juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Melissa McCarthy

**Melissa McCarthy** (born August 26, 1970) is an American actress and comedienne. She is known for her role as Sookie St. James on The WB television show _Gilmore Girls_ and _Dena_ on _Samantha Who?_. She starred in the CBS sitcom _Mike & Molly_, from 2010–2016.

She also starred in the movies _Bridesmaids_ (for which she was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress), _Identity Thief_, _Spy_ and _Life of the Party_.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Melissa McCarthy
- **image**: Melissa McCarthy 2012.jpg
- **caption**: McCarthy in 2012
- **birth place**: Plainfield, Illinois, U.S.
- **occupation**: Actress
- **spouse**: Ben Falcone
<small>(2005–present; 2 children)</small>
- **relatives**: Jenny McCarthy (cousin)
- **yearsactive**: 1997–present
MLS Cup

The **Major League Soccer Cup** (usually called the **MLS Cup**) is a tournament that determines the Major League Soccer champion. Inter Miami CF is the reigning champion after beating Vancouver Whitecaps FC 3–1 in 2025. The most successful club is the Los Angeles Galaxy, with 6 titles. The Galaxy's most recent title was in 2024 when they beat the New York Red Bulls 2-1.

The MLS Cup was founded in 1994, and the cup is held every year. The first champions ever were D.C. United.

## Winning Years

|Club|Winners|Runners-up|Winning Years||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|LA Galaxy|6|4|align=left|2002, 2005, 2011, 2012, 2014, 2024|
|D.C. United|4|1|align=left|1996, 1997, 1999, 2004|
|Columbus Crew|3|1|align="left"|2008, 2020, 2023|
|Houston Dynamo FC|2|2|align="left"|2006, 2007|
|Seattle Sounders FC|2|2|align="left"|2016, 2019|
|Sporting Kansas City|2|1|align="left"|2000, 2013|
|San Jose Earthquakes|2|0|align="left"|2001, 2003|
|Chicago Fire FC|1|2|align=left|1998|
|Toronto FC|1|2|align="left"|2017|
|Portland Timbers|1|2|align=left|2015|
|Colorado Rapids|1|1|align="left"|2010|
|Los Angeles FC|1|1|align="left"|2022|
|Real Salt Lake|1|1|align="left"|2009|
|Atlanta United FC|1|0|align="left"|2018|
|New York City FC|1|0|align="left"|2021|
|Inter Miami CF|1|0|align=left|2025|
FieldTurf

**FieldTurf** is a type of "fake" grass used in stadiums. It was created by FieldTurf Tarkett division of Tarkett Inc., a company from Calhoun, Georgia, USA. In the 1990s, the design was to replicate real grass. Eventually, the FieldTurf became the best in the industry.

FieldTurf is made by many fibers, and the bottom is made of silica sand, which is a mixture of sand and ruber.

The first major use was for American football at the University of Nebraska's Memorial Stadium in 1999. After that, other famous stadiums began using it. Association football's first use of FieldTurf was in January 1997, when the English club of Middlesbrough used for it for their training ground. "Fake" grass such as FieldTurf is not liked by major association football companies. No Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) World Cup match has been played on FieldTurf. Saprissa Stadium in Costa Rica used FieldTurf for a FIFA World Cup qualifying round. 50% of the 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup stadiums had FieldTurf. Many players do not like playing on FieldTurf, but FIFA has said that FieldTurf will be widely used one day.
Pavel Sedláček

**Pavel Sedláček** (born July 4, 1941 in Prague, Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, today Czech Republic) is a Czech rock and roll singer, songwriter and guitarist.

## Other websites

- Official website his Cadillac Band
- Pavel Sedláček on PopMuseum.cz

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Pavel Sedláček
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth place**: Prague, Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia
- **instrument**: Vocals, guitar
- **genre**: Rock and roll
- **occupation**: Musician, songwriter
Aleš Brichta

**Aleš Brichta** (born August 9, 1959 in Prague, Czechoslovakia) is a Czech heavy metal singer. He is a founding member of Arakain, from which he left and now plays with "Aleš Brichta Band". In 2008 he was inducted to Beatová síň slávy (Beat Hall of Fame).

### Solo career

- Růže pro Algernon (1994)
- Ráno ve dveřích Armády spásy (1996)
- Hledač pokladů (1998)
- Dívka s perlami ve vlasech - Best Of (2000)
- American Bull (2001)
- Aleš Brichta 12x (2001)
- American Bull - New Edition (2002)
- Anděl posledního soudu (2003)
- Legendy 2 (2004)

### Arakain

- Rockmapa 1 (1989)
- Rockmapa 13 (1989)
- Thrash the trash (1990)
- Schizofrenie (1991)
- History Live (1992)
- Black Jack (1992)
- Salto Mortale (1993)
- Thrash! (1994)
- Legendy (1995)
- S.O.S. (1996)
- 15 Vol. 1 (1997)
- 15 Vol. 2 (1997)
- 15 (1997)
- Apage Satanas (1998)
- Thrash The Trash & Schizofrenie (1998)
- 15 Vol. 1&2 (1998)
- Farao (1999)
- Gambrinus Live (2000)
- Gambrinus Live (2000)
- Forrest Gump (2001)
- Archeology (2002)
- 20 let natvrdo (2003)
- 20 let natvrdo (2003)
- Balady (2003)
- XXV Eden (2007)

### Grizzly

- !New Spirit! (2003)

### Aleš Brichta Band

- Divadlo snů (2006)
- Nech si to projít hlavou (2007)
- Best Of: Beatová síň slávy (2008)
- Deratizer (2009)
- 50 - TESLA ARENA true live (2009)
- Grizzly (2010)

### Aleš Brichta Project

- Údolí sviní (2013)

### Aleš Brichta Trio

- Papírovej drak (2014)

### projects

- Zemětřesení (1993)
- Hattrick (2000)
- Zemětřesení - Live (2001)
- Hattrick I+II (2004)

### compilation albums

- Dej mi víc… Olympic (1992)
- Souhvězdí Gott (1999)
- Karel Gott 70 [TV koncert] (2009)

## Musical theatre

- 1994 _Jesus Christ Superstar_

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Aleš Brichta
- **img**: Ales Brichta.jpg
- **img capt**: Aleš Brichta (right)
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Aleš Brichta
- **birth place**: Prague, Czechoslovakia
- **instrument**: vocals
- **genre**: heavy metal music, heavy metal
- **occupation**: Musician, songwriter
- **associated acts**: Arakain
- **url**: [http://www.brichta.cz/ Official website]
Plover

**Plovers** are water birds belonging to the subfamily **Charadriinae**. There are about 40 species, most of them called 'plover' or 'dotterel'.  The closely related lapwing subfamily, **Vanellinae**, has another 20-odd species.

Plovers are found throughout the world, and have short bills. They wade in the water, and hunt by sight, rather than by feel as longer-billed waders like snipe do.

They feed mainly on insects, worms or other invertebrates. They use a run-and-pause technique, rather than the steady probing of some other waders.

The plover group of birds has a defence against predators called _false brooding_. They sit on an imaginary nest site, changing position sometimes as if real eggs were under them.

The plover has been known to attack when the young are threatened. The birds secrete an acidic compound from a gland located in their mouth. On contact with skin causes a burning sensation.
The Drug in Me Is You

***The Drug in Me Is You*** is the first album of the post-hardcore band Falling in Reverse. It was released on July 26, 2011. The album was produced for Michael Baskette, recorder in Orlando, Florida, by Epitaph Records.

The song "Raised by Wolves" was released in May 28, and officially released June 7. The music video from "The Drug in Me Is You" was released June 28.

The album sold 20,000 copies in the first week.

## Tracklist

1. "Raised by Wolves" - 3:23
1. "Tragic Magic" - 4:06
1. "The Drug in Me Is You" - 3:38
1. "I'm Not a Vampire" - 3:51
1. "Good Girls Bad Guys" - 3:15
1. "Pick Up The Phone" - 4:37
1. "Don't Mess with Ouija Boards" - 4:55
1. "Sink or Swim" - 4:45
1. "Caught Like a Fly" - 4:36
1. "Goodbye Graceful" - 4:48
1. "The Westerner" - 3:51

## Personnel

- Band
- Ronnie Radke - lead vocals
- Jacky Vincent - lead guitar, backing vocals
- Derek Jones - rhythm guitar
- Nason Schoeffler - bass, backing vocals
- Scott Gee - drums

- Production
- Jef Moll - digital editing
- Dave Holdredge - engineer, mixing
- Michael "Elvis" Baskette - production, mastering
- Matt Grayson - band photo
- Nick Pritchard - design, artwork
- Kevin Thomas - assistant engineer
- Devin Taylor - artwork girl

- Additional musicians
- Ryan Seaman - drums, composer, rhythm guitar (On Raised by Wolves, Don't Mess With Ouija Boards and Goodbye Graceful)
- Michael "Elvis" Baskette - keyboards, composer
- Omar Espinosa - composer (On Don't Mess With Ouija Boards and Goodbye Graceful)
- Dave Holdredge - synths, programming, composer, vocals
- Jeff Moll - vocals

### Daily charts

|scope="col"|Chart (2011)|scope="col"|Peak position|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|iTunes Australian Albums Chart|style="text-align:center;"|10||
|iTunes Canadian Albums Chart|style="text-align:center;"|10||
|iTunes UK Albums Chart|style="text-align:center;"|64||
|iTunes US Albums Chart|style="text-align:center;"|7||

### Weekly charts

|scope="col"|Chart (2011)|scope="col"|Peak position|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Australia iTunes Top 10 Rock Albums Chart|style="text-align:center;"|2||
|Canada iTunes Top 10 Rock Albums Chart|style="text-align:center;"|1||
|UK iTunes Top 10 Rock Albums Chart|style="text-align:center;"|6||
|US iTunes Top 10 Rock Albums Chart|style="text-align:center;"|1||

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: The Drug in Me Is You
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: Falling in Reverse
- **released**: July 26, 2011
- **recorded**: December 2010-February 2011 in Orlando, Florida
- **genre**: Post-hardcore, metalcore, pop punk
- **length**: 45:45
- **language**: English language, English
- **label**: Epitaph Records
- **producer**: Michael Baskette
Romance of the Three Kingdoms

***Romance of the Three Kingdoms*** is one of the Four Great Classical Novels of China.  It was written by Luo Guanzhong in the 14th century. Nowadays, it is still hugely popular in East Asia.

## Infobox (book)

- **name**: Romance of the Three Kingdoms
- **title orig**: 三國演義
- **image**: Peach garden ceremony.jpg
- **caption**: An illustration from a Ming dynasty printed edition of the novel from 1591, collection of the Peking University.
- **author**: Luo Guanzhong
- **country**: China
- **language**: Chinese
- **subject**: Ancient China
- **genre**: History, war
- **pub date**: 14th century
- **media type**: Print
- **isbn**: 978-7-119-00590-4
- **congress**: PL2690.S3 E53 1995
Ragtime

**Ragtime** (or **rag-time**) is a musical genre which enjoyed its peak popularity between 1897 and 1918.

Its main characteristic trait is its syncopated, or 'ragged', rhythm. It began as dance music in the red-light districts of American cities such as St. Louis and New Orleans years before being published as popular sheet music for piano.

Ragtime was a modification of the march made popular by John Philip Sousa, with additional polyrhythms typical of African music. The ragtime composer Scott Joplin became famous through the publication in 1899 of the _Maple Leaf Rag_ and a string of ragtime hits that followed. For at least 12 years after its publication, the _Maple Leaf Rag_ heavily influenced subsequent ragtime composers with its melody lines, harmonic progressions or metric patterns.

Ragtime fell out of favor as jazz claimed the public's imagination after 1917, but there have been numerous revivals since. First, in the early 1940s many jazz bands began to include ragtime in their repertoire and put out ragtime recordings on 78 rpm records. A more significant revival occurred in the 1950s as a wider variety of ragtime styles of the past were made available on records, and new rags were composed, published, and recorded.

In 1971 Joshua Rifkin brought out a compilation of Scott Joplin's work which was nominated for a Grammy Award. In 1973, the motion picture _The Sting_ brought ragtime to a wide audience with its soundtrack of Joplin tunes. Subsequently, the film's rendering of Joplin's 1902 rag _The Entertainer_ was a Top 5 hit in 1974.

Ragtime (with Joplin's work in the forefront) has been cited as an American equivalent of minuets by Mozart, mazurkas by Chopin, or waltzes by Brahms. Ragtime influenced classical composers including Erik Satie, Claude Debussy and Igor Stravinsky. Ragtime was included in the dance styles of Vernon and Irene Castle, and influenced the English ballroom dances, the foxtrot and the quickstep.

## More reading

- Gildo De Stefano. _Ragtime, jazz & dintorni_. Preface by Amiri Baraka. SUGARCO Editions, Milan 2007.

## Infobox (music genre)

- **bgcolor**: goldenrod
- **color**: white
- **name**: Ragtime
- **stylistic origins**: Cakewalk, folk music, African American folk music
- **cultural origins**: 1890s: US
- **instruments**: Mainly piano, sometimes banjo orchestra, brass band
- **popularity**: 1900s, 1910s, & 1970s
- **derivatives**: Stride piano, Stride, novelty piano, honky tonk
Quickstep, Foxtrot
Great Attractor

The **Great Attractor** (GA) is a gigantic mass in space which pulls our Milky Way galaxy, and many other galaxies towards it.<sup>p60</sup>

The Great Attractor is known by its effect on the movement of galaxies across hundreds of millions of light years (mly). Its mass is equivalent to the mass of tens of thousands of Milky Ways.

All the galaxies in the GA are redshifted, in accordance with the expansion of the Universe. They are receding relative to us and to each other, but the variations in their redshift show the existence of the Attractor. The variations in their redshifts  range from about +700 km/s to -700 km/s, depending on where they are in relation to the Great Attractor.

## Position

The position of the Great Attractor was finally worked out in 1986. It is between 150 and 250 million light years (47–79 million parsecs) away. Objects in that direction lie in the Zone of Avoidance, which is the part of the night sky obscured by the Milky Way galaxy. Because of this, they are difficult to study with visible light. However, X-ray observations have revealed that the region of space is dominated by the Norma Cluster, a massive cluster of galaxies, with large, old galaxies, many of which are colliding with their neighbours, and/or radiating large amounts of radio waves.

In 2005, astronomers conducted an X-ray survey of part of the sky known as the Clusters in the Zone of Avoidance. The survey confirmed earlier theories that the Milky Way galaxy was in fact being pulled towards a much more massive cluster of galaxies near the Shapley Supercluster, which is beyond the Great Attractor.

## Related pages

- Shapley Supercluster
- Great Wall
Cubs Win Flag

The **Cubs Win Flag** is a flag that is flown at Wrigley Field after every Chicago Cubs home win. The flag is called by about a dozen names.  These names usually include several of the following words; either Cubs or Chicago Cubs; Win, W, White, White W, or W Win; and flag, banner or banner flag. Other common names for the symbol include **Cubs Win Banner Flag**.  It has become an important symbol for fans. Days when the win flag is flown are known as "White Flag Days". The tradition of flying a win or loss flag over the stadium began soon after the scoreboard was built in 1937.

The flag has used two different colors with the letter "W" on a solid background.  The flag used now is white with a blue "W." There is a flag used for losses with a letter "L".  This flag is blue with a white "L" on it.  Additionally, lights are shone on the flags that show if it was a win or loss. A new flag is used for each win. Some stores sell versions of the flag that also have the Cubs logo at the bottom.
Wrigley Field

**Wrigley Field** is a sports stadium, the baseball park where the Chicago Cubs play in Major League Baseball. The ballpark is in Chicago, Illinois. The Cubs have been playing there since 1916.

The ballpark is on the north side of Chicago. It is on a block bounded by Addison Street, Clark Street, Waveland Avenue, and Sheffield Avenue. It was built in 1914 for the Chicago Whales of the Federal League. The Federal League disbanded after the 1915 season. The Cubs moved from their previous home, West Side Park, to this ballpark in 1916.

The Chicago Bears of the National Football League played their home games at Wrigley Field from 1921 through 1970. They moved to Soldier Field in 1971.

Wrigley Field has also hosted events such as soccer and hockey. It has also been used as a filming location for some Hollywood movies.

The ballpark has a "cozy" feel. Fans often call it "The Friendly Confines". That nickname was made famous by former Cubs player Ernie Banks.

There was also a Wrigley Field in Los Angeles, built by the same people who built Wrigley Field in Chicago.

The park was designated a National Historic Landmark in November 2020.

## Other websites

- Stadium site on cubs.com
- Restore Wrigley Field
- Wrigley Field facts, figures, photos and more
- Wrigley Field News
- Zachary Taylor Davis

## Infobox (stadium)

- **stadium name**: **Wrigley Field**
- **image**:
- **location**: 1060 West Addison Street, Chicago, Illinois
- **broke ground**: 1914
- **opened**: 1914
- **owner**: Chicago Cubs
- **operator**: Chicago Cubs
- **surface**: Grass
- **architect**: Zachary Taylor Davis
- **former names**: Weeghman Park, Cubs Park
- **tenants**: Chicago Whales (Federal League, FL) (1914–1915)
Chicago Cubs (Major League Baseball, MLB) (1916–present)
Chicago Bears (National Football League, NFL) (1921–1970)
- **seating capacity**: 41,649
- **dimensions**: **Left Field** -
**Left-Center** -
**Center Field** -
**Right-Center** -
**Right Field** -
Zone of Avoidance

The **Zone of Avoidance** (ZOA) is the area of the night sky that is obscured by our own galaxy, the Milky Way.

Dust and stars in the plane of the Milky Way (the galactic plane) block our view of about 20% of the sky at visible wavelengths. As a result, optical galaxy catalogues are usually very incomplete close to the galactic plane.

## Modern developments

In more recent years, many projects have attempted to bridge the gap in our knowledge caused by the Zone of Avoidance. However, the effects of the Zone drops at longer wavelengths, such as the infrared, and the Milky Way is effectively transparent at radio wavelengths. Surveys in the infrared have given us a more complete picture of the extragalactic sky. Indeed, two very large nearby galaxies, Maffei 1 and Maffei 2, were discovered in the Zone of Avoidance by Paolo Maffei by their infrared emission in 1968.  Even so, about 10% of the sky remains difficult to survey because extragalactic objects (for example, distant galaxies) can be confused with stars in the Milky Way.

Projects to survey the Zone of Avoidance at radio wavelengths have detected many galaxies that could not be detected in the infrared. Examples of galaxies detected from their HI emission include Dwingeloo 1 and Dwingeloo 2.

Important superclusters of galaxies lying hidden or partly hidden by ZOA are The Great Attractor and the Norma Cluster.
Norma Cluster

The **Norma Cluster** (ACO 3627 or Abell 3627) is a rich cluster of galaxies near the center of the Great Attractor.

It is both nearby and bright; but it is difficult to observe because it is in the Zone of Avoidance. This is a region near the plane of the Milky Way, which obscures our view. The cluster is hidden by interstellar dust at optical wavelengths. Its mass is estimated to be on the order of 10<sup>15</sup> solar masses.

## Other websites

- ESO Press Photos 46a-j/99
- Galaxy cluster has two 'tails' to tell. NASA Image of the Day, January 22, 2010.
Lewis acid

The concept of **Lewis acid** and **Lewis base** is one of acids and bases, which is independent of the idea of (protons donor or acceptor). Gilbert Newton Lewis developed this idea in the early 20th century. In this concept, a Lewis acid can accept and bind electrons. Lewis acid is a substance that accepts two electrons to form a covalent bond. A Lewis base is a substance that gives two electrons in the bonding. A Lewis acid together with a Lewis base will react to make a compound called a Lewis adduct.
Shamrock Rovers F.C.

**Shamrock Rovers Football Club** <big>(</big>_Irish: Cumann Peile Ruagairí na Seamróige_<big>)</big> is a football club from Dublin, Ireland. They play in the Premier Division of the League of Ireland. The club is the most successful in Ireland's football history.

## History

The club was founded in 1901 and is named after Shamrock Avenue in Dublin, the place where the club was founded. They started playing friendly matches. In 1904/05 they began to play in a league. From 1907 till 1914 they were not allowed to play because they had no home ground. In 1921 they missed the founding of the league of Ireland, but the next season they played in this league and won the title. The next decades the Rovers were very successful. In 1967, they played as Boston Rovers one season in the United Soccer Association in the USA.

In 1987 Glenmalure Park, the home ground was sold by the club owners as building area. The club started to build a new stadium in Dublins suburb Tallaght but came into financial troubles. The County South Dublin finished the construction in 2009 and so the Rovers have a new homeground. During the troubles the club was also relegated to the first division of the League of Ireland in 2005 but in 2007 they won and were again promoted to the Premier Division.

Through a 2:1 after extra time against (home 1:1) the Rovers are qualified for the UEFA-Europa League group stage 2011/12. They will play in group A versus Tottenham Hotspur, Rubin Kasan and  PAOK Saloniki.

## Current squad

<small>_All players used during the season:_</small>

### Staff

- **Coach:** Stephen Bradley
- **Assistant Coach:** Trevor Croly
- **Goalkeeping Coach:** Tim Dalton
- **Physiotherapist:** Richard Walker

### National titles

- ** League of Ireland: 22** (record)
    - 1922–23, 1924–25, 1926–27, 1931–32, 1937–38, 1938–39, 1953–54, 1956–57, 1958–59, 1963–64
 1983–84, 1984–85, 1985–86, 1986–87, 1993–94, 2010, 2011, 2022, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2025
- **FAI Cup: 25** (record)
    - 1925, 1929, 1930, 1931, 1932, 1933, 1936, 1940, 1944, 1945, 1948, 1955, 1956, 1962, 1964, 1965, 1966,
 1967, 1968, 1969, 1978, 1985, 1986, 1987, 2019
- **League of Ireland Shield: 18** (record)
    - 1924–25, 1926–27, 1931–32, 1932–33, 1934–35, 1937–38, 1941–42, 1949–50, 1951–52, 1954–55, 1955–56,
 1956–57, 1957–58, 1962–63, 1963–64, 1964–65, 1965–66, 1967–68.
- **League of Ireland Cup: 1**
    - 1976–77
- **League of Ireland First Division: 1**
    - 2006
- **Setanta Sports Cup: 1**
    - 2011

## Other websites

- Official homepage

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Shamrock Rovers Football Club
 (Irish: Cumann Peile Ruagairí na Seamróige)
- **current**: 2016
- **fullname**: Shamrock Rovers Football Club
- **nickname**: The Hoops, Rovers
- **founded**: 1901
- **ground**: Tallaght Stadium, Dublin
- **capacity**: 6000
- **chairman**: Jonathan Roche
- **manager**: Stephen Bradley
- **league**: League of Ireland Premier Division
- **season**: 2025
- **position**: Champions
- **website**: http://www.shamrockrovers.ie/
Galactic plane

The **galactic plane** is the plane in which most of a disk-shaped galaxy's mass lies.

The directions perpendicular to the galactic plane point to the **galactic poles**. In actual use, the terms "galactic plane" and "galactic poles" usually refer specifically to the plane and poles of the Milky Way, the galaxy where the Earth is.

Some galaxies are irregular and do not have any well-defined disk. Even in the case of a spiral galaxy like the Milky Way, defining the galactic plane is imprecise since the stars are not perfectly in the plane.

## External references

- https://arxiv.org/pdf/astro-ph/0408107
CfA2 Great Wall

The **Great Wall**, or **Coma Wall** or **CfA2 Great Wall**, is one of the largest known super-structures in the Universe.

It is a huge group of galaxies about 200 million light-years away. The Great Wall is like a long, thin line filament: it is over 500 million light-years long, 300 million light-years wide, but only 15 million light-years thick. It was discovered in 1989 from redshift survey data.

We do not know how much farther the wall extends. Our view is blocked by the galactic plane of the Milky Way. The gas and dust from the Milky Way (known as the Zone of Avoidance) obscures the view of astronomers. This makes it impossible to find out if the wall ends or continues on further.

In the standard model of the evolution of the universe, such structures as the Great Wall form along and follow web-like strings of dark matter. It is thought that this dark matter dictates the structure of the Universe on the grandest of scales. Dark matter gravitationally attracts baryonic matter, and it is this 'normal' matter that astronomers see forming long, thin walls of super-galactic clusters.

## Other websites

- Map of CfA2 Great Wall
- The CfA Redshift Survey
Local Group

The **Local Group** is the group of galaxies that includes our galaxy, the Milky Way.

The group has more than 50 galaxies (including dwarf galaxies).  Its center of mass is somewhere between the Milky Way and the Andromeda galaxy.  The galaxies of the Local Group cover a 10 million light-year diameter and have a binary (dumbbell) shape. The group has a total mass of about (1.29 ± 0.14)M<sub>s</sub>.
The group itself is part of the Virgo Supercluster (also called the Local Supercluster).

## History

The term "Local Group" was introduced by Edwin Hubble in 1936. He describes it as "a typical small group of nebulae which is isolated in the general field". He listed the galaxies, by decreasing luminosity, as the Andromeda galaxy, the Milky Way, Triangulum galaxy, the Large Magellanic Cloud, the Small Magellanic Cloud and half-a-dozen others.

By 2003, the number of known Local Group members has increased from his initial twelve to thirty-six, because of the discovery of almost two dozen low-luminosity galaxies.

## Movement of the Local Group

The Milky Way, Andromeda, and the whole Local Group are being pulled by the gravitational attraction of the most massive structure in the observable universe. They are being pulled by the Shapley attractor, which is a dense supercluster of galaxies some 750 million light years from the Milky Way.

At the same time, the Local Group is being pushed by an almost empty region of space called the "dipole repeller".

### Map

<imagemap>
Image:Local_Group.svg|frame|center|Local Group (clickable map)

circle 180 27 20 Sextans B
circle 130 36 23 Sextans A
circle 318 239 20 Milky Way
circle 289 197 16 Leo I (dwarf galaxy)
circle 334 201 15 Canes Dwarf
rect 303 185 318 215 Leo II (dwarf galaxy)
circle 357 289 28 NGC 6822
circle 288 323 24 Phoenix Dwarf
circle 248 391 35 Tucana Dwarf
circle 363 416 20 Wolf-Lundmark-Melotte
circle 363 383 17 Cetus Dwarf
circle 369 346 11 IC 1613
rect 381 335 393 357 SagDIG
rect 393 335 406 356 Aquarius Dwarf
circle 417 304 17 Triangulum Galaxy
circle 417 254 15 NGC 185
rect 432 237 447 260 NGC 147
circle 461 229 17 IC 10
poly 440 282 455 260 511 259 493 285 Andromeda Galaxy
poly 450 264 434 265 431 280 442 280 M110
circle 295 110 20 Leo A
circle 84 128 20 NGC 3109
circle 109 149 14 Antlia Dwarf
circle 412 332 12 LGS 3
circle 460 361 21 Pegasus Dwarf
circle 394 272 14 Andromeda II
rect 427 279 438 294 Andromeda III
rect 438 282 450 294 Andromeda I

desc bottom-left
</imagemap>

## Related pages

- Galaxy
- List of galaxies
- Most distant things
- Sag DEG
Hydron

In chemistry, a proton is a positively charged protium ion. According to IUPAC, the name **hydron** should be used for such a particle. In this sense, a _hydron_ can be a proton in the sense of physics, a _deuteron_ or a _triton_. A deuteron is the ion of deuterium, a triton that of tritium. (So chemists use the term _hydron_  because it covers all three hydrogen ion isotopes.) In 1923, Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted and Thomas Lowry used hydrons to  describe acids and bases. They defined acids as proton donors and bases as proton acceptors.
Hexactinellid

**Hexactinellid sponges** are sponges with a skeleton made of four- and/or six-pointed silaceous spicules, often referred to as **glass sponges**. They are usually classified along with other sponges, but some researchers consider them sufficiently distinct to deserve their own phylum, **Symplasma**.
Demosponge

The **Demospongiae** are the largest class in the phylum Porifera. Their skeletons are made of spicules consisting of fibers of the protein spongin, the mineral silica, or both. Where spicules of silica are present, they have a different shape from those in the otherwise similar glass sponges.
Finis Terrae University

**University Finis Terrae** () is a private autonomous university in Santiago de Chile.

## History

It was founded in 1988. In 1999, this university was subscribed to an agreement of association with the Congregation of the Legionaries of Christ, it means a greater progress in terms of infrastructure, institutional development and extension and the open of new study plans.

## Faculties

- Architecture & Design
- Arts
- Engineering
- Law
- Humanities & Communications
- Medicine
- Odontology
- Education & Family Sciences

## Other websites

- University Finis Terrae

## Infobox (university)

- **name**: University Finis Terrae
- **image**: Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago.jpg
- **caption**: Universidad Finis Terrae
- **established**: 1988
- **city**: Santiago, Chile
Universidad Mayor, Chile

**Universidad Mayor** is a private autonomous university in Chile with headquarters in Santiago and a secondary campus in Temuco.

## History

It was founded in 1988.

## Faculties

- Architecture
- Education
- Arts
- Engineering
- Economical & Business Sciences
- Law
- Medicine
- Odontology
- Forestry and Agricultural sciences

## Other websites

- Universidad Mayor - Chile
University of the Pacific

**University of the Pacific** () is a private autonomous university in Chile. It has three headquarters in Santiago, one in Melipilla, and an office in Concepción.

## History

It was founded in 1990.

## Faculties

- Agronomy
- Design
- Photography
- Education
- Pedagogy
- Nursing
- Engineering
- Journalism
- Economical & Business Sciences

## Other websites

- Universidad del Pacífico - Chile
Tentaculata

**Tentaculata** is a class of comb jellies. The common feature of this class is a pair of long, feathery, contractile tentacles, which can be retracted into specialised ciliated sheaths. In some species, the primary tentacles are reduced and they have smaller, secondary tentacles. The tentacles have colloblasts, which are sticky-tipped cells that trap small prey.
Shōchū

**Shōchū** is a Japanese alcoholic drink. It is usually about 25 - 37% alcohol. Shōchū can be made from barley, rice, sweet potato, buckwheat, and sugar cane. It is made in many places in Japan, but started in Kyūshū. People drink it mixed with cold or hot water, over ice, in cocktails, or on its own. Shōchū is different from _nihonshu_, or sake. Rice shōchū is made from sake by increasing the purity of alcohol. Shochu comes in many flavors depending on the ingredients.

## Other websites

- https://www.satsuma.co.jp/english/con-shiru-shochu.html - A guide to shochu by a Japanese company
Awamori

**Awamori** is an alcoholic drink from Okinawa, Japan. Awamori is made from rice. It is fermented and distilled. Awamori is similar to shōchū, but very different from _nihonshu_, or sake. The amount of alcohol in Awamori is usually between 30% and 43% and sometimes up to 60%. After distillation, the drink is ready for bottling and drinking, is usually aged in ceramic containers for better taste. Ordinary varieties of Awamori are aged for about 6 months, but some can be aged for 20 to 25 years. This improves the flavour and makes it sweeter. Some varieties are also made with various spices, ginseng, and even snake.

People in Okinawa drink Awamori with friends and family. It is also popular with tourists as a souvenir.

Most people in Okinawa drink Awamori with ice and water. Some people also drink it with Jasmine tea, which is called Sanpincha in Okinawa.

In the 19th century, ships from England, France and the United States reached the Ryūkyū Islands, and awamori was served to the crews.
Greyson Chance

**Greyson Michael Chance** (born August 16, 1997) is a musician and a pianist. He became famous for his cover (his version) of the song "Paparazzi" by Lady Gaga in a sixth-grade music festival. The cover reached about 700 million views on Youtube in April 2010. He was later discovered by Ellen DeGeneres and was a guest on her show 2 times. His first debut single is "Waiting Outside the Lines" which was released on October 2010. His first debut album called _Hold on 'till the Night_ was later released on August 2, 2011.

## Personal life

Chance was born on August 16, 1997 in Wichita Falls, Texas. He currently lives in Edmond, Oklahoma. He is the youngest child of Scott and Lisa Chance. He has a sixteen-year-old sister, Alexa, and a nineteen-year-old brother, Tanner. Both Alexa and Tanner also play music. Chance began playing the piano at the age of 8 and has had three years of piano lessons. He has never had vocal (singing) lessons. when he was at the age of 7 he moved to Jacksonville Florida and had been applied for the elementary school John N.C. Stockton.
Eephus pitch

An **Eephus pitch** is a kind of pitch in baseball. It is a kind of "junk pitch" (trick pitch). An Eephus pitch is very slow and is used to catch the batter off guard. The pitch was invented by Rip Sewell of the Pittsburgh Pirates in the 1940s. The name _Eephus pitch_ comes from the Hebrew word **', which means "nothing." Pirates manager Frankie Frisch claimed that the pitch was named by outfielder Maurice Van Robays. Van Robays explained that "Eephus ain't nothing, and that's a nothing pitch."

## Common features

The Eephus pitch is thrown overhand, like other pitches in baseball. It is unusually slow, and has a high arc trajectory (the ball travels along a high curve.) The trajectory (the path the ball travels) looks more like a pitch from slow-pitch softball than baseball.

The Eephus pitch is unusually slow. It appears to move in slow motion. The ball travels  or less. Baseball pitches in Major League Baseball usually travel between . The Eephus pitch is considered a trick pitch because it is so slow.

## Other names

The Eephus pitch is sometimes called by other names. These names usually refer to an Eephus pitch thrown by a specific pitcher. Some of the most famous of these names are:
- **Fossum Flip**, thrown by Casey Fossum
- the **folly floater**, thrown by Steve Hamilton
- **LaLob**, thrown by Dave LaRoche
- **Leephus**, **spaceball**, and **moonball**, thrown by Bill "Spaceman" Lee
- the **soap bubble**, thrown by Vicente Padilla
- **the Pascual Pitch**, thrown by Pascual Perez
- the **Dead Fish**, thrown by Dave Stieb

Some other nicknames are **bloop curve** and **gravity curve.** It is sometimes also called the **Bugs Bunny curve'''. This name comes from a Bugs Bunny cartoon called "Baseball Bugs." In the cartoon, batters swing three times at a very slow pitch before it reaches home plate.

## Related pages

- Pitch (baseball)
- Pitcher (baseball)
University of Antofagasta

The **University of Antofagasta** () is a university in Antofagasta, Chile. It is one of the universities in the north of Chile.

## History

It was founded in 1981 thanks to the fusion of the TUS of Antofagasta and the Regional Headquarter of the University of Chile, it was the point of start of the actual university.

## Faculties

- Basic Sciences
- Health Sciences
- Human Sciences & Education
- Engineering
- Medicine & Odontology
- Marine Resources
- Law and Social Sciences

## Other websites

- University of Antofagasta

## Infobox (university)

- **name**: University of Antofagasta
- **image**: Biblioteca universidad de Antofagasta.jpg
- **caption**: The Library
- **native name**: Universidad de Antofagasta
- **motto**: Luz y vida en el desierto
- **established**: March 20, 1981
- **city**: Antofagasta
- **country**: Chile
- **website**: http://www.uantof.cl/
Siméon Denis Poisson

**Siméon Denis Poisson** ( 21 June 1781 in Pithiviers - 25 April 1840 in Sceaux, near Paris) was a French mathematician and physicist. From 1798, he studied mathematics at the  École Polytechnique, where he met Pierre-Simon Laplace and Joseph-Louis Lagrange. In 1802, he became a professor in 1806, he took the position Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier had before him. Napoleon sent Fourier to Grenoble. Poisson was a disciple of Laplace. Poisson worked on the mathematical bases of wave theory, acoustics, elasticity, electricity, and heat. He was also interested in the electric properties of solids. In 1812, he published his extension of Laplace's equation, which allowed its use for electric charge at the surface of solids. In the year 1818, he predicted the existence of a phenomenon called the Poisson spot, in the case that light should have the character of a wave. Poisson thought that was not the case and that it had the character of particles. He had long discussions with Augustin-Jean Fresnel, who thought that light was indeed a wave. This discussion only ended when Fresnel could show the existence of the spot Poisson had predicted in an experiment. In 1838, Poisson published his ideas on probability theory, which also included what is now known as Poisson distribution. This distribution was already known to Abraham de Moivre.

The relation between pressure and volume in the adiabatic process is constant, this is known as _Poisson's Law_ today. In thermodynamics, the same relation is formulated as a number of equations, which are known as _Poisson's equations_. Poisson's ratio which gives the amount an object is stretched under load, is also named after him.

His name is one of 72 honored on the Eiffel tower.

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Siméon Poisson
- **image**: Simeon_Poisson.jpg
- **image size**: 200px
- **caption**: Siméon Denis Poisson (1781-1840)
- **birth place**: Pithiviers, Loiret
- **death place**: Sceaux, Hauts-de-Seine
- **nationality**: France
- **fields**: Mathematics
- **workplaces**: École Polytechnique
Bureau des Longitudes
Faculte des Sciences, Faculté des Sciences
École Spéciale Militaire de Saint-Cyr, École de Saint-Cyr
- **alma mater**: École Polytechnique
- **doctoral advisor**: Joseph Louis Lagrange
Pierre-Simon Laplace
- **doctoral students**: Michel Chasles
Johann Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet, Lejeune Dirichlet
Joseph Liouville
- **notable students**: Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot
- **known for**: Poisson process
Poisson equation
Poisson kernel
Poisson distribution
Poisson bracket
Poisson regression
Poisson summation formula
Arago spot, Poisson's spot
Poisson's ratio
Most probable number, Poisson zeros

Euler–Poisson–Darboux equation
Rotavirus

**Rotavirus** is a virus that causes diarrhoea. Most of the time only children who are younger than five years old get the disease. The signs of the disease are severe diarrhoea and vomiting, which start suddenly and last for two or three days. Rotavirus also causes diarrhoea in animals. A vaccine, which prevents children from getting the disease is available in many countries.

Like most viruses, rotaviruses are made from RNA and protein. The RNA carries the genes that are used to make more rotaviruses. They are called rotaviruses because they sometimes look like little wheels and "rota" is the latin word for "wheel". Rotaviruses get into the body through the mouth and are not present in the air unlike the viruses that cause colds. The disease is often spread by dirty hands and things used for cooking, but the viruses can dirty water. Rotaviruses are very small. They are a lot smaller than bacteria and can only be seen using an electron microscope.

Children who have not been vaccinated usually get infected more than once. But when children are about five years old they are usually immune and cannot get it any more. This is because their bodies have become resistant to the viruses.

Rotaviruses infect the cells that the small intestine is made from. This makes it difficult for the body to digest food. Children usually make a complete recovery from the infection. But it is very important to make sure they drink enough water to replace what they are losing. In many countries the medicine used is called "oral rehydration solution". This comes in a small packet that is added to drinking water. It contains salt and sugar, which helps the body take up the water.

Rotaviruses were discovered in the 1970s.  Since then doctors and scientists have shown that they are a problem to children all over the world. More than 500,000 children die from rotavirus infection each year and almost two million more become severely ill.  The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation are helping to pay for rotavirus vaccines in countries that cannot afford to buy them. Between 2006 and 2011 it gave more than 82 million US dollars.

## Other websites

- Preventing gastroenteritis in children, National Health Service, UK
Karel Plíhal

**Karel Plíhal** (born August 23, 1958 in Přerov, Czechoslovakia) is a Czech folk musician, singer, songwriter, poet and record producer.

## Discography

- _Karel Plíhal_ (1985)
- _Imaginární hospoda_ (1986) – EP (with Slávek Janoušek and Nerez)
- _Karel Plíhal…Emil Pospíšil…_ (1989)
- _Karel Plíhal 1985-89_ (1992) – compilation
- _Takhle nějak to bylo…_ (1992)
- _Králíci, ptáci a hvězdy_ (1996)
- _Sova sněžná_ (2000) – single
- _Kluziště_ (2000)
- _Rok ďábla_ (2002) – soundtrack
- _Nebe počká_ (2004)
- _Karel Plíhal v Telči_ (2005) – live album
- _Karel Plíhal v Olomouci_ (2005) – live album
- _Vzduchoprázdiny_ (2012)

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Karel Plíhal
- **img**: Karel_Plihal.jpg
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Karel Plíhal
- **birth place**: Přerov, Czechoslovakia, today Czech Republic
- **instrument**: guitar, vocal
- **genre**: Folk music,
- **occupation**: Musician, poet, record producer
- **website**: [http://www.karelplihal.cz Official website]
D.C. United Academy

The **D.C. United Academy** is a program for young soccer players that is run by D.C. United, a pro soccer team that plays in Major League Soccer. The "Academy" trains these young soccer players to possibly one day play soccer either in a pro league or in college.

D.C. United's Academy has several different levels, including, a U-23 team, a U-18 team, a U-16 team and then "Pre-Academy" teams. Pre-Academy teams are for players who are not yet part of the Academy on a normal schedule.

The teams compete in the United States Soccer Federations' Development Academy league.

## Other websites

- D.C. United Academy
Virus classification

**Virus classification** is the way viruses are put into groups by scientists.
There are many different kinds of viruses. Scientists classify viruses to make it easier to learn about them. Classification also helps scientists to remember viruses and the diseases they cause. The International Committee of Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) is in charge of virus classification.

Sometimes different viruses have things in common. This is used in classification. For example, if they are made from DNA and protein, or RNA and protein. Other things that are taken into account are the size and shape of the viruses and the diseases they cause.

Similar viruses are first put into "families". Each family has a name. This family name always ends with "_-viridae_. For example, rotaviruses are in the _Reoviridae_ family and herpes viruses are in the _Herpesviridae_ family.

Viruses in any one family that are almost the same are then put in a smaller group called a "genus".

Another way of classifying viruses is called the Baltimore Classification. This is different from the ICTV one. Some scientists prefer the Baltimore Classification because it is based on how viruses grow in cells.
Enterovirus

**Enteroviruses** are a group of viruses that usually live in the gut of humans and other mammals. Most do not cause disease there. They can cause a mild form of meningitis, which is an infection near the brain. Some members of this group of viruses, such as poliovirus, can sometimes be more dangerous. They are viruses made for RNA and there are many different kinds of them.
Explode (song)

"**Explode**" is a song recorded by American musician Patrick Stump. The track is the opening song on his debut studio album _Soul Punk_. The song was leaked on his YouTube channel on May 6, 2011 for promotion towards his album.

## Background

On May 6, 2011, Stump updated his website and also posted to his Facebook and Twitter, announcing "I feel like I'm gonna explode 5.9.11". The phrase came from a song called "Explode", which Stump had premiered at a live show. The new song was revealed on May 9, 2011. Stump released the song on a website called _Vulture_. _NyMag.com_ commented that the song is a lot like the music of Michael Jackson. They also said that it was similar to the music of Stump's old band, Fall Out Boy. The song's video caption, which read "_Soul Punk_: coming late Summer", was Stump's first official announcement to the public regarding _Soul Punk_'s release date.

_Idolator_ reported that "Explode" features Stump's unique, recognisable vocals and the clever wordplay that used to be expected from Pete Wentz.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Explode
- **artist**: Patrick Stump
- **album**: Soul Punk
- **released**: May 6, 2011
- **recorded**: 2010
- **genre**: electropop
- **length**: 3:25
- **label**: Island Records, Island
- **writer**: Patrick Stump
- **producer**: Patrick Stump
- **prev title**: Porcelain (song), Porcelain
- **prev year**: 2011
- **next title**: This City (song), This City
- **next year**: 2011
New Jersey Turnpike

The **New Jersey Turnpike** is a toll road in New Jersey. The road runs from near the Delaware Memorial Bridge in the southern part of the state northeast to near the George Washington Bridge in the northern part of the state near New York City. The northern part of the road is a part of Interstate 95. The New Jersey Turnpike is one of the busiest toll roads in the United States.

## Infobox (road)

- **state**: NJ
- **type**: Turnpike
- **maint**: the New Jersey Turnpike Authority
- **length mi**: 122.40
- **length round**: 2
- **length notes**: – Western Spur
 – Pennsylvania Extension
 – Newark Bay Extension
- **established**: 1951
- **direction a**: South
- **direction b**: North
- **terminus a**: in Pennsville Township, New Jersey, Pennsville Township
- **junction**: in Carneys Point Township, New Jersey, Carneys Point Township
 Interstate 95 (New Jersey), I-95 / Pennsylvania Turnpike, Penna. Tpk. in Mansfield Township, New Jersey, Mansfield Township
 in Robbinsville Township, New Jersey, Robbinsville Township
 in East Brunswick Township, New Jersey, East Brunswick Township
 in Edison, New Jersey, Edison Township
 in Woodbridge Township, New Jersey, Woodbridge Township
 in Linden, New Jersey, Linden/Elizabeth, New Jersey, Elizabeth
 in Newark, New Jersey, Newark
 in Kearny, New Jersey, Kearny
 in Secaucus, New Jersey, Secaucus
 in Teaneck, New Jersey, Teaneck Township
- **terminus b**: in Fort Lee, New Jersey, Fort Lee
- **previous type**: I
- **previous route**: 695
- **browse route**: 700
- **next type**: I
- **next route**: 895
Selectivity

**Selectivity** may refer to:

- Selectivity (electronic), in radio transmission
- Binding selectivity, in pharmacology
- Functional selectivity, in pharmacology
- Socioemotional selectivity theory, in social psychology
- Reactivity–selectivity principle, in chemistry
- Stereoselectivity, in organic chemistry
- Natural selection, in biology
- Sensitivity and specificity, in statistical theory
- Discrimination, the ability to distinguish small differences
- Choice, making a selection among options