juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Treaty of Waitangi

The **Treaty of Waitangi**, , was a treaty that was signed on 6 February 1840 at Waitangi, New Zealand. It was signed by European settlers and by Māori chiefs. It is widely considered to be a founding document of New Zealand. The Treaty of Waitangi marked the start of the official domination of New Zealand by Great Britain. The legal status and modern relevance of the treaty has been at a disagreement for a long time.  The day on which the Treaty of Waitangi was signed, 6 February, is the National Day of New Zealand.

## Contents/Terms

The Treaty of Waitangi was created to establish some form of peace between the Maori people of New Zealand and the Pakeha peoples of various European empires. Many terms in the treaty grant the Maori people rights to land, both in matters of guardianship and of yield.

## Effects

After the Treaty of Waitangi was officially enacted, many disputes over peacekeeping between different ethnicities and cultures of New Zealand persisted; yet both the Maori people and the Pakeha peoples remained negatively affected by some issues. In recent times, some portions of the Treaty of Waitangi have been reviewed, possibly taking away some rights from both of the main ethnic groups of New Zealand.

## Related pages

- Treaty
- National Day

## Other websites

- Full Text of the Treaty of Waitangi in English and in Maori
Priscilla Morrill

**Priscilla Morrill** (June 4, 1927 – November 9, 1994) was an American actress. She was well known for playing Edie Grant on _The Mary Tyler Moore Show_. She also played Elaine Hogan on the TV show _Family_.

Morrill was born in Boston, Massachusetts. She died from complications of a kidney infection in Los Angeles at age 67.
Stuart Little (movie)

***Stuart Little*** is a 1999 American Family comedy movie. It was directed by Rob Minkoff and was produced by Douglas Wick. _Stuart Little_ was released on December 17, 1999. The movie is loosely based on the E. B. White novel, _Stuart Little_.

The movie gained positive reviews from critics and holds a 66% "Fresh" rating on Rotten Tomatoes. _Stuart Little_ was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Visual Effects, but it lost to _The Matrix_. The movie spawned a sequel in 2002 titled _Stuart Little 2_, a short-lived TV show _Stuart Little: The Animated Series_ in 2003, and another sequel in 2006, _Stuart Little 3: Call of the Wild_ which went direct-to-video.

The movie was both Estelle Getty's last movie before she retired in 2000 as well as her last movie before her death in 2008.

### Live action

- Geena Davis as Eleanor Little
- Hugh Laurie as Frederick Little
- Jonathan Lipnicki as George Little
- Jeffrey Jones as Uncle Crenshaw Little
- Connie Ray as Aunt Tina Little
- Allyce Beasley as Aunt Beatrice Little
- Brian Doyle-Murray as Cousin Edgar Little
- Estelle Getty as Grandma Estelle Little
- Harold Gould as Grandpa Spencer Little
- Patrick Thomas O'Brien as Uncle Stretch Little
- Stan Freberg as Race Announcer
- Jon Polito as Detective Sherman
- Jim Doughan as Detective Phil Allen
- Julia Sweeney as Mrs. Keeper, Head of the Orphanage
- Miles Marsico as Anton

### Voices

- Michael J. Fox as Stuart Little
- Chazz Palminteri as Smokey the Chief
- Nathan Lane as Snowbell
- Steve Zahn as Monty the Mouth
- David Alan Grier as Red
- Bruno Kirby as Reginald Stout
- Jennifer Tilly as Camille Stout
- Jim Doughan as Lucky

### Filming

Principal photography began on September 7, 1998, both on location in New York City and Central Park, and on soundstages at the Sony Pictures Studios in Culver City, California, where Stage 30 was converted into the set for the boat race scene and Stage 15 became the exterior of the 5th Avenue street on which the Little family lives. After twelve weeks, filming wrapped on December 16. The entire shoot was described as "smooth" and "enjoyable" by the crew members.

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: Stuart Little
- **director**: Rob Minkoff
- **producer**: Douglas Wick
- **screenplay**: M. Night Shyamalan
Greg Brooker (screenwriter), Greg Brooker
- **story**: _Stuart Little_ by E. B. White
- **starring**: Michael J. Fox
Chazz Palminteri
Nathan Lane
Geena Davis
Hugh Laurie
Alec Baldwin
Jonathan Lipnicki
Steve Zahn
- **music**: Alan Silvestri
- **cinematography**: Guillermo Navarro
- **editing**: Tom Finan
- **distributor**: Columbia Pictures
- **studio**: Franklin/Waterman Productions
Global Medien GK
- **released**: December 17, 1999
- **runtime**: 84 minutes
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **budget**: United States dollar, $133 million
- **gross**: $300,135,367
Insulated glazing

**Insulated glazing**, otherwise known as **double glazing** or **triple glazing**, refers to the layers of glass in a window. A double glazed window is two panes of glass (also called a lite) with a sealed air (or gas) space in the middle. The edges are sealed together with an air-tight spacer. This is used so that heat cannot escape through the air space by conduction or convection. Heat radiation is not affected as it can travel through a vacuum space. To increase the R-value of insulated windows are sealed with argon gas.
Louis Henri, Duke of Bourbon

**Louis Henri de Bourbon, Duke of Bourbon, Prince of Condé** (Louis Henri Joseph; 18 August 1692 – 27 January 1740) was head of the  Prince of Condé and a cousin of the then reigning House of Bourbon from 1710 to his death, and served as prime minister to his kinsman Louis XV from 1723 to 1726.

Despite succeeding as head of the House of Condé in 1709, he never used that name, preferring the title "Duke of Bourbon", and was known at court as _Monsieur le Duc_.  As a member of the reigning House of Bourbon, he was a _Prince of the blood_.

## Marriages and children

On 9 July 1713 at Versailles, he married Marie Anne de Bourbon who died in 1720. Marie Anne was the eldest daughter of Marie Thérèse de Bourbon and her husband, François Louis, Prince de Conti. The couple had no children.

Secondly on 23 July 1728 he married Caroline of Hesse-Rotenburg and they had one son;

1. Louis Joseph de Bourbon (9 August 1736 – 13 May 1818), who led the "Army of Condé" during the French Revolutionary Wars. He also married twice.

### Titles and styles

- **18 August 1692 – 4 March 1710**  _His Serene Highness_ the Duke of Enghien
- **4 March 1710 – 27 January 1740** _His Serene Highness_ the Duke of Bourbon (**"Monsieur le Duc**")

## Infobox (royalty)

- **name**: Louis Henri
- **title**: Prince of Condé
Duke of Bourbon
- **image**: Undated portrait painting of Louis Henri de Bourbon, Duke of Bourbon (1692-1740) wearing armour and the sash of the Order of the Holy Spirit by an unknown artist.jpg
- **caption**: The Duke of Bourbon wearing armour and the sash of the Order of the Holy Spirit by an unknown artist.
- **full name**: Louis Henri Joseph de Bourbon
- **royal house**: House of Bourbon, Bourbon
- **father**: Louis, Duke of Bourbon, Prince of Condé
- **mother**: Louise Françoise de Bourbon
- **issue**: Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé
- **spouse**: Marie Anne de Bourbon
 Caroline of Hesse-Rotenburg
- **birth place**: Palace of Versailles, France
- **death place**: Château of Chantilly, France
- **burial place**: Église Collégiale Saint-Martin, Montmorency
- **predecessor**: Philippe, Duke of Orléans, Regent of France, Philippe d'Orléans
- **successor**: André Hercule de Fleury
- **succession**: Prime Minister of France
- **reign1**: 2 December 1723 – 1726
- **religion**: Roman Catholicism
- **signature**: Signature of Louis Henri de Bourbon, Duke of Bourbon (Prince of Condé) at the baptism of the kings daughter (Henriette of France).png
Boethius

**Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius**, commonly called **Boethius** (; also **Boetius** ;  477 – 524 AD), was a Roman philosopher. He was from the important Roman Anicia family, which included the Roman Emperors Petronius Maximus and Olybrius. In 510 Boethius became consul in the kingdom of the Ostrogoths. He was put in prison and later executed, by King Theodoric the Great, who thought he was secretly working with the Byzantine Empire. In prison, Boethius wrote the Latin philosophy book Consolation of Philosophy. In the Middle Ages, it was a famous and important book.
Kristina Orbakaitė

**Kristina Orbakaitе** (, , born 25 May 1971), is a Russian singer and actress. She is the daughter of Russian pop star Alla Pugacheva and Lithuanian circus performer Mykolas Orbakas.

## Albums

- 1994 – Верность "Fidelity"
- 1996 – Ноль Часов, Ноль Минут "Zero Hours, Zero Minutes"
- 1998 – Ты "You"
- 1999 – Той Женщине, Которая... "To That Woman, Who.."
- 2000 – Май "May"
- 2001 – The Best
- 2001 – Remixes
- 2002 – Верь В Чудеса "Believe in Miracles"
- 2002 – Океан Любви "Ocean of Love"
- 2003 – Перелётная Птица "Wandering Bird"
- 2005 – My Life
- 2008 – Слышишь.. это я "Listen...it's me"
- 2009 – The Best Part 1 and Part 2
- 2011 – Поцелуй на бис "Encore Kiss"
- 2013 – Маски "Masks"

## Other websites

- Official Website of Kristina Orbakaite

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **embed**: yes
- **background**: solo_singer
- **associated acts**: Alla Pugacheva,
 Vladimir Presnyakov


## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Kristina Orbakaitė
- **image**: Kristina Orbakaite.jpg
- **image size**: 225px
- **caption**: Kristina Orbakaitė in 2017
- **birth name**: Kristina Orbakaite
<small>(Кристина Орбакайте)</small>
- **years active**: 1983-present
- **children**: 3
Tamara Gverdtsiteli

**Tamara "Tamriko" Gverdtsiteli** (, , born 18 January 1962 in Tbilisi) is a Georgian-Russian singer, actress and composer. She is a People's Artist of Ingushetia, Georgia (since 1991) and Russia (since 2004).

## Discography

- 1982 — Debyut. Tamara Gverdtsiteli (min'on)
- 1985 — Muzyka: poyot Tamara Gverdtsiteli
- 1992 — Tamara Gverdtsiteli poyot svoi pesni
- 1994 — Vivat, Korol'!
- 1996 — Spasibo, Muzyka, tebe!
- 2000 — Luchshiye pesni raznykh let
- 2001 — Posvyashcheniye Zhenshchine
- 2002 — Vivat, Lyubov', Vivat!
- 2002 — Mne vchera prisnilos' nebo
- 2003 — Izbrannoye
- 2004 — Muzyka — Khram Dushi
- 2008 — Vozdushnyy potseluy
- 2008 — MP3-al'bom «Izbrannoye»
- 2009 — The Best (2 CD)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **embed**: yes
- **background**: solo_singer


## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Tamara Gverdtsiteli
- **image**: Гвердцители, Тамара Михайловна Чуприна Вадим. А.jpg
- **image size**: 225px
- **birth name**: Tamara Mikhailovna Gverdtsiteli
- **years active**: 1972–present
- **children**: Alexander (Sandro) Kakhabrishvili (b. 1986)
Bellvale, California

**Bellvale** is a settlement in San Mateo County, California, located at .  The small community is on Highway 84 (La Honda Road) between San Gregorio and La Honda.  Bellvale is 240 feet above sea level.  Bellvale once had a post office, the community is now only sparsely settled with homes and farms.  The Bellvale post office, located 2.25 miles west of La Honda, opened in 1897 and was discontinued in 1922.
Bellvale

**Bellvale** may refer to:
- Bellvale, California, unincorporated community in San Mateo County, California
- Bellvale, New York, wooded hamlet in Warwick, New York
Interstellar

**Interstellar** means "in between the stars". It may refer to:

- Interstellar (movie)
- Interstellar medium
- Interstellar travel
Bellvale, New York

**Bellvale** is a wooded hamlet in the town of Warwick in Orange County, New York, United States. It was the site of an iron forge destroyed by British Army soldiers in 1750. Most of its homes and other structures date from before American independence.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Bellvale, New York
- **settlement type**: Hamlet (New York), Hamlet
- **pushpin map**: New York
- **pushpin label position**: Right
- **pushpin map caption**: Location of Bellvale in New York
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: New York (state), New York
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in New York, County
- **subdivision name2**: Orange County, New York, Orange
- **subdivision type3**: List of towns in New York, Town
- **subdivision name3**: Warwick, New York, Warwick
- **population as of**: United States Census, 2000, 2000
- **timezone**: Eastern Time Zone, Eastern (EST)
- **utc offset**: -5
- **timezone dst**: Eastern Time Zone, EDT
- **utc offset dst**: -4
- **elevation ft**: 640
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 10912
- **area code**: Area code 845, 845
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 942435
- **blank2 name**: Early name
- **blank2 info**: Wawayanda
Otra Cosa

***Otra Cosa*** ("Another Thing") is the fifth studio album by Mexican singer-songwriter Julieta Venegas. It was released worldwide on March 16, 2010.

## Track listing

**Otra Cosa Más - EP** <small> (Walmart Exclusive)(only US)</small>

- "Bien o mal"
- "Despedida"
- "Debajo de Mi Lengua"
- "Me Voy"
- "Andar Conmigo"
- "Limón y Sal"

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Otra Cosa
- **type**: Studio
- **artist**: Julieta Venegas
- **genre**: Latin pop,  folk rock, ranchera, pop rock
- **released**: March 16, 2010 <small>(worldwide)</small>
- **recorded**: 2009
Julieta Venegas' House
<small>(Mexico City, Mexico)</small>
Mondomix
<small>(Buenos Aires, Argentina)</small>
- **length**: 38:02
43.69 (LP)
- **producer**: Julieta Venegas and Cachorro López
- **language**: Spanish
- **label**: Sony Music Entertainment, Sony International
- **prev title**: MTV Unplugged (Julieta Venegas album), MTV Unplugged
- **prev year**: 2008
- **next title**: Los Momentos
- **next year**: 2013
Rooster Teeth

**Rooster Teeth Productions, LLC.** or **Rooster Teeth** is a movie making company in Austin, Texas, United States. It makes live action short videos, animated videos, video game animations, and voiced video game playing called _Let's Play_. The creator, Burnie Burns, made voice-over videos of Bungie Studios' big first-person shooter video game Halo: Combat Evolved. These videos led to the making of _Red vs. Blue_, an awarded funny science-fiction set of videos released on April 1, 2003. These are still being made, and its 12th season came out on April 28, 2014. Rooster Teeth also makes live-action short videos, funny game play under the name Achievement Hunter, making video games, and full animated videos such as RWBY. Rooster Teeth hosts its community meeting, RTX, yearly in Austin, Texas.

In 2015, Rooster Teeth released its large movie debut, _Lazer Team_, a science-fiction funny movie.

On March 6, 2024, it was announced that Rooster Teeth would shut down.

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: Rooster Teeth Productions, LLC.
- **type**: Subsidiary
- **foundation**: April 1, 2003
- **location**: Austin, Texas
- **founder**: Burnie Burns
Matt Hullum
Geoff Ramsey
Gus Sorola
Joel Heyman
- **key people**: Matt Hullum (CEO)
Yvonne Secretan (VP, Operations)
Burnie Burns (Creative Director)
- **industry**: Entertainment
- **parent**: Fullscreen (company), Fullscreen
- **homepage**: http://www.roosterteeth.com/
1980 Republican National Convention

The **1980 National Convention** of the Republican Party of the United States. It was held at the Joe Louis Arena in Detroit, Michigan. It took place from July 14 to July 17, 1980. The 32nd Republican National Convention nominated former Governor Ronald W. Reagan of California for President. It also nominated former congressman George H. W. Bush of Texas for Vice President.

## Other websites

- Ronald Reagan's nomination acceptance speech
1980 Republican Party presidential primaries

The **1980 Republican presidential primaries** were how voters of the Republican Party chose its nominee for President of the United States in the 1980 U.S. presidential election.

Former California Governor Ronald Reagan was selected as the nominee through a series of primary elections and caucuses which happened in the Republican National Convention held from July 14 to July 17, 1980, in Detroit, Michigan.

### Declined to run

The following potential candidates declined to run for the Republican nomination in 1980.

## Other websites

- . online review by Lou Cannon

## Infobox (election)

- **election name**: Republican Party presidential primaries, 1980
- **country**: United States
- **type**: primary
- **ongoing**: no
- **previous election**: Republican Party presidential primaries, 1976
- **previous year**: 1976
- **next election**: Republican Party presidential primaries, 1984
- **next year**: 1984
- **election date**: January 21 to June 3, 1980
- **image1**: Official Portrait of President Reagan 1981-cropped.jpg
- **image1 size**: x160px
- **candidate1**: **Ronald Reagan**
- **color1**: E35e5e
- **home state1**: California
- **states carried1**: **44**
- **popular vote1**: **7,709,793**
- **percentage1**: **59.8%**
- **image2**: George H. W. Bush official CIA portrait.jpg
- **image2 size**: x160px
- **candidate2**: George H. W. Bush
- **colour2**: 4997D0
- **home state2**: Texas
- **states carried2**: 7
- **popular vote2**: 3,070,033
- **percentage2**: 23.8%
- **image3**: John B. Anderson in New Jersey (cropped).jpg
- **image3 size**: x160px
- **candidate3**: John B. Anderson, John Anderson
- **colour3**: FFCC00
- **home state3**: Illinois
- **states carried3**: 0
- **popular vote3**: 1,572,174
- **percentage3**: 12.2%
- **map image**: 1980 Republican Party presidential primary results.png
- **map size**: 350px
- **map caption**: Red indicates a win by Reagan, blue a win by Bush, and black is uncommitted.
- **title**: Republican nominee
- **before election**: Gerald Ford
- **after election**: Ronald Reagan
1968 Republican Party presidential primaries

The **1968 Republican presidential primaries** were how voters of the Republican Party chose its nominee for President of the United States in the 1968 U.S. presidential election.

Former Vice President Richard Nixon was selected as the nominee through a series of primary elections and caucuses which happened in the 1968 Republican National Convention. It was held from August 5 to August 8, 1968, in Miami, Florida.

## Infobox (election)

- **election name**: Republican Party presidential primaries, 1968
- **country**: United States
- **type**: primary
- **ongoing**: no
- **previous election**: Republican Party presidential primaries, 1964
- **previous year**: 1964
- **next election**: Republican Party presidential primaries, 1972
- **next year**: 1972
- **election date**: March 12 to June 11, 1968
- **image1**: Richard Nixon portrait.jpg
- **candidate1**: ** Richard Nixon**
- **color1**: a59400
- **home state1**: California
- **states carried1**: **10**
- **popular vote1**: 1,679,443
- **percentage1**: 37.5%
- **image2**: Walter Knott and Ronald Reagan, 1969 (cropped).jpg
- **candidate2**: Ronald Reagan
- **color2**: 73638c
- **home state2**: California
- **states carried2**: 1
- **popular vote2**: **1,696,632**
- **percentage2**: **37.9%**
- **image4**: Jim Rhodes in Bettsville, Ohio October 15, 1981.jpg
- **candidate4**: Jim Rhodes
- **color4**: 668c63
- **home state4**: Ohio
- **states carried4**: 1
- **popular vote4**: 614,492
- **percentage4**: 13.7%
- **image5**: NelsonRockefeller.png
- **candidate5**: Nelson Rockefeller
- **color5**: 5d73e5
- **home state5**: New York (state), New York
- **states carried5**: 1
- **popular vote5**: 164,340
- **percentage5**: 3.7%
- **map image**: 1968RepublicanPresidentialPrimaries.svg
- **map size**: 350px
- **map caption**: <span style="color:#a59400">**Gold**</span> denotes a state won by Richard Nixon. <span style="color:#5d73e5">**Blue**</span> denotes a state won by Nelson Rockefeller. <span style="color:#668c63">**Green**</span> denotes a state won by James A. Rhodes. <span style="color:#73638c">**Purple**</span> denotes a state won by Ronald Reagan. <span style="color:#c1c1c1">**Grey**</span> denotes a state that did not hold a primary.
- **title**: Republican nominee
- **before election**: Barry Goldwater
- **after election**: Richard Nixon
1968 Republican National Convention

The **1968 National Convention** of the Republican Party of the United States was an event held in the Miami Beach Convention Center in Miami Beach, Dade County, Florida, from August 5 to 8, 1968. It was held to choose who would be the Republican Party's candidates for the 1968 United States presidential election. Richard Nixon was chosen for president, and Spiro Agnew was chosen for vice president.
1976 Republican Party presidential primaries

The **1976 Republican presidential primaries** were how voters of the Republican Party chose its nominee for President of the United States in the 1976 U.S. presidential election.

Current President Gerald Ford was selected as the nominee through a series of primary elections and caucuses which was held in the 1976 Republican National Convention. It was held from August 16 to August 19, 1976 in Kansas City, Missouri. The 1976 primary was the first Republican primary to hold primaries in every state, the Democrats held the first nationwide primary in 1972.

## Infobox (election)

- **election name**: Republican Party presidential primaries, 1976
- **country**: United States
- **type**: primary
- **ongoing**: no
- **previous election**: Republican Party presidential primaries, 1972
- **previous year**: 1972
- **next election**: Republican Party presidential primaries, 1980
- **next year**: 1980
- **election date**: January 19 to June 8, 1976
- **votes for election**: 2,259 delegates to the 1976 Republican National Convention, Republican National Convention
- **needed votes**: 1,130
- **image1**: Gerald Ford presidential portrait (cropped 2).jpg
- **image1 size**: x160px
- **candidate1**: **Gerald Ford**
- **colour1**: 4997D0
- **home state1**: Michigan
- **states carried1**: **17**
- **popular vote1**: **5,529,899**
- **percentage1**: **53.3%**
- **delegate count1**: **1,121**
- **image2**: Ronald Reagan, 14 May 1974 (cropped).jpg
- **image2 size**: x160px
- **candidate2**: Ronald Reagan
- **colour2**: E35e5e
- **home state2**: California
- **states carried2**: 11
- **popular vote2**: 4,760,222
- **percentage2**: 45.9%
- **delegate count2**: 1,078
- **map image**: Republican presidential primary results, 1976.svg
- **map size**: 350px
- **map caption**: **First place finishes by convention roll call**
- **title**: Republican nominee
- **before election**: Richard Nixon
- **after election**: Gerald Ford
1976 Republican National Convention

The **1976 Republican National Convention** was a United States political convention of the Republican Party that met from August 16 to August 19, 1976 to select the party's nominee for President.

It was held in Kemper Arena in Kansas City, Missouri, the convention nominated President Gerald R. Ford for a full term, but only after narrowly defeating a strong challenge from former California Governor Ronald W. Reagan.

The convention also nominated Senator Robert J. Dole of Kansas for Vice President, instead of Vice President Nelson Rockefeller.
1984 Republican Party presidential primaries

The **1984 Republican presidential primaries** were how voters of the Republican Party chose its nominee for President of the United States in the 1984 U.S. presidential election.

Current President Ronald Reagan was again selected as the nominee through a series of primary elections and caucuses which happened in the 1984 Republican National Convention. It was held from August 20 to August 23, 1984 in Dallas, Texas.

The primaries were uneventful as Reagan was bound to win the nomination because of his popularity within the party.

## Infobox (election)

- **election name**: Republican Party presidential primaries, 1984
- **country**: United States
- **type**: primary
- **ongoing**: no
- **previous election**: Republican Party presidential primaries, 1980
- **previous year**: 1980
- **next election**: Republican Party presidential primaries, 1988
- **next year**: 1988
- **election date**: February 20 to July 1, 1984
- **image1**: Ronald Reagan 1985 presidential portrait 3x4.jpg
- **image size**: x160px
- **candidate1**: **Ronald Reagan**
- **color1**: FF3333
- **home state1**: California
- **states carried1**: **51**
- **popular vote1**: **6,484,987 **
- **percentage1**: **98.8%**
- **image2**: File:Harold Stassen 1980.jpg
- **candidate2**: Harold Stassen
- **color2**: 800080
- **home state2**: Minnesota
- **states carried2**: 0
- **popular vote2**: 12,749
- **percentage2**: 0.19%
- **title**: Republican nominee
- **before election**: Ronald Reagan
- **after election**: Ronald Reagan
- **map image**:
1984 Republican National Convention

The **1984 National Convention** of the Republican Party of the United States. It was held on August 20 to August 23, 1984, at Dallas Convention Center in downtown Dallas, Texas. The convention nominated President Ronald W. Reagan and  Vice President George H. W. Bush for reelection.

## Other websites

- CNN: Address on Foreign Policy delivered August 20 by Jeane Kirkpatrick, Ambassador to the United Nations
- C-SPAN: [rtsp://video.c-span.org/project/c04/c04072904_reagan84.rm Acceptance Speech] delivered August 23 by President Reagan
1992 Republican National Convention

The **1992 National Convention** of the Republican Party (GOP) of the United States was held in the Astrodome in Houston, Texas, from August 17 to August 20, 1992. The convention nominated President George H. W. Bush, and Vice President Dan Quayle for reelection. Former president Ronald Reagan made one of his last speeches at the convention.
Juke Girl

***Juke Girl*** is a 1942 American crime drama mystery movie directed by Curtis Bernhardt. It stars Ann Sheridan and Ronald Reagan. It is set in Florida. It was released on May 30, 1942.
The Marrying Man

***The Marrying Man*** (also known as _Too Hot to Handle_) is a 1991 American romantic comedy movie released by Hollywood Pictures. Kim Basinger plays Vicki. Alec Baldwin plays Charley. Elisabeth Shue plays Adele.

The movie received poor reviews from the critics. Basinger earned a Golden Raspberry Award nomination for Worst Actress.
Jungle Fever

***Jungle Fever*** is a 1991 American romance-drama movie set in New York City. This movie is about interracial romance and drug addiction. Wesley Snipes plays Flipper, a married African American architect who has an affair with Italian American Angie, played by Annabella Sciorra. Ruby Dee plays Flipper's mother Mrs Purify. Ossie Davis plays Flipper's father The Good Reverend Doctor. Samuel L. Jackson plays crack cocaine addict Gator. Halle Berry plays Gator's girlfriend Vivian.

This movie got mostly positive reviews from critics.
Raymond Martin (cyclist)

**Raymond Martin** (born 22 May 1949) is a French retired professional cyclist. In the 1980 Tour de France he finished third overall and won the Polka dot jersey for being the best climber. He also competed in the individual road race at the 1972 Summer Olympics.

## Palmarès

- 1972
- National Amateur Road Race Championship
- 1974
- GP Ouest-France
- Lescouet-Jugon
- Route Niveroise
- 1975
- Paris–Camembert
- 1978
- Grand Prix de Plumelec-Morbihan
- Josselin
- 1979
- Paris–Camembert
- 1980
- Agon-Coutainville
- Lescouet-Jugon
- Trophée des Grimpeurs
- 1980 Tour de France:
    - Winner stage 13
    - Winner mountains classification
    - 3rd place overall classification
- 1982
- 1982 Tour de France:
    - 8th place overall classification

## Other websites

- Official Tour de France results for Raymond Martin (cyclist)

## Infobox (cyclist)

- **name**: Raymond Martin
- **image**: Raymond Martin - Tour 1976.jpg
- **full name**: Raymond Martin
- **birth place**: Saint-Pierre-du-Regard, France
- **currentteam**: Retired
- **discipline**: Road
- **role**: Rider
- **proyears1**: 1973
- **proteam1**: Gitane-Frigécrème
- **proyears2**: 1974
- **proteam2**: Sonolor-Gitane
- **proyears3**: 1975–1976
- **proteam3**: Gitane-Campagnolo
- **proyears4**: 1977–1981
- **proteam4**: Miko-Mercier
- **proyears5**: 1982–1983
- **proteam5**: Coop-Mercier
- **majorwins**: **Grand Tour (cycling), Grand Tours**
:**Tour de France**
::Mountains classification in the Tour de France, Mountains Classification (1980 Tour de France, 1980)
::1 individual stage (1980 Tour de France, 1980)
Bret Easton Ellis

**Bret Easton Ellis** (born March 7, 1964) is an American writer.

Ellis was born in Los Angeles, California to rich parents. He was raised in Sherman Oaks, Los Angeles. He attended schools for the rich and famous. He also attended Bennington College.

His first novel was _Less Than Zero_ in 1985. His next novel was _The Rules of Attraction_ in 1987.

Ellis's third novel was _American Psycho_ in 1991. It made him famous. In 1998, it was still selling 25,000 copies a year. The book's hero is an investment banker and sadistic serial killer named Patrick Bateman. His violent acts are described in detail. The Los Angeles chapter of the National Organization for Women (NOW) called for a boycott of the book. NOW described it as "a how-to novel on the torture and dismemberment of women". Easton's publisher Simon and Schuster ended their contract with Ellis. Vintage Press bought and published the book. Ellis got several death threats,  but the book sold well. The novel was made into a movie in 2000. Christian Bale played the lead role.

In 1994, Easton's book of 13 related short stories, _The Informers_, was published. The stories were set in Los Angeles. _Glamorama_ was published in 1998. _Lunar Park_ was published in 2005.

## Bibliography

- _Less Than Zero_ (1985)
- _The Rules of Attraction_ (1987)
- _American Psycho_ (1991)
- _The Informers_ (linked short stories, 1994)
- _Glamorama_ (1998)
- _Lunar Park_ (2005)
- _The Shards_ (2023, see shard)
Santander

**Santander** may refer to:

## Geography

- Santander, Spain, the original place with this name, a port city and capital of Cantabria, Spain
- Norte de Santander, a department of Colombia
    - Puerto Santander, a municipality in the Norte de Santander Department of Colombia
- Santander Department, a department of Colombia
- Santander de Quilichao, a municipality in the Cauca Department of Colombia
- Santander, Cebu, a municipality in the province of Cebu, Philippines

## Banking

- Grupo Santander, a Spanish banking group
Santander, Spain

**Santander** (; ) is a city on the north coast of Spain. It is the capital of the autonomous community of Cantabria. As of 2013, 178,465 people lived there.

Santander has an oceanic climate (_Cfb_ in the Koeppen climate classification).

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Santander
- **settlement type**: Municipalities of Spain, Municipality
- **image skyline**: Mosaico Santander.jpg
- **image alt**: 220px
- **image caption**: Top left: Assumption of the Virgin Mary Cathedral, Top right: Santander City Hall in Calle de los Escalantes, Middle left: Palacete del Embarcadero, Middle right: View of Sardinero Beach and Magdalena Palace, Bottom left: Cape Mayor Lighthouse, Bottom right: View of a ferry leave from Santander in Magdalena Peninsula
- **image flag**: Santander.svg
- **image shield**: Coat of Arms of Santander (Spain).svg
- **image map**: Santander (Cantabria) Mapa.svg
- **map caption**: Location of Santander in Cantabria.
- **pushpin map**: Spain
- **pushpin map caption**: Location of Santander, Cantabria, Spain
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Spain
- **subdivision type1**: Autonomous communities of Spain, Autonomous community
- **subdivision name1**: Cantabria
- **subdivision type2**: Provinces of Spain, Province
- **subdivision name2**: Cantabria
- **subdivision type3**: Comarcas of Spain, Comarca
- **subdivision name3**: Bay of Santander
- **subdivision type4**: Judicial district
- **subdivision name4**: **Santander**
- **seat type**: Capital (political), Capital
- **seat**: **Santander**
- **coordinates**: title
- **elevation m**: 15
- **elevation min m**: 0
- **elevation max m**: 108
- **area total km2**: 35
- **established title**: Founded
- **established date**: 26 BC, as _Portus Victoriae Iuliobrigensium_ 9 January 1755, granting the title of city
- **population total**: 178,465
- **population as of**: 2013
- **population demonym**: Santanderino/a, santanderense, pejino/a, chani
- **population density km2**: auto
- **blank name sec1**: Languages of Spain, Official language(s)
- **blank info sec1**: Spanish
- **timezone**: Central European Time, CET
- **utc offset**: +1
- **timezone dst**: Central European Summer Time, CEST
- **utc offset dst**: +2
- **postal code type**: List of postal codes in Spain, Postal code
- **postal code**: 39001-39012
- **area code type**: Telephone numbers in Spain, Dialing code
- **leader title**: Alcalde
- **leader name**: Íñigo de la Serna (2007)
- **leader party**: People's Party (Spain), PP
Penagos

**Penagos** is a municipality in the Province of Cantabria, in Cantabria, Spain.

It has an area of 31.67 km² and a population of 2,167 people.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Penagos
- **settlement type**: Municipalities of Spain, Municipality
- **imagesize**: 265px
- **image seal**: Escudo de Penagos (Cantabria).svg
- **pushpin map**: Spain#Spain Cantabria
- **pushpin mapsize**: 265px
- **pushpin relief**: yes
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: Autonomous communities of Spain, A. community
- **subdivision type2**: Provinces of Spain, Province
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Juan Carlos Lavín
- **area total km2**: 31.67
- **population total**: 2,167
- **population as of**: January 1, 2021
- **population density km2**: 68.42
- **utc offset**: +01:00
- **postal code type**: Postal code
- **postal code**: 39627
- **blank name sec2**: Community Identification Number, MCN
- **blank info sec2**: 39048
Clean Bandit

**Clean Bandit** is a British electronic group. They were formed in Cambridge, England in 2008.

## Band members

- Jack Patterson – bass guitar, keyboard, vocals
- Luke Patterson – drums
- Grace Chatto – cello, vocals

### Past band members

- Ssegawa-Ssekintu Kiwanuka (2008–2010) – vocals
- Neil Amin-Smith – violin, piano

### Albums

- _New Eyes_ (2014)

### Singles

- "A+E" (featuring Kandaka Moore and Nikki Cislyn) (2012)
- "Mozart's House" (featuring Love Ssega) (2013)
- "Dust Clears" (featuring Noonie Bao) (2013)
- "Rather Be" (featuring Jess Glynne) (2014)
- "Extraordinary" (featuring Sharna Bass)	(2014)
- "Come Over" (featuring Stylo G) (2014)
- "Real Love" (with Jess Glynne) 2014
- Rockabye (featuring Sean Paul & Anne-Marie) (2016)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Clean Bandit
- **image**: Clean Bandit.jpg
- **landscape**: yes
- **caption**: Clean Bandit performing in 2013.
- **years active**: 2008–present
- **current members**: * Jack Patterson
* Luke Patterson
* Grace Chatto
- **past members**: * Ssegawa-Ssekintu Kiwanuka
* Neil Amin-Smith
- **origin**: Cambridge, England, United Kingdom
- **background**: group_or_band
New Blood Rising

**New Blood Rising** was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by World Championship Wrestling (WCW). It was held on August 13, 2000 at Pacific Coliseum in Vancouver, British Columbia. New Blood Rising replaced Road Wild as WCW's August pay-per-view. The pay-per-view's name is a reference to the New Blood stable in WCW.

## Matches

|style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|**#**|style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|**Matches**|style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|**Stipulations**|style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|**Times**|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1|3 Count (Evan Karagias, Shannon Moore, and Shane Helms) (with Tank Abbott) defeated The Jung Dragons (Kaz Hayashi, Jamie-San, and Yun Yang)|Ladder match|11:32|||||
|2|Ernest Miller defeated The Great Muta|Singles match|6:47|||||
|3|Buff Bagwell defeated Kanyon|Judy Bagwell on a Forklift match|6:45|||||
|4|KroniK (Brian Adams and Bryan Clark) (c) defeated The Perfect Event (Shawn Stasiak and Chuck Palumbo), Sean O'Haire and Mark Jindrak, and The Misfits In Action (General Rection and Cpl. Cajun)|Four Corners match for the WCW World Tag Team Championship with Disqo, Tygress and Rey Misterio, Jr. serving as the special guest referees|12:22|||||
|5|Billy Kidman defeated Shane Douglas (with Torrie Wilson)|Strap match|8:22|||||
|6|Major Gunns defeated Ms. Hancock|Mud Rip off the Clothes match|6:43|||||
|7|Sting defeated The Demon|Singles match|0:52|||||
|8|Lance Storm (c) defeated Mike Awesome|Canadian Rules match<sup>1</sup> for the WCW United States Heavyweight Championship with Jacques Rougeau acting as the Special Guest Referee|11:28|||||
|9|The Dark Carnival (Vampiro and The Great Muta) defeated KroniK (Brian Adams and Bryan Clark) (c)|Tag team match for the WCW World Tag Team Championship|9:06|||||
|10|Kevin Nash defeated Goldberg<sup>2</sup> and Scott Steiner (with Midajah)|Triple Threat match|10:48|||||
|11|Booker T (c) defeated Jeff Jarrett|Singles match for the WCW World Heavyweight Championship|14:54|||||

<small><sup>1</sup>"Canadian Rules" is that, instead of the traditional three-count, the referee has to use a five-count. After the five-count, the wrestler has to stay down for ten seconds. If both of the wrestlers are still down for a ten-count for any reason, the first man who gets to his feet wins the match. Also, there are no submissions and no count-outs.</small>

<small><sup>2</sup>After he was not at the pay-per-view because of a (kayfabe) mysterious motorcycle accident, Goldberg did not show up until the middle of the match. Then, in a worked shoot, Goldberg would walk out on the match, because he apparently refused to take Kevin Nash's Jacknife Powerbomb.</small>

## Infobox (wrestling event)

- **name**: New Blood Rising
- **promotion**: World Championship Wrestling
- **date**: August 13, 2000
- **venue**: Pacific Coliseum
- **city**: Vancouver, British Columbia
- **lastevent**: Bash at the Beach#2000, Bash at the Beach 2000
- **nextevent**: Fall Brawl#2000, Fall Brawl 2000
Mini Metro (video game)

***Mini Metro*** is a strategy simulation video game. It is about creating an efficient subway system for a rapidly growing city.

## Gameplay

In this game, the player designs a subway station. The object is to get the people to their requested station. The game ends when the station becomes overpopulated. The game is simple at first. Over time, it becomes more complicated and challenging. The point of the game is to run the simulation as long as possible.

## Layout

_Mini Metro_ has a very modern layout. The subway cars are simply moving rectangles, the rails are simply lines, and the tunnels are dotted lines.

### Stations

_Mini Metro_<nowiki/>'s stations each are a different shape.

Common Stations:
|Shape|Rarity|
| --- | --- |
|Circle|Common|
|Triangle|Uncommon|
|Square|Rare|
"Unique" Stations:
|Shape|Rarity|
| --- | --- |
|Tear Drop|Very Rare|
|Star|Very Rare|
|Pentagon|Very Rare|
|Oval|Very Rare|
|Cross|Very Rare|
|Diamond|Very Rare|
|Gem|Very Rare|
Only one of each Unique station can appear each game.

## Other websites

- Let's Look At: Mini Metro!, YouTube

## Infobox (video game)

- **title**: Mini Metro
- **image**: Mini Metro header.png
- **developer**: Dinosaur Polo Club
- **publisher**: Dinosaur Polo Club, Playdigious (Android)
- **engine**: Unity (game engine), Unity
- **platforms**: Browser game, Browser, Linux, macOS, Windows, Android (operating system), Android, iOS, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4
- **genre**: Puzzle video game, Puzzle, Strategy game, strategy
- **modes**: Single-player video game, Single-player, Multiplayer video game, multiplayer
- **artist**: Jamie Churchman
- **composer**: Disasterpeace
Nina Badrić

**Nina Badrić** (born 4 July 1972) is a Croatian pop singer. She was born in Zagreb, Croatia. At age 9 she started singing with the children's choir _Zvjezdice_. At age twenty she signed a singing contract. Her version of "I'm so Excited" from her second album was number one on pop charts in Italy, Spain and France. Badric is one of the most award-winning Croatian musicians. While not commonly heard in the west, she is popular in Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Slovenia and Turkey.

### Studio albums

- Godine nestvarne (Croatia, 1995)
- Personality (Zg Zoe Music, 1997)
- Unique (Croatia, 1999)
- Nina (Croatia, 2000)
- Ljubav (Aquarius, 2003)
- 07 (Aquarius, 2007)
- NeBo (Aquarius, 2011)

## Other websites

- Nina Badrić's page
Leopold von Ranke

**Leopold von Ranke** (21 December 1795 – 23 May 1886) was a German historian. Modern history writing is greatly influenced by him. He made focusing on primary sources and international relations in history writing, popular.

## Life

Ranke was born 21 December 1795 in Wiehe in Electoral Saxony. He was educated at local schools in Donndorf and Pforta. In 1814 he went to the University of Leipzig. He studied Classics and Lutheran theology. From 1817-1825 he was a Classics teacher. While teaching he became interested in history. In 1824 he released his first book: _Geschichte der romanischen und germanischen Völker von 1494 bis 1514_ (_History of the Latin and Teutonic Peoples from 1494 to 1514_). Ranke was a firm believer in historicism. For that reason he insisted on using primary sources.

## University professor

Ranke was a professor at the University of Berlin. He was a professor there for almost 50 years. While there he criticized the historical theories of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel. He also advised his students to go to archives in search of sources. Because of this many think of him as the founder of a historical social science. Ranke retired as a professor in 1871, but still wrote history. In 1880 he started writing a book on world history, beginning in Ancient Egypt with the story of the Israelites. When he died in 1886 he had not finished his book, and had only written up to the 12th century.

## Honors

In 1831 the Prussian Government asked Ranke to start and edit the _Historisch-Politische Zeitschrift_ journal. Ranke, who was conservative, sometimes used the journal to attack liberalism. In 1841 Ranke was made Royal Historiographer of the Prussian Court. In 1865 Ranke was made a noble, and in 1882 he was made a member of the Prussian Privy Council. In 1885 he was elected to the American Philosophical Society.
Afro-Colombian

**Afro-Colombians** are people who are from the country of Colombia and who have ancestors who are African. There is a large population of Colombians of African descent.

## History

Spanish colonists brought African slaves to Cartagena in the sixteenth century. They were purchased to replace the indigenous peoples who died under the harsh working conditions in the mines and on the plantations. The main slave port for the colony (then Granada) was Cartagena. By 1600 about 100,000 slaves had been brought to the colony. The rate increased after 1650 because of labor needed for the gold mines. Conditions were harsher for some slaves than others. Most were allowed to mine, farm and sell their goods for one day a week. The money they made could buy their freedom. Slave rebellions in the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries had slaves forming their own villages in uncontrolled areas. Slavery was abolished in 1851.
Aurelio González Puente

**Aurelio González Puente** (born 26 July 1940 in Valle de Villaverde) is a Spanish retired professional cyclist. He won the polka dot jersey for best climber in the 1968 Tour de France. He also won the climbing competition in the 1967 Giro d'Italia. He won stages at the Tour de France, Giro d'Italia, Tour de Suisse and Dauphiné Libéré.

## Palmarès

- 1967
- Giro d'Italia:
    - Winner stage 22A
    - Winner mountains classification
- 1968
- Tour de France:
    - Winner stage 6
    - Winner mountains classification

## Other websites

- Aurelio Gonzalez at the Cycling Archives

## Infobox (cyclist)

- **name**: Aurelio González Puente
- **fullname**: Aurelio González Puente
- **birth place**: Valle de Villaverde, Spain
- **currentteam**: Retired
- **discipline**: Road
- **role**: Rider
- **ridertype**: Climbing specialist
- **proyears1**: 1964–1970
- **proteam1**: KAS-Kaskol
- **majorwins**: Giro d'Italia, 1 stage

:King of the Mountains (1957)
Tour de France, 1 stage

:King of the Mountains (1968)
The God of Abraham Praise

"**The God of Abraham Praise**" is a Christian version of the Jewish hymn Yigdal. It was first translated and made into a Christian hymn by Thomas Olivers after a visit to the Great Synagogue of London in 1770. It was first published in 1772.

## Other websites

- YouTube; The God of Abraham Praise hymn
Apex predator

**Apex predators** are predators with no natural predators of their own. They are at the top of their food chain.

Apex predators have big effects on the animals and plants lower down the food chain. If they become extinct in an area, many changes happen. In recent times, it is often humans who have removed top predators.

An example of apex predators affecting an ecosystem is in Yellowstone National Park. After the gray wolf was reintroduced, in 1995, researchers noticed big changes occurring in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem.  Elk, the primary prey of the gray wolf, became less abundant and changed their behavior. This freed the riparian (river) zones from constant grazing.  This allowed willows, aspens, and cottonwoods to grow, so creating a habitat for beaver, moose, and scores of other species.  In addition to the effects on prey species, the gray wolf's presence also affected the park's grizzly bear, a vulnerable species.  The bears, emerging from hibernation, chose to scavenge off wolf kills after fasting for months.  They can also eat wolf kills in autumn to prepare for hibernation.  As grizzly bears give birth during hibernation, a greater food supply may improve the mother’s nutrition and increase the number of cubs.  Dozens of other species, including eagles, ravens, magpies, coyotes, and black bears, have been seen scavenging from wolf kills.
Sundsvall Bridge

The **Sundsvall Bridge** () is a bridge located in Sundsvall in Sweden. The bridge crosses the Bay of Sundsvall, and creates a bypass past the town. The road on the bridge is a motorway, which is a part of European route E4.

The bridge is  long. It was opened for traffic 18 December 2014.
Sandö Bridge

The **Sandö Bridge** () is a concrete arch bridge crossing the Ångerman River in Kramfors Municipality in the northern parts of Sweden. It has a free span of 264 meters and is 42 meters above the water.

During construction, the bridge collapsed on 31 August 1939. This led to 18 construction workers being killed. Construction was completed in 1943.
City Thameslink railway station

**City Thameslink** is a National Rail station in the City of London. The southern entrance is on Ludgate Hill near Ludgate Circus. The northern entrance is on Holborn Viaduct. Both of the station's platforms are underground. The station is on the Thameslink route.

## History

The station opened on 22 May 1990, however it was called St Paul's Thameslink until 1991. Many changes have occurred on the lines near the station since. The station was improved in 2010, and is ready for trains of up to 12 cars.

## Services

All services are run by Thameslink.

## Infobox (london station)

- **name**: City Thameslink
- **image name**: City Thameslink stn Ludgate Hill entrance.JPG
- **caption**: Southern entrance on Ludgate Hill
- **manager**: Thameslink and Great Northern, Thameslink
- **fare zone**: 1
- **locale**: Holborn Viaduct / Ludgate Hill
- **borough**: City of London
- **events1**: Opened as _St. Paul's Thameslink_
- **years1**: 1990
- **events2**: Renamed _City Thameslink_
- **years2**: 1991
- **railcode**: CTK
- **dft category**: C1
- **owner**: Network Rail
- **platforms**: 2
- **railexits1213**: 5.541
- **raillowint1213**: 475
- **railexits1314**: 6.020
- **raillowint1314**: 409
- **railexits1415**: 6.354
- **raillowint1415**: 3,299
- **railexits1516**: 6.340
- **raillowint1516**: 11,885
- **railexits1617**: 6.339
- **raillowint1617**: 12,008
- **access**: yes
- **map type**: Central London