juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Watchmaker analogy

The **Watchmaker analogy** is a teleological argument. In simple terms, it states that because there is a design, there must be a designer. The analogy is important in natural theology where it is used to show the existence of God as well as supporting the idea of intelligent design. William Paley (1743 – 1805) gave one of the best known explanations for this in his book _Natural Theology_, published in 1802: "Anyone finding a pocket watch in a field will recognise that it was designed intelligently; living beings are similarly complex, and must be the work of an intelligent designer". In 1859, Charles Darwin provided another explanation for this complexity; according to Darwin, this complexity is a result of continuing adaptation. Paley was not the first to use the analogy, though. Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle is generally credited for this, when he used it in his work _Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds_, published in 1686.

There are three main points of criticism against the Watchmaker analogy:
1. Complexity does not necessarily require a designer; it can also come from _mindless_ natural processes. David Hume gives the examples of a snowflake, and of the generation of crystals. These are mentioned in his works _Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion_ and _An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding_. Other people have mentioned the Infinite monkey theorem.
1. The watch is a bad analogy.
1. The watchmaker is more complex than the watch. If complexity proves intelligent design, then the question arises who designed such a complex watchmaker.
Barbie Girl

**"Barbie Girl"** is a dance-pop hit song from the Danish music group Aqua. The single was released in 1997. Its lyrics are about Barbie and Ken, the toys from Mattel.

The song was very popular. It was #1 across the music charts of certain countries. It was in the Top 20 charts in the United States.

_Barbie Girl_ also caused controversy at various times, and in 1998 Mattel sued Aqua's record company for copyright infringement.
Kronstadt rebellion

The **Kronstadt rebellion** was a left-wing revolt which occurred in Russia from 7–17 March 1921. It was carried out by Communists who did not like the way the Bolsheviks made the Workers' Councils do what the new Russian state, the RSFSR told them to do.
Nikolai Evreinov

**Nikolai Nikolayevich Evreinov** (; February 13, 1879 - September 7, 1953) was a Russian theatre director, dramatist and theatre practitioner. He was associated with the art movement known as Russian Symbolism.

## _The Storming of the Winter Palace_

In 1920, Evreinov organised the mass spectacle _The Storming of the Winter Palace_.
Chantal Kreviazuk

**Chantal Jennifer Kreviazuk** (May 18, 1973, Winnipeg, Manitoba) is a Canadian singer, songwriter and recording artist. She has had many high charting songs in Canada and some in the United States. She also writes songs for others.
Jamaican Patois

**Jamaican Patois**, known as Patwa, Jamaican Creole or simply Jamaican, is an English-African Creole language spoken mostly in Jamaica and among the Jamaican diaspora.

## Formation of the language

Jamaican Patois was developed in the 17th century with the arrival of West African slaves. Once they arrived in the island, they had to quickly learn and neutralize the dialectal forms of the English language. The slaves, just like in any region of the Caribbean rather speak their original tongue than learn the proper forms of the European languages of their masters.

### Irish influence

Jamaican Creole draws an Irish phonetic sounds in some areas of Jamaica, however, the schools and education in Jamaica are based on the British English in the writing, reading and speech.

### African influence

Jamaican Patois has African influences dating back to the 17th century. Its syntax, sounds, phonetics, grammar, and plenty of words show African influence in every aspect.

### Chinese and East Indian influence

The Jamaican language has hundreds or thousands of words with origins of the Cantonese and the Indian languages, such as "Ganja" (Mariguana).

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Jamaican Creole
- **nativename**: Patois
- **states**: Jamaica, Panama, Costa Rica, United States, United Kingdom, Puerto Rico, Canada
- **speakers**: 3.2 million
- **date**: 2001
- **ref**: e16
- **familycolor**: Creole
- **fam1**: English-based creole languages, English creole
- **fam2**: Atlantic
- **fam3**: Western
- **iso3**: jam
- **lingua**: 52-ABB-am
- **dia1**: Limonese Creole
- **dia2**: Bocas del Toro Creole
- **notice**: IPA
Lou Rawls

**Louis Allen "Lou" Rawls** (December 1, 1933 - January 6, 2006) was an American singer. He made over 60 albums. He sold over 40 million copies of them. Rawls was born in Chicago. He was associated with a huge number of rhythm and blues songs.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Lou Rawls
- **img**: Lou rawls edit.png
- **img capt**: Lou Rawls in 1980
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Louis Allen Rawls
- **birth place**: Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
- **death place**: Los Angeles, California, U.S.

Interred: Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale, California
- **genre**: gospel music, Gospel, Rhythm and blues, R&B, Soul music, soul, Jazz music, jazz, blues
- **occupation**: Singing, Singer
- **years active**: 19612006
Roscoe Lee Browne

**Roscoe Lee Browne** (May 2, 1922 – April 11, 2007) was an American television, stage, voice, and movie actor, narrator, and director. He was known for his deep voice.

## Early life

Browne was born in Woodbury, New Jersey. His parents were Sylvanus S. Browne and Lovie Lee Usher. He was African American. Browne was educated at Lincoln University, an historically black university. He graduated in 1946.

## Career

Browne's career began in 1964 in the movie _Black Like Me_. His career has lasted 43 years. He has appeared in over 100 movies.

## Death

Browne was never married. He died on April 11, 2007, from stomach cancer in Los Angeles, California.

## Movies

- _Black Like Me_ (1964)
- _Graham Greene's The Comedians_ (1967)
- _Up Tight!_ (1968)
- _Topaz_ (1969)
- _The Liberation of L.B. Jones_ (1970)
- _The Cowboys_ (1972)
- _Cisco Pike_ (1972)
- _The World's Greatest Athlete_ (1973)
- _Super Fly T.N.T._ (1973)
- _Uptown Saturday Night_ (1974)
- _Logan's Run_ (1976)
- _Twilight's Last Gleaming_ (1977)
- _Nothing Personal_ (1980)
- _Legal Eagles_ (1986)
- _Jumpin' Jack Flash_ (1986)
- _Moon 44_ (1990)
- _The Mamboo Kings_ (1992)
- _Naked in New York_ (1993)
- _Hamlet_ (2000)
- _Morgan's Ferry_ (2001)
- _Treasure Planet_ (2002)
- _Unchained Memories_ (2003)

## Awards and honors

- Obie Award (1965) for Best Performance.
- Los Angeles Drama Critics Circle Awards (1970) for Best Actor.
- Emmy Award (1986) for Best Guest Star
- Browne was added to the Black Filmmakers Hall of Fame in 1977.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Roscoe Lee Browne
- **image**: Roscoe Lee Browne 1979.JPG
- **birth place**: Woodbury, New Jersey, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Los Angeles, California, U.S.
- **death cause**: Stomach cancer
- **resting place**: Cremated
- **nationality**: American
- **years active**: 1960 – 2007
- **occupation**: Actor, director
- **alma mater**: Lincoln University
- **awards**: #Awards and honors, See Awards and honors
Mahalia Jackson

**Mahalia Jackson** (October 26, 1911 – January 27, 1972) was an American gospel singer and musician. She was born in New Orleans. She had many hit songs during her career. She was in Evergreen Park,IL in 1972 when she died. She lived with her Aunt Duke when her mother died in 1917. She started to sing at Mt. Moriah Baptist Church at the age of 12.
Marla Gibbs

**Marla Gibbs** (born June 14, 1931 in Chicago) is an American comedian and actress. She played Florence Johnston on _The Jeffersons_. Then she played Mary Jenkins on the sitcom _227_. She also acts in movies.
Falling in Love

***Falling in Love*** is a 1984 American romantic drama movie set in New York City. It stars Meryl Streep, Robert De Niro and Harvey Keitel. This movie was released in autumn 1984 in the United States.
Soupy Sales

**Soupy Sales** (born **Milton Supman** January 8, 1926  October 22, 2009) was an American comedian and actor, who is best known for his role in the television series _Lunch With Soupy Sales_ that lasted for a short moment. And from 1968 through 1975 Sales is known a regular rival in _What's My Line?_.

## Early life

Sales was born on January 8, 1926 in Franklinton, North Carolina to Irving and Sadie Supman. Sales had two brothers; Leonard Supman (dead), and Jack Supman. Sales was educated at Marshall College.

## Career

In 1949, Sales moved to Cincinnati, Ohio from where his career began in 1949 and since then he had appeared in over 100 television shows or radio broadcastings, and went on tours around the country and the world.

## Personal life and Death

Sales was married to Barbara Fox since 1950 until they divorced in 1970. Lastly he married Trudy Wilson since 1980 until his death in 2009. Sales had two children; Tony and Hunt Sales who are both rock musicians.

Soupy Sales died on October 22, 2009 in the Bronx, New York City from cancer. He was 83.

## Movies

- _The Two Little Bears_ (1961)
- _Critic's Choice_ (1963)
- _Birds Do It_ (1966)
- _Don't Push It, I'll Charge When I'M Ready_ (1977)
- _Superman II_ (1983) (cameo appearance)
- _Saturday Supercade_ (1983) (voice only)
- _And God Spoke: The Making Of..._ (1993)
- _Palmer's Pick Up_ (1999)
- _A Little Bit of Lipstick_ (2000)
- _Behind the Seams_ (2000)
- _This Train_ (2001)
- _The Innocent and the Damned_ (2005)
- _Angels with Angels_ (2005)

## Infobox (comedian)

- **name**: Soupy Sales
- **image**: 6.8.08SoupySalesByLuigiNovi.jpg
- imagesize
- **caption**: Sales in June 2008
- **birth name**: Milton Supman
- **birth place**: Franklinton, North Carolina, Franklinton, North Carolina, U.S.
- **death place**: Bronx, New York City, U.S.
- **active**: 1949–2009
- **genre**: Slapstick comedy, Slapstick, word play, improvisation
- **influences**: Marx Brothers
Harry Ritz
- **influenced**: Howard Stern
Saturday Night Live
Pee-wee Herman
Andy Kaufman
- **spouse**:

- **notable work**: _Lunch with Soupy Sales_
The Natural History and Antiquities of Selborne

***The Natural History and Antiquities of Selborne***, or just ***The Natural History of Selborne*** is a book written by pioneering English naturalist and ornithologist Gilbert White. It was first published in 1789. It has continued to be printed since then, with nearly 300 editions up to Thames & Hudson's _The Illustrated Natural History of Selborne_ in 2007.
Louis Pierre Vieillot

**Louis Pierre Vieillot** (10 May 1748, Yvetot - 1831, Rouen) was a French ornithologist.

Vieillot described a large number of birds for the first time. These included birds he saw during the time he spent in the West Indies and North America. 26 genera and 32 species of North American birds were first described by him. Most of the well-known North American birds, such as the Wild Turkey, the Pintail, the Cedar Waxwing, and the Scarlet Tanager, were given their scientific names by him.
Heinrich Boie

**Heinrich Boie** (May 4, 1784, Meldorf, Holstein – September 4, 1827) was a German zoologist. He and his brother Friedrich Boie described 49 new species of reptiles and several new species of amphibians.

Boie studied law at Kiel and Göttingen. At university he became interested in natural history through the lectures of Johann Friedrich Blumenbach and Friedrich Tiedemann. He became Coenraad Jacob Temminck's assistant at Leiden. In 1825 he traveled to Java with Salomon Muller to collect specimens for the museum. He died there of gall fever.

## References

- Husson, A.M., L.B. Holthuis, 1955, _The dates of publication of "Verhandelingen over de natuurlijke Geschiedenis der Nederlandsche overzeesche Bezittingen" edited by C. J. Temminck_, Zoologische Mededelingen, Vol. 34, p. 17-24 PDF
Old World warbler

An "**Old World warbler**" is the name used to describe one of a large group of birds that used to be in the bird family **Sylviidae**. The family held over 400 species in over 70 genera, and was the source of much taxonomic confusion. Two families were separated later, the Cisticolidae and the Regulidae. In the past ten years they have been researched and many species are now put into other families. These families include the Acrocephalidae, Cettiidae, Phylloscopidae, and Megaluridae.

## Characteristics

Most Old World warblers are of generally unseparate appearances. The sexes are often identical. However, some may be different, especially in the genus _Sylvia_. They are of small to medium size, from 9 to 16 centimeters in length. Their bills are small and pointed. Almost all species are mostly insectivorous. However, some will also eat fruit, nectar, or small seeds.

Most of the species are monogamous and build simple, cup-shaped nests in plants. They lay between two and six eggs each time, depending on species. Both parents help in raising the young, which are able to fly at around two weeks of age.
Paik Sun-yup

**Paik Sun-yup** (, Hanja 白善燁, November 23, 1920 – July 10, 2020) was a South Korean soldier, politician and diplomat.

Paik was an army commander in the Korean War.

Paik died on July 10, 2020 in Seoul at the age of 99.

## Further reading

- Paik, Sun Yup. _From Pusan to Panmunjom: Wartime Memoirs of the Republic of Korea's First Four-Star General._ Riverside, New Jersey: Brassey

## Other websites

- http://100.daum.net/encyclopedia/view.do?docid=b09b0802a
Lesser roadrunner

The **lesser roadrunner** (_Geococcyx velox_) is one of the two species of roadrunner. It looks a lot like the other roadrunner species, the greater roadrunner, but is smaller and has a shorter beak. It is found in Mexico and Central America.

It is large and slender and has long legs. The lesser roadrunner's wings and tail are covered with black, brown and white feathers, and it has a yellowish-white belly. It is 12 to 20 inches in length, and weighs around 8 to 15 ounces. The lesser roadrunner has zygodactyl feet, meaning it has two toes on the back of its feet and two toes on the front.

## Where they live

The lesser roadrunner is found in deserts of southwestern Mexico, and northern Central America.

## Behavior

Even though the lesser roadrunner can fly, it spends most of its time on the ground. Sometimes it flies to escape predators. It can run up to 20 miles per hour (32 km per hour). The lesser roadrunner makes its nest out of sticks and leaves, and sometimes snakeskin. It lays around 2-6 eggs at a time. Both parents, the mother and the father, take care of the nest and feed the hatchlings, but the males guard the nest at night time and the females guard the nest are day. Once the young hatch they stay with their parents for around 1 to 2 weeks. Then they leave by themselves and never return to the nest.

## Feeding

The lesser roadrunner is an omnivore, meaning it eats both meat and plants. They eat mainly seeds,fruits, reptiles like lizards and snakes, insects like grasshoppers and beetles, rodents and other small mammals, scorpions, spiders, frogs, other birds and eggs. Since it is very fast the lesser roadrunner is one of the very few animals which eat rattlesnakes.
Tarantula hawk

The **Tarantula hawk** is a type of spider wasp which hunts tarantulas as food for its larvae. The Tarantula hawk is any type of spider wasp which is in the genera _Pepsis_ and _Hemipepsis_ in the family Pompilidae (spider wasps).

## Description

Most species of Tarantula hawks are around 5 cm (2 inches) long, making it the largest type of wasp. They usually have a blue-black body and reddish-orange wings, but some have black wings. The color on their wings tells  predators that they are dangerous (aposematism). They have long legs which have hooked claws that are used for grabbing their prey. The sting of a female Tarantula hawk can be as long as 7 mm long; the stinger is said to be the second  most painful insect sting in the world.

## Behavior

When a female Tarantula hawk finds a tarantula it stings and paralyzes the tarantula. Then the wasp drags the tarantula to her burrow or takes it to a specially made nest, where it lays a single egg on the tarantula's abdomen. Once the egg hatches the larva makes a hole in the tarantula's abdomen. It then crawls into the tarantula and feeds on the insides. After a few weeks the larva pupates. After a while the wasp turns into an adult and comes out of the tarantula's abdomen. Tarantula hawks are also nectarivores, meaning they eat the nectar of flowers. Unlike the females, males do not hunt at tarantulas. Instead they feed on the nectar of flowers of milkweeds, western soapberry trees, or mesquite trees, which the females also feed on.

## Where they live

Tarantula hawks are found in India, southeast Asia, Africa, Australia and the Americas. In the Americas they can be found as far north as Salt Lake City, Utah in the U.S.A to as far south as Argentina in South America. 250 species are found in South America, while many other species have been found in deserts of southwestern U.S.A.

## Sting

The sting of this wasp is said to be the most painful insect sting in the world, but the pain lasts for only a few minutes. Not many people have been stung by a Tarantula hawk but people who have say that it is so painful that they can not think of doing anything but scream. Not many animals eat them, but one that can is the roadrunner. Many animals avoid Tarantula hawks because of their sting, so some insects mimic their looks. Many types of wasps, bees, flies, moths and beetles mimic the looks of the Tarantula hawk.
Wheatus

**Wheatus** is an American alternative rock band from Northport, New York. Wheatus has six members in the band; the current band members are Brendan B. Brown, Matthew Milligan, Kevin Joaquin Garcia, Karlie Bruce, Gabrielle Aimée Sterbenz and Mark Palmer.

The band was formed in 1995 by lead singer Brendan B. Brown. The band is probably best known for their 2000 hit song, "Teenage Dirtbag" from their self-titled debut album. Their song "Punk Ass Bitch" was also used as the ending theme for Jackie Chan Adventures. They released their self-titled debut album "_Wheatus_" on August 15, 2000. They are currently signed to Montauk Mantis which the band created after leaving Sony Records. They released their third studio album "_Too Soon Monsoon_" on October 18, 2005.

## Band members

- Current
- Brendan B. Brown – lead vocals, guitar (1995-present)
- Matthew Milligan – bass guitar (2006-present)
- Kevin Joaquin Garcia – drums (2006-present)
- Karlie Bruce – backing vocals (2008-2011, 2011-present)
- Gabrielle Aimée Sterbenz – backing vocals (2011-present)
- Mark Palmer - keyboards (2011-present)

- Former
- Peter McCarrick Brown – drums (1995–2006)
- Philip Jimenez – keyboards, percussion (1995-2003)
- Rich Liegey – bass (1995-2000)
- Mike Joseph McCabe – bass (2000–2005)
- Elizabeth Grace Brown – backing vocals (2002-2007)
- Kathryn Elizabeth Froggatt – backing vocals (2002-2006)
- Shannon Patrick Harris – keyboards (2002–2004)
- Vanessa Jimenez – backing vocals (2003)
- Michael Bellar – keyboards (2004–2005)
- Nicolas diPierro – bass (2005–2006)
- Gerard Charles Hoffmann – keyboards (2005–2011)
- Constance Renda – backing vocals (2006)
- Melissa "Missy" Heselton – backing vocals (2006-2007)
- Johanna Cranitch – backing vocals (2007-2011)
- Georgia Haege – backing vocals (2007-2008)
- Ken Flagg – keyboards (2011)
- Delaney Gibson – backing vocals (2011)
- Dani Elliott – backing vocals (2011)

### Studio albums

- _Wheatus_ (2000)
- _Hand Over Your Loved Ones_ (2003)
- _Too Soon Monsoon_ (2005)
- _The Valentine LP_ (2013)

### EPs

- _Lemonade_ (2004)
- _Live at XM_ (2004)
- _Pop, Songs & Death_ (2009)

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Wheatus
- **img**: Brendan Brown.jpg
- **img capt**: Brendan Brown
- **landscape**: yes
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Northport, New York, Northport, New York (state), New York
United States
- **genre**: Alternative rock
Pop rock
- **years active**: 1995–present
- **label**: Sony BMG Music Entertainment
Montauk Mantis
- **url**: [http://www.wheatus.com Official website]
- **current members**: Brendan B. Brown
Matthew Milligan
Kevin Joaquin Garcia
Joey Slater
Karlie Bruce
Gabrielle Aimée Sterbenz
Mark Palmer
- **past members**: Peter McCarrick Brown
Philip Jimenez
Rich Liegey
Mike Joseph McCabe
Elizabeth Grace Brown
Kathryn Elizabeth Froggatt
Shannon Patrick Harris
Vanessa Jimenez
Michael Bellar
Nicolas diPierro
Gerard Charles Hoffmann
Constance Renda
Melissa "Missy" Heselton
Johanna Cranitch
Georgia Haege
Ken Flagg
Delaney Gibson
Dani Elliott
Kitty Wells

**Ellen Muriel Deason**, known by professional name **Kitty Wells** (August 30, 1919 – July 16, 2012), was an American country singer from Nashville who went under the nickname **The Queen of Country Music**. She had many country singles that hit number 1 on charts. One of them is from 1952, called "It Wasn't God Who Made Honky Tonk Angels". Wells' death in 2012 was due to complications of a stroke.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **embed**: yes
- **occupation**: Singer-songwriter
- **years active**: 1936–2000


## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Kitty Wells
- **birth name**: Ellen Muriel Deason
- **birth place**: Nashville, Tennessee, U.S.
- **death place**: Madison, Tennessee
- **children**: 3, including Ruby Wright (country singer), Ruby and Bobby Wright, Bobby
- **website**: [http://www.kittywells.com/ Official website]
Under Siege

***Under Siege*** is a 1992 American military action thriller movie. It stars Tommy Lee Jones and Steven Seagal, the latter of whom stars as a Navy SEAL. _Under Siege_ received very strong reception by critics: it brought Seagal right into the mainstream. It was released October 9, 1992. It's sequel is the 1995 movie _Under Siege 2: Dark Territory_ also starring Seagal.
Marvin Hamlisch

**Marvin Frederick Hamlisch** (June 2, 1944 – August 6, 2012) was an American composer. He was born in Manhattan, New York City. He arranged the scores of lots of movies, including _The Sting_ and _Sophie's Choice_. He won an Academy Award, an Emmy Award and a Golden Globe Award, Grammy Awards, a Tony Award and a Pulitzer Prize.

Hamlisch died from respiratory arrest complicated by hypertension in Los Angeles, California on August 6, 2012 at the age of 68.

### Pulitzer Prize

- 1975 Winner, _A Chorus Line_ (Pulitzer Prize for Drama)

### Academy Awards

- 1974 Winner, Best Original Dramatic Score – _The Way We Were_
- 1974 Winner, Best Original Song Score and/or Adaptation – _The Sting_
- 1974 Winner, Best Original Song – "The Way We Were" from _The Way We Were_

In 1974, Hamlisch became the second person to win three Academy Awards in the same evening, following Billy Wilder in 1961.
Charlie Callas

**Charles Callas** (December 20, 1927  January 27, 2011) was an American actor and comedian. He worked with Dean Martin, Frank Sinatra, Mel Brooks, Dom DeLuise, Jerry Lewis, Milton Berle, and Don Rickles.

## Early life and career

Callas was born on December 20, 1927 in Brooklyn, New York. He served in the United States Army during World War II. After the war, Callas began his career in 1950. He appeared in over 100 television programs and 50 movies.

## Personal life

Callas was married to Evelyn Callas until her death in 2010. Callas had two sons, Mark Callas and Larry Callas.

### Death

Callas died on January 27, 2011 from natural causes in his Las Vegas, Nevada home. He was 83 years old. Callas is survived by his 2 sons. His remains were cremated.

## Filmography

- _The Big Mouth_ (1967)
- _Switch_ (TV) (1975  1977)
- _Silent Movie_ (1976)
- _Pete's Dragon_ (voice) (1977)
- _High Anxiety_ (1977)
- _The Carpenters...Space Encounters_ (1978)
- _Legends of the Superheroes_ (1979)
- _History of the World: Part 1_ (1981)
- _Rooster_ (1982)
- _Hysterical_ (1983)
- _The Dom DeLuise Show_ (TV) (1987)
- _Amazon Women on the Moon_ (1987)
- _Silk Stalkings_ (TV) (1993)
- _Dracula: Dead and Loving It_ (1995)
- _Horrorween_ (2010)

## Infobox (comedian)

- **name**: Charlie Callas
- **birth name**: Charles Callias
- **birth place**: Brooklyn, New York, U.S.
- **death place**: Las Vegas, Nevada, U.S.
- **nationality**: American
- **residence**: Las Vegas, Nevada, U.S.
- **home town**: New York City
- **influences**: Groucho Marx,
Charlie Chaplin
- **influenced**: Larry the Cable Guy
- **genre**: Stand-up comedy, Stand-up, dark comedy
- **subjects**: Nervous Chattering,
Rubber Face
- **religion**: Catholic
- **occupation**: Actor, comedian
- **yearsactive**: 1964–2011
- **spouse**: Evelyn Callas
(? – 2010; her death)
- **children**: 2
Azusa Iwashimizu

is a Japanese football player. She played for the Japan national team.

## Biography

Iwashimizu was born in Takizawa on October 14, 1986. In 2003, she was promoted to Nippon TV Beleza (later _Nippon TV Tokyo Verdy Beleza_) from the youth team. She played 287 matches in Nadeshiko League until 2019. She was elected Best Eleven for 12 years in a row (2006-2017).

On February 18, 2006, when Iwashimizu was 19 years old, she debuted for the Japan national team against Russia. She has played in the 2007, 2011 and 2015 World Cups, winning the 2011 World Cup and winning a silver medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics. In the final minute of extra time in the 2011 World Cup Final, she was sent off after receiving a red card for slide tackling Alex Morgan. Japan would go on to win the match in the penalty shootout that followed.

Iwashimizu was instrumental in Japan's victory at the 2014 Asian Cup, scoring the winning goal in both the semifinal against China and the final against Australia. She played 122 games and scored 11 goals for Japan until 2016.

## Personal life

Iwashimizu got married in October 2019 and she bore a child in March 2020. So, she took maternity leave in 2019 and 2020 season.

## Statistics

|colspan="3"|Japan national team||
| --- | --- | --- |
|2006|10|3|
|2007|13|2|
|2008|18|0|
|2009|3|0|
|2010|13|3|
|2011|17|0|
|2012|11|0|
|2013|10|0|
|2014|14|3|
|2015|10|0|
|2016|3|0|

## Other websites

- Japan Football Association

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Azusa Iwashimizu
- **image**: Azusa Iwashimizu in 2011.JPG
- **image size**: 200
- **caption**: Iwashimizu at the 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup, 2011 World Cup
- **fullname**: Azusa Iwashimizu
- **birth place**: Takizawa, Iwate, Takizawa, Iwate Prefecture, Iwate, Japan
- **position**: Defender (football), Defender
- **currentclub**: Nippon TV Tokyo Verdy Beleza
- **youthclubs1**: Nippon TV Tokyo Verdy Beleza, Nippon TV Beleza
- **years1**: 2003–
- **clubs1**: Nippon TV Tokyo Verdy Beleza
- **caps1**: 287
- **goals1**: 21
- **nationalyears1**: 2006–2016
- **nationalteam1**: Japan women's national football team, Japan
- **nationalcaps1**: 122
- **nationalgoals1**: 11
- **club-update**: end of the 2020 season
Aya Sameshima

is a Japanese football player. She played for the Japan national team.

## Biography

After playing for the Japan U-20 national team at the 2006 AFC U-19 Championship in 2006, Sameshima made her the full international debut on March 10, 2008, against Russia, and played in the 2008 Asian Cup that year, scoring the first goal in an 11–0 win over Chinese Taipei. In 2010, she played in the 2010 Asian Games, winning a gold medal as Japan won the tournament. In 2011, she was part of the Japan squad for the 2011 World Cup, playing in every match for the World Cup Champion Japanese team. She was part of the Japanese team that won the silver medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics. She also played in the 2015 World Cup and Japan won 2nd place. In 2018, she played at 2018 Asian Cup and won the championship. She played 103 games and scored 5 goals for Japan until 2019.

## Statistics

|rowspan="2"|Club|rowspan="2"|Season|colspan="2"|League|colspan="2"|Cup|colspan="2"|League Cup|colspan="2"|Total|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|rowspan="6"|TEPCO Mareeze|2006|17|1|2|0|-|19|1|||
|2007|21|8|3|0|4|3|28|11||||
|2008|21|5|3|0|-|24|5|||||
|2009|21|1|3|1|-|24|2|||||
|2010|18|3|2|0|5|3|25|6||||
|rowspan="2"|Boston Breakers|2011|5|0|-|-|5|0||||
|rowspan="2"|Montpellier|2011-2012|18|0|5|0|-|23|0|||
|18|0|5|0|-|23|0||||||
|rowspan="2"|Vegalta Sendai|2012||||||||||

|colspan="3"|Japan national team||
| --- | --- | --- |
|2008|2|1|
|2009|3|0|
|2010|15|1|
|2011|18|0|
|2012|14|0|
|2013|3|0|
|2014|2|1|
|2015|12|1|
|2016|3|0|
|2017|13|0|
|2018|18|1|
|2019|10|0|

## Other websites

- Japan Football Association

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Aya Sameshima
- **image**: Aya Sameshima in 2011.JPG
- **image size**: 200
- **caption**: Sameshima at the 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup, 2011 World Cup
- **fullname**: Aya Sameshima
- **birth place**: Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi Prefecture, Tochigi, Japan
- **position**: Defender (football), Defender
- **currentclub**: Omiya Ardija Ventus
- **youthyears1**: 2003–2005
- **youthclubs1**: Tokiwagi Gakuen High School
- **years1**: 2006–2011
- **clubs1**: TEPCO Mareeze
- **caps1**: 98
- **goals1**: 18
- **years2**: 2011
- **clubs2**: Boston Breakers
- **caps2**: 5
- **goals2**: 0
- **years3**: 2011–2012
- **clubs3**: Montpellier HSC (women), Montpellier
- **caps3**: 18
- **goals3**: 0
- **years4**: 2012–2014
- **clubs4**: Mynavi Sendai Ladies, Vegalta Sendai
- **caps4**: 21
- **goals4**: 3
- **years5**: 2015–2020
- **clubs5**: INAC Kobe Leonessa
- **caps5**: 102
- **goals5**: 2
- **years6**: 2021–
- **clubs6**: Omiya Ardija Ventus
- **nationalyears1**: 2008–2019
- **nationalteam1**: Japan women's national football team, Japan
- **nationalcaps1**: 113
- **nationalgoals1**: 5
- **club-update**: end of the 2020 season
John Aniston

**John Aniston** (born **Yannis Anastasakis**; July 24, 1933 – November 11, 2022) was a Greek-American television and movie actor. He was the father of actress Jennifer Aniston. He is best known for his role as Victor Kiriakis in _Days of our Lives_. That started in 1985. Aniston's career lasted 60 years. He appeared in over 100 television programs and movies.

## Early life

Aniston was born in Chania, Crete, Greece to Stella Jones and to Antonios Anastasakis. Aniston went to Pennsylvania State University.

## Marriage and family

Aniston was married to Nancy Dow from 1965 until they divorced in 1980. Aniston has been married to Sherry Rooney since 1984. With Dow, Aniston had 1 daughter, Jennifer Aniston. With Rooney he had a son, Alexander Rooney.

## Selected filmography

**Starred in:**
- _Love of Life_ (TV) (1975)
- _Search for Tomorrow_ (TV) (1978  1974)
- _Days of Our Lives_ (1985  2022)

**Guest starred in:**
- _Gilmore Girls_
- _Airwolf_
- _Combat_
- _My Big Fat Greek Life_
- _Star Trek: Voyager_
- _Mission: Impossible_
- _Mad Men_

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: John Aniston
- **image**: JohnAnistonHWoFFeb2012.jpg
- **caption**: Aniston in 2012
- **birth name**: Yannis Anastasakis
- **birth place**: Pervolakia, Chania, Crete, Greece
- **nationality**: Greek-American
- **alma mater**: Pennsylvania State University
- **years active**: 19622022
- **notable works**: **Victor Kiriakis** in _Days of our Lives_
- **occupation**: Actor
- **spouse**: (divorced),

- **children**: Jennifer Aniston,
Alexander Aniston
2012 Summer Olympics medal table

The **2012 Summer Olympics medal table** is a list of the medals won by athletes in the 2012 Summer Olympics in London.

## Medal table

- Key
 Changes in medal standings (see below)

<onlyinclude></onlyinclude>

## Other websites

- London 2012 – Official website
- London 2012 Olympics – Official Medal Standings
- London 2012 Olympics – Interactive Medal Standings (by country, sport, event, medal & athlete) from “The Hive Group”
Valmont

***Valmont*** is a 1989 drama movie starring Annette Bening. It is based on the French book __. This movie received an Academy Award nomination for the Best Costume Design.

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: Valmont
- **director**: Miloš Forman
- **producer**: Michael Hausman (film producer), Michael Hausman
Paul Rassam
- **writer**: Jean-Claude Carrière
Miloš Forman
- **starring**: Colin Firth
Annette Bening
Meg Tilly
- **music**: Christopher Palmer
- **cinematography**: Miroslav Ondříček
- **editing**: Nena Danevic
Alan Heim
- **distributor**: Orion Pictures Corporation, Orion
- **runtime**: 137 minutes
- **country**: United States
France
- **language**: English
- **budget**: US$33,000,000 (estimated)
- **gross**: $1,132,112
Mars flyby

A **Mars flyby** is when a spacecraft passes near the planet Mars, but does not enter orbit or land on it. Unmanned (no humans on board) space probes have used this method to collect data on Mars and other worlds. A spacecraft that is built for a flyby is also known as a "flyby bus" or "flyby spacecraft".

## List of Mars flybys

- Dawn, closest approach (2009) was 549 km.
- Rosetta within 250 km
- Nozomi
- Mariner program spacecraft
    - Mariner 4 (1965, the first successful Mars flyby), Mariner 6, and Mariner 7 returned data from Mars flybys
- Mars program spacecraft
    - Two Mars flyby attempts were made in 1960 under Mars 1M (Mars 1960A and Mars 1960B).
    - The third attempt at a Mars flyby was the Soviet Mars 2MV-4 No.1,  also called Mars 1962A or Sputnik 22, which launched in 1962 as part of the Mars program. but it was destroyed in low Earth orbit due to rocket failure.
    - Mars 1 also launched in 1962 but communications failed before it reached Mars.
    - Mars 4 achieved a flyby in 1974 and detected a night-side ionosphere, although by that time Mars was already orbited by other spacecraft.
    - Mars 6 and 7 were Mars landers carried by flyby buses.

## Other websites

- Astronautix - Mars flyby
- Mars by Rosetta
Terraforming of Mars

The **terraforming of Mars** is an idea that humans can change the climate and surface of Mars. They would do this to make Mars a place where humans and other life forms from Earth could live. The project will rely on the idea that the environment of a planet can be changed through artificial means. There are a number of proposed methods.

## Reasons for terraforming

Mars is the most earthlike of all the other planets in our Solar System. It is also believed that Mars once had an Earth-like environment early in its history. Mars once had a thicker atmosphere and water. However, it disappeared over the course of hundreds of millions of years.

Future population growth and the demand for resources is necessary for human colonization of objects other than Earth, such as Mars and the Moon, and nearby planets. Space colonization will help harvest the Solar System's energy and material resources.

The terraforming of Mars can also be helpful in the survival of the human race. Many catastrophic extinction events could occur on Earth, such as the meteor thought to have killed off the dinosaurs 65 million years ago. Earth's species, including humans, could live on Mars instead.

## Other websites

- Recent Arthur C Clarke interview mentions terraforming
- Red Colony
- Terraformers Society of Canada
- Research Paper: Technological Requirements for Terraforming Mars
- Peter Ahrens The Terraformation of Worlds
- MARSDRIVE: Colonizing Mars. Red Colony parent organization planning the future exploration and colonization of planet Mars.
Miho Fukumoto

is a Japanese football player. She played for the Japan national team.

## Biography

Fukumoto was born in Ibusuki on October 2, 1983. She joined for Okayama Yunogo Belle in 2001. She was selected Best Eleven 3 times (2006, 2012 and 2014). She played 259 matches for the club. In August 2016, she moved to INAC Kobe Leonessa. However she could hardly play in the match. In 2019, she moved to Chifure AS Elfen Saitama. In 2021, she moved to new club, Sanfrecce Hiroshima Regina.

In August 2002, Fukumoto was selected by the Japan U-20 national team for the 2002 U-19 World Championship. In October, she was selected by the Japan national team for the 2002 Asian Games. At this competition, on October 4, she debuted against Vietnam. She played in the World Cup 3 times (2007, 2011 and 2015) and at the Summer Olympics 2 times (2008 and 2012). Japan won the championship at the 2011 World Cup, came second in the 2015 World Cup and got a silver medal in the 2012 Summer Olympics. She played 81 games for Japan until 2016.

## Statistics

|colspan="3"|Japan national team||
| --- | --- | --- |
|2002|1|0|
|2003|1|0|
|2004|0|0|
|2005|4|0|
|2006|13|0|
|2007|14|0|
|2008|14|0|
|2009|0|0|
|2010|4|0|
|2011|5|0|
|2012|11|0|
|2013|3|0|
|2014|5|0|
|2015|4|0|
|2016|2|0|

## Other websites

- Japan Football Association

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Miho Fukumoto
- **image**: Miho Fukumoto FIFA Women's World Cup CMR vs JPN June 12th, 2015.jpg
- **image size**: 200
- **caption**: Fukumoto at the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup, 2015 World Cup
- **fullname**: Miho Fukumoto
- **birth place**: Ibusuki, Kagoshima, Ibusuki, Kagoshima Prefecture, Kagoshima, Japan
- **position**: Goalkeeper
- **currentclub**: Sanfrecce Hiroshima Regina
- **youthclubs1**: Kamimura Gakuen High School
- **years1**: 2001–2016
- **clubs1**: Okayama Yunogo Belle
- **caps1**: 259
- **goals1**: 0
- **years2**: 2016–2018
- **clubs2**: INAC Kobe Leonessa
- **caps2**: 7
- **goals2**: 0
- **years3**: 2019–2020
- **clubs3**: Chifure AS Elfen Saitama
- **caps3**: 11
- **goals3**: 0
- **years4**: 2021–
- **clubs4**: Sanfrecce Hiroshima Regina
- **nationalyears1**: 2002
- **nationalteam1**: Japan women's national under-20 football team, Japan U-20
- **nationalcaps1**: 4
- **nationalgoals1**: 0
- **nationalyears2**: 2002–2016
- **nationalteam2**: Japan women's national football team, Japan
- **nationalcaps2**: 81
- **nationalgoals2**: 0
- **club-update**: end of the 2019 season
Jessica Capshaw

**Jessica Capshaw** (born August 9, 1976, Missouri) is an American movie actress. She is the stepdaughter of Steven Spielberg. She appeared in the ABC TV-series _Grey's Anatomy_.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Jessica Capshaw
- **birth name**: Jessica Brooke Capshaw
- **birth place**: Columbia, Missouri, U.S
- **occupation**: Actress
- **years active**: 1997–present
- **alma mater**: Brown University
- **spouse**: Cristopher Gavigan
- **children**: 4
- **parents**: Kate Capshaw
Robert Capshaw
- **relatives**: Steven Spielberg (stepfather)
Sasha Spielberg (half-sister)
Theo Spielberg (adopted brother)
Magellan (spacecraft)

The **Magellan spacecraft**, also called the **Venus Radar Mapper**, was a NASA spaceprobe designed to explore the Venus planet. It was launched on May 4, 1989, and reached Venus on August 10, 1990. It was in orbit around Venus for four years making detailed maps of the surface using radar and measuring the planet's gravity. Because of the thick atmosphere around the planet, the information from Magellan provided scientists with their first views of the surface of Venus. On October 12, 1994, the Magellan spacecraft was crashed into the planet on purpose.

The Magellan was the first spacecraft to be launched from a Space Shuttle, the Atlantis. It was also the first spacecraft to be deliberately crashed. Magellan was made from parts left over from other space exploration programs, including the Voyager program.

The Magellan was named after the Portuguese explorer, Ferdinand Magellan (1480-1521).
Charlene Tilton

**Charlene Tilton** (b. December 1, 1958 in San Diego) is an American actress. She acts mostly on television. She has also acted in a few movies. She is best known for playing Lucy Ewing on the CBS television series _Dallas_.
Robert H. Goddard

**Robert Hutchings Goddard** (1882-1945) was an American scientist who designed, built and fired rockets. In 1918 he invented the bazooka for the United States Army.

On March 16, 1926, he launched the world's first liquid fueled rocket.  It reached a height of  at a speed of . When he suggested that a rocket could travel fast enough to leave the Earth and reach the Moon, the newspapers made fun of him. Many of his ideas, such as multi stage rockets, and the concept of escape velocity are now part of modern rocket science. He has been called "the father of space flight."
Alexis Bledel

**Kimberly Alexis Bledel** (September 16, 1981), is an American television and movie actress. Her most notable acting is the television series _Gilmore Girls_. She has also been in the movies _Sin City_ and _Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants_. Bledel is a Democrat and attended the 2012 Democratic National Convention in support of President Obama's re-election.

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: AlexisBledelSept11TIFF.jpg
- **name**: Alexis Bledel
- **caption**: Bledel at the 2011 Toronto International Film Festival
- **birth name**: Kimberly Alexis Bledel
- **birth place**: Houston, Texas, U.S.
- **years active**: 1996–present
- **occupation**: Actress, model
Near-threatened species

A **near-threatened species** is a conservation status given to species or lower taxa that may be endangered in the near future. However, it does not mean that the species is threatened.

The Near Threatened taxa usually includes the Vulnerable species.

## Mammal

Here is a list of nearly threatened mammals. They are:

- Japanese weasel
- Maned wolf
- Mountain weasel

## Bird

Here is a list of nearly threatened birds. They are:
- Atoll fruit dove
- Whistling fruit dove
- White-crowned pigeon

## Related pages

- Category:IUCN Red List near threatened species for an alphabetical list

## Other websites

- List of Near Threatened species as identified by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
Sternum

The **sternum** or **breastbone**, in vertebrate anatomy, is a flat bone.  In amphibians and reptiles it is normally shaped like a shield, often made of cartilage.  It is absent in both turtles and snakes. In birds it is larger, and has large flight muscles attached to it.  Only in mammals does the sternum take on the longer form seen in humans.
Bombay High

**Bombay High** is an offshore oilfield, gas field and refinery. It used to send its low sulphur crude oil to Mathura Oil Refinery. But this factory was closed, so now it transports oil to other refineries. It was founded by a Russian and an Indian oil exploration team.
Tree stump

The **stump** or **tree stump** is a small remaining part of the trunk with the roots still in the ground. Stumps may show the ages of a tree through its rings. The study of these rings is known as dendrochronology. Sometimes stumps are able to grow again into new trees. Sometimes a tree is cut to a stump on purpose to grow again. This is known as "coppicing".

## References

- Buckley, G.P. 1992. Ecology and Management of Coppice Woodlands. _Springer_ 336 pages,, .
- Schenk, H.J., and R.B. Jackson. 2002. The global biogeography of roots. _Ecological Monographs_ **72** (3): 311-328.

## Other websites

- Stump harvesting in Sweden
- Regeneration after stump harvesting
- Stumps as a resource in Finland
- Stump harvesting and forest decomposers
Space colonization

**Space colonization** is the idea of humans living outside of Earth permanently. At present, there are no space colonies. However, many people have put forward ideas and thought about the first space colony. Some national space programs see space colonization as a long-term goal.

Building colonies in space would require access to water, food, space, people, building materials, energy, transportation, communications, life support, simulated gravity, radiation protection and money. Launching things from Earth is expensive, so it is better if the materials come from the place of the colony.

Possible sites for space colonies include the Moon, Mars, asteroids and big, free-floating space stations.  Resources, such as solar energy and water, are available from or on the Moon, Mars, near-Earth asteroids or other planetary bodies.  People could use them to build the space colony and live there.

Mars is the most Earth-like planet known, so the colonization of Mars may be first. Some celestial bodies might be terraformed. This means changing a body's atmosphere, temperature, surface topography or ecology to be similar to the biosphere of Earth, so that humans can live there.
IPhone 3GS

The **iPhone 3GS** is a smartphone made by Apple Inc. It is the third generation iPhone, coming after iPhone 3G. It was introduced on June 8, 2009, It was released on June 19, 2009.

This iPhone is named "3GS". The "S" in "iPhone 3G_S_" means "Speed". The iPhone 3GS has better performance, allowing it to run faster and more efficiently. It also has a higher quality camera that can take photos with higher resolution, as well as take videos with better quality. It also adds the ability to use voice control, a function where users can talk into the phone to command actions on the phone.  The iPhone 3GS can also support faster downloading.

It was released in the United States, Canada, and six European countries on June 19, 2009, in Australia and Japan on June 26, and worldwide in July and August 2009.
Nadeshiko

The Japanese word **Nadeshiko** may mean:
- _Dianthus superbus_ (also known as "large pinks"), a special kind of wild pink flowers which are native to the Japanese islands
- _Nadashiko_ Japan is the name of the women's national football team
- _Yamato nadeshiko_, a Japanese term for a traditional ideal women or daughter of Japan
Virgo Supercluster

The **Virgo Supercluster** (_Virgo SC_) or **Local Supercluster** is the large galaxy cluster that contains the Virgo Cluster and the Local Group. At least 100 galaxies and clusters are in it.

The diameter of Virgo SC is 33 megaparsecs (110 million light-years). It is one of millions of supercluster<nowiki/>s in the observable universe.

## Background

When the first large sample of nebulae was published by William and John Herschel in 1863, it was seen that there is a marked excess of nebular fields in the constellation Virgo (near the north galactic pole).

In the 1950s, it was suggested that this excess was a large-scale galaxy-like structure, a "Local Supercluster". Debate went on during the 1960s and 1970s as to whether the Local Supercluster (LS) was actually a structure or a chance alignment of galaxies.
The issue was resolved with the large redshift surveys of the late 1970s and early 1980s, which showed a flattened concentration of galaxies along the supergalactic plane.

## Structure

In 1982 R. Brent Tully showed it consists of two components: a flattened disk with two-thirds of the supercluster's luminous galaxies, and a roughly spherical halo containing the remaining one-third.
The disk itself is a thin (~1 megaparsecs) ellipsoid with a long axis / short axis ratio of at least 6 to 1, and possibly as high as 9 to 1.

Data released in June 2003 from a redshift survey lets astronomers compare the LS to other superclusters. The LS represents a typical poor (that is, it lacks a high density core) supercluster of rather small size. It has one rich galaxy cluster in the center, surrounded by filaments of galaxies and poor groups.

The Local Group is on the outskirts of the LS in a small filament extending from the Fornax Cluster to the Virgo Cluster. The Virgo Supercluster's volume is about 7000 times that of the Local Group or 100 billion times that of the Milky Way.

<imagemap>
File:Virgosupercluster_atlasoftheuniverse.gif|frame|center|The Virgo Supercluster in supergalactic coordinates (click on feature names for more information)
circle 473 220 33 Virgo Cluster
circle 339 230 16 Centaurus A/M83 Group
circle 349 252 15 M81 group
circle 326 264 15 Maffei Group
circle 289 292 20 NGC 1023 Group
circle 370 236 13 M101 group
circle 347 299 20 NGC 2997 Group
circle 405 238 20 Canes Venatici I Group
circle 426 203 19 NGC 5033 group
rect 445 247 508 276 Ursa Major Cluster
circle 391 270 18 Leo I Group
circle 277 197 25 NGC 6744 Group
circle 236 314 22 Dorado Group
circle 518 87 40 Virgo III Groups
circle 526 225 20 NGC 4697
circle 546 331 34 Leo II Groups
circle 165 194 27 NGC 7582
poly 180 356 178 325 252 345 242 378 Fornax Cluster
poly 176 357 239 379 214 413 162 381 Eridanus Cluster
rect 295 213 324 239 Local Group
rect 252 235 304 257 Sculptor Group
desc bottom-left
</imagemap>
Connie Stevens

**Connie Stevens** (born **Concetta Rosalie Ann Ingolia**; August 8, 1938) is an American recording artist, singer and actress. She acted in the television series _Hawaiian Eye_. She was also in the sitcom _Wendy and Me_ with George Burns.