juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Mehmet Oz

**Mehmet Cengiz Öz** (born June 11, 1960), also known as **Dr. Oz**, is an American doctor, politician, writer, educator, and television personality who has been the 17th and current Administrator of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services since 2025. He has a television show, _The Dr. Oz Show_. He helps people with health and weight. He won two Emmy Awards, in 2010 and in 2011. He also has Turkish citizenship.

A Republican, Oz unsuccessfully ran for the United States Senate in 2022. In November 2024, he was picked by President-elect Donald Trump to run the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. He was confirmed by the U.S. Senate in April 2025.

## Television career

In 2003, Oprah Winfrey was the first guest on the Discovery Channel series _Second Opinion with Dr. Oz_, and he was a regular guest on _The Oprah Winfrey Show_. In 2009, _The Dr. Oz Show_ first aired. It ran for 13 seasons. Oz was a supporter of pseudoscience and often showed false medical claims.

### U.S. Senate campaign

In November 2021, Oz announced that he was running in the 2022 U.S. Senate election in Pennsylvania as a Republican. He won the nomination in June 2022, becoming the first Muslim to be nominated by either major party for U.S. Senate. He was defeated in the general election by John Fetterman.

### Centers for Medicare & Medicaid

On November 19, 2024, Oz was picked by President-elect Donald Trump to run the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. On April 3, the U.S. Senate voted 53–45 to confirm Oz as CMS administrator.

## Personal life

Öz was born on June 11, 1960 in Cleveland, Ohio to a Turkish family. He studied at Tower Hill School, at Harvard University, at Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, and at University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine.

Oz served in the Turkish Army during the 1980s for 60 days of mandatory training.

Öz married his wife Lisa Lemole in 1985. They have four children. He now lives in Bryn Athyn, Pennsylvania.

## Other websites

- Dr. Oz Show
- Columbia University Department of Surgery profile

## Infobox (person)

- **child**: yes
- **years active**: 1986–present
- **organization**: HealthCorps, Sharecare
- **television**: _The Dr. Oz Show_


## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Mehmet Oz
- **image**: CMS Admin Dr Mehmet Oz.png
- **caption**: Official portrait, 2025
- **office**: 17th Administrator of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services
- **president**: Donald Trump
- **term start**: April 8, 2025
- **predecessor**: Chiquita Brooks-LaSure
- **birth name**: Mehmet Cengiz Öz
- **birth place**: Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.
- **children**: 4, including Daphne Oz, Daphne
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **education**: Harvard University (Bachelor of Arts, BA)
University of Pennsylvania (Doctor of Medicine, MD, Master of Business Administration, MBA)
- **awards**: #Public reception, Full list
Jimmie Åkesson

**Per Jimmie Åkesson** (born May 17, 1979) is a Swedish politician and blogger.He has been the leader of the Sweden Democrats since 2005. In 2010 the Sweden Democrats made it into the Riksdag after the general elections.

After the election in 2022 SD had 20% of the votes and is Swedens second biggest party (2024).
February 2013 nor'easter

The **February 2013 nor'easter** (called by The Weather Channel as **Winter Storm Nemo**) was a large winter storm that formed from two low pressure areas and affected the northeastern United States and eastern Canada from February 7–10, 2013. The areas affect by the storm were between Virginia and Maine. The storm had hurricane strength winds, lightning, thunder, heavy snows and blizzard conditions. Boston received almost  of snow due to this storm. New York City received almost one foot of new snow. It was Connecticut, however, that got the most. Hamden, Connecticut received almost , while nearby cities got at least . About 700,000 customers lost power.

## Related pages

- North American blizzard of 2003
- December 2009 North American blizzard
- December 2010 North American blizzard
- January 31 – February 2, 2011 North American winter storm
Non-deterministic turing machine

A **Turing machine** is an idea from computer science that tries to describe how some computers work. Deterministic Turing machines use a function. Given the current state of the Turing machine, it selects another state the Turing machine should have. In other words, from each state there is one other state the machine can have. A non-deterministic Turing machine uses a relation. This means that from some states there are several other states that are possible.
Black Star of Queensland

The **Black Star of Queensland** is a large gem sapphire. It is the world's largest star sapphire. It is . It was discovered in Queensland in the 1930s. During the 1960s, the Black Star of Queensland was on display at the Smithsonian as part of an exhibition with the Hope Diamond. It was also on display at the Royal Ontario Museum from 2 June to 2 December 2007.

## Infobox (mineral)

- **name**: Black Star of Queensland, Star Sapphire
- **category**: Oxide mineral
- **image**: Black Star of Queensland Star Sapphire.jpg
- **caption**: The 733-carat Black Star of Queensland
- **color**: Black
Cheddar

**Cheddar** most often refers to one of these:
- Cheddar cheese, named after the village below
- Cheddar, Somerset

**Cheddar** may also refer to:

## Places

- Cheddar, Ontario, Canada
- Cheddar Complex, a biological site of special scientific interest
- Cheddar Gorge, the largest gorge in the UK
- Cheddar Man, the 7150-year-old remains of a human male found in Cheddar Gorge
- Cheddar Reservoir, an artificial water reservoir
- Cheddar Wood, a site of special scientific interest
- Cheddar Yeo, a river which flows through Cheddar Gorge and the village of Cheddar

## Food and service

- Cheddar's Casual Cafe, a Texas-based chain of dining restaurants
- Cheddaring, a process in the manufacturing of cheddar cheese
- Cheddars, a brand of biscuit

## Other uses

- Cheddar (TV channel), a live and on demand financial news network
- "Cheddar" (_Brooklyn Nine-Nine_), a television episode
- Cheddar Valley line, an old railway line in Somerset, England
Nearest neighbour algorithm

**Nearest neighbour algorithms** is the name given to a number of greedy algorithms to solve the problems related to graph theory. This algorithm was made to find a solution to the travelling salesman problem. In general, these algorithms try to find a Hamlitonian cycle as follows:
1. Start at some vertex, and mark it as current.
1. From the current vertex, take the shortest edge that connects it to an unvisited vertex V.
1. Set the current vertex to V.
1. If there no unvisited vertices left, you are done.
1. Else, go to step 2.
Such algorithms are easy to implement, but they do  not always find the best solution. What is worse, the algorithm may not find a tour even if one exists.
Nubra

**Nubra** may refer to:

- Nubra Valley, in the Ladakh region India.
- Nubra River, in the Ladakh region India.
- Nubra Pika (_Ochotona nubrica_), a mammal
Alexandrite

**Alexandrite** is a gemstone. It is a type of chrysoberyl. Different kinds of light make the colors change. This is called the "alexandrite effect."

A gemstone similar to alexandrite can be made in a laboratory. That kind of stone is called synthetic or simulated alexandrite. These are not made of chrysoberyl. People make these because alexandrite is expensive, and the synthetic alexandrite costs less.

One story says that alexandrite was named in honor of Alexander II of Russia. Alexander was not yet Tsar at the time.

Alexandrite has been found in Russia, Brazil, India, Madagascar and Sri Lanka.

Alexandrite is one of the birthstones for June.
Jandali dialect

**Jandali** is a Punjabi dialect spoken in the Punjab province of Pakistan.
Golden pheasant

The **golden pheasant** (also known as the **Chinese pheasant** or **rainbow pheasant**) (_Chrysolophus pictus_) is a gamebird of the order Galliformes (gallinaceous birds) and the family Phasianidae. It is native to forests in mountainous areas of western China, but feral populations have been established in the United Kingdom and elsewhere.
Grey peacock-pheasant

The **grey peacock-pheasant** (_Polyplectron bicalcaratum_), also known as the Burmese peacock-pheasant, is a large southeast Asian member of the order Galliformes. It is the national bird of Myanmar.
Hamiltonian path

A **Hamiltonian path** is a path in a graph which contains each vertex of the graph exactly once. A **Hamiltonian cycle** is a Hamiltonian path, which is also a cycle. Knowing whether such a path exists in a graph, as well as finding it is a fundamental problem of graph theory. It is much more difficult than finding an Eulerian path, which contains each edge exactly once. The problem of finding a Hamiltonian path is NP-complete. There are two classes of graphs: directed and undirected graphs. In directed graphs, an edge can only be travelled in one direction, in undirected graphs it can be travelled in both directions. The Travelling Salesman Problem is an instance of this problem. Its task is to find the shortest Hamiltonian cycle, usually in a directed graph, with weight (or distances) attached to the edges.

Hamiltonian paths  and cycles and cycle paths are named after William Rowan Hamilton who invented the Icosian game. This game is also known as _Hamilton's puzzle_. It involves finding a Hamiltonian cycle in the edge graph of the dodecahedron.  Hamilton solved this problem using the Icosian Calculus, an algebraic structure based on roots of unity with many similarities to the quaternions (also invented by Hamilton).  This solution does not generalize to arbitrary graphs. However, despite being named after Hamilton, Hamiltonian cycles in polyhedra had also been studied a year earlier by Thomas Kirkman.
Roman dodecahedron

**Roman dodecahedron** is the name for dodecahedra which were found in Europe. In total, over hundred such objects were found in all European parts of the Roman Empire. They date from the second or third century CE, and were made of bronze or stone. They are hollow, and each of the twelve pentangular faces has a hole in it. Most of these were found on the territories of modern-day France and Germany, but some were also found in Hungary and Great Britain. They are between  and  in size.

The exact function or use of the dodecahedra remains a mystery; no mention of them has been found in texts or pictures of the time. Speculated uses include candlestick holders (wax was found inside one example); dice; survey instruments; devices for determining the optimal sowing date for winter grain; that they were used to calibrate water pipes; and army standard bases. It has also been suggested that they may have been religious artifacts of some kind. This speculation is based on the fact that most of the examples have been found in Gallo-Roman sites.

## Other websites

- Roman Dodecahedra (also includes one Roman icosahedron)
- "History Mystery: Ancient Dodecahedron's Purpose Remains Secret" by Alexandria Hein, Fox News, June 10, 2011
Gamma function

In mathematics, the **gamma function** (Γ(_z_)) is a key topic in the field of special functions. Γ(_z_) is an extension of the factorial function to all complex numbers except negative integers. For positive integers, it is defined as

The gamma function is defined for all complex numbers, but it is not defined for the non-positive integers. For a complex number whose real part is a positive integer, the function is defined by:

### Particular values

Some particular values of the gamma function are:

### Pi function

Gauss introduced the **Pi function**. This is another way of denoting the gamma function. In terms of the gamma function, the Pi function is

so that

for every non-negative integer _n_.

### Analytic number theory

The gamma function is used to study the Riemann zeta function. A property of the Riemann zeta function is its functional equation:

Bernhard Riemann found a relation between these two functions. This was published in his 1859 paper "Über die Anzahl der Primzahlen unter einer gegebenen Grösse" ("On the Number of Prime Numbers less than a Given Quantity")

## Related pages

- Gamma distribution

## Further reading

- Milton Abramowitz and Irene A. Stegun, eds. _Handbook of Mathematical Functions with Formulas, Graphs, and Mathematical Tables._ New York: Dover, 1972. _(See Chapter 6)_
- Emil Artin, "The Gamma Function", in Rosen, Michael (ed.) _Exposition by Emil Artin: a selection_; History of Mathematics 30. Providence, RI: American Mathematical Society (2006).
- P. E. Böhmer, ´´Differenzengleichungen und bestimmte Integrale´´, Köhler Verlag, Leipzig, 1939.
- Philip J. Davis, "Leonhard Euler's Integral: A Historical Profile of the Gamma Function," _American Mathematical Monthly_ **66**, 849-869 (1959)
- O. R. Rocktaeschel, ´´Methoden zur Berechnung der Gammafunktion für komplexes Argument``, University of Dresden, Dresden, 1922.
Necrotising arachnidism

**Necrotising arachnidism** is a medical condition caused by a spider bite. The skin can blister, form ulcers, and in some cases be destroyed (called necrosis). It is very painful and could need skin grafts. Doctors are still unclear about the treatment of the condition. The only spider identified as being a causative agent for necrotising arachnidism is the Recluse spider (specifically, the Brown Recluse spider).  Whilst it is portrayed by the media to be caused by the bite of the white-tailed spider and the black house spider, no studies have definitively proven the causative link. There is no specific treatment for the condition.
Farthing (English coin)

The **farthing** was a coin of the Kingdom of England. It was worth one quarter of a penny, or  of a pound sterling. The word 'farthing' is derived from the Anglo-Saxon _feorthing_. It means a _fourthling_ or _fourth part_. The Anglo-Saxon word was probably derived from the Old Norse, _fjorthungr_ meaning a "quarter".

Such coins were first minted in England in silver in the 13th century. They were used until 1707, when the Kingdom of England was taken over by Scottish King, King James that united The British mainland United Kingdom of Great Britain. Early farthings were silver. The farthing was small (only 10 millimeters in diameter) and very light (slightly more than 0.4 gram). Surviving examples are rare. The first copper farthings were issued during the reign of King James I.  In the late 17th century the English farthing was also minted in tin.

In 1953, the British farthing's low value forced its last minting. A Londoner complained of abusive vendors when he tried to offer the coin for purchases. The coin ceased to be legal tender on 1 January 1961.
Emeli Sandé

**Adele Emeli Sandé** <small>MBE</small> best known as **Emeli Sandé** (born 10 March 1987) is a British singer and songwriter. She was born in Sunderland, Tyne and Wear to an English mother and Zambian father. She was raised in Alford, Aberdeenshire. She became famous after writing many songs for artists like Rihanna, Leona Lewis and Susan Boyle.

In 2010 she singed a contract with EMI. She then released two singles, "Read All About It" and "Beneath Your Beautiful", which went on top of the British charts. In 2012 she won the Brits Critics Choice award. Her first album, _Our Version of Events_, was very successful, selling more than 100,000 copies in the first week. It was the best-selling album in the UK of 2012. She performed at the opening ceremony of the London 2012 Olympics.

In 2013 she won two BRIT Awards, one for Best Female Artist and one for Best Album.

On 24 February 2014, she released her second EP, _Who Needs The World? EP_.
Her next album will be released in summer 2014.

## Personal life

Sandé married Adam Gouraguine in Montenegro in 2012. They later divorced in 2014.

## Other websites

- Official website
Stock-Keeping Unit

**SKU** (often pronounced "skew") is an acronym for **Stock-Keeping Unit**.  This is the barcode found on things sold in stores. It is made in a way that laser scanners in the check-out lane can read the code.  The code is then used to find the price.

## Design

The bar code is made of vertical bars, some are thick, some are thin.  The scanner can see these bars and the pattern of the bars tells them what the numbers are.  The patterns are made in a way that the scanner can read it forwards or backwards, so it doesn't matter how the product is held, it can still read the number. The numbers are often also written underneath the bars, so that people can read the SKU.  There are two parts to the number.  The first part is who made the product, the second part is what the actual product is.
Hermann Levi

**Hermann Levi** was a 19th-century orchestral conductor. He conducted the premiere of _Parsifal_.
Jimmy Perry

**James "Jimmy" Perry** OBE (9 September 1923 – 23 October 2016) was an English writer, scriptwriter, producer, author and actor who is known for creating the BBC sitcom _Dad's Army_.

Perry was born on September 9, 1923 in Barnes, Surrey, England. He studied at Colet Court and at St Paul's School. Perry lived in Algarve, Portugal.

Perry died in London on 23 October 2016 at the age of 93.

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Jimmy Perry
Order of the British Empire, OBE
- **image**: Jimmy Perry.jpg
- **caption**: Jimmy Perry in May 2011
- **birth name**: James Perry
- **birth place**: Barnes, London, Barnes, Surrey, England
- **death place**: London, England
- **occupation**: Screenwriter, Scriptwriter
- **nationality**: British people, British
- **period**: 1960-2002 2012-2016
- **genre**: Television
- **notableworks**: Dad's Army (1968-1977)
The Gnomes of Dulwich (1969)
It Ain't Half Hot Mum (1974-1981)
Room Service (1979 TV series), Room Service (1979)
Hi-de-Hi! (1980-1988)
You Rang M'Lord? (1988-1993)
High Street Blues (1989)
- **spouse**: Gilda Neeljte (until his death)
- **relatives**: Diane Holland (sister-in-law)
Philips

**Philips** is a Dutch electronics company. It was founded by Gerard and Frederik Philips in 1891. It employs about 120,000 people in 60 countries.

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: Koninklijke Philips N.V.
- **logo**: Philips logo new.svg
- **image**: Siege Philips Amsterdam.jpg
- **image caption**: Headquarters in Amsterdam, 2009
- **type**: Public company, Public (Naamloze vennootschap, N.V.)
- **industry**: Conglomerate (company), Conglomerate
- **foundation**:
Eindhoven, Netherlands
- **founders**: Gerard Philips, Gerard and Anton Philips
- **location**: Amsterdam, Netherlands
- **area served**: Worldwide
- **revenue**: Euro, €19.535 billion (2020)
- **operating income**: €1.542 billion (2020)
- **net income**: €1.195 billion (2020)
- **assets**: €27.713 billion (2020)
- **equity**: €11.901 billion (2020)
- **num employees**: 81,592 (2020)
David Croft

**David John Croft**,  (born **David John Andrew Sharland**; 7 September 1922 – 27 September 2011) was an English writer, producer, and director. He created the BBC television sitcom _Dad's Army_.

Croft was born on 7 September 1922 in Sandbanks, Poole, Dorset, England. He studied at the Rugby School and at Royal Military College, Sandhurst. Croft was married to Ann Callender from 1952 until his death in 2011. They had seven children. Croft died on 27 September 2011 in his home in Tavira, Algarve, Portugal from natural causes, aged 89.

## Other websites

- Official homepage
- List of works at the BBC Guide to Comedy
- David Croft's appearance on This Is Your Life
- Biography at UKTV
- Obituary of David Croft, The Daily Telegraph, 27 September 2011
- Obituary of David Croft, The Guardian, 27 September 2011
Tertullian

**Tertullian** (160-225) was an early Christian writer from Carthage.
Though conservative in his worldview, Tertullian originated new theological concepts and advanced the development of early Church doctrine. He is perhaps most famous for being the first writer in Latin known to use the term trinity (Latin: trinitas). According to The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, "Tertullian's trinity [is] not a triune God, but rather a triad or group of three, with God as the founding member".[13] A similar word had been used earlier in Greek,[a] though Tertullian gives the oldest extant use of the terminology as later incorporated into the Nicene Creed at the Second Ecumenical Council, the First Council of Constantinople in 381 AD, or as the Athanasian Creed, or both.[14] Other Latin formulations that first appear in his work are "One God, three persons, one substance" as the Latin "tres personae, una substantia", ('consubstantial', in English), itself from the Koine Greek "treis hypostases, homoousioi").[12] Influenced by Stoic philosophy, the "substance" of Tertullian, however, was a material substance that did not refer to a single God, but to the sharing of the divine substance of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit.[13] He wrote his understanding of the three members of the trinity after becoming a Montanist.[12]

## Other websites

- Tertullian Project
Beautiful Creatures (2013 movie)

***Beautiful Creatures*** is a 2013 American romantic-fantasy drama. It is set in South Carolina. The movie stars Emmy Rossum, Viola Davis and Emma Thompson. Thompson plays Mrs. Lincoln and Sarafine. _Beautiful Creatures_ was released on February 14, 2013 for the United States. Jeremy Irons also stars. The movie is based on the novel of the same name by Kami Garcia and Margaret Stohl.
Round city of Baghdad

the **Round city of Baghdad (Al-Mansur city)** (also called: **the city of peace**) was an ancient city in Baghdad, Iraq that was built in 762–767 CE. Today there are only a few remains of the ancient city of Al Mansur.

## Other websites

- Al-Mansur's Round City of Baghdad  in "archnet" website
- Baghdad (Madinat al-Salam)  in "islamic art" website

## Infobox (settlement)

- **pushpin map**: Iraq
- **image skyline**: Baghdad 150 to 300 AH.png
- **image caption**: Baghdad under the early Abbasid caliphs, with the Round City in the middle
- **pushpin label position**: bottom
- **pushpin mapsize**: 150
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Iraq
- **official name**: The City of Peace / Al-Mansur City
Deborah Cox

**Deborah Cox** (July 13, 1974, Toronto) is a Canadian singer, songwriter and actress and model who has had eleven charting #1 singles. She has had some hit movies, such as _Love Come Down_. She began her music career around the mid 1990s. Her song "Nobody's Supposed to be Here" is her signature song.
National Governors Association

The **National Governors Association** (**NGA**) provides both state and national views regarding issues with usage of natural resources and management in the Progressive Era. It was founded in 1908 as the **National Governors' Conference**, at the Conference of Governors.  The NGA represents the governors of the fifty U.S. states and five U.S. territories (American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands).

The NGA serves as an important public policy liaison between the state governments and the federal government.
Faxing Berlin

"**Faxing Berlin**" is a progressive house song by Canadian electronic music producer deadmau5. The song is featured on deadmau5's third studio album _Random Album Title_.

The song received some controversy in 2008 by an artist named DirtyCircuit. DirtyCircuit said that he was threatened with legal action after he used a sample called "LP_Faxing Berlin C_128bpm" that came bundled with the digital audio workstation FL Studio which deadmau5 claimed copyright. The sample was a direct clip of a full bar from the song. A "Demo Track" was provided by deadmau5 which came bundled with FL Studio, along with many loop samples. FL Studio users became were in discomfort because of the case and some of the users had pointed out possible inconsistencies in the EULA of the software.

The song reached #6 on the _Billboard_ US Hot Dance Club Songs.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Faxing Berlin
- **artist**: deadmau5
- **album**: Random Album Title
- **released**: October 25, 2006
- **genre**: Progressive house
- **length**: 8:41
- **label**: Play, mau5trap
- **writer**: deadmau5, Joel Zimmerman
- **producer**: Joel Zimmerman
- **chronology**: deadmau5 singles
- **next title**: Not Exactly
- **next year**: 2007
Lingula

***Lingula*** is a genus of brachiopods in the class Lingulata. _Lingula_ is known to have existed since the early Ordovician period. _Lingula_ is a good example of a living fossil. Like all brachiopods, it is a filter feeder.

Brachiopods are superficially similar to bivalves, both having two shells. Brachiopods are easily distinguished from molluscs because they have (different) dorsal and ventral shells. Bivalves have mirrored right and left shells. _Lingula_ and most brachiopods also have a stalk (or peduncle) that extends through a hole near the tip of one of its shells. Bivalves may be attached to a substrate with byssus filaments, that extend from between the shells.

The Lingulata brachiopods have existed from the Cambrian period to the present, a time span of over 500 million years! Modern species of _Lingula_ are very similar from their fossil ancestors.

## References

|||
| --- | --- |
|colspan="2" style="font-size:90%;"|**Figure 11.8**: Fossil _Lingula_ (left) and modern _Lingula_ (right).|
Identity Thief

***Identity Thief*** is a 2013 comedy movie starring Jason Bateman and Melissa McCarthy. Bateman plays Sandy in this comedy. McCarthy plays Diana, the woman who stole Sandy's identity. Amanda Peet is also part of the cast.

This movie received negative reviews. Yet, it debuted at number one in the United States.
Manfred Porsch

**Manfred Maria Porsch** (born 14 April 1950 in Vienna) is an Austrian composer and teacher. He composes Austrian contemporary worship music.

Manfred Porsch comes from the Focolare Movement. In 1971 and 1972, he toured with Gen Rosso. In 1983, he won first prize at the "Worldfestival of religious Song", the "Rassegna Mondiale della Canzone Religiosa Populare" in Rome. In 1987, Porsch founded "Musica e Vita Österreich" and started the festival series "Fest der Lieder". He has published about 200 songs.

In 2012, after a long break from writing music, Porsch published new songs with the producer Thomas Raber.

## Songs

- Melchior
- Wer schweigt, stimmt zu
- Messe (Ein Fest der Freude)
- Der Geist des Herrn ruht auf mir
- Du bist das Licht auf dem Weg
- Singen wir des Lied vom Frieden (produced by Thomas Raber, RATOM-Edition 2012)
- Eine Schule für coole (produced by Thomas Raber, RATOM-Edition 2012)

## Other websites

- www.manfredporsch.com
- wordcat identities
Antarctic Peninsula

The **Antarctic Peninsula** is the largest peninsula in Antarctica. The peninsula is the northernmost part of the mainland of Antarctica. It is 1300 km long and reaches from Cape Adams (Weddell Sea) and a point on the mainland south of Eklund Islands. The northern tip is about 1000 km (600 miles) from Tierra del Fuego. There are many research stations as well as multiple claims of sovereignty on the Antarctic Peninsula.

Average temperatures on the peninsula have risen by nearly 2°C in the past 50 years. This makes the Antarctic Peninsula one of the fastest warming places on Earth.
Elizabeth Vargas

**Elizabeth Vargas** (born September 6, 1962 near Paterson, New Jersey) is an American journalist. She first worked at the NBC network. She has worked on ABC programs, including _20/20_. Before that, she was an anchor for _Dateline NBC_ and _The Today Show_.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Elizabeth Vargas
- **image**: Elizabeth Vargas May 2018.png
- **caption**: Vargas in May 2018
- **birth name**: Elizabeth Anne Vargas
- **birth place**: Paterson, New Jersey, U.S.
- **education**: University of Missouri
- **occupation**: Television journalist
- **years active**: 1993–present
- **spouse**: Marc Cohn (2002–2014)
Brachiopod classification

The **classification of brachiopods** is being discussed at present. The following is an overview of the different schemes which are proposed.

The "traditional" classification was defined in 1869. Two further approaches were established in the 1990s:
- In the "traditional" classification, the Articulata have toothed hinges between the valves, while the hinges of the Inarticulata are held together only by muscles.<sup>87–93</sup>
- A classification devised in the 1990s, based on the materials of which the shells are based, united the Craniida and the "articulate" brachiopods in the Calciata, which have calcite shells. The Lingulida and Discinida, combined in the Lingulata, have shells made of chitin and calcium phosphate.
- A three-part scheme, also from the 1990s, places the Craniida in a separate group of its own, the Craniformea. The Lingulida and Discinida are grouped as Linguliformea, and the Rhynchonellida and Terebratulida as Rhynchonelliformea.

## Principles

Underlying the discussion are some basic principles:
1. Traditional phylogeny (and hence taxonomy) was based on:
    1. overall body architecture, the idea of a body 'plan'.
    1. the idea that evolution went from simple to complex.
    1. certain basal features of embryology.
1. Phyla (et cetera) are man-made concepts which are meant to mirror our understanding of the reality we see. However, we now know that morphological characters (traits) are more changeable than was previously thought.
1. Molecular data are more objective, and can be decided with more certainty than data on morphology. Much more is now known about molecular sequences than is known about the evolution of morphology. Thus, evidence from molecular sequencing is used to develop classifications which better reflect evolution.

|"Traditional" classification.|Inarticulata|Articulata||
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|No teeth|Teeth and sockets|||
|On front of body, at end of U-shaped gut|None|||
|Contains coelom (~cavity) with muscles running through|No pedicle|No coelom, muscles where joins body||
|Long, burrows|Short, attached to hard surfaces|None, cemented to surface|Short, attached to hard surfaces.|
|Glycoprotein and chitin|Chitin|Proteins||
|Glycosaminoglycans and apatite (calcium phosphate)|Calcite (a form of calcium carbonate)|||
|Collagen and other proteins, chitinophosphate and apatite (calcium phosphate)|Calcite|Proteins and calcite||
|Yes.|No.|Yes.||
|Yes.|No.|Yes.||

About 330 living species are recognized, grouped into over 100 genera. The great majority of modern brachiopods are rhynchonelliforms (Articulata, but excluding Craniida).
Déborah François

**Déborah François** (born 24 May 1987) is an actress from Belgium. She lives in Paris, France.
She is best known for her role as in Belgian film _L’Enfant_ (_The Child_), French film _La Tourneuse de pages_  (_The Page Turner_), and she won a César Award for her role in a 2008 French film _Le premier jour du reste de ta vie_ (_The First Day of the Rest of Your Life_).

She was born in Liège, Belgium which is in the French-speaking area. She is the daughter of a policeman and a social worker. She was awarded the Romy-Schneider Prize and Prix Suzanne Bianchetti.

## Filmography

- 2005 : _L'Enfant_
- 2006 : _La Tourneuse de pages_
- 2007 : _Les Fourmis rouges_
- 2007 : _L'Été indien_
- 2008 : _Les Femmes de l'ombre_
- 2008 : _Le Premier Jour du reste de ta vie_
- 2009 : _Unmade Beds_
- 2009 : _Fais-moi plaisir_
- 2009 : _My Queen Karo_
- 2010 : _Memories Corner_
- 2010 : _Mes chères études_
- 2011 : _Le Moine - The Monk_
- 2011 : _Les Tribulations d'une caissière_
- 2012 : _Populaire_

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Déborah François
- **image**: Deborah François Cabourg.jpg
- **birth place**: Liège, Belgium
- **occupation**: Actress
- **yearsactive**: 2005 - present
St. Ouen F.C.

**St. Ouen Football Club**  is a association football club in Saint Ouen, Jersey, Channel Islands. The club was founded in 1919. In 1972, they played a game against Scottish Old Firm team, Celtic.
Fertilisation of Orchids

***Fertilisation of Orchids*** is a book by Charles Darwin.

The book was published on 15 May 1862 under the full title _On the various contrivances by which British and foreign orchids are fertilised by insects, and on the good effects of intercrossing_.

Darwin's previous book, _On the Origin of Species_, had briefly mentioned evolutionary interactions between insects and the plants they fertilised. This new idea was explored in detail for orchids. The field studies and practical scientific investigations were initially a recreation for Darwin, a relief from the drudgery of writing. The work developed into enjoyable and challenging experiments, and he was helped by his family, friends, and a wide circle of correspondents.

The book was his first detailed demonstration of natural selection. It explained how complex ecological relationships resulted in the co-evolution of orchids and insects. The view has been expressed that the book led directly or indirectly to all modern work on coevolution and the evolution of extreme specialisation. It influenced botanists, and revived interest in the long neglected idea that insects played a part in pollinating flowers. It supported his view that natural selection led to a  variety of forms through the important benefits achieved by cross-fertilisation. Although the general public showed less interest and sales of the book were low, it established Darwin as a leading botanist. _Orchids_ was the first in a series of books on his investigations into plants.

The book describes how the relationship between insects and plants resulted in the beautiful and complex forms which had fascinated many naturalists. By showing how adaptations develop step by step, Darwin countered the view that beautiful organisms were the handiwork of a Creator. Darwin's painstaking observations, experiments, and detailed dissection of the flowers explained previously unknown features. such as the puzzle of _Catasetum_, three completely different kinds of flowers. Darwin discusses how the Sack-Shaped Catasetum (_Catasetum saccatum_), a tropical South American species, launches its sticky pollen sacs with explosive force when an insect touches a hair (seta). His friend Thomas Huxley said "Do you really think I can believe all that?"

In the book Darwin made some famous predictions, including his proposal that the long nectary of _Angraecum sesquipedale_ meant there must be a moth with an equally long proboscis. This was confirmed in 1903 when _Xanthopan morgani praedicta_ was found in Madagascar.

## Infobox (book)

- **name**: Fertilisation of Orchids
- **image**: Fertilisation of Orchids 1877 edition title page.jpg
- **image caption**: The title page of the 1877 edition
of _Fertilisation of Orchids_
- **author**: Charles Darwin
- **country**: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, United Kingdom
- **language**: English language, English
- **subject**: Natural selection
Botany
- **publisher**: John Murray
- **release date**: 15 May 1862
- **media type**: print (Hardcover, Hardback)
- **pages**: vi + 365
- **oclc**: 1250711
Cocker Spaniel

**Cocker Spaniel** is the name for two dog breeds of the Spaniel type: The English Cocker Spaniel and the American Cocker Spaniel. Originally, these dogs were bred in England for hunting Eurasian Woodcock. Cocker spaniels are popular family pets. The English version is usually brown and ginger in color. Their fur is very soft and their noses are big. They have very big floppy ears. There are two version of cocker spaniels, show dogs and hunters. They are the smallest of the sporting dogs. They are bred from an earlier 19th century dog called field spaniels. The smallest dogs in litters were called "cockers". This was because they were small enough to go under hedgerows where larger dogs could not go. They could also move through brambles and bushes to flush woodcocks into the open. The smaller dogs became the American cockers while the larger dogs became the English variety.
Super Game Boy

The **Super Game Boy** is a special video game cartridge released for the Super NES in 1994. It allows players to play Game Boy and some Game Boy Color games on a television screen. When played on the Super Game Boy, games are colored. There are 32 colors available. Players can switch colors with the L and R buttons. Some games, such as _Donkey Kong_, have features exclusive to the Super Game Boy. New features include better sound effects and multi-player. Some games also have a custom border when played on the Super Game Boy. In 1998, a new model, the **Super Game Boy 2**, was released in Japan. It has more borders and link cable support.
Jizya

**Jizya** or **jizyah** was a tax imposed upon dhimmi, non-Muslim residents in Muslim countries, as in the Ottoman Empire, Mughal Empire and so on. Jews and Christians were required to pay the _jizya_ and _kharaj_ taxes, while others, depending on the different rulings of the schools of Islamic jurisprudence, might be required to convert to Islam, pay the _jizya_, be exiled, or be subjected to the death penalty.
John B. Anderson

**John Bayard Anderson** (February 15, 1922 – December 3, 2017) was an American-Republican politician from Illinois.  He was a politician from the 1960s until the later 2000s.  He ran for president in 1980, but lost to Ronald Reagan as the main Republican candidate.  He then ran as an independent candidate, and lost again to Reagan in November, 1980.

Anderson was born on February 15, 1922 in Rockford, Illinois to a Swedish-American family. He studied at the University of Illinois, at the University of Illinois College of Law, and at the Harvard Law School. Anderson was married to Keke Machakos from 1953 until his death 2017.

Anderson died on December 3, 2017, in Washington, D.C., aged 95.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: John B. Anderson
- **image name**: John B. Anderson in New Jersey (cropped).jpg
- **imagesize**: 210px
- **state**: Illinois
- **district**: Illinois' 16th congressional district, 16th
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican (1960-1980),
Independent (politician), None (1980-2017)
- **alma mater**: University of Illinois
University of Illinois College of Law
Harvard Law School
- **term start**: January 3, 1961
- **term end**: January 3, 1981
- **preceded**: Leo E. Allen
- **succeeded**: Lynn Morley Martin
- **birth place**: Rockford, Illinois, U.S.
- **birth name**: John Bayard Anderson
- **death place**: Washington, D.C., U.S.
- **spouse**: Keke Machakos (1953–2017)
Greater spotted eagle

The **greater spotted eagle** (_Aquila clanga_), occasionally just called the **spotted eagle**, is a large bird of prey. Like all typical eagles, it belongs to the family Accipitridae. In summer it lives in eastern Eurasia, and winters further south.

## Description

A medium-sized eagle, the greater spotted eagle only has white spots as a juvenile, when they extend in bands across the upperwing. By adulthood, the spots have faded leaving dark brown feathers across the head, body and wings, with slightly paler flight feathers on the upper side. In gliding flight, the greater spotted eagle holds the feathers at the tips of the wings downward.
James R. Thompson

**James Robert Thompson, Jr.** (May 8, 1936 – August 14, 2020) was an American Republican politician. He was the 37th Governor of Illinois from 1977 through 1991. He was part of the 9/11 Commission. A structure in Chicago is named after him, the James R. Thompson Center.

Thompson was born on May 8, 1936 in Chicago, Illinois to a Swedish-American family. He studied at the University of Illinois at Chicago, at Washington University in St. Louis, and at Northwestern University. He was married to Jayne Ann Carr Thompson. They had one child.

Thompson died of cardiac arrest at Northwestern Memorial Hospital in Chicago on August 14, 2020 at the age of 84.

## Other websites

- Thompson's biography from the 9/11 Commission
- Thompson's biography from Northwestern University
- Receipt for Thompson's contribution for Friends of Hillary
- National Governors Association

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: James Thompson
- **image**: Bio thompson.jpg
- **order**: 37th
- **office**: Governor of Illinois
- **term start**: January 10, 1977
- **term end**: January 14, 1991
- **lieutenant**: Dave O'Neal <small>(1977–1981)</small>
George Ryan <small>(1983–1991)</small>
- **predecessor**: Daniel Walker
- **successor**: Jim Edgar, James Edgar
- **birth place**: Chicago, Illinois
- **death place**: Chicago, Illinois
- **spouse**: Jayne Ann Carr Thompson
- **children**: 1
- **profession**: Lawyer
- **alma mater**: University of Illinois at Chicago
Washington University in St. Louis
Northwestern University
- **party**: United States Republican Party, Republican
Daniel Walker

**Daniel "Dan" Walker** (August 6, 1922 – April 29, 2015) was an American Democratic lawyer, businessman, and politician from Illinois. He was the 36th Governor of Illinois from January 1973 to January 1977. He was one of the four governors of Illinois to serve in jail. He went to jail because of bank fraud in 1988.

Walker was born on August 6, 1922 in Washington, D.C.. He was raised in San Diego, California. Walker studied at the United States Naval Academy and at Northwestern University. Walker died of heart failure in Chula Vista, California, aged 92.

## Other websites

- Oral History Project at the University of Illinois at Springfield. Dan Walker Oral History and Victor deGrazia Oral History

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Daniel Walker
- **image**: ILLINOIS GOVERNOR DAN WALKER GREETS CHICAGO CONSTITUENTS DURING THE BUD BILLIKEN DAY PARADE, ONE OF THE LARGEST... - NARA - 556272 (cropped).jpg
- **order**: 36th Governor of Illinois
- **lieutenant**: Neil Hartigan
- **term start**: January 8, 1973
- **term end**: January 10, 1977
- **predecessor**: Richard B. Ogilvie, Richard Ogilvie
- **successor**: James R. Thompson, James Thompson
- **birth place**: Washington, D.C., United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Chula Vista, California, Chula Vista, California, U.S.
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic Party
- **residence**: Rosarito, Baja California (state), Baja California, Mexico
- **alma mater**: United States Naval Academy
Northwestern University
Otto Kerner Jr.

**Otto Kerner, Jr.** (August 15, 1908 – May 9, 1976) was an American politician. He was a Democrat. He was the Governor of Illinois from January 1961 to May 1968. He is best known for chairman of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders and for accepting bribes. He would later be charged with 17 felony charges and would serve time in jail. He was one of the four Governors of Illinois to be in jail. He would soon nominate Lyndon B. Johnson to be President.

Kerner was born on August 15, 1908 in Chicago, Illinois. His father was politician Otto Kerner, Sr.. Kerner studied at the Trinity College and at Brown University. He was married to Helena Cermak, the daughter of ex-Chicago mayor Anton Cermak who was assassinated. After leaving office, Kerner had suffered cancer and would later die from the disease on May 9, 1976 in Chicago, Illinois, aged 67. He was buried at the Arlington National Cemetery.

## Other websites

- Otto Kerner marker at Arlington National Cemetery

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Otto Kerner Jr.
- **image**: Otto Kerner cropped.png
- **office1**: Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit
- **appointer1**: Lyndon B. Johnson
- **term start1**: April 22, 1968
- **term end1**: July 22, 1974
- **predecessor1**: Winfred George Knoch
- **successor1**: William Joseph Bauer
- **order2**: 33rd
- **office2**: Governor of Illinois
- **term start2**: January 9, 1961
- **term end2**: May 21, 1968
- **lieutenant2**: Samuel H. Shapiro
- **predecessor2**: William Stratton
- **successor2**: Samuel H. Shapiro
- **birth place**: Chicago, Illinois
- **death place**: Chicago, Illinois
- **resting place**: Arlington National Cemetery
Arlington, Virginia
- **spouse**: Helena Cermak
- **party**: United States Democratic Party, Democratic
- **serviceyears**: 1934–1954
- **allegiance**:

- **branch**: United States Army
Illinois Army National Guard
- **unit**: 33rd Infantry Division (United States), 33rd Infantry Division
- **rank**: Lieutenant colonel (United States), Lieutenant Colonel (Army)
Major general (United States), Major General (National Guard)
- **battles**: World War II
Jim Edgar

**James Robert "Jim" Edgar** (July 22, 1946 – September 14, 2025) was an American Republican politician. He was Governor of Illinois from January 1991 through January 1999. He was the Illinois Secretary of State from January 1981 through January 1991.

Edgar was a very popular governor. Even though Illinois is a Democratic state, he won in landslides as a Republican. He retired with high approval ratings.

Edgar was born on July 22, 1946 in Vinita, Oklahoma. He was raised in Charleston, Illinois. Edgar studied at Wabash College and at Eastern Illinois University. He is married to Brenda Smith.

In February 2025, Edgar was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer. He died from problems caused by the disease on September 14, 2025 at a hospital in Springfield, Illinois at the age of 79.

## Other websites

- Gov. Edgar reacts to the allegations against Gov. Rod Blagojevich  – link to speech, op-ed, and interview about the 2008–2009 Blagojevich scandal; from the University of Illinois Institute of Government and Public Affairs

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Jim Edgar
- **image**: JimEdgar2013.png
- **caption**: Edgar in 2013
- **order**: 38th
- **office**: Governor of Illinois
- **term start**: January 14, 1991
- **term end**: January 11, 1999
- **lieutenant**: Robert W. Kustra, Bob Kustra
- **predecessor**: James R. Thompson
- **successor**: George Ryan
- **office2**: Illinois Secretary of State
- **order2**: 35th
- **governor2**: James R. Thompson
- **predecessor2**: Alan J. Dixon
- **successor2**: George Ryan
- **term start2**: January 12, 1981
- **term end2**: January 14, 1991
- **birth name**: James Robert Edgar
- **birth place**: Vinita, Oklahoma, Vinita, Oklahoma, U.S.
- **death place**: Springfield, Illinois, Springfield, Illinois, U.S.
- **alma mater**: Wabash College
Eastern Illinois University
- **spouse**: Brenda Smith
- **profession**: Politician
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
Internet Marketing Conference

The **Internet Marketing Conference**, often named (**IMC**), is an international conference about some aspects of e-business. It was first hosted in Copenhagen in 2000. It has since then been hosted in Edinburgh, Stockholm, Las Vegas, Berlin, Vancouver, Montreal,  Gothenburg and New York. The conference was started by Lennart Svanberg.

Many guests have been helping with hosting this event, including Danny Sullivan (Search Engine Watch), Jeffrey Eisenberg (Future Now, Inc.), Jim Wilson (Jim World), Lucas Morea (LatinEdge), Mitch Joel (Twist Image), Scott Ferber (Advertising.com), Stephen Turner (ClickTracks), Matthew Colebourne (coComment), Brian Clifton (Google).

Topics discussed include:

- web strategy
- social media
- onsite behavioral targeting
- competitive intelligence
- web analytics
- multivariate testing
- and all aspects of eMarketing (search marketing, affiliate marketing)
Monica Geller

**Monica Geller** is a fictional character on American sitcom _Friends_, portrayed by Courteney Cox for 10 seasons. (1994-2004) She worked in a very fancy restaurant. She likes everything in her apartment to be clean. She is known to be a "clean freak". She is married to Chandler Bing. Her brother is Ross Geller. She has two adopted children. They are named Erica and Jack Bing. She has a complicated relationship with her parents. Monica often acts like the mother hen of the group which can be annoying.
Chandler Bing

**Chandler Bing** is a fictional character on American sitcom _Friends_, portrayed by Matthew Perry. He works in an advertising company. He says that he uses humor as a way to defend himself. He is married to Monica Geller. Her brother is Ross Geller, his college roommate. He has two adopted children.
Ross Geller

**Ross Geller** is a fictional character on the American sitcom _Friends_, portrayed by David Schwimmer. He works in a museum. He usually wants everyone to be right in facts or grammar. He was divorced three times. He has a son Ben and a daughter Emma. His sister is Monica Geller. In the series finale he ends up having a relationship with Rachel Green.