juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
L'Orfeo

***L'Orfeo*** is a five-act opera. The music was written by Claudio Monteverdi. The words were written by Alessandro Striggio. The opera is based on the myth of Orpheus, his descent to Hades and his attempt to bring his dead wife Eurydice back. It was first performed in February 1607. It is a transitional work between the music of the Renaissance and the music of the Baroque. It is one of the earliest operas that is still performed.
Il ritorno d'Ulisse in patria

***Il ritorno d'Ulisse in patria*** () is an opera in a prologue and five acts (later revised to three acts). The music was written by Claudio Monteverdi. The words were written in Italian by Giacomo Badoaro. It was first performed in Venice during the 1639–1640 carnival season. It was not performed very much until the 20th century. The opera is based on the story of Odysseus' return to Ithaca and his contest with the unwanted suitors of his loyal wife Penelope.
Dmitri Kulikov

**Dmitri Vladimirovich Kulikov** (; born October 29, 1990) is a Russian professional ice hockey defenseman currently playing for the Winnipeg Jets of the National Hockey League (NHL). He also played for the Florida Panthers and Buffalo Sabres.

## Career

He started his hockey career with Lokomotiv-2 Yaroslavl in the Pervaya Liga and played a season with them.

He then moved to North America to play for the Drummondville Voltigeurs of the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League. During his time in the QMJHL, he led all of the Quebec League blueliners with 62 points in 57 games and won a bunch of trophies which included the Emile Bouchard Trophy as the QMJHL Defenceman of the Year; the Raymond Lagacé Trophy as the Defensive Rookie of the Year; and the Mike Bossy Trophy as the league's best pro prospect.

He was drafted with the 14th overall pick in the 2009 NHL Entry Draft by the Florida Panthers. The Panthers signed Kulikov on September 29, 2009. He has shown high levels of skill and confidence after playing in 68 games with the Florida Panthers.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **image size**: 230px
- **name**: Dmitry Kulikov
- **image**: Dmitri Kulikov.jpg
- **birth place**: Lipetsk, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 1
- **weight lb**: 204
- **position**: Defenceman, Defence
- **shoots**: Left
- **league**: National Hockey League, NHL
- **team**: Winnipeg Jets
- **former teams**: Florida Panthers
Lokomotiv Yaroslavl
Buffalo Sabres
- **ntl team**: RUS
- **draft**: 14th overall
- **draft year**: 2009
- **draft team**: Florida Panthers
- **career start**: 2009
Archaeocyatha

**Archaeocyatha** is a taxon of extinct sponges.

## Other websites

- Archaeocyatha at Geology museum
Fanfare for the Common Man

***Fanfare for the Common Man*** is piece of music. It was written by Aaron Copland in 1942 for the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra. The piece is scored for brass and percussion. It is often heard on television, at national events such as Fourth of July celebrations, sports events, etc.
Rodeo (ballet)

***Rodeo*** is a ballet. The story and dances were designed by Agnes de Mille. The music was written by Aaron Copland. The ballet was first performed on October 16, 1942 at the Metropolitan Opera House in New York City. It was a great success. The ballet consists of five sections: "Buckaroo Holiday", "Ranch House Party", "Corral Nocturne", "Saturday Night Waltz", and "Hoe-Down". The ballet tells the story of an awkward cowgirl's romance.
Land bridge

A **land bridge** is a term in biogeography. It is a narrow land connection between otherwise separate areas, sometimes called an isthmus.

Its significance is that animals and plants may cross over it when the sea level is lower. They cannot easily cross when the sea level is higher, and water covers the land bridge. The separation of a once connected population often leads to speciation, the splitting of one species into two and the two species change over time to be different but have distant similarities.

Several kinds of change can cause a land bridge to rise above or sink below the water. Plate tectonics may cause the rise or lowering of land. The causes of general sea level changes are not fully understood, but often big polar ice cap<nowiki/>s lower sea level by locking up much of the water. When sea levels fall, shallow sections of continental shelf may get exposed. Sometimes the sea floor rises due to "post-glacial rebound" after an ice age.

## Notable examples

- The Bering land bridge, which connected Asia with North America when the sea level dropped in the ice age, but went under water when the ice melted.
- Doggerland, a former landmass in the southern North Sea which connected the island of Great Britain to mainland Europe during the last ice age
- The Isthmus of Panama whose appearance three million years ago allowed the Great American Interchange
- Adam's Bridge (known as Rama Setu), connecting India and Sri Lanka.
Nathan MacKinnon

**Nathan MacKinnon** (born September 1, 1995) is a Canadian professional ice hockey centre. He currently plays for the Colorado Avalanche of the National Hockey League (NHL). He was drafted 1st overall by the Colorado Avalanche in the 2013 NHL Entry Draft.

## Career

When he was playing an atom aged player, he recorded 200 points in 50 games. He started his hockey career with the Cole Harbour Red Wings in Bantam AAA and played 2 seasons with them. During that time, he recorded 145 points  in 110 seasons respectively. He also played for Shattuck-Saint Mary's in Bantam AAA and Midget AAA for 2 seasons. He scored 101 points in 58 games played that he played to finish second in team scoring in their Bantam Tier I program.

On June 4, 2011, He was drafted first overall by the Baie-Comeau Drakkar in the 2011 QMJHL Draft. On July 13, 2011, His rights were traded to the Halifax Mooseheads for Carl Gélinas, Francis Turbide, the Mooseheads' first round draft picks in 2012 and 2013, and the Quebec Remparts' first round draft pick in 2013 which was previously acquired by Halifax. On May 26, 2013, He led the Mooseheads to their first Memorial Cup championship win and scored a hat-trick in the final game against the Portland Winterhawks. He was named the Most Valuable Player and scored a tournament-best seven goals and six assists in four games as well earned a spot on the Tournament All-Star Team.

On June 30, 2013, he was drafted by the Colorado Avalanche with the 1st overall pick in the 2013 NHL Entry Draft. On July 9, 2013, the Avalanche signed MacKinnon to his first NHL contract, a three-year entry level deal.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **name**: Nathan MacKinnon
- **image**: Nathan MacKinnon playing with the Avalanche in 2020 (Quintin Soloviev).jpg
- **image size**: 230px
- **caption**: MacKinnon with the Avalanche in 2020
- **birth place**: Springhill, Nova Scotia, Canada
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 0
- **weight lb**: 205
- **position**: Centre (ice hockey), Centre
- **shoots**: Right
- **league**: National Hockey League, NHL
- **team**: Colorado Avalanche
- **ntl team**: CAN
- **draft**: 1st overall
- **draft year**: 2013
- **draft team**: Colorado Avalanche
- **career start**: 2013
Invitation to the Dance

"**Invitation to the Dance**" is a piece of music for solo piano written by Carl Maria von Weber in 1819. It is written in D-flat major in rondo form. It was the first concert waltz. This means it was meant to be listened to rather than danced to.

In 1841, Hector Berlioz made an arrangement for orchestra. In 1911, the Berlioz version was used for a short ballet called _Le Spectre de la rose_. This ballet starred Nijinsky and Karsavina. It became very well known.
Konzertstück in F minor

**Concert Piece (Konzertstück) in F minor for Piano and Orchestra, Op. 79, J. 282** is a piece of music for piano and orchestra. It was written by Carl Maria von Weber, and first performed on June 25, 1821 in Berlin, Germany.

It is one unbroken piece of music with four sections in different tempos. Weber wrote a program for the piece. It tells of a lady and her knight. They are separated by war, but are happily reunited by the end of the music. Mendelssohn played the piece in a concert when he was 18 years old. Liszt and Stravinsky were both influenced by the piece when writing similar works of their own.
Chaperone (protein)

A **molecular chaperone** is a protein which does things to other proteins. They are mostly concerned with protein folding.

Some help assemble or take apart other macromolecular structures. They do not occur in these structures when the structures go about their normal functions.
What they do is:
- Fold over half of all mammalian proteins.
- Unfold proteins.
- Assemble proteins.
- Disassemble proteins.

The first protein to be called a chaperone assists the assembly of nucleosomes from folded histones and DNA. Those assembly chaperones, especially in the nucleus, assemble folded subunits into larger structures such as cell organelles.

One major function of chaperones is to prevent polypeptide chains and subunits sticking together in clumps which do not function. Some chaperones are "holdases" which act to stop aggregation. Others, called "foldases", do help fold proteins which cannot do it themselves. Such proteins violate Anfinsen's dogma, which said protein folding was automatic.
Ribonuclease

**Ribonuclease** (commonly abbreviated **RNase**) is a type of enzyme that chops RNA into smaller parts. There are many different versions of the enzyme.

All organisms studied contain many RNases of many different sorts. This shows that RNA degradation is a very ancient and important process.
1. It cleans up cell RNA which is no longer needed.
1. It is a first-line defence against RNA viruses.
1. It acts in RNA interference (RNAi), or post transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS). This is a biological process in which RNA molecules inhibit gene expression. In 2006, Andrew Fire and Craig Mello shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their work on RNA interference.
Illinois Secretary of State

The **Secretary of State of Illinois** is one of the six elected executive state offices of the government of Illinois, and one of the 47 secretaries of states in the United States.  The Illinois Secretary of State keeps the state records, laws, library, and archives, and is the state's vehicle registration and driver licensing authority.  The current Secretary of State is Jesse White, a Democrat who took office in 1999.

## Infobox (political post)

- **post**: Secretary of State
- **body**: Illinois
- **insignia**: Seal of Illinois.svg
- **insigniasize**: 100px
- **insigniacaption**: Great Seal of the State of Illinois
- **imagesize**: 165px
- **image**: Jesse White 2018.jpg
- **incumbent**: Jesse White (politician), Jesse White
- **incumbentsince**: January 11, 1999
- **termlength**: 4 years, unlimited term
- **formation**: 1818
- **inaugural**: Elias Kane
- **website**: [http://www.cyberdriveillinois.com/ Official Website]
Illinois Attorney General

The **Illinois Attorney General** is the highest legal officer of the state of Illinois in the United States.  Originally an appointed office, it is now an office filled by election through universal suffrage.  Based in Chicago and Springfield, Illinois, the Attorney General is responsible for providing legal counsel for the various state agencies including the Governor of Illinois and Illinois General Assembly, and conducting all legal affairs pertaining to the state. The current Attorney General is Kwame Raoul.

## List of attorneys general

- Parties

|#|Image|Name|Political party|Term|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1||Daniel Pope Cook|Democratic-Republican|1819|
|2||William Mears|Democratic-Republican|1819–1821|
|3||Samuel D. Lockwood|Democratic-Republican|1821–1822|
|4||James Turney|Democratic-Republican|1822–1829|
|5||George Forquer|Democratic|1829–1832|
|6||James Semple|Democratic|1832–1834|
|7||Ninian Wirt Edwards|Democratic|1834–1835|
|8||Jesse B. Thomas Jr.|Democratic|1835–1836|
|9||Walter B. Scates|Democratic|1836–1837|
|10||Usher F. Linder|Democratic|1837–1838|
|11||George W. Olney|Democratic|1838–1839|
|12||Wickliffe Kitchell|Democratic|1839–1840|
|13||Josiah Lamborn|Democratic|1840–1843|
|14||James A. McDougall|Democratic|1843–1846|
|15||David B. Campbell|Democratic|1846–1848|
|colspan=5 align=center|Office abolished 1848–1867||||
|16||Robert G. Ingersoll|Republican|1867–1869|
|17||Washington Bushnell|Republican|1869–1873|
|18||James K. Edsall|Republican|1873–1881|
|19||James A. McCartney|Republican|1881–1885|
|20||George Hunt|Republican|1885–1893|
|21||Maurice T. Moloney|Democratic|1893–1897|
|22||Edward C. Akin|Republican|1897–1901|
|23||Howland J. Hamlin|Republican|1901–1905|
|24||William H. Stead|Republican|1905–1913|
|25||Patrick J. Lucey|Democratic|1913–1917|
|26||Edward J. Brundage|Republican|1917–1925|
|27||Oscar E. Carlstrom|Republican|1925–1933|
|28||Otto Kerner Sr.|Democratic|1932–1938|
|29||John Edward Cassidy|Democratic|1938–1941|
|30||George F. Barrett|Republican|1941–1949|
|31||Ivan A. Elliott|Democratic|1949–1953|
|32||Latham Castle|Republican|1953–1959|
|33||Grenville Beardsley|Republican|1959–1960|
|34||William L. Guild|Republican|1960–1961|
|35||William G. Clark|Democratic|1961–1969|
|36||William J. Scott|Republican|1969–1980|
|37||Tyrone C. Fahner|Republican|1980–1983|
|38||Neil F. Hartigan|Democratic|1983–1991|
|39||Roland W. Burris|Democratic|1991–1995|
|40||Jim Ryan|Republican|1995–2003|
|41||Lisa Madigan|Democratic|2003–2019|
|42||Kwame Raoul|Democratic|2019–present|

## Other websites

- Illinois Attorney General website

## Infobox (political post)

- **post**: Attorney General
- **body**: Illinois
- **insignia**: Seal of Illinois.svg
- **insigniacaption**: Great Seal of Illinois
- **image**: Kwame Raoul RFCG.jpg
- **incumbent**: Kwame Raoul
- **incumbentsince**: January 14, 2019
- **termlength**: 4 years
- **formation**: December 3, 1818
- **succession**: Second
- **inaugural**: Daniel Pope Cook
- **website**: http://www.ag.state.il.us/
- www.ag.state.il.us
Illinois Comptroller

The **Comptroller of Illinois** is an elected official of the U.S. state of Illinois.

## Duties

He or she is responsible for keeping the State's accounts, and for ordering payments into and out of them. The office was created by the Illinois Constitution of 1970, replacing the office of Auditor of Public Accounts. The current Comptroller is Leslie Munger.

## List of Illinois Comptrollers

- George W. Lindberg (1973-1977)
- Michael J. Bakalis (1977-1979)
- Roland W. Burris (1979-1991)
- Dawn Clark Netsch (1991-1995)
- Loleta A. Didrickson (1995-1999)
- Daniel W. Hynes (1999-2011)
- Judy Baar Topinka (2011-2014)
- Jerry Stermer (2014-2015; acting)
- Leslie Munger (2015-2016)
- Susana Mendoza (since 2016)

## Infobox (political post)

- **post**: Comptroller
- **body**: Illinois
- **insigniacaption**: Great Seal of Illinois
- **incumbent**: Susana Mendoza
- **incumbentsince**: December 5, 2016
- **termlength**: 4 years
- **formation**: 1970
- **succession**: Fourth
- **inaugural**: George W. Lindberg
Jesse White (politician)

**Jesse Clark White** (born June 23, 1934) is a Democratic American politician.  He served as the 37th and the longest serving Secretary of State of Illinois and the first African American to hold this position. He decided to retire in 2022 instead of running for a seventh term.

## Early life

White was born in Alton, Illinois on June 23, 1934. He attended Alabama State University.

## As Secretary of State

First elected to Secretary of State of Illinois in 1998, White was re-elected in 2002 by winning all 102 counties and garnering more than 2.3 million votes, the largest vote total by any candidate for Illinois statewide office in a quarter of a century.  In 2006, White was re-elected to a third term, having received 63 percent of the vote statewide. White was elected to a fourth term in 2010, the leading vote-getter in the entire state.

## Electoral history

- **2010 Race for Secretary of State of Illinois**
    - Jesse White (D) (inc.), 70%
    - Robert Enriquez (R), 27%
- **2006 Race for Secretary of State of Illinois**
    - Jesse White (D) (inc.), 62%
    - Dan Rutherford (R), 34%
- **2002 Race for Secretary of State of Illinois**
    - Jesse White (D) (inc.), 69%
    - Kristine O'Rourke Cohn (R), 29%
- **1998 Race for Secretary of State of Illinois**
    - Jesse White (D), 57%
    - Al Salvi (R), 43%

## Other websites

- Illinois Secretary of State – official site
    - biography
- Follow the Money – Jesse White: 2006 campaign cycle, 2008 "campaign" cycle contributions
- Project Vote Smart – Jesse White (IL) profile
- Jesse White Tumbling Team official site
- Jesse White 2010  official 2010 campaign site

## Infobox (politician)

- **image**: Jesse White 2018.jpg
- **imagesize**: 200
- **name**: Jesse White
- **order**: 37th
- **office**: Secretary of State of Illinois
- **term start**: January 11, 1999
- **term end**: January 9, 2023
- **predecessor**: George Ryan
- **successor**: Alexi Giannoulias
- **birth place**: Alton, Illinois, Alton, Illinois
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
- **alma mater**: Alabama State University
- **branch**: United States Army
Illinois National Guard
- **serviceyears**: 1957-1959
- **battles**: Vietnam War
*101st Airborne Division
Illinois House of Representatives

The **Illinois House of Representatives** is the lower house of the Illinois General Assembly, the state legislature of the U.S. state of Illinois. The body was created by the first Illinois Constitution created in 1818. The state House of Representatives is made of 118 representatives elected from different legislative districts for a two-year term with no limits. The leader of the body is the Speaker of the Illinois House of Representatives.
Animal hoarding

**Animal hoarding** is keeping a higher-than-usual number of animals as pets without ability to look after them. Hoarders believe that they take care for their pets usually.
Jesse White (actor)

**Jesse Marc Weidenfeld** (January 4, 1917 – January 9, 1997) was an American television, movie, and stage character actor. He is best remembered for playing the Maytag repairman in television commercials, a role that he starred from 1967 to 1988.

## Early life

White was born **Jesse Marc Weidenfeld** on January 4, 1917 in Buffalo, New York. He was raised in Akron, Ohio and in Cleveland, Ohio.

## Career

In 1947, White starred in his first movie called _Kiss of Death_. White appeared in _The Bad Seed_ (1956); _Designing Woman_ (1957), with Lauren Bacall; and Marjorie Morningstar (1958), with Natalie Wood and Gene Kelly. He also appeared in the epic comedy _It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World_.

On October 2, 1958, White played the fast-talking, dishonest, used-car salesman San Fernando Harry in the segment "The New Car" of the ABC sitcom, _The Real McCoys_, starring Walter Brennan, Richard Crenna, and Kathleen Nolan.

His last movie was in the 1993 comedy _Matinee_. His last television appearance was on _Seinfeld_.

## Personal life

White was married to Celia Cohn from 1942 until his death in 1997. They had two children. One of his daughters is actress Carole Ita White. He lived in Beverley Hills, California.

### Death

White died on January 9, 1997 from complications of a heart attack following a surgical operation. He was 80 years old. He died 5 days after his birthday. He was buried at Mount Sinai Memorial Park in Los Angeles, California.

## Other websites

- Jesse White at Find a Grave
- A writeup about the Maytag Repairman, with photo

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Jesse White
- **image**: Jesse White in Three Blondes in His Life.jpg
- **caption**: White in _Three Blondes in His Life_ (1961)
- **birth name**: Jesse Marc Weidenfeld
- **birth place**: Buffalo, New York, Buffalo, New York (state), New York, U.S.
- **death place**: Los Angeles, California, Los Angeles, California. U.S.
- **death cause**: Myocardial infarction, Heart attack following surgery
- **resting place**: Mount Sinai Memorial Park Cemetery, Mount Sinai Memorial Park in Los Angeles
- **yearsactive**: 1942–1997
- **other names**: Jessie White
- **occupation**: Actor
- **spouse**: Celia Cohn (1942–1997, his death)
- **children**: Two children
Lisa Madigan

**Lisa Madigan** (born July 30, 1966) was the 41st Attorney General of the US state of Illinois from 2003, when she became the first female attorney general for Illinois, until 2019.

She is a Democrat and the daughter of Michael Madigan, who has been Speaker of the Illinois House of Representatives for most of the last 50 years.

On December 12, 2008, she attracted national attention after filing a motion with the Supreme Court of Illinois to remove Governor Rod Blagojevich from office. The motion was denied by the court without a hearing.

Madigan was born on July 30, 1966 in Chicago, Illinois. She studied at Georgetown University and at Loyola University Chicago School of Law. Madigan has been married to Pat Byrnes.

She was once said by _The New York Times_ to be among the seventeen most likely women to become the first female President of the United States.

On July 14, 2013 Madigan, who was widely expected to run, announced she would not run for governor in 2014 because of her father’s decision to stay in his post as speaker of the Illinois House, but that she would run for reelection instead.

## Other websites

- Illinois Attorney General Lisa Madigan  _official government website_
    - Biography
- Lisa Madigan for Attorney General  _official campaign website_

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Lisa Madigan
- **image**: Lisa Madigan 2011.jpg
- **office**: Illinois Attorney General, Attorney General of Illinois
- **governor**: Rod Blagojevich
Pat Quinn (politician), Pat Quinn
- **term start**: January 13, 2003
- **term end**: January 14, 2019
- **predecessor**: Jim Ryan (politician), Jim Ryan
- **successor**: Kwame Raoul
- **state senate1**: Illinois
- **district1**: 17th
- **term start1**: January 13, 1999
- **term end1**: January 7, 2003
- **predecessor1**: Bruce Farley
- **successor1**: Constituency abolished
- **birth place**: Chicago, Illinois, United States, U.S.
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
- **spouse**: Pat Byrnes
- **alma mater**: Georgetown University
Loyola University Chicago School of Law, Loyola University, Chicago
Sheila Simon

**Sheila J. Simon** (born March 13, 1961) is an American politician and educator who was the 46th Lieutenant Governor of the state of Illinois.

She was a Professor of Law at the Southern Illinois University School of Law. Simon is the daughter of former U.S. Senator Paul Simon, who had previously served as Lieutenant Governor of Illinois (1969-1973), and his first wife, former Illinois State Representative Jeanne Hurley Simon.

On September 7, 2015, Simon announced her candidacy for the Illinois Senate. Simon was defeated by her Republican opponent Paul Schimpf.

Simon was born on March 31, 1961 in Springfield, Illinois. She studied at Georgetown Law School. Simon has been married to Perry Knop since 1987. They have two children. She lives in Carbondale, Illinois.

## Other websites

- Illinois Lieutenant Governor website
- Sheila Simon campaign website

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Sheila Simon
- **image**: Sheila Simon.jpg
- **order**: 46th Lieutenant Governor of Illinois
- **term start**: January 10, 2011
- **term end**: January 12, 2015
- **governor**: Pat Quinn
- **predecessor**: Pat Quinn (politician), Pat Quinn
- **successor**: Evelyn Sanguinetti
- **office2**: Member of the Carbondale, Illinois, Carbondale City Council
- **term start2**: 2003
- **term end2**: 2007
- **birth place**: Springfield, Illinois
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
- **profession**: educator
- **children**: 2
- **alma mater**: Georgetown University Law Center, Georgetown Law School
- **residence**: Carbondale, Illinois
Judy Baar Topinka

**Judy Baar Topinka** (January 16, 1944 – December 10, 2014) was an American politician. She served as the Illinois Comptroller and Illinois Treasurer, having served as Treasurer from 1995 to 2007, and former chairwoman of the Illinois Republican Party.

## Early life

Topinka was born on January 16, 1944 in Chicago, Illinois.

## Career

She was the first woman to become state treasurer, first to be elected to three consecutive terms and the first Republican to hold the post in more than thirty-two years. During her last term, she was the only elected statewide official from the Republican Party, in Illinois.

In November 2005, Topinka announced her decision to run for Governor of Illinois. In March 2006, she was nominated as the Republican candidate. She was the second woman (after 1994 Democratic nominee Dawn Clark Netsch) and first Republican woman to be nominated for governor of Illinois. She went on to lose the election to Rod Blagojevich.

In 2010, she successfully ran for the office of Illinois State Comptroller and was re-elected in 2014, one month before her death.

## Death

Topinka died in Berwyn, Illinois from a stroke, aged 70.

## Other websites

- State of Illinois Comptroller
- Official campaign website

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Judy Baar Topinka
- **image**: Judy Baar Topinka (14134).jpg
- **office**: Illinois Comptroller, Comptroller of Illinois
- **term start**: January 10, 2011
- **term end**: December 10, 2014
- **succeeded**: Jerry Stermer
- **governor**: Pat Quinn (politician), Pat Quinn
- **predecessor**: Daniel Hynes
- **office1**: Treasurer Illinois
- **term start1**: January 9, 1995
- **term end1**: January 8, 2007
- **governor1**: Jim Edgar
George Ryan
Rod Blagojevich
- **predecessor1**: Pat Quinn (politician), Pat Quinn
- **successor1**: Alexi Giannoulias
- **state senate2**: Illinois
- **state2**: Illinois
- **district2**: 22nd
- **term start2**: 1985
- **term end2**: 1995
- **state house3**: Illinois
- **district3**: 43rd
- **term start3**: 1982
- **term end3**: 1984
- **state house4**: Illinois
- **district4**: 7th
- **term start4**: 1980
- **term end4**: 1982
- **birth place**: Riverside, Illinois, Riverside, Illinois, United States
- **death place**: Berwyn, Illinois
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **alma mater**: Northwestern University
<small>Medill School of Journalism, (Bachelor of Science, BSJ) 1966</small>
- **occupation**: Editing, Features editor, reporter and columnist
- **profession**: Journalism
- **footnotes**: [http://www.judybaartopinka.com/resume.html]
Dan Rutherford

**Dan Rutherford** (born May 26, 1955) is an American politician. Rutherford is a former Illinois Treasurer. He served as a Republican member of the Illinois Senate, representing the 53rd district, from 2003 to 2011, in the Illinois House of Representatives from 1993 to 2003, and as the Treasurer of Illinois from 2011 to 2015.

## Early life

Rutherford was born in Pontiac, Illinois on May 16, 1955. He attended Pontiac Township High School. Following high school, Rutherford attended Illinois State University.

## Illinois Treasurer

Rutherford won the open seat of Illinois Treasurer. Also running were Democratic nominee Robin Kelly, Constitution Party nominee Dawn Czarny, Green Party Party nominee Scott K. Summers, Libertarian nominee James Pauly, and Independent Conservative Christopher Pedersen.

## 2014 Gubernatorial election

On June 2, 2013, Dan Rutherford officially announced his candidacy for Governor of Illinois. His running mate is attorney Steve Kim.

## Electoral history

- **2010 election for Treasurer of Illinois**
    - Dan Rutherford (R), 49.9%
    - Robin Kelly (D), 45.1%
    - Scott Summers (G), 3.2%
    - James Pauly (L), 1.9%
- **2006 election for Secretary of State of Illinois**
    - Jesse White (D) (inc.), 62%
    - Dan Rutherford (R), 34%

## Other websites

- Illinois State Treasurer
- Dan Rutherford for Governor
- Profile  at Illinois State Senate Republicans

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Dan Rutherford
- **office1**: Illinois Treasurer, Treasurer of Illinois
- **governor1**: Pat Quinn (politician), Pat Quinn
- **term start1**: January 10, 2011
- **term end1**: January 12, 2015
- **predecessor1**: Alexi Giannoulias
- **successor1**: Mike Frerichs
- **state senate2**: Illinois
- **state2**: Illinois
- **district2**: 53rd
- **term start2**: 2003
- **term end2**: 2011
- **state house3**: Illinois
- **district3**: 87th
- **term start3**: 1993
- **term end3**: 2003
- **birth place**: Pontiac, Illinois, Pontiac, Illinois, United States, U.S.
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **alma mater**: Illinois State University
The Evil Within

***The Evil Within***, known in Japan as ***Psychobreak***, is an action survival horror video game.

It was being developed by a Japanese studio, Tango Gameworks. The game can be run on Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, Xbox 360 and Xbox One. It was released on October 14, 2014.

_The Evil Within_ is the first product of Tango Gameworks.
Thematic map

A **thematic map** is a kind of map. Different from normal maps, a thematic map is designed to show the distribution of human or natural features or data. The information may or may not be related to geography. For example, a map which shows population is a thematic map.

Thematic maps are called so because they show features relating to a particular theme or aspect of geography.

## Examples

An early contributor to thematic mapping in England was the English astronomer Edmond Halley (1656–1742). His first important map was a star chart of the constellations of the Southern Hemisphere, published in 1686. In the same year he also published something new, a map of the globe (Earth) in an article about trade winds. This map is sometimes called the first weather map.

Another example of early thematic mapping comes from London physician John Snow. Snow’s cholera map of 1854 is the best known example of using thematic maps for analysis of data. His method anticipates the principles of a geographic information system (GIS). He started with an accurate map of a London neighborhood which included streets and water pump locations. Onto this Snow placed a dot for each cholera death. The pattern centered around one particular pump on Broad Street. At Snow’s request, the handle of the pump was removed, and new cholera cases ceased almost at once. Further investigation of the area revealed the Broad Street pump was near a cesspit under the home of the outbreak's first cholera victim.
Fruit Ninja

***Fruit Ninja*** is a video game made by Halfbrick. The game can be played on different platforms such as Xbox 360 and Windows Phone.

The goal of this game is to get a high score by slicing fruits that fly across the screen. For the classic mode, fruit must be sliced before it leaves the screen; if three fruits leave the screen, the game is over. Bombs also sometimes appear, and slicing them instantly ends the game. Extra points are awarded for slicing three or more fruits with one swipe.

## Outer websites

- Developer website
- _Fruit Ninja_ – iOS App Store
- _Fruit Ninja_ - Google App Store
Ruggero Leoncavallo

**Ruggero Leoncavallo** (April 23, 1857 – August 9, 1919) was an Italian opera composer and librettist. He is best known for his 1892 opera, _I pagliacci_. In 1906, he toured the United States with success. He was born in Naples, and died in Montecatini Terme, Tuscany.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Ruggero Leoncavallo
- **image**: Leonkavallo Postcard-1910.jpg
- **caption**: Leoncavallo in 1910
- **birth date**: April 23, 1857
- **birth place**: Naples, Italy
- **death date**: August 9, 1919
- **death place**: Montecatini Terme, Tuscany, Italy
- **nationality**: Italian
- **known for**: _I pagliacci_
- **occupation**: Librettist, composer
Pagliacci

***I pagliacci*** or ***Pagliacci*** () is a short two-act opera with libretto and music by Ruggero Leoncavallo. It was first performed in the Teatro Dal Verme in Milan, Italy on May 21, 1892. It was conducted by Arturo Toscanini.

The opera is about an adulterous love affair between the wife of a traveling actor and a village man that ends in the murders of both.

The role of Canio became Enrico Caruso's signature role. _Pagliacci_ is the only opera by Leoncavallo still performed. It is usually paired with Pietro Mascagni's _Cavalleria rusticana_.
Beorhtric of Wessex

**Beorhtric** (also **Brihtric**; meaning 'Magnificent ruler') (died 802) was the King of Wessex from 786 to 802. He ruled Wessex as a figurehead king. His wife and father-in-law exercised most of the power.

## King of Wessex

The names of his parents and his ancestry are unknown. In 786, Cynewulf, king of Wessex, was killed by Cyneheard, brother of the former King Sigeberht. Either with help of Offa of Mercia or quickly coming under his influence, Beorhtric became King of Wessex. In 787, he held the Synod of Chelsea jointly with Offa. In 789 he married Eadburh, Offa's daughter. That same year Vikings appeared off the coast of Devon. Believing they were traders the local reeve went to meet them and was killed. This was the first encounter with Vikings in southern England.

After Offa's death in 796, Mercian power over England was weakened. There was a period of three years when some West Saxons tried to break free of Mercian control. But Beorhtric and Cenfulf, the new king, signed a peace treaty. From that time on Wessex remained subordinate to Mercia. Three West Saxon coins have survived from Beorhtric's reign. In style they are very similar to coins struck by Offa. They were probably minted at Southampton after Offa's death.

## His queen

Queen Eadburh, as Offa's daughter, seems to have held all the power in Wessex. She had a reputation for great cruelty. In later years Asser, a scholar at Alfred the Great's court, recorded the story that Beorhtric had died from being accidentally poisoned by his wife, Eadburh. She fled to a nunnery in Francia, from which she was later ejected after being found with a man. It was a good story but probably more myth than real. But she was the reason Wessex would not have another queen for several generations. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records that Beorhtric was buried at Wareham in 802. He left no heirs.

## Other websites

- Britannia: Kings of Wessex

## Infobox (royalty)

- **type**: monarch
- **name**: Beorhtric
- **succession**: List of monarchs of Wessex, King of Wessex
- **image**: Beorhtric - MS Royal 14 B VI.jpg
- **reign**: 786–802
- **predecessor**: Cynewulf of Wessex, Cynewulf
- **successor**: Egbert of Wessex, Egbert
- **house**: House of Wessex
- **death date**: 802
- **burial place**: Wareham, Dorset
- **spouse**: Eadburh, daughter of Offa, king of Mercia
Ken Norton

**Kenneth Howard Norton Sr.** (August 9, 1943 – September 18, 2013) was an American heavyweight boxer and WBC world Heavyweight Champion.

He was best known for his 12-round victory over Muhammad Ali, when he famously broke Ali's jaw, on March 31, 1973, becoming only the second man to defeat a peak Ali as a professional (after Joe Frazier, who won a 15-round unanimous decision against Ali on March 8, 1971).

Norton was born on August 9, 1943 in Jackson, Illinois. He studied at Northeast Missouri State University. Norton had two sons.

Norton died on September 18, 2013, at a care facility in Las Vegas, Nevada from heart failure. He was 70 years old and had suffered a series of strokes in later life.

## Other websites

- Ken Norton's Biography at BoxRec Boxing Encyclopedia
- Ken Norton Gallery from BoxRec Boxing Encyclopedia
- International Boxing Hall of Fame's page about Ken Norton
- Marine Corps Community Services: Marine Corps Sports Hall of Fame's article about Ken Norton
Marcel Reich-Ranicki

**Marcel Reich-Ranicki** (2 June 1920 – 18 September 2013) was a Polish-German literary critic and member of the literary group Gruppe 47. He was regarded as one of the most influential contemporary literary critics in the field of German literature and has often been called _Literaturpapst_ ("Pope of Literature") in Germany.

Reich-Ranicki was born on 2 June 1920 in Włocławek, Poland. He was raised in Berlin, Germany. Reich-Ranicki was married to Teofila Reich-Ranicki from 1942 until her death in 2011. They had no children. Reich-Ranicki died on 18 September 2013 in Frankfurt, having previously been diagnosed with prostate cancer.

## Other websites

- Reich-Ranicki.com
- Marcel Reich-Ranicki on literaturkritik.de
Michael Giannatos

**Michael** or **Mihalis Giannatos** (1941 – 17 September 2013), alternatively spelled as **Yannatos** (), was a Greek actοr.

Giannatos was born in Istanbul, Turkey in 1941. He left the city for Greece in 1964 during the long eviction period of Greeks. He was married to Chaido Giannatos. Giannatos died on 17 September 2013 from a heart attack in his Athens, Greece home, aged 72.

## Other websites

- Actor entry at IMDB
- Actor entry at ishow.gr (mostly in Greek but also some in English)

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Michael Giannatos
- **birth date**: 1941
- **birth place**: Istanbul, Turkey
- **death date**: 17 September 2013
- **death place**: Athens, Greece
- **known for**: Midnight Express (movie), Midnight Express
Captain Corelli's Mandolin (movie), Captain Corelli's Mandolin
Munich (movie), Munich
- **occupation**: actor
- **yearsactive**: 1966-2013
- **spouse**: Chaido
- **children**: Maria, Gerasimos & Ioannis
Eiji Toyoda

was a Japanese industrialist. He was largely responsible for bringing Toyota Motor Corporation to profitability and worldwide prominence during his tenure as president and later, as chairman.

Toyoda was born on 12 September 1913 in Nagoya, Japan. He studied at Tokyo Imperial University. Toyoda was married to Kazuko Toyoda until her death in 2002. They had three children. Toyoda died on 17 September 2013 in Toyota, Aichi from natural causes, aged 100.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Eiji Toyoda
豊田 英二
- **image**: Eiji toyoda.jpg
- **birth place**: Nagoya, Japan
- **death place**: Toyota, Aichi
- **education**: Tokyo Imperial University
- **occupation**: President (1967–1981) and Chairman (1981–1994)
Toyota Motor Corporation
- **nationality**: Japanese
Erich Loest

**Erich Loest** (24 February 1926 – 12 September 2013) was a German writer. He also wrote under the pseudonyms **Hans Walldorf**, **Bernd Diksen**, and **Waldemar Naß**. From 1965 to 1975, he wrote eleven novels and 30 short stories, some under pseudonyms. In 1979 he was ostracized from East Germany and did not return until after the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1990.

Loest was born on 24 February 1926 in Mittweida, Saxony. In his later years, Loest became seriously ill and announced at an Academy of Arts ceremony in 2010 that he did not have the strength to write another novel. On the morning of 12 September 2013, he committed suicide by falling from a second-floor hospital window in Leipzig, Saxony. He was 87 years old.
Cynewulf of Wessex

**Cynewulf** (died 786) was a West Saxon nobleman, a member of the West Saxon witan, and was King of Wessex from 757 until his death in 786.

## Career

Cynewulf was a member of the West Saxon witan. He led that council in expelling Sigeberht. Cynewulf was elected by the witan to rule Wessex in place of Sigeberht. He attested a charter at the court of King Æthelbald of Mercia. The charter was for Cynewulf to grant land to an abbot in Wiltshire. This indicates Wessex was still a dependency of Mercia. Æthelbald died a few months later. Taking advantage of this Cynewulf took back lands he lost in Berkshire and Wiltshire. Cynewulf was occupied during much of his reign in wars against the Welsh of Dumnonia. He was never able to conqueror Cornwall however. In 779, Cynewulf was defeated by Offa of Mercia at the Battle of Bensington.  and Offa then retook Berkshire, and perhaps also London. Despite this defeat, there is no evidence to suggest Cynewulf became subject to Offa (as his successor, Beorhtric was).

In 786 Cynewulf was surprised and killed by Cyneheard, the brother of the deposed king Sigeberht. The entry for the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle for the year 784 (actual date 786) was: "This year Cyneheard slew [killed] king Cenewulf, and he was there slain, and eighty-four men with him; then Beorhtric succeeded to the kingdom of the West Saxons..." Cynewulf had a long reign of twenty-nine years. He died leaving no heirs.

## Other websites

- Cynewulf and Cyneheard , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
- Britannia: Kings of Wessex

## Infobox (royalty)

- **type**: monarch
- **name**: Cynewulf
- **succession**: King of Wessex
- **reign**: 757–786
- **predecessor**: Sigeberht of Wessex, Sigeberht
- **successor**: Beorhtric of Wessex, Beorhtric
- **house**: House of Wessex
- **death date**: 786
 Merton
- **burial place**: Winchester Cathedral
- **image**: Murder of Cenulph - King of Wessex 031.png
- **caption**: Cynewulf being surprise attacked by Cyneheard and his men at his mistress's house
Mengjiang United Autonomous Government

The **Mengjiang United Autonomous Government** () was a puppet state of the Japanese Empire. It was located in Inner Mongolia, and its capital was Kalgan.

It existed from 1939 to 1945. Its ruler was Demchugdongrub.

## Infobox (country)

- **conventional long name**: Mengjiang United Autonomous Government
- **native name**: 蒙疆聯合自治政府
- **image flag**: Flag of the Mengjiang.svg
- **flag caption**: National flag of Mengjiang United Autonomous Government
- **image coat**: Emblem of Mengjiang.svg
- **symbol type**: Emblem
- **image map**: Mengjiang map 1939.svg
- **map caption**: Mengjiang in 1939
- **capital**: Kalgan
- **government type**: Monarchy under Japanese protectorate
- **leader title1**: Prince
- **leader name1**: Demchugdongrub
- **established event1**: Establishment
- **established date1**: 1939
- **established event2**: Soviet–Japanese War
- **established date2**: 1945
- **status**: puppet state of the Japanese Empire
- **life span**: 1939–1945
- **common languages**: Japanese language, Japanese, Mongolian language, Mongolian, Chinese language, Chinese
Andrea Palladio

**Andrea Palladio** (November 30, 1508 – August 19, 1580) was an Italian architect. He was born in Padua and died at Maser, near Treviso. He worked in and around Venice. He was influenced by Greek and Roman architecture. He influenced architects for centuries.

He wrote several books about architecture. His most famous buildings are: Villa Barbaro, Villa Capra "La Rotonda", Basilica Palladiana, Church of San Giorgio Maggiore, Il Redentore, and Teatro Olimpico.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Andrea Palladio
- **image**: Palladio filtered.jpg
- **birth date**: November 30, 1508
- **birth place**: Padua, Italy
- **death date**: August 19, 1580
- **death place**: Maser, Italy
- **nationality**: Italian
- **known for**: Villa Capra "La Rotonda"
Basilica Palladiana
Church of San Giorgio Maggiore
- **occupation**: Architect
Giovanni Battista Tiepolo

**Giovanni Battista Tiepolo** (March 5, 1696 – March 27, 1770) was an Italian decorative painter of the Baroque. He was born in Venice and died in Madrid. He had nine children upon his wife Maria Cecilia Guardi. Two of his three sons became his assistants; the third became a priest. He worked churches and palaces in Italy, Germany, and Spain.

## Related pages

- List of Italian painters
Elegy for Brahms

**Elegy for Brahms** is a short orchestral work. It was written by Hubert Parry in 1897. It is in the key of A minor, and is marked _Maestoso espressivo - Largamente - Tempo primo_. The work quotes Brahms's music in several places.

It was first performed after Parry's death in October 1918 at a memorial concert for him at the Royal College of Music on 8 November 1918. It received its second performance in 1977. It has been recorded by Sir Adrian Boult and Matthias Bamert.
Das Lied von der Erde

***Das Lied von der Erde*** is a piece of music and symphonic song cycle. It was written by Gustav Mahler in 1908-1909 as a symphony with sonata form. It is a large work of six separate songs for two voices and orchestra. It is based on Hans Bethge's _The Chinese Flute_, an anthology of ancient Chinese poetry. It was first performed on November 20, 1911 in Munich by Bruno Walter.
Evaporating dish

An **evaporating dish** is used to evaporate solutions - that is, to turn them from a liquid state into a gaseous (gas) state. They are often made from ceramics.
Sigeberht of Wessex

**Sigeberht** (died ) was a West Saxon nobleman and atheling. He was King of Wessex from 756 to 757.

## King of Wessex

Sigeberht was a West Saxon atheling (prince) who in 756 succeeded Cuthred as King of Wessex. in 756. After ruling a year he was accused of unlawful acts and removed from power by the witan. This council was led by Cynewulf. This same council then elected Cynewulf to replace Sigeberht as king. Sigeberht was allowed to keep Hampshire and was supported there by the ealdorman Cumbra. But Sigeberht then killed Cumbra and as a result was driven out of Hampshire. Sigeberht met his end while wandering in the great forest of the Weald, killed by a herdsman. The herdsman killed Sigeberht in revenge for killing Cumbra.

This series of events formed the basis for the story of Cynewulf and Cyneheard. Thirty years later Cynewulf was killed by Cyneheard, the brother of Sigeberht. This was either in revenge for killing his brother or because Cyneheard was about to be expelled from Wessex.

## Other websites

- Cynewulf and Cyneheard , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
- Britannia: Kings of Wessex

## Infobox (royalty)

- **type**: monarch
- **name**: Sigeberht
- **succession**: List of monarchs of Wessex, King of Wessex
- **reign**: 756–757
- **predecessor**: Cuthred of Wessex, Cuthred
- **successor**: Cynewulf of Wessex, Cynewulf
- **house**: House of Wessex
- **death date**:
 The Weald, Kent (?)
Enrico Caruso

**Enrico Caruso** (February 25, 1873 – August 2, 1921) was an Italian operic tenor. He was born and died in Naples. He sang at La Scala and the Metropolitan Opera House. In 1987, he received a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Enrico Caruso
- **image**: Enrico Caruso tenor.jpg
- **caption**: Caruso circa 1910
- **birth place**: Naples, Kingdom of Italy
- **death place**: Naples, Kingdom of Italy
- **resting place**: Cimitero di Santa Maria del Pianto
- **nationality**: Italian
- **occupation**: Operatic tenor
- **years active**: 1895–1920
- **partner**: Ada Giachetti (1898–1908)
- **children**: 5
David Wright (baseball)

**David Wright** is an American professional baseball player. He plays on the New York Mets of Major League Baseball. He plays third base. He wears number 5.

Wright was born on December 20, 1982 in Norfolk, Virginia. He was drafted by the Mets in the 2001 draft. He started playing in the minor leagues later that year.

Wright first played for the Mets in July 2004. Since that time, he has been the Mets regular third basemen. He has been in 7 all-star games. Wright was chosen as captain of the Mets in 2013

## Other websites

- David Wright MLB Blog
- David Wright at the Ultimate Mets Database
- Yahoo MLB Profile

## Infobox (mlb player)

- **name**: David Wright
- **image**: David Wright on September 23, 2012.jpg
- **caption**: Wright in 2012
- **position**: Third baseman
- **number**: 5
- **bats**: Right
- **throws**: Right
- **birth place**: Norfolk, Virginia
- **debutdate**: July 21
- **debutyear**: 2004
- **debutteam**: New York Mets
- **statyear**: August 2, 2013
- **stat1label**: Batting average
- **stat1value**: .301
- **stat2label**: Hit (baseball), Hits
- **stat2value**: 1,552
- **stat3label**: Home runs
- **stat3value**: 220
- **stat4label**: Run batted in, Runs batted in
- **stat4value**: 872
- **stat5label**: Runs (baseball), Runs
- **stat5value**: 850
- **stat6label**: Stolen bases
- **stat6value**: 183
- **awards**: * 7× Major League Baseball All-Star Game, All-Star (2006 Major League Baseball All-Star Game, 2006, 2007 Major League Baseball All-Star Game, 2007, 2008 Major League Baseball All-Star Game, 2008, 2009 Major League Baseball All-Star Game, 2009, 2010 Major League Baseball All-Star Game, 2010, 2012 Major League Baseball All-Star Game, 2012, 2013 Major League Baseball All-Star Game, 2013)
* 2× World Baseball Classic selection (2009 World Baseball Classic, 2009, 2013 World Baseball Classic, 2013)
* 2× Rawlings Gold Glove Award, Gold Glove Award (–)
* 2× Silver Slugger Award (–)
* Captain (baseball), Captain of New York Mets (2013–present)
* 30–30 club (2007)
* List of New York Mets team records#Career batting, Multiple Mets franchise records
- **teams**: * New York Mets (–2018)