juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Central Cross-Island Highway

The **Central Cross-Island Highway** () or **Provincial Highway No.8** is one of three highway systems that connect the east and west coasts of Taiwan.

## Construction

Construction of the Central Cross-Island Highway began on July 7, 1956 and it first opened to traffic on May 9, 1960.

## Route

The highway begins in the west at Dongshi District in Taichung. The highway used to go up into the Central Mountain Range along the Dajia River () valley through the townships of Guguan () and Cingshan (). At Lishan there is a branch that heads north to Yilan City. It goes through the mountains to Dayuling () which is the highest point of the route. Here another branch of the highway runs south from Dayuling to Wushe (). Continuing east from Dayuling, the highway goes down into Taroko National Park. It passes through Guanyuan (), Cih-en (), Luoshao () and Tiansiang () before entering Taroko Gorge. After the gorge the road then meets the eastern coastal Su'ao-Hualien Highway.

## Closing the damaged highway

The highway goes through mountains. Rocks often fall and there can be landslides. Heavy rain from typhoons often push soil and rocks onto the highway so people cannot drive through parts of it. Earthquakes also damage the highway. On September 21, 1999 the Jiji earthquake caused a lot of damage to the highway and cut it in many places between Dongshih and Lishan.

There was so much damage in 1999 that repairing it would cost a lot of money. The damaged parts of the highway were supposed to re-open in 2004. However, heavy rain from the Typhoon Mindulle added more damage to the highway. These parts were closed. The highway is still closed between Lishan and Guguan. There is no plan to repair it, but the New Central Cross-Island Highway is another way across the island.

## Other websites

- Search Taipei Times newspaper archives for references to the highway
Azorina vidalii

***Azorina vidalii*** (also known as the **Azores bellflower**) is the only species of the genus _Azorina_ within the **Campanulaceae**, the bellflower family. This endemic species of the Azores is used as an ornamental plant in other countries besides the Azores.

It was first given the name _Campanula vidalii_ by Hewett Cottrell Watson in _Hooker's Icones Plantarum_, table DCLXXXIV (684); Watson gave it the specific name _vidalii_ after "Capt. Vidal, R.N.", who collected the original plant. Heinrich Feer changed the name to _Azorina vidalii_, creating a new genus _Azorina_, in _Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie_, 12, S. 611.

## Description

The Azores bellflower is an evergreen, perennial herbaceous plant that grows to a height of 80 to 150 centimetres. It produces branches at the base and these branches are woody in the lower part. The plant has dark green leaves.

The plant flowers from May to October. The inflorescence has many hanging, waxy, pale pink, bell-shaped flowers . The _Azorina vidalii_ forma _alba_ has, as the name suggests, white flowers.

## Where it grows

The Azores bellflower is rare and usually grows in holes in cliffs near the sea, below the 50 metres of altitude. It is usually accompanied by the plant _Salicornia_, which also tolerate the salt in the wind coming from the sea. The plant is found in all the islands of the Azores archipelago, but not on the island of Graciosa.

## Synonyms

- _Campanula vidalii_ H.C.Watson, Icon. Pl. 7: t. 684 (1844).
- _Azorina vidalii f. alba_ Sealy, Bot. Mag. 176: t. 527 1968).
- _Campanula vidalii f. alba_ Sealy, Bot. Mag. 176: t. 527 (1968).

## Other websites

- _A. vidalii_ in _Azorenflora_
- Encyclopedia of Life (EOL):_Azorina Vidalii_
- HerbWeb, photo of the original collected plant
- Photos of _Azorina_
Chang Gung University

**Chang Gung University** is a university in Taiwan. It was named after Wang Chang-gung, YC Wang's father. The main campus is in Taoyuan City. It was founded in 1987.

## Other websites

- CGU
University of Otago

The **University of Otago** () in Dunedin is New Zealand's oldest university. Founded in 1869 the university opened in July 1871. Between 1874 and 1961 the University of Otago was a part of the University of New Zealand, and issued degrees in its name.

The University of Otago has ten libraries — seven based in Dunedin on the main university campus, the Education library in Southland, plus two medical libraries in Wellington and Christchurch. All libraries have wireless access.

The University of Otago had over 21,000 students enrolled during 2019.

## Infobox (university)

- **name**: University of Otago
- **caption**: Coat of Arms of the University of Otago
- **mottoeng**: Dare to be wise
- **established**: 1869
- **type**: public university, Public
- **chancellor**: John Ward
- **vice chancellor**: Harlene Hayne
- **staff**: 3,749 (2011)
- **students**: 21,728 (2011)
- **doctoral**: 1,327 (2011)
- **city**: Dunedin
- **province**: Otago
- **country**: New Zealand
- **campus**: Urban area, Urban
- **colours**: Blue and gold
- **website**: [https://www.otago.ac.nz/ https://www.otago.ac.nz]
Moradabad district

**Moradabad district** is one of the districts of Uttar Pradesh state of India, and Moradabad town is the district headquarters. Moradabad district is a part of Moradabad division. As of 2011 it is the second most populous district of Uttar Pradesh (out of 71), after Allahabad.

The district of Moradabad lies between 28°21´ to 28°16´ north latitude and 78°4´ to 79° east longitude. The district occupies an area of 3493 km<sup>2</sup> and has a population of 2,761,620. The city is known for its export of brass handicrafts to North America and Europe, and is also thus called "Brass City" or Peetal Nagri. It has close to four million citizens of various ethnicities and religions.

## Geography

The district of Moradabad lies east of the Ganges and west of the native state of Rampur. Its area is 2285 sq. m. It lies within the great Gangetic plain and is demarcated into three subdivisions by the rivers Ramganga and Sot. The eastern tract consists of a submontane country, with an elevation slightly greater than the plain below, and is traversed by numerous streams descending from the Himalayas. The central portion consists of a level central plain descending at each end into the valleys of the Ramganga and Sot. The western section has a gentle slope towards the Ganges, with a rapid dip into the lowlands a few miles from the bank of the great river.

## Notable people

- Jigar Moradabadi
- Piyush Chawla
- Ponty Chadha
- Robert Vadra
- Sufi Amba Prasad
- Arun Lal

## Demographics

According to the 2011 census Moradabad district has a population of 4,773,138, roughly equal to the nation of Singapore or the US state of Alabama. This gives it a ranking of 26th in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of  . Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was  25.25%.
In 2011 a new district named Sambhal district is formed with two sub districts of Moradabad district.
The rest of Moradabad district have a population of 3126507.The Muslim population in rest of Moradabad district is 1588297.
Moradabad	has a sex ratio of 	903	females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 58.67%.
Woody Island (South China Sea)

**Woody Island**, also known as **Yongxing Island** (永兴岛 or 永興島 or Yǒngxīng Dǎo) and known as **Phu Lam Island** (Đảo Phú Lâm), is the largest of the Paracel Islands in the South China Sea.

The island is controlled by the People's Republic of China.  It is part of the city of Sansha.

Soldiers of the People's Liberation Army are stationed on the island.

The island is also claimed by the Taiwan, Republic of China, and Vietnam.

## Related pages

- South China Sea Islands

## Other websites

- Aerial photos of Woody Island and its airport
- Satellite image of Woody Island by Google Maps

## Infobox (islands)

- **disputed**: yes
- **name**: Woody Island
- **other names**: Yongxing Island,
Phú Lâm Island
- **image name**: Aerial view of Woody Island.jpg
- **image caption**: Aerial view of Woody and Rocky Islands
- **area km2**: 2.6
- **length km**: 1.850
- **width km**: 1.160
- **country admin divisions title**: Provinces of China, Province
- **country admin divisions**: Hainan
- **country admin divisions title 1**: List of cities in China, City
- **country admin divisions 1**: Sansha
- **country1**: (Taiwan)
- **population**: 1,443
- **population as of**: 2014
Urðarbrunnr

**Urðarbrunnr** (Old Norse for the "Well of Urðr") is a well in Norse mythology. It is situated under the Yggdrasil or the world tree. Norse mythology is a version of the older northern Germanic mythology. The gods would travel via the bifrost with the exception of Thor as it was thought that he would break the bridge which took the form of a rainbow, to Urðarbrunnr. Here they would meet and decide things, presumably laws of nature and magic and love and war.
Mario Party 5

***Mario Party 5*** is a party board video game for the Nintendo GameCube console. It is the fifth game in the _Mario Party_ series. It was developed by Hudson Soft and published by Nintendo. It was released on November 10, 2003 in North America, on November 28, 2003 in Japan, and on December 5, 2003 in Europe.

## Gameplay

_Mario Party 5_ plays the same as the first four _Mario Party_ games. Players go around on boards to collect coins, which they can use to buy stars. Movement is done with the use of a dice block with the numbers one through ten. After all four players take their turns, a mini-game is played. The player that wins the mini-game wins coins. The winner is the player with the most stars at the end of the game. Boards have different types of spaces, including blue spaces which add coins, red spaces which take away coins, and Bowser Spaces which causes Bowser to appear and do a bad event. The game introduces the DK Space, where Donkey Kong appears to cause an event to happen. Unlike Bowser events, these events are always good. Also new to the game is the Capsule system, which replaces the item system from past games. Capsules are containers that hold a single item. Players can get capsules by passing by the "Capsule Machine" on the board. Each capsule does something different, including increasing the number of dice blocks a player can roll, and taking away coins from an opponent. Capsules can be thrown up to ten spaces away.

Ten characters are playable. New to the series as a playable character are Toad, Boo, and Koopa Kid. Because of the addition of the DK Space, Donkey Kong is no longer a playable character.

In addition to the main party game, players can also play a mode called Super Duel Mode. In Super Duel Mode, players build a battle vehicle to use in tournaments or fight against friends. Players are able to change their vehicle by using different parts. Parts can be bought with the points from mini-games.

## Infobox (video game)

- **title**: Mario Party 5
- **developer**: Hudson Soft
- **publisher**: Nintendo
- **composer**: Aya Tanaka
- **series**: _Mario Party_
- **genre**: Party game#Party video games, Party
- **modes**: Single-player, multiplayer video game, Multiplayer
- **platforms**: Nintendo GameCube
Trace Cyrus

**Trace Dempsey Cyrus** (born **Neil Timothy Helson**; February 24, 1989) is an American musician. He was the former guitarist, songwriter and vocalist of Metro Station. He is the adopted son of Billy Ray Cyrus.

## Early life

Cyrus was born in Ashland, Kentucky to Billy Ray Cyrus and Leticia Finley. His parents are of Cherokee Native American, Dutch, English, French, German, Irish, Scottish and Welsh descent.

## Other websites

- Trace Cyrus on Myspace

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **embed**: yes
- **background**: solo_singer
- **origin**: Burbank, California, U.S.
- **past member of**: Metro Station (band), Metro Station


## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Trace Cyrus
- **birth name**: Neil Timothy Helson
- **image**: Trace Cyrus Metro Station 2.jpg
- **caption**: Cyrus in 2009
- **birth place**: Ashland, Kentucky, U.S.
- **parents**: Billy Ray Cyrus (father)
Tish Cyrus (mother)
- **relatives**: Ron Cyrus (grandfather)
Miley Cyrus (sister)
Noah Cyrus (sister)
Brandi Cyrus (sister)
- **occupation**: Musician
- **years active**: 2006–present
Valley Forge National Historical Park

**Valley Forge National Historical Park** (est. 1976) is a United States National Historical Park  north of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The park covers . It contains historical buildings, recreated cabins, museums, memorials, and recreation facilities. The park welcomes visitors and gives talks about the history of the boom shacks site.

It was at Valley Forge that General George Washington quartered the American Continental Army during the bitterly cold winter of 1777–1778. Many soldiers suffered or died of cold, sickness, and starvation. Valley Forge was not a battlefield. Washington wrote on February 16, 1778, "Naked and starving as they are we cannot enough admire the incomparable patience and fidelity of the soldiery."

## Other websites

- Valley Forge National Historical Park official site
- Valley Forge Pictures website
Italian neorealism

**Italian neorealism** describes a movement in Italian cinema. Films such as Rome, Open City and Bicycle Thieves, from the 1940s, were filmed in the streets rather than a studio and told stories about poor people living difficult lives. Among neorealists are Michelangelo Antonioni and Federico Fellini.

## Related pages

- Criterion article
Martha Greenhouse

**Martha Miriam Greenhouse** (June 14, 1921 – January 5, 2013) was an American stage, movie and television actress. She was an actors' union leader. She appeared on many television programs including _Route 66_, _Car 54, Where Are You?_, _Law & Order_, _The Jackie Gleason Show_, _The Phil Silvers Show_, and _Ryan's Hope_.

Greenhouse was born on June 14, 1921 in Omaha, Nebraska. She died on January 5, 2013 in her home in New York City, New York from natural causes, aged 91.
Susan Tyrrell

**Susan Tyrrell** (born **Susan Jillian Creamer**; March 18, 1945 – June 16, 2012) was an American actress, painter, and writer. She is known for her Best Supporting Actress Oscar-nominated performance as Oma in _Fat City_, and for her role as Ramona Rickettes in the John Waters movie _Cry-Baby_. In 2000, she was diagnosed with thrombocythemia which led to amputation of both her legs below the knee. She spent the remainder years painting and writing before dying from a blood disease at age 67 in Austin, Texas in June 2012.

## Other websites

- _LA Weekly_: "My So-Called Rotten Life" by Paul Cullum (11/1/2000)

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Susan Tyrrell
- **image**: Susan Tyrrell 1970.jpg
- **birthname**: Susan Jillian Creamer
- **occupation**: Actress, writer, painter
- **birth place**: San Francisco, California, San Francisco, California, U.S.
- **death place**: Austin, Texas, Austin, Texas, U.S.
- **death cause**: Blood disease
- **yearsactive**: 1964–2012
Nicol Williamson

**Nicol Williamson** (14 September 1938 – 16 December 2011) was a Scottish actor who was known for his first role in _A Midsummer Night's Dream_. He was also known for being in many plays.

Williamson was born on 14 September 1938 in Hamilton, South Lanarkshire, Scotland. He studied at the Central Grammar School for Boys, Birmingham and at Birmingham School of Speech & Drama. Williamson was married to Jill Townsend from 1971 until they divorced in 1977. They had one son, Luke. Williamson died on 16 December 2011 in Amsterdam, Netherlands from esophageal cancer, aged 73.

## Other websites

- Official website
- Nicol Williamson at Rotten Tomatoes
- Nicol Williamson  at the Lortel Archives: The Internet Off-Broadway Database
- Obituary , _The Independent_, 26 January 2012
- Obituary, _The Guardian_, 26 January 2012
- Obituary, _Financial Times_, 27 January 2012

## Infobox (person)

- **birth place**: Hamilton, South Lanarkshire, Scotland, UK
- **death place**: Amsterdam, Netherlands
- **death cause**: Esophageal cancer
- **occupation**: Actor
- **yearsactive**: 1960–1997
- **spouse**: Jill Townsend (m. 1971–1977; divorced)
- **children**: Luke Williamson
Yale Summers

**Yale Summers** (July 26, 1933 – May 6, 2012) was an American actor. He was known for his role in _Daktari_. He was an active member of the Screen Actors Guild.

Summer was born on July 26, 1933 in Manhattan, New York City. He was married to Suzie Summers until his death in 2012. They had two children. Summers died on May 6, 2012 in Beverly Hills, California from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, aged 78.
Yvette Wilson

**Yvette Renee Wilson** (March 6, 1964 – June 14, 2012) was an American comedian and actress. She was best known for her role as Andell Wilkerson in _Moesha_ and its spinoff _The Parkers_.

Wilson was born on March 6, 1964 in Los Angeles, California. She studied at San Jose State Univeristy. Wilson died on June 14, 2012 in Los Angeles, California from cervical cancer and kidney disease, aged 48.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Yvette Wilson
- **birth name**: Yvette Renee Wilson
- **birth date**: March 6, 1964
- **birth place**: Los Angeles, California, Los Angeles, California, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Los Angeles, California, United States, U.S.
- **death cause**: Cervical cancer and kidney disease
- **alma mater**: San Jose State University
- **yearsactive**: 1992–2012
- **occupation**: Actress, comedian
- **known for**: **Lynette** in _Thea (TV series), Thea_
 **Andell Wilkerson** in _Moesha_ and _The Parkers_
Tony Epper

**John Anthony "Tony" Epper** (October 1, 1938 – July 20, 2012) was an American actor and stuntman. He was a member of the Epper family, whose members work as actors and stunt performers. He is known for his roles in _Ma and Pa Kettle at Home_, _Carbine Williams_, and _The Story of Will Rogers_.

Epper was born on October 1, 1938 in Los Angeles, California. He was married to Donna Epper until his death in 2012. He had two children and two step-children. Epper died on July 20, 2012 in his home in Boise, Idaho from cancer, aged 73.
Karl Albrecht

**Karl Hans Albrecht** (20 February 1920 – 16 July 2014) was a German entrepreneur. He founded the supermarket chain Aldi with his brother Theo. In October 2012, Albrecht was listed as one of the richest people in the world with an estimated net worth of US$22.6 billion.

## Biography

Albrecht was born on 20 February 1920 in Essen, Germany. The Albrecht brothers took over a shop run by their mother when she died.

In 1960, the brother disagreed about whether to sell cigarettes in their stops. The brothers split the business in two. Karl owned the stores in the south of Germany. He later expanded the business to the United States, Australia and the United Kingdom.

## Personal life

He was married. He has two children. Albrecht lived in Mulheim an der Ruhr, Germany.

Previously, Forbes listed him as one of richest men in the world, with an estimated net worth in 2011 of US$25.4 billion. That made him 10th in the 2012 Forbes list of billionaires. He was the oldest billionaire in the Top 20 list. Albrecht was the richest person in Germany, and the fourth-richest in Europe.

Albrecht died in Essen, Germany from natural causes, aged 94.

## Other websites

- Forbes topic page on Karl Albrecht

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Karl Albrecht
- **birth name**: Karl Hans Albrecht
- **birth place**: Essen, Germany
- **death place**: Essen, Germany
- **citizenship**: Germany, German
- **nationality**: Germans, German
- **occupation**: Entrepreneur
- **known for**: Co-founder of Aldi
- **children**: Two
- **relatives**: Theo Albrecht
(brother, dead)
Theo Albrecht, Jr (nephew)
Berthold Albrecht
(nephew, dead)
Liliane Bettencourt

**Liliane Henriette Charlotte Schueller**, married name **Bettencourt** (21 October 1922 – 21 September 2017), was a French heiress, socialite, businesswoman and philanthropist.

She was one of the principal shareholders of L'Oréal. According to Forbes, she was the richest woman in the world, making her the tenth richest person in the world with a net worth of US$36.4 billion, as of the 2015 version of "The World's Billionaires".

Bettencourt was born on 21 October 1922 in Paris, France. She was married to André Bettencourt from 1950 until his death in 2007. They had one child, a daughter, Françoise. Bettencourt lived and died in Paris.

Bettencourt died in Paris, France on 21 September 2017 at the age of 94.

## Other websites

- Official website of L'Oréal
- Official website of the Bettencourt Schueller Foundation
- Forbes article on L'Oréal
- Forbes article on Liliane Bettencourt
- The Bettencourt scandal and the Sarkozy government Radio France Internationale in English

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Liliane Bettencourt
- **birth name**: Liliane Henriette Charlotte Schueller
- **birth place**: Paris, France
- **death place**: Paris, France
- **occupation**: Principal shareholder of L'Oréal
- **spouse**:
(his death)
- **children**: Françoise Bettencourt Meyers
- **parents**: Eugene Schueller
Louise Doncieux
Chill-out music

**Chill-out music** began in Europe during the early-1990s. It includes different types of electronic music that are meant to have a mellow style as well as mid-tempo beats. Ambient, ambient house, trip-hop, nu jazz, Chillow pop, New Age and some other sub-genres of downtempo are mainly associated with chill-out music.

This genre of music is played in "chill rooms" at dance clubs to allow dancers a chance to relax and take a break from the more vigorous and fast-tempo type of music that is played on the main dance floor. In 1992, a UK regulation required dance clubs to have chill-out rooms and free water because of a number of Ecstasy-related injuries and deaths.
Human Nature (Madonna song)

**"Human Nature"** is a single from American singer-songwriter Madonna. It is from her album _Bedtime Stories_, which was released in Autumn 1994. The song was written and produced by Madonna and released in June 1995. The song is about humor, sex and sarcasm. It was written in response to the huge backlash to her 1992 record _Erotica_ and her coffee table book _Sex_.

This single got mixed reviews by the critics, although it was a moderate hit in America, Australia and the United Kingdom. There are many versions of this song.
Crore

A **crore** is the number 10^7, equal to 10 million or 100 lakh. It is used in India for money and as a number. In India it is written 1,00,00,000 and in other countries it is written 10,000,000.
Phrenology

**Phrenology** is the study of human characteristics according to shape of the skull. It was popular until around the 1900s, when scientists started to discourage against it. Today, it is considered a pseudoscience.
Orbital inclination

**Orbital inclination** is a term for the angle between two orbital planes. It is often used to describe the movement of celestial bodies such as stars and planets.

One of the planes is the standard, or reference. The galactic plane of a galaxy is often used as the reference.
_
- For a planet's orbit, the _inclination_ is the _angle to the ecliptic plane''.
- For a moon, an inclination of 0 degrees means the orbiting body orbits the planet in its equatorial plane, in the same direction as the planet rotates.
FC Biel-Bienne

**FC Biel-Bienne** is the most successful football club in the city of Biel/Bienne, Switzerland. The club was founded on 13 November 1896. The club played in a stadium called ‘Jardin Anglais’ at the beginning. They went to the Gurzelen Stadium in the year 1913. There they still play today. The Gurzelen Stadium has a capacity of 15,000.

The club got the name FC Biel-Bienne in 1911. Before they were called ‘Football-Club de Bienne’. During World War I they didn’t play in the league but they did a lot of charity projects.
FC Biel-Bienne plays in the Challenge League today. The second best football league in Switzerland.

They moved to the First League in the season 1989/90. This is the best League of Amateur-football in Switzerland. They went to the Challenge League again in 2008.
Because the Gurzelen Stadium is very old, FC Biel/Bienne has to play on the ‘Maladière Stadium’ in Neuenburg. But the club can come back in 2014 because the new stadium is going to be built. It will be opened in 2015.

## Today

The president of the FC Biel-Bienne is Jean-Marc Hofstetter. He became president in 2013.
Before it was Jean-Pierre Senn.
The coach of the club is Phillipe Perret.

## Achievements

In 1947 they became Swiss Champion. In 1961 they reached the final of the Swiss Cup. In 2011 they reached they reached the semifinal of the Swiss Cup. In 1968 they won the Uhrencup.
Nitro compound

A **nitro compound** is a molecule that has the nitro group. The nitro group is made of one nitrogen atom connected with two oxygen atoms (-NO<sub>2</sub>). The nitrogen is also bonded to the rest of the molecule.

Nitrogen normally has only three bonds. In a nitro group, the bond is considered positively charged. Then one bond of the oxygen is negatively charged, and the other has a double bond. In reality, the best way to represent the nitro group is to consider it to have delocalized electrons. Then all three atoms are sp<sup>2</sup> hybridised.

## Reaction

Nitro compounds are very explosive. This is because, at high temperature, nitro compounds can decompose and release nitrogen gas. This reaction is very exothermic (gives out a lot of energy). Many explosives have nitro groups, for example trinitrotoluene (TNT).
Smuggling

**Smuggling** means illegal transport of goods, objects substances or information across state, national or international borders.  Smugglers do this for various reasons including avoiding tariffs.

## Related pages

- Black market
- Human trafficking
- Drug trafficking
- Arms trafficking
André Le Nôtre

**André Le Nôtre** (12 March 1613 – 15 September 1700) was a French landscape architect and gardener serving King Louis XVI of France. He designed and constructed the formal gardens at the Palace of Versailles. Other gardens and parks in France he designed include those of Vaux-le-Vicomte, Chantilly, Fontainebleau, Saint-Cloud, Saint-Germain-en-Laye, and the Tuileries. Le Notre's style of garden design was widely imitated in Europe, but without his taste and sound professional judgement. In the 18th century, his designs at Versailles influenced the master plan for Washington, D.C.
Karen Doggenweiler

**Karen Sylvia Doggenweiler Lapuente** (born August 27, 1969 in Puerto Varas) is a popular Chilean journalist and TV presenter.

She is married to the Chilean politician Marco Enríquez-Ominami.

## Television

**TVN**

- _24 Horas_ (1991–1995)
- _NBA JAM deportivo_ (1997)
- _Pase lo que Pase_ (1998–2001)
- _Super Salvaje_ (animales) (2002)
- _La Gran Sorpresa_ (2002)
- _Tocando las Estrellas_ (2003)
- _Buenos días a todos_ (2002–2004, 2011-present)
- _Chile Elige_ (2006)
- _El Baile en TVN_ (2006–2008)
- _Viña Tiene Festival_ (2008)
- _La Familia del Último Pasajero_ (2008)
- _Estrellas en el hielo: El baile_ (2008)
- _Calle 7_ (2009)
- _Todos a Coro_ (2009)
- _Pelotón III_ (2009)
- _Abre los Ojos_ (2009-2010)
- _Fuerza Chile_ (2010)
- _Circo de Estrellas_ (2010)
- _Circo, Detrás de la Magia_ (2010)
- _Halcón y Camaleón_ (2010)
- _Pelotón V_ (2010)
- _Animal Nocturno_ (2010-2011)
- _Mamá a los 15_ (2011-2012)
- _Factor X_ (2011-2012)
- _Dime por qué?_ (2011)
- _La dieta del Lagarto_ (2011)
Julio César Rodríguez

**Julio César Rodríguez** (born on 1969 in Hualpén) is a Chilean journalist and television presenter.

## Television

**TVN**
- _Rojo VIP_ (2005)
- _La Tele o Yo_ (2005)

**Zona Latina**
- _Sin Dios ni Late_ (2008-2011)

**Canal 13**
- _Bienvenidos_ (2011-2012)
- _No Basta con Ser Bella_ (2012)

**Vive Deportes**
- _Siganme los Buenos_ (2011-present)

**Chilevisión**
- _SQP_ (2004, 2013-present)
**YouTube**

- _LaJunta_ (2020-present)
Dallas (2012 TV series)

***Dallas*** is an American television soap opera. The show airs on TNT. It started on June 13, 2012. It is a revival of the 1978-1991 television series of the same name. It continues from where the original series left off. The cast includes Patrick Duffy, Larry Hagman, Linda Gray, Josh Henderson, and Jesse Metcalfe.

The series was cancelled on October 3, 2014.

Like the original series, _Dallas_ is about the Ewings, a family from Texas involved in oil and cattle ranching. The new series focuses on the next generation of the Ewings. The next generation of the Ewings are the children who were born during the original series. As grown-ups, the children have become a lot like their parents. Three characters from the original series, Bobby, J.R., and Sue Ellen, return as main characters.

## Infobox (television)

- **image**: Dallas logo 2.jpg
- **genre**: Drama
- **runtime**: Approx. 45 minutes
- **creator**: David Jacobs (writer), David Jacobs
(original series)
- **developer**: Cynthia Cidre
- **executive producer**: Cynthia Cidre
Bruce Rasmussen
Michael M. Robin
Ken Topolsky
Bryan J. Raber
- **starring**: Josh Henderson
Jesse Metcalfe
Jordana Brewster
Julie Gonzalo
Brenda Strong
Patrick Duffy
Linda Gray
Larry Hagman
Mitch Pileggi
Emma Bell
Kuno Becker
Juan Pablo Di Pace
- **composer**: Rob Cairns
Jerrold Immel
(original theme)
- **country**: United States
- **company**: Cyntax Productions
Warner Horizon Television
- **network**: TNT (TV channel), TNT
- **num seasons**: 3
- **num episodes**: 40
- **list episodes**: List of Dallas (2012 TV series) episodes
- **related**: _Knots Landing_ (1979–93)
Inclosure Act 1773

The **Inclosure Act 1773** (13 Geo 3. c. 81) (also known as the Enclosure Act 1773) is an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain. The Act is still in force in the United Kingdom. It created a law that allowed landowners to enclose land and remove the right of commoners to use the land. This act was a big part of the agrarian revolution.
Eric Koston

**Eric Koston** (born April 29, 1975)  is an American professional skateboarder. He was born in Bangkok, Thailand. Now he is living in California in the United States.

Eric grew up in San Bernardino in California. He started to skateboard in 1986 at the age of 11 years old when his brother gave him his old skateboard. He picked up skateboarding quickly and later went to a skate camp where he met Eddie Elguera, who realized his potential as a professional skateboarder. He was in grade 10 when he dropped out of school to become a full-time skateboarder.

In 1992, Koston moved to Los Angeles where Natas Kaupas got him into the 101 team. In 101, he established himself as a leading switch stance skateboarder. He did many switch tricks like the nollie flip nose slide and the switch kick flip backside tail slide. He also took a switch 360 flip down the Embarcadero 7. He was finally sponsored and became a pro-skater in 1993 when he joined the H-Street Team and moved into the team house. Later, in 1993, he created the Fourstar clothing company. He also invented many skateboard tricks. Even though he didn't invent it himself, Koston's main signature trick is the "K Grind" (for Koston) after mastering it and showing it on a video. The "K Grind" is only a crooked grind. His stance is goofy, but he is known for his ability to skate switch. He possesses the technical skill and commitment to create the practice of new tricks, either on the streets, or in competition. He is known for commercializing the competitive, HORSE-derivative game of S.K.A.T.E. Eric Koston appears in the Electronic Arts (EA games) video games Skate 2 and Skate 3. He also is in the Laikai video named Fully Flared where he does a perfect fakie 360 flip down the four stairs. Eric Koston is still skateboarding. He can be seen at the Battle of the Berrics which are games of S.K.A.T.E. in their co-own skate park.

## References

- http://www.nike.com/us/en_us/c/skateboarding/stories/2012/08/nike-skateboarding-team-eric-koston
- http://skateboard.about.com/od/proskaterbios/p/ProEricKoston.htm
- http://espn.go.com/action/athlete/_/id/1016/eric-koston
- http://www.oakley.com/sports/skate/athletes/556
- http://www.kidzworld.com/article/5512-eric-koston-biography
Britain's Next Top Model, Cycle 4

***Britain's Next top Model, Cycle 4*** is the fourth season of _Britain's Next Top Model_. This cycle includes 14 contestants. The winner was 18-year old Alex Evans.

## Contestants

(_ages stated are at time of contest_)

|Contestant|Age|Hometown|Outcome||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Sophie Roberts|18|Kings Lynn, England|14th||
|Musayeroh Barrie|20|London, England|13th||
|Louise Heywood|20|Rochdale, England|12th||
|Lauren Donaldson-Stanley|18|Portsmouth, England|11th||
|Lynzi Arnott|24|Aldershot, England|10th||
|Lisa-Jane "Lisa" Fowler|22|Potters Bar, England|9th||
|Martha Braddell|18|Oxford, England|rowspan="2"|8th/7th|
|Leanne Nagle|18|Colchester, England|||
|Aaron Hunt|18|Nottingham, England|6th||
|Charlotte Denton|20|Liverpool, England|5th||
|Rachael Cairns|19|Leeds, England|4th||
|Stefanie Wilson|22|London, England|3rd||
|Catherine Thomas|18|Folkestone, England|Runner-up||
|Alexandra "Alex" Evans|18|Cranleigh, England|**Winner**||

## Prizes

- A modeling contract with Models 1
- A Revlon Cosmetics Campaign
- A spread & cover in _Company_ Magazine

## Episodes

1.
_casting episode_

2.
- Best: Rachael Cairns
- Worst: Aaron Hunt & Sophie Roberts
- Eliminated: Sophie Roberts

3.
- Best: Lisa Fowler
- Worst: Alex Evans & Musayeroh Barrie
- Eliminated: Musayeroh Barrie

4.
- Best: Rachael Cairns
- Worst: Louise Heywood & Lauren Donaldson-Stanley
- Eliminated: Louise Heywood

5.
- Best: Charlotte Denton
- Worst: Lisa Fowler & Lauren Donaldson-Stanley
- Eliminated: Lauren Donaldson-Stanley

6.
- Best: Stefanie Wilson
- Worst: Lisa Fowler & Lynzi Arnott
- Eliminated: Lynzi Arnott

7.
- Best: Leanne Nagle
- Worst: Lisa Fowler & Charlotte Denton
- Eliminated: Lisa Fowler

8.
- Best: Catherine Thomas
- Worst: Leanne Nagle & Martha Braddell
- Eliminated: Leanne Nagle & Martha Braddell

9.
- Best: Stefanie Wilson
- Worst: Charlotte Denton & Aaron Hunt
- Eliminated: Aaron Hunt

10.
- Best: Alex Evans
- Worst: Charlotte Denton & Stefanie Wilson
- Eliminated: Charlotte Denton

11.
- Best: Rachael Cairns
- Worst: Alex Evans & Catherine Thomas
- Eliminated: None

12.
- Best: Alex Evans
- Worst: Rachael Cairns & Stefanie Wilson
- Eliminated: Rachael Cairns

13.
- Final Three: Alex Evans, Catherine Thomas & Stefanie Wilson
- Eliminated: Stefanie Wilson

- Final Two: Alex Evans & Catherine Thomas
- Winner: Alex Evans
Leper window

A **leper window** was a window built low in the chancel wall of some medieval churches. It was usually iron barred and shuttered. Lepers stood outside and watched Mass through this window.

## References

- Broderick, R. C. _The Catholic Concise Encyclopedia_. 1952. Simon & Schuster. p. 222.
- Dictionary: Leper window
Eurocopter EC120 Colibri

The **Eurocopter EC120 Colibri** is a light helicopter designed and built in France and Germany, with help of China and Singapore. The name of Colibri is the french translation for hummingbird. It is built by Eurocopter in Marignane. Its first flight was in 1995. Some are used by the Chinese, French and Spanish air forces mainly for training.
Women's Rights National Historical Park

**Women's Rights National Historical Park** (est.1980) consists of four historical properties in Seneca Falls and Waterloo, New York. These properties are important to women's rights. They are the Wesleyan Chapel (the site of the first Women's Rights Convention); the Elizabeth Cady Stanton House; the M'Clintock House; and the Richard Hunt House. The park consists of 6.83 acres (27,600 m²). It includes a visitor center and an education and cultural center.

The **Votes For Women History Trail** (est. 2009) is administered through the Park. It is a motor vehicle route of sites in upstate New York important to women's rights. Sites include the Susan B. Anthony House; the Mount Hope Cemetery; Antoinette Louisa Brown Blackwell Childhood Home; the M'Clintock House; and The Women's Rights National Historic Park itself.

## Other websites

- Women's Rights National Historic Park
Trams in Biel

There was a **tram system** in Biel, Switzerland, from 1877 to 1948. As the idea of having trams was not popular, there was only one route from Bözingen to Nidau.
The tram was originally a horse carriage on rails. There were only a few carriages from other tram systems. Although it was very small there were summer and winter carriages.
After Biel City bought the system in 1901, it became electrical with more carriages and a bigger route. The tram was not very popular and the owner did not earn much money. This was the reason why only very few routes were built.
All the four routes started at the train station in Biel, today known as ‘Zentralplatz’. The tram to Meinisberg went through Mett but because there was a big distance between Biel and Meinisberg, there were only a few stations.
Biel City started to reduced the system in 1930. First, route 1 and 2 became route 1. Then, in 1940, routes 2 and 3 were replaced by buses and finally, route 1 became a bus route, too.

## Today

Biel has a well-organized bus system since 1948. It grew more and more and is quite large, with over 15 different routes today. Some of them use the old tram routes but more were added, especially in the last 20 years. There are also different bus types today. Some are electrical, others run on fuel.
Gennevilliers

**Gennevilliers**  is a town in France near Paris. It is in the region Île-de-France and the department of Hauts-de-Seine. About 41,000 people live there.

## Administration

Gennevilliers has a town hall, two fire stations, a police station, three post office, and a customs station.

## Culture & monuments

Gennevilliers has an old church from 17th century called Saint Marie Madeleine.
At least Gennevilliers has got a movie theatre, a modern theatre, a music school, and a fine art school.

## Sport

The main sports played in Gennevilliers are : Football, rugby, swimming, dance, archery, and kayak

## Transport

Gennevilliers is famous for his port, the Port de Gennevilliers, one of the most important in France, and the first one on the river Seine. Gennevilliers has 3 stations of the Paris Métro Line 13 : _Gabriel Péri_, _Les Agnettes_, and _Les Courtilles_. Urban train line C come to Gennevilliers. City is also served by 6 tram stations : _Parc des Chantereine_, _Gare de Gennevilliers_, _Timbaud_, _Le Village_, _Le Luth_, and _Les Courtilles_. Two highways converge in Gennevilliers, the _A15_ and _A86_.

## Twin town

- England : Wirral.
- Germany : Bergkamen.
- Italy : Imola
- Palestine : al-Bireh
- Poland : Ostrowiec
- Spain : La Bañeza.
Renault Master

The **Renault Master** is a series of light trucks and minibuses produced by French manufacturer Renault from 1980 to present.

Opel and Vauxhall did make the same vehicle until 2022 but with different names, the names are: **Opel Movano** and **Vauxhall Movano**. These names were later reused in 2022 for a rebadged Fiat Ducato.

Heavier duty models of the Master were also sold by Renault Trucks as the **B series**, later as the **Messenger** and the **Mascott**.

## Infobox (automobile)

- **name**: Renault Master
- **image**: Renault_Master_IV_DSC_7143.jpg
- **manufacturer**: Renault
- **production**: 1980–present
- **predecessor**: Renault Super Goélette, Saviem SG3
Dodge 50 Series, Renault 50 series (B series/Messenger)
Nissan Trade
- **successor**: Fiat Ducato, Fiat-based Opel/Vauxhall Movano (for Opel and Vauxhall models)
Renault Maxity (Mascott)
- **sp**: uk
Cumberland Gap National Historical Park

**Cumberland Gap National Historical Park** (est. June 11, 1940) is a United States National Historical Park at the borders Kentucky, Tennessee, and Virginia.  The park covers . It includes a visitors' center, museum, and gift shop.

The Cumberland Gap is a large natural break in the Appalachian Mountains. Historically, the gap was fertile hunting ground used by Native Americans. About 1775, it became the main route for settlers moving west into Kentucky.  Between 1775 and 1810 as many as 300,000 settlers may have used the gap. Tours are led to the park's Hensley Settlement, an early 20th century Kentucky mountain community, and trips are made to Gap Cave which was once used for shelter by traveling Indians and settlers. Appalachian music festivals and concerts are held in the park.

## Other websites

- Cumberland Gap National Historical Park
- Cumberland Gap  at American Byways
- Guide to records (administrative files) from the Cumberland Gap National Historical Park
Britain's Next Top Model, Cycle 2

***Britain's Next Top Model, Cycle 2*** is the second season of _Britain's Next Top Model_. This cycle includes 13 contestants. The winner was 18-year old Lianna Fowler from Derby, England.

## Contestants

(In alphabetical order)

- Abigail Clancy
- Amber Niemann
- Asha Hibbert
- Georgina Edewor-Thorley
- Jasmia Robinson
- Lianna Fowler
- Lucy Flower
- Nina Malone
- Samantha Gerrard
- Sarah Butler
- Sophia Price
- Tamar Higgs
- Yvette Stubbs

## Prizes

- A modeling contract with Models 1
- A campaign in Ford Fiesta
- A cover & spread in Company Magazine

## Episodes

1.
- Best: Sarah Butler
- Worst: Jasmia Robinson & Yvette Stubbs
- Eliminated: Yvette Stubbs

2.
- Best: Sophia Price
- Worst: Nina Malone & Lianna Fowler
- Eliminated: Nina Malone

3.
- Best: Abbey Clancy
- Worst: Asha Hibbert & Amber Niemann
- Eliminated: Asha Hibbert

4.
- Best: Sarah Butler
- Worst: Lucy Flower & Tamar Higgs
- Eliminated: Lucy Flower

5.
- Best: Lianna Fowler
- Worst: Abbey Clancy & Sophia Price
- Eliminated: Sophia Price

6.
- Best: Tamar Higgs
- Worst: Sarah Butler & Samantha Gerrard
- Eliminated: Samantha Gerrard

7.
- Best: Jasmia Robinson
- Worst/Eliminated: Georgina Edewor-Thorley & Tamar Higgs

8.
- Best: Amber Niemann
- Worst: Sarah Butler & Lianna Fowler
- Eliminated: Sarah Butler

9.
- Best: Jasmia Robinson
- Worst: Amber Niemann & Lianna Fowler
- Eliminated: Amber Niemann

10.
- Best: Lianna Fowler
- Worst: Abbey Clancy & Jasmia Robinson
- Eliminated: Jasmia Robinson

- Final Two: Abbey Clancy & Lianna Fowler
- Winner: Lianna Fowler
Italophilia

**Italophilia** is the admiration, general appreciation or love of Italy, its culture, society, arts and people. It is often related to the emulation of Italy's ideals and civilization.

## Characteristics

The term is used in two basic contexts: in international politics and in cultural context.

"Italophilia", "Italophile", and "Italophilic" are the terms used to denote pro-Italian sentiments, usually in politics and literature.

A huge italophilia started to develop in Europe during the centuries of the Italian Renaissance.

Actually one of the main reasons of Italophilia in the world is that Italy is home to more World Heritage Sites than any other nation in the world. These sites are culturally important and value according to UNESCO. Indeed about 60% of the works of art of the world are in Italy.

Another reason is the worlwide appreciation for Italian culinary and foods. Italy is also a big wine producer. In 2005 it made over 5 million tonnes, and many italian wines are very famous in the world, like the "Chianti".

Indeed in the American countries with a huge Italian emigration in the last centuries, there it is a widespread italophilia: Argentina, Brasil, Uruguay, Venezuela, Canada and the USA have millions of Italian descendants who promote in their society the love and appreciation for Italy.

Actually Giorgio Silvestri (director of the "Assemblea legislativa della Liguria") has calculated that there are nearly 250 million italophiles in the world.

## Bibliography

- Barzini, Luigi. _The Italians_. Hamilton. London, 1987
- Sells, Lytton. _The Italian influence in English Poetry_ Allen &Unwin ed. London, 1955

## Related pages

- Italy
- Italians
DeWitt Clinton

**DeWitt Clinton** (March 2, 1769 – February 11, 1828) was an early American politician.

Clinton was born in Little Britain, New York. He married Maria Franklin in 1796. They had ten children, but only three survived. She died in 1818, and Clinton was then married Catharine Jones from 1819 to his death. His son, George William Clinton, served as mayor of Buffalo, New York.

He graduated in law from Columbia University in 1790. From 1790 to 1795, he served as private secretary to his uncle, George Clinton.

He served in the New York State Assembly (1797–1798) and the New York State Senate (1798–1802), the US Senate (1802–1803), and ten terms as mayor of New York City (1803–1815). As mayor, he promoted public education, city planning, public sanitation, and relief for the poor.

Clinton also held office as state senator (1806–1811) and lieutenant governor (1811–1813). From 1810 to 1824, he served as New York Canal Commissioner. In 1812, he lost the race for president of the United States to James Madison. He was the seventh governor of New York from 1817 to 1823 and the ninth governor from 1825 to 1829.

He supported a plan to build a canal through Upstate New York to connect the Eastern United States with the Midwest. He became such a strong supporter of the New York plan that his opponents, who thatought that it was a waste of money, called it "Clinton's Ditch." He is sometimes known as the "Father of the Erie Canal."

Clinton died from heart failure in Albany, New York, at the age of 58.

## References

- DeWitt Clinton
- New Netherland Institute: DeWitt Clinton
TV Azteca

**TV Azteca**, is a Mexican multimedia conglomerate owned by Grupo Salinas. It is the second-largest mass media company in Mexico after Televisa. As of 2017, it competes in Mexico with Televisa.

It operates two television networks in Mexico: Azteca 7 and Azteca Uno. It also operates repeaters and affiliate stations in most major and minor cities.

## History

In the 1990s, during the presidency of Carlos Salinas de Gortari, several companies were privatized, including Imevisión (Spanish: _Instituto Mexicano de Televisión_; English _Mexican Television Institute_), which owned two channels (Red Nacional 7 and Red Nacional 13), which after its privatization, it would be renamed _Televisión Azteca, S.A de C.V_ (except Canal 22 would pass under the power of Conaculta).

## Other websites

- TVAzteca.com

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: TV Azteca, S.A.B. de C.V.
- **logo**: Logotipo de TV Azteca.png
- **type**: S.A. (corporation), Sociedad Anónima Bursátil de Capital Variable
- **traded as**:

- **predecessor**: Imevisión (1983-1993)
- **founder**: Ricardo Salinas Pliego
- **location city**: Mexico City
- **location country**: Mexico
- **area served**: Worldwide
- **key people**: (CEO);</br>Benjamín Salinas Sada</br>(President (corporate title), President);</br>Ricardo Salinas Pliego
- **industry**: Mass media
- **products**: Television broadcasting, radio and multimedia
- **revenue**: United States dollar, US$ 3900million <small>(2012)</small>
- **net income**: United States dollar, US$ 1850 million <small>(2012)</small>
- **num employees**: 6,000
- **parent**: Grupo Salinas
Dulwich College

**Dulwich College** is a boarding school for boys aged 718 in Dulwich in south London. It is one of the largest fee-paying schools in England. It was started in 1619 by Edward Alleyn. In 2013 88% of students got 100% A*/A in their A Levels. It is a member of the Eton Group.

Amongst the many famous pupils was Joseph Bazalgette, who cleaned the London water supply, and was knighted in 1875.

## Other websites

- Dulwich College website