juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Acton

**Acton** may refer to:

- Acton (surname)
- Acton, New Brunswick
- Acton, New Zealand
- Acton, Ontario

## United Kingdom

- Acton, Cheshire
- Acton, Dorset
- Acton, County Armagh
- Acton, Staffordshire
- Acton, Shropshire
- Acton, Worcestershire
- Acton, Suffolk
- Acton, London
- Acton, Northumberland
- Acton, Wrexham

## United States

- Acton, California
- Acton, Indiana
- Acton, Kentucky
- Acton, Massachusetts
- Acton, Maine
- Acton Township, Minnesota
- Acton, Montana
- Acton Township, North Dakota
- Acton, Tennessee
- Acton, Texas
Acton, London

**Acton** is a district of west London. It is in the London Borough of Ealing.
Trading Mom

***Trading Mom*** (also released as _The Mommy Market_) is a 1994 fantasy/comedy movie written and directed by Tia Brelis. Starring Sissy Spacek and Anna Chlumsky, it features the final acting role of André the Giant, who died a year before the movie was released.

## Plot

Elizabeth, Jeremy, and Harry Martin are three children who have had up to the edge with their mother, a nagging workaholic. Soon, they meet a mysterious gardener named Mrs. Cavour, who tells the siblings of an ancient spell that will make their mother disappear. After saying the incantation one night, the next morning, their mother has disappeared along with their memories of her. Mrs. Cavour tells the children of a place in town called the Mommy Market, where they have about every kind of mother one can think of. The Mommy Market has a policy, however, that one receives three tokens to take one of the mothers home, and if the children do not find a suitable mother by their third token, they could not return. Unfortunately for the children, the mothers they pick, a snappy French woman, a nature-hiker, and a circus performer, do not sit well with the kids, now feeling lost without a guardian to look after them. They want their own mother and try to remember something about her to break the spell.

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: Trading Mom
- **director**: Tia Brelis
- **producer**: Raffaella De Laurentiis
- **screenplay**: Tia Brelis
- **starring**: Sissy Spacek
Anna Chlumsky
Aaron Michael Metchik
Asher Metchik
and Maureen Stapleton
- **music**: David Kitay
- **cinematography**: Buzz Feitshans IV
- **editing**: Isaac Seyahek
- **studio**: First Look International
- **distributor**: Trimark Pictures
- **runtime**: 85 minutes
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **gross**: $319,123
Langlands program

The **Langlands Program** is a branch of algebraic number theory. It is a more complicated version of class field theory.
Thioester

A **thioester** is a molecule with a group C-S-CO-C. They are like esters, but with a sulfur atom instead of an oxygen one. Like esters, they can be made from carboxylic acids. In the synthesis, a thiol is used instead of an alcohol.

Thioesters are very important in biochemistry. They are made in the body during reactions that make fatty acids. They are also important intermediates in the production of ATP, which is the molecule that gives energy to the body.

In chemistry, thioesters can be also used as electrophiles. They are more reactive than esters and amides. They can also do aldol reactions.
Sulfone

A **sulfone** is a molecule that has a sulfur atom with bonds to two oxygen atoms. The sulfur has two double bonds to the two oxygens. It has a single bond with the other two groups. They are usually made by oxidising thioethers.

They are used in many important chemical reactions. For example, the Julia olefination uses a sulfone to make an alkene from an aldehyde. They are also sometimes used as solvents.
John Kerr (actor)

**John Grinham Kerr** (November 15, 1931 – February 2, 2013) was an American actor and lawyer. As an actor. he worked in movies, television and on stage. He won a Tony Award in 1954.

## Early life

Kerr was born on November 15, 1931 in New York City, New York. His parents were British actor Geoffrey Kerr and American actress June Walker. He studied at Phillips Exeter Academy and at Harvard University.

## Career

Kerr had a major role in the movie version of Rodgers and Hammerstein's _South Pacific_ (1958), playing Lt. Joe Cable, the newly arrived marine about to be sent on a dangerous spy mission.

In _The Crowded Sky_ (1960), Kerr played a pilot who helps the Captain (Dana Andrews) steer a crippled airliner back to earth. Another movie appearance was in Roger Corman's _The Pit and the Pendulum_ (1961). In 1963, Kerr had a continuing role on "Arrest and Trial", playing Assistant DA Barry Pine.

## Personal life

Kerr was married to Priscilla Smith from 1952 until they divorced in 1972. Then he was married to Barbara Chu from 1979 until his death in 2013. He had three children with Smith.

### Death

Kerr died on February 2, 2013 in Pasadena, California from heart failure, aged 81.

## Other websites

- Obituary - Variety

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: John Kerr
- **image**: John Kerr 1957.jpg
- **caption**: Kerr in 1957
- **birthname**: John Grinham Kerr
- **birth place**: New York City, New York, U.S.
- **death place**: Pasadena, California
- **death cause**: Heart failure
- **spouse**: Priscilla Smith (1952-1972; divorced); 3 children
Barbara Chu (1979-2013; his death); 2 step-children
- **occupation**: Actor and Lawyer
- **alma mater**: Harvard University
UCLA Law School
- **years active**: 1953–1986
Krsto Papić

**Krsto Papić** (December 7, 1933 – February 7, 2013) was a Croatian screenwriter and movie director. His career lasted for almost 50 years. He retired in 2012. He was nominated for a Golden Globe in 1989.

Papić was born on December 7, 1933 in Vučji Do, near Nikšić, Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Papić died on February 7, 2013 from stomach cancer in Zagreb, Croatia, aged 79.
Thioether

A **thioether** is a molecule with the group R-S-R. The first atom in R is a carbon. Thioethers take their name from ethers. They have a sulfur instead of an oxygen atom between the two R. Thioethers can have very bad smells like thiols. They can also be called sulfides. The C-S-C bond is at nearly 90 degrees.

Thioethers are important in biology. They are present in some amino acids. Petroleum has many thioethers in it as well. Thioethers can be made in the laboratory by the reaction of a thiol with a base and an electrophile. They can do many interesting reactions. It is easy to oxidize them to sulfoxides and then sulfones.

Dimethyl sulfide is the simplest thioether. It is used in important reactions like the Swern oxidation. This makes aldehydes starting from alcohols.
Limbic system

The **limbic system** is a group of structures in the brain. These structures cover both sides of the thalamus, right under the cerebrum. It is not a separate system, but a collection of structures from the cerebrum, diencephalon, and midbrain. These structures include the hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus, cingulate gyrus, nucleus accumbens and part of the thalamus. It supports many different functions, including emotion, behaviour, motivation, long-term memory, and olfaction.
Collins, Mississippi

**Collins** is a city in Covington County, Mississippi. In 2020, 2,342 people lived there. Actor Gerald McRaney was born there. 52% of the people are African American and only 40% are white.
Albus Dumbledore

**Albus Percival Wulfric Brian Dumbledore** is a fictional character of the _Harry Potter_ series. He was the headmaster of Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry until his death in 1996. He first found Harry when he was a little boy and since then they developed a relationship. In the _Harry Potter_ movies he is played first by Richard Harris, and then by Michael Gambon after Harris died, and a younger version of the character was played by Jude Law. He will be portrayed by John Lithgow in the upcoming television series _Harry Potter_ for the streaming service HBO Max. He had two siblings, Aberforth Dumbledore and Ariana Dumbledore.

Dumbledore is killed by Severus Snape in the sixth book/movie, after Draco Malfoy failed to do so. However, his character's backstory is explored in the last book of the series. His death would lead to the final battle between Harry Potter and Voldemort.

Though it is never mentioned in any of the books, the author announced publicly that Dumbledore is gay.

## References

de:Figuren der Harry-Potter-Romane#Albus Dumbledore
ml:ഹാരി പോട്ടർ#ആൽബസ് ഡംബിൾഡോർ
Barney Martin

**Barney Martin** (March 3, 1923 – March 21, 2005) was an American actor and comedian. He is best known for playing Morty Seinfeld, father of Jerry, on the famous sitcom _Seinfeld_.

Martin was born on March 3, 1923 in Queens, New York to an Irish-Catholic family. Martin died on March 21, 2005 in his home in Studio City, California from lung cancer, aged 82.

## Other websites

- Obituary for Barney Martin in _The New York Times_

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Barney Martin
- **image**: Tony Randall Show.JPG
- **caption**: Martin (right) with Tony Randall and Rachel Roberts, 1977
- **birth place**: Queens, New York, U.S.
- **death place**: Studio City, California, U.S.
- **death cause**: Lung cancer
- **nationality**: American
- **known for**: **Morty Seinfeld** in _Seinfeld_
- **occupation**: Actor
- **years active**: 1956–2000
Lizzie Velasquez

**Elizabeth Anne Velásquez** (; born March 13, 1989) is an American woman whose rare medical condition has led her to become an author and public speaker.

## Early life and background

She was born on 13 March 1989. Her age was reported as 23 in September 2012, a time when she was near to finishing college from Texas State University majoring in communication studies. Her birth weight was only 2 pounds 11 ounces. She was raised by her mother Rita and father Guadalupe as their first child. She has 2 younger sisters. She is from Austin, Texas.

## Living with NPS

Only two other people in the world are known to have the condition she is living with. The oldest woman is called Amanda and lives in England, and the youngest Abigail in the same city as Lizzie (Austin,Texas). Lizzie has no body fat, and weighs only 61 pounds. She is blind in her right eye, and has limited vision in the left eye. Her condition is like some others, especially progeria. She has some symptoms seen in progeria, like the pointy nose and aging skin, but she has more medical problems as well but it is not expected to cause her to die. Doctors and experts at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center have named it as a neonatal progeroid syndrome (NPS) which has allowed her healthy bones, organs and teeth. She should be able to bear her own children who will not live with any of the conditions she has.

## Being bullied and speaking out

At times she was  left out and/or insulted by her peers, and has grown up to experience  online bullying. Very often she has been stared at in public. It has not always been easy for her to deal with it. She wants people to know about her condition, and her motto is "Stop Staring, Start Learning."

She has spoken at over 200 events as a motivational speaker, something she enjoys and wants to continue to do.

## Books she wrote

The first book she wrote was her own life story up to 2010. Her mother and Cynthia Lee were its co-writers.

Her second book, _Be Beautiful, Be You_ came out in September 2012. It urges people to learn that it is not appearance which matters the most, and that people should love themselves for who they are.

## Other websites

- Lizzie Velásquez's official YouTube channel

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Lizzie Velasquez
- **image**: Lizzie Velasquez 2017.jpg
- **caption**: Velasquez in November 2017
- **birth name**: Elizabeth Ann Velásquez
- **birth place**: Austin, Texas, Austin, Texas, U.S.
- **known for**: Public speaking, television appearances and book authorship
- **occupation**: Motivational speaker, book writer
- **parents**: Rita Borja Velásquez
 Guadalupe Fonsi Velásquez
- **nationality**: Americans, American
Mary Steenburgen

**Mary Nell Steenburgen** (born February 8, 1953) is an American Golden Globe and Academy Award winning actress. She has starred in a lot of notable movies. Steenburgen was born in Arkansas.
Mexican Mafia

The **Mexican Mafia** is a Mexican American crime organization. It began in the United States, not Mexico.

The **Mexican Mafia** (Spanish: _Mafia Mexicana_), also known as ***La eMe*** (Spanish for "the M"), is a mostly Mexican American prison gang and criminal organization in the United States. The gang formed in the United States, not Mexico, despite its name.

The Mexican Mafia is one of the most powerful and violent prison gangs in the United States. The U.S. Government considers it to be "among the most powerful, dangerous and feared criminal organizations in the world".

Estimates say there are around 350 to 400 Mexican Mafia members in U.S. prisons today. Additionally, the gang has tens of thousands of "foot soldiers" in street gangs throughout the state of California.

## Infobox (criminal organization)

- **name**: Mexican Mafia
- **image**: Mano negra, Mafia Mexicana.jpg
- **caption**: The primary symbol used by _La eMe_
- **founder**: Luis "Huero Buff" Flores
- **founding location**: Deuel Vocational Institution, California, United States
- **years active**: 1957–present
- **territory**: West Coast of the United States, West Coast and Southwestern United States, Southwestern United States, and throughout the Federal Bureau of Prisons, federal prison system and Prisons in California, California prison system
- **ethnicity**: Mexican Americans, Mexican American
- **membership**: 250–300 Made man, "made" members
- **activities**: Drug trafficking, extortion, illegal gambling, prostitution, assault and murder
Rockefeller University

**The Rockefeller University** is an American private university in New York City. It does research and offers postgraduate and postdoctoral education. It conducts research mainly in biological sciences and medical science, and has produced or attracted many Nobel laureates.

The Rockefeller University is on the Upper East Side of Manhattan, between 63rd and 68th Streets along York Avenue.

A number of important journals are published by the Rockefeller University Press: the _Journal of Experimental Medicine_, the _Journal of Cell Biology_, and _The Journal of General Physiology_.

## At a glance

Fostering an interdisciplinary atmosphere among its 73 laboratories, a faculty member is assigned to one of only six interconnecting research areas.

### Research areas

- biochemistry, structural biology, chemistry
- molecular cell & developmental biology
- medical sciences & human genetics
- immunology, virology, microbiology
- physics & mathematical biology
- neuroscience

### University community

- Over 70 heads of laboratories
- 190 research and clinical scientists
- 360 postdoctoral investigators
- 1,000 support staff
- 150 Ph.D. students
- 50 M.D.-Ph.D. students
- 890 alumni

## Nobel Prize winners

- 2011 Ralph Steinman (Physiology or Medicine)
- 2003 Roderick MacKinnon (Chemistry)
- 2001 Paul Nurse (Physiology or Medicine)
- 2000 Paul Greengard (Physiology or Medicine)
- 1999 Günter Blobel (Physiology or Medicine)
- 1984 R. Bruce Merrifield (Chemistry)
- 1981 Torsten Wiesel (Physiology or Medicine)
- 1975 David Baltimore (Physiology or Medicine)
- 1974 Albert Claude, Christian de Duve, George E. Palade (Physiology or Medicine)
- 1972 Stanford Moore, William H. Stein (Chemistry)
- 1972 Gerald M. Edelman (Physiology or Medicine)
- 1967 H. Keffer Hartline (Physiology or Medicine)
- 1966 Peyton Rous (Physiology or Medicine)
- 1958 Joshua Lederberg (Physiology or Medicine)
- 1958 Edward Tatum (Physiology or Medicine)
- 1953 Fritz Lipmann (Physiology or Medicine)
- 1946 John H. Northrop (Chemistry)
- 1946 Wendell M. Stanley (Chemistry)
- 1944 Herbert S. Gasser (Physiology or Medicine)
- 1930 Karl Landsteiner (Physiology or Medicine)
- 1912 Alexis Carrel (Physiology or Medicine)

## Infobox (university)

- **name**: The Rockefeller University
- **motto**: Scientia pro bono humani generis (Latin)
- **mottoeng**: Science for the benefit of humanity
- **established**: 1901
- **type**: Private university, Private
- **endowment**: $1.65 billion
- **president**: Richard P. Lifton
- **city**: Upper East Side, Manhattan, New York City
- **country**: United States
Russian mafia

The term **Russian mafia** represents various crime groups all across the former Soviet Union. They are not a single criminal club, though they represent similar goals and structures which define them. Organized crime in Russia began during early 1700s with thievery and banditry. Nowadays, close to six thousand different groups operate, 200 of which have global reach.

_The Russian Mafia is more commonly known as_

_"**The Bratva**" or "**The Brotherhood**".It's head is called the " **Pakhan**" who is considered the boss of this crime organization. A certain number of crime families form the **Bratva**.Each of the families have a head who has a seat in the **Bratva** table. This prestigious crime organization is traditional in nature and is ruthless too._

This information is represented by

Swastika Dandapat.
Curator

A **curator** or **keeper** looks after collections. It may be a private activity, but usually they look after the collections of a cultural heritage institution. Art galleries, museums, libraries or archives have curators. Zoos have zookeepers and underkeepers.

Curators are subject-matter experts who act as managers. It is an official job description in institutions which have collections. The curator's work involves objects of some kind, such as artwork, collectibles, historic items or scientific collections. Curators in zoos are usually called 'keepers', but it is the same idea.

The word **curator** comes from the Latin word _curare_, meaning to look after.
Amber Valletta

**Amber Valletta** (February 9, 1974, Phoenix, Arizona) is an American movie and television program actress and model. She started as a model for fashion agencies. She appeared in movies including _Hitch_ (2005), _The Spy Next Door_ and the television series _Revenge_. Her acting career began around 1993.

## Infobox (model)

- **name**: Amber Valletta
- **image**: Amber_Valletta_2009.jpg
- **caption**: Valletta at Hollywood Style Awards, 2009
- **birth place**: Phoenix, Arizona, USA
- **birthname**: Amber Evangeline Valletta
- **haircolor**: Blonde
- **eyecolor**: Green
- **occupation**: Model (person), Model, Celebrity
- **years active**: 2000 - present
- **children**: 1
- **relatives**: Robert Parks-Valletta, Rob Valletta (brother)
Bazargan

**Bazargan** (; also Romanized as **Bāzargān**, **Bāzarqān**, and **Bāzergān**) is a city in Iran. It is the capital of Bazargan District, in Maku County, West Azerbaijan Province. At the 2006 census, its population was 9,047, in 2,126 families.

## Related pages

- Mehdi Bazargan

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: **Bazargan**
- **native name**: **بازرگان**
- **settlement type**: city
- **pushpin map**: Iran
- **mapsize**: 150px
- **subdivision type**: List of countries, Country
- **subdivision type1**: Provinces of Iran, Province
- **subdivision name1**: West Azerbaijan Province, West Azerbaijan
- **subdivision type2**: Counties of Iran, County
- **subdivision name2**: Maku County, Maku
- **subdivision type3**: Bakhsh
- **subdivision name3**: Bazargan District, Bazargan
- **population as of**: 2006
- **population total**: 9047
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone**: Iran Standard Time, IRST
- **utc offset**: +3:30
- **timezone dst**: Iran Daylight Time, IRDT
- **utc offset dst**: +4:30
Economics of fascism

The term **economics of fascism** refers to the economic systems that are used by fascist regimes. In general, Fascist regimes wanted to exert strong control over the economy, but also defend private property. The first cases of dirigisme happened in France. One of the first such movements is known as Colbertisme, after Jean-Baptiste Colbert (1619-1683). Colbert was the chief minister of finances of King Louis XIV of France. The ideas of Social Darwinism had a strong influence on Fascist regimes: Some people and enterprises did better than others; those that did better needed the support of the state, and those that did not do as well, needed to be eradicated. Since most Fascist regimes were also influenced by racist ideas, the general tendency was to support the companies of the people of the "better" race. Gaetano Salvemini, an Italian historian said in 1936 that fascism made taxpayers responsible to private enterprise, because "the State pays for the blunders of private enterprise... Profit is private and individual. Loss is public and social." Fascist governments encouraged the pursuit of private profit and offered many benefits to large businesses, but they demanded in return that all economic activity should serve the national interest.
Social work

**Social work** is work done for the welfare of the society. A social worker is a trained person who is paid to manage problems in society.

Social workers are employed to organise welfare and social care for  people who cannot help themselve<nowiki/>s.

Training includes anthropology, economics, education, law, medicine, philosophy, politics, psychology, sociology and science.

Over time, social work has changed.  It was mostly a religious and charitable practice. Now it is more profession<nowiki/>al. It is less a private and volunteer activity and more a publicly funded, paid occupation.

## Work of a social worker

Social workers may do any of these things:

- Assessing strength of a person, their family, and their social support systems to help them within the community.
- Educating a family on the physical and social needs of its members and how they can get help,
- Counselling for individuals and families
- Managing the risk of self harm  or danger to others.
- Managing money — finding people who need financial assistance.
- Helping people to come in or out of hospitals and other institutions
- Showing people how to find help

## Challenges

Social workers often have a lot of work and pressure to solve problems. It is a demanding job where people have occupational burnout. Social workers will have cases of homelessness, chronic unemployment, lack of income, lack of health insurance coverage, prison history, and substance abuse problems. Any of these problems, separately and together, can cause difficulty.

## Related pages

- Foster care
- Group home
- Disability
Mario Party 3

***Mario Party 3*** is a party board video game for the Nintendo 64 console. It is the third game in the _Mario Party_ series. It is the last _Mario Party_ game for the Nintendo 64. It was made by Hudson Soft and published by Nintendo. It was released on December 7, 2000 in Japan, on May 7, 2001 in North America, and on September 3, 2001 in Europe.

## Gameplay

_Mario Party 3_ plays like the first two _Mario Party_ games. Players go around on boards to collect coins, which they can use to buy stars. Movement is done with the use of a dice block with the numbers one through ten. After all four players take their turns, a mini-game is played. The player who wins the mini-game wins coins. The winner is the player with the most stars at the end of the game. A new element in this game is the Game Guy Space. If a player lands on this space, they must pay all of their coins to play a mini-game. If successful, the player's coins will be doubled (or more, depending on the outcome). If the player fails, they lose all of their coins. This is the only _Mario Party_ game this space appears in. Also, the player may now hold up to three items at a time. Six boards are available. The last one must be unlocked in Story Mode.

A new feature in this game are duel boards. Here, the player faces another player in a one-on-one duel on a board. Both players have up to two partners they can use. Twelve partners are available to use. The object is to decrease the other player's health to zero. There are six duel boards available. Duel boards are played after party boards in Story Mode. In Story Mode, the player gets a stamp for winning.

Eight characters are playable in this game. Two characters, Waluigi and Princess Daisy, make their first playable appearances in this game.

## Infobox (video game)

- **title**: Mario Party 3
- **developer**: Hudson Soft
- **publisher**: Nintendo
- **composer**: Ichiro Shimakura
- **director**: Kenji Kikuchi
- **producer**: Shinji Hatano
Shinichi Nakamoto
- **series**: _Mario Party_
- **genre**: Party_game#Party_video_games, Party
- **modes**: Single player, Multiplayer game, Multiplayer
- **platforms**: Nintendo 64
Mitchell Ryan

**Mitchell "Mitch" Ryan** (January 11, 1934 – March 4, 2022) was an American actor. He was known for his roles as Burke Devlin in _Dark Shadows_, Edward Montgomery in _Dharma & Greg_ and as Dr. Terence Wynn in _Halloween: The Curse of Michael Myers_. He also played the villain General Peter McAllister in _Lethal Weapon_.

Ryan was born on January 11, 1934 in Cincinnati, Ohio. He was raised in Louisville, Kentucky. He was married to Lynda Morse from 1972 until they divorced. They had three children.

Ryan died on March 4, 2022 at his home in Los Angeles, California from congestive heart failure, aged 88.
Shamrock

**Shamrocks** are the young sprigs of clover or trefoil. The shamrock is a symbol of Ireland. According to a legend, Saint Patrick used it to illustrate the doctrine of the Holy Trinity. The name _shamrock_ is  derived from Irish **'. This is the diminutive version of the Irish word for clover (**') meaning simply _"little clover"_ or _"young clover"_. Sometimes other three-leafed plants are called shamrocks. The shamrock can be used for its medicinal properties. It was used as a motif in Victorian days. Around March 17 (Saint Patrick's Day) small pots of shamrocks are sold. Some people wear sprigs of shamrock in a buttonhole on the holiday.
John J. B. Wilson

**John J. B. Wilson** (born May 24, 1954) is an American copywriter and publicist. He is the founder of the Golden Raspberry Awards. He written many books about how he founded the "Razzie Awards".

Wilson was born on May 24, 1954 in Chicago, Illinois. He was raised in Santa Monica, California and in Los Angeles, California. Wilson studied at the University of California, Los Angeles. He is married to Barbara Wilson. They have a son. He now lives in Cerritos, California.
Sulfoxide

A **sulfoxide** is a molecule that has a sulfur atom bonded to two carbon atoms and one oxygen atom. It comes from oxidising thioethers, without going all the way to the sulfone. Like many molecules containing sulfur, sulfoxide can sometimes smell a lot.

Sulfoxides can be written with the general formula R–S(=O)–R'. Sulfur has a double bond with the oxygen, and single bonds with the carbons. That leaves a lone pair on the atom. This gives it trigonal pyramidal molecular geometry. It also means that the sulfur can be a chiral centre. Sulfoxides are used as good ligands for transition metals.

The simplest sulfoxide is dimethyl sulfoxide, . It is also called DMSO. It is used as a solvent for many reactions, especially in biochemistry.
Olly Murs

**Olly Murs** (born 14 May 1984) is an English singer. He comes from Witham, Essex. He became famous after he finished second in The X Factor in 2009.

In August 2010, his first single "Please Don't Let Me Go" came top of the record charts in the UK. After that, he had another three songs that went to number one: "Heart Skips a Beat", "Dance With Me Tonight" and "Troublemaker" (with Flo Rida). He has also made three albums, which all did well in the UK charts. His label is Epic Records.

He is co-host of the X Factor along with Caroline Flack. They took over from Dermot o'Leary from 2015.

## Other websites

- Official website
LaSalle Street

**LaSalle Street** is a major north-south street in Chicago named after Sieur de La Salle, an early explorer from Illinois. The section that runs through the Chicago Loop is thought to be Chicago's financial district. The Chicago Board of Trade Building is in the north part of the street. The street is a good spot for movies because of the location of the Trade Building. The street also has many tall buildings.
Lake Shore Drive

**Lake Shore Drive** is a freeway-standard expressway in Chicago, Illinois. It runs along the shore of Lake Michigan. The highway passes Navy Pier all the through 875 North Michigan Avenue. The drive is a dangerous area during blizzards. The drive was named Leif Ericson Drive (after Leif Ericson) until it was renamed in 1946.

## Other websites

- Lake Shore Drive Redux  from ForgottenChicago.com
- The Campaign to Depave Lake Shore Drive
- Historic, Current & Average Travel Times For Lake Shore Drive
Navy Pier

**Navy Pier** is a pier on the Chicago shoreline of Lake Michigan. It is  long. It is in the Streeterville neighborhood of the Near North Side community area. The pier was built in 1916. It cost $4.5 million. It was a part of the Plan of Chicago developed by architect and city planner Daniel Burnham and his partners. The pier has a  tall Ferris wheel.

## Other websites

- Chicago Children's Museum on Navy Pier
- Chicago Shakespeare Theater on Navy Pier
- IMAX Theater on Navy Pier
- Photos of Navy Pier at Night
- 3D Google Earth Model
Daniel Burnham

**Daniel Hudson Burnham**  (September 4, 1846 – June 1, 1912) was an American architect and urban designer. Burnham helped create buildings or streets in Washington, D.C., in New York City, and in his hometown of Chicago. He helped create Navy Pier.

Burnham was born on September 4, 1846 in Henderson, New York. He was raised in Chicago, Illinois. He was rejected from Yale University and at Harvard University. Burnham was married to Margaret Sherman from 1876 until his death in 1912. They had two children. Burnham died on June 1, 1912 in Heidelberg, Germany from diabetes, aged 65. He was buried in Graceland Cemetery in Uptown, Chicago.

## Other websites

- Ryerson & Burnham Libraries at The Art Institute of Chicago
- Burnham, Beaux-Arts, Plan of Chicago, & Fairs
- _Booknotes_ interview with Erik Larson on _The Devil in the White City_, September 14, 2003.
Barney Frank

**Barnett "Barney" Frank** (born March 31, 1940) is an American politician who served in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1981 to 2013. A member of the Democratic Party, he served as chairman of the House Financial Services Committee (2007–2011). He was a leading co-sponsor of the 2010 Dodd–Frank Act, a sweeping reform of the U.S. financial industry. Frank, a resident of Newton, Massachusetts, is considered the most prominent openly gay politician in the United States.

Frank was born on March 31, 1940 in Bayonne, New Jersey. He studied at Harvard University. He has been married to Jim Ready since 2012.

Barney's latest book is "Frank Barney Frank," a review of his personal and political career and a strong argument for empowering government to help people.

## Other websites

- Congressman Frank defends trans-exclusive Employment Non-Discrimination Act , _The Bilerico Project_, September 28, 2007.
- The Republicans' Democracy Disorder , _In These Times_, 2006-02-04
- Congressman Barney Frank: A Buzzflash Interview , _Buzzflash_, July 22, 2003
- Monumentally Frank: Interview with Massachusetts Congressman Barney Frank _Metro Weekly_, March 20, 2003.
- Frank Discusses U.S. Policy, Attitude Regarding Gay Rights, _The Hoya_, October 19, 2001.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Barney Frank
- **image**: Barneyfrank.jpg
- **state**: Massachusetts
- **term start**: January 3, 1981
- **term end**: January 3, 2013
- **predecessor**: Robert Drinan
- **successor**: Joseph P. Kennedy III, Joseph Kennedy
- **office1**: Chair of the United States House Committee on Financial Services, House Financial Services Committee
- **term start1**: January 4, 2007
- **term end1**: January 3, 2011
- **preceded1**: Mike Oxley
- **succeeded1**: Spencer Bachus
- **state house2**: Massachusetts
- **district2**: 8th Suffolk
- **term start2**: January 3, 1979
- **term end2**: January 3, 1981
- **predecessor2**: Francis Dailey
- **successor2**: Thomas Vallely
- **state house3**: Massachusetts
- **district3**: 5th Suffolk
- **term start3**: January 3, 1973
- **term end3**: January 3, 1979
- **predecessor3**: Eliot Wadsworth
- **successor3**: Daniel Pokaski
- **birth name**: Barnett Frank
- **birth place**: Bayonne, New Jersey, Bayonne, New Jersey, United States, U.S.
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
- **alma mater**: Harvard University
Miranda Hart

**Miranda Katharine Hart-Dyke** (born 14 December 1972) is a British actress, writer and comedienne. She writes, produces and stars in the television sitcom _Miranda_. Her other acting roles include: _Hyperdrive_, _Not Going Out_ and _Call the Midwife_. She also appeared in _Spy_ (2015) and played Miss Bates in the 2020 movie _Emma_.

Hart has written five books: _Is It Just Me?_ (2012), a semi-autobiographical book; _The Best of Miranda_ (2014), a compilation of scripts from the TV series; _Peggy and Me_ (2016), a description of her life since owning her titular dog; _Miranda Hart's Daily Dose of Such Fun!_ (2017), in partnership with Comic Relief; and _I Haven’t Been Entirely Honest with You_ (2024).

It was announced in February 2017 that Hart would star as "Miss Hannigan" in the West End production of _Annie_.

In 2017, Hart presented the Royal Variety Performance while the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge were in attendance. This made her the first solo female presenter in 105 years.

## Personal life

She was born in Torquay, Devon. Her parents are Diana Margaret Luce and David Hart Dyke. Miranda grew up in Petersfield, Hampshire.

In October 2024, during an appearance on _The One Show_ to promote her book _I Haven't Been Entirely Honest With You_, Hart revealed she had got married.

In October 2024, Hart revealed that she had Lyme disease.
Neil Abercrombie

**Neil Abercrombie** (born June 26, 1938) is an American politician. He  was the 7th Governor of Hawaii from December 2010 to December 2014. Previously he was the Democratic U.S. Representative of the First Congressional District of Hawaii, which comprises urban Honolulu.

He served in Congress from 1986 to 1987 and from 1991 to 2010, when he resigned to successfully run for governor. He has also served as a state legislator and member of the Honolulu City Council.

In August 2014, he was defeated in the Hawaii Democratic primary by state senator David Ige.

Abercrombie was born on June 26, 1938 in Buffalo, New York. He has Irish, English, and German ancestry. He studied at Union College and at the University of Hawaii, Manoa. He went to schools in Hawaii with the parents of Barack Obama. Abercrombie has been married to Nancie Caraway since 1981.

## Other websites

- State of Hawaii Office of the Governor _official state website_
- Neil Abercrombie For Governor  _official campaign site_
- Neil Abercrombie Campaign Material  by ArchivoElectoral.org

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Neil Abercrombie
- **image**: Neil Abercrombie.jpg
- **order**: 7th Governor of Hawaii
- **lieutenant**: Brian Schatz
Shan Tsutsui
- **term start**: December 6, 2010
- **term end**: December 1, 2014
- **predecessor**: Linda Lingle
- **successor**: David Ige
- **state1**: Hawaii
- **district1**: Hawaii's 1st congressional district, 1st
- **term start1**: January 3, 1991
- **term end1**: February 28, 2010
- **predecessor1**: Pat Saiki
- **successor1**: Charles Djou
- **term start2**: September 20, 1986
- **term end2**: January 3, 1987
- **predecessor2**: Cecil Heftel
- **successor2**: Pat Saiki
- **office3**: Member of the Hawaii House of Representatives
- **term3**: 1975–1979
- **birth place**: Buffalo, New York, U.S.
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
- **education**: Union College (Bachelor of Arts, AB)
University of Hawaii at Manoa, University of Hawaii, Manoa (Master of Arts, MA, Doctor of Philosophy, PhD)
- **signature**: Neil Abercrombie signature.jpeg
Mario Party 9

***Mario Party 9*** is a party board video game for the Nintendo Wii console. It is the 12th game in the _Mario Party_ series. It was developed by Nd Cube and published by Nintendo. It is the second and last game for the Wii (the first being _Mario Party 8_). It was released on March 2, 2012 in Europe, on March 8, 2012 in Australia, on March 12, 2012 in North America, on April 26, 2012 in Japan, on June 29, 2012 in Hong Kong, and on April 11 2013 in South Korea.

## Gameplay

In _Mario Party 9_, players now move together on boards in a vehicle. The vehicle is themed around the board. Players no longer collect coins and stars. Instead, they collect Mini Stars. Mini Stars are collected by passing by a space with them. There are also spaces with Mini Ztars, which deduct a player's Mini Star amount. Mini-games are no longer played after the end of each turn. Instead, mini-games are played by landing on a mini-game space. At the end of a mini-game, players are ranked from first to last place. Players who earn high positions earn more Mini Stars.

Seven boards are available. One of the boards must be unlocked. Boards now take a straight path. A game ends when the players go around the board once. After a game ends, the players face off against a boss. Each board has a different boss.

Twelve characters are available to play as. Two of the characters must be unlocked in Solo Mode.

## Other websites

- _Mario Party 9_ North American official website

## Infobox (video game)

- **title**: Mario Party 9
- **developer**: Nd Cube
- **publisher**: Nintendo
- **composer**: Toshiki Aida
Ryosuke Asami
- **series**: _Mario Party (series), Mario Party_
- **genre**: Party video game, Party, Adventure game, Adventure
- **modes**: Single player, Multiplayer
- **platforms**: Wii
Phil Bruns

**Phillip Bruns** (May 2, 1931 – February 8, 2012) was an American actor and writer who was known for his role as George Shumway in _Mary Hartman, Mary Hartman_.

Bruns was born on May 2, 1931 in Pipestone, Minnesota. He was married to Laurie Franks from until his death in 2012. Bruns died on February 8, 2012 in Los Angeles, California from natural causes, aged 80.

## Other websites

- Phil Bruns; findagrave.com
Ron Leibman

**Ron Leibman** (October 11, 1937 – December 6, 2019) was an American actor and educator. He was known for his role as Dr. Leonard Green in the famous comedy sitcom _Friends_. He won a Drama Desk Award in 1993, an Emmy Award in 1979, and an Tony Award in 1993 for his role as Roy Cohn in _Angels in America_.

Leibman was born on October 11, 1937 in New York City, New York. He studied at Ohio Wesleyan University. Leibman was married to Linda Lavin from 1969 until they divorced in 1981. He was married to Jessica Walter from 1983 until 2019.

Leibman died from pneumonia-related problems in New York City on December 6, 2019, at age 82.

## Other websites

- Ron Leibman at the University of Wisconsin's Actors Studio audio collection
- The New School for Drama

## Infobox (person)

- **birthname**: Ronald Leibman
- **birth place**: New York City, New York, U.S.
- **death place**: New York City, New York, U.S.
- **occupation**: Actor
- **yearsactive**: 1963–2019
- **spouse**:
Will Keith Kellogg

**Will Keith "W.K." Kellogg** (April 7, 1860 – October 6, 1951) was an American industrialist in food manufacturing, best known as the founder of the Kellogg Company. His brother was John Harvey Kellogg.

Kellogg was born on April 7, 1860 in Battle Creek, Michigan. He was married to Ella Osborn Davis from 1880 until her death in 1912. They had five children. Then he was married to Carrie Staines from 1918 until her death in 1948. Kellogg died on October 6, 1951 in Battle Creek, Michigan from heart failure, aged 91.

## Other websites

- Genealogy wiki

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Will Keith Kellogg
- **image**: W.K. Kellogg with Antez (1929).PNG
- **caption**: W.K. Kellogg with Antez (1929)
- **birth name**: Will Keith Kellogg
- **birth place**: Battle Creek, Michigan, U.S.
- **death place**: Battle Creek, Michigan, U.S.
- **death cause**: Heart failure
- **resting place**: Oak Hill Cemetery, Battle Creek, Michigan, U.S.
- **nationality**: United States, American
- **education**: Parson’s Business College
- **spouse**: Ella Davis (1858–1912), m. 1880
 Carrie Staines Kellogg (1867–1948) m. 1918
- **children**: Karl Hugh Kellogg (1881–1955), John Leonard Kellogg (1880–1950), Will Keith Kellogg II (1885–1889), Elizabeth Ann Kellogg (1888–1966), Irvin Hadley Kellogg (1894–1895)
- **parents**: John Preston Kellogg (1807–1881) and Ann Janette Stanley Kellogg (1824–1893)
- **relatives**: John Harvey Kellogg – brother
History of mathematics

The **history of mathematics** is how mathematics has developed over time.

## Early history

Early mathematics developed independently in several ancient civilizations. The **Babylonians** and **Egyptians** laid the foundations of arithmetic, geometry, and measurement, which were later expanded by **Greek mathematicians** such as **Euclid**, **Archimedes**, **Pythagoras**, and **Eratosthenes**, who formalized mathematics through logical proofs and axiomatic systems.

At the same time, **Indian mathematicians** made profound and original contributions. **Aryabhata** introduced advanced trigonometry and accurate astronomical calculations; **Brahmagupta** formalized rules for zero and negative numbers; and **Bhaskara II** developed early ideas related to calculus and algebra. India also gave the world the **decimal place-value system** and the concept of **zero**, which later spread to the Islamic world and Europe.

Medieval and early modern mathematics was further advanced by figures such as **Fibonacci**, who introduced Hindu–Arabic numerals to Europe, **René Descartes**, who founded coordinate geometry, **Leonhard Euler**, **Blaise Pascal**, and **Carl Friedrich Gauss**, whose work shaped modern mathematics.

### Problems

Many mathematical problems have been proposed and solved. Andrew Wiles became famous by proving the Fermat's Last Theorem.

### World War II

Some mathematical works had relation with the war. British mathematician Alan Turing created the Enigma machine to uncode Nazi codes. On the other hand, several mathematicians like John von Neumann worked on the Manhattan Project.

## Related pages

- _Principia Mathematica_

as:গণিত#গণিতৰ ইতিহাস
John Harvey Kellogg

**John Harvey Kellogg** (February 26, 1852 – December 14, 1943) was an American medical doctor. He and his brother, Will Keith Kellogg, invented corn flakes.

Kellogg was born on February 26, 1852 in Battle Creek, Michigan. He studied at New York University. Kellogg was married to Ella Ervilla Eaton from 1879 until her death in 1920. They adopted seven children. Kellogg died on December 14, 1943 in Battle Creek, Michigan from an illness, aged 91.

## Other websites

- Photo Gallery (1000+ images) related to Dr. John Harvey Kellogg and the Battle Creek Sanitarium
- Etext of _Plain Facts For Old And Young_
- Dr. John Harvey Kellogg and Battle Creek Foods: Work with Soy  from the Soy foods Center
- Dr. John Harvey Kellogg from the Battle Creek Historical Society
Studebaker

The **Studebaker Corporation** was an American company in South Bend, Indiana that built automobiles.  It started in 1852 making wagons, at that time it was named Studebaker Brothers Manufacturing Company.  Later they started making cars and then pickups.  In 1966 they went out of business.

## History

At first, Studebaker built horse wagons used by farmers, miners and the military.  In 1902 they started making electric vehicles and in 1904 they started making gasoline vehicles.  At first they worked with other companies to make the vehicles, but starting in 1912 they made the whole car by themselves.  For fifty years they made many cars that worked well and had interesting shapes.  But the cars cost a lot of money and after some years of troubles, the company shut down in 1966.

## Models

Cars
- Hawk
- Lark
- Avanti
- many others

Trucks
- Transtar
- Champ
- others

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: Studebaker Corporation
- **logo**: , was used from the 1950s until 1966]]
- **logo caption**: Badge used in the 1950s and 1960s
- **fate**: Merged with Packard to form the Studebaker-Packard CorporationMerged with Wagner Electric and Worthington Corporation to form Studebaker-WorthingtonSome naming and production rights, along with Studebaker's South Bend plant, acquired by the Avanti Motor Company
- **successor**: Studebaker-Packard CorporationStudebaker-Worthington
- **location**: 635 S. Main St., South Bend, Indiana, U.S.
- **industry**: Automotive industry, Automotive, manufacturing
- **products**: Automobiles (originally wagons, carriages and Horse harness, harnesses)
- **former name**: Studebaker Brothers Manufacturing Company
Mamie Van Doren

**Mamie Van Doren** (born **Joan Lucille Olander**; February 6, 1931) is an American actress and model. She acts primarily in movies. She is also a singer. Her many movies include _Untamed Youth_ (1977). Many times, she would play a bad girl within her movies. Van Doren has been oftentimes compared against other blonde actresses, in particular, Marilyn Monroe. Mamie was born in Rowena, South Dakota.

## Background

In 1946, Doren began working at the Pantages Theatre as an usher in Hollywood. Where in the following year, she had a part on an early television series. She sang with Ted Fio Rito's band and entered several beauty contests.

Doren was 17 years old when she got married to Jack Newman in Santa Barbara, California, but because of his abusive nature the marriage didn't last long. Doren won the titles Miss Eight Ball and Miss Palm Springs at the age of 18 years.
Gene Barry

**Gene Barry** (**Eugene Klass**; June 14, 1919 – December 9, 2009) was an American actor. He was known for his roles in _The Atomic City_ (1952), _The War of The Worlds_ (1953), and _Bat Masterson_ (1958-1961).

Barry was born on June 14, 1919 in New York City, New York to a Jewish-Russian family. He studied at Chatham Square School of Music. Barry was married to Betty Claire Kalb from 1944 until her death in 2003. They had three children, one adopted.

Barry died on the morning of December 9, 2009 from heart failure in his home in Woodland Hills, California, aged 90.

## Other websites

- Review of The War Of The Worlds
- Comprehensive Gene Barry Fan Page
- Gene Barry - Daily Telegraph obituary