juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Peter Tork

**Peter Halsten Thorkelson** (February 13, 1942 – February 21, 2019), better known as **Peter Tork**, was an American actor and musician. He was born in Washington, D.C. He started as a folk musician in Greenwich Village. In 1966, he became famous as a member of The Monkees. He was recommended for the group by his friend Stephen Stills. Shortly after The Monkees television series ended 1968, he left the band. He played with the other members of the group at times, but often played with his own bands and tours.

Tork died on February 21, 2019 in Mansfield, Connecticut, aged 77. He suffered from a rare form of throat cancer in the years before his death.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Peter Tork
- **birth name**: Peter Halsten Thorkelson
- **background**: solo_singer
- **image**: File:WikiTork.jpg
- **caption**: Tork at Family Gras, Metairie, Louisiana, January 2016
- **birth place**: Washington, D.C., U.S.
- **death place**: Mansfield, Connecticut, U.S.
- **instrument**: Bass guitar, guitar, piano, keyboards, banjo, french horn, percussion, vocals
- **genre**: Rock music, Rock, pop rock, psychedelic rock, experimental rock, rock and roll, Pop music, pop
- **occupation**: Singer-songwriter, musician, artist, multi-instrumentalist, activist
- **years active**: 1964–2019
- **label**: Colgems Records, Colgems, RCA Records, RCA, Bell Records, Bell, Arista Records, Arista, Rhino Entertainment, Rhino, Sire Records, Sire
- **associated acts**: The Monkees, Shoe Suede Blues, George Harrison, James Lee Stanley, Release, Cottonmouth, The Peter Tork Project
Micky Dolenz

**George Michael Dolenz, Jr.** (born March 8, 1945),  better known as **Micky Dolenz** is an American actor, singer, director, and voice artist. He is most famous as a member of The Monkees.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Micky Dolenz
- **image**: Dolenz_2022.jpg
- **birth name**: George Michael Dolenz Jr.
- **other names**: Mickey Braddock
- **birth place**: Los Angeles, California
- **occupation**: Actor, Singer, Director, Voice Actor
- **years active**: 1956-present
Goldstar beer

**Goldstar** is an Israeli beer that has been brewed in Israel since the 1950s.
It is defined as a Munich-style beer. Goldstar contains 4.9% alcohol.
1797

## Events

- January 3 – The Treaty of Tripoli (a peace treaty between the United States and Tripoli) is signed at Algiers.
- January 7 – The parliament of the Cisalpine Republic adopts the Italian green-white-red tricolour as official flag. It is the birthday of the flag of Italy.
- February 14 – The Battle of Cape St. Vincent (1797), part of the Wars of the French Revolution.
- February 18 – Spanish Governor Chacon peacefully surrenders the colony of Trinidad and Tobago to a British naval force.
- February 22 – Attempted invasion of Britain at Fishguard in Wales by French forces
- February 26 – The Bank of England (national bank of Britain) issues the first one-pound note (discontinued March 11, 1988).
- March 4 – John Adams succeeds George Washington as the President of the United States of America.
- May 12 – First Coalition: Napoleon I of France conquers Venice, ending the 1100 years of independence of the city. Last doge of Venice, Ludovico Manin, steps down.
- July 24 – Horatio Nelson is wounded at Tenerife, causing a loss of one arm.
- September 7 – Treaty of Campo Formio ends the War of the First Coalition.
- October 21 – In Boston Harbor, the 44-gun United States Navy frigate USS Constitution is launched to fight Barbary pirates off the coast of Tripoli.
- December 17 – Napoleon leads a successful French charge against Fort l'Aiguilette to secure Toulon for French
- Large-scale mutinies in Royal Navy
- Joseph Haydn composes the music to "Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser," the tune of which also became the music to the German national anthem, "Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheit."

## Births

- Date unknown – Mahmud Bayazidi, Kurdish polymath
- August 30 – Mary Shelley, British writer of _Frankenstein_

## Deaths

- September 10 – Mary Wollstonecraft, female philosopher (b. 1759)
1851

## Events

- January 23 – The flip of a coin determines whether a new city in Oregon is named after Boston, Massachusetts, or Portland, Maine, with Portland winning.
- March 1 – Victor Hugo gives speech at the French national assembly and uses the phrase United States of Europe several times
- March 27 – First reported case of white men seeing Yosemite Valley.
- March 30 – A population census was taken of all people living in the United Kingdom.
- May 1 – The _Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations_ in the Crystal Palace, Hyde Park, London is opened by Queen Victoria. It runs until October 18.
- May 15 – Rama IV is crowed King of Thailand.
- July – The immortal game, a famous chess game, is played.
- July 1 – Colony of Victoria separates from New South Wales.
- July 29 – Annibale de Gasparis, in Naples, Italy discovers asteroid 15 Eunomia.
- August 22 – The yacht _America_ wins the first America's Cup race (see Yachting).
- October 18 – The Great Exhibition in London is closed.
- November 13 – The Denny Party lands at Alki Point, the first settlers of what will become Seattle, Washington.
- December 2 – Louis Napoleon, president of France, dissolves French National Assembly and declares a new constitution to extend his term. Later he declares himself as an emperor Napoleon III. End of the Second Republic.
- December 24 – The Library of Congress burns.
- December 29 – The first YMCA opens, in Boston, Massachusetts.

## Births

- January 17 – A. B. Frost, American illustrator (d. 1928)
- January 19 – Jacobus Kapteyn, Dutch astronomer (d. 1922)
- February 8 – Kate Chopin, American writer (d. 1904)
- March 27 – Vincent d'Indy, French composer and teacher (d. 1931)
- April 21 – Charles Barrois, French geologist (d. 1939)
- May 6 – Aristide Bruant, French cabaret singer and comedian (d. 1925)
- May 20 – Emil Berliner, telephone and recording pioneer (d. 1929)
- August 14 – Doc Holliday, American gambler and gunfighter (d. 1887)
- October 2 – Ferdinand Foch, French commander of allied forces in World War I (d. 1929)
- October 31 – Princess Louise of Sweden
- Robert Abbe, American surgeon (d. 1928)
- Ruperto Chapí, Spanish zarzuelist
- Tom Morris, Jr., Scottish golfer (d. 1875)

## Deaths

- February 1 – Mary Shelley, British writer of _Frankenstein_
- August 28 – Thomas Livingstone Mitchell, Australian explorer
- September 14 – James Fenimore Cooper

## Art, music, theatre, and literature

- _The House of the Seven Gables_ by Nathaniel Hawthorne.
- _Moby-Dick_ by Herman Melville.
Dominique de Villepin

**Dominique Marie François René Galouzeau de Villepin** (born November 14, 1953), simply known as **Dominique de Villepin**, was Premier (or Prime Minister) of France from 31 May 2005 to 17 May 2007. He was made Premier by Jacques Chirac after the French President removed Jean-Pierre Raffarin from the premiership. Raffarin failed to gain the support of the French people for the European Constitution.

Dominique de Villepin said that his government's most important task would be job creation. He knew that the French people were concerned about the condition of the French economy. This was one of the reasons they had voted against the European Constitution in the referendum on 29 May 2005.

On 15 May 2007, the last full day of President Jacques Chirac's term, Villepin gave his resignation from the office of Prime Minister and it was accepted by the President. He was replaced two days later by François Fillon.

## Infobox (prime minister)

- **birthname**: Dominique Marie François René Galouzeau de Villepin
- **image**: Launch Republique Solidaire 2010-06-19 n05.jpg
- **imagesize**: 220px
- **caption**: Former French prime minister Dominique de Villepin on 19 June 2010 at the launching of his new party Republique Solidaire
- **birth place**: Rabat, French protectorate of Morocco, French Morocco
- **office**: Prime Minister of France
- **term start**: 31 May 2005
- **term end**: 17 May 2007
- **president**: Jacques Chirac
- **predecessor**: Jean-Pierre Raffarin
- **successor**: François Fillon
- **office2**: Minister of the Interior (France), Minister of the Interior
- **term start2**: 31 March 2004
- **term end2**: 31 May 2005
- **primeminister2**: Jean-Pierre Raffarin
- **predecessor2**: Nicolas Sarkozy
- **successor2**: Nicolas Sarkozy
- **office3**: Minister of Foreign Affairs (France), Minister of Foreign Affairs
- **primeminister3**: Jean-Pierre Raffarin
- **term start3**: 7 May 2002
- **term end3**: 31 March 2004
- **predecessor3**: Hubert Védrine
- **successor3**: Michel Barnier
- **spouse**: Marie-Laure de Villepin
- **relations**: Xavier de Villepin (father)
- **children**: Marie de Villepin
Arthur de Villepin
Victoire de Villepin
- **alma mater**: Institut d'études politiques de Paris, IEP de Paris
École nationale d'administration
Pantheon-Assas University
Paris X University Nanterre, Université Paris X Nanterre
- **occupation**: Diplomat
Civil Servant
Lawyer
Author
- **party**: United Republic (France), République Solidaire
- **otherparty**: Rally for the Republic (prior to 2002)
Union for a Popular Movement, UMP (2002-2010)
Francis Drake

Vice Admiral **Sir Francis Drake** (1540 – 27 January 1596) was an English sea captain, privateer, navigator, slaver, and politician of the Elizabethan era.

Drake became a powerful enemy to the Spanish Empire. He was the second sea captain ever to circumnavigate the world. Encyclopedia Britannica calls him "the most renowned [famous] seaman of the Elizabethan Age."

## Life

Drake was born in Tavistock, England, and grew up in Kent. There, he learned to be a sailor. Soon he was a shipmaster (captain).

### Slavery

In early 1560s, Drake became a slave trader.

According to an article by Ben Johnson:> Drake and his second cousin, Richard Hawkins, led one of the first slavery trips to West Africa in 1567. It was illegal in English law to capture people and transport them, but in those days it was perceived as ok if they were already enslaved, non-Protestants or criminals!
> [Drake and Hawkins] were attacked by Spanish vessels and only two of the six British ships survived (those led by Drake and Hawkins themselves). This, as well as other factors, contributed to fueling the [hostility] between Spain and England, leading up to the war in 1585 and subsequent [[Spanish] Armada](44404).By 1568, Drake commanded his own slave-trading ship, which he used to transport African slaves to the Spanish colonies in the Caribbean.

### Enemy of the Spanish Empire

From 1577 to 1580, Drake carried out the second circumnavigation of the world. During this three-year voyage, he attacked towns and ships belonging to the Spanish Empire. He stole riches and treasure from these places and brought them back to England. The year after he completed the voyage, Queen Elizabeth I knighted Drake on his ship, _Golden Hind_, in Deptford.

In 1588, Drake was second-in-command of the English Armada against the Spanish Armada.

## Death & legacy

Drake died of dysentery in January 1596 after unsuccessfully attacking San Juan, Puerto Rico.

Drake's activities were legendary. He was a hero to the English but a pirate to the Spaniards.
Wank

**Wank** is a mountain in the Bavarian Alps, by Garmisch-Partenkirchen in Germany, close to the Austrian border.
Wank is 1780m tall, and has a cable car, the _Wankbahn_, which takes people almost all the way to the top.  Near the peak, there is an inn called the _Wankhaus_ which was built in 1911 that allows people to spend the night.
Hank Aaron

**Henry Louis Aaron** (February 5, 1934 – January 22, 2021) was a professional baseball player who played right field.  He played baseball professionally for 22 years and hit 755 home runs. Even though he has 755 home runs in his career, he never hit 50 or more in a season. He was selected for 25 All-Star games.  He was put into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1982.

Hank Aaron was born in Mobile, Alabama. He died on January 22, 2021, two weeks before his 87th birthday, in Atlanta.

## Other websites

- Hank Aaron at Baseball Aha

## Infobox (baseball biography)

- **name**: Hank Aaron
- **image**: Hank Aaron.jpg
- **position**: Right fielder
- **bats**: Right
- **throws**: Right
- **birth place**: Mobile, Alabama
- **death place**: Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia
- **debutleague**: MLB
- **debutdate**: April 13
- **debutyear**: 1954
- **debutteam**: Milwaukee Braves
- **finalleague**: MLB
- **finaldate**: October 3
- **finalyear**: 1976
- **finalteam**: Milwaukee Brewers
- **statleague**: MLB
- **stat1label**: Batting average
- **stat1value**: .305
- **stat3label**: Home runs
- **stat3value**: 755
- **stat2label**: Hit (baseball), Hits
- **stat2value**: 3,771
- **stat4label**: Run batted in, Runs batted in
- **stat4value**: 2,297
- **teams**: **Negro leagues**
* Indianapolis Clowns ()
**Major League Baseball**
* Atlanta Braves, Milwaukee / Atlanta Braves (–)
* Milwaukee Brewers (–)
- **highlights**: * 25× Major League Baseball All-Star Game, All-Star (1955 Major League Baseball All-Star Game, 1955–1975 Major League Baseball All-Star Game, 1975)
* World Series champion ()
* NL MVP (1957)
* 3× Gold Glove Award (1958–1960)
* 2× List of Major League Baseball batting champions, NL batting champion (1956, 1959)
* 4× List of Major League Baseball annual home run leaders, NL home run leader (1957, 1963, 1966, 1967)
* 4× List of Major League Baseball annual runs batted in leaders, NL RBI leader (1957, 1960, 1963, 1966)
* Atlanta Braves#Retired numbers, Atlanta Braves No. 44 retired
* Milwaukee Brewers#Retired numbers, Milwaukee Brewers No. 44 retired
* Ivan Allen Jr. Braves Museum and Hall of Fame, Braves Hall of Fame
* Miller Park Walk of Fame
* Major League Baseball All-Century Team
**MLB records**
* 2,297 career runs batted in
* 6,856 career total bases
* 1,477 career extra-base hits
- **hoflink**: National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum
- **hoftype**: National
- **hofdate**: 1982
- **hofvote**: 97.83% (first ballot)
Money laundering

**Money laundering** is a process some criminals do to hide the money they make from crimes or political corruption, which is called "dirty money". Such dirty money needs to be "cleaned" so it looks like it came from legal sources, and banks can accept it without being suspicious on where it came from. Criminals also do money laundering to make it hard for the police to find out where the criminal got the money.

One way criminals launder money is by using the money earned from illegal activities to buy things (like gold and silver, bitcoin, shares or casino chips, other legitimate business activities like food or liquor stores) and then selling those things to get the money back. If a criminal buys and sells things many times it is hard for the police to find out where the criminal got the money.

Some countries have laws to try to stop money laundering. These laws help the police to find out when criminals try to do money laundering. Under the laws in some countries, business people must:
- tell the Government when someone pays them a lot of money (for example $10,000) or when someone puts a lot of money in their bank
- tell the Government if they think someone is doing money laundering, and
- write down on paper, or on a computer, every time someone gives them a lot of money or they give someone a lot of money.

In 1989, some countries set up a group of people from different Governments to tell countries the best ways to stop money laundering. This organization is called the Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering. The following countries have joined the Financial Action Task Force (FATF/GAFI):

- Argentina
- Aruba
- Australia
- Austria
- Bahrain
- Belgium
- Brazil
- Canada
- China
- Curaçao
- Denmark
- European Commission
- Finland
- France
- Germany
- Greece
- Hong Kong, China
- Iceland
- India
- Ireland
- Italy
- Japan
- Kuwait
- Luxembourg
- Malaysia
- Mexico
- Netherlands
- New Zealand
- Norway
- Oman
- Portugal
- Qatar
- Republic of Korea
- Russian Federation
- Saint Maarten
- Saudi Arabia
- Singapore
- South Africa
- Spain
- Sweden
- Switzerland
- Turkey
- United Arab Emirates
- United Kingdom
- United States

## Money laundering in Canada

In Canada money laundering is a serious issue. The government of Canada has allocated more than $70 million to fight money laundering.

The province of British Columbia announced it is holding a public inquiry into this issue.
Evolutionary biology

**Evolutionary biology** is a subfield of biology that studies how species start and change over time; or in other words, how species evolve. Someone who studies evolutionary biology is known as an **evolutionary biologist**.

## History

Evolutionary biology became an academic subject  as a result of the modern evolutionary synthesis in the 1930s and 1940s.  It was not until the 1970s and 1980s that universities had departments which used the term _evolutionary biology_ in their titles.

As a result of the rapid growth of molecular and cell biology, many universities have split their biology departments into _molecular and cell biology_-style departments and _ecology and evolutionary biology_-style departments. These have absorbed older departments such as paleontology, zoology, botany and the like.

## Related pages

- Evolution
- Modern evolutionary synthesis
- Speciation
- Natural selection
1488

## Births

- January 6 – Helius Eobanus Hessus, German Latin poet (d. 1540)
- January 20
    - John George, Marquess of Montferrat, Italian noble (d. 1533)
    - Sebastian Münster, German scholar, cartographer, and cosmographer (d. 1552)
- March 19 – Johannes Magnus, last Catholic Archbishop of Sweden (d. 1544)
- April 16 – Jungjong of Joseon (d. 1544)
- April 21 – Ulrich von Hutten, German religious reformer (d. 1523)
- May 1 – Sidonie of Bavaria, eldest daughter of Duke Albrecht IV of Bavaria-Munich (d. 1505)
- May 5 – Lê Uy Mục, Eighth king of the later Lê dynasty of Vietnam (d. 1509)
- May 7 – John III of the Palatinate, Administrator of the Bishopric of Regensburg (d. 1538)
- June – Heinrich Glarean, Swiss music theorist (d. 1563)
- June 29 – Pedro Pacheco de Villena, Catholic cardinal (d. 1560)
- July 15 – Juan Álvarez de Toledo, Catholic cardinal (d. 1557)
- October 17 – Ursula of Brandenburg, Duchess consort of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (d. 1510)
- December 1 – Elisabeth of Nassau-Dillenburg, Countess of Wied, German noblewoman (d. 1559)
- December 15 – Ferdinand, Duke of Calabria (d. 1550)
- _date unknown_
    - Rabbi Yosef Karo, Jewish scholar (d. 1575)
    - Oswald Myconius, Swiss religious reformer (d. 1552)
    - Jan Tarnowski, Polish nobleman (d. 1561)
    - Thomas of Villanova, Spanish bishop (d. 1555)
    - Gustav Trolle, Archbishop of Uppsala (d. 1533)
- _probable_
    - Thomas Audley, 1st Baron Audley of Walden, Lord Chancellor of England (d. 1544)
    - Guillaume Gouffier, seigneur de Bonnivet, French soldier (d. 1525)
    - Myles Coverdale, English Bible translator (d. 1568)
    - Lütfi Pasha, Ottoman statesman (d. 1564)

## Deaths

- April 14 – Girolamo Riario, Lord of Imola and Forli (b. 1443)
- June 11 – King James III of Scotland (b. c. 1451)
- July 18 – Alvise Cadamosto, Italian explorer (b. 1432)
- July 28 – Edward Woodville, Lord Scales (at the Battle of St. Aubin-du-Cormier)
- September 9 – Francis II, Duke of Brittany (fell from a horse) (b. 1433)
- September 13 – Charles II, Duke of Bourbon (b. 1434)
- October 10 – Andrea del Verrocchio, Italian sculptor (b. c. 1435)
- _date unknown_
    - John II, Duke of Bourbon (b. 1426)
    - Iizasa Ienao, Japanese swordsman (b. c. 1387)
1695

## Events

- February 6 – Mustafa II (1695–1703) succeeds Ahmed II as Ottoman Emperor.
- July 17 – The Bank of Scotland is founded.
- Russia declares war on the Ottoman Empire.
- Gold is discovered in Brazil.

- April 17 – Juana de Asbaje
1767

## Events

- July 2 – Pitcairn Islands discovered (found) by Captain Philip Cartaret in _HMS Swallow_

## Births

- March 15 – Andrew Jackson, seventh President of the United States (d. 1845)
- July 11 – John Quincy Adams, sixth President of the United States (d. 1848)
1848

## Events

- February 24 – The February Revolution begins.

## Births

- February 27 – Hubert Parry, English composer
- March 19 – James Otis, American children's writer
- June 7 – Paul Gauguin, French painter

## Deaths

- February 23 – John Quincy Adams, 80, sixth President of the United States, stroke (b. 1767)

## New Books

- _Vanity Fair_ by William Makepeace Thackeray
222 BC

#### Greece

- Cleomenes III is defeated and the Spartan army annihilated by the Achaean League and the Macedonians in the Battle of Sellasia.
- Ptolemy IV succeeds his father Ptolemy III as king of Egypt.

#### Rome

- Marcus Claudius Marcellus leads the Romans to victory in the Battle of Clastidium, conquering the area later known as Cisalpine Gaul.
- The Romans capture Milan.

#### Asia

- State of Qin conquers the state of Yan and defeats the last defensive forces of the state of Zhao in China .

## Deaths

- Ptolemy III Euergeter I, king of Egypt
- Ctesibius, mathematician
1854

## Events

- January 6 – The fictional detective Sherlock Holmes is born.
- March 20 –The Boston Public Library opens to the public.
- June 24 - Franz Liszt shows Franz Schubert's opera Alfonso und Estrella in Weimar. This was thirty-two years after it was composed.
- August 9 –Johann succeeds to the throne of Saxony on the death of his brother.
- October 6 –The great fire of Newcastle and Gateshead in England
- November 5 –Crimean War – Battle of Inkerman: The Russians are defeated.
- December 3 – Eureka Stockade miner's rebellion, Ballarat, Australia
- The French fashion label Louis Vuitton is founded.

## Births

- January 1 – James George Frazer, Scottish social anthropologist (d. 1941)
- March 15 – Emil von Behring, German physiologist, 1901 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1917)
- April 29 –Henri Poincaré, French mathematician and physicist (d. 1912)
- June 26 –Robert Borden, 8th Prime Minister of Canada (d. 1937)
- July 27 –Takahashi Korekiyo, Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1936)
- October 3 –William C. Gorgas, American physician and Surgeon General (d. 1920)
- October 16 – Oscar Wilde, Irish writer (d. 1900)
- November 17 –Hubert Lyautey, Marshal of France (d. 1934)
- December 23 –Victoriano Huerta, President of Mexico (d. 1916)

## Deaths

- February 17 –John Martin, English painter (b. 1789)
- April 11 –Karl Adolph von Basedow, German physician (b. 1799)
- June 7 – Charles Baudin, French admiral (b. 1784)
- July 6 –Georg Ohm, German physicist (b. 1789)
- August 21 –Thomas Clayton, American lawyer and politician (b. 1777)
- September 8 –Angelo Mai, Italian cardinal and philologist (b. 1782)
- October 26 –Therese of Saxe-Hildburghausen, queen consort of Bavaria (b. 1792)
- November 25 –John Gibson Lockhart, Scottish writer (b. 1794)
- December 9 –Almeida Garrett, Portuguese writer (b. 1799)
- December 15 –Kamehameha III, King of Hawaii (b. c. 1814)

## New books

- Charles Dickens – _Hard Times_
- Fanny Fern – _Ruth Hall_
- Nathaniel Hawthorne – _Mosses from an Old Manse_
- Caroline Lee Hentz – _The Planter's Northern Bride_
- Alfred Tennyson – "The Charge of the Light Brigade"
- Henry David Thoreau – _Walden, or Life in the Woods_
- Leo Tolstoy – _Boyhood_
1900

**1900** (MCM) was an exceptional common year starting on Monday in the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Saturday in the Julian calendar, the 1900th year of the Common Era (CE) and _Anno Domini_ (AD) designations, .

Due to a leap day in the Julian Calendar, the Gregorian Calendar moved ahead by 13 days.

## Art, music, theatre, literature

- May 17 – _The Wonderful Wizard of Oz_ by L. Frank Baum is published.

## Events

- February 9 – The Boers defeat the British at Ladysmith, South Africa.
- The Olympic Games took place in Paris.

### January

- January 1 – Mieczysław Batsch, Polish footballer (d. 1977)
- January 1 – Paola Borboni, Italian actress (d. 1995)

### February

- February 22 – Luis Buñuel, Spanish director (d. 1983)

### March

- March 10 – Violet Brown, Jamaican supercentenarian, oldest Jamaican ever (d. 2017)
- March 29 – John McEwen, 18th Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1980)

### April

- April 5 – Spencer Tracy, American actor (d. 1967)
- April 26 – Charles Richter, American geophysicist and inventor (d. 1985)

### May

- May 11 - Pridi Banomyong, Prime Minister of Thailand (d. 1983)

### June

- June 17 – Martin Bormann, Nazi-German politician (d. 1945)

### July

- July 19 – Arno Breker, German sculptor (d. 1991)

### August

- August 4 – Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother, queen of George VI of the United Kingdom (d. 2002)
- August 4 – Nabi Tajima, Japanese supercentenarian, last surviving person born in the 19th century (d. 2018)

### September

- September 3 – Urho Kekkonen, President of Finland (d. 1986)

### October

- October 7 – Heinrich Himmler, German Nazi politician (d. 1945)
- October 17 – Jean Arthur, American actress (d. 1991)
- October 20 – Ismail al-Azhari, President of Sudan (d. 1969)
- October 21 – Srinagarindra, Queen Mother of Thailand (d. 1995)
- October 26 – Ibrahim Abboud, President of Sudan (d. 1983)

### November

- November 14 – Aaron Copland, American composer (d. 1990)

### December

- December 6 – Agnes Moorehead, American actress (d. 1974)

## Deaths

- June 5 – Stephen Crane, American writer (b. 1871)
- August 25 – Friedrich Nietzsche, German philosopher and writer (b. 1844)
- November 22 – Sir Arthur Sullivan. English composer (b. 1842)
- November 30 – Oscar Wilde, Irish writer (b. 1854)
Birdbox

A **birdbox** is a human-made, usually wooden box used as a house for birds. It is suitable as a bird home because it is similar to a natural bird home, such as a hollow tree, and birds often make nests inside birdboxes. Birdboxes are often put on trees. They are often made by people who are fond of birds, but they are also useful for studying birds. For domesticated birds, birdboxes are often used for breeding.

Most birdboxes feature a simple design with of six planks ordered in a cube, with a hole in a wall where birds can go in and out. Common additions include a small stick outside the hole on which birds can sit on, and a sloping roof to make rainwater run off. Some can however be highly detailed and decorated, depending on the maker's preferences. They can also be made from things like logs or gourds. They come in many sizes, depending on the size of the bird type the box is made for. Most birdboxes are small, but some, such as ones made for owls or parrots, can be quite large.

Although birdboxes are intended for birds, many other animals can inhabit them as well. Examples include bees that make beehives inside them, and squirrels.
Louis Braille

**Louis Braille** (4 January 1809 - 6 January 1852) was a French inventor. He was born in Coupvray. He invented the script braille system, which helps blind people to read. Braille is read by passing one's fingers over characters made up of an arrangement of one to six raised points. It has been adapted to almost every known language. Numbers can be written normal in Braille and there are as well some short forms for common words.

Braille was the child of a leather maker. He was the youngest of four children. He had three older siblings, two sisters and a brother. He became blind at the age of three, because he accidentally stuck a stitching awl into one eye while he was in his father's workshop. At the time, there were no antibiotics, and soon his injured eye was infected. The infection spread to his other eye and soon, he became blind in both eyes. He went to the Royal Institute of Blind Youth when he was 10. Braille was a good student, especially in science and music. Later, when he was an adult, he became a church organist. He was also a teacher at the Institute of Blind Youth. Braille died in Paris at the age of 43 of a disease called tuberculosis.
Marsupial

**Marsupials** are in the infraclass of mammals called the Metatheria. This is the marsupials and their extinct ancestors. There are about 320 different species today.

## Reproduction

Marsupials give birth to living young. The young are called _joeys_. The joeys feed on milk. They are born very small.

Marsupials have a special pouch where they carry their joeys. After the birth the joey goes into its mother's pouch, where it can drink milk and is kept warm and safe. When the joeys are young they stay in the pouch all the time, but when they are older they can leave it for short times. When they are old enough and too big for the pouch they do not go into their mother's pouch anymore.

Marsupial development is about half-way between reptilian development and mammalian development.

## Biogeography

Marsupials evolved before the southern supercontinent Gondwana broke off from Pangaea 100 million years ago. Early marsupial fossils have been found in Asia, from 125 million years ago.

They were outcompeted on Laurasia by placental mammals, but the placentals did not get into the Australasian part of Gondwana before it broke away into a separate supercontinent. That is why marsupials now found native only on the southern continents of Australasia. South and Central America, with the single exception of the _Virginia opossum_.

Some of the 100 living species of South American marsupials have migrated north: 13 species to Central America and one to North America.

There are 334 species of living Australasian marsupials. They are mostly in Australia and New Guinea, and some are on the smaller islands.

In more recent times the land bridge between the Americas, and reintroductions to Australia, have brought in placental mammals. They have caused the recent extinction of many marsupial species.

## Sounds

Marsupials are relatively quiet. So we can place the development of mammalian speech to about 200 million years ago with the early placental mammals.

### Australasia

- Bandicoots
- Kangaroos
- Koalas
- Tasmanian Devil
- Thylacine (Tasmanian Tiger)
- Wallabies
- Wombats

#### "Thingodonta"

The extinct genus _Yalkaparidon_ (Order Yalkaparidontia) is a bizarre fossil found in the Oligocene/Miocene deposits of Riversleigh, NE Australia. Its teeth are so strange that palaeontologists call it a 'Thingodont'.

### South America

- Opossums
- Shrew opossums
- Monito del Monte

### No longer marsupial

The borhyaenids and the sabertooth _Thylacosmilus_ are no longer considered to be marsupials. They are sparassodont metatherians, the sister group of the marsupials.

## Related pages

- Great American Interchange
- Monotreme
B. J. Thomas

**Billy Joe "BJ" Thomas** (August 7, 1942 – May 29, 2021) was an American country singer-songwriter. Thomas was born in Hugo, Oklahoma.

His most famous songs are "Hooked upon a feeling" and "Raindrops Keep Falling On My Head", which was in the movie _Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid_. He sang throughout the 1970s. He changed to Christian music in the 1980s. He won a Grammy Award for every year between 1977 until 1981.

In March 2021, Thomas announced that he was diagnosed with stage-4 lung cancer. He died from the disease on May 29, 2021 in Arlington, Texas at the age of 78.
Laws of war

The **laws of war** are some simple rules or international laws which most people accept about war, out of humanitarianism. Many people think that because there is fighting, there should be no rules. This is called "total war". However, laws of war have been made so that wars do not get worse than they need to be.

## The laws

1. Anything marked as a hospital, an ambulance, a doctor, or a first aid person should not be attacked. Those places, vehicles, and people should not have weapons.
1. Anyone who is a member of a neutral power should not be a target of violence (unless the person is committing or intending to commit a hostile act).
1. Anyone fighting in the war has to wear a uniform. They can only wear the uniform of their side. Also, they have to carry their weapons out in the open where they can be seen.
1. Anyone carrying or waving a plain white flag or piece of cloth must not be attacked. That person should also not attack anyone. They may want to surrender, or just talk about ways to solve the problem without more fighting.
1. Any enemy soldier captured must be treated fairly as a prisoner of war.
1. Religious buildings such as churches, mosques, and temples are to be protected at all costs.
1. Occupied territory should be governed fairly and not looted or devastated.

## Where the laws come from

These laws come from various treaties, including:
- The Paris Declaration Respecting Maritime Law of 1856, which abolished privateering
- The First Geneva Convention _for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field_ of 1864
- The St. Petersburg Declaration of 1868. It bans ammunition of less that 400 grams weight. It also bans ammunition with Fulminates in them, or with inflammable substances. Through this convention, it is no longer allowed to use ammunition that falls apart into fragments, that burns, or explodes for small arms. Such ammunition can still be used in autocannon or artillery though.
- The Hague Conventions of 1898 and 1907
- Various other Geneva Conventions
- The Charter of the United Nations
- Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects. This bans certain types of weapons (like some landmines, weapons with fragmenting ammunition, incendiary devices and blinding laser weapons)

## Related pages

- International humanitarian law
- Military justice
Pete Best

**Randolph Peter Best** or **Pete Best** (born **Randolph Peter Scanland**; 24 November 1941) was The Beatles's original drummer. He was born on 24 November 1941 in Madras, India to an Indian mother and an English father. His mother, Mona, later owned the Casbah Club in Liverpool, where The Beatles would sometimes perform. Best was drummer for the group from 1960 until 16 August 1962, when the band and their new manager, Brian Epstein, fired him and replaced him with Ringo Starr. The reason was because when the band auditioned for EMI, record producer George Martin was not satisfied with Best's drum skills, and planned to replace him on their recordings.

Best was devastated, and tried to form other bands with little success. He attempted suicide in 1965. He went on to work as a civil servant. In 1995, when The Beatles released their _Anthology_ albums, which featured Best on some recordings, he received a large sum of money from the sales. He also found a new career, appearing at Beatles-related events such as conventions, where he sometimes played drums, with more skill than he showed in earlier days.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Pete Best
- **img**: Pete Best2005.jpg
- **img capt**: Pete Best in 2005
- **background**: non_vocal_instrumentalist
- **birth name**: Randolph Peter Scanland
- **alias**: Pete Best
- **birth place**: Chennai, Madras, British India
- **origin**: Liverpool, England
- **instrument**: Drum kit, Drums
- **genre**: Rock and roll, Rock music, rock
- **occupation**: Drummer, Civil servant, Songwriter
- **years active**: 1959 – 1968,
1960–1962 (Beatles Drummer),
 1988–2025
- **associated acts**: The Beatles,
The Pete Best Band
- **website**: [http://www.petebest.com/ www.petebest.com]
Dionne Quintuplets

The **Dionne Quintuplets** were the first quintuplets (five babies born at the same time from the same mother) to survive after being born. They were born in Ontario, Canada on May 28, 1934 to Elzire and Oliva Dionne. They were:
- Annette
- Cecile (died on July 31, 2025)
- Emilie (died on August 6, 1954 from an epilepsy seizure)
- Marie  (died on February 27, 1970 from a blood clot in the brain)
- Yvonne (died on June 23, 2001 from cancer)

The babies were delivered by Dr. Allan Roy Dafoe, who later was given custody of the girls by the Canadian government and the Ontario government housed them in a special theme park-like area, just across the street from the house their parents and 6 other siblings lived in. At one time 6,000 people visited **Quintland** each day to see the sisters, they also had dolls made out of them, and appeared in commercials for products like corn syrup and Quaker oats like oatmeal. Then in 1943, the girls' father, Oliva, finally got custody of them again and the girls moved back to live with their real family. Dr. Dafone died soon after that. The girls later claimed their father abused them. In 1998, the surviving sisters sued the government of Ontario for being exploited as kids and were rewarded 4 million Canadian dollars.
All's Well That Ends Well

***All's Well That Ends Well*** is a play by William Shakespeare. It is a comedy. It was based on a story in Boccaccio's _Decameron_. The date _All's Well_ was written is uncertain, but it was probably written between 1600 and 1603. It was probably first performed about 1602-1603, and probably first printed in the First Folio of 1623. The play is about Helena's love for the unresponsive Bertram.

## References

- All's Well That Ends Well

## Infobox (play)

- **name**: All's Well That Ends Well
- **image**: First Folio, Shakespeare - 0248.jpg
- **image size**: 220px
- **caption**: The first page of _All's Well That Ends Well_, from the First Folio
- **writer**: William Shakespeare
- **sources**: Boccaccio's _Decameron_
- **characters**: Helena
Bertram
Parolles
- **setting**: France
Italy
- **premiere**: 1602-1603
- **place**: London, England
- **orig lang**: English
- **genre**: Comedy
Fag

**Fag** can mean different things:
- Cigarette (British slang)
- Faggot (slang), a slang term for a homosexual man
- **Fag**, a term in schools like Eton College, for a younger boy who acts as the servant of an older boy.
Christ (title)

In Christianity, **the Christ** (; ) is a title for the savior and redeemer who would bring salvation to the Jewish people and mankind. Christ is the Greek translation of the Hebrew title _Messiah_ (; anointed one), the figure promised by God to the Jewish people and mankind for the salvation of the world. Christians believe that Jesus of Nazareth is the Jewish Messiah called Christ of the Christian Old Testament and fulfilled the messianic prophecies of Christian tradition. _Christ_, used by Christians both as a name and as a title, is synonymous with Jesus.

## Related pages

- Christology
Christian Bale

**Christian Charles Philip Bale** (born 30 January 1974) is an English actor. He is from Haverfordwest in Pembrokeshire. Bale is best known for playing Batman in Christopher Nolan's _The Dark Knight Trilogy_. He began in a movie of Steven Spielberg's Empire of the Sun. He also played in _American Psycho_ and _The Machinist_. In 2010, Bale won an Academy Award and a Golden Globe Award for his performance in _The Fighter_. He played Dick Cheney in the biopic movie _Vice_, and won another Golden Globe Award. He is married to Sandra Blažić since 2000 and they have two children together.

Christian Bale, versatile actor, excels in accents, physical changes, music, languages, precision, genre shifts, stunts, production, and voice acting.
Villeneuve-d'Ascq

**Villeneuve-d'Ascq** (which means _New city of Ascq_ in French) is one of the main cities of the metropolis of Lille, in France. It is between Lille and Roubaix, at the crossroads of the principal freeways towards Paris, Ghent, Antwerp and Brussels,

## Demography

Villeneuve-d'Ascq has more than 65,000 people and attracts 50,000 students.
The average age of people there is 29 years.

## Geography

The city has about 10 km² of greenspace, lakes, forests and farmland.

## History

The roots of the city go back to Celtic Gaul, and are anchored in two feudal mounds, a Gallo-Roman site and a Carolingian one.

Its site was selected in the 1960s to accommodate the new town of Lille-Est. It was made to channel the development of the agglomeration. The commune of Villeneuve-d'Ascq was created in 1970 by combining three communes (Ascq, Annapes and Flers). Its name reminds people at the same time the new city and the memory of Ascq, martyr city of April 1, 1944, date on which the Nazis killed 86 men.
Alberto Vargas

**Joaquin Alberto Vargas y Chávez** (9 February 1896 – 30 December 1982), better known as **Alberto Vargas**, was a Peruvian-born painter, best known for his pin-up paintings of beautiful women. In the 1930s he became famous for movie posters. In the 1940s and 1950s he painted for Esquire Magazine and in the 1960s and 1970s for Playboy.

A painting of Alberto's, _Varga Girl_, was put on the Beatles - _Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band_ album.  She is pictured in the upper right-hand corner (next to Richard Menkin, the man in the hat).

- Alberto Vargas, a history, family photos and gallery.
- Vargas on "The Pin-Up Files"
- Alberto Vargas Biography
- Artwork on the American Art Archives web site
George Lucas

**George Walton Lucas Jr.** (born May 14, 1944) is an American movie director, producer, and screenwriter most famous for the _Star Wars_ and _Indiana Jones_ movie series.

He also directed the movies _THX 1138_ (1971) and _American Graffiti_ (1973). He made the _Indiana Jones_ series with Steven Spielberg. He is also an innovator for what he has done with special effects, and has founded companies that make not only movies, but also things like video games, theme park rides, and TV shows.

Lucas founded the Pixar animation studio and later sold it to Steve Jobs in 1986 for $10 million.

## Personal life

He has three children: Katie, Amanda and Jett (born 1993) Lucas. Jett has had cameo appearances in _Attack of the Clones_ and _Revenge of the Sith_ as Zett Jukassa.

Lucas began dating Mellody Hobson, president of Ariel Investments and chair of DreamWorks Animation, in 2006. Lucas and Hobson announced their engagement in January 2013, and married on June 22, 2013 at Lucas's Skywalker Ranch in Marin County, California.

## George Lucas Cultural Arts Museum

A George Lucas Cultural Arts Museum was to be built in San Francisco, California, but after talks failed, Lucas decided not to build the museum in San Francisco.

Soon afterwards, the Chicago Tribune reported that Lucas wanted to build the museum in Chicago, Illinois. Lucas said: "_The city of Chicago has enthusiastically welcomed me and I consider Chicago to be my second home_," Lucas said in a statement. "_I look forward to working with community leaders to see if Chicago can become home to the Lucas Cultural Arts Museum._" The office of Chicago Mayor Rahm Emanuel confirmed that talks between the two were ongoing. A potential lakefront site on Museum Campus in Chicago was proposed in May 2014. On June 24, 2014, the _Chicago Sun-Times_ reported that Chicago was selected as the location, pending approval of the Chicago Plan Commission. The commission approved the idea and the museum will be built in Chicago.
Telugu

**Telugu** (Telugu: ) is a  language spoken in southern India and parts of Malaysia originated from the mixture of Proto-Dravidian and Aryan language Sanskrit. It is the official language of the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. It is one of the twenty-two scheduled languages of the Republic of India. Telugu is the second most spoken language in India and 15th largest spoken language in the world. As it is one of the oldest languages in the world, the government of India gave it the status of a classical language.

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Telugu
- **states**: India
- **region**: Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, and Yanam district, Yanam
- **ethnicity**: Telugu people
- **speakers**: million
- **date**: 2011
- **speakers2**: Second language, L2 speakers:  million
- **familycolor**: Dravidian
- **fam2**: South-Central
- **ancestor**: Old Telugu
- **script**: Telugu script
Telugu Braille
- **nation**: *Andhra Pradesh
*Telangana
*Puducherry (union territory), Puducherry (Yanam district)
- **iso1**: te
- **iso2**: tel
- **iso3**: tel
- **image**: Telugu.svg
- **imagecaption**: The word "Telugu" in Telugu script
- **glotto**: telu1262
- **glottoname**: Telugu
- **linglist**: tel
- **map**: Idioma telugu.png
- **mapcaption**: In dark blue, Telugu is spoken by a majority. In light blue, it is spoken by a significant minority.
PlayStation 2

The **PlayStation 2** (**PS2**) is Sony's second video game console. It was released in Japan on March 4, 2000. It released in other regions later that year. The console released before this was the PlayStation (PS1). The PlayStation 2 competed with the Sega Dreamcast, the Nintendo GameCube, and the Microsoft Xbox during its lifetime.

The PS2 was very successful. Even today, it is the world's best-selling console. It had sold around 160 million units since its launch in March 2000.

## Functions and backwards compatibility

As well as PlayStation games, the PS2 could play CD and DVD format discs. This helped the console with its success, as many standalone DVD players at the time could cost a lot of money. Many people called it an "_entertainment hub_" because you can play many different kinds of media on it. The PS2 was also backwards compatible, meaning it could play games from the earlier console, the PS1. The PS2 was backwards compatible with about 98% of PS1 games, so people who owned a PS1 would already have games to play on the PS2.

Many PS2 games have online multiplayer modes available, such as _Tony Hawk: Pro Skater 3,_ the first ever PlayStation game with an online mode_._ A few games can connect with the PlayStation Portable (PSP).

## Revised models

On November 3, 2004, Sony released a revised (newer) model of the PS2 called the PlayStation 2 Slimline (PS2 Slim). It was called this because it is a lot smaller and lighter than the original PS2 model. The PS2 Slim also has an ethernet port so that more people would be able to access the Internet to play online games. In 2006, there were different colored versions of the PS2 Slim released, such as pink, white, red, silver, and blue models.

In 2010, Sony produced a Bravia television with a built-in PS2. It was only made for Europe, and was released 10 years after the PS2 did. This made it hard-to-find at the time. Now the television is very rare to find and expensive to buy second-hand.

## Discontinuation

Sony announced that they had discontinued the PlayStation 2 in Japan on December 28, 2012, and worldwide on January 4, 2013. The last two games to come out for the system were _FIFA 14_ and _Pro Evolution Soccer 2014_ (released only in Europe) in late 2013 (a week before the PlayStation 4's release date). Both these games also had PS3 and PS4 versions. Online support for games had ended on March 31, 2016. Repair for the console had ended in Japan on September 7, 2018 because Sony was running out of replacement parts for it.

## PSX

The PSX was released in 2003. It was a video recorder that allowed you to play PlayStation 2 games. It had a built-in hard drive (up to 250 GB). It did not sell well because it was expensive, so it was not released outside of Japan. _Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas_ became the most sold game, with over 27.5 million copies sold.