juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Anna Politkovskaya

**Anna Stepanovna Politkovskaya** (; 30 August 1958 — 7 October 2006) was a Russian journalist. Anna Politkovskaya wrote for the newspaper _Novaya Gazeta_. She was born in the New York City, United States. Her parents were diplomats and her mother was Ukrainian. Her birth name was Anna Stepanovna Mazepa (Russian:_Анна Степановна Мазепа_).

## Journalism

She was best known for her thoughts about the war in Chechnya, a Russian state. She was also against the leader of Russia, president Vladimir Putin. Many of her texts asked for human rights.

In 2002 Politkovskaya won the Courage in Journalism Award.

In 2007 her set of memoirs _A Russian Diary: A Journalist's Final Account of Life, Corruption, and Death in Putin's Russia_ was published in English.

## Death

On 7 October 2006, she was shot to death at her house in Moscow. It is possible she was murdered for political reasons. Some Western countries have asked for a thorough investigation of her death. They saw it as an attempt to end opposition to the  Russian regime, as perhaps one of the last chances to save the freedom of the press in Russia. The _Noyava Gazeta_ has put up a reward for information that can explain why she was killed.

## Related pages

- American people of Ukrainian descent
- Boris Berezovsky
Bengali language

**Bengali** is an eastern Indo-Aryan language. It developed from a language called Pali. Bengali is spoken in Bangladesh and in the Indian states of West Bengal, Tripura, parts of Assam and Jharkhand and in the Indian union territory of Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

There are about 220 million native speakers and about 250 million total speakers of Bengali. It is one of the most widely spoken languages in the world, ranking seventh.

Most people in Bangladesh speak Bengali, and many famous books and poems are written in Bengali. Rabindranath Tagore was a famous poet who wrote in Bengali. Tagore won the Nobel Prize in Literature. The national anthems of both India and Bangladesh were written by Tagore in this language.

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Bengali
- **altname**: Bangla
- **region**: Bangladesh and India
- **ethnicity**: Bengali people
- **speakers**: 150300million
- **date**: 2017
- **speakers2**: (first language, L1 plus Second language, L2 speakers)
- **familycolor**: Indo-European
- **fam2**: Indo-Iranian languages, Indo-Iranian
- **fam3**: Indo-Aryan languages, Indo-Aryan
- **fam4**: Magadhi Prakrit
- **fam5**: Eastern Indic, Eastern Zone
- **fam6**: Bengali-Assamese
- **ancestor**: Abahattha
- **ancestor2**: Assamese
- **dia1**: see Bengali dialects
- **script**: Eastern Nagari script (Bengali alphabet)
Bengali Braille
- **sign**: Bengali signed forms
- **nation**:
 (in West Bengal, Tripura and Barak Valley)
- **agency**: Bangla Academy
Paschimbanga Bangla Akademi
- **iso1**: bn
- **iso2**: ben
- **iso3**: ben
- **lingua**: [http://www.linguasphere.info/lcontao/tl_files/pdf/master/OL-SITE%201999-2000%20MASTER%20ONE%20Sectors%205-Zones%2055-59.pdf `59-AAF-u`]
- **image**: Bangla Script.svg
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **imagecaption**: "Bangla" in Bengali script
- **map**: Bengalispeaking region.png
- **mapcaption**: Bengali speaking region of South Asia
- **notice**: IPA
- **glotto**: beng1280
- **glottorefname**: Bengali
DDR (disambiguation)

**DDR** is a three-letter abbreviation with multiple meanings, including:
- Deutsche Demokratische Republik (German Democratic Republic), the former German Democratic Republic, also known as East Germany
- _Dance Dance Revolution_, a music video game series
Peso

The ***peso*** is the monetary unit of several countries in the Americas and the Philippines. Originating in Spain, the word _peso_ translates to "weight" and uses the peso sign ("$"; "₱" in the Philippines).

The silver _peso_ worth eight _reales_ was also known in English as a Spanish dollar or "piece of eight" and was a widely used international trade coin from the 16th to 19th centuries.

In 1868, Spain discontinued the _peso_ as its main currency and replaced it with the _peseta_. However, both the _peso_ and the _peseta_ both continued to be legal currencies up until 2002 with the euro.

### Current

|Countries|Currency|ISO 4217 code|
| --- | --- | --- |
|Argentina|Argentine peso|ARS|
|Chile|Chilean peso|CLP|
|Colombia|Colombian peso|COP|
|Cuba|Cuban peso|CUP|
|Dominican Republic|Dominican peso|DOP|
|Mexico|Mexican peso|MXN|
|Philippines|Philippine peso|PHP|
|Uruguay|Uruguayan peso|UYU|

### Former

|Country|Former currency|Final Year|Current currency|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Bolivia|Bolivian peso|1986|Bolivian boliviano|
|Costa Rica|Costa Rican peso|1986|Costa Rican colón|
|Ecuador|Ecuadorian peso|1884|United States dollar|
|El Salvador|Salvadoran peso|1919|United States dollar|
|Equatorial Guinea|Equatorial Guinean peso|1975|Central African CFA franc|
|Guatemala|Guatemalan peso|1925|Guatemalan quetzal|
|Guinea-Bissau|Guinea-Bissau peso|1997|West African CFA franc|
|Honduras|Honduran peso|1931|Honduran lempira|
|Nicaragua|Nicaraguan peso|1912|Nicaraguan córdoba|
|Paraguay|Paraguayan peso|1943|Paraguayan guaraní|
|Peru|Peruvian peso|1863|Peruvian sol|
|Puerto Rico|Puerto Rican peso|1900|United States dollar|
|Spain|Spanish peso|1869|Euro|
|Venezuela|Venezuelan peso|1874|Venezuelan bolívar|

## Related pages

- Thaler
Robert Menzies

**Sir Robert Gordon Menzies** (20 December 1894 - 14 May 1978) was the 12th Prime Minister of Australia.

## Australia

He was Prime Minister for a total of 18 and half years which is the longest in Australia's history. After the death of Joseph Lyons he was elected leader of the United Australia Party and became Prime Minister in 1939. He resigned in 1941 after a lot of criticism. In 1944, he helped form the new Liberal Party. In 1949, he was re-elected Prime Minister. He stayed in the job until he retired in 1966.

## Commonwealth

According to his biography in the _Australian Dictionary of Biography_, "Menzies belonged to a generation for whom to be Australian was automatically to be British."

## Honours

- Knight of the Thistle, 1963
- Constable of Dover Castle, 1965
- Warden of the Cinque Ports, 1965

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Rt Hon Sir Robert Menzies
- **image**: Portrait Menzies 1950s.jpg
- **order**: 12th Prime Minister of Australia
- **term start**: 26 April 1939
- **term end**: 26 August 1941
19 December 1949 – 26 January 1966
- **predecessor**: Earle Page
Ben Chifley
- **successor**: Arthur Fadden
Harold Holt
- **birth place**: Jeparit, Victoria, Australia, Victoria
- **party**: United Australia Party, United Australia; Liberal Party (Australia), Liberal
- **constituency**: Division of Kooyong, Kooyong (Victoria)
Pauline Fowler

**Pauline Fowler** was a fictional character from the BBC soap opera _EastEnders_. She was played by English actress Wendy Richard (1943–2009).

In the show, she lived at number 45 Albert Square. She had three children, Mark, Michelle and Martin. Mark died in 2004 of AIDS.

She was married to a man called Joe Macer in 2006, and she also had three grandchildren called Vicki, Mark and Rebecca and a dog called Betty.

When she was born, her name was Pauline Beale. She married a man called Arthur Fowler, who was the father of her children. He died in 1996.

Pauline's father Albert and mother Lou Beale are both dead. She has six brothers and sisters called Pete, Kenny, Dora, Harry, Ronnie and Maggie. Pete and Ronnie are both dead.

Pauline worked at a launderette with her best friend Dot Branning.

Pauline was in the show since it started in 1985 until her death at Christmas 2006.

## Infobox (soap character)

- **series**: EastEnders
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **caption**: A promotional image of Pauline Fowler
- **name**: Pauline Fowler
- **portrayer**: Wendy Richard
- **creator**: Tony Holland and Julia Smith
- **introducer**: Julia Smith
- **years**: 1985–2006
- **classification**: List of past EastEnders characters#Last appeared in 2006, Former; regular
- **spinoffs**: _Dimensions in Time_ (1993)
- **books**: _Home Fires Burning_
 _Swings and Roundabouts_
- **first**: Episode 1

- **last**: Episode 3282

- **occupation**: Launderette assistant
- **family**: Beale family, Beale/Fowler family, Fowler
- **father**: Albert Beale
- **mother**: Lou Beale
- **sisters**: Maggie Flaherty
 Dora Beale
- **brothers**: Harry Beale
 Ronnie Beale
 Kenny Beale
 Pete Beale
- **husband**: Arthur Fowler (1965–1996)
 Joe Macer (2006)
- **sons**: Mark Fowler
 Martin Fowler (EastEnders), Martin Fowler
- **daughters**: Michelle Fowler
- **grandsons**: Mark Fowler Jr
- **granddaughters**: Vicki Fowler
 Bex Fowler
 Hope Fowler
- **aunts**: Betty Beale
 Flo Medeemey
- **grandmothers**: List of EastEnders spin-off characters#Mrs Medeemey, Mrs Medeemey
- **nephews**: Eamonn Flaherty
 Conor Flaherty
 John Flaherty
 David Wicks
 Ian Beale
- **nieces**: Elizabeth Beale
- **relatives**: Nellie Ellis
 Lucy Beale
 Peter Beale
 Bobby Beale (EastEnders), Bobby Beale
Will Young

**Will Young** (born 20 January 1979) is an English singer and actor. He was born in Berkshire.

He became famous in 2002 when he won the British singing competition, _Pop Idol_. Since then, he has had a successful music career.

Young has released three albums so far and has had four number one singles in the United Kingdom. He acted in the film _Mrs. Henderson Presents_.

He is openly gay.

## Discography

- Albums:
- _From Now On_
- _Friday's Child_
- _Keep On_

- Singles:

- "Anything Is Possible/Evergreen"
- "Light My Fire"
- "The Long and Winding Road/Suspicious Minds" (a duet with Gareth Gates)
- "Don't Let Me Down/You and I"
- "Leave Right Now"
- "Your Game"
- "Friday's Child"
- "Switch It On"
- "All Time Love"
- "Who Am I"

## Other websites

- Official website
- Official Myspace
- Will Young interview at musicOMH.com
Concentration

In chemistry, **concentration** is how much of a substance is mixed with another substance.

The substance that is dissolved (shown as the red dye in the example) is known as the solute. The substance in which the solute is dissolved (shown as the water in the example) is known as the solvent.

To concentrate a solution, one must add more solute, or reduce the amount of solvent. To **dilute** a solution, one must add more solvent, or reduce the amount of solute.

## Related pages

- Molar concentration
IPod Mini

**iPod Mini** is a series of iPod by Apple. It was released on January 4, 2004. It was discontinued on September 7, 2005 in favor for the iPod Nano.
Nightshade

The **nightshades** (**Solanaceae**) are a family of flowering plants.

Many members of the family contain strong alkaloids, and some are very toxic. Well-known members of this family are chili peppers, petunias, deadly nightshade, mandrakes, potatoes, tomatoes, aubergines (eggplants) and tobacco.

Because it is thought that nightshades can cause or increase swelling and pain, many people do not eat them. The poisons in the plants are defence against animals that might eat them.
Woodworking

**Woodworking** is a skill. In woodworking, one can cut or sand (make wood smooth).

## Safety measures

When one is doing woodworking, be careful of being hurt. Remember to wear safety goggles or a facemask (like safety goggles. but to protect ones face). Do not wear long clothing, because it can get stuck in a tool.

## Courses

There are a lot of woodworking classes, many of them are offered in middle school.

In woodworking, the type of wood you get is very important. There are many kinds of softwood and many kinds of hardwood. The words hard and soft wood comes from the type of tree it came from. A hard pice of wood could be softwood.

There are a lot of tools that people use during woodworking, such as sandpaper (used to make wood smooth to touch), files, rasps (all used for trimming wood, cutting, etc.), saws (cutting wood), and automatic saws (saws that use electricity to run).
Chessmaster

***Chessmaster*** is a series of chess-playing computer games. It is made by Ubisoft. It is the best-selling chess franchise in history, with more than five million games sold . The first version of the game, _Chessmaster 2000_, was released in 1986. This first version and the next one, _Chessmaster 2100_, were produced by the now-defunct Software Toolworks company.

The _Chessmaster_ chess engine is called "The King". It is written by Johan de Koning from the Netherlands. It was introduced in _Chessmaster 4000_. Earlier releases had a chess engine written by David Kittinger. One version of the game, _Chessmaster 9000_, defeated Larry Christiansen, a well-known American chess grandmaster and former multiple U.S. champion.

## Timeline

- 1986-88: The _Chessmaster_ series started with _Chessmaster 2000_ by The Software Toolworks. It was published for Amiga, Apple II, Atari 8-bit, Atari ST, ZX Spectrum, Commodore 64, Amstrad CPC, MSX, Macintosh and DOS on a 3.5 disk in February 1988.
- 1988: _Chessmaster 2100_ was published for the Apple IIGS.
- 1989: _Chessmaster 2100_ was published for DOS.
- 1990: _The Chessmaster_ was published for the NES.
- 1991: _The Chessmaster_ was published for the SNES.
- 1991: _Chessmaster 3000_ was published for DOS, Windows 3.x.
- 1993: _Chessmaster 4000 Turbo_ was published for Windows 3.x.
- 1995: _Chessmaster 4000_ was published for Windows 95.
- 1995: _Chessmaster 3D_ for PlayStation had the _Chessmaster 4000_ engine.
- 1996: _Chessmaster 5000_ was published for Windows 95.
- 1997: _Chessmaster 5500_ was published for Windows 95.
- 1998: _Chessmaster 6000_ was published for Windows 95 and Windows 98.
- 1999: _Chessmaster 7000_ was published for Windows 98 and _Chessmaster II_ was published for PlayStation.
- 2000: _Chessmaster 8000_ was published for Windows 98.
- 2002: _Chessmaster 9000_ was published for Windows 98/ME/XP
- 2004: _Chessmaster 10th Edition_ was published for Windows XP.
- 2007: The current version, _Chessmaster XI_, was released for PC (titled _Chessmaster: Grandmaster Edition_) and Nintendo DS (titled _Chessmaster: The Art of Learning_) on 30 October.

## Other websites

- Chessmaster XI website
- _Chessmaster 9000_  at Feral Interactive

## Infobox (video game series)

- **title**: Chessmaster
- **developer**: Ubisoft Bucharest
Zonic Limited<small> (Mac OS X)</small>
- **publisher**: Ubisoft
Feral Interactive <small>(Mac OS X)</small>
- **released**: 1986–2007
- **genre**: Chess
- **platforms**: MS Windows, MS-DOS, Nintendo Entertainment System, Game Boy, PlayStation (console), PlayStation, Xbox 360, PlayStation Portable, PlayStation 2
1094

## Events

- May – El Cid completes his conquest of Valencia, Spain, and begins his rule of Valencia.
- November 27 – Urban II in Clermont Synod proclaims crusade
- Duncan III of Scotland succeeds Duncan II of Scotland as King of Scotland
- The first mention of the city of Zagreb, Croatia, as it became a bishopric see.
- Raymond IV of Toulouse becomes Count of Toulouse
Francis of Assisi

**Saint Francis of Assisi** (September 26, 1181 – October 3, 1226) is a Christian Saint. He is the founder of the Franciscan Order and patron saint of animals, the environment, merchants, Italy and Catholic Action. He was born in Assisi, Italy, where a large basilica was built in his honor.

On his feast day, October 4, many churches have a ceremony for people to bring their pets and working animals to church. It is also on this date that World Animals Day is celebrated.

## Early life

Saint Francis was born to Pietro Bernardone, a wealthy cloth merchant, and his wife Pica. He was originally named Giovanni Francesco Bernardone. In his youth, he was first interested by French troubadours, known as wanderers who improvised songs on a stringed instrument. He later planned a career in military. When he was serving in the war between Assisi and Perugia in 1202, at the battle of Ponte Saint Giovanni, he was captured and imprisoned for a year and became extremely ill.

When Francis returned to Assisi he had a religious conversion experience, including a reported message from Christ calling him to leave this worldly life. He began taking his Christianity faith seriously. He acted towards people as if the Gospels were his law, taking Jesus Christ as a literal example for loving one another. He dressed in rough clothes, ask and begged for his sustenance, and preached purity and peace. His family disapproved, and his father disinherited him, so Francis renounced his wealth and inheritance. After that Francis started visiting hospitals and caring for the sick including of leprosy.

In 1209 Francis started to attract followers, and with a blessing from the pope, he founded the Franciscans based on a simple statement by Jesus: “Leave all and follow me”. In 1219, he went to Egypt to convert the Sultan so that the conflict of the Crusades could end.

## Legend

Legend has it that, according to the _Little Flowers of St. Francis_, Francis saved Gubbio, a village in Italy, from a hungry and massive wolf. The wolf was terrorizing the village, but over a few nights, Francis convinced the wolf to stop, and in exchange, the villagers agreed to feed the wolf.
1182

## Events

- Canute VI crowned king of Denmark.
- Serbia allies itself with Hungary to gain independence.
- First Sejm, or Polish Parliament, convenes at Łęczyca.
- Jews expelled from Paris by Philip II of France.
- Maronites reestablish their affiliation with the Roman Catholic Church.
- Venetians massacred during a riot in Constantinople.
- Raynald of Chatillon instigates another war between Saladin and Baldwin IV of Jerusalem.
- Béla III of Hungary sacks the city of Belgrade.
- Ending of the Yowa era in Japan. The era was marked by famine.
- Battle of Palnadu

## Births

- September 11 — Minamoto no Yoriie, Japanese shogun (d. 1204)
- date not known — Francis of Assisi, founded the Franciscan Order (d. 1226)

## Deaths

- Maria of Antioch, Byzantine empress (murdered) (b. 1145)
- Valdemar I, King of Denmark (b. 1131)
- Yaropolk Rostislavich, Russian grand prince
- Cyril of Turaw, Orthodox Christian bishop and saint (b. 1130)
- Ahmed Ar-Rifai, Sufi saint and founder of the Rifai Order (b.1118)
Adelaide Cup

The **Adelaide Cup** is a horserace, held in Adelaide, South Australia. It has been held at the Morphettville Racecourse since 2001.
The Dark Side of the Moon

** The Dark Side of the Moon** is the eighth studio album by the English rock band Pink Floyd, released on 1 March 1973, by Harvest Records in the UK and Capitol Records in the US. Developed during live performances before recording began, it was conceived as a concept album that would focus on the pressures faced by the band during their
arduous lifestyle, and also deal with the mental health problems of the former band member Syd Barrett, who had departed the group in 1968. New material was recorded in two sessions in 1972 and 1973 at EMI Studios (now Abbey Road Studios) in London.

The Dark Side of the Moon has received widespread acclaim from critics and has been frequently included in numerous professional listings of the greatest albums of all time. It brought Pink Floyd international fame, wealth and plaudits to all four band members. A blockbuster release of the album era, it also propelled record sales throughout the music industry during the 1970s.

## History

It was released in 1973 as Pink Floyd's ninth album. It is one of the most well-known albums of all time. It frequently places in the top five on lists of the greatest albums of all time made by rock music authorities.

## Cover

Its cover features a ray of white light going through a prism, coming through the other side as a rainbow. It is one of the most famous album covers of all time..

## Wizard of Oz

When synchronized with the movie _The Wizard of Oz_, there are many similarities between the two.

## Sales

_The Dark Side of the Moon_ became one of the best-selling albums of all time. It is in the top 25 of a list of best selling albums in the United States.  It held the number one spot in the US for only a week. However, it remained in the _Billboard_ album chart for a total of 778 weeks (nearly 14 years). This is the longest any album has spent on the _Billboard_ charts. The album came back on the _Billboard_ charts when the Top Pop Catalog Albums chart was introduced in May 1991. It has stayed there since then.  In the UK, it is the sixth best-selling album of all time.

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: The Dark Side of the Moon
- **type**: Studio album
- **artist**: Pink Floyd
- **recorded**: June 1972–January 1973
- **studio**: Abbey Road Studios, London
- **genre**: Progressive rock
- **label**: Harvest Records, Harvest
- **producer**: Pink Floyd
- **prev title**: Obscured by Clouds
- **prev year**: 1972
- **next title**: Wish You Were Here (Pink Floyd album), Wish You Were Here
- **next year**: 1975
Arthur Fadden

**Sir Arthur William Fadden** (13 April 1895 – 21 April 1973) was the 13th Prime Minister of Australia. He was leader of the Country Party when Robert Menzies resigned in 1941. He became Prime Minister but lost to John Curtin in an election held only one month after he became Prime Minister. When Menzies became Prime Minister again in 1949, Fadden was the treasurer for eight years.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Rt Hon Sir Arthur Fadden
- **image**: FaddenPEO.jpg
- **order**: 13th Prime Minister of Australia
- **term start**: 29 August, 1941
- **term end**: 7 October, 1941
- **predecessor**: Robert Menzies
- **successor**: John Curtin
- **birth place**: Ingham, Queensland
- **party**: National Party of Australia, Country
- **constituency**: Division of Darling Downs, Darling Downs, Queensland
John Curtin

**John Joseph Curtin** (8 January 1885 – 5 July 1945) was Prime Minister of Australia from 1941 to 1945. He went to St Abrose's School. His background is Irish.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Rt Hon John Curtin
- **image**: JohnCurtin.jpg
- **order**: 14th Prime Minister of Australia
- **term start**: 7 October, 1941
- **term end**: 6 July, 1945
- **predecessor**: Arthur Fadden
- **successor**: Frank Forde
- **birth place**: Creswick, Victoria, Australia, Victoria
- **death place**: Canberra, Australian Capital Territory
- **party**: Australian Labor Party, Labor
- **constituency**: Division of Fremantle, Fremantle, (Western Australia)
Australian Capital Territory

The **Australian Capital Territory** or _ACT_ is a small territory in Australia. It was created as the home for the Australian capital city, Canberra, because of fighting between New South Wales and Victoria over where the capital city should be. The Jervis Bay Territory was created at the same time so that the ACT would have a harbour without relying on one of the states.
Nanny

A **nanny** is someone hired to take care of the children in a family.  They are usually female but there are also male nannies. Many nannies can begin their employment in their late teens. Many nannies live in their employers' home most of the days in the year. Some employers require their nanny/nannies to wear a uniform.

## Related pages

- Au pair
- Babysitter
Frank Forde

**Francis Michael Forde** (18 July 1890 – 28 January 1983) was the 15th Prime Minister of Australia. He was Prime Minister for only a week after John Curtin died. He lost a leadership contest to Ben Chifley. He was prime minister for only eight days, less than any other Prime Minister from Australia. He also lived longer than any other Prime Minister, until Gough Whitlam, who passed Forde's age on January 21, 2009. He died at 92 years old.

Forde was from the Australian Labor Party. He was the Minister for Trade and Customs in the Scullin government (1929–1931). When Scullin retired in 1935, Forde tried to become the leader of the Labor Party, but he lost by one vote to John Curtin. When Labor won the 1941 elections and Curtin became Prime Minister, Forde was made Minister for the Army. On 5 July 1945 Curtin died; because he was Deputy Leader, Forde was then made Prime Minister until the Labor Party chose a new leader. At the leadership election on 13 July, Ben Chifley was voted leader, and Forde was made Deputy Leader again.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Rt Hon Frank Forde
- **smallimage**: Frank Forde 1945.jpg
- **order**: 15th Prime Minister of Australia
- **term start**: 6 July 1945
- **term end**: 13 July 1945
- **predecessor**: John Curtin
- **successor**: Ben Chifley
- **birth place**: Mitchell, Queensland
- **party**: Australian Labor Party, Labor
- **constituency**: Division of Capricornia, Capricornia (Queensland)
Ben Chifley

**Joseph Benedict Chifley** (22 September 1885 – 13 June 1951) was the 16th Prime Minister of Australia. He won the leadership after the death of John Curtin in 1945. His government tried to take over of all Australia's banks. This was not popular and the High Court said that it would not be allowed. Opposition leader Robert Menzies said that Chifley and the Labor Party were not strict against Communism. This is one of the main reasons why Chifley lost the 1949 election. He died soon after losing the 1951 election to Menzies.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Rt Hon Ben Chifley
- **image**: Benchifley.jpg
- **order**: 16th Prime Minister of Australia
- **term start**: 13 July 1945
- **term end**: 19 December 1949
- **predecessor**: Frank Forde
- **successor**: Robert Menzies
- **birth place**: Bathurst, New South Wales, Bathurst, New South Wales
- **party**: Australian Labor Party, Labor
- **constituency**: Division of Macquarie, Macquarie (New South Wales)
High Court of Australia

The **High Court of Australia** is the most powerful court in Australia. It was created in 1903 and is located in the capital city of Canberra.  It currently has seven judges who are called "Justices". It mainly hears appeals by people who are not happy with the decision of another court.
Harold Holt

**Harold Edward Holt** (5 August 1908 – 17 December 1967) was the 17th Prime Minister of Australia. He became Prime Minister after the retirement of Robert Menzies. He supported the United States in the Vietnam War. He disappeared while swimming at a beach in Victoria in December 1967. His body was never found. Many urban Australian myths surround his disppearance.

On the day of his disappearance, the guards at the gate of Point Nepean told Percy Cenulty, who held a camp that day at Point Nepean, that Harold Holt wasn't in the car that went through the gate. Theories state that Harold never went to the beach that day. The second night, the Springvale Necropolis was surrounded by military For the whole night. This has not happened ever before and since.

## Early life and education

Harold Edward was born on 5 August 1908 in Stanmore, Sydney. Holt completed his schooling from Nubba State School. After one year of schooling at Nubba State School he went to Abbotsholme College, a private school in Killara where he studied for three years. In 1920, Holt went to Wesley College, Melbourne. He won a scholarship in his final year and graduated second in his class.

## Related pages

- List of people who disappeared mysteriously: 1910–1990

## References

.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Harold Holt
- **image**: Harold Holt 1967.jpg
- **order**: 17th Prime Minister of Australia
- **term start**: 26 January 1966
- **term end**: 17 December 1967
- **predecessor**: Robert Menzies
- **successor**: John McEwen
- **birth place**: Sydney, New South Wales
- **death place**: Point Nepean, Victoria (Australia), Victoria
- **party**: Liberal Party (Australia), Liberal
- **signature**: Harold Holt signature.jpg
Biosphere

The **biosphere** includes everything living on Earth. It is also known as **ecosphere**. Currently the biosphere has a biomass (or amount of living things) at around 1900 gigatonnes of carbon. It is not certain exactly how thick the biosphere is, though scientists predict that it is around 12,500 meters. The biosphere extends to the upper areas of the atmosphere, including birds and insects

In a general sense, biospheres are any closed, self-regulating systems containing ecosystems. This includes artificial biospheres such as Biosphere 2 and BIOS-3, and potentially ones on other planets or moons.

## Origin of the term

The word "biosphere" was coined by geologist Eduard Suess in 1885

Which he defined as a place on Earth's surface where life dwells.

## Biosphere of the Earth

The earliest known evidence of life in Earth includes biogenic graphite dated as far as 3.7 Billion years old. Life is scattered all throughout the surface of the Earth, from the polar ice caps to the equator, exhibits a life of some kind.

## Extents of biological life

Almost all parts of the planet contains a life of some kind. Recent advances in microbiology concluded that microbes can live deep beneath the Earth's surface.

## Other Page

- Biosphere reserve - Project by UNESCO
Piccolo

The **piccolo** is a small flute that plays one octave higher than the normal flute.  It sounds an octave higher than written.  It is the highest instrument in the orchestra. Sometimes it sounds like a birdcall. The name 'piccolo' comes from the Italian word meaning 'small'.
Double reed

**Double reeds** are a group of musical instruments in the woodwind family. Instead of a mouthpiece, the player blows air through a pair of reeds that vibrate against each other.

Examples of double reed woodwinds are the bassoon, oboe and Cor anglais (English horn).

de:Zunge (Tonerzeuger)#Doppelrohrblatt
Alto flute

The **alto flute** is a flute that plays a fourth (half an octave) lower than the regular flute.  It is longer than the regular flute.  Some alto flutes have a curved head joint.

The alto flute is a transposing instrument.  This means that basic fingerings are the same for flute and alto flute, which makes it easy for someone who plays the flute to play on the alto flute.  The fingering for the note C on the flute will give a G on the alto flute.

Though the alto flute is less commonly played than the flute, there are many pieces written for the alto flute. Music written for alto flute includes music for alto flute alone, for alto flute and piano, for alto flute and mixed ensembles of many different instruments, and flute choir music. It appears occasionally in orchestral writing.  Maurice Ravel features alto flute in _Daphnis et Chloé_.  Igor Stravinsky used one in _The Rite of Spring_.  In _The Planets_ by Gustav Holst there is a passage with three flutes and alto flute playing 4 part harmony.

The alto flute must not be confused with a bass flute which is even bigger and lower.

## Infobox (instrument)

- **name**: Alto flute
- **image**: Alto flute 006.jpg
- **image capt**: An Alto flute
- **classification**: Woodwind
- **range**:
Capacity

**Capacity** is the ability to hold something, very similar to volume.

**Capacity** may also mean:

- Capacity utilization, in economics, how much a company or a government uses its potential output
- Capacity (law), the legal ability to do certain things, such as making a contract
- Capacity of a set, in mathematics, one way of measuring a set's size
- Battery capacity, a measure of a battery's ability to store electrical charge
- Carrying capacity, in biology, the ability of an environment to sustain populations
- Channel capacity, in communications
- Combining capacity, in chemistry, number of chemical bonds formed by the atoms of a given element
- Heat capacity, in physics, the measure of how materials store heat as they change temperature
- Nameplate capacity, in power plants, the general number of Megawatts technically available
- Seating capacity, how many people can fit into in a sports venue

## Related pages

- Incapacity
Creditor

A **creditor** is a person who loans money to another person. The person who gets the loan is called the borrower. Creditors are sometimes called _moneylenders_. Creditors expect the borrower to pay the money back at a later time. The creditor usually gets extra money from the borrower. This extra money is called interest.
Cost

**Cost** may mean:
- The amount of money needed to buy something
- Something other than money that is used up.  Example: "Going to jail cost 5 years of my life".  This usage is a metaphor.
- Cost function
- Cost of living, the amount of money it costs just to live in a certain place. It includes food, housing, etc.
- Opportunity cost, the value of the next best thing you give up whenever you make a decision.
Anno Domini

***Anno Domini*** (Medieval Latin : “in the year of the Lord”), shortened as **AD** or **A.D.**, is used to refer to the years after the birth of Jesus. AD is also a shorthand for **Christian Era**. Likewise, **Before Christ**, shortened as **BC** or **B.C.**, is used in English to refer to all years before our present time (AD or A.D.).

## Overview

In past centuries, AD came before the year but after a century or millennium in written documents. For example, a person would write AD 2014 but 21st century AD or 3rd millennium AD. There is no zero year in this system. This means that the year A.D. 1 follows the year 1 B.C.

Some people mistakenly interpret “A.D.” as “after death.” The shorthand “A.D.” was originally placed before the year number (e.g. A.D. 145), while “B.C.” was often placed after the year number (e.g. 145 B.C.). Nowadays, it is more usual to put both shorthands after the year numbers (e.g. 145 AD; 145 BC). Such dating system was meant to signal the year of Christ's birth, but some modern scholars said that Jesus was born a few years earlier than commonly believed.

### Classical antiquity

The system for working out the years was invented by Dionysius Exiguus in around AD 525. He fixed the point Anno Domini, which is used to number the years of both the Gregorian calendar and the Julian calendar. He used it to identify the several Easters in his Easter table. He did not use it to date any historical event.

When he devised his table, Julian calendar years were identified by naming the consuls who held office that year — he himself stated that the “present year” was “the consulship of Probus Junior [Flavius Probus]”, which he also stated was 525 years “since the incarnation [coming in bodily form] of our Lord Jesus Christ”.

How he arrived at that number is unknown. He invented a new system of year numbering to replace the Diocletian years that had been used in an old Easter table because he did not wish to continue the memory of a tyrant who persecuted Christians.

### Middle Ages

The Anno Domini calendar era became dominant in Western Europe only after it was used by the Venerable Bede to date the events in his _Ecclesiastical History of the English People_, completed in 731. The French emperor Charlemagne made it popular in continental Europe. The Anno Domini system was not used in certain parts of Europe until the 15th century. For instance, Portugal used a different system called the _Spanish era_ until 1422.
Haze

**Haze** is reduction in visibility due to dust or other particles in the air. It is often a problem in air quality with smoke covering the sky. The particles may also make it hard to breathe. Some people fall sick as well due to the polluted air.
Neighbours

***Neighbours*** (also known as _Australian Neighbors_ in the United States) is an Australian soap opera. The show ran since March 18, 1985 on the Seven Network, but they cancelled it the same year. Rival television network Network Ten decided to start making and broadcasting the show, and have done that since January 20, 1986. It was produced by Reg Watson. The show started with low ratings, and Network Ten did their best to get more people to watch. They got new characters, two of them were played by Kylie Minogue and Jason Donovan. These two characters became a couple known as "Scott and Charlene", and by the time they married in 1987, ratings were much higher.

The show is about the lives of people that live in a fictional street called Ramsay Street. Ramsay Street is in a fictional suburb, Erinsborough, in the real-life city Melbourne.

## List of actors/characters who appear on the show

|Actor|Role|Time on the show|
| --- | --- | --- |
|Jacob Brito|Charlie Hoyland|2006-|
|Ashleigh Brewer|Kate Ramsay|2009-|
|Scott Major|Lucas Fitzgerald|2008-|
|Carla Bonner|Stephanie Scully|1999-|
|Sam Clark|Ringo Brown|2007-|
|Kaiya Jones|Sophie Ramsay|2009-|
|Stefan Dennis|Paul Robinson|1985-1992, 1993, 2004-|
|Alan Fletcher|Karl Kennedy|1994-|
|Jane Hall|Rebecca Napier|2007-|
|Morgan Baker|Callum Jones|2008-|
|Margot Robbie|Donna Freedman|2008-|
|Will Moore|Harry Ramsay|2009-|
|Alia Devercelli and Gab Devercelli|India Napier|2009-|
|Ryan Moloney|Toadfish Rebecchi|1995-|
|Tom Oliver|Lou Carpenter|1988, 1992-|
|James Sorensen|Declan Napier|2007-|
|Matthew Werkmeister|Zeke Kinski|2005-|
|Jackie Woodburne|Susan Kennedy|1994-|
|Kym Valentine|Libby Kennedy|1994-2003, 2004, 2007-|
|Blake O'Leary|Ben Kirk|2001-2003, 2004, 2007-|
John McEwen

**Sir John McEwen** (29 March 1900 – 20 November 1980) was the 18th Prime Minister of Australia. He was leader of the Country Party when Harold Holt disappeared in 1967, and so was appointed Prime Minister until the Liberal Party elected a new leader. The Party elected John Gorton as the leader, and Gorton took over as Prime Minister on 10 January 1968. McEwen then served as Deputy Prime Minister until 1971.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Rt. Hon. Sir John McEwen
- **image**: Sir John McEwen.jpg
- **order**: 18th Prime Minister of Australia
- **term start**: 19 December 1967
- **term end**: 10 January 1968
- **predecessor**: Harold Holt
- **successor**: John Gorton
- **birth place**: Chiltern, Victoria, Australia, Victoria, Australia
- **death place**: Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- **party**: National Party of Australia, Country
William McMahon

**Sir William McMahon** (23 February 1908 – 31 March 1988) was the 20th Prime Minister of Australia. He was elected to the Australian parliament in 1949, and stayed as Member for Lowe, in Sydney, for 33 years. He challenged John Gorton for the leadership of the Liberal Party of Australia in 1971 and won. He was 63 years old. He lost the next election in December 1972 to Gough Whitlam of the Australian Labor Party. This made him the first Prime Minister not to win an election since Labor's Ben Chifley (who lost in 1949). McMahon was married to (Lady) Sonia McMahon from 1965 until his death from cancer. Actor Julian McMahon is their son.

The Liberal party had won lots of elections since 1949, but had some popularity problems by 1971. Australian soldiers were still in the Vietnam War. McMahon replaced John Gorton, then made him defence minister, but soon after made him resign for talking about problems in the Liberal Party. McMahon's government was the first to have a Minister for Aboriginal Affairs. Aboriginal land rights were an important topic of debate at this time. On foreign affairs, McMahon said the Opposition leader, Gough Whitlam, was wrong to visit communist China in 1972 - but soon after U.S. President Richard Nixon visited China and McMahon was embarrassed. The economy was not looking too good when the government went to the 1972 election.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Rt Hon Sir William McMahon
- **image**: William McMahon 1966.jpg
- **caption**: William McMahon in 1966
- **order**: 20th Prime Minister of Australia
- **term start**: 10 March 1971
- **term end**: 5 December 1972
- **predecessor**: John Gorton
- **successor**: Gough Whitlam
- **birth place**: Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- **death place**: Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- **party**: Liberal Party (Australia), Liberal
- **spouse**: Sonia McMahon
(m. 1965-1988, his death)
- **children**: Melinda, Julian McMahon, Julian, Deborah
IRC bot

**IRC Bots** are computer programs. They are used on Internet Relay Chat (IRC) to help control and protect chat rooms. They can do many of the things that a human user can do such as gather data, kick users out of the channel, ban users, or even send stats to other programs and websites.

IRC Bots/Chatroom bots are used in many things now, from sending RuneScape statistics, to keeping track of users who abuse the networks.

Popular IRC bots include Infobot, blootbot, Supybot.

An IRC bot is a set of scripts or an independent program that connects to Internet Relay Chat as a client, and so appears to other IRC users as another user
Shawn Lane

**Shawn Lane** (March 21, 1963 – September 26, 2003) was an American musician. He was a solo guitarist.

At the age of 4, he began taking vocal lessons, cello lessons and piano lessons. By age ten, he picked up a guitar and found out he was better with a guitar than his other instruments. He joined a band at the age of fifteen and played in bars and clubs.

A few years later he started playing shows again. He began to tour with his own band, playing guitar and keyboard. In February 2003, Lane accomplished one of his lifelong dreams and toured over India with his band. When they left India, they were called "true rock heroes" by the people. In September 2003, when getting ready to make an album with the Swedish bassist Jonas Hellborg and drummer Ginger Baker, Lane had bad breathing problems. He was told by doctors that he would have to remain on medical oxygen for the rest of his life. On Friday, September 23, 2003, he died.

## Other websites

- Official site
- Official discography
- Fan forum

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Shawn Lane
- **img**: ShawnLane.jpg
- **background**: non_vocal_instrumentalist
- **birth place**: Memphis, Tennessee, Memphis, Tennessee, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Memphis, Tennessee, Memphis, Tennessee, U.S.
- **genre**: Instrumental rock, jazz fusion, world fusion
- **instrument**: Guitar, piano, Keyboard instrument, keyboard, Bass guitar, bass
- **occupation**: Musician, composer, record producer, producer
- **years active**: 1977–2003
- **label**: Warner Bros. Records, Warner Bros., Eye Reckon
- **associated acts**: Jonas Hellborg/Jeff Sipe, Black Oak Arkansas, Savage Innocence, D.D.T., The Willys, The Streets
- **url**: [http://www.shawnlane.com/ Official website]
Text

**Text** may mean:

## Writing

- a piece of writing
- Textual criticism, the study of changes in books or manuscripts.
- Text message

## Books

- a book, a set of printed sheets of paper held together between two covers.
- a textbook, a book used for the study of a subject. People use a textbook to learn facts and methods about a certain subject.
- Subtext
- e-text or e-book

### Unit Of Study

- hermeneutics
- philology, the study of language in historical writings
- literary theory, anything with a semiotic component
- cultural studies, the unit of discourse

## Computing

- character (computing) or string data, as opposed to binary data
- a text segment of a program in memory
- Plaintext, the information which the sender want to transmit to the receiver(s)
- Text-based, comprised of characters
- Boilerplate text

## Other

- TEXT, an avant-garde band

## Related pages

- Letter
Greg Scott

**Greg Scott** (born 6 March 1969) is an English television presenter. He is known for having presented Quizmania, a quiz show on ITV Play.
Twin Dragons

***Twin Dragons*** (1992) (also known as ***Brother vs. Brother*** and ***When Dragons Collide***)

Identical brothers, separated at birth, end up as a criminal and a U.S. pianist, then cross paths years later in Hong Kong.

## Cast

- Jackie Chan
- Maggie Cheung
- Nina Li Chi
- Anthony Chan
- Philip Chan
- Sylvia Chang
- James Wong
- Lai Ying Chow
- Kirk Wong
- Ringo Lam Ling-tung
- John Woo
- Tsui Hark
- Director(s): Tsui Hark, Ringo Lam Ling-tung, Ringo Lam
- Producer(s): Ng Sze Yuen, Teddy Robin Kwan.
- Language: Cantonese (Dubbed in English in North America)

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: Twin Dragons
- **director**: Ringo Lam
Tsui Hark
- **producer**: Teddy Robin Kwan
Ng See-Yuen
- **writer**: Barry Wong
Tsui Hark
Joe Cheung
Huang Yi (author), Wong Yik
Teddy Robin Kwan
- **music**: Lowell Lo
Barrington Pheloung
- **cinematography**: Arthur Wong
Wong Wing-Hung
- **editing**: Marco Mak
- **studio**: Hong Kong Film Directors Guild
Distant Horizons
- **distributor**: Orange Sky Golden Harvest, Golden Harvest
Media Asia Entertainment Group, Media Asia Distribution Ltd.
Seasonal Film Corporation
- **runtime**: 104 minutes
- **country**: Hong Kong
- **language**: Cantonese
- **budget**: HK$33,255,000
Motorola

**Motorola** was an American company that made cell phones and other electronics. The company was based in Schaumburg, Illinois, a small town just outside of Chicago, Illinois. After losing $4.3 billion from 2007 to 2009, Motorola was divided in two separate companies on January 4, 2011; Motorola Mobility and Motorola  Solutions.

They were listed in the New York Stock Exchange as MOT .

The company began with the name Galvin Manufacturing Corporation in 1928, and then later adopted the 'Motorola' name in 1947. They were the first developers of the walkie-talkie in World War II.

On August 15, 2011, Google said that it would buy Motorola Mobility for $12.5 billion.

On October 30, 2014, Lenovo finalized its purchase of Motorola Mobility from Google.

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: Motorola, Inc.
- **logo**: Motorola-Logo.svg
- **logo caption**: "Batwing" or "Emsignia" logo introduced in 1955, still in use by successor businesses.
- **image**: Motorola Danmark Glostrup.JPG
- **image caption**: Local branch in Glostrup, Denmark
- **former name**: Galvin Manufacturing Corporation (1928–1947)
- **type**: Public company, Public
- **fate**: Split into Motorola Mobility and Motorola Solutions
- **successors**: Motorola Mobility
 Motorola Solutions
 Freescale Semiconductor
 ON Semiconductor
 Arris Group (General Instrument)
 Cambium Networks
- **area served**: Worldwide
- **location**: Schaumburg, Illinois, U.S.
- **num employees**: 53,000 (2010)
- **divisions**: Mobile Devices
 Home & Networks Mobility
 Enterprise Mobility Solutions
- **website**: [https://web.archive.org/web/20101231101257/http://www.motorola.com/ www.motorola.com] (archived December 31, 2010)
- **industry**: Telecommunications
- **products**: Tablet computers
Mobile phones
Smartphones
Two-way radios
Telecommunications network, Networking systems
Cable television, Cable television systems
broadband networks, Wireless broadband networks
RFID, RFID systems
cellular networks, Mobile telephone infrastructure