Michel Foucault

**Michel Foucault** (October 15, 1926 – June 25, 1984) was a French philosopher and historian. He wrote about many topics, and influenced many other thinkers.

Foucault studied institutions such as psychiatric wards, hospitals, schools, and prisons, to figure out how they affected the people living in them. He was gay. He also studied the history of sexuality and, later in his life, wrote about homosexuality.

He is often called a postmodernist or post-structuralist philosopher. Some philosophers claim that some of his ideas were influenced by existentialism. However, Foucault rejected all of these labels.

## Early life

Foucault was born in 1926 in Poitiers, France. His father, Paul Foucault, was a surgeon. He attended the Jesuit Collège Saint-Stanislas. After World War II Foucault studied at the École Normale Supérieure. While attending university, he became depressed, and tried to kill himself.

Foucault became very interested in psychology. He got a degree in philosophy and a degree in psychology. Foucault joined the French Communist Party from 1950 to 1953. He left the Communist Party because he was upset about all of the people that Stalin was killing in the Soviet Union.

## University professor

In the early 1950s, he taught at the École Normale. Then he began teaching psychology at the University of Lille. In 1954 Foucault published his first book, _Maladie mentale et personnalité_. In the mid-1950s, he worked at Warsaw University and at the University of Hamburg.

He returned to France in 1960 to become a philosophy professor at the University of Clermont-Ferrand. In the mid-1960s, Foucault moved with his boyfriend to Tunis (in North Africa), and got a job teaching at the University of Tunis. In 1966 he published _Les Mots et les choses_ (The Order of Things), which was very popular. In 1968 he returned to France, where he published _L'archéologie du savoir_ (The Archaeology of Knowledge).

In the late 1960s, after France had huge student protests and riots, the French government created a new experimental university at Vincennes. Foucault became the first head of its philosophy department. Foucault joined students in occupying administration buildings and fighting with police.

In 1970, Foucault became a Professor of the History of Systems of Thought at the Collège de France. His political involvement now increased. His male lover Defert joined the ultra-Maoist Gauche Proletarienne. Foucault then wrote _Surveiller et Punir_ (Discipline and Punish), about prisons and schools.

## Final years

In the late 1970s, Foucault wrote books about the history of sexuality. Foucault began to spend more time in the United States, at the University at Buffalo. In 1978, Foucault toured Iran to support the new revolutionary Islamic government. Foucault died of an AIDS-related illness in Paris on 26 June 1984.

## Translated writings

The major collections of Foucault's writing translated into English are:

- _Language, counter-memory, practice,_, which was edited by Donald F. Bouchard (1977)
- _Power/Knowledge,_, which was edited by Colin Gordon (1980)
- _The Foucault Reader,_ edited by Paul Rabinow (1984)
- _Politics, Philosophy, Culture,_ edited by Lawrence D. Kritzman (1988)
- _Foucault Live_ (2nd Ed.), edited by Sylvère Lotringer (1996)
- _The Politics of Truth_, edited by Sylvère Lotringer (1997)
- _ Ethics : subjectivity and truth_ (Essential Works Vol. 1), edited by Paul Rabinow (1997)
- _Aesthetics, Method, Epistemology_ (Essential Works Vol.2), edited by James D. Faubion (1998)
- _ Power_ (Essential Works Vol. 3), edited by James D. Faubion (2000)
- _The Essential Foucault,_ edited by Paul Rabinow and Nikolas Rose (2003)

## Infobox (philosopher)

- **region**: Western philosophy
- **era**: 20th-century philosophy
- **image**: Michel Foucault 1974 Brasil.jpg
- **caption**: Foucault in 1974
- **birth name**: Paul-Michel Foucault
- **birth date**: 15 October 1926
- **birth place**: Poitiers, France
- **death place**: Paris, France
- **partner**: Daniel Defert
- **doctoral advisor**: Georges Canguilhem
- **main interests**: Ethics, historical epistemology, history of ideas, philosophy of literature, philosophy of technology, political philosophy
- **notable ideas**: Biopower (biopolitics), disciplinary institution, Foucauldian discourse analysis, discourse analysis, discursive formation, _dispositif_, _Episteme#Michel Foucault, épistémè_, "Archaeology of knowledge, archaeology", "Genealogy (philosophy), genealogy", governmentality, Heterotopia (space), heterotopia, gaze, limit-experience, power-knowledge, panopticism, Assujettissement, subjectivation (_assujettissement_), _parrhesia_, _#epimeleia heautou, epimeleia heautou_, _visibilités_