juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Eurasia

**Eurasia** is the combined landmass of Europe and Asia in the northern part of Earth. It has the Atlantic Ocean on its west, and the Pacific Ocean to the east. The Arctic Ocean is to its north, and the Mediterranean and Indian Ocean to its south. It is the largest of the continents. Its name comes from adding the "Eur" from "Europe" to "Asia". It and Africa form a part of the world called "Afro-Eurasia".

Some geographers say Eurasia is one continent, because Europe and Asia are mostly on the same tectonic plate and do not have a sea between them. The Ancient Greeks divided the world they knew into Europe, Asia and Africa. To them, the Aegean Sea was the division between the Balkan Peninsula in Europe and Asia Minor in Asia. North of the Sea of Marmara, the Greeks thought the lands on the western side of the Black Sea was Europe and the eastern side was Asia. The ancient Greeks did not know very much about the lands north of the Black Sea. Since Classical Antiquity, people have talked about Asia and Europe separately, so it is now a tradition to see them as two continents.

Some other continents, which are not completely divided by sea, are joined by a thin strip of land (called an isthmus). An example is North America and South America, which are connected by the Isthmus of Panama. Europe and Asia are not divided by a sea, nor by any isthmus.

Outside of geological definitions, Eurasia also includes the Indian subcontinent and the Arabian Peninsula.

Sometimes Eurasia is divided into West Eurasia and East Eurasia. Here, the dividing line is the Ural Mountains. West Eurasia includes Europe and the Middle East. Historians sometimes add North Africa to West Eurasia, because the Sahara Desert divides North Africa from Sub-Saharan Africa, and it is as difficult to cross as a sea. Also, North Africa is culturally linked to Europe by the Mediterranean Sea.

## List of countries

- Geologically in Europe and Asia
- (EU)
- Geologically in Europe and Asia
- (EU)
- (EU)
- (EU)
- (EU) Geologically in Europe and Asia
- (EU)
- (EU) Geologically in Europe and North America
- Geologically in Africa and Asia
- (EU)
- (EU)
- (EU)
- Geologically in Europe and Asia
- (EU)
- (EU)
- (EU)
- Geologically in Europe and North America
- (EU)
- (EU)
- Geologically in Europe and Asia
- (EU)
- (EU)
- (EU)
- (EU)
- (EU) Geologically in Europe and Africa
- (EU)
- (EU)
- (EU)
- (EU)
- Geologically in Europe and Asia
- (EU)
- (EU)
- (EU)
- (EU)
- Geologically in Europe and Asia

The OECD’s Eurasia activities involve 13 countries extending from the borders of the European Union to the Far East:
- Afghanistan
- Armenia
- Azerbaijan
- Belarus
- Georgia
- Kazakhstan
- Kyrgyzstan
- Mongolia
- Republic of Moldova
- Tajikistan
- Turkmenistan
- Ukraine
- Uzbekistan
- Turkey
North Pole

The **North Pole** is the point that is farthest north on Earth. It is the point on which axis of Earth turns. It is in the Arctic Ocean and it is cold there because the sun does not shine there for about half a year and never rises very high. The ocean around the pole is always very cold and it is covered by a thick sheet of ice.

There is also a Magnetic North Pole. It is near the physical North Pole. A compass points toward the magnetic North Pole.

There is a star called the North Star (or Polaris) that is always in the sky above the North Pole. People can tell how far north they are by seeing how high the North Star appears in the sky.

## Related pages

- South Pole
Plural

In linguistics, noun phrases have grammatical number. **Plural** is one kind of grammatical number. In English, **plural** noun phrases are counted as more or less than one (e.g., _32 degrees, no bananas_, _0.5 liters_, _1.2 grams_, _two times_, _three fish_, _20 mothers_). In contrast, a singular noun phrase usually refers to something that you would count as one only (e.g., _one time_, _a glass_, _the sun_, _my mother_, _Jennifer_). Noun phrases that cannot be counted are also singular in English (e.g., _water_, _the meat_, _some space_, etc.).

In many languages, a suffix (word ending) is added to a word to show that the word is plural. In English, the normal plural suffix _i_s _-s_ (e.g., _cat_ is singular, and _cat**s**_ is plural).

## Plurals in English

There are a number of exceptions:
- Singulars ending in s are usually the same in plural: _species_, _mumps_, _innings_ and so on. However, proper nouns ending in 's' take add 'es' in plural: _Jones_ becomes _the Joneses_.
- Compound words add the plural to the noun part: sons-in-law, Lord Mayors, Courts Martial.
- Singulars ending in y become ies in the plural if a consonant is before the suffix: day becomes days, but spy becomes spies. Personal names are again exceptions: the plural of Mary is Marys.
- Singulars ending in f usually changes to ves: dwarf to dwarves, leaf to leaves, and so on.
- Special cases: some plurals just have to be learnt. The plural of _person_ is normally _people_, but sometimes _persons_ is used.
- Invariant nouns:
The common names of animals is often used as both singular and plural. One can say "We shot grouse today" correctly no matter what number were killed. With "fish" there is a choice. The traditional English usage is that the word is used for both singular and plural, but American usage seems to prefer fishes as the plural.
With groups of animals, one uses the singular, as in a herd of bison or a shoal of herring. However, if the animals are known as individuals then, for example, we feed the ducks, or stroke our cats. There are other cases where there is no plural at all, as with sheep, salmon, deer.
Other general words which add no suffix in plural are _aircraft_ and _offspring_. Some look like singular but are always plural, such as _vermin_, _livestock_, _cattle_, _people_.

It is fair to say that most native English-speakers make mistakes in this area, which is one of the more troublesome aspects of English.

## Other languages

All European languages have plural forms. The suffix that is used in each language is different from the one that is applied to English nouns.

In other languages, such as Chinese, Korean and Japanese, there is usually no plural but not for ending.
Alexander Gode

**Alexander Gottfried Friedrich Gode-von Aesch**, or simply **Alexander Gode** (October 30, 1906 – August 10, 1970), was a German-American linguist, and translator. He helped create the auxiliary language Interlingua.

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Alexander Gode
- **image size**: 230px
- **caption**: Alexander Gode, 1953
- **birth date**: October 30, 1906
- **birth place**: Bremen, Imperial Germany
- **death place**: Mount Kisco, New York, United States
- **citizenship**: United States, American
- **field**: Language
- **work institutions**: University of Chicago
Columbia University
- **alma mater**: Columbia University
Oceania

**Oceania** is a large geographical region in the Pacific Ocean. It is made up of 14 countries in the surrounding area. It is often listed with the continents of the world.

The term "Oceania" does not have one single agreed definition. The widest definition of Oceania includes the entire region between continental Asia, Australasia, and the Americas as well as islands in the Pacific Rim such as the Japanese archipelago, Taiwan, and the Aleutian Islands.

On the other hand, the Oceania ecozone includes all of Micronesia, Fiji (Melanesia) and all of Polynesia, except New Zealand. Sometimes, people use the term 'Oceania' to include only the Polynesian and Melanesian islands in the Pacific Ocean, as separate from Australasia. When Oceania is treated separately from Australia, the region of Oceania is referred to as "Australia and Oceania".

In the United Nations' geographic regions, Oceania includes Australia and the nations of the Pacific from Papua New Guinea east, but not the Malay Archipelago or Indonesian New Guinea.

A smaller usage of Oceania as a continent includes only Australia (including Tasmania), New Guinea, and the islands between them. This part of the world is usually called Australasia instead. For these reasons, it is _not_ correct to say that Australasia is part of Oceania, because what is meant by 'Oceania' is not clear. Australasia has an exact definition in biogeography and geology; Australasia includes New Zealand, Australia (including Tasmania), and Melanesia, New Guinea, and the islands just north and east of Australia. All these are south-east of the Bali–Lombok line, also known as the Wallace Line.

## Countries in Oceania

Some listed here are part of a larger State.

## Languages

- Bislama in Vanuatu
- Chamorro in Guam and Northern Mariana Islands
- Chinese in Kiribati
- English in Australia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Fiji, etc.
- Fijian in Fiji
- French in Vanuatu and France's overseas territories
- Gilbertese in Kiribati
- Hawaiian in Hawaii
- Hindi in Fiji
- Hiri Motu in Papua New Guinea
- Indonesian in South Papua, West Papua, Aru Islands, etc
- Japanese in Bonin Islands
- Malay in Chrismas Island and Cocos (Keeling) Islands
- Maori in Cook Islands
- Marshallese in Marshall Islands
- Nauruan in Nauru
- Niuean in Niue
- Norfuk in Norfolk Island
- Palauan in Palau
- Pidgin in Hawaii
- Pitkern in Pitcairn Islands
- Rapanui in Easter Island
- Rarotongan in Cook Islands
- Samoan in Samoa and American Samoa
- Spanish in Guam, Micronesia, Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, Easter Island, Galapagos Islands and the Juan Fernandez Islands
- Tok Pisin in Papua New Guinea
- Tokelauan in Tokelau
- Tongan in Tonga
- Tuvaluan in Tuvalu
Southern Ocean

The **Southern Ocean**, also called the **Antarctic Ocean**, is the ocean around the continent of Antarctica. The fourth-largest sea by area, at 20,327,000 km², it has a coastline 17,968 km long and is surrounded by the waters of the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans.

Since the 1770s, geographers have discussed its limits, but the latitude sixty degrees south is now often accepted. It includes several seas like Cosmonauts, Somov, Commonwealth, and Mowson.

## Other websites

- Oceanography Image of the Day, from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
- The CIA World Factbook's  entry on the Southern Ocean
- The Fifth Ocean  from Geography.About.com
- NOAA In-situ Ocean Data Viewer  Plot and download ocean observations
- NOAA FAQ about the number of oceans
Catalan language

The **Catalan language** is a Romance language spoken in Catalonia, Valencian Community, the eastern part of Aragon, the Balearic Islands, a small zone of Murcia (all of them in Spain), Andorra, North Catalonia (in France) and the Italian city of L'Alguer. Together, those places are often called the Catalan Countries.

The language that most similar is Occitan. Catalan also has similarities to other Romance languages, such as Spanish, Italian, French and Portuguese. It came from Vulgar Latin and was first spoken in the in the Eastern Pyrenees in the Middle Ages.

There are about 4 million people who speak Catalan as a first language and about 6 million people as a second language. Catalan is the sixth-most-spoken Romance language and also the most-spoken language that is not an official language in the European Union.

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Catalan/Valencian
- **nativename**: /
- **pronunciation**: /
- **states**: Spain, Andorra, France, Italy
- **speakers**: 4.1 million
- **speakers2**: Total number of speakers: More than 10 million (First language, L1 plus Second language, L2; 2018)
- **date**: 2012
- **familycolor**: Indo-European
- **fam2**: Italic languages, Italic
- **fam3**: Romance languages, Romance
- **fam4**: Western Romance languages, Western Romance
- **fam5**: Gallo-Romance languages, Gallo-Romance
- **fam6**: Occitano-Romance languages, Occitano-Romance
- **ancestor**: Old Catalan
- **stand1**: Catalan (regulated by the Institut d'Estudis Catalans, IEC)
- **stand2**: Valencian (regulated by the Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua, AVL)
- **script**: Latin script, Latin (Catalan alphabet)
Catalan Braille
- **nation**: *
*Also in Autonomous communities of Spain, 3 communities of Spain:
**
**
** (as Valencian language, Valencian)
- **agency**: Institut d'Estudis Catalans
Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua
- **iso1**: ca
- **iso2**: cat
- **iso3**: cat
- **lingua**: 51-AAA-e
- **map**: Catalan language in Europe.png
- **mapalt**: Domínio geolinguístico do catalão
- **mapcaption**: <small>  </small>
- **mapsize**: 300px
- **notice**: IPA
- **sign**: Signed Catalan
- **glotto**: stan1289
- **glottorefname**: Catalan
Corset

A **corset** is a body covering undergarment (clothes worn under others).

It is made in many forms.
- A tight-lacing corset is a common form used today.
- "Stays" are an old form, which were used from about 1500 to after 1860
- An orthopaedic corset supports the back of an injured person.
General semantics

**General semantics** is a philosophy that deals with how people react to things that happen around them based on meaning. It was created by Alfred Korzybski during the 1920s and early 1930s.

The goal of general semantics is for people to know that when we simplify something, either mentally or in language, that simplification is not the same thing as the thing simplified. How people understand reality is not the same as what reality is because people do not know everything about reality. General semantics teaches that there is always more to something than what is seen, heard, felt, or believed.
Semiotics

**Semiotics** (or **semiology**) is a theoretical framework for the study of the meaning of language, signs and symbols. It was first developed in the early 20th century, separately, by the Swiss Ferdinand Saussure and Charles Sanders Peirce of the U.S.A.

Semiotics can be described as both a science and a technique. It is a science because it has its own theories. At the same time, it is a technique because it is a way of studying systems of representation and meaning. The meaning can be intentional, such as a word uttered with a specific meaning. It can also be unintentional, such as a symptom being a sign of a particular medical condition. Signs can communicate through any of the senses: visual, auditory, tactile, olfactory, or gustatory.

## History and terminology

The importance of signs and signification has been recognized throughout much of the history of philosophy and psychology. The term derives from the Greek: σημειωτικός, <small>romanized:</small> _sēmeiōtikos_, "observant of signs" (from σημεῖον _sēmeion_, "a sign, a mark"). For the ancient Greeks, "signs" occurred in the world of nature, while "symbols" occurred in the world of culture. Famous Greek philosophers Plato and Aristotle explored the relationship between signs and the world.

The general study of signs began in Latin with Augustine. It concluded with the important 1632 _Tractatus de Signis_ by John Poinsot. However, it began anew in late modernity with the attempt in 1867 by Charles Sanders Peirce to draw up a "new list of categories." More recently, Umberto Eco, in his _Semiotics and the Philosophy of Language_, has argued that semiotic theories are implicit in the work of most, perhaps all, major thinkers.

## Parts

Semiotics is usually divided into three parts:
- Semantics -  What was the meaning of the words or signs that were used?
- Pragmatics - Who said it, who did they say it to, and in what circumstances?
- Syntactics - The formal rules of the language being used.

### Branches

The major branches of semiotics include:
- Biosemiotics
- Zoosemiotics
- Semiotics of culture

## Other page

- Atomic semiotics
- Philosophy of language
Color

**Color** (or **colour** in Commonwealth English; see spelling differences) is a property of light.

The following are the most common color names:

- Red
- Orange
- Yellow
- Green
- Cyan
- Blue
- Magenta
- Purple
- Lavender
- Lilac
- White
- Black
- Grey
- Silver

- Pink
- Maroon
- Brown
- Beige
- Tan
- Peach
- Lime
- Olive
- Turquoise
- Teal
- Navy blue
- Indigo
- Violet
- ChartreuseOlo

Primary colors can be mixed to make other colors. Red, yellow, and blue are the three traditional primary colors. The primary colors for television screens and computer monitors are red, green and blue. Printers and paints use magenta, yellow, and cyan as their primary colors; they may also use black. Sometimes this set of colors is simply called red, yellow, and blue.

People who can not see colors or have a distorted sense of color are called color-blind. Most color-blind people are male.

Colors are sometimes added to food. Food coloring is used to color food, but some foods have natural colorings, like beta carotene.

When something has no color, it is called transparent. An example is air.

The science of color is sometimes called chromatics, colorimetry, or simply color science.

A translucent material is not the same as a colorless material because it can still have a color, such as stained glass.

## Related pages

- Color vision
- List of colors
Scurvy

**Scurvy** is a disease (sickness). It is caused by not eating enough vitamin C. But scurvy can be prevented. It has many symptoms. People who have scurvy get spots on their skin, especially on their legs. Their teeth may loosen and/or fall out. They may bleed from the mouth, nose, and gums (mucus membranes). A person with scurvy will look pale and feel sad (see depression). They will not be able to move easily, because their joints hurt.

Scurvy can be easily cured. Oranges and other fruits can restore normal vitamin levels. In the past, sailors more commonly got scurvy due to being unable to access these foods. Fresh fruit could not be kept for long. The main cause of scurvy is lack of fresh fruits and vegetables. It is now uncommon.

## Signs of scurvy

**At first, a person with scurvy may:**
1. Not want to eat (loss of appetite)
1. Feel sad _(slight depression)_
1. Lose weight or not get heavier even though they eat a lot
1. Have loose feces (diarrhea)
1. Breathe fast (tachypnea)
1. Be hot (have a high body temperature or fever)

**A bit later a person with scurvy may:**
1. Feel angry (irritability)
1. Have pains in the legs (and tenderness)
1. Find it hard to move (pseudo paralysis)
1. Have swelling of the arms and legs
1. Bleed from the mouth, nose and gums

## Causes

1. Not eating enough food that has vitamin C
1. Going on a long trip, often at sea, where there is no fresh food
1. Not having enough food (famine)
1. Breaking down the vitamin C by over-cooking (like boiling fruit juice)

## Treatment

1. Eating vitamin C pills or giving it by needle (injection, also known as a shot). The injection almost always cures scurvy in babies.
1. Drinking orange juice is another treatment that works in babies. Before vitamin C was discovered this was the only treatment.

When a person gets help for scurvy, they usually get better very quickly. Babies start eating again after one or two days of help. The symptoms get better within seven days.

## Food sources

Eating vitamin C prevents scurvy. How much vitamin C a person needs changes with his or her age and is different for pregnant and lactating women. The following is the Food and Nutrition Board of the National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council's advice on how much vitamin C to eat every day:

- Infants (babies): 30–40 mg
- Children and adults: 45–60 mg
- Pregnant women: 70 mg
- Mothers breast feeding: 90–95 mg

Foods with a lot of vitamin C include the following:

- Citrus fruits (for example: oranges, limes)
- Berries
- Cantaloupe
- Broccoli
- Cauliflower
- Cabbage
- Spinach
- Potatoes
- Tomatoes
- Strawberries
Cognitive science

**Cognitive science** studies how people make their ideas and what makes thoughts logical. It is often seen as the result of several different scientific fields working together. These fields are psychology (a study of the mind), neuroscience (biological study of the brain), computer science (the creation of programs and computers), and linguistics (the study of language). It does not refer to the sum of all these disciplines. It refers to their intersection on specific problems.

## Other websites

- Cognitive Science Society
- Cognitive Science Movie Index: A broad list of movies showcasing themes in the Cognitive Sciences
- List of leading thinkers in cognitive science
- Dr. Carl Stahmer's history page at the University of Santa Barbara
Theology

**Theology** is the study of one or more religions
(‘Theo-’ means God in Greek and ’-logy’ is study, which makes it ’God study’ or ’study of God’). Somebody who studies theology is called a theologian. Books or ideas about theology are called theological.

Theology may be studied for many reasons<nowiki/>. Some people study theology to better understand their own religion, while other people study theology so that they can compare religions.

The word ‘theology’ was first used to describe the study of God in Christianity but some now use it to describe the study of religion generally, but not everyone agrees that it is right to do so. Some people use the words 'comparative theology' in reference to approaching theology within more than one religion at once.

During the High Middle Ages, it was thought that theology was the highest subject learned in universities. Theology at that time was named "The Queen of the Sciences". There was a plan for young men to study easy subjects and then harder subjects. The easiest subjects were called the Trivium. The next harder subjects were called the Quadrivium. Finally, young men were expected to study theology. This meant that the other subjects existed primarily to help with theological thought.

## Related pages

- Christian theology

## Other websites

- What is theology? theology.edu
Work

**Work** can mean different things depending on how the word is used.

- Employment
- Labour (economics)
- Work (physics), something that happens when a force is applied to an object and a resulting movement takes place
Argon

**Argon** is a chemical element. Its symbol is argon is **Ar** and its atomic number is 18. It is part of the noble gas group. It is an odorless and tasteless gas. Argon is the third-most abundant gas in the Earth's atmosphere.

The name "argon" is from the Greek word ἀργός meaning "lazy" or "inactive" because it does not react with other chemicals.

## Chemistry

Argon atoms are found in air. About 1% of the Earth's atmosphere (the air around us) is argon. It is not toxic and it does not burn easily. Not many compounds can be made from Argon. However, some compounds have been formed, like argon fluorohydride (HArF). Argon has a higher density than the gases in the atmosphere as a whole, so if a balloon is filled with argon, it would fall to the ground.  This means it can be used to displace oxygen and nitrogen at the bottom of an enclosed space, so, while non-toxic, it must be handled with care.

## History

Argon was first removed from air in 1894 by Lord Rayleigh and Sir William Ramsay at University College London by removing oxygen, carbon dioxide, water, and nitrogen from a sample of clean air.

## Isotopes

The main isotopes of argon found on Earth are <sup>40</sup>Ar (99.6%), <sup>36</sup>Ar (0.34%), and <sup>38</sup>Ar (0.06%). The most abundant isotope of argon is <sup>40</sup>Ar. But other planets have different isotopes of argon.

## Production

Argon is gotten industrially by the fractional distillation of liquid air. About 700,000 tonnes of argon are produced worldwide every year.

<sup>40</sup>Ar is made by the decay of <sup>40</sup>K with a half-life of 1.25 billion years by electron capture or positron emission. Because of this, it is used in knowing how old rocks are.

## Uses

Argon is often used when welding steel and similar work, to push away the air around the weld, so the oxygen in the air can't join with the metal being welded. It can also be used in neon lights for a purple color. Argon is used in the poultry industry to asphyxiate birds. Argon is sometimes used for extinguishing (ending) fires.

Liquid argon is used in neutrino experiments and looking for dark matter. Argon is used to preserve food. Argon is sometimes used as the propellant in aerosol cans. Argon is also used as a preservative for such products as varnish, polyurethane, and paint. Argon has been used by athletes as a doping agent and has been banned as use. It is used to know how old rocks are.

## Related pages

- List of common elements
- Periodic table

## Infobox (argon)
Capital

**Capital** can mean:

- Capital city (also called capital city or political capital), a city or town that contains the government of a country, state, or other area
- Capital (economics), how much real money a company or person has that they can use
- Capital (architecture), the top part of a pillar or column
- Capitalization, another word for "upper case" or majuscule
- Capital punishment, being put to death for doing a crime

## Related pages

- Capitol (disambiguation)
Albert Einstein

**Albert Einstein** (14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a German-born Jewish scientist. He worked on theoretical physics. He is most famous for the theory of relativity. He won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921 for theoretical physics.

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Albert Einstein
- **image**: Einstein 1921 by F Schmutzer - restoration.jpg
- **caption**: Einstein in 1921
- **birth place**: Ulm, Kingdom of Württemberg, German Empire
- **children**: Lieserl Einstein
Hans Albert Einstein
Eduard "Tete" Einstein
- **spouse**:

- **fields**: Physics, philosophy
- **doctoral advisor**: Alfred Kleiner
- **thesis title**: (A New Determination of Molecular Dimensions)
- **thesis url**: http://e-collection.library.ethz.ch/eserv/eth:30378/eth-30378-01.pdf
- **thesis year**: 1905
- **academic advisors**: Heinrich Friedrich Weber
- **signature**: Albert Einstein signature 1934.svg
Mercure

**Mercure** may refer to:

- MERCURE, an atmospheric dispersion modeling CFD code developed by Électricité de France
- Mercure Hotels, a chain of hotels run by Accor
- French ship _Mercure_ (1783)
- Dassault Mercure, a French airliner built in the 1970s
Radio telescope

A **radio telescope** is a type of antenna used for radio astronomy.  The majority look like a huge satellite television dish.  Stars shine, and the light can be seen with an ordinary telescope, but they also give off radio waves.  Scientists with radio telescopes receive these radio waves and use computers to learn about the stars.  Other things like black holes also give off radio waves, and radio telescopes are useful for learning about them too.

The dish is sometimes constructed of a conductive wire mesh whose openings are smaller than a wavelength. The information received by several radio telescopes in different places can be combined. This gives similar results to having a single dish as big as the distance between the telescopes. It can receive very faint signals, and see more details. The biggest telescope is a virtual radio telescope almost as big as the Earth, called the Event Horizon Telescope.

The radio telescope at the Parkes Observatory, Parkes, New South Wales was used by NASA to receive messages from the Apollo 11 moon landings.

## Related pages

- Atacama Large Millimeter Array
Light year

A **light year** (symbol: **ly**)  is the distance that light travels in empty space in one year. Since the speed of light is about 300,000 km per second (about 186,000 miles per second), then a light year is 9.46 trillion kilometers (about 5.87 trillion miles), for AU, one light year is 63,241 AU. A light year is not a length of time.

The light year is used in astronomy because the universe is huge. Space objects such as stars and galaxies may be hundreds, thousands or millions of light years away.

## Example

Think of a star at a distance of 100 light years from us on Earth. Light leaves the star and takes 100 years to get to us. When we see the star's light, we are seeing that star as it was 100 years ago.

## Similar distance measurements

- _Light minute_ - The distance that light travels in one minute (about 18,000,000 km per minute, or 11,160,000 miles per minute).
- For example, our Sun is about 8 light minutes from Earth
- _Light second_ - The distance that light travels in one second (about 300,000 km per second, or 186,000 miles per second)
- For example, our Moon is about 1¼ light seconds from Earth
LOL

**LOL,** or **lol**, is an internet slang term that means "laugh(ing) out loud". It is commonly mistaken for "lots of love." LOL is often used in messages meaning "That is really funny."

It also means mute in Persian and is a native Dutch word (not an acronym) which means "fun" ("lollig" means "funny"). In Welsh, lol means nonsense - e.g., if a person wanted to say "utter nonsense" in Welsh, they would say "rwtsh lol". LOL is usually used on the internet or when text messaging.

## Words similar to "LOL"

- **lolz**,** lulz**,** lul, lawls**: Sometimes used instead of **LOL**, but can have other meanings.
- **LOOOOOL**: For more emphasis. Any amount of "OL"s can be added to the end of LOL.
- **LMAO**: Stands for "Laugh my ass off". Another way to say it is **LMFAO** ("Laugh my fucking ass off").
- **ROFL**: For "rolling on the floor laughing". It is often combined with LMAO to make **ROFLMAO** ("Rolling on the floor laughing my ass off"). Another way to write this is **ROTFL**.
- **ROTFLOL**: Rolling on the floor laughing out loud; used by Weird Al in the song "White and Nerdy".
- **LEL:** Means the same thing as LOL, but with an E.
- **kek:** The Japanese version of saying lol.

## Related page

- Lolcat
English numerals

Here are some words for small numbers. Words in **bold** are irregular.

|valign=top|{| class=wikitable|0|zero||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1|one||||||
|2|two||||||
|3|three||||||
|4|four||||||
|5|five||||||
|6|six||||||
|7|seven||||||
|8|eight||||||
|9|nine|}|valign=top|{| class=wikitable|10|ten|
|11|**eleven**||||||
|12|**twelve**||||||
|13|**thirteen**||||||
|14|fourteen||||||
|15|**fifteen**||||||
|16|sixteen||||||
|17|seventeen||||||
|18|**eighteen**||||||
|19|nineteen|}|valign=top|{| class=wikitable|20|**twenty**|
|30|**thirty**||||||
|40|**forty**||||||
|50|**fifty**||||||
|60|sixty||||||
|70|seventy||||||
|80|**eighty**||||||
|90|ninety|}|||||

When writing other numbers between 21 and 99, you must use a hyphen, like a minus sign (-).
- 21: twenty-one
- 22: twenty-two
- 23: twenty-three
- 24: twenty-four
- 25: twenty-five
- 26: twenty-six
- 27: twenty-seven
- 28: twenty-eight
- 29: twenty-nine
- 30: thirty
- 31: thirty-one
- 60: sixty
- 61: sixty-one
- 62: sixty-two
- 63: sixty-three
- 64: sixty-four
- 65: sixty-five
- 66: sixty-six
- 67: sixty-seven
- 68: sixty-eight
- 69: sixty-nine
- 70: seventy
- 98: ninety-eight
- 99: ninety-nine
- 100: one hundred
The number 100 is written as "one hundred", but in general, sometimes people can say "a hundred".

The way numbers are written and spoken differs between American English and other forms of English, such as British English and Australian English, as follows.

## American English

To write a whole number from 100 to 999 in American English:
- First write how many hundreds.
- Then write the word "hundred".
- Then write the name of the two-digit number after the digit in the hundreds place.

In standard, written, American English, the word "and" is _not_ in the word-name of any whole number even though many speakers insert it.

Examples:

- 101: one hundred one
- 102: one hundred two
- 175: one hundred seventy-five
- 200: two hundred
- 300: three hundred
- 400: four hundred
- 512: five hundred twelve
- 513: five hundred thirteen
- 600: six hundred
- 987: nine hundred eighty-seven

## British and Commonwealth English

To write a whole number from 100 to 999 in British and Commonwealth English:
- First write how many hundreds.
- Then write the words "hundred and".
- Then write the name of the two-digit number after the digit in the hundreds place.

In standard, written, British English (and the English spoken in many other places), the word "and" _is_ in the word-name of many whole numbers.

Examples:

- 101: one hundred and one (NOT: one hundred one)
- 102: one hundred and two (NOT: one hundred two)
- 175: one hundred and seventy-five (NOT: one hundred seventy-five)
- 200: two hundred
- 300: three hundred
- 400: four hundred
- 500: five hundred
- 512: five hundred and twelve (NOT: five hundred twelve)
- 900: nine hundred
- 987: nine hundred and eighty-seven (NOT: nine hundred eighty-seven)

## Related pages

- Names of ordinal numbers in English
- Names for large numbers
- Names for small numbers
Fluid ounce

A **fluid ounce** is a unit of volume in both the imperial system of units and the U.S. customary units system. However, the two measures are not quite the same:
- The Imperial fluid ounce is (1/160) of an imperial gallon or 8 fluid drams, about 1.734 cubic inches or exactly 28.413 07425 ml (as specified legally in _The Units of Measurement Regulations 1995_). This volume of water weighs very nearly 1 avoirdupois ounce.
- The U.S. fluid ounce is (1/128) of a U.S. fluid gallon, about 1.805 cubic inches or exactly 29.573 529 562 5 ml. This volume of water weighs about 1.04 avoirdupois ounces.
- U.S. law 21CFR101.9(b)(5)(viii) also defines a fluid ounce of exactly 30 ml, for use in nutrition labeling.

## Other websites

- Volume Conversion Calculator
Shape of the universe

The **shape of the Universe** cannot be discussed with everyday terms, because all the terms need to be those of Einsteinian relativity. The geometry of the universe is therefore not the ordinary Euclidean geometry of our everyday lives.

According to the special theory of relativity, it is impossible to say whether two distinct events occur at the same time if those events are separated in space.  To speak of "the shape of the universe (at a point in time)" is naive from the point of view of special relativity. Due to the relativity of simultaneity we cannot speak of different points in space as being "at the same point in time" nor, therefore, of "the shape of the universe at a point in time".

What astrophysicists do is ask whether a particular model of the universe is consistent with what is known through observations and measurements of the universe. If the observable universe is smaller than the entire universe (in some models it is many orders of magnitude smaller or even infinitesimal), observation is limited to a part of the whole.

Consideration of the shape of the universe can be split into two:

1. _local_ geometry, which relates especially to the curvature of the universe, especially in the observable universe, and
1. _global_ geometry, which relates to the topology of the universe as a whole, measurement of which may not be possible.

The observable universe is the basis for testing any model of the universe. It is a spherical volume (a ball) centered on the observer, regardless of the shape of the universe as a whole. Every location in the universe has its own observable universe, which may or may not overlap with the one centered on Earth.

Recent measurements have led NASA to state, "We now know that the universe is flat with only a 0.4% margin of error".  Within one model, the FLRW model, the present most popular shape of the Universe found to fit observational data is the infinite flat model. There are other models that also fit the data.
Meteor shower

A **meteor shower** is an event when many meteors seem to come from one point in the night sky. These meteors are caused by meteoroids entering Earth's atmosphere at extremely high speeds on parallel paths. Most meteors are smaller than a grain of sand, so almost all of them burn up and never hit the Earth's surface.

A meteor shower is the result of an interaction between a planet, such as Earth, and streams of debris from a comet. Comets are dirty snowballs, made up of rock embedded in ice, orbiting the Sun. Each time a comet swings by the Sun in its orbit, some of its ice vaporizes and meteoroids will be shed. The meteoroids spread out along the entire orbit of the comet to form a meteoroid stream, also known as a "dust trail".

Most of our short-period meteor showers are the product of rare disintegrations, when large chunks break off a mostly dormant comet. Examples are the Quadrantids and Geminids. They originated from a breakup of asteroid-like objects, 2003 EH1 and 3200 Phaethon, respectively, about 500 and 1000 years ago. The fragments tend to fall apart quickly into dust, sand, and pebbles, and spread out along the orbit of the comet to form a dense meteoroid stream, which later moves into Earth's path.

The most visible meteor shower in most years are the Perseids, which peak on 12 August each year at over one meteor per minute. NASA has a useful tool to calculate how many meteors per hour are visible from your observing location.

The Leonid meteor shower peaks around 17 November of each year. About every 33 years, the Leonid shower produces a big meteor storm, peaking at thousands of meteors per hour. Leonid storms gave birth to the term "meteor shower" when it was first realised, during the November 1833 storm, that the meteors radiated from near the star Gamma Leonis. The last Leonid storms were in 1999, 2001 (two), and 2002 (two). Before that, there were storms in 1767, 1799, 1833, 1866, 1867, and 1966. When the Leonid shower is not _storming_ it is less active than the Perseids.

## Related pages

- Meteor
- Meteor burst communication
- Panspermia
Communication

**Communication** is when information is passed from a sender to a recipient using a medium. There are different media that can be used:
- Visual communication (using body language or gestures)
- Communicating with sounds (like human language, but may also be the barking of a dog)
- Communication using touch
- Using smell
- Using writing

Communication can be spoken (a word) or non-spoken (a smile). Communication has many ways, and happens all the time. Not only humans communicate, most other animals do too. Some communication is done without thinking, such as by changing in posture.

Communication that tries to change somebody's mind may be called persuasion or propaganda.

## How communication works

Communication works by exchanging information or messages. In very basic terms
1. The sender makes a message, from an idea. This is usually called _encoding_
1. The sender transmits the message through the medium.
1. The recipient receives the message and _decodes_ it.

Besides the content of the message, there are other things that are important. These are not part of the message itself, but rather of its context
- Who is communicating, and what status does the communicator have?
- Communication messages usually do not come alone, but are accompanied by other messages. These are also interpreted.

For a message exchange to be successful, the sender and the recipient must have agreed on a vocabulary that avoids ambiguity. For example, the word _hedge_ can mean completely different things based on the context. In botany a hedge is a row of shrubs or trees that make a barrier or form a border. In finance, a hedge is an investment made to reduce the risk of another investment. In linguistics a hedge is a word or set of words that make other words less important. Without information it is therefore very difficult to know which _hedge_ is really meant by the speaker.

Key elements of effective communication include clarity, correctness, conciseness, active listening, empathy, feedback, and the appropriate choice of medium or channel.

## Related pages

- Broadcasting
- Communication protocol
- Cross-cultural communication
- Dialogue
- Language
- Sign language
- Telecommunication
Miracle

A **miracle** is an amazing, beneficial event that goes (or at least seems to go) against natural laws.  Some people say that a miracle is always an act brought about by God or other supernatural force (such as an angel). Others say that there can always be another explanation for it. And thirdly, some say the event is myth and never actually even happened in the first place.

## According to the Bible

In the Bible a miracle is an act by God, where God's presence is shown. They can be an act that affects one person, or a gigantic disturbance of nature that changes the world.

### Examples in the Bible

Here are seven types that can be found. These are just some of the many miracles in the Bible.

- God's authority
- Moses parts the Red Sea so that the people of Israel could escape from Egypt
- Jesus commands the storm winds to stop blowing
- Healing
- A man crippled since birth gets up and walks after Jesus heals him
- Jesus makes a man who was born blind to see
- Judgment for evil
- People became so evil that God destroys them with a flood; Noah and his family are saved
- Two members of the Jerusalem church are struck dead for lying
- Provision
- God gives manna to the Israelites as they traveled through the desert
- Jesus feeds thousands of people with only five loaves of bread and two fish
- Raising the dead
- By the power of God, Elijah raises a widow’s dead son back to life
- Jesus raises his friend, Lazarus, to life
- Safety
- King Nebuchadnezzar tries to burn Shadrach, Meshach and Abednego to death in a fiery furnace, but God keeps them from burning
- Visions
- The prophet Isaiah has a vision of God seated on his throne surrounded by angels
- Saul has a vision of Jesus that changed his life

## In other books

Other religious books, like the Quran, Mahabharata and the Avesta, contains many references to this definition of miracle. An example of a miracle in the Quran is when Muhammad splits the moon into halves.
Kami

**Kami** (神) is a Japanese word for the spirits that are worshipped in the Shinto religion. Not all of Kami are gods of the personified type. Instead, they have to do with phenomena and events like the growth of trees, or rain, or wind, or rock called Iwakura, or other aspects of Nature; it is believed that these kami live in those natural things.

It is usually said that there are . In Japanese the number "eight-million" is normally used to mean infinity.

Though the word _kami_ can be translated multiple ways into English, no English word expresses its full meaning.

## Some important kami

- Amaterasu, the sun goddess
- Inari, god of foxes
- Kotoamatsukami, the primary kami trinity
- Izanagi, the first man
- Izanami, the first woman
- Shinigami, kami of death
- Ryūjin, god of the sea
- Susanoo, god of storms
- Sarutahiko, kami of Earth
- Tsukuyomi, kami of moon

## Related pages

- Shinto
- Shinto shrine
- Inugami
- Japanese divinities

## Other websites

- _Kami_ at Onmark database
Cardboard

**Cardboard** is a heavy type of paper, notable for its stiffness and durability. It was first invented in China some time in the 15th century, and is used for a wide variety of purposes. One of its more common uses is as a packaging material.

Cardboard boxes were first produced commercially in 1817 in England. Corrugated (also called pleated) paper was patented in England in 1856, used as a liner for tall hats, but corrugated cardboard would not be patented and used as a shipping material until 20 December 1871. The patent was issued to Albert Jones of New York City, New York for single-sided corrugated cardboard. Jones used the corrugated cardboard for wrapping bottles and glass lantern chimneys. The first machine for producing large quantities of corrugated cardboard was built in 1874 by G. Smyth, and in the same year Oliver Long improved upon Jones' design by inventing corrugated cardboard with liner sheets on both sides. This was now cardboard as we know it today.

American Robert Gair was a Brooklyn printer and paper-bag maker during the 1870s, and while he was printing an order of seed bags a metal ruler normally used to crease bags shifted in position and cut the bag. Gair discovered that by cutting and creasing cardboard in one operation he could make prefabricated cartons. Extending this to corrugated cardboard was a straightforward development when the material became available. By the start of the 20th century, corrugated cardboard boxes began replacing the custom-made wooden crates and boxes previously used for trade.

The Kellogg brothers first used cardboard cartons to hold their flaked corn cereal, and later when they began marketing it to the general public a heat-sealed waxed bag of _Waxtite_ was wrapped around the outside of the box and printed with their brand name. This marked the origin of the cereal box, though in modern times the sealed bag is plastic and is kept inside the box rather than outside.

Cardboard packaging has undergone minor changes in recent times due to the trend towards environmentalism. It is now common for cardboard to be manufactured with a large percentage of recycled fibers.
Trier

**Trier** is a city at the Moselle River in Rhineland-Palatinate in Germany. The population is about 100,000.

Trier is famous for some Roman buildings like the Porta Nigra and others. It is famous as the birthplace of Karl Marx. Trier is also famous for the wine of the wine-growing-region Mosel-Saar-Ruwer.

## Districts

The districts of Trier with area and inhabitants (July 2007):

|align="left"|District <small>with official numbers and their associated sub-districts</small>|align="left"|Area in km²|align="left"|Inhabitants|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|11 Mitte/Gartenfeld|style="text-align:right"|2.978|style="text-align:right"|12,648||
|12 Nord (Nells Ländchen, Maximin)|style="text-align:right"|3.769|style="text-align:right"|14,256||
|13 Süd (St. Barbara, St. Matthias or St. Mattheis)|style="text-align:right"|1.722|style="text-align:right"|9,409||
|21 Ehrang/Quint|style="text-align:right"|26.134|style="text-align:right"|9,397||
|22 Pfalzel|style="text-align:right"|2.350|style="text-align:right"|3,558||
|23 Biewer|style="text-align:right"|5.186|style="text-align:right"|1,985||
|24 Ruwer/Eitelsbach|style="text-align:right"|9.167|style="text-align:right"|3,142||
|31 West/Pallien|style="text-align:right"|8.488|style="text-align:right"|7,117||
|32 Euren (Herresthal)|style="text-align:right"|13.189|style="text-align:right"|4,116||
|33 Zewen (Oberkirch)|style="text-align:right"|7.496|style="text-align:right"|3,695||
|41 Olewig|style="text-align:right"|3.100|style="text-align:right"|3,312||
|42 Kürenz (Alt-Kürenz, Neu-Kürenz)|style="text-align:right"|5.825|style="text-align:right"|8,578||
|43 Tarforst|style="text-align:right"|4.184|style="text-align:right"|6,827||
|44 Filsch|style="text-align:right"|1.601|style="text-align:right"|830||
|45 Irsch|style="text-align:right"|4.082|style="text-align:right"|2,410||
|46 Kernscheid|style="text-align:right"|3.768|style="text-align:right"|999||
|51 Feyen/Weismark|style="text-align:right"|5.095|style="text-align:right"|5,845||
|52 Heiligkreuz (Alt-Heiligkreuz, Neu-Heiligkreuz, St. Maternus)|style="text-align:right"|2.036|style="text-align:right"|6,766||
|53 Mariahof (St. Michael)|style="text-align:right"|7.040|style="text-align:right"|3,212||

## Other websites

- www.trier.de
- History of Trier  (German and English)
- Another Trier Daily Photo

## Infobox (german location)

- **art**: City
- **image photo**: Trier-Blick-vom Weishaus.JPG
- **image caption**: View over Trier
- **image coa**: DEU Trier COA.svg
- **image flag**: Flagge Trier.png
- **demonym**: Trevian
- **state**: Rhineland-Palatinate
- **district**: Kreisfreie Stadt
- **elevation**: 137
- **area**: 117.13
- **population**: 114914
- **stand**: 2015
- **postal code**: 54290–54296 (except  54291)
- **area code**: 0651
- **licence**: TR
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 07 2 11 000
- **mayor**: Wolfram Leibe
- **party**: Social Democratic Party of Germany, SPD
- **bürgermeistertitel**: Oberbürgermeister
Thomm

**Thomm** is a village near Trier (at the Moselle River) in Rhineland-Palatinate in Germany.

Thomm is famous for an old Celtic stone, called _Hinkelstein_ near the village and a big Celtic grave.

In further times there was a slate minor industry near Thomm.

Thomm is also famous for its cider, an apple-wine.

The FIA European Hill Climb Championship came to Thomm until 2011 and the FIA World Rally Championship until 2015.

## Other websites

- Gemeinde Thomm bei Trier an der Mosel - Willkommen - Welcome - Bienvenue - Welkom