juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Govinda Prasad Kalauni

**Govinda Prasad Kalauni** (Nepali: गोविन्दप्रसाद कलाैनी) is the current Governor of Karnali Province.He was appointed governor, under Article 163 of the Constitution of Nepal, by President Bidya Devi Bhandari on the recommendation of the Council of Ministers of the Government of Nepal on 4 November 2019.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Govinda Prasad Kalauni
- **native name**: गोविन्दप्रसाद कलाैनी
- **office**: 2nd Governor of Karnali Province
- **termstart**: 9 November 2021
- **termend**: 5 November 2019
- **president**: Bidhya Devi Bhandari
- **1blankname**: Chief Minister
- **1namedata**: *Mahendra Bahadur Shahi
*Jeevan Bahadur Shahi
- **predecessor**: Durga Keshar Khanal
- **successor**: Tilak Pariyar
- **birth date**: 12 June 1955 (age: 67)
- **birth place**: Baitadi District
- **citizenship**: Nepali
- **nationality**: Nepalese
- **alma mater**: Bachelor of Education (Science, Mathematics)
- **occupation**: Political
- **honorific prefix**: The Honorable
Donny Donker

**Donny Donker** (born 5 August 1994) is a Dutch martial arts fighter. He represents the Netherlands in ju-jitsu at international competitions.

At the 2017 Ju-Jitsu World Championships he won the bronze medal. He competed at the 2022 World Games, winning individually the silver medal in the -85 category and won the bronze medal in the mixed team event. While flying to international competitions when necessary, Donker has a fear of flying.

## Infobox (sportsperson)

- **name**: Donny Donker
- **nationality**: Netherlands, Dutch
- **residence**: Gouda, Netherlands
- **sport**: Ju-jitsu
- **club**: Den Edel Gouda
- **show-medals**: yes
Boy Vogelzang

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**Boy Vogelzang** (born 17 September 1995) is a Dutch martial arts fighter. He represents the Netherlands in ju-jitsu at international competitions.

Vogelzang won the bronze medal in at the 2014 Ju-Jitsu World Championships. He became World Games champion at the 2017 World Games in the -69 kg category. Ahead of the 2017 Ju-Jitsu World Championships Vogelzang sustained an injury at the German Open Grand Slam. He couldn't compete for almost a year. When his injury was over, he won the Balkan Open in September 2018. He competed at the 2022 World Games, winning individually the bronze medal in the -77 category and another bronze medal in the mixed team event.

## Infobox (sportsperson)

- **name**: Boy Vogelzang
- **nationality**: Netherlands, Dutch
- **residence**: Gouda, Netherlands
- **sport**: Ju-jitsu
- **club**: Den Edel Gouda
- **show-medals**: yes
Voiced alveolar lateral approximant

The **voiced alveolar lateral approximant** is a sound used in some spoken languages. The sound is in English and is written as the letter L as in luck or like. Not many languages don’t have this sound.

## Infobox (ipa)

- **ipa symbol**: l
- **x-sampa**: l
- kirshenbauml
Voiceless palatal fricative

The **voiceless palatal fricative** is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is not phonemic in English but exists in most dialects as a way to say the cluster /hj/ and is the first sound in the word human.

## Infobox (ipa)

- **ipa symbol**: ç
- **x-sampa**: C
- **kirshenbaum**: C
Ecco van der Veer

**Ecco van der Veer** (born 17 November 1996) is a martial arts fighter. He represents the Netherlands in ju-jitsu fighting at international competitions in the category fighting adults male -62 kg.

Van der Veer trained judo and ju-jitsu from the age of 7 at Van Diermen Sport in Soest, where he grew up and still lives. From 2017 he started at Den Edel in Gouda. At the end of 2017 he won his first bronze medal at the 2017 Ju-Jitsu World Championships in the -62 kg category at adults. He competed at the 2022 World Games, winning individually the bronze medal and also in the mixed team event where he was fighting up to 69 kilogram. At the end of the year of 2023 he became European Champion and he had Silver at World Championships 2021. His nickname is "The Machine".

## Infobox (sportsperson)

- **name**: Ecco van der Veer
- **birth name**: Ecco Hendrikus Cornelis
- **fullname**: Ecco Hendrikus Cornelis van der Veer
- **nationality**: Netherlands, Dutch
- **birth place**: Baarn
- **height**: 174
- **weight**: 68
- **sport**: Ju-jitsu fighting-system
- **event**: Fighting Ju-Jitsu and Judo
- **club**: Den Edel Gouda NL
- **turnedpro**: 2016
- **retired**: Still active
- **highestranking**: Second of the world at 2021
- **show-medals**: yes
Handsome Lake

**Handsome Lake** (Cayuga language: **Sganyadái:yo**, Seneca language: **Sganyodaiyo**) (**Θkanyatararí•yau)** (1735 – 10 August 1815) was a Seneca religious leader. He was an important religious leader of the Iroquois Confederacy. Handsome Lake was born in Canawaugus. His half-brother was Cornplanter. He signed the Treaty of Canandaigua (1794). He started the religious movement Gai’wiio (“Good Message”). He had been very ill and then recovered. He stopped drinking alcohol. Handsome Lake claimed that he got a revelation from spirits. The religious movement combines Iroquois and Christian elements. Handsome Lake said Natives should avoid adultery, drunkenness, laziness, and witchcraft. European colonies and disease had caused Natives to have social unrest and division. Natives welcomed this new religious movement. The Code of Handsome Lake was published in 1850.

## Related pages

- Seneca (tribe)
- Cornplanter
- Red Jacket
- Iroquois Confederacy
- Northeastern Woodlands

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Handsome Lake
- **image**: Handsome Lake cropped portrait.jpg
- **alt**: An illustration of an indigenous American man with a feather in his hair
- **caption**: Drawing by Jesse Cornplanter
- **other names**: Sganyadái:yo; Sganyodaiyo; Θkanyatararí•yau•
- **birth name**: Hadawa'ko
- **birth date**: 1735
- **birth place**: Canawaugus, New York, Canawaugus
- **death date**: August 10, 1815
- **nationality**: Seneca
- **occupation**: Prophet
- **known for**: The Code of Handsome Lake
Jeevan Bahadur Shahi

Jeevan Bahadur Shahi () is a Nepalese politician currently serving as the Chief Minister of Karnali Province.He is also a member of Provincial Assembly of Karnali Province.

## Political career

He is a member of the Nepali Congress. Jeevan Bahadur Shahi has previously served as Minister for Culture, Tourism and Civil Aviation from 2016 to 2017.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Jeevan Bahadur Shah
- **office**: 2nd Karnali Province, Chief Minister of Karnali Province
- **native name**: जीवनबहादुर शाही
- **honorific prefix**: The Honorable
- **birth place**: Humla District, Karnali Province, Nepal
- **citizenship**: Nepal's
- **nationality**: Nepalese
- **termstart1**: 4 February 2018
- **predecessor**: Mahendra Bahadur Shahi
- **termstart**: 3 November 2021
- **office1**: Karnali Provincial Assembly, Members of Karnali Provincial Assembly
- **governor**: *Govinda Prasad Kalauni
*Tilak Pariyar
- **president**: Bidhya Devi Bhandari
- **constituency1**: Humla 1 (B)
- **office2**: Nepal, Ministry of Culture, Tourism and Civil Aviation
- **termstart2**: 26 August 2016
- **termend2**: 8 May 2017
- **predecessor2**: Ananda Pokharel
- **successor2**: Jitendra Narayan Dev
- **party**: Nepali Congress
- **education**: Polit
Mahendra Bahadur Shahi

**Mahendra Bahadur Shahi** () is a Nepalese politician and former Chief Minister of Karnali, a province in western Nepal. He was member of the 1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly and Minister of Energy, Nepal.He was selected as Parliamentary Party leader of CPN (MC) for Karnali on 14 February 2018.

He was appointed as the chief minister, according to Article 168 (1) of the Constitution of Nepal. He took the oath of his office and secrecy as a chief minister on 17 February 2018.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Mahendra Bahadur Shahi
- **native name**: महेन्द्र बहादुर शाही
- **image**: MahendraBahadurShahi.png
- **office**: 1st Chief Minister of Karnali Province
- **termstart**: 17 February 2018
- **termend**: 1 November 2021
- **successor**: Jeevan Bahadur Shahi
- **governor**: Durga Keshar Khanal
Govinda Prasad Kalauni
- **office2**: Ministry of Energy (Nepal), Minister of Energy
- **termstart2**: 26 July 2017
- **termend2**: 17 October 2017
- **primeminister2**: Sher Bahadur Deuba
- **president2**: Bidhya Devi Bhandari
- **predecessor2**: Janardhan Sharma
- **office4**: Member of Pratinidhi Sabha, Parliament, Pratinidhi Sabha
- **term start4**: TBA
- **constituency4**: Kalikot 1
- **predecessor4**: Durga Bahadur Rawat
- **office5**: Member of 2nd Nepalese Constituent Assembly
- **term start5**: 21 January 2014
- **term end5**: 14 October 2018
- **constituency5**: Kalikot 1
- **successor5**: Durga Bahadur Rawat
- **predecessor5**: Khadga Bahadur Bishwakarma
- **office6**: Provincial Assembly of Karnali Province, Member of Karnali Provincial Assembly
- **term start6**: 4 February 2018
- **constituency6**: Kalikot 1, Kalikot 1(B)
- **party**: CPN (Maoist Centre)
- **birth place**: Nanikot (now Pachaljharana), Kalikot District, Nepal
- **nationality**: Nepalese
- **successor2**: Barsaman Pun
Longhouse Religion

**Longhouse Religion** is a religious movement of the Iroquois people. It is also called **The Code of Handsome Lake** or  **Gaihwi:io** (_Good Message_). The Seneca prophet Handsome Lake (Sganyodaiyoˀ) founded the movement. The movement combines traditional Iroquois religion and Christianity. There are ceremonies in Longhouses. Handsome Lake claims that spirits visited him. He recovered from an illness and stopped drinking alcohol. In the movement, he told Natives not to be drunk, be lazy or cheat on their spouses. Handsome Lake preached moral conduct. Natives supported the movement. They liked that the movement kept traditional Native values. Some opposed the new movement. They thought it went against traditional Native values and was too Christian.

## Related pages

- Handsome Lake
- Iroquois
- Northeastern Woodlands
Red Jacket

**Red Jacket** (known as ***Otetiani*** in his youth and ***Sagoyewatha*** [Keeper Awake] _Sa-go-ye-wa-tha_; c. 1750–January 20, 1830) was a Seneca chief and public speaker of the Wolf clan. He was an important negotiator between Natives and the United States. He signed the Treaty of Canandaigua (1794). Red Jacket got his name from a red coat form supporting the British. Red Jacket publicly opposed whites. However, he signed treaties with whites. These treaties gave up Native lands. He was famous for his speeches and public speaking. He spoke for the rights of his people. George Washington gave him a special peace medal. Red Jacket always wore this medal in paintings. He gave a famous speech called "Religion for the White Man and the Red". In this speech he responded to the missionary Jacob Cram. Red Jacket said natives wouldn't change their religion for white people. He said different beliefs should be accepted. He questioned Christianity and white's religion. Later Red Jacket had problems with alcohol.

## Related pages

- Seneca people
- Cornplanter
- Iroquois
- Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **office**: Tribal chief of the Wolf clan
- **name**: Red Jacket
- **image**: Red Jacket 2.jpg
- **caption**: Red Jacket from an 1835 lithograph by Henry Corbould, after a painting by Charles Bird King, printed by Charles Joseph Hullmandel, and published in History of the Indian Tribes of North America.
- **birth date**: 1750
- **death date**: January 20, 1830
- **resting place**: Forest Lawn Cemetery, Buffalo, Forest Lawn Cemetery,
 Buffalo, New York
- **allegiance**: Seneca nation
- **native name**: ***Otetiani***, later ***Sagoyewatha***
Aafke van Leeuwen

**Aafke van Leeuwen** (born 13 July 1992) is a martial arts fighter. She represents the Netherlands in ju-jitsu at international competitions.

Van Leeuwen became in 2022 for the fourth time world champion. She competed at the 2022 World Games, winning the bronze medal in the mixed team event.

## Infobox (sportsperson)

- **name**: Aafke van Leeuwen
- **nationality**: Netherlands, Dutch
- **sport**: Ju-jitsu
- **club**: Den Edel, Gouda, Netherlands, Gouda
- **show-medals**: yes
Farmer's Brother

**Honayawas** or **Farmer's Brother** (c. 1730 – 1814) was a Seneca Chief. He was a member of the Iroquois Confederacy. He was also a translator and public speaker. He was an important Negotiator between Natives and the United States. He signed the Treaty of Big Tree in 1797, and the Treaty of Buffalo Creek in 1802.

## Related pages

- Seneca (tribe)
- Cornplanter
- Red Jacket
- Little Beard
- Iroquois Confederacy
- Northeastern Woodlands
Treaty of Big Tree

The **Treaty of Big Tree** (1797) was a treaty between the Native American tribe of the Senecas and the United States. They sold almost all their lands in New York State. In exchange, they got an annual income. The treaty created reservations for the Seneca people in Western New York. Reservations included the Allegany, Cattaraugus, Buffalo Creek, and the Tonwanda. The Oil Spring Reservation was only added in 1801. The treaty caused unrest and division in the Seneca tribe. Notable Native American signers include Cornplanter, Red Jacket, Young King, Little Billy, Farmer's Brother, Handsome Lake, Tall Chief and Little Beard.  Americans included Jeremiah Wadsworth, Captain Charles Williamson and Thomas Morris, Robert Morris; General William Shepard, William Bayard, Theophilus Cazenove and Paolo Busti and Captain Israel Chapin.

## Related pages

- Treaties of Fort Stanwix
- Treaty of Fort Harmar
- Treaty of Canandaigua
- Seneca (tribe)
- Iroquois Confederacy
Linstock

A **linstock** (or **lintstock**) is a rod or stick that supports a slow match, which was used to light cannons in the early days of artillery. The linstock allowed the gunner to stand farther from the cannon as it was dangerous applying the lighted match to the touch hole at the breech of the gun: not only could the charge flash back, but the recoil of the cannon might send the carriage toward the gunner. Linstocks also had a sharp point to drive into the ground when not in use or to use as a weapon to protect the cannon.
Benson, Vermont

**Benson** is a town in Rutland County, Vermont, United States.
Cherry Valley massacre

The **Cherry Valley massacre** (November 11, 1778) was an attack by Iroquois warriors and British soldiers against Americans in Cherry Valley,New York. It happened during the American Revolution and was one of the worst frontier massacres in American history.

Americans had just destroyed the Native towns of Oghwaga and Unadilla. The Iroquois were upset and joined Walter Butler, who led the raid against the Americans. Americans were not prepared for the attack, which led to more deaths.

## Related pages

- Iroquois Confederacy
- American Revolution
- Joseph Brant
Democratic Republic of Afghanistan

The **Democratic Republic of Afghanistan** (**DRA**), renamed the **Republic of Afghanistan** in 1987, was the Afghan state during the one-party rule of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) from 1978 to 1992. The government collapsed in April 1992. The collapse of government triggered another civil war that led to the rise of the Taliban and their eventual takeover of most of Afghanistan by 1996. During the governments rule of Afghanistan the country relied on the Soviet Union for Assistance, especially during the Soviet-Afghan War.

## Infobox (country)

- **p1**: Republic of Afghanistan (1973–1978)
- **s1**: Islamic State of Afghanistan
- **flag s1**: Flag of Afghanistan (1992–2001).svg
- **image flag**: Flag of Afghanistan (1978–1980).svg
- **flag type**: Flag of Afghanistan, Top: Flag
(1978–1980)
Bottom: Flag
(1980–1987)
- **image flag2**: Flag of Afghanistan (1980–1987).svg
- **image coat**:

- **symbol type**: Emblem of Afghanistan|
- **image map**: Afghanistan (orthographic projection).svg
- **era**: Cold War
- **capital**: Kabul
- **largest city**: capital
- **government type**: Unitary state, Unitary Marxism–Leninism, Marxist–Leninist One-party state, one-party socialist republic
(1978–1987)
Unitary state, Unitary Dominant-party system, dominant-party Islamic republic
(1987–1992)
- **demonym**: Afghans, Afghan
- **religion**: Islam (State religion, official)
- **title leader**: People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan, General Secretary
- **year leader1**: 1978–1979
- **year leader2**: 1979
- **leader2**: Hafizullah Amin
- **year leader3**: 1979–1986
- **leader3**: Babrak Karmal
- **year leader4**: 1986–1992
- **leader4**: Mohammad Najibullah
- **title representative**: President of Afghanistan, Head of State
- **representative1**: Nur Muhammad Taraki
- **year representative1**: 1978–1979 (first)
- **representative2**: Mohammad Najibullah
- **year representative2**: 1987–1992 (last)
- **deputy1**: Nur Muhammad Taraki
- **year deputy1**: 1978–1979 (first)
- **year deputy6**: 1989–1990
- **deputy2**: Fazal Haq Khaliqyar
- **year deputy2**: 1990–1992 (last)
- **upper house**: House of Elders (Afghanistan), House of Elders
(1988–1992)
- **lower house**: House of the People (Afghanistan), House of the People
(1988–1992)
- **event pre**: Saur Revolution
- **date pre**: 27–28 April 1978
- **year start**: 1978
- **event start**: Proclaimed
- **date start**: 30 April
- **event1**: Soviet–Afghan War#Soviet intervention and coup, Soviet intervention
- **date event1**: 27 December 1979
- **event2**: 1987 _loya jirga_
- **date event2**: 29/30 November  1987
- **event3**: Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan, Soviet withdrawal
- **date event3**: 15 February 1989
- **event end**: Civil war in Afghanistan (1989–1992)#Fall of Kabul, Fall of Kabul
- **status**: Satellite state of the Soviet Union
- **year end**: 1992
- **date end**: 28 April
- **currency**: Afghan afghani, Afghani ISO 4217, (AFA)
- **calling code**: 93
- **hdi**: 0.316
- **hdi change**: increase
- **hdi year**: 1992
Treaty of Fort Harmar

The **Treaty of Fort Harmar** (1789) was a treaty between Native Americans and the United States. This treaty was about the issue of land in the Northwest Territory. Wyandot, Delaware, Ottawa, Chippewa, Potawatomi and Sauk Natives met with Governor Saint Clair.  The treaty had the same conditions and land boundary as the Treaty of Fort McIntosh (1785). Many Natives did not respect the treaty. The treaty did not reduce conflict between Natives and Americans. The Shawnee did not follow the treaty.

## Related pages

- Treaties of Fort Stanwix
- Treaty of Fort McIntosh
Janice Kawaye

**Janice Kawaye** is an American voice actress. She voices Jenny in _My Life as a Teenage Robot_, Bonko in _Codename: Kids Next Door_ and Matilda / Lovely Platformer in _Kingdom Gamers_.
William J. Seymour

**William Joseph Seymour** （born on May 2 , 1870 died on September 28, 1922) was an African American holiness preacher who initiated the Azusa Street Revival,an influential event in the rise of the pentecostal and Charismatic movement he was the second of eight children

### Notes

- borlase,craig(2006)William seymour : biographiy,Charisma house.
- hyatt Eddie(2002).2000year of Charismatic Chritianity charisma media.

## Infobox (biography)

- **name**: William J. Seymour
- **honorific suffix**: pastor
- **image**: William J. Seymour (cropped).jpg
- **native name**: William Joseph seymour
- **other names**: William J Seymour
- **birth name**: William Joseph Seymour
- **birth date**: 2 May 1870
- **birth place**: Centerville,louisiana
- **death date**: 28 september 1922 （age 52 years）
- **death place**: Losangeles California
- **nationality**: American
- **occupation**: Fondator of pentecotism
- **title**: Pastor
- **spouse**: Jenny Evans Moore （m.1906-1922 his death）
- **mother**: Phyllis Salabar Seymour
- **father**: Simon
Tribosphenida

**Tribosphenida** is a group (infralegion) of mammals that includes the ancestor of _Hypomylos_, Aegialodontia and Theria (the last common ancestor of marsupials and placentals plus all of its descendants). Its current definition is more or less synonymous with **Boreosphenida**.

## Other websites

- MESOZOIC MAMMALS; Stem zatherians, zatherians & Peramuridae, an internet directory
- THERIA И MARSUPIONTA (in Russian)
- Infralegion Tribosphenida - Hierarchy - The Taxonomicon
Viéthorey

**Viéthorey** () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

## Related pages

- Communes of the Doubs department

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Viéthorey
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Eglise de Viethorey 03.jpg
- **caption**: The church in Viéthorey
- **insee**: 25613
- **postal code**: 25340
- **arrondissement**: Besançon
- **canton**: Baume-les-Dames
- **mayor**: Michel Gonin
- **term**: 2020–2026
- **elevation min m**: 384
- **elevation max m**: 494
- **area km2**: 7.92
Ken Boles

**Kenneth Eugene Boles** (January 2, 1933 – August 9, 2022) was an American Democratic politician and real estate developer. He was born in Milton, Florida. He was a member of the Florida House of Representatives from 1978 to 1982.

Boles died on August 9, 2022 under hospice care in Tallahassee, Florida at the age of 89.
Nicholas Evans

**Nicholas Evans** (26 July 1950 – 9 August 2022) was an English journalist, screenwriter television and movie producer and novelist. He was born in Bromsgrove, England. He was known for his novel _The Horse Whisperer_.

Evans died on 9 August 2022 at his home in London, England from a heart attack at the age of 72.

## Infobox (writer)

- **imagesize**: 200px
- **name**: Nicholas Evans
- **caption**: Nicholas Evans
- **birth name**: Nicholas Benbow Evans
- **birth place**: Bromsgrove, England
- **death place**: London, England
- **education**: St Edmund Hall, Oxford
- **notableworks**: _The Horse Whisperer (novel), The Horse Whisperer_
- **children**: 4
Déwé Gorodey

**Déwé Gorodey** (1 June 1949 – 14 August 2022) was a New Caledonian teacher, writer, feminist and politician. She was the Vice President of New Caledonia from 2001 to 2009.

Gorodey died on 14 August 2022 at the age of 73.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Déwé Gorodey
- **image**: Dewe gorode sete 20160724.jpg
- **caption**: Gorodey in 2016
- **office1**: Member of the Government of New Caledonia
- **term start1**: 2 June 1999
- **term end1**: 14 August 2022
- **office2**: Vice President of the Government of New Caledonia
- **term start2**: 5 April 2001
- **term end2**: 7 August 2007
- **predecessor2**: Léopold Jorédié
- **successor2**: Annie Beustes
- **term start3**: 21 August 2007
- **term end3**: 5 June 2009
- **predecessor3**: Annie Beustes
- **successor3**: Pierre Ngaiohni
- **birth place**: Ponérihouen, New Caledonia, French Fourth Republic, France
- **occupation**: Teacher, writer, feminist, politician
Frederick Buechner

**Carl Frederick Buechner** ( ; July 11, 1926 – August 15, 2022) was an American writer, novelist, poet, autobiographer, essayist, preacher, and theologian. He was an ordained Presbyterian minister. He was best known for his novels, including _A Long Day's Dying_, _The Book of Bebb_, _Godric_ and _Brendan_.

He also became known for his memoirs _Telling Secrets_ and _The Sacred Journey_. His theological works, such as _Secrets in the Dark, The Magnificent Defeat,_ and _Telling the Truth_ were also popular.

Buechner died on August 15, 2022 at his home in Rupert, Vermont at the age of 96.

## Related pages

- List of poets from North America

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Frederick Buechner
- **image**: BG-0269.jpg
- **caption**: Frederick Buechner, 2008
- **birth name**: Carl Frederick Buechner
- **birth place**: New York City, New York (state), New York, U.S.
- **death place**: Rupert, Vermont, U.S.
- **occupation**: Author, Presbyterian minister
- **genre**: Novel, short story, essay, sermon, autobiography, historical fiction
- **spouse**: Judith Buechner
Mesmay

**Mesmay** () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

## Geography

The commune lies  southwest of Quingey in the valley of the Loue River.

## Related pages

- Communes of the Doubs department

## Other websites

- Mesmay on the intercommunal Web site of the department

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Mesmay
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Mesmay, vue générale du village.jpg
- **caption**: A general view of Mesmay
- **insee**: 25379
- **postal code**: 25440
- **arrondissement**: Besançon
- **canton**: Saint-Vit
- **mayor**: Jean-Louis Pogliano
- **term**: 2020–2026
- **intercommunality**: Loue-Lison
- **elevation min m**: 253
- **elevation max m**: 436
- **area km2**: 3.11
Nativity of Jesus

The **nativity of Jesus**, **nativity of Christ**, **birth of Jesus** or **birth of Christ** is mentioned in the biblical gospels of Luke and Matthew.

The two gospel both say that Jesus was born in Bethlehem in Judaea and that his birth was caused by divine intervention. In _Contra Celsum_ 1.51, Origen, who travelled throughout Palestine beginning in around 215, wrote of the "manger of Jesus".

The Gospel according to Luke, about the Nativity, begins by narrating the Annunciation made by the Archangel Gabriel to the Virgin Mary of the conception and the birth of Jesus:

In the Gospel of Matthew is detailed the Annunciation to Joseph: Mary the mother of Jesus was betrothed to Joseph, but was found to be pregnant through the Holy Spirit. Joseph intended to separate from her quietly, but an angel told him in a dream that he should take her as his wife and name the child Jesus, because "he will save his people from their sins". This would fulfil the prophecy that a virgin would give birth to a son, who would be known as Emmanuel, meaning "God is with us". Joseph awoke, took Mary for his wife (Matthew 1:18-24).

The Gospel according to Luke, about the Nativity of Jesus, describes the news of a census desired by Caesar Augustus throughout the Roman Empire, according to which everyone had to return with their family to the city of their ancestors. Joseph, a descendant of King David who was born in Bethlehem, leaves Nazareth with the Virgin Mary expecting a child as the Archangel said. In Bethlehem Mary gives birth to Jesus and the nativity is first announced by an angel to the shepherds:

The sheperds immediately went to pay homage to the newborn child glorifying and praising the Lord God for all the things they had heard and seen, which were just as they had been told by the Angel (Luke 2,16).

In the Letter to Titus, Saint Paul wrote these words about the event of the Nativity of Jesus: God’s grace has been revealed, and it has made salvation possible for the whole human race (Titus 2:11).

The date of birth for Jesus of Nazareth is not said in the gospels or in any secular text, but a majority of scholars believe that a date between 6 BC and 4 BC is most likely.

Christmas Day celebrates the birth of Jesus Christ on December 25.
Arthur Harden

**Sir Arthur Harden**, FRS (12 October 1865 – 17 June 1940) was a British biochemist. He shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1929 with Hans Karl August Simon von Euler-Chelpin for their investigations into the fermentation of sugar and fermentative enzymes. He was a founding member of the Biochemical Society and editor of its journal for 25 years.

## Related pages

- William John Young

## Other websites

- including the Nobel Lecture, 12 December 1929 _The Function of Phosphate in Alcoholic Fermentation_

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Sir Arthur Harden
- **honorific suffix**: FRS
- **image**: ArthurHarden.jpg
- **birth place**: Manchester, Lancashire, England, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, United Kingdom
- **death place**: Bourne End, Buckinghamshire, Bourne End, Buckinghamshire, England, UK
- **field**: Biochemistry
- **spouse**: Georgina Sydney Bridge
- **work institution**: Lister Institute
- **alma mater**: University of Manchester MSc,
University of Erlangen PhD
- **doctoral advisor**: Otto Fischer
- **doctoral students**: Roland Victor Norris
Ida Maclean
- **known for**: the chemistry of the yeast cell
Woolsthorpe Manor

**Woolsthorpe Manor** in Woolsthorpe-by-Colsterworth, near Grantham, Lincolnshire, England, is the birthplace and was the family home of Sir Isaac Newton. He was born there on 25 December 1642. At that time, it was a farm.

Newton returned here in 1666 when Cambridge University closed. It was here, where he performed many of his most famous experiments, such as his work on light and optics. This is also said to be the site where Newton was inspired to create his law of universal gravitation.
Schübler Chorales

The ***Schübler Chorales*** are a set of chorale preludes written by Johann Sebastian Bach. They are numbered BWV 645 to BWV 650 in the Bach-Werke-Verzeichnis catalogue. The set is named after Johann Georg Schübler, who published them in 1748 or 1749.

Five of the preludes are arrangements of movements in Bach's cantatas. One prelude (BWV 646) does not have a matching cantata movement.

### Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme, BWV 645

Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme, BWV 645 is based on the fourth movement of Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme, BWV 140. The hymn tune is Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme. It was originally written for tenors, violins and violas playing in unison, and basso continuo. The tenor voices sing the hymn tune.

### Wo soll ich fliehen hin, or Auf meinen lieben Gott, BWV 646

Wo soll ich fliehen hin, or Auf meinen lieben Gott, BWV 646 does not have a matching cantata movement. The hymn tune is Wo soll ich fliehen hin, or Auf meinen lieben Gott. It is commonly thought to be based on a lost cantata's movement. However, Alfred Dürr thought that it is based on another chorale prelude, BWV 694.

### Wer nur den lieben Gott lässt walten, BWV 647

Wer nur den lieben Gott lässt walten, BWV 647 is based on the fourth movement of Wer nur den lieben Gott läßt walten, BWV 93. The hymn tune is Wer nur den lieben Gott läßt walten. It was originally written for soprano and alto soloists, violins and violas playing in unison, and basso continuo. The violins and violas play the hymn tune.

### Meine Seele erhebt den Herren, BWV 648

Meine Seele erhebt den Herren, BWV 648 is based on the fifth movement of Meine Seel erhebt den Herren, BWV 10. The hymn tune is Meine Seele erhebt den Herren. It is also known as the German Magnificat. It was originally written for alto and tenor solists, oboes and a trumpet playing in unison, and basso continuo. The oboes and trumpets play the hymn tune.

### Ach bleib bei uns, Herr Jesu Christ, BWV 649

Ach bleib bei uns, Herr Jesu Christ, BWV 649 is based on the third movement of Bleib bei uns, denn es will Abend werden, BWV 6. The hymn tune is Ach bleib bei uns, Herr Jesu Christ. It was originally written for soprano singers, violoncello solo, and basso continuo. The sopranos sing the hymn tune.

### Kommst du nun, Jesu, vom Himmel herunter, BWV 650

Kommst du nun, Jesu, vom Himmel herunter, BWV 650 is based on the second movement of Lobe den Herren, den mächtigen König der Ehren, BWV 137. The hymn tune is Kommst du nun, Jesu, vom Himmel herunter. It was originally written for alto singers, violin solo, and basso continuo. The altos sing the hymn tune.

## Other websites

- Audio files of BWV 645 , BWV 646 , BWV 647 , BWV 648 , BWV 649  and BWV 650  performed by James Kibbie on the 1724–30 Trost organ in the Stadtkirche, Waltershausen, Germany
Margot Pompanon

**Margot Pompanon** (born 12 April 1997) is a French professional racing cyclist, who currently rides for the UCI Women's  Continental Team St. Michel–Auber93.

Pompano rode and completed the 2022 Tour de France Femmes. She had a difficult first stage with two time a mechanical problems, but managed to finish in time.

## Infobox (cyclist)

- **name**: Margot Pompanon
- **image**: Margot Pompanon 2022.jpg
- **caption**: Pompanon in 2022
- **birth place**: Givry, France
- **currentteam**: St. Michel–Auber93 (women's team), St. Michel–Auber93
- **discipline**: Road
- **role**: Rider
- **proyears1**: 2022–
- **proteam1**: St. Michel–Auber93 (women's team), St. Michel–Auber93
Margaux Vigie

**Margaux Vigie** (born 21 July 1995) is a French professional racing cyclist, who currently rides since 2020 with the UCI Women's  Continental Team Valcar–Travel & Service.

Vigie rode in the 2022 Tour de France Femmes. She represented France at the 2022 European Road Championships in Münich.

## Infobox (cyclist)

- **name**: Margaux Vigie
- **image**: 2021 SLT Stramproy start Margaux Vigie.jpg
- **caption**: Vigie in 2021
- **birth place**: Plaisance-du-Touch, France
- **currentteam**: Valcar–Travel & Service
- **discipline**: Road
- **role**: Rider
- **proyears1**: 2020–
- **proteam1**: Valcar–Travel & Service
Hong Kong Parliament Electoral Organizing Committee

The **Hong Kong Parliament Electoral Organizing Committee** (Traditional Chinese: **香港議會選舉籌備委員會**; short form: **HKPEOC**/**香港議會籌委會**) is made up of some Hong Kong people on the run. Two of them, Victor Ho and Elmer Yuen told the public on 27 July 2022 in Canada's Toronto that it had been formed. They said that it was trying to roll the **Hong Kong Parliament** (short form: **HK Parliament**/**HKP**; Traditional Chinese: **香港議會**) out in 2023, by letting Hong Kong people vote fairly.

On 3 August 2022, Hong Kong's Security Bureau said that doing the above was wrong, such that the group's Baggio Leung, Elmer Yuen and Victor Ho were now wanted by the Hong Kong Police Force for acting against the People's Republic of China's government in this way.

On 8 August 2022, Radio Free Asia wrote that Elmer Yuen had said that secret agents of the Communist Party of China had been telling him scary things to try to stop his work on that.

## Website

- Hong Kong Parliament Electoral Organizing Committee – Hong Kong Parliament Electoral Organizing Committee
- Hong Kong Parliament 香港議會

## Infobox (legislature)

- **name**: Hong Kong Parliament
- **native name**: 香港議會
- **coa pic**: LiberateAndRevolution.svg
- **house type**: Unicameral
- **new session**: TBD
- **leader1 type**: Speaker
- **leader1**: TBD
- **members**: TBD
- **structure1 res**: 250px
- **voting system1**: TBD
- **next election1**: within 2023
- **session res**: 250px
- **meeting place**: TBD
Maëva Squiban

**Maëva Squiban** (born 19 March 2002) is a French professional racing cyclist, who rides since 2024 for the .

In August 2020 she started as a trainee at UCI Women's  Continental Team Stade Rochelais Charente-Maritime and signed from 2021 a contract with the team.

At the French National Road Race Championships she finished in the under-23 category second in 2021 and third in 2023.

Squiban rode in the 2022 Tour de France. Due to a crash in the second stage, she broke her sacrum and had to leave the Tour. At the 2024 Tour de France she finished second in stage 7 and fifth overall in the young rider classification.

## Infobox (cyclist)

- **name**: Maëva Squiban
- **image**: Charente 1503861.jpg
- **caption**: Squiban at the 2022 Tour de France Femmes
- **birth place**: Brest, France
- **height**: 1.66 m
- **currentteam**: Stade Rochelais Charente-Maritime
- **discipline**: Road
- **role**: Rider
- **proyears1**: 2020–2023
- **proteam1**: Stade Rochelais Charente-Maritime
- **proyears2**: 2024–current
Voiceless postalveolar affricate

The **voiceless post-alveolar affricate** is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is in English and is written as ch or tch, as in chat and match. The sound is made by starting with [t] and following it with [ʃ]

## Infobox (ipa)

- **ipa symbol**: tʃ
- **x-sampa**: tS
- **kirshenbaum**: tS
Voiced alveolar tap

The **voiced alveolar tap** or **flap** is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages, examples are Arabic, Bengali, and Greek. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents a _dental_, _alveolar_, or _postalveolar tap_ or flap is ⟨ɾ⟩. The terms "tap" and "flap" are the same in meaning yet they have different English spellings.

## Use in languages

رجل [ɾeɡl] is an Egyptian word meaning 'leg', it has a flap at the start of the word. mòr [moːɾ] is a Scottish Gaelic word meaning 'big', it has a flap at the end of the word.

## Infobox (ipa)

- **ipa symbol**: ɾ
- **x-sampa**: 4
- **kirshenbaum**: *
Voiced labiodental nasal

The **voiced labiodental nasal** is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is only phonemic in one language: Kukuya. It is a very common way to say [m] before [f] or [v] in many languages, as in English symphony.

## Infobox (ipa)

- **ipa symbol**: ɱ
- **x-sampa**: F
- **kirshenbaum**: M
Wo soll ich fliehen hin, BWV 5

**_Wo soll ich fliehen hin_, BWV 5** is a chorale cantata written by Johann Sebastian Bach. The title means "Where shall I flee" in English. It is based on the hymn Wo soll ich fliehen hin by Johann Heermann. It was written for the 19th Sunday after Trinity. It was first performed on 15 October 1724.

## Structure

The cantata has seven movements. It is written for SATB choir and soloists, two oboes, a trumpet, solo viola, and a string ensemble.
1. Chorale:
1. Recitative:
1. Aria:
1. Recitative:
1. Aria:
1. Recitative:
1. Choral:

## Music

The cantata's first movement is a chorale fantasia. The orchesra's theme is based on the hymn tune's first few notes. The hymn tune is sung by the soprano part.

The first aria is played by a solo viola and tenor soloist. Bach does not use the solo viola in his cantatas often. The aria's text is a paraphrase (rewriting of a text, keeping its meaning) of the hymn's fourth verse.
Pseudacris fouquettei

The **Cajun chorus frog** (_Pseudacris fouquettei_) is a frog. It lives in the United States. It lives in all of Louisiana and parts of Oklahoma, Texas, Missouri, Arkansas, Tennessee, and Mississippi.

The largest adult male frogs are 30 mm long from nose to rear end and the smallest adult female frogs are 27 mm long.  Adults are light brown or pink-brown in color with three darker brown stripes on their backs.  Some have lines of spots instead of stripes.  Some have neither.  The iris of the eye is gold in color.  There is a red-brown stripe from the nose all the way to the back legs.  The skin of the belly is lighter in color with some dark marks.  The throat can be yellow-brown in color.  This frog mostly looks for food during the day.

The female frog lays 500 to 1500 eggs at a time.  The eggs stick to plants.

The adult frogs do not go far from the water.  They eat small animals without bones, for example, beetles, ants, and flies.  Scientists think the tadpoles eat algae and dead plants.  Some animals eat the tadpoles, for example spiders and beetles.  Small snakes, for example garter snakes eat the adult frogs.  Scientists think birds, turtles, and some mammals might eat this frog too.  They have never seen what the frog does to try to get away.

This frog is not in danger of dying out, but there are fewer of them than there were in the past.  This is because of humans build things where the frogs would live and because of disease.

This frog is closely related to _Pseudacris nigrita_ and these frogs can have young together.  The hybrid frogs, which have one _P. nigrita_ parent and one _P. foquettei_ parent, are healthy.  Scientists think the two species may be joining together.
Voiced palatal approximant

The **voiced palatal approximant** is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is used in English, written as y, as in yes. Linguists usually call this symbol "yod," since in English, the name for the letter J starts with the /dʒ/ sound.

## Infobox (ipa)

- **ipa symbol**: j
- **x-sampa**: j
- **kirshenbaum**: j
Voiceless bidental fricative

The **voiceless bidental fricative** is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is very rare and only exists in the Shapsug dialect of Adyghe, as a variant of /x/.

## Infobox (ipa)

- **ipa symbol**: h̪͆
Voiceless glottal affricate

The **voiceless glottal affricate** is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is not in English and is a very rare sound.

## Infobox (ipa)

- **ipa symbol**: ʔh
- **x-sampa**: ?h
- **kirshenbaum**: ?h
Creaky-voiced glottal approximant

The **creaky-voiced glottal approximant** is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is not in English but is a common voiced allophone of a glottal stop (/ʔ/).

## Infobox (ipa)

- **ipa symbol**: ʔ̞
- **x-sampa**: ?_o
Bilabial ejective stop

The **bilabial ejective stop** is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is not in English and is a very rare sound.

## Infobox (ipa)

- **ipa symbol**: p’
Voiceless postalveolar fricative

The **voiceless post-alveolar fricative** is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is in English and is usually written as sh, as in cash.

## Infobox (ipa)

- **ipa symbol**: ʃ
- **x-sampa**: S
- **kirshenbaum**: S
Voiced postalveolar fricative

The **voiced post-alveolar fricative** is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is in English, for example it is the s in vision and the g in genre.

## Infobox (ipa)

- **ipa symbol**: ʒ
- **x-sampa**: Z
- **kirshenbaum**: Z
Voiceless alveolar affricate

The **voiceless alveolar affricate** is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is not in English but is very similar to the ts in cats. It is in some Slavic languages where it is written with the letter c.

## Infobox (ipa)

- **ipa symbol**: ts
- **x-sampa**: ts
- **kirshenbaum**: ts


## Infobox (ipa)

- **ipa symbol**: t̪s̪
Bahama Passage

***Bahama Passage*** is a 1941 American romantic drama movie directed by Edward H. Griffith and starring Sterling Hayden, Madeleine Carroll, Flora Robson, Leo G. Carroll, Cecil Kellaway, Leigh Whipper, Dorothy Dandridge. It was distributed by Paramount Pictures.
Voiceless labial–velar fricative

The **voiceless labial-velar fricative** is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is in some dialects of English, written as wh and appearing in the word what.

## Infobox (ipa)

- **ipa symbol**: ʍ
- **x-sampa**: W
- **kirshenbaum**: w<vls>
Sj-sound

The **sj-sound** is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is not in English but is in Swedish. The sound has been described as a palato-velar fricative, often labialised.

## Infobox (ipa)

- **ipa symbol**: ɧ
- **x-sampa**: x\
Picander

**Christian Friedrich Henrici** (January 14, 1700 – May 10, 1764) was a German poet and librettist. He used the pen name **Picander**. He wrote the libretto for many of the cantatas Johann Sebastian Bach wrote in Leipzig.

He was born in Stolpen. He studied in Wittenberg and Leipzig. He started using the pen name "Picander" in 1721. At first, he wrote erotic poems. However, the public did not like it. So, he started writing religious poems for Sundays. Soon, he started writing librettos for Bach.

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Christian Friedrich Henrici
- **image**: Leipzig Gedenktafel Picander.jpg
- **image size**: 200px
- **caption**: Plaque in Leipzig
- **pseudonym**: Picander
- **birth name**: Christian Friedrich Henrici
- **birth place**: Stolpen, Germany
- **death place**: Leipzig, Germany
Voiced postalveolar affricate

The **voiced post-alveolar affricate** is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is  in English, usually written as j or dge, as in judge.

## Infobox (ipa)

- **ipa symbol**: dʒ
- **x-sampa**: dZ
- **kirshenbaum**: dZ
Voiceless velar fricative

The **voiceless velar fricative** is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is in a few dialects of English, written as ch as in loch. The sound is much more common in German.

## Infobox (ipa)

- **ipa symbol**: x
- **x-sampa**: x
- **kirshenbaum**: x
Voiced palatal lateral approximant

The **voiced palatal lateral approximant** is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is potentially in English but is similar to the pronounciation of the li in million. The sound exists in some dialects of Spanish.

## Infobox (ipa)

- **ipa symbol**: ʎ
- **x-sampa**: L
Voiceless pharyngeal fricative

The **voiceless pharyngeal fricative** is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is not in English but is in Arabic.

## Infobox (ipa)

- **ipa symbol**: ħ
- **x-sampa**: X\
- **kirshenbaum**: H
Voiced alveolar affricate

The **voiced alveolar affricate** is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is potentially in English but is very similar to the pronunciation of dds as in adds.

## Infobox (ipa)

- **ipa symbol**: dz
- **x-sampa**: dz
- **kirshenbaum**: dz


## Infobox (ipa)

- **ipa symbol**: d̪z̪
- **x-sampa**: d_dz_d
Voiced uvular plosive

The **voiced uvular stop** is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is not in English.

## Infobox (ipa)

- **ipa symbol**: ɢ
- **x-sampa**: G\
- **kirshenbaum**: G
Eleonora Gasparrini

**Eleonora Camilla Gasparrini** (born 21 July 1995) is an Italian professional track and road racing cyclist, who since 2021 rides with the UCI Women's  Continental Team Valcar–Travel & Service.

As a junior, Gasparrini became European Champion at the 2020 European Road Championships in the junior road race.  At elite level, in the Women's World Tour, she had a podium finish in the 2021 Ronde van Drenthe. Gasparrini rode in the 2022 Tour de France Femmes.

As a track cyclist, she became European Champion (under-23) in the team pursuit event at the 2021 UEC European Track Championships (under-23 & junior) and 2022 UEC European Track Championships (under-23 & junior).

## Infobox (cyclist)

- **name**: Eleonora Gasparrini
- **image**: 2021 UEC Track Jun & U23 European Championships 532.jpg
- **caption**: Gasparrini in 2021
- **fullname**: Eleonora Camilla Gasparrini
- **birth place**: Torino, Italy
- **currentteam**: Valcar–Travel & Service
- **discipline**: Road, Track
- **role**: Rider
- **proyears1**: 2021–
- **proteam1**: Valcar–Travel & Service
Voiced labial–palatal approximant

The **voiced labial-palatal approximant** is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is not in English but is in French.

## Infobox (ipa)

- **ipa symbol**: ɥ
- **x-sampa**: H
Voiceless retroflex affricate

The **voiceless retroflex affricate** is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is not in English.

## Infobox (ipa)

- **ipa symbol**: ʈʂ
- **x-sampa**: t`s`
- **kirshenbaum**: t.s.
Voiceless alveolar lateral affricate

The **voiceless alveolar lateral affricate** is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is not in English but is in Nahuatl.

## Infobox (ipa)

- **ipa symbol**: tɬ
- **x-sampa**: ts<lat>
- **kirshenbaum**: tK
Voiced velar lateral approximant

The **voiced velar lateral approximant** is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is not in English but is similar to the ll in full.

## Infobox (ipa)

- **ipa symbol**: ʟ
- **x-sampa**: L\
Velarized alveolar lateral approximant

The **velarised alveolar lateral approximant** is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is in English but is not phonemic. It is the ll in full.

## Infobox (ipa)

- **ipa symbol**: ɫ
Voiceless retroflex plosive

The **voiceless retroflex stop** is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is not in English. It is similar to /t/ but your tongue is curled back.

## Infobox (ipa)

- **ipa symbol**: ʈ
- **x-sampa**: t`
- **kirshenbaum**: t.
Voiced retroflex approximant

The **voiced retroflex approximant** is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is a common way of saying the English r sound as in rain.

## Infobox (ipa)

- **ipa symbol**: ɻ
- **x-sampa**: r\`
- **kirshenbaum**: r.
Voiced velar approximant

The **voiced velar approximant** is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is not in English. It is similar to /w/ but without using your lips.

See also: Voiced velodorsal approximant

## Infobox (ipa)

- **ipa symbol**: ɰ
- **x-sampa**: M\
- **kirshenbaum**: j<vel>
Voiced palatal fricative

The **voiced palatal fricative** is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is not in English. It is very similar to the /j/ sound, as in the word yes.

## Infobox (ipa)

- **ipa symbol**: ʝ
- **x-sampa**: j\
- **kirshenbaum**: C<vcd>
Voiced velar fricative

The **voiced velar fricative** is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is not in English but is in Dutch.

## Infobox (ipa)

- **ipa symbol**: ɣ
- **x-sampa**: G
- **kirshenbaum**: Q
Epiglottal plosive

The **epiglottal stop** is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is not in English and is very rare.

## Infobox (ipa)

- **ipa symbol**: ʡ
- **x-sampa**: >\
Voiceless uvular fricative

The **voiceless uvular fricative** is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is not in English but is in Welsh where it is written with ch.

## Infobox (ipa)

- **ipa symbol**: χ
- **x-sampa**: X
- **kirshenbaum**: X
Voiced uvular fricative

The **voiced uvular fricative** is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is the most common way to say r in French.

## Infobox (ipa)

- **ipa symbol**: ʁ
- **x-sampa**: R
- **kirshenbaum**: g"


## Infobox (ipa)

- **ipa symbol**: ʁ̞