juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Municipalities of Republika Srpska

In 1994, the "Law on Territorial Organization and Local Self-Government" was created. It made the Republika Srpska into 80 parts, called municipalities. However, because of the Dayton Peace Agreement in 1996, there are now 63 parts.

## Municipalities (different parts of the land) that still exist

1. Banja Luka (City status)
1. Istočno Sarajevo (City status, was also known as Srpsko Sarajevo)
1. Berkovići
1. Bijeljina
1. Bileća
1. Bosanska Kostajnica (was known as Srpska Kostajnica)
1. Bosanski Brod (was known as Srpski Brod and simply Brod)
1. Bratunac
1. Čajniče
1. Čelinac
1. Derventa
1. Doboj
1. Donji Žabar (was known as Srpsko Orašje)
1. Foča (was known as Srbinje)
1. Gacko
1. Gradiška
1. Han Pijesak
1. Istočna Ilidža (was known as Srpska Ilidža)
1. Istočni Drvar (was known as Srpski Drvar)
1. Istočni Mostar (was known as Srpski Mostar)
1. Istočni Stari Grad (was known as Srpski Stari Grad)
1. Istočno Novo Sarajevo (was known as Srpsko Novo Sarajevo)
1. Jezero
1. Kalinovik
1. Kneževo
1. Kotor Varoš
1. Kozarska Dubica
1. Krupa na Uni
1. Kupres
1. Laktaši
1. Lopare
1. Ljubinje
1. Milići
1. Modriča
1. Mrkonjić Grad
1. Nevesinje
1. Novi Grad
1. Novo Goražde (was known as Srpsko Goražde)
1. Osmaci
1. Oštra Luka (was known as Srpski Sanski Most)
1. Pale
1. Pelagićevo
1. Petrovac
1. Petrovo
1. Prijedor
1. Prnjavor
1. Ribnik (was known as Srpski Ključ)
1. Rogatica
1. Rudo
1. Sokolac
1. Srbac
1. Srebrenica
1. Šamac
1. Šekovići
1. Šipovo
1. Teslić
1. Trebinje
1. Trnovo
1. Ugljevik
1. Višegrad
1. Vlasenica
1. Vukosavlje
1. Zvornik

## Renamed municipalities

|Old names|Constitutional Court's suggestion|Parliament's suggestion|
| --- | --- | --- |
|Srpski Drvar|Istočni Drvar|Istočni Drvar|
|Srpski Sanski Most|Oštra Luka|Oštra Luka|
|Srpski Mostar|Istočni Mostar|Istočni Mostar|
|Srpsko Goražde|Ustiprača|Novo Goražde|
|Srbinje|Foča|Foča|
|Srpski Ključ|Ribnik|Ribnik|
|Srpska Kostajnica|Bosanska Kostajnica|Kostajnica|
|Srpski Brod|Bosanski Brod|Brod|
|Srpska Ilidža|Kasindo|Istočna Ilidža|
|Srpsko Novo Sarajevo|Lukavica|Istočno Novo Sarajevo|
|Srpski Stari Grad|Istočni Stari Grad|Istočni Stari Grad|
|Srpsko Orašje|Donji Žabar|Donji Žabar|

## Old municipalities

- Bihać
- Centar Sarajevo
- Glamoč _(part included in Šipovo)_
- Gradačac _(parts included in Modriča and Pelagićevo)_
- Grahovo _(formerly Bosansko Grahovo)_
- Hadžići
- Ilijaš _(part included in Sokolac)_
- Konjic _(parts included in Nevesinje)_
- Lukavac _(parts included in Petrovo)_
- Maglaj _(parts included in Doboj)_
- Olovo _(parts included in Sokolac)_
- Rajlovac
- Srbobran _(parts included in Šipovo) (formerly Donji Vakuf)_
- Srebrenik
- Tuzla _(parts included in Lopare)_
- Vogošća
- Zavidovići
Sculpture

**Sculpture** is a type of art. It must be three-dimensional (meaning it must have height, width, and depth like a cube). There are many kinds of sculptures from different parts of the world, like China and India, or from different time periods, like the Renaissance and modern times. The pictures below are of sculptures:

## Related pages

- Hologram
- Pottery
- Glass blowing
- Costume
- Mask
- Doll
- Relief
- Statue
Lava

**Lava** is magma, hot molten rock that flows through holes in the Earth's crust and onto the surface. Like magma, lava can be either viscous (~thick) or fluid (~thin). Blocky lava is so thick and slow that it barely moves along the ground. Other types of lava, like _pahoehoe_, _aa_, and _pillow lava_, are thinner and flow faster. Lava sometimes sets things on fire. Sometimes it even destroys towns.

### Blocky lava

_Blocky lava_ is cool, stiff lava that cannot travel far from where it was erupted. Blocky lava usually oozes out from a volcano only after an explosion has let out lots of the gas pressure from the place where there is magma. Blocky lava makes jumbled piles of sharp chunks.

### Pahoehoe

Pronounced _pah HOY HOY_, _pahoehoe_ gets its name from the Hawaiian word for "ropy" because its surface looks like coils of rope. Pahoehoe lava flows slowly, like wax dripping down from a candle, making a glassy surface with round wrinkles.

### Aa

_Aa_ is a Hawaiian word that is pronounced _AH-AH_. This lava that has a sharp, jagged surface. This stiff lava pours out quickly and makes a crust that breaks easily. The crust is torn into sharp pieces as the hot lava underneath still moves.

### Pillow lava

Pillow lava is made when lava erupts underwater. It makes round lumps that are the size and shape of pillows. Pillow lava has a round shape because the lava cools very quickly when it touches water.

They occur wherever mafic or intermediate lavas push out under water. This happens along marine hotspot volcano chains and the constructive plate boundaries of mid-ocean ridges. Pillow lavas occur in the oldest preserved volcanic sequences on earth, the Isua and Barberton greenstone belts. This shows that large bodies of water were on the Earth's surface early in the Archaean. Pillow lavas are used generally to show volcanism occurred underwater in metamorphic belts. Pillow lavas are also found where volcanoes were under ice early before an eruption.

## Lava tube

A lava tube is a natural channel formed in flowing lava. The lava continues flowing under the tube's upper surface. Later, when the lava is cooled and solid, the tube remains as a feature in the landscape.

## Other websites

- Volcanic landforms of Hawaii
- USGS definition of Pāhoehoe
Greenwich Village

**Greenwich Village** is an area on the western part of southern/downtown Manhattan. It is sometimes called _The Village_. The Village is mainly residential.

Greenwich Village is bordered by Broadway to the east, Hudson River to the west, Houston Street to the south and 14th Street to the north.

Originally, Greenwich Village was a hamlet separate to New York City.  The grid plan for its streets is less orderly than in parts of Manhattan that were built later.

## History

The village is located on what used to be marshland. In the 16th century, Native Americans called it _Sapokanikan_ which means _tobacco field_. In the 1630s, it was turned into pasture by the Dutch, who called it _Noortwyck_. In 1664, when the English captured the Dutch settlement of New Amsterdam, and Greenwich Village developed as a hamlet.

In 1712, it officially became a village, and was named Grin'wich in the 1713 Common Council records. Following a yellow fever epidemic in 1822, many New York residents moved to the healthier air of Greenwich; where many stayed. In the 19th century, it was known as Washington Square.

## Other websites

- New York Architecture Images- Greenwich Village
- Greenwich Village Society for Historic Preservation
- Village Voice
- Greenwich Village, by Anna Alice Chapin, 1919, from Project Gutenberg
Yoshiki

is a Japanese musician. He is a co-founder of the Japanese band rock X Japan.  He also founded an independent record label Extasy Records. X Japan ended in 1997.  They got back together in 2007 and are currently touring worldwide.

Yoshiki's solo career includes two classical studio albums: _Eternal Melody_ (1993), and _Eternal Melody II_ (2005).

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Yoshiki
- **img**: Yoshiki 2014 japanexpo.jpg
- **caption**: Yoshiki at Japan Expo in 2010.
- **background**: non_vocal_instrumentalist
- **birth name**: Yoshiki Hayashi
- **alias**: Hitomi Shiratori, Rei Shiratori, Miyukihime Igarashi, Tomoya Tachibana
- **birth place**: Tateyama, Chiba, Tateyama, Chiba Prefecture, Chiba, Japan
- **genre**: Rock music, Rock, Heavy metal music, heavy metal, 20th century classical music, classical, Pop music, pop
- **occupation**: Musician, songwriter, composer, record producer, businessman, entrepreneur, fashion designer, radio personality
- **instrument**: Drum kit, Drums, piano, Percussion instrument, percussions, guitar
- **years active**: 1977–present
- **label**: Extasy Records, Extasy, Columbia Music Entertainment, Columbia, Avex Group
- **associated acts**: X Japan, Violet UK, S.K.I.N. (musical project), S.K.I.N., Globe (band), Globe, V2
Aragonese language

The **Aragonese language** is a Romance language spoken in the north of Aragon by 10,000 people.

It is similar to nearby languages: Spanish, Catalan and Occitan. Also, many Aragonese words are similar to Basque words.

## History

Aragonese, which developed in parts of the Ebro basin, can be traced back to the High Middle Ages. It spread throughout the Pyrenees to areas where languages almost the same as modern Basque might have been spoken before. The Kingdom of Aragon (formed by the counties of Aragon, Sobrarbe and Ribagorza) expanded to the south from the mountains. It pushed the Moors farther south in the Reconquista and spreading the Aragonese language.

The union of the Catalan counties and the Kingdom of Aragon which formed the 12th-century Crown of Aragon did not merge the languages of the two areas; Catalan continued to be spoken in the east and Navarro-Aragonese in the west. The Aragonese Reconquista in the south ended when James I of Aragon gave Murcia to the Kingdom of Castile as dowry for an Aragonese princess.

The best-known writer in Aragonese was Johan Ferrandez d'Heredia, the Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller in Rhodes at the end of the 14th century. He wrote a lot of works in Aragonese and translated several works from Greek into Aragonese (the first in medieval Europe).

The spread of Spanish, the Castilian origin of the Trastámara dynasty, and the similarity between Spanish and Aragonese helped the decline of the latter. A turning point was the 15th-century coronation of the Castilian Ferdinand I of Aragon, also known as Ferdinand of Antequera.

In the early 18th century, after the defeat of the allies of Aragon in the War of the Spanish Succession, Philip V ordered the prohibition of the Aragonese language in the schools and the institution of Spanish as the only official language in Aragon. This was ordered in the Aragonese Nueva Planta decrees of 1707.

In recent times, Aragonese was mostly seen as a group of rural dialects of Spanish. After the 1978 Spanish transition to democracy new books and studies of the language have been published.

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Aragonese
- **ethnicity**: Aragonese people
- **states**: Spain
- **region**: Aragon; northern and central province of Huesca, Huesca and northern Zaragoza (province), Zaragoza
- **speakers**: 25,500 (2011) including speakers living outside the native area
- **date**: 2011
- **familycolor**: Indo-European
- **fam2**: Italic languages, Italic
- **fam3**: Romance languages, Romance
- **fam4**: Ibero-Romance languages, Ibero-Romance
- **ancestor**: Navarro-Aragonese
- **script**: Latin script, Latin (Aragonese alphabet)
- **agency**: Academia Aragonesa d'a Luenga
- **iso1**: an
- **iso2**: arg
- **iso3**: arg
- **glotto**: arag1245
- **glottorefname**: Aragonese
- **lingua**: 51-AAA-d
- **map**: Bariedaz lingüisticas d'Aragón.png
- **mapsize**: 250
- **mapcaption**: Map of Aragon with the Aragonese dialects, dialects of northern Aragon in gray, blue, and light orange
- **notice**: IPA
1161

## Events

- Bartholomew Iscanus becomes Bishop of Exeter.
1168

## Events

- December 22 – Afraid that Old Cairo would be captured by the Crusaders, its Caliph orders the city set afire. The city burns for 54 days.
- Prince Richard of England becomes duke of Aquitaine. He later becomes King Richard I of England.
- Emperor Takakura ascends to the throne of Japan.
- King Valdemar I of Denmark conquers Arkona on the Island of Rügen, the strongest pagan fortress and temple in Northern Europe.
1178

## Events

- June 18 – Five Canterbury monks see what was possibly the Giordano Bruno crater being formed
- The Sung Document written detailing the discovery of "Mu-Lan-Pi" (suggested by some to be California) by Muslim sailors
- The Chronicle of Gervase of Canterbury written
- The Leaning Tower of Pisa begins to lean as the third level is completed
251

**251** (**CCLI**) was .

## Births

- Anthony the Great

## Deaths

- Saint Agatha of Sicily
1280

## Events

- Construction on the northern section of the Grand Canal of China begins.
- The final stage of the Lincoln Cathedral is completed.
- King Edward I of England forms the Court of King's Bench. The Bench hears petitions for justice instead of the king hearing them himself.
- The Wolf minimum of solar activity begins (approximate date).
- The Asen dynasty of tsars of Bulgaria ends.
- Syria tries to leave from the Mamluk sultanate of Egypt. Qalawun defeats the rebels and keeps Syria in the Egyptian sultanate.
- The second of two main surveys of the Hundred Rolls is completed. It began in 1279.
- Turin is conquered by Thomas III of Savoy. It becomes the capital of the House of Savoy.
- Osman starts to rule.

## Births

- Birger of Sweden (d. 1321)
- Wu Zhen, Chinese painter (d. 1354)

## Deaths

- May 9 – Magnus VI of Norway
- August 22 – Pope Nicholas III (b. 1218)
- November 15 – Albertus Magnus, German theologian
675

## Deaths

- Saint Colman, bishop of Lindisfarne
- Wulfhere, king of Mercia
- Saint Amand
1195

## Events

- July 18 – Battle of Alarcos, great victory of Almohad ruler Abu Yusuf Ya'qub al-Mansur over the Castilian King Alfonso VIII.
- Priory of St Mary's, Bushmead, founded.
- Alexius III Angelus overthrows Isaac II and becomes emperor of Byzantium.

## Births

- August 15 – Anthony of Padua, Portuguese preacher and saint (died 1231)
- Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Provence (died 1245)
- Roger de Quincy, 2nd Earl of Winchester (died 1265)

## Deaths

- August 6 – Henry the Lion, Duke of Saxony and Bavaria (b. 1129)
- December 17 – Baldwin V, Count of Hainaut (born 1150)
- Gualdim Pais – Great Master of the Templars in Portugal (born 1118)
- Hugh de Puiset, bishop of Durham
1106

## Events

- September 28 – Henry I of England defeats his older brother Robert Curthose, duke of Normandy, at the Battle of Tinchebrai, and imprisons him in Devizes castle; Edgar Atheling and William Clito are also taken prisoner.
- Balaguer, Spain, is captured from the Moors by the count of Urgell.
- Boleslaus III of Poland begins a war against his brother Zbigniew for control of Poland.
525

## Events

- Bernicia settled by the Angles.
- Ethiopia conquers Yemen.
- The Daisan river, a tributary of the Euphrates, floods Edessa and within a couple of hours fills the entire city except for the highest parts. Eventually the pent-up waters break through the city walls. The Shroud of Turin was discovered during the rebuilding of the city.
- Byzantine emperor Justin I rebuilds Anazarbus and renames it the Justinopolis.
- Dionysius Exiguus produces his tables for computing the date of Easter.
1380

## Events

- September 8 - Battle of Kulikovo.

## Deaths

- January 5 – Philippa Plantagenet, Countess of Ulster (born 1355)
- April 29 – Catherine of Siena, Italian saint (born 1347)
- July 26 – Emperor Komyo of Japan (born 1322)
- September 16 – King Charles V of France (born 1338)
- Bertrand du Guesclin, Constable of France
- Dafydd ap Gwilym, Welsh poet
- Haakon VI of Norway (born 1340)
- Nissim of Gerona, rabbi (born 1320)
303

#### Roman Empire

- Great Persecution: Emperor Diocletian launches the last major persecution of Christians in the Empire. Hierocles is said to have started the fierce persecution of the Christians under Galerius. They are forbidden to worship in groups, and thousands of them are killed in the next 10 years.
- February 24 – Galerius publishes his edict that begins the persecution of Christians in his portion of the Empire.
- September 25 – On a voyage preaching the gospel, Saint Fermin of Pamplona is beheaded in Amiens, France.
- November 28 – Diocletian makes a visit to Rome. The Augusti and the Caesars are united for the first time to celebrate the 20th anniversary of Diocletian's accession.
- The Triumphal Arch of Maximian is erected in Salonica.

#### Asia

- Sassanid Shah Hormizd II succeeds Narseh.

#### America

- In Mexico the civilization of Teotihuacan flourishes.

#### Religion

- March 4 – Martyrdom of Saint Adrian of Nicomedia.

## Births

- Magnentius, Roman usurper (d. 353)
- Wang Xizhi, Chinese calligrapher (d. 361)

## Deaths

- April 23 – Saint George, soldier of the Roman Empire
- September 25 – Saint Fermin, Roman Catholic saint
- Acacius of Byzantium, centurion in the Roman army and martyr
- Adrian of Nicomedia, Christian saint
- Anthimus of Rome
- Cao Huan, last emperor of the Kingdom of Wei
- Cessianus, Roman Catholic saint and martyr
- Crescentinus, patron saint of Urbino
- Erasmus of Formiae
- Expeditus, Roman commander and martyr
- Felix and Adauctus, Christian martyrs
- Lu Ji, Chinese writer and literary critic
- Romanus of Caesarea, martyr
- Saint Cyriacus
- Saint Devota
- Saint Pantaleon
- Victor Maurus, Christian martyr
- Vitus, Christian saint from Sicily
687

## Events

- December 15 – Sergius succeeds Conon as Pope
- King Theuderic III of Neustria is defeated by Pepin of Herstal, Mayor of the Palace of Austrasia. Austrasia and Neustria are combined again; Pepin becomes _de facto_ ruler of both areas.
- Egica succeeds Erwig as king of the Visigoths.
- Construction of the Dome of the Rock is started.
- Adamnan visits the Northumbrian court of Ecgfrith to ransom Irish captives.
1221

## Deaths

- August 6 – Saint Dominic, Spanish founder of the Dominicans (born 1170)
- October 4 – William III Talvas, Count of Ponthieu (born 1179)
- October 21 – Alix of Thouars, Duchess of Brittany (born 1201)
- Roger Bigod, 2nd Earl of Norfolk
1304

## Events

- 20 July – Fall of Stirling Castle: Edward I of England takes the last rebel stronghold in the Wars of Scottish Independence.
- James II of Aragon reconquers Villena, Spain.
- Holland and Zeeland are occupied by duke John II of Brabant and Guy of Dampierre. Count John II recovers the counties.
1156

## Events

- Establishment of the Carmelite Order
- Hogen Rebellion in Japan
- January 20 – According to legend, freeholder Lalli slays English crusader Bishop Henry with an axe on the ice of the lake Köyliönjärvi in Finland.
- The Privilegium Minus elevates Austria to the status of a duchy ruled by the Babenburgs family. (see History of Austria).
- Mosan artists create the Stavelot Triptych, a masterpiece of goldsmithing, as a reliquary to house purported pieces of the True Cross.
1226

## Deaths

- March 7 – William de Longespee, 3rd Earl of Salisbury, English military leader
- October 3 – Francis of Assisi, Italian saint (born 1181)
- November 8 – King Louis VIII of France (born 1187)
- November 14 – Frederick of Isenberg, German politician (executed) (b. 1193)
- December 11 – Robert de Ros, English baron (born 1177)
- Pandulph, Roman ecclesiastical politician
1181

## Events

- Jayavarman VII defeats the Cham and assumes control of the Khmer kingdom.
- The word Albigensians first used by chronicler Geoffroy du Breuil of Vigeois to describe the inhabitants of Albi, France.
- September 1 — Pope Lucius III succeeds Pope Alexander III as the 171st pope.
- Chinese and Japanese astronomers observe what has since come to be understood as a supernova. One of only eight supernovae in the Milky Way observed in recorded history, it appeared in the constellation Cassiopeia and was visible in the night sky for about 185 days. The radio source 3C58 is thought to be the remnant from this event.
- Beginning of the Yowa era in Japan. The era is marked by famine.

## Births

- Saint Francis of Assisi, Italian founder of the Franciscan Order (died 1226)
- Saint Teresa of Portugal
- Jayavarman VII, king of the Khmer (died 1219)

## Deaths

- January 30 — Emperor Takakura of Japan (b. 1161)
- March 17 — Henry I of Champagne
- June 30 — Hugh de Kevelioc, 3rd Earl of Chester, English politician (b. 1147)
- August 30 — Pope Alexander III (b. c. 1100–1105)
- Taira no Kiyomori, Japanese warlord (b. 1118)
- As-Salih Ismail al-Malik, ruler of Syria (b. 1163)
1219

## Events

- Saint Francis of Assisi introduces Catholicism into Egypt, during the Fifth Crusade
- The Flag of Denmark fell from the sky during the Battle of Lyndanisse
1711

## Events

- John Shore invents the tuning fork.
- Alexander Pope publishes _An Essay on Criticism_.

## Births

- April 26 - David Hume, Scottish philosopher (d. 1776)
- September 11 - William Boyce, English composer
- October 15 - Elisabeth Therese of Lorraine, Queen of Sardinia
- December 11 - Bárbara of Portugal, Portuguese princess

## Deaths

- April 14 - Louis, _le Grand Dauphin_, son of Louis XIV of France (b. 1661)
1765

## Events

- The first true restaurant opens in Paris, where a tavern-keeper named **Boulanger** sells cooked dishes at an all-night place on the Rue Bailleul
- Nicholas Cugnot pioneers the automobile with a three-wheel gun tractor
- James Watt supersedes the 1705 Newcomen engine with a more effective steam engine
- In Lisbon, the _auto-da-fé_ parade (often an excuse for violence against Jews or Christian 'heretics') is abolished
- Josef II becomes Holy Roman Emperor
- Horace Walpole publishes _The Castle of Otranto_
- The birth of Mary Bryant, one of the first successful escapees from the fledging Australian penal colony.
1590

## Events

- March 14 – Battle of Ivry – Henry IV of France again defeats the forces of the Catholic League under the Duc de Mayenne.
- May – August – Unsuccessful siege of Paris by Henry IV of France. Henry is forced to raise the siege when the Duke of Parma comes to its relief with a Spanish army.
- May 17 – Anne of Denmark is crowned queen of Scotland.
- August 18 – John White, the governor of the Colony of Roanoke, returns from a supply-trip to England and finds his settlement deserted.
- September 15 – Pope Urban VII succeeds Sixtus V.
- December 5 – Pope Gregory XIV succeeds Urban VII.
- Coptic Pope Gabriel VIII succeeds Yoannis XIV.
- Orthodox Patriarch of Alexandria Meletius I succeeds Silvester.
- Japan is united by Toyotomi Hideyoshi
1628

## Events

- March 1 – writs were issued in February **1628** by Charles I of England that every county in England (not just seaport towns) pay ship tax by this date.
- August 10 – The Swedish 64 gun sailing ship Vasa sinks on her maiden voyage in the Stockholm harbor
- September 6 – Puritans settle Salem which will later become part of Massachusetts Bay Colony.
- October 28–Siege of La Rochelle ends with the surrender of the Huguenots.
- Charles I reconvenes the English Parliament and accepts the Petition of Right as a concession to gain his subsidies.
- Island of Santorini explodes.
- John Felton assassinates George Villiers, duke of Buckingham.
- William Harvey publishes his findings about blood circulation.
- The Collegiate School, today the oldest educational institution in North America, is established.
- _Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus_, by William Harvey, is published.
1105

## Events

- Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor deposed by his son, Henry V
- Tamna kingdom annexed by Korean Goryeo Dynasty.
1618

## Events

- March 8 – Johannes Kepler discovers the third law of planetary motion (he soon rejects the idea after some initial calculations were made but on May 15 confirms the discovery).
- May 23 – The Second Defenestration of Prague – Protestant noblemen throw three representatives of Ferdinand II out of a window. The event began the Thirty Years' War.
- July 20 – Pluto reached, according to sophisticated mathematical calculations, its second most recent aphelion. The next one occurred in 1866, and the following one will occur in _2113_.
- August 29 – Johan van Oldenbarnevelt and Hugo Grotius are imprisoned by Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange
- October 29 – English adventurer, writer, and courtier Sir Walter Raleigh is beheaded for allegedly conspiring against James I of England.

- The margraves of Brandenburg is granted Polish approval to inherit Ducal Prussia.
- November 13, the Synod of Dordrecht has its first meeting.
- Change of emperor of the Ottoman Empire from Mustafa I (1617-1623) to Osman II (1618-1622).
- The 3000 seat Teatro Farnese, the first permanent proscenium theatre, was built into the Great Hall of the Palazzo della Pilotta in Parma, Italy in 1618.
1622

## Events

- January 1 – In the Gregorian calendar, January 1 is declared as the first day of the year, instead of March 25.
- February 8 – King James I of England disbands the English Parliament.
- March 22 – In the Jamestown massacre, Algonquian Native Americans kill 347 English settlers around Jamestown, Virginia (1/3 of the colony's population) and destroys the Henricus settlement.
- May 13 — the _Eendracht_, Dutch VOC sailing ship and the second recorded European ship to make landfall on Australian soil, is wrecked off the western coast of Ambon Island, Dutch East Indies.
- Étienne Brûlé is the first European to see Lake Superior.
- Portugal loses control of the island of Ormus, after 107 years.
- Albertus Magnus is beatified by the Roman Catholic Church.
- Spanish galleon _Nuestra Señora de Atocha_ sinks off the Florida Keys, while carrying copper, silver, gold, tobacco, and indigo. (Wreck discovered 1985).
Levi Eshkol

**Levi Eshkol** (born **Levi Shkolnik**, 25 October 1895 – 26 February 1969) was the 3rd Prime Minister of Israel from 1963 until his death in 1969. He is buried in Mount Herzl in Jerusalem.

## Infobox (prime minister)

- **name**: Levi Eshkol
- **birthname**: Levi Shkolnik
- **image**: Portrait of prime minister Levy Eshkol. August 1963. D699-070 (crop).jpg
- **order**: List of Prime Ministers of Israel, 3rd
- **office**: Prime Minister of Israel
- **term start**: 21 June 1963
- **term end**: 26 February 1969
- **predecessor**: David Ben-Gurion
- **successor**: Yigal Allon <small>(Acting)</small>
- **office2**: Ministry of Defense (Israel), Minister of Defense
- **primeminister2**: **Himself**
- **term start2**: 26 June 1963
- **term end2**: 5 June 1967
- **predecessor2**: David Ben-Gurion
- **successor2**: Moshe Dayan
- **birth place**: Oratov, Kiev Governorate, Russian Empire
- **death place**: Jerusalem, Israel
- **spouse**: Rebecca Maharshek <small>(div. 1927)</small>
 Elisheva Eshkol <small>(d. 1959)</small>
 Miriam Eshkol <small>(until his death)</small>
- **children**: 4
- **party**: Mapai, Alignment (political party), Alignment
- **signature**: Levi Eshkol signature.svg
1580

**1580** (MDLXXX) was a leap year starting on Friday in the Julian calendar.

## Events

- March 1 – Michel de Montaigne signs the preface to his most significant work, Essays. They are published later the same year.
- June 11 – Juan de Garay founds Buenos Aires.
- June 25 – Publication of the Book of Concord, a collection of Lutheran confessional documents.
- July 12 – Publication of the Ostrog Bible, the first complete printed Bible in a Slavic language.
- September 26 – Sir Francis Drake circumnavigated the globe
- Portugal loses independence to Spain following the death without heirs of king Henry of Portugal. The Habsburg rule would last until 1640.
- Yermak entered Siberia with a band of 1636 men. Russia begins the conquest of Siberia.
- Khorasan Wars were fought between Abbas the Great and his father king Mohammed Khodabandeh.
Sidney Sheldon

**Sidney Sheldon** (February 11, 1917 - January 30, 2007) was an American screenwriter and novelist. He wrote the screenplays for twenty-three motion pictures including _Easter Parade_ and _Annie Get Your Gun_. He also created four long-running television series. He is also included in the _Guinness Book of Records_ as, "The Most Translated Author".

## Novels

His novels include:
- The Naked Face (1970)
- The Other Side of Midnight (1973)
- A Stranger in the Mirror (1976)
- Bloodline (1977)
- Master Of The Game (1983)
- Windmills of the Gods (1987)
- The Sands of Time (1988)
- Memories of Midnight (1990)
- The Doomsday Conspiracy (1991)
- The Stars Shine Down (1992)
- Nothing Lasts Forever (1994)
- Morning, Noon and Night (1995)
- The Best Laid Plans (1997)
- Tell Me Your Dreams (1998)
- The Sky is Falling (2001)
- Are You Afraid of the Dark? (2004)
- If Tomorrow comes
- Rage of the Angels

## Other websites

- Sidney's Official Website
- Sidney on CNN
Rugby World Cup

The **Rugby World Cup** is the most important tournament in the sport of rugby union. The first one was in 1987.  The cup happens every four years.  The competition is one of the biggest sporting events in the world (along with the FIFA World Cup and the Olympics).

There are only 20 spots available in a Rugby World Cup, so teams must compete for them in a qualifying competition. Teams that reached the knockout stages of the previous tournament automatically qualify for the next tournament.

The 2019 competition was held in Japan, with South Africa winning.

The current 2024 champions are South Africa.

## Results by nation

|width=170|Team|width=140|Champions|width=140|Runners-up|width=130|Third place|width=120|Fourth place|width=60|Top 2|width=60|Top 4|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|style="background:#fff68f"|South Africa|style="background:#fff68f"|**4** (1995, 2007, 2019, 2024)|align="center"|—|**2**(1999, 2015)|align="center"|—|align="center"|2|align="center"|4||
|style=background:#fff68f|New Zealand|style=background:#fff68f|**3** (1987, 2011, 2015)|**1** (1995)|**2** (1991, 2003)|**1** (1999)|align=center|4|align=center|7||||
|style=background:#fff68f|Australia|style=background:#fff68f|**2** (1991, 1999)|**2** (2003, 2015)|**1** (2011)|**1** (1987)|align=center|4|align=center|6||||
|style=background:#fff68f|England|style=background:#fff68f|**1** (2003)|**2**(1991, 2007)|align=center|—|**1**(1995)|align=center|3|align=center|4|||
|France|align=center|—|**3**(1987, 1999, 2011)|**1**(1995)|**2**(2003, 2007)|align=center|3|align=center|6|||||
|Argentina|align=center|—|align=center|—|**1**(2007)|**1**(2015)|align=center|0|align=center|2||||
|Wales|—|—|1(1987)|—|0|1||||||||
|Scotland|align=center|—|align=center|—|align=center|—|**1**(1991)|align=center|0|align=center|1|||

## Other websites

- – official site
- World Rugby
1996 U.S. campaign finance scandal

The **1996 United States campaign finance controversy** was an alleged effort by the People's Republic of China to influence domestic United States politics during the 1996 federal elections. The Chinese government denied all accusations.  Twenty-two people were eventually convicted of fraud or for funneling Asian funds into the United States elections, and others fled U.S. jurisdiction.

In late 1996, the Justice Department opened a task force to investigate allegations of illegal donations to the Clinton/Gore re-election campaign and to Clinton's legal defense fund. Ultimately, Justice Department prosecutors secured the conviction of several fund-raisers for various offenses. John Huang served 500 hours of community service and paid a $10,000 fine. Johnny Chung served 3000 hours of community service. Charlie Trie served four months of in-home detention. Maria Hsia served 90 days of home detention and paid a $5,300 fine. Indonesian billionaire James Riady was fined $8.6 million. Ernest Green served three months home detention. Michael Brown served 150 hours of community service and paid a $5000 fine. In all, the Justice Department task force secured criminal convictions against 22 people by 2001.
1008

## Events

- Olof, king of Sweden, is baptized by saint Sigfrid.
- Bruno of Querfurt and others try to establish a mission among the Prussians.
- Oldest known mention of the city of Gundelfingen.
- Mohammed II succeeds Hisham II as Caliph of Cordoba.
- Unification of Georgia under king Bagrat III.
- King Æthelred II (**the Unready**) orders a new fleet of warships built, organized on a national scale. It is a huge undertaking, but is completed the following year.

## Births

- May 4 – King Henry I of France, French royal (died 1060)
1045

## Events

- Emperor Go-Reizei ascends the throne of Japan.
- Harold Godwinson becomes Earl of Wessex.
- Edward the Confessor marries Edith of Wessex.
- Edward the Confessor begins construction on Westminster Abbey.
- Pope Benedict IX sells the Papacy to Pope Gregory VI.
- Movable type printing is invented by Bi Sheng in China.

## Births

- Stephen I, Count of Blois (died 1102)

## Deaths

- June – Rainulf Drengot, Norman adventurer.
1644

## Events

- February to August – Explorer Abel Tasman's second expedition for the Dutch East India Company maps the north coast of Australia.
- April – A popular Chinese Uprising led by Li Zicheng enter and conquer Beijing, prompting Chongzhen, the last emperor of the Ming Dynasty, to commit suicide.
- June 6 – The invading Manchu army, with the help of Ming general Wu Sangui, captures Beijing, China. This marks the beginning of the Qing Dynasty (also known as the Manchu Dynasty), the last imperial dynasty of China.
- July 2 – Battle of Marston Moor, a crushing victory for the Parliamentary side of the English Civil War, ends Charles I's hold on the north of England.
- September 1 – Battle of Tippermuir, Montrose defeats Elcho's Covenanters, reviving Royalist cause in Scotland
- September 2 – Second Battle of Lostwithiel, the last major victory for Charles I and the Royalist side in the English Civil War.
- September 15 – Pope Innocent X is elected to the Papacy, in Rome.
- November 23 – _Areopagitica_ by John Milton is published.
- December – Plague breaks out in Edinburgh.
Islam and clothing

Muslims have different dress codes for different contexts. Conservative ideas of _hijab_ require people to dress modestly both for outside and religious contexts. Clothing for everyday wear, inside and outside the house is different, and very much depends on the family.

## Clothes for men

Muslim men are required to dress modestly, especially during prayer. The minimum requirement for covering the awrah (the area from the navel to the knees) is essential for the validity of prayer. It is encouraged for men to wear loose-fitting garments, such as thobes, that cover the body modestly and ensure that the awrah is properly concealed. Tight or revealing clothing is discouraged, as it detracts from the focus on prayer and modesty. Muhammad is reported to have encouraged covering the shoulders during prayer in addition to the awrah, emphasizing modesty and dignity in worship.

## Clothes for women

Islam says that women should dress in a very special way. This dress code applies to women and adolescent girls, but not to children. Usually, women who travel to Muslim countries should also wear such dress.

- Abaya - long flowing outer garment worn over all other clothing.
- Jilbab - garment that may be worn like a dress, usually with trousers underneath.
- Dupatta - a South Asian long rectangular scarf usually worn over the shoulders in front of the neck, or however you prefer. Women will sometimes use a dupatta over their head for a hijab.
- Scarf or veil - the head covering worn by some Muslim women. Some Muslims maintain that the practice (of women covering the head) is not mandated in Islam.  The headscarf is a square folded into a triangle or simply a triangle, but also can be a rectangular shape. To wear- bring the two corners together and pin/knot/wrap at the neck.
- Niqab - a veil worn to cover the face. A niqab can be made to leave only the eyes uncovered, only the eyes and forehead uncovered, or to leave the forehead, eyes, and nose uncovered, covering only the mouth.
- Burka - a long, loose piece of clothing covering the whole body from head to feet, worn in public by some women in Muslim countries.
Pepin the Short

**Pepin the Short** or **Pippin** (714 – September 24, 768), often known as **Pepin the Younger** or **Pepin III**, was King of the Franks from 751 to 768.

Pepin was the son of Charles Martel and Chrotrud (690 - 720), and was born in Jupille, Belgium.

In 740 Pepin married Bertrada of Laon. She was the daughter of Caribert of Laon. They had two sons and a daughter who lived long enough to become adults:

- Charlemagne
- Carloman
- Gisela

Pepin died at Saint Denis and is buried in the basilica with his wife, Bertrada of Laon. His sons, Charlemagne and Carloman, were each King of half the Kingdom of the Franks after him.
Joseph Fiennes

**Joseph Alberic Fiennes** is an English actor. He was born on 27 May 1970 in Salisbury, Wiltshire, England. His parents were Jennifer Lash and Mark Fiennes. Joseph is the youngest of six children.  His brothers and sisters are Ralph Fiennes, Sophie Fiennes, Martha Fiennes, Magnus Fiennes and his twin brother, Jacob Fiennes. He is best known for acting in the movie _Shakespeare in Love_.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Joseph Fiennes
- **image**: JosephFiennes.png
- **birth place**: Salisbury, Wiltshire, England
- **height**: 6' (1.83 m)
- **birth name**: Joseph Alberic Fiennes
- **credits**: *"William Shakespeare" in _Shakespeare in Love_
*"Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester, Sir Robert Dudley" in _Elizabeth (movie), Elizabeth_
1179

## Births

- April 4 — Farid-ud-din Ganj Shakar

## Events

- Third Council of the Lateran condemned Waldensians and Cathars as heretics, institutes a reformation of clerical life, and creates the first "ghettos" for Jews
- Afonso I is recognized as the true King of Portugal by Pope Alexander III, bringing Portugal the protection of the Catholic Church against the Castilian monarchy
- Philip II is crowned King of France
- Aberdeen is chartered by William the Lion
- Westminster School founded by the monks of Westminster Abbey (by papal command)
- Drigung Kagyu school of Kagyu Buddhism was founded.
Wikibooks

**Wikibooks** (previously called **Wikimedia Free Textbook Project** and **Wikimedia-Textbooks**) is a collection of free books. It is one of many projects that are run by the Wikimedia Foundation. It is a wiki, which makes it possible for anyone to edit.

Some books are original, but others have started as text copied from other sources of free-content textbooks found on the Internet.

The CC-BY-SA license covers all the content that is in Wikibooks.

In February 2010, the Simple English Wikibooks was locked and closed. It can still be read.

## Wikijunior

Wikijunior is a subproject of Wikibooks that has books for children. The project consists of both a magazine and a website and is currently being developed in English, Danish, Finnish, French, German, Italian, Japanese, and Spanish. It is funded by a grant from the Beck Foundation.

Pages in Wikijunior will have the <samp>Wikijunior:</samp> prefix in front of the page's name.

## Other websites

- Wikibooks Main page
- Wikibooks in English

## Infobox (website)

- **name**: Wikibooks
- **logo**: Wikibooks-logo-en.svg
- **screenshot**: Wikibooks screenshot 2009 - visible.png
- **caption**: Screenshot of wikibooks.org home page
- **commercial**: No
- **type**: Textbooks wiki
- **language**: multilingual
- **registration**: Optional
- **owner**: Wikimedia Foundation
- **author**: b:User:Karl Wick, Karl Wick and the Wikimedia Community
- **current status**: Active
Charles IX of France

**Charles IX of France** (June 27, 1550 – May 30, 1574) was a King of France and a member of the House of Valois.

## Birth

Charles was born in Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France, on June 27, 1550. His parents were Henry II of France and Catherine of Medici.

## Marriage

Charles was married to Elizabeth of Austria on November 26, 1570. They had one child, Mary Elizabeth of France (October 27, 1572 – April 9, 1578), who died young.

## Death

Charles died in Vincennes, France, on May 30, 1574. He is buried in the Saint Denis Basilica. The next King was Henry III of France.

## Infobox (royalty)

- **name**: Charles IX
- **image**: Bemberg Fondation Toulouse - Portrait de Charles IX - François Clouet - Inv.1012.jpg
- **image size**: 200px
- **caption**: Charles IX
- **birth date**: June 27, 1550
- **birth place**: Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France
- **death date**: May 30, 1574
- **death place**: Vincennes, France
- **succession**: List of French monarchs, King of France
- **predecessor**: Francis II of France
- **successor**: Henry III of France
- **spouse**: Elizabeth of Austria
Henry III of France

**Henry III of France** (September 19, 1551 – August 2, 1589) was a King of France and a member of the House of Valois. He was also a King of Poland.

## Birth

Henry was born in Fontainbleau, France, on September 19, 1551. His parents were Henry II of France and Catherine de Medici. He was Catherine de Medici's favourite son.

## Marriage

Henry was married to Louise of Lorraine on February 13, 1575. They had no children.

## Death

Henry died in Saint-Cloud, France, on August 2, 1589, after being stabbed with a knife. He is buried in the Saint Denis Basilica. Henry was the last King of the Valois Dynasty. The next King was Henry IV of France, who was a member of the Bourbon Dynasty.
981

## Births

- Princess Theodora, later Empress of the Eastern Roman Empire.
997

## Deaths

- April 23 – Saint Adalbert of Prague (martyred)
999

**999** (CMXCIX) was a common year starting on Sunday in the Julian calendar.

## Deaths

- February 7 – Boleslaus II, Duke of Bohemia
- February 18 – Pope Gregory V
- December 16 – Saint Adelaide of Italy (b. 931)
- Maredudd ab Owain king of Deheubarth and Powys
1015

## Events

- August: King Cnut the Great of Denmark launches an invasion of Mercia and Northumbria in England.
- Berserkers are banned in Norway.
- Olav Haraldsson becomes king of Norway.
- Sviatopolk succeeds Vladimir as prince of Kiev.
418

## Events

- Theodoric I becomes king of the Visigoths.
- December 28 – Pope Boniface I succeeds Zosimus as the 42nd pope.
- Eulalius is elected antipope of Rome.

## Deaths

- December 26 – Pope Zosimus
1660

**1660** (MDCLX) was a leap year starting on Thursday in the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Sunday in the Julian calendar.

## Events

- Expulsion of the Carib indigenous people from Martinique by French occupying forces.
- Hopkins School is founded. _(exact date uncertain)_
- January 1 – colonel George Monck with his regiment crosses from Scotland to England at the village of Coldstream and begins advance towards London in support of English Restoration. Samuel Pepys began his diary.
- February 2 – George Monck and his regiment arrive in London
- February 23 – Charles XI becomes king of Sweden.
- February 27 – John Thurloe reinstated as England's secretary of State for a short time
- March 16 – The Long Parliament disbands
- May 8 – The Parliament of England declares Prince Charles Stuart King Charles II of England
- May 15 – John Thurloe arrested for high treason after English Restoration
- May 23 – King Charles II of England reaches the shores of his Kingdom. On May 29 he arrives in London and assumes the throne, marking the beginning of the English Restoration
- May 25 – Charles II of England crowned
- June 29 – John Thurloe released
- November 28 – At Gresham College, 12 men, including Christopher Wren, Robert Boyle, John Wilkins, and Sir Robert Moray meet after a lecture by Wren and decide to found "a College for the Promoting of Physico-Mathematicall Experimentall Learning" (later known as the Royal Society).
- Theaters opened again in England – Margaret Hughes debuts as the first female actor as Desdemona in _Othello_
- Blaise Pascal's The Provincial Letters, a defense of the Jansenist Antoine Arnauld, was ordered shredded and burned by King Louis XIV of France.
- Sweden recovers its southern provinces from Denmark.

## Births

- April 16 - Hans Sloane, Irish physician
- May 2 - Alessandro Scarlatti, Italian composer
- May 28 - George I of Great Britain, King of Great Britain and ruler of Hanover in North Germany.
- November 12 - Francesco Maria de' Medici, Duke of Rovere and Montefeltro, Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church and Duke of Rovere and Montefeltro.
- November 28 - Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria, mother of Philip V of Spain

## Deaths

- June 6 - Diego Velázquez, Spanish painter
- July 8 - Henry Stuart, Duke of Gloucester
- November 4 - Mary, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange
Constance of Arles

**Constance of Arles** (c. 986 – 28 July 1032), also known as Constance of Provence, was queen of France as the third spouse of King Robert II of France, They were married in 1003 after Robert had divorced his second wife, Bertha. She was buried in the Saint Denis Basilica with Robert II of France.

They had several children:
- Henry I of France
- Adela of France - is the mother of Matilda of Flanders, who was the wife of William I of England
- Robert I of Burgundy
- Eudes of France
- Constance of France, married to Count Manasses of Dammartin

## Infobox (royalty)

- **consort**: yes
- **name**: Constance of Arles
- **succession**: Queen consort of the Franks
- **image**: Robert2Franc Constance of Arles.jpg
- **image size**: 200
- **caption**: Depiction of Constance surrendering to her son Henry I of France (c. 1375–1380).
- **reign**: 1001–1031
- **spouse**: Robert II of France
- **issue**: Hugh Magnus
Henry I, King of France
Adela of France, Countess of Flanders, Adela, Countess of Flanders
Robert I, Duke of Burgundy
- **house**: Bosonids
- **father**: William I, Count of Provence
- **mother**: Adelaide-Blanche of Anjou
- **birth date**: c. 986
- **birth place**: Arles, France
- **death date**: 28 July 1032
- **death place**: Melun, France
- **burial place**: Saint Denis Basilica, Paris, France
Matilda of Boulogne

Queen **Matilda of Boulogne** (1105 – May 3, 1152) was the wife of Stephen of England. She also became the Countess of Boulogne when her father died in 1125.

Matilda was born in Boulogne, France. She was the daughter of Eustace III of Boulogne and Mary of Scotland. Matilda's mother, Mary, was the daughter of Malcolm III of Scotland and Saint Margaret of Scotland.

Matilda married Stephen I of England in 1125. They were deeply in love until two of their children died Baldwin and Matilda.

Matilda died at Hedingham Castle, Essex, England. She was buried in Faversham Abbey.
Marie of Boulogne

**Marie of Boulogne** was the Countess of Boulogne from 1159 until 1170.

Marie was the daughter of Stephen of England and Matilda of Boulogne.  She was placed in a convent when she was young so that she could become a nun.  When her brother, William of Blois, died, she became the heir of the Count of Boulogne.  She had to leave the convent and was married to Matthew of Alsace.  Marie and Matthew ruled Boulogne together, but their marriage was not happy and they got a divorce in 1170.

After Marie died, Matthew continued to be the Count of Boulogne until 1173.  After this Marie and Matthew's daughter, Ida of Boulogne, became Countess of Boulogne.  Marie and Matthew's other daughter, Maud of Boulogne, became the wife of Henry I of Brabant.

## Infobox (monarch)

- **name**: Marie of Boulogne
- **title**: Countess of Boulogne
- **reign**: 1159-1170
- **predecessor**: William I, Count of Boulogne
- **successor**: Matthew of Alsace
- **birth date**: 1136
- **death date**: 25 July 1182
- **death place**: St. Austrebert, France
Marie of France

**Marie of France** was the eldest daughter of Louis VII of France and Eleanor of Aquitaine. In 1164 she was married to Henry I of Champagne. Their children included:
- Henry II of Champagne
- Theobald III of Champagne
Alix of France

**Alix of France** (July/August 1150 - 1197/1198) was the youngest daughter of Louis VII of France and Eleanor of Aquitaine.  She was married to Theobald V of Blois in 1164.  Their children included:
- Louis I of Blois
- Margaret of Blois
Margaret of Blois

**Margaret of Blois** was Countess of Blois from 1218 until 1230.  She was the daughter of Theobald V of Blois and Alix of France.  Her mother was the daughter of Louis VII of France and Eleanor of Aquitaine.

Margaret was married to Otto I of Burgundy.