juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic

The **Armenian SSR**  or Soviet Socialist Republic of Armenia, came into being on 29 November 1920. On 1 December 1920, the Prime Minister Simon Vratsian handed over control of the country to the Communist Party of Armenia. The name was later changed to the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic.

The modern Republic of Armenia became independent in 1991 during the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
Armenian Americans

An **Armenian-American or American Armenian** is an American citizen who is Armenian, whether by culture, ethnicity, or religion. During the 2009 Census in the United States, 1,270,000 Americans indicated either full or partial Armenian ancestry.

## History

The first Armenian known to have moved to America is nicknamed "Martin the Armenian". He was one of the settlers in the Jamestown Colony in Virginia. He arrived in Jamestown in 1618, when the colony was only 11 years old. Martin was invited to the colony to raise silk worms. Other Armenians were also brought to the colony but they went back to Europe.

Armenians began to arrive in the United States in high numbers in the late 19th century. However, the influx was intensified when over 100,000 Armenian refugees came after World War I to flee the Armenian Genocide in the Ottoman Empire.

## Other websites

- Information about Armenian-Americans in the United States
- More Information about Armenian-Americans
Thomas Cavendish

**Sir Thomas Cavendish** (or Candish) (1560-1592) was an English sea explorer. He was known as "the Navigator" because he led the third expedition to travel around (_circumnavigate_) the globe. Cavendish was the first who set sail to do this. Magellan and Francis Drake were the first two to circumnavigate the globe, but they did not intend to do so. Cavendish died at sea on his second voyage around the world.
William Saroyan

**William Saroyan** () (August 31, 1908 - May 18, 1981) was an American author who wrote many plays and short stories about growing up impoverished as the son of Armenian immigrants. These stories were popular during the Great Depression. Saroyan grew up in Fresno, the center of Armenian-Americans in California, where many of his works are set (although he sometimes gave the city a fictional name).

Asked how to say his name, he told _The Literary Digest_ "In Armenian it is _sor-row'yan_, accent on _row_. In America it is mispronounced with... 'roy.'"

## Life

Saroyan was born in Fresno, California, the son of an Armenian immigrant. His father moved to New Jersey in 1905 - he was a small vineyard owner, who had been educated as a Presbyterian minister. At a certain point his father was forced to take farm-laboring work, and he died in 1911. At the age of four, William Saroyan was placed in the Fred Finch Orphanage in Oakland, California, together with his brother and sister - an experience he later described in his writing. Five years later the family reunited in Fresno, where his mother, Takoohi, had obtained work in a cannery.

## Quotations

- "The writer is a spiritual anarchist, as in the depth of his soul every man is. He is discontented with everything and everybody. The writer is everybody's best friend and only true enemy - the good and great enemy. He neither walks with the multitude nor cheers with them. The writer who is a writer is a rebel who never stops." (from _The William Saroyan Reader_, 1958)

- "I should like to see any power of the world destroy this race, this small tribe of unimportant people, whose wars have all been fought and lost, whose structures have crumbled, literature is unread, music is unheard, and prayers are no more answered. Go ahead, destroy Armenia. See if you can do it. Send them into the desert without bread or water. Burn their homes and churches. Then see if they will not laugh, sing and pray again. For when two of them meet anywhere in the world, see if they will not create a New Armenia."

## Other websites

- The William Saroyan Society
- William Saroyan article on Armeniapedia.org
- The William Saroyan Literary Foundation Intl.  on WilliamSaroyan.org

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: William Saroyan
- **image**: William Saroyan.jpg
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **caption**: William Saroyan, 1940
- **birth date**: August 31, 1908
- **birth place**: Fresno, California
- **death date**: May 18, 1981
- **death place**: Fresno, California
- **occupation**: novelist, playwright, short story writer
- **nationality**: Armenian-American
- **period**: 1934-1980
Raphael Lemkin

**Raphael Lemkin** (; 24 June 1900 – 28 August 1959) was a lawyer of Polish-Jewish descent. Before World War II, Lemkin was interested in the Armenian Genocide and campaigned in the League of Nations to ban what he called "barbarity" and "vandalism". He is best known for his work against genocide, a word he coined in 1943 from the root words _genos_ (Greek for family, tribe or race) and _-cide_ (Latin for killing).

## Death

Lemkin died of a heart attack at the public relations office of Milton H. Blow in New York City in 1959, at the age of 59.

## Other websites

- Biographical sketch of Raphael Lemkin
- Key writings of Raphael Lemkin on Genocide, 1933–1947
- Raphael Lemkin at ArmeniaPedia
Vakıflı

**Vakıflı Köyü** ( — Vakif) is the only ethnic Armenian village in Turkey. It is on the slopes of Musa Dagh in the Samandağ district of Hatay Province. It has a view of the Mediterranean Sea. From the village, people can see the Syrian border. It has a population of about 130 people. The village was destroyed in the 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake.
Conquistador

A **Conquistador** (English: _Conqueror_; : _Conquistadores_, or _Conquistadors_) was a Spanish or Portuguese soldier, explorer, and adventurer. The _Conquistadors_ invaded and conquered much of the Americas and the Philippines Islands, as well as other islands in Asia Pacific. Many of them were _hidalgos_ (low-status noblemen).

Their conquests brought these lands under Spanish and Portuguese colonial rule between the 15th and 17th centuries, starting with the 1492 settlement by Christopher Columbus in what is now the Bahamas. They created what is now called Latin America.

The first successful conquistador was Hernán Cortés. Between 1520 and 1521, Cortés and the native enemies of the Aztecs conquered the mighty Aztec Empire. Present-day Mexico became New Spain, a colony of the Spanish Empire. Francisco Pizarro later found and conquered the similarly large Inca Empire.

## List of Conquistadors

- Alonso Dávila (México, 1520-1533)
- Alonso del Castillo Maldonado
- Alonso de Ojeda (Venezuela, Colombia, Guyana, Aruba)
- Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca (United States, 1527-1536, 1540-1542)
- Antonio de Aragón, Tucumán (Argentina)
- Cristóbal de Olid (Honduras, 1523-1524)
- Diego de Almagro (Perú, 1524-1535, Chile, 1535-1537)
- Diego de Nicuesa (Panamá, 1506-1511)
- Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar (Cuba, 1511-1519)
- Domingo Martínez de Irala
- Francisco de Montejo (Yucatán, México, 1527-1546)
- Francisco de Orellana (Amazon River, 1541-1543)
- Francisco Hernández de Córdoba (Yucatán, México, 1517)
- Francisco Pizarro (Perú, 1509-1535)
- Francisco Vázquez de Coronado (United States, 1540-1542)
- Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada (Colombia, 1536-1537, Venezuela, 1569-1572)
- Gonzalo Pizarro (Perú, 1532-1542)
- Hernán Cortés (México, 1518-1522, Honduras, 1524, Baja California, 1532-1536)
- Hernando de Soto (United States, 1539-1542)
- Hernando Pizarro, (Perú, 1532-1560)
- Inés Suárez, (Chile, 1541)
- Juan de Esquivel, (Jamaica, 1509-1512)
- Juan de Salcedo, (North of Philippines, 1570-1576)
- Juan de Grijalva (Yucatán, México, 1518)
- Juan Pizarro, (Perú, 1532-1536)
- Juan Ponce de León (Puerto Rico, 1508, Florida, 1513 and 1521)
- Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo
- Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón (United States, 1524-1527)
- Martín de Goiti, (Manila, Philippines, 1570-1571)
- Martín de Ursúa, (Petén, Guatemala, 1696-1697)
- Miguel López de Legazpi, (Philippines, 1565-1571)
- Nicolás de Federmann (Venezuela and Colombia, 1537-1539)
- Pánfilo de Narváez (Florida, 1527-1528)
- Pedro de Alvarado (México, 1519-1521, Guatemala, 1523-1527, Perú, 1533-1535, México, 1540-1541)
- Pedro de Valdivia (Chile, 1540-1552)
- Pedro Menéndez de Avilés (Florida, 1565-1567)
- Sebastián de Belalcázar (Ecuador and Colombia, 1533-1536)
- Sebastián Vizcaíno
- Vasco Núñez de Balboa (Panamá, 1510-1519)

## Other websites

- The Conquistadors - Start the Adventure (PBS): https://www.pbs.org/opb/conquistadors/home.htm
Shushanik Kurghinian

**Shushanik Kurghinian** (Popoljian) (1876-1927) was an Armenian poet. Kurghinian received little or no recognition for her outstanding poems. Although a socialist with some stirring poems of labour's rebellion to her name, she remained a dim star even in the Soviet era. Today she is almost unknown, away from the literary canon in Armenia and the Diaspora.

## Background

Shushanik Kurghinian was born on August 18, 1876, in Alexandrapol, in the Yerevan province of Eastern Armenia, into a poor family of Popolji Harout. In her autobiography Shushanik writes of her childhood: “Sometimes father would bring his [shoe-repair] ‘workstation’ home, in order to save money, and I would work for him – demanding my wages, every single kopek (Coin). My mother, having been raised in a traditional household, would reprove my ‘ill behavior toward my parent,’and blamed those harmful books for corrupting me.”

## Works

`Whoever is without hope, dulled, without spirit,

alone and lacking faith...

bring them to me

my spirit is free

I will give them of my soul...'

(Selected Works, 1982 Yerevan p260)

## Other websites

- `I Want to Live: Poems of Shushanik Kurghinian' or at ArmeniaPedia.org
Gyumri

**Gyumri** (Armenian:Գյումրի) is the capital and largest city of the Shirak province in northwest Armenia. It is located about 75 miles from the capital Yerevan, and, with a population of 150,917 (2001 census), is the second-largest city in Armenia.

## Other websites

- City website
- Surp Amenaprkich cathedral in Gyumri
Arminianism

Study Helps: www.umich.edu.BibleKJV, simple search: study., 2Timothy 2:15., 2Timothy 3:16-17, Joshua 24:15, Isaiah Chapter 55, Isaiah 35:8, John Chapters 1 and 3, John 1:12, John 3:3 John 3:16, John 10:10, John 14:6 Romans chapter 10, Acts 3:19, Acts 4:12, Ephesians 2:8-9, Revelation 12:11, Revelation 22:15. 39 Old Testament Books  27 New Testament Books. Other Study Tools: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible, Webster's 1828 Dictionary, Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary, Oxford English Dictionaries.

## Other websites

- The Works of Jacob Arminius
- What is an Arminian?  by John Wesley
Ruben Sevak

**Sevak Ruben** or **Ruben Sevak** (February 15, 1885 – August 26, 1915) was an Armenian poet a prose-writer, and a doctor.

Among many others, he was arrested on April 24, 1915 and killed on August 26, 1915 during the Armenian Genocide.
Armenian Evangelical Church

The **Armenian Evangelical Church** (Armenian: Հայաստանեայց Աւետարանական Եկեղեցի) was established on July 1, 1846 by thirty-seven men and three women in Constantinople.

## History

In the 19th century, there was intellectual and spiritual awakening in Constantinople. This awakening and enlightenment pushed the reformists to study the Bible. Under the patronage of the Armenian Patriarchate, a school was opened, headed by Krikor Peshdimaljian, one of the leading intellectuals of the time. The principal aim of this school was to train qualified clergy for the Armenian Apostolic Church.

Today, there are 88 Armenian Evangelical Churches in the following countries: Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Cyprus, Egypt, England, France, Georgia, Greece, Iran, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey, Uruguay, and the United States of America.

## Other websites

- Directory of Armenian Evangelical Churches, Institutions, Pastors and Christian Workers Worldwide
Armenian alphabet

The **Armenian alphabet** is an alphabet that has been used to write the Armenian language since the 5th century.

The Armenian word for "alphabet" is այբուբեն (CA, EA: , or WA: ), named after the first two letters of the Armenian alphabet.

## Related pages

- Armenian language

## Other websites

- theiling.de: Learn the Armenian alphabet online
- Armenian Apostolic (Orthodox) Church Library Online (in English, Armenian, and Russian)
- stnersess.edu : Bedross Der Matossian on the use of Armeno-Turkish
Unicode Support for Armenian
- Unicode Character Code Chart for Armenian
- transliteration schemes for the Armenian alphabet (transliteration.eki.ee)

## Infobox (ws)

- **name**: Armenian alphabet
- **type**: Alphabet
- **languages**: Armenian language, Armenian
- **time**: 405 to the present
- **fam1**: Proto-Canaanite alphabet
- **fam2**: Phoenician alphabet
- **fam3**: Greek alphabet
- **sisters**: Latin alphabet, Latin
Cyrillic alphabet, Cyrillic
Coptic alphabet, Coptic
- **sample**: Armenian alphabet.svg
- **image size**: 256px
- **unicode**: U+0530 to U+058F,
 U+FB13 to U+FB17
- **iso15924**: Armn
Orontid dynasty

The **Orontid dynasty**, also known by their native name **Eruandid** or **Yervanduni**, was an Armenian dynasty that ruled the Satrapy of Armenia until 321 BC and the Kingdom of Armenia from 321 BC to 200 BC.

## Origins

The origins of the dynasty are a matter of debate, it has been described as an "Iranian" or "Armenian" dynasty. Some historians claim that the Orontids had a lineage relationship with the Achaemenid dynasty.

Panossian states the following about the Orontids (Yervandunis);> "_It is not known whether the Yervandunis were ethnically Armenian. They probably had marriage links to the rulers of Persia and other leading noble houses in Armenia._"

## Culture and language

During the Orontids, despite the Hellenistic invasion; Persian and local Armenian culture remained the most powerful element in society and elites. The Orontid dynasty spoke Armenian.  Some have suggested a continuity with the Hittite name Arnuwanda.

## Other websites

- The Yervanduni Dynasty-A. Richard Diebold Center for Indo-European Language and Culture
- The Orontid (Ervanduni) dynasty

## Infobox (country)

- **conventional long name**: Orontid
- **native name**: Yervanduni
Eruandid
- **image map**: Orontid Armenia -250-en.svg
- **religion**: Zoroastrianism
- **status**: Satrapy, Kingdom
- **year end**:  200 BC
- **year start**: 6th century BC 
- **image map caption**: Orontid Armenia in 250 BC.
Armenian highlands

The **Armenian Highland** (also known as the **Armenian Upland** or **Armenian Plateau**) is part of the Anatolian plateau and constitutes the continuation of the Caucasus mountains, also referred as eastern Armenia.

The apricot is native to China and spread to Europe through the Armenia Highlands. It came to be known throughout the ancient world as the Armenian fruit. Its botanical name Prunus armeniaca, derives from the Latin vernacular for apricot, armeniacum, which some scholars have linked to its Akkadian name __.

Many scholars place the Indo-European homeland in the Armenian Highlands and the plateau of Asia Minor to the southwest.
Others believe that it was in Eastern Europe or southern Russia.

Some scholars believe, for example, that the earliest mention of the Armenians is in the Akkadian inscriptions dating to the 28th-27th centuries BC, in which the Armenians are referred to as the sons of Haya, after the regional god of the Armenian Highlands.

## Related pages

- Greater Armenia (political concept)
- Armenian Genocide

## Other websites

- The Armenian empire
- History of Armenia
Armenian Quarter

The **Armenian Quarter** is one of the four quarters of the Old City of Jerusalem. Although the Armenian people are Christians, the Armenian Quarter is distinct from the Christian Quarter.

## Other websites

- Jerusalem Photos Portal - Armenian Quarter
- Armenians in Israel
Tinga (footballer)

**Paulo César Fonseca do Nascimento** (born 13 January 1978) is a former Brazilian football player.

### Club

|rowspan="2"|Club|rowspan="2"|Season|colspan="3"|League||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|rowspan="4"|Grêmio|1996|rowspan="3"|Série A|0|0|
|1997|10|1|||||
|1998|14|0|||||
|Kawasaki Frontale|1999|J2 League|24|8|||
|Botafogo|2000|Série A|17|1|||
|rowspan="4"|Grêmio|2001|rowspan="3"|Série A|11|2|
|2002|22|2|||||
|2003|32|2|||||
|rowspan="3"|Sporting|2003–04|rowspan="2"|Primeira Liga|11|0|
|2004–05|9|0|||||
|rowspan="3"|Internacional|2005|rowspan="2"|Série A|35|5|
|2006|7|1|||||
|rowspan="5"|Borussia Dortmund|2006–07|rowspan="4"|Bundesliga|31|4|
|2007–08|33|4|||||
|2008–09|27|1|||||
|2009–10|7|0|||||

### International

|National team|Year|Apps|Goals||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|rowspan="7"|Brazil|2001|2|0|
|2002|0|0|||
|2003|0|0|||
|2004|0|0|||
|2005|0|0|||
|2006|1|0|||
|2007|1|0|||

### Club

**Internacional**
- Copa Libertadores: 2006, 2010
- Campeonato Gaúcho: 2011, 2012
- Recopa Sudamericana: 2011

**Cruzeiro**
- Campeonato Brasileiro Série A: 2013, 2014
- Campeonato Mineiro: 2014

### Individual

- Campeonato Brasileiro Série A Team of the Year: 2005

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Tinga
- **image**: Tinga2.jpg
- **image size**: 200
- **caption**: Tinga as a Borussia Dortmund player (2006)
- **fullname**: Paulo César Fonseca Nascimento
- **birth place**: Porto Alegre, Brazil
- **height**: 1.70 m
- **position**: Central midfielder
- **youthyears1**: 1994–1997
- **youthclubs1**: Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense, Grêmio
- **years1**: 1997–2003
- **clubs1**: Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense, Grêmio
- **caps1**: 89
- **goals1**: 7
- **years2**: 1999
- **clubs2**: → Kawasaki Frontale (loan)
- **caps2**: 24
- **goals2**: 8
- **years3**: 2000
- **clubs3**: → Botafogo de Futebol e Regatas, Botafogo (loan)
- **caps3**: 17
- **goals3**: 1
- **years4**: 2004
- **clubs4**: Sporting Clube de Portugal, Sporting CP
- **caps4**: 20
- **goals4**: 0
- **years5**: 2005–2006
- **clubs5**: Sport Club Internacional, Internacional
- **caps5**: 42
- **goals5**: 6
- **years6**: 2006–2010
- **clubs6**: Borussia Dortmund
- **caps6**: 98
- **goals6**: 9
- **years7**: 2010–2012
- **clubs7**: Sport Club Internacional, Internacional
- **caps7**: 43
- **goals7**: 3
- **years8**: 2012–2015
- **clubs8**: Cruzeiro Esporte Clube, Cruzeiro
- **caps8**: 40
- **goals8**: 1
- **totalcaps**: 373
- **totalgoals**: 35
- **nationalyears1**: 2001–2007
- **nationalteam1**: Brazil national football team, Brazil
- **nationalcaps1**: 4
- **nationalgoals1**: 0
Lina Hahne

**Lina Hahne** (born January 23, 1984) was crowned Miss Sweden on June 26. She represented the country in Miss Universe 2008.

## Other websites

- Miss Sweden official homepage
- Interview with Lina Hahne on TV4 morning news
Miss Universe

**Miss Universe** is an international beauty contest. It was started in 1952 and today has over 190 countries taking part. About one billion people watch it on television every year.

The competition was first shown on American national television in 1955. In 1960, the show moved from California to Florida. Until 1971, the competition was held in the United States, and since 1972 - every year in a new country.

The pageant is owned by WME and IMG, with Fox owning the rights to broadcast the pageant on television. Until 2015, it was owned by NBC and Donald Trump. In 2015, Trump started his campaign for President of the United States and said he wanted to stop illegal immigrants from Mexico from coming into the US. NBC then stopped working with him, and so Trump bought Miss Universe out, and sold it to its current owners a few days later.

## History

After winning the 1951 Miss America competition, Yolanda Betbese refused to pose in Catalina swimwear from Pacific Mills, sponsor of the competition. Because of this, in 1952 the company left the Miss America competition and organized an alternative national Miss USA competition, as well as an international Miss Universe competition.

Sponsored by the American airline Pan Am and the Universal Film Studio The Miss Universe pageant was first held on June 28, 1952 in Long Beach, California. At the beginning of its existence, it was intended to promote beach fashion: for a month, applicants advertised beach products.

The first winner of the Miss Universe title was 17-year-old Armi Kuusela from Finland. She was crowned with the wedding tiara of the Romanov dynasty. The competition was attended by girls from 30 countries.

## Recent Winners

|Year|Country/Territory|Winner|Venue|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2025||Fátima Bosch|Nonthaburi, Thailand|
|2024||Victoria Kjær Theilvig|Mexico City, Mexico|
|2023||Sheynnis Palacios|San Salvador, El Salvador|
|2022|USA|R'bonney Gabriel|New Orleans, Louisiana, United States|
|2021||Harnaaz Sandhu|Eilat, Israel|
|2020||Andrea Meza|Hollywood, Florida, United States|

## Other websites

- Miss Universe official homepage

## Infobox (organization)

- **name**: Miss Universe
- **logo size**: 120px
- **caption**: Logo of the Miss Universe pageant
- **motto**: "Beautifully Confident"
- **type**: Beauty pageant
- **headquarters**: New York City
Bangkok, Thailand
- **location**: United States
- **language**: English language, English
- **key people**: Jakkaphong Jakrajutatip (Owner)
Paula Shugart (President)
Amy Emmerich (CEO)
- **affiliations**: JKN Metaverse Inc.
- **parent organization**: JKN Global Group
- **budget**: 100 million (annually)
Frank Thomas

**Frank Thomas** (born May 27, 1968) is a former American Major League Baseball player who spent most of his career with the Chicago White Sox. Near the end of his career, he also played with the Oakland Athletics and Toronto Blue Jays. He hit his 500th career home run on June 28, 2007. He was the 21st person to hit 500 home runs.

Thomas was elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 2014, and will officially enter the Hall on July 27.

## Infobox (mlb player)

- **name**: Frank Thomas
- **image**: File:Frank Thomas 1997 CROP.jpg
- **caption**: Frank Thomas in 1997
- **width**: 250
- **position**: First baseman / designated hitter
- **bats**: Right
- **throws**: Right
- **birth place**: Columbus, Georgia
- **debutdate**: August 2
- **debutyear**: 1990
- **debutteam**: Chicago White Sox
- **finaldate**: August 29
- **finalyear**: 2008
- **finalteam**: Oakland Athletics
- **stat1label**: Batting average
- **stat1value**: .301
- **stat3label**: Home runs
- **stat3value**: 521
- **stat2label**: Hit (baseball), Hits
- **stat2value**: 2,468
- **stat4label**: Run batted in, Runs batted in
- **stat4value**: 1,704
- **teams**: * Chicago White Sox (1990–2005)
* Oakland Athletics (2006)
* Toronto Blue Jays (2007–2008)
* Oakland Athletics (2008)
- **awards**: * 5× Major League Baseball All-Star Game, All-Star (1993–1997)
* 4× Silver Slugger Award (1991, 1993, 1994, 2000)
* 2× AL MVP (1993, 1994)
* AL Comeback Player of the Year (2000)
* AL batting champion (1997)
* Home Run Derby champion (1995)
* Chicago White Sox#Retired numbers, Chicago White Sox #35 retired
- **hofdate**: 2014
- **hofvote**: 83.7% (first ballot)
Northwest

**Northwest** (also written **north west**) is one of the eight main compass directions. It is the direction that is exactly halfway between **north** and **west**. On a compass, northwest is at **315 degrees**. If you face directly north (0°) and turn 45 degrees to the left (counter-clockwise), you are facing northwest. The opposite direction is **southeast**, which is **135 degrees**—exactly **180 degrees** from northwest.
Southeast

**Southeast** or south east is the direction halfway between south and east. It is the opposite of northwest.
Silvia Night

**Silvia Night** is a fictional (not real) character played by Eva Augusta from Iceland. Silvia Night participated in Eurovision Song Contest 2006 in _Greece_. She is famous for her larger than life and narcissistic persona.

## Other websites

Silvia Night homepage

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Silvia Night
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Silvía Nótt Sæmundsdóttir
- **origin**: Iceland
- **genre**: Pop music, Pop, Dance (music), Dance, Electronic dance music, Electronica, Pop/Rock, Contemporary R&B, R&B, Adult Contemporary, Contemporary Ballad
- **years active**: 2005–present (solo)
- **label**: Reykjavik Records <small>(2006–present)</small>
- **url**: [http://www.silvianight.com Silvia Night.com]
Donald Trump

**Donald John Trump** (born June 14, 1946) is an American politician and businessman serving as the 47th president of the United States since 2025. A member of the Republican Party, he was also the 45th U.S. president from 2017 to 2021.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **image**: Official Presidential Portrait of President Donald J. Trump (2025).jpg
- **alt**: Official 2025 presidential portrait of Donald Trump, an elderly white man with light blond hair, wearing a blue suit and tie, standing in front of an American flag
- **caption**: Official portrait, 2025
- **order**: 45th & 47th
- **office**: President of the United States
- **vicepresident**: JD Vance
- **term start**: January 20, 2025
- **predecessor**: Joe Biden
- **vicepresident1**: Mike Pence
- **term start1**: January 20, 2017
- **term end1**: January 20, 2021
- **predecessor1**: Barack Obama
- **successor1**: Joe Biden
- **birth name**: Donald John Trump
- **birth place**: Queens, New York City, U.S.
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican (1987–1999, 2009–2011, 2012–present)
- **relatives**: Trump family
- **education**: University of Pennsylvania (Bachelor of Science, BS)
- **residence**: White House
- **signature**: Donald Trump (Presidential signature).svg
- **signature alt**: Donald J. Trump stylized autograph, in ink
Northeast

**Northeast** or north east is the direction halfway between north and east.  It is the opposite of southwest.
Mona Sahlin

**Mona Ingeborg Sahlin** (born Andersson on 9 March 1957 in Sollefteå, Sweden) is a former leader for the Swedish Social Democratic Party, when she replaced Göran Persson after his ten years as leader, she was the first woman to do so. She was the minister responsible for the handling of the Heart 2 Art Exhibition in Stockholm 2002. Toblerone Scandal or Sahlin Scandal is the name of a Swedish scandal, in which there in October 1995 came to public attention that the Socialist politician Mona Sahlin during her time as Minister for Employment, 1990-1991, on several occasions used its credit cards for private expenses.

## Other websites

- Social democratic homepage
Swedish Social Democratic Party

The **Swedish Social Democratic Party** () was established on 23 April 1889, and is Sweden's biggest political party of social democracy. The party has been in the lead with a Prime Minister for the longest and most amount of time in Sweden. Stefan Löfven is the current leader for the party. The party lost to the Moderate Party in the 2006 and 2010 elections. However, in 2014 The Swedish Social Democratic Party won with 31% of the votes.

Olof Palme, one of Sweden's most famous politicians, was the party leader from October many years before he was murdered in February 1986.

## Years in power

- Cabinet Branting I, 1920,
- Cabinet Branting II, 1921-1923,
- Cabinet Branting III, 1924-1925,
- Cabinet Sandler, 1925-1926,
- Cabinet Hansson I, 1932-1936,
- Cabinet Hansson II, 1936-1940,
- SamlingsCabinet (Cabinet Hansson III), 1940-1945,
- Cabinet Hansson IV, 1945-1946,
- Cabinet Erlander I, 1946-1951,
- Cabinet Erlander II, 1951-1957 (With Bondeförbundet),
- Cabinet Erlander III, 1957-1969,
- Cabinet Palme I, 1969-1976,
- Cabinet Palme II, 1982-1986,
- Cabinet Carlsson I, 1986-1990,
- Cabinet Carlsson II, 1990-1991,
- Cabinet Carlsson III, 1994-1996,
- Cabinet Persson, 1996-2006,

## Election results

- 1911 - 28.5%
- 1914 - 30.1%
- 1914 - 36.4%
- 1917 - 39.2%
- 1920 - 36.1%
- 1921 - 39.4%
- 1924 - 41.1%
- 1928 - 37.0%
- 1932 - 41.1%
- 1936 - 45.9%
- 1940 - 53.8%
- 1944 - 46.7%
- 1948 - 46.1%
- 1952 - 46.1%
- 1956 - 44.6%
- 1958 - 46.2%

- 1960 - 47.8%
- 1964 - 47.3%
- 1968 - 50.1%
- 1970 - 45.3%
- 1973 - 43.8%
- 1976 - 42.7%
- 1979 - 43.2%
- 1982 - 45.6%
- 1985 - 44.7%
- 1988 - 43.2%
- 1991 - 37.7%
- 1994 - 45.3%
- 1998 - 36.4%
- 2002 - 39.9%
- 2006 - 35.0%
- 2010 - 30.7%

## Other websites

- Socialdemokraterna

## Infobox (political party)

- **name**: Swedish Social Democratic Workers' Party
- **native name**: Sveriges socialdemokratiska arbetareparti
- **logo**: 2022 Stockholm City Council election (cropped).svg
- **logo size**: 125px
- **abbreviation**: S/SAP
- **leader**: Magdalena Andersson
- **secretary general**: Tobias Baudin
- **leader1 title**: Parliamentary group leader
- **leader1 name**: Lena Hallengren
- **headquarters**: Sveavägen 68, Stockholm
- **student wing**: Social Democratic Students of Sweden
- **youth wing**: Swedish Social Democratic Youth League
- **wing1 title**: Women's wing
- **wing1**: Social Democratic Women in Sweden
- **wing2 title**: Religious wing
- **wing2**: Religious Social Democrats of Sweden
- **wing3 title**: LGBT wing
- **wing3**: LGBT Social Democrats of Sweden
- **membership year**: 2020
- **membership**: 75,000
- **position**: Centre-left politics, Centre-left
- **european**: Party of European Socialists
- **international**: Progressive Alliance
- **europarl**: Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats
- **affiliation1 title**: Nordic affiliation
- **affiliation1**: SAMAK
The Social Democratic Group
- **colours**: Red
- **seats1 title**: Riksdag
- **seats2 title**: European Parliament
- **seats3 title**: County councils of Sweden, County councils
- **seats4 title**: Municipal council (Sweden), Municipal councils
- **country**: Sweden
Helena Paparizou

**Helena Paparizou** (born 31 January 1982) is a Swedish-Greek singer. Paparizou became known while being a member of the band Antique. She is one of the most popular singers in Greece.

## Career

In 2001, Paparizou represented Greece at the Eurovision Song Contest 2001 as a member of the eurodance duo Antique alongside Nikos Panagiotidis. The duo's song, "Die For You", placed 3rd in the contest. In 2003, the duo split up until their reunion in 2022.

Paparizou returned to represent Greece at the Eurovision Song Contest 2005 with the song "My Number One", which won the competition. She has almost returned to Eurovision on two occasions: in 2014, where she attempted to represent Sweden but placed 4th in their national selection and in 2018, when she was offered the opportunity to represent Cyprus at Eurovision 2018 with the song "Fuego", but she declined. She has since performed at various Eurovision-related events.

Following her Eurovision win, she became a big star in Greece and Cyprus. Her most successful song is _An Me Dis Na Kleo_ featuring Anastasios Rammos which has gained over 30 million views on YouTube. Paparizou has appeared on several Greek television shows. She was a judge on _Dancing on Ice Greece_ in 2011 and 2012 and a judge on _The Voice of Greece_ from 2016 to 2023.

## Personal life

Paparizou was born in Sweden in 1982 to Greek parents. Her family moved back to Greece when she was young because she had developed asthma and could not handle the Scandinavian air. They moved back to Sweden after her asthma had improved. Paparizou is a follower of the Eastern Orthodox Church.

### Albums

- _Protereotita_ (2004)
- _My Number One_ (2005)
- _Iparhi Logos_ (2006)
- _The Game of Love_ (2006)
- _Vrisko To Logo Na Zo_ (2008)
- _Giro Apo T' Oneiro_ (2010)
- _Ti Ora Tha Vgoume?_ (2013)
- _One Life_ (2014)
- _Ouranio Toxo_ (2017)
- _Apohrosis_ (2021)

### Television

|Year|Title|Role|Notes||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2001|_Ellinikos Telikos_|Contestant, member of Antique|Winner||
|2001|Eurovision Song Contest 2001|Greek entrant, member of Antique|3rd place||
|2005|Eurovision Song Contest 2005|Greek entrant|Winner||
|2006|rowspan="3"|Melodifestivalen|Guest performer||
|2012|Guest performer||||
|2014|Contestant|4th place|||
|2006|Eurovision Song Contest 2006|Guest performer|||
|2011-2012|_Dancing on Ice Greece_|Celebrity judge|||
|2012|_Let's Dance_|Celebrity contestant|9th place||
|2015|Eurovision Song Contest 2015|Greek jury spokesperson|||
|2016-2023|_The Voice of Greece_|Celebrity judge|||
|2016|_Junior Music Stars_|Guest celebrity mentor|||
|2020|_Eurovision: Europe Shine a Light_|Guest by video appearance|||
|2021|Eurovision Song Contest 2021|Guest performer|||
|2024|Eurovision Song Contest 2024|Guest performer & Greek jury spokesperson|||

## Other websites

- Elena Paparizou website

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Helena Paparizou
- **image**: Helena Paparizou (1) By Daniel Åhs Karlsson.jpg
- **birth date**: 31 January 1982
- **birth place**: Borås, Sweden
- **nationality**: Greece, Greek-Sweden, Swedish
- **occupation**: Singer
- **years active**: 1999–present
Miss World

**Miss World** is an international beauty pageant that started in 1951. It is the oldest surviving major international beauty pageant. The contest was created in the United Kingdom by Eric Morley, and run as part of the Mecca Leisure Group. Since his death in 2000, Morley's wife, Julia Morley, co-chairs the pageant.

With its rivals Miss Universe and Miss Earth, this is one of the most publicised beauty contests in the world.

The winner spends a year travelling to represent the Miss World Organization and its various causes. The current Miss World is Toni-Ann Singh of Jamaica who was crowned on December 14, 2019, in London, England, United Kingdom. She is the fourth Jamaican woman to win Miss World. Traditionally, Miss World lives in London during her reign.

## Recent Winners

|Year|Country/Territory|Winner|Venues|Entrants|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2021|Poland|Karolina Bielawska|San Juan, Puerto Rico|97|
|2020|colspan=5||||
|2019|Jamaica|Toni-Ann Singh|London, England|111|
|2018|Mexico|Vanessa Ponce|Sanya, China|118|
|2017|India|Manushi Chhillar|Sanya, China|118|
|2016|Puerto Rico|Stephanie Del Valle|Maryland, United States|117|

## Infobox (organization)

- **name**: Miss World
- **image**: Miss World 08 winner Ksenia Sukhinova.jpg
- **size**: 150px
- **caption**: Miss World 2008 Ksenia Sukhinova
- **formation**: 1951
- **type**: Beauty pageant
- **headquarters**: London, England
- **language**: English language, English
- **leader title**: President
- **leader name**: Julia Morley
- **key people**: Eric Morley
- **website**: [http://www.missworld.com/ Official website]
Gregory the Illuminator

**Saint Gregory the Illuminator** or **Saint Gregory the Enlightener**, the founder and patron saint of the Armenian Apostolic Church, he was born about 257. He belonged to the royal line of the Arsacid Dynasty, being the son of a Parthian named Anak, who assassinated Chosroes I of Armenia, and thus brought ruin on himself and his family.
John Cage

**John Milton Cage, Jr.** usually known as just **John Cage**, (September 5, 1912 - August 12, 1992) was an American composer, writer, philosopher, and visual artist. He was one of the first composers (or _musicians_) to introduce different styles of music to popular culture. He made mostly avant-garde music and electronic music, and was very well known for making the piece 4'33", which challenged what music is. He also wrote music for pianos that had been "prepared" by having screws and nails placed in them. He was gay. His life partner from 1943 until his death was choreographer Merce Cunningham (1919-2009). Cage died of a stroke in New York City.

## 4'33"

This piece is in 3 movements (sections), and is special in that all of the movements are silent, the score having the Latin word for silence three times (tacit, tacit, tacit). Some people think that it is just a joke because of this, as there is nothing to listen to. It was written in 1952, and is 4 minutes and thirty three seconds long. Cage got the idea from being in a soundless chamber, but realising that even here there was no true silence because he could hear his heart beating.

## Other websites

- John Cage's former record label
- John Cage's "Water Walk" video
4′33″

**4′33″** is a musical composition written by avant-garde (non-traditional) musician John Cage. It is his most famous work. It consists of no notes, only 4 minutes and thirty-three seconds of silence. The piece challenges the definition of music. The only thing the sheet music says is "tacet", or "it is silent". It was first played by David Tudor in Woodstock, New York.

## Other websites

- John Cage's _4'33"_
- Classical Notes
McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle

The **F-15 Eagle** is a fighter jet that was originally made by McDonnell-Douglas (later Boeing). It is known around the world for its toughness and _undefeated_ record, meaning that it has never been shot down by an enemy plane. It is used primarily by the United States Air Force, but it is also used in Israel, Japan, Saudi Arabia and South Korea. It usually carries missiles and an M61 Vulcan gun to shoot down enemy fighter jet planes. More than a thousand have been made.

## Redesign

In 1981, the F-15 was redesigned to include the ability to carry bombs, allowing the F-15 to do the job of attack aircraft. This means it can also destroy things on the ground. This new variant of the aircraft was called the *** McDonnell Douglas F-15E Strike Eagle***.

Another redesign, the F-15EX, is expected to enter service in the Summer of 2024 with mainly better equipment for electronic warfare.

## Related pages

- F-14 Tomcat
- F-16 Fighting Falcon
- F-4 Phantom II
Dicotyledon

The **dicotyledons**, also known as **dicots**, are one of the two groups of flowering plants (angiosperms). The name refers to their seeds having two embryonic leaves or cotyledons. There are around 200,000 species in this group.

The other group of flowering plants were called monocotyledons or monocots, with one cotyledon. Historically, these two groups formed the two divisions of the flowering plants.

Sequence analysis showed what botanists already suspected: dicotyledons are not a monophyletic group. They are a number of lines, such as the magnoliids, and groups now known as basal angiosperms. They diverged earlier than the monocots did. The traditional dicots are a paraphyletic group.

The largest clade of the dicotyledons are known as the eudicots. They are definitely monophyletic. They differ from all other flowering plants in the structure of their pollen. Other dicotyledons and monocotyledons have an older type of pollen, whereas eudicots have derived pollen.

## Compared to monocotyledons

Apart from cotyledon number, there are other differences between monocots and dicots. These are differences mainly between monocots and eudicots. Many early-diverging dicot groups have "monocot" characteristics such as scattered vascular bundles, trimerous flowers, and old-type pollen. Also, some monocots have dicot characteristics such as reticulated leaf veins.

|Feature|In monocots|In dicots|
| --- | --- | --- |
|Number of parts of each flower|In threes (flowers are trimerous)|In fours or fives|
|Number of furrows or pores in pollen|One|Three|
|Number of cotyledons (leaves in the seed)|One|Two|
|Arrangement of vascular bundles in the stem|Scattered|In concentric circles|
|Roots|Develop from various places|Develop from the bottom of seedling|
|Arrangement of major leaf veins|Parallel|Reticulate|
|Secondary growth thickens stem|Absent|Often present|

## Related pages

- Magnoliopsida
- Angiosperm Phylogeny Group
James Clark Ross

Sir **James Clark Ross** (15 April 1800 – 3 April 1862), was a English naval officer and explorer. He explored the Arctic with his uncle Sir John Ross and Sir William Parry. He later led his own journey to Antarctica. He was born on April 15, 1800 in London, England and died on April 3, 1862 in Aylesbury, England.
Hrant Dink

**Hrant Dink** (, IPA: [həɹɑnt diːnk]) (15 September 1954 – 19 January 2007) was a Turkish-Armenian editor, journalist and columnist.

## History

As editor-in-chief of the bilingual Turkish-Armenian newspaper _Agos_ (Ակօս), Dink was a prominent member of the Armenian minority in Turkey.

## Death

On 19 January 2007, Dink was shot three times in Istanbul by Ogün Samast, a 17 year old ultra-nationalist Turk. He was pronounced dead at the scene. He was 52 years old.

## Related pages

- Minorities in Turkey

## Other websites

- Hrank Dink Foundation

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Hrant Dink
- **image**: Hrant Dink Barış Anıtı.JPG
- **birth place**: Malatya, Turkey
- **death place**: Istanbul, Turkey
- **death cause**: Ballistic trauma, Gunshot wounds
- **nationality**: Armenians, Armenian
- **citizenship**: Turkish people, Turkish
- **alma mater**: Istanbul University
- **notable works**: Founder and editor-in-chief of _Agos_
- **children**: Delal, Arat Dink, Arat, Sera
Agos

***Agos*** (, "Furrow") established 5 April 1996 is an Armenian weekly newspaper published in Turkey. It is published in Istanbul and has a circulation of around 5,000. It has both Armenian and Turkish pages as well as an on-line English edition. Hrant Dink was its chief editor from the newspaper's start until his assassination outside of the newspaper's offices in Istanbul in January 2007.

Hrant Dink's son Arat Dink who worked as the executive editor of the weekly was named as a co-defendant in the dispute brought against Hrant Dink for insulting Turkishness. After Hrant Dink's murder, the editor-in-chief of the weekly became Etyen Mahçupyan and Arat Dink continued to work as the executive editor. The present editor-in-chief is Rober Koptaş.

## Other websites

- Agos official web site, Istanbul
St Kilda Football Club

**St Kilda Football Club** (nicknamed **The Saints**) is an Australian rules football club. They play in the Australian Football League. The club first played in 1873. Their home ground is the Marvel Stadium in Melbourne. Their current captain is Jarryn Geary and their current coach is Brett Ratten. They wear a guernsey that is red, white and black, in vertical stripes.

## History

The first mention of a football team in St Kilda was made in 1859. The current club was started in 1873. It was based on the South Yarra Football Club which had closed the year before. The club colours were formed when the red and white of the South Yarra Football Club merged with the black and white of the new St. Kilda Football Club. The first guernsey worn by the club was red and black striped horizontally, with a white neckerchief. The club joined the new Victorian Football League in 1897, and lost its first 48 games. Their home ground was the Junction Oval, in the Melbourne suburb of St. Kilda. In 1964, the team moved from St Kilda to Moorabbin, where they now train.

The team won their first and only premiership in 1966, beating Collingwood. In recent years they have been more competitive, playing in the 1997 Grand Final, losing to Adelaide.  Between 2004 and 2011, St. Kilda established a period of dominance, playing in all but the 2007 finals series, and playing in the Preliminary Finals in 2004, 2005, 2008, 2009 and 2010. In 2009, St. Kilda went the first 19 games of the season without being beaten, only to lose to Geelong in the Grand Final by 12 points. In 2010 they played in the Grand Final and drew with Collingwood. A moment etched in the memories of St. Kilda supporters was the moment Stephen Milne opted to let the ball bounce through for a behind in the dying minutes, when he had the opportunity to secure St. Kilda's second premiership with a goal. They were defeated in a replay the next week. They have also placed last on the ladder 26 times since their establishment, the most of any team.

St. Kilda has featured a number of star players, with 10 Brownlow Medalists, including Ian Stewart and Robert Harvey, who won the award twice. In 1987, Tony Lockett won the Brownlow Medal as well as the Coleman Medal kicking 117 goals.

## Medalists

St Kilda Brownlow Medalists:

- Colin Watson, 1925
- Brian Gleeson, 1957
- Neil Roberts, 1958
- Verdun Howell, 1959
- Ian Stewart, 1965, 1966
- Ross Smith, 1967
- Tony Lockett, 1987
- Robert Harvey, 1997, 1998

St Kilda Coleman Medalists:

- Charlie Baker, 1925 (30 goals)
- Bill Mohr, 1936 (101 goals)
- Bill Young, 1956 (56 goals)
- Tony Lockett, 1987 (117 goals), 1991 (118 goals)
- Fraser Gehrig, 2004 (90 goals), 2005 (74 goals)

## Club song

<poem>
_Oh when the Saints, go marching in,_
_Oh when the Saints go marching in,_
_Oh how I want to be with St Kilda._
_When the Saints go marching in._

_Oh when the Saints, go marching in,_
_Oh when the Saints go marching in,_
_Oh how I want to be with St Kilda._
_When the Saints go marching in._
</poem>

## Other websites

- St Kilda Football Club website
Ingvar Carlsson

**Ingvar Carlsson** (born 9 November 1934), is a Swedish politician, former Prime Minister of Sweden (March 1986–October 1991; October 1994–March 1996) and leader of the Social Democratic Party (March 1986–March 1996). He became Prime Minister in 1986 when Olof Palme was assassinated. He was born in Borås, Västra Götaland County (then Älvsborg County), Sweden.

## References

- Ingvar Carlsson

## Infobox (prime minister)

- **name**: Ingvar Carlsson
- **order**: List of Prime Ministers of Sweden, 29th Prime Minister of Sweden
- **image**: Ingvar Carlsson på Idrottsgalan 2013.jpg
- **term start**: 13 March 1986
- **term end**: 4 October 1991
<small>()</small>
- **predecessor**: Olof Palme
- **successor**: Carl Bildt
- **deputy**: Svante Lundkvist <small>(1986)</small>
Kjell-Olof Feldt <small>(1986–1990)</small>
Lena Hjelm-Wallén <small>(1990)</small>
Odd Engström <small>(1990–1991)</small>
- **monarch**: Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden, Carl XVI Gustaf
- **term start2**: 7 October 1994
- **term end2**: 22 March 1996
<small>()</small>
- **predecessor2**: Carl Bildt
- **successor2**: Göran Persson
- **deputy2**: Mona Sahlin <small>(1994–1995)</small>
Lena Hjelm-Wallén <small>(1995–1996)</small>
- **monarch2**: Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden, Carl XVI Gustaf
- **order3**: Leader of the Opposition (Sweden), Leader of the Opposition
- **term start3**: 4 October 1991
- **term end3**: 7 October 1994
<small>()</small>
- **primeminister3**: Carl Bildt
- **predecessor3**: Carl Bildt
- **successor3**: Carl Bildt
- **order4**: Swedish Social Democratic Party, Leader of the
Swedish Social Democratic Party
- **term start4**: 13 March 1986
- **term end4**: 22 March 1996
<small>()</small>
- **predecessor4**: Olof Palme
- **successor4**: Göran Persson
- **birth place**: Borås, Älvsborg County, Sweden
- **party**: Swedish Social Democratic Party, Social Democratic Party
- **spouse**: Ingrid Carlsson
- **residence**: Tyresö, Södermanland County, Sweden
- **alma mater**: Lund University,
Northwestern University
- **profession**: Business economics, Business economist
- **signature**: Ingvar Carlsson Signature.svg
Shilpa Shetty

**Shilpa Shetty** (Tulu: ಶಿಲ್ಪ ಶೆಟ್ಟಿ) (born 8 June 1975) in Mangalore is a four-time Filmfare Award-nominated Indian movie actress and model. Since making her debut in the movie _Baazigar_ (1993), she has appeared in nearly 50 more movies and made her first lead role in 1994's _Aag_. She currently resides at the centre of the Hindi-language movie industry in Mumbai, India. Her younger sister Shamita Shetty is also a Bollywood movie actress.

Shilpa was announced as the winner of _Celebrity Big Brother UK_ on 28 January 2007 with 63% of the final votes, after an international reported racism controversy involving her and fellow contestants Jade Goody, Jo O'Meara and Danielle Lloyd. She is also a yoga practitioner, particularly interested in the Ashtanga vinyasa form of yoga and power yoga.