juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Secretary General of NATO

The **Secretary General of NATO** () is an international diplomat who serves as the chief civil servant of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).

The Secretary General is responsible for coordinating the workings of the alliance, leading NATO's international staff, chairing the meetings of the North Atlantic Council and most major committees of the alliance, with the notable exception of the NATO Military Committee, and acting as NATO's spokesperson.

The current Secretary General is Mark Rutte, the former Prime Minister of the Netherlands, who took office on 1 October 2024.

## Infobox (political post)

- **post**: Secretary General
- **body**: the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
- **insignia**: Flag of NATO.svg
- **insigniasize**: 115px
- **insigniacaption**: Flag of NATO
- **image**: Mark Rutte March 2025 (2).jpg
- **imagesize**: 175px
- **incumbent**: Mark Rutte
- **incumbentsince**: 1 October 2024
- **termlength**: 4 years
- **inaugural**: Hastings Ismay, 1st Baron Ismay, Hastings Ismay
March 24, 1952
- **website**: [http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/topics_50094.htm Office of the Secretary General]
Hastings Ismay, 1st Baron Ismay

**Hastings Lionel Ismay, 1st Baron Ismay** <small>KG GCB CH DSO PC</small> (21 June 1887 – 17 December 1965), nicknamed **Pug**, was a British Indian Army officer and diplomat.

He was  Winston Churchill's chief military assistant during the Second World War and he was the first Secretary General of NATO from 1952 to 1957.  Ismay was the principal link between Churchill and the Chiefs of Staff Committee. Ismay also accompanied Churchill to many of the Allied war conferences.

## Other websites

- NATO Declassified - Lord Ismay (biography)
- Indian Army Officers 1939−1945
- Generals of World War II

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **honorific-prefix**: General the Right Honourable
- **name**: The Lord Ismay
- **image**: Ismay cropped.jpg
- **order**: 1st Secretary General of NATO
- **term start**: 24 March 1952
- **term end**: 16 May 1957
- **predecessor**: _Post created_
- **successor**: Paul-Henri Spaak
- **order2**: Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations
- **term start2**: 28 October 1951
- **term end2**: 12 March 1952
- **primeminister2**: Winston Churchill
- **predecessor2**: Patrick Gordon Walker
- **successor2**: Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 5th Marquess of Salisbury, The Marquess of Salisbury
- **office3**: Member of the House of Lords
as Baron Ismay
- **term start3**: 6 February 1947
- **term end3**: 17 December 1965
- **predecessor3**: _Peerage created_
- **successor3**: _Peerage extinct_
- **birth name**: Hastings Lionel Ismay
- **birth place**: Nainital, Naini Tāl, North-Western Provinces, British Raj, India
(now in Uttarakhand, India)
- **death place**: Wormington Grange, near Stanton, Gloucestershire, United Kingdom
- **spouse**: Laura Kathleen Clegg
- **parents**: Stanley Ismay
Beatrice Read
- **nickname**: Pug
- **branch**: Indian Army (1895–1947), British Indian Army

- **serviceyears**: 1905–1946
- **rank**:  General (United Kingdom), General
- **commands**: Secretary General of NATO
- **battles**: First World War
Second World War
- **awards**: Knight of the Order of the Garter
Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
Order of the Companions of Honour
Distinguished Service Order
Mentioned in Despatches
Paul-Henri Spaak

**Paul-Henri Charles Spaak** (25 January 1899, Schaerbeek, Belgium – 31 July 1972, Brussels, Belgium) was a Belgian politician and lawyer. He is thought to be as one of the founding fathers of the European Union.

Spaak entered politics in 1932 for the Belgian Workers' Party (later the Belgian Socialist Party). He became Prime Minister of Belgium in 1938 and held the position until 1939. During World War II, he served as Foreign Minister in the Belgian government in exile under Hubert Pierlot. After the war, he twice served the position of Prime Minister, first for under a month in March 1946 and again between 1947 and 1949.

Spaak was Belgium's Foreign Minister for 18 years between 1939 and 1966.

In 1945, he was chosen to chair the first session of the General Assembly of the new United Nations. He served as the first President of the Consultative Assembly of the Council of Europe between 1949 and 1950 and became the first President of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) between 1952 and 1954.

Between 1957 and 1961, he served as the second Secretary-General of NATO.

## Other websites

- Fondation Paul-Henri Spaak
- The Presidency Project – _Remarks at the Presentation of the Medal of Freedom to Paul Henri Spaak, Secretary General of NATO – 21 February 1961_
- NATO Declassified - Paul-Henri Spaak (biography)

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Paul-Henri Spaak
- **image**: Bundesarchiv Bild 183-39998-0427, Paul-Henri Spaak.jpg
- **caption**: Spaak, pictured in 1957
- **office**: 31st Prime Minister of Belgium
- **monarch**: Prince Charles, Count of Flanders, Charles
- **term start**: 20 March 1947
- **term end**: 11 August 1949
- **predecessor**: Camille Huysmans
- **successor**: Gaston Eyskens
- **monarch2**: Charles
- **term start2**: 13 March 1946
- **term end2**: 31 March 1946
- **predecessor2**: Achille Van Acker
- **successor2**: Achille Van Acker
- **monarch3**: Leopold III of Belgium, Leopold III
- **term start3**: 15 May 1938
- **term end3**: 22 February 1939
- **predecessor3**: Paul-Emile Janson
- **successor3**: Hubert Pierlot
- **office4**: 2nd Secretary General of NATO, Secretary General of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
- **term start4**: 16 May 1957
- **term end4**: 21 April 1961
- **predecessor4**: Hastings Ismay, 1st Baron Ismay, Hastings Ismay
- **successor4**: Dirk Stikker
- **office5**: President of the European Parliament, President of the Common Assembly of the European Coal and Steel Community
- **term start5**: 11 September 1952
- **term end5**: 11 May 1954
- **predecessor5**: _Position established_
- **successor5**: Alcide De Gasperi
- **office6**: President of the United Nations General Assembly
- **term start6**: 31 March 1946
- **term end6**: 20 March 1947
- **predecessor6**: Position established
- **successor6**: Oswaldo Aranha
- **birth name**: Paul-Henri Charles Spaak
- **birth place**: Schaerbeek, Belgium
- **death place**: Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
- **party**: Belgian Workers' Party
Belgian Socialist Party
- **alma mater**: Free University of Brussels
Dirk Stikker

**Dirk Uipko Stikker**,  (5 February 1897 – 23 December 1979) was a Dutch banker, industrialist, politician, and diplomat.

In 1945, he was among the organizers of the Stichting van de Arbeid (Dutch Labour Foundation), thus helping to lay the foundation of post-war collective bargaining in the Netherlands.

Stikker served as Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1948 to 1952 and as the third Secretary General of NATO from 1961 to 1964.

In 1964, Stikker was awarded an honorary doctorate by Brown University. He died in Wassenaar in 1979, aged 82.

## Other websites

- NATO Declassified - Dirk Stikker (biography)
- Sports career

## Infobox (politician)

- **name**: Dirk Stikker
- **image**: Stikker, Dirk - SFA002019718.jpg
- **caption**: Dirk Stikker in 1964
- **office**: Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Netherlands), Minister of Foreign Affairs
- **term start**: 7 August 1948
- **term end**: 2 September 1952
- **predecessor**: Pim van Boetzelaer van Oosterhout
- **successor**: Jan Willem Beyen
- **office2**: 3rd Secretary General of NATO, Secretary General of the NATO
- **term start2**: 21 April 1961
- **term end2**: 1 August 1964
- **predecessor2**: Paul-Henri Spaak
- **successor2**: Manlio Brosio
- **birth place**: Winschoten, Netherlands
- **death place**: Wassenaar, Netherlands
- **party**: Freedom Party (Netherlands), Freedom Party (PvdV), People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD)
Manlio Brosio

**Manlio Giovanni Brosio** (July 10, 1897 – March 14, 1980) was an Italian lawyer, diplomat, politician and the fourth Secretary General of NATO between 1964 and 1971.

In January 1947, Brosio became the Italian ambassador to Soviet Union and got involved with the peace treaty negotiations between the countries. In 1952 he became ambassador to the UK, to the USA in 1955 and from 1961–1964 to France.

On May 12, 1964 the NATO council chose Brosio to replae Dirk Stikker as a secretary general. He resigned September 3, 1971. On September 29, 1971, U.S. President Richard Nixon awarded him the Presidential Medal of Freedom.

## Other websites

- NATO Declassified - Manlio Brosio (biography)

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Manlio Giovanni Brosio
- **image**: Manlio Brosio.PNG
- **order**: 4th Secretary General of NATO
- **term start**: 1 August 1964
- **term end**: 1 October 1971
- **predecessor**: Dirk Stikker
- **successor**: Joseph Luns
- **birth place**: Turin, Italy
- **death place**: Turin, Italy
- **party**: Italian Liberal Party
Joseph Luns

**Joseph Marie Antoine Hubert Luns** (28 August 1911 – 17 July 2002) was a Dutch politician and diplomat.

Luns was one of the most popular Dutch politicians of the time. He served a total of eight cabinets and stayed in office nineteen years, becoming the longest-serving Dutch Minister of Foreign Affairs from 2 September 1952 until 6 July 1971. He retired from Dutch politics and became the 5th (and also longest-serving) Secretary General of NATO for 13 years from 1 October 1971 until 25 June 1984.

## Other websites

- Mr. J.M.A.H. (Joseph) Luns <small>(Parlement & Politiek)</small>
- NATO Declassified - Joseph Luns (biography)
- Biography on NATO

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **honorific-prefix**: Excellency, His Excellency
- **name**: Joseph Luns
- **image**: Luns, J.M.A.H. - SFA008007314.jpg
- **caption**: Joseph Luns in 1979
- **office**: List of NATO Secretaries General, 5th Secretary General of NATO
- **term start**: 1 October 1971
- **term end**: 25 June 1984
- **predecessor**: Manlio Brosio
- **successor**: Peter Carington, 6th Baron Carrington, Lord Carrington
- **office1**: List of Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands, Minister of Foreign Affairs
- **term start1**: 13 October 1956
- **term end1**: 6 July 1971
- **primeminister1**: Willem Drees <small>(1956–1958)</small>
 Louis Beel <small>(1958–1959)</small>
 Jan de Quay <small>(1959–1963)</small>
 Victor Marijnen <small>(1963–1965)</small>
 Jo Cals <small>(1965–1966)</small>
 Jelle Zijlstra <small>(1966–1967)</small>
 Piet de Jong <small>(1967–1971)</small>
- **predecessor1**: Johan Beyen
- **successor1**: Norbert Schmelzer
- **office2**: House of Representatives (Netherlands), Member of the House of Representatives
- **term start2**: 11 May 1971
- **term end2**: 1 October 1971
- **term start3**: 23 February 1967
- **term end3**: 5 April 1967
- **term start4**: 3 July 1956
- **term end4**: 3 October 1956
- **office5**: List of Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands#List of Ministers without Portfolio, Minister for United Nations Affairs
- **term start5**: 2 September 1952
- **term end5**: 13 October 1956
- **primeminister5**: Willem Drees
- **predecessor5**: Eelco van Kleffens <small>(1947)</small>
- **successor5**: _Office Discontinued_
- **birthname**: Joseph Antoine Marie Hubert Luns
- **birth place**: Rotterdam, Netherlands
- **death place**: Brussels, Belgium
- **nationality**: Netherlands, Dutch
- **party**: Catholic People's Party
 <small>(1945–1974)</small>
- **otherparty**: Roman Catholic State Party
 <small>(1938–1945)</small>
- **children**: 2
- **alma mater**: University of Amsterdam
 <small>(Bachelor of Laws, Doctor of Law)</small>
 Leiden University
 <small>(Master of Laws)</small>
 London School of Economics
 <small>(Bachelor of Economics)</small>
- **occupation**: Politician · Diplomat · Civil service, Civil servant
- **signature**: Joseph Luns Signature.jpg
Manfred Wörner

**Manfred Hermann Wörner** (24 September 1934 in Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt – 13 August 1994 in Brussels) was a German politician and diplomat. He served as the Defense Minister of West Germany between 1982 and 1988.

He then served as the seventh Secretary General of NATO from 1988 to 1994. His term as Secretary General oversaw the end of the Cold War and the German reunification. He was diagnosed with colorectal cancer, but continued to serve until his death.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **birth name**: Manfred Hermann Wörner
- **name**: Manfred Wörner
- **image**: Manfred Woerner 1993.jpg
- **order**: 7th
- **office**: Secretary General of NATO
- **term start**: 1 July 1988
- **term end**: 13 August 1994
- **predecessor**: Peter Carington, The Lord Carrington
- **successor**: Sergio Balanzino (acting)
Willy Claes
- **office1**: Federal Ministry of Defence (Germany), Federal Minister of Defence
<small>(West Germany)</small>
- **chancellor1**: Helmut Kohl
- **term start1**: 4 October 1982
- **term end1**: 18 May 1988
- **predecessor1**: Hans Apel
- **successor1**: Rupert Scholz
- **office2**: Deputy Chairman of the CDU/CSU Parliamentary Group in the Bundestag
- **term start2**: 20 October 1969
- **term end2**: 13 December 1972
- **office3**: Member of the Bundestag
- **term start3**: 19 October 1965
- **term end3**: 30 June 1988
- **birth place**: Stuttgart, Germany
- **death place**: Brussels, Belgium
- **nationality**: Germans, German
- **party**: Christian Democratic Union (Germany), Christian Democratic Union (CDU)
- **spouse**: Anna-Maria Casar (1972-1982)
Elfie Wörner, Elfrie Hartwig Reinsch (1982-1994)
- **alma mater**: University of Heidelberg
University of Paris
Doctor of Philosophy, Ph.D. University of Munich
- **profession**: Diplomat
Willy Claes

**Willem Werner Hubert "Willy" Claes** (; born 24 November 1938) is a Belgian politician. He served as the eighth Secretary General of NATO, from 1994 to 1995. Claes was a member of the Socialist Party.

## Other websites

- NATO Declassified - Willy Claes (biography)
- NATO's Who is Who

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Willy Claes
- **image**: Willy Claes - Filip Naudts.jpg
- **office**: 8th Secretary General of NATO, Secretary General of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
- **term start**: 17 October 1994
- **term end**: 20 October 1995
- **predecessor**: Sergio Balanzino
- **successor**: Sergio Balanzino
- **office1**: President of the Party of European Socialists
- **term start1**: November 1992
- **term end1**: October 1994
- **predecessor1**: Guy Spitaels
- **successor1**: Rudolf Scharping
- **office2**: List of Foreign Ministers of Belgium, Minister of Foreign Affairs
- **primeminister2**: Jean-Luc Dehaene
- **term start2**: 7 March 1992
- **term end2**: 10 October 1994
- **predecessor2**: Mark Eyskens
- **successor2**: Frank Vandenbroucke (politician), Frank Vandenbroucke
- **birth place**: Hasselt, Belgium
- **death place**: Brussels, Belgium
- **party**: Socialistische Partij (Belgium), Socialist Party
- **alma mater**: Free University of Brussels
George Robertson, Baron Robertson of Port Ellen

**George Islay MacNeill Robertson, Baron Robertson of Port Ellen**  (born 12 April 1946) is a Scottish politician. He is a member of the Labour Party. He served as the 10th Secretary General of NATO from 1999 to 2004. He served as Secretary of State for Defence from 1997 to 1999, before becoming a life peer as Baron Robertson of Port Ellen, of Islay in Argyll and Bute.

## Other websites

- Lord Robertson of Port Ellen profile, www.parliament.uk
- NATO Declassified - Lord Robertson (biography)

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **honorific-prefix**: The Right Honourable
- **name**: The Lord Robertson of Port Ellen
- **image**: official portrait of Lord Robertson of Port Ellen crop 2.jpg
- **office**: 10th Secretary General of NATO
- **term start**: 14 October 1999
- **term end**: 5 January 2004
- **predecessor**: Javier Solana
- **successor**: Alessandro Minuto-Rizzo
- **office1**: Secretary of State for Defence
- **primeminister1**: Tony Blair
- **term start1**: 3 May 1997
- **term end1**: 11 October 1999
- **predecessor1**: Michael Portillo
- **successor1**: Geoff Hoon
- **office2**: Shadow Secretary of State for Scotland
- **leader2**: John Smith (Labour Party leader), John Smith
Margaret Beckett
Tony Blair
- **term start2**: 21 October 1993
- **term end2**: 2 May 1997
- **predecessor2**: Tom Clarke (politician), Tom Clarke
- **successor2**: Jacqui Lait
- **office3**: Member of Parliament (United Kingdom), Member of Parliament
for Hamilton South (UK Parliament constituency), Hamilton South

- **term start3**: 31 May 1978
- **term end3**: 24 August 1999
- **predecessor3**: Alexander Wilson (Scottish politician), Alexander Wilson
- **successor3**: William Tynan
- **birth name**: George Islay MacNeill Robertson
- **birth place**: Port Ellen, Argyll, Scotland
- **children**: 3
- **party**: Labour Party (UK), Labour
- **alma mater**: University of Dundee
Alessandro Minuto-Rizzo

**Alessandro Minuto-Rizzo** (born 10 September 1940) is an Italian diplomat. He served as Deputy Secretary General of NATO from 2001 to 2007 and as acting Secretary General of NATO from 17 December 2003 to 1 January 2004. He served as ambassador of Italy to the Western European Union and to the Committee for Policy and Security of the European Union. He is member of the Italy-USA Foundation.
Jaap de Hoop Scheffer

**Jakob Gijsbert "Jaap" de Hoop Scheffer** (; born 3 April 1948) is a retired Dutch politician and diplomat. He is a member of the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA). He served as the 11th Secretary General of NATO from 5 January 2004 until 1 August 2009.

## Early career

De Hoop Scheffer studied law at Leiden University.

After completing military service in the air force, where he is a reserve officer, he worked for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs from 1976 to 1986.

During this time, he spent the first two years at the Dutch embassy in Ghana.

He then served at the Dutch delegation to NATO headquarters in Brussels until 1980.

## Political career

Although he was already a member of the Democratic 66 party, he joined the Christian Democratic Appeal in 1982. In the 1986 elections, he was elected to the Eerste Kamer (the upper house of Parliament) and became the spokesperson for foreign policy for his party.

From 1997 to 2001, he was the president of the CDA group in the Eerste Kamer while the party was in opposition. This position made him the leader of the party.

## NATO

De Hoop Scheffer was the 11th Secretary General of NATO from 5 January 2004 to 31 July 2009, succeeding Lord Robertson, who held the position since 1999. His deputy was the Italian ambassador Claudio Bisogniero.

## Other websites

- NATO Declassified - Jaap de Hoop Scheffer (biography)
- Appointment as Secretary General - NATO announcement
- Profile of Jaap de Hoop Scheffer  - by journalist Robert van de Roer, NATO website

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **honorific-prefix**: Excellency, His Excellency
- **name**: Jaap de Hoop Scheffer
- **image**: Hoop Scheffer I.JPG
- **office**: 11th Secretary General of NATO
- **term start**: 1 January 2004
- **term end**: 1 August 2009
- **predecessor**: Alessandro Minuto-Rizzo
- **successor**: Anders Fogh Rasmussen
- **office1**: List of Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands, Minister of Foreign Affairs
- **term start1**: 22 July 2002
- **term end1**: 3 December 2003
- **primeminister1**: Jan Peter Balkenende
- **predecessor1**: Jozias van Aartsen
- **successor1**: Ben Bot
- **office2**: Leader of the Christian Democratic Appeal
- **term start2**: 27 March 1997
- **term end2**: 1 October 2001
- **predecessor2**: Enneüs Heerma
- **successor2**: Jan Peter Balkenende
- **office3**: Parliamentary leader, Leader of the Christian Democratic Appeal in the House of Representatives (Netherlands), House of Representatives
- **term start3**: 27 March 1997
- **term end3**: 1 October 2001
- **predecessor3**: Enneüs Heerma
- **successor3**: Jan Peter Balkenende
- **office4**: Member of parliament, Member of the House of Representatives (Netherlands), House of Representatives
- **term start4**: 3 June 1986
- **term end4**: 23 May 2002
- **birth name**: Jakob Gijsbert de Hoop Scheffer
- **birth place**: Amsterdam, Netherlands
- **party**: Democrats 66
Christian Democratic Appeal
- **spouse**: Jeannine de Hoop Scheffer
- **children**: 2
- **alma mater**: Leiden University
Gospel Oak to Barking line

The **Gospel Oak to Barking line** (sometimes unofficially called the **GOBLIN**) is part of the British railways system system. It is  long from one terminus to the other. It carries both through goods trains and London Overground passenger trains, connecting Gospel Oak station in north London and Barking Riverside station in east London. The line is part of Network Rail Strategic Route 6, and is classified as a London and South East Commuter line. For much of its existence the line has played a minor role in London's transport system. It is now receiving significant investment to increase its capacity. This will include full 25 kV AC overhead electrification, that was completed in 2018.
Anders Fogh Rasmussen

**Anders Fogh Rasmussen** (; born 26 January 1953) is a Danish politician. He was the 24th Prime Minister of Denmark from November 2001 to April 2009 and the 12th Secretary General of NATO from August 2009 to October 2014.

Rasmussen is now CEO of Rasmussen Global and a senior advisor at The Boston Consulting Group's Copenhagen office.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Anders Fogh Rasmussen
- **image**: Anders Fogh Rasmussen 2013 Garden.jpg
- **office**: 12th Secretary General of NATO, Secretary General of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation
- **term start**: 1 August 2009
- **term end**: 1 October 2014
- **predecessor**: Jaap de Hoop Scheffer
- **successor**: Jens Stoltenberg
- **office1**: 24th Prime Minister of Denmark
- **monarch1**: Margrethe II
- **deputy1**: Bendt Bendtsen
Lene Espersen
- **term start1**: 27 November 2001
- **term end1**: 5 April 2009
- **predecessor1**: Poul Nyrup Rasmussen
- **successor1**: Lars Løkke Rasmussen
- **office2**: Venstre (Denmark), Leader of Venstre
- **term start2**: 18 March 1998
- **term end2**: 17 May 2009
- **predecessor2**: Uffe Ellemann-Jensen
- **successor2**: Lars Løkke Rasmussen
- **office3**: Folketing, Minister of Economic Affairs
- **primeminister3**: Poul Schlüter
- **term start3**: 18 December 1990
- **term end3**: 19 November 1992
- **predecessor3**: Niels Helveg Petersen
- **successor3**: Thor Pedersen
- **office4**: Tax Minister of Denmark, Minister of Tax
- **primeminister4**: Poul Schlüter
- **term start4**: 10 September 1987
- **term end4**: 19 November 1992
- **predecessor4**: Isi Foighel
- **successor4**: Peter Brixtofte
- **office5**: Folketing, Member of the Folketing
- **term start5**: 1 July 1978
- **term end5**: 20 April 2009
- **constituency5**: Zealand, Zealand Greater
- **birth name**: Anders Fogh Rasmussen
- **birth place**: Ginnerup, Denmark
- **nationality**: Danish people, Danish
- **party**: Venstre (Denmark), Venstre
- **spouse**: Anne-Mette Rasmussen
- **children**: 3
- **parents**: Knud Rasmussen
 Martha Rasmussen
- **alma mater**: Aarhus University
Prime Minister of Denmark

The **prime minister of Denmark** (; literally "**Minister of the State**") is the head of government of the Kingdom of Denmark. The Constitution of 1849 established a constitutional monarchy by limiting the powers of the monarch and creating the office of the prime minister. The inaugural holder of the office was Adam Wilhelm Moltke.

The appointment of the prime minister is determined by their support in the Folketing (The National Parliament).

The current prime minister of Denmark is Mette Frederiksen.

## Other websites

- The Prime Minister's Office ()
- Official Denmark Constitution, from the Royal Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

## Infobox (official post)

- **post**: Minister of the State
- **body**: the Kingdom of Denmark
- **native name**: _Danmarks statsminister_
- **insignia**: National coat of arms of Denmark.svg
- **insigniacaption**: Coat of arms of the Kingdom of Denmark, State Coat of Arms of the Kingdom of Denmark
- **insigniasize**: 110px
- **flag**: Flag of Denmark (state).svg
- **flagsize**: 110px
- **flagcaption**: Flag of Denmark, Flag of the State
- **image**: Mette Frederiksen 2019.jpg
- **incumbent**: Mette Frederiksen
- **incumbentsince**: 27 June 2019
- **style**: Mr/Mrs.
Excellency, His/Her Excellency <small>(diplomatic, outside Denmark)</small>
- **member of**: Danish Council of State, Council of State
Cabinet of Denmark, Cabinet
European Council
- **residence**: Marienborg
- **seat**: Christiansborg, Copenhagen, Denmark
- **appointer**: The Monarchy of Denmark, Monarch
- **appointer qualified**: Based on Appointee's ability to gain Parliamentary system, majority support in the Folketing
- **termlength**: No fixed term, up to four years
- **formation**: 22 March 1848
- **deputy**: Minister of Foreign Affairs (Denmark), Minister of Foreign Affairs
- **first**: Adam Wilhelm Moltke
- **salary**: Danish krone, kr. 1,458,000 p.a. (US dollar, $ 269,830)
- **website**: [http://www.stm.dk/Index/mainstart.asp/_a_1644.html The Prime Minister's Office]
Poul Nyrup Rasmussen

**Poul Oluf Nyrup Rasmussen** (, informally **Poul Nyrup**, born 15 June 1943) is a Danish politician. He was the Prime Minister of Denmark from 25 January 1993 to 27 November 2001 and President of the Party of European Socialists (PES) from 2004 to 2011. He was the leader of the governing Social Democrats from 1992 to 2002. He was a member of the European Parliament from 2004 to 2009.

## Other websites

- Party of European Socialists manifesto for European elections 2009
- President's page on PES website
- Europe and a New World Order – A Report for the Party of European Socialists by Poul Nyrup Rasmussen

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Poul Nyrup Rasmussen
- **honorific-suffix**: Member of the European Parliament, MEP
- **image**: Poul Nyrup Rasmussen, Danmarks tidigare statsminister, numera EU-parlamentariker.jpg
- **office**: List of Prime Ministers of Denmark, 23rd Prime Minister of Denmark
- **monarch**: Margrethe II
- **term start**: 25 January 1993
- **term end**: 27 November 2001
- **predecessor**: Poul Schlüter
- **successor**: Anders Fogh Rasmussen
- **office1**: Party of European Socialists, President of the European Socialists
- **term start1**: 24 April 2004
- **term end1**: 24 November 2011
- **predecessor1**: Robin Cook
- **successor1**: Sergei Stanishev
- **office2**: Social Democrats (Denmark), Leader of the Social Democrats
- **term start2**: 3 September 1992
- **term end2**: 14 December 2002
- **predecessor2**: Svend Auken
- **successor2**: Mogens Lykketoft
- **office3**: Member of the European Parliament
- **term start3**: 2004
- **term end3**: 2009
- **constituency3**: Denmark
- **office4**: Folketing, Member of the Folketing
- **term start4**: 10 May 1988
- **term end4**: 12 September 2004
- **constituency4**: Copenhagen County
- **birth name**: Poul Nyrup Rasmussen
- **birth place**: Esbjerg, Denmark
- **nationality**: Danish people, Danish
- **children**: Signe
- **parents**: Oulf Nyrup Rasmussen
 Vera Eline Nyrup Rasmussen
- **party**: Social Democrats (Denmark), Social Democrats
- **alma mater**: University of Copenhagen
North London line

The **North London line** is a railway line of the London Overground. It passes through the inner suburbs of north London, England. The route is a rough semicircle between the south-west and the north-east, avoiding Central London. The line is owned and maintained by Network Rail and London Overground.

The line began as a part of the North London Railway but there have been many changes. The current route is the result of a series of amalgamations, closures and reopenings. There is a mixture of third rail and overhead line electric power supply. It is an important freight route and is used by the Richmond to Stratford passenger services of the London Overground. It is part of the National Rail network. Between Richmond and Gunnersbury, London Underground's District line shares tracks with London Overground services. This part is also owned and maintained by Network Rail.
Jan Henry T. Olsen

**Jan Henry Tungeland Olsen** (20 August 1956 – 10 July 2018) was a Norwegian politician. He was a member of the Labour Party. He was Minister of Fisheries from 1992 to 1996. He was born in Tromsø, Norway.

Olsen was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease in 2008. He died from the disease under hospice care in Tromsø on 10 July 2018, aged 61.
José María Setién

**José María Setién Alberro** (18 March 1928 – 10 July 2018) was a Spanish Roman Catholic prelate. He was born in Hernani, Spain. He was auxiliary bishop of San Sebastián between 1972 and 1979, and bishop between 1979 and 2000.

In 2003, he was awarded by the Gold Medal of Guipúzcoa.

Setién died on 10 July 2018 after suffering a stroke in San Sebastián, Spain at aged 90.
Dervish movement (Somali)

The **Dervish movement** (_Somali: Dhaqdhaqaaqii Daraawiishta_) was a popular movement headquartered in Taleh between 1899 and 1920. It called for the expulsion of all foreign powers largely from the Khatumo region in the Horn of Africa.

The Dervish monarch was Sultan Diiriye Guure, whilst its emir was the Salihiyya Sufi Muslim poet Mohammed Abdullah Hassan, also known as Sayyid Mohamed. He called for the removal of British and Italian colonies in Somalia, the defeat of Ethiopian forces, the expulsion of Christianity and the establishment of a Muslim Somali state.

## History

On 3 March 1905 Hassan, the so-called "Mad Mullah" declared himself _Sayyid_ of Nogal (Nugaal valley) in the Khatumo region.  The territory coincided approximately with the actual Nugaal area in modern Khatumo State. It was ruled like a kind of sultanate on behalf of the Mahdi.

Hassan's rule was ended by Italy in 1911. After the collapse of Hassan’s resistance movement, rebellion and revolt occurred with disputes between different tribes in Northern Somalia.

The Italian government of Somalia again worked together with the old tribesmen in order to try and keep peace between the several tribes, while maintaining close control over the military.

Sayyid Mohammed Abdullah Hassan (nicknamed the "Mad Mullah" by the British) escaped from the Khatumo region in 1920 to Imey Ethiopia, where he later died in 1921.

## Legacy

The Dervish legacy mostly in Khatumo and to a lesser extent in Somalia has been influential. It was the "most important revivalist Islamic movements" in Somalia, state Hasan and Robleh. The movement, and particularly its leader, has been controversial in Somalia. Some cherish it as the founder of modern Somali nationalism. Others see it as an ambitious Muslim brotherhood militancy that destroyed Somalia's opportunity to move towards modernization and progress in favor of a puritanical Islamic state embedded with Islamic education. Its ideas are enshrined in the constitution of Somalia.

## Related pages

- Somalia

## Other websites

- Sultanates in northern Somalia
- Mad Mullah

## Infobox (former country)

- **conventional long name**: Dervish movement
- **common name**: Dervish
- **year start**: 1899
- **year end**: 1920
- **date end**: 9 February
- **capital**: Taleh
- **title leader**: Garad, Sultan
- **leader1**: Diiriye Guure
- **year leader1**: 1895-1916
- **year deputy1**: 1895–1920
- **religion**: Islam with Sufism-orientation
- **today**:

- **s1**: Italian Somaliland
- **s2**: British Somaliland
- **p1**: Ottoman Empire
West London line

The **West London line** is a short railway in West London. It links  in the south to Willesden Junction in the north. The line is an important cross-London link especially for freight services. Southern and London Overground provide regular passenger services. The line is situated entirely in Travelcard Zone 2.
May 1989 tornado outbreak

The **May 1989 tornado outbreak** occurred on May 5, 1989 across Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, and Virginia.

### Georgia and South Carolina

The first tornadoes touched down between 1:00 and 2:00 p.m. in Georgia. At 2:21 PM, Tornado Watch 183 was issued for northern and central Georgia and the northwest corner of South Carolina. During the mid-afternoon hours, the severe thunderstorms moving northeast spawning tornadoes in South Carolina. The first violent tornado was reported in Spartanburg and Gaffney, South Carolina.

### North Carolina and Virginia

Other F4 tornadoes broke out to the north. At 4:33 PM, Tornado Watch 185 was issued for much of South Carolina and western and central North Carolina. The watch was a PDS. One tornado caused 30 injuries in Belwood, North Carolina before killing four people in the Toluca community. Later, a tonrado hit Winston-Salem, North Carolina. At the same time, weaker tornadoes caused damage in Durham and Granville counties.

The last tornadoes broke out between Richmond and Charlottesville, Virginia.

## Aftermath

7 deaths were reported with at least 168 people injured. Hail was reported in Columbia, South Carolina and Monroe, North Carolina, and severe wind damage was reported from Georgia to Maryland. Damage was seen in every North Carolina county between I-95 and the Blue Ridge Mountains.

## Other websites

- A Look Back at the Western Carolina Violent Tornado Outbreak of 5 May 1989
Watford DC line

The **Watford DC line** is a commuter railway line from London Euston to Watford Junction in Watford, Hertfordshire. Its services are operated by London Overground.

The line runs beside the West Coast Main Line (WCML) for most of its length. The London Underground Bakerloo line shares the section of the line from Queen's Park to Harrow & Wealdstone. The rolling stock used on the line is Class 378 "Capitalstar".

The "DC" in the title refers to line being electrified using direct current. This was done in the early twentieth century by the London and North Western Railway. By contrast the WCML uses alternating current from overhead lines.

## Related pages

- LNWR electric units
East London line

The **East London line** is part of the London Overground network. It runs from north to south through  East London. The railway was built in 1869 by the _East London Railway Company_. It reused the Thames Tunnel which was built for horse-drawn carriages. The line became part of the London Underground network in 1933. It closed on 22 December 2007 for refurbishment and expansion. In April 2010, it reopened as part of the London Overground network. Phase 2, which links the line to the South London line with a terminus at , opened on 9 December 2012. This created an orbital railway around inner London. It is now named the Windrush line.

## Orbital railway

The orbital railway includes the following routes:
- East London line from Highbury & Islington to Surrey Quays
- South London line from Surrey Quays to Clapham Junction
- West London line from Clapham Junction to Willesden Junction
- North London line from Willesden Junction to Highbury & Islington
South London line

The **South London line** is an Inner London part of the London Overground rail network.  The line is run together with the East London line to provide direct services between  and Highbury & Islington.  The line is  long and there are eight stations. Most of the line is on a high viaduct over other transport infrastructure. There is an interchange with London Underground at . The line is in Travelcard Zone 2. A limited Windrush line service also terminate at **Battersea Park**. The  line was transferred there from Southern in December of 2012, and runs a new line between Surrey Quays and Queens Road Peckham and between Wandsworth Road and Clapham Junction, with the Battersea Park branch of the South London line converting to a limited service, with most passenger services being withdrawn. _Please refer some information between Wandsworth Road and Clapham Junction do not show._
John Laird, Baron Laird

Professor **John Dunn Laird, Baron Laird**  of Artigarvan (23 April 1944 – 10 July 2018) was a Northern Ireland life peer and former chairman of the cross-border Ulster-Scots Agency. In 2013 Laird allegedly offered to lobby for a firm against parliamentary rules. As a result, he resigned from the Ulster Unionist Party. He was created a life peer on 16 July 1999 as **Baron Laird**, of Artigarvan in the County of Tyrone.

Laird died on 10 July 2018 in Belfast at the age of 74.

## Other websites

- Lord Laird website
- John Laird, Crossbencher Stratagem
- Ulster's 'Braveheart' on rebel hunt , Interview with the _Sunday Tribune_, 22 January 2006 (Newshound)
- Debrett's Limited
- https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld201011/ldhansrd/ldallfiles/peers/lord_hansard_1388_wad.html Parliamentary answers 2010/11.
José Manuel Barroso

**José Manuel Durão Barroso** (; born 23 March 1956) is a Portuguese politician. He was the non-executive chairman at Goldman Sachs International. He was the 11th President of the European Commission (2004–2014) and the 115th Prime Minister of Portugal (2002–2004).

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: José Manuel Barroso
- **image**: File:Barroso EPP Summit October 2010.jpg
- **office**: President of the European Commission
- **president**: Herman Van Rompuy _(President of the European Council)_
- **vicepresident**: Margot Wallström
Catherine Ashton, Cathy Ashton
- **term start**: 22 November 2004
- **term end**: 31 October 2014
- **predecessor**: Romano Prodi
- **successor**: Jean-Claude Juncker
- **office2**: List of Prime Ministers of Portugal, 115th Prime Minister of Portugal
- **president2**: Jorge Sampaio
- **term start2**: 6 April 2002
- **term end2**: 17 July 2004
- **predecessor2**: António Guterres
- **successor2**: Pedro Santana Lopes
- **office3**: President of the Social Democratic Party (Portugal), Social Democratic Party
- **term start3**: 1 May 1999
- **term end3**: 12 November 2004
- **predecessor3**: Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa
- **successor3**: Pedro Santana Lopes
- **office4**: Leader of the Opposition (Portugal), Leader of the Opposition
- **primeminister4**: António Guterres
- **term start4**: 1 May 1999
- **term end4**: 6 April 2002
- **predecessor4**: Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa
- **successor4**: Eduardo Ferro Rodrigues
- **office5**: Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Portugal), Minister of Foreign Affairs
- **primeminister5**: Aníbal Cavaco Silva
- **term start5**: 12 November 1992
- **term end5**: 28 October 1995
- **predecessor5**: João de Deus Pinheiro
- **successor5**: Jaime Gama
- **birth name**: José Manuel Durão Barroso
- **birth place**: Lisbon, Estado Novo (Portugal), Portugal
- **party**: Portuguese Workers' Communist Party, Workers' Communist Party
Social Democratic Party (Portugal), Social Democratic Party

- **spouse**: Maria Margarida Sousa Uva

- **children**: 3
- **alma mater**: University of Lisbon
University of Geneva
Georgetown University
- **signature**: Barroso signature.svg
- **website**: [http://ec.europa.eu/commission_barroso/president/index_en.htm Official website]
[https://web.archive.org/web/20100819022043/http://ec.europa.eu/avservices/2010/mediaGallery.cfm?sitelang=en&gallery=yes Official Media Gallery]
Gaston Thorn

**Gaston Egmond Thorn** (3 September 192826 August 2007) was a Luxembourg politician. He served as the 20th Prime Minister of Luxembourg (1974–79), President of the United Nations General Assembly (1975), and the seventh President of the European Commission (1981–85).

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Gaston Thorn
- **image**: Thorn Van Agt 1980 cropped.jpg
- **office1**: President of the European Commission
- **term start1**: 20 January 1981
- **term end1**: 6 January 1985
- **predecessor1**: Roy Jenkins
- **successor1**: Jacques Delors
- **office2**: List of Prime Ministers of Luxembourg, Prime Minister of Luxembourg
- **term start2**: 15 June 1974
- **term end2**: 16 July 1979
- **monarch2**: Jean, Grand Duke of Luxembourg, Jean
- **deputy2**: Raymond Vouel
Bernard Berg
- **predecessor2**: Pierre Werner
- **successor2**: Pierre Werner
- **birth name**: Gaston Egmond Thorn
- **birth date**: 3 September 1928
- **birth place**: Luxembourg (city), Luxembourg, Luxembourg
- **death place**: Luxembourg (city), Luxembourg, Luxembourg
- **party**: Democratic Party (Luxembourg), Democratic
- **spouse**: Liliane Thorn-Petit
- **children**: 1
Jean Rey (politician)

**Jean Rey** (15 July 1902 – 19 May 1983) was a Belgian politician. He served as the 2nd President of the European Commission from 1967 to 1970. He served as European Commissioner for External Relations from 1958 to 1967.

## Other websites

- Jean Rey (EU)
- Address given by Jean Rey on the merger of the executive bodies (Strasbourg, 20 September 1967)

## Infobox (president)

- **honorific-prefix**: His Excellency
- **name**: Jean Rey
- **image**: Jean Rey 1966 (cropped).jpg
- **order**: 2nd
- **office**: President of the European Commission
- **vicepresident**: Sicco Mansholt
- **term start**: 2 July 1967
- **term end**: 30 June 1970
- **predecessor**: Walter Hallstein
- **successor**: Franco Maria Malfatti
- **office1**: European Commissioner for External Relations
- **president1**: Walter Hallstein
- **term start1**: 7 January 1958
- **term end1**: 2 July 1967
- **predecessor1**: Position established
- **successor1**: Edoardo Martino
- **birth name**: Jean Philpe Rey
- **birth place**: Liège, Belgium
- **death place**: Liège, Belgium
- **resting place**: Brussels Cemetery,
Evere, Brussels, Belgium
- **party**: Liberal Reformist Party
- **otherparty**: Party for Freedom and Progress
- **alma mater**: University of Liège
Franco Maria Malfatti

**Franco Maria Malfatti** () (13 June 1927 – 10 December 1991) was an Italian politician. He served as the 3rd President of the European Commission from 1970 to 1972. He served at Italian level as Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1979 to 1980 and Italian Minister of Education from 1973 to 1978.

## Infobox (president)

- **honorific-prefix**: His Excellency
- **name**: Franco Maria Malfatti
- **image**: Franco Maria Malfatti.jpg
- **order**: 3rd
- **office**: President of the European Commission
- **vicepresident**: Sicco Mansholt
- **term start**: 1 July 1970
- **term end**: 1 March 1972
- **predecessor**: Jean Rey (politician), Jean Rey
- **successor**: Sicco Mansholt
- **office1**: Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs, Minister of Foreign Affairs
- **primeminister1**: Francesco Cossiga
- **term start1**: 4 August 1979
- **term end1**: 15 January 1980
- **predecessor1**: Arnaldo Forlani
- **successor1**: Attilio Ruffini
- **office2**: Italian Minister of Education, Minister of Education
- **primeminister2**: Mariano Rumor
 Aldo Moro
 Giulio Andreotti
- **term start2**: 7 July 1973
- **term end2**: 11 March 1978
- **predecessor2**: Oscar Luigi Scalfaro
- **successor2**: Mario Pedini
- **birth name**: Franco Maria Malfatti
- **birth place**: Rome, Italy
- **death place**: Rome, Italy
- **resting place**: Santa Croce, Florence, Italy
- **party**: Christian Democracy (Italy), Christian Democracy
- **spouse**: Alessia Bianchi
- **children**: 2
François-Xavier Ortoli

**François-Xavier Ortoli** (16 February 1925 – 30 November 2007) was a French politician. He served as the 5th President of the European Commission from 1973 to 1977. He served as Minister of the Economy of France from 1968 to 1969.

## Infobox (president)

- **honorific-prefix**: His Excellency
- **name**: François-Xavier Ortoli
- **image**: François-Xavier Ortoli (1973) (cropped).jpg
- **order**: 5th
- **office**: President of the European Commission
- **vicepresident**: Patrick Hillery
- **term start**: 5 January 1973
- **term end**: 5 January 1977
- **predecessor**: Sicco Mansholt
- **successor**: Roy Jenkins
- **office1**: Minister of the Economy, Finances and Industry (France), Minister of the Economy
- **primeminister1**: Maurice Couve de Murville
- **term start1**: 4 April 1968
- **term end1**: 21 February 1969
- **predecessor1**: Maurice Couve de Murville
- **successor1**: Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
- **birth name**: François-Xavier Ortoli
- **birth place**: Ajaccio, Corsica, France
- **death place**: Paris, France
- **resting place**: Père Lachaise Cemetery,
Paris, France
- **party**: European People's Party
- **otherparty**: Union of Democrats for the Republic <small>(1968–1976)</small>
Rally for the Republic <small>(1976–2002)</small>
Union for a Popular Movement <small>(2002–2007)</small>
- **spouse**: Adélaïde Allard
- **children**: 3
- **alma mater**: École nationale d'administration
Piet Dankert

**Pieter "Piet" Dankert** (8 January 1934 in Stiens – 21 June 2003 in Perpignan) was a Dutch politician. He was a member of the Labour Party.

From 1968 till 1981 he was a member of the Second Chamber.

In the late 1970s he moved to the European Parliament, and was President of the European Parliament from 19 January 1982 to 24 July 1984.

In the third government of Ruud Lubbers (1989–1994) he was Secretary of State for European matters.

From 1994 till 1999 he was again an MEP.

## Infobox (president)

- **name**: Piet Dankert
- **honorific-prefix**: Excellency, His Excellency
- **image**: Dankert, Piet - SFA002019217.jpg
- **order**: 13th
- **office**: President of the European Parliament
- **term start**: 1982
- **term end**: 1984
- **predecessor**: Simone Veil
- **successor**: Pierre Pflimlin
- **birth date**: 8 January 1934
- **birth place**: Netherlands
- **death date**: 21 June 2003 (aged 69)
- **party**: Partij van de Arbeid, PvdA, Party of European Socialists, PES
Pierre Pflimlin

**Pierre Eugène Jean Pflimlin** (; 5 February 1907 – 27 June 2000) was a French Christian democratic politician. He served as the  Prime Minister of the Fourth Republic for a few weeks in 1958, before being replaced by Charles de Gaulle during the crisis of that year.

## More reading

- "The Little Plum" _Time_ June 10, 1957
- Morris, Peter. "Homo politicus; the political careers of Pierre Pflimlin and Jacques Chaban‐Delmas." _Modern & Contemporary France_ 1.1 (1993): 42-44.

## Infobox (prime minister)

- **name**: Pierre Pflimlin
- **image**: Pierre Pflimlin par Claude Truong-Ngoc 1975.jpg
- **caption**: Pierre Pflimlin in 1975
- **order**: 97th Prime Minister of France
- **president**: René Coty
- **term start**: 14 May 1958
- **term end**: 1 June 1958
- **predecessor**: Félix Gaillard
- **successor**: Charles de Gaulle
- **order2**: 14th
- **office2**: President of the European Parliament
- **term start2**: 1984
- **term end2**: 1987
- **predecessor2**: Piet Dankert
- **successor2**: Henry Plumb, Baron Plumb, Charles Henry Plumb
- **birth name**: Pierre Eugène Jean Pflimlin
- **birth date**: 5 February 1907
- **birth place**: Roubaix, Nord-Pas-de-Calais, France
- **death place**: Strasbourg, Alsace, France
- **party**: Popular Republican Movement
<small>(1944-1966)</small>
Democratic Centre (France), Democratic Centre
<small>(1966-1976)</small>
Centre of Social Democrats
<small>(1976-1995)</small>
- **otherparty**: Union for French Democracy
<small>(1978-1995)</small>
Enrique Barón Crespo

**Enrique Barόn Crespo** (born 27 March 1944 in Madrid) is a Spanish politician, economist, and lawyer. He is a member of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party and was a member of the European Parliament for the Party of European Socialists group until 2009.

After election to the European Parliament he was President of the European Parliament (1989–1992), and was PES Group chairman from 1999 to 2004. He was Chairman of the Committee on Foreign Affairs (1992–1995).

## Other websites

- European Parliament: Your MEPs
- European Parliament Office in Spain

## Infobox (president)

- **name**: Enrique Barόn
- **image**: Enrique Barón Crespo 2012.JPG
- **order**: 16th
- **office**: President of the European Parliament
- **term start**: 1989
- **term end**: 1992
- **predecessor**: Henry Plumb, Baron Plumb, Charles Henry Plumb
- **successor**: Egon Klepsch
- **birth place**: Madrid, Spain
- **party**: Spanish Socialist Workers' Party, PSOE, Party of European Socialists, PES
- **profession**: Economist