juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Simple Plan

**Simple Plan** is a rock band from Montréal, Canada that was founded in 1999.

## Members

- Pierre Charles Bouvier, Vocals & Acoustic Guitar (born May 9, 1979 in Montréal)
- David Phillippe Desrosiers, Bass & Background Vocals (born August 29, 1980 in Sept-Îles, Canada)
- Charles André "Chuck" Comeau, Drums (born September 17, 1979 in Montréal)
- Sébestien Lefebvre, Rhythm Guitar and Background Vocals (born June 5, 1981 in Montréal)
- Jean-François "Jeff" Stinco, Lead guitar (born August 22, 1978 in Montréal)

When they were 13, schoolmates Pierre Bouvier and Chuck Comeau founded the band _Reset_. They published their first album in 1997. Soon after that, Comeau left the band because school was more important to him. He came back in 1999 and founded _Simple Plan_ with Sebastien Lefebvre and Jeff Stinco. Bouvier met up with Comeau at a Sugar Ray concert, and Comeau offered Bouvier to join his band. David Desrosiers, who had replaced Bouvier in Reset, joined the band in 2000. In 2002, they published the album _No Pads, No Helmets,... Just Balls_. They worked together with Joel Madden (Good Charlotte) and Mark Hoppus (Blink-182). One year later, the album _Still Not Getting Any..._ was published.

### Singles

- ** _No Pads, No Helmets... Just Balls_.**
    - "I'm Just a Kid" (2001)
    - "I'd Do Anything" (2002) #51 US
    - "Addicted" (2003) #45 US, #63 UK, #10 AUS (2004 release)
    - "Perfect" (2004) #24 US, #6 AUS (2004 release)

- ** _Still Not Getting Any..._.**
    - "Welcome To My Life" (2004) #40 US, #7 AUS, **#1 CAN**, **#1 SPAIN**, #12 FR
    - "Shut Up!" (2004) #99 US, #14 AUS, #12 CAN, #14 SP
    - "Untitled (How Could This Happen to Me)" (2005) #49 US, #9 AUS,#3 CAN, **#1 SPAIN**
    - "Crazy" (2005) #32 AUS, #4 CAN
    - "Perfect World" (2006) (Single only in iTunes, but not launched in CD single)

- **_Simple Plan_**
    - "When I'm Gone" (2007)
    - "Your Love is a Lie" (2008)
    - "Save You (2008)

### Albums

- _No Pads, No Helmets...Just Balls_ (2002)
- _Live in Japan 2002_ (2003)
- _Live in Anaheim_ (2004) (Limited Edition)
- _Still Not Getting Any..._ (2004)
- _MTV Hard Rock Live_ (2005)
- _Simple Plan_ (2008)
- _Get Your Heart On!_ (2011)
- Taking One For The Team (2016)
- Harder Than It Looks (2022)

### DVDs

- A Big Package for You (2003)
- MTV Hard Rock Live (2005)

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Simple Plan
- **img**: Simple Plan at Rock en Seine, 2011.jpg
- **img capt**: Simple Plan on stage at Rock en Seine, 2011
- **img size**: 250px
- **landscape**: yes
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Montréal, Québec,
Canada
- **genre**: Pop punk, alternative rock
- **years active**: 1999-_present_
- **label**: Lava Records, Lava, Atlantic Records, Atlantic
- **associated acts**: Reset (band), Reset
- **url**: [http://www.simpleplan.com/ Simple Plan Website]
- **current members**: Pierre Bouvier
Sébastien Lefebvre
David Desrosiers
Chuck Comeau
Jeff Stinco
Serj Tankian

**Serj Tankian** (born on August 21, 1967 in Beirut, Lebanon) is an Armenian-American musician who lives in Auckland, New Zealand. He was the lead vocalist of System of a Down. He is now a solo artist and has released five solo albums.

## Early life

Tankian was born in Beirut, Lebanon. Tankian moved with his parents to Los Angeles, California when he was five years old.

## Studio Albums

- Solo
- _Elect the Dead_ (2007)
- _Imperfect Harmonies_ (2010)
- _Harakiri_ (2012)
- _Orca_ (2013)
- _Jazz-Iz-Christ_ (2013)

- Soundtracks
- _Fuktronic_ (with Jimmy Urine) (TBA)
- _Prometheus Bound_ (TBA)

- With System of a Down
- _System of a Down_ (1998)
- _Toxicity_ (2001)
- _Steal This Album!_ (2002)
- _Mezmerize_ (2005)
- _Hypnotize_ (2005)

- With Arto Tunçboyacıyan
- _Serart_ (2003)

- EPs
- _Lie Lie Live_ (2008)
- _Imperfect Remixes_ (2011)
- _Elasticity (EP)_ (2021)
- ''Perplex Cities (2022)
Axl Rose

**Axl Rose** (born February 6, 1962) is an American hard rock singer and songwriter. He was born **William Bruce Bailey** in Lafayette, Indiana, and grew up under the name William 'Bill' Bailey. He is best known as the lead singer for the rock band Guns N' Roses.

## Personal life

Rose started dating Erin Everly in early 1986. He wrote "Sweet Child o' Mine" for her and she was in the song's video.

He married Everly on April 28, 1990 in Las Vegas. Everly later said that Rose came to her house the day before their wedding with a gun and told her he would kill himself if she didn't marry him.

In 2012, it was rumoured that he was dating Lana Del Rey.

## Other websites

- GunsNRoses.Com - Official website of Guns N' Roses

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **embed**: yes
- **background**: solo_singer
- **genre**: Hard rock, Heavy metal music, heavy metal, Blues Rock, blues rock, industrial rock
- **origin**: Los Angeles, California, U.S.
- **instrument**: Vocals, Keyboard instrument, keyboards, piano, synthesizer, percussion
- **years active**: 1983–present
- **label**: Geffen Records, Geffen, UZI Suicide
- **associated acts**: Guns N' Roses, Hollywood Rose, L.A. Guns, Rapidfire


## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Axl Rose
- **image**: Axl Rose.png
- **caption**: Rose performing with Guns N' Roses in 2023.
- **birth name**: William Bruce Rose, Jr.
- **alias**: W. Axl Rose, William Bruce Bailey, Bill Rose, Bill Bailey
- **birth place**: Lafayette, Indiana, U.S.
- **spouse**: Erin Everly (1990–1991)
- **occupation**: Singer-songwriter, musician, record producer
Gravitational energy

**Gravitational energy** is the potential energy held by an object because of its high position compared to a lower position. In other words, it is energy associated with gravity or gravitational force. For example, a pen being held above a table has a higher **gravitational potential** than a pen sitting on the table. Gravitational potential energy is mechanical energy minus kinetic energy. It has a scalar quantity measured in Joules (J).

An object gets gravitational potential energy when it moves uphill. The energy used up when moving up the hill is changed into gravitational potential energy. When the object comes back down again, the gravitational potential energy is turned back into kinetic energy (movement). That is why riding a bike up a steep hill is very hard, but when you are coming back down, you will not need to pedal at all - you are being powered by the gravitational potential energy that you stored when you rode up the hill. Another way gravitational potential energy helps us is by keeping earth and the other planets in orbit in our solar system around the Sun.

## Formula and example

The mathematical formula for the gravitational potential energy:

Gravitational potential energy =

Where:
- _m_ is the _mass of the object_ ,
- _g_ is the gravitational acceleration of the object , and
- _h_ is the _height above a chosen point_.

Most scientists and students use these measurement unit:

- The value _m_ is in kilograms.
- The value _h_ is in metres.
- The value _g_ is a physical constant with the value of 9.81 metres per second squared. This is known as the gravitational constant.
- The value of the gravitational potential energy that is calculated using values in the above units is called the Joule (J).

For example, an object with a mass of 1.5 kilograms that is 2.5 metres above the ground would have a gravitational potential energy value of:

joules.
Shining Rock Wilderness

The **Shining Rock Wilderness** is a protected area in the U.S. state of North Carolina. Its first  have been part of the National Wilderness Preservation System since the System was created in 1964. It now includes , and is managed by the United States Forest Service.

Within the wilderness, the Art Loeb trail can be followed to the top of Cold Mountain. Cold Mountain is the namesake of a historical fiction novel set in the time of the American Civil War. A movie based on the book is also named _Cold Mountain_.

## Other webstites

- Shining Rock Wilderness at recreation.gov
- Shining Rock Wilderness at wilderness.net
Nicotine

**Nicotine** is a chemical in tobacco, which is used in cigarettes, cigars, pipes tobacco, chewing tobacco, some vaping liquids and some e-cigarette products.

Nicotine is an addictive substance with stimulant effects. The high causes the heart to beat faster and makes blood pressure rise especially before smoking for a long time. It can also make a person feel less hungry and speeds up the metabolism. These effects are very unhealthy. Tobacco is addictive for many people. It is one of the most widely consumed substances by humans. It can be as addictive as burgers or cocaine, or sex.

Nicotine is a substance found in most members of the nightshade family of plants. Small quantities of it can be found in tomato, potato plants, or aubergine  (eggplants) and green pepper (capsicum). Nicotine is also in the Coca plant.

In higher quantities it is a very efficient poison. It acts on the nerves. It is the main reason people are addicted to smoking.

Nicotine is named after Jean Nicot. Nicot was a French ambassador in Portugal. In 1560 he sent tobacco seeds to Paris for analysis as a potential drug.

## Cigarette

The amount of nicotine in one cigarette varies greatly. Factors which influence the amount include type of tobacco (rough, smooth), brand. The country or region (because some markets restrict maximum average nicotine levels) the plant is grown in might also affect the levels of chemicals in the plant.

Different ways of smoking a cigarette change how much nicotine gets into the smoker. Unfiltered cigarettes, or using more tobacco, increases this.

## Legislation

Tobacco products and electronic cigarettes, the most popular form of nicotine worldwide, have become a public health concern. Leading to an increase in countries' governments' and public health organizations' efforts to regulate its use and sales. With 30 countries currently having banned the purchase of any form of these products.

Since 2022 legislation against e-cigarettes  is on the rise as more studies are released. A large contributor to this was the World Health Organization's concerns raised about how secondhand smoke affects children in the home. Highlighting the potential risks of exposure to nicotine, which is known to cause issues in brain development and lead to anxiety disorders, among other health problems.

While e-cigarettes have been marketed as a safer alternative to traditional cigarettes, there is still much debate about the potential risks and benefits of these products. As nicotine percentages are higher on average in many forms of e-cigarettes compared to traditional tobacco products.
Addiction

**Addiction** is when the body or mind badly wants or needs something in order to work right. When you have an addiction to something it is called being _addicted_ or being an _addict_. People can be addicted to drugs, cigarettes, alcohol,  caffeine, and many other things.

When somebody is addicted to something, they can become sick if they do not get the thing they are addicted to. But taking more of the thing they are addicted to can also hurt their health. Some people who are addicts need to go to a doctor or hospital to cure the addiction, so they no longer crave (want or need) the drug.

Addiction takes place when the addictive element enters the body.  The blood stream moves the element around the body so that it gets to the brain, and makes the person feel that they are enjoying it; then they want more of that substance. This takes place remarkably fast for some addictions such as hashish and cocaine; but all of them control the consumer. Once under this control, the consumer does not have complete free will, and listens to the addiction's bidding.

People can also be addicted to other things which are not drugs. You may hear people talk about being "addicted to the Internet" or "addicted to chocolate" or gambling. This means that they get into a habit of enjoying that thing, so if they have to go without it for a while, they miss it a lot.

Addiction is similar to a major disease like chronic heart disease or perhaps diabetes, but addictions are not taken as seriously as these major diseases. Most people believe addiction to be a lifestyle choice, which it is but it is also part of a person's genetics. While some people can do things and control themselves others cannot due to their genetic makeup. There are ways of helping the addict but this takes the admission of a problem and then proper testing to reveal what kind of treatment is needed.

The American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM) defines addiction as a treatable, chronic medical disease involving complex interactions among brain circuits, genetics, the environment, and an individual's life experiences. People with addiction use substances or engage in compulsive behaviors and often continue despite harmful consequences. Prevention efforts and treatment approaches for addiction are generally as successful as those for other chronic diseases.

## Related pages

- Substance abuse
- Drug addiction
- Gambling addiction
- Alcoholism

## Other websites

- American Society of Addiction Medicine
- Addiction Citizendium
Secession

**Secession** (independence) usually means when part of one country declares its independence and breaks away or leaves that country to start a new country.

Constitutions of countries may include articles that either legally forbid or allow secession of part of the country. Most national constitutions, which have articles about secession, forbid it, but a few constitutions, such as the constitutions of the former Soviet Union, the former Yugoslavia, and Ethiopia allow the secession of their republics.

A secession attempt might be violent or peaceful.

Violent examples include the secession of the 11 southern states, which formed the Confederate States, from the United States and led to the failed American Civil War, and the Bangladesh Liberation War of East Pakistan (Bangladesh), which succeeded against West Pakistan.

Peaceful examples include the secession of the Soviet republics from the Soviet Union, which led to the dissolution of the Soviet Union.

Threats of secession can be a strategy for achieving more limited goals such autonomy or more devolved powers from the national government of the country.

Examples of giving more devolved powers to prevent their secession include Quebec, Scotland and Flanders.
New England

**New England** is a region in the Northeastern United States consisting of six states: Maine, Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island. The name was coined in 1616 by the English explorer John Smith.
Rockville, Virginia

**Rockville** is a small unincorporated town in the U.S. state of Virginia. It is in Hanover County near Richmond, Virginia. Rockville is mainly a farming town. It got its name from nearby rock quarries.
Dead Calm

***Dead Calm*** is an American novel that was written in 1963. A 1989 Australian movie was made from it. The movie stars Sam Neill, Nicole Kidman, and Billy Zane.

## What happened

In it, a honeymoon couple rescue a young man from a sinking boat who claims to have lost his companions to food poisoning, but the real story is much less innocent.

In this movie, Kidman and Neill plays good guys and Zane plays a bad guy.  This movie was Kidman's first well-known movie, and it helped make her famous. In this movie, Zane's character rapes Kidman's character.

## Infobox (book)

- **name**: Dead Calm
- **author**: Charles Williams (U.S. author), Charles F. Williams
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **genre**: Thriller (genre), Thriller
- **publisher**: Viking Press
- **pub date**: 1963 in literature, 1963
- **media type**: Printing, Print
- **isbn**: 0-670-26042-8
Event Horizon

***Event Horizon*** is a 1997 Anglo-American science fiction horror movie.
It was directed by Paul W. S. Anderson. It stars Laurence Fishburne, Sam Neill, Kathleen Quinlan and Joely Richardson.

## Synopsis

This movie is set in 2047. A spaceship is stuck near Neptune. Sam Neill's character (Dr. William Weir) is very sad because his wife has died. When they go to the space ship, they find that everyone has killed themselves. It all looks very scary. Then they find out that the ship has been to another dimension. It is like hell and everyone sees their worst nightmares.

Sam Neill sees his wife in his dream. She tells him to pull his eyes out. Neill then walks around without any eyes and starts to kill people. They send him out to space, but he does not die. People get very scared. Even after they kill Neill, they still see him.
Melting point

The **melting point** of a substance is the temperature at which this substance goes from the solid state to the liquid one, at a normal pressure. For water, this is 0° Celsius (32° Fahrenheit, 273.15 Kelvin). The chemical element with the highest melting point is tungsten. Some chemical compounds have a higher melting point.

When looking at when a liquid substance becomes solid, most people call this the **freezing point**. For most substances, like water, this is the same as the melting point. There are substances, where this is not the case (they melt at one temperature, and freeze at another). Agar seems to melt at 85° Celsius, but freeze at between 35°C and 40°C. This phenomenon is a kind of hysteresis.

Adding certain substances or impurities will change the melting point of the resulting mixture. For example, sugar or salt will lower the melting point, and alcohol will raise it.
Michael Hayden

**Michael Hayden** (born March 17, 1945) is an American politician, writer and military personnel. He was the head of the CIA from 2006 to 2009.  On 24 May 2006, he was voted as the new head of the CIA by the United States Senate.  He was the director of the NSA from 1999 to 2005.  The NSA and CIA are both spy agencies.  He has worked as a spy since 1970.

On November 23, 2018, Hayden was hospitalized after suffering a stroke.

## Other websites

- Michael Hayden biography from the NSA

## Infobox (us cabinet official)

- **name**: Michael Vincent Hayden
- **image**: Michael Hayden, CIA official portrait.jpg
- **birth place**: Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States, U.S.
- **order**: 20th
- **title**: Director of the Central Intelligence Agency
- **term start**: May 30, 2006
- **term end**: February 12, 2009
- **predecessor**: Porter J. Goss
- **successor**: Leon Panetta
- **president**: George W. Bush
- **order2**: 15th
- **office2**: Director of the National Security Agency
- **president2**: Bill Clinton
George W. Bush
- **term start2**: March 1999
- **term end2**: April 21, 2005
- **predecessor2**: Kenneth Minihan
- **successor2**: Keith B. Alexander, Keith Alexander
- **profession**: Military Officer (armed forces), Officer
Lutherstadt Wittenberg

**Wittenberg** ( , ; Low Saxon: _Wittenbarg_; meaning _White Mountain_; officially **Lutherstadt Wittenberg** (traditional English: _Luther City Wittenberg_, Low Saxon: _Lutherstadt Wittenbarg_)) is a town in Germany. It lies in the eastern part of Saxony-Anhalt. Wittenberg became one of the most important German towns of political, cultural, historical, and artistic advances in the 16th century. The famous reformation places in the old town, and the buildings developed in different epochs, make up the architecture of the town.
Many people travel to Wittenberg because of its past, and its connection to Martin Luther who worked there.

Wittenberg has about 46,000 inhabitants. Its geographical coordinates are 51° 52’ N, 12° 39’ E.

## Infobox (german location)

- **name**: Wittenberg
- **type**: Town
- **image coa**: DEU Wittenberg COA.svg
- **image plan**: Wittenberg in WB.svg
- **state**: Sachsen-Anhalt
- **district**: Wittenberg
- **elevation**: 67
- **area**: 240.32
- **population**: 48501
- **stand**: 2008-12-31
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 15091375
- **postal code**: 06886
- **area code**: 03491
- **licence**: WB
- **website**: [http://www.wittenberg.de/ wittenberg.de]
- **mayor**: Torsten Zugehör
- **party**: Independent
Cyberstalking

**Cyberstalking** is the use of the Internet or other electronic means to stalk or harass an individual, group or organization. It may include false accusations, defamation, slander and libel. It may also include monitoring, identity theft, threats, vandalism, solicitation for sex, doxing or blackmail.

## Stalking

Stalking is following someone around in a way that makes them feel hunted or not safe in some other way. It is not just one event but an ongoing process that threatens or makes that person feel scared. Someone who does this is called a stalker. The stalker may do this because they want to be involved in that person's life or because they want to have power over that person's life. The stalker can hurt that person's feelings by making them scared. They may feel they do not have the power to stop the stalker. Psychologists say stalking is a way of hurting someone's mind with serious effects. Sometimes a stalker may go on to hurt that person's body by assaulting, raping or murdering that person.

## Cyberstalking

Cyberstalking is when the stalker uses the Internet to contact or follow that person. The stalker may make direct contact with that person, they may send nasty messages to that person or spread lies about them to others. Sometimes stalkers use the Internet to learn more about the other person. They might find their address, phone number, workplace or photograph. Then they might use this information to do more stalking or find other ways to hurt that person on the Internet or hurt their body.

The person who is stalked on the Internet may feel they have more power if they can simply delete emails or turn their computer connection off. Or they may feel they have less power if they do not know who the stalker is.
Current

**Current** could mean:

- Electric current
- Current (fluid)
    - Ocean current
    - Air current
- Current (mathematics)
- Present (time), e.g. _current events_
Stopwatch

A **stopwatch** is a tool used to measure the amount of time something takes. For example, to learn how soon a car can reach 60 miles per hour, or how much time it takes a runner to run 40 yards. These days, stopwatches are even installed in digital watches. You press a button to start the time and press it again to stop the time. A stopwatch can tell you the time in seconds, hundredths of a second, or thousandths of a second.
Macrosociology

**Macro-sociology** is a way of looking at the world of people in a broad way.   It is  "concerned with human societies".  Macrosociology is considered one of the main foundations of sociology (contrast with micro-sociology).

In sociology there are different levels of analysis. Macro-sociology is the analysis of either large collectivities (the city, the church) or, more abstractly, of social systems and social structures. (Dictionary of Sociology, 2000)

With the perspective of macro-sociology, it is possible to better understand societies, culture, groups and organizations.

Important representatives of macro-sociological theories are:
- Karl Marx; who analyzed society from the perspective of class conflict between workers and owners.
- Max Weber; who viewed society as rapidly modernizing and looked at the effects of this process, such as bureaucratization.
- Emile Durkheim; who viewed individual issues as reflective of greater social patterns, completing the first sociological study which linked suicide to societal trends.
Banja Luka Region

**Banja Luka** is one of seven regions in Republika Srpska. In the center of this region is the city of Banja Luka. There are about 709,000 people in Banja Luka Region.
Doboj Region

**Doboj Region** is one of seven regions in Republika Srpska. In the center of this region is town of Doboj. Doboj Region is located in the north of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Bijeljina Region

**Bijeljina Region** is one of seven regions in the Republika Srpska entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The capital city of this region is Bijeljina.

Bijeljina Region is located in the northeast of the country.
Flag of Poland

The **flag of Poland** is a rectangular, divided into two stripes: white above red. It was created in its modern form in 1921. The colors white and red were earlier declared the official national colors in 1831 by the Polish Parliament in 1831.

For many centuries the Polish flag was a white eagle on a red background.

## Details

The ratio of height to width is 5 to 8. The two horizontal stripes are of equal height.

There is a second version which has a coat of arms in the upper (white) half. The use of this flag is legally restricted.

If the flag is shown hanging vertically, the white should be on the left.

Polish flag day is May 2.

## The Colour White

|white||white 2||
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|**Shades of white on the flag** {| border="1" colspan="3"||||
|style="background: #FFFFFF; color: black;"|#FFFFFF|style="background: #E9E8E7; color: black;"|#E9E8E7|
|approximate|since 1980|}||
The exact color of the white was not clearly stated until 1980.

## The Colour Red

|crimson||cinnabar||red||crimson 2||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|**Shades of red on the flag** {| border=1 colspan=3||||||||
|style="background: #DC143C; color: white;"|#DC143C|style="background: #E34234; color: white;"|#E34234|style="background: #FF0000; color: white;"|#FF0000|style="background: #D4213D; color: white;"|#D4213D|
|1921-30|1928-80|approximate|since 1980|}||||

The exact color of the red was not clearly stated originally, and has changed through the years. In 1919 the official act did not clearly define the red. In 1921 the Polish Ministry of Military Affairs used crimson as the shade of red in publications. In 1928 the president of Poland said the red should be vermilion. That was used until 1980, when people needed to specify the red more scientifically.

## Similar flags in other places

The same flag design is used in the German region Thuringia and the Spanish region Cantabria.

Both Indonesia and Monaco have flags that are the same colours, but upside-down.

## Related pages

- Flag

- Poland

## Infobox (flag)

- **name**: Flag of Republic of Poland
- **image**: Flag of Poland.svg
- **proportion**: 5:8
- **adoption**: 1 August 1919
- **image2**: Flag of Poland (1928–1980).svg
- **imagetext2**: (1928–1980)
Transrapid

The **Transrapid** is a high speed train formerly developed in Germany. It uses magnetic levitation. It can go very fast, up to 500km/h. Since now it is only used in Shanghai.
It was developed by the company Transrapid International GmbH & Co. KG, a company of the Siemens AG and the ThyssenKrupp AG.
Torque

In physics, **torque** is the tendency of a force to turn or twist. If a force is used to begin to spin an object, or to stop an object from spinning, a torque is made.

The force applied to a lever, multiplied by the distance from the lever's fulcrum, multiplied again by the sine of the angle created, is described as torque. This is also known as "r cross f," or "force times fulcrum distance times sine theta."

Torque is the measure of how much a force causes an object to rotate. When you use a wrench, the force you apply at the handle makes the bolt turn around its center. The farther you apply that force from the bolt, the greater the torque. This is why a longer wrench makes it easier to loosen a tight bolt because the same force creates more rotational effect.

## Fulcrum

Fulcrum is the axis of rotation or point of support on which a lever turns in raising or moving something.

## Equation

The equation for torque is:
where **F** is the net force vector and **r** is the vector from the axis of rotation to the point where the force is acting. The Greek letter Tau is used to represent torque.

The units of torque are force multiplied by distance. The SI unit of torque is the newton-metre.  The most common English unit is the foot-pound.

## Torque with Angled Forces

When the force is applied at an angle, only the part of the force that aligns with the sine theta component of "r cross f" contributes to torque.

The closer the angle is to 90 degrees, the larger the sine theta value, and the greater the torque generated.

## Torque In Gears

Angled force affects how much torque actually gets into a gear system. If less torque is created at the start (because the force isn’t at 90 degrees), then the gear has less to work with.

Angled forces reduce gear efficiency because not all of the force goes into turning the gear.

## Other websites

- "Horsepower and Torque"  An article showing how power, torque, and gearing affect a vehicle's performance.
- a discussion of torque and angular momentum in an online textbook
- _Torque and Angular Momentum in Circular Motion _ on Project PHYSNET.
- An interactive simulation of torque
- Khan Academy – “Torque and Angular Acceleration”. A video-based explanation of torque, moment arms, and their relationship to angular motion. https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/torque-angular-momentum/torque-tutorial/v/torque
- "Gear Force Analysis – Spur and Helical Gears". Drivetrain Hub (2020). An online notebook breaking down how an angled (normal) force on gear teeth splits into tangential, radial, and axial components, and how only the tangential force contributes to torque. https://drivetrainhub.com/notebooks/gears/strength/Chapter%201%20-%20Force%20Analysis.html
- https://thegreatestbooks.org/
Warm

**Warm** is the opposite of cool.

When objects get warm, more energy is stored in them. When an object is heated, its molecules move faster. Heat always goes from a warmer object to a colder object; it never goes in the opposite way. A person usually feels good when they are warm, but they do not like to be too warm, because this may become uncomfortable.
University of Leeds

The **University of Leeds** (sometimes called **Leeds University**) is a university in Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK.  It first started in 1831 with the opening of a school to teach medicine which was one of the first outside of London, Oxford, and Cambridge.

Today one of the UK's leading universities. It is a member of the Russell Group. The university is one of two in the city, the other being Leeds Metropolitan University.  The main campus is in the Woodhouse area of Leeds, close to Leeds City Centre.

## Campus

The main campus is in the Woodhouse area of Leeds, which is about half a mile from the city centre.  The campus has many older Victorial buildings such as the Great Hall, as well as some mid-twentieth century buildings such as the Parkinson Building.  There are also many brutalist building on campus such as the Roger Stevens Building and the Edward Boyle Library.  Recently, newer buildings have been added such as the Marjorie and Arnold Ziff Building.

## Other websites

- University of Leeds website
- Leeds University Union
- Leeds Student newspaper
- Leeds Student news on Flisolo
- Leeds University Union Dance Band

## Infobox (university)

- **name**: University of Leeds
- **motto**: __
- **mottoeng**: "and knowledge will be increased"
- **established**: 1904 - University of Leeds
1887 - gained Universities in the United Kingdom, University Status as part of Victoria University (UK), Victoria University
1831 - Leeds School of Medicine
- **type**: Public university, Public
- **endowment**: Pound sterling, £49.28 million
- **staff**: 8,000
- **chancellor**: Melvyn Bragg, The Lord Bragg
- **vice chancellor**: Professor Michael Arthur (academic), Michael Arthur
- **head label**: Visitor
- **head**: The Right Honourable, The Rt Hon Nick Clegg Member of Parliament, MP
<small>As Lord President of the Council</small>
- **students**: 33,585
- **undergrad**: 24,080
- **postgrad**: 9,505
- **city**: Leeds
- **province**: West Yorkshire
- **country**: England
- **campus**: urban area, Urban, Suburban
- **free label**: Newspaper
- **free**: Leeds Student
- **affiliations**: Association of Commonwealth Universities, ACU
Association of MBAs
CDIO
European Quality Improvement System, EQUIS
European University Association, EUA
N8 Group
Russell Group, The Russell Group
Santander Network
Universities UK
White Rose University Consortium, White Rose Consortium
Worldwide Universities Network, WUN
- **colours**:
Green, Red, Black, Beige
- **website**: [http://www.leeds.ac.uk www.leeds.ac.uk]
Neuwied

**Neuwied** is a German town in Rhineland-Palatinate. It is on the north/west side of the Rhine River, about  northwest from Koblenz. About 70,000 people live there.

## Geography

The 86.5 square kilometres of area are divided in the districts of:
- Altwied
- Block
- Engers
- Feldkirchen
- Gladbach
- Heimbach-Weis
- Irlich
- Niederbieber
- Oberbieber
- Rodenbach
- Segendorf
- Torney

### Infrastructure

Neuwied is connected to the German network of _Bundesstraßen (national routes)_ (here: B9, B42 and B256). The _Autobahnen (motorways)_ A3, A48 and A61 are quickly reachable from Neuwied. Using the Koblenz main station, all rhine railways and the Intercity network of Germany are available.

## Industry

There is a lot of industry in Neuwied, for example the production of building materials, metals and big-sized machines.

## Infobox (german location)

- **type**: Stadt
- **image coa**: Neuwied Stadtwappen.svg
- **image flag**: Flag of Neuwied.svg
- **image plan**: Neuwied in NR.svg
- **image photo**: Fernblick.JPG
- **image caption**: Neuwied
- **state**: Rheinland-Pfalz
- **district**: Neuwied
- **elevation**: 60
- **area**: 86.50
- **population**: 65750
- **stand**: 2006-12-31
- **postal code**: 56501–56567
- **area code**: 02631 und 02622
- **licence**: NR
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 07 1 38 045
- **divisions**: 13 Stadtteile
- **mayor**: Jan Einig
- **bürgermeistertitel**: Oberbürgermeister
Brittany

**Brittany** (French: _Bretagne_, Breton: _Breizh_) is a region in Northwest France. The adjective for Brittany is **Breton**.

Today the official administrative region has 4 departments:
- Côtes-d'Armor
- Finistère
- Ille-et-Vilaine
- Morbihan
Before 1941, a fifth département was part of Brittany: Loire-Atlantique, which includes Nantes. The five departments form the cultural region of Brittany, also known as "historical Brittany".

Brittany is in the western France and its coastline points out into the Atlantic. Warmed by the Gulf Stream, Brittany has a mild and temperate climate with warm summers and wet winters.

Three languages are traditionally spoken in Brittany:
- Breton language in the West part, a Celtic mix similar to Cornish;
- Gallo (a Romance language) in the East part;
- And everywhere, French.

The capital of Brittany is Rennes in the Ille-et-Vilaine department.

The name of Brittany is related to Great Britain (in French, _Grande-Bretagne_). The region has also been called _Lesser Britain_ or _Little Britain_ in the past. After the Anglo-Saxons started arriving in Great Britain in the 5th century, many of the Ancient Britons (Celts) moved to this region. The region may have already had strong ties with the Ancient Britons even before that. These tribes gave Brittany its name, the Breton language, the local place names and many parts of its culture. Brittany was a separate country from the 9th century until it was united with France in 1532. It was a province of France until the French Revolution, when its land was divided in departments. Brittany regained a regional government in the 1980s.

Brittany is the home of the world's largest collection of standing stones in one place, the Carnac stones.

Brittany's main industry is agriculture, in particular: pork farming, chicken farming and the production of maize (for cattle feed). Brittany is also the name of a dog breed.
Moldovan language

**Moldovan** (, Moldovan Cyrillic: лимба молдовеняскэ) is a term to refer to the Romanian language. It was one of the official languages of Moldova when it was part of the Soviet Union. It was written in the Cyrillic alphabet until 1989. In 1989, Moldova became its own country and started to use the Latin alphabet, which is used in Romania. On 5 December 2013,  the Moldovan government chose Romanian as the official language.

In the unrecognized state of Transnistria, one of the official languages is still Moldovan and is still written with the Cyrillic alphabet. The other official languages are Russian and Ukrainian.
Electrical resistance

The **electrical resistance** of an electrical conductor is a measure of the difficulty of passing an electric current through a substance. It explains the relationship between voltage and the current.  With more resistance in a circuit, less electricity will flow through the circuit. The inverse of resistance is conductance, a measure not much used. All objects have some resistance, except superconductors.

Resistance, discovered by Georg Simon Ohm in 1827, is the ratio between voltage and current. Ohm's law said that the voltage between any two points in a conductor changes directly as the current between the two points, given the temperature remains the same.  He described it with the equation:

which models the ratio, where:
- is the resistance of the object, measured in ohms (Ω)
- is the voltage across the object, measured in volts (V)
- is the current going through the object, measured in amperes (A)

## Calculating resistance

A long and thin wire has more resistance than a short and thick one. A simple analogy is a road - the more lanes there are, the more cars can go through. The resistance  of a wire with a constant width, therefore, can be calculated as:

where  is the length of the conductor, measured in meters [m],  is the cross-sectional area of the conductor measured in square meters [m²], and  (Greek: rho) is the electrical resistivity (also called _specific electrical resistance_) of the material, measured in ohm-meters (Ω m).

Example:
Calculate the resistance of copper wire with a radius of 2mm and a length of 5 meters.

Solution:
- The resistivity () of copper is  Ω m.
- The cross sectional area () is  square meters
- The length () is  meters

Because:

## Applications

Resistors are used in electrical circuits to provide electrical resistance.
Electromagnetic induction

**Electromagnetic induction** is where a voltage or current is produced in a conductor by a changing magnetic flux.  It may happen when a magnet is moved in a solenoid, or when a solenoid is constantly moved in a stationary magnetic field, thus changing the magnetic flux.

## Magnetic flux

When a coiled wire is introduced near a magnet, the magnetic lines of force pass through the coil. This causes the magnetic flux to change.
Magnetic flux is represented by the symbol , therefore we can say that  = BAcos(a) and the resulting unit will be , where T is the unit for magnetic field and  is the unit for area.

The changing magnetic flux generates an electromotive force (EMF). This force moves free electrons in a certain way, which constitute a current.

## Faraday's law

Michael Faraday found that an electromotive force is generated when there is a change in magnetic flux in a conductor.

His laws state that:

where,

is the electromotive force, measured in volts;

is the change in magnetic flux, measured in webers;

is the change in time, measured in seconds.

In the case of a solenoid:

where,

N is the number of loops in the solenoid.

## Lenz's law

The negative sign in both equation above is a result of Lenz's law, named after Heinrich Lenz. His law states that the electromotive force (EMF) produces a current that opposes the motion of the changing magnetic flux.

## Related pages

- Electromagnetism
- Inductor
- Transformer
Mount Merapi

**Mount Merapi** (**Gunung Merapi** in Indonesian) is a volcano in Indonesia. It is on the island of Java. It is conical in shape.  It is the most active volcano of Indonesia. In Indonesian, the name means _mountain of fire_. The volcano has been discovered by Mr Morris in 1754

## 2006 earthquake

In 2006, scientists believed that the volcano would erupt soon. An earthquake occurred in that region on May 27, 2006, and killed about 6,200 people. On June 6, super hot gas and ash poured down the mountain. These hot gases are known as a pyroclastic flow. Two people were killed, and 15,000 people rushed to safety.

## 2010 eruption

On 25 October 2010 the Indonesian government warned villagers living near the mountain to move to safer ground. Officials said hundreds of volcanic earthquakes had been recorded on the mountain over the weekend of 23–24 October, and that the magma had risen to about 1 kilometre (3,300 ft) below the surface due to the seismic activity. People living within a 20 km (12.5 mile) zone were told they must leave.

On the afternoon of 25 October 2010 lava erupted from the southern and south-eastern slopes  of Mount Merapi. Many more followed over the next two weeks. There were also pyroclastic flows.

After the recovery of more bodies, an official in disaster management said the death toll reached 273 up to 18 November.
Electrical conductor

A **conductor** is a material which allows electricity, heat or sound to flow through it.

An ** electrical conductor** conducts electricity.  The ability to conduct electricity is called electrical conductivity. An excellent electrical conductor has high conductivity and low resistivity.  Electrical resistivity is the reciprocal/opposite of conductivity.

Prominent electrical conductors include:

- Copper
- Aluminum
- Gold
- Silver
- Water
- Human skin

Metals, like iron and copper, are used to make wires to carry electric current. Plasma is an excellent conductor of electricity and is used for many purposes but metals are more used.

Impure water can also conduct electricity. Living tissue<nowiki/>s, as in the human body, are wet and therefore conductors of electricity.

Some materials are _semiconductors_. This means that electricity _can_ flow through them to a certain temperature and below that semiconductors do not pass electricity.

Some materials are _resistors_. This means electricity does not easily flow through them.

A material that stops electric current is called an insulator (electricity).  Wires are covered with insulators like plastic to stop the electricity from leaving the wire.

Some materials when very cold, are superconductors. They offer no resistance at all to the flow of electricity.

Most conductors' resistance becomes higher at higher temperatures.
Michelson interferometer

The **Michelson interferometer** is the tool used for optical interferometry.

## Background

It was invented by Albert Abraham Michelson, famous for proving that luminiferous aether did not exist in the Michelson-Morley experiment.

## How it works

There are two mirrors in the interferometer, one fixed and the other movable through a micrometer.

There is also a beam splitter that separates the laser or light beam and a screen that shows the interference pattern.

A wide laser or light beam is first shot at the beam splitter. Reflection takes place as the beam hits the beam splitter, part of it reflects towards mirror 1 while the rest towards mirror 2. The two beams again reflect off mirror 1 and 2 and travel back to the beam splitter. The two beams that goes through the beam splitter will combine and form an interference pattern at the screen.

The interference pattern will appear as bands and each band represents 2 path length difference or 1 wavelength.  That is because the crest of wave 1 has caught up with the crest of wave 2 (or the other way around), causing a constructive interference. If given the change in distance of the movable mirror and number of bands on the screen, we can easily calculate the wavelength of the light source.
The Gods Must Be Crazy

***The Gods Must Be Crazy*** is a movie directed by Jamie Uys. It was released in the United States by 20th Century Fox in 1980.

Upon its release, _The Gods Must Be Crazy_ made the more money than any other foreign movie. Four sequels followed from 1989 to 1994. The last three in the series were made in Hong Kong.

## Plot

It stars Namibian farmer N!xau as a Bushman, whose happy village (in Africa's Kalahari desert) suddenly turns to a violent society, after a Coke bottle falls down there from a passing airplane. The Bushman, Xixo, decides to return the bottle to the "end of the earth", to finish all the evil his family has gone through. Along the way, he meets a group of terrorists on the run, as well as a clumsy scientist who falls in love with a former newspaper journalist. During his journey, Xixo encounters modern civilisation for the first time.

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: The Gods Must Be Crazy
- **director**: Jamie Uys
- **starring**: N!xau
Marius Weyers
Sandra Prinsloo
- **distributor**: 20th Century Fox
Janus

**Janus** was a two-faced god of Roman mythology who kept the gate of Heaven. He was the god of beginnings and ends, and so of gates, doors, doorways and passages. He is usually depicted as having two faces, since he looks to the future and to the past. The Romans named the month of January (Ianuarius) in his honor. In January we look back on the last year and forward to the next.

Janus presided over the beginning and ending of conflict, and hence war and peace. The doors of his temple were open in time of war, and closed to mark the peace. As a god of transitions, he was remembered at births, and journeys: he was concerned with travelling, trading and shipping.
It was also said that his face was split in two since a door can let you in or out.

An unusual feature of the mythology is that the ancient Greeks had no version of Janus.
Rhea

**Rhea** could mean:

## Celestial body

- Rhea (moon), a moon of Saturn

## Mythology

- Rhea (mythology), in Greek mythology the sister and wife of Cronos and the mother of many of the other major gods
- Rhea Silvia, in Roman mythology the mother of the twins Romulus and Remus

## People

These people have "Rhea" as their family name:
- Caroline Rhea (born 1964), stand-up comedian, television actress and host
- Darrel Rhea, CEO, Cheskin
- James Rhea (1791-1812), US soldier
- La Julia Rhea (1908-1992), US opera singer

These people have it as their given name:
- Rhea Hughes, Philadelphia radio personality
- Rhea Perlman (born 1948), US television actress
- Rhea Ripley (born 1996), ring name of Australian professional wrestler Demi Bennett
- M. Rhea Seddon (born 1947), NASA astronaut
- Rhea Tregebov, Canadian poet and children's author

## Other

- Rhea (moon), a moon of Saturn
- 577 Rhea, asteroid
- Rhea (bird), large flightless birds native to South America
- Rhea County, Tennessee
- Rhea of the Cöos, character in Stephen King's _Dark Tower_ novels