juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Rape

**Rape** is usually defined as having sexual intercourse with a person who does not want to, or cannot consent. Consent is when someone agrees of their own choice without being forced to. In France, it is more widely defined as 'unwanted sexual penetration'. Rape is a form of sexual assault. In most countries, rape is one of the most serious crimes. The International Criminal Court can also condemn it as a "crime against humanity", if done by a group. A person who rapes someone is a rapist. Rapists may use violence, drugs, or threats to get their way. People of any sex can be raped or commit rape. This was not recognized by the United States law until 2011. People often stay quiet about a rape because they feel ashamed about it.

## How common it is

According to a study done in the European Union, of 2011, two percent of the women taking part said that they had been victims of sexual violence, in the preceding year. A representative  U.S. study found that between 15 and 25 percent of women were raped at least once during their lifetime. According to a study by the United Nations, of 2013, about 25 percent of the men in the Asia Pacific region said that they had raped at least one woman, ten percent said they have forced a women to have sex with them who wasn't their partner.
Emmet D. Boyle

**Emmet Derby Boyle** (July 26, 1879 - January 3, 1926) was a Governor of Nevada. He was a Democrat. Boyle was born in Virginia City, Nevada in 1879. He was a mining engineer, and was the Governor between 1915 and 1923. While serving as governor, numerous reforms were carried out such as increases in workmen's compensation, as well as increases in retirement benefits for the states's schoolteachers. A number of other labor laws were also introduced.

He died in 1926 at the age of 46.
Carp

A **carp** (plural: carp or carps) is a fish that lives in fresh water, such as rivers and lakes. In Europe and Asia carp are loved as a fishing and eating fish. However, carp are a really big problem in countries such as the U.S. and Australia. They make the water dirty by causing the mud at the bottom to move and in these countries people hate them.

Some popular ornamental fishes like the koi and goldfish are also carp.

## Types of carp

- Genus _Abramis_
    - Carp bream (_Abramis brama_)
- Genus _Barbodes_:
    - Carnatic carp (_Barbodes carnaticus_)
- Genus _Carassius_:
    - Crucian carp (_Carassius carassius _)
    - Prussian carp (_Carassius gibelio_)
    - Goldfish (_Carassius auratus_)
- Genus _Cirrhinus_:
    - Chinese mud carp (_Cirrhinus chinensis_)
    - Deccan white carp (_Cirrhinus fulungee_)
    - Hora white carp (_Cirrhinus macrops_)
    - Small scale mud carp (_Cirrhinus microlepis_)
    - Mud carp (_Cirrhinus molitorella_)
    - Man carp (_Cirrhinus saprian_)
- Genus _Ctenopharyngodon_:
    - Grass carp (_Ctenopharyngodon idellus_)
- Genus _Culter_:
    - Predatory carp (_Culter erythropterus_)
- Genus _Cyprinus_:
    - Common carp, Koi (_Cyprinus carpio_)
- Genus _Epalzeorhynchos_:
    - Red-tailed black shark (_Epalzeorhynchos bicolor_)
    - Red-finned black shark or Rainbow shark (_Epalzeorhynchos frenatus_)
- Genus _Henicorhynchus_:
    - Siamese mud carp (_Henicorhynchus siamensis_)
- Genus _Hypophthalmichthys_:
    - Bighead carp (_Hypophthalmichthys nobilis_)
    - Silver carp (_Hypophthalmichthys molitrix_)
- Genus _Labeo_:
    - African carp (_Labeo coubie_)
    - Fringed-lipped peninsula carp (_Labeo fimbriatus_)
    - Bigmouth carp (_Labeo kontius_)
- Genus _Mylopharyngodon_:
    - Black carp (_Mylopharyngodon piceus_)
- Genus _Tinca_:
    - Tench (_Tinca tinca_)

## Other websites

- Fishing Website on Carp
- Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission
Christopher Walken

**Ronald Walken** (born March 31, 1943), simply known as **Christopher Walken**, is an American movie, television, and theatre actor. He is best known for playing evil or mentally damaged characters. He has sometimes used that image for comedic effect.

He was born in Queens, New York to a German father and Scottish-born mother. Walken has been married to casting director Georgianne Walken since 1969. He is openly bisexual.

Walken is a skilled dancer who in many of his movies dances, because he requests it. He has been in nearly one hundred movies and television shows since 1953, including _The Dead Zone_ (1983), _Brainstorm_ (1983), _A View to a Kill_ (1985), _Batman Returns_ (1992) _True Romance_ (1993), _Pulp Fiction_ (1994), _Nick of Time_ (1995), _Mousehunt_, (1997), Catch Me If You Can_ (2002), _Around the Bend_ (2004) and _The Jungle Book_ (2016). He was George Lucas' second choice for Han Solo after Harrison Ford.

He won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor in _The Deer Hunter_ (1978) where he played a disturbed Vietnam veteran with Robert De Niro. He was nominated again in 2002 for _Catch Me if You Can_.

Walken has been guest host on Saturday Night Live many times. He has played many well known characters on that show.

## Other websites

- Christopher Walken biography
- The online Christopher Walken fan club
- _Walken Works'' – A Christopher Walken film review site
- Christopher Walken Fan Forum Includes news updates on Walken's activities
- Hoax "Walken 2008" presidential campaign website
Cod

**Cod** is a teleost fish that lives in the ocean. It is a large predator. There are about 12 different genera in its family, **Gadidae**.

Cod is an important type of fish for professional fishing. It is also popular to eat, because it is mild in taste. The livers of cods are processed to get cod liver oil. Cod is the fish of preference to use for fish and chips. Other fish, such as haddock and plaice, are also regularly eaten. The most commonly eaten cod is Atlantic cod, _Gadus morhua_.

Cod has been caught and traded since the age of the Vikings. Cod in the wild is a large fish. It grows to about five feet long. The biggest one ever caught weighed about 104 pounds. Nowadays they are caught when they are much younger.
U.S. 1st Infantry Division

The **1st Infantry Division** of the United States Army—nicknamed the _Big Red One_ after its shoulder patch—is the oldest division. Since the Division was made, it has served in almost all wars the American Army has been in.  The division's official motto is "Duty First". Their unofficial motto is "No Mission Too Difficult, No Sacrifice Too Great".

## Wars/Fighting this division has served in

- World War I
- World War II
- Korean War
- Vietnam War
- First Gulf War
- Bosnia/Kosovo
- 2003 Invasion of Iraq
Herring

A **herring** is a small teleost fish of the genus _Clupea_. Best-known of this family is probably the Atlantic herring. There are 15 different species of herring. When herrings migrate in the water they usually do this in large numbers; this is then called a _school_ of herring. Like other fish, they do this for protection: see shoaling and schooling.

Herrings can be eaten.  They are often smoked or pickled.

A **red herring** is used to describe a plot device in mystery fiction that leads the reader to a wrong solution.
Ray

The **rays**, or **batoids**, are a group of cartilaginous fish containing more than 500 described species in thirteen families. They include four orders.

Rays are mostly flattened in shape, and usually demersal, living and eating at the bottom of the sea. The group first appears in the Triassic period, after 95% of marine species had been wiped out by the P/Tr extinction event.

## Taxonomy

- **Batoidea**
    - Rajiformes
        - Rajidae: the skates, 200 species
        - Rhinidae: the bowmouth guitarfish
        - Rhinobatidae: the guitarfish
        - Rhynchobatidae: the wedgefish
    - Pristiformes: the sawfish
    - Myelobatiformes: the stingrays
    - Torpediniformes: the electric rays

### Appearance

Rays look like bats in the water, and this is probably why they are called batoids. They have pectoral fins that are attached to their bodies from back to front, similar to the way a bat's wings attach from its shoulder to its feet.

The fins of the ray create a disk shape that can be round, triangular, or diamond-shaped. Rays use their pectoral fins to 'fly' through the water. Though a bony fish takes in water with its mouth, rays do not because they live at the bottom of the ocean. If they took in water through their mouths, they would probably just get a mouthful of sand. Because of this, they have breathing holes on top of their bodies called _spiracles_. Rays use spiracles to take in water that is then sent over the gills.

Also, because they do not have a swim bladder, rays sink when they are not actively swimming.

### Social Animals

Interestingly, rays are usually curious and social animals. Though they often live alone, they like swimming together in groups with other rays. Despite the fact that they are able to swim, most rays live at the bottom of the sea, eating benthic animals. In fact, they often flick sand on their backs to camouflage (disguise, or hide) themselves as they lie in the sand at the bottom of the ocean.
Fishing hook

A **fishing hook** is a hook used to catch fish. There are many types of fishing hooks. Most have a sharp point which sticks into the fish when it is caught. There are lots of types of fishing hooks, and they all depend on how powerful they can hold the line and the size. Many hooks have different sizes for different fish.
Fishing rod

A **fishing rod** is a tool used for catching fish. The rod is often used to cast a fishing hook to where the fish are. The hook has bait on it, sometimes an artificial bait. There is usually some way to make the line longer or shorter, and the pole it is can bend a little.

This is called angling and it is how people catch fish for fun or sport. Commercial fishing is usually done using fishing nets.

## Modern

Modern fishing rods are designed to be lightweight, durable, and flexible. They are made of materials like graphite, fiberglass, and bamboo. Graphite rods are light and great for long and accurate casts. Fiberglass rods are heavier but more affordable and durable, making them suitable for rugged conditions. Bamboo rods have a unique feel but are heavier. The handles are usually cork, and the guides can be made of steel or titanium. Some rods have back- or butt-rests for better control when fighting large fish. Overall, modern fishing rods prioritize lightness, durability, and performance.
Mammalia (taxonomy)

**Mammalia** is a class of animal in the phylum Chordata. What it means to be a mammal has changed many times since Carl Linnaeus first defined the class. No system is accepted by everyone. McKenna & Bell (1997) and Wilson & Reader (2005) give useful recent compendiums. Many earlier ideas from Linnaeus and others are no longer used by modern taxonomists. Among these are the idea that bats are related to birds or that humans are a group outside of other living things. The field has had a recent surge in interest and modification due to the results of molecular phylogenetics.

_Class:_ **Mammalia**:
- _Subclass:_ Prototheria (Monotremes or egg laying mammals)
    - _Clade_: Australosphenida
        - _Order:_ Platypoda platypuses
        - _Order:_ Tachyglossa echidnas
- Subclass: Theriiformes
    - _Infraclass_: †Allotheria (extinct)
        - _Order:_ †Multituberculata (extinct)
            - _Suborder_: †Gondwanatheria (extinct)
    - Infraclass: Holotheria
- _Supercohort:_ Theria (placentals or live bearing mammals)
    - _Cohort:_ Marsupialia
        - _Superorder:_ Ameridelphia
            - _Order:_ Didelphimorphia
            - _Order:_ Paucituberculata
        - _Superorder:_ Australodelphia
            - _Order:_ Microbiotheria
            - _Order:_ Dasyuromorphia
            - _Order:_ Peramelemorphia
            - _Order:_ Notoryctemorphia
            - _Order:_ Diprotodontia
    - _Cohort:_ Eutheria
        - _Superorder:_ Xenarthra
            - _Order:_ Pilosa
            - _Order:_ Cingulata
        - _Superorder:_ Leptictida (extinct)
        - _Superorder:_ Anagalida
            - _Mirordo:_ Macroscelidea
            - _Order:_ Rodentia
            - _Order:_ Lagomorpha
        - _Superorder:_ Archonta
            - _Suborder:_ Dermoptera
            - _Order:_ Primates
            - _Order:_ Scandentia
            - _Order:_ Chiroptera
        - _Superorder:_ Lipotyphla
            - _Order:_ Chrysochloridea
            - _Order:_ Erinaceomorpha
            - _Order:_ Soricomorpha
        - _Superorder:_ Ferae
            - _Order:_ Carnivora
            - _Order:_ Cimolesta
        - _Superorder:_ Ungulata
            - _Order:_ Tubulidentata
            - _Order:_ Uranotheria
                - _Suborder:_ Hyracoidea
                - _suborder:_ Proboscidea
                - _Suborder:_ †Desmostylia (extinct)
                - _Infraordo:_ Sirenia
            - _Suborder:_ †Embrythopoda (extinct)
            - _Order:_ Artiodactyla
                - _Suborder:_ Cetacea
            - _Order:_ Perissodactyla
        - _Superorder_ †Meridiungulata
            - _Order:_ †Notoungulata (extinct)
            - _Order:_ †Astrapotheria (extinct)
            - _Order:_ †Xenungulata (extinct)
            - _Order:_ †Litopterna (extinct)
            - _Order:_ †Condylarthra (extinct)
Nottuln

**Nottuln** is a town in Coesfeld county, 20 km west of Münster, Germany.

It consists of
- Nottuln
- Appelhülsen
- Schapdetten
- Darup

## History

A church was founded in 860 by Ludger Liudger, as well as the first monastery in Westphalia.
After a big fire 1748 it was built up by Johann Conrad Schlaun.
The county of Nottuln is at the A43 and a railway.

## Infobox (german location)

- **name**: Nottuln
- **type**: Gemeinde
- **image photo**: Nottuln02.jpg
- **image caption**: Nottuln
- **image coa**: DEU Nottuln COA.svg
- **image flag**: Flagge Nottuln.svg
- **image plan**: Nottuln in COE.svg
- **state**: North Rhine-Westphalia
- **region**: Regierungsbezirk Münster, Münster
- **district**: Coesfeld
- **elevation**: 59 - 186
- **area**: 85.64
- **population**: 20253
- **stand**: 2006-12-31
- **postal code**: 48301
- **area code**: 02502
02509  (Appelhülsen, Schapdetten)
- **licence**: COE
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 05 5 58 032
- **divisions**: 4
- **website**: [http://www.nottuln.de/ www.nottuln.de]
- **mayor**: Peter Amadeus Schneider
- **party**: SPD
Coesfeld

**Coesfeld** is a town in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany and the capital of Coesfeld county.

Nepomucenum and St.-Pius-Gymnasium are highschools in Coesfeld.

## History

Coesfeld was founded by the holy Ludgerus. Coesfeld has been a town since 1197.

Big villages in county Coesfeld:
- Nottuln
- Senden
- Dülmen
- Havixbeck
- Billerbeck

## Infobox (german location)

- **name**: Coesfeld
- **image photo**: 20141101 Innenstadt Coesfeld (07305).jpg
- **image caption**: Aerial view of Coesfeld
- **art**: Town
- **wappen**: DEU Coesfeld COA.svg
- **bundesland**: North Rhine-Westphalia
- **regierungsbezirk**: Regierungsbezirk Münster, Münster
- **kreis**: Coesfeld Rural District, Coesfeld
- **höhe**: 89
- **fläche**: 141.05
- **einwohner**: 36660
- **stand**: 2006-12-31
- **plz**: 48653
- **vorwahl**: 02541
- **kfz**: COE
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 05 5 58 012
- **gliederung**: 2
- **bürgermeister**: Heinz Öhmann
- **partei**: CDU
St.-Pius-Gymnasium

**St.-Pius-Gymnasium** is a catholic private highschool in Coesfeld near Münster in Germany. It is held by the diocese of Münster and named after Pope Pius X. . Until 1976 the school was a boarding school only for boys. Since then it has been a _Gymnasium_. Today, there are 791 pupils.

There is a statue of Pius X on the school ground to express solidarity with the patron. The school has a chapel and a pastor. There is a modern, well-equipped assembly hall, too.

St.-Pius-Gymnasium is associated with the Lyceé Notre-Dame in Guingamp (France), offers trips to Poole (England) and tries to establish a partnership with a school in Orlando (Florida, USA).

In Advent, the school publishes a yearbook named "Piusbrief". Its pupil magazine "Fünf vor Acht" got multiple honours.

The whole school is a non-smoking area.
Cell membrane

The **cell membrane** is a thin flexible layer around the cells of all living things. It is sometimes called the **plasma membrane** or cytoplasmic membrane.

Its basic job is to separate the inside of cells from the outside.
In all cells, the cell membrane separates the cytoplasm inside the cell from its surroundings. Animal cells are contained in just a membrane. Bacteria, fungi and plants have strong cell walls as well, which support the cell and block the passage of large molecules.

## Structure

The membrane is made up of a thin layer called the 'phospholipid bilayer'. This has two layers of phospholipid molecules with phosphate heads on the surfaces and lipid (oil) tails on the inside. The outside heads mix with water, but the tails reject water.

Other proteins and lipids can be added to the cell membrane. By these changes, the cell can adjust what it brings in or puts out. Some proteins are always stuck into it, these are called _integral_ membrane proteins. It also has some which are only sometimes stuck onto it. These are called peripheral membrane proteins. The outer layer protecting the inner cell.

## Function

The membrane is selectively permeable.  It is active and regulates (adjusts) what comes in and what goes out of the cell.  The movement of substances across the membrane can be either _passive_, occurring without the input of cellular energy, or _active_, requiring energy.

### Proteins in the membrane

Proteins within the membrane are key to its working. These proteins mainly transport chemicals and information across the membrane.

The membrane contains many proteins. The surface proteins can act as gates. They let some chemicals into the cell and let other chemicals leave the cell. It is estimated that up to a third of the human proteome may be membrane proteins. Some of these proteins are linked to the exterior of the cell membrane. An example of this is the CD59 protein, which identifies cells as “self” and thus inhibits their destruction by the immune system.
1808

## Events

- March 13 – Frederick VI becomes king of Denmark. The next day, Denmark declares war on Sweden.
- March 19 – Charles IV of Spain leaves the throne for his son, Ferdinand VII.
- November 15 – Mahmud II (1808–1839) succeeds Mustafa IV (1807–1808) as  sultan of the Ottoman Empire.
- Goethe's _Faust: The First Part of the Tragedy_ is published.
- Barium, calcium, magnesium and strontium are isolated by Humphry Davy in England.

- December 29 – Andrew Johnson, seventeenth President of the United States (d. 1875)
1582

**1582** (MDLXXXII) was a common year starting on Monday in the Julian calendar.

This year, the Gregorian calendar was introduced by Papal bull.  The new calendar was adopted by Spain, Portugal, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and most of present-day Italy from the start.  In those countries, the year continued as normal until Thursday, October 4.  The next day became Friday, October 15.  France followed two months later.  Sunday, December 9 was followed by Monday, December 20.  Other countries continued using the Julian calendar, switching calendars in later years.  The conversion to the Gregorian calendar was completed in 1923.

## Events

- February 24 – The Gregorian calendar is made official.
Tilapia

**Tilapia** are fish that are often farmed for food, or kept as pets in aquariums. They live in warm, fresh water, but some species live in brackish water. The fish are found in Africa, North and South America, India, and Sri Lanka. Tilapia are in the Cichlid family.

They are listed as some of the worlds worst introduced species. They can quickly take over from native fish in rivers. This has happened in places like in the Endeavour River, in   Queensland, Australia. These fish are thought to have been released into the river from an aquarium.
Sardine

**Sardine** is a name of several kinds of fish, especially oily fish. Another name for these fish is **Pilchard**. All of those fish are quite small and are related to the herring. The Latin name of the family of these fish is Clupeidae. However, the naming is not precise. Fishbase, a database about all kinds of fish, has six species just named _pilchard_. There are over a dozen with the name of _sardine_.  Many more exist, with the basic names qualified by adjectives.

The fish are named after the Island of Sardinia. In the past, they could easily be fished there.

Many shops and supermarkets sell canned (or tinned) _sardines_. The can is filled in liquids like water or oil. Very often, those fish are not sardines, but rather sprats or round herrings.
Bone

**Bones** are parts of the skeleton of vertebrates. They also protect organs inside our body.

The bones are the framework of the body. Without them we would be a pile of organs and skin on the ground and would not be able to move.

Bones also protect us. The skull protects the brain and the ribs protect the heart and lungs.  The jaw and skull support the facial muscles, which help us eat and move our mouth.  The pelvis protects the reproductive organs, and vertebrae protect the spinal cord.

Bone is living tissue, and must be maintained by taking regular exercise and by having calcium from foods like milk, and dark leafy greens such as spinach.  The bone marrow in the middle of the bigger bones makes our red blood cells.

### Bone marrow

Long bones are hollow, with a central core which is not strong like the rest of the bone. It contains the bone marrow, one of the most important tissues in the vertebrate body. It produces blood cells for the blood system, and lymphocytes for the immune system.

### Osteons

Osteons are the small units of which the hardest parts of human bones are made. They are roughly cylindrical, and about 0.2mm wide and a few millimeters long. They are found in the bone in most mammals, and many reptiles, birds and amphibians. Inside the osteons are bone cells called osteocytes, each living in its own small space. Osteocytes make contact with each other by cytoplasmic processes through a network of tiny canals. This allows the exchange of nutrients and metabolic waste.  Collagen fibers in each ring of cells ('lamellae') give them structure.

Osteons have a hole down the middle, called the haversian canal. This canal contains the bone's blood supply. It also contains capillaries, and nerve fibres.

The details of osteon structure varies between bones and parts of bones, from species to species,  between sexes, and by age and environmental factors.

## Infobox (anatomy)

- **name**: Bone
- **image**: Foot bones.jpg
- **caption**: The _bones_ of a human foot
Anteater

An **anteater** is a mammal of the family ***Myrmecophagidae*** and the suborder ***Vermilingua***. Anteaters live in South America and Central America.

Anteaters eat ants and termites. They have long, sharp claws and a long, sticky tongue. The tongue can be up to 60 cm long, as long as a person's arm. The anteater opens an ant nest with its claws. Then it licks up the ants with its tongue.

Large anteaters that move on the ground knuckle-walk, bending their front toes under when they move the way gorillas do.  Small anteaters that live in trees do not do this.
Sorghum

***Sorghum*** is a genus in the grass family _Poaceae_. The plants are grown in warmer climates. Species grow naturally in tropical and subtropical regions of all continents in addition to Oceania and Australasia. Because many species of Sorghum are resistant to drought and high temperatures, it is a very important food source in the desert areas of Africa.
The Blues Image

**The Blues Image** was a late 1960s rock band formed in Tampa, Florida in 1966, and their only hit was the song "Ride, Captain, Ride". Members are singer and guitarist Michael Pinera, drummer Manuel Bertematti, and drummer Joe Lala. They were later joined by bassist Malcolm Jones and keyboardist Frank "Skip" Konte.

### Albums

- Blues Image (1969)
- Open (1970)
- Red White & Blues Image (1970)

### Compilations

- Rhino Hi-Five : Blues Image (2005)

### Singles

- "Lay Your Sweet Love on Me" (1969
- "Ride Captain Ride" (1970)
- "Gas Lamps and Clay" (1970)
- "Rise Up" (1971)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Blues Image
- **image**: Blues Image (1970).jpg
- **caption**: Blues Image in 1970
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Tampa, Florida
- **genre**: Rock music, Rock
- **years active**: 1966-early 1970s
- **label**: Atco Records
- **past members**: Mike Pinera
Manuel Bertematti
Joe Lala
Emilio Garcia
Malcolm Jones
Skip Konte, Frank Konte
Denny Correll
Kent Henry
Drummer

A **drummer** is a person who plays the drums as a job or as a hobby. This can be someone who plays drums in the military, in a band or as a session musician. A session musician is someone who plays an instrument in a band when no one else is available. A drummer keeps the beat so their role is a hard and important job. Without a drummer, the band would find it hard to keep in time.
Singer

A **Singer** is a person who sings; anyone who is singing is a singer. Some people do it as a job (professional singer), others may sing without being paid (amateur singer). Singers may sing anything: songs, opera, etc. They may be accompanied by an instrument or an orchestra. Some singers also play a musical instrument such as piano, guitar or harp while they sing (they accompany themselves). Singing is important in movies and in the theatre.

The **lead vocalist** (or **lead singer**) is the member of a band who sings the main solo vocal portions of a song. The lead vocalist may also play one or more instruments, and is usually the "leader" of their group, often the spokesperson in interviews and before the public. The lead vocalist is sometimes referred to as the **frontman**. For example, Jerry Garcia was the lead singer and frontman for the Grateful Dead.

## Qualities

A good singer will have to think of a lot of different things in a performance. Some attributes of singing skill are good vocal technique, a large vocal range, as well as _feeling the song_ through emotional language and breathing, and also acting to provide a song with meaning. A good singer may be able to learn a song quickly, but it may take some time before they really feel it has become "part of them." A lead singer has to be a strong singer since background vocalists sing accompaniment.

Mongolian throat singing has become popular because due to its geographic location and culture. The open landscape of Tuva allows for the sounds to carry a great distance.

Singers can sing as a solo, or in a group or a choir. Choirs can include gospel music, church music and even pop songs where there are usually two male groups of singers (bass and tenor) and two female groups of singers (soprano and alto). Sopranos have a higher range and altos have a lower range. Combining these two can create various harmonies which add textures to songs and make them more interesting to listen to.

People may feel like singing for various reasons. They may want to share their feelings with other people. They may be feeling happy about something, or sad, or excited, frustrated or angry. Singing is an art in which mood is expressed through the voice.

## Notable singers

- Taylor Swift
- Katy Perry
- Meghan Trainor
- Adele
- Beyoncé
- Rihanna
- Billie Eilish
- Justin Bieber
- Freddie Mercury
- Michael Jackson
- Kanye West
- Ariana Grande

## Related pages

- Singing

## Other websites

- What It Takes to Become a Professional Singer
Keyboardist

A **keyboardist** is a musician who plays one or more of the musical instruments called keyboard instruments, such as the piano, organ, or electronic synthesizer. They may also use MIDI. A person who plays piano is also called a pianist. A person who plays organ is called an organist. Many types of music use keyboardists, such as rock, pop, funk, and classical music.
Superhero

A **superhero** is a fictional character who protects innocent people and fights for good.

Modern superheroes usually have superhuman powers, for example have better senses, are stronger and faster than normal humans. Usually a superhero is courageous and noble. They usually have a colorful name and costume.

DC Comics and Marvel Comics greatest famous superheroes characters including Superman, Batman, Wonder Woman, The Flash, Captain Marvel, Supergirl, Batgirl, Batwoman, Green Arrow, Teen Titans, Spider-Man, The Incredible Hulk, The X-Men, Iron Man, Captain America, The Mighty Thor, The Fantastic Four, Spider-Girl, She-Hulk, Silver Surfer and Daredevil.

Some superheroes do not actually have super powers but are merely strong individuals who want to do good in the world. For example, Batman does not have any superpowers, but has been through years of training to be physically and mentally stronger than his enemies.

Most superheroes keep their identities a secret by wearing masks or helmets. This protects the superheroes' friends and family from being hurt by villains. Also, because superheroes do not fight within the regulations of the law like police officer<nowiki/>s do, they would have to be arrested for vigilantism if they revealed their identities.

Also, many superheroes have tragic backstories that play into why they're superheroes in the first place. Batman, for example, saw both of his parents murdered in front of him and dedicated himself to fighting crime to prevent things like that happening to other people. Another example of this is Spider-Man who let a thief go that he could've easily stopped; that same thief later broke into his home and killed Spider-Man's uncle. After this, Spider-Man realized that he had to be responsible with his power and use it to help others.
Paul Karrer

**Paul Karrer** (21 April 1889  18 June 1971) was a Swiss biochemist best known for his work on vitamins.  He and Norman Haworth won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1937.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Paul Karrer
- **image**: Paul Karrer.jpg
- **image size**: 250px
- **birth place**: Moscow, Russian Empire
- **death place**: Zurich, Switzerland
- **occupation**: biochemist
- **known for**: Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1937
Smush Parker

**William "Smush" Parker** (born 1 June 1981 in New York, New York) is a professional player in the American National Basketball Association.

Parker was not selected in the NBA player draft after a college career at Fordham University, and has played for the Cleveland Cavaliers, Detroit Pistons and Phoenix Suns, signing a contract with the Los Angeles Lakers during the 2005 offseason.

He last played in the NBA for the Los Angeles Clippers in 2010.

## References

- ESPN bio

## Infobox (basketball biography)

- **name**: Smush Parker
- **image**: Smush Parker 2007 (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Parker with the Los Angeles Lakers in 2007
- **position**: Point guard / Shooting guard
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 5
- **weight lb**: 195
- **birth place**: Brooklyn, New York
- **nationality**: American
- **high school**: Newtown High School (Queens), Newtown (Queens, Queens, New York)
- **college**: *College of Southern Idaho#Athletics, College of Southern Idaho (1999–2000)
*Fordham Rams men's basketball, Fordham (2001–2002)
- **draft year**: 2002
- **career start**: 2002
- **career end**: 2018
- **team1**: Cleveland Cavaliers
- **years2**: 2003–2004
- **team2**: Aris B.C., Aris
- **years3**: 2004
- **team3**: Idaho Stampede
- **team4**: Detroit Pistons
- **years5**: 2004–05 NBDL season, 2005
- **team5**: Florida Flame
- **team6**: Phoenix Suns
- **years7**: 2004–05 NBDL season, 2005
- **team7**: Florida Flame
- **years8**: –
- **team8**: Los Angeles Lakers
- **team9**: Miami Heat
- **team10**: Los Angeles Clippers
- **years11**: 2008–09 NBA Development League season, 2008
- **team11**: Rio Grande Valley Vipers
- **years12**: 2009–2010
- **team12**: Guangdong Southern Tigers
- **years13**: 2010–2011
- **team13**: BC Spartak Saint Petersburg, Spartak Saint Petersburg
- **years14**: 2011
- **team14**: Iraklis B.C., Iraklis
- **years15**: 2012
- **team15**: Petrochimi Bandar Imam
- **years16**: 2012
- **team16**: Guaros de Lara (basketball), Guaros de Lara
- **years17**: 2012
- **team17**: Indios de San Francisco de Macorís, Indios SFM
- **years18**: 2012–2013
- **team18**: KK Cibona, Cibona
- **years19**: 2013
- **team19**: Peristeri B.C., Peristeri
- **years20**: 2014
- **team20**: Guaros de Lara (basketball), Guaros de Lara
- **years21**: 2015
- **team21**: Mon-Altius Madimos Falcons
- **years22**: 2015
- **team22**: Étoile Sportive de Radès (basketball), Étoile Sportive de Radès
- **years23**: 2016
- **team23**: Maghreb de Fes
- **years24**: 2017–2018
- **team24**: Albany Patroons
- **highlights**: * Greek Basketball Cup, Greek Cup winner (2004)
1462

## Events

- March 27 – Vasili II of Russia dies. He is succeeded by his son Ivan III of Russia.
- July 1 – Battle of Seckenheim

- June 27 – Louis XII of France
1681

## Events

- March 14 – Charles II of England grants a land charter to William Penn for the area that will later become Pennsylvania.
- October 28 –  A London woman is publicly flogged for the crime of "involving herself in politics."
- August 31 – Titus Oates is told to leave his state apartments in the Whitehall – his fame begins to wane and he is soon arrested and imprisoned for sedition.
- August 12 – The Ahom King Gadadhar Singha or Gadapani, who took the Tai name Supaatphaa, ascends the throne.
- December – Wu Shifan, the grandson of the Chinese general Wu Sangui, commits suicide in Yunnan province, ending the eight year conflict of the Revolt of the Three Feudatories against Qing Dynasty authority in China, then led by the Kangxi Emperor.

### Undated

- France annexes the city of Strasbourg.
- The last dodo bird is killed.
- Collections are made in England for needy French refugees.

## Births

- March 14 – Georg Philipp Telemann, German composer (died 1767)
- June 26 – Hedwig Sophia, duchess of Holstein-Gottorp, Swedish writer (died 1708)
- September 11 – Johann Gottlieb Heineccius, German jurist (died 1741)
- September 28 – Johann Mattheson, German composer (died 1764)
- November 17 – Pierre François le Courayer, French theologian (died 1776)
- November 28 – Jean Cavalier, French Protestant rebel leader (died 1740)

## Deaths

- January 28 – Richard Allestree, English royalist churchman (born 1619)
- March 12 – Frans van Mieris, Sr., Dutch painter (born 1635)
- May 25 – Pedro Calderón de la Barca, Spanish dramatist and poet (born 1600)
- July 1 – Oliver Plunkett, Irish saint (born 1629)
- July 25 – Urian Oakes, English-born President of Harvard University (born 1631)
- August 22 – Philippe Delano, Dutch Plymouth Colony settler (born 1602)
- December 22 – Richard Alleine, English Puritan clergyman (born 1611)
- _date unknown_ – Gerard ter Borch, Dutch painter (born 1617)
Anonymity

**Anonymity** means "namelessness" and comes from Greek words meaning "without name". It is when a person's identity or name is unknown. If a person is called **anonymous**, nobody knows who he or she is, or the anonymous person does not want to be found out.

The concept of anonymity has some important uses. It is vital for a democracy that votes cast in an election are anonymous. In that way, no-one can find out how a person voted in an election.
Spectroscopy

**Spectroscopy** is the study of light as a function of length of the wave that has been emitted, reflected or shone through a solid, liquid, or gas.

To be analysed the chemical is heated, because each chemical glows differently. The various wavelengths of the glow make a color spectrum which differs in some detail from other chemicals. Spectroscopy separates and measures the brightness of the different wavelengths. It can identify the chemicals in a mixture, and determine some other things, such as how hot the thing is.

Spectroscopy allows scientists to investigate and explore things that are too small to be seen through a microscope, such as molecules, and the even smaller subatomic particles like protons, neutrons and  electrons. There are special instruments to measure and analyze these light waves.

## Methods

Infrared spectroscopy measures light in the infrared electromagnetic spectrum. The highlight of IR spectroscopy is that it is very useful in identifying functional groups of organic molecules.  The absorption of infrared light by organic molecules causes molecular vibrations.  The vibrational frequencies are unique to the individual functional groups. IR spectra is given graphically by transmittance(%) vs. wavenumber (cm-1)

X-ray crystallography can look at the structure of a crystalline molecule. The electron cloud of each atom diffracts the X-rays thus revealing the positions of the atoms. Various inorganic and organic molecules can be crystallized and used in this method including DNA, proteins, salts and metals. The sample used for analysis is not destroyed.

Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy uses visible and ultraviolet light to look at how much of a chemical is in a liquid. The colour of the solution is the basis for how UV-Vis works. The color of the solution we are working with is colored because of its chemical composition. So the solution absorbs some light colors and reflects other colors, the light it reflects is the color of the solution.  UV-Vis spectroscopy works by passing light through a sample of your solution then determining how much light gets absorbed by the solution.

Nuclear magnetic resonance can look at nuclei. It uses the magnetic properties of certain nuclei, the most common being <sup>13</sup>C and <sup>1</sup>H.  The NMR instrument generates a large magnetic field that makes the nuclei act like tiny bar magnets.  The nuclei either align with the instruments magnetic field or against it.  At this point we have two possible orientations the nuclei could be in α or β. Next the nuclei are exposed to radio waves that make α go to the β orientation. When this change occurs energy is given off and detected.  The data is interpreted graphically (Intensity vs. chemical shifts in ppm) by a computer system.  NMR does not destroy the sample you use for analysis.  Below is a 900 MHz NMR system.

## Related pages

- Absorption spectroscopy
- Astronomical spectroscopy
- Time-domain spectroscopy
- Auger electron spectroscopy
- Cauchy distribution
- Optics
Chester A. Arthur

**Chester Alan Arthur** (October 5, 1829 – November 18, 1886) was the 21st president of the United States from 1881 to 1885. Before becoming president, he was most noted as the Collector of Customs for the Port of New York, a job he got from his political friendships. Arthur was the first president of the United States to take oath of office at his own house.

Arthur was a lawyer in New York City. Two of his cases were famous. One confirmed that any slave brought to New York State was automatically set free. The other ended the racial segregation of streetcars in the city.

After President James A. Garfield was assassinated by Charles J. Guiteau, Vice-President Arthur replaced him. Guiteau expected the new president to pardon him. That did not happen, and Guiteau was executed.

During Arthur's term, a major problem was that politicians were appointing their friends such as himself to high political offices, instead of the best-qualified people.  The problem was solved after he promoted the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act.  It required people to pass tests before they could be appointed to many civil service jobs.

## Other websites

- Arthur's White House biography

## Infobox (_officeholder)

- **name**: Chester A. Arthur
- **nationality**: American
- **image**: Chester A. Arthur by Abraham Bogardus (cropped) (2).jpg
- **caption**: Portrait
- **order**: 21st President of the United States
- **term start**: September 19, 1881
- **term end**: March 4, 1885
- **predecessor**: James A. Garfield
- **successor**: Grover Cleveland
- **birth place**: Fairfield, Vermont, Fairfield, Vermont
- **death place**: New York City, New York
- **spouse**: Nell Arthur, Ellen Lewis Herndon Arthur
- **party**: United States Republican Party, Republican
- **vicepresident**: _None_
- **order2**: 20th Vice President of the United States
- **term start2**: March 4, 1881
- **term end2**: September 19, 1881
- **predecessor2**: William A. Wheeler
- **successor2**: Thomas A. Hendricks
- **president2**: James A. Garfield
- **caption**: Portrait by Daniel Huntington
Wizardry

***Wizardry*** is a series of computer role-playing games that were popular in the 1980s. First, made for the Apple II, they were later moved to other platforms. The latest game in the series, _Wizardry 8_, is only for Windows.

_Wizardry_ began as a simple dungeon crawl by Andrew C. Greenberg and Robert Woodhead. It was written when they were students at Cornell University and then published by Sir-Tech.

David W. Bradley took over the series after the fourth game.

## Series

Ultimately the single game became a series:

### Main series

1. _Wizardry: Proving Grounds of the Mad Overlord_ (1981)
1. _Wizardry: Knight of Diamonds - The Second Scenario_ (1982)
1. _Wizardry: Legacy of Llylgamyn - The Third Scenario_ (1983)
1. _Wizardry: The Return of Werdna - The Fourth Scenario_ (1986)
1. _Wizadry V: Heart of the Maelstrom_ (1988)
1. _Bane of the Cosmic Forge_ (1990)
1. _Crusaders of the Dark Savant_ (1992) (Remade as _Wizardry Gold_ in 1996)
1. _Wizardry 8_ (2001)

### Spin-offs

1. _Nemesis: The Wizardry Adventure_ (1998)
1. _Wizadry Chronicle_ (2001)
1. _Wizardry: Tale of the Forsaken Land_ (2001)
1. _Wizardry: Labyrinth of Lost Souls_ (2011)
1. _Wizardry Online_ (2013)

The first and last three games were trilogies (Three parts of one story).

## Legacy

_Wizardry_ inspired many games which were almost exactly like it. Some notable series that are very much like _Wizardry_ include _The Bard's Tale_ and _Might and Magic_.

## Other websites

- Official _Wizardry 8_ website
- Prepare Yourself for the Ultimate in Fantasy Games
- Moby Games entry on _Wizardry_
- Page with a lot of mods and inofficial patches
United States Army

The **United States Army** is a branch (or section) of the United States Armed Forces that deals mainly with land-based missions. Oher parts of the military deal with air and sea missions. the Army's current Commander-in-Chief is the U.S. President Donald Trump.

The U.S. Secretary of the Army, a civilian, leads the army with the help of the Army Chief of Staff, a general. Members of an army are called soldiers.  When people join the army, they must serve for a certain amount of time, called a "tour of duty." A new soldier, or recruit, first goes through basic raining at a training camp to become. There, soldiers are trained in weapons and equipment that they will operate to carry out missions.

## Mission

The U.S. Army serves as the land-based branch of the U.S. military.

## Combat arms

Traditionally, the U.S. Army has three different kinds of combat arms regiments:

## Related pages

- United States National Guard
- United States Army Reserve
- United States Army Center of Military History
- United States Army trucks
Marlow, Buckinghamshire

**Marlow** is a town on the banks of the River Thames, on the southern tip of Buckinghamshire, England.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (uk place)

- **country**: England
- **static image name**: Marlow, Buckinghamshire.jpg
- **static image caption**: Overlooking the River Thames and Marlow
- **official name**: Marlow
- **civil parish**: Marlow
- **population**: 14,004
- **shire county**: Buckinghamshire
- **region**: South East England
- **constituency westminster**: Wycombe (UK Parliament constituency), Wycombe
- **post town**: MARLOW
- **postcode district**: SL7
- **postcode area**: SL
- **dial code**: 01628
- **os grid reference**: SU855865
- **shire district**: Wycombe (district), Wycombe
Celtic Park

**Celtic Park** is a football stadium in Parkhead, Glasgow, Scotland. It is the home ground of Celtic Football Club.
Romanian language

The **Romanian language** is a Romance language, meaning it comes from Latin like French, Spanish and Italian. It has 67% Latin-based words and around 20-25% Slavic-based words. The rest are newer and come from Dacian, Turkish, Greek, or English. There are about 28 million speakers: 24 million who speak it as their mother tongue and 4 million who have learned it as their second language.

Romanian is also the most spoken language in Moldova, which is northeast of Romania.  The Moldovan language is a kind of Romanian with certain differences, such as the dialect and a Moldavian accent.

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Romanian
- **altname**: Daco-Romanian
- **states**: Romania, Moldova, _Transnistria_ <small>(Disputed region)</small>
Minority in:

Israel, Serbia, Ukraine, Hungary, diaspora in Italy, Spain, Scotland, Portugal and other parts of Western Europe
- **speakers**: 24 million
- **date**: 2007
- **speakers2**: Second language: 4 million
- **familycolor**: Indo-European
- **fam2**: Latin languages, Latin
- **fam3**: Romance languages, Romance
- **fam4**: Eastern Romance
- **ancestor**: Proto-Roman
- **script**: Latin script, Latin (Romanian alphabet)
Romanian Braille
Cyrillic script, Cyrillic
Romanian Cyrillic alphabet
- **nation**:

Vojvodina

- **minority**:

- **agency**: Romanian Academy, Academia Română
Academy of Sciences of Moldova
- **iso1**: ro
- **iso2b**: rum
- **iso2t**: ron
- **iso3**: ron
- **lingua**: 51-AAD-c (varieties:
51-AAD-ca to -ck)
- **map**: Map Roumanophone World.png
- **mapcaption**: Blue: region where Romanian is the dominant language. Green: areas with a notable minority of Romanian speakers.
Ealing

**Ealing** is a town in the London Borough of Ealing, most famous for the Ealing Studios, a movie studio. In 2011, the population was estimated at 339,300 and contains seven distinct town centres – Ealing, Hanwell, Acton, Southall, Greenford, Perivale and Northolt.

The borough of Ealing has a total of 91 state-run schools and nurseries as well as four Non-League football clubs.
Roma

**Roma** might mean:

- Rome, a city in Italy, called _Roma_ in Italian and Latin
    - A.S. Roma, an Italian soccer team
- Roma, Gotland, in Sweden
- Roma people, a nomadic ethnic group found mainly in Eurasia
- _Fellini's Roma_, a movie by Federico Fellini

- Roma (surname)
Ear

The **ear** is the part of the body which allows animals (including people) to hear. People and most mammals have ears. Non-mammals, such as lizards or frogs, can also hear, but may have holes instead of external ears. The ear works by directing sound waves to the inner ear. These vibrations are sent to the brain by an organized group of nerves. This system is called the auditory system — _auditory_ meaning relating to hearing and how we hear. The ear is self-cleaning. It uses muscles (such as when the person is chewing or talking) and part of the head or face to push earwax like a "conveyor belt" out of the ear, to the outer ear.

The inner ear is in most vertebrates, but mammals have special adaptations for hearing which even other land vertebrates do not have. These include the external ear and the three little bones which transmit sounds to the brain (the ossicles). The part of the ear that sticks out and can be seen is called the _pinna._

Ears are also used in other ways. African elephants use their large ears to cool themselves when it is very hot. Bats rely on their ears to find prey by echolocation. Some animals use their ears for signalling (sending messages) to each other.

## Other hearing

In ordinary language, "ear" refers to this receptor which conducts sound and sends signals to the brain. It does not refer to the many other methods of hearing found in fish and invertebrates. Many animals do not hear through ears. Spiders have small hairs on their legs that they can hear with.

## Related pages

- Inner ear
- Earwax