juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Paul Laxalt

**Paul Dominique Laxalt** (August 2, 1922 – August 6, 2018) was a conservative politician from the United States. He represented Nevada in the United States Senate. Laxalt also served as Nevada's governor. He ran for President in 1988 against George H. W. Bush for the Republican Party presidential primary. However, he did not win.

Laxalt was born in Reno, Nevada. His grandson is Adam Laxalt, who is the Republican nominee for Governor of Nevada. Laxalt died on August 6, 2018, at a health care facility in McLean, Virginia from complications of a fall, aged 96.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Paul Laxalt
- **image**: Paul Laxalt 2000.jpg
- **office**: General Chairperson of the Republican National Committee
- **term start**: January 28, 1983
- **term end**: January 23, 1987
- **predecessor**: Position established
- **successor**: Position abolished
- **jr/sr2**: United States Senator
- **state2**: Nevada
- **term start2**: December 18, 1974
- **term end2**: January 3, 1987
- **predecessor2**: Alan Bible
- **successor2**: Harry Reid
- **order3**: List of Governors of Nevada, 22nd
- **office3**: Governor of Nevada
- **lieutenant3**: Edward Fike
- **term start3**: January 2, 1967
- **term end3**: January 4, 1971
- **predecessor3**: Grant Sawyer
- **successor3**: Mike O'Callaghan
- **order4**: Lieutenant Governor of Nevada, 23rd
- **office4**: Lieutenant Governor of Nevada
- **governor4**: Grant Sawyer
- **term start4**: January 1, 1963
- **term end4**: January 2, 1967
- **predecessor4**: Maude Frazier
- **successor4**: Edward Fike
- **birth name**: Paul Dominique Laxalt
- **birth place**: Reno, Nevada, Reno, Nevada, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: McLean, Virginia, U.S.
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican Party
- **spouse**: Jackalyn Ross
Carol Laxalt
- **children**: 6
- **alma mater**: Santa Clara University
University of Denver
- **branch**: United States Army
- **serviceyears**: 1943-1946
- **battles**: World War II
*Battle of Leyte
James L. Buckley

**James Lane Buckley** (March 9, 1923 – August 18, 2023) was an American judge and politician. He was a judge for the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. He was nominated by Ronald Reagan. Before, Buckley served as a United States Senator from the state of New York. His brother was journalist William F. Buckley, Jr..

Buckley was born in New York City. In December 2019, he became the oldest living former U.S. Senator following the death of Jocelyn Burdick.

Buckley turned 100 in March 2023, and died at a hospital in Washington, D.C. five months later on August 18, 2023 from problems caused by a fall.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: James Buckley
- **image**: JamesLBuckley.jpg
- **office**: Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit
- **appointer**: Ronald Reagan
- **term start**: December 17, 1985
- **term end**: August 31, 1996
- **predecessor**: Edward Allen Tamm, Edward Tamm
- **successor**: John Roberts
- **office1**: Under Secretary of State for Arms Control and International Security Affairs, Undersecretary of State for International Security Affairs
- **president1**: Ronald Reagan
- **term start1**: February 28, 1981
- **term end1**: August 20, 1982
- **predecessor1**: Matthew Nimetz
- **successor1**: William Schneider, Jr., William Schneider
- **jr/sr2**: United States Senator
- **state2**: New York (state), New York
- **term start2**: January 3, 1971
- **term end2**: January 3, 1977
- **predecessor2**: Charles Goodell
- **successor2**: Daniel Patrick Moynihan
- **birthname**: James Lane Buckley
- **death place**: Washington, D.C., United States, U.S.
- **party**: Conservative Party of New York State, Conservative Party

Republican Party (United States), Republican Party
- **spouse**: Ann Cooley
- **alma mater**: Yale University
Robert P. Griffin

**Paul Dominique Laxalt** (August 2, 1923 – April 17, 2015) was a conservative politician from the United States. He represented Michigan in the United States Senate and in the House of Representatives. Griffin was a Republican.

Laxalt was born in Detroit, Michigan.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Robert Griffin
- **image**: Robert Paul Griffin.jpg
- **office1**: Assistant party leaders of the United States Senate, Senate Minority Whip
- **leader1**: Hugh Scott
- **term start1**: September 7, 1969
- **term end1**: January 3, 1977
- **predecessor1**: Hugh Scott
- **successor1**: Ted Stevens
- **jr/sr**: United States Senator
- **state**: Michigan
- **term start**: May 11, 1966
- **term end**: January 3, 1979
- **predecessor**: Patrick V. McNamara, Patrick McNamara
- **successor**: Carl Levin
- **state2**: Michigan
- **term start2**: January 3, 1957
- **term end2**: May 11, 1966
- **predecessor2**: Ruth Thompson
- **successor2**: Guy Vander Jagt
- **birth place**: Detroit, Michigan, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Traverse City, Michigan, U.S.
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican Party
- **alma mater**: Central Michigan University
University of Michigan Law School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
- **branch**:  United States Army
- **serviceyears**: 1943–1946
- **unit**: 71st Infantry Division (United States), 71st Infantry Division
- **battles**: World War II
John Melcher

**John Melcher** (September 6, 1924 – April 12, 2018) was an American politician of the Democratic Party. He represented Montana in the United States House of Representatives, and as a United States Senator from 1977 until 1989.

Melcher was born in Sioux City, Iowa. He studied at University of Minnesota and at Iowa State University.

Melcher died on April 12, 2018 in Missoula, Montana at the age of 93.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: John Melcher
- **image**: John Melcher.jpg
- **jr/sr**: United States Senator
- **state**: Montana
- **term start**: January 3, 1977
- **term end**: January 3, 1989
- **predecessor**: Mike Mansfield
- **successor**: Conrad Burns
- **state1**: Montana
- **term start1**: June 24, 1969
- **term end1**: January 3, 1977
- **predecessor1**: James Franklin Battin, James Battin
- **successor1**: Ron Marlenee
- **birth place**: Sioux City, Iowa, Sioux City, Iowa, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Missoula, Montana, U.S.
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic Party
- **alma mater**: University of Minnesota, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities
Iowa State University
John Philip Holland

**John Philip Holland** () (29 February 184012 August 1914) was an Irish-American engineer. He developed the first submarine to be formally commissioned by the U.S. Navy. He also created the first Royal Navy submarine, the _Holland 1_.

He is often known as the father of the modern submarine for his designs.

Holland died on 12 August 1914 in Newark, New Jersey, aged 74.
Philip W. Anderson

**Philip Warren Anderson** (December 13, 1923 – March 29, 2020) was an American physicist. Anderson created and helped prove theories such as localization, antiferromagnetism, symmetry breaking, high-temperature superconductivity. He wrote many things about the emergent phenomena.

Anderson was born in Indianapolis, Indiana. He was raised in Urbana, Illinois. Anderson studied at Harvard University.

Anderson was an atheist and was one of 22 Nobel Laureates who signed the Humanist Manifesto.

He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1977 and the National Medal of Science in 1982.

Anderson died on March 29, 2020 in Princeton, New Jersey, aged 96.

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Philip Warren Anderson
- **image**: Andersonphoto.jpg
- **image size**: 200px
- **birth place**: Indianapolis, Indiana, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Princeton, New Jersey, Princeton, New Jersey, U.S.
- **nationality**: United States
- **field**: Physics
- **work institutions**: Bell Laboratories
Princeton University
University of Cambridge, Cambridge University
- **alma mater**: Harvard University
U.S. Naval Research Laboratory
- **doctoral advisor**: John Hasbrouck van Vleck
José Alencar

**José Alencar Gomes da Silva** (; 17 October 1931 – 29 March 2011), also known as **José Alencar, the Strong**, was a Brazilian businessman and politician. He served as the Vice President of Brazil from 2003 to 2010.

Alencar died from kidney, stomach, and prostate cancer in São Paulo, São Paulo, aged 79.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **honorific-prefix**: Excellency, His Excellency
- **name**: José Alencar
- **image**: Jose alencar 23 out 2007.jpg
- **order**: 25th Vice-President of Brazil, Vice President of Brazil
- **term start**: 1 January 2003
- **term end**: 1 January 2011
- **president**: Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva
- **predecessor**: Marco Maciel
- **successor**: Michel Temer
- **office2**: Ministry of Defence (Brazil), Minister of Defence of Brazil
- **term start2**: 8 November 2004
- **term end2**: 31 March 2006
- **president2**: Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva
- **predecessor2**: José Viegas Filho
- **successor2**: Waldir Pires
- **order3**: Senate of Brazil, Senator from Minas Gerais
- **term start3**: 1 February 1998
- **term end3**: 31 December 2002
- **birth place**: Muriaé, Minas Gerais
- **death place**: São Paulo, São Paulo
- **spouse**: Mariza Gomes (1957–2011, his death)
- **party**: Brazilian Republican Party, PRB
- **occupation**: Businessman, politician
State funeral

A **state funeral** is a public funeral ceremony for people who die after they were very important in their country. With a state funeral, there is usually a day in which everyone mourns the person who died.

Often, state funerals are given to members of royal families or political leaders. People who were military or high official<nowiki/>s or hero<nowiki/>es or famous for other reasons also sometimes have a state funeral.

## Related pages

- Funeral
- Lying in state

## Other websites

- The traditions of a British state funeral
- Memorializing U.S. Presidents
Sunanda Pushkar

**Sunanda Pushkar** (née **Dass**; 27 June 1962 – 17 January 2014) was an Indian and Canadian business person. She was the wife of Indian minister Shashi Tharoor. She was a sales manager in the Dubai-based TECOM Investments. She was also a co-owner of the India-based Rendezvous Sports World. Her born into a Kashmiri Pandit family.

Pushkar committed suicide by overdosing on sedatives, other strong medicines and probably alcohol on 17 January 2014 at a hotel in Chanakyapuri, New Delhi. She was 51 years old. She was outlived by her husband and children.
Dallas Buyers Club

***Dallas Buyers Club*** is a 2013 American biographical drama movie. It was produced by Robbie Brenner and Rachel Winter. The movie was directed by Jean-Marc Vallée. Dallas Buyers Club was premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 7, 2013. It was released in North America on November 1, 2013.

The movie gained positive reviews from critics and holds a 93% rating on Rotten Tomatoes.

The movie was nominated for 6 awards at the 86th Academy Awards which included Best Picture, Best Original Screenplay, Best Actor for McConaughey, Best Supporting Actor for Leto, Best Film Editing, and Best Makeup. McConaughey won the award for Best Actor and Leto won the award for Best Supporting Actor. Robin Mathews also won for the Best Makeup category even though she only had a $250 budget. McConaughey and Leto also won the Best Actor and Best Supporting Actor Screen Actors Guild Awards and the Best Actor – Motion Picture – Drama and Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture at the 71st Golden Globe Awards.

## Cast

- Matthew McConaughey as Ron Woodroof
- Jennifer Garner as Dr. Eve Saks
- Jared Leto as Rayon
- Denis O'Hare as Dr. Sevard
- Steve Zahn as Tucker
- Michael O'Neill as Richard Barkley
- Dallas Roberts as David Wayne
- Griffin Dunne as Dr. Vass
- Kevin Rankin as T. J.
- Adam Dunn as a bartender (cameo)
- Bradford Cox as "Sunflower" (Rayon's Lover)
- John Tabler as Rick Ferris

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: Dallas Buyers Club
- **image**: Dallas Buyers Club.png
- **caption**: Logo
- **director**: Jean-Marc Vallée
- **cinematography**: Yves Bélanger (cinematographer), Yves Bélanger
- **editing**: Jean-Marc Vallée, John Mac McMurphy
Martin Pensa
- **distributor**: Focus Features
- **runtime**: 117 minutes
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **budget**: $5 million
- **gross**: $55.7 million
Don Ward (ice hockey)

**Donald Joseph** "**Don**" **Ward** (October 19, 1935 – January 6, 2014) was a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman. He played 34 games in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Chicago Black Hawks and Boston Bruins in the late 1950s. He was born in Sarnia, Ontario.

Ward died on January 6, 2014 in Shoreline, Washington in the United States. He was 78 years old. He was outlived by his wife and son.
Jack Stoddard

**John Edward "Jack" Stoddard** (September 26, 1926 – January 29, 2014) was a Canadian professional ice hockey right winger. He played 80 games in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the New York Rangers between 1946 and 1962. He was born in Stoney Creek, Ontario.

Stoddard died on January 29, 2014 in Owen Sound, Ontario. He was 87 years old. He was outlived by his wife and children.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **name**: Jack Stoddard
- **image**: JackStoddard.jpg
- **image size**: 230px
- **position**: Winger (ice hockey), Right Wing
- **shoots**: Right
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 3
- **weight lb**: 185
- **played for**: New York Rangers
- **birth place**: Stoney Creek, Ontario, Stoney Creek, Ontario, Canada
- **death place**: Owen Sound, Ontario, Canada
- **career start**: 1946
- **career end**: 1962
Jerry Coleman

**Gerald Francis "Jerry" Coleman** (September 14, 1924 – January 5, 2014) was an American professional baseball second baseman. He played for the New York Yankees from 1949 to 1957. He managed the San Diego Padres for one year in 1980. He was born in San Jose, California.

Coleman died from a brain hemorrhage caused by complications from a fall on January 5, 2014 in San Diego, California. He was 89 years old. He was outlived by his second wife and three children.
Basin and Range

The **Basin and Range Province** is a vast geographic region in the west United States and northwest Mexico. Its topography has abrupt changes in height. It has narrow faulted mountain chains and flat arid valleys or basins. There are many ecoregions, but the lower part is mostly desert.

The physical geography (physiography) of the province was caused by extension and thinning of the lithosphere, which is composed of crust and upper mantle. What caused this thinning is still being investigated. The thinning began around 17 million years ago (mya) in early Miocene time.

The highest point fully within the Province is White Mountain Peak in California, while the lowest point is Badwater Basin in Death Valley. Other high points are at the boundary of the Basin and Range province.

The numerous ranges within the Province in the United States are collectively referred to as the **Great Basin Ranges**, although many are not actually in the Great Basin.  The Great Basin is only the northern part of the greater Basin and Range region.  The Great Basin is defined by its watershed (internal drainage).

Clarence Dutton compared the many narrow mountain ranges of the Basin and Range to an "army of caterpillars crawling northward", which is a helpful way to visualize the overall appearance of the region.

## Volcanics

Before the Eocene epoch (55.8 ±0.2 to 33.9 ±0.1 mya) the Farallon and North American plates were converging. During the Eocene the many volcanos in the Basin and Range Province flared up. The Farallon plate continued to be underthrust until about 19 mya. By then it was consumed and volcanic activity ceased.
Equation solving

**Equation solving** is field of mathematics that is about finding the functions or values that will make an equation true. An equation says that two expressions are equal. These expressions contain one or more unknowns, which are usually called free variables.

There are a number of changes (transformations) that can be done to make it easier to find the solution. There are many kinds of equation, and some have no solution in the domain (field) where they are studied. Other kinds of equation cannot be solved exactly, and approximation needs to be used. Similarly, a system of equations may have no solutions, or an infinite number of solutions.

## Methods of solution

Methods for solving equations include:
- Brute force, trial and error, estimated guess: It is often possible to find a solution for equations where there are only a limited (usually small) number of possibilities. This is the case for some Diophantine equations.
- Elementary algebra can be used for some _simple equations_
- There are algorithms for solving Systems of linear equations. Very often, linear algebra can be used.
- There are formulas for solving polynomial equations up to degree four. Except for special cases, polynomial equations of a degree higher than four need to be approximated, or solved numerically.
- Taylor series and curve fitting can be used to approximate polynomials or other functions.
Chuck Brown

**Charles Louis Brown** (aka **Chuck Brown**; August 22, 1936 – May 16, 2012) was an American musician and guitarist. He performed R&B and funk music. He was with the group Soul Searchers. That group had several notable songs. The song "Ashley's Roachclip" has a drum break which was sampled in the songs of others, including Milli Vanilli, PM Dawn and Duran Duran.

Brown was born in Gaston, North Carolina. He died of serious heart issues and multiple organ failure at 75.
Aura Dione

**Maria Louise Joensen** (also known as **Aura Dione**; born January 21, 1985) is a Danish musician and recording artist. She has several hit songs, like "I will Love You Monday (365)" and "Friends".

Dione was born in Copenhagen, Denmark. She has French and Spanish ancestry. She now lives in Los Angeles.
Drive (song)

**"Drive"** is a 1984 song performed by The Cars. It was from their _Heartbeat City_ album. The song came out in March 1984. It is a sad song.

This song was the highest charting single by The Cars. It hit #3 on the _Billboard_ Hot 100. It hit #1 on the Adult Contemporary chart. It hit #5 in the United Kingdom.
Paula Gruden

**Pavla** "**Paula**" **Gruden** (14 February 1921 – 26 January 2014) was a Slovenian and Australian poet, translator and editor. Her best known works were _Svobodni Razgovori_ (1982), _Snubljenje duha_ (1994) and _Ljubezen pod džakarando_ (2002). Her writings were in both English and her native Slovenian. She was a member of the Slovene Writers' Association.

Gruden was born in Ljubljana, Kingdom of Yugoslavia (now Slovenia) during World War II. She was sent to Nazi Germany for forced labour. In 1948, she immigrated to Australia.

Gruden died from natural causes on 26 January 2014 in Sydney, New South Wales. She was 92 years old. She was outlived by her son, Danny.

## Related pages

- List of poets from Oceania

## Other websites

- Paula Gruden at AustLit
Lorna Casselton

**Lorna Ann Casselton**  (18 July 1938 – 14 February 2014) was a British academic and biologist. She was Professor Emeritus of Fungal Genetics in the Department of Plant Science at the University of Oxford. She was also the Foreign Secretary for The Royal Society from 2006 until 2011.

She was elected a member of the Academia Europaea in 2008.

Casselton was born in Rochford, Essex. She was married to Peter Casselton until their divorce. In 1981, she married William Joseph Dennis "Bill" Tollett.

Casselton died on 14 February 2014 at the age of 75.

## Other websites

- Lorna Casselton at Debrett's
Palace of Caserta

**The Palace of Caserta** is a palace in Italy. It is near Naples. The palace was built by King Carlo VII of Naples. It was one of the largest buildings built in Italy in the 8th century. It was mainly used as a summer home of the royal family of the Two Sicilies. In Italian, it is known as the **Reggia di Caserta**. The palace has about 1,200 rooms. These include two dozen state apartments and a large theatre modelled after the Teatro San Carlo of Naples. It is often compared to the Palace of Versailles and is called the "Italian Versailles".

In 1997, the palace was made a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The nomination said it was "the swan song of the spectacular art of the Baroque, from which it adopted all the features needed to create the illusions of multidirectional space". The king wanted a magnificent new royal court and administrative center for the Kingdom in a place protected from sea attack.

The palace was used during the filming of _Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones_ and _Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace_
Warren Lamb

**Warren Lamb** (28 April 1923 – 21 January 2014) was an English management consultant, teacher and lecturer. He was a pioneer in the field of nonverbal behavior, doing significant work in Laban Movement Analysis. He also created Movement Pattern Analysis. He was born in Wallasey, Lancashire (now Metropolitan Borough of Wirral, Merseyside).

Lamb died on 21 January 2014 in Claremont, California in the United States. He was 90 years old. He was outlived by his second wife and four children.

## Other websites

- Warren Lamb  at Center For Movement Education and Research
Rodeo of Chile

The **Chilean Rodeo** is a national sport of Chile. The objective of the sport is to show control in driving a steer to a given part of an arena.
Blazar

A **blazar**  is a very compact quasar (quasi-stellar radio source). They have a presumed supermassive black hole at the center of an active, giant elliptical galaxy. Blazars are among the most energetic phenomena in the universe and are an important topic in astronomy.

Blazars are one of a group of active galaxies that host active galactic nuclei (AGN). An AGN is a region at the centre of a galaxy which has a much higher than normal luminosity over some or all of the electromagnetic spectrum.

The name "blazar" was originally coined in 1978 by astronomer Edward Spiegel. Blazars are AGN with a relativistic jet which is pointing in the general direction of the Earth. We observe "down" the jet, or nearly so. Many blazars have apparent superluminal features within the first few parsecs of their jets, probably due to relativistic shock fronts.

The blazar at the centre of galaxy M87 is fuelled by a black hole with a mass of about three billion solar masses within ten light years of the galaxy centre.
Victoria Coren Mitchell

**Victoria Coren Mitchell** (born 18 August 1972) is a British journalist, television presenter and poker player.

She was born in Hammersmith, London and raised in Cricklewood, London. She gained a first-class degree in English from St John's College, Oxford. She is the daughter of Alan Coren and sister of Giles Coren.

She presented _Balderdash and Piffle_. She presents _Only Connect_.

She married David Mitchell on 17 November 2012. The couple's daughter was born in May 2015.

## Other websites

- PokerStars.com
GG Allin

**Kevin Michael "GG" Allin** (August 29, 1956 – June 28, 1993) was an American punk rock singer. He made music with many bands. He was known for his stage antics that often featured transgressive acts. This included coprophagia, self-mutilation, and attacking audience members. He was called "the most spectacular degenerate in rock & roll history" by G4TV's _That's Tough_.

## Early life

Allin was born at Weeks Memorial Hospital. On August 29th 1956 Allin's name was originally Jesus Christ Allin, but was changed to **Kevin Michael Allin** by his mother.

## Career

Allin's first solo album _Always Was, Is and Always Shall Be_ was released in 1980.

## Behavior

Allin had convictions, including assault. He was diagnosed with a mixed personality disorder with borderline, narcissistic and masochistic features.

## Death

Allin died on June 28, 1993 from a heroin overdose. He was 36 years old.

## Discography

- Always Was, Is and Always Shall Be (1980)
- Eat My Fuc (1984)
- You'll Never Tame Me (1985)
- Dirty Love Songs (1987)
- You Give Love a Bad Name (1987)
- Freaks, Faggots, Drunks and Junkies (1988)
- The Suicide Sessions (1989)
- Murder Junkies (1991)
- Brutality and Bloodshed for All (1993)
- Live at The Rat EP (2018)

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **embed**: yes
- **background**: solo_singer
- **instrument**: Singing, Vocals, Drum kit, drums, guitar
- **genre**: Punk rock, hardcore punk, country music, country, spoken word, outsider music, shock rock
- **years active**: 1974–1993
- **label**: Mountain, Ax/tion, Blood, Orange, ROIR, Black and Blue, Homestead Records (1983), Homestead, Awareness Records, Awareness, Bomp Records, Alive/BOMP!
- **associated acts**: The Jabbers, The Scumfucs, Little Sister's Date, Malpractice, Antiseen, The Cedar Street Sluts, Dee Dee Ramone, MC5, MC2 (AKA The Motor City Badboys), J Mascis, Mark Kramer, Carolina Shitkickers, Bulge, The Toilet Rockers, The Criminal Quartet, The Texas Nazis, David Peel (musician), David Peel, Bloody Mess & The Skabs, The Southern Baptists, The Murder Junkies, The Primates


## Infobox (person)

- **name**: GG Allin
- **landscape**: yes
- **alias**: GG
- **birth name**: Kevin Michael Allin
- **birth place**: Lancaster, New Hampshire, Lancaster, New Hampshire
- **death place**: New York City, New York (state), New York
- **death cause**: Respiratory failure cause by accidental heroin intoxication
- **occupation**: Musician, singer-songwriter
Unit vector

A **unit vector** is any vector that is one unit in length. Unit vectors are often notated the same way as normal vectors, but with a mark called a circumflex over the letter (e.g.  is the unit vector of ****.)

To make a vector into a unit vector, one just needs to divide it by its length: . The resulting unit vector will be in the same direction as the original vector.

## Standard basis vectors

Three common unit vectors are ,  and , referring to the three-dimensional unit vectors for the x-, y- and z-axes, respectively. These vectors are called the standard basis vectors of a 3-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system. They are commonly just notated as **i**, **j** and **k.**

They can be written as follows:

For the -th standard basis vector of a vector space, the symbol  (or ) may be used. This refers to the vector with 1 in the -th component, and 0 elsewhere.

## Related pages

- Euclidean vector
BASE jumping

**BASE jumping** is a fringe sport in which a person jumps from a fixed place and uses a parachute to slow down before the ground is reached. "BASE" is an acronym that stands for each of the four jump location categories: from buildings, antennas, spans (bridges) and the earth. This last is similar to _jumping off a cliff_. BASE jumping is an extreme sport. This means it involves speed, height, danger or spectacular stunts.

## History from skydiving

The idea for BASE jumping came from skydiving. BASE jumping is much more dangerous than skydiving from aircraft.

BASE jumps are usually made from much lower altitudes than skydives. Also, the jumper leaps closer to the platform or standing space. BASE jumpers fall through the air at slower speeds than skydivers, because they begin the jump closer to the ground. As a skydiver falls, he accelerates while falling and gains speed with each second.  So a BASE jumper does not always reach terminal velocity. Because faster speed while falling through the air gives jumpers more control of their bodies, and a quicker parachute opening, the longer the delay in the air, the safer.

Another danger is that most BASE jumpers have very small areas in which to land. A beginner skydiver, after the parachute opens, may have about three minutes or more of a parachute ride to reach the ground. A BASE jump from 500 feet will only have a parachute ride of 10 to 15 seconds.

## Deaths

BASE jumping has a death rate averaging about one fatality for every sixty jumpers. It is one of the most dangerous sporting activities in the world. It has a fatality and injury rate 43 times higher than parachuting from a plane.

As of the end of July 2015, at least 264 people have died during a BASE jump.

Dean Potter and Graham Hunt were killed in a BASE jump attempt at Yosemite National Park in California on May 16, 2015.  Potter was a well known rock climber. They jumped at dusk from about 3000 feet up. They both quickly smashed into the rocks of the cliff on the way down. Neither jumper used a parachute that might have saved them.

American BASE jumper Ian Flanders died in Kemaliye, Turkey on July 21, 2015. His parachute got tangled in his feet after he jumped and did not open. He fell 900 feet into the Karasu river at a high speed. The jump was being shown live on a local television station.

Russian BASE jumper Valery Rozov died on November 11, 2017, while jumping from the Ama Dablam Mountain in Nepal.

After the death in Turkey, a fellow jumper said to People Magazine, "There's just this very thin margin of how things can go from 'totally fine' to 'it's over'. And it's really hard to do this sport a lot and have that margin not catch up with you."

## In the news

In September 2013, three men jumped off the incompletely built _One World Trade Center_ in New York City. They filmed their jump using cameras on their heads and later showed the video on YouTube.  In March 2014, the three jumpers and one helper on the ground were arrested after turning themselves in.
John Anderson Jr.

**John Anderson Jr.** (May 8, 1917 – September 15, 2014) was an American politician. He was the 36th  Governor of Kansas. He served from 1961 until 1965.

Anderson was born near Olathe, Kansas. Anderson died in Olathe, Kansas at the age of 97.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: John Anderson
- **image**: Kansas Governor John Anderson Jr 17 Sep 1964.jpg
- **caption**: Governor John Anderson in 1964
- **office**: Chairperson of the National Governors Association
- **term start**: July 24, 1963
- **term end**: June 10, 1964
- **predecessor**: Albert Rosellini
- **successor**: Grant Sawyer
- **order1**: Governor of Kansas
- **lieutenant1**: Harold H. Chase, Harold Chase
- **term start1**: January 9, 1961
- **term end1**: January 11, 1965
- **predecessor1**: George Docking
- **successor1**: William H. Avery (politician), William Avery
- **birth place**: Olathe, Kansas, Olathe, Kansas, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Olathe, Kansas, United States
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican Party
- **spouse**: Arlene Auchard
- **alma mater**: Kansas State University, Kansas State University, Manhattan
Edgar Whitcomb

**Edgar Doud Whitcomb** (November 6, 1917 – February 4, 2016) was an American politician. He was the 43rd Governor of Indiana. He served from 1969 to 1973.

Whitcomb was born in Hayden, Indiana. Whitcomb died February 4, 2016 at his home in Rome, Indiana from heart failure at the age of 98.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Edgar Whitcomb
- **image**: Edgar Doud Whitcomb (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Whitcomb in 2006
- **order**: 43rd Governor of Indiana
- **lieutenant**: Richard Folz
- **term start**: January 13, 1969
- **term end**: January 8, 1973
- **predecessor**: Roger D. Branigin, Roger Branigin
- **successor**: Otis R. Bowen, Otis Bowen
- **office1**: Secretary of State of Indiana
- **governor1**: Roger D. Branigin, Roger Branigin
- **term start1**: December 1, 1966
- **term end1**: December 1, 1968
- **predecessor1**: John Bortoff
- **successor1**: William Salin
- **birth place**: Hayden, Indiana, Hayden, Indiana, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Rome, Indiana, Rome, Indiana, U.S.
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican Party
- **spouse**: Patricia Dolfus
(m. 1953-1986, divorced)
Evelyn Gayer
(m. 2013-2016, his death)
- **alma mater**:
Indiana University Robert H. McKinney School of Law, Indiana University, Indianapolis
- **branch**:  United States Army Air Corps
  United States Army Reserve
- **serviceyears**: 1940–1946
1946–1977
- **rank**:  Lieutenant
 Colonel (United States), Colonel
- **battles**: World War II
Fall of the Philippines 1941-2
Battle of Bataan
Battle of Corregidor
 **Edgar Doud Whitcomb** (born November 6, 1917) was the List of Governors of Indiana, 43rd Governor of Indiana.
Patrick Lucey

**Patrick Joseph Lucey** (March 21, 1918 – May 10, 2014) was an American politician. He served as the 38th Governor of the US state of Wisconsin from 1971 to 1977. In 1977, he was appointed ambassador to Mexico by President Jimmy Carter. He was an independent vice-presidential candidate in 1980 with John Anderson.

Lucey was born in La Crosse, Wisconsin. He died in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, aged 96.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Patrick Lucey
- **image**: Patrick Lucey.png
- **office**: United States Ambassador to Mexico
- **president**: Jimmy Carter
- **term start**: July 19, 1977
- **term end**: October 31, 1979
- **predecessor**: Joseph J. Jova
- **successor**: Julian Nava
- **order1**: Governor of Wisconsin
- **lieutenant1**: Martin J. Schreiber, Martin Schreiber
- **term start1**: January 4, 1971
- **term end1**: July 6, 1977
- **predecessor1**: Warren P. Knowles, Warren Knowles
- **successor1**: Martin J. Schreiber, Martin Schreiber
- **office2**: Lieutenant Governor of Wisconsin
- **governor2**: Warren P. Knowles, Warren Knowles
- **term start2**: January 4, 1965
- **term end2**: January 2, 1967
- **predecessor2**: Jack B. Olson, Jack Olson
- **successor2**: Jack B. Olson, Jack Olson
- **birth place**: La Crosse, Wisconsin, La Crosse, Wisconsin, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States, U.S.
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic Party <small>(Before 1979; 1980–2014)</small>
Independent (politician), Independent <small>(1979–1980)</small>
- **alma mater**: University of St. Thomas (Minnesota), University of St. Thomas, Minnesota
University of Wisconsin–Madison
Marvin Mandel

**Marvin Mandel** (April 19, 1920 – August 30, 2015) was an American politician. He was the 56th Governor of Maryland. He was a member of the Democratic Party. He was governor from 1969 to 1979.

Mandel was born in Baltimore, Maryland.

## Other websites

- Maryland Manual official state gubernatorial biography
- Law Firm: Mandel, Liff & Walsh, LLP

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Marvin Mandel
- **image**: 1marvinmandel.JPG
- **imagesize**: 190px
- **office**: Chairperson of the National Governors Association
- **term start**: June 7, 1972
- **term end**: June 6, 1973
- **predecessor**: Arch A. Moore, Jr., Arch Moore
- **successor**: Daniel J. Evans, Daniel Evans
- **order1**: 56th Governor of Maryland
- **lieutenant1**: Blair Lee III, Blair Lee
- **term start1**: January 7, 1969
- **term end1**: January 17, 1979
- **predecessor1**: Spiro Agnew
- **successor1**: Harry Hughes
- **birth place**: Baltimore, Maryland, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: St. Mary's County, Maryland
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic Party
- **spouse**: Barbara Oberfeld
Jeanne Dorsey Mandel, Jeanne Dorsey
- **alma mater**: University of Maryland, College Park
University of Maryland School of Law, University of Maryland, Baltimore
David P. Buckson

**David Penrose Buckson** (July 25, 1920 – January 18, 2017) was an American lawyer and politician. He served as Governor of Delaware. He served as governor from 1960 to 1961. He was a member of the Republican Party.

Buckson was born in Townsend, Delaware. He died at a retirement home in Milford, Delaware on January 18, 2017, aged 96.

## Other websites

- Biographical Directory of the Governors of the United States

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: David Buckson
- **image**: David Buckson.png
- **caption**: Buckson at the University of Delaware in 1941
- **office**: Delaware Attorney General, Attorney General of Delaware
- **governor**: Elbert N. Carvel, Elbert Carvel
- **term start**: January 15, 1963
- **term end**: January 19, 1971
- **predecessor**: Januar Bove
- **successor**: W. Laird Stabler, Jr., Laird Stabler
- **office1**: List of Governors of Delaware, Governor of Delaware
- **term start1**: December 30, 1960
- **term end1**: January 17, 1961
- **predecessor1**: J. Caleb Boggs, Caleb Boggs
- **successor1**: Elbert N. Carvel, Elbert Carvel
- **office2**: Lieutenant Governor of Delaware
- **governor2**: J. Caleb Boggs, Caleb Boggs
- **term start2**: January 15, 1957
- **term end2**: December 30, 1960
- **predecessor2**: John W. Rollins, John Rollins
- **successor2**: Eugene Lammot
- **birth place**: Townsend, Delaware, Townsend, Delaware, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Milford, Delaware, Milford, Delaware, U.S.
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican Party
- **spouse**: Betty Savin
Patricia Maloney
- **alma mater**:
Dickinson School of Law, Pennsylvania State University, Carlisle
John Malcolm Patterson

**John Malcolm Patterson** (September 27, 1921 – June 4, 2021) was an American politician. He was the 44th Governor of the U.S. state of Alabama. He served as governor from 1959 to 1963. Patterson was a member of the Democratic Party.

Patterson ran with the support of the Ku Klux Klan when he won the Governorship of Alabama in 1958.

Patterson was born in Goldville, Alabama. He died on June 4, 2021 in Goldville, aged 99.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: John Malcolm Patterson
- **image**: John Malcolm Patterson.jpg
- **order**: 44th List of Governors of Alabama, Governor of Alabama
- **lieutenant**: Albert Boutwell
- **term start**: January 19, 1959
- **term end**: January 14, 1963
- **predecessor**: Jim Folsom
- **successor**: George Wallace
- **office1**: Attorney General of Alabama
- **governor1**: Jim Folsom
- **term start1**: January 17, 1955
- **term end1**: January 19, 1959
- **predecessor1**: Bernard Sykes
- **successor1**: MacDonald Gallion
- **birth place**: Goldville, Alabama, Goldville, Alabama, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Goldville, Alabama, U.S.
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic Party
- **alma mater**: University of Alabama, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa
- **branch**:  United States Army
- **serviceyears**: 1939–1945
1951–1953
- **battles**: World War II
Korean War
- **rank**:  Major (United States), Major
William Milliken

**William Grawn Milliken** (March 26, 1922 – October 18, 2019) was an American politician. He served as the 44th Governor of Michigan from January 22, 1969 to January 1, 1983. He was a member of the Republican Party.

Milliken was born in Traverse City, Michigan. He died on October 18, 2019 in Traverse City at the age of 97.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **birth name**: William Grawn Milliken
- **name**: William Milliken
- **image**: William G. Milliken 2 (Michigan Governor).jpg
- **order1**: 44th Governor of Michigan
- **lieutenant1**: Thomas F. Schweigert (acting)
James H. Brickley, James Brickley
James Damman
James H. Brickley, James Brickley
- **term start1**: January 22, 1969
- **term end1**: January 1, 1983
- **predecessor1**: George W. Romney, George Romney
- **successor1**: James Blanchard
- **office2**: 54th Lieutenant Governor of Michigan
- **governor2**: George W. Romney, George Romney
- **term start2**: January 1, 1965
- **term end2**: January 22, 1969
- **predecessor2**: T. John Lesinski, John Lesinski
- **successor2**: Thomas F. Schweigert (acting)
- **death place**: Traverse City, Michigan, U.S.
- **spouse**: Helen Milliken, Helen Wallbank (m. October 20, 1945–November 16, 2012; her death); 2 children
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican Party
- **alma mater**: Yale College, Yale University
- **branch**:  United States Army Air Forces
- **serviceyears**: 1942–1945
- **battles**: World War II
Rose Mofford

**Rose Perica Mofford** (June 10, 1922 – September 15, 2016) was an American civil servant and politician. Mofford was the first female Secretary of State of Arizona serving from 1977 to 1988. She then became the first female Governor of Arizona serving from 1988 to 1991. Mofford was a member of the Democratic Party.

Mofford was born in Globe, Arizona. She died on September 15, 2016, from complications from a fall while under hospice care in Phoenix, aged 94.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Rose Mofford
- **image**: Rose Mofford 2012.jpg
- **order**: List of Governors of Arizona, 18th
- **office**: Governor of Arizona
- **term start**: February 8, 1988
- **term end**: March 6, 1991

- **predecessor**: Evan Mecham
- **successor**: Fife Symington
- **office1**: Secretary of State of Arizona
- **governor1**: Wesley Bolin
Bruce Babbitt
Evan Mecham
- **term start1**: October 20, 1977
- **term end1**: April 4, 1988
- **predecessor1**: Wesley Bolin
- **successor1**: James Shumway
- **birth place**: Globe, Arizona, Globe, Arizona, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Phoenix, Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona, U.S.
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic Party
- **spouse**: Lefty Mofford
Sarah Marshall (British actress)

**Sarah Lynne Marshall** (25 May 1933 – 18 January 2014) was an English actress. Her television credits include: _The Twilight Zone_, _F Troop_, _Get Smart_, and _Star Trek_ and _Daniel Boone_. She was born in London, the daughter of actors Herbert Marshall and Edna Best.

Marshall died from cancer of unknown primary origin on 18 January 2014 in Los Angeles, California in the United States. She was 80 years old. She was outlived by her husband and son.
True (Spandau Ballet song)

"**True**" is a 1983 pop ballad from British group Spandau Ballet. The song was released in April 1983. It was a worldwide hit. It hit #1 on many  charts. It hit #4 on the _Billboard_ Hot 100. It was #1 on the Adult Contemporary chart for one week.

There are several versions of this song. One lasts six and a half minutes.
Yevgeny Primakov

**Yevgeny Maksimovich Primakov** (, tr. _Yevgeniy Maksimovich Primakov_; 29 October 1929 – 26 June 2015) was a Russian politician and diplomat. He was the Prime Minister of Russia from 1998 to 1999.

Primakov was born to a partly Jewish family (his mother was Jewish) in Kyiv, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union now Ukraine.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Yevgeny Primakov
- **image**: E Primakov 03.jpg
- **order**: Prime Minister of Russia
- **term start**: 11 September 1998
- **term end**: 12 May 1999
- **president**: Boris Yeltsin
- **predecessor**: Viktor Chernomyrdin <small>(Acting)</small>
- **successor**: Sergei Stepashin
- **birth name**: Yevgeny Maksimovich Primakov
- **birth place**: Kyiv, Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union <small>(now Ukraine)</small>
- **death place**: Moscow, Russia
- **nationality**: Russian
- **spouse**: Laura V. Kharadze <small>(1930-1987)</small>
- **children**: Alexander
 Nana
Georgy Lvov

Prince **Georgy Yevgenyevich Lvov** () (2 November 18617 March 1925) was a Russian diplomat and politician. He was the first post-imperial Prime Minister of Russia. He served as Prime Minister from 15 March to 21 July 1917.

Lvov was born in Dresden, Kingdom of Saxony, German Confederation.

Lvov resigned in July 1917 in favor of his Minister of Justice, Alexander Kerensky. Lvov was arrested when the Bolsheviks seized power later that year. He escaped and settled in Paris, where he spent the rest of his life.

Lvov died in Paris, aged 63.

## Other websites

- Lvov Days and memorials
- Aleksin Museum of Art and Regional Studies
- Publishers of Lvov's biographies
- Biography of Prince Lvov at www.praviteli.org

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Georgy Lvov
- **image**: Georgy Lvov, 1918.jpg
- **nationality**: Russian
- **order**: 1st Russian Provisional Government, Minister-Chairman of the Russian Provisional Government
- **term start**: 15 March, 1917
- **term end**: 21 July, 1917
- **predecessor**: _Office Established_
_De facto_ :
Nicholas II of Russia, Nicholas II (tsar of Russia)
- **successor**: Alexander Kerensky
- **order2**: Minister of Interior
- **primeminister2**: _Himself_
- **term start2**: 15 March 1917
- **term end2**: 21 July 1917
- **predecessor2**: Alexander Protopopov
- **successor2**: Nikolai Avksentiev
- **order3**: Prime Minister of Russia
- **term start3**: 15 March 1917
- **term end3**: 21 July 1917
- **predecessor3**: Nikolai Golitsyn
- **successor3**: Alexander Kerensky
- **birth date**: November 2, 1861
- **birth place**: Dresden, Kingdom of Saxony, German Confederation
- **death date**: March 7, 1925 (age 63)
- **death place**: Paris, France
- **profession**: Politician
- **party**: Constitutional Democratic Party, Constitutional Democratic
Viktor Chernomyrdin

**Viktor Stepanovich Chernomyrdin** (, 9 April 19383 November 2010) was a Russian politician. He was the first chairman of the Gazprom energy company. Chernomyrdin was the longest-serving Prime Minister of Russia serving from 1992 to 1998.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Viktor Chernomyrdin
- **image**: ЧЕРНОМЫРДИН Виктор Степанович.jpg
- **imagesize**: 260 px
- **office**: Prime Minister of Russia
- **president**: Boris Yeltsin
- **term start**: 23 August 1998
- **term end**: 11 September 1998
<small>Acting</small>
- **predecessor**: Sergey Kiriyenko
- **successor**: Yevgeny Primakov
- **president2**: Boris Yeltsin
- **term start2**: 14 December 1992
- **term end2**: 23 March 1998
- **predecessor2**: Yegor Gaidar
- **successor2**: Sergey Kiriyenko
- **office3**: Deputy Prime Minister, Deputy Prime Minister of Russia
- **president3**: Boris Yeltsin
- **primeminister3**: Boris Yeltsin
Yegor Gaidar (acting)
- **term start3**: 30 May 1992
- **term end3**: 14 December 1992
- **office4**: Minister of Gas Industry of the Soviet Union
- **term start4**: 13 February 1985
- **term end4**: 17 July 1989
- **premier4**: Nikolai Tikhonov
Nikolai Ryzhkov
- **predecessor4**: Vasili Dinkov
- **successor4**: Post abolished
- **birth place**: Saraktashsky District, Chernyi Otrog, Orenburg Oblast, Russian SFSR
- **death place**: Moscow
- **party**: United Russia <small>(2000–2010)</small>
- **otherparty**: Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Communist Party <small>(1961–1995)</small>
Our Home – Russia, Our Home-Russia <small>(1995–2000)</small>
- **spouse**: Valentina Chernomyrdina (died 2010)
- **children**: Andrey
 Vitali
- **awards**: Order of Friendship
Viktor Zubkov

**Victor Alexeevich Zubkov** (; born 15 September 1941) is a Russian politician and businessman. He served as the Prime Minister of Russia twice: from September 2007 to May 2008.

He was Vladimir Putin's First Deputy Prime Minister during the Presidency of Dmitri Medvedev.

Zubkov was born in Sverdlovsk Oblast.

## Other websites

- Biography  by Vladimir Pribylovsky

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **birth name**: Viktor Alekseyevich Zubkov
- **name**: Victor Zubkov
- **image**: Viktor Zoebkov.jpg
- **termstart**: 7 May 2012
- **termend**: 8 May 2012
- **term label**: Acting
- **office**: Prime Minister of Russia
- **president**: Vladimir Putin
- **predecessor**: Vladimir Putin
- **successor**: Dmitry Medvedev
- **term start1**: 14 September 2007
- **term end1**: 8 May 2008
- **deputy1**: Igor Shuvalov
- **predecessor1**: Mikhail Fradkov
- **successor1**: Vladimir Putin
- **office2**: First Deputy Prime Minister of Russia
- **primeminister2**: Vladimir Putin
 Himself <small>(Acting)</small>
Dmitry Medvedev
- **alongside2**: Igor Shuvalov
- **term start2**: 7 May 2008
- **term end2**: 21 May 2012
- **predecessor2**: Dmitry Medvedev
Sergei Ivanov
- **successor2**: Igor Shuvalov
- **birth place**: Arbat, Kushva, Sverdlovsk Oblast, Soviet Union
<small>(present-day Russia)</small>
- **spouse**: Zoe Zubkov
- **children**: Julia Serdyukova
- **party**: Independent (politician), Independent
- **signature**: Signature of Viktor Zubkov.png