juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Watford tube station

**Watford tube station** is a station at the end of the Watford branch of London Underground's Metropolitan line in the north-western part of the network in Zone 7, previously zone A.

There are plans to close this station when a new line to Watford Junction railway station opens, called the Croxley Rail Link, by 2020.

## Infobox (london station)

- **symbol**: underground
- **name**: Watford
- **image name**: Watford Met tube station 25 July 2015.jpg
- **manager**: London Underground
- **fare zone**: 7
- **locale**: Watford
- **borough**: Watford
- **events1**: Opened
- **years1**: 1925
- **events2**: Goods yard closed
- **years2**: 14 November 1966
- **platforms**: 2
- **map type**: Hertfordshire
Ha Seung-jin

**Ha Seung-Jin** (; Hanja 河昇鎮, born 4 August 1985) is a South Korean professional athlete.  He is best known as a basketball player. He has played in the NBA for the Portland Trail Blazers. He was the first Korean to play basketball in the NBA.

Ha was born in Seoul. His father was a member of the national basketball team and his older sister is a member of the national basketball team. His height was 2.18 m in middle school when he won the championship. Lots of universities wanted Seung-Jin to sign with their school. He decided to play for Yonsei University and won the university championship with them. He decided to go pro and signed with the Portland Trail Blazers in 2004.

His NBA career was short due to his low basic skills. So he decided to go back to Korea and enter the Korean Basketball League in 2008.
Let's Get Loud (DVD)

***Let's Get Loud*** is the second DVD by American singer Jennifer Lopez, released in February 2003 and recorded in Puerto Rico.

## Track listing

1. Program Start – 0:37
1. "Let's Get Loud" – 4:10
1. "Ain't It Funny" – 11:08
1. "Cariño" – 6:38
1. "Play" – 5:43
1. "Feelin' So Good" – 3:41
1. "I'm Real" – 4:17
1. Dancer Introductions
1. Medley: "Secretly"/"Theme from _Mahogany_ (Do You Know Where You're Going To)" – 5:12
1. "I Could Fall in Love" – 7:01
1. "Si Ya Se Acabó" – 4:38
1. Band Introductions
1. Medley: "Waiting for Tonight"/"Walking on Sunshine" – 8:04
1. "If You Had My Love" – 7:17
1. "Love Don't Cost a Thing" – 5:58
1. "Plenarriqueña" – 5:42
1. End Credits – 6:56

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Jennifer Lopez: Let's Get Loud
- **type**: video
- **artist**: Jennifer Lopez
- **released**: February 11, 2003
- **length**: 100:00
- **label**: Epic Records, Epic
- **prev title**: Jennifer Lopez: Feelin' So Good
- **prev year**: 2000
- **next title**: The Reel Me
- **next year**: 2003
The Reel Me

***The Reel Me*** is the third DVD by American singer Jennifer Lopez. It was released in November 2003.

### DVD

1. "If You Had My Love"
1. "No Me Ames" (duet with Marc Anthony)
1. "Waiting for Tonight" (Hex Hector Remix)
1. "Feelin' So Good" (featuring Big Pun and Fat Joe)
1. "Love Don't Cost a Thing"
1. "Play"
1. "I'm Real"
1. "I'm Real" (Murder Remix featuring Ja Rule)
1. "Ain't It Funny"
1. "Alive"
1. "Ain't It Funny" (Murder Remix featuring Ja Rule and Caddillac Tah)
1. "I'm Gonna Be Alright" (Track Masters Remix featuring Nas)
1. "Jenny from the Block" (featuring Styles P and Jadakiss)
1. "All I Have" (featuring LL Cool J)
1. "I'm Glad"
1. "Baby I Love U!"
1. "Outro"

### Bonus CD

1. "Baby I Love U!" – 4:29
1. "Jenny from the Block" (Seismic Crew's Latin Disco Trip) – 6:41
1. "All I Have" (Ignorants Mix featuring LL Cool J) – 4:03
1. "I'm Glad" (Paul Oakenfold Perfecto Remix) – 5:47
1. "The One" (Bastone & Burnz Club Mix) – 7:40
1. "Baby I Love U!" (R. Kelly Remix) – 4:11

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: The Reel Me
- **type**: EP
- **longtype**: / music video, video
- **artist**: Jennifer Lopez
- **border**: yes
- **length**: (CD)
- **chronology**: Jennifer Lopez album
- **prev title**: This Is Me... Then
(2002)
- **next title**: Rebirth (Jennifer Lopez album), Rebirth
(2005)
Como Ama una Mujer (miniseries)

The Jennifer Lopez produced dramatic mini-series "Como Ama Una Mujer" is Jennifer Lopez's first Spanish-Language TV Project. The five-part dramatic mini-series will debut on the Univision Television Network this fall.

The five episodes was released as a 2-Disc DVD set on December 18, 2007.

Jennifer Lopez expressed:

## Summary

An original production filmed in Mexico, "Como Ama Una Mujer" (How a Woman Loves) is inspired by the lyrics of Jennifer's first Spanish-language album of the same name released  in 2007. At the end of each episode, Jennifer herself will perform the theme song that inspired that episode. The five part mini-series tells the story of a woman's journey to find her true soul-mate, but with her glamorous life and professional success come heartbreak.

## Characters

- Leonor Varela (Blade II, The Tailor of Panama) portrays the lead character of Sofia, a famous singer/actress.
- Raul Mendez (Los Justos, Un Mundo Maravilloso, Matando Cabos, The Legend of Zorro) plays Diego.
- Cristián de la Fuente (Soñar No Cuesta Nada, Driven, Vampires: Los Muertos) - Andres.
- Gabriela de la Garza (Ángel, Las Alas de Amor, Belinda) plays Laura.
- Rebecca Jones (Cuna de Lobos, Dos Vidas, and Huracan) - Barbara.
- Rocío Verdejo (Los Justos, Corazón Marchito) plays Adriana.
- Martin Altomaro (Un Mundo Maravilloso, Demasiado Amor) - Paco.
- Josefo Rodríguez (Sombra del Otro, Miroslava) plays Fernando.
- Karoll Marquez (La Verdad, Cotidiano) plays Sofia's brother Nicolas.
- Luis Fernando Padilla (Destruir Dice, Mujer, Casos de la Vida Real) plays Felipe, Andres' best friend and soccer teammate.

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Como Ama Una Mujer Miniseries
- **type**: video
- **artist**: Jennifer Lopez
- **released**: December 18, 2007 (DVD)
- **genre**: Latin music, Latin
- **label**: Sony BMG, Sony
- **producer**: Jennifer Lopez
- **prev title**: The Reel Me
- **prev year**: 2003
Gravitational lensing

**Gravitational lensing** is caused by a massive body between a distant object and ourselves. It can create the appearance of two or more objects where there is really only one. The light from the object gets bent round the massive body in between.

The massive body, such as a galaxy or black hole, creates a very strong gravitational field in space. The exact nature of the effect depends on:
- relative distance and position between observer, lens and lightsource
- size of the lens
- mass inside the lens

## Einstein

Albert Einstein predicted the possibility of gravitational lensing. The discovery that our Sun bends the light of distant objects when their light passes close to it was evidence that the general theory of relativity was correct.

## Types of lensing

There are three types of lensing:
- strong lensing
- weak lensing
- microlensing

### Strong lensing

Strong lensing betrays itself by producing multiple images from the same object. A well-known example is _Einstein's Cross_ (Q2237+0305) at a distance of 8 billion lightyears. Here, the gravitational lens produces four images from the same object (a quasar), although it is only one object. The light of the quasar does not travel in a straight line to earth. Instead, it is bent along the gravitational field of a galaxy in front of it. This galaxy is at a distance of 400 million lightyears.

The first discovery of this kind (except the Sun) happened in 1979. Two quasars were close to each other. They both had the same spectrum and proved to be two images of the same quasar (Q0957+651). In 1980 scientists found out which group of galaxies functioned as the lens.

### Weak lensing

Weak lensing does not produce multiple images of the same object. Instead it produces a highly deformed or stretched image from an object far beyond the lens. In 1986 this was discovered in cluster Abell 370. Later it was understood that this was a greatly deformed image of a galaxy far beyond the cluster.

The object can appear larger or smaller, as is shown in the table. Weak lenses allow us to observe very distant galaxies, which we would be unable to observe without such lens. By bending the light, the amount of light (magnitude) from the source increases. This way a very distant and faint galaxy can become visible, while we normally would not be able to observe it.

### Microlensing

In cases of microlensing, there is no distortion in shape. However, the amount of light visible from an object changes periodically. This can be used to detect exoplanets. Light from a distant star is bent and enhanced by the gravitational field of a closer star. The presence of an exo-planet rotating around that closer star bends the light of the star farther away periodically. Object OGLE-2005-BLG-390-Lb, discovered 25 January 2006, is the first exoplanet detected by using microlensing.
Lasse Lindh

**Lasse Lindh** (born 27 March 1974) is a Swedish indie pop musician. His first album, _Bra_, came out on EMI in 1998. It had three singles which made the charts in Sweden. Lindh began singing in English for his second album, _You Wake Up at Sea Tac_ . The title is a reference to a line in _Fight Club_. The album  was released in 2002. Lindh's relationship with South Korea dates back to 2006. His songs "The Stuff" and "C'mon Through" were used in the MBC TV series _Soulmate_. In 2014, his song "Run to You" was used in the SBS drama _Angel Eyes._ In 2016-2017, his song "Hush" was used in the Korean drama _Guardian: The Lonely and Great God_. His most recent album is in  Swedish. Lindh has sang on the recordings of Club 8.

His most recent album is _Sparks_. It was released in 2009.

## Albums

- Bra (1998)
- You Wake Up at Sea Tac (2002)
- Lasse Lindh (2005)
- Attica EP (2006)
- Jag Tyckte Jag Var Glad (2007)
- When You Grow Old... Your Heart Dies (2007)
- Pool (2008)
- Sparks (2009)

## Singles

- Svenska hjärtan (2005)
- Sommarens sista smak   (2005)
- Radion spelar aldrig våran sång (2006)
- Du skär (2006)
- Varje litet steg (2007)
- Ingen vind kan blåsa omkull oss nu (2007)
- Du behöver aldrig mer vara rädd  (2008)
- Kom kampsång (with Timo Räisänen) (2008)

## Other websites

- MySpace.com Blog

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Lasse Lindh
- **image**: Lasse Lindh.JPG
- **birth date**: 27 March 1974
- **nationality**: Sweden, Swedish
- **website**: www.lasselindh.se
Ciscaucasian hamster

The **Ciscaucasian hamster** (_Mesocricetus raddei_) is a species of rodent in the Cricetidae family. It is found only in Russia and Georgia.
Rice riots of 1918

The **** were riots where many of the citizens of Japan became upset and rebelled against the government. This happened between July 1918 to September 1918. They caused the ending of the Terauchi Masatake government.

## Causes

A very large rise in the price of rice caused very bad economic _(money)_ problems, especially in rural areas _(outside of cities)_ where rice was the main food of daily life for the people. Farmers, became angry at the government (who set the amount of money made by the farmers) and the rice merchants when they learned that they were making much less money for growing the rice than it was being sold for to the public. They blamed the government and the merchants for letting the price of rice rise so high. The rise in the price of rice happened just at the worst point in the rapid rise in prices in many things such as food and rents that was happening just after World War I. This caused problems for the people of Japan. The Siberian Intervention made things worse because the government themselves bought lots of rice to feed their soldiers who were outside of Japan. This made the price of rice rise even more. The government did not do anything to stop it, and it spread to the towns and cities.

## The riots

The Rice Riots were the biggest, most violent and widespread in modern Japanese history. The first protest happened in the small fishing town of Uozu in Toyama Prefecture, on 23 July 1918. Starting with peaceful petitioning, the protest quickly grew into riots, strikes, looting, incendiary bombings of police stations and government offices and into armed fights. By mid-September 1918, over 623 protests and or riots had happened in 38 cities, 153 towns and 177 villages, with over 2 million people taking part in them. 25,000 people were arrested, and 8200 were convicted of crimes. Punishments were given including minor fines and up to the death penalty.

Prime Minister Terauchi said he and his cabinet were to blame for the riots, and they all ended their jobs on 29 September 1918.

People studying this part of Japanese history think that the riots and so the need for rice in some way may have caused the Japanese to grow their occupation of other countries. Evidence of this is thought to be the increase in rice production in Taiwan and Korea.
Hinduism in Bangladesh

**Hinduism** is the second largest religion in Bangladesh after Islam. It is followed by 8.5% of the population. In terms of population, Bangladesh has the third-largest Hindu population after the Republic of India and Nepal.

In nature, Bangladeshi Hinduism closely resembles the forms and customs of Hinduism practiced in the neighboring Indian state of West Bengal, with which Bangladesh (at one time known as East Bengal) was united with that country until the Partition of India in 1947. The river Ganges is a sacred holy river that flows into the country from India.

## Demography

Bangladesh population is 149,772,364 of which, hindu population according to 2011 census of Bangladesh is 12,730,651 constituting 8.54% of the country's population.

However, at certain times different leaders and the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics have given different numbers estimation based on their research.

|Source/claimed by|Population (%)|Year|
| --- | --- | --- |
|2019 report on International religious freedom: Bangladesh|15,280,000 (10%)|2013|
|Claimed Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics|15,500,000 (10.3%)|2014|
|Claimed Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics|17,000,000 (10.7%)|2016|
|Claimed by Ravindra Ghosh, Chairman of Bangladesh Hindu Janajagruti Samiti|18,000,000 (11.04%)|2019|
|Claimed by KMS leader Akhil Gogoi|19,000,000 (11.65%)|2019|
|Claimed by Bangladesh grand Hindu alliance leader Govinda Pramanik|25,000,000 (15.7%)|2019|
|Claimed by Bangladesh official introduction article page|27,000,000 (16%)|2021|

- Note: This was just their claim based on their estimation research and is not related to any government census authority.

## Further reading

- Blood, Archer K. (2005). The cruel birth of Bangladesh: Memoirs of an American diplomat. Dhaka: University Press.
- Benkin, Richard L. (2014). A quiet case of ethnic cleansing: The murder of Bangladesh's Hindus. New Delhi: Akshaya Prakashan.
- Dastidar, S. G. (2008). Empire's last casualty: Indian subcontinent's vanishing Hindu and other minorities. Kolkata: Firma KLM.
- Kamra, A. J. (2000). The prolonged partition and its pogroms: Testimonies on violence against Hindus in East Bengal 1946-64.
- Taslima Nasrin (2014). Lajja. Gurgaon, Haryana, India: Penguin Books India Pvt. Ltd, 2014.
- Rosser, Yvette Claire. (2004) Indoctrinating Minds: Politics of Education in Bangladesh, New Delhi: Rupa & Co. .
- Mukherji, S. (2000). Subjects, citizens, and refugees: Tragedy in the Chittagong Hill Tracts, 1947-1998. New Delhi: Indian Centre for the Study of Forced Migration.
- Sarkar, Bidyut (1993). Bangladesh 1992: This is our home: Sample Document of the Plight of our Hindu, Buddhist, Christian, and Tribal Minorities in our Islamized Homeland: Pogroms 1987-1992. Bangladesh Minority Hindu, Buddhist, Christian, (and Tribal) Unity Council of North America.
Bhutan–India relations

The **bilateral relations** between the Himalayan Kingdom of Bhutan and the Republic of India have been traditionally close. With independence in 1947, India inherited the suzerainty over Bhutan enjoyed by the British Raj. Although modified and modernised since, India remains influential over Bhutan's foreign policy, defence and commerce.

## Infobox (bilateral relations)

- Indo-Bhutanese
- India
- Bhutan
- **map**: India Bhutan Locator2.png
India–Ireland relations

**Indo-Irish relations** between the Republic of Ireland and the Republic of India picked up steam during the freedom struggles of the respective countries against a common imperial empire in the United Kingdom. Political relations between the two states have largely been based on socio-cultural ties, although political and economic ties have also helped build relations. Indians recognise Northern Ireland as part of its country.

## Infobox (bilateral relations)

- India–Ireland
- Ireland
- India
Cornish people

**Cornish people** (Cornish: Kernowyon) are often regarded as a distinct national identity of the United Kingdom, originating in Cornwall. They are described as a Celtic people.

In the 19th century, many Cornish people moved abroad to find jobs in mining. Today, descendents of Cornish people can be found all over the world, including Australia, Canada, America, Mexico and South Africa.

## Other websites

- www.cornwall.gov.uk, the website of Cornwall Council
- www.cornishculture.co.uk , an online guide to Cornish Celtic culture
Argentina–India relations

**Argentine-Indian relations** are foreign relations between Argentina and India.  Diplomatic relations were established on February 3rd, 1949.  India has an embassy in Buenos Aires and Argentina has an embassy in New Delhi. Indians have expressed its desires to agree with the Argentinian claims on British colonies in Southern Atlantic Ocean and other territorial border disputes with Chile.

## Infobox (bilateral relations)

- Argentine-Indian
- Argentina
- India
Yaqui River

The **Yaqui River** (**Río Yaqui** in Spanish) (**Hiak Vatwe** in Yaqui) is a river in the state of Sonora in northwest Mexico. It is the largest river system in the state of Sonora. The Yaqui river is used for irrigation.

It is about 320km (200mi) in length, the Yaqui flows south and southwest to empty into the Gulf of California.
The Yaqui river starts in the Sierra Madre Occidental and flows into the Gulf of California near the port of Guaymas.

Its course is broken up by several reservoirs like Plutarco Elías Calles (El Novillo), Lázaro Cárdenas (Angostura), or Álvaro Obregón (El Oviáchic, Lake Ouiachic), which provides the water for the heavily farmed region of Ciudad Obregón.
Kacchu

**Kacchu** is a Japanese traditional armor. Japanese swords and scabbards are higher quality than swords from other countries. Therefore, Kacchu also needed to develop to protect the body from attack. _Kacchu_ was also made to be worn by horses. It was made of leather, bronze and iron.

## Today

Among the _samurai_ it was used only for protection. _Kacchu_ is now often used in feasts, entertainment and festivals. It has become colorful, simple and luxurious. Because Japanese people are becoming interested in the samurai, _kacchu_ is becoming more popular. _Kacchu_ has a high popularity among couples on the birth of the boy. In marriage, a bridegroom wears a tuxedo or _hakama_ but, recently there have been more men wearing _Kacchu_. _Kanetsugu Naoe_’s (直江 兼続) _Kacchu_ is especially popular. He was a strategist in the Warring State Period in Japan. He is also called the general _Kanetsugu Naoe_ of Uesugi. _Kanetsugu Naoe_ only loved one woman, _Osen_(お船) and did not have another wife in time of polygamy. Therefore, couples think they swear to love forever by wearing his _Kacchu_. In fact, the _Kanji_ for "love"(愛)　sticks out from his helmet. This _Kanji_ has four different meanings: “personal grace of love”(仁徳愛), “people of love”(民衆愛), “_Aizenmyouou_”(愛染明王), and “_Atagoshinkou_”(愛宕信仰). “_Aizenmyouou_” means the hero who realizes sexual desires and “_Atagoshinkou_” means the religion of gods from Atago temple.

When a boy is born, _Kacchu_ is decorated on “_Tango no sekku_”(端午の節句), called “Children’s day”, is the festival which celebrates boy’s growing and children’s health. As charms, _Kacchu_ and _Katana_(刀) are decorated on the inside with symbols which are meant to protect a boy’s body and soul.

## References

- Naoe-kanetsugu.com(直江兼続.com).　Yonezawa city. Retrieved on 3 May 2009
- General Kanetsugu Naoe of Uesugi(上杉の智将　直江兼続). Yonezawa city. Retrieved on 1 June 2009
- Kyoto National Museum (1987).
Calligraphy

**Calligraphy** is the art of writing. The word is from the Greek language and means "beautiful writing". In the west, this was an interest in decorating words on the page. Calligraphy in the Western world was always considered a minor art.

East Asian calligraphy was a "high art" form before the Tang Dynasty. It continues to have a high status among the arts. It is practiced today by many people including school children.
Mad cow disease

**Mad cow disease** is the common name of **Bovine spongiform encephalopathy**. It's a prion disease that affects a cow's nervous system and their physical state. It comes from the chemistry structure of prion protein. When cattle get this disease, they have holes forming in their brains. The brain becomes spongy and begins to waste away. The cattle become very violent and show signs of mental disorder and have trouble when they move. It has a long incubation period, about 4 to 5 years. Cattle that are 4 to 5 years old can get the disease very easily.

It was not a common disease, but in 1996 the Minister of Health and Welfare in England said that it could be contracted by humans. Mad cow disease has damaged the cattle industry. Some food was made from cattle that had the disease. In England, the nation that was worst affected, more than 179,000 cattle were infected and 4.4 million were killed in an attempt to get rid of the disease.

## Korea

In 2012, Korean President Lee's negotiations about the import of beef from the USA made the public angry. Many people went to the square in front of city hall and protested. It caused a lot of trouble, and the approval rating of the president sharply decreased.

## India

Only Indian (Desi Cow) cows were able to survive from the disease. Researchers are still trying to figure out why only the Desi Cows can resist succumbing to the disorder. Other countries have started importing Indian cow breeds to their countries.

## Related pages

- Prion disease
    - Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease ("Mad cow disease" in humans)
    - Scrapie (Similar disease in sheep)
    - Chronic wasting disease (Similar disease in deer)
Galen

**Galen of Pergamum** (129–199/217 AD) was a prominent Greek physician and philosopher from Pergamon, a Greek city in western Asia Minor. He was an important medical researcher in the Roman Empire and his theories influenced Western medical science for over a thousand years.

## Biography

Galen was the son of Aelius Nicon, a Greek architect and builder. Galen invented the 'Theory of Opposites' based on Hippocrates' Four Humours' theory, which helped develop medicine in the Roman age and again in the Middle Ages to include more natural-based medicine (rather than just religious medicine).

Some of the observations he made in his books were wrong as he could only dissect animals (mostly pigs and apes) and compare them to humans due to the Roman ban on dissecting human corpses.

Later in the Renaissance period, people such as Andreas Vesalius wrote books showing that some of what Galen said was wrong. He was most famous for his discovery that proved that arteries carry blood and his dissection of a pig proved that the larynx nerves control the voice. He also proved that the brain controls the body and not the heart.

Galen was vital in the beginnings of natural medicine and is called the "Father of Anatomy". He is also called the "Father of Medicine" second to Hippocrates.

## Other websites

- Galen - A Biographical Sketch (Medicina Antiqua)
- Galen (Encyclopædia Britannica)
- Galen (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
- Works by Galen (Corpus Medicorum Graecorum)
- Works by Galen (Perseus Digital Library)
Ibn Battuta

**Ibn Battuta** (1304 – 1368 or 1369) was a Moroccan explorer. He is known for the account of his journeys called the _Rihla_ ("Voyage"). He travelled for nearly 30 years and covered most of the Islamic world. He also explored West Africa, Southern and Eastern Europe, South Asia, Central Asia, Southeast Asia and China. This distance was more than Marco Polo travelled; about . Ibn Battuta was considered the greatest traveller of the medieval period.
Battuta also made  maps that were used by cartographers. He also met Mohammad Bin Tughlaq and wrote a book called "The Travels Of Ibn Battutta".
Ibn Battuta was born on February 24, 1304 in Tangier. His family consisted of judges and scholars of Islamic law. At age 21, Ibn Battuta started his long exploration when he went on the Hajj. This is a year-long pilgrimage that brings Muslims closer to God. Ibn Battuta first went across North Africa (Maghreb), to the great port Alexandria in 1326. Ibn Battuta spent 30 years visiting every Muslim country of his day. He recorded details about the social and political life he saw on his journeys. He gave information all about Muhammad Bin Tuglaq.

Ibn Battuta met a Syrian Arab Damascene girl who was a slave of a black African governor in Mali. Ibn Battuta engaged in a conversation with her in Arabic.
 The black man was a scholar of Islam and his name was Farba Sulayman. He was openly violating the rule in Islam against enslaving Arabs.

Christians became part of harems as slaves in the Balkans and Asia Minor when the Turks invaded. Muslim qadis owned Christian slave girls. Greek girls who were pretty were forced into prostitution after being enslaved to Turks who took all their earnings in the 14th century according to Ibn Battuta.
Oldboy

***Oldboy*** is a 2003 movie by Park chan-wook. This movie is based on the 1997 Japanese comic book. It is a mystery action movie about the contest of Oh Dae-su who was confined in private jail for 15 years (even he does not know why he was caged) and Lee woo-jin who confined Oh because of revenge. This movie deals especially and in detail with human hatred and revenge, and uses nice visual techniques to deal with sensational material.

The movie was nominated for many international movie festivals. It won 31 awards including Best Director at the Cannes Film Festival in 2004.

## Infobox (film)

- **name**: Oldboy
- **studio**: Show East
- **budget**: $3 million
- **language**: Korean
- **country**: South Korea
- **runtime**: 120 minutes
- **distributor**: Show East
- **editing**: Kim Sang-bum (film editor), Kim Sang-bum
- **caption**: Theatrical release poster
- **cinematography**: Chung Chung-hoon
- **music**: Cho Young-wuk
- **producer**: Lim Seung-yong
- **director**: Park Chan-wook
- **gross**: $15 million
Cheese on toast

**Cheese on toast** is a type of food sometimes called grilled cheese. It is often eaten as a light snack. It is popular because it is easy to make quickly, and uses few ingredients. It is made by grilling cheese on toast but can also be made using a toaster oven.

Cheese on toast is often made with cheddar cheese. Other items (such as grilled tomatoes and butter) may be added to the dish.

## Ingredients

- Bread
- Cheese
- Toast

## Related pages

- Sandwich
- Cheese
- Butter
- Bread
- Toast
Deoksugung

**Deoksugung**, also known as **Gyeongun-gung**, **Deoksugung Palace**, or **Deoksu Palace**, (Deoksugung ; 덕수궁, 德壽宮), is one of the five grand palaces of the Korean Joseon Dynasty.

When the Japanese invaded Joseon in 1592, King Seonjo escaped from Hanyang (present-day Seoul) and fled to Uiju. When the war finished, he returned to Seoul.
But there was no place for him to stay, because all of the palaces (such as Gyeongbok Palace, Changdeok Palace, Changgyeong Palace) had burned down during the war.

So, he lived in this place, which was originally the home of Prince Wolsandaegun who was King Seongjong's elder brother.

King Gwanghaegun who succeeded King Seonjo renamed this palace **Gyeongun Palace** (Gyeongungung ; 경운궁).
The palace became a secondary royal residence after the king moved to Changdeok Palace.
Queen Dowager Inmok was confined to the palace, and it was renamed **West Palace**(Seogung ; 서궁).
After he was overthrown by King Injo, it was returned to itsoriginal owners.

After two years, King Gojong returned to power and he chose to live in this palace.
He renamed this palace Gyeongun Palace again.
An electrical system and fencing were installed at the palace, and the name of the palace was changed to Deoksugung Palace: meaning the palace of virtuous longevity.
He remained at the palace even after he had relinquished the throne to his son, Emperor Yunghui (or Emperor Sunjong ; 융희제, 순종)

From 1910 until 1945, when Korea was under the colonial rule of Japan, the palaces's buildings were destroyed and made into a public park.
Infinite Challenge

***Infinite Challenge*** (; abbreviated as ) is a South Korean television entertainment program, distributed and syndicated by MBC, that ran from 2005 to 2018.

As of January 2013, it had the largest market share for its timeslot; with between 13 and 17 percent of Korean television viewers watching _Infinite Challenge_ every Saturday night. making it the most-watched free-to-air television program on Saturday evenings, and the most viewed non-drama program in South Korea every week (excluding special sporting events, since November 2006, with the exception of January 2009, April and May 2010).
***Infinite Challenge*** () is a famous Korean TV show. Its Korean name is _Muhan Dojeon_. It started in 2005 as _Mu(mo)han Dojeon_ and titled _Muhan Dojeon_ in 2006.

There are seven people on the show now; Yoo Jae-suk, the MC, Park Myeong-su always seated second, Jeong Jun-ha whose nickname is 'eating god' because he eats a lot and fast, Roh Hong-cheol who can speak quickly and has swindler character, Jeong Hyeong-don who is called "MiJon gae-oh" that means remarkable in everywhere, HaHa who is called "little baby", Jun Jin was a member for about 2 years and went military service. Instead of him, Gil, who is singer of South Korea's hip-hop group Leessang, appears in this show.

This show is the first real variety show in Korea. The seven members of the team try new challenges for each episode. For example, they held an end of year concert to raise money for unfortunate neighbors, made a drama, met and played games with world-famous stars like Thierry Henry and Paris Hilton. These were all produced by Kim Tae-ho, the producer of Infinite Challenge. He wants to keep the program new and exciting so he has recently tried to add a new member of the team.

## Infobox (korean television name)

- **hangul**: 무한도전
- **hanja**: 無限挑戰


## Infobox (television)

- **genre**: Reality television
- **creator**: Kim Tae-ho (television director), Kim Tae-ho (_de facto_)
- **director**: Kim Tae-ho (television director), Kim Tae-ho (Head )
Park Chang-hoon
Cho Wook-hyung
Kang Sung-ah
- **creative director**: Kim Gu-san
- **country**: South Korea
- **language**: Korean
- **num seasons**: 4
- **num episodes**: 563 + 3 specials
- **list episodes**: List of Infinite Challenge episodes
- **producer**: Kim Tae-ho (television director), Kim Tae-ho
- **camera**: Multiple-camera setup, Multi-camera
- **runtime**: 75-80 minutes
- **company**: Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation, MBC Entertainment Production Division
- **channel**: MBC TV (South Korean TV channel), MBC TV, MBC+ Drama, MBC every1
- **related**: _Infinite Girls_ (List of television spin-offs, spin-off), _The Great Challenge (Chinese TV series), The Great Challenge_
Bean Pole International

**Bean Pole International** is the name of a South Korean clothes brand. It was started by Cheil-Mogic, one of the Samsung Company group, in 1989.

The brand name "Bean Pole" signifies happiness and hope, by symbolizing a man riding a bicycle in the novel _Daddy Long-Legs_. The picture of a man riding a bicycle is the logo of Bean Pole. In addition, it also signifies the tradition of the Boston Ivy League universities.

In the 21st century Bean Pole became a nationally famous brand in South Korea. It has six sub-brands including Bean Pole, Bean Pole Ladies, and Bean Pole Golf. They have become an international company selling clothes to China, the United States and Europe. They hired Gwyneth Paltrow and Daniel Henny to appear in advertising to promote the brand name.
Nakseongdae

**Nakseongdae** is a park in Gwanak, Seoul. It is the birthplace of the famous Goryeo-Era general, Gang Gam-chan (강감찬, 姜邯贊 ; 948-1031). Legend says that when Gang Gam-chan was born, a star fell from Heaven.  Because of this, his birthplace was named "Site of the Falling Star" (Nakseongdae).

The people of the Goryeo Kingdom (918-1392) built a three-story pagoda at the house of Gang Gam-chan's birth to praise him for his great deeds.  He defeated 400,000 invading Khitan soldiers. Damaged parts of this pagoda were rebuilt by the Seoul Metropolitan Government in 1964, and the pagoda was named Seoul Tangible Cultural Property No. 4 in 1972. Two years later, a shrine was built for Gang Gam-chan. The pagoda, which was originally at 218 Bongcheon-dong, was moved to be with the shrine.

## Related pages

- Nakseongdae Station
- Nakseongdae Park
Hwaseong Fortress

**Hwaseong Fortress** () is the wall that surrounds the centre of Suwon.  Suwon is the capital city of Gyeonggi-do, a province in South Korea. The fortress was built by Jeongjo, the 22nd king of the Joseon Dynasty.

The wall is about 6 km long and it has four gates.

Jeongjo wanted to show loyalty to his family.  He wanted to protect his father's burial place.  He wanted to strengthen his power and protect the southern area of Suwon.  He also wanted to reduce conflict between different political parties.

Construction started near Mount Paldalsan in January 1794. Construction was finished in September 1796.  Chae Jae-gong supervised the building process. Chae Jae-gong was a former minister in the government and the magistrate of Yeongjungchubu County.  Engineers made new tools to help build the fortress.  The Geojunggi was one of these new tools.  It is a traditional Korean crane. They also made potter's wheels were created.  They were used to move and put together large stones for the wall.

After the original fortress was finished in 1801, a construction archive called the Hwaseong Seongyeokuigwe was published.  This archive recorded what the fortress was like when it was first built.  This helped construction workers know how to rebuild the fortress after it was damaged, so it would look like the original wall.

The fortress was partly damaged twice.  First, it was damaged when Japan controlled Korea in the early 20th century.  The fortress was also damaged during the Korean War.  Today, most of its original features have been restored.

The fortress is on both flat and hilly lands.  This is uncommon in neighbouring China and Japan.

The fortress is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Yi Sang-jae

**Yi Sang-jae** (, 26 October 1850 – 29 March 1927; also written as **Lee Sang-jae**) was a religious leader and independence fighter at the end of the Korean Empire.

He was born in Jongji-ri, Chungcheongnam-do. His courtesy name is Gye-ho. He was the president of the Independence Association and published the first Korean private newspaper, _Independence Newspaper_. When Korea was a colony of Japan, he was active in the movement to establish the Korean Private University. Also, he was the first president of Singanhoe, one of the biggest independence groups in Korea.

## Other websites

- Yi Sang-jae on Open Library
- Profile on the Encyclopaedia of Korean Culture
YB

**YB**, formed in 1994, is a South Korean rock band. They have made seven studio albums, three live albums, various digital single albums, and DVDs. They sold more than 2 million albums and held more than one hundred live concerts in a year.

YB also use traditional Korean musical instruments including the gayageum, a stringed instrument, and the daegeum, an instrument like the clarinet in their recordings.

## Members

**Current members**
- Dee (Yoon Do-Hyun) – singer
- Taehee (Park Tae-hee) – bass
- Jin (Kim Jin-won) – drums
- Baby J (Heo Jun) – guitar
- Scott Hellowell – guitar

**Past members**
- Yoo Byung-yeol – guitar

## World Cup 2002

At the 2002 World Cup, YB played songs such as ‘Oh, Pil Seung Korea (Oh, Victory to Korea)’ to millions of fans. South Korea's entry into the semi finals meant that YB's music was heard all over Korea. They won the best music award from Korea’s three main broadcast stations KBS, MBC and SBS. They were given the first WPMA (World Peace Music Award) in 2003 for helping with human rights issues in Korea.

## European tour

YB went on tour in Europe in 2005, the first Korean rock music group to do so. They have released a single in the UK.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: YB
- **image**: YB (band).JPG
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: South Korea
- **years active**: 1994–present
- **genre**: Rock music, Rock
- **current members**: * Dee (Yoon Do-Hyun)
Taehee (Park Tae-hee)
Jin (Kim Jin-won)
Baby J (Heo Jun)
Scott Hellowell
- **past members**: Yoo Byung-yeol
Brown Eyed Soul (band)

**Brown Eyed Soul** is a Korean musical singing group. The 4 men in the band are Naul, Jung-Yeop, Sung-Hun, & Young-Jun. Their genre is soul pop and R&B. Brown Eyed Soul made their debut in 2003 with their 1st album _Soul Free_. Their 2nd album, _The Wind, The Sea, The Rain_ was released in 2007. They took four years to release their 2nd album. Although 4 years was a long time, they still had many fans. Their 2nd album sold about 100,000 copies. It helped them win the R&B award at the 5th Korean Music awards in 2008.

Brown Eyed Soul have not appeared on television which is very unusual in Korea where most groups appear regularly. Brown Eyed Soul`s popularity is not their looks or their dancing, but their music.

## Albums

- _Soul Free_, 2003. 09. 17
- _The Wind, The Sea, The Rain_,  2007. 11. 02
- _Brown Eyed Soul Christmas Concert Live 2007_, 2008. 12. 04
- _BROWNEYED SOUL_, 2010. 11. 25

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Brown Eyed Soul
- **img**: Brown_Eyed_Soul.jpg
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: South Korea
- **years active**: 2003–present
- **current members**: * Na-Ul Yoo
* Yeong Jun Ko
* Jeong Yeop Ahn
- **past members**: Hun Seong
Tteokguk

**Tteokguk** is a traditional food of Korea. It is eaten on January 1 to celebrate Seollal, the Korean New Year.

Tteokguk is a soup made from tteok ( a sweet Korean rice cake), sliced cooked eggs, ground meat, _mandu_, leek, and onion.

## Other websites

- Migi's Kitchen with a recipe for tteokguk
Ko Young-min

**Ko Young-min** (born February 8, 1984 in Seoul, South Korea) is a professional baseball player of the South Korean baseball club Doosan Bears. He graduated from Seung-Nam High School.  His height is 182.0 cm. and his weight is 76.0 kg.

His position is second baseman. He is a member of the national team. He has fast legs and a great catching ability. His nickname is Koget. He is a second fielder. _Koget_ is a compound word made up of his family name and an animation gadget.  His experiences as a member of the national team are in the Beijing Olympic Games and the second WBC. He won the golden glove prize in  2007. He also won the Korea professional baseball at second baseman prize. He got the best point prize in  2007 for the Samsung PAVV professional baseball team.

## Career stats

|<span style="color:white;">Year</span>|<span style="color:white;">Team</span>|<span style="color:white;">Pos</span>|<span style="color:white;">G</span>|<span style="color:white;">AB</span>|<span style="color:white;"> R</span>|<span style="color:white;"> H</span>|<span style="color:white;"> 2B</span>|<span style="color:white;">3B</span>|<span style="color:white;">HR</span>|<span style="color:white;">RBI</span>|<span style="color:white;">TB</span>|<span style="color:white;">SB</span>|<span style="color:white;"> CS</span>|<span style="color:white;">SH</span>|<span style="color:white;">BB</span>|<span style="color:white;"> HBP</span>|<span style="color:white;">K</span>|<span style="color:white;">GIDP</span>|<span style="color:white;">E</span>|<span style="color:white;">AVG</span>|<span style="color:white;">OBP</span>|<span style="color:white;">SLG</span>|<span style="color:white;">OPS</span>||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2002|rowspan=7|Doosan|2B|16|10|1|1|0|0|0|1|1|1|1|0|0|0|1|0|0|.100|.100|.100|.200|
|2003|2B|32|13|2|3|0|0|0|0|3|1|0|0|0|0|3|0|1|.231|.231|.231|.462|||
|2005|2B|16|17|2|2|0|0|0|0|2|0|0|0|0|1|9|0|0|.118|.167|.118|.285|||
|2006|2B|116|315|38|85|15|5|2|29|116|14|10|8|24|12|59|6|11|.270|.337|.368|.705|||
|2007|2B|**126**|444|**89**|119|29|1|12|66|186|36|10|14|61|17|105|9|9|.268|.368|.419|.787|||
|2008|2B|**126**|427|84|114|15|3|9|70|162|39|9|13|**74**|14|**109**|10|9|.267|.383|.379|.762|||
|2009|2B|85|281|59|66|11|3|6|29|101|12|4|4|33|13|76|3|6|.235|.339|.359|.689|||
|Total||2B|432|1226|216|324|59|9|23|166|470|91|30|35|159|44|286|25|30|.264|.360|.383|.743||
**Bold** = led KBO
Insadong

**Insa-dong** (인사동, 仁寺洞) is a neighborhood (also called a dong) of Jongro District, Seoul, South Korea. The main street is Insadong-gil, which is connected to many alleys that lead deeper into the district.

Insa-dong is a popular tourist spot in Seoul. It is mainly one long street, and is known for its many art galleries, restaurants, and shops that sell traditional Korean items and art. There is also plenty of street food and sometimes there are public performances of dancing or a traditional display of criminals. Winding side streets are home to a variety of traditional restaurants.
Mexican peso

The **Mexian Peso** (sign: **$**; code: **MXN**) is the currency, or money, of . The symbol used for the peso is "$", which is the same as for the US dollars, which got its symbol from the Spanish-Mexican currency. It is one of the most traded currencies in the world. The current ISO 4217 code for the peso is _MXN_; before its value was changed in 1993, the code _MXP_ was used. The peso is made up of 100 _centavos_, represented by "¢". The name comes from the Spanish words _pesos oro_ (gold weights) or _pesos plata_ (silver weights). The meaninf **peso** in English is **weight**.

## Exchange rates

- Following the 1993 revaluation, the peso's official exchange rate was MXN$3 per US dollar.
- As a result of Mexico's currency crisis in 1994, the peso sharply depreciated from MXN$3.4 by try to MXN$7.2 in 1995.
- From 1998 to 2008, it traded within a range between MXN$8 and MXN$11 pesos per dollar.
- In early 2009, the peso briefly depreciated to MXN$15.56 after the 2008 financial crisis.  It settled between MXN$12 and MXN$14 from then until 2014.
- In 2015, the peso depreciated from MXN$14.76 to MXN$17
- Since 2016, it has been trading between MXN$17 and MXN$21.
    - In 2020, amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, the peso depreciated to it's all-time low of about MXN$25.  It has appreciated more than 30 percent since.  In early 2024, the peso strengthened to MXN$16.31 per dollar.  This is largely due to near-shoring, foreign investment, remittences, and high interest rates to curb inflation.
Olive ridley sea turtle

The **olive ridley sea turtle**, (_Lepidochelys olivacea_), also called the **Pacific ridley**, is one of the smallest species of sea turtle. It is named for the olive-green color of its heart-shaped shell. It is one of seven marine turtle species living today.
System requirements

**System requirements** refer to a checklist of minimum necessary items for a computer to have. These items would be requirements in order for an operating system to work, such as Windows XP. If the system did not have these things, the computer or operating system might crash or cause problems. If it exceeds minimum expectations, you could check the **recommended system requirements**, and see if it also meets those. If it does not, it is not bad. But if it does meet the recommended requirements, that is very good to know.
George Clooney

**George Timothy Clooney** (born May 6, 1961) is an American actor, filmmaker and humanitarian. He is the son of Nick and nephew of singer Rosemary. After leaving college, He starred in the series _ER_ and several other series. He later starred in movies, including _Ocean's Eleven_, _Syriana_, _Batman & Robin_, _Good Night, and Good Luck_ and _Up in the Air_. He is a political advocate for human rights issues, include Save Darfur. Many of his movies contain references to current politics.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: George Clooney
- **image**: George Clooney 66ème Festival de Venise (cropped2).jpg
- **caption**: Clooney in 2009
- **birth name**: George Timothy Clooney
- **birth place**: Lexington, Kentucky, U.S.
- **years active**: 1978–present
- **spouse**: Talia Balsam
(m. 1989–1993, divorced)
Amal Alamuddin (m. 2014–present)
- **parents**: Nick Clooney, Nina (née Warren)
- **relatives**: Rosemary Clooney (aunt)
Miguel Ferrer (cousin)
Rafael Ferrer (cousin)
Elena McClenathan (3rd Cousin)
Canon EOS

The **Canon EOS** (**Electro-Optical System**) is an autofocus 35 mm film and digital SLR camera system that was introduced in 1987 with the Canon EOS 650 and is still in production as Canon's current dSLR system.  The acronym EOS was chosen for Eos in Greek mythology, and is often pronounced as a word (i.e., _EE-oss_), although some spell out the letters, reading it as an initialism. Both pronunciations are acceptable as there is no official pronunciation.

It competes primarily with the Nikon F series and its successors, as well as autofocus SLR systems from Olympus Corporation, Pentax, Sony/Minolta, and Panasonic/Leica. In most countries, EOS cameras have the largest market share of SLR cameras.
Itaewon

**Itaewon** is a neighborhood in Yongsan-gu, Seoul. It is an international neighborhood. Travellers and expatriate residents come here for  shopping, restaurants, and nightlife.

About 22,000 people live there, but between 4000-5000 reportedly visit the commercial district daily. Many US military personnel from the nearby Yongsan Garrison come here. Itaewon has restaurants serving food from many parts of the world, including India, Thailand, and Mexico. Those foods are not common in Korea.
J. M. G. Le Clézio

**Jean Marie Gustave Le Clézio** (born April 13, 1940 in Nice) is a French novelist. He won a Nobel Prize in Literature.