James D. Watson

**James Dewey Watson** (April 6, 1928 – November 6, 2025) was an American molecular biologist and zoologist.

Watson was of British ancestry. He was best known as one of the discoverers of the structure of DNA with Francis Crick in 1953.

Watson, Crick, and Maurice Wilkins were awarded the 1962 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material".

He studied at the University of Chicago and Indiana University and later worked at the University of Cambridge's Cavendish Laboratory. He met Crick at the Cavendish and they became friends.

Watson received 19 honorary doctorates. He was elected a foreign member of the Academia Europaea in 1998.

## Criticism of Watson

Watson has always been a controversial figure, especially in the United States. The main cause is a long-running argument as to what causes the small difference in the average IQs of black and white people in the U.S.A.

Watson has repeatedly said that differences in average measured IQ between blacks and whites are due to genetics.  Watson said his intention was to promote science, not racism

An excerpt from Watson's memoir, _Avoid Boring People: Lessons from a Life in Science_ page=102 goes as follows:
- "As we find the human genes whose malfunctioning gives rise to such devastating developmental failures, we may well discover that sequence differences within many of them also lead to much of the observable variation in human IQs. A priori, there is no firm reason to anticipate that the intellectual capacities of peoples geographically separated in their evolution should prove to have evolved identically. Our desire to reserve equal powers of reason as some universal heritage of humanity will not be enough to make it so".

An editorial in _Nature_ said that his remarks were "beyond the pale". Because of the controversy, the Board of Trustees at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory suspended Watson's administrative responsibilities. Watson issued an apology, then retired at the age of 79 from CSHL after what the lab called "nearly 40 years of distinguished service". Watson attributed his retirement to his age and to circumstances that he could never have anticipated or desired.

## Death

Watson died on November 6, 2025 under hospice care in East Northport, New York from problems caused by an infection at the age of 97.

## Books

Watson has published a number of books.
- 1968. _The double helix_: a personal account of the work with Francis Crick  2018: later version.
- 2002. _Genes, Girls, and Gamow: after the double helix_ (autobiography)
- 2003. _DNA: The secret of life_. Knopf.
- 2003. _The molecular biology of the gene_, 5th ed.   (co-author with five others)
- 2007. _Avoid boring people: lessons from a life in science_ (autobiography)
- _The molecular biology of the cell_
- _Recombinant DNA: a short course_. 1983 to 2017 editions.

## Infobox (scientist)

- **image**: James D Watson.jpg
- **image size**: 200px
- **caption**: Watson in 2012
- **birth name**: James Dewey Watson
- **birth place**: Chicago, Illinois, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: East Northport, New York, East Northport, New York (state), New York, U.S.
- **nationality**: United States, American
- **field**: Genetics
- **work institutions**: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory; Harvard University; University of Cambridge; National Institutes of Health
- **alma mater**: University of Chicago, Indiana University
- **doctoral advisor**: Salvador Luria
- **known for**: DNA structure, Molecular biology
- **prizes**: Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (1962); Copley Medal (1993)