juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Black bread mold

**Black bread molds** (_Rhizopus stolonifer_) is a common type of fungus.

It grows and reproduces the same way that most molds do. In asexual reproduction, the mold makes spores inside a _sporangium_. When the spores are ready to leave and spread more mold, the sporangium breaks open door and lets the spores float out of the world.

In sexual reproduction its hyphaes touch the hyphae of another _Rhizopus_ mycelium. When they fuse, they make round balls called _zygospores_. After some time, the zygospore makes another sporangium, which then makes spores. During this sexual  process, genetic recombination takes place, as with all eukaryotes.

When the spores land on a suitable place, they begin to grow. They very quickly start making _hyphae_, small tendrils that look like roots. Hyphae are part of the mycelium. The mycelium is the main part of the mold, and grows inside the bread. Black bread mold grows fast when the temperature is higher than 15 degrees Celsius and lower than 5°C.

Black bread mold is found in all countries of the world. It is often found growing on bread and on soft fruits such as bananas and grapes. Because the mold spores are airborne.

## Related pages

- Mycorrhiza
- Mould
- Fungus

## Other websites

- Time lapse video of _Rhizopus stolonifer_ attacking strawberries  at the Cornell Mushroom Blog.
- Black mold - Ill health effects & its removal- A DIY Guide Toronto
Dentistry

**Dentistry** is a specialty in medicine, which is practiced by a dentist. Dentists find out what's wrong, fix, and help prevent problems with teeth. A dentist has other people that help him with their job. Dental hygienists help people keep their teeth clean. A dental assistant helps the dentist when they are treating a patient. Dental surgeons will perform surgery to fix large or dangerous problems with people's teeth. There are also dentists called orthodontists, who can move people's teeth using braces. Dental surgeons and orthodontists are called specialists.

## Dental specialties

- Dental public health - The study of dental epidemiology and social health.
- Endodontics - The study, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases of the dental pulp.
- Oral pathology - The study, diagnosis, and sometimes the treatment of oral and maxillofacial related diseases.
- Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology - The study and radiologic interpretation of oral and maxillofacial diseases.
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery - Tooth extractions, dental implants, and facial surgery.
- Orthodontics - The straightening of teeth.
- Periodontics - Dentists which specialize in the treatment of periodontal (gum) disease
- Pediatric dentistry - Dentistry for children...
- Prosthodontics - Dentures, bridges and the restoration of implants. Some prosthodontists train more in "oral and maxillofacial prosthodontics", to learn how to replace missing facial parts, such as ears, eyes, noses, etc.

## Other websites

- The History of Dentistry
- Qualitymanagement für dentistry
- Information for UK dental professionals
- The American Dental Association
- Good Smile Dental
- National Dentist Registry
Toyota Tundra

The **Toyota Tundra** is a full-size pickup truck. It is sold by Toyota in the United States, Turkey, and Canada.   The Tundra was first sold in 2000. The truck is bigger than the Toyota Tacoma. There are four different versions of the Tundra. These are the original, "base", version and the "SR5", "Grade", and "CrewMax" versions. The Tundra is made in San Antonio, Texas. The design of the truck was changed in 2007 and 2021. The Tundra was a replacement for the Toyota T100 pickup, a bigger version of the Toyota Hi-Lux.

## Infobox (automobile)

- **name**: Toyota Tundra
- **image**: 2022 Toyota Tundra Limited CrewMax Short Bed 4x4 with TRD Off-Road Package, front left, 11-01-2022.jpg
- **manufacturer**: Toyota
- **production**: May 1999 – present
- **model years**: 2000–present
- **assembly**: United States: Princeton, Indiana (TMMI, until 2009); San Antonio, Texas (TMMTX)
- **class**: Pickup truck#Full-size pickup truck, Full-size pickup truck
- **related**: Toyota Sequoia
- **predecessor**: Toyota T100
- **caption**: 2022 Toyota Tundra Limited
Toyota Celica

The **Toyota Celica** was a sports car made by Toyota. Toyota stopped selling the Celica in 2005 due to low sales and it was replaced by the Scion tC. The first Celicas were made in 1970.
Toyota 4Runner

The **Toyota 4Runner** is a sport utility vehicle made by Toyota. Toyota makes the 4Runner in Tahara, Japan as well as the Hino factory. The 4Runner was first sold in 1984 as a camper version of the Toyota Hi-Lux, sharing the same parts and engines. The 4Runner got a bigger V6 engine in 1988. Toyota has redesigned the 4Runner in many years of its life. The 4Runner was sold as a 2-door model alongside the 4-door until 1992. The 4Runner's competition comes from the Nissan Pathfinder, Jeep Grand Cherokee, and Chevrolet Blazer. The 4Runner was a compact SUV.
Rhythmic gymnastics

**Rhythmic gymnastics** (short: RG) is a type of gymnastics. Rhythmic gymnasts perform on a floor with an apparatus, accompanied by music, in individual or group events. Gymnasts manipulate one or two apparatus: rope, hoop, ball, clubs, and ribbon. Rhythmic gymnastics is a sport that combines elements of gymnastics, dance, and apparatus manipulation. The victor is the participant who earns the most points, determined by a panel of judges, for leaps, balances, pirouettes, flexibility, apparatus handling, execution, and artistic effect.

Rhythmic gymnastics developed from other sports. It is influenced by group gymnastics, classical ballet, German apparatus work, and the Swedish free exercise method.

International competitions are split between juniors, under sixteen by their year of birth; and seniors, for women sixteen and over again by their year of birth. The largest events in the sport are the Olympic Games, World Championships, and World Cups.

Rhythmic gymnastics was officially recognized by FIG in 1963. The first time rhythmic gymnastics was in the Olympics was in 1984 in Los Angeles. That year, a Canadian gymnast called Lori Fung won the individual competition. In 1996, rhythmic gymnastics group competitions were added to the Olympics.

## Rope

The length of the rope depends on how tall the gymnast using it is. They swing the rope, throw and catch the rope, make figure-eights, and more. They also leap and jump through the rope while they are holding it.

## Hoop

The hoop is made of wood. Gymnasts toss it and catch it, spin it, swing it, and roll it in many different ways.

## Ball

Balls used in rhythmic gymnastics are made with rubber or soft plastic. Gymnasts throw balls and catch them, bounce and roll them, balance the ball on their hand, and do waves and circles.

## Clubs

The clubs are another piece of equipment that rhythmic gymnasts use. The clubs look similar to bowling pins or bottles. They are made of wood or plastic. Gymnasts use the clubs to do circles, throws, swings, plus tapping.

## Group

The group routine is a little bit different. It’s not a piece of equipment; it’s just a different kind of routine. In the group event, five rhythmic gymnasts will do a routine together. The gymnasts have to work together to make the routine work. In a group routine, gymnasts will exchange whatever equipment they are using with each other.

## References

- Rhythmic Gymnastics. Plymouth State University, n.d. Web. 25 Oct. 2012.
- Rhythmic Gymnastics.  USA Gymnastics, n.d. Web. 25 Oct. 2012.
- Rhythmic Gymnastics Equipment and History. Olympic.org, n.d. Web. 15 Nov. 2012.

## Other websites

- Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique
- Rhythmic Gymnastics
- The Art of Gymnastics - The Israeli site of Rhythmic Gymnastics
- Men's Rhythmic Gymnastics
- More on rhythmic gymnastics
Wealth

**Wealth** often means that much money is available. But there are several other aspects that can be more important. If one thinks of single persons one will look at their personal property or assets like land and livestock. Looking at countries one thinks of GDP per capita and of natural capital.

The original meaning of the old English word for "weal", where wealth comes from, was "well-being" or welfare. (It was an adjective.)

Wealth, in the traditional sense, refers to the accumulation of valuable resources or assets. This includes tangible items such as real estate, valuable commodities, stocks, bonds, and savings.

For individuals, wealth is often measured by the total value of their assets minus liabilities.

For countries, wealth is assessed by factors like national resources, infrastructure, and the overall economic output. Wealth can also be influenced by factors such as access to capital, natural resources, and human labor, which contribute to a nation's ability to produce goods and services and sustain economic growth over time.

## Related pages

- Capital accumulation
- Constitution
- Constitutional economics
- Household income in the United States
- Poverty
Qualification

The term **qualification** may mean:
- Professional certification (also called simply _qualification_)
- A certificate of having passed a course such as a GCSE.
- Product certification (also called _product qualification_)
- A process of deciding the running order in many racing events, and other sport.
- Qualification problem of non-monotonic logic.
Professional certification

**Professional certification**, or **professional designation**, often called simply _certification_ or _qualification_, is a certification a person gets to assure that he/she is qualified to perform a job or task.

Certifications are very common in aviation, construction, technology and other industrial sectors, as well as health care and finance.

## Other websites

- ABA Standing Committee on Specialization
- Association of Professionals in Business Management (APBM)
- American College of Forensic Examiners Institute (ACFEI)
Darmstadt (region)

**Darmstadt** (German: _Regierungsbezirk Darmstadt_, Hessian: _Regierungsbezirk Damstadt_) is one of the three Regierungsbezirk of Hesse, Germany. It is in the south of the state.

## Places

|width="50%"|_Kreise_ (counties)|width="50%"|_Kreisfreie Städte_ (independent cities)|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|valign="top"|# Bergstraße # Darmstadt-Dieburg # Groß-Gerau # Hochtaunuskreis # Main-Kinzig # Main-Taunus # Odenwaldkreis # Offenbach # Rheingau-Taunus # Wetteraukreis|valign="top"|* Darmstadt * Frankfurt am Main * Offenbach * Wiesbaden|

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (german regierungsbezirk)

- **name**: Darmstadt
- **gname**: Regierungsbezirk Darmstadt
- **map**: Südhessen districts.png
- **state**: Hesse
- **capital**: Darmstadt
- **area**: 7444.88
- **key**: 064
- **population**: 3780374
- **population as of**: 30 Sep. 2005
Database schema

In computer science a _schema_ or **database schema** describes the structure of a database in a formal language that is supported by the database management system. Using the database schema, it is possible to create a blueprint of the database. This blueprint will not contain any data. The database schema uses logical formulas to create integrity constraints. It is not possible to insert data into the database that violates these integrity constraints. All contraints use the same language.

There are different kinds of database schemas:
- The **conceptual schema** expresses the concepts in the database, and how they relate to each other
- The **logical schema** is a mapping of entities with their attributes, and the respective relations
- The **physical schema** is a particular implementation of a logical schema.

Ideally, a database schema should have the following properties:
- It should be _complete_: all information in the source should be included.
- It should be _minimal_: it should not be possible to leave out a relation, without losing information
- It should be _normalized_: A certain piece of information should be in the schema only once.
Ernst Haeckel

**Ernst Heinrich Philipp August Haeckel** (16 February 1834 – 9 August 1919) was an influential German zoologist, naturalist, and artist. He was also a philosopher and physician, but in those fields he is not regarded as particularly notable. He was an atheist. He left the Lutheran church in 1910. He is regarded as a pioneer of eugenics and Nazi eugenics in Germany.

## Works

Haekel was professor of comparative anatomy at the University of Jena, where he worked for 47 years, from 1862 to 1909. Haekel discovered, described and named thousands of new species, mapped a tree of life relating all life forms. He coined many terms in biology, including _ecology_, _phylum_, _phylogeny_,  _stem cell_, and the kingdom _Protista._ Haeckel promoted and popularised Charles Darwin's work in Germany and developed the controversial recapitulation theory ("ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny"). This claimed that an individual organism's biological development, or ontogeny, parallels and summarises its species' evolutionary development.

The published artwork of Haeckel includes over 100 detailed, multi-colour illustrations of animals and sea creatures. As a philosopher, Ernst Haeckel wrote _Die Welträtsel_ (1895–1899, _The Riddle of the Universe_, 1901), and _Freedom in Science and Teaching_ to support teaching evolution.

Haeckel was a member of the nationalist and antisemitic Pan-German League (German: _Altdeutscher Verband_) and of the peace organization Verband für internationale Verständigung.

## Books

Haekel wrote many books, some of them in multi-volumes. Among the most notable are:

- _Die Radiolarien_, four parts in five volumes. 18621888. (Rhizopoda Radiaria) Eine Monographie. Georg Reimer, Berlin.
- _Generelle Morphologie der Organismen_. 1866. Allgemeine Grundzüge der organischen Formen-Wissenschaft, mechanisch begründet durch die von Charles Darwin reformirte Descendenz-Theorie. Georg Reimer, Berlin.
- _Das Protistenreich_. 1878. Eine populäre Uebersicht über das Formengebiet der niedersten Lebewesen. Mit einem wissenschaftlichen Anhange: System der Protisten. Mit zahlreichen Holzschnitten. Ernst Günther’s Verlag, Leipzig.
- _Monographie der Medusen_. Six parts, some in two volumes. Gustav Fischer, Jena 1879–1881.
- _The history of creation_ (1868) 1993, translated by E. Ray Lankester, Kegan Paul, Trench, London, 3rd edition, volume 1. His best-known work, translated into English.
- _Art forms from the ocean: the Radiolarian atlas of 1862_. Prestel Verlag, 2005. A reprint of his artwork for the Radiolaria.

## Related pages

- List of ecologists

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Ernst Haeckel
- **image**: Ernst Haeckel 5.jpg
- **birth place**: Potsdam
- **death place**: Jena
- **nationality**: (later )
- **author abbrev zoo**: Haeckel
Lunar eclipse

A **lunar eclipse** is an astronomical phenomenon. It happens when the moon passes through the shadow of the Earth. Lunar eclipses happen about twice a year, unlike total solar eclipses that are sometimes more than a year apart. They can be seen from a much larger portion of the Earth compared to solar eclipses. Lunar eclipses can last for a few hours, but total solar eclipses last only a few minutes.

During a lunar eclipse, the Moon looks red brown. It may be thought that the Moon is completely black because of the Earth's shadow, but no. The reddish-brown colour is because some of the Sun's light bends through the Earth's atmosphere and shines on the Moon. Refraction is greater for red light rays than for others, so red is what strikes the Moon.

Like solar eclipses, there are different types of lunar eclipses. There are total eclipses, where the moon passes completely through Earth's shadow and all of the moon appears reddish-brown. A partial eclipse occurs when only part of the moon passes through Earth's shadow and so only part of the moon appears reddish.

Lunar eclipses are safe to view with your naked eyes and also with telescopes.

Although it is safe to see the lunar eclipse with your naked eyes one should never see a solar eclipse with the naked eyes as the rays damage the retina of the eye.

A lunar eclipse occurs when the moon enters the shadow of the earth, while revolving around it. At this time, it is necessary that the earth is between the sun and the moon, and all three of them are in the same plane. On a full moon day, the moon's path of revolution passes thought the thick shadow of the earth.

If the moon is totally hidden within the shadow, we see a total lunar eclipse and if only a part of the moon is in the shadow, we see a partial lunar eclipse.
Max Weber

**Maximilian Carl Emil Weber** (pronounced: maks ˈveːbɐ) (21 April 1864 – 14 June 1920) was a German political economist and sociologist who was considered one of the founders of the modern study of sociology and public administration.

## Works

He began his career at the University of Berlin, and later worked at Freiburg University, University of Heidelberg, University of Vienna and University of Munich. He had influence on German politics of his time, because he was an advisor to Germany's negotiators at the Treaty of Versailles and to the commission that drafted the Weimar Constitution.

Weber is known for his work in the sociology of religion. His most famous work is his essay _The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism_.

He disagreed with Karl Marx's view that class structure was the way to view how society worked. He believed that human values affected how people acted throughout history.

## Related pages

- List of sociologists from Europe

## Other websites

- Texts of Weber works:
- Large collection of the German original texts
- Large collection of the German original texts
- Large collection of English translations
- Another collection of English translations
- A comprehensive collection of English translations and secondary literature
- English translations of many of Weber's works, merged into one very long unformatted file
- Max Weber Reference Archive

- About Weber:
- Biography entry and link section
- Weber on Ideal Types
- Max Weber – The person
- More of Weber on Ideal Types
- An essay on Max Weber's View of Objectivity in Social Science
- Max Weber: On Capitalism As above, but on capitalism
- Some of Weber concepts in the form of a list
- Max Weber's HomePage "A site for undergraduates"
- Mises versus Weber on Bureaucracy and Sociological Method by William P. Anderson
- Weber My Premium Essay  by William P. Anderson

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Maximilian Weber
- **image**: Max Weber 1894.jpg
- **image size**: 180px
- **caption**: Germany, German political economy, political economist and sociology, sociologist
- **birth place**: Erfurt, Germany
- **death place**: Munich, Germany
- **death cause**: Pneumonia
Weimar Constitution

The **Constitution of the German Reich** (German: _Die Verfassung des Deutschen Reiches_), usually known as the **Weimar Constitution** (_Weimarer Verfassung_) was the constitution that governed the Weimar Republic (1919-1933).  The constitution technically remained in effect during the Third Reich from 1933 to 1945.

The German state's official name was _Deutsches Reich_ until the adoption of the 1949 constitution.

## Origin

Following the end of World War I, a German National Assembly gathered in the town of Weimar, in the state of Thuringia, in January 1919 to write a constitution for the _Reich_. The nation was to be a democratic federal republic, governed by a president and parliament.

The constitution was drafted by the lawyer and liberal politician _Hugo Preuss_, who was then state secretary in the Ministry of the Interior and later became Minister of the Interior.

## Other websites

- Selected Articles: http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~jobrien/reference/ob13.html
- Entire Constitution: http://www.zum.de/psm/weimar/weimar_vve.php
- The Constitution of the German Reich (Weimar constitution) of 11th August 1919, in full text
- The portion of a series of lecture on German history pertaining to the Weimar Republic
- Additional info is here: http://www.johndclare.net/Weimar2.htm
Guitar Hero III Mobile

***Guitar Hero III Mobile*** is a music video game for mobile phones. It was made by MachineWorks Northwest LLC and sold by Hands-On Mobile. It is the newest game in the _Guitar Hero_ series, and was released on December 20, 2007, in North America for people using Verizon Wireless.

## Making the game

_Guitar Hero III Mobile_ was programmed by Robinson Technologies **(shortened to RTSoft)**, with help from MachineWorks Northwest LLC. The graphics for the game were made by Anthem Game Group.

## Gameplay

Playing _Guitar Hero III Mobile_ is similar to playing other games in the _Guitar Hero_ series. _Mobile_ uses 3 frets instead of 5. Each column of numbered keys on a phone's keypad is a fret. The numbered keys used are "1", "4", and "7" for green notes, "2", "5", and "8" for red notes, and "3", "6", and "9" for yellow notes. Once the note(s) reach the bottom, the player must play the note(s) by pressing or holding down the number key(s) in order to score points. Players can turn on Star Power to get more points by the "*" (star) button on the keypad or the "OK" button in the center of the directional pad.

## Soundtrack

_Guitar Hero III Mobile_ has 15 songs to play from _Guitar Hero II_ and _Guitar Hero III: Legends of Rock_. Every month, more songs can be downloaded.

## Other websites

- Hands-On Mobile
- _Guitar Hero III Mobile_ product detail page
- MachineWorks Northwest LLC

## Infobox (vg)

- **title**: **Guitar Hero III Mobile**
- **developer**: MachineWorks Northwest, MachineWorks Northwest LLC
- **publisher**: Hands-On Mobile
- **released**: <small><sup>**North America, NA**</sup></small> December 20, 2007, for Verizon Wireless customers
- **genre**: Music video game
- **modes**: Single player
- **platforms**: Mobile phones
Hafiz (Qur'an)

**Hafith** or **Hafiz** (Arabic: حافظ قرآن or حافظ, plural _huffaz_), literally meaning 'guardian', is a term used by Muslims for people who have learnt completely the Qur'an by heart.

## Overview

The Islamic prophet Muhammad lived in the 7th century CE, in Arabia. In those times, many people were not literate. The Arabs preserved their histories, genealogies, and poetry by memory alone. When Muhammad proclaimed the verses later collected as the Qur'an, his followers naturally learnt the words by heart.

## Related pages

- Qur'an

## Other websites

- Qur'an and Hafiz Number on islam101.com
- Qur'an recitation on YouTube
- Qur'an recitation by a Muslim child on YouTube
- Recitation by Sh. Abu Bakr ash-Shatry
Alina Kabayeva

**Alina Kabaeva** (; born 12 May 1983) is a Russian former rhythmic gymnast. She started competing since she was 12, and retired when she was 24. She won many medals at World Championships, two Olympic medals (one bronze, one gold) and she came up with some of the flexibility-required moves in the sport. She was trained by Irina Viner. Now she works for State Duma.

Kabayeva is rumored to be Russian President Vladimir Putin's girlfriend.

## Infobox (politician)

- **embed**: yes
- **office**: Member of the State Duma for Nizhnekamsk
- **term start**: 12 February 2007
- **term end**: 15 September 2014
- **party**: United Russia


## Infobox (sportsperson)

- **name**: Alina Kabaeva
- **image**: AlinaKabaevaPortrait.jpg
- **image size**: 200 px
- **caption**: Kabaeva in 2021
- **full name**: Alina Maratovna Kabaeva
- **birth place**: Tashkent, Soviet Union
- **height**: 5 ft 5 in
- **retired**: 2007
- **show-medals**: no
- **medaltemplates**:
Seikan Tunnel

The **Seikan Tunnel**（Ja:青函トンネル）is a railway tunnel in Japan. It connects Hokkaido to Aomori Prefecture. This tunnel is the second longest transport tunnel in the world. The tunnel is 53.85 km (33.49 miles) long. 23.3 km (14.5 mile) of the tunnel is underwater.  There are two stations in the tunnel.

## History

The means of transportation from Hokkaido to Honshu was the Seikan ship until Seikan tunnel was completed. It took about 3 hours. However, it had some troubles. For example, the sea route was not safe. The Toyamaru accident in 1954 had 1155 dead and some missing people, caused by Typhoon Number 15 Roke. because of that reason, the plan that constructing Seikan Tunnel from Hokkaido to Honshu was becoming a reality. At first, the east route and west route was considered. In the west route, the deepest depth of water was 140 meters and the nature of the soil was easy to drill rocks, so west route was then chosen.

## Techniques

The tunnel can be entered by the Shinkansen (bullet train). The inner structure of the tunnel was planned to have three bullet train's rails. Because half of this tunnel is under the bottom of the sea, the workers who built this tunnel were worried about seawater. So, they used new construction techniques. For example, laser measurement, 2150m horizontal drilling, pouring water glass and cement into soft bedrock. These techniques were paid attention to by all of the world at that time. There is still much water, so the seawater that is collected is placed in the tunnel and is pumped out of the tunnel.

## Stations

There are two stations in Seikan tunnel. Tappikaitei Station opened in Aza-Minmayatatsuhama, Sotogahama-machi, Higashitsugaru-gun, Aomori on March 13, 1988.  And Yoshiokakaitei Station opened in Tatesaki, Fukushima-cho, Matsumae-gun, Hokkaido on March 13, 1988. If passengers have a special ticket, they can get off the train at the stations to look around. These are located in 149.5 meters under the seabed and there are 2247 steps of stairs to the surface. Also, these stations have shelters for train fires and blackouts. Tappikaitei Station and Yoshiokakaitei Station became the service stop each on November 10, 2013 and August 27, 2013. However, these stations were closed on March 15, 2014, because the number of passengers who used these stations, was not a lot.

## Other websites

- Tunnel Website
Punch Brothers

**Punch Brothers** is an American bluegrass band. Its members include Chris Thile (mandolin), Gabe Witcher (fiddle), Chris Eldridge (guitar), Greg Garrison (bass), and Noam Pikelny (banjo). They have made one album, _Punch_, which was released on February 26, 2008 on Nonesuch Records.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Punch Brothers
- **img**: 2008 Punch Brothers - credit Cassandra Jenkins SMALL for website.jpg
- **landscape**: yes
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: United States of America
- **genre**: Progressive bluegrass, classical music, acoustic music
- **years active**: 2006present
- **label**: Nonesuch Records, Nonesuch
Sugar Hill Records (bluegrass), Sugar Hill
- **url**: [http://www.punchbrothers.com/ www.punchbrothers.com]
- **current members**: Chris Thile
Gabe Witcher
Noam Pikelny
Chris Eldridge
Paul Kowert
- **past members**: Bryan Sutton
Greg Garrison
Mike Marshall

**Mike Marshall** (born 1957) is an American mandolinist. Over the years, he has worked with artists such as Chris Thile and David Grisman.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Mike Marshall
- **img**: Mike Marshall Delfest 2011.jpg
- **background**: non_vocal_instrumentalist
- **birth place**: New Castle, Pennsylvania
- **instrument**: Guitar, mandolin, violin, mandocello
- **genre**: Bluegrass music, Bluegrass, Classical music, classical, jazz, New Acoustic Music
- **occupation**: Composer, musician
- **years active**: 1979–present
- **label**: Rounder Records, Rounder
Windham Hill Records, Windham Hill
Compass Records, Compass
Sony Classical
Adventure Music
- **associated acts**: Montreux (band), Montreux
Darol Anger, The Duo
Modern Mandolin Quartet
Choro Famoso
Edgar Meyer

**Edgar Meyer** is an American Grammy Award-winning double bassist. Over the years, he has worked with classical and bluegrass artists such as Joshua Bell, Yo-Yo Ma, Béla Fleck, Sam Bush, James Taylor, Jerry Douglas, Mike Marshall, Mark O'Connor, Alison Krauss, the members of Nickel Creek, and Mary Chapin Carpenter.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Edgar Meyer
- **img**: Edgar_Meyer_performing_at_the_2006_RockyGrass_Music_Festival.jpg
- **img capt**: Eggar Meyer at the 2006 RockyGrass music festival, Music Festival
- **background**: non_vocal_instrumentalist
- **birth name**: Edgar Meyer
- **origin**: Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States, U.S.
- **instrument**: Double Bass
Piano
Guitar
Banjo
Violin
Mandolin
Dobro
- **genre**: Classical music, Classical
Bluegrass music, Bluegrass
Progressive bluegrass
Jazz
- **occupation**: Musician
Composer
- **years active**: Sony Records, Sony
Deutsche Grammophon
Sugar Hill Records, Sugar Hill
- **associated acts**: Joshua Bell
Yo-Yo Ma
Béla Fleck
Sam Bush
James Taylor
Jerry Douglas
Mike Marshall (musician), Mike Marshall
Mark O'Connor
Alison Krauss
Nickel Creek
Mary Chapin Carpenter
- **url**: [http://www.edgarmeyer.com/ edgarmeyer.com]
Jerry Douglas

**Jerry Douglas** (born May 28, 1956) is an American Grammy Award-winning dobro player. He was born in Warren, Ohio. Over the years, he has worked with musicians including Ray Charles, Peter Rowan, Béla Fleck, Emmylou Harris, Phish, Chris Thile, Dolly Parton, Paul Simon, Ricky Skaggs, Bill Frisell, John Fogerty, Nanci Griffith, Tony Rice, and James Taylor.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Jerry Douglas
- **img**: Jerry Douglas 2009 Rivercity.jpg
- **img size**: 250
- **landscape**: Yes
- **background**: non_vocal_instrumentalist
- **birth place**: Warren, Ohio
- **instrument**: Dobro
- **years active**: 1970s–present
- **url**: [http://www.jerrydouglas.com/ Official website]
2-1-1

**2-1-1** is a special telephone number in the United States and Canada. It was made to be easy to remember. Calling the number lets people get information quickly about health organizations. It can also be called in an emergency.

## History

New York Telephone (now part of Verizon) used the 2-1-1 number for many years. It was an automatic, meaning it worked by itself, number for phone numbers that were dialed wrongly. 2-1-1 was used this way from the 1970s through the early 2000s.

The city of Atlanta started a new way of using 2-1-1 in 1997. This new way of using it was similar to how it is used now. After Atlanta, many other cities and states started to use it as a special number to call in an emergency. 5-1-1 is also used for this.

## Other websites

- Canada
    - 211Canada.ca
    - 211 Canada Information Weblog
    - 211 Halton Region (Ontario, Canada)
    - 211 Niagara Region (Ontario, Canada)
    - 211 Simcoe County (Ontario, Canada)
    - 211 Toronto (Ontario, Canada)
    - 211 Calgary (Alberta, Canada)
    - Windsor and Essex County (Ontario, Canada)
    - CRTC Decision 2001-475 establishing use of 2-1-1 in Canada
    - InformCanada National Association
    - InformOntario Provincial Association
    - 2-1-1 Edmonton
- United States
    - 211 status in the U.S.
    - Alliance of Information & Referral Systems
    - Atlanta United Way page on 2-1-1
    - FCC fact sheet on 2-1-1
    - National 211.org site homepage
    - 2-1-1 Virginia
    - 211 Palm Beach/Treasure Coast
    - 2-1-1 Big Bend Inc.
    - 2-1-1 Los Angeles County
    - 2-1-1 San Luis Obispo County
    - 2-1-1 NW Oregon & SW Washington
    - 2-1-1 Missouri
3-1-1

**3-1-1** is a special telephone number used for non-emergency call to municipal services. It is used in several cities in Canada and the United States. 3-1-1 was created to receive many of the calls which commonly were made to 9-1-1 which were common questions and not emergencies.

### United States

3-1-1 is available in several major American cities, including: Akron, Albuquerque, Austin,  Baltimore, Charlotte, Chattanooga, Chicago, Columbus, Dallas, Denver, Detroit, Hartford, Houston, Kansas City, Las Vegas, Little Rock, Los Angeles, Miami, Milwaukee, Minneapolis, Mobile, Nashville, New York City, Rochester, Orlando, Pittsburgh, San Antonio, San Francisco, San Jose, Somerville, and Washington, D.C..

### Canada

The service is available in the following communities (with starting date):

- Calgary, Alberta (18 May 2005)
- Gatineau, Quebec (22 June 2005)
- Windsor, Ontario (22 August 2005)
- Ottawa, Ontario (19 September 2005)
- St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador (27 June 2006)
- Fort St. John, British Columbia (14 November 2006)
- Greater Sudbury, Ontario (12 February 2007)
- Laval, Quebec (3 October 2007)
- Montreal, Quebec (mid-December 2007)

Other Canadian municipalities are expected to use 3-1-1 in the near future. These include Edmonton, Winnipeg and Toronto.
Oleander

**Oleander**, _Nerium oleander_, is a poisonous shrub. It is commonly used in gardens because of its pink colored flowers. _Nerium oleander_ is native to northern Africa, the eastern Mediterranean basin and southeast Asia. Oleander prefers dry, warm climates and may naturalize in such areas. Recently, scientific studies on cardenolide oleandrin show that it may be used to prevent mutagenesis.
Aon Center (Chicago)

**Aon Center** is a skyscraper in Chicago, United States.  It is 346 meters (1,136 feet) tall and has 83 floors.  It was built in 1973 and is one of the tallest buildings in the world and the third tallest in Chicago.

At first it was named the **Standard Oil Building**, but when the name of the company changed in 1985 it became the **Amoco Building**.  The building was sold and became the Aon Center in 1999.

## Related pages

- List of tallest buildings in Chicago
- List of tallest buildings in the world

## Other websites

- Emporis.com - Aon Center
- SkycraperPage.com – Aon Center

## Infobox (skyscraper)

- **building name**: Aon Center
- **image**: 2006-06-07 840x1500 chicago aon building.jpg
- **location**: Chicago
United States
- **floor count**: 83
- **completion date**: 1973
- **antenna spire**: 346 m (1,136 ft)
Aon Center

The **Aon Center** is the name of two buildings.

- Aon Center (Chicago)
- Aon Center (Los Angeles)
875 North Michigan Avenue

**875 North Michigan Avenue** is a skyscraper in Chicago, United States. It was formerly known as the **John Hancock Center**. It is 344 meters (1,127 feet) tall and has 100 floors, including an observation deck on the 94th floor (1,000 ft). It was built in 1969 and is one of the tallest buildings in the world.

## Name change

On February 12, 2018, John Hancock Insurance requested that its name and logos throughout the building's interior be removed immediately; John Hancock had not had a naming-rights deal with the skyscraper's owners since 2013. Until a new naming-rights deal is finalized, the skyscraper will be known as "875 North Michigan Avenue".

## Features

From the 95th-floor restaurant, diners can look out at Chicago and Lake Michigan. It has an observatory floor known as 360 Chicago. 360 Chicago is home to TILT, a moving platform that leans visitors over the edge of the skyscraper to a 30-degree angle. It also has a full bar, and Chicago's only open-air Sky Walk, and also has free interactive high-definition touchscreens in six languages.

The 44th-floor sky lobby features the highest indoor swimming pool in the United States.

On its 44th floor, the building has a  grocery store accessible only to apartment residents and office tenants.

## Related pages

- List of tallest buildings in Chicago
- List of tallest buildings in the world

## Other websites

- The Hancock Observatory
- Emporis.com - Aon Center
- SkycraperPage.com – Aon Center

## Infobox (skyscraper)

- **building name**: 875 North Michigan Avenue
- **image**: John Hancock Center.jpg
- **location**: Chicago
United States
- **floor count**: 100
- **completion date**: 1969
- **antenna spire**: 344 m (1,127 ft)
Franklin Center (Chicago)

**Franklin Center** is a skyscraper in Chicago, United States.  It is 307 meters (1,007 feet) tall and has 60 floors.  It was built in 1989 and is one of the tallest buildings in the world

## Related pages

- List of tallest buildings in Chicago
- List of tallest buildings in the world

## Other websites

- Emporis.com - AT&T Corporate Center
- SkycraperPage.com – AT&T Corporate Center

## Infobox (skyscraper)

- **building name**: Franklin Center
- **image**: 20120929 Franklin Center.JPG
- **location**: Chicago
United States
- **floor count**: 60
- **completion date**: 1989
- **antenna spire**: 307 m (1,007 ft)
Two Prudential Plaza

**Two Prudential Plaza** is a skyscraper in Chicago, United States.  It is 303 meters (995 feet) tall and has 64 floors.  It was built in 1990 and is one of the tallest buildings in the world.

## Related pages

- List of tallest buildings in Chicago
- List of tallest buildings in the world

## Other websites

- Emporis.com - Two Prudential Plaza
- SkycraperPage.com – Two Prudential Plaza

## Infobox (skyscraper)

- **building name**: Two Prudential Plaza
- **image**: 2006-08-16 1580x2800 chicago two pru.jpg
- **location**: Chicago
United States
- **floor count**: 64
- **completion date**: 1990
- **antenna spire**: 330 m (1,100 ft)
Noam Pikelny

**Noam Pikelny** is a United States banjo player and singer-songwriter, famous as a member of Leftover Salmon and Punch Brothers. Pikelny lives in Brooklyn, New York.

## Biography

Pikelny started playing the banjo when he was 8 years old. He took lessons at the Old Town School of Folk Music in Chicago. In high school, he studied with Greg Cahill from the Chicago bluegrass band The Special Consensus.  In 2002, Pikelny joined the band Leftover Salmon, but left in 2004 to play with the John Cowan Band until 2006. He played on their album New Tattoo. That same year, Punch Brothers was formed. Chris Thile from Nickel Creek wanted to start a string quintet and already knew he wanted fiddler Gabe Witcher in the group. After a jam session with Witcher, Pikelny, bassist Greg Garrison, and guitarist Chris Eldridge, Thile decided to form a band. At first, they were called The How to Grow a Band and played on Thile’s solo album How to Grow a Woman from the Ground. In 2007, during Nickel Creek’s farewell tour, the band briefly changed their name to Tensions Mountain Boys, and then to Punch Brothers (named after a short story by Mark Twain).

Their first official album, Punch, was released on February 26, 2008, by Nonesuch Records. Pikelny used to live in Skokie, Illinois, and now lives in Nashville, Tennessee.

## Other websites

- Official website
- Official MySpace site
- Punch Brothers official website
- Leftover Salmon official website

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **background**: solo_singer
- **instrument**: Banjo
- **name**: Noam Pikelny
- **img**: NoamPikelny 09 2007.jpg
- **birth date**: February 27, 1981
- **origin**: Chicago, Illinois
- **genre**: Progressive bluegrass
Bluegrass
- **associated acts**: Punch Brothers feat. Chris Thile
Leftover Salmon
- **label**: Compass Records
- **url**: [http://www.noampikelny.com noampikelny.com]
Gabe Witcher

**Gabe Witcher** is a United States fiddle player and singer-songwriter, famous as a member of Punch Brothers. Witcher has also toured with artists such as Jerry Douglas.

## Other websites

- Punch Brothers official website

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **background**: solo_singer
- **instrument**: Violin
Guitar
Mandolin
- **name**: Gabe Witcher
- **img**: Gabe Witcher in December 2007.jpg
- **img capt**: Gabe Witcher in December 2007
- **genre**: Progressive bluegrass
Bluegrass
- **associated acts**: Punch Brothers
Witcher Brothers
311 South Wacker Drive

**311 South Wacker Drive** is a skyscraper in Chicago, Illinois.  It is 293 meters (961 feet) tall and has 65 floors. It was built in 1990 and is one of the tallest buildings in the world.

## Related pages

- List of tallest buildings in Chicago
- List of tallest buildings in the world

## Other websites

- Emporis.com - 311 South Wacker
- SkycraperPage.com – 311 South Wacker Drive

## Infobox (skyscraper)

- **building name**: 311 South Wacker Drive
- **image**: 311 South Wacker Drive 060528.jpg
- **caption**: 311 South Wacker Drive
- **location**: Chicago

- **floor count**: 65
- **completion date**: 1990
- **antenna spire**: 293 m (961 ft)
900 North Michigan

**900 North Michigan** is a skyscraper in Chicago, United States.  It is 265 meters (871 feet) tall and has 66 floors.  It was built in 1989 and is one of the tallest buildings in the world

## Related pages

- List of tallest buildings in Chicago
- List of tallest buildings in the world

## Other websites

- Emporis.com - 900 North Michigan
- SkycraperPage.com – 311 South Wacker900 North Michigan

## Infobox (skyscraper)

- **building name**: 900 North Michigan
- **image**: 2005-09-20 1080x1920 chicago 900 north michigan.jpg
- **caption**: 900 North Michigan
- **location**: Chicago

- **floor count**: 66
- **completion date**: 1989
- **antenna spire**: 265 m (871 ft)
Bryan Sutton

**Bryan Sutton** is a United States guitarist. He also plays many other instruments including mandolin, banjo, and electric guitar. He has performed or recorded with artists such as Ricky Skaggs, Dixie Chicks, Jerry Douglas, Sam Bush, Béla Fleck, Hot Rize, Chris Thile, and Tony Rice.

### Solo albums

|rowspan="1"|Year|rowspan="1"|Title|rowspan="1"|Label|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|align="center"|2000|align="left"|_Ready to Go_|align="left"|Sugar Hill|
|align="center"|2003|align="left"|_Bluegrass Guitar_|align="left"|Sugar Hill|
|align="center"|2006|align="left"|_Not Too Far from the Tree_|align="left"|Sugar Hill|

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Bryan Sutton
- **background**: non_vocal_instrumentalist
- **birth place**: Asheville, North Carolina
- **birth date**: 1973
- **origin**: USA
- **instrument**: Guitar
Banjo
Mandolin
- **genre**: Country music, Country
- **occupation**: Musician
- **years active**: 1997-present
- **label**: Sugar Hill Records (bluegrass), Sugar Hill
- **associated acts**: Ricky Skaggs
Water Tower Place

**Water Tower Place** is a skyscraper in Chicago, United States.  It is 262 meters (859 feet) tall and has 74 floors.  It was built in 1976 and is one of the tallest buildings in the world.

## Related pages

- List of tallest buildings in Chicago
- List of tallest buildings in the world

## Other websites

- Emporis.com - Water Tower Place
- SkycraperPage.com – Water Tower Place

## Infobox (skyscraper)

- **building name**: Water Tower Place
- **image**: Water Tower Place 060527.jpg
- **location**: Chicago
United States
- **floor count**: 74
- **completion date**: 1976
- **antenna spire**: 262 m (859 ft)
Chase Tower

**Chase Tower** is the name of two buildings.

- Chase Tower (Chicago)
- Chase Tower (Indianapolis)
Park Tower

**Park Tower** is a skyscraper in Chicago, United States.  It is 257 meters (844 feet) tall and has 67 floors.  It was built in 2000 and is one of the tallest buildings in the world

## Related pages

- List of tallest buildings in Chicago
- List of tallest buildings in the world

## Other websites

- Emporis.com - Park Tower
- SkycraperPage.com – Park Tower

## Infobox (skyscraper)

- **building name**: Park Tower
- **image**: Park Tower 060527.jpg
- **location**: Chicago
United States
- **floor count**: 67
- **completion date**: 2000
- **antenna spire**: 257 m (844 ft)
Toltec

**Toltec** is used by historians in different ways. It is either used to refer to certain people that lived in what is Mexico today, before Christopher Columbus came there. Some scholars also use the word to refer to the people that later developed into the Aztec civilisation. These people are only known from Aztec stories. It is not known if they actually formed one people or not.
Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari

**Abi Ja'far Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari** (838-923 أبي جعفر محمد بن جرير الطبري) was one of the earliest, most important and famous Persian historians and explainers of the Qur'an, most famous for his _Tarikh al-Tabari_ (_History of the Prophets and Kings_) and _Tafsir al-Tabari_.

## Abu Ja'afar Muhammad Ibn Jarir Al-Tabari

Tabari (Persian: طبری), Abu Jafar Muhammad ibn Jarir at-Tabari, His name means "father of Jafar, named after the Prophet Muhammad, son of Jarir, from the province of Tabaristan".

## Biography

He was born in Amol, Tabaristan, some twenty kilometres south of the Caspian Sea, in the winter of 838-9. He was precocious. He left home to study in A.H. 236  (850-1) when he was twelve. He retained close ties to his home town. He did return at least twice, the last time in A.H. 290 (903) when his outspokenness caused some uneasiness and led to his quick departure.

## Related pages

- List of historians by continent

## Bibliography

- Bosworth, C.E., _Encyclopedia of Islam_, "Al-Tabari, Abu Djafar Muhammad b. Djarir b. Yazid"
- Rosenthal, Franz, "The Life and Works of al-Tabari" pp. 5–134 of volume one of the English translation of the _History_.

## Other websites

- http://www.salaam.co.uk/knowledge/biography/viewentry.php?id=114
- http://www.answering-ansar.org/biographies/abu_jaffar_muhammad_tabari/
Tafseer Al-Tabari 13 volume Set By Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari  2025-03-27 aljannahbooks.com

## Infobox (philosopher)

- **region**: Persian scholar
- **era**: Medieval era
- **color**: #B0C4DE
- **image name**: Persian version by Balami of Universal History by Tabari.jpg
- **image caption**: Bal'ami's 14th century Persian version of _Universal History_ by Tabari
- **name**: <small>**Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari**</small>
- **birth date**: 838/839
  Amol, Abbasid Caliphate
- **death date**: 17 February 923 (aged 83-85)
 Baghdad, Abbasid Caliphate
Tabari

**Tabari** might mean:

- Something from the region of Tabaristan
- Mazandarani language, also called _Tabari_
- Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari
Parliamentary system

A **parliamentary system** of government means that the executive branch of government has the direct or indirect support of the parliament.

Parliamentary systems often work where the head of government is the leader of the political party with the most members in the parliament.

This support is usually shown by a vote of confidence.  A balanced relationship between the executive and the legislature in a parliamentary system is called responsible government.

The separation of powers between the executive and law making branches is not as obvious as it is in a presidential system. There are different ways of balancing power between the three branches which govern the country (the executive (or ministers), the law makers and the judges).

Parliamentary systems usually have a _head of government_ and a _head of state_. They change after their terms are over.  The head of government is the prime minister, who has the real power.  The head of state may be an elected president or, in the case of a constitutional monarchy, hereditary.

Examples of a few countries which practice parliamentary systems are India, Italy, Japan, Germany, and Latvia. Parliament is different in every country.
Slavic

**Slavic** might mean:

- Slavic peoples, the largest ethno-lingustic group in Europe. They live in Central Europe, Eastern Europe, and Southeastern Europe
- Slavic languages
Political asylum

**Political asylum** may be asked for when people are frightened to live in or oppressed in their own country. They then go to another country. If they are allowed to live in the new country, that is called _political asylum_.

People who seek asylum say that they are victims of threats, physical harm or denigration of their human dignity as violations of their human rights.

Political asylum is one of the human rights affirmed by Article 14 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and rules of international human rights law.  Every country that has agreed to the _United Nations Conventions Relating to the Status of Refugees_ must let in people who qualify.

People who qualify for asylum are those who can show that they might be badly treated in their own country for these reasons:

- Religion
- Political opinions
- Membership of a particular social group or social activities
- Personal lifestyle and sexual orientation.

People often confuse exiling individuals from their home country as migration to a political asylum, but that is not as it seems. Migrating with one's own will for personal reasons may be a political migration but not under government.

Those who are given political asylum are called refugees. They are often confused with "economic refugees," who move from a poor country to a richer one so that they may work and make more money, often to send back to their families.

## Related pages

- Deportation
- Exile
- Refugee
- Sanctuary
- United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees