juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Health in Canada

Life expectancy at birth in Canada was 79.3 years for men and 84 years for women in 2022.  For people aged 65 it was 19.5 years for men and 22.3 years for women.  This is a little better than average of OECD countries.

25% of Canadians have a body-mass index of 30 or higher—a measure of obesity. This is less than the  40% in the U.S.A, but twice the rate in Norway, Sweden, and Switzerland. Canada ranked 4th in the eleven countries for the number of suicides per 100,000 compared, with a rate of 11.8 per 100,000 compared to the U.S. rate of 13.9 which was the highest of the eleven wealthy countries.  From 2000 to 2015, the number of preventable deaths caused by treatable health conditions—diabetes, high blood pressure or some cancers—dropped from 109 to 72 deaths per 100,000.

Canada is suffering from the opioid crisis as fentanyl has replaced heroin.  13,000 people have died in British Columbia since 2016 when the local health authorities declared a state of emergency. This is the main cause of death in the province for people aged between 10 and 59.
Stressed Out (A Tribe Called Quest song)

"**Stressed Out**" is a 1996 song by A Tribe Called Quest featuring Faith Evans. It is the second single from their fourth studio album _Beats, Rhymes and Life_ and went to number 33 in the United Kingdom, number 81 in Scotland and number 15 on the Billboard Hot Rap Songs chart.

### 12" single

**A-side**
1. "Stressed Out" (Baby Phife Version - Full)
1. "Stressed Out" (Raphael Saadiq's Remix)
1. "Stressed Out" (LP Version)

**B-side**
1. "1nce Again" (LP Version)
1. "1nce Again" (Jay Dee's Instrumental)
1. "Stressed Out" (Baby Phife Instrumental)

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Stressed Out
- **type**: single
- **artist**: A Tribe Called Quest featuring Faith Evans
- **album**: Beats, Rhymes and Life
- **b-side**: 1nce Again
- **released**: November 11, 1996
- **genre**: East Coast hip hop
- **length**: 4:58
- **label**: Jive Records
- **writer**: Q-Tip (musician), Kamaal Fareed, Ali Shaheed Muhammad, Consequence (rapper), Dexter Mills, Phife Dawg, Malik Taylor, Faith Evans, J Dilla, James Yancey, Gary Taylor (singer/songwriter), Gary Taylor
- **producer**: The Ummah
- **chronology**: A Tribe Called Quest
- **prev title**: 1nce Again
- **prev year**: 1996
- **next title**: Find a Way (A Tribe Called Quest song), Find a Way
- **next year**: 1998
Purdue Pharma

**Purdue Pharma** started as the **Purdue Frederick Company** in 1892. It was an American privately held pharmaceutical company in New York.  Arthur, Mortimer, and Raymond Sackler bought it in 1952.  They concentrated on pain management and advertised their drugs to doctors.    Purdue Pharma L.P  was created in 1991.

In 1996, Purdue Pharma started selling OxyContin, a new version of oxycodone, an opioid.  It was approved by the FDA in 1995 after no long-term studies and no assessment of how addictive it was. Their advertising to doctors was very effective. The drug was very successful and made  US$35 billion for Purdue.  It is very easy to be addicted to it.  From 1999 to 2020 opioids killed about 500,000 people in the USA.

In 2007 the company was fined $634.5 million for misleading people  about how addictive OxyContin was compared to other pain medicine.  They carried on selling opioids until 2019. The company and the Sackler family were sued by hundreds of people and many American states.  The company filed for bankruptcy.
Kingdom of Bosnia

The **Kingdom of Bosnia** was a monarchy in the Balkans that existed from 1377 to 1463. It was established by Tvrtko I, and collapsed in the Hungarian invasions of Matthias I. It became a nation from the Banate of Bosnia, which was a _de facto_ independent nation under Hungarian rule. The Banate became more and more independent from Hungary, and eventually became an independent Kingdom under Tvrtko I. After his death, the Kingdom had many internal problems, leading to a fight over who the king of Bosnia should be. This eventually led to Matthias I of Hungary invading the Kingdom to expand his influence over the Balkans.

## Infobox (former country)

- **conventional long name**: Kingdom of Bosnia
- **common name**: Bosnia
- **native name**: _Bosansko kraljevstvo_
Босанско краљевство
- **image map**: Medieval Bosnian State Expansion-en.svg
- **capital**: Visoko during the Middle Ages, Visoko
Jajce
Bobovac
- **religion**: CatholicismBosnian ChurchEastern Orthodoxy
- **demonym**: Bošnjani, Bosnian
- **government type**: Feudal monarchy
- **currency**: Bosnian Golden Coin
- **iso3166code**: omit
- **year end**: 1463
- **year start**: 1377
- **image map caption**: Medieval Bosnian State Expansion
- **title leader**: List of rulers of Bosnia, King
- **year leader1**: 1377–1391
- **leader1**: Tvrtko I <small>(first)</small>
- **year leader2**: 1461–1463
- **leader2**: Stephen Tomašević <small>(last)</small>
- **event start**: Coronation of Tvrtko I
- **date start**: 26 October
- **event end**: Ottoman conquest of Bosnia, Ottoman conquest
- **date end**: 5 June
- **p1**: Banate of Bosnia
- **s1**: Sanjak of Bosnia
- **flag p1**: Banate of Bosnia flag of Stjepan II Kotromanic (rotated).svg
- **border p1**: no
- **flag s1**: Flag of Independent Bosnia (1878).svg
- **era**: Middle Ages
Shirab Sengge

**Shirab Sengge** was a 14th century Mongol monk, teacher, and translator of several Buddhist scriptures into the Mongolian language. He was the disciple of Chosgi Odsir, a Buddhist monk who also translated Buddhist texts into Mongolian.
United States congressional delegations from Alabama

Since Alabama became a U.S. state in 1819, it has sent  congressional delegations to the United States Senate and United States House of Representatives. Each state votes for senators for 6 years. Each state also votes for a house representative for 2 years. Before become a state, the territory of Alabama elected a non-voting representative for Congress.

These are lists of the delegations from Alabama to the United States Congress.
Maurice, Prince of Orange

**Maurice of Orange** (14 November 1567 – 23 April 1625) was _stadtholder_ of all the provinces of the Dutch Republic except for Friesland from 1585 at the earliest until his death in 1625. Before he became Prince of Orange upon the death of his eldest half-brother Philip William in 1618, he was known as **Maurice of Nassau**.
Grey alien

**Gray aliens**, or just **Grays**, are a type of alien in Popular culture. They have big, black, almond-shaped eyes and gray skin that gives them their name. They appear in stories told by people who say they actually met aliens, as well as Science fiction. The emoji 👽 (or U+1F47D in Unicode) is usually rendered as a gray alien.
Cotacachi

**Cotacachi** is a town that is the seat of Cotacachi Canton, Imbabura Province, Ecuador, in South America. Cotacachi is located at an altitude of  and had a population of 8,848 in 2010.
Pseudophilautus pleurotaenia

The **side-striped shrub frog** (_Pseudophilautus pleurotaenia_) is a frog.  It lives in Sri Lanka. People have seen it about 684 meters above sea level.
Microsoft Expression Web

**Microsoft Expression Web** is a HTML editor and a web design software product. It was first released by Microsoft in 2006. Microsoft no longer supports it. The product was discontinued on December 20, 2012. It is now free to use. The product was a part of Expression Studio.

Expression Web can create webpages using HTML5, CSS 3, ASP.NET, PHP, JavaScript, XML+XSLT and XHTML. Expression Web 4 needs .NET Framework 4.0 and Silverlight 4.0 to run.

## Infobox (software)

- **name**: Microsoft Expression Web
- **caption**: Expression Web 4 running on Windows 8
- **developer**: Microsoft
- **discontinued**: yes
- **latest release version**: 4 (4.0.1460.0)
- **language**: English, Chinese (Simplified), Chinese (Traditional), French, German, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Spanish
- **operating system**: Windows XP SP3, Windows Vista, Windows 7, Windows 8
- **platform**: IA-32; DirectX, .NET Framework 4.0, Silverlight v4
- **genre**: HTML editor
- **license**: Freeware
- **website**: hide
Santiago Calatrava

**Santiago Calatrava Valls** (born 28 July 1951) is a Spanish-Swiss architect, structural engineer, sculptor and painter. He is known for his bridges, railway stations, stadiums, and museums.

His best-known works include the Olympic Sports Complex of Athens, the Milwaukee Art Museum, the Turning Torso tower in Malmö, Sweden, the World Trade Center Transportation Hub in New York City, the Auditorio de Tenerife in Santa Cruz de Tenerife, the Margaret Hunt Hill Bridge in Dallas, Texas, and his largest project, the City of Arts and Sciences and Opera House in Valencia.

## Other websites

- Great Buildings On-Line: Santiago Calatrava
- Extended profile of the architect in the NYRB, December 2006
- _The New Yorker_, 31 October 2005, "The Sculptor"
- _The Guardian_, 17 January 2006, "The Gaudí Effect"
- Pictures and profile at Specifier
- CNN interview with Santiago Calatrava

## Infobox (engineer)

- **image**: Calatrava IMG 2489.jpg
- **caption**: Calatrava in 2010
- **name**: Santiago Calatrava Valls
- **nationality**: Spanish-Swiss
- **birth place**: Valencia, Spain
- **education**: Polytecnic University of Valencia
ETH Zurich, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology
- **discipline**: Structural engineer, Architect, sculptor
- **institutions**: Institution of Structural Engineers
- **practice name**: Santiago Calatrava
- **significant projects**: Turning Torso
Athens Olympic Sports Complex
Auditorio de Tenerife
Alamillo bridge
Chords Bridge
Ciutat de les Arts i les Ciències
Liège-Guillemins railway station
Museum of Tomorrow
 World Trade Center station (PATH)
 Dubai Creek Tower
 St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church (Manhattan)
- **significant awards**: European Prize for Architecture
 AIA Gold Medal
IStructE Gold Medal
Eugene McDermott Award
Prince of Asturias Award
Auguste Perret Prize
Horror fiction

**Horror fiction** or just **horror** is fiction (of any medium) that is meant to frighten the audience. There are many different kinds of horror. Some of it deals with the supernatural, like ghosts and monsters, while other kinds are about scary things in the real world like serial killers or diseases.
Hylodes otavioi

The **Otavio tree toad** or **Otavio's stream frog** (_Hylodes otavioi_) is a frog.  It lives in Minas Gerais in Brazil.  People have seen it in exactly one place: Serra do Cipó.
Sante Spigarelli

**Sante Spigarelli** is an Italian archer. He was born on 31 October 1943. Spigarelli competed at the 1972 Summer Olympics, the 1976 Summer Olympics and the 1980 Summer Olympics.

## Infobox (sportsperson)

- **name**: Sante Spigarelli
- **nationality**: Italian
- **sport**: Archery
- **birth place**: Sigillo, Italy
Maria Testa

**Maria Testa** was an Italian archer. She was born on 5 February 1956 and died on 13 September 2009. Testa competed at the 1992 Summer Olympics.

## Infobox (sportsperson)

- **name**: Maria Testa
- **nationality**: Italian
- **sport**: Archery
- **birth place**: Rome, Italy
Jessica Tomasi

**Jessica Tomasi** is an Italian archer. She was born on 3 July 1986. Tomasi competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics.

## Biography

Jessica Tomasi started archery in 1996. She entered her first international competitions in 2000. Her first global podium came in 2011 when she won the gold in the women's classic archery team event.
Human Touch

***Human Touch*** is the ninth studio album by Bruce Springsteen. It was released on 31 March, 1992 along with its follow-up _Lucky Town_ through Columbia Records. It topped the album charts in the United Kingdom, Switzerland, Sweden, Spain, Italy, Norway and Austria and made number 2 in both the United States and Canada.

## Track listing

All music and lyrics by Bruce Springsteen, except where noted

### Unreleased outtakes

Springsteen's first album without the E Street Band featured numerous outtakes, many of which have been released. A cover of "Viva Las Vegas" was released as a B-side and on _The Essential Bruce Springsteen_, "Chicken Lips and Lizard Hips" was released on a children's album, and "30 Days Out" was also a B-side. "Part Man, Part Monkey", a track originally recorded during the _Tunnel of Love_ session and performed on that tour, was re-recorded and released as a B-side and on _Tracks_ along with other outtakes such as "Trouble In Paradise", "Sad Eyes", "Leavin' Train", "Seven Angels", "My Lover Man", "When the Lights Go Out", "Over the Rise", "Goin' Cali" and "Loose Change". "Trouble River" was released on _18 Tracks_. Springsteen also recorded "Red-Headed Woman", a tribute to his wife Patti Scialfa and a song performed often, eventually released as a live version on the _MTV Unplugged_ album, "Secret Garden", which would later get re-worked with the reunited E Street Band in 1995 for _Greatest Hits_, and "All the Way Home", a song Springsteen gave to Southside Johnny and one that Springsteen would not release until 2005's _Devils & Dust_.

- "Red Headed Woman"
- "Secret Garden"
- "All the Way Home"

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Human Touch
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: Bruce Springsteen
- **released**: March 31, 1992
- **recorded**: September 1989 – March 1991
- **studio**: A&M Studios, A&M
 Soundworks West
 Ocean Way Recording
 Westlake Recording Studios
 Record Plant (Los Angeles)
- **genre**: Rock music, Rock, Pop music, Pop
- **length**: 58:49
- **label**: Columbia Records, Columbia
- **producer**: Bruce Springsteen, Jon Landau, Chuck Plotkin, Roy Bittan
- **prev title**: Chimes of Freedom (EP), Chimes of Freedom
- **prev year**: 1988
- **next title**: Lucky Town
- **next year**: 1992
Ramón Freire

**Ramón Freire Serrano**  (November 29, 1787 – December 9, 1851) was a Chilean political figure. He was head of state on several occasions, and enjoyed a numerous following until the War of the Confederation. Ramón Freire was one of the principal leaders of the liberal _Pipiolo_ movement. He has been praised by historian Gabriel Salazaras the most democratic leader of the early republican period in Chile.
Mateo de Toro Zambrano

**Mateo de Toro Zambrano y Ureta**, I Count of La Conquista (September 20, 1727 - February 26, 1811), was a Spanish military and political figure of Criollo descent. He held the position of a knight in the Order of Santiago and was the lord of the Toro-Zambrano estate. He was also the President of Chile.
Juan Martínez de Rozas

**Juan Martínez de Rozas Correa** (December 28, 1758 – May 16, 1813) was a Chilean lawyer and politician, he was also the first leader in the Chilean fight for independence.
Braulio Carrillo Colina

**Braulio Evaristo Carrillo Colina** (March 20, 1800, Cartago, Costa Rica – May 15, 1845) was the Head of State of Costa Rica. That is the title for the President of Costa Rica before the reform of 1848. He was the Head of State two times. The first was between 1835 and 1837. The other between 1838 and 1842.
Manuel Aguilar Chacón

**Manuel Aguilar Chacón** (12 August 1797, San José, Costa Rica – 7 July 1846) was head of state of Costa Rica from April 1837 to March 1838.
José Bernardo de Tagle

**José Bernardo de Tagle y Portocarrero**, **4th Marquis of Torre Tagle** (21 March 1779 – 26 September 1825), was a Peruvian soldier and politician who served as the Interim President of Peru in 1823 as well as the second President of Peru from 1823 to 1824.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: The Marquess of Torre Tagle
- **image**: José Bernardo de Tagle by José Gil de Castro.jpg
- **caption**: Portrait by José Gil de Castro
- **nationality**: Peruvian
- **order**: 2nd List of Presidents of Peru, President of Peru
- **vicepresident**: Diego de Aliaga
- **term start**: 17 July 1823
- **term end**: 17 February 1824
- **predecessor**: Antonio José de Sucre
Francisco Valdivieso y Prada
- **successor**: Simón Bolívar
- **birth date**: 21 March 1779
- **birth place**: Lima, Colonial Peru
- **death place**: El Callao, Peru
- **profession**: Soldier
José de la Riva Agüero

**José Mariano de la Cruz de la Riva Agüero y Sánchez Boquete**, Marquess of Montealegre de Aulestia (3 May 1783 – 21 May 1858) was a soldier, politician, and historian who served as the 1st President of Peru and 2nd President of North Peru. He was the first Head of State who had the title of President of the Republic.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: José de la Riva Agüero
- **image**: Jose_de_la_Riva_Aguero_Sanchez_Boquete.JPG
- **order**: 1st President of Peru
- **successor**: José Bernardo de Tagle
Francisco Valdivieso y Prada <small>(interim)</small>
- **order2**: 2nd President of North Peru
- **predecessor2**: Luis José de Orbegoso
- **birth place**: Lima, Peru
- **death place**: Lima, Peru
Agustín Gamarra

**Agustín Gamarra Messia** (27 August 1785 – 18 November 1841) was a Peruvian soldier and politician, who served as the 4th and 6th President of Peru.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Agustín Gamarra
- **image**: Agustin Gamarra.jpg
- **nationality**: Peruvian
- **order**: 4th and 6th President of Peru
- **term start2**: 1 September 1829
- **term end2**: 20 December 1833
- **vicepresident2**: Antonio Gutiérrez de la Fuente
- **predecessor2**: Antonio Gutiérrez de la Fuente
- **successor2**: Luis José de Orbegoso
- **term start**: 25 August 1838
- **term end**: 18 November 1841
- **predecessor**: Andrés de Santa Cruz
- **successor**: Manuel Menéndez
- **birth place**: Cuzco, Peru
- **death place**: Ingavi, Bolivia
- **spouse**: Francisca Zubiaga y Bernales
- **profession**: Soldier
- **allegiance**:

- **branch**: Royal Army of Peru
 Peruvian Army
- **serviceyears**: 1809–1821
1821–1841
- **rank**: Colonel (Spain)
Grand marshal (Peru)
- **battles**: Bolivian War of Independence
Cuzco Rebellion of 1814
Peruvian War of Independence
Gran Colombia–Peru War
Peruvian-Bolivian War of 1841-1842
Luis José de Orbegoso

**Luis José de Orbegoso y Moncada-Galindo, de Burutarán y Morales** (August 25, 1795 – February 5, 1847), was an aristocratic Peruvian soldier and politician, who served as the 5th President of Peru as well as the first President of North Peru. This was a time of profound social instability and continuing civil war.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Luis José de Orbegoso
- **image**: Orbegoso1.jpg
- **caption**: Portrait by José Gil de Castro
- **nationality**: Peruvian
- **order**: 5th
- **office**: President of Peru
- **term start**: December 21, 1833
- **term end**: February 23, 1835
- **predecessor**: Agustín Gamarra
- **successor**: Felipe Santiago Salaverry
- **order2**: 1st President of North Peru
- **term start2**: 21 August 1837
- **term end2**: 30 July 1838
- **predecessor2**: (Republic created)
- **successor2**: José de la Riva Agüero
- **order3**: 1st President of Peruvian Republic (1838–1839), _North Peru_
- **term start3**: 30 July 1838
- **term end3**: 21 August 1838
- **predecessor3**: (Republic created)
- **successor3**: Agustín Gamarra <small>(as President of Peru)</small>
- **birth date**: August 25, 1795
- **birth place**: Chuquizongo, Huamachuco
- **death place**: Trujillo, Peru
- **profession**: Soldier
Wulin (disambiguation)

**Wulin** is the ancient name and chiefly literary or poetic synonym of Hangzhou, China.

**Wulin** may also refer to:

## Places in Hangzhou

- Wulin Lakes (武林水), the ancient name of West Lake in Hangzhou
- Wulin Academy of Arts (武林書畫院), the art academy of Hangzhou
- Wulin Square (武林廣場), a public square in Hangzhou

## Martial arts

- Wulin (武林), the fictional society of Chinese martial arts heroes in Wuxia fiction.
Morality and religion

Religion and morality are not the same thing. There is often a link between **morality and religion** but this is not always true. The religion of a person will often affect the moral values of that person. Most religions have ideas as to what is right or wrong, or how a person should behave in a given situation. Most civilizations also have a moral code that that group of people find acceptable. These two codes are not always the same. Religion are often built around  on morality. They will often develop alongside morality, but morality does not always depend upon religion. People who do not follow a religion also have moral values. In some cases, political leaders say what people should see as right or wrong. Philosophical frameworks such as consequentialism, freethought, utilitarianism and humanism also have a moral component. None of these are influenced by religion.
High Hopes (Tim Scott McConnell song)

"**High Hopes**" is a song written by songwriter Tim Scott McConnell and recorded by Bruce Springsteen and E Street Band. It was taken from his EP _Blood Brothers (EP)_. It was originally recorded by Tim Scott McConnell in 1985.

## 2013 re-recording

In November 2013, Springsteen released a new recording of the single and used it as the title track to his 18th studio album _High Hopes_. It went to number 15 on the Billboard Adult Alternative Songs chart.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: High Hopes
- **artist**: Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band
- **album**: Blood Brothers (EP)
- **released**: 1995
- **recorded**: January 1995
- **genre**: Rock and roll, Rock
- **length**: 4:20
- **label**: Columbia Records, Columbia
- **writer**: Tim Scott McConnell
- **producer**: Bruce Springsteen and Jon Landau


## Infobox (song)

- **name**: High Hopes
- **type**: single
- **artist**: Bruce Springsteen
- **album**: High Hopes (Bruce Springsteen album), High Hopes
- **released**: November 25, 2013
- **recorded**: March 2013
Studios 301, Sydney
- **genre**: Alternative rock, funk rock
- **length**: 4:56
- **label**: Columbia Records, Columbia
- **writer**: Tim Scott McConnell
- **producer**: Ron Aniello and Bruce Springsteen
- **prev title**: Death to My Hometown
- **prev year**: 2012
- **next title**: American Beauty
- **next year**: 2014
Amna Abdullatif

**Amna Abdullatif**  is a member of Manchester City Council  representing the Ardwick ward since 2019. She works as a community psychologist in voluntary organisations. She was elected as a Labour councillor.  She is the first Arab Muslim woman councillor in the city. She resigned from the party in October 2023 as a protest against  what she said were "horrifying comments" by  Keir Starmer about the 2023 Israel–Hamas war.  She said he showed a "lack of humanity" to Palestinians.

In 2021 she organised a petition to ban racists from football games.  It got three quarters of a million signatures in 24 hours.  After UEFA Euro 2020  racist social media posts were made at footballers Marcus Rashford, Jadon Sancho and Bukayo Saka.

She set up The Three Hijabis as an anti-racist platform with two other British Muslim women football fans who wear the hijab, Shaista Aziz and Huda Jawad.

In 2016 she was given an award by the Remembering Srebrenica organisation.
No Secrets (song)

"**No Secrets**" is a 1980 song by Australian rock band The Angels. It is the leading single from their fourth studio album _Dark Room_ and went to number 8 in Australia.

## Track listing

**Epic Records ES 417**
1. "No Secrets" (Graham Bidstrup, Doc Neeson) - 4:17
1. "Staring Voices" (Doc Neeson, John Brewster, Rick Brewster, Graham Buzz" Bidstrup) -  2:39

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: No Secrets
- **type**: single
- **artist**: The Angels (Australian band), The Angels
- **album**: Dark Room (The Angels album), Dark Room
- **genre**: Hard rock
- **length**: 4:17
- **label**: Epic Records, Epic
- **writer**: Graham "Buzz" Bidstrup, Doc Neeson
- **prev title**: Shadow Boxer
- **prev year**: 1979
- **next title**: Poor Baby (song), Poor Baby
- **next year**: 1980
Disfranchisement

**Disenfranchisement**, **disfranchisement** or **voter disqualification** is removing the right to vote from people. This means that people who would normally have the right to vote - or to be elected in the place where they live - cannot do that.

There are different reasons, why this is done. The most common ones are:

- Age - most countries set a minimum age. People that are younger usually cannot vote. Sometimes, there also is a maximum age. The age for voting and that for being elected are different. The minimum age for voting is usually close to that of turning adult. Often it is slightly different, though. See: voting age.
- Gender - while most counties have changed that, there are still some which do not allow women to vote, or be elected. See: women's suffrage.
- Citizenship / Place of residence -  In many cases, only the citizens can vote in the country where they live. In some cases, foreigners who have lived in the country for a long time can also vote in certain elections. The right to vote of citizens that live outside the country is sometimes restricted.
- Disability - In certain countries, people with certain disabilities cannot vote in elections. These disabilities usually refer to mental illnesses, and not for making voting stations wheelchair accessible, or for providing voting material for blind people, for example. The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities says that people with disabilities cannot be excluded from voting or being elected, because of their disability.
- Illness - People with certain mental illnesses have trouble telling what is real, or they have trouble seeing what is right or wrong. These people are usually excluded from voting or being elected.
- Crime - people who committed a crime, and are sent to prison because of that crime are sometimes excluded from voting.
Pseudophilautus stictomerus

The **orange-canthal shrub frog** (_Pseudophilautus stictomerus_) is a frog.  It lives in southwestern Sri Lanka. People have seen it between 60 and 515 meters above sea level.
Roelof van der Merwe

**Roelof Erasmus van der Merwe** is a Dutch-South African International cricketer who has played for both South Africa and the Netherlands internationally. He was born on 31 December 1984 in Johannesburg, Transvaal.

He played 13 One Day Internationals (ODIs) and several Twenty20 Internationals for South Africa between 2009 and 2011. In June 2015, van der Merwe got the Netherlands passport and he immediately made himself available for Netherlands cricket team and was selected in the Netherlands squad for the 2015 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier in July.

## International career

In the 2023 Cricket World Cup, he played an important role in Netherlands win over South Africa by scoring 29 runs off 19 balls and taking two wickets for 34 runs in his nine overs.

## Other websites

- Roelof van der Merwe from Cricbuzz
- Roelof van der Merwe from ESPNcricinfo

## Infobox (cricketer)

- **name**: Roelof van der Merwe
- **image**: Roelof van der Merwe.jpg
- **batting**: Right-handed
- **bowling**: Slow left-arm orthodox
- **role**: All-rounder
- **image size**: 230px
- **caption**: Van der Merwe bowling for Somerset in 2016
- **international**: true
- **odidebutdate**: 5 April
- **odidebutyear**: 2009
- **odidebutagainst**: Australia
- **lastodidate**: 17 October
- **lastodiyear**: 2023
- **lastodiagainst**: South Africa
- **odidebutfor**: South Africa
- **lastodifor**: Netherlands
- **country**: South Africa
- **country2**: Netherlands
- **odishirt**: 52
- **internationalspan**: 2009–2011
- **internationalspan2**: 2015–present
- **t20idebutdate**: 29 March
- **t20idebutyear**: 2009
- **t20idebutfor**: South Africa
- **t20idebutagainst**: Australia
- **lastt20idate**: 6 November
- **lastt20iyear**: 2022
- **lastt20ifor**: Netherlands
- **lastt20iagainst**: South Africa
- **t20ishirt**: 52
- **source**: https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/roelof-van-der-merwe-47850 ESPNcricinfo
- **date**: 18 October
- **year**: 2023
- **birth date**: 31 December 1984
- **birth place**: Johannesburg, Transvaal
- **nickname**: Bulldog
Université de Montréal

The **Université de Montréal** (**UdeM**; French pronunciation: [ynivɛʁsite də mɔ̃ʁeal]; translates to **University of Montreal**) is a French-language public research university in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. The university's main campus is located in the Côte-des-Neiges neighborhood of Côte-des-Neiges–Notre-Dame-de-Grâce on Mount Royal near the Outremont Summit (also called Mount Murray), in the borough of Outremont. There are thirteen faculties, more than sixty departments and two affiliated schools: the Polytechnique Montréal (School of Engineering; formerly the École polytechnique de Montréal) and HEC Montréal (School of Business). It offers more than 650 undergraduate programmes and graduate programmes, including 71 doctoral programmes.

The university was founded as part of the Université Laval in 1878. It became an independent institution after it was issued a papal charter in 1919 and a provincial charter in 1920. Université de Montréal moved from Montreal's Quartier Latin to its present location at Mount Royal in 1942. It was made a secular institution with the passing of another provincial charter in 1967.

It is co-educational, and has 34,335 undergraduate and 11,925 post-graduate students (excluding affiliated schools).
University of Alberta

The **University of Alberta** is a public research university in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. It was started in 1908 by Alexander Cameron Rutherford, the first premier of Alberta, and Henry Marshall Tory, the university's first president.

There are  four campuses in Edmonton, an Augustana Campus in Camrose, and a staff centre in downtown Calgary.  There are 39,000 students.  It has 18 faculties.
Fernando Márquez de la Plata

**Fernando Márquez de la Plata y Orozco** (30 August 1740 – 17 December 1818) was a Spanish colonial functionary, and a member of the First Government Junta of Chile.<nowiki/>he is president of Chile.
Juan Antonio Ovalle

**Juan Antonio Ovalle y Morales** (<abbr>c.</abbr> 1750 – July 12, 1819) was a Chilean politician, lawyer and landowner. He served as the first president of the First National Congress of Chile where he was elected as deputy for Santiago.

His tenure as congressman came to an end following the 1811 coup d'état when José Miguel Carrera issued a decree decreasing the number of deputies for Santiago. He was subsequently confined to his estancia in Curacaví.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Juan Antonio Ovalle
- **image**: HipolitoVillegas.jpg
- **caption**: Juan Antonio Ovalle
- **office1**: President of the Chamber of Deputies of Chile, President of First National Congress of Chile
- **term start1**: 4 July 1811
- **term end1**: 29 July 1811
- **successor1**: Martín Calvo Encalada
- **office2**: Member of the Chamber of Deputies of Chile
- **term start2**: 4 July 1811
- **term end2**: 2 December 1811
- **successor2**: Dissolution of position
- **office3**: Procurator of Santiago
- **term end3**: May 1810
- **birth place**: Captaincy General of Chile
- **death date**: 12 July 1819
- **death place**: Santiago, Chile
- **profession**: Lawyer
Vardavar

**Vardavar** is a festival in Armenia where people throw water at each other. It is celebrated 98 days (14 weeks) after Easter.

The celebrations related to the religious observance of Astghik were initially called "Vartavar" because Armenians used to offer her roses as a symbol of celebration. The word "vart" means "rose" in Armenian, and "var" means "rise". The event was traditionally celebrated during the harvest season.
Blockade of the Gaza Strip (2023)

During the **Blockade of the Gaza Strip (2023)**, Israel stopped Gaza from receiving aid and supplies. This was part of the 2023 Israel–Hamas war.

During this blockade, Israel restricted supplies such as food, water, and medicine. It also restricted fuel and electricity. The Israeli Energy Minister, Israel Katz stated that the blockade would not be lifted until hostages captured by Hamas were released and safely returned to their countries.

Israel's blockade was partly a response to Hamas's offensive against them. The blockade began in the Gaza Strip on 9 October 2023.

Even though the blockade was lifted after couple of weeks, it resulted in a serious humanitarian crisis.

## Related pages

- Gaza genocide
- Gaza humanitarian crisis (2023–present)
- Blockade of the Gaza Strip
Gaza–Israel conflict

The Gaza–Israel conflict is a long-running dispute between the Gaza Strip, a Palestinian territory, and Israel. It involves political, territorial, and security issues and has often led to violence. Key issues include border control, security concerns, and the political self-determination of Palestinians in Gaza.

## Background

In 2005, Israel unilaterally withdrew from the Gaza Strip by dismantling all Israeli settlements there. This move aimed to improve security and reduce friction with Palestinians. However, it left a power vacuum that Hamas filled in 2007 after a brief civil conflict with Fatah.

After Hamas took control, Israel and Egypt imposed a blockade on Gaza, restricting the movement of people and goods. Israel and Egypt state that the blockade is necessary to prevent weapons smuggling and attacks by Hamas and other militant groups. Critics, including some human rights organizations, argue that the blockade has severe humanitarian effects and restricts everyday life for residents.

Some organizations, including Human Rights Watch, have described the Gaza Strip as an "open-air prison" because of the restrictions on movement. However, this description is not universally accepted and is presented as the view of these organizations.

International efforts have tried to find a peaceful resolution to the conflict, but it remains unresolved.

## Related pages

- Israel–Hamas war (2023–present)
- Blockade of the Gaza Strip

## Infobox (military conflict)

- **conflict**: Gaza–Israel conflict
- **partof**: the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, the spillover of the Sinai insurgency and the Iran–Israel proxy conflict
- **image**:
- **caption**: Maps of Gaza and Israel
- **date**: 28 June 2006 – _ongoing_
()
- **combatant1**: Gaza Strip
* Al-Qassam Brigades
- **combatant2**: * Israeli Defense Forces
Ben Nicholson

**Benjamim _Ben_ Nicholson**, (10 April 1894 – 6 February 1982) was an English painter. He became famous for his abstract paintings, sometimes in low relief, landscapes, and still lives. A leading name in British art of the 20th century, his second wife was the sculptor Barbara Hepworth.
Elena Tonetta

**Elena Tonetta** is an Italian archer. She was born on 8 June 1988. Tonetta competed at the 2008 Summer Olympics.

Tonetta's final ranking round score at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing was 595 points.  She faced 10th seed Ana Rendón in the opening round of the competition, earning her the 55th seed in the final round.  Both archers scored 106 in the regular match, but the Colombian archer proved too powerful only after an extra round.  Tonetta scored nine points and Rendón scored ten in the extra round.  She participated in the team event alongside Pia Carmen Lionetti and Natalia Valeeva.  After the ranking round, the Italian team stood in ninth place with her 595 ranking round score, Valeeva's 634, and Lionetti's 613.
Gernot Messner

**Gernot Messner** (10 October   1980 in Villach) is a former Austrian football player in the position of a midfielder. He is the manager of Grazer AK.

## Career

Messner began his career at SV Spittal/Drau. At the age of 20, he moved to SK Rapid Wien. There he didn't get beyond the reserve role . After half a season he moved to SV Austria Salzburg. There he became a regular player, but was often set back by injuries. He made his league debut on 21September   2002 in the game against FC Admira Wacker Mödling.

Due to the takeover from Red Bull to FC Red Bull Salzburg, he was no longer planned and so he moved to FC Kärnten, where he played for two years. Since 2007 he played for Wolfsberger AC . 2009 they were promoted to the Bundesliga. He spent another season in the Bundesliga . Then he played for the club's amateurs from the 2013/14 season on. In January 2017 he moved to SK St. Andrä. There he ended his playing career after the 2016/17 season.

## Manager career

From the 2013/14 season, Messner acted as a playing assistant coach for the Wolfsberger amateurs. For the 2015/16 season he took over as head coach at fifth-class SK St. Andrä. After two seasons in St. Andrä, he returned to the WAC for the 2017/18 season. There he became head coach of the U-18s in the academy. In August 2018 he was promoted to head of the academy. In the second half of the 2018/19 season he also coached the U-18s again.

In December 2021 Messner left Wolfsberg and became coach of the second division team Grazer AK. In the 2023-24 the club was promoted to the Austrian Bundesliga.
Yoshiko Akiyama

**Yoshiko Akiyama** is a Japanese archer. She was born on 10 December 1949. Akiyama competed at the 1972 Summer Olympics.
Mayumi Asano

**Mayumi Asano** is a Japanese archer. She was born on 27 June 1976. Asano competed at the 2000 Summer Olympics.

## Other websites

- Mayumi Asano at Olympedia

## Infobox (sportsperson)

- **name**: Mayumi Asano
- **nationality**: Japanese
- **sport**: Archery
- **birth place**: Saga Prefecture, Saga, Japan
Bombay cat

The **Bombay cat** is a breed of cat. It is one of the most common cats in Europe.

## History

Bombay cat was developed by Nikki Horner in 1958 in Louisville, Kentucky, USA. This breed was developed to resemble a black panther. The breed was created by crossing Burmese with American Shorthair.

## Appearance

Bombay cat has gold or copper eyes and black fur. It looks a lot like Burmese. It has a medium build and is muscular. It weighs between 2.5 and 5.4 kilograms, with males usually being heavier than females.

## Infobox (catbreed)

- **name**: Bombay
- **image**: Bombay femelle.JPG
- **imagecaption**: Photo of a common Bombay cat
- **country**: United States
- **ticastd**: https://web.archive.org/web/20230929131217/https://www.tica.org/phocadownload/bu-bo.pdf
- **cfastd**: https://web.archive.org/web/20230929132100/https://cfa.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/bombay-standard.pdf
- **acfastd**: http://www.acfacat.com/Breed%20Standards/BIRMAN.pdf
- **ccastd**: https://www.cca-afc.com/documents/BreedStandards/BOMBAY_20200203_001217.pdf
- **acfstd**: https://www.acf.asn.au/notices/notices/standards/Group%20Three/Bombay.pdf
- **nickname**: Bombaim
- **origin**: United States Thailand
- **breeds**: Bombay
- **landrace**: United States
Brazilian Shorthair

The **Brazilian Shorthair** is a breed of cat. This cat breed was first developed in 1980.

## Appearance

Brazilian Shorthair is a medium-sized cat that weighs about 22 pounds (9.9 kg). It is 10 pounds (4.5 kg) heavier than the average weight of other cat breeds. The cat is elegant in appearance and has a slender body.

The fur is glossy, silky and soft. It is short, so it does not require frequent combing. The coat consists of all patterns in black, tabby, white tabby.

## Behavior

Brazilian Shorthairs are active, affectionate and playful. They are also a very lively cat.

## Other websites

- WCF Breed Standard
- One In A Brazilian: Jean Grey, Our Neighborhood Brazilian Shorthair Cat

## Infobox (catbreed)

- **name**: Brazilian Shorthair
- **image**: Gato pelo curto brasileiro.JPG
- **wcfstd**: https://wcf.de/pdf-en/breed/BRA_en_2010-01-01.pdf
Cullen Gilchrist

**Cullen Gilchrist** is the Chief Executive Officer and co-founder of Union Kitchen.

## Early life and career

Cullen went to Dartmouth high school.  He later joined Dartmouth College and graduated with a degree in Economics and Sociology. He started his career as an intern in finance. He later switched to food business. Cullen moved to Washington D.C. and worked at Think Food Group as a manager. In 2012, he co-founded Blind Dog Cafe.

## Union Kitchen

Cullen co-founded Union Kitchen in 2012 to incubate new food businesses in Washington D.C. The company established an incubation process called accelerator program. The program had four phases namely Launch, Product Market Fit, Growth, and Scale.The company introduced a $20M Series A investment fund called the Union Kitchen Fund.

## Other websites

- Cullen Gilchrist

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Cullen Gilchrist
- **image**: Cullen Gilchrist.jpg
- **nationality**: United States
- **citizenship**: Americans, American
- **alma mater**: Dartmouth College
- **years active**: 2012 - Present
- **known for**: Chief Executive Officer and founder of Union Kitchen
Zooropa (song)

"**Zooropa**" is a 1993 song by Irish rock band U2. It is the title track and the opening track to their eighth studio album _Zooropa_. Promotional recordings of the song were released in both the United States and Mexico and the art cover features the European Union flag.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Zooropa
- **type**: promo
- **alt**: A white outline of a baby's head inside of an oval space helmet, set against a black background. The baby looks directly at the viewer. Twelve yellow five-pronged stars encircle the baby's head. Above the stars is a golden coloured rectangular box with the words U2 and Zooropa written in black capital letters inside of it.
- **caption**: Mexico promotional release
- **artist**: U2
- **album**: Zooropa
- **recorded**: March–May 1993
- **genre**: Alternative rock
- **composer**: U2
- **lyricist**: Bono
- **label**: Island Records, Island
Only Women Bleed

"**Only Women Bleed**" is a 1975 song by Alice Cooper and is the second single from his studio album _Welcome to My Nightmare_. It went to number 12 in the United States, number 21 in New Zealand, number 1 in Canada and number 50 in Australia. It was covered by Julie Covington in 1977 and went to number 12 in the United Kingdom.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Only Women Bleed
- **type**: single
- **artist**: Alice Cooper
- **album**: Welcome to My Nightmare
- **b-side**: "Cold Ethyl" <small>(US)</small>
"Devil's Food" <small>(Europe)</small>
- **released**: April 1975
- **genre**: Soft rock
- **length**: (album version)[https://www.allmusic.com/album/welcome-to-my-nightmare-mw0000651399]
- **label**: Atlantic Records, Atlantic
- **writer**: * Alice Cooper
* Dick Wagner
- **producer**: Bob Ezrin
- **prev title**: Muscle of Love
- **prev year**: 1974
- **next title**: Department of Youth (song), Department of Youth
- **next year**: 1975
Milad Salehpour

**Milad Salehpour** (born on January 3, 1991 in Tehran) is a Television presenter from Iran.

Milad Salehpour is the host of Khush Namak on IRIB Nasim.

## Other websites

- Khush Namak on IRIB Nasim

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Milad Salehpour
- **image**: میلاد صالح پور.jpg
- **image size**: 250px
- **nationality**: Iranian
- **occupation**: Television presenter
- **years active**: 2022-present
- **known for**: TV presenter of Khosh Namak program
Ohi Day

**Ohi Day** (or Oxi Day) is a day that people in Greece celebrate on 28 October (the actual date of it being 28 October 1940).

This is an event where people in Greece fought the Italians (the axis forces) during World War II over Greek land. On this day, an Italian messenger had come up to Ioannis Metaxas and proclaimed to him that if he did not give the Italians their land, there would be trouble. Metaxas, still in his pyjamas, formerly replied in French, "There will be war."

Men from all around Greece happily marched off to war, and eventually won the battle, the Italians having underestimated them. And that is Oxi Day.
Why Not Me (The Judds song)

"**Why Not Me**" is a 1984 song by country artists The Judds and is the title track to their debut studio album _Why Not Me_. It went to number 1 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs charts and number 3 on the Canadian RPM Country Tracks charts.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Why Not Me
- **type**: single
- **artist**: The Judds
- **album**: Why Not Me (album), Why Not Me
- **b-side**: Lazy Country Evening
- **released**: September 21, 1984
- **genre**: Country music, Country
- **length**: 3:29
- **label**: RCA Records Nashville, RCA Nashville/Curb Records, Curb
- **writer**: Harlan Howard
Sonny Throckmorton
Brent Maher
- **producer**: Brent Maher
- **prev title**: Mama He's Crazy
- **prev year**: 1984
- **next title**: Girls Night Out (The Judds song), Girls Night Out
- **next year**: 1985
I Need to Know (Marc Anthony song)

"**I Need to Know**" is a 1999 song by Latin singer Marc Anthony and is the leading single from his fourth studio album _Marc Anthony_. It went to number 3 in the United States, number 28 in the United Kingdom, number 20 in New Zealand and Australia, number 1 in Poland, number 5 in Canada, number 8 in Finland and number 18 in the Netherlands. It was nominated for a Grammy Award in 2000.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: I Need to Know
- **type**: single
- **artist**: Marc Anthony
- **album**: Marc Anthony (album), Marc Anthony
- **genre**: * Latin music (genre), Latin
* Pop music, pop
* Contemporary R&B, R&B
- **label**: Columbia Records, Columbia
- **writer**: * Marc Anthony
* Cory Rooney
- **producer**: * Marc Anthony
* Cory Rooney
- **prev title**: No Me Ames
- **prev year**: 1999
- **next title**: You Sang to Me
- **next year**: 2000
Snake (video game)

***Snake*** is a type of action video game where the player controls a growing line that looks like a snake. The goal is to avoid hitting obstacles and the snake's own body as it gets longer. This game originated in 1976 as a two-player arcade game called _Blockade_. The objective was to survive longer than the other player. Later, a single-player version was created where the snake grows longer by eating food like apples or eggs. Snake games are popular because they are simple and don't require advanced technology.

There are many versions of snake games available for different platforms, some with "snake" or "worm" in the title. The popularity of snake games increased when a version called _Snake_ was preloaded on Nokia mobile phones in 1998, reaching a larger audience.
1974 Ellice Islands self-determination referendum

A referendum on splitting from the Gilbert Islands was held in the Ellice Islands (which were together as the Gilbert and Ellice Islands at the time) between July and September 1974. It started in July in Tarawa in the Gilbert Islands before being taken to every person who lived in the Ellice Islands.

The result was 93% of voters deciding to split the colony, with a voter turnout of 88%. In October 1975, the islands were officially split into two colonies. Four years after the referendum, the islands became the country of Tuvalu, while the Gilbert Islands became Kiribati.

## Background

The 8 representatives of the Ellice Islands were concerned about the Gilbert Islands being the more powerful part of the territory. They had an inquiry held by the British representative Leslie Monson. The British government let them have the referendum.

Before the referendum, the British government said that if the colony split, the Ellice Islands would not get any of the Gilberts' phosphate revenues from Ocean Island and that the assets of the GEIC outside the Ellice Islands would be owned by the Gilbert Islands. However, all prominent Ellice Islands politicians except Isakala Paeniu still wanted to split.

## Results

The referendum had two options:
1. The establishment of a separate Ellice Islands Colony
1. To remain with the Gilberts as part of the GEIC and what the colony becomes when its status is altered.

|Choice|Votes|%|
| --- | --- | --- |
|Establishment of a separate colony|3,799|92.8|
|Remain part of the GEIC|293|7.2|
|Invalid/blank votes|40|–|
|**Total**|**4,132**|**100**|
|Registered voters/turnout|4,676|88.4|
|colspan=3 align=left|Source: Nohlen _et al._||

## Infobox (referendum)

- **date**: July–September 1974
- **title**: [_] The establishment of a separate Ellice Islands Colony.

[_] To remain with the Gilberts as part of the GEIC and what the colony becomes when its status is altered.
- **country**: Gilbert and Ellice Islands
- **no text**: Remain in the GEIC
- **yes**: 3,799
- **no**: 293
- **invalid**: 40
- **electorate**: 4676