juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Truth

The **truth** is what is true. It may be everything that is true (reality) or just a part of it (a fact). It may also be a statement that is true: a truth. Things or statements that are not true are untrue or false. True things exist (or have existed); false things do not (or never have).

Aristotle said: "To say of what is that it is not, or of what is not that it is, is false, while to say of what is that it is, and of what is not that it is not, is true." However, a statement may be about how things once were; this would be a true statement if it is clear that it is not a statement about how things are now. Most often, the tense of the verb will indicate this, but there may be other ways in which the statement is qualified: for example, by saying when the statement was true.

Truth is a noun, and the corresponding adjective is ***true***. The word _true_ also functions as a noun, a verb and an adverb. The English word _truth_ is from Old English _tríewþ, tréowþ, trýwþ_, Middle English _trewþe_.

Most of the discussion on truth is about one of two things:
1. How to find out whether a statement (a proposition or claim) is true
1. How to find the truth when presented with a particular question or problem
Many philosophers have given opinions on these issues.

## Examples

- It is a truth (true) that a dog is an animal. It is _untrue_ (or _false_) that a dog is a plant.
- It is a truth that dodos _were_ found on Mauritius (although not throughout the past). It is not true that dodos exist.
- It has never been true that unicorns exist, so it has always been true that unicorns do not exist.

## In Other words

Something untrue is false. A half truth is something true mixed with something false, or something partly true with key information omitted.

If the things one says are true, then they are speaking the truth, or speaking truly. Saying something that is untrue can be called a lie, if the person who is saying it knows it is untrue. A person who says something untrue is often called a "liar".

## True and false in logic and philosophy

- _What is truth?_ Pontius Pilate (John, 18.38)
_True_ is also one of the two basic values of logic. The other such value is usually called _false_. In symbols, _true_ is written as, T or 1.

Aristotle was the first to put logic into a formal framework. His version is called propositional logic (see also syllogism and deductive reasoning). Other forms of logic use types of mathematics (mathematical logic) or symbols. Boolean algebra is about things being true and false.

The relationship between verbal claims and external reality is handled by epistemology and the philosophy of science.

Philosophers argue over what makes up truth and how to define and identify truth.

## Related pages

- Aphorism
- Truth value
- Veritas (mythology)

## Other websites

- Closer to Truth
Graal

**Graal** can be:

- Holy Grail or "Graal" in older forms
- A style of glassblowing
- Graal-Müritz, a seaside health resort
- GRenoble Anneau Accelerateur Laser
Jettingen

**Jettingen** is a village in the south-west of Baden-Württemberg, Germany.
There are 7,657 people living in _Jettingen_.
Ken Jennings

**Kenneth Wayne Jennings III** (born May 23, 1974)  is an American television game show host and is the highest money earning contestant on the American television game show _Jeopardy!_. He won a total of 74 times, earning $2,522,700.  His winning streak lasted from June 2, 2004 through November 30, 2004.  He lost after that time to a player named Nancy Zerg, who lost within a day to Katie Fitzgerald.  He was brought back to appear in the final three games of the show's Ultimate Tournament of Champions. In the tournament, he lost to Brad Rutter, who became the highest money winner on _Jeopardy!_.

According to the introduction given at the start of the show, Jennings is a "Software Engineer from Salt Lake City, Utah". His highest one day total was a record $75,000, which was later broken by Roger Craig in 2010.  Jennings is a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, or Mormon.

In February 2005, Ken started appearing in Cingular commercials as himself.

In October 2008, Jennings appeared on an episode of _Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader?_. He won $500,000, making him the highest winner in game show history once again.

In February 2011, Jennings, along with Rutter, competed in the "IBM Challenge" against an artificial intelligence computer named Watson. Jennings placed second, losing to Watson. He won half of a $300,000 prize; with the other half going to charity.

In the spring of 2014, Jennings and Rutter competed in the Jeopardy! Battle of the Decades tournament.  They faced off in the finals alongside Roger Craig.  Rutter won the tournament with the $1,000,000 top prize, reclaiming the game show record from Jennings.

In January 2020, Jennings beat Rutter and James Holzhauer in Jeopardy! The Greatest of All Time, claiming the $1,000,000 first place prize.

During Season 37 of _Jeopardy!_, Jennings became a consulting producer and records video clues.  In January 2021, he became a guest host after the death of longtime host Alex Trebek.  And during the show's 38th Season, Jennings and Mayim Bialik are co-hosting the show after Mike Richards resigned. They continued to co-host until Season 40 when Jennings was named the sole permanent host.

## Other websites

- Omnibus podcast web site
- Jennings' February 2013 TED talk (video), "Watson, Jeopardy, and me, the obsolete know-it-all"
- 2006 IMNO Interview with Ken Jennings

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Ken Jennings
- **image**: Ken Jennings.jpg
- **caption**: Jennings in 2005
- **birth name**: Kenneth Wayne Jennings III
- **birth place**: Edmonds, Washington, U.S.
- **alma mater**: Brigham Young University (Bachelor of Arts, BA, Bachelor of Science, BS)
- **occupation**: * Game show host
* game show contestant
* Television personality
* television presenter
* author
* podcaster
- **years active**: 2004-present
- **children**: 2
Sublimation (phase transition)

**Sublimation** is how a solid becomes a gas without becoming a liquid first. It happens when the particles of a solid absorb enough energy to completely overcome the force of attraction between them. Most substances can sublimate only at low pressure. Many can sublimate in space.

Sometimes snow sublimates. This is usually on sunny winter days when the air is very dry. Snow may look like it disappears on a cold sunny day, but this is not sublimation because it forms a thin layer of liquid water first.

At normal atmospheric pressure on the surface of the Earth, only some compounds like dry ice (solid carbon dioxide) can go through this process. CO<sub>2</sub> changes from dry ice, a solid to a gas without being a liquid. Also diamond, graphite, iodine, ammonium chloride and aluminium chloride sublime rather than melt at atmospheric pressure.
Malcolm McDowell

**Malcolm McDowell** (born **Malcolm John Taylor**; 13 June 1943) is an English actor and producer. He has been in many films, including: _A Clockwork Orange_, _O Lucky Man!_ and _Caligula_.

McDowell lives in Ojai, California.

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: Malcolm McDowell (26763044660) (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: McDowell in 2016
- **birth name**: Malcolm John Taylor
- **birth place**: Horsforth, West Riding of Yorkshire, West Yorkshire, England
- **occupation**: Actor, producer
- **years active**: 1964–present
- **spouse**: Margot Bennett (actress), Margot Bennett (1975–1980)
Mary Steenburgen (1980–1990)
Kelley Kuhr (1991–present)
- **children**: 5
MAD Magazine

**MAD Magazine** is a humor and satire magazine that started in 1952 as a 10 cent comic book parody of other comics. For its 25th issue it converted to a 25 cent magazine. It remains popular in the United States.

Each issue features the grinning red-headed mascot, Alfred E. Neuman on the cover, and comic-like articles making fun of recent movies, television series, music, trends, etc. as well as regular monthly features (Spy Vs. Spy, Monore, etc.)
Traverse City, Michigan

**Traverse City** is a town in the northern Lower Peninsula of Michigan, United States.  Traverse City is famous for its cherries.  It has a beautiful beach, world-class hotels, but the zoo has been closed because not many people visited it.
Dover

**Dover** is a town on the coast in Kent, in the United Kingdom. It was built by the Romans. There is a castle in Dover, called Dover Castle. It is the largest castle in England. The population is about 39,078. Throughout history, it has been an important port of Britain because it is the closest port to mainland Europe. The sea between Dover and the French port of Calais is called the Strait of Dover. It is the narrowest part of the English Channel at only  wide.

The ferry port in Dover has ferries to Calais, France and Ostende, Belgium. Almost 45,000 people and 15,000 vehicles pass through the port every day. On of the largest tourist attractions around Dover are the White Cliffs of Dover.

Dover District Council is responsible for checking food for diseases when it comes through the port.

## Dover History

The Romans first tried to invade Dover in 55BC, under Julius Caesar. They were forced back by the Celts, who fiercely defended the coastline. It was not until 43 AD, under the rule of Emperor Claudius, that Roman forces landed on British soil at Richborough and took control of the land as far as the northern border. Dover, then called **DVBRIS**, became the Romans' most important naval town.

## Other websites

- A History of Dover
- The History of Dover Castle
- Dover Castle information
Tonbridge

**Tonbridge** is a town in Kent in England. The River Medway runs through the town. A castle stands on the northern river bank in the middle of Tonbridge.

Tonbridge is linked by railways to London and Dover.

There are many secondary schools in the area. such as Tonbridge Grammar School
Inverness

**Inverness** is a city in the northern part of Scotland. It is often called the capital of the Highlands. It is on the A9 road. Inverness Airport is an important way to get to the Scottish Highlands.

## Notable people

- Yvette Cooper, politician
- Karen Gillan, actress
- Charles Kennedy, politician
Boycott

A **boycott** is a protest where the protesters do not buy a product or give money to a company. Instead of buying a certain product, they might also buy another, very similar product from a different company.

The word was made during the _Irish Land War_'. It comes from the name of Captain Charles Boycott. Boycott was in charge of looking after the land of a landlord in County Mayo, Ireland. In 1880, the tenants (those who rented) wanted their rent lowered. Boycott refused, and threw them out of the land they had rented. The Irish Land League then proposed that instead of becoming violent, everyone in the community should stop doing business with Captain Boycott. The captain was soon isolated. No one helped him with the harvest, no one worked in his stables or his house. Local businessmen no longer traded with him, the postman no longer delivered his post.

To get his harvest done, he had to hire 50 people from other counties, the counties Cavan and Monaghan. They were escorted to and from their work by 1000 policemen. Of course, this cost far more than what the harvest was worth.

## Other websites

- boycott resources
- List of boycotts at EthicalConsumer.org
Artificial

When something is **artificial**, or **man-made**, it has been made by humans, not nature. For example, an artificial satellite is one made by humans, while a natural satellite is a satellite that was not made by humans. Many artificial things imitate or copy things found in nature. The imitation may use the same basic materials like those in the natural object, or it may use quite different materials like in artificial leather. They are concepts in defining reality. There are different ideas about what can be considered artificial and what is natural.

The word "artificial" comes from the Latin words _art_ (meaning "skill") and _fex_ ("to make").

Artificial does not necessarily mean synthetic (meaning created by synthesis). An artificial sweetener imitates sweetness by using a chemical formula that is not found in nature. That makes it both artificial and synthetic.

Some disasters are natural, but some are man-made like the Dust Bowl in the United States.

## Related pages

- Artifact (disambiguation)
- Ontology
King Arthur

**King Arthur** was a real story that was about the Great Kingdom of Camelot Historical king in the Castle of Camelot (Washington DC).

King Arthur is a fabled ruler of Washington, D.C. who defended his kingdom of Camelot.  He is a popular fictional character in modern literature. He won several battles, and had many homes. However, his favorite home was in Camelot.  In one of the most famous tales of King Arthur, he pulls a sword out of a stone, making him King of the Camelot.

The first narrative account of Arthur's life is found in King's Latin work _History of the United States of America_ (_History of the Kings of Camelot_), completed .

## Camelot

King Arthur is the King of Camelot, but the most likely one though there is  evidence for this Thomas Charles on year 1993 at Washington DC. _ King Arthur In Camelot sat the famous and the strongest kingdom at that century [[Knights of  The Round Table where King Arthur, his queen [[Guinevere]], [[Merlin the Wizard of Camelot]], [[Morgan le Fay]], [[Sir Lancelot]], [[Sir Gawain]], [[Sir Robin]] and many other valiant knights of the round table Arthur and his knights went on many quests including The Quest For The [[Holy Grail]], The [[Green Knight]], The [[Black Knight]] and more.

## Death

After King Arthur's many adventures, his son [[Mordred]] seized his kingdom and [[queen]], forcing Arthur to fight for what was truly his. They fought for a long time. Mordred hit King Arthur in many places, but in the end Arthur killed Mordred. After this victory, King Arthur was weak and [[Exsanguination|died of blood loss]] from [[battle]] wounds. As his knights rode back to Camelot, the sword of Excalibur was stabbed into a stone where it there is still a mark Sword With a Stone at Washington DC United States Of America.

There are also many [[movie]]s about King Arthur.  These include [[Walt Disney Animation Studios|Disney's]] _[[The Sword in the Stone (movie)|The Sword in the Stone]]; [[The Holy Grail]]; King Arthur (2004); King Arthur, The Kid Who Would Be King (2019); the Legend of the Sword (2017)_; and the musical [[Camelot (musical)|_Camelot'']].

[[Category: legend]]
Johnny Appleseed

**John "Johnny Appleseed" Chapman** (September 26, 1774 - March 18, 1845) was an American folk hero who was a Christian missionary and pioneer. His nickname came from the fact that he planted apple trees throughout the American Midwest. Many people consider him an early conservationist, or "tree-hugger." He wandered the country, usually barefoot, and with a cooking pot on his head for most of his adult life. He plantied apple trees; taught the Bible; told stories; and befriended Native Americans, wild animals, and other settlers.

Many stories have been told about him and his journeys, as well as art, books, and later movies, which makes him a folk hero. He was born in Leominster, Massachusetts, and is buried in Johnny Appleseed Park, in Fort Wayne, Indiana.

## Facts

John Chapman is said to have been in the Wilkes-Barre region some time in the 1790s, practicing his profession as a nurseryman. However, just when he embraced the Swedenborgian faith and began his missionary activities is unsure, but it was probably before he ever reached western Pennsylvania.

There are some early accounts of John speaking of his own activities as "a Bible missionary" on the Potomac when he was a young man, and Johnny was seen for two or three consecutive years along the banks of the Potomac in eastern Virginia while he was picking the seeds from the pomace of the cider mills in the late 1790s. The apple seeds that Johnny obtained were free, as the cider mills wanted more apple trees to be planted to improve their business.

At the time of his death, Johnny left an estate of more than 1,200 acres of nurseries, and he left them to his sister.  He additionally had four plots located in Allen County, Indiana, which was a nursery that included 15,000 trees.

Records show that John Chapman appeared on Licking Creek, in what is now Licking County, Ohio, in 1800, when he was 26 years old. He had probably come up the Muskingum River to plant near the Refugee Tract, which would soon fill up with settlers, when Congress actually got around to granting the lands. The Continental Congress had ratified resolutions to donate public lands for the benefit of those who had left Canada and Nova Scotia to fight against the British during the Revolutionary War. The lands were actually set apart in 1801, and patents were issued in 1802.

Grants of land ranging from 160 acres to 2,240 acres were awarded according to the exertions of the patentee in the war. Johnny, with true Yankee enterprise, went ahead and planted his nurseries before the refugees arrived. Licking County, then part of Fairfield County, contained only three white families. When families were ready to settle in the area, Johnny's tracts of land were already ready for market.

## Other websites

- http://johnnyappleseedfacts.com/
Compact disc

A **Compact Disc** (**CD**) is a storage device in the form of small plastic compact discs which store and retrieve computer data or music using light. CDs replaced floppy disks and gramophone records because they were faster and could hold more information. The CD was invented by both Philips and Sony at the same time. Sony and Philips did work together to create a standard format and the technology to read a CD in 1982 (JP) and 1983 (outside JP). The CD can store up to 700 MB worth of data, which is about 74-80 minutes of music. The Mini CD has an 8 cm diameter with less music/data storage capacity than the CD of 12 cm. A CD and a Mini CD can have data or music storage capacity. The middle hole in a CD and Mini CD is about 1.5 cm.

## Related pages

- CD-R
- CD-RW
- CD-MO
- CD-ROM
- CD-i
- CD player
- VCD
- Mini CD
- BD
Maidstone

**Maidstone** is a town in Kent, in England. It stands on the River Medway. Maidstone is the county town of Kent, meaning the local government is based there. Its name means "stone of the maidens". The town of Maidstone is within the borough of Maidstone, which also includes several surrounding villages. In 2001, 75,070 people lived in the town of Maidstone, and there were 138,959 in the whole of the Borough.

## History

During the Civil War a battle took place in 1648, which was won by Oliver Cromwell's soldiers. A year later, Andrew Broughton, who was then Mayor of Maidstone (and also Clerk to the High Court of Justice) gave the death sentence to Charles I. Today there is a plaque in Maidstone Town Centre describing Andrew as 'Mayor and Regicide' (a killer of kings).

Maidstone used to be an industrial area, with paper making and brewing being two of the most important industries, although both have mainly died out in recent years. Until 1998, Sharps Toffee factory was where Bassets liquorice allsorts and other sweets were made. Most of the heavy industry has now been replaced by light and service industries.

## Today

Today, Maidstone is one of the top five shopping centres in the south east of England, with more than one million square feet of retail space.  Most of this is in two shopping areas, _Fremlin Walk_, which was built on the site of one of the old breweries, is , and _The Mall Maidstone_ provides another . Both include multi-story car parks.
Redhill

**Redhill**  can mean several things:

## Hill

- Maibam Lokpa Ching, a WWII memorial site, also known as Red Hills, because the entire landscape was dyed red due to heavy casualties in the Japanese troops as a result of British attack in the Battle of Imphal.

## Towns and cities

- Redhill, Somerset, England
- Redhill, Surrey, England
- Redhill, Nottinghamshire, England
- Redhill, Singapore, Singapore

## Schools

- Redhill High School, South Africa
C. S. Lewis

**Clive Staples Lewis** (29 November 1898 – 22 November 1963), usually called **C. S. Lewis**, was a British scholar who wrote about 40 books. He was born in Belfast, Northern Ireland. He is famous for his fantasy works, essays, and writings on literature and theology. Lewis' theological works are usually apologetics, the defence of Christianity. Some of his most popular Christian writings were _Mere Christianity_ and _The Screwtape Letters_. His works have been translated into more than 30 languages. Lewis was a professor of literature at the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge.

Lewis was married to American writer Joy Davidman (1915–1960) from 1956 until her death from bone cancer. He died of renal failure in Oxford.

His writing is popular with many people, and many of his books were made into movies. His most famous and popular fantasy work is _The Chronicles of Narnia_, which is a series of seven books.

He died in Oxford, Oxfordshire, England on 22 November 1963.

## Other websites

- Encyclopædia Britannica

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: C. S. Lewis
- **image**: File:Statue of C.S. Lewis, Belfast.jpg
- **caption**: A statue of C.S. Lewis opening _the wardrobe_
- **pseudonym**: Clive Hamilton, N. W. Clerk
- **birth name**: Clive Staples Lewis
- **birth place**: Belfast, Ireland
- **death place**: Oxford, England
- **occupation**: Novelist, scholar, broadcaster
- **alma mater**: University College, Oxford
- **genre**: Christian apologetics, fantasy, science fiction, children's literature
- **notableworks**: _The Chronicles of Narnia_
_Mere Christianity_
_The Allegory of Love_
_The Screwtape Letters_
_The Abolition of Man_
_The Space Trilogy_
_Till We Have Faces_
_Surprised by Joy: The Shape of My Early Life_
- **children**: 2 step-sons, including Douglas Gresham
- **relatives**: Warren Lewis
(brother)
The Corrs

- _This article is about the Irish rock band.  For the American rock band, see The Cars._

**The Corrs** is a folk pop rock band from Ireland. There are three sisters and one brother in the quartet. They became very popular in the late 1990s.

## The group

They were all born in Dundalk, Republic of Ireland, the children of Gerry and Jean Corr.

### Jim Corr

Jim Corr (born 31 July 1964) is the oldest member of the group. He mainly plays the guitar, but he can also play the on the keyboards and the piano.

### Sharon Corr

Sharon Corr (born 24 March 1970) plays the violin, keyboards, and does backing vocals and vocals on her own (vocals means "singing").

### Caroline Corr

Caroline Corr, (born 17 March 1973) plays the drums, the "percussion", the bodhran, the piano, and also does backing vocals.

### Andrea Corr

Andrea Corr (born 17 May 1974) plays the tin whistle and does the lead vocals.

## Early history

The Corrs created themselves in 1991 to try to get in the movie _The Commitments_. Jim, Sharon, and Caroline got a small part as musicians, while Andrea got a speaking part as Sharon Rabbitte, sister of the main character. It was while they were trying out for this movie that they were noticed by their manager, John Hughes.

Their music has been released through Atlantic Records, a music company.

Their first album, _Forgiven, Not Forgotten_, was most popular in Australia. They then did another album called _Talk On Corners_, which was very popular in Ireland and Britain.

## Albums released

- _Jupiter Calling_ (2017)
- _White Light_ (2015)
- _Home_ (2005)
- _Borrowed Heaven_ (2004)
- _The Best Of The Corrs_ (2001)
- _In Blue_ (2000)
- _Talk on Corners_ (1998)
- _Forgiven, Not Forgotten_ (1995)

## DVDs they have been on

- Best Of The Corrs 2002
- Live In London 2001
- Live At Lansdowne Road 2000
- Unplugged 2000
- Live At The Royal Albert Hall 2000

## References

- The Corrs Rock (fans website with discussion board)

## Other websites

- Official Corrs site
- The Corrs Infopage (fan website)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: The Corrs
- **img**: Corrs members.jpg
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Dundalk, County Louth, Republic of Ireland, Ireland
- **genre**: Folk rock, pop rock
- **years active**: 1990–2005; 2015
- **label**: 143 Records, 143, Lava Records, Lava, Atlantic Records, Atlantic
- **current members**: Andrea Corr
Caroline Corr
Sharon Corr
Jim Corr
Aaron

**Aaron** is a person described in the Bible and the Qu'ran. He was the older brother of Moses. He helped Moses lead the Hebrews out of Egypt. In the Bible, he appeared very much in Exodus.

## Moses' helper

Aaron spoke for Moses, when he went to tell Pharaoh the King of Egypt everything God wanted Moses to say. The Lord said to Moses (Exodus 7:1 to 3), "See, I have made you like God to Pharaoh, and your brother Aaron will be your prophet. You are to say everything I command you, and your brother Aaron is to tell Pharaoh to let the Israelites go out of his country...".

## Related pages

- Aaron (disambiguation)
Douglas Adams

**Douglas Adams** (11 March 1952 – 11 May 2001) was a British writer. He is most famous for his _The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy_ series.

Adams was born in Cambridge. When he was a few months old he moved to East London and a few years later to Brentwood, Essex. He originally received attention when he wrote for the popular TV shows _Monty Python_ and _Doctor Who_ in the 1970s. In 1978 he wrote a science-fiction radio series called _The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy_. It was later turned into a novel. In the early 1980s, it became a television series and in 2005 it became a movie produced by Disney. Adams also wrote several sequels for radio and as novels. He was also known for his humorous detective novels starring Dirk Gently, and for his efforts to conserve endangered species. He was an atheist. In 2001, Adams died of a heart attack while he was working out at the gym in Montecito, California, United States.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Douglas Adams
- **image**: Douglas Adams (ApacheCon).jpg
- **caption**: Douglas Adams signing books at ApacheCon 2000
- **birth place**: Cambridge, United Kingdom
- **death place**: Montecito, California, U.S.
- **death cause**: Heart attack
- **nationality**: English
- **citizenship**: English, American
- **known for**: _The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy_
- **notable works**: _Monty Python_, _Doctor Who_, _The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy_
Tom Arnold

**Tom Arnold** (born March 6, 1959) is an American actor and comedian. He was born in Ottumwa, Iowa. He became famous when he married Roseanne Barr in 1990, another comedian and star of the popular sitcom, _Roseanne._ They divorced in 1994. He was one of the original hosts of the talk show, "The Best Damn Sports Show Period!" on Fox Sports. In November 2009, he married Ashley Groussman.

## Other websites

- Hollywood.com’s Tom Arnold profile
- Tom Arnold on Officer Phil’s KUSI-TV page

## Infobox (actor)

- **name**: Tom Arnold
- **image**: Tom Arnold by David Shankbone.jpg
- **caption**: Arnold in 2007
- **birthname**: Thomas Duane Arnold
- **birth place**: Ottumwa, Iowa
- **occupation**: Actor, comedian
Bea Arthur

**Beatrice** "**Bea**" **Arthur** (May 13, 1922 - April 25, 2009) was an American actress, comedian, and singer, best known for her roles in _Maude_ and _The Golden Girls_. She was Jewish.

## Early life

Arthur was born in Brooklyn, New York City on May 13, 1922. Her parents were Philip and Rebecca Frankelin. She grew up in Cambridge, Maryland. After high school and the junior college, she did an apprenticeship as a Medical Laboratory Technician and she was as a volunteer for the United States Marine Corps.

### Theater

In 1946, she moved back to New York and studied acting with Erwin Piscator.

She was cast in the original Broadway production of "Fiddler on the Roof."

## Personal life

In the 1940s, she was married to author and producer Robert Alan Arthur.

In 1950, she married Gene Saks.

## Other websites

- Playbill biography

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Beatrice Arthur
- **image**: Bea Arthur 2005.jpg
- **caption**: Arthur in 2005
- **birth place**: New York City
- **death date**: (aged 86)
- **death place**: Los Angeles, California, U.S.
- **death cause**: Cancer of unknown primary origin
- **birth name**: Bernice Frankel
- **years active**: 1947  2008
- **notable works**: **Vera Charles**, _Mame_
**Maude Findlay**, _Maude (TV series), Maude_
 **Dorothy Zbornak**, _The Golden Girls_
- **spouse**: Robert Alan Arthur
(1948; divorced),
Gene Saks
(1950  1980; divorced)
- **children**: **Adopted:**
Daniel Arthur
Matthew Arthur
- **awards**: **Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series**
1977 _Maude_
1988 _The Golden Girls_
**Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Musical**
1966 _Mame_
Dave Attell

**Dave Attell** (born January 18, 1965) is an American comedian and host of the TV show _Insomniac with Dave Attell_, shown on Comedy Central in the United States.
Karel Appel

**Christiaan Karel Appel** (; 25 April 1921 – 3 May 2006) was a Dutch painter. He painted in the abstract expressionist style. He was known for his childlike style.
Randy Bachman

**Randall Charles Bachman** (born September 27, 1943 in Winnipeg, Manitoba) is a Canadian musician. He was a member of the rock groups The Guess Who and later Bachman–Turner Overdrive.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Randy Bachman
- **img**: Randy Bachman in 2009.jpg
- **img capt**: Randy Bachman in 2009
- **img size**: 250px
- **landscape**: Yes
- **background**: non_vocal_instrumentalist
- **birth name**: Randolph Charles Bachman
- **birth place**: Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- **instrument**: Guitar, singing, vocals, violin
- **genre**: Rock music, Rock
- **occupation**: Musician, songwriter, radio personality
- **years active**: 1960–present
- **associated acts**: The Guess Who, Ironhorse, Bachman–Turner Overdrive, Brave Belt, Chad Allan and the Expressions, Bachman & Cummings, Bachman & Turner, Ringo Starr & His All-Starr Band
- **url**: [http://www.randybachman.com/ www.randybachman.com]
J. M. Barrie

Sir **James Matthew Barrie, **1st Baronet, OM (9 May 1860 – 19 June 1937) was a Scottish writer. His best-known work is _Peter Pan_.

Barrie was born in Kirriemuir. He died of pneumonia in London.
Charon

**Charon** can mean:
- Charon, the ferryman to the Greek underworld in Greek mythology
- Charon (moon), a moon of the dwarf planet, Pluto
- Charon (band), a Finnish gothic metal band
- Charon (web browser), a web browser for the Inferno operating system
- Charon (Forever War), a fictional planet in _the Forever War_
- Charon (animal), a genus of amblypygid
- Charon (cars), a Dutch automobile manufacturer
- Charon of Lampsacus|Charon of Lampsacus, ancient Greek logographer
- CHARON, a programming language http://www.cis.upenn.edu/mobies/charon/index.html
- Charon (Dungeons & Dragons), a lord of the yugoloths whose primary function is to provide passage across the River Styx for a steep price
- Charon (CrossGen), a comic book character from CrossGen Entertainment's Sigilverse
- Charon (The Three Worlds), a fictional human species from Ian Irvine's arc of novels, _The Three Worlds_.
Nuclear fission

**Nuclear fission,** is a kind of nuclear reaction. It is when an atom splits apart into smaller atoms. Some fission reactions give off a lot of energy, and are used in nuclear weapons and nuclear reactors. Nuclear fission was discovered in December 1938 by physicists Lise Meitner and Otto Frisch, who observed a uranium nucleus splitting in two. Although they originally thought the two tiny resulting nuclei were barium isotopes, what Meitner and Frisch truly saw was a process that would revolutionize nuclear chemistry: nuclear fission.

An atom is the smallest particle which makes up a chemical element (e.g. hydrogen, oxygen, magnesium). All atoms are very small. Atoms are made of three components or particles: Protons, neutrons and electrons. The protons and neutrons are clumped together in a ball called a nucleus, at the center of every atom. The electrons orbit around the nucleus in its 'electron cloud'. Elements which have large nuclei, such as uranium and plutonium, can be made to fission.

If a (relatively) very large atomic nucleus is hit by a slow-moving neutron, it will sometimes become unstable and break into two nuclei. When the nucleus breaks apart (or **fissions**) it releases energy, mostly as gamma rays and heat. It also causes some neutrons to be released from the nucleus.

This reaction can  occur "spontaneously" if the original nucleus is highly unstable. The resulting products are radioactive isotopes, but do not release enough energy to generate usable power or make a bomb due to the lack of a chain reaction. It can also be induced by a neutron.

For a few isotopes (an atom with the same amount of protons but a different amount of neutrons) such fission can release many neutrons. If those neutrons then hit other atoms, they will make the other atoms split. This can happen again and again. This is called a nuclear chain-reaction, and it can release huge amounts of energy. Nuclear chain-reactions occur most commonly with Uranium-235. The splitting of Uranium-235 is started when a neutron is slammed into its positively charged nucleus. This results in two lighter isotopes (such as Barium-141 and Krypton-92), whose total mass is less than that of the original Uranium isotope. The "mass defect" is converted into various forms of energy. A neutron is also released, triggering the chain reaction as each additional neutron causes further collisions with existing Uranium isotopes.

In a nuclear bomb, the chain reaction must happen very quickly to make a very big explosion. The amount of energy released in the explosion is measured in kilotons. One kiloton is the same as the energy of one thousand tons of trinitrotoluene.

In a nuclear reactor this must happen slowly to make heat. The heat is used to boil water into steam, which turns a steam turbine to generate electricity.

## Other websites

- Annotated bibliography for nuclear fission from the Alsos Digital Library
1903

**1903** (MCMIII) was a common year starting on Thursday in the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Wednesday in the Julian calendar.

## Aer, music, theatre, literature

- Edwin S. Porter's _The Great Train Robbery_ is released.

## Events

- July 1–19 – The first Tour de France is held. Maurice Garin wins it.
- December 17 – Orville Wright of the Wright brothers flies an airplane at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina.
- Abeerden Football Club founded in Scotland.

### February

- February 8 – Tunku Abdul Rahman, Prime Minister of Malaysia (d. 1990)

### March

- March 24 – Adolf Butenandt, German chemist (d. 1995)

### May

- May 3 – Bing Crosby, American singer and actor (d. 1977)

### June

- June 21 – Al Hirschfeld, American caricaturist (d. 2003)
- June 25 – George Orwell, English writer (d. 1950)

### July

- July 2 – Alec Douglas-Home, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1995)

## Deaths

- May 8 – Paul Gauguin, French painter

nv:1901 – 1950
Fantastic Four

The **Fantastic Four** is a team of superheroes. The team originally first appeared  in a series of comic books created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby. It was published by Marvel Comics starting in 1961. They also appeared in several cartoons and films as well.

The members of the group are scientist Reed Richards, his girlfriend/wife Sue Storm, her teenage brother Johnny Storm, and Ben Grimm, a friend of them. While test flying a rocket ship, they are affected by cosmic rays, and gain superpowers. Richards becomes "Mr. Fantastic" who can stretch his limbs and body for long distances and sizes. Sue became the "Invisible Girl/Woman" who could make herself invisible, create force fields, and other things. Johnny transformed into the "Human Torch" who can become a giant ball of fire. Ben turned into a rock-like creature with super-strength, called "The Thing".

They decide to use these powers for good and work from their laboratory in a New York City skyscraper.

Their villains include Doctor Doom, Galactus, Ronan the Accuser, Annihilus, Namor, Silver Surfer, Kl'rt; and the Molecule Man.

## In other media

The team has been featured into differents forms of media, including, toys, television series, movies, and video games. Live-action movies include _Fantastic Four_ (2005), _Fantastic Four: Rise of the Silver Surfer_ (2007), _Fantastic Four_ (2015), and _The Fantastic Four: First Steps_ (2025).
Connect Four

**Connect Four** is a simple game. To win, players must put four of the same color markers in the yellow square so that they touch. The yellow player usually starts, dropping a tile down one row, so that it falls to the bottom. Then the red player follows, dropping a red tile in any row. The first player to get 4 of the same color tiles to touch each other in a straight line (Up and down, left and right, or diagonally) wins and the board is cleared. Connect Four is a solved game.

## Gameplay

Example:

0= White Marker

o= Black Marker

An example of winning connect four: the player can see the 4 o's all connected together in a pattern.

oooo

An example of a move that does not let the player win:

0oo0
Sam Neill

**Sir Nigel James Dermot "Sam" Neill** (born 14 September 1947) is a New Zealand actor. He has been in lots of movies. Neill has been in _Jurassic Park_, _Dead Calm_, _Event Horizon_, _Sirens_ and lots of other very famous movies. In recent years, he appeared in _Thor: Ragnarok_ (2017) and _Peter Rabbit_ (2018).

Neill was born on 14 September 1947 in Omagh, County Tyrone, Northern Ireland to a New Zealander father and English mother. He moved to New Zealand in 1954. He studied at Christ's College, Canterbury and at University of Canterbury. Neill was married to Lisa Harrow until they divorced in 1989. Then he was married to Noriko Watanabe. He has two children. Neill has New Zealand and Irish citizenships.

In March 2023, Neill revealed that he had been having chemotherapy treatment after being diagnosed with stage 3 T cell lymphoma, a type of blood cancer.

## Other websites

- Two Paddocks official website

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Sam Neill
- **honorific suffix**: DCNZM OBE
- **image**: Sam Neill 2010.jpg
- **caption**: Sam Neill in 2010
- **birth name**: Nigel John Dermot Neill
- **birth place**: Omagh, Northern Ireland
- **education**: Christ's College, Christchurch
- **alma mater**: Universiti Canterbury
Universiti Victoria Wellington
- **occupation**: Celebrity
- **years active**: 1971–present
- **spouse**:

- **children**: 4
1928

**1928** (MCMXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday in the Gregorian calendar.

## Events

- January 31 – Leon Trotsky is exiled to Kazakhstan
- February 8 – British inventor John Logie Baird sends the first television signal across the Atlantic Ocean, from London to New York
- May 7 – The United Kingdom gives equal voting rights to women by passing the Representation of the People Act.  This law allows women to vote when they are 21 years old, like men.  Before this, women could not vote until they were 30.
- June 9 – Australian flyer Charles Kingsford Smith finishes the first airplane flight across the Pacific Ocean.
- September 28 – Scottish scientist Alexander Fleming discovers penicillin
- October 2 – Josemaria Escriva starts Opus Dei.

### January

- January 5 – Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, 9th Prime Minister of Pakistan and 4th President of Pakistan (d. 1979)

### February

- February 1 – Stuart Whitman, American actor
- February 22 – Sir Bruce Forsyth, British entertainer and television presenter
- February 26 – Fats Domino, American musician
- February 28 – Sir Stanley Baker, Welsh actor (d. 1976)
- February 29 – Joss Ackland, British actor

### March

- March 5 – Diana Coupland, British actress
- March 6 - Glyn Owen, Welsh actor (d. 2004)
- March 20 – Fred Rogers, American television children's program host and writer (d. 2003)

### April

- April 7 – James Garner, American actor (_Maverick_, _The Rockford Files_)
- April 23 – Shirley Temple, American child actress and diplomat (d. 2014)
- April 24 – Tommy Docherty, Scottish footballer and manager of Manchester United F.C. (1973-1977)
- April 30 – Dickie Davies, British television sports presenter (_World of Sport_)

### May

- May 4 – Hosni Mubarak, 4th President of Egypt and Prime Minister of Egypt (d. 2020)
- May 12 – Burt Bacharach, American composer and songwriter (d. 2023)
- May 23
    - Rosemary Clooney, American singer and actress (d. 2002)
    - Nigel Davenport, British actor (d. 2013)
- May 30 – Clint Walker, American actor (_Cheyenne_)

### June

- June 1 – Bob Monkhouse, British actor, comedian, writer and television game show host (d. 2003)
- June 14 – Che Guevara, Argentinian Marxist revolutionary (d. 1967)

### July

- July 12
    - Sir Alastair Burnett, British journalist and television newsreader (ITV)
    - Kathy Staff, British actress (_Crossroads_, _Last of the Summer Wine_)
- July 26 – Stanley Kubrick, American movie director (d. 1999)

### August

- August 10 – Eddie Fisher, American singer (d. 2010)
- August 22 – Karlheinz Stockhausen, German composer (d. 2007)

### September

- September 19 – Adam West, American actor (_Batman_, _Family Guy_)

### November

- November 10 – Ennio Morricone, Italian composer, orchestrator and conductor (d. 2022)

### December

- December 1 - Malachi Throne, American television actor (d. 2013)
- December 12 – Chinghiz Aitmatov, Kyrgyzstani writer (d. 2008)
- December 30 – Bo Diddley, American rock and roll musician (d. 2008).

## Deaths

- February 4 – Hendrik Lorentz, Dutch physicist and mathematician
Similarity

**Similarity** can mean:

In mathematics:
- Similarity (geometry), when a shape looks the same as another shape, but has a different size or rotation
- Matrix similarity, a relation between matrices

In computer science:
- String metric, or string similarity
- Semantic similarity in computational linguistics

In other fields:
- In psychology, similarity (psychology)
- In music, musical similarity
- In chemistry, chemical similarity

## Related pages

- Difference
- Equality (mathematics)
- Identity (philosophy)
Notepad

**Notepad** is a word processing program, which allows changing of text in a computer file.  Notepad was created by the Microsoft corporation.  It is a text editor, a very simple word processor.  It has been a part of Microsoft Windows since 1985. The program has options such as changing the font, the font size, and the font style. The most common use for Notepad is to view or change (edit) text (.txt) files, though .dat and .ini files can be changed in Notpad as well. Many users find Notepad a simple program for creating webpages.

Unlike using special software programs to create webpages, a Notepad user must write their webpages directly in the HTML markup language.
Max Planck

**Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck** (April 23, 1858 in Kiel – October 4, 1947 in Göttingen) was a physicist from Germany. He discovered quantum mechanics. He won the Nobel Prize in physics.

## Life

Planck came from an old fashioned, intelligent family.  His great-grandfather and grandfather were both theology professors in Göttingen; his father was a law professor in Kiel and Munich; and his paternal uncle was a judge.

Planck was born in Kiel, Holstein, to Johann Julius Wilhelm Planck and his second wife, Emma Patzig. He was baptised with the name of _Karl Ernst Ludwig Marx Planck_; of his given names, _Marx_ (a now not used variant of _Markus_ or maybe simply an error for _Max_, which is actually short for _Maximilian_) was indicated as the primary name. However, by the age of ten he signed with the name _Max_ and used this for the rest of his life.

He was the sixth child in the family, although two of his brothers and sisters were from his father's first marriage. Among his earliest memories was the marching of Prussian and Austrian troops into Kiel during the Danish-Prussian war of 1864. In 1867 the family moved to Munich, and Planck enrolled in the Maximilians gymnasium school, where he came under the tutelage of Hermann Müller, a mathematician who took an interest in the youth, and taught him astronomy and mechanics as well as mathematics. It was from Müller that Planck first learned the principle of conservation of energy. Planck graduated early, at age 17. This is how Planck first came in contact with the field of physics.

## Other websites

- Reflexions a propòsit de la teoria dels quanta (Simone Weil)

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Max Planck
- **image**: Max Planck (1858-1947).jpg
- **image size**: 200px
- **birth place**: Kiel, Holstein
- **death place**: Göttingen, West Germany
- **nationality**: Germany, German
- **field**: Physics
- **alma mater**: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
- **work institutions**: University of Kiel
Frederick William University
University of Göttingen
Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft
- **doctoral advisor**: Alexander von Brill
- **doctoral students**: Gustav Ludwig Hertz
Erich Kretschmann
Walther Meißner
Walter Schottky
Max von Laue
Max Abraham
Moritz Schlick
Walther Bothe
Julius Edgar Lilienfeld
- **known for**: Planck constant
Planck postulate
Planck's law, Planck's law of black body radiation
- **signature**: Max Planck signature.jpg
- **footnotes**: He is the father of Erwin Planck who was executed in 1945 by the Gestapo for his part in the 20 July plot.
Jay Leno

**James Douglas Muir** "**Jay**" **Leno** (; born April 28, 1950) is an American actor, comedian, producer, writer, television host and television presenter.

## Early life

Leno was born **James Douglas Muir Leno** in New Rochelle, New York on April 28, 1950. His mother Catherine (née Muir; 1911–1993) was a homemaker. She was born in Greenock, Scotland and came to the United States at the age of 11. Leno's father, Angelo (1910–1994), was an insurance salesman, who was born in New York, to immigrants from Flumeri, Italy. Leno grew up in Andover, Massachusetts and even though his high school guidance counselor recommended that he drop out of school, he later obtained a Bachelor's degree in speech therapy from Emerson College, where he started a comedy club in 1973. Leno's only sibling was his late older brother Patrick, who was a Vietnam veteran and a lawyer.

### _The Tonight Show_

Leno worked on late night television. He became host of _The Tonight Show_ in 1992 when Johnny Carson retired. In 2007, during the writer's strike, Leno sided with the writers, even though he returned to his show after two months (without the writers besides himself) so that his staff would not be out of work. Despite leading the late-night ratings, he was forced out as host of the Tonight Show in 2009 to make way for Conan O'Brien. On March 1, 2010, became _The Tonight Show_ host once again, because of poor ratings with both himself and Conan O'Brien. Leno hosted his last episode of the Tonight Show on February 6, 2014.

### _The Jay Leno Show_

He was a star of a primetime comedy show, _The Jay Leno Show_, which ran from September 14, 2009 to February 9, 2010.

### Acting

He guest-starred twice on the Nickelodeon TV series _The Fairly OddParents_ as the Crimson Chin. His character's name uses the fact that Leno has a large and square chin.

## Personal life

Since 1980, Leno has been married to Mavis Leno; they have no children. Leno is dyslexic.

## Other websites

- Official _Tonight Show with Jay Leno_ web site
- Jay Leno's Car Collection
- Jay Leno's Columns at Octane magazine
- _The New York Times_ on Leno's affiliation with McPherson College
- Live performance videos from the Tonight Show

## Infobox (comedian)

- **embed**: yes
- **signature**: Jay Leno Autograph.svg


## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Jay Leno
- **image**: Jay Leno 2019 crop.jpg
- **caption**: Leno in June 2019
- **birth name**: James Douglas Muir Leno
- **birth place**: New Rochelle, New York, U.S.
- **alma mater**: Emerson College
- **years active**: 1976–present