juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Esino

The **Esino** () is a river in the Marche region of central Italy. It is one of the most important rivers in the region because of the size of its drainage basin.

There is another river, but smaller, in the Province of Lecco, Lombardy.

## Geography

The Esino river has a length of about  and a drainage basin with an area of .

### Course

The source of the Esino is in the sides of the _Monte Caffagio_, comune of Esanatoglia (province of Macerata) near the border with the province of Ancona, at an altitude of about .

The river flows east past Esanatoglia and curves north by Matelica before crossing the border into the province of Ancona near Cerreto d'Esi. The river continues flowing north before curving northeast near Genga. It then flows near Serra San Quirico, Maiolati Spontini, Castelplanio, Castelbellino, Jesi, Chiaravalle and Montemarciano.

Finally, it flows into the Adriatic Sea in the _Fiumesino_ near Falconara Marittima.

Its drainage basin is mainly in the province of Ancona but it also covers part of the province of Macerata and a small part of the province  of Perugia (Umbria).

## Main tributaries

The main tributaries of Ensino river areː
- **Giano** (24 km long), that begins in the Fabriano _comune_ and flows into the Ensino in _Borgo Tufico_, part of Fabriano
- **Sentino**, that begins in Umbria
- **Esinante**

## Related pages

- List of rivers of Italy

## Infobox (river)

- **name**: Esino
- **map**: LocationEsinoRiver.jpg
- **source1 location**: Province of Macerata, near Esanatoglia
- **mouth**: Adriatic Sea
- **mouth location**: Falconara Marittima
- **subdivision type1**: Country
- **subdivision name1**: Italy
Data corruption

**Data corruption** is errors in computer data that happens while the computer is reading, writing, storing, transmitting or processing the data. Such errors introduce unintended changes to the original data.

If data corruption happens in a file, unexpected results will happen when accessed by the system or an application; such results may range from a minor loss of data to a system crash. For example, if a Microsoft Word file is corrupted, when a person tries to open that file with Microsoft Word, they may get an error message. That means that person will get either a file that cannot be opened or a file with a minor loss of data.

One of the ways this can happen is if a power shortage happens while saving the document, the computer cannot power down properly and the file becomes corrupted.

Hackers can also corrupt data, be it accidentally or on purpose.
Anton Yelchin

**Anton Viktorovich Yelchin** (; March 11, 1989 – June 19, 2016) was a Soviet-born American movie, television and voice actor.

## Early life

Yelchin was born in Leningrad, present-day Saint Petersburg, Russia, which was then the Soviet Union. His family was Jewish. His family moved to Tarzana, California as refugees. He studied at Sherman Oaks Center for Enriched Studies and at the University of Southern California.

## Career

His career began in 2000. He was in the movies _Along Came a Spider_ and _Hearts in Atlantis_ (both 2001). His role as Jacob Clarke in the Steven Spielberg miniseries _Taken_ was his most famous role as a child actor.

He later appeared on the television series _Huff_ and starred in the movies _Terminator Salvation_ (2009), _Charlie Bartlett_ (2007), _Fright Night_ (2011), _Like Crazy_ (2011), _Odd Thomas_ and _Only Lovers Left Alive_ (both 2013).

Yelchin was best known for portraying Pavel Chekov in the _Star Trek_ reboot series, appearing in _Star Trek_ (2009), _Star Trek Into Darkness_ (2013) and _Star Trek Beyond_ (2016).

## Death

On June 19, 2016, Yelchin was found by friends crushed between his car and the iron security gate of his Studio City, Los Angeles home. It was described as a "freak accident". He was pronounced dead at 1:00 am at the age of 27.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Anton Yelchin
- **image**:
- **caption**: Yelchin at the _Only Lovers Left Alive_ premiere in September 2013
- **birth name**: Anton Viktorovich Yelchin
- **birth place**: Saint Petersburg, Leningrad, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union
- **death place**: Los Angeles, California, U.S.
- **death cause**: traumatic asphyxia, Blunt traumatic asphyxia after being crushed by his own SUV
- **resting place**: Hollywood Forever Cemetery
- **occupation**: Actor
- **years active**: 2000–2016
- **relatives**: Eugene Yelchin (uncle)
Sweat lodge

The **sweat lodge** (also called **purification ceremony** or simply **sweat**) is a hut, typically dome-shaped and made with natural materials. It used by Native Americans for ceremonial steambaths and prayer. Sweat lodges were largely a reaction to the influences of European culture with its negative effects on Native Americans.

There are several styles of structures used in different cultures. These include a domed or oblong hut similar to a wickiup, a permanent structure made of wood and earth, or even a simple hole dug into the ground and covered with wood. Stones are typically heated and then water poured over them to create steam. In ceremonial usage, these ritual actions are accompanied by traditional prayers and songs.

Native Americans in many regions use the sweat lodge. For example, Chumash peoples of the central coast of California build sweat lodges in coastal areas in association with habitation sites. The ancient Mesoamerican tribes of Mexico, such as the Aztec and Olmec, practiced a sweat bath ceremony known as temazcal as a religious way to make up for bad things they'd done and making themselves pure.
Ponto Valentino

**Ponto Valentino** is a village and former municipality in the canton of Ticino, Switzerland.

In 2004 the municipality was merged with the other, neighboring municipalities Castro, Corzoneso, Dongio, Largario, Leontica, Lottigna, Marolta and Prugiasco to form a new and larger municipality of Acquarossa.
Guttannen

**Guttannen** is a municipality in the administrative district of Interlaken-Oberhasli in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official Website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Guttannen
- **municipality name**: Guttannen
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Guttannen COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Guttannen.png
- **languages**: German
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BE
- **canton**: Bern
- **district**: Interlaken-Oberhasli (administrative district), Interlaken-Oberhasli
- **postal code**: 3864
- **municipality code**: 0782
- **area**: 200.7
- **elevation**: 1057
- **population**: 300
- **populationof**: Dec 2011
- **website**: www.guttannen.ch
- **mayor**: Esther Messerli
- **neighboring municipalities**: Fieschertal (VS), Gadmen, Grindelwald, Innertkirchen, Münster-Geschinen (VS), Obergesteln (VS), Oberwald (VS), Ulrichen (VS)
Habkern

**Habkern** is a municipality of the administrative district Interlaken-Oberhasli in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official Homepage of Habkern

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Habkern
- **municipality name**: Habkern
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Habkern COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Habkern.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Bern
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BE
- **district**: Interlaken-Oberhasli (administrative district), Interlaken-Oberhasli
- **postal code**: 3804
- **municipality code**: 0579
- **area**: 51.1
- **elevation**: 1055
- **population**: 638
- **populationof**: Dec 2010
- **website**: www.habkern.ch
- **mayor**: Walter Zurbuchen
- **neighboring municipalities**: Beatenberg, Eriz, Flühli (LU), Niederried bei Interlaken, Oberried am Brienzersee, Schangnau and Unterseen
Ernesto Maceda

**Ernesto Madarang Maceda** (March 26, 1935 – June 20, 2016) was a Filipino columnist and a politician. He served as a Senator from 1971 to 1972 and again from 1987 to 1998. He served as Senate President from 1996 to 1998.

Maceda died of multiple organ failure at a hospital in Quezon City, Philippines on the night of June 20, 2016, aged 81.

## Other websites

- Official Website of the Philippine Senate – Sen. Ernesto Maceda, PhD

## Infobox (senator)

- **honorific-prefix**: The Honourable
- **name**: Ernesto Maceda
- **image**: Senator Ernesto M. Maceda.jpg
- **order**: President of the Senate of the Philippines#List of Senate Presidents, 18th
- **office**: President of the Senate of the Philippines
- **president**: Fidel V. Ramos
- **term start**: October 10, 1996
- **term end**: January 26, 1998
- **predecessor**: Neptali Gonzales
- **successor**: Neptali Gonzales
- **office2**: Minority leader of the Senate of the Philippines
- **president2**: Fidel V. Ramos
- **term start2**: January 26, 1998
- **term end2**: June 30, 1998
- **predecessor2**: Neptali Gonzales
- **successor2**: Teofisto Guingona, Jr.
- **office3**: 14th President pro tempore of the Senate of the Philippines, Senate President pro tempore of the Philippines
- **president3**: Corazon Aquino <small>(1992)</small>
Fidel V. Ramos <small>(1992–1993)</small>
- **term start3**: January 18, 1992
- **term end3**: January 18, 1993
- **predecessor3**: Sotero Laurel
- **successor3**: Teofisto Guingona, Jr.
- **office4**: Senator of the Philippines
- **term start4**: June 30, 1987
- **term end4**: June 30, 1998
- **term start5**: December 30, 1971
- **term end5**: September 23, 1972
- **office6**: Department of Trade and Industry (Philippines), Secretary of Commerce and Industry
- **president6**: Ferdinand Marcos
- **term start6**: 1970
- **term end6**: 1971
- **predecessor6**: Leonides Virata
- **successor6**: Troadio T. Quiazon
- **office7**: Executive Secretary (Philippines), Executive Secretary
- **president7**: Ferdinand Marcos
- **term start7**: 1969
- **term end7**: 1970
- **office8**: Secretary of the Interior and Local Government (Philippines), Presidential Assistant on Community Development
- **president8**: Ferdinand Marcos
- **term start8**: 1966
- **term end8**: 1969
- **birth name**: Ernesto Madarang Maceda
- **birth place**: Pagsanjan, Laguna (province), Laguna, Insular Government of the Philippine Islands, Philippine Islands
- **death place**: St. Lukes Medical Center, Quezon City, Philippines
- **resting place**: Loyola Memorial Park
- **party**: Nacionalista Party (1971-1987)
PDP-Laban (1987-1992)
Nationalist People's Coalition (1992-2013)
United Nationalist Alliance (2013-2016)
Pwersa ng Masang Pilipino
- **spouse**: Marichu Vera-Perez
- **occupation**: Lawyer, Politician
Odometer

An **odometer** or **odograph** is an instrument that shows the distance traveled by a vehicle, such as a bicycle or automobile. It can be electronic, mechanical, or a combination of the two. The name comes from the Greek words _hodós_ ("path" or "gateway") and _métron_ ("measure"). It is sometimes called a **mileometer** or **milometer**.
Galícia Esporte Clube

**Galícia Esporte Clube** is a Brazilian football club which plays in Salvador da Bahía, Brazil.

## Honors

**Bahia League Championship (Campeonato Baiano)**

_Champion_: 1937, 1941, 1942, 1943 and 1968.

_Runner-up_: 1935, 1936, 1938, 1939, 1940, 1967, 1980, 1982 and 1995.

**Bahia League Championship Second Level (Campeonato Baiano Segunda Divisão)**

_Champion_: 1985, 1988 and 2013.

_Runner-up_: 2007.

**Northeast Zone of the North-Northeast Cup (Copa Norte-Nordeste)**

_Runner-up_: 1969.

## Other websites

- Galícia Esporte – Official Site

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Galícia
- **fullname**: Galícia Esporte Clube
- **nickname**: _Azulino (Blue One)
Granadeiro (Grenadier)
Demolidor de Campeões (Champions Crusher)_
- **founded**: January 1, 1933
- **ground**: Estádio Parque Santiago, Parque Santiago, Salvador, Brazil, Salvador, Bahia Brazil
- **capacity**: 8,000
- **chrtitle**: President
- **chairman**: Dario Rego
- **mgrtitle**: Head Coach
- **manager**: Antônio Carlos Roy
- **pattern la1**: _thinwhiteborder
- **pattern b1**: _galicia14h
- **pattern ra1**: _thinwhiteborder
- **leftarm1**: 0000FF
- **body1**: 0000FF
- **rightarm1**: 0000FF
- **shorts1**: FFFFFF
- **socks1**: 0000FF
- **pattern la2**: _thinwhiteborder
- **pattern b2**: _galicia14a
- **pattern ra2**: _thinwhiteborder
- **leftarm2**: FFFFFF
- **body2**: FFFFFF
- **rightarm2**: FFFFFF
- **shorts2**: 0000FF
- **socks2**: ffffff
Hagneck

**Hagneck** is a municipality in the administrative district of Seeland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Hagneck
- **municipality name**: Hagneck
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Hagneck COA.svg
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Bern
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BE
- **district**: Seeland (administrative district), Seeland
- **postal code**: 2575
- **municipality code**: 0736
- **area**: 1.8
- **elevation**: 441
- **population**: 417
- **populationof**: Dec 2011
- **website**: www.hagneck.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Ligerz, Lüscherz, Siselen, Täuffelen, Twann, Walperswil
Hasle bei Burgdorf

**Hasle bei Burgdorf** is a municipality in Emmental in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Hasle
- **municipality name**: Hasle
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Hasle bei Burgdorf COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Hasle bei Burgdorf.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Bern
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BE
- **district**: Emmental (administrative district), Emmental
- **postal code**: 3415
- **municipality code**: 0406
- **area**: 21.89
- **elevation**: 571
- **lowest m**: 555
- **highest m**: 918
- **population**: 3299
- **populationof**: Dec 2014
- **website**: www.hasle.ch
- **mayor**: Matthias Stucki
- **neighboring municipalities**: Burgdorf, Switzerland, Burgdorf, Heimiswil, Lützelflüh, Oberburg, Rüderswil, Rüegsau, Vechigen, Walkringen
Wakarusa War

The **Wakarusa War** was a skirmish that happened in Kansas Territory. It started on November 21st, and it ended on December 8th, 1855. It was part of the Bleeding Kansas violence. It happened mostly in Lawrence and the Wakarusa River Valley.

## Summary

The events that led to the Wakarusa War started on November 21, 1855.  A Free-Stater named Charles Dow was shot and killed by pro-slavery settler Franklin N. Coleman. The two had been involved in a land dispute at a place called Hickory Point, south of Lawrence. Four hours after the shooting the property owner, Jacob Branson, recovered Dow’s body. Abolitionists then set fire to several pro-slavery cabins. When the (pro-slavery) Douglas County Sheriff, Samuel Jones, learned about what happened at Hickory Point, he led a posse to the area to restore order. But Jones did not arrest Coleman. Instead, he arrested the property owner (and abolitionist leader) Jacob Branson. But while taking Branson to jail, an abolitionist party stopped them and freed Branson. The Sheriff then assembled about 1,500 Missouri Border Ruffians to put down what he called an insurrection. The Missourians camped along the Wakarusa River while they made plans to invade Lawrence.

## Siege

Before coming to Lawrence, the bushwhackers had broken into the United States Arsenal at Liberty, Missouri, and stolen guns, swords, a cannon and ammunition. In Lawrence, John Brown and James Lane had mustered Free-State settlers into a defending army and erected barricades. No attack on Lawrence was made. It was the first time armies from Missouri and Kansas faced each other. It was demanded free-staters obey the laws and give up their weapons. But they replied they had broken no laws and had the right to bear arms. The only fatal casualty occurring during the siege was of a Free-State man named Thomas Barber. On December 6, 1855 he was shot and killed by George W. Clark, the Indian agent, on a road four miles outside of Lawrence.

## Other websites

- History of the State of Kansas by William G. Cutler (1883)
- 1912 article on Wakarusa War
- "Burial of Barber" at Bartleby.com

## Infobox (military conflict)

- **conflict**: Wakarusa War
- **partof**: Bleeding Kansas
- **date**: NovemberDecember 1855
- **place**: Douglas County, Kansas
- **result**: Stalemate
- **combatant1**: Free-Stater (Kansas), Free-State Abolitionism in the United States, abolitionists
- **combatant2**: Slave State, Pro-slavery settlers
- **commander1**: Charles L. Robinson
James H. Lane (politician), James Lane
John Brown (abolitionist), John Brown
- **commander2**: Samuel J. Jones
David Rice Atchison
- **strength1**: 800
- **strength2**: 1500
- **casualties1**: 2 dead
George Brett

**George Howard Brett** (born May 15, 1953 in Glen Dale, West Virginia) is a retired American baseball player. He played 21 years in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Kansas City Royals. He is a member of the Baseball Hall of Fame and was inducted in 1999 with a fourth-highest voting percentage in baseball history (98.2%). Brett was a third baseman and designated hitter.

Brett won the World Series with the Kansas City Royals in 1985.

In 1994, his number (#5) was retired  by the Royals. He is one of only two Royals players to have his number retired by the team (the other is Frank White).

Brett was also notorious for putting excessive amounts of pine tar on his bats, which sometimes led to confrontations and interventions with the umpires, as there is a league rule governing the use of pine tar on the bat.

He raises money for the disease ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) or better known as Lou Gehrig's Disease.
Avers

**Avers** () is a municipality of the Hinterrhein in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official Website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Avers
- **municipality name**: Avers
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Avers COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Avers.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Graubünden
- **iso-code-region**: CH-GR
- **district**: Hinterrhein (district), Hinterrhein
- **postal code**: 7447
- **municipality code**: 3681
- **area**: 93.07
- **elevation**: 1960
- **elevation description**: Cresta
- **population**: 167
- **populationof**: Dec 2014
- **popofyear**: 2014
- **website**: www.gemeindeavers.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Bivio, Ferrera, Mulegns, Piuro (IT-SO), Bregaglia
Bergün/Bravuogn

**Bergün/Bravuogn** (, , , in the local Romansh dialect Brauégn) is a former municipality in the district Albula in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2018 the former municipalities of Bergün/Bravuogn and Filisur merged into the new municipality of Bergün Filisur.

## Villages

Bergün, Latsch, Preda and Stuls.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Bergün/Bravuogn
- **municipality name**: Bergün/Bravuogn
- **municipality type**: former
- **imagepath coa**: Bergün Bravuogn wappen.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Bergün Bravuogn.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Graubünden
- **iso-code-region**: CH-GR
- **district**: Albula (district), Albula
- **postal code**: 7482
- **municipality code**: 3521
- **area**: 145.65
- **elevation**: 1367
- **population**: 457
- **populationof**: Dec 2014
- **popofyear**: 2014
- **website**: www.gemeinde-berguen.ch
- **places**: Bergün, Latsch, Preda, Stuls
- **neighboring municipalities**: Bever, Switzerland, Bever, Davos, Filisur, La Punt-Chamues-ch, Samedan, S-chanf, Tinizong-Rona, Wiesen, Switzerland, Wiesen, Zuoz
- **twintowns**: Hallau (Switzerland)
Villa Epecuén

**Villa Epecuén** was a tourist village in Adolfo Alsina, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. It was flooded in 1985, and was abandoned. Its ruins are on the eastern shore of the Laguna Epecuén, about  north of Carhué.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Villa Epecuén
- **image skyline**: Villa Epecuén.JPG
- **image map**: Argentina - Buenos Aires - Adolfo Alsina.svg
- **pushpin map caption**: 37°07′51″S 62°48′27″W
- **established date**: 1920
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **population total**: 1
- **population density km2**: auto
Hasliberg

**Hasliberg** is a municipality in the administrative district of Interlaken-Oberhasli in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official Website of Hasliberg

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Hasliberg
- **municipality name**: Hasliberg
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Hasliberg COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Hasliberg.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Bern
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BE
- **district**: Interlaken-Oberhasli (administrative district), Interlaken-Oberhasli
- **postal code**: 6083-6086
- **municipality code**: 0783
- **area**: 41.7
- **elevation**: 1082
- **population**: 1236
- **populationof**: Dec 2011
- **website**: www.hasliberg.ch
- **places**: Goldern, Hohfluh, Reuti, Wasserwendi
- **neighboring municipalities**: Innertkirchen, Kerns (OW), Lungern (OW), Meiringen
Mountain biking

**Mountain biking** is the sport of riding bicycles off-road. Often this is done over rough terrain. Mountain biking uses specially designed mountain bikes. Mountain bikes are similar to other bikes, but have features designed to make them stronger and hold up in rough terrain.

Mountain biking can generally be broken down into multiple categories. These include cross country, trail riding, all mountain (also referred to as "Enduro"), downhill, freeride and dirt jumping.  However, the majority of mountain biking falls into two general categories, rough trail riding, and jumping/slope style.

This individual sport requires the rider to have endurance, core strength and balance. The rider also needs bike handling skills, and self-reliance.  Advanced riders take on steep technical descents and high incline climbs. Mountain biking can be performed almost anywhere from a back yard to a gravel road, but the majority of mountain bikers ride off-road trails. Using the bike's brakes must be done carefully on a mountain bike, especially when going downhill. In order to work on rough terrain, mountain bikes have several gears from which to choose. It is recommended to use safety gear such as helmet, gloves, and knee pads to avoid injuries in rough terrain. Mountain biking should be done so as to enjoy the ride but not damage the environment.

## Parts of a Mountain Bike

Like other bicycles, a mountain bike's parts are categorized into three groups: Drivetrain, suspension, and brakes.  The drivetrain consists of a cassette in the back, a derailleur, and cranks in the front.  The cranks and chainring are attached together and drive the chain through the user's leg movement.  The chain is attached to the cassette and derailleur.  The derailleur moves the chain along the cassette to shift gears.  A larger cog in the rear means a slow and high torque, and a smaller cog is high speed with low torque.

The suspension has two main parts.  A full suspension bike has both a front fork and a rear shock, but most common hardtail type bikes (meaning no rear shock), only have a front suspension fork.

Finally the brakes, in three parts: Levers, calipers, and rotors.  The calipers are the main braking part that use hydraulic fluid or a cable to clamp brake pads with high friction on a rotor.  The rotors are metal discs attached to the wheel that go inside of the calipers in-between the brake pads.  With a hydraulic system, there are pistons inside of the levers that push hydraulic fluid into the calipers when the levers are pulled.  In a mechanical or cable system, the cable pulls a pulley which in turn, clamps the pads onto the rotors.

Other parts include handlebars, stem, bottom bracket, wheels, headset, spokes, saddle, dropper post, grips, pedals and more, but there are hundreds of specific parts on a bike.  For other information, visit the Park Tool Youtube channel for mountain biking tips and more parts explanation.

## Other websites

- https://www.tresna.co.uk/blog/mountain-biking-etiquette.htm
- International Mountain Biking - Groups by State
- Off Road Use of Bicycles, Sierra Club
Häutligen

**Häutligen** is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Häutligen
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Häutligen COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Häutligen.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Bern
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BE
- **district**: Bern-Mittelland (administrative district), Bern-Mittelland
- **postal code**: 3510
- **municipality code**: 0609
- **area**: 3.0
- **elevation**: 762
- **population**: 239
- **populationof**: Dec 2011
- **website**: www.haeutligen.ch
- **mayor**: Christian Mosimann
- **neighboring municipalities**: Freimettigen, Konolfingen, Oberdiessbach, Tägertschi, Wichtrach
Neot Kedumim

**Neot Kedumim - the Biblical Landscape Reserve in Israel** ( is a Biblical garden dedicated to the Nature of the Jewish Bible and also a nature preserve located in Ben Shemen  Forest and near of the city "Modi'in" on Route 443 (Israel), between Jerusalem and Tel Aviv, Israel.

## Other websites

- Neot Kedumim
Pitch, yaw, and roll

**Pitch**, **yaw** and **roll** are the three dimensions of movement when an object moves through a medium.

The terms may be used to describe an aeroplane's movements through the air. They are also applied to watercraft moving through water, and spacecraft moving through space.

There are in fact six degrees of freedom of a rigid body moving in three-dimensional space.

As the movement along each of the three axes is independent of each other and independent of the rotation about any of these axes, the motion has six degrees of freedom (see diagram).

- pitch - nose up or tail up.

- yaw - nose moves from side to side

- roll - a circular (clockwise or anticlockwise) movement of the body as it moves forward

The surfaces of a plane and the fins of a fish have a similar function. They serve to adjust the object's attitude as it moves through the fluid. Submarines face the same dynamic control problems as fish do.

The subject is often taught under **degrees of freedom (mechanics)**. This is the number of independent motions that are allowed to the body.

## Related pages

- Right-hand rule
Heatwave (band)

**Heatwave** is an international disco and funk band. The group was formed around 1975. Its most popular lineup was Americans Johnnie Wilder, Jr and Keith Wilder for vocals, Englishman songwriter Rod Temperton for the keyboards, Jamaican Eric Johns and Briton Roy Carter for guitar.

The group had hit singles, like "Boogie Nights", "The Groove Line" and "Always and Forever".

The group broke up in 1984. However, Heatwave got back together around 1988 and resumed releasing R&B music.

In 2002 the group released an extended remix of "Boogie Nights".

On 5 October 2016, Temperton's death was announced after what was described by his music publisher as "a brief aggressive battle with cancer". Temperton had died at the age of 66 in London the previous week and his funeral had already taken place. The exact date of his death was not announced.

Keith Wilder (born Keith Edward Wilder on 20 December 1951 in Dayton, Ohio) died on 29 October 2017, at the age of 65.

Keyboardist Ernest "Bilbo" Berger died from a cardiac arrest on 1 March 2024, at the age of 73.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Heatwave
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: London, England
- **genre**: Funk, disco
- **years active**: 1975–1984, 1988-present
- **label**: GTO Records, Epic Records
- **current members**: Keith Wilder, Napoleon Eugene Phillips, Elliot Levine, Elwarren Witherspoon, Keith Busey, Anthony Contee, Geno Myers, Ignatius Mason, Byron Byrd, Donovan Blackwood, Nathan Watson
- **past members**: Johnnie Wilder, Jr. (deceased)
Keith Wilder
Rod Temperton
Mario Mantese
Ernest Berger
Eric Johns
Roy Carter
Billy Jones
Derek Bramble
Calvin Duke
J.D. Nicholas
Peter Jordan
Marvin Jones
Keith Harrison
Someo

**Someo** is a village and former municipality of the district of Vallemaggia in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 4 April 2004 the former municipalities of Aurigeno, Coglio, Giumaglio, Lodano, Moghegno and Someo to form a new and larger municipality of Maggia.

The municipality has 258 people in 2003. It has an area of 32.73 km².
Heiligenschwendi

**Heiligenschwendi** is a municipality in the administrative district of canton of Bern in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Heiligenschwendi
- **municipality name**: Heiligenschwendi
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Heiligenschwendi COA.svg
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Bern
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BE
- **district**: Thun (administrative district), Thun
- **postal code**: 3625
- **municipality code**: 0927
- **area**: 6.57
- **elevation**: 1123
- **population**: 681
- **populationof**: Dec 2012
- **website**: www.heiligenschwendi.ch
- **mayor**: Christian Zwahlen
- **neighboring municipalities**: Hilterfingen, Homberg, Switzerland, Homberg, Oberhofen am Thunersee, Sigriswil, Teuffenthal, Thun
2003 European heat wave

The **2003 European heat wave** was a natural disaster in Europe in July and August 2003. The heat led to the hottest summer on record since at least 1540. France was especially hard hit. The heat led to health crises in several countries. It combined with droughts to reduce crops in Southern Europe.

More than 70,000 people died in Europe. According to an Inserm study, nearly 19,000 people died in France. People also died in the Netherlands, Portugal and Spain.

## Highest temperatures measured per country

|Country|Temperature|Location|Date|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|||Vienna|13 August|
|||Aubange|12 August|
|||Saint-Christol-lès-Alès|12 August|
|||Perl-Nennig|8 August|
|||Catenanuova|17 July|
|||Remich|12 August|
|||Arcen|7 August|
|||Amareleja|1 August|
|||Córdoba|1 August|
|||Grono|11 August|
|||Faversham|10 August|
Heimberg, Switzerland

**Heimberg** is a municipality in the administrative district of Thun in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Heimberg
- **municipality name**: Heimberg
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Heimberg COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Heimberg.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Bern
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BE
- **district**: Thun (administrative district), Thun
- **postal code**: 3627
- **municipality code**: 0928
- **area**: 5.4
- **elevation**: 551
- **population**: 6465
- **populationof**: Dec 2012
- **website**: www.heimberg.ch
- **mayor**: Niklas Röthlisberger
- **neighboring municipalities**: Brenzikofen, Fahrni, Kiesen, Oppligen, Steffisburg, Thun, Uetendorf, Uttigen
Heimenhausen

**Heimenhausen** is a municipality in the administrative district of Oberaargau in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2009, the former municipalities of Röthenbach bei Herzogenbuchsee and Wanzwil merged into the municipality of Heimenhausen.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Heimenhausen
- **municipality name**: Heimenhausen
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Heimenhausen COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Heimenhausen.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Bern
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BE
- **district**: Oberaargau (administrative district), Oberaargau
- **postal code**: 3373
- **municipality code**: 0977
- **area**: 3.2
- **elevation**: 455
- **population**: 1050
- **populationof**: Dec 2014
- **website**: www.heimenhausen.ch
- **mayor**: Verena Schertenleib
- **neighboring municipalities**: Berken, Graben, Switzerland, Graben, Herzogenbuchsee, Röthenbach bei Herzogenbuchsee, Walliswil bei Wangen, Wanzwil
Heimiswil

**Heimiswil** is a municipality of the administrative district of Emmental in the canton of Bern in Switzerland

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Heimiswil
- **municipality name**: Heimiswil
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Heimiswil COA.svg
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Bern
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BE
- **district**: Emmental (administrative district), Emmental
- **postal code**: 3412
- **municipality code**: 0407
- **area**: 23.4
- **elevation**: 615
- **population**: 1619
- **populationof**: Dec 2014
- **website**: www.heimiswil.ch
- **mayor**: Erika Leuenberger
- **neighboring municipalities**: Affoltern im Emmental, Burgdorf, Switzerland, Burgdorf, Hasle bei Burgdorf, Rüegsau, Wynigen
Moghegno

**Moghegno** is a village and former municipality of the district of Vallemaggia in the canton of Ticino, Switzerland.

On 4 April 2004 the former municipalities of Aurigeno, Coglio, Giumaglio, Lodano, Moghegno and Someo to form a new and larger municipality of Maggia.
Aurigeno

**Aurigeno** is a village and former municipality in the district of Vallemaggia in the canton of Ticino, Switzerland.

On 4 April 2004 the former municipalities of Aurigeno, Coglio, Giumaglio, Lodano, Moghegno and Someo to form a new and larger municipality of Maggia.
Alberswil

**Alberswil** is a municipality of the district of Willisau in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Alberswil
- **municipality name**: Alberswil
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: Coat of arms of Alberswil.svg
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Lucerne
- **iso-code-region**: CH-LU
- **district**: Willisau (district), Willisau
- **postal code**: 6248
- **municipality code**: 1121
- **area**: 3.58
- **elevation**: 521
- **population**: 656
- **populationof**: Dec 2015
- **popofyear**: 2015
- **website**: www.alberswil.ch
- **mayor**: Erika Oberli-Gut
- **neighboring municipalities**: Ettiswil, Gettnau, Schötz, Willisau
Terre di Pedemonte

**Terre di Pedemonte** is a municipality of the district of Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

On 14 April 2013, the former municipalities of Cavigliano, Tegna and Verscio merged to form the new municipality of Terre di Pedemonte.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Terre di Pedemonte
- **municipality name**: Terre di Pedemonte
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **image photo**: Tegna.jpg
- **image caption**: Tegna village
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Terre di Pedemonte COA.svg
- **languages**: Italian
- **canton**: Ticino
- **iso-code-region**: CH-TI
- **district**: Locarno (district), Locarno
- **postal code**: 6652, 6653, 654
- **municipality code**: 5396
- **area**: 11.37
- **elevation**: 366
- **population**: 2537
- **populationof**: Dec 2011
- **website**: pedemonte.ch
- **mayor title**: Sindaco
- **neighboring municipalities**: Intragna, Isorno, Losone, Maggia (municipality), Maggia
Blockhouse

In military science, a **blockhouse** is a small fortification. It usually has one or more rooms with loopholes, allowing its defenders to fire rifles or handguns in various directions. It usually refers to an isolated fort in the form of a single building. It serves as a defensive strong point against any enemy that does not possess siege equipment or, in modern times, artillery. A fortification intended to resist these weapons is more likely to qualify as a fortress or a redoubt.

In modern times, it may be a pillbox, a small underground bunker. However, a blockhouse may also refer to a room within a larger fortification, usually a battery or redoubt. The term "blockhouse" is of uncertain origin, perhaps related to Middle Dutch _blokhus_ and 18th-century French _blocus_ (blockade).
Electoral fraud

**Electoral fraud**, or **vote rigging**, is any alteration or change of the vote count in an election. Acts of fraud affect vote counts to bring about an election result. That can be by increasing the vote share of one candidate or by lowering the vote count of another. It can also be a person casting more than one vote if only one vote is permitted, which is called **ballot-box stuffing**.

Many types of election fraud are outlawed in specific electoral laws. Other kinds violate general laws, such as those banning assault, harassment or libel. Technically, the term "electoral fraud" covers only acts that are illegal. Generally, the term is sometimes used to describe acts that are legal but are considered morally unacceptable, outside the spirit of electoral laws, or in violation of the principles of democracy.

In national elections, successful electoral fraud can have the effect of a coup d'état or corruption of democracy. In a narrow election, a small amount of fraud may be enough to change the result. Even if the outcome is not affected, fraud can still have a damaging effect if not punished. For instance, it can erode voters' confidence in democracy and lead to degeneration into dictatorship. Even the perception of fraud can be damaging. Fraudulent elections can lead to the breakdown of democracy and to the establishment or ratification of a dictatorship.

Fraud in elections is not limited to those for public office. Elections, such as for a corporation's directors, labor union officials, or student council members are subject to similar fraud, as are sports judging, and the awarding of merit to works of art and literature.

## Related pages

- Corruption
Muhammad Azam Shah

**Muhammad Azam Shah** is the successor of the last Mughal emperor Aurangzeb after his death in 1707. He is also the elder son of Aurangzeb. He was at throne from 14 March 1707 to 8 June 1707.

He was born on 28 June 1653 to Aurangzeb and his first wife and chief consort Dilras Banu Begum. He was also a timurid from father's blood and a Persian Safavid by mother's blood. He was the grandson of Shah Nawaz Khan Safavi, the Safavid Emperor of Persia and father of Azam Shah's mother.

After his father Emperor Aurangzeb's death, he ruled the empire. Then a succession war took place between the three sons of Aurangzeb. Azam Shah and his son were killed in the Battle of Jajau on 8 June 1707 by his step brother Bahadur Shah I, who ruled the empire by killing his both brothers in war.
Marais des Cygnes River

The **Marais des Cygnes River**  is a principal tributary of the Osage River. It is about  long, and runs through eastern Kansas and western Missouri in the United States. Via the Osage and Missouri rivers, it is part of the watershed of the Mississippi River. The name _Marais des Cygnes_ means "Marsh of the Swans" in French. But the name actually comes from an Osage name “Mixa-ckau-tse” (where white swans are plentiful). It was probably so named because of the trumpeter and tundra swans that were plentiful here before the late 1800s. The river is notorious for flash flooding.  The river is referenced in the song "The River" by Chely Wright.

## Other websites

- Marais des Cygnes Wildlife Area & National Wildlife Refuge
- Trails Along the Marais des Cygnes River

## Infobox (river)

- **name**: Marais des Cygnes River
- **name other**: Big Osage River, Brush Creek, Grand River, Old Aunt Mary River
- **map**: Osagerivermap.png
- **map caption**: Map of the Osage River watershed including the Marais des Cygnes River
- **pushpin map caption**: Linn county kansas
- **subdivision type1**: Country
- **subdivision name1**: United States
- **subdivision type2**: State
- **subdivision name2**: Kansas, Missouri
- **discharge1 location**: USGS 06916600 near Kansas-Missouri state line
- **source confluence location**: Lyon County, Kansas
- **mouth**: Osage River
- **mouth location**: Vernon County, Missouri
- **tributaries left**: 110 Mile Creek, Bull Creek
- **tributaries right**: Pottawatomie Creek
- **custom label**: Watersheds
- **custom data**: Marais des Cygnes-Osage River, Osage-Missouri River, Missouri-Mississippi River, Mississippi
Bever, Switzerland

**Bever** is a municipality of the district of Maloja in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official website of Bever

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Bever
- **municipality name**: Bever
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Bever COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Bever.png
- **languages**: German/Romansh
- **canton**: Graubünden
- **iso-code-region**: CH-GR
- **district**: Maloja (district), Maloja
- **postal code**: 7502
- **municipality code**: 3781
- **area**: 45.65
- **elevation**: 1708
- **population**: 620
- **populationof**: Dec 2014
- **popofyear**: 2014
- **website**: www.bever.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Bergün/Bravuogn, Bivio, La Punt-Chamues-ch, Marmorera, Samedan, St. Moritz, Silvaplana, Sur, Switzerland, Sur, Tinizong-Rona
Bivio

**Bivio** was a municipality in the district of Albula in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2016, the former municipalities of Bivio, Cunter, Marmorera, Mulegns, Riom-Parsonz, Salouf, Savognin, Sur and Tinizong-Rona merged into the new municipality of Surses.

## Other websites

- Official website of Bivio

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Bivio
- **municipality name**: Bivio
- **municipality type**: former
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Bivio COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Bivio.png
- **languages**: German/Italian/Romansh
- **canton**: Graubünden
- **iso-code-region**: CH-GR
- **district**: Albula (district), Albula
- **postal code**: 7457
- **municipality code**: 3531
- **area**: 76.73
- **elevation**: 1769
- **population**: 189
- **populationof**: Dec 2014
- **popofyear**: 2014
- **website**: www.bivio.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Avers, Bever, Switzerland, Bever, Marmorera, Mulegns, Sils im Engadin/Segl, Silvaplana, Soglio, Switzerland, Soglio, Stampa, Switzerland, Stampa, Sur, Switzerland, Sur
Jayhawker

**Jayhawkers** is a term that came into use just before the American Civil War in Bleeding Kansas.  It was adopted by militant bands of Free-Staters. These bands, known as "Jayhawkers", were guerrilla fighters who often clashed with pro-slavery groups from Missouri known at the time as "Border Ruffians".

After the Civil War, the word "Jayhawker" became synonymous with the people of Kansas. Today a Jayhawk is typically a student, fan, or alumnus of the University of Kansas. "Jayhawk" is also the name of their mascot, a mythical bird with a history based on the Bleeding Kansas era term.

## History

The term was adopted as a nickname by a group of emigrants traveling to California in 1849. The origin of the term may go back as far as the Revolutionary War, when it was reportedly used to describe a group associated with American patriot John Jay.

About 1858 the slang term "jayhawking" became widely used as a synonym for stealing. It was also used at the same time during the Kansas territorial period. The term came to be used to describe militant bands nominally associated with the free-state cause.

Another historian of the time described the jayhawkers as bands of men that were willing to fight, kill, and rob for a variety of motives that included defense against pro-slavery. They fought "Border Ruffians" raiding into Kansas. In Missouri, "Jayhawker" was a derogatory term for Kansans who raided into Missouri, murdered slave owners, burned and looted their property in the name of freeing slaves.

## Notorious Jayhawkers

James Henry Lane, moved to Lawrence, Kansas in 1855. Despite being a Democrat he became affiliated with the Free-Staters. He soon became one of the leaders of the Jayhawkers. Later a Union General and U.S. Senator, he led the 3rd and 4th Kansas Volunteer Infantry and 5th Kansas Cavalry on raids into Missouri. They burned most of the town of Osceola, Missouri, stole everything they could and freed the slaves in the town.

Charles R. Jennison was the leader of the "Independent Mounted Kansas Jayhawkers", also known as the 7th Kansas Volunteer Cavalry, was another who led raids into Missouri. The regiment was officially termed the 7th Regiment Kansas Volunteer Cavalry, but was popularly known as Jennison's Jayhawkers.

## University of Kansas

In 1890, the football team of the University of Kansas called themselves the "Jayhawkers". Later it was shortened to "Jayhawk". They became synonymous with their mascot, a mythical bird called the Jayhawk. Their connections to the Jayhawkers of the Bleeding Kansas era and Civil War are a part of their history.
Hellsau

**Hellsau** is a municipality in the administrative district of Emmental in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Hellsau
- **municipality name**: Hellsau
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Hellsau COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Hellsau.png
- **languages**: German
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BE
- **canton**: Bern
- **district**: Emmental (administrative district), Emmental
- **postal code**: 3429
- **municipality code**: 0408
- **area**: 1.5
- **elevation**: 478
- **population**: 195
- **populationof**: Dec 2014
- **website**: www.hellsau.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Alchenstorf, Heinrichswil-Winistorf (SO), Höchstetten, Seeberg
Foglia

The **Foglia** is the northernmost river of the Marche region of Italy.

In ancient times it was known as _Pisaurus_, as it flows into the Adriatic Sea at _Pisaurum_ (modern Pesaro), the last important trading centre along the river. It was also known as the _Isaurus_; a word that is kept in the name of the _comune_ Belforte all'Isauro.

## Geography

The Foglia river has a length of about . Its first  are in Tuscany.

Its tributaries are only small streams.

### Course

The sources of the Foglia is are in the province of Arezzo (Tuscany), near _Sasso Aguzzo_, a hill between the  _comuni_ of Sestino and Badia Tedalda, at an altitude of about .

Then it flows east trough the _comuni_ Sestino,  Piandimeleto, Lunano, Sassocorvaro (where a dam forms an artificial lake called **Lake of Mercatale**), Auditore, Montecalvo in Foglia, Vallefoglia, Montelabbate and, near the mouth, Pesaro.

Two _comuni_ have, in their names, the name of the riverː Montecalvo in Foglia and Vallefoglia.

## Related pages

- List of rivers of Italy

## Infobox (river)

- **name**: Foglia
- **image**: PesaroFoglia2.JPG
- **image caption**: The Foglia in Pesaro
- **source1 location**: near Sestino in the province of Arezzo
- **mouth**: Adriatic Sea
- **mouth location**: Pesaro
- **subdivision type1**: Country
- **subdivision name1**: Italy
Herbligen

**Herbligen** is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Herbligen
- **image photo**: Herbligen.jpg
- **municipality name**: Herbligen
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Herbligen COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Herbligen.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Bern
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BE
- **district**: Bern-Mittelland (administrative district), Bern-Mittelland
- **postal code**: 3671
- **municipality code**: 0610
- **area**: 2.7
- **elevation**: 578
- **population**: 555
- **populationof**: Dec 2011
- **website**: www.herbligen.ch
- **mayor**: Samuel Zwahlen
- **neighboring municipalities**: Bleiken bei Oberdiessbach, Brenzikofen, Oberdiessbach, Oppligen, Wichtrach
Hermiswil

**Hermiswil** was a municipality in the administrative district of Oberaargau in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the municipality of Seeberg.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Hermiswil
- **image photo**: 2011-04-16-Balonveturo (Foto Dietrich Michael Weidmann) 118.JPG
- **image caption**: Hermiswil
- **municipality name**: Hermiswil
- **municipality type**: former
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Hermiswil COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Hermiswil.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Bern
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BE
- **district**: Oberaargau (administrative district), Oberaargau
- **postal code**: 3475
- **municipality code**: 0978
- **area**: 1.1
- **elevation**: 494
- **population**: 102
- **populationof**: Dec 2014
- **website**: www.hermiswil.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Bollodingen, Ochlenberg, Seeberg, Steinhof (SO)
Hermrigen

**Hermrigen** is a municipality in the administrative district of Seeland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Hermrigen
- **municipality name**: Hermrigen
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Hermrigen COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Hermrigen.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Bern
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BE
- **district**: Seeland (administrative district), Seeland
- **postal code**: 3274
- **municipality code**: 0737
- **area**: 3.5
- **elevation**: 513
- **population**: 256
- **populationof**: Dec 2011
- **website**: www.hermrigen.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Bellmund, Bühl, Epsach, Kappelen, Switzerland, Kappelen, Merzligen, Mörigen, Sutz-Lattrigen