juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Clemson University

**Clemson University**  is a public university in Clemson, South Carolina. Clemson's athletics teams are called the Tigers.

## Infobox (university)

- **name**: Clemson University
- **former names**: Clemson Agricultural College of South Carolina (1889–1964)
- **type**: Public university, Public Land-grant university, land-grant research university
- **academic affiliations**: National Sea Grant College Program, Sea-grant
- **endowment**: $1.007 Billion
- **faculty**: 1,431
- **administrative staff**: 3,451
- **president**: James P. Clements
- **provost**: Robert H. Jones
- **city**: Clemson, South Carolina, Clemson
- **state**: South Carolina
- **country**: United States
- **students**: 25,822 (fall 2019)
- **undergrad**: 20,195 (fall 2019)
- **postgrad**: 5,627 (fall 2019)
- **campus**: College Town,
- **colors**: Clemson orange, Regalia
- **sports nickname**: Clemson Tigers, Tigers
- **sporting affiliations**: NCAA Division I FBS –  Atlantic Coast Conference, ACC
- **logo**: Clemson University Wordmark.svg
- **logo upright**: .9
- **free label**: Newspaper
- **free**: _The Tiger (newspaper), The Tiger_
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

**Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University** (or **Virginia Tech**) is a public land-grant university in Blacksburg, Virginia. The campus was first opened in 1872 as a farming and mechanical college and covers 2,600 acres. It is also one of only a few public universities in the United States to have a corps of cadets.

The Virginia Tech massacre, which happened on the 16th of April 2007, was a tragedy in the history of the University. A student of the university named Cho Seung-Hui killed 32 people before killing himself. This became the worst school-related massacre in United States history.
University of Virginia

The **University of Virginia**  is a public research university in Charlottesville, Virginia, United States.

The buildings designed by Jefferson are a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

## History

It was founded by Thomas Jefferson. It was conceived by 1800 and established in 1819.

## Related pages

- Institute for Advanced Technology in the Humanities, part of the University of Virgina
- List of World Heritage Sites in the United States

## Other websites

- University of Virginia website
North Carolina State University

**North Carolina State University** is a public college in Raleigh, North Carolina. It has about 31,000 students. It is the largest public college in North Carolina and the flagship school for engineering, design, and agriculture.

## History

The university was started in 1887. It was called the North Carolina College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts.

## Sports

NC State sports date back to 1900. The student body (which includes athletes!) is known as the "Wolfpack". This is because the students who watch the games are said to be rabid with support, like a pack of wolves!

NC State boasts the largest public stadium in the North Carolina. Carter Finley Stadium routinely packs in over 50,000.

The three most popular sports to watch around the school and around Raleigh are Wolfpack Women's Basketball, Wolfpack Men's Basketball, and Wolfpack football. The three most hated sports are UNC basketball, UNC football, and Duke basketball.

## Famous people who went to North Carolina State

- John Edwards, who was a United States Senator from North Carolina and ran for Vice President in 2004
- Philip Rivers, former quarterback of the San Diego Chargers
- Russel Wilson, former quarterback for the Wisconsin Badgers, Seattle Seahawks
- Zach Galafanakis, Comedian (_Last Man On Earth, Between Two Ferns, The Hangover)_
- Christina Koch, Astronaut (Outer Space)
- Bill Burr, Comedian
University of Miami

_This is the university in Florida. For the university in Ohio, see Miami University._

The **University of Miami** is a private university in Coral Gables, Florida. Some people call the university "Miami of Florida," or "UM."

## Other websites

- University of Miami

## Infobox (university)

- **name**: University of Miami
- **image**: University of Miami logo.svg
- **motto lang**: Latin
- **established**: 1925
- **type**: Private
- **endowment**: $741 million
- **president**: Donna Shalala
- **staff**: 2,348
- **undergrad**: 10,379
- **postgrad**: 5,070
- **city**: Coral Gables, Florida, Coral Gables
- **state**: Florida
- **country**: United States
- **campus**: Suburban
- **athletics**: NCAA Division I FBS
- **nickname**: Hurricanes
- **mascot**: Sebastian the Ibis
- **website**: [http://www.miami.edu/ www.miami.edu]
Nagios

**Nagios** () is a popular open source computer system and network monitoring application software. It watches hosts and services which the owner specifies, alerting the owner when things go bad and again when they get better.

Nagios, originally created under the name NetSaint , was written and is currently maintained by Ethan Galstad, along with a group of developers actively maintaining both official and unofficial plugins.

Nagios was originally designed to run under Linux, but also runs well on other Unix variants.

Nagios is free software licensed under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 as published by the Free Software Foundation.

## Other websites

- Official website
- Nagios support forums
- Nagios Company website

## Infobox (software)

- **name**: Nagios
- **author**: Ethan Galstad
- **released**: May 10, 2002
- **latest release version**: 3.2.3
- **latest release date**: October 3, 2010
- **operating system**: Unix-like
- **genre**: Network monitoring
- **license**: GNU General Public License
- **website**: [http://www.nagios.org/ www.nagios.org]
Egyptian Arabic

**Egyptian Arabic** (_ʿArabī maṣrī:_ عربی مصری), otherwise known as **Coptic Arabic** (_ʿArabī qabṭī:_ عربی قبطی), is a group of dialects of the Arabic language, one of the Semitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family.

It came from the people living in the Nile Delta in Lower Egypt around the capital Cairo. It originates from the spoken Arabic brought to Egypt during the AD 7th-century The Islamic conquest of Egypt .

Egyptian Arabic was formed also of the Coptic language of pre-Islamic Egypt, and other languages such as Italian and French. Egyptian Arabic is officially recognized as the national language of the Egyptian government. More than 76 million people in Egypt speak Egyptian Arabic. Also, many people in the Middle East can understand it.

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Egyptian Arabic
- **states**: Egypt
- **speakers**: 58,412,000
- **date**: 2014
- **ref**: e19
- **familycolor**: Afro-asiatic
- **fam2**: Semitic languages, Semitic
- **fam3**: Central Semitic languages, Central Semitic
- **fam4**: Arabic languages, Arabic
- **script**: Arabic alphabet Latin alphabet
- **iso3**: arz
- **notice**: IPA
- **glotto**: egyp1253
Transport for London

**Transport for London** (**TfL**) is an organisation that runs the public transport network in London. It is held with direct responsibility to the mayor of London.

Since the current organisation's creation in 2000 as part of the Greater London Authority (GLA), the organisation has been responsible for operating multiple urban rail networks, including the London Underground and Docklands Light Railway, the London Overground and Elizabeth line services, as well as London's buses, taxis, principal road routes, cycling provision, trams, and river services.

### Historic numbering

Historically, bus routes were grouped by the type of service that they provided.

The 1924 London Traffic Act used the Bassom Scheme. It was named after A.E. Bassom of the Metropolitan Police who made it. Changing and short lines used letter suffixes. Also, the numbers were grouped by the company that operated the route.

The numbering was changed in 1934 after London Transport was formed.

|Route Number|Former type of Service|
| --- | --- |
|1–199|"Central Area" red double-decker services|
|200–289|"Central Area" red single-decker services|
|290–299|"Central Area" night routes|
|300–399|"Country Area" north of the River Thames (rural services were operated by London Country Bus Services after 1970)|
|400–499|"Country Area" south of the River Thames|
|500–699|Trolleybuses|
|701–799|Green Line Coaches|
|800–899|"Country Area New Towns" routes|

### Current classification

|Route Number|Type of Service|
| --- | --- |
|1–599|Day routes, including 24-hour services|
|600–699|School services, normally operating only one return journey per day*|
|700–899|Regional and national coach services|
|900–999|Three mobility services within TfL|
|N-prefixed routes|Night routes|
|X-prefixed routes|Express routes|
|Other letter-prefixed routes|Local day routes, including 24-hour services, with the letter(s) denoting a key area the bus travels through.|
_*Except 607, which is a normal daytime route_

## Other websites

- _Transport for London_ website

## Infobox (company)

- **company logo**: Transport for London logo (2013).svg
- **company type**: Local Government body
- **foundation**: Greater London Authority Act 1999
- **location**: Greater London
- **key people**: Mayor of London / Greater London Authority, GLA
- **homepage**: [http://www.tfl.gov.uk tfl.gov.uk]
Jules Joseph Lefebvre

**Jules Joseph Lefebvre** (Tournan-en-Brie, 14 March 1836 – Paris, 24 February 1911) was a French figure painter.

Lefebvre went to the École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts in 1852. He was a pupil of Léon Cogniet. He won the prestigious Prix de Rome in 1861. Between 1855 and 1898, he exhibited 72 portraits in the Paris Salon. In 1891, he became a member of the French Académie des Beaux-Arts.

He was a teacher at the Académie Julian in Paris. One of his famous students was the Scottish born landscape painter William Hart. Georges Rochegrosse, Félix Vallotton, the Americans Childe Hassam, John Henry Twachtman, John Noble Barlow, Augustus Kenderdine, and Charles A. Platt were also his pupils. He was a professor at the École des Beaux-Arts for a long time.

His paintings are usually single figures of beautiful women.

Among his best portraits were those of M. L. Reynaud and the Prince Imperial (1874). Among his many decorations were a first-class medal at the Paris Exhibition of 1878 and the medal of honor in 1886. He was a Commander of the Legion of Honor and a member of the Institut de France.
Louisiana State University and A&M College

The **Louisiana State University and A&M College** is a public university in Baton Rouge, Louisiana; it belongs to the Louisiana State University System of higher education as a land-grant and sea-grant institution. Colloquially, most people call the university "Louisiana State University".

## Other websites

- Institutions of the Louisiana State University System

## Infobox (university)

- **name**: Louisiana State University
- **native name**: Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College
- **established**: 1860
- **endowment**: United States dollar, $692 million (2012 total of all LSU campuses)
- **president**: F. King Alexander
- **provost**: Richard Koubek
- **faculty**: 1,500
- **staff**: 5,000
- **students**: 31,527
- **undergrad**: 26,159
- **postgrad**: 5,368
- **city**: Baton Rouge, Louisiana, Baton Rouge
- **state**: Louisiana
- **country**: U.S.
- **campus**: urban area, Urban 2,000+ acres (8.1 km²)
- **athletics**: NCAA, Division I Football Bowl Subdivision, FBS – Southeastern Conference, SEC
- **mascot**: Mike the Tiger
- **nickname**: LSU Tigers and Lady Tigers, Tigers & Lady Tigers
- **colors**: Purple and Gold 
- **logo**: Louisiana State University (logo).svg
Kansas Jayhawks

The **Kansas Jayhawks**, commonly referred to as **KU**, are the athletic teams that represent the University of Kansas. KU is one of three schools in the state of Kansas that are in the NCAA Division I. The Jayhawks are also a part of the Big 12 Conference. KU athletic teams have won eleven NCAA Division I championships: three in men's basketball, one in men's cross country, three in men's indoor track and field, three in men's outdoor track and field, and one in women's outdoor track and field.

The name "Jayhawks" comes from the Kansas Jayhawker freedom fighter and anti-slavery movement during the Bleeding Kansas era of the American Civil War.

## Sports

|Baseball|Basketball|
| --- | --- |
|Basketball|Cross country|
|Cross country|Golf|
|Football|Rowing|
|Golf|Soccer|
|Track and field<sup>†</sup>|Softball|
||Swimming and diving|
||Tennis|
||Track and field<sup>†</sup>|
||Volleyball|
|colspan="2" style=""||
The University of Kansas officially has 16 sports: 6 men's and 8 women's. There are also club-level sports for rugby, ice hockey, and men's volleyball. The school used to have a wrestling team, though the sport was stopped during the 1960s.

### Football

KU began playing football in 1890. The Jayhawks have been to the Orange Bowl in 1948, 1969 and 2008, winning in 2008. The team plays in Memorial Stadium (capacity 50,071). It the seventh oldest college football stadium in the United States. It opened in 1921.

### Softball

The Jayhawks softball team has appeared in seven Women's College World Series, in 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1979 and 1992.

## Infobox (college athletics)

- **name**: Kansas Jayhawks
- **logo**: Kansas Jayhawks 1946 logo.svg
- **logo width**: 200
- **university**: University of Kansas
- **association**: NCAA
- **conference**: Big 12 Conference
- **division**: NCAA Division I, Division I
- **director**: Jeff Long (athletic director), Jeff Long
- **location**: Lawrence, Kansas
- **teams**: 16
- **stadium**: David Booth Kansas Memorial Stadium
- **baseballfield**: Hoglund Ballpark
- **basketballarena**: Allen Fieldhouse
- **soccerstadium**: Rock Chalk Park (soccer)
- **arena2**: Anschutz Pavilion
Rim Rock Farm
Rock Chalk Park (track and field)
- **mascot**: Big Jay (mascot), Big Jay, Baby Jay
- **nickname**: Jayhawks
- **fightsong**: I'm a Jayhawk
- **cheer**: Rock Chalk, Jayhawk
- **pageurl**: http://www.kuathletics.com/
- **altlogo**:
University of Pennsylvania

The **University of Pennsylvania** is a private Ivy League university in West Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Known as "Penn" for short, the university contains four undergraduate schools, which are for students without a college degree. These schools are nursing, arts and sciences, engineering, and the Wharton Business School. The University of Pennsylvania has graduate schools, for those with a college degree, in medicine, business, law, dentistry, veterinary medicine, nursing, education, communication, design, and social policy. The school's competitive sports teams are known as the Quakers.

45th President of the United States Donald Trump graduated from the Wharton Business School with a Bachelor of Science in 1968.
Wilhelm Wundt

**Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt** (August 16 1832– August 31 1920) was a German medical doctor, psychologist, physiologist, and professor. Together with William James, he is  regarded as the father of psychology. In 1879, Wundt founded the one of first formal laboratory for psychological research at the University of Leipzig, and the first journal for psychological research in 1881.

## Infobox (_scientist)

- **name**: Wilhelm Wundt
- **image**: Wilhelm Wundt.jpg
- **birth place**: Neckarau (belongs to  Mannheim, Germany today)
- **death date**: Großbothen near Leipzig, Germany
- **nationality**: Germany, German
- **field**: Psychology, Physiology
- **work institution**: University of Leipzig
- **alma mater**: University of Heidelberg
- **doctoral students**: Edward B. Titchener, G. Stanley Hall, Oswald Kulpe, Hugo Munsterberg, Vladimir Bekhterev, James McKeen Cattell, Lightner Witmer
- **known for**: Psychology, Structuralism
Bean machine

The **bean machine**, also known as the **quincunx** or **Galton box**, is a machine invented by Sir Francis Galton to demonstrate the law of error and the normal distribution.

The machine consists of a vertical board with interleaved rows of pins. Balls are dropped from the top, and bounce left and right as they hit the pins. Eventually, they are collected into one-ball-wide bins at the bottom. The height of ball columns in the bins approximates a bell curve.

Overlaying Pascal's triangle onto the pins shows the number of different paths that can be taken to get to each pin.

A large-scale working model of this device can be seen at the Museum of Science, Boston.
Regression analysis

**Regression analysis** is a field of statistics. It is a tool to show the relationship between the inputs and the outputs of a system. Regression analysis is often used for prediction of trends. It is also used for studying whether one thing causes another.

The first type of regression analysis was linear regression. The method of least squares was first published by Legendre in 1805 and in 1809 by Gauss. Both used the method to predict the movement of planets around the sun. Gauss published an improved method in 1821.

## Related pages

- Correlation
- Regression toward the mean
Fingerprint

A **fingerprint** is a trace of a human finger left on a surface. Human fingers have small structures on them (like mountains and valleys). These structures are unique in every human; they can be used as means of identification.

There are many different ways to take fingerprints. Forensic scientists use these techniques to identify a person.

Electronic fingerprint scanner<nowiki/>s became widespread in the early 21st century.

## Related pages

- Face detection
Physical cosmology

**Physical cosmology** is a branch of astronomy. It looks at large structures in the universe. It wants to explain how the universe came to be what it is today by using axioms of our current astronomy knowledge.
Urla

**Urla** is a seaside town in the İzmir Province in Turkey.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Urla
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Turkey
- **subdivision type1**: Provinces of Turkey, Province
- **subdivision name1**: İzmir Province, İzmir
- **leader party**: Republican People's Party (Turkey), CHP
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader title1**: Kaymakam
- **area blank1 title**: District
- **population blank1 title**: District
- **population density blank1 km2**: auto
Monash Freeway

The **Monash Freeway** is a major freeway in Melbourne. It lets cars drive from the CBD to the south-eastern suburbs.

## Exits and intersections

|colspan="4"|**Monash Freeway **|||||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Northbound exits|Distance from CityLink (km)|Distance from Princes Freeway East (km)|Southbound exits|||||
|style="background: #ececec; color: black;" class="table-na"|_End **Monash Freeway**_ _continues as **CityLink ** to Melbourne_|rowspan="2"|0|rowspan="2"|34|style="background: #ececec; color: black;" class="table-na"|_Start **Monash Freeway*** _from **CityLink***|
|Kooyong ***Toorak Road***|Kooyong ***Toorak Road***|||||||
|Glen Iris ***Burke Road***|2|32|Glen Iris ***Burke Road***|||||
|style="background: #ececec; color: black;" class="table-na"|_no exit_|--|30|Glen Iris ***High Street***||||
|style="background: #ececec; color: black;" class="table-na"|GLEN WAVERLEY RAIL LINE|7|27|style="background: #ececec; color: black;" class="table-na"|GLEN WAVERLEY RAIL LINE|||
|Chadstone ***Warrigal Road***|8|26|Chadstone ***Warrigal Road***|||||
|Mount Waverley ***Huntingdale Road***|9|--|style="background: #ececec; color: black;" class="table-na"|_no exit_||||
|Mount Waverley ***Forster Road***|11|23|Mount Waverley ***Forster Road***|||||
|Mount Waverley ***Blackburn Road***|12|22|Mount Waverley ***Blackburn Road***|||||
|style="background: #ececec; color: black;" class="table-na"|_no exit_|--|21|Mulgrave ***Ferntree Gully Road***||||
|Mulgrave ***Springvale Road***|14|--|style="background: #ececec; color: black;" class="table-na"|_no exit_||||
|Mulgrave ***Wellington Road***|16|18|Mulgrave ***Wellington Road***|||||
|style="background: #ececec; color: black;" class="table-na"|_no exit_|--|16|Mulgrave ***Jacksons Road***||||
|Dandenong North ***Police Road***|rowspan="2"|20|rowspan="2"|14|style="background: #ececec; color: black;" class="table-na"|_no exit_||
|Dandenong North ***EastLink***|Dandenong North ***EastLink***|||||||
|Dandenong North **Dandenong Valley Highway**|22|12|Dandenong North **Dandenong Valley Highway**|||||
|Dandenong North ***Heatherton Road***|23|11|Dandenong North ***Heatherton Road***|||||
|Doveton ***South Gippsland Freeway***|26|8|Doveton ***South Gippsland Freeway***|||||
|Hallam ***Belgrave-Hallam Road***|28|6|Hallam ***Belgrave-Hallam Road***|||||
|style="background: #ececec; color: black;" class="table-na"|_no exit_|--|5|Narre Warren ***Ernst Wanke Road***||||
|Narre Warren ***Narre Warren North Road***|32|2|Narre Warren ***Narre Warren North Road***|||||
|Berwick ***Princes Highway***|rowspan="2"|34|rowspan="2"|0|Berwick ***Princes Highway***|||
|style="background: #ececec; color: black;" class="table-na"|_Start **Monash Freeway*** _continues from **Princes Freeway ***|style="background: #ececec; color: black;" class="table-na"|_End **Monash Freeway**_ _continues as **Princes Freeway ** to Warragul_|||||
The Art of War

***The Art of War*** () is an ancient Chinese military text that was written by Sun Tzu, a high-ranking military general, strategist, and Taoist philosopher over 2,500 years ago. The text contains 13 chapters, each of which covers an aspect of warfare.

It is one of the earliest books on Chinese warfare. It remains one of the best known and most influential books ever written. The book was widely copied in the ancient world. At first, it was written on bamboo slats that were sewn together. It was read by politicians, scholars and military leaders.

Translations of the book were first read in Japan and Korea. The oldest copy from Japan dates to the 8th century. It was translated into French in 1772 by a Jesuit named Jean Joseph Marie Amiot. The first translation into English was published by Lionel Giles in 1910. _The Art of War_ was first translated into Russian in 1950. The Russians' knowledge of French culture makes it probable that they had copies in French much earlier.

The book is used today by business schools and militaries worldwide.

## Changing rules

When Sun Tzu first wrote _The Art of War_, it was not the first book on military tactics. He quotes from _The Book of Military Administration_ by Chun Cheng. The quote is limited to the use of signal flags and drums to move soldiers. Chun's book has not survived and so little is known of what else was in it. However, books of the time were based on rules of warfare that all sides followed. War was the sport of rich noblemen. The rules were based on chivalry.

Sun Tzu refused to see war as a sport. He used Taoist principles and applied them to warfare. In doing this he changed the rules of war. Unlike generals who enjoyed long campaigns, he understood that war is serious. Sun Tzu believed that once a war started, the goal was to defeat the enemy. Sun Tzu was unconventional in that he did not follow the prevailing wisdom of his time. Other generals were simply unprepared for Sun Tzu's tactics. Sun Tzu mastered the art of being unpredictable in warfare.

## David and Goliath

In situations where a smaller weaker force is faced with a stronger larger force, Sun Tzu's tactics are very often successful. David and Goliath is a Biblical story of a weaker shepherd boy facing a giant who is a skilled warrior. David uses an unconventional weapon and slays Goliath. David refused to fight by Goliath's rules. The political scientist Ivan Arreguín-Toft did calculations on wars. He discovered that about a third of the time the weaker country actually wins.

_The Art of War_ is credited by Mao Zedong as having helped him defeat Chiang Kai-Shek during the Chinese Civil War. Ho Chi Minh was a fan of Sun Tzu. He led communist North Vietnam in their fight against American-backed South Vietnam. American Generals Norman Schwarzkopf, Jr. and Colin Powell followed Sun Tzu's princples during the Gulf War.

## Other websites

- The Art of War by Sun Tzu, Translated by Lionel Giles
- The Art of War, Facts and Significance
- _The Art of War on Modern World_, by Edward Rico M. Tj on r2plan.com
Sewall Wright

**Sewall Green Wright** (21 December 1889 – 3 March 1988) was an American geneticist. He was a founder of population genetics, and contributed to evolutionary theory. He also did original work in statistics in a field called path analysis.

With R.A. Fisher and J.B.S. Haldane, he was a founder of theoretical population genetics. He is the discoverer of the inbreeding coefficient and of methods of computing it in pedigrees. He extended this work to populations, calculating the degree of inbreeding of members of populations as a result of random genetic drift. Together with Fisher, he pioneered methods for calculating the distribution of gene frequencies among  populations as a result of the interaction of natural selection, mutation, migration and genetic drift.  The work of Fisher, Wright, and Haldane on theoretical population genetics was a major step in the development of the modern evolutionary synthesis of genetics with evolution. Wright also made contributions to mammalian genetics and biochemical genetics.

## Genetic drift

What appears to happen in evolution is that the rate of change in any organism varies a lot. There seem to be times when change is rapid, and times when almost no change occurs.
Wright tried to explain _stasis_, which is when no visible change occurs. His explanation was that organisms come to occupy _adaptive peaks_. In order to evolve to another, higher peak, the species would first have to pass through a valley of maladaptive intermediate stages. In other words, they get stuck on one peak, and can't get to another because getting there would make them less competitive.

Wright though getting to another peak might be possible. It might happen by genetic drift if the population is small enough. If a species was divided into small populations, some could find higher peaks. If there was some gene flow between the populations, these adaptations could spread to the rest of the species. This was Wright's _shifting balance theory_ of evolution. There has been much skepticism among evolutionary biologists as to whether this happens in natural populations. Wright had a long standing and sometimes bitter debate about this with R.A. Fisher, who felt that most populations in nature were too large for the effects of genetic drift to be important. Research by Dobzhansky and E.B. Ford showed that natural selection in the field was a much stronger force that Wright had expected. Wright's own biographer now doubts the validity of Wright's idea.

## Anecdote

An anecdote about Wright, disclaimed by Wright himself, describes a lecture during which Wright tucked an unruly guinea pig under his armpit, where he usually held a chalkboard eraser: at the end of the lecture, Wright absent-mindedly erased the blackboard with the guinea pig.

## References

- Wright, Sewall. 1984. _Evolution and the genetics of populations: genetics and biometric foundations_, 4 volumes. Chicago.
Tartan

**Tartan** is a pattern that has criss-crossed horizontal and vertical bands in many different colors.

## Related pages

- Tartan Day, is a day set aside for the celebration of the Scottish influence on North America, Australia and New Zealand, but not celebrated in Scotland itself. It is the anniversary of the Declaration of Arbroath.
- Tartanry

## Other websites

- Online Tartan Designer Online photorealistic tartan designer
- Kilts & Tartan Made Easy , free ebook by Nicholas Fiddes
- Scottish Tartans Authority, an industry-supported Scottish charity
- Tartan Finder all recorded and woven tartans, search by name or color
- Online Tartan Creator
- Online Tartan Designer
Jeff Tesreau

**Charles Monroe "Jeff" Tesreau** (March 5, 1888 - October 24, 1946) was an American baseball player. Tesreau signed with a Minor League Baseball team of the St. Louis Browns in 1909.  In 1911, his contract was bought by the New York Giants where he played Major League Baseball with.

## Other websites

- Biography of Jeff Tesreau

## Infobox (mlb player)

- **name**: Jeff Tesreau
- **position**: Pitcher (baseball), Pitcher
- **image**: Tesreau.jpg
- **birth place**: Ironton, Missouri
- **death place**: Hanover, New Hampshire
- **bats**: Right
- **throws**: Right
- **debutdate**: April 12
- **debutyear**: 1912
- **debutteam**: San Francisco Giants, New York Giants
- **finaldate**: June 11
- **finalyear**: 1918
- **finalteam**: San Francisco Giants, New York Giants
- **stat1label**: win (baseball), Pitching Record
- **stat2label**: Earned run average
- **stat3label**: Strikeouts
- **stat1value**: 115-72
- **stat2value**: 2.43
- **stat3value**: 880
- **teams**: *San Francisco Giants, New York Giants (1912–1918)
- **highlights**: *National League pennant winner (1912 World Series, 1912, 1913 World Series, 1913, 1917 World Series, 1917)
*National League List of Major League Baseball ERA champions, ERA champion (1912)
*National League shutout leader (1914)
*Two 20-win seasons
Ace Attorney Investigations: Miles Edgeworth

is an adventure video game that Capcom released for the Nintendo DS game console. It is a spin-off of the _Ace Attorney_ games starring Miles Edgeworth and Dick Gumshoe, two main characters in the series.

## Gameplay

_Ace Attorney Investigations: Miles Edgeworth_ plays differently from the other games. The games in the _Ace Attorney_ series are courtroom dramas, but _Ace Attorney Investigations: Miles Edgeworth_ focuses on pointing and clicking around the area, moving Edgeworth around the crime scenes to find evidence.

## Development

When it was being developed, it was called _NEW Gyakuten NOT Saiban_ because it used the same setting and characters, but different gameplay. It is being directed by Tsuyoshi Yamazaki instead of Shu Takumi, who directed the other games were. By April 2008, they said that the game was 40% complete.

## Other websites

- Gyakuten Kenji's official web site

## Infobox (vg)

- **title**: Ace Attorney Investigations: Miles Edgeworth
- **developer**: Capcom
- **publisher**: Capcom
- **released**: **Nintendo DS**
**iOS, Android**
- **genre**: Adventure
- **modes**: Single player
- **platforms**: Nintendo DS
Super Punch-Out!! (Super NES)

is a boxing video game made by Nintendo for the Super NES game console.

## Infobox (vg)

- **title**: Super Punch-Out
- **developer**: Nintendo Research & Development 3, Nintendo IRD
- **publisher**: Nintendo
- **designer**: Genyo Takeda <small>(Game producer, producer)</small>
Makoto Wada <small>(game director, art director)</small>
Takashi Kumegawa <small>(video game music, music composer)</small>
Masaro Sakakibara <small>(music composer)</small>
Masato Hatakeyama <small>(Game programmer, chief programmer)</small>
Yasuyuki Oyagi <small>(assistant director)</small>
- **genre**: Boxing
- **modes**: Single player
- **platforms**: Super Nintendo Entertainment System, SNES
Super Metroid

is an adventure video game developed by R&D1 and Intelligent Systems and published by Nintendo for the Super NES game console. It's the third game released in the _Metroid_ series.

## Infobox (vg)

- **title**: Super Metroid
- **image**: Super-Metroid-Logo.png
- **developer**: Nintendo Research & Development 1, Nintendo R&D1 (design)
Intelligent Systems (program)
- **publisher**: Nintendo
- **designer**: Gunpei Yokoi (general manager)
Yoshio Sakamoto (director)
Makoto Kanoh (producer)
- **released**: **SNES**
**Virtual Console**
Wii
Wii U
- **genre**: Action-adventure game, Action adventure
- **modes**: Single player
- **platforms**: Super Nintendo Entertainment System, Super NES, Virtual Console
University at Buffalo

The **State University of New York at Buffalo** is a public university in Buffalo, New York. It is the largest university in a group called the "State University of New York" or "SUNY."

## Sports

The Buffalo Bulls are the sports teams that play for the university at Buffalo. The NCAA Division I teams play in the Mid-American Conference. Their colors are blue and white. The mascot name is Victor E. Bull.

The football team plays in UB Stadium. Basketball plays in Alumni Arena. Baseball is played at Amherst Audubon Field.
Rock Band (video game)

***Rock Band*** is a music video game developed by Harmonix Music Systems, published by MTV Games, and distributed by EA Distribution. It was released on the PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, PlayStation 2, and the Wii.

This game comes with a guitar controller, a drum set, and a microphone. Up to four people can play the game on the screen, playing drums, vocals, bass, keyboard and guitar.

## Infobox (video game)

- **title**: Rock Band
- **developer**: Harmonix (Xbox 360/PS3)
Pi Studios (PS2/Wii/)
- **publisher**: MTV, MTV Games
- **designer**: Greg LoPiccolo, Rob Kay, Dan Teasdale
- **series**: _Rock Band_
- **released**: **Xbox 360**
**PlayStation 3**
**PlayStation 2**
**Wii**

- **genre**: Rhythm game
- **modes**: Single player, multiplayer video game, multiplayer
- **platforms**: Xbox 360
PlayStation 3
PlayStation 2
Wii
Excelsior of Brooklyn

The **Brooklyn Excelsiors** were an amateur baseball team that played in Brooklyn, New York. They formed in 1854.

## Other websites

- 19th Century Baseball
- BR Bullpen
Association of American Universities

The **Association of American Universities** (**AAU**) is a group of the leading research and education universities. Its members are 69 universities in the United States (both public and private) and two universities in Canada.

This is a list of colleges and universities in the Association of American Universities:

## Public

- University of Arizona
- Arizona State University
- University at Buffalo
- University of California, Berkeley
- University of California, Davis
- University of California, Irvine
- University of California, Los Angeles
- University of California, Riverside
- University of California, San Diego
- University of California, Santa Barbara
- University of California, Santa Cruz
- University of Colorado Boulder
- University of Florida
- Georgia Institute of Technology
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
- Indiana University Bloomington
- University of Iowa
- University of Kansas
- McGill University (Canada)
- University of Maryland
- University of Michigan
- Michigan State University
- University of Minnesota
- University of Missouri
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- Ohio State University
- University of Oregon
- Pennsylvania State University
- University of Pittsburgh
- Purdue University
- Rutgers University
- University of South Florida
- Stony Brook University
- University of Texas at Austin
- Texas A&M University
- University of Toronto (Canada)
- University of Utah
- University of Virginia
- University of Washington
- University of Wisconsin–Madison

## Private

- Boston University
- Brandeis University
- Brown University
- California Institute of Technology
- Carnegie Mellon University
- Case Western Reserve University
- University of Chicago
- Columbia University
- Cornell University
- Dartmouth College
- Duke University
- Emory University
- George Washington University
- Harvard University
- Johns Hopkins University
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- University of Miami
- New York University
- Northwestern University
- University of Notre Dame
- University of Pennsylvania
- Princeton University
- Rice University
- University of Rochester
- University of Southern California
- Stanford University
- Tufts University
- Tulane University
- Vanderbilt University
- Washington University in St. Louis
- Yale University
Pope Pius XII

**Pope Pius XII** (; ), born **Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli** (March 2, 1876 – October 9, 1958), was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 261st Pope from 1939 to 1958.

## Early life

Pacelli was born on 2 March 1876 in Rome, Italy. He studied at the Capranica Seminary and the Pontifical Gregorian University. In 1895, he earned a degree in Theology.

## Priest

Pacelli was ordained as a priest on 2 April 1899. In 1904, he was raised to the rank of Monsignor.  He worked at the Office of the Congregation of Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs.

## Bishop

In 1917, Pope Benedict XV appointed him an archbishop and nuncio to Bavaria, Germany.

## Cardinal

Pope Pius XI raised Pacelli to the rank of Cardinal in December 1929.

In February 1930, Cardinal Pacelli became the Vatican Secretary of State.

## Pope

Cardinal Pacelli was elected Pope on 2 March 1939, which was his 63th birthday.

Pius  XII wrote forty-one official papal letters (encylicals).

Pius XII named forty-two new cardinals.

## Related pages

- List of popes

## Other websites

- Vatican webpage, Pius XII biography 
- Critical Online Edition of the Nuncial Reports of Eugenio Pacelli (1917–1929)
- Tomb of Pius XII
- Catholic hierarchy, Pope Pius XII
- Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church , Cardinal Pacelli

## Infobox (christian leader)

- **type**: pope
- **honorific-prefix**: Venerable Pope
- **name**: Pius XII
- **image**: Pius XII with tabard, by Michael Pitcairn, 1951 (retouched).jpg
- **term start**: March 2, 1939
- **term end**: October 9, 1958
- **birth name**: Eugenio Maria Guiseppe Giovanni Pacelli
- **birth place**: Rome, Italy
- **death place**: Castel Gandolfo, Italy
- **motto**: Opus Justitiae Pax (The work of justice shall be peace)
- **predecessor**: Pope Pius XI, Pius XI
- **successor**: Pope John XXIII, John XXIII
- **other**: Pius
Procyonidae

**Procyonidae** is a family of the order Carnivora. The **Procyonids** originally lived in the Americas.

## Taxonomy

- Family **Procyonidae**
    - Subfamily **Potosinae**
        - Genus _Potos_: Kinkajous
            - Kinkajou, _Potos flavus_
        - Genus _Bassaricyon_: Olingos
            - Allen's Olingo, _Bassaricyon alleni_
            - Beddard's Olingo, _Bassaricyon beddardi_
            - Bushy-tailed Olingo or Gabbi's Olingo, _Bassaricyon gabbii_
            - Harris's Olingo, _Bassaricyon lasius_
            - Chiriqui Olingo, _Bassaricyon pauli_
    - Subfamily **Procyoninae**
        - Genus _Procyon_: Raccoons
            - Crab-eating Raccoon, _Procyon cancrivorus_
            - Tres Marias Raccoon, _Procyon insularis_
            - Common Raccoon, _Procyon lotor_
        - Genus _Nasua_: Coatis
            - Coatimundi or Ringtailed Coati, _Nasua nasua_
            - White-nosed Coati, _Nasua narica_
            - Cozumel Island Coati, _Nasua nelsoni_
        - Genus _Nasuella_: Mountain Coatis
            - Mountain Coati, _Nasuella olivacea_
        - Genus _Bassariscus_: Ringtails and Cacomistles
            - Ringtail, _Bassariscus astutus_
            - Cacomistle, _Bassariscus sumichrasti_
Tamburello

**Tamburello** or **pallatamburello** is a traditional sport of Italy since 16th century. It has this name because they play with a roundish and oval tool named _tamburello_ or _tambourine_ in English language. Various forms of tamburello are popular in several nations of the world currently.

### Tamburello open

This form is also named _classic_ and each team regularly has 5 players in open playing field 80 metres long and 20 large. Players use roundish tambourines during actions and they serve with oval tambourines. A rubber ball of 88 grams is used and the team which wins 13 games is final winner of the match: each game consists of 4 points. Professional Italian tamburello league is top level of competitions: in 2002 14 teams competed. A variant is played in a kind of stadium, with lateral wall, named _sferisterio_ or _sferodromo_ in Italian language.

### Tamburello indoor

Three players regularly form a side in indoor shorted courts.

### Tambutennis

Two players regularly form a side in courts divided by a net like tennis.

### Tambeach

One or two players regularly form a side on beach courts divided by a net like beach tennis.

## Related pages

- Palla

## Other websites

- Italian manufacturer of tambourines

### Video

- Open or 5 players a side
- Indoor or 3 players a side
- Tambutennis or 2 players a side
- Tambeach
Caniformia

**Caniformia** is a suborder of the order Carnivora. It contains all the dog-like mammals: Unlike the cat-like Feliformia, these animals have claws that are unable to contract. This group contains bears, seals, and true dogs, and more.

The other suborder of Carnivora is the cat-like Feliformia.

## Classification

- Suborder **Caniformia** ("dog-like")
    - Infraorder Cynoidea
        - Family Canidae Dogs,wolves, and foxes
    - Infraorder Arctoidea
        - Family Ursidae: Bears
        - Parvorder Mustelida
            - Superfamily Musteloidea
                - Family Ailuridae: Red Panda
                - Family Mephitidae: Skunks
                - Family Mustelidae: Weasels, Otters, and Badgers
                - Family Procyonidae: Raccoons
            - Clade Pinnipedia
                - Superfamily Otarioidea
                    - Family Odobenidae: Walruses
                    - Family Otariidae: Eared seals
                - Family Phocidae: Earless seals

## Other websites

- Taxonomicon
Attribute-value system

An **attribute-value system** is a basic knowledge representation framework comprising a table with **columns** designating "attributes" (also known as "properties", "predicates," "features," "dimensions," "characteristics" or "independent variables" depending on the context) and **rows** designating "objects" (also known as "entities," "instances," "exemplars," "elements" or "dependent variables.").  Each table cell therefore designates the value (also known as "state") of a particular attribute of a particular object.

## Example of attribute-value system

Below is a sample attribute-value system.  It represents 10 objects (rows) and five features (columns).  In this example, the table contains only integer values.  In general, an attribute-value system may contain any kind of data, numeric or otherwise.  An attribute-value system is distinguished from a simple "feature list" representation in that each feature in an attribute-value system may possess a range of values (e.g., feature  below, which has domain of {0,1,2}), rather than simply being _present_ or _absent_

- {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:30%" border="1"
|+ Sample Attribute-Value System
! Object !!  !!  !!  !!  !!
|-
!
| 1 || 2 || 0 || 1 || 1
|-
!
| 1 || 2 || 0 || 1 || 1
|-
!
| 2 || 0 || 0 || 1 || 0
|-
!
| 0 || 0 || 1 || 2 || 1
|-
!
| 2 || 1 || 0 || 2 || 1
|-
!
| 0 || 0 || 1 || 2 || 2
|-
!
| 2 || 0 || 0 || 1 || 0
|-
!
| 0 || 1 || 2 || 2 || 1
|-
!
| 2 || 1 || 0 || 2 || 2
|-
!
| 2 || 0 || 0 || 1 || 0
|}

## Other terms used for "attribute-value system"

Attribute-value systems are pervasive throughout many different literatures, and have been discussed under many different names:
- _Flat data_
- _Spreadsheet_
- _Attribute-value system_ (Ziarko & Shan 1996)
- _Information system_ (Pawlak 1981)
- _Classification system_ (Ziarko 1998)
- _Knowledge representation system_ (Wong & Ziarko 1986)
- _Information table_ (Yao & Yao 2002)
- _Object-predicate table_ (Watanabe 1985)
- _Aristotelian table_ (Watanabe 1985)
- _Simple frames_
- _First normal form_ database

## Related pages

- Bayes networks
- Entity-Attribute-Value model
- Joint distribution
- Knowledge representation
- Optimal classification
- Rough set
Tim Henman

**Timothy Henry "Tim" Henman** OBE (born 6 September 1974) is an English retired tennis player, born in Oxford.

He reached the semi finals of Wimbledon many times, the first British tennis player to do so since the 1970s. He reached six grand slam semi finals and won eleven titles in his career. He once was ranked number four in the world.
He was sponsored by Adidas and Slazenger. He retired in 2007 as England's most successful tennis player of the last twenty years.

## Personal life

Henman comes from a sporting family. His mother and father were both interested in tennis and his grandfather played at Wimbledon in the 1940s and 50s. His grandmother also played mixed doubles at Wimbledon with his grandfather on two occasions.

Henman got 10 GCSEs at school and went into tennis training afterwards. He was told by doctors he had a type of bone disease in 1992. He carried on playing tennis anyway and he became professional aged 18 in 1992. In 1999 Henman married his long-term girlfriend Lucy Heald. The couple have three daughters: Rose, Olivia and Grace.

## Playing career

Henman moved up the rankings very fast. By 1994, one year after becoming professional, he was 200th in the world.
By 1996 he was in the top thirty. In 1995 he became the first player ever to be disqualified from the Wimbledon tournament. Because he was angry during a match he hit the ball very hard at a ball girl and it hit her on the head.

In 1998, he was ranked one of the ten best tennis players in the world. In the same year he also reached the Wimbledon semi-final. In 2001 he had a good year at Wimbledon beating Roger Federer in four sets. He reached the semi final only to be beaten by eventual winner Goran Ivanišević. In 2004 he reached the semi finals of Roland Garros in France but lost to Guillermo Coria. Towards the end of his career Henman did not play so well. He ended up falling to 63 in the world rankings. In 2005 he was knocked out of the second round of Wimbledon by Roger Federer. He also had a lot of injuries at this time, including many at important points in matches.

He got an OBE in 2003 and was painted by royal artist Christian Furr in 2005.

Henman's last Wimbledon was a disappointment. He went out in the second round to Feliciano López of Spain. Shortly after he announced his retirement. He had a press conference on 23 August 2007 to make it official.

## Other websites

- Official Site
- Picture of Henman
Lasi people

**Lasi** is the regional name for native indigenous Sindhi tribes of Lasbela (former princely state). Today district of Balochistan province of Pakistan, Lasi people speak Lasi dialect of Sindhi language. Lasbela District is about 80 miles northwest of Karachi city. The population was 15,000 in 1998.
Ormuri

**Ormuri** () is an East Iranian language spoken in the city of Kaniguram in Pakistan. It may also be spoken by a few people in Logar, Afghanistan. It is notable for its unusual sound inventory. This includes a voiceless alveolar trill and voiced and unvoiced alveolo-palatal fricatives.

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Ormuri
- **altname**: Oormuri, Urmuri, Ormur, Ormui, Bargista, Baraks, Baraki
- **states**: Pakistan, Afghanistan
- **region**: Waziristan,  Kaniguram, Logar Province, Logar
- **date**: 2004
- **ref**: e18
- **familycolor**: Indo-European
- **fam2**: Indo-Iranian languages, Indo-Iranian
- **fam3**: Iranian languages, Iranian
- **fam4**: Eastern Iranian languages, Eastern
- **script**: Arabic (script), Arabic (Naskh (script), Naskh variant)
- **iso3**: oru
- **glotto**: ormu1247
- **glottorefname**: Ormuri
Sansi language

**Sansi** is a language  spoken in Pakistan and the Republic of India.

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Sansi
- **nativename**: Sansiboli
- **states**: India
- **region**: Rajasthan
- **speakers**: 76,000
- **date**: 2002
- **ethnicity**: Sansi people, Sansi
- **familycolor**: Indo-European
- **fam2**: Indo-Iranian languages, Indo-Iranian
- **fam3**: Indo-Aryan languages, Indo-Aryan
- **fam4**: Central zone
- **fam5**: Western Hindi
- **lc1**: ssi
- **ld1**: Sansi
- **lc2**: kbu
- **ld2**: Kabutra