juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Thierry Henry

**Thierry Henry** (born 17 August 1977 in Les Ulis, Essonne, France) is a French football manager and former player. He is now retired but used to play at Arsenal and was previously a part of the France national team. He is considered one of the world's best players.

Henry started his career at small clubs in France. He had played for the Italian team, Juventus. In 2001, he joined Arsenal of England, where he became one of the best players in the English Premier League. After three years with FC Barcelona he went to the US to play for the New York Red Bulls in the Major League Soccer. He has been named the Football Writers' Association Footballer of the Year three times and the French Player of the Year four times since 2001.

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Thierry Henry
- **image**: Thierry Henry (51649035951) (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Henry in 2021
- **fullname**: Thierry Daniel Henry
- **birth place**: Les Ulis, France
- **height**: 1.88 m
- **position**: Forward (association football)#Striker, Forward
- **currentclub**: France national under-21 football team, France U21 (manager)
- **youthyears1**: 1983–1989
- **youthclubs1**: CO Les Ulis
- **youthyears2**: 1989–1990
- **youthclubs2**: US Palaiseau
- **youthyears3**: 1990–1992
- **youthclubs3**: ES Viry-Châtillon, Viry-Châtillon
- **youthyears4**: 1990–1992
- **youthclubs4**: INF Clairefontaine
- **youthyears5**: 1992–1994
- **youthclubs5**: AS Monaco FC, Monaco
- **years1**: 1994–1995
- **clubs1**: AS Monaco FC, Monaco B
- **caps1**: 19
- **goals1**: 6
- **years2**: 1994–1999
- **clubs2**: AS Monaco FC, Monaco
- **caps2**: 105
- **goals2**: 20
- **years3**: 1999
- **clubs3**: Juventus F.C., Juventus
- **caps3**: 16
- **goals3**: 3
- **years4**: 1999–2007
- **clubs4**: Arsenal F.C., Arsenal
- **caps4**: 254
- **goals4**: 174
- **years5**: 2007–2010
- **clubs5**: FC Barcelona, Barcelona
- **caps5**: 80
- **goals5**: 35
- **years6**: 2010–2014
- **clubs6**: New York Red Bulls
- **caps6**: 122
- **goals6**: 51
- **years7**: 2012
- **clubs7**: → Arsenal F.C., Arsenal (loan)
- **caps7**: 4
- **goals7**: 1
- **totalcaps**: 600
- **totalgoals**: 290
- **nationalyears1**: 1997
- **nationalteam1**: France national under-20 football team, France U20
- **nationalyears2**: 1997–2010
- **nationalcaps1**: 5
- **nationalgoals1**: 3
- **nationalteam2**: France national football team, France
- **nationalcaps2**: 123
- **nationalgoals2**: List of international goals scored by Thierry Henry, 51
- **managerclubs1**: Belgium national football team, Belgium (assistant)
- **manageryears1**: 2016–2018
- **manageryears2**: 2018–2019
- **managerclubs2**: AS Monaco FC, Monaco
- **manageryears3**: 2019–2021
- **managerclubs3**: CF Montréal, Montreal Impact
- **manageryears4**: 2021–2022
- **managerclubs4**: Belgium national football team, Belgium (assistant)
- **manageryears5**: 2023–
- **managerclubs5**: France national under-21 football team, France U21
Attack

**Attacking** is an action done to violate or destroy something. In military affairs it means the armed action to force one's own will over the opponent's will, by means of destruction of the army of the enemy. The most important characteristics of an attack in comparison with all other types of combat and actions is the initiative.

## Related pages

- Charge (warfare)
- Attack aircraft
Charge (warfare)

A **charge** is an action in battle in which soldiers advance towards their enemy at their best speed to engage in close combat. The charge has been the key tactic and decisive moment of most battles in history.

The basic process operating in a charge is speed of advance against rate (or effectiveness) of fire. If the attackers advance at a more rapid rate than the defenders can kill or disable them then the attackers will reach the defenders. When a charge was not successful that will often leave the would-be attackers extremely vulnerable to a counter-charge.
Combat

**Combat**, or **fighting**, is purposeful violent conflict between two or more persons, groups or organizations, often intended to establish dominance over the opponent. The term "combat" typically means armed conflict between military forces in war. The more general term "fighting" can mean any violent conflict, including boxing and wrestling matches. Combat violence can be unilateral, fighting means that there is at least a defensive reaction. But the terms are often used synonymously.
Relationship

**Relationship** may mean:

- Interpersonal relationship
    - Friendship
    - Kinship
    - intimate relationship, including relationships based on romantic love

- Mathematical relationship, including:
    - Inverse relationship
    - Direct relationship
    - Relation (mathematics)
- Relational model
Hawthorn

***Crataegus*** (commonly called **hawthorn**) is a large genus of shrubs in the family Rosaceae. They are found in Europe, Asia and North America. The name hawthorn used to be used for the species found only in northern Europe but is now used for the entire genus. The same name is also used for the related Asian genus _Rhaphiolepis_.

Hawthorn are shrubs and small trees. They grow to 5-15 m tall and have small fruit. The fruit are called **haws**.

## Other websites

- Photos of Chinese haw berries
- Medicinal uses of Hawthorn in Armenia
- Edible uses of hawthorns at Plants For A Future
Lonicera

**Honeysuckles** are types of shrubs or vines in the family Caprifoliaceae. They are found in North America, Asia and Europe. There are about 180 different species of honeysuckle, many of which are climbing plants. Over 100 types of honeysuckle are found in China. Europe and North America have only about 20 types each.

Many types of honeysuckles have bell-shaped flowers. These flowers make a sweet nectar that can be eaten. The fruit is a red, blue or black berry that has several seeds. The berries of most honeysuckles are mildly poisonous, but a few have berries that are good to eat.
Intimacy

**Intimacy** is linked with feelings of closeness among partners in a relationship. It is usually characterized by love and attachment. These feelings may or may not be connected or confused with sexual feelings. In other relationships, intimacy has more to do with shared moments than sexual interactions.

This is not an exact definition, but it seems that intimacy and healthy relationships go hand in hand. Indeed, intimacy is basic in any meaningful relationship: the basis of friendship and one of the foundations of love.

The main forms of intimacy are emotional intimacy and physical intimacy.  Intellectual intimacy, familiarity with a person's culture and interests, is common among friends.  Members of religious or philosophic groups may also perceive a "spiritual intimacy" in common.

## Intimate partners

Terms for partners in various degrees of love include
- Boyfriend
- Girlfriend
- Mistress (lover)
- spouse

## Related pages

- Interpersonal relationship
- Marriage
Intimacy (disambiguation)

**Intimacy** is a psychological concept describing the sort of contact between people in a relationship.

It can also mean:

### Music

- _Intimacy_ (Jody Watley album) - a 1993 album by Jody Watley
- _Intimacy_ (Bruce Roberts album) - a 1995 album of love songs
- _Intimacy_ (Matt Redman album) - a 1998 album by Matt Redman
- _Intimacy_ (album) - a 2008 album by Bloc Party

### Novel

- _Intimacy_ (novel) - 1998 novel by Hanif Kureishi
- "Intimacy" (short story) - A short story by Raymond Carver

### Movie

- _Intimacy_ (2001 movie) -  2001 European drama directed by Patrice Chéreau and loosely based on the 1998 novel of the same name.
Seaborgium

**Seaborgium** is a chemical element. In the past, it has been named **eka-tungsten** but is now named seaborgium. It has the symbol **Sg** and it has the atomic number 106.  Seaborgium is a radioactive element that does not exist in nature. It has to be made. The most stable isotope is <sup>271</sup>Sg. Seaborgium-271 has a half-life of 2.4 minutes.

What Seaborgium looks like is not known because not enough has been made to see it with human eyesight, but since it is in the same period as tungsten in the periodic table, its appearance and may be similar to it.

The element is named in honor of Glenn Seaborg.

Seaborgium is a transuranium element. This means that it is "beyond" (trans) the element Uranium in the sequence of elements.

Mendeleev predicted that Seaborgium would exist. He called the element **eka-tungsten** because of its location was near Tungsten in the Periodic Table. The chemistry of seaborgium is like the chemistry of tungsten.

## Uses

Seaborgium has no uses at all because of how fast it destroys itself.

## Chemistry

Seaborgium hexacarbonyl  was made using the same method as tungsten hexacarbonyl and molybdenum hexacarbonyl. Its only known and studied as a gas.

## Other websites

- WebElements.com - Seaborgium

## Infobox (seaborgium)
Fireworks display

A **fireworks event** (also called a **fireworks display** or **fireworks show**) is a display of the effects created by firework devices on various occasions. Fireworks events are often used during holidays. Fireworks competitions are also regularly held at a number of places.

## History

Fireworks dates back to the 7th century and originated in China. The Chinese developed many different kinds of fireworks with a variety of effects and color. The art and science of firework making developed into an independent profession. In China, pyrotechnicians were respected for their knowledge of complex techniques in mounting firework displays.

## Related pages

- Firework
- Pyrotechnics

## Other websites

- Tips on Fireworks Safety, Dos and donots
- How Fireworks work
- Fireworks photography tutorial
- The Pyrotechnics Guild International, an independent worldwide nonprofit organization of amateur and professional fireworks enthusiasts.
- A pyrowiki on pyrotechics
- Tarragona International Fireworks Competition, Spain
Voyager 1

***Voyager 1*** is a space probe launched by NASA on September 5, 1977, as part of a mission called the Voyager program to explore the outer Solar System and the space beyond our Sun's influence. It was launched shortly after its twin, Voyager 2. Voyager 1 communicates with Earth using the NASA Deep Space Network (DSN) to receive commands and send back data. As of July 2024, it is the farthest human-made object from Earth, located about 163.3 astronomical units away (24.4 billion kilometers or 15.2 billion miles).

## Infobox (spaceflight/ip)

- **type**: flyby
- **object**: Jupiter
- **arrival date**: March 5, 1979


## Infobox (spaceflight/ip)

- **type**: flyby
- **object**: Saturn
- **arrival date**: November 12, 1980


## Infobox (spaceflight/ip)

- **type**: flyby
- **object**: Titan (moon), Titan
- **note**: atmosphere study
- **arrival date**: November 12, 1980


## Infobox (spaceflight)

- **name**: _Voyager 1_
- **image**: Voyager spacecraft model.png
- **image caption**: Model of the _Voyager_ spacecraft design
- **image alt**: Model of a small-bodied spacecraft with a large, central dish and many arms and antennas extending from it
- **mission type**: Outer planetary, heliosphere, and interstellar medium exploration
- **operator**: NASA / Jet Propulsion Laboratory
- **cospar id**: 1977-084A
- **satcat**: 10321
- **manufacturer**: Jet Propulsion Laboratory
- **power**: 470 watts (at launch)
- **launch date**:  UTC
- **launch rocket**: Titan IIIE
- **launch site**: Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Cape Canaveral Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Space Launch Complex 41, Launch Complex 41
- **programme**: Flagship Program, Flagship
- **previous mission**: _Voyager 2_
- **next mission**: _Galileo (spacecraft), Galileo_
Rose hip

**Rose hips** are the fruit of the rose plant. They can be eaten (with caution, the rose hip contains irritant hairs) and have a lot of Vitamin C. They are usually red/orange but may be dark purple to black in some species. Rose hips are commonly used as an herbal tea.

## Other websites

- Rose hip recipes
- BBC News: Rose-hip 'remedy' for arthritis
- Rose hip recipes 2
Chabad

**Chabad-Lubavitch** is the name of a group of Hasidic Jews. It is one of the largest groups of Hasidic Jews in the world. Many of the Lubavitch Hasidim live in the United States or Israel. The Lubavitch world headquarters is in Crown Heights, a neighborhood in Brooklyn, New York.

The Chabad movement was started by Rabbi Schneur Zalman of Liadi in Eastern Europe during the late 1700s. He named his 'Chabad' because in Hebrew it is an acronym for Wisdom, Understanding, and Knowledge. 'Lubavitch' was the name of the town in Russia where the movement was at from the time of the second Lubavitcher Rebbe (leader), Rabbi Dov Ber Schneuri, through the sixth, Rabbi Joseph Isaac Schneersohn.

## The Seven Rebbes of Lubavitch

- Rabbi Schneur Zalman of Liadi (1745-1812)
- Rabbi Dov Ber Schneuri (1773–1827)
- Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneersohn (1789–1866)
- Rabbi Shmuel Schneersohn (1834–1882)
- Rabbi Shalom Dovber Schneersohn (1860–1920)
- Rabbi Joseph Isaac Schneersohn (1880–1950)
- Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson (1902–1994)

## Other websites

- Chabad Lubavitch Headquarters Online
- Chabad Lubavitch on the web
    - About Chabad-Lubavitch
    - Global Chabad-Lubavitch Centers and Institutions Directory
    - Chabad-Lubavitch Rebbes (leaders)
Liese Prokop

**Liese Prokop** (March 27, 1941 – December 31, 2006) was an Austrian athlete and politician. Prokop was born in Vienna, Austria. Before being married to Gunnar Prokop, her name was **Liese Sykora**.  The two had two sons and a daughter. Prokop won the silver medal in the Pentathlon in the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City. Prokop was the first female Austrian Minister for Interior affairs. She was in charge of the security of Austria, including its police force. She was a member of the ÖVP, Austrian people's party.

She died unexpectedly December 31, 2006 of a torn aorta  while being taken to a hospital in St. Pölten.
Social Democratic Party of Austria

The **Social Democratic Party of Austria** (German: _Sozialdemokratische Partei Österreichs_, shortened to **SPÖ**) is one of the oldest political parties in Austria. Its politics are center-left. This means it has a strong stance in labour unions. The party rejects neoliberalism. They like moderate socialism and social democracy. A well known politician of this party was Bruno Kreisky. Their current motto is "Freedom, Equality, Justice and Solidarity" (German: _Freiheit, Gleichheit, Gerechtigkeit und Solidarität_).

Since the end of the Second World War, the party has been the strongest, or second-strongest party in Austria, by vote. The other party that they share this status with are the ÖVP.

Their main points in the 2006 elections were:
- To get rid of inscription and tuition fees in Austrian universities
- To lower unemployment
- Change the schooling system to have a common curriculum for all students until the age of 14.
- Common social security system and pension plans, of at least 800 € (euro)
Mińsk Mazowiecki

**Mińsk Mazowiecki** (Minsk, miɲsk mazɔ'vi̯eʦki) is a town in Poland. It is the capital of Mińsk County.

## Location

It has been located in the Mazovia Voivodship since 1999.

## History

The town of Mińsk was founded in 1421. It has always been a town based on commerce. Before the Holocaust, it was a Polish - Jewish town. The main religion in Mińsk is Roman Catholicism. Mińsk have 37000 inhabitants.
Rosaceae

**Rosaceae**  (rose-like plants) is a large family of plants. There are about 100-120 genera with between 3,000 and 4,000 species that include these well-known plants:
- Roses
- Strawberries
- Raspberries
- Apples and pears
- Peaches, cherries, and apricots

Plants in Rosaceae usually have flowers with five petals. However, some decorative roses have many more. Species of _Dryas_ usually have eight petals.

## Subfamilies

The Rosaceae family was traditionally divided into subfamilies, usually these four:
- Rosoideae
- Spiraeoideae
- Maloideae
- Amygdaloideae (sometimes incorrectly called Prunoideae)
However, it has become clear that the last three of the subfamilies cannot be divided in a clear way. Also, there is a small group that is so different from other Rosaceae that it is now given its own name. Botanists now use only three subfamilies:
- Rosoideae
- Amygdaloideae
- Dryadoideae
Rosales

**Rosales** is an order of flowering plants. It includes nine families. The plants are grouped together because their genetics are similar. Some well-known members of Rosales include: roses; strawberries, blackberries and raspberries; apples and pears; plums, peaches and apricots; almonds; rowan and hawthorn; elms; figs; nettles; and hops and cannabis. The true roses are in the _Rosaceae_.
Firework

A **firework** is an explosive pyrotechnic device that is used mostly for entertainment. The most common use of a firework is as part of a **fireworks display**.

Fireworks (devices) are made to have these four effects: They make noise, light, smoke, and sometimes produce floating materials (confetti for example). They may be designed to burn with colored flames and sparks. Displays are common throughout the world and are a main point of many different cultural and religious festivals. Independence Day, New Year's Eve and Guy Fawkes Night are examples.

Some fireworks are ground-based, and others are shot into the air. Because they explode and can cause fires or burns, most countries have laws that only allow trained professionals to use display fireworks. Smaller, less explosive fireworks are available to regular, everyday people, but they are still dangerous and cause injuries each year.

## History

Fireworks dates back to the 7th century and originated in China. The Chinese developed many different kinds of fireworks with a variety of effects and color. The art and science of firework making developed into an independent profession. In China, pyrotechnicians were respected for their knowledge of complex techniques in mounting firework displays.

During the Song Dynasty (960-1279), many of the common people could purchase various kinds of fireworks from market vendors, and grand displays of fireworks were also known to be held. In 1110, a large fireworks display in a martial demonstration was held to entertain Emperor Huizong of Song (r. 1100-1125) and his court. A record from 1264 states that a rocket-propelled firework went off near the Empress Dowager Gong Sheng and startled her during a feast held in her honor by her son Emperor Lizong of Song (r. 1224–1264).

Rocket propulsion was common in warfare, as evidenced by the _Huolongjing_ compiled by Liu Ji (1311–1375) and Jiao Yu (fl. c. 1350–1412). In 1240 the Arabs acquired knowledge of gunpowder and its uses from China. A Syrian named Hasan al-Rammah wrote of rockets, fireworks, and other incendiaries, using terms that suggested he derived his knowledge from Chinese sources, such as his references to fireworks as "Chinese flowers".

The New Year's Eve celebrations for 2014 in Dubai broke the world record for biggest fireworks display.

## Other websites

- How Fireworks work
- Illegal Explosive Devices
- About.com The Chemistry of Firework Colors
Pyrotechnics

**Pyrotechnics** is often thought to be synonymous with the manufacture of fireworks, but it also includes items for military and industrial uses.

Items such as safety matches, oxygen candles, explosive bolts and fasteners and the automobile safety airbag all fall under pyrotechnics. Without pyrotechnics, modern aviation and spaceflight would be impracticable.

This is because pyrotechnic devices combine high reliability with very compact and efficient energy storage.

A pyrotechnic show is a pre-planned complex that includes ground and high-altitude fireworks. Sometimes such events are accompanied by the performance of specially trained artists of the original genre with pyrotechnic equipment.

## Other websites

- Pyrotechnics FAQ
- The Pyrotechnics Guild International
- A guide on pyrotechics
- A basic Pyrotechnics Site
Production

**Production** could mean:

Production in an _economic sense:_
- Economic production, in _macroeconomics_: producing goods and services by use of factors of production
- Production, costs, and pricing, in _microeconomics_: the act of making things, see: product
- Manufacturing, a branch of industry that makes goods for sale out of raw materials.
- Video production, creating video for live production and post production
- Film production, a motion picture project
- Television production, producing television programs
- Record producer, in music, preparing a record to be sold commercially
- Mass production, the large-scale production of standardized products using an assembly line
    - Assembly line, a basic concept of mass production

## Related uses

- Lexeme production, in communications, an abstract unit of morphological analysis in linguistics
- A production, in theatre, can be a play, opera, dance, ballet, or musical

## Related pages

- Producer (disambiguation page)
- Productivity
- Labor productivity
- Political economy
- Constitutional economics
Yu-Gi-Oh! (1998 anime)

***Yu-Gi-Oh!*** is the title of the first anime series based on the _Yu-Gi-Oh!_ manga. It is not connected in any way to the _Yu-Gi-Oh! Duel Monsters_ series (known internationally as simply Yu-Gi-Oh!). They are 2 different anime series that are based on the same manga series. Fans of Yu-Gi-Oh! use the fan name "Yu-Gi-Oh! A Shadow Game" when talking about this show. They may use "Yu-Gi-Oh! first season" or "zero season" to refer to this show but this is not correct. **based on** it by Stephen king

The series aired on television from April 4, 1998 to October 10, 1998. It has 27 episodes. It was produced by Toei Animation. The level of violence was reduced between the manga and the anime. Some characters and how the characters acted were changed from the manga and new characters and plots were added and Duel Monsters had a bigger part. Unlike the second series, the card game (Duel Monsters) is not the main part of the show.

## Other websites

- Toei's Yu-Gi-Oh! page
- Toei's Yu-Gi-Oh! property information page
Factors of production

**Factors of production** are means necessary for the production of goods and services in economics.

Classical economics has three factors:
- Land or natural resources – goods that exist in nature before any such as soil and minerals and that are used in the creation of products. The payment for land is rent.
- Labor – human effort used in production. That means technical expertise and marketing expertise, too. The payment for labor is a wage.
- Capital goods – human-made goods (or means of production) which are used in the production of other goods. These include machinery, tools and buildings. In a general sense, the payment for capital is called interest or profit.

## Other page

- Means of production
Service

**Service** could mean:
- Service (economics), an activity offered as a product--the non-material equivalent of a good in economics and marketing
- The Service Sector, the tertiary sector of industry
- Domestic service, employment in a residence
- Military service, the whole or part of a country's armed forces, or the act of serving in those forces
- Civil service, career employees of government
- Service, a Pakistani group of companies, comprised of (among others) Service Shoes, Service Tyres and ServAid (Chain of Pharmacies)
- A penetrant, as defined by a building code
- Systems Architecture Service, the provision of a discrete business or technology function within a systems environment; i.e. Business Service – “Manage Customer Address”; Technical Service – “Create E-Mail Notification”
- Serve (tennis), a shot to start a point in tennis
- Windows Service, a background computer program in Microsoft Windows
- Web service, a software system designed to support interoperable machine-to-machine interaction over a network
- A program in the Services menu that processes selected data
- IRC services, a set of features implemented in most modern Internet Relay Chat networks
- Service of worship, a meeting for the worship of God
- Service (music), musical settings for sections of a service of worship
- Service of process, the delivery of a summons, complaint or other court petition
- Service Tree (_Sorbus domestica_), a species of tree
- Robert W. Service, poet

## Related pages

- Servant
Musical theater

**Musical theater** (or **musical theatre**) is a kind of performance in a theater. A work of musical theater is called a **musical**.  It uses acting, music, songs, and often dance. Some musicals (for example _Les Misérables_) have only a few lines of dialogue. Everything else is sung. It is usually a mixture of speaking and song. Some well-known musicals are _West Side Story_, _The Sound of Music_, _Chicago,_ and _Oklahoma!_.

Music has been a part of drama since ancient times, but modern Western musical theatre emerged during the 19th century. George M. Cohan is often credited as inventing the musical theatre in America in the early 20th century.

## 1850 to 1914

Around 1850, the French composer Hervé was experimenting with a form of comic musical theatre that came to be called opérette.  The best known composers of operetta were Jacques Offenbach from the 1850s to the 1870s and Johann Strauss II in the 1870s and 1880s.  Offenbach's melodies, and his librettists' satire, formed a model for the musical theatre that followed.

- "Offenbach is undoubtedly the most significant figure in the history of the 'musical'."

Important influences were the works of Gilbert and Sullivan in Britain and those of Harrigan and Hart in America. These were followed by the numerous Edwardian musical comedies and the musical theatre works of American creators like George M. Cohan.

## Other websites

- The Broadway Musical Home
- Long running plays (over 400 performances) on Broadway, Off-Broadway, London, Toronto, Melbourne, Paris, Vienna, and Berlin
Asset

An **asset** is something valuable or useful. In business and accounting, the value of an asset is expressed as a certain amount of money. The amount of money can be calculated as the amount of economic value that the asset can produce in future. The calculation is based on past transactions or events. Correct evaluation can be useful in deciding what to do with an asset.

Examples of assets include money, property (land and buildings), and amounts to be received from someone.

There are two types of assets:
- tangible assets
    - Fixed assets such as buildings, equipment etc.
    - Current assets like inventory
- Intangible assets for example: goodwill, patents, trademarks, copyrights and computer programs

## Asset characteristics

Assets have three important characteristics:

- They can give a future benefit to contribute directly or indirectly to future net cash flows, and, in the case of not-for-profit organizations, to give services;
- It can control access to the benefit; and,
- The transaction or event which created the asset has already occurred.

## Other websites

- Protecting Business Assets: An article from Oklahoma State University
- Roundtable on accounting for intangible assets
Pension

A **pension** is a steady income given to someone. If pensions are part of a system of social security, the recipient of the pension is usually retired or disabled. They either have worked a long time during their life, or they are physically unable to do so. A pension is usually paid until a certain date (or event) occurs. In the case of social security plans, pensions are usually linked to the life of the person who receives the pension.

A **defined Benefit** pension defines the benefit to the worker based on salary basis, years worked, and a multiplier.  An example might be 2@55 final 3, meaning that the annuity is the highest 3-year average salary times years worked times 2% (if age 55).  A worker with 30 years service would receive 2*30 or 60% of their salary.  Some systems allow a worker to receive more than 100% salary by various maneuvers to alter the final salary basis.

A **defined Contribution** pension defines the contribution, without constraining or promising a certain benefit.  For example, a company might contribute 10% of a worker's salary to a pension account of the worker's choice, with final benefit received linked to the performance of the investment chosen.

## Crisis

Many pension systems are underfunded and likely unsustainable based on independent financial analysis.  Pension reform is a popular topic since about 2009, with pension debt seen as a contributing factor in the deficits at all levels of government.
Role

A **role** (sometimes spelled **rôle**) or a **social role** can be described as an expected behaviour of an individual.

More precisely one could say it is a set of connected behaviours, rights and duties that a person has to follow in a social situation. It depends on social status.

_Role confusion_ is a situation where an individual has trouble to decide which role he/she should play. For example, one could be a student who would attend a meeting of a particular recreational interest and find her teacher there. They would be in conflict between behaving as a student and as an enthusiast who shares the same interest as the teacher.
Aeneas

**Aeneas** was a Trojan prince and hero. His father was Anchises, his mother was the Greek goddess Aphrodite (Venus in the case of Roman sources). Both Homer and Virgil mention him in their stories. Virgil wrote a whole series of books about him. These books are called Aeneis in their original Latin. The usual English translation of the title is _Aeneid_.

The books relate to the story of "pious Aeneas". and about how the city of Rome came to be.

The tale starts with Aeneas carrying his father out of the burning Troy, and end with Romulus and Remus founding Rome (after Aeneas landed on the coast, after sailing the Mediterranean Sea for a long time). Aeneas also appears in Book 5 of the _Iliad_ written by Homer.

William Shakespeare also wrote a story mentioning Aeneas. Christopher Marlowe wrote a play about Aeneas and Dido, the queen who fell in love with him. There is also an opera about Dido and Aeneas, written by Henry Purcell.

## Related pages

- Pope Pius II
Palace

A **palace** is a place with a grand and imposing building that is the official residence of a king or queen, a head of state such as a president, ruler, or leader. Many historical palaces are now museums that show what royal and aristocratic life was like when it was built.

Besides, it can mean a luxurious house or mansion (like Biltmore Mansion or Hearst Castle) or a large building for entertainment: a large public or private building with an imposing ornate style, used for entertainment or exhibitions and large events.

## History

The word "palace" comes from the Palatine Hill in Rome, where the Roman emperors used to live. A palace is a big, fancy building where a king or queen might live, or where the government or religion might be based. It's different from a castle, which was originally a fortified home.

After the Middle Ages, rich people in England, France, and Spain started calling their fancy homes palaces. Even the popes' residence in Avignon was called a palace when they were exiled. Eventually, the name "palace" was used for many grand buildings, both public and private.

In the United States, there are colonial governors' palaces in Williamsburg, Virginia; Santa Fe, New Mexico; and San Antonio, Texas. The White House in the U.S. was called the "Executive Mansion" instead of the "Presidential Palace" because it sounded better without the colonial connection.

France also has the Élysée Palace and buildings called "Palaces of Justice."

### In Asia

In East Asia, newer palaces like the ones in the Forbidden City in Beijing and the imperial palaces of Japan are made up of many buildings. These buildings are mostly low pavilions made of fancy wood, and they are set within large walled gardens.

### In America

In the Americas, palaces were usually simpler compared to those in other places. For example, the Mayan governor's palace at Uxmal around 900 CE and the Zapotec palace at Mitla around 1000 CE were both single-story buildings with lots of rooms that were decorated with carvings. Like in East Asia, these palaces were not just where the leaders lived, but also where the government was based.
Hasidic Judaism

**Hasidic Judaism** (Hebrew: חסידות) or **Hasidism** is a Jewish religious movement that was started by Rabbi Israel ben Eliezer, known as "Baal Shem Tov". It began in Eastern Europe in the middle of the 18th century, and there are now Hasidic communities all over the world. The followers of Hasidism are called Hasids.

## Characteristics

Hasidism teaches about the importance of serving God with happiness and believes in Jewish mysticism. While Hasidim study the same books of Torah as the rest of Judaism, they focus on learning the hidden aspects of the text as well. Hasidic study also includes many of the teachings of Kabbalah.

Hasidism has strict laws about physical contact between the genders, Hasidic men will not even shake hands or make any physical contact with unrelated members of the opposite gender and Hasidic women will not make any physical contact with unrelated members of the opposite gender and also limit conversation.

## Leadership

Each Hasidic group has a leader who is called the Rebbe (Rabbi). The Rebbe is a man who is a Rabbi and is chosen by the Hasidim to be their leader. Some of the jobs that he does are giving lectures on Torah and Hassidic-matters and taking part in the different events of his Hasidim, like weddings and Brit milahs.

## Hasidic Groups

There are hundreds of different Hasidic groups. They all share similar characteristics but they also have individual customs. Some of the larger dynasties are Satmar, Chabad-Lubavitch, Bobov, Viznitz, and Belz.
Lissa Explains it All

**Lissa Explains it All** is a website. It teaches beginners and children HTML as well as other things like JavaScript to help them make a website. It was made by Alyssa "Lissa" Daniels (born 1986) in 1998.

### How _Lissa Explains_ Began

Lissa did not plan on teaching HTML at first. She was an 11 year old girl who wanted to make a website but had problems remembering the HTML codes. She saved the codes on a webpage. Many people who saw her website asked her how she made it. Lissa gave them the address (URL) to the webpage she put the codes on. As more and more people went on the page, Lissa added more codes and information, and made the URL it became public.

### Changes

A year later, so many people went on _Lissa Explains_ that Lissa decided she needed a domain name for her website. She bought the domain name, lissaexplains.com. The website name was changed to _Lissa Explains it All_. Soon, even more people went on _Lissa Explains_, and her web hosters told Lissa that she would have to buy a plan that costed $100 a month. Lissa was upset because her parents would not pay so much money for her website.

_Lissa Explains_ was a popular website that had a lot of visitors, so Lissa filled out many forms at agencies. The agency would pay her money to put their advertisements on her website, _Lissa Explains_. The money she made paid for her web hosting and other services on her website. The company that hosts _Lissa Explains_ now is Dreamhost.

Now, with even more visitors, Lissa had to change the layout and design of her website again. She got rid of a lot of the pictures on her website to save money and bandwidth space. It changed from this to this, the way it looks right now.

### Problems

Lissa's website was the first website that taught children HTML. Many people know about it, and it is being copied. For example, Lissaexplainsitall.com  has a URL that is almost the same as _Lissa Explains_, and it also has something to do with web design and HTML.

## Services

Other than teaching HTML, Lissa Explains also has other services. Lissa teaches HTML, JavaScript, CSS, how to use frames and tables, and how to make a trailing cursor.

### LissaMail

In April 2008 the website for LissaMail expired, leading to the conclusion that this service is no longer being provided.

### Postcards

Lissa has postcards that users can send to their friends.

### Color Tools

Lissa's Color Slider lets users choose a color in the shade they want and get the hexadecimal color code for it. She also has a color wheel for people who have Internet Explorer.

### HTML Editor

Lissa's HTML Editor converts and changes formatted text into HTML codes.

### Meta Tag Generator

At Lissa's Meta Tag generator, users can get the HTML code to make META tags.

## Other websites

- Lissa Explains it All
- The Original Lissa Explains Website (Old Page)
Aeneid

The **Aeneid** (Latin: _Aeneis_) is an epic poem written by Virgil between 29 and 19 BC. It tells the story of "pious Aeneas".

Aeneas is a Trojan warrior who had to leave his city because the Greeks captured Troy after a long war. It starts with Aeneas carrying his father Anchises out of the burning Troy. It ends with Aeneas landing on the shores of Italy, fighting in the region of Rome. It can be read as indirect propaganda in favour of Augustus, the Roman Emperor of the day.

The story is written in hexameters, a type of verse.
Quincy, Illinois

**Quincy** is a city in the state of Illinois in the United States. In 2020 the number of people in the city was 39,463. The town was an important stop of the underground railroad during the 1800s. The town also has many German-style buildings.
Rent

**Rent** can mean different things:

- Renting, using something that is not yours in exchange for payments
- _Rent_ (musical), a Broadway musical
- _Rent_ (movie), a 2005 movie based on the Broadway musical of the same name
Bunk bed

A **bunk bed** is a stack of two or more beds. Metal poles or wooden beams connect the bottom bed (called the bottom bunk) to the top bed (called the top bunk). A ladder is used to get up to the top bunk. The ladder is usually attached to the bed.

In the Philippines, a bunk bed is called a double deck. Bunk bed is a modern solution; crafted when a one-bed frame is placed on top of another, making a rigid structure of two or more beds.

This way two beds are compacted together to form a single bed which is efficient. A bunk bed occupies less floor area, it is equal to the space normally necessary for only one bed.

## Use in homes

Bunk beds are often used in children's rooms. Since bunk beds allow a family to put two beds in the space of a single bed, bunk beds save space. Bunk beds help families with small apartments or houses to have enough beds for their children.

## Use in institutions and public facilities

A bunk bed is also called ‘the wider bed’, which means both the top and bottom are of the same wider size. They are essential furnishing items that hostels, dormitories, colleges, and schools prefer to install.

## Use in government and public facilities

Bunk beds are often used in institutions such as prisons. As well, they are often used in public facilities such as homeless shelters and bomb shelters. Bunk beds are also used in firehalls, to give firefighters a place to sleep. Many military organizations use bunk beds.

Navy ships and submarines use bunk beds for the sailors to sleep in. Army barracks sometimes have bunk beds for soldiers to sleep in.

## Use in camps and hostels

Summer camps and winter cabins for children (such as boy scouts or girl scouts) often have bunk beds. Hostels, a type of inexpensive hotel for travelers, often have bunk beds. Some ski lodges have bunk beds in their rooms.
Cupboard

A **cupboard**, also known as a **cabinet**, is furniture used for storage.  Usually, a cupboard will be in the kitchen or bathroom of a house.  It usually has one or more shelves to put items on. It can also have a door to close off the open shelves.

## Related pages

- Closet
- Sideboard
Great Chilean Earthquake

The **Great Chilean Earthquake** or **Valdivian Earthquake** was the most powerful earthquake ever recorded. The quake occurred in the early evening (19:11 UTC) of May 22, 1960, and had a 9.5 rating on the Moment magnitude scale. The earthquake affected southern Chile, Hawaii, Japan, the Philippines, and the Aleutian Islands in Alaska.

Its epicenter was Valdivia, Chile. The earthquake caused tsunamis that pounded the Chilean coastline with waves of up to 25 meters. The main tsunami traveled across the Pacific Ocean and caused great damage to Hilo, Hawaii. Waves as high as 10.7 meters (about 35 feet) were recorded 10,000 kilometers from where the earthquake started. These waves travelled as far as Japan and the Philippines.

The total number of deaths from the earthquake and subsequent tsunami in Chile has been estimated at 490 to 5700.  The Chilean government estimated 2 million people were left homeless and the damage was $550 million USD.

## Other websites

- 1960 Chilean Tsunami
- Surviving a Tsunami—Lessons from Chile, Hawaii, and Japan
Photographer

A **photographer** (from Greek φῶς (_phos_), meaning "light", and γραφή (_graphê_), meaning "drawing, writing", together meaning "drawing with light") is someone who is skilled at taking pictures or photographs with a camera. An _amateur photographer_ takes pictures for their own use. A _professional photographer_ takes pictures as all or part of their job. Many people hire a photographer for their wedding, _debutante_ party or other special events.  Photographers work in many different specialties.

There are several different kinds of photography.  Each type requires a different set of skills. Some examples include:
- A **news photographer** can take photographs quickly when events are rapidly changing. They act as the "eyes" for their publications. Their job is to take as many photographs as they can so an editor can later select the best ones for the story. They correct photos with software, add captions, and send them to their editors. Many news photographers also shoot rapid sequences of film as short videos.
- An **aerial photographer** is comfortable around airplanes and is skilled at taking high and low altitude pictures. They work with specialized cameras which can take infrared, three-dimensional, black and white and color aerial photographs.
- A **still life photographer** takes pictures of still life or inanimate objects. This can be for  advertising, art or science. The subjects may be food, products, or nature studies. Still life photographers must know how to use lighting, angles and have other skills to make an object look as good in movies as it does in real life.
- A **fashion photographer** takes pictures of clothing, makeup, hair designs and other similar products. They shoot pictures of models.  In addition to fashion, they may specialize in areas such as the music industry or movies.
- A **combat photographer** is usually, but not always, a military occupation. They take documentary photographs and videos for many different uses. They may be involved in reconnaissance, training or supporting writers who write stories for publication.  Depending on what part of the military they are in, they often have highly specialized duties.
- A **portrait photographer** takes pictures of people. Portraits aim to capture the personality of the subject.  Styles include Boudoir, engagement, High School Senior, newborn and family portraits.
- One who makes motion pictures is a cameraman.
Pictures

***Pictures*** is the eighth studio album by John Michael Montgomery. The album was released on October 8, 2002.
Share (finance)

In finance, a **share** is a unit of account for many different financial things including stocks, mutual funds, limited partnerships, and REIT's.

Capital means the money being invested to start a new business. The owner of share is called shareholder.

In British English, it is common to use the word **share** to refer to stocks. This is because the word **stock** historically referred  to government bonds. This is why the term **stocks and share** account is not a tautology.

## Other websites

- Oldest share- the oldest share in the world  (Voc 1606)
Share

**Share** may mean:

- Sharing (or "To Share"); to make joint use of resources (such as food or money), or to "give something away"
- Share (finance), a stock or other security such as a mutual fund
- Share, the percentage of television sets in use tuned to a specific program—see Nielsen Ratings

- SHARE (charity), the acronym of a major Cork-based charity
- SHARE (computing), one of the oldest computer user groups
- Share (newspaper), a Caribbean and Black Canadian community newspaper based in Toronto, Canada
- Share (P2P), a Japanese P2P computer program.  The successor to Winny.
- Share Foundation, a not-for-profit organization in Newfoundland
- SHARE Foundation (El Salvador), an El Salvador justice organization
- Share International, a new religious movement founded by the British painter Benjamin Creme
- Southern Hemisphere Auroral Radar Experiment, tracking space weather from Antarctica

- Network share, a file storage area that is available over a computer network.
- Plowshare, the cutting blade of plow (plough).
Stock

In financial markets, **stock** is the partial ownership of a company. Shareholders bear the financial (but not legal) risk of the corporation, and receive dividends, which are a piece of the net income.

A person or organization which holds _shares_ of stocks is called a shareholder. The value of the stock multiplied by the number of shares owned by all shareholders is the market capitalization. This is the most common metric for valuing a publicly traded company.

Stocks can be bought and sold privately or on stock exchanges. Someone who buys and sells stock on the behalf of another individual is called a stockbroker.

In the United Kingdom and Australia, the term _share_ is used the same way as _stock_ is described in the United States.

## Related pages

- corporation
- Joint-stock company

## Other websites

- The Oldest Share  in the world, issued by the _Dutch East India Company_ _VOC_, 1606.
- Stock Market Trivia: History of Stocks
- Who Decides Stock Prices?
- Researching Old Company Stock Certificates
Stock (disambiguation)

A **stock** is a share of ownership in a company. See stock.

## Supply and inventory

**Stock** in general refers to _the equipment, materials, or supplies of an establishment_ or _a store or supply accumulated or available_, as in:
- Livestock kept on a farm.
- Stock (food), a soup and flavoring base
- Inventory, a term for "finished goods", or sometimes raw material kept in storage.
- Stock (cards),the common pile of undealt playing cards from which players draw in a number of card games.
- Stock media, set material which can be used by other people (and is sometimes created for the purpose), either for free or for a set fee. Examples include:
    - Stock footage
    - Stock photography
    - Stock sound effects
    - Clipart
    - Packs/downloads for 3D design programs such as Poser or 3D Studio Max.
- Rolling stock as used in railway operation
- **Stock**, the base material used in some fabrication work, such as wood for woodworking or the metal used in a welding application.

## Original

**Stock** may also mean _the original (as a person, race, or language) from which others derive_, as in:
- Rootstock, a stump used for grafting
- **(Linguistic) stock**, a group of related languages or language families

## Names

**Stock** or **stocks** is also the name of:
- Stock, Essex is a village in the county of Essex, England.
- Stocks House is a country house in Aldbury, Hertfordshire which was the setting for the album cover of Oasis' _Be Here Now_
- Stock (publishing house)
- _Matthiola incana_, a flower
- An album by Japanese singer Akina Nakamori; see STOCK (music)
- Robert Stock, German entrepreneur

## Other usages

Other meanings and usages of the word **stock** include:
- The wooden arms that the sails of a Windmill are fitted to.
- The American form of repertory theatre as practiced in England.
- A wide necktie popular in the eighteenth century, often seen today as a part of formal wear for horse riding competitions.
- Stocks, a device used for public humiliation, punishment, and torture.
- A grappling term for a type of spinal lock.
- Stock (firearm)
- The distinction between stock and flows, a core concept of System dynamics
- **Stock** in geology refers to a medium-sized igneous intrusion with outcrop area less than about 100 km².
- Fish stocks refers to a fish population in a defined area which is of interest to fishery managers.

## References

- _stock_ , Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Accessed 2006-10-19