juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Abdul Aziz Al Ghurair

**Abdul Aziz Al Ghurair** (born 1 July 1954) is an Emirati billionaire who is chief executive of the publicly traded Mashreq Bank. His family's most valuable holding is worth an estimated US$8 billion.
Billericay

**Billericay** is a town in the United Kingdom.  It is in the east of England in the county of Essex.  It has a train station named Billericay railway station.

## Geography

Billericay is a semi-rural (not like a city and not like the countryside but looks like a mixture of the two) town with many green spaces. Some green spaces are Norsey Wood, Mill Meadows Nature Reserve, Queen's Park Country Park, Sun Corner, Lake Meadows and South Green.

Towns near Billericay include:

- Basildon
- Brentwood
- Chelmsford
- Ingatestone
- Shenfield
- Wickford

Villages near Billericay include:

- Crays Hill
- Great Burstead
- Hutton
- Little Burstead
- Ramsden Bellhouse
- Ramsden Heath
- Stock

## Education

There are two high schools.  The names of the schools are Billericay School and Mayflower High School.  The nearest university is named Anglia Ruskin University.  Anglia Ruskin University is in a town near Billericay named Chelmsford.

## Twin towns

Billericay is twinned with these:
- Billerica in the United States
- Chauvigny in France
- Fishers in the United States

## Other websites

- The Billericay School
- Mayflower High School
- The history of Billericay at Billericay.net
East of England

The **East of England** is a region in England.  There are nine regions of England.  It was made in 1994 and was used as a category for statistics in 1991.  The counties of Bedfordshire, Cambridgeshire, Essex, Hertfordshire, Norfolk and Suffolk are in the region.  Also Peterborough is in the region.

In 2001 the census in England found that 5,388,140 persons lived in the region.  The land is mostly low.  The highest place is the hill of Ivinghoe Beacon, near Tring in the county of Hertfordshire.  The top of the hill is 249 metres above the level of the sea. It is an informal region, serving as the area of land between Southern England and The Midlands.
Regions of England

The **region** in England is also named the **Government Office Region.**  It is the highest level layer of local government in England.

## List of regions (see map)

1. London
1. South East
1. South West
1. West Midlands
1. North West
1. North East
1. Yorkshire and the Humber
1. East Midlands
1. East of England

## Other websites

- Boundary Commission for England
- 2018 Boundary Review
- Regional Gateway
Prelude

A **prelude** is a short piece of music for a musical instrument. It is called a prelude because it is supposed to be played before something else (Latin _pre_=before; _ludere_=to play).

## History

Preludes come from the Renaissance period, when lutenists (people who played the lute) improvised (which means playing while making it up as they were going along) a simple piece before a concert so that they could check whether their instrument was in tune. During the 16th century, composers often wrote pieces which they called a “prelude” which was often a separate piece of music. These were often for lute, guitar or cittern.

By the early 18th century, the Baroque prelude was often a piece of music which was followed by a fugue. Johann Sebastian Bach wrote lots of pieces like this, which were called “Preludes and Fugues”. Most of them were for keyboard instruments such as the harpsichord or organ. Forty-eight of them are from a collection called _The Well-Tempered Clavier_, which was made up of two sets of twenty-four preludes and fugues that are each written in a different major or minor key signature. The first prelude, in C major, is very famous. It sounds like an improvisation made up of gentle broken chords like a lutenist might play. (This is the piece that Charles Gounod later used for his _Ave Maria_.) Preludes were also pieces which were followed by a series of dance movements (a “suite”).

In the Classical period, not many composers wrote preludes. More preludes were composed in the 19th century (the period of Romanticism). Frédéric Chopin wrote a collection of twenty-four short piano pieces which he called “Preludes”. Just like Bach's _Well-Tempered Clavier_, there is a prelude in every major and minor key signature, but unlike Bach's, these pieces are not meant to be followed by anything; they are just separate pieces of music that are often performed together. Some are not too difficult to play, but others are very hard (virtuoso).

Composers like Alexander Scriabin, Karol Szymanowski, Sergei Rachmaninoff, Claude Debussy and Olivier Messiaen wrote preludes in the style of Chopin. Other composers who wrote preludes included Felix Mendelssohn, Franz Liszt and Max Reger. There were also composers who were inspired by the music of Bach and started writing Preludes and Fugues, such as Dmitri Shostakovich, whose collection of Preludes and Fugues for piano are, just like Bach and Chopin's, written in all the major and minor keys.

There are also examples of 19th century composers who wrote short pieces for orchestra called “Preludes”.  Sometimes, they wrote a short orchestral introduction to an opera which they called Prelude (or German: “Vorspiel”) instead of the usual word “overture”.

## Related pages

- Preludes (Chopin)
Polonaise

The **polonaise** is one of the fifth national Polish dance. It started as a folk dance and then became popular among the Polish nobility.  It is in 3/4 time.  It follows a distinctive rhythm as illustrated above. Many polonaises are composed in what is called ternary form, or song form, or minuet and trio. These forms all follow an A-B-A pattern. The music of the A sections is similar in both sections, if not exactly identical. The B section is entirely different. It provides contrast in some way to the A sections.  In the courts of the aristocracy musicians would often play a polonaise from the gallery while the people danced below in the reception hall.

Polish culture was very popular and greatly influenced European dance and music as well as Europeam ballrooms. Polonaise was introduced to France in the 16th century.   Composers started to write polonaises for the piano.  Pieces called _Polonaise_ had already been composed by Bach, Handel, François Couperin and others, but it was Frédéric Chopin who in the 19th century wrote several Polonaises for piano which became famous.  Most of them are very difficult to play, especially the famous Polonaise in A flat, Op. 53. Polonaise is the French word of the dance meaning the Polish woman/girl, Polish adjective feminine, the original Polish name is Chodzony meaning „the walking dance”, or Wielki meaning "grand/great"

Several Russian and other international composers wrote polonaises to give a Polish atmosphere, e.g. Tchaikovsky in his ballets _The Sleeping Beauty_ and in his opera _Eugene Onegin _.
Elector

**Elector** may refer to:

- Prince-elector, someone who had the right to elect the Holy Roman Emperor
- A member of the United States Electoral College, which formally chooses the President of the United States
Malcolm Arnold

**Sir Malcolm Arnold** (born Northampton, 21 October 1921; died 23 September 2006) was an English composer.  He is famous for writing symphonies, concertos and movie music.  People disagree about whether he is one of the really great composers, or just a very skilled musician.  His music is often very tuneful, sometimes it is sentimental.  He could write music very quickly.  His famous music for the movie _The Bridge on the River Kwai_ was composed in ten days.

## Life

In 1938 Malcolm Arnold went to the Royal College of Music to study composition with Gordon Jacob.  He started his career as a trumpeter with the London Philharmonic Orchestra, later becoming principal trumpet.  By the late 1940s he was concentrating on his composing career.

Arnold was composing at a time when many composers were writing music which was quite atonal which made it hard to understand, but Arnold’s music is tonal and there are many tunes which are easy to remember.  He wrote nine symphonies and several concertos for different instruments, even unusual instruments like the harmonica.  Some of his best orchestral works are the set of dances: _English Dances _, _Scottish Dances _ and  _Cornish Dances _.  He also wrote 2 operas, 7 ballets and 2 string quartets. His overture _Tam O'Shanter_ is very exciting.  It tells in music the story in the poem by Robert Burns.

Arnold wrote music for 132 films.  The most famous is _The Bridge on the River Kwai_ (1957) for which he won an Oscar.  He was the first British composer ever to have won this award. This movie includes the famous _Colonel Bogey March_.  This march had been written many years earlier by Kenneth J. Alford, but Arnold composed a countermelody to it.  His original music for the movie includes the famous River Kwai March (this is not the same as the _Colonel Bogey March_).   Other movies for which he wrote music include _The Belles of St Trinian's_ (1954), _The Inn of the Sixth Happiness_ (1958) and _Whistle Down the Wind_ (1961).

He was made a CBE in 1970 and was knighted in 1993.

Youth orchestras and amateur orchestras enjoy playing his works because they are an exciting mixture of classical, jazz, popular and folk music, and are not too difficult to play.

Arnold’s health was often very poor. At times he fought with alcoholism and depression, and in his later years with dementia.  He had moved to Dublin in 1972, but moved back to England in 1984 and settled in Attleborough, Norfolk.  His full-time carer Anthony Day helped him a lot during his final years.

Arnold died from a chest infection in September 2006.
Bowser

**King Bowser Koopa** is a character in the _Super Mario_ video games. He is the evil Koopa that takes over the Mushroom Kingdom and kidnaps Princess Peach. He is the main enemy to Mario. He has spikes on his back, breathes fire, and is bigger than normal Koopas. He was ranked #1 in the Top 50 Video Game Villains of all-time list by the _Guinness World Records Gamer's Edition 2013_.

## Video games

Bowser's first appearance was in _Super Mario Bros._ as the last boss, in the last level. The first seven castles in the game had Bowsers, but they were actually his minions, who were disguised as him. The real Bowser is in the eighth castle, the last one.

Bowser's kids, called the Koopalings, were bosses in _Super Mario Bros. 3_, _Super Mario World_, _New Super Mario Bros. Wii_, _New Super Mario Bros. 2_, and _New Super Mario Bros. U_. However, after _Super Mario World,_ The Koopalings were no longer said to be Bowser's biological kids, since they are now adopted children and Bowser Jr. is now his biological child. In _Super Mario World_, Bowser appears in a clown car and throws Mecha Koopas.

When Mario moved to the Nintendo 64 with _Super Mario 64_, Bowser was again the main bad guy. In the remake of this game, Super Mario 64 DS, he is fought as a boss three times.

He also appears in the Disney movie _Wreck-It Ralph_.

## Other websites

- Bowser on Giant Bomb
Lars Ulrich

**Lars Ulrich** ( ; born 26 December 1963) is a Danish musician and songwriter best known as the drummer and co-founder of the American heavy metal band Metallica. He was born in Denmark, but moved to Los Angeles when he was seventeen.

Lars Ulrich is also known for his part in the removal of a music-sharing computer program called Napster, which he felt to be illegally using and sharing the music he and Metallica made.

Lars Ulrich stars as himself in the 2010 movie _Get Him to the Greek_ starring Russell Brand. The movie is a spin-off of the 2008 movie Forgetting Sarah Marshall.

### Metallica

- _Kill 'Em All_ (1983)
- _Ride the Lightning_ (1984)
- _Master of Puppets_ (1986)
- _The $5.98 E.P.: Garage Days Re-Revisited_ (EP) (1987)
- _...And Justice For All_ (1988)
- _Metallica_ (1991)
- _Live Shit: Binge and Purge_ (1993)
- _Load_ (1996)
- _ReLoad_ (1997)
- _Garage Inc._ (1998)
- _S&M_ (1999)
- _St. Anger_ (2003)
- _Death Magnetic_ (2008)
- _Orgullo, Pasión y Gloria: Tres Noches en la Ciudad de México_ (2009)
- _Six Feet Down Under_ (2010)

### Mercyful Fate

- _In the Shadows_ (Guest on "Return of the Vampire 1993") (1993)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Lars Ulrich
- **img**: LarsUlrichComicCon.jpg
- **img capt**: Ulrich at the 2013 San Diego Comic-Con International held on July 19, 2013
- **img size**: 320px
- **landscape**: yes
- **background**: non_vocal_instrumentalist
- **birth name**: Lars Ulrich
- **birth place**: Gentofte Municipality, Gentofte, Denmark
- **instrument**: Drum kit, Drums, Percussion instrument, percussion, tambourine, guitar, Singing, vocals
- **genre**: Heavy metal music, Heavy metal, thrash metal, hard rock, speed metal
- **occupation**: Musician, songwriter, Record producer, producer, actor
- **years active**: 1980–_present_
- **associated acts**: Metallica, Mercyful Fate
Kim Possible

***Kim Possible*** is a Disney Channel original Emmy Award winner and American cartoon series. The title character is a teenage girl tasked with fighting crime on a regular basis while coping with everyday issues commonly associated with adolescence. Kim is aided by her clumsy best friend and eventual love interest, Ron Stoppable, his pet naked mole rat Rufus, and ten year-old computer genius Wade. Known collectively as Team Possible, Kim and Ron's missions primarily require them to thwart the evil plans of the mad scientist–supervillain duo Dr. Drakken and his sidekick Shego.

## Characters

- Kimberly Ann "Kim" Possible - Main character, show centered around this crime-fighting teenage girl.
- Ronald "Ron" Stoppable - Kim's best friend and sidekick. Often messes up, but ultimately helps by stuffing up.
- Wade - Kim's gadget guy. Was afraid of leaving his room, but finally left to meet Kim's friend.
- Bonnie Rockwaller - Kim's rival. She attempts to take over head cheerleader from Kim.
- Dr. James Timothy Possible - Kim's Dad. A rocket scientist.
- Dr. Ann Possible - Kim's Mum. A brain surgeon.
- Hana Stoppable - Ron's adopted sister. Came along on a mission.
- Dr. Drakken - The main supervillain. Wants to take over the world.
- Shego - Drakken's sidekick. Has green glowing hands that are really her special super power.

### Season 1

1. Tick-Tick-Tick
1. Bueno Nacho
1. Monkey Fist Strikes
1. Attack of the Killer Bebes
1. The New Ron
1. Mind Games
1. Royal Pain
1. The Twin Factor
1. Animal Attraction
1. All the News
1. Sink or Swim
1. Number One
1. Crush
1. Monkey Ninjas in Space
1. Low Budget
1. Downhill
1. Coach Possible
1. Pain King vs. Cleopatra
1. Kimitation Nation
1. Ron the Man
1. October 31st

### Season 2

1. The Ron Factor
1. Partners
1. Grudge Match
1. Virtu-Ron
1. Two To Tutor
1. Naked Genius
1. Rufus in Show
1. Adventures in Rufus-Sitting
1. Motor Ed
1. The Fearless Ferret
1. The Golden Years
1. Job Unfair
1. Queen Bebe
1. Car Trouble
1. Go Team Go
1. A Very Possible Christmas
1. Mother's Day
1. Rufus vs. Commodore Puddles
1. Day of the Snowmen
1. A Sitch in Time (Part One: Present)
1. A Sitch in Time (Part Two: Past)
1. A Sitch in Time (Part Three: Future)
1. Hidden Talent
1. Return to Camp Wannaweep
1. Blush
1. The Full Monkey
1. Exchange
1. Oh Boyz
1. Triple S
1. Ron Millionaire
1. Showdown at the Crooked D
1. Rewriting History
1. Sick Day
1. The Truth Hurts

### Season 3

1. Steal Wheels
1. Emotion Sickness
1. Bonding
1. Bad Boy
1. So the Drama
1. Dimension Twist
1. Overdue
1. Roachie
1. And the Mole Rat Will Be CGI
1. Rappin' Drakken
1. Gorilla Fist
1. Team Impossible

### Season 4

1. Ill Suited
1. Car Alarm
1. Trading Faces
1. The Big Job
1. Mad Dogs and Aliens
1. Fashion Victim
1. Grande Size Me
1. Clothes Minded
1. The Cupid Effect
1. Big Bother
1. Odds Man In
1. Mathter and Fervent
1. Stop Team Go
1. Chasing Rufus
1. Nursery Crimes
1. Cap'n Drakken
1. The Mentor of Our Discontent
1. Oh No! Yono!
1. Clean Slate
1. Homecoming Upset
1. Larry's Birthday
1. Graduation

## Other websites

- Disney's official site for the show
- TV.com's guide to Kim Possible
Windows Live Messenger

**Windows Live Messenger** was an instant messenger that is the most-used in the world. It is made by the Windows Live section of Microsoft. It used to be called _MSN Messenger_ before MSN was changed into Windows Live. Microsoft announced that they were retiring Windows Live Messenger (except for China) in favor of Skype.

## Other websites

- Official website
Great Dane

The **Great Dane** is a large breed of dog. They are about  or taller at the shoulder. Great Danes can have coats of a fawn color, black, Harlequin (a combination of black and white spots), blue, brindle, or mantle. The females are usually smaller and weight on an average of . Males are slightly larger.

## Exercise

They need to be walked daily to maintain good health.

## Other websites

- Standards
    - FCI-Standard N° 235 / 09. 08. 2002

- Miscellaneous
    - Great Dane Barri
    - http://www.dogbreedinfo.com/greatdane.htm
Linkin Park

**Linkin Park** is an American rock band from Agoura Hills, California. They started making music in 1996. The band became a household  with their first album, _Hybrid Theory_, which was given a diamond certification by the RIAA for selling more than 10 million copies. It got multi-platinum certifications in many other countries. Their second album, _Meteora_, made the band even more popular. It reached number one on the _Billboard_ 200 album chart in 2003. It was promoted with concerts and giving for charities around the world. In 2003, MTV2 called Linkin Park the sixth greatest band of the music video time and the third best band of the new millennium, only beaten by Oasis and Coldplay. _Billboard_ ranked Linkin Park #19 on the Best Artists of the Decade (Past 10 Years) chart.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Linkin Park
- **image**: Linkin Park - From Zero Lead Press Photo - James Minchin III.jpg
- **caption**: Linkin Park in 2024
From left: Dave Farrell, Brad Delson, Joe Hahn, Emily Armstrong, Colin Brittain, and Mike Shinoda
- **landscape**: Yes
- **origin**: Agoura Hills, California, U.S.
- **module**:
- **current members**: * Mike Shinoda
* Brad Delson
* Joe Hahn
* Dave Farrell
* Emily Armstrong
* Colin Brittain
- **past members**: * Rob Bourdon
* Mark Wakefield
* Chester Bennington
* Kyle Christner
0s BC

The **0s BC**, also known as the **last decade BC**, only had nine years which began in 9 BC and ended in 1 BC. It was the decade before Jesus Christ was born.

## Events

- circa 4 BC? – Jesus is born in Bethlehem.
168 BC

## Events

- June 22 – Third Macedonian War ends with the Battle of Pydna. Romans under Lucius Aemilius Paullus (awarded the surname "Macedonicus" for this victory) defeat and capture Perseus of Macedon when he surrendered. This ends the Antigonid dynasty, one of the three successor empires created upon the death of Alexander the Great, and starts Roman domination of Greece.
Bissau

**Bissau** is the capital city of Guinea-Bissau. It is also the largest city in the country; around 355,000 people live there. The city is where the Geba river flows into the Atlantic Ocean.

The city was built by the Portuguese in 1687. It became the capital of Portuguese Guinea in 1942, and has been the capital since independence was declared, except for a short time in 1973 and 1974 when the capital was at Boe. Bissau is famous for having a carnival every year.

The main things that come from here are peanuts, wood, coconut meat, palm oil, and rubber.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Bissau
- **image skyline**: Avenida dos Combatentes da Liberdade da Pátria, Bissau (1).jpg
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **image caption**: _Mercado de Bandim_, Bissau
- **image flag**: Bandeira Bissau.PNG
- **image seal**: Bissau.PNG
- **pushpin map**: Guinea-Bissau#Africa
- **pushpin relief**: 1
- **pushpin label position**: bottom
- **pushpin mapsize**: 300
- **pushpin map caption**: Location of Bissau in Guinea-Bissau
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Regions of Guinea-Bissau, Region
- **subdivision name1**: Bissau Autonomous Sector
- **subdivision type2**: Region
- **established title**: Founded
- **established date**: 1687
- **area total km2**: 77.5
- **population as of**: 2015 census
- **population total**: 492,004
- **population density km2**: auto
- **population density sq mi**: 12974
- **population blank1 title**: Ethnicities
- **population blank2 title**: Religions
- **elevation m**: 0
- **elevation ft**: 0
- **blank name**: Köppen climate classification, Climate
- **blank info**: Tropical savanna climate, Aw
- **iso code**: GW-BS
1130s

The **1130s** was a decade that began on 1 January 1130, and ended on 31 December 1139. It is distinct from the decade known as the ***114th decade*** which began on January 1, 1131 and ended on December 31, 1140.

## Events and trends

- Romanesque church at Vezelay has a carving completed

- 1130 Innocent II is elected pope
- 1139
    - Alphonso I becomes the first king of Portugal
    - Second Council of the Lateran
1120s

The **1120s** was a decade that began on 1 January 1120, and ended on 31 December 1129. It is distinct from the decade known as the ***113th decade*** which began on January 1, 1121 and ended on December 31, 1130.

## Events and trends

- Romanesque sculptor Gislebertus does his work at Autun, Burgundy, France
- 1121 Council of Soissons is does not like the work of Pierre Abélard
- 1122
    - The problem of the Investiture Controversy in the Concordat of Worms is solved
    - Pierre Abélard writes _Sic et Non_
- 1123
    - First Council of the Lateran agree to the Concordat of Worms and the council says that priests must still be celibate
    - The end of the reign of Emperor Toba, emperor of Japan.
    - Emperor Sutoku becomes the emperor of Japan
- 1124 Honorius II is elected pope
- 1128 Geoffrey of Anjou marries Matilda who is the daughter of Henry I of England
- 1128 Council of Troyes agree to the Order of the Knights Templar
- 1129 Emperor Toba the emperor of Japan starts his cloistered rule.
1699

## Events

- January 26 – Treaty of Karlowitz signed.
- March 30 – the tenth Sikh Master, Guru Gobind Singh made the Khalsa.
- May 1 – Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville starts the first European settlement in the Mississippi River Valley.
- William Dampier goes to and discovers what is at the northwest coast of Australia.

## Births

- March 23 – John Bartram the American botanist (died 1777)
- March 25 – Johann Adolf Hasse the German composer (died 1783)
- April 17 - Robert Blair the Scottish poet and cleric (died 1746)
- May 1 – Hans Joachim von Zieten the Prussian field marshal (died 1786)
- May 13 – Marquis of Pombal the Prime Minister of Portugal (died 1782)
- November 2 – Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin the French painter (died 1779)
- November 25 - Pierre Subleyras the French painter (died 1749)
- December 10 – King Christian VI of Denmark (died 1746)

## Deaths

- January 21 – Obadiah Walker the English writer (born 1616)

- March 12 – Peder Griffenfeld the Danish statesman (born 1635)
- April 21 – Jean Racine the French playwright (born 1639)
- April 22 – Hans Erasmus Aßmann, Freiherr von Abschatz the German statesman and poet (born 1646)
- May 12 – Lucas Achtschellinck the Flemish painter (born 1626)
- May 15 – Edward Petre the English Jesuit and privy councillor (born 1631)
- June 22 – Josiah Child the English Governor of the East India Company (born 1630)
- September 26 – Simon Arnauld de Pomponne the French diplomat and minister of Louis XIV (born 1618).
- August 25 – Christian V the King of Denmark and Norway (born 1646)
- November 29 – Patrick Gordon the Scottish general (born 1635)
Diving

**Diving** is a form of movement downwards, either from air to ground or to water. Diving is also a sport. Diving is often done from a springboard or an elevated platform.

Underwater diving includes scuba diving. Scuba diving, however, is typically not considered a sport. Dives used for scuba diving are relatively simplistic. An example of this is a giant stride entry, also known as a stride dive.

## Diving in water

There are six different types of dives, and four different body positions that a person can use when diving.

### Types of dives

There are six different types of dives. Four of the types depend on whether the diver is facing towards the water or away from the water, and if they rotate towards or away from the water. The other two dives can be a part of the first four. For example, a diver can do a "inward twisting" or a "forward armstand" dive. The basic types of dives are:
- Forward – The diver faces towards the water and rotates forward.
- Backward – The diver stands with their back towards the water and rotates backwards, away from the board.
- Reverse – The diver faces towards the water and rotates backwards, towards the board.
- Inward – The diver faces away from the water and rotates forward, towards the board.
- Twisting – A twisting dive is any of the other dives in which the diver twists their body to the left or right.
- Armstand – An armstand dive is where the diver begins the dive from a handstand position. They are not standing on their feet at the beginning of this type of dive.

### Body positions

The four different body positions are tuck, pike, straight and free.
- Tuck – The body is bent at the waist and knees. The thighs are close to the chest and the heels of the feet are close to the buttocks.
- Pike – The diver's legs are straight. Their body is bent at the waist. The position of the arms is chosen by the diver. They are often pointed towards the toes.
- Straight – There is no bend in the body at all. There could be a small arch of the back depending on the type of dive.
- Free – The free position is not an actual body position. It is where the diver uses more than one position. It is usually used when doing a dive with a somersault or a twist in it

### Dive Numbers

Dives are put into categories, based on the Direction the dive is in, and what Position it is in.
- 100's=Forward
- 200's=Backward
- 300's=Reverse
- 400's=Inward
- A-Straight
- B-Pike
- C-Tuck
- D-Free
Every Half flip the number on the end goes up by one
For example: *Front dive Tuck is a 101c

## Related pages

- Scuba diving
- Swimming
Celle

**Celle** () is a town and capital of the district of Celle, in Lower Saxony, Germany. The town is on the banks of the river Aller, a tributary of the Weser.

## Geography

The town of Celle is in the glacial valley of the Aller, about  northeast of Hanover,  northwest of Brunswick and  south of Hamburg. With 71,000 inhabitants it is, next to Lüneburg, the largest Lower Saxon town between Hanover and Hamburg.

### Expansion

The town covers an area of . Flowing from the northeast, the Lachte discharges into the Aller within the town's borders, as does the Fuhse flowing from the southeast. The Aller heads westwards towards Verden an der Aller where it joins the Weser.

### Subdivisions

The town of Celle has the following 17 boroughs or _Stadtteile_, some of which were previously independent villages (population as at 1 January 2005): Altencelle (4,998), Altenhagen (922), Blumlage/Altstadt (8,526), Bostel (455), Boye (832), Garßen (2,978), Groß Hehlen (2,773), Hehlentor (7,974), Hustedt (736), Klein Hehlen (5,782), Lachtehausen (639), Neuenhäusen (8,082), Neustadt/Heese (10,887), Scheuen (1,165), Vorwerk (2,842), Westercelle (7,183) and Wietzenbruch (4,805).

### Incorporation of municipalities

- 1 April 1939: Altenhäusen, Klein Hehlen, Neuenhäusen, Vorwerk und Wietzenbruch
- 1 January 1973: Altencelle, Altenhagen, Alvern, Bostel, Boye, Burg, Garßen, Groß Hehlen, Hustedt, Lachtehausen, Scheuen and Westercelle.

## Twin towns – sister cities

Celle is twinned with:

- Celle Ligure, Italy
- Hämeenlinna, Finland
- Holbæk, Denmark
- Kwidzyn, Poland
- Meudon, France
- Mazkeret Batya, Israel
- Sumy, Ukraine
- Tavistock, England, United Kingdom
- Tulsa, United States
- Tyumen, Russia

## Other websites

- Official municipal website

## Infobox (german location)

- **type**: Stadt
- **name**: Celle
- **image photo**: Schlosscelle.jpg
- **image caption**: Celle Castle
- **image flag**: Flagge Celle.svg
- **image coa**: Celle Coat of Arms.svg
- **image plan**: Celle in CE.svg
- **state**: Niedersachsen
- **district**: Celle
- **elevation**: 40
- **area**: 176.01
- **postal code**: 29221–29229
- **area code**: 05141, 05145, 05086
- **licence**: CE
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 03 3 51 006
- **divisions**: 17 districts
- **website**: [https://www.celle.de/ www.celle.de]
- **mayor**: Jörg Nigge
- **leader term**: 2017–22
- **party**: CDU
Aurich

**Aurich** (; East Frisian Low Saxon: _Auerk_, West Frisian: _Auwerk_, ) is a town in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is the capital of the district of Aurich and is the second largest City in East Frisia, both in population, after Emden, and in area, after Wittmund.

## Twin towns – sister cities

Aurich is twinned with:
- Appingedam, Netherlands

## Other websites

- Official German list of concentration camps Record of the concentration camp and its sub-camps

## Infobox (german location)

- **type**: Town
- **name**: Aurich
- **image photo**: Fussgängerzone Aurich.JPG
- **image caption**: Pedestrian zone in Aurich
- **image flag**: Flagge Aurich.svg
- **image coa**: DEU Aurich COA.svg
- **image plan**: Aurich in AUR.svg
- **state**: Niedersachsen
- **district**: Aurich
- **elevation**: 4
- **area**: 197.21
- **postal code**: 26603–26607
- **area code**: 04941
- **licence**: AUR
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 03 4 52 001
- **mayor**: Horst Feddermann
- **leader term**: 2019–24
- **party**: Independent
Cloppenburg

**Cloppenburg** () is a town in Lower Saxony, Germany, capital of Cloppenburg District and part of Oldenburg Münsterland. It is 38 km south-south-west of Oldenburg in the Weser-Ems region between Bremen and the Dutch border.

## Twin town

Cloppenburg is twinned with:
- Bernay, France

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (german location)

- **type**: Stadt
- **name**: Cloppenburg
- **image photo**: Panorama Cloppenburg.jpg
- **image caption**: Panorama of Cloppenburg
- **image flag**: Flagge Cloppenburg.svg
- **image coa**: DEU Cloppenburg COA.svg
- **image plan**: Cloppenburg in CLP.svg
- **state**: Niedersachsen
- **district**: Cloppenburg
- **elevation**: 39
- **area**: 70.62
- **postal code**: 49661
- **area code**: 04471
- **licence**: CLP
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 03 4 53 004
- **website**: [http://www.cloppenburg.de/ www.cloppenburg.de]
- **mayor**: Neidhard Varnhorn
- **leader term**: 2021–26
- **party**: CDU
Star Wars Knights of the Old Republic II: The Sith Lords

***Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic II: The Sith Lords*** is a role-playing video game set in the _Star Wars_ expanded universe. It was developed by Obsidian Entertainment and was released in December 2004 on Xbox video game console and in February 2005 on PC.

## Description

Developed with the Odissey Engine, the game is set five years after KotOR, or 3.951 BBY. After the Jedi Civil War, Revan left the Galaxy to find something in the unknown areas, something that could be a threat to the Old Republic. There are less than 100 Jedi left in the Galaxy after the brutal war against Darth Malak. They are killed, one by one, by Sith assassins who attack from the shadows.

The player takes the role of the "Jedi Exile", believed to be the last Jedi or one of the last.
The player will meet several companions who will join him in his quest depending on his alignment and on the gender the player has chosen for his character. The Exile can eventually meet up to 11 characters: Kreia, Atton Rand, Bao-Dur, The Handmaiden (if the player is set to male), The Disciple (if the player is set to female), Mira (if the player is set to light-side), Hanharr (if the player is set to dark-side), T3-M4, HK-47, G0-T0, and Mandalore.
Julius Caesar (play)

***The Tragedy of Julius Caesar*** is a play by William Shakespeare. It is about the assassination of Julius Caesar in 44 BC.
Shakespeare based his play on stories in Plutarch's _Life of Brutus and Life of Caesar_. The play was probably written in 1599. It was first published in 1623 in the First Folio, a collection of all of Shakespeare's plays.

The play was probably one of Shakespeare's first plays to be performed at the Globe Theatre. The theatre had just been built. A Swiss traveller saw a tragedy about Julius Caesar at a London theatre on 21 September 1599. This was probably Shakespeare's play.

The play has been made into movies three times. In a 1950 movie, Charlton Heston played Mark Antony. In a 1953 movie, James Mason played Brutus and Marlon Brando played Antony.  In a 1970 movie, Jason Robards played Brutus, Charlton Heston played Antony again, and John Gielgud played Caesar.

## Other websites

- Text of _Julius Caesar_, fully edited by John Cox, as well as original-spelling text, facsimiles of the 1623 Folio text, and other resources, at the Internet Shakespeare Editions
- Julius Caesar Navigator Includes Shakespeare's text with notes, line numbers, and a search function.
- No Fear Shakespeare  Includes the play line by line with interpretation.
- All Julius Caesar  Provides a summary of the play, background on Shakespeare and Julius Caesar, including historical background on Julius Caesar, and a character analysis of Caesar.
- Julius Caesar  – searchable, indexed e-text
- Julius Caesar – from Project Gutenberg
- Julius Caesar  – by The Tech
- Julius Caesar – Searchable and scene-indexed version.
- Julius Caesar in modern English
- Lesson plans for Julius Caesar  at Web English Teacher
- Quicksilver Radio Theater adaptation of "Julius Caesar", which may be heard online, at PRX.org (Public Radio Exchange).
- Julius Caesar  study guide, themes, quotes, analysis, multimedia, & teaching guide

## Infobox (play)

- **name**: Julius Caesar
- **image**: Brutus and the Ghost of Caesar 1802.jpg
- **caption**: Ghost of Caesar appears to Brutus
- **writer**: William Shakespeare
- **characters**: Julius Caesar
Mark Antony
Octavian
Cassius
Brutus
- **setting**: Rome, 44 BC
- **premiere**: 21 September 1599
- **place**: Globe Theatre
London, England
- **orig lang**: English
- **subject**: Conspiracy
Assassination
Patriotism
Dictatorship
Republicanism
- **genre**: Tragedy
Twisted Sister

**Twisted Sister** was an American heavy metal rock band. They were popular in the 1980's with their music videos _We're Not Gonna Take it_ and _I Wanna Rock_. Originally a glam rock band influenced by New York Dolls, when Dee Snider came they moved to a heavy metal direction.

## Albums

- Under the Blade  (1982)
- You Can't Stop Rock 'N' Roll  (1983)
- Stay Hungry  (1984)
- Come Out and Play  (1985)
- Love Is for Suckers  (1987)
- Still Hungry  (2004)
- A Twisted Christmas  (2006)

## Other websites

- Official site
- Official Bent Brother site
- Official Dee Snider site
- Official Eddie Ojeda site
- Official A.J. Pero site

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Twisted Sister
- **img**: Twisted Sister.jpg
- **img capt**: Twisted Sister performing in Manchester in 2006.
(l-r) Jay Jay French, Eddie Ojeda, Eddie "Fingers" Ojeda and Dee Snider.
- **img size**: 250
- **landscape**: Yes
- **background**: group_or_band
- **alias**: Bent Brother, Silverstar
- **origin**: Ho-Ho-Kus, New Jersey, U.S.
- **genre**: Heavy metal music, Heavy metal, hard rock
- **years active**: 1972–1988, 1997, 2001, 2003–2016, 2023
- **label**: Secret Records, Secret, Atlantic Records, Atlantic, Spitfire Records, Spitfire, Razor & Tie
- **associated acts**: Van Helsing's Curse, Widowmaker (Dee Snider band), Widowmaker, Desperado (band), Desperado, Magellan (band), Magellan, The Plasmatics, Hammerhead (band), Hammerhead, Cities (band), Cities, Motionless In White
- **past members**: See: Twisted Sister band members, band members
1630

## The most important events

- February 22 – Native American Quadequine shows popcorn to English colonists.
- March 22 – Massachusetts Bay Colony makes having cards, dice and gaming tables against the law.
- June 6 – Swedish warships leave Stockholm to go to Germany.
- June 26 – July 6 – Swedish troops controlled by Gustavus Adolphus go to Pomerania, Germany to help Protestants.
- July 6 – _Success_ the last ship of the Winthrop Fleet, returns safely at Salem harbor, MBC.
- September 17 – The city of Boston, Massachusetts is first started.
- September 24 – The first ship of de Sauce's emigrants arrive at Southampton Hundred on the James River.
- November 10-November 11 – Day of Dupes – Marie de Medicis' tries to stop Richelieu but it does not work.
- Johann Heinrich Alsted's _Encyclopaedia_ is published (printed as a book people can buy).
- The first story of the Childes Tomb is published.
- Many people from Great Britain go to live in Paramaribo, Suriname for the first time.
- Puritan pamphleteer Dr. Alexander Leighton publishes "Zion's Plea Against Prelacy: An Appeal to Parliament." The book was against Anglican bishops, in London. He was sentenced by Archbishop William Laud's High Commission Court to being whipped in public, branding and having his ears cut off.

## Births

- January 11 – John Rogers the American President of Harvard (died 1684)
- February 19 – Shivaji the person who started the Maratha Empire (died 1680)
- April 28 – Charles Cotton the English poet (died 1687)
- May 29 – King Charles II of England, Scotland and Ireland (died 1685)
- August 1 – Thomas Clifford, 1st Baron Clifford of Chudleigh the English statesman (died 1673)
- October 14 – Sophia of Hanover the heir (next person to become queeen) of Great Britain (died 1714)
- October – John Tillotson the Archbishop of Canterbury (died 1694)
- November 24 – Etienne Baluze a French scholar (died 1718)
- November 27 – Archduke Sigismund Francis of Austria the regent of Tyrol and Further Austria (died 1665)

## Deaths

- January 26 – Henry Briggs the English mathematician (born 1556)
- February 12 – Fynes Moryson the English traveler and writer (born 1566)
- February 26 – William Brade the English composer (born 1560)
- April 29 – Agrippa d'Aubigné the French poet and soldier (born 1552)
- July 16 – Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy (born 1562)
- September 17 – Thomas Lake the English statesman (born 1567)
- September 18 – Melchior Klesl the Austrian cardinal and statesman (born 1552)
- September 20 – Claudio Saracini the Italian composer (born 1586)
- September 25 – Ambrosio Spinola, marqués de los Balbases the Spanish general (born 1569)
- November 15 – Johannes Kepler the German astronomer (born 1571)
- November 19 – Johann Schein the German composer (born 1586)
Paul Biya

**Paul Biya** (born **Paul Barthélemy Biya'a bi Mvondo**; 13 February 1933) is a Cameroonian politician who is the second president of Cameroon since 1982.

Biya was born in the village of Mvomeka'a in Cameroon. At that time, the country was called French Cameroon. He studied in France, at the Sorbonne and the Institut d'études politiques de Paris, both in Paris. He graduated in 1961 with a bachelor's degree in public law and a diploma in international relations.

After graduating, Biya returned to Cameroon and worked in the government. In 1975, the President Ahmadou Ahidjo gave the job of Prime Minister to Biya. When President Ahidjo resigned on November 6, 1982, Biya became president of the country. Shortly afterwards, Ahidjo and Biya began feuding, and Ahidjo was forced to leave Cameroon.

Biya was elected as the President of Cameroon in 1984, 1988, 1992, 1997 and 2004, but other parties only have been allowed to enter the elections since 1992. The results many of these election results have been called fraudulent (achieved through unfair or illegal ways).

Many international organizations, including Amnesty International, have criticized Biya's government for restricting the freedom of the people of Cameroon. These issues include control of the media (newspapers and radio and television stations)  and violations of human rights.  Biya's supporters point to the country's stability and high literacy rate.

Biya is currently the longest-ruling non-royal leader in the world and the oldest ruler in Sub-Saharan Africa after Robert Mugabe stepped down during the 2017 Zimbabwean coup d'état.

On July 13, 2025, at the age of 92, he announced his candidacy for the presidential election of October 12, 2025, seeking an 8th term.

## Other websites

- bbc. com's country profile on Cameroon ( _last updated on 9 March 2023)_
- Paul Biya's Biography (from the 2004 election) 
- Amnesty International press release from 17/25/97

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Paul Biya
- **image**: Paul Biya in December 14th, 2022.jpg
- **caption**: Biya in 2022
- **office**: 2nd President of Cameroon
- **primeminister**: Bello Bouba Maigari
Luc Ayang
Sadou Hayatou
Simon Achidi Achu
Peter Mafany Musonge
Ephraïm Inoni
Philémon Yang
Joseph Ngute
- **term start**: 6 November 1982
- **predecessor**: Ahmadou Ahidjo
- **office1**: 1st Prime Minister of Cameroon
- **president1**: Ahmadou Ahidjo
- **term start1**: 30 June 1975
- **term end1**: 6 November 1982
- **predecessor1**: Position established
- **successor1**: Bello Bouba Maigari
- **birth name**: Paul Barthélemy Biya'a bi Mvondo
- **birth place**: Mvomeka'a, Ntem, French Cameroon
(now Cameroon)
- **party**: Cameroon People's Democratic Movement, RDPC
- **children**: 3 including Emmanuel Franck Biya
- **alma mater**: École nationale d'administration, National School of Administration, Paris
Sciences Po, Institute of Political Studies, Paris
- **signature**: Signature of Paul Biya.png
International Olympic Committee

The **International Olympic Committee** (**IOC**; French: _Comité international olympique,_ **CIO**) is an organization based in Lausanne, Switzerland, created by Pierre de Coubertin and Demetrios Vikelas on June 23 1894 to reinstate the Ancient Olympic Games held in Greece between 776 BC to 393 AD. Its membership is 203 National Olympic Committee. It is the committee to support and promote participation in sports throughout the world.

## Presidents

- Demetrius Vikelas (1894–1896)
- Pierre de Coubertin (1896–1925)
- Henri de Baillet-Latour (1925–1942)
- Sigfrid Edström (1942–1952)
- Avery Brundage (1952–1972)
- Lord Killanin (1972–1980)
- Juan Antonio Samaranch (1980–2001)
- Jacques Rogge (2001–2013)
- Thomas Bach (2013-2025)
- Kirsty Coventry (2025–present)
Confederation of African Football

The **Confederation of African Football** (French: _Confédération africaine de football_) often referred to as just **CAF**, is the organization that controls African football.

## Related pages

- CAF Champions League

## Other websites

- Confederation Of African Football official CAF site

## Infobox (organization)

- **name**: Confederation of African Football
- **size**: 200px
- **abbreviation**: CAF
- **map**: Confederation of African Football member associations map.svg
- **type**: Sports organisation
- **headquarters**: 6th of October (city), 6th of October City, Cairo, Egypt
- **region served**: Africa (CAF)
- **membership**: List of men's national association football teams#CAF (Africa), 56 member associations
- **language**: English language, English, French language, French, Arabic language, Arabic
- **leader title**: List of Presidents of CAF, President
- **leader name**: Patrice Motsepe (elected 12th Match 2021).
- **general**: Veron Monsengo-Omba (ratified 13th March 2021).
- **parent organization**: FIFA
Oceania Football Confederation

The **Oceania Football Confederation,** often referred to as just **OFC** , is the organization that controls Oceania football (soccer).

New Zealand is the OFC's biggest federation.

Since Australia left the OFC in 2006 to join the AFC, the members of the OFC are:
- American Samoa
- Cook Islands
- Fiji
- New Caledonia
- New Zealand
- Papua New Guinea
- Solomon Islands
- Samoa
- Tahiti
- Tonga
- Vanuatu

## Related pages

- OFC Nations Cup

## Other websites

- Oceania Football Confederation Official Site
Ludwigsburg Rural District

**Ludwigsburg** is a district in Baden-Württemberg.

It is the region Stuttgart in the Stuttgart Government Region. Seat of the district is the former _württembergische Residenzstadt_ (Royal Württemberg City) of Ludwigsburg, the largest city of the district.

## Towns and municipalities

|width=33% align=left|Towns|width=33% align=left|Municipal federations|width=33% align=left|Municipalities|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||#Asperg #Besigheim #Bietigheim-Bissingen #Bönnigheim #Ditzingen #Freiberg am Neckar #Gerlingen #Großbottwar #Korntal-Münchingen #Kornwestheim #Ludwigsburg #Marbach am Neckar #Markgröningen #Oberriexingen #Remseck #Sachsenheim #Steinheim an der Murr #Vaihingen (Enz)||#Besigheim #Bietigheim-Bissingen #Bönnigheim #Freiberg #Marbach am Neckar #Steinheim-Murr #Vaihingen||#Affalterbach #Benningen #Eberdingen #Erdmannhausen #Erligheim #Freudental #Gemmrigheim #Hemmingen #Hessigheim #Ingersheim #Kirchheim am Neckar #Löchgau #Möglingen #Mundelsheim #Murr #Oberstenfeld #Pleidelsheim #Schwieberdingen #Sersheim #Tamm #Walheim|

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (german district)

- **name**: Ludwigsburg
- **state**: Baden-Württemberg
- **capital**: Ludwigsburg
- **regierungsbezirk**: Stuttgart Government Region, Stuttgart
- **region**: Stuttgart
- **area**: 687.17
- **kreisschlüssel**: 08118
- **image coa**: Wappen Landkreis Ludwigsburg.svg
- **population**: 506,267
- **population as of**: 2002
- **density**: 735
- **carsign**: LB and VAI
- **url**: http://www.landkreis-ludwigsburg.de
Dessau

**Dessau** is a town and former municipality in Saxony-Anhalt in Germany. The next larger cities are Halle, about 40 km southwest, Leipzig, about 52 km south and Magdeburg, about 54 km northwest. The city became well known for its college of architecture Bauhaus (_Architecture House_ or _Building House_ related to the German verb for "build") founded by Walter Gropius in Weimar. In July 2007 it was merged with Roßlau to the new city of Dessau-Roßlau.

## Infobox (german location)

- **name**: Dessau
- **type**: Stadtteil
- **town**: Dessau-Roßlau
- **image photo**: Dessau marktplatz 01.jpg
- **image caption**: Market square with fountain
- **image coa**: Wappen Dessau.svg
- **state**: Saxony-Anhalt
- **district**: urban
- **elevation**: 61
- **area**: 182.81
- **population**: 67747
- **population as of**: 2020-12-31
- **postal code**: 06811-06849
- **area code**: 0340
- **licence**: DE
- **website**: [http://www.dessau.de/ www.dessau.de]
Weissenfels

**Weißenfels** was the capital city of the old Weißenfels Rural District in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany, until the district changes of 2007. The King of Saxony used to live here. It is about  southwest of Leipzig.

## Population

Growth in number of people over the years:

- <small>Data source from 1990: Statistic national office Saxony-Anhalt</small>
<small>1 29. October

2 31. August

3 03. October</small>

## Infobox (german location)

- **art**: Stadt
- **wappen**: Wappen Weißenfels.svg
- **image flag**: Flagge Weissenfels.png
- **bundesland**: Sachsen-Anhalt
- **landkreis**: Burgenlandkreis
- **verwaltungsgemeinschaft**: Weißenfelser Land
- **höhe**: 100
- **fläche**: 24.74
- **einwohner**: 29669
- **stand**: 2006-12-31
- **plz**: 06667
- **vorwahl**: 03443
- **kfz**: BLK
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 15 0 84 550
- **bürgermeister**: Manfred Rauner
- **partei**: CDU
Scottish Socialist Party

The **Scottish Socialist Party** (**SSP**; ; ) is a political party which was formed in 1998. It argues for socialism and Scottish independence.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (political party)

- **name**: Scottish Socialist Party
- **logo**: SSP logo.png
- **secretary**: Connor Beaton
- **spokesperson**: Colin Fox (politician), Colin Fox
Natalie Reid
- **ideology**:
Anti-capitalism

Scottish republicanism
- **headquarters**: Suite 370
Central Chambers
93 Hope Street
Glasgow
G2 6LD
- **country**: Scotland
- **native name**: Pàrtaidh Sòisealach na h-Alba
Scots Socialist Pairtie
- **abbreviation**: SSP
- **chairperson**: Natalie Reid
Calum Martin
- **leader1 title**: Workplace
Organiser
- **leader1 name**: Richie Venton
- **predecessor**: Scottish Socialist Alliance
- **newspaper**: Scottish Socialist Voice
- **youth wing**: Young Scottish Socialists
- **membership year**: 2014
- **membership**: 3,500
- **position**: Left-wing
- **national**: RISE – Scotland's Left Alliance (2015 – 2016)
- **european**: European Anti-Capitalist Left
- **colours**: Red
  White
  Yellow
- **seats1 title**: Scottish Parliament
- **seats2 title**: Local government in Scotland