juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
European honey bee

The **European honey bee** or **western honey bee** (_Apis mellifera_) is the main species of honey bee. The genus _Apis_ is Latin for "bee", and mellifera comes from Greek melli- meaning "honey" and ferre "to bear". So, the scientific name means "honey-bearing bee". In 1758 Carolus Linnaeus named the bees as _Apis mellifera_. However, he later found out that bees do not bear honey, but they actually bear nectar. Because of this, he tried to change it to _Apis mellifica_ ("honey-making bee") later.

Workers do a waggle dance in the beehive to tell the others where they have found nectar; Karl von Frisch discovered this.

## Other websites

- Flight of Honey Bee finally understood
- Honey Bee Pheromones
- Cornwall Honey Beepedia
- BeeSource
- Honey Bee _Apis mellifera_ diagnostic pictures, descriptions, natural history
- Brother Adams On-line book
- Beekeeping explained by the Food and Agriculture Organization
- Types of hives by FAO
- Interactive 3D flash presentation of Honey beehive  from PBS
- Brainy Bees Think Abstractly
- Digital library of Beekeeping
- Anatomy of the honeybee by the FAO
- _Apis mellifera pomonella_, a new honey bee subspecies from Central Asia;  Apidologie 34 (2003) 367-375; Sheppard and Meixner
- Origin of honeybees from the Yucatan peninsula inferred from mitochondrial DNA analysis; Molecular Ecology (2001)10, 1347-1355
- Cyclopedia of American Agriculture  ed. by L. H. Bailey (1911), Vol. III—Animals, "Bees," including a history of the literature related to European honey bees in the United States.
Bart the Genius

**"Bart the Genius"** is the second episode of the first season of ***The Simpsons***, which was first shown on the Fox network on January 14, 1990. It was the first episode written by Jon Vitti. It was also the first ever episode to use the signature title sequence, as well as the first normal episode. The episode has Bart Simpson's experiences of life as a smarty-pants after he cheats on an intelligence test. It is the first episode that uses Bart's catchphrase "Eat my shorts." As the second episode was made, right after the bad animation of "Some Enchanted Evening," the future of the series relied on how the animation turned out on this episode. The animation proved to be more acceptable and production continued.

The episode starts with the Simpson family playing Scrabble. Bart plays the word "kwyjibo", which is not a real word.

## Infobox (simpsons episode)

- **season**: 1
- **episode**: 2
- **director**: David Silverman
- **writer**: Jon Vitti
- **production**: 7G02
- **blackboard**: "I will not waste chalk"
- **couch gag**: Bart Simpson, Bart is thrown into the air when the Simpson family sits on the couch.
- **commentary**: Matt Groening
James L. Brooks
David Silverman
Jon Vitti
- **prev**: Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire
- **next**: Homer's Odyssey (The Simpsons), Homer's Odyssey
Terrier

A **terrier** is a dog of any one of many breeds of terrier types. They are named from the Latin word _terra_ meaning earth. It refers to their love of digging after their prey (small burrowing mammals). Terriers are typically small, very active and fearless dogs. Terrier breeds vary greatly in size from just  to over . They are usually categorized by size or function. There are five different groups with each group having several different breeds. Terriers do not usually tolerate other dogs well. They are descended from dogs bred to hunt and kill rodents. Terriers usually have 'wiry' (stiff hairs like wire) coats that need special care. The groups contain some of the most familiar types of terrier, such as the Scottie and the Cairn, as well as almost-unfamiliar ones, such as the Skye and the Airedale.
Viswanathan Anand

**Viswanathan Anand**, known as _Vishy_, (born 11 December 1969) is a former World Chess
Champion. He comes from India. Anand is the oldest player in modern times to become classical World Champion for the first time: he was 37 when he won in 2007.

When the world championship was split, Anand played in both versions. In the classical chess versions, sometimes called the "PCA cycle", Anand won matches against Oleg Romanishin and Michael Adams without a loss, then avenged his FIDE loss by defeating Gata Kamsky in the Candidates final. In 1995, he played the PCA World Chess Championship 1995 against Kasparov in New York City's World Trade Center. After an opening run of eight draws (a record for the opening of a world championship match), Anand won game nine with a powerful exchange sacrifice, but then lost four of the next five. He lost the match 10½–7½.

Anand held the FIDE World Chess Championship from 2000 to 2002 when the world title was split. This was a knock-out event of a different type from the classical matches. He became the undisputed World Champion in 2007 and defended his title against Vladimir Kramnik in 2008. With this win, he became the first player in chess history to have won the World Championship in three different formats: knockout, tournament, and match.

Anand retained the world title by beating Veselin Topalov 6½–5½ in May 2010. He kept the title again by defeating Boris Gelfand in 2012. This match was won in a four-game rapidplay tiebreaker, after the main match was tied at 6–6.

Anand is one of a small group of players to break the 2800 mark on the FIDE rating list, and in April 2007 at the age of 37, he became world number one for the first time. He was at the top of the world rankings five out of six times, from April 2007 to July 2008, holding the number one ranking for a total of 15 months. In October 2008, he dropped out of the world top three ranking for the first time since July 1996.

In 2007 he was awarded India's second highest civilian award, the Padma Vibhushan. He is also the first recipient of Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award in 1991–92, India's highest sporting honour. Though retaining his Indian citizenship, Vishy has been living in Spain for the past decade.

Anand lost the title to Magnus Carlsen in 2013, and also lost the return match in 2014 by  4½ to 6½.

## Infobox (chess player)

- **playername**: Viswanathan Anand
- **image**: File:Viswanathan Anand (2016) (cropped).jpeg
- **caption**: Anand in 2016
- **birthname**: Viswanathan Anand
- **placebirth**: Mayiladuthurai, Tamil Nadu, India
- **title**: Grandmaster (chess), Grandmaster (1988)
- **worldchampion**: 2000–2008
(FIDE)
2007–2013 (undisputed)
- **rating**: 2784
<small>#8 on Jan 2016 FIDE rating list</small>
- **peakrating**: 2817 (March 2011)
Rensselaer County, New York

**Rensselaer County** is a county in the U.S. state of New York. As of the 2020 census, 161,130 people lived there. It is named for Kiliaen van Rensselaer, the Dutch person who owned the land in the area. The county seat is Troy.

Rensselaer County is in the eastern part of New York. The county's eastern line runs along the New York-Vermont and New York-Massachusetts borders.

The county has a total area of 665 square miles (1,723 km²). Out of this, 654 square miles (1,694 km²) is land and 11 square miles (30 km²) (1.72%) is water.

The highest point is Berlin Mountain, which is  above sea level. The mountain is in the town of Berlin. The lowest point is sea level at the Hudson River. The Hoosic River, a tributary of the Hudson River, is in the north part of the county.

## History

Before it was called a county, the American Indians lived in the area. They were called Mohicans. A man from the Netherlands, named Kiliaen van Rensselaer, who sold jewelry, bought the area from the Dutch West Indies Company in 1630. He founded a town and named it after himself, calling it Rensselaerswyck. It was a part of New Netherland.

## Cities, towns, villages, and other locations

- Averill Park
- Berlin (town)
- Brunswick (town)
- Castleton-on-Hudson (village)
- East Greenbush (town)
- East Nassau (village)
- Grafton (town)
- Hampton Manor
- Hoosick Falls (village)

- Hoosick (town)
- Nassau (town)
- Nassau (village)
- North Greenbush (town)
- Petersburgh (town)
- Pittstown (town)
- Poestenkill (town)
- Rensselaer (city)
- Sand Lake (town)

- Schaghticoke (town)
- Schaghticoke (village)
- Schodack (town)
- Stephentown (town)
- Troy (city)
- Valley Falls (village)
- West Sand Lake
- Wynantskill

## Other websites

- Rensselaer County, NY
Tractive effort

**Tractive effort** is a synonym of **tractive force**, used in railway engineering terminology when describing the pulling power of a locomotive.
Homer's Odyssey (The Simpsons)

"**Homer's Odyssey**" is the third full length episode of ***The Simpsons***, that was first shown on the Fox network on January 21, 1990. In this episode of the first season, Homer becomes a crusader for people's safety in Springfield, and is made a higher rank in his current job as "Nuclear Safety Inspector" for the entire power plant. It was written by Jay Kogen and Wallace Wolodarsky and was the first _Simpsons_ script to be completed, although it was the third episode produced.

## Infobox (simpsons episode)

- **season**: 1
- **episode**: 3
- **director**: Wes Archer
- **writer**: Jay Kogen
Wallace Wolodarsky
- **production**: 7G03
- **guests**: Sam McMurray as Worker Drone
Christopher Collins as Mr. Burns
- **prev**: Bart the Genius
- **next**: There's No Disgrace Like Home
There's No Disgrace Like Home

"**There's No Disgrace Like Home**" is the fourth episode of the first season of ***The Simpsons***. It was first shown on the Fox network in the United States on January 28, 1990. In this episode, Homer becomes ashamed of his family after a bad company picnic and decides to enter them in therapy. The therapist has a hard time trying to solve their problems and eventually gives up and gives their money back. It was an early episode, showing early designs for a few recurring characters. The episode is made off of the comedy of Laurel and Hardy and features cultural references to films such as _Citizen Kane_ and _Freaks_ as well as the _Batman_ television series. People noted that the characters acted differently from the way they would in later seasons.

## Other websites

- "There's No Disgrace Like Home" at The Simpsons.com

## Infobox (television episode)

- **series**: The Simpsons
- **season**: 1
- **episode**: 4
- **director**: Gregg Vanzo
Kent Butterworth
- **writer**: Al Jean
Mike Reiss
- **production**: 7G04
- **prev**: Homer's Odyssey (The Simpsons), Homer's Odyssey
- **next**: Bart the General
- **season article**: The Simpsons (season 1)
- **episode list**: List of The Simpsons episodes
2035

**2035** (MMXXXV) will be a common year starting on Monday in the Gregorian calendar.

### January

- January 8 – Near-Earth object 2002 AY1 will make a close approach to Earth.

### May

- May 31: 100th anniversary of the 20th Century Studios.

### Date unknown

- Fully functioning artificial eyes are predicted to be available.

### September 15, 2035

- The Nike Air Jordan is set to have its 50th Anniversary Celebration, which is said to be possibly commemorated through releasing 50th Anniversary Edition Air Jordans.

### Film

- In _Back to the Future Part II_, the original timeline of the future says that Marlene McFly will be released from prison this year.
- _Twelve Monkeys_ (1995)
- _I, Robot_ (2004)
- _Doomsday_ (2008)
- The Walking Dead Universe Bloodlines: The Movie
- 2035 Forbidden Dimensions (2013)

### Television

- _My Life and Times_ (1991)
- The animated television series _Aqua Teen Hunger Force_ features a character known as the Cybernetic Ghost of Christmas Past from the Future who often makes up infamously nonsensical stories that take place in the future, the year 2035 being one of his most referenced years.
- The _Gakuen Utopia Manabi Straight!_ series is set in this year.
- Ghost in the Shell saga events take place on this year.
- The last episode of the American series Life on Mars reveals that 2035 is the year Sam Tyler is from, not 2008. According to the show, on March 2, 2035, the first manned mission to Mars is supposed to touch down.
- The History Channel TV Film, After Armageddon, ends at this time after 25 years the start of a global disaster, Pandemic. The story was told in the view point of the son of a paramedic, and he sees how a few humans left on Earth would go on, rebuilding a society.
- _Outcast_ The CT-9 spacecraft leaves Earth for Carpathia. (2011)
- In the Anime series Cowboy Bebop. Jet Black is born on December 3 of this year.

### Computer and video games

- _TimeSplitters_ (2000) (the Spaceways mission)
- _Castlevania: Aria of Sorrow_ (2003)

### Magazines

- In 2005 for the thirtieth anniversary issue, _National Geographic Kids_ did an article on what everyday life would be like in 2035.
2036

**2036** (MMXXXVI) will be a leap year starting on Tuesday in the Gregorian calendar.

## Predicted and scheduled events

- 2036 Summer Olympics will be held.
- Super Bowl LXX will be held.
- February 7 06:28:16 UTC – Network Time Protocol will loop over to the next epoch, as the 32-bit time stamp value used in NTP will overflow.
- April – A METI message Cosmic Call 2 sent from the 70-meter Eupatoria Planetary Radar arrives at its destination, HIP 4872 star.
- April 13 – close approach to Earth by asteroid 99942 Apophis.
- End of Vladimir Putin’s Presidency
- Zombie Apocalypse in United States of America and more countries.

## In fiction

- Fringe Episode 4x19 "Letters of Transit" takes place in the year 2036, where the Observers are in control of everyone else.
- The 1936 film _Things to Come_ depicts 2036 as a time when humans live in underground cities and fire the first spacecraft to the Moon from a giant space gun.
- Most of the _Once Upon a Time Machine_ episode of the 1987 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles cartoon series is set in the year 2036. It's an era of peace and without any crimes in New York City, when Shredder, Bebop and Rocksteady travel in time from 1991 to 2036 in an attempt to rule the future.
- Zenon Kar, of the Zenon books and films, is born this year.
- In the game Castlevania: Dawn of Sorrow for Nintendo DS, Dracula is set to be revived this year.
- The events of the movie Android take place.
- The popular Epcot ride, Mission: Space, takes place this year.
- John Titor supposedly time travels back to the winter of 1975 to retrieve an IBM 5100 computer which he claimed was needed to "debug" various legacy computer programs in 2036.
- According to Lt. Commander Data in the pilot episode of _Star Trek: The Next Generation_, this year the United Nations resolved that "No person shall be made to answer for the crimes of their race or forebears." The entity Q scoffs at this, saying this was a court of 2079, when the U.N. no longer existed. Complicating this argument is that the date of 2079 in Trek lore is 16 years after the events of Star Trek: First Contact, when extraterrestrial life has already been discovered and is assisting humanity to recover from the Third World War.
2037

**2037** (MMXXXVII) will be a common year starting on Thursday in the Gregorian calendar.

### Date unknown

- Certain documents relating to Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon's wishes to preserve a monarchy if the Nazis occupied the UK are to be released from the Royal Archives.
- According to estimates released in October 2007, the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE) space telescope, decommissioned that month, will continue orbiting the earth until it burns up in the atmosphere approximately 30 years after its decommissioning.
- The 2037 Bomber, an optionally manned, stealthy, hypersonic, heavy-bomber is scheduled to enter service this year, as the USAF calculates that attrition will have reduced their existing strategic bomber fleet below the minimum 170 aircraft.
- The use of fossil fuels is scheduled to become infrequent by this year in developed countries. Alternative fuels (like wind and solar) will eventually relegate the use of fossil fuels to the Middle East and to developing countries.
- The world's largest mud volcano, in East Java, Indonesia, may have stopped erupting.

### Computer video games

- X-Squad (2000): Set in 2037.
- The 1998 computer game _SiN_ is set in 2037.

### Film and television

- The _Dexter's Laboratory_ movie _Ego Trip_ has some scenes that take place in 2037.
- In the 2002 movie _The Time Machine_, demolitions on the moon cause the moon to break up and the earths orbit is affected, causing mass extermination of the human race on August 20, 2037.
- The Disney Channel Original Movie and the book, _Zenon: Girl of the Twenty First Century_ takes place in the year 2037.
- The majority of the Disney animated film _Meet the Robinsons_ (2007) takes place in the year 2037.
- In the film _V for Vendetta_, V destroys the Old Bailey with homemade explosives on November 5 of this year.
- In the _Star Trek_ universe, the third manned space mission to travel outside of the confines of the Terran solar system, the Charybdis, takes place this year
- In the _Ben 10_ universe, the events of _Ken 10_ occur in this year beginning on Ken's 10th birthday. (2007)

### Literature

- Science fiction novel _Time's Eye_ by Arthur C. Clarke and Stephen Baxter has some of its lead characters from the year 2037.
- _The Night Sessions_, a 2008 novel by Ken MacLeod, is set in this year.

### Music

- Lumi, a fictional character and the singer of the virtual band Genki Rockets, was born on September 11, 2037, and is the first human to be born in space.
2041

## Predicted and scheduled events

- 1 January – Books, movies, and other works published in 1945 will enter the public domain in the United States.
- 10 March - the passage of the comet 14P/Volfa near Jupiter. The diameter of the comet's nucleus is estimated to be 4.6 km.
- 7 December - 100th anniversary of the Attack on Pearl Harbor.
- Scheduled completion of the proposed project to create a railroad connecting Moscow to New York.
2043

### January

- January 1 – Books, movies, and other works published in 1947 will enter the public domain in the United States.

### Religion

2043 will see the close of 6000 years of human history, according to the count of years in the Hebrew Old Testament. This may be readily computed by placing the construction of Solomon's Temple (1 Kings 6:1) at 966 BC, a widely accepted date based on the work of Edwin Thiele in the mid 20th century. From 966 BC count back 2992 years to the first man, as given in the Old Testament record. (1656 Adam to the Flood, 427 to Abraham, 430 to the Exodus, 479 to 1 Kings 6:1.) This places the first man at 3958 BC. 6000 years forward takes one to 2043 AD.

## In fiction

- 2043 marks the first contact between humans and the Centaurians in the computer game _Alien Legacy_.
- According to the Acecombat universe, war breaks out between Neucom Inc. and General Resource Ltd. The Universal Peace Enforcement Organization is sent to settle the conflict. The war lasts until 2044.
- The video game _Rise of the Robots_ takes place in November.
- The movie _The Postman_ (1997) concludes.
- The 2010 movie _The Book of Eli_ is set.
2046

### January

- January 1 – Books, movies, and other works published in 1950 will enter the public domain in the United States.

### Date unknown

- The 2046 Winter Olympics will be held.

## In fiction

- The 2009 video for the songs PerfektBreitHimmelblau take place in this year.
- The film _Doom_, based on the video game series of the same name, takes place in this year.
- The Epilogue of the Jordan Chandler novel A Decibel Eight takes place this year
- The 1994 Cyberpunk Anime series Armitage III is set in this year.
- _Macross 7: Trash_, a manga series by Haruhiko Mikimoto, serving as a side-story to Macross 7
- the series lost in space takes place in 2046.
2047

### January

- January 1 – Books, movies, and other works published in 1951 will enter the public domain in the United States.

### July

- July – A METI message called Teen Age Message sent from the 70-meter Eupatoria Planetary Radar will arrive at its destination, 47 UMa star.
- July 1 – The present "one country, two systems" in Hong Kong may end, as it was guaranteed for 50 years starting from July 1, 1997, provided under the Hong Kong Basic Law. The agreement was raised by Deng Xiaoping to deal with Hong Kong's reunification with the People's Republic of China in 1997, and stipulated in the Sino-British Joint Declaration of 1984. What will be done is not stated in any document.

### August

- August 14 – Pakistan celebrates its 100th Independence Day.
- August 15 – India celebrates its 100th Independence Day.
**September**

- September 8 – if still alive and on the throne, Charles III of the United Kingdom will celebrate his Silver Jubilee. He would be 97 years old at the time.

### December

- December 31 – After this date, works published between January 1, 1978 and December 31, 2002, including Films (1978-2002), TV series (1965-1977 and 1978-2002) and sound recordings (1978-2002) have the possibility of entering the public domain in the United States. U.S. Copyright law specifically prohibits any work created during that period from automatically entering the public domain before this date.

## In fiction

- In the Command and Conquer universe, the Third Tiberium War is started when the Brotherhood of Nod destroys the Global Defense Initiative's orbital command centre, the Philadelphia, using a nuclear missile.
- In the Star Trek universe the city of Los Angeles is struck by the Hermosa Earthquake  causing parts of the city to fall into the sea.
- In Event Horizon (film), a search-and-rescue team is sent to a decaying space ship orbiting Neptune where an unimaginable horror awaits them.
- The English localization of _Snatcher_ for the Sega CD, an adventure game originally released in Japan for various platforms, moved the setting from 2042 to 2047.
- In the SimCity video game, floodings hit Rio de Janeiro due to global warming.
- A Balkanized India enters a water war in the Postcyberpunk Hugo award-winning novel, River of Gods by Ian McDonald
- _Voices of a Distant Star_, a Japanese anime, is set in 2047.
- Crysis 3 is set in this year, where an enormous dome is placed over New York City to stop the expansion of the Ceph. Inside, the abandoned city is overrun with vegetation and the alien invaders. The game's protagonist, Alcatraz, has remained in the city ever since the end of Crysis 2
2048

### Date unknown

- 2048 Summer Olympics will be held.

### January

- January 1 – Books, movies, and other works published in 1952 will enter the public domain in the United States.

- January 14 – The Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty will come up for review.

### February

- February 29 – There will be a rare full moon. This will be the first instance of a full moon on a leap day since 1972.

### June

- June - Asteroid 2007 VK184 has a chance of 1 in 3030 of hitting Earth in this year.
- June 12 - The Philippines will celebrate its 150th Independence Day Anniversary. 150 years since its liberation from the Spanish Colonization

## In fiction

- _Strider_ (1989)
- _Wipeout 2048_ (2011)
- _Fear Effect 2: Retro Helix_ (2001)
Continental Airlines

**Continental Airlines** was an American airline based and headquartered in downtown Houston, Texas. It was founded in 1937.  It was the fourth-largest airline in the US based on revenue passenger miles. Since 1998, Continental's marketing slogan had been _Work Hard, Fly Right_. Continental Airlines announced on Monday, May 3, 2010, that they were merging with United Airlines.  The merger was approved in September 2010, and the parent company changed its name to United Continental Holdings when United completed its acquisition of Continental.  The combined airline takes the United Airlines name but uses Continental's globe and livery.  There has been negative reaction to the new livery, many of whom were in favor of keeping the iconic "tulip" logo, designed by Saul Bass in 1973 due to emotional attachments and people not liking change.

Continental operated flights to destinations throughout the U.S., Canada, Latin America, Europe, and the Asia-Pacific regions. Together with its subsidiaries it had more than 2,423 daily departures, serving 130 domestic and 132 international destinations and had 42,210 employees (as of December 2009). Principal operations were from its three hubs at Newark Liberty International Airport, George Bush Intercontinental Airport, and Cleveland Hopkins International Airport. Continental Micronesia, owned by Continental, operated routes around Micronesia from its hub at Antonio B. Won Pat International Airport in Guam, and connected the Micronesian region with destinations in East Asia, Southeast Asia, Honolulu and Cairns, Australia.

## Infobox (airline)

- **airline**: Continental Airlines
- **image**: Continental Airlines Boeing 767-224ER; N67158@ZRH;16.01.2010 561bz (4282765608).jpg
- **caption**: No logo available. This is a Boeing 767
- **iata**: CO
- **icao**: COA
- **callsign**: CONTINENTAL
- **founded**: May 1934
- **commenced**: July 8, 1937
- **ceased**: March 3, 2012
(merged into United Airlines)
- **hubs**: *Cleveland
*Stapleton International Airport
*El Paso
*George Bush Intercontinental Airport
*Newark Liberty International Airport
- **frequent flyer**: OnePass
- **alliance**: *SkyTeam(2004-2009)
*Star Alliance(2009-2012)
- **parent**: Texas Air Corporation (1981-1991)
United Continental Holdings (2010-2012)
Wubi (software)

**Wubi** (**W**indows-based **Ub**untu **I**nstaller) is an official, free software program that installs the Ubuntu operating system on computers that have the Windows operating system.

Wubi was born as an independent project and as such versions 7.04 and 7.10 were unofficial releases. Since 8.04 the code has been merged within Ubuntu and since 8.04 alpha 5, Wubi can also be found in the Ubuntu Live CD.

Wubi was made to help Windows users who are do not know Linux very well to try it out easily without losing data or other problems. Wubi can also remove Ubuntu from inside Windows.

## Related pages

- Ubuntu
- Linux
- Operating System

## Infobox (software)

- **name**: Wubi
- **logo**: Wubi-logo-text.svg
- **screenshot**: Wubi screenshot.png
- **caption**: Wubi, installing Ubuntu 8.04
- **developer**: Agostino Russo, Geza Kovacs, Oliver Mattos, Ecology2007
- **latest release version**: 8.10
- **programming language**: NSIS script, C++
- **operating system**: Microsoft Windows, Windows Windows 98, 98, Windows 2000, 2000, Windows XP, XP, Windows Vista, Vista
- **size**: 1.1 MiB
- **language**: Over 50 Languages
- **status**: active development
- **genre**: Ubuntu (operating system), Ubuntu installer
- **license**: GNU General Public License, GPL
- **website**: [http://wubi.sourceforge.net/ wubi.sf.net]
Chasmosaurus

***Chasmosaurus*** was a rhinoceros-like dinosaur, similar to a triceratops, but smaller, the order of bird-hipped, herbivorous dinosaurs. It was a member of the suborder Marginocephalia, and the family of large, horned, herding herbivores, the ceratopsians. _Chasmosaurus_ was named by paleontologist Lawrence Lambe in 1914.

Chasmosaurus lived 65 to 100 million years ago and was 5 to 6 metres long with a weight of 3.6 tonnes.

They lived in western North America from Alaska to Mexico.
Xu Xiaofei

**Xu Xiao-Fei** (born 7 March 1982) is a former Chinese football player.

## Club statistics

|colspan=3|Club performance|colspan=2|League|colspan=2|Cup|colspan=2|Total||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2005|Consadole Sapporo|J2 League|11|0|0|0|11|0|
|2006|Kamatamare Sanuki|Regional Leagues|12|5|1|0|13|5|
|2007|8|4|0|0|8|4|||
|2007|Gainare Tottori|Football League|7|0|2|0|9|0|
|2008|Mitsubishi Mizushima|Football League|16|0|-|16|0||
|2009|Henan Construction|Super League|1|0|0|0|1|0|

## Other websites

- j-league #23

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Xu Xiaofei
徐晓飞
- **fullname**: Xu Xiaofei
- **birth place**: Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- **currentclub**: Minami Club
- **clubnumber**: 15
- **position**: midfielder
- **youthyears1**: 1999–2004
- **youthclubs1**: Kanoya P.E. University
- **years1**: 2005
- **years2**: 2006–2007
- **years3**: 2007
- **years4**: 2008
- **years5**: 2009
- **years6**: 2012–
- **clubs1**: Consadole Sapporo
- **clubs2**: Kamatamare Sanuki
- **clubs3**: Gainare Tottori
- **clubs4**: Mitsubishi Mizushima FC, Mitsubishi Mizushima
- **clubs5**: Henan Construction
- **clubs6**: Minami Club
- **caps1**: 11
- **caps2**: 20
- **caps3**: 7
- **caps4**: 16
- **caps5**: 1
- **goals1**: 0
- **goals2**: 9
- **goals3**: 0
- **goals4**: 0
- **goals5**: 0
- **nationalyears1**: 1998
- **nationalteam1**: China national under-16 football team, China U-16
- **nationalyears2**: 2003
- **nationalteam2**: China national under-23 football team, China U-23
- **pcupdate**: 1 November 2009
- **ntupdate**: 1 October 2009
Nivaldo (footballer, born 1975)

**Nivaldo Lourenço da Silva** (born 28 September 1975) is a former Brazilian football player.

## Club career statistics

|-
|2003||Montedio Yamagata||J. League 2||40||2||2||0||42||2
|-
|2006||Shonan Bellmare||J. League 2||35||1||0||0||35||1
75||3||2||0||77||3
75||3||2||0||77||3
|}
Albin Pelak

**Albin Pelak** (born 9 April 1981) is a Bosnia and Herzegovina former football player.

## Club statistics

|colspan=3|Club performance|colspan=2|League||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1999–00|Sarajevo|Premier League|8|0|
|2000–01|35|10|||
|2001–02|24|1|||
|2002–03|17|7|||
|2003|Cerezo Osaka|J1 League|3|1|
|2003–04|Sarajevo|Premier League|20|4|
|2004–05|11|3|||
|2005–06|12|4|||
|2005–06|Željezničar Sarajevo|Premier League|6|2|
|2006–07|13|5|||
|2007|Zvezda Irkutsk|First Division|6|0|
|2007–08|Željezničar Sarajevo|Premier League|11|3|
|2008–09|12|3|||
|2009–10|Olimpik Sarajevo|Premier League|||

## National team statistics

|colspan=3|Bosnia and Herzegovina national team||
| --- | --- | --- |
|2002|1|0|
|2003|0|0|
|2004|0|0|
|2005|1|0|

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Albin Pelak
- **fullname**: Albin Pelak
- **birth place**: Novi Pazar, SR Serbia, SFR Yugoslavia
- **position**: Midfielder
- **years1**: 1991–1997
- **years2**: 1997–2003
- **years3**: 2003
- **years4**: 2003–2004
- **years5**: 2004–2005
- **years6**: 2006–2007
- **years7**: 2007
- **years8**: 2007–2009
- **years9**: 2009–2010
- **clubs1**: NK Varaždin (1931–2015), Varteks
- **clubs2**: FK Sarajevo
- **clubs3**: Cerezo Osaka
- **clubs4**: NK Dinamo Zagreb, Dinamo Zagreb
- **clubs5**: FK Sarajevo
- **clubs6**: FK Željezničar Sarajevo, Željezničar
- **clubs7**: FC Zvezda Irkutsk, Zvezda Irkutsk
- **clubs8**: FK Željezničar Sarajevo, Željezničar
- **clubs9**: FK Olimpik Sarajevo, Olimpik
- **caps1**: 3
- **goals1**: 1
- **caps2**: 107
- **goals2**: 21
- **caps3**: 3
- **goals3**: 1
- **caps4**: 0
- **goals4**: 0
- **caps5**: 52
- **goals5**: 14
- **caps6**: 19
- **goals6**: 7
- **caps7**: 6
- **goals7**: 0
- **caps8**: 23
- **goals8**: 6
- **caps9**: 13
- **goals9**: 1
- **nationalyears1**: 2002
- **nationalteam1**: Bosnia and Herzegovina national under-21 football team, Bosnia and H. U-21
- **nationalyears2**: 2002–2005
- **nationalteam2**: Bosnia and Herzegovina national football team, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- **nationalcaps2**: 2
- **nationalgoals2**: 0
- **pcupdate**: 14 July 2009
- **ntupdate**: 30 May 2014
Milan Rapaić

**Milan Rapaić** (born 16 August 1973) is a former Croatian football player. He has played for Croatia national team.

## Club career statistics

|-
|1992||rowspan="5"|Hajduk Split||rowspan="5"|Prva HNL||2||0
|-
|1992/93||17||4
|-
|1993/94||25||8
|-
|1994/95||15||2
|-
|1995/96||25||6

|-
|1996/97||rowspan="4"|Perugia||Serie A||31||4
|-
|1997/98||Serie B||28||5
|-
|1998/99||rowspan="2"|Serie A||34||9
|-
|1999/00||28||2

|-
|2000/01||rowspan="3"|Fenerbahçe||First League||29||11
|-
|2001/02||rowspan="2"|Süper Lig||16||3
|-
|2002/03||6||1

|-
|2002/03||Hajduk Split||Prva HNL||11||3

|-
|2003/04||Ancona||Serie A||14||4

|-
|2004/05||rowspan="3"|Standard Liège||rowspan="3"|First Division||20||4
|-
|2005/06||18||7
|-
|2006/07||22||3

|-
|2007/08||Trogir||Druga HNL||1||0
96||23
135||24
51||15
60||14
342||76
|}

## International career statistics

|-
|1994||1||0
|-
|1995||0||0
|-
|1996||2||0
|-
|1997||0||0
|-
|1998||0||0
|-
|1999||8||0
|-
|2000||2||0
|-
|2001||6||1
|-
|2002||10||1
|-
|2003||10||2
|-
|2004||6||1
|-
|2005||0||0
|-
|2006||3||0
|-
|2007||1||0
|-
!Total||49||5
|}
Naoki Sakai

is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.

## Biography

Sakai was born in Nagareyama on August 2, 1975. He joined his local club Kashiwa Reysol from their youth team in 1994. He played many matches as right midfielder. The club won the champions at 1999 J.League Cup. From 2000, his opportunity to play decreased behind Mitsuteru Watanabe. He moved to Consadole Sapporo in 2002. He retired end of 2003 season.

On October 13, 1996, Sakai debuted for the Japan national team against Tunisia.

## Statistics

|-
|1994||rowspan="8"|Kashiwa Reysol||Football League||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|-
|1995||rowspan="7"|J1 League||19||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||19||0
|-
|1996||19||8||1||1||12||3||32||12
|-
|1997||14||0||3||1||6||0||23||1
|-
|1998||27||5||2||3||2||0||31||8
|-
|1999||24||2||4||2||7||0||35||4
|-
|2000||15||0||2||1||0||0||17||1
|-
|2001||12||1||0||0||2||0||14||1
|-
|2002||rowspan="2"|Consadole Sapporo||J1 League||17||1||0||0||3||0||20||1
|-
|2003||J2 League||10||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||10||0
157||17||12||8||32||3||201||28
157||17||12||8||32||3||201||28
|}

|-
|1996||1||0
|-
!Total||1||0
|}

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Naoki Sakai
- **fullname**: Naoki Sakai
- **birth place**: Nagareyama, Chiba Prefecture, Chiba, Japan
- **position**: Midfielder
- **youthyears1**: 1991–1993
- **youthclubs1**: Kashiwa Reysol
- **years1**: 1994–2001
- **clubs1**: Kashiwa Reysol
- **caps1**: 130
- **goals1**: 16
- **years2**: 2002–2003
- **clubs2**: Hokkaido Consadole Sapporo, Consadole Sapporo
- **caps2**: 27
- **goals2**: 1
- **totalcaps**: 157
- **totalgoals**: 17
- **nationalyears1**: 1996
- **nationalteam1**: Japan national football team, Japan
- **nationalcaps1**: 1
- **nationalgoals1**: 0
Atomu Tanaka

is a Japanese professional athlete.  He is best known as a Association football or soccer player.

## Club career statistics

|-
|2005||rowspan="8"|Albirex Niigata||rowspan="6"|J. League 1||2||0||0||0||0||0||2||0
|-
|2006||22||1||1||0||4||1||27||2
|-
|2007||11||1||0||0||2||0||13||1
|-
|2008||25||1||2||0||5||0||32||1
|-
|2009||5||0||2||0||3||0||10||0
|-
|2010||||||||||||||||
|-
|2011||||||||||||||||
|-
|2012||||||||||||||||
65||3||5||0||14||1||84||4
65||3||5||0||14||1||84||4
|}

## Other websites

- Albirex Niigata, http://www.albirex.co.jp/topteam/23_tanaka.html
Toshihiro Matsushita

**Toshihiro Matsushita** (born 17 October 1983) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Tokyo.

## Club career statistics

|-
|2002||rowspan="5"|Gamba Osaka||rowspan="5"|J. League 1||5||0||0||0||1||0||6||0
|-
|2003||5||0||0||0||1||0||6||0
|-
|2004||4||0||2||0||1||0||7||0
|-
|2005||14||0||3||0||7||0||24||0
|-
|2006||1||0||0||0||0||0||1||0
|-
|2006||rowspan="4"|Albirex Niigata||rowspan="4"|J. League 1||19||3||2||0||0||0||21||3
|-
|2007||25||0||0||0||4||0||29||0
|-
|2008||28||2||0||0||5||0||33||2
|-
|2009||34||4||3||1||6||2||43||7
|-
|2010||Tokyo||J. League 1||||||||||||||||
135||9||10||1||25||2||170||12
135||9||10||1||25||2||170||12
|}

## References

- Tokyo
Mississippian (geology)

The **Mississippian** is the first geological epoch in the Carboniferous geological period. It began about 359 million years ago and ended 323.

The names Mississippian and Pennsylvanian are used in North America, because they match the strata there. Geologists from elsewhere mostly use just 'Carboniferous', or they use the official terms for stages, as defined by the International Commission for Stratigraphy.

During the Mississippian the sea level was high, and much of North America was covered by a shallow sea. The strata are mostly layers of marine limestones.
Pennsylvanian

The **Pennsylvanian** is the Upper Carboniferous epoch in the strata of North America. It comes after (above) the Mississippian, and before the Permian. The Pennsylvanian started about 323 million years ago (mya), and ended about 299 mya.

The _coal measures_, which give the Carboniferous its name, are the remains of peat formed by dense tropical wetland forests. They were formed in the Pennsylvanian, from about 315–300 million years years ago.

These forests were on the equator, and the wetlands, which are always low-lying, stretched from North America in the west, through what is now Europe to China in the east, because these continents were all together at the time (Laurussia). The river plain which was the heart of the wetland stretched 5000km from eastern Canada to Ukraine, and was 700km wide.<sup>p6</sup> This would make the Pennsylvanian basin larger than any wetlands on Earth today.

The characteristic vertebrates of the coal measures were amphibia, and the plants were mostly giant clubmosses such as _Lepidodendron_.

## Change of climate

The rainforest system collapsed about halfway through the Pennsylvanian, and was replaced by a cooler, drier climate. The wetland forests ended when the land level was raised by the pressure of the Gondwana continent against Laurussia, causing the zone of contact to be raised. The end of the Coal Measures marks the end of the Carboniferous period. China was too far away to be affected, and there the wetland forests continued for another 50 million years, into the early Permian.<sup>p30</sup>

As the climate became drier, egg-laying amniotes (Synapsids and Sauropsids) became more common than amphibia. These are the lines that would lead to reptiles and mammals. These egg-laying land vertebrates probably split from the early amniotes in the Mississippian.
Viceroy (butterfly)

The **Viceroy** (_Limenitis archippus_) is a species of butterfly. It belongs in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in North America.

### Colour pattern

The wings are orange. They have black veins and black wing edges. There is a black band across the hind wing (bottom wing). This band can sometimes be faint or missing if the butterfly lives in the southwestern United States. In Florida, the Viceroy is dark reddish brown instead of orange. The wingspan ranges from 6.6 to 7.6 cm (2.6 to 3 in).

### Its significance

The orange Viceroys mimic the Monarch (_Danaus plexippus_). The reddish brown Viceroys mimic the Queen (_Danaus gilippus_) and the Soldier (_Danaus eresimus_).

The caterpillar feeds on trees in the willow family Salicaceae, including willows (_Salix_), and poplars and cottonwoods (_Populus_). The caterpillars store the salicylic acid in their bodies, which makes them bitter, and upsets predators' stomachs. As further protection, the caterpillars, as well as their chrysalis stage, resemble bird droppings.

The **Viceroy** (_Limenitis archippus_) is a North American butterfly with a range from the Northwest Territories along the eastern edges of the Cascade Range and Sierra Nevada mountains, southwards into central Mexico.

Its wings have an orange and black pattern, and over most of its range it is a Müllerian mimic with the Monarch butterfly (_Danaus plexippus_). What this means is that they are both bitter tasting, and they both use the same pattern of colours where they live in the same territory. Müllerian mimicry is a shared warning advertisement, in this case of foul taste.

## Flight period

Adults fly in the late morning and early afternoon.

The Viceroy can be found from June to July in northern Canada. It can be found from May to October in southern Canada and the northern United States. It is found all year in southern Florida. In the southwestern United States, it is seen from April to November.

## Habitat

This butterfly is found in a wide range of wet, open places such as water edges, wet meadows, and freshwater marshes.

## Life cycle

The female lays her eggs singly. They are laid at the tip of the host plant leaf (the host plant is the plant that the caterpillar feeds on). The egg is pale green or pale yellow. It turns gray later. The caterpillar feeds at night. It mimics a bird dropping. It is white, brown, black, and olive green. There are two greenish bumps on the thorax. There are also two spines near the head. The chrysalis also mimics a bird dropping. It is white, brown, and black. There is a large brownish bump on the abdomen. The caterpillar hibernates in a leaf shelter. It lays one set of eggs in northern Canada, and 2-3 more groups in southern Canada and the United States.

## Other websites

- USDA PLANTS Database
Naxos

**Naxos** may refer to:

## Places

- Naxos Island, island in the Cyclades group
- Naxos (Sicily), ancient Greek city in Sicily
Trifolium pratense

**Red Clover** (_Trifolium pratense_) is a species of plant. It is native to Europe, Africa, and Asia. It has been introduced to North America, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. It blooms from spring to early fall. It is found in fields, pastures, and near roadsides. Red Clover likes to grow in thick, dry soil.

## Other websites

- _Trifolium pratense_ at USDA PLANTS Database
- _Trifolium pratense_ at Germplasm Resources Information Network
- _Trifolium pratense_ at Kansas Wildflowers and Grasses
William H. H. Miller

**William Henry Harrison Miller** (September 6, 1840–May 25, 1917) was an American lawyer and Attorney General of the United States.

Born in Augusta, New York, Miller graduated from Hamilton College in 1861. He studied law in the office of Chief Justice Morrison Waite, and was admitted to the bar in Peru, Indiana in 1865. Miller practiced in that city for a short time, and was also the county school examiner. For many years, he was an advisor to General Benjamin Harrison. In 1889, President Harrison made Miller Attorney General. He was Attorney General until 1893.

Miller died in 1917 in Indianapolis, Indiana, and is buried in Crown Hill Cemetery in that city.

## Infobox (us cabinet official)

- **name**: William Henry Harrison Miller
- **image**: WHHMiller.jpg
- **order**: 40th
- **title**: United States Attorney General
- **term start**: March 7, 1889
- **term end**: March 4, 1893
- **predecessor**: Augustus Hill Garland, Augustus H. Garland
- **successor**: Richard Olney
- **birth place**: Augusta, New York, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Indianapolis, Indiana, United States, U.S.
- **party**: United States Republican Party, Republican
- **alma mater**: Hamilton College
- **profession**: Lawyer, Politician
Bart the General

**"Bart the General"** is the fifth full length episode of the first season of ***The Simpsons***, which was first shown on the Fox network on February 4, 1990. In this episode, Bart deals with his troubles with the school bully, Nelson Muntz. Bart chooses to go to war with Nelson using the neighborhood kids as his own army. The episode was written by John Swartzwelder and directed by David Silverman.

## Infobox (simpsons episode)

- **season**: 1
- **episode**: 5
- **director**: David Silverman
- **writer**: John Swartzwelder
- **production**: 7G05
- **commentary**: Matt Groening
James L. Brooks
David Silverman
- **prev**: There's No Disgrace Like Home
- **next**: Moaning Lisa
Moaning Lisa

"**Moaning Lisa**" is the sixth episode of the first season of ***The Simpsons***. It was first shown on February 11, 1990. The episode was written by Al Jean and Mike Reiss, and was directed by Wes Archer. Ron Taylor guest stars in the episode as "Bleeding Gums Murphy". In this episode, Lisa deals with depression and she tries to  it by playing her saxophone. It got good reviews from television judges.

## Infobox (television episode)

- **series**: The Simpsons
- **season**: 1
- **episode**: 6
- **director**: Wesley Archer
- **writer**: Al Jean
Mike Reiss
- **production**: 7G06
- **guests**: Ron Taylor as List of The Simpsons characters, "Bleeding Gums" Murphy
Susan Blu as Howie and a boy
Miriam Flynn as Miss Barr
- **prev**: Bart the General
- **next**: The Call of the Simpsons
- **season article**: The Simpsons season 1
- **episode list**: List of The Simpsons episodes
Anthozoa

**Anthozoa** are a class in the phylum Cnidaria. It includes the sea anemones and the corals. It is a monophyletic clade, one of two in the Cnidaria. The other is the Medusozoa.

The class does not have a medusa larval stage in its development, unlike the rest of the phylum. Like all Cnidaria, their food-catching and defense are done by nematocysts, which are extremely effective stinging cells. Over 6,100 species have been described.

There are three subclasses:

- Ceriantharia: the tube-dwelling anemones or cerianthids
- Hexacorallia: 4,300 species of colonial polyps, usually with 6-fold symmetry. This includes all of the stony corals, which are vital for coral reef formation, and all sea anemones, and zoanthids.
- Octocorallia: 3,000 species of colonial polyps with 8-fold symmetry. It includes the blue coral, soft corals, sea pens, and gorgonians (sea fans and sea whips).
Cnida

The **cnida** is the basic term for the stinging apparatus of the phylum Cnidaria. The whole life-style of the phylum is based on this device, which enables the animals to catch their prey. The cnida appears in several forms: the most usual is the **nematocyst**.

Cnidae are organelle-like capsules with eversible tubules (they shoot the tubule outwards). They are the diagnostic feature of the phylum. All cnidarians possess cnidae; no loss of the feature is known.

There are three main types of cnidae: nematocysts, ptychocysts, and spirocysts, with many variations. Depending on the species, one or more types may be on the organism.

1. **Nematocyst**. This is the main type, present in all Anthozoa. It is a harpoon-like structure which holds and paralyses small prey.
1. **Ptychocyst**. This puts out a sticky substance. This is used to hold on to prey, and to help make tubes for burrowing tube anemones.
1. **Spirocyst**. This is a lasso-like string that is fired at prey. It wraps around the prey.

The cell which produces the cnida is variously called a _cnidocyte_, _cnidoblast_, or _nematocyte_. It is highly specialised for just one function. Each nematocyte cell contains an organelle with a hollow, coiled, thread-like structure. The outside of the cell has a hair-like trigger. When the trigger is touched, the shaft of the cnidocyst fires like a harpoon. It penetrates the prey, and the hollow thread comes with it. This takes no more than a few microseconds. After penetration, the toxic content of the nematocyst is injected into the target. The rapid activity of the injected neurotoxins paralyzes the mobile prey, thus allowing the sessile cnidarian to devour it.

## Kleptocnidy

Certain types of sea slugs, such as the nudibranch aeolids, store nematocysts from digested jellyfish at the tips of their cerata (body projections), a process called kleptocnidy. It is quite common for these predators to store useful components from their prey; another sea slug stores photosynthetic plastids from algae it feeds on to help it blend in with the bed of algae it grazes on.
The Call of the Simpsons

**"The Call of the Simpsons"** is the seventh episode of the first season of ***The Simpsons***. It was first shown on February 18, 1990. It was written by John Swartzwelder and directed by Wesley Archer. Albert Brooks made his first guest appearance on _The Simpsons_ in this episode as the voice of Cowboy Bob. In this episode, Homer buys an RV and the Simpsons family set off for a vacation in the wild. By mistake driving it off the edge of a cliff, the family is trapped in the woods. As Homer and Bart try to find a way back to home, Homer gets himself covered in mud and is mistakenly taken for Bigfoot by a naturalist. The news about "Bigfoot" spread quickly and Bigfoot hunters start to close in on the woods to capture Homer.

## Infobox (television episode)

- **series**: The Simpsons
- **season**: 1
- **episode**: 7
- **director**: Wesley Archer
- **writer**: John Swartzwelder
- **production**: 7G09
- **guests**: Albert Brooks as Cowboy Bob
- **prev**: Moaning Lisa
- **next**: The Telltale Head
- **season article**: The Simpsons (season 1)
- **episode list**: List of The Simpsons episodes