juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Eddie Cantor

**Eddie Cantor** (born **Isidore Itzkowitz**; January 31, 1892 - October 10, 1964) was an American comedian, singer, actor, songwriter. Familiar to Broadway, radio and early television audiences, this "Apostle of Pep" was regarded almost as a family member by millions because his top-rated radio shows revealed intimate stories and amusing anecdotes about his wife Ida and five daughters. His eye-rolling song-and-dance routines eventually led to his nickname, **Banjo Eyes**, and in 1933, the artist Frederick J. Garner caricatured Cantor with large round and white eyes resembling the drum-like pot of a banjo. Cantor's eyes became his trademark, often exaggerated in illustrations, and leading to his appearance on Broadway in the musical _Banjo Eyes_ (1941). He was the original singer of 1929 hit song "Makin' Whoopie".

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Eddie Cantor
- **image**: Eddiecantorportraitcrop.JPG
- **office1**: President of the Screen Actors Guild
- **term start1**: 1933
- **term end1**: 1935
- **predecessor1**: Ralph Morgan
- **successor1**: Robert Montgomery
- **birth name**: Isidore Itzkowitz
- **birth place**: New York City, New York, U.S.
- **death place**: Beverly Hills, California, U.S.
- **occupation**: Actor, comedian, dancer, singer-songwriter
- **spouse**: Ida (Tobias) Cantor (1914–1962; her death; 5 daughters)
Days of Our Lives

***Days of Our Lives*** is a popular American television show on the NBC television network. It is one hour long and is broadcast during the day. Betty and Ted Corday made the show in 1965. Two companies, Corday Productions and Universal Television make _Days of Our Lives_. In November 2015, the show celebrated 50 years on TV. It is currently in its 59th season with 15,175 episodes (as of July 25, 2025). They began filming the show in HD in 2010.

_Days of Our Lives_ takes place in the city of Salem. The main families on the show are the Bradys, the DiMeras and the Hortons. Many good and bad things happened to the Brady family and the Horton family. One character named "Stefano DiMera" does some of the bad things that happen to characters on this show.

## Characters

- Stefano DiMera is the head of the DiMera family. He is the villain in Salem and has done many bad deeds to the Brady family, mainly Marlena.
- Maggie Simmons Horton has been played by actress Suzanne Rogers since August 20, 1973. Maggie was created by scriptwriter William J. Bell, and executive producer Betty Corday.
- Marlena Evans, mother of DJ, Sami, Eric and Belle. She has been taken over by the Devil twice and everyone thought she was a serial killer in 2004.
- Sami Brady, daughter of Roman and Marlena Brady. She has a twin brother Eric, and her half sister is Carrie. She is the mother of Will, Allie, Johnny and Sydney, and she believed that Grace as she had been swapped at birth.

### Couples

Here is a list of some of the main couples on the show:
- John and Marlena Black
- Bo and Hope Brady
- Abe and Lexie Carver
- Stefano and Kate DiMera
- Jack and Jennifer Devereux
- Austin and Carrie Reed (Austin is Kate's son, Carrie is Roman's daughter)
- EJ DiMera and Nicole Walker
- Ciara Brady and Ben Weston

## Infobox (television)

- **image**: Days of Our Lives logo.svg
- **genre**: Soap opera
- **writer**: Ron Carlivati
- **producer**: _#Executive producing and head writing team, See below_
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **num episodes**: 14,430
- **location**: Universal Studios Hollywood (Universal City, California)
- **runtime**: 30 minutes (1965–1975)
60 minutes (1975–present)
- **network**: NBC
- **network2**: Peacock (streaming service), Peacock
1067

## Events

- On the death of her husband Constantine X, Eudocia Macrembolitissa becomes regent of the Byzantine Empire.
- Work begins on the building of the Tower of London.
- Trencavel family takes over in Carcassonne.
- The Wartburg castle, according to Legend, built in Thuringia.
- Winchester Castle built
- Vorša was first mentioned in the chronicles.
Adolphe Sax

**Antoine-Joseph** (known as **Adolphe**) **Sax** (6 November 1814 – 7 February 1894) was a Belgian inventor and musician who played the flute and clarinet. He is best known for inventing the saxophone.

## Bio

Adolphe Sax was born in Dinant in Wallonia, Belgium. Adolphe began to make his own instruments at an early age. He entered two of his flutes and a clarinet into a competition at the age of fifteen. He studied those two instruments at the Royal School of Singing in Brussels.

Adolphe's first important invention was an improvement of the bass clarinet design. He patented this at the age of twenty-four. In 1841, Sax moved to Paris. Around this time he invented the saxophone.

He got a job teaching at the Paris Conservatoire starting in 1867.

Sax suffered from lip cancer between 1853 and 1858 but made a full recovery. He died in 1894 in Paris.

## Books about Adolphe Sax

- _Adolphe Sax, sa vie son oeuvre_, Malou Haine, Brussel University Press, Brussel, 1980
- _Sax, Mule & Co_, Jean-Pierre Thiollet, H & D, Paris, 2004
Unforgiven

***Unforgiven*** is a 1992 American western movie directed by Clint Eastwood. It stars Eastwood, Gene Hackman, Morgan Freeman and Richard Harris. It ranks #98 on AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies and won the Best Picture Academy Award. It is set in the 1880s in Wyoming and Kansas about an aging outlaw and killer.
Bucharest

**Bucharest** is the capital city of Romania. It is the largest city in the country. The city has a population of 1.9 million people. It is made up of 6 "sectors". It has a humid continental climate (_Cfa_ in the Koeppen climate classification). It became the capital of Romania in 1862. It is the centre of Romanian media, culture and art. Bucharest is the 6th largest city in the European Union by population within city limits.

According to European standards, Bucharest is an old city. The first mention of it appears in 1459. Its eclectic architecture is a mixture of historical, transitional, Communist and modern styles. In the period between the two World Wars, thanks to the elegant urban architecture and ingenuity of the urban elite, Bucharest was named "Paris of the East", or "Little Paris" (Micul Paris).

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Bucharest
- **native name**: București
- **motto**: "The Homeland and My Right"
- **nickname**: Paris of the East
- **image skyline**: Bucharest city center.jpg
- **image caption**: Panoramic view of Bucharest city center
- **image flag**: ROU Bucharest Flag.png
- **image shield**: ROU Bucharest CoA.svg
- **pushpin map**: Romania
- **map caption**: Location in Romania
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Romania
- **subdivision type1**: Administrative divisions of Romania, County
- **subdivision name1**: None<sup>1</sup>
- **leader title1**: Mayor of Bucharest, Mayor
- **leader name1**: Sorin Oprescu (Independent (politician), Independent)
- **leader title2**: Prefect
- **leader name2**: Georgeta Gavrila
- **established title**: First attested
- **established date**: 1459
- **area total km2**: 228
- **area urban km2**: 285
- **population as of**: 2011 census
- **settlement type**: Capital City
- **population total**: 1,883,425
- **population rank**: List of Romanian counties by population, 1st in Romania
- **population urban**: 1,931,000
- **population metro**: 2,272,163<sup>2</sup>
- **population density km2**: 8,260
- **timezone**: Eastern European Time, EET
- **utc offset**: +2
- **timezone dst**: Eastern European Summer Time, EEST
- **utc offset dst**: +3
- **elevation m**: 55.8–91.5
- **elevation ft**: 183.1–300.2
- **postal code type**: Postal Code
- **postal code**: 0xxxxx
- **area code**: +40 x1
- **blank name sec1**: Romanian car number plates, Car plate
- **blank info sec1**: B
- **website**: [http://www.pmb.ro/ Official site]
- **footnotes**: <sup>1</sup>Romanian law stipulates that Bucharest has a Administrative divisions of Romania, special administrative status which is equal to that of a County;
<sup>2</sup>Bucharest metropolitan area is a proposed project.
Tocantins

**Tocantins** can refer to:
- Tocantins (state), a state of Brazil
- Tocantins River, a river in Brazil
Foot (unit)

The **foot** is a unit for measuring length. It is one of the Imperial units and US customary units. The shortest way of writing the unit "foot" is by the abbreviation "ft" (or "ft."), or by a prime symbol ( ′ ).

One foot contains 12 inches. This is equal to 30.48 centimeters. It is called a foot, because it was originally based on the length of a foot.

## History

The foot was a common unit of measurement throughout Europe. It often differed in length not only from country to country but from city to city. Because the length of a foot changed between person to person, measurements were not even consistent between two people, often requiring an average. Henry I of England was attributed to passing the law that the foot was to be as long as a person's own foot. This was one of the first times a standard unit of measurement was put into place.

In 1835, during the metrication process, twelve cantons of Switzerland adopted a concordat based on the federal foot (exactly 0.3 m), which entered into force in 1836. In 1868 the metric system was legalized alongside the federal foot, which was a first step towards the definitive introduction of the metre.

In 1959, the United States, Canada, New Zealand, South Africa, Australia and the United Kingdom all signed a treaty known as the 'International Yard and Pound Agreement'. This standardised the avoirdupois weight and length of all nations. Those standards are still officially used in both the Imperial system and US customary units.

## Usage

Road signs with height restrictions in the United States and the United Kingdom are in feet and inches. They are less commonly seen in Canada and Ireland. In the US and the UK, people usually measure a person's height in feet and inches. If a person is "five foot eleven", this means that person is 5 feet and 11 inches, or about 180 centimeters. The height is written _5′ 11″_

Many people born before metrication in a number of Commonwealth nations still use feet and inches. Altitude measurements are still sometimes given in feet, even in metricated nations.

## Length

|International|Inch|Foot|Yard|Chain|Furlong|Mile|Centimeter|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Foot|12|1|||||30.48|

## Infobox (unit)

- **name**: foot
- **symbol**: ft
- **standard**: imperial units, imperial/United States customary units, US units
- **quantity**: length
- **units2**: metric system, metric (SI) units
- **inunits2**: 0.3048 meter, m
- **units1**: imperial/US units
- **inunits1**:  yard (unit), yd
 12 inch, in
Acre

- _For the state in Brazil, see Acre (state)._

An **acre** is the area of a rectangle, whose length is one furlong and width one chain.

Acre is an English unit of area, which is also used in the United States and some Commonwealth countries. It is most often used to describe areas of land.
- By the official definition it is 4,046.8564224 m<sup>2</sup> (4,840 square yards). It is the area of one furlong by one chain.
- The _international acre_ is 4,046.8564224 m<sup>2</sup>, or 0.404686 hectares. This is based on _international foot_ of 0.3048 m.
- The length of the side of a square, whose area is one acre, is 209.71 feet.

An acre is approximately equal:
- the area of an American football field.

Originally, it was seen as the area of land a farmer could plough with an ox in a day. Since this definition depended on the farmer and the ox, it looked variable. Therefore, Edward I, Edward III, Henry VIII and George IV passed laws fixing its size. The Commonwealth countries, including the United States then also introduced these laws.

## Other websites

- The Units of Measurement Regulations 1995
- NIST Handbook 44
Erfurt massacre

The **Erfurt massacre** was a mass shooting that happened at the Gutenberg Gymnasium in Erfurt, Thuringia, Germany, on 26 April 2002.

A boy that had been expelled from the school 2 months earlier, 19-year-old Robert Steinhäuser, was the person who did all the shooting. In anger, he came into the gymnasium, and shot dead 12 teachers, a secretary, two students, and a police officer. After a teacher caught him and put him in an empty room, Steinhäuser shot himself dead. In total, 17 people were killed.

According to students, he ignored them and aimed only for the teachers and administrators, although two students were unintentionally killed by shots fired through a locked door.
Gymnasium (school)

A **gymnasium** is a form of higher education in some   European countries, especially Germany. It has the same status as a grammar school. Gymnasiums are also common in Hungary and Austria. Graduating from a gymnasium is considered an accomplishment .

Upon completion of the 12th or 13th grade, students undergo examinations called the Abitur. Successful completion of these exams results in graduation from secondary school with a certificate of advanced secondary education. This certification enables students to pursue higher education at a university or a university of applied sciences. Alternatively, they have the option to opt for vocational training and enter the workforce directly.
Huascarán

**Huascarán** is the highest mountain in Peru, and the fourth-highest mountain in South America. The top of it is 22,205 feet (6,768 meters) high.

The mountain is located in the Ancash Region of Peru.  Huascarán has turned into a tourist attraction for mountain climbers.

Huascarán is made of granite brought to the surface by a major fault.  It has been staying at about the same elevation, but keeps loosing ice.  As recently as 1970, the Ancash Earthquake caused a big part of the mountain to crumble and fall off.  That part of the mountain was all rock and ice, and it killed almost 17,000 people in small towns around the mountain.

## Related pages

- List of Mountains in the Andes
- Fault
1490

## Events

- _Tirant Lo Blanc_ by Joanot Martorell, Martí Joan De Galba is published.
- Yoshitane becomes Ashikaga shogun of Japan.
- Charles John Amadeus of Savoy becomes Duke of Savoy at age 1, mother Blanche of Montferrato is regent.
- Aldus Manutius moves to Venice.
- John Colet receives M.A. from Magdalen College, Oxford.
- Castle Church in Wittenberg is begun.
- Pedro de Covilham arrives in Ethiopia.
- Catholic missionaries arrive in the African kingdom of Kongo.
- Regular postal service connects the Habsburg residences of Mechelen and Innsbruck, the first in Germany.
- Leonardo da Vinci observes capillary action in small-bore tubes.
- December 19 – Anne of Brittany married to Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor by proxy

## Births

- Wijerd Jelckama, Frisian warlord and rebel (d. 1523)
1571

**1571** (MDLXXI) was a common year starting on Monday in the Julian calendar and a common year starting on Friday in the proleptic Gregorian calendar.

## Events

- January 11 – Austrian nobility is granted Freedom of religion.
- October 7 Spanish, Venetian, and Papal naval forces under Don John of Austria defeat the Turkish fleet of Ali Monizindade Pasha.
- The Ottoman Empire captured the city of Nicosia on the island of Cyprus.

## Births

- February 15 – Michael Praetorius, German composer (d. 1621)
- October – Tirso de Molina, Spainish dramatist and poet (d. 1648)
- December 27 – Johannes Kepler, German astronomer (d. 1630)
401

## Events

- Pope Innocent I succeeds Pope Anastasius I.
- The Vandals start their westward trek from Dacia and Hungary (or 400).
- The Visigoths begin to attack the northernmost reaches of Italy, causing destruction in the countryside.
- Kumarajiva arrives in Changan.
- Western Roman Empire general Stilicho leads an extensive campaign against the Vandals in Rhaetia.
- Synod of Turin
1068

## Events

- January 1 – Eudocia Macrembolitissa marries the general Romanus Diogenes who becomes Byzantine Emperor
- Emperor Go-Sanjō ascends the throne of Japan
- William the Conqueror takes Exeter, England after a brief siege
- Saint Herfast becomes the first Lord Chancellor of England in London, England at the age of 68. He does the job for two years before he retires

## Births

- September 1 – King Henry I of England, English royal (d. 1135)
Urbain Grandier

**Urbain Grandier** (born 1590 in Bouère, Mayenne, France ; died April 18, 1634 in Loudun, France) was a free-thinking cleric. A satirical publication against Richelieu was attributed to him. After this, Pierre-Martin de Laubardement, a statesman was charged to lead the process against Grandier in 1633. He was charged of having bewitched the ursuline nuns of Loudun. They became obsessed by him. His friend, Claude Quillet agreed to defend him in court, but without success.

He was condemned to burn at the stake as a witch in 1634.

## English literature

- _The Devils of Loudun_, by Aldous Huxley, published in 1952
Cardinal Richelieu

**Armand Jean du Plessis**, better known as **Cardinal Richelieu** (9 September 1585–4 December 1642) was a French clergyman, noble, and statesman. His full name was _Armand Jean du Plessis_. He was later created the Duke of Richelieu and duke of Fronsac.

In order to keep the diocese of Luçon, Armand Jean needed to become a monk. He joined the Grande Chartreuse, the main monastery of the Carthusian order. This monastery is in the Isère département, near Grenoble. As a comparison, Luçon is near La Roche-sur-Yon.

He was consecrated as a bishop in 1607. For this he obtained a dispensation of the pope; at age 21, he was too young to become a bishop.  He later entered politics and became a Secretary of State in 1616. Richelieu soon rose in both the Church and the state. He became a cardinal in 1622. He became King Louis XIII's chief minister in 1624. He remained in office until his death in 1642; then Jules Cardinal Mazarin became chief minister.

The Cardinal de Richelieu was often known by the title of the King's "Chief Minister". As a result, he is sometimes said to be the world's first Prime Minister. He sought to consolidate royal power and crush domestic factions. By restraining the power of the nobility, he transformed France into a strongly centralized state. His chief foreign policy objective was to check the power of the Austro-Spanish Habsburg dynasty; although a Roman Catholic cardinal, he did not hesitate to make alliances with Protestant rulers. With these alliances, he tried to achieve this goal. His tenure was marked by the Thirty Years' War that engulfed Europe.

As an advocate for Samuel de Champlain and of the keeping of Quebec, he founded the Compagnie des Cent-Associés and saw the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye return Quebec to French rule under de Champlain, after the settlement had been captured by the Kirkes in 1629. This in part allowed the colony to eventually develop into the heartland of French-speaking culture in North America.

Richelieu was also famous for his patronage of the arts; most notably, he founded the Académie française, the learned society responsible for matters of the French language. Richelieu is also known by the sobriquet _l'Éminence rouge_ ("the Red Eminence"), from the red shade of a cardinal's vestments and the style "eminence" as a cardinal.
Belaying

**Belaying** is a way to hold and control a rope for a person who is rock climbing. A climber has to be attached to a rope so they do not fall very far. A person on the ground who is belaying is called a _belayer_.

The belayer usually puts the rope through a _belay device_, which lets the rope move through the device in one direction (as the climber being belayed goes up). If the climber falls, the device lets the belayer also hold the rope still, so the climber hangs in the air but does not hit the ground.

A belayer can hold the weight of the climber with the rope and help prevent an injury caused by a fall.
AFI's 100 Years... 100 Thrills

Part of the AFI 100 Years... series, **AFI's 100 Years... 100 Thrills** is a list of the top 100 thrilling movies in American cinema. The American Film Institute presented it on June 12, 2001.

1. _Psycho_ (1960)
1. _Jaws_ (1975)
1. _The Exorcist_ (1973)
1. _North by Northwest_ (1959)
1. _The Silence of the Lambs_ (1991)
1. _Alien_ (1979)
1. _The Birds_ (1963)
1. _The French Connection_ (1971)
1. _Rosemary's Baby_ (1968)
1. _Raiders of the Lost Ark_ (1981)
1. _The Godfather_ (1972)
1. _King Kong_ (1933)
1. _Bonnie and Clyde_ (1967)
1. _Rear Window_ (1954)
1. _Deliverance_ (1972)
1. _Chinatown_ (1974)
1. _The Manchurian Candidate_ (1962)
1. _Vertigo_ (1958)
1. _The Great Escape_ (1963)
1. _High Noon_ (1952)
1. _A Clockwork Orange_ (1971)
1. _Taxi Driver_ (1976)
1. _Lawrence of Arabia_ (1962)
1. _Double Indemnity_ (1944)
1. _Titanic_ (1997)
1. _The Maltese Falcon_ (1941)
1. _Star Wars_ (1977)
1. _Fatal Attraction_ (1987)
1. _The Shining_ (1980)
1. _The Deer Hunter_ (1978)
1. _Close Encounters of the Third Kind_ (1977)
1. _Strangers on a Train_ (1951)
1. _The Fugitive_ (1993)
1. _The Night of the Hunter_ (1955)
1. _Jurassic Park_ (1993)
1. _Bullitt_ (1968)
1. _Casablanca_ (1942)
1. _Notorious_ (1946)
1. _Die Hard_ (1988)
1. _2001: A Space Odyssey_ (1968)
1. _Dirty Harry_ (1971)
1. _The Terminator_ (1984)
1. _The Wizard of Oz_ (1939)
1. _E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial_ (1982)
1. _Saving Private Ryan_ (1998)
1. _Carrie_ (1976)
1. _Invasion of the Body Snatchers_ (1956)
1. _Dial M for Murder_ (1954)
1. _Ben-Hur_ (1959)
1. _Marathon Man_ (1976)
1. _Raging Bull_ (1980)
1. _Rocky_ (1976)
1. _Pulp Fiction_ (1994)
1. _Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid_ (1969)
1. _Wait Until Dark_ (1967)
1. _Frankenstein_ (1931)
1. _All the President's Men_ (1976)
1. _The Bridge on the River Kwai_ (1957)
1. _Planet of the Apes_ (1968)
1. _The Sixth Sense_ (1999)
1. _Cape Fear_ (1962)
1. _Spartacus_ (1960)
1. _What Ever Happened to Baby Jane?_ (1962)
1. _Touch of Evil_ (1958)
1. _The Dirty Dozen_ (1967)
1. _The Matrix_ (1999)
1. _The Treasure of the Sierra Madre_ (1948)
1. _Halloween_ (1979)
1. _The Wild Bunch_ (1969)
1. _Dog Day Afternoon_ (1975)
1. _Goldfinger_ (1964)
1. _Platoon_ (1986)
1. _Laura_ (1944)
1. _Blade Runner_ (1982)
1. _The Third Man_ (1949)
1. _Thelma and Louise_ (1991)
1. _Terminator 2: Judgment Day_ (1991)
1. _Gaslight_ (1944)
1. _The Magnificent Seven_ (1960)
1. _Rebecca_ (1940)
1. _The Omen_ (1976)
1. _The Day the Earth Stood Still_ (1951)
1. _The Phantom of the Opera_ (1925)
1. _Poltergeist_ (1982)
1. _Dracula_ (1931)
1. _The Picture of Dorian Gray_ (1945)
1. _The Thing from Another World_ (1951)
1. _12 Angry Men_ (1957)
1. _The Guns of Navarone_ (1961)
1. _The Poseidon Adventure_ (1972)
1. _Braveheart_ (1995)
1. _Body Heat_ (1981)
1. _Night of the Living Dead_ (1968)
1. _The China Syndrome_ (1979)
1. _Full Metal Jacket_ (1987)
1. _Blue Velvet_ (1986)
1. _Safety Last_ (1923)
1. _Blood Simple_ (1984)
1. _Speed_ (1994)
1. _The Adventures of Robin Hood_ (1938)
Robert Ludlum

**Robert Ludlum** (May 25, 1927 - March 12, 2001) was an American writer. He is best known as the author of _The Bourne Identity_ from 1980, which was made into a movie in 2002.

## Other websites

- Official website of Robert Ludlum
1170s

The **1170s** was a decade that started on 1 January 1170 and ended on 31 December 1179. It is distinct from the decade known as the ***118th decade*** which began on January 1, 1171 and ended on December 31, 1180.

## Events and trends

- 1170 – Assassination of Thomas à Becket
- 1171 – Saladin ends the Islamic ruling of Fatimid, bringing back Sunni rule in Egypt.
- 1179 – Third Council of the Lateran condemns Waldensians and Cathars as heretics (people who turn away from certain religious beliefs); reformation of clerical life
Mebibyte

The **mebibyte** (symbol: **MiB**) is a unit of information or computer data storage.

- 1 MiB = 2<sup>20</sup> bytes = 1,048,576 bytes = 1,024 kibibytes

The mebibyte is closely related to the megabyte (MB). The megabyte refers to 10<sup>6</sup> bytes = 1 000 000 bytes (see binary prefix for background). The two units are relatively close together, but mistaking the two has nevertheless led to problems.

The unit MiB was defined by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) in December 1998.  Use of mebibyte and related units is strongly endorsed by IEEE and CIPM and is becoming more common.

One mebibyte equals 1024 (= 2<sup>10</sup>) kibibytes, and 1024 mebibytes equal one gibibyte.

## Related pages

- Megabyte
- Kibibyte
- Gibibyte
- Tebibyte

## Other websites

- NIST Prefixes for binary multiples
Clergy

Clergy is the name for people who are leaders in their religious community. Their roles and functions vary, but usually they preside over specific rituals. They are also experts, and help establish the doctrines of their faith. Usually, there are specific rituals that make people become part of the clergy. Sometimes, clergy are elected by a group of people. The ritual that make people part of the clergy in Christianity is called ordination or consecration.

Not everyone can become part of the clergy. Different denominations exclude different groups of people.

## Related pages

- Clergyman
- Estates of the realm
- Muslim clergy
- Rabbi
- Priest
Acre (state)

**Acre** is a state in the Northern Region of Brazil. It borders other two states, Amazonas and Rondônia. It also borders two countries, Bolivia and Peru. Its capital city is Rio Branco. Other important cities are: Cruzeiro do Sul, Tarauacá, Sena Madureira, and Brasiléia. Acre is divided into 22 municipalities.

The state is mostly covered by the Amazon Rainforest. There are many rivers in Acre. Some of the rivers are the Juruá, Purus River, Acre River, Tarauacá, Muru, Embirá, and Xapuri.

The economy is based on agriculture, cattle animal husbandry, and rubber production.

Until the start of the 20th century, Acre was a territory of Bolivia. Since the 19th century, most people from Acre were Brazilian people, and they created an independent state.

In 1889, the Bolivians tried to control the area again and there were fights.

On November 17, 1903, Acre become a Brazilian territory. On June 15, 1962, it was unified and became a state.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: State of Acre
- **native name lang**: pt
- **settlement type**: States of Brazil, State
- **image flag**: Bandeira do Acre.svg
- **image shield**: Brasao Acre.png
- **image map**: Brazil State Acre.svg
- **map caption**: Location of the State of Acre in Brazil
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **seat type**: Capital (political), Capital
- **seat**: Rio Branco
- **leader title**: Governor (Brazil), Governor
- **leader name**: Gladson Cameli (P)
- **leader title1**: Vice Governor
- **leader name1**: Major Rocha
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area total km2**: 152581
- **area rank**: List of Brazilian states by area, 16th
- **population total**: 732,793
- **population as of**: 2010 census
- **population rank**: List of Brazilian states by population, 25th
- **population density km2**: auto
- **population density rank**: List of Brazilian states by population density, 23rd
- **population demonym**: Acriano
- **demographics type1**: Gross domestic product, GDP
- **demographics1 title1**: Year
- **demographics1 info1**: 2006 estimate
- **demographics1 title2**: Total
- **demographics1 info2**: R$ 4,835,000,000 (List of Brazilian states by gross domestic product, 26th)
- **demographics1 title3**: Per capita
- **demographics1 info3**: R$ 7,041 (List of Brazilian states by gross domestic product, 18th)
- **demographics type2**: Human Development Index, HDI
- **demographics2 title1**: Year
- **demographics2 info1**: 2005
- **demographics2 title2**: Category
- **demographics2 info2**: 0.751 – <span style="color:#fc0">medium</span> (List of Brazilian states by Human Development Index, 17th)
- **timezone1**: Time in Brazil, BRT-1
- **utc offset1**: -4
- **iso code**: ISO 3166-2:BR, BR-AC
- **postal code type**: Postal Code
- **postal code**: 69900-000 to 69999-000
Zimbabwean dollar

The **Zimbabwe dollar** was a currency for Zimbabwe from 1980 to 2009. Zimbabwe had the highest rate of inflation in the world. The rate of inflation grew to 231,150,888.87% in July 2008.

Because of hyperinflation, or inflation that is out of control, the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe had to print banknotes with higher values to cope with the rising cost of living. In January 2009, Zimbabwe released a banknote for one hundred trillion dollars, or $100,000,000,000,000.

The Zimbabwe dollar had to be revalued three times due to the rising cost of living: in August 2006, August 2008 and February 2009. In August 2006, the first revaluation dollar was violent and too quick, meaning that many people lost their savings because they were unable to convert it into the new currency without fear of violence and corruption.

Since 12 April 2009, Zimbabwe stopped using the Zimbabwean dollar and adopted currencies from other countries, such as the United States Dollar and the Euro.

## References

- Notes

- Sources

## Infobox (currency)

- **image 1**: Zimbabwe_$100_trillion_2009_Obverse.jpg
- **image title 1**: $100 Trillion note of the Zimbabwean dollar.
- **iso code**: ZWL
- **using countries**: None
(previously )
- **inflation rate**: 98% per day in mid-Nov 2008
 or ~10<sup>23</sup> % per year
 Money loses half its value every 24 hours and 42 minutes
- **subunit ratio 1**: 1/100
- **subunit name 1**: cent (currency), cent
- **symbol**: Dollar sign, $
- **used coins**: none
- **used banknotes**: $1, $5, $10, $20, $50, $100, $500, (plus many more denominations)
Highest denomination – $10<sup>14</sup>
- **banknote article**: Banknotes of Zimbabwe
- **issuing authority**: Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe
- **obsolete notice**: 1
Bahia

**Bahia** is a state in the northeast area of Brazil on the Atlantic Ocean coast.

## Geography

The capital city of Bahia is Salvador. Other cities where many people live are Feira de Santana, Vitória da Conquista, Itabuna, Ilhéus, and Juazeiro. Almost all of Bahia is 200 m above the sea level. The São Francisco River is the longest river in Bahia. Salvador was the capital of Brazil from 1549 until 1763.

## Economy

Bahia is the sixth richest Brazilian state. The economy of Bahia is based on industry, agriculture, animal husbandry, tourism, mining and services.

## Culture

Bahia is said to have the greatest and most African influence, in terms of culture and customs, in Brazil.  Some of these are the martial art of capoeira and African-derived music such as samba, afoxé, and axé.

Acarajé is a popular street food. It is one of the symbols of the culture of Bahia.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: State of Bahia
- **native name lang**: pt
- **settlement type**: States of Brazil, State
- **image flag**: Bandeira da Bahia.svg
- **image shield**: Brasão da Bahia.png
- **motto**: "Per ardua surgo"
(Pela dificuldade venço)
- **image map**: Brazil State Bahia.svg
- **map caption**: Location of State of Bahia in Brazil
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **seat type**: Capital and largest city
- **seat**: Salvador, Bahia, Salvador
- **leader title**: Governor (Brazil), Governor
- **leader name**: Jaques Wagner
- **leader title1**: Vice Governor
- **leader name1**: Edmundo Pereira Santos
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area total km2**: 567295
- **area rank**: List of Brazilian states by area, 5th
- **population total**: 14,016,906
- **population as of**: 2010 census
- **population rank**: List of Brazilian states by population, 4th
- **population density km2**: auto
- **population density rank**: List of Brazilian states by population density, 12th
- **population demonym**: Baiano
- **demographics type1**: Gross domestic product, GDP
- **demographics1 title1**: Year
- **demographics1 info1**: 2006 estimate
- **demographics1 title2**: Total
- **demographics1 info2**: R$ 137,075,000,000 (List of Brazilian states by gross domestic product, 6th)
- **demographics1 title3**: Per capita
- **demographics1 info3**: R$ 9,779.26 (List of Brazilian states by gross domestic product, 19th)
- **demographics type2**: Human Development Index, HDI
- **demographics2 title1**: Year
- **demographics2 info1**: 2005
- **demographics2 title2**: Category
- **demographics2 info2**: 3.913 <very high>
- **timezone1**: Time in Brazil, BRT
- **utc offset1**: -3
- **timezone1 dst**: Time in Brazil, BRST
- **utc offset1 dst**: -2
- **iso code**: ISO 3166-2:BR, BR-BA
- **postal code type**: Postal code
- **postal code**: 40000-000 to 48990-000
- **website**: [http://www.bahia.ba.gov.br/ bahia.ba.gov.br]
Body modification

**Body modification** (or **body alteration**) is when a person changes their body in a way that lasts forever or for a long time. There are many different kinds of body modification, like piercing, circumcision, or tattoos. Almost all cultures do some kind of body modification.

## Arguments

People who do not like body modification sometimes call it "disfigurement" or "mutilation." They believe that if someone changes their body, it is wrong and they are doing something dangerous or unethical.

## Why people do body modification

Body modification is done for different reasons. Religions might tell people that they should change their bodies to look a certain way. Other people with body modifications might just like the way the body modifications look, or how they feel good during sex.

### Common body modification

- _Body piercing_ is when a hole is made through the skin, and a piece of jewelry is put into the hole. Some piercings can be stretched so they fit larger, thicker kinds of jewelry.
- _Tattooing_ is when ink is put under the skin to make a picture. Whole body tatooing and tattooing of the lips and eyes would be thought extreme by some.
- _Scarification_ is when part of the skin is removed to create a scar.
- _Branding_ is when the skin is burned to create a scar.

### "Extreme" body modification

- _Tongue splitting_ is when a person's tongue is split in two like a snake's.
- _Subdermal implant_ is when a small object is placed right underneath a person's skin.
- _Transdermal implant_ is when a small object is placed underneath a person's skin, but part of it pokes out of the skin and is visible.
- _Extra ocular implant_ (eye jewellery) is when a tiny chip of metal is placed in someone's eye.

### Other body modification

- _Amputation_ is when a body part is cut off.
Serial killer

A **serial killer** is someone who murders several people at different times (similar killers of more than one person are mass murderers and spree killers). The victims are usually people the serial killer does not know, and the killer commits his crimes to get a certain kind of excitement or other feeling. They usually have no practical motive such as robbery or revenge.

_Serial killer_ first became a commonly used phrase for this kind of killer in the 1970s. This was the result of the crimes of people like Ted Bundy and John Wayne Gacy. Jack the Ripper is thought by many to be one of the first serial killers that many people knew about, even though his victims were killed long before the phrase was invented.

A serial killer's crimes are nearly always alike in some way. The killer may only attack a certain type of person, for instance women of a certain age or appearance (young or old, blonde or dark-haired). He may always use the same kind of weapon to kill his victims, or may treat them in a certain manner, such as tying them up with the same kind of rope or adhesive tape. Some serial killers have had very strange habits which leave evidence of their work at each crime; for instance Albert de Salvo, the Boston Strangler, would tie the cord with which he had strangled a woman around her neck in a special bow. To law enforcement officers a serial killer's habits are known as his signature, and they are always valuable leads in detecting who he is and capturing him.

Some of the worst serial killers have been doctors. Harold Shipman, a British general practitioner, is thought to have killed up to 250 of his patients. John Bodkin Adams, also British, is thought to have killed 163 patients. Burke and Hare, the 'resurrectionists', killed to sell bodies to a doctor, Robert Knox.
World Wide Fund for Nature

The **World Wide Fund for Nature** (**WWF**) is an international environmental organization. It was founded as the **World Wildlife Fund**, which is still its official name in Canada and the United States.

Most of its offices are in Switzerland. Their mascot, or logo, is the Giant Panda. It is the world's largest independent wildlife management organization. It has over 5 million supporters worldwide, working in more than 90 countries. WWF supports 15,000 conservation and environmental projects around the world. It is a charity. About 90% of its fundraising money is from donations by private individuals and businesses.

The group says its mission is "to halt and reverse the destruction of our natural environment". Much of its work focuses on the conservation of three biomes that contain most of the world's biodiversity: forests, freshwater ecosystems, and oceans and coasts. Among other issues, it is also concerned with endangered species, pollution and climate change. The organization runs more than 1,200 field projects worldwide each year.
Deforestation

**Deforestation** is when forests are destroyed by cutting trees (logging) or burning them purposefully, without replanting more. The most common reason is to clear the land to make space for farms and ranches.  They also cut trees for firewood and lumber and replace them with cities.  Deforestation destroys the habitat of many animals, leading to their death.  The loss is more severe in primary or old-growth forests, which are forests that have yet been untouched by humans.  Deforestation also releases sequestered carbon.

Restoring trees in deforested places is called reforesting.

## Causes of deforestation

Land has other uses besides growing trees.  Farming and ranching are the two main motives that contribute to deforestation. Some land is also used for roads and buildings, especially in urban area. As the population grows, people need to remove more trees.  They also use the wood from the trees as lumber to make buildings and other things, or they burn the trees as firewood.

Advantages to preserving forests:
- Regulates the water cycle to some extent
- Produces soil, and prevents soil erosion
- Provides habitats for animals
- Provides _some_ of our oxygen (some is produced in the sea)
- Regulates temperature to some extent

Forests are often planted to protect against natural disasters.  When forests are lost, very often the soil they protected is also lost. This loss of soil is called erosion.

Trees are important for carbon sequestration. To combat deforestation we need to first acknowledge the problems in front of us and come with innovative solutions. When the trees burn or rot, the carbon in them returns to the atmosphere in the form of carbon dioxide. Since carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas, deforestation causes global warming.  Tropical deforestation is responsible for about 20% of world greenhouse gas emissions. Deforestation continues.

## Related pages

- Desertification
- Illegal logging
- Reforesting

## Other websites

- APP & APRIL announces end to deforestation in Indonesia
Capillary

A **capillary** is a blood vessel. It does not have the muscular/elastic tissue of other blood vessels. It has a single celled wall to help substances be transported through organisms.
Capillaries are small, and smaller than any other blood vessels. They are about 5-10 μms big, connect arteries and venules, and enable the moving of water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, as well as many other nutrients and waste chemicals  between blood and surrounding tissues.

## Anatomy

Blood moves from the heart to arteries, which branch and narrow into smaller arteries, and then branch more into capillaries. At the capillaries, gases, nutrients, and fluids, are exchanged, with the exact nature and direction of the exchange depending on the location of the capillary bed. For instance, blood traveling through capillaries of the systemic circuit releases oxygen and absorbs carbon dioxide, while blood traveling through the pulmonary capillaries absorbs oxygen and releases carbon dioxide. After this exchange, capillaries join and widen to become small veins and then widen more to become veins, which return blood to the heart.

The "capillary bed" is the network of capillaries supplying an organ. The more metabolically active the cells, the more capillaries it will require to supply nutrients and carry away waste products.

Special arteries connect between arterioles and venules and are important in bypassing the flow of blood through the capillaries. True capillaries come from mainly from metarterioles and provide movement between cells and the circulation. The width of 8 μm forces the red blood cells to partly fold into bullet-like shapes in order to bypass them in single file.

Precapillary muscles are rings of smooth muscles at the start of true capillaries that handle blood flow into true capillaries and control blood flow through a body part or area.

## Physiology

The capillary wall is a one-layer tissue so thin that gas and other items such as oxygen, water, proteins and fats can pass through them driven by pressure differences. Waste items such as carbon dioxide and urea can move back into the blood to be carried away for removal from the body.

The capillary bed usually moves no more than 25% of the amount of blood it could contain, although this amount can be increased through auto regulation by making the smooth muscle relax in the arterioles that lead to the capillary bed as well as metarterioles making themselves smaller.

The capillaries do not have this smooth muscle in their own wall, and so any change in their width is passive.  Any signaling molecules they release (such as endothelin for constriction and nitric oxide for dilation) act on the smooth muscle cells in the walls of nearby, larger vessels, e.g. arterioles.

Capillary's ability to move items can be increased by the release of certain cytokines, such as in an the body defending itself from germs.

## Related pages

- Alveolar-capillary barrier
- Blood brain barrier
- Capillary action
- Hagen-Poiseuille equation
Viriato Clemente da Cruz

**Viriato Clemente da Cruz**, an Angolan poet and politician, was born in 1928 in Kikuvo (Porto Amboim), Angola and died in Beijing, China on 13 June 1973.

He is considered one of the most important Angolan poets of his time. He wrote poems in Portuguese and Angolan languages. He took part in the fight to free Angola from Portuguese rulers.

## Political work

He was educated in Luanda, the capital of Angola, which was then ruled by Portugal. As a young man in 1957 he went to Paris, where he met Mario Pinto de Andrade, another Angolan poet and politician, who helped with his political ideas. In the 1960s they helped create the group called the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA—from the Portuguese name __).

The MPLA was in not in Angola at this time, but was first in Conakry (the capital of Guinea) and then later in Leopoldville, Congo (now Kinshasa the capital of the DRC). Viriato da Cruz became secretary-general of the MPLA. After some time he and others, did not agree with some people in the group and this led to fighting in the streets of Leopoldville.

## Exiled in China

Viriato da Cruz went to Beijing, China in the 1960s because of the fighting in the MPLA. At first, the Chinese government welcomed him. He was well known because he had helped create the MPLA. The Chinese wanted Viriato da Cruz to help them bring Maoist socialism to Africa.

This was a big problem for Viriato and his family. His ideas were not the same as the Maoists. He thought that stronger countries can not bring a socialist revolution to other places. He was very brave and did not change his ideas. This was against the Chinese Maoist idea of world revolution.

Viriato da Cruz wanted to leave China and return to Africa, but the Chinese government would not let him go and they were not good to him. This may be because he could have made trouble for their work in Africa.

## Last years of life

The last years of the life of Viriato da Cruz were unhappy and difficult. He was weak, without much food, and he died on 13 Jun 1973. His dead body was taken away in a military vehicle and his burial was without any ceremony.

Some Angolan people think that this was shocking, because Viriato da Cruz worked hard for Angola and was one of the leaders of the liberation from Portugal.

## Principal books

Poems (1961). Among these poems, _Namoro_, _Sô Santo_ and _Makézu_ are well-known.
Kibibyte

The **kibibyte** (symbol: **KiB**) is a unit of information. The kibibyte is 1024 bytes, 1024 kibibytes makes one mebibyte.

- 1 KiB = 2<sup>10</sup> bytes = 1024 bytes

## Related pages

- Kilobyte
- Mebibyte
- Gibibyte
- Tebibyte
Lara Croft Tomb Raider: The Cradle of Life

***Tomb Raider: The Cradle of Life*** is a 2003 action movie from Paramount Pictures. It is the second movie to star Angelina Jolie as the title character from the _Tomb Raider_ video games.
Amplitude

The **amplitude** or **peak amplitude** of a wave is a measure of how big its oscillation is.

Amplitudes are always measured as positive numbers (for example: 3.5, 1, 120) and are never negative (for example: -3.5, -1, -120). That's because distance can only be greater than zero or equal to zero; negative distance does not exist.

The distance from the top of one peak to the bottom of another is called _peak-to-peak amplitude_. Another way to describe peak-to-peak amplitude is to say that it is the distance between the maximum positive value and the maximum negative value of a wave is the maximum displacement of a wave from an equilibrium position

## Related pages

- Waves and their properties:
    - Frequency
    - Period
    - Wavelength
- Amplitude modulation
- Oscilloscope
- Vibration control
- Vibration isolation
Ska

**Ska** is a popular music from Jamaica that began in the 1950s. Ska music that was first played at a slower tempo then became reggae in the late 1960s.

Ska music bands include singers, electric guitars, electric bass guitar, piano, organ, saxophone, trumpet, and trombone. In ska, the electric guitar and piano normally play short chords on the off-beat. If you go "one and two and three and four", the off-beat is the "and".

A ska singer does a style of Jamaican singing called "toasting." When a singer is "toasting", they make sounds, repeat words, invent rhymes, and shout into the microphone. The Jamaican "toasting" style of singing and talking was adapted into rap music in the 1980s.

## How Ska musicians dress

Musicians who play ska dress in hats and suits. Many ska bands wear clothes with a chessboard pattern of black and white squares. Doc Martens are a common type of shoe. This pattern symbolizes the way that ska music mixes of Black and White musicans and styles of music.There was a British genre of ska-punk influenced by The Specials, Madness and the English Beat, that began to dress in kilts.

## 1980s Ska Revival

Even though ska was developed in the 1950s, it became popular again in the 1980s in Britain. In the 1980s, ska bands such as The Specials, The Selecter, The Beat, UB40 and Madness played ska music.

## 1990s Ska mixed with punk rock

In the 1990s, some bands mixed ska music with Punk rock to make ska-punk. This kind of ska music is from England and the United States. Some pop-punk bands from the 1990s mixed pop-punk with ska-punk.

## Ska bands and singers

- No Doubt
- The Mighty Mighty Bosstones
- The Specials
- The Selecter (British band)
- The Beat (British band)
- Madness (English band)
- Sublime
- Prince Buster (Jamaican singer)
- Desmond Dekker (Jamaican singer)
- The Bodysnatchers (female British band)
- The Skatalites (Jamaican band)
- Streetlight Manifesto (American band)
- The Toasters (American band)
- The Slackers (New York City band)
- Rusted Root (American band)
- Westbound Train (Boston band)
- Reel Big Fish
- Suburban Legends (American band)
- Catch 22 (American band)
- Less Than Jake
- Lord Creator (Jamaican singer)
- The King Blues (British band)

## Related pages

- Scat singing

## Other websites

- Going to a Ska Show? Here's What to Wear (_LA Weekly_)

## Infobox (music genre)

- **color**: white
- **bgcolor**: #FF8020
- **name**: Ska
- **cultural origins**: Late 1950s, Jamaica
- **popularity**: Highest in early 1960s; wide popularity in Jamaica and notable popularity in United Kingdom; notable revivals in 1970s/1980s UK and late-1990s North America