juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Conrad Burns

**Conrad Burns** (January 25, 1935 – April 28, 2016) was a former United States Senator from the state of Montana.  He was a member of the U.S. Republican Party. He was the longest serving Republican Senator in the history of Montana. He was born near Gallatin, Missouri.

Burns died at his home in Billings, Montana on April 28, 2016 from complications of a stroke, aged 81.

## Infobox (senator)

- **name**: Conrad Burns
- **nationality**: United States, American
- **image name**: Conrad Burns official portrait.jpg
- **jr/sr**: United States Senator
- **state**: Montana
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **term start**: January 3, 1989
- **term end**: January 3, 2007
- **preceded**: John Melcher
- **succeeded**: Jon Tester
- **birth place**: Gallatin, Missouri, Gallatin, Missouri
- **occupation**: Consultant
- **alma mater**: University of Missouri
- **spouse**: Phyllis Burns
- **death place**: Billings, Montana
- **branch**: United States Marine Corps
- **serviceyears**: 1955-1957
Pat Boone

**Charles Eugene "Pat" Boone** (born June 1, 1934 in Jacksonville, Florida) is an American singer, writer and actor. He was a very successful pop musician in the 1950s and 1960s. His many hits were covers of black R&B musicians' songs. At that time black musicians were not played on white radio stations. His daughter Debby is also a singer.

According to _Billboard_, Boone was the second biggest charting artist of the late 1950s, behind only Elvis Presley.  He is a member of the Gospel Music Hall of Fame.

Boone hosted a half-hour ABC variety television series.  There were 115 episodes from 1957 to 1960. Many musical performers, including Edie Adams, Andy Williams, Pearl Bailey and Johnny Mathis were on the show.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Pat Boone
- **image**: Pat Boone by Gage Skidmore.jpg
- **caption**: Boone, February 2011
- **image size**: 210
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Charles Eugene Boone
- **birth place**: Jacksonville, Florida, Jacksonville, Florida, United States, U.S.
- **origin**: Nashville, Tennessee, Nashville, Tennessee, U.S.
- **instrument**: Vocals
- **genre**: Christian music, Christian, Pop music, pop, Country music, country, rock and roll, Patriotic song, patriotic
- **occupation**: Singer-songwriter, actor, motivational speaker, spokesman
- **years active**: 1954–present
- **label**: Republic Records, Republic, Dot Records, Dot, Tetragrammaton Records, Tetragrammaton, Melodyland (Motown), Hip-O Records, Hip-O, The Gold Label, Music Corporation of America, MCA
- **associated acts**: Debby Boone (daughter)
Hiroaki Hiraoka

is a Japanese athlete.  He is best known as a judoka.

## History

He won a silver medal at the 2009 World Judo Championships and bronze medal at the 2010 World Judo Championships.

Hiroka won the silver medal in 2012 Summer Olympics at London, in the men's under 60 kg extra-lightweight judo.

## Other websites

- Hiroaki Hiraoka at the Judoinside.com
Ben Nelson

**Earl Benjamin "Ben" Nelson** (born May 17, 1941) is a former U.S. Senator from Nebraska and member of United States Democratic Party. Before that he was 37th Governor of Nebraska. He was born in McCook, Nebraska.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Ben Nelson
- **image**: Ben Nelson official photo.jpg
- **jr/sr**: United States Senator
- **state**: Nebraska
- **term start**: January 3, 2001
- **term end**: January 3, 2013
- **predecessor**: Bob Kerrey
- **successor**: Deb Fischer
- **order1**: 37th Governor of Nebraska
- **lieutenant1**: Maxine Moul
Kim M. Robak, Kim Robak
- **term start1**: January 9, 1991
- **term end1**: January 7, 1999
- **predecessor1**: Kay A. Orr, Kay Orr
- **successor1**: Mike Johanns
- **office2**: Director of the Nebraska Department of Insurance
- **term start2**: 1975
- **term end2**: 1976
- **governor2**: J. James Exon
- **predecessor2**: James M. Jackson
- **successor2**: Berri Balka
- **birth name**: Earl Benjamin Nelson
- **birth place**: McCook, Nebraska, U.S.
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
- **spouse**: Diane Nelson
- **education**: University of Nebraska–Lincoln (Bachelor of Arts, BA, Master of Arts, MA, Juris Doctor, JD)
Tom Harkin

**Tom Harkin** (born November 19, 1939) is a retired American politician for the Democratic Party. From 1985 to 2015, he served as a junior Senator in Iowa. He also served in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1975 to 1985.

Harkin ran for the Democratic nomination for President in 1992, losing to then-Arkansas Governor Bill Clinton.

In 2013, Harkin said he would retire from the Senate after completing his fifth term in 2015.

## Infobox (senator)

- **birthname**: Thomas Richard Harkin
- **image**: Tom Harkin official portrait.jpg
- **jr/sr**: Junior Senator
- **state**: Iowa
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
- **term start**: January 3, 1985
- **term end**: January 3, 2015
- **preceded**: Roger Jepsen
- **succeeded**: Joni Ernst
- **birth place**: Cumming, Iowa
- **residence**: Cumming, Iowa
- **occupation**: Attorney
- **spouse**: Ruth Harkin
- **children**: Amy Harkin Goodrich
Jenny Harkin
- **alma mater**: Iowa State University<small>(Bachelor of Arts, B.A.)</small>

The Catholic University of America<small>(Juris Doctor, J.D.)</small>
- **branch**: United States Navy/United States Navy Reserve
- **serviceyears**: 1962–1989
- **unit**: Naval Air Facility Atsugi/Guantanamo Bay/United States Navy Reserve, Reserves
Chuck Hagel

**Chuck Hagel** (  <span style="margin-left:2px">;</span> born October 4, 1946) was the 24th Secretary of Defense and the former U.S. Senator from Nebraska. He is a member of the United States Republican Party. He has criticized the Bush Administration on many things, such as the Iraq War.

In October 2014, speaking at a meeting of defense ministers in Peru, Hagel highlighted a report’s  findings of the global security threats of climate change and global warming; stating “The loss of glaciers will strain water supplies in several areas of our hemisphere,” and “Destruction and devastation from hurricanes can sow the seeds for instability. Droughts and crop failures can leave millions of people without any lifeline, and trigger waves of mass migration.”

He was confirmed by the United States Senate on February 26, 2012 to become Secretary of Defense during Barack Obama's second term replacing Leon Panetta.

On November 24, 2014, it was announced that Hagel would resign the position of Secretary of Defense due to job stress and decisions on ISIS/ISIL.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Chuck Hagel
- **image**: Chuck Hagel Defense portrait.jpgborder
- **office**: 24th United States Secretary of Defense
- **president**: Barack Obama
- **deputy**: Ash Carter
Robert O. Work, Robert Work
- **term start**: February 27, 2013
- **term end**: February 17, 2015
- **predecessor**: Leon Panetta
- **successor**: Ash Carter
- **office1**: Chair of the President's Intelligence Advisory Board
- **president1**: Barack Obama
- **term start1**: October 28, 2009
- **term end1**: February 27, 2013
Served with David L. Boren, David Boren
- **predecessor1**: Stephen Friedman (PFIAB), Steve Friedman
- **successor1**: Shirley Ann Jackson, Shirley Jackson
Jami Miscik
- **office2**: Chair of the Intelligence Oversight Board
- **president2**: Barack Obama
- **term start2**: October 28, 2009
- **term end2**: February 27, 2013
- **predecessor2**: Stephen Friedman
- **successor2**: Daniel Meltzer, Dan Meltzer
- **jr/sr3**: United States Senator
- **state3**: Nebraska
- **term start3**: January 3, 1997
- **term end3**: January 3, 2009
- **predecessor3**: J. James Exon, James Exon
- **successor3**: Mike Johanns
- **birth name**: Charles Timothy Hagel
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **spouse**: Patricia Lloyd
Lilibet Ziller
- **children**: 2
- **education**: Brown College (Minnesota), Brown College
University of Nebraska Omaha, University of Nebraska, Omaha
- **serviceyears**: 1967–1968
- **rank**:  Sergeant
- **unit**: 47th Infantry Regiment (United States), 2nd Battalion, 47th Infantry Regiment
9th Infantry Division (United States), 9th Infantry Division
- **battles**: Vietnam War
- **mawards**: Purple Heart (2)
Commendation Medal, Army Commendation Medal
Gallantry Cross (Vietnam), Vietnam Gallantry Cross
Combat Infantryman Badge
Nancy Travis

**Nancy Travis** (born September 21, 1961 in New York City) is a television and movie actress. She is known for her roles in many movies, especially in _Three Men and a Baby_ and its sequel _Three Men and a Little Lady_. She has also been in many television sitcoms.

## Early life

Travis was born in New York City, the daughter of Theresa, a social worker, and Gordon Travis, a sales executive. Travis was raised in Boston, Massachusetts, and Baltimore, Maryland.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Nancy Travis
- **image**: Nancy Travis 2012.jpg
- **imagesize**: 240px
- **caption**: Travis in 2012
- **birth name**: Nancy Ann Travis
- **birth place**: New York City, New York (state), New York, United States, U.S.
- **nationality**: American
- **education**: New York University
- **alma mater**: Circle in the Square Theatre School
- **occupation**: Actress, producer
- **yearsactive**: 1985–present
- **spouse**: Robert N. Fried (m. 1994)
- **children**: 2
Naughty by Nature

**Naughty by Nature** are a Grammy award winning hip hop group. The group was founded in New Jersey. They formed in 1988, and their songs include _O.P.P._ from 1991 (on their own self titled album).  Other hit songs by the rap group followed over the years included _Hip Hop Hooray_ in 1992 and their high charted song _Jamboree_ in 1999.
Quai Branly Museum

The **Quai Branly Museum**, known in French as the **Musée du quai Branly – Jacques Chirac** (), is a museum in Paris. It displays art and culture from indigenous civilisations of Africa, America, Asia and Oceania. Quai Branly opened on 23 June 2006. It holds the collections of the old Musée national des Arts d'Afrique et d'Océanie, which is now closed. It contains 267,000 objects in its permanent collection. Of these, 3500 items are on display.

## Other websites

- Musée du quai Branly  (site in French, English and Spanish)
Warlimpirrnga Tjapaltjarri

**Warlimpirrnga Tjapaltjarri** (; born late 1950s) is an Australian Aboriginal artist. He is one of Australia's most well-known indigenous artists.

## Early life

Warlimpirrnga was born in the late 1950s. He was born near Lake Mackay, east of where Kiwirrkurra is today. He and his family lived a traditional nomadic way of life on the western side of Lake Mackay. They had never come into contact with European society. Warlimpirrnga's father died when he was a young boy. His mother remarried shortly after. Warlimpirrnga himself married his cousin, Yalti, sometime around 1980. He was a hunter, the family's main provider of food. He hunted with spears, mirru (spear-throwers) and boomerangs.

In 1984, when he was about 25, he finally came into contact people from outside his family. When he saw a white man for the first time, Warlimpirrnga remembers, "I couldn't believe it. I thought he was a devil, a bad spirit. He was the colour of clouds at sunrise." He and his family were settled at Kiwirrkurra. News of this group living nomadically so far into the modern world made headlines internationally.

## Painting

Warlimpirrnga started painting in 1987. He did paintings for Papunya Tula. He was taught by the other artists at the company. He finished his first painting for them in April 1987. His first public exhibition was in Melbourne, in 1988. It showed eleven of his paintings. The entire collection was bought for the National Gallery of Victoria. He has since become one of central Australia's most well-known artists.

Warlimpirrnga paints abstract images of sacred dreaming stories and songs. The stories focus around the Tingari, the ancestors of the Pintupi, spirit beings who are believed to have created all living things. His stories are about his country and sacred sites like Marruwa and Kanapilya.

His work is held in public collections across Australia, such as in the National Gallery in Canberra, the Art Gallery of New South Wales, and the National Gallery of Victoria. He also has work in galleries overseas, such as the Quai Branly Museum in Paris. In 2012, his work was shown as part of the documenta exhibition in Kassel, Germany. As of 2008, the most one of his paintings has sold for is AU$85,000.

## Other websites

- Works by Warlimpirrnga Tjapaltjarri at the Art Gallery of New South Wales
- Works by Warlimpirrnga Tjapaltjarri at the National Gallery of Victoria

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Warlimpirrnga Tjapaltjarri
- **birth date**: late 1950s
- **birth place**: hillside east of modern-day Kiwirrkurra, Western Australia
- **nationality**: Australians, Australian
- **occupation**: Painter
- **years active**: 1987 – present
- **organization**: Papunya Tula
- **style**: Aboriginal art, Western Desert art
- **spouse**: Yalti Napangati
- **children**: 4
- **relatives**:
Pintupi

**Pintupi** is an Australian Aboriginal group who are part of the Western Desert cultural group. Their homeland is in the area west of Lake MacDonald and Lake Mackay in Western Australia. This is a very remote part of Australian desert. Because of this, the Pintupi were among the last Aboriginals in Australia to leave their traditional way of life. Most of the Pintupi were displaced (forced to leave) their homeland in the middle the 20th century, because of sti testing being done at Woomera. They were moved into settlements to the east and west of their country, such as Papunya, Balgo, Haasts Bluff and even as far away as Hermannsburg. They ended up scattered into different communities. Within a few years, several hundreds of Pintupi had died from foreign disease and infection. Others had problems with alcoholism and violence – having lived in small groups for most of their lives, they found it hard to deal with conflict.

During the 1960s, the assimilationist policies of the Menzies government had a major effect on the mentality of many Pintupi. Part of the policy led to hundreds of Pintupi children being taken away from their parents and put into missions or foster care (this is now known as the Stolen Generation).

Beginning in the 1970s, there was a strong push within the Pintupi community at Papunya to return to their historical lands. They moved back west in 1981 to set up Kintore (_Waḻungurru_). Further west, Kiwirrkurra was founded in 1983, close to Lake Mackay.

## Skin groupings

The Pintupi have a complex kinship system, with eight different skin groups. Males and females have different prefixes ("Tj" for males, "N" for females). These names define kinship relationships. They dictate who can marry whom. Although they may be used as terms of address, they are not surnames in the sense used by Europeans.

- {| class="wikitable sortable"
|- bgcolor=#efefef
!Gender
!Skin name
!Can marry only
!Children will be
|-
|**Male**
|Tjapaltjarri
|Nakamarra
|Tjungurrayi, Nungurrayi
|-
|**Female**
|Napaltjarri
|Tjakamarra
|Tjupurrula, Napurrula
|-
|**Male**
|Tjapangati
|Nampitjinpa
|Tjapanangka, Napanangka
|-
|**Female**
|Napangati
|Tjampitjinpa
|Tjangala, Nangala
|-
|**Male**
|Tjakamarra
|Napaltjarri
|Tjupurrula, Napurrula
|-
|**Female**
|Nakamarra
|Tjapaltjarri
|Tjungurrayi, Nungurrayi
|-
|**Male**
|Tjampitjinpa
|Napangati
|Tjangala, Nangala
|-
|**Female**
|Nampitjinpa
|Tjapangati
|Tjapanangka, Napanangka
|-
|**Male**
|Tjapanangka
|Napurrula
|Tjapangati, Napangati
|-
|**Female**
|Napanangka
|Tjupurrula
|Tjakamarra, Nakamarra
|-
|**Male**
|Tjungurrayi
|Nangala
|Tjapaltjarri, Napaltjarri
|-
|**Female**
|Nungurrayi
|Tjangala
|Tjampitjinpa, Nampitjinpa
|-
|**Male**
|Tjupurrula
|Napanangka
|Tjakamarra, Nakamarra
|-
|**Female**
|Napurrula
|Tjapanangka
|Tjapangati, Napangati
|-
|**Male**
|Tjangala
|Nungurrayi
|Tjampitjinpa, Nampitjinpa
|-
|**Female**
|Nangala
|Tjungurrayi
|Tjapaltjarri, Napaltjarri
|}

## Related pages

- Pintupi Nine
- Papunya Tula
- Luritja
Hester Jonas

**Hester Jonas** (around 1570 in Monheim am Rhein – December 24, 1635 in Neuss) was a German midwife and cunning woman. She was executed for witchcraft and is known as the so called _Witch of Neuss_.

## Life

Jonas married the miller Peter Meurer. They moved to Neuss. There she suffered severe epileptic seizures. She worked as a midwife and was familiar with herbalism, particularly mandrake.

In November 1635 (at the age of about 64 years), she was accused of witchcraft. She was arrested, examined and tortured. The mayor of Neuss accused her of having a deal with the devil. A few years back she already had the reputation of being a witch. In the wake of growing public rumours, the authorities were forced to do something. After hearings on November 15 and 22, Jonas denied the charges. On December 19 and 20 she was put on a chair spiked with sharp nails for three hours.

After her torture she confessed falsely. She confessed to having sexual intercourse with a black man named "Hans Beelzebub". She confessed to damaging humans and animals by black magic. On the same night she escaped, but was captured again in a short time. Jonas then said her confession wasn't true, but her resistance was broken after a violent whipping the next day. She again confessed to all charges and the court sentenced her to death by beheading. On December 24 she was beheaded by an executioner. Her body was burnt and the ashes blew away in the wind.

The transcripts are still available in the city archive of Neuss.

## Trivia

- "The Ballad of Hester Jonas" by Peter Maiwald

## Further reading

- Kemmerich, Hetty. Sagt, was ich gestehen soll! Hexenprozesse. Dortmund 2004, , p. 231–236.
Papunya Tula

**Papunya Tula Artists** is a co-operative of Aboriginal Australian artists. It is owned and run by Aboriginal people of the Western Desert. It is famous for its development of the Western Desert art movement – widely referred to as "dot painting" – and is often credited with bringing Aboriginal art to the world's attention. The original group of artists started painting in the town of Papunya, but today the company is based in Alice Springs.

The origins of the company go back to 1971. Geoffrey Bardon, the school teacher at Papunya, taught the children to paint a mural using the classical style of body and sand art. Historically, paintings and designs are made by Aborigines to depict stories and songs about the dreamtime. The co-operative was formed in 1972 by a group of men from Bardon's classes. They painted spiritual designs used in ceremonial art, but using modern instruments (like acrylic paints on canvas).

As this style of art started to become famous, many in the Aboriginal community criticised the artists for revealing too many secrets from their sacred legends. Aborigines of the Western Desert believe that the knowledge of these things is dangerous; usually, a person must be initiated first, and this only happens when they are deemed "ready" by their community. In response, the artists changed or removed all detailed images of sacred symbols. In all works since then, these images have been hidden or left out completely.

In the late 1970s, many of the people at Papunya left and moved back to their traditional lands. But the company continued to grow, and it centralised in Alice Springs. In 1987, the National Gallery of Victoria bought eleven paintings by Warlimpirrnga Tjapaltjarri. As popularity of this style of art continued to grow, so did their value. In 2007, a single painting by Clifford Possum Tjapaltjarri set a record at auction for Aboriginal art. It was bought for £1.03 million, more than twice as much as the previous record-holder.

The first artists, including all of the company's founders, were men. In the early years, the men didn't like women painting. However, there was also a strong desire amongst many of the women to participate. In the 1990s large numbers of them began to create paintings.

## Other websites

- Gallery website
- Papunya Tula exhibition  at the Art Gallery of New South Wales
- Papunya Painting , an exhibition at the National Museum of Australia
- Tjukurrtjanu: Origins of Western Desert Art, an exhibition at the National Gallery of Victoria
- _Papunya Tula art movement of the Western Desert _, Australian Government portal

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: Papunya Tula Artists Pty Ltd
- **type**: Artist wikt:cooperative#Noun, co-operative
- **location city**: Alice Springs
- **location country**: Australia
- **industry**: Aboriginal art
CIS

**CIS** or **Cis** may refer to:
- Center for Immigration Studies
- Cisgender
- Confederacy of Independent Systems
- Commonwealth of Independent States
    - CIS national football team
- Center for Immigration Studies
- CIS Tower
Ham Tae-yeong

**Ham Tae-yeong** (1872-1964) was a Korean politician and independence activist. He was the 3rd Vice President of South Korea, from 1952 to 1956.
Hippocamp

The **hippocamp** (also: hippocampe, hippokamp, or hippocampus, pl: hippocampi or hippokampoi) is a sea monster in Greek mythology. The creature has a horse's body and a fish's tail. It was not commonly pictured in Classical Greek art but when it is, it is sometimes ridden by the sea god Nereus or sea nymphs. The hippocamp plays no part in any known mythological tale. The ancients believed it was the adult form of the seahorse. It draws the chariot of Poseidon and other sea divinities in the works of ancient writers and artists.
Takariya Napaltjarri

**Takariya Napaltjarri** (born early 1960s) is an Australian Aboriginal artist. She paints for the Papunya Tula artists' co-operative.

### Early life

Takariya was born in the 1960s near Lake Mackay, in Western Australia. The exact year is not known. She grew up living a traditional, nomadic way of life in the desert. Takariya's mother was named Papalya and her father was named Waku. Her father died not long after she was born. She had an older sister, Topsy, and an older brother, Warlimpirrnga.

Takariya's family lived in isolation in the desert. They had never come into contact with Euro-Australian society. Most of their relatives had been settled into towns on the edges of the desert. The group's leader, Lanti, had decided that they would stay living in the desert. Takariya and her family finally came into contact with some of their relatives in 1984. They were settled at Kiwirrkurra, on the south edge of Lake Mackay. The event was big news at the time, and the family became famously known as "the last nomads". Takariya was in her mid- to late-20s at the time.

### Kiwirrkurra

Shortly after her family arrived at Kiwirrkurra, Takariya was married to Freddy West Tjakamarra. This was a gesture between the family and the village. They later separated. A few years later, Takariya married another man, named Richard Tjakamarra.

## Painting

Takariya began painting for the Papunya Tula co-operative in June 1996. Later in the year, she had her first exhibition. It was a group exhibition called _Papunya Women_, shown at Utopia Art Gallery in Sydney. In 1997, her work was included in the _Bulada_ exhibition at the Art Gallery of New South Wales. She has also painted for Warlayirti Artists at Balgo, where her husband's family lives. Works by Takariya are held in the Art Gallery of New Wales, as well as in collections overseas.

Her paintings are of sacred dreaming stories and songs. They are mostly about the Tingari (the ancestors of the Pintupi). Takariya paints her and her mother's dreaming country. This includes places like Marrapinti, Ngalpurrunya, Ngaminya, Karilwara, Wirrulnga and Marruwa – places that are sacred to her.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Takariya Napaltjarri
- **birth date**: early 1960s
- **birth place**: Marruwa, Western Australia
- **nationality**: Australians, Australian
- **other names**: Doris Napaltjarri
- **occupation**: Painter
- **years active**: 1996–present
- **organization**: Papunya Tula
- **style**: Aboriginal art, Western Desert art
- **children**: Tatiga Napurrula
- **relatives**:
Glima

**Glíma** is an Old Norse word meaning glimpse or flash, and is
the name of the Scandinavian martial arts system used by the Vikings
over 1200 years ago.

Glima as a self-defence system contains throws, blows, kicks, chokes,
locks, and pain techniques, and is comparable with the best complete
martial arts systems from around the world. Glima as self-defence was
the foundation for the Viking warrior, and these techniques are still
practiced in Scandinavia, Europe, North America and South America.

**Glima** as a sport  is often called Viking wrestling and covers several types of Scandinavian folk wrestling: Lausatök, Brokartök and Hryggspenna. **Lausatök **(Loose-grip or Free-grip) is the most wide spread form of glima practiced in Norway. It is quite aggressive form of wrestling where the match the winner is considered the one who is standing up while the opponent is lying on the ground. **Hryggspenna** (Backhold) is a form of wrestling where the opponents take hold of each other's
upper body with a grip around the back; whoever touches the ground with any part of the body except
the feet has lost. **Brokartök** (Trouser-grip) the most widespread in Iceland and Sweden. In this type of Glima, the wrestlers hold each others trousers by the waistline, or by a special Brokartök glima belt, then attempts to trip and throw their opponent.

Christian priests regarded Glima as a pagan activity and tried to eliminate it when Scandinavia, became Christian. The people of Scandinavia however thought it good for physical and moral development and continued to practice the sport. Brokartök glima has been the national sport of Iceland for over 100 years.

## References

- Craig, Steve. _Sports and Games of the Ancients_, pages 97-99, Greenwood Publishing Group.
The Surgeon

***The Surgeon*** is a 1995 horror movie directed by Carl Schenkel. The plot involves a small boy who witnesses his brother being killed in surgery, and grows up to become a monster with a scalpel. The film stars Isabel Glasser, James Remar, Peter Boyle, Malcolm McDowell and Charles Dance. Originally titled _Exquisite Tenderness_, the film was released in Spain in 1995. Some of the footage was shot in Canada. It made about 10,000,000 in profit. It also came out in the United Kingdom and Germany.
Bohr model

In quantum mechanics, a branch of physics, the **Bohr model** is the model of the atom proposed by Niels Bohr. Bohr's model is useful only when discussing the behavior of a hydrogen atom. Bohr's model is extremely useful in describing the hydrogen emission spectrum.

### Energy Levels

The Bohr model says that the angular momentum of an electron within a hydrogen atom can only be integer multiples of a certain number.

Where _h_ is Planck's constant, π is pi, and _n_ is the multiples (1,2,3,...). This formula says that an electron will only be found on the energy levels predicted by the formula, and not anywhere in between. This means that if an electron jumps from one energy level to the next, it will never be in between energy levels, but will instantaneously be transported from one level to the other.

### Light

Bohr's model is also useful because it explains the cause of light. Bohr agreed with classical theory that light has a wave-particle duality (meaning that it is made of both electromagnetic waves and particles called photons), but he said that light was given off when an electron in a hydrogen atom jumps from a higher energy level to a lower one. Basically, if an electron with _x_ amount of energy goes to a lower state of energy and loses _y_ energy, then a photon with energy _y_ is emitted by the atom and either becomes light or some other form of radiation.

## Related pages

- Quantum mechanics
- Emission spectrum
Matter wave

In quantum mechanics, a branch of physics, a **matter wave** is when you think of matter as a wave. The concept of matter waves was first introduced by Louis de Broglie. Matter waves are hard to visualize, because we are used to thinking of matter as a physical object. De Broglie revolutionized quantum mechanics by producing the equation for matter waves.

## Wavelength of Matter

As experiments on light revealed that photons possessed both wavelike and particular properties, they were considered at the time to have a dual nature as both particles and waves. De Broglie showed that matter might exhibit such a 'wave-particle duality' as well. Basing his formula on earlier formulas, he arrived at the equation below.

Where λ is the wavelength of the object, _h_ is Planck's constant, _m_ is the mass of the object, and _v_ is the velocity of the object. An alternate and also correct version of this formula is

Where _p_ is the momentum. (Momentum is equal to mass times velocity). These equations merely say that matter exhibits a particle-like nature in some circumstances, and a wave-like characteristic at other times. Erwin Schrödinger created an advanced equation based on this formula and the Bohr model, known as the Schrödinger equation.

## Related pages

- Quantum mechanics
- Wave-particle duality
Niki Taylor

**Niki Taylor** (born March 5, 1975 in Fort Lauderdale, Florida) is an American model and was shown on multiple magazine covers, such as _Sports Illustrated_. She is also associated with cosmetics, including but not limited to CoverGirl. In 2001, she was almost killed because of a car accident, but has continued to model in spite of that accident.
Female sexual arousal disorder

**Female sexual arousal disorder** is condition where a woman has a hard time getting aroused sexually. or to maintain this arousal, until after sexual intercourse. Persistent, recurrent problems with sexual response or desire — that distress you or strain your relationship with your partner — are known medically as female sexual dysfunction.

## Types

One may experience more than one type of female sexual dysfunction. Types include:

- **Low sexual desire**: One has diminished libido, or lack of sex drive
- **Sexual arousal disorder**: One's desire for sex might be intact, but you have difficulty or are unable to become aroused or maintain arousal during sexual activity
- **Orgasmic disorder**: One has persistent or recurrent difficulty in achieving orgasm after sufficient sexual arousal and ongoing stimulation
- **Sexual pain disorder**: You have pain associated with sexual stimulation or vaginal contact

## Prevalence

Many women experience problems with sexual function at some point in their lives. Female sexual dysfunction can occur at all stages of life, and it may be ongoing or happen only once in a while.
Masashi Ebinuma

is a Japanese athlete.  He is best known as a judoka.

## Career

In 2011, Ebunuma won the World Championship for his judo weight class.

Ebinuma won the bronze medal in the men’s 66 kg judo category during the 2012 Summer Olympics.

## Other websites

- Masashi Ebinuma (JPN) at Judoinside.com
Topsy Napaltjarri

**Topsy Gibson Napaltjarri** is an Australian Aboriginal artist.

## Life

Topsy was born around 1950, in the Gibson Desert. She was born at Wirrulnga, a rockhole near what is now Kiwirrkurra, in Western Australia. She was the first child of Papalya and Waku. She grew up living in the desert, living a traditional hunter-gatherer way of life on the western side of Lake Mackay. Her family had no contact with the modern world and had never seen White people. When she was about 13, she married a man named Tommy Tjakamarra. She left her family and went with Tommy to go and live at Mount Doreen, northwest of Yuendumu. This was her first encounter with modern, Euro-Australian society. Her family was left behind in the desert and did not come out until 1984.

Topsy and Tommy lived at Papunya for a few years, but they later separated. Topsy remarried, to a man named Tony Tjakamarra, and she moved west with him to Balgo. They moved to Kiwirrkurra in 1984, not long after it was founded. She has two daughters, Yalamay (born 1973) and Lynette (born 1976), and one son.

## Painting

Topsy began painting in 1996, with her sister Takariya. Her younger brother, Warlimpirrnga, had been painting since 1987 and was already famous as an artist. She was first represented by Warlayirti Artists, the art co-operative at Balgo.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Topsy Gibson Napaltjarri
- **birth date**: Circa, c. 1950
- **birth place**: Wirrulnga, Western Australia
- **nationality**: Australians, Australian
- **other names**: Tjayika, Tjanika
- **occupation**: Painter
- **years active**: 1996–present
- **style**: Aboriginal art, Western Desert art
- **spouse**: Tommy Tjakamarra
- **relatives**:
Brett Butler

**Brett Butler** (born January 30, 1958) is an American actress and stand-up comedian. She is best known for playing Grace in the sitcom _Grace Under Fire_. She has also done other television programs and comedy acts.

Butler published _Knee Deep in Paradise_ in 1996.  The book tells about her life before her successful television program.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Brett Butler
- **image**: BrettButler.jpg
- **caption**: Brett Butler at the 1994 Emmy Awards
- **birth name**: Brett Anderson
- **birth place**: Montgomery, Alabama, United States, U.S.
- **occupation**: Actress/Comedian
- **spouse**: Charles Michael Wilson (1978–1981)
Ken Zieger (1987–1999)
- **yearsactive**: 1987–present
- **website**: [http://www.brettbutler.com/ BrettButler.com]
Nicola Porpora

**Nicola (Antonio) Porpora** (or **Niccolò Porpora**) (17 August 1686 – 3 March 1768) was a composer and a very famous singing teacher from Italy. He composed more than 40 operas. He also composed cantatas, oratorios, sonatas for violin, and church music. Some of the famous people who studied singing and music with Porpora were the poet Pietro Metastasio, the composer Joseph Haydn, Princess Maria Antonia of Bavaria, and the castrato singers, Farinelli and Caffarelli.

## Life

Porpora was born in Naples. His father, Carlo Porpora, owned a book shop. When he was ten years old, Porpora began to study music at a famous music school in Naples called the . He studied there for ten years. He composed his first opera, _Agrippina_, when he was 22 years old. It was about Agrippina the Younger, the mother of the Roman Emperor, Nero. _Agrippina_ was first performed in 1708 at the Royal Palace in Naples.

At first, Porpora worked mostly in Naples, composing music and teaching singing. In 1726 he went to live in Venice where he taught singing and composed many operas. He lived in Venice for many years. During his life he also worked in Vienna, Dresden, and London. He went back to Naples to work two or three times. The last time was in 1758. He stayed in Naples for the rest of his life. He was a teacher at two music schools there, the  and the .

He wrote his last opera in 1760. It was called  (Camilla's Triumph). It was performed at the Teatro di San Carlo in Naples, but it was not a success. He retired from teaching in 1761. In the last years of his life, he had very little money. Porpora died in 1768. He was 81 years old. He is buried in the Church of Ecce Homo in Naples. Many singers and musicians performed at his funeral.

## Recordings

There are several modern recordings of Porpora's music, especially his sonatas for violin and his church music. There is also a recording of arias from six of his operas. They are performed by the soprano, Karina Gauvin and the  orchestra, conducted by Alan Curtis.

## References

- Grove, George (1900). "Porpora, Nicola", _A Dictionary of Music and Musicians_, Volume 3, pp. 16-18. MacMillan & Co
- Randel, Don Michael (ed.) (1996). "Porpora, Nicola (Antonio)" in _The Harvard Biographical Dictionary of Music_, pp. 702-703. Harvard University Press

## Other websites

- The Porpora Project  with a longer biography of Porpora and lists of his compositions.
- Nicola Porpora at the International Music Score Library Project

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Nicola Porpora
- **image**: Nicola Antonio Porpora.jpg
- **birth place**: Naples
- **death place**: Naples
- **nationality**: Italy, Italian
- **occupation**: Composer and singing teacher
Hermannsburg, Northern Territory

**Hermannsburg** is an Aboriginal community in the Northern Territory of Australia. It is about  southwest of Alice Springs. It is known in the local Arrernte language as **Ntaria**.

In the 2006 census, Hermannsburg had a population of 559. It was established as a Lutheran mission in 1877 by two missionaries from Germany. They named their new mission after Hermannsburg in Germany where they had trained. The missionaries left in 1891, but people still lived at the settlement. The mission land was given over to traditional ownership in 1982.

The famous painter Albert Namatjira was born at Hermannsburg in 1902. He painted landscapes in Western-style watercolours. Painting in this style came to be known as the Hermannsburg School of painting.

## Other websites

- South Australian History - Hermannsburg

## Infobox (australian place)

- **type**: town
- **name**: Hermannsburg
<small>_Ntaria_</small>
- **state**: nt
- **image**: Hermannsburg NT.jpg
- **caption**: Hermannsburg Lutheranism, Lutheran church
- **postcode**: 0872
- **pop**: 625
- **stategov**: Electoral division of Namatjira, Namatjira
- **fedgov**: Division of Lingiari, Lingiari
- **dist1**: 131
- **location1**: Alice Springs, Northern Territory, Alice Springs
Kiwirrkurra Community, Western Australia

**Kiwirrkura** (also spelled **Kiwirrkurra**) is a small community in Western Australia, near to Lake Mackay. It is 850 km west of Alice Springs. It has been said to be the most remote community in Australia. It was established by Pintupi people as an outstation in the early 1980s. It became a permanent settlement in 1983. It was one of the last areas with nomadic, hunter-gatherer Aboriginals; the last group were settled here in 1984.

The town was evacuated in March 2001 because of serious floods. The population (about 170 people) were first moved to Kintore, then to Alice Springs and then finally to the Goldfields of Western Australia, over  south of Kiwirrkurra. At Alice Springs, the people drunk alcohol for the first time. This led to major conflicts and violence. The community moved back to Kiwirrkurra in late 2002. Though they had been evacuated and living in other places at the time, the Kiwirrkurra people gained native title over the area on 19 October 2001. The title covered  of the land and waters around the town.

## Infobox (australian place)

- **type**: town
- **name**: Kiwirrkura
- **state**: wa
Karl Rove

**Karl "Ham" Rove** (born December 25, 1950) is an American political consultant and a policy advisor. He was Deputy Chief of Staff under President George W. Bush. Rove is also a Fox News contributor and columnist for the _Wall Street Journal_. Rove was born in Denver, Colorado.
Ann-Margret

**Ann-Margret Olssen** (born April 28, 1941 in Valsjobyn, Sweden, more often known as just **Ann-Margret**) is a television and movie actress. She has won five Golden Globe Awards for her many performances. Her movies include _The Cincinnati Kid_ and _Carnal Knowledge_.

From 1967 until his death in 2017, she was married to actor Roger Smith.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Ann-Margret
- **image**: Ann Margret 1968.jpg
- **caption**: Ann-Margret in 1968
- **birth name**: Ann-Margret Olsson
- **birth place**: Jämtland County, Valsjöbyn, Sweden
- **occupation**: Actress, singer, dancer
- **years active**: 1961–present
Annie Potts

**Annie Potts** (born October 28, 1952 in Nashville) is an American television, movie and voice actress. She starred in the two _Ghostbusters_ movies and the first two _Toy Story_ movies. She is best known for playing Mary Jo Shively in the CBS sitcom _Designing Women_ and as Sheldon's MeeMaw in Young Sheldon. She was also in other movies.

### Animated Roles

- _Hercules_ - Syrinx
- _Randy Cunningham: 9th Grade Ninja_ - Miss Mary Elizabeth Zingwald
- _The Kwicky Koala Show_ - Additional Voices
- _Welcome to the Wayne_ - Olympia Timbers

### Live-Action Roles

- _Amazing Stories_ - Bev Binsford

### Film Roles

- _Toy Story_ - Bo Peep
- _Toy Story 2_ - Bo Peep
- _Toy Story 4_ - Bo Peep
- _Woody's Roundup: The Movie_ - Bo Peep

### Video Game Roles

- _Ghostbusters: The Video Game_ - Janine Melnitz
La Vita Nuova

***La Vita Nuova*** or ***Vita Nova*** (in English: _The New Life_) is a book written by Dante Alighieri in 1295. It is an expression of the medieval courtly love and it is written in a _prosimetrum_ style, a combination of both prose and verse. It tells the story of his love for Beatrice Portinari, who also served as the ultimate symbol of salvation in _The Divine Comedy_.
Alfa Romeo 146

The **Alfa Romeo 146** is a car produced by Alfa Romeo. It replaced the Alfa Romeo 33 in 1995, and was replaced by the Alfa Romeo 147 in 2000.

### Petrol

- _1.4_ 66 kW (90 hp)
- _1.4 Twin Spark 16V_ 76 kW (103 hp)
- _1.6_ 76 kW (103 hp)
- _1.6 Twin Spark 16V_ 88 kW (120 hp)
- _1.7 16V_ 95 kW (129 hp)
- _1.8 Twin Spark 16V_ 103 kW (140 hp) and 106 kW (144 hp)
- _2.0 ti_ 110 kW (150 hp) and 114 kW (155 hp)

### Diesel

- _1.9 JTD_ 77 kW (105 hp)
- _2.0 TD_ 66 kW (90 hp)
Alfa Romeo 166

The **Alfa Romeo 166** is a car produced by Alfa Romeo. It replaced the Alfa Romeo 164 in late 1998 and facelifted in 2003 with right hand drive production ending in 2005. It was produced until 2007 with no direct successor.

### Petrol

- _2.0 Twin Spark_ 110 kW (150 hp) and 114 kW (155 hp)
- _2.0 V6 TB_ 151 kW (205 hp)
- _2.5 V6_ 138 kW (188 hp) and 140 kW (190 hp)
- _3.0 V6_ 162 kW (220 hp) and 166 kW (226 hp)
- _3.2 V6_ 177 kW (241 hp)

### Diesel

- _2.4 JTD_ 100 kW (136 hp) and 110 kW (150 hp)
- _2.4 Multijet_ 129 kW (175 hp) and 136 kW (185 hp)

## Infobox (automobile)

- **image**: Alfa Romeo 166 front 20080303.jpg
- **name**: Alfa Romeo 166
- **manufacturer**: Alfa Romeo
- **production**: 1996 – 2007 (Right- and left-hand traffic, LHD)
1998 – 2005 (Right- and left-hand traffic, RHD)
- **model years**: 1999–2007
- **assembly**: Rivalta di Torino, Rivalta, Turin, Italy (1996–2002)
Mirafiori, Turin, Italy (2002–2007)
- **class**: Executive car (E-segment, E)
- **body style**: 4-door Sedan (car), saloon
- **layout**: Front-engine, front-wheel-drive layout, Front-engine, front-wheel-drive
- **engine**: 2.0 L Straight-4, I4 Petrol engine, petrol (_Alfa Romeo Twin Spark engine, Twin Spark_)
2.0 L _Alfa Romeo V6 engine, V6_ Turbocharger, t/c Petrol engine, petrol
2.5 L _Alfa Romeo V6 engine, V6_ Petrol engine, petrol
3.0 L _Alfa Romeo V6 engine, V6_ Petrol engine, petrol
3.2 L _Alfa Romeo V6 engine, V6_ Petrol engine, petrol
2.4 L Straight-5, I5 Turbocharger, t/c Diesel engine, diesel (_JTD engine, JTD_; Left hand drive, LHD only)
- **transmission**: 5-speed Manual transmission, manual
6-speed Manual transmission, manual
4-speed Automatic transmission, automatic (ZF Friedrichshafen, ZF ZF 4HP20 transmission, 4HP20)
5-speed Automatic transmission, automatic (Aisin, AW 50-5ECT-i)
- **width**:
  (from 2003)
- **predecessor**: Alfa Romeo 164
- **related**: Lancia Kappa
Trumpchi GA5
Trumpchi GS5
- **designer**: Walter de'Silva at Centro Stile Alfa Romeo
Yoshiaki Oiwa

is a Japanese athlete.  He is best known as an equestrian who competed in the 2008 Summer Olympics and in the 2012 Summer Olympics.

## Career

In the 2012 Olympics at London, he ranked first after dressage in the three-day eventing competition. He made history as the first Asian rider to lead any four-star three-day event after dressage.

## Related pages

- Sports in Japan
- Japan at the Olympics
Bose Corporation

**Bose Corporation** is a company that makes speakers and audio products. It is based in Framingham, Massachusetts in the United States. Bose Corporation was founded by Amar Bose, a sound engineer.
Vocational Independence Program

**Vocational Independence Program** or **VIP** was one of only 10 postsecondary schools in the United States that is known by the U.S. Department of Education as a Comprehensive Transition and Postsecondary (CTP) program for students with an intellectual disability.  In order to be accepted into the VIP program, students must be enrolled in the summer program and the interconnected program is for students 16 to 22 with special needs and provides job training and coursework in independent living, social and academic skills. Any student admitted to the VIP program must be at least 18 years of age. The IQ scores of these students are 70-143. The program was ended in June 2020 because of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Kaori Matsumoto

is a female Japanese athlete.  She is best known as a judoka who competed in the Summer Olympic Games.

She was born in Kanazawa, Ishikawa.

## Career

Matsumoto won the gold medal in the lightweight (57 kg) division at the 2010 World Judo Championships.

She won gold at the 2012 Summer Olympics in the Women's 57 kg category.

## Related pages

- Sports in Japan
- Japan at the Olympics

## Other websites

- Kaori Matsumoto (JPN) at JudoInside.com
Ren Hayakawa

is a Japanese sportswoman.  She is best known as an archer who competed in the Summer Olympic Games.

## Career

Hayakawa was part of a team which won the bronze medal in women's archery at the 2012 Summer Olympics.  Hayakawa shot her arrow into the 10-point area in her final shot of the match.

This was Japan's first Olympic medal in any team archery event.

## Related pages

- Sports in Japan
- Japan at the Olympics
- Miki Kanie
- Kaori Kawanaka
The Spoiler

***The Spoiler*** is a novel written by journalist Annalena McAfee.  It is about two women who work at a newspaper. It was published in the United States on April 10, 2012.

## Infobox (book)

- **name**: The Spoiler
- **author**: Annalena McAfee
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **genre**: Comedy
- **publisher**: Harvill Secker (UK),
 Alfred A. Knopf, Knopf (USA)
- **release date**: 2 May 2011 (UK),
April 10, 2012 (USA)
- **media type**: Print (Hardcover, Hardback & e-book)
- **pages**: 320 pp (first edition, hardback)
- **isbn**: 1846554357
- **isbn note**: (first edition, hardback)
Annalena McAfee

**Annalena McAfee** (born c.1952)  is a British writer, journalist and was the editor of _The Guardian's_ literary supplement, the _Guardian Review_ until July 2006. She has written children's books. Some of them have been translated into French, German and Dutch. McAfee is also the editor of a collection of literary profiles from _The Guardian_.

She married the British novelist Ian McEwan in 1997.

### Mainstream fiction

- _The Spoiler_ (2012)

### Youth titles

- _All the Way to the Stars_
- _Busy Baby_
- _Kirsty Knows Best_
- _Patrick's Perfect Pet_
- _The Girl Who Got to No. 1_
- _Dreamkidz and the Ice Cream that Conquered the World _
- _Why Do Stars Come Out at Night?_
- _The Visitors Who Came to Stay_
Mitsubishi Grandis

The **Mitsubishi Grandis** is a car produced by Mitsubishi Motors. It replaced the Mitsubishi Space Wagon in 2003.  It was sold in Japan, Asia, Europe, Oceania, Mexico, Honduras, Jamaica, and South America.

It won the **Best MPV** award at the _Bangkok International Motor Show_ from 2005 to 2010.

Production ended in 2011.

## Engines

- _2.4_ 121 kW (165 hp)
- _2.0 DI-D_ 100 kW (136 hp)

## Infobox (automobile)

- **image**: Mitsubishi Grandis front 20071102.jpg
- **name**: Mitsubishi Grandis
- **aka**: Mitsubishi Space Wagon
- **manufacturer**: Mitsubishi Motors
China Motor Corporation
- **production**: 2003–2011
- **assembly**: Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
Laem Chabang, Thailand
Yang Mei, Taiwan
Cainta, Rizal, Philippines
- **predecessor**: Mitsubishi Chariot
- **class**: Large MPV
- **body style**: 5-door Minivan, MPV
- **layout**: Front engine, Front wheel drive, FWD/Four wheel drive, 4WD
- **engine**: _Mitsubishi Sirius engine#4G69, 4G69_ 2.4 L straight-4, I4 MIVEC
List of Volkswagen Group diesel engines#2.0 TDI PD 100-125kW, VW 2.0 L straight-4, I4 gasoline direct injection, DI-D
- **transmission**: 5-speed manual transmission, manual
4-speed semi-automatic transmission, semi-auto _(petrol)_
6-speed manual transmission, manual _(diesel)_
- **related**: Mitsubishi Savrin
Mitsubishi Outlander
- **designer**: Olivier Boulay