juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The Snow Queen

"**The Snow Queen**" is a literary fairy tale by Hans Christian Andersen. It was first published 21 December 1844 with "The Fir Tree" in _New Fairy Tales_ _(Nye Eventyr)_. It is one of Andersen's longest stories and is divided into seven chapters. It tells the story of a mirror fashioned by demons that is shattered. A piece of the glass enters the eye and the heart of a little boy named Kai. He is carried by the Snow Queen to her palace in the far north. He is rescued by his friend Gerda. His vision and his heart are restored. The story was adapted to movies and television. It is also in the book the land of stories the enchantress returns. The story of Elsa in Frozen which is  a  famous movie is inspired by  this story of Hans Christian Andersen.

## Inspired Works

- Walt Disney Animation Studios' _Frozen_ is inspired by "The Snow Queen", although the film's plot deviates from the original fairy tale. _Frozen (2013)_ at the Internet Movie Database

## Other websites

- "The Snow Queen" English translation by Jean Hersholt

## Infobox (fairy tale)

- **name**: The Snow Queen
- **image**:
- **caption**: Illustration by Vilhelm Pedersen
- **author**: Hans Christian Andersen
- **country**: Denmark
- **language**: Danish
- **characters**: The Snow Queen
Kai
Gerda
Lapp Woman and a Finn Woman
Flower Lady
Two Ravens
Little Robber Girl
Prince and Princess
- **genre**: Literary fairy tale
- **published in**: _New Fairy Tales_
- **publication type**: Fairy tale collection
- **publisher**: C. A. Reitzel
- **media type**: Print
- **pub date**: 21 December 1844
- **notable adaptations**: _The Snow Quenn_ (animated movie)
Province of Zara

The **Italian Province of Zara** (1941-1943) was an administrative section of the Governorate of Dalmatia. It was created during World War II by the Italian government with _Regio Decreto Legge_ of May 18, 1941.

## Characteristics

The Province of Zara was part of the Italian Governorate of Dalmatia and had an area of 3,179 km² with a population of 211,900 inhabitants. It had included the two main cities of Zara (Zadar) and Sebenico (Sibenik).

The province bordered the Independent State of Croatia and to the south the Province of Spalato. The "Capoluogo" (administrative center) was Zara, where there was the "Tribunal" and the main administrative offices.

There were 20 municipalities (called in Italian: Comuni):

- Zara / Zadar
- Bencovazzo / Benkovac
- Bosavia / Božava
- Chistagne / Kistanje
- Eso Grande / Iž Veliki (Iž Veli)
- Nona / Nin
- Novegradi / Novigrad
- Obbrovazzo / Obrovac
- Oltre / Preko
- Sale / Sali
- Scardona / Skradin

- Sebenico / Šibenik
- Selve / Silba
- Stancovazzo / Stankovici
- Stretto / Tijesho
- Timeto di Zara / Smilčić
- Vodizze / Vodice
- Zaravecchia / Biograd
- Zemonico / Zemunik
- Zlarino / Zlarin

## Territory of Zara

The province was an enlargement of the "Territory of Zara" obtained by the Kingdom of Italy after WWI. Indeed in 1937 this small territory had an area of just 110.21 km² and a population of 25,000 inhabitants, concentrated in the city of Zara.

## Related pages

- Spalato (Italian province)
- Cattaro (Italian province)
- Dalmatian Italians
- Italian cultural and historic presence in Dalmatia
- Venice and Dalmatia

## Bibliography

- Gambaro, Francesca. _La città della memoria. Storie di vita di esuli da Zara nel secondo dopoguerra_, Venezia: Alcione editore, 2010, http://lacittadellamemoria.wordpress.com/
- Lago, Valentino. _Memorie sulla Dalmazia_. Venezia: Stabilimento Grimaldo, 1868.-1870.
- Mileta, Olinto. _Popolazioni dell'Istria, Fiume, Zara e Dalmazia_. Edizioni A.D.ES. Trieste, 2005
- Praga, Giuseppe. _Storia di Dalmazia. Dall'Oglio editore_. Varese, 1981
- Vignoli, Giulio, _I territori italofoni non appartenenti alla Repubblica Italiana_, Giuffrè editore, Milano, 1995
Gingerbread Man (fairy tale)

"**The Gingerbread Man**" (sometimes, "**The Gingerbread Boy**") is an American fairy tale. It is a variant of the European runaway pancake story. The American version first appeared in the May 1875 issue of_ St. Nicholas Magazine_.

The story tells of a Gingerbread Man who runs away from the old woman who baked him. He is chased by several people and animals. A crafty fox finally eats him. The tale is known for the title character's chant: "Run, run, run as fast as you can!/You can't catch me, I'm the Gingerbread Man!" Gingerbread men were popular characters in children's stories of the late 19th century. The most notable gingerbread character was L. Frank Baum's John Dough. The Gingerbread Man also appears in the movie _Shrek._

## 1875 story

In the _1875 St. Nicholas tale_, a childless old woman bakes a gingerbread man who jumps out of the oven and runs away. The woman and her husband chase after him but are unable to catch him. The gingerbread man then outruns several farm workers, men, and animals.

- I've run away from a little old woman,
- A little old man,
- And I can run away from you, I can!

The tale ends with a fox catching and eating the gingerbread man who cries as he is devoured, "I'm quarter gone...I'm half gone...I'm three-quarters gone...I'm all gone!"

## Infobox (fairy tale)

- **name**: The Gingerbread Man
- **image**:
- **caption**: 1918 illustration
- **author**: Jim Aylesworth
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **characters**: Gingerbread Man
Old Woman
Fox
- **genre**: Literary fairy tale
- **published in**: _St. Nicholas Magazine_
- **publication type**: Magazine
- **media type**: Print
- **pub date**: May 1875
Richie Havens

**Richard "Richie" Havens** (January 21, 1941 – April 22, 2013) or **Richard P. Havens**; was an American folk singer and guitarist who performed at Woodstock 1969. He also performed cover versions of famous popular songs.

Havens was born on January 21, 1941 in Brooklyn, New York City. He died due to a heart attack in Jersey City, New Jersey, April 22, 2013 at 72.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Richie Havens
- **image**: Richie Havens - 1974-agency.jpg
- **caption**: Havens in 1974
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth place**: Brooklyn, New York City, U.S
- **death place**: Jersey City, New Jersey, U.S.
- **instrument**: Singing, Vocals, guitar, sitar
- **genre**: Folk rock, funk
- **occupation**: Musician, songwriter, activist
- **years active**: 1965–2013
- **label**: Verve Records, Verve Forecast, Universal Music Group, Universal, Stormy Forest Records, Stormy Forest, MGM Records, MGM, A&M Records, A&M, PolyGram Records, PolyGram, Solar Records, Solar, Epic Records, Epic, Sony Music Entertainment, SME, Rykodisc Records, Rykodisc
Jessica McClure

**Jessica McClure Morales** (March 26, 1986), better called **Baby Jessica**, became famous at eighteen months because of an ordeal in Midland, Texas in which she tumbled into a well on Wednesday, October 14, 1987. Between then and October 16, workers spent almost 58 hours to free her from the 8 inch wide well casing 22 feet below the ground. This story gained worldwide attention, and became the subject of a television movie two years following the incident.
GoldenEye 007 (2010 video game)

***GoldenEye 007*** is a first-person shooter video game for the Nintendo Wii and Nintendo DS. It is a modern retelling of the _GoldenEye_ movie, and a remake of the 1997 Nintendo 64 game _GoldenEye 007_. It was released in North America on November 2, 2010, in Europe on November 5, 2010, and in Japan on June 30, 2011. The game's main character is James Bond, Agent 007. A version of the game with better graphics and sound titled _GoldenEye 007: Reloaded_ was released for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 in 2011.

While keeping the same gameplay as the Nintendo 64's _GoldenEye 007_, modern elements of first-person shooter games such as environments that can be destroyed and a health meter that fills up after a while of not taking damage are added to the game. Levels from the Nintendo 64's _GoldenEye 007_ have been changed due to the game's changed storyline. Players can use the Wii Remote and Nunchuk combination, the Wii Zapper, Classic Controller, Classic Controller Pro, or Nintendo GameCube controller.

The game features both local multiplayer for four players and online multiplayer for up to eight players. Online play is done through the free Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection service.

## Infobox (video game)

- **title**: GoldenEye 007
- **developer**: Eurocom (Wii)
n-Space (DS)
- **publisher**: Activision
- **writer**: Bruce Feirstein
- **composer**: David Arnold
Kevin Kiner
- **genre**: First-person shooter
- **series**: _James Bond_
- **modes**: Single-player video game, Single-player, Multiplayer video game, multiplayer
- **platforms**: Wii, Nintendo DS
Constitution of Japan

The **Constitution of Japan** is the legal document that lays out the rules of how Japan is governed. It dates 3 November 1946 on creation and from 3 May 1947 it entered into force, when it replaced the earlier Meiji Constitution, by legal process of earlier Constitution.

This Constitution consists Preamble, affirming that Japanese people should contribute for all human being to live in peace and tolerance, free from fear and want and 11 Chapters, and contrary to former Constitution, it ensure all human rights as unalienable, both civil rights and economic, social and cultural rights (at Chapter III), Article 98 affirms that any laws or orders against the Constitution are invalid and international law must be earnestly observed, Article 99 says that Empire and all public sector have duty to respect and observe the Constitution and the Article 9 of Chapter II prohibits all war and army for purpose of making war.

Jiminto wants to change it.

## Other websites

- Full Text of Constitution

## Infobox (constitution)

- **document name**: Constitution of Japan
- **image**: Nihon Kenpo01.jpg
- **caption**: Preamble of the Constitution
- **orig lang code**: ja
- **jurisdiction**: Japan
- **date presented**: 3 November 1946
- **date effective**: 3 May 1947
- **system**: Unitary state, Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy
- **branches**: Three
- **head of state**: _None_
- **chambers**: Bicameral (National Diet: House of Representatives (Japan), House of Representatives, House of Councillors)
- **executive**: Cabinet of Japan, Cabinet, led by a Prime Minister of Japan, Prime Minister
- **courts**: Supreme Court of Japan, Supreme Court
- **federalism**: Administrative divisions of Japan, Unitary
- **date first executive**: 24 May 1947
- **date first court**: 4 August 1947
- **number amendments**: 0
- **location of document**: National Archives of Japan
- **writer**: Milo Rowell, Courtney Whitney, and other United States Armed Forces, US military lawyers working for the US-led Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers, Allied GHQ; subsequently reviewed and modified by members of the National Diet#History, Imperial Diet
- **signers**: Emperor Shōwa
- **supersedes**: Meiji Constitution
- **wikisource**: Constitution of Japan
The Little Match Girl

"**The Little Match Girl**" is a story by Hans Christian Andersen. It was first published in December 1845. Andersen got the idea to write the story after seeing a print by Johan Thomas Lundbye of a little girl selling matches. The story has been adapted to various media including an animated movie.

## Story

A little match girl in poverty lights all the matches she carries to keep herself warm on a cold New Year's Eve. Afraid of beating by her father when she could not sell any match, she could not return home. In the glow of the firelight, she saw  four vision and one of them was of a wonderful Christmas tree and a festive dinner. In the sky, she sees a shooting star, which her late grandmother had told means someone is on their way to Heaven. The last vision is her dead grandmother, the only person to ever show her any love. The little match girl dies in the cold, and ascends into Heaven with her grandmother.

## Related pages

- Near death experience
- Child labour

## Other websites

- "The Little Match Girl" Jean Hersholt's English translation
- _Den Lille Pige med Svovlstikkerne_  Original Danish text
- Surlalune : The Annotated Little Match Girl
- "The Little Matchgirl" Creative Commons audiobook

## Infobox (fairy tale)

- **name**: The Little Match Girl
- **image**:
- **caption**: Illustration by Bayes
- **author**: Hans Christian Andersen
- **country**: Denmark
- **language**: Danish
- **characters**: The Little Match Girl
Grandmother
- **genre**: Literary fairy tale
- **published in**: _Dansk Folkekalender for 1846_
- **media type**: Print
- **pub date**: December 1845
The Steadfast Tin Soldier

"**The Steadfast Tin Soldier**" is a literary fairy tale by Hans Christian Andersen. The story was first published in Copenhagen, Denmark by C.A. Reitzel on 2 October 1838 in the first booklet of _Fairy Tales Told for Children._ The booklet includes Andersen's "The Daisy" and "The Wild Swans". The story was Andersen’s first story not based upon a folk tale or a literary model.  "The Steadfast Tin Soldier" has been adapted to various media including ballet and animated movie.

The story tells of a tin soldier who loves a paper ballerina. He falls from the window in the toy room. After many adventures, he is returned to the toy room. A little boy throws the tin soldier in the fire. A breeze blows the paper ballerina into the fire. The two toys are destroyed together.

Joan G. Haahr writes in _The Oxford Companion to Fairy Tales_: "The story is unusual among Andersen's early tales, both in its emphasis on sensual desire and in its ambiguities. Blind fate, not intention, determines all events. Moreover, the narrative questions the very decorum it praises. The tin soldier's passive acceptance of whatever happens to him, while exemplifying pietistic ideals of self-denial, also contributes to his doom. Were he to speak and act, the soldier might gain both life and love. Restrained, however, by inhibition and convention, he finds only tragedy and death. The tale is often read autobiographically, with the soldier viewed as symbolizing Andersen's feelings of inadequacy with women, his passive acceptance of bourgeois class attitudes, or his sense of alienation as an artist and an outsider, from full participation in everyday life."

## Other websites

- "Den Standhaftige Tinsoldat" . Original Danish text
- "Den Standhaftige Tinsoldat". Original Danish text (Royal Library)
- “The Steadfast Tin Solder“. English translation by Jean Hersholt

## Infobox (fairy tale)

- **name**: The Steadfast Tin Soldier
- **image**:
- **caption**: Illustration by Vilhelm Pedersen
- **title orig**: Den standhaftige Tinsoldat
- **author**: Hans Christian Andersen
- **country**: Denmark
- **language**: Danish
- **characters**: Tin Soldier
Paper Ballerina
Jack in the Box
- **genre**: Literary fairy tale
- **published in**: _Fairy Tales Told for Children_
- **publication type**: Fairy tale collection
- **publisher**: C. A. Reitzel
- **media type**: Print
- **pub date**: 2 October 1838
- **notable adaptations**: _The Steadfast Tin Soldier_ (Ballets by Bournonville and Balanchine)
Haley Bennett

**Haley Bennett** (born January 7, 1988) is an American singer and actress. Her movies include _The Haunting of Molly Hartley_ and _Music and Lyrics By_. She was born in Fort Myers, Florida. Bennett also acted in other movies.

## Other websites

- Official website
Jessica Poland

**Jessica Charlotte Poland** (born January 15, 1988), also known by her stage names **JPOLND**, **Charlotte Sometimes**, and **Laces**, is an American singer-songwriter. She is from New York State. She grew up around New Jersey.

Poland has had four EPs and a full-length studio album.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Jessica Poland
- **website**: [http://www.lacesmusic.com/ www.lacesmusic.com]
- **associated acts**: LACES, BRZY
- **label**: Sony/ATV Music Publishing, Sony/ATV
- **years active**: 2007–present
- **instrument**: Vocals, guitar
- **occupation**: Singer, musician, songwriter
- **origin**: Wall Township, New Jersey, U.S.
- **background**: solo_singer
- **alias**: Charlotte Sometimes, Jessica Vaughn
- **birth name**: Jessica Charlotte Poland
- **caption**: Performing in 2016 as Laces.
- **image**: Jessie Poland 2016.jpg
Turpan

**Turpan**, also referred to **Turfan** or **Tulufan** in Chinese, is an oasis county-level city in Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China.

## Background

Historically, Turpan is an important ancient stop on the Silk Road in China.http://www.thesilkroadchina.com/tourist-map-of-silkroad.html Turpan means 'the lowest place' in Uygur and 'the fertile land' in Turki. Now the city is a tourist spot with unique landscape, abundant historical relics and fertile farmland.

## Other websites

- Photos of Turpan Attractions
Ürümqi

Ü**rümqi** is the capital city of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (East Turkestan) in northwest China. It is at the foot of the Tianshan Mountains.

## Background

With a population of two million people, this prairie city is a major hub on the ancient Silk Road http://www.thesilkroadchina.com/tourist-map-of-silkroad.html, leading to Central Asia and even as far as Europe. It developed its reputation as a leading cultural and commercial center during the Qing Dynasty.

Ürümqi, whose name means "beautiful pasture" in the Mongolian language of the Dzungar people, is the largest city in China's western interior. Since the 1990s Ürümqi has developed economically and is now a regional transport node, cultural, and commercial centre.

## Other websites

- Images & Photos of Urumqi Sights
Visual poetry

**Visual poetry** is poetry in which the typographical arrangement of words and images is important in conveying the intended effect. It was influenced by Fluxus, the international artistic movement of the 1960s, well known for blending different disciplines and artistic media.

## References

- Willard Bohn: _The Aesthetics of Visual Poetry, 1914-1928._  University Of Chicago Press, 1993.
- Dick Higgins: _Synesthesia and Intersenses: Intermedia._ 1965, Originally published in Something Else Newsletter 1, No. 1 (Something Else Press, 1966).
- Litsa Spathi: _Rail Track._ 2008, Originally published by Fluxus Heidelberg Center, 2008
- Crag Hill and Nico Vassilakis (editors): _The Last Vispo Anthology: Visual Poetry 1998-2008. _ Fantagraphics, 2012.

## Other websites

- Visual Poetry in the Avant Writing Collection at The Ohio State University Libraries
- e-motive: Visual Poetry in the Digital Age
- From Concrete to Visual Poetry by Klaus Peter Dencker
- Example of Visual poetry found on Youtube.com today
Billy The Kid (book)

***Billy the Kid*** is the story of a boy who has a dream to become a professional footballer. The book was published in 2000 and was written by Michael Morpurgo. It is illustrated by Michael Foreman.

## The story

Most of the book is set during World War II. Throughout the story, Billy, the main character, has to cope with a lot of sadness and loss. Whilst playing football in the local park, he is scouted by the club of his dreams: Chelsea FC. But his mood quickly changes when his brother dies in the war. This persuades Billy to join the army.

## Inspiration for the book

The idea for the book came about when Michael Foreman took Michael Morpurgo to a Chelsea game and pointed out the Chelsea pensioners, who get free tickets for every game. Morpurgo was fascinated to learn that one pensioner chose to pay for his ticket still so he could sit with the same fans he did during his childhood.
Mimaropa

**MIMAROPA**, also known as **Southern Tagalog Islands**, now officially known as the **Southwestern Tagalog Region**, is a region of the Philippines. It was also called **Region IV-B**. The provinces of the region are Occidental Mindoro, Oriental Mindoro, Marinduque, Romblon, and  Palawan. The capital is Calapan.

Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National Park and El Nido Marine Reserve Park are in the region.

## History

The MIMAROPA region was created by Executive Order No. 103 in 2002.
Palawan

**Palawan** () is a province of the Philippines.  It is in the western MIMAROPA region.

## List of municipalities

The province includes many local governments.

- Mainland municipalities

- Aborlan
- Bataraza
- Brooke's Point
- Dumaran
- El Nido (Bacuit)
- Narra
- Quezon
- Rizal (Marcos)
- Roxas
- San Vicente
- Sofronio Española
- Taytay

- Island municipalities

- Agutaya
- Araceli
- Balabac
- Busuanga
- Cagayancillo
- Coron
- Culion
- Cuyo
- Kalayaan (Spratly Islands)
- Linapacan
- Magsaysay

## Other websites

- Palawan Province website
Kalayaan, Palawan

**Kalayaan** is a Philippine municipality in the province of Palawan.  It is in the eastern part of the South China Sea.

## History

In 1978, the Presidential Decree No. 1596 established the municipality as part of Palawan.

Control of the seas around Kalayaan is disputed.  The 2010 Philippine census identifies a population of 200+ people.

## Geography

Kalayaan is in the eastern part of the South China Sea.  The Phillipines claims that these mostly uninhabited off-shore islands are in an area which is distinct from the Spratly Islands.

Kalayaan has a land area of approximately 85 hectares.

## Related pages

- Spratly Islands

## Other websites

- ""Kalayaan Islands group," _Atlas of Philippine Coral Reefs_
San Diego Convention Center

The **San Diego Convention Center** is the main convention center in San Diego, California. It is in the Marina district of downtown San Diego. The center is managed by the San Diego Convention Center Corporation.

The convention center has  of exhibit area. As of 2009 it was the 24th largest convention center in North America. It was designed by Canadian architect Arthur Erickson.  The building can hold 125,000 people.

The center's best known feature is the Sails Pavilion. It is a  exhibit and special event area. The Sails Pavilion's roof includes Teflon-coated fiberglass "sails". They are intended to show San Diego's maritime history. The Pavilion was first built as an open-air facility under the roof. This made it hard to get people to use it. Because of this, the Pavilion area was enclosed in glass. This made it much more usable.

## History

San Diego  approved the construction of a new convention center in 1983. It was built on land owned by the Port of San Diego. Construction of the building began in March 1987 and was finished in November 1989. The center was made larger in September 2001 by doubling its square footage.

Notable events hosted at the convention center include the Comic Con International convention. It hosted the 1996 Republican National Convention, which nominated Bob Dole and Jack Kemp for President and Vice President of the United States.

## Infobox (convention center)

- **name**: San Diego Convention Center
- **image**: San Diego Convention Center.jpg
- **image size**: 300px
- **image caption**: View of the center from the San Diego Bay
- **address**: 111 West Harbor Drive
- **location**: San Diego, California
- **built**: March 1987 - November 1989
- **opened**: November 1989
- **expanded**: September 2001
- **construction cost**: $164 million
 ($ in  dollars)
- **parking**: 1950 spaces
- **publictransit**: Convention Center (San Diego Trolley station)
Burning of Jaffna Public Library

The **burning of the Jaffna Public Library** () was an attack at the central library in the city of Jaffna, Sri Lanka. It was one of the events that led up to the Sri Lankan Civil War. The first attack on the library building was on 1 June 1981. A group of Sinhalese rioters burned the library that was one of the important libraries in Sri Lanka and one of the biggest in Asia.

This was one of the most violent examples of ethnic-based book burnings of the 20th century. At the time of its destruction, the library was one of the biggest in Asia, containing over 97,000 books and manuscripts.

In 1984 the library was repaired. However, the civil war had begun the previous year. The building was burned several times during the years of fighting, until 1998 when the president tried to make peace between the Sinhalese and Tamil sides. In 2003 the rebuilt library reopened again.

## Other websites

- About Jaffna Library in Tamil
- Official website of the Jaffna library
- Jaffna library vandalized 2010
- Documentary on the burning of the library by Someetharan
- History of the Jaffna public library
- Burning Books  - Reported by Kevin Sites
Polk County, Iowa

**Polk County** is a county in the U.S. state of Iowa. As of the 2020 census, 492,401 people lived there. It the most populous county in Iowa. The county seat is Des Moines,. Des Moines is also the capital city of Iowa. Polk County is one of the five counties that make up the Des Moines-West Des Moines Metropolitan Statistical Area.

## History

Polk County was formed on January 13, 1846. It was named after President James K. Polk. The first courthouse was built in 1846. Construction of a second courthouse was begun in 1858.  It was finished in 1866.

## Geography

The county has a total area of . Of this,  (or 96.19%) is land and  (or 3.81%) is water.  The county is bisected by the Des Moines River

### Adjacent counties

- Boone County  (northwest)
- Story County  (north)
- Jasper County  (east)
- Marion County  (southeast)
- Warren County  (south)
- Madison County  (southwest)
- Dallas County  (west)

## Other websites

- Polk County government's website
- Historic Polk County Church: [Ankeny Christian Church, Dave Clark pastor]

## Infobox (u.s. county)

- **county**: Polk County
- **state**: Iowa
- **ex image**: Polk County Courthouse; Des Moines, Iowa; July 2, 2013.JPG
- **ex image size**: 270px
- **ex image cap**: Polk County Courthouse
- **flag**: Flag of Polk County, Iowa.svg
- **founded date**: January 13
- **founded year**: 1846
- **seat wl**: Des Moines
- **largest city wl**: Des Moines
- **area total sq mi**: 592
- **area land sq mi**: 574
- **area water sq mi**: 18
- **area percentage**: 3.0
- **population as of**: 2020
- **population total**: 492401
- **population density sq mi**: auto
- **time zone**: Central
- **web**: https://www.polkcountyiowa.gov/
- **named for**: James K. Polk
Book of hours

A **book of hours** is a breviary containing prayers, Psalms, antiphons, and other materials to be recited at the canonical hours. These books were popular during the Middle Ages for common use among the nobility and the clergy. One of the most famous is the _Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry_.
Breviary

A **breviary** is a liturgical book that contains the Divine Office assigned to the canonical hours. They must be recited by those in religious orders.
Defender of the Faith

**Defender of the Faith** (Latin: Fidei Defensor) is a title belonging to the leader of the Church of England. It was originally conferred upon King Henry VIII of England by Pope Leo X on 11 October 1521 as a reward for the king having written a pamphlet in defense of the sacraments against Martin Luther (_Declaration of the Seven Sacraments Against Martin Luther_).  King James V of Scotland received a similar title from Pope Paul III.

When Henry broke with the Roman Catholic Church, Pope Paul III took the title away. It was returned to the king by Parliament in 1544. The abbreviation Fid. Def. or the letters F.D. have appeared on British coinage from the time of George I. Defender of the Faith is a title still carried by British monarchs.
Epistolary

**Epistolary** is something written in the form of a letter. It may refer to the following art forms:
- Epistolary novel
- Epistolary poem
- Epistle
    - General epistles
    - Pauline epistles
Lady chapel

A **Lady chapel** is a small chapel dedicated to the Virgin Mary. It can also be called **Mary chapel** or a **Marian chapel**.
Lammas Day

**Lammas Day** is August 1. It is an old and seldom used name for the feast of Saint Peter-in-Chains.

## References

- _The Catholic Concise Encyclopedia_. 1956. Simon & Schuster. p. 217.
Epic Mickey

***Epic Mickey*** is a platform video game for the Nintendo Wii game console. It was developed by Junction Point Studios and published by Disney Interactive Studios. It was released in Europe on November 26, 2010, in North America on November 30, 2010, and in Japan on August 4, 2011.

The game stars Mickey Mouse, who accidentally damages a world of forgotten Disney characters and concepts. He uses a magic paintbrush to fight enemies. The game is intended to re-brand the Mickey Mouse character by focusing his adventurous side rather than his pleasant, cheerful side, doing so by showing him as an heroic character. The game is darker and more complex than previous Mickey Mouse games. It features the first appearance of Oswald the Lucky Rabbit, Disney's first successful cartoon character, as a major character since 1943.

A sequel, _Epic Mickey 2: The Power of Two_, was released for the Wii, PlayStation Vita, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, and Wii U in 2012. And also _Epic Mickey: Power of Illusion_ release in 2013, for Nintendo 3DS.

## Other websites

- Official U.S. website
- Official UK Website

## Infobox (video game)

- **title**: Epic Mickey
- **image**: Epic Mickey logo.png
- **developer**: Junction Point Studios
- **publisher**: Disney Interactive Studios
- **designer**: Warren Spector
- **composer**: James Dooley (composer), James Dooley
- **engine**: Gamebryo using Havok (software), Havok
- **genre**: Platform game, Platform
- **modes**: Single-player
- **platforms**: Wii
Game & Wario

***Game & Wario*** is a party video game in the _Wario_ series released for the Wii U game console. It was developed by Nintendo Software Planning & Development and published by Nintendo. It was released in Japan on March 28, 2013, in North America on June 23, 2013, and in Europe on June 28, 2013. The game has 16 minigames which are played with the Wii U GamePad. Some minigames are single-player games, while others are multiplayer games that can be played with up to five players.

### Single

- Wario (Arrow)
- Mona (Shutter)
- Jimmy T. (Ski)
- Kat & Ana (Patchwork)
- Young Cricket & Master Mantis (Kung Fu)
- 9-Volt & 18-Volt (Gamer)
- Dr. Crygor (Design)
- Ashley & Red (Ashley)
- Dribble & Spitz (Taxi)
- Captain Wario (Pirates)
- Wario & his Friends (Bowling)
- Pyoro (Bird)

### Multi

- Orbulon (Sketch)
- Penny (Fruit)
- Fronk (Islands)
- Mike (Disco)

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (vg)

- **title**: Game & Wario
- **developer**: Nintendo SPD
Intelligent Systems
- **publisher**: Nintendo
- **director**: Goro Abe
Naoko Mori
- **producer**: Yoshio Sakamoto
Toshio Sengoku
Naoki Nakano
- **artist**: Daisuke Yasumatsu
- **composer**: Masanobu Matsunaga
Takeru Kanazaki
Hiroki Morishita
Sho Murakami
Yoshito Sekigawa
- **series**: _Wario (series), Wario_
- **platforms**: Wii U
The Fir Tree

"**The Fir Tree**" is a literary fairy tale by Hans Christian Andersen. It was published with "The Snow Queen" in Copenhagen, Denmark on 21 December 1844. The story tells of a fir tree unhappy with his life in the forest. He is cut and taken to the city where he becomes a decorated Christmas tree. He is thrilled, but the excitement is shortlived. One day he is discarded.

## Other websites

- "The Fir Tree" English translation by Jean Hersholt

## Infobox (fairy tale)

- **name**: The Fir Tree
- **image**:
- **caption**: Illustration by Vilhelm Pedersen
- **author**: Hans Christian Andersen
- **country**: Denmark
- **language**: Danish
- **genre**: Literary fairy tale
- **published in**: _New Fairy Tales_
- **publication type**: Fairy tale collection
- **publisher**: C. A. Reitzel
- **media type**: Print
- **pub date**: 21 December 1844
Jack and the Beanstalk

"**Jack and the Beanstalk**" is an English fairy tale. The story tells of a boy named Jack who climbs a magic beanstalk and finds treasures that make him rich, including a goose that lays golden eggs. In the process, he defeats a wicked giant. The story first appeared in print about 1730. It has been adapted to various media such as television programs and movies
Sonic Advance

***Sonic Advance*** is a platform video game for the Game Boy Advance. It was developed by Sonic Team and published by Sega in Japan, by THQ in North America, and by Infogrammes in Europe and Australia. It was released in Japan on December 20, 2001, in North America on February 4, 2002, and in Europe on March 23, 2002. It is the first _Sonic the Hedgehog_ game on the Game Boy Advance, and the second on a Nintendo console. A version titled ***Sonic N*** was later released for the N-Gage on October 7, 2003.

## Gameplay

The game follows Sonic and his friends as they try to stop Dr. Eggman from taking over South Island. Four characters are playable in the game: Sonic, Tails, Knuckles, and Amy. Each character has their own special ability: Sonic can defeat enemies with a shield attack, Tails can fly, Knuckles can glide and climb on walls, and Amy can attack enemies with her hammer (the other characters defeat enemies by jumping on them). The game marks the first appearance of Amy in a 2D _Sonic_ game.

Also featured in the game is the Tiny Chao Garden. Here, players raise a creature called a Chao as a digital pet. Rings that players collect in the main game can be used to buy things such as fruit and toys.

## Other websites

- _Sonic Advance_ at MobyGames
- _Sonic Advance_ at GameFAQs

## Infobox (video game)

- **image**: Sonic Advance logo.svg
- **caption**: Logo
- **developer**: Sonic Team
Dimps
- **producer**: Yuji Naka
Hiroshi Matsumoto
- **director**: Akinori Nishiyama
- **artist**: Yuji Uekawa
- **composer**: Tatsuyuki Maeda
Yutaka Minobe
- **released**: **Game Boy Advance**
**N-Gage**
**Android**

- **genre**: Platform game, Platform, action game, action
- **modes**: Single-player video game, Single-player, multiplayer video game, multiplayer
- **platforms**: Game Boy Advance, Nokia N-Gage, Android (operating system), Android
- **series**: _Sonic the Hedgehog_
Lauren Storm

**Lauren Marlene Storm** (born January 2, 1987) is an American actress. She acts in movies and television. She played Taylor Hagen in the TV show _Flight 29 Down_. She played Teresa Kilmer in the 2009 movie _I Love You, Beth Cooper_. Storm was born in Chicago. She is also a painter.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Lauren Marlene Storm
- **citizenship**: United States of America
- **occupation**: Actress
Equalization (audio)

In sound recording, **equalization** is the process commonly used to change the frequency response of an audio system using linear filters. An **equalizer** is the device which is used to control the frequencies. Using an equalizer, different bands of sound (range of frequencies) can be adjusted to output at a lower output volume or higher output volume depending on what the user selects.
Rocky Balboa (movie)

***Rocky Balboa*** (also known as ***Rocky VI***) is the sixth film in the Rocky series, written, directed by and starring Sylvester Stallone. It is also the sequel to _Rocky V_.

## Infobox (film)

- **name**: Rocky Balboa
- **border**: yes
- **director**: Sylvester Stallone
- **writer**: Sylvester Stallone
- **producer**: Charles Winkler
Billy Chartoff
David Winkler
Kevin King
- **starring**: Sylvester Stallone
Burt Young
Antonio Tarver
Milo Ventimiglia
Geraldine Hughes
Tony Burton
James Francis Kelly III
Lou DiBella
- **music**: Bill Conti
- **editing**: Sean Albertson
- **cinematography**: Clark Mathis
- **studio**: Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
Columbia Pictures
Revolution Studios
Rogue Marble
- **distributor**: MGM/UA Distribution
- **runtime**: 100 minutes
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **budget**: $24 million
- **gross**: $155,721,132
Dani Filth

**Dani Filth** (born **Daniel Lloyd Davey**, born 25 July 1973) is an English singer. He is the founder and lead singer of the extreme metal band Cradle of Filth.

He co-wrote a book with Gavin Baddeley titled _The Gospel of Filth_ which documented the history of the band. He also appeared in the movie _Cradle of Fear_ where he portrayed The Man.  He has been accused of being a Satanist, but denounced the claims and said that he was "more of a Luciferian". He was ranked at #95 in the _Top 100 Heavy Metal Vocalists_ by Hit Parader.

## Other websites

- Cradle of Filth website

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Dani Filth
- **img**: Cradle of Filth - Wacken Open Air 2015-3882.jpg
- **img capt**: Dani Filth in 2015
- **img size**: 250px
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Daniel Lloyd Davey
- **birth place**: Hertford, Hertfordshire, England
- **occupation**: Musician, lyricist
- **genre**: Extreme metal, black metal, symphonic metal, death metal (early)
- **instrument**: Singing, Vocals
- **years active**: 1989–_present_
- **associated acts**: Cradle of Filth
- **url**: [http://www.cradleoffilth.com/ www.cradleoffilth.com]
Scott Stapp

**Scott Alan Stapp** (born **Anthony Scott Flippen**, born August 8, 1973) is an American musician. He is the founder and lead singer of the rock band Creed.

He won a Grammy Award with Creed for their 2000 single, "With Arms Wide Open". Throughout his career, he has been involved in many legal troubles and also attempted suicide twice. He credits rapper T.I. for saving his life.

He has since committed himself to sobriety and also shaved his head, which he used to demonstrate his "changed" personality. He was ranked at #68 in the _Top 100 Heavy Metal Vocalists_ by Hit Parader.

Stapp played singer Frank Sinatra in a biopic movie about U.S. President Ronald Reagan.

## Discography

- Studio albums
- _The Great Divide_ (2005)
- _Proof of Life_ (2013)
- _The Space Between the Shadows_ (2019)
- _Higher Power_ (2024)

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **image**: Scott Stapp 2016 (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Stapp in 2016
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Anthony Scott Flippen
- **birth place**: Orlando, Florida, U.S.
- **years active**: 1994–present
- **label**: Napalm Records, Napalm
- **past member of**: Art of Anarchy
Abdominal compartment syndrome

**Abdominal compartment syndrome** occurs when the abdominal cavity (compartment) within the body becomes subject to increased pressure from within. This may be caused by internal bleeding, a blockage or fluid build-up in the intestines, or 'ascites': Fluid accumulated in the peritoneal cavity - the space between the lining of the abdomen (peritoneum) and the abdominal organs (the stomach, small and large intestines, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder).

This increased pressure causes the abdomen to distend or expand, stretching the skin and placing pressure on the abdominal organs, which can constrict the blood vessels which supply them. When the pressure reaches a level above that of the blood supply to the tissues and organs of the abdomen, ischemia will happen leading to organ dysfunction and eventually failure.

An operation called a decompressive laparotomy may need to be performed, where an incision is made to open the abdominal cavity. The incision is typically left open for a period of time to reduce the  pressure in the abdomen.

Abdominal compartment syndrome can be divided into three categories:

- Primary or acute abdominal compartment syndrome occurs when injuries within the abdomen are responsible for the compartment syndrome
- Secondary abdominal compartment syndrome occurs when there are no visible injury within the abdomen but injuries outside the abdomen cause fluid build-up inside the abdominal cavity
- Chronic abdominal compartment syndrome occurs happens in association with diseases such as cirrhosis of the liver.

## Other websites

- openabdomen.org
- wsacs.org

## Infobox (disease)

- **name**: Abdominal compartment syndrome
- **image**: Decompression laparotomy for abdominal compartment syndrome.jpg
- **alt**: Decompression laparotomy for abdominal compartment syndrome in a burn patient
- **caption**: A decompression laparotomy for abdominal compartment syndrome in a burn patient. The incision is left open and the abdominal organs are covered with an artificial membrane, in this case a _Bogotá bag_, until the pressure within the abdomen is reduced.
- **emedicinesubj**: article
- **emedicinetopic**: 829008
Vince Neil

**Vincent Neil Wharton** (born February 8, 1961 in Hollywood, California) is an American musician. He is the lead singer of the heavy metal band Mötley Crüe.

He joined Mötley Crüe in 1981 and released _Too Fast for Love_ on November 10, 1981. He then went on to record _Shout at the Devil_, _Theatre of Pain_, _Girls, Girls, Girls_ and _Dr. Feelgood_ with Mötley Crüe before both Neil and Mötley Crüe parted ways. He then went on a solo career but rejoined Mötley Crüe when both their fortunes were declining. The band then released _Generation Swine_ on June 24, 1997 but there was a lot of tension in the band and Tommy Lee left the band. Lee was replaced by Randy Castillo and the band recorded _New Tattoo_ on July 11, 2000. The band went on hiatus after Castillo died of cancer on March 26, 2002. The band then released their ninth studio album _Saints of Los Angeles_ on June 24, 2008.

He was ranked at #33 in the _Top 100 Heavy Metal Vocalists_ by Hit Parader.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Vince Neil
- **img**: Vince Neil.JPG
- **img capt**: Vince Neil in 2008
- **img size**: 250px
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Vincent Neil Wharton
- **birth place**: Hollywood, California
- **occupation**: Musician, songwriter
- **genre**: Heavy metal music, Heavy metal, hard rock, glam metal
- **instrument**: Singing, Vocals, guitar, harmonica
- **years active**: 1981–_present_
- **associated acts**: Mötley Crüe, Hear 'n Aid
- **url**: [http://www.vinceneil.net/ www.vinceneil.net]
Tower Heist

***Tower Heist*** is a 2011 heist comedy movie directed by Brett Ratner. The movies stars Ben Stiller, Eddie Murphy, Matthew Broderick, and Alan Alda. The movie received mixed reviews. Critic Roger Ebert gave the movie 2.5 out of 4 stars.

## Cast

- Ben Stiller as Josh Kovacs
- Eddie Murphy as Slide
- Casey Affleck as Charlie
- Alan Alda as Arthur Shaw
- Matthew Broderick as Mr. Fitzhugh
- Stephen McKinley Henderson as Lester
- Judd Hirsch as Mr. Simon
- Téa Leoni as FBI Agent Claire Denham
- Michael Peña as Enrique Dev'reaux
- Gabourey Sidibe as Odessa
Bogotá bag

A **Bogotá bag** is a sterile plastic bag used to temporarily close incisions in the abdomen.  It is generally a sterilized, 3 liter urological irrigation fluid bag, that is sewn to the skin or fascia of the anterior abdominal wall. It is called a 'Bogotá bag' because it was first used by Oswaldo Borraez, a doctor in Bogotá, Colombia.

Temporary abdominal closure techniques are used to postpone definite closure until predisposing factors causing pathologic elevation of intra abdominal pressure are resolved. These techniques include the Bogota bag, absorbable mesh, vacuum pack dressings, the Wittmann patch or velcro burr and the KCI VAC or Abthera dressings.

Temporary abdominal closure techniques are most commonly used in cases of abdominal compartment syndrome in which decompressive laparotomy is necessary to reduce intra abdominal pressure to restore system perfusion.

The Bogota bag acts as a hermetic barrier that avoids evisceration and loss of fluids. Another advantage to the Bogota bag, is that the abdominal contents can be visually inspected.

The bogota bag can be used in cases of 'burst abdomen' following laparotomies, especially those using a midline horizontal incision. Burst abdomen is usually characterized by a serosanguinous pink discharge from the wound, 6–8 days after surgery.
Allan Arbus

**Allan Franklin Arbus** (February 15, 1918 – April 19, 2013) was an American actor and photographer. Arbus was known for his role as psychiatrist Dr. Sidney Freedman on the television series _M*A*S*H_.

Arbus was born on February 15, 1918 in New York City, New York to a Jewish family. He studied at DeWitt Clinton High School.

Arbus was married to Diane Arbus from 1941 until they divorced in 1969. They had two children. Then he was married to Mariclare Costello from 1977 until his death in 2013. They had two children.

Arbus died on April 19, 2013 from heart failure in his home in Los Angeles, California, aged 95.
Westchester County, New York

**Westchester County** is a county in New York State, at the northern border of New York City. A million people live there. It acts as a suburb of New York, with many of its residents commuting to jobs in New York City. The largest city is Yonkers, and other important cities include White Plains and New Rochelle. The County shares borders with Putnam County to the north, and Fairfield County, Connecticut to the East. The Hudson River is on the west.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Westchester County
- **settlement type**: List of counties in New York, County
- **image skyline**: Westchester Compilation 1.png
- **image caption**: Clockwise from top: the old Tappan Zee Bridge (1955–2019) and new Tappan Zee Bridge; Mamaroneck Harbor; Philipsburg Manor; downtown White Plains, New York, White Plains; downtown Scarsdale; shops in Katonah; the New Croton Dam; Getty Square in Yonkers
- **image flag**: Flag of Westchester County, New York.svg
- **etymology**: Chester in England
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: State
- **subdivision name1**: New York (state), New York
- **subdivision type2**: Region
- **subdivision name2**: Hudson Valley
- **map caption**: Interactive map of Westchester County
- **leader title**: Westchester County Executive, County Executive
- **leader name**: George Latimer (New York politician), George Latimer (Democratic Party (United States), D)
- **established title**: Founded
- **area total km2**: 1280
- **area total sq mi**: 500
- **area land sq mi**: 430
- **area water sq mi**: 69
- **population as of**: 2020
- **population total**: 1,004,457
- **population density sq mi**: 2000
- **population demonym**: _Westchesterite_
- **timezone1**: North American Eastern Time Zone, EST
- **utc offset1**: −5
- **timezone1 dst**: Eastern Time Zone, EDT
- **utc offset1 dst**: −4
- **postal code type**: ZIP Codes
- **postal code**: 105xx–108xx
- **area code**: Area code 914, 914
- **blank name**: Congressional districts
- **blank info**: New York's 16th congressional district, 16th, New York's 17th congressional district, 17th
- **seat type**: County seat
- **seat**: White Plains, New York, White Plains
- **blank2 name**: Largest city
- **blank2 info**: Yonkers, New York, Yonkers
- **blank3 name**: Federal Information Processing Standards, FIPS code
- **blank3 info**: 36-119
- **blank4 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
Ricky Jay

**Richard Jay Potash** (June 26, 1946 – November 24, 2018), known professionally as **Ricky Jay**, was an American stage magician, actor, and writer.

In a profile for the _New Yorker_, Mark Singer called Jay "perhaps the most gifted sleight of hand artist alive." In addition to sleight of hand, Jay was known for his card tricks, card throwing, memory feats, and stage patter. He had also written extensively on magic and its history. His acting credits included _The Prestige_, _The Spanish Prisoner_, _Mystery Men_, _Heist_, _Boogie Nights_, _Tomorrow Never Dies_, _House of Games_, _Magnolia_, and _Deadwood._ In 2015, Jay was the subject of an episode of PBS' _American Masters_, making him the first magician to have ever been profiled in that series.

## Early life

Jay was born **Richard Jay Potash** in Brooklyn, New York on June 26, 1946 to a Jewish family.

## Personal life

Jay was married to Chrisann Verges.

## Death

On November 24, 2018, Jay died in Los Angeles, California of natural causes at the age of 72.

## Other websites

- Ricky Jay Archive at the Magic Newswire website
- San Francisco Chronicle review of "Extraordinary Exhibitions: Broadsides From the Collection of Ricky Jay" during 2005 exhibition
- "Secrets of Magus" 1993 _New Yorker_ profile

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Ricky Jay
- **image**: Ricky Jay by David Shankbone.jpg
- **caption**: Jay at the premiere of _Redbelt_ in April 2008
- **birth name**: Richard Jay Potash
- **birth place**: Brooklyn, New York City, New York, New York (state), New York, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Los Angeles, California, U.S.
- **nationality**: Americans, American
- **other names**: Richard Jay Potash
- **known for**: Sleight of hand, card tricks, history of magic
- **occupation**: Magician, actor, author
- **years active**: 1969–2018
- **spouse**: Chrisann Verges