juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Kashō (late Heian period)

- _For the "Kashō" era which started in 848 -- sometimes romanized as "Kajō", see Kashō (early Heian period)._

, also romanized as **Kajō**, was a  after _Chōji_ and before _Tennin._  This period started in April 1106 and ended in August 1108.  The reigning emperors were  and .

## Events of the 12th century _Kashō_ era

- **3 October 1106** (_Kashō 1_): Major Shinto shrines were given many petitions which asked for the healing of "evil influences on the Emperor".
- **9 August 1107** (_Kajō 2, 19th day of the 7th month_) : In the 21st year of Emperor Horikawa's reign, he died at the age of 29. The succession (_senso_) was received by his only son.  Soon after, Emperor Toba accepted the monarch's role and duties and powers (_sokui_).  This was confirmed in ceremonies.

## Related pages

- Heian period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

|Kashō|1st|2nd|3rd|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Gregorian|1106|1107|1108|
Pocahontas (movie)

***Pocahontas*** is a 1995 American animated musical romantic comedy-drama movie. It was produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation and released by Walt Disney Pictures. It is the 33rd movie in the Walt Disney Animated Classics series. It was produced during a period known as the Disney Renaissance. The movie made $141,579,773 in the United States and $346,079,773 worldwide. In 1998, a direct-to-video sequel was released called _Pocahontas II: Journey to a New World_.

## Plot

In 1607, Pocahontas, a Native American, likes to be adventurous with her friend, Nacoma, and her animal friends. When she arrives back to her tribe, Pocahontas' father Chief Powhatan tells her that she will marry Kocoum, a brave warrior. Pocahontas does not like Kocoum because he is very "serious". She later leaves off to see her Grandmother Willow, a spiritual willow tree who gives advise and wisdom. Grandmother Willow warns Pocahontas that the British are coming. Governor Ratcliffe lands in the United States (New World) and names it James Town. He then tells the crew to dig for gold. Explorer John Smith goes out to explore the surroundings. He and Pocahontas meet and become interested in one another. Smith shares his knowledge of how his "people" live their lives. Pocahontas is offended when Smith calls her people "savages" because they do not have any modern buildings or a society ruled by a king. Pocahontas then shares her knowledge and shows Smith that family values, life and nature are the most important things then having a king and buildings ("Colors of The Wind").

After this, Pocahontas and Smith fall in love. Chief Powhatan warns Pocahontas to stay away from the British because of their weapons. After finding Pocahontas and Smith kissing, Kocoum fights Smith and tries to kill him. Thomas witnesses the fight and kills Kocoum with a gun. This results in a battle between the Native Americans and the British. Smith is kept captive by the Native Americans who want to kill Smith. Pocahontas successfully saves Smith from being killed. While witnessing the whole situation, Ratcliffe tries to shoot Chief Powhatan, though Smith takes the bullet to save him. In the end, Smith is forced to go back to London to get treatment without Pocahontas.

## Cast

|Figur|Originalröst|
| --- | --- |
|Pocahontas|_Irene Bedard_ _Judy Kuhn_|
|John Smith|_Mel Gibson_|
|John Ratcliffe (Governor)|_David Ogden Stiers_|
|Thomas|_Christian Bale_|
|Hövding Powhatan|_Russell Means_ _Jim Cummings_|
|Gammelmor Pilrot|_Linda Hunt_|
|Kocoum|_James Apaumut Fall_|
|Nakoma|_Michelle St. John_|
|Lon|_Joe Baker_|
|Ben|_Billy Connolly_|
|Kekata|_Gordon Tootoosis_ _Jim Cummings_|
|Wiggins|_David Ogden Stiers_|
|Meeko|_John Kassir_|
|Percy|_Danny Mann_|
|Flit|_Frank Welker_|
Sakanoue no Tamuramaro

was a general and shogun of the early Heian Period of Japan. He was the son of Sakanoue no Karitamaro.

## Military career

Emperor Kammu gave Tamuramaro the title of shogun. He was given the task of conquering the Ezo tribes, also known as the .  This were the population who lived in the northern part of Honshū

After Emperor Kammu's death, the general continued to serve Emperor Heizei and Emperor Saga as  and .

Tamuramaro was only the second warrior to receive the title of shogun. The first to receive this title was Ōtomo no Otomaro.

Tamuramaro's military successes are commemorated today in local festivals in the Tohoku region.

Tamuramaro's name is linked with payments for construction projects at Kiyomizu Temple (_Kiyomizu-dera_) in the late 8th century.

- **811** (_Kōnin 2, 3rd month_): Tamuramaro died at age 54.

### After his death

The warrior is buried at Shogun-zuka which is east of Kyoto. His bow, arrows, quiver and sword were buried with him by order of the Emperor.
Kennelly-Heaviside layer

The **Kennelly–Heaviside layer**, also known as the **E-region**, is part of the ionosphere.  It is a region which is between 90 km and 150 km from the earth’s surface.  It is named after the American engineer  Arthur Edwin Kennelly and the British scientist Oliver Heaviside.  These two scientists both predicted that this area existed, although it was not until some years later that it was proved.

In the Kennelly-Heaviside layer neutral molecules are split into electrons and positively charged molecules.  Radio waves can be bounced off this region so that long-distance radio messages can be sent over long distances around the curved surface of the earth.  This was why Marconi had been able to send radio messages across the Atlantic in 1902, although it was not understood at the time.

## References

- The New Encyclopædia Britannica vol 4, 15th edition, 1986,
Vicente Fox

**Vicente Fox Quesada** (born July 2, 1942) is a Mexican politician. He was 55th President of Mexico from December 1, 2000 to November 30, 2006. Fox is currently co-president of the Centrist Democrat International. It is an international organization of Christian democratic political parties.

## President of Mexico (2000-2006)

Fox was elected President of Mexico in the 2000 presidential election, a historically important election that made him the first president elected from an opposition party since Francisco I. Madero in 1910. He was the first opposition party member in 71 years to defeat the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). He won with 42 percent of the vote.

## Personal life

After being President of Mexico for six years, President Fox returned to his home state of Guanajuato. He lives there with his wife and family. Since leaving the presidency, Vicente Fox has been involved in public speaking and the construction of the Vicente Fox Center of Studies, Library and Museum.

## Criticisms of Donald Trump

Since the 2016 U.S. presidential election, Fox emerged as an outspoken critic of Republican President of the United States Donald Trump.

## United States presidential election, 2020

In September 2017, Fox said that he will run for President of the United States in the 2020 United States presidential election as an Independent. Fox however cannot be president because he was not born in the United States and said that his candidacy is only satirical.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **honorific-prefix**: Excellency, His Excellency
- **birthname**: Vicente Fox Quesada
- **order**: 55th
- **office**: President of Mexico
- **image**: Vicente Fox.jpg
- **caption**: Vicente Fox in 2005.
- **term start**: December 1, 2000
- **term end**: November 30, 2006
- **predecessor**: Ernesto Zedillo
- **successor**: Felipe Calderón
- **office2**: Governor of Guanajuato
- **term start2**: September 25, 1995
- **term end2**: September 25, 1999
- **predecessor2**: Carlos Medina Plascencia
- **successor2**: Ramón Martín Huerta
- **office3**: Co-President of Centrist Democrat International
<small>along side Pier Ferdinando Casini</small>
- **term start3**: 2006
- **birth place**: San Francisco del Rincon, Guanajuato, Mexico
- **spouse**: Lilian de la Concha (divorced)
Marta Sahagún
- **alma mater**: Universidad Iberoamericana
Harvard Business School, Harvard University
- **occupation**: Businessperson, Businessman; Politician
- **party**: National Action Party (Mexico), National Action Party (PAN)
- **signature**: Vicente Fox Signature.svg
Union Association

The **Union Association** was a league in Major League Baseball. Its only season of operation was 1884. The St. Louis Maroons had the best record in the league, with 94 wins and 19 losses.
Ten'an

was a  after _Saikō_ and before _Jōgan._  This period started in February 857 and ended in April 859.  During this time, the emperors were  and .

## Events of the _Ten'an_ era

- **27 September 858** (_Ten'an 2, 27th day of the 8th month_): Emperor Montoku dies; and the succession (_senso_) was received by his eldest son. Emperor Seiwa accepted the monarch's role and duties and powers (_sokui_).  This was confirmed in ceremonies. The start of Seiwa's reign was announced at the Ise Shrine (_Kotai-jingu_) at Ise and at all the tombs of the imperial family.

- **15 December 858** (_Ten'an 2, 7th day of the 11th month_): The emperor's grandfather is named regent (_sesshō_).

## Related pages

- Heian period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

|Ten'an|1st|2nd|3rd|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
||857|858|859|
Atlantic League (1896–1900)

The **Atlantic League** was a minor league baseball organization that operated between 1896 and 1900. Its teams were from the Northeastern United States.
Light curve

In astronomy, a **light curve** is a graph that shows the brightness of light from a celestial object or region, over a certain amount of time.

The light is usually in a particular frequency interval or band. Light curves can be periodic, that is they repeat in a regular pattern. Examples are eclipsing binaries and cepheid variables. Light curves can also be aperiodic, that is they are irregular with no pattern. Examples include the light curve of a nova, a cataclysmic variable star, a supernova or other event. The study of the light curve, together with other observations, gives information about the physical process that produces it or constrains the physical theories about it.

## Planetology

In the study of planets (planetology), a light curve can be used to work out the rotation period of a minor planet, moon, or comet nucleus. From the Earth many objects are so small that even the most powerful telescopes are unable to see objects clearly. Because of this astronomers measure the amount of light produced by the object over a period of time, its light curve.

The time between the peaks on the graph gives the rotational period of the object. The difference between the maximum and minimum brightness, the amplitude of the light curve, can be caused by either the shape of the object, or bright and dark areas on the surface. For example, an odd shaped asteroid's light curve generally has more pronounced peaks, while a more spherical object's light curve will be flatter. When the light curve covers a long period of time, it is called a secular light curve.

## Botany

In botany, a light curve shows the photosynthetic response of a leaf or algae to the brightness of a light.

In low light, the rate of photosynthesis is limited by the amount of chlorophyll and the efficiency of the light-dependent reactions. In higher light levels it is limited by the efficiency of RuBisCO (an enzyme) and the amount of carbon dioxide.

The point on the graph where these two differing lines meet is called the light saturation point. This is where the light-dependent reactions are making more ATP and NADPH than can be used by the light-independent reactions.  Since photosynthesis is also limited by ambient carbon dioxide levels, light curves are often repeated at several different constant carbon dioxide concentrations.

## Other websites

- The AAVSO online light curve generator  can plot light curves for thousands of variable stars
- Lightcurves: An Introduction by NASA's Imagine the Universe
Long Beach Airport

**Long Beach Airport**  is a city-owned public-use airport three nautical miles (6 km) northeast of the central business district of the City of Long Beach, in Los Angeles County, California, United States. It serves Los Angeles and Orange Counties. It is also called **Daugherty Field.** It used to be called **Long Beach Municipal Airport**.

## Other websites

- Long Beach Airport, official web site
- Historic California Posts: Long Beach Army Air Field

## Infobox (airport)

- **faa**: LGB
- **location**: Long Beach, California
- **focus city**: JetBlue Airways
- **elevation-m**: 18
- **pushpin label**: **LGB**
- **pushpin label position**: right
- **r1-length-f**: 10,000
- **r1-surface**: Asphalt
- **h1-length-f**: 50
- **name**: Long Beach Airport
- **image2**: Long Beach Airport - USGS 29 March 2004.jpg
- **caption2**: USGS aerial image, March 2004
- **iata**: LGB
- **icao**: KLGB
- **wmo**: 72297
- **type**: Public
- **owner**: City of Long Beach
- **city-served**: Los Angeles and Orange counties
- **elevation-f**: 60
- **website**: [http://www.lgb.org/ www.LGB.org]
- **pushpin map**: Los Angeles#USA California#USA
- **pushpin mapsize**: 200
- **pushpin map caption**: Location of airport in Long Beach
- **r1-number**: 12/30
- **r1-length-m**: 3,048
- **r2-number**: 7L/25R
- **r2-length-f**: 6,191
- **r2-length-m**: 1,887
- **r2-surface**: Asphalt
- **r3-number**: 7R/25L
- **r3-length-f**: 5,421
- **r3-length-m**: 1,652
- **r3-surface**: Asphalt
- **r4-number**: ~~16L/34R~~
- **r4-length-f**: ~~3,330~~
- **r4-length-m**: ~~1,015~~
- **r4-surface**: ~~Asphalt~~
- **r5-number**: ~~16R/34L~~
- **r5-length-f**: ~~4,470~~
- **r5-length-m**: ~~1,362~~
- **r5-surface**: ~~Asphalt~~
- **h1-number**: H1
- **h1-length-m**: 15
- **h1-surface**: Asphalt
- **h2-number**: H2
- **h2-length-f**: 50
- **h2-length-m**: 15
- **h2-surface**: Asphalt
- **h3-number**: H3
- **h3-length-f**: 50
- **h3-length-m**: 15
- **h3-surface**: Asphalt
- **h4-number**: H4
- **h4-length-f**: 50
- **h4-length-m**: 15
- **h4-surface**: Asphalt
- **h5-number**: H5
- **h5-length-f**: 50
- **h5-length-m**: 15
- **h5-surface**: Asphalt
- **h6-number**: H6
- **h6-length-f**: 50
- **h6-length-m**: 15
- **h6-surface**: Asphalt
- **stat-year**: 2017
- **stat1-header**: Total Passengers
- **stat1-data**: 3,783,805
- **stat2-header**: Aircraft operations
- **stat2-data**: 260,500
- **footnotes**: Sources: Federal Aviation Administration, FAA
Phase

A **phase** is one part of a cycle or change that goes in a circle. For example, the moon has phases.

The seasons of the year, spring, summer, fall, and winter, are also phases. The planet Venus has phases, like the moon: Galileo showed that the phases of Venus meant it must go around the Sun, not the earth.

Graphs can be made for things that have phases. Things that have phases change in some regular way from time to time. For example, a pendulum in a clock moves from some position (called its "displacement") to the left (labelled -x with algebra), to the bottom, and then to some position to the right (labelled +x with algebra). Two pendulums may have the same length, but unless they begin swinging at the same time and place they will not move together. One may be swinging left while the other swings right. When something like that happens the two vibrations are **"not in phase."**
Jeong In-ji

Jeong In-ji
**Jeong In-ji** (, 1396 - 1478) was a Korean Joseon Dynasty politician, scholar, writer, historian. His nickname was Hakyeokjae ().

His son Jeong hyun-jo married Princess Uisuk, daughter of Joseon Dynasty 7th King Sejo of Joseon. Great granddaughter Grandlady Jeong, mother of 14th King Seonjo of Joseon.

## Works

- Hunminjeongeum Haerye (훈민정음예해, 訓民正音解例)
- Hagyeokjaejip (학역재집)
- Yeokdaeyeokbeop (역대역법)
- Goryeosa (고려사)
- Goryeosajeoryo (고려사절요)
- Yukdaebyeongyo (역대병요)
- Hunminjeongeum (훈민정음)
- Saryunojip (사륜오집)
- Jachitonggamhunui (자치통감훈의, 資治通鑑訓義)
- Sejongsillok

## Other websites

- http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=136736
- http://koreandb.nate.com/history/people/detail?sn=11837
- http://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=690286
Veszprém

**Veszprém** (ˈvɛspreːm; ) is one of the oldest urban areas in Hungary, and a city with county rights. The city is not far from Lake Balaton. about 15 km  (9 mi). It is the administrative center of the county (comitatus or 'megye') of the same name.

## Location

Veszprém lies on both sides of the Séd creek, approximately  from Budapest (via the M7 highway and Road 8). It can also be reached from Győr via Road 82 and from Székesfehérvár via Road 8.

## Population

**1870**: 14279

**1880**: 14726

**1890**: 14807

**1900**: 16223

**1910**: 16864

**1920**: 17513

**1930**: 19991

**1941**: 24025

**1949**: 20682

**1960**: 28222

**1970**: 40415

**1980**: 57249

**1990**: 63867

**2001**: 62851

**2011**: 64339

Ethnic groups (2001 census)
- Hungarians - 94.7%
- Germans - 1.7%
- Others - 1%
- No answer - 2.6%

Religions (2001 census)
- Roman Catholic - 57%
- Calvinist - 9.7%
- Lutheran - 3%
- Others - 1.3%
- Atheist - 19%
- No answer - 10%

## Notable citizens

- Marian Cozma
- Tamás Kádár

## Twin towns — Sister cities

Veszprém is twinned with:

- Bottrop, Germany
- Gladsaxe, Denmark
- Ottignies-Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- Passau, Germany
- Rovaniemi, Finland
- Sfântu Gheorghe, Romania
- Tartu, Estonia
- Tirat Carmel, Israel
- Žamberk, Czech Republic
- Kursk, Russia

## Other websites

- Official site
    - English pages  on official site
- Pannon University (formerly University of Veszprém)
- Aerial photography: Veszprém

## Infobox (settlement)

- **image skyline**: Megyeszékhely - Veszprém megye - Veszprém.jpg
- **image shield**: HUN Veszprém Címer.svg
- **image flag**: Flag of Veszprém.svg
- **subdivision type**: Countries of the world, Country
- **timezone**: Central European Time, CET
- **utc offset**: +1
- **timezone dst**: Central European Summer Time, CEST
- **utc offset dst**: +2
- **pushpin map**: Hungary
- **pushpin map caption**: Location of Veszprém
- **official name**: Veszprém
- **subdivision type1**: Counties of Hungary, County
- **subdivision name1**: Veszprém County, Veszprém
- **area total km2**: 126.93
- **population total**: 64339
- **population as of**: 2011
- **population density km2**: 480
- **postal code type**: Postal code
- **postal code**: 8200
- **area code**: 88
- **website**: http://www.veszprem.hu/
Colo-Colo

**Club Social y Deportivo Colo-Colo** is a Chilean football club. They play in the Primera División. They are the top-flight football league in Chile. Their home ground is the Estadio Monumental David Arellano in the commune of Macul, Santiago. They are the most successful football club in their country.

### Domestic

- ** Liga Central de Football / Asociación de Fútbol de Santiago: 4**
    - 1925, 1928, 1929, 1930

- **Primera División: 30**
    - 1937, 1939, 1941, 1944, 1947, 1953, 1956, 1960, 1963, 1970, 1972, 1979, 1981, 1983, 1986, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1993, 1996, 1997 Clausura, 1998, 2002 Clausura, 2006 Apertura, 2006 Clausura, 2007 Apertura, 2007 Clausura, 2008 Clausura, 2009 Clausura, 2014 Clausura

### Cups

- **Copa Chile: 10**
    - 1958, 1974, 1981, 1982, 1985, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1994, 1996

### Continental

- **Copa Libertadores**
    - **Winners (1):** 1991
    - _Runner-up (1):_ 1973

- **Copa Sudamericana**
    - _Runner-up (1):_ 2006

- **Copa Interamericana**
    - **Winners (1):** 1991

- **Recopa Sudamericana**
    - **Winners (1):** 1992

### International

- **Intercontinental Cup**
    - _Runner-up (1):_ 1991

## Other websites

- Official website
- Supporters' Site

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Colo-Colo
- **fullname**: Club Social y Deportivo Colo-Colo
- **nickname**: _El Eterno Campeón (The Eternal Champion)_
 _Los Albos (The White Ones)_
 _El Cacique (The Cacique)_
 _El Popular (The Popular One)_
- **ground**: Estadio Monumental David Arellano
 Macul, Santiago
- **capacity**: 47,000
- **chrtitle**: President
- **chairman**: Carlos Tapia
- **manager**: Omar Labruna
- **league**: Chilean Primera División
- **season**: 2024
- **position**: Champions
- **website**: http://www.colocolo.cl
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Club Deportivo Universidad Católica

**Club Deportivo Universidad Católica**  is a football club in Santiago de Chile now playing in the Primera División.

It is one of the most successful and popular football clubs in Chile as one of the three "big teams". The most traditional rival is the Universidad de Chile, frequently called the _Clásico Universitario_.

## Other websites

- Official site
- CDUCatolica.com
- Los Cruzados
- Ceatolei

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Universidad Católica
- **fullname**: Club Deportivo Universidad Católica
- **nickname**: _UC_
 _Cato_
 _La Católica_ (The Catholic)
 _Los Cruzados_ (The Crossed)
 _Caballeros Cruzados_
 (The Crusaders)
- **founded**: April 21, 1937
- **ground**: Estadio San Carlos de Apoquindo
 Santiago, Chile
- **capacity**: 20,000
- **chairman**: Jaime Estévez
- **manager**: Mario Lepe
- **league**: Primera División de Chile, Primera División
- **season**: 2023
- **position**: 7th place
- **pattern la1**: _ucatolica1011h
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Club Universidad de Chile

**Club Universidad de Chile** is a football club in Santiago de Chile playing in the Chilean Primera División.

## Other websites

- Official website
- Universidad de Chile in FIFA.com
- Supporters' Site

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Universidad de Chile
- **image**: Emblema del Club Universidad de Chile.png
- **image size**: 150px
- **fullname**: Club Universidad de Chile
- **nickname**: _Los Azules_ (The Blues)
_La U_ (The U)
_El Romántico Viajero_ (Wanderlust)
_La Bulla_ (The Noise)
_El Chuncho_ (The Owl)
_León_ (Lion)
_La Chile_ (The Chile)
- **ground**: Estadio Nacional Julio Martínez Prádanos
- **capacity**: 48,665
- **chairman**: Michael Clark
- **manager**: Gustavo Álvarez
- **league**: Chilean Primera División, Primera División
- **season**: 2024 Chilean Primera División, 2024
- **position**: Primera División, 2nd of 16
- **pattern la1**: _udechile24h
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Mia Kihl

**Maria Kihl** or **Mia Kihl** (born April 23, 1979 in Stockholm), is a Swedish voice actress.

## Filmography

- _Fairly Odd Parents_ - Vicky (Starting from Season 2).
- _Goof Troop_ - Max.
- _Quack Pack_ - Louie.
- _TaleSpin_ - Molly Cunningham (1st Voice), Additional Voices.
- _Total Drama Island_ - Sadie.
- _Yu-Gi-Oh!_ - Anzu Mazaki
- _Winx Club_ - Flora

## Other websites

- Mia Kihl at Svensk Filmdatabases

## Infobox (actor)

- **name**: Mia Kihl
- **years active**: 1986 - present
- **birth place**: Stockholm, Sweden
- **other names**: Mia Kihl
William Golding

**Sir William Golding** (19 September 1911 – 19 June 1993) was an English writer. He was a novelist, poet, playwright, and teacher. He is famous for his novel _Lord of the Flies_. He received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1983. In 2008, _The Times_ ranked Golding third on its list of "The 50 Greatest British writers since 1945".

### Early life

Golding was born in Newquay, Cornwall, England on 19 September 1911. He grew up in Marlborough, Wiltshire. His father, Alec Golding, was a schoolmaster at Marlborough Grammar School. Golding and his older brother, Joseph, went to their father's school. In 1930, Golding went to Brasenose College at the University of Oxford. He studied Natural science and then English literature there. Golding graduated with an MA in 1935.

### Early career

Golding then worked as an actor, producer and a writer. Then he became a teacher at Bishop Wordsworth's School, Salisbury. Golding joined the Royal Navy in 1940. When World War II ended, Golding continued teaching and writing. He left Bishop Wordsworth's School in 1961 and began writing full-time.

### Writing career

Golding's first published novel was _Lord of the Flies_. Golding used his experience of the Second World War and his teaching knowledge of children to write the book. _Lord of the Flies_ is a story about a group of school boys who are trapped on a desert island. The children quickly become savages and begin to murder each other. The novel gained widespread interest because of its political message.

Golding went on to write many more books, including _The Inheritors_, _Rites of Passage_ and many others. He had a rather pessimistic view of humanity. His novels are often set in closed communities, such as islands, villages, monasteries, groups of hunter-gatherers, ships at sea or a pharaoh's court.

### Later life

Golding was knighted for his work in 1988. He died five years later, on 19 June 1993, of heart failure in Cornwall.

### Novels

- _Lord of the Flies_ (1954)
- _The Inheritors_ (1955)
- _Pincher Martin_ (1956)
- _Free Fall_ (1959)
- _The Spire_ (1964)
- _The Pyramid_ (1967)
- _The Scorpion God_   (1971)
- _Darkness Visible_ (1979)
- _The Paper Men_ (1984)
- _To the Ends of the Earth_ (trilogy)
    - _Rites of Passage_ (1980)
    - _Close Quarters_ (1987)
    - _Fire Down Below_ (1989)
- _The Double Tongue_ (posthumous) (1995)

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: William Golding
- **image**: William Golding 1983.jpg
- **caption**: William Golding in 1983
- **birth place**: Newquay, Cornwall, England, UK
- **death date**: 19 June 1993 (aged 81)
- **death place**: Perranarworthal, Cornwall, England, UK
- **occupation**: Writer of novels, plays and poems
- **nationality**: English
- **alma mater**: Oxford University
- **genre**: Survivalism in fiction, Survivalist fiction, robinsonade, Adventure (genre), adventure, sea story, science fiction, essay, historical fiction, stageplay, poetry
- **notableworks**: _Lord of the Flies_
- **awards**:
Verse-chorus form

**Verse-chorus form** is a musical form that is common in popular music. Verse-chorus forms have been the basis for rock music since the 1960s.

## Songs in verse-chorus form

- "Be My Baby" by The Ronettes (1963)
- "Penny Lane" by The Beatles (1967)
- "Smoke on the Water" by Deep Purple (1973)
- "That'll Be the Day" by Buddy Holly (1957)
- "California Girls" by The Beach Boys (1965)
- "All You Need Is Love" by The Beatles (1967)
- "Foxy Lady" by Jimi Hendrix (1967)
- "Can't Get Enough" by Bad Company (1974)
Homesickness

**Homesickness** is a feeling of unhappiness a person may have when away from home or from familiar surroundings or people. It has a similar meaning to the word _nostalgia_.

Homesickness is not about how much you miss your home. It is about how much dependent you are on other people or your parents, how much pampered you are or how much difficult it is for you to be in a different place. People sometimes become homesick when they travel. They miss their own home and desperately want to go back. Children may often feel homesick, especially when they are away from their parents for the first time. Usually these feelings will go away as one gets used to the new environment, but sometimes homesickness can make a person depressed.

People may easily feel homesick if they travel to an environment in which the culture is very difficult to what they are used to, and especially if a foreign language is being spoken. Children who are sent away to boarding school will very often feel homesick.

A good way to help children overcome (or avoid) homesickness is to start with being away from home just for short periods, staying with people they know well, e.g. grandparents or good friends.
George Crabbe

**George Crabbe** (born Aldeburgh, Suffolk, 24 December 1754; died Trowbridge, Wiltshire, 3 February 1832) was an English poet and naturalist. His poem _The Borough_ which describes life in a small town in Suffolk, inspired Benjamin Britten to compose his opera _Peter Grimes_.

## Life

George Crabbe was born in Aldeburgh, Suffolk. His father was a tax collector. As a child he loved poetry. In 1768, he was apprenticed to a local doctor, but he did not learn much from him. In 1771, he changed masters and moved to Woodbridge. There he met Sarah Elmy, who was to become his wife. She had the patience to wait until he had finished his medical studies before marrying him. She encouraged him in his verse writing. In 1775, he published his first work: _Inebriety_. In 1780, he decided to give up being a doctor. He borrowed some money and went to London, where he tried to become known as a poet. It took several years, during which time he became a clergyman. He became chaplain to the Duke of Rutland at Belvoir Castle in Leicestershire.

Crabbe became well-known when he wrote a poem called _The Village_ (1783). It was a long poem which described life in the country as he had known it. In 1783, he married Sarah. In 1814, he became Rector of Trowbridge in Wiltshire, where he stayed. Now that he had a family he did not feel any more need to write poetry and so he wrote nothing for 22 years. He then wrote more poems about the village community, including _The Borough_ (1810). By the time of his death, he was well known and a friend of William Wordsworth, Sir Walter Scott and other important literary figures of the time.

Crabbe also knew a lot about insects and made a detailed study of beetles.

## Use in 20th century opera

Like George Crabbe, the composer Benjamin Britten (1913-1976) also came from Aldeburgh. When he was in America during World War II he read Crabbe's poem _The Borough_. It made him homesick and he decided to return to England. He wrote an opera _Peter Grimes_ which was based on Crabbe's poem. It is one of the greatest operas of the 20th century.

## Infobox (writer)

- **image**: George Crabbe by Henry William Pickersgill.jpg
- **image size**: 240px
- **caption**: Portrait of Crabbe by Henry William Pickersgill
- **birth place**: Aldeburgh, Suffolk, England
- **death place**: Trowbridge, Wiltshire, England
- **nationality**: English
- **period**: 1770s to 1830s
- **genre**: Poetry
- **subject**: Rural life
- **signature**: Crabbe Signature.jpg
Near-Earth object

A **near-Earth object** (**NEO**) is a Solar System object whose orbit brings it close to the Earth.

Their least distance from the Sun, their perihelion, is less than 1.3 AU. NEOs include near-Earth asteroids (NEAs) and near-Earth comets.

They include more than ten thousand near-Earth asteroids (NEAs), near-Earth comets, some solar-orbiting spacecraft, and meteoroids large enough to be tracked in space before striking the Earth. Collisions in the past have had a significant role in shaping the geological and biological history of the planet.

In some cases NEOs hit the Earth. Most of these meteor<nowiki/>s explode harmlessly in the upper atmosphere. But some NEOs are dangerous. We try to find out when one is going to hit Earth using impact prediction. On 30 June 1908, a meteorite of around 45 metres in diameter exploded over the basin of the Podkamennaya Tunguska River. It released an energy of 10–15 megatons of TNT and destroyed roughly 2,000 square kilometres of forest.

Because the location was remote, no deaths were recorded. The Association of Space Explorers estimates that a Tunguksa-like event happens two or three times every thousand years on average. An asteroid roughly 10 km in diameter is thought to have hit Earth 66 million years ago and caused the K/T extinction event, including the extinction of all non-avian dinosaurs.
<nowiki/>

Such an explosion, similar to one of the biggest nuclear weapons, could have razed London about as far out as the M25 ring road.

## Related pages

- Near-Earth asteroid
- Asteroid impact prediction
- Late Heavy Bombardment
Hōki

was a  after _Jingo-keiun_ and before _Ten'ō._  This period started in October 770 and ended in January 781.   During this time, the emperor was .

## Events of the _Hōki_ era

- **23 October 770** (_Hōki 1, 1st day of the 10th month_): The era name was changed to mark the beginning of Emperor Konin's reign.

- **778** (_Hōki 9_): The emperor granted _Kashima-jinja_ a divine seal for use on documents.

- **28 August 779** (_Hōki 10, 7th month_): Fujiwara no Momokawa died at age 48.

- **781** (_Hōki 12, 4th month _): The emperor abdicated in favor of his son, who would later come to be known as Emperor Kammu. Emperor Kōnin's reign had lasted for 11 years.

- **781** (_Hōki 12, 12th month_): Kōnin died at the age of 73.

## Related pages

- Nara period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

|Hōki|1st|2nd|3rd|4th|5th|6th|7th|8th|9th|10th|11th|12th|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||770|771|772|773|774|775|776|777|778|779|780|781|
Cyclopia

**Cyclopia** (also called **cyclocephaly** or **synophthalmia**) is a birth defect. Cyclopia is characterized by a failure of the prosencephalon to separate the two orbits (eyes). This leads to the formation of a central deformed eye and an absence of a nasal cavity. It causes can be either genetic, or as a result of an exposure to poisons. The term "cyclopia" comes from Cyclops, a giant one-eyed creature the Greek Greek mythology.

Babies with Cyclopia rarely live longer than one day.
Hoki

**Hoki** may mean:

- Hōki Province, was an old province of Japan, today part of the Tottori Prefecture
- Hōki, Tottori, a town in Japan
- Hōki, a Japanese era name (770-781)
- Hoki (fish), another name for blue grenadier, a merluccid hake of the genus _Macruronus_.
Hōki Province

was an old province of Japan in the area of Tottori Prefecture on the island of Honshū. It was sometimes called .

The province had borders with Inaba, Mimasaka, Bitchū, Bingo, and Izumo Provinces.

The ancient capital city of the province was near Kurayoshi. A major castle town was at Yonago.

## History

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  The maps of Japan and Izu Province were reformed in the 1870s.

## Shrines and Temples

_Shitori jinja_ was the chief Shinto shrine (_ichinomiya_) of Hōki.

## Related pages

- Provinces of Japan
- Prefectures of Japan
- List of regions of Japan
- List of islands of Japan

## Other websites

- Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903
Jingo-keiun

was a  after _Tenpyō-jingo_ and before _Hōki._  This period started in August 767 and ended in October 770.   The reigning monarch was .  This was the same woman who had reigned as the former .

## Events of the _Jingo-keiun_ era

- **28 August 770** (_Jingo-keiun 4, 4th day of the 8th month_): In the 5th year of Shōtoku's reign, the empress died; and she named Prince Shirakabe as her heir. The succession (_senso_) was received and soon after, Emperor Kōnin is said to have accepted the monarch's role and duties and powers (_sokui_). This was confirmed in ceremonies.

The _Jingō-kaihō_' was a copper coin issued from 765 to 796.  It had a diameter of about 23 mm and a weight of between 3.4 and 4.5 grams.

## Related pages

- Nara period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

|Jingo-keiun|1st|2nd|3rd|4th|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||767|768|769|770|
Inaba Province

was an old province of Japan in the area of Tottori Prefecture on the island of Honshū. It was sometimes called .

The province had borders with Harima, Hōki, Mimasaka, and Tajima Provinces.

The ancient capital city of the province was at Tottori city.

## History

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  The maps of Japan and Inaba Province were reformed in the 1870s.

## Shrines and Temples

_Ube jinja_ was the chief Shinto shrine (_ichinomiya_) of Inaba.

## Related pages

- Provinces of Japan
- Prefectures of Japan
- List of regions of Japan
- List of islands of Japan

## Other websites

- Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903
Iwami Province

was an old province of Japan in the area of Shimane Prefecture on the island of Honshū. It was sometimes called . The province had borders with Aki, Bingo, Izumo, Nagato, and Suō provinces. In the Heian period, the capital city of the province was Hamada.

## History

In the Edo period, silver was discovered and mined.  The  was added to the World Heritage List in 2007.

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  The maps of Japan and Iwami Province were reformed in the 1870s.

## Shrines and Temples

_Mononobe jinja_ was the chief Shinto shrine (_ichinomiya_) of Iwami.

## Related pages

- Provinces of Japan
- Prefectures of Japan
- List of regions of Japan
- List of islands of Japan

## Other websites

- Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903
Oki Province

was an island province of Japan in the area of Shimane Prefecture on the island of Honshū. It was sometimes called .

The province was the Oki Islands in the Sea of Japan.  The islands are near the provinces of Izumo and Hōki.

The capital city of the province was near Saigō.

## History

In 1221, Emperor Go-Toba was exiled to Oki.

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  The maps of Japan and Oki Province were reformed in the 1870s.

## Shrines and Temples

_Mizuwakasu jinja_ and _Yurahime jinja_ were the chief Shinto shrines (_ichinomiya_) of Oki.

## Related pages

- Provinces of Japan
- Prefectures of Japan
- List of regions of Japan
- List of islands of Japan

## Other websites

- Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903
Les nuits d'été

***Les nuits d'été*** (_Summer Nights_), Op. 7, is a song cycle by the French composer Hector Berlioz.  It is a setting of six poems by Théophile Gautier.  Berlioz finished composing the songs in 1841.   At first they were just for a singer with piano accompaniment.  The singer could be either baritone, contralto, or mezzo-soprano.  Later Berlioz changed the work, making the voice a soprano and arranging the accompaniment for orchestra.  The first song to be orchestrated was _L'Absence_.  He wrote this version for a singer called Marie Recio who went with him on a concert tour of Germany.   All six songs were published in their orchestral version in 1856.  That is how the work is nearly always performed nowadays.  The titles of the songs are:

1. _Villanelle_ (_Villanelle_)
1. _Le spectre de la rose_ (_The spectre of the rose_)
1. _Sur les lagunes_ (_On the lagoons_)
1. _Absence_ (_Absence_)
1. _Au cimetière_ (_In the cemetery_)
1. _L'île inconnue_ (_The unknown island_)

## References

- New Groves Dictionary of Music and Musicians ed. Stanley Sadie (1980);
Iggy Azalea

**Amethyst Amelia Kelly** (born 7 June 1990), known professionally as **Iggy Azalea**, is an Australian retired rapper. Born in Sydney and raised in Mullumbimby, New South Wales. She moved to the United States at age 16. In September 2011, she released her first mixtape _Ignorant Art_. It made two promotional singles, "My World" and "Pu$$y".

Amethyst Amelia Kelly was born to European-Australian parents in Sydney, Australia. Azalea has stated that she has some Aboriginal-Australian heritage: "My family came to Australia on the First Fleet. My family's been in that country for a long time, over 100 years. If your family's lived in Australia for a long time, everyone has a little bit of [<nowiki/>Aborigine blood]. I know my family does because we have an eye condition that only Aboriginal people have".

Azalea's first album, _The New Classic_, was going to be released in September 2013. It was later released in 2014. The single "Fancy" from the album, featuring British singer-songwriter Charli XCX, reached number one in the United States and Canada, while becoming the fourth-best performing song of 2014 on the US _Billboard_ Hot 100. The next single, "Black Widow", features British singer Rita Ora and reached the top three of the _Billboard_ Hot 100.  The album was rereleased with the title _Reclassified_ in late 2014 and featured the singles "Beg for It" featuring Danish singer MØ and "Trouble" featuring American R&B singer Jennifer Hudson.

## Discography

- _The New Classic_ (2014)
- _In My Defense_ (2019)
- _The End of an Era_ (2021)

### Headlining

- The New Classic Tour (2014)

**Cancelled tours**
- Great Escape Tour (2015)
- Bad Girls Tour (2018)

### Opening act

- _XXL_ Freshmen Live Tour (2012)
- Tyga – MTV Jams Presents: Closer to My Dreams Tour (2012)
- Rita Ora – Ora Tour (2012)
- Rita Ora – Radioactive Tour (2013)
- Nas – Life Is Good Tour (2013)
- Beyoncé – The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour (2013)
- Pitbull - I Feel Good Tour (2021)
- Pitbull - Can't Stop Us Now Summer Tour (2022)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **embed**: yes
- **background**: person


## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Iggy Azalea
- **image**: Iggy Azalea VMA 2018.jpg
- **caption**: Iggy Azalea at the 2018 MTV Video Music Awards
- **birth name**: Amethyst Amelia Kelly
- **birth place**: Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- **years active**: 2011–2024
- **children**: 1
- **awards**: List of awards and nominations received by Iggy Azalea, Full list
- **signature**: Iggy Azalea signature.svg
Nexus S

The **Nexus S** is the second smartphone in the Google Nexus series. It was made by Google and Samsung, with the manufacturing of the device done by Samsung Electronics. It is the first smartphone to use the Android 2.3 operating system, and the first Android device to use Near Field Communication (NFC).

## Software

The Nexus S uses an unmodified version of Android 2.3 (Gingerbread) as its default operating system, with it also being the first device to be released with the updated version. On December 16, 2011, Google said that the Nexus S would be able to update to Android 4.0 (Ice Cream Sandwich), and later on December 19, 2011, Nexus S owners were able to update to the new Ice Cream Sandwich release.

On June 27, 2012, during a Google I/O conference, the Nexus S was revealed to be one of the first devices that would receive the ability to upgrade to Android 4.1 (Jellybean), along with the Motorola Xoom and Galaxy Nexus.

In October 2012, the Jellybean 4.1.2 update was made available, with it being the last official version released for the Nexus S.

On November 14, 2012, it was said that the Nexus S would not officially get the Android 4.2 (Jellybean) update. Unofficial ports of Jellybean 4.2, along with ports of later Android versions, such as 4.3, 4.4, 5.0 and 6.0, were made available by independent developers however.

## Other websites

- Official Nexus S page

## Infobox (mobile phone)

- **name**: Nexus S
- **codename**: Crespo
- **brand**: Google / Samsung
- **manufacturer**: Samsung Electronics
- **series**: Google Nexus
- **predecessor**: Nexus One
- **successor**: Galaxy Nexus
- **related**: Samsung Galaxy S
- **type**: Smartphone
- **os**: **Original:** Android (operating system), Android Android Gingerbread, 2.3 "Gingerbread"
**Last:** Android Jelly Bean, Android 4.1.2 "Jelly Bean"
FirefoxOS (supported by Mozilla, but not a targeted device)
- **logo**: Nexus S logo.svg
- **image**: Nexus S.png
- **caption**: Android Gingerbread, Android 2.3 being used on the Nexus S
Tajima Province

was an old province of Japan in the area of Hyōgo Prefecture on the island of Honshū. It was sometimes called .

The province had borders with Harima, Inaba, Tamba, and Tango provinces.

The ancient provincial capital city was near Hidaka.

## History

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  The maps of Japan and Tajima Province were reformed in the 1870s.

## Shrines and Temples

_Izushi jinja_ was the chief Shinto shrine (_ichinomiya_) of Tajima.

## Related pages

- Provinces of Japan
- Prefectures of Japan
- List of regions of Japan
- List of islands of Japan

## Other websites

- Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903
Tamba Province

, also known as **Tanba**, was an old province of Japan in the area of Hyōgo Prefecture on the island of Honshū.  Along with Tango Province, it was sometimes called .

The province had borders with Harima, Ōmi, Settsu, Tajima, Tango, Wakasa, and Yamashiro Provinces.

The ancient capital city of the province was in the area of modern Kameoka.

## History

In 713 (_Wadō 6, 3rd month_), Tamba was separated from Tango.

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  The maps of Japan and Tamba Province were reformed in the 1870s.

## Shrines and Temples

_Izumo daijinjū_ was the chief Shinto shrine (_ichinomiya_) of Tamba.

## Related pages

- Provinces of Japan
- Prefectures of Japan
- List of regions of Japan
- List of islands of Japan

## Other websites

- Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903
Tango Province

was an old province in the area of Kyoto Prefecture on the island of Honshū.  Along with Tamba Province, it was sometimes called .

The province had borders with Tajima, Tamba, and Wakasa provinces.

Maizuru or Miyazu was the capital city of the province.

## History

In 713 (_Wadō 6, 3rd month_), Tango was separated from Tamba province.

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  The maps of Japan and Tango Province were reformed in the 1870s.

## Geography

Tango faced the Sea of Japan.

## Shrines and Temples

_Kono jinja_ was the chief Shinto shrine (_ichinomiya_) of Tango.

## Related pages

- Provinces of Japan
- Prefectures of Japan
- List of regions of Japan
- List of islands of Japan

## Other websites

- Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903
Echigo Province

was an old province in Japan in the area of Niigata Prefecture on the island of Honshū.

The province had borders with Uzen, Iwashiro, Kōzuke, Shinano, and Etchū Provinces.

## History

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  The maps of Japan and Echigo Province were reformed in the 1870s.

## Geography

Echigo faced the Sea of Japan.

## Shrines and Temples

_Iyahiko jinju_ and _Koko jinja_ were the chief Shinto shrines (_ichinomiya_) of Echigo.

## Related pages

- Provinces of Japan
- Prefectures of Japan
- List of regions of Japan
- List of islands of Japan

## Other websites

- Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903