juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Barry O'Farrell

**Barry Robert O'Farrell** (born 24 May 1959) is a former Australian politician. He was 43rd Premier of New South Wales and Minister for Western Sydney. He was the Leader of the New South Wales Liberal Party from 2007 to 2014. On 16 April 2914, O'Farrell announced his resignation as Premier after giving misleading evidence to the Independent Commission Against Corruption. He resigned on 17 April 2014. Mike Baird was elected new NSW Liberal Leader and was sworn in as the new Premier of New South Wales on 23 April 2014.

On 24 November 2014, O'Farrell announced his intention not to stand for re-election at the 2015 NSW election and to retire from politics. The Liberal candidate Alister Henskens was elected to succeed O'Farrell.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **honorific-prefix**: MP
- **name**: Mr Barry O'Farrell
- **image**: Barry O'Farrell attending the Australian Paralympian of the Year 2012 ceremony.jpg
- **imagesize**: 150px
- **caption**: Barry O'Farrell in 2012
- **order**: 43rd
- **office**: Premier of New South Wales
- **term start**: 28 March 2011
- **term end**: 23 April 2014
- **governor**: Marie Bashir
- **deputy**: Andrew Stoner
- **predecessor**: Kristina Keneally
- **successor**: Mike Baird (politician), Mike Baird
- **constituency**: Ku-ring-gai
- **order2**: 6th
- **office2**: Minister for Western Sydney
- **term start2**: 28 March 2011
- **term end2**: 23 April 2014
- **predecessor2**: David Borger
- **successor2**: Mike Baird
- **order3**: 19th
- **office3**: Leader of the New South Wales Liberal Party
- **term start3**: 4 April 2007
- **term end3**: 17 April 2014
- **deputy3**: Jillian Skinner
- **predecessor3**: Peter Debnam
- **successor3**: Mike Baird (politician), Mike Baird
- **order4**: 35th
- **office4**: Leader of the Opposition in New South Wales
- **term start4**: 4 April 2007
- **term end4**: 28 March 2011
- **deputy4**: Jillian Skinner
- **predecessor4**: Peter Debnam
- **successor4**: John Robertson (New South Wales politician), John Robertson
- **constituency mp7**: Electoral district of Ku-ring-gai, Ku-ring-gai
- **parliament7**: New South Wales
- **term start7**: 27 March 1999
- **term end7**: 6 March 2015
- **predecessor7**: Stephen O'Doherty
- **successor7**: Alister Henskens
- **constituency mp8**: Electoral district of Northcott, Northcott
- **parliament8**: New South Wales
- **term start8**: 25 March 1995
- **term end8**: 26 March 1999
- **predecessor8**: Bruce Baird
- **successor8**: Constituency abolished
- **birth date**: 24 May 1959
- **birth place**: Melbourne, Victoria (Australia), Victoria, Australia
- **party**: Liberal Party of Australia
- **spouse**: Rosemary Cowan
- **children**: Tom O'Farrell
Willy O'Farrell
- **occupation**: politician
- **profession**: public servant
Friend of Dorothy

In gay slang, a **"friend of Dorothy"** (occasionally abbreviated **FOD**) is a term for a gay man. The phrase dates back to at least World War II, when homosexual acts were illegal in the United States. Stating that, or asking if, someone was a "friend of Dorothy" was a euphemism used for discussing sexual orientation without others knowing its meaning.

## Origin

The origin of the phrase is most commonly attributed to the movie, _The Wizard of Oz_ because Judy Garland, who starred as the main character Dorothy, is a gay icon. In the film, Dorothy is accepting of those who are different. For example the "gentle lion" living a lie, "I'm afraid there's no denyin', I'm just a dandy lion." Others claim that the phrase refers to celebrated humorist and critic Dorothy Parker, who included some gay men in her famous social circle.

## Misunderstanding

In the early 1980s, the Naval Investigative Service was investigating homosexuality in the Chicago area. Agents discovered that gay men sometimes referred to themselves as "friends of Dorothy." Unaware of the historical meaning of the term, the NIS believed that a woman named Dorothy was at the center of a massive ring of homosexual military personnel. The NIS launched an enormous hunt for Dorothy, hoping to find her and convince her to reveal the names of gay servicemembers.

## Related pages

- Judy Garland as gay icon

## Further reading

- Chauncey, George (1994). _Gay New York: Gender, Urban Culture, and the Makings of the Gay Male World, 1890-1940_. New York: Basic Books.
- Duberman, Martin (1993). _Stonewall_. New York: Dutton. Lesbian and gay life before and after Stonewall, as seen by six contemporaries.
- Duberman, Martin, Martha Vicinus, and George Chauncey, Jr. (eds) (1989). _Hidden From History: Reclaiming the Gay and Lesbian Past_. New York: NAL Books. Twenty-nine essays covering aspects of the gay and lesbian world from ancient to contemporary times.
- Grahn, Judy (1990). _Another Mother Tongue: Gay Words, Gay Worlds_. Boston: Beacon Press. Explores the use of language to define gay and lesbian culture by examining stereotypes as access points into history.
- Katz, Jonathan (1992). _Gay American History: Lesbians and Gay Men in the U.S.A.: a Documentary History_. Rev. Ed. New York: Meridian.
- Marcus, Eric (1992). _Making History: The Struggle for Gay and Lesbian Equal Rights, 1945-1990: An Oral History_. New York: HarperCollins.

## Other websites

- Cruise Critic on "Friends of Dorothy"
Tassili n'Ajjer

**Tassili n'Ajjer** is a mountain range in the Algerian part of the Sahara Desert. The name means "Plateau of the Rivers".  It 72,000 km<sup>2</sup>. large.  The range is mostly made of sandstone.

It is a World Heritage Site in Africa because of the prehistoric rock art found there. The art depicts herds of cattle, large wild animals including crocodiles, and human activities such as hunting and dancing.

The nearest town is Djanet.  It is about 10 km southwest of the range.

## Infobox (protected area)

- **child**: yes
- **iucn category**: II
- **location**: Tamanrasset Province, Algeria
- **established**: 1972


## Infobox (unesco world heritage site)

- **image**: Map of Tassili n'Ajjer and surroundings-en.jpg
- **image upright**: 1.2
- **caption**: Tassili n'Ajjer and surroundings
- **location**: Algeria
- **includes**: Tassili National Park, La Vallée d'Iherir Ramsar Wetland
- **criteria**: (i), (iii), (vii), (viii)
- **id**: 179
- **year**: 1982
- **locmapin**: Algeria
Tipaza

**Tipaza** is a town on the coast of Algeria.  It is the capital of the Tipaza Province. It was formed in 1857.  It is known for its sandy beach and ancient ruins.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Tipaza
- **other name**: (Roman Tipasa)
- **native name**: Bazar / ⴱⴰⵣⴰⵔ
- **image skyline**: File:Tipazay.JPG
- **imagesize**: 270px
- **pushpin map**: Algeria
- **pushpin label position**: bottom
- **pushpin mapsize**: 250
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Algeria
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Algeria
- **subdivision type1**: Provinces of Algeria, Province
- **subdivision name1**: Tipaza Province, Tipaza
- **subdivision type2**: District
- **subdivision name2**: Tipaza District, Tipaza
- **population as of**: 2008
- **population total**: 25225
- **population blank1 title**: Ethnicities
- **population blank2 title**: Religions
Barbary Coast

The **Barbary Coast**, or Berber Coast, was the land of the Berber people. It was the name used by Europeans from the 16th to the 19th century. It was the coast of North Africa – what is now Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya.

This area was used by Arab and Berber pirates. They attacked ships and coastal towns. They stole goods and people from Europe, America and sub-Saharan Africa and sold them in the Barbary slave trade.
Kameyama, Mie

is a Japanese city in Mie Prefecture on the island of Honshū.

## History

In the Edo period, _Kameyama-juku_, _Seki-juku_ and _Sakanoshita-juku_ were the 46th, 47th, and 48th of the 53 shogunate-maintained waystations (_shuku-eki_) along the Tōkaidō road which connected Edo and Kyoto.  All three Tōkaidō rest stops are within the boundaries of modern Numazu.

## Related pages

- _The Fifty-three Stations of the Tōkaidō_

## Other websites

- Kameyama City website 
- Hiroshige prints, Kameyama , Seki , Sakanoshita

## Infobox (settlement)

- **native name lang**: ja
- **settlement type**: Cities of Japan, City
- **image skyline**: Kameyama cityhall.jpg
- **image caption**: Kameyama City Hall in Honmaru area
- **image flag**: Flag of Kameyama Mie.svg
- **image seal**: Kameyama Mie chapter.JPG
- **image map**: Kameyama in Mie Prefecture Ja.svg
- **map caption**: Location of Kameyama in Mie Prefecture
- **pushpin map**: Japan
- **pushpin map caption**:  
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: Japan
- **subdivision type1**: List of regions of Japan, Region
- **subdivision name1**: Kansai region, Kansai
- **subdivision type2**: Prefectures of Japan, Prefecture
- **subdivision name2**: Mie Prefecture
- **leader title**: -Mayor
- **leader name**: Yoshiyuki Sakurai (since February 2009)
- **area total km2**: 190.91
- **population total**: 50230
- **population as of**: November 2012
- **population density km2**: 263
- **timezone1**: Japan Standard Time
- **utc offset1**: +9
- **blank name sec1**: City Symbols
- **blank1 name sec1**: - Tree
- **blank1 info sec1**: Cryptomeria
- **blank2 name sec1**: - Flower
- **blank2 info sec1**: Japanese iris
- **blank name sec2**: Phone number
- **blank info sec2**: 0595-82-1111
- **blank1 name sec2**: Address
- **blank1 info sec2**: 577 Honmaru-cho, Kameyama-shi, Mie-ken 519-0195
Ahmed Ben Bella

**Ahmed Ben Bella** (25 December 1918 – 11 April 2012) was an Algerian soldier. He was the first President of Algeria from 1963 to 1965.

He was born in Maghnia, Algeria. He was a Sunni Islam. Ben Bella joined the French Army in 1936.

He went to prison for forming a group to fight French rule. He escaped and went to Tunisia. He was arrested again in 1956 and got out of prison in 1962.

He became president in 1963. In 1965, Houari Boumédiènne made him stop being Presindent. He was under house arrest until 1980. He was allowed to live in Switzerland. He lived for 10 years in Lausanne. In 1990 he was able to return to Algeria.
Elizabeth Banks

**Elizabeth Banks** (born February 10, 1974) is an American actress and model. Her movies include the _Spider-Man_ franchise, 2008's comedy _Zack and Miri Make a Porno_, _Invincible_, _The Hunger Games_, and in _The Lego Movie_ and sequel _The Lego Movie 2: The Second Part_. Banks is a Democrat.  She is also the host of Americnan game show _Press Your Luck_ on ABC. She attended the 2012 Democratic National Convention to support President President Obama's re-election.

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: ElizabethBanks2008TIFF.jpg
- **caption**: Banks at the 2008 Toronto International Film Festival
- **birth name**: Elizabeth Irene Mitchell
- **birth place**: Pittsfield, Massachusetts, U.S.
- **alma mater**: University of Pennsylvania
American Conservatory Theater
- **yearsactive**: 1998–present
- **children**: 2
Flag of Algeria

The national **flag** **of Algeria** has two equal vertical bars, green and white. In the center is a red star and crescent.

## Infobox (flag)

- **name**: Algeria
- **image**: Flag of Algeria.svg
- **use**: 111110
- **proportion**: 2:3
- **adoption**: July 3, 1962
- **design**: A red star and crescent centered on a vertical bicolor of green and white.
- **type**: National
Movie 43

***Movie 43*** is an American comedy movie in which Emma Stone, Halle Berry, Hugh Jackman, Uma Thurman, Elizabeth Banks, Chris Pratt, Naomi Watts, Seth MacFarlane, Josh Duhamel, Anna Faris, Greg Kinnear, Dennis Quaid, Kate Winslet, Gerard Butler, Richard Gere, Johnny Knoxville, Justin Long, and many other actors star. Its release date was January 25, 2013, On February 10, 2017, it aired on Teletoon's nighttime programming block, Teletoon at Night, and is rated 18A for sex, romance, nudity, swearing, violence, & sexual content.
Justin Long

**Justin Jacob Long** (born June 2, 1978) is an American movie actor. He has acted in many movies, including _Live Free or Die Hard_ (a 2007 movie that stars Bruce Willis).

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Justin Long
- **image**: JustinLong10TIFF.jpg
- **caption**: Long at the 2010 Toronto International Film Festival
- **birthname**: Justin Jacob Long
- **birth place**: Fairfield, Connecticut
- **nationality**: United States, American
- **occupation**: Actor
- **yearsactive**: 1999–present
Australian Convict Sites

"**Australian Convict Sites**" is a World Heritage Site which includes the remains of 11 places used in the transportation of convicts to Australia. This was a plan by the British government to move thousands of prisoners from England to Australia. It started with the sending of the First Fleet to Sydney in 1788 and continued for about eighty years. The Australian Convict Sites include places in Sydney, Tasmania, Norfolk Island, and Fremantle. These show:

> " .. the best surviving examples of large-scale convict transportation and the colonial expansion of European powers through the presence and labour of convicts."

All the sites were all individually included on the Australian National Heritage List before being put on the World Heritage list in 2010.

## Penal Sites Included

The 11 penal sites making up the Australian Convict Sites World Heritage listed property are
- Cockatoo Island Convict Site (New South Wales)
- Great North Road (New South Wales)
- Hyde Park Barracks (New South Wales)
- Old Government House (New South Wales)
- Kingston and Arthurs Vale Historic Area (Norfolk Island)
- Brickendon and Woolmers Estates (Tasmania)
- Cascades Female Factory (Tasmania)
- Coal Mines Historic Site (Tasmania)
- Darlington Probation Station (Tasmania)
- Port Arthur (Tasmania)
- Fremantle Prison (Western Australia)

## Criteria for Listing

There are over 3000 convict sites remaining in Australia. The Australian Convict Sites were selected as the best examples of the world's convict era. This met World Heritage Selection Criteria IV & VI:

**Criterion IV** (<small>i.e. a collection of buildings/architecture etc. showing an important stage in human history</small>):

> "an exceptional example of the forced migration of convicts - an important stage of human history"

**Criterion VI** (<small>i.e. directly associated with events etc. of importance to the whole world</small>):

> "an extraordinary example of global ideas and developments associated with the punishment and reform of the criminal elements of humanity during the Age of Enlightenment and the modern era

## Related pages

- List of World Heritage Sites in Australia

## Other websites

- Australian Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts (2008) **Australian convict sites: World Heritage Nomination**<small>Accessed 5 August 2010</small>

## Infobox (unesco world heritage site)

- **image**: PortArthurPenitentiary.jpg
- **image upright**: 1.2
- **caption**: View of Port Arthur, Tasmania one of the 11 penal sites constituting the Australian Convict Sites
- **location**: Australia
- **criteria**: (iv), (vi)
- **id**: 1306
- **year**: 2010
- **locmapin**: World
Sequoia National Park

**Sequoia National Park** is a national park in the U.S. state of California. It was created on September 25, 1890. The park covers . The park contains the highest point in the contiguous 48 United States, Mount Whitney, at  above sea level. The park is next to Kings Canyon National Park. The two parks are managed together by the National Park Service.

The park is famous for its giant sequoia trees. One of these trees is the General Sherman tree, one of the biggest trees on Earth. The General Sherman tree is in the Giant Forest, which has five of the ten biggest trees in the world.

## Other websites

- NPS: official **Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks** website

## Infobox (protected area)

- **name**: Sequoia National Park
- **iucn category**: II
- **photo**: Giant Forest.jpg
- **photo caption**: Giant sequoia trees in the Giant Forest, Sequoia National Park
- **location**: Tulare County, California, United States
- **nearest city**: Visalia, California
- **established**: September 25, 1890
- **visitation num**: 1,006,583
- **visitation year**: 2011
- **governing body**: National Park Service
Commission nationale de la certification professionnelle

The **** (**CNCP**, ) is a French inter-ministerial commission, interprofessional and interagency. It has been created by the social modernization law (No. 2002-73). It is under the authority of the Minister responsible for vocational training.

The commission has several missions:
- Identify the supply of vocational qualifications (),
- Process applications for registration and to update the __ (RNCP, ),
- Ensure the renewal and adaptation of degrees and titles, to monitor the qualifications and work organization,
- Make recommendations to the attention of institutions delivering professional certifications or certificates of qualification.

## Related pages

- Commission des titres d'ingénieur
- Conférence des directeurs des écoles françaises d'ingénieurs
- Conférence des Grandes Écoles

## Other websites

- CNCP Official website
Kupiškis

**Kupiškis** is a city in the northeast part of Lithuania. It is in Panevėžys County.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Kupiškis
- **image skyline**: Kupiskis.panorama..jpg
- **image flag**: Flag of Kupiškis.png
- **image seal**: Kupiskis COA.gif
- **subdivision type**: Countries of the world, Country
- **subdivision name**: Lithuania
- **subdivision name1**: Panevežys county
- **subdivision name2**: Kupiškis district municipality
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Jonas Jarutis
- **area total km2**: 7.5
- **population as of**: 2005
- **population total**: 8245
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: LT-40001
- **area code**: (370)459
Blaenavon Industrial Landscape

**Blaenavon Industrial Landscape** is a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Blaenavon, Wales. It includes coal and ore mines, quarries, a primitive railway system, furnaces, workers' homes, and the social infrastructure of the community.

## History

The town of Blaenavon and 3,290 hectares in the region of the town were named a World Heritage Site in 2000.  The area around Blaenavon shows of the importance of South Wales as the world's major producer of iron and coal in the 19th century.

## Related pages

- List of World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom

## Other websites

- Blaenavon World Heritage Site website

## Infobox (unesco world heritage site)

- **image**: Big Pit Mining Museum.jpg
- **image upright**: 1.2
- **location**: Blaenavon, Torfaen, Wales, United Kingdom
- **criteria**: (iii), (iv)
- **id**: 984
- **year**: 2000
- **locmapin**: Wales Torfaen#Wales#United Kingdom
GIFAS

The **Groupement des industries françaises aéronautiques et spatiales** (**GIFAS**, in English Group of French aerospace industries) is a  French aerospace industries association created in 1908, featuring more than 260 members. The first name of the association was _Association des Industries de la Locomotion Aérienne_. It acquired its current name in 1975.

The current president of the GIFAS is Éric Trappier, the CEO of Dassault Aviation.

## Infobox (company)

- **company name**: Groupement des industries françaises aéronautiques et spatiales
- **company logo**: Logo gifas1.jpg
- **company type**: Association
- **foundation**: 1908
- **location**: Paris
- **area served**: France
- **key people**: Éric Trappier (President)
- **industry**: Aerospace engineering, Aerospace
- **homepage**: [http://www.gifas.asso.fr/ gifas.asso.fr]
Esquire (magazine)

***Esquire*** is a men's magazine, published in the U.S. by the Hearst Corporation. Founded in 1932, it flourished during the Great Depression under the guidance of founder and editor Arnold Gingrich.

## Infobox (magazine)

- **title**: Esquire
- **editor**: David M. Granger
- **editor title**: Editor in Chief
- **frequency**: Monthly
- **total circulation**: 719,029
- **circulation year**: 2011
- **category**: Men's
- **company**: Hearst Corporation
- **firstdate**: October 1933
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **issn**: 0014-0791
UniverSud Paris

**UniverSud Paris** is a grouping of higher education institutes in France. It groups 21 public universities and the national research center. These places teach nearly all subjects of sciences (fundamental, engineering, business).

## History

In 1991, the French government decided to create the "French Poles of Research and Higher Education". In 2007, its status changed to a public establishment for scientific cooperation (_établissement public de coopération scientifique_).

## Colleges and institutes

The member universities and institutes are :

- Paris Institute of Technology for Life, Food and Environmental Sciences (Agro ParisTech), founded in 2007, as a result of the merger of three agronomy, forestry and food science schools with roots dating back to 1824
- National Veterinary School of Alfort, founded in 1765
- National School of Landscape (ENSP), founded in 1965
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), founded in 1946
- National Research Institute of Science and Technology for Environment and Agriculture (formerly Cemagref), founded in 1981
- French agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety (ANSES), founded in 1999
- Telecom & Management SudParis, founded in 1979
- Genoscope (French National Sequencing Center), founded in 1996
- National School of Computer Science for Industry and Business (ENSIIE), founded in 1968
- HEC Paris, founded in 1881
- École Polytechnique (X), founded in 1794
- École supérieure d'optique (IOGS), founded in 1917
- École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Versailles, founded in 1969
- SOLEIL (French particle accelerator), founded in 2006
- Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD), founded in 1943
- Paris-Sud 11 University, founded in 1971
- Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, founded in 1991
- University of Évry Val d'Essonne, founded in 1991
- École Normale Supérieure de Cachan, founded in 1880
- École Centrale de Paris, founded in 1829
- École supérieure d'électricité (Supélec), founded in 1894

## Infobox (university)

- **name**: UniverSud Paris
- **native name**: UniverSud Paris
- **established**: 2007 - 1765
- **type**: Public
- **president**: Xavier Chapuisat
- **students**: 60,000
- **doctoral**: 4,000
- **city**: Île-de-France (region), Île-de-France
- **country**: France
- **nickname**: UniverSud Paris
- **website**: http://www.universud-paris.fr
Charity (practice)

**Charity** is the act of giving help to those in need of it. It is a humanitarian act. It involves giving money, goods or time and effort to those who need it. It is done without expecting something in return. Giving money or food to poor people is an example of charity. Poor, sick or injured people are generally considered the proper people to whom charity should be given. When such people are not supported, they often begin begging, which is directly asking for help from people they do not know. Others may rely on support from charitable organizations. These organizations collect money and goods and then give them to those in need for food or for anything else.

Most acts of charity are concerned with providing basic needs, such as food, water, clothing, health care and shelter.  The most common form of charity is donating money.  The money is then used to buy these basic needs.  Moreover, many people do other things as charity, such as teaching orphans, donating blood, or aiding research.

Charitable giving can be a responsibility in many religions. This kind of charity is called **almsgiving** or **alms**. The word "charity" comes from the Latin "caritas" meaning Christian love. In Islam, it is called _zakat_. It is one of the five most important duties of being a Muslim, and in Judaism it is "tzedakah".

## Related pages

- Altruism
- Charitable organization
- Compassion
- Fundraising
- Humanitarianism
- Mercy
- Philanthropy
- Pro bono
Daphnia

***Daphnia*** are small, planktonic crustaceans, between 0.2 and 5 mm in length. _Daphnia_ are members of the order Cladocera. They are one of the several small aquatic crustaceans often called water fleas because of their jumpy swimming style. They live in various aquatic environments ranging from acidic swamps to freshwater lakes, ponds, streams and rivers.

### Circulation

_Daphnia_ have open circulatory systems. Instead of having blood vessels, the daphnia have a fluid called haemolymph. The haemolymph is pumped throughout the body cavity (which is called a haemocoel).

### Nervous system

The _Daphnia_’s nervous system consists of a brain that has two or three pairs of ganglia. Ganglia are nerve cells that tend to cluster up. The nervous system also has nerve rings that go round the oesophagus. Last of all, it has a paired ventral nerve cord.

### Reproduction

The _Daphnia_ reproductive system is parthenogenetic. The female daphnia produce eggs without mating. That means that their eggs can grow without being fertilized. The female daphnia carries its 50 or so eggs in the brood chamber, until they are ready to hatch. _Daphnia_ can still mate, the only difference is that the “mated” eggs have an extra hard shell that can protect them from harsh conditions for a long time. These eggs are called cysts, and they can hatch when conditions are favorable again, which is usually around spring.

## Other

_Daphnia_ spp. are a popular live food in tropical and marine fish keeping.

## Other websites

- Van Bergen, Yfke. 2004. Daphnia breaths easy. _Journal of Experimental Biology_ **207**, i-ii http://jeb.biologists.org/content/207/25/i.2.full
President of Algeria

The **President of Algeria** is the head of state of Algeria.  The President is also in charge of the Algerian armed forces.

## Living former presidents

As of 22 September 2021, there is one living former president:

## Infobox (political post)

- **post**: President
- **body**: Algeria
- **nativename**: رئيس الجزائر
Président de l'Algérie
- **insignia**: Presidential Standard of Algeria.svg
- **insigniasize**: 165px
- **insigniacaption**: Presidential Standard
- **image**: Abdelmadjid Tebboune (2023) (cropped).jpg
- **imagesize**: 165px
- **incumbent**: Abdelmadjid Tebboune
- **incumbentsince**: 19 December 2019
- **residence**: El Mouradia
- **appointer**: Elections in Algeria, The Electorate
- **termlength**: 5 years, renewable indefinitely
- **inaugural**: Abdur Rahman Farès
- **formation**: 3 July 1962
- **website**: [http://www.elmouradia.dz/ Official Webpage]
From each according to his ability, to each according to his need

**From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs** (or need) is maxim popularised by Karl Marx in _Critique of the Gotha program_, published in 1875. The German original is _Jeder nach seinen Fähigkeiten, jedem nach seinen Bedürfnissen_. According to Marx, once a communist society has been established, it will produce enough goods and services so that everyone's needs can be satisfied.

Even though the phrase is commonly attributed to Marx, he was not the first to use it. The slogan was common within the socialist movement. Louis Blanc first used it in 1839, in "The organization of work".  The origin of this phrasing has also been attributed to the French communist Étienne-Gabriel Morelly, who proposed in his 1755 _Code of Nature_ "Sacred and Fundamental Laws that would tear out the roots of vice and of all the evils of a society" including the following:
Kassaman

**Kassaman** or **Qassaman** (, ; "We Pledge") is the national anthem of Algeria. Mufdi Zakariah wrote the lyrics in 1956.  He did this while in jail by the French. The composer of the music is Mohamed Fawzi, from Egypt. He wrote the lyrics on the walls of a French prison with his blood.

## Lyrics

|Arabic original|Transliteration|IPA transcription|English translation|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|<poem dir="rtl" style="line-height:1.52em;"></poem>|<poem></poem>|<poem></poem>|And the pure, innocent blood And the shining, fluttering banners In the towering, lofty mountains We revolted, whether in life or death And we resolved that Algeria shall live Bear witness... bear witness... bear witness 2 We are soldiers in the path of truth. We revolted And we rose to our independence through war. No one listened to our words. So we took the sound of gunpowder as a metric And played the tune of the machine gun as a tune. And we resolved that Algeria shall live. Bear witness... bear witness... bear witness 3 O France, the time for reproach has passed And we have folded it as a book is folded. O France, this is the Day of Judgment So prepare yourself and take from us the answer. In our revolution is the final word And we resolved that Algeria shall live. Bear witness... bear witness... bear witness 4 We are soldiers from our heroes And on our remains we forge glory And on our souls we ascend immortality And on our heads we raise Item National Liberation Front: We have given you a pledge And we are determined that Algeria will live So bear witness... So bear witness... So bear witness 5 The cry of the homelands from the battlefield So hear it and respond to the call And write it in the blood of the martyrs And read it to the sons of tomorrow We have extended a hand to you, O glory And we are determined that Algeria will live So bear witness... So bear witness... So bear witness|

|Berber translation (Tifinagh)|Berber translation (Latin)|
| --- | --- |
|<poem></poem>|<poem></poem>|

## Infobox (anthem)

- **title**: قَسَمًا
- **transcription**: Qassaman
- **english title**: We Pledge
- **alt title**: Kassaman
- **prefix**: National
- **country**: Algeria
- **author**: Massi Ait Chait
- **lyrics date**: 1955
- **composer**: Mohamed Fawzi
- **music date**: 1963
- **adopted**: 1963
- **sound title**: Kassaman (Instrumental)
San Francisco row houses

The **San Francisco row houses**, also known as **Painted Ladies** are Victorian and Edwardian buildings in San Francisco, California painted in three or more colors. The style used is sometimes called _polychrome_ (from Greek: _polykhrōmos_ and _polykhrōmatos_, meaning "many-colored").
Emblem of Algeria

The **national emblem of Algeria** is the seal used by the government.  Other states use coats of arms.  The current emblem began in 1976.  The difference was changing the motto from French to Arabic. On the emblem is the crescent that is also found on the Flag of Algeria.  It is a symbol of Islam.  The text says "The People's Democratic Republic of Algeria".

The Hand of Fatima is in front of the Atlas Mountains.  It is below a rising sun to show a new era.  Buildings are for industry and plants for agriculture.
Abdelaziz Bouteflika

**Abdelaziz Bouteflika** (2 March 1937 – 17 September 2021) was an Algerian politician. From 1999 to 2019, he was the ninth President of Algeria.  He was President at the end of the bloody Algerian Civil War in 2002.  He ended emergency rule in February 2011 during Arab Spring.

He was President of the United Nations General Assembly from 1974 until 1975.

Bouteflika resigned on 2 April 2019 after months of massive protests.

Bouteflika died on 17 September 2021 at his home in Zéralda, Algeria from cardiac arrest at the age of 84. He was in bad health ever since he had a stroke in 2013.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Abdelaziz Bouteflika
<small>عبد العزيز بوتفليقة</small>
- **image**: Abdelaziz Bouteflika - cropped from Secretary Clinton Addresses Reporters in Algiers (8141547674).jpg
- **caption**: Bouteflika in October 2012
- **office**: President of Algeria
- **primeminister**: Smail Hamdani
Ahmed Benbitour
Ali Benflis
Ahmed Ouyahia
Abdelaziz Belkhadem
Ahmed Ouyahia
Abdelmadjid Tebboune
Noureddine Bedoui
- **term start**: 27 April 1999
- **term end**: 2 April 2019
- **predecessor**: Liamine Zéroual
- **successor**: Abdelmadjid Tebboune
- **birth place**: Oujda, French Morocco
- **death place**: Zéralda, Algeria
- **party**: National Liberation Front (Algeria), National Liberation Front
- **spouse**: Amal Triki
- **profession**: Civil service, Civil servant
Prime Minister of Algeria

The **Prime Minister** is the head of government of Algeria.

The President of Algeria chooses the Prime Minister. The People's National Assembly must okay the choice. There are no  limits on a Prime Minister's term.  The person who was Prime Minister the longest was Mohamed Ben Ahmed Abdelghani.  He did the job from 1979 to 1984.

## Infobox (political post)

- **post**: Prime Minister
- **body**: Algeria
- **nativename**: رئيس حكومة الجزائر
Premier ministre de l'Algérie
- **insigniasize**: 125px
- **insigniacaption**: Emblem of Algeria
- **incumbent**: Sifi Ghrieb
- **incumbentsince**: 28 August 2025
- **acting**: y
- **appointer**: Abdelmadjid Tebboune,
<small>as President of Algeria</small>
- **inaugural**: Benyoucef Benkhedda
- **formation**: 3 July 1962
Ahmed Ouyahia

**Ahmed Ouyahia** (born July 2, 1952) is an Algerian politician. He was the Prime Minister of Algeria from August 16, 2017 to March 12, 2019.

Ouyahia was already Prime Minister from 1995 to 1998, from 2003 to 2006, and from 2008 to 2012.

He was also Minister of Justice for a time. He formed and was president of the RND party.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Ahmed Ouyahia<br/ >أحمد أويحيى<br/ >ⴰⵃⵎⴷ ⵓⵢⵃⵢⴰ
- **image**: Ahmed Ouyahia 2011-05-29.jpg
- **office**: Prime Minister of Algeria
- **president**: Abdelaziz Bouteflika
- **term start**: 16 August 2017
- **term end**: 12 March 2019
- **predecessor**: Abdelmadjid Tebboune
- **successor**: Noureddine Bedoui
- **president2**: Abdelaziz Bouteflika
- **term start2**: 23 June 2008
- **term end2**: 3 September 2012
- **predecessor2**: Abdelaziz Belkhadem
- **successor2**: Abdelmalek Sellal
- **president3**: Abdelaziz Bouteflika
- **term start3**: 5 May 2003
- **term end3**: 24 May 2006
- **predecessor3**: Ali Benflis
- **successor3**: Abdelaziz Belkhadem
- **president4**: Liamine Zéroual
- **term start4**: 31 December 1995
- **term end4**: 15 December 1998
- **predecessor4**: Mokdad Sifi
- **successor4**: Smail Hamdani
- **office5**: Leader of the National Rally for Democracy (Algeria), National Rally for Democracy
- **term start5**: 15 December 1998
- **predecessor5**: Liamine Zéroual
- **birth place**: Iboudraren, French Algeria, Algeria
- **party**: National Rally for Democracy (Algeria), National Rally for Democracy
Adrar Province

**Adrar** is a province in southwestern Algeria.  It is named for its capital Adrar. It is the second-largest province. There are 402,197 people.

## Divisions

The province has 11 districts and 28 communes or municipalities.

### Districts

1. Adrar
1. Aougrout
1. Aoulef
1. Bordj Badji Mokhtar
1. Charouine
1. Fenoughil
1. Reggane
1. T'Sabit
1. Timimoun
1. Tinerkouk
1. Zaouiet Kounta

## Infobox (province)

- **name**: Adrar Province
- **native name**: ولاية أدرار
- **native name lang**: ar
- **type**: Provinces of Algeria, Province
- **image map**: DZ-01_(2019).svg
- **map caption**: Map of Algeria highlighting Adrar
- **map caption1**: Map of the 11 districts of Adrar
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **seat type**: Capital (political), Capital
- **seat**: Adrar, Algeria, Adrar
- **leader title**: People's Provincial Assembly, PPA president
- **leader name**: Mr. Menad Mehdi (National Liberation Front (Algeria), FLN)
- **leader title1**: Wāli
- **leader name1**: Mr. Messaoud Djari
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area total km2**: 439700
- **population total**: 402197
- **population as of**: 2008
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone1**: Central European Time, CET
- **utc offset1**: +01
- **iso code**: ISO 3166-2:DZ, DZ-01
- **area code type**: Area Code
- **area code**: +213 (0) 49
- **blank name sec1**: Districts
- **blank info sec1**: 11
- **blank1 name sec1**: Municipalities
- **blank1 info sec1**: 28
Chlef Province

**Chlef** is a province in Algeria.  There are about 1 million people. The capital is Chlef.

## Divisions

The province is divided into 13 districts.  There are also 35 communes or municipalities.

### Districts

1. Abou El Hassan (<big>دائرة أبو الحسن</big>)
1. Aïn Merane (<big>دائرة عين مران</big>)
1. Béni Haoua (<big>دائرة بني حواء</big>)
1. Boukadir (<big>دائرة بوقادير</big>)
1. **Chlef** (<big>دائرة شلف</big>)
1. El Karimia (<big>دائرة الكريمية</big>)
1. El Marsa (<big>دائرة المرسى</big>)
1. Oued Fodda (<big>دائرة وادي الفضة</big>)
1. Ouled Ben Abdelkader (<big>دائرة اولاد بن عبد القادر</big>)
1. Ouled Farès (<big>دائرة اولاد فارس</big>)
1. Taougrit (<big>دائرة تاوقريت</big>)
1. Ténès (<big>دائرة تنس</big>)
1. Zeboudja (<big>دائرة زبوجة</big>)

## Infobox (province)

- **name**: Chlef Province
- **native name**: ولاية الشلف / Clef
- **native name lang**: ar
- **type**: Provinces of Algeria, Province
- **image map**: DZ-02 (2019).svg
- **map caption**: Map of Algeria highlighting Chlef
- **map caption1**: Map of the 13 districts of Chlef
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: Algeria
- **seat type**: Capital (political), Capital
- **seat**: Chlef
- **leader title**: People's Provincial Assembly, PPA president
- **leader name**: Mohamed Meheni (National Liberation Front (Algeria), FLN)
- **leader title1**: Wāli
- **leader name1**: Mr. Mohamed El Ghazi
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area total km2**: 4975
- **population total**: 1013718
- **population as of**: 2008
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone1**: Central European Time, CET
- **utc offset1**: +01
- **iso code**: ISO 3166-2:DZ, DZ-02
- **area code type**: Area Code
- **area code**: +213 (0) 27
- **blank name sec1**: Districts
- **blank info sec1**: 13
- **blank1 name sec1**: Municipalities
- **blank1 info sec1**: 35
- **website**: [http://www.wilaya-chlef.com wilaya-chlef.com]
Laghouat Province

**Laghouat** is a province  (_wilaya_) in central Algeria. The name means "the oases". The capital is Laghouat. Other localities include Aflou, Ain Madhi, Kourdane and Makhareg.

## Divisions

The province is divided into 10 districts.  There are also 24 communes or municipalities.

### Districts

1. Aflou
1. Aïn Mahdi
1. Brida
1. El Ghicha
1. Gueltet Sidi Saâd
1. Hassi R'Mel
1. Ksar El Hirane
1. **Laghouat**
1. Oued Morra
1. Sidi Makhlouf

## Infobox (province)

- **name**: Laghouat Province
- **native name**: ولاية الأغواط
- **native name lang**: ar
- **type**: Provinces of Algeria, Province
- **image map**: Algeria 03 Wilaya locator map-2009.svg
- **map caption**: Map of Algeria highlighting Laghouat
- **map caption1**: Map of the 10 districts of Laghouat
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: Algeria
- **seat type**: Capital (political), Capital
- **seat**: Laghouat
- **leader title**: People's Provincial Assembly, PPA president
- **leader title1**: Wāli
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area total km2**: 25057
- **population total**: 477328
- **population as of**: 2008
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone1**: Central European Time, CET
- **utc offset1**: +01
- **iso code**: ISO 3166-2:DZ, DZ-03
- **area code type**: Area Code
- **area code**: +213 (0) 29
- **blank name sec1**: Districts
- **blank info sec1**: 10
- **blank1 name sec1**: Municipalities
- **blank1 info sec1**: 24
Crater Lake National Park

**Crater Lake National Park** is a national park in the U.S. state of Oregon. It was created in 1902. It is the only national park in Oregon. The park includes the caldera of Crater Lake, the remains of the destroyed volcano Mount Mazama, and nearby hills and forests.

The lake is  deep. It is the deepest lake in the United States, the second deepest in North America and the ninth deepest in the world. The lake is so deep because of the caldera it is in.

Crater Lake has no streams flowing into or out of it. All water that enters the lake is eventually lost from evaporation or flowing away underground. The lake is re-filled only from snow and rain.

## Related pages

- Cascade Volcanic Arc

## Infobox (protected area)

- **name**: Crater Lake National Park
- **iucn category**: II
- **photo**: Above Crater Lake (cropped).jpg
- **photo caption**: Crater Lake
- **location**: southwestern Oregon, United States
- **nearest city**: Medford, Oregon, Medford
- **visitation num**: 423,551
- **visitation year**: 2011
- **governing body**: National Park Service
Oum El Bouaghi Province

**Oum El Bouaghi** or **Oum el-Bouaghi** is a province of Algeria. The capital is Oum El Bouaghi.

## Administrative divisions

The province is divided into 12 districts.  There are also 29 communes or municipalities.

### Districts

1. Aïn Babouche
1. Aïn Beïda
1. Aïn Fakroun
1. Aïn Kechra
1. Aïn M'Lila
1. Dhalaâ
1. F'Kirina
1. Ksar Sbahi
1. Meskiana
1. **Oum El Bouaghi**
1. Sigus
1. Souk Naâmane

## Infobox (province)

- **name**: Oum El Bouaghi Province
- **native name**: ولاية أم البواقي
- **native name lang**: ar
- **type**: Provinces of Algeria, Province
- **image map**: Algeria 04 Wilaya locator map-2009.svg
- **map caption**: Map of Algeria highlighting Oum El Bouaghi
- **map caption1**: Map of the 12 districts of Oum El Bouaghi
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: Algeria
- **seat type**: Capital (political), Capital
- **seat**: Oum El Bouaghi
- **leader title**: People's Provincial Assembly, PPA president
- **leader name**: Mr. Chouia Taha Hocine (National Liberation Front (Algeria), FLN)
- **leader title1**: Wāli
- **leader name1**: Mr. Bouderbali Mohamed
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area total km2**: 6768
- **population total**: 644364
- **population as of**: 2008
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone1**: Central European Time, CET
- **utc offset1**: +01
- **iso code**: ISO 3166-2:DZ, DZ-04
- **area code type**: Area Code
- **area code**: +213 (0) 32
- **blank name sec1**: Districts
- **blank info sec1**: 12
- **blank1 name sec1**: Municipalities
- **blank1 info sec1**: 29
Bob Carr

**Robert John "Bob" Carr** (born 28 September 1947) was a Labor member of the Australian senate from 6 March 2012 to 24 October 2013 and Foreign Minister  13 March 2012 to 18 September 2013. Before that, he was Premier of New South Wales from 1995 to 2005.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **honorific-prefix**: Honorable
- **name**: Bob Carr
- **image**: Bob Carr.jpg
- **imagesize**: 144px
- **caption**: Bob Carr in 2012
- **order**: 41st
- **office**: Australian Minister for Foreign Affairs
- **term start**: 13 March 2012
- **term end**: 18 September 2013
- **primeminister**: Julia Gillard
- **predecessor**: Kevin Rudd
- **successor**: Julie Bishop
- **office2**: Senator for New South Wales
- **term start2**: 6 March 2012
- **term end2**: 24 October 2013
- **predecessor2**: Mark Arbib
- **successor2**: Deborah O’Neill
- **order3**: 39th
- **office3**: Premier of New South Wales
- **term start3**: 4 April 1995
- **term end3**: 3 August 2005
- **governor3**: Peter Sinclair (governor), Peter Sinclair
Gordon Samuels
Marie Bashir
- **deputy3**: Andrew Refshauge
- **predecessor3**: John Fahey (politician), John Fahey
- **successor3**: Morris Iemma
- **constituency mp8**: Electoral District of Maroubra, Maroubra
- **parliament8**: New South Wales
- **term start8**: 22 October 1983
- **term end8**: 3 August 2005
- **predecessor8**: Bill Haigh
- **successor8**: Michael Daley
- **birth date**: 28 September, 1947
- **birth place**: Matraville, New South Wales, Matraville, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- **party**: Australian Labor Party
- **spouse**: Helena Carr
- **occupation**: Politician
Total Recall (1990 movie)

***Total Recall*** is a 1990 American science fiction action movie directed by Paul Verhoeven. It stars Arnold Schwarzenegger, Michael Ironside, Rachel Ticotin and Sharon Stone. It is set in the year 2084 in a terraformed Mars. The movie was released in June 1990. The story of the movie came from _"We Can Remember It for You Wholesale"_ by Philip K. Dick.

It was remade in 2012.
That's the Way (I Like It)

**"That's the Way (I Like It)"** is a disco-pop song released during late 1975 by the group KC & the Sunshine Band. It was risqué at the time because of certain lyrics. This single has been covered and sampled by various artists through the years.
Anhui

**Anhui** (; ) is a province in the east of China. The capital is Hefei. The area of Anhui is 139,400 km<sup>2</sup>, the population of it is roughly 62,548,000 (2017).

## Administrative divisions

Anhui is divided into seventeen prefecture-level divisions:
|Map|#|Name|Capital|Hanzi Hanyu Pinyin|Population (2010)|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|rowspan=18||||||
|Colspan=6 align=center|**— Prefecture-level city —**|||||
|1|Hefei|Luyang District|合肥市 Héféi Shì|7,457,000||
|2|Anqing|Yingjiang District|安庆市 Ānqìng Shì|5,311,000||
|3|Bengbu|Longzihu District|蚌埠市 Bèngbù Shì|3,164,000||
|4|Bozhou|Qiaocheng District|亳州市 Bózhōu Shì|4,851,000||
|5|Xuancheng|Xuanzhou District|宣城市 Xuānchéng Shì|2,533,000||
|6|Chizhou|Guichi District|池州市 Chízhōu Shì|1,403,000||
|7|Chuzhou|Langya District|滁州市 Chúzhōu Shì|3,938,000||
|8|Fuyang|Yingzhou District|阜阳市 Fǔyáng Shì|7,600,000||
|9|Huaibei|Lieshan District|淮北市 Huáiběi Shì|2,114,000||
|10|Huainan|Tianjia'an District|淮南市 Huáinán Shì|2,334,000||
|11|Huangshan|Tunxi District|黄山市 Huángshān Shì|1,359,000||
|12|Lu'an|Jin'an District|六安市 Lù'ān Shì|5,612,000||
|13|Ma'anshan|Yushan District|马鞍山市 Mǎ'ānshān Shì|2,304,000||
|14|Suzhou|Yongqiao District|宿州市 Sùzhōu Shì|5,353,000||
|15|Tongling|Tongguanshan District|铜陵市 Tónglíng Shì|724,000||
|16|Wuhu|Jinghu District|芜湖市 Wúhú Shì|3,443,000||
Australian Fossil Mammal Sites (Riversleigh / Naracoorte)

The **Australian Fossil Mammal Sites** is the UNESCO World Heritage Site in Queensland and South Australia.

The UNESCO listing is for two separate areas where fossils from the Cainozoic era have been found. Riversleigh, Queensland is in the north west corner of Queensland and Narcoorte South Australia is in the south east corner of South Australia. The Riversleigh site is part of the Lawn Hill National Park.

The sites are important for their extinct marsupials. The fossils show the evolution of mammals in Australia over the last 20 million years. The Naracoorte site is part of the Naracoorte Caves National Park. Its fossils show the way marsupials adapted to the great climate changes that have affected the world over the last 170,000 years.

## Related pages

- List of World Heritage Sites in Australia

## Infobox (world heritage site)

- **whs**: Australian Fossil Mammal Sites (Riversleigh / Naracoorte)
- **image**: Riversleigh.jpg
- **type**: Natural
- **criteria**: viii, ix
- **id**: 698
- **location**: Australia
- **year**: 1994
- **session**: 18th
- **link**: http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/698