juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Space

**Space** in simple understanding is an area or volume.

**Space** or **spacing** may also refer to:

In **science**:

- Outer space, the area beyond the limit of the atmosphere of Earth
    - Space science, the study of outer space
- Space (physics), one of the fundamental concepts like time and mass.

In **music**:

- Space music, music that facilitates the experience of contemplative spaciousness.
- Space-themed music, music of any genre with themes or lyrics about outer space.
- Space rock, a musical genre related. to 1970s progressive rock.
- Space jazz, a musical genre related to free jazz.
- Space age pop, certain musical styles popular in the 1950s and early 1960s.
- _Space_, _Space music_, or _Space jam_ - free musical improvisation, with or without melody, often using non-tonal sounds, see:
    - Grateful Dead
    - Rhythm Devils
- Names of bands, albums, or nightclubs:
    - Space (indie rock band), a 1990s indie band from England
    - Space (electronic band), a 1970s electronic music band from France
    - Space (album), an eponymous album by members of The Orb
    - Space Music (album) by Eloy Fritsch
    - Space (Ibiza nightclub), world-renowned nightclub
    - Space (Miami nightclub), one of the biggest nightclubs in downtown Miami

In **media**:
- Space (computer game), a computer role-playing game
- Space (novel), a novel by James A. Michener
- Manifold: Space, a science-fiction book by Stephen Baxter
- SPACE: The Imagination station, a Canadian television channel
- Spacing (magazine), a Toronto-based magazine
- Episodes, films, or series by this title:
    - Space: Above and Beyond, a.k.a. _Space 2063_, an American sci-fi TV series
    - Space: 1999 was a British science-fiction television show
    - Space (documentary), a 2005 BBC documentary
    - "Space" (The X-Files episode)

**People**:
- Zack Space, a United States Representative from the 18th District of Ohio

**Television**:
- Space (TV series), a 1980 TV mini-series starring James Garner

In **other fields**:
- Space (punctuation), the. gap between text characters
- Personal space, in the study of human relations
- White space (visual arts). portion of a page, canvas or other medium that left unmarked,
- Space (commercial competition), a loose.ly defined term to classify businesses and technology,
- SPACE -  Society for Promotion of Alternative Computing and Employment, Kerala.
- **A space or square** in a board game.
Physical object

In physics, a **physical object** (or **body**) is a collection of masses, which you look at as one object only. It applies to both living and non-living things.

A human's and animal's **physical body** is made up of organs and tissues. It is a part of a total living being, and might  include its behaviour and way of thinking.

The point of the term is to include those systems which are separate in one sense. but connected in another sense. A galaxy has many different parts, but can be treated as a whole for some purposes. Likewise, a group of galaxies can be treated as one gravitationally. The Solar System is another example.

In general language it is usual for "object" to mean a physical boundary {border}, but a "system" to mean a group of connected objects.
Body (disambiguation)

**Body** may mean:
- Body as human or animal body.
- Physical body, an object in physics
- Body (metaphysics), some sort of inert physical matter subject to the whims of volition and in kind to physical law
- Professional body, an organization, usually non-profit, that exists to further a particular profession
- <body></body>, the HTML elements that contains all of the content on the page
- Body (song), a song by Ja Rule off his seventh album _The Mirror_
- Bodysuit, a leotard-like garment that also has snaps at the crotch
- Coachwork, a motor vehicle which is built around a chassis
- Body, the largest part of an instrument, including solid body guitars and the sound box of many other instruments

## Related pages

- Bodie
- Bodies
Ebisu

**Ebisu** (恵比須, 恵比寿, 夷, 戎), also known as **Yebisu** or **Hiruko** (蛭子) or **Kotoshiro-nushi-no-kami** (事代主神), is the Japanese god of fishermen, good luck and working men, and also the guardian of the health of children. He is one of the Seven Lucky Gods.

## Origins as Hiruko

Ebisu was first named _Hiruko_, meaning "leech child". He was the first child of Izanagi and Izanami, born without bones (or, in some stories, without arms and legs) because of his mother's mistake in her marriage.  Hiruko tried hard to survive but he was thrown to the sea in a boat made out of reeds. He was eventually washed ashore and was cared for by the Ainu people _Ebisu Saburo_ (戎三郎).

## Life Story

The weak child overcame many problems, grew legs, and became the god Ebisu. He remains slightly crippled and deaf, but is still joyful (which is why he has the title, "The Laughing God"). He is often shown wearing a tall hat — the _Kazaori Eboshi_ (風折烏帽子) — holding a fishing rod and a large sea bass.

## In Popular Culture

The brand name Evisu is named after Ebisu.
Dominican peso

The **Dominican peso** is the money of the Dominican Republic. Its official name is _Peso oro_ and its symbol is "$" with RD in front of it (_RD$_) to differentiate it from other _pesos_ or _dollars_. The ISO 4217 for the Dominican peso is DOP. Each peso is divided into 100 _centavos_ (English, "cents").

## History

The first Dominican peso was introduced in 1844. It replaced the Haitian money. In 1905, the peso was replaced by United States currency. The peso oro was introduced in 1937, although the US dollar continued to be used alongside the peso oro until 1947.

Coins were introduced in 1937 in denominations of 1, 5, 10, 25 and 50 centavos. Since 1991, coins of denominations 1, 5, 10 and 25 pesos have been introduced. However, due to inflation, coins below 1 peso are now rarely found. Banknotes in use are 10, 20, 50, 100, 500, 1000 and 2000 pesos.

## Other websites

- General information on the Dominican Peso
Proprioception

**Proprioception** is the sense that people have of knowing where the parts of their body are.  It is also called **kinesthetic sense**.

Proprioception is used when a person touches the tip of their nose while keeping their eyes closed.  Even though they cannot see their finger or their nose, they can sense how to touch them together.
Permutation

A **permutation** is a single way of arranging a group of objects.  It is useful in mathematics.

A permutation can be changed into another permutation by simply switching two or more of the objects. For example, the way four people can sit in a car is a permutation. If some of them chose different seats, then it would be a different permutation.

## Permutations without repetitions

The factorial has special application in defining the number of permutations in a set which does not include repetitions. The number n!, read "n factorial", is precisely the number of ways we can rearrange n things into a new order. For example, if we have three fruit: an orange, apple and pear, we can eat them in the order mentioned, or we can change them (for example, an apple, a pear then an orange). The exact number of permutations is then . The number gets extremely large as the number of items (n) goes up.

In a similar manner, the number of arrangements of r items from n objects is considered a partial permutation. It is written as  (which reads "n permute r"), and is equal to the number  (also written as ).

## Related pages

- Combination (mathematics)
- Superpermutation
1 E6 m²

To help in showing the sizes of different geographic regions, areas between 1 km² (100 hectares) and 10 km² (1000 hectares) are listed below.
- Areas smaller than 1 km²
- 1 **square kilometre** (U.S. spelling: **square kilometer**), symbol **km²**, is an SI unit of surface area. It is equal to:
    - 100 hectares
    - 1 E+6 m² or 10<sup>6</sup> m² in scientific notation
    - 1,000,000 m²
    - 0.386 square miles
    - 247.105381 acres
    - the area of a square of side length 1 km
    - a cube with this surface area has sides of length 408 m
    - a circle of this area has a radius of 564 m
    - a sphere of this surface area has a radius of 282 m
- 179 hectares—Bennebroek, smallest municipality in the Netherlands
- 195 hectares—Monaco (country ranked 192nd by area)
- 200 hectares—Herm, Channel Islands
- 250 hectares—Hyde Park and Kensington Gardens in London
- 290 hectares—City of London
- 320 hectares—Hampstead Heath in London
- 341 hectares—Central Park in New York
- 400 hectares—Great Wall of China, largest human structure.
- 460 hectares—Pitcairn Island
- 493 hectares—University of the Philippines Diliman
- 650 hectares—Gibraltar
- 890 hectares—size of largest organism on Earth, _Armillaria ostoyae_.
- Areas larger than 10 km²
Lipid

A **lipid** is a type of organic molecule found in **living things**. It is oily or waxy. Fats are made from lipid molecules. Sources of lipid can be found in algae, seeds, meat, cheese, butter and fish. Lipids are long chains of carbon and hydrogen molecules. Lipids are classified as simple and complex. Examples of complex molecules could be steroids or phospholipids.

A very important biological function of lipids is as lipid bilayers, the basis of many cell membranes. Another function of lipids is to serve as an energy reserve. Lipids can be hydrophobic (non-polar), or amphipatic (containing both polar and non-polar parts).

**Lipids** are a group of naturally occurring molecules that include fats, waxes, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins (such as vitamins A, D, E, and K), glycerides, phospholipids, and others. The main biological functions of lipids include storing energy, signalling, and acting as components of cell membranes.
St. Vartan Armenian Cathedral

**St. Vartan Cathedral** is the first cathedral of the Armenian Apostolic Church to be constructed in North America. It is located in New York City on the corner of Second Avenue and 34th Street. It was built to resemble the St. Hripsime Church in Etchmiadzin.
Margherita of Savoy

**Margherita of Savoy** or _Margaret of Savoy_ (born November 20, 1851 in Turin, died January 4, 1926 in Bordighera), was an Italian queen of the Kingdom of Italy during the reign (1878-1900) of her husband, Humbert I.

## Family

She was a daughter of Ferdinand, Duke of Genoa and Elizabeth of Saxony. Her paternal grandparents were Charles Albert of Sardinia and Maria Theresa of Austria. Her maternal grandparents were John of Saxony and Princess Amalie Auguste of Bavaria.

## Marriage and child

She married her first cousin Humbert (Prince _Umberto_ of Savoy) on April 21, 1868. In November 1869, Margherita gave birth to Victor Emmanuel.

## Life

On January 9, 1878, Humbert succeeded as the new King of Italy. She became his Queen consort and remained by his side for the rest of his reign. Humbert was assassinated by anarchist Gaetano Bresci on July 29, 1900.

Margherita supported artists and writers,and the Red Cross, and founded cultural institutions, like the Società del Quartetto, and the Casa di Dante.

In 1889 the pizza _Margherita_ was named after her. It is the colors of the Italian flag. Red sauce, green basil and white cheese. After the pizza, a Peak was named like the queen, and then in 2007, the third highest mountain in Africa.

Politically she supported the Fascism.

## Children

1. Prince Victor Emmanuel of Savoy (future king of Italy) (I11 November 1869 – 28 December 1947) married Princess Elena of Montenegro and had children.

### Titles and styles

- **20 November 1851 – 21 April 1868** _Her Royal Highness_ Princess Margherita of Savoy
- **21 April 1868 – 9 January 1878** _Her Royal Highness_ The Princess of Piedmont
- **9 January 1878 – 29 July 1900** _Her Majesty_ The Queen of Italy
- **29 July 1900 – 4 January 1926** _Her Majesty_ The Queen Mother of Italy

## Infobox (royalty)

- **consort**: yes
- **name**: Princess Margherita
- **full name**: Margherita Maria Teresa Giovanna di Savoia
- **succession**: Queen consort of Italy
- **image**: Margherita of Savoy, Queen of Italy.jpg
- **image size**: 200px
- **reign**: 9 January 1878 – 29 July 1900
- **spouse**: Umberto I of Italy
- **issue**: Victor Emmanuel III of Italy, Victor Emmanuel III
- **house**: House of Savoy <small>(by birth)</small>
House of Savoy <small>(by marriage)</small>
- **father**: Prince Ferdinand, Duke of Genoa
- **mother**: Princess Elisabeth of Saxony
- **birth place**: Palazzo Chiablese, Turin,
Kingdom of Sardinia
- **death place**: Bordighera, Italy
- **burial place**: Pantheon, Rome
- **signature**: Signature of Margherita of Savoy, first Queen of Italy.png
Consonance and dissonance

In music, **consonance** and **dissonance** are words which are used to describe certain musical intervals or chords.  The adjectives are **consonant** and **dissonant**.

A consonant interval or chord is one which sounds stable and pleasant.  It could, for example, be the end of a piece of music.  For example: C and E sound well together, or the chord C, E and G (a C major chord).

A dissonant interval or chord is one which sounds unstable.  It may even sound harsh by itself.  The notes seem to clash.  It cannot be the end of the piece of music (if the music is a normal, traditional tonal piece).  It sounds as if it wants to move on to a consonant interval (this is called "resolving" onto a consonant chord).  The notes C and Fsharp together make a dissonant interval.  The chord C - Dsharp - Fsharp is a dissonant interval: it is full of tension, and it sounds as if it wants to "resolve" onto C - E - G.

Scientifically a consonant interval is one in which the two notes vibrate at frequencies which have a simple mathematical relationship, e.g. in two notes which are an octave apart the higher note vibrates exactly twice as fast.  If they are a fifth apart the top note vibrates 1 1/2 times as fast as the lower note.  The more complicated mathematically the interval, the more dissonant it will sound.
Carpe diem

**Carpe diem** is a famous phrase from one of the poems of Horace. It means "seize the day" in Latin.

## What it means

Especially during the Baroque era, the phrase was important. In the 17th century there was the Thirty Years' war, which lasted roughly from 1618 to 1648. For the people of the time, death was present almost everywhere. To compensate for that there were the concepts of _Carpe diem_ (There is little time left, use it as best you can), _Vanitas_ (Vanity; things are not what they seem), and Memento mori (Remember you will die).

The poem is originally from _Odes_ 1.11. It is given in Latin and English below.

## The poem in Latin and English

|Tu ne quaesieris, scire nefas, quem mihi, quem tibi|Ask not — it's forbidden to know —|
| --- | --- |
|finem di dederint, Leuconoe, nec Babylonios|what end the gods will give us. Don't play with Babylonian|
|temptaris numeros. ut melius, quidquid erit, pati.|fortune-telling either. Better just deal with whatever comes your way.|
|seu pluris hiemes seu tribuit Iuppiter ultimam,|Whether you will see several more winters or whether the last one Jupiter gives you is|
|quae nunc oppositis debilitat pumicibus mare|the one even now pelting the rocks on the shore with the waves|
|Tyrrhenum: sapias, vina liques et spatio brevi|of the Tyrrhenian sea — be smart, drink your wine. Life is short.|
|spem longam reseces. dum loquimur, fugerit invida|Even as we speak, envious time|
|aetas: **carpe diem** quam minimum credula postero.|has slipped away. **Seize the day**, trust not the future.|

## Better translation

A better translation of the phrase would probably be _pluck the day_ (as a fruit might be plucked from a tree).
Gustav Heinemann

**Gustav Walter Heinemann** (born 23 July 1899 in Schwelm; died 7 July 1976 in Essen) was a German politician. He was Interior Minister under Chancellor Konrad Adenauer. He resigned when Adenauer started getting ready to set up the German Army. He later resigned from the CDU and joined the SPD. He also served as Justice Minister before he was elected Federal President in 1969. He served for one term, and left office in 1974.
Schwelm

**Schwelm** is a town in the district of Ennepe-Ruhr Rural District the state of North Rhine-Westphalia.

## Geography

Schwelm is in the southeast of the "_Ruhrgebiet_", the Ruhr Area of Germany, between Westphalia and the "_Bergisches Land_". Schwelm is commonly known as the "_Pforte Westfalens_" ("Gate to Westphalia").

## History

The history of Schwelm goes back to the ninth century, where it is first mentioned as "Suelmiu". The city of Schwelm was officially established in 1496 and became seat of the Ennepe-Ruhr district in 1929. According to its area, Schwelm is the smallest town in North Rhine-Westphalia.

## Points of interest

Schwelm is home to the "_Brauerei Schwelm_", the Schwelm Brewery, one of the few remaining private breweries in Germany. It was started in 1830 by Haarmann & Kathagen, the brewery was one of the first worldwide to switch from wooden to metal barrels. The original office building of the brewery, the "Rietz'sche Haus" built in 1701, is still in use today.

The oldest piano manufacturer in the world is in Schwelm. Since 1794, "_Rud. Ibach Sohn_" has been building pianos and, until 1904, organs in Schwelm.

## Notable citizens

- Friedrich Christoph Müller (1751 in Allendorf (Lumba) - 1808): theologian and map maker (in Schwelm between 1785 and 1808)
- Gustav Heinemann (July 23, 1899 - July 7, 1976): third president of the Federal Republic of Germany (from 1969 to 1974)
- Johannes Joachim Degenhardt (January 31, 1926 - July 25, 2002): Cardinal and Archbishop of Paderborn
- Franz Josef Degenhardt (March 12, 1931): political singer/songwriter
- Friedrich Niewöhner (September 7, 1941 - November 1, 2005): philosophy historian
- Martin Grötschel (October 9, 1948): mathematician and laureate of the Leibniz price
- Rolf Rüssmann (October 13, 1950): footballer and football manager
- Judith Kuckart (June 17, 1959): tripper, choreographer, stage director and author
- Thorsten Schmidt (February 18, 1972): racing cyclist and participant of the Tour de France
- Olivia Luczak (November 24, 1981): Polish-German amateur boxer

## Other websites

- www.schwelm.de
- Ibach Pianos
- Schwelmer Brauerei

## Infobox (german location)

- **type**: Stadt
- **name**: Schwelm
- **image coa**: DEU Schwelm COA.svg
- **image flag**: Flagge Schwelm.svg
- **image photo**: Schwelm Stadtansicht.JPG
- **image plan**: Schwelm in EN.svg
- **state**: Nordrhein-Westfalen
- **region**: Arnsberg
- **district**: Ennepe-Ruhr-Kreis
- **elevation**: 213
- **area**: 20.5
- **population**: 29043
- **stand**: 2009-06-30
- **postal code**: 58332
- **area code**: 02336
- **licence**: EN
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 05 9 54 024
- **mayor**: Gabriele Grollmann
Bundesarbeitsgericht

The **Bundesarbeitsgericht** or _Federal Labour Court_ is the German federal supreme court of appeals for cases of labour law.  This includes "individual" labour law (mostly about contracts of employment) and "collective" (more than one) labour law (e.g. cases about strikes and collective bargaining). The court hears cases from the _Landesarbeitsgerichte_ (Superior State Labour Courts), which, in turn, are the courts of appeals against decisions of the _Arbeitsgerichte_ (ordinary State Labour Courts).

The _Bundesarbeitsgericht_ is in the city of Erfurt.

## Other websites

- Official homepage
Bundessozialgericht

The **Bundessozialgericht** (German for _Federal Social Court_) is the German federal supreme court of appeals for social security cases.  The court was created on 11 September 1954 to hear cases about public health insurance, long-term care insurance, pension insurance and occupational accident insurance plans. These cases usually start in the _Sozialgerichte_ ("Social Courts"), then the _Landessozialgerichte_  ("Superior State Social Courts"), before the cases wind up at the _Bundessozialgericht_.

The _Bundessozialgericht_ is located in the city of Kassel.

## Other website

- Official homepage
Federal Administrative Court (Germany)

The **Bundesverwaltungsgericht** or **Federal Administrative Court** is one of the five federal supreme courts of Germany. It is the federal court of appeals for generally all cases of administrative law.  These cases are mainly arguments between people and the government, but sometimes are disputes between two different parts of government.

The Federal Administrative Court was set up on 8 June 1953.  It was based in Berlin, but in 2002 moved to the city of Leipzig in Saxony.

It hears appeals from the _Oberverwaltungsgerichte_, or Superior Administrative Courts, which, in turn, are the courts of appeals for decisions of the _Verwaltungsgerichte_ (Administrative Courts).

Although cases about social security law and tax law are arguments between a person and the government, there are special courts for these matters. The Bundessozialgericht is federal court of appeals for social security law, cases about tax and customs law are decided by the _Finanzgerichte_ (Finance Courts), and lastly by the Bundesfinanzhof.

The _Bundesverwaltungsgericht_ has its headquarters at the former _Reichsgericht_ (Reich Court of Justice) building in Leipzig.

## Other websites

- Official homepage
Santa María de Iquique School Massacre

The **Santa María de Iquique school Massacre** was on December 21, 1907.  At that time Chile's government was led by Pedro Montt.  Hundreds of workers died in the front of the school _Santa María de Iquique_.

The workers had been walking from saltpetre mines of Tarapacá, striking to get better life conditions.

The strikers first went to San Lorenzo, and then to Iquique.  They arrived in Iquique on December 16.  They stayed peacefully in the school.  Military forces arrived, and without provocation General Silva Renard give the order to shoot the people there in front of school. Hundreds of people were killed.
Grid

**Grid** may mean:

Meaning an array of squares or rectangles:

- Grid plan, a city plan in which streets run at right angles to form a grid
- Grid reference, a standard method for the location of a point on a map.
- Grid view or datagrid, a graphical user interface element that presents a tabular view of data
- Grid graph, in graph theory
- **Grid** in typography and page layout: planning a page using a grid of different-sized and -shaped rectangles on computer software
- Grid (spatial index), a method for organizing information, e.g. in a database

In **science, mathematics and technology**:

- Electrical grid:
    - Electric power transmission, a long-distance high-voltage network for power transmission
    - Off-the-grid, living without public utility
- Grid computing, computing model that provides the ability to perform higher throughput computing
- Mesh (mathematics) or a regular grid or unstructured grid .

**Places**:

- Grid, a village in Pârâu Commune, Braşov County, Romania
- Grid, a village in the town of Călan, Hunedoara County, Romania

In **popular culture**:

- The Grid, a late eighties/early nineties electronic dance group
- The Grid (arcade game), an arcade game released in 2001.
- The Grid (TV series), a television series produced in 2004
- Grid (album), the eighth original album by the Japanese band M.O.V.E

**Other**:

- Grid (computer manufacturer), a laptop manufacturer in the 1980s
- Grid (Jotun), a giantess in Norse mythology
- Grid (metaphysics) That which binds all of the metaverses and their contents together

**GRID** may stand for:

- BioGRID, a database of biological interactions hosted at Mount Sinai Hospital in Toronto, Canada
- Gay related immune deficiency (GRID), a name for AIDS until 1982
- Global Release Identifier (GRid)
- Group for Rural India Development (GRID)
- GRID, the short-hand name for an ESRI GRID file
Wookieepedia

**Wookieepedia** (the _Star Wars_ Wiki) is an online encyclopedia for information on the _Star Wars_ fictional universe – including information of all eleven films, as well as Expanded Universe. It is written from an in-universe perspective. The name Wookieepedia is a mix of Wookiee and encyclopaedia, based on the name of Wikipedia. Wookieepedia is hosted by Fandom. Some articles have 60,000 words.

## Infobox (website)

- **name**: Wookieepedia
- **url**: [https://starwars.fandom.com/ starwars.fandom.com]
- **commercial**: No
- **type**: Fan site / Wiki
- **registration**: Optional
- **owner**: Fandom, Fandom, Inc.
- **author**: Chad Barbry and Steven Greenwood
- **launch date**: March 4, 2005
- **current status**: Active with over 98,200 articles (as of November 12, 2012).
Chianti

**Chianti** is a kind of red wine. It is produced in Tuscany in the famous area of "Chianti" inside the provinces of Arezzo, Florence, Pisa, Pistoia, Prato and Sienna.

There are many types of Chianti:
- **Chianti** is a really famous red wine. It is put into a "fiasco", a traditional Italian straw-covered wine bottle.
- **Chianti Classico** a kind of Chianti. It is proteced by the Italian laws and can only be made in the provinces of Florence and Siena.
- **Chianti Colli Aretini** a kind of Chianti made only in the Arezzo area.
- **Chianti Colli Fiorentini ** a kind of Chianti made only in the Florence area.
- **Chianti Colline Pisane** a kind of Chianti made only in the Pisa area.
- **Chianti Colli Senesi** a kind of Chianti made only in the Siena area.
- **Chianti Montalbano**a kind of Chianti made only in the areas of Prato, Florence and Pistoia.
- **Chianti Montespertoli** another kind of Chianti made near Florence
- **Chianti Rùfina** a kind of Chianti, first made in the area of "Rufina", near Florence
- **Chianti Superiore** a special Chianti, made in Arezzo, Florence, Pisa, Pistoia and Siena. This Chianti is costs more than others kinds of Chianti.
- **Vin Santo del Chianti** a kind of sweet wine. It is made in the areas of Arezzo, Florence, Pisa, Pistoia, Prato and Siena
- **Vin Santo del Chianti Classico** a kind of sweet wine made only in the areas of Florence and Siena
Maxïmo Park

**Maxïmo Park** (sometimes spelled **Maximo Park**) are an English indie rock band who formed in 2000.

## History

Maxïmo Park formed in 2000 (with frontman Paul Smith coming from Billingham in Teesside). To Start off with, the four founding members played only a little amount small shows, with Archis Tiku on vocals, constantly switching the instruments he played. Almost about to split up, but instead they decided to look for somebody else to sing vocals. Singer Paul Smith was discovered by the then-girlfriend of drummer Tom English in a pub while he was singing along to a Stevie Wonder song. Having found someone with a stage presence, they started to write their first songs together, all despite the fact that the frontman never imagined himself as a frontman of a band. Paul Smith had never sung on stage before.

Around March 2004, a friend of the band's paid for 300 copies of a 7" red vinyl single "Graffiti" and later released a vinyl of their tracks ("The Coast Is Always Changing"/"The Night I Lost My Head") that they’d recorded in their house in Fenham. After some time of doing shows around their home town, Steve Beckett of the dance-electronic label Warp Records found one of these records and decided to sign Maxïmo Park to his record label.

## Members

- Tom English – drums
- Duncan Lloyd – guitar
- Paul Smith – vocals
- Archis Tiku – bass
- Lukas Wooller – keyboard

### Albums

- _A Certain Trigger_

- _Missing Songs_

- _Our Earthly Pleasures_

## Other websites

- Maxïmo Park official website
- Maxïmo Park MySpace
- An acoustic session for Vox podcast
- Karaoke Plays Review
- Maximo Park, Newcastle 15th Dec 07 Review

### Interviews

- The Scenestar Maxïmo Park Interview July 2007
- Interview by Alexander Laurence (The Portable Infinite 2006)
- Die Klangschau: 15 Songs chosen by Maxïmo Park  and interview
- Maximo Park video interview with stv/music, June 2007
- Video interview with Paul from Maximo Park
- **SUPERSWEET interview**
- Interview by Natalie Shaw for Clash Magazine

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Maxïmo Park
- **image**: Maxïmo Park - Radio 1's One Big Weekend 2005.jpg
- **caption**: Maxïmo Park in 2005
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle, England
- **genre**: Indie rock
Post-punk revival
- **years active**: 2000–present
- **label**: Warp Records
- **url**: [http://www.maximopark.com/ www.maximopark.com]
- **current members**: Paul Smith (singer), Paul Smith
Duncan Lloyd
Archis Tiku
Lukas Wooller
Tom English
Math rock

**Math rock** is a guitar-based style of indie rock which has complex rhythms. This genre started in the late 1980s. A closely-related genre is post-rock. Some of the same bands might be called both. Post-rock is usually characterized by a stronger jazz influence.

## Infobox (music genre)

- **name**: Math rock
- **bgcolor**: crimson
- **color**: white
- **cultural origins**: Late 1980s
United States, Japan
- **popularity**: In underground circles in the late 1980s and early to mid 1990s
- **derivatives**: Mathcore
- **subgenrelist**: :Category:Math rock
Middle Kingdom of Egypt

The **Middle Kingdom** is the period in the history of ancient Egypt stretching from the establishment of the Eleventh Dynasty to the end of the Fourteenth Dynasty, roughly between 2030 BC and 1640 BC.

The period had two phases, the 11th Dynasty, which ruled from Thebes and the 12th and the following dynasties which revolved around el-Lisht. These two dynasties were originally considered to be the full extent of this unified kingdom, but historians now  consider the 13th Dynasty to at least partially belong to the Middle Kingdom.

### Further reading

- W. Grajetzki, <cite>The Middle Kingdom of Ancient Egypt: History,Archaeology and Society</cite>, Duckworth, London 2006

he:היסטוריה של מצרים העתיקה
Thebes, Egypt

**Thebes** (, _Thēbai_) was a city in Ancient Egypt about 800 km south of the Mediterranean Sea, on the east bank of the river Nile (). It was the capital of _Waset,_ the fourth Upper Egyptian nome.

## Sources

- Gauthier, Henri. 1925–1931. _Dictionnaire des noms géographiques contenus dans les textes hiéroglyphiques_. Vol. 3 of 7 vols. Cairo: Imprimerie de l’Institut français d’archéologie orientale du Caire. (Reprinted Osnabrück: Otto Zeller Verlag, 1975). 75, 76.
- Polz, Daniel C. 2001. "Thebes". In _The Oxford Encyclopedia of ancient Egypt_, edited by Donald Bruce Redford. Vol. 3 of  3 vols. Oxford, New York, and Cairo: Oxford University Press and The American University in Cairo Press. 384–388.
- Redford, Donald Bruce. 1992. "Thebes". In _The Anchor Bible Dictionary_, edited by David Noel Freedman. Vol. 6 of 6 vols. New York: Doubleday. 442–443.  (6-volume set)
- Strudwick, Nigel C., & Strudwick, Helen, _Thebes in Egypt: A Guide to the Tombs and Temples of Ancient Luxor_. London: British Museum Press, 1999,  (hardcover)/ (paperback)

## Other websites

- Theban Mapping Project
- Ancient Thebes Digital Media Archive (photos, laser scans, panoramas)

## Infobox (ancient site)

- **name**: Thebes
- **native name**: Waset
Θῆβαι
- **image**: Thebes, Luxor, Egypt, Medinet Habu.jpg
- **map type**: Egypt
- **location**: Luxor, Luxor Governorate, Egypt
- **region**: Upper Egypt
- **type**: Settlement
- **designation1**: WHS
- **designation1 offname**: Ancient Thebes with its Necropolis
- **designation1 type**: Cultural
- **designation1 criteria**: I, III, VI
- **designation1 date**: 1979 (3rd World Heritage Committee, session)
- **designation1 number**: [http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/87 87]
- **designation1 free1name**: Region
- **designation1 free1value**: List of World Heritage Sites in the Arab States, Arab States
Musicology

**Musicology** means the study of music by a scholar. A scholar is an academic person, often a professor or lecturer at a university.  Someone who studies musicology is a **Musicologist**.

Musicologists study all kinds of music. They study the history of music and learn about all the composers and how they developed their ideas and learned from one another. They can do this by studying music scores, or by looking for historical documents which tell us about musicians from the past. Musicologists may also study the philosophy of music (thinking about what music means).

They write articles in musical journals or books on music. This can help us to know and understand more about the music we play or listen to.

## Related pages

- Acoustics
- Music school
- Music theory
Armenian–Tatar massacres of 1905–1906

The **Armenian-Tatar massacres** (also known as the **Armenian Tatar War** and the **Armeno-Tatar War**) refers to the ethnic fight between the Armenians and the Caucasian Tartars (modern Azeris) in the Caucasus in 1905–1906.

The massacres started during the Russian Revolution of 1905. Hundreds of people were killed. The most violent fights happened in 1905 in February in Baku, in May in Nakhichevan, in August in Shusha and in November in Ganja.
C-pop

**C-pop** is short for **Chinese popular music** (). Most of today's C-pop artists are from Hong Kong, Taiwan and mainland China, as well as from other countries where Mandarin or Cantonese languages are used, such as Singapore and Malaysia. However, Taiwanese music has some origins from the Japanese enka so Taiwanese pop is sometimes said to be a different genre from C-Pop.

## Cantonese pop

**Cantonese pop**, or colloquially known as **Cantopop**, is a subgenre of C-pop, sung in Cantonese language. Most Hong Kong-born singers start off as Cantonese pop singers before starting a career as a Mandarin pop singer. Cantonese pop artists include:

- Aaron Kwok
- Andy Lau
- Candy Lo
- CoCo Lee
- Jacky Cheung
- Leon Lai
- Alan Tam
- Leslie Cheung
- Samuel Hui
- Priscilla Chan
- Joseph Koo

### The Four Heavenly Kings

"The Four Heavenly Kings" of Cantonese pop are Leon Lai, Andy Lau, Aaron Kwok and Jacky Cheung.

In the early 1990s, many major Cantonese pop stars (such as Alan Tam, Leslie Cheung, Samuel Hui, Priscilla Chan and Joseph Koo) decided to retire because of the protests in China in 1989. Cantonese pop needed new talent to fill the gaps left by these retired stars, this led to the beginning of "the Four Heavenly Kings" or "四大天王" (_lit._ Four Great Kings of Heaven): Jacky Jeung, Andy Lau, Aaron Kwok and Leon Lai. They were dominating the media in all forms, from magazines, TV, cinema to music.

## Mandarin pop

**Mandarin pop** () is a subgenre of C-pop. Also known as **Mandopop** and **Mandapop**, Mandarin pop songs are performed in Mandarin. Most Cantonese pop stars also expand their music career into the Mandarin pop scene.

## Other websites

- Chinese Music Blog  - Chinese music online community providing Chinese music discussion, album review, lyrics translation and romanization for non-Chinese speakers.
- C-Pop Fantasie  - Online resource for c-pop, providing lyrics, downloads, video shows, and more.
2005 German federal election

The **election of the German Federal** Diet _(Bundestag)_ **2005** took place on 18 September 2005.

|style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=left rowspan=2 colspan="2" valign=top|Parties|style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=center colspan="5"|Constituency|style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=center colspan="5"|Party list|style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=center colspan="5"|Total seats||||||||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|bgcolor= width=3||align=left|Christian Democratic Union ) (_Christlich-Demokratische Union_)|15,390,950|32.6|+0.6|106|+24|13,136,740|27.8|-1.7|74|-34|180|-10|29.3|
|bgcolor="#000088"||align=left|Christian Social Union of Bavaria ) (_Christlich Soziale Union in Bayern_)|3,889,990|8.2|-0.8|44|+1|3,494,309|7.4|-1.6|2|-13|46|-12|7.5|
|bgcolor=||align=left|Social Democratic Party of Germany (_Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands_)|18,129,100|38.4|-3.5|145|-26|16,194,665|34.2|-4.3|77|-3|222|-29|36.2|
|bgcolor=||align=left|Free Democratic Party (_Freie Demokratische Partei_)|2,208,531|4.7|+1.1|0|0|4,648,144|9.8|+2.5|61|+14|61|+14|9.9|
|bgcolor=||align=left|The Left Party.PDS (_Die Linkspartei.PDS_), since 2007: The Left (_Die Linke_)|3,764,168|8.0|+3.6|3|+1|4,118,194|8.7|+4.7|51|+51|54|+52|8.8|
|bgcolor=||align=left|Alliance '90/The Greens (_Bündnis '90/Die Grünen_)|2,538,913|5.4|-0.2|1|0|3,838,326|8.1|-0.5|50|-4|51|-4|8.3|
|bgcolor=||align=left|National Democratic Party of Germany (_Nationaldemokratische Partei Deutschlands_)|857,777|1.8|+1.6|0|0|748,568|1.6|+1.2|0|0|0|0|0.0|
|bgcolor="darkgray"||align=left|Other|1,272,410|2.7|–|0|0|1,857,610|4.0|–|0|0|0|0|–|
|47,194,062|100|–|299|–|47,287,988|100|–|315|+11|614|+11|100|||||
Mudra

In Indian religions, a **mudra** (Sanskrit, literally "seal") is a gesture made with the hand or fingers.  Along with _asanas_ (body postures), they are used in yoga.  Each mudra has a meaning. They are a central part of Hindu iconography. Mudras are also used in Buddhism. There are  hand gestures in both Hindu and Buddhist iconography. An example would be the outward-facing open palm known as _Abhay_ (without fear) mudra, a gesture meant to dispel fear.

## References

- Originally published 1985, Routledge & Kegan Paul plc, London.

## Other websites

- Mudras Photo Gallery
- Mudras in Buddhism
Styrene

**Styrene** is a certain organic chemical compound having the chemical formula C<sub>8</sub>H<sub>8</sub>. Its chemical structure is made up of a vinyl group bonded onto a benzene ring. This benzene ring makes styrene an aromatic compound. At room temperature and pressure, styrene is a clear, colorless liquid. Other names for styrene can be _styrol_, _vinylbenzene_, _phenylethene_, or _phenylethylene_.

## Uses

Styrene is used in polymer chemistry as a monomer.  This means many styrene molecules can bond together to make a larger molecule called polystyrene. Polystyrene is a kind of polymer often used as a plastic. This kind of chemical reaction is called polymerization.

Styrene can also bond with other kinds of monomers to make other kinds of polymers called _copolymers_. For one example, styrene has been mixed with another monomer called 1,3-butadiene to make a copolymer which is a kind of synthetic rubber. For another example, styrene is mixed with acrylonitrile and 1,3-butadiene to make a copolymer plastic called ABS (**A**crylonitrile-**B**utadiene-**S**tyrene).

## Production

In industry, styrene is made from ethylbenzene by this chemical reaction:

This kind of reaction is called dehydrogenation. Hydrogen is also made by this reaction..
Para Para Sakura

***Para Para Sakura*** is a 2001 romance-comedy movie directed by Jingle Ma, starring Aaron Kwok and Cecilia Cheung. It was filmed and produced in Hong Kong. It runs for 107 minutes and is in the language Cantonese.

## Plot Outline

Kwok plays the role of Phillip Wong, a colour-blind dance instructor who holds a class devoted to the latest dance craze, the Japanese Para Para. While in Shanghai, Phillip meets Yee (Cheung), a spoiled rich girl who is running away from her up-coming arranged marriage. Soon, Yee begins using Phillip's dance studio as a sanctuary from her responsibilities, and an attraction begins to form between the two. However, Yee is called back to Japan to be married before long, and Phillip must use more than his dance skills and charisma to prevent her from taking her vows.

## Cast and Credits

- Aaron Kwok --- Kam-Shing "Phillip" Wong
- Cecilia Cheung --- Yuriko "Yee"
- Ah Niu --- Henry Ko
- Niu Tien --- Yamfeifei, Yuriko's Mother
- Kazuhiko Nishimura	--- Shunichi Kukukawa

## Sources

- http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/309054/Para-Para-Sakura/
- http://au.rottentomatoes.com/m/para_para_sakura/about.php
- http://movies.yahoo.com/movie/1807634811/details

## Infobox (name module)

- **traditional**: 芭啦芭啦樱之花
- **simplified**: 芭啦芭啦樱之花
- **pinyin**: Bā La Bā La Yīng Zhī Huā
- **jyutping**: Baa1 Laa1 Baa1 Laa1 Jing1 Zi1 Faa1


## Infobox (film)

- **name**: Para Para Sakura
- **director**: Jingle Ma
- **producer**: Li Zhu-an
David Chan
Kyo Sasaki
Patricia Chong
- **writer**: Susan Chan
- **starring**: Aaron Kwok
Cecilia Cheung
Ah Niu
Tien Niu
Kazuhiko Nishimura
- **music**: Peter Kam
- **cinematography**: Okukawa Akira
Jingle Ma
Chan Kwok-Hung
- **editing**: Kwong Chi-leung
- **studio**: Golden Harvest Company
Red on Red Productions
Tianshan Film Studio
- **distributor**: Golden Harvest Company
- **runtime**: 107 minutes
- **country**: Hong Kong
- **language**: Cantonese
- **gross**: HK$6,840,818
Nyingma

**Nyingma** is the name of one of the four major schools of Tibetan Buddhism. It is th oldest school of Tibetan Buddhism and was founded by the Gandharan monk, Padmasambhava. The word "Nyingma" means "ancient". Nyingma followers see themselves as holding the oldest teachings of Vajrayana. Some of these teachings can be found in the local Bön religion of Tibet.

Notable modern Nyingma teachers include Kyabje Dudjom Rinpoche (c. 1904–1987), Sogyal Rinpoche, Dilgo Khyentse Rinpoche, Khenpo Choga Rinpoche, filmmaker Khyentse Norbu (also known as Dzongsar Jamyang Khyentse Rinpoche), and Penor Rinpoche.
Svecchachara

**Svecchachara** is the Sanskrit equivalent of the Greek word Thelema, interpreted by Aleister Crowley as "Do What Thou Wilt."

In the first volume of the TWILIGHT YOGA, _Ecstasy, Equipoise, and Eternity_, Shri Gurudev Mahendranath wrote,

- Sveccha means one's own wish or free will. **Svecchachara** means a way of life where one acts as one wishes and does what is right in one's own eyes. Doing one's own Will. The concluding Sanskrit expression in the Avadhoota Upanishad is "Svecchachara Paro."

- The term "Paro" means a mysterious or secret pattern to that action done by one's own Will. In other words, we do our Will but with discretion, not making it too obvious, nor to harm or hurt other people. Yet this is also a typical Nathism; a complete reversal of Vedic morals and philosophy.

## References

- Free Encyclopedia of Thelema . Svecchachara . Retrieved March 5, 2005.
- Mahendranath, Shri Gurudev. Ecstasy, Equipoise, and Eternity . Retrieved Oct. 15, 2004.
Ole Nydahl

**Ole Nydahl** (born 19 March 1941 in Copenhagen, Denmark) is the founder and leader of Diamond Way Buddhism, an organisation in the Karma Kagyu school of Tibetan Buddhism. Since the 1970s he has travelled the world teaching and founding meditation centres.

## Teachers

Ole Nydahl’s first teacher was the Drukpa-Kagyu master Lopon Tsechu Rinpoche. In December 1969, Ole Nydahl and his late wife, Hannah Nydahl met the 16th Karmapa, Rangjung Rigpe Dorje, a renowned yogi and the head of the Karma Kagyu lineage. They were among the first Western students of the 16th Karmapa. Ole Nydahl is also a student of Shamar Rinpoche.

## Bibliography

Ole Nydahl has written several books in either English or German which have been translated into several European languages.

Most popular English titles:
- _Ngondro: The Four Foundational Practices of Tibetan Buddhism_. Blue Dolphin Publishing (1990).
- _Riding the Tiger: Twenty Years on the Road - Risks and Joys of Bringing Tibetan Buddhism to the West_. Blue Dolphin Publishing (1992).
- _Entering the Diamond Way: Tibetan Buddhism meets the West_. Blue Dolphin Publishing (1999).
- _The Great Seal: Limitless Space and Joy - The Mahamudra View of Diamond Way Buddhism_. Fire Wheel Publishing (2004).
- _The Way Things Are: A Living Approach to Buddhism_. John Hunt Publishing (2007).

## Other websites

- Personal web page, including teaching schedule
- Diamond Way Buddhism
- Parachute accident -- Asia Times Online
- Photographs of Ole Nydahl Teaching

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: Portrait of Lama Ole Nydahl.jpg
- **caption**: Nydahl 2010
- **honorific prefix**: Lama
- **name**: Ole Nydahl
- **birth place**: Copenhagen, Denmark
- **nationality**: Danish
- **organization**: Diamond Way Buddhism
- **title**: Lama
Tank (Taiwanese singer)

**Tank** (real name 呂建中 Lǚ Jiàn Zhōng, born February 6, 1982) is a Taiwanese singer-songwriter.  He is currently signed to HIM International Music, which also manages famous singers and groups like S.H.E, Fahrenheit and Power Station. Tank's first album, _Fighting 生存之道_ was released on 23 February 2006.

## Early life

Tank was born in Taitung, Taiwan. He is an aboriginal Taiwanese. Before releasing his debut album, Tank helped write songs for Vic Zhou and S.H.E, among many other famous C-Pop artists. By the age of 21, he was already well known for composing more than 200 songs.

He bloomed into fame when two songs he composed, _三國戀_ (_Romance of Three Kingdoms_) and _給我你的愛_ (_Give Me Your Love_), were used as theme songs for Taiwanese TV shows. Another song, titled as _千年淚_, was used as an ending theme for the drama serial 天外飛仙. His second album _Keep Fighting!_ (_延長比賽_) was released on 19 January 2007. His single, _My Angel_, was used for an ending theme of romantic comedy series Hana Kimi.

## Discorgaphy

Tanks has released two albums.

|Title|Release date|Record label|Language||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|_Fighting_|生存之道|24 February 2006|HIM International Music|Mandarin|
|_Keep Fighting_|延長比賽|19 January 2007|HIM International Music|Mandarin|
Tank is currently writing his third album. It is set to be released later in 2008

## References

- Official Site
- Official Blog
- Tank Lyrics

## Infobox (chinese)

- **child**: yes
- **p**: Lǚ Jiànzhōng


## Infobox (musical artist)

- **embed**: yes
- **background**: temporary
- **genre**: Mandopop, acoustic rock
- **instrument**: Piano, guitar
- **label**: HIM International Music <small>(2006–present)</small>
Join Us Music ()
- **associated acts**: Fahrenheit , S.H.E , Ella Chen


## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Tank
- **image**: 2008 Nike+ Human Race in Taipei TANK Lu.jpg
- **caption**: Tank at the 2008 The Nike+ Human Race in Taipei
- **birth name**: Lü Jianzhong
- **birth place**: Taitung City, Taitung, Taiwan
- **occupation**: Singer-songwriter, music composer, record producer, guitarist, pianist
- **years active**: 2006–2012
- **spouse**: MerMer (m.2012, d.2014)
- **children**: Hua Hua (呂樺樺) b. May 2012
- **website**: [http://www.him.com.tw/artist/artist-mini-TANK.php www.him.com.tw]
Der Dativ ist dem Genitiv sein Tod

***Der Dativ ist dem Genitv sein Tod*** (German: _the dative case is the genitive case's death_) is a book series written by Bastian Sick which deals with doubtful cases of grammar, orthography, and punctuation. Because of that, the writer wants to fight against unthinking habit and what he believes to be a change to a lower state of the language. The book came from a collection of Zwiebelfisch-collumns of Bastian Sick, which appear weekly in the Spiegel Online. At present, the second and third volumes are available. The volumes are from one time to another at the top of book sales lists.

In several states of Germany, writings from the books have been officially recognized as teaching documents after Sick's foreword was used in Saarland in August 2005.

_Eats, Shoots & Leaves_ written by Lynne Truss is a book which in a similarly popular style discusses punctuation in English. In Sweden, a similar book, which is based on Lynne Truss' book, has come out, describing the interesting aspects of the Swedish pronunciation.

## Original Book Titles

- _Der Dativ ist dem Genitiv sein Tod – Ein Wegweiser durch den Irrgarten der deutschen Sprache._ Kiepenheuer und Witsch, Köln 2004,  (Hörbuch: )
- _Der Dativ ist dem Genitiv sein Tod, Folge 2 – Neues aus dem Irrgarten der deutschen Sprache._ Kiepenheuer und Witsch, Köln 2005,  (Hörbuch: )
- _Der Dativ ist dem Genitiv sein Tod. Folge 3. Noch mehr aus dem Irrgarten der deutschen Sprache._ Kiepenheuer und Witsch, Köln November 2006,  (Hörbuch: )