juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Run, Fat Boy, Run

***Run Fat Boy Run*** is a 2007 British romantic comedy directed by David Schwimmer, written by Michael Ian Black and Simon Pegg, and starring Pegg, Dylan Moran, Thandie Newton, Harish Patel, India de Beaufort and Hank Azaria. It was released in the UK on 7 September 2007, in Canada on 10 September 2007 and in the United States on 28 March 2008.

## Characters and cast

- Simon Pegg as Dennis Doyle
- Thandie Newton as Elizabeth Olivia 'Libby' Odell
- Hank Azaria as Whit
- Dylan Moran as Gordon
- Harish Patel as Mr. Goshdashtidar
- India de Beaufort as Maya Goshdashtidar
- Matthew Fenton as Jake
- Simon Day as Vincent
- Ruth Sheen as Claudine
- Tyrone Huggins as Grover
- Nevan Finegan as Mickey

### Guest appearances

- Chris Hollins (sports reporter)
- Peter Serafinowicz (reporter voice over)
- Denise Lewis (British athlete)
- Stephen Merchant (injured runner)
- David Walliams (customer in Libby's shop)

## Other websites

- Official site
- Official Canadian site
- Interview with director David Schwimmer at YouTube

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: Run Fatboy Run
- **caption**: **UK Theatrical Release Poster**
- **director**: David Schwimmer
- **producer**: Sarah Curtis and Robert Jones
- **writer**: Michael Ian Black
Simon Pegg
- **starring**: Simon Pegg
Thandie Newton
Harish Patel
Dylan Moran
Hank Azaria
- **music**: Alex Wurman
- **cinematography**: Richard Greatrex
- **editing**: Michael Parker
- **distributor**: Material Entertainment (UK distributor)
Picturehouse (US distributor)
- **released**: 7 September 2007
- **runtime**: 95 minutes
- **language**: English
- **budget**: 10 million
And Now for Something Completely Different

***And Now for Something Completely Different*** is a British movie spin-off from the comedy television series _Monty Python's Flying Circus_. The movie has favorite sketches from the first two seasons. The title was used as a catchphrase in the series.

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: And Now for Something Completely Different
- **caption**: DVD cover for _And Now For Something Completely Different_
- **director**: Ian MacNaughton
- **producer**: Patricia Casey (film producer), Patricia Casey
- **writer**: Graham Chapman
John Cleese
Terry Gilliam
Eric Idle
Terry Jones
Michael Palin
- **starring**: Graham Chapman
John Cleese
Terry Gilliam
Eric Idle
Terry Jones
Michael Palin
Carol Cleveland
Connie Booth
Lesley Judd
- **music**: Douglas Gamley
Fred Tomlinson
Michael Palin
Terry Jones
- **cinematography**: David Muir
- **editing**: Thom Noble
- **distributor**: Columbia Pictures (United States, USA)
- **released**: September 28, 1971
August 22, 1972
- **runtime**: 85 minutes
- **country**: United Kingdom
- **language**: English
- **budget**: Pound sterling, £80,000
Approximately (United States dollar, $100,000)
Abu Ghraib prison

**Abu Ghraib prison** is a prison in Abu Ghraib, a city 32 km west of Baghdad, Iraq. It became known when Saddam Hussein tortured and executed dissidents there. After the United States had invaded Iraq, there was also a scandal where US forces tortured prisoners.

## Under Saddam

Saddam Hussein's government tortured and executed thousands of political prisoners at Abu Ghraib. Records suggest that in 1984 alone, up to 4,000 prisoners were executed there.

During the 1990s there were mass executions at Abu Ghraib, according to Amnesty International (an international human rights organization) and the U.S. Department of State. As many as several hundred prisoners were executed one after the other in these summary executions.

## U.S. torture & prisoner abuse

During the Iraq War, members of the United States Army and the Central Intelligence Agency tortured and abused detainees at Abu Ghraib. These abuses included physical abuse, sexual humiliation, physical and psychological torture, and rape.

An Iraqi man named Manadel al-Jamadi was tortured to death during a CIA interrogation at Abu Ghraib. After he died, his body was desecrated.

In April 2004, CBS News published pictures of the prisoner abuse at Abu Ghraib. This brought the torture scandal to public attention. There was widespread shock, outrage, and condemnation within the United States and internationally.
Trade (sports)

In professional sports, a **trade** is when one (or more) player's contract and/or draft picks is traded between sports teams. Cash is another thing that may be added with contracts and/or draft picks to make a trade.  Most often, trades are done between two teams, but there are times where trades are made between three or more teams.
Jet (band)

**Jet** is a hard rock band from Melbourne, Australia. They were formed in 2001. They have made two albums, _Get Born_ and _Shine On_. _Get Born_ sold over three and a half million copies worldwide.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Jet
- **img**: Cw.jet.001.jpg
- **img capt**: Nic and Chris Cester of Jet
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Melbourne, Australia
- **genre**: Garage rock revival, hard rock, alternative rock
- **years active**: 2001–present (on hiatus)
- **label**: Atlantic Records, Atlantic, Elektra Records, Elektra, EMI, EMI Music Group, Rubber
- **associated acts**: The Bamboos (funk band), The Bamboos, The CA$inos, The Wrights, TISM, DAMNDOGS
- **current members**: Nic Cester
Chris Cester
Cameron Muncey
Mark Wilson (musician), Mark Wilson
- **past members**: Doug Armstrong
Get Born

***Get Born*** is the first album by Australian band Jet.  It was recorded in 2003. It was released on September 14, 2003.  The song "Cold Hard Bitch" reached the top spot on the Modern Rock charts.

## Track Listing

1. "Last Chance" – 1:52
1. "Are You Gonna Be My Girl" – 3:34
1. "Rollover DJ" – 3:17
1. "Look What You've Done" – 3:50
1. "Get What You Need" – 4:08
1. "Move On" – 4:21
1. "Radio Song" – 4:32
1. "Get Me Outta Here" – 2:56
1. "Cold Hard Bitch" – 4:03
1. "Come Around Again" – 4:30
1. "Take It Or Leave It" – 2:23
1. "Lazy Gun" – 4:42
1. "Timothy" – 4:32
1. "Sgt. Major" – 4:04 *

(*) Bonus track in Limited Edition CD
Tom Wills

**Thomas Wentworth "Tom" Wills** (19 August 1835 – 3 May 1880) was an Australian all-round sportsman who helped invent Australian rules football and helped write the Laws of Australian Football.

Wills was born in south-eastern New South Wales, Australia, near either Gundagai or Queanbeyan.

From the age of 14, he went to Rugby School, in England. There, he played both rugby football and cricket very well. By his final year in England, he was captain of the Rugby XI and was listed in _Bell's Life in Victoria and Sporting Chronicle_ as being one of the most promising young cricketers in England.

In 1859, Wills was involved with others in creating a set of football rules that would be a cross between rugby, soccer and Gaelic football. He made the game for cricketers to keep in shape during the off-season (winter). He had help from people such as his cousin Henry Colden Harrison, W.J. Hammersly and J.B. Thompson. The game is now called Australian Rules Football.

Wills grew up with Indigenous Australians.  He spoke the language of the Djab Wurrung people, who lived near him, and played with their children. It has been suggested that Australian rules football is based in part on _Marn Grook_, an Indigenous game with some rules that are similar to those of to Australian rules football. Because the Djab Wurrung played _Marn Grook_, Wills would have been influenced by the game in creating the rules for Australian rules football.

Willis, an alcoholic, committed suicide by stabbing himself in the heart after he had escaped from a psychiatric hospital.

## Infobox (_person)

- **name**: Tom Wills
- **image**: Tom wills statue.jpg
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **caption**: Statue at the Melbourne Cricket Ground of Tom Wills umpire, umpiring the first game of Australian rules football in 1858
- **birth date**: August 19, 1835
- **birth place**: Near Gundagai, New South Wales or Queanbeyan, New South Wales
- **death date**: May 2, 1880 (aged 44)
- **death place**: Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
- **death cause**: Suicide by stabbing
Simple Plan (album)

***Simple Plan*** is the third, self-titled studio album by pop punk band Simple Plan.

## Track listing

01. When I’m Gone {03:50}

02. Take My Hand {03:51}

03. The End {03:22}

04. Your Love Is A Lie {03:42}

05. Save You {03:46}

06. Generation {03:03}

07. Time To Say Goodbye (02:56}

08. I Can Wait Forever {04:54}

09. Holding On {05:03}

10. No Love {03:15}

11. What If {05:54}

12. Running Out Of Time {03:16}

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Simple Plan
- **type**: Studio Album
- **artist**: Simple Plan
- **released**: February 12, 2008
<small>(see #Release dates, release dates below)</small>
- **recorded**: Summer 2007
- **genre**: Alternative rock
Pop punk
- **length**: 46:49
- **label**: Lava Records, Lava, Atlantic Records, Atlantic
- **producer**: Dave Fortman
Danja
Max Martin
- **prev title**: MTV Hard Rock Live
- **prev year**: 2005
N-type semiconductor

An **N-type semiconductor** is a type of material used in electronics.

It is made by adding an impurity to a pure semiconductor such as silicon or germanium. The impurities used may be phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, bismuth or some other chemical element. They are called donor impurities.
The impurity is called a _donor_ because it gives a free electron to a semiconductor. The purpose of doing this is to make more charge carriers, or electron wires  available in the material for conduction. The final material is a lot more conductive than the original silicon or germanium.

## Introduction

Semiconductor materials like silicon and germanium have four electrons in their outer shell. The outer shell of electrons is called the valence shell. The four electrons are used by the semiconductor atom in forming bonds with its neighbouring atoms. This leaves a low number of electrons available for conduction.

Pentavalent elements are those elements which have five electrons in their outer shell. To make the n-type semiconductor, pentavalent impurities like phosphorus or arsenic are added. Four of the impurities' electrons form bonds with the surrounding silicon atoms. This leaves one electron free. The resulting material has a large number of free electrons. Since electrons are negative charge carriers, the resultant material is called an n-type (or negative type) semiconductor. The pentavalent impurity that is added is called a 'dopant' and the process of addition is called 'doping'.

## Manufacture

N-type semiconductors are manufactured by doping pure semiconductor material. The amount of impurity added is very small compared to the amount of semiconductor. The way this new semiconductor works is changed by controlling the quantity of the dopant.

## Related pages

- Semiconductor
- P-type Semiconductor

## Other websites

- The Doping of Semiconductors - Hyperphysics
Pay television

**Pay television** or **premium television** are subscription-based television services. They are found mainly on cable television or satellite television. Some parts of the world, like France and the US, have also offered encrypted analogue terrestrial signals, available if you pay a subscription.
Plug-in hybrid

A **plug-in hybrid car** is similar to a conventional hybrid vehicle—both use a gasoline engine as well as an electric motor. A plug-in hybrid differs primarily in that it can be plugged in to charge the batteries, while a conventional hybrid relies solely on energy generated from braking, coasting or from the gasoline engine.

A plug-in hybrid uses larger battery packs that can be recharged by connecting to common household electricity. Plug-in hybrids can be driven for long distances—from a few miles to as much as 40 miles—without using any gasoline. Plug-in hybrid cars are also known as plug-in hybrid electric vehicles or PHEVs. Plug-in hybrid cars that use a gas engine exclusively for recharging batteries—rather than directly powering the wheels—are also called Extended-Range Electric Vehicles or E-REVs.

Fueling a car with electricity is about 5 times cheaper than fueling it with gasoline. That is equivalent to buying gasoline at less than $1 per gallon. It also reduces greenhouse pollution and helps reduce crude oil imports. Also plug-in hybrids produced substantially lower greenhouse gas emissions than either conventional gasoline cars or unplugged hybrids.

## Criticisms

Criticisms of the hybrid include the additional cost, weight, and size of a larger battery pack.

## Manufacturing (year 2024 and/or 2025)

BYD made [c. 2.5 million or] 2,503,119 plug-in hybrid vehicles (year 2024).

Brands that made plug-in hybrids in 2024, include

- Audi, Audi A3, A8, Q5, Q7 (year 2024)
- Baojun Yunhai
- Bentley Bentayga
- BMW M5, BMW XM
- BYD, including BYD Shark
- Citroën C5 X
- Fangchengbao Bao 8
- Ford Ranger (T6), Ford Escape
- Honda CR-V
- Hyundai Sonata
- Jeep Renegade, Jeep Wrangler
- Karma Revero
- Lamborghini Urus SE (2024)
- Mercedes-Benz, including Mercedes-Benz GLE
- Mitsubishi Outlander
- Peugeot 508
- Porsche Panamera
- Renault Captur, its length is 4.05 m
- Seat made SEAT León (2024)
- Škoda, including Škoda Superb
- Tank, including Tank 700
- Toyota RAV4
- Volkswagen; Golf Mk8, Passat B9, Tiguan, Tayron, Touareg
- Volvo, including Volvo XC40, Volvo XC90, Volvo S60
- Voyah, including Voyah Free
- Wey, including Wey VV7
- Yangwang, including Yangwang U8
Galvanometer

A **galvanometer** is a type of ammeter. It is an instrument for detecting and measuring electric current. It is named after Luigi Galvani. It is an analog electromechanical transducer that produces a rotary deflection, through a limited arc, in response to electric current flowing through its coil. The term has been expanded to include uses of the same mechanism in recording, positioning, and servomechanism equipment.

## Operation

The most familiar use is as an analog measuring instrument, often called a meter. It is used to measure the direct current (flow of electric charge) through an electric circuit. The D'Arsonval/Weston form used today is constructed with a small pivoting coil of wire in the field of a permanent magnet. The coil is attached to a thin pointer that traverses a calibrated scale. A tiny torsion spring pulls the coil and pointer to the zero position.

When a direct current (DC) flows through the coil, the coil generates a magnetic field. This field acts against the permanent magnet. The coil twists, pushing against the spring, and moves the pointer. The hand points at a scale indicating the electric current. Careful design of the pole pieces ensures that the magnetic field is uniform, so that the angle of the pointer is proportional to the current. A useful meter generally contains provision for damping the mechanical resonance of the moving coil and pointer, so that the pointer settles quickly to its position without oscillation.

## Tangent galvanometer

A tangent galvanometer is an early measuring instrument used for the measurement of electric current. It works by using a compass needle to compare a magnetic field generated by the unknown current to the magnetic field of the Earth. It gets its name from its operating principle, the tangent law of magnetism, which states that the tangent of the angle a compass needle makes is proportional to the ratio of the strengths of the two perpendicular magnetic fields. It was first described by Claude Servais Mathias Pouillet in 1837.

A tangent galvanometer consists of a coil of insulated copper wire wound on a circular non-magnetic frame. The frame is mounted vertically on a horizontal base provided with levelling screws. The coil can be rotated on a vertical axis passing through its centre. A compass box is mounted horizontally at the centre of a circular scale. It consists of a tiny, powerful magnetic needle pivoted at the centre of the coil. The magnetic needle is free to rotate in the horizontal plane. The circular scale is divided into four quadrants. Each quadrant is graduated from 0° to 90°. A long thin aluminium pointer is attached to the needle at its centre and at right angle to it. To avoid errors due to parallax a plane mirror is mounted below the compass needle.
Magnetic tape

**Magnetic tape** is a long and narrow strip of plastic that thin magnetic material is coated on. Nearly all recording tape is of this type, whether used for recording audio or video or computer data storage.

Magnetic tape recording uses magnetic tape which moves on a recording head. Electrical signals are fed to the recording head, inducing a pattern of magnetization similar to the signal. A playback head can then pick up the changes in magnetic field from the tape and convert it into an electrical signal.

Devices that record and playback audio and video using magnetic tape are generally called tape recorders and videotape recorders respectively. A device that stores computer data on magnetic tape can be called a tape drive, a tape unit, or a streamer. Autoloaders and tape libraries are frequently used to automate cartridge handling.

## History

Magnetic tape was first invented for recording sound by Fritz Pfleumer in 1928 in Germany. Pfleumer's invention used an iron oxide(Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) powder coating on a long strip of paper.

Magnetic tape has been used for data storage for over 50 years. In this time, many advances in tape have been made. Modern magnetic tape is most commonly packaged in cartridges and cassettes.

Today, many other technologies like CD or DVD are replacing magnetic tape. However, innovation in the technology continues and tape is still widely used.

## Strength and Weakness

When storing large amounts of data, tape can be cheaper than disk or other data storage options. Tape storage has always been used with large computer systems. Modern usage is a high capacity medium for backups and archives. As of 2019, the highest capacity tape cartridge can store 330 TB of data without using compression.

Magnetic tape data storage uses the Sequential access method for reading data. Tape has a longer access time than disk for random accesses since the deck must wind the tape to move from one location to another.

## Related pages

- Audio cassette
- Electrical engineering
- Floppy disk

## Other websites

- History of Tape Recording Technology
- VidiPax Audio Format Guide
Cathode

A **cathode** is a type of electrode through which electrons move. Electrodes are an electrical conductor (usually a metal) that is connected to something that is not a metal. Electric current is a flow of charges through a conductor. There are two theories; one theory is conventional current flow and the other is actual current flow. The anode delivers conventional (or customary) current (which travels in the opposite direction as electrons) and the cathode receives that current. This means that electrons come out of the anode and electrons go into the cathode.

This lets an electric current go into an electrical device such as a battery or other electrical cell. It can also end in a vacuum, like in a cathode ray tube. In this case, the electrons may go into open space.

In other words, a cathode is a positive electrode on a battery and a negative electrode on an electrolytic cell. Electric current is perceived as flowing in the opposite direction that the electrons are flowing. So electrons go into the + (positive) terminal of a battery, but electric current goes out. Electrons go into the + (positive) terminal of an electrolytic cell, but electric current goes out.

An electrode through which electrons flows out of the device is termed a **cathode** because it is negatively charged. A cathode is a negative electrode on a battery and a negative electrode on an electrolytic cell.

## Related pages

- Photocathode
- Cold cathode

## References

- How to Define Anode and Cathode
United States Army Reserve

The **United States Army Reserve** is the reserve force of the United States Army. People in the reserve forces are not full-time soldiers, they also have a civilian career. The reserve forces of the US Army are made of the US Army reserve and the Army National Guard.

The Army Reserve was formed in 1908 to provide a reserve of medical officers to the Army. After the First World War  Congress reorganized the U.S. land forces. The National Defence Act of 4 June 1920 authorized a Regular Army, a National Guard, and an Organized Reserve (Officers Reserve Corps and Enlisted Reserve Corps) of unrestricted size.  The Organized Reserve later became the Army Reserve.
Electrical telegraph

The **electrical telegraph** is a telegraph that uses electric signals. This is a signalling system where an operator makes and breaks an electrical contact with a telegraph key which results in an audible signal at the other end produced by a telegraph sounder which is interpreted and transcribed by a human operator.

### Gauss-Weber telegraph and Carl Steinheil

Carl Friedrich Gauss and Wilhelm Weber installed a 1,200m long wire above the town of Göttingen's roofs. They were allowed to do this on 6 May 1833.  Carl August Steinheil was able to build a telegraph network in 1835–1836. He installed a telegraph line along the first German railroad in 1835.

### Schilling telegraph

The telegraph had a transmitting device which had a keyboard with 16 black-and-white keys. These served for switching the electric current.

### Alter and the Elderton Telegraph

Dr. David Alter created it one year before the much more popular Morse telegraph was invented. Alter demonstrated it publicly.

### Morse telegraphs

In the United States, the telegraph was developed by Samuel Morse and Alfred Vail. Morse created an electrical telegraph in 1837. His version was a design that could transmit over long distances using poor quality wire. Vail, his assistant, developed the Morse code signalling alphabet with Morse.

## Related pages

- Telegraph

## Other websites

- 1837 AD Samuel Morse Invents the Electric Telegraph
- The Electric Telegraph (1838–1914)
- Electrical telegraph
Calvados

**Calvados** is a French department in Normandy.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Calvados
- **native name lang**: fr
- **type**: Departments of France, Department
- **image flag**: Flag of Calvados.svg
- **image shield**: Blason département fr Calvados.svg
- **image map**: Calvados-Position.svg
- **map caption**: Location of Calvados in France
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: France
- **subdivision type1**: Regions of France, Region
- **subdivision name1**: Normandy
- **seat type**: Prefectures in France, Prefecture
- **seat**: Caen
- **parts type**: Subprefectures in France, Subprefectures
- **parts style**: para
- **p1**: Bayeux
Lisieux
Vire
- **leader party**: Miscellaneous Right-wing
- **leader title**: President of the general council, President of the General Council
- **leader name**: Anne d'Ornano
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area total km2**: 5548
- **population total**: 673667
- **population as of**: 2007
- **population rank**: List of French departments by population, 31st
- **population density km2**: auto
- **blank name sec1**: Departments of France, Department number
- **blank info sec1**: 14
- **blank name sec2**: Arrondissements of France, Arrondissements
- **blank info sec2**: arrondissements of the Calvados department, 4
- **blank1 name sec2**: Cantons in France, Cantons
- **blank1 info sec2**: cantons of the Calvados department, 49
- **blank2 name sec2**: Communes in France, Communes
- **blank2 info sec2**: communes of the Calvados department, 706
- **timezone1**: Central European Time, CET
- **utc offset1**: +1
- **timezone1 dst**: Central European Summer Time, CEST
- **utc offset1 dst**: +2
- **footnotes**: French Land Register data, which exclude estuary, estuaries, and lakes, ponds, and glaciers larger than 1 km<sup>2</sup>
Smile, It's the End of the World

***Smile, it's the End of the World*** is the second album by pop punk band Hawk Nelson.  It was released on April 4, 2006.

## Track listing

1. "The One Thing I Have Left" – 3:07
1. "The Show" – 3:13
1. "Bring 'Em Out" – 3:23
1. "Everything You Ever Wanted" – 4:04
1. "Something On My Mind" – 4:19
1. "Is Forever Enough" – 3:22
1. "Zero" – 4:38
1. "Nothing Left To Show" – 2:54
1. "Head On Collision" – 4:07
1. "Hello" – 3:00
1. "It's Over" – 3:06
1. "Fourteen" – 4:50
Letters to the President

***Letters to the President*** is the first album by pop punk band Hawk Nelson.  It was released on October 4, 2005.

## Track listing

1. "California" – 2:52
1. "Things We Go Through" – 2:31
1. "Every Little Thing" – 3:07
1. "From Underneath" – 2:45
1. "Letters To The President" – 3:13
1. "Right Here" – 3:11
1. "Recess" – 0:50
1. "Take Me" – 3:30
1. "Someone Else Before" – 3:17
1. "First Time" – 2:37
1. "Like A Racecar" – 2:48
1. "The Show" – 1:53
1. "36 Days" – 3:42
1. "Long And Lonely Road" – 3:10
Tonbridge Grammar School

**Tonbridge Grammar School** (or just **TGS**) is a well known grammar school in Tonbridge, Kent. It has about 1050 students who are 11-18 years old. The school was called _Tonbridge Grammar School For Girls_ until 2002, when boys were allowed into the 6<sup>th</sup> form.

## History

Tonbridge Grammar School started in 1905 on the top floor of the Tonbridge Library with only 13 pupils. The teacher and headmistress was called Mrs Taylor. In 1913 the school moved to the site in Deakin Leas as the school was growing quickly and the library was not big enough.

## Buildings

These are the buildings found at TGS today:
- The Main Building/ The Hans Building
- The Technology Block ("The Tech Block")
- The Old Building/The Science Building

## Other websites

- School homepage
Rechargeable battery

A **rechargeable battery**, also called  a **storage battery** or a **secondary cell**, is a battery that can be recharged  over and over again with electricity.  A battery that is not rechargeable is called a primary cell or disposable battery. It is thrown away after it no longer works. The voltage of rechargeable batteries can be restored by passing an electric current through the battery. Car batteries, for example, work this way..

Rechargeable batteries are not always chosen.  Each battery costs more to make, and has more dangerous chemicals than disposable batteries.

Rechargeable batteries can be used for many smaller electronics such as MP3 players and flashlights.  Almost all mobile phones and laptop computers use them.  They are also used for car batteries.

## Types of rechargeable batteries

- Lead-acid battery
- Nickel-cadmium battery
- Lithium-ion battery
- Nickel-iron battery
- Nickel metal-hydride battery
- Nickel–zinc battery

## Related pages

- Battery
- Dry cell
- Table of batteries
2005 Pacific hurricane season

The **2005 Pacific hurricane season** was a slightly inactive season that produced 17 tropical cyclones. It officially started on May 15 and ended on November 30, dates which conventionally delimit the period during which most tropical cyclones form in the northeast Pacific Ocean. The first  tropical cyclone, Hurricane Adrian, developed on May 17, while the last storm Tropical Depression Sixteen-E, dissipated on October 20. During the year, a total of 17 tropical cyclones, 15 tropical storms, 7 hurricanes and 2 major hurricanes formed. The most intense hurricane, Hurricane Kenneth remained out over open waters for the duration of its existence. However, the remnants of the storm caused minor flooding on the Island of Hawaii. September was the most active month of the year, as 6 of the 17 tropical cyclones formed during this time.

The pre-season forecast from the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration called for 11-15 named storms and 6-8 hurricanes, of which 2-4 were expected to attain major hurricane status.

Very few storms impacted land throughout the season. Hurricane Adrian was the only landfalling system. It struck El Salvador as a dissipating tropical depression after rapidly weakening from hurricane status. Flooding in Nicaragua caused the only fatality during the season. Tropical Storm Dora and Hurricane Hilary brought tropical storm force winds to coastal Mexico, although no damage was reported. The remnants Tropical Depression One-C caused heavy rainfall on the Island of Hawaii, peaking at 8.8 in (223.52 mm). Hawaii was also affected by the remnants of Hurricane Kenneth which also caused heavy rains on the Island of Hawaii. The combined storms caused very little damage and only one fatality.

## Infobox (hurricane season)

- **basin**: EPac
- **year**: 2005
- **track**: 2005 Pacific hurricane season map.png
- **first storm formed**: May 17, 2005
- **last storm dissipated**: October 20, 2005
- **strongest storm name**: Hurricane Kenneth (2005), Kenneth
- **strongest storm pressure**: 947
- **strongest storm winds**: 116
- **average wind speed**: 1
- **total depressions**: 17
- **total storms**: 15
- **total hurricanes**: 7
- **total intense**: 2
- **fatalities**: 1 direct
- **five seasons**: 2003 Pacific hurricane season, 2003, 2004 Pacific hurricane season, 2004, **2005**, 2006 Pacific hurricane season, 2006, 2007 Pacific hurricane season, 2007
2007 Pacific hurricane season

The **2007 Pacific hurricane season** was a below average Pacific hurricane season with only one major hurricane. It officially started on May 15, 2007 in the eastern Pacific, designated as the area east of 140°W, and on June 1 2007 in the central Pacific, which is between the International Date Line and 140°W, and lasted until November 30, 2007. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Pacific basin.

The season began slowly; through the end of July, the seasonal ACE was the third lowest since the geostationary satellite era began in 1966. The inactivity continued through the next month, which was the third quietest August in terms of ACE since reliable records began in the basin in 1971. Tropical Storm Barbara in June caused $55 million (2007 USD) in crop damage in southeastern Mexico from heavy precipitation. In August, Hurricane Flossie formed in the Eastern Pacific and crossed into the Central Pacific, threatening Hawaii but causing little damage. In early September, Hurricane Henriette dropped heavy rainfall in southwest Mexico, which caused nine fatalities and $25 million (2007 USD) in damage.

## Storms

- Tropical Storm Alvin
- Tropical Storm Barbara
- Tropical Depression Three-E
- Tropical Depression Four-E
- Tropical Depression Five-E
- Hurricane Cosme
- Tropical Storm Dalila
- Tropical Storm Erick
- Hurricane Flossie
- Tropical Storm Gil
- Hurricane Henriette
- Hurricane Ivo
- Tropical Depression Thirteen-E
- Tropical Storm Juliette
- Tropical Storm Kiko

### Retirement

No names were retired in 2007.

## Infobox (hurricane season)

- **basin**: EPac
- **year**: 2007
- **track**: 2007 Pacific hurricane season map.png
- **first storm formed**: May 27, 2007
- **last storm dissipated**: October 23, 2007
- **strongest storm name**: Hurricane Flossie (2007), Flossie
- **strongest storm pressure**: 940
- **strongest storm winds**: 130
- **average wind speed**: 1
- **total depressions**: 15
- **total storms**: 11
- **total hurricanes**: 4
- **total intense**: 1
- **fatalities**: 9
- **damages**: 80
- **five seasons**: 2005 Pacific hurricane season, 2005, 2006 Pacific hurricane season, 2006, **2007**, 2008 Pacific hurricane season, 2008, 2009 Pacific hurricane season, 2009
Government of Balochistan, Pakistan

**Government of Balochistan** is based in the largest province of Pakistan in Quetta. The head of the province is the Governor, who is nominated by the President of Pakistan. While the head of the Government of Balochistan is the Chief Minister who is elected by the Balochistan Assembly.

## Related pages

- List of heads of state of Balochistan
- List of prime ministers of Balochistan
Klingon language

The **Klingon language** (_`tlhIngan Hol`_, ) is a language that was made for the Klingons in the _Star Trek_ universe. It is a constructed language, not one that developed naturally. Only a few people can speak the Klingon language well enough to talk in it. The Klingon Language Institute helps people learn Klingon.

## History

The first Klingon words were made by the actor James Doohan in 1979 for the first Star Trek movie. When they made the third movie in 1984, Gene Roddenberry wanted to have a real language for the Klingons. Marc Okrand, a linguist (a language scientist) made the Klingon language. He has written some books about the Klingon language.

## Grammar

Marc Okrand wanted the language to be as complicated as possible. He did this to make it sound very alien. The word order in a sentence is always object-verb-subject. This is the opposite of English's word order, which is subject-verb-object. The English sentence "I see the cat" is said as "the cat see I" in Klingon.

This language uses affixation to denote the subject and negation:
|Klingon|English|
| --- | --- |
|**qet**|_run_|
|**maqet**|_we run_|
|**maqetbe’**|_we do not run_|

## Writing

When writing in Klingon, some letters are always in uppercase and some are lowercase. This never changes because the letters are spoken differently when they are written differently.
|**Latin transcription**|**Klingon script**|**IPA**|
| --- | --- | --- |
|**a**|****|**/ɑ/**|
|**b**|****|**/b/**|
|**ch**|****|**/t͡ʃ/**|
|**D**|****|**/ɖ/**|
|**e**|****|**/ɛ/**|
|**gh**|****|**/ɣ/**|
|**H**|****|**/x/**|
|**I**|****|**/ɪ/**|
|**j**|****|**/d͡ʒ/**|
|**l**|****|**/l/**|
|**m**|****|**/m/**|
|**n**|****|**/n/**|
|**ng**|****|**/ŋ/**|
|**o**|****|**/o/**|
|**p**|****|**/pʰ/**|
|**q**|****|**/qʰ/**|
|**Q**|****|**/q͡χ/**|
|**r**|****|**/r/**|
|**S**|****|**/ʂ/**|
|**t**|****|**/tʰ/**|
|**tlh**|****|**/t͡ɬ/**|
|**u**|****|**/u/**|
|**v**|****|**/v/**|
|**w**|****|**/w/**|
|**y**|****|**/j/**|
|**ʼ**|****|**/ʔ/**|

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Klingon
- **nativename**: _`tlhIngan Hol`_
- **speakers**: Around a dozen fluent speakers
- **date**: 1996
- **fam1**: Constructed languages
- **fam2**: Artistic languages
- **fam3**: Fictional languages
- **creator**: Marc Okrand, James Doohan, Jon Povill
- **setting**: _Star Trek_ films and television series (_Star Trek: The Next Generation, TNG_, _Star Trek: Deep Space Nine, DS9_, _Star Trek: Voyager, Voyager_, _Star Trek: Enterprise, Enterprise_, _Star Trek: Discovery, Discovery_), the opera _`ʼuʼ`_ and the _Klingon Christmas Carol_ play.
- **posteriori**: Constructed languages
 A priori (languages), A priori languages
- **script**: Latin script (#Phonology, Klingon alphabet)

Klingon alphabets, Klingon script
- **agency**: Marc Okrand
- **iso2**: tlh
- **iso3**: tlh
- **notice**: IPA
- **glotto**: klin1234
- **glottorefname**: Klingon
Chief minister

A **chief minister** is the elected head of government of a sub-national or constituent federal state. Leaders with this role are usually elected in India or Australia.
Government of Punjab, Pakistan

The **Government of Punjab** is a Provincial government in Pakistan. It is based in Lahore, the capital of the PUNJAB Province.
Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

The **Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa** is based in the city of Peshawar, the provincial capital of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, Pakistan.

The chief minister of kpk is         ( Mahmood khan).
Chief secretary is M.Salim.
Governor of kpk is ( Shah Farman).
I.G kpk is ( M.Naaem Khan).
Chief Minister of Education is Shafqat Mehmood.
Judge of High court is Waqar Ahmed Saith.
Government of Sindh

The **Government of Sindh** is based in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan.

## Other websites

- Government of Sindh
Lentil soup

**Lentil soup** ( _shorbit adas_ or _shurba al-'adas_, ,  _nezid adashim_) is a soup. It is served hot and made with lentils. It is popular all over the Middle East.  Usually it is a vegetarian soup, but can also be made with meat stock. Red or green lentils may be used and in some recipes the lentils are boiled with vegetables such as carrots, potatoes, parsley and onion, and then pureed. Things commonly added include garlic, cumin, and lemon juice. Sometimes croutons are added to make it look good.

Lentil soup is mentioned in the Bible: In Genesis 25:34, Esau is prepared to give up his birthright for a pot of fragrant red lentil soup being cooked by his brother, Jacob.

The ancient Greek dramatist, Aristophanes, mentions lentil soup in his plays: He describes it as the "sweetest of delicacies."

Lentil soup was once a food for the poor. Today, it is recognized as highly nutritious and provides a good source of protein, fiber, iron and potassium.
Blizzard of Ozz

***Blizzard of Ozz*** is the debut studio album by Ozzy Osbourne, recorded in Surrey, UK and released on 20 September 1980 in the UK and on 15 January 1981 in the U.S..

This is Ozzy's  first solo album. The tracks "Crazy Train" and "Mr. Crowley" were released as singles. "Crazy Train" peaked at #9 on the Mainstream Rock Charts.

_Blizzard of Ozz_ remains Osbourne's highest-selling album to date, selling over 4.1 million copies in the U.S. alone.

The album reached #21 on Billboard's Pop Albums chart, and is on the list of the top 100 best-selling albums of the 1980s.

## Track listing

All songs written by Ozzy Osbourne, Randy Rhoads, and Bob Daisley except where noted.

### Side one

1. "I Don't Know" – 5:16
1. "Crazy Train" – 4:56
1. "Goodbye to Romance" – 5:36
1. "Dee" (Instrumental) (Rhoads) – 0:50
1. "Suicide Solution" – 4:21

### Side two

1. <li value=6>"Mr. Crowley" – 4:55
1. "No Bone Movies" (Osbourne, Rhoads, Daisley, Lee Kerslake) – 3:53
1. "Revelation (Mother Earth)" – 6:09
1. "Steal Away (The Night)" – 3:28

### Japanese bonus track (later used as a bonus track for the 2011 reissue

1. <li value = 10>"You Lookin' at Me Lookin' at You" – 4:16

## Personnel

- Ozzy Osbourne - Vocals, Harmony Vocals, Producer
- Randy Rhoads - Guitar, Producer
- Bob Daisley - Bass, Gong, backing vocals, Harmony Vocals, Producer
- Lee Kerslake - Drums, percussion, Bells, Tympani, Producer
- Robert Trujillo - Bass (2002 reissue)
- Mike Bordin - Drums (2002 reissue)

### Additional personnel

- Don Airey - Keyboards
- Rudy Sarzo - Bass
- Tommy Aldridge - Drums, Percussion

### Production

- Max Norman - Engineer

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Blizzard of Ozz
- **type**: Album
- **artist**: Ozzy Osbourne
- **released**: 20 September 1980 (United Kingdom, UK)
 15 January 1981  (United States, US)
 22 August 1995 (reissue)
 2002 (re-issue)
- **recorded**: 22 March to 19 April 1980
- **genre**: Heavy metal music, Heavy metal
- **length**: 39:31
- **label**: Jet Records, Jet/Epic Records, Epic
- **producer**: Ozzy Osbourne
- **prev title**: Mr. Crowley Live EP
- **prev year**: 1980
- **next title**: Diary of a Madman (album), Diary of a Madman
- **next year**: 1981
Nightgown

A **nightgown** or **nightdress** is a gown worn for sleeping. It is usually loose-fitting. There are different lengths, hip-length (called _baby-doll_), floor-length (called _négligée_) or knee-length.

Men wore them until about the 1940s when they changed to pajamas. Today, they are mostly worn by women.
Bolted joint

**Bolted joints** are very common in construction and machine design. They are _cap screws_ or _studs_ that grab and join other parts, and are secured by screw threads.
Lyman Hall

**Lyman  Hall** (April 12, 1724– October 19, 1790) was a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence as a representative of Georgia.  Hall County is named after him.

## Infobox (governor)

- **name**: Lyman Hall
- **image**: Lyman hall.jpg
- **order**: 17th
- **office**: Governor of Georgia
- **term start**: January 1, 1783
- **term end**: December 31, 1783
- **predecessor**: John Martin (governor), John Martin
- **successor**: John Houstoun
- **birth date**: April 12, 1724
- **birth place**: Wallingford, Connecticut
- **death place**: Burke County, Georgia
- **party**: Whig Party (United States), Whig
- **signature**: Lyman Hall signature.png
Button Gwinnett

**Button Gwinnett** (baptized: April 10, 1735 – May 19, 1777), was second of the signatories (first signature on the left) on the United States Declaration of Independence as a representative of Georgia. He was also briefly the provisional president of Georgia in 1777, and Gwinnett County (now a major suburb of metro Atlanta) was named after him.

## Infobox (governor)

- **name**: Button Gwinnett
- **image**: Button Gwinnett.png
- **order**: 2nd
- **office**: Governor of Georgia
- **term start**: March 4, 1777
- **term end**: May 8, 1777
- **predecessor**: Archibald Bulloch
- **successor**: John A. Treutlen
- **birth date**: April 10, 1735
- **birth place**: Gloucestershire, England
- **death date**: May 19, 1777
- **death place**: near Savannah, Georgia, Savannah, Georgia (U.S. state), Georgia
- **nationality**: English-American
- **signature**: Button Gwinnett signature.png
William Ellery

**William Ellery** (December 22, 1727–February 15, 1820), was a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence as one of two representatives from Rhode Island his signature is located 4 names below John Adams.

Some of his descendants were William Ellery Channing, Richard Henry Dana, Edie Sedgwick and actress Kyra Sedgwick and Jadriene M. Ellery. Ellery Avenue in Middletown, Rhode Island is named in his honor.
William Floyd

**William Floyd** (December 17, 1734–August 4, 1821), was a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence as a representative of New York.

## In honor

There are several places and institutions named after William Floyd, they include:
- the William Floyd School District in present-day Brookhaven Town, which includes William Floyd Elementary, William Floyd Middle School and William Floyd High School.

- William Floyd Parkway in the Town of Brookhaven.

- The town of Floyd in Oneida County. General Floyd moved into the present day hamlet of Westernville, Oneida County before his death. His final resting place in the Westernville cemetery is marked with a simple stone plaque.

- the General William Floyd Elementary School in the Holland Patent School District, Onieda County.

Among his descendants are cinematographer Floyd Crosby and rock singer David Crosby. A second cousin twice removed was Abraham Lincoln.
Abraham Clark

**Abraham Clark** (February 15, 1725 – September 15, 1794) was an American politician and Revolutionary War figure. He was delegate for New Jersey to the Continental Congress where he signed the Declaration of Independence and later served in the United States House of Representatives in both the Second and Third United States Congress, from March 4, 1791, until his death in 1794.
Charles Carroll of Carrollton

**Charles Carroll of Carrollton** (September 19, 1737 – November 14 1832) was a delegate to the Continental Congress and later United States Senator for Maryland. He was the only Catholic signer of the Declaration of Independence. He was the longest lived signer of the Declaration of Independence and the Continental Congress, dying at the age of 95.

He was a rich planter. Although he opposed slavery he had slaves.

## Infobox (senator)

- **name**: Charles Carroll
- **nationality**: American
- **image name**: Charlescarrollofcarrollton.jpg
- **jr/sr**: United States Senator
- **state**: Maryland
- **party**: United States Federalist Party, Federalist
- **term start**: March 4, 1789
- **term end**: November 30, 1792
- **preceded**: _Office Created_
- **succeeded**: Richard Potts
- **office2**: Maryland State Senate
- **term start2**: 1777
- **term end2**: 1801
- **birth date**: September 19, 1737
- **birth place**: Annapolis, Maryland
- **death date**: November 14, 1832
- **death place**: Baltimore, Maryland
- **spouse**: Mary Darnall
- **alma mater**: College of St. Omer
College of Louis the Grand
- **signature**: Charles Carroll signature.png
Cotidianul

***Cotidianul*** is a Romanian newspaper. It is published from Monday to Saturday in Berliner format. It was started by Ion Raţiu. The first issue was published on May 10, 1991.
Samuel Huntington (Connecticut politician)

**Samuel Huntington** (July 16, 1731 - January 5, 1796) was an American jurist, statesman, and revolutionary leader from Connecticut. He served as a delegate to the Continental Congress where he signed the Declaration of Independence, as Governor of Connecticut, and later as the first President of the United States in Congress Assembled, that is, the presiding officer of the Congress of the Confederation, the sole governing body of the first central government of the United States of America. His office was not that of today's President of the United States, which is a federal chief executive position created under the later United States Constitution.

## Infobox (governor)

- **name**: Samuel Huntington
- **image**: Samuel huntington.jpg
- **order**: 3rd
- **office**: Governor of Connecticut
- **term start**: 1786
- **term end**: 1796
- **lieutenant**: Oliver Wolcott
- **predecessor**: Matthew Griswold
- **successor**: Oliver Wolcott
- **order2**: 1st
- **office2**: President of the United States in Congress Assembled
- **term start2**: March 1, 1781
- **term end2**: July 9, 1781
- **predecessor2**: _None_
- **successor2**: Thomas McKean
- **office3**: 8th President of the Continental Congress
<small>5th President of the Second Continental Congress</small>
- **term start3**: September 28, 1779
- **term end3**: March 1, 1781
- **predecessor3**: John Jay
- **successor3**: _None_
- **birth date**: July 3, 1731
- **birth place**: Windham, Connecticut
- **death place**: Norwich, Connecticut
- **party**: Federalist Party, Federalist
- **signature**: Samuel Huntington signature.png
Francis Hopkinson

**Francis Hopkinson** (September 21, 1737 – May 9, 1791) designed the first flag of the United States.  He was also an American author, poet, and signer of the Declaration of Independence as a delegate from New Jersey.

## Great Seal of the United States

Francis Hopkinson gave his help to the second committee that designed the Great Seal of the United States. This is the same seal that is now impressed upon the reverse of the United States one-dollar bill.
Stephen Hopkins (politician)

**Stephen Hopkins** (March 7, 1707 – July 13, 1785) was a Founding Father of the United States. He served as governor of the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, chief justice of the Rhode Island Supreme Court, and was a signer of both the Continental Association and Declaration of Independence. Hopkins was from a prominent Rhode Island family. His grandfather, William Hopkins, was an influential colonial politician, while his great-grandfather Thomas Hopkins was among the original settlers of Providence Plantations. Thomas sailed from England in 1635 alongside his cousin, Benedict Arnold, who later became the first governor of the Rhode Island colony under the Royal Charter of 1663.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Stephen Hopkins
- **image**: Stephen Hopkins (NYPL NYPG97-F76-420410) (cropped).jpg
- **order1**: 28th, 30th, 32nd, and 34th
- **office1**: Governor of the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations
- **term start1**: 1755
- **term end1**: 1757
- **predecessor1**: William Greene (colonial governor), William Greene
- **successor1**: William Greene
- **term start2**: 1758
- **term end2**: 1762
- **predecessor2**: William Greene
- **successor2**: Samuel Ward (Rhode Island politician), Samuel Ward
- **term start3**: 1763
- **term end3**: 1765
- **predecessor3**: Samuel Ward
- **successor3**: Samuel Ward
- **term start4**: 1767
- **term end4**: 1768
- **predecessor4**: Samuel Ward
- **successor4**: Josias Lyndon
- **order5**: 3rd, 5th, and 17th
- **office5**: Chief Justice of the Rhode Island Supreme Court
- **term start5**: May 1751
- **term end5**: May 1755
- **predecessor5**: Joshua Babcock
- **successor5**: Francis Willet
- **term start6**: August 1755
- **term end6**: May 1756
- **predecessor6**: Francis Willet
- **successor6**: John Gardner (Rhode Island governor), John Gardner
- **term start7**: June 1770
- **term end7**: October 1775
- **predecessor7**: James Helme
- **successor7**: John Cooke
- **birth date**: March 7, 1707
- **birth place**: Providence, Rhode Island, Providence, Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, Colony of Rhode Island
- **death date**: July 13, 1785 (aged 78)
- **death place**: Providence, Rhode Island, Providence, Rhode Island, State of Rhode Island
- **known for**: signer of the United States Declaration of Independence
- **occupation**: Surveyor, Politician, Chief Justice, Congressional Delegate, Governor
- **spouse**: (1) Sarah Scott
(2) Anne Smith
- **relations**: Martha Hopkins Round (sister)

Esek Hopkins, brother
- **signature**: Stephen Hopkins signature.png