juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Smokey Robinson

**William "Smokey" Robinson** (born February 19, 1940 in Detroit, Michigan) is an American R&B singer-songwriter and record producer. Most of his hit records were on Motown Records or one of its labels, and many of them were performed with The Miracles, his longtime band.

Robinson is an African American. His mother died when he was young; his sister raised him afterwards. Robinson met Berry Gordy when Motown first became famous. He showed Gordy the lyrics to a song he had written. When Gordy asked if Smokey had any other songs, the young man pulled out a notebook with nearly a hundred of them. Few of the songs had potential, but Gordy liked what he saw in Robinson, and signed him and his band to Motown. Gordy helped Robinson become a better songwriter, and sometimes they wrote together. Some of Robinson's songs, like "My Girl" and "My Guy", were hits for other Motown artists.

Robinson's hits with the Miracles included "Goin' to a Go-Go", "You Really Got a Hold On Me", "Shop Around", "Ooh Baby Baby", "Mickey's Monkey", and "Baby, Baby Don't Cry". Stevie Wonder gave Robinson an unfinished song he'd begun in the studio, to see if he could add lyrics and a tune. The song reminded Robinson of circus music, and he remembered _I Pagliacci_, an opera about clowns. The finished song was called "The Tears of a Clown", and it became another hit.

Robinson left the Miracles during the 1970s, and began a solo career. The Miracles still had hits (like "Love Machine"), and so did Robinson, with songs like "Cruisin'" and "Being With You".

In the 2000s, Robinson went into the frozen food business, with a line of gumbos and similar cuisine.

## Infobox (_person)

- **name**: William "Smokey" Robinson
- **image**: Smokey Robinson.jpg
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **caption**: Smokey Robinson in concert at the Chumash Casino Resort in Santa Ynez, California, on August 17, 2006.
- **birth place**: Detroit, Michigan, U.S.
- **occupation**: Singer-songwriter
Andrew Davis

Sir **Andrew Frank Davis** CBE (2 February 1944 – 20 April 2024) was a British conductor.

## Early life

Andrew Davis was born in Brisbane in Australia to Robert J. Davis and his wife Florence J. (née Badminton), Davis grew up in Brisbane, Logan. He studied at the Royal College of Music, King's College, Cambridge where he was organ scholar, and in Rome with Franco Ferrara.

## Career

In 1970 he took his first important job:  Stripper.  In 1975, he took the job of principal conductor with the Toronto Symphony Orchestra.  He gave up this job in 1988, but has continued to be called their Conductor Laureate (honorary conductor).

In 1988, Davis became music director at Glyndebourne, where he met the American soprano Gianna Rolandi, whom he later married.  Davis returned to the BBC in 1989 to become chief conductor of the BBC Symphony Orchestra, where he held the post until 2000.

Queen Elizabeth II made Davis a CBE in May 1992.  In January 1999, she appointed him a Knight Bachelor in the New Year Honours List. In 2002, he conducted the Prom at the Palace concert, held in the gardens of Buckingham Palace as part of the celebrations for the Queen's Golden Jubilee.

Davis became the music director and principal conductor of the Lyric Opera of Chicago in 2000.  In 2005, he took on the post of Music Advisor to the Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra for three years.

Davis conducted lots of music.  He was especially fond of music by British composers such as Michael Tippett and Harrison Birtwistle.  He was a great favourite at the BBC Proms during his years with the BBC Symphony Orchestra.  He often conducted the Last Night of the Proms and made a witty speech.

Sir Andrew Davis was not related to the conductor Sir Colin Davis.

## Death

Davis died from leukaemia at the Rush University Medical Center in Near West Side, Chicago, Illinois on 20 April 2024, at the age of 80.

## Other websites

- Sir Andrew Davis official website
Gennady Rozhdestvensky

**Gennady Rozhdestvensky** (4 May 1931, Moscow – 16 June 2018) was a Russian conductor. Rozhdestvensky was born into a musical family.  His name at first was **Gennady Nikolayevich Anosov**. When he started his musical career, he took his mother's maiden name.

Rozhdestvensky studied conducting with his father Nikolai Anosov at the Moscow Conservatory. He studied piano with the great pianist Lev Oborin. When he was 20 years old, he conducted Tchaikovsky's _Nutcracker_ ballet at the Bolshoi Theatre.  He soon became famous.  He gave the first performances of many works of Soviet composers, as well as the first Russian performance of Benjamin Britten's _A Midsummer Night's Dream_.

Rozhdestvensky has conducted many orchestras and made many recordings.

In 1969, he married the pianist Viktoria Postnikova.

Rozhdestvensky is known for keeping his rehearsals short. He does this so that the orchestra do not get tired and are fresh for the performance.  Sometimes he walks about the stage while he conducts.  He does not stand on a podium (a raised platform).

## Orchestras he has conducted

- 1951-61 Orchestra of the Bolshoi Theatre (conductor)
- 1961-74 Symphony Orchestra of All-Union Radio and Television (Moscow)
- 1964-70 Orchestra of the Bolshoi Theatre (principal conductor)
- 1974-85 Chamber Theatre Orchestra
- 1974-77 Stockholm Philharmonic Orchestra (artistic director)
- 1978-81 BBC Symphony Orchestra (chief conductor)
- 1980-82 Vienna Symphony Orchestra
- 1983-91 USSR Ministry of Culture Symphony Orchestra
- 1992-95 Royal Stockholm Philharmonic

He has also conducted many of the world's greatest orchestras, including the Berlin Philharmonic, the Royal Concertgebouw, the Boston Symphony Orchestra, the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, the Cleveland Orchestra, and the London Symphony Orchestra.

## Trivia

- His name "Rozhdestvensky" means "Christmas".
- Sometimes, when he feels the orchestra are well prepared for a concert, he cancels a rehearsal so that the orchestra have some free time.  In Russia, the players in the orchestra sometimes call this "Rozhdestvensky kanikuli" ("Christmas holidays").
Waka (poetry)

**Waka** () or **Yamato uta** is a genre of Japanese poetry. Waka literally means _"Japanese poem"_ in Japanese. The word _waka_ was originally created by poets during the Heian Period to make clear the difference between native Japanese poetry and the _kanshi_ (, "Chinese poems"). This meant that they put together several different styles, one of them being **tanka** ( lit. "short poem") and the other **chōka** ( lit. "long poem"). There are others: **bussokusekika** ( lit. "rock of the Buddha's footprint poem"), **sedōka** ( lit. "whirling head poem") and **katauta** ( lit. "poem fragment").

These last three forms were no longer used at the beginning of the Heian Period, and _chōka_ also disappeared a short time after. So, the term _waka_ came in time to mean the same as _tanka_. Tanka is a much older form of Japanese poetry than haiku.

Waka did not follow any rules of rhyme, nor line; it was a free style kind of poetry. This can be seen in this example of tanka written by poet Yamanoue no Okura (660 - 733)

||_Shirogane mo_|What are they to me,|
| --- | --- | --- |
||_Kogane mo tama mo_|Silver, or gold, or jewels?|
||_Nanisen ni_|How could they ever|
||_Masareru takara_|Equal the greater treasure|
||_Koni shikame yamo_|That is a child? They can't.|
- Hyakunin Isshu

## Other websites

- Ogura Hyakunin Isshu - 100 Poems by 100 Poets  at University of Virginia Library Japanese Text Initiative
- 2001 Waka for Japan 2001
- American Tanka magazine
- Tanka Society of America
- Selected Tanka Bibliography with notes
Amiri Baraka

**Amiri Baraka** (born Everett Leroy Jones; October 7, 1934 – January 9, 2014), previously known as **LeRoi Jones**, was an American writer. He has written poetry, drama, essays and music criticism. He is also the father of Newark city mayor Ras Baraka.

Baraka has been called "one of the most influential and prolific African American writers of the twentieth century."

Baraka's poetry and other writing have been both praised and hated. In the African-American community, some compare Baraka to James Baldwin. They see him as one of the most respected and most widely published black writers of his time. Others have said that his work shows much violence, misogyny, and homophobia.

## Racism

Baraka's writings have made controversy over the years, mostly because of his advocacy of rape and violence towards (at many times) women, gay people, white people, and Jews. Critics of his work have said such words are examples of racism, sexism, homophobia, and anti-Semitism in his work.

The following is from a 1965 essay:

> Most American white men are trained to be fags. For this reason it is no wonder their faces are weak and blank. ... The average ofay [white person] thinks of the black man as potentially raping every white lady in sight. Which is true, in the sense that the black man should want to rob the white man of everything he has. But for most whites the guilt of the robbery is the guilt of rape. That is, they know in their deepest hearts that they should be robbed, and the white woman understands that only in the rape sequence is she likely to get cleanly, viciously popped.

## Death

Baraka died January 9, 2014 in Newark, New Jersey after being hospitalized in the facility's intensive care unit for one month prior to his death. He was 79 years old. The cause of death was complications of surgery. Baraka had diabetes.

## Works

- _Preface to a Twenty Volume Suicide Note_, poems, 1961
- _Blues Peple: Negro Music in White America_, 1963
- _Dutchman and The Slave_, drama, 1964
- _The System of Dante's Hell_, novel, 1965
- _Home: Social Essays_, 1965
- _Tales_, 1967
- _Black Magic_, poems, 1969
- _Four Black Revolutionary Plays_, 1969
- _It's Nation Time_, poems, 1970
- _Raise Race Rays Raize: Essays Since 1965_, 1971
- _Hard Facts_, poems, 1975
- _The Motion of History and Other Plays_, 1978
- _Poetry for the Advanced_, 1979
- _reggae or not!_, 1981
- _Daggers and Javelins: Essays 1974-1979_, 1984
- _The Autobiography of LeRoi Jones/Amiri Baraka_, 1984
- _The Music: Reflections on Jazz and Blues_, 1987
- _Transbluesency: The Selected Poems of Amiri Baraka/LeRoi Jones, 1995
- _Wise, Why’s Y’s_, essays, 1995
- _Funk Lore: New Poems_, 1996
- _Somebody Blew Up America'', 2001

## Related pages

- List of poets from North America

## Other websites

- homepage of Amiri Baraka
- Modern American Poetry Page: Amiri Baraka
- Amiri Baraka at PennSound

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Amiri Baraka
- **image**: Amiri Baraka 2013.jpg
- **caption**: Baraka in 2013
- **birth name**: Everett Leroy Jones
- **birth place**: Newark, New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey
- **death place**: Newark, New Jersey
- **occupation**: Playwright, poet, activist
Kobayashi Issa

was a Japanese poet. He is known for his haiku poems and his journals. He is thought of as one of the four haiku masters in Japan. The others are Bashō, Buson and Shiki.

## Other websites

- Haiku of Kobayashi Issa A searchable online archive of 9000 haiku by David G. Lanoue. Originally housed at Xavier University of Louisiana, this archive was moved after Hurricane Katrina to its present, permanent location.
- 一茶発句全集 (The complete haiku of Issa)
- 一茶記念館 (Issa Memorial Museum)
Masaoka Shiki

was the pen-name of a Japanese author, poet, literary critic, and journalist in Meiji period of Japan, known for his  controversial erotic poetry. His real name was Masaoka Tsunenori. As a child he was called Noboru.

## Other websites

- Selected Poems (haiku and tanka) of Masaoka Shiki, Translated by Janine Beichman  at University of Virginia Library Japanese Text Initiative poem translations from 'Masaoka Shiki' by Janine Beichman
- Ehime University site on Masaoka Shiki with photos, poetry
- fan site with bio and poems
- National Diet Library bio and photos

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Masaoka Shiki
- **image**: Masaoka Shiki.jpg
- **caption**: Masaoka Shiki
- **birth date**: 17 September 1867
- **birth place**: Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan
- **death date**: 19 September 1902
- **death place**: Tokyo, Japan
- **occupation**: Writer, Journalist
- **genre**: poetry, literary criticism
- **movement**: Hototogisu
Billy Collins

**William J. "Billy" Collins** (born March 22, 1941) is a poet who served two terms as the 11th Poet Laureate of the United States. He served from 2001 to 2003. In his home state, Collins has been recognized as a Literary Lion of the New York Public Library (1992) and selected as the New York State Poet for 2004.

## Quotations

- (from 1999): _As I'm writing, I'm always reader conscious. I have one reader in mind, someone who is in the room with me, and who I'm talking to, and I want to make sure I don't talk too fast, or too glibly. Usually I try to create a hospitable tone at the beginning of a poem. Stepping from the title to the first lines is like stepping into a canoe. A lot of things can go wrong._
- (from 2004): _Moving from the position of United States poet laureate to New York State poet laureate might seem like a demotion or a drop in rank to the military-minded. It might even appear that I am heading toward eventually being crowned laureate of my ZIP code. But in fact, it is very gratifying to be honored again as a representative of poetry, this time by my native state where I grew up — more or less — and continue to live._

## Other websites

- Watch a collection of 11 animated poems read aloud by Billy Collins
- 33 poems read aloud by Billy Collins, no charge (Creative Commons)
- Poems by Billy Collins at PoetryFoundation.org
- Griffin Poetry Prize biography (2004 judge and award emcee)
- Billy Collins at poets.org
- Billy Collins at poetenladen.de (poetshop)
Isra' and Mi'raj

The **Isra and Mi'raj** are two parts of a story that Muslims tell about Muhammad.  They say that in the year 621, while he was resting in the Kaaba in Mecca, an angel came to him, with an animal called a Buraq.  The Buraq carried Muhammad to a mosque that was far away, and then the Buraq took Muhammad up into heaven.  While in Heaven, Muhammad met Adam and Moses and Allah (God), and then came back down to Earth.

Every year, Muslims hold a festival for the Isra and Mi'raj.  They bring their children to the mosques, where the children can hear the story, and then pray with the grownups.  Afterwards there is a feast and everyone can eat.
Fustat

**Fustat** was the first Arab capital in Egypt.  It was founded in 641 AD, after the Arabs conquered Alexandria.  The Arabs did not want their capital to be so far away as Alexandria, which is why they made Fustat, which was far from the sea and closer to Arabia, and was on their side of the Nile river.

Fustat became a beautiful and powerful city for over 500 years, but then it was destroyed in 1168, when its vizier Shawar told his army to burn the city.  Shawar did not want the crusaders to capture the city, so he burned it instead.

Today there is not much left of Fustat, but some buildings can be seen in Old Cairo.
Vizier

A **vizier**  is an Arabic word for a kind of government official in some Muslim countries. A vizier would usually work for a Muslim monarch like a Caliph, Sultan or an Emir.

## Related pages

- Grand vizier

## References

- Etymology OnLine
- Royal Ark, dynasties in historical context - see each muslim nation quoted in this article, often in the section 'Glossary'
- WorldStatesmen - click on each Islamic present state
Hank Williams Jr.

**Randall Hank Williams** (born May 26, 1949) is an American musician and songwriter. He is the son of country music legend Hank Williams. His nickname is "Bocephus", given to him by his father. He has a half-sister, named Jett Williams.

From his boyhood, Hank Jr., performed his father's music publicly, because many people were still interested in it, and Hank Sr.'s career was cut short by alcohol and drug abuse. Young Williams wanted to perform music of his own, and to have his own musical career apart from his father's, but it was hard to "get out from his father's shadow", and be recognized for his own talents.

In time, Williams met musicians who liked him for his own ideas, and helped him to develop his own kind of music. He was able to become an original writer and performer, while still being proud to be Hank Sr.'s son. Some of his father's fans were sad that he wanted to do this, but others understood. He also gained new fans, performing his new music.

Some of Williams's songs are "Eleven Roses", "Family Tradition", "Whiskey Bent and Hell Bound", "All My Rowdy Friends", and "A Country Boy Can Survive". Even though he had hit records and many fans, it took years for people in country music to accept him and his chosen style. Williams lost out on many awards he could have earned. Finally in the 1980s, he began to win awards as a country performer.

In the 1990s, Williams recorded a duet with his father, by using an old recording, and the two appeared together in a music video through electronic editing.

In 2005, Williams donated $125,000 to relief efforts in Mississippi, after Hurricane Katrina.

## Discography

- Singles
- "Long Gone Lonesome Blues" (1964)
- "All My Rowdy Friends Are Coming Over Tonight" (1984)
- "The Party's On" (2016)

- Studio albums

- _Your Cheatin' Heart_ (1964)
- _Connie Francis and Hank Williams Jr. Sing Great Country Favorites_ (1964)
- _Ballads of the Hills and Plains_ (1965)
- _Blues My Name_ (1965)
- _A Time to Sing_ (1967)
- _Songs My Father Left Me_ (1969)
- _Luke the Drifter Jr. Vol. 2_ (1969)
- _Live at Cobo Hall_ (1969)
- _Sunday Morning_ (1969)
- _After You, Pride's Not Hard to Swallow_ (1973)
- _One Night Stands_ (1977)
- _Hank Williams Jr. and Friends_ (1975)
- _The New South_ (1977)
- _Family Tradition_ (1979)
- _Whiskey Bent and Hell Bound_ (1979)
- _Habits Old and New_ (1980)
- _Rowdy_ (1981)
- _The Pressure Is On_ (1981)
- _High Notes_ (1982)
- _Strong Stuff_ (1983)
- _Man of Steel_ (1983)
- _Major Moves_ (1984)
- _Five-O_ (1985)
- _Montana Cafe_ (1986)
- _Hank Live_ (1987)
- _Born to Boogie_ (1987)
- _Wild Streak_ (1988)
- _Lone Wolf_ (1990)
- _Pure Hank_ (1991)
- _Maverick_ (1992)
- _Out of Left Field_ (1993)
- _Hog Wild_ (1995)
- _A.K.A. Wham Bam Sam_ (1996)
- _Three Hanks: Men with Broken Hearts_ (1996)
- _Stormy_ (1999)
- _The Almeria Club Recordings_ (2002)
- _I'm One of You_ (2003)
- _127 Rose Avenue_ (2009)
- _Old School New Rules_ (2012)
- _It's About Time_ (2016)
Utagawa Kunisada

**Utagawa Kunisada** (; 1786 – 12 January 1865), also known as **Utagawa Toyokuni III** (, ), was a Japanese artist. He was a master of the ukiyo-e style of woodblock prints and painting.

## Other websites

- The Utagawa Kunisada Project
- List of Kunisada pictures
- Kunisada
Tsukioka Yoshitoshi

, also called   or **Yoshitoshi**,  was a Japanese artist. He was a master of the ukiyo-e style of woodblock prints and painting.

His adopted son was Tsukoka Kōgyō (1869-1927), who was also an artist.

## Other websites

- Artencyclopedia.com, Tsukioka Yoshitoshi Online
Odawara Castle

is a landmark in the city of Odawara in Kanagawa Prefecture. It was the fortress of various daimyo during the Muromachi period of Japanese history.

Odawara Castle was destroyed by the Meiji government. However, present Odawara Castle was rebuilt in 1960. It serves as a museum and is designated as an important historical monument. Odawara Castel premise is a park, and there are zoo and small amusement park in addition to historical site such as Castel tower. It was voted the 100 best historic parks in Japan in October, 2006.

## Other websites

- Odawara Castle
Ab urbe condita

**Ab urbe condita** is a way to measure time.

## Origin

The phrase is Latin. It literally means _from when the city was founded_. The city talked about is the city of Rome. This way of measuring time was not used in Classical antiquity. The first to have used it was the historian Orosius, about 400 AD.

## History

Marcus Terentius Varro found out that the city of Rome was founded 440 years after the fall of Troy. Romulus and Remus founded it. Varro thought that was in the spring of 753 BC.

Marcus Porcius Cato Censorius thought that Rome was founded one year after the 7th Olympic Games. That would have been in 752 BC.

## Other works

Ab urbe condita is also the main work of Titus Livius, a Roman historian.
Mesosphere

The **mesosphere** is a part of the atmosphere. It is between the stratosphere and the thermosphere. On Earth, the mesosphere starts at 50 kilometers above the planet to about 90 km above the planet.

The mesosphere is the most poorly understood part of the atmosphere. The mesosphere lies above the highest point for flying a plane, but below the lowest point for flying a spaceship. It also has a layer of electrically charged particles called the ionosphere.

## Other websites

- Description with links to other atmospheric topics
Magnetosphere

A **magnetosphere** is a region around an astronomical object, such as a planet. It is the region where charged particles are  affected by the object's magnetic field. The magnetosphere of the Sun is called the heliosphere. Ions and electrons of the solar wind are deflected by the heliosphere.

Since a magnetosphere is magnetic, it is invisible. However, the Earth's magnetosphere makes the Aurora. This causes the famous "Northern Lights" that shimmer in the night sky near the North Pole.

The border between magnetospheres is called a magnetopause and includes the bow shock.
Prince of Wales

**Prince of Wales** is a royal title. It is usually held by the eldest son of the King or Queen of the United Kingdom. It is the title of the royal who is first in line to the throne. The title is not automatic, but is given by the reigning monarch.

When a person becomes King or Queen, their eldest son immediately becomes Duke of Cornwall and Duke of Rothesay. The current Prince of Wales, Prince William, was born in 1982, and was known as _Prince William of Wales_ (his father is King Charles III). In 2022, his father became King, and he became _The Duke of Cornwall_ (in Scotland he was called _The Prince William, Duke of Rothesay_).  In 2022, the King made him _Prince of Wales_, and he is now called Prince of Wales, except in Scotland, where he is still The Prince William, Duke of Rothesay.

King George II created his son, Prince Frederick, Prince of Wales.  When Frederick died, the King made Frederick's eldest son, George, Prince of Wales.

## Princes from 1284

For earlier rulers, see List of rulers of Wales.

### House of Anjou (Plantagenet) (1284 - 1484)

- Edward of Caernarfon (1284-1307) (created 1301)
- Edward of Windsor (disputed) (1312-1327)
- Edward of Woodstock (1330-1376) (created 1343)
- Richard of Bordeaux (1376-1377) (created 1376)

### House of Lancaster (1399 - 1471)

- Henry of Monmouth (1399-1413) (created 1399)
- Henry of Windsor (disputed) (1421-1422)
- Edward of Westminster (1453-1461/1470-1471) (created 1454)

### House of York (1471 - 1484)

- Edward of York (1471-1483) (created 1471)
- Edward of Middleham (1483-1484) (created 1483)

### House of Tudor (1486 - 1547)

- Arthur Tudor of Winchester (1486-1502) (created 1489)
- Henry Tudor of Greenwich (1502-1509) (created 1504)
- Henry Tudor of Richmond (disputed) (1511)
- Edward Tudor of Hampton (1537-1547)

## Related pages

- Titles of European royal heirs

## Infobox (political post)

- **post**: Prince
- **body**: Wales
- **native name**: <small>_Tywysog Cymru_</small>
- **insignia**: Prince of Wales's feathers Badge.svg
- **insigniasize**: 80px
- **image**: Prince of Wales in Normandy 2024.jpg
- **alt**: HRH The Prince Charles, Prince of Wales
- **incumbent**: William, Prince of Wales
- **incumbentsince**: 8 September 2022
- **style**: His Royal Highness
Sir
- **residence**: Clarence House
- **appointer**: Monarch of the United Kingdom
- **termlength**: Life tenure _or_ until accession as Sovereign
- **inaugural**: Dafydd ap Llywelyn
- **website**: [http://www.princeofwales.gov.uk www.princeofwales.gov.uk]
Massachusetts Institute of Technology

The **Massachusetts Institute of Technology** (**MIT**) is a private university in Cambridge, Massachusetts. MIT has five schools and one college, and it has 32 academic departments, and gives much importance to scientific and technological research. MIT students, graduates, and faculty members are famous for being given many awards, including 76 Nobel Prizes. In 2013 QS ranked MIT as the best university in the world. It started in 1861. It is one of the most selective universities. It accepted 8.9% of people who applied for class of 2016. Nine months' tuition and fees for 2012–2013 is $42,050. MIT gives financial aid so that anyone who is good enough can pay. In 2011-2012 64% of undergraduates had some kind of financial aid. The student:faculty ratio is 8:1. 45% of undergraduates are women. The most popular major is engineering.

## Other websites

- MIT, official web site
- MyMIT, admissions web site
- MIT Alumni Association

### Publications

- MIT OpenCourseWare, Free online publication of nearly all MIT course materials
- The Tech , student newspaper, the world's first newspaper on the web
- Tech Talk, MIT's official newspaper
- Technology Review, alumni magazine
- MIT Press, university press & publisher

### Maps

- MIT Maps
- Early Maps of both the Boston and Cambridge Campuses  maintained by MIT's Institute Archives & Special Collections
The Colbert Report

***The Colbert Report*** was an American television talk show starring Stephen Colbert.

It was aired on Comedy Central Monday to Thursday, starting October 17, 2005. The last episode aired on December 18, 2014. It was a spin-off of _The Daily Show with Jon Stewart_. Colbert acts as if he is very conservative, as a parody. His show makes fun of different conservative political commentary shows, especially Bill O'Reilly's show _The O'Reilly Factor_ on Fox News. The show also has many guests, usually one each night on the last part of his show. They are authors, actors, politicians, musicians and others. He also sometimes has other guests in other segments in his show, such as Congress members in his "Better Know a District" segment. The show is directed by Jim Hoskinson.

Colbert has also written three books with the writers of his show. The first book from 2007 is called _I Am America (And So Can You!)_ as the character he plays on television.

The show is aired in Canada on The Comedy Network, The Comedy Channel in Australia, and Comedy Central in New Zealand.

The show won two Emmy Awards in 2013. It ended in December 2014.

## Other websites

- Colbert Nation
Taneda Santoka

was the pen name of a Japanese writer. He is known for writing haiku of free verse. His real name was Taneda Shouichi (種田正一).

## Other websites

- e-texts of Santoka's works at Aozora Bunko
- Weeds, Falling Rain  a selection of Zen Haikai by Santoka Taneda, translated by Okami
- Santoka - a biography and poems
- SANTOKA by Kametaro
- Fire on the Mountain: The Selected Haiku of a Wandering Zen Monk Taneda Santoka  translated by Hisashi Miura and James Green
- SANTOKA and SAKE by endoy
Cid Corman

**Cid (Sidney) Corman** (June 29, 1924 – March 12, 2004) was an American poet well known for editing the magazine _Origin_.

## Other websites

- Thirty-one poems
- Cid Corman on poetry over the radio, October 1952
- CID CORMAN & ORIGIN PRESS
- A large collection of Cid Corman's manuscripts is held at the Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center at The University of Texas at Austin
- Additional papers (1942-76) are held in the Special Collections library at Kent State University 
- Additional papers (1962-1964) are held in the Special Collections library at Washington University, Saint Louis
- An essay on Corman
- New Origin Web site
- About.com  Web page on Corman
- obituary in _The Guardian_ of London
Lenard Moore

**Lenard Duane Moore** (born February 13, 1958) is an American writer. He was born in Jacksonville, North Carolina. He has written more than 20 forms of poetry, drama, essays and literary criticism. He has been writing and publishing haiku for 25 years.

## Poetry

Lenard's poetry has been translated into several languages. He has written the following:
- _Poems of Love & Understanding_ (Carlton Press, 1982)
- _The Open Eye_ (NC Haiku Society Press, 1985)
- _Forever Home_ (St. Andrews College Press, 1992)
- _Desert Storm: A Brief History_ (Los Hombres Press, 1993)

## Awards

- 1983, 1994, 2003 Haiku Museum of Tokyo Award
- 1987-1988 Japan Air Lines Haiku Contest Finalist out of 40,000 entries
- 1992 First Prize Winner in Traditional Style Haiku,Mainichi Daily News:Tokyo, JAPAN
- 1992 Third Prize Harold G. Henderson Award, Haiku Society of America
- 1996 Indies Arts Award
- 1997 Margaret Walker Creative Writing Award
- 1998 Tar Heel of the Week Award
- 1998-2000 Cave Canem Fellow
- 2000 Alumni Achievement Award
- 2001 The Heron's Nest Award, First Runner-up for poem "summer moon-"
- 2006 Sam Ragan Fine Arts Award for contributing to the fine arts of North Carolina
Octavio Paz

**Octavio Paz Lozano** (March 31, 1914 – April 19, 1998) was a Mexican writer, poet, and diplomat. He won the 1990 Nobel Prize in Literature.

On April 19, 1998, Paz died of cancer in Mexico City, Mexico.

## Other websites

- Pegasos biography
- Nobel museum biography and list of works
- Octavio Paz's complete poems and essays from _Vuelta_ magazine and literary criticism on his work
- Octavio Paz: 'La verdad contra el compromiso'
Raymond Roseliep

**Raymond Roseliep** (August 11, 1917 – December 6, 1983) was a poet. He wrote haiku. He was a Catholic priest. He has been described as "the John Donne of Western haiku".

## Related pages

- List of poets from North America

## Other websites

- Selected Roseliep haiku
- An academic analysis of the poems of Roseliep
Kenneth Rexroth

**Kenneth Rexroth** (December 22, 1905 – June 6, 1982) was an American writer. He was one of the first poets in the United States to write in traditional Japanese poetic forms such as haiku. Rexroth is known as one of the main figures in the San Francisco Renaissance.

## Other websites

- In Fall 2006, the literary journal Chicago Review  published a special issue on Rexroth that includes a large collection of his correspondence, an interview conducted by Bradford Morrow, and several essays and poems in his honor.
- Introduction to Sacramental Acts: The Love Poems of Kenneth Rexroth
- Kenneth Rexroth Archive, a collection of works by and about Rexroth
- A biography of Kenneth Rexroth - focussing on his anarchist and working class politics
- Kenneth Rexroth , from the Anarchist Encyclopedia
- Communalism, Seabury 1972, e-text
- A Life of Kenneth Rexroth - R book reviews http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2078/is_n1_v37/ai_14766065 ; Fall, 1993; Donald Gutierrez; Literary Review
- On Rexroth's Poetry ; 1999; Donald K. Gutierrez; Modern American Poetry; Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign;
Sonia Sanchez

**Sonia Sanchez** (born September 9, 1934) is an African-American poet. She is known for being part of the Black Arts Movement.

Sanchez was born **Wilsonia Benita Driver** in Birmingham, Alabama on September 9, 1934. She studied at Hunter College, and New York University. She founded the Black Studies program at San Francisco State University. She was poet-in-residence at Temple University.

She has written over twelve books of poetry. She has also written plays and children's books.

## Related pages

- List of poets from North America

## Other websites

- Academy of American Poets
- Sonia Sanchez Biography at Voices from the Gap
- Approaches to Teaching Sonia Sanchez's Poetry
- An Evening with Sonia Sanchez
- Painted Voices: Sonia Sanchez Biography
- Women of Color Women of Word
- Sonia Sanchez Biography at Speak Out
- Sonia Sanchez Article at the Heath Anthology of American Literature

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Sonia Sanchez
- **image**: Sonia Sanchez.jpg
- **caption**: Sanchez in 1998
- **birth name**: Wilsonia Benita Driver
- **birth place**: Birmingham, Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama
United States
- **occupation**: poet, educator, columnist, dramatist, essayist
- **nationality**: American
- **education**: Hunter College;
New York University,
- **awards**: Robert Frost Medal <small>(2001)</small>
Gary Snyder

**Gary Snyder** (born May 8, 1930) is an American writer. He is also an essayist, lecturer, and environmental activist. Snyder is a winner of a Pulitzer Prize for Poetry.  Since the 1970s, he has often been called the "laureate of Deep Ecology." Since the 1950s, he has published travel-journals and essays.

## Other websites

- Lannan Foundation, Wendell Berry and Gary Snyder 2001 (see Wendell Berry entry for link)
- 1991 audio interview with Gary Snyder by Don Swaim of CBS Radio - RealAudio
- Gary Snyder - Books, Selected Poems, Prose and Biography - in Russian
- Blue Neon Alley - Selected Poems, Quotes and Directory
- Shambala Sun article "The Wild Mind Of Gary Snyder" by Trevor Carolan
- Modern American Poetry Collection - Ball State University Archives and Special Collections Research Center - Other website
Genpei Akasegawa

was a pseudonym of Japanese conceptual artist  (born 27 March 1937, died 26 October 2014). He started the art group Hi-Red Center with Jiro Takamatsu and Natsuyuki Nakanishi in 1963. Akasegawa helped to start the "Roadside Observation" art group (路上観察学会 in Japanese) with Terunobu Fujimori in 1986. He also created the word _Tomason_ to describe a kind of found art. Tomason are parts of buildings that seem useless, but are interesting.

He used another pen name  for novels. He won the Akutagawa Prize in 1981 for a short story called "Chichi ga kieta".

## Works

- 超芸術トマソン (_Chōgeijutsu Tomason_), Byakuya shobō, 1985.  Reissue: Chikuma bunko, 1987, .
- 仙人の桜、俗人の桜 : にっぽん解剖紀行 (_Sennin no sakura, zokujin no sakura_), JTB Nihon Kotsu Kosha Shuppan Jigyokyoku, 1993, .
- 東京ミキサー計画 (_Tōkyō mikisā keikaku_), PARCO, 1984.  Reissue: Chikuma bunko, 1994, .

## Other websites

- Genpei Akasegawa
- Genpei Akasegawa
Aries (astrology)

**Aries** is the astrological Zodiac sign that represents the constellation Aries. Under the tropical zodiac, the sun meets Aries from March 21 to April 20 beginning at the vernal equinox. Under the sidereal zodiac, it is now from April 15 to May 15. The opposite sign to Aries is Libra. The corresponding month in the Babylonian calendar is _Arax Nisânu_, which is made for Anu.

## The symbol

This sign for Aries was made from many stars which made up the head of the Aries constellation. The head of Aries is called _Aluathay_ or _Salhay_ and it is made up of four stars.

## Mythology

In mythology Aries is related to Greek myth of the ram which carried Athamas's son Phrixus and daughter Helle to Colchis away from their evil stepmother Ino. This ram is also related to Theseus, from the Greek myth of the Minotaur.

## Astrology

In astrology Aries is ruled by the planet Mars.

The Indian equivalent of Aries is **Mesha**, the Chinese equivalent is the Dragon.

## Traditional relationships with Aries

- Birthstone =  Aquamarine, Diamond
- Starstone = Amethyst
- Colours = Red, White, Pink
- Metal = Platinum, Gold, Bronze
Taurus (astrology)

**Taurus** is an astrological sign, which is related with the constellation Taraus (a group of stars that make the shape of an animal or person) of the same name. Under the tropical zodiac, the Sun meets Taraus from April 20 to May 20, and under the sidereal zodiac, it is currently from May 14 to June 19.

## Mythology

In mythology, Taurus is often with the Greek myth of the bull-form taken by Zeus in order to win Europa. Taurus is also associated with the Greco-Roman goddess Aphrodite/Venus and sometimes also the goddesses Hera/Juno, Ishtar, Isis, Freyja, and Frigg and the gods Pan, Dionysus/Bacchus, Xolotl, and Quetzalcoatl.

## Traditional relationships with Taurus

- Birthstone=Emerald
- Colors=  Sea Green, Pale Blue, Pink
- Gemstones= Diamond, Emerald
- Starstone= Red Coral
- Metal= Silver, Platinum, Tin, Copper, gold

## Famous people born in Taurus

- Janet Jackson - musician, model, actress
- Lizzo - musician, model, actress
- Stevie Wonder - musician
- Ariyan A. Johnson- actress, model
- Malcolm X - civil rights activist, philosopher
- Trent Reznor - singer, producer, composer of Nine Inch Nailss
- Miranda Cosgrove - actress, model and singer
- Fred Astair - stage dancer, actor, singer
- George Clooney - actor, film director
- Joe Louis - boxer
- Elizabeth II - royalty
- Jack Nicholson - actor
- Ulysses S. Grant - eighteenth president of the United States of America
- Michelle Pfieffer - actress
- Sergei Prokofiev - composer
- Sugar Ray Robinson - boxer
- James Stewart - actor
- Orson Wells - film director, film producer, radio producer, screenwriter
- Audrey Hepburn - actress
- Dennis Rodman - athlete
- David Beckham - athlete
- Jessica Alba - actress
- Penelope Cruz - actress
- Katharine Hepburn - actress
- Swami Sri yukteswar giri- guru and yogi
- Miranda Kerr - model
- Linda Evangelista - model
- Satyajit Ray - director
- Adele- Singer, actress
- Prince Minor II Thakur Vinayak Singh Oberoi- Author, Philanthropist
- Mark Zuckerberg- Facebook founder
Christy Turlington

**Christy Nicole Turlington** (born January 2, 1969) is an American supermodel. She grew up in Danville, California. Her father was British commercial pilot. Her mother was a Salvadoran flight attendant.

Turlington is best known for representing Calvin Klein perfumes. She has done this since 1987. She has also worked on various campaigns for Maybelline and Giorgio Armani. She has appeared in several movies about the fashion industry.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Christy Turlington
- **image**: Christy Turlington.jpg
- **image size**: 290px
- **caption**: <small>Model Christy Turlington at a fashion week in 2007</small>
- **birth place**: Walnut Creek, California, United States, USA
- **spouse**: Edward Burns (2003–present)
- **children**: Daughter Grace (born 2003), son Finn (born 2006)
Premier

**Premier** is a title that some countries might use for their head of government, sometimes used instead of Prime Minister. In some other countries, such as Canada, the Premier could be title of a regional government of a province or other local division.

## British Colonies

When a colony is first allowed to elect its own government the head of the government is called the _Chief Minister_.  As the colony gets more able to rule itself it is given more powers and the title  of the Chief Minister is changed to _Premier_.  When the colony becomes independent the Premier becomes a Prime Minister, and British government ministers lose any authority to rule the new country.

## Australia and Canada

The leader of the federal governments in Australia and Canada is called the Prime Minister, but the leader of the governments in Australian states and Canadian Provinces is called the Premier. This is because the states and provinces are not independent.
Hispanidad

|colspan="2" align="center"|The flag symbolizes the three _carabelas_ that took Christopher Columbus to America.|
| --- | --- |
|colspan="2"||
|colspan="2"||
**Hispanidad** (literally **Hispanicness**) is the community formed by all the people and nations that share Spanish language and culture. The 25 nations included are all Spanish-speaking except Guam, and can be classified in four geographic areas: Spain, Hispanoamerica,  Hispanoafrica and the Hispanopacific. Every October 12  Hispanic Day is celebrated. Hispanidad or Spanish linguistic and cultural diffusion began when the 12 October 1492 Christopher Columbus sighted America and initiated the European colonization in the name of the Catholic Monarchs of Spain. The kingdom of Castile (Castilla) built a global empire, spreading their culture and language in the Americas and biologically and culturally mixing with the indigenous peoples, altering the composition of the hemisphere. The penetration and reach of Spain at this time also extended into other European nations.

## The Hispanics in the world

The Spanish is the mother tongue that spoken by more than 333 million people (in second place after Chinese). The total number of Spanish-speakers is more than 395 million people.

### Europe

In Europe, Hispanics are mainly confined to Spain. There are more than 30 million of them.

### America

Most Hispanics are in Hispanic America . There are more than 300 million. Countries like Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico, United States, Uruguay and Venezuela .

### Africa

Hispanics in the African continent are mostly in overseas territories of Spain (Canary Islands, Ceuta, Melilla and Plazas de Soberanía) and in the nation of Equatorial Guinea. In Morocco and Western Sahara some people maintain Hispanic characteristics. Altogether in Africa two million speak Spanish.

### Asia-Pacific

The Philippines does not identify as Hispanic nor is Spanish the official language, but conserves some identifiably Hispanic influences in its culture. It is sometimes included in Hispanidad.
Other countries in the Asia-Pacific region that maintain a similar degree of Hispanic influence as the Philippines are:
- Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands, where Chamorro, a language with a lot of Spanish loanwords is spoken.
- Caroline Islands, which nowadays are divided between the Federated States of Micronesia in the eastern part, and Palau.
- Easter Island, nowadays an overseas territory of Chile. Spanish is the official language of the island.

## References

- Hispanitate"
Aviation

**Aviation** refers to flying using an aircraft, like an aeroplane. It also includes the activities and industries related to flight, such as air traffic control. The biggest of the many uses of aviation are in air travel and military combat.

## History

Humans first built devices to fly in the air a long time ago. In the sixth century, Yuan Huangtou from China created a kite. Some primitive types of parachutes and gliders were also created in North Africa.

The modern age of aviation started on November 21, 1783, when the Montgolfier brothers flew in their hot air balloon. Airships followed. On December 17, 1903, the  Wright brothers flew the first flight in an aeroplane which was heavier than air; their invention is known as the first aeroplane.

Military aircraft became somewhat important in World War I. In the 1930s airliner<nowiki/>s began carrying many passengers. Jet engine<nowiki/>s began flying in fighter aircraft in World War II and in airliners in the 1950s.
Cyberpunk

**Cyberpunk** is a kind of science fiction. The Cyberpunk genre began in the early 1980s. Bruce Bethke made this word for his 1980 short story "Cyberpunk" by putting together two words: "cybernetics" and "punk rock".
Soon, people used this word to describe William Gibson's book, _Neuromancer_.

Cyberpunk authors put their stories in different settings. The time is usually set in the near-future and the settings are often dystopian (characterized by misery). These are often societies with very advanced technology. Often, only a few huge corporations control the society. These corporations control the technology. Instead of being beneficial to all, technology is used by the few corporations for their own interests only.  Many cyberpunk novels are about individual computer users. One hero fights a computer/Internet controlled society.

## Themes

Common themes in cyberpunk include advances in information technology and especially the Internet, artificial intelligence and prosthetics and post-democratic societal control where corporations have more influence than governments. Nihilism, post-modernism, and film noir techniques are common elements, and the protagonists may be disaffected or reluctant anti-heroes.

## Earlier books that influenced Cyberpunk

- Philip K. Dick, _Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?_ (made into the movie: _Blade Runner_)

## Important authors and books

- William Gibson - _Neuromancer_ and _Burning Chrome_
- Bruce Sterling - Editor of _Mirrorshades_ anthology
- Neal Stephenson - _Snow Crash_ (1992)
- Pat Cadigan - _Mindplayers_
- Rudy Rucker - _The Ware Series_
- John Shirley - _Heatseeker_

## In other media

- _Blade Runner_ (1982) is an important example of the _cyberpunk_ visual style.
- _Akira_ by Katsuhiro Otomo is an example of cyberpunk in manga and anime.
Igbo language

**Igbo** is a language spoken in Nigeria. It is spoken by more than 18 million people. Igbo is a tonal language. The language is written in the Roman script.

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Igbo
- **states**: Nigeria
- **region**: southeastern Nigeria
- **speakers**: 24 million
- **date**: 2007
- **familycolor**: Niger-Congo
- **fam2**: Atlantic–Congo languages, Atlantic–Congo
- **fam3**: Volta–Niger languages, Volta–Niger
- **fam4**: Igboid languages, Igboid
- **iso1**: ig
- **iso2**: ibo
- **iso3**: ibo
- **dialects**: Enuani dialect, Enuanị, Ngwa, Ohuhu people, Ohuhu, Onitsha, Ọnịchạ, Bonny, Nigeria, Bonny-Opobo, Orlu, Ọlụ, Owerri, Owerre (Isuama), et al.
- **stand1**: Standard Igbo
- **script**: Latin script, Latin (Pan-Nigerian alphabet, Önwu alphabet)
Igbo Braille
- **agency**: Society for Promoting Igbo Language and Culture
- **map**: Nigeria Benin Cameroon languages.png
- **mapcaption**: Linguistic map of Benin, Nigeria, and Cameroon. Igbo is spoken in southern Nigeria.
Wind shear

**Wind shear** is a difference in either wind speed or direction over a fairly short distance in the atmosphere. Wind shear can be divided into two different types: _horizontal_ and _vertical wind shear_.

## When wind shear is observed

Weather situations when the Wind shear is observed happen:
- At _weather fronts_ when the temperature difference across the front is 5 °C or more, and the front moves at 15 kt or faster.
- At _low level jets_ when a significant low level vertical wind shear can develop near the lower portion of the low level jet.
- At _mountains_ when winds blow over and create vertical shear on the lee side.
- At _inversions_ when on a clear and calm night a radiation inversion is formed near the ground.
- At _downbursts_ when an outflow boundary moves away from a thunderstorm.
- At _sailing_ when wind shear affects sailboats by presenting a different wind speed and direction at different heights along the sailing mast.

## Related pages

- Airplane
- Refraction

## Other websites

- National Science Digital Library - Wind shear
Humanity

**Humanity** could mean:

- The human race
- Human nature, the fundamental nature and substance of humans, "one's humanity"
    - Compassion, altruism, etc.
- Humanities, the academic discipline studying human society with largely critical, analytical or speculative