Jean Cocteau

**Jean Cocteau**  (Jean Maurice Eugène Clément Cocteau, 5 July 1889 – 11 October 1963) was a French artist, poet, novelist, dramatist, designer, playwright, moviemaker and actor.

Cocteau wrote or worked on 21 stage performances, some of which were ballets, and some were plays. Cocteau's movies, most of which he both wrote and directed, were particularly important in introducing the avant-garde into French cinema and influenced the upcoming French New Wave genre.

He also worked with Pablo Picasso on several projects and was friends with most of the European art community. In all his creative work, he was a modernist.

In 1955, Cocteau was made a member of the _Académie Française_ and The Royal Academy of Belgium. During his life Cocteau was made a Commander of the _Légion d'honneur_.

## Life

Cocteau was bisexual. His circle of associates, friends and lovers included Pablo Picasso, Jean Hugo, Jean Marais, Henri Bernstein, Marlene Dietrich, Coco Chanel, Erik Satie, María Félix, Édith Piaf (whom he cast in one of his one-act plays entitled _Le Bel Indifferent_ in 1940), and Raymond Radiguet.

In the 1930s, Cocteau had an affair with Princess Natalie Paley, the beautiful daughter of a Romanov grand duke. She became pregnant. To Cocteau's distress and Paley's life-long regret, the foetus was aborted. Cocteau's longest-lasting relationships were with the French actors Jean Marais (who played 'tough guy' roles in movies and TV), and Édouard Dermit, whom Cocteau formally adopted. Cocteau cast Marais in four of his movies.

At times, Cocteau was addicted to opium.

Biographer James S. Williams describes Cocteau's politics as "naturally right-leaning".<sup>p123</sup> In his diary, Cocteau accused France of disrespect towards Hitler and speculated on the Führer's sexuality. His views became known, and he was arraigned on charges of collaboration after the war. He was cleared of any wrongdoing: it turned out that he had used his contacts to try and save friends from the Nazis.<sup>p182</sup>

Cocteau died of a heart attack in Milly-la-Foret, Essonne.

### Theatre and ballet

Cocteau wrote or worked on 21 stage performances, some of which were ballets, and some were plays.

He was involved in Diaghilev's _Ballets Russes_ from the first season in Paris, 1909. He wrote scenarios (_librettos_) for Fokine's _Le Dieu Blue_ in 1912, Massine's _Parade_ in 1917 and Nijinska's _Le Train Bleu_ in 1924. He also design company posters, and worked for several other ballet companies. He wrote many articles on dance, and made sketches of many in Diaghilev's circle.

In 1940, _Le Bel Indifférent_, Cocteau's play written for and starring Édith Piaf, was enormously successful.

### Film

Cocteau directed eleven movies in _avant-gard_ style, wrote scripts for six movies and dialogue for three, and directed the photography for one more. Some of his most well-known were _Blood of a Poet_ (1930), _Les Parents terribles_ (1948), and _Orpheus_ (1949).

### Writing

Cocteau wrote extensively. including poetry. All of it is in French, but some is available in translation.

Cocteau wrote five novels. The most important of these was probably _Les Enfants terribles_ (1929). He also published 23 books or pamphlets of original poetry, and 26 volumes of poetic criticism and collections. He illustrated 12 works of poetry. He made a number of recordings, mostly spoken poems.

## Further reading

- Steegmuller, Francis 1970. _Cocteau: a biography_. Atlantic-Little, Brown, Boston.
- Brown, Frederick. _An impersonation of Angels: a biography of Jean Cocteau_, The Viking Press, New York.
- Tsakiridou, Cornelia A. ed. 1997. _Reviewing Orpheus: essays on the cinema and art of Jean Cocteau_. Lewisburg PA: Bucknell University Press.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Jean Cocteau
- **image**: Jean Cocteau b Meurisse 1923.jpg
- **caption**: Cocteau in 1923
- **birth name**: Jean Maurice Eugène Clément Cocteau
- **other names**: The Frivolous Prince
- **birth place**: Maisons-Laffitte, France
- **death place**: Milly-la-Forêt, France
- **years active**: 1908–1963
- **signature**: Jean Cocteau signature.svg