juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Al-Badr (East Pakistan)

**Al-Badar** (আল বদর) was a paramilitary force formed in East Pakistan in 1971 by the national Pakistan Army.

**Al-Badar** means **The Battlefield of Badar**.  The politics of the force were intermingled with jihad, the religious war or holy war of Muhammad 1400 years earlier.  However, the war between Pakistan and Bengali separatists was a nationalistic war, not a religious one.

## Background

On March 27, 1971, after beginning the Pakistani Civil War, Pakistani military forces needed military support from Bengali nationalists supporters who still wanted to be part of Pakistan, or did not like Indian involvement in the movement; as well as the non-Bengali muhajirs in order to abolish the independence fighters of Bangladesh, the Mukti Bahini, Hemayet Bahini and Kaderiya Bahini.

The **Al Badar** were formed to find these independence fighters and to be guides as well as co-fighters who were familiar with the local terrain.  The force was composed of madrasa students and teachers, Bengali supporters of Muslim League and Jamaat E Islami, and _muhajirs_ coming from non-Bengali part of India.

There were three type of Paramilitary forces Pakistan formed,

**1.Razakars:** refuges who were came from other parts of India during separation of India and Pakistan, and settled in East Pakistan.

**2. Al-Badar:** Bengali Muslim Students from Colleges, universities and madrasah, who were loyal to Jamat-e-islami.
**3. Al-Shams:** Bengali Madrasah Students, teachers & supporters of Islamic parties other than Jamat-E-Islami (these smaller parties included Nejam-e-Islami and various factions of Muslim League).

Al-Badar was a very organized par military force among those three forces, with their own hierarchy of organization and reporting system.

## Tasks

The Al Badar were given a variety of combat and non-combat tasks including:
- Taking part in the operations
- Spying against Mukti Bahini
- Interrogation
- Working as the guides of the regular army
- Assassination
- Finding and killing Mukti Bahini soldiers
- Providing supply line to front army

## Abolition

On 16 December 1971, Pakistan unconditionally surrendered. Members of Al-Badr, along with other Razakars, Al-Shams, and Shanti Committee also surrendered to the Mitro Bahini's. As they all were Bengali it was supposed that Bangladesh would treat them as an opposition party, that is they would arrest them and treat them as prisoners of war. However most of them were tortured, killed by Mukti Bahini, or forced into exile from Bangladesh.
All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference

The **All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference** is a  political party in Azad Jammu and Kashmir.

## Overview

In 1932 Pro-Congress Sheikh Abdullah formed Kashmir's first political party,  in Srinagar, the All Jammu & Kashmir Muslim Conference, with a demand for merger of Kashmir and Jammu with British India. His party was renamed the National Conference in 1939 to suite the secular nature of Kashmiri culture. The All Jammu and Kashmir National Conference, led by Sheikh Mohammed Abdullah, had a secular ideology and wished to create a secular, democratic but independent Kashmir with close ties to British India.

When the All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference was converted into a secular political party in 1939, the Muslim leaders amended the Constitution of the Muslim Conference, renamed it the All Jammu and Kashmir National Conference, modified its objectives and opened its membership to all the people of the State. On 13 June 1941, the breakaway factions of the National Conference revived the  Muslim Conference under the leadership of Choudry Ghualm Abbas.

The All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference led the Muslim movement for accession into Pakistan. On July 19, 1947, a convention of All Jammu & Kashmir Muslim Conference, adopted the "Accession to Pakistan Resolution" demanding accession of the Kashmir state to Pakistan.

Since 1948 the All-Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference has been the political party in power in Jammu and Kashmir.

## Presidents of All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference

1. Sheikh Muhammad Abdullah (deceased)
1. Rais-ul-Ahrar Quaid e Millat Chaudhary Ghulam Abbas (deceased)
1. Syed Aziz Badshah of Khanyara Sharif Dadyal
1. Agha Syed Hussain Shah Jalali (deceased)
1. Mir Waiz Kashmir Muhammad Yousuf Shah (deceased)
1. Sardar Mohammad Abdul Qayyum Khan
1. Sardar Muhammad Ibrahim Khan (deceased)
1. Raja Muhammad Haider Khan (deceased)
1. Sardar Sikandar Hayat Khan
1. Sardar Attique Ahmed Khan

## Infobox (political party)

- **name**: All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference
- **native name**: آل جموں و کشمیر مسلم کانفرنس
- **native name lang**: ur
- **abbreviation**: AJKMC, MC
- **flag**: Flag of the All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference.png
- **colorcode**: #f4a460
- **president**: Attique Ahmed Khan, Sardar Attique Ahmed Khan
- **leader2 title**: Senior Vice President
- **leader2 name**: Sardar Altaf Hussain Khan
- **secretary general**: Madam Mehrun-Nissa
- **founder**: Sheikh Muhammad Abdullah and Chaudhry Ghulam Abbas
- **split**: Jammu & Kashmir National Conference
- **headquarters**: Muzaffarabad
- **ideology**: Islamic democracy
Kashmiriyat
Pakistani nationalism
Kashmir Political union, unification with Pakistan
- **colors**: Orange (colour), Orange
- **seats4 title**: Azad Jammu & Kashmir Legislative Assembly, AJK Assembly
- **country**: Pakistan
Pinworm

**Pinworm** is an intestinal infection caused by tiny parasitic worms. One of the most common roundworm infections, pinworm infections affect millions of people each year, particularly children.
Cornish nationalism

The **Cornish self-government movement** (sometimes referred to as **Cornish nationalism**) is a social movement which seeks greater autonomy for  Cornwall. The movement says that Cornwall is not just a county of England (which is its current status) but a duchy and a distinctive British nation which has never been formally incorporated into England by an Act of Union. Supporters of Cornish self-government who say that Cornwall is, or ought to be, a separate legal entity from England do not necessarily mean to advocate full independence from the United Kingdom,. They want official recognition for Cornwall as one of the  home nations of the UK.

Some supporters of Cornish self-government question the legitimacy of English rule in Cornwall, due to the failure of the Parliament of England to pass an Act of Union. Their claims are not generally recognised. Some people are supportive of the Cornish Assembly Campaign. The Cornish National Party  is a social democratic political party in Cornwall to which some Cornish nationalists belong. It wanted Cornish independence from the United Kingdom.  it split from Mebyon Kernow, the other Cornish political party in 1975.
Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing

**Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing** is a technology related to Frequency Division Multiplexing. With it, many different signals can be sent over the same medium, at the same time. Each signal uses a different basis function. By using the basis function given, the sender and recipient will then see _their_ signal better, the other signals will be clearly separated.

### Advantages

- Can adapt easily to bad channels (noisy,etc.)
- Robust against crosstalk between channels that are close together.
- Robust against Intersymbol interference (ISI) and fading caused by multipath propagation
- High spectral efficiency
- There are good implementations available
- Few problems with errors that come from time synchornization
- Tuned sub-channel receiver filters are not required (unlike conventional FDM)
- Facilitates Single Frequency Networks, _i.e._ transmitter macrodiversity.

### Disadvantages

- Problems with Doppler shift.
- Synchronizing frequencies can be problematic
- Sensitive to frequency synchronization problems.
- High peak-to-average-power ratio (PAPR). This needs linear transmission circuits; they need a lot of power.
- Loss of efficiency caused by Cyclic prefix/Guard interval

## Uses

Many technologies use OFDM. Among them are:
- ADSL and VDSL
- Power line communication
- Wireless LAN, namely 802.11a,g, and n, and HiperLAN/2 (802.11b uses Direct-sequence spread spectrum)
- 4G LTE mobile networks use OFDMA (OFDM multi-users variant)
- Some Digital radio systems
- Some Digital TV systems, most notably DVB-T
Calculator

A **calculator** is a machine which allows people to do math operations more easily. For example, most calculators will add, subtract, multiply, and divide. Some also do square roots, and more complex calculators can help with calculus and draw function graphs. Smartphones and computers usually have a calculator app.

Some calculators, like the abacus, will work without electricity. Others, like the electronic calculator, use batteries. A printing calculator can print its results on paper.

## Pocket calculator

A pocket calculator is a small calculator that helps people do arithmetic. It is so small that it can be put in a pocket. Its most common use is for addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.  Many pocket calculators are powered by solar cells. They are commonly seen in schools and businesses and can be used quickly and efficiently for simple mathematical problems. Other names are 'miniature calculator' or 'mini calculator'.

## Scientific calculator

A scientific calculator can do more things. It can often use exponents (or powers or indices), pi, trigonometric ratios, and the order of operations. Scientific calculators can also use bigger numbers. They tend to cost more than pocket calculators. Many are also programmable. The user can make a program directly with the calculator, or transfer one from a computer.

## Related pages

- Graphing calculator
- Abacus
- Concrete Calculator
- Scientific calculators
John Gilbert

People with the name **"John Gilbert"**:

- John Gilbert (naturalist) (1812—1845), English naturalist and explorer in Australia
- John Gilbert (bushranger) (1842—1865), a famous Australian bushranger and member of Ben Hall's gang
- John Gilbert (actor) (1899—1936), American actor
Racibórz

**Racibórz** is a city in Southern Poland in the Silesian Voivodeship. 56,272 people live there and it is  large.
2 World Trade Center

**2 World Trade Center** (also known as **200 Greenwich Street**) is a planned skyscraper as part of the planned rebuilding of the new World Trade Center in Lower Manhattan. It will replace the original 2 World Trade Center, which was built in 1972 and destroyed during the September 11 attacks in 2001. The new building will stand on the place where the original 5 World Trade Center was. As of 2013, the building rose  up into the air. In 2013, construction was halted as tenants had not been found yet.

## Infobox (building)

- **name**: 2 World Trade Center
- **native name**: 200 Greenwich Street
- **status**: Under construction
- **image**: File:Two World Trade Center photomontage, Memorial view 2.jpg
- **location**: 200 Greenwich Street (Manhattan), Greenwich Street, Manhattan, New York (state), New York 10007
- **location country**: United States
- **start date**: November 10, 2008
- **stop date**: Interrupted In 2013
- **completion date**: Conclusion in 2024
- **destruction date**: September 11, 2001 attacks
- **architect**: Bjarke Ingels Group
- **owner**: Port Authority of New York and New Jersey
- **floor area**: 2,800,000 sq ft (260,000 m²)
- **floor count**: 81 floors
- **building type**: Commercial building
- **architectural style**: Neomodern
- **architecture firm**: Adamson Associates Architects
- **structural engineer**: WSP Group WSP Cantor Seinuk
- **services engineer**: Van Deusen & Associates
- **image caption**: Image of 2 World Trade Center Under construction
- **developer**: Silverstein Properties
- **engineer**: Jaros Baum & Bolles
Beekeeper

A **beekeeper** is a person who farms bees either for pollinating plants or for the collection of their honey. The main job of a beekeeper is to monitor bees, maintain beehives, split colonies, and remove vermin and parasites from hives.
Microsoft Bob

**Microsoft Bob** is a computer program that was made by Microsoft. It was created to make Microsoft Windows easier and better for old people to use. The main character of the program was a cartoon styled dog named Rover. Microsoft Bob looks like a house that the user can move around in. This makes it good for both old and young people, because it will be familiar. The user's computer programs can be moved around the room to look like things in the house, like calendars, pictures and clocks.

## History

Microsoft Bob was released in March 1995 (before Windows 95 was released), although it had been widely made public before to that date under the codename "Utopia" and featuring a dog named "Rover".

## Gateway 2000 Edition

A version of Microsoft Bob came with a computer called Gateway 2000 around 1995. It has the Gateway logo on the login screen of Microsoft Bob. It has more rooms and backgrounds that where not in the normal version, like the attic for example. It has a Gateway 2000 computer in the attic. Also, more icons appear in rooms already included.

## Other websites

- Microsoft Bob Review
- Information about Microsoft Bob version 1.0 for Windows
- The GUI Gallery: Microsoft Bob' Examining Bob in the context of other graphical user interfaces
- A short computing history (story and slideshow) of Bobs from Microsoft Bob to Bob Metcalfe to Alice & Bob.
- A more in-depth article about Microsoft Bob
- Modern Microsoft Bob Support

## Infobox (software)

- **developer**: Microsoft
- **latest release version**: 1.00a
- **status**: Discontinued
- **operating system**: Windows 3.1, Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows XP, XP
- **genre**: GUI
- **license**: Proprietary software, Proprietary
Torquay United F.C.

**Torquay United F.C.** is an English football team currently playing in League Two of the English Football League. They play at the Plainmoor ground in Torquay in the county of Devon. The club was formed in 1899 when two other soccer teams, Torquay Town and Babbacombe FC merged to create one club. The team has never been higher than the third tier of the English Football League. In 2007 they were relegated from the Footall League to the Nationwide Conference for the first time in their history but were promoted back to League Two in 2009 when they beat Cambridge Utd in the Conference Play off final at Wembley Stadium.

## References

- Official site
Punk blues

**Punk blues** is a genre of music which mixes elements of Punk rock with Blues-rock. It is considered a type of Underground Music as it has not yet achieved mainstream popularity on radio and television and through sales of music. It is most popular in the United States. An example of a Punk blues band is the Imortal Lee County Killers and the Gun Club. One artist who may be considered to have been a big influence on this genre is Captain Beefheart.

## References

- http://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/d13419
Hangzhou

**Hangzhou** (, also transliterated as **Hangchow**) is the capital city of Zhejiang province in eastern China. It is considered as one of China's most renowned and beautiful historic cities. The top tourist site in Hangzhou is the West Lake, where stands by a Leifeng Pagoda with a famous moving "White Snake Legend".

Tianmu Mountain is nearby.

In 2016, Hangzhou hosted the eleventh G20 summit. In 2022, Hangzhou will host the 2022 Asian Games. It will be the third city in China to host the Asian Games after Beijing 1990 and Guangzhou 2010.

## Other websites

- Hangzhou official page
West Lake

The **West Lake** (西湖) is a famous fresh water historic lake in the center in Hangzhou. It is known for its natural scenery and for the many historic and cultural sites, such as temples and gardens.
Huron River (Michigan)

The **Huron River** is in southeastern Michigan, starting in the Huron Swamp in Indian Springs Metropark in northern Oakland County and ending in Lake Erie.

## Infobox (river)

- **name**: Huron River
- **image**: Riverside Park 693.jpg
- **image caption**: Huron River in Ypsilanti
- **source1 location**: Huron Swamp south of Andersonville, Michigan
- **mouth location**: Lake Erie southeast of Rockwood, Michigan
- **subdivision type1**: Country
- **subdivision name1**: United States
- **map**: Huron River Michigan map.png
- **map caption**: A map of the Huron River and its watershed.
Academic Ranking of World Universities

The **Academic Ranking of World Universities** (**ARWU**), commonly called the **Shanghai ranking**, is a list of the world's best universities made by Shanghai Jiao Tong University. The rankings have been made since 2003 and they are updated each year. As of 2012, Harvard University remains top. The ranking is used by the Chinese to compare other colleges and universities to their own universities.

The ranking uses a special formula to determine how to rank universities. It uses such things as how many Nobel Prizes university people have won and how many papers university scientists have published in the journals Science and Nature. Over 1,200 universities are ranked.
College and university rankings

**College and university rankings** are lists of universities and colleges in an order made by any number of factors. Rankings can be based on "quality," or on some combination of data or numbers.
Tolerance

**Tolerance** might mean **toleration**,  treating everyone the same, even if your opinions are different to each others , or your race, religion, or practices are.

**Tolerance** may also refer to:

- Engineering tolerance
- Drug tolerance
- Alcohol tolerance
- Pain tolerance
Cow tipping

**Cow tipping** is the myth of tipping over a cow.  Cows do not sleep standing up, so cow tipping does not happen. The British media Times Online has posted a document of the force needed to push over a cow.
Sojourner Truth

**Sojourner Truth** (about 1797 – November 26, 1883) was one of the first abolitionists and activists for women's rights. She was born as a slave, but escaped from slavery in 1826. She was born **Isabella Baumfree,** but renamed herself to 'Sojourner Truth' when she was 46 and announced she would travel to work against injustice.The name Sojourner Truth translates as itinerant preacher. She is one of the most widely known African American women of the 19<sup>th</sup> century. Her freedom was linked with the passage of a New-York State Law in 1799 that began the process of gradual emancipation.

She lectured widely on the cruelties she had experienced as a slave. She is best known for her "Ain't I a Woman?" speech, given at the Woman's Rights Convention of 1851. She also gave out speeches about abolishing slavery. Also, she became active in the Underground Railroad, helping blacks escape to freedom. She could only speak Dutch and at a young age soon learnt English. Sadly, she was beaten for not understanding the commands of her owners John and Sally Dumont. There is evidence that John beat her and Sally sexually abused her.

## Early Life

Isabella Baumfree (Sojourner Truth) was born into slavery around 1797 in Swartekill, New York. Sojourner was the daughter of James Baumfree and Elizabeth Baumfree. Her family’s slave owner was Colonel Hardenbergh. Sojourner was born a slave and did not know how to read or write because nobody taught slaves how to. Out of 13 children, she was the youngest. In the first three decades of her life she was the property of five owners.It is  In 1815 she dated fellow slave Thomas. Together they had 3 children. Her family was separated in 1806. In 1826 Isabella escaped to freedom with her infant daughter. Sojourner changed her name in 1843 from Isabella Baumfree to Sojourner Truth. She married and bore five children although only four of their names are known. She never learned to read or write and depended on others to take down her words while handling her correspondences.

Sojourner was the first African American to win a trial against a white man. This trial was about getting her son Peter back. This was a great accomplishment for African Americans. During the Civil War Belle told the people about the Woman's Right to vote and became friends with some other people, which one of them threaten that she would not support the issue.She campaigned for Republican Ulysses S. Grant. She was one of the prominent Americans that attempted to vote in the 1872 election but was refused the right to. She went on to support herself by selling copies of her book, “The Narrative of Sojourner Truth “. During that time, she was a Battle Creek resident and property owner. She spent the last few years of her life and died in Battle Creek, Michigan on November 26, 1883.
Quinkana

***Quinkana*** is an extinct genus of large land crocodile that reached up to 7 meters (23 feet) in length. It lived in Australia from 24 million years ago to 40,000 years ago.
Amaranth

**Amaranth** (_Amaranthus_ species) is a cosmopolitan genus of herbs. About 60 species are recognized, with flower clusters and foliage ranging from purple and red to gold.

Although several species are often considered weeds, people around the world value amaranths as leaf vegetables, cereals, and ornamentals.

## Related pages

- Amaranth (color)
Instant-runoff voting

**Instant runoff voting** is a method of electing one political candidate to office from a list of more than two, but it can also be used for other group decisions. Voters rank the candidates from favorite to least favorite, with only their top choices being counted each time. Ballots are counted, and a series of simulated rounds is conducted. If no candidate has a majority of the votes in any round, the candidate with the fewest votes is eliminated, and those voters' next choice votes are then counted. This is repeated until a candidate has a majority.

Instant runoff voting has been used in Australia's lower house for more than 80 years. That house is strongly dominated by two parties. It has also been used to elect mayors in some cities in the United States. Voter turn out is typically the same as with plurality voting.

Proponents believe instant runoff voting allows them to vote for their first choice candidate and still help the lessor of evils if the first choice is eliminated. They believe Instant Runoff Voting to be the only way let voters vote their true intentions and undermine the two-party system. By having more candidates on the ballot, incumbents are more likely to be kicked out of office.

Opponents argue that if at least three candidates have a chance of winning, voting for one's favorite could cause a compromise candidate to lose in the first round. Their favorite might then lose against the least preferred candidate in the second round. Voters' votes cannot be transferred to their second choice if their second choice is eliminated before their first choice is. Voters often use their first choice vote for a compromise vote, the same as with plurality.

While theoretically simple, instant runoff voting often requires computers because the rankings on each ballot matter for determining the elimination order and can not be counted in aggregate. Opponents of Instant runoff voting often oppose computer counting of ballots, since it is difficult for ordinary citizens to count the ballots by hand and catch any fraud. The fact that a candidate has fewer votes does not mean the candidate is less popular but that the candidate was squeezed out on both sides of the political spectrum. Instant runoff voting can eliminate centrists in the last elimination.
Harrier Jump Jet

The **Harrier Jump Jet**, usually called the **Harrier**, is a British-designed military aeroplane. It was designed during the 1960s. The Harrier is well known as it can take off vertically.  It can do this by changing the direction of thrust from its engines. It is sometimes called **V/STOL**, which means "Vertical/Short Takeoff and Landing". It can carry heavier loads with a short takeoff than with a vertical one.

## Development

In 1967, the Bristol Engine Company proposed the radical idea of a vectored thrust engine. Next, Hawker Aircraft designed an aeroplane that could meet the NATO specification for a "light tactical support fighter". There was no financial support for the development from HM Treasury, but support was found from NATO.

A prototype flew in 1960. Various changes were made and several preliminary versions flew including the "Kestrel" and the first Harriers flew for the RAF and Royal Navy in 1969. The planes were built in both Britain and the United States. They were redeveloped and manufactured by British Aerospace and McDonnell Douglas, companies which are now owned by BAE Systems and Boeing, respectively. At present the Boeing/BAE Systems AV-8B Harrier II is used by NATO countries such as the United States, Spain and Italy. A modified version, the BAE Systems/Boeing Harrier II is used by the Royal Air Force and the Royal Navy.

Between 1969 and 2003, 824 Harrier variants were delivered. Manufacture of new Harriers ended in 1997. The last remanufactured aircraft (Harrier II Plus configuration) was delivered in December 2003. This ended the Harrier production line.

## Users

The Harrier is used by many military forces. The United States Marine Corps and the Royal Air Force (RAF) use versions which are specially designed for taking off and landing on aircraft carriers. Other countries which use the Harrier include Thailand and India.

In 2006, the RAF introduced a new version of the Harrier, the GR/9.  This is an updated version of the previous version, the GR/7.  It has a top speed of 574 knots.

The Harrier was used heavily during the Falklands War. Harriers flew a total of 1,561 sorties, shot down 20 enemy planes (+ 3 probables) with 10 Harriers lost. Of the ten lost, six were shot down; the others were damaged in accidents on the carrier. The Sea Harriers made the Argentine Air Force much less effective than they hoped to be.

## Equipment

The Harrier can carry different equipment for each mission.  It can carry missiles and bombs.  It can also carry cameras to take pictures of the ground.
Valentina Matviyenko

**Valentina Ivanovna Matviyenko** (née Tyutina,  born 7 April 1949), is a Russian politician who was Governor of Saint Petersburg from 2003 to 2011. She is Chairman of the Federation Council since 2011. She is the highest-ranking female politician in Russia.

## Other websites

- Valentina Matvienko is in Lentapedii
Handley Page Victor

The **Handley Page Victor** was a bomber aircraft that was used by the Royal Air Force.  It was one of the V bombers and was used as part of the nuclear deterrent during the Cold War.
Vickers Valiant

The **Vickers Valiant** was a bomber aircraft that was used by the Royal Air Force.  It was one of the V bombers and was used as part of the nuclear deterrent during the Cold War.
Nuclear deterrent

A **nuclear deterrent** is a phrase that means a country's nuclear weapons arsenal.  It means that other countries do not attack the country with the "deterrent" because they might be attacked back.
Avro Vulcan

The **Avro Vulcan** (also **Avro 698 Vulcan**) is a delta wing bomber aircraft.  It was part of the RAF V bombers which were used by the Royal Air Force as a nuclear deterrent during the Cold War.  The other aircraft in the V bombers were the Vickers and Valiant.  The Vulcan was also used for long-distance bombing runs during the Falklands War.

## Development

In 1947, the United Kingdom's Ministry of Defence said it needed a bomber aircraft that could fly a long way and very high.  It also needed to carry a lot of bombs.  The prototype Vulcan flew in 1948.  It crashed in 1949, but development carried on.  Over 100 aircraft were built between 1956 and 1965.

## Use

The crew of the Vulcan was made up of five people – two pilots, two navigators and one electronics officer.  The Vulcan was originally used as part of the United Kingdom's nuclear deterrent.  It carried the United Kingdom's first nuclear weapon, called _Blue Danube_.

The Vulcan was also used sometimes for reconnaissance.  It was retired from the Royal Air Force in 1984.

## Technical data (Vulcan B Mk.2)

|Data|Units|
| --- | --- |
|Years of production|1956-1965|
|Manufacturer|Avro|
|Wingspan|33,80 m|
|Length|30,40 m|
|Hight|8,20 m|
|Wing area|368,20 m²|
|Weight (empty)|- kg|
|Max takeoff weight|113.398 kg|
|Passangers|-|
|Crew|5|
|Speed|1038 km/h|
|Service ceiling|19.810 m|
|Range|7.400 km|
|Powerplants|4*Rolls-Royce Olympus 301 turbine|

## Other websites

- Vulcan To The Sky

## Infobox (aircraft begin)

- **name**: Avro Vulcan
- **image**: File:Avro Vulcan Bomber RAF.JPEG
- **caption**: A Vulcan B.2 of the RAF, 1985


## Infobox (aircraft type)

- **type**: Strategic bomber
- **national origin**: United Kingdom
- **manufacturer**: Avro
Hawker Siddeley Aviation
- **first flight**: 30 August 1952
- **introduction**: September 1956
- **retired**: March 1984 <small>(Royal Air Force)</small>
  October 2015 <small>(XH558)</small>
- **status**: Retired
- **primary user**: Royal Air Force
- **produced**: 1956–1965
- **number built**: 136 (including prototypes)
- **unit cost**: Pound sterling, £750,000 (1956)
- **variants with their own articles**: Avro Atlantic
Tony Gwynn

**Tony Gwynn** (May 9, 1960 - June 16, 2014) was an American baseball player. He was a Major League Baseball player for the San Diego Padres. He played from 1982 to 2001.
Gwynn was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 2007. His son, Tony Gwynn Jr, played in Major League Baseball, including for the Padres. He has a brother named Chris who played for the Los Angeles Dodgers and the Padres.

Gwynn died of salivary gland cancer in Poway, California.
Jon Lester

**Jonathan "Jon" Tyler Lester** (born January 7, 1984) is a pitcher for the Chicago Cubs. He previously played for the Boston Red Sox and the Oakland Athletics.

He was diagnosed with Non-Hodgkin lymphoma in 2006. He came back and made his first 2007 start. He started and also won the clinching game of the 2007 World Series against the Colorado Rockies. He threw a no-hitter on May 19, 2008.

## Infobox (mlb player)

- **name**: Jon Lester
- **image**: Jon Lester on June 29, 2009.jpg
- **width**: 300
- **caption**: Lester with the Red Sox in 2009
- **team**: Chicago Cubs
- **number**: 34
- **position**: Starting pitcher
- **birth place**: Tacoma, Washington
- **bats**: Left
- **throws**: Left
- **debutdate**: June 10
- **debutyear**: 2006
- **debutteam**: Boston Red Sox
- **statyear**: April 2, 2017
- **stat1label**: Win–loss record (pitching), Win–loss record
- **stat1value**: 146–84
- **stat2label**: Earned run average
- **stat2value**: 3.44
- **stat3label**: Strikeouts
- **stat3value**: 1,868
- **teams**: * Boston Red Sox (2006–2014)
* Oakland Athletics (2014)
* Chicago Cubs (2015–present)
Lon Chaney Jr.

**Lon Chaney, Jr.** (February 10, 1906 – July 12, 1973) was an American character actor. He was known mainly for his roles in horror movies and as the son of famous silent film actor Lon Chaney, Sr..

Chaney was born in Oklahoma. His family originally came from England, France and Ireland. When he began making movies in 1932, he was known by his original name Creighton Chaney, but starting in 1935 he used the name "Lon Chaney, Jr."

Chaney died in California of heart failure when he was 67 years old.

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: Money, Women and Guns - 09 - Lon Chaney Jr.jpg
- **caption**: Chaney in the trailer for _Money, Women and Guns_ (1958)
- **birth name**: Creighton Tull Chaney
- **birth place**: Oklahoma City, Oklahoma Territory, U.S.
- **death place**: San Clemente, California, U.S.
- **occupation**: Actor
- **years active**: 1931–1971
- **spouse**:

- **children**: 2
Hans Moleman

**Hans Moleman** is a character in The Simpsons. His voice is from Dan Castellaneta, and was first seen in the Simpsons short "Scary Movie". He is in a running gag, where he usually suffers bad, nearly always sad, events.

### Biography

Hans Moleman is the retconned name of the character. He looks old, but he claims to be only 31 years old, (in 1993's "Selma's Choice", his driver's license says he was born August 2, 1961, and in "Duffless", Moleman confessed his real age at an Alcoholics Anonymous meeting, implying that his ugly appearance has been caused by severe alcoholism) but Moleman was in the Springfield Retirement Home in Season 10's "The Old Man and the "C" Student". In the episode Little Girl in the Big Ten in season 13, he said he was eighty years old. He has cataracts and is almost completely blind (which has messed up his reading ability and has led to revokings of his driver's license over and over) and has used medical marijuana. He always has a brown cane, that once had a sword in it. In “Springfield’s Anthem”, it is revealed that Moleman was the previous mayor of Springfield and was the one to buy their anthem from a salesman who sold the song to other towns. When confronted, Moleman said he “never expected anyone to leave town” over the centuries of his life.

## References

de:Figuren aus Die Simpsons#Ralph Melish (Hans Maulwurf)

## Infobox (simpsons character)

- **name**: Hans Moleman
- **ullmanappearance**: "The Simpsons shorts#Scary Movie, Scary Movie" (1989)
- **appearance**: "Two Cars in Every Garage and Three Eyes on Every Fish" (1990)
Raja Bell

**Raja Bell** (born September 19, 1976 in Saint Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands) is an American former professional basketball player. He played parts of twelve seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played for the Philadelphia 76ers, Dallas Mavericks, Utah Jazz, Phoenix Suns, Charlotte Bobcats, and Golden State Warriors. He began his NBA career with the San Antonio Spurs on August 2, 2000 but did not play a game with them.

On February 13, 2014, Bell announced that he was retiring from playing professional basketball. Since retiring, Bell took a job to work on _The Ringer_ podcast.

He is married to his wife, Cindy Green and they have three sons.

## Other websites

- Raja Bell's NBA player profile
Folder (computing)

When talking about file systems, a **folder** (also called **directory**, or **catalog**) is a way to organize computer files. A folder is a storage space, or container, where many files can be placed into groups and organize the computer. A folder can also contain other folders. For many computer software applications, there is a **current working directory**. This is the folder that the application runs in. In Unix and Linux, a directory is a special type of file.

Folders can be put together to make a _filesystem_ and are laid out like a tree. The folders inside folders are like branches and sub-branches off the tree trunk. This idea is used by the software to allow the user to navigate the folders. A computer file, such as a spreadsheet or music file can only be in one folder directly. This folder, however, can be inside other folders. On some operating systems, shortcuts or links can be made from one folder to another to make it appear that one file or folder is contained in two different parent folders. On Unix systems, this is called a _symbolic link_, and is similar in function to a hyperlink.

Folders are inspired by a real-life item called a file folder.
Computer icon

An **icon**, when talked about in **computing**, is a picture which usually stands for a computer program, computer file,  folder, or an action for a program to do. Icons are usually small pictures, but not always. Sometimes the user can change what size an icon is.

## Use

Icons are used in many places on a computer. The desktop contains icons as **shortcuts** - clicking on these icons opens up the file, folder, or application that they stand for. For example, in Microsoft Windows the desktop will often have an icon for the Recycle Bin, and the icon usually looks like a trash can in the dextstop.

Shortcut icons also show up in other places such as folders and the start menu. These icons work the same as on the desktop.

Many computer programs use icons on _buttons_. When the user clicks on the button, something happens. For example, a button with an icon of a printer will usually help the user print what is currently open. While a button with a magnifying glass will let the user search for something.
Portulacaceae

**Portulacaceae** is a family of flowering plants, comprising about 20 genera with about 500 species, ranging from herbaceous plants to shrubs.
Tomonori Tateishi

**Tomonori Tateishi** (born 22 April 1974) is a Japanese football player.

## Club career statistics

|-
|1993||rowspan="5"|JEF United Ichihara||rowspan="5"|J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|1994||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|1995||10||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||10||0
|-
|1996||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|1997||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|1998||Avispa Fukuoka||J. League 1||3||0||0||0||0||0||3||0
|-
|1999||rowspan="6"|JEF United Ichihara||rowspan="6"|J. League 1||0||0||0||0||2||0||2||0
|-
|2000||5||0||0||0||1||0||6||0
|-
|2001||8||0||3||0||0||0||11||0
|-
|2002||8||0||1||0||2||0||11||0
|-
|2003||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2004||1||0||0||0||1||0||2||0
|-
|2005||rowspan="4"|JEF United Ichihara Chiba||rowspan="4"|J. League 1||12||0||1||0||6||0||19||0
|-
|2006||21||0||0||0||1||0||22||0
|-
|2007||26||0||0||0||2||0||28||0
|-
|2008||9||0||0||0||3||0||12||0
103||0||5||0||18||0||126||0
103||0||5||0||18||0||126||0
|}

## Other websites

- JEF United Chiba

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Tomonori Tateishi
- **fullname**: Tomonori Tateishi
- **birth place**: Chiba Prefecture, Chiba, Japan
- **position**: Goalkeeper (association football), Goalkeeper
- **years1**: 1993–2008
- **clubs1**: JEF United Chiba
- **caps1**: 103
- **goals1**: 0
- **years2**: 1998
- **clubs2**: →Avispa Fukuoka (loan)
- **caps2**: 3
- **goals2**: 0
- **totalcaps**: 106
- **totalgoals**: 0
Ilian Stoyanov

**Ilian Stoyanov** (; born 20 January 1977) is a former Bulgarian football defender.

## Club statistics

|colspan=3|Club performance|colspan=2|League|colspan=2|Cup|colspan=2|League Cup|colspan=2|Continental|colspan=2|Total|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1995–96|CSKA Sofia|Bulgarian A PFG|3|0|||-|||||
|1996–97|Velbazhd Kyustendil|17|0|||-||||||
|1997–98|27|1|||-|||||||
|1998–99|22|1|||-|||||||
|1999–00|22|1|||-|||||||
|2000–01|Levski Sofia|20|1|5|0|-|4|0|29|1||
|2001–02|25|0|5|0|-|7|0|37|0|||
|2002–03|19|1|8|0|-|7|0|34|1|||
|2003–04|18|0|0|0|-|7|0|25|0|||
|2004–05|8|0|1|0|-|3|0|12|0|||
|2005|JEF United Chiba|J1 League|30|1|2|0|8|0|-|40|1|
|2006|26|0|0|0|10|0|-|36|0|||
|2007|9|1|0|0|4|0|-|13|1|||
|2007|Sanfrecce Hiroshima|13|0|5|0|0|0|-|18|0||
|2008|J2 League|32|2|4|0|-|-|36|2|||
|2009|J1 League|23|4|0|0|3|1|-|26|5||
|2010|17|0|1|0|2|0|3|1|23|1||
|2011|Fagiano Okayama|J2 League|26|2|0|0|-|-|26|2||

## National team statistics

|colspan=3|Bulgaria national team||
| --- | --- | --- |
|1998|2|0|
|1999|5|0|
|2000|4|0|
|2001|2|0|
|2002|1|0|
|2003|5|0|
|2004|9|0|
|2005|3|0|
|2006|0|0|
|2007|0|0|
|2008|0|0|
|2009|6|0|
|2010|3|0|

## Honors

- Levski Sofia
- Bulgarian League – 2001, 2002
- Bulgarian Cup – 2002, 2003, 2005

- JEF United Chiba
- J.League Cup – 2005, 2006
- J. League Best Eleven – 2005

- Sanfrecce Hiroshima
- Xerox Super Cup – 2008
- J2 League – 2008

## References

- Sanfrecce Hiroshima

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Ilian Stoyanov
- **image**: Kapfenberg-sanfrecce hiroshima-20100620-ilian-stoyanov-5.jpg
- **image size**: 220px
- **caption**: Stoyanov with Sanfrecce Hiroshima in 2010
- **fullname**: Ilian Stoyanov
- **birth place**: Kyustendil, Bulgaria
- **position**: Defender (association football)#Centre-back, Centre-back, Defender (association football)#Left-back, Left-back
- **years1**: 1995–1996
- **years2**: 1996–2000
- **years3**: 2000–2005
- **years4**: 2005–2007
- **years5**: 2007–2010
- **years6**: 2011
- **clubs1**: PFC CSKA Sofia, CSKA Sofia
- **clubs2**: PFC Velbazhd Kyustendil, Velbazhd Kyustendil
- **clubs3**: PFC Levski Sofia, Levski Sofia
- **clubs4**: JEF United Chiba
- **clubs5**: Sanfrecce Hiroshima
- **clubs6**: Fagiano Okayama
- **caps1**: 3
- **goals1**: 0
- **caps2**: 88
- **goals2**: 3
- **caps3**: 90
- **goals3**: 2
- **caps4**: 65
- **goals4**: 2
- **caps5**: 85
- **goals5**: 6
- **caps6**: 26
- **goals6**: 2
- **totalcaps**: 357
- **totalgoals**: 15
- **nationalyears1**: 1998–2010
- **nationalteam1**: Bulgaria national football team, Bulgaria
- **nationalcaps1**: 40
- **nationalgoals1**: 0
Aron Winter

**Aron Winter** (born 1 March 1967) is a former Dutch football player. He has played for Netherlands national team.

## Club career statistics

|-
|1985–86||rowspan="7"|Ajax||rowspan="7"|Eredivisie||4||1
|-
|1986–87||28||8
|-
|1987–88||34||6
|-
|1988–89||27||6
|-
|1989–90||32||10
|-
|1990–91||32||6
|-
|1991–92||30||9

|-
|1992–93||rowspan="4"|Lazio||rowspan="4"|Serie A||30||6
|-
|1993–94||34||4
|-
|1994–95||29||5
|-
|1995–96||30||6
|-
|1996–97||rowspan="3"|Internazionale Milano||rowspan="3"|Serie A||24||0
|-
|1997–98||24||0
|-
|1998–99||28||1

|-
|1999–00||rowspan="2"|Ajax||rowspan="2"|Eredivisie||34||3
|-
|2000–01||17||1
|-
|2001–02||Sparta Rotterdam||Eredivisie||32||1
270||51
199||22
469||73
|}

## International career statistics

|-
|1987||5||0
|-
|1988||2||0
|-
|1989||4||0
|-
|1990||4||1
|-
|1991||3||0
|-
|1992||9||1
|-
|1993||6||0
|-
|1994||12||1
|-
|1995||7||1
|-
|1996||9||1
|-
|1997||6||1
|-
|1998||9||0
|-
|1999||3||0
|-
|2000||5||0
|-
!Total||84||6
|}

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Aron Winter
- **image**: Aron Winter 2013.jpg
- **caption**: Winter pictured in 2013
- **birth place**: Paramaribo, Suriname (Kingdom of the Netherlands), Suriname
- **height**: 1.76 m
- **position**: Defensive midfielder / Central midfielder
- **currentclub**: Suriname national football team, Suriname
- **youthyears1**: 1975–1978
- **youthclubs1**: VV Unicum
- **youthyears2**: 1978–1983
- **youthclubs2**: SV Lelystad
- **youthyears3**: 1983–1986
- **youthclubs3**: Ajax Youth Academy, Ajax
- **years1**: 1986–1992
- **caps1**: 187
- **goals1**: 46
- **clubs1**: AFC Ajax, Ajax
- **years2**: 1992–1996
- **caps2**: 123
- **goals2**: 21
- **clubs2**: SS Lazio, Lazio
- **years3**: 1996–1999
- **caps3**: 77
- **goals3**: 1
- **clubs3**: Inter Milan
- **years4**: 1999–2003
- **caps4**: 51
- **goals4**: 4
- **clubs4**: AFC Ajax, Ajax
- **years5**: 2001–2002
- **caps5**: 32
- **goals5**: 1
- **clubs5**: → Sparta Rotterdam (loan)
- **totalcaps**: 469
- **totalgoals**: 73
- **nationalyears1**: 1987–2000
- **nationalcaps1**: 84
- **nationalgoals1**: 6
- **nationalteam1**: Netherlands national football team, Netherlands
- **manageryears1**: 2005–2009
- **managerclubs1**: Jong Ajax, Ajax A1 (assistant)
- **manageryears2**: 2007–2009
- **managerclubs2**: Jong Ajax, Ajax A2
- **manageryears3**: 2011–2012
- **managerclubs3**: Toronto FC
- **manageryears4**: 2014–2016
- **managerclubs4**: Netherlands national under-19 football team, Netherlands U-19
- **manageryears5**: 2016–2017
- **managerclubs5**: Jong Ajax, Ajax (U-19)
- **manageryears6**: 2017–2019
- **managerclubs6**: AFC Ajax, Ajax (assistant)
- **manageryears7**: 2019–2021
- **managerclubs7**: Greece national football team, Greece (assistant)
- **manageryears8**: 2022–
- **managerclubs8**: Suriname national football team, Suriname
Ryo Kushino

**Ryo Kushino** (born 3 March 1979) is a Japanese football player. He plays for JEF United Ichihara Chiba.

## Club career statistics

|-
|1997||rowspan="8"|JEF United Ichihara||rowspan="8"|J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|1998||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|1999||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2000||14||0||3||0||1||0||18||0
|-
|2001||21||0||0||0||6||0||27||0
|-
|2002||23||0||3||0||5||0||31||0
|-
|2003||30||0||3||0||3||0||36||0
|-
|2004||29||0||1||0||6||0||36||0
|-
|2005||rowspan="2"|JEF United Ichihara Chiba||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||22||0||1||0||5||0||28||0
|-
|2006||0||0||0||0||8||0||8||0
|-
|2007||Nagoya Grampus Eight||J. League 1||6||0||0||0||0||0||6||0
|-
|2008||rowspan="3"|JEF United Ichihara Chiba||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||1||0||1||0||0||0||2||0
|-
|2009||11||0||0||0||2||0||13||0
|-
|2010||J. League 2||||||||||||||||
157||0||12||0||36||0||205||0
157||0||12||0||36||0||205||0
|}
Gabriel Popescu

**Gabriel Popescu** (born 25 December 1973) is a former Romanian football player. He has played for Romania national team.

## Club career statistics

|-
|1992/93||rowspan="3"|Electroputere Craiova||rowspan="3"|Divizia A||16||0||||||||||16||0
|-
|1993/94||33||0||||||||||33||0
|-
|1994/95||16||0||||||||||16||0
|-
|1994/95||rowspan="4"|Universitatea Craiova||rowspan="4"|Divizia A||15||1||||||||||15||1
|-
|1995/96||30||2||||||||||30||2
|-
|1996/97||29||7||||||||||29||7
|-
|1997/98||19||5||||||||||19||5

|-
|1997/98||Salamanca||La Liga||15||4||||||||||15||4
|-
|1998/99||Valencia||La Liga||25||1||||||||||25||1
|-
|1999/00||Numancia Soria||La Liga||7||1||||||||||7||1

|-
|1999/00||Dinamo Bucureşti||Divizia A||9||0||||||||||9||0
|-
|2000/01||rowspan="2"|Naţional Bucureşti||rowspan="2"|Divizia A||18||1||||||||||18||1
|-
|2001/02||29||4||||||||||29||4

|-
|2002||rowspan="3"|Suwon Samsung Bluewings||rowspan="3"|K-League||24||6||||||||||24||6
|-
|2003||31||6||||||||||31||6
|-
|2004||4||0||||||||||4||0

|-
|2004/05||Naţional Bucureşti||Divizia A||11||1||||||||||11||1

|-
|2005||JEF United Ichihara Chiba||J. League 1||7||1||0||0||7||5||14||6
225||21||||||||||225||21
47||6||||||||||47||6
59||12||||||||||59||12
7||1||0||0||7||5||14||6
338||40||0||0||7||5||345||45
|}

## International career statistics

|-
|1996||3||0
|-
|1997||4||1
|-
|1998||7||0
|-
!Total||14||1
|}
Steve McManaman

**Steve McManaman** (born 11 February 1972) is a former English football player. He has played for England national team.

### Club

|rowspan="2"|Club|rowspan="2"|Season|colspan="3"|League|colspan="2"|National cup|colspan="2"|League cup|colspan="2"|Europe|colspan="2"|Other|colspan="2"|Total||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|rowspan="10"|Liverpool|1990–91|rowspan="2"|First Division|2|0|1|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|3|0|
|1991–92|30|5|8|3|5|3|8|0|—|51|11||||||
|1992–93|rowspan="7"|Premier League|31|4|1|0|5|2|3|1|—|40|7||||
|1993–94|30|2|2|0|2|0|—|—|34|2|||||||
|1994–95|40|7|7|0|8|2|—|—|55|9|||||||
|1995–96|38|6|7|2|4|1|4|1|—|53|10||||||
|1996–97|37|7|2|0|4|2|8|1|—|51|10||||||
|1997–98|36|11|1|0|5|0|4|1|—|46|12||||||
|1998–99|28|4|0|0|0|0|3|1|—|31|5||||||
|rowspan="5"|Real Madrid|1999–2000|rowspan="4"|La Liga|28|3|5|0|—|13|1|4|0|50|4||
|2000–01|28|2|0|0|—|11|0|1|0|40|2||||||
|2001–02|23|2|4|0|—|13|2|1|0|41|4||||||
|2002–03|15|1|6|1|—|6|2|0|0|27|4||||||
|rowspan="3"|Manchester City|2003–04|rowspan="2"|Premier League|22|0|3|0|1|0|4|0|—|30|0||
|2004–05|13|0|1|0|0|0|—|—|14|0|||||||

### International

|National team|Year|Apps|Goals||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|rowspan="8"|England|1994|1|0|
|1995|6|0|||
|1996|9|0|||
|1997|3|0|||
|1998|3|0|||
|1999|4|2|||
|2000|5|1|||
|2001|6|0|||

- _Scores and results list England's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each McManaman goal._

|scope="col"|No.|scope="col"|Date|scope="col"|Venue|scope="col"|Opponent|scope="col"|Score|scope="col"|Result|scope="col"|Competition|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1|4 September 1999|Wembley Stadium, London, England||2–0|6–0|UEFA Euro 2000 qualifying||||||||
|2|5–0|||||||||||||
|3|12 June 2000|Philips Stadion, Eindhoven, Netherlands||2–0|2–3|UEFA Euro 2000||||||||

## Honours

**Liverpool**
- FA Cup: 1991–92
- Football League Cup: 1994–95

**Real Madrid**
- La Liga: 2000–01, 2002–03
- Supercopa de España: 2001
- UEFA Champions League: 1999–2000, 2001–02
- UEFA Super Cup: 2002

**Individual**
- Alan Hardaker Trophy: 1995
- PFA Team of the Year: 1996–97
- UEFA European Championship Team of the Tournament: 1996
- Premier League Player of the Month: December 1997
- Most assists in the Premier League: 1995–96
Péricles Chamusca

**Péricles Chamusca** (born 29 September 1965) is a Brazilian football manager.