juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Thylacinus potens

***Thylacinus potens*** ("powerful thylacine") was one of the largest species from the family Thylacinidae, growing up to the size of a wolf. In some ways it was more robust and had a shorter, broader skull than the modern Thylacine. The head and body together were around 5 ft long. The fossils were found near Alice Springs, Northern Territory, Australia.
Naoki Chiba

**Naoki Chiba** (born 24 July 1977) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Vegalta Sendai.

## Club career statistics

|-
|1996||rowspan="3"|Brummel Sendai||rowspan="3"|Football League||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|-
|1997||17||1||2||0||1||0||20||1
|-
|1998||26||0||4||0||4||0||34||0
|-
|1999||rowspan="12"|Vegalta Sendai||rowspan="3"|J. League 2||31||0||2||0||2||0||35||0
|-
|2000||39||2||1||0||2||0||42||2
|-
|2001||38||1||3||1||2||0||43||2
|-
|2002||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||17||0||0||0||5||0||22||0
|-
|2003||8||0||0||0||2||0||10||0
|-
|2004||rowspan="6"|J. League 2||27||1||0||0||colspan="2"|-||27||1
|-
|2005||36||1||1||0||colspan="2"|-||37||1
|-
|2006||44||2||2||0||colspan="2"|-||46||2
|-
|2007||43||4||0||0||colspan="2"|-||43||4
|-
|2008||39||1||1||0||colspan="2"|-||40||1
|-
|2009||40||5||4||0||colspan="2"|-||44||5
|-
|2010||J. League 1||25||0||1||0||3||0||29||0
|
430||18||21||1||21||0||472||19
430||18||21||1||21||0||472||19
|}
Toshiya Ishii

is a Japanese professional athlete.  He is best known as an association football player.

## Club career statistics

|-
|1996||rowspan="7"|Urawa Red Diamonds||rowspan="4"|J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|1997||0||0||2||0||0||0||2||0
|-
|1998||32||1||2||0||4||0||38||1
|-
|1999||30||0||1||0||2||0||33||0
|-
|2000||J. League 2||39||0||4||0||2||0||45||0
|-
|2001||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||30||0||0||0||6||0||36||0
|-
|2002||10||1||1||0||7||0||18||1
|-
|2003||rowspan="2"|Vegalta Sendai||J. League 1||26||0||0||0||6||0||32||0
|-
|2004||J. League 2||16||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||16||0
|-
|2005||rowspan="2"|Kyoto Purple Sanga||J. League 2||11||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||12||0
|-
|2006||J. League 1||16||0||1||0||2||0||19||0
|-
|2007||rowspan="2"|Kyoto Sanga||J. League 2||44||1||0||0||colspan="2"|-||44||1
|-
|2008||J. League 1||0||0||0||0||1||0||1||0
|-
|2009||Roasso Kumamoto||J. League 2||43||3||0||0||colspan="2"|-||43||3
297||6||12||0||30||0||339||6
297||6||12||0||30||0||339||6
|}
Toshiyuki Abe

**Toshiyuki Abe** (born 1 August 1974) is a former Japanese football player.

## Club statistics

|colspan=3|Club performance|colspan=2|League|colspan=2|Cup|colspan=2|League Cup|colspan=2|Total||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1995|Kashima Antlers|J1 League|14|0|0|0|–|14|0||
|1996|0|0|0|0|4|0|4|0|||
|1997|0|0|0|0|1|0|1|0|||
|1998|23|1|4|0|5|0|32|1|||
|1999|26|2|2|0|6|1|34|3|||
|2000|Urawa Reds|J2 League|28|7|2|1|0|0|30|8|
|2001|J1 League|23|3|4|2|6|0|33|5||
|2002|4|0|0|0|1|0|5|0|||
|2002|Vegalta Sendai|J1 League|10|0|2|0|–|12|0||
|2003|15|1|0|0|6|0|21|1|||
|2004|Albirex Niigata|J1 League|0|0|0|0|3|0|3|0|
|2005|Kashima Antlers|J1 League|8|0|1|0|4|0|13|0|

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Toshiyuki Abe
阿部 敏之
- **birth place**: Saitama (city), Saitama, Japan
- **position**: Midfielder
- **youthyears1**: 1990–1992
- **youthclubs1**: Teikyo High School
- **collegeyears1**: 1993–1994
- **college1**: University of Tsukuba
- **years1**: 1995–1999
- **clubs1**: Kashima Antlers
- **caps1**: 63
- **goals1**: 3
- **years2**: 1997
- **clubs2**: → Centro de Futebol Zico Sociedade Esportiva, CFZ (loan)
- **years3**: 2000–2002
- **clubs3**: Urawa Red Diamonds, Urawa Reds
- **caps3**: 55
- **goals3**: 10
- **years4**: 2002–2003
- **clubs4**: Vegalta Sendai
- **caps4**: 25
- **goals4**: 1
- **years5**: 2004
- **clubs5**: Albirex Niigata
- **caps5**: 0
- **goals5**: 0
- **years6**: 2005
- **clubs6**: Kashima Antlers
- **caps6**: 8
- **goals6**: 0
- **totalcaps**: 151
- **totalgoals**: 14
Yasushi Fukunaga

is a former Japanese football player.

## Club statistics

|colspan=3|Club performance|colspan=2|League|colspan=2|Cup|colspan=2|League Cup|colspan=2|Total||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1995|Urawa Reds|J1 League|26|4|3|0|-|29|4||
|1996|28|6|4|1|13|2|45|9|||
|1997|0|0|2|1|5|0|7|1|||
|1998|31|4|0|0|3|2|34|6|||
|1999|14|3|0|0|2|1|16|4|||
|2000|J2 League|22|9|4|0|2|0|28|9||
|2001|J1 League|9|0|0|0|1|0|10|0||
|2002|Vegalta Sendai|J1 League|6|0|0|0|0|0|6|0|
|2003|7|0|0|0|1|0|8|0|||

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Yasushi Fukunaga
福永 泰
- **fullname**: Yasushi Fukunaga
- **birth place**: Machida, Tokyo, Machida, Tokyo, Japan
- **position**: Midfielder, Forward (association football), Forward
- **youthyears1**: 1988–1990
- **youthclubs1**: Toin Gakuen High School
- **youthyears2**: 1991–1994
- **youthclubs2**: Aoyama Gakuin University
- **years1**: 1995–2001
- **clubs1**: Urawa Reds
- **caps1**: 130
- **goals1**: 26
- **years2**: 2002–2003
- **clubs2**: Vegalta Sendai
- **caps2**: 13
- **goals2**: 0
- **totalcaps**: 143
- **totalgoals**: 26
Web service

A **Web service** is defined as "a software system designed to support interoperable machine-to-machine interaction over a network". Web services are frequently just Web APIs that can be accessed over a network, such as the Internet, and executed on a remote system hosting the requested services.

The W3C Web service definition encompasses many different systems, but in common usage the term refers to clients and servers that communicate over the HTTP used on the Web. Such services tend to fall into one of two camps: Big Web Services and RESTful Web Services.

"Big Web Services" use XML messages that follow the SOAP standard and have been popular with traditional enterprise. In such systems, there is often a machine-readable description of the operations offered by the service written in the Web Services Description Language (WSDL). The latter is not a requirement of a SOAP endpoint, but it is a prerequisite for automated client-side code generation in many Java and .NET SOAP frameworks (frameworks such as Spring, Apache Axis2 and Apache CXF being notable exceptions). Some industry organizations, such as the WS-I, mandate both SOAP and WSDL in their definition of a Web service.

More recently, RESTful Web services have been regaining popularity, particularly with Internet companies. These also meet the W3C definition, and are often better integrated with HTTP than SOAP-based services. They do not require XML messages or WSDL service-API definitions.
Johannes Fibiger

**Johannes Fibiger** (Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger, 23 April 1867  30 January 1928) was a Danish doctor. He won the 1926 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for his discovery that an infection could lead to cancer.

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger
- **image**: J Fibiger.jpg
- **caption**: Name
- **birth date**: 23 April 1867
- **birth place**: Silkeborg, Denmark
- **death date**: 30 January 1928
- **death place**: Copenhagen, Denmark
- **field**: Medicine, Bacteriology, Anatomy
- **work institutions**: Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
- **alma mater**: Copenhagen University
- **known for**: Cancer research
- **prizes**: Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (1926)
Julius Wagner-Jauregg

**Julius Wagner-Jauregg** (7 March 1857 – 27 September 1940) was an Austrian doctor. He won the 1927 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for his discovery that malaria inoculation helps the treatment of paralysis.

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Julius Wagner-Jauregg
- **image**: Julius Wagner-Jauregg.jpg
- **birth date**: 7 March 1857
- **death date**: 27 September 1940
- **field**: Medicine, Psychiatry
- **work institutions**: Vienna University, Vienna, Austria
- **alma mater**: Vienna University
Institute of General and Experimental Pathology
- **prizes**: Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (1927)
Pricing

**Pricing** is the creation of a price. In a market economy the price is made by supply and demand. The suppliers would like to get the price as high as possible and the consumers would like to pay as few as possible. Prices will be built if consumers and salesmen make an agreement of the exchange of goods.

### Oligopoly

There are many consumers but only a few suppliers.

### Monopoly

There are many consumers but only one supplier.

### Polypoly

Many suppliers are compared to many consumers. By the low market share of the individual supplier you call it "atomize market structure". You also call this market form competitive market.

### Suppliers

- Cost of production
- Amount of the market price
- Speculation
- Production facilities
- Market position of the suppliers
- engineering progress
- national sanctions
- quantity demanded

### Consumers

- Cost of production
- Necessity
- Available income
- Quality of the product
- Price of substitute (compensating) goods
- Price of complementary (additional) goods
- Quantity of supply

## Law of supply

The supplier will offer more goods, if the market price is rising. (and backwards)

## Law of demand

The consumer will demand more goods, if the market price drops. (and backwards)
OEM

OEM stands for **Original Equipment Manufacturing**. It is mainly used to describe parts for cars, airplanes and electrical systems. It is also used for computer parts and computer programs.

The name OEM is usually used when a new version of something is made by a company that is different to the company that first made it. The new company will sell the product at a cheaper price, but this is often because it does not have as many features as the first version. For example, an OEM computer program will usually only come with the disc and a licence, but no instruction manuals.
Pubis (bone)

The **pubis**, or **pubic bone**, is one of the bones that make up the pelvis.  It is ventral and anterior. In other words, it is at the front in humans, and below in most other mammals.

The left and right hip bones join at the pubic symphysis. In the female, the pubic bone in front is covered by the urethral sponge.  This is a layer of fat,  forming the mons pubis or mons Venus.

The body of the pubis forms one-fifth of the acetabulum, the area around the hip socket. It contributes to the hip socket itself. Its inner surface is part of the wall of the lesser pelvis.

## Other websites

- - "The Male Pelvis: Hip Bone"

## Infobox (bone)

- **name**: Pubic bone, part of the pelvis
- **latin**: Os pubis
- **image**: Pelvic girdle illustration.svg
- **caption**: Pelvic girdle
- **image2**: Gray241.png
- **caption2**: Male pelvis
Kingdom of Poland (1917–1918)

The **Kingdom of Poland** was a proposed landlocked puppet state of the German Empire. It was proposed by Act of November 5th.

- Józef Rapacki, _Pro memoria. Prusak w Polsce_, Wydawnictwo Tygodnika Ilustrowanego, Warszawa

## Infobox (country)

- **demonym**: Polish people, Polish, Polish people, Pole
- **area km2**: 108192
- **conventional long name**: Kingdom of Poland
- **linking name**: Polish language, Polish
- **native name**: Królestwo Polskie
- **image flag**: Flag of Poland.svg
- **image coat**: Godło Królestwa Polskiego (1916-1918).svg
- **image map**: Poland 1918.png
- **capital**: Warsaw
- **religion**: Roman Catholicism
- **government type**: Constitutional Monarchy under a Regency
- **leader title1**: King
- **leader name1**: _Vacant_
- **leader title2**: Prime Minister of Poland, Prime Minister
- **leader name2**: Władysław Wróblewski <small>(last)</small>
- **established**: 1916
- **established event1**: Act of 5th November
- **established date1**: 1916
- **established event2**: Armistice of 11 November 1918
- **established date2**: 1918
- **common languages**: Polish language, Polish, German language, German
- **p1**: Government General of Warsaw
- **flag p1**: Flag of Germany (1867–1918).svg
- **p2**: Military Government of Lublin
- **flag p2**: Flag of the Habsburg Monarchy.svg
- **p3**: Supreme National Committee
- **flag p3**: Flag of the Habsburg Monarchy.svg
- **s1**: Second Polish Republic
- **flag s1**: Flag of Poland (1919-1928).svg
- **life span**: 1917–1918
Brown tree snake

The **Brown tree snake** (_Boiga irregularis_) is an arboreal colubrid snake the lives in parts of coastal Australia, Papua New Guinea, and islands in northwestern Melanesia.

This snake is known for being an invasive species, responsible for killing the bird population on Guam.

## Diet

The Brown tree snake eats birds, lizards, and bats.  It also eats small rodents in its home.   It also eats birds and shrews at Guam.

Due to the amount of prey and lack of predators in habitats such as Guam, they have been known to grow to larger sizes than their normal 1 to 2 meters in length. The longest recorded length of this species is one found on Guam was three meters.

## Reproduction

Reproduction has not been looked at in detail.   The female makes 4-12 eggs, 42–47 mm long and 18–22 mm wide with a leathery shell.    Females make up to two groups, called clutches per year depending on season, climate. and amount of prey.   The female places the eggs in hollow logs, rock cracks, and other places where they are likely protected from drying and high temperatures.

## Venom

The Brown tree snake is a nocturnal snake that can be very aggressive when confronted. The fangs are grooved rather than hollow fangs, the poison is hard to place into a bite on a human, in this way, is only given in small amount. The venom appears to be weakly neurotoxic and possibly cytotoxic. Adults are not affectly in a great way, however, children are in greater danger.
Flogging

**Flagellation** or **flogging** is  hitting the  body with a whip. The word comes from _flagellum,_ the Latin word for _Whip_. It is done for one of the following reasons:
- As a form of punishment. Some countries order people to be whipped for certain offenses. Many countries have said that using violence is forbidden when educating children.
- In some cases people whip themselves. This often has a religious meaning.
- In some cases people use whipping in the context of sexual foreplay.
People hurting themselves on purpose often have psychological problems that need to be looked at

## Punishment

Flogging was used to punish convicts in the penal colonies of Australia. After Irish convicts tried to start a riot at Castle Hill in 1804, many were flogged. Paddy Galvin was given 300 lashes at Parramatta, New South Wales. The first one hundred were across his back, and tore open his skin so the bones in his spine could be seen. The second hundred was given across his behind which became like jelly. A doctor ordered that the third hundred was given across the back of his legs. People watching were hit by pieces of skin and flesh. There are records in Tasmania of a convict named Greenwood, being given 1000 lashes for wounding an officer while trying to escape.
Cosmopolitan

**Cosmopolitan** is a word reportedly made by ancient Greek philosopher Diogenes of Sinope. The word has two parts – _cosmos_ and _politics_. The word can mean:

## Generic

- A place or person who is proud of its multicultural heritage

## Media

- _Cosmopolitan_, an American women's magazine

## Politics

- World citizens think that all the people of the world should follow the same ideals or international law, especially on human rights and that the idea of nation-states will be therefore outdated, before international organizations

- An antisemitic trope accusing Jews of being disloyal to their home country, popularized by the Soviet Union

## Science

- A living thing has a cosmopolitan distribution if it lives on all parts of Earth
Coimbra

**Coimbra** is a city in Portugal. It was the capital city of the country during the 12th century, and is home of the University of Coimbra, the oldest academic institution in the Portuguese language-speaking world.

According to the census of 2001, the city had a population of 101,069 inhabitants, and the municipality had a population of 148,443 inhabitants in a 319.4 km² land area. Over 430,000 inhabitants live in the Greater Metropolitan Area of Coimbra.
Corrientes

**Corrientes** is a city in Argentina. It is the capital city of the province of Corrientes, on the eastern shore of the Paraná River, and about 1,000 km from Buenos Aires. According to the census of 2001, the city had 328,689 people.

As the provincial capital, Corrientes is the most important city in the province, being an economical center, and holds the authorities and governmental institutions.

## Climate

The annual average temperature is 21.3 degrees celsius, with maximum and minimum averages of 33 degrees celsius and 10 degrees celsius respectively. The annual rainfall is around 1,500 millimeters.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Corrientes
- **native name lang**: es
- **settlement type**: List of cities in Argentina, City
- **image caption**: **Above:** Panorama view of Manuel Belgano Bridge, Corrientes Carnival on every February **Middle:**The city of Corrientes with the General Belgano Bridge in the background **Bottom:** :es:Convento de San Francisco (Corrientes), Corrientes Carthedral, Corrientes City Hall (All items were left to right)
- **image shield**: Escudo de la Ciudad de Corrientes.svg
- **image flag**: Flag of Ciudad de Corrientes.svg
- **image map**: Capital Corrientes.PNG
- **pushpin map**: Argentina
- **pushpin map caption**: Location of Corrientes in Argentina
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Provinces of Argentina, Province
- **subdivision type2**: Departments of Argentina, Department
- **subdivision name2**: Capital Department, Corrientes, Capital
- **leader party**: Front for Victory
- **leader title**: Intendant#Argentina, Intendant
- **leader name**: Roberto Fabían Ríos
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area total km2**: 500
- **elevation m**: 52
- **population urban**: 346,334
- **population as of**: 2010 census
- **population density km2**: auto
- **population demonym**:

- **timezone1**: Time in Argentina, ART
- **utc offset1**: −3
- **postal code type**: Argentine postal code, CPA base
- **postal code**: W3400
- **area code type**: Telephone numbering in Argentina, Dialing code
- **area code**: +54 379
- **website**: [http://www.ciudaddecorrientes.gov.ar/ Official website]
Emerald ash borer

The **emerald ash borer** (_Agrilus planipennis_ or _Agrilus marcopoli_) is a shiny green beetle native to Asia. It made its way into the United States on accident and has since been spread to eleven states and to the border with Canada.

The beetle is an invasive species, and a serious pest which destroys ash trees. It has killed at least 25 million ash trees so far and threatens to kill most of the ash trees throughout North America.

Adults lay eggs in crevasses in the bark. Larvae burrow into the bark after hatching and consume the living tissue of cambium and phloem. This causes death within two years. The average emerging season for the emerald ash borer is early spring to late summer. Females lay around 75 eggs, but up to 300 from early May to mid-July.  The borer's life cycle is estimated to be one year in southern Michigan but may be up to two years in colder regions.

Huge efforts have been made to slow down its spread, but nothing has worked so far. Parasitoid wasps from Asia are being released, and a fungus which kills insects is being tried.
Ratite

The **ratites** are a group of medium to large birds, most of which are flightless. Most of them, including the largest (moas and elephant birds) are now extinct.

Unlike other flightless birds, the ratites have no keel on their sternum. In a flying bird the sternum anchors the wing muscles.

Most parts of the former super-continent Gondwana have ratites, or did have until the fairly recent past. Their closest living relatives are the tinamous of South America.

The classification used here includes all ratites in the order Struthioniformes, but not the tinamous. This may change in future.

## Evolution and systematics

It was once thought that ratites were all one monophyletic group, which evolved together in Gondwana in the Upper Cretaceous. Then they evolved in their separate ways as Gondwana split up, and the parts drifted apart. The parts became the modern southern continents, plus Africa and the Indian subcontinent.

However, modern gene analysis conflicts with this. DNA analysis shows that the ratites diverged from one another too recently to share a common Gondwanian ancestor. However, all analyses show that rheas (South America) and the living Australasian/Oceanian ratites _are_ monophyletic.

Recent analysis of twenty nuclear genes suggests that the flighted tinamous cluster within the ratite lineage. The timamids are the sister group of the Australo-Pacific ratites.

If so, this would make 'ratites', as a whole, paraphyletic rather than monophyletic. Since tinamous are weak fliers, this raises interesting questions about the evolution of flightlessness in this group. If timamous are inside the ratite lineage, then ratites evolved flightlessness at least three times. Re-evolution of flight in the tinamous would be an alternative explanation, but that has no precedent in bird evolution, while loss of flight is commonplace.

## Simple summary

Tinamous are ratites. Therefore, ratites are a group of medium to large birds, most of whom are flightless, with the exception of the tinamous. The ratites evolved flightlessness more than once. The similarities between ostriches and the Australo-Pacific ratites is due to convergent evolution.
New Britain

**New Britain** is the largest island in the Bismarck Archipelago of Papua New Guinea. It was named for Otto von Bismarck. It is separated from the island of New Guinea by the Dampier Strait, and from New Ireland by St. George's Channel. The main towns of New Britain are Rabaul/Kokopo and Kimbe.
Gosford

**Gosford** is a city on the Central Coast of New South Wales, Australia, approximately 80 km north of Sydney. Central Coast is the local government area in Australia which serves Gosford with a total resident population of 346,596. It has passenger trains to and from Sydney.

## Infobox (australian place)

- **type**: suburb
- **city**: Central Coast (New South Wales), Central Coast
- **name**: Gosford
- **state**: nsw
- **image**: Gosford at dusk.jpg
- **caption**: The skyline of Gosford at dusk
- **local map**: yes
- **zoom**: 12
- **postcode**: 2250
- **elevation**: 20
- **timezone**: UTC10, AEST
- **utc**: +10
- **timezone-dst**: UTC11, AEST
- **utc-dst**: +11
- **dist1**: 76
- **location1**: Sydney
- **dist2**: 21
- **location2**: Wyong, New South Wales, Wyong
- **dist3**: 22
- **location3**: The Entrance, New South Wales, The Entrance
- **dist4**: 91
- **location4**: Newcastle, New South Wales, Newcastle
- **county**: Northumberland County, New South Wales, Northumberland
- **stategov**: Electoral district of Gosford, Gosford
- **fedgov**: Division of Robertson, Robertson
- **maxtemp**: 23.3
- **mintemp**: 11.4
- **rainfall**: 1333.0
- **near-n**: Narara, New South Wales, Narara
- **near-ne**: Wyoming, New South Wales, Wyoming
- **near-e**: East Gosford, New South Wales, East Gosford
- **near-se**: Tascott, New South Wales, Tascott
- **near-s**: Point Clare, New South Wales, Point Clare
- **near-sw**: Point Clare, New South Wales, Point Clare
- **near-w**: West Gosford, New South Wales, West Gosford
- **near-nw**: North Gosford, New South Wales, North Gosford
Airlie Beach, Queensland

**Airlie Beach** is a town in the Whitsunday Region of Queensland, Australia. At the 2006 census, Airlie Beach had a population of 2,751. The greater Whitsunday region had a population of approximately 31,000.

## Infobox (australian place)

- **type**: town
- **name**: Airlie Beach
- **state**: qld
- **image**: AirlieBeachQueensland.JPG
- **caption**: Airlie Beach
- **pop**: 1,208
- **postcode**: 4802
- **area**: 3.2
- **dist1**: 2.7
- **dir1**: NE
- **location1**: Cannonvale, Queensland, Cannonvale
- **dist2**: 25.5
- **dir2**: NE
- **location2**: Proserpine, Queensland, Proserpine
- **dist3**: 275
- **dir3**: SE
- **location3**: Townsville
- **dist4**: 1096
- **dir4**: NNW
- **location4**: Brisbane
- **lga**: Whitsunday Region
- **stategov**: Electoral district of Whitsunday, Whitsunday
- **fedgov**: Division of Dawson, Dawson
- **near-n**: _Coral Sea_
- **near-ne**: _Coral Sea_
- **near-e**: Mandalay, Queensland, Mandalay
- **near-se**: Jubilee Pocket, Queensland, Jubilee Pocket
- **near-s**: Cape Conway, Queensland, Cape Conway
- **near-sw**: Cannonvale, Queensland, Cannonvale
- **near-w**: Cannonvale, Queensland, Cannonvale
- **near-nw**: _Coral Sea_
Agama

***Agama*** is a genus of lizards. It contains at least 31 species across Africa, where they are the most common lizard.

They can be found in many sizes, from 5 inches to a foot in length and a wide variety of colors. One of the best known species is the **red-headed rock agama** (_Agama agama_), widespread in sub-Saharan Africa.
Mossman, Queensland

**Mossman** is a town in north Queensland, Australia. It is on the Mossman River. There are about 1700 people living in Mossman. It was first called Mosman; the name was changed because there was a Sydney suburb called Mosman. Mossman is on the Captain Cook Highway,  north of Cairns.

Mossman Gorge, a popular attraction in Daintree National Park, is located west of town. Sugar cane farming is a major crop around Mossman. The Mossman Central Mill is the only sugar mill in the area; turns the cane into sugar.

The Mossman area was served by 2 separate tram systems using 2 foot (610 mm) gauge tracks (width of track). The trams carried passengers and general goods, as well as sugar cane. These tramways were the first transport in the area, proper roads were built much later.

Mossman has 5 primary schools and one high school. Mossman was once part of the old Douglas Shire. It was also part of the Cairns Regional Council but has since left the council after protests, prompting the creation of the Douglas Shire Council. Mossman has a number of sporting clubs such as the Mossman Sharks rugby league club and the Port Douglas Australian Rules Football club.

## Other websites

- Town information from the Sydney Morning Herald

## Infobox (australian place)

- **type**: town
- **name**: Mossman
- **state**: qld
- **image**: Captain Cook Highway, Mossman, 2015.JPG
- **caption**: Mossman
- **pushpin label position**: left
- **pop**: 1721
- **postcode**: 4873
- **elevation**: 4
- **dist1**: 78
- **location1**: Cairns, Queensland, Cairns
- **dist2**: 1896
- **location2**: Brisbane, Queensland, Brisbane
- **dist3**: 2482
- **location3**: Sydney
- **lga**: Shire of Douglas
- **county**: County of Solander, Solander
- **stategov**: Electoral district of Cook, Cook
- **fedgov**: Division of Leichhardt, Leichhardt
- **maxtemp**: 27.9
- **mintemp**: 20.6
- **rainfall**: 2013.2
- **near-n**: Miallo, Queensland, Miallo
- **near-ne**: Newell, Queensland, Newell
- **near-e**: Bonnie Doon, Queensland, Bonnie Doon
- **near-se**: Shannonvale, Queensland, Shannonvale
- **near-s**: Shannonvale, Queensland, Shannonvale
- **near-sw**: Mossman Gorge, Queensland, Mossman Gorge
- **near-w**: Finlayvale, Queensland, Finlayvale
- **near-nw**: Syndicate, Queensland, Syndicate
Ryuji Kawai

is a former Japanese football player.

## Club statistics

|colspan=3|Club performance|colspan=2|League|colspan=2|Cup|colspan=2|League Cup|colspan=2|Continental|colspan=2|Total|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1997|Urawa Reds|J1 League|0|0|0|0|0|0|-|0|0|
|1998|0|0|0|0|0|0|-|0|0|||
|1999|0|0|0|0|0|0|-|0|0|||
|2000|J2 League|13|0|2|0|0|0|-|15|0||
|2001|J1 League|1|0|1|0|0|0|-|2|0||
|2002|0|0|0|0|0|0|-|0|0|||
|2003|Yokohama F. Marinos|J1 League|11|0|3|1|3|0|-|17|1|
|2004|9|0|1|0|3|0|3|1|16|1||
|2005|22|1|0|0|2|0|3|0|27|1||
|2006|25|1|3|0|9|0|-|37|1|||
|2007|33|3|2|0|7|0|-|42|3|||
|2008|20|3|3|0|5|0|-|28|3|||
|2009|11|0|3|0|2|0|-|16|0|||
|2010|14|1|1|0|3|0|-|18|1|||
|2011|Consadole Sapporo|J2 League|37|1|0|0|-|-|37|1||
|2012|J1 League|25|0|1|0|1|0|-|27|0||
|2013|J2 League|21|0|1|0|-|-|22|0|||
|2014|31|1|1|0|-|-|32|1||||
|2015|30|0|1|0|-|-|31|0||||
|2016|Hokkaido Consadole Sapporo|J2 League|15|0|2|0|-|-|17|0||
|2017|J1 League|20|0|0|0|5|0|-|25|0||
|2018|0|0|0|0|0|0|-|0|0|||

## J.League firsts

- Appearance: May 22, 2000. Urawa Reds 6 vs 0 Omiya Ardija, Omiya Park Soccer Stadium
- Goal: April 2, 2005. Yokohama F. Marinos 4 vs 1 Albirex Niigata, Nissan Stadium

## Other websites

- Yokohama F. Marinos

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Ryuji Kawai
河合 竜二
- **image**: Ryuji Kawai.jpg
- **image size**: 200
- **fullname**: Ryuji Kawai
- **birth place**: Itabashi, Tokyo, Japan
- **position**: Defender (association football), Defender, midfielder
- **youthyears1**: 1994–1996
- **youthclubs1**: Seibudai High School
- **years1**: 1997–2002
- **clubs1**: Urawa Reds
- **caps1**: 14
- **goals1**: 0
- **years2**: 2003–2010
- **clubs2**: Yokohama F. Marinos
- **caps2**: 145
- **goals2**: 9
- **years3**: 2011–2018
- **clubs3**: Hokkaido Consadole Sapporo
- **caps3**: 179
- **goals3**: 2
- **totalcaps**: 338
- **totalgoals**: 11
Kiyotaka Matsui

is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.

## Biography

Matsui was born in Takatsuki on January 4, 1961. After graduating from Osaka University of Health and Sport Sciences, he joined Japan Soccer League club Nippon Kokan (later _NKK_) in 1983. From 1985, the club won the 2nd place for 3 years in a row and won the champions 1987 JSL Cup. In 1992, he moved to Shimizu S-Pulse joined new league J1 League. He retired in 1993.

On May 31, 1984, Matsui debuted for the Japan national team against China. In 1985, he played as regular goalkeeper at 1986 World Cup qualification. He also played at 1986 Asian Games and 1988 Summer Olympics qualification. He played 15 games for Japan until 1988.

## Statistics

|-
|1983||rowspan="5"|Nippon Kokan||JSL Division 2||12||0
|-
|1984||rowspan="4"|JSL Division 1||18||0
|-
|1985/86||20||0
|-
|1986/87||22||0
|-
|1987/88||22||0
|-
|1988/89||rowspan="4"|NKK||rowspan="3"|JSL Division 1||16||0
|-
|1989/90||22||0
|-
|1990/91||15||0
|-
|1991/92||JSL Division 2||23||0
|-
|1992||rowspan="2"|Shimizu S-Pulse||rowspan="2"|J1 League||0||0
|-
|1993||0||0
170||0
170||0
|}

|-
|1984||2||0
|-
|1985||8||0
|-
|1986||2||0
|-
|1987||1||0
|-
|1988||2||0
|-
!Total||15||0
|}

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Kiyotaka Matsui
- **fullname**: Kiyotaka Matsui
- **birth place**: Takatsuki, Osaka, Takatsuki, Osaka Prefecture, Osaka, Japan
- **position**: Goalkeeper
- **youthyears1**: 1976–1978
- **youthclubs1**: Kyoto Gaidai Nishi High School, Kyoto Nishi High School
- **youthyears2**: 1979–1982
- **youthclubs2**: Osaka University of Health and Sport Sciences
- **years1**: 1983–1992
- **clubs1**: NKK SC, NKK
- **caps1**: 170
- **goals1**: 0
- **years2**: 1992–1993
- **clubs2**: Shimizu S-Pulse
- **caps2**: 0
- **goals2**: 0
- **totalcaps**: 170
- **totalgoals**: 0
- **nationalyears1**: 1984–1988
- **nationalteam1**: Japan national football team, Japan
- **nationalcaps1**: 15
- **nationalgoals1**: 0
Spezia Calcio

**Spezia Calcio** is an Italian professional football club which plays in La Spezia, Liguria. They currently play in Serie A. The 2020–21 season was their first season in the top division.

Their home games are played at Stadio Alberto Picco. It has a capacity of 10,000.

## Names

- 1906-1911: **S.C. Spezia**
- 1911-1936: **F.B.C. Spezia**
- 1936-1954: **A.C. Spezia**
- 1954-1955: **A.C. Spezia-Arsenal**
- 1955-1986: **F.B.C. Spezia 1906**
- 1986-1995: **A.C. Spezia**
- 1995-2008: **Spezia Calcio**
- 2008-2009: **A.S.D. Spezia Calcio**
- 2009-present: **Spezia Calcio**

## Titles

- Campionato Alta Italia (Serie A)
    - **Winners**: 1944
- Serie C / Serie C1
    - **Winners (3)**: 1935–36, 2005–06, 2011–12
    - Runners-up: 2001–02
- Serie C2
    - **Winners**: 1999–2000
    - Runners-up (3): 1979–80, 1985–86, 2009–10
- Serie D:
    - **Winners (2)**: 1957–58, 1965–66
    - Runners-up (2): 1955–56, 2008–09

## League positions

|Season||League||Position|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2000–01|Serie C1|Group A – 5th|||
|2001–02|Serie C1|Group A – 2nd|||
|2002–03|Serie C1|Group A – 6th|||
|2003–04|Serie C1|Group A – 6th|||
|2004–05|Serie C1|Group A – 7th|||
|2005–06|Serie C1|Group A – Champion|||
|2006–07|Serie B|19th|||
|2007–08|Serie B|21st|||
|2008–09|Serie D|Group A – 2nd|||
|2009–10|2da Divisione|Group B – 2nd|||
|2010–11|1ma Divisione|Group A – 6th|||
|2011–12|Lega Pro Prima Divisione|Group B – Champion|||
|2012–13|Serie B|13th|||
|2013–14|Serie B|8th|||
|2014–15|Serie B|5th|||
|2015–16|Serie B|7th|||
|2016–17|Serie B|8th|||
|2017–18|Serie B|10th|||
|2018–19|Serie B|6th|||
|2019-20|Serie B|3rd|||

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Spezia Calcio
- **fullname**: Spezia Calcio
- **founded**: 1906
- **ground**: Stadio Alberto Picco
- **capacity**: 10,000
- **chairman**: Stefano Chisoli
- **manager**: Luca Gotti
- **league**: Serie A
- **season**: 2021–21
- **position**: 16th of 20
- **owner**: Robert Platek
Cagliari Calcio

**Cagliari Calcio** is a football club which plays in Italy.

## Name

- 1920-1924 **Cagliari F.C.**
- 1924-1935 **C.S. Cagliari**
- 1935-1970 **U.S. Cagliari**
- 1970-present **Cagliari Calcio**

## League title

- Serie A : 1
    - 1969/70
- Serie B : 1
    - 2003/04
- Serie C / Serie C1 : 3
    - 1930/31, 1951/52, 1988/89

## League position

|Season|League|Position|
| --- | --- | --- |
|2000/01|Serie B|11th|
|2001/02|Serie B|12th|
|2002/03|Serie B|8th|
|2003/04|Serie B|Champions|
|2004/05|Serie A|10th|
|2005/06|Serie A|14th|
|2006/07|Serie A|17th|
|2007/08|Serie A|14th|
|2008/09|Serie A|9th|

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Cagliari Calcio
- **fullname**: Cagliari Calcio SpA
- **founded**: 1920
- **ground**: Sardegna Arena
- **capacity**: 16 233
- **chairman**: Tommaso Giulini
- **league**: Serie A
- **season**: 2022-23
- **position**: Serie A, 5th
Hellas Verona FC

**Hellas Verona F.C.** is a football club from Verona, Veneto, Italy.

## League title

- Serie A : 1
    - 1984/85

## League position

|Season|League|Position|
| --- | --- | --- |
|2000/01|Serie A|14th|
|2001/02|Serie A|15th|
|2002/03|Serie B|13th|
|2003/04|Serie B|19th|
|2004/05|Serie B|7th|
|2005/06|Serie B|15th|
|2006/07|Serie B|18th|
|2007/08|Serie C1|17th / Group A|
|2008/09|LP Prima Divisione|7th / Group A|

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Hellas Verona F.C.
- **fullname**: Hellas Verona Football Club SpA
- **founded**: 1903
- **ground**: Stadio Marc'Antonio Bentegodi
- **capacity**: 39, 371
- **chairman**: Maurizio Setti
- **manager**: Fabio Pecchia
- **league**: Serie A
- **season**: 2021-22
- **position**: Serie A, 12th
U.C. Sampdoria

**U.C. Sampdoria** is a football club from Genoa.

The club formed from a merger of two clubs ( Andrea Doria and Sampierdarenese ) in 1946. The name is  a combination of the former names, the colours show the former teams' colours (blue-white and white-red-black) in a single design.

## League title

- Serie A: 1
    - 1990/91
- Serie B: 2
    - 1933/34, 1966/67

## League position

|Season|League|Position|
| --- | --- | --- |
|2000/01|Serie B|5th|
|2001/02|Serie B|10th|
|2002/03|Serie B|2nd|
|2003/04|Serie A|8th|
|2004/05|Serie A|5th|
|2005/06|Serie A|12th|
|2006/07|Serie A|9th|
|2007/08|Serie A|6th|
|2008/09|Serie A|13th|

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: U.C. Sampdoria
- **fullname**: Unione Calcio Sampdoria SpA
- **founded**: 1946
- **ground**: Stadio Luigi Ferraris
- **capacity**: 36 600
- **chairman**: Massimo Ferrero
- **manager**: Eusebio Di Francesco
- **league**: Serie A
- **season**: 2021-22
- **position**: Serie A, 15th
Microsoft Office 2010

**Microsoft Office 2010** is a previous version of Microsoft Office, now replaced by Microsoft Office 2016. It included Microsoft Office Web Apps, an online version of Microsoft Office. The software was officially released to the public on June 15, 2010. Mainstream support of Office 2010 ended on October 13, 2015, extended support ended on October 13, 2020.

## Web Apps

The Microsoft Office Web Apps was introduced as a new feature of Microsoft Office. It allows users to share documents easily with one another. Many people can edit the document and also download to edit on their version of Microsoft Office 2010. However, users need to have a Windows Live ID, and the storage space is only limited to 25 GB.

Office Web Apps can only create 4 types of documents:
- Microsoft Word documents
- Microsoft Excel documents
- Microsoft Powerpoint documents
- Microsoft OneNote documents

Other types of documents, like Microsoft Publisher, can only be created using a paid version of the software.

This service is also similar to Google Docs, a service by Google to create documents and share with people.

## Other websites

- Microsoft Office 2010 website
- Office Web Apps website

fi:Microsoft Office 2010

## Infobox (software)

- **title**: Microsoft Office 2010
- **screenshot**: Office-2010-free-logo.svg
- **developer**: Microsoft
- **latest release version**: Service Pack 2 (14.0.7261.5000)
- **latest release date**: October 13, 2020; 3 years ago
- **operating system**: Windows XP SP3
 Windows Server 2003 SP2
 Windows Vista SP1 or later
 Windows Server 2008
 Windows 7
 Windows Server 2008 R2
 Windows 8
 Windows Server 2012
 Windows 8.1
 Windows Server 2012 R2
 Windows 10
 Windows Server 2016
- **replaces**: Microsoft Office 2007 (2007)
- **replaced by**: Microsoft Office 2013 (2013)
- **platform**: IA-32 and x64
- **language**: English, Arabic, Bulgarian, Chinese (Simplified), Chinese, Croatian, Czech, Danish, Dutch, Estonian, Filipino, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Hebrew, Hindi, Hungarian, Italian, Japanese, Kazakh, Korean, Latvian, Lithuanian, Norwegian (Bokmål), Polish, Portuguese (Brazil), Portuguese (Portugal), Romanian, Russian, Serbian, Slovak, Slovenian, Spanish, Swedish, Thai, Turkish, Ukrainian
- **language count**: 40 languages
- **website**: https://office.com/office2010
Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor

**Rudolf II** (July 18, 1552 - January 20, 1612) was King of Hungary (as Rudolf, 1572-1608), King of Bohemia (as Rudolf II, 1575-1608/1611), Archduke of Austria (as Rudolf V, 1576-1608), and Holy Roman Emperor (as Rudolf II, 1576-1612). He was a member of the Habsburg family.
Christine Anu

**Christine Anu** (born 15 March 1970) is an Australian pop singer and actress. She studied dancing at  National Aboriginal and Islander Skills Association (NAISDA) Dance College in Sydney. She began to sing backing vocals with Australian band, Neil Murray and the Rainmakers. Murray wrote the song "My Island Home", which became Anu's first big hit. Anu won an Australian Recording Industry Award (ARIA) for her first album,  _Stylin' Up_.

Anu was born in Cairns, Queensland. Her mother is a Torres Strait Islander.

## Discography

- _Stylin Up_ (1995 - Mushroom Records)
1. Wanem Time
1. "Island Home" (released as a single)
1. "San E Wireless"
1. "Monkey & the Turtle" (released as a single)
1. "Come On" (released as a single)
1. "Rain"
1. "Party" (released as a single)
1. "Tama Oma"
1. "Dive"
1. "Stylin' Up"
1. "Photograph"
1. "Love That Heals"
1. "Sik O"

- _Come My Way_ (2000)
    - Singles: Sunshine on a Rainy Day, Jump To Love, 'Coz I'm Free

- _45 Degrees_ (2003)
    - Singles: Talk About Love

- _Acoustically_ (2005)

- _Chrissys Island Family_ (2007)

## Acting/TV Career

- _Dating The Enemy_ (1996)
- _Little Shop of Horrors_ (1997)
- _Rent_ (1998-99)
- _Moulin Rouge!_ (2001)
- _The Matrix Reloaded_ (2003)
- _It's a Wiggly Wiggly World_ - Children's DVD by the Wiggles
- _Enter The Matrix_ (2003)
- _Popstars Live_ (2004)
- _Play School_ (2004)
- _Toasted TV_ (2007)

## Other websites

- Christine Anu official web site
- NAISDA Dance College website

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Christine Anu
- **img**: Christine Anu 1.jpg
- **background**: solo_singer
- **origin**: Cairns, Queensland, Australia
- **genre**: Pop music, Pop
- **occupation**: Singer
Songwriter
Actress
- **years active**: 1992 – present
- **label**: Mushroom Records
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation

The **Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation** (**CSIRO**) is the national government body for scientific research in Australia.  It was founded in 1926 originally as the Advisory Council of Science and Industry.

## Infobox (government agency)

- **agency name**: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation
- **image**: CSIRO - Black Mountain Site.jpg
- **logo width**: 136px
- **headquarters**: Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- **formed**: 1916
- **jurisdiction**: government of Australia, Commonwealth of Australia
- **employees**: 6600+
- **chief1 name**: Doug Hilton
- **website**: [http://www.csiro.au/ csiro.au]
Mission Beach, Queensland

**Mission Beach** is a small village along the Coral Sea in Queensland, Australia. Dunk Island, a popular tourist destination is  away. It is in the tropical rainforest. Mission Beach is a good place to see the cassowary, an endangered flightless bird.
John Gould

**John Gould** (14 September 1804 – 3 February 1881) was an English ornithologist (bird scientist). The Gould League (a bird group) started in Australia in 1909, was named after him. His knowledge of the birds now called "Darwin's finches" was a turning point in the Charles Darwin's thinking about evolution by natural selection. They are barely mentioned in Charles Darwin's book, _On the Origin of Species_.

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: John Gould
- **image**: John Gould.jpg
- **image size**: 150px
- **birth place**: Lyme Regis, Dorset
- **nationality**: English
- **field**: Ornithology
- **influences**: Charles Darwin
Philatelic materials

**Philatelic materials** are postage stamps, se-tenants, souvenir sheets, sheets of stamps, postal stationery, postal markings, and other indicia (markings on a mail piece showing that postage has been paid by the sender) that are objects of stamp collecting.

## Related pages

- Kiloware
- Miniature sheet
- Mint stamp
- Postage meter
- Postage stamp

## Other websites

- Hawaiian missionaries
Postage meter

A **postage meter** is a mechanical device used to create and apply physical evidence of postage to mailed matter.

## Other websites

- An International Historical Mechanical Engineering Landmark  (The American Society of Mechanical Engineers). September 1986.
Kiloware

**Kiloware** is a term for packages of postage stamps sold to stamp collectors by weight rather than by quantity, often in kilograms, hence the name. Kiloware usually consists of used stamps and commonly still on paper, although off paper stamps may also be sold as kiloware.
Bent

The term **bent** may refer to:

- _Bent_, a plant named _Agrostis capillaris_.
- _Bent_ a slang (negative) word for gay (from 'not-straight')
- _Bent_ can be a noun, someone love something, e.g. He has a bent for music.
- Bent County
- Bents, Saskatchewan, Canada. Ghost town
Thrush

**Thrush** may mean:

- A Passerine bird of the family Turdidae
    - Blackbird
    - Song thrush
- An infection caused by Candidiasis
Graphics processing unit

A **graphics processing unit** (**GPU**) is the processor on a graphics card. It makes images, animations, graphics and then displays them on the computer’s screen. A strong GPU is able to process complex animations and graphics smoothly and efficiently. Images which GPUs make may be 2D or 3D.  For most applications, the GPU has to make two dimensional (2D) pictures.  Some applications use 3D pictures to simulate three-dimensionality.

## Origin

The first graphics processors were used in the 1970s in arcade machines. Graphics processors were not used for consumer products until the 1980s because they were too expensive to make.

During the mid 1990s, graphics processors became common in arcade games, computer games and console games. The first GPU for personal computers was the Nvidia GeForce 256, released in 1999. It could calculate geometric objects in space and some lighting effects. General Processing Unit ranges from different prices.

## Modern Uses

Nowadays, GPUs are always in personal computers, mobile telephones and video game systems. Most CPUs come with an **internal GPU** built-in. Those internal GPUs can make the visual effects of modern graphical user interfaces such as shadows, semi-transparent backgrounds and animations. However, for newer video games a more powerful additional **dedicated GPU** is usually needed.

Other devices such as virtual reality headsets and driverless cars also use GPUs. The tasks a GPU can do include technical calculations, Artificial Intelligence problem solving, photo editing and other applications.

### History of Multi-GPU systems

The first attempts in Multi-GPU Systems were done by now defunct company 3Dfx in the late 1990s, which was bought by Nvidia later. Their _Voodoo_ video cards, which were 3D only accelerators, could be hooked up to a second Voodoo video card to gain more performance. This was called SLi. Theoretically the performance would double, practically it increased far less, depending on the video game. Later, 3Dfx built even four GPUs on one unreleased video card.
1970 Atlantic hurricane season

|align=center colspan="2"||
| --- | --- |
|**First storm started:**|May 17, 1970|
|**Last storm ended:**|October 28, 1970|
|**Strongest storm:**|Hurricane Celia - 945 mbar, 125 mph winds|
|**Number of storms:**|10 named storms|
|**Major hurricanes (Cat. 3+)**|2|
|**Cost of damage:**|$453.8 million (1970 USD) $2.6 billion (2009 USD)|
|**People killed:**|71|
|**Closest Seasons:**|1968, 1969, **1970**, 1971, 1972|
|align=center colspan="2" style="white-space: nowrap;"||

The **1970 Atlantic hurricane season** was the period of time in 1970 that tropical cyclones formed in Atlantic Ocean. It officially began on June 1, 1970, and it ended on November 30, 1970. Strong storms of 1970 include Hurricane Celia, which killed 20 people and caused severe damage. Also, Tropical Storm Dorothy killed 51 people, most in Martinique.

## Storms

These are the names of the tropical cyclones that formed in the season:

## Storm names

These are the names set aside for 1970. Names that were not used are in .

### Retirement

After this season there was one name that got retired: Celia. In 1974, the name "Carmen" was used instead.

## Related pages

- Lists of tropical cyclone names
- Tropical cyclone

## Other websites

- [ftp://ftp.nhc.noaa.gov/pub/storm_archives/atlantic/prelimat/atl1970/ Detailed information on all storms from 1970]
Orange Bowl

**The Orange Bowl Game** is an American college football bowl game at the Dolphin Stadium. It is played every year. It first started on January 1, 1935.

## Related pages

- Rose Bowl (game)
- Fiesta Bowl
- Sugar Bowl
- BCS National Championship Game
Gary Karr

**Gary Karr** (born  20 November 1941 died 16 July 2025), is an American classical double bass virtuoso and teacher.

## Life

There were several double bass players in his family, but he did not meet them.  He studied with several teachers.  He went to the Juilliard School. In 1962 he became famous when he was a soloist in a nationally televised New York Philharmonic Young People's Concert, conducted by Leonard Bernstein.  On that famous telecast, Karr performed "The Swan" from _Carnival of the Animals_ by Camille Saint-Saëns.

Gary Karr has given performances in many parts of the world. He has published a number of books for learning to play the double bass.  After 40 years as a concert artist he retired in 2001 to Victoria, British Columbia, where he lives with his dog Shin-Ju.

## Foundations

In 1967, Karr founded the International Society of Bassists (ISB), an organization which encourages the playing of the double bass all over the world.  Every two years the ISB has a big international conference.

Olga Koussevitzky, widow of the conductor and double bass player Serge Koussevitzky (1874-1951) heard Karr play when he was young, and gave him the beautiful Amati double bass made in 1611 which her husband had played.  Karr later gave this double bass to the ISB so that double bassists world-wide could play on it.

In 1984 the Karr Doublebass Foundation was established by Karr, which loans instruments to promising young double bassists to help them in their careers.

## Other websites

- Gary Karr Official website
- International Society of Bassists Official website