juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Malmö

**Malmö** is the third largest city in Sweden. About 333,633 people lived there in 2017. It is in the south west part of Sweden, by the sea. The Öresund bridge goes from Malmö to Copenhagen. In the 15th century, Malmö was one of Denmark's largest cities.

Malmö has the biggest Middle Eastern community in Sweden. It is warm in the summer. In winter it is not quite as cold as in other parts of Sweden.

## Twin Cities

Newcastle upon Tyne (UK)

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Malmö
- **motto**: _Mångfald, Möten, Möjligheter_
(Eng.: _Diversity, Meetings, Possibilities_)
- **image skyline**: Malmö collage.PNG
- **image caption**: From top left to right: Turning Torso, Malmö Castle, Griffin Sculpture, Kronprinsen and the Øresund Bridge.
- **image shield**: Malmö fulla vapen.svg
- **pushpin map**: Sweden
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Sweden
- **subdivision type3**: Municipalities of Sweden, Municipality
- **subdivision name3**: Malmö Municipality and
Burlöv Municipality
- **subdivision type2**: Counties of Sweden, County
- **subdivision name2**: Skåne County
- **subdivision type1**: Provinces of Sweden, Province
- **subdivision name1**: Scania
- **leader party**: Swedish Social Democratic Party, Social Democrats
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **established title3**: City status in Sweden, Charter
- **established date3**: 13th century
- **area total km2**: 158.4
- **area land km2**: 157
- **area water km2**: 1.5
- **area urban km2**: 77
- **area metro km2**: 2,522
- **population as of**: 31 March 2012
- **population total**: 303,873
- **population density km2**: 1,937 (land area)
- **population urban**: 280,415
- **population density urban km2**: 3651
- **population metro**: 664,428
- **population density metro km2**: 264
- **timezone**: Central European Time, CET
- **utc offset**: +1
- **timezone dst**: Central European Summer Time, CEST
- **utc offset dst**: +2
- **elevation m**: 12
- **postal code type**: Postal code
- **postal code**: 21x xx
- **area code**: (+46) 40
Skull

A **skull**, or **cranium**, is a set of bones that make up the head of a vertebrate and keep in place all body parts in the head. It supports the structures of the face and forms a protective cavity for the brain.

As well as protecting the brain, the skull fixes the distance between the eyes and between the ears. This allows stereoscopic vision, and helps the brain judge direction and distance of sounds. In some animals, the skull also has a defensive function (e.g. horned ungulates). The frontal bone is where horns are mounted.

The skull is made of a number of joined (fused) flat bones. In humans, the adult skull is normally made up of 28 bones.

## Structure

Skulls can be classified based on fenestras which are window or opening in a skull. There are 5 types of fenestras which are:
- Antorbital fenestra
- Mandibular fenestra
- Quadratojugal fenestra
- Subsquamosal fenestra
- Temporal fenestra

## Other websites

- Skull Module (California State University Department of Anthology)
- Human skull base

## Infobox (bone)

- **name**: Skull
- **image**: File:Human skull side simplified (bones).svg
- **image2**: File:Cranium human front001.gif
- **caption**: A lateral (side) view of the human skull
- **caption2**: A human skull, seen from the front
Mark Hoppus

**Mark Allan Hoppus** (born March 15, 1972) is an American musician, singer-songwriter, record producer, and former television personality

He was born March 15, 1972 in Ridgecrest, California. He is known for being a member of the pop punk band Blink 182.

Hoppus played the bass guitar and sang. After Blink 182 broke up, he started another band, called "+44", with Blink 182's drummer, Travis Barker. When he was younger he played in bands called Pier 69 and the Attic Children. He has a wife named Skye and a son named Jack. Today he continues to play for Blink 182 alongside Travis Barker & Tom DeLonge.

In June 2021, Hoppus was diagnosed with stage-4 lymphoma.
Sandstone

**Sandstone** is a sedimentary rock. It is a rock made of compacted sand. Sand is small grains of rocks and minerals (such as quartz and feldspar). These are the most common minerals in the Earth's crust.

Sandstone which is resistant to weathering is used for building in many countries. It can be a hard rock. For example, paving slabs can be made out of hard sandstone.

Sandstone is converted into quartzite through heating and pressure. This happens when rocks are squeezed and heated under a mountain chain.

Sandstone is most likely to be deposited from fast pacing water such as rivers.

## Origin

Sandstone forms in two stages. First, layers of sand build up as sediment, either from water or from air (as in a desert).

Then sand particles are compacted by pressure of overlying deposits, and cemented ('glued' together). The 'cement' is either calcite (calcium carbonate), quartz (silica), or clay. Iron oxide often makes sandstone a reddish color.

## Related pages

- Old Red Sandstone was laid down in marine conditions. It is a sort of dirty dark red. Devonian period.
- New Red Sandstone was laid down in desert conditions. It is a rock which is fairly bright orange-red in color. Permian period.
Stage name

A **stage name** is a name an entertainer (such as a movie star or a musician) uses instead of their real name. Famous examples include actress Marilyn Monroe, singer Lady Gaga and rapper Nicki Minaj.

takes in the place of their real or birth name, they might like this name better than their real one or it's easier for people to remember. Professional wrestlers use stage names also, in their case it is called a "ring name".

Actors and actresses choose stage names for a variety of reasons. Their real names may be the same as or similar to those of other people, or they may be difficult to say or spell.

## Examples

|Stage name|Real name|Notes|
| --- | --- | --- |
|_2pac_|Tupac Shakur|_None_|
|_50 Cent_|Curtis Jackson Brown|_None_|
|_Alan Alda_|Alfonso Joseph D'Abruzzo|_None_|
|_David Bowie_|David Robert Jones|_None_|
|_Elvis Costello_|Declan Patrick McManus|_None_|
|_Dalida_|Yolande Christina Gigliotti|_None_|
|_Doris Day_|Doris Mark Ann von Kappelhoff|_None_|
|_Bob Dylan_|Robert Allen Zimmerman|Surname legally changed to _Dylan_.|
|_Paco de Lucía_|Francisco Sanchez Gomez|_None_|
|_Eminem_|Marshall Mathers III|_None_|
|_Jamie Farr_|Jameel Joseph Farah|_None_|
|_Lady Gaga_|Stefani Joanne Angelina Germanotta|_None_|
|_WC Fields_|William Claude Dukenfield|_None_|
|_Elton John_|Reginald Kenneth Dwight|Full name legally changed to _Elton Hercules John_|
|_Tom Jones_|Thomas John Woodward|_None_|
|_Marilyn Manson_|Brian Warner|_None_|
|_Prince_|Prince Rogers Nelson|_None_|
|_Rick Springfield_|Richard Springthorpe|_None_|
|_Ringo Starr_|Richard Starkey|_None_|
|_Tiny Tim_|Herbert Khaury|_None_|
|_Peter Tork_|Peter Halsten Thorkelson|_None_|
|_Peter Tosh_|Winston McIntosh|_None_|
|_Stevie Wonder_|Steveland Hardaway Judkins|Last name can also be _Morris_.|

## Related pages

- Pen name
Lewinsky scandal

The **Clinton-Lewinsky scandal** was an American political sex scandal in 1998. United States President Bill Clinton was said to have had oral sex with 22 year old Monica Lewinsky.

Lewinsky said that she had sex with Bill Clinton nine times from November 1995 to March 1997. According to her published schedule, First Lady Hillary Clinton was at the White House for some of the time on seven of those days. The scandal happened after Linda Tripp leaked the secret phone calls between Clinton and Lewinsky.

Clinton did not admit his affair until the annual White House prayer on September 11, 1998, in the presence of several ministers, priests and his wife, Hillary Clinton, in his "I have sinned" speech. The speech was hand-written by Clinton himself and was delivered on the day of publication of the first report by Independent Counsel Ken Starr, which threatened to impeach President Clinton on the grounds of perjury and his sexual affair with former White House intern, Monica Lewinsky. Clinton was eventually impeached, but not removed from office.
Console

**Console** can mean:
- Video game console
- Computer console
    - Command Line Interface
    - A console where programs show information using text characters.
323

## Events

- July 3 – In the Battle of Adrianople, Constantine the Great defeats Licinius, who flees to Byzantium.
Honduras

**Honduras**, officially the **Republic of Honduras**, is a country in Central America. It borders Guatemala, El Salvador and Nicaragua. To the south is the Pacific Ocean, Gulf of Fonseca, and to the north is Gulf of Honduras. Its capital and largest city is Tegucigalpa.

## Infobox (country)

- **conventional long name**: Republic of Honduras
- **common name**: Honduras
- **image flag**: Flag of Honduras (1949–2022, 2026–present).svg
- **image coat**: Coat of arms of Honduras.svg
- **national motto**:
"Free, Sovereign and Independent"
- **national anthem**:
"National Anthem of Honduras"
- **image map**: HND orthographic.svg
- **capital**: Tegucigalpa
- **largest city**: Tegucigalpa
- **official languages**: Honduran Spanish, Spanish
- **ethnic groups year**: 2013
- **government type**: Unitary Presidential system, presidential republic
- **leader title1**: President of Honduras, President
- **leader name1**: Nasry Asfura
- **leader title2**: Vice President of Honduras, Vice Presidents
- **leader title3**: National Congress of Honduras, President of National Congress
- **leader name3**: Tomás Zambrano
- **legislature**: National Congress of Honduras, National Congress
- **sovereignty type**: Independence
- **established date1**: 15 September 1821
- **established date2**: 1 July 1823
- **established event3**: Declared, as Honduras, from the Federal Republic of Central America
- **established date3**: 5 November 1838
- **area km2**: 112,492
- **area rank**: 101st
- **area sq mi**: 43,278
- **population estimate**: 11,116,620
- **population estimate year**: 2026
- **population estimate rank**: 87th
- **population density km2**: 85
- **population density sq mi**: 221
- **gdp ppp**: $75.030 billion
- **gdp ppp year**: 2023
- **gdp ppp rank**: 108th
- **gdp ppp per capita**: $7,162
- **gdp ppp per capita rank**: 134th
- **gdp nominal**: $33.992 billion
- **gdp nominal year**: 2023
- **gdp nominal rank**: 106th
- **gdp nominal per capita**: $3,245
- **gdp nominal per capita rank**: 135th
- **gini**: 52.1
- **gini year**: 2018
- **gini change**: increase
- **hdi**: 0.645
- **hdi year**: 2023
- **hdi change**: increase
- **hdi rank**: 139th
- **currency**: Honduran lempira, Lempira
- **currency code**: HNL
- **time zone**: Central Time Zone, CST
- **utc offset**: −6
- **drives on**: right
- **calling code**: +504
- **cctld**: .hn
- **footnote a**: Mixture of European and Indigenous peoples of the Americas, American Indian.
- **footnote b**: As part of the Federal Republic of Central America.
- **footnotes**: Population estimates explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected, as of July 2007.
- **coa size**: 75
- **religion year**: 2020
Lou Gehrig

**Henry Louis Gehrig** (born **Heinrich Ludwig Gehrig**; June 19, 1903June 2, 1941) was an American baseball player. Due to his reliability and stamina, he was nicknamed **the Iron Horse**. He played with Babe Ruth and the New York Yankees who were thought the best team of that time. He played with the Yankees for most of his playing time which started in 1923 and ended in 1939. He played in 2,130 games without a rest, which was the most of any player until Cal Ripken, Jr. in 1995. When he stopped playing as well, he went to a doctor who found out Gehrig had amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS – which is now sometimes called Lou Gehrig's disease). The doctor told Gehrig he had only a short time to live. On July 4, 1939, there was a celebration of Gehrig by the other Yankees, and Gehrig gave a speech that became well-known. When he spoke that day he said he was "the luckiest man on the face of the earth". The mayor of New York City congratulated him for his teamwork. He died less than two years later in New York City.
Fair use

**Fair use** is the idea that it should be okay for a person to reuse something that another person has created, in certain amounts and for certain purposes, without breaking the law.

## Usage

In most countries, art and other made-up things, like stories, books, television shows and pictures, are owned by the person that first made them. This person can let someone else own the things they make, sometimes for money. The owner has a _copyright_ for them, meaning that person can decide who can reuse their work. If someone else copies that work without asking the owner first, that person is breaking the law. The owner can take the person to court and try to get money from them because of what they did.

Since a lot of creative work is popular, people want to talk about them, and they may want to talk about them on TV or in a book. This might mean that they want to use a little bit of it when they talk about it. The idea of _fair use_ was added to most copyright laws to make sure that it would be OK to do this, as long as only a little bit of someone's work is used.

## Software programs

Since a lot of creative work is now on computers and on the internet, it is very easy to copy things and send them to lots of people. To make sure that people cannot always do this, there are computer programs that try to stop people from copying other people's work, known as digital rights management. One problem with these programs is that they also mean that you cannot copy even a small part of someone's work, so you cannot do "fair use" without cheating the program. In some countries, cheating those software programs is also breaking the law.
Duodenum

The **duodenum** is a short section of the small intestine, and is where most digestion in the small intestine takes place. It receives secretions, including bile and juice, from the pancreas and the liver through the pancreatic and common bile ducts. These secretions limit, or neutralise, the stomach acidity. Also, enzymes from the liver help to digest the food.
Soil erosion

**Soil erosion** is the washing or blowing away (by water or wind) of the top layer of soil (dirt). This is a serious problem for farmers.  If the soil has eroded, the crops that make food will not grow very well.

Soil erosion was a big problem in the Midwestern United States in the 1930s dust bowl.

Erosion also leaves large sinkholes in the ground, which can weaken buildings and even cause them to collapse.   Urban areas are usually protected from soil erosion, so not many buildings collapse from erosion.

## Steps for conserving soil from eroding

Soil erosion can be conserved in several ways:

- A wind break is a line of plants that are planted to stop or slow the wind.  A thick row of bushes or shrubs planted next to a field of crops can stop the wind from blowing the soil away.  This method also helps against water erosion, as the soil gets caught up against the roots of the bushes, rather than washing away.
- Terraces are level places that have been made on hill sides. They are used for Terrace farming.
- If the crops are growing on a slope, then one should plant them in contour lines that run across the slope, rather than up and down. So, if the slope goes downhill to the south, then the plants should be in rows that run from east to west.
- Groynes (wooden planks) along the beaches can resist erosion, or sea walls against cliffs can protect the cliffs.
Compost

**Compost** is a type of fertilizer that is made from rotting plants. It is easy and cheap to make, as all it really requires is vegetable waste. The vegetable waste is broken down by bacteria (germs), and made into compost.

## Making a compost heap

To make a compost heap, you need some space fairly far from anyone who might have a problem with the smell. The bottom corner of a garden, or some other place a distance from the house is a good place. Compost heaps should also be placed on soil, or grass: a paved yard or concrete are bad places.
The compost heap should not be in a dark or closed corner.

The best base for a compost heap is a layer of sand, bricks or gravel about 1m long by 1m wide. This is not needed, but it can be a good idea. If using bricks, leave spaces to allow the air to move through. It also allows for the water to run away. The best compost heaps have lots of little spaces inside, to allow air to move around.

Once the first layer is down, one can begin adding the waste.

Some good types of waste are:

- Vegetable/fruit peels and scraps
- Spoiled, rotten or moldy fruit
- Cut grass
- Leaves
- Straw
- Sawdust
- Eggshells

Adding meat scraps is a bad idea, as they rot slowly, smell bad and attract rats and other vermin. Human or pet feces is also a very bad idea, as this can transmit disease. Waste from plants that have died of disease is also bad. The disease can spread to the plants that the compost is used with.

When making a compost heap, different types of waste should be layered. A layer of cut grass can be followed by a layer of vegetable waste and table scraps.

Watering the compost heap is a good idea, especially in dry areas. The water helps encourage the waste to rot and turn into compost.

In anywhere from 3 to 6 months, the compost will be ready. The compost is ready when it smells like thick earth, with no smell of decay or rot. Of course, if you have been adding waste all this time, the compost will all be at the bottom of the heap, and will have to be dug out.

The stuff that has not rotted can be used as part of a new compost heap.

## Other websites

- The Look of Compost
- Cré, the Irish Composting Association Contains information on composting in Ireland.
- Composting Basics  Canadian Gardening Magazine
- An automatic composter
1500s

The **1500s** was a decade that started on 1 January 1500 and ended on 31 December 1509.

It is distinct from the decade known as the ***151th decade*** which began on January 1, 1501 and ended on December 31, 1510.

## Events

- People begin to make cutlery in Sheffield, England.
- Leonardo da Vinci paints the _Mona Lisa_
- Spanish arrive in present-day Gulf of Mexico
- Portuguese navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral officially discovers Brazil and claims the land for Portugal.
1880

**1880** (MDCCCLXXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday in the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Tuesday in the Julian calendar.

## Births

- January 29 – W.C. Fields, American comedian

## Events

- February 2 – The first electric streetlight is installed in Wabash, Indiana.
- Volapük created.

## Deaths

- Ned Kelly, Australian bushranger (b. 1854)
1864

## Events

- May 5 - American Civil War: The Battle of the Wilderness starts in Virginia.
- August 21 - American Civil War: In the Lawrence Massacre, Confederates attack the town of Lawrence, Kansas and kill 150 people.
- September 1 - The Charlottetown Conference starts.
- November 25 - The book Journey to the Center of the Earth by Jules Verne is published.

### Date unknown

- Fort Baker is built near Las Vegas, Nevada.
- Father Damien goes to Hawaii.
- The Great Central Fair is held in June in Philadelphia.
- Ponsonby's Column is destroyed by lightning.

## Births

- January 16 - Frank Bacon, American actor
- May 5 - Nellie Bly, American journalist
- June 14 - Alois Alzheimer, German psychiatrist

## Deaths

- May 19 – Nathaniel Hawthorne, American writer
- December 31 - George M. Dallas, 11th Vice President of the United States
Hodgenville, Kentucky

**Hodgenville** is a town in the American state of Kentucky. It is the county seat of Larue County. It is most famous as the birthplace of President Abraham Lincoln. A memorial featuring a replica (copy) of the cabin Lincoln was born in is near the town.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Hodgenville, Kentucky
- **settlement type**: list of cities in Kentucky, City
- **named for**: Robert Hodgen, a local miller
- **image skyline**: Hodgenville KY Town Square.jpg
- **image caption**: Town Square
- **image map**: KYMap-doton-Hodgenville.PNG
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location of Hodgenville, Kentucky
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: Kentucky
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Kentucky, County
- **subdivision name2**: LaRue County, Kentucky, LaRue
- **established title**: Incorporated
- **established date**: 1839
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 5.52
- **area land km2**: 5.51
- **area water km2**: 0.01
- **area total sq mi**: 2.13
- **area land sq mi**: 2.13
- **area water sq mi**: 0.00
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 3235
- **population density km2**: 587
- **population density sq mi**: 1519
- **timezone**: Eastern Time Zone, Eastern (EST)
- **utc offset**: -5
- **timezone dst**: EDT
- **utc offset dst**: -4
- **elevation m**: 222
- **elevation ft**: 728
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 42748
- **area code**: Area codes 270 and 364, 270 & 364
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 21-37396
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 0494334
Husband (disambiguation)

A **husband** is the male spouse in a marriage.

**Husband** may also refer to:
- a kind of pillow.
- husbandry, the breeding of livestock, such as conservation or agriculture.
46 BC

Year **46 BC** was the last year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Caesar and Lepidus**.

## Events

- Titus Labienus defeated Julius Caesar in the Battle of Ruspina.
- Julius Caesar defeated the combined army of Pompeian followers and Numidians at Thapsus.
- Caesar leaves for Farther Hispania to deal with rebellion in Rome.
- Caesar changes the Roman calendar to create the Julian calendar. The _Julian Calendar_ remains the standard in the western world until the Gregorian Calendar in 1582.
- Caesar appoints his nephew Octavian his heir.

## Births

- Publius Quinctilius Varus, Roman politician (d. 9 AD)

## Deaths

- Cato the Younger (Marcus Porcius Cato) (b. 95 BC)
- Metellus Scipio (b. c. 100 BC)
- Vercingetorix, Gaul leader
Winter storm

**Winter storms** or **snowstorms** happen when warm, wet air meets with cold air. The warm, wet air mass and the cold air mass can each be  or more in diameter. Snowstorms affecting Northeastern United States often get their moisture from air moving north from the Gulf of Mexico and cold air from air masses coming down from the Arctic. In the Northwest United States warm, wet air from the Pacific Ocean cools when it is pushed upward by the mountains. Many different things can affect the direction of movement, moisture content and temperature of air masses. All of these differences affect the type and severity of the snowstorm.

Winter storms and blizzards can make several meters of snow that blow into big drifts. Sometimes the drifts can be over  tall. They could even cover a house.

## History

Lots of popular winter storms are part of North America's history. In 1846 the Donner Party traveled away by covered wagons from Illinois headed for Sutter's Fort near Sacramento, California. As an answer of bad decisions and slow going, they tried to go across the big Sierra Nevada Mountains in the late October. Usually, California is still warm at that time of the year. As the party crossed the Sierra Nevada Mountains, they did not see any snow and was not worried.
However, after they left, a huge snowstorm hit. The party was forced to camp near Truckee, California. The snow was so deep that the wagon wheels became stuck, so they could not move anyplace. They tried to wait the storm out, but when one blizzard ended, another began immediately before they had time to escape.
Their food became short, so some of the people decided to hike out and find help rather than to starve to death. Most of them died in the freezing weather, and many of those who stayed behind in the camp survived. Of the 87 people who started in Illinois, only 47 lived.
Reptile

**Reptile** is the common name for one of the main groups of land vertebrates. It is not used so much by biologists, who use more accurate terms.

The name "reptile" comes from Latin and means "one who creeps". All living reptile species are cold blooded, have scaly skin, and lay cleidoic eggs. They excrete uric acid (instead of urea), and have a cloaca. A cloaca is a shared opening for the anus, urinary tract and reproductive ducts. Reptiles also share an arrangement of the heart and major blood vessels which is different from that of mammals. Birds have all of these features.

Many important groups of reptiles are now extinct, for example the mosasaurs. We used to say the dinosaurs were extinct, but they survive in the form of their feathered descendants (birds). Ancient reptiles that do survive include the turtles, the crocodiles and the Tuatara, the lone survivor of its group. The great majority of present-day reptiles are snakes and lizards.

The study of living reptiles is called _herpetology_.

## Birds in relation to reptiles

Some reptiles are more closely related to birds than they are to other reptiles. Crocodiles are more closely related to birds than they are to lizards. Theropod dinosaurs are even more closely related, because birds evolved from them.

Cladistic writers prefer to put the birds (over 10,000 species) with what people usually call reptiles. (see Sauropsida)

## Taxonomy

Reptilia is an evolutionary grade rather than a clade. The main reason is that the term 'reptile' does not include birds, the descendents of theropod dinosaurs. Another reason is that the word 'reptile' is misleading because many extinct types were very different from living reptiles.

So instead of Reptilia as a taxonomic class, today many experts use Class Sauropsida (which includes all reptiles and birds, living and extinct). Class Synapsida includes mammals and all their forebears. _Reptile_ is still the usual informal term to describe living snakes and lizards. Mammals are a genuine clade, and so Mammalia is still the taxonomic term.

Since reptiles are not monophyletic, reclassifying them is one of the key aims of researchers. Some taxonomists, such as Benton, make Sauropsida and Synapsida class-level taxa. The two groups split in the Carboniferous, from stem-group Amniotes (the early tetrapods, which laid cleidoic eggs).

## Eye feature

A membrane forms an inner eyelid in reptiles and birds. Whitish or translucent, it can be drawn across the eye to protect it from dust and keep it moist. It is called the _nictitating membrane_.

## Size

Reptiles can live in large and small sizes. Their land sizes can be both bigger and smaller than mammals. Titanosaurs were the largest land reptiles, and the smallest land reptile is a chameleon 13.5mm long.

## Living reptiles

- Reptiles (living groups only)
    - Order Crocodilia (crocodiles, gavials, caimans, and alligators): 23 species
    - Order Sphenodontia (_Tuatara_ from New Zealand): 2 species
    - Order Squamata (lizards, snakes, and amphisbaenids ("worm-lizards"): about 7,000 species.
    - Order Testudines (turtles, tortoises, and terrapins): approximately 300 species
Western world

**Western world** has meant various things at various times. In the earliest history of Europe, it referred to Ancient Greece and the Aegean. During the Roman Empire, it meant the Western Roman Empire (covering the area from Croatia to Britain). At other times, it has meant the United States, Canada, Western Europe, Australia, and New Zealand. During and after the Cold War, it sometimes meant the democratic countries or those allied with the various NATO powers.

In this day and age, it often refers to the places that have a European cultural heritage, called Western civilization. This European heritage itself is a combination of Judeo-Christian ethic, classical Greco-Roman thinking and the cultural practices of the "barbarian" peoples of Northern Europe.

It includes at least the following 27 countries:

## Related pages

- Eastern world
Mouse

A **mouse** (plural _mice_) is a small rodent, which is a kind of mammal.
It has a pointed snout, small rounded ears, a body-length scaly tail and a high breeding rate. Most belong to the mus genus. The best known mouse species is the common house mouse (_Mus musculus_). Usually, house mice are brownish-gray. It is also a popular pet. In some places, certain kinds of field mice are also common. They are known to invade homes for food and occasionally shelter.

These small animals are often used in science experiments, or sometimes kept as pets. Some mice carry diseases. In some places they damage crops. This causes some people to think of mice as vermin or pests. Many other people think mice are cute and fun animals.

Mice are rodents, therefore they are related to squirrels, rats, and beavers. Mice eat weeds, seeds, berries, and more. They are eaten by owls, foxes, snakes, weasels, and cats, amongst others.

## Types of mice

The word "mouse" should only be used for small murines, but does get used for other distantly-related small rodents. The murines are the largest subfamily of mammals. In fact, it is larger than almost all mammal orders.

### House mouse

The common house mouse is thought of as a pest.  They are found in the homes of humans.

### Vole

Voles are _not_ mice, they are in a different family of rodents.

### Deer mouse

These are not mice either, or only distantly related. These mice live in forests. They can run and jump better than mice, and they get their common name from this.

The aggressive _grasshopper mouse_ rarely eats other mice, but it does like grasshoppers and insects. It is also only a distant relative.

## Mice in media

Anthropomorphism makes cartoon mice look and act more like people than like real mice.  For example, the Disney characters Mickey and Minnie Mouse walk, talk, and act like people.  Jerry, the mouse star of Tom and Jerry cartoons, is similarly humanized.

## Mice used in research (or _laboratory mouse_)

Laboratory mice get used for experiments.

In 2024, media wrote about research where skin cells could possibly be turned into an egg (that has not been fertilized). That kind of egg is called a zygote.
Advance Wars

***Advance Wars*** is a video game for the Game Boy Advance. It is based on earlier games for Nintendo systems such as the Famicom and Game Boy. It is a strategy game: players must think of ways to win.

The game can be played with two, three, or four players at a time. Each player takes turns controlling their military-style playing pieces, called "units." Every unit can move along the playing field, which is split up into squares. The amount of squares a unit can move in one turn is different for each unit.

Most units can attack other units. Each unit has its own strength and defense. Strength is how much damage the unit can do to another unit. Defense is how much damage it can avoid taking whenever it is attacked. For example, the tank unit has more defense than the soldier, so even though the helicopter always has the same amount of attacking power, it can do more damage to the soldier than the tank.

## Infobox (video game)

- **title**: Advance Wars
- **developer**: Intelligent Systems
- **publisher**: Nintendo
- **director**: Toru Narihiro
- **producer**: Takehiro Izushi
- **composer**: Taishi Senda
- **series**: _Wars (series), Wars_
- **genre**: Turn-based tactics
- **modes**: Single-player, Multiplayer video game, multiplayer
- **platforms**: Game Boy Advance
Intestine

The **intestines**, divided into the small intestine and the large intestine, of an animal are like a tube through which food and bile from the stomach move.

The first part of the small **intestine** is called the duodenum, where most food is broken down by enzymes. Later, the small intestine absorbs useful compounds from the digested food, which is done using small villi or tiny microvilli  - hair-like structures in the walls of the intestine.

The large intestine, also called the **bowel**, absorbs water and any other nutrients, as well as vitamins made by the gut flora in the colon. Finally, waste is expelled through the anus.
Lucifer

**Lucifer** (means Lightbringer) is another name for _the_ _Devil_. This is because people interpret a passage in the Book of Isaiah of the Bible in a certain way. Lucifer is Latin. It is made of two parts, _lux-lucis_ (light) and _ferre_ (to bring).
There are two mentions of _Lucifer_ in the Latin Vulgate. is used to refer to the morning star, the planet Venus that appears at dawn: once in  to translate the Greek word "Φωσφόρος" (Phosphoros), which has exactly the same literal meaning of "Light-Bringer" that "Lucifer" has in Latin; and once in  to translate "הילל" (Hêlēl), which also means "Morning Star".

## Latin name for the Morning Star

_Lucifer_ is the Latin name for the "Morning Star", both in prose and poetry, as seen in works by Marcus Terentius Varro (116–27 BC), Cicero (106-43 BC) and other early Latin writers

Cicero wrote:
- _Stella Veneris, quae Φωσφόρος Graece, Latine dicitur Lucifer, cum antegreditur solem, cum subsequitur autem Hesperos_

- The star of Venus, called Φωσφόρος in Greek and Lucifer in Latin when it precedes, Hesperos when it follows the sun.

And Pliny the Elder:
- _sidus appellatum Veneris … ante matutinum exoriens Luciferi nomen accipit … contra ab occasu refulgens nuncupatur Vesper_

- The star called Venus … when it rises in the morning is given the name Lucifer … but when it shines at sunset it is called Vesper

Poets also used the word "Lucifer". Ovid has at least eleven mentions of the Morning Star in his poetry.  Virgil wrote:
- _Luciferi primo cum sidere frigida rura_
- _carpamus, dum mane novum, dum gramina canent_

- Let us hasten, when first the Morning Star appears,
- To the cool pastures, while the day is new, while the grass is dewy

And Statius:
- _et iam Mygdoniis elata cubilibus alto_
- _impulerat caelo gelidas Aurora tenebras_,
- _rorantes excussa comas multumque sequenti_
- _sole rubens; illi roseus per nubila seras_
- _aduertit flammas alienumque aethera tardo_
- _Lucifer exit equo, donec pater igneus orbem_
- _impleat atque ipsi radios uetet esse sorori_

- And now Aurora rising from her Mygdonian couch had driven the cold darkness on from high in the heavens, shaking out her dewy hair, her face blushing red at the pursuing sun – from him roseate Lucifer averts his fires lingering in the clouds and with reluctant horse leaves the heavens no longer his, until the blazing father make full his orb and forbid even his sister her beams

## Lucifer as Devil character of the Bible

Lucifer is the epitome of evil in the Christian religion. Lucifer is believed by some to be Satan's name when he was still an angel, but it is Latin for 'light bringer' and not originally in the Bible.
The word _Lucifer_ was also used in Latin to mean the "morningstar", the planet Venus, and this word was used in the Latin version of Isaiah 14, where the Hebrew version was speaking to a king of Babylonia.
Astrobiology

**Astrobiology** is the study of life in outer space. The field of astrobiology looks for conditions necessary for life, such as liquid water or a similar substitute, a good temperature, or the presence of oxygen.

Some possible places to find life in the solar system are Europa, Ganymede, moons of Jupiter, or Titan and Enceladus, both moons of Saturn. Some of these places may have liquid water, or, in the case of Titan, hydrocarbons that could support a different type of life. They may be too cold to support life on their surfaces, but if they have liquid water, the water must be warm enough to support life. Astrobiologists suggest that there may be a liquid water ocean under their surfaces.

## Related pages

- Abiogenesis
- Astronomy
- Earliest known life forms
- Extraterrestrial life
- Extraterrestrial sky
- Panspermia

## Other websites

- Astrobiology.nasa.gov
- Spanish Centro de Astrobiología
- UK Centre for Astrobiology
- Astrobiology Research at The Library of Congress
- Astrobiology Survey – An introductory course on astrobiology
Wikimedia Commons

**Wikimedia Commons** is a website owned by the Wikimedia Foundation, based on a wiki.

Anybody can upload images, sounds, videos, and other multimedia files to Wikimedia Commons. The files uploaded to Wikimedia Commons are used by other Wikimedia Foundation projects, like Wikipedia or Wiktionary. For example, Wikipedia uses images on Wikimedia Commons to include pictures in their encyclopedia articles. The files can also be freely used by anyone else because they have free licenses.

## Categories

Wikimedia Commons has categories, which are groups of files that have something in common or similar. For example, there is a category for pictures of cats. Wikimedia Commons is a multilingual website, meaning that it can be used in every language. However, some parts of Wikimedia Commons are only in English, like names of categories.

### Sound files

Wikimedia Commons also has sound files. Not all of these are music. For example, there are recordings that read words out loud. These files are used in Wiktionary, a free dictionary, to teach people how to say words. For every file on Wikimedia Commons, the person who made it has to let everybody use it and change it as much as they want, including companies (see Creative Commons).

## Statistics

Wikimedia Commons reached 10 million files on April 15, 2011.

## Improvements

The Wikimedia Foundation was given money to make it easier for people to use their websites. They used some of this money to make the Upload Wizard, a new system for uploading files on Wikimedia Commons. People started using the UploadWizard in December 2010.

The Upload Wizard also teaches new uploaders about copyright law.  It has a tutorial for users to read so that they can check if the file they are uploading is violating copyright.  Most uploads are by the Upload Wizard.

Before, Wikimedia Commons only let people upload one file at a time. The Upload Wizard lets people upload multiple files at the same time and include all the required information about each one.

## Logo

The logo of Wikimedia Commons has a red circle inside a blue circle. There are many small blue arrows pointing from the blue circle to the red circle in the middle, and one big blue arrow pointing upwards. The small blue arrows represent the different projects of the Wikimedia Foundation. The large arrow is to show that Wikimedia Commons is constantly improving.

This logo was chosen in a vote in 2004.

## Related pages

- Wikimedia Commons
- Simple English version of the Main Page
- 2004 logo vote
- Image sharing

## Infobox (website)

- **name**: Wikimedia Commons
- **logo**: Commons-logo-en.svg
- **screenshot**: Commons screenshot.png
- **url**: [http://commons.wikimedia.org commons.wikimedia.org]
- **commercial**: No
- **type**: Media repository
- **registration**: Optional (required for uploading files)
- **owner**: Wikimedia Foundation
- **author**: Wikimedia community
- **launch date**: September 7, 2004
- **current status**: Active
- **content license**: Free
Lake Ontario

**Lake Ontario** is the smallest of the Great Lakes in North America, but its maximum depth (802ft; 244m) is deeper than lake Erie's (210ft) and Lake Huron's (750ft).

It forms most of the border between Ontario in Canada and New York in the United States of America. Its inlet is the Niagara River (from Niagara Falls), and its outlet is the Saint Lawrence River. Nearly 9 million Canadians live near Lake Ontario. It is the only Great Lake that does not touch the U.S. state of Michigan, the "Great Lakes State".
Lake Superior

**Lake Superior** is a lake in Canada and the United States.

The Ojibwe Native Americans call it **Gitchigume**. Lake Superior is in between Ontario and Minnesota to the north and Wisconsin and Michigan in the south, and is the largest of North America's Great Lakes. It is the world's third largest lake, and the world's largest freshwater lake (by area). Its outlet is the St. Marys River to Lake Huron. The Soo Locks allow carrying large amounts of iron ore and other cargo to the other Great Lakes.

Over 80 species of fish live in Lake Superior.
SS Edmund Fitzgerald

**SS _Edmund Fitzgerald**_ was an freighter which sank during a storm on Lake Superior. The ship sank on November 10, 1975, at around 7:30 p.m.

The ship weighed around 13,600 tons and was known for being the biggest of its time. It was one of the largest "iron boats" working the Great Lakes.

Nobody knows how the boat sank. However, it is very possible that the dangerously high weight of its cargo and the violent winds and waves caused the ship to sink.

All 29 men aboard the boat died, and to this day, no bodies have been recovered.

## _The Wreck of the Edmund Fitzgerald_

To remember the men on the S.S. Fitzgerald, Canadian singer Gordon Lightfoot wrote a song titled _The Wreck of the Edmund Fitzgerald._ The song describes the ship itself and mentions some theories on how it may have sunk.

The original song contained the following passage:> _When suppertime came, the old cook came on deck sayin Fellas, it's too rough to feed ya. At seven P.M. a main hatchway caved in. He said Fellas, it's been good to know ya_This passage was proven false when a dive team sent in to recover the bodies found the main hatch to be in perfect condition. When informed of this, Gordon Lightfoot rewrote the verse to: > _When suppertime came, the old cook came on deck sayin Fellas, it's too rough to feed ya. At 7 p.m., it grew dark, it was then he said, Fellas it's been good to know ya._

## Other websites

- News story from CBC
- SS Edmund Fitzgerald Online
Gordon Lightfoot

**Gordon Meredith Lightfoot Jr.** (November 17, 1938 – May 1, 2023) was a Canadian singer and songwriter. He is famous around the world for his folk, country, and pop music songs. He was first heard in the 1960s. He had hit radio songs in the 1970s including "If You Could Read My Mind", "Sundown", "Carefree Highway", "Rainy Day People" and "The Wreck of the Edmund Fitzgerald".

Some of his songs have been recorded by other famous singers including Elvis Presley, Johnny Cash, Marty Robbins, Jerry Lee Lewis, Barbra Streisand and Tony Rice.

Robbie Robertson of the Canadian music group called the Band said Lightfoot was his "favourite Canadian songwriter".

Lightfoot's music career lasted sixty years. He recorded more than 200 songs. His folk music of the 1960s and 1970s influenced many famous singers including Bob Dylan and Jim Croce. Like Robertson, Bob Dylan called Lightfoot one of his favourite songwriters.

## Awards

In his career, Lightfoot received sixteen Juno Awards. He won Junos as top folk singer in 1965, 1966, 1968, 1969, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976 and 1977. He won a Juno as top male vocalist in 1967, 1970, 1971, 1972 and 1973 And he won in 1972 and 1976 for being composer of the year.

Lightfoot received ASCAP awards for songwriting in 1971, 1974, 1976 and 1977.

Lightfoot was nominated for five Grammy Awards.

In 1980, Lightfoot was named Canadian Male Recording Artist of the Decade for his music of the 1970s.

Lightfoot was inducted into the Canadian Music Hall of Fame in 1986. He was added to Canada's Walk of Fame in 1998. He was inducted into the Canadian Country Music Hall of Fame in 2001.

In May 2003, Lightfoot was made a Companion of the Order of Canada, which is one of Canada's highest awards.

## Death

Lightfoot died at a hospital in Toronto on May 1, 2023. He was 84 years old.

## Music

- 1966 _Lightfoot!_
- 1967 _The Way I Feel_
- 1968 _Did She Mention My Name_
- 1968 _Back Here on Earth_
- 1969 _Sunday Concert'
- 1970 _Sit Down Young Stranger_
- 1971 _Summer Side of Life_
- 1972 _Don Quixote_
- 1972 _Old Dan's Records_
- 1974 _Sundown_
- 1975 _Cold on the Shoulder_
- 1976 _Summertime Dream_
- 1978 _Endless Wire_
- 1980 _Dream Street Rose_
- 1982 _Shadows_
- 1983 _Salute_
- 1986 _East of Midnight_
- 1993 _Waiting for You_
- 1998 _A Painter Passing Through_
- 2004 _Harmony_
- 2012 _All Live_
- 2020 _Solo''

## Other websites

- Lightfoot.ca (official site)
- Order of Canada Citation
- Lightfoot page at Canadian Encyclopedia
- CBC Digital Archives: Gordon Lightfoot: Canada's Folk Laureate
- Clips and more about Gordon from CBC
- Additional clips

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Gordon Lightfoot
- **img**: Gordon Lightfoot.jpg
- **img capt**: GordonLightfoot in Toronto.
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Gordon Meredith Lightfoot Jr.
- **birth place**: Orillia,  Ontario, Canada
- **death place**: Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- **instrument**: Guitar, Singing, voice
- **genre**: Folk music, Folk, Country music, country
- **occupation**: Musician, singer-songwriter
- **years active**: 19622023
Cornish

**Cornish** might mean:

- Anything related to Cornwall, a county in England
    - Cornish people
    - Cornish language, a language from Cornwall
    - Cornish dialect, a dialect of English spoken in Cornwall
    - Cornish cookery, the cooking traditions of Cornwall
- Cornish, Maine, a town in the U.S. state of Maine
Chameleon

**Chameleons** are a family of lizards. Most can change the colour of their skins for camouflage, or to signal mood to other chameleons.

They are a clade of lizards. They have parrot-like zygodactylous feet,

Their eyes are separately mobile and stereoscopic. Their very long tongues can flick out, and their movement sways like leaves in the wind. Their prehensile (grabbing) tail can hang onto branches and many can change colour. They eat insects.

Chameleons have long sticky tongues that they can fire out in a fraction of a second. They stretch up to twice their body size. Their eyes can move independently. The largest species is about 50cm (1.5 feet) when fully grown. They are mainly insectivores, but larger species may take occasional smaller lizards and young birds.

There are about 160 species.  They live in Africa, Madagascar, Spain and Portugal, across south Asia, and Sri Lanka. They have been introduced to Hawaii, California and Florida, and are found in warm habitats that vary from rain forest to desert conditions. Chameleons are often kept as household pets.

## Tiny chameleons

The world's tiniest reptile has been found on Madagascar.  It is a chameleon 13.5mm long. It hunts for mites on the rainforest floor and hides from predators at night in blades of grass. Other species of tiny chameleons have been found.

## Vision

Chameleons have 360-degree eye-turning, the ability to zoom in and out, and binocular vision.

Each of the chameleon's eyes can move separately, allowing them to see all around them at all times.

Chameleons have two eyes whose vision overlaps. This gives them  3D vision. They can switch to monocular vision, which is seeing with each eye independently. This gives them more flexible sight.

## In popular fiction

- In Disney's Tangled (2010 movie), the main character, Rapunzel, has a green chameleon named Pascal
- In Rango (2011 movie), the main character, voiced by Johnny Depp, is a chameleon

## Other websites

- Chameleons! Online E-zine
- Chameleon Care and Information Center website
- The Chameleon Forums
Interjection

An **interjection** is a spoken or written expression of emotion like "Wow!" for surprise, "Ouch!" for pain, or "Damn!" for anger, or "Argh!" for frustration. These phrases can stand alone, and are usually capitalized and punctuated.

## Related pages

- Exclamation mark
- Monologue
Peter Davison

**Peter Davison** (born **Peter Moffett** 13 April 1951) is an English actor. He is best known for his roles as Tristan on _All Creatures Great and Small_, and as the Fifth Doctor on _Doctor Who_ from 1981 to 1984 and 2022.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Peter Davison
- **image**: Peter Davison (24257077900) (cropped).jpg
- **image upright**: 1
- **caption**: Davison in 2016
- **birth name**: Peter Moffett
- **birth date**: 13 April 1951
- **occupation**: Actor
- **years active**: 1974-present
- **television**: Doctor Who (1981-1984, 2022)
Beyond Paradise (TV series), Beyond Paradise (2023)