juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Issue

**Issue** may have one of the following special meanings:

- The subject or question of a debate
- A single instance of a serial publication, such as a journal, magazine or a newspaper.
- Issue (legal), a point disputed by parties to a lawsuit.
- Issue (computers), a generalization of the term bug.
- Social issue, an issue which affects many people in a society
- In project management, an issue is the result of an event that has occurred and has a positive or negative impact on the project and should be analyzed and dealt with via actions.
Firefly

**Fireflies** are a family of beetles called the **Lampyridae**. These beetles are special in that most of them have bioluminescence, the ability to produce light. They are sometimes called  **fireworms**, **firebugs**, **firebeetles**, **glowflies**, **glow-worms**, **glowbugs**, **glowbeetles**, **lightning flies**, **lightning worms**, **lightning bugs**, **lightning beetles**  or **forest stars** or simply **lightflies**, **lightworms**, **lightbugs** or **lightbeetles**. There are about 2000 different species, most of which are nocturnal.

Adults use flashes of light to attract mates. Also, firefly larvae flash their lights to warn predators that they are not a tasty meal. Many predators do not like the taste of firefly larvae.

## Body

A firefly is an insect, so it has an exoskeleton and three body parts. Much like an annual cicada, they are usually soft-bodied, often with the elytra (front wings) more leathery than in other beetles.

A firefly may be brown or black with yellow and red marks.

## Function

All fireflies glow as larvae. Bioluminescence serves a different function in lampyrid larvae than it does in adults. It appears to be a warning signal to predators, since many firefly larvae contain chemicals that are distasteful or toxic.

Light in adult beetles was originally thought to be used for similar warning purposes, but its main purpose is now thought to be mate selection. Fireflies are a classic example of an organism that uses bioluminescence for sexual selection. They have evolved a variety of ways to communicate with mates in courtships: steady glows, flashing, and the use of chemical signals unrelated to photic systems.

## Habitat

Fireflies live in tropical climates in the United States, Latin America, Caribbean Island, and South East Asia. They also live east of Rocky Mountains. Fireflies like to live in damp areas and dry areas. Examples of damp areas are rain forests, streams, marshes, ponds and leaf piles. Examples of dry areas are backyards and meadows.

Most species live in marshes or near water, because there their larvae have more than enough food.

## References

- Halfmann, Janet 1999. _Fireflies_. Smart Apple Media
- Pierre Stephanie 2002. _Firefly_. Heinemann, Library
Phengodidae

**Phengodidae** is a family of glow-worm beetles. Their larvae are also glow-worms.

The family occurs only in the New World, and has about 30 genera. Both the females and larvae are bioluminescent: they have organs that can produce light. This family is different from the fireflies (family Lampyridae).

The larvae and the females (which keep their larval form) are predators. They feed on millipedes and other animals they find in the soil and litter. Males are winged. They are attracted to lights at night. They are probably short-lived and do not feed at all. In some species, adult males can also produce light. Females have organs that produce a green or yellow light on their trunks.  Some of them (called railroad worms) also have such an organ in front, which can produce a red light.
Arachnocampa

**Arachnocampa** is a family of flies. They are also called **Fungus gnats**. They occur in Australia and New Zealand. Their larvae are glowworms.

They were called **Bolitphila** (_mushroom-lovers_) until 1924. Then people found out that their larvae use silk threads to catch prey. Their current name means _spider-grub_.
Debate

**Debate** or **debating** is a method of argument. Disputes and conflicts may be settled by debate. It is a larger form of argument than logical argument, because in a debate, the debaters try to influence the feelings of the audience, in order to persuade them on a topic.

The subject or issue of the debate is the question on which the participants debate. An issue or debate always has two sides or positions. Informal debates like discussion are very common, but the quality of a debate improves with knowledge and skill of its participants as debaters.

Deliberative bodies such as parliaments, legislative assemblies, and meetings of all sorts have debates. The winner of a debate may be decided by the audience's vote, by judges, or by both.

Formal debates between candidates for an elected office are common in places where leaders of countries are chosen by the people. The most well-known of these debates are between candidates for the President and Vice President of the United States, and leaders debates between leaders of parties in Parliament in countries like Great Britain and Canada.
Alternative

In natural language and in cognitive decision-making, **alternative** is  one of two things/(abstract or real objects)/actions which can be chosen. From a specific perspective/(point of view)/goal, alternatives are always equivalent.

In logic and mathematics, alternative is the element of logical disjunction.

In different contexts **alternative** (or _Alternativism_) may refer to :

- Alternative rock, a style of rock music
    - Alternative dance and Alternative metal, subgenres of alternative rock
    - Alternative hip-hop
    - Alternative country
- Alternative algebra, an abstract algebra with alternative multiplication
- Alternative comics, one of several labels applied to a range of comic strips and books
- Alternative comedy, a range of styles used by comedians and writers in the 1980s
- Alternative culture, a variety of subcultures outside or on the fringes of so-called accepted mainstream culture
- Alternative dispute resolution, processes and techniques outside the traditional mainstream of jurisprudence
- Alternative lifestyle, a lifestyle that it is not within the generally perceived cultural norm
- Alternative media, media practices falling outside the mainstreams of corporate communication
- Alternative medicine, methods and practices used in place of, or in addition to, conventional medical treatments
- Alternative society, alternative models for society and social change
- Alternative education, alternatives to traditional education
- Alternative school, a school geared towards students whose needs cannot be met in the traditional school such as underachievers who do not qualify for special education, rather than educational alternatives for all students
Momofuku Ando

, born ** Wú Bǎifú** (吳百福) in Taiwanese (5 March 1910 - 5 January 2007) was the founder and chairman of Nissin Food Products Co., Ltd., and the inventor of the modern instant noodle, ramen.

Ando was born to Taiwanese parents in Kagi (currently Chiayi), Taiwan and grew up an orphan in Tainan City. In 1948, Momofuku Ando founded what was to become Nissin in Ikeda, Osaka, Japan. It was a small family-run company at first.

On August 25, 1958, at the age of 48, and after months of trial and error experimentation, Ando announced that he had finally perfected his flash-frying method and therefore invented the instant noodle. Called Chikin Ramen, after the original flavour, it was originally considered a luxury food item as it cost around six times that of traditional non-instant udon and soba noodles. Ando began sales of the Cup noodles on September 18, 1971. As prices dropped, ramen soon became a booming business. An estimated 70 billion servings were sold in 2004.

In 1964, looking for a way to promote the instant noodle industry, Ando founded the Instant Food Industry Association which set guidelines for fair competition and product quality, introducing several industry standards such as the inclusion of production dates on packaging and the "fill to" line.  The Momofuku Ando Instant Ramen Museum is named after Ando.

Ando was also the chairman of the International Ramen Manufacturers’ Association. He died on January 5, 2007 of heart failure in Osaka Prefecture at the age of 96.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Momofuku Ando
- **birth name**: 吳百福 (Gô͘ Peh-hok)
- **image**: The statue of Momofuku Ando.jpg
- **caption**: The statue of Momofuku Ando
- **nationality**: Japanese
- **alma mater**: Ritsumeikan University
- **birth place**: _Phoh-á-kha_, _Kagi-chō_, Taiwan under Japanese rule, Japanese Taiwan, Empire of Japan
<small>(now Puzi, Chiayi County, Taiwan)</small>
- **death place**: Ikeda, Osaka, Ikeda, Osaka Prefecture, Japan
- **known for**: Inventing of instant noodles
- **children**: Hirotoshi Ando
Koki Ando
Akemi Horinouchi
- **spouse**: Masako Ando
Disjunction

**Disjunction** can refer to several things.

In logic, it can mean:
- Inclusive disjunction (also known as _logical or_): at least one of the arguments is true
    - OR gate, the logic gate
- Exclusive disjunction (also known as _XOR_): exactly one of the arguments is true

In biology, it can mean:
- Meiosis, a type of cell division
- Disjunct distribution, when populations of the same taxon are widely separated between two or more areas
Colombo Central Bank bombing

The **Central Bank bombing** was one of the deadliest terrorist attacks of the civil war in Sri Lanka between the government and the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam.

The attack happened on January 31, 1996, in Colombo, the capital city of Sri Lanka. A truck with about 440 pounds (200 kg) of high explosives crashed through the main gate of the Central Bank, a seaside building which managed most of the financial business of the country. As gunmen and security guards were shooting, the suicide bomber in the truck detonated the massive bomb, which badly damaged the bank and damaged eight other buildings nearby.

The explosion killed 90 people and injured 1,400 others. Most of these were ordinary citizens or civilians working in the small shops set up near the bank. This bombing was followed by the 1996 Dehiwala train bombing in July that killed 64 people.

Until 2006, the Central Bank bombing was the deadliest Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam terrorist bombing.
Ledger line

A **ledger line** is a short line used in musical notation to write notes which would otherwise be too high or too low to put on any of the five lines on the staff. A short line (slightly longer than the note) is drawn parallel to the lines on the staff, and the note head is placed on that line or in the space below or above it.

Notes with at least three or four ledger lines are rarely used for composing and arranging. It is easier to change the clef or use the “8va” sign (called "ottava" sign), which means the notes should be played an octave higher or lower than it is written, depending on whether the sign is above or below the staff.

## Related pages

- Transposition (music)

## References

- Anon. 2001. "Leger [Ledger] Line". _The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians_, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers.
- Godwin, Joscelyn. 1974. "Playing from Original Notation". _Early Music_ 2, no. 1 (January): 15–19.
- Read, Gardner. 1969. _Music Notation: A Manual of Modern Practice_, second edition. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Reprinted, New York: Taplinger Publishing Company, 1979.
Tobin tax

A **Tobin tax** is a tax on all trade of currency across borders.

The first idea that it could be useful came from the economist James Tobin. The tax is meant to put a penalty on short-term speculation in currencies. The proposed tax rate would be low, between 0.1% to 0.25%.

On August 15, 1971, Richard Nixon told that it would no longer be possible to change the US dollar to gold, so ended the Bretton Woods system. Tobin suggested a new system for international currency stability, and proposed that such a system include a charge on foreign-exchange transactions. Professor Tobin later received a Nobel Prize in Economics in 1981.

The idea was nearly forgotten for more than 20 years.  In 1997 Ignacio Ramonet, editor of _Le Monde Diplomatique_, started the debate around the Tobin tax again with an editorial titled "_Disarming the markets_". Ramonet proposed to create an association for the introduction of this tax, which was named ATTAC (Association for the Taxation of financial Transactions for the Aid of Citizens). The tax has then become an issue of the antiglobalization movement and a matter of discussion not only behind academic institutions but even in the streets and in parliaments around the world, such as the UK and France.

## Tobin tax projects in the world

Since one country acting alone would find it very difficult to introduce this tax, many argue it would be best done by an international institution.  It has been proposed that having the United Nations manage a Tobin tax would solve this problem and would give the U.N. a large source of funding independent from donations by participating states. However, there have been initiatives of national dimension about the tax.

The Tobin tax idea was the subject of much discussion in Europe in the summer of 2001. On June 15, 2004, the Commission of Finance and Budget in the Belgian Federal Parliament approved a bill implementing the _Spahn tax_ (a version of the Tobin tax proposed by Paul-Bernd Spahn). According to the legislation, Belgium will introduce the Tobin tax once all countries of the eurozone introduce a similar law.

## Other websites

- ATTAC
- Disarming the markets, editorial by Ignacio Ramonet, Le Monde Diplomatique 1997
- Tobin Tax Initiative
- War on Want
- coverage of the issue in HedgeWorld
- The Guardian editorializes against the Tobin tax
- Currency Transaction Taxes - analysis from Global Policy Forum
- English version of James Tobin interview on Der Spiegel on Jubilee 2000 web site
- ATTAC France's view on Tobin's interview (English version)
- Website offering coverage of Tobin tax initiatives, as well as supportive and critical papers
- JEEA article by Prof. Hau
Penalty

A **penalty** is most often a punishment, and may also mean:
- in law:
    - Sentence (law), for example the death penalty
    - Sanctions (law), a punishment for violating rules of procedure, or for abusing the judicial process.
- in sports:
    - getting a Penalty (American football) gets a punishment for your team's rule infraction
    - getting a Penalty kick (football/soccer) gets a "reward" for the other team's rule infraction, or refers to the tiebreak procedure where there has been no rule infraction, and there is neither a punishment nor a reward. See also Penalty area.
    - in Contract Bridge and other card games a penalty can be both an "intra-game" scoring bonus which is not associated with any rule infraction, or an "extra-game" punishment for a rule infraction such as a "revoke".
    - Penalty (ice hockey). See also Penalty box.
    - Penalty (rugby)
    - Penalty (Brazilian sports manufacturer)
    - in other sports or games, penalties may be referred to as fouls or faults
- in finance and banking:
    - a payment forfeited for an early withdrawal from an account or an investment
    - Tax penalty, a fee required for missing a deadline or some other violation.
- In entertainment:
    - _The Penalty_, a film.
Visoko

**Visoko**  is historic town in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It has 17000 residents. Visoko is on the rivers Bosna and Fojnica.

Visoko was the capital of medieval Bosnia in early years of the country. From this time, the most important places are old town **Visoki** on Visočica hill, the trade center **Podvisoki**, **Mile** - the place where the kings were crowned and **Moštre** where the Bosnian church university was.

In 1463, the Ottomans conquered Bosnia. Ajas-beg is founder of modern Visoko. He built mosques, trade shops and other things.

## Other websites

- News from Visoko
- VISOKOIN - Nezavisni News Magazin
- City of Visoko
- Turistic presentation of Visoko
- Neolithic findings in Okolište, Visoko
- Short history of Visoko
- Visoko in Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th Edition
- Tragovima bosanskog kraljevstva  - Tourist route for medieval Bosnia (English)
- Trail of the Bosnian Kingdom  - Cultural Tourism in Visoko

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Visoko
- **image skyline**: Pogledvisocica.jpg
- **image caption**: Visoko
- **subdivision type**: Countries of the world, Country
- **subdivision name**: Bosnia and Herzegovina
- **timezone**: Central European Time, CET
- **utc offset**: +1
- **map caption**: Location of Visoko within Bosnia and Herzegovina.
- **timezone dst**: Central European Summer Time, CEST
- **utc offset dst**: +2
- **image shield**: Visokogrb.png
- **image map**: Visoko Municipality Location.png
- **subdivision type1**: Canton
- **subdivision name1**: Zenica-Doboj Canton, Zenica - Doboj
- **leader title**: Municipality president
- **leader name**: Munib Alibegović (Party of Democratic Action, SDA)
- **area total km2**: 232
- **population total**: 46130
- **population as of**: 1991 census
- **pushpin map**: Bosnia and Herzegovina
- **pushpin map caption**: Location of Visoko
- **area code**: +387 32
Speculation

**Speculation** has a special meaning when talking about money. The person who speculates is called a **speculator**. A speculator does not buy goods to own them, but to sell them later. The reason is that he wants to make a profit from the change in price.

One tries to buy the goods when they are cheap and to sell them when they are expensive. There is a good chance to profit as long as the market price  changes often in different directions.

Speculation includes the buying, holding, selling, and short-selling of stocks, bonds, commodities, currencies, collectibles, real estate, derivatives or any  investment. It is the opposite of buying because one wants to use them for daily life or to get income from them (as dividends or interest).

Speculation is one of the biggest market roles in western financial markets. The others are hedging, long term investing and arbitrage.  Speculators do not plan to keep an asset for a long time.
Quarterback

A **quarterback** (**QB**) is a position in American and Canadian football. Quarterbacks are members of the offense, or attacking team. They line up directly behind the center, in the middle of the offensive team's line. A quarterback is usually the leader, and starts most plays. In addition, the quarterback gives commands to the other players before the start of a play. A quarterback will in most attacking plays throw the ball to a member of their team, ready to run to the end of the pitch. Quarterbacks may also run the ball themselves, as well as hand the ball to a runningback. These players are usually the faces of their respective teams. Some very notable players at this position in history are Tom Brady, Jim Kelly, and Peyton Manning.

## Special tactics

If quarterbacks don't like the formation the defense is using, they may use an audible. An audible is a way for the quarterback to change the play at the line of scrimmage (where players line up to start a play). He changes what the play will be by shouting out things that his teammates will understand. An audible may be called if the quarterback sees how the defensive players are lined up and does not think that the play that has been called would be good against how the defense is lined up.
Arrest

An **arrest** is when a person's liberty is removed by taking them into jail or the police station (custody). This is usually done after an investigation of a crime or in stopping a crime from taking place. The term comes from Anglo-Norman. It is related to the French word _arrêt_, which means "stop".
Police and some other organizations are allowed to arrest people. In many places, normal people can arrest others (a "citizen's arrest"). For example, in England and Wales, a citizen's arrest can be made on someone who has committed a serious crime, though there are rules as to when and how this can be done.

## Where the word comes from

The word "arrest" comes from Anglo-Norman. It is taken from the French word _arrêt_. Arrêt means 'to stop or stay'. There are many slang terms for being arrested in different countries. In British slang, the term "nicked" is often used to mean "arrested", and "nick" can also mean a police station. In the United States and France, "collared" is sometimes used. The term "lifted" is also used.

### United States

When there is a good reason to think someone has committed a serious crime, the police usually handcuff an arrested person. The person will be taken to a police station or jail. There, they are subject to a booking process and they can be bailed or have their charge read out to them and asked how they plead. This is called an arraignment.

### India

Indian law says that arrests do not need to be formal. The arrest can be made by a normal citizen, a police officer or a Magistrate. The police officer needs to tell the person who is being arrested what they did wrong and that they can be let go on bail if the crime allows people to be bailed.

### United States

A Miranda warning is only needed when a person has already been arrested is being questioned. This warning tells the person who has been arrested that they can be silent, can have a counsel with them, and warns them that whatever they say can be used against them. Police also must tell the person who has been arrested about their Miranda Rights.

### United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom a person must be told that they are under arrest. They must also be told, in simple language that they can understand, the reasons for their arrest. A person must be 'cautioned' when they are arrested unless this can not be done, for example if the person being arrested is being violent or is drunk. The caution given in England and Wales is: > You do not have to say anything, but it may harm your defence if you do not mention when questioned something which you later rely on in court. Anything you do say may be given in evidence.

This exact wording is not needed as long as the same information is given.

## Related pages

- Arrest warrant
- House arrest

## Other websites

- Being stopped, questioned or arrested by the police (Directgov, England and Wales)
Oehlen

People with the name **Oehlen**:
- Jos Oehlen, sculptor
- Albert Oehlen, painting artist
- Markus Oehlen, German artist
- Mischa Oehlen, movie director
Jos Oehlen

**Jos Oehlen** (born March 12, 1953 in Tegelen) is a Dutch sculptor.

Jos Oehlen studied at the Academy of Tilburg and the "Rijksakademie voor Beeldende Kunsten te Amsterdam." Most of his sculptures are done in bronze but he has also created some sculptures in granite and marble. His most recent large sculpture is "The Pelican" in Uny, Hungary.

## Other websites

- Official site
- Article on Receiving and Giving Hands  (in Dutch)
- Images of Sculptures
- Dancer
- Double Figure
- The Pelican
- Ontvangende En Gevende Handen  (Receiving and Giving Hands)
James Tobin

**James Tobin** (March 5, 1918 – March 11, 2002) was an American economist. Outside academia, Tobin became widely known for his suggestion of a tax on foreign exchange transactions, now known as the "Tobin tax". This was designed to reduce speculation on currency markets, which he saw as unproductive. He also suggested that the money gained from the tax could be used to fund projects for the benefit of Third World countries, or to support the United Nations.

Tobin's academic work included pioneering contributions to the study of investment, monetary and fiscal policy and financial markets. He promoted and developed the ideas of Keynesian economics. He believed that governments should intervene in the economy in order to stabilise output and avoid recessions.

## Other websites

- James Tobin at the Nobel Foundation e-Museum
- James Tobin at the Cowles Foundation site
- James Tobin  at the HET site
- Short biography at nobel-winners.com
Bretton Woods system

The **Bretton Woods system** was the first system used to control the value of money between different countries. It meant that each country had to have a monetary policy that kept the exchange rate of its currency within a fixed value—plus or minus 1%—in terms of gold.

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) was created to fight against temporary imbalances of payments. The Bretton Woods system was the first monetary order that organized monetary relations among independent nation-states. It set out the rules for commercial and financial relations among the world's major industrial states.

Plans to rebuild the international economic system after the end of World War II started before the war ended. 730 delegates from all 44 Allies of World War II came to Bretton Woods, New Hampshire for the _United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference_. The delegates discussed and then signed the **Bretton Woods Agreements** during the first three weeks of July 1944.

The planners at Bretton Woods set up a system of rules, institutions, and procedures to regulate the international monetary system. They started the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development  (now one of five institutions in the World Bank Group) and the _International Monetary Fund_ . These organizations became active in 1946 after enough countries had ratified the agreement.

Until the early 1970s, the Bretton Woods system worked. It controlled conflict and achieved the common goals of the leading states that had created it, especially the United States. But in 1971, In the face of increasing strain, the United States decided not to allow the conversion of dollars to gold and the system collapsed.

## Other websites

- The Gold Battles Within the Cold War (PDF)  by Francis J. Gavin (2002)
- International Financial Stability (PDF)  by Michael Dooley, PhD, David Folkerts-Landau and Peter Garber, Deutsche Bank (October 2005)
- "Bretton Woods System" , prepared for the _Routledge Encyclopedia of International Political Economy_ by Dr.B.Cohen
- Bretton Woods Agreement  by Addison Wiggin Author of Empire of Debt
Sunflowers Interactive Entertainment Software

**Sunflowers Interactive Entertainment Software** was a German company that developed and published video games. It was located in Heusenstamm, Germany. It was founded in 1993 by Adi Boiko and Wilhelm Hamrozi. Boiko was president of the company and Hamrozi was chief executive officer (CEO). The company was known for the Anno series (also by Max Design), Knights of Honor (by Black Sea Studios) and ParaWorld (by SEK). In 2007 the founders sold the company including all trademarks to Ubisoft.

## List of games

The following is a list of games that have been created or published by Sunflowers:

- Anno 1503: The New World
- Anno 1503: Treasures, Monsters and Pirates
- Anno 1602: By Royal Command
- Anno 1602: Creation of a New World
- Anno 1602: New Islands, New Adventures
- Anno 1701
- Knights of Honor
- ParaWorld
- TechnoMage: The Return of Eternity
- Holiday Island

## Other websites

- Official Sunflowers website
Conversion

In general, **conversion** is the transformation of one thing into another. Articles on particular kinds of conversion are:

- Conversion (construction)
- Conversion (law)
    - Criminal conversion
- Conversion (linguistics)
- Conversion (marketing)
- Conversion Path (marketing)
- Conversion syndrome (psychology)
- Conversion (options) (an option-trading strategy)
- Currency conversion (aka Exchange rate)
- Miniature conversion (miniature figures)

## Religion

- Religious conversion
    - Secondary conversion
    - Deathbed conversion

## Sport

- Two-point conversion (American football)
- Conversion (Rugby football)

## Technology

- Conversion of units
    - Units conversion by factor-label
- CHS conversion (computing)
- Code conversion (computing/telecommunications)
- Conversion (chemistry)
- Conversion (logic)
- Data conversion
- Electric vehicle conversion
- Energy conversion
- Type conversion (computing)
- Conversion rate (websites and Search engine optimization)
Anti-globalization movement

**Anti-globalization** is used for people and groups who oppose certain aspects of globalization in its present form.

“Anti-globalization” is considered by many to be a social movement, while others consider it to be several separate social movements. In either case, participants are united in opposition to the political power of large corporations, as exercised in trade agreements and elsewhere, which they say destroys the environment, human rights, labor rights for worker, national sovereignty, the third world, and more.

Most people who are called "anti-globalization"  prefer instead to describe themselves as the **Global Justice Movement**, the **Movement of Movements** (a popular term in Italy), the "**alter-globalization**" movement (popular in France), and a number of other terms.

The groups and individuals that would come to be known as the "anti-globalization movement" developed in the late twentieth century to combat the globalization of corporate economic activity and the free trade with developing nations that might result from such activity.

## Other page

- Anti-capitalism

## Other websites

- The Scorecard on Development: 25 Years of Diminished Progress (CEPR)
- About Globalization
- Center for Economic and Policy Research
- International Monetary Fund
- World Bank Group
- World Economic Forum
- World Trade Organization
- Wobblies
- Economic Globalization and the Environment
- Smygo  News & views for anarchists & activists
- Corporatewatch
- History of the G8 - UK government site
- YaleGlobal Online  - An online publication of the Yale Center for the Study of Globalization
- New World Disorder  - Feature website on the movement from RTÉ, the Irish national broadcaster.
- "The ABCs of the Global Economy"  from Dollars & Sense Magazine
Simon Peyton Jones

**Simon Peyton Jones** (1958-) born in South Africa and is a British computer scientist. He does research on (lazy) functional programming languages, such as Haskell. He works at Microsoft Research in Cambridge, England. He is married to Dorothy, a priest in the Church of England. They have six children.

Simon Peyton Jones, Simon Marlow and others have developed the Glasgow Haskell Compiler, a compiler for Haskell.

He has also worked on C--.

He was elected a member of the Academia Europaea in 2011.

## Other websites

- Simon Peyton Jones page, Microsoft Research website
Zambezi River

The **Zambezi River** is the fourth largest river in Africa. It is also the largest river that enters the Indian Ocean. It starts in Zambia, flows successively through Angola, Zambia again, borders Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe, through Mozambique where it enters the ocean. Much more water flows during the rainy season, October through March.

The Victoria Falls, the most beautiful sight on the river, is listed as one of  the UNESCO World Heritage Sites. The Kariba Dam on the Zambezi is a major source of hydroelectricity
Truth value

In logic, the **truth value** of a logical statement says how much it is true. Usually, the truth value can only be "true" or "false". For example, "The car is red" is true when the car is red, and false when it is not. The "true" truth value is often written as , T or 1, and the "false" truth value as , F or 0. The truth value of a complex statement can be found using a chart called truth table.

In multi-valued logics, the truth value can be other values as well. For example, one could use a value between 0 and 1 to say how much it is true. Zero would mean that it is completely false, and one would mean that it is completely true. When the car is orange (and we define orange as half red, half yellow), the truth value could be 0.5 because the statement is half true and half false. it is also used in critical thinking.

## Related pages

- Fuzzy logic, a multi-valued logic
- Tautology (logic)
Charitable organization

A **charitable organization** is an organization that supports a cause by fundraising or through donations and charity. The organizations arrange for all the distribution of any money to each cause.

There are many well-known charities all over the world. Two of the most well-known charities are UNICEF and the Red Cross.

In England the National Council for Voluntary Organisations is the umbrella body for charities and not-for profit organizations.   In Wales there is the Wales Council for Voluntary Action. In Scotland there is, the Scottish Council for Voluntary Organisations. In Northern Ireland there is the Northern Ireland Council for Voluntary Action.

## Related pages

- Donation
- Non-profit organization
- Philanthropy
- Pro bono
Southwest

**Southwest**  is the direction halfway between south and west. It is the opposite of northeast.
Treasurer

A **treasurer** is someone who looks after the money in a club, company, organization, association, or government.

The treasurer of a government manages the annual budget of a state or country. The budget is used to give money to government departments and to pay for the debts or promises the government makes. This post is called Chancellor of the Exchequer in the United Kingdom. There is a treasurer of the United States, but the United States Secretary of the Treasury actually controls the department.
SAS

**SAS** can be:
- S.A.S., Special Air Service in the UK military
- Serial Attached SCSI
- Société par actions simplifiée
- Scandinavian Airlines, formerly Scandinavian Airlines System (SAS)
Yorkshire

**Yorkshire** is a county in England.  In general speaking, its name is still used.

It covers a large area of the Pennines and its East coast borders the North Sea. The River Humber separates Yorkshire from Lincolnshire & Southern England, while the River Tees and Pennines mountain range separates Yorkshire from County Durham, Lancashire and the North of England.

## Main places

The main towns and cities of Yorkshire are Leeds, York, Sheffield, Bradford, Middlesbrough, and Hull. It is the largest county in the United Kingdom. It covered just under  with a population of over 5.7 million people. Not all Sheffield is in Yorkshire.

## History

Yorkshire is split up into three parts known as the East, North, and West Ridings during and after the 7th century Norse settlement, while the county town York is in the middle. In the local government reorganization of England in 1974 the council areas of West Yorkshire, North Yorkshire, South Yorkshire were established but did not replace Yorkshire, or its Ridings. Humberside Council included the former East Riding and Cleveland included part of the former North Riding.

## Rome

The Roman emperor, Constantine the Great, was crowned in the city of Eboracum, modern day York.

## Infobox (historic subdivision)

- **name**: Yorkshire
- **hq**: York
- **government**: Ridings
- **origin**: Pre-Roman
- **status**: Former county
- **start**: Pre-Roman
- **code**: YKS
- **codename**: Chapman code
- **replace**: History of local government in Yorkshire, Various
- Motto
- **divisions**: Riding (division), Ridings
- **divisionsmap**:
- **divisionsnames**: North Riding of Yorkshire, 1 North • West Riding of Yorkshire, 2 West • East Riding of Yorkshire, 3 East
- **image**: Flag of Yorkshire.svg
- **map**:
''Yorkshire within Britain, showing extent Post-Harrying of the North
- **arms**: White Rose of Yorkshire
- **civic**: Yorkshire Flag
- **populationfirst**: 1,371,359
- **populationfirstyear**: 1831
- **areafirstyear**: 1831
- **densityfirst**: 239.2/km<sup>2</sup>
- **densityfirstyear**: 1831
- **populationsecond**: 3,512,838
- **populationsecondyear**: 1901
- **areasecondyear**: 1901
- **densitysecond**: 223.5/km<sup>2</sup>
- **densitysecondyear**: 1901
- **populationlast**: 3,978,484
- **populationlastyear**: 1991
- **arealastyear**: 1991
- **densitylast**: 334.2/km<sup>2</sup>
- **densitylastyear**: 1991
Pixel

A **pixel** (short for **pic**ture **el**ement) is a single point in a picture. On the monitor of a computer, a pixel is usually a square. Every pixel has a color and all the pixels together are the picture. The color of a pixel can be stored by using a combination of red, green and blue (RGB) but other combinations are also possible, such as cyan, magenta, yellow and black (CMYK).

## The word "pixel"

The word "pixel" was first used in a paper by Frederic C. Billingsley in 1965. He did not create the word himself. He got it from Keith E. McFarland but Keith does not know where he got it from. Keith said that the word was in use in those days.

The word "pixel" uses "pix" as a shorter word (an abbreviation) for "picture". The word pix was first used in 1932 in Variety, a magazine. It was an abbreviation for "pictures" or movies. By 1938 the word "pix" was also used for pictures that did not move (still pictures).

The word "picture element" is even older. For example, the German word _Bildpunkt_ (which means "picture point") was used in a 1888 patent of Paul Gottlieb Nipkow.

## Related pages

- Display resolution
- Raster graphics
Olomouc

**Olomouc** is the sixth largest city in the Czech Republic. It is in the center of the historical region Moravia. In the past, Olomouc was a capital city of Moravia. The city has about 102,000 residents. Its larger urban zone has a population of about 480,000 people.

There are many churches and historical buildings. There is beautiful _Holy Trinity Column_ in the centre. UNESCO has this column on the list of World Heritage Sites. There is a nice astronomical clock.

Its university is the oldest in Moravia and second oldest in the Czech Republic. The university was founded in 1573 as part of effort to reestablish Roman Catholicism in the country. Roughly nine out of ten people of the Czech Crown lands were Protestants at the time.

## Infobox (unesco world heritage site)

- **official name**: Holy Trinity Column in Olomouc
- **criteria**: i, iv
- **id**: 859
- **year**: 2000
- **child**: yes


## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Olomouc
- **settlement type**: Statutory city (Czech Republic), Statutory City
- **image skyline**: Olomouc-Horní náměstí.JPG
- **image caption**: _Horní náměstí_ (Upper Square) — the largest square in Olomouc
(on right, the Holy Trinity Column in Olomouc, Holy Trinity Column; to the left, the _Radnice_ (Olomouc City Hall) with Olomouc astronomical clock, its astronomical clock)
- **image flag**: Flag of Olomouc.svg
- **image shield**: Coat of arms of Olomouc, city in the Czech Republic.svg
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type2**: Regions of the Czech Republic, Region
- **subdivision name2**: Olomouc Region, Olomouc
- **subdivision type3**: Districts of the Czech Republic, District
- **subdivision name3**: Olomouc District, Olomouc
- **pushpin map**: Czechia
- **pushpin relief**: 1
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in the Czech Republic
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Miroslav Žbánek
- **leader party**: ANO 2011, ANO
- **established title**: Founded
- **established date**: 10th century
- **established title1**: First mentioned
- **established date1**: 1017
- **area total km2**: 103.36
- **elevation m**: 219
- **population as of**: 2019-01-01
- **population total**: 100523
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone1**: Central European Time, CET
- **utc offset1**: +1
- **timezone1 dst**: Central European Summer Time, CEST
- **utc offset1 dst**: +2
- **postal code type**: Postal code
- **postal code**: 779 00
- **website**: [http://www.olomouc.eu/portal/aktuality www.olomouc.eu]
Astronomical clock

An **astronomical clock** is a clock with special mechanisms and dials to display astronomical information. It shows the relative positions of the sun, moon, zodiacal constellations, and sometimes major planets. Some examples are large public clocks, but others are instruments for use inside buildings. Astronomical watches are made by several manufacturers. They are also extremely accurate.

The clocks made in the Middle Ages used the geocentric method, showing the Earth at the centre. The Sun rotates round the Earth:  this accords with daily experience and with the world view of pre-Copernican Europe.

The idea of an astronomical clock is ancient. Although not a clock in the traditional sense, the 2nd century BCE Antikythera mechanism of ancient Greece was used to calculate the positions of the sun, moon, and stars at any given point by use of complex mechanical gears. European astronomical clocks are probably descended from the technology of the Antikythera mechanism. As Cicero later wrote in the 1st century BCE, Archimedes and Posidonius's orrery achieved virtually the same thing.
Theobroma

**Theobroma** is a genus. There are about 20 species in it. They are small trees, native to the forests of Central and South America. The name translates to _food of the gods_.

Their family is given as Sterculiaceae or sometimes as Malvaceae.

Some of these trees have edible seeds.  Best known are perhaps the Cacao tree, the source of cocoa and chocolate. Other well-known trees are Cupuaçu, and Mocambo.

_Theobroma_ species are used as food plants by the larvae of some moths of the genus _Endoclita_ including _E. chalybeatus_, _E. damor_, _E. hosei_ and _E. sericeus_. The larva of another moth, _Hypercompe muzina_, feeds exclusively on _Theobroma cacao_.
Cupuaçu

**Cupuaçu** (_Theobroma grandiflorum_), also spelled **Cupuassu** and **Copoasu**, is a tropical rainforest tree related to Cacao. Common throughout the Amazon basin, it is widely cultivated in the north of Brazil. The largest production occurs in  Pará, followed by Amazonas, Rondônia and Acre.

Cupuaçu trees usually are between  5 and 15 meters (16 to 50 feet) tall. Some trees can reach 20 meters (65 feet). They have brown bark. Their leaves are 25–35 cm (10–14 in) long and 6–10 cm (2–4 in) across. These leaves have 9 or 10 pairs of veins. As they mature, their leaves change colour from pink-tinted to green. Eventually they begin bearing fruit. Cupuaçu fruits are oblong, brown, and fuzzy, 20 cm (8 in) long, 1–2 kg (2–4 lb) in weight, and covered with a thick (4–7 mm), hard exocarp.

The white pulp of the cupuaçu is uniquely fragrant. It contains theacrine (1,3,7,9-tetramethyluric acid) instead of the xanthines (caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline) found in cacao. Cupuaçu can replace cocoa in many day-to-day foods, especially for children, such as chocolate milk. It is frequently used in desserts, juices and sweets. Cupuaçu seeds can be made into cupulate, which looks and tastes just like chocolate but is cheaper and more resistant to heat. Asahi Foods, a Japanese company, once tried to patent the production and use of Cupuaçu seed fat, but they failed.

The wood is also commonly used for timber.

## Other websites

- _Theobroma grandiflorum_
- http://www.rain-tree.com/cupuasu.htm : More detailed information
Linear search

**Linear search** or **sequential search** is a method to find an item in a list. It is a search algorithm.

## Algorithm

Start out with a list, `L` which may have the item that we want to look for.
1. If the list `L` is empty, then the list has nothing. The list does not have the item that we are looking for, so we stop here.
1. If the list `L` is not empty, we look at all the elements in the list.
1. For each element:
    1. If the element equals the item that we are looking for, the list **has** the item in question, so we will stop here and return the position in the list that has the element that we are looking for.
    1. If not, we will go on to the next element.
1. When we reached the end of the list and still have not found the element that we are looking for, then the list does not have the item that we want.

## Implementation

In the Java programming language, linear search looks like this. This method has two parameters: an array of integers and the item we are looking for (also an integer). It says the location in the array if it finds the item. If it does not find it, it says -1.

Implementing a linear search in .NET (C#) would look like this:

## Related pages

- Binary search
- Breadth-first search
- Depth-first search
Rosé wine

**Rosé wine** is a kind of wine. It is made from red grapes by letting the juice have only very short skin contact. All colour and tannins come from the skin of the grape.
Array data structure

In programming languages, an **array** is a way of storing several items (such as integers).
These items must have the same type (only integers, only strings, ...) because an array can not store different kinds of items.
Every item in an array has a number so the programmer can get the item by using that number.
This number is called the _index_.
In most programming languages, the first item has index 0, the second item has index 1 and so on.

When the programmer creates an array, they must give the size of the array.
This is the number of items that can be stored in the array.
If the programmer wants to store more items, then they must create a new array.
This is because the size of an array can not be changed.

## Arrays in C

In the programming language C, arrays can be created like this:

This creates an array of integers and it can store 5 integers.
The programmer can now store integers in the array by doing:

The programmer can use a value in the array like this:

## Arrays in Java

In the programming language Java, arrays can be created like this:

This creates an array of integers and it can store 5 integers.
The programmer can now store integers in the array by doing:

The programmer can use a value in the array like this:

## Related pages

- Associative array

## Sources

</references>
Tierce de Picardie

In music a **Tierce de Picardie** (meaning _Picardy third_) is a major chord at the end of a piece of music in a  minor key.

In the 16th to 17th centuries this was a very common way to end a piece in a minor key. This is because music in the minor sounds melancholy or disturbed in comparison to the major because the third note of the scale is flattened (lowered by a semitone). In the harmonic series this minor third is the 7th harmonic which sounds dissonant against the fundamental (first note of the scale).  This means that ending in the major gives a sense of relief after the tension of the minor.  In a piece in A minor, for example, where the third note of the scale is C natural, in a Tierce de Picardie the final chord will include a C sharp, changing the chord from A minor to A major.

The term was introduced in 1767 by Rousseau in his "Dictionnaire de musique" (Dictionary of Music).  “Tierce” means “third”, but no one knows why he called it “Picardie” (Picardy is an area in the north of France).

As the hymn tune Picardy is attributed to a 17th century French carol, and this tune traditionally ends with a Tierce de Picardy, this might be the origin.

Johann Sebastian Bach used it fairly often in his music.  The first movement of the "Concerto for Two Violins and Orchestra" is a good example.  In his "Fantasia and Fugue in G minor BWV542" the fugue ends with a Tierce de Picardie and, in some editions, the Fantasie as well.  It is possible that Bach would have finished the Fantasie with a major chord only if he was playing it on its own (without the fugue), but we cannot be sure of this.  Another good example of the Tierce de Picardie is the end of Cantata No. 82 "Ich Habe Genug", which is extremely effective. Another famous piece that ends in a Tierce de Picardie is Greensleeves.