juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Hertford College, Oxford

**Hertford College** is one of the colleges of the University of Oxford. The full name of the college is the **Principal, Fellows and Scholars of Hertford College in the University of Oxford**. It is best-known for its bridge, called "The Bridge of Sighs".

Hertford was originally known as "Hart Hall". The land for Hart Hall was bought by Elias de Hertford in 1282. Hart Hall was a residence for students at other colleges in Oxford. In 1312, Hart Hall was purchased by Walter de Stapledon, who was the Bishop of Exeter.  De Stapledon founded Exeter College and Hart Hall was controlled by Exeter College for many years.

In 1710, William Newton became the Principal of Hart Hall.  In 1723, Newton formally proposed that Hart Hall be chartered as its own college. In 1740 a charter was granted for the new Hertford College. After Newton died, however, the college declined, and it was dissolved in 1816.

The grounds of the college was taken over by Magdalen Hall. Magdalen Hall began as a grammar school associated with Magdalen College in 1480. Magdalen Hall moved to the site of the former Hertford College in 1822. It grew at the new site, and in 1874, Magdalen Hall was given a charter as Hertford College. The new name was chosen so that it would not be confused with Magdalen College, and because it was on the location of the former Hertford College.
Norwegian campaign

The **German invasion of Norway** occurred on 8 April 1940 during World War II and led to battles between the Allies and Nazi Germany.

In April 1940, the United Kingdom and France decided to help Norway by sending soldiers and warships. The Battle of France began and the Allies had to withdraw. The Norwegian government had to escape from Norway and seek exile in London.

Even though the Germans occupied Norway, some Norwegians formed the Norwegian resistance and kept fighting the Germans. Norway held off the Germans for 62 days, which made Norway the nation that withstood a German invasion for the second-longest time, after the Soviet Union.

## Infobox (military conflict)

- **conflict**: Norwegian campaign
- **place**: Norway
- **partof**: The European theatre of World War II
- **date**: 8 April - 10 June 1940
- **combatant2**:

- **result**: Nazi Germany, German victory
Sexless marriage

A **sexless marriage** is a marriage in which the partners do not have sex very often or at all. The U.S. National Health and Social Life Survey in 1994 (Laumann et al. 1994) found that 2 percent of the married people who answered said they did not have sex in the past year. The definition of a sexless marriage is often broadened, to include marriages where sex occurs less than ten times per year. Using this definition, 20 percent of the couples in the National Health and Social Life Survey would be in the category. _Newsweek_ magazine says that 15 to 20 percent of couples in the U.S. are in a sexless relationship. Sexlessness means being without sexual activity. Sexlessness is sometimes promoted by some religious groups. This includes religious groups promoting abstinence or celibacy. There are also cultural groups who promote some types of sexlessness. These include groups like fapstinence or nofappers. Sexlessness among lesbian couples is called _lesbian bed death_. Some studies show that females gays are more likely to have sexlessness in their relationship than male gays. But sexlessness can also be harmful for allosexual adults. For example sexlessness in allosexual adults can cause death-grip syndrome or genital atrophy. Besides death-grip syndrome and genital atrophy, sexlessness can also cause emotional unhappiness and low self-esteem.
Insignificance

**Insignificance** is a feeling that nothing you do matters, or that you are not important. People may feel this for many reasons. For example, having low self-esteem, being depressed, living in a large city with many people, comparing themselves to rich celebrity success stories, working in a large bureaucracy, or being in awe of a natural wonder.

People living in crowded, major cities may face feelings of insignificance. George Simmel says that when people live in a big city, they may start to feel like "...just another face in the crowd", it can "lead to feelings of insignificance...".
Emptiness

**Emptiness** is a sense of general boredom, feeling socially separated from other people, and feeling that you do not care any more. Feelings of emptiness often accompany depression, loneliness, or despair. A sense of emptiness is also part of a natural process of grief, caused by separation from or the death of somebody you love.

While Christianity and Western sociologists and psychologists consider a state of emptiness as a negative, bad condition, in some Eastern philosophies such as Buddhist philosophy and Taoism, emptiness is seen as a real achievement.
Jameela Jamil

**Jameela Jamil** (born 25 February 1986) is an English television and radio presenter. She hosts _The Official Chart_ on BBC Radio 1.

Jamil was born in Hampstead, London to an India father and an English mother.

In 2012 the first collection by 'JAM by Jameela Jamil' was released on Very.co.uk.

Jamil played Tahani on _The Good Place_, a sitcom that ran from 2016 to 2020. It won a Peabody Award in 2019.

## Other websites

- Official blog

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Jameela Jamil
- **image**: Jameela Jamil at the 2018 Comic-Con International (42913091955) (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Jamil at the San Diego Comic-Con 2018
- **birth name**: Jameela Alia Jamil
- **birth place**: Hampstead, London, England, UK
- **education**: Queen's College, London
- **occupation**: Celebrity, Model (person), Model, Writer, Presenter, Activist
- **height**: 179 cm
- **years active**: 2009 - kini
- **partner**: James Blake (2015 - kini)
Suppressive fire

In the military, **suppressive fire** (also called "covering fire") is shooting that hinders an enemy force so they cannot fulfill their mission (what they were trying to do). This hindrance usually only works for as long as the machine gun or artillery gun is being shot.
Elk Point, South Dakota

**Elk Point** is a city in the far southeastern part of the U.S. state of South Dakota. It is the county seat of Union County, and 2,149 people lived there at the 2020 census. Elk Point became a city in 1873.

## Other websites

- City of Elk Point website

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Elk Point, South Dakota
- **settlement type**: City
- **image skyline**: Downtown Elk Point.JPG
- **imagesize**: 275px
- **image caption**: Main Street in Elk Point and some of the businesses located there
- **image map**: Union_County_South_Dakota_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Elk_Point_Highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location in Union County, South Dakota, Union County and the state of South Dakota
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: South Dakota
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in South Dakota, County
- **subdivision name2**: Union County, South Dakota, Union
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **established title**: Municipal corporation, Incorporated
- **established date**: January 10, 1873
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 4.01
- **area land km2**: 4.01
- **area water km2**: 0.00
- **area total sq mi**: 1.55
- **area land sq mi**: 1.55
- **area water sq mi**: 0.00
- **population as of**: 2020 United States census, 2020
- **population total**: 2149
- **population density km2**: 535.79
- **population density sq mi**: 1387.35
- **timezone**: Central Time Zone, Central (CST)
- **utc offset**: –6
- **timezone dst**: CDT
- **utc offset dst**: –5
- **elevation m**: 343
- **elevation ft**: 1125
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 57025
- **area code**: Area code 605, 605
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 46-18620
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 1267378
Primarily Obsessional OCD

**Primarily obsessional obsessive-compulsive disorder** (also called **purely obsessional OCD**) is a less common type of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). People with primarily obsessional OCD have different types of compulsions. These compulsions are more difficult to see than ones that people with regular OCD have (such as checking things, counting things, and washing their hands). People with primarily obsessional OCD may do rituals. These mostly happen in their mind. Primarily obsessional OCD can give people bad thoughts. These thoughts may be scary or violent.

## Related pages

- Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
- Obsessive-compulsive disorder
Tel Aviv Bauhaus Center

The **Bauhaus Center** is a gallery, shop and information center for the Bauhaus (modernist) architecture of Tel Aviv. It is a private institution, working together with public organizations such as Tel Aviv City Hall and UNESCO. It is located at 77 Dizengoff Street in the White City of Tel Aviv area.

## Other websites

- Tel Aviv Bauhaus Center website
- Review of the Center on Fodor's travel guide
- Reviews on TripAdvisor travel website
Worthing, South Dakota

**Worthing** is a city in the southeastern part of the U.S. state of South Dakota. It is in Lincoln County, about ten miles south of Sioux Falls. It became a city in 1879, and 927 people lived there at the 2020 census. Since 2010, Worthing has been the home of the LifeLight Music Festival, the largest free music festival in the world.

## Other websites

- City of Worthing website

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Worthing, South Dakota
- **settlement type**: City
- **image skyline**: Worthing, South Dakota 5.jpg
- **image map**: Lincoln_County_South_Dakota_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Worthing_Highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location in Lincoln County, South Dakota, Lincoln County and the state of South Dakota
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: South Dakota
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in South Dakota, County
- **subdivision name2**: Lincoln County, South Dakota, Lincoln
- **established title**: Founded
- **established date**: 1879
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 1.45
- **area land km2**: 1.45
- **area water km2**: 0.00
- **area total sq mi**: 0.56
- **area land sq mi**: 0.56
- **area water sq mi**: 0.00
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 927
- **population density km2**: 638.03
- **population density sq mi**: 1652.41
- **timezone**: North American Central Time Zone, Central (CST)
- **utc offset**: -6
- **timezone dst**: CDT
- **utc offset dst**: -5
- **elevation ft**: 1365
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 57077
- **area code**: Area code 605, 605
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 46-72820
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 1267663
Carla Bruni

**Carla Bruni**, now known by her name of use **Carla Bruni-Sarkozy** (born **Carla Gilberta Bruni Tedeschi**; 23 December 1967 in Turin, Italy) is an Italian-French singer, songwriter and former model. From 2008 to 2012, Bruni was the First Lady of France.

She married then President of the French Republic Nicolas Sarkozy in February 2008. They have one child.

## Other websites

- Carla Bruni: from catwalk to Elysee  – _Expatica_, 11 February 2008

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **embed**: yes
- **background**: solo_singer
- **genre**: Chanson, Music of Italy, Italian, English Language, English
- **years active**: 2002–2008, 2013–Present
- **label**: Naïve Records, EMI


## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Carla Bruni Sarkozy
- **image**: Carla Bruni Cabourg 2016 2.jpg
- **birth name**: Carla Gilberta Bruni Tedeschi
- **birth place**: Turin, Italy
- **relations**: Valeria Bruni Tedeschi (sister)
- **children**: 2
- **nationality**: Italian citizenship, Italian, French nationality law, French
- **known for**: Modelling and singing careers, marriage to French president
- **occupation**: Singer-songwriter, model, actress
- **term start**: 2 February 2008
- **term end**: 15 May 2012
- **president**: Nicolas Sarkozy
- **office**: List of spouses or partners of the President of France, First Lady of France
- **predecessor**: Cécilia Sarkozy <small>(2007)</small>
- **successor**: Valérie Trierweiler <small>(de facto)</small>
- **term label**: In role
Montrose, South Dakota

**Montrose** is a city in the eastern part of the U.S. state of South Dakota. It is located in McCook County, and 468 people lived there at the 2020 census. Montrose became a city in 1880.

## Other websites

- City of Montrose website

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Montrose, South Dakota
- **settlement type**: City
- **motto**: "What You Need When You Need It"
- **image map**: McCook_County_South_Dakota_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Montrose_Highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location in McCook County, South Dakota, McCook County and the state of South Dakota
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: South Dakota
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in South Dakota, County
- **subdivision name2**: McCook County, South Dakota, McCook
- **established title**: Platted
- **established date**: 1880
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 1.09
- **area land km2**: 1.09
- **area water km2**: 0.00
- **area total sq mi**: 0.42
- **area land sq mi**: 0.42
- **area water sq mi**: 0.00
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 468
- **population density km2**: 428.70
- **population density sq mi**: 1111.64
- **timezone**: North American Central Time Zone, Central (CST)
- **utc offset**: -6
- **timezone dst**: CDT
- **utc offset dst**: -5
- **elevation ft**: 1476
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 57048
- **area code**: Area code 605, 605
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 46-43500
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 1267483
- **website**: http://www.cityofmontrosesd.com/
Derek Walcott

**Derek Alton Walcott**, OBE  OCC (23 January 1930 – 17 March 2017) was a Saint Lucian poet and playwright. He was awarded the 1992 Nobel Prize in Literature. He served as Professor of poetry at the University of Essex until his death in 2017.

His works include the Homeric epic poem, _Omeros_ (1990). In besides to having won the Nobel, Walcott has won many literary awards over the course of his career including an Obie Award in 1971 for his play _Dream on Monkey Mountain_, a MacArthur Foundation "genius" award, a Royal Society of Literature Award, the Queen's Medal for Poetry, and the 2011 T. S. Eliot Prize for his book of poetry, _White Egrets_.

Walcott was born on 23 January 1930 in Castries, Saint Lucia.

Walcott died at his home in St. Lucia on 17 March 2017.  He was 87.

## Related pages

- List of poets from North America

## Other websites

- British Council writers' profile, works listing, critical review
- Poetry Archive profile, poems written and audio
- Poetry Foundation profile and poems
- Poetry of American Poets profile, poems audio and written
- Profile and analysis, Emory University
- Profile, interviews, articles, archive. Prague Writers' Festival
- Poetry is an island, Derek Walcott, A feature documentary film about the life and times of Derek Walcott set to be released in 2013 with the help of crowd funding on Indiegogo

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Derek Walcott
- **image**: Derek Walcott.jpg
- **caption**: Walcott at an honorary dinner in Amsterdam, 20 May 2008
- **birth name**: Derek Alton Walcott
- **birth place**: Castries, Saint Lucia
- **death place**: Gros Islet Quarter, Gros Islet, Saint Lucia
- **occupation**: Poet, playwright, professor
- **nationality**: Saint Lucian
- **genre**: Poetry, plays
- **notableworks**: _Omeros_
- **children**: Peter Walcott, Elizabeth Walcott-Hackshaw, Anna Walcott-Hardy
- **signature**: Firma-Derek-Walcott.png
Colton, South Dakota

**Colton** is a city in the eastern part of the U.S. state of South Dakota. It is located in Minnehaha County, and 738 people lived there at the 2020 census. Colton became a city in 1904.

## Other websites

- City of Colton website

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Colton, South Dakota
- **settlement type**: City
- **image map**: Minnehaha_County_South_Dakota_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Colton_Highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location in Minnehaha County, South Dakota, Minnehaha County and the state of South Dakota
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: South Dakota
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in South Dakota, County
- **subdivision name2**: Minnehaha County, South Dakota, Minnehaha
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **established title3**: Incorporated
- **established date3**: 1904
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 1.82
- **area land km2**: 1.82
- **area water km2**: 0.00
- **area total sq mi**: 0.70
- **area land sq mi**: 0.70
- **area water sq mi**: 0.00
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 738
- **population density km2**: 406.34
- **population density sq mi**: 1052.78
- **timezone**: North American Central Time Zone, Central (CST)
- **utc offset**: -6
- **timezone dst**: CDT
- **utc offset dst**: -5
- **elevation ft**: 1604
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 57018
- **area code**: Area code 605, 605
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 46-13380
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 1267334
Humboldt, South Dakota

**Humboldt** is a town in the eastern part of the U.S. state of South Dakota. It is located in Minnehaha County, and 579 people lived there at the 2020 census. Humboldt became a town in 1891.

## Other websites

- Town of Humboldt website

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Humboldt, South Dakota
- **settlement type**: Town
- **motto**: "Small Town With A Big Heart"
- **image skyline**: Humboldt, South Dakota 5.jpg
- **image map**: Minnehaha_County_South_Dakota_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Humboldt_Highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location in Minnehaha County, South Dakota, Minnehaha County and the state of South Dakota
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: South Dakota
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in South Dakota, County
- **subdivision name2**: Minnehaha County, South Dakota, Minnehaha
- **established title2**: Incorporated
- **established date2**: 1891
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 1.64
- **area land km2**: 1.60
- **area water km2**: 0.04
- **area total sq mi**: 0.63
- **area land sq mi**: 0.62
- **area water sq mi**: 0.01
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 579
- **population density km2**: 361.13
- **population density sq mi**: 935.38
- **timezone**: North American Central Time Zone, Central (CST)
- **utc offset**: −6
- **timezone dst**: CDT
- **utc offset dst**: −5
- **elevation ft**: 1703
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 57035
- **area code**: Area code 605, 605
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 46-30900
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 1267431
JW-Jones

**JW-Jones** (born July 15, 1980 in Ottawa) is a Canadian blues guitarist, singer and songwriter. Jones was the first artist signed to the NorthernBlues Music label in Toronto. He released his first six recordings with the label. He still records for CrossCut Records in Europe, and has previously worked with Ruf Records in United States. In the last decade, he has released seven albums and played in 19 countries, four continents. He continues to tour extensively. Jones lives who lives in Ottawa, Ontario. He has performed at blues festivals, theatres and clubs in Canada, the United States, Europe, Russia, Australia, and Brazil.

Jones' third album with his band, _My Kind Of Evil_ (2004), was produced by Kim Wilson (singer for The Fabulous Thunderbirds). It includes vocals from Colin James on two tracks, and Roxanne Potvin on one. Songs from the album have been played on House of Blues Radio Hour. Music reviewer Brad Wheeler from Canada's _Globe and Mail_ newspaper praised the "graceful ability he (Jones) shows on guitar" in the album. Wheeler stated that "...the Ottawa player makes retro moves, layering swinging blues with keyboards and very noticeable horns that never dominate the fine-lined fills and lead work." The Allmusic review of _My Kind of Evil_, by Chris Nickson, states that "He's very good on covers, such as "I Don't Know", but his own songs — the vast majority of this disc — have plenty of life."

In May 2009, Jones' song "Parasomnia" appeared on a _Guitar World_ featured CD, _Guitar Masters Vol. 2_. Other artists on the CD were B. B. King, Jimmy Page, Jeff Beck, and Carlos Santana. The _Globe and Mail_ referred to Jones as "one of this country's top blues guitar stars". The _Blues Revue Magazine_ stated that Jones' guitar playing is like T-Bone Walker's guitar playing. The review said that JW-Jones plays solo melodies like Johnny "Guitar" Watson, and that his guitar playing is like Clarence "Gatemouth" Brown. _Billboard_ called Jones part of "a new wave of young talent moving onto Canada’s blues stage."
Parker, South Dakota

**Parker** is a city in the southeastern part of the U.S. state of South Dakota. It is the county seat of Turner County, and 1,194 people lived there at the 2020 census. Parker became a city in 1883.

## Other websites

- City of Parker website

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Parker, South Dakota
- **settlement type**: City
- **motto**: "Life's A Little Bigger In A Small Town"
- **image skyline**: Parker, South Dakota 5.jpg
- **image map**: Turner_County_South_Dakota_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Parker_Highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location in Turner County, South Dakota, Turner County and the state of South Dakota
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: South Dakota
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in South Dakota, County
- **subdivision name2**: Turner County, South Dakota, Turner
- **established title3**: Incorporated
- **established date3**: 1883
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 3.04
- **area land km2**: 3.04
- **area water km2**: 0.00
- **area total sq mi**: 1.17
- **area land sq mi**: 1.17
- **area water sq mi**: 0.00
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 1194
- **population density km2**: 393.25
- **population density sq mi**: 1018.77
- **timezone**: North American Central Time Zone, Central (CST)
- **utc offset**: −6
- **timezone dst**: CDT
- **utc offset dst**: −5
- **elevation ft**: 1342
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 57053
- **area code**: Area code 605, 605
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 46-48380
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 1267527
- **website**: [http://www.parkersd.org/ City of Parker]
Freeman, South Dakota

**Freeman** is a city in the southeastern part of the U.S. state of South Dakota. It is located in Hutchinson County, and 1,329 people lived there at the 2020 census. Freeman became a city in 1893.

## Other websites

- City of Freeman website

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Freeman, South Dakota
- **settlement type**: City
- **image map**: Hutchinson_County_South_Dakota_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Freeman_Highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location in Hutchinson County, South Dakota, Hutchinson County and the state of South Dakota
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: South Dakota
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in South Dakota, County
- **subdivision name2**: Hutchinson County, South Dakota, Hutchinson
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **established title3**: Incorporated
- **established date3**: 1893
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 3.86
- **area land km2**: 3.86
- **area water km2**: 0.00
- **area total sq mi**: 1.49
- **area land sq mi**: 1.49
- **area water sq mi**: 0.00
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 1329
- **population density km2**: 344.72
- **population density sq mi**: 892.55
- **timezone**: North American Central Time Zone, Central (CST)
- **utc offset**: -6
- **timezone dst**: CDT
- **utc offset dst**: -5
- **elevation ft**: 1522
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 57029
- **area code**: Area code 605, 605
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 46-23020
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 1267396
- **website**: [http://cityoffreeman.webs.com/ cityoffreeman.webs.com]
Midterm exam

A **midterm exam** is a test given around the middle of a term in schools.

## Purpose

Midterm assessments serve a dual purpose, aiding in both gauging your current comprehension of course material and priming you for forthcoming final exams. They offer an opportunity to assess your progress, pinpoint areas for improvement, and refine study strategies, ultimately enhancing your preparedness for the culmination of the academic term.

## Format

Midterm exams come in various formats, encompassing multiple-choice, short answer, fill-in-the-blanks, or essay-type questions. The structure might differ from one course to another, contingent upon your professor's preferences. Some midterms occur during regular class hours, while others are designated as take-home exams. Critical information regarding the midterm, including its format and scheduling, is typically outlined in the course syllabus.
Big Brother (British series 8)

***Big Brother 2007*** (or ***Big Brother 8***) was the eighth series of the British reality television series _Big Brother_. It was shown on Channel 4. Some other, related programmes were shown on E4. The series was hosted by Davina McCall. It began on 30 May 2007, and ended 94 days later on 31 August 2007. Ratings for this series were very low compared to other series.

On the first night of the show, all the housemates who entered were female. Male housemates were sent in later, at intervals over the first two weeks. Another five housemates (three females, and two males) entered the house on the 59th day. In total, there were 22 housemates in total in this series of _Big Brother_.

The series was eventually won by housemate Brian Belo. He won £100,000.

## Housemates

|scope="col"|Name|scope="col"|Age on entry|scope="col"|Hometown|scope="col"|Day entered|scope="col"|Day exited|scope="col"|Result|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|align="center"|19|Essex (originally from Nigeria)|align="center"|17|align="center"|94||||||
|align="center"|18|Stoke-on-Trent|align="center"|1|align="center"|94||||||
|align="center"|22|County Durham|align="center"|17|align="center"|94||||||
|align="center"|26|London|align="center"|3|align="center"|94||||||
|align="center"|53|London|align="center"|1|align="center"|94||||||
|align="center"|36|London|align="center"|59|align="center"|94||||||
|align="center"|22|London|align="center"|59|align="center"|87||||||
|align="center"|36|Cambridgeshire|align="center"|1|align="center"|87||||||
|align="center"|31|London (originally from Greece)|align="center"|10|align="center"|80||||||
|align="center"|21|Grimsby, Lincolnshire|align="center"|59|align="center"|73||||||
|align="center"|25|Ayr|align="center"|59|align="center"|66||||||
|align="center"|27|Cardiff|align="center"|59|align="center"|66||||||
|align="center"|19|Wakefield|align="center"|1|align="center"|62||||||
|align="center"|21|London|align="center"|1|align="center"|59||||||
|align="center"|27|Watford|align="center"|1|align="center"|52||||||
|align="center"|23|Rhondda Valleys|align="center"|1|align="center"|38||||||
|align="center"|49|London|align="center"|17|align="center"|35||||||
|align="center"|25|London|align="center"|17|align="center"|31||||||
|align="center"|26|Derry|align="center"|10|align="center"|24||||||
|align="center"|22|London|align="center"|1|align="center"|17||||||
|align="center"|60|Gloucestershire|align="center"|1|align="center"|11||||||
|align="center"|19|Bristol|align="center"|1|align="center"|9||||||
Hide (unit)

The **hide** was a unit of land measurement. Everywhere in Anglo-Saxon England except Kent it was the land held by a peasant and his family. Originally it was the amount of land necessary to support one household. The amount of land that made up one hide would vary from one part of Britain to another. This was because the quality of soil for growing food would be different. In places where the soil was very rich, a hide of land would be smaller. Where the soil was poor the hide would be larger. It was never a standard using fixed measurements. Later in Anglo-Saxon England a hide became a unit on which to base payment of tribute or tax. The hide was also used to determine public obligations. This could be defending the local castle or providing soldiers for the local militia. Tenants paid rent based on how many hides they farmed.

## Other websites

- Anglo-Saxon Social Organisation, _Regia Anglorum_
Titanium alloy

**Titanium alloys** are metals which contain a mixture of titanium and other chemical elements. They have very high tensile strength and toughness. They are light in weight, resist corrosion very strongly and can withstand extreme temperatures.

However, the cost of both raw materials and processing is very high. Therefore, their use is limited to military applications, aircraft, spacecraft, medical devices, connecting rods on expensive sports cars and some high quality sports equipment and consumer electronics.

## Other websites

- Titanium and Titanium Alloys
- General Titanium Alloys Property Data
- Properties of Alpha/Beta Titanium Alloy
Carbine

A **carbine** is a lighter, shorter type of rifle. The smaller size and lighter weight of carbines makes them easier to handle. They are often issued to high-mobility troops such as special-ops soldiers and paratroopers. Also they can be used by mounted or other non-infantry personnel who do not need full-sized rifles.

The U.S. M4 carbine is a classic example. Continuous-fire versions may also be described as submachine guns
Monty Brown

**Monty Brown** (born April 13, 1970) is an American former professional wrestler and American football linebacker. He is best known for working with World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) under the ring name **Marcus Cor Von**. He wrestled on their ECW brand. He also worked for Total Nonstop Action Wrestling from 2002 to 2006.

Before becoming a professional wrestler, Brown played football at Ferris State University. He graduated and was picked up by the Buffalo Bills. He played 3 seasons with the Bills including Super Bowl XXVIII in 1994. He then played a season with the New England Patriots before retiring because of an ankle injury and to train to become a professional wrestler.

## Championships

- **Juggalo Championship Wrestling**
    - JCW Heavyweight Championship (one time)
- **Prime Time Wrestling**
    - PTW Heavyweight Championship (one time)
- **Pro Wrestling Illustrated**
    - PWI Rookie of the Year (2004)
    - He was ranked **#28** of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2005.

## Other websites

- WWE profile
- TNA profile
- NFL profile
- OWOW profile

## Infobox (wrestler)

- **name**: Monty Brown
- **image**: Montybrown.jpg
- **caption**: Brown in 2007
- **names**: Marcus Cor Von
Marquis Cor Von
Monty Brown
- **birth place**: Detroit, Michigan
- **billed**: **Detroit, Michigan**
"The Animal, Animal Kingdom"
The Serengeti
- **trainer**: Dan Severn
Sabu (wrestler), Sabu
- **debut**: 2000
- **retired**: September 19, 2007
Ingrid Newkirk

**Ingrid Newkirk** (born June 11, 1949) is an animal rights activist. She started People For the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) in 1980 with Alex Pacheco. It is the world's biggest animal rights organization. In 2007 HBO showed a documentary called _I Am an Animal: The Story of Ingrid Newkirk and PETA_.
In 2010 Jezebel called Newkirk 'The Worst Person in the World'.

## Other websites

- Official website
Body armour

Modern **body armour** (personal armour/armor or body armor) is  protective clothing. It is designed to absorb and/or deflect slashing, bludgeoning, and penetrating attacks.

It was first used to protect soldiers, today it is used to protect riot police, private security guards and bodyguards. There are two different types of armour. There is regular non-plated personal armor used by most police, security guards and bodyguards. There is also hard-plate reinforced personal armor, which is used by combat soldiers, police tactical units and hostage rescue teams.

Armour is certainly very ancient, but it was little used in infantry warfare for quite a long time, with the exception of helmets. From about the 18th century to the Vietnam war, men fought relatively unprotected. The weight and cost of effective armour meant it was no longer practical to have infantrymen armoured.

The invention of carbon fibre, modern hard ceramics and various plastic compounds are suitable for light armour which is effective in many circumstances. Kevlar, Technora and Nomex are Aramids, which are long-chain aromatic polyamides. They are used to make bullet resistant vests and bullet resistant face masks. The PASGT helmet and vest used by United States military forces since the early 1980s both have Kevlar as a main component, as do their replacements. Most of these items have padding on the inside to act as shock-absorbers, and to increase comfort during while being worn.

So, with the lighter weight and increased stopping-power of personal armour, the modern soldier is once again protected against most of the weapons of the day.

## In practice

In December 2009, during the War in Afghanistan, a British soldier in southern Helmand Province, survived a shot to the back during an operation to clear insurgents from a village, protected by the body armor kit he was wearing.
Martin Bashir

**Martin Bashir** (born 19 January 1963) is a British journalist. He is known for interviewing Princess Diana in 1995 and Michael Jackson in the 2003 documentary Living with Michael Jackson. That year he was voted the fifth 'worst Briton'. He started being a journalist in 1986. He worked with BBC until 1999. Then he joined ITV. In December 2010 he joined MSNBC. He hosted _Martin Bashir_ on MSNBC on weekdays.

On 15 November 2013, Bashir made people angry when he said on his MSNBC show _Clear the Air_ that someone should defecate in Sarah Palin's mouth and called her a 'world-class idiot'. In December 2013 Bashir stopped working at the MSNBC.

Bashir was born to Pakistani parents in Wandsworth in South London. He speaks English and Urdu.
Chaff (countermeasure)

In the military, **chaff** is a bundle of small thin pieces of metal which are shot out of an airplane or warship. These thin strips of metal spread out to make many reflections for enemy radar to detect instead of the target. The many reflections also make it harder for radar-guided missiles to hit anything. The chaff tricks the enemy and helps to keep the plane or ship or other target safe. Chaff was invented during World War II. Later radar methods made it less effective but chaff is still used because it is cheap and simple.
Flare (countermeasure)

In the military, a **flare countermeasure** is a very hot, burning object which is shot out from a warplane or helicopter. Warplanes and helicopters shoot out flares if the enemy has fired a heat-seeking missile at them. The flare may trick the missile into hitting into the hot, burning flare. This helps to protect warplanes and helicopters from enemy missiles. If a warplane or helicopter has had a radar-guided missile fired at them, they may shoot out chaff. Chaff is thin strips or fibres of metal which make if hard for the enemy missile to target the plane or helicopter.
Terry stop

In the United States, a **Terry stop** is a when police stop a person and quickly check the person's clothes for guns or knives. To do this action, the police officer has to have a good reason to think that the person may be involved in a crime.
Traffic calming

**Traffic calming** measures are changes to a road to make car drivers slow down and to make the road safer for people who have to walk across the road. Some traffic calming techniques include installing speed bumps and narrowing roads, which make drivers slow down. Another way to make drivers slow down is to set speed limits. These speed limits can be enforced with automatic speed cameras. These cameras take photographs of people who are driving too fast. Another way to slow drivers down is to make curbs wider.
Earl (mixtape)

***Earl*** is the debut mixtape by Earl Sweatshirt. It was released on March 31, 2010 as a free digital download on Odd Future's website. The mixtape was recorded when Earl was between 15 and 16. The album is short and the lyrics are about murder, rape, drugs and criticism of religion.

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Earl
- **type**: Mixtape
- **artist**: Earl Sweatshirt
- **recorded**: 2009–2010
- **genre**: Alternative hip hop
- **length**: 24:34
- **label**: Independent music, Self-released
- **producer**: Tyler, The Creator, Left Brain, BeatBoy
- **next title**: Doris (album), Doris
(2013)
John Abbott

**Sir John Joseph Caldwell Abbott**  (March 12, 1821 – October 30, 1893) was the fourth Prime Minister of Canada. He served in the office for seventeen months, from June 16, 1891 to November 24, 1892. Through his daughter, Abbott is the great-grandfather of Canadian Academy Award-winning actor Christopher Plummer.

Abbott died on March 12, 1893 from complications of pneumonia in his Montreal, Quebec home. He was 72 years old.

## Other websites

- Appleton's Cyclopedia of American Biography, edited by James Grant Wilson, John Fiske and Stanley L. Klos. Six volumes, New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1887-1889 

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **honorific-prefix**: The Honourable
- **name**: Sir John Abbott
- **image**: SirJohnAbbott1.jpg
- **order**: 4th
- **office**: Prime Minister of Canada
- **term start**: June 16, 1891
- **term end**: November 24, 1892
- **monarch**: Queen Victoria, Victoria
- **predecessor**: John A. Macdonald
- **successor**: John Sparrow David Thompson, John Thompson
- **birth place**: Saint-André-Est, Quebec, St-Andre-Est, Lower Canada
- **birthname**: John Joseph Caldwell Abbott
- **death place**: Montreal, Quebec
- **party**: Conservative Party of Canada (historical), Conservative
- **signature**: Sir John JC Abbott Signature.svg
- **spouse**: Mary Martha Bethune
- **children**: 5 sons, 5 daughters
- **relations**: Joseph Abbott (clergyman), Joseph Abbott, father
- **alma mater**: McGill University
- **profession**: Lawyer (corporate), Professor
- **cabinet**: Minister Without Portfolio (1887-1891)
President of the Privy Council (1891-1892)
Leader of the Government in the Senate (1887-1893)
- **order2**: 19th Mayor of Montreal
- **term start2**: 1887
- **term end2**: 1888
- **predecessor2**: Honoré Beaugrand
- **successor2**: Jacques Grenier
- **office3**: Senate of Canada, Senator for List of Quebec senators#Inkerman, Inkerman, Quebec
- **appointed3**: John A. Macdonald
- **term start3**: May 12, 1887
- **term end3**: October 30, 1893
- **predecessor3**: John Hamilton (Quebec politician), John Hamilton
- **successor3**: William Owens (Canadian politician), William Owens
- **constituency mp4**: Argenteuil (electoral district), Argenteuil
- **parliament4**: Canadian
- **successor4**: Lemuel Cushing, Jr.
- **term start4**: 1860
- **term end4**: 1874
- **predecessor5**: Thomas Christie (Canadian politician), Thomas Christie
- **successor5**: James Crocket Wilson
- **term start5**: 1880
- **term end5**: 1887
Bike rage

**Bike rage** refers to using bad words, bad gestures, or physcial conflict between cyclists and others on the road, including pedestrians, cyclists, motorcyclists, and drivers. Bike rage is similar to other road rage.

A bike rage event can start because a cyclist, driver, or pedestrian thinks that another road user was breaking traffic rules, or in other ways because someone felt that their safety was threatened by another road user. Some people consider that the problem is city planners have mixed bikes and cars together in the same ways and may cause lots of chances for conflict. As such, cyclists feel threatened in traffic and hard done by and under attack.

An article in _Toronto Life_ magazine argued that the source of the problem bike rage is neither the problem of drivers nor the problem of cyclists, but the environment in which they interact. A possible explanation between cyclists and drivers is the anonymity of the big city; all the cyclists and drivers know they will never meet each other again.

## Examples

**Drivers attacking cyclists**

An event from New York Times show that a 41-year-old cyclist, Dan Cooley was injured by a driver who became angry at him after an exchange of insults. The event began when the driver overtake in front of Mr. Cooley. As Mr. Cooley moved off the road, the driver drove the car to him, and used car to hurted him. Mr. Cooley fell on the ground and then the driver got out of the car and attacked him. Mr. Cooley got concussion and a torn ligament when he was taken to hospital.  Mr. Cooley said that the reason for anger between cyclists and drivers is the car had monopolized the road for long time, however, bicyclists become more and more popular to save gas in this time. No one knows how to share the road.

**Cyclists attacking drivers**

In 2004 Chicago had an event that a cyclist attacked a driver. A Pennsylvania bicyclist shot a truck driver after an altercation. The truck driver, William Nicoletti, 51, when he drove past the cyclist, the man on the bike made obscene gesture to him. Not only for this, but also he drew a pistol and shot Mr. Nicoletti. The man on the bicycle, Robert Urick, 41, was "charged with attempted homicide, aggravated assault and weapons offenses."

In Toronto in January 2006, a driver threw his lunch out the window of his car. A 26-year-old bike courier threw the food back into the car. The driver tossed two cups of hot coffee at the courier. Then the driver attacked the woman and her bike.

A cyclist named Jefferey Guffey from Indiana told a driver to slow down. The driver attacked Guffey and bit part of his ear off. Police charged the driver with an offence.

In Toronto in 2007, a cyclist got angry at a driver. The cyclist then stabbed the driver in the face and neck with a screwdriver.
Trevor McDonald

**Sir Trevor McDonald** OBE (born George McDonald on 16 August 1939) is a British journalist. He was ITN's first black journalist.

Sir Trevor McDonald was born on 16 August 1939 in San Fernando, Trinidad and Tobago. In 1969, he was employed by the BBC Radio as a producer aged 30, based in London but still broadcasting to the Caribbean.

In 1973, he joined the ITV News Corporation, initially as a general reporter, later as a sports correspondent before concentrating in international politics. In the 1980s, he presented the ITN-produced Channel 4 News before returning back to ITV News in 1989 for the early evening news.

In 1992, McDonald became the presenter of the ITV News at Ten. In 1999 the programme ended.
In 1999 _Tonight with Trevor McDonald_ started on ITV. In 2007 McDonald stopped presenting the programme. It is now simply called _Tonight_.

McDonald made occasional guest appearances in the 1970s children's comedy show Tiswas with Lenny Henry next to him during a performance of McDoughnut.

In September 2020, McDonald split from his wife Josephine after 34 years.
Jeremy Kyle

**Jeremy Kyle** (born 7 July 1965) is an English television presenter. He is best known currently for presenting TalkTV and also formerly presented British talk show _The Jeremy Kyle Show_ from 2005 to 2019. He also hosted the American version until May 2013.

He was born in Reading, Berkshire. He went to the Reading Blue Coat School. He married Carla Germaine in 2003.

In July 2005, Kyle started a talk show called _The Jeremy Kyle Show_.

In 2009 his first book, _I'm Only Being Honest_, was published. In it he talks about 'Broken Britain'.

On 11 October 2011, a game show called _High Stakes_ started on ITV. Kyle presented the show until it ended 13 December 2011.

In Blackpool's Madame Tussauds there is a wax figure of Kyle.

## Other websites

- Jeremy Kyle's website on ITV

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Jeremy Kyle
- **image**: Jeremy kyle seated.jpg
- **caption**: Jeremy Kyle at Radio Festival 2010
- **birth place**: Reading, Berkshire, Reading, Berkshire, England
- **years active**: 2006–present
- **occupation**: presenter
- **spouse**:

- **children**: None
Vandal-resistant switch

**Vandal-resistant switches** (sometimes referred to as **vandal-proof switches** or **tamper-proof switches**) are electrical switches that are designed to be so strong that people cannot break them. To make switches strong, they are often made out of stainless steel or other durable metals. Buttons are often made so that they do not come very far out. This makes it harder for vandals to pry them out with a screwdriver. Examples of vandal-resistant switches include the buttons that you press to cross the street, the buttons on bank machines, and the buttons on public telephones.
Zine

A **zine** is a photocopied newspaper, or magazine, about music or politics. Zines are small circulation, non-commercial publications that are printed by their creators on a topic of their choice. They come in all shapes and sizes from personal zine, artzines, zines about music and politics, fanzines. Zines are straight from the writer to the reader: raw, uncut and handmade.

Zines are usually photocopied by hand, and made by amateurs who do not have training in journalism. Only a small number of copies of a zine are usually made. Zines are often sold at record stores. A music zine might include reviews of line music shows, interviews with bands, and advertisements for CDs. Zines were an important part of the punk rock and hardcore punk subcultures.
Shed

A **shed** is a simple, usually single-storey (though two-storey sheds exist) structure in a garden which is used for storage. Some people use their shed to do hobbies or as a workshop. It's even possible to convert some sheds into [[house][s, stores and other inhabited buildings. There are many types of sheds. Some sheds are small open-sided structures with [[tin]] [[Roof|rooves]]. Some sheds are large structures framed by wood. Some sheds are made out of [[plastic]]. Sheds used on [[farm]]s can be large and tall structures. Sheds can be made with metal panels attached to a metal frame, plastic or [[vinyl]] panels attached to a frame, ill-timed [[construction]].

[[Category:Buildings and structures]]
Water politics

**Water politics** are the politics related to whether people have enough fresh drinking water (see water scarcity). There is less fresh water available for many reasons. One reason is that some industries use huge amounts of water. Another problem is water pollution, which occurs when dangerous chemicals or human waste gets into the water. Currently, 40% of the people in the world do not have enough fresh water. More than 2.2 million people died in 2000 from diseases that were caused by drinking polluted, dirty water or drought.