juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Bulgaria at the Olympics

**Bulgaria** was first at the **Olympic Games** at the very first Games in 1896.

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Bulgaria is BUL.

## History

The Bulgarian Olympic Committee was formed in 1923.  They first sent a team to the Summer Olympic Games in 1924. The nation has been in every Summer Games since except for 1932 (during the Great Depression), 1948 (after World War II), and 1984. Bulgaria was first in the Winter Olympic Games in 1936, and has been in every Winter Games since then.

Bulgarian athletes have won a total of 218 medals, with wrestling and weightlifting the most.

### Medals by Summer Games

|Total|51|85|78|214|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1896 Athens|0|0|0|0|
|1900 Paris|_did not participate_||||
|1904 St. Louis|_did not participate_||||
|1908 London|_did not participate_||||
|1912 Stockholm|_did not participate_||||
|1920 Antwerp|_did not participate_||||
|1924 Paris|0|0|0|0|
|1928 Amsterdam|0|0|0|0|
|1932 Los Angeles|_did not participate_||||
|1936 Berlin|0|0|0|0|
|1948 London|_did not participate_||||
|1952 Helsinki|0|0|1|1|
|1956 Melbourne/Stockholm|1|3|1|5|
|1960 Rome|1|3|3|7|
|1964 Tokyo|3|5|2|10|
|1968 Mexico City|2|4|3|9|
|1972 Munich|6|10|5|21|
|1976 Montreal|6|9|7|22|
|1980 Moscow|8|16|17|41|
|1984 Los Angeles|_did not participate_||||
|1988 Seoul|10|12|13|35|
|1992 Barcelona|3|7|6|16|
|1996 Atlanta|3|7|5|15|
|2000 Sydney|5|6|2|13|
|2004 Athens|2|1|9|12|
|2008 Beijing|1|1|3|5|
|2012 London|0|1|1|2|

### Medals by Winter Games

|Total|1|2|3|6|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1936 Garmisch-Partenkirchen|0|0|0|0|
|1948 St. Moritz|0|0|0|0|
|1952 Oslo|0|0|0|0|
|1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo|0|0|0|0|
|1960 Squaw Valley|0|0|0|0|
|1964 Innsbruck|0|0|0|0|
|1968 Grenoble|0|0|0|0|
|1972 Sapporo|0|0|0|0|
|1976 Innsbruck|0|0|0|0|
|1980 Lake Placid|0|0|1|1|
|1984 Sarajevo|0|0|0|0|
|1988 Calgary|0|0|0|0|
|1992 Albertville|0|0|0|0|
|1994 Lillehammer|0|0|0|0|
|1998 Nagano|1|0|0|1|
|2002 Salt Lake City|0|1|2|3|
|2006 Turin|0|1|0|1|
|2010 Vancouver|0|0|0|0|

### Medals by sport

|Total|52|87|81|220|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Wrestling|16|32|20|68|
|Weightlifting|12|16|8|36|
|Athletics|5|7|6|18|
|Shooting|4|6|6|16|
|Boxing|4|5|9|18|
|Canoeing|4|5|8|17|
|Rowing|3|4|7|14|
|Gymnastics|2|4|7|13|
|Swimming|1|1|1|3|
|Biathlon|1|0|1|2|
|Judo|0|1|2|3|
|Short track speed skating|0|2|1|3|
|Basketball|0|1|1|2|
|Football|0|1|1|2|
|Volleyball|0|1|1|2|
|Equestrian|0|1|0|1|
|Cross-country skiing|0|0|1|1|
|Tennis|0|0|1|1|

## Related pages

- List of IOC country codes

## Other websites

- Bulgaria profile at London2012.com
- Bulgaria at Olympics.org

## Infobox (country at games)

- **noc**: BUL
- **nocname**: Bulgarian Olympic Committee
- **games**: Olympics
- **website**:  
- **gold**: 52
- **silver**: 89
- **bronze**: 83
WYSIWYM

**WYSIWYM** is an acronym that stands for **What you see is what you mean**.  This was positioned to not be confused with WYSIWYG (what you see is what you get). The idea behind WYSIWYG is to display text on screen in much the same way as they will appear when printed on paper. WYSIWYM is different from this: The content is structured. When the content is entered, this meaning is added to the text. This will mean that presentation is separated from the content. The content is translated before it is rendered. This also means that it can be translated differently, the same content can lead to different output formats. More importantly though, the person editing the document can focus on the content, and is not easily distracted by what the content looks like. One of the drawbacks of the method is that the user is forced to think ahead. LaTeX is an example of a document processing system that uses WYSIWYM.
Phantom island

A **phantom island** is an island that was thought to exist at some point in time. Because of this, the island was shown on a map. Later, the islands were removed from maps. Some islands are described and later on change their name, or with the description given it is possible to associate a real island. Other islands sink below sea level because of natural causes such as erosion. Such islands still exist. Two examples are Earnest Legouve Reef and Maria-Theresa Reef in the South Pacific. Because they are far away from ships' routes, their existence can not be proved so far. In the year 1908, Robert Peary claimed to have found a lost continent, called Crocker Land.

People such as João Vaz Corte-Real were rewarded for finding islands that turned out to be phantom islands. In the case given, the phantom island was Bacalao. The island showed up on maps in the early 16th century. Baccalieu Island is probably named after the phantom island.

Some phantom islands were later _found_. That way Baja California was first thought to be an island. Later, people found it was in fact a peninsula. Thule was discovered in antiquity; in modern times, people who found it may have talked about Norway, the Orkney Islands, Shetland or Scandinavia. Other interpretations include Iceland, Greenland, or the island Saaremaa in the Baltic Sea.

Other phantom islands may exist because of mistakes in navigation, or optical illusions, such as superior mirage. One example of this is New South Greenland, which was observed in the Weddell Sea in 1823, and has not been seen since.

Some phantom islands may have existed, but they have been destroyed, or are no longer above the water line. These include Thompson Island in the South Atlantic, and Bermeja, off the coast of Yucatán.
Enkyō (Edo period)

was a  after _Kanpō_ and before _Kan'en._  This period started in February 1744 and ended in July 1748. During this time the, emperors were   and .

## Events of _Enkyō_ era

- **1744** (_Enkyō 1_): Great comet was visible in sky for many months; this comet is now identified as C/1743 X1 (De Cheseaux).

- **1745** (_Enkyō 2_): Tokugawa Ieshige became shogun of the Tokugawa shogunate.

- **1745** (_Enkyō 2_): First market fair in the capital region.

- **1745** (_Enkyō 2, 2nd month_): A great fire sweeps through Edo.

- **9 June 1747** (_Enkyō 4, 21st day of the 4th month_): Sakuramachi abdicated; and the succession passed to his son (_senso_).  Soon after, Emperor Momozono's role as monarch was confirmed by ceremonies (_sokui_).

## Related pages

- Edo period
- Enkyō (Kamakura period), 1308-1311

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

|Enkyō|1st|2nd|3rd|4th|5th|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||1744|1745|1746|1747|1748|
Aerogel

**Aerogel** is a gel in which the liquid part has been replaced with a gas (usually air). It was invented in 1931 by Samuel Stephens Kistler. The most common type of aerogel is silica aerogel, which is made from the same molecule as glass. It is a solid material that is almost as light as air. It is the world's lightest material. Its melting point is 1200 degrees Celsius, which is comparable to crocidolite asbestos. Aerogel is the best thermal insulator available and can be used in construction in place of fiberglass insulation. It allows better insulation with less material, although it is much more expensive than fiberglass. It is also brittle, making it more difficult to install than fiberglass. Most aerogel is not water-resistant, and even small amounts of water can destroy it. It is also safer than fiberglass or asbestos because it is not known to cause cancer if inhaled into the lungs. Some aerogel insulation, however, contains fiberglass to increase its flexibility.
Enkyo

"Enkyō" may mean
- , a Japanese era name in the Kamakura period (1308-1311)
- , a Japanese era name in the Edo period (1744-1748)
Red Bull GmbH

**Red Bull GmbH** is an Austrian company that sells the Red Bull energy drink. Billions of cans are sold in over 161 countries. The company has 7,758 employees and earned 3.78 billion euros in 2010. The headquarters of Red Bull GmbH are in Fuschl am See, Austria.

## History

Dietrich Mateschitz started the company with Chaleo Yoovidhya. The company brought the energy drink Krating Daeng from Thailand to Europe and around the world. Krating Daeng means "red bull" in Thai.  Mateschitz runs the company and Yoovidhya and his son are silent partners. Red Bull GmbH made a new “Austrian” Red Bull drink in 1987. It is carbonated and not as sweet as the Thai drink. The Austrian version of the drink has almost half of the U.S. market for energy drinks. It has up to 80% of the market in some other countries.

## Marketing

The company supports many sports teams. It also puts its logos on many airplanes and sports cars to attract attention.

## Other websites

- Red Bull official website

## Infobox (company)

- **company name**: Red Bull GmbH
- **image**: Red Bull Headquarters 1 (DFdB).JPG
- **image caption**: Headquarters in Fuschl am See, Austria
- **company type**: Privately held company, Private
- **foundation**: 1984
- **founder**: Dietrich Mateschitz
Chaleo Yoovidhya
- **location**: Fuschl am See, Austria
- **area served**: Worldwide
- **key people**: Dietrich Mateschitz
- **industry**: Drink
- **products**: Red Bull
- **revenue**: Euro, €3.78 billion (2010)
- **operating income**: Euro, €1.3 billion (2006)
- **net income**: Euro, €650 million (2006)
- **num employees**: 7,758  (2010)
- **subsid**: Red Bull Racing
Scuderia Toro Rosso
Red Bull Racing Team
New York Red Bulls
FC Red Bull Salzburg
EC Red Bull Salzburg
Red Bull Brasil
- **homepage**: [http://redbull.com/ Redbull.com]
2013 Atlantic hurricane season

The **2013 Atlantic hurricane season** was a well below average season. The season started on June 1 and ended on November 30. The season began when Tropical Storm Andrea formed on June 5, 2013. It became a subtropical storm on June 7 before making a landfall 310 miles (500 km) southwest of Tampa, Florida. Seventeen days later, Tropical Storm Barry developed. It became a post-tropical storm on June 7. On July 8, Tropical Storm Chantal formed. It later became a post-tropical system on July 10. The season finished on November 30, 2013. The season was the first Atlantic Hurricane season since 1994 to end with no known major hurricanes.

## Storms

**Tropical storm Andrea** developed on the 5th of June within the southern gulf of Mexico. The storm slowly strengthen as it moved northeastward making landfall around 2200z on the 6th in northeastern Florida. The system maximum intensity hit 55 knots.

**Tropical storm Barry** developed as a depression within the gulf of Honduras from a westward moving tropical wave on the 17th of June. The system later that day made landfall within Belize and moved across the Yucatán the next few days...The system moved into the bay of Campeche and the hurricane hunters found tropical storm force winds on the 19th before landfall.

## Storm names

The following names will be used for named storms that form in the North Atlantic in 2013.  The names not retired from this list will be used again in the 2019 season. This is the same list used in the 2007 season, except for Dorian, Fernand, and Nestor which replaced Dean, Felix, and Noel.

### Retirement

On April 12, 2014, the name Ingrid was retired and was replaced by Imelda for the 2019 season.

## Related pages

- List of Atlantic hurricane seasons
- 2013 Pacific hurricane season
- South-West Indian Ocean cyclone seasons: 2012–13, 2013–14
- Australian region cyclone seasons: 2012–13, 2013–14
- South Pacific cyclone seasons: 2012–13, 2013–14

## Other websites

- National Hurricane Center Website
- National Hurricane Center's Atlantic Tropical Weather Outlook
- Tropical Cyclone Formation Probability Guidance Product

## Infobox (hurricane season)

- **basin**: Atl
- **year**: 2013
- **track**: 2013 Atlantic hurricane season summary map.png
- **first storm formed**: June 5, 2013
- **last storm dissipated**: November 22, 2013
- **strongest storm name**: Humberto
- **strongest storm pressure**: 980
- **strongest storm winds**: 80
- **total depressions**: 14
- **total storms**: 13
- **total hurricanes**: 2
- **total intense**: 0
- **damages**: 1510
- **fatalities**: 47 total
- **five seasons**: 2011 Atlantic hurricane season, 2011, 2012 Atlantic hurricane season, 2012, **2013**, 2014 Atlantic hurricane season, 2014, 2015 Atlantic hurricane season, 2015
- **season timeline**: Timeline of the 2013 Atlantic hurricane season
Kan'en

was a  after _Enkyō_ and before _Hōreki._  This period started in July 1748 and ended in October 1751. During this time, the emperor was .

## Events of the _Kan'en_ Era

- **1748** (_Kan'en 1_): The first performance of the puppet play _Kanadehon Chushingura_, which presents a classic story of samurai revenge.

- **1748** (_Kan'en 1_): Ambassadors from the Korea and from the Ryukyu Islands were received in Edo.

- **7 October 1749** (_Kan'en 2, 26th day of the 8th month_): Nijō Castle was burnt after it was struck by lightning.

- **28 May 1750** (_Kan'en 2, 13th day of the 4th month_): Former-Emperor Sakuramachi died.

## Related pages

- Edo period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

|Kan'en|1st|2nd|3rd|4th|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||1748|1749|1750|1751|
Kanpō

, also known as **Kampō**, was a , also known as **Kampō**, after _Genbun_ and before _Enkyō._  This period started in February 1741 and ended in February 1744.  During this time, the emperor was .

## Events of the _Kanpō_ Era

- **1742** (_Kanpō 2_): A comet was seen in the sky.

- **1742** (_Kanpō 2, 8th month_): Flooding in the provinces of Musashi, Kōzuke, Shimotsuke, and Shinano.  In Heian-kyō, the Sanjo Bridge is washed away.

- **1743** (_Kanpō 3, 11th month_): A comet was sighted in the night sky. This comet is likely to have been what is today identified as C/1743 C1 (De-Cheseaux).

## Related pages

- Edo period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

|Kanpō|1st|2nd|3rd|4th|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||1741|1742|1743|1744|
Corvette (disambiguation)

**Corvette** may mean:

- Corvette, a military ship
- Chevrolet Corvette, a sports car
- Aérospatiale Corvette, a business jet
Weston

**Weston** might refer to:

## People

- Weston (surname)

### Australia

- Weston, Australian Capital Territory
- Weston Creek, Canberra
- Weston Park, Canberra
- Weston, New South Wales, a suburb of the City of Cessnock

### Canada

- Weston, Nova Scotia
- Weston, Ontario
    - Weston GO Station, a station in the GO Transit network located in the community

### Ireland

- Weston Airport, Dublin

### Malaysia

- Weston, Sabah

### New Zealand

- Weston, New Zealand

### United Kingdom

**England**

- Weston, Berkshire
- Weston, Cheshire
- Weston, Cornwall
- Weston-on-Trent, Derbyshire
- Weston, Devon
- Weston, Dorset
- Weston, Halton
- Weston, East Hampshire, Hampshire (near Petersfield)
- Weston, Southampton, Hampshire
- Weston, Herefordshire
- Weston under Penyard, Herefordshire (near Ross-on-Wye)
- Weston, Hertfordshire
- Weston, Leicestershire
- Weston, Lincolnshire
- Weston Longville, Norfolk
- Weston, Bath, Somerset
- Weston in Gordano, Somerset
- Weston-super-Mare, Somerset
- Weston, North Yorkshire
- Weston, Northamptonshire
- Weston, Nottinghamshire
- Weston, Shropshire
- Weston-under-Redcastle, Shropshire
- Weston, Staffordshire (near Stafford)
- Weston-under-Lizard, Staffordshire
- Weston, Suffolk

**Scotland**

- Weston, Highland
- Weston, Moray
- Weston, South Lanarkshire

**Wales**

- Weston, Pembrokeshire, also called Sir Benfro

### United States

- Weston, Colorado
- Weston, Connecticut
- Weston, Florida
- Weston, Georgia
- Weston, Idaho
- Weston, Illinois (DuPage County), renamed "Fermilab Village", now the grounds of Fermilab
- Weston, Illinois (McLean County)
- Weston, Iowa
- Weston, Louisiana
- Weston, Maine
- Weston, Maryland
- Weston, Massachusetts
- Weston, Missouri
- Weston, Nebraska
- Weston, New Jersey
- Weston Mills, New York
- New Weston, Ohio
- Weston, Ohio
- Weston, Oregon
- Weston, Texas
- Weston, Vermont
- Weston, Washington
- Weston, West Virginia
- Weston, Wisconsin, a village
- Weston (town), Wisconsin
- Weston, Wyoming
- Weston County, Wyoming

## Companies

- George Weston Limited, a Canadian food production and distribution company
- J. M. Weston, a French shoe company
- Weston Electrical Instrument Corporation, Newark, N.J., an US American and British manufacturer of various electrical instruments including exposure meters, founded by Edward Weston

## Other

- Weston film speed ratings, an old scale for measuring film speed, superseded by the similar American Standards Association (ASA) system, which is now incorporated into the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) system
- Weston (band), a pop-punk/indie band from Pennsylvania
- Weston-super-Mare A.F.C., a semi-professional football club based in Weston-super-Mare in Somerset, England
- Weston Workers Bears FC, a football club based in Weston in New South Wales, Australia
- Weston cell, an electrochemical element
Madison

**James Madison** was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. Many things were named for him:

## People

- Madison (name), a given name and a surname

## Place names

- Madison, Wisconsin, the largest city with this name and the state capital of Wisconsin
- Madison, Alabama
- Madison, Arkansas
- Madison, California
- Madison, Connecticut
- Madison, Florida
- Madison, Georgia
- Madison, Illinois
- Madison, Indiana
- Madison, Kansas
- Madison, Maine
    - Madison (CDP), Maine, census-designated place in the town of Madison
- Madison, Minnesota
- Madison, Mississippi
- Madison, Missouri
- Madison, Nebraska
- Madison, New Hampshire
- Madison, New Jersey
- Madison (town), New York
    - Madison (village), New York, in the town of Madison
- Madison, North Carolina
- Madison, Ohio
- Madison, Pennsylvania
- Madison, South Dakota
- Madison, Tennessee
- Madison, Virginia
- Madison, West Virginia
- Madison (town), Wisconsin, adjacent to the city of Madison
- Madison Lake, Minnesota
- Madison Park, Seattle, Washington State

## Streets

- Madison Avenue (Manhattan), a famous avenue in New York City
- Madison Street (Chicago), a major thoroughfare
- Madison Street (Manhattan)

## Green places

- Madison Blue Springs State Park
- Madison River, in Wyoming and Montana
- Madison Square, a public park in New York City
- Mount Madison, in the White Mountains of New Hampshire

## Buildings

- Madison Square Garden
- Madison Carnegie Library
- Milton-Madison Bridge
- Hamilton-Madison House

## Education

- University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
- James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia
- James Madison College, Michigan State University
- Madison University, Mississippi
Crocker Land

**Crocker Land** is the name for a supposed eighth continent in the Arctic Ocean. In the year 1906, Robert Peary thought he had seen a landmass, which he named after George Crocker, a member of Peary Arctic Club. He thought that the land was about 130 miles (210 km) north of Ellesmere Island, at 83 degrees north and 100 degrees west.

In 1913, the Crocker Land expedition started, to find Crocker Land. This expedition turned out to be a failure. The captain of the first ship became drunk and ran aground on the rocks. Later an Inuit guide was deliberately shot and killed by one of the expedition members under suspicious circumstances. The expedition eventually became stranded and was not rescued until four years later.

The MacGregor Arctic Expedition in 1937–1938 also took aerial photographs. These show that there is no land at that location. Despite this, some pseudo-scientific organizations still try to present a case for its possible existence.

The expedition did not find Crocker Land. Later, satellite images showed that the continent did not exist, and could not be found. Today, it is believed that what Peary saw, was a fata morgana mirage.
Bradley Land

**Bradley Land** is the name of a landmass Frederick Cook claimed to have seen during a expedition in 1909. He said, the land between positions  () and (). He described it as two masses of land with a break, a strait, or an indentation between. The land was named for John R. Bradley, who had sponsored Cook's expedition.

Cook published two photographs of the land and described it as follows: "The lower coast resembled Heiberg Island, with mountains and high valleys. The upper coast I estimated as being about one thousand feet high, flat, and covered with a thin sheet ice."

It is now known there is no land at that location. Cook's observations were based on either a misidentification of sea ice or an outright fabrication.  Cook's Inuit companions reported that the photographs were actually taken near the coast of Axel Heiberg Island.
Genbun

was a , also **Gembun**,  after _Kyōhō_ and before _Kanpō._  This period started in April 1736 and ended in February 1741. During this time, the emperor was .

## Events of the _Genbun_ era

- **1736** (_Genbun 1_): The shogunate published an edict declaring that henceforth, the sole, authorized coinage in the empire would be those copper coins which were marked on the obverse with the character **文** (pronounced _bun_ in Japanese or pronounced _wen_ in Chinese.  This is to say, the same character which is found in this era name of _Genbun_).

- **1737** (_Genbun 2, 11th month_): A comet was seen in the western part of the sky.

- **10 May 1737** (_Genbun 2, 11th day of the 4th month_): Former-Emperor Nakamikado died.

- **1739** (_Genbun 4_):  Iron coins were minted.

- **1739** (_Genbun 4_): Hosokawa Etchū-no-kami of Higo was killed in Edo castle by Itakura Katsukane. The murderer was ordered to kill himself.

- **8 August 1740** (_Genbun 5, 16th day of the 7th month_): Floodings in Heian-kyō (Kyoto).  Sanjo Bridge (_Sanjo-bashi_) is washed away.

## Related pages

- Edo period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

|Genbun|1st|2nd|3rd|4th|5th|6th|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||1736|1737|1738|1739|1740|1741|
2015 Atlantic hurricane season

The **2015 Atlantic hurricane season** had a little less storms than usual, 11 storms, and four of them reached hurricane status. It officially started on June 1 and ended on November 30. This is when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic. However the first named storm, Ana, developed nearly a month before the official start of the season, the first time this has happened since 2012’s Beryl and the earliest a hurricane has happened since 2003’s Ana. The season ended with the diminish of Kate 18 days before the official end.

Due to a strong El Niño, most agencies predicted that only 6–10 tropical cyclones would form; however, the number of tropical cyclones that formed this season was higher than what the agencies predicted.

## Retirement

In the spring of 2016, the WMO (World Meteorological Organization) had retired the names _Erika_ and **Joaquin**. Those names will not be used again in the Atlantic. **Elsa** and **Julian** were chosen to replace those names for the 2021 season.

## Infobox (hurricane season)

- **basin**: Atl
- **year**: 2015
- **track**: 2015 Atlantic hurricane season summary map.png
- **first storm formed**: May 8, 2015
- **last storm dissipated**: November 11, 2015
- **strongest storm name**: Joaquin
- **strongest storm pressure**: 931
- **strongest storm winds**: 135
- **total depressions**: 12
- **total storms**: 11
- **total hurricanes**: 4
- **total intense**: 2
- **damages**: 813.9
- **fatalities**: 89 total
- **five seasons**: 2013 Atlantic hurricane season, 2013, 2014 Atlantic hurricane season, 2014, **2015**, 2016 Atlantic hurricane season, 2016, 2017 Atlantic hurricane season, 2017
- **season timeline**: Timeline of the 2015 Atlantic hurricane season
Genroku

was a  after _Jōkyō_ and before _Hōei._ This period started in September 1688 and ended in March 1704. During this time, the emperor was .

The years of _Genroku_ are generally considered to be the Golden Age of the Edo period. A century of peace and seclusion created good economic conditions and cultural growth.

The _nengō_ _Genroku_ means "Origin of Good Fortune"

## Events of the _Genroku_ era

- **1688** (_Genroku 1_):  Tokugawa shogunate published a code of conduct for funerals (_Fuku-kiju-ryō_) and for mourning.
- **16 September 1689** (_Genroku 2, 3rd day of the 7th month_): Engelbert Kaempfer arrived at Dejima.
- **1693** (_Genroku 6, 12th month_):  Arai Hakuseki became the tutor of Tokugawa Ienobu.
- **1693** (_Genroku 6_): The code of conduct for funerals and mourning was changed.
- **1695** (_Genroku 8, 8th month_): The shogunate placed the Japanese character _gen_ (元) on copper coins.
- **4 December 1696**: Former-Empress Meishō died at age 74.
- **1697** (_Genroku 10_): The 4th official map of Japan was made.
- **1697** (_Genroku 10_): Great fire in Edo.
- **1698** (_Genroku 11_): Another great fire in Edo.
- **1703** (_Genroku 16, 3rd month_): Ōishi Yoshio commits seppuku.
- **1703** (_Genroku 16, 5th month_): First performance of Chikamatsu Monzaemon's play _The Love Suicides at Sonezaki_ (_Sonezaki shinjū_).
- **31 December 1703** (_Genroku 16, 23rd day of the 11th month_): The Great Genroku Earthquake shook Edo.  Fire spread in the city.  The coast of Honshū was hit by tsunami.

## Related pages

- Edo period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
- New York Public Library Digital Gallery, Engelbert Kaempfer's 1691 impression of Hōkō-ji compound (published 1727)

|Genroku|1st|2nd|3rd|4th|5th|6th|7th|8th|9th|10th|11th|12th|13th|14th|15th|16th|17th|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||1688|1689|1690|1691|1692|1693|1694|1695|1696|1697|1698|1699|1700|1701|1702|1703|1704|
Keiō

was a  after _Genji_ and before _Meiji_.  The period started in April 1865 and ended in September 1868. During this time, the emperors were   and .

The _nengō_ _Keiō_ means "Joyous Concord"

## Events of the _Keiō_ era

- **1866** (_Keiō 2_): Construction of Goryōkaku star fort at Hakodate.

- **28 September 1866** (_Keiō 2, 20th day of the 8th month_): Tokugawa Iemochi died at Osaka; and Tokugawa Yoshinobu was named shogun.

- **10 January 1867** (_Keiō 2, 5th day of the 12th month_): Yoshinobu was formally established as shogun.

- **30 January 1867** (_Keiō 2, 25th day of  the 12th month_): Kōmei died; and the succession passed to his son (_senso_).

- **10 November 1867** (_Keiō 3, 15th day of the 10th month_): An Imperial edict defines a restoration of Imperial government.

- **1868** (_Keiō 4,  3rd of the 1st month_): The Boshin War began with the Battle of Toba-Fushimi.

- **3 September 1868** (_Keiō 4, 17th day of the 7th month_): Edo was renamed "Tokyo", which means "Eastern Capital".

- **8 October 1868** (_Keiō 4, 23rd of the 8th month_): Battle of Aizu began.

- **12 October 1868** (_Keiō 4, 27th day of the 8th month_): Emperor Meiji's role as monarch was confirmed by ceremonies (_sokui_).

- **23 October 1868** (_Keiō 4, 8th day of the 9th month_): The nengō was formally changed from Keiō to Meiji; and a general amnesty was granted.

In 1868, the emperor moved his Imperial court to Tokyo; and Edo castle became an Imperial palace.  In this way, the capital of Japan moved from Kyoto to Tokyo.

Keio University was named after this era.  It is the oldest existing institution of higher learning in Japan.

## Related pages

- Edo period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" ...historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
- National Archives of Japan Imperial standard and colors, Boshin War (1868)

|Keiō|1st|2nd|3rd|4th|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||1865|1866|1867|1868|
Alexandra Stan

**Alexandra Stan** (born June 10, 1989 in Constanța, Romania as **Alexandra Ioana Stan**) is a Romanian singer-songwriter, model and occasional dancer. She begun her career by releasing her debut single _"Lollipop (Param Pam Pam)"_, which was diffused by radio stations around the world, but failed to enter any international chart. Her next single _"Mr. Saxobeat"_ was also distributed by her long-time managers and producers' label MAAN Studio. It became a worldwide success when it reached number-one on nine international charts and got Gold and Platinum certification awards around the world for selling an estimate of 10,000,000 copies of it worldwide. Her next records entitled _"Get Back (ASAP)"_ and _"One Million"_ were also praised and seen in charts around the world, especially in Eastern Europe. She released her debut album _"Saxobeats"_ in late 2011. The record gained major sales and reached the top-forty in several album charts. 2013, Stan rose to fame after it was reported by worldwide newspapers that she was beaten by her manager Marcel Prodan, who she later sued for blackmailing and injuring.

## Awards and nominations

|Year|Award|Category|Recipient|Result|||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|rowspan="3"|2011|rowspan="2"|2011 MTV Europe Music Awards||"Best Romanian Act"||"Alexandra Stan"||
||"Best European Act"||"Alexandra Stan"||||||
||European Border Breakers Award||"European Border Breakers Award"||"Alexandra Stan"||||
|rowspan="3"|2012||RRA Awards||"Best Pop-Dance Song"||"Get Back (ASAP)"||
|rowspan="2"|Romanian Music Awards||"Best Female"||"Alexandra Stan"||||
||"Best Album"||"Saxobeats"||||||

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Alexandra Stan
- **image**: Alexandra Stan (2011) SAM 2829.jpg
- **alt**: Alexandra Stan
- **years active**: 2009–present
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Alexandra Ioana Stan
- **origin**: Constanța, Romania
- **label**: AATW, Ultra Records, Atlantic, Fonogram Music, MediaPro, Victor Entertainment
- **instrument**: Vocals
- **genre**: House, dance-pop, progressive house, dance, synthpop
- **occupation**: singer-songwriter, model, occasional dancer
- **associated acts**: Carlprit, Manilla Maniacs, Follow Your Instinct, DJ Andi, Connect-R
Thompson Island (South Atlantic)

**Thompson Island** is a phantom island, in the South Atlantic. It was thought to be about 150 km north-northeast of Bouvet Island.

Jean-Baptiste Charles Bouvet de Lozier discovered Bouvet Island in 1739. In 1808, James Lindsay of the _Snow Swan_ discovered Bouvet Island again, and named it _Lindsay Island_. The next time, George Norris of the _Sprightly_ sighted Bouvet on 10 December 1825. He landed on 16 December, and took possession of the island, which he named Liverpool Island, for King George IV of the United Kingdom.

Between December 13 and December 16, Norris sailed the waters northeast of Bouvet Island, where he discovered another island. It was much smaller, and the sea around it was much rougher. Three miles southeast of the newly discovered island, he found three rocks. In his log, he named the newly found island Thompson Island, and the rocks _chimneys_, because of their form. He also marked the position of his discoveries on a map. Unfortunately, the positions of the islands on the map did not match those written down in the log. In 1853 the discoveries of Thompson Island, Bouvet Island, and the Chimneys showed up on an official map of the British admiralty.

In 1893, Captain Joseph J. Fuller reported another sighting of Thompson Island, on his ship, _Francis Allyn_.

The Valdivia expedition wanted to find the exact position of Bouvet and Thompson Island, in November 1898, but was unable to find Thompson Island.

In 1915, a German ship, the _Meteor_, gave a depth of the sea of 1579 m at the position where Thompson had been reported. If Thompson ever existed, it is probable that it disappeared in a volcanic eruption sometime in the 1890s.

The Norwegian Arctic Expedition (1928/29) failed to find Thompson Island, and declared it did not exist.

Thompson Island continued to appear on maps published as late as 1943.

The only person to have seen Thompson Island was probably Norris. Fuller's description of Thompson Island matches more or less that given of Bouvet Island in Norris' diary, and is therefore questionable.

## References

- Gerhard Engelmann: _Die Bouvet-Insel. Mit 4 Karten._ In: _Geographische Zeitschrift_. Bd. 46, Nr. 11, Leipzig 1940, pp 408–424.
- Rupert Thomas Gould: _Oddities: a book of unexplained facts_; London [1928] (Chapter VII: _The Auroras, and other doubtful islands_ pp. [190]–247)
GIS

**GIS** may stand for **Geographic Information Sciences** or for **Geographic Information System**. These are two different but related things in geography. The Geographic Information Sciences include many fields of knowledge that help to understand geographic information while a Geographic Information System is a system designed to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, manage, and present all types of spatial or geographical data and allow for the study of "layers" of geographic information.

GIS also known as **geographic information system** is a computer system made for capturing and displaying positions on the earth’s surface and portraying data in many different ways on maps.  Its main job is to help in analyzing groups of data and in finding correlations or patterns.  For example a map could use GIS to find out the amount of rubbish in one area, and also include how many factories and types of factories are in that area.

GIS can store information about a location and help provide knowledge on many different topics in a location.  Users can specify a place via latitude and longitude, postal code or address.  Then GIS can provide information about the people in that area including: income, population and education levels.  It can also tell about physical things such as soil types, vegetation, water sources, manmade structures like buildings and roads.
Mike Pelino (ice hockey)

**Mike Pelino** (born November 13, 1959 in Welland, Ontario) is a Canadian Ice hockey coach. He has been an assistant coach for the New York Rangers from 2004 until 2009.  Pelino started his coaching career in the NHL as an assistant coach for the Florida Panthers in 2003. In 2010, he became the head coach of the Peterborough Petes in the OHL.

Since 2013, he has been working for the Metallurg as an assistant coach in KHL. In the 2013/2014 season the team won Gagarin's Cup and became the KHL champions.
Carl Sandburg

**Carl Sandburg** (January 6, 1878 – July 22, 1967) was an American poet. He won several awards, including three Pulitzer Prizes. He also wrote a biography of Abraham Lincoln. The majority of his poems were about the city of Chicago. He was born in Galesburg, Illinois.

## Related pages

- List of poets from North America
First Boer War

In the 19th Century Scramble for Africa, the British Empire tried to control all of southern Africa. They won control of the Cape of Good Hope in 1815 at the end of the Napoleonic Wars. Many Boers (farmers of mostly Dutch descent) did not like Britain controlling the area. The British taxed them, made English the official language, and in 1834 abolished slavery. Some of the Boers moved north in the Great Trek and made a new countries called the Orange Free State and the South African Republic (Transvaal). In 1877 the British Army moved in to control the Orange Free State and the Transvaal in pursuit of diamonds, one of the Orange Free State and Transvaal's rich natural resources. On 16 December 1880 the First Boer War began. It took ten weeks in 1880 and 1881. The British were defeated.

From 1896 to 1899 Governor of the Cape and High Commissioner for South Africa, Alfred Milner made preparations for another war in order to gain the wealth of the Orange Free State and in September 1899 British troops arrived in South Africa. Paul Kruger president of the Transvaal sent Britain an ultimatum asking strongly for their departure.

Boer farmers from Sandspruit, Volksrust, the Orange Free State, and the Transvaal fought in the war. As the Boers lost men in battle they recruited young boys and old men to fight. Black people also fought alongside the Boers in the war and they made up 20 to 25 percent of total Boer manpower. The German Empire was friendly to their cause, and the Boers used Krupp guns. Much of the fighting was on  horseback. As the Boers lost battle after battle they were eventually forced to make peace on the 23rd of March, 1902, and surrender to British authority.

## Related pages

- Second Boer War

## Infobox (military conflict)

- **conflict**: First Anglo–Boer War
- **partof**: the Boer Wars
- **image**: First Boer War Collage.png
- **image size**: 400
- **caption**: "Clockwise from left: Aftermath of the Battle of Elandsfontein, _The Boers' method of fighting_" in _The Illustrated London News_; British in action during the Battle of Majuba; British Cavalry charges during the Battle of Laing's Nek"
- **date**: 20 December 1880 – 23 March 1881 (3 months and 3 days)
- **place**: South African Republic (Present-day South Africa)
- **result**: South African Republic, Boer victory
* Pretoria Convention
* British recognition of the South African Republic, subject to British sovereignty
- **combatant2**: *  Natal Colony
*
- **commander1**: Piet Joubert
 Nicolaas Smit
 Francois Gerhardus Joubert, Frans Joubert
 Piet Cronjé
- **commander2**: William Gladstone

George Pomeroy Colley, George Colley
 Walter H.C. Long, Walter Long
 William Bellairs
 George Frederick Gildea, George F. Gildea
- **casualties1**: 24 killed
50 wounded
- **casualties2**: 417 killed
455 wounded
Lilly Ledbetter

**Lilly McDaniel Ledbetter** (April 14, 1938 – October 12, 2024) was an American feminist activist. She was the plaintiff in the American employment discrimination case _Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co._.

## Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co.

Goodyear paid Ledbetter significantly less than men holding the same job. This violated the Equal Pay Act of 1963 which said that she could sue to get the pay difference. Her lawsuit eventually reached the Supreme Court. The court said that she waited too long to sue Goodyear. In response to the court decision, Congress passed the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009, which is named after her. Under the new law, other women will be able to get backpay after employers keep pay discrimination secret.

United States Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsberg stated:> Lilly
> Ledbetter was a supervisor at Goodyear Tire and Rubber’s plant in Gadsden, Alabama, from 1979 until her retirement in 1998. For most of those years, she worked as an area manager, a position largely occupied by men. Initially, Ledbetter’s salary was in line with the salaries of men performing substantially similar work. Over time, however, her pay slipped in comparison to the pay of male area managers with equal or less seniority. By the end of 1997, Ledbetter was the only woman working as an area manager and the pay discrepancy between Ledbetter and her 15 male counterparts was stark: Ledbetter was paid $3,727 per month; the lowest paid male area manager received $4,286 per month, the highest paid, $5,236.

## Activism

On August 26, 2008 (Women's Equality Day), Ledbetter spoke at the Democratic National Convention, on the topic of pay equity.

In June 2011, she dined with New York Congresswoman Carolyn Maloney, who introduced the Equal Rights Amendment the previous month, and Eleanor Smeal.

## Death

Ledbetter died from respiratory failure on October 12, 2024 at a hospital in Birmingham, Alabama at the age of 86.

## Other websites

- A documentary on the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009
- English Wikisource has original text related to this article: Lilly Ledbetter on the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Lilly Ledbetter
- **image**: Lilly Ledbetter 2016.jpg
- **caption**: Ledbetter in 2016
- **birth name**: Lilly McDaniel
- **birth place**: Possum Trot, Alabama, Possum Trot, Alabama, U.S.
- **death place**: Birmingham, Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama, U.S.
- **death cause**: Respiratory failure
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
- **known for**: _Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co._;
Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009
- **children**: 2
Sonar

**Sonar** is a machine that uses underwater sound waves to find other objects in the sea. A sonar can work by sending out sound and listening for echoes (active sonar), like a radar, or by listening for sound made by the object it is trying to find (passive sonar).

The basic parts of an active sonar are:
- the transmitter creates the sound waves.
- the hydrophone or hydrophone array converts the sound waves into electricity.

The first use of passive sonar was in 1490 by Leonardo da Vinci, when he put a tube onto water and listened. Active sonar was first used in 1917 by Paul Langevin. The word _SONAR_ was created during the Second World War as an acronym for **So**und **Na**vigation and **R**anging. This acronym replaced the British acronym ASDIC. The word is now thought by many people as a regular word, no longer as an acronym.
Rococo

**Rococo** is an artistic style which originated in the 18th century in France. Often referred to merely as **Late Baroque**, the Rococo developed from the Baroque artistic movement. Whilst it kept several characteristics of the original style, including elaboration and ornate themes, it was also more playful and asymmetrical. The Rococo is associated with the reign of French king Louis XV (Louis XIV is associated with the Baroque, whilst Louis XVI with Neoclassicism, albeit his style started off as Rococo at the beginning of reign). Rococo's popularity was at its height towards the middle of the 18th century, fading out by the end in favour of Neoclassicism.

Rococo art and architecture was feminine, graceful, florid and ornate. Creamy and pastel-like colours were used for paintings, unlike the darker shades in Baroque art. Religion and politics were no longer necessarily the core theme of Rococo art, unlike the Baroque, and everyday life became more commonly represented. In such a way, Rococo art revolved around themes such as love, romance, fun, landscapes, and mere portraits. Additionally, Far Eastern themes became popular in Rococo, especially Chinoiserie. Famous Rococo artists include Boucher, Watteau and Fragonard, amongst several others.

The Rococo has been the focus of much discussion, analysis and criticism by art historians throughout history. It has been criticised over the years for being over-the-top, superficial and frivolous; in such a way, the term has even been used derogatively in various points of history. Nevertheless, Rococo art and theatre has also received praise for the elegance, "beauty", and "charm" of its artwork.
Azerbaijani food

**Azerbaijani food** is what people cook and eat in Azerbaijan. Foods from different cultures have influenced Azerbaijani food. However, it remained different from foods in other countries. Many foods that started in Azerbaijan are now part of other cultures. For the Azerbaijanis, food is an important part of the country's culture and is very connected with the history, traditions and values of the nation.

Out of 11 climate types in the world, Azerbaijan has nine. This adds to the fertility of the soil, so there are many kinds of vegetables used according to seasons and the dishes. The climate helps to create the richness of the food. Fresh herbs, including mint, coriander, dill, basil, parsley, tarragon, leek, chive, thyme, marjoram, green onion and watercress, are very popular and are often put in the main dishes. The Caspian Sea has many edible species of fish, including the sturgeon, Caspian salmon, kutum, sardines, grey mullet, and others. Black caviar from the Caspian Sea is one of Azerbaijan’s best known delicacies wanted in many parts of the world.

The main courses of Azerbaijani cuisine are over 30 kinds of soups, including those prepared from plain yogurt. One of the most famous dishes is plov. Plov is a saffron-covered rice, served with different herbs. The Azerbaijani cuisine has more than 40 different plov recipes. Other second courses include many kinds of kebabs and shashliks, including lamb, beef, chicken, and fish (_baliq_) kebabs. Sturgeon, a common fish, is normally skewered (skewer is a thin metal or wood stick used to hold pieces of food together) and grilled as a shashlik, being served with a tart pomegranate sauce called _narsharab_.  Dried fruits and walnuts are used in many dishes. The traditional condiments are salt, the spices black pepper, sumac, and especially saffron. Much of the saffron comes from the Absheron Peninsula.

Black tea is the national drink, and is drunk after food is eaten. It is also popular on its own or with dried fruits.

Another popular drink is sherbet, a sweet cold drink made of fruit juice mixed or boiled with sugar, often perfumed with rose water. Azerbaijani sherbet is not sorbet, the cold dessert.

## Other websites

- Comparison of Cuisine between North and South Azerbaijan , _Azerbaijan International_, Autumn 2000, pp. 24–27.
- Proverbs about Food in Azerbaijan, _Azerbaijan International_, Autumn 2000, pp. 36–37.
- Food! Glorious Food!, Special issue of _Azerbaijan International_, Autumn 2000.
- Azerbaijani dishes: Photographs and descriptions
- Azerbaijani cuisine: Descriptions of dishes by category on Advantour.com
- Cuisine of Azerbaijan based on the book _Azerbaijani Cooking_  published in Baku
- Selected recipes from Azerbaijani cuisine
- Farida's Azerbaijani Cookbook
- Azerbaijani Food
Genji era

was a  after _Bunkyū_ and before _Keiō._  This period  spanned only slightly more than a single year from February 1864 through April 1865. The reigning emperor was .

The _nengō_ _Genji_ means "original rule".

## Events of the _Genji_ era

.
- **8 July 1864** (_Genji 1, 5th day of the 6th month_): Skirmish at Ikedaya near  Kyoto, also known as  Ikedaya Jiken or Ikedaya Incident.  Samurai supporting the emperor clashed with police forces of the Tokugawa shogunate.

- **12 August 1864** (_Genji 1, 11th day of the 7th month_): Sakuma Shōzan is assassinated at age 53.  Anti-shogunate (_sonno joi_) forces were responsible for his death.

- **5-6 September 1864** (_Genji 1, 5th-6th day of the 8th month_): Bombardment of Shimonoseki

## Related pages

- Edo period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

|Genji|1st|2nd|
| --- | --- | --- |
||1864|1865|
Brave (2012 movie)

***Brave*** is a 2012 American computer-animated fantasy-adventure movie which stars Billy Connolly and Emma Thompson. The movie was released on June 22, 2012, by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures and distributed by Walt Disney Pictures. Pixar was the studio that worked on this movie. It received positive responses from critics and won an Oscar.

The movie is set in Scotland during the Medieval period. 16-year-old Princess  causes chaos in the kingdom of DunBroch by not wanting to marry.

It took six years to make.

## Characters

- Merida - A 16-year-old princess.