juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Cytokinesis

_Cytokinesis_ is the division of cells after either mitosis or meiosis I and II.

During cytokinesis, the _cytoplasm_ (the liquid center of the cell that holds the _organelles_ into place) splits into two equal halves, and the cell becomes two daughter cells. This occurs right after the beginning of anaphase (in mitosis and in meiosis I and II).

Cell division continues during telophase (in mitosis and in meiosis I and II) until the cell has completely divided. mitosis and meiosis II starts again after cytokinesis. A new and complete nucleus has been formed in each of the two cells.

## Cytokinesis in plants

In plants cytokinesis is slightly different. As plant cells cannot move apart because of their cell wall, a cell plate begins to form during late anaphase and throughout telophase.

When the cytoplasm and organelles are divided evenly between the two new cells, the plate then becomes less flimsy and soon becomes another cell wall separating the daughter cells. Cytokinesis splits the cell wall, unlike animal cells, where it splits the cytoplasm. The cell wall grows later as the two new cells expand.
Femininity

**Femininity** (also called **womanhood** or **womanliness**) is a set of traits, behaviors, and roles associated with females. Femininity is made up of both social and biological factors. This makes it different from the female sex, as women, men, and transgender people can all exhibit feminine traits.

The colour pink is associated with femininity in western culture.

Femininity is also present through certain natural instincts and traits like the widening of the hips in females to support the baby in the womb during pregnancy. Reproduction, development of breasts, and higher-pitched voice are examples of feminine biology in human beings.
Masculinity

**Masculinity** (also called **manhood** or **manliness**) is a set of attributes, behaviors, and roles associated with men and boys. There is evidence that some behaviors considered masculine are influenced by both cultural and biological factors. It is distinct from the definition of the biological male sex, as both males and females can exhibit masculine traits. Standards of masculinity vary across different cultures and historical periods.

The colour blue is associated with masculinity in western culture.
Battery (tort)

**Battery** is the crime or tort of intentionally touching someone else without permission (literally, the act of "battering" somebody). So, to start a fight would be to commit **battery**. In some states, the crime of battery is referred to as assault, or it may be referred to as "assault and battery."

## Related pages

- Assault
Assault

An **assault** is when a person attacks another. In law, it is considered a crime or tort. In common law, it is when somebody threatens or tries to physically hurt someone else.  In order to be considered _assault_, the act must involve the ability to cause the harm. It does not necessarily have to involve touching the other person; that is called _battery_. In criminal law, an assault can be an attempted but unsuccessful battery. In some states or legal codes, the words "assault" and "battery" may mean the same thing.

There are several different kinds of assault. Each legal system has their own definitions.

A stronger form of assault is _aggravated assault_. This usually involves using a weapon that could easily be used to kill someone.
Megaloblastic anemia

**Megaloblastic anemia** is a type of anemia. It can be caused by a lack of B vitamins, especially vitamin B12 or folic acid (vitamin B9).
Legal code

A **legal code** is a _written_ system of laws.  To _codify_ the law is to write it down in a systematic manner.

Legal codes are typically written by legislatures.

## Related pages

- Code of Hammurabi
Code (disambiguation)

**Code** can mean:

- a way to show information in another form, for example, a cipher
- the commands given to a computer in a computer program
- a legal code
Peer

**Peer** may refer to:

- Peerage, a system of nobility in various countries
- Peer group, a group of people of the same age, ability, etc.
- Peer-to-peer computer network, in which users act as both client and server
- Peer (Belgium)
Plácido Domingo

**Plácido Domingo** KBE (born 21 January 1941) is an Spanish operatic tenor and conductor. He is often regarded as one of the leading tenors of his generation.

## Life and career

Born **José Plácido Domingo Embil** in Madrid, Spain, the son of singers who later moved to Mexico, where he made his vocal study. He began his career as a baritone singing in operettas but quickly retrained as a tenor. He made his official operatic debut in Mexico City in 1961, as Alfredo in _La traviata_.

He sang in Tel Aviv from 1962 to 1965 in a wide variety of roles often in Hebrew. He made his American debut at the New York City Opera in 1965, and at the Metropolitan Opera in 1968. This was followed by La Scala in Milan (1969), the Royal Opera House in London (1971), the Paris Opéra (1973), and most of the great opera houses of the world.

Although mostly associated with the Italian and French repertoire, he has in recent years sung several Wagner roles, and turned to conducting. He is the General Director of the Washington National Opera and the Los Angeles Opera.

He was one of "The Three Tenors", alongside Luciano Pavarotti and José Carreras, and got 1.5 million dollars each time they sang.

In August 2019, Domingo was accused by nine women of sexual harassment.

In March 2020, Dominago was diagnosed with COVID-19 and hospitalized in Mexico.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **honorific prefix**: _Excelentísimo Señor_
- **name**: Plácido Domingo
- **image**: Concierto de Plácido Domingo (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Domingo in June 2019
- **birth name**: José Plácido Domingo Embil
- **birth place**: Madrid, Spain
- **years active**: 1957–present
José Carreras

**Josep Carreras i Coll** (born 5 December 1946 in Barcelona, Spain), better known as **José Carreras**, is a tenor opera singer.

He was born in Sants, which is in neighborhood of Barcelona, Catalonia. His family moved to Argentina when he was very young. He started singing at the age of 6, and his first public performance happened when he was 8 years old.

Many years later, when he was in Paris, it turned out that he has leukemia. The long-term medications where successful and he survived from the disease. He established José Carreras International Leukaemia Foundation in Barcelona on July 14, 1988.

Carreras has received many awards both because of his musical and humanitarian work.

## Related pages

- Luciano Pavarotti
- Plácido Domingo
- Andrea Bocelli
Leukemia

**Leukemia** or **leukaemia** is a cancer of white blood cells and bone marrow. When a person has leukemia, the body creates too many white blood cells (_leukocytes_).

There are many kinds of leukemia. Leukemia is part of a bigger group of diseases, the blood cancers (hematological neoplasms).  Without treatment, leukemia may lead to death within weeks, months, or years. The life of the person depends upon the type of leukemia.

In 2000, about 256,000 children and adults around the world developed some form of leukemia, and 209,000 died from it.  About 90% of all leukemias are seen in adults.

Solide Traitement à l'Arginine Stéphane Schmutz Médecin Oncologue (Aminothérapie)

## Four major types of leukemia

Leukemia can be either _acute_ or _chronic_.  Acute leukemia usually grows quickly.  Chronic leukemia grows slowly.

Leukemia can also affect two different types of white blood cells. These are lymphoid cells and young granulocyte cells (which are called _myelocytes_).

For this reason, all of the different forms of leukemia are divided into four main types:
- Acute lymphocytic leukemia (**ALL**) is the most common type of leukemia. It is common in young children but can also be seen in old people.
- Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (**CLL**) is usually seen in people over the age of 55. Children almost never have this.
- Acute myelogenous leukemia (**AML**) is seen more commonly in adults than in children.
- Chronic myelogenous leukemia (**CML**) happens mostly in adults.

## Causes and risk factors

The causes of most types of leukemia are not known. In general, all cancers have a breakdown in the normal way cell division is controlled. Most likely, the different kinds of leukemias have different causes. The known causes account for relatively few cases. Most of the causes are outside our control.

Researchers believe that some things may influence whether a person develops leukemia:
- Exposure to Ionizing radiation
- Exposure to certain chemicals, for example benzene.
- Certain viruses
- Treatment with certain drugs that influence how cells develop; e.g. treatment of a tumor; Chemotherapy
- Certain genetic factors.

Viruses that are believed to cause leukemia include:
- Human immunodeficiency virus or HIV
- Human T-lymphotropic virus

Fanconi anemia is also a risk factor for developing acute myelogenous leukemia.

## Treatment

Most cases of leukemia are treated with many drugs, which are usually combined into a chemotherapy program. In some cases, radiation therapies or bone marrow transplants are done.

## Leukemia inhibitory factor

**Leukemia inhibitory factor**, or **LIF**, is an interleukin 6 class cytokin. It affects cell growth by inhibiting differentiation. When LIF levels drop, the cells differentiate.
Tavern

A **tavern**, also known as a **saloon** or **bar**, is a place where alcoholic drinks (such as beer, wine, or spirits) are served. While the word "tavern" used to be common in England, in the 19th century the word began to be seen as old fashioned. The current term today in England is "pub" which comes from _public house_. However, taverns remain a popular part of fantasy stories and games. The term is still commonly used in the United States.

## Related pages

- Public house (pub)
- Bar (business)
Gaucho

***Gaucho*** () or ***Gaúcho*** () is the term commonly used for people who live in the south regions of Brazil, mainly in Rio Grande do Sul. It can also be used for people from Uruguay, Paraguay, Argentina, and Chile. They are similar to the North American cowboys, and, like them, gauchos of Argentina have become a symbol of freedom.

## History

Working with his horse, a laço, _boleodoros_, and a knife, gauchos rode around the Pampas, killing wild cattle whose hides he sold secretly. They were usually outlaws, and did not become respectable until they fought with San Martin for Argentine freedom. After some time, many gauchos began working for _hacendados_ and spent their lives helping huge herds of cattle over the Pampas. They liked to choose where they worked and traveled from place to place.

## Description

Like cowboys, gauchos had a traditional outfit: a big hat, a collared shirt (mainly red), and baggy pants called _bombachas_, which were tucked into leather boots. Colorful pieces of cloth or a wide leather belt decorated with silver went around his waist, and silver spurs were on his boots. When working, gauchos often wore a big leather apron.

Today, though, most gauchos are disappearing. Trucks, roads, and fences are changing gauchos into farmers and assistants. Traditional dress is usually worn only on festival days, when they can remember their exciting old days.

## Other websites

- Movimento Tradicionalista Gaucho
- Pagina do Gaucho
Flag of Tunisia

The **flag of Tunisia** is a national flag.  It is red and white in colour with a star inside a moon.  It was created for the first time in 1831 by the Tunisian _bey_ Hassine I. Since then, it has had some small changes.
Humat al-Hima

"**Humat Al-Hima**" (, ; "Defenders of the Homeland") is the national anthem of Tunisia since November 1987.

The text (words) of this anthem was written by two men, Mustapha Sadiq Al-Rafi'i and Abul-Qacem Ech-Chebbi. And the Egyptian musician Mohamad Abdul-Wahab made its music.

## Words

|Arabic original|Arabic transliteration|IPA transcription|English translation|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|<poem dir="rtl" style="line-height:1.52em;"></poem>|<poem></poem>|<poem></poem>|<poem> O defenders of the Homeland! Rally around to the glory of our time! The blood surges in our veins, We die for the sake of our land. **I** Let the heavens roar with thunder Let thunderbolts rain with fire. Men and youth of Tunisia, Rise up for her might and glory. No place for traitors in Tunisia, Only for those who defend her! We live and die loyal to Tunisia, A life of dignity and a death of glory. **II** As a nation we inherited Arms like granite towers. Holding aloft our proud flag flying, We boast of it, it boasts of us, Arms that achieve ambitions and glory, Sure to realize our hopes, Inflict defeat on foes, Offer peace to friends. **III** 𝄆 When the people will to live, Destiny must surely respond. Oppression shall then vanish. Fetters are certain to break. 𝄇 </poem>|

|Berber translation (Tifinagh)|Berber translation (Latin)|
| --- | --- |
|<poem></poem>|<poem></poem>|
Tonks

**Tonks** may mean:

- Henry Tonks, artist
- Lewi Tonks, American quantum physicist known for the discovery of the Tonks-Girardeau gas
- Nymphadora Tonks, a fictional character in J. K. Rowling's _Harry Potter_ novels
- Andromeda Tonks or Ted Tonks, Nymphadora's parents
- Rosemary Tonks, a British poet
- Tonks Avenue in Wellington, New Zealand
Scelidosaurus

***Scelidosaurus*** was an early type of herbivorous dinosaur. It was a thyreophoran, a lightly plated, herbivorous dinosaur about 4 metres long. It lived during the early  Jurassic, 196 to 183 million years ago. Its fossils were found in Charmouth, Dorset, England.

_Scelidosaurus_ has been called the earliest complete dinosaur.

It is one of the earliest and most basal of the armoured dinosaurs. A review by Serano had _Scelidosaurus_ as the sister group (closest relative) to both the Stegosauria and Ankylosauria.

This genus lived on the supercontinent Laurasia.
Its  length was about 4 metres (13 ft). _Scelidosaurus_ was quadrupedal, with the hindlimbs longer than the forelimbs. It _may_ have reared up on its hind legs to browse on foliage from trees, but its forefeet were as large as its hind feet. This suggests a mostly quadrupedal posture.

_Scelidosaurus_ and its Jurassic relatives were herbivorous. Other ornithischians had teeth capable of grinding plant material, but _Scelidosaurus_ had smaller, less complex teeth. Its jaw could only do simple up-and-down movements. In this aspect, they resembled the stegosaurids, which also had primitive teeth and simple jaws. Also, like stegosaurs, they may have swallowed gastroliths to aid processing of food (because of the lack of chewing ability). This is also done by modern birds and crocodiles. The diet of _Scelidosaurus_ was low-lying plants like ferns and cycads. Seaweed has also been suggested as a food. Grass did not evolve until the Cretaceous period.
Inheritance (disambiguation)

**Inheritance** is when people pass on property and debts when they die.

**Inheritance** or **inheritor** may also be:

In literature:
- _The Inheritors_ by Nobel Prize winner William Golding
- _Inheritor_ (novel), a 1996 science fiction novel by C. J. Cherryh
- _Inheritance_ (novel), a 2011 book part of the Inheritance Cycle

In other fields:
- Heredity, the genetic information passed on by the father and mother
- Inheritance (computer science), a way to make new classes using others that are already made
Nissan Stadium (Yokohama)

The **Nissan Stadium** (previously called the **International Stadium of Yokohama**) is a sports stadium in Yokohama, Japan. It was built for the 2002 FIFA World Cup Final.

## Events

- 2002 FIFA World Cup Final
- FIFA Club World Cup

## Other websites

- Official Site
Armiger

A person who has a coat of arms is sometimes called an _armiger_.  They are **armigerous**.

Originally an armiger was an Armour-Bearer or Esquire, who helped a Knight, but who had his own coat of arms.

The term "armiger" is well-defined only in countries such as the United Kingdom, Canada, Ireland, and Spain where there is a state or other heraldic body.  These bodies include the College of Arms in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland, the Office of the Chief Herald in the Republic of Ireland or the Court of the Lord Lyon in Scotland).

Someone can have a coat of arms either because they are descended from a person with a right to bear a coat of arms, or by having a new _grant of arms_  to him or herself.
Genome (disambiguation)

**Genome** may refer to:

- Genome — all genetic material carried by an organism
    - Human genome
    - Mitochondrial DNA
    - Genome editing — a type of genetic engineering

- Genome (book) — a 1999 popular science book by Matt Ridley
- G-Nome — a mech PC game created by 7th Level
- Genome — a superior humanoid race in Square's console role-playing game _Final Fantasy IX_
- Genome (novel) - science fiction novel by Sergey Lukyanenko
Atomic force microscope

**Atomic force microscopes** (AFMs) are a type of microscope. AFMs provide pictures of atoms on or in surfaces. Like the scanning electron microscope (SEM), the purpose of the AFM is to look at objects on the atomic level. In fact, the AFM may be used to look at individual atoms. It is commonly used in nanotechnology.

The AFM can do some things that the SEM cannot do. The AFM can provide higher resolution than the SEM. Further, the AFM does not need to operate in a vacuum. In fact, the AFM can operate in ambient air or water, so it can be used to see surfaces of biological samples like living cells.

The AFM works by employing an ultra-fine needle attached to a cantilever beam. The tip of the needle runs over the ridges and valleys in the material being imaged, "feeling" the surface. As the tip moves up and down due to the surface, the cantilever deflects. In one basic configuration, a laser shines on the cantilever at an oblique angle, and allows for the direct measurement of the deflection in the cantilever by simply changing the angle of incidence for the laser beam. In this way, an image may be created revealing the configuration of the molecules being imaged by the machine.

There are many different operating modes for an AFM. One is the "contact mode", where the tip is simply moved across the surface and the cantilever deflections are measured. Another mode is called "tapping mode", because the tip is tapped against the surface as it travels along. By controlling how hard the tip is tapped, the AFM can move away from the surface when the needle feels a ridge, so that it will not hit against the surface when it moves across. This mode is also useful for biological samples, because it is less likely to damage a soft surface.
These are the basic modes most commonly used. However there are different names and methods such as "intermittent contact mode", "non-contact mode", "dynamic" and "static" modes and more, but these are often variations on the above described tapping and contact modes.

## Related pages

- Microscope
- Electron microscope
Zine El Abidine Ben Ali

**Zine El-Abidine Ben Ali** (September 3, 1936 – September 19, 2019) was the second President of Tunisia from 1987 to 2011.

On January 14, 2011, he was forced to leave Tunisia and go to Saudi Arabia with his wife Leïla Ben Ali and their three children after a month of protests against his rule. The Arab Spring started in Tunisia.

## Birth

Zine El-Abidine Ben Ali was born in Hammam Sousse on September 3, 1936.

## Work before Presidency

He was assigned to manage (direct and take care) the Defense Military Security in 1964, and worked there until 1974. He was then promoted (his grade was changed to a superior one) to director-general of National Security at the Ministry of Interior in 1977. After that, he was assigned to take care of relations between Tunisia and the Kingdom of Morocco.

After being the ambassador of Tunisia in Poland, he returned to National Security.

Right before becoming the President of Tunisian Republic, Zine El-Abidine Ben Ali has been promoted to Prime Minister and the constitutional successor on October 1, 1987.

Five weeks after his promotion he, officially, became the Second President of Tunisia.

## Controversy

The way that Zine El-Abidine Ben Ali governs had cause some problems with groups including the Al-Jazeera channel. Al-Jazeera does not believe it is correct for Ben Ali to say that Muslim women wearing headscarves (religious clothes) in public places must take then off and say that they will not wear them in public again.

## Death

Ben Ali died at a hospital in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia of prostate cancer on September 19, 2019 at the age of 83.

## Infobox (president)

- **name**: Zine El-Abidine Ben Ali
- **image**: Zine El Abidine Ben Ali (cropped).jpg
- **office**: List of Presidents of Tunisia, 2nd President of Tunisia
- **primeminister**: Hédi Baccouche
Hamed Karoui
Mohamed Ghannouchi
- **term start**: 7 November 1987
- **term end**: 15 January 2011

- **predecessor**: Habib Bourguiba
- **successor**: Fouad Mebazaa
- **office2**: Prime Minister of Tunisia
- **president2**: Habib Bourguiba
- **term start2**: 2 October 1987
- **term end2**: 7 November 1987
- **predecessor2**: Rachid Sfar
- **successor2**: Hédi Baccouche
- **blank2**: Full name
- **data2**: Zine El Abidine Ben Haj Hamda Ben Haj Hassen Ben Ali
- **death place**: Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- **birth place**: Hammam Sousse, French Tunisia
- **party**: Democratic Constitutional Rally
- **spouse**: Leila Ben Ali
Baronet

In the United Kingdom, a **baronet** is a man who has the title _Sir_, like a knight, but who is neither:
- a senior member of one of the orders of chivalry, sometimes called orders of knighthood, nor
- a Knight Bachelor.

Unlike the members of the orders of chivalry, and a knight bachelor, a baronet can pass his title to his children.

Baronets rank higher than knights, but below barons. They are the highest rank of minor nobility.

## History

Some baronets were created in the 1300s, but the modern Order of Baronets dates from King James I of England.

On 22 May 1611 King James I set up the present hereditary Order of Baronets in   England. He made 200 _gentlemen of good birth_ baronets.  He did this partly to reward those people with more than a knighthood, without making them as important as a Baron.  The other reason was that the king needed money to keep soldiers in Ireland.  Each of the new baronets had to pay £1095, which was the cost of keeping thirty soldiers for   three years.

In 1619 James I set up the Baronetage of Ireland, to raise more money.

To explore Nova Scotia (New Scotland) in what we now call Canada, King James I of England was going a create  the Baronetage of Nova Scotia in 1624, but he died that year.  His son King Charles I  set up the Baronetage of Scotland and Nova Scotia in 1625.   The new baronets had to pay £2000 or to support six settlers for two years.

Today over a hundred  _baronets of Nova Scotia_ still exist. The Duke of Roxburghe, who is also Baronet of Innes-Ker of Innes is the _Premier Baronet of Scotland_  because the baronetcy is the oldest one still existing in Scotland.  It was created in 1625.

## Insignia

The Baronets of Nova Scotia were allowed to wear a badge from 1629. The design on the badge is the same as the flag of Nova Scotia

Baronets of England, of Ireland, of Great Britain or of the United Kingdom had no badge until 1929.
Berkelium

**Berkelium** (IPA: ) is a synthetic, radioactive, chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol **Bk** and atomic number 97. It is a metallic element and part of the actinide series. Berkelium was invented by scientists and does not exist in nature. Berkelium was first made by hitting americium with alpha particles or helium ions. It is named after Berkeley, California and the University of California, Berkeley.

## Uses

Its only uses are to create bigger elements and research.

## References

- Los Alamos National Laboratory - Berkelium
- It's Elemental - Berkelium

## Other websites

- WebElements.com - Berkelium
BBC Learning English

**BBC Learning English** is a website hosted by the BBC World Service since 1996. It provides free learning materials for people who speak English as a second language and want to improve their English Language skills.
Omarosa Manigault Newman

**Omarosa Manigault Newman** (; born February 5, 1974) known mononymously as **Omarosa** is a reality television personality and writer. She was a contestant on Donald Trump's television reality show _The Apprentice_.

Omarosa was born in Youngstown, Ohio where she attended Rayen High School. She has gone on to appear on various talk shows and other reality shows, where her strong personality has often been the source of controversy. Her partner was late actor Michael Clarke Duncan.

## _The Apprentice_

Omarosa became famous for appearing on the first season of _The Apprentice_, a reality show where contestants fought for a job working for Donald Trump. Omarosa's appearance on Trump's _The Apprentice_ ended on Week Nine, when she was "fired".

She returned to the show a few years later as a contestant on _The Celebrity Apprentice_. She was eliminated once again, this time in Week 10. Omarosa returned a third time for the All-Stars season. She was fired in Week 5.

## Donald Trump cabinet

In 2016, President-elect of the United States Donald Trump selected Omarosa to be Director of Communications for the White House Office of Public Engagement and Intergovernmental Affairs. She resigned on January 20, 2018, a year after taking the position.

## Post-White House Controversy

In August 2018 while on a book tour, she released controversial recordings of her time in the White House, including conversations with the president and white house chief of staff John Kerry. She also told MNSBC she had heard Trump use the N-word during the Apprentice.

## Notable television appearances

- _The Apprentice_ (2004)
- _The Surreal Life_ (2005)
- _Celebrity Apprentice_ (2008)
- _All-Stars Apprentice_ (2013)
- _Celebrity Big Brother USA_ (2018)
- _Big Brother VIP Australia_ (2021)

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Omarosa Manigault Newman
- **image**: Omarosa Manigault by Gage Skidmore.jpg
- **office**: Director of Communications for the White House Office of Public Engagement and Intergovernmental Affairs, Office of Public Liaison
- **president**: Donald Trump
- **term start**: January 20, 2017
- **term end**: January 20, 2018
- **birth name**: Omarose Onee Manigault
- **birth place**: Youngstown, Ohio, U.S.
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican (2015–present)
- **otherparty**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic (before 2015)
- **partner**: Michael Clarke Duncan (2010–2012; his death)
Survivor (TV series)

***Survivor*** is a popular reality television game show produced in many countries throughout the world. In the show, contestants are isolated in a remote location and compete for cash and other prizes. The format for _Survivor_ was created in the UK in 1992 by Charlie Parsons, and the first production of it was the  Swedish show _Expedition: Robinson_ in 1997. The US version is commonly considered the mother of American reality TV shows because it was the first highly rated and profitable reality show on broadcast television in the USA. The show even has its own "reality coaster" at Paramount's Great America in Santa Clara, CA, called Survivor: The Ride!.

## Other websites

- Survivor news and blogs
Anne Robinson

**Anne Josephine Robinson** (born 26 September 1944) is an English television presenter and game show host. She was born in Crosby, Lancashire. She is best known for presenting BBC quiz show, _The Weakest Link_ from 2000–2012 which earned her the nickname "Queen of Mean". In the United States, she presented _Weakest Link_ for three series on NBC. She is one of the presenters on the long-running British consumer affairs series, _Watchdog_ from 1993–2001 and again from 2009–2015, on 28th June 2021, she became the new host of the long-running game show _Countdown_. However, she was unpopular with viewers and left the series on 13th July 2022, she was replaced by Colin Murray.

## Personal life

In 2001, Robinson was diagnosed with skin cancer, for which she had surgery.
Scooch

**Scooch** are a British bubblegum dance group. The members of Scooch are Natalie Powers, Caroline Barnes, David Ducasse, and Russ Spencer. They formed in 1998.

Scooch represented the United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest 2007 in Helsinki, Finland, with their song "Flying the Flag (for You)".

The song reached #5 in the UK Top 40 Singles Chart on 13 May 2007. People had already had the chance to download the song 2 months before. If however the download and CD were released at the same time it is considered that they would have been #1 in the UK for 2 weeks in a row.

## Performance in the ESC final

Scooch performed in 19th place on the final night and after the votes were confirmed, came 22nd out of 24 entries. The quartet received 7 points from Ireland and the maximum 12 points from Malta. This was the first time since 2002 that a UK Eurovision entrant had received the maximum 12 points in the competition from any country.

## Other websites

- Facebook

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Scooch
- **img**: ESC 2007 UK Scooch - Flying the flag (for you).jpg
- **img capt**: Scooch performing in the Hartwall Arena in Helsinki, Finland on 12 May 2007 (ESC 2007).
- **landscape**: yes
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: United Kingdom
- **genre**: Dance-pop, Eurodance
- **years active**: 1998–2000, 2004, 2007–present
- **label**: EMI-Parlophone, Warner Bros.
- **url**: [http://www.russspencer.com www.russspencer.com]
- **current members**: Natalie Powers
Caroline Barnes
David Ducasse
Russ Spencer
Rock art

**Rock art** is a term in archaeology for any markings that were made on natural stone by human beings. They can be divided into:

- Petroglyphs – carvings into stone surfaces
- Pictographs – rock and cave paintings

In addition, there is rock art made by aligning or piling natural stones.  The stones themselves are used as large markings on the ground.

## Location

One can find petroglyphs and pictographs on the walls of a cave or on rock in open air.

## Similar terms

Rock art has also been described as rock records, rock sculptures, rock inscriptions, rock carvings, rock paintings, rock engravings, rock drawings, or rock pictures.

## Related pages

- Cave painting
- Upper Palaeolithic

## Further reading

- Malotki, Ekkehart and Weaver, Donald E. Jr., 2002, _Stone Chisel and Yucca Brush: Colorao Plateau Rock Art_, Kiva Publishing Inc., Walnut, CA,  (cloth). For the "general public", this book has well over 200 color prints with commentary on each site where the photos were taken; the organization begins with the earliest art and goes to modern times.
- Rohn, Arthur H. and Freguson, William M, 2006, _Puebloan ruins of the Southwest_, University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, NM,  (pbk, : alk. paper). Adjunct to the primary discussion of the ruins, contains color prints of rock art at the sites, plus interpretations.
- Schaafsma, Polly, 1980, _Indian Rock Art of the Southwest_, School of American Research, Sana Fe, University of New Mexico press, Albuquerque, NM, . Scholarly text with 349 references, 32 color plates, 283 black and white "Figures", 11 Maps, and 2 Tables.

## Other websites

- Ekaterina, Devlet. 2001. Rock Art and the material culture of Siberian and central Asian shamanism. In _The Archaeology of Shamanism_. 43-54. 01/04/2007.
- Rock Art studies  - A Bibliographic database at the Bancroft Library containing over 10,000 citations to the world's rock art literature.
- The website of Rock Art Foundation - Native American Rock Art
- Trust for African Rock Art
- British Rock Art Collection
- ARARA American Rock Art Research Association.
- Rupestre.net A rock art site, mainly devoted to Valcamonica and Alpine Rock Art.
- EuroPreArt The database of European Prehistoric Art.
- Art and Archaeology of the Dampier Archipelago
- Bradshaw Foundation Supports dissemination of information on rock art, migration, and the study of artistic man around the world.
- Rock Art in South Africa http://rockart.wits.ac.za/origins/
- UNESCO World Heritage: Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka
Edward Teach

**Edward Teach** (1680 – 22 November 1718) was a pirate, often called **Blackbeard**. (It is not clear what his real name actually was; some historians think that his last name may really have been Thatch.)  He attacked ships in the Caribbean and the American colonies. His flagship ship was the captured French slave ship _La Concorde_ which Blackbeard renamed _Queen Anne's Revenge_. About 1718 it ran aground near Beaufort Inlet, North Carolina and was abandoned.

Blackbeard often fought wearing a big feathered tricorn hat, and with lots of  swords, knives, and pistols. Some pictures show him with lighted rope matches woven into his enormous black beard during battle. The matches burned slowly and gave of lots of smoke.  They were designed to make him look frightening.   He probably got the idea from seeing the burning rope was used to light the gunpowder in cannons and guns. (These old fashioned guns were called _matchlocks_, later a flint was used to make a spark, these were called flintlock guns). No one knows how many wives Blackbeard had. The book _A General History of the Pirates_ says that he had as many as fourteen wives, but he was not legally married to most of them.

## Early life

Blackbeard is thought to have been born in Bristol, England. Teach went to sea when he was very young. He served on an English ship in the War of the Spanish Succession, privateering in the Spanish West Indies and along the Spanish Main. At the war's end in 1713, Teach, like many other privateers, turned to piracy. Blackbeard was born in a trade epicenter and he grew up knowing about sailing. Many merchant ships landed and traded there.

## Blackbeard the Pirate

He began as a pirate under Benjamin Hornigold. In 1716, Hornigold retired, taking advantage of an amnesty offered to former privateers by the British government. Teach then took command of his own ship.

During the next two years Blackbeard attacked merchant ships, forcing them to allow his crew to board their ship. The pirates would seize all of the valuables, food, liquor, and weapons. Ironically, despite his ferocious reputation, there are no verified accounts of him actually killing anyone.

## Capture and death

The Lieutenant-Governor of Virginia, Alexander Spotswood sent two ships after Blackbeard.  On 18 November 1718, Lt. Robert Maynard sailed from Hampton, Virginia to Ocracoke Inlet, North Carolina.  On 22 November 1718, Maynard and his men defeated Blackbeard and the pirates.  The most complete account of the following events comes from the _Boston News-Letter_:

Teach was said to have been shot five times and stabbed more than twenty times before he died and was decapitated. Legends about his death immediately sprang up. His headless body, was thrown overboard, but swam three times around the ship before sinking. Teach's head was placed as a trophy on the bowsprit of the ship.  Captain Maynard had to keep the head to claim his prize when he returned home. Later, Teach's head hung from a pike in Bath, Somerset.
Sizzler

**Sizzler** is a chain of steakhouse restaurants in the United States and other countries around the world.
Breakfast at Tiffany's

***Breakfast at Tiffany's*** is a 1961 American romantic comedy-drama movie based on Truman Capote's novella (short book), and starring Audrey Hepburn and George Peppard. The movie won two Academy Awards. It was nominated for a total of five awards. It was directed by Blake Edwards, who also directed seven Pink Panther movies.

## Summary of the story

_Breakfast at Tiffany's_ is about a young woman named Holly Golightly. Holly suffered an abusive childhood, along with her brother, Fred. She and Fred ran from the abuse, and were taken in by "Doc" Golightly, who married her when she was about fourteen. Soon after, the marriage was annulled, and Holly again ran in search of a happier life. She eventually landed in New York City, where she became a high society escort, trying to raise money to make a home for herself and her brother.
Paul Varjak, an aspiring writer being kept by an older woman, moves into Holly's building. Paul is amused by Holly's madcap lifestyle, and Holly sees Paul as a sort of "kindred spirit" in that they both are engaged in questionable business pursuits. They quickly form a friendship, but at some point, Paul's feelings turn romantic. The romantic attraction becomes mutual after a day of high-spirited fun; however, Holly's fear of being "caged" leads her to reject the relationship.
After some time passes and Holly suffers a series of setbacks, she is reunited with Paul, and has to decide whether she should keep running from commitment, or accept the love he offers. The movie ends with a very famous scene of Holly, her "no-name" cat, and Paul embracing in the rain.

### Explanation of the title

Holly suffers from bouts of anxiety (the "mean reds"), and finds spending time at Tiffany & Co. calming. She feels "nothing very bad" can happen to a person in such elegant surroundings. Though she clearly aspires to own beautiful and expensive things, it also seems she yearns for the sense of stability and protection she associates with wealth. She sometimes gets a breakfast pastry in the morning and takes it with her to look in the store. When she spends a day with Paul, she takes him to Tiffany & Co., so they can look at all the fine jewelry, and he can experience one of her favorite places.

## Other websites

- Breakfast at Tiffany's  at the TCM Movie Database
- Tiffany & Co., the jewelry story where the movie gets its name

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: Breakfast at Tiffany's (movie)
- **image**: Breakfast at Tiffany's (1961 poster).jpg
- **caption**: Movie poster from 1961
- **producer**: Martin Jurow  and Richard Shepherd (producer), Richard Shepherd
- **director**: Blake Edwards
- **writer**: Truman Capote (novel)
George Axelrod (screenplay)
- **starring**: Audrey Hepburn
George Peppard
Patricia Neal
Buddy Ebsen
Martin Balsam
Mickey Rooney
José Luis de Villalonga
- **music**: Henry Mancini
- **cinematography**: Franz Planer and Philip H. Lathrop
- **editing**: Howard A. Smith
- **distributor**: Paramount Pictures
- **released**: October 5, 1961
- **runtime**: 115 minutes
- **budget**: United States dollar, $2,500,000
- **language**: English
Juan Ignacio Molina

**Juan Ignacio Molina**. Born June 24 1740; Died September 12 1829; Chilean Naturalist.
He is usually referred to as **Abate Molina** (form of Abbott Molina). He wrote _Compendio della storia geografica, naturale e civile del regno del Cile_ (1776), latter translated in English, French, German and Spanish. The journal _Moliniana_ is dedicated in his honour.

## Related pages

- List of biologists

## Source

- Charles E. Ronan: Juan Ignacio Molina. The World's Window on Chile.
Mescaline

_Mescaline_' (3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine) is a chemical substance. It occurs naturally in some cactuses, like the Peyote cactus, the Peruvian Torch cactus or the San Pedro cactus. Small amounts of it can also be found in certain members of the Fabaceae (bean) family, like Acacia berlandieri.

The chemical can cause hallucinations. In has been used as a drug in Native American religious ceremonies. It is illegal in many countries. Some people use it as an illegal drug.

Mescaline is used primarily as a recreational drug and is also used to supplement various types of meditation and psychedelic therapy. It is classified as a schedule I drug in the U.S., making it illegal in all forms; however, it remains legal in certain religious ceremonies registered by the Native American Church. Schedule I drugs have a high potential for abuse, no currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States, and a lack of accepted safety for use under medical supervision.

## Use and effects

- visual hallucinations and radically altered states of consciousness (psychedelic experience)
- open and closed eye visualizations
- euphoria
- dream-like state
- slowed passage of time
- laughter
- a mixing of senses (synesthesia, such as "seeing a sound" or "hearing colors")
- pupil dilation

## Side effects or risks

- anxiety, fear
- racing heart beat (tachycardia)
- dizziness
- weakness
- diarrhea
- excessive sweating
- tremors
- nausea, vomiting
- headache
- accidental injury
- psychosis, panic or paranoia
- seizures
- amnesia (loss of memory)
- post hallucinogen perceptual disorder (flashbacks)
- rarely, suicidal thoughts or actions

## Use in Pregnancy

According to the National Institute of Drug Abuse (NIDA), researchers have found that mescaline found in peyote may affect the fetus of a pregnant woman using the drug.
Psilocybin

**Psilocybin** is a chemical substance. It can cause hallucinations when eaten, and has also been found to reverse psychological conditioning, grow brain cells and heal the brain. It occurs in many kinds of fungi and mushrooms, most notably Psilocybin mushrooms. Most of these are known as psychedelic mushrooms. It grows in Europe, South America, Mexico, and the United States. Mushrooms that contain psilocybin are known as magic mushrooms.

The substance is used as a recreational drug. It is illegal in many countries.

Psilocybin works by activating serotonin receptors, most often in the prefrontal cortex. This part of the brain affects mood, cognition, and perception. Hallucinogens also work in other regions of the brain that regulate arousal and panic responses.

The hallucinogenic effects of psilocybin usually occur within 30 minutes after a person ingests it and last 4–6 hours. In some individuals, changes in sensory perception and thought patterns can last for several days.

In 2016, Johns Hopkins Medicine researchers first reported that treatment with psilocybin under psychologically supported conditions significantly relieved existential anxiety and depression in people.
Diazepam

**Diazepam** (brand names: **Valium**, **Dialar**, **Diazemuls**, **Diazepam Desitin**, **Diazepam RecTubes**, **Stesolid** and **Tensium**) is a benzodiazepine. It acts to reduce anxiety (as an anxiolytic medication).

It is made mostly to treat anxiety, certain forms of epilepsy, muscle spasms (seizures), fits, and sleeping problems. It can also be taken to help people relax before an operation or other medical or dental treatments. This is known as a pre-med. Compared to similar medications, its half-life is on the longer end.

It works by increasing the levels of a calming chemical in the brain called GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid). Like with other benzodiazepines, there is a risk of addiction if it is used for long periods of time. For this reason the drug used for 2-4 weeks maximum to avoid dependence.

Diazepam was patented in 1959 by Hoffmann-La Roche. It has been one of the most prescribed medications in the world since 1963 many times. In 1985, the patent ended. There are now 500 or more brands available on the market. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.

## Prescribing

It has been the most prescribed medicine in the United States many times. It was the best-selling medication between 1968 and 1982 in America. There, it sold more than 2 billion tablets in 1978 alone. In 2022, it was the 169th most popular medication in the United States, with more than 3 million prescriptions.

## Use

It is sometimes used recreationally to cause a calming effect. Diazepam has caused huge problems in Scotland in the past.

## Related pages

- Hydrocodone
- Benzodiazepine

## Infobox (drug)

- **verifiedfields**: changed
- **watchedfields**: changed
- **verifiedrevid**: 443634166
- **image**: Diazepam structure.svg
- **width**: 200
- **image2**: Diazepam-from-xtal-3D-balls.png
- **tradename**: Valium, Vazepam, Valtoco, others
- **medlineplus**: a682047
- **dailymedid**: Diazepam
- **pregnancy au**: C
- **dependency liability**: High
- **addiction liability**: Moderate
- **routes of administration**: Oral administration, oral, Intramuscular injection, intramuscular, Intravenous therapy, intravenous, Rectal administration, rectal, Nasal administration, nasal, Buccal administration, buccal film
- **class**: Benzodiazepine
- **atc prefix**: N05
- **atc suffix**: BA01
- **legal au**: S4
- **legal br**: B1
- **legal ca**: Schedule IV
- **legal de**: Rx-only/Anlage III
- **legal nz**: Class C
- **legal uk**: POM
- **legal us**: Schedule IV
- **legal un**: Psychotropic schedule IV
- **legal status**: Rx-only
- **bioavailability**: 76% (64–97%) oral, 81% (62–98%) rectal
- **metabolism**: Liver – CYP2B6 (minor route) to desmethyldiazepam, CYP2C19 (major route) to inactive metabolites, CYP3A4 (major route) to temazepam
- **metabolites**: * Nordiazepam
* Temazepam
- **elimination half-life**: ();  ( for main active metabolite desmethyldiazepam)
- **excretion**: Kidney
- **cas number**: 439-14-5
- **pubchem**: 3016
- **iuphar ligand**: 3364
- **drugbank**: DB00829
- **chemspiderid**: 2908
- **unii**: Q3JTX2Q7TU
- **kegg**: D00293
- **chebi**: 49575
- **chembl**: 12
Fluoxetine

**Fluoxetine hydrochloride**, also known by its trade name **Prozac**, is an antidepressant medication. It is used to treat depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder and panic disorder, bulimia and other disorders. Fluoxetine is one of a group of antidepressants called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). There are newer drugs available to treat these conditions. Fluoxetine remains very popular still.

Fluoxetine was invented by Eli Lilly and Company in 1972 and entered medical use in 1986. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. It is available as a generic medication. In 2022, it was the 22nd most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 24 million prescriptions. It is the third most prescribed antidepressant.

Fluoxetine taken during pregnancy is said to cause significant increase in congenital heart defects in newborn babies but most babies born to women taking prozac have a normal heart. It has been suggested that fluoxetine therapy may be continued during breastfeeding if it was used during pregnancy or if other antidepressants have not been effective. The drug passes into breastmilk and may cause side effects in nursing babies, so it is important to ask the doctor or midwife for advice on taking it during or after pregnancy.
Portable Document Format

The ***Portable Document Format*** (**PDF**) is a file format for storing documents on a computer. Adobe created it in 1993 to make it easier to exchange documents. PDF is often used to make documents print-ready. PDF documents can have stylised text and images in them.

The document is stored in such a way that the content does not change the way it looks on different screens, computers and printers as can happen with other file formats.

PDF is an open standard that was officially published on July 1, 2008 by the ISO.

PDF reader software is required to read PDF documents.
Ashmore and Cartier Islands

The **Territory of the Ashmore and Cartier Islands** () is the collective name for two groups of small low-lying uninhabited tropical islands. The islands are in the Indian Ocean north-west of Australia and south of the Indonesian island of Roti. The Australian mainland is about  to the southwest, the island of Timor (and Roti next to it) is about  to the north.

The territory includes **Ashmore Reef** (West, Middle, and East Islets) and **Cartier Island**  east with, a total area of  within the reefs and including the lagoons, and  of dry land. They have a long coastline, over , but there are no ports or harbours, only offshore anchorage. Nearby **Hibernia Reef**,  northeast of Ashmore Reef, is not part of the territory, because it has no permanently dry land area, although large parts of the reef become exposed during low tide.

## Government

The territory is administered from Canberra by the Australian Department of the Environment and Heritage. Therefore, it is a dependency within the commonwealth. The islands are visited by seasonal caretakers.