juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Trace element

A **trace element** is present in only a small amount. The amount depends on context.

- In analytical chemistry, it is an element in a sample that has an average concentration of less than 100 parts per million (ppm) measured in atomic count, or less than 100 micrograms per gram.

- In biochemistry, it is one that is needed in minute quantities for the proper growth, development, and physiology of the organism. In biochemistry, a trace element is also referred to as a _micronutrient_. See Cofactor.

- In geology, its concentration is less than 1000 ppm or 0.1% of a rock's composition. The term is used mainly in igneous petrology.
Dušan Švento

**Dusan Svento** (born 1 August 1985 in Ružomberok, Slovakia) is a Slovak football player  now playing as a midfielder for F.C. Red Bull Salzburg in Austrias t-mobile Bundesliga and the Slovakia team.

Before he went to Salzburg he was playing for Slavia Praha in the Czech Gambrinus league (2005 - 2009). In the 2010/11 season he played even as left defender due to many injured defenders in the team.

His first match in the national team was on 15 August 2006 in  a match against Malta. He scored his first goal for the team in his fourth match against Wales. The team qualified for the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa but due to injuries he was not nominated for the squad.

## Honours

- **Austrian Champion** with Red Bull Salzburg 2009/10
- **Czech Champion** with Slavia Prague 2008, 2009
- **Best Foreign Player** of the Gambrinus League 2006

## Other websites

- Dusan Svento Fangemeinschaft Red Bull Salzburg
- Homepage Red Bull Salzburg Team-Dusan Svento (German)

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Dušan Švento
- **image**: Dusan Svento25.jpg
- **image size**: 260px
- **fullname**: Dušan Švento
- **birth place**: Ružomberok, Czechoslovakia
- **currentclub**: FC Red Bull Salzburg, Red Bull Salzburg
- **clubnumber**: 18
- **position**: Midfielder#Winger, Left winger
- **youthyears1**: 1995–2003
- **youthclubs1**: MFK Ružomberok, Ružomberok
- **years1**: 2003–2005
- **years2**: 2005–2009
- **years3**: 2009–
- **clubs1**: MFK Ružomberok, Ružomberok
- **clubs2**: Slavia Prague, Slavia Praha
- **clubs3**: FC Red Bull Salzburg, Red Bull Salzburg
- **caps1**: 38
- **goals1**: 2
- **caps2**: 82
- **goals2**: 6
- **caps3**: 96
- **goals3**: 10
- **nationalyears1**: 2006
- **nationalyears2**: 2006–
- **nationalteam1**: Slovakia national under-21 football team, Slovakia U-21
- **nationalteam2**: Slovakia national football team, Slovakia
- **nationalcaps1**: 2
- **nationalgoals1**: 0
- **nationalcaps2**: 22
- **nationalgoals2**: 1
- **pcupdate**: 22 May 2012
- **ntupdate**: 31 May 2012
Indian music

There are lots of different varieties of **Indian music**. Most of the different types of music are similar to Western music types. Pop, classical, and folk are all included. India’s classical music has a history originating hundreds of years back and is still popular in India today, as religious inspiration or pure entertainment. Girl and boy bands are common in India. Farida Vakil founded one of the first female bands in India, The Ladybirds. Like Africa, India has many different ethnic groups, speaking their own languages, and having very distinct cultural traditions.

The tal, or **tala**, is a repeating rhythm pattern usually played by the tabla. It usually has between six and sixteen beats. The beats are grouped into small sections in the pattern. The first note in the pattern is called a ‘sam’. It shows the beginnings and ends of improvisation, so it is often emphasized.

The **Raga** is also a pattern, but it differs from Western scales or melodies. Ragas are sort of a mix of scales and melodies. They have particular ascending and descending patterns. Ragas are used to symbolize the time of day, season, mood or special occasion.

A **drone** is a note that’s either held or repeated throughout a piece of music. It’s usually the tonic note, the starting note. Nowadays, the drone is played by an electrical box, but traditionally, it is played using the tanpura, which is also known as the Tambura.

**Improvisation** is when the player does not have a prepared piece or an incomplete piece of music, and they make up notes as they play. Improvisation is recognized as a form of composition.

There are 4 types of structure in Indian Music, Alap, Jhor, Jhala and Gat/Bandish. Each of these has different roles in a piece of Indian music.

**Alap** is the name for the opening part of a piece of classical music from North India. It is a type of melodic improvisation that includes a Raga in it. Only the singer and the drone can be heard at this point.

**Jhor** is a more elaborate version of the Raga that is included in the Alap. It forms the beginning of the performance. This comes after Alap and before **Jhala**.

**Jhala** indicates the fast-paced ending of the Raga. It is often distinguished by the overcoming of the melodic component by the rhythm.

The **Gat**, or **Bandish** is a permanent composition set in a specific Raga. It is accompanied by the Tabla, a drone and melodic accompaniment by a sarangi , violin or harmonica.
Charles Darwin's books

**Charles Darwin** wrote about twenty books, including the most famous book in biology, the _Origin of Species_. The books covered the natural history sciences, now called geology, palaeontology, zoology, botany, anthropology, psychology and evolutionary biology.

The _Origin of Species_ is the most important single book in the biological sciences, and its main ideas are well-supported by modern research.

_The Voyage of the Beagle_ (1839) and _The Descent of Man_ (1871) are also highly important.

Several of the other books were also ground-breaking.

numbers) by various authors, edited and superintended by Charles Darwin, who contributed sections to two of the Parts:
    - 1838: _Part 1 No. 1 Fossil Mammalia_, by Richard Owen (_Preface_ and _Geological introduction_ by Darwin)
    - 1838: _Part 2 No. 1 Mammalia_, by George Robert Waterhouse (_Geographical introduction_ and _A notice of their habits and ranges_ by Darwin)
- 1839: _Journal and Remarks_ (_The Voyage of the Beagle_)
- 1842: _The structure and distribution of Coral Reefs_
- 1844: _Geological observations of volcanic islands_
- 1846: _Geological observations on South America_
- 1849: _Geology_ from _A manual of scientific enquiry; prepared for the use of Her Majesty's Navy: and adapted for travellers in general_. ed. John Herschel.
- 1851: _A Monograph of the Sub-class Cirripedia, with figures of all the species. The Lepadidae; or, Pedunculated Cirripedes._ Living barnacles.
    - 1854: _A Monograph of the Sub-class Cirripedia, with figures of all the species. The Balanidae (or Sessile Cirripedes); the Verrucidae, etc._
- 1851: _A Monograph on the Fossil Lepadidae, or, Pedunculated Cirripedes of Great Britain_. Fossil barnacles.
    - 1854: _A Monograph on the Fossil Balanidæ and Verrucidæ of Great Britain_
- 1859: _On the Origin of Species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life_
- 1862: _On the various contrivances by which British and foreign Orchids are fertilised by insects_ (_Fertilisation of Orchids_)
- 1865: _On the movements and habits of climbing plants_ (Linnean Society paper, published in book form in 1875)
- 1868: _The variation of animals and plants under domestication_
- 1871: _The Descent of Man, and selection in relation to sex_
- 1872: _The expression of emotions in Man and animals_
- 1875: _Insectivorous plants_
- 1876: _The effects of cross and self fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom_
- 1877: _The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species_
- 1880: _The power of movement in plants_
- 1881: _The formation of vegetable mould through the action of worms_
Penelope Ann Miller

**Penelope Ann Miller** (born **Penelope Andrea Miller**, January 13, 1964) is an American stage and movie actress. She has acted in numerous movies and television programs. Her father Mark Miller was an actor.

She was born in Los Angeles, California on January 13, 1964. She has been married to Will Arnett from 1994 until they divorced in 1995. She is now married to James Huggins since 2000. With Huggins she has two children.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Penelope Ann Miller
- **image**: Penelope Ann Miller.jpg
- **birth name**: Penelope Andrea Miller
- **birth place**: Los Angeles, California, U.S.
- **occupation**: Actress
- **years active**: 1985–present
- **spouse**:

- **children**: 2
- **other names**: Penelope Miller
Culture jamming

**Culture jamming** is a tactic by consumer social movements to either disrupt or subvert mainstream cultural institutions.

It is also intended to expose dubious or substandard political thoughts on commercial culture. The tactics of culture jamming include refiguring fashion statement<nowiki/>s, product image and logos as means to challenge ideas about what is cool. The term "culture jamming" was first used around 1984.
Subdomain

A **subdomain** is the portion shown before a domain name, separated by a dot (.)

For example, a domain might look like this
- _example.com_

Whereas the subdomain of this domain might look like this, shown here in bold
- ***subdomain.***example.com_

## Examples

Many sites use sub domains for applications such as email, calendars or different languages, including these examples. Subdomains again shown in bold
- ***mail.**yahoo.com
- ***calendar.**google.com_
- **_en.**wikipedia.org_
Domain

**Domain** can mean:
- Domain name
- Domain Name System or DNS
- Domain (biology), the top level of biological taxonomy
- For maths, see Function (mathematics)
Tretinoin

**Tretinoin** is the acid form of vitamin A. It is also known as **all trans retinoic acid**, or **ATRA**. As a drug, it can be used used for the treatment of acne vulgaris and keratosis pilaris. The medicine goes under several brand names.
Thunder Bridge

**Thunder Bridge** is a hamlet near the villages of Stocksmoor and Kirkburton, in the Kirklees district, in the county of West Yorkshire, England. Thunder Bridge is also near the A629 road. The bridge is Grade 2 listed.
RuBisCO

**Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase**, better known as **RuBisCO**, is an enzyme that catalyzes the first major step of carbon fixation in the Calvin cycle. Carbon fixation is how the atoms of atmospheric carbon dioxide are made available to organisms in the form of energy-rich molecules such as glucose. RuBisCO splits 6-C molecules into two equal parts.

RuBisCO is very important in biology and ecology because it catalyzes the primary chemical reaction by which inorganic carbon permanently enters the biosphere.

RuBisCO is also the most abundant protein in leaves and the most abundant protein on Earth. It accounts for 50% of soluble leaf protein (20-30% of total leaf nitrogen) and 30% of soluble leaf protein in plants (5-9% of total leaf nitrogen).

Given its important role in the biosphere, there are currently efforts to genetically engineer crop plants to contain more efficient RuBisCO.

## Notes and references

- Notes

- References
Dik Trom

**Dik Trom** is the main character in a series of five children’s books written in the Dutch language.  The author, C.Joh. Kieviet wrote the first book in 1891.  It was called “Uit het leven van Dik Trom” (“From the life of Dik Trom”).  The books became extremely popular and they continue to be very popular today, more than 100 years after they were written.

## The Life of Dik Trom

Dik Trom was a naughty boy who got up to lots of tricks with his friends.  However, he is a very honest boy and he is very kind, so the readers like him.

Dik Trom lived in the village of Hoofddorp in the Harlemmermeer in the north of Holland.  This is the village where the author grew up, so he was setting the stories in his own village, and based a lot of the characters on real people he had known.

Dik’s real name was “Dirk”.  This is a common Dutch name.  Dirk was very fat, even as a boy, so he soon became known as “Dik” (the Dutch word “dik” means “fat”).  The word “trom” means “drum” so his name really means “Fat Drum”.

Dik’s parents love him very much, but they are no good at disciplining him.  When he does something naughty his father just says: “‘t is toch een bijzonder kind - dat is-ie” (“he’s a really special child, that he is”).

Dik is always brave, he is never a coward.  His friends want to go and annoy a little old lady, but Dik persuades them to go and annoy the village policeman, and he has a leading role in that adventure.

Another adventure tells how Dik said he could ride a donkey without falling off.  The donkey belonged to the village merchant, and it was a stubborn beast that always tried to throw off its riders.  Dik managed to stay on by sitting backwards on the donkey and holding on to its tail.  This is how Dik is usually seen in pictures, and there is a statue of him in the village of Hoofddorp which shows him on the donkey.

## Other books about Dik Trom

Kieviet found it difficult at first to find a publisher for his book, because the main character was naughty.  Once it had appeared in a second edition with some illustrations it became very popular, and Kieviet followed it with four other books about Dik, and one about Dik’s son.  Eight films have been made about Dik Trom, the most recent in 2010.

## List of Dik Trom books

- 1891 _Uit het leven van Dik Trom_  (“From the life of Dik Trom”) Valkhoff & Co.
- 1907 _De zoon van Dik Trom_ (“Dik Trom’s son”) Valkhoff & Co.
- 1912 _Toen Dik Trom een jongen was_ (“When Dik Trom was a boy”) Kluitman.
- 1920 _Dik Trom en zijn dorpsgenoten_ (“Dik Trom and his fellow villagers”) Kluitman.
- 1923 _Het tweede boek van Dik Trom en zijn dorpsgenoten._ (“The second book of Dik Trom and his fellow villagers”) Kluitman.
- 1931 _De avonturen van Dik Trom._ (“The Adventures of Dik Trom”) Kluitman.

## References

- “Uit het leven van Dik Trom” by C.Joh. Kieviet - Alkmaar gebr. Kluitman
Uranium-235

**Uranium-235** is a radioactive isotope of uranium. Uranium-235 has 143 neutrons, 92 protons, and an isotope mass of 235.0439299.  Uranium-235 has <sup>235</sup>Pa, <sup>235</sup>Np, and <sup>239</sup>Pu as its parent isotopes.  As it decays, it produces <sup>231</sup>Th. Uranium-235 has a half-life of 703.8 million years. Uranium-235 makes up about 0.72% of natural uranium. When it is separated from the other uranium isotopes, it is called enriched uranium. The main use for enriched uranium is in Nuclear reactor<nowiki/>s.

Enriched uranium is best known for its use in the bombing of Hiroshima on August 6, 1945.  The bomb called Little Boy used Uranium-235. Uranium-235 can be used for nuclear fission.  This fission is about 504.81 barns for slow thermal neutrons and 1 barn for fast thermal neutrons.  Uranium-235 was discovered in 1935 by Arthur Jeffrey Dempster.
Eddie Gustafsson

**Douglas Edward Alexander "Eddie" Gustafsson McIntosh** (born 31 January 1977) is a Swedish former football player.

He started playing football in 1983 with IFK Stockholm. He played afterwards for IFK Stockholm, IFK Norrköping, Molde FK, Ham-Kam and Lyn Oslo. 2009 he signed for F.C. Red Bull Salzburg. On April 18th, 2010 he was injured severely during the away match versus LASK Linz and took 317 days to recover.

### Red Bull Salzburg

- Austrian League: 2008–09, 2009–10, 2011–12, 2013–14
- Austrian Cup: 2011–12, 2013–14

### Individual

- Goalkeeper of the year (Norway): 2008
- Goalkeeper of the year (Austria): 2010

## References

- Red Bull Salzburg Homepage

## Other websites

- Eddie Gustafsson (Fangemeinschaft Red Bull Salzburg)

Category:Association football goalkeepers

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Eddie Gustafsson
- **image**: Eddie Gustafsson(12).JPG
- **image size**: 300px
- **caption**: Eddie Gustafsson in August 2010
- **fullname**: Douglas Edward Alexander
Gustafsson McIntosh
- **birth place**: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
- **position**: Goalkeeper (association football), Goalkeeper
- **youthclubs1**: IFK Stockholm
- **years1**: 1993–1994
- **clubs1**: IFK Stockholm
- **caps1**: 5
- **goals1**: 0
- **years2**: 1995–2001
- **clubs2**: IFK Norrköping
- **caps2**: 86
- **goals2**: 0
- **years3**: 2002–2004
- **clubs3**: Molde FK, Molde
- **caps3**: 71
- **goals3**: 0
- **years4**: 2005
- **clubs4**: Hamarkameratene, Ham-Kam
- **caps4**: 26
- **goals4**: 0
- **years5**: 2006–2009
- **clubs5**: FK Lyn, Lyn Oslo
- **caps5**: 63
- **goals5**: 0
- **years6**: 2009–2014
- **clubs6**: FC Red Bull Salzburg, Red Bull Salzburg
- **caps6**: 69
- **goals6**: 0
- **totalcaps**: 320
- **totalgoals**: 0
- **nationalyears1**: 1994–1995
- **nationalteam1**: Sweden national under-19 football team, Sweden U18
- **nationalcaps1**: 7
- **nationalgoals1**: 0
- **nationalyears2**: 1996–1999
- **nationalteam2**: Sweden national under-21 football team, Sweden U21
- **nationalcaps2**: 22
- **nationalgoals2**: 0
- **nationalyears3**: 2000–2010
- **nationalteam3**: Sweden national football team, Sweden
- **nationalcaps3**: 10
- **nationalgoals3**: 0
Broderick Crawford

**William Broderick Crawford** (December 9, 1911 – April 26, 1986) was an American actor.

## Career

Born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S., his first film was _Woman Chases Man_ (1937). He was in _Beau Geste_ (1939), a classic starring Gary Cooper.

His got an Academy Award and a Golden Globe in 1950 for  his role in the 1949 movie _Decepción_, directed by Robert Rossen.

In the 1950s he worked with Glenn Ford in _Convicted_ (1950, directed by Henry Levin), _Human Desire_ (1954, directed by Fritz Lang) and the western classic _The Fastest Gun Alive_ (1956), where he played a gunslinger who wants to prove he is the fastest gun.

He starred in the famous Italian film directed by Federico Fellini, _Il bidone_ (1955).

In 1966 he co-starred with Audie Murphy in _The Texican_ (1966). In 1970 he starred in _Ransom Money_, where he played a police inspector who led the rescue of a child who was kidnapped by a gang.

He narrated the film _The Candidate_ (1972) and starred _Terror in the Wax Museum_ (1973), a horror film starring Ray Milland and John Carradine. Towards the end of the 1970s, he had a great performance in the film _The Private Files of J. Edgar Hoover_ (1977), directed by Larry Cohen.

## Television

Crawford starred in _Highway Patrol_ (1955-1959).  He played Chief Dan Mathews, an experienced highway police chief.

Crawford also worked on films for television such as _The Challenge_ (1970), _The Phantom of Hollywood_ (1974), _Look What's Happened to Rosemary's Baby_ (1976), and _Mayday at 40,000 Feet!_ (1976).

Crawford was a special guest star in _Rawhide_, _The Virginian_, _The Girl from U.N.C.L.E._, _The Man from U.N.C.L.E._, _Cimarron Strip_, _Banacek_, _Vega$_, _Fantasy Island_, and others.

## Other websites

- Watch Highway Patrol
- Broderick Crawford in Il Bidone
- Profile @ Turner Classic Movies

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Broderick Crawford
- **image**: Broderick Crawford 1970.JPG
- **birth name**: William Broderick Crawford
- **birth date**: December 9, 1911
- **birth place**: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
- **death place**: Rancho Mirage, California, U.S.
- **nationality**: American
- **occupation**: actor
Personal grooming

**Personal grooming**, also called **titivating** and **preening**, is the art of cleaning and grooming parts of the body.

## In humans

Grooming in humans is usually done in the bathroom, for the hair. Things such as washing and cleaning the hair, combing it and taking out the tangles, and styling. It can also include shaving, done by a man to cut his beard short. However, sometimes the beard can be groomed as well, and washed and grown.

## In animals

Animals usually clean their fur, feathers or other skin coverings. This is also a form of hygiene. Taking out other objects such as insects, leaves, dirt or twigs, are all forms of grooming. Among animals, birds spend a lot of time preening their feathers. They do this to remove ectoparasites, keep them in good condition, and waterproof them. Felidae cats are well known for their grooming, which they usually do by licking themselves. One of the reasons this is done is to remove all the scent on them so that they will not attract any predators. Cats groom so much that they often produce hairballs from the fur they accidentally swallow.

## Mutual grooming

In humans, mutual grooming is done to become more close to each other emotionally.
Man's Place in Nature

***Evidence as to Man's Place in Nature*** is an 1863 book by Thomas Henry Huxley, in which he gives evidence for the evolution of man and apes from a common ancestor.

It was the first book devoted to the topic of human evolution, and discussed much of the anatomical and other evidence. Backed by this evidence, the book said that evolution applied as fully to man as to all other life.

## Precursors of the idea

In the 18th century Linnaeus and others had classified man as a primate, but without drawing evolutionary conclusions.

It was Lamarck, the first to develop a coherent theory of evolution, who discussed human evolution in this context.

Robert Chambers in his anonymous _Vestiges_ also clearly made the point.

The book came five years after Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace announced their theory of evolution by means of natural selection, and four years after the publication of Darwin's _Origin of Species_. In the _Origin_ Darwin had deliberately avoided tackling human evolution, except for a sentence: "Light will be thrown on the origin of man and his history". Darwin's sequel came eight years later, with _The Descent of Man, and Selection in relation to Sex_ (1871).

### Chapters

I.   _On the natural history of the man-like Apes_ p1–56. This contains a summary of what was known of the great apes at that time.

II.  _On the relations of Man to the lower animals_ p57–112. This chapter and its addendum contained most of the controversial material, and is still important today.
- Addendum: _A succinct history of the controversy respecting the cerebral structure of Man and the apes_ p113–118.

III. _On some fossil remains of Man_ p119–159. A neanderthal skull-cap and other bones had been found, and various remains of early _Homo sapiens_. Huxley compares these remains with existing human races.

## Infobox (book)

- **name**: Evidence as to Man's Place in Nature
- **image**: Huxley - Mans Place in Nature.jpg
- **image caption**: Frontispiece to Huxley's Evidence as to _Man's Place in Nature_ (1863)
- **author**: Thomas Henry Huxley
- **country**: England
- **language**: English
- **subject**: Human evolution
- **publisher**: Williams & Norgate
- **release date**: 1863
- **pages**: 159
Space Shuttle Endeavour

**Space Shuttle Endeavour** (OV-105) was the fifth space shuttle run by NASA. It replaced the Space Shuttle Challenger. Endeavour was named after Captain James Cooks's ship, HMS Endeavour. It made 25 trips into space, travelling about 123,000,000 miles. It is now on display at the California Science Center.

## References

- Space Shuttle Overview: Endeavour (OV-105)
- "Shuttle Orbiter Endeavour (OV-105)"
Woodruff

**Woodruff** (_Galium odoratum_) is a plant used for herbical medicine. It grows to 30-50 cm long.

## Uses

Dried woodruff is used in potpourri and as a moth deterrent. It is also used in Germany, to flavour May wine, syrup for beer, brandy, sausages, jelly, jam, a soft drink (Tarhun), ice cream, and tea. In Germany it is also used to flavour Sherbet (powder). Mixed with German "corn schnapps" (alternative: vodka), it is a popular drink among people at parties. It is also called "Korn Brause" or "Korn ahoi". Also, Waldmeister flavoured jelly made from vodka is popular at parties too.
Sudo

The **sudo** command is a program for Unix-like operating systems like Linux distributions.  It allows users to run programs as another user.  The "**su**" portion is sometimes described as substitute user, super user, or switch user.

## Importance

The sudo command gives the administrator the option of allowing certain users access to otherwise disallowed commands on a granular level.  This power must be carefully administered as it could potentially allow users to make changes to files that could cause serious damage to other users' files as well as damaging the operating system itself.

## Usage

The sudo command is used from the command line.

For example: Imagine a system has three users: student, JOE, and BOB.

<pre>[JOE@clone7 ~]$ /bin/grep "home" /etc/passwd
student:x:1000:1000:Student:/home/student:/bin/bash
BOB:x:1001:1001::/home/BOB:/bin/bash
JOE:x:1002:1002::/home/JOE:/bin/bash
[JOE@clone7 ~]$ </pre>

JOE wants to know what files are in BOB's home directory.  As one would expect, unless given rights through other means, JOE will be denied:

<pre>[JOE@clone7 ~]$ ls -lrt /home/BOB
ls: cannot open directory /home/BOB: Permission denied
[JOE@clone7 ~]$</pre>

If JOE is in the sudoer file, he can use the sudo command to run the ls command as if he were BOB:

<pre>[JOE@clone7 ~]$ sudo -u BOB  ls -lrt /home/BOB
[sudo] password for JOE:

total 0
-rw-r--r--. 1 BOB BOB 0 Jan  6 06:48 BOBs_secretfile.txt
[JOE@clone7 ~]$ </pre>

If JOE is **not** in the sudoers file, he will be denied:

<pre>[JOE@clone7 ~]$ sudo -u BOB  ls -lrt /home/BOB
[sudo] password for JOE:

JOE is not in the sudoers file.  This incident will be reported.

[JOE@clone7 ~]$ </pre>

Another example, to delete a file (e.g. Example.php) normal users do not typically have permissions for, the user can type:

<pre>[JOE@clone7 ~]$ sudo rm -r Example.php
[sudo] password for JOE:

[JOE@clone7 ~]$</pre>

When the password is entered correctly (assuming proper entries in the sudoers file), the computer would then run the command.

Programs with a graphical user interface can also be run with sudo, but it may mess them up. Various desktops for Unix-like systems usually have their own version of sudo for such programs.
Castling's Heath

**Castling's Heath** is a hamlet in the civil parish of Groton, in the Babergh district, in the county of Suffolk, England. It has three listed buildings, including Castling's Hall, Castling's Heath Cottage and Manor Farmhouse. There is also Dove Barn in Castling's Heath for weddings.

## Infobox (uk place)

- **country**: England
- **official name**: Castling's Heath
- **population**: 20
- **shire district**: Babergh
- **shire county**: Suffolk
- **region**: East of England
- **static image**: Lane junction near Castling's Heath - geograph.org.uk - 1474175.jpg
- **static image caption**: Lane junction near Castling's Heath
Neuroblastoma

**Neuroblastoma** is a kind of cancer that usually occurs in children and infants. This kind of cancer mostly affects the Autonomic nervous system. The cancer creates tumors, but the cells or pieces of the tumors do not fully finish growing. There are about 650 cases per year in the United States. About half of these cases occur in children younger than two years old. The tumors can grow from any  neural crest element of the sympathetic nervous system. Most of the time, it comes from one of the adrenal glands. It can also start growing in nerve tissues in the neck, chest, abdomen, or pelvis.

Neuroblastoma is one of the few malignant types of cancer that sometimes goes away on its own, for no obvious reason.

## Types and forms

The illness can have many different forms. There are three risk categories (types): low, intermediate (medium), and high risk. Low-risk disease is most common in infants, who usually get better, though they may need to have surgery. High-risk disease is very difficult for doctors to make better.

Esthesioneuroblastoma, which is also called "olfactory neuroblastoma", comes from the olfactory epithelium and doctors are still not sure what type of cancer it is. It is not a cancer of the sympathetic nervous system, and is not the same thing as neuroblastoma.
Navigator

**Navigator** means more than one thing.

- Someone who does navigation, which is going somewhere without getting lost
- Netscape Navigator, a web browser for computers
- Lincoln Navigator, a car
Alfa Romeo 156

The **Alfa Romeo 156** is a car produced by Alfa Romeo. It replaced the Alfa Romeo 155 in late 1997 and was replaced by the Alfa Romeo 159 in late 2005. The Sportwagon was added in 2000 and received a new dashboard in 2002. The exterior was facelifted in 2003. It was the first car to feature hidden rear door handles, a design feature first seen on the Nissan Pathfinder SUV, an idea which has since been copied by other brands.

## Engines

- _1.6 T. Spark_ 88 kW (120 hp)
- _1.8 T. Spark_ 103 kW (140 hp) and 106 kW (144 hp)
- _2.0 T. Spark_ 110 kW (150 hp) and 114 kW (155 hp)
- _2.0 JTS_ 121 kW (165 hp)
- _2.5 V6_ 140 kW (190 hp) and 141 kW (192 hp)
- _GTA_ 184 kW (250 hp)
- _1.9 JTD_ 77 kW (105 hp), 81 kW (110 hp), 85 kW (115 hp) and 103 kW (140 hp)
- _1.9 Multijet_ 110 kW (150 hp)
- _2.4 JTD_ 100 kW (136 hp), 103 kW (140 hp) and 110 kW (150 hp)
- _2.4 Multijet_ 129 kW (175 hp)
Engelbert Humperdinck (composer)

**Engelbert Humperdinck** (1 September 1854 – 27 September 1921) was a German composer. Today, he is seen as part of the Romantic movement. Most people remember him for his opera, _Hänsel und Gretel_ which was first performed in 1893.

British singer, Arnold George Dorsey (born 1936), uses the name "Engelbert Humperdinck" as his stage name. He wanted the name to make him seem more cultured and refined.
Solar power plant

A **solar power plant** is based on the conversion of sunlight into electricity, either directly using photovoltaics (PV), or indirectly using _concentrated solar power_ (CSP). Concentrated solar power systems use lenses, mirrors, and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. Photovoltaics converts light into electric current using the photoelectric effect. The largest photovoltaic power plant in the world was the 354 MW Solar Energy Generating Systems (SEGS) CSP installation located in the Mojave Desert, California.  Other large CSP plants include the 250 MW Agua Caliente Solar Project in Arizona, the Solnova Solar Power Station (150 MW, 250 MW when finished), and the Andasol solar power station (150 MW), both in Spain.

Concentrated solar power plants first appeared in the 1980s. Solar power is increasingly used.

The solar power plant is based on the conversion of sunlight into electricity. As the use of solar energy has been increased nowadays. Not only we save the electricity with the help of a solar power plant but it also contributes towards the environment. It converts solar energy into electricity either directly using photovoltaics.

It is in great use as it is least expensive and provides electricity with sunlight. The utilization of these products is increasing day by day after knowing the importance of solar energy use. the government is also taking initiatives to aware the people about solar products by introducing incentive schemes.

Installing solar power plant is quite beneficial in every aspect not only your pocket but the entire globe. This solar equipment is used in an active manner and converts the solar energy into a useable form which can be used for powering all sort of appliances.

Concentrated solar power system use mirrors, lenses and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. The photoelectric effect coverts the light into electric current. All the countries all over the globe have decided to bring the solar products into great use.

As everyone is aware nowadays to contribute towards the globe, our environment with the help of solar energy. Apart from this, it is a one-time investment and there will no longer need to spend on heavy electricity cost again and again.

## Related pages

- Nuclear power plant
- Solar thermal energy
- Wave power
Jersey (disambiguation)

**Jersey** is an island in the English Channel.

**Other places:**
- New Jersey, a U.S. state often shortened to "Jersey"
- Jersey, Arkansas, a town in the United States
- Jersey, Georgia, a town in the United States

**Things:**
- Jersey (clothing)
- Jersey (fabric)

**Other:**
- Jersey (band), a Canadian ska music group
Jersey (fabric)

**Jersey** is a type of fabric which is mainly used for clothing. Originally it was made of wool, but today other materials, such as cotton or synthetic fibers are also used. Since the Middle Ages, the island of Jersey exported a lot of knitted goods; the fabric used became well-known under the name.
Brown hair

**Brown hair,** also called **brunette hair**, is the second most common hair color. It varies from light brown to black. People with brown hair are known as brunettes. Brown hair is common in Indo European and West Eurasian people. However, people with brown or black hair are found all across the world.
Joy Behar

**Joy Behar** is an American actress, comedian and writer. She co-hosts the television program _The View_ on ABC. Behar has been in a number of movies and other television programs. She currently hosts _The Joy Behar Show_. She was born October 7, 1942.
Cameron Mitchell

**Cameron Mitchell** (November 4, 1918 - July 6, 1994), was an American actor.

## Career

Born in Pennsylvania, U.S.. His first role was in a short movie _The Last Installment: A Crime Does Not Pay Subject_ (1945), That same year he was cast in _What Next, Corporal Hargrove?_  by Richard Thorpe.  Also had a role in the movie _They Were Expendable_ (1945), John Wayne.  In 1948 he landed the role of Lieutenant Ansel Goldberg, in the classic war movie _Command Decision_, with Clark Gable.

The decade of 1950s was very good for Mitchell, working in many movies such as _Smuggler's Gold_ (1951), the Sci Fi Movie _Flight to Mars_ (1951).

In the early 1960s, Mitchell has great success in Europe he starring in movies: _Erik the Conqueror_ (1961) - _Caesar the Conqueror_ (1962) - _Attack of the Normans_ (1962) - _The Black Duke_ (1963) -_Last Gun_ (1964), _Minnesota Clay_ (1964), _In the Shadow of the Eagles_ (1966) - _I coltelli del vendicatore_ (1966), _Island of the Doomed_ (1967).

In 1970 Mitchell starred in the cult movie _The Rebel Rousers_, with Jack Nicholson, and directed by Martin B. Cohen. He plays a man who is harassed by a motorcycle gang from hell.

He also co-starred in the movies: _Hombre_ (1967), a western with Paul Newman, _The Other Side of the Wind_ (1972), directed by Orson Welles,  _Buck and the Preacher_ (1973), with Sidney Poitier, _The Midnight Man_ (1974), starring and directed by Burt Lancaster, and _The Klansman_ (1974), with Lee Marvin.

In the decade of the 1980s, Mitchell starred only in low-budget movie. Among his movies of the 80s are _The Silent Scream_ (1980), _The Nightmare Never Ends_ (1980), _The Guns and the Fury_ (1981), _The Tomb_ (1986), with John Carradine, and _The Offspring_ (1987), with Vincent Price.

## Television

In 1967 he was hired to play the role of Buck Cannon in _The High Chaparral_, with Leif Erickson as Big John Cannon. The series was a success and remained four seasons between 1967 and 1971.

He also worked in American television from its origins, in 1962, is the narrator of the TV series _The Beachcomber_. He was also guest starred in TV series _Colt .45_, _Wagon Train_, _The Untouchables_, _Bonanza_, _Daniel Boone_, _Cade's County_, _Alias Smith and Jones_, _Mission: Impossible_, _Night Gallery_, _Gunsmoke_, _Police Story_, _Magnum, P.I._, _Matt Houston_, and others.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Cameron Mitchell
- **image**: Cameron Mitchell in Love Me or Leave Me trailer.jpg
- **birth name**: Cameron McDowell Mitzell
- **birth date**: November 4, 1918
- **birth place**: Dallastown, Pennsylvania, U.S.
- **death date**: July 6, 1994
- **death place**: Pacific Palisades, California, U.S.
- **nationality**: American
- **occupation**: actor
Freckle

**Freckles** are clusters of concentrated melanin that are most often visible with a fair skin complexion. Freckles are predominantly found on the face, although they may appear on any skin exposed to the sun, such as the lips, neck, arms, neck, shoulders, back and chest.

They are an inherited trait, caused by variation in the MC1R gene that is involved in the determination of red hair, fair skin, and freckles. Freckle formation is triggered through exposure to sunlight.

Two types of melanin, the red pheomelanin and the black eumelanin, are present in human skin. Eumelanin protects against sunlight. People with red hair have mostly pheomelanin in their hair and skin and/or a reduced ability to produce eumelanin. This may explain why they fail to tan and are at risk from the ultraviolet radiation in sunlight.

About 1.5 billion people in the world have freckles. About 75 per cent of Filipino people have freckles.
Lemon verbena

**Lemon verbena** (_Aloysia citrodora_) is a type of flowering plant in the verbena family. It can also be called **lemon beebrush**. Its tiny flowers bloom purple or white in late summer.

## Uses

Lemon verbena leaves are used to add a lemony taste to fish and poultry dishes, vegetable marinades, salad dressings, jams, puddings, and beverages. It also is used to make herb tea.
Anacardiaceae

**Anacardiaceae** (also known as the **cashew family** or **sumac family**) is a family of flowering plants in the order Sapindales, with about 70 genera and 650 species of evergreen or deciduous trees, shrubs, and woody vines. Are plants including cashew, mango and pistachio. It is native to tropical and subtropical areas of the world, but a few species occur in temperate regions.
Charlotte's Web

***Charlotte's Web*** is a children's novel by E. B. White. First published in 1952, it was illustrated by Garth Williams and won many awards.

Three movies are based on the book:
- _Charlotte's Web_ (1973), an animated movie made by Hanna-Barbera productions.
- _Charlotte's Web 2: Wilbur's Great Adventure_ (2003), the sequel to the 1973 movie.
- _Charlotte's Web_ (2006), a live-action movie based on the book, starring Julia Roberts and Dakota Fanning.

## Infobox (book)

- **name**: Charlotte's Web
- **author**: E. B. White
- **illustrator**: Garth Williams
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **genre**: Children's literature
- **publisher**: HarperCollins
- **release date**: 1952
- **pages**: 192 pp
Golpar

**Golpar** (_Heracleum persicum_), also known as **Persian hogweed**, is a flowering plant. It grows wild in mountains.

## Uses

Golpar seeds are used as a spice in Persian cooking. These seedpods are slightly bitter. They are usually sold in powder and are often sold as "Angelica Seeds." The powder is sprinkled over beans and potatoes. Golpar is also used in soups and stews. It is often sprinkled over pomegranate seeds. Golpar is also mixed with vinegar into which lettuce leaves are dipped before eating.
Tsunami warning system

**Tsunami warning system** or **TWS** detects tsunamis and issues warnings to prevent loss of life and property. It consists of two equally important components: a _network of sensors_ to detect tsunamis and a _communications infrastructure_ to issue timely alarms to start evacuation before the big waves reach the land to let the people rush to safety.

There are two distinct types of tsunami warning systems: _international_ and _regional_. Both of those systems depend on the fact that _tsunami waves_ travel, approximately, 15-30 times slower than _seismic waves_.
The Sceptical Chymist

***The Sceptical Chymist*** is a cornerstone book in the history of chemistry.

It was written by Robert Boyle FRS (1627–1691). He was a 17th century natural philosopher, chemist, physicist, and inventor.

Boyle was an alchemist, but also the first modern chemist. He is famous for Boyle's law, which is about the relationship between the temperature and pressure of a gas.
Tsunami protection engineering

**Tsunami protection engineering** is intended to prevent or mitigate possible tsunami damage and save lives. The best method of protection seems to be the use of seawalls in front of ports and cities. Another effective method from a tsunami is proper planting trees. Some villages in India, for example, had minimal casualties in the 2004 tsunami because they had planted trees along the coastline.

Tsunami protection engineering should also foresee and prevent situations like one that happened at Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant when the main power went down, backup generators failed and cooling water could not get to the nuclear fuel. The overheating that followed led to explosions, fires and dangerous release of radiation.
The Descent of Man

***The Descent of Man, and selection in relation to sex*** is a book by Charles Darwin, first published in 1871.

It was Darwin's second great book on evolutionary theory, with the first being his 1859 work, _On the Origin of Species_.

Darwin had said almost nothing about human beings in the _Origin_, except a single sentence:

"_Light will be thrown on the origin of man and his history_".

In _The Descent of Man_, Darwin applies evolutionary theory to human evolution, and also explains his theory of sexual selection. He thought the two topics were closely connected.

In the nearly 12 years between the _Origin_ and the _Descent of Man_, several writers had written works on the subject. Noteworthy were:

- _Man's Place in Nature_ by Thomas Henry Huxley.
- _The Antiquity of Man_ by Charles Lyell.

Both were published in 1863.

### Sexual dimorphism

The starting point for sexual selection is the observation that males differ from females, not just in sexual apparatus, but in many other traits. This is true of many animals, and the question is why this happens. The answer given by Darwin, and followed by many other biologists, is that the selection on males is different from the selection on females.

### Sexual selection in Man

Sexual selection is the theory proposed by Charles Darwin that states that certain evolutionary traits can be explained by intraspecific competition (competition between members of the same species).

Darwin defined sexual selection as the effects of the "struggle between the individuals of one sex, generally the males, for the possession of the other sex".

Biologists today distinguish between "male to male combat" or "intrasexual selection" (it is usually males that fight each other), "mate choice" or "intersexual selection" (usually female choice of male mates) and sexual conflict.

Secondary sex characteristics are features that distinguish the two sexes of a species, but are not directly part of the reproductive system. They are believed to be the product of sexual selection for traits which give an individual an advantage over its rivals in courtship and fighting.

Traits selected by male combat are called "weapons"; and traits selected by mate choice are called "ornaments".
Fearne Cotton

**Fearne Cotton** (born 3 September 1981) is an English television and radio presenter. She is known for presenting a number of popular TV programmes such as _Top of the Pops_ and the _Red Nose Day_ _telethon_. Cotton joined BBC Radio 1 in September 2005.  In 2007, she became the first regular female presenter of BBC Radio 1's _Chart Show_. She now presents BBC Radio 1's weekday mid-morning programme. In 2008 Cotton moved to the United States to present _The Guinness Book of Records - Live_. In 2015, Cotton returned to children’s television by voicing a Voice Trumpet in the 2015 reboot of Teletubbies.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Fearne Cotton
- **image**: Fearne Cotton 2014.jpg
- **caption**: Cotton at the 2014 Ambassador for Tesco Mum of the Year Awards
- **birth place**: Northwood, London, Northwood, London, England
- **nationality**: British people, British
- **education**: Haydon School
- **employer**: BBC Radio 1
- **occupation**: Radio and television presenter
Voice acting, voice-over artist
- **years active**: 1998–present
- **predecessor**: Jo Whiley
- **successor**: **Incumbent**
- **parents**: Lin and Mick Cotton
- **relatives**: Bill Cotton (first cousin, twice removed, dead)
- **website**: [http://www.officialfearnecotton.com/ OfficialFearneCottonWebsite]
[http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio1/fearnecotton/ BBC Radio 1 minisite]
Minecraft

***Minecraft*** is a 2011 sandbox game made and published by Mojang Studios. More than 350 million copies of the game have been sold as of 2025. This makes it the best-selling video game of all time. It has been ported to multiple other platforms, including mobile devices and other video game consoles.

In _Minecraft_, players explore an open world filled with many 3D items. All of these items are made of cubes called "blocks," and all blocks can be placed down and most items can be used. These include basic terrain and resources such as dirt, stone, wood, and sand. There are also items the player can use, such as crafting tables, furnaces, blast furnaces, looms, and stonecutters among others. Players can use these to make new items such as tools and armor, as well as different kinds of blocks. Players can then build structures using these blocks, such as buildings, statues, pixel art, and more.

## Infobox (video game)

- **title**: Minecraft
- **image**: Minecraft key-art "useless" version.png
- **caption**: Key art
- **developer**: Mojang Studios
- **series**: _Minecraft_
- **composer**: C418
- **genre**: Sandbox game, Sandbox, Survival game, survival
- **modes**: Single-player, multiplayer
Marylebone station

**Marylebone station**, also known as **London Marylebone**, is a central London railway terminus and London Underground station. It is halfway between the mainline stations at Euston (WCML) and Paddington (GWML), being about 1 mile (1.6 km) from each. It was opened on 15 March 1899 by the Great Central Railway.

## Related pages

- The Landmark London - the present name of the former Great Central Hotel

## Other websites

- Train times and station information for Marylebone railway station from National Rail (Station code: MYB)
- Marylebone Station at Chiltern Railways

## Infobox (london station)

- **name**: Marylebone
- **alt name**: London Marylebone
- **manager**: Chiltern Railways
- **owner**: Network Rail
- **locale**: Marylebone
- **borough**: City of Westminster
- **platforms**: 6
- **access**: yes
- **fare zone**: 1
- **railcode**: MYB
- **image name**: Marylebone station entrance.JPG
- **caption**: Main Entrance
- **map type**: Central London
- **years1**: 1899
- **years2**: 1966
- **years3**: 1996
- **years4**: 2006
- **years5**: 2008
- **years6**: 2011
- **events1**: Opened
- **events2**: GCML beyond Aylesbury closed
- **events3**: Birmingham services begin
- **events4**: Two new platforms built
- **events5**: Services to Wrexham begin
- **events6**: Services to Wrexham end
- **railexits0405**: 6.949
- **railexits0506**: 6.819
- **railexits0607**: 11.639
- **railexits0708**: 11.559
- **railexits0809**: 11.645
- **railexits0910**: 11.758
- **railexits1011**: 13.200
- **railexits1112**: 14.410
- **tubeexits07**: 10.801
- **tubeexits08**: 11.380
- **tubeexits09**: 11.730
- **interchange**: Baker Street tube station, Baker Street
- **interchange1**: Edgware Road tube station, Edgware Road (Circle)
- **interchange2**: Paddington station, Paddington (National Rail)
Lucy Pinder

**Lucy Katherine Pinder** (born 20 December 1983) is an English glamour model. She is from Winchester, Hampshire.
She was discovered sunbathing on Bournemouth beach in 2003 and from there went on to become one of Britain’s most successful glamour models, appearing on countless magazine covers such as Nuts, Loaded, FHM and Maxim magazine and became a regular on the noughties sexiest lists.
TV credits include Soccer Am, T4,the Real Hustle, Bo Selecta, the Weakest Link and Celebrity Big Brother.
She embarked on an acting career with starring roles in Brit comedy Me Myself and Di, The Royals and Age of Kill.
As well as pursuing an acting career she is cohost of podcast ‘Smashing Sundays’ alongside comedy writer Beth Granville.

## Infobox (model)

- **name**: Lucy Pinder
- **image**: Lucy Pinder 2.jpg
- **image size**: 200px
- **birth name**: Lucy Katherine Pinder
- **birth place**: Winchester, Hampshire, England
- **nationality**: English people, English
- **years active**: 2003–present
- **height**: 1.65 m
- **hair color**: Brown
- **eye color**: Brown
- **agency**: International Artists Management