juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Saintes, Charente-Maritime

**Saintes** is a French commune and historic town, a subprefecture in the Charente-Maritime department in southwestern France. It is in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region. It is also the capital of the _arrondissement_ of Saintes.

Before the French Revolution, Saintes was the capital of the old province of Saintonge.

## Geography

Saintes is in the central eastern part of the Charente-Maritime department, in the old province of Saintonge, along the Charente river that flows through the _commune_ from south to north.

The _commune_ has an area of , and its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .

The distances from Saintes to other cities are:
- Paris, the national capital - ;
- Bordeaux, the regional capital - ;
- Toulouse - ;
- Reims - ;
- Lyon - ;
- Montpellier - ;
- Strasbourg - ;
- Nantes - ;
- Marseille - .

The _commune_ of Saintes is surrounded by the _communes_:

### Climate

The climate of Saintes, in the Köppen climate classification, is **Cfb** - Oceanic climate with template summers.

## Population

The inhabitants of this city are known, in French, as _Saintais_ (women: _Saintaises_).

With a population of 25,149, Saintes has a population density of  inhabitants/km<sup>2</sup>.

**Evolution of the population in Saintes**

## Administration

Saintes is a subprefecture of the Charente-Maritime department, the capital of the _arrondissement_ of Saintes and the administrative centre () of the canton of Saintes.

It is part of the intercommunality _CA Saintes_ ().

### Twinned and partner towns

Saintes is twinned with:
- Nivelles, Belgium
- Xanten, Germany
- Timbuktu, Mali
- Vladimir, Russia
- Salisbury, England
- Cuevas del Almanzora, Spain

## Related pages

- Arrondissement of Saintes
- Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

## Other websites

- Ville de Saintes website
- Tourist Office Saintes & Saintonge

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Saintes
- **commune status**: Subprefectures in France, Subprefecture and Communes of France, commune
- **image coat of arms**: Blason ville fr Saintes (Charente-Maritime).svg
- **image**: Saintes.jpg
- **caption**: Historic centre of Saintes.
- **arrondissement**: Saintes
- **canton**: Saintes
- **intercommunality**: CA de Saintes
- **mayor**: Jean-Philippe Machon
- **elevation m**: 42
- **elevation min m**: 2
- **elevation max m**: 81
- **area km2**: 45.55
- **population demonym**: Saintais
- **population**: 25149
- **population date**: 2014
- **insee**: 17415
- **postal code**: 17100
- **website**: [http://www.ville-saintes.fr/ www.ville-saintes.fr]
Charles C. McDonald

General **Charles Clarence McDonald** (October 1, 1933 – November 22, 2017) was a United States Air Force general. He served as Commander, Air Force Logistics Command (COMAFLC) from  1989 to 1992.

From August 1979 to February 1981 McDonald was commander of the 320th Bombardment Wing, Mather Air Force Base, California. Under his command the wing won the Fairchild Trophy, awarded to the top bomber wing in the Strategic Air Command for combined bombing and navigational excellence.

He was promoted to general November 1, 1989, with same date of rank, and retired June 30, 1992.

McDonald died on November 22, 2017 in Niceville, Florida of ALS-related complications at the age of 84.

## Infobox (military person)

- **name**: Charles C. McDonald
- **image**: Charles C McDonald.jpg
- **caption**: General Charles C. McDonald
- **birth place**: Barron, Wisconsin
- **death place**: Niceville, Florida
- **branch**: United States Air Force
- **serviceyears**: 1956–1992
- **rank**:  General officer, General
- **commands**: Air Force Logistics Command
- **battles**: Vietnam War
Stephen Knapp

**Stephen Knapp** (October 15, 1947November 24, 2017) was an American artist. He was best known for his use of the medium of lightpainting. He created an international reputation for large-scale works of art held in museums, public, corporate, and private collections, which are executed in media as diverse as light, kiln-formed glass, metal, stone, mosaic, and ceramic.

Knapp died in Worcester, Massachusetts on November 24, 2017 of complications from acute myeloid leukemia at the age of 70.

## Infobox (artist)

- **name**: Stephen Knapp
- **image**: Stephen-Knapp-portrait.jpg
- **image size**: 300px
- **caption**: Stephen Knapp assembling a lightpainting, 2006.
- **birth place**: Worcester, Massachusetts
- **death place**: Worcester, Massachusetts, U.S.
- **nationality**: United States, American
- **field**: Architectural installation, mixed-media sculpture, photography, and ceramics
- **training**: Hamilton College (New York), Hamilton College
- **movement**: Lightpainting
Aminul Islam (academic)

**Aminul Islam** (1 January 1935 – 29 November 2017) was a Bangladeshi academic. He was the president of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences. He was a fellow of the academy since 1978.

## Infobox (academic)

- **name**: Aminul Islam
- **image size**: 250px
- **native name**: আমিনুল ইসলাম
- **native name lang**: bn
- **birth place**: Nagerchar, Homna Upazila, Homna, Comilla District, Comilla, Bengal Presidency, British India
- **death place**: Dhaka, Bangladesh
- **nationality**: Bangladeshi
- **known for**: Academic and scientist
- **awards**: Independence Day Award (1990)
- **education**: Ph.D.
- **alma mater**: University of Dhaka
 Michigan State University
Surin Pitsuwan

**Surin Pitsuwan** (; ; 28 October 1949 – 30 November 2017) was a Thai politician and diplomat. He served as the 12th Secretary General of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations from 2008 to 2012. He was also the Minister of Foreign Affairs for Thailand from 1997 to 2001.

Pitsuwan was born in Nakhon Si Thammarat. He was a Thai Malay. He studied at Thammasat University.

Pitsuwan died of heart failure on 30 November 2017 in Bangkok. He was 68.
Time in Indonesia

**Indonesia** has three time zones: **Western Indonesia Time** (WIB) (UTC+07:00) covers the western part of the country, including Jakarta, **Central Indonesia Time** (WITA) (UTC+08:00) covers the central part of the country, and Eastern Indonesia Time (WIT) (UTC+09:00) covers the province of Papua. Indonesia does not observe daylight saving time.
Cliff Williams

**Clifford** "**Cliff**" **Williams** (born 14 December 1949) is a former British musician. He is best known as a member of the Australian hard rock band AC/DC. He was a member of the band between 1977 and 2016 as their bassist and backing singer. He, along with AC/DC, were added to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2003.

Williams was born in Romford, Essex, England. His wife, Georganne, is from Colorado. They have two children, Erin (born 1985) and Luke (born 1986).

## Other websites

- Cliff Williams at Ampeg
Charles E. Merrill Jr.

**Charles E. Merrill Jr.** (1920 – November 29, 2017) was an American educator, author, and philanthropist. He was best known for supporting historically black colleges and founding the Commonwealth School in Boston.

Merrill Jr. died on November 29, 2017, in Nowy Sącz, Poland at the age of 97.

## Other websites

- Commonwealth School Website http://www.commschool.org
- Article re Merrill College at UC Santa Cruz http://www.ucsc.edu/currents/02-03/05-05/merrill.html

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Charles E. Merrill Jr.
- **image**: Merril charles 2013.jpg
- **birth date**: 1920
- **death place**: Nowy Sącz, Poland
- **alma mater**: Harvard College
- **occupation**: Educator, author, philanthropist
- **spouse**: Mary K. Merrill
Colin Groves

**Colin Peter Groves** (24 June 1942 – 30 November 2017) was an Australian Professor of Biological Anthropology at the Australian National University in Canberra, Australia.

Groves was born in England. He emigrated to Australia in 1973 and joined the Australian National University, where he was promoted to full Professor in 2000

Groves died on 30 November 2017 in Canberra at the age of 75.

His research interests included human evolution, primates, mammalian taxonomy, skeletal analysis, biological anthropology, ethnobiology and biogeography. He was a member of the Australian Skeptics and had many published skeptical papers, as well as research papers covering his other research interests. He also conducted regular debates with creationists and anti-evolutionists.

## Other websites

- The Groves Collection at No Answers in Genesis
- ANU Faculty Homepage
- ANU Researcher Profile page

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Colin Groves
- **image**: Colin Groves - lab.jpg
- **image size**: 200px
- **birth place**: England
- **death place**: Canberra
- **fields**: Biological Anthropology
Palaeoanthropology
Biogeography
Primatology
Mammal classification
- **workplaces**: Australian National University
University of California, Berkeley
Queen Elizabeth College
University of Cambridge
- **alma mater**: University College London (B.Sc.)
Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine (Ph.D.)
- **known for**: Biological classification of _Homo ergaster_
Marina Popovich

**Marina Lavrentievna Popovich** (née **Vasiliyeva**; July 20, 1931 – November 30, 2017) was a Soviet Air Force colonel, engineer, and legendary Soviet test pilot. She held 102 aviation world records set on over 40 types of aircraft. She was one of the most famous pilots in Russian history, and one of the most important female pilots of all time.

## Other websites

- Records at fai.org

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Marina Popovich
- **image**: PopovichML.jpg
- **caption**: Popovich in 2014
- **birth name**: Marina Lavrentyevna Vasilyeva
- **birth place**: Leonenki, Velizhsky District, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union
- **death place**: Krasnodar, Russia
- **nationality**: Russians, Russian
- **known for**: 102 world records
- **occupation**: Pilot, author
- **spouse**:
Boris Zhikhorev
- **children**: 2 daughters
Vincent Scully

**Vincent Joseph Scully Jr.** (August 21, 1920 – November 30, 2017) was an American art historian. He was born in New Haven, Connecticut.

Scully was Sterling Professor Emeritus of the History of Art in Architecture at Yale University. He was the author of several books on the subject. Architect Philip Johnson once described Scully as "the most influential architectural teacher ever." His lectures at Yale were known to attract casual visitors and packed houses, and regularly received standing ovations.

In 2004, President George W. Bush presented Scully with the National Medal of Arts, the United States' highest honor for artists and arts patrons.
Physical unclonable function

**Physical Unclonable Functions** (**PUFs**) are hardware modules that can generate randomness. Their operation is based on "locked" randomness, stemming from tiny imperfections (mistakes) in the manufacturing process of hardware, which result in the production (output) of a bit-string which appears random and can be considered as unique per hardware instance (device).

Essentially, in each PUF circuit, electric current may move through this circuit in two distinct ways/paths, such as two wires. If it goes mostly through one of these ways/paths, a logical zero is produced, whereas if it goes through the other way/path, a logical one is produced. The prevalent path is chosen according to tiny details (characteristics) of the circuit, such as which wire is thicker or longer. However, the two wires have been designed to be exactly the same, and only differ because of imperfections of the manufacturing process, which cause random tiny mistakes (imperfections), such as one wire being 5 mm, and the other 5.00001 mm. Therefore, and as the choice of the prevalent path is dependent on a large number of tiny details (thickness, length, resistance of the wires, etc.), which are very difficult to determine beforehand, this choice appears as random, and can be considered as chaotic. The tiny production mistakes that affect the path choice cannot be predicted as they happen randomly in the manufacturing process. Nevertheless, after they happen, they stay like that, for example, the small difference in length between two wires will always exist after they have been manufactured, so the aforementioned path choice is "locked", although it is "random" (chaotic), and will always give the same result.

Since most contemporary hardware devices consist of millions of circuits, millions of individual choices can be made at the same time, resulting in a string (series) of bits (zeros and ones) of a very large length. Since each choice is independent and "random", the probability that two such strings will be the same becomes extremely small due to their very large length. Therefore, a PUF can be used to produce a large bit-string that will be _unique_ per device and always the same, when measured under exactly the same conditions. Such a bit string can then be used in cryptography as an inherently occurring cryptographic token, such as a key for encryption. As external (environmental) conditions may affect the result of a PUF (its "random" unique bit-string output), error correction may be needed to force this result to be the same between different measurements.

Hardware, which by its nature allows for a choice of path for electricity, such as memory cells, can be easily employed in order to implement a PUF in a device, without the need of additional circuitry. Therefore, PUFs can be quite cost-efficient and lightweight.
Amar Singh Thapa

**Amar Singh Thapa** also known as **Badakaji Amar Singh Thapa**(), **Budha Kazi Amar Singh Thapa** or, **Amar Singh Thapa The Elder** was the senior commander of Nepal Army in the conquest of Western Provinces. He is often hailed as **Living Lion of Nepal** and was posthumously awarded with National heroes of Nepal, who often led great battles of conquest and defence for Gurkhas in person.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **honorific-prefix**: **Sri Kaji (Nepal), Bada Kaji**
- **name**: Amar Singh Thapa Chhetri
- **native name**: श्री बडाकाजी
 अमर सिंह थापा क्षेत्री
- **image**: Amar Singh Thapa Badakaji.jpg
- **caption**: Portrait of _Bada_ (Elder) Amar Singh Thapa
- **office**: Western Commander of Nepali Army
- **birth place**: Gorkha District
- **death place**: Gosain Kunda, Rasuwa District
- **father**: _Bagh_ Bhim Singh Thapa
- **mother**: Uma Devi
- **birth date**: 1751 A.D. (1808 B.S.)
- **death date**: 1816 A.D.
- **nickname**: **Living Lion of Nepal**
 Bada Amar Singh
- **children**: Ranadhoj Thapa
Bhaktabir Thapa
Narsingh Thapa
Ramdas Thapa
Ranajor Thapa
- **relations**: Surath Singh Thapa (grandson)
Ripu Mardan Thapa (grandson)
Badal Singh Thapa (grandson)
- **rank**: General
- **battles**: Anglo-Nepalese war, reinforced at 2nd Nepalese-Tibetan War
- **awards**: National heroes of Nepal (posthumous)
Israel Horovitz

**Israel Horovitz** (March 31, 1939 – November 9, 2020) was an American writer. His written plays include _Author! Author!_ (1982) and _Sunshine_ (1999). He was born in Wakefield, Massachusetts.

His was married three times and had six children, including The Beastie Boys musician Ad-Rock.

In 2017 he was accused by some women of sexual and ephebophilic abuse.

Horovitz died on November 9, 2020 from cancer at his Manhattan home at the age of 81.
Fredy Schmidtke

**Fredy Schmidtke** (1 July 1961 – 1 December 2017) was a German track cyclist. He won a gold medal in the 1000 metres time trial at the 1984 Summer Olympics. He also finished eighth in the sprint event at that Olympics. He was born in Worringen, Cologne.

Schmidtke died of a heart attack on 1 December 2017, at the age of 56.
Gepard

**Gepard** can mean:

- Flakpanzer Gepard, a German self-propelled anti-aircraft gun
- Flakpanzer 38(t), German self-propelled anti-aircraft gun used in World War II
- Gepárd anti-materiel rifle, a family of Hungarian heavy sniper rifles
- _Gepard_-class frigate, a class of frigates built in Russia
- _Gepard_-class fast attack craft, a class of patrol vessels built for the German Navy
- _Gepard_ (K-335), a Russian Navy Akula III-class submarine
- Gepard (game engine), a real-time strategy video game engine
Gepard Name refers to an Asian name meaning cheetah
Philipp Graf Lerchenfeld

**Philipp Graf von und zu Lerchenfeld** (25 May 1952 – 1 December 2017) was a German politician. He was member of the Christian Social Union in Bavaria (CSU). He was a member of the Landtag of Bavaria from 2003 to 2013. He then served as a member of the Bundestag from 2013 to 2017. Besides being a politician, he was also a farmer, accountant and tax consultant.

Lerchenfeld was born in Köfering, Regensburg District, Bavaria. He was a Roman Catholic. He was married to Marie Therese.

Lerchenfeld died of lung cancer on 1 December 2017, at the age of 65.

## Other websites

- Philipp Graf Lerchenfeld at Parliamentwatch
Grand Prix (TV programme)

***Grand Prix*** was a British television programme based on the Formula One World Championship. It was primarily presented by the "Voice of F1" Murray Walker, who was also the lead commentator.

## Infobox (television)

- **runtime**: **Qualifying:** 50 to 80 minutes
 **Pre-race:** 5 to 15 minutes
 **Race:** 1.5 to 2 hours (depending on race length)
 **Highlights** 25 to 50 minutes
- **presenter**: Murray Walker (main presenter 1978-1996)
 James Hunt (1979–1993)
 Jonathan Palmer (1990–1996)
 Tony Jardine (1993-1996)
 Steve Rider (1985-1996)
 Harry Carpenter (1978-1980)
 Des Lynam (Occasionally 1980-1985)
- **open theme**: "The Chain" by Fleetwood Mac
- **country**: United Kingdom
- **network**: BBC One
 BBC Two
- **related**: Grandstand
Zastava M84

The **Zastava M84** is a general purpose machine gun made from Yugoslavia during the 1980s and is currently manufactured from Serbia. The M84 is a copy of the Soviet PKM general purpose machine gun.

## Variants

- M84: The standard M84 is intended for infantry use, and is derived from the Soviet PKM. It differs from the PK-series in that it has a solid wooden stock and an unfluted barrel. It is also configured for tripod mounting (like the PKMS) and comes with a scope mount (like the PKMSN).
- M86: The M86 variant is based on the PKT, and is designed to mount as a coaxial weapon on tanks and other combat vehicles. The stock, bipod, and iron sights are omitted from this version, and it includes a heavier barrel and electric trigger.

## Other websites

- Official website of Zastava Arms
- Zastava M84

## Infobox (weapon)

- **name**: Zastava M84
- **image**: Zastava M84 machine gun.jpg
- **caption**: The Zastava M84 displayed on a tripod
- **type**: General-purpose machine gun, General purpose machine gun
- **is ranged**: yes
- **service**: 1980s–now
- **used by**: See #Users, Users
- **wars**: Yugoslav Wars
- **designer**: Zastava Arms
- **design date**: 1980s
- **manufacturer**: Zastava Arms
- **production date**: 1980s–now
- **variants**: M84
M86
- **cartridge**: 7.62×54mmR
- **action**: Gas-operated (rotating bolt)
- **rate**: 700-800 rounds per minute
- **velocity**: 825 m/s
- **range**: 1000 m
- **feed**: Belt fed with 100 and 250 round belts
- **sights**: Adjustable iron sights, optional mount required for optical sights
Asepsis

Bacteria are used to test the effectiveness of disinfectants and antibiotics. Therefore, it is important that bacteria are not contaminated with other microorganisms. To prevent contamination, aseptic techniques are used.
These include:
- Sterilising all Petri dishes and culture media using an autoclave
- Sterilising all inoculation loops by passing them through a flame or dipping them into alcohol

## Related pages

- Antiseptic
- Cleanliness
- Ignaz Semmelweis
Crato

**Crato** is a city in the south of state of Ceará in Cariri. Crato is called the "Oasis do Cariri". It is next to the state of Pernambuco. Is at the foot of the Araripe Plateau. Have a population formed by 130.064 According to IBGE

## Climate

The rainfall in the municipality is 1,086 millimeters per year. Much of the rain falls from December to April.

Average temperatures throughout the year vary between 24° C and 27° C, with minimums of 14° C up to averages maximum of 33° C.

## History

The Region was discovered during the 17th century by Capuchin Friars. After an intense exploration of the region was founded **"Mission Miranda**" in honor of a chief of the local tribe baptized by that name. Later it would be called "Miranda" and "New Cariris"Later it would be called "Miranda" and "New Cariris"
Trun

**Trun** is a municipality in Surselva in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland. On 1 January 2012, the former municipality of Schlans became part of Trun.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Trun
- **municipality name**: Trun
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Trun COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Trun.png
- **languages**: Romansh
- **canton**: Graubünden
- **iso-code-region**: CH-GR
- **district**: Surselva (district), Surselva
- **postal code**: 7166
- **municipality code**: 3987
- **area**: 41.9
- **elevation**: 861
- **population**: 1180
- **populationof**: Dec 2016
- **popofyear**: 2016
- **website**: www.trun.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Breil/Brigels, Linthal (GL), Obersaxen, Schlans, Sumvitg
CBS Morning News

***CBS Morning News*** is an early morning television program on CBS. It is hosted by Anne-Marie Green. The program debuted on October 4, 1982 as the ***CBS Early Morning News***. It was renamed to _CBS Morning News_. The program airs live at 4:00 a.m. Eastern, but on some stations it airs at 4:30 a.m. Eastern.
Rondon Pacheco

**Rondon Pacheco** (31 July 1919 – 4 July 2016) was a Brazilian politician. He served as Chief of Staff of Brazil to President Artur da Costa e Silva from 1967 to 1969 during the Brazilian military government. He later served as Governor of his home state of Minas Gerais from 1971 to 1975.

Pacheco was born in Uberlândia, Minas Gerais. He was married to Marina de Freitas Pacheco. They had three children.

Pacheco died from pneumonia on 4 July 2016 in Uberlândia, at the age of 96.
Tujetsch

**Tujetsch** is a municipality of the district Surselva in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland.

## Villages

Tschamut, Selva, Dieni, Rueras, Zarcuns, Camischolas, Gonda, Sedrun, Bugnei, Surrein and Cavorgia.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Tujetsch
- **municipality name**: Tujetsch
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Tujetsch COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Tujetsch.png
- **languages**: Romansh
- **canton**: Graubünden
- **iso-code-region**: CH-GR
- **district**: Surselva (district), Surselva
- **postal code**: 7188
- **municipality code**: 3986
- **area**: 134
- **elevation**: 1450
- **lowest**: Nislas
- **lowest m**: 1230
- **highest**: Péz Tgietschen
- **highest m**: 3327
- **population**: 1285
- **populationof**: Dec 2016
- **popofyear**: 2016
- **website**: www.tujetsch.ch
- **places**: Tschamut, Selva, Dieni, Rueras, Zarcuns, Camischolas, Gonda, Sedrun, Bugnei, Surrein, Cavorgia
- **neighboring municipalities**: Airolo (TI), Andermatt (UR), Disentis/Mustér, Gurtnellen (UR), Medel (Lucmagn), Quinto, Switzerland, Quinto (TI), Silenen (UR)
Gladys Nordenstrom

**Gladys Mercedes Nordenstrom-Krenek** (May 23, 1924 – July 5, 2016) was an American composer. She studied under Austrian composer Ernst Krenek at Hamline University. She later married him in 1950. She sometimes worked with Krenek on projects. After his death in 1991, she founded the Ernst Krenek Institute in 1998 and Krems die Ernst Krenek in 2004 in Vienna, Austria. In 2006, Nordenstrom was awarded the Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria. She was born in Mora, Minnesota.

Nordenstrom died on July 5, 2016 in Palm Springs, California, at the age of 92.
Valendas

**Valendas** was a municipality of the district Surselva in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2013, the former municipalities of Valendas, Versam, Safien and Tenna merged into the new municipality of Safiental.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Valendas
- **municipality type**: former
- **imagepath coa**: Valendas wappen.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Valendas.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Graubünden
- **iso-code-region**: CH-GR
- **district**: Surselva (district), Surselva
- **postal code**: 7122
- **municipality code**: 3586
- **area**: 22.79
- **elevation**: 810
- **population**: 288
- **populationof**: Dec 2012
- **popofyear**: 2012
- **website**: www.valendas.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Castrisch, Flims, Riein, Sagogn, Tenna, Switzerland, Tenna, Versam
Irina Bilyk

**Irina Bilyk** born 6 April 1970 is a Ukrainian singer. People's Artist of Ukraine (2008).

## Discography

- «Кувала зозуля» (1990)
- «Я розкажу» (1994)
- «Nova» (1995)
- «Так просто» (1996)
- «Фарби» (1998)
- «Ома» (2000)
- «Biłyk» (2002)
- «Країна» (2003)
- «Любовь. Яд» (2004)
- «На бис» (2008)
- «Рассвет» (2014)
- «Без Грима» (2017)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Irina Bilyk
- **image**: File:Iryna Bilyk22.jpg
- **alt**: 2025
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth place**: Kyiv, Soviet Union
- **genre**: Pop music, pop
- **years active**: 1976–present
Versam

**Versam** was a municipality of the district of Surselva in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2013, the former municipalities of Versam, Valendas, Safien and Tenna merged into the new municipality of Safiental.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Versam
- **image photo**: Versam.jpg
- **municipality name**: Versam
- **municipality type**: former
- **imagepath coa**: Versam wappen.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Versam.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Graubünden
- **iso-code-region**: CH-GR
- **district**: Surselva (district), Surselva
- **postal code**: 7104
- **municipality code**: 3587
- **area**: 16.77
- **elevation**: 909
- **population**: 271
- **populationof**: December 2004
- **popofyear**: 2004
- **website**: www.versam.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Bonaduz, Flims, Präz, Rhäzüns, Safien, Sagogn, Tenna, Switzerland, Tenna, Trin, Valendas
Safien

**Safien** was a municipality of the district of Surselva in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2013, the former municipalities of Safien, Valendas, Versam and Tenna merged into the new municipality of Safiental.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Safien
- **municipality name**: Safien
- **municipality type**: former
- **imagepath coa**: Safien wappen.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Safien.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Graubünden
- **iso-code-region**: CH-GR
- **district**: Surselva (district), Surselva
- **postal code**: 7107
- **municipality code**: 3651
- **area**: 100.6
- **elevation**: 1315
- **population**: 345
- **populationof**: 2002
- **website**: www.safien.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Casti-Wergenstein, Duvin, Flerden, Mathon, Switzerland, Mathon, Nufenen, Pitasch, Portein, Präz, Riein, St. Martin, Graubünden, St. Martin, Sarn, Switzerland, Sarn, Splügen, Sufers, Tenna, Switzerland, Tenna, Tschappina, Vals, Switzerland, Vals
- **twintowns**: Bettingen (Switzerland)
Garth Ennis

**Garth Ennis** (born 16 January 1970) is a Northern Irish-American comics writer. He is best known for _Preacher_, _The Boys_, _Hellblazer_, Marvel Comics' _The Punisher_ and DC Comics' _Hitman_. He worked a lot with artist Steve Dillon. In 1998, he was awarded the Eisner Award for Best Writer.

Ennis was born in Holywood, County Down. He is an atheist.
Schmitten, Graubünden

**Schmitten** () is a municipality of the district Albula. It is in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Schmitten
- **municipality name**: Schmitten
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **image photo**: Schmitten Dorf.jpg
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Schmitten GR COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Schmitten GR.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Graubünden
- **iso-code-region**: CH-GR
- **district**: Albula (district), Albula
- **postal code**: 7493
- **municipality code**: 3514
- **area**: 11.32
- **elevation**: 1301
- **population**: 245
- **populationof**: Dec 2016
- **popofyear**: 2016
- **website**: www.schmitten-gr.ch
- **mayor**: Hubert Weibel
- **mayor title**: Gemeindepräsident
- **neighboring municipalities**: Alvaneu, Arosa, Filisur, Wiesen, Switzerland, Wiesen
Magny, Haut-Rhin

**Magny** is a commune in the Haut-Rhin department of east France.
Alain Jessua

**Alain Jessua** (16 January 1932 – 30 November 2017) was a French movie director and screenwriter. He was born in Évreux, France. He directed ten movies between 1956 and 1997.

He worked as assistant director for Jacques Becker on the set of _Casque d'or_, with Max Ophüls for _Madame de..._ and _Lola Montès_ and with Marcel Carné on _Wasteland_.

His 1967 movie _Jeu de massacre_ was entered into the 1967 Cannes Film Festival, where it won the award for Best Screenplay.

Jessua died from cancer on 30 November 2017 at the age of 85.

## Other websites

- Alain Jessua biography
Magstatt-le-Bas

**Magstatt-le-Bas** is a commune in the Haut-Rhin department of east France.
Magstatt-le-Haut

**Magstatt-le-Haut** is a commune in the Haut-Rhin department in the east France.
Randall Park

**Randall Park** (born March 23, 1974) is an American actor, comedian and writer. He is known for playing Kim Jong-un in comedy movie _The Interview_ (2014), Danny Chung in _Veep_ and Louis Huang in ABC's television show _Fresh Off the Boat_.

Park was born in Los Angeles, California. His parents are Korean. He has been married to actress Jae Suh Park since 2008. They have a daughter.
Saint-Michel-sur-Orge

**Saint-Michel-sur-Orge** is a commune. It is found in the region Île-de-France in the Essonne department in the north of France.

The inhabitants are _Saint-Michellois_.

It has 20,057 people.
Mundell Lowe

**James Mundell Lowe** (April 21, 1922 – December 2, 2017) was an American jazz guitarist. He worked a lot in radio, television and movies. He was also a session musician. He produced music and scores for many television shows and movies including _Billy Jack_, _Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Sex* (*But Were Afraid to Ask)_ and _Starsky & Hutch_. He sometimes worked with André Previn.

Lowe was born in Shady Grove, Mississippi. He married singer Betty Bennett in 1975.

Lowe died on December 2, 2017 in San Diego, California. He was 95.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Mundell Lowe
- **background**: non_vocal_instrumentalist
- **image**: Mundelllowe.jpg
- **caption**: Lowe in Saarbrücken, 2000
- **birth name**: James Mundell Lowe
- **death place**: San Diego, California, U.S.
- **genre**: Jazz
- **occupation**: Musician, composer
- **instrument**: Guitar
- **years active**: 1946–2017
Jerzy Kłoczowski

**Jerzy Kazimierz Kłoczowski** (29 December 1924 – 2 December 2017) was a Polish historian. He was a professor at the John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin. He was member of the Polish Senate from 1989 to 1991. During World War II, he was a soldier of the Home Army and was involved in the Warsaw Uprising. He was badly injured in the attack and lost his right hand. In 2004, he was awarded with the Order of the White Eagle by President Aleksander Kwasniewski. He was born in Bogdany Wielkie, Masovian Voivodeship.

Kłoczowski died on 2 December 2017, at the age of 92.
Takam Kingdom

**Takam Kingdom** () **Takam of Bagalyas** or **Bagalyadesh** or **4000 Parvat Kingdom** was a historical Thapa kingdom founded by King Kalu Thapa Kshatri of the Bagale Thapa clan belonging to Khas community. This Thapa dynasty ruled for 300 years between 1246 B.S. - 1545 B.S. (1189 CE - 1488 CE), only to be conquered it into Chaubise Parbat State by King Dimba Bam of Samalvanshi Thakuri clan .

## Infobox (former country)

- **native name**: Takam Rajya
ताकम राज्य
- **conventional long name**: Takam Bagalya Kingdom
- **common name**: Takam Kingdom
- **capital**: Takam
- **government type**: Absolute Monarchy
- **year start**: 1189 CE
- **year end**: 1488 CE
- **s1**: Parbat State
- **image flag**: Nishankalika Flag of Bagale Thapa clan.svg
- **image coat**: Coat of arms of Bagale Thapa clan.jpg
- **image map**: Myagdi district location.png
- **image map caption**: present Myagdi District and then 4000 Parvat of Bagalya Thapas; Takam kingdom falls on then 4000 Parvat of Bagalya Thapas
- **common languages**: Nepali language, Khas language
- **religion**: Hinduism
- **leader1**: Kalu Thapa Kshatri
- **leader2**: Tarapati Thapa
- **year leader1**: 1189–
- **title leader**: Maharaja
Dick Gernert

**Richard Edward** "**Dick**" **Gernert** (September 28, 1928 – November 30, 2017) was an American professional baseball player. He was a first baseman and outfielder in Major League Baseball. He played for the Boston Red Sox (1952–59), Chicago Cubs (1960), Detroit Tigers (1960–61), Cincinnati Reds (1961) and Houston Astros (1962). He was born in Reading, Pennsylvania.

Gernert died on November 30, 2017 in Reading, at the age of 89.
Crépy

**Crépy** can mean:

- Crépy, Aisne, a commune of France in the Aisne department
- Crépy, Pas-de-Calais, a commune of France in the Pas-de-Calais department
- Crépy-en-Valois, a commune of France in the Oise department
Autreville

**Autreville** can mean:

- Autreville, Aisne, a commune in the Aisne department
- Autreville, Vosges, a commune in the Vosges department
- Autréville-Saint-Lambert, a commune in the Meuse department
- Autreville-sur-la-Renne, a commune in the Haute-Marne department
- Autreville-sur-Moselle, a commune in the Meurthe-et-Moselle department
Reg Varney

**Reginald Alfred** "**Reg**" **Varney** (11 July 1916 – 16 November 2008) was a British actor and comedian. He was best known for playing bus driver Stan Butler in the sitcom _On the Buses_, and the movie spin-offs _On the Buses_ (1971), _Mutiny on the Buses_ (1972) and _Holiday on the Buses_ (1973). He also appeared in the sitcom _The Rag Trade_. In 1967, he made the first withdrawal from an ATM.

Varney was born in Canning Town, Essex, England. He was married to Lilian from 1939 until her death in 2002. They had one daughter, Jeanne. He had a heart attack in 1965 and 1981, and a stroke in 1989.

Varney died of a chest infection on 16 November 2008 in Budleigh Salterton, Devon. He was 92.
Berne, Germany

**Berne** is a municipality of the district Wesermarsch in the state of Lower Saxony in Germany. It is on the left bank of the Weser, about 20 km east of Oldenburg, and 25 km northwest of Bremen.

Musician, producer and songwriter Dieter Bohlen was born in Berne.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (german location)

- **type**: Gemeinde
- **name**: Berne
- **image coa**: DEU Berne COA.svg
- **image plan**: Berne in BRA.svg
- **image photo**: Berne St.-Aegidius Süd mit Turmseite309.JPG
- **image caption**: Church of Saint Aegidius
- **state**: Lower Saxony
- **district**: Wesermarsch
- **elevation**: 6
- **area**: 85.2
- **population**: 7256
- **stand**: 2003-12-31
- **postal code**: 27804
- **area code**: 04406
- **licence**: BRA
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 03 4 61 001
- **divisions**: 34 districts
- **website**: [https://www.berne.de/ www.berne.de]
- **mayor**: Hartmut Schierenstedt
- **party**: Ind
Tenna, Switzerland

**Tenna** was a municipality of the district of Surselva in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2013, the municipalities of Tenna,
Valendas, Versam and Safien joined and became the new municipality of Safiental.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Tenna
- **municipality name**: Tenna
- **municipality type**: former
- **imagepath coa**: Tenna wappen.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Tenna.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Graubünden
- **iso-code-region**: CH-GR
- **district**: Surselva (district), Surselva
- **postal code**: 7106
- **municipality code**: 3652
- **area**: 11.28
- **elevation**: 1654
- **population**: 110
- **populationof**: Dec 2011
- **popofyear**: 2011
- **neighboring municipalities**: Riein, Safien, Valendas, Versam
Safiental

**Safiental** () is a municipality in Surselva in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2013, the former municipalities Valendas, Versam, Safien and Tenna joined together to become the new municipality, Safiental.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Safiental
- **image photo**: Valendas Brunnen.jpg
- **image caption**: Town center and fountain of Valendas
- **municipality name**: Safiental
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Safiental COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Safiental 2013.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Graubünden
- **iso-code-region**: CH-GR
- **district**: Surselva (district), Surselva
- **postal code**: 7104 Versam
7106 Tenna
7107 Safien
7122 Valendas
- **municipality code**: 3672
- **area**: 151.42
- **population**: 928
- **populationof**: Dec 2011
- **popofyear**: 2011
- **website**: gemeinde.safiental.ch
- **places**: Valendas, Versam, Safien, Tenna
- **neighboring municipalities**: Castrisch, Flims, Riein, Sagogn, Bonaduz, Präz, Rhäzüns, Trin, Casti-Wergenstein, Duvin, Flerden, Mathon, Switzerland, Mathon, Nufenen, Pitasch, Portein, St. Martin, Graubünden, St. Martin, Sarn, Switzerland, Sarn, Splügen, Sufers, Tschappina, Vals, Switzerland, Vals
Morissen

**Morissen** () was a municipality, in the new municipality of Lumnezia and the district Surselva in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Morissen
- **municipality name**: Morissen
- **municipality type**: former
- **imagepath coa**: Morissen wappen.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Morissen.png
- **languages**: Romansh
- **canton**: Graubünden
- **iso-code-region**: CH-GR
- **district**: Surselva (district), Surselva
- **postal code**: 7143
- **municipality code**: 3596
- **area**: 5.7
- **elevation**: 1337
- **population**: 244
- **populationof**: December 2004
- **popofyear**: 2004
- **neighboring municipalities**: Cumbel, Luven, Surcuolm, Vella
Mahsun Kırmızıgül

**Mahsun Kırmızıgül** (born **Abdullah Bazencir**; March 26, 1969 in Bingöl, Turkey) is a Turkish actor, movie director, screenwriter and musician.

## Early life and career

Kırmızıgül was born on 26 March 1969 in Bingöl. He studied at primary and secondary schools in Diyarbakır. He started his career as a musician by singing for the weddings. In 1984, he was invited to Istanbul to make an album for _Güneş Plak_. The artist won acclaim with his movie _Beyaz Melek_ which he wrote, directed and played.

### TV series

- Alem Buysa... (1993)
- Bu Sevda Bitmez (1996)
- Hemşerim (1996)
- Yıkılmadım (1999)
- Zalım (2003)
- Aşka Sürgün (2005)
- Hayat Devam Ediyor (2011-2013) _General Director - Story_
- Benim İçin Üzülme (2012) _General Director - Story_
- Babalar ve Evlatlar  (2012) - Story_

### Cinema

- _Vezir Parmağı_ (2017) as actor, director, screenwriter.
- _The Miracle_ (2015) as actor, director, screenwriter.
- _New York'ta Beş Minare_ (2010) as actor, director, screenwriter.
- _Gecenin Kanatları_ (2009) as screenwriter.
- _Güneşi Gördüm_ (2009) as actor, director, screenwriter.
- _Beyaz Melek_ (2007) as actor, director, screnwriter.
- _Yaşamak Haram Oldu'' (1987)

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Mahsun Kırmızıgül
- **image**: Mahsun Kırmızıgül.jpg
- **caption**: Mahsun Kırmızıgül in 2013
- **birth place**: Bingöl, Turkey
- **occupation**: actor, movie director, Singer-songwriter, movie producer
- **years active**: 1984–present
Waltensburg/Vuorz

**Waltensburg/Vuorz** was a municipality of the district Surselva. It is in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2018, the former municipalities of Andiast and Waltensburg/Vuorz merged into the municipality of Breil/Brigels.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Waltensburg/Vuorz
- **municipality name**: Waltensburg/Vuorz
- **municipality type**: former
- **imagepath coa**: Waltensburg Vuorz wappen.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Waltensburg Vuorz.png
- **languages**: Romansh
- **canton**: Graubünden
- **iso-code-region**: CH-GR
- **district**: Surselva (district), Surselva
- **postal code**: 7158
- **municipality code**: 3616
- **area**: 32.32
- **elevation**: 1003
- **population**: 333
- **populationof**: Dec 2016
- **popofyear**: 2016
- **website**: www.waltensburg-vuorz.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Andiast, Breil/Brigels, Linthal (GL), Obersaxen, Rueun
Michelin

**Michelin** is a French tyre company. It is based in Clermont-Ferrand, France. It is the second largest tyre manufacturer in the world. In addition to the Michelin brand, it also owns the BFGoodrich, Kleber, Tigar, Riken, Kormoran and Uniroyal (in North America) tyre brands. The mascot is _Bibendum_, colloquially known as the Michelin Man.

In 2012, the Group produced 166 million tyres at 69 facilities located in 18 countries.

The company was founded in 1889.

## Other websites

- Official website
Malmerspach

**Malmerspach** is a commune. It is found in the Haut-Rhin department of eastern France.
Oophorectomy

**Oophorectomy** is the removal of an ovary or ovaries. It is similar to castration. People get an oophorectomy for many reasons. This may be to treat cancer or the menstrual cycle. It has also been proposed as a way of treating female sexual predators, female hebephiles and female pedophiles by stopping their libido.
Leoš Šimánek

**Leoš Šimánek** (born 19 April 1946) is a Czech traveler, photographer and mountaineer. He wrote more than 20 books about his travels.

Šimánek studied civil engineering. He left communist Czechoslovakia in 1968. He settled in Germany where he gained citizenship and lived at different times of his life. He worked as an architect in Passau. He also lived in Canada where he built his own cabin. He first wrote his books in German language but later also in his native Czech. Apart of travel books, he also wrote a novel called _V zajetí polární zimy_. As a mountaineer, he made first ascent at Mount Queen Bess in British Columbia.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Leoš Šimánek
- **birth place**: Choceň
- **nationality**: Czech
- **occupation**: Traveler, photographer, writer, mountaineer
Ewald Schurer

**Ewald Schurer** (15 April 1954 – 2 December 2017) was a German politician. He was born in Ebersberg, Germany. He was a member of the SPD.

Schurer died on 2 December 2017 at his home in Ebersberg, at the age of 63.

## Other websites

- Website from Ewald Schurer
- Biography by German Bundestag
Kjell Opseth

**Kjell Olav Opseth** (2 January 1936 – 3 December 2017) was a Norwegian politician. He was a member of the Labour Party. He was Minister of Transport and Communications from 1990 to 1996. He was also Minister of Local Government Affairs from 1996 to 1997. He was born in Førde, Sunnfjord, Vestland.

Opseth died on 3 December 2017 in Førde, at the age of 81.

## Other websites

- Kjell Opseth at Storting.no
St. Martin, Graubünden

**St. Martin** (, ) was a municipality of the district Surselva in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2015, the former municipality of St. Martin merged into the municipality of Vals.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: St. Martin
- **image photo**: St.Martin.jpg
- **municipality name**: St. Martin
- **municipality type**: former
- **imagepath coa**: St Martin wappen.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde St. Martin.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Graubünden
- **iso-code-region**: CH-GR
- **district**: Surselva (district), Surselva
- **postal code**: 7116
- **municipality code**: 3598
- **area**: 22.93
- **elevation**: 1003
- **population**: 35
- **populationof**: Dec 2013
- **neighboring municipalities**: Duvin, Lumbrein, Safien, Suraua, Vals, Switzerland, Vals, Vignogn
Surcuolm

**Surcuolm** is a former municipality of the district of Surselva in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland.

In 2009 it was merged with Flond to form the municipality of Mundaun.
Vella, Switzerland

**Vella** is a former municipality in the district Surselva in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2013 the former municipalities of Vella, Cumbel, Degen, Lumbrein, Morissen, Suraua, Vignogn and Vrin merged  into the new municipality of Lumnezia.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Vella
- **municipality name**: Vella
- **municipality type**: former
- **imagepath coa**: Vella wappen.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Vella.png
- **languages**: Romansh
- **canton**: Graubünden
- **iso-code-region**: CH-GR
- **district**: Surselva (district), Surselva
- **postal code**: 7144
- **municipality code**: 3605
- **area**: 7.38
- **elevation**: 1244
- **population**: 438
- **populationof**: Dec 2011
- **popofyear**: 2011
- **website**: www.vallumnezia.ch
- **mayor**: Daniel Blumenthal
- **neighboring municipalities**: Cumbel, Degen, Switzerland, Degen, Morissen, Obersaxen, Suraua, Surcuolm
Vignogn

**Vignogn** was a municipality, in the new municipality of Lumnezia and the district of Surselva in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Vignogn
- **municipality name**: Vignogn
- **municipality type**: former
- **imagepath coa**: Vignogn wappen.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Vignogn.png
- **languages**: Romansh
- **canton**: Graubünden
- **iso-code-region**: CH-GR
- **district**: Surselva (district), Surselva
- **postal code**: 7147
- **municipality code**: 3604
- **area**: 7.38
- **elevation**: 1239
- **population**: 170
- **populationof**: Dec 2011
- **popofyear**: 2011
- **website**: www.vallumnezia.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Degen, Switzerland, Degen, Lumbrein, Obersaxen, St. Martin, Graubünden, St. Martin, Suraua
Vrin

**Vrin** is a former municipality in the Swiss canton of Graubünden. It is found of the district Surselva. On 1 January 2013 the former municipalities of Vrin, Cumbel, Degen, Lumbrein, Morissen, Suraua, Vignogn and Vella merged into the new municipality of Lumnezia. In 1998, Vrin was awarded the Wakker Prize for the preservation of its architectural heritage. It was first mentioned in 1208 as _Varin_.

In 2011, 255 people lived there.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Vrin
- **municipality name**: Vrin
- **municipality type**: former
- **imagepath coa**: Vrin wappen.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Vrin.png
- **languages**: Romansh
- **canton**: Graubünden
- **iso-code-region**: CH-GR
- **district**: Surselva (district), Surselva
- **postal code**: 7149
- **municipality code**: 3606
- **area**: 71.23
- **elevation**: 1448
- **population**: 255
- **populationof**: Dec 2011
- **popofyear**: 2011
- **website**: www.vrin.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Blenio (TI), Lumbrein, Medel (Lucmagn), Sumvitg, Vals, Switzerland, Vals
- **image photo**: Vrin Dorf.jpg
San Martín de Trevejo

**San Martín de Trevejo** (Fala: _Sa Martín de Trevellu_) is a municipality in the province of Cáceres, Extremadura, Spain.

In 2008, 926 people lived there.
Oliva de Plasencia

**Oliva de Plasencia** is a municipality in the province of Cáceres, Extremadura, Spain.

In 2005, 252 people lived there.
Naudiha pranpur

**Naudiha pranpur** is a small village in Gaya district, Bihar (India). It is 40 kilometers from Jharkhand state border, 150 kilometers southeast from capital of Bihar, Patna, and 50 kilometers from Gaya town in southeast direction. This village is idle village of Fatehpur block and Naudiha sultanpur panchayatiraj.

## Address

- Village - Naudiha pranpur
- P.O-        Dharampur
- P.S-         Fatehpur
- Distt-       Gaya
- Constituency- Bodhgaya

- State-              Bihar
- Country-          India
- Continent -       Asia
- PIN -                805128

## Agriculture

Naudiha pranpur  is an agrigarian village. Agriculture is the main and only one source of income. Here, agriculture depend on monsoon and if monsoon fails, then drought condition happens.

### List of crops are grown here

- Paddy
- Wheat
- Arhar
- Masoor
- Potato
- Onion
- Vegetables

#### Fruits found in Naudiha Pranpur

1. Mango
1. Khazoor (date)
1. Blackberry
1. Plum (bair)