juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Free France

**Free France**, was a government-in-exile during World War II. It started in 1940. It ended in 1944 when it was renamed to the Provisional Government of the French Republic. It was a major allied power at war with Germany by helping in the North African Campaign and the Italian campaign.
Prince Charles Maurice, Count of Valentinois

**Prince Charles Maurice, Count of Valentinois** (14 May 1727 – 18 January 1798) was a Monégasque prince and member of the House of Grimaldi. He was known by his title **Count of Valentinois**. He had a fairly importanmt military career and was also a Grandee of Spain. He is also sometimes referred to as **Prince Charles Maurice of Monaco**.

## Life

Born at the "_Hôtel Matignon_" in Paris, he was the eighth child of the reigning Princess Louise Hippolyte of Monaco and her husband Prince Jacques I. His father was the Duke of Valentinois but the title was given to Charles Maurice to be used as a Count.

His older brother Honoré III would later become the next Prince of Monacao when their father died in 1751.

## Marriage

Married on 10 November 1749 to Marie Christine de Rouvroy the couple were married in Paris with the express permission of Louis XV of France. They separated in 1766 having had no children together.

## Military career

At the age of 18 he partook in the Battle of Fontenoy For his military abilities he was awarded the Order of the Golden Fleece.

## Infobox (royalty)

- **name**: Charles Maurice of Monaco
- **image**: The Family of the Duke of Valentinois, Pierre Gobert.jpg
- **caption**: A young Charles Maurice (second from left)
- **title**: Count of Valentinois
- **birth place**: _Hôtel Matignon_, Paris, France
- **death place**: Switzerland
- **full name**: Charles Maurice Grimaldi
- **house**: House of Grimaldi, Grimaldi
- **spouse**: Marie Christine de Rouvroy
- **father**: Jacques I, Prince of Monaco, Jacques I of Monaco
- **mother**: Louise Hippolyte, Princess of Monaco, Louise Hippolyte of Monaco
- **issue**: none
ENSTA Paris

**École nationale supérieure de techniques avancées** (ENSTA ParisTech) is a engineering graduate school in France. It is in a campus of the University of Paris-Saclay.

Its different curricula lead to the following French & European degrees :
- _Ingénieur ENSTA ParisTech_ (ENSTA ParisTech Graduate engineer Masters level program)
- Master of Science
- _Mastères Spécialisés_ (MS)
- Massive Online Open Course.

Academic activities and industrial applied research are performed mainly in French and English languages. Students from a dozen of nationalities participate to the different curricula at ENSTA ParisTech.

Most of the 600 graduate engineer students at ENSTA ParisTech live in dedicated residential buildings nearby research labs and metro public transports.

## Admission

Admission to the "ENSTA ParisTech engineering Programme" implemented at ENSTA ParisTech is possible after two/three year scientific undergraduate studies and requires success to either:
- an admission exam for Bachelors of Sciences ;
- a French nationwide selective exam with _numerus clausus_ : concours Mines-Ponts (3-year curriculum including at least 2 years in France)
- a selective application as per _Top Industrial Managers for Europe_ (TIME) double degrees procedures applicable in Europe (2+2-year curriculum, including 2 years in France)
The "ENSTA Programme" typically lasts three years and results in a master's degree, augmented with international experience. Thus undergraduate studies + the ENSTA Programme account for more than a cumulated 300 ECTS credits as applicable in the European education system.

However, graduate students enrolled in the TIME double degree procedure are required to spend two-years at ENSTA ParisTech and spend two years in the TIME-partner institute for a total of four years resulting in a double master's degree.

## Research labs

Research activities at ENSTA ParisTech relate to the following topics:
- Chemistry and Processes Unit (UCP)
- Electronics-IT-robotics Unit (U2IS)
- Applied Mathematics Unit (UMA)
- Mechanics Unit (UME)
- Applied Optics Unit (UOA)
- Applied Economics Unit

## Notable alumni

- Valérie Cornetet, head of the Institut Polytechnique des Sciences Avancées

## Further reading

- Official website

## Infobox (university)

- **name**: École nationale supérieure de techniques avancées
- **image**: Vue aérienne du quartier de l'Ecole polytechnique et de l'ENSTA Paristech, le 26 juin 2013 002.jpg
- **established**: 1741
- **type**: Public, Graduate engineering school
- **students**: 600
- **city**: Palaiseau
- **country**: France
- **affiliations**: University of Paris-Saclay
- **website**: https://www.ensta-paristech.fr
Wind instrument

A **wind instrument** is a type of musical instrument where the player blows into (or over) a mouthpiece to produce sound. They typically fit into two categories: woodwind instruments and brass instruments. Woodwind instruments include oboe, clarinet, flute, and saxophone. The brass instruments include the bugle, trumpet, trombone, cornet and tuba.
Kawasaki Heavy Industries C151

The **Kawasaki Heavy Industries C151** is a type of train used by Singapore's Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) system. It is the first generation rolling stock on the MRT and is one of the five types of electric multiple units on the North South and East West Lines.

The trains were introduced in 1987 and are still in operation. There are sixty-six trainsets with six cars each. There is a single money trainset with four cars that was used to collect money from different stations. It has been withdrawn from service. These trains are operated by SMRT Trains.

The trains were upgraded between 2006 and 2008, mainly to improve the trains' appearances. Most of the important parts for the trains' functioning were not replaced as they were still considered in good condition. However, due to what was considered one of the MRT's worst breakdowns in its history, a second upgrade was planned to replace these important parts, but the Land Transport Authority paused the upgrades as they wanted to replace the trains entirely instead. Currently, only a few trains have these parts replaced.

## Withdrawal

Starting from 22 June 2020 with set 045/046, C151 trains are being removed from service. These trains will be replaced by new Alstom Movia R151 trains which started its service in June 2023. The last service of four C151 trains on 26 September 2025; after the fully retirement/decommissioned. later train cars to the Scrapyard from trailer vehicles.

## Design

The train currently has a black livery with a red stripe, similar to that of the newer generation C751B and C151A rolling stocks. Before upgrade, it had a full white paint scheme with red stripe.

After the upgrades, the number of seats in a row was reduced from 9 to 7, and more grab poles and straps were installed.

## Train Formation

The C151 is made out of 2 3-car trainsets permanently coupled together. Each trainset is assigned a unique number, and each carriage has its own number. There are 132 trainsets numbering 001-132. There would either be normal coupled (099/100) or cross coupled (001/100). A complete set would be coupled together as such:

DT-M1-M2-M2-M1-DT

DT- driving trailer (3)
 M1/2 motor car 1/2 (1/2)

The first number of the four numbers is the carriage number, DT (3), M1(1), M2(2).

The second number is the identification number. For the C151, this number is either a '0' or a '1'.

The third and fourth number is the trainset number

For example, trainset 099/100 would consist of:
 3099-1099-2099-2100-1100-3100

## Related pages

- Siemens C651
- Kawasaki Heavy Industries & Nippon Sharyo C751B
- Kawasaki Heavy Industries & CSR Qingdao Sifang C151A
- Kawasaki Heavy Industries & CSR Qingdao Sifang C151B
- Kawasaki Heavy Industries & CRRC Sifang C151C
El Hedim Square

**El Hedim Square** (, "the square of demolition") is a famous square in Meknes, Morocco. The square was built in the years 1672-1674 after the Sultan of Morocco, Moulay Ismail, demolished half of the Old city of Meknes for his palace and the square. the Mansour Gate is in the front of the square.
Buprestidae

**Buprestida** is a family of beetles. In English, they are known as **jewel beetles** or **metallic wood-boring beetles**, because of the coloring of their carapace.

The family is among the largest of the beetles, with some 15,000 recent species  in 450 genera. In addition, almost 100 fossil species have been described.
Moroccan riad

A **Moroccan riad** is a traditional Moroccan house or palace with an inside garden or courtyard. A riad normally has two or more storeys around an Spanish-style courtyard that contained a fountain. They usually do not have outside-facing windows. Riads were the city homes of the wealthiest citizens such as merchants and courtiers. The name riad comes from the Arabic word ‘ryad’, meaning a garden.

## Related pages

- Moroccan architecture

## Other websites

- that art of moroccan riad in "Metropolismag" site
Gomillion v. Lightfoot

***Gomillion v. Lightfoot***, 364 U.S. 339 (1960), was a United States Supreme Court decision in which the Court ruled the redrawing of the city's electoral district boundaries to prevent blacks from voting was unconstitutional. The unanimous Court held that it violated the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. This case was one of several that led to the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

## Background

In 1957, the Alabama state legislature passed Act number 140 that changed the borders of the city of Tuskegee's electoral district. It changed the square boundary of Tuskegee to an irregular 28-sided figure that eliminated all but a few of the city's 400 black voters but did not eliminate any white voters. It had the effect of keeping African-American citizens from voting. The petitioners Charles A. Gomillion and other black former residents of Tuskegee brought the suit against the Mayor of Tuskegee, Philip M. Lightfoot. They wanted the law ruled unconstitutional under the Fifteenth Amendment. They also wanted an order that prevented the city from enforcing the Act.

## Fifth District Court ruling

The District Court dismissed the case on the grounds it did not have the authority to invalidate an Act passed by the state legislature. The court ruled:

## Supreme Court ruling

On 14 November 1960, the Supreme Court dismissed the ruling by the lower courts and ruled the Alabama redistricting act was unconstitutional. Justice Felix Frankfurter wrote the majority opinion. He admitted that when states exercise power "wholly within the domain of state interest" they are generally protected from judicial review. But Alabama's representatives were not able to identify "any countervailing municipal function" that this act could serve. It was clear the irregular shaped district had only one purpose, namely, to prevent blacks from any participation in the political system of Tuskegee.

## Significance

This case marked a change in the Supreme Court's involvement in political redistricting. Up to this point the Court had shown it was reluctant to interfere with the States when establishing political boundaries of their cities. However, this case served to show that states cannot deprive citizens of their voting rights which are protected by the Fifteenth Amendment. Although the practice of gerrymandering remained an issue after this case, the Court determined it was unconstitutional when it clearly discriminated against any particular racial group.
Bukit Brown MRT station

**Bukit Brown MRT Station** (CC18) is a Circle MRT Line station in Singapore. The station has never been used. It was built for future use. Nearby is Bukit Brown Cemetery, the only remaining cemetery in Singapore.

## Following Stations

Previous: Caldecott (CC17)
Next: Botanic Gardens (CC19/DT9)

## Related pages

- Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore)
Prince Charles, Count of Carladès

**Prince Charles of Monaco, Count of Carladés** (Charles Marie Auguste; 1 January 1722 – 24 August 1749), was a Monégasque prince. He was known as the **Count of Carladés**. He was also the Count of Matignon.

## Family

Charles was born in Paris. He was the fourth child and third son of Princess Louise Hippolyte of Monaco and her husband Jacques I of Monaco. As the son of the then-reigning monarch of Monaco, he was a member of the House of Grimaldi. He was given the title of "Count of Carladés". He was also given the title of Count of Matignon in June 1744. aged 12.

Charles never married and never had children. He died of smallpox in the town of _Prats-de-Mollo-la-Preste_ in the Pyrenees.

## Infobox (royalty)

- **name**: Charles of Monaco
- **image**: Marie Charles Grimaldi.jpg
- **caption**: Charles on a stamp
- **title**: Count of Carladès
- **birth place**: _Hôtel Matignon_, Paris, France
- **death place**: Prats-de-Mollo-la-Preste, Pyrenees
- **full name**: Charles Marie Auguste Grimaldi
- **house**: House of Grimaldi, Grimaldi
- **spouse**: Never married
- **father**: Jacques I, Prince of Monaco, Jacques I of Monaco
- **mother**: Louise Hippolyte, Princess of Monaco, Louise Hippolyte of Monaco
- **issue**: none
Wikimedia Incubator

**Wikimedia Incubator** is where potential Wikimedia plan wikis in new language versions of Wikipedia, Wikibooks, Wikinews, Wikiquote and Wiktionary can be set, written, tested and wiki project hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation. Even though these trial wikis do not yet have their own wiki, they can be used for actual like any additional Wikimedia project wiki. Fresh language versions of Wikiversity are supposed to go to Beta Wikiversity, and those of Wikisource to aged Wikisource. You can not create a full new project, you could only start a new language edition of an obtainable project.

## Infobox (website)

- **name**: Wikimedia Incubator
- **logo**: Incubator-notext.svg
- **url**: [http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page Website]
- **commercial**: No
- **type**: wiki Medi Backstage project
- **language**: monolanguage (multilingual at future)
- **registration**: Optional
- **owner**: Wikimedia Foundation
- **author**: b:User:Karl Wick, Karl Wick and the Wikimedia Community
- **current status**: Active
William Franklin

**William Franklin** (1730 – November 1813) was an American soldier, attorney, and colonial administrator, the acknowledged illegitimate son of Benjamin Franklin. He was the last colonial Governor of New Jersey (1763–1776). Franklin was a steadfast Loyalist throughout the American Revolutionary War.

## Early life

William Franklin was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He was the illegitimate son of Benjamin Franklin, a leading figure in the city. His mother's identity is unknown.
In 1750, Ben told his own mother that William was nineteen years old, but this may have been an attempt to make the youth appear legitimate.

William was raised by Benjamin Franklin and Deborah Read.

## Marriage and family

As a young man, William became engaged to Elizabeth Graeme, daughter of prominent Philadelphia physician Dr. Thomas Graeme and granddaughter of Pennsylvania's 14th Governor, Sir William Keith.

While in London, Franklin sired an illegitimate son, William Temple Franklin, who was born 22 February 1762.  His mother has never been identified, and he was placed in foster care.

Later that year, Franklin married Elizabeth Downes on September 4, 1762 at St George's, Hanover Square in London.

## Career

William Franklin completed his law education in England.

### Governor of New Jersey

In 1763, William Franklin was appointed as the Royal Governor of New Jersey, due to his father's influence with the British Prime Minister. He replaced Josiah Hardy, a merchant and colonial administrator.  As governor, Franklin signed the charter for Queen's College, which would develop as Rutgers University in New Brunswick, New Jersey.

## Infobox (politician)

- **name**: William Franklin
- **image**: WilliamFranklin.jpeg
- **imagesize**: 245px
- **birth date**: ca. 1730
- **birth place**: Philadelphia
- **death place**: London
- **title**: Governor of New Jersey, 13th Colonial Governor of New Jersey
- **term start**: 1763
- **term end**: 1776
- **monarch**: George III of Great Britain, George III
- **predecessor**: Josiah Hardy
- **successor**: William Livingston
<small>As Governor of New Jersey</small>
- **occupation**: soldier, colonial administrator
- **spouse**: Elizabeth Downes, Mary Johnson d'Evelin
- **children**: William Temple Franklin
- **parents**: Benjamin Franklin
Middlesex County College

**Middlesex County College** is a community college with its main campus located in Edison, New Jersey, United States.

## Description

The college was founded in 1964. It offers more than 700 courses in 100 different degree and certificate programs with 21 specially designed transfer programs. Its mission is to provide access to an affordable, quality education

Tuition for county residents is $103 per credit hour. Tuition for out of county residents is $206 per credit hour. Federal financial aid is available in the form of Pell grants, work study programs and direct loans. Students must complete their free application for FAFSA. The MCC Foundation offers over 100 scholarships for students attending the college.

## Sports

Men’s sports include: Soccer, Basketball, Wrestling, Baseball, Golf, Track and field. Women sports include: Soccer, Softball, Basketball, Cross Country, Volleyball, Track and Field. The Physical Education Center has a swimming pool, basketball courts, racquetball courts, and a dance studio. There is a weight training room with treadmills and stairmasters, which are available for students, faculty, and college alumni.

## Related pages

- List of New Jersey County Colleges

## Other websites

- Middlesex County College webpage
- http://www.stateuniversity.com/universities/NJ/Middlesex_County_College.html
- http://stats.stateuniversity.com/universities/NJ/Middlesex_County_College.html

## Infobox (college)

- **established**: 1964
- **type**: Public college, Public College
- **president**: Dr. Joann LaPerla-Morales
- **city**: Edison, New Jersey, Edison Township
- **state**: New Jersey
- **country**: United States
- **colors**: Blue and White  
- **nickname**: Blue Colts
- **website**: [http://www2.middlesexcc.edu Middlesex County College]
King cobra

The **king cobra** (***Ophiophagus hannah***) is in the Elapidae family of snakes. It is the longest venomous snake in the world. An adult king cobra can grow up to , though most are less than . It is endemic to Asia.

King cobras are the longest of all venomous snakes. As they face a variety of threats stemming from human activities, these snakes are vulnerable to extinction.

The king cobra lives throughout India and in some parts of the south and the east of Asia. It is known around the world for its dangerous venom. It mostly avoids humans. The King cobra lives up to 20 years.

The king cobra lives in thick forests, and likes areas dotted with lakes and streams.

It eats mostly other snakes but sometimes lizards and rodents. After a large meal it may live months before eating again.

The Indian grey mongoose is one of the few predators of the king cobra but may not attack them much.

## Venom

The venom from a bite can be deadly. The snake can kill a man with a single bite.  The mortality rate can be as high as 75% without antivenom.

**There** are two kinds of antivenom that can be used to help when someone is bitten. Bites do not happen often, snake handlers are most likely to be bitten.

## Parenting

Unlike many snakes, the female **king cobra** is a very good parent. It makes a mound as a nest for its eggs and protects them for 60-90 days until they hatch. It lays 20-40 eggs.  The mother stays until the eggs begin to hatch and then leaves to find food for herself. Baby **king cobras** are  and have venom as strong as adults.

## Growling hiss

The hiss of the ***king cobra*** is a much lower pitch than many other snakes and many people thus liken its call to a "growl" rather than a hiss. While the hisses of most snakes are of a broad-frequency span ranging from roughly 3,000 to 13,000 Hz with a dominant frequency near 7,500 Hz, king cobra growls consist solely of frequencies below 2,500 Hz, with a dominant frequency near 600 Hz, a much lower-sounding frequency closer to that of a human voice. Comparative anatomical morphometric analysis has led to a discovery of tracheal diverticula that function as low-frequency resonating chambers in king cobra and its prey, the rat snake, both of which can make similar growls.

## Other websites

- Real Audio format of a king cobra hissing
HarbourFront MRT station

**HarbourFront Station** (NE1/CC29) is an MRT Station in Singapore.

It is an interchange station along the North East MRT Line and Circle MRT Line. It is currently the only double terminus in Singapore's MRT line. The station is located next to VivoCity and HarbourFront Centre.

The station was originally called World Trade Center, but changed to its current name after the 9/11 attacks

## Following Stations

NEL:

-previous: Terminus
 -next: Outram Park

CCL:

-previous: Telok Blangah
 -next: Terminus

## Timeline

- 20 June 2003: Station opened
- 8 October 2011: Circle MRT Line opened

## Former Codes

- North East MRT Line: H1 (before opening)
- Circle MRT Line: N/A
Dhoby Ghaut MRT station

**Dhoby Ghaut Station (NS24/NE6/CC1)** is a Mass Rapid Transit station in Singapore. It is an interchange station along North South Line, North East Line and Circle Line.

Dhoby Ghaut is the first triple-line interchange station in Singapore. It is the fourth deepest MRT station (after Bras Basah, Promenade and Bencoolen) in Singapore. The deepest point is at 28 metres below ground level.

The station was named after the Indian laundrymen that worked around the area in the early 20th century. The section of track between this station and Somerset is the shortest between any two stations on the North South Line; it takes 1 minute for a train to travel between these two stations. It is one of the station that receives heavy passenger numbers during peak hours.

## History

The North South Line section of Dhoby Ghaut (Code: N1) was the first to open, doing so on 12 December 1987. It was formerly named The Istana, where the president's palace is located. The platforms were built under the former Stamford canal. It became an interchange station with the opening of the North East Line on 20 June 2003 (Code: H5), while the North South Line part of the station underwent upgrading which was completed in 2006. It to date remains the only interchange station serving the North South and North East Lines.

The Circle Line station opened on 17 April 2010, at which point Dhoby Ghaut became the first station in Singapore to be an interchange between three MRT lines. It is currently the only triple-line interchange station on the MRT network; however, with the opening of Stage 3 of the Thomson-East Coast MRT Line in 2021, two other stations, Outram Park and Marina Bay, will also become triple-line interchanges.

Dhoby Ghaut is the fourth deepest MRT station (after Bras Basah, Promenade and Bencoolen) in Singapore, with the deepest point at 28 metres below ground level. It is one of only four stations on the MRT network to have travelators with the other three being Bugis, Serangoon and Botanic Gardens stations.

## Infobox (station)

- **type**: Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore), Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) interchange and terminus
- **image**: NS24 NE6 CC1 Dhoby Ghaut MRT Exit E 20210331 145844.jpg
- **image caption**: Exit E of Dhoby Ghaut MRT station
- **alt**: Photograph of station entrance at ground level. A curved transparent façade with stairs leading to the entrance
- **other**: Bus, taxi
- **structure**: Underground
- **platform**: 6 (3 island platforms)
- **levels**: 3
- **tracks**: 6
- **bicycle**: No
- **electrified**: Yes
- **ada**: Yes
- **map type**: Singapore Rail central area
- **map caption**: Dhoby Ghaut station in Singapore
- **map dot label**: Dhoby Ghaut
- **map alt**: A map of the Singapore rail systems, with a color for each line, and a red dot highlighting the location of Dhoby Ghaut station in central Singapore.
- **map size**: 300px
Rameswaram

**Rameshwaram** is a coastal town in the Ramanathapuram district of Tamil Nadu state in India. It is located in a island named Pamban island, which is separated from Indian mainland by Pamban Channel.

Rameshwaram is one of the holiest shrines for Hindus. The populous Ramanathaswamy Temple is located here.The town has the 64 Holy Tirthas,  of which 24 are important accoring to Skanda Purana.

The town covers an area of 53 km<sup>2</sup>. The population of the town is 44,851 according to 2011 census. This town is the birth place of the 11th president of India, Dr.A.P.J.Abdul Kalam.

The island in which Rameshwaram located was hit by a cyclone in 1964, that washed away Dhanushkodi, a nearby town and made severe damage in Rameshwaram too.
Vaigai River

The **Vaigai River** is a river that starts flowing from Varusanadu Hills, Periyar plateau of the Western Ghats range. This river flows east towards Tamil Nadu. The Vaigai river produces the Vattaparai Falls. The city of Madurai lies on the banks of this river. The river empties into the Palk strait in the Ramanathapuram district of Tamil Nadu.

## Length

The Vaigai river flows for 256km (160mi). The area of the drainage basin of Vaigai is 7036 square kilometers.

## Tributaries

The tributaries of Vaigai are Suruli River, Mullaiyaar River, Varaha River and Manjal River. The Kirudhumal River joins Vaigai river in Theni district. The water of Periyar river is diverted or turned to Vaigai.

## Infobox (river)

- **name**: Vaigai River
- **map**: SVG Map River Vaigai EN.svg
- **map caption**: Map of Vaigai river
- **subdivision type1**: Country
- **subdivision name1**: India
- **discharge2 location**: Peranai
- **source1**: Varusanadu Hills
- **source1 location**: Tamil Nadu, India
- **mouth location**: Palk Bay, India
Cecelia Holland

**Cecelia Holland** is an American historical fiction novelist.

## Early life and education

Holland was born on December 31, 1943, in Henderson, Nevada. She grew up in Metuchen, New Jersey, where she started writing at age 12.

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Cecelia Holland
- **birth place**: Henderson, Nevada
- **occupation**: Novelist
- **language**: English
- **nationality**: United States
- **genre**: Historical fiction
Prince François, Count of Thorigny

**Prince François of Monaco, Count of Thorigny** (François Charles; 4 February 1726 – 9 December 1743) was a Monégasque prince and member of the House of Grimaldi. He was known by his title **Count of Thorigny**.

## Life

Born in Paris.

Born at the "_Hôtel Matignon_" in Paris, he was the eighth child of the reigning Princess Louise Hippolyte of Monaco and her husband Prince Jacques I. His father was the Count of Thorigny but the title was given to François. His older brother Honoré III would later become the next Prince of Monacao when their father died in 1751.

He died unmarried and childless.

## Infobox (royalty)

- **name**: Prince François of Monaco
- **image**: The Family of the Duke of Valentinois, Pierre Gobert.jpg
- **caption**: A young François (second from left)
- **title**: Count of Thorigny
- **birth place**: _Hôtel Matignon_, Paris, France
- **full name**: François Charles Grimaldi
- **house**: House of Grimaldi, Grimaldi
- **spouse**: Never married
- **father**: Jacques I of Monaco
- **mother**: Louise Hippolyte, Princess of Monaco, Louise Hippolyte of Monaco
- **issue**: none
Joel Weisman

**Joel D. Weisman** (February 20, 1943 – July 18, 2009) was an American doctor who was one of the first to identify a pattern of illnesses that was ultimately diagnosed as AIDS in the United States. He later became an advocate for the development of treatments and prevention of the disease.

## Early life and education

Weisman was born in Newark, New Jersey, on February 20, 1943. He attended the Kansas City College of Osteopathy (later known as the Kansas City University of Medicine and Biosciences, graduating in 1970 with a Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (DO). He practiced medicine in his hometown of Carteret, New Jersey, for several years and ended his brief marriage by disclosing that he was gay.

## Discovery and treatment of AIDS

He moved to Los Angeles and was hired by a doctor's office in North Hollywood. There, he started to see a number of patients in 1978 who had a series of unusual conditions, including younger men with shingles, a case of Kaposi's sarcoma, and several patients who had symptoms of what appeared to be, but was not, lymphoma.

Weisman referred two of these cases in 1981 to Michael S. Gottlieb, an immunologist at the UCLA Medical Center, who had a patient of his own with a similar pattern of symptoms. A report they jointly wrote published by the Centers for Disease Control in the June 5, 1981, issue of its _Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report_, describing how their patients, "5 young men, all active homosexuals, were treated for biopsy-confirmed Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia at 3 different hospitals in Los Angeles, California" of which "[t]wo of the patients died" by the time of the original report. This notice has been recognized as the first published report marking "the official start" of the AIDS pandemic and as "the first report on AIDS in the medical literature".

In Weisman's obituary in the _Los Angeles Times_, Gottlieb described him as "a very astute physician" who recognized "that something out of the ordinary was happening" by being "alert to unusual symptoms in his patients". Krim described how Weisman immediately knew that "he was observing something that was never seen before."

## Personal

Weisman died at age 66 due to heart disease on July 18, 2009, at his home in the Westwood neighborhood of Los Angeles. He was survived by his domestic partner of 17 years, Bill Hutton, as well as by a daughter and granddaughter, a brother and two nieces. Timothy Bogue, his partner for 10 years, died of AIDS in 1991.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Joel Weisman
- **occupation**: Physician
2016 Kumamoto earthquakes

The **2016 Kumamoto earthquakes** happened on April 14−16, 2016 near Kumamoto Prefecture in southern Japan. A foreshock of magnitude 6.2 on the Richter scale happened on the evening of April 14 at 21:26 Japan Standard Time. The main earthquake happened at 1:25 am JST with a magnitude of 7.0 on April 16.

A total of 48 people died in the two earthquakes. About 3,000 more were injured. There was severe damage in and around Kumamoto. Many structures including Kumamoto-Castle fell and some of them caught fire and infrastructures, especially water, electricity and gas supply are destructed. More than 44,000 people had to leave the area because of the disaster and most of them suffer hard living in shelters.

## Infobox (earthquake)

- **name**: 2016 Kumamoto earthquakes
- **timestamp**: 2016-04-15 16:25:06
- **anss-url**: us20005iis
- **isc-event**: 610289055
- **image**: Destroyed house by 2016 Kumamoto earthquake.jpg
- **caption**: Destroyed house by the earthquakes
- **map**: Japan Shakemap 15 April 2016.jpg
- **map caption**: United States Geological Survey shake map for the April 16 earthquake; a maximum Mercalli intensity scale value of 8.8 was observed just east of Kumamoto City.
- **local-time**: 01:25 Japan Standard Time, JST  (UTC+9)
- **magnitude**: 7.0 Moment magnitude scale, M<sub>w</sub>
- **depth**: 10 km
- **type**: Fault (geology)#Strike-slip faults, Strike-slip
- **affected**: Kumamoto Prefecture, Kyushu, Japan
- **intensity**:

- **foreshocks**: 6.2Moment magnitude scale, M<sub>w</sub>,
12:26:36 (UTC), 21:26:36 (Japan Standard Time, JST)
- **casualties**: **Foreshock**: 9 dead, 1,108 injured

**Mainshock**: 41 dead, 2,021 injured
**Total**:50 dead, 3,129 injured
Game & Watch Gallery 4

Game & Watch Gallery 4, known in Europe and Australia as _Game & Watch Gallery Advance_, is the fifth game in the series in Europe and Australia and the fourth in North America. It was released for the Game Boy Advance in Europe on October 25, 2002, in the United States on October 28, 2002, and in Australia in 2002. It is the second Game & Watch Gallery game not to receive a Japanese release until 2016 via the Wii U's Virtual Console. It is also the first title in the Game & Watch Gallery series to credit TOSE as a co-developer, after the company had gone uncredited in the previous installments.
This game features Game & Watch games in two styles: Classic, which features faithful reproductions of the original games, and Modern, which gives the games a different visual style using characters from the Super Mario Bros. series. It features 11 games with both Modern and Classic modes, and nine games with only Classic mode. This game facilitates multiplayer for Boxing and Donkey Kong 3.

## List of games

- Fire
- Boxing
- Rain Shower
- Mario's Cement Factory
- Donkey Kong Jr.
- Donkey Kong 3
- Chef
- Mario Bros.
- Donkey Kong
- Octopus
- Fire Attack

Also included are several unlockable games that can only be played in Classic mode:

- Manhole
- Tropical Fish
- Mario's Bombs Away
- Parachute
- Bomb Sweeper
- Climber
- Safebuster
- Life Boat
- Zelda

## Infobox (video game)

- **alt**: Game & Watch Gallery 4
- **developer**: Nintendo Research & Development 1, Nintendo R&D1
Tose (company), Tose
- **publisher**: Nintendo
- **director**: Hitoshi Yamagami
Yashuhiro Minamimoto
- **producer**: Shigeru Miyamoto
Takehiro Izushi
- **series**: _Game & Watch_
- **platforms**: Game Boy Advance, Virtual Console (Wii U)
- **released**: **Game Boy Advance**
**Wii U Virtual Console**

- **genre**: Minigame compilation
- **modes**: Multiplayer games
Metuchen, New Jersey

**Metuchen** ( ) is a borough in Middlesex County, New Jersey, United States.

## History

Metuchen was created by the New Jersey Legislature on March 20, 1900. The land was part of Raritan Township (now known as Edison).

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough had a total area of 2.766 square miles (7.166 km<sup>2</sup>). That included 2.764 square miles (7.160 km<sup>2</sup>) of land and 0.002 square miles (0.006 km<sup>2</sup>) of water (0.09%).

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Metuchen, New Jersey
- **settlement type**: Borough (New Jersey), Borough
- **nickname**: The Historic Brainy Borough
- **image skyline**: Metuchen1.jpg
- **imagesize**: 250x200px
- **image caption**: Main Street in downtown Metuchen, which won the honor of _Great American Main Street of the Year_ in 2023
- **image map**: Middlesex_County_New_Jersey_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Metuchen_Highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 250x200px
- **map caption**: Location of Metuchen in Middlesex County, New Jersey, Middlesex County highlighted in red (left). Inset map: Location of Middlesex County in New Jersey highlighted in orange (right).
- **image map1**: Census_Bureau_map_of_Metuchen,_New_Jersey.png
- **mapsize1**: 250x200px
- **map caption1**: Census Bureau map of Metuchen, New Jersey
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in New Jersey, County
- **subdivision name2**: Middlesex County, New Jersey, Middlesex
- **government type**: Borough (New Jersey), Borough
- **governing body**: Borough Council
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader title1**: City manager, Administrator
- **leader title2**: Municipal clerk
- **established title**: Municipal corporation, Incorporated
- **established date**: March 20, 1900
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 7.36
- **area land km2**: 7.35
- **area water km2**: 0.01
- **area total sq mi**: 2.84
- **area land sq mi**: 2.84
- **area water sq mi**: 0.00
- **area water percent**: 0.07
- **area rank**: 348th of 565 in state
18th of 25 in county
- **population as of**: 2020 United States census, 2020
- **population total**: 15049
- **population rank**: 175th of 565 in state
17th of 25 in county
- **population density km2**: auto
- **population density sq mi**: 5282.2
- **population density rank**: 105th of 565 in state
9th of 25 in county
- **timezone**: Eastern Time Zone, Eastern (EST)
- **utc offset**: −05:00
- **timezone dst**: Eastern Daylight Time, Eastern (EDT)
- **utc offset dst**: −04:00
- **elevation ft**: 95
- **postal code type**: ZIP Code
- **postal code**: 08840
- **area code**: Area codes 732 and 848, 732
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standards, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 3402145690
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 0885298
Ten Mile Junction LRT Station

**Ten Mile Junction LRT Station (BP14)** is an LRT station in Singapore. It is along the Bukit Panjang LRT Line.

Services are provided at a lower frequency than other LRT stations. Trains only arrive every 20 minutes.

## Timeline

- 6 November 1999: Station opened
- 10 December 2010: Station closed
- 30 December 2011: Station reopened

## Former Codes

Formerly the code was: A14 (1999 - 2001)

## Following Stations

Previous: Bukit Panjang (BP6/DT1)
Next: N/A
Paya Lebar MRT station

**Paya Lebar MRT station (EW8/CC9)** is a Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) interchange station on the East West Line and Circle Line in Geylang, Singapore.

It is named after the Paya Lebar Road, not the area called Paya Lebar. It is in the Geylang district.

## History

This station was opened on 4 November 1989, as part of the East West Line. Its former code is E5. The Circle Line station platforms was opened on 17 April 2010.

A track fault at Paya Lebar delayed trains travelling towards HarbourFront on 31 December 2012. SMRT had called in staff to manually drive the trains between Dakota and MacPherson to navigate the fault. Circle Line trains began running normally again more than four hours after the fault took place around 8 am.

## Station Information

There are two links between the elevated East West Line station and the underground Circle Line station. The first link consists of a series of escalators to the Circle Line concourse from the western side of the East West platform, which is a common link to go to the Circle Line station. The second link, which is barrier-free, was built on the former area of Exit A which has been closed since late 2007 for reconstruction.

For the East West Line, train platforms are on Level 2. For the Circle Line, train platforms are on Basement 2. This is the only interchange station that has a middle track on the underground line, and it is the terminus for short-working trips after peak hours.

## Related pages

- Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore)

## Infobox (station)

- **type**: Rapid transit
- **image**: Paya Lebar MRT Station - panoramio (3).jpg
- **image caption**: Paya Lebar MRT station (East West Line), with the Circle line in the far right corner.
- **address**: 30 Paya Lebar Road
Singapore 409006 (EWL)
15 Paya Lebar Road
Singapore 409049 (CCL)
- **other**: Bus, Taxi
- **structure**: Elevated (East West Line)
Underground (Circle Line)
- **platform**: 6 (3 island platforms)
- **levels**: 2
- **tracks**: 2 (East West Line)
3 (Circle Line) - 2 in regular operation
- **parking**: Yes (Paya Lebar Square, Singpost, Singpost Centre, Paya Lebar Quarter, KINEX)
- **bicycle**: Yes
- **opened**: (East West Line)
 (Circle Line)
- **electrified**: Yes
- **ada**: Yes
- **operator**: SMRT Trains (SMRT Corporation) (East West and Circle Lines)
- **zone**: 2
Petitioner

A **petitioner** is a very specific legal term. It is the person who presents a formal legal petition to a court or a legislature that requests a certain action be taken. A petitioner is also the person who files a motion or an appeal to a higher court. A party who petitions the Supreme Court to review a case is known as either the petitioner or the appellant. The person or entity (such as a corporation or government) who opposes the petition is called a respondent. In some cases a third party, an _amicus curiae_ (friend of the court), may be heard.

## Appeal process

In the case of an appeal, the petitioner is usually the party who lost in a lower court. This can be either the plaintiff or the defendant who files the petition to the higher court for judicial review. If the petition is granted, the petitioner files an appellate brief giving the legal arguments for filing the appeal. The respondent is given a short period of time to respond to the brief with arguments for their side of the case and to refute any arguments made by the petitioner. In some jurisdictions, the petitioner is allowed to file a short reply. In all three cases, arguments must be based on the trial record which includes the Transcripts of testimony and evidence from the original trial.

## Civil law

In civil law the person who files the case against another person is called the petitioner or plaintiff. In a divorce this is the party who files or starts the action to legally end the marriage.

## Other websites

- Legal Language
- Is it better to be the petitioner or the respondent?
Subhas Chandra Bose

**Subash Chandra Bose** was an Indian nationalist, who worked with Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan in World War II, backing the Nazi policy towards Jews, which he considered justified in the fight against British colonialism. This put him at odds with other Indian nationalists, making him controversial among mainstream historians due to his Nazi support. He was born in a large Bengali family on January 23, 1897 in Cuttack.

## Career

He was the President of Indian National Congress from 1938 to 1939. He took over the INA from Rash Behari Bose in July 1943 who co-founded the Azad Hind Army or Indian National Army (now Bharat National Army) with the help of Japan in 1942.

## Death

He attempted to get rid of British rule in Bharat, but died in a plane crash in August 18, 1945 in Japanese-occupied Taiwan.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **honorific prefix**: #Legacy, Netaji
- **name**: Subash Chandra Bose
- **image**: Subhas Chandra Bose NRB.jpg
- **birth place**: Cuttack, Bengal Presidency, British Raj, British India (present-day Odisha, India)
- **death date**: Unknown
- **term1**: 21 October 1943 –
- **predecessor1**: _Office created_
- **successor1**: _Office abolished_
- **office2**: President of the Indian National Congress
- **term2**: 1938–1939
- **predecessor2**: Jawaharlal Nehru
- **successor2**: Rajendra Prasad
- **spouse**: Unmarried
- **father**: Janakinath Bose
- **mother**: Prabhavati Dutt
- **known for**: Indian independence movement, Indian nationalism
- **signature**: Subhas Chandra Bose Signature.svg
- **signature alt**: Signature of Subhas Chandra Bose
- **native name**: सुभाष चंद्र बोस
 সুভাষ চন্দ্র বসু
Princess Charlotte of Monaco (1719 – 1790)

**Princess Charlotte Thérèse Nathalie Grimaldi of Monaco**  (19 May 1719 – circa 1790), was a Monégasque princess.  Charlotte never married and as a result became a nun at a convent in Paris.

## Life

Born in Paris, she was the eldest daughter of Princess Louise Hippolyte of Monaco and her husband Prince Jacques  I. Styled as "_Mademoiselle de Monaco_", she was known as _either_ Charlotte or Thérèse Nathalie. Never marrying, she eventually took religious vows and became a nun at the Convent of Visitation in Paris on 21 January 1738.

She remained unmarried, and died childless. She was once engaged to Frédéric Jules de La Tour d'Auvergne, "Prince of Auvergne". Yet, this proposed marriage did not come to be and before she was much older the engagement was broken off and Charlotte went to a convent to begin her education. She considered becoming a nun while there, wrestled with the decision but did finally take her vows as a sister of the Order of the Visitation. She did leave the convent a number of times to visit her family

## Infobox (royalty)

- **name**: Charlotte
- **full name**: Charlotte Thérèse Nathalie Grimaldi
- **image**: H.S.H. Princess Charlotte Grimaldi of Monaco in 1733 by Gobert.jpg
- **caption**: Portrait of Charlotte by Pierre Gobert in 1733
- **birth place**: Hôtel Matignon, Paris
Kingdom of France
- **death date**: 1790
- **father**: Jacques I, Prince of Monaco
- **mother**: Louise Hippolyte, Princess of Monaco
- **house**: House of Grimaldi, Grimaldi
- **occupation**: Nun
2016 Ecuador earthquake

On April 16, 2016, a 7.8 magnitude struck Ecuador at 18:58 local time. It was centered about 17 miles from the town of Muisne and about 110 miles from the capital Quito. There was widespread damage, so that most infrastructures are destroyed. Structures hundreds of miles from the epicenter collapsed.

Over 272 people died. Over 2,500 people were injured.

President Rafael Correa declared a state of emergency after the earthquake.

## Infobox (earthquake)

- **name**: 2016 Ecuador earthquake
- **timestamp**: 2016-04-16 23:58:36
- **anss-url**: us20005j32
- **isc-event**: 608556966
- **local-time**: 18:58:37 Ecuador Time, ECT (UTC-5)
- **magnitude**: 7.8 Moment magnitude scale, M<sub>w</sub>
- **type**: Thrust fault, Thrust
- **affected**: Ecuador, Colombia, Peru
- **intensity**: VIII (_Severe_)
- **foreshocks**: 4.8 Moment magnitude scale, M<sub>w</sub>
- **aftershocks**: 1,034 as of 07:50 ECT (12:50 UTC) April 28
- **casualties**: 668 killed, 8 missing and 6,274 severely injured
Princess Sofia, Duchess of Värmland

**Princess Sofia of Sweden, Duchess of Värmland** (born **Sofia Kristina Hellqvist** on 6 December 1984) is the wife of Prince Carl Philip, Duke of Värmland. She began dating Prince Carl Philip in 2010. She has also been a glamour model and reality television contestant. Hellqvist has appeared on the reality show _Paradise Hotel_.

## Early Life

Princess Sofia was born as Sofia Kirstina Hellqvist at Danderyd Hospital in Danderyd Municipality, She is daughter of Erik Hellqvist and Marie Rotman.

## Marriage and motherhood

She married Prince Carl Philip at Slottskyrkan in Stockholm on 13 June 2015. After the marriage, she got the title Princess of Sweden, Duchess of Värmland. Their first child Prince Alexander Erik Hubertus Bertil, was born on 19 April 2016. Their second son Prince Gabriel Carl Walther was born on 31 August 2017. Their third child, Prince Julian Herbert Folke was born on 26 March 2021. Their fourth child, a daughter, Princess Ines Marie Lilian Silvia was born on 7 February 2025.

## Titles, styles and honours

- **6 December 1984 – 13 June 2015**: _Miss_ Sofia Kristina Hellqvist
- **13 June 2015 – present**: Her Royal Highness  Princess Sofia of Sweden, The Duchess of Värmland

### National Honours

- Sweden: Member of the Royal Order of the Seraphim
- Sweden: Member of the Royal Family Decoration of King Carl XVI Gustaf
- Sweden: Recipient of the 70th Birthday Badge Medal of King Carl XVI Gustaf
- Sweden: Recipient of the Golden Jubilee Medal of King Carl XVI Gustaf
- Foreign
- Finland: Grand Cross of the Order of the White Rose of Finland  (17 May 2022)
- France: Grand Officer of the Order of the Legion of Honor (30 January 2024)
- Iceland: Grand Cross of the Order of the Falcon (17 January 2018)
- Italy: Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (2 November 2018)
- Netherlands: Dame Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown (11 October 2022)
- Spain: Dame Grand Cross of the Order of Civil Merit (16 November 2021)

## Infobox (royalty)

- **name**: Princess Sofia
- **title**: Duchess of Värmland
- **image**: Princess Sofia June 2015.jpg
- **caption**: Princess Sofia in June 2015
- **house**: House of Bernadotte, Bernadotte (by marriage)
- **birth name**: Sofia Kristina Hellqvist
- **birth place**: Danderyd Hospital, Danderyd, Sweden
- **father**: Erik Oscar Hellqvist
- **mother**: Marie Britt Rotman
- **religion**: Church of Sweden