Botanical name

A **botanical name** is a formal scientific name which follows the _International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants_ (ICN). If it concerns a plant cultigen, the additional cultivar term must follow the _International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants_.

The code of nomenclature covers "all organisms traditionally treated as plants, whether fossil or non-fossil, e.g. blue-green algae (Cyanobacteria); fungi, including chytrids, oomycetes, and slime moulds; photosynthetic protists and taxonomically related non-photosynthetic groups".

The purpose of a formal name is to have a single name which is accepted and used worldwide for a particular plant or plant group. For example, the botanical name _Bellis perennis_ was given to a plant species which is native to most of the countries of Europe and the Middle East, where it has various names in many languages. Later it has been introduced worldwide, bringing it into contact with more languages.

Some English names for this plant species are: daisy, English daisy, lawndaisy. In other languages, some examples are: , , , .

The cultivar _Bellis perennis_ 'Aucubifolia' is a golden-variegated horticultural selection of this species.

## Parts in a name

Depending on rank, botanical names may be in one part (genus and above), two parts (species and above, but below the rank of genus) or three parts (below the rank of species):

- in one part
- Plantae (the plants)
- Marchantiophyta (the liverworts)
- Pinophyta (the conifers)
- Magnoliopsida (class including the family Magnoliaceae)
- Asteridae (subclass including the family Asteraceae)
- Rosaceae (the rose family)
- _Fragaria_ (the strawberry genus)

- in two parts
- _Acacia_ subg. _Phyllodineae_ (the wattles)
- _Citrus sinensis_ (sweet orange)

- in three parts:
- _Calystegia sepium_ subsp. _americana_ (American hedge bindweed)
- _Crataegus azarolus_ var. _pontica_ (a Mediterranean hawthorn)

A name in three parts, i.e., an infraspecific name (a name for a taxon below the rank of species), needs a "connecting term" to indicate rank. In the _Calystegia_ example above, this is "subsp." (for subspecies). In botany there are many ranks below that of species (in zoology there is only one such rank, subspecies, so that this "connecting term" is unnecessary there). A name of a "subdivision of a genus" also needs a connecting term (in the _Acacia_ example above, this is "subg.", subgenus). The connecting term is not part of the name itself.

## Binary name

For botanical nomenclature, the _ICBN_ prescribes a two-part name or **binary name** for any taxon below the rank of genus down to, and including the rank of species. Taxa below the rank of species get a three part name.

A binary name consists of the name of a genus and an epithet.

- In the case of a species this is a specific epithet:
- _Bellis perennis_ is the name of a species, with _perennis_ the specific epithet. There is no connecting term involved, to indicate the rank

- In the case of a subdivision of a genus (subgenus, section, subsection, series, subseries, etc.) the name consists of the name of a genus and a subdivisional epithet. A connecting term should be placed before the subdivisional epithet to indicate the rank.
- _Paraserianthes_ sect. _Falcataria_

### More than two parts

- In the case of a cultivar there is an additional cultivar epithet (this is a non-Latin part of the botanical name and is not written in italics). The cultivar epithet may follow either the botanical name of the species, or the name of the genus only, or the common name of the genus or species (provided the common name is unambiguous). The generic name, followed by the cultivar name, is often used when the parentage of a particular hybrid cultivar is uncertain or when it cannot be linked with certainty to a particular species.
- In _Bellis perennis_ 'Aucubifolia', _Bellis perennis_ is the name of the species, with _perennis_ the specific epithet and 'Aucubifolia' the cultivar epithet.

- Sometimes a subdivision of a genus may be indicated with a listing in three or more parts. However, this is not its formal name. Its botanical name is in two parts.

## Related pages

- Biological classification
- Binomial nomenclature
- Taxonomy
- Systematics
- Cultigen

## Other websites

- The International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants