juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Fast food

**Fast food** is the term for a kind of food that people eat from a restaurant, cafe or take-out where food is prepared and served quickly.

It is mass-produced food. It is often western pattern and pre-prepared and delivered to the shop ready for frying or boiling. There is a strong priority on "speed of service".

The restaurants that sell fast food are called "fast food shops" or "fast-food restaurants". Some of the more common fast food restaurants are McDonald's, Wendy's, Burger King, Culver's, Pizza Hut, and KFC. All these chains have a limited short menu and serve the same kind of food in all their outlets. The shops are subcontracted by the supplying company and tied absolutely by contract to that single supplier. However, the same kind of criticism could be (and is) directed at some other kinds of restaurants. The problem is seen by many critics as being one of over-eating, rather than one of the specific food types.

## Criticism

Fast food is often considered unhealthy due to it being loaded with calories, sodium, and unhealthy fat—often enough in one meal for an entire day. It also tends to be low in nutrients and almost totally lacking in fruit, vegetables, and fiber. Eating too much fast food can cause a human to have poor quality health which is linked to a higher risk of obesity, depression, digestive issues, heart disease, and stroke, type 2 diabetes, cancer, and early death.
Ford (disambiguation)

**Ford** (Ford Motor Company) can mean more than one thing:
- Henry Ford, U.S. inventor; or other members of his family
- Gerald Ford, former U.S. President
- Harrison Ford, U.S. actor
- ford, a safe, shallow place to get to the other side of a river
Scott Joplin

**Scott Joplin** was an American ragtime musician and composer.  He is widely considered the greatest ragtime composer of all time.

## Early life

Joplin was African-American and born in the U.S. state of Texas sometime between June 1867 and January 1868 and grew up in Texarkana, Texas. His relatives were railroad workers. His father wanted him to find work that would pay. His mother said he should learn music. Even though he was from Texas, most of his pieces were written when he was in Missouri and New York City.

## Musical career

Joplin is most well known for writing piano pieces called rags. His music became popular again in the 1970s, with the album _Scott Joplin: Piano Rags_, performed by Joshua Rifkin, from Nonesuch Records. He may be most commonly known now by the Marvin Hamlisch adaptation of his composition _The Entertainer_ (1902) which was used in the 1973 movie _The Sting_ starring Paul Newman and Robert Redford. His best-known rag while he was alive was _Maple Leaf Rag_ (1899). Other rags he wrote were _The Ragtime Dance_ (1906) and _Magnetic Rag_ (1914). Scott Joplin wrote more than 40 piano rags, but he also wrote two operas; _A Guest of Honor_ and _Treemonisha_. _A Guest of Honor_ was performed in Joplin's lifetime, but since then the music has been lost. _Treemonisha_ was never performed while Joplin was alive, but it has been performed since then. Joplin also wrote a symphony, but the music has been lost.

## Death

Joplin died of syphilis in New York City on April 1, 1917.

## Bibliography

- Gildo De Stefano, _Ragtime, jazz & dintorni_. Preface by Amiri Baraka. SUGARCO Editions, Milano 2007

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Scott Joplin
- **image**: Scott Joplin 19072.jpg
- **caption**: Scott Joplin in June 1903. This picture also appears on the cover of "The Cascades" from 1904.
- **background**: non_vocal_instrumentalist
- **birth name**: Scott Joplin
- **alias**: King of Ragtime Writers
- **birth date**: late 1867 or early 1868 (death stone says 11-2-68)
- **death date**: April 1, 1917 (aged 49)
- **origin**: Texarkana, Texas
- **instrument**: Piano, cornet, guitar, mandolin, violin, banjo, vocals
- **genre**: Ragtime, March (music), march, waltz
- **occupation**: Composer, pianist, music teacher
- **years active**: 1895–1917
Propane

**Propane** is an organic compound with the chemical formula . It is an alkane with three carbon atoms. It is used in fuels.

It begins to burn very quickly.
Its melting temperature is −187.7 °C; its boiling temperature is −42 °C; its density is 1.83 g/l.

Propane is extracted from natural gasoline or from petroleum.
Flag of Japan

The **flag of Japan** shows a red sun (rising sun) in the middle of a white field. It is called  formally in Japan. But Japanese people usually call it  .
The Japanese navy uses the other flag; the sun has rays.
This flag represents the heat of the sun. Its colours are red and white.
Drought

**Drought** is a continuous period of dry weather, when an area gets less than its normal amount of rain, over months or even years.   Crops and other plants need water to grow, and animals need it to live.  Droughts can become dangerous to people and other land animals; causing famine and even creating deserts.

The word "drought" comes from the Old English drugað, drugoð "drought, dryness, desert," from Proto-Germanic *drugothaz, from Germanic root *dreug- "dry" (cf high/height) with *-itho, Germanic suffix for forming abstract nouns (see -th (2)).

A drought is a natural event, caused by other weather events like El Niño and high-pressure systems.  Drought can also be triggered by deforestation (people cutting down forests), by global warming, and by diverting rivers or emptying lakes.

Drought is a natural disaster which usually takes place slowly.  It is often difficult to decide when a drought started and sometimes when it ends too.  Its effects often build up slowly over a long period of time and may last from months to years after rain resumes.

Many people die every year in famines due to drought in subsistence farming areas. Conflicts can result from drought conditions.

## Related pages

- Water scarcity
Deafness

**Deafness** is when someone cannot hear at all, or cannot hear well. Deafness is also known as 'hearing loss'. There were many famous people who were deaf, such as Ludwig van Beethoven and Helen Keller.

## Definition

A person is considered to be deaf if they cannot hear the same range of sounds as a person with normal hearing ability. People that cannot hear any sounds are also deaf. People who are partially deaf may hear some sounds and may hear words.

People who cannot hear and understand words well are 'hard of hearing'. And people who cannot hear and speak are called "deaf-mute".

## Things that help deaf people

- Hearing aid, which helps a deaf person to hear sounds.
- Teletypewriter (TTY), a machine that allows a deaf person to communicate with people.
- Sign language, a language which allows a deaf person to have a conversation with someone else.
- Hearing dog, a dog that has been trained to hear sounds and help a deaf person.

## Causes

There are different causes of deafness:
- **Age**: Many people hear less well as they get older. Few lose all hearing, and when they do, there is a specific reason.
- **Exposure to noise**: Being in a noisy environment for a long time may damage ears and cause hearing loss.
- **Genetic conditions**: There may be a history of deafness in the family. If the mother and/or father are deaf, their child will have a strong chance of being deaf.
- **Diseases**: Certain diseases may cause deafness.
- **Drugs**: Certain drugs may cause changes to hearing, including deafness.
- **Chemicals**: Certain chemicals can damage the ear.
- **Natural**: People are occasionally born deaf. Sometimes there is no explanation why they are deaf.

## Categories of deafness

Generally, there are two views of deafness:
- Medical view: the effects of deafness and measuring type and how much of loss (as seen in categories below).
- Sign language in deaf culture: includes people who use sign language to communicate and are part of group of people who share life experiences. Referring to people of the cultural group the phrase "Deaf people" is used and deaf is capitalized (as shown previously). A person using the medical view would write "people who are deaf".
These categories may overlap.
- Unilateral hearing loss – loss of hearing in one ear only
- Pre-lingual deafness – deafness at birth or deafness that started before language is learned
- Peri-lingual deafness – deafness that started while learning a first language
- Post-lingual deafness – deafness that started after a language has been learned
- Partial loss of hearing – limited hearing loss
- Progressive hearing loss – hearing loss that becomes worse as time passes
- Profound hearing loss – complete or near-complete hearing loss
- Tone deaf – not able to hear differences in relative pitch (in music)
- Tinnitus – hearing damage that causes high pitched ringing.  This makes it so that the person cannot hear other sounds
- Conductive – hearing loss caused by sound being blocked from going into ears
- Sensorineural – hearing loss caused by hair cells in ears being damaged
Liver bird

The **Liver birds** are two large and famous bronze metal birds on top of a building - the Liver Building - in the city of Liverpool, England. The building has the offices of an insurance organization. The birds are symbol of the city, although no birds really look like this.   There are some other similar birds on buildings in Liverpool.

The sound of the end of the word "liver" in the name of the bird is like "driver" not "river". The start of the word Liverpool ("liver") sounds like the word "river". This is a funny play on words.

There is also a British television sitcom with the same name that is about two young women who share a flat in Liverpool. The play on words is increased by a second British slang meaning of the word "bird" to mean young woman.

Many people in Liverpool (known as _Liverpudlians_) are proud of their city and of the Liver birds. There is a story that the birds will come alive if a truly pure woman walks between them. This will never happen! This is an example of the humor of the local people.
Demonstration

A **demonstration** can mean an event where people do something to let others know what they think and to try to change their point of view. It is one kind of protest. Examples of demonstrations include marches, where people walk together, and rallies, where people gather in one place. During a demonstration, the people who are part of it, called _demonstrators_, may display placards or other symbols that are easy to see, especially when the protests are being shown on mass media such as news, television, or social networks.

Demonstrations are often made against a government if they do something the people do not want. Because they are meant for many people to be a part of, they are usually considered more successful if more people take part. Demonstration is permitted by international human rights law as the freedom of assembly if done peacefully (meaning there is no violence). However, demonstrations can get out of control and even turn into a riot.

## Another meaning

A **demonstration** can also mean when someone shows how to do something, or in what ways a thing can be used. Salespeople often demonstrate things like computers, cars, and televisions to customers so they can make sure the customer sees all the features of the item. "_Demo_" is short for demonstration, and people often use it to describe this meaning of the word.
Chartist

The **Chartists** were people who wanted to get more rights for working class people in the mid-19th century. They were called Chartists because they wrote their main aims down in the People's Charter of 1838.

Chartism thus relied on constitutional methods to secure its aims, though some became involved in insurrectionary activities, notably in South Wales and in Yorkshire.

## Other websites

- The-six-points from CHARTIST ANCESTORS
- Punch Series on "Great Chartest Demonstrations"
- Illustrated London News, April 15th, 1848
- Spartacus index on Chartism
Movie theatre

A **movie theatre** or **movie theater** is a place where movies are shown on a big screen. People or "patrons" (the audience) watch movies, usually in chairs inside an auditorium, where the movie is projected with a movie projector onto a large projection screen at the front of the auditorium while the dialogue, sounds and music are played through a number of wall-mounted speakers. A movie theatre is sometimes called a **cinema**. A theatre with multiple screens commonly is called a "multi-plex" or "mega-plex" (if more than 10 screens). Movie theatres have comfortable chairs. There are different types of formats of a movie theatre.

The first movie theatre was opened to the public on April 23, 1896, in Koster and Bial's Music Hall on 34th Street in New York City. The oldest movie theatre in the world, which is still in action today is the _Kino Pionier_ (opened 1907) in Szczecin, Poland. Movie theatres make money from not only movie tickets but from concessions which sell food and drinks (popcorn, candy, soft drinks, etc.). In recent years with the increase of movie rental costs, theatres have become more and more creative about how they make money. New theatres being built include restaurants, party rooms, conference rooms, arcades and more.
1654

## Events

- April 5 – Signing of the Treaty of Westminster, ending the First Anglo-Dutch War.
- June 3 – Louis XIV of France crowned at Rheims
- June 6 – Charles X succeeds his cousin Christina to the Swedish throne. After her abdication on June 5, Christina now the former reigning queen of a Protestant nation, secretly converts to Catholicism.
- September 3 – In the Rump Parliament, the republican party questions Cromwell's pre-eminence
- September 12 – Oliver Cromwell orders the exclusion of the members of Parliament who are hostile to him.
- October 12 – Carel Fabritius, the most promising student of Rembrandt, dies aged 32 in an explosion at the arsenal at Delft. The Delft Explosion devastates the city in the Netherlands, killing more than 100.
- October 31 – Ferdinand Maria, elector of Bavaria is crowned. His absolutistic style of leadership becomes a benchmark for the rest of Germany
- November 23 – French mathematician, scientist, and religious philosopher Blaise Pascal experiences an intense mystical vision that marks him for life.
- Death of An Calbhach mac Aodha O Conchobhair Donn, last inaugurated King of Connacht (inaugurated 1643
- Twenty-three Jewish refugees from Brazil settle in New Amsterdam, forming the nucleus of what would be the largest urban Jewish community in history, the Jewish community of New York City.
- The Ukrainian Bogdan Chmielnicki renounces Ukrainian independence and swears allegiance to Tsar Alexis of Russia
- The Russian Army seizes Smolensk, and war starts between Russia and Poland over Ukraine
- Otto von Guericke proves the existence of atmospheric pressure
The KLF

**The KLF** were a band from England. They made music from the late 1980s until the early 1990s. A lot of the music they made was pop music or dance music. The band members were two men, Bill Drummond and Jimmy Cauty. Bill Drummond is a musician, singer, and writer from Scotland. Jimmy Cauty is a musician and artist from England. Sometimes they used the names **The Justified Ancients of Mu Mu**, **The JAMs** and **The Timelords** as their band name, instead.

The KLF adopted the philosophy based on the series of the esoteric novels _The Illuminatus! Trilogy_.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: The KLF
- **img**: 2K_Barbican_performance_(Fuck_the_Millennium).jpg
- **background**: group_or_band
- **alias**: The Justified Ancients of Mu Mu, The JAMs, The Timelords
- **origin**: London, England
- **genre**: Acid house, Hip hop music, hip hop, techno music, techno, alternative dance, Ambient music, ambient, House (music), House
- **years active**: 1987–1992
<small>(Reunions: 1995 and 1997)</small>
- **label**: KLF Communications, Arista Records, Arista, and other international licensees
- **associated acts**: The K Foundation, Disco 2000
- **past members**: Bill Drummond
Jimmy Cauty
Monounsaturated fat

A **monounsaturated fat** is a kind of fat found in foods such as nuts, olives, and avocados. They are the main fat in olive oil. The group contrasts with, on the one hand, unsaturated fats. and on the other hand, polyunsaturated fats.

In general, these fats are considered to be healthier than others. They have the same amount of energy, but they reduce blood cholesterol levels. This reduces the risk to the heart.

### Omega 7 fatty acids

- Palmitoleic acid
- Vaccenic acid
- Rumenic acid
- Paullinic acid

### Omega 9 fatty acids

- Oleic acid
- Elaidic acid
- Mead acid
- Erucic acid
Polyunsaturated fat

**Polyunsaturated fats** are fats that are usually found in items like fatty fish, nuts, and vegetable oils. Such items are typically found to be liquid at room temperature.

## Chemistry

Polyunsaturated fats are long-chain organic compounds. Their molecules has more than one double bonds. The structure reduces the strength of the forces between molecules. This causes the items to have a lower melting point. This is why the items are usually liquid at room temperature.

### Omega 3 fatty acids

- Alpha linolenic acid
- Docosahexanoic acid
- Eicosapentaenoic acid

### Omega 6 fatty acids

- Linoleic acid
- Arachidonic Acid
- Gamma linoleic acid
- Conjugated linoleic acid

## Related pages

- Monounsaturated fat
The North Avenue Irregulars

***The North Avenue Irregulars*** is a 1979 Disney movie starring Edward Hermann, Ruth Buzzi, Steven Franken and Cliff Osmond.

## Plot

The movie is about a newly installed minister, who entrusts, despite objections by the founding pastors daughter, the churches "sinking fund" money into the hands of a congregate whom he does not even know, with instructions to increase the amount in the fund.

The money is bet on a horse race, and upon hearing this, the Pastor gives the shortest sermon in history and begins a pursuit of the money and the organized crime syndicate, amid the hijinx of assorted feminine members of the congregation in a pursuit of the "money trail".
Scramble for Africa

The **Scramble for Africa**, also called the **Race for Africa** was a time in history when colonial expansion in Africa became rapid. It lasted from the 1880s until the beginning of World War I. Many European countries started colonies in Africa. The period is academically known as the age of **New Imperialism**.

## Background

The second half of the 19th century saw a change in the way countries controlled their colonies.  In the old imperialism, Europeans had direct control over only small coastal areas. That had changed from economic control by settlement to political and military control of the colonies' resources. That was seen in the fight for areas that were controlled by European nations.

### Public opinion

Many people became famous for helping European countries find more land in Africa. They included the explorers David Livingstone, Henry Morton Stanley, and Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza as well as the politician Jules Ferry.

### Berlin Conference

The Berlin Conference (1884–85) tried to end disputes between the United Kingdom, France, Germany and other European countries. They agreed that "effective occupation" would be the rule for colonial claims. Laws had to be made for direct rule on a colony, backed up by military power.

## Other reading

- Maria Petringa, _Brazza, A Life for Africa_  (2006)

## Background

African Exploration Summarywas when powerful countries, mostly in Europe, took over and controlled large parts of Africa and Asia in the late 1800s and early 1900s. They did this to get resources, sell their goods and show off their power.
By 1841, European businesspeople set up small shops along Africa's coast, but they usually stayed near the coastal areas trading with the locals in the area. Europeans could not live in most of Africa because many of them died from tropical diseases such as malaria. In the mid-1800s, European explorers drew maps of a lot of East Africa and Central Africa.

Even as late as the 1870s, Europeans countries controlled only about 10% of Africa, mainly small areas near the sea. The most important places held were Angola and Mozambique, controlled by Portugal; the Cape Colony, controlled by the United Kingdom; and Algeria, controlled by France. By 1914, almost all of Africa was under European power. Only Ethiopia and Liberia were still independent. Ethiopia was later taken over by Italy in 1936, and Liberia, still independent had strong ties with its founders, the United States.

New technology made it simpler for Europeans to travel and conquer faraway lands. Because of new inventions like faster ships and trains and the use of telegraph for quick messages, Europeans could reach more parts of Africa. Medicines also played a big role, especially those that helped with diseases in hot climate. For example, a medicine called quinine, which treated malaria, allowed European explorers and travelers to go into and control many tropical areas.
1160s

The **1160s** was a decade that began on 1 January 1160 and ended on 31 December 1169. It is distinct from the decade known as the ***117th decade*** which began on January 1, 1161 and ended on December 31, 1170.

## Events

- Leipzig becomes a city.
- England starts to take over Ireland.

## Births

- Pope Innocent III
- Emperor Takakura of Japan
- Genghis Khan, leader and founder of the Mongol Empire

## Deaths

- Eric IX of Sweden
- Emperor Qinzong of China
- Theobald of Bec, Archbishop of Canterbury

## Leaders

- Theobald of Bec, Archbishop of Canterbury (1138–1161)
- Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury (1162–1170)
Game show

A **game show** is a reality television program where people play a game for points, with the goal of winning money or prizes.  Different game shows use different games.  Most test the players' knowledge, skill, or cleverness.  Many game shows incorporate some element of chance; for example, in _Wheel of Fortune_, contestants spin a wheel to determine how much prize money they will get for a correct letter.

Some game shows have the contestants compete against other individual contestants; other game shows group contestants into teams.  Some game shows have regular people as the contestants.  Other game shows have celebrities such as movie actors or musicians as the contestants.

Many game shows air on the Game Show Network.

The first game shows were on radio.

## Prizes

Game shows often reward people with money, holidays, or cars. These prizes are often given by the people or group of people that give the game show money to run. The people who give the game show money to run are called sponsors.

## Examples

Examples of game shows include:

- Press Your Luck (1983-1986)
- Jeopardy! (1964)
- Wheel of Fortune (1973)
- Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? (1999)
- Match Game (1962-1982)
- Family Feud (1976)
- Blockbusters
- The Price is Right (1972)
- The Weakest Link (2000)
- Card Sharks
- Deal or No Deal (2005)
- Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader? (2007)
- Snatch Game (2010)
Kristy Swanson

**Renee Kristen "Kristy" Swanson** (born December 19, 1969) is an American actress. She is best known for playing the main character in the movie _Buffy the Vampire Slayer_. She has also starred in the movie _Flowers in the Attic_ as well as many movies and television programs.
Ripuarian

**Ripuarian** may refer to:

- Ripuarian Franks, a subset of Frankish people who lived in the Rhineland
- Ripuarian language, a West Central German dialect group
- Riparian water rights (or simply riparian rights) a system for allocating water among those who possess land along its path
- Riparian zone (or riparian area), the interface between land and a river or stream
- Riparian-zone restoration, the ecological restoration of riparian zone habitats of streams, rivers, springs, lakes, floodplains, and other hydrologic ecologies

## Related pages

- London Stone (riparian), the name given to a number of boundary stones which stand beside the rivers Thames and Medway, which formerly marked the limits of jurisdiction of the City of London
Vandal

**Vandal** can mean several things:
- The Vandals were a German tribe during the migration period (a time when groups of people moved around) in Europe.
- Vandal is also what a person that does vandalism is called.
    - Specifically on Wikipedia, it is someone who vandalizes pages.
Trolley

A **trolley** is a small vehicle with wheels that can carry things.  People can push trolleys.

There are different kind of trolleys.  There are shopping trolleys which are used in supermarkets and other large stores with self-service.  In American English these are called **shopping carts**.  Customers can put things they want to buy in the trolley and then pay for everything at the checkout.  Usually they are then allowed to wheel the trolley with the things they have bought out to their car.

Sometimes the customers have to pay a small deposit when collecting a trolley.  The trolleys are chained together.  The customer puts in a coin (in Britain a £1 coin) which he can have back again when he parks the trolley back in the trolley chain.

Trolleys are used in airports and some large railway stations for passengers to carry their luggage.  Deposits are not refundable.

A trolley can also be a tea-trolley.  This is a small trolley used traditionally in the house for plates, cups, saucers and sandwiches and cakes for afternoon tea.  Tea-trolleys are also used in hospitals and offices to take cups of tea and coffee to people.

In American English "trolley" can be used to mean a tram (or streetcar).  This is not to be confused with a trolleybus which is a bus which uses electricity from an overhead cable (like a tram).
Abuse

**Abuse** might mean:

- Abuse of power
- Alcohol abuse
- Animal abuse
- Child abuse
- Domestic abuse
- Physical abuse
- Psychological abuse
- Sexual abuse
Urethra

The **urethra** is a tube that connects the reproductive system and bladder to the outside of the body to transport urine and sperm. All mammals have it. It allows the removal of urine from the body. There is a muscle (the _urethral sphincter_) which controls urination.

In male mammals, the urethra is also a part of the reproductive system, because males use it as a tube for sperm during sex. The urethra joins together with the ejaculatory duct in the prostate to meet the reproductive system.

## Human anatomy

In human anatomy, a male person has a longer urethra than a female person. This means that the latter have bladder infections more often because their bladders are closer to the outside. Because the male urethra is longer and is not straight, inserting a catheter (tube to help urination) is more difficult for a male person.

### Male

In male anatomy, the urethra is about 20 cm (8 in) long and its opening goes to the outside of the body. It ends at the opening of the penis. For a male person, the urethra goes through the penis. The section that goes through the prostate is about 3-4 cm long.

The male urethra has three sections:

- The _prostatic_ urethra crosses the prostate gland. The vas deferens also opens into the urethra in this section.
- The _membranous_ urethra is a short section that goes through the urethral sphincter. It is 1 or 2 cm long and is the narrowest (least wide) part of the urethra.
- The _spongy_ or _penile_ urethra goes through the penis on its lower side. This section is 15-16 cm (6 in) long and goes through the corpus spongiosum.

### Female

In female anatomy, the urethra is 3-4 cm (1.5 in) long. The opening to the outside of the body here is part of the vulva (the female area between the legs). The female urethra is between the clitoris and the opening to the vagina.

The female bladder can get infections more often because the bladder is closer to the outside. The female urethra is straight.

## Medical problems

- Urethritis is an infection of the urethra. It often causes pain when urinating.
- Kidney stones that go through the urethra can cause a lot of pain.

## Medical procedures

- To send a tube up the urethra to help drain urine is a common type of catheterization.
- To send a tube up the urethra to see the inside of the bladder is called cystoscopy.
Stanislav Lem

**Stanisław Herman Lem** () (September 12, 1921 – March 27, 2006) was a Polish science fiction writer. His writings are highly philosophical and satirical. His books have been translated into 41 languages. Over 27 million copies of his books have been sold worldwide. At one point he was among the most widely read science fiction authors in the world. Lem's writing is full of intelligent humor, puns, and neologisms, and Michael Kandel's translations into English have been praised by many for capturing Lem's style.

Lem is perhaps best known for his novel _Solaris_. This novel was published in 1961. It is set into the future. Humans have discovered what they think is intelligent life in space. They want to talk to the alien life form. The only problem they have is that the life form is the size of a planet. It is an ocean. This book has also been made into a film by Andrei Tarkowski in 1972. Steven Soderbergh made another film of the book in 2002.

Lem won various prizes for his novels.

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Stanisław Lem
- **image**: Stanisław Lem.jpg
- **imagesize**: 240px
- **caption**: Stanisław Lem and toy cosmonaut in 1966
- **birth date**: 12 September 1921
- **birth place**: Lwów, Second Polish Republic, Poland (now Ukraine)
- **death date**: 27 March 2006 (aged 84)
- **death place**: Kraków, Poland
- **occupation**: Writer
- **nationality**: Poland, Polish
- **period**: 1946–2005
- **genre**: Science fiction, philosophy, satire
- **spouse**: Barbara Lesniak (1953–2006; his death; 1 child)
Hostage

A **hostage** is a person who is held captive against his or her will. Hostages are often taken (held captive) to force someone else to do something for their _captors_ (the people who took them hostage). Hostages are taken for many different reasons.

- Kidnapping is the act of taking a hostage and asking for a sum of money, called ransom. If the ransom is paid, the hostage is freed. If the ransom is not paid, the hostage is killed.
- During some crimes, for example when robbing a bank, hostages may be taken to stop the police from attacking. The hostages are commonly used to help the thief escape by either stopping the police from shooting them or by freeing a hostage if the police will do something, for example, getting the robbers a car or a helicopter.
- Hostages may be taken for political reasons. This is mostly done as a form of terrorism. It is often done to get prisoners (including prisoner of war at wartime) freed or get attention for a group or issue.
Intel

**Intel Corporation** (**Int**egrated **El**ectronics **Corporation**) is an American multinational company. It was founded in 1968 and makes microprocessors. Different types of processors made by Intel are used in many computers. Their most famous older products are the 4004, i386, i486, and Pentium chips. Intel makes many different products, with their first dedicated consumer GPU line released in 2022. The first Pentium chips were released in 1993.

Intel Corporation is traded on the NASDAQ under the ticker INTC and has been a component of the Dow Jones Industrial Average since 1999.

### Creation

Intel was incorporated in Mountain View, Caifornia on July 18, 1968. It was founded by Gordon E. Moore, Robert Noyce and Arthur Rock.

### 4-bit processors

- Intel 4040
- Intel 4004

### 8-bit processors

- Intel 8080
- Intel 8085

### 16-bit processors

- Intel 8086
- Intel 8088
- Intel 80286

### 32-bit processors: the 80386 range

- Intel i386

### From 1993 to today

- Pentium
- Atom
- Celeron
- Intel Core
- Intel Core 2
- Intel Core i3
- Intel Core i5
- Intel Core i7
- Intel Core i9 Intel Core Ultra

## Graphics cards

- Intel Arc A310
- Intel Arc A380
- Intel Arc A580
- Intel Arc A750
- Intel Arc A770

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: Intel Corporation
- **logo**: Intel logo 2023.svg
- **logo size**: 165px
- **logo caption**: Logo since September 2, 2020
- **image**: 2200 Mission College Boulevard.jpg
- **image caption**: Headquarters at Santa Clara in 2023
- **type**: Public company, Public
- **traded as**:
Dow Jones Industrial Average component
NASDAQ-100 component
S&P 500 component
- **industry**: Semiconductors
- **founder**: Gordon Moore, Robert Noyce, Andrew Grove
- **location city**: Santa Clara, California, Santa Clara, California
- **location country**: U.S.
- **key people**: Andy Bryant
()
Brian Krzanich
()
Renée James
()
- **area served**: Worldwide
- **products**: Bluetooth chipsets, flash memory, microprocessors, motherboard chipsets, Network interface controller, network interface cards, mobile phones, solid state drives, central processing units
- **num employees**: 106,700 (2014)
Belarusian language

The **Belarusian language** (__, biełaruskaja mova) is an Eastern Slavic language and an Indo-European language.

It is spoken in Belarus and eastern Poland (in the area of Białystok). It is also spoken by Belarusians who live in other countries of Europe, Australia, and North America.

Belarusian is written by either the Cyrillic alphabet or the Latin alphabet.

Belarusian is an Endangered language, as it has a low rate of speakers in its native countries.

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Belarusian
- **ethnicity**: Belarusians
- **states**: Belarus, Poland, in 14 other countries
- **speakers**: 10 million
- **date**: 2007
- **familycolor**: Indo-European
- **fam2**: Balto-Slavic languages, Balto-Slavic
- **fam3**: Slavic languages, Slavic
- **fam4**: East Slavic languages, East Slavic
- **ancestor**: Old East Slavic
- **script**: Cyrillic (Belarusian alphabet)
Belarusian Braille
Belarusian Latin alphabet
- **nation**:
 (in Gmina Orla, Gmina Narewka, Gmina Czyże, Gmina Hajnówka and Hajnówka, town of Hajnówka)
- **agency**: National Academy of Sciences of Belarus
- **iso1**: be
- **iso2**: bel
- **iso3**: bel
- **lingua**: 53-AAA-eb < East Slavic languages, 53-AAA-e
(varieties:
53-AAA-eba to 53-AAA-ebg)
- **map**: Idioma bielorruso.png
- **mapcaption**: Belarusian-speaking world
Legend: Dark blue - territory, where Belarusian is the main language
Kevin Bacon

**Kevin Norwood Bacon** (born July 8, 1958) is an American movie actor who has starred in _Stir of Echoes_, _Wild Things_, _JFK_, _Footloose_ and _Apollo 13_, among others. He has been married to actress Kyra Sedgwick since September 4, 1988. They have two children, Travis and Sosie Ruth.  Bacon is known for the Bacon Number.

## Other websites

- Bacon's official website

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Kevin Bacon
- **image**: Kevin Bacon.jpg
- **birthname**: Kevin Norwood Bacon
- **birth place**: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States, U.S.
- **yearsactive**: 1978–present
- **occupation**: Actor
- **spouse**: Kyra Sedgwick
(m. 1988–present) 2 children
- **notable works**: **Ren McCormick** in _Footloose_
**Willie O’Keefe** in _JFK (movie), JFK_
**Capt. Jack Ross** in _A Few Good Men_
**Wade** in _The River Wild_
**Henri Young** in _Murder in the First_
**Jack Swigert** in _Apollo 13 (movie), Apollo 13_
**Sean Devine** in _Mystic River_
**Nick Hume** in _Death Sentence (movie), Death Sentence_
- **awards**: **Screen Actors Guild Award for Best Cast - Motion Picture**
 1995 _Apollo 13 (movie), Apollo 13_
Kyra Sedgwick

**Kyra Sedgwick** (born August 19, 1965) is an American actress. She was born in New York City, New York to a father of English descent and a Jewish mother. She is the great-granddaughter of Endicott Peabody, the founder of Groton School. She is married to actor Kevin Bacon. She produced and starred in _The Closer_.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Kyra Sedgwick
- **image**: KyraSedgwickJune09.jpg
- **caption**: Sedgwick receiving a star at the Hollywood Walk of Fame, June 2009
- **birthname**: Kyra Minturn Sedgwick
- **birth place**: New York City, New York (state), New York,
United States
- **occupation**: Actress, Producer
- **yearsactive**: 1982–present
- **othername**: Kiko
- **children**: 2
- **alma mater**: University of Southern California
Saint Pierre and Miquelon

**Saint Pierre and Miquelon** () is a French overseas collectivity.  It is made up of several small islands.  They are close to Newfoundland on the eastern coast of Canada.  It is the only remaining bit of the former French colonial empire territory of New France.

## Communes

The communes are:

- Miquelon-Langlade
- Saint-Pierre

Historically L'Île-aux-Marins was a separate commune.  Then in 1945 it was added into the commune of Saint-Pierre.

In each commune there are settlements Miquelon, Miquelon-Langlade and Saint-Pierre, Saint-Pierre.

## Other websites

- Official tourism website for St Pierre and Miquelon
- Le Phare: Association of Tourism Professionals

## Infobox (country)

- **conventional long name**: Overseas Collectivity of Saint Pierre and Miquelon
- **common name**: Saint Pierre and Miquelon
- **image flag**: Flag of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon.svg
- **flag caption**: Flag
- **image coat**: Armoiries SaintPierreetMiquelon.svg
- **national motto**: "A Mare Labor"
<small>"From the Sea, Work"</small>
- **image map**: Map Saint Pierre et Miquelon.svg
- **capital**: Saint-Pierre, Saint-Pierre and Miquelon, Saint-Pierre
- **largest city**: capital
- **official languages**: French language, French
- **demonym**: Saint-Pierrais
Miquelonnais
Pierrian
- **membership**: France
- **membership type**: Sovereign state
- **government type**: Overseas collectivity
- **leader title1**: President of France
- **leader name1**: Emmanuel Macron
- **leader title2**: Prefect of Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Prefect
- **leader name2**: Thierry Devimeux
- **leader title3**: Territorial Council of Saint Pierre and Miquelon, President of the Territorial Council
- **leader name3**: Stéphane Lenormand
- **legislature**: Territorial Council of Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Territorial Council
- **sovereignty type**: Overseas collectivity, Overseas collectivity of France
- **established event1**: Treaty of Paris (1814), Ceded by the UK
- **established date1**: 30 May 1814
- **established event2**: Overseas territory (France), Overseas territory
- **established date2**: 27 October 1946
- **established date3**: 17 July 1976
- **established event4**: Territorial collectivity
- **established date4**: 11 June 1985
- **established event5**: Overseas collectivity
- **established date5**: 28 March 2003
- **area km2**: 242
- **area label**: Total
- **percent water**: negligible
- **population census**: 6,008
- **population census year**: March 2016
- **population density km2**: 25
- **population density rank**: 188th
- **gdp ppp**: €161.131 million
- **gdp ppp year**: 2004
- **gdp ppp per capita**: €26,073
- **currency**: Euro (€)
 unofficially: Canadian dollar ($)
- **currency code**: EUR CAD
- **utc offset**: −3
- **utc offset dst**: −2
- **dst note**: observes North American DST
- **drives on**: Right- and left-hand traffic, right
- **calling code**: Telephone numbers in France, +508
- **iso3166code**: PM
- **cctld**: .pm
- **status**: Overseas collectivity
50 (number)

**50** (**fifty**) is the integer that is after **forty-nine** and before **fifty-one**.

The prime factors of fifty are 2 and 5. (2 * 5 * 5 = 50) The factors of 50 are 1, 2, 5, 10, 25, and 50. 5*10=50. 50 is the smallest number that can be written as the sum of two squares in two distinct ways: 50=1<sup>2</sup>+7<sup>2</sup>=5<sup>2</sup>+5<sup>2</sup>. Also, 50 is one-half of 100 or half of a century (a century is 100 years).

## Infobox (number)
Rzeszów

**Rzeszów** (, ) is city in the south-east part of Poland in Subcarpathian Voivodeship with a population of 170,722 (2008). The city is located on the river Wislok.
1604

## Events

- January 14 – Hampton Court conference with James I of England, the Anglican bishops and representatives of Puritans
- September 20 – Capture of Ostend by Spanish forces under Ambrosio Spinola after a three-year siege.
- October 9 – Supernova 1604 is observed. As of this writing, this was the last supernova to be observed in the Milky Way.
- November 1 – At Whitehall Palace in London, the William Shakespeare tragedy _Othello_ is presented for the first time.
- The Sikh Holy Scripture Guru Granth Sahib is compiled and edited by Guru Arjan .
- Luis Váez de Torres is the first European to sail through the Torres Strait.
- France begins settling Acadia, first successful French North American colony
- France begins settling French Guiana.
- England concludes the Treaty of London with Spain, ending its involvement in the Eighty Years' War.
- Peter Blundell founds Blundell's School in Tiverton, England.
- Za Dengel deposed as Emperor of Ethiopia by Za Sellase, who restores his cousin Yaqob.
- The first known English Dictionary to be organized by alphabetical ordering was published.
1138

## Events

- Robert Warelwast becomes Bishop of Exeter.
- March 13 – Cardinal Gregory is elected anti-pope as Victor IV, succeeding Anacletus II.
- August 9 – Deadly earthquake in Aleppo, Syria killing about 230,000 people.
- August 22 – Battle of the Standard between David I of Scotland and the English. The Scots were defeated.
- Bavaria was taken away from the Welfen Duke Henry the Proud and given to the Austrian Margrave Leopold IV.
1140s

The **1140s** was a decade that began on 1 January 1140, and ended on 31 December 1149. It is distinct from the decade known as the ***115th decade*** which began on January 1, 1141 and ended on December 31, 1150.

## Events

- 1142
    - End of the reign of Emperor Sutoku, emperor of Japan
    - Emperor Konoe becomes Emperor of Japan
- 1143: Celestine II is elected pope.
- 1144: Pope Celestine II is succeeded by Pope Lucius II
- 1146: Saint Bernard of Clairvaux preaches the Second Crusade at Vezelay, Burgundy
- 1145–1147: Second Crusade. Crusaders capture Lisbon from Muslims
Polynesian people

**Polynesians** are native people from islands in Polynesia, including Hawaii, Tahiti, Samoa, and Maoris in New Zealand.
Hey Arnold!

***Hey Arnold!*** is an American animated comedy television series. It was created by Craig Bartlett. The series was first broadcast on Nickelodeon from October 7, 1996, to June 8, 2004. It was about a boy with a football-shaped head named Arnold, his "gang" of friends and their lives in the fictional city of Hillwood. Each episode of _Hey Arnold!_ ran for about 15 minute. In 2002, Nickelodeon made a movie, Hey Arnold!: The Movie based on the series.

Arnold's best friends in his gang are Gerald, Sid, Stinky, Eugene, Rhonda, Phoebe, Lila, and Curly. Adult Arnold was voiced by Christopher Walberg.

## Broadcast

- Nickelodeon (United States)
- CBeebies (United Kingdom)
- France 5 (France)
- Playhouse Disney (France Spain Italy and Latin America)
- EBS (Korea)
- TVBC (South Korea)
- TV12 (Singapore)
- TVO (Canada)
- TV Azteca (Mexico)
- VBC (Vietnam)

## Infobox (television)

- **image**: Hey Arnold! logo.svg
- **creator**: Craig Bartlett
- **creative director**: Tuck Tucker
- **composer**: Jim Lang (composer), Jim Lang
- **country**: United Kingdom United States
- **language**: English
- **num seasons**: 5
- **num episodes**: 100 (185 segments)
- **list episodes**: List of Hey Arnold! episodes
- **runtime**: 23 minutes (two 11-minute segments each)
- **network**: TVOKids
 Saskatchewan Communications Network, SCN
 BBC Kids
 Toon-A-Vision
 Knowledge Kids
 CTV 2 Alberta, Access
 (Canada)
 France 5
 (France)
 Nickelodeon
 Nicktoons
 (United States)
José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero

Don **José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero** (; born 4 August 1960 in Valladolid) is a Spanish politician. He was elected for two terms as Prime Minister of Spain. This was in the 2004 and 2008 general elections. On 2 April 2011 he said he would not stand for re-election. His party is the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE).

He left the office on 21 December 2011. He was succeeded by Mariano Rajoy. He left the PSOE's Secretary General chair on 4th February 2012 to Alfredo Pérez Rubalcaba. On 9th February he entered the Spanish Council of State.

Important actions of his government have included withdrawing Spanish troops from Iraq, legalizing same-sex marriages and negotiating with Basque terrorist group ETA.

He studied law at the University of León, graduating in 1982. Rodríguez Zapatero met Sonsoles Espinosa in León in 1981. They married on 27 January 1990 and have two daughters named Laura (born 1993) and Alba (born 1995).

Zapatero is a supporter of FC Barcelona.

## Other websites

- Jose Luis Rodriguez Zapatero biography on Infoplease

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **honorific-prefix**: <small>The Most Excellent</small>
- **name**: Don José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero
- **honorific-suffix**:
<small>Order of Isabella the Catholic, OIC</small>
- **image**: José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero en el Foro Económico Mundial (recortada).jpg
- **office**: Prime Minister of Spain
- **monarch**: Juan Carlos I of Spain
- **deputy**: María Teresa Fernández de la Vega
Alfredo Pérez Rubalcaba
Elena Salgado
- **term start**: 17 April 2004
- **term end**: 21 December 2011
- **predecessor**: José María Aznar
- **successor**: Mariano Rajoy
- **office2**: Leader of the Opposition (Spain), Leader of the Opposition
- **primeminister2**: José María Aznar
- **term start2**: 1 July 2000
- **term end2**: 17 April 2004
- **predecessor2**: Joaquín Almunia
- **successor2**: Mariano Rajoy
- **office3**: Member of the Congress of Deputies (Spain), Congress of Deputies
- **term start3**: 14 March 2004
- **term end3**: 20 November 2011
- **constituency3**: Madrid (Spanish Congress Electoral District), Madrid
- **term start4**: 22 June 1986
- **term end4**: 14 March 2004
- **constituency4**: León (Spanish Congress Electoral District), León
- **birth place**: Valladolid, Francoist Spain, Spain
- **party**: Spanish Socialist Workers' Party
- **spouse**: Sonsoles Espinosa <small>(1990–present)</small>
- **children**: Laura
Alba
- **alma mater**: University of León
- **signature**: José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero Signature.svg
Bangor, Maine

**Bangor** is the 3rd-largest city in Maine. In 2020, the city had 31,753 people.

## In history

In 1937, Al Brady, an armed robber and murderer is shot dead in a gun battle with FBI agent Walter Walsh, ending a long crime spree.
Portland

**Portland** can mean:
- Portland, Oregon, USA
- Portland, Maine, USA
- Portland, Missouri, USA
- Isle of Portland, UK
- Portland limestone, a limestone rock in western Europe
Eschelbronn

**Eschelbronn** is a village with 2597 people living there. It is in the Rhein-Neckar area of Baden-Württemberg, Germany and close to Sinsheim.

Eschelbronn is in the north of Kraichgau with a distance of about 25 km to Heidelberg.

## History

It was already mentioned in the years 788/789 in a document of the monastery of Lorsch. Afterwards there was no documentation until the end of the 13th century when it became part of the restrict of Speyer.
The first mayor was Heinrich von Eschelbrunnen in the year 1261. In 1267 a castle made of wood was built and later rebuilt into a water-castle of stone in 1375. In 1526 the village became Protestant.
In 1803 Eschelbronn became part of Baden. From 1807 on the village was administered by Waibstadt and 1803 by Sinsheim until the 31st of December 1972. Today it belongs to the Rhein-Neckar area.

In former times most of the people were farmers, however later in the 18th century the production of textiles became more and more important. Since the end of the 19th century Eschelbronn is well known for its furniture production.

## Other websites

- Official website
- Museum of Furniture Production