Deer

A **deer** is a even-toed ungulate mammal in the family Cervidae. They form the family **Cervidae**. The word 'deer' is both singular and plural.

A male deer is called a _stag_ or _buck_, a female deer is called a _hind or doe_, and a young deer is called a _fawn, kid or calf_.

There are about 60 species of deer. They originally lived in the Northern Hemisphere, and now are native to Europe, Asia, North America and South America. Humans have introduced deer to places where they did not live naturally, such as Australia, New Zealand, Hawaii and South Africa.

## Antlers

Almost all adult deer have antlers, except one, the water deer, which has tusks. Only male deer have antlers, except for reindeer (caribou), where both sexes carry antlers. The antlers are deciduous, and drop off after the mating season. Their main use is for males to fight for groups of females during the rutting season (mating season).

Musk deer (family Moschidae) and chevrotains (Tragulidae) have no antlers, and are _not_ deer. They are  ruminants (Ruminantia). They are no more closely related to deer than any other even-toed ungulates. Their evolutionary history is not well-known, and they are often described as "not true deer".

## Behaviour

Deer do not make nests or dens. They find a safe and comfortable place to rest under low hanging evergreen branches. They stay close to where they can find food. In summer, they eat grasses, plants and weeds. In the fall, they like mushrooms and small branches. They do not store their food for the winter. If the snow is not deep, they use their hooves to uncover moss and leaves. If the snow is deep, they eat twigs and branches.

The doe usually has one or two fawns in the spring. The fawn is precocial, and can stand immediately after birth, but is weak. The doe will hide each fawn in a different place. They are camouflaged by spots on their backs.

Deer have many predators. Wolves, cougar, dogs and people will eat deer. They are always looking, listening and smelling for danger.

### Group behaviour

Generally speaking, deer prefer mixed forest and grassland areas. In former times, wolves were the number one enemy of deer. Even though deer today rarely need to defend against attack, their behaviour is adapted to succeed in mating, and protect themselves and their relatives from predators.

The rut establishes which males are dominant, and each successful male has a group of females. The group stays together until the fawns are born, about four or five months.  Deer are by nature gregarious (social) and like to live together. This helps their defence against predators. The details vary between species. The actual defence against attack is decided by the dominant male. He decides whether to stand and, if necessary, to fight. Males keep their antlers for half a year. If they run, deer are outstanding runners. If they stand, they can kick. They will not attack humans unless the male senses danger. He gives warning by posture and sound. Stags tend to join up in male groups for mutual defence once their antlers are shed. The females also join up in large herds which can defend themselves fairly well. Deer stay in these single-sex groups for much of the year.

### Diet

Deer are browsers, and feed mainly on leaves.  Deer choose easily digestible shoots, young leaves, fresh grasses, soft twigs, fruit, fungi, and lichens. This is mostly low-fibre food. The male deer need minerals such as calcium and phosphate for their antler growth.

## Evolution

Deer are a monophyletic group. They originated in the northern hemisphere and arrived in some Gondwana continents much later. Red deer are found in the Atlas Mountains of North Africa, and some deer arrived in South America via the Great American Interchange.

Below North Africa there are no deer. Their place in the ecosystems is taken by antelopes, which occupy a niche similar to the deer. Antelopes are not a monophyletic group. The antelope types have evolved from several bovid groups, and are an example of convergent evolution.

## Taxonomy

The deer family has about 62 species.
- Family **Cervidae**
    - Subfamily **Hydropotinae**: Water deer
        - Genus _Hydropotes_
            - Water deer, _Hydropotes inermis_
    - Subfamily **Muntiacinae**: Muntjacs
        - Genus _Muntiacus_: Muntjacs
        - Genus _Elaphodus_
            - Tufted deer, _Elaphodus cephalophus_
    - Subfamily **Capreolinae**: New World deer
        - Genus _Capreolus_
            - Roe deer, _Capreolus capreolus_
            - Siberian roe deer, _Capreolus pygargus_
        - Genus _Odocoileus_
            - White-tailed deer, _Odocoileus virginianus_
            - Mule deer, _Odocoileus hemionus_
        - Genus _Ozotoceros_
            - Pampas deer, _Ozotoceros bezoarticus_
        - Genus _Blastocerus_
            - Marsh deer, _Blastocerus dichotomus_
        - Genus _Mazama_: Brocket deer
        - Genus _Pudu_: Pudú
        - Genus _Rangifer_
            - Reindeer, _Rangifer tarandus_
        - Genus _Hippocamelus_: Andean deer
        - Genus _Alces_
            - Moose, _Alces alces_
    - Subfamily **Cervinae**: True deer, Old World deer
        - Genus _Axis_
            - Chital, _Axis axis_
            - Hog deer, _Axis porcinus_
            - Bawean deer, _Axis kuhlii_
            - Calamian deer, _Axis calamianensis_
        - Genus _Elaphurus_
            - Père David's deer, _Elaphurus davidianus_
        - Genus _Cervus_
            - Red deer, _Cervus elaphus_
            - Wapiti (Elk) _Cervus canadensis_
            - White-lipped deer, _Cervus albirostris_
            - Sika deer, _Cervus nippon_
            - Barasingha, _Cervus duvaucelii_
            - Schomburgk's deer, _Cervus schomburgki_ †
            - Thamin, _Cervus eldii_
            - Sambar deer, _Cervus unicolor_
            - Rusa deer, _Cervus timorensis_
            - Philippine deer, _Cervus mariannus_
            - Philippine spotted deer, _Cervus alfredi_
        - Genus _Dama_
            - Fallow deer, _Dama dama_

## Miscellaneous

The most famous fictional deer is Bambi.