juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Alhazen

**Alhazen** or **Alhacen** or ibn al-Haytham (965–1039) was a pioneer of modern optics. Some have also described him as a "pioneer of the modern scientific method" and "first scientist", but others think this overstates his contribution. Alhazen's _Risala fi’l-makan_ (Treatise on Place) discussed theories on the motion of a body. He maintained that a body moves perpetually unless an external force stops it or changes its direction of motion. He laid foundations for telescopic astronomy.

He was an Arab Muslim polymath who made contributions to the principles of optics, as well as to anatomy, engineering, mathematics, medicine, ophthalmology, philosophy, physics, psychology, Muslim theology, visual perception. He is sometimes called **al-Basri** (Arabic: البصري), after his birthplace in the city of Basra in Iraq (Mesopotamia).

Alhazen lived mainly in Cairo, Egypt, dying there at age 74. Over-confident about practical application of his mathematical knowledge, he thought he could regulate the floods of the Nile. When he was ordered by Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, the sixth ruler of the Fatimid caliphate, to carry out this operation, he realized he could not do it, and retired from engineering. Fearing for his life, he pretended to be mad, and was placed under house arrest. For the rest of his life he devoted himself entirely to his scientific work.

## Related pages

- Islamic Golden Age
- Book of Optics
- Scientific method

## Other websites

- Ibn al-Haitham on two Iraqi banknotes
- The Miracle of Light – a UNESCO article on Ibn Haitham
- Roshdi Rashed, A Polymath in the 10th century, _Science_ **297** (2002): 773
- A.I. Sabra, "Ibn al-Haytham: brief life of an Arab mathematician"
Weather balloon

A **weather** or **sounding balloon** is a balloon (specifically a type of high altitude balloon) which carries instruments in the sky to send back information on atmospheric pressure, temperature, and humidity by means of a small measuring tool called a radiosonde. To get wind data, they can be tracked by radar, radio direction finding, or navigation systems (such as the satellite based Global Positioning System).

The invention of the weather balloon started the age of remote sensing, the ability to collect information where there are no people.  Weather balloons are a major tool of atmospheric research. High altitude balloons have also been used by astronomer<nowiki/>s and cosmologists to take readings of certain particle frequencies or gather light readings free of excessive disturbance from Earth's lower atmosphere (troposphere).

The first observation balloon was launched immediately before the first manned balloon flight by Frenchmen Jean-François de Rozier and the Marquis d'Aalandes on November 21, 1783, for a pre-flight wind reading. Later, French meteorologist Leon Teisserenc de Bort (1855-1913) pioneered the use of weather balloons, handily proving their utility. With balloon-acquired data, he determined the existence of a lower level of the atmosphere, which he termed the troposphere or "sphere of change," where weather takes place. Since the 1930s, when radio tracking systems were invented, balloons have been used as complete floating weather stations, using such instruments as thermometers, barometers, hygrometers, cameras, and telescopes.

Many agencies use weather balloon flights to model the atmosphere and to make more accurate weather predictions.  They collect such atmospheric information as temperature , pressure, and humidity that can then be plotted on weather maps. Three-dimensional atmospheric modeling is also possible using weather balloons because the instruments they carry are able to provide data collected from several different altitude points.  Since they started, the long bags of helium have been carrying aloft increasingly sophisticated observation devices.  The take the science of weather observation literally to the edges of outer space .
São José, Santa Catarina

**São José** it´s a city of the Santa Catarina state, in Brazil. The biggest city in Santa Catarina is Joinville.
Balneário Camboriú

**Balneário Camboriú** is a Brazilian city in the state of Santa Catarina. In 2018, 138,732 people lived there. It is about  from the city of Florianópolis, the state capital. Balneário Camboriú has an area of .
Blumenau

**Blumenau** is a city of the Santa Catarina state, in Brazil, with 363,340 inhabitants. It is 130 km from the state capital Florianópolis.

The city was founded on September 2, 1850, by German chemist and pharmacist Hermann Blumenau along with seventeen other German immigrants, and is famous for its traditional German architecture and cultural heritage, including the second largest Oktoberfest in the world

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Blumenau
- **settlement type**: Municipality
- **image skyline**: Blumenau vista.jpg
- **imagesize**: 265px
- **image caption**: View of Blumenau
- **image flag**: Flag of Blumenau.svg
- **image seal**: Coat of arms of Blumenau.svg
- **pushpin map**: Brazil
- **pushpin mapsize**: 265px
- **map caption**: **Blumenau** in Brazil
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: State
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Mário Hildebrandt
- **area total km2**: 519.8
- **population total**: 363,340
- **population as of**: August 1, 2022
- **population density km2**: 699.0
- **utc offset1**: −03:00
- **postal code type**: Postal code
- **postal code**: 89000-000
- **area code type**: Area code
- **area code**: +55 47
- **blank name sec2**: ISO 3166-2:BR, ISO 3166 code
- **blank1 name sec2**: Address
Brusque, Santa Catarina

**Brusque** is a city of the Santa Catarina state, in Brazil. The biggest city in Santa Catarina is Joinville.
São José

There are a lot parishes that have the name **São José** (Portuguese for Saint Joseph):

### In the Azores

- São José, a parish in the municipality of Ponta Delgada

### In Portugal

- São José, a parish in the municipality of Lisbon
- São José, a parish in the municipality of Viseu

### In Brazil

- São José, Santa Catarina
- São José do Alegre, Minas Gerais
- São José dos Ausentes, Rio Grande do Sul
- São José da Barra, Minas Gerais
- São José do Barreiro, São Paulo
- São José dos Basílios, Maranhão
- São José da Bela Vista, São Paulo
- São José do Belmonte, Pernambuco
- São José da Boa Vista, Paraná
- São José do Bonfim, Paraíba
- São José do Brejo do Cruz, Paraíba
- São José de Caiana, Paraíba
- São José do Calçado, Espírito Santo
- São José do Campestre, Rio Grande do Norte
- São José dos Campos, São Paulo
- São José do Cedro, Santa Catarina
- São José do Cerrito, Santa Catarina
- São José dos Cordeiros, Paraíba
- São José da Coroa Grande, Pernambuco
- São José do Divino, Minas Gerais
- São José do Divino, Piauí
- São José do Egito, Pernambuco
- São José de Espinharas, Paraíba
- São José do Goiabal, Minas Gerais
- São José do Herval, Rio Grande do Sul
- São José do Hortêncio, Rio Grande do Sul
- São José do Inhacorá, Rio Grande do Sul
- São José do Jacuípe, Bahia
- São José do Jacuri, Minas Gerais
- São José da Lagoa Tapada, Paraíba
- São José da Laje, Alagoas
- São José da Lapa, Minas Gerais
- São José do Mantimento, Minas Gerais
- São José de Mipibu, Rio Grande do Norte
- São José das Missões, Rio Grande do Sul
- São José do Norte, Rio Grande do Sul
- São José do Ouro, Rio Grande do Sul
- São José das Palmeiras, Paraná
- São José do Peixe, Piauí
- São José do Piauí, Piauí
- São José dos Pinhais, Paraná
- São José de Piranhas, Paraíba
- São José do Povo, Mato Grosso
- São José de Princesa, Paraíba
- São José dos Quatro Marcos, Mato Grosso
- São José dos Ramos, Paraíba
- São José de Ribamar, Maranhão
- São José do Rio Claro, Mato Grosso
- São José do Rio Pardo, São Paulo
- São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo
- São José do Sabugi, Paraíba
- São José da Safira, Minas Gerais
- São José do Seridó, Rio Grande do Norte
- São José da Tapera, Alagoas
- São José de Ubá, Rio de Janeiro
- São José do Vale do Rio Preto, Rio de Janeiro
- São José da Varginha, Minas Gerais
- São José da Vitória, Bahia
- São José do Xingu, Mato Grosso

## Sports

- São José Esporte Clube, a Brazilian football club.
- Esporte Clube São José, a Brazilian football club.
- Sociedade Esportiva e Recreativa São José, a Brazilian football club.

## Other

- The _São José_, a Portuguese shipwreck off Mozambique that sunk on July 23, 1622. The ship belonged to the flotilla that brought Francisco da Gama to Goa for his second term (1622–1628) as Vice-Roy of Portuguese India.http://www.arq.de/downloads/news/june2005_not1_eng.pdf
Chapecó

**Chapecó** is a city of the Santa Catarina state, in Brazil. The biggest city in Santa Catarina is Joinville.
Criciúma

**Criciúma** is a city of the Santa Catarina state, in Brazil. The biggest city in Santa Catarina is Joinville.

## Other websites

- City’s official website (in Portuguese)
Itajaí

**Itajaí** is a city of the Santa Catarina state, in Brazil. The biggest city in Santa Catarina is Joinville. The city was started on June 15, 1860.  People started living in Itajai as early as the year 1658.

## Geography

Itajaí can be found on the northern coast of the state. It is found on the banks of the river Rio Itajaí-Açu.  The name of the city came from the name of the river.  Itajaí has the cities Balneário Camboriú, Camboriú, Brusque, Gaspar,  Ilhota and Navegantes next to it.  Itajaí is found on the base Baixo Vale do Itajaí.  It is next to the Atlantic Ocean.  Itajai is pretty much built on a plain.  Highway BR-101 is the main highway that passes by the city. Highways SC-100, SC-486, SC-470, and BR-470, connects Itajaí to the rest of the state.

## Sister cities

Itajaí has the following sister cities:

## Other websites

- The City of Itajaí Website
- The Port of Itajaí Website

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Itajaí
- **image skyline**: Itajaí_287.jpg
- **image caption**: Partial view of Itajaí
- **image flag**: Bandeira Itajai SantaCatarina Brasil.svg
- **image seal**: Brasao Itajai SantaCatarina Brasil.svg
- **image map**: SantaCatarina Municip Itajai.svg
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location of Itajaí
- **subdivision type**: List of countries, Country
- **subdivision type1**: Regions of Brazil, Region
- **subdivision type2**: States of Brazil, State
- **subdivision name**: Brazil
- **subdivision name1**: Southern Region, Brazil, Southern
- **subdivision name2**: Santa Catarina (state), Santa Catarina
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Volnei Morastoni
- **leader party**: Partido dos Trabalhadores, PT
- **area total km2**: 289.255
- **area total sq mi**: 112.11
- **population as of**: 2020
- **population total**: 223,112
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone**: UTC, UTC-3
- **utc offset**: -3
- **timezone dst**: UTC, UTC-2
- **utc offset dst**: -2
- **elevation m**: 2
- **established title**: Municipal corporation, Incorporated
- **established date**: June 15, 1860
Jaraguá do Sul

**Jaraguá do Sul** is a city of the Santa Catarina state, in Brazil. The biggest city in Santa Catarina is Joinville.
Joaçaba

**Joaçaba** is a city of the Santa Catarina state, in Brazil. The biggest city in Santa Catarina is Joinville.
Joinville

**Joinville** is a city in Santa Catarina state in southern Brazil. It is a major industrial city. It is the largest city in Santa Catarina. About 550,000 people live in the city, and about 1.3 million people live in the surrounding metropolitan area. Most of the people are of German, Swiss and Norwegian descent. It is the third largest city in the southern region of Brazil.

## Industry

Joinville is also the third largest industrial center in southern Brazil. The region produces more than 30% of the total GDP of the state of Santa Catarina. The largest corporations with headquarters in the city are Amanco, Busscar, Ciser, Datasul, Docol, Döhler, Embraco, Tupy, Lepper, Tigre, Wetzel, Whirlpool, Viqua, Schulz, and Universal Leaf Tobacco.

## Dance festival

Joinville is known as the city of the Princes, flowers, dance and bicycles. The Joinville Dance Festival is a major event in the month of July  - it is recognized as the world's largest dance festival (listed in the Guinness Book of Records). A subsidiary of the School of Ballet of the Bolshoi Theatre, the only one outside Russia, is highlighted in the training of dancers.

## Airport

The Airport of Joinville (Lauro Carneiro de Loyola) is one of the largest in South Region. It is located 13 km from the city center, 110 km from airport and 163 km from Curitiba to Florianópolis Airport. Of Joinville there are several daily flights to São Paulo (Congonhas), through Companies: Gol Airlines, TAM and Azul.
Lages

**Lages** is a city of the Santa Catarina state, in Brazil. The biggest city in Santa Catarina is Joinville.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Lages
- **nickname**: _Princesa da Serra_ (Princess of the Serra)
- **image skyline**: CatedralDiocesanaLagesSC.jpg
- **image caption**: View of the Catedral Diocesana
- **image flag**: Bandeira lages.svg
- **image seal**: Brasao_lages.png
- **image map**: SantaCatarina Municip Lages.svg
- **map caption**: Location in the Santa Catarina (state), state of Santa Catarina and Brazil
- **subdivision type**: List of countries, Country
- **subdivision name**: Brazil
- **subdivision type1**: Regions of Brazil, Region
- **subdivision name1**: South Region, Brazil, South
- **subdivision type2**: States of Brazil, State
- **subdivision name2**: Santa Catarina (state), Santa Catarina
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Renato Nunes de Oliveira
- **established title**: Founded
- **established date**: November 22 1776
- **area total km2**: 2.644.313
- **population as of**: 2006
- **population total**: 159,604
- **population density km2**: 63.7
- **timezone**: UTC-3
- **utc offset**: -3
- **timezone dst**: UTC-2
- **utc offset dst**: -2
- **elevation m**: 916
- **website**: [http://www.lages.sc.gov.br/ Lages City Hall]
Brusque

**Brusque** can mean:

- Brusque, Aveyron: A French commune in the department of Aveyron and the area Midi-Pyrénées.

- Brusque, Brazil: A Brazilian municipality in the state of Santa Catarina.
Berwick-upon-Tweed

**Berwick-upon-Tweed** is a town in Northumberland, United Kingdom. It is the most northerly town in England, and is 2 miles from Scotland. Around 15,000 people live in Berwick. Many people visit Berwick because it is a nearby market town.

Berwick used to be a Scottish town and a very important port. The town's ownership has changed more than 12 times. In 1482, the English took Berwick and never lost it again. Today, many Scottish people live in Berwick.

The Scottish county called Berwickshire is named after Berwick.
Instrumental

An **instrumental** is music that has no words or people singing. The music is made only by musical instruments, or by makings sounds using other things, like bins.

Some types of music like Jazz and classical music have a lot of instrumentals, but most other types of popular music do not.

Some very popular instrumental songs are:

- "Theme from A Summer Place" by Percy Faith
- "Grazing in the Grass" by Hugh Masekela
- "Classical Gas" by Mason Williams
- "Introduction" by Matchbook Romance
- "The Fall of Rome" by Winter Solstice
- "Frankenstein" by Edgar Winter Group
- "Love's Theme" by Love Unlimited Orchestra
- "The Hustle" - Van McCoy
- "Rise" by Herb Alpert
- "Chariots of Fire" by Vangelis
- "Miami Vice Theme" by Jan Hammer
Currywurst

**Currywurst** is a German dish.  It is made from a pork sausage (), sliced and covered in a _curry sauce_ (usually ketchup or tomato paste blended with curry) and generous amounts of curry powder.

Currywurst is often sold as a take-out/take-away food, Schnell-Imbisse, at diners or "greasy spoons," on children's menus in restaurants, or as a street food.

Berlin legend says that Herta Heuwer, from Königsberg, invented the currywurst sauce by experimenting at her stall in Berlin-Charlottenburg in 1949.

People from the Ruhr-area say that the sauce was accidentally invented by a sausage stall owner in Essen, who dropped a can with curry powder into some ketchup.

Early in his career German pop singer Herbert Grönemeyer, raised in Bochum, wrote a song, in the Ruhr dialect, to currywurst.

Although Berlin claims currywurst as its invention and "national dish", all over Germany, there are more than 20 different types of currywurst.

## Other websites

- All about Currywurst (German Fanpage)
- Currywurst Club Hamburg (German Fanpage)
- Deutsches Currywurst Museum Berlin
- Currywurst recipe variant and photos
7-1-1

**7-1-1** is a telephone number in Canada and the United States. It is used by the Telecommunications Relay Service to let people who are deaf and people who can hear communicate with each other using a telephone. The 7-1-1 number lets these people talk through an operator, by turning the words into something that can be read on a telecommunications device for the deaf (TDD).
Johann Palisa

**Johann Palisa** (December 6 1848–May 2 1925) was an Austrian astronomer, born in Troppau in Austrian Silesia (now in the Czech Republic).

He was a good finder of asteroids, finding 122 in all, from 136 Austria in 1874 to 1073 Gellivara in 1923. Some of the notable asteroids he found include 153 Hilda, 216 Kleopatra, 243 Ida, 253 Mathilde, 324 Bamberga, and the Amor asteroid 719 Albert.

The asteroid 914 Palisana and the Palisa crater on the Moon were named in his honour.

## Early work

From 1866 to 1870, Palisa studied mathematics and astronomy at the University of Vienna; however, he did not graduate until 1884. Despite this, by 1870 he was an assistant at the University's observatory, and a year later gained a position at the observatory in Geneva. A few years later, in 1872, at the age of 24, Palisa became the leader of the Austrian Naval Observatory in Pola. While at Pola, he found his first asteroid, 136 Austria, on March 18, 1874. Along with this, he found twenty-seven minor planets and one comet. During his stay in Pola he used a small six-inch refractor telescope to aid in his research.

## Family

Palisa named some of the asteroids after his family: (320) Katharina after his mother, Katherina, (321) Florentina after his daughter Florentine. His second wife is Anna.
Vulgate

The **Vulgate** (lat. _Vulgata_) is a translation of the Christian Bible. St. Jerome did most of the work. The Vulgate was written in Latin in the 5th century.

_Versio vulgata_  is Latin for the "version commonly used".

## Other websites

- The Clementine Vulgate, searchable  – 2005 Edition. Michael Tweedale, et alia. No apocrypha.
- Biblia Vulgata  Stuttgart edition , flanked by Douay-Rheims and King James Versions
- Stuttgart Vulgate, with Douay-Rheims Version, Gallican Psalter and complete Daniel
- Stuttgart Vulgate with Apocrypha, but missing _Psalm 151_ and _Laodiceans_
- Nova Vulgata, from the Vatican
- Timeline of Jerome's translations
- Treasures in Full: Gutenberg Bible  Complete digitized texts of the two Gutenberg bibles in the British Library
- Codex Gigas – Official Codex Gigas site at the National Library of Sweden. Complete digitized manuscript.
- Quattuor Evangeliorum Consonantia  – The Latin harmony of the Gospels (1)
- Quattuor Evangeliorum Consonantia  – The Latin harmony of the Gospels (2)
- Free audio recording of Psalm 22(23) from the juxta Hebraicum psalter by Librivox
- Latin Vulgate Project with Douay-Rheims version
- Biblia Sacra Vulgata – Novum Testamentum Latine (Latin)
- Learn Bible Latin reading the Vulgate from lesson 1
- SacredBible.org the Clementine Vulgate in the 1861 Vercellone, 1914 Hetzenauer, and 1822 Leander van Ess editions.
- Greek Latin Audio downloadable audio files of almost the entire New Testatment Vulgate
Nuclear power plant

A **nuclear power plant** is a type of power station that generates electricity using heat from nuclear reactions. These reactions take place within a reactor. The plant also has machines which remove heat from the reactor to operate a steam turbine and generator to make electricity. Electricity made by nuclear power plants is called nuclear power.

Nuclear power plants are usually near water to remove the heat the reactor makes. Some nuclear power plants use cooling towers to do this. Nuclear power plants use uranium as fuel. When the reactor is on, uranium atoms inside the reactor split into two smaller atoms. When uranium atoms split, they give off a large amount of heat. This splitting of atoms is called fission.

The most popular atoms to fission are uranium and plutonium. Those atoms are slightly radioactive. The atoms produced when fuel atoms break apart are strongly radioactive. Today, fission only happens in nuclear reactors. In nuclear reactors, fission only happens when the reactors parts are arranged properly. Nuclear power plants turn their reactors off when replacing old nuclear fuel with new fuel.

There are about four hundred nuclear power plants in the world, with many in the United States, France, and Japan. Some famous accidents at nuclear power plants were the 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster in Japan, 1986 Chernobyl disaster in Ukraine, and the 1979 Three Mile Island accident in the United States.  An anti-nuclear movement in Australia opposes the making of any nuclear power plants in the country.
Progression

**Progression** can be any of the following:

In **mathematics**:
- Arithmetic progression
- Geometric progression

In **music**:
- Chord progression, series of chords played in order
    - Backdoor progression
    - Omnibus progression
    - Ragtime progression, chord progression of ragtime

In **other fields**:
- Age progression
- Color progression
- Semantic progression, how words become other words
Corsican

**Corsican** might mean:

- Anything related to Corsica, a Mediterranean island that belongs to France
- The Corsican language
Charing Cross Hospital

**Charing Cross Hospital** is a hospital in Hammersmith. It is part of Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust.

Charing Cross Hospital was set up in Villiers Street, London, in 1823. It became known as Charing Cross Hospital in 1827. It was set up after Dr. Benjamin Golding started a meeting in 1818.

It was originally built in Central London but it was moved after World War II. It reopened on Fulham Palace Road in 1973. The hospital was designed and built by Decimus Burton. It was much bigger and more modern than others at the time. Today it is still in use. It is a teaching hospital for students. It has 15 floors.
8-1-1

**8-1-1** is a telephone number in the United States and Canada. In the United States, 8-1-1 is the number to call to find underground power cables, gas pipes, and other utilities. This lets people avoid them while they are digging. Underground cables and pipes can be damaged by digging tools. A damaged gas pipe can leak, which is very bad.

In Canada, 8-1-1 is the number to call for health questions that are not emergencies.

8-1-1 used to be a direct line to the business office of the telephone company giving service on the line. Once a person has called, they could do different things, such as pay their phone bill, talk to Customer Service, or get another phone line. In 2007, it was put together with 6-1-1.
United Airlines Flight 175

**United Airlines Flight 175** was the second hijacked airplane of the September 11, 2001 attacks. The flight was traveling from Logan International Airport in Boston, Massachusetts to Los Angeles International Airport in Los Angeles, California.

It crashed into the South Tower of the World Trade Center. The plane was hijacked by five members of al-Qaeda. The plane was a Boeing 767. 56 people (including 5 hijackers) and 9 crew members died in the crash. The time of the crash was 9:03 AM Eastern Daylight Time. Unlike American Airlines Flight 11, which crashed into the North Tower 17.5 minutes earlier, Flight 175 was the only plane seen live on television because of the media attention drawn to the scene from the crash of Flight 11.

## Aircraft

The aircraft used in the attack was a Boeing 767-222. The aircraft had a registration of N612UA, and it was built in 1983 by Boeing. The airplane could seat 168 passengers in total (10 seats in first class, 33 seats in business class, and 125 seats in economy class). On this particular flight, 56 passengers (5 of which were hijackers), and nine staff members. All together, United Airlines Flight 175 carried 65 people on the morning of September 11.

## Other websites

- Brief summary of United Airlines Flight 175, as well as a complete victim list

## Infobox (aircraft crash)

- **occurrence type**: Air hijacking
- **name**: United Airlines Flight 175
- **image**: UA175 path.svg
- **caption**: UA 175's flight path from Boston to New York City on September 11, 2001.
- **date**: Tuesday, September 11, 2001
- **type**: Airplane hijacking, Suicide attack
- **site**: World Trade Center (1973–2001), World Trade Center, New York City, U.S.
- **passengers**: 51 (plus 5 hijackers)
- **crew**: 9
- **fatalities**: 60, plus 5 hijackers, on aircraft;
approximately 900 (including emergency workers) at the South Tower of the World Trade Center
- **survivors**: 0 (None on Aircraft)
- **aircraft type**: Boeing 767, Boeing 767–222
- **origin**: Logan International Airport, Logan Int'l Airport
- **destination**: Los Angeles International Airport, Los Angeles Int'l Airport
- **operator**: United Airlines
- **tail number**: N612UA
Folk rock

**Folk rock** music is a mixture of folk music with modern rock music. Folk rock began in the mid 1960s with performers like The Byrds. Folk singer Bob Dylan created a sensation at the 1965 Newport Festival when he used electric guitar in his performance. This led to many groups wanting to play folk music in the rock style. These groups included Fairport Convention, Steeleye Span, Pentangle and Alan Stivell.
Jimmy Page

**James Patrick Page** OBE (born 9 January 1944 in Heston, Middlesex, England) is an English guitarist, songwriter and producer. He began his career as a studio session guitarist in London. From 1966 to 1968 he was a member of The Yardbirds. After that band ended Page went on to form the band Led Zeppelin.

Allmusic describes Page as "one of the most influential guitarists in rock history". In 2003, Rolling Stone Magazine ranked Page #9 in its list of "The 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time".

From the early 1970s to the early 1990s, Page owned the Boleskine House. Earlier, the house had belonged to occultist Aleister Crowley. Page was interested in the magic that Crowley used.

Along with Tony Iommi of Black Sabbath, Page is often considered one of the greatest riff writers of all time.

Jimmy Page has been inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame twice. The first time was in 1992 as a member of The Yardbirds. He was inducted again in 1995 as a member of Led Zeppelin.

## Other websites

- Official 2007 Led Zeppelin reunion page
- The Pre-Zeppelin Jimmy Page (audio)
- Fresh Air Interview, June 2003 (audio)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Jimmy Page
- **image**: Jimmy Page at the Echo music award 2013.jpg
- **caption**: Jimmy Page at the Echo music awards 2013
- **background**: non_vocal_instrumentalist
- **birth name**: James Patrick Page
- **birth place**: Heston, Middlesex, England
- **instrument**: Guitar
- **years active**: 1957–present
John Paul Jones (musician)

**John Paul Jones** (born **John Baldwin** on 3 January 1946), in Sidcup, Kent) is an English musician and record producer, and was known for being the bassist, the keyboardist, backing vocalist, and the mandolin player for rock band Led Zeppelin.

## Early Years

John started playing the Piano when he was six years old. His father, Joe Baldwin was his teacher. When he was 15 Jones joined his first band called The Deltas. In 1962 Jones joined a band called The Shadows. The Shadows had one hit song called Diamonds, which an artist named Jimmy Page had helped write.

## Led Zeppelin

During his time with The Shadows Jones was seen by Jimmy Page. When Jimmy was forming his new band, Jones' wife suggested he ask Jimmy about the new band. Jimmy was very glad that Jones had asked, and the two formed a duo. Soon after singer Robert Plant and drummer John Bonham joined them forming a Quartet. At first, the group was called The New Yardbirds, but the name was soon changed to Led Zeppelin.

## Other websites

- John Paul Jones' Official Website
- Led Zeppelin Official Site
- JPJ Radio Interview 22 February 2002 with Chris Comer & Rob Ervin

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: John Paul Jones
- **img**: John Paul Jones.jpg
- **img capt**: Jones with a mandolin
- **img size**: 250
- **landscape**: Yes
- **background**: non_vocal_instrumentalist
- **birth name**: John Baldwin
- **alias**: John Paul Jones
- **birth place**: Sidcup, Kent, England
- **instrument**: Bass Guitar, Keyboard instrument, Keyboards, Mandolin, Cello
- **genre**: Hard rock, Heavy Metal music, Heavy metal, Folk rock, Blues-rock, Instrumental rock
- **occupation**: Musician, Songwriter, Arrangements, Arranger
- **years active**: 1960 – present
- **label**: Discipline Global Mobile, Atlantic Records, Atlantic, Swan Song Records, Swan Song
- **associated acts**: Led ZeppelinThem Crooked Vultures
- **url**: [http://www.johnpauljones.com www.johnpauljones.com]
Robert Plant

**Robert Anthony Plant** (born 20 August 1948) is a rock singer and musician, and was known for being the lead vocalist for rock band Led Zeppelin. In 2007, he recorded an album with bluegrass fiddler Alison Krauss, and toured with her in 2008.

## Other websites

- Led Zeppelin Official Site
- Official Robert Plant Homepage
- Interview with Robert Plant
- 1971 Interview with Robert Plant by underground press journalist Rick McGrath.
- 2003 Afropop Worldwide Interview with Robert Plant in Mali
- BBC interview with Robert Plant about the Led Zeppelin reunion
- YouTube video demonstrating Plant's vocal range, both live and in the studio

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Robert Plant
- **image**: Robert Plant - Band of Joy.jpg
- **caption**: Plant at Symphony Hall, Birmingham, Birmingham's Symphony Hall (2010)
- **image size**: 320
- **landscape**: Yes
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Robert Anthony Plant
- **birth place**: West Bromwich, (then Staffordshire, now West Midlands (county), West Midlands), England
- **origin**: Kidderminster, Worcestershire,
England
- **genre**: Rock music, Rock, hard rock, Heavy metal music, heavy metal, blues rock, folk rock, world music, country rock
- **occupation**: Singer-songwriter, musician
- **instrument**: Singing, Vocals, harmonica, Percussion instrument, percussion, guitar, bass guitar
- **years active**: 1966–present
- **label**: Atlantic Records, Atlantic, Swan Song Records, Swan Song, Es Paranza, Sanctuary Records Group, Sanctuary, Mercury Records, Mercury, Universal Records, Universal, Rounder Records, Rounder
- **associated acts**: Band of Joy, Led Zeppelin, The Honeydrippers, Page and Plant, Strange Sensation, Alison Krauss, Led Zeppelin#The New Yardbirds (1968), The New Yardbirds
- **website**: [http://www.robertplant.com/ Official website]
Quack

**Quack** is the sound a duck makes.

Quack is also the name for someone who is a phony. One way that people use this word is a "quack doctor". A quack doctor sells people bad medicine that does not make people feel better.

A quack can also mean a fake doctor who tries to sell his medicine to people when they do not really make you better which means they are fake. A quack doctor tries to tell people that they can cure everything but they can not, they just con you into going to them, but they do not cure you, they just make you feel a little bit better.
They also take some of the jobs from the doctors who have been to university and studied to become a doctor and then Quacks are just taking their patients away from them.
Hoof

A **hoof** is the foot of certain animals known as ungulates (such as deer, cows, pigs, sheep, and  giraffes). These animals walk on their toes. The toes have a hard cover made out of the same material as fingernails. This is called keratin.
Jyutping

**Jyutping** is a romanization for the Cantonese language. It was created by the Linguistic Society of Hong Kong (LSHK) in 1993.

## Other websites

- The Jyutping Scheme  - The Linguistic Society of Hong Kong
- Jyutping Pronunciation Guide
- 粵語拼盤 : Learning the phonetic system of Cantonese
- Chinese Character Database (Phonologically Disambiguated According to the Cantonese Dialect)
- The CantoDict Project  is a dedicated Cantonese-Mandarin-English online dictionary which uses Jyutping by default
Combination

**Combination** may mean:
- in chess a sequence of forcing moves, usually involving a sacrifice.
- in computer games it is called a **combo**.
- in mathematics, combination is about finding the number of possibilities to pick a number of objects from a set.
- in martial arts and combat sports it means a **striking combination**
- in security, it is a list of numbers which opens a **combination lock**
- in equestrian, a combination is several jumps one after the other
- Combinations is the name of the band Eisley's second studio album
- A **motorcycle combination** is also called a sidecar
S-type asteroid

An **S-type asteroid** is an asteroid that is mainly _silicaceous_, or made of a lot of silicon. This is why it is called an _S-type_. About 17% of all asteroids are this type of asteroid, meaning that they are the second most common after C-type asteroids.

S-type asteroids are the most common asteroid in the inner main belt, but become very rare farther out in space. The biggest asteroid of this type is 15 Eunomia.

S-type asteroids are the most mineral dense asteroids.
Yelle

**Yelle** (born **Julie Budet**, January 17, 1983) is a French singer and rapper from the city of Saint-Brieuc. She became famous from MySpace.com when she uploaded a song called "Short Dick Cuizi". With her producer who is also a close friend called GrandMarnier, Yelle has recorded her first album called _POP-UP_, after her hit single "Je Veux Te Voir". She was also featured on Fatal Bazooka's song "Parle à ma main" in 2007. As of October 2007, she opened for Mika during his European tour. In February 2008, she performed the song "A cause des Garçons" on the BBC Three programme "Lily Allen and Friends". The programme said that this was her first appearance on UK television.

### Singles

|style="background:#efefef;"|Year|style="background:#efefef;"|Song|style="background:#efefef;"|UK|style="background:#efefef;"|US|style="background:#efefef;"|CH|style="background:#efefef;"|F|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2005|"Je veux te voir"|/|/|/|/|||||||
|2007|"Parle à ma main" <small>(Fatal Bazooka featuring Yelle)</small>|/|/|31|1|||||||
|2008|"A cause des garçons"|/|/|/|11|||||||
|2014|_Complètement Fou_|||||||||||

### Albums

|style="background:#efefef;"|Year|style="background:#efefef;"|Album|style="background:#efefef;"|UK|style="background:#efefef;"|US|style="background:#efefef;"|CH|style="background:#efefef;"|F|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2007|_Pop-Up_|/|/|/|61|||||||
|2011|_Safari Disco Club_|||||||||||
|2014|_Complètement Fou_|||||||||||

## Other websites

- Official Website
- Image

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Yelle
- **img**: Yelle.png
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Julie Budet
- **caption**: Yelle in 2007
- **origin**: Saint-Brieuc, France
- **genre**: Electropop, New Wave music, new wave, chiptune, Electronic dance music, EDM
- **occupation**: Singer, rapper
- **years active**: 2005 – present
- **label**: [http://www.source-etc.com/ Source etc]
- **url**: [http://www.yelle.fr Official Website]
Nipple

The **nipple**, also known as **mammilla**, is a special structure. Female mammals (and women) use nipples for breastfeeding. The breast in male and female mammals is made the same way. The production of milk for breastfeeding is controlled by hormones. This means that men cannot use their breasts to produce milk (unless they have a problem with their hormones).

## Related pages

- Breast
- Pasties
- Nipple piercing
- Breast feeding
American Airlines Flight 77

**American Airlines Flight 77** was American Airlines' transcontinental flight from Washington Dulles International Airport, in Dulles, Virginia to Los Angeles International Airport in Los Angeles, California. The flight flew every day in the morning on this route.  On September 11, 2001, the aircraft flying this route—a Boeing 757-223—was hijacked by five al-Qaeda terrorists.  The hijackers crashed the plane into the Pentagon on purpose.  The crash was part of the September 11 attacks.

The hijackers went into the cockpit and made the passengers move to the back of the plane less than 35 minutes into the flight. Hani Hanjour, one of the hijackers who was trained as a pilot, took over the flight. Passengers on the plane were able to make telephone calls to loved ones.  They also called people to tell them what was happening on the plane.  The hijackers did not know that passengers were doing this.

Barbara Olson, wife of U.S. Solicitor General Theodore Olson, was one of the passengers.

The aircraft crashed into the western side of the Pentagon at 09:37 EDT. All 64 people on board the aircraft, including the hijackers, died. 125 people in the building died as well. Dozens of people saw the crash. News sources began reporting on the incident within minutes. The impact damaged an area of the Pentagon and started a large fire. Part of the Pentagon collapsed. Firefighters spent days trying to stop the fire. The damaged areas of the Pentagon were rebuilt in 2002.  The fixed areas were able to be used again starting on August 15, 2002.

The 184 victims of the attack are honored in the Pentagon Memorial next to the Pentagon. The  park contains a bench for each of the victims.  The benches are put in order of the victim's years of birth.  These years range from 1930 (aged 71) to 1998 (aged 3).

## Hijackers of American Airlines Flight 77

- Hani Hanjour
- Nawaf al-Hazmi
- Salem al-Hazmi
- Majed Moqed
- Khalid al-Mihdhar

## Other websites

- American Airlines Flight 77  Brief summary, as well as complete victim list

## Infobox (aircraft occurrence)

- **occurrence type**: Hijacking
- **name**: American Airlines Flight 77
- **image**: 757 pentagon.gif
- **caption**: Two still images from a The Pentagon American Airlines Flight 77#Security camera video, security camera video Immediately before and after the Crash Highlighting American Airlines Flight 77, Flight 77 prior to Collision
- **date**: Tuesday, September 11, 2001
- **type**: Terrorism, Suicide attack, Kidnapping and Plane crash
- **site**: West Wall of The Pentagon, Pentagon, Arlington, Virginia, Arlington, Virginia
- **aircraft type**: Boeing 757, Boeing 757-223
- **origin**: Washington Dulles International Airport, Washington Dulles Int'l Airport
- **destination**: Los Angeles International Airport, Los Angeles Int'l Airport
- **operator**: American Airlines
- **passengers**: 53 (Including 5 hijackers)
- **crew**: 6
- **survivors**: 0 (None in Aircraft)
- **injuries**: 106 (On the Ground)
Tekken

***Tekken*** is the first game for the Tekken series, released on December 9, 1994 for arcades. It was later released on the PlayStation in 1995. Tekken had two modes, Arcade mode and VS mode. Extra modes would be added in the next games.

## Also see

- Tekken (series)

## Infobox (video game)
Tekken 2

***Tekken 2*** is a fighting video game made by Namco. It was released in arcades in 1995 and released worldwide on PlayStation in 1996.

## Characters

The game contains twenty five characters. Most from the original game return in the game, except Jack.

### Returning characters

|width=50% valign=top|
- Heihachi Mishima
- Marshall Law
- Paul Phoenix
- Michelle Chang
- Nina Williams
- King
- Yoshimitsu
- Kazuya Mishima (unlockable)
- Kuma (unlockable)
|width=50% valign=top|
- Ganryu (unlockable)
- Anna Williams (unlockable)
- Prototype Jack (unlockable)
- Lee Chaolan (unlockable)
- Devil Kazuya (unlockable)
- Armor King (unlockable)
- Wang Jinrei (unlockable)
- Kunimitsu (unlockable)

### New characters

- Jun Kazama
- Lei Wulong
- Jack-2
- Baek Doo San (unlockable)
- Bruce Irvin (unlockable)
- Roger (unlockable)
- Alex (unlockable)
- Angel (unlockable)
Zlata's Diary

***Zlata's Diary*** was a diary  by Bosnia and Herzegovina's Zlata Filipovic. It was written between 1991 and 1993 about her life at the time. It was mostly about the Bosnian war that erupted near her  in Sarajevo. She starts the fifth grade in the beginning of 1991 and she reunites her friends and her family.

Zlata's Diary is about a girl that  lived through the Bosnian war. She kept a diary that she called  Mimmy. Her entries were always, "_Dear Mimmy_" and she'd end with, "_Your Zlata_".

Zlata was known as the Anne Frank of Bosnia. The book tells you about her difficult childhood that was stolen away from her as a child. She learned to handle deaths and tragedies throughout the young years of her life. This book is good for children as they can understand the hardships faced by children living in countries in war.
Anna Bessonova

**Anna Bessonova** (; born 29 July 1984) is a Ukrainian 2 time Olympic Bronze medalist rhythmic gymnast. She was born in Kiev, Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, the daughter of Vladimir Bessonov and Viktoria Serkyh-Bessonova.

## Career

She began training for rhythmic gymnastics at the age of three. She has won a gold medal in the 2007 Patras Rhythmic Gymnastics World Championships. She takes interest to modeling and may pursue a career in it. She is coached by Irina Deriugina and Albina Deriugina at Deriugin's School of Rhythmic Gymnastics.

## Personal life

Bessonova's father is an Dynamo Kyiv football player. Her mother used to be a rhythmic gymnast. Bessonova learned gymnastics from her mother.

After Bessonova retired, she moved to the United States and started coaching girls in Florida.

## Infobox (sportsperson)

- **name**: Anna Bezsonova
- **image**: Son Yeon-Jae at LG WHISEN Rhythmic All Stars 2011 (38).jpg
- **image size**: 230px
- **caption**: Bessonova in 2011
- **fullname**: Hanna Volodymyrivna Bessonova
- **birth place**: Kyiv, Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union
- **height**: 5 ft 9 in
- **retired**: 2010
- **show-medals**: no
- **medaltemplates**:
Basra

**Basra** (; **Al Baṣrah**) is the third largest city of Iraq with a population of about 2,600,000 (2003). It is  the country's main port. Baṣra played an important role in early Muslim history, and it was the first city built in Islam 14 A.H (after Hijra)

## Overview

The city lies at the Shatt al-Arab waterway near the Persian Gulf,  from the Persian Gulf and  from Baghdad, Iraq's capital and largest city.

## Bibliography

- Hawting, Gerald R. The First Dynasty of Islam. Routledge. 2nd ed, 2000
- Vincent, Stephen. _Into The Red Zone:  A Journey Into the Soul of Iraq_. .

## Other websites

- 2003 Basra map (NIMA)
- Boomtown Basra
- Muhammad and the Spread of Islam by Sanderson Beck
- Theological Themes
- The Qadariyya, Mu'tazila, and Shi'a
- The Textual History of the Qur'an , Arthur Jeffery, 1946
- Codex of Abu Musa al-Ashari , Arthur Jeffery, 1936

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Basra
- **other name**: Al Baṣrah
- **native name**: البصرة
- **image skyline**: File:Basra-Shatt-Al-Arab.jpg
- **image caption**: The port of Basra
- **map caption**: Location of Basra
- **pushpin map**: Iraq
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Governorate
- **subdivision name1**: Basra Governorate
- **established title**: Founded
- **established date**: AD 636
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **population as of**: 2003 Est
- **population total**: 1,700,000
Hijra

**Hijra**, as an Arabic word meaning migration (also romanised as **hijrah**, **hejira** and **hegira**) (cf. Hebrew הגירה _hagirah_ for _emigration_) could mean:

- The Hijra (Islam) (هِجْرَةٌ) is the emigration of Muhammad and his followers to the city of Medina in 622, marking the first year of the Islamic calendar, 1 AH (_anno higirae_).
- Migration to Abyssinia, in 615 CE a number of Sahaba migrated to Ethiopia
- Meccan boycott of Hashemites and Muhammad, the second migration due to the boycott in 617–619
- Migration to Medina, the third and final emigration of Muhammad and his followers to the city of Medina in 622
- Hijri year, marks the start of the Hijri year of the Islamic calendar

**Hijra** may also mean:
- Hijra (South Asia), a "third gender" in Bangladesh, Republic of India and Pakistan

**Hejira** may mean:
- _Hejira_ (album), a 1976 album by Joni Mitchell
    - "Hejira" (song), the fifth track on the album

**Hegira** may mean:

- _Hegira_ (novel), a 1979 science fiction novel by Greg Bear
- The migration of humanity to the stars in Dan Simmons' Hyperion Cantos books
- Hegira (Battletech), a term in the BattleTech universe

**Hiigara** may mean:
- Hiigara, the homeworld of the Kushan, who were forced into exile after losing a war with the Taaidan. The plot of the computer game _Homeworld_ details the return of the Kushan exiles to Hiigara. The name means "our home" in ancient Kushan language.
Hijrah

**Hijra** (هِجْرَة), or withdrawal, is the word that is used for the movement of Muhammad and most of his followers from Mecca to Medina in 622.  The Hijra marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar.  Alternate spellings of this Arabic word in the Latin alphabet are **Hijrah**, or **Hegira** in Latin.

## Chronology of the Hijra

- Day 1: Thursday 26 Safar AH 1, 9 September 622
    - Left home in Mecca. Stayed three days in the Cave of Thawr near Mecca.
- Day 5: Monday 1 Rabi' I AH 1, 13 September 622
    - Left the environs of Mecca. Traveled to the region of Yathrib.
- Day 12: Monday 8 Rabi' I AH 1, 20 September 622
    - Arrived at Quba' near Medina.
- Day 16: Friday 12 Rabi' I AH 1, 24 September 622
    - First visit to Medina for Friday prayers.
- Day 26: Monday 22 Rabi' I AH 1, 4 October 622
    - Moved from Quba' to Medina.
The Muslim dates are in the Islamic calendar extended back in time. The Western dates are in the Julian calendar. The Hijra is celebrated annually on 8 Rabi' I, about 66 days after 1 Muharram, the first day of the Muslim year. Many writers confuse the first day of the year of the Hijra with the Hijra itself, erroneously stating that the Hijra occurred on 1 Muharram AH 1 or 16 July 622.

## Related pages

- Battle of Badr

## References

- F. A. Shamsi, "The Date of Hijrah", _Islamic Studies_ **23** (1984): 189-224, 289-323.

## Other websites

- IslamiCity.com article on the Hijrah
- Articles, audios on the Hijrah
622

## Events

- July 16 — Year one of the Islamic calendar begins.
- September – Hijra (Islam) (Mohammad leave Mecca and go to Medina.)
- Xuanzang is fully ordained as a monk at the age of 20.
- The first Chinese Encyclopedia, Yiwen Leiju, is completed.

## Births

- Xue Yuanchao

## Deaths

- Prince Shotoku, Japanese prince, one of the first in that country to support Buddhism
- Andronicus, Coptic Orthodox Patriarch of Alexandria
- Li Zitong
- Lin Shihong
- Liu Wuzhou