juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Tüscherz-Alfermée

**Tüscherz-Alfermée** () was a municipality in the district Nidau in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. On 1 January 2010, the former municipalities of Tüscherz-Alfermée and Twann merged into the new municipality of Twann-Tüscherz.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Tüscherz-Alfermée
- **municipality name**: Tüscherz-Alfermée
- **municipality type**: former
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Tüscherz-Alfermée COA.svg
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Bern
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BE
- **district**: Nidau (district), Nidau
- **postal code**: 2512
- **municipality code**: 0752
- **area**: 3.3
- **elevation**: 444
- **population**: 309
- **populationof**: Dec 2007
- **popofyear**: 2007
- **neighboring municipalities**: Biel/Bienne, Evilard, Ipsach, Lamboing, Nidau, Sutz-Lattrigen, Twann
Twann

**Twann** () was a municipality of the district Nidau in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2010, the former municipalities of Twann and Tüscherz-Alfermée merged into the new municipality of Twann-Tüscherz.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Twann
- **municipality name**: Twann
- **municipality type**: former
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Twann COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Twann.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Bern
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BE
- **district**: Nidau (district), Nidau
- **postal code**: 2513
- **municipality code**: 0753
- **area**: 9.1
- **elevation**: 434
- **population**: 818
- **populationof**: Dec 2007
- **popofyear**: 2007
- **website**: www.twann.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Erlach, Switzerland, Erlach, Hagneck, Lamboing, La Neuveville, Ligerz, Lüscherz, Mörigen, Prêles, Sutz-Lattrigen, Täuffelen, Tüscherz-Alfermée, Vinelz
Bümpliz

**Bümpliz** is a quarter of the city of Bern in Switzerland.

Until 1919 it was a municipality of its own. It was then incorporated into Bern.
Strongpoint

A **strongpoint** is a key point in a defensive fighting position which the rest of the positions rely on. Its primary requirement is that it should not be easy to defeat by the enemy. In general, high ground is preferred. But any good tactically important terrain can be used as a strongpoint. Examples from history include Battle of Thermopylae, where 300 Spartans held off an entire Persian army at a narrow pass in the mountains. In the Battle of Monte Cassino in Italy in World War II, the area around the abbey of Monte Cassino was used by the German army as a strongpoint until it was destroyed by American bombers.
Banshee

In Celtic mythology, a **Banshee** is a female spirit, who usually announces that a person from the family will die soon. The word is from _bean sí_, which literally means woman from the hills. An older spelling is _bean sidhe_. _Bean sith,_ and  bean-nighe are variants.
Waterloo International Airport

**Waterloo International Airport** is an airport  in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
It is an international airport because it does flights to Chicago, Illinois in the United States.
Chañaral Province

The **Chañaral Province** () is one of three provinces in the northern Chilean region of Atacama (III). The capital is the small coastal town of Chañaral.

## Geography

The Chañaral province has an area of .

Chañaral is bordered on the north by the Antofagasta region, on the east by Argentina, on the south by the Copiapó province and on the west by the Pacific Ocean.

About  north of the town of Chañaral is the _Pan de Azúcar National Park_.

## Population

(last national census), there were 32,132 people living in the province, giving it a population density of  inhabitants/km².

The largest city of the province is Chañaral, its  capital, with a population, in 2002, of 6,384 inhabitants.

## Administration

As a province, Chañaral is a second-level administrative division, consisting of two  communes (_comunas_). The city of Chañaral serves as the provincial capital. The province is administered by a governor.

|Code|Comuna|Capital|Area <small>(km²)</small>|Population <small>(2002)</small>|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|03201|**1** Chañaral|Chañaral|align="right"|5,772.4|align="right"|13,543|
|03202|**2** Diego de Almagro|Diego de Almagro|align="right"|18,663.8|align="right"|18,589|
|colspan="3"|**Total of the Chañaral province**|align="right"|**24,436.2**|align="right"|**32,132**||

## Other websites

- Territorial division of Chile
- Gobierno Regional de Atacama  Official website
- Province of Chanaral website

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Chañaral Province
- **native name**: Provincia de Chañaral
- **native name lang**: es
- **settlement type**: Provinces of Chile, Province
- **image seal**: Logotipo de la Gobernación de Chañaral.svg
- **image map**: Provincia de Chañaral.svg
- **mapsize**: 160px
- **map alt**: Location in the Atacama Region
- **map caption**: Chañaral, in red, in the Atacama Region
- **pushpin map**: Chile
- **pushpin map narrow**: yes
- **pushpin label position**: bottom
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Chile
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: Regions of Chile, Region
- **subdivision name1**: Atacama Region, Atacama
- **parts type**: Communes of Chile, Comunas
- **parts style**: para
- **p1**: Chañaral
- **p2**: Diego de Almagro, Chile, Diego de Almagro
- **seat type**: Capital city, Capital
- **seat**: Chañaral
- **government type**: Province, Provincial
- **leader title**: Governor
- **leader name**: Alonso Yerko Guerra Rivera
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area total km2**: 24436.2
- **population total**: 32132
- **population as of**: 2002 Census
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone**: Time in Chile, CLT
- **utc offset**: -4
- **timezone dst**: Time in Chile, CLST
- **utc offset dst**: -3
- **area code**: 56 + 52
- **website**: [http://www.gobernacionchanaral.gov.cl/ Official website]
Chamber (firearms)

The **chamber** is that part of a firearm into which the cartridge is loaded. The chamber is also the place the cartridge is fired from.  In a breech-loading weapon, the chamber is directly behind and in line with the barrel. Most rifles and pistols have a single chamber. To _chamber_ a round means to load a cartridge into the chamber.

A revolver has multiple chambers contained in a revolving cylinder. The typical number is six, which is the reason for the nickname Six Shooter and indicates the cylinder has six chambers each holding one cartridge.

## Semi-automatic weapons

In a semi-automatic firearm, the weapon can fire a bullet each time the trigger is pulled (until the magazine is empty). A semi-automatic firearm can be a pistol, rifle, or shotgun. Each time the trigger is pulled, the gun fires, the spent shell is ejected and a new round is loaded into the chamber. The semi-automatic is a very popular choice for sporting use.

Semi-automatic pistols and rifles use the pressure of the fired cartridge to move the slide backwards. A fraction of a second later, the slide moves forward loading a fresh cartridge into the chamber. The magazine uses a spring to feed one cartridge at a time into the chamber.

## Fully automatic weapons

Fully-automatic firearms are those that automatically reload and fire again repeatedly as long as their triggers are depressed and they still have ammunition in their magazines. Fully automatic weapons are not for sporting use but are used by police and militaries. An **assault rifle** is "a gun that can shoot many bullets quickly and that is designed for use by the military". Like semiautomatic firearms, automatics have a single chamber.

## Manual loading weapons

A manually loaded firearm is one in which the chamber is loaded by hand each time the weapon is fired. For example, a Bolt action rifle ejects the spent cartridge when the bolt is pulled back, then loads another cartridge into the chamber when the bolt pushed forward (and locked).

A lever action rifle does the same thing when the lever is moved down (ejects the spent cartridge), then up (loads a new round in the chamber). There are also single shot pistols, rifles and shotguns in which the breech is opened to eject a spent shell, then the shooter loads a round into the chamber manually.

A popular type of manually loaded firearms for sporting and hunting use is the pump action shotgun. Here, a sliding handle (usually located under the barrel) is moved backwards to eject the spent shotgun shell, then when moved forward it loads a fresh shotgun shell from a tubular magazine.
Uebeschi

**Uebeschi** is a municipality in the administrative district of Thun in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Uebeschi
- **image photo**: Uebeschisee05.jpg
- **municipality name**: Uebeschi
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Uebeschi BE COA.svg
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Bern
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BE
- **district**: Thun (administrative district), Thun
- **postal code**: 3635
- **municipality code**: 0943
- **area**: 4.4
- **elevation**: 685
- **population**: 668
- **populationof**: Dec 2012
- **popofyear**: 2012
- **website**: www.uebeschi.ch
- **mayor**: Mathias Brülisauer
- **neighboring municipalities**: Amsoldingen, Blumenstein, Forst-Längenbühl, Höfen, Thun, Höfen, Pohlern
Trump

**Trump** most commonly refers to:
- Donald Trump is the current president of the United States, businessman, and television personality
- Trump (card games), any playing card given an ad-hoc high rank
**Trump** may also refer to:

### Movies

- _Trump: The Kremlin Candidate?_, a 2017 British television movie
- _Trump: What's the Deal?_, an American documentary movie screened in 1991 and released in 2015

### Games and cards

- Trump (card games), any playing card given an ad-hoc high rank
- Court piece or trumps, a trick-taking card game related to whist
- _Top Trumps_, a card game series
- _Trump: The Game_, a board game
- Trumps or Major Arcana, special cards in the Tarot pack
- Warden Trump, a character in the 2006 video game _Dragon Quest Monsters: Joker_

### Literature

- _Trump_ (magazine), 1957, a humor magazine
- "The Last Trump", a fantasy story by Isaac Asimov referring to the eponymous trumpet call
- _Trump: The Art of the Comeback_, 1997 book by Donald Trump and Kate Bohner
- _Trump: The Art of the Deal_, 1987 book by Donald Trump and Tony Schwartz
- _Trump: The Deals and the Downfall_, a 1992 biography by Wayne Barrett
- _Trump: Surviving at the Top_, 1990 book by Donald Trump and Charles Leerhsen

### Music

- Jew's trump or Jew's harp, a small musical instrument played in the mouth
- "The last trump", a trumpet call signaling the resurrection of the dead in 1 Corinthians 15
- Trumpet or trumpeting

## Businesses and organizations

- Donald J. Trump Foundation, a New York-based private foundation
- The Trump Organization, a business conglomerate owned by Donald Trump

## People

- Trump (surname), a family name (including a list of persons with the name)
    - Trump family, the ancestral history of the family from 17th-century Germany
        - Family of Donald Trump, the immediate family of the US president
- Trump (video game player) (born 1987), pseudonym of Jeffrey Shih, _Hearthstone_ streamer and competitor
- Judd Trump, world snooker champion

### United States

- Trump, Colorado
- Trump, Maryland
- Trump, Ohio

### Elsewhere

- Trump Islands, Antarctica
- Trump Street, City of London, United Kingdom

## Ships

- HMS _Trump_ (P333), a British submarine, 1944–1969
- USCGC _William Trump_ (WPC-1111), a US Coast Guard cutter

## Other uses

- Trump, an act of flatulence
- The Trump (horse), an Australian racehorse

## Related pages

- Donald Trump (disambiguation)
Uetendorf

**Uetendorf** is a municipality in the administrative district of Thun in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Uetendorf
- **municipality name**: Uetendorf
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Uetendorf COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Uetendorf.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Bern
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BE
- **district**: Thun (administrative district), Thun
- **postal code**: 3661
- **municipality code**: 0944
- **area**: 10.2
- **elevation**: 558
- **population**: 5932
- **populationof**: Dec 2012
- **popofyear**: 2012
- **website**: www.uetendorf.ch
- **mayor**: Albert Rösti
- **mayor asof**: 2014
- **mayor party**: SVP
- **neighboring municipalities**: Gurzelen, Forst-Längenbühl, Heimberg, Switzerland, Heimberg, Kienersrüti, Noflen, Seftigen, Thierachern, Thun, Uttigen
- **twintowns**: Sušice, Susice (Czech Republic)
Sprout (TV network)

**Sprout** is an American Digital cable and satellite television network. it launched on September 26, 2005. is owned by NBCUniversal.

## Programming

- _Jakers! The Adventures of Piggley Winks_ (September 2006 – now)
- Angelina Ballerina (September 26, 2005 - now
- _Teletubbies_ (September 26, 2005 – now)
- _Monkey See, Monkey Do_ (August 23, 2010 – now)
- _Play with Me Sesame_ (September 26, 2007 – December 31, now)
- _Roary the Racing Car_ (September 26, 2008 – now)
- _Franny's Feet_ (July 8, 2006 – now)
- _Rubbadubbers_ (August 24, 2009 - now)
- _Sagwa, The Chinese Siamese Cat_ (September 26, 2005 - now)
- _The Hoobs_ (December 25, 2006 - now)
- _Fireman Sam_ (2006-now)
- _Make Way for Noddy_ (September 26, 2005 - June 27, 2010, 2012-now)
- _Bob the Builder_ (September 26, 2005 - now)
- _Dragon Tales_ (September 26, 2005 - now)
- _Caillou_ (September 26, 2005 - now)
- _Jay Jay the Jet Plane_ (September 26, 2005 - now)
- el Tigre the adventures of manny rivera (2009-now)
- tweenies (2010-now)
- tickety toc (2011-now)
- shelldon (2010-now)
- bubble guppies (2017-now)
- peter rabbit (2013-now)
- hi hi puffy amiyumi (2015-now)

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (television channel)

- **name**: Sprout
- **logo**: PBSKIDSSprout.png
- **logo caption**: Logo used since march 5 2025
- **launch date**: 2005
- **headquarters**: New York City
- **website**: [https://web.archive.org/web/20150316101418/https://www.sproutonline.com/?redirect=false www.sproutonline.com]
- **owner**: NBCUniversal
Unterlangenegg

**Unterlangenegg** is a municipality in the administrative district of Thun in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Unterlangenegg
- **image photo**: Kanton Bern - Unterlangenegg westwärts.jpg
- **municipality name**: Unterlangenegg
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Unterlangenegg COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Unterlangenegg.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Bern
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BE
- **district**: Thun (administrative district), Thun
- **postal code**: 3614
- **municipality code**: 0945
- **area**: 6.81
- **elevation**: 831
- **population**: 927
- **populationof**: Dec 2012
- **popofyear**: 2012
- **website**: www.unterlangenegg.ch
- **mayor**: Rudolf Reusser
- **neighboring municipalities**: Buchholterberg, Fahrni, Homberg, Switzerland, Homberg, Horrenbach-Buchen, Oberlangenegg, Wachseldorn
Unterseen

**Unterseen** is a municipality in the administrative district of Interlaken-Oberhasli in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official Website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Unterseen
- **municipality name**: Unterseen
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Unterseen COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Unterseen.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Bern
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BE
- **district**: Interlaken-Oberhasli (administrative district), Interlaken-Oberhasli
- **postal code**: 3800
- **municipality code**: 0593
- **area**: 14.1
- **elevation**: 567
- **population**: 5492
- **populationof**: Dec 2010
- **popofyear**: 2010
- **website**: www.unterseen.ch
- **mayor**: Jürgen Ritschard
- **mayor party**: SVP
- **neighboring municipalities**: Beatenberg, Därligen, Habkern, Interlaken, Leissigen, Ringgenberg
Castro, Ticino

**Castro** is a village and former municipality in the canton of Ticino, Switzerland. It was first mentioned in 1200 as _Castri_.

In 2004, the former municipalities of Castro, Corzoneso, Dongio, Largario, Leontica, Lottigna, Marolta, Ponto Valentino and Prugiasco joined together and became the new municipality called Acquarossa.
Corzoneso

**Corzoneso** is a village and former municipality in the canton of Ticino, Switzerland.

In 2004, the former municipalities of Castro, Corzoneso, Dongio, Largario, Leontica, Lottigna, Marolta, Ponto Valentino and Prugiasco joined together and became the new municipality called Acquarossa.
Largario

**Largario** is a village and former municipality in the canton of Ticino, Switzerland.

In 2004, the former municipalities of Castro, Corzoneso, Dongio, Largario, Leontica, Lottigna, Marolta, Ponto Valentino and Prugiasco joined together and became the new municipality called Acquarossa.
Lottigna

**Lottigna** is a village and former municipality in the canton of Ticino, Switzerland. It was first mentioned in 1201 as _Lotingnia_.

In 2004, the former municipalities of Castro, Corzoneso, Dongio, Largario, Leontica, Lottigna, Marolta, Ponto Valentino and Prugiasco joined together and became the new municipality called Acquarossa.
Marolta

**Marolta** is a village and former municipality in the canton of Ticino, Switzerland.

In 2004, the former municipalities of Castro, Corzoneso, Dongio, Largario, Leontica, Lottigna, Marolta, Ponto Valentino and Prugiasco joined together and became the new municipality called Acquarossa.
Ulsan

**Ulsan** is a metropolitan city in the southeast of South Korea. Big companies such as Hyundai Heavy Industries, Hyundai Hysco, Hyundai Mipo Dockyard, Hyundai Motor Company, SK Innovation and S-Oil. are in Ulsan. Making motors, shipbuilding and petrochemical companies are the main industries in Ulsan. It has the largest area of Korean metropolitan cities but it has the lowest population. In Ulsan, there is a Whale Festival every year to celebrate whales.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Ulsan
- **native name**: 울산
- **other name**: 蔚山
- **native name lang**: ko
- **official name**: Ulsan Metropolitan City
- **translit lang1**:  
- **translit lang1 type1**: Hangul
- **translit lang1 info1**: 광역시
- **translit lang1 type2**: Hanja
- **translit lang1 info3**: Ulsan Gwangyeoksi
- **translit lang1 info4**: Ulsan Kwangyŏksi
- **settlement type**: Direct-controlled municipality#Republic of Korea, Metropolitan City
- **image flag**: Flag of Ulsan.svg
- **leader name**: Song cheol-Ho (송철호)
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Regions of Korea, Region
- **subdivision name1**: Yeongnam
- **population blank1 title**: Dialect
- **population blank1**: Gyeongsang dialect, Gyeongsang
- **area total km2**: 1,060.19
- **population as of**: 2016
- **population total**: 1,172,925
- **parts type**: Districts
- **parts**: 5
- **website**: http://www.ulsan.go.kr/english/index
- **blank name**: Flower
- **blank info**: Rose
- **blank1 name**: Tree
- **blank1 info**: Bamboo
- **blank2 name**: Bird
- **blank2 info**: Egret
- **image map**: File:South Korea-Ulsan.svg
- **map caption**: Map of South Korea with Ulsan highlighted
Queenstown MRT station

**Queenstown MRT Station (EW19)** is an above-ground Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) station in Singapore. It is part of the East West MRT Line. It was opened on 12 March 1988.

## History

The station was opened on 12 March 1988, as part of the extension of the MRT system from Outram Park to Clementi.

## Exits

- A and D: Commonwealth Avenue, Stirling Road, Mei Ling Street, Church Of the Good Shepherd, Commonwealth Avenue, Strathmore Road, Queens Condo, Queenstown Primary school
- B and C: Queenstown Stadium, Queenstown Swimming Pool, The True Way Presbyterian Church, MDIS, Queenstown Community Centre
Together with Commonwealth and Clementi stations, this station will see the construction of an additional pedestrian link bridge linking the station to two new exits, one on each side of the road. The exits will be equipped with fare gates and ticketing machines. Construction started in mid-2012 and opened on August 23, 2015, together with Commonwealth.

## Related pages

- Queenstown, Singapore

## Infobox (station)

- **type**: Rapid transit
- **image**: Queenstown MRT Station Platform 201401.jpg
- **image caption**: Platform level of the station.
- **address**: 301 Commonwealth Avenue
Singapore 149729
- **other**: Bus, Taxi
- **structure**: Elevated
- **platform**: Island
- **levels**: 2
- **tracks**: 2
- **ada**: Yes
- **operator**: SMRT Trains (SMRT Corporation)
- **former**: Princess, Commonwealth
Commonwealth MRT station

**Commonwealth MRT Station (EW20)** is an MRT station in Singapore. It is part of the East West MRT Line. It was opened on 12 March 1988.

## Exits

- A and D: Commonwealth Avenue, Tanglin Halt Road, Faith Methodist Church, Haw Par Techno Centre, MDIS, New Town Primary School, Queenstown CC, Queenstown Polyclinic, Sheng Siong Supermarket
- B and C: Commonwealth Avenue, Commonwealth Close, GMTI Building, Leng Kee Carmart, MOE Heritage Centre, One Commonwealth, Queenstown Lutheran Church, Queensway Secondary School, Yin Foh Kuan Cemetery
Together with Queenstown and Clementi stations, an additional pedestrian link bridge linking the station to two new exits were built, one on each side of the road. The exits are equipped with fare gates and ticketing machines, whereas the exit numbers are divided into 1 and 2 respectively. These new exits were opened on 23 August 2015, alongside Queenstown.

## Infobox (station)

- **type**: Rapid transit
- **image**: Commonwealth-mrt.JPG
- **image caption**: Platform of Commonwealth MRT station before the installation of PSD (Platform Screen Doors)
- **address**: 375 Commonwealth Avenue
Singapore 149735
- **other**: Bus, Taxi
- **structure**: Elevated
- **platform**: Island
- **levels**: 2
- **tracks**: 2
- **ada**: Yes
- **operator**: SMRT Trains (SMRT Corporation)
- **former**: Queenstown
Linda Partridge

**Professor Dame Linda Partridge**   (born 18 March 1950) is a British geneticist. She studies the biology and genetics of ageing (biogerontology) and age-related diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.

In 1994, she moved to University College London (UCL) as Weldon Professor of Biometry and was the Director of the Institute of Healthy Ageing between 2007 and 2019.

She is also founding director of the Max Planck Institute for the Biology of Ageing.

## Awards

Partridge was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1996 and appointed CBE in 2003. She was awarded the Linnean Society of London's prestigious Darwin–Wallace Medal in 2008.

In 2009, she was appointed Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE), and received the Croonian lectureship from the Royal Society.

In March 2009, the UKRC announced Dame Linda was one of six Women of Outstanding Achievement in Science, Engineering and Technology.

She is a member of the Advisory Council for the Campaign for Science and Engineering.

She was awarded Foreign Honorary Membership from the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2010.
She has been awarded Honorary Degrees (DSc) from the University of Bath in 2011, the University of Oxford and  the University of Brighton.

## BBC interview

In a recent BBC radio interview Partridge talked about her life and work.

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Linda Partridge
- **image**: Linda Partridge 01.JPG
- **image size**: 275px
- **nationality**: United Kingdom, British
- **field**: Genetics
Gerontology
- **work institutions**: University of Edinburgh
University of York
University College London
University of Oxford
- **alma mater**: St Anne's College, Oxford (MA)
- **thesis title**: Behavioural aspects of the ecology of some paridae
- **thesis year**: 1974
- **thesis url**: http://solo.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/dlDisplay.do?docId=oxfaleph013844925
- **prizes**: Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (1992)

Fellow of the Royal Society (1996)

Frink Medal (1999)

Sewall Wright Award (2002)

Academy of Medical Sciences, Fellow of the Academy of Medical Sciences (2004)

Darwin–Wallace Medal (2008)

Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (2009)

Croonian Lecture, Croonian lectureship (2009)

American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (2010)
- **spouse**: Michael J. Morgan
Diego de Almagro, Chile

**Diego de Almagro** is a small Chilean city and commune in the Chañaral Province, Atacama Region. The commune is named after Diego de Almagro, a Spanish conquistador.

Its inhabitants are called _dieguinos_ (women: _dieguinas_).

## History

The commune was created on 19 August 1972 with the name of _Pueblo Hundido_ but its name was changed on 13 April 1977 to the present name of _Diego de Almagro_.

## Geography

The commune of Diego de Almagro has an area of . The city of Diego de Almagro is at  from Chañaral (capital of the province and at  from the city of Copiapó (capital of the Atacama region).

The commune is bordered on the north by the Antofagasta region, on the east by Argentina, on the south by the Copiapó province and on the west by the Chañaral commune.

Diego de Almagro has a very dry climate, a desert climate. The average amount of precipitation for the year, during 10 years, is only .

## Population

(last national census), there were 18,589 people living in the commune, giving it a population density of  inhabitants/km².

The largest town of the commune is _Salvador_, a mining town, with a population, in 2002, of 9,745 inhabitants. The town of Diego de Almagro has 8,192 inhabitants.

## Related pages

- Atacama Desert
- Provinces of Chile

## Other websites

- Territorial division of Chile
- Gobierno Regional de Atacama  Official website
- Commune of Diego de Almagro website }

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Diego de Almagro
- **native name lang**: es
- **settlement type**: List of cities in Chile, City and Communes of Chile, Commune
- **image skyline**: Diego de Almagro, Municipalidad.jpg
- **image alt**: Diego de Almagro town hall
- **image caption**: Diego de Almagro City and town halls, town hall
- **image shield**: Escudo de la comuna de Diego de Almagro.svg
- **image map**: Comuna de Diego de Almagro.svg
- **map alt**: Map of Diego de Almagro commune in the Atacama Region
- **map caption**: The Diego de Almagro commune in the Atacama Region
- **pushpin map narrow**: yes
- **pushpin map**: Chile
- **pushpin label position**: bottom
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Chile
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: Regions of Chile, Region
- **subdivision name1**: Atacama Region, Atacama
- **subdivision type2**: Provinces of Chile, Province
- **subdivision name2**: Chañaral Province, Chañaral
- **established title**: _Commune, Comuna_ since
- **established date**: 19 August 1972
- **government type**: City council, Municipal council
- **leader title**: Mayor, Alcalde
- **leader name**: Isaías Zavala Torres
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area total km2**: 18663.8
- **population total**: 18589
- **population as of**: 2002 Census
- **population density km2**: auto
- **population demonym**: Dieguino
- **timezone**: Time in Chile, CLT
- **utc offset**: −4
- **timezone dst**: Time in Chile, CLST
- **utc offset dst**: −3
- **area code**: 56 + 52
- **blank name**: Köppen climate classification, Climate
- **blank info**: Desert climate, BWn
- **website**: [http://www.imda.cl/ Official website]
Copiapó Province

**Copiapó Province** () is one of three provinces of the northern Chilean region of Atacama (III). Its capital is the city of Copiapó.

## Geography

The Copiapó province has an area of , the largest province in the Atacama region.

Copiapó is bordered on the north by the Chañaral province, on the northeast by Argentina, on the east by the Tierra Amarilla commune, on the south by the Huasco province and on the west by the Pacific Ocean and the Caldera commune.

The main river of the province is the Copiapó river that is  long. In the valley of the Copiapó river, fruits, including grapes, are grown.

## Population

(last national census), there were 155,713 people living in the province, giving it a population density of  inhabitants/km².

The largest city of the province is Copiapó, its  capital, with a population, in 2002, of 129,091 inhabitants.

## Administration

As a province, Copiapó is a second-level administrative division, consisting of three  communes (_comunas_). The city of Copiapó serves as the provincial capital. The province is administered by a governor.

|Code|Comuna|Capital|Area <small>(km²)</small>|Population <small>(2002)</small>|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|03101|**4** Copiapó|Copiapó|align="right"|16,681.3|align="right"|129,091|
|03102|**3** Caldera|Caldera|align="right"|4,666.6|align="right"|13,734|
|03103|**5** Tierra Amarilla|Tierra Amarilla|align="right"|11,190.6|align="right"|12,888|
|colspan="3"|**Total of the Copiapó province**|align="right"|**32,538.5**|align="right"|**155,713**||

## Other websites

- Territorial division of Chile
- Gobierno Regional de Atacama  Official website
- Province of Copiapó website

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Copiapó Province
- **native name**: Provincia de Copiapó
- **native name lang**: es
- **settlement type**: Provinces of Chile, Province
- **image seal**: Logo de la Gobernación de Copiapó.svg
- **image map**: Provincia de Copiapó.svg
- **mapsize**: 160px
- **map alt**: Location in the Atacama Region
- **map caption**: Copiapó, in red, in the Atacama Region
- **pushpin map**: Chile
- **pushpin map narrow**: yes
- **pushpin label position**: bottom
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Chile
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: Regions of Chile, Region
- **subdivision name1**: Atacama Region, Atacama
- **parts type**: Communes of Chile, Comunas
- **parts style**: para
- **p1**: Copiapó
- **p2**: Caldera, Chile, Caldera
- **p3**: Tierra Amarilla, Chile, Tierra Amarilla
- **seat type**: Capital city, Capital
- **seat**: Copiapó
- **government type**: Province, Provincial
- **leader title**: Governor
- **leader name**: Mario Francisco Rivas Silva
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area total km2**: 32538.5
- **population total**: 155713
- **population as of**: 2002 Census
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone**: Time in Chile, CLT
- **utc offset**: -4
- **timezone dst**: Time in Chile, CLST
- **utc offset dst**: -3
- **area code**: 56 + 52
- **website**: [http://www.gobernacionchanaral.gov.cl/ Official website]
Huasco Province

**Huasco Province** ) is one of three provinces of the northern Chilean region of Atacama (III). Its capital is the city of Vallenar.

## Geography

The Huasco province has an area of , the smallest province in the Atacama region.

Huasco is bordered on the north by the Copiapó province, on the east by Argentina, on the south by the Coquimbo region and on the west by the Pacific Ocean.

The main river of the province is the Huasco river that is  long. In the valley of the river, fruits, including grapes, are grown.

## Population

(last national census), there were 6,649 people living in the province, giving it a population density of  inhabitants/km².

The largest city of the province is Vallenar, its  capital, with a population, in 2002, of 48,040 inhabitants in the commune.

## Administration

As a province, Huasco is a second-level administrative division, consisting of four  communes (_comunas_). The city of Vallenar serves as the provincial capital. The province is administered by a governor.

|Code|Comuna|Capital|Area <small>(km²)</small>|Population <small>(2002)</small>|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|03301|**9** Vallenar|Vallenar|align="right"|7,083.7|align="right"|48,040|
|03302|**6** Alto del Carmen|Alto del Carmen|align="right"|5,938.7|align="right"|4,840|
|03303|**7** Freirina|Freirina|align="right"|3,577.7|align="right"|5,666|
|03202|**8** Huasco|Huasco|align="right"|1,601.4|align="right"|7,945|
|colspan="3"|**Total of the Huasco province**|align="right"|**18,201.5**|align="right"|**66,491**||

## Other websites

- Territorial division of Chile
- Gobierno Regional de Atacama  Official website
- Province of Huasco website

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Huasco Province
- **native name**: Provincia de Huasco
- **native name lang**: es
- **settlement type**: Provinces of Chile, Province
- **image seal**: Logotipo de la Gobernación de Huasco.svg
- **image map**: Provincia de Huasco.svg
- **mapsize**: 160px
- **map alt**: Location in the Atacama Region
- **map caption**: Copiapó, in red, in the Atacama Region
- **pushpin map**: Chile
- **pushpin map narrow**: yes
- **pushpin label position**: bottom
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Chile
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: Regions of Chile, Region
- **subdivision name1**: Atacama Region, Atacama
- **parts type**: Communes of Chile, Comunas
- **parts style**: para
- **p1**: Alto del Carmen
- **p2**: Freirina
- **p3**: Huasco, Chile, Huasco
- **p4**: Vallenar
- **seat type**: Capital city, Capital
- **seat**: Vallenar
- **government type**: Province, Provincial
- **leader title**: Governor
- **leader name**: Alexandra Núñez Sorich
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area total km2**: 18201.5
- **population total**: 66491
- **population as of**: 2002 Census
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone**: Time in Chile, CLT
- **utc offset**: -4
- **timezone dst**: Time in Chile, CLST
- **utc offset dst**: -3
- **area code**: 56 + 51
- **website**: [http://www.gobernacionhuasco.gov.cl/ Official website]
Breno, Ticino

**Breno** is a village and former municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

On 13 March 2005 the former municipalities of Arosio, Breno, Fescoggia, Mugena and Vezio merged into the new municipality of Alto Malcantone.
Sirtuin

**Sirtuin** or **Sir2 proteins** are a class of enzymes that are important in cell biology.

Sirtuins regulate important biological pathways in bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes. The name Sir2 comes from the yeast gene 'silent mating-type information regulation 2', the gene responsible for cellular regulation in yeast.

Sirtuins influence many cellular processes like ageing, transcription, apoptosis, inflammation and stress resistance, as well as energy efficiency and alertness during low-calorie situations.  Sirtuins can also control circadian clocks and mitochondrial biogenesis.
Euryale

**Euryale** is one of the three gorgons in Greek mythology. Her sisters are Stheno and the infamous Medusa. All three were once ravishing young women, particularly Medusa, who also happened to be a priestess in the temple of Athena and took a vow of chastity, until she was raped by Poseidon. This was much to the ire of Athena and to punish Medusa, she had her and her sisters, who had been watching, turned into monsters with snakes for hair and a killer gaze, which turned onlookers into stone. The trio of sisters were later banished to a remote island.

A side effect of the transformation was that while Medusa's sisters were immortal, she herself wasn't, which would lead to Perseus killing her. Euryale is well known for her loud cries, particularly after her younger sister's death.
MTOR

**mTOR** is a protein, an enzyme which regulates cell growth, cell division, cell movement, cell survival, protein synthesis, autophagy, and transcription. It is a protein that in humans is encoded by the _MTOR_ gene.

It has been given various names. It was originally called the 'mammalian target of rapamycin', but is also known as the 'mechanistic target of rapamycin' and 'FK506-binding protein 12-rapamycin-associated protein 1' (FRAP1).

The mTOR pathway is a central regulator of mammalian metabolism and physiology, with important roles in the function of tissues including liver, muscle, white and brown adipose tissue, and the brain.
Rapamycin

**Rapamycin**, also known as **sirolimus**, is a compound produced by the bacterium _Streptomyces hygroscopicus_.

It is used in medicine to prevent organ transplant rejection. It has immunosuppressant functions in humans and is especially useful in preventing the rejection of kidney transplants. It inhibits activation of T cells and B cells by reducing the production of interleukin-2 (IL-2). Sirolimus is also used as a coating for coronary stents.

## Effects on longevity

Rapamycin was first shown to extend lifespan in eukaryotes (actually, yeast cells) in 2006.

In a 2009 study, the lifespans of mice fed rapamycin were increased between 28 and 38% from the beginning of treatment. That is a 9 to 14% increased maximum lifespan. The treatment began in mice aged 20 months, the equivalent of 60 human years.

Later, rapamycin has been shown to extend mouse lifespan in several separate experiments. It is now being tested for this purpose on nonhuman primates (the marmoset monkey). A study on dogs is also planned.

Because rapamycin at high doses can suppress the immune system, people taking rapamycin for transplant or cancer therapy are more susceptible to dangerous infections.

It is thought that some dietary regimes, like restricting calories and methionine, cause lifespan extension by decreasing mTOR activity. It is believed that this is achieved by limiting the essential amino acid leucine, a potent activator of mTOR. The administration of leucine into the rat brain has been shown to decrease food intake and body weight via activation of the mTOR pathway.

According to the free radical theory of aging, reactive oxygen causes damage to mitochondrial proteins, and decreases ATP production. Then, the mTOR pathway is inhibited and ATP consuming protein synthesis is downregulated. This means the proportion of damaged proteins grows. Moreover, disruption of mTORC1 directly inhibits mitochondrial respiration.

These positive feedbacks on the aging process are counteracted by protective mechanisms: decreased mTOR activity (among other factors) upregulates glycolysis, and removal of dysfunctional cellular components by autophagy.
Turning movement

A **turning movement** , also called a **wide envelopment** is a maneuver designed to pass around the enemy's front to strike a vital part of the enemy's rear. It is a military tactic where a command is divided into two parts. The first part holds the enemy from the front while the other part moves around to attack the enemy's rear or flank. Unlike an envelopment or a flanking maneuver, the two forces operate beyond the distance where they could usually support each other. It is often easier for an enemy force to avoid an envelopment than it is to avoid a turning movement. To counter a turning movement, the enemy must either abandon their position or turn to meet the new threat. The turning movement is a variation of the envelopment tactic. Another difference is that the turning movement often seeks to _avoid_ enemy contact until they are deep in the enemy's rear. Faced with a new threat in his rear area, the enemy is "turned" out of his defensive position and forced to act.

## Examples

An early example of a turning movement was by Julius Caesar in 48 BC. One of Napoleon I of France's favorite tactics was the "Strategy of Indirect Approach" or the turning movement. One corps of his army would hold the enemy's attention while the main force would move behind the enemy in a wide circle. Ideally he would use the terrain to hide the turning movement. He used this to great effect during his 1805 Ulm Campaign. He repeated his success with this tactic at the Battle of Jena–Auerstedt in 1806, and at the Battle of Friedland in 1807.

The famous "left hook" maneuver by American and French troops during Operation Desert Storm was another example of a turning movement. Paratroopers of the American 82nd Airborne Division in vehicles along with the French 6th Light Armoured Brigade moved up the flanks. At the same time the 101st Airborne Division made the largest helicopter assault in history in the rear of Saddam Hussein's Republican Guard to cut off their retreat.

## Related pages

- Envelopment
- Pincer movement (also called a double-envelopment)
- Flanking maneuver
- Rearguard
- Attrition warfare
- Feigned retreat
- Preemptive war
- Oblique order
- Shock tactics

## Other websites

- Top 5 Ancient Military Tactics
- 1990-91 Gulf War briefing General Norman Schwarzkopf part 2 (Left hook); YouTube
Geoffroea decorticans

The ***Geoffroea decorticans***  or  **Chañar**  is a small tree in the pea family, Fabaceae. It is found in very arid places of southern South America. It is a deciduous tree that loses its leaves in winter with the cold and also in summer if it gets too dry.

## Description

The trunk of _Geoffroea decorticans_ grows vertically when grows alone but the plant looks like a shrub when it grows inside the forest. The tree grows up to  tall.

The trunk could have up to  in diameter, with yellow bark that peels off, revealing the underneath young green bark. The plant has many branches and many leaves, and the tree have a rounded look in its upper part.

The flowers are very visible, small, papery and yellow-coloured. The tree produces flowers in spring (September to October, in the Southern hemisphere), either singly or in groups ("clusters)", and produces fruits from November to January.

_Geoffroea decorticans_ is unique among legumes in that it produces fleshy, oval pods that hold a single seed. Fruits are initially green but turn deep orange as they mature.

## Name

The second name of the species, _ decorticans_, means that the bark of the trunk peels off.

Common names for this tree are _chañar_, Chilean palo verde and _kumbaru_.

## Synonyms

The species have the following synonyms:
- _Gourliea decorticans_ var. _subtropicalis_ <small>Lillo</small>
- _Geoffroea decorticans_ var. _subtropicalis_ <small>(Lillo) Burkart</small>
- _Geoffroya spinosa_ <small>(Molina) M. de Moussy</small>
- _Gourliea spinosa_ <small>(Molina) Skeels</small>
- _Gourliea chilensis_ <small>Clos</small>
- _Gourliea decorticans_ <small>Gillies ex Hook. & Arn.</small>
- _Gourliea decorticata_ <small>Walp.</small>
- _Lucuma spinosa_ <small>Molina</small>

## Where it grows

The plant grows naturally in very dry regions in South America. _Geoffroea decorticans_ is found in Argentina (northwest and central), Bolivia, northern Chile, western Paraguay, southern Peru and western Uruguay.

The _chañar_ grows from sea level up to  above sea level. In Chile, it grows in the Arica and Parinacota, Tarapacá, Antofagasta, Atacama and Coquimbo regions, and grows in groups called , in plural  ( in singular).

## Uses

_Geoffroea decorticans_ is an average tree with a wood moderately hard and dense, good for carpentry and furniture making. It is also used as firewood and to make cheap posts (tall sticks) for fences.

The fruits are sweet and can be eaten, as well as the seeds; both are used as human and animal feed. The fruits are very commonly used for both cooking and medical purposes in the processed form of chañar molasses.

Because they produce many bright, yellow flowers, _Geoffroea decorticans_ is also used as ornamental plants.

## Other websites

- Arid Zone Trees
- Pictures and information of _Geoffroea decorticans_ in Northern Chile
- Geoffroea Notes
- Image of _G. decorticans_ branch - sample stored at FieldMuseum (Chicago)
Cyclone Bobby

**Cyclone Bobby** took place on February 19, 1995. The cyclone hit parts of Western Australia. It moved slowly before hitting the east of Onslow. Cyclone Bobby had 40mm of rain and a maximum winds of 270km/h. Three people died from Bobby and many were injured. Cyclone Bobby was one of the most devastating cyclones in the history of Western Australia.
Postal codes in Azerbaijan

**Postal codes in Azerbaijan** consist of four digits.

The four-digit postcode shows the nationwide format _AZ NNNN_. The first two digits show the regions of Azerbaijan in accordance with the modern administrative divisions, including the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic and occupied Nagorno-Karabakh.

From 1970 until 1991, when Azerbaijan was part of the Soviet Union as the Azerbaijan SSR, the entire territory of the Soviet Union used the six-digit postcode _37NNNN_. After gaining independence, Azerbaijan switched to the current four-digit postcode.

## Related pages

- Azərpoçt – the national postal service of Azerbaijan
- Postal code
- Telephone numbers in Azerbaijan
- ISO 3166-2:AZ
- Administrative divisions of Azerbaijan
ENSAE ParisTech

**ENSAE Paris** (officially **École nationale de la statistique et de l'administration économique Paris**) is a renowned graduate engineering school in France. It is in a campus of the University of Paris-Saclay.

Its curricula lead to these French & European degrees:
- **Ingénieur ENSAE ParisTech** (ENSAE ParisTech Graduate engineer Masters level program)
- **Mastères Spécialisés** (**MS**)

Academic activities and industrial applied research are taught mainly in French and English languages. The students are from a dozen nationalities.

## Research labs

Research activities at ENSAE ParisTech relate to the following topics:
- Economics
- Finance, insurance
- Macroeconomics
- Microeconomics
- Sociology
- Statistical

## Notable graduate

- Hamza Ben Driss Ottmani, Moroccan economist and writer.

## Infobox (university)

- **name**: École nationale de la statistique et de l'administration économique
- **established**: 1942
- **type**: Public, Graduate engineering school
- **students**: 500
- **city**: Malakoff
- **campus**: Paris-Saclay
- **country**: France
- **affiliations**: University of Paris-Saclay, ParisTech
- **website**: http://www.ensae.fr
Hayflick limit

The **Hayflick limit** (or Hayflick phenomenon) is a phenomenon of cell division in tissue culture. It is the number of times a normal human cell population divides until cell division stops.
We now know that the telomeres on each cell's chromosomes get slightly shorter with each new cell division, until they reach a critical length.

The idea of the Hayflick limit was suggested by American anatomist Leonard Hayflick in 1961, at the Wistar Institute in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Hayflick showed that a population of normal human fetal cells in a cell culture will divide between 40 to 60 times. The population then goes into senescence. This refutes the idea of Nobel laureate Alexis Carrel that normal cells are potentially immortal.

Each mitosis slightly shortens each of the telomeres on the chromosomes of the cells. Telomere shortening eventually makes cell division impossible, and this ageing of the cell population may cause the overall physical ageing of the human body.

The process of telomere shortening leads to apoptosis, the technical name given to programmed cell death. Although the Hayflick experiments were done on human cells in tissue culture, there is nothing special about human cells which would not be found in the cells of other living organisms. Apoptosis is thought to happen in all multicellular organisms. The 2002 Nobel Prize in Medicine was awarded to Sydney Brenner, H. Robert Horvitz and John E. Sulston for their work identifying genes that control apoptosis. The genes were found by studies in the nematode _Caenorhabditis elegans_. These same genes function in humans for apoptosis.

## Related pages

- Apoptosis
- Ageing