juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Belmont, Doubs

**Belmont** is a commune. It is in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in the Doubs department in east France.

## Personalities

It is the birthplace of Louis Pergaud (1882–1915), writer and soldier.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Belmont
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Belmont, maison natale de Louis Pergaud - img 44429.jpg
- **image coat of arms**: Blason ville fr Belmont 25.svg
- **arrondissement**: Pontarlier
- **canton**: Valdahon
- **insee**: 25052
- **postal code**: 25530
- **mayor**: Elisabeth Brossard
- **term**: 2020–2026
- **intercommunality**: Portes du Haut-Doubs
- **elevation m**: 613
- **elevation min m**: 535
- **elevation max m**: 633
- **area km2**: 4.72
Baixa

The **Baixa** (), is a neighborhood in the historic center of Lisbon, capital of Portugal.  It is north of the Praça do Comércio, somewhat between the Cais do Sodré and the Alfama district beneath the Lisbon Castle, and goes north towards the Avenida da Liberdade (Lisbon).

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Baixa
- **subdivision name2**: Santa Maria Maior (Lisbon), Santa Maria Maior
- **population density km2**: auto
- **population as of**: 2001
- **established date**: 1755
- **established title**: Foundation
- **subdivision type2**: _Freguesia_
- **subdivision name**: Lisbon
- **subdivision type**: Municipality
- **settlement type**: Neighborhood of Lisbon
- **other name**: Baixa Pombalina
Expresso (newspaper)

***Expresso*** () is the publication of the company Impresa and is published every week in Lisbon, Portugal.

## Infobox (newspaper)

- **name**: Expresso
- **logo**: Expresso newspaper logo.svg
- **type**: Weekly newspaper
- **format**: Berliner (format), Berliner
- **owners**: Impresa (Sojornal)
- **editor**: João Vieira Pereira
- **language**: Portuguese language, Portuguese
- **circulation**: 71,465 (January–August 2015)
- **headquarters**: Lisbon
- **issn**: 0870-1970
- **website**: [http://www.expresso.pt _Expresso_]
Villers-Pol

**Villers-Pol** is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 1,287 people lived there.

## Other websites

- INSEE commune file
Villers-au-Tertre

**Villers-au-Tertre** is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 661 people lived there.

## Other websites

- INSEE commune file
Villers-Buzon

**Villers-Buzon** is a commune. It is in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in the Doubs department in east France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Villers-Buzon
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Villers-Buzon, le lavoir-abreuvoir.jpg
- **image coat of arms**: Blason ville fr Villers-Buzon 25.svg
- **insee**: 25622
- **postal code**: 25170
- **arrondissement**: Besançon
- **canton**: Saint-Vit
- **mayor**: Boris Doubey
- **term**: 2020–2026
- **intercommunality**: Val Marnaysien
- **elevation min m**: 227
- **elevation max m**: 295
- **area km2**: 3.19
Craig Pawson

**Craig Pawson** (born 2 March 1979) is an English professional football referee. He officiated primarily in the Premier League. He has been promoted to the panel of Select Group Referees in 2013, as well as in the Football League.

He is based in Greater Manchester and is associated with the Lancashire FA

Craig Pawson is also a  Sunderland and Newcastle fan supporter.

## Infobox (football official)

- **name**: Craig Pawson
- **image**: Austria vs. Russia 20141115 (094).jpg
- **caption**: Pawson in 2014
- **birth place**: Burnley, England
- **years1**: ?
- **league1**: The Football League
- **role1**: Assistant referee
- **years2**: 2008—2013
- **league2**: The Football League
- **role2**: Referee
- **years3**: 2013–
- **league3**: Premier League
- **role3**: Referee
- **years4**: 2015—
- **league4**: FIFA International Referees List, FIFA listed
- **role4**: Referee
Villers-Chief

**Villers-Chief** is a commune. It is in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in the Doubs department in east France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Villers-Chief
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Villers-Chief, l'Audeux au moulin de Creuse.jpg
- **caption**: The Audeux river at the Creuse mill in Villers-Chief
- **insee**: 25623
- **postal code**: 25530
- **arrondissement**: Pontarlier
- **canton**: Valdahon
- **mayor**: Christian Bertin
- **term**: 2020–2026
- **intercommunality**: Portes du Haut-Doubs
- **elevation min m**: 547
- **elevation max m**: 773
- **area km2**: 7.83
Villers-la-Combe

**Villers-la-Combe** is a commune. It is in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in the Doubs department in east France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Villers-la-Combe
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Villers-la-Combe, vue générale du village.jpg
- **insee**: 25625
- **postal code**: 25510
- **arrondissement**: Pontarlier
- **canton**: Valdahon
- **mayor**: Raymond Bassignot
- **term**: 2020–2026
- **intercommunality**: Portes du Haut-Doubs
- **elevation min m**: 617
- **elevation max m**: 823
- **area km2**: 5.88
Agrarian socialism

**Agrarian socialism** is a political ideology that develops as a socialist version of agrarianism. Agrarian socialism also branches into agrarian communism, which was adapted by the English Diggers movement.
Bians-les-Usiers

**Bians-les-Usiers** is a former commune. It is in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in the Doubs department in east France. On 1 January 2024, it was merged into the new commune of Val-d'Usiers.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Bians-les-Usiers
- **commune**: Val-d'Usiers
- **image**: Bians-les-Usiers - Vierge.JPG
- **insee**: 25060
- **postal code**: 25520
- **arrondissement**: Pontarlier
- **canton**: Ornans
- **elevation min m**: 700
- **elevation max m**: 922
- **area km2**: 14.01
Mao Zedong Thought

**Mao Zedong Thought** (**MZT**) is a political thought and ideology that develops similarly to Maoism. It is based around the theories, practices, and concepts developed by the Communist Party of China (CPC) and Mao Zedong, whom was Chairman of the Communist Party of China until his death in 1976. It separates from Maoism due to differences with Marxism–Leninism–Maoism. Mao Zedong Thought is an application of Marxism and Leninism through Marxism–Leninism in China. MZT was the driving force behind the Cultural Revolution from 1966 to 1976.

### Early development

Mao Zedong, the father of Mao Zedong Thought, published his first work in April of 1917. It was titled _A Study of Physical Education_. _Analysis of the Classes in Chinese Society_ is a notable work Mao Zedong published prior to the start of the Chinese Civil War, being published in March of 1926. The _Report on an Investigation of the Peasant Movement In Hunan_ was published just a month before the Chinese Civil War began.

### Chinese Civil War

Following the start of the Chinese Civil War between the Communist Party of China and the Kuomintang in 1927, Mao Zedong continued publishing political works. Among these were _Why is it that Red Political Power can Exist in China?_, _The Struggle in the Chingkang Mountains_, _The Second Anniversary of An Wu-ching's Martyrdom_, and _On Correcting Mistaken Ideas in the Party_. These four works were published between 1928 and 1929.

### Cultural Revolution

The Cultural Revolution was considered a major cultural movement in the development of Mao Zedong Thought by the Socialist Unity Centre of India. The Red Guards, a group primarily consisting of young students, were pivotal in enforcing Mao Zedong Thought throughout the Cultural Revolution. They used violent tactics to uphold MZT and targeted anyone deemed anti-revolutionary. By the end of the Cultural Revolution in 1976, there were more than 500,000 estimated fatalities.
Bremondans

**Bremondans** is a commune. It is in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in the Doubs department in east France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Bremondans
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Brémondans, l'église de Leugney.jpg
- **insee**: 25089
- **postal code**: 25530
- **arrondissement**: Pontarlier
- **canton**: Valdahon
- **mayor**: Brigitte Taillard
- **term**: 2020–2026
- **intercommunality**: Portes du Haut-Doubs
- **elevation min m**: 522
- **elevation max m**: 664
- **area km2**: 7.22
Haratin

**Haratin** (), are a North African ethnic group native to western Sahel and southwestern Maghreb. The Haratin are mostly found in modern Mauritania, Morocco, Western Sahara, and Algeria. In Tunisia and Libya.

## Infobox (ethnic group)

- **group**: Haratin / Haratine
- **pop**: **> 1.5 million**
- **popplace**: (40%) ;
 (60%) An ethnic group in
(, , , , )
- **langs**: Maghrebi Arabic
Berber languages
- **rels**: Sunni Islam
Blackduck, Minnesota

**Blackduck** is a city in Beltrami County, Minnesota, United States. 845 people lived here at the 2020 census.
Bretonvillers

**Bretonvillers** is a commune. It is in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in the Doubs department in east France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Bretonvillers
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Bretonvillers, barrage et roue à aubes au Val.jpg
- **image coat of arms**: Blason ville fr Bretonvillers (Doubs).svg
- **insee**: 25095
- **postal code**: 25380
- **arrondissement**: Pontarlier
- **canton**: Valdahon
- **mayor**: Patrice Pretre
- **term**: 2020–2026
- **intercommunality**: Pays de Sancey-Belleherbe
- **elevation min m**: 445
- **elevation max m**: 922
- **area km2**: 13.66
Bugny

**Bugny** is a commune. It is in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in the Doubs department in east France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Bugny
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Bugny.JPG
- **insee**: 25099
- **postal code**: 25520
- **arrondissement**: Pontarlier
- **canton**: Ornans
- **mayor**: Frederic Laithier
- **term**: 2020–2026
- **intercommunality**: Montbenoît
- **elevation min m**: 845
- **elevation max m**: 970
- **area km2**: 4.77
Chamesey

**Chamesey** is a commune. It is in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in the Doubs department in east France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Chamesey
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Chamesey, l'église.jpg
- **insee**: 25113
- **postal code**: 25380
- **arrondissement**: Pontarlier
- **canton**: Valdahon
- **mayor**: Johann Devaux
- **term**: 2020–2026
- **intercommunality**: Pays de Sancey-Belleherbe
- **elevation min m**: 688
- **elevation max m**: 865
- **area km2**: 6.42
Idar-Oberstein

**Idar-Oberstein** is a town in Birkenfeld in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. About 30,000 people lived there.

Idar-Oberstein is known as a gemstone and garrison town. It is also the largest town in the Hunsrück.

Actor Bruce Willis was born here.

## Twin towns

Idar-Oberstein is twinned with:
- Achicourt, France
- Les Mureaux, France
- Margate, England, United Kingdom
- Turnov, Czech Republic

## Infobox (german location)

- **type**: Town
- **image coa**: DEU Idar-Oberstein COA.svg
- **image photo**: Idar-Oberstein Panorama.jpg
- **image plan**: Idar-Oberstein in BIR.svg
- **state**: Rheinland-Pfalz
- **district**: Birkenfeld
- **elevation**: 300
- **area**: 91.56
- **postal code**: 55743
- **area code**: 06781, 06784
- **licence**: BIR
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 07 1 34 045
- **website**: [http://www.idar-oberstein.de/ www.idar-oberstein.de]
- **mayor**: Frank Frühauf
- **leader term**: 2014–22
- **bürgermeistertitel**: Lord Mayor
- **party**: CDU
Eugenia stipitata

***Eugenia stipitata*** (**Araza**, Portuguese common names **araçá**, **araçá-boi**, Spanish common name **arazá**) is a guava-like fruit native to Brazil and parts of Peru. It is commonly found in the Rio Ucayali Valley. This small fruit has a yellow or green color, soft pulp, and is sour in taste. Brazil and Peru use araza as an ingredient in drinks, nectars, ice creams, and marmalades.
La Chaux, Doubs

**La Chaux** is a commune. It is in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in the Doubs department in east France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: La Chaux
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Paysage hivernal à La Chaux-de-Gilley. L'église et le village..JPG
- **insee**: 25139
- **postal code**: 25650
- **arrondissement**: Pontarlier
- **canton**: Ornans
- **mayor**: Stéphane Lambert
- **term**: 2020–2026
- **intercommunality**: Montbenoît
- **elevation min m**: 864
- **elevation max m**: 1113
- **area km2**: 16.94
Chaux-lès-Passavant

**Chaux-lès-Passavant** is a commune. It is in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in the Doubs department in east France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Chaux-lès-Passavant
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Chaux-les-Passavant, mairie - img 44441.jpg
- **insee**: 25141
- **postal code**: 25530
- **arrondissement**: Pontarlier
- **canton**: Valdahon
- **mayor**: Gérard Jacquin
- **term**: 2020–2026
- **intercommunality**: Portes du Haut-Doubs
- **elevation min m**: 420
- **elevation max m**: 639
- **area km2**: 8.44
Chevigney-lès-Vercel

**Chevigney-lès-Vercel** is a commune. It is in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in the Doubs department in east France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Chevigney-lès-Vercel
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Chevigney-les-Vercel, mairie - img 44414.jpg
- **image coat of arms**: Blason ville fr Chevigney-lès-Vercel 25.svg
- **insee**: 25151
- **postal code**: 25530
- **arrondissement**: Pontarlier
- **canton**: Valdahon
- **mayor**: Marine Punkow
- **term**: 2020–2026
- **intercommunality**: Portes du Haut-Doubs
- **elevation min m**: 603
- **elevation max m**: 700
- **area km2**: 5.38
Consolation-Maisonnettes

**Consolation-Maisonnettes** is a commune. It is in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in the Doubs department in east France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Consolation-Maisonnettes
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Val de Consolation, le monastère.jpg
- **insee**: 25161
- **postal code**: 25390
- **arrondissement**: Pontarlier
- **canton**: Valdahon
- **mayor**: Jean-Claude Joly
- **term**: 2020–2026
- **intercommunality**: Portes du Haut-Doubs
- **elevation min m**: 495
- **elevation max m**: 880
- **area km2**: 4.31
Courtetain-et-Salans

**Courtetain-et-Salans** is a commune. It is in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in the Doubs department in east France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Courtetain-et-Salans
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Mairie courtetain-et-salans.JPG
- **insee**: 25175
- **postal code**: 25530
- **arrondissement**: Pontarlier
- **canton**: Valdahon
- **mayor**: Sandrine Corne
- **term**: 2020–2026
- **intercommunality**: Portes du Haut-Doubs
- **elevation min m**: 530
- **elevation max m**: 722
- **area km2**: 6.85
Domprel

**Domprel** is a commune. It is in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in the Doubs department in east France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Domprel
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Croix de Domprel 02.JPG
- **caption**: The cross in Domprel
- **image coat of arms**: Blason ville fr Domprel 25.svg
- **insee**: 25203
- **postal code**: 25510
- **arrondissement**: Pontarlier
- **canton**: Valdahon
- **mayor**: Michel Morel
- **term**: 2020–2026
- **intercommunality**: Portes du Haut-Doubs
- **elevation min m**: 680
- **elevation max m**: 789
- **area km2**: 9.4
Épenouse

**Épenouse** is a commune. It is in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in the Doubs department in east France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Épenouse
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Epenouse - img 44423.jpg
- **arrondissement**: Pontarlier
- **canton**: Valdahon
- **insee**: 25218
- **postal code**: 25530
- **mayor**: Cédric Schittecatte
- **term**: 2020–2026
- **intercommunality**: Portes du Haut-Doubs
- **elevation m**: 650
- **elevation min m**: 546
- **elevation max m**: 672
- **area km2**: 5.75
History of Iraq

The **history of Iraq**, also known as **Iraqi history**, is an aspect of world history that is based in the Middle East, focusing around the country of Iraq.

## Prehistory

One of the first known sites in prehistoric Iraq is the Shanidar Cave. The region of Mesopotamia was a major part of the Neolithic revolution in around 10,000 BCE.
ISO 3166-2:BE

**ISO 3166-2:BE** is the entry for Belgium in ISO 3166-2, it is part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which makes codes for the names of the subdivisions (like provinces or states) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1.
Indo-Parthian Kingdom

The **Indo-Parthian Kingdom** was a Parthian kingdom that existed from 19 to about 226 AD in what is now eastern Iran, most of Pakistan and parts of Afghanistan and northwestern India.

It was founded by Gondophares with Taxila.

## Main rulers

- Gondophares I (c. 19 – 46) Coin
- Gondophares II Sarpedones (first years AD – c. 20 AD)Coin
- Abdagases I (first years AD – mid-1st century AD) Coin
- Gondophares III Gudana, previously Orthagnes (c. 20 AD – 30 AD)
- Gondophares IV Sases, (mid-1st century AD)
- Ubouzanes, (late-1st century AD)
- Pacores (late 1st century AD) Coin

## Related pages

- Indo-Greek Kingdom
- History of Pakistan
- Kushan Empire

## Other websites

- Coins of the Indo-Parthians
Manipur bush rat

The **Manipur bush rat** (, ) or **Hume's rat** or **Hume's hadromys** is a species of rodent. It belongs to the family Muridae. It is found in Manipur and other Northeastern Indian regions. It is an endangered species.

## Home

The species lives only in Northeast India. It has been recorded from several localities. These are:
1. Bishnupur in Manipur
1. Imphal in Manipur
1. Senapati in Manipur
1. Karong (specimen FMNH 76562) in Manipur.
1. Angarakhata in Kamrup district (Assam)

The Manipur bush rat lives at places with medium altitudes from  above sea level. It lives in tropical evergreen, moist deciduous and evergreen forests. It is also found in secondary forests in Northeastern India.

## Finding out

The murid was described by Oldfield Thomas in 1886. The description was from specimens in the Manipur collection of Allan Octavian Hume. It was donated to the British Museum (Natural History) after Hume's life's work in ornithological notes were sold by a servant as waste paper. The Manipur Bush Rat was named in honour of him. The collection has two male and two female specimens. It was recorded to be collected on 23 March 1881 from Moirang in Manipur. It was the type locality for this species.

## Description

The specimen has been described by Thomas (1886) as:

The length of the head and the body of the largest specimen was that of a female. It was  long. The length of its tail was  long. Elsewhere, the head and body length has been given as head and body length as , the tail length as . The weight has been recorded as ranging from .

## Safeguarding level

The species has been given safeguarding level (conservation status) of "Endangered - B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)" in IUCN Red List ver 3.1. The rules for this rating include:
- maximum area of living (less than ).
- maximum geographical area of span (less than ).
- less than five reported areas.
- continuing decline in areas and destruction of homes.

The main causes of damages to the conditions of this species are found to be loss of and destruction of home, separation, and overpass. Other than these, hunting and firing are also the contributing causes.
David Neil MacKenzie

**David Neil MacKenzie** FBA (8 April 1926 – 13 October 2001) was a scholar of Iranian languages.

MacKenzie helped with the study of Iranic languages. This includes Middle Persian, Sogdian and Pashto.

He wrote the _Concise Pahlavi Dictionary_ (1971). It was one of the most famous lexicographic(a dictionary that translates two languages) books for the 9th-12th century Zoroastrian texts.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: David Neil MacKenzie
- **birth date**: 8 April 1926
- **birth place**: London, UK
- **death date**: 13 October 2001
- **death place**: Bangor, Gwynedd, Bangor, Wales, UK
- **occupation**: Linguist
Hichilema Cabinet

The **Hichilema Cabinet** is the 15th cabinet of Zambia and the cabinet of Hakainde Hichilema from 2021 until 2026. The previous cabinet is Second Lungu Cabinet from 2016 to 2021.
Manipur bush quail

The **Manipur bush quail** (, ) is a species of quail found in Manipur and other Northeastern Indian regions. It lives in humid and moist grasslands, particularly among tall grasses. It was first collected and described by Allan Octavian Hume on a mission to study about birds of Manipur in 1881.

_P. manipurensis_ is listed as "Endangered" on the IUCN's Red List. Its home place is small, separated and fastly becoming smaller.

No one was confirmed of seeing the bird from 1932 until June 2006. In 2006, Anwaruddin Choudhury reported seeing the quail in Assam.

BBC News reported the speech of the conservation director of the Wildlife Trust of India, Rahul Kaul, as "This creature has almost literally returned from the dead."

## History

There is a 1911 report by Frank Finn. It was based on Captain Wood's field notes of 1899. It noted that the species was common in the past. Captain Wood noted that the bird was commonly trapped by Manipuri people after bush fires. Further, he also noted the Manipuri language name was _lanz-soibol_ (literally meaning "trap quail").
Anthony Taylor (referee)

**Anthony Taylor** (born 20 October 1978) is an English non-professional football referee from Wythenshawe, Manchester.

In 2010, he was promoted to the list of Select Group Referees who specialize in the Premier League, and in 2013 he became a registered referee for FIFA allowing him to referee European and international matches. In 2015, he attended the Carabao Cup final at Wembley Stadium when Chelsea beat Tottenham Hotspur 2-0. Taylor returned to Wembley Stadium later that year to attend the FA Community Shield as Arsenal beat Chelsea 1-0. He commented on the 2017 and 2020 FA Cup finals, both between Chelsea and Arsenal; Arsenal won both times 2-1. When selected, he became the first to referee a second FA Cup Final since Arthur Kingscott in 1901.

## Infobox (football official)

- **name**: Anthony Taylor
- **image**: FC Salzburg vs. Atletico Madrid (2025-01-29 UEFA Championsleague) 48.jpg
- **birth place**: Wythenshawe, Manchester, England
- **years1**: 2002–2004
- **league1**: Northern Premier League
- **role1**: Referee
- **years2**: 2004–2006
- **league2**: Football Conference
- **role2**: Referee
- **years3**: 2006–2010
- **league3**: The Football League
- **role3**: Referee
- **years4**: 2010–
- **league4**: Premier League
- **role4**: Referee
- **internationalyears1**: 2013—
- **confederation1**: FIFA International Referees List, FIFA listed
- **internationalrole1**: Referee
Manipur white-toothed rat

The **Manipur white-toothed rat** (, ) is a species of rodent. It belongs to the family Muridae. It is found in Manipur of Northeastern India, northern and central Myanmar and Yunnan province of China (west of the Salween River).

## Home

In India, it is found in
1. Bishenpur, Senapati and Imphal in Manipur
1. Golaghat in Assam
1. Kekrima Hills and Naga Hills in Nagaland
Manipur fulvetta

The **Manipur fulvetta**  or **Manipur streak-throated fulvetta** () is a species of bird. It belongs to the biological family Sylviidae. It is named after Manipur State in Northeast India. Like the other typical fulvettas, it was included in the Timaliidae genus _Alcippe_ for a very long time. Additionally, it was included in _F. cinereiceps_ as a subspecies for a very long time. The common name "streak-throated fulvetta" is related to all the birds of its species. The typical _F. cinereiceps_ are now called "Grey-hooded fulvetta".

It is found in Manipur of Northeast India, Myanmar and Yunnan of China.

Its natural home are temperate forests. Its condition was first checked up for the IUCN Red List in 2008. It was listed as a "Species of Least Concern".

## Other websites

- BirdLife International (BLI) (2008a) Streak-throated Fulvetta Species Factsheet. Retrieved 2008-MAY-26.
- BirdLife International (BLI) (2008b): [[2008 IUCN Redlist status changes]](https://web.archive.org/web/20080914020126/http://www.birdlife.org/action/science/species/global_species_programme/whats_new.html). Retrieved 2008-MAY-23.
- Collar, N.J. & Robson, Craig (2007): Family Timaliidae (Babblers). _In:_ del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew & Christie, D.A. (eds.): _Handbook of Birds of the World, Volume 12_ (Picathartes to Tits and Chickadees): 70-291. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.
Hoya manipurensis

***Hoya manipurensis*** is an oleander plant species. It was first described by Debendra Bijoy Deb. _Hoya manipurensis_ belongs to the genus "Hoya". It belongs to the family of oleander plants. No subspecies are listed in the Catalog of Life.

## References

</references>

## Other websites

- Hoya manipurensis_Royal Botanic Garden, Kew
You Are Old, Father William

"**You Are Old, Father William**" is a poem by Lewis Carroll. It appears in his 1865 novel _Alice's Adventures in Wonderland_. It is recited by Alice in Chapter 5.

## The poem

"You are old, Father William," the young man said,

"And your hair has become very white;

And yet you incessantly stand on your head—

Do you think, at your age, it is right?"

"In my youth," Father William replied to his son,

"I feared it might injure the brain;

But now that I'm perfectly sure I have none,

Why, I do it again and again."

"You are old," said the youth, "as I mentioned before,

And have grown most uncommonly fat;

Yet you turned a back-somersault in at the door—

Pray, what is the reason of that?"

"In my youth," said the sage, as he shook his grey locks,

"I kept all my limbs very supple

By the use of this ointment—one shilling the box—

Allow me to sell you a couple."

"You are old," said the youth, "and your jaws are too weak

For anything tougher than suet;

Yet you finished the goose, with the bones and the beak—

Pray, how did you manage to do it?"

"In my youth," said his father, "I took to the law,

And argued each case with my wife;

And the muscular strength, which it gave to my jaw,

Has lasted the rest of my life."

"You are old," said the youth, "one would hardly suppose

That your eye was as steady as ever;

Yet you balanced an eel on the end of your nose—

What made you so awfully clever?"

"I have answered three questions, and that is enough,"

Said his father; "don't give yourself airs!

Do you think I can listen all day to such stuff?

Be off, or I'll kick you down the stairs!
Bobby Madley

**Robert "Bobby" Madley** (born 6 October 1985) is an English professional football referee. He was on list of Select Group Referees  in the Premier League between 2013 and 2018. He was in the Football League as a referee from 2010. He was one of the youngest officials to progress to the top-flight of English football.

Madley was previously one of the referee development officers for the West Riding County Football Association before taking up a full-time role with the Professional Game Match Officials Limited (PGMOL). His older brother Andrew Madley, is a Football League referee.

## Infobox (football official)

- **name**: Bobby Madley
- **fullname**: Robert Madley
- **image**: Robert Madley 2015.jpg
- **birth place**: Wakefield, West Yorkshire, England
- **years1**: 2010–2018
- **league1**: The Football League
- **role1**: Referee
- **years2**: 2013–2018
- **league2**: Premier League
- **role2**: Referee
- **years3**: 2020–
- **league3**: The Football League
- **role3**: Referee
- **internationalyears1**: 2016—2018
- **confederation1**: FIFA International Referees List, FIFA listed
- **internationalrole1**: Referee
Graham Poll

**Graham Poll** (born 29 July 1963) is an English former football referee in the Premier League.

## Career

With 26 years of experience, he was one of the most famous referees in English football. He was often taking charge of the highest-profile games. His final domestic game in a career spanning 1,544 matches was the Championship play-off final on 28 May 2007 between Derby County and West Bromwich Albion.

He was the English representative at two World Cups and UEFA Euro 2000, and refereed the 2005 UEFA Cup Final.

In his third game of the 2006 FIFA World Cup in Germany, Croatia vs Australia, he cautioned Croatian defender Josip Šimunić three time before sending him off. Poll retired from refereeing international tournament finals matches shortly afterwards, citing his error in the match. He continued to referee in the Premier League, Champions League and on international games, but said he would disallow himself to be nominated to represent the FA at any tournament finals as he felt he had his chance.

## Infobox (football official)

- **name**: Graham Poll
- **image**: Graham poll.JPG
- **birth place**: Hitchin, Hertfordshire, England
- **otheroccupation**: Television pundit, newspaper columnist
- **years1**: ?–1991
- **league1**: Isthmian League
- **role1**: Referee
- **years2**: 1986—1991
- **league2**: The Football League
- **role2**: Referee
- **years3**: 1991–1993
- **league3**: The Football League
- **role3**: Referee
- **years4**: 1993–2007
- **league4**: Premier League
- **role4**: Referee
- **years5**: 1996—2007
- **league5**: FIFA International Referees List, FIFA listed
- **role5**: Referee
Furry Vengeance

***Furry Vengeance*** is a 2010 American family black comedy film directed by Roger Kumble, produced by Robert Simonds and Keith Goldberg, written by Michael Carnes and Josh Gilbert, co-produced by Participant Media, Imagenation Abu Dhabi and Robert Simonds Productions with music by Edward Shearmur, and distributed by Summit Entertainment.

It stars Brendan Fraser, Brooke Shields, and Ken Jeong with Dee Bradley Baker as the different animal vocal effects. It was theatrically released on April 30, 2010. The film earned $36.2 million on a $35 million budget.

_Furry Vengeance_ was Fraser's final film as part of the William Morris Endeavor agency, as he switched to the Creative Arts Agency in 2010. This film was also Alice Drummond's final feature film role before her death on November 30, 2016.

## Infobox (film)

- **name**: Furry Vengeance
- **director**: Roger Kumble
- **music**: Edward Shearmur
- **cinematography**: Peter Lyons Collister
- **editing**: Lawrence Jordan
- **distributor**: Summit Entertainment
- **runtime**: 92 minutes
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **budget**: $35 million
Mega Babies

***Mega Babies*** is an animated children's television series created by Paul Rudish, who had previously made the Cartoon Network shows _Dexter's Laboratory_, _The Powerpuff Girls_ and _Samurai Jack_. It is produced by CinéGroupe and Landmark Entertainment Group in association with Sony Wonder.

The series was broadcast on Cartoon Network and Teletoon. The show was also aired in UK on Sky One's weekday mornings and later repeated on Channel 5 on weekend mornings between 2001 and 2002.

## Infobox (television)

- **genre**: Adventure
Action fiction
Toilet humor
Comedy
- **creator**: Paul Rudish
- **music**: James Fieldman
Gary Guttman
- **director**: Kevin Patrick Currie
- **narrated**: Terrence Scammell
- **country**: Canada
United States
- **language**: English
- **num seasons**: 2
- **num episodes**: 52
- **list episodes**: #Episodes
- **runtime**: 10–11 minutes
Portuguese Constitution of 1822

The **Portuguese Constitution of 1822** () approved on 23 September 1822 was the first Portuguese constitution, it was an attempt to end absolutism (absolute monarchy) and introduce a constitutional monarchy. It was important to the history of democracy in Portugal. It was replaced by the Constitutional Charter of 1826.

The constitution was the result of the Constituent Cortes of 1820, which happened after the Liberal Revolution.
Time in Portugal

**Portugal** has two time zones and has daylight saving time.

Continental Portugal and Madeira use UTC+00:00 and the Azores use UTC–01:00.

Daylight saving time is observed in the whole country from the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in October. So, every year, continental Portugal and Madeira then use UTC+01:00, and the Azores then use UTC+00:00.
Trachycephalus dibernardoi

***Trachycephalus dibernardoi*** is a frog that lives in Brazil and Argentina.  Scientists think it might also live in Paraguay.

## Taxonomy

- First scientific paper
Scientists wrote the first paper about this species in 2008. Herpetologists Axel Kwet and Mirco Solé wrote it.

- First place found

Officially, scientists first found this species here: "Centro de Pesquisas e Conservação da Natureza (CPCN) Pró Mata, at these map numbers: , at 950 meters above sea level, in the town of São Francisco de Paula in the state of Río Grande del Sur, Brazil."

- First frog looked at

Scientists wrote about the first sample this way: MCP 2422; an adult female frog that Kewt and Marcos Di Bernardo found on January 20, 1996. They put it in the PUCRS Museum of Science and Technology in Porto Alegre.

- Name

The genus name _Trachycephalus_ comes from the Greek word _Trachy_ for "rough" and _cephalus_ for "head." The species name _dibernardoi_ is for the last name of the frog scientist Marcos Di Bernardo.  The other scientists named the frog after him because he found so much knowledge about the frogs and other amphibians of Río Grande del Sur. Di-Bernardo was a teacher of zoology at the Pontifical Catholic University of Río Grande do Sul (PUCRS). He and the other scientists caught the first sample frog.  Together, they wrote the book _Pró-Mata: Anfíbios da Serra Gaúcha, Sul do Brasil_, or _Amphibians of Serra Gaucha_ in English. In 2006, Di Bernardo died of skin cancer when he was 42 years old.

## Characteristics

This frog is very large for a hylid.  The adult male frog is 57.2 mm long from nose to rear end and the adult female frog is 77.6 mm long. The iris of the frog's eye is yellow. It has black lines that make a pattern coming out from a circle.  There are four clear marks that look like petals from a flower.  The skin of its back looks brown or olive in color. It has a pattern of marks that look like eyes and other patches.  There are black and white bands on its legs.  Unlike _T. imitatrix_, it has a white parallelogram from each eye down its body.

## Distribution and habitat

Within Brazil, scientists have seen this frog in the states of Río Grande do Sul (towns of São Francisco de Paula, at 950 m, and Machadinho, at 760 m) and in the western part of the state of Santa Catarina (town of Seara, at 550 m).

It also lives in the most northeastern part of Argentina, in the province of Misiones, according to material from El Soberbio (departament of Guaraní, at 190 m). In those papers, the frog is called _Phrynohyas imitatrix_.

Scientists think this frog lives in many places.  It lives no lower than 150 meters above sea level and no higher than 1100 meters above sea level through all of the Sierra Geral mountains and places nearby.  Scientists think it could also live in western Paraguay and in the state of Paraná in Brazil.

## Threats

The International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN), says this species is "not in much danger of dying out" in its Red List of Endangered Species.
BreadTube

**BreadTube**, or **LeftTube**, is a group of online content creators making videos. They often make video essays and livestreams from left-wing perspectives like socialism, communism or anarchism.

## Videos

BreadTube creators post videos on YouTube that are discussed on other online platforms, like Reddit. Some BreadTube creators livestream on Twitch.

## Creators

Some well-known BreadTube Creators are Vaush, Hasan Piker and ContraPoints.

BreadTube creators are known to join in a form of "algorithmic hijacking". They will choose to focus on the same topics discussed by content creators with right-wing politics. This lets their videos being recommended to the same audiences who like right-wing or far-right videos. They can expose their thoughts to a wider audience. Many BreadTube creators are funded through crowdfunding. The channels often serve as introductions to left-wing politics for young viewers.

## Infobox (website)

- **name**: BreadTube
- **commercial**: No
- **type**: Online video community
- **language**: English
- **founded**: mid-2010s
- **current status**: Active
- **genre**: Political commentary, video essays, livestreams
- **registration**: Optional
- **revenue**: Crowdfunding (Patreon, donations)
- **associated people**: ContraPoints, Vaush, Hasan Piker
- **platforms**: YouTube, Twitch
- **other names**: LeftTube
Allan Havey

**Allan Havey** (born September 19, 1954) is an American stand-up comic and actor.

## Career

He started his career as a comedian in New York City in 1981. He made his national debut in 1986 on _Late Night with David Letterman_ and made many appearances on the show throughout the 1980s and 1990s. When Letterman left NBC for CBS after not being chosen to replace Johnny Carson as host of _The Tonight Show_, Havey was one of several comedians considered by NBC to replace Letterman.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Allan Havey
- **birth place**: St. Louis, Missouri, United States, U.S.
- **occupation**: Actor, comedian
- **years active**: 1981—present
Ivaylo Andonov

**Ivaylo Viktorov Andonov** (; born 14 August 1967) is a Bulgarian former professional footballer who played as a forward.

## Football career

After starting professionally with hometown's PFC Pirin Blagoevgrad, Andonov was constantly being one of the first division top scorers.

Between 1994 and 1996, he spent his playing career in Spain and Germany. Returning afterwards to CSKA, Andonov scored 18 times in 25 matches, for another championship. He retired in 2000 at the age of 33, after two seasons with PFC Lokomotiv Sofia and another spell in Germany, with 1. FC Union Berlin.

Andonov gained five caps for Bulgaria and was picked for the squad at the 1994 FIFA World Cup, but did not leave the bench during the tournament in the United States as the national team finished in fourth position.

In 2001, he established his own children's academy near the village Pokrovnik.

## Honours

**CSKA Sofia**
- Bulgarian League: 1991–92, 1996–97
- Bulgarian Cup: 1992–93, 1996–97

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Ivaylo Andonov
- **image**: Ivaylo andonov.jpg
- **fullname**: Ivaylo Viktorov Andonov
- **birth place**: Blagoevgrad, Bulgaria
- **position**: Forward (association football), Forward
- **years1**: 1987–1991
- **clubs1**: OFC Pirin Blagoevgrad, Pirin Blagoevgrad
- **caps1**: 95
- **goals1**: 19
- **years2**: 1991–1994
- **clubs2**: PFC CSKA Sofia, CSKA Sofia
- **caps2**: 84
- **goals2**: 55
- **years3**: 1994–1995
- **clubs3**: Albacete Balompié, Albacete
- **caps3**: 24
- **goals3**: 4
- **years4**: 1995–1996
- **clubs4**: Arminia Bielefeld
- **caps4**: 20
- **goals4**: 2
- **years5**: 1996–1998
- **clubs5**: PFC CSKA Sofia, CSKA Sofia
- **caps5**: 53
- **goals5**: 29
- **years6**: 1998–1999
- **clubs6**: FC Lokomotiv 1929 Sofia, Lokomotiv Sofia
- **caps6**: 24
- **goals6**: 7
- **years7**: 1999–2000
- **clubs7**: 1. FC Union Berlin, Union Berlin
- **caps7**: 28
- **goals7**: 7
- **years8**: 2000–2001
- **clubs8**: OFC Pirin Blagoevgrad, Pirin Blagoevgrad
- **caps8**: 26
- **goals8**: 14
- **totalcaps**: 354
- **totalgoals**: 137
- **nationalyears1**: 1991–1997
- **nationalteam1**: Bulgaria national football team, Bulgaria
- **nationalcaps1**: 5
- **nationalgoals1**: 0
Marcel Appiah

**Marcel Appiah** (born 26 March 1988) is a German professional footballer who plays as a centre-back or right-back for VfB Oldenburg. He previously played for Eredivisie club NEC, Arminia Bielefeld, VfL Osnabrück, Birmingham Legion, and VfR Aalen.

## Career

Appiah played in the youth for TuS Ennepetal, FC Schalke 04, TSG Sprockhövel, VfL Bochum and SG Wattenscheid. He made his professional debut in the 2. Bundesliga on 24 April 2010 against 1. FC Kaiserslautern.

## Honours

**NEC**
- Eerste Divisie: 2014–15

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Marcel Appiah
- **image**: Appiah, Marcel BIE 13-14 WP.JPG
- **caption**: Appiah in 2013
- **birth place**: Schwelm, West Germany
- **height**: 1.89 m
- **position**: Centre-back, right back
- **youthyears1**: 1994–1999
- **youthclubs1**: TuS Ennepetal
- **youthyears2**: 1999–2004
- **youthclubs2**: FC Schalke 04, Schalke 04
- **youthyears3**: 2004
- **youthclubs3**: TSG Sprockhövel
- **youthyears4**: 2005
- **youthclubs4**: VfL Bochum
- **youthyears5**: 2005–2007
- **youthclubs5**: SG Wattenscheid 09, Wattenscheid 09
- **years1**: 2007–2008
- **clubs1**: TSG Sprockhövel
- **caps1**: 19
- **goals1**: 1
- **years2**: 2008–2011
- **clubs2**: Arminia Bielefeld II
- **caps2**: 64
- **goals2**: 1
- **years3**: 2010–2014
- **clubs3**: Arminia Bielefeld
- **caps3**: 106
- **goals3**: 5
- **years4**: 2014–2016
- **clubs4**: N.E.C. (football club), NEC
- **caps4**: 50
- **goals4**: 0
- **years5**: 2016–2018
- **clubs5**: VfL Osnabrück
- **caps5**: 61
- **goals5**: 0
- **years6**: 2019
- **clubs6**: Birmingham Legion FC, Birmingham Legion
- **caps6**: 3
- **goals6**: 0
- **years7**: 2019–2021
- **clubs7**: VfR Aalen
- **caps7**: 44
- **goals7**: 0
- **years8**: 2021–2024
- **clubs8**: VfB Oldenburg
- **caps8**: 77
- **goals8**: 1
- **club-update**: 15:30, 4 July 2024 (UTC)
Jarred Gillett

**Jarred Gavan Gillett** (born 1 November 1986) is an Australian football referee in the Premier League, following the announcement on 3 August 2021, that he had been promoted to the Select Group referees list.

## Infobox (football official)

- **name**: Jarred Gillett
- **fullname**: Jarred Gavan Gillett
- **birth place**: Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- **years1**: 2010—2019
- **league1**: A-League Men, Hyundai A-League
- **role1**: Referee
- **years2**: 2019–
- **league2**: EFL
- **role2**: Referee
- **years3**: 2021—
- **league3**: Premier League
- **role3**: Referee
- **years4**: 2013–2019
- **league4**: FIFA International Referees List, FIFA listed
- **role4**: Referee
Ilija Aračić

**Ilija Aračić** (born 15 November 1970) is a Croatian football coach and a former player who played as a striker.

## Club career

Aračić was born in Slavonski Brod, SR Croatia, SFR Yugoslavia. He started his footballing career as a 9-year-old at Croatian team NK Ukrina Novo Selo, before moving to the team at the age of 14. His father Anto played professionally at the time for NK Polet Bosanski Brod. He later played for his local team where he was spotted by scouts of Prva HNL side NK Rijeka. Aračić, a drafter by trade, left Croatia as a result of the War of Independence, signed for Chemnitzer FC in Germany before transferring to Tennis Borussia Berlin in the summer of 1997. During the 1998–99 season, after impressing Hertha BSC with his two goals against them in the DFB-Pokal, quickly signed for TeBe's West Berlin rivals where he played for one and a half years before moving to Arminia Bielefeld and retiring.

## Post-playing career

In 2004 Aračić took over as coach of FC Augsburg's youth team. On 1 January 2012, he became head coach of the under-19 team of VfB Stuttgart. Aračić moved to FV Illertissen in 2016. In January 2018 he returned to VfB Stuttgart and became assistant coach of Tayfun Korkut.

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Ilija Aračić
- **image**: Ilija aracic.jpg
- **birth place**: Slavonski Brod, Socialist Republic of Croatia, SR Croatia, Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, SFR Yugoslavia
- **height**: 1.88 m
- **position**: Striker (association football), Striker
- **youthyears1**: 1980–1985
- **youthclubs1**: Ukrina Novo Selo
- **youthyears2**: 1985–1991
- **youthclubs2**: Polet Bosanksi Brod
- **years1**: 1991–1993
- **clubs1**: Slavonski Brod
- **years2**: 1993–1994
- **caps2**: 19
- **goals2**: 2
- **clubs2**: NK Rijeka, Rijeka
- **years3**: 1994–1997
- **caps3**: 78
- **goals3**: 22
- **clubs3**: Chemnitzer FC
- **years4**: 1997–1998
- **caps4**: 49
- **goals4**: 24
- **clubs4**: Tennis Borussia Berlin
- **years5**: 1999–2000
- **caps5**: 25
- **goals5**: 6
- **clubs5**: Hertha BSC
- **years6**: 2000–2002
- **caps6**: 36
- **goals6**: 3
- **clubs6**: Arminia Bielefeld
- **totalcaps**: 188
- **totalgoals**: 55
- **manageryears1**: 2004–2011
- **managerclubs1**: FC Augsburg, Augsburg (youth team coach)
- **manageryears2**: 2012–2015
- **managerclubs2**: VfB Stuttgart (youth team coach)
- **manageryears3**: 2016–2018
- **managerclubs3**: FV Illertissen
- **manageryears4**: 2018
- **managerclubs4**: VfB Stuttgart (assistant)
- **manageryears5**: 2021
- **managerclubs5**: PFC CSKA Moscow, CSKA Moscow (assistant)
- **manageryears6**: 2021–2022
- **managerclubs6**: Hertha BSC (assistant)
ISO 3166-2:PT

**ISO 3166-2:PT** is the entry for Portugal in ISO 3166-2, it is part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which makes codes for the names of the  subdivisions (like provinces or states) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1.
ISO 3166-2:AD

**ISO 3166-2:AD** is the entry for Andorra in ISO 3166-2, it is part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which makes codes for the names of the subdivisions (like provinces or states) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1.

## Codes

Subdivision names are listed as in the ISO 3166-2 standard published by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency (ISO 3166/MA).

|Code|Subdivision name (ca)|Seal|
| --- | --- | --- |
||Andorra la Vella||
||Canillo||
||Encamp||
||Escaldes-Engordany||
||La Massana||
||Ordino||
||Sant Julià de Lòria||
Paul Tierney (referee)

**Paul Tierney** (born 25 December 1980) is a football referee from Wigan, Lancashire, who officiates primarily in the Premier League. He first officiated in the Premier League on 30 August 2014. Tierney was promoted to the FIFA International Referees List on 1 January 2018. He is registered with the Lancashire Football Association.

## Career

His first experience of a Premier League match in the middle came in the 2014/2015 campaign when he was in charge of Swansea City versus West Bromwich Albion at the Liberty Stadium on 30 August 2014.

Tierney got a taste of officiating in the Premier League in the 2008/09 season when he was the linesman for the match at St James' Park between Newcastle United and Hull City.

The official then became a member of the National Group of Referees ahead of the 2009/10 campaign, with Macccesfield Town against Notts County on the opening weekend of the League Two season being the first fixture he officiated.

## Infobox (football official)

- **name**: Paul Tierney
- **birth place**: Wigan, Lancashire, England
Dildar Atmaca

**Dildar Atmaca** (born 17 October 2002) is a German footballer who plays as a winger for 1. FC Bocholt.

## Career statistics

|rowspan="2"|Club|rowspan="2"|Season|colspan="3"|League|colspan="2"|Cup|colspan="2"|Other|colspan="2"|Total|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Würzburger Kickers|2021–22|3. Liga|10|0|0|0|1|0|11|0||

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Dildar Atmaca
- **birth place**: Germany
- **height**: 1.74 m
- **position**: Forward (association football), Forward
- **currentclub**: 1. FC Bocholt
- **clubnumber**: 7
- **youthyears1**: –2015
- **youthclubs1**: Hannover 96
- **youthyears2**: 2015–2021
- **youthclubs2**: Arminia Bielefeld
- **years1**: 2021–2022
- **clubs1**: Würzburger Kickers
- **caps1**: 10
- **goals1**: 0
- **years2**: 2022–2023
- **clubs2**: SC Preußen Münster, Preußen Münster II
- **caps2**: 7
- **goals2**: 1
- **years3**: 2022–2023
- **clubs3**: SC Preußen Münster, Preußen Münster
- **caps3**: 4
- **goals3**: 0
- **years4**: 2023–
- **clubs4**: 1. FC Bocholt
- **caps4**: 4
- **goals4**: 1
- **club-update**: 22 August 2023