juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Composition of the Russian Regional Parliaments

Regional parliaments of Russia are the legislative/parliamentary bodies of power in the regions of Russia (Republics, Krais, Oblasts, Autonomous okrugs and Federal Cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg), which have different names, often collectively referred to in the media as regional parliaments.

The federal structure of Russia includes 83 regional parliaments.  The biggest regional parliament is the **State Assembly of Bashkortostan** which consists of 120 deputies. The smallest one is the **Assembly of Deputies of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug** which consists of 11 deputies.
Crêt de la Neige

**Crêt de la Neige** is a  high mountain in the _commune_ of Thoiry. It is the highest peak in the Jura Mountains and the department of Ain in France.

It is in the **Jura Mountains Regional Natural Park** ().

## Geography

Crêt de la Neige is between the _communes_ of Lélex (to the northwest) and Thoiry (to the southeast) in the Ain department.

It is found in the _Haute Chaîne_, the most eastern and highest chain of the French Jura mountains; it is in the _Pays de Gex_ (the Arrondissement of Gex, Ain department), about  to the northwest of the city of Geneva.

The Crêt de la Neige is surrounded by the plain of the _Pays de Gex_ to the east and the Valserine valley (a valley among the Jura mountains formed by the Valserine river) to the west.

From the summit (or near the summit because it is covered with shrubs and trees), it is possible to see Geneva and the _Pays de Gex_ and there is a 360° view over the Lake Geneva, the Valserine valley, La Dôle (a peak of the Jura mountains that is in Switzerland) and the Alps. On a clear day, it is possible to see the Vosges mountains and the Black Forest.

### Elevation

In the past, the official elevation given for the Crêt de la Neige was , and so it appears in old maps, only  higher than the near peak of Reculet . But recent studies made by the Institut géographique national (IGN) in Villeurbanne found that the true altitude of the Crêt de la Neige is  above sea level. In 2024, a team of researchers locates the actual highest peak in a protected area and measures its elevation at 1720.83 m, while they found the geodetic marker at Crêt de la Neige at 1718.06 m elevation.

## Getting there

The easiest route to get to the Crêt de la Neige is from the Tiocan lookout point that is beyond Thoiry.

## Other websites

- Crêt de la Neige in Camp-to-Camp
- Crêt de la Neige in GeoFinder.ch
- Crêt de la Neige at Altituderando.com

## Infobox (mountain)

- **name**: Crêt de la Neige
- **photo**: Crêt de la Neige 3.jpg
- **photo alt**: Le Crêt de la Neige in Thoiry (Ain)
- **photo caption**: Crêt de la Neige in Thoiry, Ain, Thoiry (Ain)
- **elevation m**: 1720
- **prominence m**: 1267
- **location**: Ain, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, France
- **range**: Jura Mountains
- **easiest route**: Hiking from the Tiocan :wikt:lookout, lookout
- **map**: Alps
- **label position**: right
- **map alt**: Alps
- **map caption**: Location in the Alps
- **age**: Miocene
Udara

***Udara*** is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae. The species are found in the Indomalayan and the Australasian realms.
O.T. Genasis

**Odis Oliver Flores** (born June 19, 1987) is an American rapper. His stage name is **O.T Genasis**. He is well known for his songs "CoCo", "Do It" and "Cut It".

### Mixtapes

|scope="col" style="width:11em;"|Title|scope="col" style="width:16em;"|Album details|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|* Released: June 13, 2012 * Label: G-Unit||||
|* Released: August 7, 2014 * Label: Conglomerate||||
|* Released: September 22, 2015 * Label: Conglomerate||||
|* Released: November 11, 2016 * Label: Conglomerate||||

#### As lead artist

|scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:20em;"|Title|scope="col" rowspan="2"|Year|scope="col" colspan="5"|Peak chart positions|scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:1em;"|Certification|scope="col" rowspan="2"|Album|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|rowspan="2"|2014|—|—|—|—|—||||
|20|5|4|37|23|*RIAA: Platinum|rowspan="2"|_non-album single_|||
|rowspan="5"|2015|—|—|—|—|—||||
|—|—|—|—|—||rowspan="1"|_Rhythm & Bricks_|||
|—|—|—|—|—||__||||
|—|—|—|—|—||rowspan="2"|_Rhythm & Bricks_|||
|35|11|6|84|—|*RIAA: Gold|||||
|rowspan="1"|2016|—|—|—|—|—||||
|rowspan="1"|2016|—|—|—|—|—||||

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: O.T. Genasis
- **background**: solo_singer
- **caption**: O.T. Genasis in 2015
- **birth name**: Odis Oliver Flores
- **alias**: O.T. Genasis
- **birth place**: Atlanta, Georgia (U.S. State), Georgia
- **origin**: Long Beach, California, Long Beach, California
- **years active**: 2011-present
Laura Ashley

**Laura Ashley** (née **Mountney**; 7 September 1925 – 17 September 1985) was a fashion designer and business woman from Wales. She began by making simple items out of her own printed cloth, but when her work became more popular she opened factories making clothes and furniture too. Ashley, along with her husband Bernard, set up a large business to sell her designs, with 219 across the world. The business faced difficult times in the 1990s, after Ashley's death, but there are still many Laura Ashley shops today, in Europe, Asia and Australia.
2016 United States presidential election in Alaska

The **2016 United States presidential election in Alaska** was held on 8 November 2016. It was part of the 2016 United States presidential election, in which all other states plus the District of Columbia voted.

On 1 March and 26 March 2016, the state also voted for who they wanted to be the nominee of their respective parties.

### Polling

Below is a table with the polling results in Alaska. Alaska has voted Republican in the general election since 1968.

|Race|Poll model|Hillary Clinton <small></small>|Donald Trump <small></small>|Gary Johnson <small></small>|Jill Stein <small></small>|Lead margin|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|270 to Win|37.3%||40%|colspan="2" rowspan="2"||2.3|||
|rowspan="1"|Election Projection|35.5%||50.0%||14.5|||
|Real Clear Politics|rowspan=1 colspan=5 style=text-align:center|_not yet calculated_|||||||
|TPM Polltracker|35.3%||37%|colspan="2" rowspan="2"||1.7|||
|rowspan="1"|Votamatic|46.6%||53.4%||6.9|||
|rowspan="1"|Electoral Vote|31%||36%|18%|colspan="1" rowspan="3"||5|
|FiveThirtyEight|40.6%||45.4%|12.4%||4.8|||
|rowspan="1"|HuffPost Pollster|32.9%||40%|11.2%||7.1||
|270 to Win|33.7%||36.7%|11.7%|3.7%||3||
|Election Projection|32.5%||37.5%|14.5%|4.5%||5||
|TPM Polltracker|35.3%||37%|8%|2.7%||1.7||

### Results

|colspan=3|Presidential election||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|**Donald Trump** <small>(REP)</small>|align=right|**163,387**|align=right|**51.28%**|
|Hillary Clinton <small>(DEM)</small>|align=right|116,454|align=right|36.55%|
|Gary Johnson|align=right|18,725|align=right|5.88%|
|Jill Stein|align=right|5,735|align=right|1.80%|
|Darrell Castle|align=right|3,866|align=right|1.21%|
|Rocky De La Fuente|align=right|1,240|align=right|0.39%|

### Democratic

The Democratic caucus occurred on 26 March 2016.

|colspan=4|Democratic caucus||||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|**Bernie Sanders**|align=right|**8,447**|align=right|**79.61%**|align=right|**14**|
|Hillary Clinton|align=right|2,146|align=right|20.22%|align=right|4|
|Rocky De La Fuente|align=right|1|align=right|0.01%|align=right||
|Martin O'Malley|align=right|0|align=right|0.00%|align=right||
|Uncommitted|align=right|16|align=right|0.15%|align=right|2|

### Republican

The Republican caucus occurred on 1 March 2016.

|colspan=4|Republican caucus||||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|**Ted Cruz**|align=right|**8,369**|align=right|**36.37%**|align=right|**12**|
|Donald Trump|align=right|7,740|align=right|33.64%|align=right|11|
|Marco Rubio|align=right|3,488|align=right|15.16%|align=right|5|
|Ben Carson|align=right|2,492|align=right|10.83%|align=right||
|John Kasich|align=right|918|align=right|3.99%|align=right||

## Related pages

- Democratic Party presidential primaries, 2016
- Republican Party presidential primaries, 2016

## Other websites

- RNC 2016 Republican Nominating Process
- Green papers for 2016 primaries, caucuses, and conventions
- 2016 Presidential primaries , ElectionProjection.com
- Decision Desk Headquarter Results for Alaska
Dakota people

The **Dakota people** are a Native American tribe. They are also a part of the First Nations. They make up two of the three main subcultures of the Sioux people. They are usually divided into the **Eastern Dakota** and the **Western Dakota**.

The Eastern Dakota are also called the **Santee**, and are located in the eastern Dakotas, central Minnesota and northern Iowa. They have many federally recognized tribes.

The Western Dakota are also called the **Yankton** or **Yanktonai,** and are located in the Missouri River area. They also have many notable federally recognized tribes. They were often mistaken to be the Nakota (who are actually a group of tribes that broke away from the main branches of the Sioux nation in earlier times).

## History

The Dakota lived in Wisconsin and Minnesota in the 17th century. By 1700 some had moved to present-day South Dakota. Late in the 17th century, the Dakota became alliances with French merchants. The French tried to use this alliance to help them control the North American fur trade against the English.

### Dakota War of 1862

In the late 1850s, treaty violations by the United States and unfair payments by Indian agents (governmental people who were allowed to interact with the natives) led to increasing hunger and hardship among the Dakota. Even though the Dakota tried to negotiate with the U.S. government, nothing was successful. On 16 August 1862, a group of Dakota hunters killed a family of settlers. This led to more attacks on settlers, and soon a full war had begun. On 5 November 1862, 38 Dakota warriors were sentenced to death by hanging. This would later become the largest mass execution in U.S. history.

During and after the revolt, many Eastern Dakota and their family left Minnesota and Eastern Dakota to go to Canada, or settle in the James River Valley in a short-lived reservation. They were then forced to move to the Crow Creek Reservation on the east bank of the Missouri river. Some joined the Western Dakota and moved further west to help the Lakota tribes to continue their fight against the U.S. military.

Others remained in Minnesota and the east, in small reservations that still exist, including Sisseton-Wahpeton, Flandreau, and Devils Lake (Spirit Lake or Fort Totten) Reservations in the Dakotas. Some moved to Nebraska, where the Santee Sioux Tribe today has a reservation on the south bank of the Missouri river.

Those who fled to Canada left nine small reservations for their families in Manitoba (Sioux Valley, Long Plain, Dakota Tipi, Birdtail Creek, and Oak Lake [Pipestone]) and the four more (Standing Buffalo, Moose Woods [White Cap], Round Plain [Wahpeton], and Wood Mountain) in Saskatchewan.

## Language

The Dakota language is part of the Siouan languages. People who speak Dakota can also understand the Lakota language. Dakota is written in the Latin script. The language has two major dialects between the Eastern and Western Dakota tribes.

## Other websites

- Dakota Language Texts, from the Boston Athenæum: Schoolcraft Collection of Books in Native American Languages. Digital Collection.
Mie Jans

**Mie Leth Jans** (born 6 February 1994) is a Danish football player who plays as defender for HB Køge and the Danish national team for which she debuted in 2013.

## Club career

Jans started her football career at Dragør Boldklub. She moved to Brøndby and then Ballerup-Skovlunde Fodbold (BSF) in 2012. After two seasons playing in BSF's first team, she went back to Brøndby in June 2014.

## International career

Jans's first match for Denmark came in November 2013. She was a substitute for future Brøndby team-mate Nanna Christiansen after 79 minutes of a 5–0 win over Malta in Valetta.

## Other websites

- Profile  at Danish Football Association

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Mie Leth Jans
- **image**: Mie Leth Jans pokal.jpg
- **caption**: Leth Jans at the 2017 League final
- **fullname**: Mie Leth Jans
- **birth place**: Dragør, Denmark
- **height**: 1.71 m
- **currentclub**: HB Køge (women), HB Køge
- **clubnumber**: 26
- **position**: Defender (association football), Defender
- **youthclubs1**: Dragør Boldklub
- **youthclubs2**: Taarnby Boldklub
- **youthclubs3**: Brøndby IF (women), Brøndby IF
- **years1**: 2012–2014
- **clubs1**: BSF
- **caps1**: 31
- **goals1**: 5
- **years2**: 2014–2017
- **clubs2**: Brøndby IF (women), Brøndby IF
- **caps2**: 86
- **goals2**: 10
- **years3**: 2017–2018
- **clubs3**: Manchester City W.F.C., Manchester City
- **caps3**: 4
- **goals3**: 0
- **years4**: 2019
- **clubs4**: FC Rosengård
- **caps4**: 5
- **goals4**: 0
- **years5**: 2020–2022
- **clubs5**: Vittsjö GIK
- **caps5**: 31
- **goals5**: 6
- **years6**: 2021–2022
- **clubs6**: Perth Glory FC (W-League), Perth Glory
- **caps6**: 12
- **goals6**: 2
- **years7**: 2022–
- **clubs7**: HB Køge (women), HB Køge
- **caps7**: 30
- **goals7**: 6
- **nationalyears1**: 2009
- **nationalteam1**: Denmark women's national under-16 football team, Denmark U-16
- **nationalcaps1**: 6
- **nationalgoals1**: 0
- **nationalyears2**: 2009–11
- **nationalteam2**: Denmark women's national under-17 football team, Denmark U-17
- **nationalcaps2**: 12
- **nationalgoals2**: 2
- **nationalyears3**: 2011–13
- **nationalteam3**: Denmark women's national under-19 football team, Denmark U-19
- **nationalcaps3**: 31
- **nationalgoals3**: 5
- **nationalyears4**: 2016
- **nationalteam4**: Denmark women's national under-23 football team, Denmark U-23
- **nationalcaps4**: 1
- **nationalgoals4**: 0
- **nationalyears5**: 2013–
- **nationalteam5**: Denmark women's national football team, Denmark
- **nationalcaps5**: 26
- **nationalgoals5**: 0
- **pcupdate**: 00:10, 10 March 2024 (UTC)
- **ntupdate**: 26 October 2017
Hérémence

**Hérémence** is a municipality of the district of Hérens in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Hérémence
- **municipality name**: Hérémence
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: Hérémence-blazon.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Hérémence.png
- **languages**: French
- **canton**: Valais
- **iso-code-region**: CH-VS
- **district**: Hérens (district), Hérens
- **postal code**: 1987
- **municipality code**: 6084
- **area**: 107.5
- **elevation**: 1237
- **population**: 1321
- **populationof**: Dec 2002
- **website**: www.heremence.ch
- **mayor**: Régis Bovier
- **neighboring municipalities**: Bagnes, Evolène, Nendaz, Saint-Martin, Valais, Saint-Martin, Vex, Switzerland
Cooperative

A **cooperative** (also spelled **co-operative,** or **co-op**) is when several people come together in cooperation to reach a common goal through mutural aid. It is a type of organization used to make the lives of its members easier; it is usually not focused on making profit, instead focusing on serving member needs.

## Characteristics

Cooperative ownership can have different details about what ownership means and how cooperation works. A basic cooperative-ownership structure has the following characteristics:

- Ownership is based on voluntary participation
- Members of the cooperative are also users (also known as patrons)
- Decisions are made on a basis of one member = one vote

Co-operatives are democratic organizations owned by the people who use them. Cooperative organizations help people adapt to capitalism.

## History and examples

The first cooperative was a store in Rochdale, England started in 1844.  The people who started it wanted food that was cheaper and better quality.  Since then, people have found many ways to cooperate.

Examples of cooperatives:

- Farmers provide their own transport and marketing to get better prices for their crops
- Poor people protect themselves from money-lenders, and workers save for their retirement (as in a credit union)
- Fishers package their fish to get a better price
- Villagers provide themselves with electricity or water
- Residents own their apartment building

The International Cooperative Alliance was started in 1885.  It reports that there are 800 million cooperative members in the world.

## Other websites

- Rochdale - Birthplace of Cooperation
- International Cooperative Alliance
Perfect Illusion

"**Perfect Illusion**" is a song recorded by American singer-songwriter Lady Gaga.  It is the lead single from her fifth studio album, _Joanne_.  The song was released on September 9, 2016.  It reached the top twenty in the US, UK, Australia, and Canada.  It reached number one in France and Spain.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Perfect Illusion
- **artist**: Lady Gaga
- **album**: Joanne (album), Joanne
- **label**: Interscope Records, Interscope
- **prev title**: Til It Happens to You
- **prev year**: 2015
- **next title**: Million Reasons
- **next year**: 2016
Georgian Wikipedia

The **Georgian Wikipedia** is a Georgian language edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Georgian Wikipedia started in November 2003. The Georgian Wikipedia has more than 130,000 articles.

## Administrators and users

There are 3 administrators and more than 73,000 registered users working in Georgian Wikipedia.

## Origin of edits

- Georgian editors-91.8%
- United States of America-1.6%
- Others-5.6%

## Other websites

- Georgian Wikipedia home page
Malagasy Wikipedia

**Malagasy Wikipedia** is the Malagasy language edition of Wikipedia. Malagasy is an austronesian language mostly spoken in Madagascar as the first language. It is also the national language of Madagascar.

## Articles

Total number of articles written in Malagasy Wikipedia is 82000+.

## Administrators

This wikipedia has 3 administrators along with 13,423 registered users and 42 active users.

## Other websites

- Malagasy Wikipedia
Breton Wikipedia

**Breton Wikipedia** is the Breton language version of Wikipedia. It was established in June 2004.

Breton Wikipedia reached 20,000 articles in August 2008. It reached 30,000 articles in October 2009. On 2014 July it reached 50,000 articles. It has 69,790 articles as of August 2021. It also became the 71st largest Wikipedia by the article count.

Breton Wikipedia is the second largest Wikipedia of a Celtic language after the Welsh Wikipedia. The total number of registered users in Breton Wikipedia is 34,786.
Tessellation

**Tessellation** of a flat surface refers to the repeated placement of shapes with no overlaps and no gaps. These shapes are also called _tiles_. In mathematics, tessellations can be generalized to higher dimensions and a variety of geometries.
Vítězslav Nezval

**Vítězslav Nezval** (26 May 1900 – 6 April 1958) was a Czech poet.

## Biography

Vítězslav Nezval was born in the village of Biskoupky on 26 May 1900. In 1919 started to study law at the University of Brno, but quickly realised that he did not want to be a lawyer. He went to Prague instead and entered the Faculty of Philosophy of Prague University. He attended lectures given by František Xaver Šalda, a famous literary critic, there. He was active in the Devětsil literary group. In 1926 he met Františka Řepová, who later became his wife. During the Second World War he was shortly imprisoned. After the war he worked for the Ministry of Information. He died on 6 April 1958 in Prague.

## Works

Vítězslav Nezval was a poet, playwright, author of novels, translator and literary critic. He wrote a lot. He was a representative of  Poetismus, which was Czech avantgarde. He was also a leading Czech surrealist. His poetry was strongly influenced by modern French literature. He also wrote a book of ballads in the manner of François Villon _52 hořkých balad věčného studenta Roberta Davida_. Nezval's most important works are poems _Edison_, _Signál času_, _Akrobat_ and _Podivuhodný kouzelník_. They were collected in the book named _Básně noci_. His novel _Valérie a týden divů_ was made into a movie in 1970 by Jaromil Jireš. Many his poems were translated into English. For example Ewald Osers translated _Edison_.

## Bibliography

- Vítězslav Nezval, Edison. Báseň o pěti zpěvech. English translation: Ewald Osers, Dvořák, Pelhřimov 2003,
Bamboo floor

A **bamboo floor** is a kind of flooring which is made using bamboo plants. Today, most of the bamboo flooring products come from China and other parts of Asia. Moso bamboo is a type of bamboo most commonly used for this type of flooring.
Vinča culture

The **Vinča culture** was a culture that existed during the Stone Age, from around 5400 BC to 4600 BC. It was the first to develop the knowledge and skills to process copper, in the late 6th millennium BC.<sup>[2]</sup>

The culture is named for a large site found close to modern-day Belgrade, Serbia. Other sites have also been discovered in Romania, Hungary and Bosnia.

Vinča artifacts include many ceramic figurines. Some of these have symbols on them which have been interpreted as an early form of writing. These symbols are called Vinča symbols.
Vinča script

The **Vinča script** is a cache of symbols that belonged to the Vinča culture of the central Balkans over 7000 years ago. The symbols have been a topic of debate amongst historians.

## Tărtăria tablets

Three clay writing tablets were discovered in 1961 in the village of Tărtăria (Hungarian: Alsótatárlaka). This is about 30 km (19 mi) from Alba Iulia in Romania.<sup>[10]</sup> They were created around 5300 BC.<sup>[11]</sup>

The Tărtăria tablets have symbols written in clay: the Vinča symbols. Some claim they are a yet undeciphered language. If this is true, they would be the earliest known form of writing.

## Additional excavations

In 1908 similar symbols were found during excavations by Miloje Vasić (1869–1956) in Vinča. This is a suburb of Belgrade (Serbia), some 300 km from Turdaș. Later, more were found in another part of Belgrade.

Since 1875 over one hundred and fifty Vinča sites have been found in Serbia alone. Many, including Vinča itself, have not been fully excavated. The culture of the whole area is called the Vinča culture.

Although some of these symbols look exactly the same as some letters in Etruscan, Greek, and Aramaic,<sup>[12]</sup> they are generally regarded as an original, independent development.<sup>[13]</sup>
American Expeditionary Force

The **American Expeditionary Forces** (**AEF**) were the United States Armed Forces sent to Europe under the command of General John J. Pershing in 1917 to help fight World War I. At first, the AEF fought in France alongside French and British allied forces. The war started in August 1914 and the AEF arrived in April 1917, the last year of the war. They were fighting against the German Empire.  In September 1918 the AEF launched its first major offensive as an independent army.
Minister of Foreign Affairs (Azerbaijan)

This is a list of **Ministers of Foreign Affairs of Azerbaijan**, from the Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan to the Republic of Azerbaijan.

## Foreign Ministers of the Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan

- Mammedhasan Hajinski (May 28, 1918 – October 6, 1918)
- Alimardan Topchubashev (October 6, 1918 – December 7, 1918)
- Fatali Khan Khoyski (December 26, 1918 – March 14, 1919)
- Mammad Yusif Jafarov (March 14, 1919 – December 22, 1919)
- Fatali Khan Khoyski, second term (December 24, 1919 – April 1,  1920)

## Foreign Ministers of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic

- Nariman Narimanov (April, 1920 – May 2,  1921)
- Mirza Davud Huseynov (May 1921 – December, 1921)
- _No Ministers of Foreign Affairs between 1921-1944_
- Mahmud Aliyev (politician) (1944 – 1958)
- Tahire Tahirova (1959 – 1983)
- Elmira Qafarova (December 1, 1983 – December 22, 1987)
- Huseynaga Sadigov (January 23, 1988 – October 18, 1991)

## Foreign Ministers of Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan

- Huseynaga Sadigov (January 23, 1988 – May 29, 1992)
- Tofig Gasimov (July 4, 1992 – June 26, 1993)
- Hasan Hasanov (September 2, 1993 – February 16, 1998)
- Tofig Zulfugarov (March 5, 1998 – October 26, 1999)
- Vilayat Guliyev (October 26, 1999 – April 7, 2004)
- Elmar Mammadyarov (April 7, 2004 – )

## Related pages

- Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Azerbaijan

## Other websites

- List of the Foreign Ministers of Azerbaijan with short bio and photos
Hair clipper

**Hair clippers** are tools used to cut hair very short and close to the scalp. Similar tools are used to cut wool from sheep.

Hair clippers have two rows of small comb-like blades which move back and forth very fast. The clippers are moved so that the blades cut the hair as it passes through it.

## History

Manual clippers were invented between 1850 and 1890 by Nikola Bizumic, a Serbian barber, and the short hairstyles became popular amongst boys and men in school, prison, and the military.

Leo J. Wahl invented the first electric hair clipper. He first designed a hand-held massager for his uncle, Dr. Frank Wahl. Frank Wahl opened a manufacturing plant in Sterling, Illinois to produce and sell Leo’s massager.  Leo would sold massagers to  barbers and noticed an opportunity to improve upon the tools barbers were using at the time.

## Use

Modern electric clippers often come with "guards". The guards can be attached to the blade to determine how short the hair will be cut. The largest guard is often a #8, which leaves the hair an inch long (25mm). The smallest guard is a #1, which cuts the hair to 3mm. When there is no guard, the clipper completely shaves the hair.

Clippers are often used for men's haircuts as well as cutting facial hair. A popular men's hairstyle is a **buzz cut**, in which the hair all over the head is shaved very short using clippers. Buzz cuts are often used in the military. Many young boys and teenage boys are given buzz cuts as well because they are easy  to take care of.
Merry Christmas with Love

***Merry Christmas with Love*** is Clay Aiken's first Christmas album. It was released by RCA Records on November 16, 2004. It was certified platinum and was recognized by _Billboard_ as the Best-selling Christmas/holiday album of 2004 and the Best-selling Christian album of 2005. The album was re-released on August 18, 2009 on the Sony label.

_Merry Christmas with Love_ debuted at number four on the U.S. _Billboard_ 200 chart with about 270,000 copies sold. This was its highest position on the chart. By the end of 2004, around 1,004,000 copies of the album had been sold.

The album set a new record for fastest-selling holiday album, since SoundScan began in March 1991. It tied Céline Dion's record for the highest debut by a holiday album in the history of _Billboard_ magazine.

On January 6, 2005, _Merry Christmas with Love_ was certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America for shipments of one million copies in the U.S.  Going into the 2010 Christmas season, 1,416,000 copies had been sold in the U.S. and 2 million worldwide.

## Awards and nominations

**_Billboard_ Awards**
- 2004: **Won** - Best Selling Christmas Album - _Merry Christmas with Love_
- 2005: **Won** - Best Selling Christian Album - _Merry Christmas with Love_

**American Christian Music Awards**
- 2005: **Won** - Outstanding Yule CD - _Merry Christmas with Love_

## Singles

|rowspan="2"|Year|rowspan="2"|Single|colspan="2"|Peak chart positions|rowspan="2"|Album|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2004|"Winter Wonderland"|align="center"|13|align="center"|-|rowspan="5"|***Merry Christmas with Love***|
|rowspan="4"|2005|"O Holy Night"|align="center"|37|align="center"|-||
|"Hark the Herald Angels Sing" / "O Come All Ye Faithful"|align="center"|27|align="center"|-||||
|"Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas"|align="center"|32|align="center"|-||||
|"Mary, Did You Know?"|align="center"|35|align="center"|32||||

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Merry Christmas with Love
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: Clay Aiken
- **released**: November 16, 2004
- **recorded**: Summer 2004
Right Track Recording
New York City, New York
- **genre**: Pop music, Pop
- **length**: 39:00
- **label**: RCA Records, RCA
- **producer**: Phil Ramone
Walter Afanasieff
- **prev title**: Measure of a Man
- **prev year**: 2003
- **next title**: A Thousand Different Ways
- **next year**: 2006
Rocky De La Fuente 2016 presidential campaign

Rocky De La Fuente ran a third-party campaign for the presidency of the United States in the 2016 election. De La Fuente had sought the Democratic Party's nomination during their presidential primaries. De La Fuente's campaign did not win a single delegate to the 2016 Democratic National Convention, but he came in fourth by total votes received.

De La Fuente founded the American Delta Party, and ran as its presidential nominee with running mate Michael Steinberg. He was also nominated as the presidential nominee of the Reform Party which has ballot access in Florida, Louisiana, and Mississippi.

## Other websites

- Rocky 2016 campaign website
- Columnist Dave Barry on meeting De la Fuente

## Infobox (u.s. federal election campaign)

- **committee**: Rocky 2016 LLC
- **logo**: LogoRocky.png
- **campaign**: United States presidential election, 2016
- **candidate**: Rocky De La Fuente
- **cand id**: C00588426
- **fec date**: 9/30/2016
- **affiliation**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic Party
American Delta Party
Reform Party of the United States of America, Reform Party
- **headquarters**: San Diego, California
- **key people**: Seven Wendroff (campaign treasurer)
- **receipts**: 7,351,270
- **slogan**: We The People
- **homepage**: [http://www.rocky2016.com Official website]
- **status**: Active
Catherine Cortez Masto

**Catherine Marie Cortez Masto** (born March 29, 1964) is an American attorney and politician. She is the senior United States Senator from Nevada. She was the Attorney General of Nevada from 2007 to 2015, elected to replace George Chanos. She is a member of the Democratic Party.

When her term began in 2017, Masto became the first Latina United States senator in American history.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Catherine Cortez Masto
- **image**: Catherine Cortez Masto official portrait.jpg
- **office**: United States Senate, United States Senator
from Nevada
- **term start**: January 3, 2017
- **alongside**: Jacky Rosen
- **predecessor**: Harry Reid
- **state1**: Nevada
- **office1**: 32nd Nevada Attorney General, Attorney General of Nevada
- **governor1**: Jim Gibbons (U.S. politician), Jim Gibbons
Brian Sandoval
- **term start1**: January 1, 2007
- **term end1**: January 5, 2015
- **predecessor1**: George Chanos
- **successor1**: Adam Laxalt
- **birth name**: Catherine Marie Cortez
- **birth place**: Las Vegas, Nevada, United States, U.S.
- **residence**: Las Vegas, Nevada, U.S.
- **nationality**: Americans, American
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
- **spouse**: Paul Masto (m. ?)
- **alma mater**: University of Nevada, Reno <small>(Bachelor's degree, BS)</small>
Gonzaga University <small>(Juris Doctor, JD)</small>
Todd Young

**Todd Christopher Young** (born August 24, 1972) is an American politician. He is the senior U.S. Senator from Indiana. He previously served as a U.S. Representative for  from 2011 to 2017. He is a member of the Republican Party. On November 8, 2016, Young was elected to the United States Senate in the general election. Young defeated Evan Bayh.

## Other websites

- Todd Young for Senate

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Todd Young
- **image**: Sen. Todd Young official photo.jpg
- **office**: United States Senate, United States Senator
from Indiana
- **term start**: January 3, 2017
- **predecessor**: Dan Coats
- **alongside**: Jim Banks
- **state1**: Indiana
- **term start1**: January 3, 2011
- **term end1**: January 3, 2017
- **predecessor1**: Baron Hill
- **successor1**: Trey Hollingsworth
- **birth name**: Todd Christopher Young
- **birth place**: Lancaster, Pennsylvania, U.S.
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **spouse**: Jennifer Young
- **children**: 4
- **residence**: Bloomington, Indiana, U.S.
- **alma mater**: United States Naval Academy
University of Chicago
Institute for the Study of the Americas, University of London

- **branch**: United States Marine Corps
- **serviceyears**: 1995–2000
- **rank**:  Captain (United States O-3), Captain
Evan Bayh

**Birch Evans "Evan" Bayh III** ( ; born December 26, 1955) is an American lawyer and Democratic politician. He served as the junior U.S. Senator from Indiana from 1999 to 2011. He earlier served as the 46th Governor of Indiana from 1989 to 1997. His father was former Senator Birch Bayh.

On February 15, 2010, Bayh unexpectedly announced he would not seek reelection to the Senate in 2010. After leaving the Senate, he was replaced by his predecessor, Dan Coats.

Following the withdrawal of 2016 Democratic primary winner Baron Hill, Bayh announced that he would be running to take back his old Senate seat from retiring Republican incumbent Dan Coats. He was defeated in the general election.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Evan Bayh
- **image**: Evan Bayh official portrait.jpg
- **jr/sr**: United States Senator
- **state**: Indiana
- **term start**: January 3, 1999
- **term end**: January 3, 2011
- **predecessor**: Dan Coats
- **successor**: Dan Coats
- **order1**: 46th Governor of Indiana
- **lieutenant1**: Frank O'Bannon
- **term start1**: January 9, 1989
- **term end1**: January 13, 1997
- **predecessor1**: Robert D. Orr, Robert Orr
- **successor1**: Frank O'Bannon
- **office2**: 56th Secretary of State of Indiana
- **governor2**: Robert D. Orr, Robert Orr
- **term start2**: December 1, 1986
- **term end2**: January 9, 1989
- **predecessor2**: Edwin Simcox
- **successor2**: Joe Hogsett
- **birth name**: Birch Evans Bayh III
- **birth place**: Shirkieville, Indiana, Shirkieville, Indiana, United States, U.S.
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
- **spouse**: Susan Bayh, Susan Breshears
- **children**: Beau
Nick
- **education**: Indiana University Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington
University of Virginia
- **signature**: Evan Bayh Signature.svg
John C. Carney Jr.

**John Charles Carney Jr.** (born May 20, 1956) is an American politician who has been the Mayor of Wilmington, Delaware since 2025. He was the 74th governor of Delaware from 2017 to 2025. Before becoming governor, he served as the U.S. representative for  from 2011 to 2017. He was also the 24th lieutenant governor of Delaware from 2001 to 2009.

Carney also served as Delaware's secretary of finance from 1996 to 2000.

In November 2024, Carney was elected mayor of Wilmington, Delaware in a landslide victory.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: John Carney
- **image**: Delaware Governor John Carney 2024 (cropped).png
- **caption**: Carney in 2024
- **office**: 57th List of mayors of Wilmington, Delaware, Mayor of Wilmington
- **term start**: January 7, 2025
- **predecessor**: Mike Purzycki
- **order1**: 74th List of governors of Delaware, Governor of Delaware
- **lieutenant1**: Bethany Hall-Long
- **term start1**: January 17, 2017
- **term end1**: January 7, 2025
- **predecessor1**: Jack Markell
- **successor1**: Bethany Hall-Long
- **state2**: Delaware
- **term start2**: January 3, 2011
- **term end2**: January 3, 2017
- **predecessor2**: Mike Castle
- **successor2**: Lisa Blunt Rochester
- **office3**: 24th Lieutenant Governor of Delaware
- **governor3**: Ruth Ann Minner
- **term start3**: January 16, 2001
- **term end3**: January 20, 2009
- **predecessor3**: Ruth Ann Minner
- **successor3**: Matthew Denn
- **birth name**: John Charles Carney Jr.
- **birth place**: Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
- **spouse**: Tracey Quillen
- **children**: 2
- **education**: Dartmouth College (Bachelor of Arts, BA)
University of Delaware (Master of Public Administration, MPA)
Eric Holcomb

**Eric Holcomb** (born May 2, 1968) is an American politician. He was the 51st Governor of Indiana from 2017 until 2025. He previously served as the 51st Lieutenant Governor of Indiana. He was nominated to fill the remainder of Sue Ellspermann's term. Ellspermann resigned on March 2, 2016 to become president of Ivy Tech Community College. He is a member of the Republican Party, and successfully ran for Governor of Indiana in the 2016 election.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Eric Holcomb
- **image**: Eric Holcomb (2021).jpeg
- **order**: 51st
- **office**: Governor of Indiana
- **term start**: January 9, 2017
- **term end**: January 13, 2025
- **1blankname**: Lieutenant
- **1namedata**: Suzanne Crouch
- **predecessor**: Mike Pence
- **successor**: Mike Braun
- **office2**: 51st Lieutenant Governor of Indiana
- **governor2**: Mike Pence
- **term start2**: March 3, 2016
- **term end2**: January 9, 2017
- **predecessor2**: Sue Ellspermann
- **successor2**: Suzanne Crouch
- **birth place**: Indianapolis, Indiana, United States, U.S.
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **spouse**: Janet Holcomb
- **alma mater**: Hanover College
- **serviceyears**: 1990–1996
Eric Greitens

**Eric Robert Greitens** (born April 10, 1974) is an American politician, author, humanitarian, and former Navy SEAL. He is the 56th Governor of the state of Missouri from January 9, 2017 until his resignation in June 1, 2018. Greitens is the Former President and founder of The Mission Continues, a nonprofit organization for veterans.

On March 22, 2021, Greitens announced that he would be running for the United States Senate in the 2022 U.S. Senate elections. He lost the nomination to Eric S. Schmitt in the August primaries.

## Controversy

On February 22, 2018, Greitens got in big trouble when he was accused of a serious crime that happened while he was having sex with another woman who was not his wife.  He admitted that he was having sex with the woman but disagreed that he had committed a crime.  She said that he secretly took naked pictures of her and then threatened to show them to other people and embarrass her if she told anybody what they had been doing together.  A grand jury agreed there was enough evidence to proceed and he was indicted on felony invasion of privacy charges. On May 29, 2018 Greitens announced that he would resign from office effective 5pm on Friday, June 1, 2018. He and his wife Sheena got divorced in 2020.

Greitens is now a Republican. He used to be a Democrat.

## Infobox (politician)

- **name**: Eric Greitens
- **image**: Eric_Greitens_2011-7.jpg
- **birth name**: Eric Robert Greitens
- **birth place**: St. Louis, Missouri, United States, U.S.
- **order**: List of Governors of Missouri, 56th Governor of Missouri
- **lieutenant**: Mike Parson
- **term start**: January 9, 2017
- **term end**: June 1, 2018
- **predecessor**: Jay Nixon
- **successor**: Mike Parson
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **children**: 2
- **alma mater**: Duke University
Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford
- **serviceyears**: 2001–2017
- **rank**:  Lieutenant Commander
- **commands**: Joint Special Operations Task Unit
Mark V Special Operations Craft Detachment
Al Qaeda Targeting Cell
- **mawards**:  Bronze Star Medal, Bronze Star
 Purple Heart
 Commendation Medal, Joint Service Commendation Medal
 Commendation Medal, Navy Commendation Medal
 Achievement Medal, Joint Service Achievement Medal
 Combat Action Ribbon
 Military Outstanding Volunteer Service Medal
Chris Sununu

**Christopher T. "Chris" Sununu** (born November 5, 1974) is an American politician who was the 82nd Governor of New Hampshire from 2017 to 2025.  Sununu was a Republican member of the New Hampshire Executive Council from 2011 to 2017.

Sununu was born in Salem, New Hampshire.

He also serves as chief executive officer of the Waterville Valley Ski Resort in Waterville Valley, New Hampshire. He earned a bachelor's degree from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Sununu is a son of former New Hampshire Governor John H. Sununu and brother of former U.S. Senator John E. Sununu.

On July 19, 2023, Sununu announced that he would not run for a fifth term as governor.

## Other websites

- Chris Sununu for Governor
- New Hampshire bio of Sununu
- ABC News article on Sununu

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Chris Sununu
- **image**: Gov. Chris Sununu.jpg
- **order**: 82nd
- **office**: Governor of New Hampshire
- **term start**: January 5, 2017
- **term end**: January 9, 2025
- **predecessor**: Chuck Morse (acting)
- **successor**: Kelly Ayotte
- **office2**: Member of the Executive Council of New Hampshire, New Hampshire Executive Council
from the 3rd District
- **term start2**: January 2011
- **term end2**: January 2017
- **predecessor2**: Beverly Hollingworth
- **successor2**: Russell Prescott
- **birth place**: Salem, New Hampshire, Salem, New Hampshire, United States, U.S.
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **parents**: John H. Sununu
- **alma mater**: Massachusetts Institute of Technology <small>(B.S., SB)</small>
- **profession**: Environmental engineer
Businessman
Phil Scott

**Philip Brian Scott** (born August 4, 1958) is an American politician. He is the 82nd and current Governor of Vermont since January 5, 2017. Before being Governor, he was the Lieutenant Governor of Vermont from 2011 to 2017. A Republican, he won the 2016 general election with over 52% of the vote.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Phil Scott
- **image**: Phil Scott 2019.png
- **office**: 82nd Governor of Vermont
- **lieutenant1**: David Zuckerman (politician), David Zuckerman
Molly Gray
David Zuckerman
John S. Rodgers
- **term start1**: January 5, 2017
- **predecessor1**: Peter Shumlin
- **office2**: 81st List of lieutenant governors of Vermont, Lieutenant Governor of Vermont
- **governor2**: Peter Shumlin
- **term start2**: January 6, 2011
- **term end2**: January 2017
- **predecessor2**: Brian Dubie
- **successor2**: David Zuckerman (politician), David Zuckerman
- **birth name**: Philip Brian Scott
- **birth place**: Barre City, Vermont, Barre City, Vermont, United States, U.S.
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **alma mater**: University of Vermont
Jim Justice

**James Conley Justice II** (born April 27, 1951) is an American coal and agriculture businessman and politician who is the junior United States Senator from West Virginia since 2025. He was the Governor of West Virginia from 2017 to 2025. He is the owner of over 50 companies, including The Greenbrier, a luxury resort. Justice is the only billionaire from the state of West Virginia.

## Career

A Republican, Justice ran for Governor of West Virginia in the 2016 general election as the Democratic nominee. He won the general election and became Governor of West Virginia in 2017.

On August 3, 2017, Justice announced at a Trump rally that he was switching political parties becoming a member of the Republican Party.

In April 2023, Justice announced his candidacy for the United States Senate in the 2024 election, against incumbent Democratic Senator Joe Manchin. He won the election in November 2024.

## Health

On January 11, 2022, Justice tested positive for COVID-19 and described feeling "extremely unwell". He said that his heart rate and blood pressure were high.

## Other websites

- Governor Jim Justice  official government site
- Justice for WV campaign website
- "Jim Justice" article in The West Virginia Encyclopedia

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Jim Justice
- **image**: Senator_Jim_Justice_Official_Portrait.jpg
- **caption**: Official portrait, 2025
- **jr/sr**: United States Senator
- **state**: West Virginia
- **alongside**: Shelley Moore Capito
- **term start**: January 14, 2025
- **predecessor**: Joe Manchin
- **order1**: 36th List of governors of West Virginia, Governor of West Virginia
- **lieutenant1**: Mitch Carmichael
Craig Blair
Randy Smith (politician), Randy Smith
- **term start1**: January 16, 2017
- **term end1**: January 13, 2025
- **predecessor1**: Earl Ray Tomblin
- **successor1**: Patrick Morrisey
- **birth name**: James Conley Justice II
- **birth place**: Charleston, West Virginia, U.S.
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican (before 2015, 2017–present)
Democratic Party (United States), Democratic (2015–2017)
- **children**: 2
- **education**: University of Tennessee
Marshall University (Bachelor of Arts, BA, Master of Business Administration, MBA)
- **nickname**: Big Jim
Jodo

**Jōdō** (杖道:じょうどう<sup>?</sup>) or  is a Japanese martial art.

Jōdō uses a short staff called a _jō_. The _jō_ is a short staff, usually about 3 to 5 feet (0.9 to 1.5 m) long. Jōdō is strongly focused upon defense against the Japanese sword.

The art is similar to _bōjutsu_.
Conor McGregor

**Conor Anthony McGregor** (born 14 July 1988) is an Irish mixed martial artist and boxer. He started his career in 2008. He is signed to the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC). He is the former UFC Featherweight Champion and UFC Lightweight Champion. He has fought as a featherweight, lightweight and welterweight.

At UFC 194, he defeated Jose Aldo to win the UFC featherweight championship. In his welterweight debut at UFC 196, he  was defeated by Nate Diaz in the second round via submission. On 6 October 2018, he won the UFC lightweight championship by defeating Eddie Alvarez and won via KO. In his boxing debut in 2017, he  was  defeated by Floyd Mayweather Jr.. He returned to MMA in 2018 and was defeated by Khabib Nurmagomedov via submission at UFC 229. The event set the record for the biggest MMA pay-per-view event, with 2.4 million buys in the United States. Throughout his career, McGregor has become the subject of many controversies due to his behaviour.

In March 2025, McGregor announced his independent campaign for President of Ireland in the 2025 election. He dropped out of the race in September 2025.

## Personal life

McGregor was born in Dublin. His parents are Timmy and Súsan  McGregor. He started kickboxing in 2008, the same year he started dating his girlfriend Dee Devlin. Their son, Conor Jack McGregor, was born in May 2017.

## Controversy

In 2019, McGregor was investigated for two separate sexual assaults. Prosecutors said they were not going to charge him for the first one. McGregor's spokesperson said that he rejected the allegations.

A woman named Nikita Hand filed a lawsuit against McGregor and claimed that he had beat and raped her in a Dublin hotel in October 2018. On 22 November 2024, a jury found McGregor guilty of raping Hand. The judge ordered McGregor to pay for Hand's legal fees. McGregor said that he was appealing the verdict.

After the verdict, McGregor lost many sponsorship deals and his alcohol was pulled from bars and store shelves.

## Other websites

- UFC profile on UFC