.
- _Radio clásica_ (classical radio) - plays classical music
- _Radio 3_ - alternative music and culture
- _Ràdio 4_ - generalist radio channel on Catalan
- _Radio 5_ - information radio channel
- _Radio exterior_ (exterior radio): outside Spain's radio service
Cleveland Barons (NHL)

The **Cleveland Barons** were a professional ice hockey team in the National Hockey League (NHL) from 1976–78. They had been the California Golden Seals, which had played in Oakland since 1967. The franchise was then moved to Cleveland. After only two seasons, the team joined with the Minnesota North Stars.
Colorado Rockies (NHL)

The **Colorado Rockies** were an American professional ice hockey team in the National Hockey League (NHL). They played in Denver, Colorado, from 1976 to 1982. They had been the Kansas City Scouts, a 1974 expansion team, until the franchise was moved to Denver. In 1982 the franchise again moved to East Rutherford, New Jersey, in 1982 and was renamed the New Jersey Devils. The NHL did not return to Denver until 1995, when the Quebec Nordiques moved to become the Colorado Avalanche.

## Other websites

- Results on hockeydb.com
Hamilton Tigers

The **Hamilton Tigers** were a professional ice hockey team, and a member of the National Hockey League (NHL). They were based in Hamilton, Ontario and played at Barton Street Arena. They played from 1920–1925. The Tigers were formed from the sale of the Quebec Bulldogs NHL franchise. After years of struggling, the team finished first in the league in the 1924-25 NHL season. However, after a players' strike at the end of the season the team broke up.

## Other websites

- Results on hockeydb.com
Montreal Maroons

The **Montreal Maroons** (officially the **Montreal Professional Hockey Club**) was a professional ice hockey team in the National Hockey League (NHL). They played in the NHL from 1924 to 1938, winning the Stanley Cup in 1926 and 1935.

## Other websites

- Results on hockeydb.com
Ottawa Senators (original)

The **Ottawa Senators** were an amateur, and later, professional, ice hockey team based in Ottawa, Canada which existed from 1883 to 1954. The club was the first hockey club in Ontario, a founding member of the National Hockey League (NHL) and played in the NHL from 1917 until 1934. The club, which was officially the **Ottawa Hockey Club** (Ottawa HC), was known by several nicknames, including the _Generals_ in the 1890s, the _Silver Seven_ from 1903 to 1907 and the _Senators_ dating from 1908.

## Other websites

- Results on hockeydb.com
Pittsburgh Pirates (NHL)

The **Pittsburgh Pirates** were an American professional ice hockey team in the National Hockey League (NHL), based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania from 1925–26 to 1929–30. The nickname comes from the baseball team also based in the city. For the 1930–31 season the team moved to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and played one season as the Philadelphia Quakers.

## Other websites

- Results on hockeydb.com
St. Louis Eagles

The **St. Louis Eagles** were a professional ice hockey team and a former member of the National Hockey League (NHL) based in St. Louis, Missouri. The Eagles lasted for only one year, playing in the 1934–35 NHL season.

## Other websites

- Results on hockeydb.com
Reconciliation

In Christian theology, **reconciliation** is the process of repairing one's relationship with God. This comes after atonement. It is a part of salvation. Reconciliation is the end of the estrangement, caused by original sin, between God and his people. John Calvin describes reconciliation as the peace between humanity and God that results from atoning for religious sin.
Safi Airways

**Safi Airways Co.** () is an Afghan airline. The airline Safi Airways - IATA-Code 4Q - was started in 2006 by Rahim Safi, an Afghan Businessman. This private airline has its head office in the Safi Airline Center in Shahr-e-Naw, Kabul and an administrative office in Dubai, United Arab Emirates.

## Other websites

Safi Airways Official Website

## Infobox (airline)

- **airline**: Safi Airways
- **logo size**: 200
- **fleet size**: 3
- **destinations**: 8
- **iata**: 4Q
- **icao**: SFW
- **callsign**: SAFI
- **parent**: Safi Airways Ltd
- **company slogan**: _The International Airline of Afghanistan_
- **founded**: 2006
- **ceased**: 2016
- **headquarters**: Kabul, Afghanistan
- **key people**: <div>
*
*Zaidan Khalifat (Deputy CEO)
*)
</div>
- **bases**: Kabul International Airport
- **frequent flyer**: Saffron Rewards
Slovak Extraliga

The **Slovak Extraliga** is the top level ice hockey league in Slovakia. It was founded in 1993, the same year that Slovakia became and independent country.

## Champions

- 1994 HC Dukla Trenčín
- 1995 HC Košice
- 1996 HC Košice
- 1997 HC Dukla Trenčín
- 1998 HC Slovan Bratislava
- 1999 HC Košice
- 2000 HC Slovan Bratislava
- 2001 HKm Zvolen
- 2002 HC Slovan Bratislava
- 2003 HC Slovan Bratislava
- 2004 HC Dukla Trenčín
- 2005 HC Slovan Bratislava
- 2006 MsHK Žilina
- 2007 HC Slovan Bratislava
- 2008 HC Slovan Bratislava
- 2009 HC Košice
- 2010 HC Košice
- 2011 HC Košice

## Other websites

- History of Slovak ice hockey
Swedish Hockey League

The **Swedish Hockey League** (**SHL**),  is a professional ice hockey league in the country of Sweden. It was founded in 1975 as the **Swedish Elite League** , and is the top level of ice hockey in Sweden. The name was changed in June 2013.

## Swedish national champions

- 1976 - Brynäs IF
- 1977 - Brynäs IF
- 1978 - Skellefteå AIK
- 1979 - Modo AIK
- 1980 - Brynäs IF
- 1981 - Färjestads BK
- 1982 - AIK
- 1983 - Djurgårdens IF
- 1984 - AIK
- 1985 - Södertälje SK
- 1986 - Färjestads BK
- 1987 - IF Björklöven
- 1988 - Färjestads BK
- 1989 - Djurgårdens IF
- 1990 - Djurgårdens IF
- 1991 - Djurgårdens IF
- 1992 - Malmö IF
- 1993 - Brynäs IF
- 1994 - Malmö IF
- 1995 - HV71
- 1996 - Luleå HF
- 1997 - Färjestads BK
- 1998 - Färjestads BK
- 1999 - Brynäs IF
- 2000 - Djurgårdens IF
- 2001 - Djurgårdens IF

- 2002 - Färjestads BK
- 2003 - Västra Frölunda HC
- 2004 - HV71
- 2005 - Frölunda HC
- 2006 - Färjestads BK
- 2007 - Modo Hockey
- 2008 - HV71
- 2009 - Färjestads BK
- 2010 - HV71
- 2011 - Färjestads BK
- 2012 - Brynäs IF
- 2013 - Skellefteå AIK
- 2014 - Skellefteå AIK
- 2015 - Växjö Lakers HC
- 2016 - Frölunda HC
- 2017 - HV71
- 2018 - Växjö Lakers HC
- 2019 - Frölunda HC
- 2020 - Cancelled because of the Corona pandemic
- 2021 - Växjö Lakers HC
- 2022 - Färjestads BK
- 2023 - Växjö Lakers HC
- 2024 - Skellefteå AIK
- 2025 - Luleå HF

## Other websites

- Official Swedish Hockey League website

## Infobox (sports league)

- **current season**: 2025–26 SHL season
- **logo**: Swedish Hockey League logo.svg
- **formerly**: Elitserien <small>(until 2013)</small>
- **sport**: Ice hockey
- **founded**: 1975
- **inaugural**: 1975–76
- **teams**: 14
- **relegation**: Hockeyallsvenskan
- **country**: Sweden
- **tv**: TV4 Group, Premier Sports (United Kingdom)
- **champion**: Luleå HF (2nd title)
- **most champs**: Djurgårdens IF Hockey, Djurgårdens IF
(16 titles)
- **website**: [http://www.shl.se/ SHL.se]
Samanid dynasty

The **Samani dynasty** ( _Sāmāniyān_), also called the **Samanid Empire**, or simply **Samanids** (819–999) was an Iranian state and empire in Central Asia and Greater Iran. It is named after its founder Saman Khuda, who converted to Sunni Islam after being born into the Zoroastrian nobility. The Samanids were the first Persian dynasty to re-establish Iranian rule in the region after the fall of the Sassanid Empire following the Arab conquest.

The dynasty was founded in 819 when the Abbasid caliphs appointed Saman Khuda’s descendants as governors in Transoxiana and Khurasan. The most famous ruler was Ismail Samani (r. 892–907), who expanded the empire and made Bukhara his capital. Under his rule, the Samanid state became a major center of Persian culture, literature, and Islamic learning. The Samanids encouraged the use of Persian language alongside Arabic, and poets such as Rudaki and Daqiqi flourished at their court.

The Samanid Empire controlled large parts of modern Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, and Iran. Their armies defended the eastern frontier against Turkic nomads, while their administration promoted trade along the Silk Road. The Samanids also played an important role in spreading Islam among Turkic peoples of Central Asia, laying the foundation for later Islamic states in the region.

The dynasty declined in the late 10th century as internal struggles and attacks from the Karakhanid dynasty and Ghaznavid dynasty weakened their power. In 999, the Karakhanids captured Bukhara, ending the Samanid state. Despite their fall, the Samanids left a lasting legacy as patrons of Persian culture and as a bridge between the Arab Islamic world and the Turkic peoples of Central Asia.
Rhipidistia

The **Rhipidistia** are lobe-finned fish, and include the ancestors of the tetrapods. The Rhipidistia are a subgroup of Sarcopterygii which includes the lungfish (Dipnoi) and the tetrapodomorphs.

As cladistic understanding of the vertebrates has improved over the last few decades a monophyletic Rhipidistia is now understood to include the ancestor of the whole Tetrapoda.

## Taxonomy

**Rhipidistia**
- Dipnomorpha
    - †Porolepiformes
        - †_Powichthys_
    - Dipnoi
- Tetrapodomorpha
    - †Rhizodontiformes
    - Osteolepidida
        - Osteolepiformes
            - †Tristichopteridae
            - Elpistostegalia
                - †_Panderichthys_
                - Tetrapoda

## References

- palaeos.com page
- Taxonomicon page
Elisheva

**Elisheva** or **Elisheba** was a wife of the priest Aaron. They are mentioned in the Bible. Aaron was a brother of the prophet Moses.

She is known as **Alishahda** in Islam.

Her father was Amminadab and her brother was Nahshon.

Her sons were Nadab and Abihu, Ithamar and Eleazar.

She was buried in the Tomb of the Matriarchs.
Amminadab

**Amminadab** was a man mentioned in the Bible as an ancestor of Jesus.

He was a son of Ram and father of Nahshon and Elisheva, who married priest Aaron.

Laurence Gardner proposed Amminadab to be pharaoh Akhenaten.
Moose Jaw Warriors

The **Moose Jaw Warriors** is a Canadian professional ice hockey team that began playing in 1984. They currently play in the Western Hockey League. They play their home games in Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan at the Mosaic Place. They have reached the WHL finals once in 2006 but were swept in 4 games by the Vancouver Giants. They were originally known as the **Winnipeg Warriors** until relocating to Moose Jaw in 1984.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (hockey team)

- **team**: Moose Jaw Warriors
- **colour**: background:#FFFFFF; border-top:#BF2F38 5px solid; border-bottom:#000000 5px solid;
- **colour text**: #000000
- **city**: Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan, Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan
- **league**: Western Hockey League
- **conference**: Eastern
- **division**: East
- **founded**: 1980
- **arena**: Mosaic Place
- **colours**: Red, silver, black

- **coach**: Tim Hunter (ice hockey), Tim Hunter
- **gm**: Alan Millar (ice hockey), Alan Millar
- **website**: [http://www.mjwarriors.ca/ www.mjwarriors.ca]
- **name1**: Winnipeg Warriors
- **dates1**: 1980–1984
- **name2**: Moose Jaw Warriors
- **dates2**: 1984–present
Ice hockey at the Olympic Games

Ice hockey tournaments have been played at the Olympic Games since 1920. The men's tournament was first played at the 1920 Summer Olympics, but was moved to the Winter Olympics in 1924. The women's tournament was first held at the 1998 Winter Olympics. Canada holds the record for the most Gold medals, with 11.

## Other websites

- List of Olympic medalists  on IIHF.com

## Infobox (sport)

- **image**: Ice hockey pictogram.svg
- **size**: 150
- **code**: IHO
- **sport**: ice hockey at the olympic games
- **menevents**: 1
- **womenevents**: 1
Ice Hockey World Championships

The **Ice Hockey World Championships** are a yearly ice hockey tournament organized by the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF). The World Championships were first officially held at the 1920 Summer Olympics. The IIHF was created in 1908 while the European Championships, the predecessor to the World Championships, were first held in 1910. The tournament held at the 1920 Summer Olympics is recognized as the first Ice Hockey World Championship. Between 1920 and 1968, the Olympic hockey tournament was also considered the World Championship for that year. The first World Championship that was held as an individual event was in 1930.

## Other websites

- List of World Championship medalists on IIHF.com
Tangier

**Tangier**, also **Tangiers** (Tifinagh: **ⵜⴰⵏⵊⴰ** **Tanja**, archaic Berber name: **Tingi**, Arabic: **طنجة** _Ṭanja_) is a city in northern Morocco with a population of about 700,000 (2008 census). It lies on the North African coast at the western entrance to the Strait of Gibraltar where the Mediterranean meets the Atlantic Ocean off Cape Spartel. It is the capital of the Tangier-Tetouan Region and of the Tangier-Asilah prefecture of Morocco near the Spanish border.

The history of Tangier is very rich due to the historical presence of many civilizations and cultures starting from the 5th century BC. Between the period of being a Phoenician town to the independence era around the 1950s, Tangier was a place—and, sometimes a refuge—for many cultures. However, it was not until 1923 that Tangier was attributed an international status by foreign colonial powers, thus becoming a destination for many Europeans, Americans and Indians alike.

The city is currently undergoing rapid development and modernization. Projects include new 5-star hotels along the bay, a modern business district called Tangier City Centre, a new airport terminal and a new soccer stadium. Tangier's economy is also set to benefit greatly from the new Tanger-Med port.

## Other websites

- Official site of The Tangier American Legation Institute for Moroccan Studies
- Travel article with photos
- Tangier photo gallery
- Navigating Tangier’s Labyrinth – slideshow by _The New York Times_
Tunisair

**Société Tunisienne de l'Air**, or **Tunisair** () is the flag carrier airline of Tunisia.  Formed in 1948, it operates scheduled international services to European, African and Middle Eastern destinations.  Its main base is Tunis-Carthage International Airport. The airline's head office is in Tunis, near Tunis Airport.

## Other websites

- Tunisair quotes on the Tunis Stock Exchange
Senior Minister

**Senior Minister** (, used to be called 内阁资政／內閣資政 before 12 August 2004, ) is a political office in the Prime Minister's Office. The job of Senior Minister in the political system of Singapore is taken by a prime minister or senior cabinet minister when he or she retires from that office, but still can help the government with their long experience. However, some opposition critics say that the job of senior minister shows no respect for the political opposition in Singapore and the reliance of Singapore on a dominant-party system.

The last Senior Ministers of Singapore were Goh Chok Tong, the second Prime Minister of Singapore and S Jayakumar, former Deputy Prime Minister of Singapore. This job has been held by Goh since August 12, 2004, and used to be held by Lee Kuan Yew, the first Prime Minister of Singapore, from November 28, 1990, until August 12, 2004, and S. Rajaratnam, former Deputy Prime Minister of Singapore, from 1985 to 1988. After Goh Chok Tong became Senior Minister, a new ministerial job, the Minister Mentor, was created and given to Lee Kuan Yew. On 26 March 2009, Prime Minister of Singapore Lee Hsien Loong announced that the Deputy Prime Minister of Singapore (DPM) S. Jayakumar would let go of his job as the DPM and become Senior Minister in the Prime Minister's Office.

In the 2011 general elections, S. Jayakumar did not contest in the election and retired from politics.

After the elections, the Senior Minister position was renamed to Emeritus Senior Minister and is still headed by former prime minister Goh Chok Tong.

## List of Senior Ministers of Singapore

|Senior Minister||Start of Term||End of Term|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|S. Rajaratnam|1985|1988|||
|Lee Kuan Yew|28 November 1990|12 August 2004|||
|Goh Chok Tong|12 August 2004|21 May 2011|||
|S Jayakumar|1 April 2009|21 May 2011|||

## Related pages

- Prime Minister of Singapore
Edifício Altino Arantes

**Edifício Altino Arantes**  is a skyscraper in São Paulo, Brazil. It is 161 meters (528 feet) tall and has 36 floors. It was built in 1947.

## Related pages

- Downtown São Paulo
- Mirante do Vale
- Edifício Itália

## Infobox (skyscraper)

- **building name**: Edifício Altino Arantes
_Edifício do Banespa_
- **image**: Altino Arantes Building.jpg
- **location**: São Paulo
Brazil
- **floor count**: 36
- **completion date**: 1947
- **antenna spire**: 161 m (528 ft)
Decagon

A **decagon** is a shape with 10 sides and 10 corners.

## Regular decagon

All sides of a **regular decagon** are the same length. Each corner is 144°. All corners added together equal 1440°.

### Area

The amount of space a regular decagon takes up is

_a_ is the length of one of its sides.

An alternative formula is  where _d_ is the distance between parallel sides, or the height when the decagon stands on one side as base.

By simple trigonometry .

## Sides

The side of a regular decagon inscribed in a unit circle is , where _ϕ_ is the golden ratio, .

## Dissection of regular decagon

Coxeter states that every parallel-sided 2_m_-gon can be divided into _m_(_m_-1)/2 rhombs. For the _regular decagon_, _m_=5, and it can be divided into 10 rhombs, with examples shown below. This decomposition can be seen as 10 of 80 faces in a Petrie polygon projection plane of the 5-cube. A dissection is based on 10 of 30 faces of the rhombic triacontahedron. The list A006245 defines the number of solutions as 62, with 2 orientations for the first symmetric form, and 10 orientations for the other 6.

## Skew decagon

|{5}#{ }|{5/2}#{ }|{5/3}#{ }|
| --- | --- | --- |
|colspan=3|A regular skew decagon is seen as zig-zagging edges of a pentagonal antiprism, a pentagrammic antiprism, and a pentagrammic crossed-antiprism.||
A **skew decagon** is a skew polygon with 10 vertices and edges but not existing on the same plane. The interior of such an decagon is not generally defined. A _skew zig-zag decagon_ has vertices alternating between two parallel planes.

A **regular skew decagon** is vertex-transitive with equal edge lengths. In 3-dimensions it will be a zig-zag skew decagon and can be seen in the vertices and side edges of a pentagonal antiprism, pentagrammic antiprism, and pentagrammic crossed-antiprism with the same D<sub>5d</sub>, [2<sup>+</sup>,10] symmetry, order 20.

These can also be seen in these 4 convex polyhedra with icosahedral symmetry. The polygons on the perimeter of these projections are regular skew decagons.

## Related pages

- Decagonal number and centered decagonal number, figurate numbers modeled on the decagon
- Decagram, a star polygon with the same vertex positions as the regular decagon

## Other websites

- Definition and properties of a decagon With interactive animation
Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers

**Tom Petty And The Heartbreakers** was an American heartland rock band. They formed in Gainesville, Florida in 1976. Their six final members were Tom Petty, Mike Campbell, Benmont Tench, Ron Blair, Scott Thurston and Steve Ferrone. All of them were vocalists and multi-instrumentalists. The band received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1999. They won many Grammy Awards and received 2006's Billboard Century Award. The band ended when Petty was found dead in his home in 2017. This was after an accidental drug overdose.

## Musical style

Petty was adamant that Tom Petty And The Heartbreakers were simply rock and roll. Yet, critics have described them as Americana, folk rock, heartland rock, power pop, roots rock and Southern rock

## Members

- Tom Petty – lead vocals, rhythm and lead guitar, bass, harmonica, keyboards (1976–2017; his death)
- Mike Campbell – lead and rhythm guitar, bass, keyboards, mandolin, occasional backing and lead vocals (1976–2017)
- Benmont Tench – piano, organ, keyboards, backing vocals (1976–2017)
- Stan Lynch – drums, percussion, backing vocals (1976–1994)
- Ron Blair – bass guitar, backing vocals (1976–1982, 2002–2017; _studio guest appearances from 1982–1985_)
- Howie Epstein – bass guitar, rhythm guitar, mandolin, backing vocals (1982–2002; died 2003)
- Scott Thurston – rhythm and lead guitar, keyboards, harmonica, backing vocals (1999–2017; touring and session musician 1991–1999)
- Steve Ferrone – drums, percussion (1999–2017; touring and session musician 1994–1999)

## Discography

- _Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers_ (1976)
- _You're Gonna Get It!_ (1978)
- _Damn the Torpedoes_ (1979)
- _Hard Promises_ (1981)
- _Long After Dark_ (1982)
- _Southern Accents_ (1985)
- _Let Me Up (I've Had Enough)_ (1987)
- _Into the Great Wide Open_ (1991)
- _Songs and Music from "She's the One"_ (1996)
- _Echo_ (1999)
- _The Last DJ_ (2002)
- _Mojo_ (2010)
- _Hypnotic Eye_ (2014)

## See also

- _Runnin' Down a Dream,_ a film documenting the history of the band
- List of awards and nominations received by Tom Petty
- Blue Stingrays, a band featuring Campbell, Tench, and Blair

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers
- **background**: group_or_band
- **image**: Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers 1977.jpg
- **landscape**: Yes
- **caption**: The Heartbreakers in 1977. From left: Mike Campbell (musician), Mike Campbell, Ron Blair, Tom Petty, Stan Lynch, and Benmont Tench
- **origin**: Gainesville, Florida, U.S.
- **years active**: 1976–2017
- **spinoffs**: Traveling Wilburys
- **spinoff of**: Mudcrutch
Echiura

The **Echiura**, or **spoon worms**, are a small group of marine animals. They are often considered to be a group of annelids, although they lack the segmented structure found in other members of that group, and so may also be treated as a separate phylum.

However, phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequences place echiurans and Sipuncula within the Annelida.
Acoelomorpha

The **Acoelomorpha** are a group of animals with features that were once put in the phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms).

In 2004 molecular studies showed this was wrong.

Now it is clear that their closest relatives are the Xenoturbellida, and the two groups make up the proposed new phylum, the Xenacoelomorpha.

Most researchers believe them to be basal among the bilateria, slightly more derived than the Cnidaria. Recent results suggest that they (along with _Xenoturbella_) may lie near the base of the deuterostomes. An ongoing collaborative research project has "the researchers ... confident that they can reach an agreement about where acoels fit in evolutionary history".

- "The results show that the two groups constitute a newly classified phylum... which the authors name the ’Xenacoelomorpha’. The xenacoelomorph phylum joins the three known phyla of deuterostomes: vertebrates (including humans), echinoderms (e.g., starfish), and hemichordates (acorn worms)".

Acoels are almost entirely marine, living between grains of sediment, swimming as plankton, or crawling on algae. Acoels have a statocyst, which presumably helps them orient to gravity. Their soft bodies make them difficult to classify.
Chess rating system

A **chess rating system** is a system used in chess to estimate the strength of a player, based on his performance against other players. They are used by all national chess organisations, and by FIDE, the International Chess Federation. In these systems a higher number indicates a stronger player. In general, a player's rating goes up if he performs better than expected and down if he performs worse than expected. The Elo rating system is used by FIDE and by many countries.

The first modern rating system was used by the Correspondence Chess League of America in 1939. Soviet player Andrey Khachatoruv proposed a similar system in 1946. The first one that made an impact on international chess was the Ingo system in 1948. The USCF (United States Chess Federation) adopted the Harkness system in 1950. Shortly after, the British Chess Federation started using a system devised by Sir Richard Clarke, a statistician and senior civil servant. The USCF switched to the Elo rating system in 1960, which was adopted by FIDE in 1970.

## The underlying principle

The principle which lies behind a rating is this. The rating is a prediction of how well a player will perform against other players of different ratings. If the player does better than predicted, their rating goes up; if they do worse, their rating goes down. An arithmetic calculation shows by how much the player's rating changes. Today, all results are fed into a computer database, and computer software does all the calculations. Then the list is published as a 'rating list'.

## History

- 1933 – The Correspondence Chess League of America (now ICCF U.S.A.) is the first national organization to use a numerical rating system.
- 1942 – _Chess Review_ uses the Harkness system, an improvement of the ICCF system.
- 1946 – The USSR Chess Federation uses a non-numerical system to classify players. This is a national system of master titles.
- 1948 – The Ingo system is published and used by the West German Chess Federation.
- 1950 – The USCF starts using the Harkness system and publishes its first rating list in the November issue of _Chess Life_.  Reuben Fine is first with a rating of 2817 and Sammy Reshevsky is second with 2770.
- 1959 – The USCF names Arpad Elo the head of a committee to examine all rating systems and make recommendations.
- 1961 – Elo develops his system and it is used by the USCF. It is published in the June 1961 issue of _Chess Life_
- 1970 – FIDE starts using the Elo system. Bobby Fischer is at the top of the list.
- 1978 – Elo's book (_The rating of chessplayers, past and present_) on his rating system is published.
- 2001 – the Glicko rating system is published.
- 2005 – Chessmetrics is published by Jeff Sonas.
Great white pelican

The **great white pelican** (_Pelecanus onocrotalus_) is also known as the Eastern white pelican, white pelican, or old world white pelican.  They are the second largest birds in the pelican family, with only the Dalmatian pelican larger than them.

The pelican breeds in southeastern Europe, south Asia, and Africa.  They are most common in Africa, as 80% of the 90,000 breeding pairs mate there.  However, because of climate change and humans using the wetlands they live in, some populations of great white pelicans are declining.
Lipase

A **lipase** is an enzyme that catalyzes the formation or cleavage (hydrolysis) of fats (lipids).

Lipases are essential for the digestion, transport and processing of lipids in the diet. Fats, oils and triglycerides are present in most (perhaps all) living organisms. Genes coding for lipases are even present in certain viruses.