Gough Whitlam

**Edward Gough Whitlam** (11 July 1916 – 21 October 2014), known "**Gough Whitlam**", was an Australian politician. He was the 21st Prime Minister of Australia., and the only Prime Minister to have been dismissed from office by a Governor-General. He was Prime Minister for three years. His Labor Party was elected after 23 years of government by the Liberal-Country Party Coalition, and his government made a lot of new changes. Whitlam is the only Prime Minister who has lived in the lifetime of all the other Prime Ministers.

## Early life

Whitlam was born in Kew, a suburb of Melbourne, Victoria. He studied at the University of Sydney. Whitlam served at the Royal Australian Air Force from 1941 through 1945 during World War II.

## Prime Minister of Australia

Whitlam became Prime Minister in December 1972. He succeeded William McMahon. His government, for most of the time it lasted, did not have a majority in the Senate (the upper house of the Australian Parliament). This made it hard for Whitlam's government to make laws. The Whitlam government nevertheless made progress in many areas including free health care for everyone, equal rights for women, equal rights for Aboriginal people including the right to own or control land, no more compulsory military service, trade relations with communist China, free tertiary education, and the chance for people with low incomes to get a lawyer to defend their rights.

In 1975, the government thought about borrowing US$4 billion in foreign loans. One cabinet minister, Rex Connor, had secret discussions with a loan broker from Pakistan. The Treasurer, Jim Cairns, misled parliament over this. Partly as a result, the new leader of the Opposition, Malcolm Fraser, used the Senate to stop giving money to the government until there was an election. This meant that the government had no money with which to pay civil servants and carry out administration. In order to end the crisis, the Governor-General, Sir John Kerr, acting on behalf of Queen Elisabeth II, dismissed Whitlam. That happened only once in Australian history and many people thought it was unjust and undemocratic. Fraser then became the temporary Prime Minister. Whitlam was easily defeated by Fraser in the election that was held a month later.

Whitlam was defeated for a second time by Fraser at the next election in 1977, and resigned from parliament shortly after that. From then until his death in 2014 then he continued to be a very public figure, writing books and often commenting on political affairs.

## Death

Whitlam married Margaret Dovey a prominent Australian swimmer and social worker in 1942 and they remained married till her death on 17 March 2012. On 21 October 2014, Whitlam died in Elizabeth Bay, Sydney, New South Wales at the age of 98.

## Legacy

Whitlam is one of the most controversial people in Australia. Many people think of him as a hero while others consider his government to have been inefficient.

## Other websites

- Gough Whitlam  – Australia's Prime Ministers / National Archives of Australia
- The Whitlam Institute
- The Whitlam Dismissal – 11 November 1975
- Dismissal letter  – Copy of dismissal letter
- Gough Whitlam at the National Film and Sound Archive
- Gurindji Land Ceremony Speech – transcript and audio from August 1975
- Listen to an excerpt of Gough Whitlam's 'Kerr's Cur' speech on australianscreen online

## Infobox (prime minister)

- **honorific-prefix**: The Honourable
- **name**: Gough Whitlam
- **image**: Gough Whitlam 1962.jpg
- **order**: 21st Prime Minister of Australia
<small>Elections: Australian federal election, 1969, 1969, Australian federal election, 1972, 1972, Australian federal election, 1974, 1974, Australian federal election, 1975, 1975, Australian federal election, 1977, 1977</small>
- **term start**: 5 December 1972
- **term end**: 11 November 1975
- **monarch**: Elizabeth II
- **governor-general**: Paul Hasluck, Sir Paul Hasluck
John Kerr (governor-general), Sir John Kerr
- **deputy**: Lance Barnard
Jim Cairns
Frank Crean
- **predecessor**: William McMahon
- **successor**: Malcolm Fraser
- **office1**: Minister for Foreign Affairs (Australia), Minister for Foreign Affairs
- **primeminister1**: Gough Whitlam
- **term start1**: 5 December 1972
- **term end1**: 6 November 1973
- **predecessor1**: Nigel Bowen
- **successor1**: Don Willesee
- **office2**: Leader of the Opposition (Australia), Leader of the Opposition
- **deputy2**: Frank Crean
Tom Uren
- **predecessor2**: Malcolm Fraser
- **successor2**: Bill Hayden
- **term start2**: 11 November 1975
- **term end2**: 22 December 1977
- **deputy3**: Lance Barnard
- **predecessor3**: Arthur Calwell
- **successor3**: Billy Snedden
- **term start3**: 9 February 1967
- **term end3**: 5 December 1972
- **office4**: Australian Labor Party, Leader of the Labor Party
- **term start4**: 9 February 1967
- **term end4**: 22 December 1977
- **deputy4**: Lance Barnard
Jim Cairns
Frank Crean
Tom Uren
- **predecessor4**: Arthur Calwell
- **successor4**: Bill Hayden
- **office5**: Australian Labor Party#ALP Federal Deputy Parliamentary Leaders, Deputy Leader of the Labor Party
- **term start5**: 7 March 1960
- **term end5**: 9 February 1967
- **leader5**: Arthur Calwell
- **predecessor5**: Arthur Calwell
- **successor5**: Lance Barnard
- **birth place**: Kew, Victoria, Kew, Melbourne, Australia
- **death place**: Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- **party**: Australian Labor Party
- **birthname**: Edward Gough Whitlam
- **spouse**: Margaret Whitlam (m. 1942-2012)
- **children**: Tony Whitlam, Tony
 Nicholas Whitlam, Nicholas
 Stephen
Catherine
- **alma mater**: University of Sydney
- **profession**: Barrister
- **signature**: Gough Whitlam Signature.svg
- **allegiance**: Commonwealth of Australia
- **branch**: Royal Australian Air Force
- **serviceyears**: 1941–1945
- **rank**:  Flight Lieutenant
- **unit**: No. 13 Squadron RAAF
- **battles**: World War II