juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Doge

**Doge** (/doʊdʒ/ DOHJ,[1] Italian: [ˈdɔːdʒe]; plural **dogi** or **doges**) is a word of an Italian dialect that comes from the Latin _dux_ (as does the English _duke_ and the standard Italian _duce_), that means "leader", especially in a military context.

The title of **doge** was used for the elected head of state in a number of Italian "crowned republics".  The two best known such republics were Venice and Genoa, which had maritime, commercial, and territorial mini-empires. Sometimes the Doge ruled for life; sometimes for a fixed number of years.
Doge (disambiguation)

**Doge** may refer to:
- doge, a historical Italian chief of state, specifically:
- Dogecoin, a type of online money (cryptocurrency)
- Doge (meme), a meme named "Doge"
- Department of Government Efficiency
Serket

**Serket** was an ancient Egyptian goddess. She was shown as a scorpion. She would sting "bad" people, but she could also cure scorpion stings and other poisons, such as snake bites. Because Serket could cure snake bites, she was sometimes known as the protector from Apep, the evil snake-god.

She was shown in art as a scorpion or as a woman with a scorpion on her head. Serket did not have any temples, but she had many priests.

Many people in ancient Egypt who were bitten by poisonous animals died from the poison. Because of this, Serket was also known as a protector of the dead. She was associated with fluids that cause stiffening during embalming. This caused her to become known as a protector of embalmers' tents and of the canopic jar for the intestine (_Qebehsenuf_). The intestine's canopic jar was the one associated with poisons.

Because she was a protector of canopic jars, Serket was associated with Aset (Isis), and Nebet Het (Nephthys) and Neith. Later, Serket began to be known as Isis. Serket came to be known as a part of Isis, instead of a separate goddess.
Decision-making

**Decision making** is the mental process that leads to the selection of an action among several alternatives. Every decision making process produces a final choice. The output can be an action or an opinion.

There is a growing awareness that people often make good decisions rapidly without knowing how they do it. This runs against the older rational decision-making ideas.

## Related pages

- Adaptive unconscious
- Forecasting
- Game theory
- Majority rule
- Political science
- Risk

## Other websites

- Emotional and Decision Making Lab, Carnegie Mellon, EDM Lab
- The de Borda Institute - Emerson, P J.  _Beyond the Tyranny of the Majority_, a comparison of the more common voting procedures used in both decision making and elections.
- Decision Analysis in Health Care  - An online course from George Mason University providing free lectures and tools for decision making in health care.
- DecideBetter! - An online resource to help make better decisions in your everyday lives.
Trichotillomania

**Trichotillomania** (TTM) (often called "trich") is an impulse control disorder. It causes a person to habitually pull out their hair. People with trichotillomania may pull hair from anywhere on the body. Sometimes people with trich end up having large areas on the body without hair.

Trichotillomania is listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). The DSM is written by the American Psychiatric Association. It lists every condition which is officially called a mental illness. The DSM puts trich in the "impulse control disorder" category. However, there are questions about what category trich should be in. At different times, it may seem to be a habit, an addiction, a tic disorder, or an obsessive-compulsive disorder.
Terror

**Terror** is a state of fear, an overwhelming sense of imminent danger.
- See Horror

**Terror** could also mean:

- In history
- Reign of Terror, a period of extreme violence, 1793 - 1794, during the French Revolution
    - The last weeks of the Reign of Terror are sometimes referred to as the "Red Terror" or "Great Terror"; see below for other uses of those terms.
- Red Terror, a campaign of repression and violence by Bolsheviks in Soviet Russia 1918 - 1922
- White Terror, acts of violence by reactionary groups as part of a counter-revolution
    - The White Terror (France), two similar movements against the French Revolution 1794 - 1795
- Great Terror, another name for the Great Purge, campaigns of repression and persecution in the Soviet Union during the late 1930s

- In popular culture
- _The Terror_ (1963 movie), a 1963 horror movie directed by Roger Corman
- _The Terror_ (novel), a 2007 novel by Dan Simmons
- Terror (band), an American hardcore punk band from California
- "Terror", a song by My Ruin from their 1999 album _Speak and Destroy_

- In comics
- Terror (New England Comics), a supervillain from _The Tick_ comic books, cartoon, and live-action TV series
- _Terror Inc._, a 1992 Marvel Comics series
- Terror (Marvel Comics), the fictional Marvel Comics character of the 1940s

- Other uses
- Green terror, a tropical freshwater fish
- Night terror, a sleep disorder
- HMS _Terror_ (disambiguation), nine ships of the Royal Navy
- USS _Terror_ (disambiguation), three ships of the United States Navy
- Mount Terror (disambiguation), two mountains
- Terrorism, act of extreme hatred against a group of people resulting in multiple deaths, these people are known as terrorists.
    - A person who causes terror for one or more people can also be called a terrorist.

## Related pages

- Terrorism
- Terrorist (disambiguation)
Reign of Terror

**The Reign of Terror** or simply **The Terror** was a period of about 11 months during the French Revolution, led by Maximilien de Robespierre. During this time, French people who did not support the revolution were executed at the guillotine.

The Reign of Terror was announced on 5 September, 1793. A Revolutionary Tribunal decided who would be killed. This happened more and more often in June and July of 1794, a period called _la Grande Terreur_ (The Great Terror). On 17 July 1794, sixteen nuns attracted much attention by singing a religious song as they were being executed for treason. The Terror ended ten days later, when several important leaders of the Reign of Terror were executed, including Saint-Just and Robespierre. The Terror took the lives of between 18,500 to 40,000 people.

Robespierre died due to the Thermidorian Reaction against the Jacobins, by being executed with the guillotine. This was a revolt against the revolution otherwise called a counter-revolution.  Robespierre was one of the last to be guillotined, after the 21 followers.

## Other websites

- The Terror from In Our Time (BBC Radio 4)

## Infobox (event)

- **title**: Reign of Terror
- **partof**: the French Revolution
- **image**: Octobre 1793, supplice de 9 émigrés.jpg
- **caption**: Nine _émigrés_ are executed by guillotine, 1793
- **date**: 5 September 1793 – 27 July 1794
()
- **location**: First French Republic
- **organisers**: Committee of Public Safety
- **casualties1**: 35,000–45,000 at least
Faction

**Faction** or **factionalism** can refer to:
- Political faction, a group of people connected by a shared belief or opinion within a larger group
- Faction (literature), a type of historical novel rooted in fact
- Faction (Planescape), political factions in the game, _Planescape_
- Guild Wars: Factions, a computer game developed by ArenaNet.
- FACTION 28, a music channel on SIRIUS Satellite Radio
- Faction (musical project), a British/Israeli electronic music project
- The Faction, a Punk rock band
Political faction

A **political faction** is a grouping of individuals, especially within a political organization, such as a political party, a trade union, or other group with a political purpose.
It may also be called a power bloc, or a voting bloc.

The individuals within a faction are united in a common goal for the organization they are a part of. They stick together to achieve this goal and improve their position within the organization.

A political faction could be described as a “party within a party”. But political factions are not limited to political parties; they can form within any group that has some sort of political aim or purpose.

#### Within the Democratic Party

- Democratic Leadership Council

#### Within the Republican Party

- Christian Right (made up of Christian Voice, Moral Majority, Christian Coalition, and Focus on the Family. The Christian Right claims to champion Biblical values)

### China

In the history of the Republic of China from 1911 until 1949, factionalisation within the Chinese Nationalist Kuomintang was a large problem for the central government, especially for Chiang Kai-Shek. Warlord factions which had been persuaded to ally with Chiang had to be constantly pacified, as well as regional military governors who ruled regions that were not directly administered by Chiang's central government. Often historians conclude that this lack of unity contributed to the defeat of the Nationalists in holding mainland China during the Chinese Civil War.

## References

- Etymology on line
French Constitution of 1791

The **French Constitution of 1791** was the second written Constitution of France. The new French Government started using it after the French Revolution. It had the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen for its introduction.

This Constitution said that France was going to have a constitutional monarchy. The biggest disagreement was over how much power the King of France should have in such a system. After very long negotiations, the first Constitution was brought in September of 1791.

It created a constitutional monarchy. But the king ran away anyways, because he was scared of the Jacobins, who didn't like kings.

The idea of Separation of powers was the basis for the Constitution: The National Convention was the legislative body, the King and the Ministers made up the executive branch, and the judicial branch was independent from the other two. However, the French Revolution still continued after this document was signed.

The constitution tried to create a liberal bourgeois constitutional monarchy, but this did not work out. On 10 August 1792 the monarchy of France ended.

## Other websites

- The Constitution of 1791
Executive

**Executive** may mean:

- Executive (government), a branch of government or local authority
- Executive order, an edict issued by a member of the executive branch of a government
- Executive system (or executive functions),  the brain processes involved in high-order cognition
- Executive car, a size of car
- Architecture of Windows NT#Executive, an internal part of modern Microsoft Windows
- Manager, also known as a corporate executive; a manager in a corporation
- Chief executive officer (CEO) or chief executive is the highest-ranking corporate officer
- Executive format, a special paper size in the United States and Canada
- The Executive, a fictional belt-less raincoat in the American sitcom Seinfeld
- _Executive_ (Lebanese magazine), a Lebanese newsmagazine
- Studio executive, an employee of a movie studio
Executive (government)

The **executive** is the branch of government that is responsible for the day-to-day management of the state. (_Executive_ is short for **executive branch** or **executive power**.)

Under the doctrine of the separation of powers, the executive is not supposed to make laws (role of the legislature), nor to interpret them (role of the judiciary). The executive is supposed to put the laws into action.

The executive is led by the head of government. The head of government is assisted by a number of ministers (who are called secretaries in some countries) who usually have responsibilities for particular areas (such as health, education, or foreign affairs), and by many government employees or civil servants. All the ministers together, who are working under a particular head of government, are sometimes called the administration, government or ministry of the country, for example, the Reagan administration, Sunak's government or the Sunak ministry.

In a presidential system, this person (the President) may also be the head of State, but in a parliamentary system, he or she is usually the leader of the largest party in the legislature and is most commonly termed the Prime Minister (Taoiseach in the Republic of Ireland, (Federal) Chancellor in Germany and Austria). In France, executive power is shared between the President and the Prime Minister and this system has been reproduced in a number of former French colonies. Switzerland and Bosnia and Herzegovina have similar systems.

## Related pages

- Constitution
- Constitutional economics
- Political economy
Zimmermann Telegram

The **Zimmermann Telegram** (also called the **Zimmermann Note**) was a telegram sent to Mexico from Germany on January 16, 1917.  It was what made America enter World War I.  It is named for the German man who sent it, Arthur Zimmermann.  Zimmermann was the German Foreign Secretary.  Zimmermann sent it to the German ambassador in the United States, Johann von Bernstorff. Bernstorff then sent it to the German ambassador in Mexico, Heinrich von Eckardt.

The telegram's message was:
- FROM 2nd from London # 5747.
- "We intend to begin on the first of February unrestricted submarine warfare. We shall endeavor in spite of this to keep the United States of America neutral. In the event of this not succeeding, we make Mexico a proposal of alliance on the following basis: make war together, make peace together, generous financial support and an understanding on our part that Mexico is to reconquer the lost territory in Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. The settlement in detail is left to you. You will inform the President of the above most secretly as soon as the outbreak of war with the United States of America is certain and add the suggestion that he should, on his own initiative, invite Japan to immediate adherence and at the same time mediate between Japan and ourselves. Please call the President's attention to the fact that the ruthless employment of our submarines now offers the prospect of compelling England in a few months to make peace." Signed, ZIMMERMANN

The telegram told the ambassador to ask the Mexicans to join the war on the German side by attacking America. Germany promised to help Mexico take back land the United States had taken from Mexico in the Mexican–American War. These places were Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. Germany wanted Mexico to enter the war so America would be too busy to help the enemies of Germany.  Mexico was already busy with the Mexican Revolution and did not like the idea.

The British secretly got the telegram. They were able to decode the telegram. They held on to the telegram until February 24, 1917. They gave it to President Woodrow Wilson of the United States of America.  President Wilson published the telegram so the people would know about it.  The telegram made the American people angry.  Wilson asked  the United States Congress for a Declaration of war against Germany.  Congress accepted the request on April 2, 1917. The United States of America announced war on Germany on April 6, 1917. Americans were already angry over German submarines sinking ships, but this telegram is what made America come into the war.

## Other websites

- Failed Diplomacy: the Zimmermann Telegram
- The life and death of Charles Jastrow Mendelsohn and the breaking of the code.
Battle of Stalingrad

## Infobox (military conflict)

- **conflict**: Battle of Stalingrad
- **partof**: the Eastern Front (World War II), Eastern Front of World War II
- **image**: Фонтан «Детский хоровод».jpg
- **image size**: 300
- **caption**: The Barmaley Fountain, one of the symbols of Stalingrad, in 1943, right after the battle
- **date**: 23 August 1942 – 2 February 1943
()
- **place**: Volgograd, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union
- **map type**: European Russia
- **map size**: 300
- **map caption**: Location of Stalingrad (now Volgograd) within modern European Russia
- **result**: Soviet Union, Soviet victory
* Destruction of the German 6th Army (Wehrmacht), 6th Army
- **territory**: Expulsion of the Axis from the Caucasus, reversing their gains from the 1942 Summer Campaign
- **units1**: **Army Group B**:
*  6th Army (Wehrmacht), 6th Army
*  4th Panzer Army
*  Third Army (Romania), 3rd Army
*  Fourth Army (Romania), 4th Army
*  Italian Army in Russia, 8th Army
*  Second Army (Hungary), 2nd Army

*  6th Army (Wehrmacht), 6th Army
*  4th Panzer Army
*  Third Army (Romania), 3rd Army
*  1st Panzer Army
- **units2**: **Stalingrad Front**:
*  28th Army (Soviet Union), 28th Army
*  51st Army (Soviet Union), 51st Army
*  57th Army (Soviet Union), 57th Army
*  62nd Army (Soviet Union), 62nd Army
*  64th Army (Soviet Union), 64th Army
 **Don Front**
*  24th Army (Soviet Union), 24th Army
*  65th Army (Soviet Union), 65th Army
*  66th Army (Soviet Union), 66th Army

*  1st Guards Army (Soviet Union), 1st Guards Army
*  5th Tank Army
*  21st Army (Soviet Union), 21st Army
- **strength1**: **Initial**:
**At the time of the Soviet counter-offensive**:
- **strength2**: **Initial**:
**At the time of the Soviet counteroffensive**:
- **casualties1**: See #Casualties, casualties section.
- **casualties2**: See #Casualties, casualties section.
Richard III (play)

***Richard III*** is a history play written by William Shakespeare. It is one of Shakespeare's most famous and popular plays. Shakespeare probably wrote _Richard III_ around the year 1593. The play was first printed in a book in 1597.

Like other history plays written by Shakespeare, _Richard III_ is about people and events from earlier in English history. The real Richard III was king of England from 1483 to 1485. Shakespeare used the history books of his own time to create his play, though many modern experts do not think those early histories, or Shakespeare's play, are accurate and free of bias.

_Richard III_ is different from many plays, because its leading character is a villain, not a hero. In his play, Shakespeare shows the king as a cruel tyrant who does many evil acts, before he is defeated in battle and killed by Henry Tudor. Tudor then becomes Henry VII of England, the next English king and the first of the Tudor dynasty. The play contains black comedy, especially because Richard III keeps telling people he is a good man despite behaving like a villain.

Shakespeare lived and wrote before modern ideas of freedom of speech and freedom of the press had become accepted. The English government of Shakespeare's day practiced censorship of books and plays. Elizabeth I of England, who was queen from 1558 to 1603, was the granddaughter of Henry VII and the last Tudor ruler. Her government saw Richard III as a villain and the man who replaced him, Henry VII, as a hero, and censored any other point of view. If Shakespeare had wanted to write a play with Richard III as a hero, he would not have been allowed to do so.

A famous movie version of _Richard III_ was made in 1955. Laurence Olivier directed the movie and played the leading role. Other movie and television versions, and many modern stage productions, have also been done.
Annulment

**Annulment** is a method under civil or canon law, similar to divorce, to declare that a marriage is not a real marriage.  Though the Roman Catholic Church forbids divorce, it sometimes grants annulment, saying that the marriage never really happened.

Reasons include:
- At the time of the marriage, at least one was too young; the minimum age is set at 16 years for males and 14 for females. There may be higher limits though
- Ligamen, being already married
- The man was ordained, either as a priest, or as a member of a monastery.
- People are closely related.

## Ligações externas

- Nulidade matrimonial: falhas no consentimento (aleteia.org)
- Stwierdzenie nieważności małżeństwa kościelnego
Osroene

**Osroene** (also spelled **Osrohene**, **Osrhoene**, from the Greek ****;  **'), also known by the name of its capital city, **Edessa''' (modern Şanlıurfa, Turkey), was a historic kingdom located on the present-day border of Syria and Turkey. The kingdom was Assyrian and enjoyed semi-autonomy to complete independence from the years of 132 BCE to 244 AD.
It was a Syriac speaking kingdom, and according to an ancient legend King Abgar V of Edessa was converted to Christianity by Thaddeus of Edessa, or Saint Addai, one of the Seventy-two Disciples.  By 201 AD or earlier, under King Abgar the Great, Osroene became the first Christian state.
BRIT Awards

The **BRIT Awards** (often called just the **Brits**), are awards given yearly by the British Phonographic Industry (an association of British people who are professionally involved in the recorded music industry) for outstanding work in music.

## List of Albums

- 1-2 (1992)
- 3-5 (1993)
- 6-8 (1994)
- 9-11 (1995)
- 12-14 (1996)
- 15-17 (1997)
- 18-20 (1998)
- 21-23 (1999)
- 24-26 (2000)
- 27-29 (2001)
- 30-32 (2002)
- 33-35 (2003)
- 36-38 (2004)
- 39-41 (2005)
- 42-44 (2006)
- 45-47 (2007)
- 48-50 (2008)
- 51-53 (2009)
- 54-56 (2010)
- 57-59 (2011)
- 60-62 (2012)
- 63-65 (2013)
- 66-68 (2014)
- 69-71 (2015)
- 72-74 (2016)
- 75-77 (2017)
- 78-80 (2018)
- 81-83 (2019)
- 84-86 (2020)
- 87-89 (2021)
- 90-92 (2022)
- 93-95 (2023)
- 96-98 (2024)
- 99-101 (2025)
- 102-104 (2026)

## Most successful acts

There have been many musicians that have won more than one award.  The table below shows those that have won more than four awards.

|Artist||Number of awards won|
| --- | --- | --- |
|Robbie Williams|17||
|U2|7||
|Take That|8||
|Coldplay|8||
|Prince|5||
|Arctic Monkeys|5||
|Oasis|5||
|Michael Jackson|6||
|Annie Lennox|8||
|Blur|5||

## Other websites

- Official site
Sound of the Underground

***Sound of the Underground*** was a 2003 album by Girls Aloud. It was their first album. It was released in May 2003.

## Songs on the album

1. Sound of the Underground
1. No Good Advice
1. Some Kind of Miracle
1. All I Need (All I Don't)
1. Life Got Cold
1. Mars Attack
1. Stop
1. Girls Allowed
1. Forever and a Night
1. Love/Hate
1. Boogie Down Love
1. Don't Want You Back
1. White Lies
1. Love Bomb
1. Everything You Ever Wanted

The album was released again in December 2003. It had other songs too.

1. Jump
1. You Freak Me Out
1. Girls on Film
What Will the Neighbours Say?

***What Will The Neighbours Say?*** was a 2004 album by Girls Aloud. It was their second album. Five singles were released from it. After the album was released Girls Aloud did their first tour, What Will the Neighbours Say? Live.

## Setlist

1. "The Show"
1. "Love Machine"
1. "I'll Stand By You"
1. "Jump"
1. "Wake Me Up"
1. "Deadlines and Diets"
1. "Big Brother"
1. "Hear Me Out"
1. "Graffiti My Soul"
1. "Real Life"
1. "Here We Go"
1. "Thank Me Daddy"
1. "I Say A Prayer For You"
1. "100 Different Ways"
Chemistry (album)

***Chemistry*** is a 2005 album by Girls Aloud. It was their third album.

## Songs on the album

1. "Intro"
1. "Models"
1. "Biology"
1. "Wild Horses"
1. "See the Day"
1. "Watch Me Go"
1. "Waiting"
1. "Whole Lotta History"
1. "Long Hot Summer"
1. "Swinging London Town"
1. "It's Magic"
1. "No Regrets"
1. "Racy Lacey"

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Chemistry
- **type**: Studio album
- **artist**: Girls Aloud
- **released**: 5 December 2005
- **recorded**: 2005, London, England
- **genre**: pop music, Pop
- **length**: 44:38
46:22 <small>(AUS)</small>
26:05 <small>(UK bonus disc)</small>
- **label**: Polydor Records, Polydor
- **producer**: Brian Higgins (producer), Brian Higgins, Xenomania
- **prev title**: What Will the Neighbours Say?
(2004)
- **next title**: The Sound of Girls Aloud
(2006)
The Sound of Girls Aloud

***The Sound of Girls Aloud*** was a 2006 album by Girls Aloud that featured all of their most popular songs so far. It was their fourth album.

## Songs on the album

1. Sound of the Underground
1. Love Machine
1. Biology
1. I'll Stand By You
1. Jump
1. The Show
1. See the Day
1. Wake Me Up
1. Life Got Cold
1. Something Kinda Ooooh
1. Whole Lotta History
1. Long Hot Summer
1. Money
1. I Think We're Alone Now
Tangled Up

***Tangled Up*** was a 2007 album by Girls Aloud. It was their fifth album.

## Songs on the album

1. Call the Shots
1. Close to Love
1. Sexy! No No No...
1. Girl Overboard
1. Can't Speak French
1. Black Jacks
1. Control of the Knife
1. Fling
1. What You Crying For
1. I'm Falling
1. Damn
1. Crocodile Tears
John Law

**John Law** (_baptized_ 21 April 1671 - 21 March 1729) was a Scottish economist who believed that money was only a means of exchange that did not have wealth in itself, and that national wealth depended on trade. He is said to be the father of finance, responsible for the adoption or use of paper money or bills in the world today.

## Books

- _Millionaire: The Philanderer, Gambler, and Duelist Who Invented Modern Finance_  by Janet Gleeson (2000). ()
- _Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds_ by Charles Mackay. First published 1841, and still available.

## Other websites

- John Law
- Project Gutenberg Edition of Fiat Money Inflation in France: How ...
Edicts of Ashoka

The **Edicts of Ashoka** are a collection of 33 inscriptions on the _Pillars of Ashoka_, as well as on large stones and cave walls, made by the Emperor Ashoka of the Mauryan dynasty during his reign from 272 to 231 BCE. The edicts describe in detail the first wide expansion of Buddhism. According to the edicts, the extent of Buddhist proselytism during this period reached as far as the Mediterranean, and many Buddhist monuments were created.

Ashoka did not completely forbid the killing of animals; he wanted to control the number of
animals that had to be killed for human consumption or sacrificing, protected some of them, and in general criticized violent acts against animals, such as castration.
He wrote these edicts on rock and pillar.

Edicts are royal orders or proclamations.These edicts were set up in different part of Ashoka's empire and spread the message of Ashoka's Dhamma.There are about 14 rock edicts and 7 pillar edicts currently found.

Edicts were written in local language. Most of the Ashoka's edicts are written in Brahmi Script and were translated by James Prinsep, a British official in 1837. After this major breakthrough, historians and scholars were able to obtain information about Ashoka and his reign.

## References

- "The Edicts of King Asoka: An English Rendering" by Ven. S. Dhammika (The Wheel Publication No. 386/387)
- “Zen living” by Robert Linssen

## Other websites

- The Edicts of King Ashoka (full text, electronic edition offered for free distribution)
- The Edicts of King Ashoka  in Access to Insight
- Edicts in original Gandhari
- King Asoka and Buddhism. Historical and Literary studies
- Inscriptions of India -- Complete listing of historical inscriptions from Indian temples and monuments
Proselytism

**Proselytism** is the practice of attempting to convert people to another opinion and, particularly, another religion.

The word _proselytism_ comes from the Greek language prefix 'pros' (towards) and the verb 'erchomai' (I come). Historically in the New Testament, the word proselyte meant a person who had converted to the Jewish religion.  Though the word proselytism was originally used in Christianity, it is also used to refer to other religions' attempts to convert people to their beliefs or even any attempt to convert people to another point of view, religious or not.  Today, the connotations of the word proselytism are often negative.

## Related pages

- Religious conversion

## Other websites

- Everybody Proselytizes!  by Jorge Luis Gonzalo, 2008
- http://www.irla.org/documents/articles/lerner-proselytism.html  International Religious Liberty Association: "Proselytism, Change of Religion, and International Human Rights" by Natan Lerner.
- Pope Benedict XVI asks always for guarantees that Christian faith can be "proposed" and that it can be "freely chosen": When Civilizations Meet: How Joseph Ratzinger Sees Islam
- For a discussion of some of the legal aspects of defining illicit proselytism, see the article Proselytism, Change of Religion, and International Human Rights, by Natan Lerner, PhD
- Proselytism and Crypto-Christians in Cyprus
Ken Hitchcock

**Ken Hitchcock** (born December 17, 1951 in Edmonton, Alberta) is a former Canadian NHL ice hockey coach, who coached in the NHL from 1995–96 to 2018–19. Ken won one Stanley Cup with the Dallas Stars, in the 1998–99 NHL season.
Armistice

An **armistice** is the effective end of a war, when the parties agree to stop fighting. The word comes from the Latin _arma_, meaning weapons and _statium_, meaning a stopping.

A truce or ceasefire usually refers to a _temporary_ stop of hostilities for an agreed limited time or within a limited area. A truce may be needed in order to negotiate an armistice.
An armistice is not the same as a peace treaty, which may take months or even years to agree on. The 1953 Korean War armistice   is a major example of an armistice which has not yet been followed by a peace treaty.

The United Nations Security Council often demands cease-fire of parties in modern conflicts. Armistices are always negotiated between the parties themselves and are thus generally seen as more binding than UN cease-fire resolutions in modern international law.

The most famous armistice is the Armistice with Germany at the end of World War I, on 11 November, 1918, signed near Compiègne, France, and effective at the "eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month."
Armistice of 11 November 1918

The **armistice treaty** between the Allies, who fought Germany during World War I, and Germany was signed in a railway carriage in Compiègne Forest on 11 November 1918, and marked the end of the First World War on the Western Front. Marshal Ferdinand Foch, the Allied Commander-in-chief, and Matthias Erzberger, Germany's representative were the most important persons who signed it.

The Armistice was agreed at 5 AM on 11 November, to come into effect at 11 AM Paris time.

Acting German commander Paul von Hindenburg had requested arrangements for a meeting from Ferdinand Foch via telegram on 7 November. He was under pressure of imminent revolution in Berlin, Munich and elsewhere across Germany.

This stopped the fighting, but it took much longer to get a complete settlement. The actual terms, largely written by Foch, included:
- ending hostilities, the withdrawal of German forces to behind the Rhine,
- Allied occupation of the Rhineland and bridgeheads further east, the surrender of aircraft, warships, and military materiel,
- the release of Allied prisoners of war and interned civilians,
- eventual reparations, no release of German prisoners and no relaxation of the naval blockade of Germany.

Although the armistice ended the fighting on the Western Front, it had to be prolonged three times until the Treaty of Versailles. This took effect on 10 January 1920.

These terms were severe. The later abdication of the Kaiser, and the economic troubles of Germany in the 1920s, led towards the later rise of Adolf Hitler.

## Main people

For the Allies, the personnel involved were entirely military:
- Marshal of France Ferdinand Foch, the Allied supreme commander
- First Sea Lord Admiral Rosslyn Wemyss, the British representative
- General Maxime Weygand, Foch's Chief of staff

For Germany:
- Matthias Erzberger, a civilian politician;
- Count Alfred von Oberndorff, from the Foreign Ministry;
- Major General Detlev von Winterfeldt, the army;
- Captain Ernst Vanselow, the navy.

General Weygand and General von Gruennel are not mentioned in the (French) document.

The peace between the Allies and Germany that followed this armistice was the Treaty of Versailles in 1919.

## Related pages

- Remembrance Day
- Treaty of Versailles (1919)

## Other websites

- La convention d'armistice du 11 novembre 1918  (in French)
- The Armistice Demands, translated into English from German Government statement The World War I Document Archive, Brigham Young University Library, accessed July 27, 2006
Nationwide Arena

**Nationwide Arena** is a sports arena in Columbus, Ohio. The arena opened in 2000, and right now the Columbus Blue Jackets of the National Hockey League (NHL) and the Columbus Destroyers of the Arena Football League (AFL) play there. The arena was built at the location of the old Ohio Penitentiary, a prison that was destroyed in 1998.

## Other websites

- Official Site
Easter eggplant

**Easter eggplant** is a plant of the nightshade family, related to aubergine (=_S.melongena_). The stem and leafstalks are green, or very faintly tinged with purple, and bear a few white spines. Leaves are wavy at the edges. Flowers are lilac, it is recognized by its oblong fruit, also grown as an ornamental plant, for covering walls or trellises.

## Other websites

- http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/ARN_AUD/AUBERGINE_diminutive_of_Fr_aube.html
- http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/MV061
- Solanaceae in stamps
Sienna Guillory

**Sienna Tiggy Guillory** (said like "Gil-ir-ee" (IPA: [ˈɡɪlɜːɪ])) (born 16 March 1975) is an English actress and she used to be a model. She is famous for acting as Jill Valentine in _Resident Evil: Apocalypse_ and as Elf Arya Drottningu in _Eragon_.

She is daughter of Isaac Guillory, an Anglo-Cuban folk guitarist, and his first wife, Tina. Guillory has acted in many British movies, and later in American movies. Not long ago, she acted in a number of science-fiction and fantasy movies written for teenagers.

While working on the 1996 movie _The Future Lasts A Long Time_, Guillory met English actor Nick Moran, and she was married to Moran from July 1997 until 2000. Later, she married Enzo Cilenti, in 2002, and Guillory wore her grandmother's wedding gown. In 2007, they moved to Los Angeles, California, USA.
Guitar Hero Encore: Rocks the 80s

***Guitar Hero Encore: Rocks the 80s*** is a video game for the PlayStation 2 console. It is part of the _Guitar Hero_ series of games. It was released on July 24, 2007 in United States and in the European Union and on August 1, 2007 in Australia. The game features songs and music from the 1980s. The game features artists such as Quiet Riot, Ratt, Poison and Iron Maiden.

## Infobox (video game)
Super Mario Bros. 2

***Super Mario Bros. 2*** is the second game of the _Mario_ series. It is the name of two different games. In Japan, the game was created by Nintendo. Shigeru Miyamoto thought that the original _Super Mario Bros. 2_ was too hard for Americans, and decided to remake a Japanese game called _Yume Kōjō: Doki Doki Panic_, and replaced the old characters with the _Mario_ characters Mario, Luigi, Princess Peach, and Toad.  The game was much different from other _Mario_ games because of this.

## Gameplay

This game features four characters: Toad, Luigi, Mario, and Princess Peach. Each one has different characteristics. Luigi can jump higher than the other characters, Peach can stay afloat for a few seconds longer than the others when jumping, Toad can pull items out of the ground quicker whilst Mario has generic all-round abilities. The player can pick the character at the start of each level.

Unlike the regular _Mario_ games, Mario and his friends have vegetables and can pick up some enemies and throw them.

## Infobox (video game)

- **image**: File:Super Mario Bros. 2.jpg
- **title**: Super Mario Bros. 2
- **developer**: Nintendo Entertainment Analysis & Development, Nintendo EAD
- **publisher**: Nintendo
- **director**: Kensuke Tanabe
- **producer**: Shigeru Miyamoto
- **artist**: Tadashi Sugiyama
- **composer**: Koji Kondo
- **series**: _Super Mario_
- **platforms**: Nintendo Entertainment System, NES, PlayChoice-10, Super Nintendo Entertainment System, Super NES, Game Boy Advance
- **released**: **NES/Famicom**

**Game Boy Advance**

- **genre**: Platformer
- **modes**: Single-player
- **caption**: Logo
Sierra Mist

**Sierra Mist** was a lemon lime soft drink similar to 7 Up and Sprite.  It was made by the Pepsi Company from 1999 to 2023. Their rival soft drink was Sprite, which is made by The Coca-Cola Company.

After Pepsi stopped selling Sierra Mist, they started selling the lemon lime soda Starry.

Sierra Mist came in many flavors such as:

- Sierra Mist (1999–2023)
- Diet Sierra Mist (2006–2023)
- Sierra Mist Free (2000–2006)
- Mist twist 2016-2018
- Sierra Mist Cranberry Splash (Winter starting in 2006)
- Sierra Mist Free Cranberry Splash (Winter starting in 2007)
- Sierra Mist Lemon Squeeze (2007)
- Sierra Mist Undercover Orange (2008)
- Sierra Mist Free Undercover Orange (2008)
- Sierra Mist Ruby Splash (2009)
- Diet Sierra Mist Ruby Splash (2009)
Khan

**Khan** should not be confused with **Kahn**, which is a German surname.

**Khan** may mean:
- Khan (title), a title for a ruler in Altaic (Turkic & Mongolian) languages.
    - Genghis Khan (c.1162-1227), first Khan of the Mongol Empire
    - Kublai Khan (1215-1294), last Khan of the Mongol Empire and Emperor of China
    - Aga Khan The Islamic hereditary title of the Imam of the Nizārī Muslims
        - Aga Khan IV Title of Karīm al-Hussaynī KBE CC GCC: the current Aga Khan
- Khan (name), a common Central/South Asian family name
    - Chaka Khan, African American R&B artist
    - Imran Khan, Pakistani Cricketer and Politician
- Khan, one of the administrative divisions of Cambodia
- Khan Bahadur, a title of honour issued by British India to Muslims who performed a deed of great service to the nation.

In **fiction**:
- Khan Noonien Singh, the villan from Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan
- Khan (comics), Marvel Comics character
- Khan!, 1975 Detective TV series

In **music**:
- Khan (band), English progressive rock band in the 70s
- Khan (musician), Berlin based musician

**Khan** may also be:
- Caravanserai, a medieval roadside inn
Khan (title)

**Khan** means "ruler" or "commander" in Turkic and Mongolic Languages. It may be from an Altaic language, probably a Mongolic language like Ruanruan.

Presently, khans exist mostly in South Asia, Central Asia and Iran. A female khan is called a **Khatun** or **Khanum**. **Khagan** means 'Khan of Khans' but is often (incorrectly) 'shortened' to Khan. This is similar to how the Persian _Shahanshah,_ 'King of Kings', is usually simply called the Shah. Genghis was also called the 'Great Khan' like how Ottoman Padishah was called the 'Great Sultan'. Khans rule over **Khanates**. Khagans rule over **Khaganates**.

## Name

Khan (),  Khan is a popular South Asian last name (e.g. Salman Khan). Khan now has many equivalent meanings such as commander, leader, or ruler. It is sometimes translated as king or prince (but Khan is a bit different). Originally Khans led small tribes.

### Variations

There have been several variations on the title used in modern times. _Khan Bahadur_ or _Khan Sahib_ was a title of honour, granted by India to Muslims who had done major deeds of valour, or service to the nation or government. The Hindu counterpart for this title was _Rai Bahadur_ or _Rai Sahib_. This title was normally granted in addition to other awards and decorations and added either before or after a person's actual name as a prefix or suffix.

## Mongol Empire

It was used by the Mongols in their Mongol Empire.

The title "Khan" became well known when Mongol Temüjin conquered most of Eurasia and formed the Mongol Empire. It was the greatest land empire the world ever saw. He is often called Genghis Khan. But his real title was khagan. The Mongol empire branched into the Ilkhanate of Persia and the Chagatai Khaganate of Central Asia.

## Related pages

- King
- Tsar
- Kaiser

## Sources and references

- on-line encyclopaedia on all Bengal, in English
- Etymology OnLine
- RoyalArk – see under each present country
- WorldStatesmen – see under each present country
Birthmark

A **birthmark** is a mark on the skin that some people are born with. In dermatology, there are two main types of birthmarks: pigmented birthmarks and vascular birthmarks. Pigmented birthmarks are caused by an excess (larger than normal amount) of pigment cells in the skin and include moles, café au lait spots, and Mongolian spots. Vascular birthmarks, also called red birthmarks, are caused by increased blood vessels and include macular stains (salmon patches), hemangiomas, and port-wine stains.

In the past, a birthmark was once thought of as the mark of the devil, and today it is often considered a birth defect. In some cases this mark is considered to be the mark of God applied to his chosen few.
Pskov

**Pskov** (, ancient Russian spelling Пльсковъ (_Pleskov_)) is an old city in the northwest of Russia. It is the administrative center of Pskov Oblast. It is about  east of the Estonian border, on the Velikaya River.

## History

There was Pskov feudal republic depended of Novgorod.

## Sister cities

Pskov is twinned with the following cities:

- Arles, France
- Białystok, Poland
- Daugavpils, Latvia
- Gera, Germany
- Kuopio, Finland
- Neuss, Germany
- Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Norrtälje, Sweden
- Perth, Scotland, United Kingdom
- Rēzekne, Latvia
- Roanoke, United States
- Tartu, Estonia
- Valmiera, Latvia
- Vitebsk, Belarus

## Other websites

- Official website of the City of Pskov Administration

## Infobox (russian inhabited locality)

- **en name**: Pskov
- **ru name**: Псков
- **image skyline**: Pskov asv07-2018 Kremlin aerial1.jpg
- **map label position**: right
- **image coa**: Pskovgfull.svg
- **image flag**: Flag of Pskov (Pskov oblast).svg
- **holiday**: July 23
- **federal subject**: Pskov Oblast
- **adm data as of**: February 2009
- **adm city jur**: City of federal subject significance, City of Pskov
- **adm ctr of1**: Pskov Oblast
- **adm ctr of2**: Pskovsky District
- **adm ctr of3**: City of Pskov
- **inhabloc cat**: City
- **mun data as of**: February 2005
- **urban okrug jur**: Pskov Urban Okrug
- **mun admctr of1**: Pskov Urban Okrug
- **mun admctr of2**: Pskovsky Municipal District
- **leader title**: City Head
- **leader name**: Ivan Tsetsersky
- **representative body**: Pskov City Duma, City Duma
- **pop 2010census**: 203279
- **pop 2010census rank**: 91st
- **established date**: 903
- **established title**: First mentioned
- **postal codes**: 180xxx
- **dialing codes**: 8112
- **website**: http://www.pskovgorod.ru/
- **commonscat**: Pskov
- **date**: April 2010
Perth, Scotland

**Perth** () is a city and the main part of the Perth and Kinross council area in Scotland, with around 43,450 people living there. The town was a large burgh before 1975.

Perth is named by some people as _The Fair City_, Its status in the United Kingdom was not a city a city until 2012. Then, with Chelmsford (in Essex, England) and St Asaph (in north Wales), it was given city status to mark Queen Elizabeth II's 60 years on the throne.
Scotland's other six cities are Edinburgh, Glasgow, Aberdeen, Dundee, Stirling and Inverness.

Perth also has its own football team, St. Johnstone F.C.. This plays in the Scottish Premiership.

## Other websites

- Perth City
- Perth History
- Perth and Kinross Council
- Perthshire Tourist Board

## Infobox (uk place)

- **country**: Scotland
- **official name**: Perth
- **local name**: _St John's Toun_ (old name)
_The Fair City_ (nickname)
- **gaelic name**: Peairt
- **scots name**: Pairth
- **os grid reference**: NO115235
- **map type**: Scotland
- **population**: 44,820
- **unitary scotland**: Perth and Kinross
- **lieutenancy scotland**: Perth and Kinross
- **post town**: PERTH
- **postcode district**: PH1-PH3; PH14
- **postcode area**: PH
- **dial code**: 01738
- **constituency westminster**: Ochil and South Perthshire (UK Parliament constituency), Ochil and South Perthshire
- **constituency westminster1**: Perth and North Perthshire (UK Parliament constituency), Perth and North Perthshire
- **constituency scottish parliament**: Perthshire North (Scottish Parliament constituency), Perthshire North
- **constituency scottish parliament1**: Perthshire South and Kinross-shire (Scottish Parliament constituency), Perthshire South and Kinross-shire
- **constituency scottish parliament2**: Mid Scotland and Fife (Scottish Parliament electoral region), Mid Scotland and Fife
- **static image**: Tay Street from Queen's Bridge - geograph.org.uk - 1542524.jpg
- **static image caption**: <small>Perth city centre, October 2009</small>
- **static image 2 name**: Coa Scotland Town Perth big.svg
- **static image 2 width**: 90
- **static image 2 caption**: Coat of arms
Nevermore

**Nevermore** is an American metal band from Seattle, Washington. Their style of metal is a mixture of many different types like progressive metal, thrash metal, and power metal. They formed in 1991. The members right now are: Warrel Dane (vocals), Jeff Loomis (guitar), Jim Sheppard (bass), Van Williams (drums).

## Discography

- _Nevermore_ (1995)
- _In Memory_ (1996)
- _The Politics of Ecstasy_ (1996)
- _Dreaming Neon Black_ (1999)
- _Dead Heart in a Dead World_ (2000)
- _Enemies of Reality_ (2003)
- _This Godless Endeavor_ (2005)

### Other releases

- _Utopia_ (demo, 1992)
- _Demo 1994_ (demo, 1994)
- _Believe In Nothing (single)_ (single, 2000)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Nevermore
- **img**: Nevermore Summerbreeze2007 04.jpg
- **img capt**: Nevermore live in Dinkelsbühl, August 16, 2007.
(l-r) Jeff Loomis, Warrel Dane, Jim Sheppard and Chris Broderick.
- **img size**: 250
- **landscape**: yes
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Seattle, Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
- **genre**: Progressive metal, thrash metal, power metal
- **years active**: 1991–present
- **label**: Century Media Records, Century Media
- **associated acts**: Sanctuary (band), Sanctuary, Forbidden (band), Forbidden, Annihilator, Vicious Rumors, Testament (band), Testament, Megadeth, Cannibal Corpse, Jag Panzer, Iced Earth
- **url**: [http://www.nevermore.tv www.nevermore.tv]
- **current members**: Warrel Dane
Jeff Loomis
Jim Sheppard
Van Williams (musician), Van Williams
- **past members**: Mark Arrington
Pat O'Brien (guitarist), Pat O'Brien
Adam Gardner
Steve Smyth
Tim Calvert
Chris Broderick
James MacDonough
Machine Head

**Machine Head** is a metal band from Oakland in California. They play a mixture of thrash metal and groove metal. The band members right now are: Robb Flynn (guitar, vocals), Jared MacEachern (bass), Matt Alston (drums) and Reece Scruggs (lead guitar).

## Band members

- Current lineup
- Robb Flynn – lead vocals, guitar <small>(1991–present)</small>
- Jared MacEachern – bass, backing vocals <small>(2013–present)</small>
- Matt Alston – drums, percussion <small>(2019–present)</small>
- Reece Scruggs – lead guitar, backing vocals <small>(2024–present; touring member 2022–2024)</small>

- Former
- Logan Mader – lead guitar <small>(1991–1998; touring member 2019–2021)</small>
- Adam Duce – bass, backing vocals <small>(1991–2013)</small>
- Tony Costanza – drums <small>(1991–1992; died 2020)</small>
- Chris Kontos – drums, percussion <small>(1992–1995; touring member 2019–2021)</small>
- Dave McClain – drums, percussion <small>(1996–2018)</small>
- Ahrue Luster – lead guitar <small>(1998–2002)</small>
- Phil Demmel – lead guitar, backing vocals <small>(2003–2018)</small>
- Wacław "Vogg" Kiełtyka – lead guitar, backing vocals <small>(2019–2023)</small>

## Discography

- _Burn My Eyes_ (1994)
- _The More Things Change..._ (1997)
- _The Burning Red_ (1999)
- _Supercharger_ (2001)
- _Through the Ashes of Empires_ (2003)
- _The Blackening_ (2007)
- _Unto the Locust_ (2011)
- _Bloodstone & Diamonds_ (2014)
- _Catharsis_ (2018)
- _Øf Kingdøm and Crøwn_ (2022)
- _Unatoned_ (2025)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Machine Head
- **img**: Machine Head Live Zurich.jpg
- **img capt**: Machine Head live in Zurich. From left to right: Phil Demmel, Dave McClain, Robb Flynn, and Adam Duce.
- **img size**: 250
- **landscape**: Yes
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Oakland, California
- **years active**: 1991–present
- **label**: Roadrunner Records, Roadrunner, Nuclear Blast
- **associated acts**: Forbidden (band), Forbidden, Vio-lence, Ill Niño, Slayer, Hatebreed, Bleeding Through, Metallica, Soulfly
- **current members**: Robb Flynn
Jared MacEachern
Matt Alston
Reece Scruggs
- **past members**: Logan Mader
Adam Duce
Tony Costanza
Chris Kontos
Walter Ryan
Dave McClain
Ahrue Luster
Phil Demmel
Wacław Kiełtyka