juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Indus Kohistani

**Indus Kohistani** or **Maiya** is a Dardic language spoken in the Kohistan District and the surrounding regions like Swat District and Hazara.  It is spoken by the Kohistani people and is the predominant language of Kohistan.  It has two dialects, Kohistan and Kanyawali.  It is written in the Nastaliq variant of the Arabic script.

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Indus Kohistani
- **altname**: Maiyã
- **nativename**:
__
- **region**: Kohistan District, Pakistan, Indus Kohistan
- **speakers**: 200,000
- **ethnicity**: Indus Kohistanis
- **date**: 1992
- **ref**: e18
- **familycolor**: Indo-European
- **fam2**: Indo-Iranian languages, Indo-Iranian
- **fam3**: Indo-Aryan languages, Indo-Aryan
- **fam4**: Dardic languages, Dardic
- **fam5**: Kohistani languages, Kohistani
- **iso3**: mvy
- **glotto**: indu1241
- **glottorefname**: Indus Kohistani
- **script**: Perso-Arabic script (Nastaliq)
- **map**: Minor languages of Pakistan as of the 1998 census.png
- **mapcaption**: Kohistani is a minor language of Pakistan which is mainly spoken in the Kohistan region, shown on this map.
- **image**:
Kalami language

**Kalami** is a Dardic language spoken in Swat District, Pakistan.  It is also spoken in Dir District.  It is closely related to Torwali.

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Kalami
- **altname**: Bashkarik, Kohistani
- **nativename**: ګاوری_ ,_کالامي
 Kālāmī, Gāwrī
- **ethnicity**: Kohistani people, Kohistani
- **states**: Pakistan
- **region**: Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
- **speakers**: 100,000
- **date**: 2004
- **ref**: e18
- **familycolor**: Indo-European
- **fam2**: Indo-Iranian languages, Indo-Iranian
- **fam3**: Indo-Aryan languages, Indo-Aryan
- **fam4**: Dardic languages, Dardic
- **fam5**: Kohistani languages, Kohistani
- **iso3**: gwc
- **glotto**: kala1373
- **glottorefname**: Gawri
- **lingua**: 59-AAC-c
- **script**: Arabic script
- **notice**: IPA
- **map**: Minor languages of Pakistan as of the 1998 census.png
- **mapcaption**: Kalami is a minor language of Pakistan which is mainly spoken in the far northern reaches of Swat District and Upper Dir District, it is given a space in this map.
- **image**: File:Kalami language.png
Kalkoti language

**Kalkoti** is a Dardic language of the Shina sub-branch of Pakistan.  It is primarily spoken in Upper Dir District, in the Kalkot Tehsil.  It has a lot of loanwords from Indus Kohistani.

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Kalkoti
- **nativename**: کھعلکوٹی
- **region**: Kalkot Tehsil
- **state**: Pakistan
- **speakers**: 5,910
- **date**: 2016
- **familycolor**: Indo-European
- **fam2**: Indo-Iranian languages, Indo-Iranian
- **fam3**: Indo-Aryan languages, Indo-Aryan
- **fam4**: Dardic languages, Dardic
- **fam5**: Shina languages, Shina
- **iso3**: xka
- **glotto**: kalk1245
- **glottorefname**: Kalkoti
- **image**: کھعلکوٹی.png
Kamviri dialect

**Kamviri** is a variety of the Kamkata-viri language spoken in Afghanistan and Pakistan.  It is spoken by the Kom people and is closely related to Shekhani.

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Kamviri
- **states**: Afghanistan, Pakistan
- **region**: Bashgal Valley, and Southern Chitral District, Langorbat, Badrugal and the Urtsun Valley
- **speakers**: 20,000
- **date**: 2011
- **ref**: e18
- **familycolor**: Indo-European
- **fam2**: Indo-Iranian languages, Indo-Iranian
- **fam3**: Nuristani languages, Nuristani
- **fam4**: Northern
- **fam5**: Kamkata-vari language, Kamkata-vari
- **iso3**: xvi
- **glotto**: kamv1242
- **glottorefname**: Kamviri
- **lingua**: 58-ACB-ad
- **notice**: Indic
Kata-vari dialect

**Kata-vari** is a variety of Kamkata-viri spoken in Afghanistan and Pakistan (Chitral District).  It has two dialects, Eastern Kata-vari or Shekhani and Western Kata-vari.  It is spoken by 40,000 people.

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Kata-vari
- **altname**: Kati
- **states**: Afghanistan, Pakistan
- **region**: Nuristan Province, Nuristan, Kunar Province, Kunar, Chitral District, Chitral
- **speakers**: 134,010
- **date**: 2017
- **familycolor**: Indo-European
- **fam2**: Indo-Iranian languages, Indo-Iranian
- **fam3**: Nuristani languages, Nuristani
- **fam4**: Northern
- **fam5**: Kamkata-vari language, Kamkata-vari
- **script**: Arabic script
- **iso3**: bsh
- **glotto**: kati1270
- **glottorefname**: Kati
Vallegrande Province

**Jesús y Montes Claros de los Caballeros del Vallegrande**, known simply as **Vallegrande**, is a municipality and small city in Bolivia, capital of the Vallegrande province in the department of Santa Cruz. It borders the provinces of Florida and Manuel María Caballero.

## History

During colonial times, communications between Charcas and Santa Cruz were very dangerous due to the presence of chiriguano Indians. This is the reason why the viceroy of Lima decided to populate the area to maintain communications.

It was founded by Pedro Lucio Escalante y Mendoza on March 30 in 1612.
Slacker (movie)

***Slacker*** is a 1990 American comedy-drama movie directed by Richard Linklater (who also stars) and also starring Lee Daniel, Teresa Taylor, Abra Moore, Louis Black, Kim Krizan, Louis Mackey. It was distributed by Orion Pictures.
Stephan Farffler

**Stephan Farffler** (1633-1689) was a paraplegic watchmaker who is credited with inventing wheelchairs.
Watchmaker

A **watchmaker** is an artisan who crafts and repairs watches, although now watches tend to be made by big box corporations in factories.
Tafelmusik

**Tafelmusik** (English "Table music") is a type of music. It is performed during banquets and feasts. Tafelmusik can be instrumental or vocal music. The term was first used in the 16th century.
Tafelmusik (Telemann)

***Tafelmusik*** is a collection of instrumental music by Georg Philipp Telemann. It was first called ***Musique de Table***. The collection was first published in Hamburg in 1733. The collection is made up of three sets of music. Each set is called a _production_. Each _production_ begins with a ouverture. 185 people bought copies of the collection. This includes George Frideric Handel, Johann Georg Pisendel, and Johann Joachim Quantz.
Sovereign citizen movement

The **Sovereign citizen movement** is a loose political movement of tax protesters, conspiracy theorists, activists, auditors and certain other people who claim to be answerable only to their interpretation of laws and that governments and courts only have legitimate jurisdiction over them if they consent to be ruled.

These people call themselves **sovereign citizens**, **sovereign beings** and similar terms. Sovereign citizens and their counterparts in British Commonwealth countries, **freemen on the land**, claim most forms of taxation, especially income taxes and property taxes, as illegitimate, and don't recognize government currencies as legal tender.

The FBI classifies the sovereign citizen movement as a domestic terrorism movement.
Tax protest

A **tax protest** is nonpayment or a certain tax or taxes because the people refusing to pay the tax believe it to be wrong, unconstitutional, etc. A tax protest is different from tax resistance in that in the latter, people refuse to pay as a protest against the government and or its policies.
Domestic terrorism

**Domestic terrorism** refers to a form of terrorism committed by a country's citizen in his or her own country.

## Examples

- _Charlie Hebdo_ shooting
- 2025 Pahalgam Massacre
- Pittsburgh synagogue shooting
- 2025 D.C. Jewish museum shooting

## Related pages

- Islamic terrorism
- White nationalism
- Genocidal massacre
Spanish moss

**Spanish moss** (_Tillandsia usneoides_) is a flowering plant that grows on trees in many tropical and subtropical areas in the Americas.

It is known in the United States. It is often found on the southern live oak (_Quercus virginiana_) and bald cypress (_Taxodium distichum_). It lives in the lowlands, swamps, and marshes of the mid-Atlantic and southeastern states, from the coast of southeastern Virginia to Florida and west to southern Arkansas and Texas.

Spanish moss is not parasitic: it is an epiphyte which absorbs nutrients and water through its own leaves from the air and rain falling upon it. Spanish moss has been used for many purposes, including building insulation, mulch, packing material, mattress stuffing, and fiber. In the early 1900s it was used commercially in the padding of car seats.
Coat of Arms of Singapore

The **Coat of arms of Singapore** is the symbol representing Singapore.

## Infobox (coat of arms)

- **name**: Coat of arms of Singapore
- **armiger**: Singapore, Republic of Singapore
- **year adopted**: 1959
- **shield**: Gules, a crescent facing a pentagon of five mullet (heraldry), mullets argent
- **supporters**: A lion dexter and sinister, dexter and a tiger dexter and sinister, sinister attitude (heraldry)#Rampant, rampant attitude (heraldry)#Positions indicating direction, guardant standing on two branches _Or (heraldry), or_
- **motto**: _Majulah Singapura_

- **earlier versions**: See Armorial of Singapore
- **use**: Reverse of Singapore dollar, coins, government buildings, sources of Singapore law#Statutes, Acts of Parliament, letters patent, commissions and treaties
Texan English

**Texan English** or **Texas English** are the two main varieties of English native to Texas. A Southern American variety and a Spanish influenced one.

## Texas English

In the eastern part of the state, there's what some call a _Southern accent with a twist_. This _twist_ refers to the other southern accents which came to Texas throughout the history of English being spoken there.

Features include:

- Monothongization of ai (_i_ dipthong), making words like _ride_, _dice_ and _dike_ sound like _rod_ (or _rad), _dace_ and _dock_. Such **glide deletion** is found in most varieties of Southern American English.
- The **cot-caught merger** in which words like _stalk_ and _stock_, are pronounced exactly the same.
- The _o_ in words like _majority_, _orange_ and _horrible_ is always pronounced like the o in _whore_ rather than that in _stop_.

## Tejano English

The second major Texas English variety is **Tejano English** - the Hispanic variety common in the southwest part of the state.

Features include:

- Dropping of t and d in words that end in these letters.
- Pronunciation of the _i_ monothong as ee.
- Conversion of th to t or d, so called _dentalization''.
Edwardian architecture

**Edwardian architecture** refers to the architectural styles that was popular for public buildings in the British Empire during the Edwardian era from 1901 to 1910. The main style is watered-down baroque. Architecture up to 1914 (until the start of World War I) is commonly included in this style.

Edwardian architecture is generally less detailed than high or late Victorian architecture.

The Victorian Society campaigns to preserve architecture built between 1837 and 1914, and so includes Edwardian as well as Victorian architecture.

## Other websites

- Edwardian Architecture (1901-14)
Adjustable-focus glasses

**Adjustable focus glasses** are eyeglasses whose lens powers can be adjusted for focal distance and prescription. These glasses are viable options for certain people who need bifocals or trifocals. They can also be donated to people in the developing world where eye doctors and opticians are hard to come by and afford. There's two methods for achieving adjustable lenses.

One design uses a crystal liquid in a flexible layer. The wearer then uses a dial to control the amount of liquid in the lenses, which in turn makes the lenses more convex, concave or flat.

The other design has double layers of lenses that slide over one another.
Presbyopia

**Presbyopia** is age based hyperopia that sets in usually after the age of 40 years old, and a lot of times, it worsens until around age 65. It is when people find it hard to look at objects closer to their eyes. These people would hold things like books and phones far away, or get headaches reading things closely.

## Infobox (medical condition (new))

- **name**: Presbyopia
- **image**:

- **alt**: Small print ingredients list
- **caption**: A person with presbyopia cannot easily read the small print of an ingredients list (top), which appear clearer to someone without presbyopia (bottom).
- **field**: Optometry, ophthalmology
- **synonyms**: The aging eye condition
- **symptoms**: Difficulty reading small print, having to hold reading material farther away, headaches, eyestrain
- **onset**: Progressively worsening in those over 40 years old
- **causes**: Aging-related hardening of the Lens (vision), lens of the eye
- **diagnosis**: Eye exam
- **treatment**: Eyeglasses, contact lenses
- **frequency**: 25% currently; all eventually affected
3D glasses

**3D glasses** are special eyeglasses for achieving stereoscopy or the illusion of depth for certain movies, pictures, etc.
Stereoscopy

**Stereoscopy** or **stereo imaging** is a technique for creating or enhancing the illusion of depth for certain movies, pictures, etc.
Basutoland

**Basutoland** was a British colony that existed from 1884 to 1966 in present-day Lesotho.

Basutoland was completely surrounded by the Cape Colony from 1884–1910, the Union of South Africa from 1910–1961 and the Republic of South Africa from 1961–1966.

On 4 October 1966, Basutoland became independent as the Kingdom of Lesotho.
Madaklashti

**Madaklashti** (مدگلاشتی) is a variety of Persian spoken in the Madaklasht valley of Chitral, Pakistan. It is spoken by the Tajik people and is almost identical to Tajik and Dari varities spoken in neighboring Badakhshan.

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Madaklashti
- **nativename**: مدگلاشتی ()
- **states**: Pakistan
- **ethnicity**: Tajiks
- **speakers**: 3,000
- **familycolor**: Indo-European
- **fam2**: Indo-Iranian languages, Indo-Iranian
- **fam3**: Iranian languages, Iranian
- **fam4**: Western Iranian languages, Western Iranian
- **fam5**: Southwestern Iranian languages, Southwestern Iranian
- **fam6**: Persian language, Persian
- **fam7**: Dari
- **script**: Arabic script (Nastaliq)
- **iso1**: tg
- **iso2**: tgk
- **iso3**: tgk
- **lingua**: 58-AAC-ci
- **notice**: IPA
- **glotto**: taji1245
- **glottorefname**: Tajik
Alien Nation (movie)

***Alien Nation*** is a 1988 American science fiction action movie directed by Graham Baker and starring James Caan, Mandy Patinkin, Terence Stamp, Kevyn Major Howard, Leslie Bevis, Peter Jason, Roger Aaron Brown, Jeff Kober. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox and spwaned TV series and 5 television movies from 1994 to 1997.
Bank of Maharashtra

**Bank of Maharashtra** is a nationalised bank under the ownership of Ministry of Finance, Government of India. The bank had 35 million customers across the country with 2641 branches as of June 2025. It has the largest network of branches of any nationalised bank in the state of Maharashtra. The total business of the bank crossed ₹ 5,46,143 lakh crore as on 30 June 2025.

## History

The bank was founded by V.G.Kale and D. K. Sathe in Pune, India.

The bank was registered on 16 September 1935 with an authorized capital of  and became operational on 8 February 1936. It provided financial assistance to small business and gave birth to many industrial houses. The bank was nationalised in 1969.

A. S Rajeev assumed charge as Managing Director & CEO of the bank on 2 December 2018. A.B. Vijayakumar joined as Executive Director on 10 March 2021. Asheesh Pandey joined as Executive Director on 31 December 2021.

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: Bank of Maharashtra
- **logo**: Bank of Maharashtra logo.svg
- **logo size**: 250px
- **logo caption**: _Ek Parivaar, Ek Bank_
- **type**: Government of India, Public Sector Bank
- **traded as**:

- **industry**: Banking
 Financial services
- **location**: 1501, Lokmangal,
 Shivajinagar,
 Pune India
- **num locations**: 2022 Branches
- **key people**: NIDHU SAXENA

ROHIT RISHI

ASHEESH PANDEY

- **revenue**: (2020)
- **operating income**: (2024)
- **net income**: (2024)
- **assets**: (2020)
- **equity**: (2020)
- **owner**: Government of India (93.33%)
- **num employees**: 14,591
- **parent**: Ministry of Finance (India), Ministry of Finance , Government of India
- **ratio**: 13.65% (2020)
- **branches**: 2500+
The Legend of Billie Jean

***The Legend of Billie Jean*** is a 1985 American drama movie directed by Matthew Robbins and starring Helen Slater, Peter Coyote, Christian Slater, Keith Gordon, Dean Stockwell, Yeardley Smith. It was distributed by Tri-Star Pictures.
Chanson de geste

A **chanson de geste** (old French for _Song of heroic deeds_) is a medieval French epic poem with a heroic narrative that formed part of the core of Charlemagne legends.
Law of Moses

The **Laws of Moses** were the laws that God is said to have given to Moses. The first set of Moses' laws were the Ten Commandments which covered morality. The second was the set of social laws (on property, inheritance, and marriage). The third were the laws on food (what's considered kosher or not, cooking and storage of food, etc).

## Related pages

- Halakha
Estates of the realm

The **Estates of the realm** were the broad orders of social rank and hierarchy in Europe from the 6th century to the 17th century (up until the 18th century in the case of France under the Ancien Regime) that divided the population into a series of **estates**, although how many depended on the country and era. Often people who did not own any land were not included at all.   Medieval parliaments were generally divided to match.

In pre-revolutionary France, Scotland, Catalonia and Portugal the three estates were
- **First Estate** - clergy.
- **Second Estate** - nobility.
- **Third Estate** - commoners.
In Sweden and Russia, burghers (the urban merchant class) and rural commoners were split into separate estates, so there were four estates.

In Rhodesia a similar system was set up in 1961 with voter rolls A and B for people who owned property or had educational qualifications. This was mostly the 230,000 white people. Most of the 4 million black didn't qualify.

Some people refer to journalism as the **Fourth Estate**.
Ancien Régime

The **Ancien Régime** (French for _Old Regime_ or _Old Order_) was the social and political system of absolute monarchy in France from 1500 to the French Revolution in 1792. The Ancien Régime was marked by the ideology of absolutism and the preservation of aristocratic privileges.
Bodø

**Bodø** (;) is a city in Nordland county, Norway.  It is part of the traditional region of Salten.

Sports: In May 2025, the UEFA Europa League [had] a semi-final in the city; A local football team [played].

The mayor, Odd-Emil Ingebrigtsen, is elected until late 2027.
Julee Cruise

**Julee Ann Cruise** (December 1, 1956 – June 9, 2022) was an American pop singer-songwriter, actress and musician. She was known for her works with composer Angelo Badalamenti and director David Lynch in the late 1980s and early 1990s. She was known for her song "Falling", the theme song for the television series _Twin Peaks_. She was born in Creston, Iowa.

Cruise was diagnosed with lupus in March 2018. She died by suicide on June 9, 2022 in Pittsfield, Massachusetts at the age of 65.
Lux Occulta

**Lux Occulta** is an Polish avant-garde metal band formed in 1994.

## Discography

- Studio albums
- _Forever Alone, Immortal_ (1996)
- _Dionysos_ (1997)
- _My Guardian Anger_ (1999)
- _The Mother and the Enemy_ (2001)
- _Kołysanki_ (2014)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Lux Occulta
- **landscape**: yes
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Krosno, Poland
- **genre**: Avant-garde metal, symphonic black metal, progressive metal
- **years active**: 1994-2002, 2010-present
- **label**: Pagan, Maquiavel Music, Trzecie Ucho
- **associated acts**: Decapitated (band), Decapitated
- **current members**: Jarosław Szubrycht
Jerzy Głód
Wacław Kiełtyka
Maciej Tomczyk
Don Perkins

**Donald Anthony Perkins** (March 4, 1938 – June 9, 2022) was an American football fullback in the National Football League. He played for the Dallas Cowboys from 1961 until 1968. He played college football at the University of New Mexico.

Perkins died on June 9, 2022 in Albuquerque, New Mexico at the age of 84.

## Infobox (nfl biography)

- **name**: Don Perkins
- **image**: Don perkins cowboys.jpg
- **image size**: 240
- **caption**: Perkins circa 1966
- **height ft**: 5
- **height in**: 10
- **weight lbs**: 204
- **position**: Fullback (American football), Fullback
- **number**: 43
- **birth place**: Waterloo, Iowa, U.S.
- **death place**: Albuquerque, New Mexico, U.S.
- **draftyear**: 1960
- **draftround**: 9
- **draftpick**: 106
(By the Baltimore Colts)
- **afldraftyear**: 1960
- **afldraftround**: 1
Pick: First Selections
(by the New York Jets, New York Titans)
- **high school**: Waterloo West High School, Waterloo (IA) West
- **college**: New Mexico Lobos football, New Mexico
- **pastteams**: * History of the Baltimore Colts, Baltimore Colts ()*
* Dallas Cowboys (–)
- **highlights**: * 6× Pro Bowl (1962 Pro Bowl, 1961–1964 Pro Bowl, 1963, 1967 Pro Bowl, 1966–1969 Pro Bowl, 1968)
* 3× All-Pro (1962 All-Pro Team, 1962, 1967 All-Pro Team, 1967, 1968 All-Pro Team, 1968)
* National Football League Rookie of the Year Award, NFL Rookie of the Year ()
* Dallas Cowboys Ring of Honor
* Mountain States Conference, Skyline Sophomore of the Year (1957)
* 3× Mountain States Conference, All-Skyline (1957, 1958, 1959)
* Third-team All-American (1959 College Football All-America Team, 1959)
- **statlabel1**: Rushing yards
- **statvalue1**: 6,217
- **statlabel2**: Average
- **statvalue2**: 4.1
- **statlabel3**: Touchdowns
- **statvalue3**: 42
- **statlabel4**: Games Played
- **statvalue4**: 107
- **nfl**: Don-Perkins
- **pfr**: PerkDo00
Giuseppe Brizi

**Giuseppe Brizi** (19 March 1942 – 9 June 2022) was an Italian professional football player and manager. He played as a defender. He was part of the Italy national football B squad that won the 1963 Mediterranean Games.

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Giuseppe Brizi
- **image**: 1974–75 AC Fiorentina - Giuseppe Brizi.jpg
- **caption**: Brizi captaining Fiorentina in 1974
- **birth place**: Macerata, Italy
- **death place**: Macerata, Italy
- **height**: 1.76 m
- **position**: Defender (association football), Defender
- **youthclubs1**: Robur Macerata 1905
- **youthclubs2**: S.S. Maceratese, Maceratese
- **years1**: 1959–1962
- **clubs1**: S.S. Maceratese, Maceratese
- **years2**: 1962–1976
- **clubs2**: ACF Fiorentina, Fiorentina
- **years3**: 1976–1977
- **clubs3**: S.S. Maceratese, Maceratese
- **caps1**: 62
- **goals1**: 1
- **caps2**: 374
- **goals2**: 2
- **caps3**: 17
- **goals3**: 0
- **manageryears1**: 1979–1981
- **managerclubs1**: S.S. Maceratese, Maceratese
- **manageryears2**: 1982–1983
- **managerclubs2**: S.S. Virtus Lanciano 1924, Lanciano
- **manageryears3**: 1983–1984
- **managerclubs3**: S.S. Maceratese, Maceratese
- **manageryears4**: 1984–1986
- **managerclubs4**: Fermana F.C., Fermana
- **manageryears5**: 1992–1996
- **managerclubs5**: A. C. Sangiustese, Sangiustese
- **manageryears6**: 1996–1997
- **managerclubs6**: S.S. Maceratese, Maceratese
Ranan Lurie

**Ranan R. Lurie** (; May 26, 1932 – June 8, 2022) was an Egyptian-born Israeli-American political cartoonist and journalist. He was a senior associate at the CSIS (Center for Strategic and International Studies) from 1990 until his death. He was a member of the United Nations Correspondents Association. He was founder and Editor-in-Chief of _Cartoonews_. Lurie was born in Cairo, Egypt but raised in Greenwich, Connecticut.

Lurie died on June 8, 2022 in Las Vegas, Nevada at the age of 90.
Bruce Kent

**Bruce Kent** (22 June 1929 – 8 June 2022) was a British political activist and former Roman Catholic priest. He was known for his role and activism with Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND). He was the organisation's general secretary from 1980 to 1985 and its chair from 1987 to 1990. In 1960 he joined the Christian Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament.

In 1992, Kent was a candidate for the Labour Party in the constituency of Oxford West and Abingdon, where he came third.

Kent died on 8 June 2022 in London at the age of 92.
Oddleif Olavsen

**Oddleif Olavsen** (9 October 1945 – 5 June 2022) was a Norwegian politician. He was a member of the Conservative Party. He was mayor of Bodø from 1995 to 1999. He then was on the Nordland County Council from 2003 to 2007. Before entering politics, he was a footballer and played for FK Bodø/Glimt.

Olavsen died on 5 June 2022 at the age of 76.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Oddleif Olavsen
- **image**: Oddleif Olavsen.jpg
- **caption**: Olavsen in 2009
- **birth date**: 9 October 1945
- **birth place**: Lofoten, Norway
- **death place**: Norway
- **nationality**: Norwegian
- **party**: Conservative Party (Norway), H
- **office**: Mayor of Bodø
- **term start**: 1995
- **term end**: 1999
- **office2**: Member of the Nordland County Municipality, Nordland County Council
- **term start2**: 2003
- **term end2**: 2007
Giuseppe Azzaro

**Giuseppe Azzaro** (15 October 1925 – 5 June 2022) was an Italian politician. He was a member of the Christian Democracy party. He was in the Chamber of Deputies from 1963 to 1992. He was also Mayor of Catania from 1987 to 1988 and again in 1991.

Azzaro died in Rome, Italy on 5 June 2022 at the age of 96.
Valentin Oehen

**Valentin Oehen** (26 June 1931 – 2 June 2022) was a Swiss politician. He was a member of Swiss Democrats. He was born in Lucerne, Switzerland. He was a member of the Swiss National Council from 1971 until 1987.

Oehen died in Nottwil, Switzerland on 2 June 2022 at the age of 91.
Annaleigh Ashford

**Annaleigh Amanda Ashford** (née **Swanson**, born June 25, 1985) is an American actress, singer, and dancer. She is known for her work on television as Betty DiMello on the Showtime period drama _Masters of Sex_. She played Paula Jones in the FX drama _Impeachment: American Crime Story_ (2021). She played Elizabeth Cote in four episodes of the mini-series _The Assassination of Gianni Versace: American Crime Story_ in 2018.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **embed**: yes
- **instrument**: Vocals


## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Annaleigh Ashford
- **image**: Annaleigh Ashford at PaleyFest 2014.jpg
- **caption**: Ashford at PaleyFest 2014 for _Masters of Sex_
- **birthname**: Annaleigh Amanda Swanson
- **birth place**: Denver, Colorado, U.S.
- **alma mater**: Marymount Manhattan College
- **years active**: 2005–present
- **occupation**: Actress, singer, dancer
- **children**: 1
Lucianne Goldberg

**Lucianne Steinberger Goldberg** (born **Lucianne Steinberger**; April 29, 1935– October 26, 2022), also known as **Lucianne Cummings**, was an American literary agent and author. She had an important role in the 1998 impeachment of President Bill Clinton. She  advised Monica Lewinsky’s friend Linda Tripp to tape Monica’s phone calls about their affair. The 20-hour recording was used in the Starr investigation.

She died on October 26, 2022, at her home in Weehawken, New Jersey.

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: Lucianne Goldberg.jpg
- **caption**: Goldberg in 1999
- **birth name**: Lucianne Steinberger
- **birth place**: Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.
- **death place**: Weehawken, New Jersey, U.S.
- **other names**: Lucianne Cummings
- **occupation**: Literary agent, author
- **education**: George Washington University, B.A. 1957
- **known for**: Clinton-Lewinsky scandal, Clinton–Lewinsky scandal – encouraged Linda Tripp to Telephone call recording laws#Two-party consent states, illegally record telephone conversations
- **children**: 2; including Jonah Goldberg, Jonah
- **spouse**: William Cummings (div.)
Betty Currie

**Betty Grace Currie** (née **Williams**; born November 10, 1939) is an American government official. She was the personal secretary for Bill Clinton when he was President of the United States. She became an important person in the Lewinsky scandal because she was accused of handling the gifts given to Monica Lewinsky by President Clinton.

Currie was born in Edwards, Mississippi and moved to Waukegan, Illinois.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Betty Currie
- **image**: Betty Currie.jpg
- **office**: Secretary to the President of the United States#Personal secretary to the President, Personal Secretary to the President
- **president**: Bill Clinton
- **term start**: January 20, 1993
- **term end**: January 20, 2001
- **predecessor**: Patty Presock
- **successor**: Ashley Estes
- **birth name**: Betty Grace Williams
- **birth place**: Edwards, Mississippi, U.S.
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
- **spouse**: Bob Currie
Scinax onca

The **jaguar snouted tree frog** (_Scinax onca_) is a frog.  It lives in Brazil.

Scientists used to think this was the same frog as _Scinax iquitorum_, but it is not.

The adult male frog is 31.3 to 34.5 mm long from nose to rear end and the adult female frog is 35.5 to 40.4 mm long.  The skin on this frog's back is brown with darker brown spots.  The frog's middle is white with black spots.  The insides of the back legs are black in color.  The belly is yellow with dark brown spots. The iris of the eye is orange in color.

The tadpoles look like ovals from the top and like triangles from the side.  They are gray-brown in color with one dark brown stripe from each eye to the nose.  There are brown spots on the fins.  The scientists found the tadpoles in a pond with no streams going into it or out of it.
Nephila

***Nephila*** is a genus of araneomorph spiders.

They are also known as the golden silk orb-weavers, golden orb-weavers, giant wood spiders, or banana spiders. Males are smaller than females. Females often get a choice to mate and share gifts with their mates.

_Nephila_ spiders have large sexual dimorphism in size, with females being much larger than males.

_Nephila_ species are often parasitized by _Argyrodes_, a genus of very small black-and-silver spiders. These small spiders are kleptoparasitic: they live by stealing food from their hostess.
Mark 77 bomb

The **Mark 77 bomb** (MK-77) is a bomb made in the United States.

## Other websites

- 'Dead bodies are everywhere', Sydney Morning Herald, 22 March 2003 - probably the first published report on Mk 77 use in Iraq
- Napalm by another name: Pentagon denial goes up in flames, Sydney Morning Herald, 9 August 2003
- US State Department Response to Illegal Weapon Allegations, 27 January 2005
- US lied to Britain over use of napalm in Iraq war, The Independent, 17 June 2005
- Parliament misled over firebomb use, Daily Telegraph, 20 June 2005
- _The Hidden Massacre_ by Sigfrido Ranucci, Video documentary shows actual chemical bombing on civilians in Fallujah with testimony of interviewed U.S. soldiers - English, Italian and Arabic , Rai News 24, 8 November 2005
- US forces 'used chemical weapons' during assault on city of Fallujah, The Independent, 9 November 2005
Rauf Aregbesola

**Rauf Adesoji Aregbesola** was born on May 25, 1957 in Ilesa, Osun state. Aregbesola is a Muslim born of Muslim and Christian parents. He was the former civilian governor of Osun State from 26th of November 2010 to 26th of November 2018 and the 8th Governor of the state.

## Education

Aregbesola had both his primary and secondary education in Ondo State, he obtained a Higher National Diploma (HND) in Mechanical Engineering Technology at the Polytechnic Ibadan in 1980.

## Political appointment

He was appointed Commissioner of Works and Infrastructure, Lagos State by Senator Bola Tinubu who was the Governor of Lagos state. Aregbesola served as Commissioner from 1999 to 2007. In August 2019 he was appointed as Minister of Interior of the Federal Republic of Nigeria by President Muhammed Buhari.
Minnie's Bow-Toons

***Minnie's Bow-Toons*** is an American animated children's television series. The series aired from 2011 to 2016 on Disney Junior. It is a spin-off from _Mickey Mouse Clubhouse_.

## Infobox (television)

- **camera**: Peter Allesweter
- **runtime**: 2-5 minutes
- **developer**: Bobs Gannaway
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **network**: Disney Junior
- **company**: Disney Television Animation
DQ Entertainment
Technicolor Animation Productions
- **last aired**: present
- **num seasons**: 9
- **num episodes**: 105
- **list episodes**: Minnie's Bow-Toons#Episodes
- **related**: _Mickey Mouse Clubhouse_ (2006–2016)
Bristol Virginia-Tennessee Slogan Sign

The **Bristol Virginia-Tennessee Slogan Sign** is a landmark in the twin cities of Bristol, Virginia and Bristol, Tennessee, United States. The sign is positioned over State Street, a roadway along the border separating the two states. Although the landmark is technically located in both Tennessee and Virginia, the National Register considers the location as Tennessee.
Fumiko Ezaki

**Fumiko Ezaki** (江崎 史子; born 27 September 1971) is a Japanese judoka. She won the silver medal at the 1988 Summer Olympics, where judo was for women a demonstration sport, in the extra-light event.

At the World Judo Championships she won the silver medal in 1986, 1987 and 1989.  At the 1990 Asian Games she became champion in the -48 kg category.
Ayano Kawamura

is a Japanese singer and actress. She is a 6th generation member of the Japanese idol girl  group Angerme.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **embed**: yes
- **instrument**: Vocals
- **background**: solo_singer
- **years active**: 2008–
- **label**: Up-Front Group, Up-Front Works
- **associated acts**: Angerme


## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Ayano Kawamura
 (川村文乃)
- **birth place**: Kochi prefecture, Kochi, Japan
Noriko Kitada

**Noriko Kitada** (北田 典子; born 10 August 1966, former surname is Mochida) is a Japanese judoka. She won the bronze medal at the 1988 Summer Olympics, where judo was for women a demonstration sport, in the half-middleweight event.

She won the bronze medal at the 1987 World Judo Championships, in the -61 kg event. In 1987 and 1988 she was All Japan Judo Champion.
Rin Hashisako

is a Japanese singer. She is an 8th generation member of the Japanese idol girl group Angerme.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **embed**: yes
- **instrument**: Vocals
- **background**: solo_singer
- **years active**: 2016–
- **label**: Up-Front Group, Up-Front Works
- **associated acts**: Angerme


## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Rin Hashisako
 (橋迫鈴)
- **birth place**: Aichi, Japan
Shion Tamenaga

is a Japanese singer. She is a 9th generation member of the Japanese idol girl group Angerme.
In 2014, she starred in the movie Lingering Memories.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **embed**: yes
- **instrument**: Vocals
- **background**: solo_singer
- **years active**: 2015–
- **label**: Up-Front Group, Up-Front Works
- **associated acts**: Angerme


## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Shion Tamenaga
 (為永幸音)
- **birth place**: Nagano, Japan
Kerrye Katz

**Kerrye Daniels-Katz** (born 26 March 1961) is an Australian judoka. She competed at the 1988 Summer Olympics, where judo was for women a demonstration sport, in the Middleweight event.

She won the bronze medal at the 1977 Oceania Judo Championships in the -57 kg category; she was Oceanian Champion in 1985 in the -66 kg category. She was Australian champion eleven times.

She was a judo coach.

Katz is the mother of judoka Joshua Katz and Nathan Katz who both competed at the 2016 Summer Olympics.
Julie Reardon

**Julie Frances Reardon** (born 6 June 1958) is an Australian judoka. She won the bronze medal at the 1988 Summer Olympics, where judo was for women a demonstration sport, in the extra-lightweight event.

She won the bronze medal, at the 1984 World Judo Championships, in the -48 kg category. She won a bronze medal at the 1990 Commonwealth Games.

## Other websites

- Olympic Judo Sister Suzanne Williams and Julie Reardon put on an... News Photo -  Greg White/Fairfax Media June 22, 1989
Minimax

**Minimax** is a traditional machine learning algorithm that is used by computers to play strategic games. This simple logical algorithm is extremely powerful and since it uses the power of the recursive function of the computer, this algorithm is absolutely unbeatable. It is primarily used in games like chess, tic-tac-toe, Go, etc. However, in comparison to modern Neural Networks, and Deep Neural Networks, Minimax shows poor performance in big games like chess. However, in small games like tic-tac-toe, Minimax eventually outperforms the best AI.

## Origin

The word "Minimax" comes from the abbreviated form of Minimizer-Maximizer. It is because, the algorithm uses 2 agents- Minimizer and Maximizer- to predict a game move.

## Working

The working of Minimax is divided into 2 parts- Minimizer and the Maximizer.

In abstract, this algorithm calculates all possible combination of moves a player can play in a certain state of the game, and chooses the best possible move by simply calculating the winning potential of the each move which is based on no. of moves, no. of wins and no. of loses.

The algorithm has a recursive approach, which means it creates a tree of combination of moves based on the rules of the game.

Now, to calculate the best move in a given game state, the algorithm puts 2 agents- Minimizer and Maximizer to play against each other. Both these agents play based on calculating the best possible move. The Minimizer tries to make Maximizer lose and vice versa. In this way, the Minimizer and Maximizer simulates an entire game, which is then repeated for all sets of possible moves in the given game state. After the algorithm does all the simulation, it then chooses the move which created highest probability of win with lowest no. of moves. Hence it returns the next best move. And then the computer plays the move.

## Advantages

This algorithm is completely unbeatable because it calculates all possible combinations of moves in a game. As a result, when playing against a minimax algorithm, the Computer either wins or draws.
1. Minimax Algorithms are more accurate than neural networks.
1. It is very simple to engineer by coding.
1. This algorithm uses the computer's processing speed and memory efficiently, so it is potentially better than humans at playing.

## Disadvantages

1. It is extremely slow for big games like chess, as the possible number of combinations increases.
1. Cannot play every type of games. For ex, Minimax algorithm cannot play Rock, Paper, Scissors.
Beardsley, Minnesota

**Beardsley** is a city in Big Stone County, Minnesota, United States.
Correll, Minnesota

**Correll** is a city in Big Stone County, Minnesota, United States.
Mankiyali language

**Mankiyali** is a Dardic language spoken in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of northwestern Pakistan.

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Mankiyali
- **nativename**: منکیالی
- **region**: Mansehra District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
- **state**: Pakistan
- **pushpin map**: Pakistan#Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
- **ethnicity**: Trawara
- **speakers**: 500
- **date**: 2016
- **ref**: e24
- **familycolor**: Indo-European
- **fam2**: Indo-Iranian languages, Indo-Iranian
- **fam3**: Indo-Aryan languages, Indo-Aryan
- **fam4**: Dardic languages, Dardic
- **iso3**: nlm
- **glotto**: mank1256
- **glottorefname**: Mankiyali
Munji language

**Munji** is a Iranic language spoken by the Munji people of Pakistan's Gilgit-Baltistan and Afghanistan's Badakhshan.  It is closely related to Chitral's Yidgha language.

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Munji
- **states**: Badakhshan Province, Afghanistan
- **speakers**: 5,300
- **date**: 2008
- **ref**: e18
- **familycolor**: Indo-European
- **fam2**: Indo-Iranian languages, Indo-Iranian
- **fam3**: Iranian languages, Iranian
- **fam4**: Eastern Iranian languages, Eastern
- **fam5**: Munji–Yidgha languages, Munji–Yidgha?
- **script**: Perso-Arabic script
- **iso3**: mnj
- **glotto**: munj1244
- **glottorefname**: Munji
- **lingua**: 58-ABD-ba
Glossop

**Glossop** is a small town in the Borough of High Peak west Derbyshire in England. Glossop is a market town and as of 2014 had a population of around 33,000 but as of 2001 Glossop had a population of 32,428.
Fordwich

**Fordwich** is a small suburban village in the United Kingdom in Kent.
Ishkashimi language

**Ishkashimi** is a Pamiri languge spoken in the Badakhsan region of Hindukush.  It is closely related to the Sanglechi language.

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Ishkashimi
- **nativename**: _škošmi zəvůk_

- **states**: Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Pakistan
- **speakers**: 3,000
- **date**: 2009
- **ref**: e18
- **familycolor**: Indo-European
- **fam2**: Indo-Iranian languages, Indo-Iranian
- **fam3**: Iranian languages, Iranian
- **fam4**: Eastern Iranian languages, Eastern
- **fam5**: Sanglechi-Ishkashimi language, Sanglechi-Ishkashimi
- **script**: None
- **iso3**: isk
- **lingua**: 58-ABD-db
- **glotto**: ishk1244
- **glottorefname**: Nuclear Ishkashimi
1990 Wayne County Airport runway collision

**The Wayne County Airport runway collision** involved the collision of two Northwest Airlines aircraft at Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport on December 3, 1990. It occurred when Flight 1482, a scheduled Douglas DC-9 operating from Detroit to Pittsburgh International Airport, was mistakenly taxed on an active runway in heavy fog and struck by a departing Boeing 727 operating as Flight 299 to Memphis International Airport.

Of the surviving passengers, the NTSB stated that 10 received serious injuries and 23 received minor or no injuries. The three surviving crew members received minor or no injuries

## Aircraft

The Douglas DC-9 operating Flight 1482 was registered N3313L; It was built in 1966 and had a total of 62,253 hours of operation. The DC-9 was delivered new to Delta before being sold to predecessor Northwest Southern Airways in 1973. It was 24 years old at the time of the accident.

The Boeing 727 that operated Flight 299 was registered as N278US and had been purchased by Northwest in 1975. It had 37,310 hours of operation. The aircraft was repaired and flew with Northwest until 1995. Aircraft N278US was later sold to Kitty Hawk Aircargo and scrapped in 2011 after 36 years of service.

## Infobox (aircraft occurrence)

- **name**: Northwest Airlines

Flight 1482Flight 299
- **occurrence type**: Accident
- **image**: Northwest Airlines Flight 1482（N3313L） wreckage.jpg
- **caption**: Wreckage of N3313L.
- **summary**: Runway incursion in fog due to pilot error on the DC-9
- **site**: Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport, Michigan
- **total injuries**: 10
- **total fatalities**: 8
- **total survivors**: 190
- **plane1 image**: Northwest Airlines DC-9-14; N8903E, May 1995 (5864486591).jpg
- **plane1 caption**: A Northwest Airlines Douglas DC-9-14, similar to the one involved.
- **plane1 type**: McDonnell Douglas DC-9-14
- **plane1 operator**: Northwest Airlines
- **plane1 tailnum**: N3313L
- **plane1 origin**: Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport, Michigan
- **plane1 destination**: Pittsburgh International Airport
- **plane1 occupants**: 44
- **plane1 passengers**: 40
- **plane1 crew**: 4
- **plane1 injuries**: 10
- **plane1 fatalities**: 8
- **plane1 survivors**: 36
- **plane2 image**: Boeing 727-251-Adv, Northwest Airlines AN0213040.jpg
- **plane2 caption**: The accident aircraft in December 1993 after repair and return to service
- **plane2 type**: Boeing 727-251-Adv
- **plane2 operator**: Northwest Airlines
- **plane2 tailnum**: N278US
- **plane2 origin**: Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport, Michigan
- **plane2 destination**: Memphis International Airport, Tennessee
- **plane2 occupants**: 154
- **plane2 passengers**: 146
- **plane2 crew**: 8
- **plane2 injuries**: 0
- **plane2 fatalities**: 0
- **plane2 survivors**: 154
Madrid runway disaster

The **Madrid Runway Disaster** occurred on Wednesday, December 7, 1983 (9:50 a.m.) at Madrid-Barajas airport when **Iberia Flight 350**, a Boeing 727 (registration EC-CFJ) bound for Madrid-Barajas airport Rome-Fiumicino, piloted by Commander Carlos López Barranco, with 93 passengers, collided with **Aviaco Flight 134**, a McDonnell Douglas DC-9 (registration EC-CGS) bound for Santander Airport, piloted by Commander Augusto Almoguera Pérez (13,442 flight hours), with 42 people on board.

## Accident

As the Boeing 727 taxied down runway 01, the DC-9 crew accidentally made a wrong turn in the fog and took their plane onto the runway, into the path of the 727. The 727 crew saw the DC-9 and tried to avoid it. the collision turning their planes to take off;  however, the 727 had not reached flying speed and its rear fuselage struck the DC-9. Both aircraft caught fire and were destroyed.

## Victims

All 42 people aboard the DC-9 perished (37 passengers and 5 crew members), and 51 of the 93 aboard the Boeing 727 perished (50 passengers and 1 crew member).

## Rescue

The rescue continued throughout the day and part of the next. The judge on duty, José Ruiz Ramo, was examining the bodies and certifying the deaths. As many relatives approached the airport and a flood of people collapsed hospitals to donate blood.

## Infobox (aircraft occurrence)

- **name**: Madrid Runway Disaster

- **occurrence type**: Accident
- **image**: Barajas overview1.jpg
- **image size**: 230
- **caption**: Overview of Madrid–Barajas Airport, the site of the disaster.
- **date**: 7 December 1983
- **type**: Runway incursion due to inadequate signs and markings
- **site**: Madrid–Barajas Airport
- **total fatalities**: 93
- **total injuries**: At least 30 (all on the Boeing 727)
- **total survivors**: 42
- **plane1 image**: Iberia Boeing 727-256Adv.jpg
- **plane1 caption**: EC-CFJ, the Boeing 727 involved in the collision, at London in 1981
- **plane1 type**: Boeing 727, Boeing 727-256
- **plane1 name**: _Jumila_
- **plane1 operator**: Iberia (airline), Iberia
- **plane1 tailnum**: EC-CFJ
- **plane1 origin**: Madrid–Barajas Airport (MAD/LEMD)
- **plane1 destination**: Leonardo da Vinci–Fiumicino Airport, Roma–Fiumicino Airport (FCO/LIRF)
- **plane1 occupants**: 93
- **plane1 passengers**: 84
- **plane1 crew**: 9
- **plane1 fatalities**: 51
- **plane1 injuries**: At least 30
- **plane1 survivors**: 42
- **plane2 image**: Aviaco McDonnell Douglas DC-9-32 EC-CGS.jpg
- **plane2 caption**: EC-CGS, the DC-9 involved in the collision, at Mulhouse in 1980
- **plane2 type**: McDonnell Douglas DC-9-32
- **plane2 name**: _Vasco Núñez de Balboa_
- **plane2 operator**: Aviaco
- **plane2 tailnum**: EC-CGS
- **plane2 origin**: Madrid–Barajas Airport (MAD/LEMD)
- **plane2 destination**: Santander Airport (SDR/LEXJ)
- **plane2 occupants**: 42
- **plane2 passengers**: 37
- **plane2 crew**: 5
- **plane2 fatalities**: 42
- **plane2 injuries**: 0
- **plane2 survivors**: 0