juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Coat of arms of Haiti

The first **coat of arms of Haiti** was created in 1807, and has appeared in its current form since 1986.

It has a palm, with several flags at its sides, and two cannons on a green lawn. On the lawn there are several objects, such as musical instruments (a snare drum and bugles), guns, and ship anchors. Above the palm tree, there is a Phrygian cap placed as a symbol of freedom.

The ribbon on the bottom displays the national motto: _L'Union Fait La Force_ (French for "Union Makes Strength").
Nu (letter)

**Nu** (uppercase/lowercase **Ν ν**) is a letter of the Greek alphabet used to represent the "n" sound in Ancient and Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 50. Letters that came from it include the Roman N and Cyrillic Н.

In statistics, the lowercase  can be used to represent degrees of freedom. In physics, the same letter can also used to represent kinematic viscosity and the frequency of a wave.

When typesetting mathematics, sometimes the roman lowercase  is used in conjunction with , sometimes leading to problems with both letters being indistinguishable from each other in some fonts.

## Related pages

- Mu (letter)
Flag of Haiti

The **flag of Haiti** was adopted on February 25, 1986. The flag has two horizontal bands of equal height; the top stripe is blue and the bottom is red. In the center there is a white rectangle with the Coat of Arms of Haiti which consists of a palm tree with several flags at its sides. There are two cannons on either side of the palm tree. The civil flag and the ensign (the one used by commercial ships) do not have a coat of arms.

The Haitian flag was created by the revolutionary Jean-Jacques Dessalines in 1803 from the French flag (the _Tricolore_); he eliminated the white stripe and left only the blue and red stripes in the new flag.

From May 25 1964 to February 25 1986, during the dictatorship of Francois and Jean-Claude Duvalier, the country had a different flag, in red and black, and divided vertically, not horizontally.

## Other websites

- The Louverture Project: Flag of Haiti

## Infobox (flag)

- **name**: Republic of Haiti
- **nickname**: _Bicolour_
- **image**: Flag of Haiti.svg
- **use**: 011011
- **proportion**: 3:5
- **design**: A horizontal Bicolour (flag), bicolour of blue and red, charged with Coat of arms of Haiti, the coat of arms in a small white box in the center.
- **designer**: Catherine Flon
- **image2**: Flag of Haiti (civil).svg
- **use2**: 100100
- **proportion2**: 3:5
- **design2**: A horizontal Bicolour (flag), bicolour of blue and red.
- **designer2**: Catherine Flon
Xi

**Xi** (uppercase/lowercase **Ξ ξ**) is the 14th letter of the Greek alphabet. It is used to represent the "x" sound in Ancient and Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 60. The Roman letter X and Cyrillic letter Ѯ came from Xi.

In mathematics, both uppercase Ξ and lowercase ξ are used to refer to variants of Riemann Xi function (itself a variant of Riemann zeta function). In physics, the uppercase Ξ is used to represent the cascade particle and xi baryon.
Omicron

**Omicron** (uppercase/lowercase **Ο ο**), otherwise referred to as **o** for short, is a letter of the Greek alphabet. It is used to represent the short "o" sound in Ancient and Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 70. Letters that came from it include the Roman O and Cyrillic О.

In mathematics and computer science, the uppercase Ο is used in big-O notation, while the lowercase ο is used in little-o notation (a variant of big-O notation).

## Related pages

- O (letter)
Pi (letter)

**Pi** (uppercase/lowercase **Π π**), is the letter of the Greek alphabet, used to represent the "p" sound in Ancient and Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, it had a value of 80. Letters that came from it include the Roman P and Cyrillic П.

In mathematics, the uppercase pi is used for the Pi product operator (for example. ), similar to the way summation is used. The lowercase pi is used as the mathematical constant pi, also known as Archimedes'<nowiki/>s constant.

## Related pages

- Phi
- Tau
San (letter)

**San** (uppercase/lowercase **Ϻ ϻ**) was an old letter in the Greek alphabet that was used in some Greek cities before the alphabet got its classical standard form. It looked like the letter Mu (M), but was spoken like S. In the 6th century BC, people stopped using it and wrote Sigma (Σ) instead.
Sho (letter)

**Sho** (uppercase/lowercase **Ϸ ϸ**), was a letter added to the Greek alphabet in order to write the Bactrian language. It was used for the "sh" sound in Bactrian.
Koppa (Greek letter)

**Koppa** or **Qoppa** (uppercase/lowercase ****) was a letter of the Greek alphabet that was used in some Greek cities before the alphabet got its classic standard form. It is no longer used in normal writing today. It was pronounced as "k", just like Kappa (Κ). In the 5th century BC, people stopped using it and it fell out of use. Kappa then replaced it. In the order of the letters in the alphabet, it came between Pi and Rho, just like in the Latin alphabet the letter Q comes between P and R. However, they kept Koppa as a sign for the number "90" in the system of Greek numerals, but in a third numerical form. People still sometimes use it in this way, even though they do not use it as a letter to write words.

The letter Koppa at first looked like a circle with a small bar under it. Later it was written more like a pointed S. (**Ϟ**, **ϟ**)

The letter Q in the Latin alphabet and the letter Ҁ in the Cyrillic alphabet come from Koppa.

## Other websites

- Koppa (alphabetic use)
- Koppa (numeric use)
Rho

**Rho** (uppercase/lowercase **Ρ ρ**) is the 17th letter of the Greek alphabet. It is used to represent the "r" sound in Ancient and Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 100. Letters that came from it include the Roman R and Cyrillic Р.

In statistics, the lowercase Rho ("ρ") is used to represent population correlation. In physics, the same letter is used to represent density.

## Related pages

- Spearman's rank correlation coefficient, represented by ρ
Sigma

**Sigma** (uppercase/lowercase **Σ σ ς**) is the 18th letter of the Greek alphabet. It is used to represent the "s" sound in Ancient and Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 235. Letters that came from it include the Roman S and Cyrillic С.

## Mathematics

The uppercase Σ is the shorthand symbol for summation (the symbol is also known as the summation operator). It is often used to condense Taylor series and to write out trigonometric such as sine, cosine, and tangent as series.

The lowercase σ is used to represent population standard deviation in statistics, and permutation function in abstract algebra.

## Related page

- Stigma (letter)
Tau

**Tau** (uppercase/lowercase **Τ τ**), is the letter of the Greek alphabet, used to represent the "t" sound in Ancient and Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, it had a value of 300. Letters that came from it include the Roman T and Cyrillic Т.

## Other Uses

Many mathematicians believe Tau should be used in place of Pi, the special number that comes from circles. Tau would be equal to two times pi, or about 6.283.

These people want to use Tau because they think it would be easier for everyone to understand. There are many reasons in math why Tau could be useful or helpful. One of the simplest is that it would make learning about radians easier.

A radian is a way of measuring the angle of a circle. It says that the number of radians in an angle is equal to the length of the outside of the circle, or the 'arc length', that is covered by an angle, divided by the radius, or distance from the point in the center of a circle to anywhere on the outside (see the picture on the bottom right of the page).

If the distance covered around the outside of a circle is equal to the radius, than one radian is being covered. Around the whole outside of a circle, there are about 6.283 radians - or, Tau radians (Tau is just a number, like 0, or 7, or 100).

The advantage of this is that one quarter of a circle would simply become Tau / 4 radians, and one half of a circle Tau / 2 radians, which is more in line with our intuition on circles (see also the drawing below).

Not many people use Tau yet, but more and more are.

## Related pages

- Tau lepton
Upsilon

**Upsilon** (uppercase/lowercase **Υ υ**), otherwise known as simply **u**, is the 20th letter of the Greek alphabet. It is used to represent the "u" sound in Ancient Greek and "i" in Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 400. Letters that came from it include the Roman U, V and Y, and the Cyrillic У.

In mathematics, the uppercase  is used to represent the upsilon function (a variant of Riemann zeta function), while the lowercase  is used as a general variable. In physics, the uppercase  is used to represent an upsilon meson. In astrology, the same letter is used for the sign of Aries.

## Related pages

- U (Cyrillic)
Phi

**Phi** (uppercase/lowercase **Φ φ**), is the 21st letter of the Greek alphabet, used to represent the "ph" sound in Ancient Greek. This sound changed to "f" some time in the 1st century AD, and in Modern Greek the letter denotes the "f" sound. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 500. The Cyrillic letter Ф came from Phi. In English, φ is pronounced like "f" but transliterated (re-written) as "ph" in words which originate in Ancient Greek. In those words which originate in Modern Greek, such as feta cheese, φ is transliterated as "f". The letter Phi is used to represent the golden ratio (which is about 1.618).

## Related pages

- Euler's totient function
Chi (letter)

**Chi** (uppercase/lowercase **Χ χ**) is the 22nd letter of the Greek alphabet. It is used to represent the "ch" sound (as in Scottish "loch" or German "Bauch") in Ancient and Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 600. Letters that came from it include the Roman X and Cyrillic Х.

In mathematics, the lowercase  is used to represent characteristic function, chi-square distribution in statistics and Euler characteristic in geometry.

## Related pages

- X (letter)
Psi (letter)

**Psi** (uppercase/lowercase **Ψ ψ**) is the 23rd letter of the Greek alphabet. It is used to represent the "ps" sound in Ancient and Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 700. Letters that came from it include Cyrillic Ѱ.

In mathematics, the uppercase  is used as a variable for sets of sentences (in logic), and the lowercase  is used to represent the sum of reciprocals of Fibonacci numbers. Other applications include the polygamma function, the gamma function and the super golden ratio.

## Related pages

- Phi
Omega

**Omega** (uppercase/lowercase **Ω ω**) is the 24th and the last letter of the Greek alphabet. It stood for a long "o" sound in Ancient Greek. It still stands for "o" in Modern Greek, but there is no longer a difference between long and short vowels, so it sounds the same as Omicron. In the system of Greek numerals, it stands for the number 800.

There was also once a letter "Omega" Ѡ in the Cyrillic alphabet. It was there so people could spell Greek names both in Cyrillic and in Greek in the same way. However, this letter is no longer used today.

In mathematics, the uppercase omega Ω is used in big-Omega notation (a variant of big-O notation). It is also used to represent the Omega constant. In electromagnetism and engineering, the uppercase Ω is used as the symbol for ohms, which are the units of electrical resistance. In physics and other sciences, the lowercase ω is often used to represent angular frequency.

In modern English, the phrase "From alpha to omega" expresses the idea of "everything".

## Related pages

- 4 on smallest infinitys
Sampi

**Sampi** (Ϡ, ϡ) is an old Greek number sign that stands for "หยก" in Thai and the number 900s. In early Ancient Greek it was sometimes also used as a real letter of the Greek alphabet, but only in the dialect of a few Greek cities in Ionia (for example Miletus) between the 7th century and 5th century BC. At that time sampi looked like Ͳ, and it was probably spoken like "ts" or "tch". Later, people stopped writing it because they no longer spoke the words that way, and they wrote double sigma (ΣΣ) instead. However, people also used Greek letters to write numbers, and here they kept sampi to write the number 900. Over time, the form of sampi was changed from  to  or  and at last to .
Aliteracy

The starting-point for this is to realize that speech is a relative newcomer in human evolution. Recently evolved behaviours are almost always less reliable than long-existing functions. Speech is evolutionarily recent and is unique to humans. Reading is built on speech (presupposes it). If speech itself is an evolutionary novelty, how much more should we expect reading to be a difficult skill?

If that were not enough, the problem of **aliteracy** exists. This is the state of being able to read but being uninterested in doing so. Teachers and school librarians are trying to deal with this problem.

## Fortune magazine article

Stratford P. Sherman wrote, in a November 18, 1991 article in Fortune magazine, about the need for America to read more.  He began by saying that most Americans could not understand the article.  He referred to a study by John P. Robinson, a sociology professor at the University of Maryland, showing that the average American at that time spent only 24 minutes per day in reading.  He mentioned the continuing decline in newspaper sales, and referred to a guess by Leonard Riggio, CEO of Barnes & Noble, that 50% of books sold by his company were never read.  He quoted Samuel Robert Lichter, director of the Center for Media and Public Affairs, on his preference for the ease of turning on the TV instead of reading a book.  Sherman went on, in his article, to mention the growing need for skillful commmunication in American business but also the decreasing quality of the same activity.  He quoted Monsanto CEO Richard Mahoney on the importance of reading in helping a business manager to see connections between events.  He described print media as being first among different media with respect to (1) the amount of information conveyed by so few widely understood symbols, (2) portability, (3) suitability for the user's own speed of use, and (4) economical distribution of broad and deep information which can be used immediately.

Sherman said that Motorola was making preparations to pay $5,000,000 to teach workers reading and other basic skills, and that, since 1982, Ford Motor Company had already sent 32,000 workers on a similar program. He said that Simon & Schuster  predicted a market of $500,000,000 per year in the sales of remedial programs to corporations.  He quoted a spokesman for the National Association of Broadcasters as saying that "the biggest predictor of scholastic success is the time parents spend reading to their children."  However, Sherman said that the amount of time thus spent meant that the outlook was "not bright".

## Related pages

- Book
- Dyslexia
- Literacy

## Other websites

- Reducing "Alliteracy" in H.S. Students by Joanne Collison
L'Anse aux Meadows

**L'Anse aux Meadows** is a historical settlement on the island of Newfoundland in eastern Canada. It was settled by Vikings from Greenland, Iceland, and Norway around the year 1000, almost 500 years before Christopher Columbus came to the Americas. It is the only known Viking place in North America outside of Greenland. The remains of the settlement were discovered in 1960, and were declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1978.http://www.pc.gc.ca/lhn-nhs/nl/meadows/index_e.asp
The Wealth of Nations

***An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations*** is better known simply as ***The Wealth of Nations***. It was written by Adam Smith in 1776, who was a Scottish man. It looks at division of work, following self-interest, and freedom of trade.

The book was the beginning of classical economics, and market economics. Smith said that if everyone did what was best for themselves, the result would be best for society. Before that, economics was about the king's personal interests, and the wealth of a nation was measured by the king's treasury or by the gold and silver in the country.

Smith said what's important is what's best for the whole nation, and that wealth should be measured by the yearly income of the nation. He wanted to discover how wealth can grow, and how people could do things to support that growth. Smith's book said land, labor, and capital were the three "factors of production" and the main contributors to a nation's wealth.

Prices naturally adjust to having more or less of something: supply and demand. If there is too much of something (more supply), prices go down so that people have more reason to buy it. If a lot of people want something (high demand), there may not be enough of it (scarcity); there will be a competition among the people who want to buy it, and some people will agree to pay more to get what they want, and prices go up.

Smith said markets should be free. At the time, some big companies (like the East India Company) were controlled by the government. Sometimes the rulers made laws that were good for themselves but not for workers or customers. For example, in the American colonies, colonists could grow cotton but were not allowed to make clothing from it. They had to ship it to England to be made into clothing, then buy it back after it was finished. Smith said this was bad for individuals and for society. He thought it was better for money to flow freely and naturally between buyers and sellers without outside interference. Money would naturally go to the sellers who made the best product at the best price. This way if people did what was best for them, it would end up being best for society as a whole, almost like an "invisible hand" was guiding everything.
New Castle, Indiana

**New Castle** is a city in Henry County, Indiana, 44 miles (71 km) east of Indianapolis, on the Big Blue River. In 1900, 3,406 people lived in the town; in 1910, 9,446; in 1920, 14,458; and in 1940, 16,620. The population was 17,396 in 2020. The city is the county seat of Henry County. New Castle is home to New Castle Fieldhouse, the largest high school gymnasium in the world.

## Other websites

- City of New Castle

### News & Media

- The Courier-Times
- New Castle Online

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: New Castle, Indiana
- **settlement type**: City
- **image skyline**: New-castle-indiana-from-above.jpg
- **image caption**: New Castle from the air, looking east.
- **image map**: File:Henry County Indiana Incorporated and Unincorporated areas New Castle Highlighted 1852740.svg
- **mapsize**: 250x200px
- **map caption**: Location of New Castle in Henry County, Indiana.
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: Indiana
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Indiana, County
- **subdivision name2**: Henry County, Indiana, Henry
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **established title**: Settled
- **established date**: 1822
- **area land km2**: 18.97
- **area water km2**: 0.05
- **area total km2**: 19.02
- **area total sq mi**: 7.34
- **area land sq mi**: 7.32
- **area water sq mi**: 0.02
- **area water percent**: 0.27
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 17396
- **population density km2**: 917.03
- **population density sq mi**: 2375.20
- **timezone**: North American Eastern Time Zone, EST
- **utc offset**: -5
- **timezone dst**: North American Eastern Time Zone, EDT
- **utc offset dst**: -4
- **elevation ft**: 1063
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 47362
- **website**: [http://www.cityofnewcastle.net/ www.cityofnewcastle.net/]
- **area code**: Area code 765, 765
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 18-52740
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 2395191
- **unit pref**: Imperial
Pop art

**Pop art** is a modern art movement that developed in the 1950s and 60s. It was created by the Scottish sculptor and artist Eduardo Paolozzi in London, 1952. Andy Warhol, Robert Indiana and Roy Lichtenstein are examples of pop artists.

Pop art has themes and techniques drawn from popular mass culture, such as advertising and comic books. Pop art employs images of popular as opposed to elitist culture in art..

## Origin

The Independent Group (IG), founded in London in 1951, is regarded as the starting point of the pop art movement. They were a gathering of young painters, sculptors, architects, writers and critics who were challenging modernist approaches to culture as well as traditional views of "fine art". The group discussions centered on popular culture implications from such elements as mass advertising, movies, product design, comic strips, science fiction and technology.

At the first Independent Group meeting in 1952, co-founding member, artist and sculptor Eduardo Paolozzi presented a lecture using a series of collages titled _Bunk!_ that he had assembled during his time in Paris between 1947–1949. This material consisted of 'found objects' such as, advertising, comic book characters, magazine covers and various mass-produced graphics that mostly represented American popular culture. One of the images in that presentation was Paolozzi's 1947 collage, _I was a Rich Man's Plaything_, which includes the first use of the word "pop″, appearing in a cloud of smoke emerging from a revolver. After Paolozzi's seminal presentation in 1952, the IG focused on the imagery of American popular culture, particularly mass advertising.

## Methods

The artists use mechanical means of reproduction or rendering techniques which downplay the expressive hand of the artist.

Pop artists went for absolute clarity. Most forms were bordered with black lines as in comic books. The objects are often plain like a poster, and without perspective. The colours are clear, achromatic and primitive colours.

Objects of the everyday life get isolated and modified or processed in collages. Pop art is a connection between reality and art, handled with abstract means. Some of their catchwords are: popular, consumable, cheap, funny and outstanding.

Much of pop art is rather academic, as the unconventional organizational practices used often make it difficult for some to understand. Pop art and minimalism are considered to be the last modern art movements and so the precursors to postmodern art, or some of the earliest examples of postmodern art themselves.

## Famous pop artists

- Peter Blake
- Jim Dine
- James Gill
- Red Grooms
- Richard Hamilton
- Keith Haring

- David Hockney
- Robert Indiana
- John Joven
- Roy Lichtenstein
- John McHale
- Claes Oldenburg

- Julian Opie
- Eduardo Paolozzi
- Peter Phillips
- Pietro Psaier
- Robert Rauschenberg
- Larry Rivers

- James Rizzi
- James Rosenquist
- George Segal
- Wayne Thiebaud
- Andy Warhol
- John Wesley
- Tom Wesselmann
Museum of Modern Art

The **Museum of Modern Art (MoMA)** is a modern art museum in New York, New York, United States, on 53rd Street between Fifth and Sixth Avenues. It has been called the most important museum of modern art in the world. Some of the artists featured at the museum include Jackson Pollock, Vincent van Gogh, Andy Warhol and Robert Indiana.

## Other websites

- Museum of Modern Art official site
- Abby Aldrich Rockefeller: Patron of the modern
- New York Times, 2007: Donors Sweetened Director's Pay At MoMA, Prompting Questions Controversy over the compensation package of MoMA's Director, Glenn D. Lowry.
- Taniguchi and the New MOMA
- Museum Conservation Lab Renovation
Rankine scale

The **Rankine scale** is a thermodynamic (absolute) temperature scale. It is based around absolute zero. Rankine is similar to the kelvin scale in that it starts at absolute zero and 0 °Ra is the same as 0 K but is different as a change of 1 °Ra is the same as a change of 1 °F (Fahrenheit) and not 1 °C (Celsius). Note that the abbreviation °R is ambiguous, as it can also refer to the Réaumur scale.

The Kelvin and Rankine temperature scales are defined so that absolute zero is 0 kelvins (K) or 0 degrees Rankine (°R). The Celsius and Fahrenheit scales are defined so that absolute zero is −273.15 °C or −459.67 °F. Sometimes the unit is referred to without the degree symbol, similar to the kelvin.

The Rankine scale was originally used in the United States and France.
High fidelity

**High fidelity** or **hi-fi** is a way of describing a very good home music system. "High fidelity" means that the sound is as close to the original as possible with no changes or added noise. People who like hi-fi are sometimes called audiophiles. Hi-fi is often now called "high-end audio".

## History

In  the 1930s and 1940s, vacuum tubes were used to make radios and electronic amplifiers. Radio was becoming popular, and microphones, amplifiers and loudspeakers began to be sold. Manufacturers began to compete to produce the best product. A lot of research was done at Bell Laboratories and products were made by Western Electric.

Then a new kind of vinyl record with less noise and better sound was invented. Manufacturers began to call their equipment and records "high fidelity" to help sell them. In the 1950s, "hi-fi" became the popular term, replacing "phonograph" and "record player".  Rather than playing a record "on the phonograph," people would play it "on the hi-fi".

In the late 1950s and early 1960s, Westrex invented the stereo record that used two speakers. This led to more improvements in home audio. The word "stereo" replaced the word "hi-fi." Records were now played on "a stereo".

Some people bought individual parts (separate speakers and amplifiers), and even built their own equipment. The term "high fidelity" is still used for very good music systems.

## Other websites

- A Dictionary of Home Entertainment Terms
- Renato Giussani: Optimal Stereo Soundstage and Imaging
- The High Fidelity Museum
Stereo

**Stereophonic sound**, also simply called **stereo**, is the reproduction of sound using two or more audio  loudspeakers. This creates a pleasant and natural sound heard from various directions, as in natural hearing.

The word "stereophonic" comes from Greek _stereos_ = "solid" and _phōnē_ = "sound". It was coined by Western Electric.

In popular usage, **stereo** usually means two-channel sound recording and sound reproduction using data from two speakers. The electronic device for playing back stereo sound is often called "a stereo".
Tube sound

**Tube sound** (or **valve sound**) is the sound produced by a vacuum tube-based audio amplifier.  All amplifiers distort to some degree; some audiophiles prefer the sound produced by tube amplifiers.  The reasons for the difference in sound between tube and solid state electronic devices is a continuing debate among audiophiles.

## References

- Hamm, Russell O. Tubes Vs. Transistors: Is There An Audible Difference? in _Journal of The Audio Engineering Society_, presented September 14, 1972, at the 43rd Convention of the Audio Engineering Society, New York.
- Rosenberg, Harvey (2004). Understanding Tube Electronics II .
- Santo, Brian. Volume cranked up in amp debate in _Electronic Engineering Times_, Issue 817, October 3, 1994.
Derby (disambiguation)

**Derby** is the county town of Derbyshire. It may also refer to:

## Places

In Australia:
- Derby, Tasmania
- Derby, Western Australia

In South Africa:
- Derby, South Africa

In the United Kingdom:
- Derby Road railway station, Ipswich, England
- West Derby, Liverpool, England

In the United States:
- Derby, Colorado
- Derby, Connecticut
- Derby, Iowa
- Derby, Kansas
- Derby, New York
- Derby, Vermont
- Derby Line, Vermont

## Sport

- Derby County F.C., a football club currently playing in the Premier League
- Derby (horse race), a race usually restricted to three year old horses
    - Epsom Derby
    - German Derby
    - Kentucky Derby
    - New Zealand Derby
    - Victoria Derby

- Local derby, a game between two neighbouring teams
- Demolition derby
- Roller derby
- Soap Box Derby
- Bike derby
- Fishing derby
- Home Run Derby

## Other meanings

- Apache Derby, a Java relational database management system from Apache Software Foundation (ASF)
- Earl of Derby, a title in the peerage of England
- Derby hat, another name for a bowler hat
- Derby shoe
- Derby cigarettes, a brand of cigarettes sold in some parts of Latin America
- Royal Crown Derby, a pottery factory in Derby, England
- Derby Missile, a beyond-visual-range (BVR) air-to-air missile developed by RAFAEL Armament Development Authority.
- Derby Records, a record label.
- Sage Derby cheese, a kind of cheese.
Gamma (disambiguation)

Gamma is a Greek letter. Used as a symbol or name it may refer to:

## Language

- Latin gamma, used as an IPA symbol for voiced velar fricative, and in the alphabets of African languages.

## Science and Mathematics

The Greek letter gamma is used in both science and mathematics very often.

### Unspecified

- Gamma wave, a type of brain wave
- Lapse rate, the temperature change with height in an atmosphere
- linewidth, relating to uncertainty of mass energy in short-lived particles
- Gamma is an old non-SI name for either a microgram or for a nanotesla, SI units
- Gamma quadra, in Socionics

### Lower case, γ

- Gamma correction, a property of images and video displays
- Gamma ray, also Gamma radiation, an electromagnetic ray
- Adiabatic index, also known as the Heat capacity ratio, the ratio of the heat capacity at constant pressure to that at constant volume.
- Bayer designation, the third brightest star
- Euler-Mascheroni constant, a mathematical constant
- photon, seen as an elementary particle in physics
- Lorentz factor in relativity theory and astronomy
- propagation constant of an electromagnetic wave
- voiced velar fricative in phonetics

### Upper case, Γ

- Gamma distribution, a probability distribution function
- Gamma function, a mathematical function
- Christoffel symbol in General Relativity
- reflection coefficient in electrical engineering
- mathematical finance, where it is a risk measure, or _Greek_
- center of the Brillouin zone
- The Feferman-Schütte_ordinal Γ<sub>0</sub>

## Technology

- Gamma software, in computer software and video game development
- GM Gamma platform - a subcompact automobile platform by General Motors
- Gamma correction, in video, graphics, color spaces, and photographic imaging
- Elias gamma coding, in computer science, encoding, compression

## Things and places

- Tropical Storm Gamma, an Atlantic tropical storm

## Popular culture

- Brave New World, where it is the third caste
- E-102 Gamma, a video game character
- Gamma (band), a rock band
Chi

**CHI** could mean:

- Chile, the long and narrow South American nation between the Andes and the Pacific Ocean.
- Chicago, the IATA city code for a major US city (sometimes informally written "Chi" or "Chi-town"). Additionally, most Chicago sports teams can be called "CHI" or "Chi" when citing scores, etc.
    - Chicago Bears, a National Football League team
    - Chicago Blackhawks, a National Hockey League team
    - Chicago Bulls, a National Basketball Association team
    - Chicago Cubs, a Major League Baseball team
    - Chicago White Sox, a Major League Baseball team
- Child Health International, a UK based charity for children's health (especially Cystic Fibrosis) in poor countries
- Human-Computer Interaction, otherwise known as Computer-Human Interaction (CHI)
    - CHI, an annual, international academic conference on the topic of Computer-Human Interaction
- Chromosomal crossover, in homologous recombination, a viral DNA sequence called a "crossover hotspot instigator" (CHI)
- CHI, Longwood University's, secret honorary society formed in 1900 in Farmville, Virginia
- Closed Head Injury, meaning the skull is not broken.
- Columbia Helicopters, Inc of Aurora, Oregon.  Manufacturer and Operator of heavy lift helicopters
- Chingford railway station, London; National Rail station code CHI

## Chi

**Chi** could mean:
- Chi, the Greek letter, Χ
    - The Chi distribution, which is denoted by
    - The Chi-square distribution, which is denoted by
- Chi (kana), a letter used in the Japanese script Hiragana
- _Chi (magazine)_, an Italian magazine based in Milan
- Chi Cheng (musician), Bassist for Deftones
- Chi McBride, actor
- Chi River in North-East Thailand
- Chi, a fictional character in the anime/manga series _Chobits_
- In Igbo mythology in Nigeria, Chi is a god or personification of an individual's fate
- Chi is an alleged life force in every thing
Nu

**Nu** could mean:
- Nu, a letter in the Greek alphabet: lowercase ν, uppercase Ν
- Nu (kana), the Japanese characters ぬ and ヌ
- NU (sound project)
- Nu (mythology), the male form of the Egyptian goddess Naunet
- Nu (Chrono Trigger), a fictional species from the video game _Chrono Trigger_
- .nu, the Internet top-level domain for Niue
- Nu people, a Chinese ethnic group
- Nu river or Salween River
- U Nu or Mr. Nu, a former Burmese prime minister
- Nǀu language, a moribund Tuu (Khoisan) language spoken by the Nǁnǂe people in South Africa
- Nu Gundam, in the anime _Mobile Suit Gundam: Char's Counterattack_
- "***Nu***"? is a Yiddish word meaning "so?" now also absorbed into English meaning "so, what's happening?" or "so, what do you say?"

In **universities**:
- Naresuan University, a public university in Phitsanulok, Thailand
- Niagara University, a Roman Catholic university in Niagara County, New York
- Northwestern University, an American research institution in Evanston, Illinois
- Northeastern University, an American research university in Boston, Massachusetts
- Norwich University, a private American military and traditional university in Northfield, Vermont
- National University (Philippines), a private, non-sectarian university in Manila, Philippines

In **other abbreviations**:
- Nunavut (NU), the largest and newest territory in the territories of Canada
- Nahdatul Ulama (NU), an Islamic group in Indonesia
- Nusselt number (Nu), a dimensionless heat transfer ratio
- Nucellar embryony (Nu+), a form of seed reproduction that occurs in certain plant species
- Bhutanese ngultrum (Nu.), Bhutan's official currency

In **codes**:
- Japan Transocean Air IATA airline designator
- Nicaragua NATO country code
- Niue ISO 3166 country code

In **music**:
- Nu metal, a fusion genre of Heavy Metal
Phi (disambiguation)

**Phi** could mean:

- The letter phi
- The golden ratio
- Euler's totient function
- A statistical measure of association reported with the chi-square test
Pi (disambiguation)

**Pi (math)**, ****, or **π**, is the mathematical constant equal to a circle's circumference divided by its diameter.

**Pi** may also refer to:

## Letter Pi (π)

- Pi (letter), the Greek letter
- Lowercase π:
    - _π_ (film), a 1998 film directed by Darren Aronofsky
    - (pi function), the prime-counting function
    - Pi bond
    - Osmotic pressure
    - A song from the Kate Bush album _Aerial_
    - Shorthand for pion
    - A men's fragrance from Givenchy
    - The symbol for political life used in Boethius' _Consolation of Philosophy_
- Uppercase Π:
    - The product symbol
    - (Pi function), the Gamma function when offset to coincide with the factorial
        - , the reciprocal of the Pi function

## Pi as a word

- Pi (instrument)
- Pi (.hack), a fictional character from the multimedia franchise _.hack//G.U._
- _Pi Magazine_
- Pi Recordings, a record label
- "Pi", a song from the Hard 'n Phirm album _Horses and Grasses_; the song ends at 3:14
- Pi, a member of Team Robo in _Sega Soccer Slam_
- Pi, a fictional character in the novel _Life of Pi_
- Pi County, county in Sichuan, China
Psi

**Psi** could mean:

## As a word

- Psi (Cyrillic) (Ѱ, ѱ), a letter of the early Cyrillic alphabet, adopted from Greek
- Psi (Ψ, ψ) a letter of the Greek alphabet
- Psi (comics), a character in DC Comics
- Psi (instant messaging client), a popular Jabber client program
- Psi (parapsychology), psychic or paranormal phenomena

## As a Greek letter

- J/ψ particle, a subatomic particle
- Wavefunction in Quantum Mechanics, ψ
- In mathematics, Ψ is used to denote the angle between the tangent and the x-axis in the intrinsic coordinates system
- Again in mathematics, Ψ is also used to denote the Digamma and Polygamma functions.
- In physical chemistry, Ψ represents water potential, the potential energy of a water solution relative to pure water.
- Ψ stands for psychology and psychologist, often used in the logo of various psychological associations -- for example, see IUPsyS.

### psi

- Pounds per square inch, a unit of pressure
San

**San** or **SAN** (acronym) may refer to:

In **mathematics**:
- _Stochastic Activity Network_, stochastic extension to Petri nets
- _Standard algebraic notation_, the most common algebraic chess notation

In **technology**:
- Storage area network, a network designed to attach computer storage devices
- Styrene-acrylonitrile resin, a plastic

In **biology**:
- Sinoatrial node, pacemaking tissue in the right atrium of the heart
- _Stochastic Activity Network_, stochastic extension to Petri nets

In **history**:
- The Battle Creek Sanitarium was nicknamed _The San_ by its guests.

In **fiction**:
- San (comics) is the name of a character of the Marvel Universe.
- Princess Mononoke, San is the original name of Princess Mononoke.

In **geography**:
- San, Mali, a town
- San River, a river in south-eastern Poland and western Ukraine, the Celt's word (san) means exactly river too.
- Sydney Adventist Hospital, due to the original name being the _Sydney Sanitarium,_ which was shortened to the word "san".

In **organizations** and **groups**:
- Khoisan, in Southern Africa, also known as the **San** people, or **Khwe Khoe**, or **Basarwa**.
- South African Navy

In **transportation**:
- San Motors, an Indian automobile manufacturer.
- San Diego International Airport, IATA airport code
- Sandersville Railroad, The AAR reporting mark

In **Music**:
- San (参) is High and Mighty Color's 3rd Album

In **other languages**:
- the Italian and Spanish word for Saint
- San (letter), Greek letter between Pi and Qoppa
- _-san_, a Japanese title used after a person's name, the equivalent of Mr., Mrs. or Miss. Postfix of polite expressions like "Suzuki-san", "Ichirou-san",  or "Suzuki Ichirou-san" to name a personal family name or last name, verbally and literally, generally regardless of position, sex, age, and other factors.

- Pronunciation of _3_ in Japanese and Mandarin Chinese
- Dream, in some Slavic languages
- Mountain, in Korean and Japanese.

Other uses:
- Senior Advocate of Nigeria
- _Standard Address Number_, a number used in the book trade to identify a supplier.
Sho

**Sho** could mean:
- Shodo, Japanese calligraphy
- Sho, a letter of the Greek alphabet as used to write Bactrian
- Ford SHO V6 engine, an engine designed by Yamaha Motor Company, and used in the Ford Taurus sedan between 1989 and 1995
- Simple Harmonic Oscillator
- Showtime, a premium television network whose name is often shortened to _Sho_
**Shō** could mean several things:
- **Shō** (笙), a Japanese wind instrument
- Japanese given names. The following people have the given name "Shō":
    - Sho Aikawa (哀川 翔)
    - Sho Hayami (速水 奨)
    - Sun Yat-sen (孫逸仙), a.k.a. "Nakayama Shō" (中山樵)
    - Sho Sakurai (櫻井翔)
    - Sho Yano
- The following fictional characters have the given name "Shō":
    - Sho, a ninja from Captain Commando
    - Sho of _The Drifting Classroom_
    - Shou Amabane, _Burning Rangers_
    - Syo Ashigawa, a character in _Machine Robo Rescue_
    - Sho Fukamachi, the main and titular character of _Battle Booster Armor Guyver_
    - Shō Kazamatsuri, _Whistle!_
    - Sho Marufuji (Syrus Truesdale), _Yu-Gi-Oh! GX_ (_Yu-Gi-Oh! Duel Monsters GX_)
    - Shou Tucker, _Fullmetal Alchemist_
    - Sho Tsukioka, _Battle Royale_
    - Sho Shinjo, _Battle Arena Toshinden_
    - Sho, protagonist of Koei's video game Crimson Sea
- A Japanese surname. The following people have the family name "Shō":
    - Mayumi Shō (荘 真由美)
Stigma

**Stigma** (plural: **stigmata**) may refer to:

In **biology**:

- Stigma (anatomy), a small spot, mark, scar, or minute hole
- Stigma (botany), the part of a flower which takes in pollen
- The eyespot apparatus of unicellular organisms, for example _Euglena_ and _Chlamydomonas_
- Astigmatism (eye) (stigma of the eye), difficulty in seeing clearly that is caused by a change in the inner shape of the eye

In **discrimination**:

- Badge of shame, a mark of infamy or disgrace
- Social stigma, a social disapproval of personal characteristics or beliefs that are against cultural norms, including:
    - Weight stigma, negative attitudes towards overweight/obese individuals

In **literature**:

- _Stigma_ (book), a 1963 book written by Erving Goffman
- _Stigma_ (manga), a Japanese manga story by Kazuya Minekura

In **music**:

- _Stigma_ (album), an album recorded by the band EMF in 1992
- Vinnie Stigma, the long time guitarist of the seminal hardcore bands Agnostic Front and Madball

In **sociology**:

- Stigma (sociological theory), the phenomenon whereby an individual with an attribute, which is deeply discredited by his/her society, is rejected as a result of the attribute

In **other fields**:

- A bodily mark, sore, or sensation of pain in locations corresponding to the crucifixion wounds of Jesus; see stigmata
- "Stigma" (_Enterprise_ episode), a second-season episode of _Star Trek: Enterprise_
- _Stigma_ (movie), a 1972 movie featuring Philip Michael Thomas
- Stigma (letter), a ligature of the Greek letters sigma and tau
Storage area network

A **Storage area network** (**SAN**) is a computing solution for accessing and storing data. To the user, Storage Area Networks appear to be local to the operating system, but they are actually remote.

To understand the difference between a SAN and Network Attached Storage (NAS), the difference between the file system and storage must be made clear.

The file system is the interface that allows the user to access their data that is stored in physical storage (such as hard disks). From the point of view of the user, their data is saved as files. The file system takes care of storing the file data, which might actually be broken up into pieces and stored in different locations in storage.

On a personal computer, the file system and storage are on the same machine (Direct Attached Storage). In Network Attached Storage, the file system and storage are on a remote server. In a Storage Area Network, the file system is on the local machine, and the storage is on a remote machine.
Zeta (disambiguation)

**Zeta** or **ZETA** can refer to:

## Alphabet

- Zeta (letter), the sixth letter of the Greek alphabet.

## Science

- Zeta functions, in mathematics
    - Riemann zeta function
- Tropical Storm Zeta, formed in December 2005 and lasted through January 2006
- Z-pinch, in fusion power
- Zero Energy Thermonuclear Assembly reactor, a British test facility

## Computer

- magnussoft ZETA, a computer operating system
- Zettabyte File System developed by Sun Microsystems

## Geography

- Zeta River, in Montenegro
- Zeta plain, in Montenegro

## History

- Principality of Zeta, a medieval state, today Montenegro
- Zeta Banovina, one of provinces (banovina) of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia between 1929 and 1941

## Popular culture

- Zeta Metroid, species of Metroid from Metroid II: Return of Samus
- _Z_ (movie), a political movie by Costa Gavras
- Catherine Zeta-Jones, Welsh actress
- Mobile Suit Zeta Gundam, a televised anime

## Publishing and Manufacturing

- _Zeta_ (magazine), a Baja California investigative journalism newsweekly
- GM Zeta platform, a full-size car series
- Zeta, an Australian car produced by Lightburn
- A zeta key, a tool used to drive screws and bolts which have a hexagonal socket in the head.
Rings of Saturn

The **rings of Saturn** are the planetary rings around the planet Saturn, which can be seen with a small telescope. They consist of many small particles, ranging in size from microscopic to the size of a bus (or bigger) that form clumps that move around Saturn. The particles in the rings are made almost entirely of water ice, with just a small amount of dust and other chemicals.  There are some gaps in the rings.  The moon Pan causes the gap called the "Encke gap" in Saturn's A ring. The _Cassini Division_, discovered by Giovanni Domenico Cassini, is a gap between the A ring and the B ring. It is a product of orbital resonance.
Network-attached storage

**Network attached storage** (or **NAS**) is a computing solution. It means that storage (like a number of hard disks) is put on a computer network, so different users can access it. Today, boxes that already can do this are available rather cheaply. Also, such boxes can be built easily using a small or old computer. NAS is similar to, but easier to set up than a Storage area network.
Chanson

***Chanson*** is the French word for "song".  The word is often used in music to mean any song with French words, but it is more often used when talking about songs in which lyrics have been set to music by French classical composers.

Very often "chansons" refers to the French songs that were sung in the late Middle Ages and Renaissance.  People who sang these chansons were called "chansonniers". They had various forms, including ballade, rondeau and virelai.  Some composers at the time liked to set popular poetry to music.  The earliest chansons were for two, three or four voices, many of them being for three voices.   By the 16th century most were for four voices. Sometimes, the singers were accompanied by instruments.

## Early chansons

The first important composer of chansons was the medieval composer Guillaume de Machaut.  In the Renaissance Guillaume Dufay and Gilles Binchois wrote many simple chansons.  Later Johannes Ockeghem and Josquin des Prez composed chansons which had lots of imitation between the voices. Clément Janequin wrote more simple, homophonic chansons.  He worked in the area around Paris.  Later composers such as Orlando de Lassus were influenced by the Italian madrigal. The style of music started to be used in music for instruments.

The first book of sheet music printed from movable type was _Harmonice Musices Odhecaton_, a collection of 96 chansons by many composers, published in Venice in 1501.

## Later chansons

During the 16th century French songs started to be composed with lute or keyboard accompaniment.  In the 19th century many composers wrote songs with piano accompaniment.  These chansons were often called mélodies.

## Popular Chanson

In France today "chanson" often refers to the work of more popular singers such as Georges Brassens, Jacques Brel, Édith Piaf, Camille, Olivia Ruiz.
French chansons of Jacques Brel have been translated and are interpreted in English by Arnold Johnston, Professor at West Michigan University. More than 100 chansons of Brel, Brassens, Barbara, Bécaud, Ferrat, Aznavour, Trenet et Ferré have been translated and are interpreted in German language by the Duo Stéphane & Didier (see www.deutsche-chanson-texte.de).

## Related pages

- Mélodie
A-type asteroid

**A-type asteroids** are fairly uncommon closer asteroids that have a strong, broad 1 µm olivine feature and a very reddish spectrum shortwards of 0.7 µm. They are thought to come from the completely differentiated mantle of an asteroid.

A-type asteroids are so rare that as of 2005 only 17 had been found.

## Other websites

- A technical report on **A-Type Asteroids**