juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Robert Badinter

**Robert Badinter** (; born 30 March 1928) is a French criminal law lawyer, university professor, politician and activist of Jewish descent. He is against the death penalty, the abolition of which he successfully sponsored in Parliament in 1981. A member of the Socialist Party (PS), he served as Minister of Justice and then President of the Constitutional Council under François Mitterrand.

## Other websites

- Official page of Robert Badinter in the French Senate
- La page de Robert Badinter sur le site du Sénat
- _Vidéo:_ Robert Badinter  en 1976, il motive son engagement contre la peine de mort, une archive de la Télévision suisse romande
- _UHB Rennes II_   Autour de l'oeuvre de Robert Badinter : Éthique et justice. Synergie des savoirs et des compétences et perspectives d'application en psychocriminologie. _journées d'étude les 22 et 23 mai 2008 à l'université Rennes 2, sur le thème "Autour de l'œuvre de Robert Badinter : Éthique et justice_.".]

## Infobox (president)

- **name**: Robert Badinter
- **image**: Robert Badinter, 2007 (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Robert Badinter during a demonstration against the death penalty in Paris, on 3 February 2007
- **order**: French Senate, French Senator from Hauts-de-Seine
- **term start**: 24 September 1995
- **term end**: 25 September 2011
- **order2**: President of the Constitutional Council of France
- **term start2**: 19 February 1986
- **term end2**: March 1995
- **president2**: François Mitterrand
- **predecessor2**: Daniel Mayer
- **successor2**: Roland Dumas
- **order3**: Minister of Justice (France), French Minister of Justice
- **term start3**: 23 June 1981
- **term end3**: 19 February 1986
- **president3**: François Mitterrand
- **primeminister3**: Pierre Mauroy
- **predecessor3**: Maurice Faure
- **successor3**: Michel Crépeau
- **birth place**: Paris, France
- **nationality**: French
- **spouse**: Élisabeth Badinter
- **party**: French Socialist Party
Charles Thone

**Charles Thone** (January 4, 1924 – March 7, 2018) was an American politician. He was a member of the Republican Party. He served as the 34th Governor of Nebraska serving from January 4, 1979 through January 6, 1983. He lost re-election to Bob Kerrey. Before being governor, Thone represented Nebraska's 1st congressional district in the United States House of Representatives from January 3, 1971 through January 3, 1979.

Thone was born in Hartington, Nebraska. He studied at the University of Nebraska, Lincoln. Thone died on March 7, 2018 in Lincoln, Nebraska of respiratory failure at age 94.

## Other websites

- Retrieved on 2008-01-24
- National Governors Association
- The Political Graveyard
Wayanad

**Wayanad district** is a hill station and  12th District in the state of Kerala in India. Mananthavady, Sulthanbathery, and Vythiri Taluks are all in Wayanad. The name Wayanad comes from Vayal Nadu and it means the land of paddy fields. It is a high, flat land between 700 meters and 2100 meters above sea level. It is in northeaster Kerala, in the Western Ghat mountains. Wayandad is one of the biggest foreign exchange earners in Kerala because it makes money-earning crops like pepper, cardamom, coffee, tea, and other spices. Wayanad district is bounded by kozhikode district in west, mysuru district in east. kannur district and kodagu district towards north.

## History

In ancient times the Vedar Rajas ruled Wayanad. Later the Pazhassi Raja of the Kottayam Royal Dynasty ruled. Then there was a Mysorean invasion.  Later, the British took over India, which lasted for 200 years. The British fought the Pazhassi Rajah. When the state of Kerala started in 1956, Wayanad was part of the Cannannore district. In 1957, south Wayanad was added to Kozhikode district and north Wayanad stayed with Cannannore district. The district was formed on 1 November 1980 as the 12th district in Kerala by carving out areas from Kozhikode and Kannur districts.

## People

According to the 2011 census Wayanad district had a population of 816,558. Many Adivasi people live in Wayanad. Many settlers also live in Wayanad. People came to Wayanad from almost all the other parts of Kerala because the farmland is good. Wayanad has a small Jain community made of Gowders who came from Karnataka. They built temples all over the district. There are also many different kinds of Christians living in Wayanad. One fourth of the population of Wayanad is Christian. Another fourth of the population is Muslims, and the rest of the people are Hindus. The entire Wayanad region fell under the Kannada speaking area as per the linguistic survey and history of Colonel Wilks.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Wayanad district
- **native name**: വയനാട് ജില്ല
- **native name lang**: ml
- **settlement type**: District
- **image skyline**: Waynad Bamboo Road.jpg
- **image caption**: Wayanad scenery on NH 212 Kozhikode-Kollegal
- **pushpin map**: India Kerala
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: India
- **subdivision type1**: State
- **subdivision name1**: Kerala
- **seat type**: Headquarters
- **seat**: Kalpetta
- **leader title1**: Member of Parliament
- **leader name1**: M I Shanavas
- **leader title2**: District Collector
- **leader name2**: Keshavendra Kumar Indian Administrative Service, IAS
- **leader title3**: District Panchayat President
- **leader name3**: N.K. Rasheed
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area total km2**: 2131
- **population total**: 816558
- **population as of**: 2011
- **population density km2**: auto
- **demographics type1**: Languages
- **demographics1 title1**: Official
- **demographics1 info1**: Malayalam language, Malayalam, English
- **timezone1**: Indian Standard Time, IST
- **utc offset1**: +5:30
- **iso code**: ISO 3166-2:IN, IN-KL-
- **registration plate**: KL-12, KL-72, KL-73
Universal Children's Day

**Universal Children's Day** is an annual celebration of children's rights. It is celebrated on the 20th of November each year.

## Background

On the 14th of December 1954, the United Nations General Assembly recommended that countries celebrate a Universal Children's Day. The date 20 November marks the day on which the assembly adopted the Declaration of the Rights of the Child. On 20 November 1959 they adopted the Convention on the Rights of the Child.

According to UNICEF millions of children in the world are victims of violence every year. In addition to violence, these children are subject to abuse, neglect and exploitation. This is at home, at work, at school and in the community. It also takes place during wars and natural disasters. Many forms of abuse including corporal punishment and sexual abuse remain legal in many countries. It also remains socially acceptable in many places.

## Observance

Many children around the world live in poor conditions. They do not have access to education or health care. Other children are subject to violence and child labor. Universal Children's Day is celebrated to promote the wellbeing of children everywhere.

## Children's Rights

The Declaration of the Rights of the Child and The Convention on the Rights of the Child describe children's rights. Children's rights include the right to survive and thrive, to be educated, to be free from violence and abuse, to participate and to be heard.
Robert McCormick Adams Jr.

**Robert McCormick Adams Jr.** (July 23, 1926 – January 27, 2018) was an American anthropologist and archaeologist. He was Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution from 1984 to 1994. He has worked in both the Near East and Mesoamerica. He was best known for his research in Iraq.

Adams, Jr. died on January 27, 2018 in Chula Vista, California at the age of 91.

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Robert McCormick Adams, Jr.
- **image**: Ninth Secretary, Robert McCormick Adams.jpg
- **birth place**: Chicago, Illinois, USA
- **death place**: Chula Vista, California, USA
- **nationality**: United States, American
- **fields**: Anthropology, Archaeology
- **alma mater**: University of Chicago
- **thesis title**: Level and trend in early Sumerian civilization
- **thesis year**: 1956
- **known for**: Research in Iraq
Secretary of Smithsonian Institution
- **influences**: Robert John Braidwood, Robert J. Braidwood
- **awards**: Gold Medal of the Archaeological Institute of America, Gold Medal Award
- **spouse**: Ruth Skinner Adams
G. Wayne Clough

**Gerald Wayne Clough** (born September 24, 1941) is an American educator and engineer. He was the President Emeritus of the Georgia Institute of Technology (Georgia Tech) and Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution (2008-2015). He retired in October 2014. A graduate of Georgia Tech in civil engineering, he was the first alumnus to serve as President of the Institute.

## Other websites

- G. Wayne Clough speeches collection from Georgia Tech Archives
- Biography of G. Wayne Clough  on the Smithsonian website
- G. Wayne Clough from the Smithsonian Institution Archives

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Gerald Wayne Clough
- **image**: Wayne Clough.jpg
- **image size**: 250px
- **caption**: Clough at a 2005 student meeting
- **birth place**: Douglas, Georgia
- **nationality**: American
- **field**: Civil engineering (Geotechnical engineering, geotechnical and earthquake engineering)
- **work institution**: Stanford University
Virginia Tech
Georgia Institute of Technology
Smithsonian Institution
- **alma mater**: University of California, Berkeley
Georgia Institute of Technology
- **spouse**: Anne Robinson Clough
- **doctoral students**: Jean-Lou Chameau
- **awards**: Norman Medals (1987 and 1996)
George Westinghouse Award (ASEE), George Westinghouse Award (1986)
National Science Board (2004)
Guy Lewis

**Guy Vernon Lewis, II** (March 19, 1922 – November 26, 2015) was an American basketball player and coach. He served as the head men's basketball coach at the University of Houston from 1956 to 1986. He was born in Arp, Texas.

Lewis led his Houston Cougars to five appearances in the Final Four of the NCAA Tournament, in 1967, 1968, 1982, 1983, and 1984. He was inducted into National Collegiate Basketball Hall of Fame in 2007 and the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 2013.

Lewis died on the morning of November 26, 2015 at his home in Kyle, Texas from complications following a stroke he suffered about 10 years ago. He was 93 years old.
Tex Winter

**Morice Fredrick "Tex" Winter** (February 25, 1922 – October 10, 2018) was an American retired basketball coach, and innovator of the triangle offense. He was born in Wellington, Texas.

Winter served as an assistant coach to the Chicago Bulls from the 1985-86 season through the 1998-99 season, during which time the team won six NBA championships.  Most of this time was spent working with head coach Phil Jackson, starting from the 1987-88 season.  He also went with Jackson to the Los Angeles Lakers for five seasons, from 1999 to 2004, winning another three NBA championships.

Winter had previously head coached the Houston Rockets during the 1971-72 and 1972-73 seasons.

Winter died on October 10, 2018 from complications of a stroke in Manhattan, Kansas at the age of 96.
Johnny Bach

**John William "Johnny" Bach** (July 10, 1924 – January 18, 2016) was an American former professional basketball player and coach. Bach played college basketball at Fordham University and Brown University. He was born in Brooklyn, New York City.

He was selected by the Boston Celtics in the 1948 Basketball Association of America (BAA) Draft, and played 24 games for the Celtics. He coached the Golden State Warriors from 1983 through 1986. He became the assistant coach for the Chicago Bulls from 1986 through 2003. He retired in 2006.

Bach died on January 18, 2016 in Chicago, Illinois at the age of 91.

## Other websites

- BasketballReference.com: Johnny Bach (as coach)
- BasketballReference.com: Johnny Bach (as player)
- NBA.com Coach File: John Bach
The Woman in Red (soundtrack)

***The Woman in Red: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack*** is the second soundtrack album released by American musician Stevie Wonder on the Motown label on August 28, 1984. Wonder's first soundtrack album _Stevie Wonder's Journey through the Secret Life of Plants_ had been released five years before _The Woman in Red_.

## Reviews

_The Woman in Red_ received positive reviews from critics.

## Track listing

All songs written by Stevie Wonder, except "It's More Than You" by Ben Bridges.

1. "The Woman in Red" - 4:39
1. "It's You" (With Dionne Warwick) - 4:55
1. "It's More Than You" (Instrumental) - 3:15
1. "I Just Called to Say I Love You" - 6:16
1. "Love Light in Flight" - 6:54
1. "Moments Aren't Moments" (Solo by Dionne Warwick) - 4:32
1. "Weakness" (With Dionne Warwick) - 4:13
1. "Don't Drive Drunk" - 6:33

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: The Woman in Red
- **type**: Soundtrack
- **artist**: Stevie Wonder
- **released**: August 28, 1984
- **recorded**: 1983–84
- **length**: 41:19
- **label**: Motown
- **prev title**: Stevie Wonder's Original Musiquarium
(1981)
- **next title**: In Square Circle
(1985)
Smoke detector

A **smoke sensor** or **smoke detector** is a device that can detect smoke, which may be an indicator of a fire. There are two basic systems: Simple, standalone sensors usually make a sound or flash a light when they detect smoke. More sophisticated sensors usually send a signal to an fire alarm panel, or system. Most smoke detectors use either an optical sensor, or they use a physical process called ionization. Many simple smoke sensors use batteries. Very often dead batteries are not replaced; when this happens, the smoke sensors stop working.  But, the detector may "chirp" when the battery is low to try and stop this from happening. There are also systems which are directly connected to electrical power; these may use batteries just as a backup.

Smoke detectors are housed in plastic enclosures, typically shaped like a disk about  in diameter and  thick, but shape and size vary. Smoke can be detected either  optically (photoelectric) or by physical process (ionization); detectors may use either, or both, methods. Sensitive alarms can be used to detect, and thus deter, smoking in areas where it is banned. Smoke detectors in large commercial, industrial, and residential buildings are usually powered by a central fire alarm system, which is powered by the building power with a battery backup. Domestic smoke detectors range from individual battery-powered units, to several interlinked mains-powered units with battery backup; with these interlinked units, if any unit detects smoke, all trigger even if household power has gone out.

### Photoelectric

Photoelectric smoke detectors rely on detecting a lack of light to set the alarm off. The light used could be infrared, visible light, or ultraviolet. When smoke blocks out (or in some designs reflects) the light inside a photoelectric smoke detector, the smoke detector detects that there is less light. Below a certain brightness, whether or not it comes from smoke or not, the photoelectric smoke detector will beep.

### Ionization

Ionization smoke detectors use radioactive elements to ionize the air. Alpha particles are released from the radioactive element onto air particles so that those air particles become charged. An ionization smoke detector will detect smoke if there is a change in voltage. If smoke enters the smoke detector, some of the alpha particles will attach to the smoke instead of the air particles. This will change the voltage inside the smoke detector, so the smoke detector will beep.

Ionization smoke detectors are cheaper than photoelectric smoke detectors, but they cause more false alarms than photoelectric smoke detectors. Additionally, ionization smoke detectors are slower to react in real house fires.
Characters (Stevie Wonder album)

***Characters*** is the twenty-first studio album by American singer-songwriter Stevie Wonder released on November 6, 1987 by Motown. He performed a song on the album called "Get It" with R&B singer-songwriter Michael Jackson.

## Reviews

_Characters_ received generally positive reviews from critics.

## Track listing

All songs written by Stevie Wonder except where noted.
- Side one
1. "You Will Know" - 5:00
1. "Dark 'n' Lovely" (Gary Byrd, Wonder) - 4:39
1. "In Your Corner" - 4:30
1. "With Each Beat of My Heart" - 5:28
1. "One of a Kind" - 5:10
- Side two
1. <li value=6>"Skeletons" - 5:24
1. "Get It" (featuring Michael Jackson) - 4:31
1. "Galaxy Paradise" - 3:52
1. "Cryin' Through the Night" - 5:48
1. "Free" - 4:12
- CD Bonus tracks
1. <li value=11> "Come Let Me Make Your Love Come Down" (featuring B.B. King & Stevie Ray Vaughan) - 5:20
1. "My Eyes Don't Cry" - 7:05

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: _Characters_
- **type**: Studio album
- **artist**: Stevie Wonder
- **length**: 48:37 (vinyl)
61:33 (CD)
- **released**: November 6, 1987
- **recorded**: 1986–87
- **studio**: Livingstone Studios
<small>(London)</small>
- **label**: Motown
- **producer**: Stevie Wonder
- **prev title**: In Square Circle
(1985)
- **next title**: Jungle Fever (soundtrack), Jungle Fever
(1991)
Jungle Fever (soundtrack)

***Jungle Fever*** a soundtrack album by American musician Stevie Wonder to Spike Lee's movie _Jungle Fever_. It was released by Motown Records on May 28, 1991. It is Wonder's third soundtrack album and the music on the album was very "urban" as they had influences from new jack swing, hip hop as well as R&B and soul.

## Critical reception

_Jungle Fever_ received mixed reviews from critics. While some thought it was unappealing, others said it was his best work in years. A critic said he hadn't so freewilling since Hotter Than July.

## Track listing

All songs written by Stevie Wonder, except "Chemical Love", lyrics by Stephanie Andrews.

1. "Fun Day" – 4:41
1. "Queen in the Black" – 4:46
1. "These Three Words" – 4:54
1. "Each Other's Throat" – 4:17
1. "If She Breaks Your Heart" (sung by Kimberly Brewer) – 5:03
1. "Gotta Have You" – 6:26
1. "Make Sure You're Sure" – 3:30
1. "Jungle Fever" – 4:55
1. "I Go Sailing" – 3:58
1. "Chemical Love" – 4:26
1. "Lighting Up the Candles" – 4:09

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Jungle Fever
- **type**: Soundtrack
- **artist**: Stevie Wonder
- **released**: May 28, 1991
- **length**: 51:06
- **label**: Motown Records
- **prev title**: Characters (Stevie Wonder album), Characters
(1987)
- **next title**: Conversation Peace
(1995)
Triatominae

The members of **Triatominae** are a subfamily of Reduviidae. They are also called **kissing bugs**, **conenose bugs**, **assassin bugs** or **triatomines**. There are more than 130 species in this subfamily. Most of them feed on vertebrate blood. A few species feed on other invertebrates. They are mainly found in the Americas. There are a few species in Asia, Australia and Africa.

Some of the bugs carry the Chagas disease parasite _Trypanosoma cruzi_. However, only those species (such as _Triatoma infestans_ and Rhodnius prolixus) well adapted to living with humans are considered important vectors.
Donald Crisp

**Donald Crisp** (born **George William Crisp**, 27 July 188225 May 1974) was an English-born American actor, director, producer and screenwriter. He began his career as a silent movie actor. He won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor in 1942 for his role in _How Green Was My Valley_.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Donald Crisp
- **image**: The Sea Hawk (1940) trailer 4.jpg
- **caption**: From Trailer (promotion), trailer for _The Sea Hawk (1940 film), The Sea Hawk_ (1940)
- **birth place**: Bow, London, Bow, London, England
- **death place**: Van Nuys, Los Angeles, California, U.S.
- **birth name**: George William Crisp
- **years active**: 1908–1963
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
Martin Karplus

**Martin Karplus** (March 15, 1930 – December 28, 2024) was an Austrian-born American theoretical chemist. He was the Theodore William Richards Professor of Chemistry, emeritus at Harvard University. He was also Director of the Biophysical Chemistry Laboratory. He is of Jewish descent.

Karplus received the 2013 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, together with Michael Levitt and Arieh Warshel, for "the development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems".

Karplus died on December 28, 2024 in Cambridge, Massachusetts from problems caused by a fall at the age of 94.

## Other websites

- Martin Karplus academic genealogy and list of PhD & Postdoc trainees
- Publications
- Karplus research group at Harvard University
- Biophysical Chemistry Laboratory at University of Strasbourg
- Biography at Michigan State University website
- Martin Karplus photography website
- Biography and Bibliographic Resources, from the Office of Scientific and Technical Information, United States Department of Energy

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Martin Karplus
- **image**: Martin Karplus Nobel Prize 22 2013.jpg
- **caption**: Nobel Prize Laureate Martin Karplus during press conference in Stockholm, December 2013
- **image size**: 200px
- **birth place**: Vienna, First Austrian Republic, Austria
- **death place**: Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.
- **thesis title**: A quantum-mechanical discussion of the bifluoride ion
- **thesis url**: http://codatest2.library.caltech.edu/44/
- **thesis year**: 1954
- **citizenship**: Americans, American, Austrians, Austrian
- **doctoral advisor**: Linus Pauling
Ezzatolah Entezami

**Ezzatolah Entezami** (, June 21, 1924 – August 17, 2018) was an Iranian actor. He was born in Tehran, Iran. His first role was as Masht Hassan in the 1969 movie _The Cow_. He later appeared in many movies such as _Mr. Naive_, _Hamoun_, and in _40 Years Old_. He also appeared in the television series _Hezar Dastan_.

Entezami died in Tehran on August 17, 2018 from complications of a stroke at the age of 94.

## Other websites

- An interview with _Ezzatollah Entezami_ in connection with the recently produced biopic "_... and the Blue Sky_", directed by Ghazaleh Soltani and produced by Ghasem Gholipour, Mehr News Agency, 21 November 2010, http://www.mehrnews.com/fa/newsdetail.aspx?NewsID=1192044  (in Persian). Photo reportage of the interview: http://www.mehrnews.com/fa/NewsDetail.aspx?NewsID=1188577 .

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Ezatollah Entezami
- **image**: Ezatollah Entezami (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Entezami in 2015
- **birth place**: Tehran, Iran
- **death place**: Tehran, Iran
- **resting place**: Artists Segment, Behesht-e Zahra Cemetery
- **occupation**: Actor
- **nationality**: Iranian
- **years active**: 1949–2016
- **alma mater**: University of Tehran
- **spouse**:

- **signature**: Signature of Ezzatolah Entezami.svg
Mohammad-Ali Keshavarz

**Mohamad Ali Keshavarz** (, April 15, 1930 – June 14, 2020) was an Iranian movie and theater actor. He was born in Isfahan, Iran. He was known for his role in the television series _Hezar Dastan_. He also appeared in movies such as _Shabe Quzi_, _Mr. Naive_, and in _Del Shodegan_.

Keshavarz died from a lung infection on June 14, 2020 in Tehran, aged 90.

## Other websites

- _Naghsh Āfarin-i az Esfahan_ (A Character Actor from Esfahan), in Persian, Jadid Online, 27 January 2009, http://www.jadidonline.com/story/27012009/frnk/mohammadali_keshavarz.
A series of photographs of Mohammad-Ali Keshavarz, old and new, Jadid Online: http://www.jadidonline.com/slideshow/887/1.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Mohammad-Ali Keshavarz
- **image**: Mohammad-Ali Keshavarz, 10th Donyaye Tassvir Awards (23 8604220232 L600).jpg
- **birth place**: Isfahan, Iran
- **death place**: Tehran, Iran
- **occupation**: Actor
- **years active**: 1964–2020
- **children**: Neli
- **relatives**: Fatemeh Keshavarz <small>(sister)</small>
Maryam Keshavarz <small>(niece)</small>
- **awards**: **Golden Globe Awards**
**Fajr Film Festival** Best Actor
Jamshid Mashayekhi

**Jamshid Mashayekhi** (, 26 November 1934 – 2 April 2019) was an Iranian actor. He was born in Tehran, Iran. Mashayekhi was known for his roles in _The Cow_, _Kaiser_, and in _Adobe and Mirror_. He appeared in the television series _Hezar Dastan_.

Mashayekhi died on 2 April 2019 at a hospital in Tehran from pneumonia complicated by laryngeal cancer, aged 84.

## Other websites

- Celebrating 50-year acting career of Jamshid Mashayekhi, BBC

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Jamshid Mashayekhi
- **image**: جمشید مشایخی - Jamshid Mashayekhi.jpg
- **caption**: Mashayekhi in 2006
- **birth place**: Tehran, Iran
- **death place**: Tehran, Iran
- **resting place**: Number 42 Grave, Artists Segment, Behesht-e Zahra Cemetery
- **occupation**: Actor, humanitarian
- **nationality**: Iranian
- **years active**: 1956–2018
Hezar Dastan

***Hezar Dastan*** or ***Hezār Dastān*** () was a very popular Iranian television series that ran from 1979 through 1987. It is considered toto be one of the greatest television series in Iran. It is set in a fictional town in Iran called _Hezar Dastan_. It was directed by Ali Hatami. It stars Ezzatolah Entezami, Jamshid Mashayekhi, Mohammad-Ali Keshavarz and Ali Nassirian.

## Infobox (name module)

- fa
- هزاردستان


## Infobox (television)

- **director**: Ali Hatami
- **starring**: Jamshid Mashayekhi
Ezzatolah Entezami
Davoud Rashidi
Ali Nassirian
Mohammad-Ali Keshavarz
Jahangir Forouhar
- **runtime**: 45 minutes approx
- **country**: Iran
- **language**: Persian
- **composer**: Morteza Hannaneh
- **num episodes**: 15
- **writer**: Ali Hatami
- **genre**: Historical drama
Epic
Political drama
- **company**: Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting
- **image**: Opening Title Card of Hezardastan.jpg
- **image size**: 300
- **editor**: Abbas Ganjavi, Ali Hatami, Hassan Hassandoost
- **cinematography**: Mehrdad Fakhimi, Maziar Partow
- **opentheme**: The Theme of Hezardastan (based on Bayat e Esfahan by Morteza Neidavoud)
- **producer**: Ali Hatami, Mohammad Mahdi Dadgoo
- **camera**: Single-camera
- **caption**: The Opening Title Card of the Show (Episode 06)

Handwritten by Samad Rostamkhani
Ali Nassirian

**Ali Nassirian** (, born 4 February 1935) is an Iranian movie and theater actor. He was born in Tehran, Iran. His career began in 1947 and would last until his retirement in 2008. Nassirian was known for his role in the popular Iranian television series _Hezar Dastan_ (1979-1987). He also appeared in movies such as _The Mandrake_ (1975), _Kamalolmolk_ (1983), _Captain Khorshid_ (1987), and _Iron Island_ (2005).

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Ali Nassirian
- **image**: The Sun movie press conference 2020-02-10 14.jpg
- **birth place**: Tehran, Iran
- **occupation**: Actor, Film Director
- **yearsactive**: 1947–present
- **children**: 3
Ghana National Farmers' Day

**Ghana National Farmers' Day** is a national holiday in the Republic of Ghana. It is an annual celebration of farmers and fishermen, celebrated on the first Friday of December.

## Background

Every year, Ghana acknowledges farmers and fishermen's efforts for the following reasons:
- Working hard to feed a growing population.
- Providing raw materials to the nation's industries.
- Contributing to the nation's foreign exchange earnings.

## Observance

On National Farmers' Day, the Ministry of Food and Agriculture in Ghana gives special awards to deserving farmers and fishermen based on their practices and output. Also, a National Farmers Forum takes place for award winners to meet with policy makers.

## Agriculture in Africa

Agriculture is essential for African growth. It employs 65 percent of Africa's labor force and accounts for 32 percent of gross domestic product.

## References

</references>
Secession in China

The People's Republic of China and the Republic of China insist they each have sole legitimacy of China against each other. Practically, the former is administering Mainland China and the two special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau and the latter is administering the Taiwan area.

## Mainland China

**Tibet Autonomous Region**
- **Ethnic group**: **Tibetan**
    - **Proposed state**:  Tibet
        - **Government-in-exile**: Lobsang Sangay, Head of the Tibetan Government in Exile (member of the UNO)
        - **Political parties**: International Tibet Independence Movement, National Democratic Party of Tibet
        - **Advocacy group**: Students for a Free Tibet, Tibetan Youth Congress, International Campaign for Tibet

**Xinjiang Autonomous Region**
- **Ethnic group**: **Uyghur**
    - **Proposed state**:  East Turkestān
        - **Political parties**: Uyghurstan Independence Movement
        - **Militant organisations**: East Turkestan Islamic Movement, Uyghurstan National Front
        - **Advocacy groups**: World Uyghur Congress (member of the UNO)

## Special administrative regions

**Hong Kong**
- **Proposed state**: Republic of Hong Kong
    - **Advocacy group**: Hong Kong Independence Party

## Taiwan area

**Taiwan**

- **Proposed state**:  Republic of Taiwan
    - **Political parties**: Pan-Green Coalition (Democratic Progressive Party, Taiwan Solidarity Union, Taiwan Independence Party)

In the perspective of the laws of the Republic of China, the Taiwan Independence movement is considered as _secessionism_, but practically, the movement seeks to _replace_ the ROC with the Republic of Taiwan because Taiwan area is the only practical region administered by the ROC.

In the perspective of the laws of the People's Republic of China, the Taiwan Independence movement is considered as _secessionism_, too because the PRC considers the Taiwan area as its integral part as a rogue province.

## Related pages

- Free area of the Republic of China (Taiwan)
- List of Chinese dissidents
- Movies banned in China
- Political problems of China
Balawaristan National Front (Naji)

The **Balawaristan National Front** is a Pakistani political party in  Gilgit-Baltistan. It  was formed on December 28, 1989 under the Chairmanship of Nawaz Khan Naji. It was reorganized in July 30 1993. In 1947 at the time of Independence of Pakistan the people of the area were mostly Shia Muslims.  However over the years the ethnic composition has changed. Sunni Kashmiri and other Pakistanis have settled in this area leading to discontent - although Shias remain the outright majority. A 2008 report by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees said that Pakistan-administered Kashmir, which included Gilgit-Baltistan, was 'Not Free'. In 2009 as part of the _Gilgit-Baltistan Empowerment and Self-Governance Order Act of 2009_, the region was granted self-rule for the first time with an elected legislature in its history. The Republic of India says that Gilgit-Baltistan is a part of the former Princely state of Kashmir and Jammu and an 'integral part' of India. It regards the disputed region as Indian territory.
Ethan Suplee

**Ethan Suplee** (born May 25, 1976) is an American actor. He is best known for his roles as Frankie "The Enforcer" Stechino in Boy Meets World and Randy Hickey in My Name Is Earl. Suplee was born in Manhattan, the son of Debbie and Bill Suplee.
Zenit Kazan

**VC Zenit-Kazan** (Russian: Зенит-Казань) (formerly "Dinamo Tattransgaz Kazan") is a professional volleyball team based in Kazan, Russia. It plays in the Russian Volleyball Super League (7-time champion). The team won the 2007–08, 2011–12 and 2014–15 CEV Champions League titles.

The club was founded on 13 May 2000.

## Other websites

- web site
Volleyball World Championship

The FIVB **Volleyball World Championship** is an international men's and women's indoor volleyball competition. It is the oldest and most important of all the international events organised by the FIVB and must not be confused with the World Cup, World Grand Champions Cup, or the World League/World Grand Prix.

## Other websites

- FIVB
- Volleyball World Championship History
21 (disambiguation)

**21** was a year in the 1st century AD.

**21** might also mean:
- _21_ (album), a 2015 album by Adele
- 21 (number), an integer
19 (disambiguation)

**19** was a year in the 1st century.

**19** might also mean:
- _19_ (album), an album by Adele
- 19 (number), an integer
25 (disambiguation)

**25** was a year in the first century.

**25** might also mean:
- _25_ (Adele album)
- 25 (number), an integer
Nordertor

The **Nordertor** (Danish: _Nørreport_) is an old town gate of the city of Flensburg. The gate was built around 1595. Today, the little landmark is in use as a symbol for the German town Flensburg.

## History

In 1345 the town of Flensburg began to build its town wall. A gate was built on the north side of the town. It was called _Norder Porte_. It was replaced by a building in the 16th century called the Nordertor. This marked the northern boundary of the town. It was a checkpoint that was closed in the night.

On the north side of the gate are two plaques. The left one shows the royal coat of arms of King Christian IV, 1577-1648 and the Latin words: „Regna Firmat Pietas“ — Piety strengthens the Realms. The right one shows the coat of arms of Flensburg with the German words: „Friede ernährt, Unfrieden verzehrt“ — Peace nurtures, strife devours. There is also a date- 1767. This means that the town gate was restored in the time of Christian VII, 1749-1808.

After 1796 the town grew beyond the town wall. There had been a ban on building outside the wall before then. The Neustadt (_Newtown_), in the neighborhood of the Nordertor was built. In 1913 and 1914 it was restored by the architect Paul Ziegler. The Nordertor got a clock. In 1966 the Deutsche Bundespost made a stamp with a picture of the gate on it. It was a 30 Pfennig stamp, used to send letters within Germany. The Nordertor stamps were sold over 3 billion times. In the 1990s the gate was again restored and the clock was removed. In 2004 the gate was licensed as a venue for civil weddings, so that the weddings could be performed since then directly above the archway of the gate.
Calendula officinalis

***Calendula officinalis*** (pot marigold, ruddles, common marigold, garden marigold), is a plant in the genus _Calendula_ of the family Asteraceae. It is probably native to Southern Europe. It was the state flower of Junagadh and Bantva-Manavadar State, now part of Gujarat.

## Uses

Pot marigold florets are edible. They are often used to add colour to salads or added to dishes as a garnish instead of saffron.
The leaves are edible but are often not palatable.  They have been used as a herb and in salads.

The flowers were used in Ancient Greek, Roman, Middle Eastern, and Indian cultures as a medicinal herb and a dye for fabrics, foods, and cosmetics.  They are also used to make oil that protects the skin.
Norbert Gastell

**Norbert Gastell** (14 October 1929 – 26 November 2015) was an Argentine-born German voice actor who mostly dubbed American television shows into the German language. He was known for dubbing Homer Simpson. Gastell was born in Buenos Aires.

Gastell died in Munich, Germany from complications following a stroke, aged 86.

## Other websites

- Norbert Gastell  at the Deutsche Synchronkartei

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Norbert Gastell
- **image**: Norbert Gastell.jpg
- **alt**: Gastell in 2008
- **caption**: 14 October 1929
- **death date**: 26 November 2015
Luc Bondy

**Luc Bondy** (17 July 194828 November 2015) was a Swiss theatre and movie director and screenwriter. He was born in Zurich, Switzerland. He was the director of the most recent version of _Tosca_, by Puccini, at the Metropolitan Opera in New York.

Bondy died in Zurich at the age of 67.
Nymphaea nouchali

***Nymphaea nouchali***, (or red and blue water-lily, blue star water-lily, or star lotus) is an aquatic flowering plant in the Nymphaeaceae (water-lily family). It is native to southern and eastern Asia.

_N. nouchali_ grows from rhizomes or tubers rooted under the water. Leaves are oval to round, 13–15 cm (5–6 in), with an open sinus at the leaf base where it attaches to the petiole (leaf stem). Leaves may spread 1.4–1.5 m (4–5 feet) from where the rhizome is rooted. Flowers, which have little fragrance, are star-shaped with 4 sepals and 10–16 petals, and are 5–13 cm (2–5 in) in diameter. Although leaves float on the water surface, flowers are generally held 30 cm (12 in) above water. They are usually pale blue (but can be pink or white) with pale yellow stamens and anthers.

_N. nouchali_ has been cultivated in southeast Asia for centuries, especially around temples. It is also cultivated in Sri Lanka and gathered from dried ponds in the Republic of India for the rhizomes, which are used as food and animal fodder as a source of starch. In Ayurvedic medicine, it is used to treat indigestion.

Cultivars include N. stellata var. cyanea, which has medium-sized pale to deep blue flowers, and N. stellata var. versicolor, which is commonly exported in the form of tubers from Sri Lanka to Europe and the U.S. for use in the aquariums; the tubers grow quickly after exposure to warm water, making an “instant” aquarium plant.

## Symbolism

_N. stellata_ was the state flower of Hyderabad Deccan. A pale blue-flowered _N. stellatai_ is the National flower of Sri Lanka, where it is known as _nil mānel_ or _nil mahanel_ (Singhalese:නිල් මානෙල්).
Indian roller

The **Indian roller** _(Coracias benghalensis)_, is a member of the roller family of birds. They are found widely across tropical Asia stretching from Iraq eastward across the Indian subcontinent to Indochina and are best known for the aerobatic displays of the male during the breeding season. They are very commonly seen perched along roadside trees and wires and are commonly seen in open grassland and scrub forest habitats. It is not migratory, but undertakes some seasonal movements.
Philippe Washer

**Philippe Washer** (; 6 August 1924 – 27 November 2015) was a Belgian tennis player. He competed in the Davis Cup a number of times, from 1946 to 1961. He was born in Brussels, Belgium. Washer retired from tennis in 1961.

Washer died on 27 November 2015 in Knokke, West Flanders, Belgium from heart failure at the age of 91.
Olene S. Walker

**Olene Smith Walker** (November 15, 1930 – November 28, 2015) was an American politician. She served as the 15th Governor of Utah. She was sworn into office on November 5, 2003, shortly before her 73rd birthday. She became Utah's first female governor. She was a member of the Republican Party.

Walker died from a stroke on November 28, 2015 at her home in Salt Lake City, Utah, aged 85.

Olene walker was born in Ogden in the year of 1930. In the year of 1953 she had graduated from Brigham Young University. Then in the year of 1954 she had graduated from Stanford University with a degree in politics. Then in 2003- 2005 she became Utah's first female governor. When Olene Walker sets a goal she will accomplish. She has set an agenda for herself to complete goals and in fourteen months she complete more goals as governor than most people have in one and a half years. Olene walker has always wanted to make a difference in Utah. She help children develop literacy skills while they were in foster care. Olene walker had her dreams at a young age and when she was a young girl she said she wanted to be a president she never got to that dream but, she said that being a governor did her good.

Olene walkers catch phrase was "You can do anything that you put your heart to.".

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **image**: Olene Walker.JPG
- **name**: Olene Smith Walker
- **order**: 15th
- **office**: Governor of Utah
- **term start**: November 5, 2003
- **term end**: January 3, 2005
- **lieutenant**: Gayle McKeachnie
- **predecessor**: Mike Leavitt
- **successor**: Jon Huntsman, Jr.
- **order2**: 4th
- **office2**: Lieutenant Governor of Utah
- **term start2**: January 4, 1993
- **term end2**: November 5, 2003
- **governor2**: Mike Leavitt
- **predecessor2**: W. Val Oveson
- **successor2**: Gayle McKeachnie
- **birth place**: Ogden, Utah, Ogden, Utah, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Salt Lake City, Utah, U.S.
- **spouse**: Myron Walker
- **children**: 7
- **residence**: St. George, Utah, St. George, Utah
- **profession**: civil servant
- **party**: United States Republican Party, Republican
Gerry Byrne (footballer, born 1938)

**Gerald** "**Gerry**" **Byrne** (29 August 1938 – 28 November 2015) was an English footballer. He spent his entire playing career at Liverpool Football Club, playing from 1953 to 1969. He later played for the England national football team from 1963 to 1966. He was born in Liverpool, England.

Byrne died in at a nursing home in Wrexham, Wales from Alzheimer's disease at the age of 77.

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Gerry Byrne
- **image**: Gerry Byrne.jpg
- **caption**: Gerry Byrne in 2006
- **full name**: Gerald Byrne
- **birth place**: Liverpool, Lancashire, England
- **death place**: Wrexham, Wales
- **height**: 1.78 m
- **position**: Left back
- **youthyears1**: 1953–1957
- **youthclubs1**: Liverpool F.C. Reserves and Academy, Liverpool
- **years1**: 1957–1969
- **clubs1**: Liverpool F.C., Liverpool
- **caps1**: 274
- **goals1**: 2
- **nationalyears1**: 1963–1966
- **nationalteam1**: England national football team, England
- **nationalcaps1**: 2
- **nationalgoals1**: 0
Barbro Hiort af Ornäs

**Barbro Hiort af Ornäs** (28 August 1921 – 28 November 2015) was a Swedish actress. She was born in Gothenburg, Sweden. She won the Best Actress Award at the 1958 Cannes Film Festival for the movie _Brink of Life_. She was also known for her roles in _While the City Sleeps_, _All These Women_, _The Passion of Anna_, and in _The Sense of Marriage_.

Af Ornäs died on November 28, 2015 in Gothenburg from natural causes, aged 94.

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: Barbro Hiort af Ornäs.jpg
- **name**: Barbro Hiort af Ornäs
- **birth place**: Gothenburg, Sweden
- **death place**: Gothenburg, Sweden
- **yearsactive**: 1943-2001
- **occupation**: Actress
Maurice Strong

**Maurice F. Strong** (April 29, 1929 – November 27, 2015) was a Canadian businessman and diplomat. He represented Canada as Under-Secretary General of the United Nations.

Strong had his start as an entrepreneur in the Alberta oil patch and was President of Power Corporation of Canada until 1966. In the early 1970s he was Secretary General of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment and then became the first executive director of the United Nations Environment Programme. He returned to Canada to become Chief Executive Officer of Petro-Canada from 1976 to 1978. He was President of the Council of the University for Peace from 1998 to 2006.

Strong was born in Manitoba, Canada. He died at the age of 86 on November 27, 2015.
Nicoletta Machiavelli

**Nicoletta Machiavelli** (1 August 1944 – 15 November 2015), also known as **Nicoletta Rangoni Machiavelli** and **Nicoletta Macchiavelli**, was an Italian-American movie actress. She was born in Ravarino to a Florentine father and American mother. She was known for her works with John Huston and producer Dino De Laurentiis. She was known for her roles in _Navajo Joe_ (1966), _Scarabea - wieviel Erde braucht der Mensch?_ (1969) and _L'important c'est d'aimer_ (1975).

Machiavelli died in Seattle, Washington from an illness, aged 71.

## Other websites

- Actress Machiavelli Now Star Teacher, bellevuecollege.edu; accessed 19 November 2015.
- Hollywood Reporter

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: Nicoletta Machiavelli.png
- **caption**: Machiavelli in _I nostri mariti_ (1966)
- **name**: Nicoletta Machiavelli
- **birth place**: Stuffione, Ravarino, Province of Modena, Modena, Italy
- **death place**: Seattle, Washington, U.S.
- **othername**: Nicoletta Rangoni Machiavelli
Nicoletta Macchiavelli
- **occupation**: Actress (until 1983)
Teacher
Tour guide
- **yearsactive**: 1965–1983
David Canary

**David Hoyt Canary** (August 25, 1938 – November 16, 2015) was an American movie and television actor. He was best known for his roles as Adam and Stuart Chandler in _All My Children_ and as Candy Canady in _Bonanza_. He was born in Elwood, Indiana.

Canary died from complications of Alzheimer's disease in Wilton, Connecticut at the age of 77.
Ted Schwinden

**Theodore "Ted" Schwinden** (August 31, 1925 – October 7, 2023) was an American politician. He served as the 23rd Lieutenant Governor of Montana serving from 1977 through 1981. He later served as the 19th Governor of Montana serving from 1981 through 1989. On October 7, 2023, he died in Phoenix, Arizona, aged 98.

## Infobox (governor)

- **name**: Ted Schwinden
- **order**: 19th
- **office**: Governor of Montana
- **term start**: January 5, 1981
- **term end**: January 2, 1989
- **lieutenant**: George Turman
- **predecessor**: Thomas Lee Judge
- **successor**: Stan Stephens
- **order1**: 23rd
- **office1**: Lieutenant Governor of Montana
- **term start1**: January 3, 1977
- **term end1**: January 5, 1981
- **governor1**: Thomas Lee Judge
- **predecessor1**: Bill Christiansen
- **successor1**: George Turman
- **birth place**: Wolf Point, Montana, U.S.
- **death place**: Phoenix, Arizona, U.S.
- **spouse**: Jean Schwinden
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
Phil Batt

**Philip Eugene Batt** (March 4, 1927 – March 4, 2023) was an American politician. He is a member of the Republican Party. He was the 29th Governor of Idaho serving from 1995 to 1999. Between 1979 until 1983, Batt was the Lieutenant Governor of Idaho. He was born in Wilder, Idaho
Jacque Batt died on September 7, 2014, after 66 years of marriage. In 2015, at the age of 88, Batt married Francee Riley of Boise.

Batt died on March 4, 2023, the morning of his 96th birthday in Boise, Idaho.

## Other websites

- Idaho Public Television: Phil Batt
- The Almanac of American Politics: Phil Batt
- National Governors Association

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Phil Batt
- **image**: Phil Batt 2010.jpg
- **order**: 29th Governor of Idaho
- **term start**: January 2, 1995
- **term end**: January 4, 1999
- **lieutenant**: Butch Otter
- **predecessor**: Cecil Andrus
- **successor**: Dirk Kempthorne
- **office1**: Chair of the Idaho Republican Party
- **term start1**: 1991
- **term end1**: 1993
- **predecessor1**: Randy Ayre
- **successor1**: N. Randy Smith
- **office2**: 35th Lieutenant Governor of Idaho
- **governor2**: John Evans (Idaho governor), John Evans
- **term start2**: January 1, 1979
- **term end2**: January 3, 1983
- **predecessor2**: William J. Murphy (Idaho politician), William Murphy
- **successor2**: David H. Leroy, David Leroy
- **office3**: 34th List of Presidents pro tempore of the Idaho Senate, President pro tempore of the Idaho Senate
- **term start3**: 1976
- **term end3**: 1978
- **predecessor3**: James Ellsworth
- **successor3**: Reed Budge
- **birth name**: Philip Eugene Batt
- **birth place**: Wilder, Idaho, U.S.
- **death place**: Boise, Idaho, Boise, Idaho, U.S.
- **spouse**:

- **children**: 3
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **education**: University of Idaho (attended)
- **serviceyears**: 1945–1946
- **unit**: United States Army Air Forces, Army Air Forces
- **battles**: World War II
George Nigh

**George Patterson Nigh** (June 9, 1927 – July 30, 2025) was an American politician. He served as the 17th and 22nd Governor of Oklahoma serving from January 6, 1963 through January 14, 1963 and then again from January 3, 1979 through January 12, 1987. He was a member of the Democratic Party. He was born in McAlester, Oklahoma.

Nigh died on July 30, 2025 at his home in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma at the age of 98.

## Other websites

- Voices of Oklahoma interview with George Nigh. First person interview conducted on May 1, 2009 with George Nigh. Original audio and transcript archived with Voices of Oklahoma oral history project.
Robert D. Ray

**Robert Dolph Ray** (September 26, 1928 – July 8, 2018) was an American politician. He served as the 38th Governor of Iowa serving from January 16, 1969 to January 14, 1983. He was a member of the Republican Party. Ray was born in Des Moines, Iowa.

Ray served as acting Mayor of Des Moines in 1997 and also served as President of Drake University in 1998.

Ray died in Des Moines on July 8, 2018 from Parkinson's disease, aged 89.

## Other websites

- Robert D. Ray Collection - personal papers and official documents 1987-1999, at Cowles Library, Drake University
Albert Brewer

**Albert Preston Brewer** (October 26, 1928 – January 2, 2017) was an American politician. He was the 47th Governor of Alabama serving from May 7, 1968, until January 18, 1971. He was a member of the Democratic Party.

Brewer was born in Bethel Springs, Tennessee. He studied at the University of Alabama. He was married to Martha Farmer from 1950 until her death in 2006. Brewer died on January 2, 2017 in a hospital in Birmingham, Alabama, aged 88.

## Other websites

- Albert Brewer's biography from Cumberland School of Law website