juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Boston Massacre

The **Boston Massacre** happened when five civilians (people who were not in the military) were shot and killed by 9 British soldiers on March 5, 1770. It was in Boston, Massachusetts, which was a British colony at the time.

## Events

The Massacre happened at night when a large mob gathered outside of the Custom House.  A British soldier named Hugh White hit a boy who had insulted White's commanding officer.  The boy ran away and came back with a large mob of angry people.

More British soldiers came to help protect Hugh White from the people.  The mob threw snowballs with clams inside them and hit them with wooden clubs.

As the mob got larger and larger, the scene became more and more chaotic.  Someone in the crowd yelled "fire".  In the confusion, some of the soldiers fired into the crowd. Crispus Attucks, an African-American man, was one of the first people killed.

## Trial

Eight British soldiers were tried in court after the Boston Massacre. They were defended by John Adams, who was both a patriot and a lawyer. He knew that many people would be upset with him for defending the soldiers, but he believed that everybody deserved a fair trial. (Adams would later become the President of the United States).

Because of John Adams' efforts, six of the eight soldiers were found not guilty. The other two, Hugh Montgomery and Matthew Kilroy, were convicted of manslaughter in court. As punishment, they had the palms of their hands marked with a burn.

## After the Boston Massacre

Paul Revere, a man who worked with metals in Boston, made an engraving of the British soldiers shooting into the crowd. He depicted the scene as violent. Many people saw the engraving and became angry.

A few years later, the American Revolution started, and the colonies would become an independent country, the United States of America.

## Infobox (civilian attack)

- **title**: The Boston Massacre
- **image**: Boston Massacre high-res.jpg
- **caption**: Engraving of the Massacre by Paul Revere
- **location**: Boston, Massachusetts Bay Colony, Thirteen Colonies, British America
- **date**: March 5, 1770
- **type**: Shooting
- **fatalities**: 5
- **injuries**: 7
- **perps**: British Army
Dreadlocks

**Dreadlocks**, also called **locks** or **dreads**, are coils of hair which are made by themselves, in all hair types, if the hair is allowed to grow naturally without grooming for a long time. They are part of some religions, like the Rastafarian religion in Jamaica. People who do not have to have dreadlocks because of their religion sometimes have dreadlocks as well. A lot of them do not let their dreads form naturally, but make dreadlocks themselves. There are different ways in which people help their hair go together to form dreadlocks. Backcombing, braiding, and twisting are some of the different techniques used to form dreadlocks.

Dreadlocks are one kind of protective hairstyle.  They can stop the hairs from breaking.

## Related pages

- Protective hairstyle
F.C. Dynamo Moscow

**F.C. Dynamit Moscow** is a football club which plays in Russian Premier-League.

## Titles

|scope="col" style="background:#efefef;"|European|scope="col" style="background:#efefef;"|Russia|scope="col" style="background:#efefef;"|Soviet Union|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|UEFA Cup : None|Russian Premier League : None|Soviet Top League : 1936, 1937, 1940, 1945, 1949, 1954, 1955, 1957 1959, 1963, 1976||||
|UEFA Super Cup : None|Russian Cup : 1995|Soviet Cup : 1937, 1953, 1967, 1970, 1977, 1984||||

## Notable players

- Lev Yashin
- Vladimir Kesarev
- Viktor Tsaryov
- Eduard Mudrik
- Gennadi Gusarov
- Igor Chislenko
- Aleksandr Kokorin

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Dynamo Moscow
- **upright**: 0.9
- **fullname**: Футбольный клуб Динамо Москва

- **nickname**: _Belo-golubye_ (White-blues)
 _Dinamiki_ (Loudspeakers)
 _Menty_ (Cops)
_Musora_ (Cops)
- **ground**: VTB Arena, Moscow
- **capacity**: 26,319
- **owner**: VTB Bank (through "Dynamo Management Company")
- **chairman**: Yury Belkin
- **manager**: Kirill Aleksandrovich Novikov, Kirill Novikov (caretaker)
- **league**: Russian Premier League
- **season**: 2018–19 Russian Premier League, 2018–19
- **current**: 2019–20 FC Dynamo Moscow season
- **position**: 12th
- **website**: http://fcdynamo.ru/
- **pattern la1**: _dynamom1920h
- **pattern la2**: _dynamom1920a
- **pattern b1**: _dynamom1920h
- **pattern b2**: _dynamom1920a
- **pattern ra1**: _dynamom1920h
- **pattern ra2**: _dynamom1920a
- **pattern sh1**: _dynamom1920h
- **pattern sh2**: _dynamom1920a
- **pattern so1**: _dynamom1920h
- **pattern so2**: _dynamom1920a
- **leftarm1**: 1F56F5
- **leftarm2**: FFFFFF
- **body1**: 1F56F5
- **body2**: FFFFFF
- **rightarm1**: 1F56F5
- **rightarm2**: FFFFFF
- **shorts1**: 1F56F5
- **shorts2**: FFFFFF
- **socks1**: 002394
- **socks2**: FFFFFF
League of Ireland Premier Division

The **League of Ireland Premier Division** is a football league which is the top division in the Republic of Ireland. For historic reasons, one club based in Northern Ireland, namely Derry City, plays in the Republic's league system, and is currently in the Premier Division.

## 2023 clubs

- University College Dublin
- Shamrock Rovers
- Derry City
- St Patrick's Athletic
- Sligo Rovers
- Dundalk
- Bohemians Dublin
- Shelbourne
- Cork City
- Drogheda United

## Infobox (football league)

- **leaguename**: League of Ireland Premier Division
- **country**: Republic of Ireland
- **confederation**: UEFA
- **founded**: 1921
- **level**: 1
- **number of teams**: 12
- **relegation to**: League of Ireland First Division
- **domestic cup**: FAI Cup
League of Ireland Cup
- **international cup**: UEFA Champions League, Champions League
UEFA Europa League
- **current champions**: Sligo Rovers F.C., Sligo Rovers
- **season**: 2012 League of Ireland, 2012
- **most successful club**: Shelbourne F.C., Shelbourne (6 titles)
Japanese kickboxing

The **Japanese kickboxing** is called in English _oriental kickboxing_. According to certain people, the word "kickboxing" would have been invented, in Japan, in the years 1950 by experts of karate who needed to fight with total contact.

In the year 1958, a man who practised kickboxing is the student of oriental languages, the Burmese Maung Gyi who studied martial arts from experts of bando in Burma and also from Gogen Yamaguchi - the grand person with special skill of karate, called "the cat". Maung Gyi fights in Japan under different names and makes the Burmese boxing (lethwei) known in time when the competitions of Japanese kickboxing happened.

## Writings of the subject

- Alain Delmas, 1. _Dictionnaire encyclopédique de la boxe et des autres boxes_, Amiens, 1981-2005 - 2. _Lexique de combatique_, Ligue Midi-Pyrénées, Toulouse, 1975

### Other websites

- "A History of Kickboxing"  by Mikes Miles historian of the American kickboxing
Rafael Moreno Aranzadi

**Rafael Moreno Aranzadi** is a former football player. He has played for Spain national team.

## International career statistics

|-
|1920||5||1
|-
!Total||5||1
Andoni Goikoetxea Olaskoaga

**Andoni Goikoetxea Olaskoaga** (born 23 May 1956) is a former Spanish football player. He has played for Spain national team.

## Club career statistics

|-
|1975–76||rowspan="12"|Athletic Bilbao||rowspan="12"|La Liga||27||4
|-
|1976–77||10||0
|-
|1977–78||6||1
|-
|1978–79||10||1
|-
|1979–80||30||3
|-
|1980–81||27||4
|-
|1981–82||31||6
|-
|1982–83||24||4
|-
|1983–84||28||2
|-
|1984–85||31||3
|-
|1985–86||31||5
|-
|1986–87||24||2
|-
|1987–88||rowspan="3"|Atlético Madrid||rowspan="3"|La Liga||13||0
|-
|1988–89||14||0
|-
|1989–90||8||0
314||35
314||35
|}

## International career statistics

|-
|1983||6||0
|-
|1984||11||2
|-
|1985||9||0
|-
|1986||9||2
|-
|1987||3||0
|-
|1988||1||0
|-
!Total||39||4
|}

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Andoni Goikoetxea
- **image**: Goiko.jpg
- **fullname**: Andoni Goikoetxea Olaskoaga
- **birth place**: Alonsotegi, Spain
- **height**: 1.85 m
- **position**: Centre-back
- **youthclubs1**: Arbuyo
- **youthyears2**: 1973–1974
- **youthclubs2**: Athletic Bilbao Cantera, Athletic Bilbao
- **years1**: 1973–1975
- **clubs1**: Bilbao Athletic
- **caps1**: 25
- **goals1**: 8
- **years2**: 1975–1987
- **clubs2**: Athletic Bilbao
- **caps2**: 277
- **goals2**: 35
- **years3**: 1987–1990
- **clubs3**: Atlético Madrid
- **caps3**: 35
- **goals3**: 0
- **totalcaps**: 337
- **totalgoals**: 43
- **nationalyears1**: 1975
- **nationalteam1**: Spain national under-18 football team, Spain U18
- **nationalcaps1**: 1
- **nationalgoals1**: 0
- **nationalyears2**: 1977
- **nationalteam2**: Spain national under-21 football team, Spain U21
- **nationalcaps2**: 3
- **nationalgoals2**: 0
- **nationalyears3**: 1983
- **nationalteam3**: Spain national amateur football team, Spain amateur
- **nationalcaps3**: 1
- **nationalgoals3**: 0
- **nationalyears4**: 1983–1988
- **nationalteam4**: Spain men's national football team, Spain
- **nationalcaps4**: 39
- **nationalgoals4**: 4
- **nationalyears5**: 1978–1990
- **nationalteam5**: Basque Country national football team, Basque Country
- **nationalcaps5**: 4
- **nationalgoals5**: 0
- **manageryears1**: 1992–1996
- **managerclubs1**: Spain national under-21 football team, Spain U21
- **manageryears2**: 1995
- **managerclubs2**: Spain national under-20 football team, Spain U20
- **manageryears3**: 1996–1998
- **managerclubs3**: UD Salamanca, Salamanca
- **manageryears4**: 1998–1999
- **managerclubs4**: SD Compostela, Compostela
- **manageryears5**: 1999–2000
- **managerclubs5**: CD Numancia, Numancia
- **manageryears6**: 2000–2001
- **managerclubs6**: Racing de Santander, Racing Santander
- **manageryears7**: 2001
- **managerclubs7**: Rayo Vallecano
- **manageryears8**: 2004–2005
- **managerclubs8**: UD Salamanca, Salamanca
- **manageryears9**: 2005–2007
- **managerclubs9**: CD Numancia, Numancia
- **manageryears10**: 2007–2008
- **managerclubs10**: Hércules CF, Hércules
- **manageryears11**: 2010–2011
- **managerclubs11**: AD Ceuta, Ceuta
- **manageryears12**: 2013–2015
- **managerclubs12**: Equatorial Guinea national football team, Equatorial Guinea
- **medaltemplates**: (as manager)
Football League Fourth Division

**Football League Fourth Division** is a former football league in England and Wales.

## Champions

|Season|Champions|
| --- | --- |
|1958/59|Port Vale|
|1959/60|Walsall|
|1960/61|Peterborough United|
|1961/62|Millwall|
|1962/63|Brentford|
|1963/64|Gillingham|
|1964/65|Brighton & Hove Albion|
|1965/66|Doncaster Rovers|
|1966/67|Stockport County|
|1967/68|Luton Town|
|1968/69|Doncaster Rovers|
|1969/70|Chesterfield|
|1970/71|Notts County|
|1971/72|Grimsby Town|
|1972/73|Southport|
|1973/74|Peterborough United|
|1974/75|Mansfield Town|
|1975/76|Lincoln City|
|1976/77|Cambridge United|
|1977/78|Watford|
|1978/79|Reading|
|1979/80|Huddersfield Town|
|1980/81|Southend United|
|1981/82|Sheffield United|
|1982/83|Wimbledon|
|1983/84|York City|
|1984/85|Chesterfield|
|1985/86|Swindon Town|
|1986/87|Northampton Town|
|1987/88|Wolverhampton Wanderers|
|1988/89|Rotherham United|
|1989/90|Exeter City|
|1990/91|Darlington|
|1991/92|Burnley|

## Infobox (football league)

- **name**: Football League Fourth Division
- **country**: England and Wales
- **confed**: UEFA
- **founded**: 1958
- **folded**: 2004 (merged with _Football Conference_ to form the English National League)
- **level**: * 4 (1958-1992)
* 5 (1992-2004)
- **teams**: 24
- **promotion**: Football League Third Division
- **relegation**: Football Conference (1987-2004)
- **domest cup**: * FA Cup
* EFL Cup, League Cup
* FA Trophy
- **inter cup**: UEFA Cup (1987-2004)
Purchasing power

**Purchasing power** is a relation between labor and money. Some people have money. Adam Smith says that the purchasing power is the amount of money needed to labour (goods or services) from other people.
Tubule

A **tubule** is a very small tube. In anatomy, a **tubule** is a very small tube coated with epithelium from your glands.
Jango Fett

**Jango Fett** is a _Star Wars_ bounty hunter and the genetic template of the Clone troopers. He made his first and only live action appearance in _Attack of the Clones_ (2002).

In Attack of the Clones, Jango is selected to be the genetic template for the clone army grown by the Kaminoan cloners of the planet Kamino. In exchange, he receives considerable wealth, and an unmodified clone to raise as his son, named Boba.

Jango serves as Seperatist leader Count Dooku's bodyguard during the Battle of Geonosis. However, his jetpack becomes damaged after being trampled. Unable to escape, Jango meets his demise at the hands of Jedi Master Mace Windu, following a brief fight. His legacy is continued through his son Boba, who would grow up to be known as the galaxy's most fearless bounty hunter.

Jango is portrayed by New Zealand actor Temuera Morrison, who also portrayed several clones. Morrison later provided voicework for Boba Fett in the special editions of The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi and several video games. He went on to portray the character in live action in the second season of the 2020 series The Mandalorian, and its 2021 spinoff, The Book of Boba Fett.

## Portrayals

As with his clones and Boba Fett, he is portrayed by Temuera Morrison.
Gilf el-Kebir

**Gif el-Kebir** is a large plateau in Egypt. The name can be translated as _the great barrier_. It is located in trhe extreme south-east of Egypt, next ot Lybia and Sudan. It has about the same size as Switzerland. It rises 300 m above the rest of the desert. The plateau is very arid and difficult to access.
There is a crater called _Kebir crater_ in the plateau.

The Uweinat mountain range at the very south of the plateau is shared between Egypt, Libya and Sudan.

Wadis:

- Akhdar
- Bakht
- Dayiq
- Firaq
- Gazayir
- Maftuh
- Mashi
- Wassa

The Gilf Kebir is mentioned in Michael Ondaatje's novel 'The English Patient'. It was also the site of the recent discovery of a bag which had been lost in the Second World War by a dispatch rider (Alec Ross) of the Long Range Desert Group, part of the British Army. This contained the rider's personal letters and photographs, and had been well preserved.

## Petroglyphs

The Gilf Kebir is known for its prehistoric (Neolithic) petroglyphs

- Karkur Talh and Karkur Murr: major eastern valleys of the Uweinat contain one of the richest concentrations of rock art in the whole Sahara.
- Western Uweinat: Shelters under the huge granite boulders in the western Uweinat contain numerous paintings, including the famous sites of Ain Doua.
- Jebel Arkenu, Jebel Kissu & Yerguehda Hill, the lesser granite massifs around Uweinat have many smaller sites.
- Mogharet el Kantara in the southern Gilf Kebir contains only one known rock art site, a cave  discovered by Shaw & party in 1936.
- Wadi Sora in the northwestern Gilf Kebir: the "Cave of Swimmers" (or Swimmers' Cave), discovered by the Hungarian Count László Almásy (_The English Patient_), plus many other paintings nearby.
- The North-western half of the Gilf Kebir aside from Wadi Sora has only a few scattered engravings, of an apparently very ancient age.
- In January 2003, Zarzora Expeditions and Jacopo Foggini independently announced the discovery of a major new rock art site in the Western Gilf Kebir (Foggini-Mestekawi Cave).

## Other websites

- google map
- Libyan Rock Art Documentation Project
- McOran E-Cards based on the 'Cave of Swimmers'
- 'WW11 Army Bag is found in Desert'
HBOS

**HBOS** is a major bank. It was founded in 2001 when Halifax merged with the Bank of Scotland. It is headquarted in Edinburgh, Scotland. On 17 September 2008 it was said that Lloyds TSB would take over HBOS.
Must Get Out

"**Must Get Out**" is the 5th single by Maroon 5. The song was released in 2005 off their first album, _Songs About Jane_.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Must Get Out
- **artist**: Maroon 5
- **album**: Songs About Jane
- **released**: 2005
- **recorded**: 2002
- **genre**: Pop rock
- **length**: 4:01
- **label**: RMG
- **writer**: Adam Levine, Jesse Carmichael
- **producer**: Matt Wallace, Maroon 5
- **prev title**: Sunday Morning
- **prev year**: 2004
- **next title**: Makes Me Wonder
- **next year**: 2007
Ansel Adams

**Ansel Easton Adams** (February 20, 1902 – April 22, 1984) was a renowned American photographer and environmentalist, best known for his black-and-white photographs of the American West and primarily Yosemite National Park.

### Notable photographs

- _Monolith, The Face of Half Dome_, 1927.
- _Rose and Driftwood_, 1932.
- _Yosemite Valley, Clearing Winter Storm_, 1937 or earlier, probably 1935
- _Moonrise, Hernandez, New Mexico_, 1941.
- _Ice on Ellery Lake, Sierra Nevada_, 1941.
- _Winter morning, Sierra Nevada from Lone Pine_, 1944
- _Georgia O'Keeffe and Orville Cox at Canyon de Chelly_
- _Aspens, New Mexico_, 1958.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Ansel Easton Adams
- **image**: Ansel Adams and camera.jpg
- **image size**: 200px
- **birth place**: San Francisco, California
- **death place**: Monterey, California, Monterey, California
- **death cause**: Heart disease
- **occupation**: Photographer and Conservationist
- **parents**: Charles and Olive Adams
- **children**: Michael, Anne
- **nationality**: United States, American
- **website**: http://www.anseladams.com
Dorothea Lange

**Dorothea Lange** (May 26, 1895 – October 11, 1965) was an influential American documentary photographer and photojournalist, best known for her Depression-era work for the  Farm Security Administration (FSA).  Lange's photographs showing the United State's poor families during the Depression influenced the development of documentary photography.

Lange was born on May 26, 1895, in Hoboken, New Jersey. In 1914 Lange started her career working in the studio of photographer Arnold Genthe. She also studied with Clarence Hudson White at Columbia University. In 1919 Lange opened her own portrait studio in San Francisco, California.

In 1935 Lange began working for the Resettlement Administration which was later renamed the Farm Security Administration. In 1936 she took her best-known photograph _Migrant Mother_.

Lange died on October 11, 1965, in San Francisco, California.

A retrospective exhibition of her work was held at the Museum of Modern Art in 1966.

## Infobox (artist)

- **name**: Dorothea Lange
- **image**: Dorothea Lange 1936 portrait.jpg
- **caption**: Dorothea Lange in 1936; photographer
- **birth name**: Dorothea Nutzhorn
- **birth place**: Hoboken, New Jersey
- **death place**: San Francisco, California
- **nationality**: United States, American
- **field**: Photography
Lostprophets

**Lostprophets** were a rock band from Pontypridd, Wales. They were signed to the record label Sony BMG. They released five studio albums in their career and had two top ten hits in the UK, "Last Train Home" and "Rooftops". They won six Kerrang! Awards. They broke up in October 2013 after singer Ian Watkins was charged in December 2012 with raping a baby and other sex crimes. In November 2013, he was convicted of attempted rape and sexual assault of a child. On 18 December 2013, Watkins was sentenced to 35 years in prison.

Lostprophets' first release was their 1997 EP _Here Comes the Party_.
In 1999 Lostprophets were signed to a record label called Visible Noise. Their first album _Thefakesoundofprogress_ was released on 27 November 2000. On 2 February 2004 the band's second album _Start Something_ was released in the UK and South Korea. Six singles were released from the album. "Burn Burn" reached number seventeen in the UK Singles Chart. The band's third album, _Liberation Transmission_, was released in June 2006 and was the band's first album to enter the UK Albums Chart at No.1. The album was also successful in Japan. Kerrang! gave it five out of five stars. In 2009 Lostprophets did a cover of "Boys Don't Cry" on an album of The Cure covers given away free with NME.
_The Betrayed_, the band's fourth studio album, was released in the UK on 13 January 2010. It reached number three in the UK Albums Chart. Their last album, _Weapons_ was released on 2 April 2012. It reached the number five in the UK Albums Chart. It got mixed reviews.

HMV stopped selling Lostprophets' albums in 2013 after Watkins was convicted of trying to rape a baby. The BBC will not play Lostprophets' music anymore.

In June 2014, the remaining members formed No Devotion with American singer Geoff Rickly as their lead vocalist.

## Discography

- The Fake Sound of Progress (2000)
- Start Something (2004)
- Liberation Transmission (2006)
- The Betrayed (2010)
- Weapons (2012)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Lostprophets
- **img**: Lostprophets-3.jpg
- **img capt**: Lostprophets at Pinkpop 2007
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Pontypridd, Wales, United Kingdom, UK
- **genre**: Alternative metal, alternative rock, post-grunge, hard rock, nu metal (early material)
- **years active**: 1997-2013
- **label**: Sony BMG Music Entertainment
Columbia Records
Visible Noise
- **associated acts**: Nine Inch Nails, The Blackout
- **past members**: Mike Chiplin
DJ Stepzak
Ian Watkins (Lostprophets), Ian Watkins
Jamie Oliver (musician), Jamie Oliver
Stuart Richardson
Lee Gaze
Mike Lewis
Ilan Rubin
Korba, Chhattisgarh

**Korba** is a city in the central Indian state of Chhattisgarh. The city is the center of power in the state, meaning that it is the source from which people who live there get their energy supply. It contains major power companies such as NTPC and LENCO. Apart from power projects, it is the home of the most profiting coal mines in India namely DIPKA & GEVRA which are part of SECL (South Eastern Coalfields Limited). Vedanta group's presence is also felt through BALCO aluminium plant.
Apoptosis

**Apoptosis** is the controlled death of a cell. It is an important part of tissue development. For example, during limb development in a foetus, apoptosis allows digits (fingers and toes) to separate from each other. The process is quite common until puberty begins. Apoptosis is a  regulated and controlled process which works throughout an organism's life cycle. The rate of apoptosis is balanced by the rate of cell production by mitosis.

## Discovery

The phenomenon of programmed cell death was first described by Carl Vogt in 1842. In 1885, anatomist Walther Flemming gave a more precise description of the process.

The average adult human loses between 50 and 70 billion cells each day due to apoptosis. The average human adult has more than 13 trillion cells  of which at most only 70 billion die each day. That is, about 5 out of every 1,000 cells (0.5%) die each day due to apoptosis. For an average human child between the ages of 8 and 14, approximately 20–30 billion cells die per day.

## Sequence of events in apoptosis

When a cell dies by apoptosis, surrounding tissue is not harmed.

1. Enzymes break down the cytoskeleton of the cell.

2. Cytoplasm becomes dense, with organelles tightly packed.

3. Cell surface membrane forms "blebs".

4. Chromatin condenses and the nuclear envelope breaks. DNA breaks into fragments.

5. The cell breaks down into vesicles, taken up by phagocytosis.

## Controlling the cell cycle

Apoptosis is the normal end of a cell's life. At any point in time, there may be too many cells in one area, and the DNA
coding for apoptosis will activate in some of those cells and they will die safely. This is important to the overall functioning of the organism. If, for example, the making of liver cells were to speed up and they never died, the liver would no longer function properly. The liver cells would eventually take over the organism's body. Apoptosis takes place by the help of lysosomes. Lysosomes rupture when the cell is old or damaged, this lets out digestive enzymes all over the cell and digests it, therefore killing the cell.

## Cancer

Cancerous cells do not undergo apoptosis, which is why they are such a problem. They continuously multiply until the host organ or the organism's body cannot function anymore. This occurs because the apoptosis coding has mutated and so has other coding. This causes rapid mitotic division of the unwanted cells. This is a cancerous growth.

## Nobel Prize

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2002 was awarded jointly to Sydney Brenner, H. Robert Horvitz and John E. Sulston "for their discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death'." Sydney Brenner, Sir John Sulston and Robert Horvitz received the Nobel Prize for their work on the genome and cells of the roundworm _Caenorhabditis elegans_. C. elegans was the first animal to have its complete genome sequenced.

## Related pages

- Hayflick limit
Phagocyte

**Phagocytes** are the white blood cells that protect the body by eating (phagocytosing)  bacteria and dead or dying cells. They are important for fighting infections. They are also important for becoming immune. Phagocytes are present in all animals and are very complex in vertebrates. One liter of human blood has about six billion phagocytes.

## History

Their name comes from the Greek _phagein_, 'to eat or devour ', and _kutos_, 'hollow vessel'. Phagocytes were first seen in 1882 by Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov.  Phagocytes can be found in many animals. Macrophages move like amoebae, and are probably an ancient type of cell.

## Professional phagocyte

Phagocytes of humans and other animals are called professional or non-professional, depending on how good they are at phagocytosis. The professional phagocytes are neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, and mast cells. The reason they are called professional phagocytes is because they have receptors on their surfaces which can detect harmful objects, such as bacteria. Phagocytes are very important in fighting infections and in getting rid of dead and dying cells.

## What a phagocyte does

When there is an infection, phagocytes move to the bacteria by sensing chemicals. These chemicals may come from bacteria or from other phagocytes that are already there. The phagocytes move by a way called chemotaxis. When bacteria touch a phagocyte, they bind to the receptors on the phagocyte and are eaten (phagocytosed). When bacteria enter some phagocytes, the phagocytes use oxidants and nitric oxide to kill the pathogen. After phagocytosis, macrophages and dendritic cells can also do 'antigen presentation': this is when the phagocyte moves parts of the killed bacteria back to its surface. These parts are then shown to other cells of the immune system. Some phagocytes then move to the body's lymph nodes and show the bacterial parts to white blood cells called lymphocytes. This action is important in getting immunity.

## Phagocyte evasion

Many bacteria have ways to not be eaten or killed by phagocytes. They may avoid contact by
1. growing in places phagocytes cannot reach,
1. putting out chemicals which make it difficult for phagocytes to get to an infection
1. interfering with the immune response which causes phagocytes to respond
1. tricking the immune system into treating them as "self", by coating themselves with a natural substance.
FM Static

**FM Static** is a Canadian pop punk band that makes albums with _Tooth & Nail Records_. The band was started by Thousand Foot Krutch (another band) lead man Trevor McNevan and Thousand Foot Krutch drummer Steve Augustine. In 2003, they made their first album called (_What Are You Waiting For?_). The album had the singles "_Definitely Maybe_" and "_Crazy Mary_". On August 1, 2006, FM Static started selling their second album called _Critically Ashamed_, which has the single "_Waste of Time_" on it. Their third album was announced in late April 2008. The two piece finished recording "Dear Diary" in early August 2008. It was released on April 7, 2009.

FM Static won the _Best Website Ever Made_ award from the _Webgrammys_, and they have been nominated for the _GMA Canada_ _Covenant Awards_.

## Members

- Trevor McNevan - vocals, guitars
- Steve Augustine - drums

### Old members

- Justin Smith (bass)
- Jeremy Smith (guitar)
- John Bunner (guitar)

## Albums

- ***What Are You Waiting For?***
(July 22, 2003)
Tooth & Nail Records
- ***Critically Ashamed***
(August 1, 2006)
Tooth & Nail Records
- ***Dear Diary***
(April 7, 2009)
Tooth & Nail Records
- ***My Brain Says Stop, But My Heart Says Go!***
(April 5, 2011)
Tooth & Nail Records

## Singles

- 2003: Definitely Maybe
- 2003: Crazy Mary
- 2003: Something To Believe In
- 2006: Waste of Time
- 2006: Six Candles
- 2006: The Video Store
- 2006: Girl of the Year
- 2008: Nice Piece of Art

## Music videos

- Definitely Maybe YouTube (Go)

## Other websites

- Official site
- Official Purevolume
- Official Myspace
- Tooth & Nail Records

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: FM Static
- **image**: FM Static in NY.JPG
- **caption**: FM Static in 2009
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- **genre**: Pop punk
- **years active**: 2003–2011
- **label**: Tooth & Nail Records
- **associated acts**: Thousand Foot Krutch
- **url**: [http://www.fmstatic.com/ http://www.fmstatic.com]
- **past members**: Trevor McNevan
Justin Smith
Jeremy Smith
John Bunner
Steve Augustine
Wadi

A **Wadi** is usually a valley, sometimes the bed of a river. The river that is part of the wadi only has water after heavy rain. Staying in a wadi can be a danger to life. This is because the water in a wadi can rise very quickly. Canyon is another name for it, used in other countries.
Noble gas compound

A **noble gas compound** is a chemical compound that has an element from Group 18 of the periodic table in it. Group 18 (previously called Group 0) contains all the noble gases.

## History

For a long time, scientists thought that noble gases could not form compounds because their valence electron shell had no space for more electrons. This means that they could not accept any more electrons, which made bonding impossible. However, in 1933, Linus Pauling said that heavy noble gases could react with fluorine or oxygen, as they are the most electronegative atoms. His prediction was correct, and xenon hexafluoride (XeF<sub>6</sub>) was later discovered. Many more noble gas compounds have been found since then.

Oxidizing Helium or Neon takes a lot of energy. No chemical substance is known to have enough power to oxidize Helium or Neon. Two Helium compounds have been predicted; they would need a very high pressure to be stable.

## Fullerene properties

Noble gases can also make endohedral fullerene compounds when the noble gas atom is pushed inside a fullerene molecule. In 1993, it was discovered that when C<sub>60</sub> is put under pressure of about 3 bar of Helium or Neon, He@C<sub>60</sub> and Ne@C<sub>60</sub> are made. Only about one out of every 650,000 C<sub>60</sub> were found with a helium atom. But with more pressures (about 3000 bar), it is possible to get as much as 0.1%. Endohedral molecules with argon, krypton and xenon have also been made, as well as other compounds of He@C<sub>60</sub>.
Vector graphics editor

A **vector graphics editor** is a computer program that lets users make and change vector graphics images and save them in one of many popular vector graphics formats such as EPS, PDF, WMF, SVG or VML.

## Related pages

- Graphics
- Editing digital images

## Other websites

- Inkscape - Popular open source Vector graphics editor
- Vector Magic - Precision Bitmap to Vector Conversion Online
- Math Games: Vector vs Raster (maa.org)  - A list of 65 vector graphics editors.
- Bitmap And Vector Graphics Explained
Perth

- Perth, Scotland in Perth and Kinross council area, the original Perth
- Perth, Western Australia in Australia, the biggest Perth
- Perth, Tasmania in Australia
- Perth, Ontario in Canada
What Are You Waiting For?

***What Are You Waiting For?*** is the debut album from FM Static, a Canadian pop punk band. It was released in the summer of 2003 although there was a TFK record the same year.

Although not a bestseller or anything really great, _What Are You Waiting For?_ did manage to sell around 60,000 copies in three and a half years. Remember, FM Static are only a side project.

1. Three days later - 2:23
1. Crazy mary - 2:51
1. Something to believe in - 2:48
1. Definitely maybe - 2:49
1. Donna - 2:27
1. All the days - 2:26
1. Hold me twice - 2:44
1. The notion - 2:11
1. October - 2:50
1. My first stereo -2:53
1. Hey now (hidden song) -3:08

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: What Are You Waiting For?
- **type**: Album
- **artist**: FM Static
- **released**: July 22, 2003
- **length**: 39:52
- **genre**: Pop punk, skate punk
- **label**: Tooth & Nail Records, Tooth & Nail
- **next title**: Critically Ashamed
- **next year**: 2006
Negev

The **Negev** ( ; ) or **Negeb** () is the southern region of Israel. It is a desert that covers about 60% of the current state of Israel. Only about 10% of the people that live in Israel live there. The Negev has borders with Egypt and the Gaza Strip to the west, the Arabah in the Great Rift Valley in the east, and a line connecting Gaza city to Ein Gedi near the Dead Sea to the north. Beersheba and Eilat are the main cities of the Negev.

The **Negev incense route** was a trade route in the Negev. It connected Arabia to the Mediterranean in the Hellenistic-Roman period. The trade led to the development of ancient towns, forts and caravanserai en route, and agricultural development. It was proclaimed as of outstanding universal value by UNESCO in 2005.

## Other websites

- Sde Boker archive of articles on the Negev
- Israel's Negev Information Site
- Photos of Negev
Alfred Eisenstaedt

**Alfred Eisenstaedt** (6 December 1898 – 24 August 1995) was a German photographer and photojournalist. He is renowned for his candid photographs, frequently made using a 35mm Leica M3 rangefinder camera. He is best remembered for his photograph capturing the celebration of V-J Day in Times Square.

## Infobox (journalist)

- **name**: Alfred Eisenstaedt
- **image**: Eisenstaedt signing "VJ day" print on August 23, 1995 at his Menemsha cabin on Martha's Vineyard.jpg
- **birth date**: 6 December 1898
- **birth place**: Tczew, Dirschau (Tczew), West Prussia, German Empire, Imperial Germany
- **death place**: Menemsha, Massachusetts, United States
- **occupation**: Photojournalism
- **alias**: Eisenstaedt
Petrochemical

A **petrochemical** is a chemical product that is made from petroleum, natural gas or other hydrocarbons.

Some petrochemicals include alcohol, antiseptics, artificial rubber, detergents, drugs, explosives, food additives, insecticides, perfume, plastic, and textile fiber.

## Related pages

- Petroleum
- Petroleum products
- Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries

## Other websites

- Petrochemistry in Europe
- Educational resource on petrochemistry
- Article showing some of the basics of a petchem facility
Strabo

**Strabo** (; 63/64 BC – ca. AD 24) was a Greek historian, geographer and philosopher.

## Life

Strabo was born in a rich family from Pontus which had become part of the Roman Empire a short time before. His mother was Georgian. He studied under several geographers and philosophers. Later he made long travels to Egypt and Kush, among others. It is not known when his _Geography_ was written, though comments within the work itself place the finished version within the reign of Emperor Tiberius.

Strabo's _History_ is nearly completely lost. Although Strabo quotes it himself, and other classical authors mention that it existed, the only surviving document is a fragment of papyrus now in possession of the University of Milan (renumbered Papyrus 46).

Several different dates have been proposed for Strabo's death, but most of them place it shortly after 23.

## The _Geography_

Strabo is mostly famous for his 17-volume work _Geographica_, which presented a descriptive history of people and places from different regions of the world known to his era. It is an important source of information on the ancient world.

## References

- Strabo in Greek, Teubner Edition. Downloadable Google Books at https://books.google.com/books?id=MvoHAAAAQAAJ&q=Strabo.

## Other websites

- Biography of Strabo
Ray Ozzie

**Ray Ozzie** (born November 20, 1955) is an American computer programmer. He was the "Chief Software Architect" (the person in charge of programming) at Microsoft.
Ian Ure

**Ian Ure** (born 7 December 1939) is a former football player. He has played for Scotland national team.

## Career statistics

_<small>Source</small>_
|rowspan="2"|Club|rowspan="2"|Season|colspan="3"|League|colspan="2"|Cup|colspan="2"|League cup|colspan="2"|Continental|colspan="2"|Other|colspan="2"|Total||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|rowspan="6"|Dundee|1958–59|rowspan="5"|Division One|2|0|||||||||||
|1959–60|7|0|||||||||||||||
|1960–61|32|0|||||||||||||||
|1961–62|34|0|||||||||||||||
|1962–63|32|0|||||||||||||||
|rowspan="8"|Arsenal|1963–64|rowspan="7"|First Division|41|1|4|0|—|4|0|—|49|1|||
|1964–65|22|1|2|0|—|—|—|24|1||||||||
|1965–66|21|0|0|0|—|—|1|0|22|0|||||||
|1966–67|37|0|3|0|4|0|—|—|44|0|||||||
|1967–68|21|0|3|0|5|0|—|—|29|0|||||||
|1968–69|23|0|4|0|5|0|—|—|32|0|||||||
|1969–70|3|0|0|0|0|0|—|—|3|0|||||||
|rowspan="4"|Manchester United|1969–70|rowspan="3"|First Division|34|1|7|0|7|0|0|0|0|0|48|1|
|1970–71|13|0|1|0|3|0|0|0|3|0|20|0|||||
|1971–72|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|||||
|rowspan="3"|St Mirren|1972–73|rowspan="2"|Division Two|3|0|||||||||||
|1973–74|0|0|||||||||||||||

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Ian Ure
- **fullname**: John Francombe Ure
- **birth place**: Ayr, Scotland
- **position**: defender (association football), Centre half
- **youthclubs1**: Ayr Albion
- **years1**: 1958–1963
- **clubs1**: Dundee F.C., Dundee
- **caps1**: 107
- **goals1**: 0
- **years2**: 1963–1969
- **clubs2**: Arsenal F.C., Arsenal
- **caps2**: 168
- **goals2**: 2
- **years3**: 1969–1971
- **clubs3**: Manchester United F.C., Manchester United
- **caps3**: 47
- **goals3**: 1
- **years4**: 1971–1973
- **clubs4**: St Mirren F.C., St Mirren
- **caps4**: 3
- **goals4**: 0
- **totalcaps**: 325
- **totalgoals**: 3
- **nationalyears1**: 1961
- **nationalteam1**: Scotland national under-23 football team, Scotland U23
- **nationalcaps1**: 1
- **nationalgoals1**: 0
- **nationalyears2**: 1961–1962
- **nationalteam2**: Scottish League XI
- **nationalcaps2**: 4
- **nationalgoals2**: 0
- **nationalyears3**: 1961–1967
- **nationalteam3**: Scotland national football team, Scotland
- **nationalcaps3**: 12
- **nationalgoals3**: 0
- **nationalyears4**: 1962
- **nationalteam4**: List of Scottish Football League representative players#Scotland trial matches / SFL Centenary players, SFA trial v SFL
- **nationalcaps4**: 1
- **nationalgoals4**: 0
- **manageryears1**: 1974–1975
- **managerclubs1**: East Stirlingshire F.C., East Stirlingshire
Skating rink

A **skating rink** may refer to:
- an ice rink used for ice skating
- a roller rink used for roller skating
Sensor

A **sensor** is a device that measures a physical quantity and converts it into a 'signal' which can be read by an observer or by an instrument. For example, a mercury thermometer converts the measured temperature into the expansion and contraction of a liquid which can be read on a calibrated glass tube.  Video cameras and a digital cameras have an image sensor.

There are many different types of sensors. Some are used in everyday objects, and some are separate.

## Thermal sensors

A sensor that detects temperature. Thermal sensors are in many laptops and computers in order to sound an alarm when a certain temperature has been exceeded.
- temperature sensors: thermometers, thermostats
- heat sensors: bolometer, calorimeter

## Electromagnetic sensors

An electronic device used to measure a physical quantity such as pressure or loudness and convert it into an electronic signal of some kind (e.g. a voltage).
- electrical resistance sensors: ohmmeter
- electrical voltage sensors: voltmeter
- electrical power sensors: watt-hour meter
- magnetism sensors: magnetic compass
- metal detectors
- Radar

An electromagnetic sensor is anything that can detect things like photons, electrons, magnetic field<nowiki/>s etc. It can be as simple as a white wall, a sheet of white paper, etc., or as new as a charge-coupled device. When a laser is aimed at a detection screen, a bright spot can be seen on the screen, or when an electron hits the phosphors on another kind of screen, it makes that screen glow.

## Mechanical sensors

- Pressure sensors: barometer
- Vibration and shock sensors

## Motion sensors

A motion sensor detects physical movement in a given area.
- Radar gun, tachometer
- Speedometer

## Car sensors

- reversing sensor
- curb feeler
Victory

**Victory** is winning an argument, war or test. Many songs have been made called _victory songs_. Victory often comes with a lot of emotion. Victory is usually celebrated after winning, although there are many times not to, like after a war. The term comes from the culture of ancient Rome, when it meant winning a war.

## Different types

In terms of human emotion, being victorious usually brings strong feelings of gladness, and in human behaviour often has movements and victory poses.
Victory dances and victory cries are quite similar to war dances and war cries that are done before the violence.

## Related pages

- War
Illegal immigration

**Illegal immigration** is the migration of people into a country in violation of the immigration laws of that country or the continued residence without the legal right to live in that country. An **illegal immigrant** is an immigrant who lives in a country without permission or in a way that is not allowed, or illegal. Millions of people around the world live in another country against the laws of that country.

Many of these people migrate to a country in secret. Many others come to the country legally as a visitor, then stay in the country when they should legally  going home. Some work illegally and live in bad conditions. They usually move for similar reasons as other immigrants, but they do not legally have the right to be there.

## In the United States

Thousands of immigrants illegally enter the United States each year, many crossing the Mexican border. In general, they are opposed by the Republican Party, which generally wishes to deport them, while in general Democrats want to help give illegal immigrants legal status. In 2016, Donald Trump ran on a bid to build a wall on the Mexican-American border to prevent further illegal immigration. He became president in 2017, but the building of the border barrier was halted in 2021 when Joe Biden replaced Trump as president.
Francisco Castro

**Francisco Castro** (born 4 September, 1990) is a football player.

### Club

- Universidad de Chile
- Primera División de Chile (3): 2011 Apertura, 2011 Clausura, 2012 Apertura
- Copa Sudamericana (1): 2011
- Supercopa de Chile (1): 2015
- Copa Chile (1): 2015

- Unión Española
- Primera División de Chile (1): 2013 Transición

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Francisco Castro
- **image**: FranciscoCastroCobreloa.jpg
- **image size**: 200px
- **fullname**: Francisco Fernando Castro Gamboa
- **birth place**: Talagante, Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- **currentclub**: Deportes Iberia, Iberia
- **clubnumber**: 33
- **position**: Midfielder#Winger, Winger
- **youthyears1**: 2005–2009
- **youthclubs1**: C.D. Cobreloa, Cobreloa
- **years1**: 2009–2010
- **years2**: 2010–2016
- **years3**: 2013
- **years4**: 2014–2015
- **years5**: 2016–2017
- **years6**: 2017
- **years7**: 2018
- **years8**: 2018
- **years9**: 2019
- **years10**: 2020
- **years11**: 2021
- **years12**: 2021–
- **clubs1**: C.D. Cobreloa, Cobreloa
- **clubs2**: Club Universidad de Chile, Universidad de Chile
- **clubs3**: → Unión Española (loan)
- **clubs4**: → Deportes Iquique (loan)
- **clubs5**: C.D. Antofagasta, Deportes Antofagasta
- **clubs6**: A.C. Barnechea, Barnechea
- **clubs7**: Unión La Calera
- **clubs8**: C.D. Cobresal, Cobresal
- **clubs9**: Santiago Wanderers
- **clubs10**: A.C. Barnechea, Barnechea
- **clubs11**: C.D. Cobreloa, Cobreloa
- **clubs12**: Deportes Iberia, Iberia
- **caps1**: 36
- **caps2**: 77
- **caps3**: 31
- **caps4**: 31
- **caps5**: 11
- **caps6**: 13
- **caps7**: 11
- **caps8**: 20
- **caps9**: 11
- **caps10**: 14
- **caps11**: 10
- **caps12**: 6
- **goals1**: 2
- **goals2**: 15
- **goals3**: 4
- **goals4**: 6
- **goals5**: 0
- **goals6**: 3
- **goals7**: 1
- **goals8**: 2
- **goals9**: 1
- **goals10**: 2
- **goals11**: 1
- **goals12**: 3
- **nationalyears1**: 2010
- **nationalteam1**: Chile national football team, Chile
- **nationalcaps1**: 2
- **nationalgoals1**: 0
- **pcupdate**: 18 January 2022
Stuart Murdoch

**Stuart Murdoch** is a former football manager.

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Stuart Murdoch
- **birth place**: Blackpool, England
- **position**: Goalkeeper (association football), Goalkeeper
- **years1**: 1968–1971
- **clubs1**: Fleetwood F.C., Fleetwood
- **caps1**: 48
- **goals1**: 0
- **years2**: 1971–1974
- **clubs2**: Lancaster City
- **years3**: 1974–1975
- **clubs3**: Fleetwood F.C., Fleetwood
- **caps3**: 25
- **goals3**: 0
- **manageryears1**: 2002–2004
- **managerclubs1**: Wimbledon F.C., Wimbledon
- **manageryears2**: 2004
- **managerclubs2**: Milton Keynes Dons F.C., Milton Keynes Dons
- **manageryears3**: 2006
- **managerclubs3**: AFC Bournemouth (caretaker)
Chris Cornell

**Christopher John Boyle**; (July 20, 1964 – May 17, 2017) better known by his stage name, **Chris Cornell** was an American singer. He is best known as the singer in the grunge band Soundgarden.
He started the band in 1984 with lead guitarist Kim Thayil, and bassist Hiro Yamamoto.  Cornell is regarded as one of the greatest vocalists in rock history.

He released his debut album in September 1999,  _Euphoria Morning_. Later, in 2001, he began the supergroup Audioslave with the former members of Rage Against the Machine. Cornell recorded three albums as Audioslave's singer until the band's breakup in early 2007. His second solo album _Carry On_ was released to mixed commercial success in June 2007.

Cornell was also a co-singer singer in a band, Temple of the Dog, with Eddie Vedder, that was formed as a tribute to a musician, Andrew Wood, who had died.

Cornell was found dead at his Detroit, Michigan hotel room shortly after performing at a concert on May 18, 2017 at the age of 52. The cause of death was determined to be suicide by hanging.

## Personal life

Cornell was born in Seattle to Ed Boyle and Karen Cornell. He was of European-American and European-Canadian descent. Cornell was first married to Susan Silver, the manager of Alice in Chains and Soundgarden. They had a daughter, Lillian Jean, in June 2000. He and Silver divorced in 2004. In December 2008, Cornell said that he had finally won back his collection of 15 guitars after a four-year court battle with Silver.

He then married Vicky Karayiannis. She is a Greek-American publicist. She gave birth to his second daughter, Toni, in September 2004, and his third child, Christopher Nicholas, in December 2005.  Cornell converted to the Greek Orthodox Church because of her faith in the church.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **embed**: yes
- **background**: solo_singer


## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Chris Cornell
- **image**: ChrisCornellTIFFSept2011.jpg
- **caption**: Cornell at the 2011 Toronto International Film Festival
- **birth name**: Christopher John Boyle
- **birth place**: Seattle, Washington, U.S.
- **death place**: Detroit, Michigan, U.S.
- **death cause**: Suicide by hanging
- **resting place**: Hollywood Forever Cemetery in Hollywood, California, United States
- **spouse**:

- **children**: 3
- **years active**: 1984–2017
- **relatives**: Peter Boyle, Patrick Boyle, Katy Boyle, Suzy Boyle
- **parents**: Ed Boyle
Karen Cornell
Kim Thayil

**Kim Thayil** (born September 4, 1960 in Seattle, Washington) best known as the lead guitarist in Soundgarden.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **background**: non_vocal_instrumentalist
- **instrument**: Guitar
- **name**: Kim Thayil
- **img**: Thayil & Warnick 01.jpg
- **img capt**: Thayil (left) with Kim Warnick of The Fastbacks, 2007
- **birth place**: Seattle, Washington, United States, U.S.
- **genre**: Alternative metal, Grunge, Alternative rock
- **associated acts**: Soundgarden
No WTO Combo
Probot (band), Probot
Dark Load
- **label**: A&M Records
SST Records
Sub Pop
- **years active**: 1984 - present