juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Marshal of the Sejm

**Marshal of the Sejm** also known as **Sejm Marshal**, **Chairman of the Sejm** or **Speaker of the Sejm** (, ) is the speaker (chair) of the Sejm, the lower house of the Polish parliament.

In modern Poland, the full title is Marshal of the Sejm of the Republic of Poland ().

## List of Marshals (after 1989)

|Name|Portrait|Period|Party|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Mikołaj Kozakiewicz||December 31, 1989 – November 24, 1991|United People's Party/Polish People's Party - Revival/Polish People's Party|
|Wiesław Chrzanowski||November 25, 1991 – October 14, 1993|Christian National Union|
|Józef Oleksy||October 14, 1993 – March 3, 1995|Democratic Left Alliance|
|Józef Zych||March 3, 1995 – October 19, 1997|Polish People's Party|
|Maciej Płażyński||October 20, 1997 – October 18, 2001|Solidarity Electoral Action/Civic Platform|
|Marek Borowski||October 19, 2001 – August 20, 2004|Democratic Left Alliance/Social Democracy of Poland|
|Józef Oleksy||August 21, 2004 – January 5, 2005|Democratic Left Alliance|
|Włodzimierz Cimoszewicz||January 5, 2005 – October 18, 2005|Democratic Left Alliance|
|Marek Jurek||October 26, 2005 – April 27, 2007|Law and Justice/Right Wing of the Republic|
|Ludwik Dorn||April 27, 2007 – November 4, 2007|Law and Justice|
|Bronisław Komorowski||November 5, 2007 – July 8, 2010|Civic Platform|
|_acting Stefan Niesiołowski_||_July 8, 2010_|_Civic Platform_|
|Grzegorz Schetyna||July 8, 2010 – November 8, 2011|Civic Platform|
|Ewa Kopacz||November 8, 2011 – September 22, 2014|Civic Platform|
|_acting Jerzy Wenderlich_||_September 22, 2014–September 24, 2014_|_Democratic Left Alliance_|
|Radosław Sikorski||September 24, 2014 – June 23, 2015|Civic Platform|
|_acting Jerzy Wenderlich_||_June 23–June 25, 2015_|_Democratic Left Alliance_|
|Małgorzata Kidawa-Błońska||June 25, 2015-November 11, 2015|Civic Platform|
|Marek Kuchciński||November 12, 2015-August 9, 2019|Law and Justice|
|Elżbieta Witek||August 9, 2019-November 13, 2023|Law and Justice|
|Szymon Hołownia||since November 13, 2023|Poland 2050|

## Infobox (official post)

- **post**: Marshal
- **body**: the Sejm of the Republic of Poland
- **native name**: <small>Marszałek Sejmu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej </small>
- **insignia**: 20070124 sejm detale glownia laska marszalka.jpg
- **insigniasize**: 160px
- **insigniacaption**: Pommel of the Marshal's staff
- **department**: Presidum of the Sejm
- **alt**: Marshal of the Sejm
- **incumbent**: Szymon Hołownia
- **incumbentsince**: 13 November 2023
- **style**: His/Her Excellency/Mr. Marshal
- **appointer**: Sejm
- **inaugural**: Jan Sierakowski
- **formation**: 31 October 1548
- **succession**: First
- **deputy**: Vice-Marshal of the Sejm of the Republic of Poland, Vice-Marshals
- **website**: [http://orka.sejm.gov.pl/webBPKS.nsf/notka/$first?OpenDocument Marshal of the Sejm]
Józef Zych

**Joseph Zych** (, born 23 March 1938) is a Polish politician. He is a member of the Polish People's Party. He was Sejm Marshal from 1995 to 1997 (and many times as Senior Marshall).

As a Sejm Marshal, Zych administered the oath of office for the first term of President Aleksander Kwaśniewski in December 1995.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Joseph Zych
- **image**: Józef Zych Sejm 2015.JPG
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **order**: Marshal of the Sejm
- **term start**: 3 March 1995
- **term end**: 19 October 1997
- **president**: Lech Wałęsa
 Aleksander Kwaśniewski
- **predecessor**: Józef Oleksy
- **successor**: Maciej Płażyński
- **birth place**: Giedlarowa, Second Polish Republic
- **party**: Polish People's Party
- **profession**: Lawyer
Parliament of Poland

The **parliament of Poland** has an upper house (the Senate) and a lower house (the Sejm). Both houses are accommodated in the _Sejm_ complex in Warsaw. The parliament itself is without an official name; the Constitution refers only to the Sejm and the Senate.

Members of both houses are elected by direct election, usually every four years. The Sejm has 460 members, while the Senate has 100 senators. To become law, a bill must first be approved by both houses.

## Infobox (legislature)

- **name**: Parliament of Poland
- **native name**: Parlament Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej
- **native name lang**: pol
- **legislature**: 10th term Sejm and 11th term Senate of Poland, 10th term Sejm and 11th term Senate
- **coa pic**: Herb Polski.svg
- **coa res**: 90px
- **coa alt**: Polish coat of arms
- **house type**: Bicameralism
- **term limits**: 4 years
- **leader1 type**: Marshal of the Senate of the Republic of Poland, Marshal of the Senate
- **party1**: Civic Platform, PO
- **election1**: 13 November 2023
- **leader2 type**: Marshal of the Sejm
- **leader2**: Szymon Hołownia
- **party2**: Poland 2050, PL2050
- **election2**: 13 November 2023
- **house1**: Senate of Poland, Senate
- **house2**: _Sejm_
- **structure1**: 11th term Senate of Poland.svg
- **structure1 res**: 250px
- **structure2**: 10th_Term_Sejm_of_Poland.svg
- **structure2 res**: 250px
- **political groups1**: Poland 2050, PL2050 (5)
 Senate Pact 2023, Senate Pact Independents (5)
- **political groups2**: Poland 2050, PL2050 (33)
- **voting system1**: First-past-the-post voting
- **voting system2**: Proportional representation
- **last election1**: 2023 Polish parliamentary election, 15 October 2023
- **last election2**: 2023 Polish parliamentary election, 15 October 2023
- **session room**: Zgromadzenie Narodowe 4 czerwca 2014 Kancelaria Senatu 03.JPG
- **session res**: 240px
- **meeting place**: Sejm chamber, Warsaw
- **session room2**: File:Uid bf9025a1e9e5d6db10c70fa9506ffb2a1386198960027 width 700 play 0 pos 4 gs 0.jpg
- **session res2**: 240px
- **meeting place2**: Senate chamber, Warsaw
- **footnotes**: Open list, Open-list proportional representation in Electoral districts of Poland, 41 constituencies (5% national electoral threshold, 8% national electoral threshold for coalitions).
Senate of Poland

The **Senate** () is the upper house of the Polish parliament, the lower house being the 'Sejm'. The Senate is based in Warsaw. The Senate is made up of 100 senators elected by universal ballot and is headed by the Marshal of the Senate (_Marszałek Senatu_).

The incumbent Marshal of the Senate is Tomasz Grodzki.

## Infobox (legislature)

- **name**: Senate of the Republic of Poland
- **native name**: Senat Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej
- **legislature**: 9th term Sejm and 10th term Senate of Poland, 10th term
- **coa pic**: Emblem of the Senate of Poland with text.svg
- **coa res**: 200px
- **house type**: Upper house
- **foundation**: (as Senate of the Kingdom of Poland)
1989 (as the upper house of the History of Poland (1989–present), 3rd and current Republic)
- **leader1 type**: Marshal of the Senate of the Republic of Poland, Marshal of the Senate
- **leader1**: Tomasz Grodzki
- **party1**: Civic Coalition (Poland), KO
- **leader2 type**: Deputy Marshal of the Senate of the Republic of Poland, Deputy Marshal of the Senate
- **leader2**: Stanisław Karczewski, Law and Justice, PiS
Bogdan Borusewicz, Civic Coalition (Poland), KO
Michał Kamiński, Polish Coalition, KP
Gabriela Morawska-Stanecka, The Left (Poland), Lewica
- **members**: 100 senators
- **structure1**: 10th term Senate of Poland.svg
- **structure1 res**: 250px
- **political groups1**: **Cabinet of Mateusz Morawiecki, Government (48)**
* Law and Justice (48)
**Opposition (parliamentary), Opposition (52)**
* Civic Coalition (Poland), Civic Coalition (43)
* Polish Coalition (3)
* Independent politician, Independent Senators Circle (3)
*Independent politician, Non inscrits (3)
** Independent politician, Independent (1)
** The Left (Poland), The Left (2)
- **voting system1**: First-past-the-post voting, First-past-the-post
- **last election1**: 2019 Polish parliamentary election, 13 October 2019
- **session room**: I posiedzenie Senatu IX kadencji 01.JPG
- **session res**: 240px
- **meeting place**: The Sejm Building
 Śródmieście, Warsaw, Śródmieście, Warsaw
- **website**: [http://www.senat.gov.pl senat.gov.pl]
Marshal of the Senate of the Republic of Poland

The **Marshal of the Senate of the Republic of Poland** () is a leading officer of the Senate of Poland. He or she is also third person according to the Polish order of precedence, after President of the Republic of Poland and Sejm Marshal, and second in line to become Acting President of the Republic of Poland.

## List of Marshals

|Name||Period|Party|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Andrzej Stelmachowski||November 22, 1989 – November 26, 1991|Obywatelski Klub Parlamentarny|
|August Chełkowski||November 26, 1991 – October 15, 1993|Solidarity|
|Adam Struzik||October 26, 1993 – October 19, 1997|Polish Peasant Party|
|Alicja Grześkowiak||October 21, 1997 – October 18, 2001|Solidarity Electoral Action|
|Longin Pastusiak||October 20, 2001 – October 18, 2005|Democratic Left Alliance|
|Bogdan Borusewicz||October 20, 2005 – November 11, 2015|Independent / Civic Platform|
|Stanisław Karczewski||November 12, 2015 – November 11, 2019|Law and Justice|
|Tomasz Grodzki||November 12, 2019 – November 12, 2023|Civic Platform|
|Małgorzata Kidawa-Błońska||November 13, 2023 – present|Civic Platform|

## Infobox (official post)

- **post**: Marshal of the Senate of the Republic of Poland
- **native name**: _Marszałek Senatu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej_
- **first**: Wojciech Trąmpczyński
- **image**: Małgorzata Kidawa-Błońska, Marshal of the Senate of the Republic of Poland.jpg
- **incumbent**: Małgorzata Kidawa-Błońska
- **formation**: 1922
- **appointer**: The Senate
Tomasz Grodzki

**Tomasz Paweł Grodzki** (born 13 May 1958) is a Polish politician, doctor and surgeon. He has been the Marshal of the Senate since 12 November 2019.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Tomasz Grodzki
- **image**: File:Tomasz Grodzki Kancelaria Senatu 2015.jpg
- **office**: Marshal of the Senate of the Republic of Poland, Marshal of the Senate
- **president**: Andrzej Duda
- **primeminister**: Mateusz Morawiecki
- **deputy**: Bogdan Borusewicz <small>(Civic Platform, PO)</small>
Stanisław Karczewski <small>(PiS)</small>
Michał Kamiński <small>(Union of European Democrats, UED)</small>
Gabriela Morawska-Stanecka <small>(Spring (political party), Wiosna)</small>
- **term start**: 12 November 2019
- **predecessor**: Stanisław Karczewski
- **birth name**: Tomasz Paweł Grodzki
- **birth place**: Szczecin, Poland
- **nationality**: Poland, Polish
- **alma mater**: Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Pomeranian Medical University
- **spouse**: Joanna Grodzka
- **children**: 2 (Daughters)
- **party**: Civic Platform
Stanisław Karczewski

**Stanisław Karczewski** (born 14 November 1955) is a Polish politician and surgeon. He has been a senator since 2005, as Deputy Marshal of the Senate between 2011 and 2015 and since 2019, and between 2015 and 2019 as Marshal of the Senate of the Republic of Poland.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Stanisław Karczewski
- **image**: File:Stanisław Karczewski Kancelaria Senatu 2015.jpg
- **office**: Deputy Marshal of the Senate of the Republic of Poland, Deputy Marshal of the Senate
- **term start**: 12 November 2019
- **term end**: 13 May 2020
- **alongside**: _Deputy Marshal of the Sejm of the Republic of Poland, See List_
- **1namedata**: Tomasz Grodzki
- **term start2**: 9 November 2011
- **term end2**: 11 November 2015
- **alongside2**: _Deputy Marshal of the Sejm of the Republic of Poland, See List_
- **2namedata2**: Bogdan Borusewicz
- **office3**: Marshal of the Senate of the Republic of Poland, Marshal of the Senate
- **term start3**: 12 November 2015
- **term end3**: 12 November 2019
- **president3**: Andrzej Duda
- **primeminister3**: Ewa Kopacz
Beata Szydło
Mateusz Morawiecki
- **deputy3**: Adam Bielan <small>(PiS)</small>
Bogdan Borusewicz <small>(Civic Platform, PO)</small>
PiS, Grzegorz Czelej <small>(PiS)</small>
Maria Koc <small>(PiS)</small>
- **predecessor3**: Bogdan Borusewicz
- **successor3**: Tomasz Grodzki
- **birth place**: Warsaw, Poland
- **nationality**: Poland, Polish
- **alma mater**: University of Warsaw
- **spouse**: Eliza Karczewska
- **children**: 2 (daughters)
- **party**: Law and Justice
- **signature**: Stanisław Karczewski signature.svg
Stickney Township, Cook County, Illinois

**Stickney Township** is one of 29 townships in Cook County, Illinois, USA.  As of the 2020 census, its population was 41,514.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Stickney Township
- **settlement type**: Civil township, Township
- **image map**: Map highlighting Stickney Township, Cook County, Illinois.svg
- **map caption**: Location in Cook County
- **image map1**: Map of Illinois highlighting Cook County.svg
- **mapsize1**: 150px
- **map caption1**: Cook County's location in Illinois
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: Illinois
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Illinois, County
- **subdivision name2**: Cook County, Illinois, Cook
- **established title**: Established
- **established date**: 1901
- **area total sq mi**: 12.67
- **area land sq mi**: 12.48
- **area water sq mi**: 0.19
- **area water percent**: 1.52
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 41514
- **population density km2**: auto
- **population density sq mi**: auto
- **elevation m**: 187
- **elevation ft**: 614
- **timezone**: North American Central Time Zone, CST
- **utc offset**: -6
- **timezone dst**: North American Central Time Zone, CDT
- **utc offset dst**: -5
- **postal code type**: ZIP codes
- **postal code**: 60402, 60455, 60459, 60629, 60638, 60804
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standards, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 17-031-72689
- **unit pref**: Imperial
Smoluća Gornja

**Smoluća Gornja ** is a village in northeastern Bosnia and Herzegovina, in the municipality of Lukavac. It is about
14 kilometers or 9 miles northwest of Tuzla.

## History

In June 1992, during the Bosnian War, the Serbs living in nearby villages, (namely Podpeć, Tinja, Jasenica, Srebrenik, Gornji Lukavac) were forced to go to Smoluća Gornja by the Bosnian army. After that, Smoluća came under siege by the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina. This meant that it had no water, food, electricity, or medicine. The Bosniak and Croat forces would not let the Red Cross in to the village. They did not let any food or medicine in, and they did not let sick and wounded people leave. During the siege, from June 18 to August 27, 1992, 50 Serbs were killed in the Smoluća area, and 149 in nearby villages. After the siege ended on August 29 1992, Smoluća was robbed and burned by Bosniak and Croat forces.
The Army of Republika Srpska ended the siege.

## Population

|style="background:#ddffdd;"|**Nationality**|style="text-align:center;"|Yugoslav census of 1991|style="text-align:center;"|Yugoslav census of 1981|style="text-align:center;"|Yugoslav census of 1971|style="text-align:center;"|Yugoslav census of 1961|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|style="background:#f3fff3;"|Serbs|align="right"|676|align="right"|742|align="right"|849|align="right"|927|
|style="background:#f3fff3;"|Yugoslavs|align="right"|34|align="right"|62||align="right"|12||
|style="background:#f3fff3;"|Bosniaks|align="right"|2|align="right"|3|align="right"|12|align="right"|1|
|style="background:#f3fff3;"|Slovenes||align="right"|3||||||
|style="background:#f3fff3;"|Croats||align="right"|2|align="right"|1|align="right"|1||
|style="background:#f3fff3;"|Montenegrins||||align="right"|1||||
|style="background:#f3fff3;"|Hungarians|||align="right"|1|||||
|style="background:#f3fff3;"|Others and unknown|align="right"|25|align="right"|2|align="right"|1|||
|style="background:#f3fff3;"|Total|style="text-align:right;"|737|style="text-align:right;"|814|style="text-align:right;"|864|style="text-align:right;"|942|

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Smoluća Gornja
- **native name**: Смолућа Горња (Serbian language, Serbian)
- **settlement type**: Village
- **pushpin label position**: bottom
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Bosnia and Herzegovina
- **subdivision type1**: Entity
- **subdivision name1**: Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- **subdivision type2**: Municipality
- **subdivision name2**: Lukavac
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **population as of**: 1991
- **population total**: 737
- **timezone**: Central European Time, CET
- **utc offset**: +1
- **timezone dst**: Central European Summer Time, CEST
- **utc offset dst**: +2
Abergavenny

**Abergavenny** () is a market town and community in Monmouthshire, Wales. As of 2011, Avergavenny had a population of 12,515. The town is promoted as _The Gateway to Wales_.

## Transport

Abergavenny railway station is a train station on the Welsh Marches line. Passengers at the station can board direct trains to places such as Hereford, Shrewsbury, Manchester, Chester, Wrexham, Holyhead, Cardiff, Swansea and Carmarthen.

## Infobox (uk place)

- **country**: Wales
- **official name**: Abergavenny
- **welsh name**: Y Fenni
- **population**: 12,515
- **population ref**: (2011)
- **unitary wales**: Monmouthshire
- **lieutenancy wales**: Gwent
- **region**: Gwent
- **constituency westminster**: Monmouth (UK Parliament constituency), Monmouth
- **post town**: ABERGAVENNY
- **postcode district**: NP7
- **postcode area**: NP
- **dial code**: 01873
- **os grid reference**: SO295145
- **map alt**: Map of Monmouthshire, with a red dot showing the position of Monmouthshire
- **label position**: right
- **static image**: File:Abergvaenny Museum.jpg
- **static image caption**: Abergavenny Museum
Captain Sensible

**Raymond Ian Burns** (born 24 April 1954), better known by his stage name **Captain Sensible**, is an English singer, songwriter and guitarist. He co-founded the punk rock band The Damned, first playing bass before switching to guitar. He is best known for a UK number one hit with his cover of "Happy Talk" in 1982. He often wears a red beret and sunglasses.

Burns was born in Balham, London. He is married and has four children.
Richard Hawley (actor)

**Richard Roland Hawley** (born 13 August 1955 in Bradford, West Riding of Yorkshire) is a British actor, best known for his work in _Grushko_, _Prime Suspect_, _Family Affairs_ and _Love Actually_. From 2015 to 2021, he appeared as Johnny Connor in the long-running ITV soap opera _Coronation Street_.
Overlord (novel series)

is a Japanese light novel series. It was written by Kugane Maruyama and the picture in the series are drawn by so-bin. Sixteen volumes of this light novel have been published since July 30, 2012. The author has said that he has planned for 18 novels. There is a manga based on this light novel by Satoshi Ōshio. The art in the manga is by Hugin Miyama. It started from November 26, 2014 in Kadokawa Shoten's manga magazine _Comp Ace_.

There is an anime television series based on this light novel by Madhouse. It has 4 seasons with 13 episodes each. The first season aired from July 7 to September 29, 2015. The second season ran from January 9 to April 3, 2018 and the third season from July 10, 2018 to October 2, 2018. The fourth season aired from July 5 to September 27, 2022.

## Infobox (animanga/header)

- **name**: Overlord
- **ja kanji**: オーバーロード
- **ja romaji**: Ōbārōdo
- **genre**: Dark fantasy, isekai


## Infobox (animanga/print)

- **type**: novel series
- **author**: Kugane Maruyama
- **publisher**: Arkadia
Shōsetsuka ni Narō
- **first**: 2010


## Infobox (animanga/print)

- **type**: light novel
- **author**: Kugane Maruyama
- **illustrator**: so-bin
- **publisher**: Enterbrain
- **demographic**: Male
- **first**: July 30, 2012
- **volumes**: 16


## Infobox (animanga/print)

- **type**: manga
- **author**: Satoshi Ōshio
- **illustrator**: Hugin Miyama
- **publisher**: Kadokawa Shoten
- **demographic**: _Seinen manga, Seinen_
- **magazine**: Comp Ace
- **first**: November 26, 2014
- **volumes**: 22


## Infobox (animanga/video)

- **type**: TV series
- **director**: Naoyuki Itō
Minoru Ashina <small>(OVA)</small>
- **writer**: Yukie Sugawara
- **music**: Shūji Katayama <small>(Team-MAX)</small>
- **studio**: Madhouse (company), Madhouse
Studio Puyukai <small>(OVA)</small>
- **network**: AT-X (company), AT-X, Tokyo MX, Sun Television, Sun TV, Kyoto Broadcasting System, KBS, TV Aichi, Nippon BS Broadcasting, BS11, Mainichi Broadcasting System, MBS
- **first**: July 7, 2015
- **last**: September 27, 2022
- **episodes**: 52 + OVA


## Infobox (animanga/video)

- **type**: TV series
- **title**: Overlord: Ple Ple Pleiades
- **director**: Minoru Ashina
- **producer**: Minoru Ashina
- **studio**: Studio Puyukai
- **first**: September 25, 2015
- **last**: October 2, 2018
- **episodes**: 34


## Infobox (animanga/video)

- **type**: film series
- **title**: Overlord: The Undead King
Overlord: The Dark Warrior
- **director**: Naoyuki Itō
- **writer**: Yukie Sugawara
- **music**: Shūji Katayama <small>(Team-MAX)</small>
- **studio**: Madhouse
- **released**: February 25, 2017 <small>(Part 1)</small>
March 11, 2017 <small>(Part 2)</small>
- **runtime**: 117 minutes <small>(Part 1)</small>
108 minutes <small>(Part 2)</small>


## Infobox (animanga/footer)
Faye Brookes

**Faye Alicia Brookes** (born 3 September 1987) is an English actress. She is known for portraying the role of Kate Connor in the ITV soap opera Coronation Street, a role he has playing since 2015 to 2019.

Brookes was born in Manchester, Greater Manchester, England.
Draize test

The **Draize test** is a test, to see if a substance is toxic. John H. Draize and Jacob M. Spines first used the test in 1944. The test was first used for cosmetics, but later for other substances as well. To see if a substance is toxic, it is applied to the skin or the eye of an animal, for a given time. After the time, the substance is washed out and the effects are recorded. Very often, small animals, such as rabbits were used. After the test, the animals are observed for up to 14 days. If the test does irreversible damage to the skin or the eye, the animal is killed after the test.  Animals may be re-used for testing purposes if the product tested causes no permanent damage. Animals are typically reused after a "wash out" period during which all traces of the tested product are allowed to disperse from the test site.

The tests are controversial. They are seem as cruel and  unscientific  because of the differences between rabbit and human eyes, and the subjective nature of the visual evaluations. The FDA supports the test, stating that "to date, no single test, or battery of tests, has been accepted by the scientific community as a replacement [for] ... the Draize test". Because of its controversial nature, the use of the Draize test in the U.S. and Europe has declined in recent years and is sometimes modified so that anaesthetics are administered and lower doses of the test substances used. Chemicals already shown to have adverse effects _in vitro_ are not currently used in a Draize test, thereby reducing the number and severity of tests that are carried out.

Other tests have been developed which can replace the Draize test for many applications: First there is a test that uses chicken eggs. Another test uses Spanish slugs.
Hen's egg test on chorioallantoic membrane

The **Hen's egg test on chorioallantoic membrane (HET-CAM)**, or **hen's egg test** is a test that can be used to test the toxicity or irritancy of substances. It is also often used to test vaccines. The highly vascularized chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of a fertilized chicken egg as a biological model for mucous membranes. The CAM, which contains arteries, veins, and capillaries, is particularly sensitive to chemical irritants, making it a useful model for assessing irritation potential—especially for ocular irritancy. Due to its extensive vascularization, the CAM exhibits inflammatory responses similar to those observed in the conjunctival tissue of the eye. HET-CAM is considered an alternative to the Draize Eye Test and supports the principles of the 3Rs (Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement of animal use) in scientific research.

It is a CAM Assay. The product to be tested is applied to a special membrane. Such tests were first used because chicken eggs were easily available. As the respective membrane does not contain any nerve cells, it is likely that the developing bird embryo does not feel pain during the test. These tests are not considered to be animal testing.

This test can be used as a replacement for the Draize test, as it similarly detects irritation response in cosmetics.

Test protocols can be found here https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/EURL-ECVAM/datasets/DBALM/LATEST/online/DBALM_docs/96_P_Hen's%20Egg%20Test%20on%20the%20Chorioallantoic%20Membrane%20(HET-CAM).pdf.pdf) and here https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/EURL-ECVAM/datasets/DBALM/LATEST/online/DBALM_docs/96_P_Hen's%20Egg%20Test%20on%20the%20Chorioallantoic%20Membrane%20(HET-CAM).pdf.pdf)
Social choice theory

**Social choice theory**, which is also called **theory of collective choice**, is a theory that looks at how a group of people reach a decision. Usually this is done by combining and aggregating the opinion of each member of the group.  A classic problem of social choice theory is that of holding an election or a popular vote.

## Related pages

- Arrow's impossibility theorem
Year of the Three Emperors

The **Year of the Three Emperors**, or the **Year of the Three Kaisers**, () refers to the year 1888 during the German Empire in German history.  The year is important because two German Emperors, or Kaisers, died. This meant that there were three emperors in a year..  The three emperors who ruled Germany during this year were Wilhelm I, Frederick III and Wilhelm II. The mnemonic “_drei Achten, drei Kaiser_” (English: "three eights, three emperors") is still used today in Germany to remember which year it was.
Quasimodo

**Quasimodo** is the hunchback in the novel The Hunchback of Notre Dame written by Victor Hugo. He was raised by Claude Frollo. Though the townspeople believe Quasimodo is a monster, he befriends Esmeralda.
Bhavna Limbachia

**Bhavna Jayanty Limbachia** (born 21 April 1984) is a British television actress, film, and comedian. She is mainly known for her roles as Alia Khan in Citzen Khan and Rana Habeeb in Coronation Street.

She is born in Preston, the city of Lancashire, England.

## Infobox (person)

- **birth name**: Bhavna Jayanty Limbachia
- **image**: File:Bhavana Limbachia.jpg
- **caption**: Limbachia in 2015
- **birth place**: Preston, Lancashire, England
- **nationality**: British
- **occupation**: TV Actress and Film Actress
- **years active**: 2012–present
- **notable works**: _Citizen Khan_ (2012–2016)
 _Coronation Street_ (2016–2019)
Julia Goulding

**Juila Goulding** (born 27 March 1985) is an English actress. Since 2016, she has played Shona Ramsey on the long-running ITV soap opera _Coronation Street_.

She was born in Greater Manchester, England, United Kingdom.

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: Julia Goulding 2022.jpg
- **caption**: Goulding in 2022
- **birth place**: Manchester, England
- **occupation**: Actress
- **children**: 1
- **years active**: 2011–present
- **known for**: _Coronation Street_  (2016–)
Nicola Thorp

**Nichola Thorp** (born 30 September 1988/1989), also known as **Nicola Sian**, is an English actress. She is known for her portrayal of Nicola Rubinstein in long-running ITV soap opera, _Coronation Street_, from 2017 to 2019.

Thorp was born and raised in Blackpool, the town of Lancashire, England.
Louiza Patikas

**Louiza Patikas** (born 1976 or 1977) is a British actress, known for her roles as Helen Titchener in the BBC Radio 4 soap opera _The Archers_ and Moira Pollock on the ITV soap opera _Coronation Street_ from 2017 to 2020.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Louiza Patikas
- **birth place**: Hampshire
- **education**: St Bede's School
- **occupation**: Actor
- **years active**: 1999–present
Birmingham High School

**Birmingham Community Charter High School** (formerly Birmingham High School) is a co-educational high school in the neighborhood/district of Lake Balboa in the San Fernando Valley of Los Angeles. It was started in 1943 as a hospital. In 1943, it became a school for grades 7-12. It became a high school for only senior students in 1963. The school has a Van Nuys address and student are from Lake Balboa, parts of Encino, and Amestoy Estates. It is within the Los Angeles Unified School District operates as an internal charter school.

## Other websites

- Official website
Wexford Rebellion

The **Wexford Rebellion** was a rebellion of Irish people against English rule in Ireland. It was the most successful of several uprisings which happened in the year 1798. In the Wexford Rebellon, the Society of United Irishmen rose against English rule**.**

It started in County Wexford, and lasted from m 27 May until about 21 June of that year. The Wexford Rebellion was very successful, even though the government did not see County Wexford  as an immediate thret. During the rebellon, there were spontaneous risings that occurred both before and after the significant rebel victories in Oulart, Enniscorthy, and Wexford town.

## Infobox (monument)

- **name**: Wexford Rebellion
- **complete**: 1998
- **dedicated to**: 1798 Rising
- **native name**: Wexford Croppie Pikemen
- **material**: Bronze
- **designer**: Éamonn O'Doherty (sculptor), Éamonn O'Doherty
- **location**: N25 road to New Ross
- **caption**: Society of United Irishmen
- **image**: File:Pikemen 1798, Wexford, Ireland.JPG
Herbert Baumann

**Herbert Baumann** (31 July 1925 – 21 January 2020) was a German composer and conductor. He was born in Berlin in 1925 studied at the Internationales Musikinstitut Berlin. He died in Munich in January 2020 at the age of 94.

## Other websites

- Profile at komponisten.net (in German)
ANZUS

**ANZUS** is an active war alliance between the United States, Australia and New Zealand.
All Hail to Massachusetts

**"All Hail to Massachusetts"** is the anthem of the U.S. state of Massachusetts. It was created by Arthur J. Marsh in 1824, and became the official anthem of Massachusetts in 1966.

## Other websites

- Midi, sheet music and lyrics
- M.G.L. 2:19

## Infobox (anthem)

- **image**: Coat of arms of Massachusetts.svg
- **title**: All Hail to Massachusetts
- **prefix**: Regional
- **music date**: 1824
- **adopted**: 3 September 1966
- **composer**: Arthur J. Marsh
Renault Twingo

The **Renault Twingo** is a car made by Renault since 1993.

The original Twingo launched in April 1993 in Europe and Colombia. It was never available in the UK with right hand drive. It had an unusual interior with a small digital instrument display. It received updates in 1998, 2000 and 2004.  The second generation Twingo launched in 2007 and continued the design theme of the original. It was finally available with right hand drive for the UK market and was facelifted in 2011. The third generation Twingo launched in 2014 and now has 5 doors instead of 3. It was developed alongside the Smart ForFour but now has a normal instrument display. It was facelifted in 2019 but is no longer sold in the UK with right hand drive due to slow sales.

## Infobox (automobile)

- **name**: Renault Twingo
- **image**: Renault Twingo III 02.JPG
- **manufacturer**: Renault
- **production**: 1993–present
- **predecessor**: Renault 4
- **class**: City car
- **body style**: 3-door hatchback (Twingo I and II)
5-door hatchback (Twingo III)
- **layout**: Front-engine, front-wheel-drive layout, Front-engine, front-wheel-drive (Twingo I and II)
Rear-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout, Rear-engine, rear-wheel-drive (Twingo III）
Sally Carman

**Sally Carman-Duttine** (born 9 May 1975) is an English actress. She is known for her roles as Kelly Maguire in the Channel 4 comedy-drama series _Shameless_ (2005–2013), and Abi Franklin in the ITV soap opera _Coronation Street_ (2017–present).

Carman was born in Mexborough, South Yorkshire, the county of England. At 18, she attended the LAMDA drama school in London.

She has also appeared in _Doctors_, _Heartbeat_, and _Holby City_.
Vitaliy Boiko

**Vitaliy Boiko** (30 September 1937 – 30 January 2020) was a Ukrainian lawyer and politician. In 1986 to 1992, Boiko worked in Ministry of Justice, where he was Minister from 1990 to 1992. From 1993 to 1994, he was an Ambassador of Ukraine to Moldova. In 1994 to 2002 he was a chairman of the Supreme Court of Ukraine.

Boiko died on 30 January 2020 at the age of 82.
Roger Holeindre

**Roger Holeindre** (21 March 1929 – 30 January 2020) was a French Army veteran, politician and author. He was in the First Indochina War and the Algerian War, was a member of the National Assembly from 1986 to 1988.

Holeindre also was the vice-president of the National Front (FN) where he represented the "national-conservative" and Third Position ideologies. Holeindre was the president of the _Cercle national des combattants_ and the honorary president of the Party of France.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Roger Holeindre
- **image**: Roger Holeindre.jpg
- **birth place**: Corrano, Corse-du-Sud
- **death place**: Vaucresson, France
- **nationality**: French
- **party**: Party of France
- **occupation**: Politician
Yannis Tseklenis

**Yannis Tseklenis** (Greek; Γιάννης Τσεκλένης; November 6, 1937 – January 29, 2020) was a Greek fashion designer. He was born in Athens.

In 1962 and 1964, Tseklenis was directly involved in the interior decoration and design relating to the official celebrations of the weddings of princess Sofia of Greece to Juan Carlos of Spain,  and of Anne-Marie of Denmark to the then King Constantine II of Greece.

In 1997 he donated almost all his prototype garments from his 1970s and 1980s fashion collections to the Peloponnesian Folklore Foundation.
Queen Anne-Marie of Greece

**Anne-Marie**  ( ), (born **Princess Anne-Marie of Denmark** 30 August 1946) is the widow of Constantine II of Greece, who reigned from 1964 until 1973.

Anne-Marie is the youngest daughter of King Frederick IX of Denmark and his wife Ingrid of Sweden. She is the youngest sister of the former Queen of Denmark Margrethe II of Denmark and cousin of the reigning King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden.

## Titles and Styles

9 October 1946-18 September 1964: Her Royal Highness Princess Anne-Marie of Denmark

18 September 1964-1 June 1973: Her Majesty The Queen of the Hellenes, Princess of Denmark

1 June 1973-present: Her Majesty Queen Anne-Marie of the Hellenes, Princess of Denmark

## Other websites

- The Royal House of Greece
- The Official Website of the Greek Royal Family

## Infobox (royalty)

- **consort**: yes
- **name**: Anne-Marie
- **birth name**: Princess Anne-Marie of Denmark
- **succession**: Queen consort of the Hellenes
- **image**: H.M. Queen Anne-Marie of Greece Allan Warren cropped.jpg
- **caption**: Queen Anne Marie in 1987
- **reign**: 18 September 1964 – 1 June 1973
- **issue**: Princess Alexia of Greece and Denmark, Princess Alexia
Pavlos, Crown Prince of Greece
Prince Nikolaos of Greece and Denmark, Prince Nikolaos
Princess Theodora of Greece and Denmark, Princess Theodora
Prince Philippos of Greece and Denmark, Prince Philippos
- **full name**: Anne-Marie Dagmar Ingrid
- **house**: House of Glücksburg, Glücksburg
- **father**: Frederick IX of Denmark
- **mother**: Ingrid of Sweden
- **birth place**: Amalienborg Palace, Copenhagen, Denmark
- **religion**: Greek Orthodox
Ingrid of Sweden

**Ingrid of Sweden** (Ingrid Victoria Sofia Louise Margareta; 28 March 1910 – 7 November 2000) was Queen of Denmark from 1947 until 1972 as the wife of King Frederick IX.

She was also a paternal aunt of the present Swedish monarch, King Carl XVI Gustaf.

## Other websites

- Queen Ingrid at the website of the Royal Danish Collection at Amalienborg Palace
- Queen Ingrid Exhibition at the Royal Danish Collection at Amalienborg Palace
- Obituary in _The Telegraph_, 8 November 2000

## Infobox (royalty)

- **consort**: yes
- **succession**: Queen consort of Denmark
- **image**: Ingrid of Sweden and Denmark 1954.jpg
- **reign**: 20 April 1947 – 14 January 1972
- **issue**: Margrethe II of Denmark
Princess Benedikte of Denmark, Benedikte, Princess of Berleburg
Queen Anne-Marie of Greece, Anne-Marie, Queen of the Hellenes
- **full name**: Ingrid Victoria Sofia Louise Margareta
- **house**: House of Bernadotte, Bernadotte
- **father**: Gustaf VI Adolf of Sweden
- **mother**: Princess Margaret of Connaught
- **birth place**: Stockholm Palace, Stockholm, Sweden
- **death place**: Fredensborg Palace, Fredensborg, Denmark
- **burial date**: 14 November 2000
- **burial place**: Roskilde Cathedral, Roskilde, Denmark
- **signature**: IngridOfSwedenSignature.svg
Othmar Mága

**Othmar Mága** (10 June 1929 – 28 January 2020) was a Czech-born German conductor. He was chief conductor internationally, including the Odense Symphony Orchestra in Denmark and the KBS Symphony Orchestra in Korea. From 2002 until 2003 he was GMD of the Niederrheinische Sinfoniker at the Theater Krefeld und Mönchengladbach.

Mága died in Kiel, Germany on 28 January 2020, aged 90.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Othmar Mága
- **image**: Maga.jpg
- **birth place**: Brno, Czechoslovakia
- **death place**: Kiel, Germany
Japanese dialects

**Japanese dialects** (日本の方言, _Nihon no hōgen_) are the dialects of the Japanese language. There are four dialect groups in mainland Japan: Hachijō, Eastern (including Tokyo), Western (including Kyoto) and Kyushu.

The Ryukyuan languages of Okinawa Prefecture (and parts of Kagoshima Prefecture) are not dialects of Japanese and a Japanese speaker wouldn't understand them.

## Related pages

- Japanese language
- Japan
- Dialect
Lucy Jarvis (producer)

**Lucile Jarvis** (née **Howard**; June 24, 1917 – January 26, 2020) was an American television producer.**Lucy Jarvis** (born **Lucile Howard**; June 24, 1917 – January 26, 2020) was an American television producer. She was born in New York City. She produced the movie _Family Reunion_. In 1990, Jarvis brought the Russian rock opera _Juno and Avos_ to New York City.

In November 2017, Jarvis was presented with the Women's Entrepreneurship Day Pioneer Award for her groundbreaking success in Media at the United Nations in New York City.

Jarvis turned 100 in June 2017 and died in January 2020 at the age of 102.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Lucy Jarvis
- **image**: Lucy_Jarvis_%C2%A9_Lynn_Gilbert.jpg
- **image size**: 250px
- **caption**: Lucy Jarvis in her home in 1980 as photographed by Lynn Gilbert
- **birth name**: Lucile Howard
- **birth place**: Manhattan, New York City, U.S.
- **death place**: Manhattan, New York City, U.S.
- **occupation**: Television producer
- **years active**: 1947–2020
- **children**: two
Robert Harper (actor)

**Robert Francis Harper** (May 19, 1951 – January 23, 2020) was an American actor. He was best known for his role as Sharkey in _Once Upon a Time in America_.

Harper also played Charlie Gereson in _Creepshow_ and Bubba 'Si' Weisberger in the CBS sitcom _Frank's Place_. Other movie roles include _Wiseguy_, _Final Analysis_, _The Insider_, _Deconstructing Harry_, and _Molly_.

Harper died of cancer on January 23, 2020 at the age of 68.

## Other websites

- Robert (Bob) Harper at the Internet Broadway Database
- Personal website

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: Robert Harper 1996.jpg
- **imagesize**: 150px
- **name**: Robert Harper
- **birth date**: 19 May 1951
- **birth place**: New York City, New York, New York City, New York (state), New York, U.S.
- **death date**: 23 January 2020 (age 68)
- **years active**: 1978–2006
- **spouse**: Lisa Pelikan (1981-1984) (divorced)
Sascha Noorthoorn van der Kruyff (2005-2020)
- **education**: Rutgers University–New Brunswick, Rutgers
- **website**: http://www.robertharper.net/
Jake Godbold

**Jake Maurice Godbold** (March 14, 1933 – January 23, 2020) was an American Democratic politician. He was Mayor of Jacksonville, Florida from 1978 to 1987. He was born in Jacksonville.

Godbold died on January 23, 2020 in Jacksonville at the age of 86.
Cameron, North Carolina

**Cameron** is a town in Moore County, North Carolina in the United States. The population was 244 at the 2020 census.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Cameron, North Carolina
- **settlement type**: Town
- **named for**: Paul Cameron
- **image skyline**: Cameron, North Carolina.jpg
- **image map**: Moore County North Carolina incorporated and unincorporated areas Cameron highlighted.svg
- **map caption**: Location in Moore County, NC, Moore County and the state of North Carolina.
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: North Carolina
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in North Carolina, County
- **subdivision name2**: Moore County, North Carolina, Moore
- **subdivision type3**: Mayor
- **established title**: Founded
- **established date**: 1875
- **established title1**: Incorporated
- **established date1**: 1876
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 3.14
- **area land km2**: 3.14
- **area water km2**: 0.00
- **area total sq mi**: 1.21
- **area land sq mi**: 1.21
- **area water sq mi**: 0.00
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 244
- **population density km2**: 77.72
- **population density sq mi**: 201.32
- **timezone**: North American Eastern Time Zone, Eastern (EST)
- **utc offset**: -5
- **timezone dst**: EDT
- **utc offset dst**: -4
- **elevation ft**: 338
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 28326
- **area codes**: Area codes 910 and 472, 910, 472
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 37-09800
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 2405369
Moore County, North Carolina

**Moore County (moco)** is a county in the U.S. state of North Carolina. As of the 2020 census, the population was 99,727. Its county seat is Carthage and its largest town is Pinehurst.
Carthage, North Carolina

**Carthage** is a town in Moore County, North Carolina, United States. The population was 2,775 at the 2020 Census. It is the county seat of Moore County.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Carthage, North Carolina
- **settlement type**: Town
- **named for**: Carthage
- **image skyline**: MOORE COUNTY COURTHOUSE, CARTHAGE, MOORE COUNTY.jpg
- **image caption**: Moore County Courthouse in Carthage
- **image map**: Moore County North Carolina incorporated and unincorporated areas Carthage highlighted.svg
- **map caption**: Location in Moore County, NC, Moore County and the state of North Carolina.
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: North Carolina
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in North Carolina, County
- **subdivision name2**: Moore County, North Carolina, Moore
- **government type**: Council-manager
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **established title**: Founded
- **established date**: 1796
- **established title1**: Incorporated
- **established date1**: 1796
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 2775
- **population density km2**: 160.76
- **population density sq mi**: 416.35
- **timezone**: North American Eastern Time Zone, Eastern (EST)
- **utc offset**: -5
- **timezone dst**: EDT
- **utc offset dst**: -4
- **elevation ft**: 538
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 28327
- **area codes**: Area codes 910 and 472, 910, 472
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 37-00160
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 2406227
- **website**: [http://www.townofcarthage.org/ www.townofcarthage.org]
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 17.36
- **area total sq mi**: 6.70
- **area land km2**: 17.26
- **area water km2**: 0.10
- **area land sq mi**: 6.67
- **area water sq mi**: 0.04
Fred Silverman

**Fred Silverman** (September 13, 1937 – January 30, 2020) was an American television executive and producer. He worked as an executive at all of the Big Three television networks, ABC, CBS and NBC. He produced _Scooby-Doo_ (1969–present), _All in the Family_ (1971–1979), _The Waltons_ (1972–1981), and _Charlie's Angels_ (1976–1981). He was born in New York City.

Silverman died on January 30, 2020 of cancer at his home in Pacific Palisades, California at the age of 82.
Lucien Barbarin

**Lucien Barbarin** (July 17, 1956 – January 30, 2020) was an American trombone player. Barbarin toured internationally with the Preservation Hall Jazz Band and with Harry Connick Jr.. He was born in New Orleans, Louisiana. He played with Dr. Michael White, Wynton Marsalis, Dianne Reeves, Doc Cheatham, Lionel Hampton.

Barbarin died of cancer in New Orleans on January 30, 2020 at the age of 63.
Luboš Dobrovský

**Luboš Dobrovský** (born **Luboš Hamerschlag**; 3 February 1932 – 30 January 2020) was a Czech journalist, activist and politician. He signed Charta 77 in the 1970s and was a spokesman of the Civic Forum in 1989. He was the Minister of Defence from 1990 to 1992 and Ambassador to Russia from 1996 to 2000. He was born in Kolín, Czechoslovakia.

Dobrovský died on 30 January 2020 in Prague at the age of 87.
Pony Express

The **Pony Express** was a mail delivering service started on April 3, 1860. It ended on October 26, 1861. It would normally deliver mail in about 10 days. The pony express was the best way to spread news in this time. 186 stations kept horses so when a rider's horse was tired he could trade it for a fresh one.

On October 24, 1861, the telegraph was completed. It sent messages faster than the Pony Express. The Pony Express shut down shortly after the telegraph was completed. It only lasted two days after the telegraph was first made.

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: Hentai
- **type**: Public company
- **fate**: Completion of Telegraph.
- **founder**: Alexander Majors, William B. Waddell, and William Hepburn Russell
To Save a Life

***To Save a Life*** is a 2009 Christian drama movie directed by Brian Baugh. Actors in the movie include Randy Wayne, Deja Kreutzberg, Robert Bailey Jr., Steven Crowder and Sean Michael Afable. The movie was released in theaters in the United States on January 22, 2010. The movie was written by Jim Britts. The movie was #3 on Fandango's most requested tickets going into the weekend. The movie fell 53.6% in its second weekend to $733,457, and −63.2% to $269,684 in its third. The total sales accumulated $3,777,210.

## Cast

- Randy Wayne as Jacob "Jake" Taylor
- Deja Kreutzberg as Amanda "Amy" Briggs
- Joshua Weigel as Christopher "Chris" Vaughn
- Sean Michael Afable as Jonathan "Jonny" Garcia
- Robert Bailey Jr. as Roger Dawson
- Steven Crowder as Douglas "Doug" Moore
- D. David Morin as Marcus "Mark" Rivers
- Kim Hidalgo as Andrea Stevens
- Arjay Smith as Matt McQueen
- Bubba Lewis as Daniel "Danny" Rivers

## Other websites

- To Save a Life

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: To Save a Life
- **caption**: Theatrical release poster
- **director**: Brian Baugh
- **producer**: Jim Britts
- **writer**: Jim Britts
- **starring**: Randy Wayne
Deja Kreutzberg
Joshua Wiegel
Sean Michael Afable
- **music**: Timothy Michael Wynn
- **cinematography**: C. Clifford Jones
- **editing**: Dan O'Brien
- **studio**: New Song Pictures
Outreach Films
Accelerated Entertainment
- **distributor**: Samuel Goldwyn Films
- **runtime**: 120 minutes
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **budget**: $500,000
- **gross**: $3,780,975
Mutt & Stuff

***Mutt and Stuff*** is an American children's television series that started on Nickelodeon on March 6, 2015. The show ended on November 1, 2017.

On October 13, 2015, Nickelodeon let Mutt and Stuff have 20 new episodes.

On August 17, 2016, Nickelodeon let Mutt and Stuff have 13 more episodes. Meaning season 2 had a total of 33 episodes.

## Production

Season 1 started on March 6, 2015. Season 2 premiered on August 19, 2016. On November 1, 2017, Mutt and Stuff aired its final episode and ended.

## Infobox (television)

- **opentheme**: Let’s Go to Dog School
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **num seasons**: 2
- **num episodes**: 74
- **runtime**: 23 minutes
- **channel**: Nick Jr.
- **genre**: Comedy