juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Spaceflight

**Spaceflight** is when an object (or spacecraft) made by man flies into outer space. A spaceflight can occur with or without humans on board.

The Russian Soyuz program, the American Space Shuttle and the International Space Station are examples of manned missions. (Manned means the spacecraft has humans on board.) On the other hand, examples of unmanned flights are space probes which fly into deeper space, and satellites which travel around and orbit the Earth or other planets. (Unmanned means the spacecraft does not have any people on board.) Space probes and satellites are both machines that work either by radio control from Earth or are fully automatic.

Spaceflight is used for space exploration such as manned missions to the Earth's moon or unmanned missions to other planets in the solar system. Spaceflight can also be used for tourism and satellite telecommunications. A spaceflight begins with a rocket launch, which provides enough energy to get out of Earth's atmosphere and to orbit the Earth. Once the rocket is in space, the activity of the rocket is watched and studied by scientists back on Earth. Some rockets may remain in space forever, some break apart when they re-enter Earth's atmosphere. Some spacecraft are made to land on other planets, and most manned spacecraft are made to land back on Earth, most of the time using a parachute to land safely.

On October 3, 1942, a German V-2 missile crossed the Kármán line ( above the Earth) on October 3, 1942. This was the first spaceflight. The first man-made satellite to travel around Earth was the Russian Sputnik 1 on October 4, 1957.

Some examples of manned spacecraft are Soyuz, Starship, Starliner, Gemini, Apollo, Crew Dragon, Mercury (It is both the name of a spacecraft and a planet), the Space Shuttle, and Orion.

Unmanned spacecraft include communications satellite<nowiki/>s, space telescope<nowiki/>s, space probe<nowiki/>s and planet rovers.
Sanuki Province

was an old province of Japan in the area of Kagawa Prefecture on the island of Shikoku. It was sometimes called .

The province had borders with Awa and Iyo Provinces.

## History

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  The maps of Japan and Sanuki Province were reformed in the 1870s.

## Geography

Sanuki faced the Seto Inland Sea.

## Shrines and Temples

_Tamura jinja_ was the chief Shinto shrine (_ichinomiya_) of Sanuki.

## Related pages

- Provinces of Japan
- Prefectures of Japan
- List of regions of Japan
- List of islands of Japan

## Other websites

- Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903
Tosa Province

was an old province of Japan in the area of Kōchi Prefecture on the island of Shikoku.  It was sometimes called  .

The province had borders with Iyo and Awa Provinces.

The ancient capital city of the province was near modern Nankoku.

## History

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  The maps of Japan and Tosa Province were reformed in the 1870s.

## Geography

Tosa faced the Pacific Ocean.

## Shrines and Temples

_Tosa jinja_ was the chief Shinto shrine (_ichinomiya_) of Tosa.

## Related pages

- Provinces of Japan
- Prefectures of Japan
- List of regions of Japan
- List of islands of Japan

## Other websites

- Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903
555 timer IC

The **NE555** is a common IC (or integrated circuit) introduced in 1972. It is used in timers. It is popular among hobbyists and can be found in many electronics stores that sell bare components, such as RadioShack.
VGA connector

A **VGA connector** is a type of computer plug. It is used to send analog video signal to an output device like a television screen or a computer monitor. Most VGA connectors have 15 pins; 3 rows of 5 pins. Some of them are a bit different, and have 18 pins; 3 rows of 6 pins.

21st century equipment more often uses digital plugs, mainly by High-Definition Multimedia Interface.
Microbial cyst

A **microbial cyst** is a resting or dormant stage of a microorganism, usually a bacterium or a protist or rarely an invertebrate animal, that helps the organism to survive in unfavorable environmental conditions. It can be thought of as a state of suspended animation in which the metabolic processes of the cell are slowed down and the cell ceases all activities like feeding and locomotion. _Encystment_ also helps the microbe to spread easily, from one host to another or to a better environment. When the encysted microbe reaches an environment good for its growth and survival, the cyst wall breaks down by a process known as _excystation_.

Unfavorable environmental conditions  trigger the making of a cyst. These include the lack of nutrients or oxygen, extreme temperatures, lack of moisture and presence of toxic chemicals, which are not good for the growth of the microbe.

## Composition of the cyst wall

Different organisms have cyst walls made of different things. The cyst walls of bacteria are formed by the thickening of the normal cell wall with added peptidoglycan layers. The walls of protozoan cysts are made of chitin, a type of glycoprotein. Nematode cyst walls are made of chitin reinforced by collagen.
Content delivery

**Content delivery** describes the delivery of media content such as audio, video, computer software and video games over a delivery medium such as broadcasting or the Internet.

Content delivery has two parts:
- Delivery of finished content for online distribution, with its accompanying metadata
- Delivery of the end product to the consumer

Specialist networks known as content delivery networks have distribute digital content on the Internet. Alternative technologies for content delivery include peer-to-peer file sharing technologies. Content can only be delivered if it exists. If it does not exist, several techniques and methods can be used for content creation or content regeneration. Alternatively, content delivery platforms create and syndicate content remotely, acting like hosted content management systems.
Kitano Tenman-gū

****, also called **Kitano Tenjin-jinja** and **Kitano Temmangū**, is a Shinto shrine in Kamigyō-ku, Kyoto, Japan.

## History

The shrine was built in 947, to appease the angry spirit of Sugawara no Michizane.  He had been wrongly sent into exile.

The shrine became the object of Imperial patronage during the early Heian period.

The current buildings date from the early 17th century.

### Timeline

- **965** (_Kōhō 2_): Emperor Murakami ordered that Imperial messengers be sent to report important events to the guardian _kami_ of Japan. These messenger, called _heihaku_, were initially presented to 16 shrines;
- **986** (_Kanna 2_):  Michizane was given the posthumous title of Tenjin (Heavenly Deity)
- **991** (_Shōryaku 2_): Emperor Ichijō added three more shrines to Murakami's list — including Kitano.
- **1444** (_Bun'an 1, 4th month_): Kitano Tenman-gū and much of western Kyoto was destroyed by fire.

From 1871 through 1946, the Kitano Tenman-gū was officially designated one of the , meaning that it stood in the second rank of government supported shrines.

## Other websites

- Kitano Tenman-gū Official web page  (In English)
- Kyoto Shimbun: Open-Air Tea Ceremony...  (in English)
Tommy Jackson

**Tommy "Hurricane" Jackson** (1931-1982) was an American boxer. He fought from 1951 until 1961. He had a total of 44 fights. His statistics were 34 wins (16 by knockout), 9 losses and 1 draw. He fought Floyd Patterson in June 1956 to see who would be the heavyweight champion after Rocky Marciano retired and gave up the title. Jackson lost in a 12-round split decision. He fought Patterson again in July 1957, when Patterson was the champion. Patterson beat him in 10 rounds when the referee ended the match.

## Other websites

- Photo 1 of Bob Baker vs Hurricane Jackson close fight
- Photo 2 of Bob Baker vs Hurricane Jackson close fight
- Story on Hurricane Jackson
Pentium F00F bug

The **Pentium F00F bug** is a hardware bug (design flaw) found in most original Pentium computer processors (but not in Pentium II, III, or 4). The bug allows a malicious program running as an unprivileged (non-root) user to crash the computer by running the instructions (in hexadecimal) F00FC7C8. In assembly language, this represents "lock cmpxchg8b eax". If the system has crashed because of this bug, the only way to fix it is to reboot the computer, usually by unplugging it and plugging it back in. It does no permanent damage to the computer, but it may cause data loss. The bug was discovered in November 1997. Many operating systems made since 1997 have protection against this bug.
Locker

A **locker** is a small compartment that is used to store things such as books, coats, etc. They are commonly found in schools. They are usually locked with a padlock or a built-in lock. Usually there is an array of lockers. Each user has his/her own key (or combination) and can not open other people's lockers. There is sometimes a master key used only by the manager which can open all of the lockers. The typical maximum padlock shackle thickness is 5/16 inch (8 mm), and the typical door thickness is 0.8 mm. High-security lockers typically have a 10 mm or more maximum shackle thickness and a 1.2 mm door thickness.
Skeleton key

A **skeleton key** (also **master key** or **pass key**) is a key that can open all of the locks in a set.

For example, in an office building, each employee would have a key that only opens his/her office, and the manager or owner would have a key that opens all of the offices in that building.

More complicated setups are also possible. For example, if there are cleaners in the office building, and each cleaner only cleans one floor, the cleaner for a each floor could have a _sub-master_ key that opens only the offices on that floor, while each employee still has a key that opens only his/her office and the manager still has a key that opens all of the doors. The exterior doors might also be configured so that they can be opened by any employee key, cleaner key, or the manager's master key. The more complicated the setup, the more important it is to use locks that have a large number of key possibilities. Disc-detainer locks are especially suitable for master keying due to their large number of key possibilities.
Bungo Province

was an old province of Japan in the area of Ōita Prefecture on the island of Kyūshū.  Along with Buzen Province, it was sometimes called .

Bungo had borders with Buzen, Hyūga, Higo, Chikugo, and Chikuzen Provinces.

## History

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  Maps of Japan and Bungo Province were reformed in the 1870s.

## Shrines and temples

_Sasamuta-jinja_ and _Yusuhara Hachiman-gū_ were the chief Shinto shrines (_ichinomiya_) of Bungo.

## Related pages

- Provinces of Japan
- Prefectures of Japan
- List of regions of Japan
- List of islands of Japan
- Bungo Seamount

## Other websites

- Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903
Aberystwyth

**Aberystwyth** (Mouth of the River Ystwyth) is a historic market town, administrative centre and holiday resort. It is in the area of Ceredigion in West of Wales. Locals call the area 'Aber'.

The people who live there mostly speak English, though many are also fluent in the Welsh language. It is a university town. The small town of over 13,000 grows by another 10,000 in term time when the students are there. The nearby suburb of Llanbadarn Fawr has another 3,400 people.

## Transport

Aberystwyth has a train station at the western end of the Cambrian Line from Shrewsbury.

## Sister cities

Aberystwyth is twinned with :
- Kronberg im Taunus, Germany, since 1997
- Saint-Brieuc, France, since 1973
- Esquel, Argentine Patagonia

## Infobox (uk place)

- **country**: Wales
- **official name**: Aberystwyth
- **population**: 18,749
- **population ref**: (2011 census)
- **unitary wales**: Ceredigion
- **lieutenancy wales**: Dyfed
- **region**: Dyfed
- **constituency westminster**: Ceredigion (UK Parliament constituency), Ceredigion
- **post town**: ABERYSTWYTH
- **postcode district**: SY23
- **postcode area**: SY
- **dial code**: 01639
- **os grid reference**: SN585815
- **static image**: File:Aberystwyth_Harbour.JPG
- **static image caption**: Aberystwyth harbour
Transition-minimized differential signaling

**Transition Minimized Differential Signaling** (or **TMDS**) is a standard that is used to transport uncompressed data to a digital device. The data transmitted is digital. By using a digital signal instead of an analogue signal, the impact of Electromagnetic interference on the signal is reduced. This mode of transmission is mainly used for audio and visual data.

TMDS uses 8b/10b encoding. The code set is different from the original, developed by IBM. Encoding is a two-stage process that uses XOR and XNOR gates.  Whether to use XOR or XNOR operation is selected, so that the number ofsignal transitions is minimal; this is where the name is from.

S/PDIF is a similar standard, used in consumer audio equipment.
Hazel

**Hazel** is a genus of trees and shrubs, in the birch family. There are 50 to 80 species, in four genera. They are native to the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere.
Maxi single

A **maxi single** is a CD single that contains more than two tracks. The first maxi-single was released during the 1970s. There are also cassette maxi singles that began in the 1990s.
Electric piano

A **electric piano** is a piano that makes sounds mechanically. The sounds are turned into electrical signals by pick ups. Electric pianos are usually seen in live performances in popular music.
Refrain

A **refrain** is a verse or group of verses that is repeated at intervals in a piece of music or poetry. In song, it is often called the **chorus**. The refrain is often very different from the verse in melody, rhythm, and harmonics. It usually has a higher level of dynamics and activity, often with added instrumentation.

## Origin

The word comes from the vulgar Latin word _refringere_, and later from the Old French _refraindre_, both of which mean "to repeat".

## Music

In music, a refrain has two parts: the lyrics of the song, and the melody. Sometimes refrains use slightly different words as they are repeated. Such lines are still able to be recognised as part of the refrain by the fact that it is always has the same tune or melody. The rhymes, if present, are also kept even if the words are sometimes different. In popular music, the chorus contrasts with the verse, which leads into it, while the bridge contrasts with and leads into both. Many popular songs from the middle of the 20th century consist only of a chorus.

## Related pages

- Hymn
- Repetition
- Pop music
- Rock music
- Church music
- Gregorian chant
- Verse-chorus form
Willimantic, Connecticut

**Willimantic, Connecticut** is a census-designated place and former city. It is in the town of Windham, Windham County. About 18,149 people lived there at the 2020 census. Eastern Connecticut State University and the Windham Textile and History Museum are in Willimantic.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Willimantic, Connecticut
- **settlement type**: Census-designated place
- **nickname**: Thread City, Frog City
- **image skyline**: Science Building, Eastern Connecticut State University, Willimantic CT.jpg
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **image caption**: Science Building
Eastern Connecticut State University
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state
- **subdivision type2**: County (United States), County
- **subdivision name2**: Windham County, Connecticut, Windham
- **subdivision type3**: Councils of governments in Connecticut, Region
- **subdivision name3**: Southeastern Connecticut Planning Region, Connecticut, Southeastern CT
- **unit pref**: US
- **area total sq mi**: 5.554
- **area land sq mi**: 5.421
- **area water sq mi**: 0.133
- **population total**: 18149
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population density sq mi**: 3348
- **timezone**: Eastern Standard Time Zone, Eastern
- **utc offset**: -5
- **timezone dst**: Eastern Standard Time Zone, Eastern
- **utc offset dst**: -4
- **postal code type**: ZIP Code
- **postal code**: 06226
- **area code**: Area codes 860 and 959, 860/959
- **blank name**: Airport
- **blank info**: Windham Airport
- **blank1 name**: Major highways
- **blank1 info**:
- **named for**: Willimantic River
Windham, Connecticut

**Windham** is a town in Windham County, Connecticut, United States. It contains the city of Willimantic and the villages of Windham Center,  North Windham, and South Windham. The city of Willimantic was made part of the town in 1983. The population was 24,428 at the 2020 census.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Windham, Connecticut
- **settlement type**: New England town, Town
- **image skyline**: Chester Hunt Law Office, Windham, Connecticut.jpg
- **image caption**: Dr. Chester Hunt Office in Windham Center
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state
- **subdivision type2**: County (United States), County
- **subdivision name2**: Windham County, Connecticut, Windham
- **subdivision type3**: Councils of governments in Connecticut, Region
- **subdivision name3**: Southeastern Connecticut Planning Region, Connecticut, Southeastern CT
- **established title**: Incorporated
- **established date**: 1693
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 72.3
- **area total sq mi**: 27.9
- **area land km2**: 70.1
- **area land sq mi**: 27.1
- **area water km2**: 2.2
- **area water sq mi**: 0.9
- **elevation m**: 71
- **elevation ft**: 233
- **population total**: 24428
- **population as of**: 2020
- **population density km2**: 348.5
- **postal code type**: ZIP Codes
- **postal code**: 06226, 06235, 06256, 06266, 06280
- **area code**: Area codes 860 and 959, 860/959
- **timezone**: Eastern Standard Time Zone, Eastern
- **utc offset**: -5
- **timezone dst**: Eastern Standard Time Zone, Eastern
- **utc offset dst**: -4
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 09-86790
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 0213537
- **blank2 name**: Major highways
- **blank2 info**:
Eastern Connecticut State University

**Eastern Connecticut State University** (**ECSU**) is a public liberal arts university. It is located in Willimantic, Connecticut. Eastern Connecticut State University is ranked in the top 100 regional universities in the North (of the United States) in the 2011 edition of the _U.S. News and World Report_ list of Best Colleges. There are 5,671 students attending Eastern. The campus is suburban. The school's athletic department are called the "Warriors".
Windham County, Connecticut

**Windham County** is a county in the northwest of the US state Connecticut.

## Towns

- Windham
- North Windham
- South Windham
- Willimantic
- Ashford
- Brooklyn
- East Brooklyn
- Canterbury
- Chaplin
- Eastford
- Hampton
- Killingly
- Danielson
- Plainfield
- Central Village

- Moosup
- Plainfield Village
- Wauregan
- Pomfret
- Putnam
- Putnam District
- Scotland
- Sterling
- Oneco
- Thompson
- North Grosvenordale
- Quinebaug
- Woodstock
- South Woodstock
Ashford, Connecticut

**Ashford** is a town in Windham County, Connecticut. The town had a population of 4,191 at the 2020 census. Ashford was founded in 1714. Eastford was a part of Ashford until 1848 or 1847. Eastford split into its own town. Ashford has the largest Boy scout camps in the US state of Connecticut.
Jadeite Cabbage

The **Jadeite Cabbage** (), or **Jadeite Cabbage with Insects**, is a Chinese sculpture. It is a piece of jadeite carved into the shape of a Chinese cabbage head. It also has a locust and a katydid hiding in the leaves.

The work is part of the collection of the National Palace Museum in Taipei, Taiwan.

## Description

The Jadeite Cabbage is a small sculpture. It measures only . It is  think. It is "hardly larger than a human hand".

Jade is translucent: it  lets light pass through the sculpture.  The combination of several colors in the jade  gives the leaves the various colors of a real cabbage.  The sculpture was made from one piece of half-white, half-green jadeite. The piece of jade has many imperfections. These include cracks and patches of different colors. These were used as the veins in the cabbage's stalks and leaves.

The sculpture is seen as a symbol of female virtue. The white stalk is a symbol of purity, the leaves show fertility and  the locust and katydid symbolize children.

## History

The sculptor of the Jadeite Cabbage is not known.  It was first shown in the Forbidden City's Yonghe Palace. This is the home of the Qing Empire's Guangxu Emperor's Consort Jin. She likely got the sculpture as part of her dowry for her wedding to Guangxu in 1889. After the end of the Qing Empire in the Chinese Revolution of 1911, the sculpture became part of the collection of the Palace Museum in the Forbidden City.  The piece survived the Second Sino-Japanese War (World War II) and the Chinese Civil War. It was finally made a part of Taiwan's National Palace Museum.

## Notability

The Jadeite Cabbage has been called the "most famous masterpiece" of the entire National Palace Museum. It is said the be one of the "Three Treasures of the National Palace Museum". The other two are the Meat-Shaped Stone and the Mao Gong Ding. It was picked by the public as the most important item in the museum's entire collection.  People thought it was a bad thing in 2009 when it was learned that souvenir copies of the sculpture were being made in China and not in Taiwan. These copies were being sold at the museum.

## Other websites

- Jadeite Cabbage with Insects  at the National Palace Museum website
- Leslie Hook. "The Jade Cabbage" _Wall Street Journal_. 27 July 2007.

## Infobox (artwork)

- **image file**: Jade cabbage closeup.jpg
- **painting alignment**: right
- **image size**: 320px
- **title**: The Jadeite Cabbage
- **type**: Jadeite sculpture
- **artist**: unknown
- **year**: 19th century
- **height metric**: 18.7
- **width metric**: 9.1
- **city**: Taipei
- **museum**: National Palace Museum
Brooklyn, Connecticut

**Brooklyn** is a town in Windham County, Connecticut. The population was 8,450 at the 2020 census. East Brooklyn is listed as a census-designated place and is located on the east side of Brooklyn. The town was founded in 1786.
East Brooklyn, Connecticut

**East Brooklyn** is a census-designated place in Windham County, Connecticut. The population was 2,205 at the 2020 census. East Brooklyn is next to Danielson. East Brooklyn is the urban side of Brooklyn. The racial makeup of the city was 85.49% White, 1.36% African American, 0.18% Native American, 2.31% Asian, 2.40% from other races, and 8.25% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 7.71% of the population.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: East Brooklyn, Connecticut
- **settlement type**: Census-designated place
- **image skyline**: Tiffany Apartments, East Brooklyn CT.jpg
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **image caption**: Tiffany Apartments
- **image map**: Windham County Connecticut incorporated and unincorporated areas East Brooklyn highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 300px
- **map caption**: Location in Windham County, Connecticut, Windham County and the state of Connecticut.
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: State
- **subdivision name1**: Connecticut
- **subdivision type2**: County
- **subdivision name2**: Windham County, Connecticut, Windham County
- **subdivision type3**: Councils of governments in Connecticut, Region
- **subdivision name3**: Northeastern Connecticut Planning Region, Connecticut, Northeastern CT
- **subdivision type4**: Town
- **subdivision name4**: Brooklyn, Connecticut, Brooklyn
- **area total sq mi**: 2.570
- **area land sq mi**: 2.541
- **area water sq mi**: 0.029
- **population as of**: United States Census, 2020, 2020
- **population total**: 2205
- **population density sq mi**: 868
- **timezone**: North American Eastern Time Zone, Eastern (EST)
- **utc offset**: -5
- **timezone dst**: EDT
- **utc offset dst**: -4
- **elevation m**: 84
- **elevation ft**: 276
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 06239
- **area code**: Area code 860, 860
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 09-21160
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 0206799
Canterbury, Connecticut

**Canterbury** is a town in Windham County, Connecticut. The population was 5,045 at the 2020 census. The racial makeup of the town was 89.45% White, 1.27% African American, 0.36% Native American, 0.54% Asian, 1.47% from other races, and 6.92% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.16% of the population.

## History

The town was founded in the 1680s as **Peagscomsuck** until 1703. In 1832, Prudence Crandall, a school teacher, opened the first school for African American girls. The "Black Law" did not allow the education of black people. However, Crandall taught until she was sent to prison in 1832 for a short time. Angry mobs forced the school to close in 1834. Crandall later married and moved out of the state. Connecticut ended the "Black Law" in 1838. They also gave Crandall a small pension in 1886, four years before her death. The school is now the Prudence Crandall Museum.
Chaplin, Connecticut

**Chaplin** is a town in Windham County, Connecticut. Chaplin was named after Deacon Benjamin Chaplin, an early settler. The Chaplin Museum, Chaplin Historic District and the Witter House are located in Chaplin.
Buzen Province

was an old province of Japan in the area of Fukuoka Prefecture and Ōita Prefecture on the island of Kyūshū.  Along with Bungo Province, it was sometimes called .

Buzen had borders with Bungo and Chikuzen Provinces.

The ancient capital city of the province was near Toyotsu, Fukuoka.

## History

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  Maps of Japan and Buzen Province were reformed in the 1870s.

## Shrines and Temples

_Usa-jinjū_ was the chief Shinto shrine (_ichinomiya_) of Buzen.

## Related pages

- Provinces of Japan
- Prefectures of Japan
- List of regions of Japan
- List of islands of Japan
- Buzen Seamount
- Buzen, Fukuoka

## Other websites

- Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903
Chikugo Province

is the name of a old province of Japan in the area that is today the southern part of Fukuoka Prefecture on the island of Kyūshū.  Along with Chikuzen Province, it was sometimes called

Chikugo had borders with Hizen, Chikuzen, Bungo, and Higo Provinces.

## History

The ancient capital city of the province was near Kurume, Fukuoka.

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  Maps of Japan and Chikugo Province were reformed in the 1870s.

### Timeline of notable events

- **1359** (_Enbun 4_): Battle of Chikugo River (_Chikugogawa_), Ashikaga gain a military victory.
- **1361** (_Enbun 6_) : Imperial forces led by Kikuchi Takemitsu capture Dazaifu.

## Shrines and Temples

_Kōra taisha_ was the chief Shinto shrine (_ichinomiya_) of Chikugo.

## Related pages

- Provinces of Japan
- Prefectures of Japan
- List of regions of Japan
- List of islands of Japan
- Chikugo Seamount
- Chikugo, Fukuoka

## Other websites

- Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903
Chikuzen Province

was an old province of Japan in the area that is today part of Fukuoka Prefecture on the island of Kyūshū.   Along with Chikugo Province, it was sometimes called .

Chikuzen had borders with Buzen, Bungo, Chikugo, and Hizen Provinces.

The ancient capital city of the province was near Dazaifu.

## History

At the end of the 13th century, Chikuzen was the landing point for a Mongol invasion force. But the main force was destroyed by a typhoon which was later called _kamikaze_.

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  Maps of Japan and Chikuzen Province were reformed in the 1870s.

## Shrines and Temples

_Sumiyoshi-jinja_ and _Hakosagi-gū_ were the chief Shinto shrines (_ichinomiya_) of Chikuzen.

## Related pages

- Provinces of Japan
- Prefectures of Japan
- List of regions of Japan
- List of islands of Japan
- Chikuzen Seamount

## Other websites

- Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903
Windows Live Mail

**Windows Live Mail** is an email client made by Microsoft. It is part of the Windows Live set of products. The application takes over Outlook Express on Windows XP and Windows Mail on Windows Vista. You can download Windows Live Mail for free as part of the Windows Live Essentials suite.
Higo Province

**Higo Province** (肥後国; Higo no kuni) was an old province of Japan in the area that is today Kumamoto Prefecture on the island of Kyūshū.  Along with Hizen Province, it was sometimes called .

Higo had borders with Chikugo, Bungo, Hyūga, Ōsumi, and Satsuma Provinces.

## History

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  Maps of Japan and Higo Province were reformed in the 1870s.

## Shrines and Temples

_Aso-jinja_ was the chief Shinto shrine (_ichinomiya_) of Higo.

## Related pages

- Provinces of Japan
- Prefectures of Japan
- List of regions of Japan
- List of islands of Japan

## Other websites

- Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903
Hizen Province

was an old province of Japan in the area of Saga Prefecture and Nagasaki Prefecture on the island of Kyūshū.  Along with Higo Province, it was sometimes called .

Hizen had borders with the provinces of Chikuzen and Chikugo.

The ancient capital city of the province was near Saga.

## History

The name "Hizen" dates from the Nara Period, when the province was divided from Higo Province. The name appears in the _Shoku Nihongi_.

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  Maps of Japan and Hizen Province were reformed in the 1870s.

## Shrines and Temples

_Kawakami jinja_ and _Chiriku Hachiman-gū_ were the chief Shinto shrines (_ichinomiya_) of Hizen.

## Related pages

- Hizen Seamount

## Other websites

- Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903
- National Archives of Japan: _Hinozenshu sanbutsu zuko_, scroll showing illustrated inventory of industries in Hizen, _An'ei_ 2 (1773)
Hyūga Province

was an old province of Japan in the area of Miyazaki Prefecture on the island of Kyūshū. It was sometimes called  or .

Hyūga had borders with Bungo, Higo, Ōsumi, and Satsuma  Province.

The ancient capital city of the province was near Saito.

## History

In Kojiki and Nihon Shoki, Hyūga is called  in Tsukushi-no-shima, with Tsukushi, Toyo and Hi Province.

In 713 (_Wadō 6, 3rd month_), the province of Hyūga was separated from Ōsumi.

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  Maps of Japan and Hyūga Province were reformed in the 1870s.

## Shrines and Temples

_Tsuno jinja_ was the chief Shinto shrine (_ichinomiya_) of Hyūga.

## Related pages

- Provinces of Japan
- Prefectures of Japan
- List of regions of Japan
- List of islands of Japan

## Other websites

- Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903
Apollo 4

**Apollo 4** was the first unmanned test flight mission of the Saturn V launch vehicle. This was the rocket used in the Apollo program to send the first men to the Moon. The rocket was launched on November 9, 1967 from the Kennedy Space Center. NASA said that the mission was a complete success, and it helped the Apollo program very much.

## Infobox (spaceflight)

- **name**: Apollo 4
- **image**: Apollo 4 liftoff - GPN-2006-000038.jpg
- **image caption**: Apollo 4, the first flight of a Saturn V launch vehicle, rises from Launch Pad 39A
- **mission type**: Test flight
- **operator**: NASA
- **cospar id**: 1967-113A
- **satcat**: 3032
- **mission duration**: 8 hours, 36 minutes, 59 seconds
- **orbits completed**: 3
- **spacecraft**: Apollo Command/Service Module, Apollo CSM-017
Apollo LTA-10R
- **manufacturer**: Rockwell International, North American Rockwell
- **launch date**:  UTC
- **launch rocket**: Saturn V SA-501
- **launch site**: Kennedy Space Center, Kennedy Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39, LC-39A
- **landing date**:  UTC
- **landing site**: North Pacific Ocean

- **orbit epoch**: November 9, 1967
- **orbit reference**: geocentric orbit, Geocentric
- **orbit regime**: Highly elliptical orbit
- **orbit inclination**: 31.9 degrees
- **orbit period**: 314.58 minutes (initial)
- **apsis**: gee
- **previous mission**: Apollo 1
- **next mission**: Apollo 5
- **programme**: Apollo program
Alfred Maurer

**Alfred Henry Maurer** (April 21, 1868 – August 4, 1932) was an American modernist painter. He exhibited his work in avant-garde circles during the early 20th century.

Maurer was born in New York City, the son of a German lithographer. At the age of sixteen, Maurer quit school to work at his father's lithographic firm. In 1897 Maurer left for Paris, where he stayed the next four years, joining a circle of American and French artists. At the time, Maurer's style was realist.

Briefly returning to New York, he was determined to show his skeptical father that he could paint. Maurer painted what arguably is his most famous painting _An Arrangement_, using a woman next door as a model and completing the work (on a borrowed piece of cardboard) in a matter of hours. The painting received first prize at the 1901 Carnegie International Exhibition. Other awards received by Maurer included the Inness Jr. prize of the Salmagundi Club in 1900 and a bronze medal at the Pan-American Exposition at Buffalo, New York in 1901. In 1905 he won the third medal at the Liège International Exposition and a gold medal at the International Exposition in Munich.

At the age of thirty-six, in Paris, Maurer changed his methods sharply. From that point on he painted only in the cubist and fauvist manner. By 1909 he was an important American avant-garde painter. He had a two-man exhibition with John Marin in New York City at the 291 Gallery. Four of his paintings were included in the Armory Show of 1913.

Leaving Paris shortly before World War I, he returned to his father's house, but was denied support. For the next 17 years, Maurer painted in a garret in his father's house, and gained no critical acclaim. However, he took part in exhibitions at the Anderson Galleries and others. He exhibited regularly at the New York Society of Independent Artists and was elected their director in 1919. In 1924 the New York dealer Erhard Weyhe bought the contents of Maurer's studio and represented the artist for the remainder of his career.

## Infobox (artist)

- **name**: Alfred Henry Maurer
- **image**: arrangement.jpg
- **caption**: _An Arrangement_, 1901, oil on cardboard
- **birth place**: New York City
- **nationality**: United States, American
- **field**: Painting
Charles Cecil

**Charles Cecil** MBE (born 11 August 1962) is an English video game designer. He has worked in the interactive entertainment industry for 25 years. He is currently the Managing Director for UK based company Revolution Software which has released such critical and commercial hits as _Beneath a Steel Sky_ and the _Broken Sword_ series. Cecil is on the advisory panel of the Edinburgh Interactive Entertainment Festival, and Develop Conference and regularly talks at events and to mainstream press about creative and commercial aspects of the video games industry. He is also a co-founder and director of Game Republic, an alliance of game developers, and is a Board member of Screen Yorkshire, a regional agency that supports movie, television and interactive entertainment in Yorkshire. In 2006, Cecil was awarded the status of ‘industry legend’ by Develop, Europe’s leading development magazine.
Barrington Pheloung

**Barrington Somers Pheloung** (10 May 1954 – 1 August 2019) was an Australian composer. He lived in England. He is one of the most prolific television and movie composers in the UK, known for his wide range of compositional genres.

Best known for the theme and incidental music to the _Inspector Morse_, for which he was nominated for 'Best Original Television Music' at the British Academy Television Awards in 1991, the sequel _ Lewis_, and the prequel _Endeavour_. He has also composed for dance companies, such as the London Contemporary Dance Theatre, and for events, including the opening night of the Millennium Dome.. Pheloung also wrote the theme music for the BBC television series Dalziel & Pascoe.

His film work, includes _Hillary and Jackie_, based on the life of the cellist Jacqueline du Pré, for which he was nominated for the 'Anthony Asquith Award for Film Music' at the 52nd British Academy Film Awards.  Other works include _A Previous Engagement_, _The Little Fugitive_, _Shopgirl_, _Touching Wild Horses_, _Twin Dragons_, _Shopping_ and _The Mangler_. He also made the music to Revolution Software's adventure games In Cold Blood and the first two Broken Swords.

Pheloung's other work includes music for the Sydney Opera House's Twentieth Birthday Celebrations and he contributed to the music for the movie, _Truly, Madly, Deeply_ in which he also appeared. He composed the incidental music for the first series of _Boon_.

In 2009 he composed the music for _1983_, the concluding episode of the acclaimed Channel 4 drama series _Red Riding_.

He died in August 2019 at the age of 65 of respiratory failure.

## Discography

- Red Riding, 2009
- Lewis, Music from Series 1 & 2, 2008
- And When Did You Last See Your Father? 2007
- Shopgirl, 2006
- The Magic of Inspector Morse, 2000
- Inspirations, 2001
- Hilary and Jackie, 1998
- The Passion of Morse, 1997
- The Essential Inspector Morse Collection, 1995
- Shopping, 1994
- Nostradamus, 1994
- Days of Majesty, 1993
- Inspector Morse Vol. 3, 1992
- Inspector Morse Vol. 2, 1992
- Inspector Morse Vol. 1, 1991

## Credits

- Endeavour, 2012
- Red Riding, 2009
- Incendiary, 2008
- And When Did You Last See Your Father? 2007
- Lewis, 2006 -
- Shopgirl, 2005
- Touching Wild Horses, 2002
- Hilary and Jackie, 1998
- Twin Dragons, 1996
- The Saint-Exupery Story, 1995
- The Mangler, 1994
- Nostradamus, 1994
- Truly Madly Deeply, 1991
- Friendships’s Death, 1987
- Inspector Morse, 1987 - 2000

## Other websites

- Official website
- http://www.inspectormorse.co.uk/
- http://www.itv.com/Drama/copsandcrime/Lewis/default.html
Don Bluth

**Donald Virgil "Don" Bluth** (born September 13, 1937) is an American animator and independent studio owner. He is best known for leaving The Walt Disney Company in 1979 and later directing of animated movies such as _The Secret of NIMH_ (1982), _An American Tail_ (1986), _The Land Before Time_ (1988), _All Dogs Go to Heaven_ (1989), _Anastasia_ (1997), and _Titan A.E._ (2000), as well as his work on the laserdisc game _Dragon's Lair_.

He is also often credited for providing competition to Disney, and making them improve from their streak of less-successful movie efforts to the movies that would make up the Disney Renaissance.

### Director

- _Pete's Dragon_ (1977, animation director)
- _The Small One_ (1978, short film)
- _Banjo the Woodpile Cat_ (1979, short film)
- The Fox and the Hound (1981 film) (1981) (animator)
- _The Secret of NIMH_ (1982)
- _Dragon's Lair_ (1983, video game)
- _Space Ace_ (1984, video game)
- _An American Tail_ (1986, also storyboard)
- _The Land Before Time_ (1988, also co-storyboard and production designer)
- _All Dogs Go to Heaven_ (1989)
- _Dragon's Lair II: Time Warp_ (1991, video game)
- _Rock-a-Doodle_ (1991)
- _Thumbelina_ (1994)
- _A Troll in Central Park_ (1994)
- _The Pebble and the Penguin_ (1995, uncredited)
- _Anastasia_ (1997)
- _Bartok the Magnificent_ (1999, direct-to-video)
- _Titan A.E._ (2000)

### Other roles

- _Sleeping Beauty_ (1959, assistant animator, uncredited)
- _Fantastic Voyage_ (1968, TV series, layout artist)
- _Archie and His New Pals_ (1969, TV special, layout artist)
- _Will the Real Jerry Lewis Please Sit Down_ (1970, TV series, layout artist)
- _Sabrina and the Groovie Goolies_ (1970, TV series, layout artist)
- _Journey Back to Oz_ (1972, layout artist)
- _Robin Hood_ (1973, character animator)
- _Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Too_ (1974, short film, character animator)
- _The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh_ (1977, character animator)
- _The Rescuers_ (1977, directing animator)
- _The Small One_ (1978, animator, uncredited)
- _Banjo the Woodpile Cat_ (1979, animator)
- _Xanadu_ (1980, animated sequence unit, animator)
- _The Fox and the Hound_ (1981, animator, uncredited)
- _The Secret of NIMH_ (1982, directing animator)
- _The Black Cauldron_ (1985, animator, uncredited)
- _The Great Mouse Detective_ (1986, animator, uncredited)
- _Oliver & Company_ (1988, animator, uncredited)
- _The Little Mermaid_ (1989, animator, uncredited)
- _Dragon's Lair 3D: Return to the Lair_ (2002, video game, animator)
- "Mary" by the Scissor Sisters (2004, animated segments of music video)
- _Gift of the Hoopoe_ (2009, short film, storyboard artist only)
- _Tapper World Tour_ (2011, video game, animator)

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Donald Virgil Bluth
- **image**: DonBluth.jpg
- **caption**: 2006
- **other names**: Don Bluth
- **occupation**: Animator
Pierre Guéry

**Pierre Guéry** (born 1965) is a French writer, poet and performer.

## Life and work

Born in Marseille (France), he studied music, drama and modern dance and gained a doctorate in literature and phonetics.

These various strands merge in his poetic work. He is a performance poet, for whom very different places can be stages for his reading. Illness, madness and mourning are the main subjects of his sound poetry. He uses his voice in many different ways in his performances, from whispering to screaming, from sounds that are not words to formal reciting.

Since 2006 he has been taking part in various poetic and artistic events in France, Belgium, Canada, Germany and Lebanon.

In 2009 he translated the _Poems of Guantanamo_ into French, and he has translated some work of important beat poets and spoken word artists such as Anne Waldman and Lawrence Ferlinghetti, from the American.

### Audio Recordings

- _Kit to be hacked_, electronic poems, L'Ovni Tendre/Bourbaki, 2000
- _Slackness_, electronic poems 2, L'Ovni Tendre/Bourbaki, 2002
- _Alien-Nation_, Plaine Page, 2008

#### Author

- _Alien-Nation_ (poetry), Bookleg, Maelström, 2006
- _Bascule_ (poetry), Bookleg, Maelström, 2006
- _Erotographie_ (poetry), Biliki, 2007
- _En quel pays étrange_ (poetry), Compact, Maelström, 2009
- _HP 1999_ (novel), Sens&Tonka/L'une&l'autre, 2009
- _Week-end avec Hellènes- Error in fabula_ (novel), Sens&Tonka/L'une&l'autre, 2010
- _Poéstreet, des marches de poésie urbaine_ (poetry), Compact, Maelström, 2011
- _La Rhétorique des culs_ (novel), Sens&Tonka/L'une&l'autre, 2011
- _Psyché Extérieur Nuit_ (poetry), Compact, Maelström, 2018
- _My Talking Heads_ (poetry), Maelström, 2025

#### Translator

- _Fast Speaking Woman_, Anne Waldman, Maelström, 2008
- _Poems of Guantanamo_- _Poèmes de Guantanamo_, Biliki, 2009
- _Soldiering/ Soldatesque_, Anne Waldman, Maelström, 2011
- _Fire and sage/ De sauge et de feu_, Moe Clark, Maelström, 2013
- _Courants noirs, complete poetry works_, Nikos Kavvadias, Signes et balises, 2022
Arthur Dove

**Arthur Garfield Dove** (August 2, 1880 – November 23, 1946) was an American artist. An early American modernist, he was the first American abstract painter to be shown publicly. In recent years it has become clear that Manierre Dawson was probably slightly ahead of Dove and Kandinsky in producing pure abstracts.

## Sources

- Morgan, Ann Lee 1984. _Arthur Dove: life and work, with a catalogue raisonné_. University of Delaware Press.

## Infobox (artist)

- **name**: Arthur Garfield Dove
- **image**: Arthur Dove - Sails.jpg
- **image size**: 250px
- **caption**: Arthur Dove, _Sails,_ 1911/12
- **birth place**: Canandaigua (city), New York, Canandaigua, New York
- **nationality**: United States, American
- **field**: Modernism, Abstract art
Dynamical systems theory

**Dynamical systems theory** is a field of applied mathematics that studies objects that change over time. Mathematicians in this field study equations that define these objects. A classic example includes equations of motion, which have been used to learn about basic behavior of mechanical systems. Equations can either describe changes across finite periods of time (or difference equations) or changes with time being continuous time (differential equations). When differential equations are used, the theory is called _continuous_ dynamical systems theory. When difference equations are used, it is called _discrete_ dynamical systems theory.

The theory looks at the long-term behaviour of dynamical systems. The study also includes the motion of planets, or electronic circuits.
Sol Linowitz

**Sol Myron Linowitz** (December 7, 1913 – March 18, 2005) was an American diplomat, lawyer, and businessman born in Trenton, NJ.

He was a graduate of Trenton Central High School, Hamilton College and Cornell Law School. Early in his law career, he helped Xerox get patents on office copier inventions.

Linowitz helped negotiate the return of the Panama Canal to Panama under the direction of President Jimmy Carter.  Besides being a career diplomat, lawyer, and one time chairman of Xerox, he wrote two books, "The Making of a Public Man: A Memoir", and "The Betrayed Profession".

He received the Presidential Medal of Freedom. He served on the Cornell University Board of Trustees.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Sol Linowitz
- **birth date**: December 7, 1913
- **birth place**: Trenton, New Jersey, U.S.
- **nationality**: United States
- **known for**: Negotiating the Panama Canal Treaty
- **occupation**: Diplomat and patent lawyer
Teddy Stadium

**Teddy Stadium** (, _Itztadion Teddy_) is a football stadium in Jerusalem, Israel. It is the home ground of Beitar Jerusalem F.C. and Hapoel Jerusalem F.C. It is named after the long time Jerusalem mayor Teddy Kollek. For Beitar the stadium was important. They played at the YMCA Stadium. That stadium was nicknamed "The Sandbox" because of its bad ground conditions.

Originally only the west and east sides of the stadium were built giving it a capacity of 13,000. In 1999 work was finished on a north side. Now the capacity is 31,733.

The stadium itself is one of the newest in Israel and meets all European standards. The stadium has 5,000 parking spots and is connected to the Malha Mall and its parking facilities by a pedestrian bridge. The stadium is located at the Begin Expressway and the Malha Train Station. So people can go to the stadium either by car or rail.

Teddy Stadium has hosted international football matches. It was also the place for the Maccabiah Games opening ceremony and other public events.

## Infobox (stadium)

- **stadium name**: Teddy Stadium

- **image**:
- **location**: Jerusalem, Israel
- **broke ground**: 1990
- **opened**: 1991
- **renovated**: 1999, 2011
- **owner**: Jerusalem, Municipality of Jerusalem
- **operator**: Municipality of Jerusalem
- **surface**: Grass
- **construction cost**: US $12,000,000
- **tenants**: Beitar Jerusalem F.C., Beitar Jerusalem (1992–present)
Hapoel Jerusalem F.C., Hapoel Jerusalem (1992–present)
2001 Maccabiah Games
- **seating capacity**: 31,733
- **dimensions**: 105 x 68 metres