juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Nazi songs

**Nazi songs** were songs used by the Nazi Party (NSDAP) in Nazi Germany.

Not all of these songs were created for the Nazis. Some were very old. For example, _Die Wacht am Rhein_ (written in 1840) and the _Deutschlandlied_ (1841) were Nazi songs.

## Horst-Wessel-Lied

The _Horst-Wessel-Lied_, also known as _Die Fahne Hoch_ ("the flag on high"), was the Nazi Party's anthem. It was written by Horst Wessel, a leader in the Sturmabteilung (SA), the Party's paramilitary wing. Wessel was later killed by a member of the Communist Party of Germany.

Today this song, like many other Nazi songs, is banned in Germany.

## Es zittern die morschen Knochen

_Es zittern die morschen Knochen_ was a very popular Nazi song written by Hans Baumann. It was the official song of the Hitler Youth. (For this reason, the song criticizes "elders".)

Many Germans know some of the song, but not all of it. The full song is below:

|Original (in German)|Translation in English|
| --- | --- |
|:Es zittern die morschen Knochen, :Der Welt vor dem Roten Krieg, :Wir haben den Schrecken gebrochen, :Für uns war's ein großer Sieg. :Wir werden weiter marschieren :Wenn alles in Scherben fällt, :Denn heute da hört uns Deutschland :Und morgen die ganze Welt. :Und liegt vom Kampfe in Trümmern :Die ganze Welt zuhauf, :Das soll uns den Teufel kümmern, :Wir bauen sie wieder auf. :Wir werden weiter marschieren :Wenn alles in Scherben fällt, :Denn heute da hört uns Deutschland :Und morgen die ganze Welt. :Und mögen die Alten auch schelten, :So laßt sie nur toben und schrei'n, :Und stemmen sich gegen uns Welten, :Wir werden doch Sieger sein. :Wir werden weiter marschieren :Wenn alles in Scherben fällt, :Denn heute da hört uns Deutschland :Und morgen die ganze Welt. :Sie wollen das Lied nicht begreifen, :Sie denken an Knechtschaft und Krieg :Derweil unsre Äcker reifen, :Du Fahne der Freiheit, flieg! :Wir werden weiter marschieren, :Wenn alles in Scherben fällt; :Die Freiheit stand auf in Deutschland :Und morgen gehört ihr die Welt.|:The brittle bones are trembling, :Of the World before the Red War. :We have broken this terror, :For us it was a great victory. :We will continue to march, :Even if everything shatters; :Because today Germany hears us, :And tomorrow, the whole World. :And because of the battle :The World may be in ruins, :But the devil may care; :We build it up again. :We will continue to march, :Even if everything shatters; :Because today Germany hears us, :And tomorrow, the whole World. :And the elders may chide, :So just let them scream and cry, :And if Worlds push back against us :We will be the victors anyway. :We will continue to march, :Even if everything shatters; :Because today Germany hears us, :And tomorrow, the whole World. :They don't want to understand this song, :They think of slavery and war. :Meanwhile our acres ripen, :Flag of freedom, fly! :We will continue to march, :Even if everything shatters; :Freedom stood up in Germany, :And tomorrow the world belongs to her.|

## Related pages

- Nazism
Fiordland penguin

The **Fiordland penguin** (_Eudyptes pachyrhynchus_) is a crested penguin. They have white stripes on their belly and cheeks, and they have a black back. They have bright yellow eyebrows and when they get older they turn darker. They also have an orange beak; big feet and they have small black tails. They are  tall and weigh on average , with a weight range of

They eat fish, squid and krill (small shrimps) The Fiordland penguin’s main predator is seals.

Most Fiordland penguins live in the south-western coast of New Zealand's South Island and on Stewart Island/Rakiura and nearby islands. They live up to 15 to 20 years in the wild.

## Other websites

- http://www.mrsbauer.com/fiordland.htm
- http://tellurian.net/teach/penguins/facts.html
- http://www.siec.k12.in.us/west/poi/penguins/fiord.html
- http://www.theanimalfiles.com/birds/penguins/fiordland_penguin.html
- http://www.penguinworld.com/types/fiordland.htm
Humboldt penguin

The **Humboldt penguin** (_Spheniscus humboldti_) has a plain white belly. It can have a few pure black spots on its belly and have orange with an hint of green. There are less than 10,000 Humboldt penguins in the wild. They are found in Chile and Peru.

They drink sea water and their favourite food is small fish. A female Humboldt penguin can weigh up to 4.5kg and the male can weigh up to 6kg. Their bodies are adapted to life in water and most Humboldt penguins can live up to 20 years. They get their name from a famous Prussian explorer, Alexander von Humboldt.

They have well dug burrows underground. In the past 100 years their droppings have been used as garden fertiliser. This dung is called “guano”.

## Other websites

- Penguin World. http://www.penguinworld.com/types/humboldt.html
Magellanic penguin

The **magellanic penguin** (_Spheniscus magellanicus_) is the most numerous of the Spheniscus family. There are about 3,600,000 magellanic penguins in the world. They breed once a year and lay two eggs of a similar size.  They are 70 centimetres tall and weigh 9 pounds or 4 kilograms.

They are found in the Falkland Islands, South America, Chile and Argentina and migrate Brazil. They are warm weathered penguins and during the warm weather they lose feathers around their eyes. When it gets colder they grow these feathers back around their eyes. They were first seen in 1519 on a voyage (trip) to South America. They hunt for food on their own when they are 60-70 days old.

## Other websites

- http://www.adelie.pwp.blueyounder.co.uk/species_notes/magell.htm
- http://www.siec.k12.in.us/~west/proj/penguins/magell.html
Yellow-eyed penguin

The **yellow-eyed penguin** (_Megadyptes antipodes_), also known as the **hoiho** or **tarakara**, is an endangered species of penguin, and the third largest penguin in the world. The penguin gets its name from the yellow stripes on its head. They live and breed on the sea shore of New Zealand and some also in the Antarctic islands in the south. They have a high pitched call which can be heard very clearly.

Yellow-eyed penguins eat small to medium sized fish, red cod and squid.

They make their nests out of twigs, grass and leaves, carefully formed into a bowl shape. The chicks take 39 to 51 days to hatch and both parents share keeping the eggs warm.

## Other websites

- http://www.siec.k12.in.us/west/proj/penguins/yellow.html
- http://www.doc.govt.nz/conservation/native-animals/birds/sea-and-shore-birds/penguins/yellow-eyed-penguin-hoiho/facts/
Mononymous person

A **mononymous person** is a person who is known and addressed by only one name. Such names are called mononyms. In some cases, the person was known by a composed name (_polynym_) before, and selected a single name. Today, this is often the case with artists, who select a stage name.

In many cultures, people only had one name. This is the case of Ancient Greece. Composed names were only used to avoid confusion. Both Zeno of Elea and Zeno of Citium were called _Zeno_, but the origin was added to avoid confusing the two. In Ancient Rome, people had a composed name which included a clan name and a family name, which did not change. While we refer to Cicero as Cicero, his real name was _Marcus Tullius Cicero_. Sometimes he is called _Tully_ in English. Other people called _Tullius_ include Manius Tullius Longus, a Roman consul, about 500 BC, and Quintus Tullius Cicero, one of Caesars generals. Nero was known as _Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus_.

After the Romans, composed names started to be more commonplace in the Middle Ages. In the Americas, mononyms survived until the early 20th century. Examples include Pocahontas (1595-1617) and Geronimo (1829-1909). Pocahontas married and English settler, and took the name _Rebecca Rolfe_ after her marriage.

Royals usually adopt a single name. Sometimes, a numeral is added. That way, Elizabeth I (1533-1603) and Elizabeth II (born 1926) both have a surname, but it is not used.

Similarly, popes select a single name, when they are elected. The current pope is called _Jorge Mario Bergoglio_, but since his becoming pope, everyone has called him Pope Francis.

In other cases, a person may select a single name from their polynym or adopt a mononym as a chosen name, pen name, stage name, or regnal name. A popular nickname may effectively become a mononym, in some cases adopted legally. For some historical figures, a mononym is the only name that is still known today.
Sweet Grass, Montana

**Sweet Grass** (also **Sweetgrass**) is an unincorporated community in Toole County, Montana, United States.  It is on the Canada-United States border. It is the northern end of Interstate 15.  Interstate 15 is an important route connecting western Canada, the western United States, and Mexico.

In 2004, a joint border facility opened at the Sweetgrass port of entry and Coutts, Alberta.  It has both Canadian and American federal authorities.

## Notable people

- Earl W. Bascom (1906-1995), "Father of Modern Rodeo" cowboyed in the 1920's on a ranch on Kicking Horse Creek
- Charles M. Russell (1864-1926), cowboy artist and sculptor ranched on Kicking Horse Creek near the Sweetgrass Hills
Crotalus viridis

***Crotalus viridis*** (commonly known as the **prairie rattlesnake or desert rattlesnake**) is a species of venomous Pit vipers. There is currently only six  subspecies recognized, not including the nominate subspecies like the hopi,  and others.

## Description

The Prairie Rattlesnake usually grows up to the length of around 100 centimeters (3.3 ft). Prairie Rattlesnakes in Montana can sometimes grow up to the length of 120 centimeters (3.9 ft), but the longest ever found was 151.5 centimeters (4.97 ft) long. They are usually light brown in color with some patches of dark brown.

## Feeding

Prairie Rattlesnakes eat mainly small mammals like ground squirrels, mice, rats, small rabbits, and prairie dogs. Young Prairie Rattlesnakes eat amphibians, and small reptiles.

## Reproduction

Female  Prairie Rattlesnakes are viviparous, and can give birth to around 3-25 young at a time. The young are born around between August and October.

## Behavior

Prairie Rattlesnake are diurnal in cool weathers, and nocturnal in hot weathers. They have a very powerful and deadly venom which they only use if attacked. Like other rattlesnakes they shake their tail to make a rasping sound which warns enemies.

## Common names

The Prairie Rattlesnake is also called the "Western Rattlesnake", the "Plains Rattlesnake", the "Black Rattler", the "Confluent Rattlesnake", the "Missouri Rattlesnake", the "Spotted Rattlesnake",  the ,  and the "Western Pacific Rattlesnake".

## Where they live

It is also found in southwestern Canada, south to the United States of America, and northern Mexico. In Canada it is found in Alberta, and Saskatchewan, in the United States of America it is found in eastern Oregon, eastern Washington, southern Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming, Nebraska, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico, and eastern Arizona, in Mexico it is found in northern Coahuila, and northwestern Chihuahua.

## Subspecies

Not including the nominate subspecies, _Crotalus Viridis Viridis_, the Prairie Rattlesnake only has one subspecies: the "_Hopi Rattlesnake_" (Crotalus Viridis Nuntius) which is found in northeastern and north-central Arizona, and New Mexico.
Anput

**Anput** is the goddess of the seventeenth Nome (or district) of Upper Egypt. She is the goddess of the desert and protection. She was the mother of Kebechet.
Harry Judd

**Harry Judd**  (born 23 December 1985, Chelmsford, Essex) is an English pop/rock musician. He is best known as being the drummer in the band McFly. Judd has made a guest appearance in the Busted video for "Crashed the Wedding" as the drummer. In 2003, he won _Strictly Come Dancing_. In 2004, he got engaged to his long term girlfriend Izzy Johnston. and is now married to her.
DeJuan Blair

**DeJuan Lamont Blair** (born April 22, 1989) is an American retired professional basketball player. He played seven seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played for the San Antonio Spurs, Dallas Mavericks and Washington Wizards.

He graduated from the University of Pittsburgh. He was drafted by the San Antonio Spurs with the 37th overall pick in the 2009 NBA draft.

Blair last played for the Austin Spurs of the NBA G League in 2019. He would sign a contract to play for Carpegna Prosciutti Basket Pesaro of the Lega Basket Serie A (LBA) in 2019. However, the contract was later terminated. This happened after Blair lost an appeal to FIBA for his two-year suspension because of testing positive for oxymorphone-oxycodone.

## Infobox (nba player)

- **name**: DeJuan Blair
- **image**: Blair pose.JPG
- **width**: 180px
- **caption**: Blair during his time with the Spurs in a game against the Denver Nuggets on Dec 22, 2010.
- **position**: Power forward (basketball), Power Forward / Center (basketball), Center
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 7
- **weight lb**: 270
- **number**: 45
- **birth place**: Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- **nationality**: United States, American
- **high school**: Schenley High School, Schenley (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania)
- **college**: University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh
- **draft round**: 2
- **draft pick**: 37
- **draft year**: 2009
- **draft team**: San Antonio Spurs
- **career start**: 2009
- **career end**: 2019
- **years1**: –
- **team1**: San Antonio Spurs
- **years2**: 2011
- **team2**: BC Krasnye Krylia, Krasnye Krylia (Russian Professional Basketball League, Russia)
- **team3**: Dallas Mavericks
- **years4**: –
- **team4**: Washington Wizards
- **years5**: 2016
- **team5**: Jiangsu Monkey King
- **years6**: 2017
- **team6**: Texas Legends
- **years7**: 2017
- **team7**: South Bay Lakers, Los Angeles D-Fenders
- **years8**: 2017–2018
- **team8**: San Lorenzo de Almagro (basketball), San Lorenzo de Almagro
- **years9**: 2018–2019
- **team9**: Austin Spurs
- **highlights**: * NBA All-Rookie Team, NBA All-Rookie Second Team <small>(2009–10 NBA season, 2010)</small>
* NBA All-Star Weekend Rookie Challenge, T-Mobile Rookie Challenge Co-MVP <small>(2009–10 NBA season, 2010)</small>
* Big East Conference Men's Basketball Player of the Year, Big East Player of the Year <small>(with Hasheem Thabeet) (2009)</small>
- **profile**: dejuan_blair
Trade creation

**Trade creation** is an economic term related to international economics in which trade flows are redirected due to the formation of a free trade area or a customs union. The issue was firstly brought into discussion by Jacob Viner (1950), together with the trade diversion effect.
Common coquí

The **common coquí** or **coquí** (_Eleutherodactylus coqui_) is a species of frog. They live in Puerto Rico. The coquí is an important symbol of Puerto Rico. They are known for their loud calls they make at night. They belong to the genus _Eleutherodactylus_.

## Other websites

- Control of Coqui Frog in Hawaii
- Eleutherodactylus coqui information from HEAR
- Children Story About Coqui; El Coqui De Madagascar
Mudpuppy

A **mudpuppy** or **waterdog** is an aquatic salamander. They belong to the family Proteidae. Mudpuppies make a dog-like barking sound, which is why they are called mudpuppies. Mudpuppies belong to the genus _Necturus_. They live in Canada and Midwestern United States.

## Related pages

- Axolotl

## Other websites

- Tree of Life: Proteidae
Tyler Posey

**Tyler Posey** (born October 18, 1991) is an actor. He is most famous for his lead role on MTV's _Teen Wolf_ series. Posey plays Scott McCall, a teenager whose life was changed by a bite he received in the woods. Posey plays Robert In Without a Trace (2002) & Billy Barrow In Legendary (2010) Tony Toretto In Fast & Furious (2009 movie) Tony Toretto In Fast Five Tony Toretto In Fast & Furious: Spy Racers (2019-2021) White Frog (2012) With Billy Belk In Workaholics (2011) Tony Toretto In Fast & Furious 6 (2013) Films and Television show & Others
Bufo apolobambicus

***Bufo apolobambicus*** is a species of toad. They belong to the family Bufonidae. They live in Bolivia and Peru. Their habitat is subtropical or tropical forest. Their population is dying because of habitat loss.

## References

- De La Riva, I. 2006.  Bufo apolobambicus .   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 21 July 2007.
Herveo plump toad

The **Herveo plump toad** (_Orsornophryne percrassa_) is a species of toad. They belong to the family Bufonidae. They live in Colombia. Their habitat is subtropical or tropical forests. They like to live on high-altitude grasslands. Their population is dying because of habitat loss.

## References

- Bolívar, W. & Lynch, J. 2004.  Osornophryne percrassa.   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 21 July 2007.
Amargosa toad

The **Amargosa toad** (_Bufo nelsoni_) is a species of toad. They belong to the family Bufonidae. They were once considered a subspecies of the Western toad.

## References

- (2004) The history of a Nearctic colonization: Molecular phylogenetics and biogeography of the Nearctic toads (_Bufo_). _Evolution_ _58_: 2517–2535.

## Other websites

- Nevada Fish & Wildlife Office: Amargosa Toad - _website of the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, Nevada Office_
Western toad

The **Western toad** (_Anaxyrus boreas_) is a species of toads. They are among the largest toads. They can grow up to 5.6 and 13 cm long. They live in western North America.

## References

- http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/animals/amphibian/bubo/all.html

## Books

- (2004) The history of a Nearctic colonization: Molecular phylogenetics and biogeography of the Nearctic toads (_Bufo_). _Evolution_ 58: 2517–2535.
- This article is based on a description from _A Field Guide to the Reptiles and Amphibians of Coastal Southern California_, Robert N. Fisher and Ted J. Case, USGS.
Great Plains Narrowmouth Toad

The **Great Plains Narrowmouth Toad** (_Gastrophryne olivacea_) is a species of toads. They belong to the family Microhylidae. They live in south central United States. They can be found in Nebraska, Texas and northern Mexico. They are not "true toads". They are territorial.

## References

- Database entry includes a range map and justification for why this species is of least concern
- Herps of Texas: _Gastrophryne olivacea_
- Amphibian Species of the World: _Gastrophryne olivacea_
Blush (color)

**Blush** is a medium bright tone of red-violet.

The first written use of _blush_ as a color name in English was in 1590.

## Meaning of blush

- The color blush represents live theatre because it is a color often used for theatre makeup.

## Tones of blush color comparison chart

|Name|width=100|Color|HEX Code|Red|Green|Blue|Hue|Sat|Lum|Source|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Light Lavender Blush|style="background-color: #fff9fb;"||#FFF9FB|255|245|251|340°|100%|99%|Xona.com color list (Lavender Blush Light)|
|Lavender Blush|style = "background-color: #fff0f5;"||#FFF0F5|255|240|245|340°|100%|97%|web color|
|Pale Blush|style="background-color: #f4bbcf;"||#F4BBCF|244|187|207|339°|72%|85%|Xona.com color list (Deep Blush Light)|
|Light Pale Red-Violet|style="background-color: #f0b7cd;"||#F0B7CD|240|183|205|337°|66%|83%|Xona.com color list "Pale Violet-Red Light"|
|Light Blush|style="background-color: #de98b2;"||#DE98B2|222|152|178|338°|51%|73%|Xona.com color list (Blush Light)|
|Light Rouge|style="background-color: #d58eb5;"||#D58EB5|213|142|181|327°|46%|70%|Xona.com color list (Rouge Light)|
|Blush Pink|style="background-color: #fe828c;"||#FE828C|254|130|140|355°|98%|75%|Xona.com color list|
|Bright Blush|style="background-color: #e47698;"||#E47698|228|118|152|341°|67%|68%|Xona.com color list (Deep Blush)|
|Pale Red-Violet|style="background-color: #db7093;"||#DB7093|219|112|147|340°|60%|65%|web color Pale Violet-Red|
|**Blush**|style = "background-color: #de5d83;"||**#DE5D83**|**222**|**93**|**131**|**342°**|**66%**|**62%**|**Crayola**|
|Deep Blush|style="background-color: #b44668"||#B44668|180|70|104|341°|44%|49%|Xona.com color list|
|Rouge|style = "background-color: #a23b6c;"||#A23B6C|162|59|108|331°|47%|43%|Xona.com color list|

## Related pages

- List of colors
Plains spadefoot toad

The **plains spadefoot toad** (_Spea bombifrons_) is a species of spadefoot toad. They live in southwestern Canada, the Great Plains of the United States and northern Mexico. Like many spadefood toads, they get their name for having spade-like legs. This allows them to dig into sand and soil.

## References

- Herps of Texas: _Spea bombifrons_
- Canada's Amphibians: _Spea bombifrons_
American toad

The **American toad** (_Bufo americanus_) is a species of toad. They live in eastern United States and Canada. There are three subspecies: the **eastern American toad**, the **dwarf American toad**, and the rare **Hudson Bay toad**.

### Eastern American toad

The eastern American toad (_A. a. americanus_) is a medium-sized toad. Most of the time, its size is . The biggest one measured was .

### Dwarf American toad

The dwarf American toad (_A. a. charlesmithi_) is smaller than the eastern American toad. Its size is .

### Hudson Bay toad

The Hudson Bay toad (_A. a. copei_) is a rare toad. Small groups of them are found in north Ontario.

## Other websites

- B. americanus at the United States Geological Survey site
- B. americanus  at the USDA's Integrated Taxonomic Information System
- Animal Diversity Web: _Bufo americanus_
- Photograph and audio recording of male American toad
Gymnopis syntrema

***Gymnopis syntrema*** is a species of Caecilians. They belong to the family Caeciliidae. They live in Belize, Guatemala and Honduras. Their habitat is subtropical or tropical forests. Their populations are dying because of habitat loss.

## References

- Acevedo, M., Lee, J. & Wilkinson, M. 2004.  Gymnopis syntrema.   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 21 July 2007.

## Other websites

- Amphibian Web
Dermophis gracilior

***Dermophis gracilior*** is a species of Caecilians. They belong to the family Caeciliidae. They are found in Costa Rica and Panama. Their habitat are subtropical or tropical forests. They like to live in lowland forests and rural places.

## References

- Solís, F., Ibáñez, R., Chaves, G., Savage, J., Jaramillo, C., Fuenmayor, Q. & Wilkinson, M. 2004.  Dermophis gracilior .   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 21 July 2007.
Microcaecilia supernumeraria

The **Microcaecilia supernumeraria** is a species of Caecilians. They belong to the family Caeciliidae. They live in Brazil. Their habitats are subtropical or tropical forests. They like to live in lowland forests and rural places.

## References

- Silvano, D., Narvaes, P. & Wilkinson, M. 2004.  Microcaecilia supernumeraria.   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 21 July 2007.
Siphonops leucoderus

***Siphonops leucoderus***, also known as the **Salvador caecilian**, is a species of Caecilians. They belong to the family Caeciliidae. They live in Brazil. Their habitat are subtropical or tropical forests. They like to live in lowland forests and rural areas.

## References

- Silvano, D.& Pimenta, B. 2004.  Siphonops leucoderus.   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 21 July 2007.
Boulengerula taitana

***Boulengerula taitana*** (also known as the **Taita African caecilian**, **Taita Hills caecilian** or **Taita Mountains caecilian**) is a species of caecilians. They belong to the family Caeciliidae. They live in Africa in countries like Kenya. Their habitat is subtropical or tropical forests. Many people mistake them for worms. They lay their eggs in foam nest in water.

## References

- Loader, S. & Measey, J. 2004. Boulengerula taitana. In: IUCN 2006. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. http://www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded on 6 April 2007.

## Other websites

- A BBC documentary
- _New Scientist_ article on _Boulengerula taitanus_
- Video of Boulengerula behaviour
- BBC footage of young caecilians
Sylvacaecilia

***Sylvacaecilia grandisonae*** (commonly known as the **Aleku caecilian** or **Ethiopian caecilian**) is a species of caecilians. They belong to the family Indotyphlidae. They live in Ethiopia. Their habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests. They also live near rivers and springs.

## References

- Largen, M., Loader, S. & Wilkinson, M. 2004. _Sylvacaecilia grandisonae_. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 21 July 2007.
California newt

The **California newt** (_Taricha torosa_) is a species of newts. They are also called the **orange bellied newt**. They can grow to 8 inches (20 cm) in length. They have toxic skin. Because of this, the only predator of the California newt are garter snakes. California newts lives in California.

## Subspecies

- Sierra newt
- Coastal Range newt

## Other websites

- San Diego Natural History Museum
- California Newt facts
- California Newt mating
- Caudata Culture
Sierra newt

The **Sierra newt** is a subspecies of the California newt. They live in the Sierra Nevada.
Coastal Range newt

The **Coastal Range newt** (_Taricha torosa torosa_) is a subspecies of the California newt. They live in California Coast Ranges and San Diego, California.
Atelopus ignescens

The **Atelopus ignescens** is a species of toad. It is often known as the **Jambato toad** or the **Quito stubfoot toad**. They belong to the family Bufonidae. They live in Ecuador. They were thought to be extinct until some were discovered in 2016.  Their habitat is subtropical or tropical high-altitude. It was believed to be the closest relative of the Carrikeri Harlequin Frog.

## Books

- Ron, S., Coloma, L.A., Lötters, S., Duellman, W., Bustamante, M.R., Bolívar, W. & La Marca, E. 2004.  Atelopus ignescens .   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 21 July 2007.
Yunnan lake newt

The **Yunnan lake newt** (_Cynops wolterstorffi_) was a species of newts. It was part of the family Salamandridae. It was also known as **Wolterstorff's newt**. It used to live in China.

## References

- Datong, Y. & Lau, M.W.N. 2004. Cynops wolterstorffi .   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
Black-tailed rattlesnake

The **Black-tailed rattlesnake** (_Crotalus Molossus_) is a species of venomous Pit vipers, found in southwestern United States of America and Mexico. There are currently three subspecies recognized.

## Description

Most Black-tailed rattlesnakes grow to the length of . They can be as long as . Females are said to be larger than males.

The Black-tailed rattlesnake is olive green, yellow, brown, or black in color. They are called the "Black-tailed rattlesnake" because of their tail which is the color of black. Like other rattlesnakes the Black-tailed rattlesnake has a rattle on the end of its tail, but its rattle is weak and can be broken. They can shed their skin several times a year.

## Common Names

The Black-tailed rattlesnake is also called the "Green rattler", the "Dog-faced rattlesnake", and the "Mountain Diamondback".

## Where they live

The Black-tailed rattlesnake is found in southwestern United States of America and Mexico. In the U.S.A it is found in Arizona, New Mexico, and west and central Texas, in Mexico it is found in Oaxaca. It is also found on islands of the Gulf of California, like San Estèban Island and Tiburòn Island.

## Behavior

In the spring and fall the Black-tailed rattlesnake are diurnal, in the summer they are nocturnal so they can avoid the heat, and in the winter they hibernate in other animals dens. Even though they are okay climbers and good swimmers they are terrestrial. They live in grasslands, deserts, mountain areas, and forests.

### Feeding

Like all rattlesnakes they are carnivores and eat rodents, other small mammals, birds, and small reptiles.

## Reproduction

The Black-tailed rattlesnakes mate in the spring, once they have mated the male stays with the female to stop other males from mating with her. It is in the summer that the female gives birth to her young, the young stay with their mother for around a day or two before leaving by their selves. A female usually mates every year and has 10-12 young at a time. They live for around 15–20 years.

## Subspecies

- San Esteban Island Black-tailed Rattlesnake, _Crotalus Molossus Estebanensis_
- Mexican Black-tailed Rattlesnake, _Crotalus Molossus Nigrescens_
- Oaxacan Black-tailed Rattlesnake, _Crotalus Molossus Oaxacus_
YMCA

The **Young Men's Christian Association** (or simply the **YCMA** or **Y**) is an organization headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. It was originally meant to put Christian principles into practice. It was founded in 1844 in London, England, United Kingdom. At first, the organization provided beds and shelter to young men leaving the countryside for work in the cities. It promotes Muscular Christianity.

Basketball was invented in an American YMCA.

The similar Young Women's Christian Association was founded in 1870.

## Other websites

World Young Men's Christian Association

## Infobox (organization)

- **image**: World YMCA logo.png
- **name**: YMCA
- **founder**: George Williams (YMCA), Sir George Williams
- **founding location**: London, England
- **headquarters**: Geneva, Switzerland
- **region served**: Worldwide
- **leader title**: President
- **leader name**: Patricia Pelton
- **leader title2**: Secretary General
- **leader name2**: Carlos Sanvee
Causinae

The **Causinae**, commonly known as the "night adders", are a subfamily of venomous vipers found in sub-Saharan Africa. The family is monotypic, since it only has the genus _Causus_. There are six species.

The night adders can grow to around 60 to 90 centimeters (24 to 36 in) long. They are usually dark gray, light gray, light brown, or black in color with gray or black blotches.

Even though they are called the night adders, they are usually active at daytime, but some are active at night. When they are attacked or disturbed, they usually coil up and start hissing at their enemy to scare it off. Some may raise their head and neck off the ground, stick out their tongue and move forward like what a Cobra does.

They eat mainly toads and frogs, but there are reports of some night adders eating almost everything they can find until they are completely unable to swallow any more food.

## Reproduction

All night adders are oviparous, which means they lay eggs. This is unusual for most vipers, because most vipers are viviparous, they give live birth. They lay around two dozen eggs at a time. These eggs take around four months to hatch, when they hatch the hatchlings are 4-5 inches (10-12.5 cm) long.

## Venom

The night adders have very big venom glands, which are around 10 centimeters long. But even though the venom glands are big, the adders don't always use their venom on their prey. The venom would kill the prey fast enough, but they usually seize their prey and swallow it.
When someone is bitten by a night adder, the venom does not spread around the body, and only causes swelling in the place of the bite. There have been no reports of deaths by night adder venom.

## Species

- Two-striped night adder, _C. bilineatus_
- Snouted night adder, _C. defilippii_
- Lichtenstein's night adder, _C. lichtensteinii_
- West African night adder, _C. maculatus_
- Green night adder, _C. resimus_
- Common night adder, _C. rhombeatus_
Common night adder

The **common night adder** is a species of venomous vipers found in sub-Saharan Africa.

## Description

The common night adder can grow up to around 60 centimeters (24 in) long, making it the longest species of the genus _Causus_. The longest ever recorded was a male found in eastern Zimbabwe which was 93 centimeters (around 37 in) long. They are usually olive green, brown, or grayish-brown in color with black rhombic-shaped blotches, but not all have blotches on them.

### Common names

The common night adder is also called the "rhombic night adder", the "demon night adder", the "Cape Viper", and the "African night adder".

### Where they live

The common night adder is found in the savannas of Sub-Saharan Africa, from Nigeria, east to Sudan, Ethiopia, Somalia and Kenya, south to Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo, Angola, Zambia, Malawi, Zimbabwe, northern Botswana, Mozambique, Swaziland, and eastern South Africa.

## Behavior

The common night adder is a fairly fast species of snake; it can move at the speed of 3.3 km per hour. They are usually found on the ground, but they can climb trees and can swim. They are mainly nocturnal, but some have been seen basking in the early morning or late afternoon. When disturbed they coil up, inflate their body (which makes the black blotches on them stand out), and start hissing loudly.

Common night adders are oviparous, meaning that they lay eggs, while other vipers are usually viviparous, meaning that they give live birth. Females lay around two dozen eggs at a time, which take around four months to hatch. Once hatched, the young are 10 to 12.5 cm long and eat small frogs and toads.

### Feeding

Their diet is made up of mainly frogs and toads, and sometimes small mammals like mice and rats.
Polystyrene

**Polystyrene** is a form of chemical compound that is mainly used for a wide variety of packaging. It is an aromatic polymer made from the monomer styrene, a liquid hydrocarbon that is  manufactured from petroleum by the petrochemical industry. Polystyrene is one of the most widely used plastics, the scale being several billion kilograms per year.

Polystyrene can be in either a thermoset or a thermoplastic form.
Allometry

**Allometry** is the study of the relationship of body size to shape. In particular, it refers to the rate of growth of one part of the body compared to other parts.

In most cases, the relative size of body parts changes as the body grows. Most allometric relationships are adaptive. For example, organs which depend on their surface area (such as the intestine) grow faster as the body weight increases.

Also, there are changes in allometry as a clade evolves. Allometry is an important way to describe changes in gross morphology (body shape) during evolution. Changes in time of development in an evolutionary series or clade are very common. The trend is known as heterochrony.

Allometry was first outlined by Otto Snell in 1892, D'Arcy Thompson in 1917, and Julian Huxley in 1932.  The relationship between two measured quantities is often expressed as a power law:
or in a logarithmic form:
where  is the **scaling exponent** of the law.

## On being the right size

J.B.S. Haldane's 1926 essay _On being the right size_ gives an overview of the way size interacts with body structure. Haldane's thesis is that sheer size very often defines what bodily equipment an animal must have:
- _"Insects, being so small, do not have oxygen-carrying bloodstreams. What little oxygen their cells require can be absorbed by simple diffusion of air through their bodies. But being larger means an animal must take on complicated oxygen pumping and distributing systems to reach all the cells"._

Many of his examples are based on the square-cube law. If an animal's length is doubled, its surface area will be squared and its weight cubed. This alone causes allometric changes in any evolutionary lineage where successive species get larger or smaller. There are many such lineages.
Keiko Ikeda

**Keiko Tanaka-Ikeda** (田中-池田 敬子, born **Keiko Tanaka**; November 11, 1933 – May 13, 2023), is a Japanese amateur athlete, coach, university professor and sports administrator.  She is best known as a gymnast who competed in the 1956 Summer Olympics, in the 1960 Summer Olympics, and in the 1964 Summer Olympics.

She won a gold medal on the balance beam at the 1954 World Gymnastics Championships.  She is the only Japanese woman to win a gold medal in this international competition.
Tanaka-Ikeda died from brain cancer at a nursing home in Kawasaki, Kanagawa, on May 13, 2023, at the age of 89.

### Timeline

- **1954**: World Championships Gold Medal, balance beam
- **1958**: World Championships Bronze Medal, balance beam and floor exercise
- **1962**: World Championships Bronze Medal, balance Beam and team
- **1964**: Olympic Games Bronze Medal, team
- **1966**: World Championships Silver Medal, uneven bars; and Bronze Medal, all-around and team

## Honors

- International Gymnastics Hall of Fame, 2002

## Related pages

- Sports in Japan
- Japan at the Olympics

## Infobox (sportsperson)

- **image**: Keiko Tanaka-Ikeda 1964.jpg
- **image size**: 250px
- **caption**: Keiko Tanaka-Ikeda at the 1964 Olympics
- **birth place**: Mihara, Hiroshima, Empire of Japan, Japan
- **height**: 1.54 m
- **weight**: 54 kg
- **sport**: Artistic gymnastics
- **show-medals**: yes
Abhinav Bindra

**Abhinav Bindra** (born September 28, 1982, in Dehradun) is an Indian amateur athlete and businessman.  He is best known as the current World and Olympic champion in the 10 m Air Rifle event.

At the Beijing Olympic Games, he became the first Indian to win an individual Olympic gold medal.

## Early life

He was born in Punjab.  He became interested in shooting a gun as a sport when he was in school in Chandigarh

### Timeline

- **2000**: Summer Olympic Games
- **1998**: Commonwealth Games
- **2002**: Commonwealth Games
- **2004**: Summer Olympic Games
- **2006**: Commonwealth Games
- **2006**: World Championship
- **2008**: Summer Olympic Games
- **2010**: Commonwealth Games
- **2012**: Summer Olympic Games

## Honours

- Arjuna Award, 2000

## Related pages

- Sports in India
- India at the Olympics

## Other websites

- Abhinav Bindra's Profile & Records
Lake Mackay

**Lake Mackay** (Pintupi: _Wilkinkarra_) is a large salt lake in central Australia. It stretches across the border between Western Australia and the Northern Territory. All around it is desert. The Great Sandy Desert is to the northwest, the Tanami Desert is to the northeast, and the Gibson Desert is to the south. There are hundreds of salt lakes along this border area, and Lake Mackay is the largest. It has a surface area of , and is about  long from east to west and north to south. It is the second-largest lake in Australia.

The lake was named after the first European to visit it, Donald George Mackay. The lake is most often dry, because of quick evaporation. Salt and other minerals float on the surface.

Lake Mackay is a central place in dreamtime stories for several Aboriginal groups, especially the Pintupi. The lake forms the centre of the Pintupi ancestral lands. Many sacred paths and tracks come together at the shores of the lake. According to mythology, the lake was formed after a fierce bushfire that ruined the land around it.
Papunya, Northern Territory

**Papunya** is a small community in central Australia. It is about  northwest of Alice Springs in the Northern Territory. The people who live there are Aboriginal people who were forced off their traditional country during the 1930s and 1940s. They are mainly from Pintupi- and Luritja-speaking groups. In the 2006 census, Papunya had a population of 299. The town is now on private Aboriginal land. People visiting or travelling through need a permit.

During the late 1950s, a Lutheran mission was set up at Papunya. In the 1970s, many of the people living here moved back to their homelands as part of the outstation movement. The Pintupi moved back west, closer to their homeland around Lake Mackay. They set up the town of Kintore in 1981, about  west of Papunya. During this time, local painters were slowly forming a new style of art. By the mid-1980s, it became internationally known as Papunya Tula.
William Thomas Stead

**William Thomas Stead** (5 July 1849 – 15 April 1912) was a British writer and journalist. He was a pioneer of investigative journalism, and one of the most controversial figures in British journalism during the Victorian era.

His death occurred during the sinking of RMS Titanic.

## Other websites

- Encyclopedia Titanica: Biography of William Thomas Stead
Kintore, Northern Territory

**Kintore** (Pintupi: _Waḻungurru_; ) is a remote town in the Northern Territory of Australia. It is about  west of Alice Springs and close to the border with Western Australia. Almost all the people who live there are Aboriginal, and most are Pintupi.

Kintore was founded in 1981. Many Pintupi people who lived in the community of Papunya (to the east) decided to move back to their own country. They had been forced to leave these lands decades before because of weapons testing at Woomera in South Australia. Kintore is a major centre for the Western Desert art movement, which began at Papunya during the 1970s. The paintings made here are visual descriptions of dreamtime stories. They have gained fame around the world. A number of members of the Aboriginal art school Papunya Tula live at Kintore.

## Infobox (australian place)

- **type**: town
- **name**: Kintore
_Walungurru_
- **state**: nt
- **postcode**: 0872
- **pop**: 454
- **timezone**: UTC9:30, ACST
- **utc**: +9:30
- **lga**: MacDonnell Shire
- **stategov**: Electoral division of Namatjira, Namatjira
- **fedgov**: Division of Lingiari, Lingiari
- **dist1**: 521
- **location1**: Alice Springs, Northern Territory
Tim Conway

**Thomas Daniel** "**Tim**" **Conway** (December 15, 1933 – May 14, 2019) was an American actor, comedian, writer and director. He has worked in sitcoms, comedy sketches, and in movies. Conway is best known for _McHale's Navy_ as Ensign Charles Parker. He also voiced Barnacle Boy in _SpongeBob SquarePants_.

## Early life

Conway was born **Thomas Daniel Conway** in Willoughby, Ohio on December 15, 1933. His mother was Romanian. He was raised in Chagrin Falls, Ohio.

Conway went to Bowling Green State University.

## Personal life

Conway was married twice: His first marriage was to Mary Anne Dalton in 1961.

Conway and Dalton had six children. One of them is radio host Tim Conway, Jr.. Conway and Dalton divorced in 1978. Conway's second marriage was in 1984 to Charlene Fusco. Conway and Ernest Borgnine were good friends until Borgnine's death in 2012.

Conway died on May 14, 2019, at the age of 85 from complications of normal pressure hydrocephalus.

## Other websites

- Q&A with Tim Conway

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Tim Conway
- **image**: Tim Conway cropped.jpg
- **caption**: Conway on June 14, 2007
- **birth name**: Thomas Daniel Conway
- **birth place**: Willoughby, Ohio, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Los Angeles, California, United States, U.S.
- **death cause**: Brain disease
- **alma mater**: Bowling Green State University
- **nationality**: Americans, American
- **years active**: 1956–2016
- **spouse**: Mary Anne Dalton (1961–1978)
Charlene Fusco (1984–2019)
Hurricane Charlie (1951)

**Hurricane Charlie** was the deadliest storm in 1951. It was the second hurricane of the year in the Atlantic hurricane season. This hurricane hit Jamaica with winds around Category 3 levels, strengthened to Category 4 at 135 miles an hour and then struck Mexican Yucatán Peninsula. The storm made its last landfall in the Tampico area of Mexico. Over 250 people died, half of whom near the Tampico region. This hurricane was Tampico's worst tropical cyclone since 1936.
Tom Hardy

**Edward Thomas "Tom" Hardy**, CBE, (born 15 September 1977) is an English movie, television, stage, voice actor and screenwriter. He is a leading actor in "tough guy" roles on screen and stage.

He is known for his roles in Black Hawk Down, _Star Trek: Nemesis_, _RocknRolla_, _Bronson_, _Inception_, _Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy_, _This Means War_, and the television series _Stuart: A Life Backwards_.

For his work in _Stuart_ he earned a nomination for a BAFTA Award for Best Actor. He also played Freddie Jackson in Martina Cole's _The Take_. That was a television movie based on Cole's novel of the same name. He played Bane in Christopher Nolan's 2012 movie _The Dark Knight Rises_. Hardy also played Max Rockatansky in _Mad Max: Fury Road_ and as Venom in the 2018 movie _Venom_.
Hardy appeared as Farrier in the 2017 Nolan movie _Dunkirk_.

Hardy created, co-produced, and took the lead in the eight-part historical fiction series _Taboo_ (2017) on BBC One and FX.

He was born on 15 September 1977 in Hammersmith, London. and is an only child. His parents were Anne (née Barrett) and Edward "Chips" Hardy. He was raised in East Sheen, London. Hardy went to Reed's School, Tower House School, and the Drama Centre London.

Hardy married Sarah Ward in 1999. They divorced in 2004. He has a son with ex-girlfriend Rachael Speed, Louis Thomas Hardy (born 8 April 2008). Hardy proposed to actress Charlotte Riley, after a year of dating. They were married in 2014.

He was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2018 Birthday Honours for services to drama.

## Other websites

- Tom Hardy as Freddie Jackson
- Tom Hardy as Bane

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Tom Hardy
Order of the British Empire, CBE
- **image**: Tom Hardy Locke Premiere.jpg
- **caption**: Hardy at the Birmingham premiere of
_:en:Locke (film), Locke_ in April 2014
- **image size**: 220px
- **birth name**: Edward Thomas Hardy
- **birth place**: Hammersmith, London, England
- **alma mater**: :en:Richmond Adult Community College, Richmond Drama School
- **occupation**: Actor
- **yearsactive**: 2001–present
- **spouse**: Sarah Ward
(1999–2004)
Charlotte Riley
(2014–present)
- **children**: 2
- **relatives**: Chips Hardy (father)
Ebers papyrus

The **Ebers Papyrus** (c. 1550 BC) is an ancient Egyptian medical treatise.  It covers both practical and magical advice.  There are over 700 different drugs described in the papyrus. Some are useful such as opium for pain.  Other things in the papyrus can seem ridiculous. An example of that is tapping a person on the head with a fish if they have a migraine.  Aside from covering a large number of treatments, the papyrus also has information on a broad range of ailments from intestinal complaints and eye problems to depression or other mental disorders.
Matthew Modine

**Matthew Avery Modine** (born March 22, 1959) is an American actor, activist, director, producer, writer and cinematographer.

His movie roles include Private Joker in Stanley Kubrick's _Full Metal Jacket_, the title character in Alan Parker's _Birdy_, high school wrestler Louden Swain in _Vision Quest_, football star turned spy Alec McCall in _Funcky Monkey_ and the oversexed Sullivan Groff in _Weeds_. He appeared in Christopher Nolan's _The Dark Knight Rises_ as Officer Peter Foley. He also played Dr. Martin Brenner in Netflix's _Stranger Things_.

He unsuccessfully ran for National President of the SAG-AFTRA two times in 2019 and in 2021.

Modine played Vannevar Bush in the 2023 Christopher Nolan movie _Oppenheimer_.

## Personal life

Modine was born on March 22, 1959 in Loma Linda, California. He is the son of Dolores (née Warner), a bookkeeper, and Mark Alexander Modine, who managed a drive-in theater. He was educated at Brigham Young University. He was raised in Salt Lake City, Utah.

Modine is married to Caridad Rivera since 1980 and have two children. His daughter, Ruby Modine, is an actress and dancer.

## Other websites

- Bicycle for a Day
- Full Metal Jacket Diary

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Matthew Modine
- **image**: Matthew Modine by Gage Skidmore.jpg
- **caption**: Modine in 2017 San Diego Comic-Con
- **birth name**: Matthew Avery Modine
- **birth place**: Loma Linda, California, U.S.
- **education**: Mar Vista High School
- **occupation**: Actor, movie producer, movie director, screenwriter, cinematographer, activist, author
- **years active**: 1982-present
- **children**: 2, including Rudy Modine