Anne of Denmark

**Anne of Denmark** (12 December 1574 – 2 March 1619) was queen consort of Scotland, England, and Ireland as the wife of King James VI and I.

Anne, the second daughter of King Frederick II of Denmark, married James in 1589. when she was 15 years old. She gave birth to seven children, but only three lived to become adults. One of them was the future Charles I. She often used Scottish politics when she fought with James about her son, Prince Henry Frederick. She also used them in her arguments about his treatment of her friend Beatrix Ruthven. Anne seems to have loved James at first. However, they later became cooler towards each other and lived separately. However, both had respect and even some love for each other.

In England, Anne was more interested in art than politics. She built a beautiful and culturally-rich court of her own. After 1612, she became ill and later stopped being in the center of court life. She was said to have died a Protestant. However, evidence suggests that she may have been a Catholic at some time in her life.

Historians have often thought of Anne as a queen who was light, selfish and not very important. Recently, however, many people point out Anne's independence and importance as an encourager of the arts in the Jacobean Age.

## Early life

Anne was born on 12 December 1574 at the castle of Skanderborg. Her birth came as a blow to her father, King Frederick II of Denmark, who had been hoping for a son. Anne's mother, Sophie of Mecklenburg-Güstrow, however, was only 17. Three years later, she gave birth to a son, who was the future Christian IV of Denmark.

Anne was sent with her older sister Elizabeth to Güstrow, Germany. Anne was to be raised there by her grandparents on her mother's side. They were the Duke and Duchess of Mecklenburg because the Danish court was then very wild. Frederick II was famous for heavy eating and much drinking. He was also unfaithful to Sophie. In Güstrow, however, Anne enjoyed a quiet and stable life in her early years. Christian was also sent to be brought up at Güstrow in 1577. Two years later, however, the Rigsraad, or Danish Privy Council, successfully asked him to move to Denmark. Anne and Elizabeth came back with him.

Anne enjoyed a close and happy family education in Denmark, mostly because of Queen Sophie. She took care of the children herself when they were ill. Many people from all over Europe wanted to marry Anne and her older sister. Among thpse people were James VI of Scotland. He liked Denmark because he thought of it as a kingdom with the right religion and a good trading partner. Scottish ambassadors had at first tried to make him marry the oldest daughter. However, Frederick betrothed Elizabeth to Henry Julius, Duke of Brunswick. He promised the Scots instead that "for the second [daughter] Anna, if the King did like her, he should have her."

### Betrothal and proxy marriage

Sophie's position became more difficult after Frederick's death in 1588. She had to join in a power struggle with the Rigsraad for control of King Christian. However, she worked harder than Frederick in making people marry. She overcame difficult points about the dowry and the position of Orkney. She sealed the agreement by July 1589. Anne seems to have been very excited about the match. On 28 July 1589, the English spy Thomas Fowler said that Anne was greatly in love with James. He said that "it were death to her to have it broken off". He added that she proved her love in many  ways. However, Fowler also suggested that James did not return Anne's love but liked men better than he liked women. That would not have been told to the 14-year-old princess, who was faithfully embroidering shirts for her fiancé. Meanwhile, 300 tailors worked on making her wedding dress.

Even if the rumours were true, James needed a royal marriage because he needed to keep up the Stuart line. "God is my witness," he explained, "I could have abstained longer than the weal of my country could have permitted, [had not] my long delay bred in the breasts of many a great jealousy of my inability, as if I were a barren stock." On 20 August 1589, Anne and James were married separately but to each other in what is called a _"_proxy marriage." The marriage took place in Kronborg Castle, in Helsingør, Denmark. The ceremony ended with James's representative, George Keith, 5th Earl Marischal, sitting next to Anne on the bridal bed.

## References

- Akrigg, G.P.V ([1962] 1978 edition). _Jacobean Pageant: or the Court of King James I_. New York: Athenaeum. .
- Ackroyd, Peter (2006). _Shakespeare: The Biography._ London: Vintage. .
- Barroll, J. Leeds (2001). _Anna of Denmark, Queen of England: A Cultural Biography._ Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania. .
- Cerasano, Susan, and Marion Wynne-Davies (1996). _Renaissance Drama by Women: Texts and Documents._ London and New York: Routledge. .
- Croft, Pauline (2003). _King James._ Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan. .
- Fraser, Antonia ([1996] 1997 edition). _The Gunpowder Plot: Terror and Faith in 1605._ London: Mandarin Paperbacks. .
- Haynes, Alan ([1994] 2005 edition). _The Gunpowder Plot_. Stroud: Sutton Publishing. .
- Hogge, Alice (2005). _God's Secret Agents: Queen Elizabeth's Forbidden Priests and the Hatching of the Gunpowder Plot._ London: Harper Collins. .
- McCrea, Scott (2005). _The Case For Shakespeare: The End of the Authorship Question_. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger/Greenwood. .
- McManus, Clare (2002). _Women on the Renaissance Stage: Anna of Denmark and Female Masquing in the Stuart Court (1590–1619)._ Manchester: Manchester University Press. .
- Sharpe, Kevin (1996). "Stuart Monarchy and Political Culture," in _The Oxford Illustrated History of Tudor & Stuart Britain._ Ed. John.S.Morrill. Oxford: Oxford University Press. .
- Stewart, Alan (2003). _The Cradle King: A Life of James VI & 1._ London: Chatto and Windus. .
- Strickland, Agnes (1848). _Lives of the Queens of England: From the Norman Conquest. Vol VII_. Philadelphia: Lea and Blanchard. Original from Stanford University, digitized 20 April 2006. Full view at Google Books. Retrieved 10 May 2007.
- Williams, Ethel Carleton (1970). _Anne of Denmark._ London: Longman. .
- Willson, David Harris ([1956] 1963 edition). _King James VI & 1._ London: Jonathan Cape Ltd. .

## Infobox (royalty)

- **consort**: yes
- **name**: Anne of Denmark
- **title**: Anne of Denmark
- **image**: Anne of Denmark mourning the death of her son Henry in 1612.jpg
- **succession**: Queen of Scotland, England, and Ireland
- **reign**: 20 August 1589 – 2 March 1619
- **coronation**: 17 May 1590
- **house**: House of Stuart
House of Oldenburg
- **father**: Frederick II of Denmark
- **mother**: Sophie of Mecklenburg-Güstrow
- **birth date**: 12 December 1574
- **birth place**: Skanderborg, Denmark
- **death place**: Hampton Court Palace
- **place of burial**: Westminster Abbey