juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Tropical Storm Arlene (2005)

**Tropical Storm Arlene** was the first named storm of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season. Arlene was a large storm that formed early in the year. It had maximum wind speeds of 70 mph (110 km/h). It also caused one death and created $11.8 million (2005 USD) in damage.

The storm formed near Honduras on June 8 and moved north. It came close to western Cuba on June 10 before entering the Gulf of Mexico. Arlene strengthened just below hurricane strength before making landfall on western Florida. The storm quickly weakened while moving inland, and later became an extratropical remnant on June 13.

## Naming

When Tropical Storm Arlene formed on June 8, it was the ninth time that the name has been used to name a storm in the Atlantic. This meant Arlene kept its position as the most commonly used name for Atlantic storms. But because the storm did not cause any major damages, its name was not retired by the World Meteorological Organization and will be on the list of names for the 2011 season.

## Related pages

- 2005 Atlantic hurricane season
- List of hurricanes in Florida

## Other websites

- NHC's archive on Tropical Storm Arlene.
- The Hydrometeorological Prediction Center's (HPC) archive on Tropical Storm Arlene.
- NHC's Tropical Cyclone Report on Tropical Storm Arlene

## Infobox (hurricane)

- **name**: Tropical Storm Arlene
- **type**: Tropical storm
- **year**: 2005
- **basin**: Atl
- **image location**: TS Arlene 10 jun 2005.jpg
- **image name**: Tropical Storm Arlene on June 11.
- **formed**: June 8, 2005
- **dissipated**: June 13, 2005
- **1-min winds**: 60
- **pressure**: 989
- **damages**: 11.8
- **inflated**: 2
- **fatalities**: 1 direct
- **areas**: Cuba, Florida, Alabama
- **hurricane season**: 2005 Atlantic hurricane season
Sirenia

- _For information about the Gothic metal band, see Sirenia (band)_

**Sirenia** is an order of herbivorous mammals. In this order are the dugong and three species of manatee.

## Taxonomy

- Order **Sirenia**
    - Family **Dugongidae**
        - Dugong, _Dugong dugon_
        - †Steller's sea cow, _Hydrodamlis gigas_
    - Family **Trichechidae**
        - West Indian manatee, _Trichechus manatus_
        - African manatee, _Trichechus senegalensis_
        - Amazonian manatee, _Trichechus inunguis_
Sanjo Station (Kyoto)

is the main Keihan Electric Railway station in Kyoto.  It connects with Sanjo Keihan Station on the Kyoto Subway Tozai Line.  It was opened for service on October 27, 1915, and has been in service ever since. Sanjo Station is in the Higashiyama Ward, in Kyoto City. The station offers quick access to the Gion district and the main shopping district on Sanjo-dori.

## Lines

- Keihan Electric Railway
    - Keihan Main Line
    - Ōtō Line
- Kyoto Municipal Subway
    - Tozai Line (Sanjo Keihan Station)

## Platforms

Limited Express trains and K-Limited Express trains arrive at and depart from Tracks (Platforms) 1 and 3.
1. for Demachiyanagi
1. for Demachiyanagi
1. for Chūshojima, Uji, Hirakata-shi, and Yodoyabashi
1. for Chūshojima, Uji, Hirakata-shi, and Yodoyabashi

## Neighboring stations

- Keihan Electric Railway
- Oto Line
    - K-Limited Express and Limited Express
        - Demachiyanagi Station - **Sanjo Station**
    - Express, Sub Express, and Local
        - Marutamachi Station - **Sanjo Station**
- Keihan Main Line
    - K-Limited Express, Limited Express, Express, Sub Express, and Local
        - **Sanjo Station** - Shijo Station

## Sanjō Keihan Station

**Sanjō Keihan Station** (, _Sanjō Keihan Eki_) is a subway station on Kyoto's Tozai Line. It intersects with the Keihan Electric Railway's Keihan Main Line. It is connected to the adjacent **Keihan Sanjō Station**. The station is underneath Sanjō-dori, just east of the Kamo River and Kyoto's Kawaramachi shopping district.

## Infobox (station)

- **name**: Sanjo Station
- **native name**: 三条駅
- **native name lang**: ja
- **image**: Keihan Sanjo station north building.jpg
- **caption**: Station building (railway facilities are underground)
- **address**: Gokencho, Higashiyama-ku, Kyoto, Higashiyama, Kyoto, Kyoto, Kyoto, Kyoto Prefecture, Kyoto

- **country**: Japan
- **operator**: Keihan Electric Railway
- **connections**: Sanjō Keihan Station (Kyoto Municipal Subway, Kyoto Subway Tōzai Line (Kyoto), Tōzai Line)
- **code**: KH40
- **opened**: 1915
- **passengers**: 14.8 million
- **pass year**: FY2015
Tony Parker

**William Anthony "Tony" Parker** (born ) is a  retired French basketball player that played for the San Antonio Spurs of the NBA. He was drafted by them in 2001.

Parker retired from the French national team after the 2016 Rio Olympics.

## Early Life

Parker was born in Bruges, Belgium, and raised in France. His father, Tony Parker Sr., was also a professional basketball player.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (nba player)

- **image**: Parker khomar.JPG
- **name**: Tony Parker
- **position**: Point guard
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 2
- **weight lbs**: 185
- **league**: National Basketball Association, NBA
- **number**: 9
- **nationality**: France, French
- **birth place**: Bruges, Belgium
- **draft**: 28th overall
- **draft year**: 2001
- **draft team**: San Antonio Spurs
- **career start**: 1999
- **awards**: 2000 FIBA Europe Under-18 Championship Most Valuable Player, MVP
 2001–02 NBA season, 2001–02 NBA All-Rookie Team, NBA All-Rookie First Team
 2008–09 NBA season, 2008–09 All-NBA Third Team
 3x NBA All-Star Game, NBA All-Star 2006 NBA All-Star Game, 2006, 2007 NBA All-Star Game, 2007, 2009 NBA All-Star Game, 2009
 2007 NBA Finals MVP
3x List of NBA champions, NBA Champion 2003 NBA Finals, 2003, 2005 NBA Finals, 2005, 2007 NBA Finals, 2007
 2007 Euroscar Award, Euroscar European Player of the Year
- **team1**: Paris Basket Racing, Paris BR
- **team2**: San Antonio Spurs
- **years1**: 1999-2001
- **years2**: 2001-present
- **caption**: Parker with the San Antonio Spurs, Spurs in 2010.
Kawaramachi Station

**Kyoto-Kawaramachi Station**<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span class="t_nihongo_kanji" lang="ja">河原町駅</span><span class="t_nihongo_comma" style="display:none">,</span> _<span class="t_nihongo_romaji">Kawaramachi eki</span>_<span class="t_nihongo_help"><sup><span class="t_nihongo_icon" style="color:#00e;font:bold 80% sans-serif;text-decoration:none;padding:0 .1em;">?</span></sup></span>)</span> is the terminal station of the Hankyu Kyoto Line of Hankyu Railway in Kyoto, Japan. The Kawaramachi and Shijo streets cross over the underground station.  Keihan Shijo Station is beyond the Kamo River.

The area around the station is one of the commercial centers of Kyoto. The real estate around the station is the most valuable in Kyoto.

The station is attached underground to department stores such as Takashimaya, which has a food market on its basement floor.  The station also connects underground to Karasuma Station.

The station opened on June 17, 1963. Before the opening of Kawaramachi Station and Karasuma Station, the Hankyu Kyoto Line ended at Ōmiya Station.
Girlfriend (Avril Lavigne song)

"**Girlfriend**" is a song by Avril Lavigne. It was the lead single from her third album, _The Best Damn Thing_ (2007). It was produced by Lukasz "Dr. Luke" Gottwald. "Girlfriend" became Lavigne's biggest hit in the United States, where it reached number one on the U.S. Hot 100, in Australia, where it was at the top of the chart, and in the United Kingdom, where it reached number two. A remix version featuring rapper Lil' Mama was released in June 2007.

"Girlfriend" was the subject of a lawsuit filed by songwriters for The Rubinoos, who alleged that the writers of the song copied The Rubinoos' single "I Wanna Be Your Boyfriend". Only one line, not even of the same tune was: "Hey, hey, you, you! I want to be your girlfriend!" Note it was "I want to" not "I wanna".

The music video became the second most viewed video of all time on YouTube, currently having over 100,000,000 views. In the 2007 MTV Video Music Awards, it is nominated for the category Monster Single of the Year.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Girlfriend
- **artist**: Avril Lavigne
- **album**: The Best Damn Thing
- **b-side**: "Alone"
- **released**:
<small>(see #Release history, release history)</small>
- **recorded**: 2006
- **genre**: Pop punk, power pop, teen pop, bubblegum pop
- **length**: 3:37
- **writer**: Avril Lavigne, Dr. Luke
- **producer**: Lukasz "Dr. Luke" Gottwald
- **prev title**: Keep Holding On
- **prev year**: 2006
- **next title**: When You're Gone (Avril Lavigne song), When You're Gone
- **next year**: 2007
M×0

|colspan="2" style="font-size: 140%; background: #ccf; text-align: center;"|_M×0_|
| --- | --- |
|Action, Comedy, Ecchi, Fantasy, Romance, School life, Shōnen||
|Yasuhiro Kanō||
|Shueisha||
|_  Weekly Shonen Jump Weekly Comic, Arena Komik Boom Weekly Comic Magazine _||
|style="white-space: nowrap;"|May 1 2006 – Ongoing|
|4||
***M×0*** (エム×ゼロ, Emu x Zero) is a Japanese comedy manga series by Japanese author Yasuhiro Kanō (author of _Pretty Face_). It is about a school that teaches students how to do magic and the crazy adventures of a normal boy who was admitted to the school under special circumstances. It was first serialized in _Weekly Shonen Jump_ on May 1, 2006, published by Shueisha. The first volume of the series was released in Japan on November 2, 2006.

Currently, four volumes have been released:
- Volume 1, November 2, 2006
- Volume 2, March 2, 2007
- Volume 3, May 2, 2007
- Volume 4, July 4, 2007
Chip Douglas

**Douglas Farthing Hatlelid**, better known as **Chip Douglas** (b. 27 August 1942), is an American musician and songwriter. He became a producer when he worked with The Monkees on their music. He also worked with The Turtles, first as bass guitarist and arranger, then later as producer.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Chip Douglas
- **background**: non_vocal_instrumentalist
- **birth name**: Douglas Farthing Hatlelid
- **occupation**: musician, songwriter, record producer
- **years active**: 1966–present
- **associated acts**: Modern Folk Quartet, The Turtles, The Monkees, Linda Ronstadt
Divine grace

In Christianity **Divine Grace** means a favour of God for humankind. God favours every person, without looking at what they did or how much they are worth. This grace of God to humans may happen in the gifts that God gives him, such as creation or salvation.

### Common Grace

Common grace refers to blessings which God gives to everyone.  Jesus said that God "sends the rain upon the just and the unjust.  This idea is found in Greek philosophy.  Plato spoke of God's "gifts".  The Reformers listed many ways in which God gives undeserved gifts to mankind. These include life itself, food and earthly pleasures. God also restrains evil so that people will not destroy themselves in wars and conflict.

### Prevenient Grace

Prevenient grace (or enabling grace) is a Christian teaching in Arminian theology. It appeared earlier in Catholic and early Anabaptist teaching. It is divine grace that goes before human decision. In other words, God will start showing special love to a person at a certain time of his life.

Prevenient grace is taught by Christians who are influenced by the theology of Jacob Arminius or John Wesley. Wesleyan Arminians believe God helps people to accept the gift of salvation.

### Saving Grace

This refers to the good things that God gives to those who believe in Jesus.  The gifts include forgiveness of sin, eternal life, and the power to live a good and holy life.

## In Popular Culture

"Grace" is a common girl's name in many countries.

"Amazing Grace" is a song that became very popular.  It is played at funerals, sometimes on a bagpipe. This song was written by John Newton who was an evil slave trader.  His life was changed when he became a Christian.  He later worked to stop the practice of slavery. His story is told in a 2006 movie.

## Related pages

- Problem of evil
Client

In net jargon (words people use about the Internet) a **client** is a computer used by a user to connect to a network and make requests to servers. Each server, having received such a request, then makes a response to the client that contacted it. For example, a web browser is a client software. When a user enters an address (also known as a URL) into their browser's address bar, they are sending a request from their computer (the client) to the server where the information connected to the URL is stored. If all goes well, the requested information is sent back from the server to the client — their computer.
Open Directory Project

The **Open Directory Project** (**ODP**), also known as **dmoz**, is an online directory that lists good web sites based on their subject. Web sites are listed in categories on this project. Each category is linked to relevant categories; the categories have a tree-like structure too.

## Other websites

- dmoz website. .
Web directory

A **Web directory** is a website. It is like a directory, or a phone book. It lists other websites, that are put into different categories.

## Related pages

- Open Directory Project
File sharing

**File sharing** is the practice of making files available for other users to download over the Internet and smaller networks. Usually, file sharing follows the _peer-to-peer_ (P2P) model, where the files are stored on personal computers of the users. In this model, most people who are sharing files are also downloading files that other users share.

## Related pages

- File hosting service
- Video sharing
Metre per second

**Metre per second** is an SI unit of measurement of both speed and velocity. It is defined by the distance in metres divided by the time in seconds. Its abbreviation is **m/s** or **m·s<sup>-1</sup>**. In astronomy, the unit is sometimes used in _kilometres per second_ (equivalent to 1000 metres per second).

## Conversions

1 metre per second is equivalent to:
- ≈ 3.2808 feet per second (approximately)
- ≈ 2.2369 miles per hour (approximately)
- = 3.6 km·h<sup>−1</sup> (exactly)

1 foot per second = 0.3048 m·s<sup>−1</sup> (exactly)

1 mile per hour ≈ 0.4470 m·s<sup>−1</sup> (approximately)

1 km·h<sup>-1</sup> ≈ 0.2778 m·s<sup>−1</sup> (approximately)

1 kilometre per second is equivalent to:
- ≈ 0.6213 miles per second (approximately)
- ≈ 2,237 miles per hour (approximately)
Hydroxide

**Hydroxide** in chemistry is a name given to the diatomic anion OH<sup>−</sup>, made up of oxygen and hydrogen atoms. Most chemical compounds that contain hydroxides are bases.

An Arrhenius base is a substance that when dissolved in an aqueous solution, it produces hydroxide ions. Therefore, hydroxide ions are heavily involved in acid-base reactions.

Many useful chemical reactions or processes involve hydroxide or hydroxide ions. Sodium hydroxide is used in industry as a strong base, potassium hydroxide is used in agriculture, and iron hydroxide minerals such as goethite and limonite have been used as iron ore. The aluminium ore bauxite is made mainly out of aluminium hydroxides.

Most inorganic hydroxide salts do not dissolve in water.

## Uses of hydroxides

Many useful chemicals and chemical processes involve hydroxides or hydroxide ions. Sodium hydroxide is used in factories as an alkali, potassium hydroxide is used in farming, and iron hydroxide has been used as low grade brown iron ore.

## Examples of hydroxides

- Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
- Potassium hydroxide (KOH)
- Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub>)

"Ammonium hydroxide" is another name for a mixture of ammonia and water, but chemically contains almost no actual hydroxide ions.
Cyclone

In meteorology, a **cyclone** refers to any low pressure area with winds spiraling inwards. Cyclones rotate clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere and anti-clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere. A cyclone is the general term for a variety of low pressure system types, such as tropical cyclones, extra tropical cyclones and tornadoes.

The largest of these systems are extratropical cyclones and cold-core polar cyclones which lie on the synoptic scale with a horizontal length of 1000 km or more. The warm-core cyclones are the tropical cyclones, mesocyclones, and the polar lows that lie within the smaller mesoscale. Subtropical cyclones are intermediate in size. Cyclones have also been on other planets outside of Earth, such as the Great Red Spot of Jupiter and the Great Black Spot of Neptune.

Cyclones are also referred to as **hurricanes** and **typhoons** (depending where do they form). They consist of the eye, eyewall and rainbands.

The process of cyclone formation and intensification is described as cyclogenesis. The formation of extratropical cyclones comes as waves in large regions of enhanced midlatitude temperature contrasts which are called baroclinic zones. These zones contract to form weather fronts as the circulation of the cyclone closes and gets more intense. Later in their life cycle, cyclones form what is called an occluded front. The cyclone's track is then guided over the course of an 2 to 6 day life cycle by its steering flow of the polar or subtropical jetstream. Cyclones destroy many things when they come into contact with land such as crops, buildings, trees, etc.
Eye (cyclone)

The **eye** is an area of calm weather in the center of strong tropical cyclones. The cyclone's lowest barometric pressure occurs in the eye. It is usually circular and ranges between 30 and 65 km (20 to 40 mi) in diameter, though smaller and larger eyes can occur.

In case of a cyclone it is the place where all the winds coming inside in a spiral motion converge. In an anticyclone it is the part from where all winds move out from.

The region surrounding the eye is the **eyewall**, where the worst weather is seen in a cyclone. These have strong winds, lots of rain and lots of cloud. There are also **outer bands**, which surround the cyclone, which forms the greatest part of the storm. These have winds so strong they can even form other tornadoes.

## Eye-like features

Sometimes, features that look like eyes can be seen in other types of low pressure areas. Those aren't named eyes, but they look like eyes, which is why they are instead named **eye-like features**.

Eye-like features can appear in polar lows, extratropical cyclones, subtropical cyclones, and potentially even tornadoes when seen on radar.
Glasgow Coma Scale

**Glasgow Coma Scale** or **GCS** is a scale that is used to measure the consciousness of a person. It was invented in 1974 by _Graham Teasdale_ and _Bryan J. Jennett_, professors of neurosurgery at the University of Glasgow.

GCS is used in evaluation of patients, especially in ICUs. This scale consists of three tests, which are described below. A score is given for each test, and the GCS score is calculated by adding the scores given to each test. The maximum score is 15, which means the patient is fully conscious. The minimum score is 3, and is usually seen in patients with brain death or those in deep coma.

## Elements of the scale

|6|5|4|3|2|1|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|N/A|N/A|Opens eyes by himself|Opens eyes in response to voice|Opens eyes in response to pain|Does not open eyes|
|N/A|Oriented (normal)|Confused (disoriented)|Says inappropriate words|Makes meaningless sounds|Makes no sounds|
|Obeys commands|Localizes pain|Withdraws from painful stimulus|Decorticate posturing with painful stimulus|Decerebrate posturing with painful stimulus|Makes no movements|

The scale comprises three tests: eye, verbal (talking) and motor (movement) responses.

### Best eye response (E)

There are 4 grades for this test:
1. No eye opening
1. Eye opening in response to pain (for example when his sternum is pressed firmly).
1. Eye opening to speech (that is, when he is called).
1. Eyes opening by himself (normally).

### Best verbal response (V)

There are 5 grades for this test:
1. No verbal response (not talking at all).
1. Meaking meaningless sounds (that is, moaning but no words).
1. Inappropriate words (like random speech, without being able to communicate correctly).
1. Confused. (The patient responds to questions but there is some confusion).
1. Oriented. (Patient responds appropriately to questions such as the patient’s name and age, where they are and why, the year, month, etc.).

### Best motor response (M)

There are 6 grades for this test:
1. No motor response (no movement at all).
1. Extension in response to pain (decerebrate response: adduction, internal rotation of shoulder, pronation of forearm).
1. Flexion in response to pain (decorticate response).
1. Withdrawing from pain (pulling part of body away when pinched).
1. Localizing to pain. (Purposeful movements towards the painful location).
1. Obeys commands. (The patient does simple things he is asked to do).

## References

- Teasdale G, Jennett B. _Assessment of coma and impaired consciousness. A practical scale._ Lancet 1974,2:81-84. PMID 4136544.
House of Habsburg

The **House of Habsburg** was a family of dukes, kings, and monarchs that was very important in European history. It first ruled parts of Switzerland in the 13th century and then ruled Austria, later Austria-Hungary, for more than 600 years. It ruled over Spain and the Netherlands for a while, the Holy Roman Empire from about 1280 to 1806 and the Kingdom of Sardinia until the mid-19th century.

A treaty was made in Vienna in 1515 between the king of Poland and duke of Lithuania from the Jagiellon dynasty and Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, the duke of Austria from the Habsburg family. It stated that if the Jagiellon kings of Bohemia and Hungary died without a male heir, Maximilian and his heirs would take over the territory.

The senior branch of the House of Habsburg became extinct in the 18th century, when Charles II of Spain died in 1700 and was replaced by the House of Bourbon. Charles had mental and physical handicaps, which were probably caused by inbreeding between relatives in the royal houses of Continental Europe. Marriages of close relatives had occurred for the five generations before him. He was the son of Philip IV, who married his sister's daughter.

The remaining branch went extinct in the male line in 1740 with the death of Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI and completely in 1780 with the death of his eldest daughter, Maria Theresa of Austria. It was succeeded by the Vaudemont branch of the House of Lorraine, which styled itself formally as House of Habsburg-Lorraine (German: _Habsburg-Lothringen_), but it was often referred to as simply the House of Habsburg.

The last empress was Zita of Bourbon-Parma, who died in Switzerland in 1989. She had ruled with her husband, Charles I of Austria, from 1916 to 1918.

The current head is Karl Habsburg-Lothringen.

## Infobox (family)

- **name**: House of Habsburg
- **native name lang**: German
- **type**: Empire, Imperial, Realm, Royal, and Duchy, Ducal dynasty
- **coat of arms size**: 140px
- **parent house**: Etichonids, House of Eticho (disputed)
- **etymology**: Habsburg Castle
- **founded**: 11th century
- **founder**: Radbot of Klettgau
- **current head**: Karl von Habsburg (cognatic line)
- **final ruler**: Charles I of Austria (cognatic line)
- **motto**: A.E.I.O.U. and
- **cadet branches**: Agnatic: (all are extinct)
*Habsburg Spain, Habsburg-Spain
*Habsburg-Laufenburg
*House of Kyburg, Habsburg-Kyburg
Cognatic:
*House of Habsburg-Lorraine, Habsburg-Lorraine
*List of rulers of Tuscany#Titular Habsburg-Lorraine claimants, 1860–present, Habsburg-Tuscany
Westminster

**Westminster** is the central part of the City of Westminster, in London. It is on the north side of the River Thames. It contains the Houses of Parliament, Whitehall, Downing Street and Westminster Abbey.

Westminster is the official seat of the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.
Akita

**Akita** may mean:
- the city Akita
- Akita Prefecture in Japan
- the dog breed Akita Inu
Ostara

**Ostara** is one of the eight festivals held by Wiccans every year. It is normally held at the time of the vernal equinox; that is, around 21 March in the Northern Hemisphere and 21 September in the Southern Hemisphere. At Ostara, Wiccans celebrate the return of spring.
Megalosaurus

***Megalosaurus*** was a large meat-eating theropod dinosaur of the Middle Jurassic of Europe. It was found in 1824, and was the earliest dinosaur named. In 1827, Gideon Mantell included _Megalosaurus_ in his geological survey of southeastern England. He gave the species its name, _Megalosaurus bucklandii_.

Because a complete skeleton of it has never been found, much is still unclear about its build. The first naturalists who investigated Megalosaurus thought it was a gigantic lizard of twenty metres length. In 1842 Richard Owen concluded that it was no longer than nine metres, standing on upright legs as a quadruped.

Later it was realised that all theropods were bipedal. Today is known that the early proto-dinosaurs in the late Middle Triassic were also bipedal. Certainly _Eoraptor_, from 231.4 million years ago, was bipedal. That means the dinosaurs were bipedal from the start (primatively bipedal). Only the heavier sauropods and armoured dinosaurs became quadrupedal, standing on all four legs.
Silicon dioxide

**Silicon dioxide**, also known as **silica**, is a chemical compound, the oxide of silicon. Its chemical symbol is SiO<sub>2</sub>. It is known for its hardness since the 16th century. It has an important compound used in most types of glass and other hard substances such as concrete, porcelain and stoneware. It is made up of 2 oxygen atoms and 1 silicon atom.

Silicon dioxide exists in nature in a number of forms, including flint, quartz and opal. If it is breathed in as dust, it can cause silicosis and cancer, as the dust is trapped in the lungs. Besides the dangers of inhaling it in dust form, it is harmless.
Metallic hydrogen

**Metallic hydrogen** is an alkali metal made from hydrogen gas. This is formed when the hydrogen gas is under compression and results with the gas changing phase. It is an example of degenerate matter. The matter has a crystal structure of proton atoms, with spacing that is extremely small, smaller than a Bohr radius (which is 52.918 x 10<sup>-12</sup> m). The electrons in the molecular orbital are unbounded and they behave like the conduction electrons in a metal. Metallic hydrogen is unusual as the element itself is not an alkali metal, but a diatomic gas.

Metallic hydrogen is known to exist in the cores of Jupiter and Saturn.
Jupiter has the most metallic hydrogen.
Metallic hydrogen is a dense liquid. Metallic hydrogen acts like a metal and has crazy properties.
Giovanni Domenico Cassini

**Giovanni Domenico Cassini**, also known as _Jean-Dominique Cassini_, (June 8, 1625 – September 14, 1712) was an Italian-French astronomer, engineer and astrologer. Cassini was born in Perinaldo in the Republic of Genoa (part of Italy).

## Discoveries

Cassini, along with Robert Hooke discovered the Great Red Spot on Jupiter in around 1665. He also discovered the four of Saturn's moons, as well as the Cassini Division in Saturn's rings.

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Giovanni Domenico Cassini
- **image**: Giovanni Cassini.jpg
- **birth place**: Perinaldo, Republic of Genova
- **death place**: Paris, France
- **nationality**: Italian, French
- **field**: Mathematics, astrology astronomy, engineering
- **work institution**: University of Bologna
- **alma mater**: The Jesuit College at Genoa
- **known for**: Cassini Division
Cassini identity
Cassini's laws
Cassini oval
First to observe the division in the rings of Saturn
Christiaan Huygens

**Christiaan Huygens** () (April 14, 1629–July 8, 1695) was a Dutch physicist, mathematician and astronomer, born in The Hague. He was known for his idea that light was made of waves. He discovered Saturn's largest moon Titan in 1655. He also did detailed studies on Saturn's rings, and in 1656, he discovered that they are made up of rocks. He also studied optics and pendulum clocks.
Hyperion (moon)

**Hyperion** is a moon of Saturn. It was discovered on September 16, 1848 by William Cranch Bond, George Phillips Bond and William Lassell. It is irregular in shape, and has a sponge-like appearance. It is the second largest irregular (i.e. not spherical) moon in the Solar System, the largest being Proteus. It was the first non-spherical moon discovered. Its rotation is chaotic, meaning its axis of rotation wobbles, unlike how the Earth and the Moon rotate, or any other moon in the Solar System.
Iapetus (moon)

**Iapetus** is a large moon of Saturn. It was discovered by Giovanni Domenico Cassini in 1671.

Iapetus is unusual: one side is very bright and the other side is very dark. This is because one half of the moon is covered in ice and the other side is coated in black, dusty  carbon deposits. When Cassini observed the moon, he could only see the moon on one side of Saturn. He concluded that the moon is darker on side than the other, and it was confirmed by the Voyager 1 spacecraft. Iapetus also has an equatorial ridge discovered by the Cassini-Huygens spacecraft on 31 December 2004. Iapetus has a slow rotation rate, taking 79 Earth days for a rotation. Another observation that has puzzled scientists is how it has a mountain range across its equator, giving it the shape of a walnut.
Nadezhda Mandelstam

**Nadezhda Yakovlevna Mandelstam**, born as _Nadezhda Yakovlevna Hazin_, (31 October 1899 in Saratov - 9 December 1980 in Moscow) was a Russian writer and the wife of poet Osip Mandelstam.

She grew up in Kiev, after she studied art.

She married Osip Mandelstam in 1921, and lived in Ukraine, Saint Petersburg, Moscow, and Georgia. Osip wrote a poem about the Russian leader, called _Stalin Epigram_.  It angered the Russian government, and in 1934 he was arrested, and ordered to live in Cherdyn, Perm region and later to Voronezh.  The government of Russia often used internal exile (sending people to live in small towns hundreds of miles from the big cities) instead of sending people to prison. Nadezhda went into exile with Osip.

Osip Mandelstam was released but arrested again in 1938. Before the government could decide where to send him he died in a camp near Vladivostok.

After this Nadezhda Mandelstam never lived in the same place for long, and she often changed jobs. She did this to hide from the NKVD (Russian Secret Police). When she was living in Kalinin, the police came to arrest her, but she had moved to a new house the day before.

She decided to spend her life collecting and publishing all of her husband's poems, and most of the poems she _learned by heart_ (memorised).

After Stalin died, Nadezhda Mandelstam published he book and was allowed to return to Moscow in 1958.

In 1979, she gave her archives (letters, books and photographs) to Princeton University in the United States of America. Nadezhda Mandelstam died in 1980 in Moscow, aged 81.

## Books by Nadezhda Mandelstam

- _Hope against Hope_ ()
- _Hope Abandoned_ ()
Minister-president

A **minister-president** (German: _Ministerpräsident_) is the head of government in a number of European countries or subnational governments, who presides over the council of ministers. The title is similar to Prime Minister, First Minister, and President of the Council.

The German word means "president of the ministers"; "Ministers' President" would be a more accurate translation.

This person is the equivalent of a state premier in Australia, a provincial premier in Canada, or the Governor of a state in the USA.

Each year one of the ministers-president, or one of the senior Mayors of the city states of Berlin, Hamburg and Bremen, is the President of the Bundesrat. Because Germany does not have a vice president, The President of the Bundesrat will act as the Federal President if the Federal President dies or is out of the country.
Edward Rendell

**Edward Gene "Ed" Rendell** (born January 5, 1944) is an American politician. He is a member of the Democratic Party. He became governor of Pennsylvania in 2002. He was governor from January 21, 2003 until January 18, 2011.

## Early life and education

Rendell was born in New York City to Jewish American parents Jesse T. Rendell and Emma Sloat. He went to the University of Pennsylvania in 1961 and received a Bachelor of Arts degree and later got a Juris Doctor from Villanova Law School in 1968. He was a 2nd Lieutenant in the U.S. Army Reserve from 1968 to 1974.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **birthname**: Edward Gene Rendell
- **image**: Ed Rendell.jpg
- **order**: List of Governors of Pennsylvania, 45th
- **office**: Governor of Pennsylvania
- **lieutenant**: Catherine Baker Knoll
Joseph B. Scarnati, Joe Scarnati
- **term start**: January 21, 2003
- **term end**: January 18, 2011
- **predecessor**: Mark S. Schweiker, Mark Schweiker
- **successor**: Tom Corbett
- **office2**: Democratic National Committee, General Chairman of the Democratic National Committee
- **term start2**: September 25, 1999
- **term end2**: February 3, 2001
<small>With Joe Andrew</small>
- **predecessor2**: Steve Grossman (politician), Steve Grossman & Roy Romer
- **successor2**: Terry McAuliffe
- **office3**: List of mayors of Philadelphia#List of mayors of Philadelphia, 96th Mayor of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- **term start3**: January 6, 1992
- **term end3**: January 3, 2000
- **predecessor3**: Wilson Goode
- **successor3**: John F. Street, John Street
- **office4**: District Attorney of Philadelphia, 21st District Attorney of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- **term start4**: January 2, 1978
- **term end4**: January 6, 1986
- **predecessor4**: Emmett Fitzpatrick
- **successor5**: Ronald D. Castille, Ronald Castille
- **birth place**: New York City, New York (state), New York
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic Party
- **spouse**: Marjorie Rendell
- **children**: Jesse Rendell
- **residence**: East Falls, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, East Falls, Philadelphia
- **alma mater**: University of Pennsylvania
Villanova University School of Law
- **profession**: Attorney at law, Attorney
- **signature**: Ed Rendell Signature.svg
- **footnotes**: a.Knoll died on November 12, 2008
b.As President Pro Tempore of the Pennsylvania State Senate, State Senate, Scarnati immediately become acting Lieutenant Governor of Pennsylvania, Lieutenant Governor upon Knoll's death. He was sworn-in on December 3, 2008.
- **branch**: United States Army
United States Army Reserve, U.S. Army Reserve
- **serviceyears**: 1968–1974
- **rank**:  Second Lieutenant#United States, Second Lieutenant
Jacques de Morgan

**Jacques de Morgan** (1857-1924) was a French civil engineer, geologist and archaeologist.  He was the head of Antiquities in Egypt in the 19th century. He excavated in Memphis and Dashur, providing many drawings of many Egyptian pyramids.

## Related pages

- Ancient Armenia

## Other websites

- Jacques de Morgan at Iranica
- Jacques de Morgan - ArmeniaPedia.org
- Jacques de Morgan; An Archaeologist Who Found Oil
Struthiomimus

***Struthiomimus*** was a long-legged, ostrich-like dinosaur of the ornithomimid family.
It lived in what is now Alberta, Canada, during the Upper Cretaceous, about 75 to 65 million years ago.

## Description

_Struthiomimus_ is known from several skeletons and skulls.

It differed from _Ornithomimus_ only in proportions and details. It had a typical build and skeletal structure for an ornithomimid.  Its size was about  long  and  tall at the hips, with a weight of about .

As with other ornithomimids, it had a small slender head on a long neck. The neck was about 40% of the length of the body in front of the hips. Its eyes were large and its jaws were toothless. Its vertebral column had ten neck vertebrae, thirteen back vertebrae, six hip vertebrae, and about thirty-five tail vertebrae. The tail was stiff and was probably used for balance. It ground food up in its gizzard, and may have been herbivorous or omnivorous. The animals were quite common, which suggests they were herbivores or omnivores, rather than pure carnivores.
Prehistoric Armenia

The **prehistory of Armenia** means the first people in the land of Armenia.

The first excavations in Armenia, were by Russian  in 1876, brought to light a burial-ground near Dilijan in which were prehistoric (before history) graves. Jacques de Morgan in 1887-89 dug up 576 graves around Alaverdi and Akhatala, on the Tiflis-Alexandropol railway line.

## Other websites

- Prehistoric Sites in Northern Armenia
- World archaeologists have an avid interest in prehistoric Armenia
Home run

A **home run**, abbreviated **HR**, is a term in baseball for when the batter hits the ball and touches all the bases without an error being made by the team on defense. The most common way for a batter to hit a home run is to hit the ball over the outfield fence in fair territory. If the ball goes over the outfield fence but it is ruled a "foul ball", it does not count as a home run. Another way for a batter to hit a home run is to hit what is called an "inside-the-park" home run. If the batter touches all four bases after he hits the ball and it stays on the field, he scores a home run. This is an inside-the-park home run as long as no error is committed by the fielding team on the play.

In the early days of Major League Baseball, a home run was not awarded to a ball hit over the fence to win the game if the winning run scored before the batter-runner were to reach home plate to score.  Therefore, what would otherwise be walk-off home runs were not commonplace, and players were often robbed of home runs.  Due to this, for instance, Babe Ruth is not credited with a particular walk-off home run that would bring his career total to 715.

## Related pages

- Six (cricket)
City-state

A **city-state** is a city that has its own sovereignty, meaning that it is its own country. There were many important city-states in ancient Greece. Nowadays, cities may have differing degrees of self-governance. In order to be considered a city-state, a city must govern itself independently, by regulating its own taxes, or having independent representation at the United Nations.

## Antiquity

- In Ancient Greece a polis was a city-state
    - Athens
    - Sparta
    - Corinth
    - Thebes

## Modern city states

Sorted in order of area size.

- Singapore was a British colony till 1959. In 1959, it achieved autonomy in internal matters. Between 1963 and 1965, it was part of Malaysia. Singapore was removed from Malaysia on 9 August 1965 and became independent.
- The second smallest country in the world, Monaco is entirely urban, because all its territory of only 2 square kilometers is built-up.
- The smallest country in the world was created in 1929. The Vatican City is an enclave completely surrounded by the city of Rome, Italy, and is the headquarters of the Roman Catholic Church.
Junior Eurovision Song Contest

The **Junior Eurovision Song Contest** (sometimes shortened to **JESC** or simply **Junior Eurovision**) is an international song contest held every year by the European Broadcasting Union since 2003. Each year, different child singers representing countries in Europe perform a song and the winner is decided through voting.

Between 27 million and 33 million people watch every year. This makes it the second largest music competition in the world after Eurovision Song Contest.

## Slogans

Starting in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2005, each contest was given a different theme and slogan.

|scope="col"|Year|scope="col"|Host country|scope="col"|Host city|scope="col"|Slogan|scope="col"|Refs|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||Copenhagen|||||||||
||Lillehammer|||||||||
||Hasselt|_Let's Get Loud_||||||||
||Bucharest|_Let the Music Play_||||||||
||Rotterdam|_Make a Big Splash_||||||||
||Limassol|_Fun in the Sun_||||||||
||Kyiv|_For the Joy of People_||||||||
||Minsk|_Feel the Magic_||||||||
||Yerevan|_Reach for the Top!_||||||||
||Amsterdam|_Break the Ice_||||||||
||Kyiv|_Be Creative_||||||||
||Marsa|_#Together_||||||||
||Sofia|_#Discover_||||||||
||Valletta|_Embrace_||||||||
||Tbilisi|_Shine Bright_||||||||
||Minsk|_#LightUp_||||||||
||Gliwice|_Share the Joy_||||||||
||Warsaw|_#MoveTheWorld_||||||||
||Paris|_Imagine_||||||||
||Yerevan|_Spin the Magic_||||||||
||Nice|_Heroes_||||||||
||Madrid|||||||||

## List of contests

The first Contest was won by Croatian singer Dino Jelusić with the song "Ti si moja prva ljubav".

|scope="col"|Year|Country making its first entry|
| --- | --- | --- |
|{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:94%"|||
||}|{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:94%"|
||}|{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:94%"|
||}||

## Other websites

- Junior Eurovision Song Contest – European Broadcasting Union

## Infobox (television)

- **italic title**: no
- **genre**: Song contest
- **presenter**: List of Junior Eurovision Song Contest presenters, Various presenters
- **country**: List of countries in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest, Various participating countries
- **language**: English and French
- **location**: List of Junior Eurovision Song Contest host cities, Various host cities
- **runtime**: 1 hour, 45 minutes (2003)
2 hours (2009–2013, 2020)
2 hours, 15 minutes (2004–2008, 2017)
2 hours, 30 minutes (2014–2016, 2018–2019, 2022–2023)
2 hours and 40 minutes (2021)
- **company**: European Broadcasting Union
Various national broadcasters
- **last aired**: present
U.S. Open

**U.S. Open** usually means:
- US Open (tennis)
- U.S. Open (golf)

Other uses include:
- U.S. Open Badminton Championships
- U.S. Open Beer championship
- U.S. Open (bowling)
- U.S. Open Chess Championship
- U.S. Open (crosswords)
- U.S. Open (cycling)
- US Open (darts)
- U.S. Open (go), boardgame tournament
- U.S. Women's Open, golf tournament
- US Open (martial arts), also called ISKA World Martial Arts Championship
- US Open Polo Championship
- U.S. Open pool championships
- U.S. Open Rubik's Cube Championship
- Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup, soccer (association football) tournament
- U.S. Open (squash)
- U.S. Open (swimming)
- U.S. Open of Surfing
- U.S. Open (taekwondo)
- U.S. Open (USACO), United States of America Computing Olympiad, programming competition
- US Open USTA Wheelchair Tennis Championships
- U.S. Open (wrestling)
World Cup

**World Cup** could mean one of these sporting events
- FIFA World Cup
    - FIFA Women's World Cup
    - FIFA Club World Cup
    - FIFA U-20 World Cup
    - FIFA U-17 World Cup
    - FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup
    - FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup
    - FIFA Futsal World Cup
- Baseball World Cup
- Cricket World Cup
- Rugby World Cup
- Rugby League World Cup
- WGC-World Cup
- Speedway World Cup
- Volleyball World Cup
- Table Tennis World Cup
- Alpine Skiing World Cup
- Show Jumping World Cup
Styracosaurus

***Styracosaurus*** was a genus of herbivorous ceratopsian dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous, about 76.5 to 75 million years ago.
School colors

**School colors** are the colors representing the school of which one goes to.

## Color Sets

School colors are often found in pairs and rarely no more than trios, though some professional teams use up to four colors in a set.  The choice of colors usually follows the rule of tincture from heraldry, but exceptions to this rule are known.

Common primary colors include **orange**, **purple**, **blue**, **red**, and **green**.  These colors are either paired with a color representing a metal (often **black**, **brown**, **gray** (or **silver**), **white**, or **gold**), or occasionally each other, such as **orange/blue**, **red/green**, or **blue/yellow**.  Pairing two metals, such as **black/white**, **silver or gold**, and especially **black/gold**, is also a common practice.   Finally, some American schools, in a display of patriotism, adopt the national colors of **red/white/blue**.

In an effort to further establish identity and promote a standard, many institutions often decree the use of specific shades of colors.  **Maroon,** generally regarded as a darker shade of red, is a common primary color.  Various shades of blue, from powder to Prussian, are also in use; a few schools have adopted two different shades of blue for their colors, with the darker shade serving as the primary.  The shade of gold can vary greatly even within an institution, from a vivid yellow to a more convincing old gold.

Black, white and gray are often used as neutral colors for sets that do not otherwise adopt them.  This practice is especially notable in basketball (where home uniforms are often white) and professional baseball (where team colors are often used as trim for white or gray uniforms).

## Uses

Most competitive teams keep two sets of uniforms, with one design emphasizing the primary color and the other emphasizing the secondary color.  In some sports, such as football, the primary color is emphasized on home uniforms, while uniforms for other sports, notably basketball, use the secondary or a neutral color at home.  This is done to avoid confusion when playing a team with similar colors.

In addition, various groups that generate support for athletic teams, including cheerleaders and marching bands, wear uniforms with the colors of their school.

At many private schools 'school colours' are awards presented for achievement in a subject or a sport - See Sporting Colours.
Maya

In Hindu culture, the name Maya is derived from the Sanskrit word "maya," which means "illusion" or "magic." In Hindu mythology, Maya is also the name of a goddess who is associated with creativity, wisdom, and knowledge. She is often depicted as a beautiful woman with four arms, holding a book, a rosary, a mirror, and a lotus flower. Maya is also the name of the mother of the Buddha in Buddhist tradition.The pronunciation of the name is [ **mah**-yah, -y_uh_ ].  This name was ranked #55 on the US Popular Names in 2021.

**Maya** might mean:

- Maya civilization, an ancient civilization in Central America
- Maya people
- Maya languages
- Maya (software)
- Maya the Bee

## Given name

the name Maya is a beautiful and unique name of Hebrew origin. It is derived from the Hebrew word “ma’yah” which means “water”. The name is also associated with the Greek goddess Maia, who was the goddess of spring and fertility.
- Maya Angelou, American poet, author, and civil rights activist (1928–2014)
- Maya Lin, American sculptor and architect
- Maya Rudolph, American actress and comedian
- Maya Yoshida, Japanese association football player
- Maya Plisetskaya, Russian ballet dancer