juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Horseshoe

**Horseshoes** are things worn by horses to protect their hooves (feet) when they walk - like a shoe. Most horseshoes are made of iron or steel. Some are aluminum, rubber, plastic, rawhide or a combination of materials.

A farrier is someone who makes horseshoes and nails or glues them on the horse's hooves.  Using nails does not hurt the horse, as the outer part of the hoof cannot sense pain.

People also put horseshoes over doorways, because a long time ago, many people thought it was a sign for good luck and it protected whoever walked under it from evil spirits. Horseshoes are also used in a game where one tries to throw them on a pole.

## Different types of horseshoes

- The regular horseshoe is what the vast majority of horses wear. This shoe helps and protects the normal hoof under standard riding conditions.
- The trailer shoe reduces pressure on the heels and posterior tendon of a horse’s foot. It also supports the lateral side of the horse’s leg. This is not suitable for horses who kick because the trailer can become dangerous.
- The rim shoes are popular for sports that involve fast turns and speed. It has a deep, wide groove through the middle that allows the horse to get a little more traction.
- The bar shoe consists of some sort of extra “bar” on the back part of the shoe. It is generally to increase support in the back of the hoof, heel, or leg. It can also help hold the hoof together. Excessive hoof movement is counter-indicated, which might be the case in a hoof injury.
- The heart bar shoes are often used for horses with laminitis. It offer the same advantages of the other bar shoes, only with the addition of frog support, as well.
- The egg bar shoe is often used for horses with navicular disease. It provides even more support to the back part of the hoof and leg by extending beyond the heel.
- The square shoe helps shift the break over point without affecting the coffin bone.
Carlos Menem

**Carlos Saúl Menem** (July 2, 1930 – February 14, 2021) was an Argentine politician and writer. He was the President of Argentina from July 8, 1989 to December 10, 1999. From 1973 to 1976 and again from 1983 to 1989, Menem was Governor of La Rioja.

Menem was the first Argentine president to visit Israel. He was a supporter of Peronist ideas.

After he moved to Chile, Argentina tried to extradite him. In 2005, he became Senator for La Rioja.

In 2003, he ran for president again and narrowly won the first round of the election. However he dropped out of the race after seeing that Néstor Kirchner would beat him in the second round.

Some Argentines believe that his name brings bad luck, something that Menem also believed.

On 15 December 2020, he was hospitalized in Buenos Aires for a urinary tract infection. On 24 December, he suffered from kidney failure and was in a coma. Menem died on 14 February 2021 from problems caused by the infection, aged 90.

## Other websites

- Biography and tenure by CIDOB Foundation
- Launch of new faction (from the BBC)
- Chile declines extradition request (from the BBC)
- Menem arrives on Argentine soil (from the BBC)

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **birth name**: Carlos Saúl Menem
- **image**: Menem con banda presidencial.jpg
- **caption**: Official presidential portrait of Menem
- **nationality**: Argentina, Argentine
- **order1**: Argentine Senate, National Senator of Argentina
- **term start1**: December 10, 2005
- **term end1**: February 14, 2021
- **constituency1**: La Rioja Province (Argentina), La Rioja
- **order**: List of heads of state of Argentina, 47th President of Argentina
- **vicepresident**: Eduardo Duhalde
_None_
Carlos Ruckauf
- **term**: July 8, 1989 – December 10, 1999
- **predecessor**: Raúl Alfonsín
- **successor**: Fernando de la Rúa
- **birth place**: Anillaco, La Rioja Province (Argentina), La Rioja, Argentina
- **death place**: Buenos Aires, Argentina
- **spouse**: Zulema Yoma (1966–91) (divorced)
Cecilia Bolocco (2001–11) (divorced)
- **party**: Justicialist Party, Justicialist
- **profession**: Lawyer
- **order3**: Governor La Rioja Province (Argentina), of La Rioja
- **vicegovernor3**: Bernabé Arnaudo
- **term3**: December 10, 1983 – July 8, 1989
- **term4**: May 25, 1973 – March 24, 1976
- **predecessor3**: Military Junta
- **successor3**: Bernabé Arnaudo
- **predecessor4**: Military Junta
- **successor4**: Military Junta
- **relations**: Saúl Menem
Mohibe Akil
- **children**: Zulemita Menem, Zulema Menem
Carlos Saúl Facundo Menem
Carlos Nair Menem
Máximo Saúl Menem
- **signature**: Firma_Menem.png
Buenos Aires Province

The **Buenos Aires Province** is the largest, richest, and most populated province of Argentina. The province has a population of 13,827,203 (2001) and its capital is La Plata (850,000 inhabitants).

## Geography

The Buenos Aires Province has an area of 307,571 km². Most of it is flat, and its weather is influenced by the Atlantic Ocean winds.

## Other websites

- The Buenos Aires Herald - Local English newspaper

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Buenos Aires
- **official name**:

- **native name lang**: es
- **settlement type**: Provinces of Argentina, Province
- **image flag**: Bandera de la Provincia de Buenos Aires.svg
- **image shield**: Coat of arms of the Buenos Aires Province.svg
- **image skyline**: Casa y montaña.jpg
- **image caption**: View of Cerro Tres Picos, Tres Picos Hill
- **image map**: Buenos Aires Province in Argentina (+Falkland hatched)-2.svg
- **map caption**: Location of Buenos Aires Province within Argentina
- **subdivision type**: Sovereign state, Country
- **subdivision name**: Argentina
- **subdivision name1**: Partidos of Buenos Aires, partido
- **seat type**: Capital city, Capital
- **seat**: La Plata
- **population total**: 17,569,053
- **population as of**: 2022 census
- **population rank**: List of Argentine provinces by population, 1st
- **population density km2**: auto
- **population demonym**: _bonaerense_
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area footnotes**:
Provinces of Argentina#List of provinces, Ranked 1st
- **area total km2**: 307,571
- **leader party**: Justicialist Party, PJ-Union for the Homeland, UxP
- **leader title**: Governor of Buenos Aires Province, Governor
- **leader name**: Axel Kicillof
- **leader title1**: Vice Governor
- **leader name1**: Verónica Magario (Justicialist Party, PJ-Union for the Homeland, UxP)
- **leader title2**: Legislature of Buenos Aires Province, Legislature
- **leader name2**: Buenos Aires Province Chamber of Deputies, Chamber of Deputies (92)
Buenos Aires Province Senate, Senate (46)
- **leader title3**: Argentine Chamber of Deputies, National Deputies
- **leader name3**: List of current Argentine deputies, 70
- **leader title4**: Argentine Senate, National Senators
- **leader name4**: Maximiliano Abad (Radical Civic Union, UCR)
Eduardo de Pedro (Justicialist Party, PJ)
Juliana Di Tullio (Justicialist Party, PJ)
- **timezone1**: Time in Argentina, ART
- **utc offset1**: −03:00
- **postal code type**: Postal codes
- **postal code**: B1601XXX to B8512XXX
- **iso code**: ISO 3166-2:AR, AR-B
- **blank name**: **Human Development Index, HDI** (2021)
- **blank info**: 0.842  (List of Argentine provinces by Human Development Index, 11th)
- **demographics type2**: GDP
- **demographics2 title1**: Total
- **demographics2 info1**: peso 7,573 billion
(US$162 billion) (2019)
Canadian Broadcasting Corporation

The **Canadian Broadcasting Corporation** (), (branded as CBC), is the Canadian public broadcaster for both radio and television. It broadcasts in English and French. The company was founded on 2 November 1936 in Ottawa, Canada.

On November 2, 1936, CBC-Radio Canada was launched.

## CBC Stations

- CBCT Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island
- CBLT Toronto, Ontario
- CBWT Winnipeg, Manitoba
- CBXT Edmonton, Alberta

## Related pages

- CBC Kids

## Infobox (government agency)

- **child**: yes
- **type**: corporation
- **minister1 name**: Pascale St-Onge
- **minister1 pfo**: Minister of Canadian Heritage
- **keydocument1**: _[https://cbc.radio-canada.ca/en/vision/mandate Broadcasting Act]_, 1991


## Infobox (company)

- **name**: Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
__
- **logo**: CBC Logo 1992-Present.svg
- **logo size**: 200px
- **image**: CBC Ottawa Broadcast Centre - 06.jpg
- **image caption**: CBC Ottawa Production Centre, CBC Headquarters in Ottawa in 2019
- **type**: Crown corporations of Canada, Crown corporation
- **predecessor**: Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission
- **area served**: National; available on terrestrial and cable systems in northern American border communities; available internationally via Internet, Sirius XM and on TV
- **revenue**: 503.94 million
(Fiscal year, FY 2021)
- **operating income**: $173.24 million (FY 2021)
- **net income**: Canadian Dollar, $142.09 million (FY 2021)
- **num employees**: 7,444 (March 2018)
- **foundation**: (radio)
 (television)
- **location**: CBC Ottawa Production Centre, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Baz Luhrmann

**Mark Anthony Luhrmann** or **Baz Luhrmann** (born 17 September 1962) is an Australian movie and theatre director. He has directed three movies (_The Red Curtain Trilogy_) which have made him famous: _Strictly Ballroom_ (1992), _Romeo + Juliet_ (1996), and _Moulin Rouge!_ (2001). He also directed the 2022 movie _Elvis_.
18th century

The **18th century** was the century from 1701 to 1800.

## Decades and years

Note: years before or after the 18th century are in italics.

|***1690s***|_1690_|_1691_|_1692_|_1693_|_1694_|_1695_|_1696_|_1697_|_1698_|_1699_|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|**1700s**|_1700_|1701|1702|1703|1704|1705|1706|1707|1708|1709|
|**1710s**|1710|1711|1712|1713|1714|1715|1716|1717|1718|1719|
|**1720s**|1720|1721|1722|1723|1724|1725|1726|1727|1728|1729|
|**1730s**|1730|1731|1732|1733|1734|1735|1736|1737|1738|1739|
|**1740s**|1740|1741|1742|1743|1744|1745|1746|1747|1748|1749|
|**1750s**|1750|1751|1752|1753|1754|1755|1756|1757|1758|1759|
|**1760s**|1760|1761|1762|1763|1764|1765|1766|1767|1768|1769|
|**1770s**|1770|1771|1772|1773|1774|1775|1776|1777|1778|1779|
|**1780s**|1780|1781|1782|1783|1784|1785|1786|1787|1788|1789|
|**1790s**|1790|1791|1792|1793|1794|1795|1796|1797|1798|1799|
|**1800s**|1800|_1801_|_1802_|_1803_|_1804_|_1805_|_1806_|_1807_|_1808_|_1809_|

## People

- James Watt, Scottish Engineer
- Johann Sebastian Bach, composer
- Leonhard Euler, Swiss mathematician
- George Washington, Revolutionary War general and first president of the United States
- James Cook, English explorer
- Blackbeard, English pirate
- Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Austrian composer
17th century

The **17th century** was the century from 1601 to 1700.

## Decades and years

Note: years before or after the 17th century are in _italics_.

|**1600s**|_1600_|1601|1602|1603|1604|1605|1606|1607|1608|1609|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|**1610s**|1610|1611|1612|1613|1614|1615|1616|1617|1618|1619|
|**1620s**|1620|1621|1622|1623|1624|1625|1626|1627|1628|1629|
|**1630s**|1630|1631|1632|1633|1634|1635|1636|1637|1638|1639|
|**1640s**|1640|1641|1642|1643|1644|1645|1646|1647|1648|1649|
|**1650s**|1650|1651|1652|1653|1654|1655|1656|1657|1658|1659|
|**1660s**|1660|1661|1662|1663|1664|1665|1666|1667|1668|1669|
|**1670s**|1670|1671|1672|1673|1674|1675|1676|1677|1678|1679|
|**1680s**|1680|1681|1682|1683|1684|1685|1686|1687|1688|1689|
|**1690s**|1690|1691|1692|1693|1694|1695|1696|1697|1698|1699|
|**1700s**|1700|_1701_|_1702_|_1703_|_1704_|_1705_|_1706_|_1707_|_1708_|_1709_|
Victor Hugo

**Victor Marie Hugo**  (26 February 1802 – 22 May 1885) was a French poet, playwright, novelist,  statesman and human rights activist. He played an important part in the Romantic movement in France.

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Victor Hugo
- **image**: Victor Hugo by Étienne Carjat 1876.jpg
- **imagesize**: 260px
- **caption**: Victor Hugo, circa 1880
- **birth name**: Victor Marie Hugo
- **birth date**: 26 February 1802
- **birth place**: Besançon, France
- **death date**: 22 May 1885 (aged 83)
- **death place**: Paris, France
- **occupation**: poet, playwright, novelist, essayist, human rights campaigner
- **movement**: Romanticism
- **signature**: Victor Hugo Signature.svg
1643

## Events

- January 21 – Abel Tasman discovers Tonga
- February 6 – Abel Tasman discovers the Fiji islands.
- May 19 – Battle of Rocroi: French victory over the Spanish at Rocroi, France.
- July 13 – English Civil War: Battle of Roundway Down – In England, Lord Henry Wilmot, Earl of Rochester, commanding the Royalist forces, wins a crushing victory over the Parliamentarian Sir William Waller.
- An Calbhach mac Aodha O Conchobhair Donn inaugurated as the last king of Connacht
- Austro-Bavarian army defeats French at Duttlingen.
- The Royalist forces supporting Charles I in the English Civil War win the Battle of Adwalton Moor and gain control of Yorkshire.
- End of the reign of Empress Meisho of Japan
- Emperor Go-Komyo ascends to the throne of Japan
- Evangelista Torricelli invents the mercury barometer
- New England Confederation is formed
- Battle of Tüttlingen fought
- Baden-Baden pillaged by the French
- John Colgan published the first two volumes of the _Acta Sanctorum_
- Paul Chomedey de Maisonneuve places the first cross atop Mount Royal
- Åmål is granted its city charter
- Miyamoto Musashi dictates _The Book of Five Rings_ (_Go Rin No Sho_) to his student, completing it in 1654 just before his death
- Hong Taiji, Emperor of the Qing Dynasty of the Manchu dies and is succeeded by his five-year-old son, the later Shunzhi Emperor of China.
- Roger Williams, a co-founder of Rhode Island, publishes _A Key Into the Language of America_
- Evangelista Torricelli invented the Barometer.

## Births

- January 4 – Sir Isaac Newton, English scientist (d. 1727)
Comedy Central

**Comedy Central** is an American cable channel that specializes in comedy and stand-up. Programs include TV shows, movies, and stand-up comedy. It was launched on June 1, 1991. Its headquarters are in New York City, New York. It is a merger between MTV Networks' **HA!** and HBO's **Comedy Channel**.

The station's programs include _South Park_, The Colbert Report, _The Daily Show_ with Trevor Noah, _Tosh.0_ _Teen Wolf (2011 TV series)_ _Awkward_ with Daniel Tosh, and _Futurama._

Comedy Central also features a _Secret Stash_ program. Airing on late Saturday night, Secret Stash would show generally R-rated movies and stand-up comedy. The program is mostly unedited, uncut, leaving language in that is normally cut out. Sometimes nudity is shown.

## Other websites

- The official site

## Infobox (television channel)

- **name**: Comedy Central
- **logo**:
- **picture format**: 1080i HDTV
<small>(Downscaling, downscaled to 4:3 480i letterboxed for the SDTV feed)</small>
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English language, English
- **area**: Nationwide
- **headquarters**: 345 :en:Hudson Street (Manhattan), Hudson Street
New York, New York, U.S. 10014
- **owner**: Paramount Media Networks
Warner Bros. Discovery
- **parent**: MTV Entertainment Group
- **former names**: CTV: The Comedy Network (April 1 – June 1, 1991)
- **replaced**: The Comedy Channel (American TV channel), The Comedy Channel
Ha! (TV channel), Ha! <small>(channel was a merger of the two formerly-separate services)</small>
- **webcast**: (U.S. Pay television, pay-TV subscribers only)
- **sat serv 1**: Dish Network
- **sat chan 1**: Channel 107 (HD)
- **sat serv 3**: DirecTV
- **sat chan 3**: Channel 249 (East; HD) (exp. 8/2/22)
Channel 249-1 (West; HD) (exp. 8/2/22)
- **cable serv 1**: Available on most cable providers
- **cable chan 1**: Channel slots vary on each system
- **iptv serv 1**: Verizon Fios
- **iptv chan 1**: Channel 190 (SD)
Channel 690 (HD)
Channel 140 (SD)
Channel 1140 (HD)
- **iptv serv 2**: AT&T U-Verse, U-Verse TV
- **iptv chan 2**: Channel 122 (SD) (exp. 8/2/22)
Channel 122 (HD) (exp. 8/2/22)
- **online chan 1**: FuboTV, Philo (company), Philo, Sling TV, DirecTV Stream (exp. 8/2/22), Hulu with Live TV, YouTube TV, Vidgo TV
Apron

An **apron** is a protective piece of clothing made from fabric (or other materials) that covers the front of the body. Some workers wear aprons for hygienic reasons (for example restaurant workers). Other workers wear aprons to protect clothes, or to protect their bodies from injury.

The apron is commonly part of the uniform of several jobs, including waitresses, nurses, homemakers, domestic workers and other jobs. It is also worn as decoration by women.

There are many different types of aprons depending on what the apron is used for. Aprons can be made from many materials and fabrics. Rubber aprons are used by people who work with dangerous chemicals. Lead aprons are worn by people who work around radiation (like X-rays). Butchers (people who cut meat) wear chain aprons, to protect them from being cut by knives.  Carpenters wear aprons made of heavy leather that have many pockets to hold tools. Many servants and domestic workers are required  to wear an apron as a part of their work uniform.
Pearl Jam

**Pearl Jam** is an American alternative rock band from Seattle, Washington. They formed in 1990. They were an important part of the grunge (or "Seattle sound") movement of the early 1990s, along with bands like Nirvana, Soundgarden, Stone Temple Pilots, and Alice in Chains. Pearl Jam has sold around 85 million records worldwide in 2018 and are usually named one of the greatest bands of the 90's.

After fellow Seattle band Mother Love Bone's lead singer, Andrew Wood, died in 1990, remaining members Stone Gossard and Jeff Ament went to look for a singer and a drummer for a new band. They came across Jack Irons which he soon passed on to Eddie Vedder, who worked at a gas station in California and occasionally surfed. He then recorded vocals for the songs "Alive", "Once", and "Footsteps". After he sent the demo to the members, Eddie flew to Seattle and joined the band.

The band is made up of lead singer Eddie Vedder, guitarists Mike McCready and Stone Gossard, bassist Jeff Ament, and drummer Matt Cameron. Along with keyboardist Boom Gaspar and guitarist Josh Klinghoffer as touring members. The band had five drummers, which were Dave Krusen, Matt Chamberlain, Dave Abbruzzese, and Jack Irons. Matt Cameron has been Pearl Jam's drummer since 1998.

### Studio albums

- 1991 - _Ten_
- 1993 - _Vs._
- 1994 - _Vitalogy_
- 1996 - _No Code_
- 1998 - _Yield_
- 2000 - _Binaural_
- 2002 - _Riot Act_
- 2006 - _Pearl Jam_
- 2009 - _Backspacer_
- 2013 - _Lightning Bolt_
- 2020 - _Gigaton_
- 2024 - _Dark Matter_

### Compilation albums

- 2003 - _Lost Dogs_
- 2004 - _Rearviewmirror: Greatest Hits 1991-2003_
- 2011 - _Pearl Jam Twenty_

### Live albums

- 1998 - _Live on Two Legs_
- 2004 - _Live at Benaroya Hall_
- 2006 - _Live in NYC 12/31/92_
- 2006 - _Live at Easy Street_
- 2007 - _Live at the Gorge 05/06_
- 2007 - _Live at Lollapalooza 2007_
- 2011 - _Live on Ten Legs_
- 2011 - _9.11.2011 Toronto, Canada_
- 2011 - _Vault #1 Moore Theatre 1992_
- 2012 - _Vault #2 Vic Theatre, Chicago 2007_
- 2013 - _Vault #3 Constitution Hall, Washington D.C. 9/19/1998_
- 2015 - _Vault #4 Mount Baker Theatre, Bellingham, WA 5/10/2000
- 2015 - _Vault #5 Alladin Theatre, Las Vegas 11/30/1993
- 2016 - _Vault #6 Great Western Forum 7/13/1998
- 2016 - _Live at Third Man Records_
- 2017 - _Let's Play Two_
- 2023 - _Give Way''

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Pearl Jam
- **img**: PearlJam.jpg
- **img capt**: Pearl Jam in 2006, left to right: Mike McCready, Jeff Ament, Matt Cameron, Eddie Vedder and Stone Gossard
- **img size**: 250
- **landscape**: yes
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Seattle, Washington, U.S.
- **genre**: Alternative rock, grunge music, grunge, hard rock
- **years active**: 1990 - present
- **label**: Epic Records, Epic, J, Monkeywrench
- **associated acts**: Soundgarden, Temple of the Dog, Wellwater Conspiracy
- **url**: [http://www.pearljam.com/ Pearl Jam Homepage]
- **current members**: Jeff Ament
Stone Gossard
Mike McCready
Eddie Vedder
Matt Cameron
- **past members**: Dave Krusen
Matt Chamberlain
Dave Abbruzzese
Jack Irons
Andy Gibb

**Andrew Roy Gibb** (5 March 1958 – 10 March 1988) was an English singer popular in the 1970s. He was the younger brother of Barry (born 1946), Maurice (1949–2003) and Robin Gibb (1949–2012), The Bee Gees. He was born in Manchester, but spent most of his childhood in Queensland. He died in Oxford of myocarditis (a heart problem) caused by an infection, shortly after his 30th birthday. While his years of alcohol and cocaine abuse were not the direct cause of death, they certainly did not help his condition.
Chicago (band)

**Chicago** is an American jazz rock band, from Chicago, Illinois. They formed on February 15, 1967. They are one of the best selling American groups of all time, second only to the Beach Boys. Chicago has released at least 30 albums in their career.

### Studio albums

- _Chicago Transit Authority_ (1969)
- _Chicago_ (1970)
- _Chicago III_ (1971)
- _Chicago V_ (1972)
- _Chicago VI_ (1973)
- _Chicago VII_ (1974)
- _Chicago VIII_ (1975)
- _Chicago X_ (1976)
- _Chicago XI_ (1977)
- _Hot Streets_ (1978)
- _Chicago 13_ (1979)
- _Chicago XIV_ (1980)
- _Chicago 16_ (1982)
- _Chicago 17_ (1984)
- _Chicago 18_ (1986)
- _Chicago 19_ (1988)
- _Twenty 1_ (1991)
- _Night & Day Big Band_ (1995)
- _Chicago XXX_ (2006)
- _Chicago XXXII: Stone of Sisyphus_ (2008)
- _Chicago XXXVI: Now_ (2014)
- _Chicago XXXVIII: Born for This Moment_ (2022)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Chicago
- **img**: Chicagothebandmillbrook lar.jpg
- **img capt**: Chicago in 2004 (L-R): Keith Howland, James Pankow, Bill Champlin, Walt Parazaider, Tris Imboden, Lee Loughnane, Robert Lamm (view blocked) and Jason Scheff.
- **landscape**: yes
- **background**: group_or_band
- **alias**: The Big Thing, The Chicago Transit Authority
- **origin**: Chicago, Illinois, United States
- **years active**: 1967present
- **label**: Columbia Records, Columbia, Full Moon Records, Full Moon, Rhino Records, Rhino
- **associated acts**: The Beach Boys, Doobie Brothers, Earth, Wind & Fire, Sons of Champlin, Toto (band), Toto, America (band), America
- **current members**: Robert Lamm
James Pankow
Lee Loughnane
Walter Parazaider
Jason Scheff
Tris Imboden
Keith Howland
Drew Hester
Lou Pardini
- **past members**: Danny Seraphine
Peter Cetera
Terry Kath
Laudir de Oliveira
Donnie Dacus
Chris Pinnick
Bill Champlin
Dawayne Bailey
The Turtles

**The Turtles** were a 1960s pop group from Los Angeles, California. Their best known song is "Happy Together". Chip Douglas was a band member, who left to produce the Monkees, then returned as the Turtles producer. After the Turtles broke up in the 1970s, the group's two frontmen, Howard Kaylan and Mark Volman, sang with Frank Zappa as **Flo and Eddie**.

The Turtles are known for their songs Happy Together and She'd Rather Be With Me.

They were originally active from the years 1965 to 1970, and split up for thirteen years before Kaylan and Volman made the band again in 1983.

## Albums

- It Ain't Me Babe (1965)
- You Baby (1966)
- Happy Together (1967)
- The Turtles Present the Battle of the Bands (1968)
- Turtle Soup (1969)
- Wooden Head (1970)
- Chalon Road (1986)
- Shell Shock (1986)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: The Turtles
- **img**: The Turtles.png
- **img capt**: _ Billboard, _page 33, 4 March 1967
- **background**: group_or_band
- **alias**: The Tyrtles, The Turtles featuring Flo & Eddie
- **origin**: Los Angeles, California
- **genre**: Pop rock, folk rock, psychedelic rock
- **years active**: 1965–1970, 1983–present
- **associated acts**: Flo & Eddie, The Mothers of Invention
- **current members**: Howard Kaylan
Mark Volman
- **past members**: Don Murray (drummer), Don Murray
Joel Larson
John Barbata
Chip Douglas
Jim Pons
Al Nichol
Chuck Portz
John Seiter
Jim Tucker (musician), Jim Tucker
Strawberry Alarm Clock

**Strawberry Alarm Clock** was an American psychedelic pop band that formed in Los Angeles, California in 1966. Their most famous song is _Incense and Peppermints_.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Strawberry Alarm Clock
- **img**: Strawberryalarmclock_4-29-07.jpg
- **img capt**: Strawberry Alarm Clock in 2007
- **img size**: 200px
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Los Angeles, California, Los Angeles
- **genre**: Psychedelic rock, Garage rock, Acid rock, Psychedelic pop, Blues-rock
- **years active**: 19671971
19741975
1982present
- **label**: Uni Records, Big Beat Records (Ace subsidiary), Big Beat Records, MCA Special Products, One Way Records, Collector's Choice Music
- **url**: [http://www.strawberryalarmclock.com/ Official website]
- **current members**: Mark Weitz
Randy Seol
George Bunnell
Gene Gunnels
Howie Anderson
- **past members**: See: #Band members, Former members
Psychedelic pop

**Psychedelic pop** is a musical movement which started in California in the 1960s. Psychedelic rock, also called psychedelia, is a style of rock music that materialized in the late 1960s that was influenced by the experience of taking hallucinogenic drugs such as LSD. Psychedelic rock incorporated elements of blues and folk rock and eventually contributed to the evolution of hard rock and progressive rock.

It was partly inspired by Garage rock, British pop, bubblegum music and new hippie and Eastern ideas.

Some important Psychedelic pop artists are:
- Donovan
- The Left Banke
- The Monkees
- The Move
- Sagittarius
- Tomorrow
- The Zombies
- The Beach Boys
- The Flower Pot Men
- The Flying Machine
- It's a Beautiful Day
- John's Children
- Klaatu
- The Lemon Pipers
- The Millennium
- The Neon Philharmonic
- Harry Nilsson
- Strawberry Alarm Clock
- Thunderclap Newman
- Yellow Balloon
Donovan

**Donovan Phillips Leitch** (born 10 May 1946 in Maryhill, Glasgow, Scotland) is a Scottish-born pop singer and guitarist, who was popular in the 1960s. Early in his career he was compared to Bob Dylan, but he developed his own musical style, which included elements of jazz and Indian music. (Donovan and Dylan met during 1965, and became friends.)

Donovan's best-remembered songs include "Catch The Wind", "Mellow Yellow", "Sunshine Superman", "Happiness Runs", and "Hurdy Gurdy Man". He helped the Beatles with their song "Yellow Submarine", and two Beatles (John Lennon and Paul McCartney) sang on his song "Atlantis".

Donovan was one of the first pop musicians to denounce the use of drugs, after his own arrest for hashish possession in 1966, and his seeing friends begin to use "hard drugs" like heroin and speed (amphetamine). The liner notes to his 1967 album _A Gift From a Flower to a Garden_ called upon young people to "stop the use of _all_ drugs, and heed the quest to seek the Sun." (He later resumed occasional marijuana use, and drinking alcohol.)

After the 1960s, Donovan's music was not as popular as it had been, but it is remembered now as part of the flower power era. Many of his songs now appear in television commercials. He continued to make albums regularly through the 1980s, and sometimes in the 1990s. He also continued to tour, and some of his later albums are of live performances. He published an autobiography, _The Hurdy Gurdy Man_, in 2005.

Two of Donovan's children, Donovan Leitch and Ione Skye, are actors.

## Other websites

- Official Site
- Donovan Unofficial Site
- Complete discography
- Hear Donovan on the Pop Chronicles (1969).
Frisian languages

**Frisian** refers to three languages that come from Friesland, a province in the Netherlands. They are spoken in the Netherlands, in Eastern Germany, and in some areas of Jutland, Denmark. It is also spoken on the Frisian Isles (Wadden Isles) and Western German (East Frisian) Isles such as Borkum.

They are West Germanic languages that are related to Dutch and are also the closest living languages to English. All of them have been spoken since Roman times.

The Frisian languages are:
- West Frisian
- North Frisian
- Saterland Frisian

|colspan="1"|language|colspan="10"|wordlist|||||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|one|two|three|four|five|six|seven|eight|nine|ten|
|ien|twa|trije|fjouwer|fiif|seis|sân|aacht|njoggen|tsien|
|ian|tau|trii|fjauer|fiiw|sääks|sööwen|aacht|njugen|tiin|
|aan|two|trio|fjauer|fieuw|sääks|soogen|oachte|njuugen|tjoon|

|English|West Frisian|Sarerland Frisian|North Frisian|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Flensburg|_Flensburch_|_Flensbuurich_|_Flensborag_|

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Frisian
- **nativename**: _Frysk_
- **imagecaption**: Bilingual sign in German and North Frisian language, North Frisian, respectively, in Husum, Germany
- **image**: Bilingual signs German-Frisian, police station Husum, Germany 0892.JPG
- **imagesize**: 100px
- **states**: Netherlands, Germany
- **region**: Friesland, Groningen, Lower Saxony, Schleswig-Holstein
- **ethnicity**: Frisians
- **speakers**: 480,000
- **dateprefix**: ca. 
- **date**: 2001 census
- **ref**: e18
- **familycolor**: Indo-European
- **fam2**: Germanic languages, Germanic
- **fam3**: West Germanic languages, West Germanic
- **fam4**: Anglo-Frisian languages, Anglo-Frisian
- **ancestor**: Old Frisian
- **ancestor2**: Middle Frisian
- **dia1**: West Frisian language, West Frisian
- **dia2**: Saterland Frisian language, Saterland Frisian
- **dia3**: North Frisian language, North Frisian
- **script**: Latin script, Latin
- **nation**: Netherlands
 Germany
- **agency**: NL: Fryske Akademy
D: _no official regulation_
unofficial: the Seelter Buund (for Sater Frisian), the Nordfriisk Instituut (for North Frisian)
- **lc1**: fry
- **ld1**: West Frisian
- **lc2**: frr
- **ld2**: North Frisian
- **lc3**: stq
- **ld3**: Saterland Frisian
- **lingua**: 52-ACA
- **glotto**: fris1239
- **glottorefname**: Frisian
- **map**: Frisian languages in Europe.svg
- **mapcaption**: Present-day distribution of the Frisian languages in Europe:
Smashing Pumpkins

**The** **Smashing Pumpkins** (or simply **Smashing Pumpkins**) are an American rock band from Chicago, Illinois. Formed in 1988 and disbanded on December 2, 2000. They later reformed in 2006 and are together at the moment. The members until 2000 were Billy Corgan (vocals, guitars and writes almost all of the band's songs), James Iha (guitars), D'Arcy Wretzky (bass) and Jimmy Chamberlin (drums). They are set to release an album in 2024 or 2025, produced by Howard Willing. Billy Corgan has stated that the lead single might come out in summer 2024. It will contain 12 songs, according to Corgan. Contrary to this statement, the ten-song album, _Aghori Mhori Mei_, dropped on August 2, 2024. It received acclaim from critics.

They were made famous by hit singles like "Today", "Rocket", "Disarm", "Bullet With Butterfly Wings", "1979", "Zero" and "Tonight, Tonight".

Their style was mainly alternative rock, but also influenced by the grunge movement of the early 1990s as well as heavy metal, psychedelic rock, progressive rock, and later, electronica.

## Discography

- _Gish_ (1991)
- _Siamese Dream_ (1993)
- _Mellon Collie and the Infinite Sadness_ (1995)
- _Adore_ (1998)
- _Machina/The Machines of God_ (2000)
- _Machina II/The Friends & Enemies of Modern Music_ (2000)
- _Zeitgeist_ (2007)
- _Teargarden by Kaleidyscope_ (released beginning in 2009)
- _Oceania_ (2012)
- _Monuments to an Elegy_ (2014)
- _Shiny and Oh So Bright, Vol. 1 / LP: No Past. No Future. No Sun._ (2018)
- _Cyr_ (2020)
- _Atum: A Rock Opera in Three Acts_ (2023)
- _Aghori Mhori Mei_ (2024)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: The Smashing Pumpkins
- **image**: SP2012STLChaifetz.jpg
- **landscape**: yes
- **alt**: The Smashing Pumpkins perform on a stage with a large orb with projections. From left to right: Nicole Fiorentino, Billy Corgan, and Jeff Schroeder.
- **caption**: 2012 line-up (left to right): Nicole Fiorentino, Billy Corgan, and Jeff Schroeder (Mike Byrne (musician), Mike Byrne is obscured at the drums) performing at Chaifetz Arena in St. Louis, St Louis, Missouri, on October 18, 2012
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Chicago, Illinois, United States
- **genre**: Alternative rock, Grunge, alternative metal, shoegaze, psychedelic rock, indie rock, hard rock, Heavy metal music, heavy metal, art rock, progressive rock, electronica
- **years active**: 1988–2000, 2006-present
- **label**: Caroline Records, Caroline, Virgin Records, Virgin, Hut Records, Hut, Constantinople Records, Constantinople, Martha's Music, Rocket Science
- **associated acts**: Starchildren, Zwan, Spirits in the Sky
Death (band)

***Death*** was one of the first ever death metal bands in the United States. They started in 1983 under the name **Mantas** and they changed the name to _Death_ in 1984.

Death is no longer a band because their guitarist Chuck Schuldiner died on December 13, 2001. He was 34 years old. He had brain cancer and the drugs he used to beat the cancer made him weak. He died of pneumonia. He had another band project called Control Denied during the 3 years before he died.

## Discography

- _Scream Bloody Gore_ (1987)
- _Leprosy_ (1988)
- _Spiritual Healing_ (1990)
- _Human_ (1991)
- _Individual Thought Patterns_ (1993)
- _Symbolic_ (1995)
- _The Sound of Perseverance_ (1998)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Death
- **img**: Death Mexico 06-89.jpg
- **img capt**: Death in Mexico City, June 1989. From left to right: bassist Terry Butler, guitarist Paul Masvidal, manager Eric Greif, drummer Bill Andrews (drummer), Bill Andrews and guitarist/vocalist Chuck Schuldiner
- **img size**: 250
- **landscape**: yes
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Orlando, Florida, Orlando, Florida, United States
- **genre**: Death metal, technical death metal, progressive metal
- **years active**: 1983–2001
- **label**: Combat Records, Combat, Relativity Records, Relativity, Roadrunner Records, Roadrunner, Nuclear Blast, Relapse Records, Relapse
- **past members**: Chuck Schuldiner
Shannon Hamm
Scott Clendenin
Richard Christy
Radio control

**Radio control** is controlling vehicle<nowiki/>s by radio wave signals. It is often used for making models of cars, boats, helicopters and airplanes move on their own like real ones. For controlling models, an operator uses a transmitter that has the model's controls on it.  When a control is moved, the radio signal changes. The part on the model that takes the changing signals and helps turn them into movement is called the receiver.  The receiver then tells a special kind of motor called a servo to move part of the model.

On a car or boat, a servo is usually used for steering.  Model sailboats use a servo to adjust the sail as well as the rudder, or steering device.  On airplanes and helicopters, servos are used not only for steering but for up and down pitch.  If the model uses an engine to make it run, a servo is used to control the speed of the engine.  A model which operates with an electric motor usually has something called an **electronic speed control** or "ESC" to control its speed.

Unmanned aerial vehicle<nowiki/>s controlled by radio are used for many purposes, including war.
Duran Duran

**Duran Duran** are  a British pop group. They formed in Birmingham, England in 1978 and were very popular in the  1980s.

## Discography

- _Duran Duran_ (1981)
- _Rio_ (1982)
- _Seven and the Ragged Tiger_ (1983)
- _Arena_ (1984)
- _Notorious_ (1986)
- _Big Thing_ (1988)
- _Decade (1989)_
- _Liberty_ (1990)
- _Duran Duran (The Wedding Album)_ (1993)
- _Thank You_ (1995)
- _Medazzaland_ (1997)
- _Pop Trash_ (2000)
- _Astronaut_ (2004)
- _Red Carpet Massacre_ (2007)
- _All You Need Is Now_ (2010)
- _Paper Gods_ (2015)
- Future Past (2021)
- Danse Macabre (2023)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Duran Duran
- **img**: Duran Duran.jpg
- **img capt**: Duran Duran live at the Air Canada Centre, ACC, Toronto
- **img size**: 250
- **landscape**: Yes
- **background**: group_or_band
- **years active**: 1978-present
- **genre**: Pop rock, new romantic, New Wave music, New Wave, Rock music, rock, electronic rock, synthpop, alternative rock, electropop, progressive rock, dance-rock, hard rock, Heavy metal music, heavy metal, new pop
- **origin**: Birmingham, England
- **associated acts**: Arcadia (band), Arcadia, Power Station (band), Power Station, Neurotic Outsiders, The Devils (band), The Devils, Nile Rodgers, Colin Thurston, Timbaland, Justin Timberlake
- **label**: EMI / Capitol Records
Hollywood Records
Epic Records
- **current members**: Simon Le Bon
Nick Rhodes
John Taylor (bass guitarist), John Taylor
Roger Taylor (Duran Duran drummer), Roger Taylor
Andy Taylor (guitarist), Andy Taylor
- **past members**: Sterling Campbell
Warren Cuccurullo
Stephen Duffy
Andy Wickett
Simon Colley
 Alan Curtis
Jeff
Thomas
- Touring Members
 [[Dominic Brown]]
- **url**: [http://www.duranduran.com/ Official website]
Peter Tosh

**Peter Tosh** (born **Winston McIntosh**, October 19, 1944- September 11, 1987) was a Jamaican reggae musician. He was a member of the Wailers with Bob Marley and Bunny Livingston. He was a Rastafarian and sang very political songs.  His songs were a lot more radical than his friend, Bob Marley's, whom he often criticized for selling out to the white mainstream. He also toured with the Rolling Stones and sang a duet with Mick Jagger. He was murdered in his home in Kingston during a robbery in 1987. His biggest claim to fame was a song titled "Legalize It" in relation to marijuana laws.

### Studio albums

- _Negril_ (1975)
- _Legalize It_ (1976)
- _Equal Rights_ (1977)
- _Bush Doctor_ (1978)
- _Mystic Man_ (1979)
- _Wanted Dread And Alive_ (1981)
- _Mama Africa_ (1983)
- _No Nuclear War_ (1987)
- _I Am That I Am_ (2001)

### Live albums

- _Captured Live_ (1984)
- _Live at the One Love Peace Concert_ (2000)
- _Live & Dangerous: Boston 1976_ (2001)
- _Live At The Jamaica World Music Festival 1982_ (2002)
- _Complete Captured Live_ (2004)

### Compilations

These are the highest rated compilation albums on Allmusic.

- _Collection Gold_ (1994)
- _The Toughest_ (1996)
- _The Best of Peter Tosh - Dread Don't Die_ (1996)
- _Honorary Citizen_ (1997)
- _Scrolls Of The Prophet: The Best of Peter Tosh_ (1999)
- _Arise Black Man_ (1999)
- _The Essential Peter Tosh - the Columbia Years_ (2003)
- ''Talking Revolution (2005)

## Other websites

- Peter Tosh on Allmusic
- Discography
- Peter Tosh - Jamaicapage.com Feature
- VitalSpot - Peter Tosh

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Peter Tosh
- **img**: BushDoctor1978.jpg
- **img capt**: Peter Tosh (left) on the Bush Doctor tour, 1978
- **landscape**: yes
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Winston Hubert McIntosh
- **alias**: Stepping Razor
- **birth date**: October 19, 1944
- **death date**: September 11 1987 (aged 42)
- **origin**: Westmoreland, Jamaica
- **instrument**: piano, guitar, among others
- **genre**: reggae, ska, rocksteady, R&B
- **occupation**: singer, musician, revolutionary
- **label**: Intel-Diplo
- **associated acts**: The Wailers (reggae), The Wailers
Bob Marley
Lake Constance

**Lake Constace** or **Lake of Constance** (German: _Bodensee_) is a large lake on the river Rhine. It is on the border between Germany and Switzerland and Austria. It is the third largest lake in Central Europe after Lake Balaton and Lake Geneva. It is made of two smaller lakes (called _Obersee_ and _Untersee_ (Upper and lower lake) respectively). These are joined by a small part of river in Constance.
The lake covers about  of total area.

There are three big islands in the lake. The islands Lindau and Mainau are in the _Obersee_. Reichenau is in the _Untersee_. The Obersee is about  long, from Bregenz to Bodman-Ludwigshafen. It is about  wide at its widest point between Romanshorn and Friedrichshafen. The deepest point is  deep, between Fischbach and Uttwil (just off Constance).

The lake forms the border between Austria, Germany and Switzerland. On much of its length, this border has not been defined. Switzerland thinks the border runs through the middle of the lake. Austria thinks the lake is a condominium of all the countries. A condominium is a space that is governed by all countries taking part in it. Germany has no clear view.

Other legal issues, like navigation and fishing are governed by separate treaties. About 62% of the lake's shoreline belongs to Germany, about 33% to Switzerland, and the remaining 11% to Austria.

In 1963, the whole lake froze. This has not happened since then.

- German towns:
    - Konstanz
    - Radolfzell
    - Meersburg
    - Überlingen
    - Friedrichshafen
    - Lindau

- Swiss towns:
    - Stein am Rhein
    - Kreuzlingen
    - Rorschach
    - Romanshorn
    - Arbon

- Austrian towns:
    - Bregenz
The Republic

***The Republic*** is a book by Plato. It was finished in 375 BC.
It asks the question 'why should people do good things?' and also the question 'are people punished for doing bad things?'.
Plato said that people should not do bad things because people who do bad things end up unhappy.
However, people who do good things end up happy.

He also said that if people who do bad things get power in a society then that society will become an unhappy one.
Plato believed that philosophers are best able to do good things and so they should be given power in a society.
He thought that non-philosophers should allow themselves to be ruled by philosophers and that if they do this then they will be happy, because the rule of peoples (democracy) often fall because of unreasonable confusion.
However, in order not to be tempted to do bad things, the philosophers who have power must not be able to have things or feel love.

Plato also talked about many other things while discussing these questions including metaphysics, psychology, religion and most branches of philosophy.
He introduced the philosophy called Platonism.

## Plato's argument (Less Simple)

Plato thought that people and societies are very much alike.

Plato thought that people are made of three things:
- A mind that thinks and reasons
- A spirit or a self that looks after the person
- A body that does things, likes things, hates things and wants things (such as food, drink and sex).
He said that a good person will listen to all these things, but will let the mind control the other two.

Somebody who does not listen to all three parts, or who does not let the mind control the other two will be unhappy.
They might go mad because they do not let the mind control them.
Or they might do things that they later regret.
They will also be disliked by other people and will suffer because of that.
He said that they will be like a country in anarchy.

Plato also thought society should be made up of three things (types of people)
- Philosophers who think for the society
- Soldiers who look after the society
- Workers who do things in the society, who make food, drink and more workers.
He said that society needs all three things (types of people) but that only the philosophers will be good people.
The others will be dominated by their souls or bodies, not their minds.
The soldiers will not even listen to their minds, and the workers will not listen to their minds or their souls.
This is why the philosophers should rule and the other types of people should be soldiers and workers.
Aesthetics

**Aesthetics** is a branch of philosophy. It is the study of art and beauty. Together with ethics, it is part of axiology which is the philosophy of what people like. Aesthetic philosophers ask what people like to see, hear, feel, smell or taste, and why they like these things. Aesthetic philosophers also ask if art has any value. For example, they may ask if some art that nobody likes and that nobody wants is art at all or if it is something else. Plato, Aristotle, and Immanuel Kant are some important philosophers of aesthetics.

## Subjectivism

One theory in aesthetics is called subjectivism. Subjectivism says that each person has a sense of beauty. So, the only way of judging something's beauty is if people say it is beautiful. A common way of describing this is _"Beauty is in the eye of the beholder"_. Subjectivism also says, for the same reason, that something is art simply because someone says it is art. This is backed up by the experience. Even though people feel that something is beautiful, they may not be able to explain why.

## Objectivism

Many objectivist theories of beauty have been offered, going from the ancient ideas of Plato and Aristotle (e.g., the golden mean,) which still have great appeal in their way to neuroscience research into the brain's response to images and other sensitive information. At the moment, even though we do not know what people are thinking, brain-scan technology can identify when people are responding pleasurably to images, providing some clue as to how certain images affect some people.

## Some questions

- What is beauty? What if one person thinks a painting is beautiful, but another person thinks the painting is ugly? Can the painting be beautiful and ugly at the same time?
- Are true things beautiful?
- Are good things beautiful?
- What is art? We commonly think that a sculpture in a museum is art. If a sculptor sculpts a sculpture of a rock from clay, and puts it in a museum, many would call it art. But what if a person picks up a rock from the ground - is the rock a piece of art?

- What has value?
- Does love, beauty, or justice hold any value?

## Other websites

- Aesthetics -Citizendium
Wes Craven

**Wesley Earl "Wes" Craven** (August 2, 1939 – August 30, 2015) was an American movie director, producer and writer. He was born in Cleveland, Ohio. He is well known for horror movie classics including _A Nightmare on Elm Street_ and _Scream_.

On August 30, 2015, Wes Craven died of brain cancer at his home in Los Angeles. He was 76 years old.

## Filmography

- _Together_ (1971)
- _The Last House on the Left_ (1972)
- _The Hills Have Eyes_ (1977)
- _Summer Of Fear aka Stranger In Our House_ (1978)
- _Deadly Blessing_ (1981)
- _Swamp Thing_ (1982)
- _A Nightmare on Elm Street_ (1984)
- _Deadly Friend_ (1986)
- _The Serpent and the Rainbow_ (1988)
- _Wes Craven's Shocker_ (1989)
- _The People Under the Stairs_ (1991)
- _Wes Craven's New Nightmare_ (1994)
- _Scream_ (1996)
- _Scream 2_ (1997)
- _Music of the Heart_ (1999)
- _Scream 3_ (2000)
- _They_ (2002)
- _Cursed_ (2005)
- _Red Eye_ (2005)

## Other websites

- Wes Craven official website

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Wes Craven
- **image**: Wes Craven 2010.jpg
- **caption**: Craven in 2010
- **birth name**: Wesley Earl Craven
- **birth place**: Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.
- **death place**: Los Angeles, California, U.S.
- **death cause**: Brain cancer
- **years active**: 1968–2015
- **spouse**: Bonnie Broecker
(m. 1964–69, divorced)
Mimi Craven
(m. 1984–87, divorced)
Iya Labunka
(m. 2004–2015, his death)
- **children**: Jonathan Craven, Jonathan, Jessica
- **website**: http://www.wescraven.com
Earth, Wind & Fire

**Earth, Wind & Fire** are an American funk group that formed in Chicago in 1969. The band members are: Maurice White, Philip Bailey, Ralph Johnson and Verdine White. They are were very successful and popular in the 1970s into the 2010s.

## Albums

- 1970 - _Earth, Wind & Fire_
- 1971 - _The Need of Love_
- 1972 - _Last Days And Time_
- 1973 - _Head To The Sky_
- 1974 - _Open Our Eyes_
- 1975 - _That's The Way Of The World_
- 1976 - _Spirit_
- 1977 - _All 'N All_
- 1979 - _I Am_
- 1980 - _Faces_
- 1981 - _Raise!_
- 1983 - _Powerlight_
- 1983 - _Electric Universe_
- 1987 - _Touch The World_
- 1990 - _Heritage_
- 1993 - _Millennium_
- 1997 - _In The Name Of Love_
- 2003 - _The Promise_
- 2005 - _Illumination_
- 2005 - _That's The Way Of The World_
- 2013 - _Yesterday, Today & Forever_
- 2014 - _Holiday_

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Earth, Wind & Fire
- **image**: Earth, Wind & Fire (2).jpg
- **caption**: Earth, Wind & Fire in 2009
- **landscape**: Yes
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Chicago, Illinois, United States
- **genre**: rhythm and blues, R&B, funk, soul music, soul, disco, New jack swing
- **years active**: 1969–present
- **label**: Columbia Records, Columbia, Sanctuary
- **url**: [http://www.earthwindandfire.com EarthWindandFire.com]
- **current members**: Maurice White
Verdine White
Ralph Johnson
Philip Bailey
John Paris
B. David Whitworth
Larry Dunn
Greg "G-Mo" Moore
Vadim Zilberstein
Gary Bias
Bobby Burns Jr.
Johnny Graham
Krystal Bailey
Kimberly Johnson
Reggie Young
Andrew Woofalk
Fred White
Fifth Dimension

**Fifth Dimension** was a singing group popular in the 1960s and 1970s, some of the songs they sang include:
- "Up, Up, and Away"
- "One Less Bell to Answer"
- "Wedding Bell Blues"
- "Aquarius/Let the Sun Shine In"
- "California Soul"
- "Stone Soul Picnic"
- "Workin' on a Groovy Thing"