juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Just-World phenomenon

The **Just-World phenomenon** is when people think that because bad things happen to someone, they did something to deserve the bad things. The concept is a lot like _karma_, except it is more like a popular superstition instead of a religious belief. The phenomenon also happens in reverse, with good things being deserved.

## Examples

- Amy is watching Bob cook. Bob gets burnt by the hot frying pan. Amy assumes this is because Bob did something mean to Amy's friend Charles. (Here, the Just-World phenomenon is happening in Amy's mind. Bob getting burnt has nothing to do with Charles.)
- Albert is watching Brianna walk across the room. when Brianna touches the doorknob, she is shocked by static electricity. Albert decides that this is because she does not give to charity. (Brianna giving to charity has nothing to do with getting shocked. She was walking across the carpet in socks, which is why she was shocked.)
- Brianna watches Albert buy a lottery ticket. Albert later wins. Brianna thinks this is because Albert said "thank you" when buying the ticket.

## Related pages

- Karma
- Genocide
- The Holocaust
- Victim-blaming
- Bosnian genocide
- Rwandan genocide
- Cambodian genocide
Metro Cammell

The **Metropolitan Cammell Carriage and Wagon Company (MCCW)** (often called **Metro Cammell**) was a manufacturer of railway carriages and wagons. They were based in Saltley - and later Washwood Heath - in Birmingham, England. They are best known for making most of the trains on the London Underground and some first generation diesel multiple units, until they were sold to French company Alstom in 1989.

## Other websites

- MCW archives at the Historical Model Railway Society, at Butterley in Derbyshire
- Birmingham City Council Public Records Office also has an archive of old Metro Cammell material
Ewha Girls' High School

**Ewha Girls' High School** was the first school for girls in Korea, and was called Ewha Hackdang at first. It is located in Jeong-dong, Jungu, Seoul, Korea. It was founded by Mary Scranton who came to Korea as a Christian missionary in 1885. This school opened in 1886 as a mission school, and the name "Ewha"  was granted by Gojong, the 26th king of the Joseon dynasty. It literally means pear blossoms, but the internal meaning is "Be white, clear, innocent like pear blossoms". Ewha Girls' High School is one of the first private schools that are allowed to have autonomy, since 2010.

### Yu Kwan Soon

The most famous person who has graduated from this high school is Yu Kwan Soon. She was one of the leaders of a great independence movement called the "3.1 movement" while she was in school. At that time, Korea was under the domination of Japan, and the school had to close. Even though she was a young girl student, she resisted with great courage, and died in prison. Later, people praised her bravery, and she got the Order of Merit for National Foundation for effort on independence in 1962, and the Honor Ewha Girls' High School diploma in 1996.

### Lee Hui Ho

The wife of Kim Dae Jung, the 15th president of Korea. She was the manager of Young Women's Christian Association of Korea. She was also the director of Korean National Council of Women.

## Facilities

They have the eight-story main hall, EWHA 100th Memorial Hall, and library building which was donated from Jeon In Hang. There are also a gymnasium, which is one of the largest in Korea, several tennis courts, and a huge play ground. A simson hall, the oldest building at Ewha Girls' High School, is registered as culture remains.
The open-air theater, Yu Kwan soon memorial building, and Ewha church are famous. The 3.1 independence movement commemorative events are held in this memorial building annually.

## References

- http://www.ewha.hs.kr
- http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=121748
- http://www.ewhamirror.com
- http://ewhamirror.blogspot.com/
André Segatti

**André Segatti** (born 15 May 1972) is a Brazilian actor and model.

## On television

- 2009 - _A Fazenda 2_
- 2009 - _Bela, a Feia_ - Ivo
- 2009 - _A Lei e o Crime_ - Ferradura
- 2008 - _Os Mutantes - Caminhos do Coração_ - Ernesto Medeiros
- 2007 - _Caminhos do Coração_ - Ernesto Medeiros
- 2006 - _Prova de Amor_ - Gerião Correia
- 1999 - _Sai de Baixo_
- 1999 - _Chiquinha Gonzaga_ - Eduardo
- 1998 - _A Turma do Didi_ - André
- 1998 - _Torre de Babel_ - dealer
- 1998 - _Labirinto_ - Alex

## In movies

- 2009 - _Syndrome_ - Gregory
- 1999 - _O Trapalhão e a Luz Azul_ - Davi/Príncipe Levi
London Underground rolling stock

A wide variety of trains have been used on the London Underground. In the early days steam locomotive and carriages were used. Nowadays electric multiple units are used.

## Rolling Stock

The following trains are used on the London Underground.
|Line|Current stock|Image|Introduced|Refurbished|Replacement|Due|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|style="background:#;"|<span style="color:white; font-weight: bold;">Bakerloo</span>|1972 Stock||1973|1989–1995|"Evo" new concept tube train|TBA||
|style="background:#; color:white;"|<span style="color:white; font-weight: bold;">Central</span>|1992 Stock||1993–1995|2011-|"Evo" new concept tube train|colspan=2|TBA|
|style="background:#; color:#;"|<span style="color:#; font-weight: bold;">Circle</span>|S stock||2012|None scheduled|None|TBA||
|style="background:#; color:white;"|<span style="color:white;">**District** main line</span>|S stock||2017|None scheduled|None|TBA||
|style="background:#; color:white;"|<span style="color:white;">**District** Edgware Road– Wimbledon</span>|S stock||2014|None Sheduled|None|TBA||
|style="background:#; color:#;"|<span style="color:#; font-weight: bold;">Hammersmith & City</span>|S stock||2014|None Scheduled|None|TBA||
|style="background:#; color:white;"|<span style="color:white; font-weight: bold;">Jubilee</span>|1996 Stock||1997–1998|Not scheduled|colspan=2|None announced||
|style="background:#; color:White;"|<span style="color:white; font-weight: bold;">Metropolitan</span>|S stock||2010|None Scheduled|None|TBA||
|style="background:#; color:White;"|<span style="color:white; font-weight: bold;">Metropolitan</span>|S Stock||2010|Not scheduled|colspan=2|None announced||
|style="background:#; color:white;"|<span style="color:white; font-weight: bold;">Northern</span>|1995 Stock||1998–2001|Not scheduled|colspan=2|None announced||
|style="background:#; color:white;"|<span style="color:white; font-weight: bold;">Piccadilly</span>|1973 Stock||1975|1996–2001|"Evo" new concept tube train|TBA||
|style="background:#; color:white;"|<span style="color:white; font-weight: bold;">Victoria</span>|2009 Stock||2009–2011|Not scheduled|colspan=2|None announced||
|style="background:#; color:#;"|<span style="color:#; font-weight: bold;">Waterloo & City</span>|1992 Stock||1993|2006|"Evo" new concept tube train|colspan=2|TBA|
Giorgi Latsabidze

**Giorgi Latso** (; born 15 April 1978, Tbilisi) is a Georgian-American virtuoso pianist and movie composer.

Latso started to play the piano as a boy and was giving concerts at the age of 10. He was given a presidential scholarship from the Georgian government to study in the Tbilisi Conservatorium. When he was 24, he won a DAAD scholarship to study music at the Hannover Hochschule in Germany and later continuied study at the Mozarteum in Salzburg. He later moved to Los Angeles to study with Stewart Gordon at the USC Thornton School of Music.

In 1998 he won the first prize in the Nikolai Rubinstein Competition in Paris, third prize in the Ennio Porrino Competition in Cagliari Italy and then, in 2005, he won first prize in the Yehudi Menuhin Federation Competition in Salzburg and in 2006 Young Artist International Piano Competition in Los Angeles.

His concert career has taken him worldwide across five continents – North America, Europe, Asia, South America and Africa.
He is known for his playing of the works of Frédéric Chopin, and Franz Liszt. He recorded 24 Etudes (Op.10; Op.25) of Chopin all 12 Transcendental Etudes of Liszt, 12 Preludes (Book II) of Debussy, 24 Preludes, Op.28 of Chopin; among others.

His concerts have been broadcast on radio and television in the USA, Europe, Asia and other countries.
Latso was listed in the 65th edition of Who's Who in America, and Who's Who in American Art 2011.

He has taught at the University of Southern California, Azusa Pacific University, at Glendale Community College.

Latso has recorded a CD of the entire piano-violin repertoire by composer Ignatz Waghalter for Naxos Records, with the London Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, violinist Irmina Trynkos and conductor Aelxander Walker. He made his performance debut at the acclaimed Wigmore Hall, London in 2010 and at Berliner Philharmonie concert hall in Berlin in 2012.

In 2012, Latso got an invitation to Vatican City to perform for the Pope Benedict XVI. to perform a Mozart Concerto in C major (Elvira Madigan) K. 467 with the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra in Santa Maria Maggiore Basilica in Rome.

## Other websites

- The Official website for Giorgi Latsabidze
- DVD Trailer _Latsabidze: The Recital_
- IMDB
Divergent boundary

A **divergent boundary**, also known as a constructive boundary, is two or more plates that move apart from each other because of plate tectonics. When they move apart either water or magma fills the space. If it is magma, when it has cooled it then creates a new plate which then creates new land. Earthquakes along this plate boundary are relatively small.
Trevor Linden

**Trevor John Linden**, OBC (born April 11, 1970, in Medicine Hat, Alberta) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey player. He played centre and right wing with four different teams: the Vancouver Canucks (two different times), New York Islanders, Montreal Canadiens, and Washington Capitals. Before he joined the NHL in 1988, Linden helped the Medicine Hat Tigers of the Western Hockey League (WHL) win the Memorial Cup, the trophy for junior hockey teams in Canada, twice in a row. Linden also played for Canada at the 1998 Winter Olympics.

From 1990 until 1997 Linden was the captain of the Canucks. He helped the team reach the Stanley Cup Finals in 1994.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **image**: Linden3cropped1.JPG
- **image size**: 230px
- **played for**: Vancouver Canucks
Washington Capitals
Montreal Canadiens
New York Islanders
- **league**: National Hockey League, NHL
- **position**: Centre (ice hockey), Centre/Winger (ice hockey), right wing
- **shoots**: Right
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 4
- **weight lb**: 220
- **ntl team**: CAN
- **birth place**: Medicine Hat, Alberta, Medicine Hat, Alberta, AB, Canada, CAN
- **draft**: 2nd overall
- **draft year**: 1988
- **draft team**: Vancouver Canucks
- **career start**: 1988
- **career end**: 2008
- **website**: http://www.linden16.com
Resonance

In physics, **resonance** is the tendency of a system to vibrate with increasing amplitudes at some frequencies of excitation. These are known as the system's _resonant frequencies_ (or _resonance frequencies_). The resonator may have a _fundamental frequency,_ and any number of _harmonics_.

An example of useful effect of resonant frequency is a guitar string which makes a characteristic noise when it is touched. The noise depends on how thick or slack the string is.

Another example can be seen in a playground swing. There is one specific rate at which you must push away a person on a swing to cause the swing to go high. This rate is the resonant frequency.

In earthquake engineering, on contrary, any possibility of a resonance is detrimental for the building structure.

The Kirkwood gap and other connections among orbits are caused by orbital resonance.

## Related pages

- Resonator
- Seismic damper
- Vibration control
- Vibration isolation
Satin bowerbird

The **satin bowerbird** (_Ptilonorhynchus violaceus_) is a small Australian bird known for its ability to build a special area for attracting females. This bower is filled with blue objects to help attract a female. There are six bird species in the bowerbird genus, of which five build a some kind of courting area. The golden bowerbird sits on a bridge he has made between sticks decorated like maypoles.

The satin bowerbird lives in rainforests and on the edge of drier forests along the east coast of Australia. They can be found from Cooktown in the north to Melbourne in the south.

## Description

They are a small bird, about  long and weighing about . The young males and females look the same, with grey to green, brown and dark brown feathers. The belly is coloured a pale brown to cream color, with dark olive to grey crescent shapes. When the male becomes sexually mature at about seven years old he grows black feathers, with a shiny blue-purple shine. The male also has bright blue eyes, and a blue beak which is yellow on the end.

## Bowers

The satin bowerbird builds a special area, called a bower, to attract a female. They return to the same area every year, where they clear a space about  in diameter and then build the bower. In the centre is two lines of thin sticks or grass, carefully lined up to north and south. He can paint the walls with a mixture of his saliva and crushed berries which he brushes on with a stick. He then places a collection of coloured objects in the entrance to the bower. These are usually blue or yellow, and can include feathers, and even plastic or glass. The male stands outside the bower and sings and may pick up the objects to show them to the female. If she is pleased with the performance and the bower, she will enter the bower, followed by the male and they mate quickly. She will then fly off to begin building a nest. The male has nothing more to do with her.
Cecilia

**Cecilia** is a female name. **Cecilia** may also refer to:

- _Cecilia_ (Burney novel), an 18th-century work by Frances Burney
- Cecilia, Kentucky, an unincorporated community in the United States
- "Cecilia" (Simon & Garfunkel song), a 1970 song
- Caecilian, a Group (order) of amphibians
Kokborok language

**Kok-borok** (also spelled _Kok Borok_) is the native language of the Borok people in Tripura and its neighboring areas of the Republic of India. The word Kok-borok is a compound of the words _kok_, which means "language", and _borok_, which literally means "nation", but is used to denote the Borok people. Thus Kok-borok means "the language of Borok" or "the language of the Borok people".

There are more than 950.000 people speaking Kokborok. Kokporok is an official language in India, in Tripura.
Koch language

The **Koch languages** are a small family of Sino-tibetan languages. There are spoken in  Bangladesh, India, Myanmar and Tibet. About 35.000 people speak Koch, about 30.000 speak Rabha.
Pope Gregory XIII

**Pope Gregory XIII** (; 7 January 1502 – 10 April 1585), born Ugo Boncompagni, was the head of the Catholic Church from 13 May 1572 to his death in 1585. He is best known for commissioning and being the namesake for the Gregorian calendar, which remains the internationally accepted civil calendar to this date.

## Early life

Ugo Boncompagni was born in 1502, in Bologna.

## Bishop

Pope Paul IV appointed him Bishop of Viesti in 1558.

## Cardinal

In 1564, he was made a cardinal by Pope Pius IV.

## Pope

Cardinal Boncompagni was elected Pope at age 70; and he chose to be called Gregory XIII.

Pope Gregory was involved in Italian and European political disputes.

He founded the Gregorian University in Rome.

In the last year of his life, Gregory received an embassy from Japan.

### Gregorian calendar

Pope Gregory is famous for his correction of mistakes in the Julian calendar.  To accomplish the necessary changes,  the Gregorian calendar skipped ten days between 4 October 1582 and 15 October 1582.
- 1582 – Gregorian calendar reset, when 4 October was followed by 15 October.

## Related pages

- List of popes

## Other websites

- "Gregory XIII"/Gregory_XIII), _Encyclopædia Britannica_, 1911
- Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Gregory XIII
- Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church , Cardinal Boncompagni

## Infobox (christian leader)

- **type**: Pope
- **honorific-prefix**: Pope
- **name**: Gregory XIII
- **title**: Bishop of Rome
- **image**: Pope Gregory XIII portrait.jpg
- **image size**: 220px
- **diocese**: Diocese of Rome, Rome
- **see**: Holy See
- **birth name**: Ugo Boncompagni
- **term start**: 13 May 1572
- **term end**: 10 April 1585
- **predecessor**: Pius V
- **successor**: Sixtus V
- **ordination**: c. 1558
- **consecration**: 1558
- **cardinal**: 12 March 1565
- **created cardinal by**: Pius IV
- **birth date**: 7 January 1502
- **birth place**: Bologna, Papal States
- **death date**: 10 April 1585 (aged 83)
- **death place**: Rome, Papal States
- **motto**: _Aperuit et clausit_ ("Opened and closed")
- **coat of arms**: C o a Gregorio XIII.svg
- **other**: Gregory
George Augustine Taylor

**George Augustine Taylor** (August 1, 1872 – January 20, 1928) was an Australian artist, journalist, and inventor. He was the first person in Australia to fly a heavier-than-air craft.

## Early life

Taylor was born at Sydney in 1872. He first became known as an artist, and was a member of the Sydney Bohemian set in the 1890s. He wrote about this part of his life in his book, _Those Were the Days_, published in 1918. He drew for _The Bulletin_, _Worker_, _Sunday Times_, _Referee_, and _London Punch_. Later he became interested in aviation and radio.Taylor was a member of the Dawn and Dusk Club, an group of bohemians and intellectuals that included the writer Henry Lawson. Taylor married his wife, Florence Mary Parsons in 1907.

## First flight

On December 5, 1909, Taylor flew a glider for  along Narrabeen beach. This was Australia's first manned flight. He had made the glider himself based on drawings by Lawrence Hargreave. The wooden framed glider had two wings, covered in calico, and a box kite tail. After his first flight, his wife Florence, flew the glider, and became the first Australian woman to fly an aircraft. During the day he became more confident and flew out over the sea, where the glider finally crashed.
Carmichael number

In number theory a **Carmichael number** is a composite positive integer , which satisfies the congruence  for all integers  which are relatively prime to . Being relatively prime means that they do not have common divisors, other than 1. Such numbers are named after Robert Carmichael.

All prime numbers  satisfy  for all integers  which are relatively prime to . This has been proven by the famous mathematician Pierre de Fermat. In most cases if a number  is composite, it does **not** satisfy this congruence equation. So, there exist not so many Carmichael numbers. We can say that Carmichael numbers are composite numbers that behave a little bit like they would be a prime number.
Maple Ridge, British Columbia

**Maple Ridge** is a district municipality (area with several settlements).  It is in British Columbia.

## History

Maple Ridge was formed on September 12, 1874.  It is the sixth oldest community in British Columbia.

## Location

Maple Ridge is located in southern British Columbia.  It is to the east of Vancouver.

Maple Ridge is on the north shore of the Fraser River.

## Communities

Maple Ridge is a district municipality.  This means that there are several communities within the official borders of Maple Ridge.  These communities are: Albion, East Haney, Hammond, Haney, Port Haney, Ruskin, Silver Valley, The Ridge, Thornhill, Webster's Corners, Whonnock, and Yennadon.

## Notable People

- Andrew Ladd - 2-time Stanley Cup winning ice hockey player

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Maple Ridge
- **image map**: GVRD - Maple Ridge.svg
- **map caption**: the location of Maple Ridge
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Canada
- **subdivision type1**: Provinces and territories of Canada, Province
- **subdivision name1**: British Columbia
- **subdivision type2**: Region
- **subdivision name2**: Metro Vancouver
- **area total km2**: 267.82
- **population total**: 90990
- **population as of**: 2021 census
- **established title**: Created
- **established date**: 1874
- **timezone**: Pacific Time Zone, Pacific
- **utc offset**: −8
- **postal code type**: Postal code, Postal Codes
- **postal code**: V2W – V2X, V4R
- **area codes**: 604, 778, 236, 672
Club Atlético Belgrano

**Club Atlético Belgrano** is a football club that plays in Argentina.

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Belgrano de Córdoba
- **fullname**: Club Atlético Belgrano
- **nickname**: El Pirata, Celeste
- **founded**: March 19, 1905
- **ground**: Stadium Julio César Villagra,
Córdoba, Argentina
- **capacity**: 39,000
- **chairman**: Luis Fabián Artime
- **manager**: Juan Cruz Real
- **league**: Primera División Argentina
- **season**: Temporada 2023/2024
- **position**: 9th
- **shirtsupplier**: Errea
- **shirtsponsors**: Tersuave, Urquiza, Sánchez Martínez
Michael Clarke Duncan

**Michael Clarke Duncan** (December 10, 1957 – September 3, 2012) was an American actor who starred in movies and was a guest on television shows including: _Two and a Half Men_, _The Suite Life of Zack and Cody_, _CSI: NY_ and _Chuck_.

## Before movies

Before he became an actor, Duncan was a bodyguard for celebrities including: LL Cool J, Jamie Foxx, Martin Lawrence, Will Smith and The Notorious B.I.G.. He quit because when his friend covered for him while watching Notorious B.I.G., Biggie died that night.

## Movies

Duncan became friends with Bruce Willis while he was acting with him in the movie _Armageddon_, This helped him get the role of "John Coffey" in _The Green Mile_. After getting that role he became a breakout star. He played the Kingpin in the movie _Daredevil_.

## Health problems and death

Duncan had a heart attack on July 13, 2012 and was rushed to the hospital. On September 3, 2012,  his publicist quoted Duncan's former fiancée, Omarosa Manigault Newman as saying that Duncan had died that morning at the age of 54.

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: MichaelClarkeDuncanJan09.jpg
- **imagesize**: 220px
- **caption**: Duncan in 2009
- **birth place**: Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
- **death place**: Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, U.S.
- **death cause**: Complications from respiratory failure following a Myocardial infarction, heart attack
- **resting place**: Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Hollywood Hills)
- **parents**: Jean Duncan (mother)
- **relatives**: Judy Duncan (sister)
- **occupation**: Actor
- **yearsactive**: 1994–2012
- **partner**: Omarosa
(2010–2012; his death)
Children's Hearing

A **Children's Hearing** is a legal hearing for children in Scotland. It is part of the country's justice and welfare systems. It takes into account the fact that children who commit crimes need the same sort of care as those who are victims of an offence or neglect. Only if a child has committed a serious crime will they be sent for trial in a normal court. For most cases they are sent to a children's panel. A panel is made up of three adults, with at least one member of each gender. The child's parent or guardian and their social worker will also be present at a hearing.

The hearing or meeting usually happens around a table. The panel members are given information and reports and the child's circumstances are fully discussed before the panel reaches their decision. It’s unlike a regular hearing because the child can speak at any time during the meeting.

A child may be sent to a children's hearing because they have committed a crime, because they have been neglected or because they have not been not attending school. Often, a children's reporter will refer a child to a panel. These reporters gather information on a child from teachers, social workers, or police and decide whether or not to refer them to a panel. A children's reporter will be made aware of a vulnerable child by a referral. A referral is a notification from anyone (neighbour, teacher, police) about a child they think needs legal intervention.

Panel members are very important in a child's life as they make many important decisions for the child. They are specially trained to deal with children and their families. At the end of the hearing they can decide to put a child in foster care, to send them to a children's home, residential school or secure accommodation, to tag them, or to keep the child with their parents and put them under the supervision of a social worker. However, the panel can not punish a child in any way: they can not inflict a fine upon the child or their parents.

## Other websites

- - Wiki about Children's Panels
Papilioninae

**Papilioninae** is a subfamily of butterflies.  It belongs in the family Papilionidae, the swallowtail butterflies.  The species are found worldwide.

The caterpillars feed on plants in the following families: Rosaceae, Apiaceae, Aristolochiaceae, Magnoliaceae, Lauraceae, and Annonaceae.  Caterpillars that feed on Aristolochiaceae species become poisonous.  When they become adults, they are still poisonous.  Because of this, many butterflies in the families Papilionidae and Nymphalidae mimic Aristolochiaceae feeders.

Very few adult Papilioninae species migrate.  They spend the winter as chrysailds.

## List of genera

- _Atrophaneura_ <small>Reakirt, 1865</small>
- _Battus_ <small>Scopoli, 1777</small>
- _Byasa_ <small>Moore, 1882</small>
- _Chilasa_ <small>Moore, 1881</small>
- _Cressida_ <small>Swainson, 1832</small>
- _Euryades_ <small>Felder & Felder, 1864</small>
- _Eurytides_ <small>Hübner, 1821</small>
- _Graphium_ <small>Westwood, 1841</small>
- _Iphiclides_ <small>Hübner, 1819</small>
- _Lamproptera_ <small>Gray, 1832</small>
- _Losaria_ <small>Moore, 1902</small>
- _Meandrusa_ <small>Moore, 1888</small>
- _Mimoides_ <small>Brown, 1991</small>
- _Ornithoptera_ <small>Boisduval, 1832</small>
- _Pachliopta_ <small>Reakirt, 1865</small>
- _Papilio_ <small>Linnaeus, 1758</small>
- _Parides_ <small>Hübner, 1819</small>
- _Pharmacophagus_ <small>Haase, 1892</small>
- _Praepapilio_ <small>Durden and Rose, 1978†</small>
- _Protesilaus_ <small>Swainson, 1832</small>
- _Protographium_ <small>Munroe, 1961</small>
- _Teinopalpus_ <small>Hope, 1843</small>
- _Trogonoptera_ <small>Rippon, 1890</small>
- _Troides_ <small>Hübner, 1819</small>

## Other websites

- Papilioninae at Wikispecies
Carmit Bachar

**Carmit Bachar** (born September 4, 1974) is an American singer, dancer and showgirl. She was a member of the Pussycat Dolls.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Carmit Bachar
- **img**: Carmit Bachar LF.JPG
- **img capt**: Bachar at the premiere of _27 Dresses_
- **background**: solo_singer
- **alias**: Foxy Doll, Mity
- **origin**: Los Angeles, California, United States, U.S.
- **genre**: Pop music, Pop, pop rock, Rhythm and blues, R&B, Dance music, dance
- **occupation**: Singer, dancer, model, actress
- **years active**: 1995–present
- **label**: A&M Records, A&M <small>(2004 - 2009)</small>
Cheyenne, Polydor <small>(2001 - 2002)</small>
- **associated acts**: Pussycat Dolls
Ahl-e Haqq

**Ahl-e Haqq** (Persian, translates to _people of truth_) is a Kurdish religious movement. It is mainly rooted in Iraqi Kurdistan, as well as Lorestan and Kermanshah in Iran. Many members also live in the diaspora. In total, the followers are estimated to be around 1 million people.

The religion itself has elements of Shi'a Islam, Yazidi, and Alevism. Followers believe that their deity will be reincarnated seven times. The religion took the practice of Dhikr from Sufism. They also share common meals, and live together in a brotherly manner. Wladimir Fjodorowich Minorski was among the first to describe this religious community.
Trench foot

**Trench foot** or fat foot is a medical condition that is caused by keeping feet in the cold, in dirty places, or in water for a long time. Trench foot was a big problem in the trenches of World War I. Many of the soldiers fighting got this condition.

The soldiers found it difficult to cope with the swelling wearing their boots but after realised that they could not get the boot on again as the foot had swollen to twice its size. Many men who suffered from it ending up having their feet amputated because they could not deal with the pain.

If trench foot is kept warm it can heal itself.
Kutless

**Kutless** is an American Christian rock band formed in 2001.

## History

The band chose the name "Kutless" from a Bible verse, Romans 6:23. They chose this name because "Jesus took our cuts for us, leaving us 'Kutless'".

## Members

- Current members
- Jon Micah Sumrall – lead vocals <small>(2001–present)</small>
- James Mead – rhythm guitar, backing vocals <small>(2001–present)</small>
- Neal Cameron – bass guitar <small>(2013–present)</small>
- Nathan Parrish – lead guitar <small>(2015–present)</small>
- Matt Christopherson – drums <small>(2018–present)</small>

- Former members
- Nathan "Stu" Stuart – bass guitar <small>(2001–2002)</small>
- Kyle Zeigler – bass guitar <small>(2002–2005)</small>
- Kyle Mitchell – drums <small>(2001–2005)</small>
- Ryan Shrout – lead guitar, backing vocals <small>(2001–2007)</small>
- Jeff Gilbert – drums <small>(2005–2012)</small>
- Dave Luetkenhoelter – bass guitar <small>(2005–2013)</small>
- Kyle Peek – drums, backing vocals <small>(2012–2014)</small>
- Nick DePartee – lead guitar, backing vocals <small>(2007–2014)</small>
- Vince DiCarlo – lead guitar, backing vocals <small>(2014–2015)</small>
- Drew Porter – drums <small>(2014–2018)</small>

## Discography

- Studio albums
- _Kutless_ (2002)
- _Sea of Faces_ (2004)
- _Strong Tower_ (2005)
- _Hearts of the Innocent_ (2006)
- _To Know That You're Alive_ (2008)
- _It Is Well_ (2009)
- _Believer_ (2012)
- _Glory_ (2014)
- _Surrender_ (2015)
- _Alpha / Omega_ (2017)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Kutless
- **img**: Kutless band.jpg
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Portland, Oregon, Portland, Oregon, United States
- **genre**: Alternative rock, Christian rock, hard rock, post-grunge
- **years active**: 2001–present
- **label**: BEC, Tooth & Nail
- **url**: [http://www.kutless.com Kutless.com]
- **current members**: Jon Micah Sumrall
James Mead
Neal Cameron
Nathan Parrish
Matt Christopherson
- **past members**: Nathan "Stu" Stuart
Kyle Zeigler
Kyle Mitchell
Ryan Shrout
Jeff Gilbert
Dave Luetkenhoelter
Kyle Peek
Nick DePartee
Vince DiCarlo
Drew Porter
Leah Remini

**Leah Marie Remini** (born June 15, 1970) is an American actress, model and comedian best known for her role as Carrie Heffernan on the sitcom _The King Of Queens_. She is also the host of the game show _People Puzzler_.

## Infobox (actor)

- **name**: Leah Marie Remini
- **image**: Leah Remini in 2018.jpg
- **caption**: in 2018
- **birthname**: Leah Marie Remini
- **birth place**: Bensonhurst, Brooklyn, New York, USA
- **yearsactive**: 1988-present
Bobby Allison

**Robert Arthur Allison** (December 3, 1937 – November 9, 2024) was an American Racecar driver. He was the 1983 NASCAR Winston Cup champion. He was on the list of the 50 greatest NASCAR drivers. He was born in Miami, Florida.

Allison died on November 9, 2024 at his home in Mooresville, North Carolina at the age of 86.
Greg Biffle

**Gregory Jack Biffle** (December 23, 1969 – December 18, 2025) was an American racecar driver who raced in the NASCAR Camping World Truck Series, Xfinity Series and NASCAR Cup Series. He drove for Roush Fenway Racing. He won championships in the Xfinity and Truck series and also won races in all three series. Biffle was born in Vancouver, Washington.

On December 18, 2025, Biffle and his family were killed in an airplane crash in Statesville, North Carolina. He was 55.

## Other websites

- Greg Biffle on YouTube
Anna Moffo

**Anna Moffo** (June 27, 1932 - March 9, 2006) was an Italian American operatic soprano particularly associated with lyric-coloratura roles in Italian and French operas, she was admired as much for her vocal gifts as her great beauty and affecting stage presence.

## Life and Career

Born in Wayne, Pennsylvania, to Italian parents, she first studied at the Curtis Institute of Music in Philadelphia, with Eufemia Giannini-Gregory, and later at the Accademia di Santa Cecilia in Rome, Italy, with Mercedes Llopart and Luigi Ricci.

She made her operatic debut in Spoleto, Italy, in 1955, as Norina in Donizetti's _Don Pasquale_. Shortly after, she appeared in a television production of Puccini's _Madama Butterfly_, which made her an overnight sensation throughout Italy. She quickly appeared in other television productions (_Falstaff_, _La sonnambula_, _Lucia di Lammermoor_, _La figlia del reggimento_, _La serva padrona_) and was invited to sing at most of the major opera houses of Italy (Rome, Milan, Naples, Venice, Parma, etc.). As her reputation grew, she was invited to sing outside Italy, notably at the Aix-en-Provence Festival, the Salzburg Festival and the Vienna State Opera.

She made her American debut at the Chicago Lyric Opera in 1957, as Mimi in _La bohème_, opposite the great Swedish tenor Jussi Bjorling. Her Metropolitan Opera debut in New York took place on November 14, 1959, as Violetta in _La traviata_, a part that quickly became her signature role. She sang at the Metropolitan Opera for seventeen seasons to great acclaim in roles such as Lucia (_Lucia di Lammermoor_), Gilda (_Rigoletto_), Mimi (_La bohème_), Marguerite (_Faust_), Juliet (_Romeo and Juliet_), Manon (_Manon_), the four heroines in _Les contes d'Hoffmann_, etc. She also sang in San Francisco, Los Angeles, Philadelphia, etc., while making several appearances on American television.

She pursued a successful international career as well, singing in Monte Carlo, London, Berlin, Stockholm, Mexico City, Buenos Aires, etc. She remained very popular in Italy and performed there often and hosted her own television program _The Anna Moffo Show_ from 1960 to 1973. She also appeared in movie versions of opera such as _La traviata_ (1968) and _Lucia di Lammermoor_ (1971), directed by her husband Mario Lanfranchi, as well as a few non-operatic movies.

Her career was cut short by vocal problems in the mid 1970s but she remained active in the opera world as a board member of the Metropolitan Opera Guild and by hosting galas and  giving occasional masterclasses. Moffo died in New York City of a stroke after a decade long battle with breast cancer at the age of 73. She is remembered as one of the most glamourous opera stars of her era.

A versatile and prolific recording artist she left a vast discography including opera, operetta, musical, art songs, pop songs, lieder, etc.

## References

- _Opera News_, October 2009.
Entrepreneur

An **entrepreneur** is a person who makes a business to benefit from an opportunity, rather than working as an employee. Entrepreneurs play a key role in any economy.  These are  people who have the skills and initiative necessary to anticipate current and future needs and bring new ideas for products or services to market or sell.

Entrepreneurs who are successful in taking on the risks of a startup are rewarded with profits and continued growth opportunities.  Those who fail suffer losses and become less important in the markets. Many fail, lose money, and close the business.   The entrepreneur assumes the risks and rewards of the venture and is usually the sole proprietor, a partner or the owner of the business or majority of shares in an incorporated venture.  As the main decision maker the entrepreneur monitors and controls the business activities.

According to Joseph Schumpeter (1883 - 1950) entrepreneurs regard profit as a standard for measuring achievement or success.  He discovered that they:
- Value self-reliance;
- Strive for distinction through excellence;
- Are highly optimistic;
- Favor challenges of medium risk.

Entrepreneurship is sometimes categorized among the factors of production, along with land/natural resources, labor and capital.  An entrepreneur combines these to manufacture good<nowiki/>s or provide services.  He or she typically creates a business plan, hires labor, acquires resources and financing, and provides leadership and management for the business.

Entrepreneurs commonly face many obstacles when building their business. Investors are reluctant to risk their capital on something new, since the majority of new businesses fail and the owners lose their money. Some investors specialize in venture capital and many entrepreneurs get more capital by bootstrapping. While some entrepreneurs are lone players struggling to get small businesses off the ground on a shoestring (that is, with little money), others seek partners who have greater access to capital and other resources.

## Definitions of Entrepreneurship

Economists have never had a consistent definition of "entrepreneur"  (the word "entrepreneur" comes from the French verb _entreprendre_, meaning "to undertake"). Though the concept of an entrepreneur existed and was known for centuries, the classical and neoclassical economists left entrepreneurs out of their formal models:

They assumed that perfect information would be known to fully rational actors, leaving no room for risk-taking or discovery. It wasn't until the middle of the 20th century that economists seriously attempted to incorporate entrepreneurship into their models.

Three thinkers were central to the inclusion of entrepreneurs: Joseph Schumpeter, Frank Knight and Israel Kirzner. Schumpeter suggested that entrepreneurs – not just companies – were responsible for the creation of new things in the search of profit. Knight focused on entrepreneurs as the bearers of uncertainty and believed they were responsible for risk premiums in financial markets. Kirzner thought of entrepreneurship as a process that led to discovery.

## Related pages

- Leadership
QBasic

**QBasic** is a programming language made by Microsoft which was included with Windows 95 and MS-DOS. QBasic is a more limited version of QuickBasic, released in 1985. While today considered almost obsolete, it is still a popular language for beginners and especially for educational purposes.

## Example

An example Hello World program in QBasic:

## Infobox (programming language)

- **name**: QBasic
- **year**: 1991 - 2000
- **developer**: Microsoft, Microsoft Corporation
- **influenced by**: QuickBASIC, GW-BASIC
- **operating system**: MS-DOS, Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows Me, PC-DOS
- **license**: Microsoft, MS-EULA
- **website**: [http://www.microsoft.com/ www.microsoft.com]
Ponytail

A **ponytail** is a common hairstyle. It is a tied back section of hair on the scalp.  It is held by a hair tie or clip, and hangs freely from that point. They are worn by people of any gender.
Volkswagen Passat

**Volkswagen Passat** is a car produced by Volkswagen in 1973. It entered its seventh generation in 2010.

## Passat Mk4

The Volkswagen Passat Mk4 is the fourth generation of the Volkswagen Passat. The Mk4 replaced the Mk3 in 1993, and was replaced by the Mk5 in 1996.

## Passat Mk5

The Volkswagen Passat Mk5 is the fifth generation of the Volkswagen Passat. The Mk5 replaced the Mk4 in 1996, and was replaced by the Mk6 in 2005.

## Passat Mk6

The Volkswagen Passat Mk6 is the sixth generation of the Volkswagen Passat. The Mk6 replaced the Mk5 in 2005, and was replaced by the Mk7 in 2010.

## Passat Mk7

The Volkswagen Passat Mk7 is the seventh generation of the Volkswagen Passat. The Mk7 replaced the Mk6 in 2010. This is the current generation of the Volkswagen Passat.

## Infobox (automobile)

- **name**: Volkswagen Passat
- **image**: Volkswagen Passat Variant B9 1X7A1960.jpg
- **caption**: Passat B9
- **manufacturer**: Volkswagen
- **production**: 1973–present
- **class**: Mid-size car / large family car (D-segment, D)
- **layout**: Front-engine, front-wheel-drive layout, Front-engine, front-wheel-drive or Front-engine, four-wheel-drive layout, four-wheel-drive
- **successor**: Volkswagen ID.7 (saloon)
- **sp**: uk
Volkswagen Golf Variant

**Volkswagen Golf Variant** is a car produced by Volkswagen since 1993. It entered its fourth generation in 2009.

#### Petrol engines

- _1.4_ 44 kW (60 hp)
- _1.6_ 74 kW (101 hp)
- _1.8_ 55 kW (75 hp) and 66 kW (90 hp)
- _2.0_ 85 kW (115 hp)
- _2.9 VR6_ 140 kW (190 hp)

#### Diesel engines

- _1.9 D_ 47 kW (64 hp)
- _1.9 SDI_ 47 kW (64 hp)
- _1.9 TD_ 55 kW (75 hp)
- _1.9 TDI_ 66 kW (90 hp) and 81 kW (110 hp)

#### Petrol engines

- _1.4 16V_ 55 kW (75 hp)
- _1.6_ 74 kW (100 hp) and 75 kW (102 hp)
- _1.6 16V_ 77 kW (105 hp)
- _1.6 FSI_ 81 kW (110 hp)
- _1.8 T_ 110 kW (150 hp)
- _2.0_ 85 kW (115 hp)
- _2.3 V5_ 110 kW (150 hp) and 125 kW (170 hp)
- _2.8 V6_ 150 kW (204 hp)

#### Diesel engines

- _1.9 SDI_ 50 kW (68 hp)
- _1.9 TDI_ 66 kW (90 hp), 74 kW (100 hp), 81 kW (110 hp), 85 kW (115 hp) and 96 kW (130 hp)

#### Petrol engines

- _1.4 16V_ 59 kW (80 hp)
- _1.4 TSI_ 90 kW (122 hp), 103 kW (140 hp), 118 kW (160 hp) and 125 kW (170 hp)
- _1.6_ 75 kW (102 hp)
- 2.0 147 kW (200 hp)

#### Diesel engines

- _1.9 TDI_ 77 kW (105 hp)
- _2.0 TDI_ 100 kW (136 hp) and 103 kW (140 hp)

#### Petrol engines

- _1.2 TSI_ 63 kW (85 hp) and 77 kW (105 hp)
- _1.4 16V_ 59 kW (80 hp)
- _1.4 TSI_ 90 kW (122 hp) and 118 kW (160 hp)
- _1.6_ 75 kW (102 hp)

#### Diesel engines

- _1.6 TDI_ 66 kW (90 hp) and 77 kW (105 hp)
- _2.0 TDI_ 100 kW (136 hp) and 103 kW (140 hp)
Lexeme

**Lexeme** is a term in linguistics. They are units of meaning, independent of any inflectional endings, or whether it is one word or several. "Come in" is a lexeme; so is "raining cats and dogs". The largest English dictionaries have about half a million lexemes, though the true figure is likely more.

In the English language, _run_, _runs_, _ran_ and _running_ are forms of the same lexeme.

A similar concept is the lemma (or citation form). It is the form of a lexeme which is chosen to represent the lexeme, for example, <span style="font-variant:small-caps;text-transform:lowercase">RUN</span> instead of the other forms. Lemmas are used in dictionaries as the headwords. Other forms of a lexeme are usually listed later in the entry. So, all headwords in a dictionary are lexemes.

A _lexicon_ is made of lexemes.
Phoneme

**Phonemes** are the units of sound (speech) that distinguish one word from another in a particular language. Most varieties (accents and dialects) of spoken English have about 23 consonantal phonemes and 21 vowel phonemes (altogether 44 phonemes) but only 26 letters in writing. To see all the phonemes in English, the International Phonetic Alphabet has a unique letter for every phoneme, unlike the English alphabet.

A good way to learn phonemes in a language is to learn minimal pairs, which are pairs of different words that are different by only one sound. An example is "b**i**t" and "b**a**t". Even though only the vowel in each word is different, each word has a completely different meaning. Another example is "**d**ip" and "**t**ip" in which both words have different meanings even though only the first consonant in each word is different.
History of the alphabet

The **history of the alphabet** goes back to a writing system for consonants. This was used for Semitic languages in the Levant in the 2nd millennium BC.

### Hieroglyphs in Egypt

By 2700 BC, the ancient Egyptians had developed a set of some 22 hieroglyphs to represent the consonants of their language. A 23rd seems to have been for word-initial or word-final vowels. The first purely alphabetic script may have been developed around 2000 BC for Semitic workers in central Egypt.

Over the next 500 years, it spread north. All later alphabets around the world have either descended from it or been inspired by one of its descendants.
Jerzy Buzek

**Jerzy Karol Buzek** (born 3 July 1940 in Smilovice, Poland) is a Polish politician and scientist.

He was President of the European Parliament from 2009 to 2012. Between 1997 and 2001, he was the Prime Minister of Poland and a member of the Polish parliament.

Buzek attended the grammar school in Chorzów and got his Matura there. After successful exams, he went to the Technical University of Silesia. In Silesia, Jerzy Buzek studied chemistry and got a diploma in 1963.

In the years 1971 and 1972, he researched at the University of Cambridge in Great Britain.

During his studies and time spent in research, Buzek wrote about 200 patents and other papers.

During his time as the Prime Minister of Poland, his success was that Poland joined Nato in 1998. In 2004, he got elected to be a member of the European Parliament.

Buzek got Doctorates honoris causa from the University of Dortmund, the University of Seoul, the University of Isparta and also from the Technical Universities of Opole and Silesia.
Honorary degree

An **honorary degree** or a degree ***honoris causa*** (Latin: _for the sake of the honour_) is an academic degree given by a university to a person who particularly deserves such an honour.  It may be someone who has had nothing to do with that university.  The person does not have to do any examination.  It is purely an honour for whatever good work he or she has already done.  Very often the honorary degree is a doctorate.
Mario Andretti

**Mario Gabriele Andretti** (born February 28, 1940) is a retired racecar driver. He won the 1969 Indianapolis 500, the 1978 Formula One championship and won the 1967 Daytona 500. He is called the most successful American racecar driver.
Maria Edgeworth

**Maria Edgeworth** was a novelist in the early nineteenth century.

## Life

Edgeworth was born in Oxfordshire in 1767 or 1768. She was the daughter of Richard Lovell Edgeworth and Anna Maria Edgeworth. When her father married again to his second wife, she went with him to Ireland. There, she helped her father and managed her father's land. Because of this, she became friends with lots of fashionable people and with Irish peasants. This was very useful to her later in writing her novels. At first she used to write for children, but in 1800 she published her first adults' novel, _Castle Rackrent_. Lots of people liked _Castle Rackrent,_ which was an immediate success.

In 1798 her father married his fourth wife. For fifty-one years Maria had a very good friend in her stepmother.

In 1802 their family traveled to other countries. First they went to Brussels, then to a part of France. There Maria met a man named Count Edelcrantz. Maria's stepmother wrote in the book _Life and Letters,_ that Maria loved him very much. They came back home to Ireland in 1803 when the war began again, and Maria started writing again. Her father helped her with her writing, and corrected her books a lot. Maria published _Castle Rackrent_ secretly.

Edgeworth helped Irish peasantry very much. She was short, and is said to be cheerful and lively. After she was ill for a few years she died at Edgeworthstone, in the arms of her stepmother, in 1849.

## Other books written by Maria Edgeworth

- _Belinda_
- _Castle Rackrent_
- _Leonora_
- _Helen_

## Other websites

**Sources**
- Works by Maria Edgeworth at Internet Archive
**Other**
- Biography on Revolutionary Players website
- Edgeworthstown From "Irish Pictures Drawn with Pen and Pencil" (1888)

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Maria Edgeworth
- **image**: Maria Edgeworth by John Downman 1807.jpg
- **birth place**: Black Bourton, Oxfordshire
- **death place**: Edgeworthstown, County Longford, Ireland
- **occupation**: Novelist
- **nationality**: Irish people, Irish
Ubuntu Studio

**Ubuntu Studio** is an officially recognized derivative of the Ubuntu Linux distribution that focuses on audio, video and graphics production. The original version, based on Ubuntu 7.04, was released on May 10, 2007.
Faisal Alam

**Faisal Alam** is a gay Pakistani American who began the _Al-Fatiha Foundation_, a group that is committed to helping further the cause of gay, lesbian, and transgender Muslims.

Alam came to the United States from Pakistan in 1987, when he was ten, and lived in Ellington, Connecticut. In 1997, after a marriage engagement to a Muslim girl did not work out, he began a Yahoo! group for LGBT Muslims which became popular fast. He started Al-Fatiha in 1998 and was the group's president until he stepped down in 2004.

Alam is also a member of the National Religious Leadership Roundtable and the LGBT Programme of Human Rights Watch.

## Related pages

- List of gay, lesbian or bisexual people

## Other websites

- Homepage of Al-Fatiha
- Interview with Alam  by Johann Hari