juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Economic, social and cultural rights

**Economic, social and cultural rights** are a part of human rights. In an important United Nations treaty called The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the countries in the United Nations agreed that everyone should have these rights.  Some examples of these rights include:
- The right to education (school)
- The right to work, with good pay, in a good, safe place to work
- The right to strike (when workers strike, they decide together that they will not work any more until their bosses make things at work better - like giving them enough pay to live on, or making the job safer)
- The right to housing
- The right to Social Security
- The right to be healthy
- The right to an adequate standard of living (meaning a person has everything they need to survive, including water, food, clothing, enough money to pay for what they need, and somewhere safe to live).
These rights were already listed in the United Nations' Universal Declaration of Human Rights. However, they were included again in the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights to ensure that giving people these rights would be the law worldwide.

A separate Covenant specifically on economic, social, and cultural rights was done for a reason.  These rights were not included in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. These two Covenants were kept separate because civil rights are thought to be protected more strongly than economic, social and cultural rights.  A separate Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights was done to make it clear how important these rights are.

As the Vienna Declaration says, all human rights must be protected equally because "all human rights are universal and cannot be divided."

## Related pages

- Human rights
- Civil rights
- Digital rights
- International human rights law
Vickers machine gun

The **Vickers machine gun** (also known as the **Vickers gun**) was a heavy machine gun that was used by the British Army from 1912 to 1968. It was made by Vickers Limited. The gun was very reliable. It was one of the most commonly used weapons in the first world war.

## Infobox (weapon)

- **name**: Vickers Medium Machine Gun
- **image**: Vickers machine gun in the Battle of Passchendaele - September 1917.jpg
- **caption**: A typical Vickers machine gun crew in action
- **origin**: United Kingdom
- **type**: Medium machine gun
- **is ranged**: yes
- **is uk**: yes
- **service**: 1912–1968
- **used by**: See Users
- **wars**: World War I
Chaco War
World War II
Indo-Pakistan War of 1947
1948 Arab–Israeli War
Korean War
The Troubles
Congo Crisis
South African Border War
- **design date**: 1912
- **manufacturer**: Vickers
- **production date**: 1912–1968
- **weight**: all-up
- **part length**: 28 in (720 mm)
- **crew**: three man crew
- **cartridge**: British .303
- **action**: recoil with gas boost
- **rate**: 450 to 500 round/min
- **velocity**: 2440 ft/s (744 m/s)
- **max range**: indirect fire
- **feed**: 250-round canvas belt
Albania at the Olympics

**Albania at the Olympics** is a history which began in 1972.

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Albania is ALB.

## History

The Albanian team did not take part in the next games between 1976 and 1988. They returned for the 1992 games in Barcelona. They have took part in all Olympic Games since then. They first took part in the Winter Olympic Games in 2006.

Albania usually takes part in events that have swimming, athletics, weightlifting, shooting and wrestling. Albania first won an Olympic medal at the 2024 Olympics. They first competed at the 1972 Olympics in weightlifting (gold, Ymer Pampuri).

### Albania at the Summer Olympic Games

|rowspan=2|Games|rowspan=2|Athletes|colspan=10|Athletes by sport||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Munich 1972|**5**|-|-|-|4|-|1|-|
|align=left|Montreal 1976|colspan=11|_did not take part_||||||
|align=left|Moscow 1980|colspan=11|_did not take part_||||||
|align=left|Seoul 1988|colspan=11|_did not take part_||||||
|Barcelona 1992|**7**|1|-|-|2|1|3|-|
|Atlanta 1996|**7**|2|1|-|2|-|1|1|
|Sydney 2000|**4**|2|-|-|1|-|1|-|
|Athens 2004|**7**|2|-|-|-|2|2|1|
|Beijing 2008|**11**|2|-|1|1|2|3|2|

### Albania at the Winter Olympic Games

|rowspan=2|Games|rowspan=2|Athletes|colspan=10|Athletes by sport|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Turin 2006|**1**|1||||
|Vancouver 2010|**1**|1||||

## Related pages

- List of IOC country codes

## Other websites

- Albania profile at London2012.com

## Infobox (country at games)

- **noc**: ALB
- **nocname**: Albanian National Olympic Committee
- **games**: Olympics
- **website**:  
- **gold**: 0
- **silver**: 0
- **bronze**: 0
American Samoa at the Olympics

**American Samoa at the Olympics** is a history which includes 12 games in 11 countries and 30+ athletes. Since 1988, American Samoa has contributed to the growth of the "Olympic Movement".

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for American Samoa is ASA.

## History

The National Olympic Committee for American Samoa was formed in 1987; and it was recognized by the International Olympic Committee the same year.

Teams from American Samoa have take part in Summer Olympic Games.  Samoan athletes went to two of the Winter Olympic Games.

## Related pages

- List of IOC country codes
- American Samoa
- Summer Olympic Games
- Winter Olympic Games

## Other websites

- American Samoa profile at London2012.com

## Infobox (country at games)

- **noc**: ASA
- **nocname**: American Samoa National Olympic Committee
- **games**: Olympics
- **gold**: 0
- **silver**: 0
- **bronze**: 0
Andorra at the Olympics

**Andorra at the Olympics** is a history which includes 20 games in 25 countries and 50+ athletes. Since 1988, Andorra has contributed to the growth of the "Olympic Movement".

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Andorra is AND.

## History

The National Olympic Committee for Andorra (_Comitè Olímpic Andorrà_) was formed in 1971; and it was recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1975.

Athletes from Andorra first took part in the Olympic Games in 1976. They have taken part in all Olympic Games since then.

Andorra have never won a medal before. They usually take part in events like cycling, swimming, athletics, shooting, and judo.

## Related pages

- List of IOC country codes

## Other websites

- Andorra profile at London2012.com

## Infobox (country at games)

- **noc**: AND
- **nocname**: Andorran Olympic Committee
- **games**: Olympics
- **website**:  
- **gold**: 0
- **silver**: 0
- **bronze**: 0
Tori Spelling

**Victoria Davey "Tori" Spelling** (born on May 16, 1973) is an American actress, television writer and producer.

## Personal life

From 2004 to 2006 Tori was married to actor and playwright Charlie Shanian (b.1965).

Tori has been married to actor Dean McDermott (b.1966) since May 7, 2006 after they were dated for 8 months. The spouses have four children together: son Liam Aaron McDermott (b.March 13, 2007), daughters Stella Doreen McDermott (b.June 9, 2008) and Hattie Margaret McDermott (b.October 10, 2011), and another son — Finn Davey McDermott (b.August 30, 2012). Spelling also has a step-son Jack Montgomery McDermott (b.1998) from McDermott's 1st marriage to actress Mary Jo Eustace.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Tori Spelling
- **image**: Tori Spelling.jpg
- **image size**: 230px
- **caption**: Spelling in 2007
- **birth name**: Victoria Davey Spelling
- **birth place**: Los Angeles, California, United States, U.S.
- **nationality**: United States, American
- **known for**: TV series _Beverly Hills, 90210_
- **occupation**: Actress, television writer, producer
- **years active**: 1981–present
- **spouse**: Charlie Shanian
<small>(m. 2004-2006, divorced)</small>
:en:Dean McDermott, Dean McDermott
<small>(m. 2006—present; 4 children)</small>
- **children**: Liam Aaron McDermott
<small></small>
Stella Doreen McDermott
<small></small>
Hattie Margaret McDermott
<small></small>
Finn Davey McDermott
<small></small>
- **parents**: Aaron Spelling <small>(b.1923—d.2006)</small>
:en:Candy Spelling, Candy Spelling <small>(b.1945)</small>
- **relatives**: :en:Randy Spelling, Randy Spelling (b.1978, younger brother)
- **footnotes**: Tori Spelling
Royal Banner of Scotland

The **Royal Standard of Scotland**, (), also known as the **Banner of the King of Scots**, or more commonly the **Lion Rampant of Scotland**, is the Scottish Royal Banner of Arms. Used historically by the King of Scots, the Royal Standard of Scotland differs from Scotland's national flag, the Saltire, in that its correct use is restricted by an Act of the Parliament of Scotland to only a few Great Officers of State who officially represent the Sovereign in Scotland. It is also used in an official capacity at royal residences in Scotland when the Sovereign is not present.

The earliest recorded use of the Lion rampant as a royal emblem in Scotland was by Alexander II in 1222; with the additional embellishment of a double border set with lilies occurring during the reign of Alexander III (1249–1286). This emblem occupied the shield of the  royal coat of arms of the ancient Kingdom of Scotland which, together with a royal banner displaying the same, was used by the King of Scots until the Union of the Crowns in 1603, when James VI acceded to the thrones of the Kingdom of England and Kingdom of Ireland. Since 1603, the Lion rampant of Scotland has been incorporated into both the royal arms and royal banners of successive Scottish then British monarchs in order to symbolise Scotland; as can be seen today in the Royal Standard of the United Kingdom. Although now officially restricted to use by representatives of the Sovereign and at royal residences, the Royal Standard of Scotland continues to be one of Scotland's most recognisable symbols.

## National Flag of Scotland

The **Flag of Scotland**, also known as the **Saint Andrew's Cross** or more commonly **The Saltire**, is the national flag of Scotland. The Saltire is the correct flag for everyone to fly in order to show both their loyalty and Scottish nationality. It is also, where possible, flown from Scottish Government buildings every day from 8am until sunset, with certain exceptions; for example United Kingdom _National Days_.

## Infobox (flag)

- **name**: the Kings of Scotland
- **image**: Royal Standard of Scotland.svg
- **nickname**: Royal Standard of Scotland
Lion Rampant of Scotland
Banner of the King of Scots
- **proportion**: 5:4
- **adoption**: Circa 1222
- **design**: Red (_Gules_) lion rampant with blue (_Azure_) claws and tongue, within a red double border having a motif of alternating Fleur-de-lis, heraldic lilies, on a yellow (_Or (heraldry), Or_) Field (heraldry), field.
- **type**: Royal
Football in Scotland

**Association football** is the most popular sport in Scotland. Scotland has the second oldest national Football Association in the world (behind England's FA), and the trophy for the national cup, the Scottish Cup, is the oldest sporting trophy in the world.

Scottish football club Rangers F.C. have won a world record 54 league titles.

Scotland and Scottish football clubs hold many records for football attendances;

The highest ever attendance for a UEFA competition match was in the 1969-70 European Cup semi-final at Hampden Park, Scotland's national stadium. A record 136,505 people attended that Cup semi-final played between Celtic and Leeds United
The attendance of 149,415 for the Scotland vs. England match of 1937 at Hampden Park is also a European record.
The attendance of 146,433 for the 1937 Scottish Cup final between Celtic and Aberdeen at Hampden Park is a European record for a club match.
Rangers' record attendance of 118,567 is a British record for a league match.

## Structure

Professional football in Scotland is split into four leagues. The winners of the league move up into the league above it, and those who finish last in the league move down into the league below it. The leagues are:

- Scottish Premier League
- Scottish First Division
- Scottish Second Division
- Scottish Third Division
Micrograph

**Micrographs** are photographs taken through microscopes to show magnified versions of items. They are used for forensic engineering and forensic science to record trace evidence. Micrographs are also used for scanning electron microscopy so the sample areas selected for analysis are visible.
Felix Adjei

**Felix Adjei** ( born 17 December 1990) is a football player from Ghana. He plays for FC Pinzgau Saalfelden in the Regionalliga Salzburg (3rd level in Austrian football) as midfielder.

## Career

He started playing football for Red Bull Ghana where he was at the academy which is run by Red Bull. In 2009 he was invited to Salzburg where Nico Kovac, then coach of the second team, was impressed by his skills. He became the first player who came to F.C. Red Bull Salzburg from the Ghana academy. He became part of the second team, the Red Bull Juniors. On October 15th he played his first match in the first team against Wacker Innsbruck. He was in the starting team and played till minute 62.

## Honours

- Champion Regionalliga West (3rd stage of Austrian football):2011
- Salzburg Cup:2011
Gluten-free diet

A **gluten-free diet** is a diet that excludes foods that have gluten. Gluten is a protein found in wheat, barley, rye, and possibly oats. Most breads, cakes, pastas/noodles, beers and pizzas are made with gluten. Gluten is used as a food additive in the form of a flavoring, stabilizing or thickening agent. It is often called "dextrin". Some non-foods, such as medications and vitamin supplements, especially those in tablet form, may contain gluten as a binding agent.

A gluten-free diet is the only medically accepted treatment for wheat allergy and coeliac disease (in North America, it is usually spelled "celiac disease").

Some gluten-free diets also exclude oats. Doctors do not agree on whether oats affect coeliac disease sufferers.
Many alcoholic beverages are gluten free, but many types of whiskey and beer contain gluten, because using grains is a necessary part of their production.
Gluten-free diets have become popular worldwide. Some say that such a diet can cause problems with Vitamin B and magnesium intake by the body, because wheat improves the rate in which humans body can use them.
Gluten-containing ingredients sometimes are used as colorants, preservatives and thickeners in products such as ice cream and ketchup.
Even some cosmetics like lip balm and lipsticks can contain gluten, so persons wanting to follow such a diet need to learn about which products contain wheat and its byproducts.

## Other websites

- 2015. _BBC News_ Magazine. The great gluten-free diet fad - BBC News
Little Havana

**Little Havana** () is a section of Miami, Florida, where many Cuban immigrants and refugees have settled. The high number of Cuban refugees Florida receives is due to its proximity to Cuba.  It is called Little Havana because Cuba's capital is Havana.  There is also a smaller Little Havana in Tampa, Florida.

In recent years, increasing numbers of Honduran, Nicaraguan, and Guatemalan immigrants have moved into the neighborhood. At the same time, increasing numbers of Cubans left the area for the suburbs in western Miami.  Part of Little Havana is now called Little Managua named after the Nicaraguan capital.

## Calle Ocho Festival

The Calle Ocho Festival is held in Little Havana.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Little Havana
- **other name**: _Pequeña Habana_
- **settlement type**: Neighborhoods in Miami, Neighborhood of Miami
- **image skyline**: Little Havana Dominos Park.JPG
- **image caption**: Little Havana's Domino Park on Tamiami Trail, Calle Ocho
- **image flag**: Flag of Little Havana, Florida.png
- **image map**: Miami neighborhoodsmap.png
- **mapsize**: 300px
- **map caption**: Little Havana neighborhood within the city of Miami
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: Florida
- **subdivision type2**: County (United States), County
- **subdivision name2**: Miami-Dade County, Florida, Miami-Dade
- **subdivision type3**: City
- **subdivision name3**: Miami
- **leader title**: City of Miami Commissioner
- **leader name**: Joe Carollo (Republican Party (United States), R)
- **leader title1**: Miami-Dade Commissioners
- **leader name1**: Eileen Higgins (Democratic Party (United States), D)
- **leader title2**: Florida House of Representatives, State House
- **leader name2**: Vicki Lopez (Republican Party (United States), R)
- **leader title3**: Florida State Senate, State Senate
- **leader name3**: Ileana Garcia (Republican Party (United States), R)
- **leader title4**: United States House of Representatives, U.S. House
- **leader name4**: Maria Elvira Salazar (Republican Party (United States), R)
- **population as of**: 2010
- **population total**: 76,163
- **population density sq mi**: 21815
- **timezone**: Eastern Time Zone, EST
- **utc offset**: -05
- **postal code type**: ZIP Code
- **postal code**: 33125, 33126, 33128, 33130, 33135
- **area code**: Area codes 305 and 786, 305, 786
Howard Stern

**Howard Stern** (born January 12, 1954) is an American radio and television personality known for his radio show, The Howard Stern Show.

Stern was born in Jackson Heights, Queens, New York City.

He originally started as a disc jockey for a New York station playing rock music.  He discovered a talent for comedy, and developed a wide-ranging confrontational style that encouraged listeners to call in.  Eventually, in the 1990s, his show was widely distributed. As an example, in one of his most infamous episodes, he persuaded a female caller to have phone sex with him on the air.  He made deep buzzing noises into his microphone, and had her sit on a speaker with the volume turned up.

Stern's crude style of entertainment (which many listeners support) has earned him the title "King Of All Media" -- at least in the eyes of his fans.  His show is frequently the subject of complaints by  listeners (and occasionally ethnic groups) who find his shows offensive.  Radio stations airing his show have occasionally been subjected to fines for violating FCC requirements due to the content of the show, but the parent conglomerate (Infinity Broadcasting) that hosts Stern's show seems to consider these fines a necessary price to pay, in order to support Stern's continuing popularity. In 1994 Stern ran for Governor of the state of New York.

Stern is the most popular and well-known of a variety of offensive radio hosts known generally as "shock jocks."  In spite of the crude content of his show, many radio listeners consider Stern's delivery to be far from the worst quality radio aired today.  His popularity has given rise to a number of imitation "shock jocks" who attempt to outdo Stern in terms of offensiveness and rudeness...but these imitators have found themselves with more troubles to worry about than listener ratings.  In 2002 rival radio hosts Opie and Anthony were fired from their popular radio show after they encouraged a couple to engage in sexual intercourse at Saint Patrick's Cathedral in New York City, then airing a running commentary of the act on their show.  Stern, his supporters note, has not gone out of his way to offend the general public in this manner.

On January 15, 1998 Lance Carvin, who had been stalking Stern, was sentenced to two and a half years in prison for threatening to kill Stern and his family.

## Other websites

- _The Howard Stern Show_ on Sirius XM Radio

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Howard Stern
- **image**: Howard Stern.jpg
- **caption**: Stern in May 2012
- **birth name**: Howard Allan Stern
- **birth place**: Queens, New York (state), New York, U.S.
- **alma mater**: Boston University
- **years active**: 1975–present
- **party**: Libertarian Party (United States), Libertarian
- **spouse**:

- **children**: 3 (with Berns)
3LW

**3LW** (**Three Little Women**) was an American girl group. The group members were **Naturi Cora Maria Naughton**, **Adrienne Eliza Bailon**, and **Kiely Alexis Williams**. The band was formed in 1999 in Newark, New Jersey.

In August 2002, Naughton announced that she had been forced out of 3LW. Before the year's end, the group held various auditions in Atlanta, Los Angeles and New York in search of a third member. **Jessica Benson** was chosen. She joined 3LW in December. The group ended in 2006.

## Members

- Adrienne Bailon - born Adrienne Eliza Bailon on October 24, 1983, Manhattan, New York, U.S.
- Kiely Williams - born Kiely Alexis Williams on July 9, 1986, Alexandria, Virginia, United States
- Naturi Naughton - born Naturi Cora Maria Naughton on May 20, 1984, East Orange, New Jersey
- Jessica Benson - born in 1988, Severn, Maryland

## Discography

- Studio albums
- 2000: _3LW_
- 2002: _A Girl Can Mack_
- 2002: _Naughty or Nice_
- 2022: _Point of No Return_

- Other albums
- 2005: _Neva Get Enuf_

## Awards and nominations

|Year|Award|
| --- | --- |
|2001|Soul Train Music Award **Win** for "Best New R&B or Hip-Hop Artist"|
|Soul Train Music Award **Win** for "Album of the Year"||
|BET Award _Nominated_ for Best Female Group||
|2002|BET Award _Nominated_ for Best Female Group|
|2003|BET Award _Nominated_ for Best Female Group|

## Other websites

- Official site
- Myspace
- Discogs

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: 3LW
- **img**: Logo of 3LW.png
- **background**: group_or_band
- **alias**: 3 Little Women, 3LDub, 2LW
- **origin**: Newark, New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, United States, U.S.
- **years active**: 2000–2006
- **past members**: Adrienne Bailon <small>(1999–2007)</small>
Kiely Williams <small>(1999–2007)</small>
Naturi Naughton <small>(1999–2002)</small>
Jessica Benson <small>(2002–2007)</small>
Nadia López

**Nadia Yvonne López Ayuso** (born June 21, 1983 in Oaxaca), is a Mexican singer. She was a finalist of the first season of _La Academia_. Her passion for music began since she was a little girl, setting her to knock on doors by participating on contests, and festivals.

## Singles

- _Esta Libertad_- #52 (MEX)
- _Como Hacerte Saber_- #82 (MEX)
- _Contigo Si_ w/ Yahir- #**1** (1 Week) (MEX)
- _Endulzame El Oido_- #32 (MEX)
- _Heridas_- #91 (MEX)
- _Abrázame_- #98 (MEX)
- _Un Poco de tus Besos_- #72 (MEX)
Diana Reyes

**Diana Reyes** (born November 18, 1979)  is a Mexican singer. She records duranguense music.  She was born in La Paz, Baja California Sur.  She has released three gold records since 2004: _La Reina del Pasito Duranguense_, _Las No. 1 de la Reina_, and _Te Voy a Mostrar_.
Ivy Queen

**Ivy Queen** (born **Martha Ivelisse Pesante** on March 4, 1972 in Añasco, Puerto Rico) is a composer and singer known as "The Queen of Reggaeton".

## Early Life

At a young age Ivy's parents moved to New York where she was raised.  When she was in her teens, her parents returned to their hometown, Añasco.  Ivy went to school and graduated from high school.

When Ivy was 18, she moved to San Juan and met rapper and producer, DJ Negro.  DJ Negro helped her and introduced her to a group called "Noise".  With "Noise" she wrote and performed her first song "Somos Rapperos Pero No Delincuentes" (We're Rappers, Not Delincuents).  Soon, DJ Negro convinced Ivy to go "solo" and in 1997, she made her debut with the recording of the album "En Mi Imperio" (In My Empire) for the Sony International Records label which sold over 100,000 copies.  In the same year, Ivy traveled to Panama where she represented Puerto Rico in "The Battle of Rap".  She also did some presentations in the Dominican Republic, which were all "sold out" and later that year, she participated in "The First National Festival of Rap and Reggae".  There, Ivy was proclaimed the "Rap Singer of the Year".  Also, in 1997, Ivy was awarded the "Artista '97" award, naming her "The Peoples Favorite Rap Singer", by Artista magazine.

In 1998, Ivy recorded her second album, for the Sony Label, titled "Original Rude Girl" which carried the following hit songs "Interlude in the Zone", "Sabes Que Tu" (What Do You Know?) and "The King and The Queen".  It sold more than her first album and was highly acclaimed by her growing fan base.

Ivy's third album "Diva", was released in 2003.  The songs were originally written by her and performed with the participation of various artists.

Ivy Queen's style does not include the crude language so common in that genre.  Instead she focuses on her lyrics which contain positive messages for her generation.  Ivy usually speaks in her songs about Puerto Rico and about the abuse that many women suffer.
Fanny Lu

**Fanny Lucía Martínez de Leeu** (born February 8, 1973), more commonly known as **Fanny Lú**, is a singer from Cali, Colombia. Fanny Lu completed her studies in Colegio Bolivar and then went on later to study at Universidad de los Andes. In 1994, she became a television presenter. Afterward, she went into the music industry.

Fanny's debut album "Lágrimas Cálidas" (Warm Tears) was released in 2006. The album was an instant hit in Latin America. It was very popular in Colombia, where it spent five weeks at #1. The lead single "No Te Pido Flores" (I'm Not Asking for Flowers) also spent 7 weeks at #1 on the Hot 100 Billboard Charts in Latin America, Colombia, Peru, Venezuela, and Mexico, and has received a numerous amount of airplay in Latin radio in the US. The song has also peaked at #16 on the Billboard Hot Latin Songs. The second single from her debut album is the song called "Y Si Te Digo"(And If I Tell You) and it peaked at #1 on the Billboard Hot Latin Songs.

## Singles

|width="30" rowspan="2"|**Year**|width="250" rowspan="2"|**Title**|colspan="2"|**Chart Positions**|width="200" rowspan="2"|**Album**|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|align="center" rowspan="2"|2007|align="left" valign="top"|"No Te Pido Flores"|align="center" valign="top"|#16|align="center" valign="top"|#1|align="left" rowspan="2"|_Lágrimas Cálidas_|
|align="left" valign="top"|"Y Si Te Digo"|align="center" valign="top"|#1|align="center" valign="top"|#1|||||

## Filmography

Fanny Lu did the Spanish translated voice for Beth, a character in the Sony Pictures animated film "Open Season" or "Amigos Salvajes", which is the Spanish title.

## Other websites

- Official Site
- Official Myspace

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **image**: Fanny Lu.jpg
- **name**: Fanny Lu
- **caption**: Fanny Lu performing on La Voz Colombia in 2013
- **alt**: Portrait of Fanny Lu
- **birth name**: Fanny Lucía Martínez Buenaventura
- **origin**: Cali, Santiago de Cali, Valle del Cauca, Colombia
Kat DeLuna

**Kat DeLuna** (born **Kat Emperatriz de Luna**; November 26, 1987) is an American-Dominican singer. Signed to Epic Records, she sings songs in both English as Spanish. At the age of 12, she was invited by the 'Queen of Merengue', Milly Quezada, to sing with her on stage in front of a big crowd of over thousand people. In April 2004, she opened for J Records musician Cassidy as part of the all Latino girl group Coquette.

## Life

Kat and her family moved from The Bronx, US to the Dominican Republic early, where she was raised in poverty. Kat spent her time listening to Aretha Franklin and Billie Holiday records. At the age of 14, they moved back to the US, where Kat realized her potential as a singer. With that goal in mind, Kat was accepted to the New Jersey School of the Performing Arts. As a freshman, she scoured the pages of The Village Voice for auditions. After many auditions, DeLuna received a call for an all girl group, which later became the first Latina, Hip Hop/R&B group: Coquette. While being a part of Coquette, Kat continued to search for opportunities to pursue her dream of becoming a solo artist. At age of 15, Kat entered a Coca-Cola sponsored karaoke competition. Her version of "I Will Always Love You" won the competition. The competition also resulted her into meeting the legendary Cuban salsa singer Rey Ruiz. Ruiz gave KAT advice and with it, she started writing her own music and has continued to do so since.

Currently, Epic Records, her label, is in the process of launching a promotional campaign for her worldwide first single "Whine Up". The song features Elephant Man and a music video is in the works. On the official website, a video of DeLuna doing a choreography to the song is shown on the front page. Also Elephant Man is shown in the short rehearsing video.

## Album discography

- _9 Lives_ (2007)
- _Inside Out_ (2010)
- _Loading_ (2016)
- _Kat Attack_ (2023)

## Other websites

- Official website
Aventura

**Aventura** is a Bachata-R&B music group from New York City. They became popular worldwide with their hit single _Obsesión_ in 2003/2004.

## Members

- Anthony "Romeo" Santos, lead singer and featured composer
- Leny Santos, guitarist, producer/arranger
- Max Santos, bass guitar
- Henry Santos Jeter, singer and composer

## Discography

- _Generation Next_, 1997, Label:	Premium Latin / Mach 1
- _We Broke the Rules_, 2002, Label : KTE
- _Love & Hate_ (Amor Y Odio), 2003, Label : KTE
- _Unplugged_, 2004
- God's Project, 2005, Label: Mach 1

## Other websites

- Official site

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Aventura
- **img**: Agrupación_musical_Aventura.jpg
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: The Bronx, New York City
- **genre**: Bachata (music), Bachata, tropical music, tropical, Latin pop
- **years active**: 1994–2011
- **label**: Sony BMG, Premium Latin Music
- **url**: [http://www.aventuraworldwide.com/ www.aventuraworldwide.com/ ]
- **past members**: Anthony Santos
Henry Santos
Toby Love
Lenny Santos
Max Santos
Jennifer Peña

**Jennifer Marcella Peña** (born September 17, 1983 in Corpus Christi, Texas) is a Tejano/Latin pop singer. At age 12, she sang at the Houston Astrodome as a tribute to Selena. Signed by EMI, Peña's first album was nominated for a Tejano Music Award, and after her second album, she appeared on the soundtrack of _Selena_ and was nominated for a Grammy Award. She has since released two more albums, most recently _Seducción_, both of which have been successful.

Pena's former boyfriend, also a singer, was involved in an argument with singer Obie Bermudez after a multiple artist concert in Texas during the summer of 2004; the argument was apparently started by jealousy from her ex-boyfriend towards Bermudez.

During September of that year, Pena openly admitted to a magazine that she and the famous Puerto Rican rapper Bermudez have been having a serious relationship.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **image**: Jennifer Peña cropped.jpg
- **name**: Jennifer Peña
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Jennifer Marcella Peña
- **origin**: San Antonio, Texas U.S.
- **genre**: Tejano music, Tejano,  Latin music (genre), Latin, Pop music, pop
- **occupation**: Singer 1995- Current
Actress 2006- Current Producer/Songwriter  2004-Current
- **years active**: 1995–present
- **label**: EMI Latin (1995-2000)
Univision Music Group (2002-2008)
UMLE, Universal (2008-Present)
- **associated acts**: Jennifer y los Jetz
- **website**: www.jenniferpena.com
Tito Nieves

**Humberto "Tito" Nieves** (June 4, 1958, Río Piedras, Puerto Rico)' became one of the leading Salsa singers of the 1980's and the early 90s. Raised in the U.S., Nieves began his career while participating in Cimarron, a New York-based orchestra. In 1977, he teamed up with the legendary singer **Hector Lavoe** and his Orchestra and joined **Conjunto Clasico** later. Nieves decided to start his solo career in 1986, setting himself apart by singing Salsa in English.

## Albums

- "The Classic" (1988)
- "Yo Quiero Cantar" (1989)
- "Dejame Vivir" (1991)
- "Rompecabeza: The Puzzle" (1993)
- "Un Tipo Comun" (1995)
- "I Like It Like That" (1997)
- "Dale Cara A La Vida" (1998)
- "Clase Aparte" (1999)
- "Asi Mismo Fue" (2000)
- "En Otra Onda" (2001)
- "Muy Agradecido" (2002)
- "Fabricando Fantasias" (2004)
- "Hoy, Manana, Y Siempre" (2005)
- "Canciones Clasicas De Marco Antonio Solís" (2007)
- "En Vivo" (2007)
- "Dos Canciones Clasicas De Marco Antonio Solís" (2008)
- "Entre Familia" (2010)

## Other websites

- Booking Agent for Tito Nieves profile
- Tito's website
Manny Manuel

**Cruz Manuel Hernández Santiago** (born December 1, 1972), known by his stage name of **Manny Manuel**, is a Puerto Rican singer. He sings merengue, boleros, and tropical music. He first became well known as a member of the group Los Sabrosos del Merengue. He started a solo career in 1994. Manuel was born on the mountain town of Orocovis, Puerto Rico. He studied elementary and high school in the José Rojas Cortés School at his hometown. Since a young age, he started performing in talent shows and other musical activities. He later joined the group Tempo Merenguero. He later became a singer and choreographer for the merengue duo of Mayra y Celinés.

After several years, Manuel joined the group Los Sabrosos del Merengue. He joined them at the same time they had their hit song "Fiera Callada". After the success of the song, the group released their first album, _Sin Fronteras_. Manuel samg a large part of the lyrics on this album. The album included a cover version of Rocío Durcal's song "Te Amo". The group made a second album titled _Haciendo Historia_. It had hits like "Colegiala" and "Frente a Frente".

After making these two albums with Los Sabrosos, Manuel chose to have a solo career. In June of 1994, Manuel left the group. In October 1 of the same year, he started as a solo performer. Several months later, he released his first solo album. It was titled _Rey de Corazones_. The album was certified platinum after a few weeks. With the success of the album, on November, 1995, Manuel performed at the Luis A. Ferré Performing Arts Center. He sold out six shows.

In 1996, he followed with his second album titled _Auténtico_. On May of the same year, he performed at the Guaynabo Performing Arts Center in a special Mother's Day concert. Later, in November, he had a very large concert at the Roberto Clemente Coliseum.

## Other websites

- Biography at Fundación para la Cultura Popular
- Biography by Patricia Maldonado
- Biography at E-mail Urbano
- Biography at LaHiguera.net
Girl in a Coma

**Girl In a Coma** is a rock band from San Antonio, Texas on Joan Jett's Blackheart Record's label.  The band is made up of sisters Nina(vocals/guitar) and Phanie Diaz (drums) and Jenn Alva (bass). The group recorded a rock version of the song "Si Una Vez" by Selena.

## Discography

- 2007 "Both Before I'm Gone"

## Other websites

- Official site

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Girl in a Coma
- **img**: Girl in a Coma.jpg
- **img capt**: Girl in a Coma on March 20, 2009
- **landscape**: yes
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: San Antonio, Texas, USA
- **genre**: Indie rock, alternative rock, punk rock, punk.
- **years active**: 2006–present
- **label**: Blackheart Records
- **url**: http://www.girlinacoma.com/
- **current members**: Jenn Alva
Nina Diaz
Phanie Diaz
Angel y Khriz

**Khriz y Angel** is a Puerto Rican reggaeton group. The band members are **Ángel Rivera Guzmán** and **Chrístian Colón**. They work a lot with Luny Tunes another Puerto Rican reggaeton group. They were introduced in 2002 in the CD MVP, by Hector 'El Bambino' with the song "Casando Voy".

Los MVP’s is Khriz Y Angel’s own CD where they present the listener to soulful hits like "Ven Bailalo" and "Te Quiero Ver Hoy", as well as "De Caseria" featuring Divino and the up beat "Ram Pa Pan Pan".

In the year 2005, they have come up with the songs "Fua", "De Lao A Lao" (bachata and merengue reggaeton versions), and "Mazacotte". They have been compared to artists like Daddy Yankee, Don Omar, and Wisin y Yandel in terms of fame.
Karen Rodriguez

**Karen Rodriguez** (born 1989) is an American singer from New York City, New York.  Her father is Dominican and her mother, Elvira Rodriguez, is Peruvian. She went to LaGuardia Arts School in New York   She played the starring role as Maria in "West Side Story" as a freshman. In 2008, she appeared in the fifth season of a Puerto Rican talent show _Objetivo Fama_ and finished in seventh place.

She considers Selena to be her biggest idol, and is a fan of Juan Gabriel and Juan Luis Guerra.

### Performances/Results

|Episode|Theme|Song choice|Original artist|Order #|Result|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Audition|Auditioner's Choice|"You Give Good Love"|Whitney Houston|N/A|Advanced|
|Hollywood Round, Part 1|First Solo|||N/A|Advanced|
|Hollywood Round, Part 2|Group Performance|"Just the Way You Are"|Bruno Mars|N/A|Advanced|
|Hollywood Round, Part 3|Second Solo|"If You Had My Love"|Jennifer Lopez|N/A|Advanced|
|Las Vegas Round|Songs of The Beatles Group Performance|"Can't Buy Me Love"|The Beatles|N/A|Advanced|
|Hollywood Round Final|Final Solo|"No Me Queda Más"|Selena|N/A|Advanced|
|Top 24 (12 Women)|Personal Choice|"Hero"|Mariah Carey|5|Advanced|
|Top 13|Your Personal Idol|"I Could Fall in Love"|Selena|11|Bottom 3|
|Top 12|Year You Were Born|"Love Will Lead You Back"|Taylor Dayne|9|Eliminated|

- <small> Rodriguez was saved first from elimination.</small>
Prince Royce

**Geoffrey Royce Rojas** (born May 11, 1989 on the Bronx) known by his stage name **Prince Royce** is a Dominican-American bachata singer.  He started his career when he signed on with Top Stop Music label. His debut album, _Prince Royce_, was recorded in 2009 and released in 2010. The album was produced by Sergio George the manager of Top Stop Music.  The album became a success peaking at #1 on the Billboard Tropical Albums chart.  The lead single from the album, "Stand by Me" is a cover of a song which was originally composed and performed by Ben E. King. The single reached #1 on the Latin Tropical Airplay chart and #8 on the Top Latin Songs chart.  It was announced on September 8, 2010, that his album would become a nominee for a Latin Grammy Award for "Best Contemporary Tropical Album".

### Studio albums

|scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:8em;"|Title|scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:16em;"|Album details|scope="col" colspan="5"|Peak chart positions|scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:6em;"|Sales|scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:15em;"|Certifications|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|* Released: March 2, 2010 * Label: Top Stop Music * Format: CD, digital download|77|1|—|—|—|style="text-align:left;"|* *|* RIAA: Diamond <span style="font-size:85%;">(Latin)</span> * IFPI CHI: 2× Platinum||
|* Released: April 10, 2012 * Label: Top Stop Music * Format: CD, digital download|16|1|—|—|—|style="text-align:left;"|*|* RIAA: Platinum <span style="font-size:85%;">(Latin)</span>||
|* Released: October 8, 2013 * Label: Sony Music Latin * Format: CD, digital download|14|1|—|4|84|* *|* RIAA: 7× Platinum <span style="font-size:85%;">(Latin)</span> * AMPROFON: Gold|||
|* Released: July 28, 2015 * Label: RCA * Format: CD, digital download|21|—|6|39|—|||||
|* Released: February 28, 2017 * Label: Sony Music Latin * Format: CD, digital download, streaming|25|1|10|—|48||* RIAA: 4× Platinum <span style="font-size:85%;">(Latin)</span> * AMPROFON: Gold|||
|* Released: February 11, 2020 * Label: Sony Music Latin * Format: CD, digital download, streaming|67|1|—|—|—||* RIAA: 3× Platinum <span style="font-size:85%;">(Latin)</span> * AMPROFON: Gold|||
Q'orianka Kilcher

**Q'Orianka Kilcher** (born February 11, 1990 in Schweigmait, Germany) German-born American actress. She was raised in Hawaii. Q'Orianka's father is from Peru and he belongs to the Quechua/Huachipaeri, while her mother is of Swiss descent by way of Alaska. Her movie credits include the live action version of _How the Grinch Stole Christmas_, and the starring role of Pocahontas in _The New World_.

She is a cousin of pop singer Jewel.

On June 1, 2010, Kilcher and her mother were arrested. Kilcher chained herself to the gates in front of the White House in Washington, D.C. Her mother poured black paint on her to signify oil. Kilcher was against President Barack Obama's meeting with Peruvian President Alan García. She said Garcia sold land in the Amazon rainforest to corporations while suppressing indigenous protests. She and her mother were charged with disorderly conduct. The charges were dropped on June 6, 2011 after they completed community service.

## Filmography

<div style="font-size: 95%">
|Year|Movie|Role|Director|Other notes|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2000|_How the Grinch Stole Christmas_|Little Choir Member|Ron Howard||
|2002|_Madison Heights_|Maria Betancourt|Sharon Miller, Keith Shelton|Episode: "Small World"|
|2005|_The New World_|Pocahontas|Terrence Malick||
|2009|_The People Speak_|Herself|Tony Sacco|Documentary|
|2009|_Princess Kaiulani_|Princess Ka'iulani|Marc Forby||
|2010|_The Power of Few_|TBA|Leone Marucci|also producer|
|2010|_Sons Of Anarchy_ (Television)|Kerrianne Larkin|Kurt Sutter|-- FX|
|2011|_Shouting Secrets_|Pinti|Korinna Sehringer||
|2011|_Neverland_|Aaya|Nick Willing||
|2012|_Blaze You Out_|Demi|Mateo Frazier, Diego Joaquin Lopez|Post production|
|2012|_Firelight_ (Television)|Caroline|Darnell Martin|ABC (Hallmark)|
|2012|_The Killing_ (Television)|Mary|-----|AMC|
|2013|_Tarantula_|Gabby|Oley Sassone|Pre production|
</div style>

## Awards and nominations

|Year|Award|Category|Movie|Result|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2005|NBR Award|Best Breakthrough Performance by an Actress|_The New World_||
|WAFCA Award|Best Breakthrough Performance||||
|2006|ALMA Award|Outstanding Actress in a Motion Picture|||
|Broadcast Film Critics Association|Best Young Actress||||
|Critics Choice Award|Best Young Actress||||
|CFCA Award|Most Promising Performer||||
|Online Film Critics Society Awards|Best Breakthrough Performance||||
|Young Artist Award|Best Performance in a Feature Film (Comedy or Drama) - Leading Young Actress||||

## Other websites

- The Q'Orianka Kilcher Fan Photo Gallery

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Q'orianka Kilcher
- **image**: Q'orianka Kilcher 1.jpg
- **caption**: Kilcher in January 2004
- **birthname**: Q'orianka Waira Qoiana Kilcher
- **birth place**: Schweigmatt, Germany
- **occupation**: Actress, singer, dancer, choreographer, producer
- **yearsactive**: 2000–present
Sara Tavares

**Sara Tavares** (1 February 1978 – 19 November 2023) was a Portuguese-Cape Verdian singer. After winning the two music festivals in Portugal, in 1994, Sara Tavares recorded her first album _Sara Tavares & Shout_. It was released in 1996. This album has gospel, soul, funk and pop influences. After the album was released, Sara performed all over the Portugal, Cape Verde and Paris. She also performed on television programs and at social events. By the end of 1998, Sara Tavares started working on her new album. She stopped performing and went through a long period of introspection trying to find her real influences.

_Mi Ma Bo_ was  Sara Tavares' second album. The name translated from the Criolo (language from Cape Verde) means "Me and You".  _Mi Ma Bo_ was produced by Lokua Kanza, a musician from Kongo.  The album is sung in three different languages (Portuguese, Criolo and English).  In Portugal, _Mi Ma Bo_ is a gold record. In France, Monaco and Andorra, "Querer Sonhar" - one of Sara Tavares' compositions from _Mi Ma Bo_, is included in an African music compilation, together with artists like Miriam Makeba, Lokua Kanza, Césaria Evora, Youssou N'Dour, Mory Kante. It was released by BMG France.

Her new album _Balancé_ was due in February 2006. In this record produced by Sara herself, she wrote and composed all the songs and played many of the instruments.

## Discography

- _Sara Tavares & Shout_ (1996)
- _Mi Ma Bô_ (1999)
- _Balancê_ (2006)
- _Alive! in Lisboa_ (2008)
- _Xinti_ (2009)
- _Fitxadu_ (2017)

## Death

Sara Tavares died on 19 November 2023 in Lisbon, at the age of 45, from a brain tumour that she had been diagnosed with since 2009.
Conservative Judaism

In **Conservative Judaism**, Jewish values can be divided into ethical and ritual laws - the ethical laws do not change, while the ritual laws are used in different customs. Because oftentimes Jews have to be a part of the society they live in, some of the ritual laws must be adapted to it. Such adaptations also allow modern lifestyles.

Another belief in conservative Judaism is that the texts that are the basis of Judaism should not be read literally, and that they can be analyzed and criticized like any other text. In Conservative Judaism, women are seen as equal to men and are allowed to sit with the men when attending synagogue, whereas in Orthodox Judaism for example, women are expected to sit in a different area. Women are also allowed to not wear head coverings when attending synagogue.

## Other websites

- The Core Principles of Conservative Judaism , by Ismar Schorsch on behalf of the Jewish Theological Seminary
- Conservative Jews in Israel : Official Masorti Movement website
- Standards for Congregational Practice  by the United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism
- Formulating Jewish Law For Our Time , by Dr. Rabbi Elliot N. Dorff, for the United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism
- A Guide to Jewish Religious Practice:Official work on Jewish law, by Isaac Klein, 1992
- Emet Ve'emunah: Statement of Principles of Conservative Judaism
- Research and articles on Conservative Judaism on the Berman Jewish Policy Archive @ NYU Wagner
- Conservative Judaism on My Jewish Learning
- An intro to Conservative Judaism  on Soc.Culture.Jewish Newsgroups
First Minister

A **First Minister** is the leader of a government. In the United Kingdom, First Minister was once used to mean the same as Prime Minister. Winston Churchill's famous quote: "I did not become His Majesty's First Minister so that I might oversee the liquidation of the British Empire!"

First Minister is now used to describe the leaders of the devolved governments of Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. See:

- First Minister of Scotland
- First Minister of Wales
- First Minister and deputy First Minister (Northern Ireland)
North Borneo at the Olympics

**North Borneo at the Olympics** is a history which includes only one summer olympic game in one country and two athletes.

The British colony of North Borneo competed in the 1956 Summer Olympics at Melbourne in Australia.

This was the only Olympic appearance for the colony.  North Borneo sent two athletes who took part in the triple jump. They failed to win a medal.

In later years, athletes from North Borneo competed as part of the team from Malaysia.

## Related pages

- List of IOC country codes
- Malaysia at the Olympics

## Further reading

- Organizing Committee of the XIV Olympiad. (1956). _The Official Report of the Organizing Committee for the Games of the XVI Olympiad Melbourne 1956_

## Infobox (country at games)

- **noc**: NBO
- **nocname**: North Borneo Olympic Committee
- **games**: Summer Olympics
- **year**: 1956
- **flagcaption**: Flag of North Borneo
- **location**: Melbourne/Stockholm
- **competitors**: 2
- **sports**: 1
- **flagbearer**: Gabuh Piging
- **gold**: 0
- **silver**: 0
- **bronze**: 0
- **seealso**: (1964–)