juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Grand Tour

The **Grand Tour** was the name of travel through Europe by rich European (mostly British) young men between 1660 until about 1840. It was done to learn about European society and art. The idea was that what they learned on their travels could be used to help those that stayed at home. Italy was often the final country to visit. They would mostly travel with servants and a teacher called a _bear-leader_.

## Example Grand Tour

Which places the Grand Tour would visit  changed through the years. An example would be a British tourist would go from  Dover, England and crossed the English Channel to Ostend, in the Spanish Netherlands/Belgium, or Calais, or Le Havre in France.

There they could rent or buy a carriage and travel to Paris. Or they could make the trip by boat, traveling up the Seine to Paris, or up the Rhine to Basel.

In Paris, the traveler could take lessons in French, dancing, fencing, and horse riding. Paris was popular because of the language and fashion of French high society.

From Paris he would go to Switzerland for a while, often to Geneva. From there the traveler would make a difficult crossing over the Alps into northern Italy.

Once in Italy the tourist would visit Turin, then might spend a few months in Florence. Other Grand Tourists would be in Florence to welcome him. A trip to Pisa then on to Padua, Bologna, and Venice.

Venice was seen as the most important place for Italian architecture, and was very important place to visit.

From Venice the traveler went to Rome to study the ruins of ancient Rome. Some travelers also visited Naples to study music. Naples was often the final destination before turning back.

From here the traveler went north through the Alps to the German-speaking parts of Europe. From there travelers visited Holland and Flanders before returning across the Channel to England.

## Other websites

- The Grand Tour
- Grand Tour online at the Getty Museum
- In Our Time: The Grand Tour: Jeremy Black, Edward Chaney and Chloe Chard. 
- "Grand Tour" an exhibition project of the Swedish artist Matts Leiderstam
- Voyagers and Voyeurs - Travellers in 19th century France, an anthology
- Contemporary Grand Tour in Italy, Pictures and quotes
- Digging and Dealing in Eighteenth Century Rome
Alnico

**Alnico** is an alloy made up of iron with aluminium (Al), nickel (Ni) and cobalt (Co). The name "Alnico" is an acronym from Al-Ni-Co. Alnico may also contain copper and sometimes titanium.

Alnico alloys are ferromagnetic (a mechanism by which some materials form permanent magnets). Alnico alloys also have a high coercivity (they do not easily lose their magnetism) and are used to make permanent magnets. Before rare-earth magnets were developed in the 1970s, alnico magnets were the strongest type of magnet. The development of Alnico began in 1931 when T. Mishima in Japan found that an alloy of iron, nickel, and  aluminium had double the coercivity of the best magnets of that time. (the coercivity of Alnico is 400 oersted).

## Properties

Alnico alloys can be made magnets by strong magnetic fields. Rare-earth magnets like neodymium and samarium-cobalt are the only easily found magnets which are stronger than alnico magnets. Alnico magnets produce very strong magnetic fields at their poles (a pole is one of the two ends of a magnet) as high as 1500 gauss (0.15 tesla which is about 3000 times stronger than earth's magnetic field.

Some types of alnico magnets are isotropic (properties are same in all directions) and can be properly magnetised in all directions. Other types like alnico 5 and alnico 8 are anisotropic (properties change when direction changes) have a preferred direction (one direction would be better than other directions) for magnetisation. Anisotropic alnico alloys will make stronger magnets in their preferred direction than an isotropic alnico alloy.

Alnico magnets are the only magnets that have useful magnetism even when heated red-hot.

In 2008, the cost of Alnico magnets was about $44/kg ($20/pound).
Hermit thrush

The **hermit thrush** (_Catharus guttatus_) is a common bird that is found in North America. The size of one is 15 to 17 cm. It has a brown head. It is closely related to the Mexican Russet nightingale-thrush. They are mainly brown and have a reddish tail. Underneath they are white with some dark spots. They have pink legs. The hermit thrush is the state bird of Vermont.

## Other websites

- Hermit Thrush on the IUCN red list
Dublin Zoo

The **Dublin Zoo** (), in Phoenix Park, Dublin, Ireland is the largest zoo in Ireland. It is one of Dublin's most popular attractions. It was opened in 1831.

It is over  in size. It has a number of special areas like:
- The Kaziranga Forest Trail. This is an Asian rainforest with elephants.
- African Savanna. This area has animals like giraffes and zebras.
- Family farm. In this area people can see goats and sheep and other farm animals.
- South American House. Animals like the saki monkey, the two-toed sloth and iguana live here.

It was founded on 10 May 1830 and opened to the public on 1 September 1831. This makes it the third oldest zoo in the world. The animals, 46 mammals and 72 birds,< were a present from London Zoo.> It now has over 600 animals from all over the world.

In 2010, Dublin Zoo received 963,053 visitors.

## Infobox (zoo)

- **zoo name**: **Dublin Zoo**
- **image**: Dublin zoo Orangutang 2011.jpg
- **image caption**: Orangutang at Dublin Zoo
- **date opened**: 1 September 1831
- **location**: Dublin, Ireland
- **annual visitors**: 1 million (2011)
- **exhibits**: African Plains, Kaziranga Forst Trail, Roberts house (aviary), South American house, Reptile house, City Farm
How to

A **how-to** or a **how to** is an informal, often short, description of how to do a specific physical task, think to solve a specific problem, or think about a topic. There are many forms of these, such as video-game walkthroughs, parkour how-to guides, and others.

## Characteristics

How-to guides "guide" you through a topic. They include videos, descriptions, and other resources to help the reader understand what the guide is trying to teach. Usually, the guide contains helpful third-party resources. An example of this is wikiHow. However, the topic taught needs to be in layman's terms, or a simple general guide, similar to this project. To meet the requirements for a how to, the creator has to understand the topic better than the reader. For example, if a person is reading a guide on particle physics, the author of the guide does not need to be a astronaut with a Phd in physics, but the author also cannot be a person who just found out about the subject. This is explained better in Mentorship.

### Guidance

Some guides are for the field, like the Golden Guides, and others made to help others understand a topic, like a guide on Nuclear Science. The reader cannot observe the reactions but can understand how they happen. How to guides are mostly populated by field guides, like "How to fire a gun properly." and "How to be a helpful Wikipedia contributor". Guides can't start without the "how to" prefix, in the process confusing potential readers and making the title seem like a statement rather than a question-statement hybrid. "Fire a gun properly" sounds like a statement, so people will click away from the guide without actually understanding how, just planning to do what the title said.

### Topics

A topic needs to be teachable. A subject cannot be "How to watch a show" because the solution can be easily found. A topic needs to be teachable to a new person who wants to learn more about the subject, and retain its hard-earned difficulty.
Wild type

**Wild type** is a term in genetics for the most common type in a natural population. It is applied to alleles of a gene, or the genotypes or phenotypes of a species.

The term is used in genetics to contrast normal alleles with mutant alleles.

With _Drosophila melanogaster_, wild type usually means the standard version of the famous laboratory population used in the T.H. Morgan laboratory, and since used around the world. This was, of course, only a small sample of the natural populations.

Actually, we propbably know more about _Drosophila pseudoobscura_ in the wild than _Drosophila melanogaster_, because of a huge series of studies done by Theodosius Dobzhansky and his colleagues after World War II.
CMUNE

**Cmune** is a software development company. It is the maker of **UberStrike**, a popular web-based video game. Cmune was started in 2007 by Shaun Lelacheur Sales and Ludovic Bodin.

UberStrike was originally developed under the name Paradise Paintball. It is a free, multiplayer first-person shooter browser game. There are over 10 million registered players. As of November 2012, it was still the largest FPS inside Facebook.

## Infobox (dot-com company)

- **name**: Cmune
- **company type**: Privately-held company, Private
- **creators**: Ludovic Bodin, Shaun Lelacheur Sales
- **founded**: March 2007
- **dissolved**: 2020
- **location**: Beijing, China
- **num employees**: 18 employees
- **industry**: Online games, Internet, Social Networking
- **products**: Computer games
- **language**: English language, English
- **foundation**: March 2007
Tábor

**Tábor** is a municipality in the Czech Republic. It is in the South Bohemian Region. At the 2021 census, 33,360 people lived there. The municipality was started in 1420. The current mayor is Štěpán Pavlík. The municipality is named after Mount Tabor.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Tábor
- **settlement type**: Municipality
- **image skyline**: Tabor CZ aerial old town from north B1.jpg
- **imagesize**: 265px
- **image caption**: View of Tábor
- **image flag**: Vlajka města Tábor.svg
- **image seal**: Tabor CoA CZ.png
- **pushpin map**: Czech Republic
- **pushpin mapsize**: 265px
- **pushpin relief**: yes
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: Region
- **subdivision type2**: District
- **subdivision name2**: Tábor
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Štěpán Pavlík
- **area total km2**: 62.22
- **population total**: 33,360
- **population as of**: March 26, 2021
- **population density km2**: 536.2
- **timezone**: Central European Time, CET
- **utc offset**: +01:00
- **postal code type**: Postal code
- **postal code**: 39001
- **blank name sec2**: Community Identification Number, MCN
- **blank info sec2**: 552046
Yamaguchi (city)

**Yamaguchi** is a city in western Japan. It is the capital of Yamaguchi Prefecture. The city had a population of 198,971 people in 2010. Yamaguchi was made when 40 towns were merged on April 1, 1889.

## Other websites

- Yamaguchi's Official city website (Japanese)
Random mating

**Random mating** is a term in population genetics. It describes an ideal situation in which  all individuals on one sex are equally potential partners of all members of the opposite sex. The technical term for it is **panmixia**.

Random mating is one of the requirements for the Hardy–Weinberg law to hold. This is the foundation equation of population genetics.

There are a number of types of non-random mating, such as mate choice (selection by females from a small group of males), mating type (in microorganisms like _Paramecium_), selfing in some flowering plants, and in general, inbreeding. Mechanical or geographical differences within a species will often prevent a whole species being panmictic.

The opposite of random mating is _assortative mating_.
Ernest Tubb

**Ernest Dale Tubb** (February 9, 1914 – September 6, 1984) was an American country music singer and songwriter. Tubb was nicknamed _The Texas Troubadour_. He is probably best known for his hit song "Walking the Floor Over You" in 1941. He joined the Grand Ole Opry as a member in 1943. He was inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame in 1965.

## Other websites

- Ernest Tubb at the Country Music Hall of Fame

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Ernest Tubb
- **img**: Ernest Tubb publicity portrait - Cropped.jpg
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Ernest Dale Tubb
- **alias**: The Texas Troubadour
- **birth place**: Crisp, Texas, Crisp, Texas, United States
- **death place**: Nashville, Tennessee, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
- **instrument**: acoustic guitar, guitar
- **genre**: country music, country, honky tonk
- **occupation**: singer-songwriter, bandleader
- **years active**: 1936–1982
- **label**: Bluebird, Decca Records, Decca, First Generation
Photomultiplier tubes

A photomultiplier tube (PMT) is a transducer which converts photons into electrons, which generate a current and voltage. Photomultiplier tubes are used to detect low levels of incident light, even as low as a single photon.

An incoming photon will strike the photocathode surface of the PMT which will emit electrons. These electrons are then accelerated toward additional electrodes by a potential difference of about 90 volts. Upon striking this electrode, more electrons are emitted. This process repeats nine times, each time generating more and more electrons. This process can generate 10<sup>6</sup> to 10<sup>7</sup> electrons for each individual photon. These electrons are then collected at the anode where the current and voltage is then measured.

Photomultiplier tubes are highly sensitive and have very quick response times. The sensitivity of the PMT can be improved by cooling it, to reduce temperature induced noise. Photomultiplier tubes must not be exposed to intense light, such as the sun or ambient light because the intensity can damage the components.

Photomultiplier tubes are commonly used for analysis techniques as well as medical and research purposes.
Napkin

A **napkin**, or face towel (also in Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia: **serviette**) is a rectangle of cloth used at the table for wiping the mouth while eating.  It is usually small and folded.
Chun Kuk Do

**Chun Kuk Do** (, commonly abbreviated as CKD) is a martial art (or type of fighting style) that Chuck Norris created. It is said to be based upon Tang Soo Do, another martial art.

Chun Kuk Do mainly means "The Universal Way," but has other meanings, such as, "The Way of 1000 Lands," or "The Way of Many Lands."

Chun Kuk Do has undergone many name changes, becoming known as Chun Kuk Do in the 1990s and most currently being called the Chuck Norris System.
Beauvais

**Beauvais** is a commune. It is the prefecture of the Oise department in the north of France. In 2012, 54,289 people lived there.

### Twin towns – Sister cities

Beauvais is twinned with:
- Maidstone, United Kingdom, since 1961
- Witten, Germany, since 1975
- Setúbal, Portugal, since 1982.

### Partnerships

There are also partnerships with:
- Dej, Romania, since 2003
- Tczew, Poland, since 2003
Alençon

**Alençon** is a commune. It is found in the Orne department in the north western of France.

## Social Housing

The Champ Perrier social housing complex, with its four high-rise buildings, was inaugurated in 1962 and is now facing significant social challenges.

## Sister cities

Alençon is twinned with:
- Basingstoke, United Kingdom, since 1968
- Quakenbrück, Germany, since 1969
- Koutiala, Mali, since 1970
Andrea Moda Formula

**Andrea Moda Formula,** also known as **Andrea Moda**, was a Formula One team. It raced in the 1992 Formula One season. It was made by Andrea Sassetti. He was a shoe maker in Italy.

## Issues

The team was taken out from the opening race in South Africa. This is because they did not pay the one hundred thousand fee for new teams.

The team was put in the next race in Brazil. Roberto Moreno and Perry McCarthy would drive. The cars were still not ready.

At the race in San Marino, the car was finally ready. McCarthy did not get his Super License, which is needed to race a F1 car. The car later had to be retired. This was because it was having an engine problem.

In Canada, the team did not have engines because Sassetti did not pay the engine supplier, Judd, the money. The team also missed France due to their car being stuck in a blockade by French truck drivers.

In August of 1992, the FIA warned the team that they might be excluded (disqualified, does not count) from the championship. It was a known fact that McCarthy was barely given a chance, since the team could not afford to properly run two cars, so they mainly worked on Moreno's car while McCarthy was only there to meet the rules of having two cars in the race.

Finally, at the Belgian Grand Prix, Sassetti was arrested for forging invoices. The team was not allowed in the field at the Italian Grand Prix.

## Complete Formula One results

(key) (results in **bold** indicate pole position)
|Year|Chassis|Engine|Tyres|Drivers|1|2|3|4|5|6|7|8|9|10|11|12|13|14|15|16|Points|WCC|||||||||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|rowspan="5"|1992|rowspan="5"|Andrea Moda C4B Andrea Moda S921|rowspan="5"|Judd GV 3.5 L V10|rowspan="5"|||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|rowspan="5"|**0**|rowspan="5"|**NC**||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|Alex Caffi||EX||DNP|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|Enrico Bertaggia||EX||DNP|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|Roberto Moreno|||||bgcolor="#FFCFCF"|DNPQ|bgcolor="#FFCFCF"|DNPQ|bgcolor="#FFCFCF"|DNPQ|bgcolor="#EFCFFF"|Ret|bgcolor="#FFCFCF"|DNPQ||DNA|bgcolor="#FFCFCF"|DNPQ|bgcolor="#FFCFCF"|DNPQ|bgcolor="#FFCFCF"|DNQ|bgcolor="#FFCFCF"|DNQ||DNP|||||||
|Perry McCarthy||||||DNP|bgcolor="#FFCFCF"|DNPQ|bgcolor="#FFCFCF"|DNPQ|bgcolor="#FFCFCF"|DNPQ||DNP||DNA|bgcolor="#FFCFCF"|DNPQ||EX|bgcolor="#FFCFCF"|DNPQ|bgcolor="#FFCFCF"|DNQ||DNP|||||||
Communes of the Nord department

The following is a list of the 652 **communes of the Nord _département**_, in France.

- (CUDL) _Communauté urbaine de Lille Métropole_, created in 1966.
- (CUD) _Communauté urbaine de Dunkerque Grand Littoral_, created in 1968.
- (CAC) _Communauté d'agglomération de Cambrai_, created in 2000.
- (CAD) _Communauté d'agglomération du Douaisis_, created in 2002.
- (CAM) _Communauté d'agglomération Maubeuge Val de la Sambre_, created in 2001.
- (CAS) _Communauté d'agglomération de la Porte du Hainaut_, created in 2001.
- (CAV) _Communauté d'agglomération de Valenciennes Métropole_, created in 2001.
Thin layer chromatography

**Thin layer chromatography** (or TLC) is a method by which mixtures are separated into their individual components.

TLC is performed on a TLC plate.  These plates consist of a layer of silica and are usually backed by a thin piece of glass, although other materials like plastic may be used.  The silica coating on the front of the TLC plate is called the stationary phase.

## Performing TLC

The process of running a TLC experiment starts with placing a small droplet of liquid analyte near the bottom of the TLC plate.  This is called “spotting” the TLC plate.  Very thin glass tubes are commonly used as spotters.

Once a plate has been spotted, it is placed into a glass container with a small amount of solvent.  This solvent is called the mobile phase.  It is important that the height of the solvent is below the height that the compound was spotted on the plate.  As the solvent moves up the TLC plate by capillary action, the compound will also move.  The compound will be separated into its components based upon each component’s attraction for the stationary phase versus the mobile phase.  Components that are attracted to the mobile phase more than they are attracted to the stationary phase will move further up the column.  Attractive forces are based on polarity differences.

The TLC plate should be removed before the solvent reaches the top of the plate.  Separated compounds will sometimes be colored, but further work is often required for analysis.  Many compounds will be illuminated when the TLC plate is placed under an ultraviolet lamp.  TLC plates are also commonly dipped in stains (such as anisaldehyde, potassium permanganate, or iodine) to force a compound to appear on the plate.

## Application

TLC is commonly used by organic chemists to monitor the progress of reactions.  The presence of starting material and products may be monitored using a single TLC plate.

Based on the results of a TLC experiment, a larger volume of mixture may be separated by another technique (like column chromatography) using a similar solvent system.  Or, a TLC experiment may be repeated using a different solvent.  Mixtures of solvents may also be used.  Use of different solvents will affect how well individual components are separated on the TLC plate.
Reichshofstadion

The **Reichshofstadion** is a football stadium in Vorarlbergs city Lustenau. It is the largest stadium in this federal state of Austria. The stadium is the homeground of SC Austria Lustenau. From 2007 till 2014 it was also used by FC Lustenau 07, the second club from Lustenau. The stadium is now called Planet Pure Stadium named after a sponsor of Austria Lustenau.

## History

The stadium was built from 1952 till 1953 and was in the beginning a multipurpose stadium with a running track. During the construction of new stands the track was used so today the stadium is de facto a pure football stadium. It is the homeground of both Lustenau clubs in Austrias First league. Originally it was the homeground of Austria Lustenau, but after the promotion of FC Lustenau to the first league their stadium was not good enough for the league. The stadium offers 8 800 places, 2.126 roofed seats, 2.390 roofed and 4.284 unroofed  standing room.

On 3 August 2007 the chapel of the stadium was consecrate, where fans of Austria Lustenau can merry. It is named after Hugo Kleinbrod, who cared after the 2. World War for children and orphans.

In May 2011 supporters of FC Lustenau coloured the main stand and a cash desk in their club colour blue, although they were originally green, which is Austrias colour.

## Infobox (stadium)

- **stadium name**: Reichshofstadion
- **location**: Lustenau, Austria
- **built**: 1952/53
- **renovated**: 1996/97 and 2000
- **surface**: lawn
- **tenants**: SC Austria Lustenau, FC Lustenau 07
- **seating capacity**: 8 800
- **dimensions**: 105 x 68 m
Billiard Congress of America

**Billiard Congress of America** (**BCA**) is a group that organizes for cue sports in the United States. It started in 1948 as a non-profit trade organization The BCA headquarters is in Broomfield, Colorado.  The voting members of the organization are mostly equipment manufacturers.
Bill Nighy

**William Francis Nighy** (born 12 December 1949) is a British actor. He starred in the films _Love Actually_, _Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest_ and _Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End_ as Davy Jones.

During his career, he has won a BAFTA  Award and a Golden Globe Award. In 2023, he was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actor for his role in the film _Living_.

He was partners with actress Diana Quick from 1982 until they separated in 2008. Their daughter is actress Mary Nighy.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Bill Nighy
- **image**: Premios Goya 2018 - Bill Nighy 02.jpg
- **caption**: Nighy in 2018
- **birth name**: William Francis Nighy
- **birth place**: Caterham, Surrey, England
- **nationality**: English people, English
- **occupation**: Actor
- **years active**: 1969–present
- **partner**: Diana Quick (1982–2008)
- **children**: Mary Nighy
Medal of Honor (2010 video game)

***Medal of Honor*** is a first-person shooter video game. It was developed by Danger Close and EA Digital Illusions CE (DICE). It is the twelfth game in the _Medal of Honor_ series. The game was released for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 on October 12, 2010. The game is set in the ongoing War in Afghanistan.

## Infobox (video game)

- **title**: Medal of Honor
- **developer**: Danger Close (EA Los Angeles) <small>(singleplayer)</small>

EA Digital Illusions CE <small>(multiplayer)</small>
- **publisher**: Electronic Arts
- **composer**: Ramin Djawadi
- **producer**: Greg Goodrich <small>(singleplayer)</small>

Patrick Liu <small>(multiplayer)</small>
- **engine**: Unreal Engine 3 <small>(singleplayer)</small>
Frostbite Engine <small>(multiplayer)</small>
- **series**: _Medal of Honor (series), Medal of Honor_
- **genre**: First-person shooter
- **modes**: Single-player video game, Single-player, Multiplayer video game, multiplayer
- **platforms**: Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360
Flame ionization detector

**Flame Ionization Detectors** (shortened FID) is a common type detector used in gas chromatography. These detectors are best at detecting organic compounds. The first flame ionization detector was developed in simultaneously and independently in 1957 by Harley and Pretorius at the University of Pretoria in Pretoria, South Africa and by McWilliam and Dewar at Imperial Chemical Industries of Australia and New Zealand (ICIANZ, see Orica history) Central Research Laboratory, Ascot Vale, Melbourne, Australia.

The purpose of a FID is to detect compounds as they exit the gas chromatography column. The compounds that are exiting the column are in a gaseous state. Detection is done by first turning the gas compounds into ions and electrons and then collecting the charged molecules. The FID turns compounds into ions and electrons by putting them into a flame. The fuel used to make the flame in FIDs is usually made of a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen.  As these charged materials are collected, they make a current which is measured. The larger the current the more charged compounds are being collected. Currents for FIDs are usually about 10<sup>-12</sup> amps and are measured by a high-impedance picoammeter.

Flame ionization detectors are used most often for organic compounds. This is because organic compounds contain lot of carbon atoms which easily turn into ions. Reduced carbons (carbons with no oxygen bonds) make the most ions. Other carbons such as alcohols (C-O-H) and carbonyls (C=O) do not make as many ions.

Many times organic samples being tested are not pure. The samples often contain impurities such as water (H<sub>2</sub>O), carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>), sulfur dioxide (SO<sub>2</sub>), nitrous oxides (NO), and noble gases. The FID does not detect these impurities because they do not burn. This makes the FID a very useful detector because the samples being tested do not have to be purified before being tested.

FID can be used to detect very small amounts of material, as small as 10<sup>-13</sup> g/s. It is also accurate over a large range of molecule amounts (a range of over 10<sup>7</sup>). One problem with FID is that it destroys the sample being tested. Any sample used in gas chromatography with an FID cannot be used for other measurements afterwards. Also, a lot of fuel is required as well as very exact equipment to get exact results.
Edam

**Edam** can mean:

- Edam, Netherlands, a small city in the Netherlands
- Edam cheese
Little Wing

"**Little Wing**" is a 1967 psychedelic rock song by the English band The Jimi Hendrix Experience and was featured on their album _Axis: Bold as Love_. The song was written by lead vocalist and guitarist Jimi Hendrix. The song was ranked #357 on _Rolling Stone_ magazine's list of "the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time". The song has been covered by many other musical artists.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Little Wing
- **artist**: The Jimi Hendrix Experience
- **album**: Axis: Bold as Love
- **released**: 1 December 1967 (in the UK)
15 January 1968 (in the US)
- **genre**: Psychedelic rock, blues-rock
- **length**: 2:26
- **writer**: Jimi Hendrix
Edam, Netherlands

**Edam** is a city in the province of North Holland in the Netherlands. About 7,380 people live there. The town is part of the municipality of Edam-Volendam. It is famous for Edam cheese which was first made in the town. The town has a little pub and a young population.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **image map**: Dutch Municipality Edam-Volendam 2006.png
- **name**: Edam
- **image flag**: Wapen van edam.gif
- **flag size**: 100x80px
- **image shield**: Coat of arms of Edam.svg
- **shield size**: 100x80px
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: Netherlands
- **subdivision type1**: Province
- **subdivision name1**: North Holland
- **subdivision type2**: Municipality
- **subdivision name2**: Edam-Volendam
- **population**: 7380
- **population density km2**: 1422
Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides

***Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides*** is a 2011 American fantasy comedy adventure movie that was directed by Rob Marshall and produced by Jerry Bruckheimer. _Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides_ was released on May 18 and May 20, 2011 in North America. The movie was the fourth movie in the _Pirates of the Caribbean_ francise by Disney and the first and currently the only to be directed by Rob Marshall. It is the sequel to the 2007 film _Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End_. It is based on the novel _On Stranger Tides_ by Tim Powers. The movie was shot in Hawaii, California and Puerto Rico.

Despite receiving mixed reviews from film critics, the film was well welcomed from audiences and fans which praised its story, humor, directing, cast performances (especially those of Depp and Rush), Zimmer's musical score, emotional weight and the action scenes, but it was criticizied for being really inferior to the first three movies and the character of Angelica Teach.

## Cast

- Johnny Depp as Captain Jack Sparrow
- Geoffrey Rush as Hector Barbossa
- Penélope Cruz as Angelica
- Ian McShane as Blackbeard/Edward Teach
- Kevin McNally as Joshamee Gibbs
- Sam Claflin as Philip Swift
- Àstrid Bergès-Frisbey as Syrena
- Greg Ellis as Lt. Cmdr. Theodore Groves
- Damian O'Hare as Lieutenant Gillette
- Stephen Graham as Scrum
- Óscar Jaenada as The Spaniard
- Gemma Ward as Tamara
- Richard Griffiths as King George II
- Bryson Carvalho as Kales Kamen
- Keith Richards as Captain Teague
- Judi Dench as a noblewoman
- Derek Mears as the Master-at-Arms
- Sebastian Armesto as King Ferdinand VI
- Anton Lesser as Lord John Carteret.
- Roger Allam as Henry Pelham
- Paul Bazely as Salaman
- Gerard Monaco as Spanish Captain

## Other websites

- _Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides_ official website

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides
- **director**: Rob Marshall
- **producer**: Jerry Bruckheimer
- **music**: Hans Zimmer
- **cinematography**: Dariusz Wolski
- **distributor**: Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures, Walt Disney Studios
Motion Pictures
- **runtime**: 136 minutes
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **gross**: $1.046 billion
Tequila, Jalisco

**Santiago de Tequila** is a Mexican town. The town is in the Mexican state of Jalisco. At the 2005 census, Tequila had 38,534 people. The town is known for being the birthplace of the beverage known as tequila. The popularity and history of the drink made the town of Tequila a World Heritage Site.
Cashpoint Arena Altach

The **Cashpoint Arena** is a football stadium in Altach, Vorarlberg, Austria. It is the homeground of SCR Rheindorf Altach, a football club playing in Austrian Football First League, which is the second level in Austrias football.

## History

The stadium was built 1989/90 and was opened on 1 June 1990 under the name Schnabelholz. 1998 the main stand of the stadium was completely roofed. After the promotion to the First league a  floodlighting was installed. After the promotion to the Bundesliga a new stand  with 1 800 seats was built because the Bundesliga regulates 3000 seats at least. The stadium now offers over 3000 roofed seats. 2006 the match versus SK Rapid Wien was visited by 8 900 people which is the record till today.

The stadium offers a unique athmosphere because the visitors are near to the playing field. But the stadium is not only used for football but also for open air concerts and other events.

## Infobox (stadium)

- **stadium name**: Cashpoint Arena Altach
- **image**: CashpointArenaAltach.JPG
- **fullname**: Cashpoint Arena Altach
- **location**: Altach, Vorarlberg, Austria
- **opened**: 1 June 1990 as Stadion Schnabelholz
- **surface**: lawn
- **former names**: Stadion Schnabelholz
- **tenants**: SC Rheindorf Altach
- **seating capacity**: 8 500
- **dimensions**: 100 x 64 m
- **caption**: view on the west stand
Battlefield 3

***Battlefield 3*** (***BF3***) is a first-person shooter video game. It was made by EA Digital Illusions CE and it was published by Electronic Arts. The game was released in October 2011. It is available for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360. Battlefield 3 is the 11th game in the _Battlefield_ video games series, and it is next part of _Battlefield 2_ (2005). On 29 June 2012, EA revealed that the game has sold 15 million copies.

## Infobox (vg)

- **title**: Battlefield 3
- **image**: E3 2011 - outside the LA Convention Center South Hall (5830552623).jpg
- **developer**: EA Digital Illusions CE
- **publisher**: Electronic Arts
- **series**: _Battlefield (series), Battlefield_
- **engine**: Frostbite Engine, Frostbite 2.0
- **genre**: First-person shooter, Action game, action
- **modes**: Single-player video game, Single-player, Cooperative gameplay, cooperative, Multiplayer video game, multiplayer
Gut flora

**Gut flora** consists of microorganisms that live in the digestive system of animals. It is the largest reservoir of microbes in the human microbiome.

The human body, consisting of about 100 trillion cells, carries about ten times as many microorganisms in the intestines. The metabolic activities performed by these bacteria resemble those of an organ, leading some to call gut flora a 'forgotten organ'. It is estimated that these gut flora have around 100 times as many genes in aggregate as there are in the human genome.

Bacteria make up most of the flora in the colon and up to 60% of the dry mass of faeces. Somewhere between 300 and 1000 different species live in the gut, with most estimates at about 500. However, it is probable that 99% of the bacteria come from about 30 or 40 species.  Fungi and protozoa also make up a part of the gut flora, but little is known about their activities.

Research suggests that the relationship between gut flora and humans is not merely commensal (a non-harmful coexistence), but rather a symbiotic relationship.  Though people can survive without gut flora, the microorganisms perform a lot of useful functions, such as fermenting unused energy substrates, training the immune system, preventing growth of harmful, pathogenic bacteria, regulating the development of the gut, producing vitamins for the host (such as biotin and vitamin K), and producing hormones to direct the host to store fats.  However, in some conditions, some species can cause disease by producing an infection or increasing cancer risk for the host.

Such food compounds as polyphenols, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides may be useful for good bacteria and help reduce pathogenic species of human gut flora.

Over 99% of the bacteria in the gut are anaerobic, but in the cecum, aerobic bacteria reach high densities.

The traditional view is that no metazoan phylum can break down cellulose by producing the enzyme cellulase. Instead, herbivores contain, in their gut, microorganisms which produce cellulase. This is important because cellulose is the most common organic compound on Earth. About 33% of all plant matter is cellulose (the cellulose content of cotton is 90% and that of wood is 40–50%). Recently, evidence has emerged that some animals do produce their own cellulase. The question is not yet quite settled.

## Related pages

- human microbiome
- appendix
Alexander Tolmer

**Alexander Tolmer** (1815—1890) was the man in charge of the South Australian police force. Born in England to French parents, he studied to be a teacher of languages. He joined the army and saw action in Portugal from 1826—1833 during the civil war. Tolmer moved to South Australia in 1836, where Governor George Gawler thought his background in the cavalry would make him the right person to set up a group of mounted police.

In 1852 Tolmer became the police commissioner. He led a group of police from South Australia to the Victorian gold fields and escorted a load of gold back to Adelaide.

In 1856 after a number of small arguments with his offices, Tolmer was removed as commissioner. He tried farming, but this was unsuccessful. He tried to lead an exploring group to cross Australia from south to north, but this also failed before it left Adelaide. He became a ranger for crown lands in 1862 and retired in 1885. He died at Mitcham, South Australia, on 7 March 1890.

## Other websites

- Photograph of Alexander Tolmer
William John Wills

**William John Wills** (1834—1861) was an English surveyor. He was born in Totnes, Devon. He became one of the first explorers to cross Australia from the south to the north. The expedition became known as the Burke and Wills expedition. It ended in disaster, when both Wills and the leader, Robert O'Hara Burke, died from starvation at Cooper Creek on their return journey.
Jimma

**Jimma**, also known as _Jima_ in Italian Gimma is a city found on the southwest of Ethiopia and is also the largest city found in southwestern Ethiopia. The population of Jimma was 159,009 as of the 2005 census. Jimma is found in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia. The city also has a university named Jimma University and an airport.

## Other websites

- Archive of the Jimma website
Debre Zebit

**Debre Zebit** is a village in northern Ethiopia. It is about 45 km south of Addis Ababa. Debre Zebit is in the Amhara Region of Ethiopia. 132,000 people live in Debre Zebit.

The Battle of Anchem which killed Ras Gugsa Welle was in Debre Zebit.
Conversion of units

The term **conversion of units** refers to changing an amount of a measurement unit into another unit. There are many different systems of units, so some conversions can be very complex. Most conversions involve a _conversion factor_ (named "m"), and a shift amount (such as "b"), to change from a unit _x_ into a unit _y_ by the general equation: y = m****x + b. That type of conversion is known as a _linear transform_ or a mathematical _translation_.

A conversion factor is a ratio that lets one convert a measured quantity to a different unit of measure without changing the amount. When a conversion factor is multiplied by the item one are converting, it cancels out the units they does not want and leaves those that they do. Because the top and bottom of conversion factors are the same, conversion factors always equal 1. For example, a  conversion factor of (1 day)/(24 hours) equals 1, because 1 day = 24 hours.

One of the most common conversions is to change meters (or "metres") into feet, by multiplying the amount in meters by about 3.28 feet per meter (ft/m):
- Convert 10 meters: 10 meters × 3.28 ft/m = 32.8 feet.
Typically, conversion amounts are rounded to the same precision as the original input amount, such as 10 meters being 33 feet (when 32.8 feet is rounded to 2 digits as "33").
Robert O'Hara Burke

**Robert O'Hara Burke** (1821—1861) was an Irish policeman, who led the Burke and Wills expedition. This was the largest and best equipped expedition to explore Australia. They successfully crossed the country, from Melbourne to the Gulf of Carpentaria in 1861. The expedition ended in disaster when Burke and his second in command, William John Wills died from starvation at Cooper Creek on their way back to Melbourne.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Robert O'Hara Burke
- **image**: Robert O'Hara Burke.jpg
- **image size**: 240px
- **birth date**: 1821
- **birth place**: St.Clerans, County Galway, Ireland
- **death date**: 1861
- **death place**: Cooper Creek, Queensland, Australia
- **occupation**: Policeman, explorer
Alitena

**Alitena** is a town in northern Ethiopia. The population of Alitena was 4,905 as of the 2007 census. Alitena is found in the Tigray Region of Ethiopia. The latitude and longitude of Alitena is .
Super 8 (movie)

***Super 8*** is a 2011 American science fiction movie that was produced by Steven Spielberg, J. J. Abrams and Bryan Burk and was directed by J. J. Abrams. _Super 8_ was released on June 10, 2011 in North America. The movie has received positive reviews in early reviews.

## Cast

- Kyle Chandler as Jackson Lamb
- Ron Eldard as Louis Dainard
- Noah Emmerich as Colonel Nelec
- Joel Courtney as Joe Lamb
- Riley Griffiths as Charles Kaznyk
- Elle Fanning as Alice Dainard
- Ryan Lee as Carey
- Zach Mills as Preston
- Josh McFarland as Tom Ashton
- Gabriel Basso as Martin
- Amanda Michalka as Jen Kaznyk
- Glynn Turman as Dr. Woodward
- Michael Hitchcock as Deputy Rosko

## Story line

In the summer of 1979, a group of friends in a small Ohio town witness a catastrophic train crash while making a super 8 movie and soon suspect that it was not an accident. Shortly after, unusual disappearances and inexplicable events begin to take place in town, and the local Deputy tries to uncover the truth - something more terrifying than any of them could have imagined.

## Other websites

- Super 8's Official website

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: Super 8
- **director**: J. J. Abrams
- **producer**: Steven Spielberg
J. J. Abrams
Bryan Burk
- **writer**: J. J. Abrams
- **starring**: Kyle Chandler
Elle Fanning
AJ Michalka
- **music**: Michael Giacchino
- **cinematography**: Larry Fong
- **editing**: Maryann Brandon
- **distributor**: Paramount Pictures
- **released**: June 10, 2011
- **runtime**: 112 minutes
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
Cowboys & Aliens (movie)

***Cowboys & Aliens*** is a 2011 science fiction-western movie that was produced by Brian Grazer, Ron Howard, Alex Kurtzman, Damon Lindelof, Roberto Orci, Scott Mitchell Rosenberg and Steven Spielberg and was directed by Jon Favreau. The movie is based on the novel of the same name by Scott Mitchell Rosenberg.

## Cast

- Daniel Craig as Jake Lonergan
- Harrison Ford as Colonel Woodrow Dolarhyde
- Olivia Wilde as Ella
- Sam Rockwell as Doc
- Noah Ringer as Emmett
- Paul Dano as Percy Dolarhyde
- Clancy Brown as Meacham
- Keith Carradine as Sheriff Taggart
- Adam Beach as Nat Colorado
- Abigail Spencer as Alice
- Ana de la Reguera as María
- Walton Goggins as Hunt

## Other websites

- Cowboys & Aliens Official website

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: Cowboys & Aliens
- **director**: Jon Favreau
- **producer**: Brian Grazer
Ron Howard
Alex Kurtzman
Damon Lindelof
Roberto Orci
Scott Mitchell Rosenberg
Steven Spielberg
- **writer**: **Screenplay**:
Damon Lindelof
Alex Kurtzman
Roberto Orci
**Story**:
Mark Fergus
Hawk Ostby
Steve Oedekerk
- **starring**: Daniel Craig
Harrison Ford
Olivia Wilde
- **music**: Harry Gregson-Williams
- **cinematography**: Matthew Libatique
- **editing**: Dan Lebental
- **distributor**: Universal Pictures (US)
Paramount Pictures (International)
- **released**: July 29, 2011
- **runtime**: 112 mins.
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **budget**: $100 million
Like a Boss

"**Like a Boss**" is a 2009 comedy hip hop song by the American comedy trio The Lonely Island. It was featured on their album _Incredibad_. The song is a parody of Slim Thug's first single off his debut album, _Already Platinum_, which was also called "Like a Boss". The song is about a man (played by Andy Samberg) who is having a performance review at a law firm. The person who is reviewing Samberg is played by Canadian actor Seth Rogen.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Like a Boss
- **artist**: The Lonely Island featuring Seth Rogen
- **album**: Incredibad
- **released**: April 4, 2009
- **genre**: Comedy hip hop
- **length**: 1:46
- **writer**: Andy Samberg, Akiva Schaffer, Jorma Taccone, A. Banks
Ride wit Me

"**Ride wit Me**" is a 2001 hip hop/R&B song by American rapper Nelly. The song was the third single from his debut album Country Grammar. The song features rapper City Spud. It reached #3 on the U.S. _Billboard_ Hot 100, #34 on the U.S. _Billboard_ Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, #4 on the Australian ARIA Singles Chart and #3 on the UK Singles Chart. The song was featured in the movies Soul Plane, Scary Movie 2, Are We There Yet?, Bride and Prejudice and Ted 2 ] Osmosis Jones. It was also featured in the television shows _Scrubs_, _Friends_, _King of the Hill_ and _Glee_.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Ride wit Me
- **artist**: Nelly featuring City Spud
- **album**: Country Grammar
- **released**: April 24, 2001
- **genre**: * Hip hop music, Hip hop
* R&B
* pop music, pop
- **length**: 4:51 (Album Version)
4:13 (Radio Edit)
- **label**: * Fo' Reel Entertainment
* Universal Records (defunct record label), Universal
- **composer**: Jason "Jay E" Epperson
- **lyricist**: * Nelly
* Randy DeBarge, William DeBarge
* Bunny DeBarge, Etterline Jordan
* El DeBarge
Batter Up

"**Batter Up**" is a 2001 hip hop song by American hip hop group St. Lunatics featuring rapper Nelly. The song was the fourth and last single from Nelly's first album, _Country Grammar_. It was also included on the group's album, _Free City_. The song was released on September 11, 2001 in the United States and on November 21, 2001 in Germany. It uses the beat from The Jeffersons theme song.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Batter Up
- **type**: single
- **artist**: St. Lunatics featuring Nelly (rapper), Nelly
- **album**: Country Grammar
- **released**: September 11, 2001 (United States)
November 21, 2001 (Germany)
- **recorded**: 2000
- **genre**: hip hop music, Hip hop
- **length**: 5:27 (album version)
4:12 (radio edit)
- **chronology**: Nelly (rapper), Nelly
- **prev title**: Ride wit Me
- **prev year**: 2001
- **next title**: Number 1 (Nelly song), #1
- **next year**: 2001
Country Grammar (Hot Shit)

"**Country Grammar (Hot Shit)**" is a 2000 midwestern hip hop song by American rapper Nelly. The song was the debut single from his debut album Country Grammar. The song was released on February 29, 2000. The song was parodied on MADtv where it was turned into a rap-duet which was titled "Country Slammer" and was done by 2000 presidential and vice presidential candidates George W. Bush and Dick Cheney.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Country Grammar (Hot Shit)
- **artist**: Nelly
- **album**: Country Grammar
- **released**: February 29, 2000
- **recorded**: 1999
- **genre**: Hip hop music, Hip hop
- **length**: 4:48 (album version)
4:19 (radio edit)
3:50 (UK Edit)
E.I.

"**E.I.**" is a 2000 song by American rapper Nelly. The song was the second single from his debut album Country Grammar. The song was released on October 28, 2000. The song reached #16 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100, #10 on the U.S. Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, #12 on the Australian ARIA Singles Chart and #11 on the UK Singles Chart.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: E.I.
- **artist**: Nelly
- **album**: Country Grammar
- **released**: October 28, 2000
- **recorded**: 1999 and 2000
- **length**: 4:45 (album version)
4:12 (radio edit)
- **writer**: Nelly, Cornell Haynes, Jr.
Jason Epperson
Fenugreek

**Fenugreek** is a plant in the family Fabaceae. Fenugreek is often used as a herb (the leaves) and spice (the seed<nowiki/>s, also called _methi_).

## Medicinal uses

Fenugreek said to stop the uncomfortable feeling of arthritis.
Hot in Herre

"**Hot in Herre**" is a 2002 hip hop song by American rapper Nelly. The song was the first single from his second album _Nellyville_. The song was released on May 7, 2002. It is very popular. It reached #1 on the Canadian Singles Chart, the U.S. _Billboard_ Hot 100 and the U.S. _Billboard_ Hot R&B/Hip Hop Songs.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Hot in Herre
- **type**: single
- **artist**: Nelly
- **album**: Nellyville
- **recorded**: 2001–2002
- **length**: 3:49
- **producer**: The Neptunes
- **prev title**: Girlfriend (NSYNC song), Girlfriend
- **prev year**: 2002
- **next title**: Dilemma (song), Dilemma
- **next year**: 2002
Air Force Ones (song)

"**Air Force Ones**'" is a 2002 pop-rap song by American rapper Nelly. The song features the hip hop group St. Lunatics. It was the fourth single from his second album Nellyville. The song was released on November 7, 2002. The song reached number 3 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100, number 1 on the U.S. Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks and number 1 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Rap Tracks charts.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Air Force Ones
- **artist**: Nelly
- **album**: Nellyville
- **released**: November 7, 2002
- **recorded**: 2000
- **length**: 5:04 (Album version)
4:30 (Single mix)
- **writer**: Nelly, Murphy Lee, Ali, Kyjuan