juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Phenomenology

**Phenomenology** is a way of thinking about ourselves. Instead of asking about what we _really_ are, it focuses on _phenomena_. It is founded by Edmund Husserl. These are experiences that we get from the senses - what we see, taste, smell, touch, hear, and feel. Phenomenology does not ask if what we are seeing is _actually_ there: for example it is not where we see an object (whether in real life, a dream or a hallucination) that is important, but it is the significance of the object that is important to the phenomenologist. It also does not ask if we are missing something, or if we have all the facts. Instead, phenomenologists (those who do phenomenology) believe we should look at the world just as it appears to us.

Martin Heidegger, a famous phenomenologist, said that philosophers should be looking at how we live in our "average everydayness."  In his book Being and Time, he uses many examples of how people live in their normal lives. Jean-Paul Sartre did the same in his book Being and Nothingness. For example, he writes about meeting a friend at a cafe. However, the friend, named Pierre, never shows up. Sartre writes that he can feel the absence of Pierre in the cafe. Because of this, he says that non-Pierre (or the lack of Pierre) is something that exists, at least for him. It exists because he can feel it.

## Related pages

- History of philosophy
Dalaman

**Dalaman** is a town in southwestern Turkey. It is a district of Mugla Province.  Dalaman has an international airport, Dalaman International Airport, which serves a gateway to tourists who are coming Mugla and the surrounding area.
Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge

**Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge** (also known as **Second Bosphorus Bridge**) is a bridge between Asia and Europe in Istanbul, Turkey.  The bridge carries 8 lanes of E80 (European Route) that spans across the Bosporus strait. It is 1,510 m long.

## Other websites

- Google aerial image of bridge
- 3D-model ″Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge″ for Google Earth

## Infobox (bridge)

- **name**: Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge
- **native name**: Fatih Sultan Mehmet Köprüsü
- **native name lang**: tr
- **official name**: Fatih Sultan Mehmet Köprüsü
- **other name**: Second Bosphorus Bridge
- **image**: Fatih sultan mehmet köprüsü (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge in Istanbul, connecting Europe and Asia
- **crosses**: Bosphorus strait
- **locale**: Istanbul
- **maint**: General Directorate of Highways (Turkey), Turkish State Highways
- **designer**: BOTEK Bosphorus Technical Consulting Corp.
Freeman Fox & Partners
- **design**: Suspension bridge
- **material**: Steel
- **begin**: March 29, 1985
- **complete**: March 29, 1988
- **open**: July 3, 1988
- **toll**: HGS (electronic toll collection), HGS
Marmaray

**Marmaray** is a transport project in the city of Istanbul in Turkey. It connects the European and Asian sides of the city by an railway tunnel under the Bosphorus.
Atatürk International Airport

**Atatürk International Airport** (formerly Yeşilköy International Airport) is the major international airport in Turkey. It is in the European part of Istanbul. In 2010, about 32 million passengers used Atatürk Airport. It was the 8th busiest airport in Europe in 2010.

The airport has three terminals – Terminal 1 for international passengers, 2 for domestic passengers, and 3 for cargo.
Atatürk Airport has three runways - runways 3000x45m (17L/35R & 17R/35L) and runway 2600x60m (05/23).

To get to the city center from Istanbul Atatürk Airport (IST), there is a light rail service, airport shuttle service, municipal buses, taxi, or hire cars.

## Infobox (airport)

- **name**: Istanbul Atatürk Airport
- **nativename**: <small>**'</small>
- **image-width**: 150
- **image2**: Ataturk Airport Karakas-1.jpg
- **image2-width**: 250
- **iata**: ISL
- **icao**: LTBA
- **type**: Public
- **owner**: General Directorate of State Airports (Turkey), General Directorate of State Airports (DHMİ)
- **operator**: TAV Airports
- **city-served**: Istanbul, Turkey
- **location**: Yeşilköy, Bakırköy, Turkey
- **opened**: 1912 (as airfield)
1953 (as airport)
- **hub**: <div>
* MNG Airlines
* Turkish Airlines, Turkish Airlines Cargo
</div>
- **elevation-f**: 163
- **elevation-m**: 50
- **website**: [http://www.ataturkairport.com/en-EN/Pages/Main.aspx ataturkairport.com]
- **pushpin map**: Istanbul#Turkey#Europe
- **pushpin label**: ISL
- **pushpin map caption**: Location within Istanbul
- **metric-rwy**: Yes
- **r1-number**: 17L/35R
- **r1-length-f**: 9,843
- **r1-length-m**: 3,000
- **r1-surface**: Concrete
- **r2-number**: 17R/35L
- **r2-length-f**: 9,843
- **r2-length-m**: 3,000
- **r2-surface**: Concrete
- **r3-number**: 05/23
- **r3-length-f**: 8,465
- **r3-length-m**: 2,580
- **r3-surface**: Grooved Asphalt
- **stat-year**: 2018
- **stat1-header**: Total passengers
- **stat1-data**: 67,981,446
- **stat2-header**: International passengers
- **stat2-data**: 48,811,305
- **footnotes**: Source: **Turkish AIP at Eurocontrol''' Turkey
Marmara University

**Marmara University** is a high-educational institution in the Asian part of Istanbul.

## Important people who graduated from Marmara University

- Aydın Doğan-Turkish Businessman
- Kemal Sunal-Turkish actor
- Recep Tayyip Erdoğan-Turkish President
Kemal Sunal

**Kemal Sunal** (1944–2000) was a Turkish actor. He played **Şaban**, a character, in several movies. Generally his characters comes from middle-working class so the audience can understand how the working class lived when the movie was made. He died in 2000 of a heart attack on a plane in Turkey. He has a daughter named Ezo Sunal and a son named Ali Sunal who is an actor too.

## Films

- Propaganda (1999)
- Varyemez (1991)
- Koltuk Belası (1990)
- Boynu Bükük Küheylan (1990)
- Abuk Sabuk Bir Film (1990)
- Zehir Hafiye (1989)
- Talih Kuşu (1989)
- Gülen Adam (1989)
- Uyanık Gazeteci (1988)
- Polizei (1988)
- Öğretmen (1988)
- Düttürü Dünya (1988)
- Bıçkın (1988)
- Yakışıklı (1987)
- Kiracı (1987)
- Yoksul (1986)
- Tarzan Rıfkı (1986)
- Japon İşi (1987)
- Garip (1986)
- Deli Deli Küpeli (1986)
- Davacı (1986)
- Şendul Şaban (1985)
- Şaban Papuçu Yarım (1985)
- Sosyete Şaban (1985)
- Gurbetçi Şaban (1985)
- Katma Değer Şaban (1985)
- Keriz (1985)
- Atla Gel Şaban (1984)
- Ortadirek Şaban (1984)
- Postacı (1984)
- Şabaniye (1984)
- Tokatçı (1983)
- Kılıbık (1983)
- En Büyük Şaban (1983)
- Çarıklı Milyoner (1983)
- Yedi Bela Hüsnü (1982)
- Doktor Civanım (1982)
- Üç Kağıtçı (1981)
- Kanlı Nigar (1981)
- Davaro (1981)
- Zübük (1980)
- Gol Kralı (1980)
- Gerzek Şaban (1980)
- Devlet Kuşu (1980)
- Korkusuz Korkak (1979)
- Umudumuz Şaban (1979)
- Şark Bülbülü (1979)
- Dokunmayın Şabanıma (1979)
- Bekçiler Kralı (1979)
- Yüz Numaralı Adam (1978)
- Kibar Feyzo (1978)
- İyi Aile Çocuğu (1978)
- İnek Şaban (1978)
- Avanak Apti (1978)
- Şabanoğlu Şaban (1977)
- Sakar Şakir (1977)
- Hababam Sınıfı Tatilde (1977)
- Çöpçüler Kralı (1977)
- İbo Güllüşah İle İbo (1977)
- Tosun Paşa (1976)
- Süt Kardeşler (1976)
- Meraklı Köfteci (1976)
- Kapıcılar Kralı (1976)
- Hababam Sınıfı Uyanıyor (1976)
- Şaşkın Damat (1975)
- Hanzo (1975)
- Hababam Sınıfı Sınıfta Kaldı (1975)
- Hababam Sınıfı (1975)
- Köyden İndim Şehire (1974)
- Salako (1974)
- Salak Milyoner (1974)
- Mavi Boncuk (1974)
- Hasret (1974)
- Canım Kardeşim (1973)
- Oh Olsun (1973)
- Güllü Geliyor Güllü (1973)
- Yalancı Yarim (1973)
- Tatlı Dillim (1972)
Adile Naşit

**Adile Naşit** (June 17, 1930 – December 11, 1987) was a Turkish movie actress. She played in many Turkish movies. Her nickname was **Hafize Ana** (meaning Hafize name, Ana mother) and was a character she played in movies.
Barilla (company)

**Barilla Group** is a large Italian food company that makes pasta. They are the world's leading pasta maker. Barilla also provides pasta products to restaurants worldwide. They are the leading seller of bakery products in Italy. By purchasing the Swedish bakery company Wasabröd, they became the leading producer of flatbread in the world.

## History

The company was founded in 1877 in Ponte Taro, Italy by Pietro Barilla. The company is privately held, and is now in the fourth generation of Barilla family ownership. It is controlled by three brothers, Chairman Guido Barilla, and Vice Chairmen Luca Barilla and Paolo Barilla.

## Company

Barilla Group has many production plants all over the world. These are in Italy, Greece, France, Germany, Norway, Russia, Sweden, Turkey, the United States and Mexico. The company also operates mills in Italy, Greece, Sweden, Turkey, and the US, while its central office is in Parma, Italy. Barilla Group controls Barilla (multinational pasta maker), Mulino Bianco, Gran Cereale, Pan di Stelle, Pavesi, Voiello, First and Academia Barilla (Italy), Harrys (France), Catelli (Canada), Wasabröd (Sweden), Pasta Evangelists (United Kingdom), MISKO (Greece), Filiz Makarna (Turkey), Yemina and Vesta (Mexico) trademarks. The wheat used to make the final product is purchased from around the world.

## Controversy

In 2013 the owner of Barilla, Guido Barilla, made controversial remarks about being for traditional family values and not gays. In a few hours Twitter had hundreds of messages protesting the company. This made the brand Barilla one of the top topics. Many messages called for a boycott of all the company's products. Guido later apologized by saying, “I apologise if my words generated misunderstandings or arguments, or if they offended the sensibilities of some people. In the interview I simply wished to underline the central role the woman plays within the family.”

In November of 2013 the Barilla Group announced they would start a "more active, global leadership position on diversity, inclusion and social responsibility." This included creating a board of experts to advise Barilla on these sensitive issues. Barilla also created of a new position in the company, a Chief Diversity Officer.

## Other websites

- Pasta maker Barilla tries to make amends... _NYDailyNews.com_

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: Barilla S.p.A.
- **logo**: Barilla logo.svg
- **type**: Privately held company, Private (family-owned)
- **foundation**: 1877
- **founder**: Pietro Barilla
- **location city**: Parma
- **location country**: Italy
- **area served**: Worldwide
- **industry**: Italian cuisine, Italian food
- **revenue**: Euro, € 3.936 billion (2021)
- **num employees**: 8,727
Moda

**Moda** is a district in Kadıköy, Istanbul. Barış Manço pop singer lived here. Moda has a coast suitable for jogging. From Moda coast the beautiful image of Bosphorus can be seen.
Chinese poker

**Chinese Poker** is a poker variant that came from Asia. It is also called Russian Poker. It is usually played with two to four players; each player is dealt 13 cards, and then needs to create 3 poker hands from his cards.
- The first hand has 3 cards.
- The second hand has 5 cards.
- The third hand has 5 cards as well.
The third hand must be the best hand (by the standard poker rankings). The third had must be better than the second hand. The second hand must be better than the first hand (the one with the 3 cards in it).

The dealer plays against the other 1 to 3 players, pays the winners, and collects money from the losing players.

If a player has all 13 different cards from Ace, 2,3 etc to king

(from different or same suit) He automatically wins.

If a  player has  6 pairs and one single card, he he also wins.

## Other websites

- Chinese Poker
City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra

The **City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra** (CBSO) is one of the leading British orchestras. It is based in the Symphony Hall, Birmingham, England. It became particularly famous during the years when it was conducted by Sir Simon Rattle.

The orchestra was founded in 1920 by Neville Chamberlain, the man who later became Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. At that time it was called **City of Birmingham Orchestra**. Appleby Matthews conducted its first concert. In November of the same year the composer Edward Elgar conducted the orchestra in a programme of his own music in Birmingham Town Hall. Adrian Boult was chief conductor from 1924 to 1930.

## History

The CBO became a full-time organisation in 1944. It changed its name to the "City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra" (CBSO) in 1948. Chief conductors since then included Rudolf Schwarz and the composer Andrzej Panufnik.

The CBSO became internationally famous when Simon Rattle became chief conductor in 1980. The orchestra became known for their playing of late romantic and 20th century works, especially those of Sibelius and Gustav Mahler. During this period, the orchestra moved from Birmingham Town Hall to a new concert hall: the Symphony Hall, which was inside Birmingham's International Convention Centre.

Rattle was named music director of the CBSO in 1990. That same year, a new job was created for a composer who would be associated with the orchestra. It was called "Radcliffe Composer in Association", and the first person to have this post was Mark-Anthony Turnage. In 1995 Judith Weir became Fairbairn Composer in Association, followed in 2001 by Julian Anderson.

After Rattle gave up his job with the CBSO in 1998 and the Finnish conductor Sakari Oramo became chief conductor that year, and music director in 1999.

In October 2007, the orchestra named the Latvian conductor Andris Nelsons as the CBSO's 12th music director, starting with the 2008-2009 season.

The CBSO has made many recordings for EMI Classics and Warner Classics, as well as smaller labels. The Orchestra's chief executive is Stephen Maddock.

## Other websites

- City of Birmingham Symphony official site
Egon Krenz

**Egon Rudi Ernst Krenz** (born 19 March 1937 in Kolberg,Nazi Germany) was a former East German  politician of the German Democratic Republic. He served in the East German Army, NVA (Nationale Volkes Armee), where he attained the rank of Unteroffizere (Corporal). He was a high-ranking member of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany. He was the successor to Erich Honecker as leader of East Germany from 18 October 1989 until 3 December 1989, for a few weeks. Later, he was sentenced to six and a half years in prison and released in 2003.
Berlin Friedrichstraße

**Berlin Friedrichstraße** () is a railway station in the center of Berlin. It has regional and suburban railways connections. During the times of East Germany, it was the only station served by some underground lines from West Berlin.
Statue of Freedom

The ***Statue of Freedom*** is a statue of a woman that is on top of the United States Capitol.  It was made in 1863 by Thomas Crawford.  The woman is a symbol - she was not an actual person but stands for the idea of freedom.  She is holding a shield and a laurel wreath in one hand.  In the other hand, she is holding a sword that is sheathed (in its case).

The statue stands on the peak of the dome, beckoning ideas and statutes that will be for the good of America and humanity.
Murray River

The **Murray River** is the largest river in Australia. It starts high in the Snowy Mountains and flows mainly west until it gets to the sea near Goolwa, South Australia.

For much of its length it forms the boundary between Victoria and New South Wales. Other rivers join the Murray, the Darling River, the Lachlan River, the Murrumbidgee River and the Goulburn River.

## History

For thousands of years, the Murray River has been known to Aboriginal Australians, who called it various names such as _Millewa_ and _Tongala_.

The river was later called the _Hume River_ after it was visited by European explorers Hamilton Hume and William Hovell in November 1824. Explorer Charles Sturt renamed the river in January 1830 after a British politician, Sir George Murray. In 1852, the government offered a bonus of $8,000 for the first paddlesteamer to reach Echuca. This was achieved by both William Randell and Francis Cadell.

Randell built a steamboat the _Mary Ann_, named after his mother, to start trading in 1853. Soon it was racing Captain Francis Cadell's steamer and river trading began. This provided many new jobs and started new settlements and industries along the entire length of the river Murray system. G.B. Johnston sailed a steam boat as far as Albury in 1855. The river was very important for carrying people and goods until the railways took over. By 1900 the river trade was just about over.

## Infobox (river)

- **name**: Murray River
- **image**: Nyah Murray River 002.JPG
- **image caption**: <small>The Murray at Nyah, Victoria</small>
- **source1 location**: Snowy Mountains
- **mouth**: Goolwa, South Australia
- **subdivision type1**: Country
- **subdivision name1**: Murray-Darling Basin, Australia
- **length**: 2,575 km (1,600 mi)
- **discharge1 avg**: 767 m³/s
- **basin size**: 1,061,469 km²
Buffer solution

A **buffer solution** is chemical solution which resists change to its pH or acidity.

It is a solution in water of a mixture of a weak acid or base and its salt. The pH of the solution changes very little when a small amount of strong acid or base is added to it. Buffer solutions are used as a means of keeping pH at a nearly constant value in a wide variety of chemical applications. Many life forms have a relatively small pH range; an example of a buffer solution is blood.

Buffer solutions may be of two types: acidic and basic.
- Acidic : A solution of mixture of weak acid and a salt of this acid with a strong base.
eg. CH3COOH+CH3COONa
- Basic : A solution of a mixture of weak base and its salt with a strong acid .
eg. NH4OH+NH4Cl

If you add acid to the solution, the concentration of H+ ions will increase; to keep equilibrium a small number of ions will be combined (forming salt and reducing the concentration of H+ ion in the solution). If you add base the concentration of H+ ion will reduce (by consumption  or combining) and so a small amount of salt will break into ions and maintain the pH.

Buffer index is the number of moles of acid or base added to 1 litre of buffer solution to change its ph by 1 unit
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty

The **Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty** (or **NNPT**) is a treaty that was made to stop nuclear weapons from being built. It was written in 1968, entered into force in 1970, and 191 countries have signed it since then. Only four nations have not signed it: India, Israel, Pakistan, and South Sudan. North Korea withdrew in 2003.

## Terms

The treaty says that only five countries are allowed to have nuclear weapons. These are called nuclear weapons states. The five nuclear weapons states are China, France, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Russia. All five of these nations have all signed the treaty. They are not supposed to help any other nation build nuclear weapons. All other nations who sign the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty promise not to build more nuclear weapons for themselves or others.

The treaty also says that every nation is able to build nuclear power plants and have nuclear technology. However, nations who sign the treaty, but are not nuclear weapons states, promise to not use their nuclear power plants to make nuclear weapons.

The main corporations that made this treaty happen were the United Nations and the IAEA.
Dutch East Indies

The **Dutch East Indies**, or **Netherlands East Indies**, was the Dutch colony that is now modern Indonesia and the Malacca state of Malaysia. The main city was Batavia, now called Jakarta.

It was made from the colonies of the Dutch East India Company that came under the control of the Netherlands in 1800.

In the Java War (1741–1743), Chinese rebels worked with Javanese Muslim rebels who forcibly circumcised Dutch men and enslaved Dutch women and children.

During World War II it was part of the Japanese Empire. In 1945 the Japanese had surrendered their colonies in the pacific, thus losing control of Indonesia, and Indonesian leaders made a declaration of independence. They fought a war of independence until the Netherlands gave Indonesia sovereignty in December 1949.
Dutch East India Company

The **Dutch East India Company** (Old Dutch: _Verenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie_), or **VOC**, started in 1602, when the Netherlands gave a group of small trading companies a 21-year monopoly to trade in Asia. It was the first multinational corporation in the world and the first company to issue stock. The VOC had the power to start wars, make treaties, make its own money and start new colonies.

It was an important company for almost 200 years, but it became bankrupt in 1800. The VOC's colonies became the Dutch East Indies, which later became Indonesia.

## Founding: 1602-1620

In the 16th century, trade with Asia was mostly controlled by Portugal. The Dutch government wished to take a foothold in the spice market, as Portugal could not keep up with the demand and rising prices in Europe. With government funding, the VOC set up its first trading post in what is now Jakarta, which eventually became its main base of operations in the continent.

## Expansion: 1620-1669

In 1620, the VOC created a trade agreement with their biggest rival in Asia, the English East India Company. This lasted until 1623, when the Amboyna Massacre forced the EEIC to move its trading posts from Indonesia to other areas in the continent.

In the 1620's, the VOC extended their reach to the remaining Indonesian Islands, and established plantations on the colonised islands to increase the volume of their exports. This expansion continued, until eventually the VOC was the richest company in the world.

In 1640, the VOC founded a trading post in Ceylon (Sri Lanka), the last place where the Portuguese had a foothold. The VOC now had a total monopoly over trade between Europe and Southern Asia.

## Exploration of Australia

Ships from the VOC were among the early explorers of Australia. The first Europeans to live in Australia were left behind after the mutiny on the VOC ship Batavia in 1629. Many of the sailors who took part in the mutiny were executed, but two, Wouter Loos, a soldier, and Jan Pelgrom de Bye, a cabin boy, were left at Wittecarra Gully, near the mouth of the Murchison River. They were never seen again.

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: United East India Company
- **logo**: VOC.svg
- **logo size**: 120
- **image**: Flag of the Dutch East India Company.svg
- **image caption**: Company flag (1630)
- **native name lang**: nl
- **fate**: Dissolution (law), Dissolved and Nationalization, nationalised as Dutch East Indies
- **foundation**: , by a government-directed consolidation (business), consolidation of the /pre-companies
- **founder**: Johan van Oldenbarnevelt and the States-General of the Dutch Republic, States-General
- **industry**: Conglomerate (company), Proto-conglomerate
- **products**: Spice trade, Spices, silk, porcelain, metals, livestock, tea, grain, rice, soybeans, sugar industry, sugarcane, South African wine, wine, Coffee production in Indonesia, coffee
Mika Häkkinen

**Mika Pauli Häkkinen** (born September 28, 1968 in Helsingin maalaiskunta) is a Finnish racing driver and two-time Formula One champion. He was Michael Schumacher's greatest rival in F1 from 1998–2000. Schumacher has said that Häkkinen is the rival he respected the most during his Formula One career.
Cape York

**Cape York** is the northernmost point of Australia. It was named by Lieutenant James Cook in 1770 after the Duke of York. From the tip, it is about 160 km to New Guinea across the islands, coral reefs and sand banks of Torres Strait.
North West Cape

**North West Cape** is a large piece of land on the north west coast of Western Australia. There are mountains called the Cape Range through the middle of the peninsula and Ningaloo Reef is on the western edge. The town of Exmouth is also on the North West Cape.

In 1618, Dutch East India Company captain Lenaert Jacobszoon and Willem Janszoon from the boat _Mauritius_ landed in the area. Phillip Parker King visited in 1818 and named it _North West Cape_. He also named Exmouth Gulf after a Royal Navy officer, Edward Pellew, First Viscount Exmouth (1758 -1833).

Later, pearl boats visited the area from Broome.

## Other websites

- http://www.exmouthwa.com.au/pages.asp?code=22
Baja California Sur

**Baja California Sur** is a state in northwest Mexico. It is on the Baja California peninsula. Its capital is La Paz. About 500,000 people live there. Its name means "South Lower California".

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Baja California Sur
- **native name**: Estado Libre y Soberano de Baja California Sur
- **image flag**: Flag of Baja California Sur.svg
- **flag size**: 140px
- **image shield**: Coat of arms of Baja California Sur.svg
- **shield size**: 80px
- **image map**: Mexico map, MX-BCS.svg
- **map caption**: Location within Mexico
- **image map1**: BS-Coloured.svg
- **mapsize1**: 180px
- **map caption1**: #Municipalities, Municipalities of Baja California Sur
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Capital
- **subdivision name1**: La Paz, Baja California Sur, La Paz
- **subdivision type2**: Municipalities of Mexico, Municipalities
- **subdivision name2**: #Municipalities, 5
- **subdivision type3**: List of cities in Mexico, Largest City
- **subdivision name3**: La Paz
- **leader title**: List of Mexican state governors, Governor
- **leader name**: Narciso Agúndez Montaño
 (Party of the Democratic Revolution, PRD)
- **leader title1**: Chamber of Deputies of Mexico, Federal Deputies
- **leader name1**: Partido de la Revolución Democrática, PRD: 2
- **leader title2**: Senate of Mexico, Federal Senators
- **leader name2**: Labor Party (Mexico), PT: 2
National Action Party (Mexico), PAN: 1
- **area footnotes**:
List of Mexican states by area, Ranked 9th
- **area total km2**: 73475
- **population as of**: 2005
- **population total**: 512,170(List of Mexican states by population, Ranked 32nd)
- **population blank1 title**: Demonym
- **population blank1**: Sudcaliforniano
- **timezone**: Mountain Standard Time, MST
- **utc offset**: -7
- **timezone dst**: Mountain Daylight Time, MDT
- **utc offset dst**: -6
- **coordinates**: =inline,title
- **blank name**: Human Development Index, HDI (2004)
- **blank info**: 0.8269 - <span style="color:#090">high</span>
List of Mexican states by HDI, Ranked 4th
- **blank1 name**: ISO 3166-2
- **blank1 info**: MX-BCS
- **blank2 name**: Postal abbr.
- **blank2 info**: B.C.S.
- **website**: [http://www.gbcs.gob.mx www.gbcs.gob.mx]
Nelson Piquet

**Nelson Piquet Souto Maior** (born August 17, 1952), more commonly known as **Nelson Piquet**, is a Brazilian racing driver who was Formula One world champion in 1981, 1983, and 1987. He is one of the few men to win at least three world championships in the history of Formula One. The others are Jack Brabham, Jackie Stewart, Niki Lauda, Ayrton Senna (3 each), Alain Prost (4), Juan Manuel Fangio (5), Lewis Hamilton (7) and Michael Schumacher (7).
Baby boomer

The term **baby boomer** most commonly refers to people born during the years 1946 to 1964 worldwide. In Canada it is anyone born between 1960 and 1980. Australia identifies baby boomers as those born between 1946 and 1961. Generally, after 1960 the birth rate started falling. In 1951, Sylvia F. Porter, a columnist for the New York Post, first used the term _baby boom_ for the rapid rise in birthrate after Word War II.

## Economic impact

From 1945 to 1964 about seventy-seven million babies were born in the United States. In the 1950s baby boomers bought Mouse-ear hats after they watched "The Mickey Mouse Club". They danced to rock and roll and idolized singers like Elvis Presley. Hula hoops and Barbie dolls were wildly popular.

By the 1960s many baby boomers were teenagers. They spent nearly $20 million on things including food, clothing, and recorded music. Businesses were eager to find ways to meet their demands. By the 1970s entire industries were changing because of baby boomers.

## Aging and end-of-life issues

In 1998 the baby boomers began to discuss about their end-of-life issues; but many commentators think they have became burdens for their children and society. According to the 2011 Associated Press and LifeGoesStrong.com surveys:

60% lost value in investments because of the economic crisis
42% are delaying retirement
25% claim they will never retire (currently still working)

## Baby boomer today

The oldest baby boomers were 76 years old in 2022 and one in five Americans will be 65 years old in 2030. Many people believe they will become a stress on social welfare systems.
Jack Brabham

Sir **John Arthur "Jack" Brabham**, AO, OBE (2 April 1926 – 19 May 2014) was an Australian racing driver who was Formula One champion in 1959, 1960 and 1966. He won the Australian Grand Prix in 1955, 1963 and 1964. He was a founder of the Brabham racing team and race car builder that carried his name.

In 2000 the Australian Government gave him the Australian Sports Medal, and in 2001 he was given the Australian Centenary Medal for services to motor sport.

Brabham died at his home on the Gold Coast, Queensland on 19 May 2014 from liver failure, aged 88.

## Related pages

- Formula 1
- Juan Manuel Fangio
Team Lotus

**Team Lotus** was the motorsport sister company of English sports car manufacturer Lotus Cars. The team ran cars in many motorsport series including Formula One, Formula Two, Formula Ford, Formula Junior, IndyCar and sports car racing. More than ten years after its last race Team Lotus remains one of the most successful racing teams of all time, winning seven Formula One Constructors' titles, six Drivers' Championships, and the Indianapolis 500 in the United States, between 1962 and 1978. Under the direction of founder and Chief Designer Colin Chapman Lotus was responsible for many innovative and experimental developments in motorsport, in both technical and commercial arenas. In 2010 Lotus has returned to F1 as Lotus Racing.
Williams Racing

**WilliamsF1**, the trading name of **Williams Grand Prix Engineering Ltd.**, is a Formula One (F1) motor racing team and constructor. It was founded and run by Sir Frank Williams and Patrick Head. The team was formed in 1977 after two earlier and, compared with WilliamsF1's achievements, unsuccessful F1 operations, Frank Williams Racing Cars and Walter Wolf Racing. All of WilliamsF1 chassis are called "FW" then a number, the FW being the initials of team owner, Frank Williams.

Williams' first race was the  Argentine Grand Prix, and Switzerland's Clay Regazzoni won Williams' first race at the  British Grand Prix. At the  British Grand Prix, Canadian Jacques Villeneuve won the team's 100th race, making Williams one of only three teams in Formula One, alongside Ferrari and fellow British team McLaren, to win 100 races. Williams won nine Constructor's titles between 1980 and 1997. This stood as a record until Ferrari surpassed it in 2000.

Many famous racing drivers have driven for Williams, including Australia's Alan Jones, Finland's Keke Rosberg; Britain's Nigel Mansell and Damon Hill; France's Alain Prost and Brazil's Nelson Piquet and Ayrton Senna, and Canada's Jacques Villeneuve, each of whom, with the exception of Senna, have captured one Drivers' title with the team. After Senna died in a Williams car in a crash at the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix, Frank Williams, Patrick Head and designer Adrian Newey were all accused of manslaughter. The trial finally closed in 2005, when Williams, Head and Newey were all cleared of any wrongdoing.

Williams have worked with many notable engine manufacturers, most successfully with Renault: Williams won five of their nine constructors' titles with the French company. Along with Ferrari, McLaren, and Renault (formerly Benetton), Williams is one of the "Big Four" teams that have won every constructors' championship since 1979 and every driver's championship since 1984. Williams remains the only one independently owned, as the other three are "factory teams" either setup or bought out by major auto manufacturers.

## Infobox (f1 team)

- **constructor name**: Williams-Cosworth
- **long name**: AT&T Williams
- **base**: Grove, Oxfordshire, Grove, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
- **principal**: James Vowles
- **director**: Pat Fry
- **2024 drivers**: 2.  Logan Sargeant
23.  Alex Albon
43.  Franco Colapinto
55.  Carlos Sainz Jr.
- **2024 test drivers**: Franco Colapinto
- **2024 chassis**: Williams FW46
- **2024 engine**: Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains, Mercedes M15 E Performance
- **2024 tyres**: Pirelli
- **debut**: Argentine Grand Prix
- **races**: 550
- **cons champ**: 9 (, , , , , , , , )
- **drivers champ**: 7 (, , , , , , )
- **wins**: 113
- **poles**: 126
- **fastest laps**: 130
- **last season**: 2010
- **last position**: 6th (69 points)
Surprise (emotion)

**Surprise** is an emotion that a person might feel if something unexpected happens. For example, a person may feel surprised at a loud, sudden noise, like the popping of a balloon, or they may feel surprised at the outcome of an event. The feeling of surprise can be both good or bad, depending on the circumstances.
Surprise party

A **surprise party** is a party thrown for someone who does not know that it has been planned; surprise parties can leave people feeling happy, because someone has made the effort to organize it for them. Many surprise parties are for birthdays; when the guest of honour arrives, everybody yells, "Surprise!" as loudly as they possibly can.
London Stansted Airport

**London Stansted Airport**  is a large passenger airport in the Uttlesford District of the English county of Essex about 30 miles (48 km) northeast of London. It is about  outside Bishop's Stortford and  outside Harlow.

Stansted is a hub for a number of major European low-cost carriers. It is the fourth busiest airport in the United Kingdom and is the third largest airport serving the London area after Heathrow and Gatwick; and is one of London's five international airports along with Luton and London City Airports. Stansted is owned and operated by Manchester Airports Group, which also owns and operates three other UK airports, including Manchester and Bournemouth.

The airport had to abandon plans for a second runway after the campaign Stop Stansted Expansion succeeded.
London Gatwick Airport

**London Gatwick Airport**  is London's second largest airport and the second busiest airport in the United Kingdom after Heathrow. It is the world's 22nd busiest airport in terms of passengers per year (7th in terms of international passengers). It is also often quoted as the world's busiest single runway airport, although strictly speaking it now has a second 'stand-by' runway, which can only be used when the main runway is out of use.

## Overview

Gatwick is in Crawley, West Sussex (it used to be Charlwood, Surrey) 5 km (3 miles) north of the town centre, 46 km (28 miles) south of London and 40 km (25 miles) north of Brighton.

Gatwick is owned and operated by a group of companies, led by Global Infrastructure Partners (GIP), after it's previous owner BAA was forced to sell the airport by the Competition Commission due to its dominance in London and the South East, also owning Heathrow Airport.

With about 200 destinations, the airport handled over 34 million passengers with 263,363 aircraft movements in 2006. It was said that during 2007 Gatwick broke through the 35 million barrier for the first time in its history.

Usually, Charter airlines do not operate from Heathrow and therefore use Gatwick as their main base for London and the South East.

For the past 30 years, many flights to and from the USA have also used Gatwick because of the restrictions on access to Heathrow that were enshrined in the 1977 Bermuda II bilateral air services agreement between the UK and the US.

The airport is a major operational base for British Airways, easyJet and Virgin Atlantic. The airport is also a major base for a number of charter airlines including First Choice Airways, Thomas Cook Airlines, Thomsonfly and XL Airways. Runway 8L/26R is mostly used as a taxiway.

London Gatwick has a CAA Public Use Aerodrome Licence (Number P528) that allows flights for the public transport of passengers or for flying instruction.

## Other websites

- Gatwick Airport
London Luton Airport

**London Luton Airport**  (previously called **Luton International Airport**) is an international airport on the edge of the town of Luton, Bedfordshire, England approximately  north of London.  The airport is 2 miles (3 km) from junction 10a of the M1 motorway. It is the fourth largest airport serving the London area after Heathrow, Gatwick and Stansted and is one of London's five international airports along with London City Airport.

In 2007, total passengers at London Luton increased by 5.3% to 9,927,321  making it the fifth busiest airport in the UK.  The airport serves as a hub for easyJet, TUI, Wizz Air and Ryanair. Most of the routes served are within Europe.

London Luton Airport is widely known as a result of the _Airline_ and _Luton Airport_ television series.
London City Airport

**London City Airport**  is a single-runway airport, intended for use by STOL (short take-off and landing) planes, mainly serving the financial districts of London. It is on a former Docklands site, in the London Borough of Newham in East London. It is near Canary Wharf and the O2 arena in an area called Silvertown.

The airport serves European destinations, though there is one flight to New York JFK airport.

The airport has tough rules to limit the noise from aircraft operations. This limits the aircraft types that can be used, and so does the length of the runway and the steep glideslope. The steep 5.5 degree approache requires special training for crew. Only multi-engine, fixed-wing aircraft with special crew and aircraft certification can operate at London City Airport. London City Airport has a CAA Public Use Aerodrome Licence (Number P728).

London City Airport was developed by the engineering company Mowlem in 1986/87. It is the fifth-largest international airport in size serving the London area, after Heathrow, Gatwick, Stansted and Luton. London City Airport claims lower check-in times than any other airport in London.

The airport has produced a master plan outlining their vision for growth up to 2030. The plan shows a phased expansion of the airport to a maximum capacity of 8 million passengers per annum, without the addition of a second runway, or significant expansion of the current airport boundaries.

London City Airport was purchased in October 2006 by a consortium comprising AIG Financial Products Corp. and Global Infrastructure Partners (GIP) for an undisclosed sum. Speculation suggests the sale was valued at over £750 million. In 2007, London City Airport had 2.9 million passengers; by 2017 this had risen to 4,530,439.

- Helicopters use another airport called London Heliport.
International Opium Convention

The **International Opium Convention** was the first drug control treaty (or agreement).  It was signed at The Hague in The Netherlands on January 23, 1912.  The United States organised a conference between 13 countries called the International Opium Commission in 1909 in Shanghai, China because people complained more and more about opium trade. The treaty was signed by Germany, the United States, China, France, the United Kingdom, Italy, Japan, The Netherlands, Persia, Portugal, Russia, and Siam. The Convention said that "The contracting Powers shall use their best endeavours to control, or to cause to be controlled, all persons manufacturing, importing, selling, distributing, and exporting morphine, cocaine, and their respective salts, as well as the buildings in which these persons carry such an industry or trade."

The Convention was implemented in 1915 by the United States, Netherlands, China, Honduras, and Norway. It went into force around the world in 1919 when it became part of the Treaty of Versailles.

A modified International Opium Convention was signed on February 19, 1925, which started on September 25, 1928. It introduced control system to be looked after by a Permanent Central Opium Board, part of the League of Nations. Egypt, with support from
China and United States, recommended that a ban on hashish be added to the Convention.

India and other countries did not agree, saying social and religious customs and that wild-growing cannabis plants being available in many places, that would make it difficult to enforce, so this never made it into the final treaty. A compromise was made that banned the export of _Indian hemp_ to countries that have banned its use.  Importing countries were made to issue certificates approving the import and stating that the shipment was required "exclusively for medical or scientific purposes." It also required Parties to "exercise an effective control of such a nature as to prevent the illicit international traffic in Indian hemp and especially in the resin." These restrictions still made it easy for countries to allow production, internal trade, and use of cannabis for recreational purposes.

The Convention was superseded by the 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs.
Coleoidea

The **Coleoidea** are a group of mollusks making up most of the living cephalopods. Octopus, squid, and cuttlefish are all members of the Coleoidea. They do not have shells on the outside, but some do have a bone or shell inside. All Coleoidea live in the ocean.
Bagh District

**Bagh District** () is one of the eight districts of Azad Kashmir, Pakistan. The district, which had been part of Poonch District, was created in 1988. The district is bordered by Muzaffarabad District to the north, by Punjab in the east. It also borders the divided district of Poonch, to the south is the Poonch District of Azad Kashmir and to the east is the Poonch District of India's Jammu and Kashmir state. The total area of the district is 1,368 square kilometers. Bagh District is linked to Muzaffarabad by two roads, one via Sudhan Gali (80 km) and the other through Kohala (97 km). It is 46 km from Rawalakot. The district is well known for its confectionery and bakery products.

## People

The total population of the district according to the 1998 census was 395,000 which is estimated to have increased to 434,000 in 2003, with an annual growth rate of 2%.

## Administration

The district is divided into 3 tehsils:

- Bagh Tehsil
- Dheerkot Tehsil
- Hari Ghel Tehseel

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Bagh
- **settlement type**: Districts of Pakistan, District of Azad Kashmir
- **image map**: Pakistan - Azad Kashmir - Bagh.svg
- **mapsize**: 200px
- **map caption**: Map of Azad Kashmir with Bagh highlighted
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Pakistan
- **subdivision type1**: Provinces of Pakistan, Province
- **subdivision type2**: Capital
- **area total km2**: 1368
- **population as of**: 2009
- **population total**: 503000
- **population density km2**: 424
- **timezone1**: Time in Pakistan, PST
- **utc offset1**: +5
- **established title**: Established
- **established date**: 1988
- **leader title**: District Nazim
- **leader title1**: District Naib Nazim
- **blank name sec1**: District Council
- **blank1 name sec1**: Number of Tehsils
- **blank1 info sec1**: 3
- **demographics1 title1**: Main language(s)
- **website**: http://www.apnabagh.com
Bhimber District

**Bhimber** () is the southernmost of the eight districts of Azad Kashmir, the district is between Latitude: 32-48 to 33-34 and Longitude: 73.55 to 74-45, and has an area of 1516 km². The chief town is Bhimber.

## History

The area is very rich in archaeological remains because of its location. The Mughal Emperors used to travel through the area quite a lot to visit the Kashmir Valley.

Until 1995 Bhimber was a sub-division (tehsil) of Mirpur District. In 1996 the tehsil of Bhimber was removed from Mirpur and made into a separate district.

## Location

The district is bounded by Mirpur District to the northwest (and is 50 km from Mirpur city), and Punjab province in the west and south. It also shares borders with Indian Kashmir to the east.

## Administration

The total area of the district is 1516 square kilometres and is divided into three tehsils.

- Barnala Tehsil
- Bhimber Tehsil
- Samahni Tehsil

## People

According to the 1998 census, 297,000 people lived there. According to a 1999 estimate, it was 303,000. Latest figures show that 350,000 people live there. The Jaats are the biggest tribe in the region. The main language is Mirpuri.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Bhimber
- **native name**: ضلع بھمبر
- **settlement type**: Districts of Pakistan, District of Azad Kashmir
- **image map**: Pakistan - Azad Kashmir - Bhimber.svg
- **mapsize**: 200px
- **map caption**: Map of Azad Kashmir with Bhimber highlighted
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Pakistan
- **subdivision type1**: Provinces of Pakistan, Province
- **subdivision type2**: Capital
- **area total km2**: 1516
- **population as of**: 1998
- **population total**: 343000
- **population density km2**: 232
- **timezone1**: Time in Pakistan, PST
- **utc offset1**: +5
- **established title**: Established
- **established date**: 1996
- **leader title**: Deputy Commissioner
- **blank name sec1**: District Council
- **blank1 name sec1**: Number of Tehsils
- **blank1 info sec1**: 3
- **demographics1 title1**: Main language(s)
- **demographics1 info1**: Pahari
- **website**: http://www.bhimber.com
Kotli District

**Kotli** () is one of the eight districts of Azad Kashmir, Pakistan. Kotli is the capital city of the district. Kotli used to be a small town between Mirpur and Muzaffarabad, but has recently grown in size.

## Meaning of name

There are two theories about the origin of the name "Kotli". One is that in ancient times Prince Raja Shahswar Khan built a small house here and called it "Kot", which became "Kotli". Another theory is that the name is derived from the Sanskrit word Kotli which means to _reside_ or to _live in_. At one time the area was inhabited by the Mangran and Solhan peoples, and was called Kotli Solwhan. The modern town of Kotli was built in the 14th century by Raja Agar Khan.

## Administration

The district of Kotli used to be a sub-division of Mirpur District until 1975. Before 1947, it was a part of the Jammu area. The district is bounded by the Indian part of Kashmir in the east, and by Mirpur District in the south and Rawalakot to its north. The district is divided into three tehsils (sub-divisions)

- Kotli Tehsil
- Khuiratta Tehsil
- Fatehpur Tehsil
- Nakyal Tehsil
- Sehnsa Tehsil

The district covers a total area of 1862 square kilometres. Kotli is now the largest city by population, (656,000).

Before the division of Kashmir in 1947, Nakyal was part of Mehndar sub-division of Poonch.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Kotli
- **settlement type**: Districts of Pakistan, District of Azad Kashmir
- **image map**: Pakistan - Azad Kashmir - Kotli.svg
- **mapsize**: 200px
- **map caption**: Map of Azad Kashmir with Kotli highlighted
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Pakistan
- **subdivision type1**: Provinces of Pakistan, Province
- **subdivision type2**: Capital
- **area total km2**: 1862
- **population as of**: 1998
- **population total**: 640000
- **population density km2**: 352
- **timezone1**: Time in Pakistan, PST
- **utc offset1**: +5
- **established title**: Established
- **established date**: 1975
- **leader title**: District Nazim
- **leader title1**: District Naib Nazim
- **blank name sec1**: District Council
- **blank1 name sec1**: Number of Tehsils
- **blank1 info sec1**: 5
- **demographics1 title1**: Main language(s)
- **demographics1 info1**: Pahari languages, Pahari, Gojri and Punjabi language, Punjabi
Muzaffarabad District

**Muzafarabad district** () of Pakistan is on the banks of the Jhelum and the Neelum rivers. The district is bounded to Pakistan in the west and to Kupwara and Baramulla districts of Indian Kashmir in the east and Neelum District fall on the northeast of the district. Total area of the district is 6117 square kilometres. The total population of the district according to the 1998 census was 725,000 and according to 1999 projection its population stands at 741,000. The district is administratively subdivided into three tehsils and fifty one Union Councils. Muzaffarabad city in the district serves as capital of Azad Jammu and Kashmir.

It was part of Muzaffarabad Division.

- Tithwal Tehsil
- Muzaffarabad Tehsil
- Hattian Tehsil
Poonch district, India

**Poonch () District** is a district of Kashmir that is divided between Jammu and Kashmir and Pakistan's Azad Kashmir. The Pakistani part of Poonch District is part of its Azad Kashmir territory, whilst Indian Poonch is part of its Jammu and Kashmir.