juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Dallas Long

**Dallas Crutcher Long** (June 13, 1940 – November 10, 2024) was an American track and field athlete. He mostly competed in the shot put. He won an Olympic bronze medal in 1960 and a gold medal in 1964. He also won a silver medal during the 1959 Pan American Games. Long was born in Pine Bluff, Arkansas.

Long died on November 10, 2024 under hospice care in Whitefish, Montana from problems caused by Parkinson's disease at the age of 84.

## Other websites

- Image of children watching Dallas Long conduct dental examinations, Los Angeles, California,1965. Los Angeles Times Photographic Archive (Collection 1429). UCLA Library Special Collections, Charles E. Young Research Library, University of California, Los Angeles.
SquareTrade

**SquareTrade Inc.**, is a company based in the United States that provides extended warranty services for electronics and appliances. It is a subsidiary of Allstate since 2016.

## Early history and dispute resolution

Founded in 1999 by Ahmed Khaishgi, SquareTrade began as an online service to help settle e-commerce disputes, working with sites like eBay. Its service included a verification seal called the SquareTrade Seal. The company later stopped offering these services.

## Warranty services

In 2006, SquareTrade started selling warranty plans for electronics and other devices, including protection plans sold through large retailers. The company gained attention and, in 2012, received a large investment from Bain Capital and Bain Capital Ventures.

SquareTrade's main underwriter was AmTrust Financial Services, Inc., but it shifted to Starr Indemnity in 2013.

## Allstate acquisition

In 2016, Allstate bought SquareTrade for $1.4 billion, adding it to its range of consumer protection services.

## Lawsuit

In 2016, a class-action lawsuit was filed against SquareTrade, accusing it of selling plans for products that were not eligible for coverage, which customers found out only when they tried to make a claim.

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: Allstate Protection Plans
- **former name**: SquareTrade
- **type**: Subsidiary
- **industry**: Insurance
- **founder**: Ahmed Khaishgi
 Steve Abernethy
- **location**: San Francisco, California
- **key people**: Karl Wiley (CEO, President) (2020-present)
- **parent**: Allstate <small>(2016-present)</small>
Luis Ernesto Tapia

**Luis Ernesto Tapia Pérez** (21 October 1944 – 13 November 2024) was a Panamanian football forward player. Tapia made 77 appearances for the Panama national football team between 1963 and 1979.

Tapia died from a heart attack in Panama City, Panama on 13 November 2024, at the age of 80.

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Luis Ernesto Tapia
- **fullname**: Luis Ernesto Tapia Pérez
- **birth place**: Panama City, Panama
- **death place**: Panama City, Panama
- **position**: Forward (association football), Forward
- **youthyears1**: 1961–1962
- **youthclubs1**: Politécnica FC
- **years1**: 1962–1963
- **clubs1**: Deportivo El Granillo
- **years2**: 1963–1970
- **clubs2**: Alianza F.C., Alianza
- **years3**: 1969–1970
- **clubs3**: Deportiva Galcasa
- **years4**: 1970–1971
- **clubs4**: C.D. Atlético Marte, Atlético Marte
- **years5**: 1971–1972
- **clubs5**: C.D. Universidad de El Salvador, UES
- **years6**: 1972–1974
- **clubs6**: C.D. Juventud Olímpica Metalio, Juventud Olímpica
- **years7**: 1974–1979
- **clubs7**: Provincia de Panama Metro
- **years8**: 1979–1981
- **clubs8**: Atlético Ciudad de Panama
- **nationalyears1**: 1963–1979
- **nationalteam1**: Panama national football team, Panama
- **nationalcaps1**: 77
- **nationalgoals1**: 20
Bain Capital

**Bain Capital, LP** is an American investment company based in Boston, Massachusetts. It manages about $185 billion in assets. Founded in 1984 by partners from Bain & Company, it invests in many areas, such as private equity, venture capital, real estate, technology, and life sciences. Bain Capital has offices worldwide in North America, Europe, Asia, and Australia.

Since it started, Bain Capital has invested in many companies, including AMC Theatres, Burger King, Domino's Pizza, Guitar Center, HCA, Sealy, Toys "R" Us, and Warner Music Group. Bain Capital has gained attention for its business strategies, especially during co-founder Mitt Romney's 2012 presidential campaign.

In 2023, Bain Capital was ranked 13th in the world by Private Equity International for its size among private equity firms.

## History

Bain Capital was started in 1984 by Mitt Romney, T. Coleman Andrews III, and Eric Kriss, who worked at Bain & Company. They applied consulting ideas to investing and growing companies. Romney was the president and later CEO, and he held many roles at the firm in its early years.

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: Bain Capital, LP
- **type**: Privately held company, Private
- **industry**: Alternative investment
- **products**: Venture capital, investment management, public equity, private equity, real estate and credit products
Joanne Chory

**Joanne Chory** (1955 – November 12, 2024) was an American plant biologist and geneticist. Chory was a professor and director of the Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies. She was an investigator of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute.

Chory was elected as a foreign member of the Royal Society in 2011. In 2024, she won the Wolf Prize in Agriculture.

Chory was born in Boston, Massachusetts. She studied at Oberlin College and at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

In 2004, Chory was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease. She died on November 12, 2024 from problems caused by the disease in La Jolla, California at the age of 69.

## Other websites

- Biography and research at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute
- Faculty webpage at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies
- TED Talk 2019. Joanne Chory: How supercharged plants could slow climent change
Don Gaetz

**Donald Jay Gaetz** ( ; born January 22, 1948) is an American businessman and Republican politician. He is a member of the Florida State Senate since 2024. He was a member before from 2006 to 2016. He was Senate president from 2012 to 2014.

Gaetz was elected back to 1st Senate district in the 2024 election. He is the father of former Congressman Matt Gaetz.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Don Gaetz
- **image**: Don Gaetz (R-4th).jpg
- **office1**: List of presidents of the Florida Senate, President of the Florida Senate
- **term start1**: November 20, 2012
- **term end1**: November 18, 2014
- **predecessor1**: Mike Haridopolos
- **successor1**: Andy Gardiner
- **state senate2**: Florida
- **district2**: Florida's 1st Senate district, 1st
- **term start2**: November 5, 2024
- **term start3**: November 7, 2006
- **term end3**: November 8, 2016
- **predecessor2**: Doug Broxson
- **predecessor3**: Charlie Clary
- **successor3**: Redistricted
- **constituency3**: Florida's 4th Senate district, 4th district (2006–2012)
Florida's 1st Senate district, 1st district (2012–2016)
- **birth place**: Rugby, North Dakota, U.S.
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **spouse**: Victoria Quertermous
- **parents**: Jerry Gaetz (father)
- **children**: 2, including Matt Gaetz, Matt
- **education**: Concordia College (Moorhead, Minnesota), Concordia College Bachelor of Arts, (BA)
Troy State University Master of Public Administration, (MPA)
Cassidy Hutchinson

**Cassidy Jacqueline Hutchinson** (born December 12, 1996) is a former White House aide. She was the assistant to Chief of Staff Mark Meadows during the first presidency of Donald Trump.

Hutchinson testified at the June 28, 2022 public hearings of the United States House Select Committee on the January 6 Attack. She talked about President Donald Trump's actions before and during the January 6 United States Capitol attack.

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Cassidy Hutchinson
- **image**: Cassidy Hutchinson (cropped).png
- **caption**: Hutchinson in 2022
- **birth name**: Cassidy Jacqueline Hutchinson
- **birth place**: Pennington, New Jersey, U.S.
- **alma mater**: Christopher Newport University (Bachelor of Arts, BA)
- **notableworks**: _Enough (book), Enough_ (2023)
Pennington, New Jersey

**Pennington** is a borough in Mercer County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. As of the 2020 United States census, the borough's population was 2,802.
Flag of Edmonton

The **flag of Edmonton** has three vertical stripes of blue, white and blue with the seal of Edmonton. Flag and heraldry experts also call the design of the flag a _Canadian Pale_. It was adopted 4 May 2021.

## Infobox (flag)

- **name**: Flag of Edmonton
- **proportion**: 2:4
Flans

**Flans** are an all-female Mexican music group, which enjoyed popularity from the mid-1980s to the early 1990s. Its members were the singers Ivonne Margarita Guevara García, Ilse María Olivo Schweinfurth and Irma Angélica Hernández Ochoa. They were generally known as Ivonne, Ilse, and Mimí.
Reese's Peanut Butter Cups

**Reese's Peanut Butter Cups** are an American candy by the Hershey Company consisting of a peanut butter filling encased in chocolate. They were created on November 15, 1928, by H. B. Reese, a former dairy farmer and shipping foreman for Milton S. Hershey. Reese was let go from his job with Hershey when the Round Barn which he managed was shut down for cost-saving measures. He subsequently decided to start his own candy business. Reese's are a top-selling candy brand worldwide, with $3.1 billion in annual sales as of 2024.
Dhangadhi

**Dhangadhi** is the headquarters of the Kailali district in Nepal. In the Kailali district, the people of various castes, religion and from different personalities exist.

Dhangadhi is the gateway to nearby tourist places like Shuklaphanta National Park, Ghodaghodi Lake and Khaptad National Park. It is the connecting city between nearby cities of Mahendranagar, Attariya and Dipayal Silgadhi. It is also a land route to enter Nepal from India. The Dhangadhi is the popular place of all over the Sudurpaschim district. There are well infrastructures, high facilities of education, health, transportation & communication. etc.
Heaven 17

**Heaven 17** are an English synth-pop band formed in Sheffield in 1980. The band were a trio for most of their career, composed of founding Human League members Martyn Ware (keyboards, drum machine, vocals) and Ian Craig Marsh (keyboards) with vocalist Glenn Gregory.

Although most of their music was recorded in the 1980s, they have occasionally reformed, and played their first live concerts in 1997.
Divine (performer)

**Harris Glenn Milstead** (October 19, 1945 – March 7, 1988), better known by the stage name **Divine**, was an American actor, singer and drag queen. Closely associated with independent filmmaker John Waters, Divine was a character actor, usually performing female roles in cinematic and theatrical productions and adopted a female drag persona for his music career.
Merengue music

**Merengue** is a type of music and dance originating in present day Dominican Republic which has become a very popular genre throughout Latin America, and also in several major cities in the United States with Latino communities. Merengue was inscribed on November 30, 2016 in the representative list of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity of UNESCO.
Fado

**Fado** is a music genre which can be traced to the 1820s in Lisbon, Portugal, but probably has much earlier origins. Fado historian and scholar Rui Vieira Nery states that "the only reliable information on the history of fado was orally transmitted and goes back to the 1820s and 1830s at best. But even that information was frequently modified within the generational transmission process that made it reach us today."

## History

Born in the popular contexts of the 1800s Lisbon, Fado was present in convivial and leisure moments. Happening spontaneously, its execution took place indoors or outdoors, in gardens, bullfights, retreats, streets and alley, taverns, cafés de camareiras and casas de meia-porta.
Chris Owens (performer)

**Chris Owens** (October 5, 1932 – April 5, 2022) was an American performer, club owner and entrepreneur who based her act out of the French Quarter of New Orleans, Louisiana, in the United States. She was a French Quarter fixture and celebrity from the start of the 1960s through the early 21st century. Owens was well known in Louisiana and throughout the South. Tourists visiting Bourbon Street could not miss huge posters of her wearing costumes as they walked by her nightclub. Owens was known as **"Queen of the Vieux Carré"**.
Soap on a rope

**Soap on a rope** is a type of soap that is attached to a cord or rope. The cord makes it easy to hang or carry the soap. The soap is typically used in the shower or bath. The rope helps to prevent the soap from slipping or getting lost.

Soap on a rope was invented in the late 1940s after soap makers realized they could mold soap around any object.
Dołęga coat of arms

The **Dołęga coat of arms** is one of the traditional Polish heraldic symbols used by several szlachta (noble) families of Poland. Originating in the 14th century, this coat of arms is associated with Polish families who served in the military and contributed to the development of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

## Heraldic description

The Dołęga coat of arms features a blue shield with a distinctive symbol: a horseshoe set with the points facing downward, with a cross in the middle. Above the horseshoe, a knight's cross is often depicted, symbolizing strength and faith. The crest typically includes a silver knight’s arm in armor holding a sword, emerging from the helmet.

## Symbolism

The horseshoe in Polish heraldry is a common symbol, often representing good fortune and protection. The cross symbolizes faith and sacrifice, values that were highly regarded among the Polish nobility. The sword or arm in the crest represents the military prowess of those who bore this coat of arms.

## Other websites

- Heraldry of Poland - Dołęga

## Infobox (coat of arms)

- **name**: Dołęga
- **image**: POL COA Dołęga.svg
- **caption**: Dołęga coat of arms
- **battle cry**: Dołęga
- **earliest use**: 14th century
- **use**: Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
Mokhtar Ould Djay

**Mokhtar Ould Djay** (born 28 December 1973) is a Mauritanian politician. He has been the prime minister of Mauritania since 2 August 2024.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Mokhtar Ould Djay
- **native name lang**: ar
- **image**: File:Moctar Ould Diay, Ouagadougou, 4 Feb 2019 (cropped).jpg
- **image size**: 175px
- **caption**: Ould Djay in 2019
- **office**: List of prime ministers of Mauritania, Prime Minister of Mauritania
- **term start**: 2 August 2024
- **president**: Mohamed Ould Ghazouani
- **predecessor**: Mohamed Ould Bilal
- **office2**: Head of the President's Office
- **term start2**: 4 July 2023
- **term end2**: 2 August 2024
- **president2**: Mohamed Ould Ghazouani
- **office3**: Minister of Economy and Finance
- **term start3**: 9 February 2016
- **term end3**: 5 August 2019
- **president3**: Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz
- **office4**: Minister of Finance
- **term start4**: 16 January 2015
- **term end4**: 9 February 2016
- **president4**: Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz
- **primeminister4**: Yahya Ould Hademine
- **predecessor4**: _Himself_
- **successor4**: _Himself_
- **birth place**: Moudjéria, Tagant Region, Tagant, Mauritania
- **party**: El Insaf
- **otherparty**: Union for the Republic (Mauritania), Union for the Republic
- **residence**: Nouakchott
- **cabinet**: Government of Mokhtar Ould Djay, Ould Djay government
Oljas Bektenov

**Oljas Abaiūly Bektenov** (born 13 December 1980) is a Kazakh politician. He has been the prime minister of Kazakhstan since 2024.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Oljas Bektenov
- **native name lang**: kk
- **image**: Olzhas Bektenov (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Official portrait, 2024
- **office**: 12th Prime Minister of Kazakhstan
- **term start**: 6 February 2024
- **president**: Kassym-Jomart Tokayev
- **predecessor**: Alihan Smaiylov
- **1blankname**: First Deputy Prime Minister of Kazakhstan, First Deputy
- **1namedata**: Roman Sklyar
- **office2**: Presidential Administration of Kazakhstan, Aqorda Chief of Staff
- **term start2**: 3 April 2023
- **term end2**: 6 February 2024
- **president2**: Kassym-Jomart Tokayev
- **predecessor2**: Murat Nurtleu
- **successor2**: Aibek Dädebaev
- **1blankname2**: First Deputy
- **1namedata2**: Timur Suleimenov
- **office3**: Chairman of the Anti-Corruption Agency of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Anti-Corruption Agency
- **term start3**: 25 February 2022
- **term end3**: 3 April 2023
- **president3**: Kassym-Jomart Tokayev
- **predecessor3**: Marat Ahmetjanov
- **successor3**: Ashat Jumağali
- **birth place**: Alma-Ata, Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic, Kazakh SSR, Soviet Union
- **nationality**: Kazakh
- **party**: Amanat (political party), Amanat
- **children**: 3
- **alma mater**: Kazakh State Law Academy
Czesław Kaczmarek

**Czesław Kaczmarek** (April 16, 1895 – August 26, 1963) was a Polish Roman Catholic bishop of the Diocese of Kielce, known for his firm stance against Communism and his persecution under the Polish People's Republic. As a prominent church leader, he faced significant oppression, including arrest and imprisonment, due to his outspoken opposition to the state's policies regarding religion and human rights.

## Other website

- Official Website of the Diocese of Kielce

## Infobox (religious biography)

- **type**: bishop
- **honorific-prefix**: Bishop
- **name**: Czesław Kaczmarek
- **title**: Bishop of Kielce
- **caption**: Bishop Czesław Kaczmarek
- **church**: Roman Catholic Church
- **diocese**: Kielce
- **see**: Kielce
- **ordination**: September 21, 1924
- **consecration**: May 24, 1938
- **consecrated by**: August Hlond
- **birth place**: Żurawica, Poland
- **death place**: Kielce, Poland
- **nationality**: Polish
- **religion**: Roman Catholic
- **previous post**: Priest, Professor
Type 26 revolver

The **Type 26** was a Japanese revolver. It was employed by the Imperial Japanese Army from 1893 to 1945. It was developed at the Koishikawa Arsenal and is named for its year of adoption in the Japanese dating system (the 26th year of the Meiji era, i.e., 1893). About 60,000 of these revolvers were produced between 1893 and 1935. This revolver saw use in the Russo-Japanese War, Second Sino-Japanese War, World War I and World War II.

The Type 26 was 9mm caliber, using the 9x22mmR ammunition, which is similar to the .38 S&W. The weapon was opened by lifting the top latch, after which the barrel was swung downward, activating the automatic ejector. Could only be fired in double action. The cylinder contains 6 cartridges. The weapon weighed 880 g unloaded.
Þorgerður Katrín Gunnarsdóttir

**Þorgerður Katrín Gunnarsdóttir** (born 4 October 1965) is an Icelandic politician. She has been chairwoman of the Liberal Reform Party since 2017. Þorgerður was deputy chairwoman of the Independence Party from 2005 to 2010.

Þorgerður was the Minister of Education, Science and Culture from 31 December 2003 to 1 February 2009. She left the Independence Party in 2016 and joined the newly founded Reform Party. She was Minister of Fisheries and Agriculture in 2017.

In December 2024, she became the Minister of Foreign Affairs.

## Other websites

- A biography at Althingi

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Þorgerður Katrín Gunnarsdóttir
- **image**: Þorgerður Katrín Gunnarsdóttir 2021.jpg
- **caption**: Official portrait, 2021
- **office**: Minister for Foreign Affairs (Iceland), Minister of Foreign Affairs
- **primeminister**: Kristrún Frostadóttir
- **term start**: 21 December 2024
- **predecessor**: Þórdís Kolbrún R. Gylfadóttir
- **office1**: Liberal Reform Party (Iceland), Leader of the Liberal Reform Party
- **term start1**: 12 October 2017
- **predecessor1**: Benedikt Jóhannesson
- **office2**: Ministry of Fisheries and Agriculture (Iceland), Minister of Fisheries and Agriculture
- **term start2**: 11 January 2017
- **term end2**: 30 November 2017
- **primeminister2**: Bjarni Benediktsson (born 1970), Bjarni Benediktsson
- **predecessor2**: Gunnar Bragi Sveinsson
- **successor2**: Kristján Þór Júlíusson
- **office3**: Minister of Education, Science and Culture (Iceland), Minister of Education, Science, and Culture
- **term start3**: 31 December 2003
- **term end3**: 1 February 2009
- **primeminister3**: Davíð Oddsson
Halldór Ásgrímsson
Geir Haarde
- **predecessor3**: Tómas Ingi Olrich
- **successor3**: Katrín Jakobsdóttir
- **office4**: Member of the Althing
- **term start4**: 29 October 2016
- **constituency4**: Southwest (Althing constituency), Southwest
- **term start5**: 8 May 1999
- **term end5**: 27 April 2013
- **constituency5**: Reykjanes (Althing constituency), Reykjanes
 Southwest (Althing constituency), Southwest
- **birth place**: Reykjavík, Iceland
- **party**: Liberal Reform Party (Iceland), Liberal Reform Party
<small>(2016–present)</small>
Independence Party (Iceland), Independence Party
<small>(1999–2016)</small>
- **spouse**: Kristján Arason
- **children**: 3, including Gísli Þorgeir Kristjánsson, Gísli
- **alma mater**: University of Iceland
The Boss Baby (franchise)

***The Boss Baby*** is a media franchise made by DreamWorks Animation, loosely based on the 2010 picture book of the same name by Marla Frazee. The franchise began with the 2017 film _The Boss Baby_ and has since grown to include a 2021 sequel, _Family Business_; two television series, _Back in Business_ (2018–2020) and _Back in the Crib_ (2022–2023); two short films; and a 2020 interactive special, with a third film in active development.

The franchise's inciting incident is the birth of the titular character, later known as Ted, who arrives at 7-year-old Tim's home in a taxi, wearing a suit and carrying a briefcase, the series' timeline spanning to focus on a now 37-year-old Tim's daughters, the 7-year-old Tabitha and new Boss Baby Tina.

## Movies

- _The Boss Baby_ (2017)
- _The Boss Baby: Family Business_ (2021)

## Television specials

- _The Boss Baby: Get That Baby!_ (2020)
- _The Boss Baby: Christmas Bonus_ (2022)

## TV Series

- _The Boss Baby: Back in Business_ (2018-2020)
- _The Boss Baby: Back in the Crib_ (2022-2023)
Robinah Nabbanja

**Robinah Nabbanja** (born 17 December 1969) is a Ugandan educator and politician who serves as the Prime Minister of Uganda since 2021. She is the first female prime minister of Uganda.

Before, she was the State Minister of Health for General Duties between 14 December 2019 until 3 May 2021.

She is also a Member of Parliament for Kakumiro District Women Constituency since 2016.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **honorific-prefix**: The Right Honourable
- **name**: Robinah Nabbanja
- **image**: Nabbanja Robinah.jpg
- **office**: Prime Minister of Uganda, 11th Prime Minister of Uganda
- **president**: Yoweri Museveni
- **deputy**: Rebecca Kadaga
Moses Ali
Lukia Isanga Nakadama
- **term start**: 21 June 2021
- **predecessor**: Ruhakana Rugunda
- **birth place**: Uganda
- **party**: National Resistance Movement
- **education**: Uganda Martyrs University
Nkumba University
- **caption**: Nabbanja in 2021
Patrick Schwarzenegger

**Patrick Arnold Shriver Schwarzenegger** (born September 18, 1993) is an American actor and model. He is known for his roles in the television series _The Staircase_ (2022) and _American Sports Story_ (2024). He also played Luke Riordan/Golden Boy in the first season of _The Boys_ spin-off series _Gen V_.

## Personal life

Schwarzenegger was born on September 18, 1993 in Santa Monica, California, and raised in Los Angeles, California. He is the oldest son of author and journalist Maria Shriver and Austrian-born bodybuilder, actor, and former Governor of California Arnold Schwarzenegger.

Since 2015, he has been in a relationship with model Abby Champion. They announced their engagement in December 2023.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Patrick Schwarzenegger
- **image**: Patrick Schwarzenegger.png
- **caption**: Schwarzenegger in 2018
- **birth name**: Patrick Arnold Shriver Schwarzenegger
- **birth place**: Santa Monica, California, U.S.
- **years active**: 2006–present
- **alma mater**: University of Southern California
- **occupation**: Actor, model
- **partner**: Abby Champion (2015–present; engaged)
- **parents**: Maria Shriver
Arnold Schwarzenegger
- **relatives**: Shriver family
 Kennedy family
Seymour Cray

**Seymour Roger Cray** (September 28, 1925 – October 5, 1996) was an American electrical engineer and supercomputer architect. He founded Cray Research. He was called "the father of supercomputing". He was known for creating the supercomputer business.

Cray was critically hurt in a car accident caused near the Air Force Academy in Colorado. He died of his injuries on October 5, 1996 in Colorado Springs, Colorado, two weeks after the accident and one week after his 71st birthday.

## Other websites

- Seymour Cray Oral History
- What's All This About Gallium Arsenide? — keynote lecture by Seymour Cray, recorded on November 15, 1988, at Supercomputing '88 in Orlando, FL, University Video Communications
- An Imaginary Tour of a Biological Computer (Why Computer Professionals and Molecular Biologists Should Start Collaborating): Remarks of Seymour Cray to the Shannon Center for Advanced Studies, University of Virginia, May 30, 1996

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Seymour Cray
- **image**: Seymour R. Cray.JPG
- **image size**: 200px
- **birth name**: Seymour Roger Cray
- **birth place**: Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin, US
- **death place**: Colorado Springs, Colorado, US
- **field**: Applied mathematics, computer science, and electrical engineering
- **work institutions**: Engineering Research Associates
Control Data Corporation
Cray, Cray Research
#Cray Computer Corporation, Cray Computer Corporation
#SRC Computers, SRC Computers
- **alma mater**: University of Minnesota
- **known for**: Supercomputers
- **spouse**: Verene Voll (1947–1978; divorced)
Geri M. Harrand
- **children**: 3
- **relatives**: Andrew Cray (grandson)
Illinois's 3rd congressional district

**Illinois's 3rd congressional district** includes parts of Cook County and DuPage County, and has been represented by Democrat Delia Ramirez since January 3, 2023.

The district was represented by Marie Newman from 2021 to 2023, Dan Lipinski from 2005 to 2021, and by Lipinski's father Bill from 1983 to 2005.

The district includes the western and southwestern suburbs of Chicago. It covers , making it one of the 50 smallest districts in the U.S., although there are five smaller districts in Illinois. The district was created in 1833, five months before Chicago became a town.

## Infobox (u.s. congressional district)

- **state**: Illinois
- **district number**: 3
- **image caption**: Interactive map of district boundaries since January 3, 2023
- **representative**: Delia Ramirez
- **party**: Democratic
- **residence**: Chicago
- **english area**: 156.9
- **population**: 720,148
- **population year**: 2023
- **median income**: $83,552
- **percent white**: 39.1
- **percent hispanic**: 47.3
- **percent black**: 4.6
- **percent asian**: 6.1
- **percent more than one race**: 2.3
- **percent other race**: 0.5
- **cpvi**: D+20
Northeastern Illinois University

**Northeastern Illinois University** (**NEIU**) is a public university in Chicago, Illinois. NEIU has about 9,000 students. It is a Hispanic-serving college. The main campus is located in the community area of North Park.

## Infobox (university)

- **name**: Northeastern Illinois University
- **former names**: Cook County Normal School (1867–1896)
 Chicago Normal School (1896–1938)
 Chicago Teacher's College (1938–1965)
 Northeastern Illinois State College (1966–1971)
- **motto**: Excellence. Access. Diversity. Community.
- **type**: Public university
- **accreditation**: Higher Learning Commission, HLC
- **academic affiliations**: Coalition of Urban and Metropolitan Universities, CUMU
- **endowment**: $21 million (2023)
- **budget**: $133 million (2024)
- **president**: Katrina E. Bell-Jordan
- **city**: Chicago
- **state**: Illinois
- **country**: United States
- **students**: 5,504 (Fall 2023)
- **undergrad**: 4,042 (Fall 2023)
- **postgrad**: 1,462 (Fall 2023)
- **faculty**: 483 (Fall 2022)
- **campus**: Urban area, Urban,
- **colors**: Blue and gold

- **nickname**: Golden Eagles
- **mascot**: Goldie the Golden Eagle
- **free label**: Newspaper
- **free**: The Independent
- **website**: [http://www.neiu.edu/ www.neiu.edu]
- **logo**:
- **provost**: R. Shayne Cofer (interim)
Harold Washington College

**Harold Washington College** is a community college, part of the City Colleges of Chicago system of the City of Chicago, in Illinois, United States. It is in the downtown "Loop" area of the city. It was founded in 1962 as **Loop College**. The college was renamed for the first African American to be elected Mayor of Chicago, Harold Washington.

## Infobox (university)

- **name**: Harold Washington College
- **image**: Harold Washington College 2012.jpg
- **motto**: "Education that Works"
- **type**: Community college, Community
- **affiliation**: City Colleges of Chicago
- **chancellor**: Juan Salgado
- **president**: Daniel López, Jr.
- **students**: 8,536
- **city**: Chicago
- **state**: Illinois
- **country**: United States
- **campus**: Urban
- **former names**: Loop College (1962-1987)
- **mascot**: "The Phoenix"
City Colleges of Chicago

The **City Colleges of Chicago** is the public community college system of the Chicago area. Its colleges offer associate degrees, certificates, free courses for the GED, and free English as a second language (ESL) courses.

## Infobox (university)

- **name**: City Colleges of Chicago
- **image name**: Sitelogo CCC Logo.png
- **type**: Public college, Public community college University system, system
- **affiliation**: Illinois education District No. 508
- **budget**: $723,114,957
- **chancellor**: Juan Salgado
- **faculty**: 525 (Full-time) Fall 2021  and 1,266 (Part-time) Fall 2021
- **undergrad**: 40,508(Fall 2021)
- **city**: Chicago
- **state**: Illinois
- **country**: U.S.
- **campus**: Urban
Wilbur Wright College

**Wilbur Wright College**, also known as **Wright Junior College**, is a public community college in Chicago. It is part of the City Colleges of Chicago system. It offers two-year associate's degrees. They also offer training in IT, manufacturing, medical, cyber tech, and business fields. Its main campus is located on Chicago's Northwest Side in the Dunning neighborhood.

## Infobox (university)

- **name**: Wilbur Wright College
- **image**: Wright College.JPG
- **caption**: Learning Resource Center at Wright's Narragansett campus
- **motto**: Education that Works
- **type**: Community college, Community
- **affiliation**: City Colleges of Chicago
- **chancellor**: Juan Salgado
- **president**: Andres Oroz
- **vice-president**: Gabe Estill
- **students**: 9,367
- **city**: Chicago, Illinois, Chicago
- **state**: Illinois
- **country**: U.S.
- **campus**: Large city
- **former names**: Wright Junior College
- **colors**: Brown, grey
- **mascot**: Rams
Associate degree

An **Associate Degree** or **Associate's degree** is an Undergraduate Degree given after a course of post-secondary study lasting two to three years. It is above a High school Diploma and below a Bachelor's Degree.

The first associate degrees were awarded in the United Kingdom during the 19th century before the model spread to the United States and later the Soviet Union in the 20th century. It is commonly offered by community colleges, technical institutes, and some universities. The qualification was also introduced in Australia, New Zealand, and several European Union countries during the 2000s.

Australia  along with New Zealand in 2000s and European Union countries.
Malcolm X College

**Malcolm X College**, one of the City Colleges of Chicago, is a two-year college located on the Near West Side of Chicago, Illinois. It was founded as **Crane Junior College** in 1911 and was the first of the City Colleges.

Malcolm X College works with healthcare and business partners to give students an education mainly in the healthcare field.

## Infobox (university)

- **name**: Malcolm X College
- **image**: Malcolm X College.jpg
- **caption**: Malcolm X College in June 2016
- **motto**: Education that Works
- **type**: Community college
- **affiliation**: City Colleges of Chicago
- **chancellor**: Juan Salgado
- **president**: David Sanders
- **city**: Chicago, Illinois
- **country**: U.S.
- **campus**: Urban
- **mascot**: Hawks
Lena Mukhina

**Elena "Lena" Mukhina** (), was a Russian diarist and Holocaust survivor who wrote a journal during the Siege of Leningrad, describing her experiences, hunger, being forced to eat her pet cat, and the deaths of her family members. She evacuated from the besieged Leningrad in June 1942, and lived in the capital Moskva (Moscow) until her death in 1991.
Lewis Walpole Library

The **Lewis Walpole Library** is a research library affiliated with Yale University. It is in Farmington, Connecticut. It was founded in 1917. The library is dedicated to the study of eighteenth-century British culture and history. It has one of the most extensive collections of materials related to the period, including books, manuscripts, prints, and drawings.

## History

The Lewis Walpole Library was founded by W.S. Lewis. Lewis was a Yale alumnus. He collected of things related to the British writer Horace Walpole. Lewis acquired thousands of items from the eighteenth century, focusing on Walpole’s writings, correspondence, and artworks. After Lewis's death, his collection went to Yale University. Yale established the Lewis Walpole Library as part of its library system.

## Collections

- Extensive manuscripts and letters by Horace Walpole
- Rare books and pamphlets from the eighteenth century
- A significant collection of British satirical prints and caricatures
- Original drawings and illustrations from notable artists of the period

## Facilities

The library is in a historic building in Farmington, Connecticut. It has reading rooms, study areas, and exhibition spaces. The facility includes period-specific decor that complements the library's mission of preserving and showcasing eighteenth-century artifacts.

## Other websites

- Official Website of the Lewis Walpole Library
- Yale University Digital Collections

## Infobox (library)

- **name**: Lewis Walpole Library
- **country**: United States
- **type**: Research library
- **established**: 1917
- **location**: Farmington, Connecticut
- **collection size**: Over 45,000 books and 300,000 prints, drawings, and manuscripts
- **director**: Lina Perkins Wilder
- **parent organization**: Yale University Library
- **website**: [https://walpole.library.yale.edu/ walpole.library.yale.edu]
Wilmarth Sheldon Lewis

**Wilmarth Sheldon Lewis** (June 29, 1895 – October 7, 1979) was an American scholar, collector, and the preeminent authority on the English writer and politician Horace Walpole. Known as W.S. Lewis, he dedicated much of his life to collecting Walpole's writings, letters, and related artifacts, ultimately founding the Lewis Walpole Library at Yale University in Farmington, Connecticut.

## Early Life and Education

Wilmarth Sheldon Lewis was born on June 29, 1895, in Alameda, California. He attended Yale University, where he became enamored with eighteenth-century British history and literature, with a particular interest in Horace Walpole. He graduated in 1918 and later pursued a lifelong interest in Walpole’s work and the cultural milieu of eighteenth-century Britain.

## Career

Lewis began his career as an author and editor, contributing to various publications. However, his major scholarly work focused on Horace Walpole, an English writer, art historian, and antiquarian best known for his correspondence and his Gothic novel _The Castle of Otranto_. Lewis’s research led him to collect a vast archive of Walpole's letters, manuscripts, and other materials, which he meticulously organized and annotated over the years.

## The Lewis Walpole Library

In 1917, Lewis began collecting Walpole materials, which grew into one of the most extensive collections of eighteenth-century British history in the world. In 1930, he and his wife, Annie Burr Auchincloss Lewis, established their residence in Farmington, Connecticut, where he continued expanding the collection.

Lewis ultimately donated his collection to Yale University, leading to the establishment of the Lewis Walpole Library. Today, the library remains a renowned research center for the study of eighteenth-century Britain, housing over 45,000 volumes and 300,000 prints, drawings, and manuscripts.

## Publications

Throughout his career, W.S. Lewis published numerous works related to Horace Walpole and his era. His most significant contribution was editing and publishing _The Yale Edition of Horace Walpole's Correspondence,_ a comprehensive 48-volume set that documented Walpole's extensive letters.

### Selected Works

- _The Yale Edition of Horace Walpole's Correspondence_ (48 volumes)
- _Collector’s Progress_ – an autobiography detailing Lewis’s journey as a collector and scholar
- _Horace Walpole’s Library_ – a study on the organization and significance of Walpole's collection

## See Also

- Lewis Walpole Library
- Horace Walpole
- Yale University Library

## Other websites

- Lewis Walpole Library at Yale University
- Yale University Press

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Wilmarth Sheldon Lewis
- **birth date**: June 29, 1895
- **birth place**: Alameda, California, Alameda, California, United States
- **death date**: October 7, 1979
- **death place**: Farmington, Connecticut, United States
- **nationality**: American
- **alma mater**: Yale University
- **occupation**: Scholar, collector, author
- **known for**: Founder of the Lewis Walpole Library, authority on Horace Walpole
- **spouse**: Annie Burr Auchincloss
The Castle of Otranto

***The Castle of Otranto*** is a 1764 novel by English author Horace Walpole. It is considered the first Gothic novel and played a significant role in founding the Gothic fiction genre. Walpole published the novel initially under a pseudonym, claiming it was a translation of an Italian manuscript from 1529. The book combines supernatural elements, medieval settings, and themes of love, power, and betrayal, all of which became hallmarks of Gothic fiction.

## Background

Walpole wrote _The Castle of Otranto_ following a dream that inspired the novel's surreal and supernatural qualities. He sought to blend the realistic narrative style of the modern novel with elements of medieval romance and ancient drama, thus creating a new genre that incorporated elements of mystery, horror, and suspense.

Initially, Walpole published the book under the guise of a rediscovered manuscript by "William Marshal, Gent." It was presented as a piece of ancient literature, a common practice at the time for works that sought to evoke a sense of historical authenticity. However, in the book's second edition, Walpole admitted authorship, explaining his intentions to create "a work founded on imagination and improbable incidents."

## Plot Summary

The story takes place in the castle of the Prince of Otranto, Manfred, who is desperate to secure his family’s legacy after the sudden death of his son, Conrad, crushed by a gigantic helmet on the morning of his wedding to the beautiful Isabella. Manfred, believing his family is cursed, decides to divorce his wife, Hippolita, and marry Isabella himself to produce an heir. However, supernatural events begin to unfold within the castle, including ghostly apparitions and moving portraits.

Isabella escapes Manfred’s advances and takes refuge in the castle’s labyrinthine passages. She is aided by a mysterious young man named Theodore, who becomes entangled in Manfred's quest for power. As the story progresses, it is revealed that the castle and the principality of Otranto are subject to an ancient prophecy foretelling the end of Manfred’s line. The novel culminates in tragic revelations and the ultimate fulfillment of the prophecy, resulting in Manfred’s downfall.

## Related pages

- Gothic fiction
- Horace Walpole
- Gothic Revival architecture

## Other websites

- Project Gutenberg – The Castle of Otranto
- British Library – The Castle of Otranto
- The Lewis Walpole Library

## Infobox (book)

- **name**: The Castle of Otranto
- **caption**: Title page of the first edition
- **author**: Horace Walpole
- **country**: England
- **language**: English
- **genre**: Gothic fiction, novel
- **publisher**: Thomas Lownds
- **release date**: 1764
- **media type**: Print
- **pages**: Approximately 200
Gothic novel

The **Gothic novel** is a genre of literature that combines elements of both horror and romance, typically featuring haunted settings, supernatural events, and an atmosphere of mystery and suspense. Emerging in the 18th century, the Gothic novel became highly influential in shaping modern horror and dark romance literature. It often explores themes of power, isolation, family curses, and human psychology, particularly fear and obsession.

## Related pages

- Gothic fiction
- Romanticism
- Horror fiction
- Gothic architecture
- Dark fantasy

## Other websites

- British Library – Gothic literature
- https://www.gu

## Infobox (literary genre)

- **name**: Gothic novel
- **caption**: Title page of the first edition of _The Castle of Otranto_ (1764) by Horace Walpole, the first Gothic novel.
- **stylistic origins**: Romanticism, Medieval romance, Enlightenment
- **cultural origins**: 18th century England
- **notable works**: _The Castle of Otranto_, _Frankenstein_, _Dracula_, _The Mysteries of Udolpho_, _The Monk_
- **derivative forms**: Horror fiction, Southern Gothic, Dark fantasy
- **subgenres**: Female Gothic, Gothic romance
Dark fantasy

**Dark fantasy** is a subgenre of fantasy literature that incorporates elements of horror and gothic fiction. It blends magical and supernatural elements with darker, often sinister themes. The atmosphere of dark fantasy typically includes a sense of foreboding, morally ambiguous characters, and settings that emphasize a bleak or ominous tone. This genre often explores themes of despair, corruption, and moral conflict, delving into the darker sides of humanity and the supernatural.

## Origins and Development

The roots of dark fantasy can be traced back to the gothic novels of the 18th and 19th centuries, such as Mary Shelley's _Frankenstein_ and Bram Stoker's _Dracula._ These combined supernatural elements with a darker, psychologically intense tone.

In the early 20th century, writers such as H.P. Lovecraft and Robert E. Howard began incorporating these elements into fantasy fiction, giving rise to a genre that was distinctly darker and more introspective.

The term "dark fantasy" became popular in the mid-20th century to describe works that combined elements of horror with the fantastical. Notable early contributors include Clark Ashton Smith and Fritz Leiber. By the late 20th century, dark fantasy had become a prominent genre, with writers like Stephen King (_The Dark Tower_), Michael Moorcock (_Elric of Melniboné_), and George R.R. Martin (_A Song of Ice and Fire_) shaping its conventions.

## Influence

Dark fantasy's influence extends to visual media as well, with films like _Pan's Labyrinth_ by Guillermo del Toro and video games like _Dark Souls_ embracing dark fantasy aesthetics and themes. The genre continues to evolve, blending elements from other subgenres and expanding its reach to audiences around the world.

## Related pages

- Gothic fiction
- Horror fiction
- High fantasy

## Other websites

- British Library – Gothic literature
- Goodreads – Dark Fantasy

## Infobox (literary genre)

- **name**: Dark Fantasy
- **caption**: An example of a dark fantasy setting, combining fantasy elements with a darker, more ominous tone.
- **stylistic origins**: Fantasy, Gothic fiction, Horror fiction
- **cultural origins**: Late 19th century and early 20th century Western literature
- **notable works**: _The Dark Tower (series), The Dark Tower_, _The Sandman (comic book), The Sandman_, _Elric of Melniboné_, _A Song of Ice and Fire_
- **derivative forms**: Grimdark, Urban fantasy
- **subgenres**: Sword and sorcery, Gothic fantasy
Clark Ashton Smith

**Clark Ashton Smith** (January 13, 1893 – August 14, 1961) was an American writer, poet, and artist best known for his contributions to the genres of horror fiction, fantasy, science fiction, and weird fiction. A contemporary of H.P. Lovecraft and Robert E. Howard, Smith was part of the "Weird Tales" circle, contributing to the literary movement known as weird fiction. His works often feature lush, evocative language and explore themes of cosmic horror, ancient civilizations, and the grotesque.

## Early life

Smith was born on January 13, 1893, in Long Valley, California. A self-taught intellectual with an extensive literary background, Smith was known for his prodigious memory and quick learning abilities, which allowed him to read through the works of Edgar Allan Poe, Charles Baudelaire, and Arthur Machen from an early age. As a result of frail health, Smith spent much of his youth in isolation, which he devoted to reading and writing poetry. His early work was heavily influenced by his interest in French literature, decadent literature, and exotic, otherworldly settings.

## Artistic work

In addition to his literary pursuits, Smith was also a sculptor and painter. His artwork, like his writing, often depicted strange creatures, alien landscapes, and scenes of horror and fantasy. Smith’s sculptures were primarily carved from stone, depicting bizarre forms and imaginary figures inspired by his fiction and poetry.

## Selected works

- _The Dark Eidolon_
- _The City of the Singing Flame_
- _The Weird of Avoosl Wuthoqquan_
- _The Maze of the Enchanter_
- _The Empire of the Necromancers_

## Related pages

- H.P. Lovecraft

## Other websites

- The Eldritch Dark – Clark Ashton Smith website
- The H.P. Lovecraft Archive

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Clark Ashton Smith
- **caption**: Clark Ashton Smith, American writer, poet, and artist.
- **birth name**: Clark Ashton Smith
- **birth place**: Long Valley, California, U.S.
- **death place**: Pacific Grove, California, U.S.
- **occupation**: Writer, poet, artist
- **genre**: Horror fiction, Fantasy, Science fiction, Weird fiction
- **notableworks**: _The Dark Eidolon_, _Zothique_, _The City of the Singing Flame_
- **movement**: Weird fiction, Cosmic horror
Biodata

**Biodata Information Technology AG** was a German company in the IT security sector. It was part of the New Economy and was based in Frankenberg (Eder).

## History

In 1984, Tan Siekmann bought the Biodata limited liability company from his parents for one Deutschmark when he was 16. Under his leadership, Biodata made hardware for encrypting internet, phone, and satellite signals.

At first, Biodata made software for doctors and pharmacists. By the late 1980s, it started making network components, including the BioNet series for Atari-ST computers. In 1994, it developed the ISDN router called BIG ("Bionet Intelligent Gateway").

In 2000, Biodata went public on the Neuer Markt stock exchange. Its shares, initially priced at 45 euros, rose to 302 euros on the first day and peaked at 439 euros, giving Biodata a valuation over 2 billion euros.

After suffering a loss of 70 million euros in 2001, Biodata filed for bankruptcy in November, becoming the first company in the _Nemax 50_ index to do so. In February 2002, a court began bankruptcy proceedings. Siekmann bought some assets back and started a new company, _Biodata Systems GmbH_, focusing on ISDN encryption.

In 2004, _Biodata Systems GmbH_ filed for bankruptcy after failing to reach profitability and to secure a sale to an international company. Around this time, the company was accused of stealing software code. Siekmann later formed a new company, _Safe-Com GmbH & Co. KG_, at the family-owned Burg Lichtenfels.

In 2004, Siekmann and two other executives were charged with violating accounting rules and insider trading, but the case was dropped in 2009.

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: Biodata Information Technology AG
- **type**: Public
- **industry**: Computer security, IT security
- **founded**: 1984
- **defunct**: 2004
- **founder**: Tan Siekmann
- **headquarters**: Frankenberg (Eder), Germany
- **products**: Hardware encryption, network components