juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
1401

**1401** (MCDI) was a common year starting on Saturday in the Julian calendar.  It was the first year of the 15th century.

## Events of 1401

- Timur raids the city of Baghdad in the Jalayirid Empire.
- Passing of the De heretico comburendo Act in England – the Archbishop of Canterbury pressures King Henry IV of England into outlawing as heretics anyone owning an English translation of the Bible.
- Dilawar Khan establishes the Malwa Sultanate in present-day northern India.
- Grand Duke Vytautas of Lithuania is granted increased autonomy by King Jogaila of the Poland-Lithuania union.
- Emperor Ho Quy Ly of Dai Ngu (now Vietnam) passes the throne to his son, Thai Thuong Hoang.
- A civil war, lasting four years, breaks out in the Majapahit Empire in present-day Indonesia.
- The Joseon Dynasty in the present-day Korea officially enters into a tributary relationship with Ming Dynasty China.
- Japan re-enters into a tributary relationship with Ming Dynasty China.

## Births

- May 12 – Emperor Shoko of Japan (died 1428)
- July 23 – Francesco I Sforza, Duke of Milan (died 1466)
- October 27 – Catherine of Valois, queen of Henry VI of England (died 1437)
- November 26 – Henry Beaufort, 2nd Earl of Somerset (died 1418)
- December 21 – Tommaso Masaccio, Italian painter (died 1428)
- Charles I, Duke of Bourbon (died 1456)
- Jacqueline, Countess of Hainaut (died 1436)
- _probable_
    - Nicholas of Cusa, German philosopher, mathematician and astronomer (died 1464)

## Deaths

- March – William Sawtrey, English Lollard martyr (burned at the stake)
- April 8 (or August 8) Thomas de Beauchamp, 12th Earl of Warwick (born 1338)
- October 20 – Klaus Störtebeker, German pirate
- _date unknown_
    - Anabella Drummond, queen of Scotland
1410

## Events of 1410

- March 29 – The Aragonese capture Oristano, capital of the giudicato di Arborea in Sardinia
- July 15 – Battle of Grunwald (also known as Tannenberg or Zalgiris). Polish and Lithuanian forces under the cousins Władysław Jagiełło of Poland and Vytautas the Great decisively defeat the forces of the Teutonic Knights, whose power is broken
- Jan Hus is excommunicated by the Archbishop of Prague.
- Antipope John XXIII is elected.
- Start of the building of Castle Woerden.

## Births

- _date unknown_
    - Masuccio Salernitano, Italian poet (died 1475)
    - William Sinclair, 1st Earl of Caithness (died 1484)
- _probable_
    - Johannes Ockeghem, Dutch composer (died 1497)
    - Conrad Paumann, German organist and composer (died 1473)
    - Vecchietta, Sienese painter, sculptor and architect (died 1480)

## Deaths

- March 5 – Matthew of Kraków, Polish reformer (born 1335)
- March 16 – John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset
- May 3 – Pope Alexander V
- May 18 – Rupert of Germany, Count Palatine of the Rhine (born 1352)
- May 31 – King Martin I of Aragon (born 1356)
- July 15
    - Ulrich von Jungingen, German Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights (killed in battle) (born 1360)
    - Friedrich von Wallenrode, komtur of Ryna, (killed in battle)
- September 13 – Isabella of Valois, queen consort of England (born 1387)
- _date unknown_
    - Beatrice, Queen of Portugal in the 1383-1385 crisis and Queen-consort of John I of Castile (born 1372)
    - John Badby, English martyr
    - Louis II, Duke of Bourbon (born 1337)
    - John Gower, English poet (born 1330)
1411

## Events

- February 11 : Peace of Toruń 1411 signed in Toruń, Poland
- July 24 : Battle of Harlaw between Donald of Islay, Lord of the Isles and an army commanded by Alexander Stewart, Earl of Mar.
- September 21 : King Henry IV of England calls his ninth parliament.
- _date unknown_ : The University of St Andrews is founded by a papal bull.

## Births

- September 21 – Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York, claimant to the English throne (died 1460)
- _date unknown_ – Juan de Mena, Spanish poet (died 1456)

## Deaths

- June 3 – Duke Leopold IV of Austria (born 1371)
- September – Anne de Mortimer, Countess of Cambridge (born 1390)
- November 4 – Khalil Sultan, ruler of Transoxiana (born 1384)
- _probable_ – Hasdai Crescas, Jewish philosopher
1413

## Events

- March 21 – Henry V becomes King of England.
- Project of Annals of Joseon Dynasty began.
- The University of St Andrews is chartered by papal bull.

## Births

- February 21 – Louis, Duke of Savoy (died 1465)
- November 19 – Frederick II, Elector of Brandenburg (died 1470)

## Deaths

- March 20 – Henry IV of England (born 1367)
- September 26 – Stephen III, Duke of Bavaria (born 1337)
- October 6 – Dawit I of Ethiopia (born 1382)
1414

## Events of 1414

- January 7 – Michael Küchmeister von Sternberg becomes the 28th Grand Master of the Teutonic Order.
- August 6 – Joan II succeeds her brother Ladislas as Queen of Naples.
- November 16 – Council of Constance begins.
- The Habsburg Duke Ernest the Iron (1377-1424) is the last duke to be enthroned according to the ancient Karantanian ritual of installing dukes on the Duke's Stone.
- Alien priory cells are suppressed.

## Births

- May 14 – Francis I, Duke of Brittany (died 1450)
- July 21 – Pope Sixtus IV (died 1484)
- August 18 – Jami, Persian poet (died 1492)
- November 9 – Albert III, Elector of Brandenburg (died 1486)
- _date unknown_
    - Charles I, Count of Nevers, Count of Nevers and Rethel (died 1464)
    - Shubun, Japanese painter in the Muromachi period and a Zen Buddhist monk (died 1463)
- _probable_ – Narsinh Mehta, poet-saint of Gujarat (died 1481)

## Deaths

- February 19 – Thomas Arundel, Archbishop of Canterbury (born 1353)
- August 6 – King Ladislas of Naples (born 1377)
- September 1 – William de Ros, 7th Baron de Ros, Lord Treasurer of England (born 1369)
- _date unknown_
    - Tewodros I, Emperor of Ethiopia
    - Fairuzabadi, Arab lexicographer (born 1329)
    - Jurjani, Arabian encyclopaedic writer (born 1339)
    - John I Stanley of the Isle of Man, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, King of the Isle of Man (born 1350)
- _probable_ – Zyndram z Maszkowic, Polish 14th and 15th century knight (born 1355)
1416

## Events

- January 27 – Republic of Dubrovnik is the first state in Europe to outlaw slavery.
- May 30 – The Catholic Church burns Jerome of Prague as a heretic.
- Trezzo sull'Adda Bridge destroyed, the longest arch bridge in the world at the time

## Births

- March 27 – Antonio Squarcialupi, Italian composer (died 1480)
- October 26 – Edmund Grey, 1st Earl of Kent (died 1490)
- _date unknown_
    - Pal Engjëlli, Albanian Catholic clergyman (died 1470)
    - Francis of Paola, founder of the Order of the Minims (died 1507)
    - Piero di Cosimo de' Medici, ruler of Florence (died 1469)
- _probable_ – Jacquetta of Luxembourg, daughter of Pierre de Luxembourg (died 1472)

## Deaths

- February 27 – Eleanor of Castile, queen consort of Navarre
- March 15 – John, Duke of Berry, son of John II of France (born 1340)
- April 2 – King Ferdinand I of Aragon (born 1379)
- May 21 – Anna of Celje, queen consort of Poland (born 1386)
- May 30 – Jerome of Prague, Czech theologian (executed) (born 1379)
- December 3 – Henry the Mild, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg
1417

## Events of 1417

- April 18 – Frederick I, Elector of Brandenburg begins to rule as margrave of Brandenburg
- June 24 – The Isle of Man holds the first known Tynwald Day; the annual meeting of its parliament Tynwald which has continued every year until present.
- July 27 – Avignon Pope Benedict XIII is deposed, bringing to an end the Great Western Schism.
- November 11 – Pope Martin V succeeds Pope Gregory XII as the 206th pope.
- The use of street lighting is first recorded in London, when Sir Henry Barton, the mayor, orders lanterns with lights to be hung out on the winter evenings between Hallowtide and Candlemas.

## Births

- February 23 – Pope Paul II (d. 1471)
- June 19 – Sigismondo Pandolfo Malatesta, lord of Rimini (died 1468)
- November 23 – William FitzAlan, 16th Earl of Arundel, English politician (died 1487)
- _date unknown_
    - Jöns Bengtsson Oxenstierna, regent of Sweden
    - Nicholas of Flüe, Swiss hermit and saint (died 1487)

## Deaths

- January – Art mac Art MacMurrough-Kavanagh, King of Leinster (born 1357)
- April 29 – Louis II of Naples (born 1377)
- September 4 – Robert Hallam, English Catholic bishop
- September 16 – Francesco Zabarella, Italian jurist (b. 1360)
- October 18 – Pope Gregory XII
- December 14 – John Oldcastle, English Lollard leader
- _probable_ – Huitzilíhuitl, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan
1418

## Events

- May 19 – Capture of Paris by John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy
- September – Beginning of English Siege of Rouen
- Mircea I of Wallachia, is succeeded by Vlad I Uzurpatorul.
- The first Portuguese settlers move to Madeira Islands.

## Births

- December 12 – Archduke Albert VI of Austria (died 1463)
- _date unknown_ – Peter II, Duke of Brittany (died 1457)

## Deaths

- March 22 – Dietrich of Nieheim, German historian
- June 2 – Katherine of Lancaster, queen of Henry III of Castile
- June 12 – Bernard VII, Count of Armagnac, Constable of France (b. 1360)
- November 25 – Henry Beaufort, 2nd Earl of Somerset (born 1401)
- December 11 – Louis of Piedmont (born 1364)
- _date unknown_
    - Ixtlilxochitl I, ruler of the Mesoamerican city-state of Texcoco, and ally of the Aztecs
    - Mircea I of Wallachia, ruler of Wallachia (since 1386)
1419

## Events of 1419

- January 19 – Hundred Years' War: Rouen surrenders to Henry V of England which brings Normandy under the control of England.
- June 20 – Start of the Oei Invasion of Tsushima Island in Japan by Joseon Korea.
- July 30 – 1st defenestration of Prague
- September 10 – Assassination of John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy by adherents of the Dauphin
- Portuguese sea captains João Gonçalves Zarco and Tristão Vaz Teixeira, at the service of Prince Henry the Navigator discover the Madeira islands
- The University of Rostock is established as the oldest university of northern Europe.

## Births

- July 10 – Emperor Go-Hanazono of Japan (died 1471)

## Deaths

- April 5 – Vincent Ferrer, Spanish missionary and saint (born 1350)
- August 16 – Wenceslaus, King of the Romans, King of Bohemia (born 1361)
- September 10 – John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy (assassinated) (born 1371)
- November 22 – Antipope John XXIII
- December 17 – William Gascoigne, Chief Justice of England
- _date unknown_ – Je Tsongkhapa, founder of the Geluk school of Tibetan Buddhism (born 1357)
1420

## Events

- May 21 – Treaty of Troyes.  With the Burgundian faction dominant in France, King Charles VI of France acknowledges Henry V of England as his heir and as virtual ruler of most of France.
- May 25 –  Henry the Navigator is appointed governor of the Order of Christ.
- The Madeira Islands were discovered by the Portuguese João Gonçalves Zarco.
- Hussite Wars – Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor fails at the battle of Vysehrad and is ejected from  Bohemia.
- Catherine of Valois marries Henry V of England.
- Henry V of England starts the construction Grace Dieu (ship)
- Construction begins on the Temple of Heaven in Beijing, China while the Forbidden City is completed.
- World population reaches 3.75 million.

## Births

- November 24 – John Stafford, 1st Earl of Wiltshire, English politician (died 1473)
- _date unknown_
    - Jean Fouquet, French painter (died 1481)
    - Nicolas Jenson, French engraver (died 1480)

## Deaths

- June 11 – John III, Burgrave of Nuremberg (born c.1369)
- August 9 – Pierre d'Ailly, French theologian and cardinal (born 1351)
- September 3 – Robert Stewart, 1st Duke of Albany, regent of Scotland
- _date unknown_
    - Epiphanius the Wise, Russian saint
    - Andrew of Wyntoun, Scottish chronicler (born 1350)
1421

## Events

- March 21 – Battle of Baugé. A small French force surprises and defeats a smaller English force under Thomas, Duke of Clarence, a brother of  Henry V of England, in Normandy.
- May 26 – Mehmed I, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire dies and is succeeded by his son Murad II.
- November 17–19 – St. Elizabeth flood. The coastal area near Dordrecht in the Netherlands was flooded due to an extremely high tide of the North Sea. 72 villages were drowned, killing about 10,000 people.
- John III of Dampierre, Marquis of Namur, sells his estates to Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy.
- The first patent is issued by the Republic of Florence.
- In a theory proposed by Gavin Menzies, supposedly the year that Chinese explorer Hong Bao and Zhou Wen discovered the Americas, beating Columbus by about 70 years.

## Births

- July 25 – Henry Percy, 3rd Earl of Northumberland, English politician (died 1461)
- December 6 – King Henry VI of England (died 1471)
- _date unknown_
    - Sogi, Buddhist priest and Japanese poet (died 1502)
    - Agnès Sorel, mistress of Charles VII of France
    - Ponhea Yat, ruler of the Khmer Empire (died 1467)

## Deaths

- January 21 – Niccolò I Trinci, lord of Foligno (assassinated)
- March 22 – Thomas of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Clarence, second son of Henry IV of England (killed in battle) (born 1388)
- May – Balša III, ruler of Zeta
- May 26 – Mehmed I, Ottoman Sultan (b. 1389)
- _date unknown_ – John FitzAlan, 13th Earl of Arundel (born 1385)

## References

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1423

## Events

- April 27 – Hussite Wars: Battle of Horic – The Taborites decisively beat the Utraquists.
- July 31 –  Hundred Years' War: Battle of Cravant – The French army is defeated at Cravant on the banks of the river Yonne.
- August 23 – English with Burgundian soldiers defeat the French, who were supported by the Scots, at Verneuil. The English-Burgundian alliance was strengthened by the marriage of the Duke of Bedford to Anne of Burgundy. Anne was sister of Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy. Philip the Good had allied Burgundy with England after his father was murdered in 1419 by the French Dauphin, son of Charles VI of France.
- According to the 1421 theory, the return of Zheng He's fleets to China.

## Births

- May 30 – Georg Purbach, German astronomer and mathematician (died 1461)
- June 2 – Ferdinand I of Naples (died 1494)
- July 3 – King Louis XI of France (died 1483)
- August 24 – Thomas Rotherham, English cleric (died 1500)
- November 24 – Baron Raß von Balzers, descendant of Frederick II

## Deaths

- May 23 – Avignon Pope Benedict XIII (born 1328)
- October 20 – Henry Bowet, Archbishop of York
- December 15 – Michael Küchmeister von Sternberg, Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights
- _date unknown_ – Richard Whittington, Lord Mayor of London (born 1358)
1424

JAYDIP

## Events of 1424

- August 17 – Battle of Verneuil – An English force under John, Duke of Bedford defeats a larger French army under the Duke of Alençon, John Stewart, and Earl Archibald of Douglas.  Alençon was captured and Douglas killed.
- June – Battle of L'Aquila – Jacopo Caldora and Micheletto Attendolo for the Kingdom of Naples defeat Braccio da Montone for Alfonso V of Aragon.

## Births

- October 31 – King Wladislaus III of Poland (died 1444)
- _date unknown_
    - Demetrius Chalcondyles, Greek scholar (died 1511)
    - Abu Sa'id, ruler of Persia and Afghanistan (died 1469)

## Deaths

- January 4 – Muzio Sforza, Italian condottiero
- May 10 – Emperor Go-Kameyama of Japan
- June 5 – Braccio da Montone, Italian condottiero
- June 10 – Duke Ernest of Austria (born 1377)
- June 16 – Johannes Ambundii, Archbishop of Riga
- August 12 – Yongle Emperor of China (born 1360)
- December 31 – Thomas Beaufort, 1st Duke of Exeter, English military leader
- _date unknown_
    - Parameswara, Malay prince (born 1344)
    - Jan Žižka, Czech general and Hussite leader
- _probable_ – Johannes Abezier, provost and bishop of the Teutonic Knights (born 1380)
1426

## Events

- March 6 – Battle of St. James (near Avranches).  An English army under John, Duke of Bedford defeats the French under Arthur de Richemont, forcing the Duke of Brittany to recognize English suzerainty.
- June 16 – Hussite Wars: Battle of Usti nad Labem The Hussites decisively beat the crusading armies in the Fourth Anti-Hussite Crusade.
- _"Castello Orsini-Odescalchi"_ built in Bracciano, Italy by the Orsini family.

## Births

- February – Christian of Oldenburg, later King of Denmark, Norway and Sweden
- _date unknown_
    - William Brandon, English nobleman (died 1485)
    - John II, Duke of Bourbon (died 1488)
    - Anne Neville, Countess of Warwick (died 1492)

## Deaths

- December – Pipo of Ozora, Hungarian military leader
- December 31 – Thomas Beaufort, 1st Duke of Exeter (born c. 1377)
- _date unknown_
    - Elizabeth Plantagenet, daughter of John of Gaunt
    - Tezozomoc, Tepanec ruler of Azcapotzalco
1427

## Events

- August 4 – Hussite Wars: Battle of Tachov The Hussites decisively beat the crusader armies, ending the Fourth Anti-Hussite Crusade.
- August 17 – First band of Gypsies visits Paris, according to an account of the citizen of Paris.
- Lincoln College, a constituent college of the University of Oxford, is founded.
- Balsics rule of Montenegro comes to an end.
- Bhaktapur Royal Palace in Nepal is built by King Yaksa Malla.
- Gabriel V elected Patriarch of the Coptic Church for the second time.
- Minrekyansa becomes King of Ava (_ancient Burma_).
- Conflict of Druimnacour in Sutherland, Scotland.
- First witch hunts begin, in Switzerland.
- Celestine Order established in France.
- Celebration of _Sant Jordi_ (Saint George) begins in Catalonia (he would later become its patron saint).
- Bremen is expelled from the Hanseatic League.
- Diogo de Silves, Portuguese navigator, discovers seven islands of the Azores archipelago.

## Births

- September 9 – Thomas de Ros, 10th Baron de Ros, English politician (died 1464)
- October 14 – Alesso Baldovinetti, Italian painter (died 1499)
- October 26 – Archduke Sigismund of Austria (died 1496)
- November 29 – Zhengtong Emperor of China (died 1464)
- November 30 – Casimir IV Jagiellon, King of Poland (died 1492)
- _date unknown_
    - Shen Zhou, Chinese painter (d. 1509)

## Deaths

- April 17 – John IV, Duke of Brabant (b. 1403)
- May 7 – Thomas la Warr, 5th Baron De La Warr, English churchman
- August 27 – Reginald West, 6th Baron De La Warr (born 1395)
- _date unknown_
    - Chimalpopoca, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlán (born 1397)
    - Qu You, Chinese novelist (born 1341)
- _probable_
    - Jehuda Cresques, Catalan cartographer (born 1350)
    - Gentile da Fabriano, Italian painter
1430

## Events

- May 14 – First French attempts to relieve the Siege of Compiègne.
- May 23 – Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians while leading an army to relieve Compiègne.
- June 14 – William Waynflete becomes vicar of Skendleby, Lincolnshire.
- The Ottoman Empire captures Thessalonica from the Venetians.
- The Order of the Golden Fleece is founded by Philip III, Duke of Burgundy to celebrate his marriage.
- Bratislava Castle is converted to a fortress under Sigismund of Luxemburg.
- Švitrigaila succeeds his cousin as ruler of Lithuania.
- First use of optical methods in the creation of art.
- Janissaries are created.

## Births

- October 16 – King James II of Scotland (died 1460)
- October 28 – Richard West, 7th Baron De La Warr, English politician (died 1475)
- _date unknown_ – Hosokawa Katsumoto, Japanese warlord
- _probable_ – Heinrich Kramer, German churchman and inquisitor (died 1505)

## Deaths

- January 29? – Andrei Rublev, Russian iconographer (born 1360)
- August 14 – Philip I, Duke of Brabant (b. 1404)
- August 18 – Thomas de Ros, 9th Baron de Ros, English soldier and politician (b. 1406)
- October 27 – Vytautas the Great, Grand Prince of Lithuania (born 1352)
- _date unknown_
    - Thomas FitzAlan, English nobleman
    - Christine de Pizan, proto-feminist writer

## Related pages

- List of state leaders in 1430
1432

## Events

- April – At the end of the Hook and Cod wars, Jacqueline, Countess of Hainaut and Holland is forced by Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, to abdicate all her estates in his favour; end of Hainaut and Holland as independent counties.
- June 1 – Battle of San Romano – Florence defeats Siena.
- Foundation of Université de Caen.

## Births

- January 15 – King Afonso V of Portugal (died 1481)
- March 30 – Mehmed II, Ottoman Sultan (died 1481)
- August 15 – Luigi Pulci, Italian poet (died 1484)
- _date unknown_
    - Pope Innocent VIII (died 1492)
    - Isabel of Coimbra, queen of Portugal (died 1455)
- _probable_ – Alvise Cadamosto, Italian explorer (died 1488)

## Deaths

- January 22 – John of Schoonhoven, theologian (born 1356)
- May 5 – Francesco Bussone da Carmagnola, Italian adventurer (executed)
- June 29 – Janus of Cyprus (born 1375)
- October 19 – John de Mowbray, 2nd Duke of Norfolk, English politician (born 1392)
- _date unknown_ – Gyaltsab Je, throne holder of the Gelug tradition of Buddhism (born 1364)
1434

## Events

- April 14, The foundation stone of Cathedral St. Peter and St. Paul in Nantes, France was laid.
- May 30, Battle of Lipany in the Hussite Wars
- Jan van Eyck paints the wedding of Giovanni Arnolfini
- Explorer Gil Eanes reaches Cape Bojador in Western Sahara.  In the same year, Portuguese traders deliver their first cargo of African slaves to Lisbon.
- Zara Yaqob becomes Emperor of Ethiopia

## Births

- March 19 – Ashikaga Yoshikatsu, Japanese shogun (died 1443)
- September 23 – Yolande of Valois, Duchess of Savoy (died 1478)
    - _probable_
    - Matteo Maria Boiardo, Italian poet (approximate date; died 1494)
    - Kano Masanobu, Japanese painter (died 1530)

## Deaths

- 30 May
    - Prokop the Great, Hussite general (b. 1380)
    - Yuri IV, Russian grand prince (b. 1374)
- June 11 – King Wladislaus II of Poland
- June 19 – Alexandra of Lithuania, Duchess of Masovia
- November 12 – King Louis III of Naples (b. 1403)
- _date unknown_
    - John I, Duke of Bourbon (b. 1381)
    - Amda Iyasus, Emperor of Ethiopia
1437

## Events of 1437

- Foundation of All Souls College, University of Oxford.
- Ulugh Beg's _Zij-i-Sultani_ star catalogue is published.
- Kazan Khanate is established.
- Edinbourgh is made the capital of Scotland.

## Births

- October 4 – John IV, Duke of Bavaria
- _date unknown_ – Isaac Abrabanel, Jewish statesman (died 1508)
- _probable_ – Elizabeth Woodville, Queen consort of King Edward IV of England (died 1492)

## Deaths

- January 3 – Catherine of Valois, queen of Henry V of England (born 1401)
- February 21 – King James I of Scotland (b. 1394)
- June 10 – Joanna of Navarre, daughter of Charles the Bad, King of Navarre (born 1370)
- November 20 – Thomas Langley, cardinal bishop of Durham and lord chancellor of England (born 1363)
- December 9 – Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor (born 1368)
- _date unknown_
    - Niccolò de' Niccoli, Italian Renaissance humanist (born 1364)
    - John II Stanley of the Isle of Man
1441

## Events

- King's College, University of Cambridge, is founded by King Henry VI.
- Ouagadougou becomes the capital of the Mossi Empire.
- Two Ethiopians attend an ecclesiastical council at Florence, as part of the negotiations concerning a possible union of Coptic and Roman Catholic Christianity. This is the earliest recorded contact of the Ethiopian Church with Europe.
- Revolt in Yucatán capital Mayapan; Maya civilization falls into warring city-states.
- Christopher of Bavaria succeeds Karl Knutsson Borde as king of Sweden.
- Alfonso V of Aragon captures Naples after a five-month siege.
- With the help of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, governor Haci Giray declares his province independent of the Golden Horde and establishes the Crimean Khanate.
- The Republic of Venice annexes the  seigniory of Ravenna, ending the Da Polenta dynasty.

## Births

- February 9 – Ali-Shir Nava'i, politician and poet (died 1501)

## Deaths

- January 14 – Corrado IV Trinci, former lord of Foligno
- July 9 – Jan van Eyck, Dutch painter
- July 12 – Ashikaga Yoshinori, Japanese shogun (born 1394)
National Air Traffic Services

The United Kingdom's **National Air Traffic Services** (NATS) is a company set up in 2001 to run air traffic control services.  This means that NATS  makes sure aircraft can fly safely across Britain, and that aircraft can take-off and land safely at British airports.

NATS is a private company, but the government owns 49%, just under half.

Before 2001 the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) handled air traffic control.
Gal

**Gal** can mean the following:

- A term for a girl (used mostly in North America)
- Abbreviation for gallon, an imperial system measurement.
Fantasy (disambiguation)

**Fantasy** is a genre of art, books, movies, television and music that uses magic and other supernatural things as a main part of either plot, theme, setting or all three. **Fantasy** may also refer to:
- Fantasy (psychology), a situation imagined by an individual or group, which does not correspond with reality but expresses certain desires or aims of its creator
- Fantasy movie, movies with fantastic themes, usually involving magic, supernatural events, make-believe creatures, or exotic fantasy worlds.
- Fantasy (fragrance), a women's fragrance by Elizabeth Arden, endorsed by Britney Spears
- Fantasy, another name for Gamma-hydroxybutyrate, a date-rape drug
- Fantasy sport, a game where fantasy owners build a team that competes against other fantasy owners based on the statistics generated by individual players or teams of a professional sport
- Sexual fantasy
- Fantasy (music), a free-form musical composition

- Discographies:
- Fantasy (Aldo Nova song), a song by Aldo Nova
- Fantasy (Appleton song), 2003 single by the British-Canadian duo, Appleton
- Fantasy (Aiko Kayo song), a 2004 single by the Japanese singer
- Fantasy (The Blizzards song), a 2007 single by the Irish band
- Fantasy (Carole King album), a 1973 album by Carole King
- Fantasy (Mariah Carey song), 1995 single by Mariah Carey
- Fantasie (album) a 1988 album by Münchener Freiheit
    - Fantasy (Münchener Freiheit album), the English version
- Fantasy (R&B group), a vocal group based in New York
- Fantasy Records, a United States-based record label founded in 1949
- Fantasy (Jay Chou album), Jay Chou's 2nd album which was released on 1st September 2001
- Fantasy (Lena Philipsson album), a 1993 album by Lena Philipsson
- Fantasy (Candy Lo album), an album by Candy Lo (盧巧音)
- Fantasy (Earth, Wind & Fire song), 1977 song by Earth, Wind & Fire

**Transportation**

Fantasy a cruise ship built by Carnival Cruises, which currently sails out of New Orleans to the Caribbean.
Czech Airlines

- _Sometimes called the CSA; for other uses see CSA._

**Czech Airlines** was started as Czechoslovak State Airlines on 6 October 1923. This was when the Czech Republic and the Slovakia were one country.

The company started flying _domestically_ (only inside Czechoslovakia) in 1924. In 1930 they made their first international flight.

CSA stopped flying between 1938 and 1945 when the country was occupied by Germany.

When Czechoslovakia split into two countries, all of the Czechoslovak State Airlines stayed in the Czech Republic and became Czech Airlines. That is why Czech Airline's logo still says **CSA : Czech Airlines**
Arika Yumemiya

**Arika Yumemiya** is a fictional protagonist from the anime _My-Otome_.

## Story

Arika lived with just her grandmother, who died when Arika became 15. The grandmother told Arika that her mother was an otome, and gives Arika a necklace from her mother. Wanting to find out more about her mother, and to become an otome like her, Arika walks to Garderobe (a school in Windbloom for training otomes). She meets a girl called Nina Wang, who is from Garderobe.

Arika is from the countryside, so she does not know much about the city of Windbloom. Nina soon becomes angry with Arika's clumsiness. When Arika tells Nina that she also wants to find Garderobe to become an otome, like Nina, Nina does not agree to tell her where Garderobe is, because she thought that Arika was not good enough to be an otome.

They save a girl who is called Mashiro from some men, and Mashiro leads Nina and Arika to Garderobe in return. But they are attacked by a robot called a Slave monster. Nina then makes a temporary contract with Mashiro to protect her, so that she can prove that she was a good otome. Arika finds this very interesting, when the Slave Monster defeats Nina.

They all run to a plane, and Arika's necklace shines, making the plane fly by itself. Nina sees the necklace and thinks that she might be Rena Searrs's daughter. A Five Pillar called Shizuru and an otome called Akane saves them, and leads them to Garderobe. Arika thinks that the otomes are good, and asks the headmaster of Garderobe, Natsuki, that she wants to become an otome as well. Natsuki agrees.

## Personality

Arika is very cheerful, and seems to be a good potential for an otome, because she is strong. For example, when she saves Mashiro with Nina, she attacks the men with skill. When the nanomachine is put to her so that she can fight with Nina later on, she does not get tired easily. Her power might have come from her mother, Rena Searrs, who was a very strong otome.

But when she sometimes does not understand what is happening, she cries easily, but hides it from the others. She always tries to listen to what her grandmother said before she died. For example, the grandmother once said to her "never to give up hope in a dream," so she does not give up her dream to become an otome.

## Meaning of name

_Arika_ in Japanese means a _place_. _Yume_ in her surname, Yumemiya, means _dream_. Together, it means that Arika's dream is to become an otome, and she tries to find a place (Garderobe) where she can have her dreams come true.
Protagonist

A **protagonist** is the main character of a story. It can be used for any kind of story: in literature, a movie, a television show or a play. The protagonist is also called the **central character** or **main character** and is often the **hero** of the story. However, the protagonist does not always win and survive in a story.

Protagonists are usually moral and benevolent, helping other characters to change their badness to become good again, or defeating the bad characters. This is not always the case.

The protagonist's name can sometimes be in the title of the fiction he or she is in, for example:
- In _Harry Potter_, Harry Potter is the protagonist.
- In the tragedy _Hamlet_ by William Shakespeare, the prince Hamlet himself is the protagonist of the story.
- In _DC Comics_, Batman is the protagonist.
- In _Marvel Comics_, Spider-Man is the protagonist.
- In Mario, Mario is the protagonist.
- In Sonic, Sonic is the protagonist.
- In _Stranger Things_, Eleven is the protagonist.
- In Peter Rabbit (movie), Peter Rabbit is the protagonist.
Russian Armenia

**Russian Armenia** () is the time of Armenia's history under Russian rule from 1829, when Eastern Armenia became part of the Russian Empire to the start of the Democratic Republic of Armenia in 1918.

## Related topics

- Russian Empire
Monocotyledon

**Monocotyledons** are a class of flowering plants (angiosperms), whose embryo (seed) store only one cotyledon.
The APG II system recognises a clade called "monocots" but does not assign it to a taxonomic rank.

You can recognize a monocot by its leaves: they have long parallel veins running down the leaf. In contrast, dicot plant leaves have a complex netted vein pattern on their leaves.

Monocots usually have a fibrous root system.

## Other websites

- APG II
- Petrosaviales
Hornsby, New South Wales

**Hornsby** is a suburb and shire in the northern part of Sydney. It has passenger trains and buses to and from Parramatta and Sydney CBD.

## History

The name 'Hornsby' comes from a convict who became a constable. His name was Samuel Henry Horne, and he was given some land for helping catch two bushrangers, whose names were Dalton and MacNamara. He named the land he was given 'Hornsby Place' after himself.

### The Shire

Hornsby shire is one of the biggest Local Government areas of Sydney, with a population of 155,971. It consists of the following suburbs:
- Arcadia
- Asquith
- Beecroft
- Berowra
- Berowra Heights
- Berowra Waters
- Berrilee
- Brooklyn
- Canoelands
- Carlingford
- Castle Hill
- Cheltenham
- Cherrybrook
- Cowan
- Dural
- Fiddletown
- Forest Glen
- Galston
- Glenhaven
- Glenorie
- Hornsby
- Hornsby Heights
- Kangaroo Point

- Laughtondale
- Maroota
- Middle Dural
- Milsons Passage
- Mount Colah
- Mount Ku-ring-gai
- Normanhurst
- North Epping
- Pennant Hills
- Round Corner
- Thornleigh
- Wahroonga
- Waitara
- Westleigh
- West Pennant Hills
- Wisemans Ferry

### The suburb

Hornsby station, Hornsby Westfield, Hornsby Library and many business buildings are in the centre of the suburb. The eastern side of the train line is often called the 'modern part' of Hornsby, and Westfield and the Hornsby Library are here, with many new towering apartment blocks. The western side of the railway line is home to Hornsby's main post office, court house, police station, council office, public swimming pool, TAFE college and many older shops and businesses. There is also an industrial area on the far western part of Hornsby, with many large warehouses and factories.

There are also many schools, including:
- Hornsby Girls High School
- Barker College
- Hornsby South Public School
- Hornsby North Public School

Hornsby Hospital and Mt Wilga Rehabilitation Hospital are two hospitals in Hornsby.

## Population

Hornsby is a place of many cultures, and many people from around the world live there.

The current population of Hornsby is 18,702.

## Infobox (australian place)

- **type**: suburb
- **name**: Hornsby
- **state**: nsw
- **city**: Sydney
- **image**: Hornsby1.jpg
- **caption**: Florence Street Mall with Hornsby Water Clock
- **local map**: yes
- **zoom**: 12
- **pop**: 22,462
- **postcode**: 2077
- **elevation**: 188
- **lga**: Hornsby Shire
- **stategov**: Electoral district of Hornsby, Hornsby
- **stategov2**: Electoral district of Wahroonga, Wahroonga
- **fedgov**: Division of Berowra, Berowra
- **fedgov2**: Division of Bradfield, Bradfield
- **near-nw**: Hornsby Heights, New South Wales, Hornsby Heights
- **near-n**: Asquith, New South Wales, Asquith
- **near-ne**: North Wahroonga, New South Wales, North Wahroonga
- **near-w**: Dural, New South Wales, Dural
- **near-e**: Waitara, New South Wales, Waitara
- **near-sw**: Westleigh, New South Wales, Westleigh
- **near-s**: Normanhurst, New South Wales, Normanhurst
Thornleigh, New South Wales, Thornleigh
- **near-se**: Wahroonga, New South Wales, Wahroonga
- **dist1**: 23
- **dir1**: north-west
- **location1**: Sydney CBD
Persian Armenia

**Persian Armenia** means the Armenian land ruled by Persia in some time. The size of Persian Armenia changed over time.
Iuridictum

**Iuridictum** is an encyclopedia about law in Czech language made with a wiki, which means that anyone can change the encyclopedia or create new articles.  The project was started in 2005 by Tomáš Pecina, former administrator of Czech Wikipedia.

## Other websites

- Iuridictum
Potential

**Potential** might refer to:

- Scalar potential
- Vector potential
- Potential difference, the amount of energy to be able to pass from one energy to another
- Potential energy, an energy which stores to release in a different energy
Rena Searrs

**Rena Searrs**, in the fictional anime My-Otome, was a powerful otome of the king of Windbloom, but she died from a war 14 years ago. She is later revealed to be the mother of Arika Yumemiya.
Nina Wang

**Nina Wang** is a fictional character from the anime ***My-Otome.***

## Background

Nobody knows of Nina's past, just that she was kidnapped by assassins when she was young. She trained to become an assassin with other young children, until a man called Sergay Wang came to kill the assassins. Sergay sees Nina, and decides to adopt her. Nina trains in Garderobe from then on, to become Nagi's (Sergay's master) otome. She grows to love her stepfather more than loving a father, and is jealous when she finds that Sergay loved a woman called Rena Searrs from a photo album.

When she first meets Arika, she is angry at Arika for embarrassing her. This is because Arika tried to catch a drink from falling and landed on Nina instead. Nina fell down, showing the inside of her skirt, and she felt embarrassed in front of other people who were there, for example, Sergay. It is her dream to please Sergay and so she pretends that her dream is to become an otome, because Sergay would be proud.
Kidnapping

**Kidnapping** is an illegal act of stealing people. It has been around for a long time. For example, there were slave traders in Ancient Rome who kidnapped people and sold them as slaves. If a parent steals a child without the other parent's consent it is known as parental abduction. Sometimes, kidnapping is done for ransom. Many times, people kidnap children, an example is Amber Hagerman.

## Related pages

- Abduction
- Hostage
- Stockholm syndrome
Gurkha

**Gurkhas** (Gorkhas) are ethnic Nepalese Soldiers recruited into the British Army, and now also recruited into the modern Nepalese and Indian Armies. They are primarily formed up of the four castes: Gurung, Magar, Rai and Limbu. They come from the mountains of Nepal and are best known for their courage, honesty, and loyalty, which according to some is inappropriate ethnic stereotyping.

The Brigade of Gurkhas are a part of the British Army. They have fought with the British for the past 200 years. The Gurkha unit in the British army has won 26 Victoria Cross medals and many other medals. The Gurkhas also work in the security forces of Brunei, Singapore, India and other countries.

Their symbol is the kukri or khukuri, the curved knife which they use as a weapon and a tool.
Moses of Chorene

**Moses of Chorene** () is known as the author of the most important mediaeval Armenian history. He is known as the first Armenian historian.
Numeral system

A **numeral system** (also called a **number system** or **system of numeration**) is a way to write numbers. Roman numerals and tally marks are examples. "11" usually means eleven, but if the numeral system is binary, then "11" means three.

A numeral is a way to represent a number. It may be a symbol or a word in a natural language, or a group of them. Numerals differ from numbers just as the word "rock" differs from a real rock. The symbols "11", "eleven" and "XI" are all numerals that represent the same number. Babylonian numerals, Greek numerals and Roman numerals are among the systems that were long used, before the Hindu–Arabic numeral system largely replaced them.

## Bases

Various symbols are used as numerals to make numbers. A system with base 10 (the common decimal system), normally uses the symbols _0_, _1_, _2_, _3_, _4_, _5_, _6_, _7_, _8_, and _9_. Each of the numbers 0 to 9 can be written as one symbol, _0_ ... _9_. To count past 9, symbols have to be put together. _10_ can be seen as _1_ in the tens' place and _0_ in the ones' place, or as _1 times 10<sup>1</sup> plus 0 times 10<sup>0</sup>_. With a base of 2, only the symbols _0_ and _1_ are used. _10_<sub>base 2</sub>  is therefore _1 times 2<sup>1</sup> plus 0 times 2<sup>0</sup>_. This is the same as 2, in the base 10 notation.

For bases bigger than 10, capital letters are used as symbols. For example, the hexadecimal numeral system (base 16) uses the numerical digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F.

Today, base 10 is the most commonly used system. Computers use binary and people who study computers often use octal and hexadecimal numeral systems. Ancient Sumer used sexagesimal (base 60). New world used base 20.

Most electronic calculations are done in binary (base 2), but most people do calculations in decimal (base ten) or duodecimal.

## Other websites

- History of Counting and Numeral Systems-PlainMath.Net
- Online Numeral Base Converter for Different Numeral Systems (Base 2-36)
- Online Converter  for Decimal/Roman Numerals (JavaScript, GPL)
- Number Sense & Numeration Lessons
- Counting Systems of Papua New Guinea
Mashiro Kazahana

**Mashiro Kazahana** is a main character in the anime My-HiME. **Mashiro Blanc de Windbloom** is her name in My-Otome.

Mashiro first meets Mai Tokiha when Mai is trying to find Mikoto Minagi, and Mashiro is seen in a rose garden with a maid. When she later meets Mai, Mai finds out that Mashiro is the chairwoman of the Fuuka Academy. She is calm and seems to know more than the people of her age, even though she is just 14. She knows about the Himes, feeling sorry for them as if it was her own fault that the Himes were created.

## Mashiro Blanc de Windbloom

Mashiro Blanc de Winbloom is the queen of Windbloom, who is only 15. She is bossy and loud, parallel to Mashiro Kazahana. She gets angry easily, and when people say that she is a fake princess, she is surprized because she wants to be a queen so much. But a rumour says that the real princess was floated away in a casket, and that Mashiro was just a replacement for not finding the real princess. Mashiro does not look like the last rulers of Winbloom as well.
Chairperson

A **chairperson** is a person who presides over meetings, such as a board of directors for a corporation, or any other meeting.  The chairman of a corporation is not the chief executive officer, and only conducts the meetings in most companies.

Although "chairman" has been used for both men and women, some prefer to use the terms "chairperson", "madame chairman" or "chairwoman." The conduct of meetings is governed by the organization's by-laws or charter, or, more formally, Parliamentary procedure for government organizations or large meetings generally.  Rarely the chairperson is called the "chair," though in educational institutions a "chair" indicates a specific endowed position on a faculty.
NeXTSTEP

**NeXTSTEP** was a computer operating system made by a company called NeXT. NeXT was run by Steve Jobs, who was the CEO of Apple until his death in 2011. NEXTSTEP was based on UNIX and used source code from BSD. It had a graphical user interface and it let people write computer programs using object-oriented programming. NeXTSTEP ran only on computers made by NeXT. Later on, NeXTSTEP was changed so that it could run on other computers. This new operating system was called OPENSTEP. In 1997, Apple bought the NeXT company and used NeXTSTEP to make Mac OS X.
Darwin (operating system)

**Darwin** is a free, open source, Unix operating system made by Apple Inc. It is named after Charles Darwin. Darwin is used as the base of macOS, but it cannot run macOS programs by itself.

### Other derived projects

- XQuartz is the X Window System of macOS (Darwin). XDarwin, before the introduction of Apple's X11.app.
- WebKit is a layout engine made to let web browsers show web pages.
Mashiro

**Mashiro** is a Japanese name meaning white. This is a unique name (not in the top 1000 newborn names in the US in 2021).

## People

- Mashiro Matsumura
- Mashiro Kazahana or Mashiro Blanc de Windbloom, fictional characters in My-HiME and My-Otome
- Mashiro, a fictional character in _Bleach_ (manga)
- Sakamato Mashiro
- Masahiro Fukuda, Japanese association football player
- Masahiro Endo, Japanese association football player
- Masahiro Ando, Japanese association football player
Graduation

**Graduation** is the confirmation of the finishing of an university, military academy, academy or high school. Graduation is celebrated in a ceremony done at the day of that confirmation; the name of that ceremony is usually the degree day, commencement, invocation, or convocation. Graduation also means the moving of a student from one grade to another higher grade.
Loyalty

**Loyalty** is a devotion for someone or something. Someone who is **loyal** can be trusted, because they never betray the people they are loyal to.

## Loyalty in business

Being loyal can also bring good to business because the boss, or person in control, may let the person do something difficult but greatly paid. This is because loyal people are expected and trusted to behave responsibly.

Some firms (e.g. insurance companies) may give "loyalty discounts" to customers who stay with them for a long time (who are loyal to the firm).  Some stores may offer their customers "loyalty cards" to get some money off their purchases.
Loyal

**Loyal** may be meaning:
- The concept of loyalty.
- Ben Loyal, a mountain in Sutherland
- Some places are named **Loyal** in the United States:
    - Loyal, Oklahoma
    - Loyal, Wisconsin
    - Loyal (town), Wisconsin
ITunes

**iTunes** is a media player made by Apple. It came out on January 10, 2001, at the Macworld Expo in San Francisco. iTunes is used for playing and sorting music and video files. It also lets users see and change what is on their iPod or iPhone.
iTunes is a free download for Mac OS X and Microsoft Windows from Apple's website but requires a subscription. The download is also included with QuickTime, a program used to play videos. It also comes with all Apple Macintosh computers, and some HP and Dell computers. However, on 3 Jun 2019, Apple announced that iTunes would not be available on macOS Catalina.

## iTunes Store

The iTunes Store is an online store built into iTunes. iTunes can connect to the iTunes Store if there is an internet connection to buy and download music, music videos, television shows, iPod games, audiobooks, podcasts, and movies. The files from the iTunes Store used to use Digital Rights Management (DRM) to prevent piracy. However, iTunes now sells music and videos called iTunes Plus, which are higher quality and have no DRM.

Some singers and bands do not have most of their music on iTunes yet: The KLF, Garth Brooks, Bob Seger, Def Leppard, King Crimson and Tool.

For a long time, users could not get music by The Beatles on iTunes due to a legal conflict between Apple Inc. and Apple Records. Starting in November 2010, users can now get music by the Beatles. It is very popular nowadays. There is a lot of advertisements by Apple for Beatles music.

## Beginning

Bill Kincaid had developed SoundJamMP which was released later in the year of 1999. It was later renamed iTunes which was then purchased by Apple in 2000.

As SoundJam was being worked on throughout the years, the interface of the site was changed to make it easier for people to understand how to use it.  And added the ability to burn CDs, and removed its recording feature and skin support.

On January 9, 2001, iTunes 1.0 was released at Macworld San Francisco. Macintosh users immediately began to dig through iTunes’s resource fork where they discovered that there were so many other strings and other resources that indicated iTunes was a re-engineered SoundJam MP. Casady & Greene ceased distribution of SoundJam MP on June 1, 2001 at the request of the developers.

## References

- http://www.answers.com/topic/itunes
ITunes Store

The **iTunes Store** is a digital media store operated by Apple Inc. It was opened on April 28, 2003, as a result of Steve Jobs push to open a digital marketplace for music.

The iTunes Store is available on most Apple devices, including the Mac (inside the Music app), the iPhone, the iPad, the iPod touch, and the Apple TV, as well as on Windows (inside iTunes). As of January 2009, the number of songs sold worldwide has surpassed 6 billion. The iTunes Store is also the most popular online movie store (as of April 11, 2007, the store had sold approximately 2 million movies). In the U.S the iTunes Store is the third largest music retailer overall. The files you order are sent along with usage guidelines established by FairPlay, Apple's version of digital rights management.

New songs are added to the iTunes catalog every day, while the iTunes Store is updated every Tuesday. The store currently has over 13,000,000 songs (available in all national versions of the iTunes Store).

The user must pay with an iTunes credit card if they are a countries of Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Spain, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, or the United States.

## Related pages

- iTunes Originals

## Infobox (online service)

- **logo**: ITunes_Store_logo.svg
- **platform**: macOS
 iOS
 tvOS
 Windows 7 and later
- **type**: Digital distribution
Online music store
Video on demand
App store (moved to App Store (iOS), App Store)
Ebook, Ebook store (moved to Apple Books)
Shōnen

is a Japanese word. In English, it means _few years_. It can have any of the these meanings:
- Shōnen, a normal boy. A student in primary school up to Middle School
- _Shōnen (magazine)_, a manga magazine published by Koubunsha
- _Weekly Shōnen Magazine_, a manga magazine published by Kodansha
- Shounen (media), media whose audience is boys under 18-years-old