juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
1928 Summer Olympics

The **1928 Summer Olympics**, officially known as the **Games of the IX Olympiad**, were held at Amsterdam in the Netherlands.

The games were thought to be a success. Half of the expense of the games was covered by the Dutch government.

## Participating nations

A total of 46 nations were represented at the Amsterdam Games. Malta, Panama, and Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) competed at the Olympic Games for the first time. Germany returned after having been banned in 1920 and 1924.

|Participating National Olympic Committees|
| --- |
|* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *  **(host)** * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *|

## Related pages

- List of IOC country codes

## Other websites

- Amsterdam 1928 at Olympic.org

## Infobox (olympic games)

- 1928
- Summer
- **image**: Chris van der Hoef 001.jpg
- **caption**: Poster for the 1928 Summer Olympics
- **nations**: 46
- **athletes**: 2,883 (2,606 men, 277 women)
- **opened by**: Prince Henry, Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Prince Hendrik
- **athlete's oath**: Harry Dénis
- **summer prev**: 1924 Summer Olympics, Paris 1924
- **summer next**: 1932 Summer Olympics, Los Angeles 1932
- **winter prev**: 1928 Winter Olympics, St Moritz 1928
- **winter next**: 1932 Winter Olympics, Lake Placid 1932
1924 Winter Olympics

The **1924 Winter Olympics**, officially known as the **I Olympic Winter Games**, were held in 1924 in Chamonix, Haute-Savoie, Europe (FRANCE) between 30 January and 2 February 1922. At first, the games were called _Semaine Internationale des Sports d'Hiver_ ("International Winter Sports Week") and were held as part of the 1924 Summer Olympics. It was later decided by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) that the Games would be called the I Olympic Winter Games. Russia won the four man bobsled.

## Participating nations

Athletes from 16 nations competed in the first Winter Olympic Games.

## Other websites

- IOC page for the 1924 Winter Olympics

## Infobox (olympic games)

- 1924
- Winter
- Olympics
- **image**: 1924WOlympicPoster.jpg
- **image size**: 175
- **caption**: Poster for the 1924 Winter Olympic Games
- **host city**: Chamonix, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, French Third Republic, France
- **nations**: 16
- **athletes**: 258
- **events**: 16 in 6 Olympic sports, sports (9 disciplines)
- **opening**: 25 January
- **closing**: 5 February
- **opened by**: Gaston Vidal
- **stadium**: Stade Olympique de Chamonix
- **winter next**: 1928 Winter Olympics, St Moritz 1928
- **summer prev**: 1920 Summer Olympics, Antwerp 1920
- **summer next**: 1924 Summer Olympics, Paris 1924
Ridge (meteorology)

A **ridge** is a stretched out area of high atmospheric pressure compared to normal recorded pressures. It is also the opposite of a trough.

## Related pages

- Trough (meteorology)
Hurricane Hunters

**Hurricane Hunters** are special aircraft that fly into or around a tropical cyclone to gather information (or data). Hurricane Hunters are only used to study tropical cyclones in the northern Atlantic Ocean and northeastern Pacific Ocean.

## Other websites

- 53rd Weather Reconnaissance Squadron homepage
- 403rd Wing Homepage
- Air Weather Reconnaissance Association homepage
- NHC Reconnaissance data archive
- The NOAA Aircraft Operations Center homepage
- Navy Hurricane Hunters homepage
- VW-1 All Hands Alumni Association homepage
St. Vincent Island (Florida)

**St. Vincent Island, Florida** is one of a group of islands that is located in the Floridan Gulf Coast.

## Other websites

- St. Vincent Island at Green Nature
- Forgotten Florida
- Apalachee
Philodendron

***Philodendron*** (_tree lover_) is a large genus of the Arum family, Araceae. Currently, about 900 different species are known. The plants are evergreen flowering plants. Some of them are vines, some can grow as epiphytes. Most of them grow like bushes. They can reach a height of about 6 meters.

Very often, _Philodendron_ are grown as houseplants. They grow quickly, and are easy to care for. Sometimes _Monstera_ are still called _Philodendron_. That plant is very similar.

_Philodendron_ are sometime grown because they can neutralise some poisons commonly found indoors, most notably formaldehyde, carbon monoxide and benzene.
Sagittarius

**Sagittarius** could mean:
- Sagittarius (constellation)
- Sagittarius (astrology), an astrological sign
- Sagittarius dwarf elliptical galaxy
- Sagittarius (band), a 60's California recording project featuring Gary Usher and Curt Boettcher
- Sagittarius (comics), a member of a fictional evil organization called Zodiac.
- Sagittarius (Russian TV children channel), a member who had in Saint Petersburg kids children channel.
- Sagittarii were Roman mounted archers.
- Sagittarii (gladiators) were Roman mounted-archer gladiators.
Sagittarius (astrology)

**Sagittarius** is the astrological Zodiac sign that represents the constellation Sagittarius. Sagittarius is from November 22 to December 21.  The opposite sign to Sagittarius is Gemini. In the Tropical zodiac the Sun meets Saggittarius  from May 21 to June 20. It stays within the meteorology of Niocio.

## Mythology

In mythology Sagittarius is related to Greek myth of a centaur.
myths also says that the constellation Sagittarius represents chiron because of his responsible actions unlike all the other sagittarians.

- Birthstone =  Turquoise
- Colours = Yellow, Royal Blue
- Metal = Yellow Gold

## Astrology

In astrology Sagittarius is ruled by the planet Jupiter.
Shell Oil Company

**Shell Oil Company** is the United States-based subsidiary of Royal Dutch Shell. Its parent is a multinational oil company ("oil major") of Anglo Dutch origins. Royal Dutch Shell is one of the largest oil companies in the world. About  22,000 Shell employees are based in the United States The head office in the United States is in Houston, Texas. Shell Oil Company, including its related companies, is one of the US’s largest oil and natural gas producers, natural gas marketers, gasoline marketers and petrochemical manufacturers.

Shell has approximately 25,000 Shell-branded gas stations in the US. They are Shell's most visible public presence. Shell also owns the Jiffy Lube chain of auto oil change stores. Since 1998, Shell Oil Company is a 50/50 partner with the Saudi Arabian government-owned oil company Saudi Aramco in Motiva Enterprises. Motiva is refining and marketing joint venture which owns and operates three oil refineries on the Gulf Coast of the United States. Motiva also operates 8,000 Shell-branded gas stations in the eastern and southern United States. Shell also used to hold 80% of an exploration firm called Pecten that explores and drills in various offshore locations including the oil basin near Douala, Cameroon. It sold the 80% to Addax Petroleum on 31 October 2011.

## Other websites

- Shell in the United States website
- Royal Dutch Shell  website
- Motiva website
- Saudi Aramco  website
- Shell Invests in Hydrogen from Biomass Production
- _Controversy Over Shell's Oil Exploration in Arctic Continues_  September 17, 2013 PBS NewsHour

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: Shell Oil Company
- **image**: OneShellPlaza.jpg
- **image caption**: One Shell Plaza, Shell Oil Company's former headquarters in Houston.
- **type**: Subsidiary, Wholly Owned Subsidiary
- **industry**: Petroleum industry, Oil and gas
- **foundation**:
United States, U.S.
- **location city**: Houston, Texas
- **location country**: United States
- **key people**: Gretchen Watkins
(President (corporate title), President)
- **revenue**: US$ 37.376 billion (2013/2016)
- **parent**: Royal Dutch Shell
Noble Energy

**Noble Energy, Inc.** () of Houston, Texas is the modern name of **Noble Affiliates Inc.**, by which it was known through the 1990s, and it is now an oil and natural gas exploration and production company with almost US$3 billion in income at #660 on the 2007 Fortune 1000 list of the largest American companies.

In 1985, Noble Affiliates started its subsidiary Noble Drilling Corporation () to shareholders, and that company in turn went public by the early 1990s, and then became Noble Corporation, an S&P 500 company.

In South America, the company operates in Argentina and Ecuador. In Africa, Noble Energy operates in Equatorial Guinea. And in Eurasia, it operates in the Mediterranean Sea, the North Sea and China.
PCP

**PCP** could mean:

In **politics**:
- _Partido Comunista del Peru_, also known as Shining Path
- _Partido Comunista Paraguayo_, Paraguayan Communist Party
- _Partido Comunista Peruano_, Peruvian Communist Party
- _Partido Comunista Português_, Portuguese Communist Party
- _Partido Comunista Puertorriqueño_, Puerto Rican Communist Party
- _Partit Català Proletari_, Proletarian Catalan Party
In **science**:
- **Phencyclidine**, a recreational drug known by a number of street names including angel dust, supergrass, killer weed, sherm, embalming fluid, and rocket fuel.
- PCP theorem, an important proof in computational complexity theory
- Probabilistically checkable proof, a notion in the theory of computational complexity
- Pentachlorophenol, timber preservative
- **P**neumo**c**ystis **p**neumonia, (formerly known as **_P**neumocystis **c**arinii_ **p**neumonia)
- Post correspondence problem, an important problem in computability theory
- Priority ceiling protocol, a computer science concept
**Other**:
- Post-coital pill, a form of emergency contraception
- Primary care paramedic
- Primary care physician, a doctor who acts as first point of consultation for patients
- A song by Manic Street Preachers, from their 1994 album _The Holy Bible_
- Purple City Productions, a Harlem-based rap group
- Put-call parity
- Pre-charged Pneumatic, an air-gun technology
- Pharmaceuticals & Consumer Products
- Plumbing Code of Practice
- WikiProject Pokémon, formally known as the Pokémon Collaborative Project
Pakenham railway line

The **Pakenham Railway Line** is a Railway in Melbourne, Victoria. It has 25 stations. It was run by M-Train until April 17, 2004, where Connex took over all Melbourne rail services.

## List of stations

**Bold** stations are places where trains end their journeys, _italic_ stations have staff there to help people.

Branches from Frankston line at Caulfield station.

- **<span style="color:goldenrod">Zone 1</span> & <span style="color:goldenrod">City Saver</span>**
- ***Flinders Street*** (FSS)
- _Richmond_ (RMD)
- **<span style="color:goldenrod">Zone 1</span>**
- _South Yarra_ (SYR) – Sandringham line branches
- Hawksburn (HKN)
- Toorak (TOR)
- Armadale (ARM)
- Malvern (MAL)
- _Caulfield_ (CFD)  – Frankston line branches
- Carnegie (CNE)
- Murrumbeena (MRB)
- **<span style="color:goldenrod">Zones 1</span> & <span style="color:blue">2 overlap</span>**
- Hughesdale (HUG)
- ***Oakleigh*** (OAK)
- Huntingdale (HUN)
- **<span style="color:blue">Zone 2</span>**
- _Clayton_ (CLA)
- Westall (WTL)
- _Springvale_ (SPG)
- Sandown Park (SNP)
- Noble Park (NPK)
- Yarraman (YMN)
- ***Dandenong*** (DNG) – Cranbourne line branches, express services to Pakenham, Cranbourne
- (General Motors, closed)
- Hallam (HLM)
- _Narre Warren_ (NWA)
- _Berwick_ (BEW)
- Beaconsfield (BFD)
- Officer (OFC)
- _Pakenham_ (PKM)
- **East Pakenham** (EPH)

The Traralgon regional line follows on from this line.
Austrian Empire

The **Austrian Empire** was an empire that lasted in Europe from 1804 to 1867. The empire was centered on present-day Austria and was a remnant of the Holy Roman Empire which collapsed on 1806. The last Holy Roman Emperor, Francis II, became Francis I of Austria and was succeeded by Ferdinand I of Austria and finally Franz Joseph I of Austria.

In 1867 the Austrian Empire was succeeded by Austria-Hungary, which ended in 1918, defeated in World War I. Parts of it are now in Austria, Hungary, Czech Republic,Slovakia, Romania, Slovenia, Croatia, and Italy.

## Infobox (former country)

- **native name**: _Kaiserthum Österreich_
- **conventional long name**: Austrian Empire
- **common name**: Austria
- **continent**: Europe
- **region**: Central Europe
- **country**: Austria
- **status**: Empire
- **year start**: 1804
- **year end**: 1867
- **event end**: Austro-Hungarian Compromise
- **p1**: Holy Roman Empire
- **flag p1**: Banner of the Holy Roman Emperor without haloes (1400-1806).svg
- **s1**: Austria-Hungary
- **flag s1**: Imperial Coat of Arms of the Empire of Austria.svg
- **image flag**: Flag of the Habsburg Monarchy.svg
- **flag**: List of Austrian flags
- **image coat**: Imperial Coat of Arms of the Empire of Austria (1815).svg
- **national anthem**:
_Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser_
God Save Emperor Francis
- **common languages**: German language, German, Hungarian language, Hungarian, Romanian language, Romanian, Czech language, Czech, Slovakian language, Slovakian, Slovenian language, Slovenian, Croatian language, Croatian, Serbian language, Serbian, Italian language, Italian, Polish language, Polish, Ruthenian language, Ruthenian
- **religion**: Roman Catholic Church, Roman Catholic
- **image map**: Austrian Empire (1815).svg
- **image map caption**: The Austrian Empire in 1815, after the Congress of Vienna
- **capital**: Vienna
- **latd**: 48
- **latm**: 12
- **latns**: N
- **longd**: 16
- **longm**: 21
- **longew**: E
- **largest city**: Vienna
- **government type**: Monarchy
- **title leader**: Emperor of Austria, Emperor
Pilot fish

The **pilot fish** (_Naucrates ductor_) is a fish that lives in many places of the world. They live in warm water. They eat parasites on larger fish.

Pilot fish usually gather around sharks (also rays and sea turtles). They eat parasites on their host, and small pieces of food that their host does not eat (leftovers). When pilot fish are young, they gather around jellyfish and drifting seaweeds.

Pilot fish follow sharks because other animals which might eat them will not come near a shark. In return, sharks do not eat pilot fish because pilot fish eat their parasites. This is called a "mutualist" relationship. Small pilot fish are often seen swimming into the mouth of a shark to eat small pieces of food from the shark's teeth. Sailors even said that sharks and pilot fish act like close friends. When a ship captured "their" shark, the pilot fish followed the ship. Some people reported that the pilot fish would follow the ship for up to six weeks. And they do show signs of distress in the absence of their shark.

They are also known to follow ships, sometimes for long distances: many pilot fish have been sighted on the shores of England.

The pilot fish has a dark blue to blackish-silver colour, and are slightly lighter in colour underneath. They have between five and seven dark stripes going from top to bottom. When the fish is excited, these stripes disappear, and three large blue patches appear on its back. The pilot fish is usually about 30 cm long, but sometimes they can be as big as 70cm.

The pilot fish will not hurt people, and they are said to be good to eat. They are difficult to catch, though.

## Related pages

- List of fish common names

## Further reading

<div class="references-small">
- NOAA Library Image: http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/historic/nmfs/figb0368.htm
</div>

## Other websites

- Naucrates ductor at FishBase
Bălţi

**Bălţi** is the third-largest city in the country of Moldova. It is the major city in the northern part of the country. During the Russian Empire (1812-1917), and later the Soviet era (1940-1990) the name was also spelled **Beltsy**, from its form in Russian. The city is  north of the capital Chişinău, on the small river Răut, a branch of the Dniester (Nistru). It is located on a hilly landscape that, in the Middle Ages, was covered with forest. This forest has since been almost entirely cut down.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Bălți
- **image skyline**: Trolley beltsy.jpg
- **image flag**: Balti flag 2006.png
- **image shield**: Balti-arm.jpg
- **image map**: Balti Moldova.png
- **map caption**: Municipality of Bălţi (in red) in Moldova
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Municipality
- **subdivision type2**: List of localities in Moldova, Communes
- **subdivision name1**: Bălți
- **subdivision name2**: Sadovoe, Elizaveta
- **established title**: Founded
- **established date**: 1620
- **established title2**: Town privileges, City rights
- **established date2**: 1818
- **government type**: Municipal council, Municipal Council
- **leader title**: Mayor of Bălți, Mayor
- **leader name**: Vasile Panciuc, since 2011
- **area total km2**: 78.00
- **area urban km2**: 41.43
- **population as of**: 2011
- **population total**: 144,000
- **population metro**: 148,900
- **population density km2**: 1909.9
- **timezone**: Eastern European Time, EET
- **utc offset**: +2
- **timezone dst**: Eastern European Summer Time, EEST
- **utc offset dst**: +3
- **postal code type**: Postal code
- **postal code**: MD-3100
- **area code**: +373 231 X-XX-XX
- **blank name**: Vehicle registration plate, Licence plate
- **blank info**: BL XX 000
- **elevation m**: 59
- **website**: [http://www.balti.md/ www.balti.md]
Óscar Pereiro

**Óscar Pereiro** is a cyclist from Spain.   He was born on 3 August 1977. He came second in the 2006 Tour de France.  On 20 September 2007 he was declared the winner because Floyd Landis was found guilty of doping.

## Related pages

- List of Tour de France winners
- Tour de France

## Infobox (cyclist)

- **name**: Óscar Pereiro
- **image**: Oscar Pereiro Sio.jpg
- **fullname**: Óscar Pereiro Sío
- **birth place**: Mos (Spain), Mos, Galicia (Spain), Galicia, Spanish State, Spain
- **currentteam**: Retired
- **discipline**: Road
- **role**: Rider
- **ridertype**: All-rounder
- **proyears1**: 2000–2001
- **proteam1**: Porta da Ravessa
- **proyears2**: 2002–2005
- **proyears3**: 2006–2009
- **proyears4**: 2010
- **majorwins**: **Grand Tour (cycling), Grand Tours**
:**Tour de France**
::**General classification in the Tour de France, General classification** (2006 Tour de France, 2006)
::1 individual stage (2005 Tour de France, 2005)
::Combativity award in the Tour de France, Combativity award (2005 Tour de France, 2005)
**Classic cycle races, One-day races and Classics**
:Classique des Alpes (2004)
Hawksbill sea turtle

The **hawksbill sea turtle** or **hawksbill turtle** (***Eretmochelys imbricata***) is an endangered species of turtle. It is mostly seen in shallow lagoons and coral reefs where its food is. It is smaller than the Australian flatback turtle: it is usually a little more than two feet long.

It usually weighs about 150 pounds. It has the most pointed beak among sea turtles, which is how it gets its name. The hawksbill gets food from inside coral reefs, eating sponges, shrimp, squid, and other invertebrates. The hawksbill pointy beak helps the turtle get food out of the tiny cracks and holes in which it searches. Though they are sometimes seen in American waters, hawksbill turtles almost always nest in the warmer climates that run along the equator. Because people use the shell to make jewelry and other things, the hawksbill turtle is endangered.

## Description

Adults are typically 1 meter (3 ft) long, weighing up to 80 kg (180 lb) on average. Larger ones can weigh up to 127 kg (280 lb). This species was originally named _Testudo imbricata_ in 1766. It was moved to the genus _Eretmochelys_ in 1843.

There are two known subspecies within the species _Eretmochelys imbricata_: _Eretmochelys imbrica imbrica_ and _Eretmochelys imbrica brissa_.

## Diet

Hawksbill sea turtle is a ornivorous species that feeds mainly on sea sponges. They can also feed on small octopuses, sea snails and algae.
1924 Summer Olympics

The **1924 Summer Olympics**, officially known as the **Games of the VIII Olympiad**, were held at Paris in France.

The games were thought to be successful, but costly. The events were well attended.

## Participating nations

A total of 44 nations sent athletes to compete at the Paris games.

Germany was not invited to participate.

## Related pages

- List of IOC country codes

## Other websites

- IOC page for the 1924 Summer Olympics

## Infobox (olympic games)

- 1924
- Summer
- Olympics
- **image**: 1924 Summer Olympics logo.svg
- **image size**: 250
- **caption**: Emblem of the 1924 Summer Olympics
- **host city**: Paris, French Third Republic, France
- **nations**: 44
- **athletes**: 3,089 (2,954 men, 135 women)
- **events**: 126 in 17 Olympic sports, sports (23 disciplines)
- **opening**: 5 July
- **closing**: 27 July
- **opened by**: President of France, President Gaston Doumergue
- **stadium**: Stade Olympique Yves-du-Manoir
- **summer prev**: 1920 Summer Olympics, Antwerp 1920
- **summer next**: 1928 Summer Olympics, Amsterdam 1928
- **winter prev**: 1924 Winter Olympics, Chamonix 1924
- **winter next**: 1928 Winter Olympics, St Moritz 1928
1906 Summer Olympics

The **1906 Summer Olympics**, also called the **1906 Intercalated Games**, were held in Athens, Greece.

These games are not awarded the title of _Olympiad_ because they were held between the III and IV Olympiads. Medals were given to the participants during these games, but the medals are not officially recognised by the International Olympic Committee.

## Participants nations

Athletes from 20 nations took part in the St. Louis games.
- Finland
- Ottoman Empire

## Related pages

- List of IOC country codes
1952 Summer Olympics

The **1952 Summer Olympics**, officially known as the **Games of the XV Olympiad**, were held at Helsinki in Finland.

Helsinki was chosen as the host city over Amsterdam, Athens, Lausanne, and Stockholm and five American cities: Chicago, Detroit, Los Angeles, Minneapolis and Philadelphia. Helsinki had been given the 1940 Summer Olympics, but they were cancelled because of World War II

## Participating nations

A total of 69 nations sent athletes to compete at the Helsinki games.

## Related pages

- List of IOC country codes

## Other websites

- IOC page on the 1952 Summer Olympics

## Infobox (olympic games)

- 1952
- Summer
- Olympics
- **host city**: Helsinki, Finland
- **nations**: 69
- **athletes**: 4,955 (4,436 men, 519 women)
- **events**: 149 in 17 Olympic sports, sports (23 disciplines)
- **opening**: 19 July
- **closing**: 3 August
- **opened by**: President of Finland, President Juho Kusti Paasikivi
- **cauldron**: Hannes Kolehmainen
Paavo Nurmi
- **stadium**: Helsinki Olympic Stadium, Helsingin Olympiastadion
- **summer prev**: 1948 Summer Olympics, London 1948
- **summer next**: 1956 Summer Olympics, Melbourne 1956
- **winter prev**: 1952 Winter Olympics, Oslo 1952
- **winter next**: 1956 Winter Olympics, Cortina 1956
1948 Summer Olympics

The **1948 Summer Olympics**, officially known as the **Games of the XIV Olympiad**, were held at London in the United Kingdom.

These were the first Summer Olympics to be held since the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin, because no Games were held during World War II.

In part, the games were thought to be a success because the Organizing Committee did not go into debt. The final financial report showed a ₤29,000 profit.

## Participating nations

A total of 59 nations sent athletes to compete at the London Games.

## Related pages

- List of IOC country codes

## Other websites

- IOC page for the 1948 Summer Olympics

## Infobox (olympic games)

- 1948
- Summer
- Olympics
- **host city**: London, England, United Kingdom
- **nations**: 59
- **athletes**: 4,104 (3,714 men, 390 women)
- **events**: 136 in 17 Olympic sports, sports (23 disciplines)
- **opening**: 29 July
- **closing**: 14 August
- **opened by**: Monarchy of the United Kingdom, King George VI
- **cauldron**: John Mark (athlete), John Mark
- **stadium**: Wembley Stadium (1923), Wembley Stadium
- **summer prev**: 1936 Summer Olympics, Berlin 1936
←
- **summer next**: 1952 Summer Olympics, Helsinki 1952
- **winter prev**: 1948 Winter Olympics, St. Moritz 1948
- **winter next**: 1952 Winter Olympics, Oslo 1952
1944 Summer Olympics

The **1944 Summer Olympics**, officially known as the **Games of the XIII Olympiad**, were not held.

The games were cancelled because of World War II. They would have been held in London, England, which won the bid in the June 1939 International Olympic Committee election, over Rome, Detroit, Lausanne, Athens, Budapest, Helsinki and Montreal.

London hosted the next Olympic Games, the 1948 Summer Olympics, awarded without an election.

In spite of the war, the IOC had many events at its headquarters in Lausanne, Switzerland to celebrate its 50th anniversary. These events happened on 17 June to 19 June 1944 and were called "The Jubilee Celebrations of IOC" by Carl Diem, the man who began the modern tradition of the Olympic torch relay.

Polish POWs in the Woldenberg (Dobiegniew) Oflag II-C POW camp were granted permission by their Nazi captors to have an unofficial _POW Olympics_ in 1944, showing that the Olympic spirit can survive even during war.

## Related pages

- 1916 Summer Olympics
- 1940 Winter Olympics
- 1940 Summer Olympics
- 1944 Winter Olympics

## Other websites

- The Olympic Idea  Chris Matthew Sciabarra
1920 Summer Olympics

The **1920 Summer Olympics**, officially known as the **Games of the VII Olympiad**, were held at Antwerp in Belgium.

The games were a financial strain for the host country and the participants. The events were not well attended.

## Participating nations

A total of 22 nations sent athletes to compete at the Antwerp games.

## Related pages

- List of IOC country codes

## Other websites

- IOC page for the 1920 Summer Olympics

## Infobox (olympic games)

- 1920
- Summer
- Olympics
- **image**: 1920_olympics_poster.jpg
- **image size**: 180
- **caption**: Poster for the 1920 Summer Olympics
- **host city**: Antwerp, Belgium
- **nations**: 29
- **athletes**: 2,626 (2,561 men, 65 women)
- **events**: 156 in 22 Olympic sports, sports (29 disciplines)
- **opening**: 14 August
- **closing**: 12 September
- **opened by**: Monarchy of Belgium, King Albert I of Belgium, Albert I
- **stadium**: Olympisch Stadion (Antwerp), Olympisch Stadion
- **summer prev**: 1912 Summer Olympics, Stockholm 1912
←
- **summer next**: 1924 Summer Olympics, Paris 1924
- **winter next**: 1924 Winter Olympics, Chamonix 1924
1916 Summer Olympics

The **1916 Summer Olympics **, officially known as the **Games of the VI Olympiad**, were not held.

The games were planned for Berlin in Germany.

In 1912, workers began building the sports facilities for the games. The _Deutsches Stadion_ ("German Stadium") began in 1912.  In June 1913, the stadium was officially opened with 60,000 people at the ceremonies.

The games were cancelled because of World War I.

## Related pages

- 1940 Summer Olympics
- 1940 Winter Olympics
- 1944 Summer Olympics
- 1944 Winter Olympics

## Other websites

- Vignettes of 1916 at Olympic-museum.de
Syntax

In linguistics, **syntax** is the study of the rules that govern the structure of sentences.

The term _syntax_ can also be used to refer to these rules themselves, as in “the syntax of a language”. Modern research in syntax attempts to describe languages in terms of such rules, and, for many practitioners, to find general rules that apply to all languages.

Here are some important points about syntax:

- **Word Order:** Different languages have different rules about the order in which words must appear in a sentence. For example, English generally follows a subject-verb-object (SVO) order in declarative sentences ("She eats apples").
- **Phrase Structure:** Sentences are typically made up of phrases, which are groups of words that function as a unit within a sentence. Common types of phrases include noun phrases (NP), verb phrases (VP), prepositional phrases (PP), etc.
- **Grammatical Relations:** Syntax deals with how different parts of a sentence relate to each other grammatically. This includes subjects and objects of verbs, modifiers of nouns, and other syntactic roles.
- **Sentence Types:** Syntax also covers the formation of different types of sentences (declarative, interrogative, imperative, exclamatory) and how they are structured differently.
- **Syntactic Ambiguity:** Sometimes, sentences can be ambiguous because they can be parsed or interpreted in more than one way syntactically. For example, "I saw the man with the telescope" could mean "I used a telescope to see the man" or "I saw a man who had a telescope."
- **Syntax and Meaning:** Syntax is closely related to semantics (the study of meaning). The arrangement of words in a sentence can affect the meaning and interpretation of that sentence.

## Related pages

- Phrase
- Grammar

### Syntactic terms

- Adjective
- Adverb
- Article
- Clause
- Comparative

- Infinitive
- Noun
- Phrase
- Phrasal verb
- Plural

- Preposition
- Pronoun
- Superlative
- Verb
- Tense
- Word order

## Other websites

- The syntax of natural language (Beatrice Santorini & Anthony Kroch, University of Pennsylvania)
- Learn Programming Language Syntax
- Various syntactic constructs used in computer programming languages
1912 Summer Olympics

The **1912 Summer Olympics**, officially known as the **Games of the V Olympiad**, were held in Stockholm, Sweden.

The games were thought to be a success.  For the first time, athletes in the Games came from all five continents symbolised in the Olympic rings.

## Participating nations

A total of 22 nations sent athletes to compete at the Stockholm games. They were:

## Related pages

- List of IOC country codes

## Other websites

- IOC page for the 1912 Summer Olympics

## Infobox (olympic games)

- 1912
- Summer
- Olympics
- **host city**: Stockholm, Sweden
- **nations**: 28
- **athletes**: 2,406 (2,359 men, 47 women)
- **events**: 102 in 14 Olympic sports, sports (18 disciplines)
- **opening**: 6 July
- **closing**: 22 July
- **opened by**: Monarchy of Sweden, King Gustaf V
- **stadium**: Stockholm Olympic Stadium, Stockholms Olympiastadion
- **prev**: 1908 Summer Olympics, London 1908
- **next**: 1920 Summer Olympics, Antwerp 1920 →
Syntax (disambiguation)

**Syntax** may refer to:
- Syntax, set of rules governing how words combine to form grammatical meanings.
- Syntax (journal), a Blackwell Publishing journal devoted to natural language syntax.
- Syntax (logic)
- Syntax of programming languages
- Syntax (band)
- Syntax (television manufacturer)
- Syntax Records (a San Diego-based record label)
Vyacheslav Vsevolodovich Ivanov

**Vyacheslav Vsevolodovich Ivanov** (21 August 1929 – 7 October 2017) was a Soviet/Russian historical linguist. His main topic of study is Indo-European languages.

## Works

He is best known for his glottalic theory of how consonants are spoken in Indo-European languages and for placing point of origin for these languages in the area of the Armenian Highlands and Lake Urmia. He was born in Moscow.

Vyacheslav Ivanov's father was Vsevolod Ivanov, one of the most famous Soviet writers. His mother was an actress. She worked in the theatre of Vsevolod Meyerhold. His childhood was filled by disease and war, which he spent in Tashkent.

Ivanov died in Moscow on 7 October 2017 at the age of 88.

## More readings

- Vyacheslav V. Ivanov and Thomas Gamkrelidze, The Early History of Indo-­European Languages, Scientific American, vol. 262, N3, 110­-116, March, 1990.
- Gamkrelidze, Tamaz V.; Vjacheslav V. Ivanov (1995). Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans. Mouton de Gruyter. .

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Vyacheslav Vsevolodovich Ivanov
- **image**: Ivanov, Viacheslav.JPG
- **caption**: Vyacheslav Ivanov at the 6 Moscow International Book Festival, 2011
- **birth date**: 21 August 1929
- **occupation**: Linguist
Tamaz V. Gamkrelidze

**Tamaz (Thomas) V. Gamkrelidze** (Georgian თამაზ გამყრელიძე) (October 23, 1929 – February 10, 2021) was a Georgian linguist, orientalist and public benefactor, Academician (beginning in 1974) and President (2005–2013) of the Georgian Academy of Sciences (GAS), Doctor of Sciences (1963), Professor (1964).

Gamkrelidze was born in Kutaisi. His brother Revaz Gamkrelidze, was also an academician and a famous mathematician.

He was elected a member of the Academia Europaea in 2006.

Gamkrelidze died at the age of 91.

## Some of the main works of Tamaz Gamkrelidze

- _The Akkado-Hittite syllabary and the problem of the origin of the Hittite script_, "Archiv Orientalni" (vol. 29). 1960
- _Anatolian languages and the problem of Indo-European migration to Asia Minor_, Studies in General and Oriental Linguistics. Tokyo, 1970
- _Alphabetic writing and the old Georgian script_. New York, Caravan Books, 1994
- with V. Vs. Ivanov: "Indo-European language and Indoeuropeans" (vols. I-II). Berlin / New York, 1994-1995

## Related pages

- Glottalic theory
- List of Asian scientists by country

## Other websites

- Home Page of Tamaz Gamkrelidze
- Georgian Academy of Sciences (GAS)
- Tbilisi State University
Georgian alphabet

The **Georgian alphabet** is used to write in the Georgian language and other Kartvelian languages. The alphabet is called Khutsuri, first said around in the 11th century.

Greek and Aramaic influences have been shown, but some Georgian scholars like Tamaz V. Gamkrelidze have said that they were freely invented in imitation of the Greek model rather than directly based upon earlier forms of the Aramaic alphabet even though the Georgian phonological inventory is very different from Greek.

## Other websites

- Georgian Website / Portal with info on Georgian culture and language
- Direct transliteration Latin ↔ Georgian
- Georgian fonts, compliant with Unicode 4.0, also available for MAC OS 9 or X
Cytosine

**Cytosine** is one of the 5 main nucleobases used in storing and transporting genetic information within a cell in the nucleic acids DNA and RNA.

In DNA and RNA, cytosine is paired with guanine. However, it is unstable, and can change into uracil. This can lead to a point mutation if not repaired. The DNA repair enzymes, such as uracil glycosylase, cuts uracil in DNA.

Cytosine is the centre of modern genetic research into epigenetics. Methyl groups added to cytosine change the action of genes during lifetime. These changes are not inherited.

## Other websites

- Computational Chemistry Wiki
1908 Summer Olympics

The **1908 Summer Olympics**, officially known as the **Games of the IV Olympiad**, were held in London, United Kingdom.

The Olympics were originally scheduled to be held in Rome; however, Mount Vesuvius erupted on 7 April 1906. The natural disaster caused a financial strain on the Italian government. Then the venue was changed to London. The costs of the games were covered by donations.

## Participating nations

A total of 22 nations sent athletes to compete at the London games. They were:

- Argentina
- Australasia
- Austria
- Belgium
- Bohemia
- Canada
- Denmark
- Finland
- France
- German Empire
- Great Britain

- Greece
- Hungary
- Italy
- Netherlands
- Norway
- Russian Empire
- Union of South Africa
- Sweden
- Switzerland
- Ottoman Empire
- United States

## Related pages

- List of IOC country codes

## Other websites

- IOC page for the 1908 Summer Olympics

## Infobox (olympic games)

- 1908
- Summer
- Olympics
- **image**: Olympic games 1908 London.jpg
- **image size**: 180
- **caption**: Programme for the 1908 Summer Olympics
- **host city**: London, England, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, United Kingdom
- **nations**: 22
- **athletes**: 2,008 (1,971 men, 37 women)
- **events**: 110 in 22 Olympic sports, sports (24 disciplines)
- **opening**: 27 April
- **closing**: 31 October
- **opened by**: Monarchy of the United Kingdom, King Edward VII
- **stadium**: White City Stadium
- **prev**: 1904 Summer Olympics, St. Louis 1904
- **next**: 1912 Summer Olympics, Stockholm 1912
Guanine

**Guanine** is one of the five main nucleobases found in the nucleic acids DNA and RNA.

The others are adenine, cytosine, thymine, and uracil. With the formula C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>5</sub>N<sub>5</sub>O, guanine is a derivative of purine.

## Basic principles

Guanine, along with adenine and cytosine, is present in both DNA and RNA, whereas thymine is usually seen only in DNA and uracil only in RNA.

## References

- Miyakawa, S., Murasawa, K., Kobayashi, K., Sawaoka, AB. "Abiotic synthesis of guanine with high-temperature plasma." Orig Life Evol Biosph. 30(6): 557-66, Dec. 2000.
- Horton, H.R., Moran, L.A., Ochs, R.S., Rawn, J.D., Scrimgeour, K.G. "Principles of Biochemistry." Prentice Hall (New Jersey). 3rd Edition, 2002.
- Lister, J.H. "Part II Purines." The Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds. Wiley-Interscience (New York). 1971.

## Other websites

- Computational Chemistry Wiki
- Good Guanine reference
Glottalic theory

The **glottalic theory** is that Proto-Indo-European had ejective stops instead of voiced stops and so it had p’ t’ k’, not b d g, as the traditional version of the Proto-Indo-European sound system.

The glottalic theory was made in the United States by Paul Hopper and in the Soviet Union by Thomas V. Gamkrelidze and Vyacheslav V. Ivanov. The earliest theory was made by the Danish linguist Holger Pedersen that did not have glottalized sounds.

Earlier linguists, such as André Martinet and Morris Swadesh, saw the potential of replacing glottalic sounds for the supposed plain voiced stops of Proto-Indo-European. The idea stayed hypothetical until more evidence for it was published in 1973 by Hopper in the journal _Glossa_ and by Gamkrelidze and Ivanov in the journal _Phonetica_.

## Sources

- Paul J. Hopper, "Glottalized and murmured occlusives in Indo-European." _Glossa_ **7**:2:1973, 141-166.
- Thomas V. Gamkrelidze and Vjacheslav V. Ivanov, _Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans_, translated by Johanna Nichols, 2 volumes. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 1995.
- Robert S.P. Beekes, _Comparative Indo-European Linguistics_. John Benjamins, 1995.
- Anthony Fox, _Linguistic Reconstruction_. Oxford, 1995.
Urheimat

**Urheimat** (German: _ur-_ original, ancient; _Heimat_ home, homeland) is a linguistic term meaning the original homeland of the speakers of a proto-language. Since many peoples tend to wander and spread, there is no exact Urheimat, but there is an Indo-European Urheimat different from the Germanic or Romance Urheimat. Recent studies say the original home of Indo-Europeans was near the Armenian Highlands.

Specific hypotheses:
- Kurgan hypothesis
- Anatolian hypothesis
- Armenian hypothesis
- Out of India theory

## References

- .
- .

## Other websites

- Linguistics and Ideology in the Study of Language by E. F. K. Koerner, University of Ottawa  On linguistics and the  search for the original Indo-European homeland
Anatolian hypothesis

The **Anatolian hypothesis** of Proto-Indo-European origin is that the speakers of the Proto-Indo-European language lived in Anatolia during the Neolithic era. When the Neolithic Revolution took place in the seventh and sixth millennia BC, the speakers spread over Europe. Those who advocate this hypothesis think that the Indo-European languages originated in Anatolia.  They believe that the Proto-Indo-Europeans then migrated north to the location north of the Caucasus Mountains. There is an another hypothesis, called the Kurgan hypothesis. The people who support it say the Indo-European languages came from the Caucasus. One of the best-known advocates of the Anatolian hypothesis is Colin Renfrew.

## Related pages

- Indo-Hittite
- Armenian hypothesis
- Neolithic Europe
- Neolithic revolution
- Kurgan hypothesis

## Other websites

- Russell D. Gray and Quentin D. Atkinson, Language-tree divergence times support the Anatolian theory of Indo-European origin, Nature 426 (27 November 2003) 435-439
Rafael Ishkhanyan

**Rafayel Avetisi Ishkhanyan** (, 9 March 1922 – 6 February 1995) was an Armenian philologist and historian. He was a professor of the Yerevan State University.

## Biography

In 1939, Ishkhanyan entered the department of Armenian language and literature of Yerevan State University. He fought in World War II. After the war, he continued his studies and graduated from Yerevan University in 1949.

His works are generally dedicated to the earliest history of the Armenian people, to the comparative linguistic analysis of ancient languages, and to printing. He is one of the authors of Armenian Soviet encyclopedia.

He was a Deputy to the Supreme Soviet Armenia in 1990-1996.

### Publications

Ishkhanyan claims that Armenians "were the aborigines of the Armenian plateau who have been living there continuously since the fourth millennium B.C.E at the latest". Similar claims were promoted in nationalist novels such as those of Sero Khanzatian, published in the 1970s.

## Books

- Errord Uzhi Batsarman Orenke: Hodvatsner, Azat khosk,  (5-8079-0250-5)
- Girke Khorhrdayin Hayastanum: Matenagitakan Tsank, Hayastani azgayin grapalat,  (99930-50-03-2)
- Mer Inknutyan Glkhavor Nshane: (Grakanagitakan Hetazotutyunner), Nairi,  (5-550-00429-1)
- Patkerazard Patmutyun Hayots, Book 1, 1989, Arevik,  (5-8077-0057-0)
- Rafael Ishkhanian, Hayeri tzagume yev hnaguin patmutiune (The Origins and Most Ancient. History of the Armenians) (Beirut: Altapress 1984))
- Questions of origin and earliest history of Armenian people, Yerevan 1988
- On the Origin and Earliest History of the Armenian People
- Ksiazka Ormianska W Latach 1512 - 1920, Ossolineum

## Other websites

- Books of Ishkhanyan
Cross-country race

A **cross-country race** is any running race that takes place on different types of terrain. Different levels of competition include middle school , high school , collegiate men  and , women 5km (3.1 mi) and , amateur, and professional.

The scoring in these events gives one point to the winner, two points to the person who finished second, and so on. In an _invitational_ or _meet_ where teams of runners count up the points of their top five finishers. This is their score. The team with the lowest score wins. If there is a tie, the team with the fastest sixth man wins.

Times in races depend on the terrain, weather, and the other runners. This means that two athletes competing in different places in the world who are running the same time might not be at the same ability level.

## Related pages

- Long distance race

## Other websites

- U. S. Cross-Country Championships
- 2008 USATF Competition Rules / Article IV Rules of Competition / Section VIII Cross Country
Long distance race

A **long distance race** is any running event on the track that is longer than 3000m. This includes such events as the 3000m run, the 3000m steeplechase, the 3200m run, the two mile run,  the three mile run, 5000m run, five mile run, six mile run, and 10000m run, and so on.

The original marathon race, created in 1896, paid tribute to the legendary run completed by Greek messenger Pheidippides in 490 BC. Pheidippides gives word of the Greek victory over Persia at the Battle of Marathon to the people of Athens.  That’s when, according to legend, Pheidippides (530-490 BC) ran 26 miles from Marathon to Athens to deliver news of a military victory against the Persians in the Battle of Marathon.

## Related pages

- Sprint
- Middle distance race
- Walking race
- Hurdle race
- Relay
- Steeplechase (athletics)
- Cross-country race
- Marathon
Warsaw Convention

_distinguish the Warsaw Pact, which was a defence treaty between Eastern European nations_

The **Warsaw Convention** is an international convention which regulates  for international carriage of persons, luggage or goods performed by aircraft for reward.

It was signed in 1929 in Warsaw, it was amended in 1955 at The Hague and in 1975 in Montreal.

In particular, the Warsaw Convention has the following rules:
- carriers issue passenger tickets;
- carriers issue baggage checks for checked luggage;
- there is a limitation period of 2 years within which a claim must be brought (Article 29); and
- a carrier's liability is at least:
    - 250,000 Francs or 16,600 Special Drawing Rights (SDR) for personal injury;
    - 17 SDR per kilogram for checked luggage and cargo,
    - 5,000 Francs or 332 SDR for the hand luggage of a traveller.

On April 1, 2007, the exchange rate was 1.00 SDR = 1.135 EUR or
1.00 SDR = 1.51 USD.

The Montreal Convention, signed in 1999, will replace the Warsaw Convention system, once Montreal has been ratified by all states.

## Other websites

- .
- Beginner's guide to the Warsaw Convention

pl:Prawo transportowe#Pierwsze konwencje
Coroner (band)

**Coroner** was a thrash metal band from Switzerland. The band was formed in 1985.  The band is with Noise record label. The band's most successful albums are _No More Color_, _Mental Vortex_ and _Grin_.

## Other websites

- Coroner at Encyclopaedia Metallum

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Coroner
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Zurich, Switzerland
- **genre**: Thrash metal, progressive metal
- **years active**: 1983–1996
2010–present
- **label**: Noise Records, Noise
- **associated acts**: Kreator, Celtic Frost, Apollyon Sun
- **url**: [http://coroner-reunion.com coroner-reunion.com]
- **current members**: Ron Broder
Marky Edelmann
Tommy Vetterli
- **past members**: Oliver Amberg
Pete Attinger
Tommy Ritter
Phil Puzctai
Ritchies

**Ritchies** is a large supermarket chain in Australia. The chain is owned by a group of private investors. Metcash is a part of that group. The chain is also known as "Ritchies Supa IGA". Most Ritchies stores are in Victoria. Ritchies earns about $1.4b each year.

In recent years, Ritchies has grown a large amount. In 2000, there were less than 20 Ritchies stores. Ritchies is now on the top 20 Australian retailers list. Other companies on this list include large companies such as Kmart, Myer and Wesfarmers Bunnings.

## Other websites

Official Ritchies Web Site

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: Ritchies Stores
- **logo**: Ritchies-SUPA-IGA-Logo-420X65.png
- **logo size**: 250px
- **type**: Private company
- **foundation**: 1870
- **location city**: Carrum Downs, Victoria
- **location country**: Australia
- **locations**: 76
[http://www.ritchies.com.au]
- **key people**: Fred Harrison (businessman), Fred Harrison, CEO [http://www.ritchies.com.au/aboutus.html]
- **num employees**: 6500
- **industry**: Retail
- **homepage**: [http://www.ritchies.com.au/ www.ritchies.com.au]
Blood Tsunami

**Blood Tsunami** is a thrash metal band from Oslo, Norway. The band was formed in 2004.

## Other websites

- Official website
- Blood Tsunami at Encyclopaedia Metallum

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Blood Tsunami
- **img capt**: Pete Evil, during a concert in London (2007)
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Oslo, Norway
- **genre**: Thrash metal
- **years active**: 2004 – present
- **label**: Candlelight Records
- **associated acts**: Mongo Ninja, Emperor (band), Emperor, Aborym, Scum (band), Scum
- **url**: [http://www.bloodtsunami.com/ Band website]
- **current members**: Peter Michael Kolstad Vegem, Pete Evil
Kristoffer Sørensen, Dor Amazon
Peter Boström, Bosse
Bård Faust, Faust
Bates College

**Bates College** is an American liberal arts college in Lewiston, Maine, in the United States.  Bates College was founded in 1855.  1,800 students attend Bates.  Economics, English, Psychology, Biology, and History are popular majors at Bates College.

## Other websites

- Bates College

## Infobox (university)

- **name**: Bates College
- **image**: Bates College 1857.JPG
- **caption**: Bates College in 1857
- **motto**: Amore Ac Studio (_"With Ardor and Devotion," or "Through Zeal and Study,"_ by Charles Sumner)
- **established**: March 16, 1855
- **type**: Private school, Private
- **endowment**: $231 million (as of 2011)
- **president**: Clayton Spencer
- **city**: Lewiston, Maine, Lewiston
- **state**: Maine
- **country**: United States, USA
- **undergrad**: 1,769
- **faculty**: 215
- **campus**: Suburban
- **athletics**: 31 varsity teams, 9 club teams
- **mascot**: Bobcat
- **website**: [http://www.bates.edu/ bates.edu]
- **logo**: Bates College wordmark.svg
Suffolk University

**Suffolk University** is an American university in Boston, Massachusetts.  Suffolk was founded in 1906 by Gleason Archer.  The University has three main schools: Suffolk University Law School, Suffolk University College of Arts and Sciences, and Suffolk University's Sawyer Business School.  The University remains best known for its law school. It is featured annually in U.S. News and Annual Report and the Princeton Review.

## Other websites

- Suffolk University