juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Cornol

**Cornol** is a municipality of the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Cornol
- **municipality name**: Cornol
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Cornol COA.svg
- **languages**: French
- **canton**: Jura
- **iso-code-region**: CH-JU
- **district**: Porrentruy (district), Porrentruy
- **postal code**: 2952
- **municipality code**: 6782
- **area**: 10.43
- **elevation**: 520
- **population**: 852
- **populationof**: 2003
- **neighboring municipalities**: Courgenay, Alle, Switzerland, Alle, Miécourt, Fregiécourt, Asuel, Montmelon
Courchavon

**Courchavon** is a municipality of the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

Courchavon is also famous for its Swiss chocolate.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Courchavon
- **municipality name**: Courchavon
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: Courchavon-blazon.svg
- **languages**: French
- **canton**: Jura
- **iso-code-region**: CH-JU
- **district**: Porrentruy (district), Porrentruy
- **postal code**: 2922
- **municipality code**: 6783
- **area**: 6.23
- **elevation**: 407
- **population**: 291
- **populationof**: 2003
- **neighboring municipalities**: Porrentruy, Bure, Switzerland, Bure, Courtemaîche, Coeuve
Courgenay

- _For the town in France, see Courgenay, Yonne._

**Courgenay** is a municipality of the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official website of the municipality of Courgenay

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Courgenay
- **municipality name**: Courgenay
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **image photo**: Courgenay Kirche.jpg
- **image caption**: Courgenay village church
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Courgenay COA.svg
- **languages**: French
- **canton**: Jura
- **iso-code-region**: CH-JU
- **district**: Porrentruy (district), Porrentruy
- **postal code**: 2950
- **municipality code**: 6784
- **area**: 18.42
- **elevation**: 488
- **population**: 2118
- **populationof**: 2003
- **website**: www.courgenay.ch
- **mayor title**: Maire
- **neighboring municipalities**: Porrentruy, Alle, Switzerland, Alle, Cornol, Montmelon, Seleute, Ocourt , Fontenais
2001: A Space Odyssey (movie)

***2001: A Space Odyssey*** is a 1968 science fiction movie. It was directed by Stanley Kubrick. It was written by Kubrick and Arthur C. Clarke. The movie deals with human evolution, technology, artificial intelligence, and extraterrestrial life.  The science aspects in the movie seem very real. It had new special effects. It used images and sound to show meaning and did not use much talking.  The music at the beginning is the start of a symphonic poem by Richard Strauss called "Also Sprach Zarathustra".

It received some good and some bad reviews when it was released. Now _2001: A Space Odyssey_ is recognized by critics as one of the greatest movies ever made; a sample of critics in 2002 placed it among the top ten movies of all time. It was nominated for four Academy Awards, and it was given an award for visual effects. In 1991, it was thought to be "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" (i.e. important for culture, history and aesthetics) by the United States Library of Congress and was chosen to be kept in their National Film Registry.

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: 2001: A Space Odyssey
- **director**: Stanley Kubrick
- **producer**: Stanley Kubrick
- **writer**: **Novel:**
Arthur C. Clarke
**Screenplay:**
Stanley Kubrick
Arthur C. Clarke
- **starring**: Keir Dullea
Gary Lockwood
William Sylvester
Daniel Richter (actor), Daniel Richter
Leonard Rossiter
Douglas Rain
- **cinematography**: Geoffrey Unsworth
- **editing**: Ray Lovejoy
- **distributor**: Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (1968-1998, video only from 1986-1998)
Turner Entertainment (theatrical and TV, 1986-1996)
Warner Bros. (via Turner) (theatrical and TV since 1996, video since 1999)
- **released**: April 6, 1968 (United States, USA)
- **runtime**: 160 Min
 (premiere)
141 Min
 (general release)
- **country**: United Kingdom
United States
- **language**: English
- **budget**: United States dollar, $10,500,000
Xenogears

***Xenogears*** is a Japanese role-playing video game developed and published by Square for the PlayStation.

## Infobox (video game)

- **developer**: Square (video game company), Square Product Development Division 3
- **director**: Tetsuya Takahashi
- **producer**: Hiromichi Tanaka
- **programmer**: Kiyoshi Yoshii
- **artist**: Kunihiko Tanaka
Yasuyuki Honne
- **writer**: Tetsuya Takahashi
Soraya Saga, Kaori Tanaka
Masato Kato
- **composer**: Yasunori Mitsuda
- **platforms**: PlayStation (console), PlayStation
- **genre**: Role-playing video game, Role-playing
- **modes**: Single-player, Multiplayer video game, multiplayer
Metal Gear

***Metal Gear*** is an action-adventure stealth video game franchise made by Konami.

The main character for the series is Solid Snake. He is a soldier who does sneaking (hiding) missions by himself, much like James Bond. He is a clone of a famous soldier named Big Boss. The games have a large amount of story about these two men and the things that happen to them. Many players say the games are like watching a James Bond movie or reading a book about spies.

The series is named after a type of robotic tanks for each games, whom Snake destroys each of them.

The latest game, Metal Gear Survive, was made for Playstation 4, Xbox One and PC.

## Games

MSX:

- _Metal Gear_
- _Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake_

Nintendo Entertainment System:

- _Metal Gear_

For PlayStation:

- _Metal Gear Solid_
- _Metal Gear Solid: VR Missions_

For PlayStation 2:

- _Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty_
- _Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater_

For Game Boy:

- _Metal Gear Solid: Ghost Babel_

For GameCube:

- _Metal Gear Solid: Twin Snakes_

For PlayStation Portable:

- _Metal Gear Acid_
- _Metal Gear Acid 2_
- _Metal Gear Solid: Portable Ops_
- _Metal Gear Solid: Portable Ops Plus+_
- _Metal Gear Solid: Peace Walker_

For PlayStation 3:

- _Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots_

## Other websites

- The Metal Gear Wiki

## Infobox (vg)

- **title**: Metal Gear (series)
- **developer**: Konami
- **publisher**: Konami
Ultra (company), Ultra Games (North American NES version)
- **designer**: Hideo Kojima
- **composer**: Iku Mizutani
Shigehiro Takenouchi
Motoaki Furukawa
- **released**: **MSX2***'NES***'PC MS-DOS** / **Commodore 64****Mobile phone**
- **genre**: Stealth game, Stealth action
- **modes**: Single player
- **platforms**: MSX#MSX2, MSX2, Nintendo Entertainment System, NES, MS-DOS, Commodore 64, Mobile Phone, Nintendo GameCube, GameCube, Game Boy, PlayStation, PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, PlayStation Portable, PlayStation Vita
Deus Ex (video game)

***Deus Ex*** is a video game available on the personal computer. It is a first person shooter. The game is about a conspiracy in the future that involves the Illuminati and artificial intelligence.

The player plays as J.C. Denton, a cyborg who has to deal with problems like robots, men, and bombs. Denton has a brother and many employers. He has skills in the game that increase when goals are completed. For instance, if he needs to sneak up on men in the Army, the player might use a ventilationshaft and gain extra points, which can then be used like money to buy better aim with a pistol.

_Deus Ex_ came out in 2000. It tried to say things about philosophy, knowledge, terrorism, and other things, much like _The Matrix_. It is widely regarded as one of the best computer games and video games of all time.

## Other websites

- Official  page on Eidos site
Ulysses (novel)

***Ulysses*** is a novel by James Joyce. The complete book was first published in 1922, although parts of it had appeared earlier. It was an early example of "stream of consciousness" writing. This attempts to give the written equivalent of the character's thought processes, either in a loose interior monologue (see below), or in connection to his or her actions. Stream-of-consciousness writing is usually regarded as a special form of interior monologue.

The story takes place on 16 June 1904, and is about a man named Leopold Bloom, who walks around Dublin. The book also tells the story of Molly Bloom, his wife, and of Stephen Dedalus, a school teacher.

The book became famous for several reasons, but mainly because it is written in a new this style. The book is now thought to be important modernist literature. Many professors and teachers teach this book in universities and colleges.

## Background

Joyce first encountered Odysseus in Charles Lamb's _Adventures of Ulysses_ - an adaptation of the _Odyssey_ for children. This seemed to establish the Greek name in Joyce's mind. At school he wrote an essay on Ulysses as his 'favourite hero'. Joyce told Frank Budgen that he considered Ulysses the only all-round character in literature. He thought about calling _Dubliners_ by the name _Ulysses in Dublin_, but the idea grew from a story in _Dubliners_ in 1906, to a 'short book' in 1907, to the vast novel which he began writing in 1914.

## Related pages

- Le Monde's 100 Books of the Century

## Other websites

- A brief satirical summary of Ulysses with illustrations
- A large website discussing Ulysses
- The text of Joseph Collins's 1922 New York Times review of Ulysses
- A hypertextual, self-referential, complete edition of _Ulysses_
- Daedalus and Odysseus: Two Mythic Heroes Influencing Fatherhood as Represented in James Joyce’s _Ulysses_
- Group audio recording of novel
Gunpei Yokoi

, also romanized as **Gumpei Yokoi**, was a video game designer for Nintendo. He created the Game Boy and produced the _Metroid_ series of video games. He was also a mentor to Shigeru Miyamoto. Yokoi's last invention, the Virtual Boy, was not a success. He left Nintendo and started a company called Koto Laboratory. His main product idea at this company was the WonderSwan, which came out in 1999, two years after he died.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Gunpei Yokoi
- **image size**: 250px
- **caption**: Gunpei Yokoi
- **birth place**: Kyoto, Japan
- **occupation**: Game designer
A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man

***A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man*** is a novel written by the Irish writer James Joyce. It was first printed as a book in 1916. It tells the story of Stephen Dedalus, a young man who is trying to be a writer in Dublin. The story begins from his childhood and ends with him deciding to go to Paris and leave Dublin, his hometown, to become a writer.

The book is written in a new style of writing called stream of consciousness. Therefore, the beginning of the book is very simple while the later parts become less simple. It shows how, when a person grows up, the language he or she uses becomes more and more complex.

## Other websites

- Searchable, self-referential edition of _Portrait_, with concordance
- SparkNotes study guide
- The Literature Network
- Bibliomania
- Google Earth Placeset for _A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man_
Finnegans Wake

***Finnegans Wake*** is the last book written by the Irish writer James Joyce. It was published in 1939.

He started to work on this book in 1924 and published parts of it under the titles "A New Unnamed Work" and "Work in Progress".  He did not complete until seventeen years later, in 1939.  During this time he faced many hardships, such as having no money, eye problems and family problems.

_Finnegans Wake_ is a very hard book to read, even for people who read a lot of literature, because Joyce uses several languages and creates new words that come from combinations of old and new English and other languages as well.

It can be understood as the story of Humphrey Chimpden Earwicker and his family. But it is an experiment more than a story.

## Related pages

- Quark
- Stream of consciousness writing

## Other websites

- _Finnegans Wake_ Extensible Elucidation Treasury (FWEET)

- Etext of _Finnegans Wake_
- Annotated version of _Finnegans Wake_
- Online shorter _Finnegans Wake_
- Online _really_ short _Finnegans Wake_
- Editions of _Finnegans Wake_
- The James Joyce Scholars' Collection includes etexts of several works of Wakean scholarship.
- Finnegans Wiki, an ambitious project to Wiki the _Wake_
- "Icon O Graphing Finnegans Wake" is a visual fable based on James Joyce’s novel "Finnegans Wake" by Toronto artist Boris Dimitrov.
- Terence McKenna lecture 'Surfing Finnegan's Wake'
- "Genesis, Geniuses, and Guinesses," _The Common Review_, Fall 2005, pg. 58: a pop-culture gloss for effective reading, with headings based on Nirvana's "Smells Like Teen Spirit"
Freerunning sleep

**Freerunning sleep** can be sleep which is not adjusted, _entrained_, to the 24-hour cycle in nature.  Sleep which is entrained to 24 hours but is not artificially regulated by alarm clocks etc. can also be called freerunning sleep.

## Scientific experiments

Animals which are kept in a laboratory for research in _constant conditions_, that is in constant light or constant dark, will _freerun_.  They live by their built-in circadian rhythms.  Each day will be a little bit shorter or a little bit longer than 24 hours.  It will be shorter if the animal's natural cycle is less than 24 hours long.  The animals sleep and are active as usual, but their timing gets to be farther and farther off.

Scientists let the animals freerun and then do experiments to see what sort of signals are most effective at entraining them.  They also experiment to see how long or short a cycle that animal can be entrained to.  Some animals can be entrained to a 22-hour day, but they can not be entrained to a 20-hour day.

Light is the most effective signal.  Some animals are quite easily entrained by the timing of meals.  Exercise is a signal for some animals. Heat is not effective.

Sometimes people stay in a laboratory for a few days in very low light without any knowledge of the time.  Such experiments show that adults, both older and younger, have a circadian cycle which is 24 hours and 11 minutes, on average.

### Illness

Some people have a condition, a circadian rhythm sleep disorder, which makes them freerun all the time, even if they get out into daylight and eat regular meals.  Many of these people are blind, but some of them can see.  They have a long  circadian cycle and they do not entrain.  Scientists do not yet know why.

### Intentional freerunning

Some people believe they will be more healthy if they do not sleep on a regular schedule.  They try to go to bed only when they are sleepy. They do not use alarm clocks.  They call this freerunning, but since they are exposed to daylight and dark, it's not the same as freerunning as the scientists use the term.
Frederico Mompou

**Federico (Frederic) Mompou** (born Barcelona, 16 April  1893; died Barcelona 30 June 1987) was a Spanish (Catalan) composer. He is best known for his short works for solo piano and his songs.

## Life

Mompou was born in Barcelona (Spain), and studied piano there at the Conservatorio del Liceo.  In 1911 he went to Paris.   He was studying to be a concert pianist, but he was very shy, and decided to become a composer.

Mompou left Paris and returned to Barcelona when World War I broke out in 1914. He went to Paris again in 1921. He stayed there until 1941 when, once again he went back to Catalonia, because the German army were invading Paris in World War II.  He continued to lecture about his music until he had a stroke.   He died at the age of 94.

## His music

Mompou is best known as a miniaturist (someone who composes short pieces).  His music often sounds as if is being improvised.  When he wrote his _Scènes d'enfants_ (1915-18) a French music critic, Émile Vuillermoz, said he would be the next great composer after Debussy.  Although he did not become as famous as Debussy, his musical style shows the influence of French Impressionism and of Erik Satie.  He liked using short, repeated note-patterns (ostinati), imitations of bells, and a kind of thoughtful, religious sound which is heard in his piece called "John of the Cross."  His music often uses the rhythms and modes of  Catalan folkmusic.

## References

- Groves Music Online
Right triangle

A **right triangle**, (also called a right-angled triangle), has one angle that is 90 degrees. The other two angles always add up to 90 degrees but can be different sizes.
The side opposite to the right angle is the hypotenuse; it is the longest side in the right triangle. The other two sides are the legs or catheti (singular: cathetus) of the triangle.

Missing sides or angles of a right triangle can be found using trigonometry, the Pythagorean theorem, and many other ways.
In any triangle all the angles add up to 180 degrees.
VIS Interactive

**VIS Interactive** was a video game company by WB Interactive. It was formed in 1996 by Chris van der Kuyl and Peter Baillie. The company also provided interactive content for Interactive Digital Television ("iTV") and broadband. VIS entertainment plc consisted of VIS Games and associated companies Axis Animation and VIS iTV. The company had over 100 employees.

On April 7, 2005, VIS filed for bankruptcy. Later in the month, all development work was cancelled and assets were sold to other developing companies.
Stream of consciousness (disambiguation)

**Stream of consciousness** is a famous phrase of the American psychologist and philosopher William James. It refers to the flow of thoughts in the conscious human mind.

The term could mean:
- Apparently spontaneous live or recorded performances, as in film, music, and dramatic and comic monologues, intended to recreate the raw experience of the person portrayed or the performer
- Stream of consciousness writing, a literary technique
- Stream of consciousness (psychology), in psychology and philosophy

**Stream of consciousness** may also refer to:
- _Stream of Consciousness_ (album), an album by Vision Divine
- "Stream of Consciousness" (song), an instrumental song by Dream Theater on their album _Train of Thought_
- "Stream of Consciousness" (The Outer Limits), an episode of _The Outer Limits_
Stream of consciousness writing

**Stream of consciousness** is a term used in literary criticism for a literary technique that reports the thought processes of a person.

If it is done in context with the surrounding world it is called interior or internal monologue. That means it is unspoken, and in some cases could not be spoken. For example, in Mikhail Bulgakov's _Heart of a Dog_ (1925) the first chapter is entirely based on the dog's unspoken thoughts on the world about him.

Stream-of-consciousness writing is typical for the modernist movement. The term was coined by William James in 1890 in his  _Principles of Psychology_. The use of the term in literature is attributed to May Sinclair.

Several famous works that employ stream of consciousness are:
- Édouard Dujardin's _Les Lauriers sont coupés_ (1888)
- Arthur Schnitzler's _Leutnant Gustl_ (1901)
- Nadine Gordimer's _July's People_
- Shikibu's _The Tale of Genji_
- Lewis Grassic Gibbon's _Sunset Song_.
- Dorothy Richardson's _Pilgrimage_ (1915-67)
- James Joyce's _Ulysses_ (in particular Molly Bloom's Soliloquy), as well as _A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man_ and _Finnegans Wake_
- Samuel Beckett's _Trilogy_
- Virginia Woolf's _Mrs. Dalloway_, _To the Lighthouse_ and _The Waves_
- William Faulkner's _The Sound and the Fury_ and _As I Lay Dying_
- T.S. Eliot's _The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock_
- Jack Kerouac’s _On the Road_
- J.D. Salinger _Seymour: An Introduction_
- Sam Selvon's _The Lonely Londonders_
- Marcel Proust's _In Search of Lost Time_
- William S. Burroughs's _Naked Lunch_
Courtedoux

**Courtedoux** is a municipality of the district of Porrentruy of the Canton of Jura, Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Courtedoux
- **image photo**: Courtedoux.JPG
- **image caption**: Courtedoux village
- **municipality name**: Courtedoux
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: Courtedoux-Blazono.png
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Courtedoux.png
- **languages**: French
- **canton**: Jura
- **iso-code-region**: CH-JU
- **district**: Porrentruy (district), Porrentruy
- **postal code**: 2905
- **municipality code**: 6785
- **area**: 8.13
- **elevation**: 470
- **population**: 755
- **populationof**: 2003
- **neighboring municipalities**: Porrentruy, Bressaucourt, Chevenez, Bure, Switzerland, Bure
Courtemaîche

**Courtemaîche** was a municipality of the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland. On 1 January 2009, the former municipalities of Courtemaîche, Buix and Montignez merged into the new municipality of Basse-Allaine.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Courtemaîche
- **image photo**: 2016-Courtemaiche-Centre.jpg
- **municipality name**: Courtemaîche
- **municipality type**: former
- **imagepath coa**: courtemaîche-blason.png
- **languages**: French
- **canton**: Jura
- **iso-code-region**: CH-JU
- **district**: Porrentruy (district), Porrentruy
- **postal code**: 2823
- **municipality code**: 6786
- **area**: 8.94
- **elevation**: 398
- **population**: 664
- **populationof**: 2003
- **website**: www.courtemaiche.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Bure, Switzerland, Bure, Buix, Montignez, Damphreux, Coeuve, Courchavon
Damphreux

**Damphreux** was a municipality in Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland. On 1 January 2024, the former municipalities of Damphreux and Lugnez merged to form the new municipality of Damphreux-Lugnez.

## Other websites

- Information in French about Damphreux on Juranet

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Damphreux
- **image photo**: ETH-BIB-Damphreux, Lugnez-LBS H1-013515.tif
- **municipality name**: Damphreux
- **municipality type**: former
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Damphreux COA.svg
- **languages**: French
- **canton**: Jura
- **iso-code-region**: CH-JU
- **district**: Porrentruy (district), Porrentruy
- **postal code**: 2933
- **municipality code**: 6787
- **area**: 5.62
- **elevation**: 420
- **population**: 175
- **populationof**: 2003
- **website**: www.damphreux.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Lugnez, Beurnevésin, Bonfol, Vendlincourt, Coeuve, Courtemaîche, Montignez
Damvant

**Damvant** was a municipality in the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland. It is now part of the new municipality of Haute-Ajoie.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Damvant
- **image photo**: Damvant-Eglise.jpg
- **image caption**: The church of Saint-Germain at Damvant
- **municipality name**: Damvant
- **municipality type**: former
- **imagepath coa**: Damvant-Blazono.png
- **languages**: French
- **canton**: Jura
- **iso-code-region**: CH-JU
- **district**: Porrentruy (district), Porrentruy
- **postal code**: 2914
- **municipality code**: 6788
- **area**: 5.05
- **elevation**: 609
- **population**: 129
- **populationof**: 2000
- **neighboring municipalities**: Grandfontaine, Switzerland, Grandfontaine, Réclère, Vaufrey(F), Montjoie-le-Château(F), Villars-lès-Blamont(F) und Dannemarie(F)
Fahy

**Fahy** is a municipality of the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Fahy
- **municipality name**: Fahy
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **image photo**: Fahy.jpg
- **image caption**: Fahy village
- **imagepath coa**: Fahy.Jura.CH.png
- **languages**: French
- **canton**: Jura
- **iso-code-region**: CH-JU
- **district**: Porrentruy (district), Porrentruy
- **postal code**: 2916
- **municipality code**: 6789
- **area**: 7.78
- **elevation**: 567
- **population**: 406
- **populationof**: 2003
- **website**: fahy.ch
- **mayor title**: Maire
- **neighboring municipalities**: Grandfontaine, Switzerland, Grandfontaine, Rocourt, Jura, Rocourt, Chevenez, Bure, Switzerland, Bure, Abbévillers(F) , Croix, Territoire de Belfort, Croix(F)
Sitar

The **sitar** ( or ; , Punjabi: ਸਿਤਾਰ, Urdu:   ) is a plucked string instrument. It uses sympathetic strings along with a long hollow neck and a gourd resonating chamber to make a rich sound with complex harmonic resonance. It has been used throughout the Indian subcontinent for many centuries. Sitar is traditionally said to have been invented by the Sufi singer Amir Khosrow.

## Other websites

- A knowledge base on Sitar
- International sitar learning and information website (sitar.co.za)
- Origin of Sitar
- Information on the Sitar
- More about Sitar
- History and Origins of the Sitar
- vimoksha - Indian classical music resources - Information on Indian classical music, stringed instruments and Indian classical dance.
- Sitar FAQ
- Sitar buying guide

## Infobox (instrument)

- **background**: string
- **name**: Sitar
- **image**: sitar.jpg
- **classification**: *Necked bowl lutes
*String instruments
- **related**: *Balalaika
*Lute
*Mandolin
*Oud
Oud

The **oud**  is a pear-shaped, stringed instrument. It is similar to a modern western lute. It does not have frets. It is commonly used in Middle Eastern music and East African music.

## Other websites

- NileCart  Egyptian oud gallery.
- Oud Cafe, a website dedicated to Oud music

## Infobox (instrument)

- **background**: string
- **name**: Oud
- **classification**: *Necked bowl lutes
*String instruments
- **related**: *Balalaika
*Lute
*Mandolin
*Sitar
Pickup (music)

A **pickup** is a device that captures mechanical vibrations (usually from stringed instruments like the electric guitar, electric
bass guitar or electric violin) and converts them to an electrical signal which can be amplified and recorded.

There are two main types of pickups. Piezo pickups are more common on acoustic guitars, and magnetic pickups on electric guitars. Some guitars have both kinds.

Piezo (short for piezoelectric) pickups contain a crystal that produces an electrical signal when physically vibrated. These work with all types of guitars, because all guitars vibrate when you play them.

Magnetic pickups contain magnets with wire wrapped around them. When a metal string vibrates near the magnet an electrical signal is produced in the wire. Some guitars (like classical guitars) have strings made of nylon or other things that aren't magnetic, and magnetic pickups don't work with these guitars.

## Other websites

- Technical detail on how pickups work
- UltimateGuitar.com Pickup FAQ
- Constructing an Under Saddle Transducer - Instructions for building a piezo cable guitar transducer.  An article on the Liutaio Mottola Lutherie Information Website.
- Properties of Magnetic Materials (chapter)
- Neophyzix Sound Research/Q-tuner neodymium powered guitar & bass pickups. Downloadable 24 Bit/96 kHz audio wav demo.
Pickup

**Pickup** can mean different things:

- Pickup (music): In music, a device that changes vibrations created by an instrument (for example an electric guitar) into an electrical signal which can be amplified and recorded.
- Pickup truck: A type of automobile with an open back end for carrying things.
Vihuela

**Vihuela** is a name given to two different guitar-like string instruments: one from 16th century Spain, usually with 12 paired strings, and the other, the Mexican vihuela, from 20th century Mexico with five strings and typically played in Mariachi bands.

## Other websites

- lutesandguitars.co.uk Stephen Barber & Sandi Harris, lutemakers and researchers
- vihuelademano.com Alexander Batov, vihuela maker and researcher
- Goldberg magazine: _Los dos rinacimintos de la vihuela_  The twentieth-century resuscitation of the vihuela.
- Several photos of Spanish vihuelas can be found among the instrument photos at Wayne Cripps' lute pages.
- Pictures
Mischa Barton

**Mischa Anne Marsden Barton** (born January 24, 1986) is an award-winning Anglo-American actress. She was born in Hammersmith, West London. She moved to New York City when she was six. She has British and American citizenship. She is best known for her role as Marissa Cooper on the American television series _The O.C._change 'She also appears as the love interest' to 'She also claims to appear as the love interest, invisibly maybe as the 'lover' role is acted by Alison Sarah James, SAS&SBS General in James Blunt video 'Goodbye my lover' and Alison is the girl on the subway in 'You're Beautiful' by James Blunt'

## Legal troubles

According to TMZ she was arrested for DUI on December 27, 2007.
Range (music)

The **range** of a musical instrument is the distance from the lowest to the highest pitch it can play. For a singing voice, this is known as _vocal range_.
Antonio Torres

**Antonio De Torres Jurado** (13 June 1817 – 19 November 1892) was a Spanish guitarist and guitar maker.

Torres Jurado is often respected among guitarists the same way Antonio Stradivari is respected among violinists. His work established the shape, design, and construction of the modern classical guitar.
George Beauchamp

**George D. Beauchamp** (1899 - 1941) was an inventor of musical instruments and co-founder of National Stringed Instrument Corporation and Rickenbacker.

Born in Texas, he played the violin and the lap steel guitar in Vaudeville before going into the business of then manufacturing of electric lap steel guitars, electric guitars, electric bass guitars, electric violins and combo instrument amplifiers. He is well known for his creation of the Frying pan electric guitar. He died in Los Angeles, California while deep-sea fishing.

## Other websites

- The Earliest Days of the Electric Guitar
- Which Came First- Electric Guitar or Amp?
- Digital Violin - Article examining Beauchamp's Electro violins
Danelectro

**Danelectro** is an American company that makes musical instruments and accessories. Their main products are guitars, bass guitars, amplifiers and effects units. The company  was founded by Nathan Daniel in 1947 in Red Banks, New Jersey. Jimi Hendrix is among the many well-known guitarists to have used Danelectro. The company is headquartered in Camarillo, California.

## Other websites

- Danelectro Guitars - official website
- DanGuitars  - specialist dealer website with a good history section
- Guitarbitz.com  - UK based retailer of the recent Danelectro Reissues
- Doug Tulloch - Vintage Danelectro Authority
- Tribute to Danelectro founder Nathan I. Daniel by son Howard E. Daniel
Allegra Versace

**Allegra Versace** (born in Milan on 30 June 1986) is the daughter of designer Donatella Versace and ex-fashion model Paul Beck.

Allegra, a 50% owner of the Versace fashion design business, is a sufferer from anorexia nervosa.

## Other websites

- Official Versace website
Rickenbacker

**Rickenbacker International Corporation**, also known as **Rickenbacker** () http://www.rickenbacker.com/faq_item.asp?faq_id=2 ), is an American company that makes electric guitars.  The company invented the first electric guitar during the 1930s. The guitars are made at its headquarters in Santa Ana, California. Rickenbacker is the largest guitar company to make all of their guitars within the United States.

## Other websites

- Rickenbacker International Corporation
- "Born to Rock" guitar exhibit  at Harrods, London, February 2007, featuring the 1931 Rickenbacker "Frying Pan". Also see BBC 6 Music
- news story.
Donatella Versace

**Donatella Versace** (born 2 May 1955) is an Italian fashion designer and a current part-owner of the Versace fashion line. She is now their chief designer.

She was born in Reggio Calabria. She owns 20 percent of the entire stock market assets of Versace. Her brother, Santo Versace, owns 30 percent. Donatella's daughter Allegra Versace inherited 50% of the company stock. They inherited the company from Donatella's brother Gianni Versace after he was murdered.

A year and three days after Gianni's death in July 1998, Donatella Versace mounted her first couture show for the Versace Atelier at the Hôtel Ritz Paris.  She built her runway over the hotel's swimming pool, using sheer glass. She now oversees the production of a dozen collections each year. Donatella is just as famous for her celebrity entourage and glittering parties. Regular guests include Sir Elton John, Elizabeth Hurley, Rakeem Young, Catherine Zeta-Jones and Kate Moss. Even Prince Charles attends Donatella's parties for the famous and elite in Europe.

Lady Gaga wrote the song "Donatella" from her 2013 album _Artpop_ for Versace.

## Websites

- Official Website
Sauria

Sauria is a clade of reptiles in the subclass diapsida.  They are the only living group of reptiles. The clade contains reptiles like lizards, archosaurs(including birds), and turtles. Some extinct groups contain itchysarus and Plesiosaurs.

__NOTOC__
Learning by teaching

In professional education, **learning by teaching** means a method that trains pupils and students to prepare and to teach lessons, or parts of lessons. This method is designed to teach them better understanding than any method where the teacher talks to the pupils and gives them work they have to prepare.

Learning by teaching should not be confused with presentations or lectures by students, because they have to do much more. They have to choose their own methods and didactic approaches in teaching classmates that subject. And it is something else than tutoring, because the teacher gives continuous support when they prepare teaching.

## References

- Alan Gartner, Mary Conway Kohler, Frank Riessman: _Children teach children. Learning by teaching_. Harper & Row, New York u.a. 1971, .
- Jean-Pol Martin: _Zum Aufbau didaktischer Teilkompetenzen beim Schüler. Fremdsprachenunterricht auf der lerntheoretischen Basis des Informationsverarbeitungsansatzes_. Narr Verlag, Tübingen 1985, . (zugl. Dissertation, Universität Gießen 1985)
- Jean-Pol Martin: _Vorschlag eines anthropologisch begründeten Curriculums für den Fremdsprachenunterricht_. Narr Verlag, Tübingen 1994, . (zugl. Habilitations-Schrift, Universität Eichstätt 1992)

## Other websites

- Videoclip LdL in English
- Learning by teaching - by Jody Skinner
- LdL in theory and practice (University Münster 2005/2006)
- Learning By Teaching: The Didactic Model LdL in University Classes  - by Joachim Grzega
- Students teach literature (LdL) by Rosmarie Frick - 2005
Jean-Pol Martin

**Jean-Pol Martin** (born 1943, Paris, France) was a professor for foreign language teaching in Germany. He established the teaching method learning by teaching, a method for students to learn by teaching their peers.  This concept has developed into a common practice throughout Germany and has been experimented with in other countries.

## Biography

Martin was born in 1943 in Paris and went to Germany in 1968.  He studied German and French in order to become a teacher at a German grammar school, becoming a professor for foreign language teaching didactics at the Catholic University of Eichstätt-Ingolstadt (Bavaria) in 1980.  In that year he had the idea to let the students teach their peers in French.  That experience was successful, so he could establish the "Lernen durch Lehren" (LdL) (learning by teaching) method in Germany.  He was the first scholar to do active research on that topic for 25 years, building a wide network with several thousand teachers and promoting it to a large scale.  All teachers in Germany are trained in that method during their pedagogic studies.

## Bibliography

- 1994: _Vorschlag eines anthropologisch begründeten Curriculums für den Fremdsprachenunterricht_. Tübingen 1994 (Habilitation)

## Other websites

- LdL-Portal
- Video about JP.Martin (Learning by teaching in English)
Tutor

A **tutor** is a person who teaches or guides another person. Usually, the tutor is an older expert who teaches a younger learner. Early examples were Socrates, who taught philosophy by holding conversations with his students, and Aristotle, who was appointed the personal tutor of Alexander the Great when the latter was a youth.

The essence of a tutor's work is to adjust the teaching to the individual learner. The tutor has to take account of:
1. what the learner already knows and does not know
1. what the learner has incorrectly learnt
1. the personal interests and goals of the learner
1. the particular talents of the learner

The idea is that a tutor teaches, or 'moulds' the student as a whole. However, there is an obvious difference between the tutor's need for topical knowledge and his or her need for 'people skills'. The system operated at the older colleges of Oxford University recognises this by appointing two tutors to a student: a subject-matter tutor and a moral tutor. The latter helps the student with problems of a personal nature.

Education by a tutor is often thought to be an ideal kind of education, because the tutor can adjust the learning to suit one student. However, the word is often misused. If students are taught in groups larger than three or four, then much that makes a tutorial special is lacking.

## Special cases

High achievers in fields like  music, mathematics and chess may be tutored when classroom methods do not meet their needs.

There are parallels in other walks of life. Sports people have coaches, and the job of a coach is very similar to that of a tutor. A guru might be regarded as a kind of tutor. A mentor is a kind of tutor. Parents with children do much that a tutor does.

### Universities

In Australian, New Zealand, and some Canadian universities, a **tutor** is often but not always a postgraduate student or a lecturer who conducts a seminar for undergraduate students. These seminars are often known as a tutorial.

In the United States and the rest of Canada, a tutor is known as a **teaching assistant**.

Historically, the term "tutor" has assumed a simple relationship between an expert older person and a young learner. With the huge classes of a modern university the one-to-one relationship between tutor and learner is all but dead and buried. The tutor sets MCQs (multiple choice questions) and the mass of students learn a set text by rote learning. The tests are easy to mark, and the marking is done by a graduate student who gets paid for the work.

### Secondary school form tutors

In English and Irish secondary schools, **form tutors** are similar to American home room teachers. They are in charge of a group of students in a particular year group.

### Peer tutoring

In the United States, peer tutors are students teaching other students of the same or similar age or grade level. When peer tutors are trained how to tutor correctly, peer tutoring is both cost effective and academically effective.

## Related pages

- Learning by teaching

## Other websites

- National Tutoring Association A U.S. professional trade association dedicated exclusively to tutoring.
Great Offices of State

The **Great Offices of State** are the four most important cabinet jobs in the United Kingdom.

Only one person has ever held all four, James Callaghan, who was Prime Minister from 1976 to 1979.

The four posts are
1. Prime Minister
1. Chancellor of the Exchequer
1. Foreign Secretary
1. Home Secretary

The King asks the Prime Minister to form a Government following a General Election. The Party who has the Majority in the House of Commons is usually asked to form.

The Chancellor, Foreign and Home Secretary are also appointed by the King. These are on the advice of the Prime Minister. Its more of a formality for the King to appoint as the decision is taken by the Prime Minister. This is the same for the other Cabinet Ministers.
Foreign Secretary (United Kingdom)

The **Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs** is the Minister in charge of the United Kingdom's Foreign and Commonwealth Office. In many countries, this job is called Foreign minister.

## Infobox (official post)

- **post**:
 Secretary of State for Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Affairs
- **insignia**: Coat of arms of the United Kingdom (2022, lesser arms).svg
- **insigniacaption**: Royal Arms of His Majesty's Government
- **image**: Yvette Cooper Official Cabinet Portrait, July 2024 (cropped) 2.jpg
- **incumbent**: Yvette Cooper
- **incumbentsince**: 5 September 2025
- **department**: Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office
- **seat**: King Charles Street
- **status**: Secretary of State (United Kingdom), Secretary of State
Great Office of State
- **first**: Charles James Fox

- **type**: Minister of the Crown
- **reports to**: Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, The Prime Minister
- **nominator**: The Prime Minister
- **appointer**: Monarchy of the United Kingdom, The Monarch
- **termlength**: At His Majesty's pleasure
- **formation**: * 27 March 1782

* 2 September 2020

- **salary**: £106,363 per annum
- **website**: [http://www.gov.uk/government/ministers/foreign-secretary Foreign Secretary]
- **deputy**: Minister of State for Development
Hermetschwil-Staffeln

**Hermetschwil-Staffeln** was a municipality of the district of Bremgarten in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland. On 1 January 2014, the former municipality of Hermetschwil-Staffeln merged into the municipality of Bremgarten.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Hermetschwil-Staffeln
- **municipality name**: Hermetschwil-Staffeln
- **municipality type**: former
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Hermetschwil-Staffeln COA.svg
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Aargau
- **iso-code-region**: CH-AG
- **district**: Bremgarten (district), Bremgarten
- **postal code**: 5626
- **municipality code**: 4069
- **area**: 3.34
- **elevation**: 406
- **population**: 1100
- **populationof**: December 2005
- **website**: www.hermetschwil.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Besenbüren, Bremgarten, Switzerland, Bremgarten, Bünzen, Rottenschwil, Unterlunkhofen, Waltenschwil, Zufikon
Herznach

**Herznach** was a municipality of the district of Laufenburg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland. On 1 January 2023, the former municipalities of Herznach and Ueken merged to form the new municipality of Herznach-Ueken.

## Other websites

- Official website of the municipality of Herznach

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Herznach
- **municipality name**: Herznach
- **municipality type**: former
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Herznach COA.svg
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Aargau
- **iso-code-region**: CH-AG
- **district**: Laufenburg (district), Laufenburg
- **postal code**: 5027
- **municipality code**: 4166
- **area**: 6.26
- **elevation**: 413
- **population**: 1229
- **populationof**: December 2006
- **website**: www.herznach.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Densbüren, Gipf-Oberfrick, Ueken, Wölflinswil, Zeihen
Hilfikon

**Hilfikon** was a municipality of the district of Bremgarten in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Since 2010, it is part of the municipality of Villmergen.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Hilfikon
- **municipality name**: Hilfikon
- **municipality type**: former
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Hilfikon COA.svg
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Aargau
- **iso-code-region**: CH-AG
- **district**: Bremgarten (district), Bremgarten
- **postal code**: 5613
- **municipality code**: 4070
- **area**: 1.72
- **elevation**: 479
- **population**: 236
- **populationof**: December 2005
- **website**: www.hilfikon.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Büttikon, Sarmenstorf, Seengen, Villmergen
Claudine Monteil

**Claudine Monteil** (born 1949) is a French writer and women's rights specialist. She holds a PhD on Simone de Beauvoir's writings and life. She was inspired by the example of her mother, Dr Josiane Serre, a chemist and president of the École Normale Supérieure de Jeunes Filles (ex-Sèvres), the equivalent of one of the Seven Sisters. Her father is the mathematician Jean-Pierre Serre, Fields medal and Abel prize.

Dr Monteil is one of the founders of the women's rights movement in 1970. She is also a specialist on Simone de Beauvoir. While working on women's rights, she was a long close friend of Beauvoir, Jean-Paul Sartre and Beauvoir's sister, the painter Hélène de Beauvoir.

## Books

Her writings on the Beauvoirs, Sartre and French feminism, have been translated into multiple languages:

- _Simone de Beauvoir, côté femme, Timée-éditions_ (English: _Simone de Beauvoir, her story as a woman_) - translated into Chinese and Japanese
- _Les Sœurs Beauvoir_ (English: The Beauvoir Sisters) - translated in English, Korean, Spanish, German and Chinese.
- _Les Amants de la liberté, Sartre et Beauvoir dans le siècle_ (English: _The Lovers of Freedom, Sartre and Beauvoir in the Century_) - translated into Greek, Portuguese, Swedish, Japanese, Chinese, Romanian and Turkish.
- _Simone de Beauvoir le mouvement des femmes, mémoires d'une jeune fille rebelle_ (English: _Simone de Beauvoir the women's movement, memories of a rebellious girl_) - translated into Japanese and Swedish.

Claudine Monteil has also written a biography on Charlie Chaplin with his wife Oona Chaplin.
- "Les Amants des Temps Modernes, Oona et Charles Chaplin" (English: _Lovers of Modern Times: Oona and Charles Chaplin_) - translated into Greek and Portuguese

## Other websites

- Claudine Monteil Official site  in English and French
Fontenais

**Fontenais** is a municipality of the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2013, the former municipality of Bressaucourt merged into the municipality of Fontenais.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Fontenais
- **image photo**: Château de Fontenais, route de Porrentruy.JPG
- **image caption**: Château de Fontenais
- **municipality name**: Fontenais
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: Fontenais-blazon.svg
- **languages**: French
- **canton**: Jura
- **iso-code-region**: CH-JU
- **district**: Porrentruy (district), Porrentruy
- **postal code**: 2902
- **municipality code**: 6790
- **area**: 10.48
- **elevation**: 458
- **population**: 1262
- **populationof**: 2003
- **website**: www.fontenais.ch
- **mayor**: Pierre-Alain Fridez
- **places**: Villars-sur-Fontenais, Bressaucourt
- **neighboring municipalities**: Bressaucourt, Porrentruy, Cornol, Courgenay, Ocourt
Fregiécourt

**Fregiécourt** was a municipality, in the new municipality of La Baroche and the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Fregiécourt
- **image photo**: 2016-Fregiecourt.jpg
- **municipality name**: Fregiécourt
- **municipality type**: former
- **languages**: French
- **canton**: Jura
- **iso-code-region**: CH-JU
- **district**: Porrentruy (district), Porrentruy
- **postal code**: 2953
- **municipality code**: 6791
- **area**: 3.48
- **elevation**: 526
- **population**: 133
- **populationof**: 2003
- **neighboring municipalities**: Cornol, Miécourt, Charmoille, Switzerland, Charmoille, Pleujouse, Asuel
Grandfontaine, Switzerland

**Grandfontaine** is a municipality of the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Grandfontaine
- **image photo**: Grandfontaine, Église Saint-Étienne 2.jpg
- **image caption**: The church of Saint-Étienne at Grandfontaine
- **municipality name**: Grandfontaine
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: Grandfontaine-blazon.svg
- **languages**: French
- **canton**: Jura
- **iso-code-region**: CH-JU
- **district**: Porrentruy (district), Porrentruy
- **postal code**: 2908
- **municipality code**: 6792
- **area**: 8.94
- **elevation**: 529
- **population**: 345
- **populationof**: 2003
- **website**: www.grandfontaine.ch
- **mayor**: Roland Hermann
- **places**: Grandfontaine
- **demonym**: Gueillemetins
- **neighboring municipalities**: Damvant, Réclère, Roche-d'Or, Rocourt, Fahy, Abbévillers(F), Glay(F), Dannemarie(F)
Hirschthal

**Hirschthal** is a municipality of the district of Aarau of the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Hirschthal
- **municipality name**: Hirschthal
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: Wappen Hirschthal AG.svg
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Aargau
- **iso-code-region**: CH-AG
- **district**: Aarau (district), Aarau
- **postal code**: 5042
- **municipality code**: 4007
- **area**: 3.53
- **elevation**: 442
- **population**: 1344
- **populationof**: December 2006
- **popofyear**: 2006
- **website**: www.hirschthal.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Holziken, Muhen, Schöftland, Unterkulm