juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Contras

The **contras** is the name given to the rebel groups that were active from 1979 through to the early 1990s. They were against the Sandinista Junta of National Reconstruction government in Nicaragua. Among the separate contra groups, the Nicaraguan Democratic Force (FDN) emerged as the largest by far. In 1987, virtually all contra organizations were united, at least nominally, into the Nicaraguan Resistance. During the war, the Contras' tactics included terrorism and human rights violations against civilians.

From an early stage, the rebels received financial and military support from the U.S. government. President Ronald Reagan supported the group. After the U.S. support was banned by Congress, the Reagan administration secretly gave them money from profit they gained after selling weapons to Iran. These secret activities soon became known as the Iran–Contra affair.

## Related pages

- Iran-Contra affair
- ISIS
- Communism
- Cold War

## Other websites

- Confessions of a Contra: How the CIA Masterminds the Nicaraguan Insurgency by _The New Republic_, 5 August 1985
- "The Contras' Valley Forge: How I View the Nicaragua Crisis", by Enrique Bermúdez (with Michael Johns), _Policy Review_ magazine, Summer 1988.
- The Contras and U.S. Funding from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives
- U.S. Policy Towards the Contras from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives
Daniel Ortega

**José Daniel Ortega Saavedra** (; born November 11, 1945) is a Nicaraguan politician. He has been President of Nicaragua since 2007. He also served as President of Nicaragua from 1979 to 1990. In 2025, he became Co-president of Nicaragua alongside his wife Rosario Murillo.

In November 2021, Daniel Ortega, was re-elected for a fourth five-year term with 75% of the vote, according to the first partial official results released by the Supreme Electoral Council.

## Other websites

- Office of the President

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **honorific prefix**: Excellency, His Excellency
- **name**: Daniel Ortega
- **office**: President of Nicaragua, Co-president of Nicaragua
- **alongside**: Rosario Murillo
- **office1**: President of Nicaragua
- **order1**: 54th & 58th
- **image**: Daniel Ortega Saavedra Diciembre 2024.jpg
- **caption**: Ortega in 2024
- **predecessor1**: Enrique Bolaños
- **successor1**: Himself, Rosario Murillo
(as Co-president)
- **vicepresident1**: Jaime Morales Carazo
 (2007–2012)
Moises Omar Halleslevens Acevedo, Omar Halleslevens
(2012–2017)
Rosario Murillo
(2017–2025)
- **party**: Sandinista National Liberation Front, FSLN
- **predecessor2**: Himself
(as Coordinator of the JNR)
- **successor2**: Violeta Chamorro
- **office3**: Coordinator of the
 Junta of National Reconstruction
- **predecessor3**: Francisco Urcuyo
(as Acting President)
- **vicepresident2**: Sergio Ramírez
- **successor3**: Himself
(as President)
- **office4**: First Lady of Nicaragua, First Gentleman of Nicaragua
- **president4**: Rosario Murillo
- **term label4**: Assumed role
- **status4**: Current
- **term start4**: 30 January 2025
- **birth name**: José Daniel Ortega Saavedra
- **birth place**: La Libertad, Chontales, Nicaragua
- **children**: 8, 7 with Rosario Murillo and 1 with Leticia Herrera
- **relatives**: Humberto Ortega (brother)
Camilo Ortega (brother)
Xiomara Blandino (daughter-in-law)
- **term start**: 30 January 2025
- **term start1**: 10 January 2007
- **term end1**: 30 January 2025
- **term start2**: 10 January 1985
- **term end2**: 25 April 1990
- **term start3**: 18 July 1979
- **term end3**: 10 January 1985
- **signature**: Daniel Ortega Signature.svg
- **awards**: Al-Gaddafi International Prize for Human Rights
- **battles**: Nicaraguan Revolution
Juan Bautista Sacasa

**Juan Bautista Sacasa Sacasa** (21 December 1874 - 17 April 1946) was the President of Nicaragua from 1 January 1933 to 9 June 1936. He was the eldest son of Roberto Sacasa, 44th and 46th President of Nicaragua, and wife and cousin Ángela Sacasa Cuadra. He was a relative of Benjamín Sacasa, 67th President of Nicaragua.

## Infobox (president)

- **name**: Juan Bautista Sacasa
- **image**: Juan Bautista Sacasa cph.3a44780.jpg
- **office**: President of Nicaragua
- **term start**: 1 January 1933
- **term end**: 9 June 1936
- **predecessor**: José María Moncada Tapia, José María Moncada
- **successor**: Carlos Alberto Brenes Jarquín, Carlos Alberto Brenes
- **birth date**: 21 December 1874
- **birth place**: León, Nicaragua
- **death place**: Los Angeles, California
- **nationality**: Nicaraguan
- **relations**: Benjamín Lacayo Sacasa, Benjamín Lacayo
- **alma mater**: Columbia University
- **profession**: Medical doctor
Fernando Agüero

**Fernando Bernabé Agüero Rocha** (June 11, 1920 – September 28, 2011) was a Nicaraguan politician. He was the founder (1988) and leader of the Social Conservative Party.

In 1967 Agüero was chosen to represent the conservative 1966 National Opposition Union (UNO) in the presidential election against the Somoza regime. His campaign was marked by the bloody repression of one of his political rallies in Managua. In 1971 however, Agüero signed the controversial Kupia Kumi pact with Anastasio Somoza Debayle. He was born in Managua, Nicaragua.

Agüero died in Managua, Nicaragua from pneumonia, aged 91.
Claribel Alegría

**Clara Isabel Alegría Vides** (May 12, 1924 – January 25, 2018) was a Nicaraguan poet, essayist, novelist, and journalist. She was a major voice in the literature of contemporary Central America. She wrote under the pseudonym **Claribel Alegría**. She was awarded the 2006 Neustadt International Prize for Literature. Her first book, _Anillo de Silencio_ (_Ring of Silence_) was published in 1948. She retired in 2003.

Alegría later lived in Managua, Nicaragua. She died on 25 January 2018, aged 93.

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Claribel Alegría
- **image**: Claribel Alegria.jpg
- **caption**: Alegría at the 3rd annual International Poetry Festival in Granada, Nicaragua, Granada.
- **pseudonym**: Claribel Alegría
- **birth place**: Estelí, Nicaragua
- **death place**: Managua, Nicaragua
- **occupation**: Poet, novelist
- **nationality**: Nicaraguan
Big Dreams & High Hopes

***Big Dreams & High Hopes*** is the eighth studio album by Jack Ingram. The album was released on August 25, 2009. It was his first new material in 2 years. It was produced by Big Machine Records. It debuted at #21 on Billboard's Top Country Albums Chart.

## Critical reception

Allmusic reviewer Thom Jurek gave the album three-and-a-half stars out of five. He wrote "_Big Dreams & High Hopes_ is the sound of contemporary country music and all of its tropes." He also said that most of the songs were well-written but not distinctive.
From Paris with Love

***From Paris with Love*** is a 2010 French action thriller movie. The movie is about an operative from the CIA who lives in Paris with his girlfriend. John Travolta plays Charlie Wax. Jonathan Rhys Meyers plays James Reese.

The reviews on the movie were mixed. This movie was released on February 5, 2010.
The Fall of Rome

***The Fall of Rome*** is the only studio album by Winter Solstice. The album was released on March 8, 2005.

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: The Fall of Rome
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: Winter Solstice (band), Winter Solstice
- **released**: March 8, 2005
- **recorded**: October–November 2004
- **genre**: Metalcore, Christian metal
- **length**: 40:17
- **label**: Metal Blade Records, Metal Blade
Sally Menke

**Sally Menke** (December 17, 1953 – September 27, 2010) was an American movie and television editor. She was editor for all Quentin Tarantino movies before her death. She also edited documentaries for CBS.

She was born in Mineola, New York. She died from heat stress in Los Angeles, California.
Mario Party Advance

is a party game in the Mario Party series. It was the seventh game in the Mario Party series, the first to be released on a handheld console. The game got mixed reviews, including a 54/100 from Metacritic  and a 1/10 from Eurogamer (who called the game "a dud").

## Infobox (video game)

- **title**: Mario Party Advance
- **developer**: Hudson Soft
- **publisher**: Nintendo
- **genre**: Party game, Party
- **series**: Mario Party (series), Mario Party
- **platform**: Game Boy Advance
Trumpeter swan

The **trumpeter swan** (_Cygnus buccinator_) is the largest species of swan. It is found in North America.
Ghulam Azam

**Ghulam Azam** (; 7 November 1922 – 23 October 2014) was the Ameer of Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh until 2000. Azam hated the idea of independence of Bangladesh during the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War. Azam was convicted for war crimes in July 2013.

Azam died in Dhaka, Bangladesh from a stroke, aged 91.

## Infobox (politician)

- **name**: Ghulam Azam
- **image**: Ghulam Azam Office 2009.jpg
- **office**: Leader of Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh
- **term start**: 1960
- **term end**: 2000
- **predecessor**: Maulana Abdur Raheem
- **successor**: Motiur Rahman Nizami
- **birth place**: Dhaka, Bengal, British Raj (now Bangladesh)
- **death place**: Dhaka, Bangladesh
- **party**: Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh, Jamaat-e-Islami
- **spouse**: Afifa Azam
- **relations**: wife
- **children**: 6
- **alma mater**: Dhaka University
- **occupation**: Politician
John Bramlett

**John "the Bull" Bramlett** (July 7, 1941 – October 23, 2014) was an American football linebacker. He played from 1965 to 1971 on four teams. They were the Denver Broncos, the Miami Dolphins and the Boston Patriots in the American Football League and the Patriots and the Atlanta Falcons in the National Football League .

He was a two time AFL All-Star. Bramlett served as a minister before his death. Bramlett was born in Memphis, Tennessee.

Bramlett died on October 23, 2014, in Memphis, Tennessee, according to the Shelby County Mayor's Office, aged 73.

## Other websites

- A quick timeline of Dolphins History  Retrieved March 7, 2006
- A biography of Bramlett  Retrieved March 7, 2006

## Infobox (sportsperson)

- **fontcolor**: orange
- **birth place**: Memphis, Tennessee
- **death place**: Memphis, Tennessee
- **position**: linebacker, LB
- **college**: Memphis State University, Memphis State
- **jersey**: **57**
- **databasefootball**: BRAMLJOH01
- **pfr**: BramJo00
- **years**: 1965 AFL season, 1965-1966 AFL season, 1966
1967 AFL season, 1967-1968 AFL season, 1968
1969 AFL season, 1969
1970 NFL season, 1970
1971 NFL season, 1971
- **teams**: **American Football League, AFL** Denver Broncos
**American Football League, AFL** Miami Dolphins
**American Football League, AFL** New England Patriots, Boston Patriots
NFL New England Patriots, Boston Patriots
NFL Atlanta Falcons
- **aflallstar**: 1966 AFL season, 1966, 1967 AFL season, 1967
Alvin Stardust

**Bernard William Jewry** (27 September 1942 – 23 October 2014), known as **Alvin Stardust**, was an English pop singer and stage actor. He first performed as **Shane Fenton**. He was best known for singles released in the 1970s and 1980s, including "My Coo Ca Choo", the UK Singles Chart-topper "Jealous Mind", and "I Feel Like Buddy Holly".

Stardust was born in Muswell Hill, London. He was raised in Mansfield, Nottinghamshire. He died in Ifold, West Sussex, England from prostate cancer, aged 72.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Alvin Stardust
- **image**: Alvin Stardust - TopPop 1974 8.png
- **caption**: Alvin Stardust in 1974
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Bernard William Jewry
- **birth place**: Muswell Hill, North London, England
- **death place**: Ifold, West Sussex, England
- **genre**: Glam rock, rock and roll, pop music, pop, musical theatre, actor
- **alias**: Shane Fenton
- **instrument**: Vocal, guitar
- **years active**: 1960–2014
- **website**: [http://www.alvinstardust.com/ alvinstardust.com]
Göran Johansson

**Bengt Göran Lennart Johansson** (31 August 1945 – 23 October 2014) was a Swedish politician. He was a member of the Swedish Social Democratic Party.

He was for many years, he served as the chairman (commissioner) of the Gothenburg Municipality Executive Board. With a working class background, he was a union leader at his workplace at SKF and later became the Social Democratic Party's "strong man" in Gothenburg.

Johansson served as Mayor of Gothenberg from 1988 through 1991.

He was one of the best known politicians in Sweden. H has been voted as one of the most popular politicians. But he has also been criticized for an undemocratic leadership which has made several – especially female – politicians leave their assignments within the Social Democratic Party.

Johansson suffered from systemic lupus erythematosus, which caused his face to look swollen and red. He was nominated for the 2008 World Mayor award.

Johansson died on 23 October 2014 in Gothenburg Municipality at the age of 69.

## Other websites

- CityMayors profile
Millas Mirakel

**Millas Mirakel** was a pop group in the town of Halmstad, Sweden. The group scored chart successes in Sweden during the late 1980s. One of their more famous songs were _Rytmen av ett regn_.

### Albums

- 1987 - _Stillbilder_
- 1989 - _Hög puls!_

### Singles

- 1987 - _Rytmen av ett regn_ / _Nyfallen gloria_
- 1989 - _Snälla flickor kommer till himmelen...vi andra kommer hur långt som helst_ / _Tom ficka_
- 1989 - _Ensam i september_ / _Minnet av din kropp_

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Millas Mirakel
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Halmstad, Sweden
- **genre**: pop music, pop
- **years active**: late 1980s in music, 1980s-
- **past members**: Camilla Andersson, Morgan Hjalmarsson
Miio

**Miio** is a teen pop group from Sweden. The group was established by the Tetrapop producer in 2003. The group scored chart successes in Sweden between 2003-2005.

The group originally consited of the girls Josefine Wahlsten and Linnéa Roxeheim In 2004 Linnéa left the group, and was replaced by 19 years old Mia. Mia appread on the group's second album.

### Albums

- På vårt sätt - 2003
- Fever - 2004

### Singles

- När vi två blir en/När vi två blir en (instrumental) - 2003 (with Daddy Boastin')
- Ska vi gå hem till dig/Ska vi gå hem till dig - 2003 (with Ayo on the A-side)
- Girls Just Want to Have Fun/Girls Just Want to Have Fun (karaokeversion)/Girls Just Want to Have Fun (video) - 2004 (with Dita)
- Once/So Emotional - 2005

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Miio
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Sweden
- **genre**: teen pop
- **years active**: 2003 in Swedish music, 2003-
- **associated acts**: Ayodele Ajayi Eriksson, Ayo
Immanuel Nobel

**Immanuel Nobel**  (24 March 1801 – 3 September 1872), the younger, was a Swedish engineer and inventor. He was the inventor of the rotary lathe used in plywood manufacturing. He was the father of Robert Nobel, Ludvig Nobel and Alfred Nobel. He also often experimented with nitroglycerin with his sons.

Nobel moved to Russia from Sweden in 1838. This was to sell his inventions in St. Petersburg. He lived there for two decades with his family. Immanuel founded a successful war supplies factory. The end of the Crimean War in 1856 brought about a shift in Russian policies. Tsar Alexander II ordered a severe cut in the military budget. Immanuel's company lost money. In 1859, Immanuel returned to Sweden. He left his factory to his son Ludvig. In 1862 Immanuel's firm was finally sold by his creditors.
Emoji

are symbols or faces often used in text messages on a mobile phone or computer. They come in all shapes and sizes and can mean many things depending on when and how it is used. There are emojis for objects, places, emotions and much more. Emojis are normally used when people text each other. The first emojis were created in 1999 by Shigetaka Kurita. Later on, people began to put emojis on webpages and they became very popular outside Japan when they were added to Apple's iOS and Google's Android software.

As of Unicode 11.0, 1,212 code points have been assigned as Emoji. This only includes single characters, many more contain 2 or more characters.

In November 2016, a conference about emoji was held in San Francisco, California.

## In fiction

The 2017 animated film The Emoji Movie is about emojis in a phone who live and act like people.

## Related articles

Emoticons

## Other websites

- Emojipedia — Home of Emoji Meanings
Foundation (engineering)

A **foundation** is the lowest part of a building. A building needs a strong foundation if it is to stand for a long time. A heavier building or softer soil needs a deeper foundation.

To make a foundation, engineers dig a trench in the ground. They dig until they reach solid ground. When the trench is deep enough, it is filled it with strong, hard material. Sometimes concrete is used. Concrete can be made stronger by putting long thin round pieces of steel into the trench. When the concrete dries, the steel ties the foundation together. We call this reinforced concrete. Once the foundation has been packed down tightly, or dried hard, construction can start.
Foundation (nonprofit)

A **foundation** is a kind of company set up to carry out charity or research work. A foundation is usually endowed, which means it is given a large sum of money to do its work. Examples of foundations include the Rockefeller Foundation and the Wikimedia Foundation. The Rockefeller family made their money from banking and oil and their family foundation is endowed with a very great sum of money. The people running the foundation think of ways to use the money to help charities, the arts, or whatever they like.

Another example is the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Bill Gates made a fortune from Microsoft. He and his wife now spend nearly all their time giving away the money he has made. They give it to projects like education in the United States and treating AIDS in Third World countries.
Habit (biology)

**Habit** in biology is about the shape or behaviour of animals and plants.

## Botany

The way plants grow makes their shape of habit. This is the way we can tell trees apart even at a distance. The shape of a willow tree  or a poplar is very distinct. It is made during growth. Bacteria and fungi also have very distinct types of growth.

Trees are also examples of a life style when compared to shrubs and annual plants. To be a tree is to occupy a different space in the ecosystem from shrubs or climbers.

## Zoology

In zoology, _habit_ often refers to a specific behaviour of a species. For example:
- ...the [cat] was in the _habit_ of springing upon the [door knocker] in order to gain admission...
- The spider monkey has an arboreal _habit_ and rarely ventures onto the forest floor.
- The brittlestar has the _habit_ of breaking off arms as a means of defence.

The 'mode of life' (or 'lifestyle') is sometimes referred to as the 'habit of an animal. Terms like motile or sessile, sedentary, free-living, parasitic, saprophyte, terrestrial, arboreal, aquatic,  pelagic, diurnal, nocturnal, are all modes of life or habits.
Jonas Hiller

**Jonas Hiller** (born February 12, 1982) is a Swiss former professional ice hockey goaltender. He played parts of nine seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played for the Anaheim Ducks and Calgary Flames. Outside of the NHL, Hiller played for HC Davos, HC Lausanne, and EHC Biel of the National League A (NLA). He would also play for HC La Chaux-de-Fonds of the Swiss League.

## Career

Before playing in the NHL, Hiller played 13 games for HC Lausanne and 3 seasons for HC Davos of the National League A (NLA). Hiller also won Switzerland's championship in 2002, 2005 and 2007, as well as the Spengler Cup in 2004 and 2006 with HC Davos. He was not drafted but he signed a contract with the Anaheim Ducks on May 25, 2007.

On September 30, 2007, Hiller made his NHL debut for the Anaheim Ducks defeating the Los Angeles Kings 4–1 in London, England. In his first season with the Ducks, Hiller recorded a 2.06 goals against average (GAA) and .926 save percentage in 23 games. On November 16, 2008, Hiller earned his first NHL shutout when the Ducks defeated the Los Angeles Kings 2–0.

Hiller was named as the Ducks starting goaltender for the 2009 NHL Playoffs. On April 16, 2009, he started in his first playoff and he recorded a shutout against the San Jose Sharks with 35 saves. The Ducks were able to eliminate the Sharks in six games but they were defeated by the Detroit Red Wings in seven games in the next round. On January 30, 2010, he signed a four-year extension with the Ducks going throughout the 2013–14 NHL season. In the 2012-13 NHL Season, Hiller was able to help the Ducks place 2nd overall in the Western Conference. In the 2013 Stanley Cup Playoffs, the Ducks were eliminated in the first round in a seven game series against the Detroit Red Wings for the second time in five years.

On July 1, 2014, Hiller decided to sign a two-year, $4.5 million per year contract as a free agent with the Calgary Flames.

On 16 March 2020, Hiller announced that he was retiring from playing professional ice hockey.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **image**: Euro Hockey Challenge, Switzerland vs. Russia, 22nd April 2017 69.JPG
- **caption**: Hiller in 2017
- **image size**: 230px
- **birth place**: Felben-Wellhausen, Switzerland
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 2
- **weight lb**: 192
- **position**: Goaltender
- **catches**: Right
- **league**: National League (ice hockey), NL
- **played for**: HC Davos
HC Lausanne
HC La Chaux-de-Fonds
Anaheim Ducks
Calgary Flames
EHC Biel
- **ntl team**: SUI
- **career start**: 2001
- **career end**: 2020
Huskvarna Södra IS

**Huskvarna Södra IS** was established in 1930 and is a sports club in Huskvarna, Sweden. The club won the Swedish women's table tennis team championship in 1970 and 1972. The association football team played their home games at Hjärttorpsvallen near Tenhultsvägen. In 1987 the men's association football team merged with Husqvarna IF, leading to the establishment of Husqvarna FF.

The early 1970s saw the dawn of the club scoring women's association football successes., The team playing in the Swedish top division in 1978 and 1979.

## Other websites

- Huskvarna Södra IS table tennis section

## Infobox (sports team)

- **name**: Huskvarna Södra IF
- **full name**: Huskvarna Södra idrottssällskap
- **nicknames**: H-Södra
- **sport**: table tennis, arlier even association football
- **ballpark**: Hjärttorpsvallen
- **city**: Huskvarna, Sweden
Habo IF

**Habo IF** is a sports club in Habo in Sweden. The club was established on 26 April 1926. It now only plays association football. The men's bandy team played in the Swedish second division and played the qualifying rounds for the Swedish top division three times during the 1940s. In 1944, the bandy team lost 3-6 against IFK Nässjö in the qualifying rounds. The bandy section was disestablished in 1998. The club has also competed in Athletics, handball, table tennis, cycling, racewalking, Nordic skiing, orienteering and gymnastics. It is the mother club of Erik Edman.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (sports team)

- **name**: Habo IF
- **full name**: Habo idrottsförening
- **nicknames**: HIF
- **sport**: association football, arlier even athletics (sport), athletics, bandy, handball, table tennis, cycling, racewalking, Nordic skiing, orienteering and gymnastics
- **ballpark**: Slättens IP
- **city**: Habo, Sweden
Habo Wolley

**Habo Wolley** is a volleyball club in Habo in Sweden. The club started in 1987. The men's team qualified for the Swedish top division, Elitserien, in 1998.

## Other websites

- Official website
Apalachee

The **Apalachee** were a Native American people who historically lived in the Florida Panhandle.

## History

The Apalachee occupied the site of Velda Mound starting about 1450 CE. They had left the area before the Spanish came in the 17th century. They first saw Spanish explorers in the 16th century. This is when the Hernando de Soto expedition arrived. They lived between the Aucilla River and Ochlockonee River, at the head of Apalachee Bay. This was an area known to Europeans as the Apalachee Province.

The Spaniards had created Catholic missions throughout their province by the early 1600s. The Apalachee were farmers and noted warriors. By 1655 there were eight towns, each with a mission. In addition to the Spanish, each town had an Apalachee population of between 6,000–8000. The British with their Creek allies often raided the Apalachee and Spanish towns. In 1703 a British army and hundreds of Creek warriors attacked the territory. The Apalachee were nearly destroyed. The survivors, who numbered about 1400, dispersed. Over time many Apalachee mixed in with other groups, particularly the Creek Confederacy. Others found protection with the French in what is now Alabama and Louisanna. About 300 descendants in Rapides Parish, Louisiana, claim an Apalachee identity today.

## Language

The Apalachee spoke a Muskogean language called Apalachee. The language is now extinct.

## Other websites

- The Apalachees of Northwest Florida
- Apalachee Before European Contact
Caltrop

**Caltrops** are spiked weapons used against men and horses since at least as early as Roman times. Later versions were designed to deflate automobile tires. They are a type of anti-personnel weapon, and anti-vehicular weapon. Japanese samurai used a similar weapon, the makibishi.

Iron caltrops were used as early as 331 BC at Gaugamela. They were known to the Romans as _tribulus_, meaning 'jagged iron'. They were used in the Battle of Carrhae in 51 BC.

The Roman writer Vegetius, discussed  scythed chariots in his _De Re Militari_:

In more modern times, they were used by both the Allies and Axis during World War II to puncture the tires of wheeled vehicles. Improvised caltrops, usually made of welded nails, have also been used occasionally by labor activists in the United States during strikes to destroy the tires of vehicles belonging to management and replacement workers. In the labor context, these devices are more often called **jack rocks**. A recent example of the use of jack rocks in labor disputes was in 2012, allegedly by two men on a picket line at an aluminum products plant in West Virginia.
Mario Golf (video game)

is a sports video game made by Camelot Software for the Nintendo. The game got very good reviews, including 91% in favor on Metacritic  and 7.2 out of 10 from GameSpot.

## Infobox (vg)

- **title**: Mario Golf
- **developer**: Camelot Software Planning
- **publisher**: Nintendo
- **platform**: Nintendo 64, Game Boy Color
- **released**: **Nintendo 64**
**Game Boy Color**

- **genre**: Sports game, Sports
Meaning

**Meaning** is a term in linguistics and philosophy. It is also a word in everyday life. The basic idea is this: meaning is the information which is sent by speech or messages. What that information is can be inferred by a listener or reader.

Meaning makes sense as part of a conversation between two or more people. The bits of a conversation, like questions and answers, suggestions and explanations, work to help the meaning get across. Requests and instructions are other types of communication which depend on meaning.

Although humans use language to carry meaning, non-verbal communication definitely has meaning. In fact it is far more ancient than human language, and interpreting its meaning is mostly done by the unconscious mind. Messages travel by scent and sight as well as sound. Humans do some of this as well as almost all animals. In humans, facial expressions and the sense of touch are very important. All these things have meaning.

## Related pages

- Meaning of life
- Semantics
Erica Sjöström

**Erica Sjöström**, born 30 June 1970 in Tierp, Sweden, is a Swedish female singer and saxophonist. Since 1999. she has been the singer in Swedish band the Drifters.

She begun her carrier in 1992 in the part-time band Manges orkester from Tierp. Manges participated at Svenska dansbandsmästerskapen in 1994 and 1996, reaching the finals.

In 1999, she won the "Sångmicken" contest in Ekebo. She has been awarded five Guldklaven awards in Malung. She has been the prize personal as "wind musician of the year" and "singer of the year", She has also been awarded the award together with the other bandmembers of the Drifters, in the categories "band of the year" and "song of the year".

In 2010, she could also be heard performing a duet with Scotts recording the song "In a Moment Like This".

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Erica Sjöström
- **image**: Erica_Sjostrom.jpg
- **image size**: 200px
- **caption**: Erica Sjöström on stage with the Drifters at Äpplet in Umeå, January 2010
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth place**: Tierp, Sweden
- **genre**: dansband, dansband music
- **occupation**: singer, musician
- **instrument**: saxophone
Reach for the Sky

***Reach for the Sky*** is the eighth studio album by American southern rock band The Allman Brothers Band. The album was released in August 1980. It was first studio album without label Capricorn Records. It was the first studio album with new label Arista Records.
Kim Anderzon

**Kerstin Kristina Birgitta "Kim" Anderzon** (20 March 1943 – 24 October 2014), was a Swedish actress. She starred on movies and theatre. Her daughter Anna Catharina Tintin Anderzon is also an actress. She won the award for Best Actress at the 19th Guldbagge Awards for her role in _Second Dance_. Along with Tomas Bolme, she co-hosted the 27th Guldbagge Awards.

Anderzon died of spinal cancer in Stockholm, Sweden, aged 71.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Kim Anderzon
- **image**: Kim Anderzon 2009.jpg
- **caption**: Anderzon on October 17, 2009, in Stockholm
- **birthname**: Kerstin Kristina Birgitta Andersson
- **birth place**: Östersund, Sweden
- **death place**: Stockholm, Sweden
- **occupation**: actress
S. S. Rajendran

**Sedapatti Suryanarayana Devar Rajendran**, commonly known by his stage name **S. S. Rajendran** (SSR), (January 1928 – 24 October 2014) was an Indian movie actor, director, producer, and politician. He was known for his roles in _Parasakthi_, _Ratha Kanneer_, _Sivagangai Seemai_, _Aalayamani_, and _Poompuhar_.

Rajendran died in Chennai, India from a lung infection, aged 88.

## Other websites

- Acting, the SSR Way in My Movie Minutes

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: S. S. Rajendran
- **native name**: எஸ். எஸ். ராஜேந்திரன்
- **native name lang**: Tamil
- **birth name**: Sedapatti Suryanarayana Devar Rajendran
- **birth date**: January 1928
- **birth place**: Usilampatti, Madras Presidency, British India
- **death place**: Chennai, India
- **other names**: SSR
Latchiya Nadigar
- **occupation**: movie actor, director, producer, politician
- **years active**: 1952 to 2014
Mbulaeni Mulaudzi

**Mbulaeni Tongai Mulaudzi** (8 September 1980 – 24 October 2014) was a South African middle distance runner, and the 2009 world champion in the men's 800 metres.

He carried the flag at the opening ceremony of the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece. He later won a silver medal for the 800m there. He was born in Muduluni, Transvaal Province. He became South Africa's first black athlete to be ranked number one in the world.

Mulaudzi died in a car crash on 24 October 2014 at the age of 34 in Mpumalanga.
Joan Quigley

**Joan Quigley** (April 10, 1927 – October 23, 2014), was an American astrologer. She was best known for her astrological advice to Nancy and Ronald Reagan during the 1980s. Quigley was born in Kansas City, Missouri.

She was called on by First Lady Nancy Reagan in 1981 after John Hinckley's attempted assassination of the president. She stayed on as the White House astrologer in secret until being revealed in 1988 by former chief of staff Donald Regan.

Quigley died after a short illness on October 23, 2014 in San Francisco, California, aged 87.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Joan Quigley
- **birth place**: Kansas City, Missouri, U.S.
- **death place**: San Francisco, California, U.S.
Flag of South Africa

The national flag of South Africa was first adopted in April 1994. It was designed by Frederick Brownell in March 1994.

## Appearance

It has horizontal bands of red (on the top) and blue (on the bottom), It is separated by a central green band which splits into a horizontal "Y" shape. The design and hues encapsulate key elements from the country's flag history. Each color or combination holds unique significance for various individuals, thus no singular symbolism should be universally applied.

The central motif of the flag, originating at the flagpole in a 'V' shape and extending into a solitary horizontal stripe towards the outer edge, symbolizes the amalgamation of varied facets within South African society, progressing collectively into the future. This motif resonates with the ethos of convergence and unity, echoing the motto "Unity is Strength" from the former South African Coat of Arms.

## Infobox (flag)

- **name**: Republic of South Africa
- **image**: Flag of South Africa.svg
- **proportion**: 2:3
- **adoption**: 27 April 1994
Wikipedia Monument

The ***Wikipedia Monument*** () is a statue designed by Armenian sculptor Mihran Hakobyan honoring Wikipedia contributors. It is located in Słubice, Poland.

The fiber and resin sculpture cost about 50,000 złotys (about $14,000; 12,000 euros). It was funded by Słubice regional authorities. It was unveiled in Frankfurt Square (Plac Frankfurcki) on 22 October 2014 in a ceremony that included representatives from both local Wikimedia chapters and the Wikimedia Foundation.

## Description

The monument shows four naked people holding up a globe. This globe is based on the Wikipedia logo. The statue is more than  tall.

The statue is made of fiber and resin. It was designed by Mihran Hakobyan, an artist from Armenia who graduated from Collegium Polonicum. The local government of Słubice paid about 50,000 złotys (around $13,500 or €11,700) for it.

The monument has this message written on it:
> With this monument the citizens of Słubice would like to pay homage to thousands of anonymous editors all over the world, who have contributed voluntarily to the creation of Wikipedia, the greatest project co-created by people regardless of political, religious or cultural borders. In the year this monument is unveiled Wikipedia is available in more than 280 languages and contains about 30 million articles. The benefactors behind this monument feel certain that with Wikipedia as one of its pillars the knowledge society will be able to contribute to the sustainable development of our civilization, social justice and peace among nations.

The final statue includes both men and women. The first small model of the statue only showed men.

## Related pages

- Wikipedia community

## Other websites

- Press release: First-ever Wikipedia Monument unveiled in Poland, Wikimedia Foundation
John Marshall Harlan II

**John Marshall Harlan** (May 20, 1899 – December 29, 1971) was an American jurist. He served as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court from 1955 to 1971. His namesake was his grandfather John Marshall Harlan, another associate justice who served from 1877 to 1911.

Harlan died of spinal cancer in Washington, D.C., aged 72.

## Infobox (judge)

- **image**: John Marshall Harlan II official.jpg
- **office**: Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court
- **termstart**: March 17, 1955
- **termend**: September 23, 1971
- **nominator**: Dwight D. Eisenhower
- **predecessor**: Robert H. Jackson
- **successor**: William Rehnquist
- **birth place**: Chicago, Illinois, Chicago, Illinois
- **death place**: Washington, D. C.
- **spouse**: Ethel Andrews
Spinal tumor

**Spinal tumors** is a form of tumor that grows in the spinal cord. Extradural tumors are more common than intradural neoplasms.

## Forms

Depending on their location, the spinal cord tumors can be:
- Extradural - outside the dura mater lining (most common)
- Intradural - part of the dura
    - Intramedullary - inside the spinal cord
    - Extramedullary- inside the dura, but outside the spinal cord

## Notable cases

- Dan Haggerty, American actor
- John Houseman, British actor
- John Marshall Harlan II, American judge
- Kim Anderzon, Swedish actress
- Ravi Zacharias, Indian-born Canadian-American apologist
- Big Bully Busick, American professional wrestler

## Infobox (disease)

- **name**: Spinal tumors
- **diseasesdb**: 31483
- **medlineplus**: 001403
- **emedicinesubj**: orthoped
- **emedicinetopic**: 49
- **emedicine mult**: ,
- **meshname**: Chordoma
- **meshnumber**: C04.557.465.220
Emmett Brown

**Dr. Emmett Lathrop "Doc" Brown**, **Ph.D.**, is a fictional character in the _Back to the Future trilogy_. He is the inventor of the first time machine. He builds it out of a DeLorean sports car.

The character is played by Christopher Lloyd in all three movies, as well as in the live action sequences of the _animated series_. He is voiced by Dan Castellaneta in the animated series. The character's appearance and actions are loosely inspired by Leopold Stokowski and Albert Einstein. In 2008, Dr. Emmett Brown was selected by _Empire_ magazine as one of _The 100 Greatest Movie Characters of All Time_, ranking at #76.

Lloyd played Brown once again in Seth MacFarlane's 2014 comedy western movie, _A Million Ways to Die in the West_.
Marty McFly

**Martin Seamus "Marty" McFly** is a fictional character in the _Back to the Future_ trilogy. He is the series' protagonist and is played by actor Michael J. Fox. Marty also appears in the animated series, where he was voiced by David Kaufman. He is friends with Emmett Brown in the series.

In the videogame by Telltale Games, he is voiced by A.J Locascio. In 2008, Marty McFly was selected by _Empire_ magazine as the 39th Greatest Movie Character of All Time. Eric Stoltz was originally cast as Marty McFly, but after five weeks of shooting scenes for the first movie, director Robert Zemeckis and executive producer Steven Spielberg chose to re-cast the role to Fox.
Back to the Future Part III

***Back to the Future Part III*** is a 1990 American science fiction Western movie directed by Robert Zemeckis. It is the third and final movie for the _Back to the Future trilogy_. It stars Michael J. Fox, Christopher Lloyd, Mary Steenburgen, Thomas F. Wilson, Crispin Glover and Lea Thompson.

## Plot

A lightning bolt sends 1985 Doc and the time machine from 1955 back to 1885. Marty finds the time machine where Doc hid it. He soon finds out that the Doc is shot by Buford 'Mad Dog' Tannen and goes back to 1885 to save Doc.

## Cast

- Michael J. Fox as Marty McFly and Seamus McFly
- Christopher Lloyd as Dr. Emmett "Doc" Brown
- Mary Steenburgen as Clara Clayton
- Thomas F. Wilson as Buford "Mad Dog" Tannen and Biff Tannen
- Lea Thompson as Maggie McFly and Lorraine Baines-McFly
- James Tolkan as Marshal James Strickland
- Elisabeth Shue as Jennifer Parker
- Matt Clark as Chester the Bartender
- Flea as Douglas J. Needles
- Richard Dysart as Barbwire Salesman

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: Back to the Future Part III
- **caption**: Theatrical release poster
- **director**: Robert Zemeckis
- **producer**: Neil Canton
Bob Gale
- **screenplay**: Bob Gale
- **story**: Robert Zemeckis
Bob Gale
- **starring**: Michael J. Fox
Christopher Lloyd
Mary Steenburgen
Thomas F. Wilson
Crispin Glover
Lea Thompson
- **music**: Alan Silvestri
- **cinematography**: Dean Cundey
- **editing**: Harry Keramidas
Arthur Schmidt (film editor), Arthur Schmidt
- **studio**: Amblin Entertainment
- **distributor**: Universal Studios, Universal Pictures
- **runtime**: 118 minutes
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **budget**: $40 million
- **gross**: $244,527,583
Biff Tannen

**Biff Howard Tannen** is a fictional character in the _Back to the Future_ trilogy. Thomas F. Wilson plays Biff in all three movies as well as the Universal Studios ride, and voiced the character in the animated series.

Biff is the series' antagonist. He is a tall, mean, violent bully who gets what he wants by bullying others into doing his work for him, or by cheating. He and his family members usually misuse idioms in a way that makes them sound foolish and doesn't sound like an insult.
James Tolkan

**James Stewart Tolkan** (born June 20, 1931) is an American actor. He is often cast as a strict, overbearing, bald-headed authority figure. He is known for his role as Mr. Strickland in all three of _Back to the Future movie series_; _Back to the Future_, _Back to the Future Part II_, and in _Back to the Future Part III_.

## Other websites

- Tolkan Donates Scripts, Memorabilia To UNA

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: James Tolkan.jpg
- **birth name**: James Stewart Tolkan
- **birth place**: Calumet, Michigan, Calumet, Michigan, United States
- **othername**: James S. Tolkan, Jim Tolkan
- **occupation**: Actor
- **yearsactive**: 1960–present
- **spouse**: Parmelee Welles
Zamora Cathedral

**Zamora Cathedral** is a Roman Catholic cathedral in Zamora, Spain. It was built in the middle of the 12th century. King Alfonso VII of León and Castile sponsored the construction. The cathedral was built mostly in the Romanesque architectural style. It also has Byzantine influences. It is built on the Latin cross floor plan. Its last bell was built in 1805.

## Other websites

- Photos
- Monuments in Zamora, Spain: Catedral de Zamora

## Infobox (church)

- **name**: Zamora Cathedral
 Catedral de Zamora
- **image**: Catedral de Zamora (fachada principal)2.JPG
- **imagesize**: 180px
- **caption**: Main façade
- **location**: Zamora, Spain
- **country**: Spain
- **denomination**: Roman Catholicism
- **style**: Romanesque architecture, Romanesque
- **groundbreaking**: 1140
- **completed date**: 1174
V-Rally 2

***V-Rally 2*** is a racing video game. It is the sequel to _V-Rally_ for the PlayStation. It is known in America as ***Need for Speed: V-Rally 2*** and in Europe as ***V-Rally 2 Championship Edition***. The Dreamcast version is known as ***Test Drive V-Rally*** in America.

## Reviews

The game got very good reviews. IGN gave it a 8.5/10 for its graphics and sound effects.

## Sequel

A sequel with title _V-Rally 3_ was released for _PlayStation 2_, released in _Europe_ in 2002, and _North America_ on sale March 25, 2003.

## Infobox (vg)

- **title**: V-Rally 2
- **developer**: Eden Studios
- **publisher**: Infogrames, Electronic Arts, Spike (company), Spike
- **platform**: PlayStation, Microsoft Windows, Dreamcast
- **series**: _V-Rally (series), V-Rally_<br / >_Need for Speed_
_Test Drive (video game series), Test Drive_
- **released**: **PlayStation**
  **Microsoft Windows**
 **Dreamcast**

- **genre**: Racing video game, Racing
Duke of Marlborough (title)

**Duke of Marlborough** is a title in the Peerage of England. It was created by Queen Anne in 1702 for John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough. The name of the dukedom refers to Marlborough in Wiltshire. It is the only current dukedom in the Peerages of England, Great Britain or the United Kingdom that can pass to a woman and through a woman. The family have long been involved with the politics of the day. They are also famous for their traditional home which is _Blenheim Palace_. This is the only non-royal palace in the United Kingdom. The family still live at the palace. The duke is entitled to the style of address of Your Grace.

## List of Dukes

1. John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough. (1650–1722), soldier and statesman.
1. Henrietta Godolphin, 2nd Duchess of Marlborough (1681–1733), eldest daughter of the 1st Duke, succeeded her father by Act of Parliament (1706).
1. Charles Spencer, 3rd Duke of Marlborough (1706–1758).
1. George Spencer, 4th Duke of Marlborough (1739–1817), elder son of the 3rd Duke.
1. George Spencer-Churchill, 5th Duke of Marlborough (1766–1840), elder son of the 4th Duke.
1. George Spencer-Churchill, 6th Duke of Marlborough (1793–1857), eldest son of the 5th Duke.
1. John Winston Spencer-Churchill, 7th Duke (1822–1883), eldest son of the 6th Duke and paternal grandfather of Winston Churchill.
1. George Charles Spencer-Churchill, 8th Duke (1844–1892), eldest son of the 7th Duke.
1. Charles Richard John Spencer-Churchill, 9th Duke (1871–1934), only son of the 8th Duke.
1. John Albert William Spencer-Churchill, 10th Duke (1897–1972), elder son of the 9th Duke.
1. John George Vanderbilt Henry Spencer-Churchill, 11th Duke (1926–2014), elder son of the 10th Duke.
1. Charles James Spencer-Churchill, 12th Duke (b. 1955), eldest surviving son of the 11th Duke.

The heir apparent to the Dukedom is George Spencer-Churchill, Marquess of Blandford (b. 1992). He is the eldest son of the 12th Duke.
Jeff Bagwell

**Jeff Bagwell** (born May 27, 1968) is a retired Major League Baseball player. He played for the Houston Astros. He was born in Boston, Massachusetts.

## Infobox (baseball biography)

- **name**: Jeff Bagwell
- **image**: Jeff Bagwell 2.jpg
- **caption**: Jeff Bagwell
Tha Doggfather

***Tha Doggfather*** is the second studio album by Snoop Doggy Dogg. This album was released on November 12, 1996. The album sold two million copies. The singles released were "Snoop's Upside Your Head", "Vapors" and "Doggfather"
Pamhagen

**Pamhagen** is a small village in Austria. It is located in the northern part of the state Burgenland. The population is 1641 (1st January 2014).

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Pamhagen
- **image skyline**: Pamhagen - Kirche (2).JPG
- **image caption**: Exaltation of the Holy Cross Church
- **image shield**: AUT Pamhagen COA.svg
- **shield size**: 80x110px
- **pushpin map**: Austria
- **pushpin mapsize**: 270
- **pushpin map caption**: Location within Austria
- **map caption**: Location within Neusiedl am See (district), Neusiedl am See district
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Austria
- **subdivision type1**: States of Austria, State
- **subdivision name1**: Burgenland
- **subdivision type2**: District (Austria), District
- **subdivision name2**: Neusiedl am See (district), Neusiedl am See
- **parts style**: para
- **leader title**: Burgomaster, Mayor
- **leader name**: Josef Tschida
- **elevation m**: 121
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone**: Central European Time, CET
- **timezone dst**: Central European Summer Time, CEST
- **utc offset**: +1
- **utc offset dst**: +2
- **postal code type**: List of postal codes in Austria, Postal code
- **postal code**: 7152
- **area code type**: Telephone numbers in Austria, Area code
Curtie and the Boombox

**Curtie and the Boombox** was Duch pop group. The group scoring chart successes during the mid 1980s. Famous songs recorded by the group are _Black Kisses (Never Make You Blue)_ and _Let's Talk it over in the Ladies Room_.

### Albums

- Black Kisses - 1985
- Curtie and the Boombox - 1985

### Singles and EP records

- Let's Talk it over in the Ladies Room - 1984
- Black Kisses (Never Make You Blue) - 1985
- Chinchilla - 1985
- A Bachelor's Bed (Is A Dangerous Place) - 1985
- Killing Love - 1986

## Other websites

- Discogs

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Curtie and the Boombox
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Netherlands
- **genre**: pop music, pop
- **years active**: 1980s in music, 1980s-
Tha Last Meal

***Tha Last Meal*** is the fifth studio album from rapper Snoop Dogg. Several singles were released off this album. One of them was "(Snoop Dogg) What's My Name Part 2".

This album was released on December 19, 2000.