juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Marin County, California

**Marin County, California** is a county in the US state of California. It is north of the San Francisco Bay. The county seat and largest city is San Rafael.

## Notable sites

- The **Marin County Civic Center** is a historic landmark. The building was designed by architect Frank Lloyd Wright.
- **Mount Tamalpais** is  high. From the top, people can see great distances.
- **Muir Woods National Monument** has 1000-year-old redwood trees that are over  high.
- The north end of the **Golden Gate Bridge** is in Marin County.

## Cities and towns

This is a list of cities and towns in Marin County:
- Belvedere
- Corte Madera
- Fairfax
- Larkspur
- Mill Valley
- Novato
- Ross
- San Anselmo
- San Rafael
- Sausalito
- Tiburon
Dolce & Gabbana

**Dolce & Gabbana**, often called **D&G**, is an Italian fashion label. They make and sell clothes including shirts and underwear. The company was founded in Milan in 1985 by Domenico Dolce and Stefano Gabbana.
Transitional fossil

**Transitional fossils** (or **missing links**) are the fossilised remains of lifeforms that show features typical of two distinct groups. It may be a rare fossil, such as _Archaeopteryx_, which shows early features  of a group which later becomes widespread.

The rarity of transitional forms is interesting. It suggests the new forms are not yet dominant in the ecology of their time, and their populations are relatively small. It follows that their fossils would be scarce. In the Solnhofen limestone where _Archaeopteryx_ was found, there are more examples of pterosaurs of several genera than there are of the proto-bird. In the Jurassic, the pterosaurs were dominant in the air.

Large numbers of different bird species are found in the famous Chinese lagerstatten deposits such as the Jehol biota. The Lower Cretaceous birds are clearly more bird-like, and the features they developed enabled them to invade habitat niches which had been the preserve of pterosaurs, or maybe were not previously exploited at all.

Pterosaur decline (if present) seems unrelated to bird diversity. In fact, at least some bird niches were reclaimed by pterosaurs just before the KT event.

## Mosaic evolution

Typical of transitional fossils is that some features are clearly basal or primitive. Other features are advanced ('derived'). With _Archaeopteryx_, the front legs are derived, and show clearly the capacity for flight. Also, the feathers had the rachus (stem) off-centre, a feature of all bird flight feathers. The rest of the skeleton was just like any other small carnivorous dinosaur.<sup>p35</sup>

Transitional fossil flatfish are known, where the process of eye movement is not yet complete. In a typical modern flatfish, the head is asymmetric with both eyes on one side of the head. In _Heteronectes_, the transition from the symmetric head is incomplete, with one eye positioned near the top of the head, similar to its Italian relative _Amphistium_. The existence of these intermediate stages was predicted by Darwin.

When transition takes place between one group and another, not all features change at the same time. This is called mosaic evolution.<sup>408</sup> Transitions between higher groups would involve a series of transitional species, only a few of which may be found as fossils.
Jan Vyčítal

**Jan Vyčítal** (March 8, 1942 in Prague, Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia – March 1, 2020) was a Czech country music singer and songwriter. He was founding member of Greenhorns.

Vyčítal died on March 1, 2020 at the age of 77.

## Selected discography

- 1990 _Semtex_
- 1992 _Když sme opustili Prahu_
- 1993 _Pivní džip_
- 1995 _Modlitba za Wimpyho a Wabiho_
- 1997 _Zvířecí farma_
- 1997 _Nejhezčí písničky Honzy Vyčítala (jen vzpomínky poštmistrovic kluka...)_
- 1999 _Master serie_
- 1999 _V baru Zlatá Praha_
- 2000 _60 - Honza Vyčítal a Greenhorns_
- 2003 _Honza Vyčítal a Greenhorns - Dalas!_
- 2006 _T jako textař_
- 2007 _To tenkrát v druhý světový..._
- 2007 _Vracecí kocour_

## Other websites

- Jan Vyčítal on Greenhorns website

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Jan Vyčítal
- **img**: Jan Vycital in Pisek in 2011 (4) (cropped).JPG
- **img capt**: Jan Vyčítal in 2011
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth place**: Prague, Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia
- **instrument**: guitar
- **genre**: country music
- **occupation**: singer, songwriter, Caricature, caricaturist
- **years active**: 1965-2020
- **label**: Venkow Records, Supraphon Panton
- **associated acts**: Greenhorns
Period 3 element

A **period 3 element** is an element found on the third period (row) of the periodic table. The row has eight elements sodium, magnesium, aluminium, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, chlorine, and argon.

Period 3 elements have electrons in the first three electron shells. The first and second electron shells are always full. The third electron shell (valence electrons) fills when atomic number gets bigger. Two electrons join the 3s orbital, and six electrons join the 3p orbitals.
Period 2 element

A **period 2 element** is an element in the second period (row) of the periodic table. Period 2 has eight elements: lithium, beryllium, boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine and neon. Their atomic numbers go from 3 to 10.

Period 2 elements have electrons in the first two electron shells. The first electron shell is always full. The second electron shell (valence electrons) fills when atomic number gets bigger. Two electrons join the 2s orbital, and six electrons join the 2p orbitals.

These atoms can become stable in two ways:
- They can lose electrons so the second electron shell is empty. Lithium, beryllium, and sometimes boron do this.
- They can gain electrons so the second electron shell is full, with 8 electrons. Fluorine, oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon usually do this.
Mariner 1

**Mariner 1** was a NASA spacecraft. It was the first spacecraft in the Mariner program. Mariner 1 was planned to do a Venus fly-by. However, it was destroyed by the Range Safety Officer 293 seconds after launch. It was destroyed because the rocket moved off course and was a safety risk. Mariner 1 was followed by Mariner 2.

## Why it was destroyed

The Atlas-Agena rocket was controlled by a hand-written formula:

Which means "the th smoothed value of the time derivative of a radius R". However, for this mission, an overline (‾) was missing in the formula, which looks something like this:

Because the smoothing function was missing, the rocket became sensitive at minor changes. Then, the rocket became out of control and destroyed by the Range Safety Officer. Few years later, Arthur C. Clarke wrote that Mariner 1 was "wrecked by the most expensive hyphen in history".

## Infobox (spaceflight)

- **name**: Mariner 1
- **image**: Atlas Agena with Mariner 1.jpg
- **image caption**: Launch of Mariner 1
- **mission type**: Venus flyby
- **operator**: NASA / Jet Propulsion Laboratory, JPL
- **mission duration**: 4 minutes, 53 seconds
Failed to orbit
- **spacecraft type**: Mariner program, Mariner
<small>based on Ranger program, Ranger Block I</small>
- **manufacturer**: Jet Propulsion Laboratory
- **power**: 220 watts (at Venus encounter)
- **launch date**: UTC
- **launch rocket**: Atlas-Agena, Atlas LV-3 Agena-B
- **launch site**: Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Cape Canaveral Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Launch Complex 12, LC-12
- **programme**: _Mariner program, Mariner_
- **next mission**: Mariner 2
Cornish cookery

**Cornish cookery** is the cooking styles, traditions and recipes associated with Cornwall. It has been heavily influenced by the geography of the county as well as its social history.

Being a peninsula, fish dishes form a major part of the historical and modern recipes in Cornwall The fishing industry plays a major part in its economy. The iconic dish of Cornwall, the pasty, has its roots in the mining industry.

Cornwall's cookery has influenced and been influenced by other British cuisine. It is similar to the cuisine of its neighbour, Devon.

Much of Cornwall's farming land is suitable for milk production and one of the by products is clotted cream (cream thickened by cooking). This is the basis for many local specialities including Cornish fudge and Cornish ice cream. It is used in Cornish cream teas. Cornish clotted cream is protected under EU law, and cannot be made anywhere else.

## Pasties

Cornwall is perhaps best known for its pasties, a savoury baked dish made from pastry. Today's pasties usually contain a filling of beef steak, onion, potato and swede with salt and white pepper. Historically pasties had a variety of different fillings. Pasties are often locally referred to as _oggies_.
National Gallery

**National gallery** may refer to:

- National Gallery, London, United Kingdom
- National Gallery of Art in Washington, USA
- National Gallery of Victoria in Melbourne, Australia
- National Gallery of Armenia in Yerevan, Armenia
- National Gallery of Australia in the Australian Capital Territory
- National Gallery, Oslo (Nasjonalgalleriet) in Norway
Pedro Rodríguez Ledesma

**Pedro Eliezer Rodríguez Ledesma**, commonly known as **Pedro** (born 28 July 1987) is a Spanish footballer. He plays for AS Roma and the Spanish national team.

## Club career statistics

|rowspan="2"|Club|rowspan="2"|Season|colspan="3"|League|colspan="2"|National Cup|colspan="2"|League Cup|colspan="2"|Europe|colspan="2"|Other|colspan="2"|Total|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|rowspan="10" align="center" valign="center"|Barcelona|2007–08|La Liga|2|0|0|0|colspan="2"|—|colspan="2"|—|colspan="2"|—|2|0|
|2008–09|La Liga|6|0|3|0|colspan="2"|—|5|0|colspan="2"|—|14|0|||
|2009–10|La Liga|34|12|4|3|colspan="2"|—|9|4|5|4|52|23|||
|2010–11|La Liga|33|13|7|4|colspan="2"|—|12|5|1|0|53|22|||
|2011–12|La Liga|29|5|5|4|colspan="2"|—|9|4|5|0|48|13|||
|2012–13|La Liga|28|7|5|1|colspan="2"|—|10|1|2|1|45|10|||
|2013–14|La Liga|37|15|8|3|colspan="2"|—|7|1|2|0|54|19|||
|2014–15|La Liga|35|6|6|5|colspan="2"|—|9|0|colspan="2"|—|50|11|||
|2015–16|La Liga|0|0|0|0|colspan="2"|—|0|0|3|1|3|1|||
|rowspan="6"|Chelsea|2015–16|Premier League|29|7|4|0|1|1|6|0|colspan="2"|—|40|8|
|2016–17|Premier League|35|9|5|4|3|0|colspan="2"|—|colspan="2"|—|43|13|||
|2017–18|Premier League|31|4|6|2|3|0|7|1|1|0|48|7|||
|2018–19|Premier League|31|8|1|0|5|0|14|5|1|0|52|13|||
|2019–20|Premier League|11|1|6|0|2|1|3|0|1|0|23|2|||
|Roma|2020–21|Serie A|27|5|1|0|colspan="2"|—|12|1|colspan="2"|—|40|6||

### Barcelona

- La Liga (3): 2008–09, 2009–10, 2010–11
- Copa del Rey (1): 2008–09
- Supercopa de España (2): 2009, 2010, 2011
- UEFA Champions League (2): 2008–09, 2010–11
- UEFA Super Cup (1): 2009
- FIFA Club World Cup (1): 2009

### Spain

- FIFA World Cup (1): 2010

## Other websites

- FC Barcelona profile
Edifício Itália

**Edifício Itália**  is a skyscraper in São Paulo, Brazil. It is 165 meters (550 feet) tall and has 46 floors. It was built in 1965.

## Related pages

- Downtown São Paulo
- Mirante do Vale

## Other websites

- Edifício Itália Official Page

## Infobox (skyscraper)

- **building name**: Edifício Itália
_Circolo Italiano_
- **image**: Edifício Itália, SP.jpg
- **location**: São Paulo
Brazil
- **floor count**: 46
- **completion date**: 1965
- **antenna spire**: 165 m (550 ft)
Start

The **start** is a beginning of an activity or the beginning of a race. It can also mean switching on an engine.
Itō Hirobumi

was a Japanese politician and thinker. He served as the 1st, 5th, 7th, 10th Prime Minister of Japan.

Ito was the first Japanese Governor General of Korea 1896–1909.

## Political life

In 1874, Ito became the Interior Minister, and from 1878 to 1880, he served as the Second Interior Minister. From 1884 to 1887, Ito was Imperial Household Minister.

From 1885 to 1888, he was first Prime Minister of Japan, and also, in 1887, was the  Adjunct Foreign Minister of Japan. He served again as Prime Minister from 1892 to 1896, and again in 1898, and his final term was in 1900-1901 as the 10th Prime Minister.

He was killed for political reasons.

## Related pages

- Meiji period

## Infobox (chinese)

- **child**: yes
- **kanji**: 伊藤 博文
- **romaji**: Itō Hirobumi
- **hiragana**: いとう ひろぶみ
- **katakana**: イトウ ヒロブミ


## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Itō Hirobumi
- **image**: ITŌ Hirobumi.jpg
- **office**: Prime Minister of Japan
- **monarch**: Emperor Meiji, Meiji
- **term start**: 19 October 1900
- **term end**: 10 May 1901
- **predecessor**: Yamagata Aritomo
- **successor**: Saionji Kinmochi
- **monarch1**: Emperor Meiji, Meiji
- **term start1**: 12 January 1898
- **term end1**: 30 June 1898
- **predecessor1**: Matsukata Masayoshi
- **successor1**: Ōkuma Shigenobu
- **monarch2**: Emperor Meiji, Meiji
- **term start2**: 8 August 1892
- **term end2**: 31 August 1896
- **predecessor2**: Matsukata Masayoshi
- **successor2**: Kuroda Kiyotaka
- **monarch3**: Emperor Meiji, Meiji
- **term start3**: 22 December 1885
- **term end3**: 30 April 1888
- **predecessor3**: Position established
- **successor3**: Kuroda Kiyotaka
- **office4**: List of Japanese Residents-General of Korea, Resident General of Korea
- **monarch4**: Emperor Meiji, Meiji
- **term start4**: 21 December 1905
- **term end4**: 14 June 1909
- **predecessor4**: Position established
- **successor4**: Sone Arasuke
- **birth place**: Hikari, Yamaguchi, Tsukari, Japan
- **death place**: Harbin, Qing dynasty, China
- **party**: Independent (politician), Independent
Rikken Seiyūkai, Constitutional Association of Political Friendship
- **spouse**: Itō Umeko
- **alma mater**: University College London
- **signature**: Signature of Ito Hirobumi.svg
Complexity class

A **Complexity class** is a concept from theoretical computer science and mathematics: All problems that have the same complexity are in the same complexity class. This means, that for a given input, they need about the same amount of resources, such as compute time, or memory. The most often used models for complexity are time complexity, which measures the time needed to calculate a result, or space complexity, which looks at the amount of memory or storage needed. When talking about complexity classes, a _worst case scenario_ is usually assumed.
Saif al-Islam Gaddafi

**Saif al-Islam al-Gaddafi** (25 June 1972 – 3 February 2026) was a Libyan politician who was one of the sons of Muammar al-Gaddafi. In 2021, he became a candidate for President of Libya.

Saif studied architecture and political science. He held a PhD from the London School of Economics. Saif was in charge of the Gaddafi International Foundation of Charitable Associations.

In 2011, the International Criminal Court issued an arrest warrant against Saif. The court said that Saif may have committed crimes against humanity. According to the court, the Gaddafi regime used torture, killed people and raped women to incite the population to support the regime.

After the Libyan civil war, Gaddafi was arrested.  He tried to flee but was caught. He was flown to Zintan and has stayed there.

On 3 February 2026, Gaddafi was shot and killed at his private garden in Zintan by four gunmen, who then fled the scene. The attackers had disabled security cameras at his residence prior to his killing.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Saif al-Islam Gaddafi

- **image**: Saif al-Islam Gaddafi 2021.png
- **caption**: Gaddafi in 2021
- **office**: Political Leader of Popular Front for the Liberation of Libya
- **term start**: 26 December 2016
- **term end**: 3 February 2026
- **predecessor**: _Office established_
- **party**: Popular Front for the Liberation of Libya, PFLL
- **birth name**:
<small></small>
- **birth place**: Tripoli, Libya, Tripoli, Libya
- **death place**: Zintan, Libya
- **death cause**: Assassination of Saif al-Islam Gaddafi, Assassination by gunshot
- **father**: Muammar Gaddafi
- **mother**: Safia Farkash
- **alma mater**: Al Fateh University
Imadec Executive Education
London School of Economics
- **allegiance**: Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
- **branch label**: Branch
- **battles**: First Libyan Civil War
- **battles label**: Conflict
- **website**: [https://web.archive.org/web/20170616122134/http://gicdf.org/ Gaddafi International Charity and Development Foundation (archived 2017)]
Kim Jong-suk

**Kim Jong-suk**(김정숙, December 24, 1917 – September 22, 1949) was a Korean independence activist, and communist politician. She was the first wife of North Korean President Kim Il-sung, and the mother of Kim Jong-Il, North Korean Great Leader.

## Other websites

- "Kim Jong Suk Biography"  (PDF)
- 로동신문 - 김정숙,전세계녀성들의 귀감
- 13. 항일의 녀성영웅 김정숙녀사께서
Pope Pius VI

**Pope Pius VI** (; 25 December, 1717 – 29 August 1799), born Giovanni Angelo Braschi, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 251st Pope from 1775 to 1799.

Pope Clement XIII named him treasurer of the Roman Church in 1766.

## Cardinal

In 1775, Pope Clement XIV made Braschi a cardinal.

## Pope

Cardinal Braschi was elected pope in 1775; and he chose to be called Pius VI.

Pope Pius was involved in Italian and European political disputes.

## Related pages

- List of popes
- List of popes by length of reign

## Other websites

- Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Pius VI
- Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church , Cardinal Braschi

## Infobox (christian leader)

- **type**: pope
- **name**: Pius VI
- **image**: Pompeo Batoni, Pio VI, 1780.jpg
- **birth name**: Giovanni Angelo Braschi
- **birth date**: 25 December, 1717
- **death date**: 29 August 1799
- **death place**: Valence
- **term start**: 215 February, 1775
- **term end**: 29 August 1799
- **predecessor**: Pope Clement XIV
- **successor**: Pope Pius VII
- **other**: Pius
Mariner 2

**Mariner 2** was a NASA spacecraft. It was the second spacecraft in the Mariner program. Mariner 2 was the first successful mission from Earth to another planet.

## Mission

Mariner 2 was launched on August 27, 1962 aboard an Atlas-Agena B rocket at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station.  The aim of the Mariner 2 mission was to fly-by the planet Venus and return information on the planet's atmosphere, magnetic field, charged particle environment, and mass.  Mariner 2 was at its closest to Venus, at a distance of 34,773 km, on December 14, 1962.  Orbital perihelion was on December 27, 105,464,560 km away.  The last radio signal from Mariner 2 was received on January 3, 1963.  Mariner 2 is still orbiting around the Sun today.

## Design

The spacecraft's design was exactly the same as that of Mariner 1. Mariner 1 was the first spacecraft in the Mariner program, but it had to be destroyed shortly after launch because its trajectory was wrong.

## Discoveries

The spacecraft found out that the surface temperature on Venus was at least 425 °C (797 °F), on both the day and night sides. It discovered that Venus rotates in the opposite direction from most planets in the Solar System. The spacecraft also found that the atmosphere of Venus is mostly of carbon dioxide and that there is a very high pressure at the planet's surface. Continuous cloud cover was detected but no magnetic field was, however. It also found that solar wind is  continuous and that the density of cosmic dust between planets is much lower than it is near Earth.

## Infobox (spaceflight/ip)

- **type**: flyby
- **object**: Venus
- **arrival date**: December 14, 1962


## Infobox (spaceflight)

- **name**: Mariner 2
- **image**: Mariner 2.jpg
- **image caption**: Depiction of Mariner 2 in space
- **mission type**: Planetary flyby
- **operator**: NASA / Jet Propulsion Laboratory, JPL
- **harvard designation**: 1962 Alpha Rho 1
- **cospar id**: 1962-041A
- **satcat**: 374
- **mission duration**: 4 months, 7 days
- **spacecraft type**: Mariner program, Mariner
based on Ranger program, Ranger Block I
- **manufacturer**: Jet Propulsion Laboratory
- **power**: 220 watts (at Venus encounter)
- **launch date**:  UTC
- **launch rocket**: Atlas-Agena, Atlas LV-3 Agena-B
- **launch site**: Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Cape Canaveral Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Launch Complex 12, LC-12
- **last contact**: 7:00 UT
- **programme**: Mariner program, Mariner
- **previous mission**: Mariner 1
- **next mission**: Mariner 3
- **orbit epoch**: December 27, 1962
- **orbit reference**: Heliocentric
- **apsis**: helion
Peugeot 5008

The **Peugeot 5008** is a SUV produced by Peugeot since 2009. While in its first generation, it was a MPV version of the Peugeot 3008, but the second generation turned to a SUV. It is a longer seven-seater version of the Peugeot 3008.

## Engines

- _1.6 VTi_ 88 kW (120 hp)
- _1.6 THP_ 115 kW (156 hp)
- _1.6 HDi_ 80 kW (109 hp) and 82 kW (112 hp)
- _2.0 HDi_ 110 kW (150 hp) and 120 kW (163 hp)
Fiat Multipla

The **Fiat Multipla** is a car produced by Fiat between 1998 and 2010. The original model became well known for its styling that divided opinion before it was facelifted in 2004. Fiat discontinued the model in 2010. It is a MPV version of the Fiat Bravo.

## Engines

- _1.6 16V_ 76 kW (103 hp)
- _1.9 JTD_ 77 kW (105 hp), 81 kW (110 hp) and 85 kW (115 hp)
- _1.9 Multijet_ 88 kW (120 hp)
TSV Hartberg

The **Turn- und Sportverein Hartberg** is a football club from Hartberg, Styria. The club is playing in the First league, the second division in Austrian football. Beside the football section the club has 14 others, like chess, Judo and gymnastics.

## History

The club was founded on 29 April 1946. Then the club had two parts, football and handball. In the meantime there are 14.

After a long time in lower classes Hartberg was first promoted to the Landesliga, the highest class in Styrian football, in 1978. 1978/79 the club won the Landesliga, but failed in the relegation tournament for promotion. A year later the club reached the quarterfinals of the Austrian Cup. 1994/95 the club became champion again and was promoted to the Regionalliga Mitte (3rd division). 2006 the team became champion of the Regionalliga Mitte and was promoted to the Ersten Liga (2nd division). Due to reforms of the league Hartberg was relegated the same season. On the last day of the season 2008–2009, TSV Hartberg finished in first poisition of the Austrian third division and was promoted to the 2009–2010 second division where they play at the moment.

### Coaching staff

- Manfred Schmid Headcoach
- Christian Mayrleb Assistant coach
- Andreas Biritz Assistant coach
- Christian Dobnik Goalkeeper coach

## Honours

- 3 x promotion to the second division:1996, 2006, 2009
- 4 x Champion Regionalliga Mitte (3rd division):1996, 1999, 2006, 2009
- 3 x Styrian Landesliga:1988, 1990, 1995
- Cup Semifinals: 1995
- Cup Quarterfinals: 1989

## Stadium

The club plays in the Hartberg stadium. It is a multi-purpose stadium for 6000 visitors.

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: TSV Hartberg
- **fullname**: Turn- und Sportverein Hartberg
- **founded**: April 29, 1946
- **ground**: Stadion Hartberg
- **capacity**: 6,000
- **chairman**: Brigitte Annerl
- **manager**: Manfred Schmid
- **league**: Austrian Football Bundesliga,  Bundesliga
- **season**: 2024-25
- **position**: 8th
Candidatus

**Candidatus**  is a term in the taxonomy (scientific classification) of bacteria.

It is a label put before the name of a bacterium which cannot be grown on an agar plate or in any other bacteriology culture. An example would be "_Candidatus_ Phytoplasma allocasuarinae". Candidatus status may be used when a species or genus is well studied but cannot be cultured. Nowadays much information is got by 16S ribosomal RNA sequence analysis.

## History

For correct publication of a species, bacteria must be isolated, cultured, described, and deposited in a bacteriology culture collection. However, some bacteria require special tissue culture conditions and cannot be maintained in Bacteriology Culture Collections. This includes bacteria which live inside other organisms or cells. These include obligately intracellular pathogens and endosymbionts, insect symbionts, and populations from oceans or sludge.

In 1994, Murray and Schleifer published a taxonomic note. They recommended that the new category of indefinite rank (Candidatus) be established for certain putative taxa that could not be described in sufficient detail to warrant establishment of a new taxon. It was also recommended that a Candidatus list should be established in the _International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology_.

According to the "IRPCM Phytoplasma/Spiroplasma Working Team – Phytoplasma taxonomy group" the abbreviation for Candidatus should be Ca.
Carsonella ruddii

***Candidatus*** **Carsonella ruddii** is an endosymbiotic gamma proteobacterium. It has the smallest known genome of any bacterium.

The species is an endosymbiont that is present in all species of phloem sap-feeding insects known as psyllids. The endosymbionts occurs in a specialised structure known as the bacteriome.

In 2006 the genome of one strain of _Ca._ C. ruddi was sequenced at RIKEN in Japan and the University of Arizona. The genome is a circular chromosome of 159,662 base pairs and has a high coding density (97%) with many overlapping genes and reduced gene length. The number of predicted genes was 182, also the lowest on record (NCBI-Genome). Numerous genes considered essential for life seem to be missing, suggesting that the species may have achieved organelle-like status.

In comparison, _Mycoplasma genitalium_, which has the smallest genome of any free-living organism, has a genome of 521 genes.

## Other websites

- Scientific American – Tiny genome may reflect organelle in the making
French Civil Aviation University

The **French Civil Aviation University** (French: _École nationale de l'aviation civile_), also known as **ENAC**, is a French public aeronautical _grande école._ It was created on 28 August 1949. It has locations in Biscarosse, Carcassonne, Castelnaudary, Château-Arnoux-Saint-Auban, Grenoble, Melun, Montpellier, Muret, Saint-Yan and Toulouse, in France. It is a member of the _Conférence des Grandes Écoles_, the University of Toulouse, and of the Aerospace Valley. It is one of five founders of France AEROTECH.

## Infobox (university)

- **name**: French Civil Aviation University
- **mottoeng**: The aeronautical reference
- **type**: Public Aerospace engineering, aerospace university
- **head label**: Director-General
- **head**: Olivier Chansou
- **city**: Biscarosse, Carcassonne, Castelnaudary, Château-Arnoux-Saint-Auban, Grenoble, Melun, Montpellier, Muret, Saint-Yan and Toulouse
- **country**: France
- **nickname**: ENAC
- **students**: 2,000
- **doctoral**: 80
- **staff**: 950
- **campus**: Biscarrosse - Parentis Airport, Carcassonne Airport, Castelnaudary - Villeneuve Airport, Château-Arnoux-Saint-Auban Airport, Grenoble-Isère Airport, Melun Villaroche Aerodrome, Montpellier – Méditerranée Airport, Muret - Lherm Aerodrome, Saint-Yan Airport and Toulouse
- **colours**: Blue & Grey
- **affiliations**: Association Aéronautique et Astronautique de France, 3AF, Aerospace Valley, Conférence des directeurs des écoles françaises d'ingénieurs, CDEFI, Conférence des Grandes Écoles, CGE, Conference of European Schools for Advanced Engineering Education and Research, CESAER, Commission des titres d'ingénieur, CTI, Elles Bougent, ERASMUS programme, Erasmus, European Network for Accreditation of Engineering Education, EUR-ACE, France AEROTECH, Groupement des écoles d'aéronautique, GEA, International association of aviation personnel schools, IAAPS, ICAO, Institut au service du spatial, de ses applications et technologies, ISSAT, Partnership of a European Group of Aeronautics and Space Universities, PEGASUS, Toulouse Tech, University of Toulouse
Büsingen am Hochrhein

**Büsingen am Hochrhein** often just known as Busingen, is a German village. It is part of the German state _(Bundesland)_ of Baden-Württemberg. The village belongs to the district _(Kreis)_ of Konstanz. Büsingen has an area of about . About 1,350 people live there. The village is the only exclave of Germany. It is surrounded by territory that belongs to Switzerland.

A 680-metre wide strip of Swiss land separates the village from the rest of Germany. The village next to Büsingen is the Swiss village Dörflingen.

There are no border controls between Büsingen and Switzerland because Büsingen is in a customs union with this country. The two countries agreed this in 1964 and the treaty became law in 1967. At the same time another even small part of West Germany separated from the rest of the country by land belonging to Switzerland, called Verenahof became part of the Swiss village of Büttenhardt.

Because the village is completely surrounded by Swiss territory, but is politically German, many things exist twice there. Büsingen has for example two postal codes and residents may have phone numbers from two countries. The official currency is the Euro. However, most things like electricity and cable television come from Switzerland and have to be paid in Swiss francs. Büsingen depends heavily on Switzerland in economics.

Büsingen only has one elementary school. Pupils can attend the school there up to the fourth grade. After this, the parents have to decide whether the children should attend a German or a Swiss school.

A Swiss Postbus connects the village to the Swiss city Schaffhausen the Swiss villages Dörflingen, Buch and Ramsen and the German village Randegg.

Most people who live in Büsingen, work in Switzerland and earn their salary in Swiss francs.

Büsingen has a large proportion of residents who are retired people, many are Swiss, because they pay little or no tax on their pensions.

About 30% of the resident population of Büsingen hold a Swiss passport.

## History

The oldest finds in the area of Büsingen date back to the Bronze Age. The village was first mentioned in historical documents in 1090. The area belonging to the village contains the sites of two abandoned villages.

## Infobox (german location)

- **image photo**: Büsingen am Hochrhein.jpg
- **image coa**: DEU Büsingen am Hochrhein COA.svg
- **image plan**: Location of Büsingen in detail.svg
- **plantext**: Location of Büsingen in the German–Swiss border area
- **state**: Baden-Württemberg
- **region**: Freiburg
- **district**: Konstanz
- **elevation**: 385
- **area**: 7.62
- **postal code**: Germany, D-78266; Switzerland, CH-8238
- **licence**: BÜS
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 08 3 35 015
- **website**: [http://www.buesingen.de/ www.buesingen.de]
[http://www.buesingen.ch/ www.buesingen.ch]
- **mayor**: Vera Schraner
- **leader term**: 2020–28
CAE Global Academy Phoenix

**CAE Global Academy Phoenix** (formerly **Sabena Airline Training Center**) is a private flight school (airline pilot training) in Mesa, Arizona, USA. The school is located at Falcon Field airport and has 49 aircraft including 15 Diamond DA20-C1, 10 Diamond DA40, 4 Diamond DA42-L360, 11 Piper Archer, 8 Piper Arrow and one Beechcraft 90. The school has also three flight simulators.

## History

In 1991, Belgian government gives the _École d’aviation civile_ created in 1953 to Sabena airline. It is renowned first Belgian Aviation School and then Sabena Air Training Center. The same year, it was decided to carry out practical training in flight to Phoenix in U.S.A because the weather in Arizona allows flights 365 days per year in a high and complex air traffic. Following that decisions, the school is created as a subsidiary of Sabena Flight Academy and under the name of Sabena Airline Training Center.
In 2008, following the absorption of the Belgian school by CAE, the US subsidiary is also purchased. The school becomes part of the CAE Global Academy network and is renamed CAE Global Academy Phoenix.

## Bibliography

- Nicolas Tenoux (CAE Phoenix 2011), _6 months in the life of an Airline pilot: Daily life secrets …_, 5 October 2020, Amazon, 51p., (), p. 13

## Infobox (university)

- **name**: CAE Global Academy Phoenix
- **motto lang**: English
- **established**: 1995
- **type**: Private
- **students**: 400
- **city**: Mesa, Arizona, Mesa
- **state**: Arizona
- **country**: United States
- **nickname**: SATC
- **website**: [https://www.cae.com/civil-aviation/training-centres/cae-phoenix-aviation-academy cae.com/civil-aviation/training-centres/cae-phoenix-aviation-academy]
Mastère spécialisé

A **Mastère Spécialisé** (**MS**), also called **Specialized Master** or **Advanced Master**, is a French degree (created in 1986) that a person gets after completing a Master's degree and then continuing to study in a Grande École in some specific field. These students are considered to possess more advanced knowledge of the field that they study, as compared to those who only get a Master's degree.

The course takes one year to complete, including at least four months of practical internship.

## History

The history of the Mastère Spécialisé starts in 1986. During the end of the 1980s, the _Commission des titres d'ingénieur_ required that a student spend two years in a school to graduate with the French Master's degree. But a lot of foreign students sometimes came one entirely year in the French schools and came back to their own country without a degree. Also, the European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System was not yet adopted by all the schools.

Otherwise, companies in France was looking for graduated students with specialized skills, for jobs in key sectors.

For these two reasons, the French _Conférence des Grandes Écoles_ has created the Mastère Spécialisé.
Beaumaris Castle

**Beaumaris Castle** (, Literal translation: _beautiful marsh_) was a castle built in Beaumaris, Anglesey, Wales by King Edward I of England. King Edward built the castle to help him take over North Wales. It was one of several castles built along the North Wales coast.

## History

The castle was started in 1295 and work stopped in 1330. The castle was left unfinished. Small amounts of money were spent in the 1330s and 1400s to maintain (keep up) the castle. However, these payments were stopped. By 1609, the castle was a ruin. In 1642, money was spent on repairs. No more work was done and it became a ruin again. In 1925, Richard Williams-Bulkeley placed Beaumaris Castle in state care. Since then, it has been fixed and maintained. In 1986, the castle was placed on the World Heritage List. Today, Beaumaris is cared for by Cadw, an environmental service run by the Welsh Government. It is open to visitors.
Cuthbert

Saint **Cuthbert** (c. 634 – 20 March 687) was an Anglo-Saxon monk, bishop and hermit associated with the monasteries of Melrose and Lindisfarne in the Kingdom of Northumbria, at that time including, in modern terms, northern England as well as south-eastern Scotland as far north as the Firth of Forth. Afterwards he became one of the most important medieval saints of England, his cult being centred at Durham Cathedral. Cuthbert is regarded as the patron saint of northern England. His feast day is 20 March.

## Biography

In 676 he began the life of a hermit and retired to a cave on Lindisfarne. After a time he settled on one of the Farne Islands, south of Lindisfarne, and made his life more simple.

In 684, Cuthbert was chosen to be bishop of Lindisfarne, at a synod at Twyford (believed to be present-day Alnmouth), but was unwilling to leave his retirement and take up his charge. It was only after a visit from a large group, including King Ecgfrith, that he agreed to return and take up the duties of bishop. He was consecrated at York on 26 March 685. After Christmas, 686, however, he returned to his cell on Inner Farne Island, which was where he eventually died on 20 March 687 AD. He was buried at Lindisfarne, and his remains later moved to Durham Cathedral.
Durham Cathedral

**The Cathedral Church of Christ, Blessed Mary the Virgin and St Cuthbert of Durham** (usually known as **Durham Cathedral**) is a cathedral in the city of Durham, England, the seat of the Anglican Bishop of Durham. The Bishopric dates from 995, with the present cathedral being founded in AD 1093. The cathedral is known as one of the finest examples of Norman architecture.  It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

The present cathedral replaces the 10th century "White Church" built as part of a monastic foundation to house the shrine of Saint Cuthbert of Lindisfarne. The treasures of Durham Cathedral include relics of St Cuthbert, the head of St Oswald of Northumbria and the remains of the Venerable Bede.

Durham Cathedral occupies a strategic position on a promontory high above the River Wear. The cathedral is a major tourist attraction, the central tower of 217 feet (66 m) giving views of Durham and the surrounding area.

There are many famous people who are interred (buried) in the Cathedral and in the surrounding grounds including Bishop Alfred Tucker.

## Related pages

- List of World Heritage Sites of the United Kingdom
Lofoten

**Lofoten** is an archipelago and a traditional district in the county of Nordland, Norway. Though lying within the Arctic Circle, Lofoten has one of the world's largest higher temperature anomalies relative to its high latitude.

Lofoten is well known for its natural beauty within Norway. Lofoten includes the municipalities of . The main islands, running from north to south, are
- Southern tip of Hinnøya.
- Southern 60% (approx.) of Austvågøy (526.7 km² in total ),
- Gimsøy (46.4 km² ),
- Vestvågøy (411.1 km² ),
- Flakstadøya (109.8 km² ),
- Moskenesøya (185.9 km² ),
whilst further to the south are the small and isolated islands of Værøy and Røst. The total land area amounts to 1,227 km², and the population totals 24,500.

Between the mainland and the Lofoten archipelago is the vast, open Vestfjord, and to the north is Vesterålen. The main towns in Lofoten are Leknes in Vestvågøy and Svolvær in Vågan.

The islands have for more than 1,000 years been the centre of great cod fisheries, especially in winter, when the cod migrate south from the Barents Sea and gather in Lofoten to spawn. In the lowland areas, particularly Vestvågøy, agriculture is important and has been so since the Bronze Age.

## Other websites

- Lofotrådet (in Norwegian)
- Turisme- og begivenhetsinformasjon om Lofoten (in Norwegian)
- Miljøstatus i Norge: Lofoten og Barentshavet  (in Norwegian)
- Lofot-Tidende online (in Norwegian)
Black hole information paradox

The **black hole information paradox** is a phenomenon in astrophysics. It is when quantum mechanics and general relativity are put together. In 2004, Stephen Hawking introduced the studies which supported the theory.

This phenomenon states that the information of a physical system can be lost when it enters a black hole. The object that falls into a black hole, only keeps information about its spin, mass and charge. However, quantum mechanics suggests that information cannot be lost. This makes it a paradox and serious problem.

It is said that all objects that fall into a black hole are reset.
Sabena Flight Academy

**CAE Global Academy Brussels Sabena Flight Academy** is a Belgian flight school created in 1953. It is in Steenokkerzeel (Brussels Airport). The school trains airline pilot and is part of CAE Global Academy.

### Belgian national aviation school

The origins of the school for airline pilots start in 1953. It was when the Belgian government, which owns the aircraft, contracted the operation thereof to Sabena under the name _École d’aviation civile_ (EAC). The training parts are conducted at the airfield of Grimbergen in a building which no longer exists. Basic training is done through the De Havilland DH82A "Tiger Moth" replaced in 1968 by Siai Marchetti SF260. The advanced training is entrusted to the Saab Safir 91B, replaced in 1958 by the Cessna 310B and in 1981 by the Embraer Xingu.

### Sabena airline flight school

In 1991, the government gives the _École d’aviation civile_  to Sabena airline. It is renowned first Belgian Aviation School and then Sabena Air Training Center, and the school moved into a new building at Brussels National Airport. It was decided to carry out practical training in flight to Phoenix in U.S.A because the weather in Arizona allows flights 365 days per year in a high and complex air traffic. Despite the bankruptcy of Sabena in 2001, the activities didn't stop. In 2004, the school was sold to two former managers of Sabena and became the Sabena Flight Academy.

### Acquisition by CAE

It was finally absorbed in 2008 by CAE. This was done as part of a larger program to complete a global training network: the CAE Global Academy

## Bibliography

- Olivier Wilmart, _De Sabena à Air France_, Éditions Racine, 2002, 285 p. ()
- Olivier Wilmart, _La nuque bleue_, Éditions Racine, 2007, 196 p. ()
- Willy Buysse, Marguerite Coppens, Etienne Reunis, Frans Van Humbeek, Michel Wautelet, _Sabena, le progrès venait du ciel_, Bruxelles, Borgerhoff & Lamberigts, 2011, 224 p. ()
- Nicolas Tenoux (SFA 2011), _6 mois dans la vie d’un Pilote de ligne: Les secrets du quotidien..._, 15 April 2020, Amazon, 51p., (), p. 12
- Nicolas Tenoux (SFA 2011), _6 months in the life of an Airline pilot: Daily life secrets …_, 2020, Amazon, 77p., (), p. 12

## Other websites

- CAE Oxford Aviation Academy Sabena Flight Academy website
- CAE

## Infobox (university)

- **name**: CAE Global Academy Brussels Sabena Flight Academy
- **motto lang**: English
- **established**: 1953
- **type**: Private
- **city**: Steenokkerzeel
- **country**: Belgium
- **website**: [https://www.cae.com/civil-aviation/training-centres/cae-brussels cae.com/civil-aviation/training-centres/cae-brussels]
1988 Pacific hurricane season

The **1988 Pacific hurricane season** officially started May 15, 1988 in the eastern Pacific, and June 1, 1988 in the central Pacific, and lasted until November 30, 1988. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northeastern Pacific Ocean.

Despite there being twenty-three tropical cyclones, there were very few notable storms this year. Only four storms came anywhere near to threatening land. Tropical Storm Aletta and Hurricane Kristy both caused minor flooding in Mexico. Elsewhere, Uleki was a central north Pacific hurricane that crossed the dateline and became a typhoon. In addition, Tropical Depression Seventeen-E and Tropical Storm Miriam both entered from the Atlantic Ocean, were they were called Hurricane Debby and Hurricane Joan, respectively.

## Related pages

- Tropical cyclone
- List of Pacific hurricane seasons

## Other websites

- Unisys Weather archive for the Eastern Pacific, 1988
- Central Pacific Hurricane Center archive

## Infobox (hurricane season)

- **basin**: EPac
- **track**: 1988 Pacific hurricane season map.png
- **year**: 1988
- **first storm formed**: June 15, 1988
- **last storm dissipated**: November 2, 1988
- **strongest storm name**: Hector
- **strongest storm winds**: 125
- **total storms**: 23
- **total hurricanes**: 7
- **total intense**: 3
- **five seasons**: 1986 Pacific hurricane season, 1986, 1987 Pacific hurricane season, 1987, **1988**, 1989 Pacific hurricane season, 1989, 1990 Pacific hurricane season, 1990
Period 5 element

A **period 5 element** is an element in the fifth period (row) of the periodic table.  It contains 18 elements, beginning at Rubidium and ending at Xenon.

Period 5 elements have electrons in the first five electron shells. All period 5 elements have one or more electrons in the fifth electron shell (valence electrons).

When atomic number increases by one, another electron is added. Two electrons join the 5s orbital, ten electrons join the 4d orbital, and six electrons join the 5p orbitals.
Period 6 element

A **period 6 element** is an element in the sixth period (row) of the periodic table.  It contains 32 elements, beginning at Caesium and ending with Radon. The Lanthanides (also called the rare earth elements) are part of this period. The lanthanides stretch from lanthanum (57) to lutetium (71).

Period 6 elements have electrons in the first six electron shells. All period 6 elements have one or more electrons in the sixth electron shell (valence electrons). When atomic number increases by one, another electron is added. Two electrons join the 6s orbital, 14 electrons join the 4f orbital, ten electrons join the 5d orbital, and six electrons join the 6p orbitals.
Period 7 element

A **period 7 element** is an element in the seventh period (row) of the periodic table.  It contains  32 elements, beginning at francium and ending with oganesson. The Actinides are part of this period. They are all really radioactive. As of 2016, period 7 elements are the last period of elements that have been made.

Period 7 elements have electrons in the first seven electron shells. All period 7 elements have one or more electrons in the seventh electron shell (valence electrons). When atomic number increases by one, another electron is added. Two electrons join the 7s orbital, 14 electrons join the 5f orbital, ten electrons join the 6d orbital, and six electrons join the 7p orbitals.
Caroline Wozniacki

**Caroline Wozniacki** (born 11 July 1990) is a Danish professional tennis player. As of January 2018, she is the number 2 ranked female tennis player in the world. She used to be world number one. In her career, she has won one Grand Slam (2018 Australian Open) and 23 singles tournaments on the Women's Tennis Association (WTA) Tour. She also reached the finals of the 2009 and 2014 U.S. Open. She lost to Kim Clijsters and Serena Williams.

Wozniacki was born in Odense to Polish Catholic immigrant parents. She was engaged to golfer Rory McIlroy until 2014.
Algeciras

**Algeciras** is a city in the south of Spain. Is on the Mediterranean coast, in the Bay of Gibraltar. It is also the most important port in the country.

In 2009, about 116,209 people lived in the city. The municipal area is 86 km². It is approximately 20 km to the north of Africa.

The city has a long history. It was founded by phoenicians. Named Iulia Traducta by the Romans in the First Century.
In 711, Arab from the North of Africa invaded the city and renamed it _Al-Yazirat al-Hadra_ (green island). In 1344 the city was conquered by Alfonso XI of Castile but it was reconquered by moors in 1369, ten years before Algeciras was destroyed.

In 1704 the city was refounded by Gibraltarians refugees.
Luke Mitchell

**Luke Mitchell** (born 17 April 1985) is an Australian actor from Queensland. Now living in Sydney, he is known for his role as Romeo Smith on the soap opera _Home and Away_. He is presently dating his co-star Rebecca Breeds who plays Ruby Buckton on Home and Away.

## Filmography

- Neighbour (2008)
- Performance Anxiety (2008)
- H20: Just Add Water (2009–2010)
- Home and Away (2009–2013)
- Cryptoticon (2010)
- The Tomorrow People (2013–2014)
- 7 Minutes (2014)
- Members Only (2015)
- Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (2015–2016)
- Mothers and Daughters (2016)
- Blindspot (2016–2020)
- The Code (2019)
- Without Romorse (2021)
- The Republic of Sarah (2021)
- Legacies (2022)
- Big Sky (2022–2023)
- Chicago Med (2024)

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Luke Mitchell
- **image**: Luke Mitchell 2.jpg
- **birth place**: Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- **occupation**: Actor
- **years active**: 2008–present
Rafael Pereira da Silva

**Rafael Pereira da Silva** (born 9 July 1990) is a Brazilian footballer who plays for Manchester United.

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Rafael
- **image**: Zenit-Lion15 (8).jpg
- **caption**: Rafael playing for Lyon in 2015
- **full name**: Rafael Pereira da Silva
- **birth place**: Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro (state), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- **height**: 1.72 m
- **position**: Defender (association football)#Full-back, Right-back, midfielder
- **youthyears1**: 2005–2008
- **youthclubs1**: Fluminense FC, Fluminense
- **years1**: 2008–2015
- **clubs1**: Manchester United F.C., Manchester United
- **caps1**: 109
- **goals1**: 5
- **years2**: 2015–2020
- **clubs2**: Olympique Lyonnais, Lyon
- **caps2**: 103
- **goals2**: 2
- **years3**: 2020–2021
- **clubs3**: İstanbul Başakşehir F.K., İstanbul Başakşehir
- **caps3**: 21
- **goals3**: 0
- **years4**: 2021–2024
- **clubs4**: Botafogo de Futebol e Regatas, Botafogo
- **caps4**: 40
- **goals4**: 0
- **nationalyears1**: 2007
- **nationalteam1**: Brazil national under-17 football team, Brazil U17
- **nationalcaps1**: 12
- **nationalgoals1**: 0
- **nationalyears2**: 2012
- **nationalteam2**: Brazil national under-23 football team, Brazil U23
- **nationalcaps2**: 7
- **nationalgoals2**: 1
- **nationalyears3**: 2012
- **nationalteam3**: Brazil national football team, Brazil
- **nationalcaps3**: 2
- **nationalgoals3**: 0
- **club-update**: 03:48, 4 may 2025 (UTC)
- **nationalteam-update**: 03:49 4 may 2025