juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Bass clarinet

The **bass clarinet** is a type of clarinet, and is a woodwind single-reed instrument. The earliest record of the bass clarinet is called a 'bass tube' invented in Paris in 1772 by G. Lott. It usually has a B-flat pitch. It plays one octave lower in pitch than the normal clarinet. This means that when a bass clarinet makes a note, the note that actually sounds is an octave and a whole tone lower. There are some bass clarinets that have an A or C pitch as well as E flat, but these are not common.

## Infobox (instrument)

- **name**: Bass clarinet
- **image**: 2 kurze Basskl. hist.jpg
- **image capt**: 2 historical short bass clarinets, right instrument made 1848 by Adolphe Sax from boxwood
- **hornbostel sachs**: 422.211.2
- **hornbostel sachs desc**: Single clarinets with cylindrical bore, with fingerholes
- **range**:
Cornett

The **cornett** is a brass instrument from the Medieval, Renaissance, and Baroque times. It is also called a **zink**, **cornetto**, or by its Italian name, _cornetto curvo_. It is different from the modern cornet, also a brass instrument. It has only one feature shared with the **cornett**.

## Other websites

- A page about the cornett
- Christopher Monk Instruments , one of the more well-known modern makers of cornetts
- The English Cornett and Sackbut Ensemble, a performance group that makes use of the cornett
- A possibility to build your own curved cornett

## Infobox (instrument)

- **name**: Cornett
- **names**: zink, cornetto, cornetto curvo
- **image**: Three cornetts.jpg
- **image capt**: Mute cornett, curved cornett and tenor cornett
- **classification**: Brass instrument, Brass
Snorri Sturluson

**Snorri Sturluson** (1179 – 23 September 1241) was an Icelandic historian, poet and politician. He was three-time elected lawspeaker at the Icelandic parliament, the Althing. He was the author of the _Prose Edda_ or _Younger Edda_ and the _Heimskringla_, a history of the Norwegian kings that begins with legendary material and moves through to early medieval Scandinavian history.

## References

- Snorri Sturluson, "Kringla leaf" (c. 1260), part of Heimskringla treasure 1  National Library of Iceland displayed via _The European Library_
- . A reprint of the 1932 Cambridge edition by W. Heffer.
- Enoksen, Lars Magnar. (1998). _Runor : historia, tydning, tolkning_. Historiska Media, Falun.

## Other websites

- Icelandic Medieval Manuscripts , site maintained by Unnur Valgeirsdóttir at the University of Iceland.
- Snorri Sturluson , article by Jónas Kristjánsson at snorrastofa.is.
- The Women in Snorri's Life .
Heimskringla

***Heimskringla*** is the best known of the old Norse kings' sagas. It was written in Old Norse in Iceland by the poet and historian Snorri Sturluson (1179 – 1242) ca. 1230. The name _Heimskringla_ was first used in the 17th century, it comes from the first two words of one of the manuscripts (_kringla heimsins_ - _the circle of the world_).

Heimskringla is a collection of tales about the Norwegian kings, beginning with the legendary Swedish dynasty of the Ynglingas, followed by accounts of historical Norwegian rulers from Harald Fairhair of the 9th century up to 1177.

## Bibliography

- . A reprint of the 1932 Cambridge edition by W. Heffer.

## Other websites

- Heimskringla in Old Norse from "Kulturformidlingen norrøne tekster og kvad" Norway.
- Berkeley page on Snorri Sturluson's text
County Mayo

**County Mayo** is a county in the province of Connacht, in Ireland.  Castlebar and Ballina are the two towns with the most people living in them in the county.  The highest point in Mayo and Connacht is Mweelrea.

## Towns and villages

The following is a list of the towns and villages in County Mayo:
- Achill Island
- Balla, Ballina, Ballinrobe, Ballintober, Ballycastle, Ballyhaunis, Ballyglass, Ballyvary, Bangor, Belmullet, Bohola
- Castlebar, Charlestown, Claremorris, Cong, Crossmolina
- Derrew
- Foxford
- Geesala
- Keel, Kilkelly, Killala, Kiltimagh, Knock
- Louisburgh
- Mayo, Mulrany
- Newport
- Swinford
- Tourmakeady
- Westport

## Other websites

- Mayo County Council's website
- Map of Mayo
Jak and Daxter: The Precursor Legacy

***Jak and Daxter: The Precursor Legacy*** is a platform game made by Naughty Dog and published by Sony Computer Entertainment. It is the first video game in the _Jak and Daxter_ series, and can only be bought for the Sony PlayStation 2. It was released in winter of 2001, and has two sequels, _Jak II_ and _Jak 3_. It also has two spin-offs, _Jak X: Combat Racing_ and _Daxter_. Many people think of _Jak and Daxter: The Precursor Legacy_ as the spiritual successor to Naughty Dog's _Crash Bandicoot_ series.

## Infobox (video game)

- **title**: Jak and Daxter: The Precursor Legacy
- **developer**: Naughty Dog
- **publisher**: Sony Computer Entertainment
- **genre**: Platform game, Platformer
- **modes**: Single player
- **platforms**: PlayStation 2
- **series**: _Jak and Daxter_
Pectus excavatum

**Pectus excavatum** is a congenital medical condition where the ribs and sternum grow abnormally, producing a sunken appearance to the chest. This makes the chest look  like it has caved in on itself.  It is also commonly referred to as "funnel chest" or "chest bowl". It is the most common form of pectus deformity, occurring in approximately 1 in 300-400 births, with a 3:1 male predominance ratio. While Pectus Excavatum occurs at birth, it often does not develop properly until early adolescence when growth is more rapid.

## Causes

Doctors do not know why some people have the dent.  They think it might be caused by a bad gene from the parent.  It is also linked to syndromes (illnesses) that affect other parts of the body.

### Numbers

Pectus excavatum happens in about 1 in every 300-400 children, with the 75% majority of cases being male.

### Suction Cup

A vacuum bell, also called a suction cup, can be used to fix pectus excavatum.  The cup is placed on the chest and all the air is removed: this pulls up the chest. This non-invasive procedure shows promise to be a permanent cure for pectus excavatum. Treatment must continue for two years after the appearance of correction is made.

## Surgery

The dent can be fixed by a doctor.  The following are alternate surgical ways of fixing the chest:

### Nuss Procedure

The Nuss Procedure was created by Doctor Nuss from Norfolk in Virginia.  A metal bar is put into the chest; the bar holds the chest up.

### Ravitch

The Ravitch technique is from the 1950s.  It involves cutting out part of the chest, placing a bar in the chest, and having the bone grow back.  Most doctors do not use the Ravitch because it causes much blood loss.
Mark the Evangelist

**Mark the Evangelist** (מרקוס, ) was one of the followers of Jesus Christ. He is believed to be the writer of the Gospel of Mark. He is believed by some scholars to be the young man found in chapter 14, verses 51-52 of the gospel. The Copts think Mark brought Christianity to Egypt. It was his house where Jesus and his disciples ate the last supper.

מרקוס and Μάρκος are both pronounced as Markus which more consistent with Aramaic and Hebrew understanding of Roman names. Markus was a Roman who accepted Jesus Christ along with others.
Analects

The ***Analects*** was a book put together by the students of Confucius. It is about his thoughts on family, government and war. It was likely written by his followers.

## Other websites

- MIT text
Club

A **club** can be many things.

- Club (weapon)
- A club is an apparatus of rhythmic gymnastics
- Social club, a place where people gather
- Club (biscuit)
- a sports team, such as a football club
Ethylene

||_Ethylene_|
| --- | --- |
|align="center" colspan="2" bgcolor="#ffffff"||
|Molecular formula|C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>|
|SMILES|C==C|
|Molar mass|28.05  g/mol|
|Appearance|colorless gas|
|Density and phase|1.178 kg/m³ at 15 °C, gas|
|Solubility in water|3.5 mg/100 ml (17 °C)|
|Melting point|−169.2 °C (104.0 K, -272.6 °F)|
|Boiling point|−103.7 °C (169.5 K, -154.7 °F)|
|Symmetry group|D<sub>2h</sub>|
|Dipole moment|Zero|

**Ethylene** or **ethene** is a chemical compound with two carbon atoms and four hydrogen atoms in each molecule.  These molecules are put together with a double bond that makes it a hydrocarbon.  It is very important in industry and has even been used in biology as a hormone.  It is also the most made chemical. About 75 million tons of it have been made each year since 2005. Its biggest use is to make polyethylene.

It is a gas at 25 degrees Celsius at standard atmosphere (a specific pressure).

## History

Since 1795, ethylene was called an _olefiant gas_, or _oil making gas_.  This was because it came together with chlorine to make the _oil of the Dutch chemists_.

In 1866, the German chemist August Wilhelm von Hofmann came up with a system for naming hydrocarbons. The suffixes -ane, -ene, -ine, -one, and -une were used to call the hydrocarbons with 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 fewer hydrogen atoms than the alkane it came from.  Because of this system, ethylene became ethene.

In 1979, the IUPAC decided that ethylene would stay ethylene.

## How it is made

Ethylene is made in the chemical industry by steam cracking.  Some of the parts of an ethylene plant can be:

1. The steam cracking furnaces;
1. Heat recovery systems;
1. A steam recycling system;
1. A system to compress the cracked gas;
1. A system to remove acid gas;

There are other systems in an ethylene plant.  The systems listed above were the most important systems in an ethylene plant.

Since making ethylene uses much energy, those making the ethylene attempt to prevent gasses from leaving the furnaces.

## Other websites

- International Chemical Safety Card 0475
Skol

**Skol** is a brand of beer made by the Danish company Carlsberg Group. Skol was first brewed in 1959 for European customers. The beer's name comes from the Danish word _skål_ which means "to your health", a common toast (a word or phrase said before drinking). Skol is available in a few different flavors.

Skol was started in 1964 in Europe. It became available in Brazil in 1967. In 1979, it was one of the first beers to be sold in aluminum cans. As of 2004, Skol was available in more than 20 countries.

In 2000, the first annual Skol Beats music festival was held in São Paulo, Brazil. The type of music featured at Skol Beats is electronic, including trance, techno, electro, drum and bass, house, and breakbeat. Skol's new "Beats" beer was revealed at the 2000 festival. Beats has a different flavor and alcohol content than the original Skol. It is marketed as the beer for people that like parties and excitement.

In October of 2006, the new Skol Lemon was released. Response to Skol Lemon has been divided. Some people really like it and others do not.
Fragmentation

**Fragmentation** can mean:

## In biology

- Fragmentation (reproduction), a form of asexual reproduction
- Fragmentation (cell biology)
- Habitat fragmentation

## Other

- Fragmentation (computer) a phenomenon of computer storage
- Fragmentation (economics), a process of globalisation
- Fragmentation (music), a compositional technique
- Fragmentation (sociology), in urban sociology
- Fragmentation (weaponry), a feature of explosive weaponry
- IP fragmentation, a process in computer networking
Chinrest

A **chinrest** is a part on a violin. It helps to hold the violin against the player's shoulder. A chinrest is usually made of wood. It is usually not glued on.  Instead, metal clasps are used. These clasps are put against the side of the violin. They are held on by the tension of the screws in them. Older violins do not often have chinrests.
Rheinfelden (Baden)

**Rheinfelden** is a town in Germany that was started in 1922.  The name means "the fields of the Rhine", like Rheinfelden in Switzerland.

## Infobox (german location)

- **name**: Rheinfelden
- **type**: Stadt
- **image photo**: Josephskirche Rheinfelden.jpg
- **image caption**: Saint Joseph Church
- **image coa**: DEU Rheinfelden COA.svg
- **state**: Baden-Württemberg
- **region**: Freiburg
- **district**: Lörrach
- **elevation**: 280
- **area**: 62.84
- **population**: 32469
- **stand**: 2006-12-31
- **postal code**: 79618
- **area code**: 07623
- **licence**: LÖ
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 08 3 36 069
- **divisions**: 8
- **mayor**: Eberhard Niethammer
- **party**: CDU
Stone circle

A **stone circle** is an ancient type of monument. There are about 1,000 remaining stone circles and 80 stone henges in Great Britain and Ireland. Stonehenge is a famous example of a stone circle.

Stone circle monuments are made of several standing stones that are arranged in a certain way (often in circles or ellipses). The number of stones can vary between four and 60. Often, burial sites are in or near the circle.

Most likely stone circles were used for rituals. They might also have been used as calendars; some stone circles are arranged so that certain stones are lit on special dates, such as the summer solstice.
Standing stone

**Standing stones** (also called **menhirs**) are stones set into the ground vertically. They were put there by Neolithic people in the British Isles and Brittany. They also occur elsewhere in the world.

There may be single standing stones, circles, lines or groups of them. Their dates are mostly from 4000 BC to 1,500 BC. Since Neolithic peoples did not have writing, we do not know much about what they were used for. It is generally thought they had both practical and ceremonial or religious uses. Pottery found near some of these stones suggest that some standing stones in Europe belonged to the so-called 'Beaker culture'.

## Features

Their shape is generally uneven and squared, usually becoming thinner near the top. Menhirs can be found across Europe, Africa and Asia. However, they are mostly found in Western Europe, especially in Brittany and the British Isles (Great Britain and Ireland). There are about 50,000 megaliths in these areas.

Standing stones are usually hard to date. However, pottery found underneath some standing stones in western Europe connects them with the Beaker people. They were made as part of a megalithic culture which was powerful in Europe and beyond.

### Megalithic monuments

Where they appear in groups, often in a round, oval, henge or horseshoe formation, they are sometimes called megalithic monuments. These are sites of very old religious ceremonies, sometimes having burial chambers.

The developments of radiocarbon dating and tree-ring calibration have helped us learn more of their timing. In some archaeological sites, the remains of wooden henges can be found. Woodhenge was a henge and timber circle monument in the Stonehenge World Heritage Site in Wiltshire, England. It is 2 miles (3.2 km) north-east of Stonehenge.

## History

Historians do not know the social group, religious thoughts, or language of the people who made the menhirs. We do know that they buried their dead. They also had the skills to grow cereal, farm, and make pottery, stone tools and jewelry.

Some recent research into the megaliths in Brittany suggests a much older origin, maybe back to six to seven thousand years ago. This is not generally accepted.

## Related pages

- Stonehenge
- Avebury
- Carnac stones

## Further reading

- Malone, Caroline. 2005. _Neolithic Britain and Ireland_. Tempus, Stroud, Gloucestershire.
Rheinfelden

**Rheinfelden** is:

- the name of two towns on the banks of the Rhine:
    - Rheinfelden (Baden) in the Lörrach Rural District of Baden-Württemberg, Germany
    - Rheinfelden, Switzerland in the Canton of Aargau, Switzerland, also
- Rheinfelden (district), a district in Aargau Canton.

## Other

- Rudolf of Rheinfelden (or Rudolf of Swabia) (1025–1080), Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor
- Rheinsfelden, eine suburg in the district of Glattfelden, in the Canton of Zürich, Switzerland
Feldspar

**Feldspar** is the name of a group of rock-forming tectosilicate minerals that make up as much as 60% of the Earth's crust.

Feldspar forms crystals from magma in both intrusive and extrusive rocks, and they can also happen as compact minerals, as veins, and are also present in many types of metamorphic rock. Rock formed entirely of plagioclase feldspar is known as anorthosite. Feldspar is also found in many types of sedimentary rock.

Feldspar is typically reddish or pale pink in color, and has a hardness of 6 on the Mohs scale, making it roughly as hard to scratch as glass.

There are two groups of feldspar, both made out of silica and aluminum:
1. _Orthoclase or "alkali" feldspars_: a group of minerals that all have the same formula (KAlSi<sub>3</sub>O<sub>8</sub> with sodium sometimes replacing the potassium in some pieces), but are formed in different ways because of how different the times and places where they formed were.
1. _Plagioclase feldspars_: A series of minerals that are made up of a series of two chemicals (Albite, NaAlSi<sub>3</sub>O<sub>8</sub>, and anorthite CaAl<sub>2</sub>Si<sub>2</sub>O<sub>8</sub>), with a given piece having its place on the series determined by the relative amounts of the two chemicals.
Felisburgo

**Felisburgo** is a Brazilian municipality in the state of Minas Gerais.
Brazos Country, Texas

**Brazos Country** is a city in Austin County, Texas. It had a population was 514 people in 2020.
Arthur Rimbaud

**Jean Nicolas Arthur Rimbaud**  (20 October 1854 – 10 November 1891) was a French poet, born in Charleville. He wrote his best works when he was 15–18 years old.  He was restless and moved around the world a lot. He was homosexual. He died of bone cancer just after his 37th birthday.

## Works

- _Le Soleil Était Encore Chaud_ (1866)
- _Poésies_ (c. 1869–1873)
- Soleil et chair (1870)
- _Le bateau ivre_ (1871)
- _Proses Évangeliques_ (1872)
- _Une Saison en Enfer_ (1873) – published by Rimbaud himself as a small booklet in Brussels. Although "a few copies were distributed to friends in Paris... Rimbaud almost immediately lost interest in the work."
- _Illuminations_ (1874)
- _Lettres_ (1870–1891)

## Other websites

- Arthur Rimbaud, his work in audio version
- THE QUIET LIFE A collection of photos and drawings of Arthur RİMBAUD Edited by Beyaz Arif AKBAS Yalnizgoz BOOKS/Edirne 2011 USA

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Arthur Rimbaud
- **image**: Carjat Arthur Rimbaud 1872 n2.jpg
- **caption**: Arthur Rimbaud at seventeen
- **birth place**: Charleville-Mézières, Charleville, France
- **nationality**: French people, French
- **death place**: Marseille, France
- **occupation**: Poet
- **language**: French language, French
Elisée Reclus

**Élisée Reclus** (March 15, 1830–July 4, 1905), also known as **Jean Jacques Élisée Reclus**, was a French geographer and anarchist.

## Biography

He was born at Sainte-Foy-la-Grande (Gironde). He was the second son of a Protestant priest, who had a family of fourteen children. His education, begun in Rhenish Prussia, was continued in the Protestant college of Montauban, and completed at the university of Berlin, where he followed a long course of geography under Karl Ritter.

After 1851, he spent the next six years (1852–1857) visiting the British Isles, the United States, Central America, and Colombia. On his return to Paris he contributed to the _Revue des deux mondes_, the _Tour du monde_ and other papers, with a large number of articles about geography.

In 1867–1868 he published _La Terre; description des phénomènes de la vie du globe_, in two volumes.During the 1870 siege of Paris, he was in the National Guard, while as a member of the Association Nationale des Travailleurs he published in the _Cri du Peuple_ an article against the government of Versailles in support of the Paris Commune of 1871.Continuing to serve in the National Guard, now in open revolt, he was taken prisoner on April 5. On November 16, he was sentenced to transportation for life; but, after changed to a ban as an exile.

Reclus also visited Italy, and Switzerland, where he wrote many articles about geography.

In 1882 Reclus initiated the Anti-Marriage Movement. After this was followed by government prosecutions, instituted in the High Court of Lyon, against the anarchists, members of the International Association, of which Reclus and the other anarchist Kropotkin were designated as the two "leaders" of organization. Piotr Kropotkin was arrested and condemned to five years’ imprisonment, but Reclus, being resident in Switzerland, escaped.

After 1892 he taught in university of Brussels, and contributed in many journals about science and geography.

Some articles wrote by Reclus:
- Nouvelle Géographie Universelle - Nuova Geografia Universale (1875- 1894 ).
- La Terre, description des phénomènes de la vie du globe (1867-1868).
- Histoire d'une montagne (1872).
- Histoire d'une ruisseau (1876).
- L'Homme et la Terre - (postum) in (1905).

Reclus died at Torhout, near Bruges.

## Related pages

- Anarchism in France
- Onésime Reclus, his brother

## Other websites

- Élisée Reclus, le site
- Reclus at the Anarchy Archive

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Élisée Reclus
- **image**: EliseeReclusNadar.jpg
- **image size**: 200px
- **birth date**: March 15, 1830
- **birth place**: Ste Foy la Grande, France
- **death place**: Torhout, Belgium
- **occupation**: Geographer, Anarchist Revolutionary, and Writer.
Marianna

**Marianna** can be one of the following:

- Marianna, Arkansas, USA
- Marianna, Florida, USA
- 602 Marianna, an asteroid, number 602 in the minor planet catalog
Skjaldbreiður

**Skjaldbreiður**(Skyald-bray-thur) is a volcano in Iceland. It is 1,060 metres tall, and its crater measures roughly 300 metres in diameter. Skjaldbreiður translated in English means broad shield and is the name for shield volcano.

## Infobox (mountain)

- **name**: Skjaldbreiður
- **photo**: Skjaldbreidur_Herbst_2004.jpg
- **photo caption**: Skjaldbreiður as seen from Þingvellir
- **elevation**: 1,060 metre, m
- **age**: 9,000 years
- **translation**: broad shield
- **language**: Icelandic language, Icelandic
- **type**: Shield volcano
Michael Emerson

**Michael Emerson** (born September 7, 1954) is an American theatre, television, and movie actor. He won an "Outstanding Guest Actor" Emmy in 2001 for a part on _The Practice_. He is best known for playing Zep Hindle in the 2004 movie _Saw_ and Ben Linus in the television series _Lost_.

### Early life

Emerson was born in Cedar Rapids, Iowa and grew up in the nearby town of Toledo, Iowa. He studied theater and art at Drake University in Des Moines, Iowa, and graduated in 1976. He then moved to New York City. He had trouble finding work as an actor so he took retail jobs and worked as a freelance illustrator. In 1986, he moved with his first wife to Jacksonville, Florida. In Jacksonville, between 1986 to 1993, he was in local productions, and worked as a teacher and director.

### Career

Emerson thought about not being an actor and being a teacher instead, because it is a more stable job. He decided to go back to school and get a Master of Fine Arts. He thought it might help him meet theatre professionals and directors.

Emerson's first big role was in 1997. He starred as Oscar Wilde in Moises Kaufman's play, _Gross Indecency: The Trials of Oscar Wilde,_ and then was in many other plays. In 1998, he acted with Uma Thurman in the off-Broadway production of _The Misanthrope_. In 1999, he played the part of Willie Oban in _The Iceman Cometh_ with Kevin Spacey. He co-starred with Kate Burton in both _Give Me Your Answer, Do!_ and _Hedda Gabler_.

In movies and television, Emerson played somewhat dangerous, damaged characters. He played the roles so that the character would seem mysterious. In 2001, he won an Emmy Award as "Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series", for playing the (fictional) confessed serial killer William Hinks in several episodes of _The Practice_.

One of Emerson's most well-known works was in 2004, as the character Zep Hindle in the horror movie _Saw_. In 2006, Emerson began guest-starring on the television series _Lost_ as Henry Gale/Ben Linus . He was originally planned to be in a small number of episodes, but he returned for season 3 as a main cast member. In 2007, he was nominated for another Emmy Award for his work on the series.

## Infobox (actor)

- **name**: Michael Emerson
- **image**: Emersongfdl.PNG
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **birth place**: Cedar Rapids, Iowa, Cedar Rapids, Iowa, U.S.
- **occupation**: Actor
- **years active**: 1986 – present
- **spouse**: Carrie Preston (1998 – present)
- **awards**: Emmy Award for **Outstanding Guest Actor, Drama Series**
2001 _The Practice_
Battle of Chantilly

The **Battle of Chantilly** happened on September 1, 1862, in Fairfax County, Virginia. It was the last battle of the Northern Virginia Campaign during the American Civil War. The battle had two names: the Union side called it the "Battle of Chantilly" and the Confederates called it the "Battle of Ox Hill".

## Background

Confederate General Robert E. Lee had just won the Second Battle of Bull Run on August 29. The Union Army, commanded by John Pope, started retreating north towards Washington, D.C. Lee wanted to destroy Pope's army. He sent Thomas J. Jackson's corps to march around Pope's army in order to capture the road to Washington. If the Confederates captured the road, Pope would have been surrounded and be forced to surrender.

On September 1, Pope found out where Jackson was. He sent Jesse L. Reno with two divisions to attack Jackson. Jackson had stopped on Ox Hill, which was near the Chantilly Plantation. He decided to stop there because he found Pope's army was farther north than he expected.

## The battle

The first Union commander to arrive at Ox Hill was Isaac Stevens. He decided to attack Jackson's men about 5 p.m. At the same time, a thunderstorm broke out and made some of the solders's ammunition too wet to fire. Many men had to fight with bayonets. Stevens's division made part of the Confederate army retreat. But the Confederates counterattacked and forced Steven's division retreat. During the attack, Stevens was killed.

After Stevens' s attack failed, Philip Kearny's division arrived. Kearny tried to attack the Confederates but he was killed too. After sunset, the Union soldiers retreated from the battlefield.

## Aftermath

The Union army lost about 1,000 casaulties in the battle. The Confederates lost about 500 to 600 casualties. Pope continued retreating to Washington on September 2.

## Sources

- Hennessy, John J. _Return to Bull Run: The Campaign and Battle of Second Manassas_. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993. .
- Taylor, Paul. _He Hath Loosed the Fateful Lightening: The Battle of Ox Hill (Chantilly) September 1, 1862_. Shippensburg, Pennsylvania: White Mane Books, 2003. .

## Infobox (military conflict)

- **conflict**: Battle of Chantilly
- **image**: Kearny's Charge, Battle of Chantilly.jpg
- **caption**: _General Kearny's gallant charge_
- **partof**: the American Civil War
- **date**: September 1, 1862
- **place**: Fairfax County, Virginia
- **result**: Inconclusive (Union Army, Union tactical victory)
- **combatant1**: United States (Union (American Civil War), Union)
- **combatant2**: Confederate States of America, CSA (Confederacy)
- **commander1**: Jesse L. Reno
Philip Kearny
Isaac Stevens
- **commander2**: Stonewall Jackson
- **strength1**: IX Corps (ACW), IX Corps
- **strength2**: Left Wing, Army of Northern Virginia
- **casualties1**: 1,000
- **casualties2**: 500–600
Jörg Haider

**Jörg Haider** (26 January 1950 – 11 October, 2008) was an Austrian politician who was often said to be off right-populism ("rechtspopulist"). He was born in Bad Goisern, Upper Austria, and died in Köttmannsdorf near Klagenfurt, Carinthia, Austria.

At the age of 29 he became the youngest member of the Austrian parliament and in 1989 the Governor of Carinthia for the first time.

Haider led the Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ) to great success so that in 1999 the party reached the second most votes with 27% behind the SPÖ with 33% and could form a coalition with the Austrian People's Party ÖVP (having for the first time only the third most votes) making Wolfgang Schüssel Chancellor of Austria.

Haider passed his leading position to other party members so that a coalition could take place and returned to Carinthia to work as Governor.

In 2004 Haider was re-elected as Governor of Carinthia. One year later the leading members of the FPÖ as well as their party members in the government together with Jörg Haider (as their new head) founded a new Party, the BZÖ. In 2006 the BZÖ party reached the 4% (that time lea by P. Westenthaler) in the Austrian elections and so became part of the Parliament with 7 representatives. For the snap elections in September 2008 he was voted unanimously in his party for the leading position and ran as candidate again for the elections. The party gained 10.7% and therefore could rise its seats 3 times now having 21 representatives under the lead of Jörg Haider. However Haider promised before the votes toke place to remain Governor as he would have only changed to become Chancellor. There were possibilities to build a government with Jörg Haider as chancellor (Haider already managed to form a coalition where the ÖVP under Schüssel with the 3rd most votes got the Chancellor) or at least the BZÖ represented in the government. For this a coalition of BZÖ with FPÖ and ÖVP was necessary, however Haider never got into this position.

On 11 October 2008, Haider died in a traffic accident near the town of Klagenfurt. He was returning home after an event that had taken place earlier. Many people living in Carinthia in reaction to his death, left public offerings as flowers, candles, cards and personal messages, Austrian singer and intendant Harald Serafin called the tragic death even an "Austro-Lady-Diana-Story".

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Jörg Haider
- **image**: JoergHaider Sep07.JPG
- **imagesize**: 200 px
- **caption**: Haider in 2007
- **order**: Carinthia (state), Governor of Carinthia
- **term start1**: 1989
- **term end1**: 1991
- **predecessor1**: Peter Ambrozy
- **successor1**: Christoph Zernatto
- **term start2**: 1999
- **term end2**: 2008
- **predecessor2**: Christoph Zernatto
- **successor2**: Gerhard Dörfler
- **birth place**: Bad Goisern, Austria
- **death place**: Köttmannsdorf, Austria
- **party**: Freedom Party of Austria, FPÖ, Alliance for the Future of Austria, BZÖ
- **spouse**: Claudia Haider-Hofmann
(m. 1976-2008, his death)
- **children**: Ulrike, Cornelia
- **profession**: Attorney
- **education**: law degree, Dr. iur. (law degree)
- **alma mater**: University of Vienna
Egyptian Museum

The **Egyptian Museum**, formally known as the **Museum of Egyptian Antiquities**, is a museum in Cairo, Egypt, which has a large collection of ancient Egyptian antiquities in the world. It has 120,000 items. The museum's Royal Mummy Room, shows some mummies of New Kingdom kings and queens.

Another large museum of Egyptian antiquities is Egyptian Museum of Turin, which is the only museum other than the Cairo Museum that is dedicated only to Egyptian art and culture.

## Other websites

- Egyptian Museum in Cairo
- Egyptian Museum of Turin
Yagan

**Yagan** (c. 1795–11 July 1833) was a Noongar warrior who played an important part in early  indigenous Australian resistance to European settlement and rule in the area of Perth, Western Australia.

Yagan was the son of Midgigoroo, one of the elders of the tribe who lived in the Perth area. Yagan was blamed for spearing cattle near the Swan River. There were not many cattle in the new colony and food was scarce. Yagan's taking of the settlers animals and food supplies was seen as a very serious crime. After a European was killed, the military started a search for Yagan. He was found after four months and sent to Carnac Island. He escaped after six weeks. One of the soldiers who had got to know him on Carnac Island, compared him to William Wallace.

Yagan's brother was killed in April 1833 while trying to steal flour from a cart. Yagan, Midgigoroo and several others attacked another cart and killed the drivers. They were declared outlaws, which meant they had no legal rights and could be killed by anyone. A reward of £30 was offered for their capture. Midgigoroo was soon captured and executed. Two months later, on 11 July 1833 a shepherd, William Keates, shot and killed Yagan. Keates was killed soon afterwards in another fight with the Aborigines, and his brother claimed the reward for the capture of Yagan. Yagan's head was cut off and sent to England for display.

After a long search his remains were rediscovered in an unmarked grave in Liverpool and returned to Australia in 1997. On 10 July 2010, Yangar was reburied in Perth, at a site now called the Yagan Memorial Park. The park is on the site where Yagan was killed in 1833.
Osaka University

**The University of Osaka** is a national university of Japan. It was started in 1869. It is in Osaka. It has 11 departments. The university changed its name in English from "Osaka University" to "The University of Osaka" in April 2025.

## Related pages

- List of national universities in Japan

## Other websites

- Official website
Beat 'em up

**Beat 'em ups** are video games where the player beats up bad guys while walking through levels. Sometimes the player has to beat up certain bad guys to progress through the game. Most of the time, these games have level bosses which are usually at the end of the level. Examples of "beat-em up" games are arcade games like _Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles_ and _The Simpsons_. _Super Smash Bros. Brawl_ also has a "beat-em up" part in the game where the player fights bad guys from the Subspace Emissary and fights other characters as well in order to beat the levels.
Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky

**Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky** () is a city in Russia. Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky is the administrative, industrial and cultural center of Kamchatka Krai. Population: 163,152 (2024).

The city lies on the Pacific coast of the Kamchatka Peninsula.

It was founded by Vitus Bering in 1740 and was named after ships the _St. Peter_ and the _St. Paul_.

Principal industry is fishing.

## Education

- Kamchatka state university
- Kamchatka state technical university

## Science

Institute of volcanology and seismology of Far East Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences is located in the city.

Climate is mild. Annual average temperature is +2,8 °C.

## Other websites

- Official website of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky urban district
Perspective

**Perspective** may mean:
Literally, in visual topics:
- Perspective (visual), is the way in which objects appear to the eye
- Perspective (graphical), means to represent the effects of visual perspective in drawings

Metaphorically, in relation to cognitive topics:
- Perspective (cognitive), one's "point of view", the choice of a context for opinions, beliefs and experiences
- Perspective (pharmacoeconomic), the vantage point from which a pharmacoeconomics analysis is conducted
- Point of view (literature), the related experience of the narrator

Proper names:
- _Perspective_ (album), released by Jason Becker in 1996
- Perspective (software), a Wiki software written in C# that runs in ASP.NET
- Perspective Records, a record label
- Perspectives on Anarchist Theory, a magazine

In mathematics:
- Perspective (geometry), a property of triangles

## Related pages

- Point of view
Perspective (graphical)

In graphic arts, **perspective** is the representation of how an image is seen by the eye. It was first invented by Filippo Brunelleschi. It is about how the angle and distance of a three-dimensional object is represented on a flat surface. To create a real scene, objects are drawn smaller to show that they are farther away from the person looking at the artwork. The dimensions of an object are also drawn differently depending where the line of sight is. The size of an object's dimensions along the line of sight are usually drawn shorter than dimensions across the line of sight. This is called foreshortening, and is used to create the appearance of three dimensions on a flat surface.

Landscape paintings have a horizon line. This line represents objects that are infinitely far away. They have shrunk, in the distance, like objects on the Earth's horizon. Changing the height of the horizon level changes the view point for the picture. A person lying on the ground and looking up would have a different view to a person on a ladder looking down.

## Basic concept

Perspective works by representing the light that passes from a scene through an imaginary rectangle (the painting), to the viewer's eye.  It is similar to a viewer looking through a window and painting what is seen directly onto the windowpane. If viewed from the same spot as the windowpane was painted, the painted image would be identical to what was seen through the unpainted window.  Each painted object in the scene is a flat, scaled down version of the object on the other side of the window.

## Other websites

- Teaching Perspective in Art and Mathematics through Leonardo da Vinci's Work  at Mathematical Association of America
- Perspective in Ancient Roman-Wall Painting  at Southampton Solent University
- Mathematics of Perspective Drawing
Graphic arts

**Graphic arts** is a term that was used for the art of printmaking and drawing. Today it means the skills of a graphic designer or print technician. Graphic arts as a trade can be traced back to the first instances of the stamped image or word.

## Traditional meaning

Graphic art is an artistic process of creating a design where one uses a medium (like rubber or plexiglas) and transfers the image to a material (like paper).

## Related pages

- Graphic design

## Other websites

- American Institute of Graphic Artists
- Online Design Degrees
Print

**Print** may mean:

- Printing, mostly using a printing press
    - Printing press, printing with moveable metal type, _see also_ Letterpress printing
    - Publishing, the distribution of printed works or other information
    - Print run, the number of copies that will be printed of a forthcoming book
- Printmaking, various processes for producing multiple copies of works of art by printing
- Old master print, a product of printmaking, such as an engraving, etching or woodcut, in the European (as opposed to e.g. Asian) tradition, especially those made before 1830
- Textile printing
- Input/output, computer output on a screen or on paper
    - Computer printer, a device to put ink on paper
- Photographic print, i.e. _photograph_ or _photo_
- Print (filmmaking), e.g. _distribution print_
- A BASIC (programming language) programming language command that generates text in text modes.
- _Print_ (magazine), a bimonthly magazine about visual culture and design
- Print server, a computer or device that is connected to one or more printers and to a network.
Cylinder (engine)

A **cylinder** is the central working part of an engine, the space in which a piston travels. Mostly several cylinders are arranged side by side in an _engine block_.

## Related pages

- Internal combustion engine
Cylinder (disambiguation)

A **cylinder** is a three-dimensional geometric shape. **Cylinder** may also refer to:

## Science and technology

- Cylinder (engine), the space in which a piston travels in an engine
- Gas cylinder, a container for storing compressed gas
    - Diving cylinder, a type of gas cylinder used in scuba-diving
- Cylinder (firearms), the rotating device that contains the firing chambers of a revolver
- Cylinder lock, the part that is profiled to accept a specific key
- Graduated cylinder, glassware for measurement of liquids in laboratories
- Hydraulic cylinder, using pressurized liquid
- Pneumatic cylinder, using compressed gas
    - Cylinder (locomotive), in a steam locomotive

### Information storage

- Phonograph cylinder, the dominant medium of audio storage from the 1870s until 1904.
- Cylinder (disk drive), in computer hard drives
- Cylinder seal, an ancient, often clay, cylinder engraved with a 'picture story'
- Cuneiform scripts, on cylinders, e.g. ancient documents of Babylonian kings:
    - Cylinder of Nabonidus
    - Cyrus Cylinder

### Mathematics

- Cylinder (algebra), the Cartesian product of a set with its superset

## Places

- Cylinder, Iowa, a city in the United States

## Related pages

- Cylinder set, the natural open set of a product topology
- Cylinder hat, a type of hat popular in 19th and early 20th centuries
Stanley, Iowa

**Stanley** is a city in the Buchanan and Fayette counties in the U.S. state of Iowa. There were 81 people living in Stanley as of the year 2020.  The city has an area of 0.2 square miles, thanks to the United States Census Bureau.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Stanley, Iowa
- **settlement type**: City
- **image map**: Buchanan_County_Iowa_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Stanley_Highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 250x200px
- **map caption**: Location of Stanley, Iowa
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Iowa, Counties
- **subdivision name2**: Buchanan County, Iowa, Buchanan, Fayette County, Iowa, Fayette
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 0.53
- **area land km2**: 0.53
- **area water km2**: 0.00
- **area total sq mi**: 0.20
- **area land sq mi**: 0.20
- **area water sq mi**: 0.00
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 81
- **population density km2**: 153.97
- **population density sq mi**: 399.01
- **timezone**: North American Central Time Zone, Central (CST)
- **utc offset**: -6
- **timezone dst**: CDT
- **utc offset dst**: -5
- **elevation m**: 340
- **elevation ft**: 1115
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 50671
- **area code**: Area code 319, 319
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 19-74955
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 0461951
Les Bois

**Les Bois** is a municipality in the district of Franches-Montagnes in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Les Bois
- **image photo**: Les Bois 2, 28.6.2008.jpg
- **municipality name**: Les Bois
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: Lesboisblason.jpg
- **languages**: French
- **canton**: Jura
- **iso-code-region**: CH-JU
- **district**: Franches-Montagnes (district), Franches-Montagnes
- **postal code**: 2336
- **municipality code**: 6742
- **area**: 24.7
- **elevation**: 1034
- **population**: 1087
- **populationof**: December 2005
- **popofyear**: 2005
- **website**: www.lesbois.ch
- **mayor**: Mr. Daniel Kurz
- **neighboring municipalities**: Le Noirmont, Saint-Imier (BE), Sonvilier (BE), La Ferrière (BE), La Chaux-de-Fonds (NE), Fournet-Blancheroche (F), Charquemont (F)
Les Breuleux

**Les Breuleux** is a municipality in the district of Franches-Montagnes in the canton of Jura in Switzerland. Since 2023, La Chaux-des-Breuleux became a part of Les Breuleux.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Les Breuleux
- **image photo**: Les Breuleux 3267.jpg
- **municipality name**: Les Breuleux
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: Les Breuleux-coat of arms.svg
- **languages**: French
- **canton**: Jura
- **iso-code-region**: CH-JU
- **district**: Franches-Montagnes (district), Franches-Montagnes
- **postal code**: 2345
- **municipality code**: 6743
- **area**: 10.8
- **elevation**: 1038
- **population**: 1320
- **populationof**: 2003
- **website**: www.breuleux.ch
- **mayor**: Mme Agnès Bourquard
- **demonym**: Breulotiers (ères)
- **neighboring municipalities**: Muriaux, Le Peuchapatte, Le Noirmont, La Chaux-des-Breuleux, Courtelary (BE), Cormoret (BE), Villeret (BE)
La Chaux-des-Breuleux

**La Chaux-des-Breuleux** was a municipality in the district of Franches-Montagnes in the canton of Jura in Switzerland. Since 2023, it became a part of Les Breuleux.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: La Chaux-des-Breuleux
- **image photo**: La-Chaux-des-Breuleux-Ku-1.jpg
- **municipality name**: La Chaux-des-Breuleux
- **municipality type**: former
- **imagepath coa**: La Chaux-de-Breleux Blazono.png
- **languages**: French
- **canton**: Jura
- **iso-code-region**: CH-JU
- **district**: Franches-Montagnes (district), Franches-Montagnes
- **postal code**: 2345
- **municipality code**: 6744
- **area**: 4.12
- **elevation**: 1016
- **population**: 96
- **populationof**: 2003
- **website**: https://www.breuleux.ch/
- **neighboring municipalities**: Les Breuleux, Muriaux, Saignelégier, Tramelan(BE), Mont-Tramelan(BE), Courtelary(BE)
Abrams, Wisconsin

**Abrams** is a town in Oconto County, Wisconsin, United States. 1,960 people were living in Abrams as of the 2020 Census.

The town has an area of 37.5 square miles, according to the United States Census Bureau.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Abrams, Wisconsin
- **settlement type**: Town
- **image map**: WIMap-doton-Abrams.png
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location of Abrams, Wisconsin
- **subdivision type**: List of countries, Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: Political divisions of the United States, State
- **subdivision name1**: Wisconsin
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Wisconsin, County
- **subdivision name2**: Oconto County, Wisconsin, Oconto
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 97.1
- **area land km2**: 96.8
- **area water km2**: 0.3
- **area total sq mi**: 37.5
- **area land sq mi**: 37.4
- **area water sq mi**: 0.1
- **population as of**: United States Census, 2020, 2020
- **population total**: 1960
- **population density km2**: 20.3
- **population density sq mi**: 52.4
- **timezone**: North American Central Time Zone, Central (CST)
- **utc offset**: -6
- **timezone dst**: CDT
- **utc offset dst**: -5
- **elevation m**: 212
- **elevation ft**: 696
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 55-00175
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 1582651
Les Enfers

**Les Enfers** is a municipality in the district of Franches-Montagnes in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Les Enfers
- **municipality name**: Les Enfers
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: LesEnfers-blazon.svg
- **languages**: French
- **canton**: Jura
- **iso-code-region**: CH-JU
- **district**: Franches-Montagnes (district), Franches-Montagnes
- **postal code**: 2875
- **municipality code**: 6745
- **area**: 7.09
- **elevation**: 955
- **population**: 137
- **populationof**: 2003
- **website**: lesenfers.ch
- **mayor**: Annemarie Balmer
- **neighboring municipalities**: Soubey, Montfavergier, Saint-Brais, Montfaucon, Switzerland, Montfaucon, Le Bémont, Les Pommerats
- **image photo**: File:Les Enfers 081.JPG
Ackley, Wisconsin

**Ackley** is a town in Langlade County, Wisconsin, United States. There were 467 people living in Ackley as of the 2020 Census.  The town came into being on March 4, 1879.

The town has an area of 71.0 square miles, thanks to the United States Census Bureau.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Ackley, Wisconsin
- **settlement type**: Town
- **image map**: WIMap-doton-Ackley.png
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location of Ackley, Wisconsin
- **subdivision type**: List of countries, Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: Political divisions of the United States, State
- **subdivision name1**: Wisconsin
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Wisconsin, County
- **subdivision name2**: Langlade County, Wisconsin, Langlade
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 183.9
- **area land km2**: 183.0
- **area water km2**: 0.9
- **area total sq mi**: 71.0
- **area land sq mi**: 70.7
- **area water sq mi**: 0.4
- **population as of**: United States Census, 2020, 2020
- **population total**: 467
- **population density km2**: 2.6
- **population density sq mi**: 6.6
- **timezone**: North American Central Time Zone, Central (CST)
- **utc offset**: -6
- **timezone dst**: CDT
- **utc offset dst**: -5
- **elevation m**: 446
- **elevation ft**: 1463
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 55-00225
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 1582652