juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Víctor Jara

**Víctor Jara** (September 28, 1932- September 15, 1973) was a singer from Chile, South America.

He was born into a family of very poor peasants but through a lot of hard work and effort was able to enter the University of Chile - something very unusual in a poor country like Chile. In this manner he was able to escape the poverty of his parents.

At University he studied dramatic arts or acting; he taught and directed theatre productions. During this time he met and married  Joan Turner, a British ballet dancer and choreographer who worked in Chile.

Later Víctor Jara started to write and sing songs. He began to sing songs about the life of humble and poor people in his country: peasants, factory workers, miners, abandoned children, poor women. He also dedicated music albums to people who live in the shanty towns.

Víctor Jara tried to use his music to bring awareness about the inequality between the richest and the poorest people in society. How poor folk have a hard time acquiring the most basic things, such as food, health care, education, and housing. He also supported politicians who called for a fairer distribution of wealth to end poverty.

In 1973 Víctor Jara was killed by a military dictatorship led by General Augusto Pinochet for singing songs about social problems and social injustice. The U.S. government of Richard Nixon supported the military regime.

## Popular Songs

- _El Derecho de Vivir en Paz _ (The right to live in peace)
- _Plegaria a un Labrador_ (Prayer to a laborer)
- _Duerme, duerme negrito _ (Sleep little black child)
- _Vientos del Pueblo _ (Winds of the people)
- _El Amor es un camino que derrepente aparece _ (Love is a road that suddenly appears)
- _Cuando voy al trabajo_ (On my way to work)
- _Te Recuerdo Amanda_ (I remember you Amanda)
Scutellosaurus

***Scutellosaurus*** was a small bipedal herbivorous dinosaur from the Lower Jurassic period, 200–196 million years ago. It was about a metre long.

Its back was armoured, and it is placed in the Thyreophora with the other armoured dinosaurs. It was one of the earliest members of this group, and the most basal (primitive) form so far known. Its closest relatives may have been _Emausaurus_ and _Scelidosaurus_. These, and the larger armoured dinosaurs _Ankylosaurus_, _Stegosaurus_ and _Huayangosaurus_, were all quadrupedal. The lightly built bipedal _Scutellosaurus_ is similar in form to the ancestral dinosaurs, which were bipedal.

## Description

_Scutellosaurus_ was around  long,  tall at the hips, and weighed . The fossil evidence includes two partial skeletons recovered from Arizona, although of the skull only the lower jaw has been recovered. There were also several hundred scutes running along its neck to its back and as far down as its tail. Some of these shields were flat, while others were pitted. It had an unusually long tail, possibly a counterbalance to the weight of the armoured body, and long arms that suggest it may have browsed on all fours.
London Eye

The **London Eye** is a Ferris wheel. It is also known as the **Millennium Wheel** and is one of the largest observation wheels in the world. The London Eye is at the western end of Jubilee Garden, on the South Bank of the river Thames, between Westminster Bridge and Hungerford Bridge.

The Eye was opened in 2000.  It is  high. At the time it was built, in 1999, it was the tallest giant wheel in the world, and at present it is Europe's tallest Ferris wheel. It offered the highest public viewing point in London. The  observation deck on the 72nd floor of The Shard is now the highest public view of London.

It is the most popular paid tourist attraction in the United Kingdom: there are over 2.2 million visitors annually, and the Eye has made many appearances in popular culture.

The London Eye was overtaken in height by the Star of Nanchang, which is  high. On 11 February 2008, the Singapore Flyer overtook the Star of Nanchang with . In 2018-19 a plan for a taller observation wheel named the Whey Aye was proposed for Newcastle upon Tyne

## Infobox (skyscraper)

- **image**: London Eye aerial.jpg
- **name**: London Eye
- **location**: Western end of Jubilee Gardens, South Bank, Jubilee Gardens, on the South Bank of the River Thames, London, United Kingdom, UK
- **construction start date**: 1998
- **completion date**: March 2000
- **architect**: David Marks, Julia Barfield, Malcolm Cook, Mark Sparrowhawk, Steve Chilton and Nic Bailey
- **classification**: Observation wheel
Finlandia

***Finlandia*** is a symphonic poem by the Finnish composer Jean Sibelius. He wrote it in 1899 and made some changes to it the next year. "Finlandia" is the Latin name for Finland. At the time Sibelius wrote it, Finland was called the "Grand Duchy of Finland". This was because it was being ruled by Russia. The Finnish people wanted to rule Finland for themselves. The music was composed for a pageant to encourage the Finnish people to work for freedom.

The music of _Finlandia_ is exciting and dramatic. It sounds like the Finnish people struggling to be free. Towards the end the music becomes calm and a lovely tune is played. It is a hymn tune which became known as _Finlandia_. Many years later Sibelius set some words to this hymn and it is often sung as a separate piece by a choir. The words were written by Veikko Antero Koskenniemi. It has become Finland's best known song and almost feels like a second Finnish national anthem. It is often sung as a hymn in Christian churches to the words "Be still, my soul: the Lord is on your side". The tune was also used as the national anthem of the short-lived African country Biafra.
Transpiration

**Transpiration** is the evaporation of water from plants, especially leaves. It is a type of translocation and part of the water cycle. The amount of water lost by a plant depends on its size, the light intensity, temperature, humidity, wind speed, and soil water supply. The process of  **Transpiration** helps in regulating temperature in the plant.

Transpiration was first worked out by Stephen Hales (17 September 1677 – 4 January 1761), an English clergyman. He proved what is still believed, that the evaporation of water molecules from leaves is the main force pulling the water column up from its origin in the roots.

## How transpiration works

Leaf surfaces are dotted with openings called stomata, which act rather like pores. In most plants there are more on the undersides of the leaves than on the top. The stomata are bordered by guard cells that open and close the pore.  Transpiration happens when the guard cells open the stomata.  This lets oxygen and water vapour flow out, and carbon dioxide flow in.  The carbon dioxide is used in photosynthesis, and the oxygen is produced by photosynthesis.

Transpiration also pulls water through the plant. This brings with it the mineral nutrients from roots to shoots. Water moves out of the leaves into the atmosphere. This exerts a pull on the water column, which brings the water up against gravity. Water gets into the plant at the roots by osmosis, and it transports dissolved mineral nutrients to the upper parts of the plant through the xylem. A fully grown tree may lose hundreds of gallons (thousands of liters) of water through its leaves on a hot, dry day. About 90% of the water that enters a plant's roots is used for this process; most of the rest is used in photosynthesis.

Desert plants and conifers have adaptations which reduce water loss.  Examples are: thick cuticles, reduced leaf areas, sunken stomata and hairs. All these reduce transpiration and conserve water. Many cacti do photosynthesis in succulent stems, rather than leaves. The surface area of even a fat stem is far less that the total surface of leaves in a tree. Also, stomata of desert plants are usually closed during the day and open at night, when transpiration is lower.

## Related pages

- Translocation (botany)

## Other websites

- A description of transpiration, including the mechanism of transpiration & factors affecting Transpiration.
Stomata

In botany, a **stoma** (plural = _stomata_) is a tiny opening or pore. It is found on plant leaves and stems, and any other green parts of the plant. It is used for gas exchange. Stomata are mostly found on the _under-surface_ of plant leaves.  all  plants have stomata.

Stomata have two main functions. First is gaseous exchange i.e. intake of carbon dioxide and release of oxygen. The second is the process of transpiration in plants.

Air enters the plant through these openings. The carbon dioxide is used in photosynthesis, which also produces oxygen. The plant uses some of the oxygen but the rest is waste that exits through these same openings. Also, water vapor goes into the atmosphere through these pores in transpiration.

The pore is formed by a pair of cells known as **guard cells**. These adjust the size of the opening by opening or closing. To open a guard cell, protons  (hydrogen ions, H<sup>+</sup>) are pumped into the guard cells. Water enters into them, the cells gets filled, and they open.
Leopold Mozart

**Johann Georg Leopold Mozart** (November 14, 1719 – May 28, 1787; pronounced MOHT-sart) was a composer, music teacher and violinist. He was the father and teacher of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.
He was born in Augsburg, son of Johann Georg Mozart (1679–1736), a bookbinder, and his second wife Anna Maria Sulzer (1696–1766).
Famine

**Famine** is a situation where most people do not have enough food to eat. Without food, the human body grows weaker and weaker until the person becomes very sick or dies (see malnutrition). In poor countries with much subsistence farming such as in parts of Africa and Latin America, famine can be common.

## Famous famines

- 1816, the Year without a Summer was caused by Mount Tambora erupting. Tens of thousands died.
- The Irish Potato Famine lasted from 1846 to 1849.  It was caused by a potato blight.
- In the Holodomor, about 7 million of people starved to death in Ukraine in 1932 and 1933.
- The Great Leap Forward killed a few tens of millions of Chinese, in what was probably the biggest famine in history.

## Other websites

- Famine Early Warning System  monitors agricultural production and other warning signs worldwide
- United Nations World Food Programme Hunger relief against poverty and famine
- International Food Policy Research Institute Sustainable solutions for ending hunger
- In Depth: Africa's Food Crisis, BBC News
Frequency modulation

In telecommunications and signal processing, **frequency modulation** transmits information over a carrier wave by varying the frequency.  This technique is different from amplitude modulation which varies the amplitude, but keeps the frequency constant. This kind of modulation is used in broadcasting and other radio work.

In the context of broadcasting, Frequency modulation is often shortened to **FM**. When transmitting analogue sound,  the sound quality of FM signals is better than that of amplitude modulation (AM) signals. However, FM signals do not travel as far as AM beause they use higher frequencies that do not bounce off the Kennelly–Heaviside layer.

Many radio stations send out both kinds of signals. AM may be used for talk shows, and FM for music. FM broadcasting usually includes a difference signal, which can cause two different speaker<nowiki/>s at home to create different sounds. This creates stereo sound.

## Other websites

- Frequency Modulation
Emergency telephone number

An **emergency telephone number** is a telephone number that can be used to quickly contact emergency services for assistance. Emergency services usually include police, medical, or firefighting public services. Many countries' public telephone networks have a single emergency telephone number, sometimes known as the **universal emergency telephone number** or the **emergency services number**. Most emergency service numbers are 3 digits long so that they can be dialed quickly and remembered easily. Some countries have a different emergency number for each of the different emergency services and are different only by the last digit.

There is little or no data protection, when emegency services are called: Usually, the call is recorded. The  number is visible to the people taking the call. In the case of a call from a mobile phone, the phone also sends its current location if it has this information. There are systems such as e-call, which alert emergency services automatically.

## Variations

In Europe, the telephone number for emergency services is **1-1-2**. In North America, the number for emergency services is **9-1-1.** It can be dialed from any phone connected to a network, as a cellular service plan isn't required or charged for emergency calls. Some countries, such as Israel, maintains separate but consecutive numbers for police, fire, and medical services. When the number is dialed on the phone keypad, the call is routed to the nearest emergency telephone operating center. This center is oftentimes found within the same city or town that the call is made from. This provides a strong connection and allows emergency services to get to the location better. In some areas, calls are able to be traced on a map with GPS from cell towers. This can be helpful if a person calls but is unable to speak or if the telephone connection line disconnected before the call was ended intentionally.

## Technological Implications

The ability to contact emergency services has changed in recent years as technology has advanced. Some mobile devices like the Apple iPhone and Apple Watch and mobile applications such as Noonlight offer capabilities to contact emergency services without having to call or speak to an emergency phone operator. These features are still being tested and developed by using a smart phone's ability to maintain a very accurate GPS location.

There is also a mobile app called _EmerGa_, developed by a French first aid association recognized as serving the public interest, this tech solution offers quick access to emergency services worldwide through an intuitive visual interface.
Classified

**Classified** could mean:

- Classified information — sensitive information to which access is restricted by law or regulation to particular classes of people
- Classified advertising
- Classified (rapper) — rapper from Halifax, Nova Scotia
- _Classified_ (album) — a Sweetbox album released in 2001
- _Classified_ (bond album) — a bond album released in 2005
- Classified as in biological classification
Satellite city

**Satellite cities** are smaller cities that are near to a large city that is the center of a metropolitan area. They are different from suburbs, subdivisions and bedroom communities because they have their own center. Satellite cities could be separate cities outside of the larger metropolitan areas. However, working as part of a metropolis, a satellite city gets "cross-commuting" (people living in the city working outside of the city and people from other places working in the city). For example, London has several satellite cities, like Brentwood, Crawley and Chelmsford. New Haven and Bridgeport are among the satellite cities of New York City. Ipswich, Queensland, is a satellite city of Brisbane, Australia, and Kitchener and Guelph are satellite cities of Toronto, Canada.

Satellite cities are almost self sufficient in terms of amenities and facilities. They usually have all of the things to categorize them as a separate city, but they rely on the parent city or the nearby larger metropolitan area for some of their needs like education or employment.
Shanty town

**Shanty towns** are slums on the outskirts of many cities – especially in third world countries. Normally there are not many shanty towns in more economically developed countries. Often of low cost, with houses badly built with plywood, corrugated metal, sheets of plastic, cardboard or any available material. Often irregular structures good enough to keep the rain away or to protect from the summer sun. Pets and animals are often left to roam for food and water.

Lack of clean water, sanitation and toilets often make people, especially children, more exposed to illnesses such as hepatitis and cholera.

Many are built on land without a permit and often have no roads,  numbered street, electricity or telephone lines. Some homes in shanty towns have some services but they are unkept and pose health and fire hazards. Sometimes shanty towns can take up whole parts of a city and may include millions of dwellers  – such as in the cities of Brazil- see Favelas.

Many shanty town settlements are built on the banks of rivers and as a result the residents suffer the effect of floods or from industrial toxins in the water. Some are built close to rubbish dumps.

Residents of shanty towns often have poor health, lack education, suffer from high levels of crime and suicide, and have a shorter life expectancy.
Pterodactyloidea

**Pterodactyloidea** is the suborder of short-tailed pterosaurs. Their fossil record starts in the middle Jurassic. They became extinct in the K/T extinction event at the end of the Cretaceous period. _Pterodactylus_, _Pteranodon_ and _Quetzalcoatlus_ are in this suborder.

In 2014 remains of the earliest pterodactyloid was found in China. It is called _Kryptodrakon_. Its minimum age was 162.7 million years ago (mya). This is about five million years older than any previously known confirmed specimens.

Recent work shows that the group had more variety at the end of the Cretaceous than was thought earlier. In the early 2010s, several new pterosaur taxa were discovered dating to the late Cretaceous. These finds include some small sized pterosaur species.

At the end of the Cretaceous period, the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, which made all non-avian and most avian dinosaurs, as well as many other animals, extinct. The pterosaurs seem to have gone extinct in this event.

## Classification

This is the classification of the different divisions of pterodactyloidea:
- **Order Pterosauria**
    - **Suborder Pterodactyloidea**
        - Superfamily **Ornithocheiroidea**
            - Family Istiodactylidae
            - Family Ornithocheiridae
                - _Coloborhynchus_
            - Family Pteranodontidae
                - _Pteranodon_
        - Superfamily **Ctenochasmatoidea**
            - _Pterodactylus_
            - Family Ctenochasmatidae
                - _Pterodaustro_
        - Superfamily **Dsungaripteroidea**
            - Family Dsungaripteridae
                - _Dsungaripterus_
        - Superfamily **Azhdarchoidea**
            - Family Lonchodectidae
            - Family Tapejaridae
                - _Thalassodromeus_
                - _Tupuxuara_
            - Family Azhdarchidae
                - _Quetzalcoatlus_
Michael Praetorius

**Michael Praetorius** (born Creuzburg an der Werra, near Eisenach 15 February 1571? ; died Wolfenbüttel, 15 February 1621) was a German composer, organist and music theorist. He was one of the most important composers of his day and he wrote lots of different kinds of music. A lot of his music is based on hymns of the Protestant church.

We are not quite certain about the date of his birth. He was born at a time when there was a lot of argument about religion in Germany. His father was a strict Lutheran and lost his job more than once because of his beliefs. We know very little about the life of Praetorius. He seems to have gone to the Lateinschule (“Latin School”) in Torgau where he had music lessons from Michael Voigt. He probably never had music lessons after he left school. Then he went to the University of Frankfurt an der Oder. There Praetorius graduated in divinity. Afterwards he found a job as organist to the Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel. He soon earned a good salary. He married in 1603 and had two sons.

Although he had his job in Wolfenbüttel for many years he also worked a lot in Dresden where he met Heinrich Schütz and in Magdeburg where he met Samuel Scheidt. His health was not good, possibly because he worked so hard. When he died he left a lot of money to the poor.

## His music

Praetorius wrote a very large amount of music. Much of it has been lost. He wrote a collection of French dances called _Terpsichore_ for a small group of instruments. These are very happy pieces and are very popular today. A lot of his music is based on Protestant hymns, written for the services in the Lutheran church. He liked to write music in which two groups of singers or instrumentalists alternate (take it in turns to sing/play). His music for choir, which includes many motets, shows him to be one of the best composers of his time. He liked to write music for two, three or four choirs (all singing different parts). The tune would be in the top part so that the congregation could join in.

## His theory works

Praetorius wrote a book about music theory called _Syntagma Musicum_. Part One talks about religious music. It is very interesting for us today because it tells us a lot about the way that Martin Luther wanted to change music in the church services. In Part Two he described the musical instruments of his day. Part Three talks about musical forms: this included discussions about things like music notation (the way music was written), transposition (music), solmization and how to write for large choirs. He was going to write a Part Four in which he wanted to discuss the technique of musical composition, but he died before he could write it.
Denver Broncos

The **Denver Broncos** are a professional American football team in the National Football League (NFL). They play their home games in Denver, Colorado, U.S. at **Empower Field at Mile High**.  The Broncos play in the West Division of the American Football Conference (AFC). The Broncos won Super Bowl XXXII, Super Bowl XXXIII, and Super Bowl 50. They are named after a certain type of horse.

Their current head coach is Sean Payton. In 2015, they had the NFL's best defense led by defensive coordinator Wade Phillips.

## Hall of Fame players

Six players who have played for the Broncos are in the Pro Football Hall of Fame: John Elway, Shannon Sharpe, Terrell Davis, Steve Atwater, Peyton Manning, Floyd Little, and Gary Zimmerman.

## Other websites

- Official Website
- The Orange Mane - Denver Broncos News and Discussion
- 2005 Team Statistics at NFL.com
Indianapolis Colts

The **Indianapolis Colts** are an American football team in Indianapolis, Indiana. They play in the National Football League. They were originally the **Baltimore Colts**.  The team's name is based on a young horse. Their logo is a blue horseshoe. The team moved to Indianapolis in 1984. They.ve won one Super Bowl in 2006 lead by quarterback Peyton Manning.

## Other websites

- Indianapolis Colts official website
Prometheus

**Prometheus** is a Titan in Greek mythology. He is the son of Iapetus and Clymene. He created humans, originally made out of gold. He also stole fire from Zeus and gave it to humans. As punishment, Zeus had Prometheus chained to a mountain. Every day an eagle (symbol of Zeus) would come and eat his liver. Prometheus is immortal, so he never died, and his liver grew back every night. But he still felt great pain.

After a long time, Zeus sent his son Heracles to free Prometheus by breaking the chains which held him.

Aeschylus wrote a play about Prometheus.

## Other websites

- Theoi Text, _Theogony_
- Theoi Text, _Works and Days_
- Theoi Text, _Prometheus Bound_
- Theoi Mythology, Prometheus
- Theoi Mythology, Pronoea
- GML, Prometheus
- Encyclopedia Mythica, Prometheus
- Messagenet, Prometheus
- Prometheus, a poem by Noevel (French)
- Prometheus, a poem by Byron
Pitch (music)

In music, the **pitch** of a note means how high or low the note sounds. For example, a violin usually has a higher pitch than a string bass. Pitch mostly depends on the frequency of the sound — how fast the air vibrates back and forth. In physics, frequency is measured in a unit called Hertz.  A note that is vibrating at 261 Hz will be caused by sound waves that vibrate at 261 times a second.  This will be Middle C on the piano.

Not all musical instruments make notes of a certain pitch.  Many percussion instruments like drums, triangles and cymbals are instruments used for rhythms.  They do not play tunes because they have no definite pitch (although often a definite pitch can just be heard when listening carefully.)

Some musicians have a sense of **absolute pitch** or **perfect pitch**.  This means that they always know what note is being played, even without comparing it to another note.  Having a sense of absolute pitch does not necessarily make someone a good musician, although it can be very useful.

There is evidence to suggest that well-known composers of classical music, such as Haydn, Beethoven, Mozart, and Bach, had developed and perhaps even mastered their sense of pitch.

Pitch is not exactly the same as frequency. Frequency is used as a scientific means for measuring and changing sound and its possible pitches. Pitch is a more psychological quality. It depends on how the ear perceives sounds, and how the brain interprets them.

## Related pages

- note (music)
- musical notation
- scale (music)
- wave (physics)

## Other websites

- Pitch (music)) Citizendium
Congregation

A **congregation** is a group of people who have come together (**congregated**) for something, usually for religious worship.  In Christian churches the word “congregation” is often used to mean all the people in the main part of the church, but not the choir or the priests. This term came from long ago after the church was first formed. For example: the order of service might say that the choir will sing verse 1 of a hymn and "the congregation are asked to join in at verse 2".
Technique

A **technique** may refer to:

- Technology, the use of the knowledge of tools and crafts
- Skill, a learned ability to do something
Soursop

The **soursop**, also known as the **zuurzak**, is the fruit of the tree _Annona muricata_. The tree is from warm parts of the Americas. At first it was only found in the Caribbean islands, parts of Central America and parts of South America. Now it is grown in other warm and wet places, such as the Pacific Islands, Florida and Southeast Asia.

This fruit is large. It has a spiky green skin, which is not eaten. The inside of the fruit is white. It contains a sweet but sharp-tasting juice. The soursop contains black or brown seeds that are not eaten. The fruit can be eaten raw, or it can be made into juice for drinking. The juice is used to make candy and ice cream.

Some people use the soursop fruit or leaves as a medicine. Although the fruit contains sugars and a lot of vitamins, it may not be good to eat a lot of it. Scientists think that the soursop may make some people ill.
Pond-apple

A **pond-apple** is a type of fruit. It is not related to the apple. They usually live near or in water.
Pore

A **pore**, in general, is some form of opening, usually very small.

**Pore** might mean:
- Pore (skin), an opening in the surface of the skin
- Stomata, a similar opening in a leaf
Vegetation

**Vegetation** means the plant life of a region or the plant community. It means all ground cover by plants, and is the main element of the biosphere. When you say _vegetation_ you do not think of any species composition, life forms, structure, spatial extent, "naturalness", or any other specific botanical or geographic characteristics. That is meant by _flora_ which refers exclusively to species composition.

_Vegetation_ can refer to a wide range of spatial scales. Primeval redwood forests, coastal mangrove stands, sphagnum bogs, desert soil crusts, roadside weed patches, wheat fields, cultivated gardens and lawns; all are meant by the term _vegetation_.

### Classification

- Terrestrial Vegetation of the United States Volume I – The National Vegetation Classification System: Development, Status, and Applications  (PDF)
- Federal Geographic Data Committee Vegetation Subcommittee
- Vegetation Classification Standard  FGDC-STD-005, June [1997] (PDF)

### Mapping-related

- USGS - NPS Vegetation Mapping Program
- Checklist of Online Vegetation and Plant Distribution Maps
- Free Vegetation Distribution Site – "free access to almost the entire _Spot Vegetation_ ten daily synthesis archive"

### Climate Diagrams

- Climate Diagrams Explained
- WBCS Worldwide Climate Diagrams
Player killing

**Player Killing** (**PKing**) is a part of online gaming with real people. It is when you kill another person's character. Some other terms in pking are: PJing, which means pile jumping, or attacking someone when they are picking up the items dropped by a player they have just killed a player, Safer, which means someone who PKs safely (especially when eating or healing) and does not take risks, making it widely considered 'unfair' on the people trying to PK them and DD which means death dot, which is when people in a Player Killing team all stand in the same place as each other, making it appear to other players that there is only one person there. However, "safing" varies in how other people perceive it. It can be used to stay alive, however you usually lose a chance to hit when healing.
Amoeba

***Amoeba*** (plural = amoebae) is a well known genus of unicellular organism, a protist. One of its most common species, the ***Amoeba Proteus***, is about 0.2 to 0.3 mm large. The amoeba was first discovered by August Von Rosenhof in 1757.  It is a genus of protozoa that moves with _false feet_, called pseudopodia.

The amoeba is a member of a whole group of amoeboid eukaryotic protists called Amoebozoa. They are heterotrophs, eating bacteria and other protists.

The pseudopodia (false feet) are extensions of the organism's cell membrane. They are used by the amoeba for phagocytosis (active food/nutrient intake) and motility (self-propelled movement).

## Life

Amoebae are often found within freshwater, typically on vegetation in decay in still or slow moving water, or in the benthic zone (the flora and fauna found at the bottom of the sea or lake ) of some lakes. However, they are common organisms of study because it is easy to keep them in a laboratory. They are used to study sex
_protozoa_ and to demonstrate cell structure and function.

## Other websites

- Wikibooks: compare size of cells
- Amoeba info
Laboratory

A **laboratory** (**lab** for short) is a work place where scientific research, experiments, or measurement are done.

The word _laboratory_ is also used for other places where the work done or equipment used are like those in scientific laboratories. These include:
- a film laboratory or photographic laboratory
- a computer lab
- a medical lab
- a clandestine lab for making illegal drugs

Scientific laboratories can be found in schools and universities, in hospitals, in industry, in government or military facilities, and even aboard ships and spacecraft.
Last Of The Conquerors

***Last of the Conquerors*** is a 1948 novel by African-American novelist William Gardner Smith. It concerns African-American GI's serving in United States occupied Germany after World War II. The protagonist, Hayes Dawkins, has an affair with Ilse, a white German woman. He and Ilse fight against racist Army officers and policies to sustain a relationship that some white soldiers condemn (although there are also many friendly whites who help them).

_Last of the Conquerors_ shows post-Nazi Germany as more racially tolerant than the United States. While this  may or may not be correct, Smith's novel gives an opinion of the Marshall Plan claiming that American society should be a model for the world, while African-Americans continued to deal with racism.

The novel begins on  a homecoming US troopship, as the Statue of Liberty comes into view, the reaction from the US troops is somber and wary,  resigned, but not at all glad to be home from the war. Why? They are "colored" troops. After experiencing life in a society (recently liberated Germany), where racial prejudice was not a big factor, they steel themselves for dealing with a still very divided America. An eyeopening look inside a (now hopefully past) society and its impact on those forced to deal with  the unremitting pressure of distrust and hate. A profound reading experience.
Id Software

**id Software** is an American video game company. They are most famous for their first-person shooter games. They started in 1991.

## Games

ID has made many games.

### Early Work

- _Wolfenstein 3D_ (1992)
- _Spear of Destiny_ (1992)
- _Doom_ (1993)
- _Doom 2_ (1994)
- _Heretic_ (1995)
- _Hexen_ (1995)

### Full 3D Games

- _Quake_ (1996)
- _Quake 2_ (1998)
- _Quake 3_ (1999)
- _Doom 3_ (2004)
- _Quake 4_ (2006)

## Other websites

- Official id Software website
- "A Chat With id Software ", a GameSpy interview with people at id Software
Heretic (video game)

***Heretic*** is a first-person shooter video game made by ID Software for computers. It is like _Doom_, but it takes place in a fantasy world. The monsters are mostly not human. The player has the ability to look up and down, which they could not do in _Doom_. The weapons are also fantasy weapons. It uses the same base as _Doom_ and _Doom 2_. It has two sequels: _Hexen_ and _Heretic 2_.

## Other websites

- Official _Heretic_ website from Raven
- Official _Heretic_ website from id Software
Locomotion

In a general sense, **locomotion** simply means active movement or travel, not only of biological individuals.
- In biology, locomotion is the self-powered movement of limbs or other anatomical parts by which an individual moves itself from place to place.

Forms of locomotion are walking (and knuckle-walking), running, crawling, climbing, swimming and flying.
- In engineering:
    - Locomotion No. 1 is the name of an early steam railway locomotive, even older than Stephenson's Rocket.
    - Robot locomotion
- Chris Sawyer's Locomotion is a 2004 computer game by Chris Sawyer.
- Locomotion is a 1981 arcade game by Konami.
- Locomotion (puzzle game) is a 1992 puzzle game by Andre Wuthrich published by Kingsoft. Music by Gunnar Gaubatz (info from Gamebase database)
- "The Loco-Motion" is a 1960s hit song, originally performed by Little Eva, and its accompanying dance.
- "Locomotion" is a museum in the town of Shildon, County Durham, England.
- "Locomotion" was a cable TV channel in Latin America.
- _Locomotion_ is a young adult novel in poetic form by Jacqueline Woodson.
- _Locomotion_ is a 9-piece horn band based in Connecticut (USA).  Started in June 1987, the band plays clubs, weddings, fairs, fund raisers, and private functions of all types.
- _Locomotion_ is a 6-piece soul band based in Wiltshire (UK).  Started in 1993, this band also plays clubs, weddings, fairs, fund raisers, and private functions of all types.
Ferrara

**Ferrara** is a city in Emilia-Romagna in Northern Italy. About 130,000 people live in Ferrara. The city was owned by the Este family during medieval times. The current mayor is Tiziano Tagliani.

## Other websites

- Official site
Modena

**Modena** is a city in Emilia-Romagna, northern Italy. About 190,000 people live in Modena. It is the city of engines since the factories of the famous Italian sports car makers Ferrari, De Tomaso, Lamborghini, Pagani, and Maserati.

## Infobox (italian comune)

- **name**: Modena
- **official name**: Comune di Modena
- **image skyline**: File:Collage of Modena.jpg
- **image caption**: Modena Cathedral, Ducal Palace, Square in front of Ducal Palace, Ducal Gardens
- **image alt**: Modena Cathedral, Ducal Palace, Square in front of Ducal Palace, Ducal Gardens
- **image flag**: Flag of Modena.svg
- **image shield**: Coat of arms of Modena.svg
- **region**: Emilia-Romagna
- **province**: Province of Modena, Modena (MO)
- **frazioni**: Albareto, Baggiovara, Ca' Fusara, Cognento, Cittanova, Collegara, Ganaceto, Lesignana, Marzaglia, Navicello, Portile, San Damaso, San Donnino, Tre Olmi, Villanova
- **mayor**: Gian Carlo Muzzarelli
- **mayor party**: Democratic Party (Italy), PD
- **area total km2**: 183.23
- **elevation m**: 34
- **population total**: 184732
- **population as of**: 31 December 2015
- **postal code**: 41121-41126
- **area code**: 059
- **istat**: 036023
Worms (1995 video game)

***Worms*** is a video game where the player controls little cartoon worms who fight with weapons. There are many games in this series. It has guns and other weapons, but is not very violent because it is all cartoons.

## Other websites

- _Worms_ series
- Official Worms 2 website
- Official Worms Armageddon website
- Official Worms World Party website
- Official Worms 3D website
- Official Worms Forts website
- Official Worms 4: Mayhem website
- Official Worms website  – information on older releases

## Infobox (video game)

- **title**: Worms
- **developer**: Team 17
- **publisher**: Ocean Software
- **composer**: Bjørn Lynne
- **series**: _Worms (franchise), Worms_
- **released**: **Amiga, CD32, Game Boy & Mac**
**Mega Drive**
**PC (DOS)**
**PlayStation**
**SNES**
**Saturn**
**Jaguar**

- **platforms**: Amiga, Amiga CD32, Game Boy, Sega Genesis, Atari Jaguar, Mac OS, IBM PC compatible (MS-DOS), PlayStation (console), PlayStation, Sega Saturn, Super Nintendo Entertainment System, Super NES
Diablo (video game)

***Diablo*** is a fantasy role playing computer game. It was created by Blizzard Entertainment in 1997. It has magic spells and demons in it. You can be 3 different characters. It was a very popular game. Sequels of the game, Diablo II and III, were made.

***Diablo IV***, which is not yet ready, might come out in 2022. ***Diablo Immortal***, which is also not yet ready, is designed to be played with touchscreen. At the 2018 conference, the presenter asked the following rhetorical question,

## Other websites

- Official Site
- Jarulf's Guide to _Diablo_ and _Hellfire_ - According to Blizzard http://www.blizzard.com/support/?id=msi0506p , _"the definitive in-depth guide to Diablo."_
Therizinosaurus

**Therizinosaurus** was a huge herbivorous theropod dinosaur from the end of the Cretaceous period.

New, well-preserved finds such as _Alxasaurus_ in 1993 and _Beipiaosaurus_ in 1996 provided details about the bird-like pelvis, feet and skulls of primitive members. This helped confirm they belonged to the same group of theropod dinosaurs as _Therizinosaurus_ and that therizinosaurs were, more specifically, advanced, herbivorous maniraptoran theropods.

Their fossils were first found in the late 1940s in Asia. They were named in 1954 after more bones were found. It was a thought to be a carnivore and herbivore; it had very long claws - they were about  long.

## Paleobiology

The feeding habits of _Therizinosaurus_ are unknown, since no skull material has ever been found that could indicate its diet. However, like other therizinosaurs, it was probably primarily herbivorous.

There are multiple possible functions that could have been served by the claws of _Therizinosaurus_, such as defense against predators (e.g. the contemporary _Tarbosaurus_) and in intraspecific fighting, such as fighting for territory or for mating, or to pull leafy tree branches towards its mouth. The claws may have served all these functions.
Therizinosaur

**Therizinosaurs**  (or **segnosaurs**) are  a clade of theropod dinosaurs which appear to be herbivorous.

Therizinosaur fossils have been found in Cretaceous deposits in Mongolia, the People's Republic of China and Western North America. Various features of the forelimbs, skull and pelvis show they are theropods and maniraptorans, close relatives to birds.

## History

Early finds were incomplete, and showed strange anatomy with features typical of theropods, prosauropods and ornithischians. This led some scientists to think that segnosaurs were a late-surviving suborder of primitive dinosaurs.

It was not until the mid-1990s, that their true identity as herbivorous descendants of the carnivorous theropods became generally accepted. _Alxasaurus_ was discovered, and had more typical theropod features; and _Therizinosaurus_ was recognized as a member of the segnosaur group.

The connection between the therizinosaurids and other theropods was made clear when primitive members of the group, such as _Beipiaosaurus_ (1999) and _Falcarius_ (2005) were discovered. The scientists who described _Falcarius_ noted that it seemed to represent an intermediate stage between carnivorous and herbivorous theropods, a sort of "missing link" between predatory maniraptorans and plant-eating therizinosaurs.

Although they are now classified as theropods, therizinosaurs had skulls similar to those of sauropods and the shape of their teeth and jaws do make it likely that they were herbivores.
Prune

**Prunes** are dried plums. They look like very large raisins, but they are in the genus _Prunus_.

Most prunes come from California. Prunes can be wrapped in bacon, eaten on their own, or mixed with cereal.
Aamras

**Aamras** is the pulp of mangos that is usually eaten in India.

## Other websites

- How to make aamras
Hexen: Beyond Heretic

***Hexen*** is a first person shooter video game. It is a sequel to the computer game Heretic, created by ID Software and Raven Software. The player can choose to play as a fighter, a cleric (knight), or a mage (wizard). Each character can use 4 different weapons. The monsters are like the monsters in Heretic, but there are a few new ones. This game uses a better design and plays much better than Heretic. In _Hexen_, doors can open forward instead of just going up, you can jump, glass can break when you shoot it, and monsters can make things happen when they die, like making an item. There is also more of a story in _Hexen_.

## Other websites

- Official _Hexen_ website from Raven
- Official _Hexen_ website from id Software
- Official website for the _Deathkings of the Dark Citadel_ expansion

## Infobox (video game)

- **title**: Hexen: Beyond Heretic
- **developer**: Raven Software
- **publisher**: id Software (PC), R-Comp Interactive (RISC OS)
- **director**: Brian Raffel
- **designer**: Eric C. Biessman
Michael Raymond-Judy
- **programmer**: Ben Gokey
Paul MacArthur
Chris Rhinehart
- **artist**: Shane Gurno
Brian Pelletier
Brian Raffel
- **composer**: Kevin Schilder
- **engine**: Doom engine, _Doom_ engine
- **genre**: First-person shooter
- **modes**: Single-player, multiplayer
Diablo II

***Diablo II*** is a fantasy action role-playing  computer game. The game was created by Blizzard Entertainment. It sold more than 1 million copies in the first two weeks after its release. It has sold over 15 million copies worldwide. The developer is remaking the game, with graphical improvements et cetera, known as *** Diablo 2: Resurrected ***.

## Storyline and quests

The game is divided into 4 acts. Each act is one part of the story.  There are up to six quests in each act that must be completed before the player can go to the next act.  The last quest is always the one where the player has to beat a boss.  The bosses for each act are:

- Act I: Andariel
- Act II: Duriel
- Act III: Mephisto
- Act IV: Diablo

Quests are parts of the story where the player has to complete certain tasks in order to continue on with the game.

### Characters Classes

The game has five different types (or classes) of characters to chose from. Each character has a set skill tree, which is listed below.
- Amazon - A bow and javelin using female character. She is good at attacking from a distance.
- Barbarian - A male fighter who is good with all weapons.
- Necromancer - A male magic user who uses the undead as his weapon.
- Paladin - A male holy warrior that uses both magic and weapons in a fight.
- Sorceress - A female magic user who uses the powers of Lightning, Fire and Ice.

### Leveling

To increase a characters level in _Diablo II_, the player must run the character around killing the monsters that appear in the different areas.  Once a monster is defeated, it sometimes drops items or coins. When a monster is killed, it will not come back until the game is saved and started again.  Each character has a certain amount of experience that they needs to gain before they can become the next level.  This number depends upon what level the character is.  The higher the level, the more experience is needed to level.

Characters gain bonuses when they level:
- Each character gets 5 points each level to increase their attributes.  Players usually decide what to increase by what character class they are.  Necromancers and Sorceresses tend to get more Energy than Strength and Defense, while Barbarians and Paladins tend to get the opposite.
- Each character gets 1 skill point each level to spend on a particular skill.  Many players choose only one part of the skill tree to train in. That is the only one they put their skill points into.  Others put their points into more than 1 of the skill trees listed above per character.

_Diablo II: Lord of Destruction_ Expansion
- Adds Druid and assassin classes
- Adds Act 5

## Related pages

- _Diablo (video game)_

## Other websites

- Official Site
- The Arreat Summit , official Strategy Guide
- DiabloII.net - Diablo, Hellfire, Diablo II Fansite
Corfe Castle

**Corfe Castle** is a small village and ruined castle dating back to the 11th century. It is in a gap in the Purbeck Hills,  south of Wareham, in Dorset, England.

The oldest surviving structure on the castle site dates to the 11th century, although there are good reasons to suppose that there was a stronghold there before the Norman Conquest. Edward the Martyr was killed at the site on March 18, 978.

The castle was besieged in the English Civil War. After it was captured it was partly demolished (slighted).

## Other websites

- Corfe Castle Website
- Corfe Castle information at the National Trust
- Sources on Corfe Castle
Stirrup

The **stirrup** is a ring with a flat bottom fixed on a leather strap, usually hung from each side of a saddle to create a footrest for the rider on a riding animal (usually a horse or a mule), suspended by an adjustable strap from the saddle for use as a support for the foot of a rider of a horse when seated in the saddle and as an aid in getting up.
Château-d'Œx

**Château-d'Œx** is a commune in Vaud canton Switzerland. The other members of its canton have birds in their flags.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Château-d'Œx
- **municipality name**: Château-d'Œx
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Château d’Oex COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Château-d'Oex.png
- **languages**: French
- **canton**: Vaud
- **iso-code-region**: CH-VD
- **district**: Riviera-Pays-d'Enhaut (district), Riviera-Pays-d'Enhaut
- **postal code**: 1660
- **municipality code**: 5841
- **area**: 113.76
- **elevation**: 958
- **population**: 3034
- **populationof**: 2003
- **website**: www.chateaudoex-admin.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Charmey (FR), Grandvillard (FR), Gsteig bei Gstaad (BE), Haut-Intyamon (FR), Ormont-Dessous, Ormont-Dessus, Rossinière, Rougemont, Switzerland, Rougemont, Saanen (BE), Villeneuve, Vaud, Villeneuve