juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Jean-Pierre Hocké

**Jean-Pierre Hocké** (31 March 1938 – 28 July 2021) was a Swiss International Red Cross staff member  and United Nations official. He was born in Lausanne. He was the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees from 1986 to 1989. He was nominated by Secretary-General Javier Pérez de Cuéllar. Prior to that function he was Director of Operations of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) from 1973 to 1985 .

During his term of office, the crisis over refugees from Indochina, the so-called boatpeople, continued. The Comprehensive Plan of Action for Refugees from Indochina was  developed during this period. It  created procedural plans for a regional refugee status and the promotion of return to Vietnam for Vietnamese boat people not qualifying for refugee status He also helped plan out a peace process in Central America called the "CIREFCA Process".

At the end of his term, a scandal broke revealing that Hocké spent between $32,000 and $96,000 a year from Denmark's contribution on his entertainment and travel without informing the Danish Government or asking its permission. He resigned in 1989 under pressure from the scandal. The resignation came after Secretary-General de Cuellar Hocké that he could not remain in the post.

## Other websites

- Jean-Pierre Hocké (1986–1989) Biography at the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees website
- United Nations High Commissioners for Refugees (rulers.org)

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Jean-Pierre Hocké
- **image**: Jean-Pierre Hocké-FIG 1996 (cropped).jpg
- **office**: 6th United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
- **term start**: 1 January 1986
- **term end**: 31 December 1989
- **1blankname**: Secretary-
General
- **1namedata**: Javier Pérez de Cuéllar
- **predecessor**: Poul Hartling
- **successor**: Thorvald Stoltenberg
- **birth place**: Lausanne, Switzerland
- **party**: Swiss People's Party, People's Party
Poul Hartling

**Poul Hartling** (14 August 1914 – 30 April 2000) was a Danish diplomat and politician. He was born in Copenhagen. He was a member of the Liberal Party. He was the 22nd Prime Minister of Denmark from 1973 to 1975. He was also the 5th United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees from 1978 to 1985.

In 1981 Hartling accepted the Nobel Peace Prize on behalf of the UNHCR.

Hartling died on 30 April 2000 in Copenhagen at the age of 85.

## Other websites

- Hartling's gravestone
Tansen

**Tansen** (c. 1500 – 26 April 1586), also known to as **Tan Sen** or **Ramtanu**, was a well known person of North Indian (Hindustani) classical music. He was born in a Hindu family in the historic city of Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh (The city known for its rich music heritage). He learned and perfected and mastered his art in the Gwalior region of modern Madhya Pradesh under Swami Haridas.  Tansen was the title given to him by Raja Vikramjit of Gwalior. He rose to fame and spent most of his adult life in the court and patronage of the Hindu king of Bandhavgarh (Rewa), Raja Ramchandra Singh (r.1555–1592). He became famous for his musical abilities and studies. Mughal Emperor Akbar sent messengers to Raja Ramchandra Singh , requesting Tansen to join the musicians at the Mughal court. In 1562, about the age of 60, the Vaishnava musician Tansen joined the Akbar court.

Tansen was a composer, musician and vocalist. He has been attributed for large number of compositions in northern regions of the Indian subcontinent. He was also an instrumentalist who made musical instruments better and popular. Akbar considered him as a Navaratnas (nine jewels). He gave him the title Mian in his honor, meaning learned man.

There are many legends about Tansen in Akbar court historian accounts and _gharana_ literature. One of them says that he could bring down the rains with Raga Megh Malhar. It is also said that he could light lamps by performing Raga Deepak. Other legends talk about his ability to communicate with animals through his music. Once, a white elephant was captured, but it was wild and could not be controlled. Finally, Tansen sang to the elephant who calmed down and the emperor was able to ride him.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Tansen baghel (Tan Sen baghel, Ramtanu)
- **image**: Tansen of Gwalior. (11.8x6.7cm) Mughal. 1585-90. National Museum, New Delhi..jpg
- **caption**: Tansen of Gwalior,
a Mughal painting (1585-90)
- **image size**: 140px
- **background**: non_vocal_instrumentalist
- **birth name**: Ramtanu baghel
- **birth date**: 26 April 1506
- **birth place**: Behat, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh
- **death date**: 26 April 1586 (aged 86)
- **death place**: Agra
- **genre**: Hindustani Classical Music
- **occupation**: musician, instrumentalist, vocalist, music studies
- **years active**: Till 1562: Raja Ramchandra Singh, Rewa (princely state)
 After 1562: Emperor Akbar
Sadruddin Aga Khan

**Prince Sadruddin Aga Khan**, KBE, KCSS (, ,  1933 –  2003) was an Iranian prince and diplomat. He was the son of Aga Khan III.

Khan was known as the 4th United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees from 1966 to 1977. He helped shift the focus beyond Europe and prepared it for fix and aide hard refugee issues. He was a strong supporter that the United Nations should work alone.

Khan died of cancer on 12 May 2003 in Boston, Massachusetts at the age of 70.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Prince Sadruddin Aga Khan
- **image**: Sadruddin Aga Khan (1991) by Erling Mandelmann.jpg
- **office**: 4th United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
- **term start**: December 1965
- **term end**: 31 December 1977
- **predecessor**: Félix Schnyder
- **successor**: Poul Hartling
- **birth place**: Paris, France
- **death place**: Boston, Massachusetts, United States, U.S.
- **spouse**: Nina Dyer (m.1957–1962)
Catherine Aleya Sursock (m.1972–2003)
- **parents**: Aga Khan III (father)
Andrée Joséphine Carron (mother)
- **alma mater**: Harvard College
Prime Minister of the Netherlands

The **Prime Minister of the Netherlands** () is the head of the executive branch of the Government of the Netherlands. They are also the head of the Council of Ministers.

The Prime Minister is _de facto_ the head of government of the Netherlands and creates its policy with his cabinet. The current Dutch Prime Minister is Rob Jetten, in office since 2026.

## Infobox (official post)

- **post**: Prime Minister
- **body**: the Netherlands
- **native name**: _Minister-president van Nederland_
- **insignia**: State Coat of Arms of the Netherlands.svg
- **insigniasize**: 120px
- **insigniacaption**: State Coat of Arms of the Kingdom of the Netherlands
- **imagesize**: 220px
- **alt**: Rob Jetten
- **incumbent**: Rob Jetten
- **incumbentsince**: 23 February 2026
- **department**: Ministry of General Affairs
- **style**: Excellency, His Excellency
- **member of**: Council of Ministers (Netherlands), Council of Ministers
European Council
- **residence**: Catshuis, The Hague, Netherlands
- **seat**: Torentje, The Hague, Netherlands
- **appointer**: Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands, Willem-Alexander
- **appointer qualified**: as Monarchy of the Netherlands, King of the Netherlands
- **termlength**: 4 years
- **termlength qualified**: No term limit
- **first**: Gerrit Schimmelpenninck
<small> as _Chairman of the Council of Ministers_</small>
 Wim Schermerhorn
<small> as _Minister-President_</small>
- **formation**:
 <small>as _Chairman of the Council of Ministers_</small>
 24 June 1945
<small> as _Minister-President_</small>
- **deputy**: Deputy Prime Minister of the Netherlands, Deputy Prime Minister
- **salary**: €144,000 <small>(incl. €7,887.24 expenses)</small>
- **website**: [https://www.government.nl/ministries/ministry-of-general-affairs Ministry of General Affairs]
Félix Schnyder

**Félix Schnyder** (5 March 1910 – 8 November 1992) was a Swiss lawyer and diplomat. He was Chairman of UNICEF in 1960 and United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees from 1960 to 1965.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Felix Schnyder
- **image**: Félix Schnyder.png
- **office**: Chairman of UNICEF
- **term start**: 1960
- **term end**: 1960
- **predecessor**: John Ryan
- **successor**: W. A. E. Green
- **office2**: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
- **term start2**: 1960
- **term end2**: 1965
- **predecessor2**: Auguste R. Lindt
- **successor2**: Sadruddin Aga Khan
- **birth place**: Burgdorf, Switzerland, Burgdorf, Switzerland
- **death place**: Zürich, Switzerland
- **nationality**: Switzerland
- **profession**: diplomat
Auguste R. Lindt

**August R. Lindt** (5 August 1905 – 14 April 2000), also known as **Auguste R. Lindt**, was a Swiss lawyer and diplomat. He was Chairman of UNICEF from 1953 to 1954 and as United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees from 1956 to 1960. He was an adviser to the President of Rwanda from 1973 to 1975.

## Other websites

- Rolf Wilhelm (ed.): _August R. Lindt: Patriot und Weltbürger_. Haupt Verlag, Bern 2003, .

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Auguste R. Lindt
- **image**: Auguste R. Lindt.jpg
- **office**: Chairman of UNICEF
- **term start**: 1953
- **term end**: 1954
- **predecessor**: Adelaide Sinclair
- **successor**: Balachandra Rajan
- **office2**: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
- **term start2**: 1956
- **term end2**: 1960
- **predecessor2**: Gerrit Jan van Heuven Goedhart
- **successor2**: Félix Schnyder
- **birth place**: Bern
- **death place**: Bern
- **nationality**: Switzerland
- **profession**: diplomat
Gerrit Jan van Heuven Goedhart

**Gerrit Jan van Heuven Goedhart** (19 March 1901 – 8 July 1956) was a Dutch politician and diplomat. He was the first United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees from 1951 to 1956.

## Awards

- Knight in the Order of the Netherlands Lion, 1949.
- Nobel Peace Prize, 1954 (awarded to the UNHCR).
- Wateler Peace Prize, 1956.

## Other websites

- Parlement.com (Parlementair Documentatie Centrum, Leiden University)

## Infobox (politician)

- **name**: Gerrit Jan van Heuven Goedhart
- **image**: HeuvenGoedhart1944 (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Van Heuven Goedhart (Regent's Park London, 1944)
- **office1**: 1st United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
- **term start1**: 1 January 1951
- **term end1**: 8 July 1956
- **predecessor1**: Fridtjof Nansen
- **successor1**: Auguste R. Lindt
- **office2**: Senate of the Netherlands, Senator
- **term start2**: 22 October 1947
- **term end2**: 1 January 1951
- **office3**: Ministry of Justice (Netherlands), Minister of Justice
- **term start3**: 12 July 1944
- **term end3**: 23 February 1945
- **predecessor3**: Johannes Regnerus Maria van Angeren
- **successor3**: Pieter Sjoerds Gerbrandy
- **birth place**: Bussum, Netherlands
- **death place**: Geneva, Switzerland
- **birthname**: Gerrit Jan Goedhart
- **nationality**: Netherlands, Dutch
- **party**: Labour Party (Netherlands), Labour Party
- **spouse**: Francis Becht <small>(1924-1931)</small>
Erna Hauan <small>(1932-1956)</small>
- **alma mater**: Leiden University <small>(Doctor of Laws, Dr.)</small>
- **occupation**: Politician
 Diplomacy, Diplomat
 Journalism, Journalist
- **awards**: Order of the Netherlands Lion, Knight in the Order of the Netherlands Lion (1949)
Nobel Peace Prize, 1954 Nobel Peace Prize (1954; as UNHCR)
Wateler Peace Prize (1956)
Reggie Joiner

**Reggie Joiner** (born August 20, 1960), was the CEO and founder of **Orange**, a division of The reThink Group, Inc, until voluntarily resigning after admitting to having inappropriate relationships with females, including the newly appointed CEO Kristen Ivy, who also is no longer employed by Orange. He is also one of the founders of North Point Community Church, where he served as the executive director of Family Ministry for 11 years.

## Personal life

Joiner lives in Cumming, Georgia with his wife Debbie, where they raised four children into adulthood: Reggie Paul, Hannah, Sarah, and Rebekah.

Reggie was the Youth Pastor at Sherwood Baptist Church in Albany, GA during the 1980's.

**Personal life and allegations**

In April 2024, Reggie Joiner, founder of the Orange ministry and reThink Group, was publicly accused of a long-term pattern of sexual misconduct and abuse by multiple individuals, including allegations of grooming a minor and engaging in inappropriate relationships. One survivor came forward with a detailed public statement describing years of grooming and abuse beginning when she was a teenager, which later became sexualized when she reached adulthood. The survivor also described efforts to share her testimony privately with the reThink board and legal investigators before making her account public, alleging that those efforts were met with dismissal, victim-blaming, and minimization.

The reThink board of directors issued a statement on April 17, 2024, acknowledging “past inappropriate adult relationships” on Joiner’s part but did not describe the nature or extent of the alleged abuse. The board’s handling of the allegations, as well as the independence of the investigation conducted by its legal counsel, has been criticized by survivors and advocates.

As of April 2025, no criminal charges have been publicly reported, but the allegations have prompted widespread conversation about abuse of power in ministry settings and the need for better accountability structures in faith-based organizations.

## Authored books

- _Lead Small: Five Big Ideas Every Small Group Leader Needs to Know_. Orange, 2012. .
- _It's Just a Phase-So Don't Miss It: Why Every Life Stage of a Kid Matters and at Least 13 Things Your Church Should Do About It_. Orange, 2015.
- _A New Kind of Leader: What You Believe Can Open a Door for a Kid or Teenager's Future_. Orange, 2016. .
- _Parenting Beyond Your Capacity: Connect Your Family to a Wider Community_. Orange, 2015. .
- _Don't Miss It: Parent Every Week Like It Counts_. Orange, 2016. .

## References

- Penguin Random House

## Other websites

- Think Orange

## Infobox (clergy)

- **name**: Reggie Joiner
- **image**: Reggie Joiner.jpg
- **caption**: Reggie Joiner Orange Conference
- **birth place**: Atlanta, Georgia (U.S. state), Georgia, United States, U.S.
- **religion**: Christianity (nondenominational Christianity, nondenominational evangelicalism, evangelical)
SS Eastland

The **SS _Eastland**_ was a passenger ship based in Chicago and used for tours on the Chicago River. On July 24, 1915, the ship rolled over onto her side while tied to a dock in the Chicago River.

A total of 844 passengers and crew were killed in what was the largest loss of life from a single shipwreck on the Great Lakes.

After the disaster, _Eastland_ was saved and sold to the United States Navy. After restorations and modifications, _Eastland_ was designated a gunboat and renamed USS _Wilmette_. She was used primarily as a training vessel on the Great Lakes, and was scrapped after World War II.
Gia Carangi

**Gia Carangi** (January 29, 1960 – November 18, 1986) was an American fashion model during the late 1970s and early 1980s. Many people believe she was the first supermodel.

## Modeling career

Carangi was on the cover of fashion magazines, including many editions of _Vogue_ and _Cosmopolitan_, and appeared in advertising campaigns for such fashion houses as Armani, Christian Dior, Versace, and Yves Saint Laurent.

## Illness and death

Carangi, a heroin addict, died of AIDS-related complications at the age of 26. She was one of the first famous women to die of the disease.

## Infobox (model)

- **name**: Gia Carangi
- **caption**: Carangi in 1982
- **birth name**: Gia Carangi
- **birth place**: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
- **death place**: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
- **death cause**: AIDS-related complications
- **nationality**: American
- **occupation**: Model
- **yearsactive**: 1977–1983
- **height**: 5 ft 8 in
- **hair color**: Brown
- **eye color**: Brown
- **agency**: Wilhelmina Models
Ford Models
Legends
Elite Model Management
Louis Jolliet

**Louis Jolliet** (September 21, 1645last seen May 1700) was a French-Canadian explorer. He was known for his discoveries in North America. Jolliet and Jesuit Father Jacques Marquette, a Catholic priest and missionary, were the first non-Natives to explore and map the Mississippi River in 1673.

This journey would lead them to present-day Chicago River and discovered an area near a portage which would later be known as Chicago.
Washington County

**Washington County** is the name of several counties in the United States:

- Washington County, Alabama
- Washington County, Arkansas
- Washington County, Colorado
- Washington County, Florida
- Washington County, Georgia
- Washington County, Idaho
- Washington County, Illinois
- Washington County, Indiana
- Washington County, Iowa
- Washington County, Kansas
- Washington County, Kentucky
- Washington Parish, Louisiana
- Washington County, Maine
- Washington County, Maryland
- Washington County, Minnesota
- Washington County, Mississippi

- Washington County, Missouri
- Washington County, Nebraska
- Washington County, New York
- Washington County, North Carolina
- Washington County, Ohio
- Washington County, Oklahoma
- Washington County, Oregon
- Washington County, Pennsylvania
- Washington County, Rhode Island
- Washington County, Tennessee
- Washington County, Texas
- Washington County, Utah
- Washington County, Vermont
- Washington County, Virginia
- Washington County, Wisconsin
Chicago Portage

The **Chicago Portage** is a water gap, and in the past, it was sometimes a wind-gap portage, connecting the Mississippi River and the Great Lakes.

The Chicago Portage cuts through the Valparaiso Moraine, crossing the Saint Lawrence River Divide. The saddle point of the gap is within the city of Chicago, and the Chicago Portage is a reason Chicago exists and has developed to become very important city that it is.

The official flag of the city of Chicago includes four red stars which represents city history, separating two blue stripes symbolizing the waters that meet at the city.
Jacques Marquette

Father **Jacques Marquette** S.J. (June 1, 1637 – May 18, 1675), sometimes known as **Père  Marquette** or **James Marquette**, was a French Jesuit missionary. He founded Michigan's first European settlement, Sault Ste. Marie, and later founded St. Ignace, Michigan.

In 1673 Father Marquette and Louis Jolliet were the first Europeans to explore and map the northern portion of the Mississippi River Valley.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Jacques Marquette
- **image**: Pere Marquette close-up.jpg
- **caption**: 1869 portrait of Marquette
- **birth place**: Laon, France, Laon, Kingdom of France
- **death place**: near Ludington, Michigan
- **other names**: Pere Marquette
Washington County, North Carolina

**Washington County** is a county located in the U.S. state of North Carolina. As of the 2020 Census, the population was 11,003. Its county seat is Plymouth. The county was formed in 1799 from the western third of Tyrrell County. It was named for George Washington, the first President of the United States.
Chicago Harbor

**Chicago Harbor** is made up of the public rivers, canals, and lakes within the territorial limits of Chicago. It connects all slips, basins, piers, breakwaters, and structures with a distance of three miles from the shore between the extended north and south lines of the city.

The greater Chicago Harbor includes portions of the Chicago River, the Calumet River, the Ogden Canal, the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal, Lake Calumet, and Lake Michigan.
Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal

The **Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal**, known as the **Chicago Drainage Canal**, is a  canal system that connects the Chicago River to the Des Plaines River.  It reverses the direction of the Main Stem and the South Branch of the Chicago River, which now flows out of Lake Michigan rather than into it. It provides the only navigation for ships between the Great Lakes Waterway and the Mississippi River system.

The Canal was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on December 20, 2011.
Haymarket affair

The **Haymarket affair** (also known as the **Haymarket massacre** or **Haymarket riot**) was the aftermath of a bombing that took place at a labor protest on May 4, 1886, at Haymarket Square in Chicago.

It began as a peaceful rally in support of workers striking for an eight-hour day and in reaction to the killing of several workers by the police. An unknown person (there are theories that it was a police agitator trying to cause an incident however this is unconfirmed and probably incorrect) threw a dynamite bomb at police. The bomb blast and gunfire resulted in the deaths of seven police officers and at least four civilians; dozens of others were wounded.

Eight anarchists were convicted of conspiracy. The evidence was that one of the defendants may have built the bomb, but none of those on trial had thrown it.

The Haymarket Affair is thought to be an important reason of International Labor Day or May Day for workers.

The site of the incident was designated a Chicago Landmark in 1992, and a public sculpture was dedicated there in 2004.
Chicago Landmark

**Chicago Landmark** is a designation of the Mayor of Chicago and the Chicago City Council for historic buildings and other sites in Chicago, Illinois, United States.

Sites are selected after meeting many criteria, such as historical, economic, architectural, artistic, cultural, and social importance. Once a site is designated as a landmark, it is subject to the Chicago Landmarks Ordinance, which requires that any alterations must be done with a permit reviewed by the Landmarks Commission.

Many Chicago Landmarks are also listed on the National Register of Historic Places, providing federal tax support for preservation, and some are further designated National Historic Landmarks having more Federal protection.
Washington County, Arkansas

**Washington County** is a county in the northwest part of the U.S. state of Arkansas. As of the 2020 census, the population was 245,871, making it the third-most populous county in Arkansas. The county seat is Fayetteville.  It is Arkansas's 17th county, founded on October 17, 1828, and named for George Washington, the first President of the United States.
Creola, Alabama

**Creola** is a city in Mobile County, Alabama, United States. The population was 1,936 as of the 2020 census. It is included in the Mobile metropolitan statistical area. It was incorporated in 1978.
Union Stock Yards

The **Union Stock Yard & Transit Co.**, or **The Yards**, was the meatpacking district in present-day New City, Chicago. The yards were opened in 1865. Vanderbilt money sponsored the yards.  It was active for 106 years. The yards inspired Upton Sinclair to write his book _The Jungle_.

The stockyards became the important point of the rise of some of the earliest international companies. The stockyards have become an important part of the popular culture of Chicago's history.

From the Civil War until the 1920s and peaking in 1924, more meat was processed in Chicago than in any other place in the world. The Yards closed on July 30, 1971, after several decades of decline during the decentralization of the meatpacking industry.

It was designated a Chicago Landmark on February 24, 1972, and a National Historic Landmark on May 29, 1981.
Chicago Air & Water Show

The **Chicago Air & Water Show** is an annual air show held on the shore of Lake Michigan in Chicago, Illinois.  The show has been held each year since 1959 and is Chicago's second most popular festival (behind Lollapalooza).

In 2005, 2,200,000 watched the Chicago Air and Water Show. The Chicago Air and Water Show is presented by the City of Chicago and is the largest free show of its kind in the United States.
Lancaster, California

**Lancaster**  is a city in northern Los Angeles County, in the Antelope Valley of the western Mojave Desert in Southern California. As of 2020, 173,516 people lived in Lancaster. It was the 30th largest city by population in California.
Magnificent Mile Lights Festival

**The Magnificent Mile Lights Festival** is an annual event celebrated in Chicago on the Saturday before Thanksgiving. About one million lights on 200 trees brighten the city’s Michigan Avenue, also known as the Magnificent Mile. It also features notable Disney characters.

The festival is hosted by The Magnificent Mile Association. It is considered one of the largest Christmas holiday celebrations in the country.

In 1992, Walt Disney, the company, officially became part of the Lights Festival, turning the event into a major tourist attraction.

## Other websites

- Magnificent Mile Lights Festival  Official Website
- Greater North Michigan Avenue Association
Fontana, California

**Fontana** () is a city in San Bernardino County, California, United States.

## Other websites

- Official website
St. Ignace, Michigan

**Saint Ignace**, usually written as **St. Ignace**, is a city at the southern tip of the Upper Peninsula of the U.S. state of Michigan, on the northern side of the Straits of Mackinac.  The population was 2,306 at the 2020 census. It is the county seat of Mackinac County.
Ludington, Michigan

**Ludington**  is a city in the state of Michigan. As of the 2020 census, the city population was 7,655. It is the county seat of Mason County.
Visalia, California

**Visalia** ( ) is a city in the agricultural San Joaquin Valley of California. The city is the county seat of Tulare County.

Visalia is about  southeast of San Francisco,  north of Los Angeles,  west of Sequoia National Park and  south of Fresno. The population was 141,384 at the 2020 census.
Joe Messina

**Joe Messina** (December 13, 1928 – April 4, 2022) was an American guitarist. He was born in Detroit, Michigan. He was called the "white brother with soul". Messina was one of the most famous guitarists in Motown Records' in-house studio band, the Funk Brothers. He is known for being a member of The Funk Brothers.

Messina was the creator of an alternative music technique known as _The Interval Study Method_, which uses the chromatic and diatonic scales to create music.

Messina worked with performers such as Diana Ross & the Supremes, The Temptations, Marvin Gaye, The Four Tops, Stevie Wonder, and Smokey Robinson & the Miracles. Among Messina's most notable performances are his turns on hits such as "Dancing in the Street" (Martha & the Vandellas, 1964), "I Can't Help Myself (Sugar Pie, Honey Bunch)" (Four Tops, 1965), and "Your Precious Love" (Marvin Gaye & Tammi Terrell, 1967).

Messina died on April 4, 2022 at his son's home in Northville, Michigan at the age of 93.

## Other websites

- Danny Wilson's tribute to Joe Messina
- Joe Messina offers a personal message and interview
Tulare County, California

**Tulare County** ( ) is a county in the U.S. state of California. As of the 2020 census, the population was 473,117. The county seat is Visalia. Esmeralda Soria is from Tulare County.
Germigny

**Germigny** may refer to the following communes in France:
- Germigny, Marne, in the Marne department
- Germigny, Yonne, in the Yonne department
- Germigny-des-Prés, in the Loiret department
- Germigny-l'Évêque, in the Seine-et-Marne department
- Germigny-l'Exempt, in the Cher department
- Germigny-sous-Coulombs, in the Seine-et-Marne department
- Germigny-sur-Loire, in the Nièvre department
The Funk Brothers

**The Funk Brothers** were a group of soul musicians who were from Detroit, United States, performing the musical backing activities to most Motown recordings from 1959 until the company moved to Los Angeles in 1972.

They are thought to be one of the most successful groups of studio musicians in music history. The Funk Brothers played on Motown hits such as: "My Girl", "I Heard It Through the Grapevine", "Baby Love", "Signed, Sealed, Delivered I'm Yours", "Papa Was a Rollin' Stone", "The Tears of a Clown", "Ain't No Mountain High Enough", and "Heat Wave".

The were 13 verified members of the group and they were identified by both NARAS for the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award and were recognized with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. Some believed the group "played on more number-one hits than the Beatles, Elvis Presley, the Rolling Stones and the Beach Boys combined."

## Other websites

- "Standing in the Shadows of Motown WebQuest"
- Official _Standing in the Shadows of Motown_ website
- Grammy Lifetime Achievement awards
- The Soulful Tale of Two Cities
Jack Ashford

**Jack Ashford** (born May 18, 1934) is an American soul musician. He was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He worked for Motown Records' in-house Funk Brothers band during the 1960s and early 1970s.

Ashford is most famous for playing the tambourine on hundreds of Motown recordings. Ashford played tambourine on include "Nowhere to Run" by Martha & the Vandellas, "You Can't Hurry Love" by The Supremes, "I Heard It Through the Grapevine" by Marvin Gaye, and "Don't Leave Me This Way" by Thelma Houston.

Following the death of Joe Messina in April 2022, Ashford is the last survivor of the 13 core members of The Funk Brothers.

## Other websites

- Bankhousebooks.com
- Jack Ashford Interview NAMM Oral History Library (2013)
Cundinamarca Department

**Department of Cundinamarca ** (Departamento de Cundinamarca, ) is one of the 32 departments of Colombia. Its area is  (not including the Capital District) and 2,598,245 people lived here in 2013. Cundinamarca is in the center of Colombia.

Cundinamarca's capital city is Bogotá, the capital of Colombia.
Eddie Willis

**Eddie "Chank" Willis** (June 3, 1936 – August 20, 2018) was an African-American soul musician. Willis played electric guitar and occasional electric sitar for Motown's in-house studio band, the Funk Brothers. He was born in Grenada, Mississippi. He was active in the 1960s and the 1970s.

Willis was known for his songs "Please Mr. Postman" by The Marvelettes, "The Way You Do the Things You Do" by The Temptations, "You Keep Me Hanging On" by The Supremes, and "I Was Made to Love Her" by Stevie Wonder.

Willis died on August 20, 2018 in Gore Springs, Mississippi from complications of polio at the age of 82.
Pine Apple, Alabama

**Pine Apple** is a town in Wilcox County, Alabama, United States. It was incorporated in 1872. At the 2020 census the population was 143.
Moulinet

**Moulinet** is the name of two communes in France:
- Moulinet, Alpes-Maritimes, a commune in the Alpes-Maritimes department
- Moulinet, Lot-et-Garonne, a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department
Avery Dulles

**Avery Robert Dulles**, S.J. (; August 24, 1918 – December 12, 2008) was a Jesuit priest, theologian, and Cardinal of the Catholic Church. Dulles was on the faculty of Woodstock College from 1960 to 1974, of The Catholic University of America from 1974 to 1988, and as the Laurence J. McGinley Professor of Religion and Society at Fordham University from 1988 to 2008. He was born in Auburn, New York.

Dulles died in The Bronx, New York from complications of polio on December 12, 2008, aged 90.

## Other websites

- Faculty Homepage
- Cardinal Avery Dulles Online Archive
- Catholic Hierarchy – information on Cardinal Dulles
- Cardinal Avery Dulles
- Catholic pages Cardinal Dulles bio
Auburn, New York

**Auburn** is a city in Cayuga County, New York, United States. It is located at the north end of Owasco Lake, one of the Finger Lakes, in Central New York. As of the 2020 census, the city had a population of 26,866. It is the county seat of Cayuga County.
Clay, Alabama

**Clay** is a city in northeastern Jefferson County, Alabama, United States.

Actor Clayne Crawford was born here on April 20, 1978.
Pier Giorgio Frassati

Blessed **Pier Giorgio Frassati** (6 April 1901 – 4 July 1925) was an Italian Roman Catholic social activist. He was born in Turin. He was a member from the Third Order of Saint Dominic.

He was dedicated to social justice issues. He helped the poor and less fortunate living in his hometown of Turin. He died in Turin on 4 July 1925 from polio, aged 24.

His cause for canonization opened in 1932 after the Turin poor made several pleas for such a cause to open. However, Pope Pius XII suspended the cause in 1941. Pope John Paul II beatified Frassati in mid-1990 and dubbed him the "Man of the Eight Beatitudes". On 20 November 2024, it was announced that Frassati would be canonized during the Jubilee of Youth from 28 July to 3 August, with the canonization ceremonies occurring on Sunday, 3 August. It was later announced by Pope Leo XIV that Frassati would be canonized on 7 September 2025, along with Blessed Carlo Acutis.
Onex, Switzerland

**Onex** () is a municipality of the canton of Geneva in Switzerland.

## History

The municipality of Onex became an independent municipality in 1851 when the municipality of Onex-Confignon split into the two municipalities of Onex and Confignon.

## Geography

The municipality is on the left bank of the Rhône river.

The municipality has seven villages of Cressy - Marais, Evaux, Cité-Nouvelle, Gros-Chêne, Pré-Longet, Belle-Cour and Onex - village.

## Twin towns

Onex is twinned with:
- Liestal, Switzerland
- Massagno, Switzerland
- Bandol, France

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Onex
- **municipality name**: Onex
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **image photo**: VieilOnex1.jpg
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Onex COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Onex.png
- **languages**: French
- **canton**: Geneva
- **iso-code-region**: CH-GE
- **district**: n.a.
- **postal code**: 1213
- **municipality code**: 6631
- **area**: 2.82
- **elevation**: 427
- **website**: www.onex.ch
- **mayor**: Carole-Anne Kast
- **mayor party**: Social Democratic Party of Switzerland, SP
- **mayor title**: Maire
- **demonym**: Onésien/Onésienne
- **neighboring municipalities**: Bernex, Switzerland, Bernex, Confignon, Lancy, Plan-les-Ouates, Vernier
- **twintowns**: Liestal (Switzerland), Massagno (Switzerland), Bandol (France)
Crossville, Alabama

**Crossville** is a town in the U.S. state of Alabama.

## Other websites

- Town of Crossville official website
Pope Gelasius I

**Pope Gelasius I** (died 19 November 496) was Pope of the Catholic Church. He reigned from 492 to 496. He was preceded by
Felix III and succeeded by Anastasius II.

## Place of birth

There is confusion about where he was born.

## Infobox (christian leader)

- **type**: Pope
- **honorific-prefix**: Pope Saint
- **name**: Gelasius I
- **image**: San Galasio I.jpg
- **image size**: 220px
- **birth name**: Gelasius
- **term start**: 1 March 492
- **term end**: 19 November 496
- **predecessor**: Pope Felix III, Felix III
- **successor**: Pope Anastasius II, Anastasius II
- **birth date**: Unknown date
- **birth place**: Africa (Roman province), Roman Africa or Rome
- **death place**: Rome, Ostrogothic Kingdom
- **feast day**: 21 November
- **other**: Gelasius
Margareta Niculescu

**Margareta Niculescu** (4 January 1926 – 19 August 2018) was a Romanian artist, puppeteer, director, teacher and theater director. She was director of Tandarica Theatre of Bucharest. She was born in Iaşi, Romania.

From 2000 until 2004 she was president of the International Puppetry Association in Charleville-Mezieres, in Ardennes, and co-founded with Jacques Felix, the National School of Puppetry Arts in that city.

In 1978 she won the Erasmus Prize together with other noted puppeteers Yves Joly, Peter Schumann and the Napoli brothers.

Niculescu died on 19 August 2018 in Charleville-Mézières, France at the age of 92.
Everton de Viña del Mar

**Everton de Viña del Mar**, is a Chilean football club based in Viña del Mar. The club was founded in 1909, and now plays in first chilean football league. Their home matches are played at Sausalito stadium, which has a capacity of approximately 25,000 seats.

## Honours

- National champions: 1950, 1952, 1976
- Copa Chile champions: 1984
- Second Division champions: 1974, 1982, 2003

## Other websites

- Everton VM official website

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Everton
- **fullname**: Everton de Viña del Mar S.A.D.P.
- **nickname**: _Los oro y cielo_ (The gold and sky)
_Ruleteros_ (Roulette players)
_Los del Cerro_ (The Ones from the Hill)
- **founded**: 1909
- **ground**: Estadio Sausalito, Viña del Mar
- **capacity**: 23,423
- **chairman**: Pedro Cedillo Martínez
- **manager**: Javier Torrente
- **league**: Chilean Primera División, Primera División
- **season**: 2024
- **position**: 7th
Dario Argento

**Dario Argento** (; born 7 September 1940) is an Italian movie director, producer, critic and screenwriter. He is best known for his work in the horror movies during the 1970s and 1980s. He was known for his "The Three Mothers" trilogy: _Suspiria_ (1977), _Inferno_ (1980), and _The Mother of Tears_ (2007).

His first movie, _The Bird with the Crystal Plumage_ (1970), was a major hit in Italy. He helped produce George A. Romero's _Dawn of the Dead_ (1978).

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Dario Argento
- **image**: Dario Argento Cannes 2017.jpg
- **caption**: Argento at the 2017 Cannes Film Festival
- **birth place**: Rome, Kingdom of Italy, Italy
- **partner**: Daria Nicolodi (1974–1985)
- **children**: 2 (including Asia Argento)
- **relatives**: Claudio Argento
- **other names**: Sirio Bernadotte
- **spouse**: Marisa Casale (1968–1972; divorced)
Asia Argento

**Asia Argento** (; born **Aria Maria Vittoria Rossa Argento**; 20 September 1975) is an Italian actress, singer, writer, DJ, model, activist and director. She is the daughter of filmmaker Dario Argento.

Argento is best known for her roles in the movies _XXX_ (2002), _Land of the Dead_ (2005) and _Marie Antoinette_ (2006).

Argento was in a relationship with celebrity chef Anthony Bourdain from early 2017 until his suicide in 2018.

In the #MeToo movement she is thought to be one of the most vocal leaders of the movement. She was one of the many women abused by Harvey Weinstein.

In August 2018, an article published in _The New York Times_ revealed that she sexually assaulted Jimmy Bennett, a then 17-year-old actor and musician, in a California hotel in 2013, and arranged to pay $380,000 to her accuser.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Asia Argento
- **image**: Asia Argento Cannes 2018.jpg
- **caption**: Argento at 2018 Cannes Film Festival
- **birth name**: Aria Maria Vittoria Rossa Argento
- **birth place**: Rome, Italy
- **nationality**: Italian
- **other names**: Aria Argento
- **occupation**: Actress, director, singer, model, DJ, writer
- **years active**: 1985–present
- **partner**: Morgan (singer), Marco Castoldi (2000–2006)
- **children**: 2
Sourcery

***Sourcery*** is a fantasy book by Terry Pratchett. It was published in 1988 and it is the fifth book in the _Discworld_ series.

## Plot

The story follows the wizard Rincewind who appeared in the first two Discworld books. He has to deal with the problems created when a young boy named Coin, the eighth son of an eighth son, and the most powerful wizard in the world tries to take over the world.

## Adaptation

Sky TV planned to make a TV version of the book, although these plans were never completed.

## Reception

Several newspapers praised _Sourcery_ for its humour. The Daily Mail said _Sourcery_ was the "most entertaining science-fantasy discovery in many years", whilst The Guardian said "One turns with relief … to the stylish magic of _Sourcery_." However it was criticised for its "lazy" plot and for being "muddled".
N. K. Jemisin

**Nora K. Jemisin** (born September 19, 1972) is an American speculative fiction writer.  She has won several awards for her work. She is the only author to have won the Hugo Award for Best Novel in three consecutive years.

In 2016, Jemisin's novel _The Fifth Season_ won the Hugo Award for Best Novel. This win made her the first African American writer to win a Hugo award in that category. Its first sequel, _The Obelisk Gate_, won the Hugo Award for Best Novel in 2017. A second sequel, _The Stone Sky_, won the same award in 2018.

## Early life

Nora K. Jemisin was born in Iowa City, Iowa, and grew up in New York City and Mobile, Alabama. Jemisin has a B.S. degree in psychology (1994) Tulane University. She  also has a Master's of Education from the University of Maryland College Park.

## Personal life

Jemisin lives and works in Brooklyn, New York.

## Awards

- _Romantic Times_ Reviewers' Choice Award, Best Fantasy Novel 2010 (_The Broken Kingdoms_)
- Locus Award, Best First Novel 2011 (_The Hundred Thousand Kingdoms_)
- Sense of Gender Award, 2011 (_The Hundred Thousand Kingdoms_)
- _Romantic Times_ Reviewers' Choice Award, Best Fantasy Novel 2012 (_The Shadowed Sun_)
- Hugo Award, Best Novel 2016 (_The Fifth Season_)
- Hugo Award, Best Novel 2017 (_The Obelisk Gate_)
- Nebula Award, Best Novel 2018 (_The Stone Sky_)
- Locus Award, Best Fantasy 2018 (_The Stone Sky_)
- Hugo Award, Best Novel 2018 (_The Stone Sky_)

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Nora K. Jemisin
- **image**: N. K. Jemisin.jpg
- **image size**: 200px
- **caption**: A photograph of N. K. Jemisin
- **birth place**: Iowa City, Iowa, United States
- **pseudonym**: N. K. Jemisin
- **occupation**: Novelist, psychologist, career counselor
- **genre**: Science fiction, fantasy
Anthony Mackie

**Anthony Dwane Mackie** was born September 23, 1978. Mackie first appeared on stage before acting in mostly movies and sometimes television. He has appeared in movies such as _8 Mile_ (2002), _Million Dollar Baby_ (2004), _The Hurt Locker_ (2008), _Notorious_ (2009), _The Adjustment Bureau_ (2011), _Man on a Ledge_ (2012), _Gangster Squad_ (2013), _Pain & Gain_ (2013) and _The Night Before_ (2015). In 2014, he joined the Marvel Cinematic Universe as the superhero Falcon. As this character, he has appeared in the movies _Captain America: The Winter Soldier_ (2014), _Avengers: Age of Ultron_ (2015), _Ant-Man_ (2015), _Captain America: Civil War_ (2016), and _Avengers: Infinity War_ (2018). In May 2016, he co-starred as Martin Luther King Jr. in the HBO television movie _All the Way_. In 2019, he played Danny Parker in the _Black Mirror_ episode "Striking Vipers".

Mackie was born in New Orleans, Louisiana. He married Sheletta Chapital in 2014, but the couple divorced in 2018. The couple have three children.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Anthony Mackie
- **image**: Anthony Mackie - All the Way Premier - 2016 (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Mackie in May 2016.
- **birth name**: Anthony Dwane Mackie
- **birth place**: New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.
- **nationality**: Americans, American
- **occupation**: Actor
- **years active**: 2002–present
- **height**: 5 ft 10 in
- **children**: 3
National Library and Documentation Services Board

The **National Library and Documentation Services Board (NLDSB)** is the agency of the government of Sri Lanka which helps maintains all state libraries around the country.

The NLDSB was established under the act No: 51 of 1998. This act established the Sri Lanka National Library Services Board in 1970. The board is placed under the Sri Lankan Ministry of Education. The present Board of Directors consists of 11 members including a full-time Chairperson. The Director General is the chief executive and secretary of the Board.

## Goals and targets

- To assess the need for library and documentation services among all sectors of the community and to promote the development of library and documentation services.
- To administer, manage and control the affairs of the National Library and Documentation Centre.
- To advise the authorities regarding plans, programmes and activities for the development of library and documentation services in Sri Lanka.
- To provide leadership for libraries of all categories in Sri Lanka, leadership in providing information to the nation and for all services.
- Establishment, development and maintenance of a complete national collection of written, printed and non print media published in Sri Lanka or abroad.
- Establishment and maintenance of Bibliographic and Documentation Services.
- Advise the government on matters relevant to the Library and Information Science field.
- Organization of human resources and Promotion of physical resources for the development of libraries in Sri Lanka.
- Encourage the local book publication and promotion of reading.
- Encourage usage of Information Technology for library and information services.
- Promote co-operation with the institutions and organizations at national, regional and international level related to library and information field.
- Organization of library and information services respecting to the cultural identity of different groups in the society.
- Provide resources and organize services needed for academic research activities.
Birbal

**Birbal** (born **Mahesh Das**; 1528  16 February 1586), or **Raja Birbal**, was a Hindu advisor in the court of the Mughal emperor, Akbar. Birbal was appointed by Akbar as a poet and singer in around 1560. He was one of the _navaratnas_ (nine jewels of Akbar).

He is mostly known in the Indian subcontinent for the folk tales which focus on his wit. In the local folk tales he is presented as a very clever person. These tales are popular in India. These tales involve him being smarter then or making fool of other courtiers and sometimes even Akbar, using only his intelligence and cunning. From the twentieth century onwards, plays, movies and books based on these folk tales were made. Some of these folk tales are in children's comics and school books.

## Infobox (royalty)

- **image**: Birbal.jpg
- **alt**: Birbal
- **caption**: Birbal
- **birth name**: Mahesh Das
- **birth date**: 1528
- **birth place**: Sidhi, Sidhi district, Sidhi, Madhya Pradesh, India
- **death place**: Swat valley, present-day Pakistan
- **occupation**: Courtier and advisor in the Mughal Empire, Mughal court of Emperor Akbar
Peninsular War

The **Peninsular War** (1807–1814) was a war between the First French Empire under Napoleon and the Spanish Empire for the control of Spain and Portugal.

France and Spain started as allies. The war began when French and Spanish armies together invaded and occupied Portugal in 1807.

In 1808, France invaded Spain. Napoleon forced the Spanish kings to give up power and made gave brother Joseph Bonaparte the throne instead. The Spanish government accepted this, but the Spanish people did not, so they rebelled against the French.

The word _guerilla_, which means "little war" in Spanish, was first used in 1808 when the Spanish used guerrilla warfare against the larger and better-armed regular French Army.

The British army joined the war in defense of the Spanish. The Spanish temporarily drove out the French army, but the French came back and the Spanish surrendered at the end of 1808.

General Sir Arthur Wellesley, later Duke of Wellington, became famous in the war. The war lasted until certain European states joined together in the War of the Sixth Coalition and defeated Napoleon in 1814, invading Southern France as far north as Toulouse.

## Infobox (military conflict)

- **conflict**: The Peninsular War
- **partof**: Napoleonic Wars
- **image**: El_dos_de_mayo_de_1808_en_Madrid_rdit.jpg
- **image size**: 300px
- **place**: Spain, Portugal & France, Southern France