juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
1890s

The **1890s** was the decade that began on January 1, 1890 and ended on December 31, 1899. It is distinct from the decade known as the  which began on January 1, 1891 and ended on December 31, 1900.

### Births

- May 19, 1890 – Ho Chi Minh, prime minister (1946–1955) and president (1955–1969) of North Vietnam
- September 15, 1890 – Agatha Christie, English writer
- October 2, 1890 – Groucho Marx, American comedian
- October 14, 1890 – Dwight D. Eisenhower, president of the United States 1953–1961
- November 22, 1890 – Charles de Gaulle, president of France 1958–1969
- June 9, 1891 – Cole Porter, American musician
- January 3, 1892 – J.R.R. Tolkien, English author
- May 7, 1892 – Josip Broz Tito, president of Yugoslavia 1953–1980
- December 26, 1893 – Mao Zedong, Chairman of the Communist Party of China

### World leaders

- Prime Minister John Sparrow David Thompson (Canada)
- Prime Minister Sir Wilfrid Laurier (Canada)
- Emperor Franz Josef (Austria-Hungary)
- Kaiser Wilhelm II (German Empire)
- Chancellor Leo von Caprivi (German Empire)
- King Umberto I (Italy)
- Pope Leo XIII
- Czar Alexander III (Russia)
- Czar Nicholas II (Russia)
- Queen Victoria (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland)
- Prime Minister Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury (United Kingdom)
- Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone (United Kingdom)
- Prime Minister Archibald Philip Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery (United Kingdom)
- President Benjamin Harrison (United States)
- President Grover Cleveland (United States)
- President William McKinley (United States)
- Shahs of Persia (Qajar dynasty)
1. Nasser-al-Din Shah, 1848–1896
1. Mozzafar-al-Din Shah, 1896–1907
Benjamin Harrison

**Benjamin Harrison** (August 20, 1833 – March 13, 1901) was the 23rd president of the United States (1889-1893). He was the grandson of President William Henry Harrison and the only grandson of a president to become president himself. His home was in Indianapolis, Indiana. He was a member of the Republican Party and was elected to the White House in 1888 by beating the incumbent, Grover Cleveland, of the Democratic Party. Harrison was the first president of the United States to use electricity in the White House. After he served one full four-year term as president, Cleveland ran again. This time, Cleveland beat Harrison.

Harrison's first wife was Carrie Harrison. After she died, he married Mary Dimmick Harrison. During the American Civil War, Harrison was a colonel in the Union Army (later a brevet brigadier general). He was also a successful lawyer and argued many cases before the Supreme Court of the United States.

Harrison died of influenza-related pneumonia at the age of 67 in Indianapolis.

## Presidency

President Benjamin Harrison as president wanted to increase tariffs, which are taxes on goods that come into the country, for two reasons:
- He thought that more money would got to the U.S. government. That would allow it to fund important things.
- He believed in protectionism. He thought that a high tariff would encourage Americans to make more of their own things, instead of buying them from other countries.

Harrison spent the money received from the tariffs to give money to injured veterans of the American Civil War.

Harrison got criticism for being the first president to have a billion-dollar budget for the government..

He also signed the Sherman Anti-Trust Act, which gave the U.S. government the power to regulate big businesses.

## Other websites

- Benjamin Harrison's White House biography

## Infobox (_officeholder)

- **name**: Benjamin Harrison
- **nationality**: American
- **image**: Pach Brothers - Benjamin Harrison (cropped) (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Harrison in 1896
- **order**: 23rd President (United States), President of the United States
- **term start**: March 4, 1889
- **term end**: March 3, 1893
- **predecessor**: Grover Cleveland
- **successor**: Grover Cleveland
- **jr/sr2**: United States Senator
- **state2**: Indiana
- **term start2**: March 4, 1881
- **term end2**: March 4, 1887
- **predecessor2**: Joseph E. McDonald, Joseph McDonald
- **successor2**: David Turpie
- **birth place**: North Bend, Ohio, North Bend, Ohio
- **death place**: Indianapolis, Indiana, Indianapolis, Indiana
- **death cause**: Influenza-related pneumonia
- **spouse**: Caroline Harrison, Caroline Scott Harrison (1st wife)
Mary Scott Lord Dimmick (2nd wife)
- **party**: United States Republican Party, Republican
- **vicepresident**: Levi P. Morton
- **caption**: Portrait by Eastman Johnson, 1895
1880s

The **1880s** was the decade that began on January 1, 1880 and ended on December 31, 1889. It is distinct from the decade known as the  which began on January 1, 1881 and ended on December 31, 1890.

## Events

- The first commercial Macadamia nut farm opens in Australia.
- Railroads help industrialize many western countries.

## World leaders

- Emperor Franz Josef (Austria-Hungary)
- Prime Min Sir John A. Macdonald (Canada)
- Guangxu Emperor (China)
- Emperor Wilhelm I (German Empire)
- Emperor Wilhelm II (German Empire)
- Chancellor Otto von Bismarck (German Empire)
- King Umberto I (Italy)
- Pope Leo XIII
- Emperor Meiji (Japan)
- General Porfirio Díaz (Mexico)
- Czar Alexander II (Russia)
- King Alfonso XII (Spain)
- Queen - Empress Victoria (United Kingdom)
- Prime Min William Ewart Gladstone (United Kingdom)
- Prime Min Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury (United Kingdom)
- President James Garfield (United States)
- President Rutherford B. Hayes (United States)
- President Chester A. Arthur (United States)
- President Grover Cleveland (United States)
- Nasser-al-Din Shah of Qajar dynasty (Persia)
- Emperor Pedro II (Brazil)
1881

## Events

- The Hamleys Toy Store opens on Regent's Street in London.

## Births

- February 11 – Arthur Davidson, American business man (d. 1950)
- February 21 - Kenneth J. Alford, British composer (d. 1945)
- October 25 – Pablo Picasso (d. 1973)
- November 25 – Pope John XXIII (d. 1963)

## Deaths

- September 19 – United States President James A. Garfield (b. 1831)
Wake Island

**Wake Island** is an atoll (a type of island) in the Pacific Ocean, near Hawaii. It is controlled by the United States Army and United States Air Force. It is a territory of the United States, part of the United States Minor Outlying Islands. From December 1941 to August 1945 the Empire of Japan ruled Wake Island.

## Geography

Wake is located to the west of the International Date Line and sits in the Wake Island Time Zone, one day ahead of the 50 U.S. states.

Referring to the atoll as an island is the result of a pre-World War II desire by the United States Navy to distinguish Wake from other atolls, most of which were Japanese territory.

## Population

There is no permanent population on Wake Island, so there are no schools for children.  About 100 people live there at any given time, though.  Most are contractors who keep the roads and other infrastructure working.  One man has been there since 1991.

## Other websites

- Current Weather, Wake Island
- AirNav – Wake Island Airfield – Airport details, facilities and navigational aids
- Rocket launches at Wake Island (link broken)
- The Defense of Wake – United States Marine Corps historical monograph
- Surrender of Wake by the Japanese – Marines in World War II
- U.S. Army Strategic and Missile Defense Command  – Logistics, flight schedules, facilities
- Photographic history of the 1975 Vietnamese refugee camp on Wake Island
- Wake Island – Pacific Wreck Database

## Infobox (islands)

- **name**: Wake Island
- **image name**: Wake Island map.png
- **image caption**: Map of Wake Island
- **image size**: 250px
- **location**: North Pacific
- **total islands**: 3
- **area sqmi**: 2.85
- **coastline mi**: 12.0
- **highest mount**: Ducks Point
- **elevation ft**: 20
- **country**:
 _Wake Island is under the administration of the_  United States Air Force
- **population**: 0 permanent, 100 temporary
Record producer

A **record producer** (or **music producer**) is a person who takes charge of a recording session, in the same kind of way that a movie director is in charge of filming movies. Record producers help musicians and recording artists to make singles and albums. The producer controls the recording sessions, coaches and guides the musicians and supervises the recording, mixing and mastering processes to make the music finalized.

In a professional context, there are two types of music producers:

- In-House - the more common type of the two are in-house producers. They come included in a studio rental fee and they get credited in a song’s copyrights. It’s mainly for their involvement in the entire process. Studios might use producers as a way to get more people to use their services.

- Independent Music Producer - the second producer type is an independent producer. They may have gained a desirable reputation in the industry and would be directly hired by a band or artist.

## Famous record producers

- Brian Eno produced music for U2, David Bowie and Talking Heads.
- George Martin produced almost all of the music by The Beatles in the 1960s. He also worked with America, Shirley Bassey, and many other artists. He also made comedy records with Peter Sellers and Peter Ustinov.
- Phil Spector was the producer for many "girl groups" in the 1960s, like the Ronettes and The Crystals. He also worked with The Righteous Brothers. Later he produced records for Ike and Tina Turner, and the Beatles' album _Let It Be_. Spector invented the idea of a "wall of sound", which was a way of producing so that every space in the recording was filled with music.
- Timbaland is a man who produced popular rap, pop and R&B music, mostly in the 2000s. He worked with people like Justin Timberlake, Nelly Furtado, Madonna and many more artistes, including the late Aaliyah.
- Todd Rundgren is not only a record producer but a singer and ...
- He produces all of his own work, and other famous albums like Meat Loaf's Bat Out of Hell.
Gliwice

**Gliwice** is a city in south Poland, in Silesian Voivodeship and along the Kłodnica River.  According to a count in 2004, it has a population of 200,361 people.

## History of Gliwice

In the late Middle Ages, around 1276, was the first known time that there was a reference to Gliwice in history.  At first, it was ruled by Polish dukes, but later became a part of Bohemia in 1335.  Later on, in 1526, it was conquered by Austria.

In the middle of the 18th century, Gliwice was taken from the Austrian ruling family and became a part of Prussia.  However, in the unification, or coming together, of Germany in 1871, Gliwice became a part of the German empire.

In the 19th century, Gliwice became more developed and was home to many businesses, including one of the most famous theaters in Germany at the time.

In 1945, Gliwice passed into Polish rule.

## Other websites

- http://www.gliwice.zobacz.slask.pl
- http://www.gliwice.uc.gov.pl
1868

**1868** (MDCCCLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday in the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Monday in the Julian calendar.

## Events

- Helium is discovered.
- Louisa May Alcott's novel _Little Women_ is published.
- Meiji Restoration in Japan.

## Births

- Francisco Carreón
Deaths

June 1 - James Buchanan, 77, fifteenth President of the United States, respiratory failure (b. 1791)
1814

**1814** (MDCCCXIV) was a common year starting on Saturday in the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Thursday in the Julian calendar.

## Events

- Iceland becomes a part of Denmark.

## Births

- May 9 – Adolf von Henselt, German pianist.
1846

## Events

- April 25 – The Mexican-American War starts.
- May 17 – The Saxophone is patented.

## Births

- November 3 - Elizabeth Thompson, British painter
1705

**1705** (MDCCV) was a common year starting on Thursday in the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Monday in the Julian calendar.
Wausau, Wisconsin

**Wausau** is a city in Marathon County in the U.S. state of Wisconsin.  It is the largest city in the county, and it is the county seat (where the government of the county works). According to the 2020 census (official count), 39,994 people lived in the city.

The Wisconsin River flows through the middle of the city.

## Other websites

- City of Wausau
1749

## Events

- While in debtor's prison, John Cleland writes _Fanny Hill (Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure)_. Released from prison, the book was published in London. Immediately, the Church of England asked the British Secretary of State to "_stop the progress of this vile Book, which is an open insult upon Religion and good manners_." As a result, Cleland was arrested and charged with "corrupting the King's subjects."
- January 3 – Benning Wentworth issues the first of the New Hampshire Grants, leading to the establishment of Vermont.
- April 27 – The first official performance of George Frideric Handel's _Music for the Royal Fireworks_ finished early due to the outbreak of fire.
- May 19 – King George II of Great Britain grants the Ohio Company a charter of land around the forks of the Ohio River.
- July 9 – Naval settlement of Halifax, Nova Scotia founded as British answer to Louisbourg.
- September 15 – According to mathematical calculations, Pluto moved outside Neptune's orbit to remain the outermost planet until 1979.

## Books

- _Tom Jones_ by Henry Fielding
701

## Events

- Arab merchants introduce Oriental spices into Mediterranean markets.

## Deaths

- September 9 – Pope Sergius I
1158

## Births

- August 6 – Al-Nasir li-Din Allah, Abbasid caliph (d. 1225)
- September 23 – Geoffrey II, duke of Brittany (d. 1186)
- Albert I (**the Proud**), margrave of Meissen (d. 1195)
- Baldwin of Bethune, French nobleman (d. 1212)
- Ermengol VIII (or **Armengol**), count of Urgell (d. 1208)
- Fujiwara no Ietaka, Japanese (_waka_) poet (d. 1237)
- Giordano Forzatè, Italian religious leader (d. 1248)
- Henry I, French nobleman and knight (d. 1190)
- Henry I (**the Elder**), German nobleman (d. 1223)
- Jinul (or **Chinul**), Korean Zen Master (d. 1210)
- Margaret of France, daughter of Louis VII (d. 1197)
- Philip of Dreux, bishop of Beauvais (d. 1217)
- Satō Tsugunobu, Japanese warrior (d. 1185)
- Taira no Shigehira, Japanese general (d. 1185)
- Theobald I, French nobleman and knight (d. 1214)
- Valdemar Knudsen, Danish bishop (d. 1236)
- Yvette of Huy, Belgian anchoress (d. 1228)

## Deaths

- April 26 – Martirius, archbishop of Esztergom
- July 19 – Wibald, German monk and abbot (b. 1098)
- July 27 – Geoffrey VI, count of Nantes (b. 1134)
- August 20 – Rögnvald Kali Kolsson, Earl of Orkney
- August 31 – Sancho III, king of Castile (b. 1134)
- September 22 – Otto I, German bishop (b. 1114)
- December 15 – Frederick II, German archbishop
- Abu Jafar ibn Atiyya, Almohad vizier and writer
- Anselm of Havelberg, German bishop (b. 1100)
- Barthélemy de Jur, French bishop (b. 1080)
- Oda of Brabant, Belgian prioress and saint
- Thorbjorn Thorsteinsson, Norwegian pirate
1201

**1201** (MCCI) was a common year starting on Monday in the Julian calendar.

## Events

- The town of Riga was chartered as a city.
- Boniface of Montferrat is elected leader of the Fourth Crusade, after the death of Theobald III of Champagne.
- Innocent III supports Otto IV as Holy Roman Emperor, against Philip of Swabia.
- The Fourth Crusade besieges Zara.

## Births

- August 9 – Arnold Fitz Thedmar, English chronicler (d. 1274)
- October 9 – Robert de Sorbon, French theologian and founder of the Sorbonne (died 1274)
- Theobald IV of Champagne (died 1252)
- Ladislaus III of Hungary (died 1205)
- Danylo King of Rus (died 1264)
- Alix of Thouars, Duchess of Brittany (died 1221)

## Deaths

- March 21 – Absalon, Danish archbishop
- May 24 – Theobald III of Champagne
- July 29 – Agnes of Merania, queen of Philip II of France
- September 5 – Constance, Duchess of Brittany (born 1161)
- Bohemund III of Antioch (born 1144)
- Joachim of Fiore, founder of monastic order of San Giovanni (born 1135)

## Heads of states

- England – John I, King of England (reigned 1199 – 1216).
- France – Philippe II, Auguste King of France (reigned from 1180 to 1223).
- Pope – Innocent III (pope from 1198 to 1216)
Care Bears Movie II: A New Generation

***Care Bears Movie II: A New Generation*** is an animated movie from 1986 that was made by Canada's Nelvana Limited and distributed by Columbia Pictures. A sequel to the first _Care Bears Movie_, it tells of the beginnings of the Kingdom of Caring and of the Care Bears' first Caring Mission, which takes place at a summer camp.

The movie made $8.5 million in the United States during its original run at theatres. Only one more addition to the original Care Bear trilogy, _Adventure in Wonderland_, would premiere on the big screen the next summer.

_A New Generation_ is a prequel to the Nelvana television series that would be shown on ABC the following September.

## Synopsis

In the second movie, the Great Wishing Star helps True Heart Bear and Noble Heart Horse start the Care Bear Family, as they try to save them and the kingdom from a demon villain named Dark Heart.

A camper, named Christy, makes a deal with the villain that makes her a success at anything she never did before, even cartwheels. In turn, he plans to capture the Care Bears and Care Bear Cousins forever one at a time inside a magic red bag and to trap them all inside a secret location somewhere at camp.

Christy's two friends, Dawn and John, later join the Care Bear Family so that they can put an end to his evil doings.

## Facts

An episode of DiC's Care Bears show also took place at a summer camp, but the storyline of _A New Generation_ does not borrow from it.

It was one of only two Care Bear movies to have Harmony Bear as a character; the other one was _Big Wish Movie (2005)_. Her second and final appearance in the 1980s was in the animated series' "Great Race" episode.

## Related pages

- _The Care Bears Movie_, the original movie from 1985

## Other websites

- _Care Bears Movie II: A New Generation_ at Rotten Tomatoes

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: Care Bears Movie II: A New Generation
- **director**: Dale Schott
- **producer**: Michael Hirsh (producer), Michael Hirsh
Patrick Loubert
Clive A. Smith
- **writer**: Peter Sauder
- **music**: Patricia Cullen (composer), Patricia Cullen
- **starring**: Alyson Court
Cree Summer
Hadley Kay
Pam Hyatt
Maxine Miller
Billie Mae Richards
Bob Dermer
- **caption**: Come help the Care Bears save the Kingdom of Caring.<hr>It's a whole new adventure.
- **country**: Canada
United States
- **language**: English
- **production companies**: Nelvana Limited
LBS Communications
Wang Film Productions
American Greetings
- **distributor**: Columbia Pictures (United States)
Kid Sehenswert von Polyband (Germany)
- **released**: March 7, 1986 (limited)
March 21, 1986 (wide)
35

**35** is a year in the 1st century. It was a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Gallus and Nonianus**.

## Events

- Pliny the Elder is brought to Rome before this year
- Tiridates III becomes king of Parthia

## Births

- Ban Zhao, Chinese historian (or 45 AD) (d. 116)
- Quintilian, Roman rhetorician (approximate date) (d. 100 AD)

## Deaths

- Epaticcus, prince of the Catuvellauni
- Artaxias III, king of Armenia (b. 13 BC)
- Mahajabeen II, King of Esbee
1025

## Events

- Emir Al-Mu'izz ibn Badis of the Zirid dynasty in Ifriqiya (modern Tunisia) attempts to retake Sicily but fails.

## Births

- August 28 - Emperor Go-Reizei of Japan
Internet Relay Chat

**Internet Relay Chat** (**IRC**) is a chat system on the Internet.  People from around the world can use it to have conversations together. It can also be used for two people to chat privately.

The IRC chat rooms are also called _IRC channels_. These channels are on IRC servers, which you can connect to by finding that server's information. This information will often begin with "irc," then a period, the name of the server, then another period, and finally, .com .org or .net. An example would be 'irc.[Servername].org'

There are small IRC servers (for example, OperaNet) to medium IRC servers (freenode and DalNet, which have about 30,000 users) and big IRC servers (for example, EFNet, UnderNet, which have over 100,000 users).

Users of IRC need an IRC client. An IRC client is a computer program that works with IRC.  There are many clients. Some of these clients run in the web browser. Other clients run as an application.  Popular stand-alone clients include mIRC for Microsoft Windows, and XChat for Linux and Microsoft Windows. The Opera web browser has an IRC client built into the browser. ChatZilla is a chat client which is a plugin to Mozilla Firefox.

An IRC bot is a computer program that helps control and protect channels.

The name of an IRC channel usually begins with a hash (#).

## Technical information

IRC is an open protocol that uses TCP and optionally TLS. An IRC server can connect to other IRC servers to expand the IRC network. Users access IRC networks by connecting a client to a server. There are many client and server programs. Most IRC servers do not require users to log in, but a user will have to set a nickname before being connected.

IRC was originally a plain text protocol (although later extended), which on request was assigned network port 194/TCP by IANA. However, most servers now run IRC on 6667/TCP and nearby port numbers (for example TCP ports 6112-6119) so that the server does not have to be run with root privileges.

## IRC clients

This is a list of some programs which allow users to connect to IRC.

<div style="-moz-column-count: 3;">
- AmIRC
- Bersirc
- BitchX
- BnIRC
- ChatZilla
- Colloquy
- Coolsmile
- EPIC
- FlowChat
- HexChat
- HydraIRC
- IceChat
- Irssi
- Jmirc
- Konversation
- KVIrc
- Mibbit
- mIRC
- Pjirc
- SeaMonkey
- TinyIRC
- XChat
- Quassel
- Weechat
</div>

## Related pages

- Internet Relay Chat commands
- IRC bot
- Internet Relay Chat operator

## Other websites

- IRC.org - Technical and Historical IRC6 information; articles on the history of IRC.
- RFC 1459 - Technical Information about the IRC Protocol.
Spring (season)

**Spring** is the season after winter and before summer. Days become longer and the weather gets warmer in the  temperate zone because Earth tilts relative to it is orbital plane around the  Sun.  In many parts of the world, it rains for hours.  This helps the plant grow and flower bloom.  Often people with hay fever suffer more because some plant pollen is allergen. Many animals have their breeding season in spring-type weather.  At the start of spring, a person suffering from seasonal affective disorder will feel sick.  The vernal equinox in springtime makes day and night equally long in  temperate zone.

Holidays celebrated in spring include Passover and Easter.  In many countries, the period of school between early March and later May or early June is referred to as  “Spring Semester” or “Spring Term”.  Spring break is a vacation period in recent times at universities and school<nowiki/>s in various countries around the globe.

## Etymology

The _Online Etymological Dictionary_ says that "spring," as in the season, comes from the phrases "springing time" (14th century) and "the spring of the year". This is from an old word that means "act or time of springing or appearing; the first appearance; the beginning, birth, rise, or origin". Spring as a word came from Middle English's _springen_, from Old English's _springan._ These meant to go up or burst forward. These are like modern German's _springen_, which means 'jump'. It is not thought that these words were talking about the season. They all come from the Proto-Germanic _sprenganan._
1862

## Events

- September 5: In the American Civil War, Confederate General Robert E. Lee invades Maryland, leading 55,000 soldiers from the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia. They cross the Potomac River at White's Ford near Leesburg, Virginia. This is the Confederacy's first invasion of the North.

## Births

- August 29 – Andrew Fisher, 5th Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1928)
- September 25 – Billy Hughes, 7th Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1952)
- December 23 - Henri Pirenne, Belgian historian (d. 1935)
Deaths

January 18 - John Tyler, 71, tenth President of the United States, stroke (b. 1790)

July 24 - Martin Van Buren, 79, eighth President of the United States, bronchial asthma and heart failure (b. 1782)
1801

## Events

- Great Britain is united with Ireland to make the United Kingdom.

## Deaths

- February 7 – Daniel Chodowiecki, Polish painter (b. 1726)
- March 21 – Andrea Luchesi, Italian composer (b. 1741)
- March 23 – Tsar Paul of Russia (b. 1754)
- March 25 – Novalis, German poet (b. 1772)
- March 28 – Ralph Abercromby, British general (b. 1734)
- April 2 – Thomas Dadford Junior, British engineer
- April 7 – Noël François de Wailly, French lexicographer (b. 1724)
- May 17 – William Heberden, English doctor (b. 1710)
- June 4 – Frederick Muhlenberg, first Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives (b. 1750)
- June 14 – Benedict Arnold, American Revolution hero and traitor (b. 1741)
- September 19 – Johann Gottfried Koehler, German astronomer (b. 1745)
- October 3 – Philippe Henri, marquis de Ségur, Marshal of France (b. 1724)
- November 4 – William Shippen, American physician and Continental Congressman (b. 1536)
- November 5 – Motoori Norinaga, Japanese philologist and scholar (b. 1730)
- November 24 – Franz Moritz Graf von Lacy, Austrian field marshal (b. 1725)

## Births

- January 3 – Gijsbert Haan, Dutch-American religious leader (d. 1874)
- February 1 – Thomas Cole, American artist (d. 1848)
- towards February 13 – János Kardos Hungarian Slovenes evangelic priest, teacher and writer (d. 1875)
- February 21 – John Henry Newman, English Roman Catholic Cardinal (d. 1890)
- May 11 – Henri Labrouste, French architect (d. 1875)
- June 1 – Brigham Young, American religious leader and colonizer (d. 1877)
- June 4 – James Pennethorne, English architect (d. 1871)
- June 14 – Heber C. Kimball, American religious leader (d. 1868)
- June 30 – Frederic Bastiat, French philosopher (d. 1850)
- July 5 – David Farragut, American naval commander (d.1870)
- July 29 – George Bradshaw, English publisher (d. 1853)
- October 12 – Friedrich Frey-Herosé, member of the Swiss Federal Council (d. 1873)
- November 3 – Karl Baedeker, German writer and publisher (d. 1859)
- November 3 – Vincenzo Bellini, Italian composer (d. 1835)
- November 10 – Vladimir Dal, Russian lexicographer (d. 1872)
- December 11 – Christian Dietrich Grabbe, German writer (d. 1836)
Muse

- _For the British musical group of the same name, see Muse (band)._
- _Or for the fruit called the Euterpe see Açaí palm._

The **Muses** are goddesses representing different arts and sciences in Greek mythology. They are the daughters of Mnemosyne and Zeus.

Most commonly the Muses are:
- **Kalliope** (or Calliope), the eldest and wisest, the **muse** of epic poetry, mother of Orpheus
- **Euterpe**, the muse of music and lyric poetry. She loved flute playing, and some even say she invented the double flute. Euterpe had a son named Rhesus, who was killed in the battle at Troy, according to Homer's Iliad.
- **Klio** (also Kleio or Clio), the muse of history
- **Erato**, the muse of lyric/love poetry
- **Melpomene**, the muse of tragedy
- **Polyhymnia**, the muse of sacred poetry (hymn) and geometry
- **Terpsichore**, the muse of dance
- **Thalia**, the muse of comedy
- **Urania**, the muse of astronomy and astrology

The word _muse_ is also sometimes used for a person who inspires somebody else, or any other type of inspiring object. Muse can also be used to describe one's creative thoughts, such as poetry or a musical composition.
Yes (band)

**Yes** are a progressive rock band that formed in London, England in 1968 that is among the most influential progressive bands of all time. The band has received wide critical praise for their work. Their best known songs include "Roundabout", "Owner of a Lonely Heart" and "I've Seen All Good People".

## Discography

- Studio albums
- _Yes_ (1969)
- _Time and a Word_ (1970)
- _The Yes Album_ (1971)
- _Fragile_ (1972)
- _Close to the Edge_ (1972)
- _Tales from Topographic Oceans_ (1973)
- _Relayer_ (1974)
- _Going for the One_ (1977)
- _Tormato_ (1978)
- _Drama_ (1980)
- _90125_ (1983)
- _Big Generator_ (1987)
- _Union_ (1991)
- _Talk_ (1994)
- _Keys to Ascension_ (1996)
- _Keys to Ascension 2_ (1997)
- _Open Your Eyes_ (1997)
- _The Ladder_ (1999)
- _Magnification_ (2001)
- _Fly from Here_ (2011)
- _Heaven & Earth_ (2014)
- _The Quest_ (2021)
- _Mirror to the Sky_ (2023)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Yes
- **img**: Yes concert.jpg
- **img size**: 250
- **landscape**: Yes
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: London, United Kingdom
- **genre**: Progressive rock, symphonic rock, art rock, hard rock
- **years active**: 1968-1981
 1983-2004
 2008-present
- **label**: Atlantic Records, Atlantic, Atco, Arista Records, Arista, Japan Victor Company, Victory Records, Sanctuary, Eagle, Frontiers, Inside Out
- **associated acts**: Anderson Bruford Wakeman Howe, Asia (band), Asia, Badger (band), Badger, Cinema (band), Cinema, Flash (band), Flash, Jon & Vangelis, XYZ (band), XYZ, CIRCA:, The Buggles, White
- **current members**: Steve Howe (guitarist), Steve Howe
Billy Sherwood
Alan White (Yes drummer), Alan White
Geoff Downes
Jon Davision
- **past members**: Oliver Wakeman
Trevor Horn
Peter Banks
Bill Bruford
Tony Kaye
Rick Wakeman
Patrick Moraz
Chris Squire
Denoit David
Mason Williams

**Mason Williams** (born August 24, 1938) is an easy listening guitarist. His most famous work is _Classical Gas_.

Also a photographer, Williams published a life-sized photo print of a Greyhound bus in the 1960s. He appeared with the print on the cover of his first album, _The Mason Williams Phonograph Record_. The print is now in the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, DC.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Mason Williams
- **img**: Mason Williams 1969.JPG
- **img capt**: Mason Williams in 1969
- **background**: non_vocal_instrumentalist
- **instrument**: 12-string guitar, banjo, classical guitar
- **genre**: Classical guitar, bluegrass music, bluegrass, easy listening, folk music, folk
- **occupation**: Musician, composer, songwriter, writer, poet, photographer
- **years active**: 1960–present
- **label**: American Gramaphone, Everest Records, Everest, Flying Fish Records, Flying Fish, Olympic Records, Olympic, Real Music, Skookum, Vanguard Records, Vanguard, Vee-Jay Records, Vee-Jay, Warner Bros., Warner Music Group, WEA
- **url**: [http://www.masonwilliams-online.com www.masonwilliams-online.com]
War on Terror

The **Global War on Terrorism** (**GWOT**), or **War on Terror,** is a global military  campaign that the United States started in 2001 in response to September 11 attacks. Some claims it has replaced the Cold War.
The main targets of the campaign were the al-Qaeda, the Taliban, the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, and its allies. U.S President George W. Bush alleged claim that the countries like Iran, Iraq, and North Korea (also known as the Axis of Evil) is a direct threat to the United States and its allies.

The Administration of former U.S. President Barack Obama used the term _Overseas Contingency Operation_.

## Infobox (military conflict)

- main
- **conflict**: War on terror
- **caption**: **Photographs, clockwise from top left:** September 11 attacks, Aftermath of the September 11 attacks; U.S. servicemen boarding an aircraft at Bagram Air Base, Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, Afghanistan; a U.S. soldier and Afghan interpreter in Zabul Province, Afghanistan; explosion of an Iraqi car bomb in Baghdad.
**Map**: Countries with major military operations of the war on terror.
- **date**: 12 September 2001 – present
()
- **place**: Global
- **cause**: September 11 attacks
- **status**: Ongoing
- **combatant1**: **Main countries:**

(from 2005)

Palestinian Authority
- **combatant2**: **Main opponents:** (Iraq War, until 2003)

Gaza Strip
- **commander1**: George W. Bush
 Barack Obama
 Donald Trump
 Joe Biden
- **commander2**: Osama bin Laden
 Ayman al-Zawahiri
 Saddam Hussein
 Mullah Omar
 Hassan Dahir Aweys
 Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi
- **casualties3**: 4.5–4.6 million+ people killed
(937,000+ direct deaths, 3.6–3.7 million indirect deaths)
At least 38 million people displaced
Alkali metal

|Atomic No.|Standard Atomic Weight|Name|Symbol|Picture|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|3|6.94|Lithium|Li||
|11|22.99|Sodium|Na||
|19|39.098|Potassium|K||
|37|85.468|Rubidium|Rb||
|55|132.91|Caesium|Cs||
|87|[223]|Francium|Fr|−|

**Alkali metals** are the chemical elements in periodic table group 1, other than hydrogen. The term **group 1 element** can be used to include hydrogen.

They are silver-coloured when pure, soft and have only one valence electron. They like to make reactions in which they give up this single electron and then have a charge of +1. They react strongly with water and explode when wet, and because of this, they have to be stored in oil. Alkali metals are the first group (column) in the periodic table. They are never found in nature uncombined because they are unstable and they react fast to other elements. They bond well with all elements except the noble gases. When they are in air, they quickly turn black.

The alkali metals are lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), caesium (sometimes written _cesium_, although _caesium_ is preferred) (Cs), and francium (Fr). Lithium is the least reactive. Although it was thought before that francium would be the most reactive, though it is very rare, it was more recently predicted that caesium is in fact more reactive than francium due to relativity.

Lithium is a very light metal. It is soft, silver and you can cut it with a knife.

Sodium is the most important alkali metal. One of the most important salts of sodium is sodium chloride (NaCl) (common 'table salt'). It also forms a hydroxide, sodium hydroxide (NaOH), which is commonly called 'caustic soda'. It is a very strong base.

Potassium is commonly found in bananas.

Rubidium is a metal that can make things like fireworks red.

Caesium is a very heavy, poisonous metal and is the most reactive metal.

Francium is a very dangerous, radioactive metal. Not much is known about it.

All of the alkali metals explode in water due to their reactivity, but no one has ever seen francium in water. Once the francium is created, it only has 22 minutes before it decays into radium.
1866

## Births

- April 14 – Anne Sullivan, teacher of Helen Keller
- November 8 – Herbert Austin, automobile pioneer (Austin-Healey)
Buenaventura Durruti

**José** **Buenaventura Durruti Dumange** (14 July 1896 – 20 November 1936) was a Spanish anarchist leader. He was born in the town of León. Durruti was a central figure of Spanish anarchism during the country's civil war of 1936-1939. He fought against fascism.

He robbed banks to use the money to help his friends escape prison. It is believed that he killed the bishop Juan Soldevilla. Some anarchists believed Soldevilla helped people who murdered people in labor unions.

He died in Madrid when he was killed by a person using a gun during the Spanish Civil War.
Chester

**Chester** is a city in the north-west of England. It is almost 2000 years old and was started by Romans. A person from Chester is called a **Cestrian**.

Chester is on the river Dee, and is the county town of the county of Cheshire. It is near to the country Wales. Almost 120,000 people live in Chester. It is just south of Liverpool.

During the Dark Ages, Chester came under attack from Viking raiders who sailed up the river in their longships. After the conquest of Britain by the Normans in 1066, William I created the first Earl of Chester who began the construction of Chester Castle.

By the Middle Ages, Chester had become a wealthy trading port: it was at this time that the Rows were built. However disaster befell the city during the English Civil War as Chester was besieged for two years before starvation forced its people to surrender. As the centuries passed, the harbour gradually silted up and by Georgian times the port was virtually gone. Today some of the original quay can still be seen near the Chester Racecourse.

During Victorian times the magnificent gothic-style Town Hall was built and the Eastgate Clock was erected in honour of Queen Victoria’s Diamond Jubilee.

Near to Chester is Chester Zoo, which is the biggest zoo in the United Kingdom. There are other interesting places in Chester, and many are connected to its history. For example, there is the old Roman amphitheatre. This is the biggest in the UK. The Rows are unusual shops. In the centre of the town, the main streets have two rows of shops, one on top of the other. The Rows have been part of Chester since the Middle Ages.Chester has oldest racecourse, Chester racecourse. The infamous Goteddsday football match took place on the field and was outlawed as a result in 1533.

## Related pages

- Chester city walls

## Infobox (uk place)

- **country**: England
- **official name**: Chester
- **population**: 79,645
- **population ref**: (2011 census)
- **population demonym**: Chestonian
- **unitary england**: Cheshire West and Chester
- **lieutenancy england**: Cheshire
- **region**: North West England
- **constituency westminster**: City of Chester (UK Parliament constituency), City of Chester
- **post town**: CHESTER
- **postcode district**: CH1, CH2, CH3, CH4
- **postcode area**: CH
- **dial code**: 01244
- **static image**: The River Dee at Chester - geograph.org.uk - 4148844.jpg
- **static image caption**: The River Dee in Chester
397

## Events

- John Chrysostom becomes the patriarch of Constantinople

## Deaths

- April 4 – Saint Ambrose, one of the Church Fathers and bishop of Milan
- November 11 – Saint Martin of Tours, an "apostle of Gaul" and bishop of Tours
Nonmetal

**Nonmetal**s or **non-metal**s are chemical elements which do not have the properties of a metal.

They gain electrons when reacting with a metal. They are generally not lustrous and are bad conductors of heat and electricity. Some are gases including: hydrogen, helium, oxygen, nitrogen, fluorine, neon or radon and others.  An example of a solid that is a nonmetal is sulfur. It is yellow and not shiny at all. An example of a liquid that is a nonmetal is bromine. It is red. A non-metal is a good insulator for heat and cold. Usually, gases or brittle solids are non-metals.

Elements on the periodic table can be classified as metal, semimetal, or non-metal. Five times more elements are metals than nonmetals. However, nonmetals are abundant and important.  Two of the nonmetals—hydrogen and helium—make up over 99 percent of the observable Universe, and one—oxygen—makes up close to half of the Earth's crust, oceans and atmosphere. Living organisms are also composed almost entirely of nonmetals, and nonmetals form many more compounds than metals.
Holly Marie Combs

**Holly Marie Combs** (born December 3, 1973 in San Diego, California) is an American actress. She is best known for working on the television series _Charmed_. Before _Charmed_, she work in the TV series _Picket Fences_.
Bengal tiger

The **Bengal tiger ** (_Panthera tigris_ ) is a tiger subspecies native to the Indian subcontinent. It lives in Bhutan, Nepal, Bangladesh and northern India. It is the National animal of Bangladesh.

The tiger's habitat includes  tropical moist evergreen forests, tropical dry forests, tropical and subtropical moist deciduous forests, mangroves, subtropical and temperate upland forests, and alluvial grasslands.

## Survival

In 2014 it became endangered by IUCN. There are less than 2,500 of these tigers. There are about 1,520–1,909 in India, 440 in Bangladesh, 124–229 in Nepal and 67–81 in Bhutan. New tiger census 2010 showed the population of tiger in India approximately 2,226 which is 30% more from 1706, counted in the year 2010.Bengal tigers are carnivores. Bengal tigers are apex predators. They eat deer, water buffalo, gaur, wild boar, while reptile is crocodiles, after they generally not want kills indian rhinoceros, the take down not is kills asian elephants, monkeys and even sloth bears.

## Appearance

The Bengal tiger's coat is brownish-yellow or brownish-orange.  Its stripes go from dark brown to black. The belly and the inside parts of the limbs are white. The tail is brownish-orange with black rings.

They are the second largest tiger, after the Siberian tiger also known as the Amur Tiger. Male Bengal tigers have a total length, including the tail, from . Females go from . The average weight of males is . Females are .
Fish and chips

**Fish and chips** is a hot dish made of fried fish and chips. This dish came from England and is a traditional food of the UK. It is a popular kind of fast food in some parts of the world.
Shops and restaurants that offer fish and chips are easy to find in Australia and New Zealand. They are most common in England. The first fish and chips were found in the East end of London in the late 19th Century.

## The fish

Traditionally, cod, haddock, or (rarely) flounder are used to make fish and chips. Of these, cod is by far the most popular. Other fish with white meat can be used as well, for example whiting or plaice. Many places that serve fish and chips have more than one kind of fish. The customers can then choose what kind of fish they want.

The fish is always dipped in batter, which is a kind of liquid mixture which hardens upon frying. After that, it will be fried for a short time. The phrase 'fish and chips' implies that it will be fried in batter; of course, in a fish restaurant, grilling or boiling would be alternatives. Fish cooked like that do not have batter. Typically fish and chips is eaten with salt and vinegar.

## The chips

The chips are made from sliced potatoes. They are larger than French fries. Large slices of potatoes are fried to make chips.

## Other side-dishes

Very often there are other side-dishes that are served with Fish and chips (also called a 'chippie' or 'fish shop'). They include mushy peas, onions, gherkins (which are baby cucumbers), baked beans and saveloys (long sausages). Sometimes, you can ask for 'scrapings' which are the bits of crunchy batter that have fallen off the fish when it was frying.
In Northern England there is also the variety chips and gravy (a little sauce) on the chips. It is less common in the rest of the country but sometimes you can also find 'curry sauce' in other parts of the UK. In Australia and New Zealand, fish and chip takeaway shops often offer sides like corn dogs and grilled cheese sandwiches.

## Other things to note

Fish and chips are also sold out of mobile shops. Very often the shops and restaurants that serve fish and chips do not have a license to serve alcohol. Some nutritionists criticize fish and chips, because the meal contains a large amount of fat.

## Infobox (food)

- **name**: Fish and chips
- **image**: Fish and chips blackpool.jpg
- **image size**: 275px
- **caption**: A standard serving of fish and chips with a slice of lemon and garnish of parsley
- **alternate name**: Fish supper / Fish 'n' chips
- **country**: England
- **course**: Main dish
- **served**: Hot
- **main ingredient**: Battered and fried fish with French fries#England, deep-fried chips
Marxist economics

**Marxist economics** is based on the economic theories of Philosopher Karl Marx. Marx's theories explain the "laws of motion" of production and exchange under capitalism. This theory was used to argue against the middle class theories of economics common at that time. Marx wanted this to be a tool for the working class (the proletariat) to use to overthrow capitalism and replace it with socialism, then with communism. Socialism would be a step towards the disappearance of the state, and communism would be, according to Marx, a society where goods and services would be distributed "to each according to his need, from each according to his ability."

Marxist used the Labor Theory of Value, which says that the value of a commodity is determined by the labor required to produce it. More specifically, Marx defined the value of a commodity as the socially necessary labor time required to produce it, the average (taken across all of society) time required to produce a given commodity under the average conditions of production. It follows from this that the working class is responsible for the production of all of the wealth consumed by all members of society.

Marx viewed the capitalist class (the bourgeoisie), those who control the means of production, as leech-like and unnecessary; they are not necessary for the production of the goods society must consume in order to meet human needs and reproduce itself. Rather, Marx saw the capitalist class as getting wealth for itself by the exploitation of the working class. Marx argued that wages under capitalism are determined not by the value created by workers during a given period of time, but by the cost of their labor power (ability to work). He argued that the cost of labor power is determined by the cost of the goods and services (food, clothing, shelter, child care, education etc.) nececssary to maintain and reproduce workers. So, capitalists do not pay workers for the value they create: they extract surplus value, the difference between the value created by a worker and the cost of their labor power (their wages), from the working class. In other words, surplus value is unpaid labor performed by the working class for the capitalist class, which Marx termed exploitation.

Marx argued that because the capitalist class enriches itself by the exploitation of the working class, the economic interests of the two classes are opposed and therefore incompatible. He saw the dispossession of the capitalists and the seizure of control of the means of production by the working class as historically progressive in that it would bring about the end of class society, remove the contradictions inherent under capitalism (a result of the antagonism of the two major classes, the bourgeoisie and proletariat), and qualitatively increase the scope of human development in many areas.

## Other websites

- Marxist website