juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Botany Bay

**Botany Bay** is a bay in Sydney, New South Wales.  It is a few kilometres south of the Sydney central business district. The Cooks River and the Georges River are the two major tributaries that flow into the bay. Two runways of Sydney Airport extend into the bay.

On 29 April 1770, Botany Bay was the site of James Cook's first landing of HMS _Endeavour_ on the continent of Australia. Later the British planned Botany Bay as the site for a penal colony. Out of these plans came the first European to live in Australia at Sydney Cove.

Aboriginal lived in this area dating back 5,000 years. The Aboriginal people of Sydney were known as the Eora.

Even though it is a busy port, there are many types of marine life.  The area around its entrance is some of the best scuba diving in the Sydney area.  The world's largest population of weedy sea dragon found was on the southern side.
Corroboree

A **corroboree** is a ceremonial meeting of Aboriginal Australians. The word was made by the European settlers of Australia.  It was an imitation of the Eora word _caribberie_. At a corroboree, Aborigines interact with the Dreamtime through dance, music and costume. Many ceremonies act out events from the Dreamtime. Many of the ceremonies are sacred.  People from outside a community cannot participate or watch.
Andrew Luck

**Andrew Austen Luck** (born September 12, 1989) is an Former American football quarterback who played for the Indianapolis Colts of the National Football League (NFL).  He played college football for Stanford University. He was also the first person taken in the 2012 NFL Draft by the Colts.

## Infobox (nfl biography)

- **name**: Andrew Luck
- **image**: Andrew Luck vs Browns 2014.jpg
- **image size**: 225px
- **current team**: Indianapolis Colts
- **number**: 12
- **position**: Quarterback
- **birth place**: Washington DC, USA
- **height**: 193 cm
- **weight**: 109 kg
- **high school**: Stratford High School (Houston), Stratford (Houston, Texas)
- **college**: Stanford Cardinal football, Stanford
- **draftyear**: 2012
- **draftround**: 1
- **draftpick**: List of first overall National Football League draft picks, 1
- **pastteams**: * Indianapolis Colts (–2019)
- **status**: Retired
- **highlights**: * 4× Pro Bowl (2013 Pro Bowl, 2012–2015 Pro Bowl, 2014, 2019 Pro Bowl, 2018)
* AP NFL Comeback Player of the Year, NFL Comeback Player of the Year (2018)
* List of National Football League season passing touchdowns leaders, NFL passing touchdowns leader (2014)
* Maxwell Award (2011)
* Walter Camp Award (2011)
*
* 2× First-team College Football All-America Team, All-American (2010 College Football All-America Team, 2010, 2011 College Football All-America Team, 2011)
* 2× First-team All-Pac-12 Conference, Pac-12 (2010 All-Pacific-10 Conference football team, 2010, 2011 All-Pac-12 Conference football team, 2011)
- **statseason**: 2018
- **statlabel1**: Touchdown, TD–Interception, INT
- **statvalue1**: 171–83
- **statlabel2**: Completion percentage
- **statvalue2**: 60.8
- **statlabel3**: Passing yards
- **statvalue3**: 23,671
- **statlabel4**: Passer rating
- **statvalue4**: 89.5
- **statlabel5**: Rushing yards
- **statvalue5**: 1,590
- **statlabel6**: Rushing touchdowns
- **statvalue6**: 14
- **nflnew**: andrewluck/2533031
- **pfr**: LuckAn00
Blue Mountains

**Blue Mountains** may mean:

## Geography

- Blue Mountains (New South Wales), Australia
    - City of Blue Mountains, a local government area west of Sydney
    - Blue Mountains railway line
    - Electoral district of Blue Mountains
    - Greater Blue Mountains Area, a World Heritage Site
- Blue Mountains (Nunavut), Canada
- The Blue Mountains, Ontario, a town in Canada
- Blue Mountains (Congo), northwest of Lake Albert
- Sinimäed Hills (Blue Mountains) in Estonia, near Narva
- Nilgiri mountains (Blue Mountains), southern India
- Blue Mountains (Jamaica)
- Blue Mountains (New Zealand), in West Otago
- Blue Mountains (Niger), a mountain range near the Aïr Mountains in Niger
- Blue Mountains (Oregon), United States
    - Blue Mountains (ecoregion), a Level III ecoregion
- Blue Mountains or Abajo Mountains, Utah, United States
- Blue Mountains Line, a railway line in New South Wales

## Fictional

- The Blue Mountains (Elgar), a song about Australia by Sir Edward Elgar to a poem by Alfred Noyes
- _The Blue Mountains_ (fairy tale), a fairy tale by Andrew Lang in _The Yellow Fairy Book_
- Blue Mountains (Middle-earth) or _Ered Luin_, fictional mountains in Tolkien's Middle-earth
Robert Griffin III

**Robert Lee Griffin III** (born February 12, 1990), nicknamed **RG3**, is an American football quarterback for the Baltimore Ravens of the National Football League (NFL).  He played college football for Baylor University, and won the 2011 Heisman Trophy for being the best college player that year.  He was the second person taken  by the Washington Redskins with the second pick of the 2012 NFL Draft. Later in 2016 he was traded to the Cleveland  Browns. He spent three years backing up Lamar Jackson for the Baltimore Ravens. Currently he is employed by ESPN covering NCAA and NFL games.

## Infobox (nfl biography)

- **name**: Robert Griffin III
- **image**: Robert Griffin III 2022.jpg
- **caption**: Griffin in 2022
- **current team**: Baltimore Ravens
- **number**: 3
- **position**: Quarterback
- **birth place**: Okinawa Island, Okinawa, Japan
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 2
- **weight lbs**: 218
- **high school**: Copperas Cove High School, Copperas Cove
(Copperas Cove, Texas)
- **college**: Baylor Bears football, Baylor
- **draftyear**: 2012
- **draftround**: 1
- **draftpick**: 2
- **pastteams**: * Washington Redskins (–)
* Cleveland Browns ()
* Baltimore Ravens (–present)
- **status**: Active
- **highlights**: * Pro Bowl (2013 Pro Bowl, 2012)
* National Football League Rookie of the Year Award, NFL Offensive Rookie of the Year (2012)
* PFWA All-Rookie Team (PFWA All-Rookie Team#2012, 2012)
* Heisman Trophy (2011)
* Davey O'Brien Award (2011)
* Manning Award (2011)
* Associated Press College Football Player of the Year, AP Player of the Year (2011)
* Sporting News College Football Player of the Year, _Sporting News_ Player of the Year (2011)
* Consensus College Football All-America Team, All-American (2011 College Football All-America Team, 2011)
* First-team All-Big 12 Conference, Big 12 (2011)
- **statseason**: 2018
- **statlabel1**: Touchdown, TD–Interception, INT
- **statvalue1**: 42–26
- **statlabel2**: Passing yards
- **statvalue2**: 9,004
- **statlabel3**: Passer rating
- **statvalue3**: 88.2
- **statlabel4**: Rushing yards
- **statvalue4**: 1,670
- **statlabel5**: Rushing touchdowns
- **statvalue5**: 10
- **nflnew**: robert-griffin-iii
- **pfr**: G/GrifRo01
Blue Mountains (New South Wales)

The **Blue Mountains** is a region in New South Wales, Australia. The foothills start about  west of the state capital, Sydney. The area begins on the west side of the Nepean River.  It goes west as far as Coxs River. The Blue Mountains is an Australian natural wonder and World Heritage-listed area.

## Geography

It is mainly a sandstone plateau. The highest point of the range is Mount Werong.  It is  above sea level. A large part of the Blue Mountains is in the Greater Blue Mountains Area World Heritage Site.  The area has seven national park areas and a conservation reserve.

The Blue Mountains area includes the local government areas of the City of Blue Mountains, the City of Hawkesbury, the City of Lithgow and Oberon.

## Transport

The Blue Mountains area has one train line that ends at Lithgow. There is also a bus network that ends at Mount Victoria. You can use the Blue Mountains Bus Wiki  to see a list of bus routes that are in the Blue Mountains.

## Fauna

The Greater Blue Mountains Area has over 400 different forms of animals. Among them are rare mammal species like Spotted-tailed Quoll, the Koala, the yellow-bellied Glider, and Long-nosed Potoroo. There are also some rare reptiles, like the Blue Mountain Water Skink. There are also some dingos in the area.  They are the top predators and hunt for grey kangaroos.

## Infobox (australian place)

- **type**: region
- **name**: Blue Mountains
- **state**: nsw
- **image**: Three Sisters Sunset.jpg
- **image upright**: 0.9
- **caption**: Three Sisters (Australia), The Three Sisters sandstone rock formation, one of the region's best-known attractions
- **map type**: nomap
- **pop**: 162,000
- **pop year**: 2006?
- **area**: 11400
- **lga**: City of Blue Mountains, Blue Mountains, City of Hawkesbury, City of Lithgow and Oberon Shire
- **stategov**: Electoral district of Blue Mountains, Blue Mountains, Electoral district of Penrith, Penrith, Electoral district of Bathurst, Bathurst, Electoral district of Hawkesbury, Hawkesbury, Electoral district of Londonderry, Londonderry and Electoral district of Riverstone, Riverstone
- **dist1**: 50
- **dir1**: NW
- **location1**: Sydney central business district, Sydney CBD
- **fedgov**: Division of Macquarie, Macquarie, Division of Lindsay, Lindsay,  and Division of Calare, Calare
- **near-nw**: Central West (New South Wales), Central West
- **near-n**: Central West (New South Wales), Central West
- **near-ne**: Hunter Region, Hunter
- **near-w**: Central West (New South Wales), Central West
- **near-e**: Western Sydney
- **near-sw**: Southern Tablelands
- **near-s**: Southern Tablelands
- **near-se**: Macarthur (New South Wales), Macarthur
- **relief**: 1
Watchdog

A **watchog** or **watch dog** can have several meanings:
- A dog with a special training, usually called guard dog
- A part of an elecronic system that makes sure the system is operating properly, called watchdog timer
- _Watchdog (TV series)_, British television series
Gregory Blaxland

**Gregory Blaxland** (17 June 1778 – 1 January 1853) was a pioneer farmer and explorer in Australia.

## Early life

Gregory Blaxland was born 17 June 1778 at Fordwich, Kent, England.  He was the fourth son of John Blaxland, mayor from 1767 to 1774. His mother was Mary, daughter of Captain Parker, R.N. Gregory attended The King's School, Canterbury. In July 1799 he married Elizabeth, daughter of John Spurdon.  They had five sons and two daughters.

The Blaxlands were friends of Sir Joseph Banks.  Banks influenced Gregory and his older brother, John, to move from England. The government promised them land, convict servants and free passages. Gregory sailed in the William Pitt on 1 September 1805 with his wife, three children, two servants, an overseer, a few sheep, seed, bees, tools, groceries and clothing. When he reached Sydney he sold many of these goods for a good amount of money.  He bought eighty head of cattle.

## Blue Mountains expedition

In 1813, he led the first known European trip across the Blue Mountains.  He went along with William Lawson and William Charles Wentworth.  Their trip opened up the inland of the continent.

Blaxland visited England and in February 1823 he published his _Journal Of A Tour Of Discovery Across The Blue Mountains_. Later the same year Blaxland was awarded the silver medal of the Royal Society of Arts for some wine he had sent to London.  Five years later he got the gold medal. In January 1827 Blaxland was elected by a public meeting with two others to ask Governor Darling for "Trial by jury" and "Taxation by Representation" for the colony.

Blaxland is noted as one of the first settlers to plant grapes for wine-making purposes.

He died by his own hand in 1 January 1853 in New South Wales. He is buried in All Saints Cemetery in Parramatta.

## Recognition

The township of Blaxland in the Blue Mountains is named after him.  So is the Division of Blaxland.

In 1963 he was honoured, together with Lawson and Wentworth, on a postage stamp issued by Australia Post showing the Blue Mountains crossing.

Romeo Smith has a boat on Home and away called the Blaxland.
Watchdog timer

A **watchdog timer** is a component of an electronic system that makes sure the system is operating properly. These components can either be done as a piece of hardware or as software. Depending on the intended use, they either signal that a system is not working properly, or they make a system work properly again. A watchdog timer may cause a system to reset itself to its initial state.
William Lawson

**William Lawson** may mean:
- William Lawson (banker) (1772–1848), businessman, office holder, justice of the peace and politician born in Halifax, Nova Scotia Canada
- William Lawson (co-operator) (1836-1916) co-operator and agriculturalist
- William Lawson (explorer) (1774–1850), explorer of New South Wales, Australia
- William Lawson (speedway rider)
- B.J. Lawson, William "B.J." Lawson (born 1974), 2008 Republican Party nominee in North Carolina
- William Lawson (writer) (1875–1957), Australian poet
William Lawson (explorer)

**William Lawson** (2 June 1774 – 16 June 1850) was an explorer of New South Wales, Australia.  He helped discover a passage inland through the Blue Mountains from Sydney.

Lawson was born in Finchley, Middlesex, England.  He is the son of Scottish parents. Lawson came to Sydney as an ensign with the New South Wales Corps in November 1800.  He was soon posted to Norfolk Island.

After 1808, Lawson was appointed aide-de-camp to George Johnston.  He was given 500 acres (2 km²) at Prospect. He built a 40-room mansion there.

In 1813 Lawson, with Gregory Blaxland and William Wentworth, led a trip west from Sydney to cross the Blue Mountains.

They left on 11 May 1813 with four servants, five dogs and four horses. The route they travelled is still the one used by travellers today. On 31 May 1813 they reached Mount Blaxland and could see the plains to the west.

Lawson was rewarded with a grant of 1,000 acres (4 km²) of land.  He ended up one of the largest land-holders in Australia. He was made a magistrate and was appointed commandant at Newcastle.

In 1819 Governor Lachlan Macquarie made a new settlement, Bathurst.  He made Lawson commander of the Bathurst settlement.  Lawson had this job until 1823. From Bathurst, Lawson explored as far north as Mudgee.

After leaving the army, Lawson was a member of the New South Wales Legislative Council from 1843 to 1848. He died at Veteran Hall on 16 June 1850. The town of Lawson in the Blue Mountains is named for him.

In 1963 Lawson was honoured, together with Blaxland and Wentworth, on a postage stamp issued by Australia Post showing the Blue Mountains crossing. http://www.australianstamp.com/images/large/0007540.jpg
Jōgen

**Jōgen** may refer to:

- Jōgen (Heian period) (貞元), Japanese era from 976 to 978
- Jōgen (Kamakura period) (承元), Japanese era from 1207 to 1211
Ray Guy

**William Ray Guy** (December 22, 1949 – November 3, 2022) was an American football professional punter. He played parts of 14 seasons, all for the Oakland/Los Angeles Raiders. Coming from the University of Southern Mississippi, he was the only pure punter ever to be selected in the first round of the NFL Draft when the Oakland Raiders selected him in 1973. He won three Super Bowls with the Oakland Raiders also.

On August 2, 2014, Guy was inducted to the Pro Football Hall of Fame and became the second pure kicker (after Jan Stenerud) and the first pure punter to be inducted.

On November 3, 2022, Guy died after a long battle with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (nfl player)

- **name**: Ray Guy
- **image**: Ray Guy 1985.jpg
- **caption**: Guy playing for the Raiders in 1985
- **image size**: 150
- **position**: Punter (football), Punter
- **number**: 8
- **birth place**: Swainsboro, Georgia
- **death place**: Hattiesburg, Mississippi, U.S.
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 3
- **weight lbs**: 195
- **high school**: Thomson High School, Thomson (Thomson, Georgia)
- **college**: Southern Mississippi Golden Eagles football, Southern Mississippi
- **draftyear**: 1973
- **draftround**: 1
- **draftpick**: 23
- **teams**: * Oakland Raiders, Oakland / Los Angeles Raiders (–)
- **highlights**: * 3× Super Bowl champion (Super Bowl XI, XI, Super Bowl XV, XV, Super Bowl XVIII, XVIII)
* 7× Pro Bowl (1974 Pro Bowl, 1973–1979 Pro Bowl, 1978, 1981 Pro Bowl, 1980)
* 6× First-team All-Pro (1973 All-Pro Team, 1973–1978 All-Pro Team, 1978)
* 2× Second-team All-Pro (1979 All-Pro Team, 1979, 1980 All-Pro Team, 1980)
* Golden Toe Award (1975)
* NFL 75th Anniversary All-Time Team
* NFL 100th Anniversary All-Time Team
* NFL 1970s All-Decade Team
- **statlabel1**: Punt (gridiron football), Punts
- **statvalue1**: 1,049
- **statlabel2**: Punting yards
- **statvalue2**: 44,493
- **statlabel3**: Average punt
- **statvalue3**: 42.4
- **nfl**: GUY474616
- **hof**: ray-guy
- **collegehof**: 2140
Punt

In some rules of football, a **punt** is a play in which a player drops the ball and kicks it before it touches the ground. A punt is in contrast to a drop kick, in which the ball touches the ground before being kicked.

In American and Canadian football, the ball is kicked downfield to the opposing team, usually on the final down, with the hope of giving the receiving team a field position that is more helpful to the kicking team when possession changes.
Drop kick

A **drop kick** is a type of kick in various rules of football. It involves a player dropping the ball and then kicking it when it bounces off the ground. It contrasts to a punt, wherein the player kicks the ball without letting it hit the ground first.
Single (baseball)

A **single** is when the batter safely reaches first base by hitting a fair ball and getting to first base before a fielder puts him out. As an exception, a batter-runner reaching first base safely is not credited with a single when an infielder attempts to put out another runner on the first play; this is one type of a fielder's choice.  Also, a batter-runner reaching first base on a play due to a fielder's error trying to put him out at first base or another runner out (as a fielder's choice) is not credited with a single.

### Career

1. Pete Rose - 3215
1. Ty Cobb - 3053
1. Eddie Collins - 2643
1. Cap Anson - 2598
1. Willie Keeler - 2513
1. Honus Wagner - 2422
1. Rod Carew - 2404
1. Tris Speaker - 2383
1. Tony Gwynn - 2378
1. Paul Molitor - 2366

### Season

1. Ichiro Suzuki () - 225
1. Willie Keeler (1898) - 206
1. Ichiro Suzuki () - 203
1. Lloyd Waner () - 198
1. Willie Keeler (1897) - 193
Fair ball

In baseball, a **fair ball** is a batted ball that gives the batter to attempt to reach first base. In order for a batted ball to be fair, it must be hit in such a way that it:

- settles on fair ground between home and first base, or between home and third base; or
- is on or over fair territory when bounding past first or third base; or
- touches first, second, or third base, which are all in fair territory; or
- touches the body of an umpire or player while the ball is on or over fair territory (unless it touches the batter in the batter's box, or bounces off the ground and immediately hits the bat); or
- passes out of the playing field in flight while over fair territory, or touches any part of the foul pole, including any attached screen, while in flight; or
- strikes any object for which the ballpark specifies that a batted ball which strikes it is a fair ball (e.g., a roof if present)
Error (baseball)

In baseball statistics, an **error**, abbreviated **E** and then the defensive positional designation, is the act, in the judgment of the official scorer, of a fielder misplaying a ball in a manner that allows a batter or baserunner to reach one or more additional bases, when such an advance would have been prevented given ordinary effort by the fielder.

An error does not count as a hit but still counts as an at bat for the batter unless, in the scorer's judgment, the batter would have reached first base safely but one or more of the additional base(s) reached was the result of the fielder's mistake. In that case, the play will be scored both as a hit (for the number of bases the fielders should have limited the batter to) _and_ an error. However, if a batter is judged to have reached base solely because of a fielder's mistake, it is scored as a "hit on error," and treated the same as if a batter was put out, which would lower his batting average.

Similarly, a batter does not receive credit for an RBI when runs score on an error, unless the scorer rules that a run would have scored even if the fielder had not made a mistake. For example, if a batter hits a ball to the outfield for what should be a sacrifice fly and the outfielder drops the ball for an error, the batter will still receive credit for the sacrifice fly and the run batted in.

If a play should have resulted in a fielder's choice with a runner being put out and the batter reaching base safely but the runner is safe due to an error, the play will be scored as a fielder's choice, with no hit being awarded to the batter and an error charged against the fielder.

Passed balls and wild pitches are separate statistical categories and are not scored as errors.
Official scorer

In the game of baseball, the **official scorer** is a person appointed by the league to record the events on the field, and to send the official scoring record of the game back to the league offices. In addition to recording the events on the field such as the outcome of each plate appearance and the circumstances of any baserunner's advance around the bases, the official scorer is also charged with making judgment calls that do not affect the progress or outcome of the game. Judgment calls are primarily made about errors, unearned runs, fielder's choice, the value of hits in certain situations, and wild pitches, all of which are included in the record compiled. This record is used to compile statistics for each player and team. A box score is a summary of the official scorer's game record.
Les Ballets Trockadero de Monte Carlo

**Les Ballets Trockadero de Monte Carlo** is an American ballet company of men who dance in drag. The company does satires and parodies of romantic and classical ballet, as well as other forms of dance. Peter Anastos, Natch Taylor, and Antony Bassae co-founded the "Trocks" in 1974 in New York City. The company danced in small shows late at night in places on off-off Broadway. Their first show was on September 9, 1974. The artistic director in 2011 is Tory Dobrin. The public's attention was directed to the company when Arlene Croce reviewed the "Trocks" in _The New Yorker_. The "Trocks" have danced in many large cities worldwide. In 2008 the company danced for Prince Charles at the Royal Variety Performance.

## Other websites

- Les Ballets Trockadero de Monte Carlo, official site
- Les Ballets Trockadero de Monte Carlo  at IMG Artists
- Les Ballets Trockadero de Monte Carlo  on glbtq.com
- Archive film of Les Ballets Trockadero de Monte Carlo performing Le Lac des Cygnes (Swan Lake, Act II) in 2010 at Jacob's Pillow
Busby Berkeley

**Busby Berkeley** (29 November 1895 – 14 March 1976) was a Hollywood movie director and movie musical choreographer. He was famous for musical production numbers involving complex geometric patterns and armies of chorus girls and boys. His famous movies include several Mickey Rooney / Judy Garland "Let's put on a Show" musicals and the Great Depression musicals _42nd Street_, _Footlight Parade_, _Gold Diggers of 1933_, and _Fashions of 1934_.

## Other websites

- Hooray for Hollywood: Busby Berkeley
- Busby Berkeley at Classic Movie Favorites Tribute site: galleries, bio, filmography and more.
- bio & pics on Busby Berkeley

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Busby Berkeley
- **birth name**: Busby Berkeley William Enos
- **birth place**: Los Angeles, California, U.S.
- **death place**: Palm Desert, California, U.S.
- **occupation**: Film director, choreographer
- **years active**: 1901–1971
ANZAC Day

**Anzac Day** is a day that happens once a year in Australia and New Zealand. It is celebrated by both countries on 25th April every year.  It was to commemorate (honour) the members of the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC) who fought at Gallipoli in the Ottoman Empire during World War 1. Now though, it celebrates all "who served and died in all wars, conflicts, and peacekeeping operations" and "the contribution and suffering of all those who have served."

Anzac Day is also observed in the Cook Islands, Niue, Pitcairn, and Tonga. In the past, it was a national holiday in Papua New Guinea or Samoa.

## Infobox (holiday)

- **holiday name**: Anzac Day
- **image**: Dawn service gnangarra 03.jpg
- **caption**: Anzac Day Dawn Service at Kings Park, Western Australia, 25 April 2009, 94th anniversary
- **observedby**: Memorial services, memorial parades, public holiday
- **date**: 25 April
- **observances**: Military parades, remembrance services
- **type**: historical
- **longtype**: Commemorative, patriotic, historic
- **significance**: First landing of the Anzacs at Gallipoli
- **relatedto**: Remembrance Day (Commonwealth of Nations),
Armistice Day, Veterans Day
Tom Roberts

**Thomas William "Tom" Roberts** (9 March 1856 – 14 September 1931) was an Anglo-Australian artist.  He was an important member of the Heidelberg School.

## Life

Roberts parents were newspaper editors.  The family moved to Australia in 1869.  They lived in Collingwood.  He worked as a photographer's assistant through the 1870s.  He studied art at night under Louis Buvelot.  He became friends with Frederick McCubbin.  He returned to England for three years of full-time art study at the Royal Academy Schools from 1881 to 1884.

Through the 1880s and 1890s he worked in Victoria.  He married 35 year old Elizabeth (Lillie) Williamson in 1896. They had a son, Caleb.  Many of his most famous paintings come from this period.

He spent World War I in England helping at a hospital. In Australia, he built a house at Kallista, near Melbourne.  This was a happy period in Roberts' life.

Elizabeth died in January 1928.  Tom remarried, to Jean Boyes, in August 1928.  He died in 1931 of cancer in Kallista near Melbourne.  He is buried near Longford, Tasmania.

## Works

Roberts painted a lot of fine oil landscapes and portraits. His most famous works, in his time, were two large works, _Shearing the Rams_ and _The Big Picture_. Roberts had a theme of showing country people working.  Many examples of Roberts' work can be seen at the National Gallery of Australia.  _The Big Picture_ is at Parliament House, Canberra.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Tom Roberts
- **image**: Tom Roberts.jpg
- **image size**: frameless
- **caption**: Portrait taken c.1920–1925
- **birth date**: 9 March 1856
- **birth place**: Dorchester, Dorset, Dorchester, Dorset, England
- **death place**: 'Talisman' in Kallista, Victoria, Kallista, Australia
- **resting place**: Illawarra churchyard, near Longford, Tasmania, Longford, Tasmania, Australia
- **other names**: Nickname _Bulldog_
- **occupation**: Artist
- **spouse**:

- **parents**: Richard Roberts, Matilda
Snowy Mountains Scheme

The **Snowy Mountains scheme** is a hydroelectricity and irrigation system in south-east Australia. It has sixteen major dams; seven power stations; a pumping station; and 225 kilometres of tunnels, pipelines and aqueducts.  It was built between 1949 and 1974. The Chief engineer was Sir William Hudson.  It is the largest engineering project in Australia.
Australian cinema

**Cinema of Australia** means the system of production, distribution, and showing of movies in Australia. Making movies in Australia started in 1906. _The Story of the Kelly Gang_ was the earliest feature movie ever made. Since then, many movies have been made in Australia.  Many have got international praise. Many actors and moviemakers started their careers in Australian movies.

Commercially successful Australian movies have included Paul Hogan's _Crocodile Dundee_,  Baz Luhrmann's _Moulin Rouge!_ and Chris Noonan's _Babe_. Other award winning productions include _Picnic at Hanging Rock_, _Gallipoli_, _The Tracker_, _Shine_ and _Ten Canoes_. Famous Australian trained actors include Errol Flynn, Peter Finch, Rod Taylor, Mel Gibson, Nicole Kidman, Hugh Jackman, Russell Crowe, Cate Blanchett and Heath Ledger.

## History

The Australian movie history has been called 'boom and bust'.  This is because at times there are very few movies made and other times many movies are made.

## List of highest-grossing Australian movies

|Rank|Title|Year of release|Budget (A$)|Australian gross (A$)|Worldwide gross (US$)|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1|_Crocodile Dundee_|1986|$11,500,000|$47,707,045|$328,203,506|
|2|_Australia_|2008|$200,000,000 (US$130,000,000, US$78,000,000 after tax incentives)|$36,780,000|$211,342,221|
|3|_Babe_|1995|$30,000,000|$36,770,000|$254,134,910|
|4|_Happy Feet_|2006|$132,740,000|$31,800,000|$384,300,000|
|5|_Moulin Rouge!_|2001|$100,453,600|$27,700,000|$179,213,434|
|6|_Crocodile Dundee 2_|1988|$15,800,000|$24,900,000|$239,606,210|
|7|_Strictly Ballroom_|1992|$3,000,000|$21,800,000|$37,763,592|
|8|_The Dish_|2000|-|$18,000,000|-|
|9|_The Man From Snowy River_|1982|-|$17,200,000|-|
|10|_Red Dog_|2011|$8,500,000|$21,125,682 (as of 12/12/2011)|-|
Music of Australia

The **music of Australia** is the music made in the area of, on the subject of, or by the people of modern Australia.  This includes its earlier Indigenous and colonial societies. Indigenous Australian music is a part of a 40–60,000 year history which made the didgeridoo. Combinations of Indigenous and Western styles show Australian additions to world music. Some people who do this are Yothu Yindi, Christine Anu and Geoffrey Gurrumul Yunupingu. During its early western history, Australia was made of many British colonies.  Australian folk music and bush ballads such as Waltzing Matilda were influenced by Anglo-Celtic culture. Classical forms came from those of Europe. Current Australian music covers many trends.  They are often similar to those of the US, the UK, and similar nations.  There are oftem similarities in the Australian rock and Australian country music genres.

Notable Australian musicians include: the opera singers Dame Nellie Melba and Dame Joan Sutherland; country music stars Slim Dusty (Australia's biggest selling domestic artist) and John Williamson; solo artists John Farnham and Olivia Newton-John, folk-rocker Paul Kelly; Dance group The Avalanches; jazz guitarist Tommy Emmanuel; pioneer rocker Johnny O'Keefe, global folk-rock band The Seekers, global rock and pop bands Men At Work, The EasyBeats, Bee Gees, Air Supply, Crowded House, AC/DC, INXS, Little River Band, Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds, Midnight Oil, Dragon, Silverchair, Youth Group, You Am I and Powderfinger; the "pop princess" Kylie Minogue, Pendulum, Pop Rock duo Savage Garden  and alternative music stars the John Butler Trio and Xavier Rudd. Other popular artists and groups include The Choirboys, Chantoozies, Cheetah, Sharon O'Neill, Marc Williams, Peter Andre, Goanna, Australian Crawl, Rose Tattoo, Colleen Hewett, Keith Urban, The Angels, Ted Mullry Gang, Hush, The Mixtures, Helen Reddy, and Diana Trask.
Australian literature

**Australian literature** is literature made by Australians or people who live in Australia. In Australia's early history, it was made of many British colonies. So, it is in some ways similar to British literature. Common themes in Australian literature are friendship, equality, democracy, and Australian cultural identity.

Some Australian book writers are Marcus Clarke, Miles Franklin, Patrick White, Thomas Keneally, Morris West and Colleen McCullough. Some bush poets are Henry Lawson and Banjo Paterson. Some historians are Manning Clark and Geoffrey Blainey. A playwright is David Williamson. Some writers who were born in Australia, but moved somewhere else, are Barry Humphries, Robert Hughes, Clive James and Germaine Greer.
483

#### Byzantine Empire

- Illus, Byzantine general (_magister officiorum_), and Verina (widow of the late emperor Leo I) try to overthrow emperor Zeno.  They try to place another general named Leontius on the throne.

#### Europe

- The Ostrogoths are given status as _foederati_. They control a large part of Macedonia and Thrace (Balkans).

#### Religion

- March 10 – Pope Simplicius dies at Rome after a 15-year reign.  He is succeeded by Felix III as the 48th pope.

## Births

- Xiao Baojuan, emperor of Southern Qi (d. 501)
- Xuan Wu Di, emperor of Northern Wei (d. 515)
- Yuan Xun, crown prince of Northern Wei (d. 497)
- Zhu Yi, high official of Southern Liang (d. 549)

## Deaths

- Crimthann mac Énnai, king of Leinster (Ireland)
- March 10 – Pope Simplicius
874

#### Europe

- Ingólfur Arnarson arrives as the first permanent Viking settler in Iceland.  He settles in Reykjavík (probable date).
- The Danes invade Mercia.
- The territory of the Vistulans is conquered by King Svatopluk I of Great Moravia.
- November – Frost begins in Scotland and lasts until April 875.

#### Asia

- The rebellion of Huang Chao in China begins, weakening the strength of the already declining Tang Dynasty.

#### Religion

- March 13 – The bones of Saint Nicephorus are interred in the Church of the Apostles, Constantinople.

## Births

- Meng Zhixiang

## Deaths

- January 1 – Hasan al-Askari, 11th Shia Imam
501

#### Asia

- Qi He Di succeeds Qi Dong Hun Hou as ruler of the Chinese Southern Qi Dynasty.
- Muryeong becomes king of Baekje.

#### America

- Ahkal Mo' Naab' I comes to power in the Maya city of Palenque.

#### Europe

- Pope Symmachus, who people said committed crimes.  He said non-religious law did not apply to him. A synod held in 502 agreed with him.

## Births

- Empress Dowager Lou Zhaojun
- Xiao Tong (d. 531)

## Deaths

- Icel, great-grandfather of Creoda of Mercia
- Ravina II, rabbi
- Su Xiaoxiao, Chinese poetess and courtesan
- King Dongseong of Baekje, king of the Baekje Kingdom of Korea
- Xiao Baojuan, emperor of Southern Qi Dynasty, commonly known as Marquess of Donghun
- Consort Pan Yunu, Xiao Baojuan's favorite concubine
515

#### Europe

- The Revolt of Vitalian is put down by forces loyal to Byzantine emperor Anastasius I

## Births

- Hulü Guang
- Yuwen Hu

## Deaths

- Gao Zhao
- Xuan Wu Di, ruler of the Chinese Northern Wei Dynasty
- Euphemius, deposed Patriarch of Constantinople
497

#### Eastern Roman Empire

- Isaurian War: the Isaurian rebels are defeated.

#### Europe

- The Alemanni are defeated by the Franks under Clovis I near Bonn.

#### Asia

- The Shaolin Temple is founded. For alternate founding date, see 477).

#### Arts and sciences

- Aryabhata, an Indian astronomer and mathematician, calculates pi (π) as ≈ 62832/20000 = 3.1416, correct to four rounded-off decimal places.

## Births

- Abdul Mutallib, son of Hashim
- Chloderic, son of Clovis I

## Deaths

- Hashim, great-grandfather of Muhammad, (possibly in Gaza)
- Yuan Xun
549

#### Byzantine Empire

- The Ostrogoths under Totila recapture Rome.
- Last Circus Maximus chariot races in Rome.
- c. 549–564 – Transfiguration of Christ, mosaic in the apse, Church of the Virgin, Saint Catherine's Monastery, Mount Sinai, Egypt, is made.

#### Europe

- Agila succeeds Theudigisel as king of the Visigoths.
- The Roman Catholic Diocese of Ossory (which still exists) is founded in Ireland.
- Archbishop Maximianus of Ravenna consecrates the Basilica of Sant'Apollinare in Classe.

#### Asia

- Emperor Jinwen succeeds Emperor Wu as ruler of the Liang Dynasty in China.

## Births

- Jizang, Chinese Buddhist monk (d. 623)

## Deaths

- Theudigisel, king of the Visigoths
- Tuathal Maelgarb, King of Tara
- Gao Cheng
- Emperor Wu of Liang
- Xiao Zhengde
- Princess Xu Zhaopei
- Zhu Yi
- Chen Daoten father of Emperor Xuan of Chen (in either 548 or 549)
623

#### Europe

- Clotaire II, king of the Franks, makes his son Dagobert I king of Austrasia.
- Samo, reputedly a Frankish merchant, is elected King of the Slavs in Moravia, Slovakia and Lower Austria.

#### Art

- Tori Busshi makes "Shaka Triad", in the kon-dō, Horyu-ji. Asuka period (approximate date).

## Deaths

- Jizang, Chinese Buddhist monk (b. 549)
- Liu Heita
- Princess Pingyang
- Su Wei
- Xu Yuanlang
548

## Events

- Emperor Justinian I removes Belisarius from military service.
- Theudigisel names himself ruler over the Visigothic Kingdom.

#### Africa

- Battle of the Fields of Cato - Byzantines under John Troglita crush Moorish revolt

## Births

- Xiao Zhuang

## Deaths

- June 28 – Theodora, Byzantine empress
- Carcasan, king of the Ifuraces
- Theudis king of the Visigoths
- Theodebert I, king of Austrasia (or 547)
- Chen Daoten father of Emperor_Xuan_of_Chen (in either 548 or 549
547

#### Africa

- Battle of Marta - Tripolitanian Moors under Carcasan defeat Byzantines under John Troglita

#### Europe

- Ida founds the kingdom of Bernicia at Bamburgh (traditional date).
- Theodebald becomes king of Austrasia (or 548).
- Emperor Justinian and His Attendants, mosaic on north wall of the apse, Basilica of San Vitale, Ravenna, Italy, is made (approximate date).
- Empress Theodora and Her Attendants, mosaic on south wall of the apse, Basilica of San Vitale, Ravenna, Italy, is made (approximate date).
- The Basilica of San Vitale, Ravenna is dedicated by Archbishop of Ravenna Maximianus of Ravenna.

## Births

- Pei Ju
- Empress Zhu Manyue

## Deaths

- Theodebert I, king of Austrasia (or 548)
- Tribonian, Byzantine lawyer and writer of the _Codex Justinianus_.
- Maelgwn Gwynedd, king of Gwynedd (approximate date)
- Gao Huan
875

#### Europe

- December 29 – Charles the Bald, king of West Francia, is crowned emperor.
- The Danes capture Lindisfarne and arrive in Cambridge.
- Harald Fairhair subdues the rovers on Orkney and Shetland and adds them to his kingdom.

#### Asia

- In Champa, in the central region of what is now Vietnam, King Indravarman II founds a new dynasty at Indrapura (Quang Nam).  He starts a building program featuring the Dong Duong Style of Cham art.

#### Africa

- The construction of Mosque of Uqba, Kairouan, Tunisia, is ended.

## Births

- Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj Nishapuri Islamic writer

## Deaths

- August 12 – Louis II, Western Emperor
- Amram Gaon, Jewish liturgist
- Abu Muslim, Persian hadith compiler
963

## Events

- Sebük Tigin starts his empire in modern-day Afghanistan
- The Nanping State has to surrender when invaded by Song Dynasty armies
- The Song Dynasty Chinese government tries to ban the practice of cremation
- Holy Roman Emperor Otto I defeats Mieszko I of Poland
- Luxembourg is founded
- December 6 – Pope Leo VIII becomes the 131st pope

## Births

- Li Jiqian, Tangut jiedushi who ruled the new Western Xia Dynasty in northwestern China (d. 1004)

## Deaths

- March 15 – Romanos II, Byzantine Emperor (b. 939)
- April 3 – William III, Duke of Aquitaine
- April 18 – Stephen Lekapenos, co-emperor of Byzantium in 924–945
1004

#### Africa

- Disease and famine in North Africa.

#### Asia

- December – The Samanid dynasty ends in Bokhara.
- The Liao Dynasty starts a battle against the Song Dynasty. They meet near Shanyang, north of the Song capital of Kaifeng.
- Battle of Shanzhou: The Liao Dynasty general Xiao Talin is killed by a Song Chinese crossbow sniper.

#### Europe

- May 14 – Henry II is crowned Holy Roman Emperor at Pavia. A fight between his German companions and the Pavese becomes a full-scale battle.
- Henry II starts war against Boleslav of Poland. It lasts until 1018.
- Boleslaus I of Poland loses Bohemia. He had become duke the previous year. He is succeeded as duke of Bohemia by Jaromir.
- Sancho III becomes king of Navarre, Aragon and Castille.
- Sweyn I of Denmark destroys Norwich.
- Aberdeen becomes a bishopric.
- Arabs sack Pisa.
- The troops of the vizir Al-Mansur sack the Catalan city of Manresa.
- Pope John XVIII (1004–1009).

## Births

- Abdallah ibn Al-Aftas (approximate date) (d. 1060)
- Goda of England (d. 1055)

## Deaths

- November 13 – Abbon of Fleury
- Adelaide of Aquitaine, wife of Hugh Capet
- Erik the Red (or 1003) (b. 950)
- Li Jiqian, Tangut _jiedushi_ who ruled the new Western Xia Dynasty in northwestern China (b. 963)
1060

## Events

- May – The Norman leader Robert Guiscard conquers Taranto.
- October – The Byzantine army defeats the Normans and enters Taranto.
- December 6 – Béla I the Champion is crowned king of Hungary.
- The _New Book of Tang_ is completed under a team of scholars led by Ouyang Xiu.
- Chinese poet, calligrapher, and official Cai Xiang publishes his _Cha Lu_ (Record of Tea).
- Spanish Jew Benjamin of Tudela reports that Constantinople has merchant communities from Babylon, Canaan, Egypt, Hungary, Persia, Russia, Sennar, and Spain as well as 2,000 Jews (approximate date).
- Philip I of France begins his reign.
- Upon the death of Emund the Old, he is succeeded by his son-in-law Tek The Almighty as King of Sweden.

## Deaths

- August 4 – King Henry I of France (b. 1008)
- November 14 – Count Geoffrey II of Anjou
- King Andrew I of Hungary (b. 1015)
- Emund the Old, king of Sweden since 1050
- Mei Yaochen, Chinese poet
1055

#### Africa

- The Almoravids conquer Aoudaghost (present-day Mauritania).

#### Asia

- December 18 – The Seljuk Turks capture Baghdad. Al-Malik al-Rahim is taken prisoner.

#### Europe

- January 11 – Theodora becomes reigning empress of the Byzantine Empire.
- October 24 – Ralph the Timid is defeated by the Welsh.
- Beginning of the campaign of Ferdinand I of Castile against al-Andalus. The king conquers Seia from the Christian allies of the Muslim taifas.

#### Art

- Construction on the Liaodi Pagoda in Hebei is complete. It is the tallest pagoda in Chinese history standing at a height of 84 m (275 ft) tall.

#### Religion

- April 13 – Pope Victor II succeeds Pope Leo IX as the 153rd pope.
- An abbey was set up at Tihany, Hungary by András (Andrew) I. The written agreement is the earliest record in the Hungarian language.

## Deaths

- January 11 – Constantine IX Monomachos, emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire
- May 26 – Margrave Adalbert of Austria
- Princess Goda of England
870

#### Europe

- Prague Castle is founded.
- The Great Summer Army invades England.  It is led by Bagsecg.  They conquers East Anglia.
- August 8 – Treaty of Meerssen: Charles the Bald and Louis the German divide Lotharingia among themselves.
- December 31 – The Danes are defeated by a Saxon army at Englefield, Berkshire. It is the first of a series of battles between Wessex and the Danes.
- Malta is conquered by Arabs from Sicily.
- Borivoj becomes duke of Bohemia.
- Charles the Bald marries Richilde.

#### Religion

- Michael II succeeds Michael I as Patriarch of Alexandria.
- The Autonomous Bulgarian Archbishopric is made.
- February 28 – The Fourth Council of Constantinople ends.

## Births

- Al-Farabi, Persian philosopher and scientist
- Zwentibold, King of Lotharingia

## Deaths

- November 20 – King Edmund of East Anglia
- al-Bukhari, Persian hadith compiler
- Al-Kindi, philosopher
1011

#### Europe

- June 11  the Byzantine army takes Bari from the rebellious Lombard lord Melus.
- Danes capture Canterbury, taking Alphege, the Archbishop of Canterbury as a prisoner.
- Byrhtferth of Ramsey writes his _Manual_, on the subject of time.
- The German king Henry II gives Adalbero, Duke of Carinthia the Carinthian duchy, including the rule over the March of Verona (or in 1012).
- Ermengol II succeeds Ermengol I as Count of Urgell
- Albert II, Count of Namur succeeds Albert I

#### Middle East

- Baghdad Manifesto: Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah's fall from Ali ibn Abi Talib is disputed.
- Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen), a famous Persian scientist working in Egypt, pretends to be crazy. He is kept under house arrest until 1021. During this time he begins writing his influential _Book of Optics_.
- In Georgia, Bagrat III takes away Sumbat III of Klarjeti power.

#### Eastern Asia

- The Chinese _Guangyun_ rime dictionary is compiled under Emperor Zhenzong of Song.
- Emperor Sanjō gets the throne of Japan.

## Births

- Eleanor of Normandy, a Norman noblewoman and the daughter of Richard II of Normandy (possible date; d. after 1071)
- Ralph the Staller, earl of East Anglia (d. 1068)
- Robert I, Duke of Burgundy (d. 1076)
- Shao Yong, Song Dynasty philosopher, cosmologist, poet and historian (d. 1077)

## Deaths

- February 23  Willigis, Archbishop of Mainz and a statesman of the Holy Roman Empire (b. c. 940)
- November 21  Emperor Reizei of Japan (b. 950)
- December 12 or December 15  Conrad I, Duke of Carinthia (b. c. 975)
- Emperor Ichijō of Japan (b. 980)
- Albert I, Count of Namur (b. c. 950)
- Armentarius, Galician bishop (b. 983)
- Sumbat III of Klarjeti, Georgian prince of the Bagratid dynasty of Tao-Klarjeti and the last sovereign of Klarjeti
- Yohannan V, Patriarch of the Church of the East
Maggie Grace

**Maggie Grace** (born **Margaret Grace Denig**; September 21, 1983) is an American actress, best known for her roles as Shannon Rutherford on the ABC television series _Lost_ and Kim Mills in the _Taken_ trilogy. She has also appeared on _The Twilight Saga_ as "Irina". Originally from Worthington, Ohio, she went on to earn a Young Artist Award nomination in 2002 with her portrayal of 15-year-old murder victim Martha Moxley in the television movie _Murder in Greenwich_. In 2004, Grace was cast as Shannon Rutherford in the television series _Lost_, on which she was a main cast member for the first two seasons, winning a Screen Actors Guild Award shared with the ensemble cast. Leaving the series, Grace was keen to work more prominently in film, she appeared in _The Jane Austen Book Club_ (both 2007), and opposite Liam Neeson as Kim Mills in _Taken_ in 2008. She reprised the role in _Taken 2_ (2012) and _Taken 3_ (2015).

She also played the lead role, Alice, in _Malice in Wonderland_, a modern take on Lewis Carroll's novel _Alice's Adventures in Wonderland_. Grace reprised the role of Shannon in two more episodes of _Lost_, including the series finale. In 2013, she appears in the sixth season of _Californication_. She portrays Faith, a groupie and a muse to the stars, who captures the eye of Hank Moody played by David Duchovny.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Maggie Grace
- **image**: 20120712 Maggie Grace @ Comic-con cropped.jpg
- **caption**: Grace at ComicCon, 2012
- **birthname**: Margaret Grace Denig
- **birth place**: Worthington, Ohio, Worthington, Ohio, U.S.
- **occupation**: Actress
- **yearsactive**: 2001–present
- **children**: 1 son
- **relatives**: Marissa Denig (sister)
Nick Palatas (brother in law)
Jōgen (Heian period)

was a  after _Ten'en_ and before _Tengen._  This period started in July 976 and ended in November 978.  The reigning emperor was .

## Events of the _Jōgen_ era

- **11 June 976** (_Jōgen 1, 11th day of the 5th month_): The Imperial Palace was destroyed by a great fire.
- **20 December 977** (_Jōgen 2, 8th day of the 11th month_): Fujiwara no Kanemichi dies at the age of 51.

## Related pages

- Heian period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

|Jōgen|1st|2nd|3rd|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
||976|977|978|
Tengen (era)

was a  after _Jōgen_ and before _Eikan._  This period started in November 978 and ended in April 983.  The reigning emperor was .

## Events of the _Tengen_ era

- **978** (_Tengen 1, 8th month_): The emperor allowed the daughter of Fujiwara no Kaneie to be introduced into his household; and a son was born soon after.
- **978** (_Tengen 1, 10th month_): Fujiwara no Yoritada was given the court office of Prime Minister (_daijō-daijin_). Minamoto no Masanobu was made Minister of the Left (_sadaijin_).  Fujiwara no Kaneie was made Minister of the Right (_udaijin_).

## Related pages

- Heian period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

|Tengen|1st|2nd|3rd|4th|5th|6th|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||978|979|980|981|982|983|
Eikan

was a  after _Tengen_ and before _Kanna._  This period started in April 983  and ended in April 985.  The reigning emperors were  and  .

## Events of the _Eikan_ era

- **6 October, 983** (_Eikan 1, 27th day of the 8th month_): In the 15th year of Emperor En'yu's reign, he abdicated; and the succession (_senso_) was received by a nephew.  Soon after, Emperor Kazan's new role as emperor was confirmed by ceremonies (_sokui_).
- **983** (_Eikan 1, 8th month_): Chōnen, the Buddhist monk of the Tendai school embarked on a voyage to China accompanied by 5 or 6 desciples.

## Related pages

- Heian period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

|Eikan|1st|2nd|3rd|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
||983|984|985|