juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Life imprisonment

**Life imprisonment** is a term used for a sentence of imprisonment. The effect of such a sentence is different in each jurisdiction. Life in prison is known by others as a humane alternative to the death penalty for the most serious crimes such as murder, terrorism, etc. A formerly used form of life imprisonment was Immurement.

In some cases, a person with a life sentence can leave prison on parole after a number of years. In the United States, this is usually 15 to 25 years. However, the person must convince a court or parole board that they will not commit more crimes. If a person leaves on parole, they are not completely free, and they have some restrictions.

In other cases, the court may decide that the person should never leave prison, which is called **life without parole**. This sentence is used for even more serious crimes.

## Other websites

- International perspectives on life imprisonment
Gregory Nava

**Gregory James Nava** is an American movie director. Nava was born on April 10, 1949 in San Diego, California. He won several awards for his movies.

## Filmography

- _The Confessions of Amans_ (1977)
- _The End of August_ (1982)
- _El Norte_ (1983)
- _A Time of Destiny_ (1988)
- _My Family/Mi Familia_ (1995)
- _Selena_ (1997)
- _Why Do Fools Fall in Love_ (1998)
- _Frida_ (2002)
- _Bordertown_ (2007)

## Other websites

- Gregory Nava  informational web site
- _Cineaste_  interview by Dennis West
- PBS  interview of Gregory Nava with Bill Moyers
- San Diego Film Festival  honors Gregory Nava
People en Español

***People en Espanol*** is a Spanish-language magazine published by Time Warner, Inc. that debuted in 1996 out of the success of the Selena tribute issue. As of 2006, it was the Spanish-language magazine of largest readership in the United States, reaching 4.2 million readers with each issue.

## Other websites

- _People en Español_ Official site
- _People en Español_ Media Kit
Golden Eagle Award

**Golden Eagle Award** () is a Russian national award for movies and TV series, run by the Russian Academy of Cinema Arts since 2002. It like the Academy Awards and gives out in 20 nominations each January. The ceremony is held at the Mosfilm studios, where some of the most acclaimed Soviet features were filmed.
American Bank Center

The **American Bank Center** is a convention center and 8,156-seat arena in Corpus Christi, Texas. The center is host to many conventions, concerts, performances, and sporting events. The arena is home to the Corpus Christi Rayz ice hockey team, as well as the Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi Islanders men's and women's basketball teams. As well as the convention facilities and arena, the American Bank Center also features the Selena Auditorium, named after Selena. The American Bank Center is in Corpus Christi's Bayfront Arts and Science Park.

## Other websites

- americanbankcenter.com
- Centerplate
- SMG
Selena Forever

***Selena Forever*** is a musical. It is about American singer Selena's life. It stars Veronica Vazquez as "Selena". The musical is based on the movie _Selena_.

## Musical numbers

- Act I
- "A New Show's About to Begin" - Selena and Ensemble
- "The Ballad of Selena" - Los Sueños Del Pueblo
- "Somewhere Over the Rainbow" - Young Selena
- "Simply Me" - Young Selena
- "Blue Moon Memories" - Abraham
- "Abraham’s Dream" - Abraham, Marcella
    - "Como La Flor" - Adult Selena
- "Papa Gayo’s" - Los Sueños Del Pueblo
    - "Blue Moon" - Young Selena
- "Abraham’s Dream" (Reprise) - Abraham
- "Living On A Bus" (Medley) - Marcella and Company
    - "Dame Un Beso" - Selena y Los Dinos
    - "La Bamba" - Selena y Los Dinos
- "Guitar Solo" - Chris
- "Baila Esta Cumbia" - Selena y Los Dinos
- "I’ve Grown Up, Daddy" - Selena and Company
- "Somebody Special" - Suzette, Los Sueños Del Pueblo
- "Pizza & Coke" - Selena
- "Wanting a Dream" - A.B., Los Sueños Del Pueblo
- "My Daughter Wants to Be Just Like Selena" - Mothers
    - "Techno Cumbia" - Daughters
- "Amor Prohibido" - Selena y Los Dinos
- "Como La Flor" - Selena y Los Dinos

- Act II
- "God's Child (Baila Conmigo)" - Selena and Los Suenos Del Pueblo
- "Just Be Yourself, Selena" - Marcella, Suzette
- "Bidi Bidi Bom Bom" - Selena y Los Dinos
- "La Carcacha" - Selena y Los Dinos
- "To Him She’s a Woman" - Marcella
- "A New Contract" - A.B., Los Sueños Del Pueblo
- "Missing My Baby" - Selena y Los Dinos
- "Meet Me In Corpus Christi" - Chris
- "Tomorrow and Forever" - Chris, Selena
- "You’re Gonna Die Today, Brother" - A.B., Friends
- "Amame, Quiereme" - Suzette, Billy, Chorus
- "If Tomorrow" - Abraham
- "Dress Like Selena" - Suzette
- "The Fan Club/I Will Survive" - Los Sueños Del Pueblo and Selena
- "I Could Fall In Love" - Selena
- "The Fan Club" (Reprise) - Los Sueños Del Pueblo
- "Letters to Selena" - Women
- "The Next Morning" - Jose Behar
- "Dreaming of You" - Selena
- "Finale" - Company

## Other websites

- _Selena Forever_ Official Website
Ramy Ayach

**Ramy Ayach** () is a Lebanese singer. He was born on August 18, 1980 in Baakleen, Lebanon. Ayach was born as the oldest child. He was raised in the mountains of Lebanon. He became aware of his music and started singing in public places. He then became one of the most popular Arabian singers in the Middle East.

## Other websites

- Ramy Ayach On Facebook
- Ramy Ayach Official Website
- Rotana Records Arabia
Christianity in Palestine

Some people who speak Arabic and live on the country called Palestine today are Christians. These include Oriental Orthodoxy, Eastern Orthodoxy, Catholic (Eastern and Western rites), Protestant, and others. About half of them belong a branch of the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Greek Orthodox Church of Jerusalem.

Today, less than four percent of Palestinians living inside the borders of Palestine are Christians. Many Arabs emigrated, mainly because of wars fought between Egypt, Israel and Jordan.  There is also pressure to join Islam. Surveys done by the British in 1922 and 1946 showed that in 1922, about 9.5%  and in 1946 approximately 7.6% of the Palestinian Arabs were Christians.
Dalmatian pelican

The **Dalmatian pelican** (_Pelecanus crispus_) is  a large bird. It lives in wet places such as in swamps and shallow lakes. It can be found from southeastern Europe to Pakistan and China.

It is the largest member of the pelican family. The average length is  170–190 cm (67-75 inches) The average weight is 11–15 kg (24-33 lbs). The wings are around 3 m (10 ft) across. It is the world's heaviest flying bird on average. However, sometimes a few birds from another species may also be as large or larger.
Platyzoa

The **Platyzoa** ("flat animals") are a group of protostomes proposed by Thomas Cavalier-Smith in 1998. This is a taxon above the level of phylum, and is not part of the usual system of classification.

Cavalier-Smith included here the Platyhelminthes (flatworms), and a new phylum Acanthognatha, into which he gathered several previously described phyla of microscopic animals. Subsequent studies have supported Platyzoa as a viable clade, while differing on the phyla included and on relationships within Platyzoa.
Lophotrochozoa

The **Lophotrochozoa** ("crest-bearing animals") are a group of animals above the level of phylum. It is not part of the usual system of classification. They were recently discovered through molecular phylogeny. They include two of the most successful animal phyla, the Mollusca and Annelida.

## Groups

The Lophotrochozoa comprise two groups, the trochozoans and the Lophophorata. The exact relationships between the different phyla are not entirely certain.  However, it seems that neither the lophophorates nor the trochozoa are monophyletic groups by themselves, but are mixed together.

- Trochozoans produce trochophore larvae, which have two bands of cilia around their middle. The Trochozoa include the Nemertea, Mollusca, Sipuncula, Echiura and Annelida.

- The Lophophorata are united by the presence of a lophophore, a fan of ciliated tentacles surrounding the mouth. Some authors considered them deuterostomes, before RNA trees placed them together with the trochozoans. The Lophophorata include the Bryozoa, Phoronida, and Brachiopoda.

Other phyla are included on the basis of molecular data.
French food

**French food** has influenced the style of cooking throughout Europe, and its chefs work in restaurants throughout the world.

The roots of modern _haute cuisine_ lie in chefs like La Varenne (1615–1678) and the notable chef of Napoleon, Marie-Antoine Carême (1784–1833). These chefs developed a lighter style of food compared to the food of the Middle Ages. They used fewer spices, and more herbs and creamy ingredients.

Typical ingredients like roux and fish stock, and techniques such as marinading, and dishes such as ragout, were invented. Carême was an expert pâtissier (pastry-maker), and this is still a mark of French cooking. He developed basic sauces, his 'mother sauces'; he had over a hundred sauces in his repertoire, based on the half-dozen mother sauces.

French cooking was introduced in the 20th century by Georges Auguste Escoffier (1846–1935). He was a genius at organisation. He worked out how to run large restaurants, as in a big hotel or a palace: how the staff should be organised; how the menu was prepared. He had methods for everything, and may have invented over 5,000 recipes. Escoffier managed the restaurants and cuisine at the Savoy Hotel and Carlton Hotel in London, the Hôtel Ritz Paris, and some of the greatest cruise ships of the day.

Escoffier's other main contribution was the publication of _Le Guide Culinaire_ in 1903, which spread the understanding of French cookery. However, Escoffier left out much of the culinary character to be found in the regions of France.

Gastro-tourism and the _Guide Michelin_ helped to acquaint people with the rich bourgeois and peasant cuisine of the French countryside in the 20th century. Gascon cuisine has also had great influence over the cuisine in the southwest of France. Many dishes that were once regional have proliferated in variations across the country. Cheese and wine are a major part of the cuisine, playing different roles regionally and nationally. In the north of France, people often prefer to use butter to cook. In the south, they prefer olive oil and garlic. In France, each region has its own special dish; choucroute in Alsace, quiche in Lorraine, cassoulet in the Languedoc-Roussillon, tapenade in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, tartiflette in Savoie, and bouillabaisse in Marseille, just to name a few.

In November 2010, **French gastronomy** was added by UNESCO to its lists of the world's 'intangible cultural heritage'.
Doom engine

The **Doom engine**, sometimes called **ID Tech 1**, is the computer code behind the video game Doom. It is also used by several other games, including Doom 2 (but not Doom 3, which has its own engine). Heavily modified versions of the Doom engine are used in Heretic, Hexen, and Strife. Early versions of the Doom engine were known as the Doom Operating System, although this is not the typical use of the term operating system.

The Doom engine uses a technique called binary space partitioning to represent 3D levels in a way that a computer can process quickly. It is written mostly in C. The source code has been released for free under the GNU General Public License. Many Doom fans have made their own modified versions called source ports. Source ports often add new features and fix problems in the original engine. Popular source ports include Boom, PrBoom, PrBoom+, Zdoom, and Chocolate Doom.

The Doom engine represents levels internally using structures called linedefs, sidedefs, sectors, verticies, and things (meaning monsters, items, decorations, etc.). The doom engine reads levels and other data from a file called a WAD.

The Doom engine renders levels entirely on the CPU, not the video card, as most video cards at the time (1993) did not have 3D acceleration. This required very efficient algorithms to make the game work on the slow computers of the time.

The Doom engine has been made available for more types of computers than any other first person shooter engine. It is easy for a programmer to make it work on a new type of computer because it is written in C and it uses very few system resources, allowing it to run on handheld computers and computers without a 3D accelerator.
Sociolinguistics

**Sociolinguistics** is the study of how language is related to society. It also studies how people affect language usage. Sociolinguistics studies how variety in language changes between groups of people because of things such as race, gender, status, age, etc.

Indian and Japanese linguists first studied the social parts of language in the 1930s. Louis Gauchat in Switzerland also studied this in the early 1900s. However, none of them were known in the West until much later. The study of why language change

- Lakoff, Robin T. (2000). _The Language War_. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
- Meyerhoff, Miriam. (2006). _Introducing Sociolinguistics_. New York: Routledge.
- Milroy, Lesley and Gordon. Matthew. (2003) _Sociolinguistics: Method and Interpretation_ London: Blackwell Publishing. . (More advanced, but has lots of good examples and describes research methodologies to use.)
- Paulston, Christina Bratt and G. Richard Tucker, editors. 1997. _The early days of sociolinguistics: memories and reflections._  (Publications in Sociolinguistics, 2.) Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
- Trudgill, Peter. (2000). _Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society_(4th Ed.). London: Penguin Books.  This book is a very readable, if Anglo-centric, introduction for the non-linguist.
- Watts, Richard J. (2003). _Politeness_. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.  . A sociolinguistics book specializing in the research in politeness.  It's a little tough at times, but very helpful and informational.

## Related pages

- Linguistics
- Sociology

## Other websites

- http://www.ncsu.edu/linguistics/ncllp/aboutfieldwork.php About sociolinguistic fieldwork
- Sociolinguistics: an interview with William Labov  ReVEL, vol. 5, n. 9, 2007.
Indian cormorant

The **Indian cormorant** or **Indian shag** (_Phalacrocorax fuscicollis_) is a member of the cormorant family. It is found mainly along the inland waters of the Indian Subcontinent but extending west to Sindh (S Pakistan) and east to Thailand and Cambodia. It is a gregarious species that can be easily distinguished from the similar sized Little cormorant by its blue eye, small head with a sloping forehead and a long narrow bill ending in a hooked tip.
Oriental darter

The **Oriental darter** or **Indian darter** (_Anhinga melanogaster_), sometimes called **snakebird**, is a water bird of tropical South Asia and Southeast Asia.
Charades

**Charades** or **charade** (  or  ) is a word guessing game. A player acts out a word or phrase and the other players attempt to guess what the word or phrase is in a certain amount of time. The person who is acting usually pantomimes similar sounding words. The game has also been adapted into television shows like Acting Crazy, Party Game, Give Us a Clue, Body Language and Celebrity Charades.

## Other websites

- The rules for Charades
Aestivation

**Aestivation**, spelled **estivation** in the US, is one way an animal can go dormant, which is like being asleep.

Aestivation is similar to hibernation, but the animal does it when it is hot instead of when it is cold. The animals stops moving and it slowly uses much less energy (food). The animal does this when the temperature is high and the weather is dry. Lungfish have been doing this since the Devonian period millions of years ago. Many animals aestivate, including the Nile crocodile, many snails, and lady beetles.

Invertebrate and vertebrate animals aestivate so they do not die from the heat or from drying out. Both land- and water-living animals can do aestivation.

## Related pages

- Torpor
- Dormancy
- Hibernation
Wedding officiant

A **wedding officiant** is a person who is allowed by the government to perform weddings. This person may be a civil servant, or they may hold a religious position (for example, a priest or a rabbi). In some countries, certain religious officials are automatically allowed to perform weddings. In other countries, they must first ask permission from the government.

Wedding officiants who work for the government must often follow special rules, that others do not have to follow. For example, the government might not allow them to refuse to perform a wedding, if the people who want to get married are allowed to by the law.

Some countries allow anyone, not just civil servants or religious officials, to become wedding officiants temporarily. A temporary wedding officiant is usually allowed to carry out only one specific wedding that they asked permission for. If they want to perform another one, they have to ask the government for permission again.
Masked booby

The **masked booby**, _Sula dactylatra_, is a large seabird of the booby family, Sulidae.

These birds often fight each other for certain types of fish. Many adults will create a flock of their own to take down a school of fish but many boobies hunt alone so their catch is not stolen by the other birds in the area.

They are often mistaken for the common seagull due to the primary white color on its feathers.

## Breeding

The masked booby nests in small colonies. It lays two chalky white eggs on sandy beaches in shallow depressions, which are incubated by both adults for 45 days.

In most cases, the first chick will kill its smaller, weaker sibling after it hatches.  Siblicide is what it is called. Research shows that the boobies can feed two chicks, but they do so at a cost to health and future reproductive success.

Compared to other species of boobies such as the blue-footed booby, siblicide always happens in the masked booby. One reason is because the masked boobies build very shallow flat nests, so older chicks can expel their younger siblings with relative ease. Blue-footed booby parents, meanwhile, build nests with steeper sides, thus preventing some older chicks from engaging in siblicidal behaviour.
Great cormorant

The **great cormorant** _(Phalacrocorax carbo)_, is a member of the cormorant family of seabirds.  It is a large black bird which breeds in much of the Old World and the Atlantic coast of North America. There is a lot of variation in its size in different parts of the world.Weight is reported to vary from  to .
Little cormorant

The **little cormorant** (_Microcarbo niger_) is a member of the cormorant family of seabirds.
Pygmy cormorant

The **pygmy cormorant** (_Microcarbo pygmaeus_) is a member of the cormorant family of seabirds.
Biographical movie

A **biographical movie** or **biopic** is a movie about a particular person or group of people, based on events that actually happened. They are like docudramas but concentrate persons rather than events. They may present events as they actually happened, or may stretch and adjust the truth for other purposes.

Biographical movies often single out the most important events of the lives involved to focus on. They may also cross over between genres, such as drama, comedy and action.
Joplin, Missouri

**Joplin** is a city in Jasper and Newton counties in the U.S. state of Missouri. In 2011, about 25% of the city was destroyed by an EF5 tornado.
Bonsai Kitten

**Bonsai Kitten** was a satirical website which claimed that you could make a "shaped" cat by putting a kitten in a jar and letting it grow into the shape of the jar. It was named after bonsai, a Japanese art in which trees are shaped. The site was made by a university student with the nickname "Dr. Michael Wong Chang". The site claimed that many different shapes and "containment vessels" are possible, including a cube, a sphere, a wire cage, and even a Klein bottle. Supposedly, the kittens are force-fed through a tube, and the kitten's anus is sealed with super glue.

## Other websites

- Bonsai Kitten (archived)
Grey heron

The **grey heron** (_Ardea cinerea_) is a bird that lives in temperate parts of Europe, Asia and also parts of Africa. It has long legs and walks through shallow water looking for food. The bird's scientific name is _Ardea cinerea_.

The heron is intelligent, and can catch prey so large it can only swallow them with difficulty. Here a green heron uses bread as a bait for fish: YouTube Video
Goliath heron

The **Goliath heron** (_Ardea goliath_) is a large wading bird of the heron family Ardeidae. It is found in sub-Saharan Africa, with smaller numbers in Southwest Asia and South Asia.
Purple heron

The **purple heron** (_Ardea purpurea_) is a kind of bird. It has long legs and walk through shallow water looking for food. The purple heron breeds in Africa, central and southern Europe, and southern and eastern Asia.
Striated heron

The **striated heron** (_Butorides striata_) also known as **mangrove heron**, **little heron** or **green-backed heron**, is a small heron.
Nauplius

A **nauplius** (plural: _nauplii_) is the first larval form of most crustacea. It develops from the egg, and may be followed by later stages before the adult form is reached. In some groups there can be as many as nine larval stages. Sometimes the nauplius stage is passed through in the egg, and then a later stage emerges from the egg.
Arnold Skaaland

**Arnold Skaaland** (January 21, 1925 – March 13, 2007) was an American professional wrestler and manager, He was best known for wrestling and managing with the World Wide Wrestling Federation/World Wrestling Federation. He was nicknamed "The Golden Boy". During his managing career, he managed Bob Backlund, Tony Parisi, Bruno Sammartino and Rick McGraw. He was inducted into the WWF Hall of Fame in 1994 by Bob Backlund.

## Championships

Skaaland held many championships during his professional wrestling career:

- **Cauliflower Alley Club**
    - Other honoree (1994)

- **Pro Wrestling Illustrated**
    - He was named "PWI Manager of the Year" in 1978 and 1979.

- **World Wide Wrestling Federation / World Wrestling Federation**
    - Lifetime Achievement Slammy Award (1997)
    - WWF Hall of Fame (Class of 1994)
    - WWWF United States Tag Team Championship (one time) - with Spiros Arion

## Other websites

- Arnold Skaaland's WWE Hall of Fame profile

## Infobox (wrestler)

- **name**: Arnold Skaaland
- **names**: Arnold Skaaland
Bobby Weaver
- **birth place**: White Plains, New York
- **death place**: White Plains, New York
- **billed**: White Plains, New York
- **debut**: 1946
- **retired**: 1978
Fiat Duna

The **Fiat Duna** is an automobile made by Fiat between 1987 and 2000. It is a sedan and station wagon version of the Fiat Uno.

## Engines

- _60_ 43 kW (58 hp)
- _70_ 49 kW (67 hp)
- _DS_ 44 kW (60 hp)
Night of Champions (2011)

**Night of Champions (2011)** was a professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) show  made by WWE. It took place on September 18, 2011, at the First Niagara Center in Buffalo, New York.  It was the fifth Night of Champions event held by WWE. It was also the first PPV following the end of WWE's first brand extension. Eight matches happened on the card, six of which were title matches.

## Other websites

- Official Night of Champions website

es:WWE Night of Champions#2011

## Infobox (wrestling event)

- **name**: Night of Champions (2011)
- **theme**: "Magika" by Two Steps from Hell
- **tagline**: It's a Night You Will Never Forget
- **promotion**: WWE, World Wrestling Entertainment
- **date**: September 18, 2011
- **venue**: First Niagara Center
- **city**: Buffalo, New York
- **lastevent**: SummerSlam (2011)
- **nextevent**: Hell in a Cell (2011)
- **event**: WWE Night of Champions, Night of Champions
- **lastevent2**: Night of Champions (2010)
- **nextevent2**: Night of Champions (2012)
Dorothée Pousséo

**Dorothée Pousséo** (born on 15 February 1979 in Paris) is a French voice actress.

She is known for being the official French voice of actresses such as Margot Robbie, Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen, Brittany Murphy; as well as cartoon characters like Diane in _Martin Mystery_, Dee Dee in _Dexter's Laboratory_, and Mandy in _The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy_.

## Biography

Pousséo started acting when she was 8 years old, when she appeared in the play _Le Malade Imaginaire_ with French actor Michel Bouquet.

In May 2023, she tells the media _Eklecty-City_ that she was particularly marked by the dubbing of the film Ray. She lends her voice to the actress Sharon Warren, who plays the mother of Ray Charles in the flashbacks. She explains that the actress had such strength in her that she didn't know where to draw from to honor her interpretation.

## Other websites

- Official weblisting
- Dorothée Pousséo on RS Doublage

## Infobox (person/wikidata)

- **fetchwikidata**: ALL
Parallel universe

A **parallel universe** is a universe that is different from the observable universe. This may be because of time travel or other things.

**Parallel universe** may also be:

## Science, physics and philosophy

- Multiverse, the hypothetical set of multiple possible universes
- The many-worlds interpretation of quantum physics

## Fiction

- Parallel universes in fiction, alternative universes, worlds, realities and dimensions in fiction
- Alternative universe (fan fiction), fiction by fan authors that deliberately change facts of the universe written about
- List of fiction employing parallel universes

## Music

- _Parallel Universe_ (4hero album)
- _Parallel Universe_ (Garnet Crow album)
- "Parallel Universe" (song), a 2000 song by the Red Hot Chili Peppers
- _Kalakala: Songs from a Parallel Universe_ (with a song cycle for solo cello by Serena Tideman)

## Literature, movies, & television

- "Parallel Universe" (Red Dwarf), a 1988 episode of _Red Dwarf_
- _Parallel Universes_ (documentary), a 2001 BBC/Horizon documentary movie
- Mirror Universe, a fictional parallel universe in which several Star Trek television episodes take place

## Other

- Parallel Universe (company), a movie company

fi:Multiuniversumi
Teen Wolf (2011 TV series)

***Teen Wolf*** is an American TV series. It renews on Comedy Central OSN Comedy OSN Action Abu Dhabi Drama TV Star World & MBC Action & MBC+ Variety & MBC Masr & MBC Masr 2 & MBC Persia & MBC4 & MBC Variety & Dubai One. Season 1 With Season 2 is reairing June Of 2011 did it air on Comedy Central & June Of 2012. It airs on MTV and in reruns on TeenNick. Season 5 is airing June of 2015.

## Premise

Teen Wolf is about Scott McCall, who is bitten by a werewolf in the pilot. He falls in love with Allison Argent, whose family are werewolf hunters. Teaming up with his best friend, Stiles, Scott must learn to deal with being a werewolf while at high school and encountering many different obstacles and beasts.

## Main cast

- Tyler Posey as Scott McCall
- Crystal Reed as Allison Argent (seasons 1-3 & 5)
- Dylan O'Brien as Stiles Stilinski
- Tyler Hoechlin as Derek Hale (seasons 1-4 & 6)
- Holland Roden as Lydia Martin
- Colton Haynes as Jackson Whittemore (seasons 1-2 & 6)
- Shelley Hennig as Malia Tate (recurring season 3; main seasons 4–6)
- Arden Cho as Kira Yukimura (recurring season 3; main seasons 4–5)
- Dylan Sprayberry as Liam Dunbar (recurring season 4; main seasons 5–6)
- Linden Ashby as Sheriff Stilinski (recurring seasons 1–5; main season 6)
- Melissa Ponzio as Melissa McCall (recurring seasons 1–5; main season 6)
- J.R. Bourne as Chris Argent (recurring seasons 1–5; main season 6)
- Gage Golightly as Erica Reyes (seasons 2-3)
- Sinqua Walls as Vernon Boyd (seasons 2-3)
- Andrea Laing as Kara Simmons (seasons 2)

## Infobox (television)

- **image**: Teen Wolf 2011 Title card.jpg
- **caption**: Intertitle
- **developer**: Jeff Davis (writer), Jeff Davis
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **num seasons**: 6
- **num episodes**: 100
- **list episodes**: List of Teen Wolf episodes
- **producer**: Monica Macer
- **music**: Homario Suby
- **cinematography**: Jonathan Hall
- **location**: Atlanta, Georgia
- **runtime**: 40–53 minutes
- **channel**: MTV
Selena (disambiguation)

**Selena** may be for:

## People

- Selena, an American singer (1971-1995)
    - Selena y Los Dinos, the band she was in.
    - Selena (album), her debut album
    - Selena (movie), a 1997 biopic film about her life
        - Selena: The Original Motion Picture Soundtrack, a 1997 soundtrack of the film
    - Selena Forever, a 1999 broadway play based on her life
    - Selena Etc., her boutiques
- Selena Gomez, an American singer and actress (b. 1992)
    - Selena Gomez and the Scene, the band she is in.
Odessa, Texas

**Odessa** is a city in Texas. Odessa had 114,428 people at the 2020 census.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Odessa, Texas
- **settlement type**: City
- **image skyline**: Downtown Odessa.jpg
- **imagesize**: 275px
- **image caption**: Downtown Odessa, Texas in 2020
- **image seal**: City of Odessa, Texas logo.png
- **image map**: Ector County Odessa.svg
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location in Texas
- **pushpin map**: USA Texas#USA
- **pushpin label**: Odessa
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Texas##Location in the United States
- **pushpin relief**: yes
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Texas, Counties
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision name1**: Texas
- **subdivision name2**: Ector County, Texas, Ector, Midland County, Texas, Midland
- **government type**: Council-manager government, Council-Manager
- **leader title**: City Council
- **leader name**: Mayor Cal Hendrick
Eddie Mitchell
Steven P. Thompson
Chris Hanie
 Gilbert Vasquez
Greg Connell
- **leader title2**: At-Large
- **leader name2**: Craig Stoker
- **leader title1**: City Manager
- **area total km2**: 133.02
- **area land km2**: 132.29
- **area water km2**: 0.72
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total sq mi**: 51.36
- **area land sq mi**: 51.08
- **area water sq mi**: 0.28
- **elevation m**: 884
- **elevation ft**: 2900
- **named for**: Odesa (Odesa#History, historically also called "Odessa"), Ukraine
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 114,428
- **population density km2**: 932.29
- **timezone**: North American Central Time Zone, CST
- **utc offset**: −6
- **timezone dst**: North American Central Time Zone, CDT
- **utc offset dst**: −5
- **postal code type**: ZIP Codes
- **postal code**: 79760–79769
- **area code**: Area code 432, 432
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 48-53388
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 1343067
- **population density sq mi**: 2414.62
Mission, Texas

**Mission** is a city in Hidalgo County, Texas. 85,778 people lived there at the 2020 census.

## Other websites

- City of Mission
McAllen, Texas

**McAllen** is a city in Hidalgo County, Texas. As of the 2020 census, 142,210 people lived there. It ranks as the 23rd most populous city in Texas.

## Other websites

- Official Website
- McAllen Convention and Visitors Bureau
- McAllen Chamber of Commerce

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: McAllen, Texas
- **settlement type**: City
- **nickname**: "The City of Palms"
- **image skyline**: Cityscape of McAllen, Texas.jpg
- **image map**: Hidalgo County McAllen.svg
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location within Hidalgo County
- **pushpin map**: Texas#USA
- **pushpin relief**: yes
- **pushpin label**: McAllen
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: Texas
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Texas, County
- **subdivision name2**: Hidalgo County, Texas, Hidalgo
- **government type**: Council-manager government, Council-Manager
- **leader title**: City Council
- **leader title1**: City Manager
- **leader title2**: Texas House of Representatives, Texas State Representative
- **leader title3**: Texas State Senator
- **leader title4**: U.S. Representative
- **established title**: Founded
- **established date**: December 5, 1904
- **established title1**: Municipal corporation, Incorporated
- **established date1**: February 20, 1911
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 162.48
- **area land km2**: 161.37
- **area water km2**: 1.11
- **area total sq mi**: 62.73
- **area land sq mi**: 62.31
- **area water sq mi**: 0.43
- **population as of**: 2020 United States census, 2020
- **population total**: 142210
- **population rank**: US: List of United States cities by population, 190th
TX: List of municipalities in Texas, 23rd
- **population density km2**: 895.9
- **population density sq mi**: 2,320
- **population urban**: 779553 (US: List of United States urban areas, 56th)
- **population density urban km2**: 922.7
- **population density urban sq mi**: 2389.7
- **population metro**: 870781 (US: Metropolitan statistical area, 64th)
- **timezone**: Central Time Zone, Central (CST)
- **utc offset**: –6
- **timezone dst**: CDT
- **utc offset dst**: –5
- **elevation m**: 37
- **elevation ft**: 121
- **postal code type**: ZIP codes
- **postal code**: 78501, 78502, 78503, 78504, 78505, 78539, 78557, 78572
- **area code**: Area code 956, 956
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 48-45384
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 1374829
Municipal corporation

A **municipal corporation** is a term used by the local government. An incorporated town is able to create its own laws. These laws are in addition to the laws of the country, province, or state where the town is located.

Municipal corporation happens when an urban neighborhood becomes a self-governing entity under state laws. After this event, an award or declaration is presented by the municipal charter.

## Municipal charters

A municipal charters is a legal paper that establishes municipality; such as a city or town. This was created in Europe during the Middle Ages time. With a municipal charter, the new towns or cities are given rights.

### Canada

In Canada, charters are given by the provincial authorities.

### Germany

In Germany, the municipal charters have existed since the Medieval Times.

### India

In India the municipal corporation has a local government that is in charge of a city population that has 200,000 people or more. Because of the panchayati raj system, the city government has to discuss with the state government. Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata, Bangalore, Chennai, Hyderabad and Ahmedabad have the biggest municipal corporations. Members are chosen from the wards of the city. The municipal corporations are responsible for roads, public transportation, water supply, records of births and deaths, sanitation that includes waste management, sewage, drainage and flood control, public safety services like fire and ambulance services, gardens and maintenance of buildings. Taxes is where the municipal corporations get their money from to fix problems in their cities.

### Republic of Ireland

In Ireland municipal corporations have been in Ireland since the Medieval Times. In Dublin, the municipal corporation have been there since the 13th century.

### South Africa

In Durban the municipal corporation was called the "Durban Corporation".

### Sweden

In Sweden, cities were made by the royal charter until 1951.

### Philippines

In the Philippines, cities are made by the laws enacted by a lot of national legislatures.

### United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom, cities are made by the royal letter patent.

### United States

In the United States, cities are made by the municipal charters. This is usually followed by a referendum vote.
Lucky Cannon

**Jonathon David Emminger** (born November 8, 1983) is an American professional wrestler better known by the ring names **Johnny Prime** and **Lucky Cannon**. He is best known for working with the World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), where he appeared on _NXT_ as **Lucky Cannon** and in their developmental territory, Florida Championship Wrestling (FCW) as **Johnny Prime**.

### NXT (2010)

On June 1, 2010, it was announced that Emminger would be participating in the second season of _NXT_, under the name "Lucky Cannon", with Mark Henry as his mentor.

He was released from his WWE contract on August 8, 2011.

## Other websites

- Online World of Wrestling profile

## Infobox (wrestler)

- **name**: Johnny Prime
- **image**: JohnnyPrime1.jpg
- **image size**: 250px
- **caption**: during an FCW event on January 14th 2010
- **names**: Jason "Lucky" Cannon
Johnny Prime
Jon Emminger
Lucky Cannon
**Johnny Emminger**
- **birth place**: New Iberia, Louisiana
- **billed**: New Port Richey, Florida
- **trainer**: Florida Championship Wrestling
- **debut**: 2008
Orlando Cole

**Orlando Cole** (August 16, 1908 – January 25, 2010) was a cello teacher who had taught soloists and first cellists in a dozen leading orchestras. Among them are Lynn Harrell, David Cole, Ron Leonard, Owen Carman, Daniel Lee, Lorne Munroe, and Marcie Rosen**.** He had held master-classes all over the world and continued his seventy-five year teaching career at the Curtis Institute and Temple University with his assistant Metta Watts.
Edwin G. Krebs

Dr. **Edwin G. Krebs** (June 6, 1918 – December 21, 2009) was an American biochemist. He and Edmond H. Fischer were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1992 for describing how reversible phosphorylation works as a switch to activate proteins and control different cellular processes.

## References

- Hughes, R. 1998. _After the Prize_
- Krebs, E.G. _Autobiography_
Joseph L. Goldstein

**Joseph L. Goldstein** (born April 18, 1940) is a biochemist and geneticist of Jewish descent. He is from Kingstree, South Carolina. He was given the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (together with Michael S. Brown) for his research on the metabolism of LDL.

## Other websites

- Biography
International human rights law

**International human rights law** is a series of the international laws on human rights. International human rights law is based upon the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and Charter of the United Nations that declare human dignity and rights of all human being on the earth. Its fundamental philosophy and aim are to prevent war and keep world peace on the earth, with the idea of rule of law.

## Human Rights law made by United Nations

United Nations has adopted Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948 to affirm all human rights. To give authority to it by international law, United Nations has adopted International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights for civil rights in 1966. Those treaties are to ensure more in detail the contents of human rights and often called "International Human Rights Bill" together with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

Further, the United Nations has adopted treaties on human rights to fortify or supply them. as follow:
- Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide against genocide (adopted in 1948)
- Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees for refugees (adopted in 1951)
- Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination against racism (adopted in 1965)
- Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women for women's rights (adopted in 1979)
- Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment against torture (adopted in 1984)
- Convention on the Rights of the Child for children's rights (adopted in 1989)
- Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families for the rights of migrant workers (adopted in 1990)
- Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities for the rights of persons with disability (adopted in 2006)

And also United Nations has made United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights accoding to the Vienna Declaration and the Yogyakarta Principles for LGBT rights by International Commission of Jurists and approved by the United Nations Human Rights Council in 2006.

## Human Rights Law made other international organizations

Council of Europe had adopted the European Convention on Human Rights in 1951 to ensure human rights according to Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The European Court of Human Rights is made by this Convention to realize human rights in the member countries of Council of Europe with legal force.

As well, the Organization of American States has adopted the American Convention on Human Rights in 1969 and the African Union has adopted the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights in 1981. Those Organizations also have their own Human Rights Court to ensure human rights affirmed in the Convention or Chater.

## Related pages

- Universal Declaration of Human Rights
- Council of Europe
- Organization of American States
- African Union
Genocide Convention

The **Genocide Convention** (formally **Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide**) is a treaty of the international human rights law on genocide created on 9 December 1948 by the United Nations. This is to prevent all form of genocide and its incitation and to show how the actors of those must be punished.

This Convention protects all ethnic groups and races of any kind of religions.

Now actor of genocide written in this convention will be judged by the International Criminal Court but there are some countries which do not ratify this Convention and international law on International Criminal Court.

## Related pages

- Genocide
- International human rights law
- International Criminal Court
The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift

***The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift*** is an 2006 action street racing movie that was produced by Neal H. Moritz and was directed by Justin Lin. _The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift_ was released on June 16, 2006 in North America. It is the third movie in _The Fast and the Furious_ movie series. The movie received mixed reviews with a 34% rating on Rotten Tomatoes and a 46 out of 100 from Metacritic.

## Cast

- Lucas Black as Sean Boswell
- Bow Wow as Twinkie
- Nathalie Kelley as Neela
- Brian Tee as Takashi
- Sung Kang as Han Lue
- Leonardo Nam as Morimoto
- Brian Goodman as Lieutenant Boswell
- Sonny Chiba as Kamata
- Zachery Ty Bryan as Clay
- Nikki Griffin as Cindy
- Jason Tobin as Earl
- Keiko Kitagawa as Reiko
- Lynda Boyd as Ms. Boswell
- Vincent Laresca as Case Worker

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift
- **director**: Justin Lin
- **producer**: Neal H. Moritz
- **writer**: Chris Morgan
- **based on**: _The Fast and the Furious_
 by Gary Scott Thompson
- **starring**: Lucas Black
Sung Kang
Bow Wow
Nathalie Kelley
Brian Tee
- **music**: Brian Tyler
- **cinematography**: Stephen F. Windon
- **editing**: Kelly Matsumoto
Dallas Puett
Fred Raskin
- **distributor**: Universal Studios, Universal Pictures
- **released**: June 16, 2006
- **runtime**: 104 min
- **country**: United States
 Germany
- **language**: English language, English
Japanese language, Japanese
- **budget**: $85 million
- **gross**: $158.5 million
Michael Madsen

**Michael Søren Madsen** (September 25, 1957 – July 3, 2025) was an American actor, poet and photographer. He was known for his roles in _Reservoir Dogs_, _Free Willy_, _Donnie Brasco_, _Kill Bill_ and _Sin City_. Madsen was also the voice actor for video games, including _Grand Theft Auto III_, _True Crime: Streets of L.A._ and _DRIV3R_.

## Personal life

Madsen was born in Chicago, the son of Elaine (née Melson), an Emmy-winning poet, television producer and playwright, who often works for PBS, and Calvin Madsen, a firefighter. Madsen's mother left a career in corporate business to start a writing career. Madsen's paternal grandparents were Danish and his mother has Irish and Native American ancestry.  He has two sisters, Virginia Madsen and Cheri. He began acting at the Steppenwolf Theatre Company in Chicago, where he served as an apprentice under actor John Malkovich.

Madsen died at his home in Malibu, California on July 3, 2025 from cardiac arrest caused by heart failure at the age of 67.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Michael Madsen
- **image**: Michael Madsen by Gage Skidmore.jpg
- **caption**: Madsen in 2015
- **birth name**: Michael Søren Madsen
- **birth place**: Chicago, Illinois, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Malibu, California, Malibu, California, U.S.
- **death cause**: Cardiac arrest caused by heart failure
- **other names**: Maykl Madsen
- **occupation**: Actor, producer, director, writer, poet, photographer
- **years active**: 1982–2025
- **children**: 6, including Christian Madsen, Christian
- **mother**: Elaine Madsen
- **relatives**: Virginia Madsen (sister)
- **website**: [http://www.michaelmadsen.com/ MichaelMadsen.com]
Chris Penn

**Christopher Shannon "Chris" Penn** (October 10, 1965 – January 24, 2006) was an American movie and television actor. He is known for being in movies such as _ The Wild Life_, _Reservoir Dogs_, _Footloose_, _Rush Hour_, _True Romance_, _All the Right Moves_ and _Pale Rider_.

## Early life

Penn was born in Los Angeles, California, the youngest son of Leo Penn, an actor and director, and Eileen Ryan (née Annucci), an actress. His paternal grandparents were Jewish immigrants from Lithuania and Russia, and his mother was a Roman Catholic of Italian and Irish descent. According to Penn's mother, Leo Penn may have had distant Spanish ancestry, as the family's surname was originally "Piñón". His brothers are actor Sean Penn and musician Michael Penn.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Chris Penn
- **birth name**: Christopher Shannon Penn
- **birth place**: Los Angeles, California, U.S.
- **death place**: Santa Monica, California, U.S.
- **death cause**: Cardiomyopathy
- **restingplace**: Holy Cross Cemetery, Culver City, California, U.S.
- **othername**: Christopher Penn
- **occupation**: Actor
- **years active**: 1979–2006
- **nationality**: United States, American
- **parents**: Leo Penn (deceased)
Eileen Ryan
- **relatives**: Michael Penn (brother)
Sean Penn (brother)
Aimee Mann (sister-in-law)
St. John's IceCaps

The **St. John's IceCaps** were an American Hockey League (AHL) team based in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. Previously the team was the Manitoba Moose and played in Winnipeg, Manitoba.

## Other websites

- Official website
Grand Theft Auto III

***Grand Theft Auto III*** is a 2001 open world video game that is the third main entry of the _Grand Theft Auto_ franchise.

## Radio Stations

- Head Radio
- Double Clef FM
- K-Jah
- Rise FM
- Lips 106
- Game FM
- MSX FM
- Flashback 95.6
- Chatterbox FM

## Development

Due to the September 11 attacks, the police cars have been redesigned from their NYPD look to a more generic look and a mission involving hijacking a plane has been removed.

## Reception

Many people at the time considered the game groundbreaking yet controversial at the same time.

## Infobox (video game)

- **title**: Grand Theft Auto III
- **series**: _Grand Theft Auto_
- **image**: Grand Theft Auto III logo.svg