juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Schweinfurt

**Schweinfurt** is a city in Franconia. The population is about 50,000. Larger, nearby cities are Würzburg and Bamberg.

## Infobox (german location)

- **type**: Stadt
- **image coa**: DEU Schweinfurt COA.svg
- **image photo**: Schweinfurt - Marktplatz - 2017.jpg
- **image caption**: Market square with town hall
- **state**: Bayern
- **region**: Lower Franconia
- **district**: Kreisfreie Stadt
- **elevation**: 226
- **area**: 35.71
- **population**: 53566
- **stand**: 2008-06-30
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 09662000
- **postal code**: 97421–97424
- **area code**: 09721
- **licence**: SW
- **website**: [https://www.schweinfurt.de/ www.schweinfurt.de]
- **mayor**: Sebastian Remelé
- **bürgermeistertitel**: Oberbürgermeisterin
- **party**: CSU
Falco

**Falco** (February 19, 1957 - February 6, 1998) was an Austrian pop singer. His breakthrough was "Der Kommissar", which beat top positions in international charts. This song and his first two albums were produced by Robert Ponger.

His song _Rock me Amadeus_ has been the one and only German language song reaching №1 of the American charts. From year 1985 to year 1988 he produced three albums with the Dutch Production Team Bolland & Bolland. "Falco 3" became his most successful record reaching number 3 of the US Longplay Charts (he recorded an album entitlet "falco").

In year 1985, Falco also had his 3rd №1 hit "Jeanny" and in 1986 his 4th – "Coming Home (Jeanny Part 2)".

Unsuccessful albums like "Data de Groove" (produced by Ponger again) followed. In year 1988 he married Isabella Vitković; one year later, in year 1989, they have separated. Ponger and the Bollands produced all of the albums that were released in his lifetime. To stay tuned, Falco recorded many techno songs and worked with different producers for his last album.

Falco’s successful album "Out of the dark (into the light)" was released after his death in a road accident.
McLaren

**McLaren Racing Limited** is a Formula 1 racing team. McLaren was started by Bruce McLaren in 1963. McLaren's current drivers are Oscar Piastri and Lando Norris.

McLaren also makes road cars at its Woking factory.

## Infobox (f1 team)

- **constructor name**: McLaren-Mercedes
- **long name**: McLaren Group, McLaren F1 Team
- **base**: Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom

- **principal**: Andrea Stella
- **debut**: Monaco Grand Prix
- **races**: 970
- **cons champ**: 8 (, , , , , , ,
, )
- **drivers champ**: 12 (, , , , , ,  , , ,  , , , )
- **wins**: 188
- **poles**: 162
- **fastest laps**: 169
- **last season**: 2023
- **last position**: 4th (302 points)
- **2024 drivers**: 4.  Lando Norris
81.  Oscar Piastri
- **2024 test drivers**: Pato O'Ward
 Ryō Hirakawa
20th Century Studios

**20th Century Studios, Inc.** (formerly known from 1915 to 1935 as **Fox Film**, 1933 to 1935 as **20th Century Pictures** 1935 to 1985 and 1985 to 2020 (and informally) as **20th Century Fox** or **Twentieth Century Fox Film Corporation** or **Twentieth Century Fox** or **20th Century Fox Film Corporation**) is a large American company that makes movies ("motion picture studio"). It is in the Century City area of Los Angeles, California, United States of America, just west of Beverly Hills.

## Filmography

- List of 20th Century Fox, 20th Century Studios, and 20th Century Fox Studios movies

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: 20th Century Studios, Inc.
- **logo**: 20th Century Studios (2020).svg
- **logo caption**: Logo used since 2020
- **image**: Disney studios burbank entrance gate buena vista.jpg
- **image size**: 250px
- **image caption**: The Walt Disney Studios (Burbank), Walt Disney Studios' Riverside Drive (Los Angeles), Riverside Drive property in Burbank, California
- **trading name**: 20th Century Studios
- **former name**: Twentieth Century-Fox Film Corporation (1935–1985)
Twentieth Century Fox Film Corporation (1985–2020)
- **type**: Subsidiary
- **industry**: Film
- **predecessor**: Fox Film
Twentieth Century Pictures
- **founder**: Joseph M. Schenck
Darryl F. Zanuck
William Fox (producer), William Fox
Spyros Skouras
- **hq location country**: Walt Disney Studios (Burbank), 500 Buena Vista Street, Burbank, California, Burbank, California, United States
- **area served**: Worldwide
- **key people**: David Greenbaum (president)
Steve Asbell (president, production)
- **products**: Motion picture
Television films
- **num employees**: 2,300
- **num employees year**: 2018
- **parent**: Walt Disney Studios (division), Walt Disney Studios (The Walt Disney Company)
- **divisions**: 20th Century Animation
20th Century Family
20th Century Games
20th Century Comics
Regency Enterprises
Marquette, Michigan

**Marquette** is a city in the U.S. state of Michigan. Close to 20,000 people live there. Marquette is in the Upper Peninsula, on Lake Superior and is an important port on that lake. Much of the iron ore that was taken from mines in the Upper Peninsula was loaded onto ships in Marquette. Marquette is in the United States of America.

## Other websites

- Marquette city official website
John Taverner

- _John Taverner should not be confused with the 20th-21st century British composer Sir John Tavener._

**John Taverner** (born about 1490 – died 18 October, 1545) was the most important English composer of his time. He was also an organist.

We cannot be sure exactly when Taverner was born.  Some people think that he was a boy chorister at the church of Tattershall in Lincolnshire but his name does not appear on the list of choristers there.  People now think that he worked there later as a lay clerk.

He got a job at Cardinal College (now called Christ Church) in Oxford but he could not stay very long because  King Henry VIII made lots of changes to the way people had to worship in church.  Taverner even hid some books which the king had forbidden under the floor, and he got into trouble for doing this.  In the end the Cardinal did not punish him because, he said, he was “only a musician”.

In 1530 he seems to have gone back to Lincolnshire and stayed there for the rest of his life. He probably wrote no more music, but he was quite rich.

Taverner composed eight masses.  The most famous one is called the _Western Wynde_. It was a “parody mass”, which meant that it used a popular tune with that title.  Another mass was called _Gloria tibi trinitas_.  This work set a fashion for pieces which were called _In Nomine_s, because the tune was from the Benedictus in the mass which sets the words “in nomine domine” (“in the name of the Father”).  “In nomine”s were compositions for instruments which used this tune.

Taverner also wrote magnificats and motets.
John Tavener

Sir **John Tavener** (28 January 1944 – 12 November 2013) was an English composer.

## Life

John Tavener was born in Wembley, Middlesex. He went to Highgate School in North London. Another pupil there at the time was John Rutter. At school he studied piano, organ and composition and wrote music for the school orchestra. He also wrote music for the Presbyterian church where his family went and where his father was organist. In 1962 he went to the Royal College of Music where he studied the piano at first but then changed to composition. One of his early successes was a cantata called _Cain and Abel_ which was performed by the London Bach Society. It was the performance of _The Whale_ by the London Sinfonietta in 1968 that made him really famous. This work used collage, pre-recorded tape, amplified percussion and a chorus who used loudhailers. This kind of thing was very fashionable in the 1960s.

Another work written in 1968 was _In Alium_. It was performed at the Proms. It was an unusual concert: three works by living composers were played in the first half. The audience were asked to vote for which one they wanted to hear again after the interval. They chose _In Alium_.

The Beatles became interested in Tavener’s music. John Lennon heard The Whale and he decided to issue Tavener’s music on the newly formed Apple label.

Tavener became professor of composition at Trinity College. He continued to compose, although he often had difficulty finishing pieces. He was often worried that he might not be able to think of any new music. In 1977 he became a member of the Russian Orthodox Church. This changed his life. His music was very religious. He married his second wife and had two children. He was also very ill with heart trouble and even died on the operating table in hospital, but he brought back to life by the doctors.

He made a very important friend, Mother Thekla. She was an 80-year-old nun in the Orthodox Church, and she gave John a lot of advice and encouragement in his life.

A short piece for choir, _The Lamb_ was written as a birthday present for his 3 year old nephew. It is very often sung by choirs at Christmas as a carol.

In 1989, his work _The Protecting Veil_ was performed at the Proms. It was a work for cello and orchestra. The cellist was Steven Isserlis. This piece is one of the best known modern works for cello. He continued to write a lot of music. His _Song for Athene_ was performed at the funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales in 1998. It was heard on television all over the world.

Tavener was knighted in 2000.

## Death

Tavener died on 12 November 2013 at his home in Child Okeford, Dorset from unknown causes, aged 69. Tavener suffered many health issues. He suffered two heart attack and had surgery to remove an intestinal tumor.

## Other websites

- Sir John Tavener's homepage
Escape speed

**Escape speed** is the initial speed that something would need to completely escape the gravity of a large body, like a star or a planet (such as the Earth), by mere inertia.

If a ball is thrown upwards while standing on the ground, the ball will reach a certain height (the faster thrown - the higher) and fall back down. But imagine if the ball is thrown fast enough that it _never_ falls back down, and instead travels into space farther and farther away from the Earth. The minimum speed at which this could happen is called the escape speed.

The escape speed at the surface of the Earth is 11.2 kilometers per second (or 6.96 miles per second), assuming there is no drag.

This is, of course, a very high speed compared to how fast a ball can be thrown. Even a bullet shot into the sky will fall back down, because its initial speed of nearly 1 kilometer per second (or 0.621 miles per second) is far from escape speed.

Spacecraft starting from the surface of Earth has a zero initial speed. But, if it has enough fuel, it may be permanently accelerated by its engine until it reaches escape speed. Then it will travel into space even after the engine is shut off.
Mood stabilizer

A **mood stabilizer** is a psychiatric medication used to treat mood disorders characterized by fast and unstable mood changes. Among the disorders commonly treated are  bipolar disorder and Borderline personality disorder. With these conditions, the mood can change rapidly, between mania and depression. Many mood stabilizers can also prevent convulsions.
International Baccalaureate

The **International Baccalaureate**, or **IB**, is a well-known advanced school program. It is taught in English, French and Spanish in more than 140 countries.

Students earn an IB Diploma after passing exams and completing the program requirements. They have to take classes in 6 subject areas. This is more than most countries.

The six subject areas are: Language 1 (first language), Language 2 (second language), Math, Science, World Studies, and Electives. History, Literature, Geography, and Economics are all World Studies subjects. Students also have the option of taking a second science class instead of an elective.

Students have to write a 4000-word paper called an Extended Essay, take a philosophy class called Theory of Knowledge, and complete 150 hours of CAS (Creativity, Action, Service).

Students have to do to 3 subjects at Higher Level (HL) and 3 subjects at Standard Level (SL). HL classes are longer and more complex, although SL classes are still somewhat more challenging than regular program classes.

IB is studied in most countries, but some schools study the IB differently.

## Similar articles

- Advanced Placement Program, a competitor to the IB Program

## Other websites

- International Baccalaureate official website
- List of IB World Schools by country
Wolfgang Schüssel

**Wolfgang Schüssel** (born June 7, 1945) was the Chancellor of Austria from February 4, 2000 until January 11, 2007. From January 2006 until June 2006 he was the president of the European Union.

## Other websites

Official page about Dr. Schüssel, at the site of the Austrian parliament (in German)

## Infobox (chancellor)

- **name**: Wolfgang Schüssel
- **nationality**: Austrian
- **image**: W Schuessel7.jpg
- **order**: Chancellor of Austria
- **term start**: February 4, 2000
- **term end**: January 11, 2007
- **predecessor**: Viktor Klima
- **successor**: Alfred Gusenbauer
- **birth place**: Vienna, Austria
- **party**: ÖVP
- **order2**: Austrian Secretary of the Interior
- **term start2**: January 2, 2007
- **term end2**: January 11, 2007
- **predecessor2**: Liese Prokop
- **successor2**: Günther Platter
- **order3**: Austrian Secretary of the Foreign Affairs
- **term start3**: May 4, 1995
- **term end3**: February 4, 2000
- **predecessor3**: Alois Mock
- **successor3**: Benita Ferrero-Waldner
Vaduz

**Vaduz** (<small>German</small>: [<nowiki/>faˈdʊt͡s] or [<nowiki/>faˈduːt͡s]; <small>Regional dialect</small>: [faˈdot͡s]) is the capital of the country of Liechtenstein. It has a population of about 7,500 people.

Historically, Vaduz was the capital of the County of Vaduz, a state of the Holy Roman Empire.

## Landmarks

- **Vaduz Castle**, the official residence of Hans-Adam II, Prince of Liechtenstein
- **Cathedral of St. Florin**, cathedral of the Archdiocese of Vaduz, which includes the entire country of Liechtensten
- **National Art Gallery**
- **National Museum**

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Vaduz
- **settlement type**: Capital city, Capital and municipality
- **image flag**: Flag_of_Vaduz_Liechtenstein-1.svg
- **image seal**: LIE_Vaduz_COA.svg
- **image map**: Vaduz_in_Liechtenstein.svg
- **image skyline**: Vaduz.jpg
Luxembourgish language

**Luxembourgish** is a West Germanic language. A lot of people in Luxembourg speak the language. It is quite similar to German. Outside Luxembourg, not many people speak it, and inside Luxembourg many people speak other languages, too.

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Luxembourgish
- **states**:

- **region**: Central Europe
- **speakers**: 320,000
- **date**: 1998
- **script**: Latin script, Latin (Luxembourgish alphabet)
Luxembourgish Braille
- **familycolor**: Indo-European
- **fam2**: Germanic languages, Germanic
- **fam3**: West Germanic languages, West Germanic
- **fam4**: High German languages, High German
- **fam5**: West Central German
- **fam6**: Central Franconian
- **fam7**: Moselle Franconian language, Moselle Franconian
- **minority**: Belgium (recognised by the (French Community of Belgium)
- **agency**: Conseil Permanent de la Langue Luxembourgeoise (CPLL)
- **iso1**: lb
- **iso2**: ltz
- **iso3**: ltz
- **map**: luxemburgs.png
- **mapcaption**: Area where Luxembourgisch (hatched) and related Moselle Franconian is spoken.
- **notice**: IPA
Jean-Pierre Cassel

**Jean-Pierre Cassel** (real name **Jean-Pierre Crochon**, 27 October 1932 – 19 April 2007) was a French actor. He was the father of Vincent Cassel. He became known because of the roles he had in movies in the 1950s and 1960s. He died of cancer.

## Selected filmography

- _La Famille Anodin_ (1956)
- _Candide ou l'optimisme au XXe siècle_ (1960)
- _Goodbye Again_ (1961)
- _Napoléon II l'Aiglon_ (1961)
- _The Elusive Corporal_ (1962)
- _High Infidelity_ (1964)
- _Is Paris Burning?_ (1966)
- _The Killing Game_ (1967)
- _Army of Shadows_ (1969)
- _The Breach_ (1970)
- _Baxter!_ (1973)
- _Murder on the Orient Express_ (1974)
- _Scrambled Eggs_ (1976)
- _The Twist_ (1976)
- _Who Is Killing the Great Chefs of Europe?_ (1978)
- _Mister Frost_ (1990)
- _The Favour, the Watch and the Very Big Fish_ (1991)
- _La Cérémonie_ (1995)
- _Sade_ (2000)
- _The Diving Bell and the Butterfly_ (2007)

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: Jean-Pierre Cassel 2006.jpg
- **caption**: Jean-Pierre Cassel at the 2006 Cannes Film Festival.
- **birth name**: Jean-Pierre Crochon
- **birth place**: Paris, France
- **death place**: Paris, France
- **spouse**: Sabine Litique
(1966-1980) (divorced)
- **children**: Vincent Cassel
Mathias Cassel
Cécile Cassel
- **parents**: Georges Crochon
Louise-Marguerite Fabrègue
Sea cucumber

**Sea cucumbers** are a class of echinoderms, the **Holothuroidea**. They have a longish body, and leathery skin. Sea cucumbers live on the floor of the ocean. Most sea cucumbers are scavengers. There are about 1500 species of sea cucumbers. Sea cucumbers have a unique respiratory system, and effective defences against predators. The Chinese people eat them.

Like all echinoderms, sea cucumbers have an endoskeleton just below the skin, calcareous structures that are usually reduced to isolated ossicles  joined by connective tissue. These can sometimes be enlarged to flattened plates, forming an armour. In pelagic species the skeleton is absent.

## Overview

Sea cucumbers communicate with each other by sending hormone signals through the water.

A remarkable feature of these animals is the collagen which forms their body wall. This can be loosened and tightened at will. If the animal wants to squeeze through a small gap, it can undo the collagen connections, and pour into the space. To keep itself safe in these cracks, the sea cucumber hooks up all its collagen fibres to make its body firm again.

The animals have an internal respiratory tree which floats in the internal watery cavity. At the rear, water is pumped in and out of the cloaca, so gaseous exchange takes place with the resiratory tree in the gut.<sup>p80</sup>

### Defense

Some species of coral reef sea cucumbers defend themselves by expelling sticky _cuvierian tubules_ to entangle potential predators. These tubules are attached to the respiratory tree in the gut. When startled, these cucumbers may expel the tubules through a tear in the wall of the cloaca. In effect, this squirts sticky threads all over a predator. Replacement tubules grow back in one-and-a-half to five weeks, depending on the species. The release of these tubules can also be accompanied by the discharge of a toxic chemical known as holothurin, which has similar properties to soap. This chemical can kill any animal in the vicinity and is one more way in which these sedentary animals can defend themselves. Other cucumbers, lacking this device, can split their intestinal wall, and spew out their gut and respiratory tree. They regenerate them later. Zoologists who experience this believe it to be an impressive deterrent. "The mess one individual can make must be seen to be believed".<sup>p81</sup>

The existence of these defences explains why the holothurians were able to do without the strong skeleton of their ancestors.

### Feeding

Highly modified tube feet around the mouth are always present. These are  branched and retractile tentacles, much larger than the regular tube feet. Sea cucumbers have between ten and thirty such tentacles, depending on the species. There is a ring of larger ossicles round the mouth and oesophagus to which the muscles of the tube feet are attached. With their sticky tentacles the animal collects detritus and small organisms.

### Breeding

Sea cucumbers breed through the males releasing sperm which then attracts the females and causes them to release their eggs. When the sperm and eggs mix, it creates a larvae which eventually becomes a sea cucumber.
Yochanan Vollach

**Yochanan Vollach** (), also transliterated **Jochanan Wallach** or **Yohanan Wallach**, born 14 May 1945) is a former Israeli football player who played at: Hapoel Haifa, Maccabi Haifa, HKFC.
He was a member of the Israeli national team that competed at the 1970 FIFA World Cup.

At 1979 he retired and volunteered as general manager of Maccabi Haifa. Vollach was the Major reason for Maccabi's success.

Vollach has a master's degree in business administration from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and is a retired Major in the IDF.

In recognition of his extensive volunteering to the sporting community as well as business success, he was awarded honorary citizenship by the city of Haifa, in 1993.

Today, Vollach is president of the Maccabi Haifa association and president and CEO of Newlog, a subsidiary of Israeli shipping magnate Zim.

## Trophies won

Maccabi Haifa & Hapoel Haifa:
- 4 x Israeli cup (1966, 1974, 1991, 1993), (1985 runners up)
- 3 x Israeli title (1984, 1985, 1991)
- 1 x Israeli Championship of the Champions Cup (1985)
- 1 x Head of the house in the Intertoto home stage with Maccabi Haifa (1985)
- 1 x IDF title (1965)

Maccabi Haifa youth team:

- 4 x Israeli youth title (1979, 1983, 1984, 1991)
- 3 x Israeli youth cup (1980, 1991, 1993)
- 1 x Israeli Championship of the Champions Cup (1984)

## Major honours

- Best XI in Israel (4 times, determined by Hadashot haSport and Yedioth Ahronoth)
- Fair play award in Israel (3 times)
- Hapoel Haifa Best XI All time
- Israel Golden Jubilee Awards: Haifa Best XI
- Israel Golden Jubilee Awards: Haifa Best Defender (All Time)
- Honorary citizen of the City of Haifa
Maccabi Haifa

**Maccabi Haifa** is the biggest sports club in Israel, founded in 1913, and part of the Maccabi association. It runs several sports clubs and teams in Haifa such as football, basketball, weightlifting, swimming, tennis, table tennis, volleyball, team handball, water polo, ice hockey, artistic gymnastics, chess, boxing, fencing and others. Maccabi Haifa is well known for its green uniforms.
Hapoel Haifa F.C.

**Hapoel Haifa F. C.** is a professional football (soccer) club in Israel, founded in 1924.

## Famous players of the club

- Dudu Aouate
- Yochanan Vollach
- Giovanni Rosso
Swalwell, Alberta

**Swalwell** is a small village in Kneehill County, Alberta, Canada. It is about  from Calgary, the largest city in the Province of Alberta.

Swalwell is at . It has a population of 93 people (as of 2021). The postal code in Swalwell is T0M 1Y0.
Polysaccharide

A **polysaccharide** is a complex carbohydrate. Polysaccharides are polymers made up of many monosaccharides. They are very large, often branched, molecules. They tend to be amorphous, insoluble in water, and have no sweet taste.

When all the constituent monosaccharides are of the same type they are termed _homopolysaccharides_; when more than one type of monosaccharide is present they are termed _heteropolysaccharides_.

Examples of polysaccharides include storage polysaccharides such as starch and glycogen and structural polysaccharides such as cellulose and chitin.

## Starches

Starches are insoluble in water. They can be digested by hydrolysis, catalyzed by enzymes called amylases. Humans and other animals have amylases, so they can digest starches. Potato, rice, wheat, and maize are major sources of starch in the human diet.

## Cellulose

The structural components of plants are formed primarily from cellulose. Wood is largely cellulose and lignin, while paper and cotton are nearly pure cellulose. Cellulose is a polymer made with repeated glucose units.  Humans and many other animals do not digest cellulose.  Certain animals can digest cellulose, because bacteria possessing the enzyme are present in their gut. The classic example is the termite.
Alfred Gusenbauer

**Alfred Gusenbauer** (born February 8, 1960, in St. Pölten, Austria) was the chancellor of Austria from January 2007 to December 2008.  His party won the elections of 2008, and he was succeeded as Chancellor the new party leader, Werner Faymann, on 2 December 2008. He was the leader of the political party SPÖ.

## Other websites

- Official page (in German)
- SPÖ Official Homepage
- Homepage of the Austrian Chancellor

## Infobox (chancellor)

- **name**: Alfred Gusenbauer
- **nationality**: Austrian
- **image**: Alfred Gusenbauer (Erster Mai 2006).jpg
- **order**: 27th Chancellor of Austria
- **term start**: January 11, 2007
- **term end**: December 2 2008
- **predecessor**: Wolfgang Schüssel
- **successor**: Werner Faymann
- **birth place**: St. Pölten, Austria
- **party**: SPÖ
Solubility

**Solubility** is the ability of a substance (the solute), to mix into a liquid (the solvent).

It measures the highest amount of substance mixed into a liquid solvent while they are both at equal amounts.
When the two mix together it is called a saturated solution. Certain substances can mix into any amount of a liquid solvent. An example of this is ethanol in water. This process is better described as "miscible" (the ability to mix with one another). Solubility does not depend on the size, in fact even the large particles will eventually all dissolve.

A solute is a substance that is dissolving in a solvent and is the smaller part of the solution. A solvent is the bigger part of a solution and is the substance that the solute dissolves in.

This may be presented in different ways such as a solubility curve, usually used to tell whether a substance is saturated or unsaturated.

## Other websites

- ALOGPS  interactive calculation of aqueous solubility of compounds at Virtual Computational Chemistry Laboratory  using several algorithms
- QUANTUM  web based calculation of aqueous and DMSO solubility of compounds QUANTUM web based prediction of aqueous and DMSO solubility of compounds
- ACD/Solubility DB  aqueous solubility prediction
SpVgg Greuther Fürth

The **Spielvereinigung Greuther Fürth** is a German football club which plays in the country's top league, the Bundesliga. The club is playing in the Bundesliga for the first time after being promoted from the Second Bundesliga as winners of that league in 2011–12.

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: SpVgg Greuther Fürth
- **fullname**: Spielvereinigung Greuther Fürth e. V.
- **nickname**: _Die Kleeblätter_ (_The Cloverleaves_)
- **founded**: 23 September 1903
- **ground**: Trolli Arena, Fürth
- **capacity**: 15,500
- **chairman**: Helmut Hack
- **manager**: Mike Büskens
- **league**: Fußball-Bundesliga, 1. Bundesliga
- **season**: 2011–12 German 2. Bundesliga, 2011–12
- **position**: German 2. Bundesliga, 2. Bundesliga champions
Taj Mahal (musician)

**Henry St. Claire Fredericks Jr.** (born May 17, 1942), better known by his stage name **Taj Mahal**, is an American blues musician. He has been performing and recording since 1964 and is still popular.

## Selected discography

- 1968 – _Taj Mahal_
- 1968 – _The Natch'l Blues_
- 1969 – _Giant Step/De Ole Folks At Home_
- 1971 – _The Real Thing_
- 1971 – _Happy Just To Be Like I Am_
- 1972 – _Recycling The Blues & Other Related Stuff_
- 1973 – _Oooh So Good 'n Blues_
- 1974 – _Mo' Roots_
- 1975 – _Music Keeps Me Together_
- 1976 – _Satisfied 'N Tickled Too_
- 1976 – _Music Fa' Ya (Musica Para Ti)
- 1977 – _Brothers (Soundtrack)_
- 1977 – _Evolution (The Latest)
- 1983 – _Take A Giant Step_
- 1986 – _Taj_
- 1991 – _Mule Bone_
- 1991 – _Like Never Before_
- 1993 – _Dancing The Blues_
- 1993 – _An Evening of Acoustic Music_
- 1993 – _The Source_ by Ali Farka Touré (World Circuit WCD030 / Hannibal 1375)
- 1995 – _Mumtaz Mahal_ (with V.M. Bhatt and N. Ravikiran)
- 1996 – _Phantom Blues_
- 1997 – _Señor Blues_
- 1998 – _Sacred Island_ (with The Hula Blues Band)
- 1999 – _Kulanjan_ (with Toumani Diabaté)
- 1999 - Hippity Hop (Children's music)
- 2000 – _Shoutin' In Key_
- 2001 – _Hanapepe Dream_
- 2003 – _Martin Scorsese Presents The Blues – Taj Mahal_
- 2003 – _Blues with Feeling_
- 2004 – _Musicmakers with Taj Mahal_ (Music Maker 49)
- 2004 – _Etta Baker with Taj Mahal (Music Maker 50)
- 2005 – _Mkutano Meets The Culture Musical Club Of Zanzibar_
- 2005 – _The Essential Taj Mahal_

## Awards

Taj Mahal has received two Grammy Awards (nine nominations) over his career.

- 1997 (Grammy Award) Best Contemporary Blues Album for _Señor Blues_
- 2000 (Grammy Award) Best Contemporary Blues Album for _Shoutin' in Key_
- 2006 (Blues Music Awards) Historical Album of the Year for _The Essential Taj Mahal_
- 2008 (Grammy Nomination) Best Contemporary Blues Album for _Maestro''

On February 8, 2006 Taj Mahal was designated the official Blues Artist of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Taj Mahal
- **img**: Taj Mahal MQ2007-a.jpg
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Henry Saint Claire Fredericks
- **birth place**: Harlem, New York, Harlem, New York (state), New York, United States
- **instrument**: Guitar
- **genre**: Blues
- **occupation**: Musician, Songwriter
- **years active**: 1964–present
- **associated acts**: Rising Sons
- **url**: [http://www.tajblues.com/ tajblues.com]
Floyd Patterson

**Floyd Patterson** (January 4, 1935 – May 11, 2006) was an American heavyweight boxing champion and Olympic gold medalist. Patterson won the gold medal for boxing in the 1952 Olympic Games in Helsinki, Finland. He was the heavyweight champion of the world from 1956 to 1959 and from 1960 to 1962. Patterson is remembered as the first heavyweight champion to lose the title and get it back within a year.

## Career

Patterson's amateur record was 44-4 with 37 knockouts. He began fighting as a middleweight and moved to the light heavyweight division. Patterson's first professional loss was to Joey Maxim in 1954. In January 1956, Patterson married Sandra Hicks. She was his wife until 1969. Their marriage ended because Patterson did not want to quit boxing.

After Rocky Marciano retired, Floyd began aiming at a shot for the vacant heavyweight title. On November 30 1956, Patterson had two very good things happen in his life. His wife gave birth to his first child, and he beat Archie Moore to become the youngest heavyweight champion of the world. That record holds true to this day. He lost the title in 1959 to Ingemar Johanson but he regained it in 1960. In 1962, he lost it again to Sonny Liston. Patterson tried to regain the title two more times from Muhammad Ali in 1965 and 1972. In 1965, he fought for 12 rounds, but on both tries, he failed to win title.

Patterson is also remembered as the first man to win back boxing heavyweight championship. All other champions before him failed.

## Other websites

- Boxing Record
Clockwise

A **clockwise** movement is one that moves in a circle _like the clock's hands_: from the top to the right, then down, then to the left, and back to the top.

The opposite of clockwise is **counterclockwise** or **anticlockwise**. The movement is from the top to the left, then down, then to the right, and finally back up to the top.
Manuel Friedrich

**Manuel Friedrich** (born September 13, 1979 in Bad Kreuznach) is a German footballer with the position of the Defender. He has played for the team 1.FSV Mainz 05 and at the moment he playes for Bayer Leverkusen. Friedrich has played nine matches for the German national football team since 2006. During that time he has scored one goal.

## Other websites

- Leverkusen who's who
Bruno Kreisky

**Bruno Kreisky** (January 22, 1911 – July 29, 1990) served as Chancellor of Austria from 1970 to 1983. He is remembered in Austria as one of the people who helped shape the Austrian State Treaty. This treaty is the foundation of modern-day Austria. It was signed in 1955.

Kreisky was of Jewish descent. He was born and died in Vienna.
Viscacha

**Viscachas** or **vizcachas** are rodents. Together with the chinchilla they make up the family _Chinchillidae_.

There are two genera and four species of viscacha.
- _Plains viscacha_ (_Lagostomus maximus_): Lives in the Pampas of Argentina and Chile . It can be easily differentiated from other viscachas because it has black and gray moustache-like facial markings. This species makes colonies. It lives in warrens of ten to over one hundred. It is very vocal and emits alarm calls. The plains viscacha can strip grassland used to graze livestock; this caused ranchers to consider the rodent a pest species.

- _Northern viscacha_ (_Lagidum peruanum_): Native to the Peruvian Andes at those elevations between the timber line and the snow line. It is dorsally gray or brown in color. It has a bushy tail and long, furry ears. This species lives in large colonies. The colonies are separated into individual family units, like an apartment complex. It eats a wide range of plants. It lives in a harsh, rocky environment. Therefore, it is not too picky about the food.

- _Mountain viscacha_ (_Lagidum viscacia_): Also called **southern viscacha**, this species is similar to the northern viscacha, but its fur is more red in color. It lives in similar habitat in the Andes.

- _Wolffsohn's viscacha_ (_Lagidum wolffsohni_): Little is known about this species, as it is rarer than the other three viscachas.
Incisor

**Incisors** are special kinds of teeth that can be found in some mammals, such as humans. They are the eight large flat  teeth with straight edges that are at the front of a person's mouth, in between the canine teeth, which are pointed. The straight edges of the _incisors_ are useful for biting because they cut sharply. They come together like a pair of pincers. In a human, the two teeth at the middle of each jaw are called the "central incisors", and the side ones are the "lateral incisors". (lateral means "to the side"). Some humans never grow "lateral incisors" or have very small ones, particularly at the top.

In many mammalian herbivores (plant-eaters) these front teeth are used to cut off stems of grass and other growing things, that are then ground up by the molars at the back of the mouth. Some omnivores (animals that eat both plants and meat), like humans, have incisors like herbivores. In carnivores (meat-eating mammals) like cats, the incisors are often quite small. The canine teeth are  long and suitable for grasping and stabbing. Carnivores use their incisors for many jobs that need find control, such as catching fleas, carrying a kitten or peeling the skin off a fish. If a dog or a member of the cat family needs to cut something with their teeth, they use their back teeth like scissors.

## Related pages

- Dentition
Gerbil

**Gerbils** are a family of rodents. There are about 110 species of gerbils. All gerbils are adapted to arid habitats. At one time, gerbils were known as wild **rats**. Most gerbils are diurnal, some are crepuscular. The gerbil is native to Central Asia, India, the Middle East, and Africa. The average length of a gerbil is usually between six and twelve inches, this includes the tail which makes up one half of the total length. The gerbil is also a common household pet.

Species of gerbil include:
- Fat-tailed gerbil, whose tail gets bigger when it eats.
- Great gerbil, the biggest type of gerbil

The Mongolian gerbil is one of around 110 species, but it is the most popular to have for a pet. The Mongolian gerbil was discovered in 1800 but was not studied until 1866. All domestic gerbils come from just a few gerbils from 1930.

A gerbil is smaller than a rat but bigger than a mouse. It depends on the species. From just mice and rats the gerbil has a tail with hair and it ends with a tassel. A gerbil is around 5-6 inches long but with the tail it is around 11-12 inches. There are also bigger gerbils like the Great gerbil who has a 7-8 inches long body and 7-8 inches long tail.

## Other websites

- Gerbil Care Guide
- The National Gerbil Society (U.K.)
- The American Gerbil Society
- TheGerbils.com - Everything about the gerbil!
- Gerbils at Popular Pets
- Information on Gerbils
Muridae

**Muridae** is the largest family of mammals.  It contains over 700 species. These species can be found naturally throughout Eurasia, Africa, and Australia.  They have been introduced worldwide.  The group includes true mice and rats, gerbils, and relatives.

The family name Muridae is sometimes used in a broader sense to include all members of the superfamily Muroidea.

The Murids are classified in four subfamilies, and about 140 genera.

## Subfamilies

- Deomyinae (spiny mice, brush furred mice, link rat)
- Gerbillinae (gerbils, jirds and sand rats)
- Leimacomyinae (Togo mouse)
- Lophiomyinae (Crested rat)
- Murinae (Old World rats and mice including the vlei rats)

## Sources

- Jansa S.A. and M. Weksler. 2004. Phylogeny of muroid rodents: relationships within and among major lineages as determined by IRBP gene sequences.  _Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution_, **31**:256-276.
- Michaux J. A. Reyes, and F. Catzeflis. 2001. Evolutionary history of the most speciose mammals: molecular phylogeny of muroid rodents. _Molecular Biology and Evolution_, **17**:280-293.
- Steppan S.J; R.A. Adkins and J. Anderson. 2004. Phylogeny and divergence date estimates of rapid radiations in muroid rodents based on multiple nuclear genes. _Systematic Biology_, **53**:533-553.
- Muridae on ITIS
Muroidea

**Muroidea** is a large superfamily of rodents.  It includes hamsters, gerbils, true mice and rats, and many other relatives.  They live on almost every continent except Antarctica.  Some scientists have placed all members of this group into a single family, Muridae.  Sometimes there are difficulties in knowing how the subfamilies are related to one another.

The muroids are classified in 6 families, 19 subfamilies, around 280 genera and at least 1300 species.

## Taxonomy

- Family Platacanthomyidae - _incertae sedis_ - (spiny dormouse and pygmy dormice)
- Family Spalacidae fossorial muroids
    - Subfamily Myospalacinae (zokors)
    - Subfamily Rhizomyinae (bamboo rats and root rats)
    - Subfamily Spalacinae (blind mole rats)
- Clade Eumuroida - typical muroids
    - Family Calomyscidae
        - Subfamily Calomyscinae (mouse-like hamsters)
    - Family Nesomyidae
        - Subfamily Cricetomyinae (pouched rats and mice)
        - Subfamily Dendromurinae (African climbing mice, gerbil mice, fat mice and forest mice)
        - Subfamily Mystromyinae (white-tailed rat)
        - Subfamily Nesomyinae (Malagasy rats and mice)
        - Subfamily Petromyscinae (rock mice and the climbing swamp mouse)
    - Family Cricetidae
        - Subfamily Arvicolinae (voles, lemmings and muskrat)
        - Subfamily Cricetinae (true hamsters)
        - Subfamily Neotominae (North American rats and mice)
        - Subfamily Sigmodontinae (New World rats and mice)
        - Subfamily Tylomyinae
    - Family Muridae
        - Subfamily Deomyinae (spiny mice, brush furred mice, link rat)
        - Subfamily Gerbillinae (gerbils, jirds and sand rats)
        - Subfamily Leimacomyinae (Togo Mouse)
        - Subfamily Lophiomyinae (crested rat)
        - Subfamily Murinae (Old World rats and mice including vlei rats)

## References

- **Primary Taxonomic Reference**
    - Steppan, S. J., R. A. Adkins, and J. Anderson. 2004. Phylogeny and divergence date estimates of rapid radiations in muroid rodents based on multiple nuclear genes. Systematic Biology, 53:533-553.
- **Other Taxonomic References**
    - Jansa, S. A. and M. Weksler. Phylogeny of **muroid** rodents: relationships within and among major lineages as determined by IRBP gene sequences.  Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 31:256-276.
    - Michaux, J., A. Reyes, and F. Catzeflis. 2001. Evolutionary history of the most speciose mammals: molecular phylogeny of **muroid** rodents. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 17:280-293.
    - Musser, G. G. and M. D. Carleton. 1993. Family Muridae.  Pp. 501-755 in Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C.
    - Norris, R. W., K. Y. Zhou, C. Q. Zhou, G. Yang, C. W. Kilpatrick, and R. L. Honeycutt. 2004. The phylogenetic position of the zokors (Myospalacinae) and comments on the families of **muroids** (Rodentia). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 31:972-978.
Murinae

The **Old World rats and mice** (called **Murinae**) is a subfamily in the family Muridae. It has about 560 species.  This subfamily is larger than all mammal families except the Cricetidae. It is also larger than most mammal orders.

## Description

The Murinae are native to Africa, Europe, Asia, and Australia.  They are the only terrestrial placental mammals native to Australia.  They have also been introduced to all continents except Antarctica. They are serious pest animals.  This is particularly true in islands where they have  endangered and caused the extinction extinction of many native animals.

The brown rat and the house mouse are both used for medical tests. They are among the animals whose genome has been sequenced.

The murines have a distinctive molar pattern that involves three rows of cusps instead of two, the primitive pattern seen most frequently in muroid rodents.

## Fossils

The first known appearance of the Murinae in the fossil record is about 14 million years ago with the fossil genus _Antemus_.  _Progonomys_ is thought to be the ancestor of _Mus_ and relatives, while _Karnimata_ is thought to lead to _Rattus_ and relatives.  All of these fossils are found in the well-preserved and easily dated Siwalik fossil beds of Pakistan.

The genera _Uranomys_, _Lophuromys_, and _Acomys_ were once thought to be murines. Later, it was discovered (by molecular phylogenetics that they were more closely related to gerbils. They have been assigned a new subfamily status, the Deomyinae.

## Sources and further reading

- Chevret P. _et al_ 1993. Molecular evidence that the spiny mouse (_Acomys_) is more closely related to gerbils (Gerbillinae) than to the true mice (Murinae). _Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA_, **90**:3433-3436.
- Jacobs L.L. 1978. Fossil rodents (Rhizomyidae and Muridae) from Neogene Siwalik deposits, Pakistan.  _Bulletin of the Museum of Northern Arizona_, **52**: 1-103.
- Jansa S.A. and M. Weksler. Phylogeny of muroid rodents: relationships within and among major lineages as determined by IRBP gene sequences. _Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution_, **31**:256-276.
- Michaux J. A. Reyes and F. Catzeflis 2001. Evolutionary history of the most speciose mammals: molecular phylogeny of muroid rodents. _Molecular Biology and Evolution_, **17**:280-293.
- Nowak, R.M. 1999. _Walker's Mammals of the World_, vol. 2. Johns Hopkins University Press, London.
- Steppan S.J; R.A. Adkins and J. Anderson 2004. Phylogeny and divergence date estimates of rapid radiations in muroid rodents based on multiple nuclear genes. _Systematic Biology_, **53**:533-553.
Castorimorpha

**Castorimorpha** is the suborder of rodents containing the beavers, the pocket gophers, and the kangaroo rats.
Arpeggio

In music, an **arpeggio** is a group of notes in a chord which are played one after the other, instead of all at the same time. The arpeggio may either go up or go down, but it is more common going up.

The word _arpeggio_ comes from the Italian word _arpeggiare_, which means "to play on a harp". This is because harps are very good at playing arpeggiated chords.

An arpeggio is a type of broken chord, but there are many different kinds.

Learning many musical instruments include playing scales and arpeggios. They are often played as part of music examinations, especially for piano and the string instruments. This is because these skills are useful for playing a lot of music. For example, Bach's Prelude in C () is made of many different arpeggios. Guitarists sometimes play arpeggios instead of strumming, and banjo players do it a lot.

An "arpeggiated chord" means a chord which is "spread". This means the notes do not start exactly at the same time. This is sometimes called _arpeggiato_, and in modern music is called a _rolled chord_. An arpeggiated chord is written with a wiggly line going from top to bottom in front of the chord. An arpeggiated chord is spread from the lowest to the highest note. Occasionally composers such as Béla Bartók ask for them to be played from top to bottom. This is shown by adding an arrow pointing down.

## Related pages

- Ornamentation (music)
Spyglass Entertainment

**Spyglass Entertainment** is a movie and television production company.  Jonathan Glickman is the current President of Production. Internationally, Buena Vista has released most movies made by Spyglass (with exceptions). The first movie released by the company was _Instinct_.

#### With Touchstone Pictures

- _Instinct_ (1999)
- _The Insider_ (1999)
- _Keeping the Faith_ (2000)
- _Shanghai Noon_ (2000, followed by 2003 sequel _Shanghai Knights_)
- _Unbreakable_ (2000)
- _Out Cold_ (2001)
- _The Count of Monte Cristo_ (2002)
- _Reign of Fire_ (2002)
- _The Recurit_ (2003)
- _Mr. 3000_ (2004) (also with Dimension Films and The Kennedy/Marshall Company)
- _The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy_ (2005)
- _Stick It_ (2006)

#### With Hollywood Pictures

- _The Sixth Sense_ (1999)
- _Stay Alive_ (2006) (also with Endgame)
- _The Invisible_  (2007)

#### With Walt Disney Pictures

- _The Pacifier_ (2005)
- _Eight Below_ (2006) (also with Mandeville Films)
- _Underdog_ (2007)

#### With Miramax Films

- _The Lookout_ (2007)

#### With Universal Studios

- _Dragonfly_ (2002)
- _Bruce Almighty_ (2003)
- _Seabiscuit_ (2003) (also with DreamWorks)
- _Connie and Carla_ (2004)
- _Evan Almighty_ (2007)
- _Welcome Home, Roscoe Jenkins_ (2008)
- _Wanted_ (2008)
- _Leap Year_ (2010)

#### With Rogue Pictures

- _Balls of Fury_ (2007) (also with Interpid Pictures)

#### With Paramount Pictures

- _Abandon_ (2002)
- _The Perfect Score_ (2004)
- _The Love Guru_ (2008)
- _Star Trek_ (2009) (also with Bad Robot Productions)
- _G.I. Joe: The Rise of Cobra_ (2009) (also with Hasbro) (logo not shown)
- _Dinner for Schmucks_ (2010) (also with DreamWorks)

#### With DreamWorks

- _Seabiscuit_ (2003) (also with Universal Pictures)
- _Memoirs of a Geisha_ (2005) (also with Columbia Pictures, Amblin Entertainment and Red Wagon Entertainment)
- _The Ruins_ (2008)
- _Ghost Town_ (2008)
- _G.I. Joe: The Rise of Cobra_ (2009) (also with Hasbro)
- _Dinner for Schmucks_ (2010) (also with Paramount Pictures)

##### Also With Amblin Entertainment

- _The Legend of Zorro_ (2005)
- _Memoirs of a Geisha_ (2005) (also with DreamWorks and Red Wagon Entertainment)

#### With 20th Century Fox

- _27 Dresses_ (2008)
- _The Happening_ (2008) (also with UTV Motion Pictures and Blinding Edge Pictures)

#### With New Line Cinema

- _Four Christmases_ (2008) (distributed by Warner Bros.)
Hovercraft

A **hovercraft** is a vehicle supported and moved by a cushion of air blowing downwards. They are used on water, land, ice and other areas where the surface is smooth. A difference in air pressure between the ship and the atmosphere creates lift, causing the hovercraft to float above the surface it is set on, allowing it to ride on different surfaces. They are often used as ferries and by militaries for amphibious, or on water and on land (like an amphibian can live in water and land) missions. A hovercraft can move cargo, people, and cars.

The English engineer Sir Christopher Cockerell invented the modern hovercraft.
Castoridae

**Castoridae** is a family of rodents. Today, the only genus that has alive species in it is _Castor_. It contains modern-day beavers. In addition, about 20 extinct genera of beavers have been put into the family.
IUCN Red List

The **IUCN Red List** (also **IUCN Red List of Threatened Species**) is a list of species. The list tells for each species how likely it is to become extinct (or if it is already). This is called its conservation status. This list is put together each year by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN).

There are exact criteria to see if a certain species is threatened to become extinct. These criteria are the same for all parts of the world. The purpose of the list is to tell people how threatened a certain species is. Politicians can then decide on what needs to be done and the efforts needed to save certain species from becoming extinct.

## Criteria

** Not evaluated:**
Not yet compared to the standard scale.

** Data deficient:**
Not enough data.

## Related pages

- Endangered species

## Other websites

- IUCN Red List Website - The species list can be found here.