juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Gus Grissom

**Virgil Ivan "Gus" Grissom** (April 3, 1926 – January 27, 1967) was an American test pilot and astronaut. He was one of the original seven astronauts selected for NASA's Project Mercury in April 1959.

On July 21, 1961, Grissom flew into space in the _Liberty Bell 7_ spacecraft. This was powered by a Redstone rocket. Grissom was the second American in space, following Alan Shepard.

He made another space flight as command pilot (pilot in charge) of Gemini 3. This was the first trip by astronauts in NASA's Project Gemini. The trip took place on March 23, 1965.

Grissom died along with fellow astronauts Ed White and Roger Chaffee during a test for the Apollo 1 mission at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station (then known as Cape Kennedy), Florida. He was the first of the Mercury Seven to die.

## Other websites

- NASA Biography
- Spacefacts biography of Gus Grissom
- NYTimes article

## Infobox (astronaut)

- **name**: Virgil I. Grissom
- **image**: Virgil I. (Gus) Grissom portrait.jpg
- **type**: NASA astronaut
- **status**: Deceased
- **rank**: Lieutenant colonel (United States), Lieutenant Colonel, United States Air Force, USAF
- **nationality**: United States, American
- **birth place**: Mitchell, Indiana, U.S.
- **death place**: Cape Canaveral, Florida, U.S.
- **occupation**: Test pilot
- **selection**: List of astronauts by selection#1959, Group 1 (1959)
- **time**: 5 hours, 7 minutes
- **mission**: Mercury-Redstone 4, Gemini 3, Apollo 1
- **insignia**:
Joan Sebastian

**José Manuel Figueroa Sr.** (April 8, 1951 – July 13, 2015), better known as **Joan Sebastian** (), was a Mexican singer-songwriter. He has written over a thousand songs including compositions for Vicente Fernández, Lucero, Pepe Aguilar, and Rocío Dúrcal. His music is a mixture of Latin pop, ranchera and grupera music.

On July 13, 2015, Sebastian died at his ranch in Cruz de la Sierra, Teacalco, Guerrero, Mexico, from bone cancer, aged 64.

## Other websites

- Biography at Musicamania
- Starpulse.com  – Discography
- Biography at Chalino.com

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Joan Sebastian
- **image**: Joan Sebastian Pepsi Center (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Joan Sebastian at Pepsi Center on August 22, 2009.
- **image size**: 250px
- **birth name**: Jose Manuel Figueroa
- **birth place**: Juliantla, Guerrero, Mexico
- **death place**: Teacalco, Guerrero, Mexico
- **occupation**: Singer/composer, actor, producer
- **years active**: 1977-2015
- **website**: [http://www.joansebastian.com Joan Sebastian]
Tukey's Bridge

**Tukey's Bridge** is a bridge in Portland, Maine. The bridge was built in 1960. It was named after Lemuel Tukey, who collected taxes and owned taverns.
The Shadow

***The Shadow*** is a collection of serialized dramas, originally in 1930s pulp novels, and then in a wide variety of media.  Details of the title character have varied across various media. But The Shadow is generally a crime-fighter who works alone instead of with the police. He usually has psychic powers. He poses as a "wealthy, young man about town". The Shadow is one of the most famous adventure heroes of the twentieth century.  He has been featured on the radio, in a long-running pulp magazine series, in comic books, comic strips, television, serials, video games, and at least five motion pictures. The radio drama is well-remembered for those episodes voiced by Orson Welles.

The Shadow first appeared on July 31, 1930, as the mysterious narrator of the Street and Smith radio program _Detective Story Hour_. After gaining popularity among the show's listeners, the narrator became the star of _The Shadow Magazine_ on April 1, 1931, a pulp series created and primarily written by Gibson.

On September 26, 1937, _The Shadow_ radio drama began with the story "The Deathhouse Rescue," in which The Shadow was characterized as having "the power to cloud men's minds so they cannot see him." As in the magazine stories, The Shadow was not given the literal ability to become invisible.

The introduction from _The Shadow_ radio program "Who knows what evil lurks in the hearts of men? The Shadow knows!" was spoken by actor Frank Readick Jr.. American English speakers often have heard of this phrase, even if they have never listened to the radio show. These words were accompanied by an ominous laugh and a musical theme, Camille Saint-Saëns' _Le Rouet d'Omphale_ ("Omphale's Spinning Wheel", composed in 1872). At the end of each episode The Shadow reminded listeners that, "The weed of crime bears bitter fruit. Crime does not pay... The Shadow knows!"

## Other websites

- The Shadow radio recordings by Orson Wells
Geoid

The **geoid** is a shape like the surface of the Earth. It is a 3-D geometrical shape like an orange. Shapes of this kind are called oblate spheroids, which is a kind of ellipsoid.

The geoid, however, is a very special kind of oblate spheroid. It is defined as follows:

- The geoid is the shape that the surface of the oceans would take under the influence of Earth's gravitation and rotation alone, in the absence of other influences such as winds and tides.

It was defined by Gauss, in 1828. It is often described as the true physical shape of the Earth. The study of Earth's measurements and shapes is called geodesy.

For many practical purposes, a simpler shape is used because that makes calculations easier. That shape is called a reference ellipsoid. In basic education, the shape of the Earth is described as being like an orange, a sphere but wider round the equator. This shape is produced by all celestial spinning spheres, such as stars and planets. The details differ somewhat in each individual case.
Phil Gramm

**Phil Gramm** (born July 8, 1942) is an American economist and politician. He is a former United States Senator from Texas. He was a member of both the United States House of Representatives and the Senate. He unsuccessfully ran for President in 1996.

Gramm was born on July 8, 1942 in Fort Benning, Georgia. He graduated from the University of Georgia. He is married to Wendy Lee Gramm. They have two children.

## Infobox (senator)

- **name**: Phil Gramm
- **image**: PhilGramm.jpg
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **jr/sr**: United States Senator
- **state**: Texas
- **term start**: January 3, 1985
- **term end**: November 30, 2002
- **preceded**: John Tower
- **succeeded**: John Cornyn
- **office2**: Chairman of the United States Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, Senate Committee on Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs
- **term start2**: January 20, 2001
- **term end2**: June 6, 2001
- **predecessor2**: Paul Sarbanes
- **successor2**: Paul Sarbanes
- **term start3**: January 3, 1999
- **term end3**: January 3, 2001
- **predecessor3**: Al D'Amato
- **successor3**: Paul Sarbanes
- **state4**: Texas
- **district4**: 6th
- **term start4**: January 3, 1979
- **term end4**: January 3, 1985
- **preceded4**: Olin E. Teague
- **succeeded4**: Joe Barton
- **birth place**: Fort Benning, Georgia
- **occupation**: Economist
- **spouse**: Wendy Lee Gramm
- **children**: 2
- **alma mater**: University of Georgia
Lisa Murkowski

**Lisa Murkowski** (born May 22, 1957) is an American politician. She is a member of the U.S. Republican Party. On December 20, 2002, she became a United States Senator from Alaska. In 2009, she became the senior senator from Alaska. She was in the Alaska House of Representatives from 1999 to 2002.

Murkowski was born on May 22, 1957 in Ketchikan, Alaska. She studied at Georgetown University and at Willamette University. She is married to Verne Martell. They have two children.

On February 13, 2021 Murkowski voted that former Republican President Donald Trump was guilty of starting the 2021 storming of the United States Capitol. She and six other Republican senators also voted that Trump was guilty. This was after the House of Representatives Second impeachment of Donald Trump.

## Infobox (senator)

- **name**: Lisa Murkowski
- **image**: Lisa Murkowski official photo.jpg
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **jr/sr**: Senior Senator
- **state**: Alaska
- **alongside**: Dan Sullivan
- **term start**: December 20, 2002
- **preceded**: Frank Murkowski
- **office2**: Chairman of the United States Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources
- **term start2**: January 3, 2015
- **predecessor2**: Mary Landrieu
- **order3**: Member of the Alaska House of Representatives
 from the 14th district
- **term start3**: January 19, 1999
- **term end3**: December 20, 2002
- **preceded3**: Terry Martin
- **succeeded3**: Vic Kohring
- **birth place**: Ketchikan, Alaska
- **spouse**: Verne Martell
- **children**: 2
- **alma mater**: Georgetown University <small>(Bachelor of Arts, B.A.)</small>
Willamette University <small>(Juris Doctor, J.D.)</small>
- **signature**: LisaMurkowskiSignature.png
Mike DeWine

**Richard Michael DeWine** (born January 5, 1947) is an American lawyer and Republican Party politician. DeWine is the 70th Governor of Ohio since 2019. He is a former United States Senator from Ohio.

DeWine was born on January 5, 1947 in Springfield, Ohio. He studied at Miami University and at Ohio Northern University. He is married to Frances Struewing. A political veteran with a long career in Ohio politics, DeWine's first big office was a state senate seat, which he entered in 1981. After terms in the United States House of Representatives and a term as the Lieutenant Governor of Ohio, he won a United States Senate seat, replacing Howard Metzenbaum. However, in 2006, DeWine lost the seat in a landslide to Sherrod Brown.

DeWine made a political comeback in 2010, when he won an election to be the Attorney General of Ohio. On May 26, 2016, DeWine announced his candidacy for Governor of Ohio in the 2018 election. He defeated Richard Cordray in November 2018.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **image**: Gov-Mike-DeWine.jpg
- **order**: 70th List of governors of Ohio, Governor of Ohio
- **term start**: January 14, 2019
- **lieutenant**: Jon A. Husted, Jon Husted
Jim Tressel
- **predecessor**: John Kasich
- **order1**: 50th Ohio Attorney General, Attorney General of Ohio
- **governor1**: John Kasich
- **term start1**: January 10, 2011
- **term end1**: January 14, 2019
- **predecessor1**: Richard Cordray
- **successor1**: Dave Yost
- **jr/sr2**: USA
- **state2**: Ohio
- **term start2**: January 3, 1995
- **term end2**: January 3, 2007
- **predecessor2**: Howard Metzenbaum
- **successor2**: Sherrod Brown
- **office3**: 59th List of lieutenant governors of Ohio, Lieutenant Governor of Ohio
- **governor3**: George Voinovich
- **term start3**: January 14, 1991
- **term end3**: November 12, 1994
- **predecessor3**: Paul Leonard (politician), Paul Leonard
- **successor3**: Nancy Hollister
- **state4**: Ohio
- **term start4**: January 3, 1983
- **term end4**: January 3, 1991
- **predecessor4**: Bud Brown (politician), Bud Brown
- **successor4**: Dave Hobson
- **state senate5**: Ohio
- **district5**: 10th
- **term start5**: January 2, 1981
- **term end5**: December 13, 1982
- **predecessor5**: John Mahoney (Ohio politician), John Mahoney
- **successor5**: Dave Hobson
- **office6**: Prosecutor of Greene County, Ohio, Greene County
- **term start6**: 1977
- **term end6**: 1981
- **predecessor6**: Nicholas Carrera
- **successor6**: William Schenck
- **birth name**: Richard Michael DeWine
- **birth place**: Yellow Springs, Ohio, Yellow Springs, Ohio, U.S.
- **children**: 8, including Pat DeWine, Pat
- **residence**: Ohio Governor's Mansion, Governor's Mansion
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **education**: Miami University (Bachelor of Arts, BA)
Ohio Northern University (Juris Doctor, JD)
Rzhev

**Rzhev** is a town in Tver Oblast, Russia. It is  southwest of Staritsa and  from Tver. It is on the highway and railway connecting Moscow and Riga. It is the uppermost town on the Volga River.
James U. Cross

**James Underwood Cross** (April 25, 1925 – July 11, 2015) was a United States Air Force brigadier general and author of _Around the World with LBJ: My Wild Ride As Air Force One Pilot, White House Aide, and Personal Confidant_,  with Denise Gamino and Gary Rice. He was a military aide and chief Air Force One pilot under United States president Lyndon B. Johnson.

## References

]

## Infobox (military person)

- **name**: James U. Cross
- **honorific prefix**: General
- **image**: Brigadier General James U. Cross.jpg
- **alt**: upper body photograph of man in military uniform
- **caption**: General James U. Cross
- **birth name**: James Underwood Cross
- **birth place**: Covington County, Alabama
- **death place**: Gatesville, Texas
- **nationality**: United States, American
- **serviceyears**: 1944-1971
- **rank**:  Brigadier General (United States), Brigadier General
- **commands**: Pilot of Air Force One, Military aide to President Lyndon B. Johnson, Commander of the Bergstrom Air Force Base#75th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing, 75th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing at Bergstrom Air Force Base, Texas
- **laterwork**: Author
Climate of New York (state)

The **climate of New York State** is mostly humid continental (_Dfa/Dfb_ in the Köppen climate classification) with cold winters and warm to hot and humid summers.

Average annual temperatures ranges from 40°F (4.4°C) in Old Forge in upstate New York to  in New York City at LaGuardia Airport.

New York City is an urban heat island, with temperatures 5-15 degrees Fahrenheit (3-8.4 degrees Celsius) warmer overnight than surrounding areas.  In an effort to fight this warming, roofs of buildings are being painted white across the city in an effort to increase the reflection of solar energy, or albedo. NYC has a humid subtropical climate (_Cfa_ in the Köppen climate classification).

Precipitation vary from around  in Plattsburgh to  in the higher elevation of central New York. In the winter, New York has nor'easters which can bring blizzard conditions. Snowfall can range from  around New York City to over    in Watertown and Syracuse.

## Temperature ranges

The hottest temperature ever in New York state was 108 °F (42 °C) in Troy which is in eastern New York on July 22, 1926.

The coldest temperature was -52 °F (-46.6 °C) in Old Forge. Average low temperature in January can be under 10 °F (-12.2 °C) in the high elevations to around
 in New York City. In July the average high temperatures ranges from  in upstate New York to  in the southern portion of the state.

## References

**Notes**
Arturo Paoli

**Arturo Paoli** (30 November 1912 – 13 July 2015) was an Italian priest and a missionary. He was a member of the congregation of the Little Brothers of the Gospel. Paoli helped saved Jewish Italians during World War II. He was born in Lucca, Italy.

Paoli died of natural causes in Lucca, Italy, aged 102.

## Other websites

- Il Fondo Documentazione Arturo Paoli aperto presso la sede della Fondazione Banca Del Monte di Lucca
- Piccoli Fratelli del Vangelo - Fraternità di Spello
- Servizio su Rai 3
Jenison, Michigan

**Jenison** is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Ottawa County, Michigan, United States. It is governed by Georgetown Township, Michigan. Jenison's zip code is 49428. There were 16,640 people living in Jenison in 2020.
Andrea Chénier

***Andrea Chénier*** is an Italian opera in four acts by Umberto Giordano. It was first performed at La Scala in Milan on March 28, 1896. The libretto was written by Luigi Illica. _Andrea Chénier_ was a great success.

## Principal roles

- Andrea Chénier - tenor
- Maddalena de Coigny - soprano
- Carlo Gérard - baritone

## Discography

- 1920: Luigi Lupato (Andrea Chénier), Valentina Bartolomasi (Maddalena de Coigny), Adolfo Pacini (Carlo Gérard); Coro e Orchestra del Teatro alla Scala di Milano, Carlo Sabajno - (La Voce del Padrone)
- 1929: Luigi Marini (Andrea Chénier), Lina Bruna Rasa (Maddalena de Coigny), Carlo Galeffi (Carlo Gérard); Coro e Orchestra del Teatro alla Scala di Milano, Lorenzo Molajoli - (Arkadia)
- 1941: Beniamino Gigli (Andrea Chénier), Maria Caniglia (Maddalena de Coigny), Gino Bechi (Carlo Gérard); Coro e Orchestra del Teatro alla Scala di Milano, Oliviero de Fabritiis - (EMI Classics)
- 1955: Mario del Monaco (Andrea Chénier), Maria Callas (Maddalena de Coigny), Aldo Protti (Carlo Gérard); Coro e Orchestra del Teatro alla Scala di Milano, Antonino Votto - (EMI Classics)
- 1957: Mario del Monaco (Andrea Chénier), Renata Tebaldi (Maddalena de Coigny), Ettore Bastianini (Carlo Gérard); Coro e Orchestra dell'Accademia di Santa Cecilia di Roma, Gianandrea Gavazzeni - (Decca)
- 1965: Franco Corelli (Andrea Chénier), Antonietta Stella (Maddalena de Coigny), Mario Sereni (Carlo Gérard); Coro e Orchestra del Teatro Reale dell'Opera di Roma, Gabriele Santini - (EMI Classics)
- 1976: Plácido Domingo (Andrea Chénier), Renata Scotto (Maddalena de Coigny), Sherrill Milnes (Carlo Gérard); John Alldis Choir, National Philharmonic Orchestra, James Levine - (RCA Victor)
- 1984: Luciano Pavarotti (Andrea Chénier), Montserrat Caballé (Maddalena de Coigny), Leo Nucci (Carlo Gérard); Welsh National Opera Chorus, National Philharmonic Orchestra, Riccardo Chailly - (Decca)

## Reference

- _The Complete Dictionary of Opera & Operetta_, James Anderson, Wings Books, 1993.
La Wally

***La Wally*** is an Italian opera in four acts by Alfredo Catalani. It was first performed in Milan on March 28, 1896. The libretto was written by Luigi Illica. _La Wally_ was a great success.

## Principal roles

- Wally - soprano
- Giuseppe Hagenbach - tenor
- Vincenzo Gellner - baritone
- Stromminger - bass

## Reference

- _The Complete Dictionary of Opera & Operetta_, James Anderson, Wings Books, 1993.
Lê Đức Thọ

**Lê Đức Thọ** (; 14 October 1911 – 13 October 1990), born **Phan Đình Khải** in Hà Nam Province, was a Vietnamese revolutionary, general, diplomat, and politician. He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize jointly with United States Secretary of State Henry Kissinger in 1973. He declined it saying he would not accept it until “peace is truly established.” Tho died on October 13, 1990 in Hanoi, Vietnam 1990.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Lê Đức Thọ
- **image**: LeDucTho1973.jpg
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **birthname**: Phan Đình Khải
- **nationality**: Vietnamese people, Vietnamese
- **birth place**: Nam Định Province, French Indochina
- **death place**: Hanoi, Vietnam, Socialist Republic of Vietnam
- **office**: Head of the Central Organizing Commission of the Communist Party of Vietnam, Central Organizing Commission of the Communist Party of Vietnam
- **term start**: 1976
- **term end**: 1980
- **predecessor**: Lê Văn Lương
- **successor**: Nguyen Duc Tam, Nguyễn Đức Tâm
- **term start1**: 1956
- **term end1**: 1973
- **predecessor1**: Lê Văn Lương
- **successor1**: Lê Văn Lương
- **party**: Communist Party of Vietnam
Wan Li

**Wan Li** (1 December 1916 – 15 July 2015) was a Chinese Communist revolutionary and politician. During a long administrative career in the People's Republic of China, he served successively as Vice Premier, Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, and a member of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Secretariat and its Politburo. He was born in Shandong.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Wan Li
万里
- **office**: Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, Chairman of the Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, Standing Committee of the National People's Congress
- **term start**: 13 April 1988
- **term end**: 27 March 1993
- **predecessor**: Peng Zhen
- **successor**: Qiao Shi
- **order1**: First-ranking Vice Premier of the People's Republic of China, Vice Premier of the People's Republic of China, PRC
- **term1**: 1983 - 1988
- **predecessor1**: Deng Xiaoping
- **successor1**: Yao Yilin
- **premier1**: Zhao Ziyang
Li Peng
- **office2**: Ministry of Railways of the People's Republic of China, Minister of Railways of the PRC
- **term2**: 1975 - 1976
- **predecessor2**: Lü Zhengcao
- **successor2**: Duan Junyi
- **birth place**: Dongping County, Shandong, China
- **death place**: Beijing, China
- **party**: Communist Party of China
- **spouse**: Bian Tao (邊濤)
- **children**: Wan Jifei
Javier Krahe

**Javier Krahe de Salas** (March 30 1944 – July 12, 2015) was a Spanish singer-songwriter.

He met Joaquín Sabina and Alberto Pérez after his services in the military. As a trio, they recorded _La mandrágora_. He also worked at TVE on the television show _Si yo fuera presidente_ ("If I Were President").

Krahe died of a heart attack on July 12, 2015 in Zahara de los Atunes, Cádiz.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Javier Krahe
- **image**: Javier_Krahe.jpg
- **landscape**: no
- **caption**: Javier Krahe
- **birth name**: John Krahe de Salas
- **birth place**: Madrid, Spain
- **death place**: Zahara de los Atunes, Spain
- **occupation**: Singer, songwriter, artist, writer
- **years active**: 1980–2015
- **genre**: Folk music, Folk
- **label**: CBS, Sony Music Entertainment, 18 Chulos, Lollipop.
- **associated acts**: Georges Brassens, Alberto Pérez (musician), Alberto Pérez, Javier Ruibal, Joaquín Sabina, Pablo Carbonell, Riki López
Mike Johanns

**Mike Johanns** (born June 18, 1950) is an American politician. He was the United States Senator from Nebraska. Johanns is a member of the U.S. Republican Party.

He studied at St. Mary's University, Minnesota and at Creighton University. He is married to Stephanie Johanns. They have two children.

## Infobox (senator)

- **name**: Mike Johanns
- **image**: Mike Johanns official Senate photo.jpg
- **jr/sr**: United States Senator
- **state**: Nebraska
- **term start**: January 3, 2009
- **term end**: January 3, 2015
- **predecessor**: Chuck Hagel
- **successor**: Ben Sasse
- **office1**: 28th United States Secretary of Agriculture
- **president1**: George W. Bush
- **term start1**: January 21, 2005
- **term end1**: September 20, 2007
- **predecessor1**: Ann Veneman
- **successor1**: Ed Schafer
- **order2**: 38th Governor of Nebraska
- **lieutenant2**: David I. Maurstad, David Maurstad
Dave Heineman
- **term start2**: January 7, 1999
- **term end2**: January 20, 2005
- **predecessor2**: Ben Nelson
- **successor2**: Dave Heineman
- **office3**: 47th Mayor of Lincoln, Nebraska, Lincoln
- **term start3**: December 3, 1991
- **term end3**: January 7, 1999
- **predecessor3**: Bill Harris
- **successor3**: Dale Young (Nebraska), Dale Young
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **birth place**: Osage, Iowa
- **spouse**: Connie Johanns
Stephanie Johanns
- **alma mater**: Saint Mary's University of Minnesota, St. Mary's University, Minnesota
Creighton University
Locus (mathematics)

In geometry, a **locus** (plural: _loci_) is one of a set of points which satisfies one or more conditions. The usual results are a curve or a surface. For example, all points in a plane an equal distance from a center point result in a circle.
Catadioptric sensor

A **catadioptric sensor**  is a visual sensor that contains mirrors and lenses. Video cameras are limited as to how much they can see in one view. They can lose sight of what they are recording if something causes them to move suddenly. Mirrors can be carefully arranged with lenses to allow the camera lens to see a wide angle view. They are often used in robotics and in astronomical telescopes. One example is a catadioptric sensor used to inspect the inside of a cylindrical pipe.
Mirror Lake (Mount Hood, Oregon)

**Mirror Lake** is a mountain lake in Clackamas County of the U.S. state of Oregon.  It is at the foot of Tom Dick and Harry Mountain,  southwest of Mount Hood, and  WSW of Government Camp. It is in Mount Hood National Forest.
Business plan

A **business plan** is a formal statement of business goals, reasons they are attainable, and plans for reaching them. It may also contain background information about the organization or team attempting to reach those goals.
Hawker, South Australia

**Hawker** is a town in the Flinders Ranges area of South Australia. It is  north of Adelaide. In 2006, there were 229 people living in the town.

The town is named after an early English settler, George Collins Hawker. He had come to South Australia in 1840, to start mining copper George Collins Hawker. He later became a member of the South Australian Parliament.

## History

Hawker was a thriving railway town from the 1880s until 1956, as it was on the famous Ghan railway line. The line was upgraded and moved further west.

## Economy

The main economic activities in the area are tourism and farming sheep and cattle. It is in a very dry environment, so farmers can only have about one sheep for three to four hectares of land.

## Tourism

Hawker is  south of Wilpena Pound. This is a unique natural dish-shaped range of hills popular with tourists. It is also close to the spectacular scenery of the Southern Flinders Ranges. The Hawker Racing Club an annual horse race meeting which includes the Hawker Cup in late May which attracts many people from around the area.

## Climate

Hawker has a semi-arid climate with hot summers and cool winters. Rainfall is very sparse throughout the year, but more reliable in the winter months.

## References

- Climate Statistics for Hawker, Bureau of Meteorology, Accessed 23/04/2007

## Other websites

- Official Hawker website
- Flinders Ranges website - Hawker

## Infobox (australian place)

- **type**: suburb
- **name**: Hawker
- **state**: sa
- **image**: Hawker Hotel-Motel.JPG
- **caption**: Hawker Hotel-Motel
- **lga**: Flinders Ranges Council
- **postcode**: 5434
- **est**: 1880
- **pop**: 237
- **elevation**: 315
- **maxtemp**: 25.1
- **mintemp**: 10.6
- **rainfall**: 307.5
- **stategov**: Electoral district of Stuart
- **fedgov**: Division of Grey
- **dist1**: 365
- **dir1**: N
- **location1**: Adelaide
- **near-n**: Flinders Ranges, South Australia, Flinders Ranges
- **near-ne**: Flinders Ranges
- **near-e**: Shaggy Ridge, South Australia, Shaggy Ridge
Worumba, South Australia, Worumba
- **near-se**: Cradock, South Australia, Cradock
- **near-s**: Kanyaka
Cradock
- **near-sw**: Kanyaka, South Australia, Kanyaka
- **near-w**: Barndioota, South Australia, Barndioota
- **near-nw**: Flinders Ranges
- **footnotes**: Adjoining localities
Edward Higgins White

**Edward Higgins "Ed" White II** (November 14, 1930 – January 27, 1967) was an American test pilot and astronaut. He was the first American to take a "spacewalk," leaving the safety of his spaceship while in space and moving around outside in a spacesuit.

On June 3, 1965, White flew into space as pilot of Gemini 4. This was the second trip by astronauts in NASA's Project Gemini. White was able to get out of his spaceship in outer space, an activity called a spacewalk, then get back in and come home. (The Soviet Union had already done that earlier in the same year.) The trip lasted until June 7, 1965.

White died along with fellow astronauts Gus Grissom and Roger Chaffee during a test for the Apollo 1 mission at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station (then known as Cape Kennedy), Florida.

## Other websites

- NASA Biography
- Spacefacts biography of Ed White
- NYTimes article

## Infobox (astronaut)

- **name**: Edward H. White II
- **image**: EdwardWhite.jpeg
- **type**: NASA astronaut
- **status**: Deceased
- **rank**: Lieutenant colonel (United States), Lieutenant Colonel, United States Air Force, USAF
- **nationality**: United States, American
- **birth place**: San Antonio, Texas, U.S.
- **death place**: Cape Canaveral, Florida, U.S.
- **occupation**: Test pilot
- **selection**: List of astronauts by selection#1962, Group 2 (1962)
- **time**: 4 days, 1 hour, 56 minutes
- **mission**: Gemini 4, Apollo 1
- **insignia**:
Roger B. Chaffee

**Roger Bruce Chaffee** (February 15, 1935 – January 27, 1967) was an American test pilot and astronaut. He worked with the space program on the ground, helping astronauts who were flying in space. He talked to Gemini 4 during its mission, and NASA trusted him to fly special research jets to learn about how rockets worked.

Chaffee died along with fellow astronauts Gus Grissom and Ed White during a test for the Apollo 1 mission at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station (then known as Cape Kennedy), Florida.

## Other websites

- NASA Biography
- Spacefacts biography of Roger Chaffee
- NYTimes article

## Infobox (astronaut)

- **name**: Roger B. Chaffee
- **image**: RogerChaffee.1964.ws.jpg
- **type**: NASA astronaut
- **status**: Deceased
- **rank**: Lieutenant commander (United States), Lieutenant Commander, United States Navy
- **nationality**: United States, American
- **birth place**: Grand Rapids, Michigan, Grand Rapids, Michigan, U.S.
- **death place**: Cape Canaveral, Florida, U.S.
- **occupation**: Test pilot
- **selection**: List of astronauts by selection#1963, Group 3 (1963)
- **mission**: Apollo 1
- **insignia**:
James Lankford

**James Lankford** (born March 4, 1968) is a United States Senator from Oklahoma. He is a member of the U.S. Republican Party and has been in the Senate since January 3, 2015. He was in the United States House of Representatives from 2011 to 2015.

James was born on March 4, 1968 in Dallas, Texas. He studied at University of Texas, Austin and at Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary. He is married to Cindy Lankford and they have two daughters. He used to run a youth camp in Oklahoma.

The first bill in Congress sponsored by James that became law in the United States was Public Law No: 117-211 (10/17/2022), the End Human Trafficking in Government Contracts Act of 2022.

James has said that Vladimir Putin and January 6 rioters are thugs.

## Other websites

- James Lankford, U.S. Senator for Oklahoma, Home Page

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: James Lankford
- **image**: James Lankford official portrait, 118th Congress (mid-cropped 2).jpg
- **office**: Chair of the United States Senate Select Committee on Ethics, Senate Ethics Committee
- **term start**: December 19, 2019
- **term end**: February 3, 2021
- **predecessor**: Johnny Isakson
- **successor**: Chris Coons
- **jr/sr1**: United States Senator
- **state1**: Oklahoma
- **alongside1**: Markwayne Mullin
- **term start1**: January 3, 2015
- **predecessor1**: Tom Coburn
- **state2**: Oklahoma
- **term start2**: January 3, 2011
- **term end2**: January 3, 2015
- **predecessor2**: Mary Fallin
- **successor2**: Steve Russell (politician), Steve Russell
- **birth name**: James Paul Lankford
- **birth place**: Dallas, Texas, U.S.
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **children**: 2
- **education**: University of Texas at Austin, University of Texas, Austin (Bachelor of Science, BS)
Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary (Master of Divinity, MDiv)
Steve Daines

**Steve Daines** (born August 20, 1962) is the senior United States Senator from Montana. He is a member of the U.S. Republican Party. He became a senator on January 3, 2015. He was in the United States House of Representatives from 2013 to 2015.

Daines was born on August 20, 1962 in Van Nuys, California. He graduated from the Montana State University, Bozeman. He is married to Cindy Daines. They have four children.

## Other websites

- Steve Daines, U.S. Senator for Montana, Home Page

## Infobox (senator)

- **name**: Steve Daines
- **image**: Steve Daines, Official Portrait, 116th Congress.jpg
- **jr/sr**: Junior Senator
- **state**: Montana
- **alongside**: Tim Sheehy (American politician), Tim Sheehy
- **term start**: January 3, 2015
- **predecessor**: John Walsh (U.S. politician), John Walsh
- **state2**: Montana
- **district2**: At-large
- **term start2**: January 3, 2013
- **term end2**: January 3, 2015
- **predecessor2**: Denny Rehberg
- **successor2**: Ryan Zinke
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **birth place**: Van Nuys, California
- **spouse**: Cindy Daines
- **children**: 4
- **alma mater**: Montana State University, Montana State University,
Bozeman
- **website**:
Shanghai Tower

**Shanghai Tower** () is a , 128-story megatall skyscraper in Shanghai. As of 2015, it is the world's tallest building, by height to highest usable floor (Level 121: 561.25m).

## Records

It also has the world's highest observation deck within a building or structure (Level 121, 561.25 m), and the world's fastest elevators at a top speed of 20.5 m/s (74 km/h).

It is the world's second-tallest building by height to architectural top (behind Dubai's Burj Khalifa, 830 m)

## Background

Designed by international design firm Gensler and owned by the Shanghai city government, it is the tallest of the world's first triple-adjacent super-tall buildings in Pudong, the other two being the Jin Mao Tower and the Shanghai World Financial Center. Its tiered construction, designed for high energy efficiency, provides nine separate zones divided between office, retail and leisure use.

Construction work on the tower began in November 2008 and topped out on 3 August 2013. The exterior was completed in summer 2015, and work was considered complete in September 2015. Although the building was originally scheduled to open to the public in November 2014, the actual public-use date slipped considerably. The observation deck was opened to visitors in July 2016; the period from July through September 2016 was termed a "test run" or "commissioning" period.

## Infobox (building)

- **name**: Shanghai Tower
- **native name**:
_Shànghǎi Zhōngxīn Dàshà_
- **former names**: Shanghai Center
- **status**: Complete
- **image**: Shanghai Tower 2015.jpg
- **image size**: 320px
- **location**: 501 Yincheng Middle Rd, Lujiazui, Pudong, Shanghai, China
- **start date**: 29 November 2008
- **completion date**: 6 September 2014
- **inauguration date**: 18 February 2015
- **architect**: Jun Xia (Gensler)
TJAD
- **owner**: Shanghai Tower Construction and Development
- **cost**: United States dollar, US$2.4 billion
Chinese yuan, 元15.7 billion (yuan)
- **floor area**: above grade
 below grade
- **top floor**: (Level 127)
- **floor count**: 128 above ground
5 below grade
- **building type**: Mixed-use
- **observatory**: (Level 121)
- **elevator count**: 106
- **main contractor**: Shanghai Construction Group
- **engineer**: Thornton Tomasetti
Cosentini Associates
I.DEA Ecological Solutions
Cory Gardner

**Cory Gardner** (born August 22, 1974) was the United States Senator from Colorado from 2015 to 2021. He is a member of the U.S. Republican Party. Gardner has been in Senate since January 3, 2015. He was in the United States House of Representatives from 2011 to 2015. From 2002 to 2005 he was a member of the staff of U.S. Senator Wayne Allard.

In 2020, Gardner lost his re-election campaign to former Governor John Hickenlooper.

Gardner was born on August 22, 1974 in Yuma, Colorado. He studied at Colorado State University. He graduated from the University of Colorado Law School in 2001. He is married to Jaime Gardner. They have three children.

## Other websites

- Cory Gardner, U.S. Senator for Colorado, Home Page

## Infobox (senator)

- **name**: Cory Gardner
- **image**: Cory Gardner official Senate portrait.jpeg
- **jr/sr**: Junior Senator
- **state**: Colorado
- **term start**: January 3, 2015
- **term end**: January 3, 2021
- **predecessor**: Mark Udall
- **successor**: John Hickenlooper
- **state2**: Colorado
- **district2**: 4th
- **term start2**: January 3, 2011
- **term end2**: January 3, 2015
- **predecessor2**: Betsy Markey
- **successor2**: Ken Buck
- **office3**: Member of the Colorado House of Representatives
from the 63rd district
- **term start3**: June 23, 2005
- **term end3**: January 2, 2011
- **predecessor3**: Greg Brophy
- **successor3**: Jon Becker
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **birth place**: Yuma, Colorado
- **spouse**: Jaime Gardner
- **children**: 3
- **alma mater**: Colorado State University
University of Colorado, University of Colorado Law School
- **website**:
Wayne Allard

**Wayne Allard** (born December 2, 1943) was a Republican U.S. Senator from Colorado. He served in the United States Senate from 1997 to 2009. He was in the United States House of Representatives from 1991 to 1997.

Allard was born on December 2, 1943 in Fort Collins, Colorado. He graduated from the Colorado State University. He is married to Joan Malcolm. They have two children.

## Infobox (senator)

- **name**: Wayne Allard
- **image**: Wayne Allard official portrait.jpg
- **jr/sr**: United States Senator
- **state**: Colorado
- **term start**: January 3, 1997
- **term end**: January 3, 2009
- **predecessor**: Hank Brown
- **successor**: Mark Udall
- **state2**: Colorado
- **district2**: 4th
- **term start2**: January 3, 1991
- **term end2**: January 3, 1997
- **predecessor2**: Hank Brown
- **successor2**: Bob Schaffer
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **birth place**: Fort Collins, Colorado
- **residence**: Loveland, Colorado
- **spouse**: Joan Malcolm
- **children**: Christi Allard
Cheryl Allard
- **alma mater**: Colorado State University
- **profession**: Veterinarian
Pete Domenici

**Pete Domenici** (May 7, 1932 – September 13, 2017) was a Republican U.S. Senator from New Mexico. He served in the United States Senate from 1973 to 2009. He was Mayor of Albuquerque from 1967 to 1970.

Domenici was born on May 7, 1932 in Albuquerque, New Mexico. He studied at University of New Mexico and at University of Denver. He was married to Nancy Burk Domenici until his death in 2017. They had nine children.

Domenici died on September 13, 2017 from complications from abdominal surgery in Albuquerque at the age of 85.

## Infobox (senator)

- **name**: Pete Domenici
- **image**: Pete Domenici official portrait 2.jpg
- **jr/sr**: United States Senator
- **state**: New Mexico
- **term start**: January 3, 1973
- **term end**: January 3, 2009
- **predecessor**: Clinton P. Anderson
- **successor**: Tom Udall
- **order2**: Chairman of the United States Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources
- **term start2**: January 3, 2003
- **term end2**: January 3, 2007
- **preceded2**: Jeff Bingaman
- **succeeded2**: Jeff Bingaman
- **order3**: Chairman of the United States Senate Committee on the Budget, Senate Committee on the Budget
- **term start3**: January 20
- **term end3**: June 6, 2001
- **preceded3**: Kent Conrad
- **succeeded3**: Kent Conrad
- **term start4**: January 3, 1995
- **term end4**: January 3, 2001
- **preceded4**: Jim Sasser
- **succeeded4**: Kent Conrad
- **term start5**: January 3, 1981
- **term end5**: January 3, 1987
- **preceded5**: Fritz Hollings
- **succeeded5**: Lawton Chiles
- **order6**: 37th Mayor of Albuquerque
- **term start6**: October 1967
- **term end6**: March 1970
- **preceded6**: Ralph S. Trigg
- **succeeded6**: Charles E. Barnhart
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **birth place**: Albuquerque, New Mexico
- **death place**: Albuquerque, New Mexico
- **occupation**: Attorney
- **residence**: Albuquerque, New Mexico
- **spouse**: Nancy Burk Domenici
- **children**: Nine
- **alma mater**: University of New Mexico <small>(Bachelor of Arts, B.A.)</small>
 University of Denver <small>(Juris Doctor, J.D.)</small>
- **signature**: Pete Domenici Signature.svg
Mike Enzi

**Michael Bradley "Mike" Enzi** (February 1, 1944 – July 26, 2021) was a United States Senator from Wyoming from 1997 to 2021. He was a member of the U.S. Republican Party.

## Early life and education

Enzi was born on February 1, 1944 in Bremerton, Washington. He studied at George Washington University and at University of Denver.

On May 4, 2019, Enzi announced that he would not seek reelection to a fifth term in the Senate.

## Personal life

He was married to Diana Buckley. They had three children.

Enzi was a super-conservative, the term used for an extremely conservative person.

Six months after retiring from the Senate, Enzi was in a bicycle accident on July 23, 2021 in which he broke his neck and several ribs. He died three days later at a hospital in Loveland, Colorado, aged 77.

## Other websites

- Mike Enzi, U.S. Senator for Wyoming, Home Page

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Mike Enzi
- **image**: Mike Enzi, official portrait, 115th Congress.jpg
- **jr/sr**: United States Senator
- **state**: Wyoming
- **term start**: January 3, 1997
- **term end**: January 3, 2021
- **predecessor**: Alan K. Simpson, Alan Simpson
- **successor**: Cynthia Lummis
- **office1**: Chair of the United States Senate Committee on the Budget, Senate Budget Committee
- **term start2**: January 3, 2015
- **term end2**: January 3, 2021
- **predecessor2**: Patty Murray
- **successor2**: Bernie Sanders
- **office3**: Chair of the United States Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions, Senate Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions Committee
- **term start3**: January 3, 2005
- **term end3**: January 3, 2007
- **predecessor3**: Judd Gregg
- **successor3**: Ted Kennedy
- **state senate4**: Wyoming
- **district4**: 24th
- **term start4**: December 13, 1991
- **term end4**: January 3, 1997
- **predecessor4**: Kelly Mader
- **successor4**: Richard Erb
- **office5**: Mayoralty in the United States, Mayor of Gillette, Wyoming, Gillette
- **term start5**: 1975
- **term end5**: 1983
- **predecessor5**: Cliff Davis
- **successor5**: Herb Carter
- **birth name**: Michael Bradley Enzi
- **death place**: Loveland, Colorado, Loveland, Colorado, U.S.
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **children**: 3
- **education**: (Bachelor of Science, BS)
University of Denver (Master of Business Administration, MBA)
- **serviceyears**: 1967–1973
- **unit**: Wyoming Air National Guard
Mike Crapo

**Mike Crapo** (born May 20, 1951) is the senior United States Senator from Idaho. He is a member of the U.S. Republican Party and has been in Senate since January 3, 1999. He was in the United States House of Representatives from 1993 to 1999.

Crapo was born on May 20, 1951 in Idaho Falls, Idaho. He studied at Brigham Young University and at Harvard Law School. He is married to Susan Hasleton. They have five children.

## Other websites

- Mike Crapo, U.S. Senator for Idaho, Home Page

## Infobox (senator)

- **name**: Mike Crapo
- **image**: Mike Crapo 2019 portrait.jpg
- **jr/sr**: Senior Senator
- **state**: Idaho
- **alongside**: Jim Risch
- **term start**: January 3, 1999
- **predecessor**: Dirk Kempthorne
- **state1**: Idaho
- **district1**: 2nd
- **term start1**: January 3, 1993
- **term end1**: January 3, 1999
- **predecessor1**: Richard H. Stallings, Richard Stallings
- **successor1**: Mike Simpson
- **office2**: 37th President pro tempore of the Idaho Senate
- **term start2**: December 1, 1988
- **term end2**: December 1, 1992
- **predecessor2**: Jim Risch
- **successor2**: Jerry Twiggs
- **office3**: Member of the Idaho Senate
from the 32nd district
- **term start3**: December 1, 1984
- **term end3**: December 1, 1992
- **predecessor3**: ???
- **successor3**: Mel Richardson
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **birth place**: Idaho Falls, Idaho
- **spouse**: Susan Hasleton
- **children**: 5
- **alma mater**:
Harvard Law School
Jim Risch

**James Elroy Risch** (born May 3, 1943) is the junior United States Senator from Idaho. He is a member of the U.S. Republican Party and has been in Senate since January 3, 2009.

Risch was born on May 3, 1943 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. He graduated from the University of Idaho. He is married to Vicki Risch. They have three children.

## Other websites

- Jim Risch, U.S. Senator for Idaho, Home Page

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Jim Risch
- **image**: Jim Risch 2021 (cropped).jpg
- **jr/sr**: United States Senator
- **state**: Idaho
- **alongside**: Mike Crapo
- **term start**: January 3, 2009
- **predecessor**: Larry Craig
- **office1**: Ranking Member of the United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, Senate Foreign Relations Committee
- **term start1**: February 3, 2021
- **predecessor1**: Bob Menendez
- **office2**: Chair of the United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, Senate Foreign Relations Committee
- **term start2**: January 3, 2019
- **term end2**: February 3, 2021
- **predecessor2**: Bob Corker
- **successor2**: Bob Menendez
- **office3**: Chair of the United States Senate Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship, Senate Small Business Committee
- **term start3**: January 3, 2017
- **term end3**: January 3, 2019
- **predecessor3**: David Vitter
- **successor3**: Marco Rubio
- **order4**: 31st List of governors of Idaho, Governor of Idaho
- **lieutenant4**: Mark Ricks
- **term start4**: May 26, 2006
- **term end4**: January 1, 2007
- **predecessor4**: Dirk Kempthorne
- **successor4**: Butch Otter
- **office5**: 39th and 41st List of Lieutenant Governors of Idaho, Lieutenant Governor of Idaho
- **governor5**: Butch Otter
- **term start5**: January 1, 2007
- **term end5**: January 3, 2009
- **predecessor5**: Mark Ricks
- **successor5**: Brad Little
- **governor6**: Dirk Kempthorne
- **term start6**: January 3, 2003
- **term end6**: May 26, 2006
- **predecessor6**: Jack Riggs
- **successor6**: Mark Ricks
- **office7**: 36th List of Presidents pro tempore of the Idaho Senate, President pro tempore of the Idaho Senate
- **term start7**: 1982
- **term end7**: 1988
- **predecessor7**: Reed Budge
- **successor7**: Mike Crapo
- **state senate8**: Idaho
- **district8**: Idaho Legislative District 18, 18th
- **term start8**: 1995
- **term end8**: December 1, 2002
- **predecessor8**: Roger Madsen
- **successor8**: Sheila Sorensen
- **state senate9**: Idaho
- **district9**: Idaho Legislative District 21, 21st
- **term start9**: December 1, 1974
- **term end9**: December 1, 1988
- **successor9**: Mike Burkett (politician), Mike Burkett
- **birth name**: James Elroy Risch
- **birth place**: Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **children**: 3
- **education**: University of Idaho (Bachelor of Science, BS, Juris Doctor, JD)
- **net worth**: $20.8 million (2019)
- **signature**: Jim Risch Signature.svg
Dirk Kempthorne

**Dirk Kempthorne** (born October 29, 1951) was the United States Secretary of the Interior. Kempthorne was the 30th Governor of Idaho. He is a member of the U.S. Republican Party. Kempthorne was born in San Diego, California.

Kempthorne graduated from the University of Idaho. He is married to Patricia Kempthorne. They have two children.

## Infobox (senator)

- **name**: Dirk Kempthorne
- **image**: Dirk Kempthorne, official Interior Dept color photo, 2006.jpg
- **order**: 49th
- **title**: United States Secretary of the Interior
- **term start**: June 7, 2006
- **term end**: January 20, 2009
- **predecessor**: Gale Norton
- **successor**: Ken Salazar
- **president**: George W. Bush
- **order2**: 30th
- **office2**: Governor of Idaho
- **term start2**: January 8, 1999
- **term end2**: May 26, 2006
- **lieutenant2**: Butch Otter
Jack Riggs
Jim Risch
- **predecessor2**: Phil Batt
- **successor2**: Jim Risch
- **title3**: United States Senator
 from Idaho
- **term start3**: January 3, 1993
- **term end3**: January 3, 1999
- **predecessor3**: Steve Symms
- **successor3**: Mike Crapo
- **office4**: Mayor of Boise, Idaho
- **term start4**: 1986
- **term end4**: 1993
- **predecessor4**: Richard Eardley
- **successor4**: H. Brent Coles
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **birth place**: San Diego, California
- **spouse**: Patricia Kempthorne
- **children**: Heather Kempthorne
Jeff Kempthorne
- **alma mater**: University of Idaho <small>(B.A)</small>