juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Twann-Tüscherz

**Twann-Tüscherz** () is a municipality of the administrative district of Biel/Bienne in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2010, the former municipalities of Twann and Tüscherz-Alfermée merged into the new municipality of Twann-Tüscherz.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Twann-Tüscherz
- **municipality name**: Twann-Tüscherz
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Twann-Tüscherz COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Twann-Tüscherz 2010.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Bern
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BE
- **district**: Biel/Bienne (administrative district), Biel/Bienne
- **postal code**: 2558
- **municipality code**: 0756
- **area**: 12.4
- **elevation**: 434
- **population**: 1119
- **populationof**: Dec 2014
- **popofyear**: 2014
- **website**: www.twann-tüscherz.ch
- **mayor**: Margrit Bohnenblust
- **neighboring municipalities**: Biel/Bienne, Evilard, Ipsach, Lamboing, Nidau, Sutz-Lattrigen
Utzenstorf

**Utzenstorf** is a municipality in the administrative district of Emmental in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. It is regionally famous for its medieva castle, Landshut Castle.

## Other websites

- Official website of Utzenstorf

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Utzenstorf
- **municipality name**: Utzenstorf
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Utzenstorf COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Utzenstorf.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Bern
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BE
- **district**: Emmental (administrative district), Emmental
- **postal code**: 3427
- **municipality code**: 0552
- **area**: 17.0
- **elevation**: 476
- **population**: 4106
- **populationof**: Dec 2011
- **popofyear**: 2011
- **website**: www.utzenstorf.ch
- **mayor**: Jürg Hauswirth
- **neighboring municipalities**: Aefligen, Bätterkinden, Ersigen, Kirchberg, Bern, Kirchberg, Koppigen, Niederösch, Obergerlafingen (SO), Oberösch, Rüdtligen-Alchenflüh, Wiler bei Utzenstorf, Zielebach
Inwil, Switzerland

**Inwil** (Swiss German: _Eibu_) is a municipality of the district Hochdorf in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Inwil
- **municipality name**: Inwil
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: Coat of arms of Inwil LU.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Inwil.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Lucerne
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BE
- **district**: Hochdorf (district), Hochdorf
- **postal code**: 6034
- **municipality code**: 1033
- **area**: 10.32
- **elevation**: 423
- **population**: 2427
- **populationof**: Dec 2015
- **website**: www.inwil.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Ballwil, Buchrain, Dietwil (AG), Eschenbach, Lucerne, Eschenbach, Gisikon, Honau, Switzerland, Honau, Root, Switzerland, Root, Sins, Switzerland, Sins (AG)
Lieli, Switzerland

**Lieli** is a village and former municipality of the district of Hochdorf in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.

Since 2007, it is part of the municipality of Hohenrain.
Feigned retreat

A **feigned retreat** is a military tactic where a force will pretend to be defeated, fake a retreat, then while they are being pursued, turn back and ambush the enemy. It can be used to cause confusion in the enemy ranks or to force some to leave and weaken their battle formations. Battlefield commanders have had to use this tactic carefully so the feigned retreat did not become a real retreat. It was a tactic used in ancient history and is still being used today. Sun Tzu wrote about it in his book _The Art of War_. He warned his readers: "When some are seen advancing and some retreating, it is a lure."

## In history

- At the Battle of Salamis in 480 BC, the Ancient Greeks were fighting a sea battle with the more numerous Persian navy. Themistocles, the Greek leader, leaked information that was taken back to the Persians that the Greeks were ready to flee and that if the Persians acted right away, they could claim a huge victory. While not an actual feigned retreat but more a rumored one, it worked just as well, as the Persians were defeated.

- At the Battle of Cannae in 216 BC, Hannibal weakened his center on purpose to get the Roman army to attack that point in his lines. As the center fell back slowly, the two stronger wings of the Carthaginian army folded onto the unsuspecting Romans. For the rest of the day, the Carthaginians slaughtered the trapped Romans.

- William the Conqueror ordered two feigned retreats according to William of Poitiers. That was a difficult tactic to use once without causing a complete rout and so it is unlikely he did it twice. It is more likely that William's troops broke ranks and were rallied back into the fight by their leader.The cavalry scene in the Bayeux tapestry shows William with his helmet off with the Latin words _Hic est dux Wilelmus_ (here is Duke Willliam). That supports the theory that the Normans retreated because they believed William had been killed. He pulled his helmet off to show his face and to rally his men back to the battle. Calling it a feigned retreat may have been a politically correct way of saying their army ran away and had to be called back. Nonetheless, many Anglo-Saxon soldiers were foolish enough to chase after William's retreating men but were then killed in the counterattack.

## Related pages

- Flanking maneuver
- Pincer movement (also called a double-envelopment)
- Turning movement
- Ambush
- Envelopment
- Flanking maneuver
- Rearguard
- Attrition warfare
- Preemptive war
- Oblique order
- Shock tactics

## Other websites

- The Battle of Cannae 216 BC; YouTube
Magnicharters

**Magnicharters** is a low cost, charter airline from Mexico. It's headquarters are in Monterrey, Mexico. It was founded in 1994 by the Mexican tourist agency, _Magnitur_.  The airline currently focuses on transporting Mexicans to domestic beach destinations. It also goes to a few destinations in the United States. It has a fleet of 9 Boeing 737 airplanes.
Constructive proof

In mathematics, a **constructive proof** is a method of proof that shows the existence of a mathematical object—by giving a method on how to create the object. The other type of proof is called non-constructive proof, or existence proof: It shows that an object must exist, but does not give a way how to construct it.

A non-constructive proof is rejected by the so-called constructivists, who choose to interpret existence in a stricter way.

## Related pages

- Proof by contradiction
Vauffelin

**Vauffelin** was a municipality in the administrative district of Jura bernois in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2014, the former municipalities of Vauffelin and Plagne merged into the new municipality of Sauge.

## Other websites

- Official website of Vauffelin

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Vauffelin
- **municipality name**: Vauffelin
- **municipality type**: former
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Vauffelin COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Vauffelin.png
- **languages**: French
- **canton**: Bern
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BE
- **district**: Jura bernois (administrative district), Jura bernois
- **postal code**: 2537
- **municipality code**: 0447
- **area**: 5.92
- **elevation**: 707
- **population**: 427
- **populationof**: Dec 2011
- **popofyear**: 2011
- **website**: www.vauffelin.ch
- **mayor**: Micheline Huguelet Cuixeres
- **places**: Frinvillier and Vauffelin
- **neighboring municipalities**: Biel/Bienne, Orvin, Péry, Pieterlen, Plagne, Switzerland, Plagne, Romont, Berne, Romont
Sauge

**Sauge** is a municipality of the administrative district of Jura bernois in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2014, the former municipalities of Plagne and Vauffelin merged into the new municipality of Sauge.

## Other websites

- Official website of Sauge

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Sauge
- **municipality name**: Sauge
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Sauge COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Sauge 2014.png
- **languages**: French
- **canton**: Bern
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BE
- **district**: Jura bernois (administrative district), Jura bernois
- **postal code**: 2536-37
- **municipality code**: 0449
- **area**: 13.44
- **elevation**: 707
- **population**: 772
- **populationof**: Dec 2012
- **popofyear**: 2012
- **website**: www.sauge-jb.ch
- **mayor title**: Maire
- **places**: Frinvillier, Plagne, Switzerland, Plagne, Vauffelin
- **neighboring municipalities**: Biel/Bienne, Orvin, Péry-La Heutte, Pieterlen, Romont, Berne, Romont
Jailhouse Rock (movie)

***Jailhouse Rock*** is a 1957 American musical movie. It was directed by Richard Thorpe. Jailhouse rock stars Elvis Presley, Judy Tyler, and Mickey Shaughnessy. It was distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) and is based on a story written by Nedrick Young. The movie is about a young man sentenced to prison for manslaughter. There he is mentored in music by his prison cellmate who realizes his musical abilities. After his release from jail, while looking for a job as a club singer, the young man meets a musical promoter who helps him start his career. As he develops his musical abilities and becomes a star, his self-centered personality begins to affect his relationships. Jailhouse rock is considered one of Elvis Presley's best movies. When James Dean died in 1955, Hollywood began looking for a new actor to replace him. There were a lot of young actors trying to act tough and be rebellious. Presley was considered a replacement for Dean. He could sing and dance. He was good-looking and was a decent actor.

## Other websites

- Jailhouse Rock Official Trailer (1957); YouTube
Vechigen

**Vechigen** is a municipality of the Swiss canton of Bern. In 2014, 5075 people lived there. It consists of the villages: Sinneringen, Boll, Dentenberg, Utzigen, Lindental, Berg, Littewil and Radelfingen.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Vechigen
- **image photo**: KircheVechigen.jpg
- **image caption**: The church of Vechigen
- **municipality name**: Vechigen
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Vechigen COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Vechigen.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Bern
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BE
- **district**: Bern-Mittelland (administrative district), Bern-Mittelland
- **postal code**: 3067
- **municipality code**: 0359
- **area**: 25
- **elevation**: 583
- **population**: 5075
- **populationof**: December 2014
- **website**: www.vechigen.ch
- **mayor**: Lorenz Hess
- **places**: Sinneringen, Boll, Dentenberg, Utzigen, Lindental, Berg, Littewil and Radelfingen
- **neighboring municipalities**: Bolligen, Hasle bei Burgdorf, Krauchthal, Muri bei Bern, Oberburg, Stettlen, Walkringen, Worb
Villeret, Switzerland

**Villeret** is a municipality of the administrative district Jura bernois of the Swiss canton of Bern.

## Other websites

- Official website of the municipality of Villeret

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Villeret
- **municipality name**: Villeret
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Villeret COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Villeret.png
- **languages**: French
- **canton**: Bern
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BE
- **district**: Jura bernois (administrative district), Jura bernois
- **postal code**: 2613
- **municipality code**: 0448
- **area**: 16.22
- **elevation**: 740
- **population**: 890
- **populationof**: Dec 2011
- **popofyear**: 2011
- **website**: www.villeret.ch
- **mayor**: Richard Habegger
- **mayor title**: Maire
- **neighboring municipalities**: Cormoret, Les Breuleux (JU), Muriaux (JU), Nods, Switzerland, Nods, Saint-Imier, Villiers, Switzerland, Villiers (NE)
- **twintowns**: Louzac-Saint-André (France)
Vinelz

**Vinelz** () is a municipality in the administrative district of Seeland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official Webpage of Vinelz

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Vinelz
- **municipality name**: Vinelz
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Vinelz COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Vinelz.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Bern
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BE
- **district**: Seeland (administrative district), Seeland
- **postal code**: 3234
- **municipality code**: 0502
- **area**: 4.6
- **elevation**: 460
- **population**: 855
- **populationof**: Dec 2014
- **popofyear**: 2014
- **website**: www.vinelz.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Brüttelen, Erlach, Switzerland, Erlach, Ins, Switzerland, Ins, Lüscherz, Twann
Thun (administrative district)

The administrative district of **Thun** in the Swiss canton of Bern has 35 municipalities in an area of 322 km².

|Flag|Name|Population (Dec 2008)|Area in km²|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
||Amsoldingen|801|4.70|
||Blumenstein|1,163|15.52|
||Buchholterberg|1,524|15.33|
||Burgistein|1,046|7.53|
||Eriz|510|21.78|
||Fahrni|741|6.67|
||Forst-Längenbühl|714|4.50|
||Gurzelen|793|4.54|
||Heiligenschwendi|631|5.55|
||Heimberg|6,071|5.42|
||Hilterfingen|3,987|2.83|
||Höfen|410|4.62|
||Homberg|505|6.51|
||Horrenbach-Buchen|252|20.43|
||Kienersrüti|52|0.74|
||Niederstocken|267|5.47|
||Oberhofen am Thunersee|2,364|2.72|
||Oberlangenegg|488|9.12|
||Oberstocken|284|4.12|
||Pohlern|267|9.89|
||Reutigen|956|11.26|
||Schwendibach|253|1.50|
||Seftigen|2,102|3.89|
||Sigriswil|4,608|55.41|
||Steffisburg|15,379|13.35|
||Teuffenthal|171|4.52|
||Thierachern|2,205|7.51|
||**Thun**|42'129|21.57|
||Uebeschi|691|4.40|
||Uetendorf|5,969|10.15|
||Unterlangenegg|909|6.80|
||Uttigen|1,755|3.04|
||Wachseldorn|238|3.52|
||Wattenwil|2,730|14.54|
||Zwieselberg|268|2.45|
Shock tactics

**Shock tactics** are those military tactics designed to overwhelm an enemy with fear, causing panic and confusion. Shock tactics are as old as warfare itself. The Mongols got their reputation for being invincible by the use of shock tactics. Numbers of Medieval knights mounted on their warhorses made coordinated shock attacks into the ranks of enemy soldiers. Robert E. Lee saw the advantage of the shock attack as not so much killing enemy soldiers, but to "create a panic and virtually destroy the [enemy] army." The disadvantage of a shock attack is that the attacker may suffer heavy casualties. During World War I, for example, Germany suffered great losses with its use of the shock attack.

## Historic examples

Ancient armies often defeated their enemy through the psychological impact of shock tactics.

- The Hittites and Ancient Egyptians used the first mobile tool for shock tactics; the war Chariot. Charioteers were the elite branch of most armies of the time. But by the beginning of the classical period they were no longer effective. Armies had developed ways to defeat the chariots in battle. Even the infamous scythed chariots used by Darius I of Persia  could be easily defeated by the infantry. They changed to a wider spacing of their phalanx formation. This allowed the soldiers to avoid the blades and let the scythed chariots to go right through. They then ran directly into the long pike formations directly behind each phalanx which impaled the chariots and their riders.

- Philip II of Macedon and his son Alexander the Great depended on their elite Companion cavalry for their shock tactics to help win nearly every one of their battles. While the Macedonian phalanx units would engage the enemy, the cavalry was held in reserve. Once the phalanx broke up the lines, the Companion cavalry would act as shock troops and scatter the enemy soldiers.

- The German Blitzkrieg (lightning war) of World War II was a shock tactic that was used to great effect against their enemies. The Blitzkrieg concentrated its forces behind offensive weapons such as tanks, artillery and airplanes to quickly push through enemy lines. The tanks would then be free to cause shock and confusion behind the enemy lines. They would interrupt supply lines, and prevent reinforcements from sealing the breach in their lines. The Germans would then envelop the enemy troops and force them to surrender (military).

## Related pages

- Flanking maneuver
- Pincer movement (also called a double-envelopment)
- Turning movement
- Ambush
- Envelopment
- Pincer movement
- Rearguard
- Attrition warfare
- Feigned retreat
- Preemptive war
- Oblique order

## Other websites

- Top 5 Ancient Military Tactics; YouTube
Renegotiations: The Remixes

***Renegotiations: The Remixes*** is a remix EP by American hip hop group the Black Eyed Peas. It was originally released on iTunes on March 21, 2006 by Interscope Records. All the songs were originally from the groups fourth studio album _Monkey Business_ (2005).

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Renegotiations: The Remixes
- **type**: EP
- **artist**: The Black Eyed Peas
- **released**: March 21, 2006
- **recorded**: 2004-2006
- **genre**: *Hip hop music, Hip hop
*Contemporary R&B, R&B
- **length**: 31:31
- **prev title**: Monkey Business (album), Monkey Business
- **prev year**: 2005
- **next title**: The E.N.D
- **next year**: 2009
Azadliq (newspaper)

**Azadliq** () is a daily political newspaper in Azerbaijan. It is one of the most popular newspapers in Azerbaijan.

## Other websites

- www.azadliq.info

## Infobox (newspaper)

- **name**: Azadliq
- **logo**: Logo of Azadlıq Newspaper of Azerbaijan.svg
- **format**: Broadsheet
- **chiefeditor**: Ganimat Zahid
- **language**: Azerbaijani
- **headquarters**: Baku, Azerbaijan
Bridging the Gap (Black Eyed Peas album)

***Bridging the Gap*** is the second studio album by American hip hop group Black Eyed Peas, released on September 26, 2000. This is their last album as _Black Eyed Peas_, before they changed their name to "**The** Black Eyed Peas" and the last album with Kim Hill as a member.

### Singles

|rowspan="2"|Year|rowspan="2"|Single|colspan="4"|Chart positions||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|rowspan="2"|2000|"BEP Empire"|style="text-align:center;"|—|style="text-align:center;"|—|style="text-align:center;"|44|
|"Weekends"|style="text-align:center;"|—|style="text-align:center;"|73|style="text-align:center;"|34|||
|2001|"Request + Line"|style="text-align:center;"|63|style="text-align:center;"|51|style="text-align:center;"|2||

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Bridging the Gap
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: The Black Eyed Peas, Black Eyed Peas
- **released**: September 26, 2000
- **recorded**: 1999–2000
- **genre**: Alternative hip hop
- **length**: 62:50
- **prev title**: Behind the Front
- **prev year**: 1998
- **next title**: Elephunk
- **next year**: 2003
Arrondissements of the Haute-Vienne department

There are 3 **arrondissements in the Haute-Vienne department**. The French departments, and in other countries, are divided into _arrondissements_, which may be translated into English as **districts** (in some cases, as **boroughs**).  The capital of an arrondissement is called a subprefecture.

If the prefecture (capital) of the department is in an arrondissement, that prefecture is the capital of the arrondissement, acting both as a prefecture and as a subprefecture.

Arrondissements are further divided into communes.

The arrondissements of Haute-Vienne are:

|INSEE code !!Arrondissement !! Capital !! Population <small>(2014)</small> !! Area <small>(km²)</small> !! Density <small>(Inh./km²)</small> !! _Communes_|||||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|871|Bellac|Bellac|39,744|1,779.9||62|
|872|Limoges|Limoges|298,578|2,944.8||108|
|873|Rochechouart|Rochechouart|37,877|795.4||30|

## History

Since its creation, the Charente department has had some changes:
- 1790 : creation of the Haute-Vienne department with six districts: Limoges, Le Dorat, Bellac, Saint-Junien, Saint-Yrieix and Saint-Léonard. Limoges was the capital of the department.
- 1800 : creation of the arrondissements: Bellac, Limoges, Rochechouart and Saint-Yrieix.
- 1926 : the arrondissement of Saint-Yrieix was eliminated.

## Related pages

- Arrondissement of Limoges
- Arrondissement of Bellac
- Arrondissement of Rochechouart
- List of arrondissements of France
Rodjaraeg Wattanapanit

**Rodjaraeg Wattanapanit** is a bookstore owner from Thailand. She also helped start Creating Awareness for Enhanced Democracy (CAFÉ Democracy), an organization for political ideas. In 2016 she received the International Women of Courage Award.

## Life

Wattanapanit graduated from Payap University in Chiang Mai, Thailand. She raised money for conservation of forests. She worked for Community Forest Support group, a non-governmental organization. When Wattanapanit received the award in 2016, she was 49 years old.

## Work

In October 2011, Wattanapanit started the bookstore Book Re:public with Pinkaew Luangaramsri, an anthropology scholar from Chiang Mai University. After the May 2014 coup, the government closed her bookshop.  They took her to military camps twice.  They wanted her to sign an agreement not to work for political activities.  The first time, they took her to Kawila Army Camp in Chiang Mai. The second time it was the Army Central Command.

After one year, she opened the bookshop again.  The shop is a place for neighbors to meet and talk about social and political problems.

## Other websites

- 2016 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr 
- Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)
Vicky Ntetema

**Vicky Ntetema** or **Vicky Alice Ntetema** (born c. 1958) is a journalist from Tanzania. She hid her identity to find out about the deaths of albino people. She is the director of Under the Same Sun, an NGO for the rights of albino people.  In 2016, she received the International Women of Courage Award.

## Life

Ntetema received a bachelor's degree in the former Soviet Union in 1985.  She studied journalism at Byelorussian State University in Minsk.  She received a Master of Science in Information Systems Development from the University of London.

## Work

Ntemtema started work at the BBC in 1991 as a Swahili translator.  In 2005, she returned to Tanzania, and became the head of the BBC World Service in Tanzania. She worked at the BBC from 1991 to 2009.

In November 2007, Ntetema wanted to know about a series of albino murders and their connection with witchdoctors.  More than 90 percent of Tanzanians believe in witchcraft, so witch doctors are important in traditional African life. According to Ntetmea, more than 50 albinos were killed since 2007.  Often, witchdoctors pay people to kill albinos. The police protect the killers.

In July 2008, Ntetema's story was on the BBC.  She received threats, so the BBC told her to get out.  She went to London. Later she went to Kenya.

In 2010 she received the Courage in Journalism Award.

## Awards

- In 2010, Ntetema received the Courage in Journalism Award from the International Women’s Media Foundation.
- In 2016, Ntetema received the International Women of Courage Award from the U.S. department of State.

## Other websites

- Under the Same Sun
- 2016 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr 
- Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)
Awadeya Mahmoud

**Awadeya Mahmoud** or **Awwadah Mahmoud Koko** (Arabic: عوضية محمود كوكو ) is a tea seller and activist from Sudan.  She started the Women’s Food and Tea Sellers’ Cooperative and the Women’s Multi-Purpose Cooperative for Khartoum State.  In 2016, she received the International Women of Courage Award.

## Work

Mahmoud lived in southern Kordofan.  Because of war in south Sudan, she moved to Khartoum.   She started to sell tea by the side of the road. Every day, the local police harassed her and threatened her.  She could not go to the government, so she organized women.  She helped them talk to politicians and use the media to get attention for their problems. The police put her in jail for four years.  Finally the courts of Sudan said she was free. With the help of the Sudanese Development Association, an NGO, she started an organization to help the women who sell tea.

At first there were three cooperatives.  During 2015, the project increased to 36 cooperatives in seven areas of Khartoum region.  Now there are more than 7,500 women in the original three cooperatives.

## Other websites

- 2016 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr 
- Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)
Forever Marilyn

***Forever Marilyn*** is a giant statue of Marilyn Monroe designed by Seward Johnson. The statue is made to look like one of the most famous images of Monroe, taken from the movie _The Seven Year Itch_. The statue was created in July 2011. It has been displayed in the United States and Australia.

## Design and location

The 26-foot-tall sculpture is a super-sized tribute to Marilyn Monroe's famous scene from Billy Wilder's 1955 comedy, _The Seven-Year Itch_. It shows the instant a blast of air from a New York City Subway grate raises her white dress.

The statue was displayed at Pioneer Court in Chicago, Illinois, before it was moved to Palm Springs, California in 2012.

It left Palm Springs on March 27, 2014. It was moved to the 42-acre Grounds for Sculpture in New Jersey in 2014 to honor Seward Johnson. Due to its popularity, the statue remained on display at the GFS through September 2015.

The statue was next displayed in 2016 in Australia in connection with the Bendigo Art Gallery's Marilyn Monroe exhibition.

## Reception

In 2011 the statue was vandalized three times, being splashed with red paint. According to the executive director of the Chicago Public Arts Group, this was because the statue is controversial.

The public, however, generally liked the statue: "_Forever Marilyn_ journeyed back to Hamilton in April 2014, arriving at the Grounds for Sculpture on a truck as two dozen people cheered and took pictures. During the cross-country journey, people snapped photos of the sculpture in parking lots and along highways and posted them on social media."

There is at least one full size counterfeit. The discarded sculpture was photographed in a dump in China.
Hysterical strength

**Hysterical strength** or **superhuman strength** is a display of extreme strength by humans beyond the normal. Hysterical strength usually occurs in life or death situations. The usual explanation is a sudden release of adrenaline (epinephrine). There have been numerous reports of people exhibiting hysterical strength while experiencing negative side effects of drugs like LSD, Phencyclidine and flakka and even fighting with the police.

## In life or death situations

In 1982, in Lawrenceville, Georgia, Tony Cavallo was repairing a 1964 Chevrolet Impala automobile from underneath. The vehicle was propped up with jacks, but it fell. Cavallo's mother, Mrs. Angela Cavallo, lifted the car high enough and long enough for two neighbours to replace the jacks and pull Tony from beneath the car.

In 2006, in Tucson, Arizona, Tom Boyle watched as a Chevrolet Camaro hit 18-year-old Kyle Holtrust. The car pinned Holtrust, still alive, underneath. Boyle lifted the Camaro off the teenager, while the driver of the car pulled the teen to safety.

In 2011, in Tampa, Florida, 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m), 295 lb (134 kg; 21.1 st) University of South Florida college football player Danous Estenor lifted a 3,500 lb (1,600 kg) car off of a man who had been caught underneath. The man was a tow truck driver who had been pinned under the rear tire of a 1990 Cadillac Seville, which had lurched forward as he worked underneath it. The man suffered only minor injuries.

In 2015, in Vienna, Virginia, Charlotte Heffelmire was able to momentarily use incredible strength to free her dad from a GMC pick-up truck.

## Under the influence of drugs

In healthy people at oral therapeutic doses, amphetamine has been shown to increase physical strength, acceleration, stamina, and endurance, while reducing reaction time.  Like methylphenidate and bupropion, amphetamine increases stamina and endurance in humans mainly through  the release of dopamine, and other central nervous system effects.
Pot calling the kettle black

The **pot calling the kettle black** is an informal fallacy also called ***Tu quoque***.
Another name is **appeal to hypocrisy**.

It happens when a person is guilty of the very thing of which they accuse another.

A fable, perhaps by Aesop, has a mother crab and its young, where the mother tells the child to walk straight, and is asked in return to demonstrate how that is done.

A present-day example:

- Peter: "It is morally wrong to use animals for food or clothing".
- Bill: "But you are wearing a leather jacket and you have a roast beef sandwich in your hand! How can you say that using animals for food and clothing is wrong?"

It is a fallacy because a person's actions or character do not affect the logic of the argument.
Association fallacy

An **association fallacy**  is a logical fallacy that occurs when someone says that a quality of one thing must apply to another just because they both share a similar quality or belief. It can be used in a positive or negative way.

It follows the general outline, A is a B, A is also a C, therefore, all Bs are Cs.

An example of an association fallacy being used in positive way (called _pro hominem_, or honour by association) is as follows:
- Citizens of Country X won more Nobel Prizes, gold medal<nowiki/>s, and literary award<nowiki/>s than citizens of Country Y. Therefore, a citizen of Country X is superior to a citizen of Country Y.

An example of an association fallacy being used in a negative way (called _guilt by association_) is as follows:
- John is a shoplifter. John has black hair. Therefore, all people with black hair are shoplifters.
Rajasthani language

**Rajasthani language** belongs to the Indo-Aryan languages group. It is estimated to be spoken by 100 million speakers throughout the world. Rajasthan, Panjab, Madhya Pradesh, Haryana, and Gujarat are the states where Rajasthani language is spoken. In Pakistan, Provinces of Sindh and Panjab. Rajasthani language is descended from the Old Gujarati language.

### Female Singers

- Ila Arun
- Rajnigandha Shekhawat
- Seema Mishra

### Male Singers

- Meme Khan
- Swaroop Khan
- Rapperiya Baalam
- Satkeer

## Rajasthani Female Singers

- Ila Arun
- Rajnigandha Shekhawat
- Seema Mishra

## Rajasthani Male Singers

- Meme Khan
- Swaroop Khan
- Rapperiya Baalam
- Satkeer

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Rajasthani
- **states**: India, Pakistan
- **region**: Rajasthan and areas of neighbouring Indian states; also spoken in some areas of Sindh and Punjab (Pakistan), Punjab provinces in Pakistan
- **speakers**: 100 million
- **date**: 2023
- **familycolor**: Indo-European
- **fam2**: Indo-Iranian languages, Indo-Iranian
- **fam3**: Indo-Aryan languages, Indo-Aryan
- **fam4**: Western Indo-Aryan languages, Western
- **ancestor**: Old Gujarati language, Old Gujarati
- **nation**: Rajasthan
- **iso2**: raj
- **iso3**: raj
- **lc4**: mup
- **ld4**: Malvi language, Malvi
- **lc8**: noe
- **ld8**: Nimadi language, Nimadi
- **notice**: IPA
- **glotto**: raja1256
- **glottorefname**: Rajasthani
- **nativename**: રાજસ્થાની
- **stand1**: Marwari
- **script**: Gujarati script, Mahajani script (official;original)
LoveWave

"**LoveWave**" is a song by Armenian-German singer Iveta Mukuchyan. It was released as a single on March 30, 2016. It represented Armenia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2016. The video for "LoveWave" premiered on March 2, 2016.

## Eurovision Song Contest

On 25 January 2016, Armenia was placed into the first semi-final, to be held on 10 May 2016, and was announced to perform in the first half of the show. Mukuchyan performed "LoveWave" in position 7, following the entry from the Netherlands and before the entry from San Marino. The song gained second place in the first semi-final and competed in the final on May 14, 2016, where she performed the song last, following the entry from United Kingdom. The song achieved 7th place with 249 points.

## Charts

|scope="col"|Chart (2016)|scope="col"|Peak position|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|13||||

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: LoveWave
- **artist**: Iveta Mukuchyan
- **recorded**: 2016
- **prev title**: Ari Yar
- **prev year**: 2015


## Infobox (song contest entry)

- **song**: "LoveWave"
- **year**: 2016
- **country**: Armenia
- **artist**: Iveta Mukuchyan
- **language**: English
- **composer**: Lilith Navasardyan, Levon Navasardyan
- **lyricist**: Iveta Mukuchyan, Stephanie Crutchfield
- **place**: 7th
- **points**: 249
- **place semi**: 2nd
- **points semi**: 243
- **prev**: Face the Shadow
- **prev year**: 2015
- **prev link**: Face the Shadow
Haut-Bocage

**Haut-Bocage** is a commune in the Allier department of central France, in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region.

The town hall is in Maillet.

## History

The Haut-Bocage was established on 1 January 2016 with the former communes of Maillet, Givarlais and Louroux-Hodement.

## Geography

Haut-Bocage is in the western part of the Allier department, in the valley of the Cher river at  to the north of Montluçon, the subprefecture of the _arrondissement_.

It has an area of  with an altitude of .

## Composition

The _commune_ is formed by:

|Name|Code INSEE !! width="50px" | Area <small>(km²)</small> !! Population <small>(2013)</small> !! Density <small>(Inh./km²)</small>||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|**Maillet**|03158|26.61|344||
|Givarlais|03123|14.85|246||
|Louroux-Hodement|03153|29.18|343||

## Related pages

- Communes of the Allier department
- Arrondissement of Montluçon

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Haut-Bocage
- **arrondissement**: Montluçon
- **canton**: Huriel
- **intercommunality**: Val de Cher
- **mayor**: Jean-Michel Laprugne
- **term**: 2016-2020
- **elevation min m**: 182
- **elevation max m**: 359
- **area km2**: 70.64
- **population**: 933
- **population date**: 2013
- **insee**: 03158
- **postal code**: 03190
Miami Lakes, Florida

**Miami Lakes** is a town in Miami-Dade County, Florida, United States. At the 2020 U.S. Census, 30,467 people lived in Miami Lakes.
Social issue

A **social issue** (or **social problem**, **social conflict**, or **social illness**) is an issue which affects many people in a society.

Examples of social issues are economic issues. However, some issues, such as immigration, have both social and economic aspects. Racism, unemployment, poverty, violence, human rights are examples of social issues.
Poplar

**Poplar** may refer to:

## Trees

- Populus, a genus of tree

### United Kingdom

- Poplar, London
- Poplar DLR station

### United States

- Poplar Bluff, Missouri
- Poplar Forest, the retreat home of Thomas Jefferson, third president of the United States
- Poplar Hills, Kentucky
Martin Ryle

**Sir Martin Ryle** (27 September 1918, Brighton, Sussex  14 October 1984, Cambridge) was a British radio astronomer.

Ryle developed revolutionary radio telescope systems. He used them for to locate weak radio sources more accurately. With better equipment, he observed the most distant known galaxies of the universe. Ryle and Antony Hewish shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1974. That was the first Nobel Prize awarded in recognition of astronomical research.
Monte Cimone

**Monte Cimone** is the highest mountain in the northern Apennines, in Italy

## Geography

The Monte Cimone,  high, in the province of Modena, _comuni_ of Fiumalbo, Sestola, Fanano and Riolunato. It is the highest point in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy. It can be seen from very far away.

It has the form of a low pyramid with a flat summit on its top. The pyramid has three sides with the three ridges pointing towards the west, northeast and south. There is road on the northeastern ridge that gets to the summit.

The _Parco regionale dell'Alto Appennino Modenese_, also known as _Parco regionale del Frignano_, is near Monte Cimone.

## History

On the top of Monte Cimone, Roman objects have been found, indicating that the mountain has been climbed very early on. The first touristic climb has been recorded in 1567, when Guidinello Montecuccoli, a local nobleman got to the top. Later, the Jesuits made several trips to study the atmospheric conditions at an elevation of more than .

In 1908 a chapel was built dedicated to ***Madonna delle nevi*** ("Our Lady of the Snow"). On the very summit, there is a statue of the Madonna facing south.

## Skiing

It is a frequented winter ski resort. In the peak there are 31 ski trails for a total length of more than  (the longest trail is ) served by 26 ski lifts. Ski season starts usually at the beginning of December (often in the last weekend of November) and ends in the middle of April.

## Related pages

- List of Italian regions by highest point

## Other websites

- Europe Ultra-Prominences
- Mount Cimone GAW Global Station
- Consorzio Stazione Invernale del Cimone
- Parco regionale dell'Alto Appennino Modenese

## Infobox (mountain)

- **name**: Monte Cimone
- **photo**: Monte Cimone versante nord.jpg
- **photo alt**: Monte Cimone
- **photo caption**: Monte Cimone
- **elevation m**: 2165
- **prominence**: 1577
- **location**: Emilia-Romagna, Italy
- **range**: Apennine Mountains, Apennines
- **map**: Italy
- **relief**: 1
- **map caption**: Location in Italy
- **first ascent**: 1567, by Guidinello Montecuccoli
- **easiest route**: Hiking, Skiing
Richie Rich (comics)

**Richie Rich** is a fictional character created by Alfred Harvey and Warren Kremer, and published by Harvey Comics in the 1950s.  Richie Rich is called _the poor little rich boy_, or also _the richest kid in the world_. He appeared in comic book titles such as _Richie Rich Millions_ (1961) and _Richie Rich Dollars & Cents_ (1963).

## Other websites

- Richie Rich  at the Internet Movie Database
Howard Wolowitz

**Howard Joel Wolowitz** is a character on the sitcom _The Big Bang Theory_. He is played by Simon Helberg. He is Jewish.

## Infobox (character)
Vladimir Grbić

**Vladimir "Vanja" Grbić** (born 14 December 1970) is a retired Serbian volleyball player. He is  tall. He played as passer-side attacker.

Grbić was born in Klek in Socialist Republic of Serbia, Yugoslavia. He is Nikola Grbić's brother. He is a member of the Volleyball Hall of Fame.
With the national volleyball team of Yugoslavia, he won a gold medal in the 2000 Summer Olympics and a bronze medal in 1996 at Atlanta. His international victories include a silver medal in the 1998 World Championship and a gold medal in the 2001 European Championship.

Grbić Yugoslav Olympic Committee has declared him for the best sportsman of the year in 1996 and 2000. In 1999 and 2000, he received a Golden Badge, award for best athlete in Yugoslavia.

## References

- FIVB profile
Judy Martz

**Judy Martz** (July 28, 1943 – October 30, 2017) was an American politician who was the 23rd Governor of Montana from 2001 to 2005. She was elected Governor of Montana on 7 November 2000. She was the first woman to be elected Governor in Montana. She served only one term in office, from January 1, 2001 to January 3, 2005.

## History

Judy Martz was born on July 28, 1943 in Big Timber, Montana. She graduated from Butte High School in 1961. She also attended Eastern Montana College.
She was a member of the US Olympic speed skating team and competed in the 1964 Winter Olympics. She married her husband, Harry Martz, in 1965.

## Governorship

Judy Martz was the 22nd Governor of Montana.

## After leaving office

On April 1, 2005, Judy Martz was appointed to the board of directors of TASER International. As of September of 2016, she was still on the board.

## Illness and death

On November 11, 2014, it was announced that Judy Martz had stage 2 pancreatic cancer and was undergoing treatment in Arizona. She died of the disease on October 30, 2017 in Butte, Montana at the age of 74.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Judy Martz
- **image**: Judy Martz 2003.jpg
- **order**: 22nd List of Governors of Montana, Governor of Montana
- **lieutenant**: Karl Ohs
- **term start**: January 1, 2001
- **term end**: January 3, 2005
- **predecessor**: Marc Racicot
- **successor**: Brian Schweitzer
- **office1**: 31st List of lieutenant governors of Montana, Lieutenant Governor of Montana
- **governor1**: Marc Racicot
- **term start1**: January 6, 1997
- **term end1**: January 1, 2001
- **predecessor1**: Denny Rehberg
- **successor1**: Karl Ohs
- **birth name**: Judith Helen Morstein
- **birth place**: Big Timber, Montana, Big Timber, Montana, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Butte, Montana, Butte, Montana, U.S.
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **education**: Montana State University Billings, Montana State University, Billings
Subliminal stimuli

**Subliminal stimuli** are sensations just "below the threshold" of a person's conscious perception. They may be designed to influence the mental processes or the behavior of the individual without beiing noticed.

A recent review of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies shows that subliminal stimuli activate certain parts of the brain, but the subjects do not notice the stimulus. Visual stimuli may be quickly flashed before an individual can process them, or flashed and then masked, thereby interrupting the processing. Audio stimuli may be played below audible volumes or masked by other stimuli.

## Related pages

- Unconscious mind
Rodolfo Illanes

**Rodolfo Illanes** (19 August 1958 - 25 August 2016) was a Bolivian politician. In 2016 he was the deputy Interior Minister when he was kidnapped by striking miners. He had gone to meet with the miners at Pandura. The miners were demanding more mining, the right to work for private companies, and greater union representation. When talks between the government and the miners failed, Illanes was beaten to death by his kidnappers.
Sonia Rykiel

**Sonia Rykiel** (25 May 1930 – 25 August 2016) was a French fashion designer and writer. She created the Poor Boy Sweater, which was featured on the cover of French _Elle_ magazine. She was given the nickname "Queen of Knits" because of her knitwear designs. The Sonia Rykiel label began in 1968 when she opened her first store, making clothing, accessories and perfumes. Rykiel was also a writer and her first book was published in 1979. In 2012, Rykiel said she was suffering from Parkinson's disease. She died from complications of the disease on 25 August 2016.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Sonia Rykiel
- **image**: Sonia Rykiel.jpg
- **caption**: Rykiel in 2009
- **birth name**: Sonia Flis
- **birth place**: Neuilly-sur-Seine, Paris, France
- **death place**: Paris, France
- **nationality**: French
- **occupation**: Fashion designer, writer
- **children**: Nathalie Rykiel
Jean-Philippe Rykiel
Eddy Silitonga

**Eddy Silitonga** (born Charles Edison Silitonga in Siantar, Sumatra, January 17, 1949 - died in Jakarta, August 25, 2016) was an Indonesian singer. He was known for his high-pitched voice. He won several song contests, including Champion Pop Singer in Medan and the Popular Song Festival held at Taman Ismail Marzuki in Jakarta. Silitonga won the first Minang Song Contest in 1983. He studied at Mapua Institute of Technology in the Philippines. He formed his own group, "Eddy's Group", which was at its peak in 1976 - 1979. He suffered from heart disease and diabetes.

Some of his popular songs included "Bunga Tanjong", "Lancang Kuning", "Bunga Pujaan", and "Jatuh Cinta".Some of his popular songs included "Bunga Tanjong", "Lancang Kuning", "Bunga Pujaan", and "Jatuh Cinta".
Rudy Van Gelder

**Rudolph "Rudy" Van Gelder** (November 2, 1924 – August 25, 2016) was an American recording engineer who specialized in jazz.

He has been described as the most important recording engineer of jazz. Over a period of more than 50 years, Van Gelder recorded several thousand jazz sessions. Some of these recordings are recognized as classics. He recorded many of the great jazz musicians, including John Coltrane, Miles Davis, Thelonious Monk, Sonny Rollins, Art Blakey, Joe Henderson, Freddie Hubbard, Wayne Shorter, and Horace Silver. He worked with many record companies but was most closely associated with Blue Note Records.
Amnesic shellfish poisoning

**Amnesic shellfish poisoning** is an illness caused by poisoning with a particular toxin called _domoic acid_.

At times, some diatoms produce domoic acid in ocean water. Shellfish accumulate this poison, and when they are eaten by people, the people get poisoned. The symptoms may be very severe: they include permanent memory loss, brain damage, and vomiting.

This disease was discovered in 1987 in eastern Canada when many people got poisoned after eating shellfish in a restaurant. Several people died of this disease then.

Birds can get this disease too when they eat poisoned shellfish. Such birds lose the coordination ability, and may crash into car and house windows.

Scientists found that the incidents of this disease occur more frequently in the recent years.

In the United States it is illegal to catch and sell shellfish without a license. Caught shellfish have to be frequently tested. When this toxin is found in the shellfish, government bans fishing and selling it in the area.

In the UK, all shellfish caught for restaurants or sale to the public are put in clean water for at least two days before being brought to market. This is the standard way to protect from poisoning.
Salak

**Salak** fruit is grown in southeast Asia. It has a spiky look and has a leathery rap and a nut shaped inside. You can eat it with a little sugar or salt or even make it into a helpful eye cream.

## Other websites

- https://migrationology.com/snake-fruit-salak/
Reno (river)

The **Reno** () is a river of northeastern Italy that starts in the Northern Apennines mountain range in Tuscany but flows mainly through the Emilia-Romagna region. It is one of the longest river in Italy.

## Geography

The Reno river has a length of , and a drainage basin with an area of approximately .

### Course

The Reno river starts in the Apennines to the northwest of the city of Pistoia, Pistoia province (Tuscany). The Reno is formed by the confluence, at about  above sea level, of two streams: **Reno di Prunetta** (with its source at an altitude of ) and the **Reno di Campolungo**.

Its upper course, going to the west, marks the border between Tuscany and Emilia-Romagna. In this part, there are  several artificial reservoirs whose dams are used for hydro-electric energy production.

In Sant'Agostino, the river turns to the southwest and passes west of Bologna, at Casalecchio di Reno.
In its lower course the Reno receives the water of numerous streams, some of which are seasonal (they have water only when it rains)

The Reno was a tributary of the Po until the middle of the 18th century when the course was changed to avoid the frequent floods. It now joins the Adriatic Sea near Casalborsetti, south-east of the _Valli di Comacchio_, a lagoon in the commune of Comacchio.

The Reno flows through many municipalities; some of them in the lower course, in the Emilia-Romagna region, are:
- Province of Bologna
    - Porretta Terme
    - Vergato
    - Marzabotto
    - Sasso Marconi
    - Casalecchio di Reno
    - Bologna
- Province of Ferrara
    - Cento
    - Argenta
    - Comacchio

## Main tributaries

The main tributaries of the Reno river are:

Left tributaries:
- Silla - 18 km
- Samoggia - 44 km

Right tributaries:
- Limentra di Sambuca- 19.4 km
- Eastern Limentra - 41 km
- Setta - 47 km
- Idice - 80 km
    - Savena - 54 km, tributary of the Idice
- Sillaro- 66 km
- Santerno - 103 km, the most important by its length and its discharge of 16 m³/s (570 cu ft/s).
- Senio - 92

## Related pages

- List of rivers of Italy

## Other websites

- Gruppo di Stude Pianura del Reno website
- Biblioteca idraulica italiana

## Infobox (river)

- **name**: Reno
- **name etymology**: Celtic *_Rēnos_, "raging flow"
- **image**: Fiume-Reno-BO.jpg
- **image caption**: The river near Sasso Marconi, at the beginning of its course in the Pianura Padana
- **map**: LocationRenoRiver.png
- **map caption**: Location of the Reno River in Italy
- **source1 location**: Tuscan Apennines, Italy
- **mouth location**: Adriatic Sea
- **subdivision type1**: Country
- **subdivision name1**: Italy