juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Cait Corrain review bombing controversy

In late 2023, aspiring fantasy author Cait Corrain made multiple fake accounts on Goodreads to review bomb other authors of color. Del Rey Books and agent Rebecca Podos canceled their contracts with Corrain.

## Events

On December 5, 2023, Canadian author Xiran Jay Zhao posted on Twitter, "If you as a debut author are going to make a bunch of fake Goodreads accounts one-star-bombing fellow debuts you're threatened by can you at least not make it so obvious". Xiran named the author as Cait Corrain and shared a Google Doc showing screenshots of low ratings from accounts allegedly owned by Corrain.

The fantasy novel _Crown of Starlight_ was scheduled to be Cait Corrain's debut title, scheduled to be published on May 14, 2024 via Del Rey, a science fiction and fantasy imprint of Penguin Random House. As of December 12, Corrain was no longer represented by agent Rebecca Podos. Del Rey and UK publisher Daphne Press also cancelled their contracts with Corrain.

### Cait Corrain's responses

Corrain described the negative reviews as having been left by a friend. He provided screenshots of a Discord conversation with a friend, who was later found to be "non-existent". Online users also commented that the list of targeted authors included people of color. Corrain later issued an apology, claiming to have "suffered a complete psychological breakdown" after "fighting a losing battle against depression, alcoholism and substance abuse". They deactivated social media and entered an "intensive psychiatric care" facility on December 12, 2023.

## Reception

The controversy was cited by industry professionals as an example of abuses on Goodreads. A February 2024 interview with _The Daily Beast_ gave Corrain's side of the controversy. Corrain blamed the controversy on drug abuse, alcoholism, and ADHD medication, denying that racism played a role.
Osmium tetroxide

**Osmium tetroxide**, also called **osmium(VIII) oxide** or (non-systematically) **osmic acid**, is a chemical compound made of osmium and oxygen. It has the chemical formula . It is a Lewis acid, oxidising agent, and biological stain.

## Oxidiser

Osmium tetroxide is a useful oxidising agent in a name reaction called the Upjohn dihydroxylation. It reacts with alkenes to become cyclic osmate diesters. Water breaks apart the osmate, leaving a hydrated osmium(VI) compound and a diol. The diagram above shows osmium(VI) dioxide dihydroxide, but the actual chemistry of osmium(VI) in water is much more complicated.

Usually, a cooxidant like NMMO is used to regenerate osmium tetroxide, allowing it to act as a catalyst.
Ferroniobium

**Ferroniobium** is an alloy of iron and niobium. It is usually about two thirds niobium. Most of the world's niobium is used in ferroniobium.

Ferroniobium is an ingredient in the production of more complex alloys like HSLA steel.
Niobium–titanium

**Niobium–titanium** or **NbTi** is an alloy of the metals it is named for, niobium and titanium. It is a superconductor.

NbTi is ductile and has a high upper critical field. With these two properties together, it was the first superconductor discovered to be viable for the creation of superconducting magnets. The magnets in the Large Hadron Collider are made from NbTi.
Tin pest

**Tin pest** is a problem that happens to things made out of tin. It occurs when tin is exposed to low temperatures, changing the crystal structure of the metal. Tin pest can weaken tin structures and cause electrical problems like a short circuit or open circuit in electronics that use tin solder.

Historically, tin was alloyed with lead to prevent tin pest. When lead use was limited by the European Union's Restriction on Hazardous Substances Directive, the new lead-free solders did not have the same protection against tin pest. Controlling tin pest in lead-free solders became an important goal in metallurgy.

## Mechanism

Tin has two main allotropes. At room temperature, it is the metallic β-tin, also called white tin. Around , it changes to α-tin, a non-conductive semimetal, also called grey tin. The change is autocatalytic: grey tin acts as a catalyst for the change, so the reaction continues speeding up until all the white tin has changed.

Grey tin has very different physical properties than white tin. It has the crystal structure of diamond and silicon. While white tin is a metal, grey tin is considered a semimetal or zero-band gap semiconductor. It is also brittle, unlike white tin which is ductile. Together, these properties mean tin pest can cause both physical weakness and electrical faults.
Ukrainian nationalists

**Ukrainian nationalists** can refer to any of the following:

- Someone who supports Ukrainian nationalism
- Someone who was a member of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (1929–45) or the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (1942–56), wartime Ukrainian partisan groups that fought for Ukraine's independence from Soviet occupation
Barisal Division men's cricket team

The **Barisal Division** men's cricket team, based at Barisal in Bangladesh, has been active since 1999. The team has first-class status, and competes in the National Cricket League (NCL), which they have not won. Their home ground is the Barisal Divisional Stadium. The team is known as the **Barisal Blazers** in limited overs matches.
Chittagong Division men's cricket team

The **Chittagong Division** men's cricket team, based at Chittagong in Bangladesh, has been active since 1999. The team has first-class status, and competes in the National Cricket League (NCL) which they have won once, in 1999–2000. Their home ground is the Bir Shrestho Flight Lieutenant Matiur Rahman Cricket Stadium in Chittagong. The team is known as the **Cyclones** in limited overs matches.
Dhaka Division men's cricket team

The **Dhaka Division** men's cricket team, based at Dhaka in Bangladesh, has been active since 1999. The team has first-class status, and competes in the National Cricket League (NCL) which they have won seven times, most recently in 2023–24. Their home ground is the Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium.
Crocker, Missouri

**Crocker** is a city in Pulaski County, Missouri, United States.
Dixon, Missouri

**Dixon** is a city in Pulaski County, Missouri, United States.
St. Robert, Missouri

**St. Robert** is a city in Pulaski County, Missouri, United States.
Livonia, Missouri

**Livonia** is a village in Putnam County, Missouri, United States.
Lucerne, Missouri

**Lucerne** is a village in Putnam County, Missouri, United States.
Powersville, Missouri

**Powersville** is a village in Putnam County, Missouri, United States.
Worthington, Missouri

**Worthington** is a village in Putnam County, Missouri, United States.
Lügde

**Lügde** is a town in Lippe in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. About 9,000 people live there.

## Infobox (german place)

- **type**: Stadt
- **image photo**: Lügde, Germany (Unsplash).jpg
- **image coa**: COA Luegde.svg
- **image plan**: Lügde in LIP.svg
- **state**: North Rhine-Westphalia
- **region**: Detmold
- **district**: Lippe
- **elevation**: 105
- **area**: 88.64
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 05 7 66 052
- **postal code**: 32668–32676
- **area code**: 05281, 05283
- **licence**: LIP
- **website**: [https://luegde.de/ luegde.de]
- **mayor**: Torben Blome
- **leader term**: 2020–25
- **party**: SPD
Dörentrup

**Dörentrup** is a municipality in Lippe in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

## Infobox (german location)

- **image photo**: EvKirche-Bega.jpg
- **image caption**: Evangelical Church in Bega
- **image flag**: Flag blue yellow.svg
- **image coa**: Wappen von Doerentrup.svg
- **image plan**: Dörentrup in LIP.svg
- **state**: Nordrhein-Westfalen
- **region**: Detmold
- **district**: Lippe
- **elevation**: 130
- **area**: 49.79
- **postal code**: 32694
- **area code**: 0 52 65
- **licence**: LIP
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 05 7 66 024
- **divisions**: 5
- **website**: [http://www.doerentrup-lippe.de www.doerentrup-lippe.de]
- **mayor**: Friso Veldink
- **leader term**: 2020–25
- **party**: CDU
Santa Catarina, Nuevo León

**Santa Catarina** is a city in the Mexican state of Nuevo León. In 2020, 304,052 people lived there.
Think Like a Man Too

***Think Like a Man Too*** is an American romantic comedy movie. It was released in theatres on June 20, 2014. It was directed by Tim Story and produced by Will Packer.

In the movie, Dominic and his group of friends head to Las Vegas for Michael and Candace's wedding and end up getting into different situations that threaten the wedding.

It is the sequel to the 2012 movie _Think Like a Man_ and is also based on the 2009 book _Act Like a Lady, Think Like a Man: What Men Really Think About Love, Relationships, Intimacy, and Commitment_ by comedian Steve Harvey.

## Cast

- Kevin Hart as Cedric Ward
- Regina Hall as Candace Hall
- Michael Ealy as Dominic
- Jerry Ferrara as Jeremy Kern
- Meagan Good as Mya
- Taraji P. Henson as Lauren Harris
- Dennis Haysbert as Uncle Eddie
- Gabrielle Union as Kristen Kern
- Terrence J as Michael Hanover
- Jenifer Lewis as Loretta
- Romany Malco as Zeke
- Wendi McLendon-Covey as Tish
- Gary Owen as Bennett
- David Walton as Terrell
- Adam Brody as Isaac
- La La Anthony as Sonia
- Jim Piddock as Declan
- Wendy Williams as Gail Ward
- Kelsey Grammer as Lee Fox
- Cheryl Hines as Andrea
- Luenell as Aunt Winnie Hall
- Janina Gavankar as Vanessa
- Carl Weathers as Mr. Davenport
- Floyd Mayweather Jr. as himself
- Coco Austin as herself
- Drake as himself

## Reception

The movie received negative reviews from critics. It holds a 23% fresh rating on Rotten Tomatoes. The movie was very successful at the box office. Worldwide it made $70.2 million with a budget of $24 million.

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: Think Like a Man Too
- **director**: Tim Story
- **producer**: Will Packer
- **starring**: Michael Ealy
Jerry Ferrara
Meagan Good
Regina Hall
Taraji P. Henson
Terrence J
Romany Malco
Wendi McLendon-Covey
Gary Owen (comedian), Gary Owen
Gabrielle Union
La La Anthony
Kevin Hart
- **music**: Christopher Lennertz
- **cinematography**: Christopher Duskin
- **editing**: Peter S. Elliot
- **studio**: Will Packer Productions
- **distributor**: Screen Gems
- **runtime**: 106 mins.
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **budget**: $24 million
- **gross**: $70.2 million
Lupus (disambiguation)

**Lupus** commonly refers to several autoimmune diseases collectively known as lupus erythematosus, including systemic lupus erythematosus.

See lupus erythematosus#Classification for links to Wikipedia articles related to this family of diseases.

**Lupus** may also refer to:

## Arts and entertainment

- Lupus, a character in _The Roman Mysteries_
- Lupus, a dog in the video game _Jet Force Gemini_
- "Lupus", in _Trash: Short Stories_ by Dorothy Allison

## People

- Lupus (name), a given name and a family name
- Pen name of Wulfstan (died 956), Archbishop of York
- Hugh d'Avranches, 1st Earl of Chester, nicknamed Lupus (wolf) for his ferocity
- Lupus of Troyes, 5th-century bishop and saint

## Other uses

- Lupus (constellation)
- _Lupus_ (journal), a journal in the field of rheumatology
- Lupus, Missouri, a US city
- Lupus vulgaris, cutaneous tuberculosis
- Latin word for wolf
CSA 4-Day Series

The **CSA (Cricket South Africa) 4-Day Series** is the current name of the national first-class cricket championship in South Africa. Originally launched in 1889–90 as the Currie Cup, the tournament became the Castle Cup in 1990, and then the SuperSport Series in 1996. Until 2004, it was contested by the nation's provincial teams, of which the most successful were Gauteng (formerly Transvaal), KwaZulu-Natal Coastal (formerly Natal), and Western Province.

## Franchise teams

The championship was completely restructured and rebranded in 2004 with the introduction of franchise teams known as Cape Cobras, Dolphins, Knights, Lions, Titans, and Warriors. The franchises were disbanded in March 2021, when CSA announced another restructure. That essentially involved a return to the provincial teams, although five of the franchise team names were retained as brands by their respective provinces. The exception was Cape Cobras, which was not adopted by either of its constituent provinces, Boland and Western Province. KwaZulu-Natal Coastal have retained Dolphins as their brand, while Gauteng are the Lions, Northerns are the Titans, Free State are the Knights, and Eastern Cape are the Warriors.

## 2024–25

In the 2024–25 tournament, there were eight teams in Division One, and seven in Division Two. Both divisions were run on a round-robin basis and the top two teams qualified for a championship final. Gauteng and Northerns contested the Division One final, which ended in a draw after one whole day's play was lost due to heavy rain. Free State were relegated to Division Two ahead of the 2025–26 season, and KwaZulu-Natal Inland were promoted to Division One.
6ix Rising

***6IX RISING: Toronto’s Rap Ascendence*** is a Canadian documentary movie. It was released on November 16, 2017. It was directed by Shawney Cohen and produced by Lauren Sing and Jade Smith.

The documentary focuses on the hip hop scene that is growing in the city of Toronto after the success of artists like Drake and The Weeknd, as well as, the unique challenges that artists in the city face while trying to rise to stardom. Artists involved in the documentary include Pressa as he deals with legal issues and goes on tour with Drake, as well as, the creation of the "6ix" nickname for Toronto by rapper Jimmy Prime.

## Cast

- Big Lean
- Castro Guapo (CMDWN)
- Fiji (CMDWN)
- Friyie
- Pressa
- Jazz Cartier
- Jimmy Prime
- Jay Whiss
- Sick PPL
- Andre Bryam
- Sunny Diamonds
- Keith Bell
- Dukey Dukez
- Drake
- Roy Woods
- Floyd Mayweather Jr.

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: 6ix Rising
- **director**: Shawney Cohen
- **producer**: Lauren Sing
Jade Smith
Patric McGuire <small>(executive)</small>
Tania Natscheff <small>(executive)</small>
Gregory Jones <small>(executive)</small>
- **starring**: Big Lean
Castro Guapo
Fiji
Friyie
Pressa (rapper), Pressa
Jazz Cartier

Jimmy Prime
Jay Whiss
Andre Bryam
Sunny Diamonds
Keith Bell
Dukey Dukez
- **music**: Stephen Dranitsaris
- **cinematography**: Norman Wong
Chris Wardle
- **editing**: Navin Harrilal
- **distributor**: Vice (magazine), Noisey
- **runtime**: 77 mins.
- **country**: Canada
- **language**: English
Anisim

**Anisim** is a Church Slavonic rendering of the Greek name Ὀνήσιμος (Onesimus). As such, it became an East Slavic given name and a Romanian surname. It also gave rise to the patronymic surname Anisimov.

## Notable individuals surnamed Anisim

- Onisim of the Caves, Kyiv saint
- Onisim Kler, Russian name of Onésime Clerc (1845–1920), Russian naturalist of Swiss origin
- Onisim Bron (1895–1975), Soviet conductor
- Alena Anisim, Belarusian linguist and opposition politician
- Iosif Anisim, Romanian sprint canoeist
Memorial (law)

In law, a **memorial** is a legal document with a statement of facts or a summary of information related to a case, addressed to a government or a legislature. It often comes with a petition. The petition is often called "memorial", synonymously with "memo".
Shigeo Nagashima

, nicknamed "Mr. Giants," was a Japanese professional baseball player and manager. He played for the Yomiuri Giants from 1958 until 1974. He was also manager of the team from 1975 until 1980 and from 1993 until 2001.

Nagashima died in Tokyo, Japan on June 3, 2025 from pneumonia at the age of 89.

## Infobox (baseball biography)

- **name**: Shigeo Nagashima
長嶋 茂雄
- **image**: Shigeo-Nagashima-1.png
- **caption**: Nagashima in 1962
- **position**: Third baseman
- **birth place**: Sakura, Chiba, Empire of Japan, Japan
- **death place**: Tokyo, Japan
- **bats**: Right
- **throws**: Right
- **debutleague**: Nippon Professional Baseball, NPB
- **debutdate**: April 5
- **debutyear**: 1958
- **debutteam**: Yomiuri Giants
- **finaldate**: October 14
- **finalyear**: 1974
- **finalteam**: Yomiuri Giants
- **statleague**: NPB
- **stat1label**: Batting average (baseball), Batting average
- **stat1value**: .305
- **stat2label**: Home runs
- **stat2value**: 444
- **stat3label**: Hit (baseball), Hits
- **stat3value**: 2,471
- **stat4label**: Runs batted in
- **stat4value**: 1,522
- **stat5label**: Win–loss record
- **stat5value**: 1,034–948
- **stat6label**: Winning %
- **teams**: **As player**
*Yomiuri Giants (–)

**As manager**
*Yomiuri Giants (–, –)
- **hoflink**: Japanese Baseball Hall of Fame
- **hoftype**: Japanese
- **hofdate**: 1988
- **awards**: *11× Japan Series Champion (as a player) (, , , , , , , , , , )
*2× Japan Series Champion (as a manager) (, )
*Nippon Professional Baseball Rookie of the Year Award, Central League Rookie of the Year ()
*5× Nippon Professional Baseball Most Valuable Player Award, Central League MVP (, , , , )
*4× Japan Series Most Valuable Player Award, Japan Series MVP (1963 Japan Series, 1963, 1965 Japan Series, 1965, 1969 Japan Series, 1969, 1970 Japan Series, 1970)
* Japan Professional Sports Grand Prize (1971)
* Yomiuri Giants#Retired numbers, Yomiuri Giants #3 retired
Eugen Doga

**Eugen Doga** (1 March 1937 – 3 June 2025) was a Moldovan composer. He was known as the creator of many ballets such as "Luceafărul", "Venancia", and "Queen Margot". He also created the opera "Dialogues of Love". He also wrote works for children and the music for the opening and closing ceremonies of the 1980 Summer Olympic Games in Moscow.

Doga died on 3 June 2025 in Chișinău, Moldova from heart failure caused by cancer at the age of 88.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **embed**: yes
- **office**: Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR, People's Deputy of the Soviet Union
- **term start**: 26 March 1989
- **term end**: 5 September 1991
- **constituency**: Cimișlia District, Cimișlia
- **office1**: Supreme Soviet of the Moldavian SSR, Member of the Supreme Soviet of the Moldavian SSR
- **term start1**: 1975
- **term end1**: 1989
- **party**: Communist Party of the Soviet Union, CPSU (until 1991)


## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Eugen Doga
- **honorific suffix**: Order of the Republic (Moldova), OR
- **image**: Flickr - Ion Chibzii - Eugen Doga.jpg
- **birth place**: Mocra, Moldavian ASSR, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union

- **citizenship**: Moldova, Russia
USSR (until 1991)
- **notable works**: _A Hunting Accident#Music, A Hunting Accident_ (score)
- **module**: **Political career**
Xu Qiliang

**Xu Qiliang** (; 29 March 1950 – 2 June 2025) was a Chinese People's Liberation Army Air Force general. He was a Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) from 2012 to 2022. He was a Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission of China from 2013 to 2023. He was a member of the 18th and the 19th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party.

Xu died on 2 June 2025 in Beijing, China at the age of 75.

## Infobox (politician)

- **honorific-prefix**: Jiang (rank), Air Force General
- **name**: Xu Qiliang
- **native name**: 许其亮
- **native name lang**: zh-Hans-CN
- **image**: File:Xu Qiliang (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Xu in 2015
- **office**: Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission
- **alongside**: Fan Changlong and Zhang Youxia
- **term start**: **Party Commission**:
 4 November 2012
- **term end**: 23 October 2022
 **State Commission**:
 16 March 2013 – 11 March 2023
- **1blankname**: Chairman
- **1namedata**: Xi Jinping
- **office1**: 10th Commander of the PLA Air Force
- **term start1**: September 2007
- **term end1**: October 2012
- **predecessor1**: Qiao Qingchen
- **successor1**: Ma Xiaotian
- **deputy1**: He Weirong
- **birth place**: Linqu County, Shandong, China
- **death place**: Beijing, China
- **party**: Chinese Communist Party (1967–2025)
- **branch label**: Branch
- **serviceyears**: 1966–2023
- **serviceyears label**: Service years
- **rank**:  Jiang (rank), Air Force General
- **commands**: * Shenyang Military Region
** Air Force (1999–2004)
Greg Germann

**Gregory Andrew Germann** ( ; born February 26, 1958) is an American actor. He is known for playing Richard Fish on the television series _Ally McBeal_. He also is known for his roles as Eric "Rico" Morrow on the sitcom _Ned & Stacey_, Tom Koracick in _Grey's Anatomy_ and as Hades in Season Five of _Once Upon a Time_. His son is actor Asa Germann. He won a Screen Actors Guild Award in 1999.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Greg Germann
- **image**: Greg Germann 2022.jpg
- **caption**: Germann in 2022
- **birth place**: Houston, Texas, U.S.
- **occupation**: Actor, television personality, director, writer
- **yearsactive**: 1985–present
- **children**: Asa Germann, Asa
Dick Berggren

**Richard Berggren** (born May 27, 1942) is an American motorsports announcer and magazine editor.

Berggren began racing in 1967 and won 26 events before his driving career ended in 1981. He raced SuperModifieds, Modifieds, stock cars, and sprint cars.

He worked for _Stock Car Racing_ magazine while he taught at Emmanuel College and raced on the weekends.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Dick Berggren
- **image**: Dick Berggren 2011.jpg
- **caption**: Berggren at Charlotte Motor Speedway in 2011
- **birth place**: Westerly, Rhode Island, U.S.
- **occupation**: Motorsports announcer and magazine editor
Ayşe Seitmuratova

**Ayşe Seitmuratova** (also romanized as **Aishe** or **Ayshe**; Crimean Tatar Cyrillic: Айше Сеитмуратова; 11 February 1937 – 1 June 2025) was a Soviet-born Uzbekistani Crimean Tatar civil rights activist. She met U.S. President Ronald Reagan in 1982 and 1988. She took part in many human rights conferences. She became a journalist for the BBC, Deutsche Welle and Voice of America, talking about the issues affecting the Crimean Tatar people and their history, including of russification efforts by Russia.

Seitmuratova died on 1 June 2025 in Russian-occupied Crimea at the age of 88.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Ayşe Seitmuratova
- **native name**: Айше Сеитмуратова
- **image**: Ayşe Seitmuratova 1982 (cropped).jpg
- **birth place**: :ru:Аджи-Эли, Acı Eli village, Crimean ASSR, Russian SFSR, USSR
- **death place**: Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation, Russian-occupied Crimea
- **citizenship**: American
- **awards**: Order For Courage
Societal collapse

**Societal collapse** is a complex human society falling apart or breaking down. That can happen because of natural disasters, environmental change, use of too many resources, complexity problems, loss of social unity, more inequality, or loss of creativity.

## Societal longevity

The social scientist Luke Kemp studied many civilizations from 3000 BC to 600 AD. He defined a civilization as a society that has farming, several cities, a strong army in its area, and a steady government. He found that on average, civilizations last about 340 years.

Some civilizations lasted much longer:
- Kushite Kingdom in Northeastern Africa: 1,150 years.
- Aksumite Empire in East Africa: 1,100 years.
- Vedic civilization in South Asia: 1,000 years.
- Olmec civilization in Mesoamerica: 1,000 years.

Some were much shorter:
- Nanda Empire in India: only 24 years.
- Qin dynasty in China: only 14 years.

Another expert, Samuel Arbesman, studied empires by using math and complex systems. He found that collapse often happens at random times and does not depend on how old the civilization is. This idea is like the Red Queen hypothesis in biology, which says that in a tough environment, any species can go extinct at any time.

Today, people talking about collapse are looking for ways to make societies stronger by suggesting big changes to how society works, rather than just trying to fix old systems.

## Causes

Many factors can make societies fall apart and often build on one another until they become too strong to fix:
- Natural disasters and climate change
    - Long droughts likely caused the collapse of the Indus Valley civilization around 1700 B.C.
    - A huge drought about 4,200 years ago dried the Green Sahara, hurting farming and ending the Akkadian Empire.
    - Volcanic eruptions can cool the climate. One in 43 B.C. may have worsened droughts and helped Roman civil wars.
    - In the 1600s, the Little Ice Age caused bad weather, failed crops, famine, wars, and revolts like the Thirty Years' Wa<nowiki/>r, which killed many in Germany .
    - Similar climate changes caused drought and collapses in North America, like the fall of the Mississippian culture and the Pueblo peoples.

## Theories

Experts have different ideas why societies collapse:
- Cognitive decline and loss of creativity: One idea is that people lose their ability to think and create new solutions.
- Social and environmental dynamics: Another view is that society and nature interact in ways that can damage social order over time.
- Energy return on investment: Some say collapse happens when the energy we use costs too much compared to what we get from it.
- Models of societal response: People study how societies react to stress. For example, Joseph Tainter says more technology and complexity can make problems harder to solve (the “sunk-cost” effect explained these complex investments can trap societies).
- Toynbee's theory of decay: The historian Arnold Toynbee suggested civilizations rise and fall as they fail to meet challenges.
- Systems science: Other scientists use complex systems ideas to explain why societies weaken and fall when many things go wrong together.
Anna Caballero

**Anna Marie Caballero** (born April 18, 1955) is an American politician serving in the California State Senate. A Democrat, she represents the 14th State Senate district.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Anna Caballero
- **image**: Anna Caballero.jpg
- **office**: Member of the California State Senate, California Senate
- **constituency**: California's 12th State Senatorial district, 12th district (2018–2022)
California's 14th State Senatorial district, 14th district (2022–present)
- **term start**: December 3, 2018
- **predecessor**: Anthony Cannella
- **office1**: Member of the California State Assembly, California Assembly
- **constituency1**: California's 30th State Assembly district, 30th district
- **term start1**: December 5, 2016
- **term end1**: November 30, 2018
- **predecessor1**: Luis Alejo
- **successor1**: Robert Rivas (politician), Robert Rivas
- **constituency2**: California's 28th State Assembly district, 28th district
- **term start2**: December 4, 2006
- **term end2**: November 30, 2010
- **predecessor2**: Simon Salinas
- **successor2**: Luis Alejo
- **birth name**: Anna Marie Caballero
- **birth place**: Arizona, U.S.
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
- **spouse**: Juan Uranga
- **children**: 3
- **education**: University of California, San Diego (Bachelor of Arts, BA)
University of California, Los Angeles (Juris Doctor, JD)
Digi Sport (Romania)

**Digi Sport** is a Romanian sports television that was launched on 23 July 2009, available only on the Digi TV platform. It is offered as a set of sports channels, called Digi Sport 1, Digi Sport 2, Digi Sport 3 and Digi Sport 4. On 23 November 2018 Digi 4K was launched just for main events.

## Genre

Digi Sport is one of the sports television in Romania. There are a variety of sports competitions such as football, tennis, handball, basketball, volleyball or kickboxing. Digi Sport is also one of the broadcasters of Formula 1 for Romania.

#### Liga 1

Digi Sport will show 270 live Liga 1 matches from 2019 to 2024. These games are played on Friday nights, Saturday and Sunday evenings and nights and Monday nights. Before the game, at half-time and after the game all Liga 1 games have dedicated programmes including Fotbal Club and Digi Sport Special presented by Radu Naum and Valentin Moraru and with special guests like Gabi Balint, Ilie Dumitrescu, Helmut Duckadam, Florin Bratu, Claudiu Niculescu or Ionel Danciulescu.

#### La Liga

Since 2009 Digi Sport has the rights to broadcast every game in the competition. Digi Sport airs all 380 games of the La Liga season including El Clasico. The biggest games are preceded by the talk show named Fotbal European presented by George Dobre and with some special guests including Andrei Niculescu, Gabi Balint and Nana Falemi.

#### Colosseum Tournament

Since 2016, Digi Sport has the rights to broadcast every event in the Colosseum Tournament and its Prometheus Fighting Promotion brand.

### Football

- UEFA Champions League: 2018–2027
- UEFA Europa League: 2024–2027
- UEFA Conference League: 2024–2027
- Liga I: 2009–2027
- Liga II: 2011–2027
- Cupa României: 2012–2027
- Supercupa României: 2016–2027
- La Liga: 2009–2026
- Premier League: 2022–2025
- Serie A: 2009–2025
- Bundesliga: 2018–2025

### Tennis

- WTA Tour: 2017-2026
- ATP Tour: 2024-2026

### Motorsport

- MotoGP: 2020-2026

### Handball

- World Men's Handball Championship: until 2025
- World Women's Handball Championship: until 2025
- European Men's Handball Championship: until 2024
- European Women's Handball Championship: until 2024
- EHF Champions League: until 2025
- EHF European League: until 2025
- EHF European Cup: until 2025
- Women's EHF Champions League: until 2025
- Women's EHF European League: until 2025
- Women's EHF European Cup: until 2025

## Other websites

- Digi Sport

## Infobox (television channel)

- **name**: Digi Sport
- **logo**: DIGI Sport 1.svg
- **logo size**: 300px
- **launch date**: 23 July 2009
- **owner**: RCS & RDS
- **country**: Romania
- **headquarters**: Bucharest
- **sister channels**: Digi24, Digi 24
Digi Animal World
Digi Life
Digi World
Digi 4K
Film Now
H!T Music Channel
Hora TV
Music Channel Romania, Music Channel
UTV Romania, U TV
Eupsophus roseus

The **black spiny-chest frog**  (_Eupsophus roseus_) is a frog.  It lives in Chile.

## Home

Scientists found this frog in forests with Nothofagus plants and on pine tree farms. People see them on the dead leaves on the ground. Scientists saw this frog between 50 and 1200 meters above sea level.

Scientists have seen this frog inside some protected parks: Monumento Natural Cerro Ñielol, Parque Nacional Nahuelbuta, Monumento Natural de Contulmo, Reserva Nacional Nonguén, and Reserva Costera Valdiviana.

## Young

This frog lays eggs from September to January, when it rains. The female frog lays about 200 eggs at a time. She lays them in water-filled hopes in the ground. The tadpoles live in the nest and do not eat. Scientists believe the adult frogs take care of the tadpoles.

## Danger

Scientists from the IUCN say this frog is not in danger of dying out.  People change the places where the frog lives to get firewood and make tree farms for pine trees and eucalyptus trees. Too many visitors and forest fires can also hurt the frog's home.
Zaw Bhone Hein

**Zaw Bhone Hein** (; ; born Myanmar) is a Burmese military historian and commentator. He is known for making videos about military history and current events in Myanmar. He lives in Pyin Oo Lwin and shares his work mostly on YouTube and TikTok.

## Early life

Zaw Bhone Hein was born in Myanmar. He became interested in military history at a young age. He did not go to a military school, but he studied military topics on his own.

## Career

Zaw Bhone Hein talks about battles, army strategies, and news about the Myanmar military. He explains these topics in a way that many people can understand. His videos are popular, and many people follow his channel. He often supported the Myanmar military in his videos.

### Arrest

On 2 June 2025, Zaw Bhone Hein was arrested by military intelligence officers in Pyin Oo Lwin. The government said he defamed top military leaders, including Senior General Min Aung Hlaing. He was taken to an interrogation center. A police case was also opened against him in May 2025 under the Telecommunications Law.

His arrest surprised many people, because he had recently visited a military base in Sagaing Region. After his arrest, some people online blamed another military supporter, Han Nyein Oo, for being involved.

## Personal life

Zaw Bhone Hein does not talk much about his personal life. He focuses on making educational videos about military topics.

## Infobox (criminal)

- **child**: yes
- **criminal charge**: Alleged defamation of military leaders
- **criminal penalty**: Under investigation
- **criminal status**: In military custody (as of June 2025)


## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Zaw Bhone Hein
- **native name lang**: my
- **birth place**: Myanmar (Burma)
- **citizenship**: Myanmar
- **occupation**: Military enthusiast, historian
- **known for**: Military analysis on YouTube
Rudelsburg

**Rudelsburg** is a ruined castle on a hill above the Saale River, near Bad Kösen in the German state of Saxony-Anhalt. It dates from the 12th century and has been a landmark for defence, tourism, and student gatherings.

## History

Rudelsburg was first mentioned in a record from 1171. It was built by the Bishop of Naumburg to protect the Via Regia, an important trade route along the Saale Valley. Over time, it became part of local power struggles. Although partly destroyed during events like the Napoleonic Wars, the castle was restored in 1991–1992 and opened for visitors again.

## Architecture and location

Rudelsburg stands about 85 metres above the Saale, on a rocky shell limestone ridge. The views across the Saale Valley are wide and scenic. Today, the castle ruins include walls, towers, and a restaurant, plus a tower visitors can climb for even better views.

## Cultural significance

In the 19th century, Rudelsburg became a popular site for tourism, inspired by the "Castle Romantic" movement and the growing interest in hiking. It is now part of the Romanesque Road, a tour route in the region. The castle also has a special place in the German student movement, as it inspired poems and songs, including the popular Franz Kugler song "An der Saale hellem Strande", written there in 1826.

## Tourism and events

Rudelsburg is a well-known tourist attraction. It has a castle restaurant serving regional food and local wines, and features events such as knight-style meals and weddings. Inside the outer castle (the vorburg), there are also monuments for student groups like the Kösener Corps and a Bismarck memorial set up again in 2006. The site also includes a civil registry office, making weddings possible there.

## Hiking and nature

Rudelsburg is located on hiking trails around Bad Kösen. A popular route is the Rudelsburgweg, a circular path of about 7.7 km which takes around 2 hours 10 minutes. It offers lovely views of the Saale valley, forested slopes, and farmland.

## Other websites

- Rudelsburg in www.burgenwelt.de
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena: Die Höhensiedlungen der Mikro- und Makroregion

## Infobox (building)

- **name**: Rudelsburg
- **image**: Rudelsburg Tower and Gate.jpg
- **map type**: Germany#Saxony-Anhalt
- **building type**: hill castle
- **architectural style**: Romanesque architecture, Romanesque
- **location city**: Naumburg
- **location country**: Germany
Electrical fault

An **electrical fault** is a problem with an electronic device that causes electrical current to flow incorrectly.

The best known type of electrical fault is a short circuit, where current flows between two places where it should not. "Short circuit" is often used improperly to mean any kind of electrical fault. Short circuits and open circuits, where current does not flow between two places where it should, are the simplest types of electrical fault.

### Closed versus open

Many electrical faults can be categorised as closed circuit faults and open circuit faults. In a closed circuit fault, current flows between parts of the circuit where it should not; in an open circuit fault, it does not flow between parts of the circuit where it should. These types of fault don't care about how much current there is, just whether it is flowing and in what direction.

The simplest open circuit fault is caused by physical damage to a conductor, like a broken wire. They can also be caused by problems in manufacturing components. The term "open circuit" is normally only used for a full disconnection: a decrease in current, such as a high resistance connection, is not an open circuit fault.

The simplest example of a closed circuit fault is a short circuit, where the two connected points are treated as having (nearly) zero electrical resistance, usually because a piece of conductor is connecting them. Another common closed circuit fault that is not a short circuit is caused by a diode exceeding its breakdown voltage.

### Transient versus persistent

An electrical fault that can be resolved by disconnecting power from the system and then reconnecting it is called a **transient fault**. If a fault is not transient, it is **persistent**.

An example of a transient fault is caused when lightning strikes near a power line. The electromagnetic induction from the strike can disrupt power transmission, but does not physically damage the cables. Disconnecting and reconnecting the cable with circuit breakers allows transmission to resume. If the cable is instead damaged by falling debris, it creates a persistent fault which must be repaired.
Open circuit

An **open circuit** is an electrical circuit where electric current is not able to flow. Open circuits are made as part of the normal operation of switches and circuit breakers, but can also be a type of electrical fault if part of a circuit is damaged.
Rémi Brague

**Rémi Brague** (born 8 September 1947 in Paris) is a French historian and philosopher. He studies the history of medieval Jewish, Arabic, and Christian thought. He is known for his deep work on how these traditions shaped Europe’s culture and modern ideas

## Early life and education

Brague’s father died when he was one year old during the Indochina War. He began studying at the École Normale Supérieure in 1967 and received his teaching credential (agrégation) in philosophy in 1971. He earned his doctorate in 1976 under philosopher Pierre Aubenque, and later a higher doctorate (thèse d’État) in 1986. He also studied Hebrew and Arabic to read medieval texts in their original languages.

## Academic career

Brague taught at the University of Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne as a professor of medieval philosophy and Arabic philosophy from 1990 to 2010. He also held the Romano Guardini Chair in Philosophy at Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München from 2002 to 2013. He was briefly a visiting professor in Boston and Cologne.

## Work and ideas

Brague focuses on how the Abrahamic religions (Judaism, Christianity, Islam) and ancient Greek philosophy influenced European thought. He began with a study on Aristotle's ideas of the world, aiming to interpret Aristotle in a modern way like Heidegger would have. Learning Hebrew and Arabic allowed him to study Jewish philosopher Maimonides and other medieval thinkers in their original texts.

Brague’s most famous works include:
- Eccentric Culture (Europe, la voie romaine, 1992) – a study of Western civilization from its Roman roots.
- A trilogy on Western law and thought:
    - The Wisdom of the World (1999 / 2004 English)
    - The Law of God (2005 / 2007 English)
    - The Kingdom of Man (2015 / 2018 English)

Brague engaged with Leo Strauss’s ideas on how texts can have deeper meanings for different readers, although Brague does not fully label himself a "Straussian".

## Awards and honours

Brague has received many awards and recognitions:
- CNRS Bronze Medal (1988)
- Josef Pieper Prize and Grand Prix de Philosophie de l'Académie Française (both 2009)
- Ratzinger Prize for Theology (2012), shared with Brian E. Daley
- Named Knight of the Legion of Honour (2013)
- Member of the Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques and the European Academy of Sciences and Arts

## Legacy

Rémi Brague’s work is important for understanding how ancient philosophy and religious thought shaped Europe and modernity. His scholarship crosses language and religious boundaries, and he remains a respected figure in philosophy and intellectual history.

## Infobox (philosopher)

- **region**: Western Philosophy
- **name**: Rémi Brague
- **image**: Paris - Rémi Brague - 1.jpg
- **caption**: Brague in 2017
- **birth place**: Paris, France
- **school tradition**: Continental philosophy
Phenomenology (philosophy), Phenomenology
Giorgio Agamben

**Giorgio Agamben** (born 22 April 1942 in Rome) is a leading Italian philosopher and political thinker. He studies how language, power, law, and human life connect. His ideas on the state of emergency, bare life, and biopolitics have influenced philosophy and politics worldwide.

## Early life and education

Agamben studied law and philosophy at the University of Rome La Sapienza. He earned his doctorate with a thesis on Simone Weil and took part in Heidegger's seminars on Hegel and Heraclitus. He also studied the Jewish Torah, Christian texts, and Greek and Roman law in their original languages.

## Academic career

Agamben has taught philosophy at universities in Macerata, Verona, and at the Collège International de Philosophie in Paris. He also taught in Venice and was a visiting professor in the United States.

## Main ideas

- Language and metaphysics: He believes language is the basis for talking about being. Every word has a deeper meaning.
- Biopolitics and bare life (_Homo Sacer_): He expanded on the idea of biopolitics, how modern states control human life. In his book Homo Sacer, he introduced "bare life"—life stripped of rights, controlled by the state, under sovereign power.
- State of exception: He wrote about the "state of exception", when governments remove laws in emergencies. He says modern states often use this power permanently, making people live in a legal border zone or "camp".
- New politics: Agamben suggests we need a new politics based on community, not on state or law. He believes in moving beyond traditional ideas like sovereignty, rights, and state control, and embracing openness and shared life.

## Major works

- _Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life_ (1995/1998)
- _The Coming Community_ (1990/1993)
- _Infancy and History_, _Means Without End_, _Bartleby_, and more

## Controversies and commentary

After 9/11, he refused to give biometric data (like fingerprints) for entry into the US, calling it biopolitical tattooing. He also criticized the use of emergency laws during the COVID-19 pandemic.

## Influence and legacy

Agamben has influenced many fields: philosophy, political theory, legal studies, literature, and religious studies. His work is primarily shaped by Walter Benjamin, Heidegger, Hannah Arendt, and others.

## Infobox (philosopher)

- **region**: Western philosophy
- **era**: Contemporary philosophy
- **image**: Agamben.png
- **caption**: In 2009, during the presentation of _Contributions à la guerre en cours_
- **name**: Giorgio Agamben
- **birth place**: Rome, Kingdom of Italy
- **education**: Sapienza University of Rome (Laurea, 1965)
- **school tradition**: Continental philosophy
Philosophy of life
- **main interests**: Aesthetics
Political philosophy
Social philosophy
- **notable ideas**: _Homo sacer_
#State of Exception (2005), State of exception
#The Coming Community (1993), Whatever singularity
#Homo_Sacer:_Sovereign_Power_and_Bare_Life_(1998), Bare life
_Auctoritas_
#Work, Form-of-life
The _Zoe (philosophy), zoe_–_Bios (philosophy), bios_ distinction as the "fundamental categorial pair of Western politics"
The paradox of sovereignty
Teachings of Pope John Paul II

Pope John Paul II (1920–2005) led the Catholic Church from 1978 until his death in 2005. He wrote many books, documents, and speeches. His ideas influenced religion, politics, human rights, science, and interfaith relations worldwide.

## Introduction

John Paul II wrote about many subjects, including faith and reason, social justice, life and family, ecumenism, and the role of the Church. He travelled more than any previous pope, visiting 129 countries.

## Faith and reason

In his encyclical _Fides et Ratio_ (1998), he said human reason and faith both help people find truth. He defended philosophy and Catholic intellectual life.

## Social teaching

- Human dignity: He taught that every person is made in the image of God. This idea supports human rights, the right to work, and universal healthcare.
- Poor and workers: In encyclicals like Sollicitudo Rei Socialis (1987), he warned about the growing rich–poor gap. He urged help for the poor and fair wages.
- Economy and politics: He spoke against communism and extreme capitalism. He warned that both systems can harm people when they ignore human dignity.

## Life, family, and morality

He strongly defended the value of life, opposing abortion, euthanasia, and the death penalty. In Veritatis Splendor (1993), he taught that moral laws do not change with time.

## Mary and the Eucharist

He was deeply devoted to Mary, writing the encyclical Redemptoris Mater (1987) in the Marian Year. In Novo Millennio Ineunte (2001), he emphasized returning to Christ in the Eucharist, calling it the core of Christian life.

## Mission and ecumenism

His teaching Redemptoris Missio (1990) urged renewed missionary work and interreligious dialogue with Jews and other faiths. He said the Church should help all people, everywhere.

## Church Authority and structure

John Paul II supported strong Church authority and clear moral teachings. He strengthened the central power of the Vatican and took firm action when bishops or theologians disagreed.

## Science and technology

He encouraged dialogue between science and faith, saying they are not opposed. He asked them to respect truth and human dignity.

## Legacy

John Paul II remains one of the most influential popes. His teachings shaped Church doctrine, social doctrine, and online interfaith dialogue. He also influenced the Church’s role in politics, economics, and modern culture
Moon Pie

A **Moon Pie** is an American snack, popular across much of the United States.  It consists of two round Graham crackers, with marshmallow filling in the center, dipped in a flavored coating. The snack is often associated with the cuisine of the American South, where they are traditionally accompanied by an RC Cola. Today, they are made by Chattanooga Bakery, Inc., a privately-held, family-owned bakery in Chattanooga, Tennessee.
My Ordinary Life (manga)

**Nichijou** (日常), known in English as "My Ordinary Life" is a shōnen manga created by Keiichi Arawi in 2006. The manga was published by Kadokawa Shoten and it was first serialized in late 2006 on the magazine, "Monthly Shonen Ace" but went in a hiatus in 2015. It came back in 2021 and has been serializing since.

In 2011 the studio, Kyoto Animation created a anime adaptation based off it, and there is a PSP game called "Nichijou: Uchuujin"  that is also based off it.

## Premise

The series is about the everyday lives of 3 High School girls, Yuuko Aioi (voiced by Mariko Honda in Japanese, Morgan Garrett in English), Mio Naganohara (voiced by Mai Aizawa in Japanese, Leah Clark in English) and Mai Minakami (voiced by Misuzu Togashi in Japanese and Brittany Lauda in English)

### Released worldwide

- Nichijou (1)
- Nichijou (2)
- Nichijou (3)
- Nichijou (4)
- Nichijou (5)
- Nichijou (6)
- Nichijou (7)
- Nichijou (8)
- Nichijou (9)
- Nichijou (10)
- Nichijou (11)
- Nichijou (12)
Catalan number

The **Catalan numbers** are an integer sequence. They are named for Eugène Charles Catalan, who found the relationship between these numbers and parentheses. They were previously described by Mingantu in 1731 and Leonhard Euler in 1757.

The first ten Catalan numbers are
- 1, 1, 2, 5, 42, 132, 429, 1430, 4862, 16796...

## Definition

The Catalan numbers can be written in terms of the binomial coefficient:

They satisfy two significant recurrence relations, starting from :