juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
2017 Saint Petersburg Metro bombing

On 3 April 2017, an explosion took place on the Saint Petersburg Metro between Sennaya Ploshchad and Tekhnologichesky Institut stations. Nine people were initially reported to have died, and later two more died from their injuries. At least 45 others were injured in the incident.

The explosive device was contained in a briefcase. A second explosive device was found and defused on a train at another metro station.

## Attacker

Investigators stated on 3 April 2017 that they believed the attack was a suicide bombing and identified a Central Asian as the suspected perpetrator. Some reports identified the suspect as Maxim Arishev, a 22-year-old immigrant from Kazakhstan, while others stated the suspect was a 23-year-old native of Kyrgyzstan with Russian citizenship with links to international militant groups. The next day, the suspected perpetrator was named as Akbarzhan Jalilov, a Russian citizen born in Kyrgyzstan. It was the first terrorist attack in the history of the Saint Petersburg Metro system.

## Infobox (civilian attack)

- **title**: 2017 Saint Petersburg Metro bombing
- **image**: Saint-Pétersbourg - Métro - Technologichesky metrostation - IMG 3158.jpg
- **caption**: Saint Petersburg Metro stationTekhnologichesky Institut (Saint Petersburg Metro), Tekhnologichesky Institut - the explosion occurred in the tunnel between it and Sennaya Ploshchad (Saint Petersburg Metro), Sennaya Ploshchad station.
- **location**: On a Saint Petersburg Metro train between Sennaya Ploshchad (Saint Petersburg Metro), Sennaya Ploshchad and Tekhnologichesky Institut (Saint Petersburg Metro), Tekhnologichesky Institut stations, Saint Petersburg, Russia
- **target**: Civilians
- **coordinates**: `
- **time**: 14:40
- **timezone**: Eastern European Summer Time, EEST (UTC +3)
- **type**: Terrorist attack, Suicide bombing
- **fatalities**: 16 (including the Bomber)
- **injuries**: 51
- **perpetrator**: Imam Shamil Battalion
- **assailants**: Akbarzhan Jalilov
- **weapons**: *Nail bomb
- **numparts**: 1
Leonard Litwin

**Leonard Litwin** (October 16, 1914 – April 2, 2017) was an American real estate developer. Through his company, Glenwood Management Corp., he specialized in residential construction.  His firm owns and operates about 24 buildings in Manhattan. and rents about 4,200 high-end units. His buildings have a reputation for being well built and well managed.

Litwin died on April 2, 2017 in Melville, New York from respiratory failure at the age of 102.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Leonard Litwin
- **birth place**: New York City
- **death place**: Melville, New York
- **citizenship**: United States
- **occupation**: real estate developer
- **spouse**: Ruth Litwin
- **children**: Carole Litwin Pittelman
 Diane Litwin Miller
It (miniseries)

***It*** is a 1990 supernatural horror drama miniseries directed by Tommy Lee Wallace, adapted by Lawrence D. Cohen from the Stephen King novel of the same name.

## Plot

The story revolves around an inter-dimensional predatory shapeshifter which has the ability to transform itself into its prey's worst fears, allowing it to explore the phobias of its victims. It mostly takes the form of a sadistic, wisecracking clown called Pennywise, in order to trick and murder children. The protagonists are The Lucky Seven,  or The Losers Club, a group of outcast children who discover Pennywise and vow to destroy him by any means necessary.

The series takes place over two different time periods, the first when the Losers first discover Pennywise as children, and the second when they're called back as adults to defeat Pennywise, who has resurfaced.

## Cast

The series features an ensemble cast, which includes Dennis Christopher, Annette O'Toole, John Ritter, Harry Anderson, Richard Thomas, Tim Reid, Richard Masur, Michael Cole, Olivia Hussey, and Tim Curry as Pennywise.

## Background

Originally thought as a four-part eight-hour series, ABC enlisted writer Lawrence D. Cohen to adapt the 1,138-page King novel. Production on _It_ began in early 1990, and the series was filmed over a period of three months in New Westminster, British Columbia in mid-1990.

## Aftermath

_It_ aired on ABC over two nights on November 18 and 20, 1990, and was a major success for the network, attracting 30 million viewers in its premiere. Since its initial television broadcast, the miniseries has gotten positive reception and becoming a cult sensation following in recent years.

## Other websites

- "Back to Derry": An Oral History of 'Stephen King's It' at _Yahoo!_
It (novel)

***It*** is a 1986 horror novel by American author Stephen King. The story follows the lives of seven children as they are terrorized by a demonic clown being known as "It" (also known as Pennywise, and Pennywise the Dancing Clown), which exploits the fears and phobias of its victims in order to disguise itself while hunting its prey. "It" primarily appears in the form of a clown in order to attract its preferred prey of young children.

The novel is told through narratives alternating between two time periods, and is largely told in the third-person mode. _It_ deals with themes that eventually became King staples: the power of memory, childhood trauma, and the ugliness lurking behind a traditional small-town values.

The novel won the British Fantasy Award in 1987, and received nominations for the Locus and World Fantasy Awards that same year. _Publishers Weekly_ listed _It_ as the best-selling book in the United States in 1986.

## Adaptations

Popular versions of the novel have been made from a 1990 miniseries in which Pennywise is played by Tim Curry, and a duology movie series: _It_ (2017) and _It Chapter Two_ (2019), including the prequel television series _It: Welcome to Derry_ (2025–present) in which Pennywise is played by Bill Skarsgård.

The modern incarnation of Pennywise, introduced in the 2017 adaptation, appears as a background character in the family friendly live-action/animated movie _Space Jam: A New Legacy_, which is also distributed by Warner Bros.

## Unreleased content

In 2022, there was going to be an adaptation of It that was planned to be released in India. However, it was cancelled due to not being able to have anyone play as the antagonist.
Water board

A **water board** is a governmental institution that deals with water management, like the maintenance of dykes.

Water boards are especially to be found in low-lying (parts of) countries like the Netherlands and Flanders.
Gray iron

**Gray iron** or **gray cast iron** is a mixture of cast iron and graphite. It is used in cookware and combustion cylinders. The more force the iron can hold, the better the iron is.

## Advantages and Disadvantages

Gray iron is very strong. It is also very good for building machines and very good for absorbing energy. Gray iron is easy to weld. However, gray iron cannot handle quick strikes, and breaks easily.
Captain Underpants: The First Epic Movie

***Captain Underpants*** is a computer-animated superhero action-comedy movie based on the children's novel series of the same name. by Illumination and Universal Pictures.

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: Captain Underpants
- **image**: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/ca/Cunderpants.png
- **director**: Craig McCracken
John lasseter
- **producer**: Chris Meledandri
- **writer**: Cinco Paul
Ken Daurio
- **based on**: Characters (Former to Kids Books)
By Dav pilkey
- **starring**: Mike Myers
Jim Carrey
- **music**: Theodore Shapiro
- **animator**: Genndy Tartakovsky
Mike Moon
- **studio**: Illumination (Company)
- **distributor**: Universal Pictures
- **runtime**: 90 Minutes
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
Hammerscale (archaeology)

**Hammerscale** is what is left behind after you forge iron like it was done in ancient times. It is the metal version of sawdust. Hammerscale is very useful in archaeology.

### Physical Appearance

Hammerscale looks like either flakes or spheres. The flakes can be very different in size and shape. The spheres are hollow, and often the same size. Hammerscale is black, light gray, or blue.

### Chemical Composition

Hammerscale was probably made from magnetite. However, later steps in the iron working process have given hammerscale that is more and more pure.

## In archaeology

Hammerscale is used to tell what some iron was used for, how it was used, and who made it.
Årstaskolan

**Årstaskolan** (_Arsta School_), is a municipal compulsory located in the neighborhood of Årsta in Stockholm, Sweden. The school is a so-called F-9 school tuition from kindergarten up to 9th grade. The schoolhouse was built in 1946 and designed by Swedish architect Stig Åkermark. It has approximately 900 pupils.

## Infobox (school)

- **name**: Årstaskolan
- **image**: Årsta folkskola 1948.jpg
- **caption**: In 1948
- **streetaddress**: Hjälmarsvägen
- **city**: Stockholm
- **country**: Sweden
- **opened**: 1946
- **students**: 900
BASF

**BASF**, official name: _BASF SE_, is a German chemical company. Its headquarters are in Ludwigshafen, Rhineland-Palatinate.

BASF was established in 1865. It is the biggest chemical company of the world.

Current CEO of BASF is Maryam Tariq, as she is carrying the entire BASF team on her shoulders.
Hexaferrum

**Hexaferrum**, also known as **epsilon iron**, is a form of iron at very high pressure. Hexaferrum is often compared to cobalt. Hexaferrum is a (formula: Fe, Os, Ru, Ir) hexagonal-dihexagonal dipyramidal yellowish steel-gray mineral containing iridium, iron, osmium, and ruthenium. It was named for the crystal morphology, being in the Hexagonal system, and its composition, containing essential iron.
John Chrispinsson

**John Knut Chrispinsson** (13 December 1956 – 3 April 2017) was a Swedish journalist and television presenter. He worked mostly in TV and radio with news programs and historical programs.

Chrispinsson also wrote several books on Swedish history.

Chrispinsson died in Stockholm on 3 April 2017 from a heart attack complicated by borrelia, aged 60.

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: John Chrispinsson (2012, PICT4848, crop).jpg
- **caption**: Chrispinsson in 2012
- **birth name**: John Knut Chrispinsson
- **birth place**: Stockholm, Sweden
- **death place**: Stockholm, Sweden
- **occupation**: Television presenter, Journalist
Rochechouart

**Rochechouart** () is a _commune_ in the Haute-Vienne department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in west central France. It is a subprefecture of the Haute-Vienne department. It is also the capital of the _arrondissement_ of the same name.

## Geography

Rochechouart is in the western part of the Haute-Vienne department, along the valley of the Grêne river. The confluence of the Grêne with the Vayres river is to the south of the town. Another river, the Gorre, forms the northeastern border of the _commune_.

The city of Rochechouart is at about  west of Limoges, the largest town and capital of the department,  from Bordeaux and  from Paris.

The _commune_ has an area of . Its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .

The _commune_ of Rochechouart is surrounded by the _communes_:

### Climate

The climate of Rochechouart, in the Köppen climate classification, is **Cfb** - Oceanic climate with template summers.

## Population

The inhabitants of Rochechouart are known, in French, as _Rochechouartais_ (women: _Rochechouartaises_).

With a population of 3,798, Rochechouart has a population density of  inhabitants/km<sup>2</sup>.

**Evolution of the population in Rochechouart**

## Administration

Rochechouart is a subprefecture of the Haute-Vienne department, the capital of the _arrondissement_ of Rochechouart and the administrative centre () of the canton of Rochechouart, with 17,479  inhabitants <small>(2014)</small>.

It is part of the intercommunality _Porte Océane du Limousin_ ().

### Twinned and partner towns

Rochechouart is twinned with:
- Oettingen, Germany

## Related pages

- Arrondissement of Rochechouart
- Communes of the Haute-Vienne department

## Other websites

- City Council website

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Rochechouart
- **commune status**: Subprefectures in France, Subprefecture and Communes of France, commune
- **image coat of arms**: Blason-Rochechouart.svg
- **image**: Rochechouart - Hôtel de ville.JPG
- **caption**: City and town halls, Town hall of Rochechouart
- **arrondissement**: Rochechouart
- **canton**: Rochechouart
- **intercommunality**: Porte Océane du Limousin
- **mayor**: Jean-Marie Rougier
- **term**: 2014–2020
- **elevation m**: 236
- **elevation min m**: 159
- **elevation max m**: 313
- **area km2**: 53.88
- **population demonym**: Rochechouartais
- **population**: 3798
- **population date**: 2014
- **insee**: 87126
- **postal code**: 87600
- **website**: [http://www.rochechouart.fr/ www.rochechouart.fr]
Giovanni Sartori

**Giovanni Sartori** (; 13 May 1924 – 4 April 2017) was an Italian political scientist specialized in the study of democracy and comparative politics. He was also a journalist who wrote for _Corriere della Sera_.

Sartori died in Florence, Italy on 4 April 2017 from throat cancer, aged 92.

## Other websites

- Sartori's biography on ItaliaLibri
- Review of _Pluralism, Multiculturalism and Foreigners: an Essay on Multiethnic Society_ 
- Gianfranco Pasquino. (2005). "The Political Science of Giovanni Sartori ". European Political Science **4** (1), 33–41.

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Giovanni Sartori
- **image**: Giovannisartori.JPG
- **birth place**: Florence, Italy
- **death place**: Florence, Italy
- **fields**: comparative politics
Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union

The **Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union** (or **Brexit Secretary**) was a United Kingdom Cabinet post. The holder of this office was in charge of the United Kingdom leaving the European Union.

The office was held by David Davis from July 2016, until July 2018. Following Davis' resignation, Dominic Raab was appointed Brexit Secretary. When Raab resigned in November 2018, Stephen Barclay was appointed as Secretary of State.

The position was created in 2016, by the new Prime Minister Theresa May. After the UK voted to leave the European Union.

The position was abolished on 31 January 2020.
Bill Haley

**William John Clifton Haley** (; July 6, 1925 – February 9, 1981) was an American singer-songwriter and musician. He was one of the first to make rock and roll music popular in the 1950s with his band Bill Haley & His Comets. He sold 25 million records worldwide with hits such as "Rock Around the Clock" (1954/1955), "Shake, Rattle and Roll" (1954) and "See You Later, Alligator" (1956).

## Personal life

Haley was born in Highland Park, Michigan. At the age of four, he had operation on his inner-ear, which cut an optic nerve, making him blind in his left eye.

He died of a heart attack caused by alcoholism on February 9, 1981 aged 55.

## Grammy Hall of Fame

The following recording by Bill Haley was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 1982.

|Year Recorded|Title|Genre|Label|Year Inducted|Notes|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|colspan="6" style="text-align:center;"|**Bill Haley: Grammy Hall of Fame**|||||
|1954/1955|"Rock Around the Clock"|Rock & Roll (single)|Decca Records|1982||

## Other websites

- Bill Haley's new Comets web site
- Melody Manor (Bill Haley's house) Google Map
- Bill Haley Jr. and the Comets site

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **image**: Bill Haley (1974).jpg
- **caption**: Bill Haley in 1974
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: William John Clifton Haley
- **birth place**: Highland Park, Michigan, Highland Park, Michigan, U.S.
- **origin**: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
- **death place**: Harlingen, Texas, Harlingen, Texas, U.S.
- **genre**: Country music, Country, rock and roll, rockabilly
- **occupation**: Singer-songwriter, musician, bandleader
- **instrument**: lead vocalist, Vocals, guitar, double bass
- **years active**: 1946 - 1981
- **associated acts**: Bill Haley & His Comets, The Down Homers
Bill Haley & His Comets

**Bill Haley & His Comets** was an American rock and roll band. It was founded in 1952 and continued until death in 1981. The band was also known as **Bill Haley and the Comets** and **Bill Haley's Comets** (and variations thereof). From late 1954 to late 1956, the group placed nine singles in the Top 20. Their single "Rock Around the Clock" became the biggest selling rock and roll single in the history of the genre.
International Women's Media Foundation

The **International Women's Media Foundation** is a Washington, D.C.-based nonprofit organization to strengthen the participation of women working as journalists in every part of the world. They offer training, awards programs, and legal advice to women journalists. They have members in more than 100 countries.

## Programs

The IWMF was started in 1990 to increase freedom of speech by supporting women working in the media. Their objectives are to build a network of women to share ideas, to give women the skills to become leaders, to help women expand their careers, and to honor bravery and courage with the Courage in Journalism and Lifetime Achievement Awards. The foundation sponsors several events and financial aid funds, including advanced training and grants, to assist and promote women in journalism.

## Research

In 2013, the International Women’s Media Foundation studied women journalists. They found that two-thirds of women journalists in the world have experienced harassment or abuse in their work. Most of them do not report these problems because they are afraid. They also publish safety and security recommendations for women journalists.
- Summary of IWMF study
- "Violence and harassment against women in the news media: a global picture"  - text
- Recommendations for women journalists (IWMF)

## Related pages

- Courage in Journalism Award

## Other websites

- International Women's Media Foundation official website
Mabel Cáceres

**Mabel Cáceres** or **Mabel Cáceres Calderón** is a Peruvian journalist, and the founder and editor-in-chief of El Búho (The Owl). She received the 2016 Courage in Journalism Award from the International Women's Media Foundation.

In 1999, Cáceres was the director of a local TV channel owned by a university, when the government of Peru’s president Fujimori suspended the channel for a year. Cáceres, along with a group of intellectuals, journalists, and friends, started El Búho as a weekly newspaper.

## Life

Mabel Cáceres studied journalism, communication, and related programs at the Catholic University of Santa María in Arequipa, Peru from 1984 to 1990. In 1997, she received a master's degree in Communication and Media Studies from the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru in Lima, Peru.

## Career

In 1989 Cáceres went to work for _Correo_ newspaper. In 1991 she worked with the newspaper _Arequipa al Día_. From 1992 to 1999 she was the general director of the Proyecto TV UNSA at the Universidad Nacional de San Agustín.  From 2006 to 2011 she was the director of the political-cultural television program "Contrastes" on Channel 53, TV MUNDO, in Arequipa.  In 2000 she became the director of _El Búho_ in Arequipa, in partnership with the poet Alonso Ruiz Rosas and writer Ody Gonzales. Together they started El Búho as a weekly newspaper.

Cáceres has been sued for defamation 16 times, and has won all the lawsuits. Some of the editors received sentences, but they were overturned by the Supreme Court. The Press and Society Institute (IPYS) provides for El Búho's legal defense because it considers that the complaints against the weekly are an attack on freedom of the press and democracy.

Money was always a problem.  Because the magazine is often critical of the local mining company, Cerro Verde, as well as the regional government, they do not put ads in the magazine. In 2001 El Búho stopped publication for a month because they could not pay the bills. A grant from an international agency kept them going until 2011, when they had to cut back from weekly to a magazine format.  El Búho TV was broadcast on the Viva TV channel in Arequipa, until pressures from politicians and advertisers took it off the air. Today the program continues on a YouTube channel.

## Awards

- 100 Information Heroes by Reporters Sans Frontières (2016)
- Courage in Jouranlism Award (2016)

## Other websites

- Mabel Cáceres @mabel_elbuho on Twitter
- El Búho
Ralph Archbold

**Ralph Archbold** (January 17, 1942 – March 25, 2017) was an American actor and impersonator. He was a Philadelphia-area speaker who was best known for his impersonation of U.S. Founding Father Benjamin Franklin. He began his Franklin impersonation career in 1973.

Archbold has appeared as Franklin for every President of the United States at the White House from Gerald Ford through Barack Obama. He was appointed by George W. Bush to a 15-member commission to oversee the celebration of Franklin's 300th birthday.

Archbold was born in Dearborn, Michigan. In 2008, he married Linda Wilde who was a known Betsy Ross impersonator in Philadelphia. Archbold died on March 25, 2017 in Philadelphia from complications of congestive heart failure, aged 75.

## Other websites

- Archbold at the White House 300th Benjamin Franklin Birthday Celebration
Roy Sievers

**Roy Edward Sievers** (November 18, 1926 – April 3, 2017) was an American professional baseball player.

Sievers won the  American League Rookie of the Year and _TSN_ Rookie of the Year awards in 1949, batting .306 with 16 home runs and 75 RBI.

Sievers was signed by the St. Louis Browns as a free agent in 1947. Sievers debuted in the major leagues on April 21, 1949. He played in Major League Baseball as a first baseman/left fielder. From  through , Sievers played for the St. Louis Browns (1949–53), the original Washington Senators (1954–59), Chicago White Sox (1960–61), Philadelphia Phillies (1962–64), and finally the new Senators (1964–65). He batted and threw right-handed.

Sievers was born in St. Louis, Missouri.

He died in Spanish Lake, Missouri on April 3, 2017, aged 90.

## Other websites

- profile and chronology  _Baseball Library_

## Infobox (baseball biography)

- **name**: Roy Sievers
- **image**: Roy Sievers - Washington Senators - 1959.jpg
- **caption**: Sievers with the Washington Senators in 1959
- **position**: First baseman / Left fielder
- **birth place**: St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.
- **death place**: Spanish Lake, Missouri, U.S.
- **bats**: Right
- **throws**: Right
- **debutleague**: MLB
- **debutdate**: April 21
- **debutyear**: 1949
- **debutteam**: St. Louis Browns
- **finalleague**: MLB
- **finaldate**: May 9
- **finalyear**: 1965
- **finalteam**: Washington Senators
- **statleague**: MLB
- **stat1label**: Batting average (baseball), Batting average
- **stat1value**: .267
- **stat2label**: Home runs
- **stat2value**: 318
- **stat3label**: Runs batted in
- **stat3value**: 1,147
- **teams**: * St. Louis Browns (–)
* Washington Senators (1901–60), Washington Senators (–)
* Chicago White Sox (–)
* Philadelphia Phillies (–)
* Washington Senators (1961–71), Washington Senators (–)
- **highlights**: * 5× Major League Baseball All-Star Game, All-Star (1956 Major League Baseball All-Star Game, 1956, 1957 Major League Baseball All-Star Game, 1957, 1959 Major League Baseball All-Star Game (first game), 1959, 1959 Major League Baseball All-Star Game (second game), 1959², 1961 Major League Baseball All-Star Game (second game), 1961²)
* AL Rookie of the Year (1949)
* List of Major League Baseball annual home run leaders, AL home run leader (1957)
* List of Major League Baseball annual runs batted in leaders, AL RBI leader (1957)
Samir Farid

**Samir Farid** () (December 1, 1943 – April 4, 2017) was an Egyptian writer, movie critic, journalist and movie historian. He was born in Cairo, Egypt. He authored and translated over 60 books since 1966 on Egyptian, Arab and World cinema. He was the consultant for Cinema affairs in the Bibliotheca Alexandrina (2001-2016).

He was a member of jury in International film festivals since 1972. (Among them Oberhausen Film Festival 1978, DOC Leipzig Film festival 1984, Annecy International Animated Film Festival 1998, Torino Film Festival 2001, Controcorrente (Upstream section) of  Venice Film Festival 2003, Thessaloniki Film Festival 2003 and Taormina Film Festival 2010.)

He also was the Head of The Cairo International Film Festival 2014.

Farid died on April 4, 2017 in Cairo from a long-illness at the age of 73.

## Related pages

- List of historians by continent
George Brady

**George Jiri Brady** O.Ont (born **Jiří Brady**; 9 February 1928 – 11 January 2019) was a Canadian businessman and Holocaust survivor of Jewish-Czech descent.

## Biography

He was a survivor of both Theresienstadt (Terezin) and Auschwitz (Oswiecim, Poland). After World War II, he became a Canadian businessman and was awarded the Order of Ontario.

## Other websites

- Hana's Story (Brady family website)

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: George Brady
- **image**: Jirko, děkujeme. Nemlčíme. 05.jpg
- **birth date**: February 9, 1928
- **birth place**: Nové Město na Moravě, Czechoslovakia
- **death date**: January 11, 2019 (aged 90)
- **death place**: Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- **death cause**: Heart failure
- **occupation**: businessman, plumber
- **known for**: Holocaust survivor
- **relations**: Hana Brady (sister,deceased)
Benjamin B. Ferencz

**Benjamin Berell Ferencz** (March 11, 1920 – April 7, 2023) was a Romanian-born American lawyer of Hungarian-Jewish descent. He was an investigator of Nazi war crimes after World War II and the Chief Prosecutor for the United States Army at the Einsatzgruppen Trial, one of the twelve military trials held by the U.S. authorities at Nuremberg, Germany.

Later, he became an advocate of the establishment of an international rule of law and of an International Criminal Court. From 1985 to 1996, he was Adjunct Professor of International Law at Pace University.

Ferencz was interviewed by Lesley Stahl of _60 Minutes_ about his role at the Nuremberg Trials. He was 99-years-old at the time of the television interview.

On March 4, 2022, he gave an interview in which he stated that President of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin deserves to be behind bars as a war criminal.

Ferencz died at an assisted living facility in Boynton Beach, Florida, on April 7, 2023, at the age of 103. He was the last surviving prosecutor at the Nuremberg trials.

## Infobox (military person)

- **embed**: yes
- **branch**: United States Army
- **serviceyears**: 1943–45
- **rank**: Colonel (United States), Colonel
- **battles**: World War II


## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Ben Ferencz
- **image**: Benjamin Ferencz - Chief Prosecutor in 1947 Einsatzgruppen Trial - In Courtroom 600 Where Nuremberg Trials Were Held - Palace of Justice - Nuremberg-Nurnberg - Germany - 02 (cropped).jpg
- **alt**: Color photograph taken in 2012 of Ben Ferencz standing in the courtroom where the Nuremberg trials took place. He is dressed smartly in a jacket, shirt, tie, glasses, and his hands are clasped in front.
- **caption**: Ferencz standing in the courtroom where the Nuremberg trials were held, 2012
- **birth name**: Benjamin Berell Ferencz
- **birth place**: Csolt, Kingdom of Hungary (now Ciolt, Șomcuta Mare, Romania)
- **death place**: Boynton Beach, Florida, U.S.
- **nationality**: United States, American
- **occupation**: Lawyer
- **education**: City College of New York (Bachelor of Arts, BA)
Harvard Law School, Harvard University (LLB)
- **known for**: Prosecutor at the Nuremberg trials
- **children**: 4
Bat-Sheva Dagan

**Bat-Sheva Dagan** (; 8 September 1925 – 25 January 2024) is a Polish-Israeli Holocaust survivor, educator, author, and speaker. She was born in Łódź, Poland.

## Holocaust

She was incarcerated in a ghetto in Radom with her parents and two sisters in 1940. After her parents and a sister were deported and murdered in Treblinka in August 1942, she escaped to Germany, but was discovered, imprisoned, and deported to Auschwitz in May 1943. After spending 20 months in Auschwitz, she survived two death marches and was liberated by British troops in May 1945. She was the only survivor of her family.

## After the Holocaust

Dagan and her husband settled in Israel, where she taught kindergarten and later obtained degrees in educational counseling and psychology. She went on to author books, poems, and songs for children and young adults on Holocaust themes, and developed psychological and pedagogical methods for teaching the Holocaust to children. She is thought a pioneer in children's Holocaust education. Dagan died in Bat-Yam, Israel on 25 January 2024, at the age of 98.

## Awards and honors

In 2008 Dagan was named Woman of the Year in Education by Yad Vashem for her works to Holocaust teaching for children. She was also named an Outstanding Member of the City of Holon. In 2012 she was honored as one of the torch lighters at ceremonies marking Yom HaShoah.

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Bat-Sheva Dagan
- **image**: בת שבע דגן.jpg
- **caption**: Dagan in 2016
- **native name**: בת שבע דגן
- **native name lang**: Hebrew
- **birth name**: Izabella Batszewa Rubinsztajn
- **birth place**: Łódź, Second Polish Republic, Poland
- **death place**: Bat-Yam, Israel
- **resting place**: Zefat, Israel
- **occupation**: Psychologist, teacher, author, speaker
- **education**: Hebrew University of Jerusalem (B. A., BA)
Columbia University (B. A., BA)
- **subject**: The Holocaust, Holocaust literature for children and young adults
- **spouse**: Paul Dagan
- **children**: 2
- **awards**: Woman of the Year in Education, 2008, Yad Vashem
AKM

The **AKM** is a Soviet assault rifle that was designed by Mikhail Kalashnikov in the 1950s and adopted in 1959 by the Soviet army to replace the AK-47. The difference between the AK-47 and the AKM is that the AK-47 is short and the AKM is long and the other difference is that the AK-47 has a regular muzzle and the AKM has a sharp muzzle.

## Infobox (weapon)

- **name**: AKM
- **image**: AKM automatkarbin, Ryssland - 7,62x39mm - Armémuseum.jpg
- **caption**: The AKM assault rifle
- **type**: Assault rifle
- **is ranged**: yes
- **service**: 1959–present
- **used by**: See AKM#Users, Users
- **wars**: Vietnam War
Cambodian Civil War
Cambodian-Vietnamese War
Soviet war in Afghanistan
Iran-Iraq War
Chechen War
War in Afghanistan
Iraq War
Mexican Drug War
and various other conflicts
- **designer**: Mikhail Kalashnikov
- **design date**: 1950s
- **manufacturer**: Izhmash
Tula Arms Plant
others
- **number**: More than 10,278,300
- **variants**: AKMS
AKMP
AKML
AKMLP
AKMSP
AKMSU
AKMSN
AKMSNP
- **spec label**: Updated information
- **weight**: AKM:  w/unloaded magazine
 AKML:
 AKMS:
 AKMSN:
 AKMS:
 with full magazine
 30-rnd magazine:
 6H4 bayonet:
- **length**: AKM, AKML:
 AKMS, AKMSN:  stock extended /  stock folded
- **cartridge**: 7.62×39mm, 7.62×39mm M43
- **action**: Gas-operated reloading, Gas operated, rotating bolt
- **rate**: Cyclic rate of fire:
600 rds/min
Practical rate of fire:
Semi-auto 40 rds/min
Full-auto 100 rds/min
- **feed**: 10, 20, or 30 round detachable box magazines. Also compatible with 40 round box magazines and 75-round drum magazines from the RPK.
- **sights**: Rear sight notch on sliding tangent, front post
100–1,000 m sight adjustments
Sight radius:
Embraer

**Embraer S.A.** is a Brazilian company that produces all kinds of aircraft, both civil and military.

Its headquarters are in São José dos Campos.

Some aircraft’s are the Embraer ERJ family, or the embraer E-jet family, many are popular amongst the regionals.
Riviera, Ticino

**Riviera** is a new municipality of the district Riviera in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

On 2 April 2017, the former municipalities of Cresciano, Iragna, Lodrino and Osogna merged into the new municipality of Riviera.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Riviera
- **municipality name**: Riviera
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: Blason de Riviera (Tessin).svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Riviera 2017.png
- **languages**: Italian
- **canton**: Ticino
- **iso-code-region**: CH-TI
- **district**: Riviera (district), Riviera
- **postal code**: 6527, 6703, 6705, 6707
- **municipality code**: 5287
- **area**: 86.17
- **elevation**: 274
- **population**: 4001
- **populationof**: Dec 2004
- **popofyear**: 2004
- **website**: www.comuneriviera.ch
- **mayor**: Raffaele De Rosa
- **mayor asof**: April 2017
- **mayor party**: PPD
- **mayor title**: Sindaco
- **executive name**: Municipio
- **executive number of members**: 7
- **parliament name**: Consiglio communale
- **parliament number of members**: 31
- **places**: Cresciano, Iragna, Lodrino, Osogna
- **neighboring municipalities**: Personico, Biasca, Calanca, Switzerland, Calanca (GR), San Vittore, Switzerland, San Vittore (GR), Bellinzona, Lavertezzo
Miège

**Miège** was a municipality in Sierre in the canton of Valais in Switzerland. On 1 January 2021, the former municipalities of Miège, Venthône and Veyras merged to form the new municipality of Noble-Contrée.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Miège
- **municipality name**: Miège
- **municipality type**: former
- **imagepath coa**: Blason ville ch Miège (Valais).svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Miège.png
- **languages**: French
- **canton**: Valais
- **iso-code-region**: CH-VS
- **district**: Sierre (district), Sierre
- **postal code**: 3972
- **municipality code**: 6241
- **area**: 2.5
- **elevation**: 702
- **population**: 923
- **populationof**: Dec 2002
- **popofyear**: 2002
- **website**: www.miege.ch
- **mayor**: Dany Antille
- **neighboring municipalities**: Mollens, Valais, Mollens, Salgesch, Venthône, Veyras, Switzerland, Veyras
Mollens, Valais

**Mollens** was a municipality of the district Sierre in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2017, the former municipalities of Mollens, Chermignon, Montana and Randogne merged into the new municipality of Crans-Montana.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Mollens
- **municipality name**: Mollens
- **municipality type**: former
- **imagepath coa**: Mollens.png
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Mollens.png
- **languages**: French
- **canton**: Valais
- **iso-code-region**: CH-VS
- **district**: Sierre (district), Sierre
- **postal code**: 3974
- **municipality code**: 6242
- **area**: 32.5
- **elevation**: 1070
- **highest**: Schneehorn
- **highest m**: 3177
- **population**: 269
- **populationof**: Dec 2002
- **popofyear**: 2002
- **website**: www.mollens.ch
- **mayor**: Stéphane Pont
- **neighboring municipalities**: Inden, Switzerland, Inden, Lenk im Simmental (BE), Leukerbad, Miège, Randogne, Salgesch, Varen, Switzerland, Varen, Venthône
Montana, Switzerland

**Montana** was a municipality of the district of Sierre in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

It was one of the six municipalities that form the ski resort Crans-Montana (together with Icogne, Lens, Randogne, Mollens and Chermignon).

On 1 January 2017, the former municipalities of Montana, Chermignon, Mollens and Randogne merged into the new municipality of Crans-Montana.

## Other websites

- Official Website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Montana
- **municipality name**: Montana
- **municipality type**: former
- **imagepath coa**: Montana.wappen.png
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Montana.png
- **languages**: French
- **canton**: Valais
- **iso-code-region**: CH-VS
- **district**: Sierre (district), Sierre
- **postal code**: 3963
- **municipality code**: 6243
- **area**: 4.9
- **elevation**: 1495
- **population**: 2276
- **populationof**: 2007
- **website**: www.montana.ch
- **mayor**: Francis Tapparel
- **neighboring municipalities**: Chermignon, Lens, Switzerland, Lens, Randogne, Sierre
Randogne

**Randogne** was a municipality in Sierre in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2017, the former municipalities of Chermignon, Montana, Mollens and Randogne merged into the new municipality of Crans-Montana.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Randogne
- **municipality name**: Randogne
- **municipality type**: former
- **imagepath coa**: Randogne.png
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Randogne.png
- **languages**: French
- **canton**: Valais
- **iso-code-region**: CH-VS
- **district**: Sierre (district), Sierre
- **postal code**: 3975
- **municipality code**: 6244
- **area**: 16.9
- **elevation**: 1220
- **highest**: Mont Bonvin
- **highest m**: 2995
- **lowest m**: 540
- **population**: 3138
- **populationof**: Dec 2002
- **popofyear**: 2002
- **website**: www.randogne.ch
- **mayor**: Paul-Albert Clivaz
- **neighboring municipalities**: Icogne, Lenk im Simmental (BE), Lens, Switzerland, Lens, Mollens, Valais, Mollens, Montana, Switzerland, Montana, Sierre, Venthône
Crans-Montana

**Crans-Montana** is a municipality of the district Sierre in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2017, the former municipalities of Chermignon, Mollens, Montana and Randogne merged into the new municipality of Crans-Montana.

Crans-Montana is a ski resort that was created through the fusion of the two centers of Crans and Montana. It belonged to six municipalities (Chermignon, Lens, Icogne, Mollens, Montana and Randogne). Four of those municipalities merged to form the new municipality of Crans-Montana.

## Other websites

- Official website
- Crans-Montana ski resort

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Crans-Montana
- **municipality name**: Crans-Montana
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Crans-Montana COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Crans-Montana 2017.png
- **languages**: French
- **canton**: Valais
- **iso-code-region**: CH-VS
- **district**: Sierre (district), Sierre
- **postal code**: 3971 Chermignon
3963 Crans-sur-Sierre
3971 Ollon
3963 Montana
3974 Mollens
3975 Randogne
- **municipality code**: 6253
- **area**: 59.66
- **elevation**: 1495
- **highest**: Schneehorn
- **highest m**: 3177
- **population**: 10931
- **populationof**: Dec 2015
- **website**: www.crans-montana.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Lens, Switzerland, Lens, Icogne, Lenk im Simmental (BE), Leukerbad, Inden, Switzerland, Inden, Varen, Switzerland, Varen, Salgesch, Miège, Venthône, Sierre
Hippolyta

**Hippolyta** (, _Hippolyte_) was one of the queens of the Amazons in Greek mythology. She was a fierce warrior. She was mostly famous for her magical girdle (or war belt in other accounts), given to her by her father, Ares, the god of war. The hero Heracles, for his Ninth Labor, had to get her girdle, bring it back to the city of Mycenae, and give it to Admete, daughter of King Eurystheus, as a gift.
Singapore Art Museum

**Singapore Art Museum** (also known as **SAM** to most Singaporeans) is the first museum in Singapore.  It was opened in 1996.

The museum showcases contemporary art from Singapore, Southeast Asia (SEA), and Asia.

Before it was a museum, it was a boys' school.
Chelsea Brown

**Chelsea Brown** (December 6, 1942 – March 27, 2017) was an American-Australian actress and comedian. She appeared as a regular performer in comedy series _Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In_. She was also known for her roles in the soap operas _Number 96_ (in 1977), and _E Street_ (in 1990–1991).

Brown was born in Chicago, Illinois. She was married to Vic Rooney until her death in 2017. Brown died on March 27, 2017 from pneumonia caused by dementia in Chicago, aged 74.
Michel Arrivé

**Michel Arrivé** (7 December 1936 – 3 April 2017) was a French novelist, short story writer, linguist and academic. He was a Professor of Linguistics and Semiotics at Paris Nanterre University from 1983 to 2006. He authored several novels and short stories.

## Death

Arrivé died on 3 April 2017 in Saint-Cloud, France at the age of 80.

## Other websites

- Biography at Catalogue.fr

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Michel Arrivé
- **image**: Michel Arrivé.jpg
- **birth date**: 7 December 1936
- **birth place**: Neuilly-sur-Seine, France
- **death place**: Saint-Cloud, France
- **education**: Lycée Louis-le-Grand
- **occupation**: Linguist, author
Ilkka Sinisalo

**Ilkka Antero Jouko Sinisalo** (July 10, 1958 – April 5, 2017) was a Finnish professional ice hockey forward. He was born in Valkeakoski, Finland.

Sinisalo played eleven seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Philadelphia Flyers, Minnesota North Stars and Los Angeles Kings. Later he was a scout for the Flyers.

Sinisalo died in Helsinki, Finland from prostate cancer on April 5, 2017, aged 58.
Brian Matthew

**Brian Matthew** (17 September 1928 – 8 April 2017) was an English broadcaster. He worked for the BBC from 1954 until his retirement 2017. He began presenting _Sounds of the 60s_ in 1990, often employing the same vocabulary and the same measured delivery he had used in previous years.

On 27 January 2017, the BBC announced that he would not return to the programme because of ill health.

At the time of his retirement, Matthew was the oldest active DJ in Britain.

Matthew was born on 17 September 1928 in Coventry, Warwickshire. He studied at Bablake School. In 1951, he married Pamela Wickington. They had one son: Christopher.

In January 2017, Matthew collapsed at his home and was hospitalized in critical condition. Matthew was reported to have died on 4 April 2017, but a BBC statement later explained this was a mistake, but remains "critically ill". Matthew later died on 8 April 2017 at the age of 88.

## Other websites

- Radio Rewind Biography with archive show clips

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Brian Matthew
- **birth place**: Coventry, Warwickshire, England
- **employer**: BBC Radio 2
- **alma mater**: Bablake School
- **years active**: 1954–2017
- **nationality**: United Kingdom
- **known for**: Saturday Club (BBC radio), _Saturday Club_, Easy Beat (BBC radio), _Easy Beat_, Thank Your Lucky Stars (TV series), _Thank Your Lucky Stars_, _Round Midnight_, _Sounds of the 60s_
- **children**: Christopher
Pedro Salvatori

**Pedro Salvatori** (November 22, 1933 – March 24, 2017) was an Argentine politician. He was a member of the Neuquén People's Movement, a regional party based in his home Neuquén Province. He served as the Governor of Neuquén Province from 1987 to 1991, as well as the de facto Governor of Neuquén briefly from 1972 to 1973 during the military rule.

Salvatori died of respiratory failure at a hospital in Neuquén on March 24, 2017, at the age of 83.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Pedro Salvatori
- **image**: Pedro Salvatori.jpg
- **office**: Governor of Neuquén Province
- **term start**: December 10, 1987
- **term end**: December 10, 1991
- **predecessor**: Felipe Sapag
- **successor**: Jorge Sobisch
- **vicegovernor**: José Lucas Echegaray
- **office2**: Governor of Neuquén Province
- **term start2**: 1972
- **term end2**: May 25, 1973
- **predecessor2**: Felipe Sapag
- **successor2**: Felipe Sapag
- **office3**: Member of the Argentine Senate
- **term start3**: 2001
- **term end3**: 2007
- **office4**: Member of the Argentine Chamber of Deputies
- **term start4**: 1997
- **term end4**: 2001
- **birth place**: Plottier, Argentina
- **death place**: Neuquén, Argentina
- **party**: Neuquén People's Movement
- **spouse**: Nora Serrano
- **children**: Four
Gravity (Sara Bareilles song)

"**Gravity**" is a song performed by Sara Bareilles, released the third single from her major-label debut album _Little Voice_ (2007).

Written by Bareilles, the track was produced by Eric Rosse. Its music video was released on February 3, 2009. Bareilles said she wrote the song after her "first real heartbreak", and was hoping the ballad would help others in similar situations.

The song was originally on her first album _Careful Confessions_, but was later included on _Little Voice_.

## Charts

|scope="col" style="width:17em;"|Chart (2012)|scope="col"|Peak position|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|South Korea International Singles (Gaon)|style="text-align:center;"|44||

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Gravity
- **border**: Yes
- **artist**: Sara Bareilles
- **album**: Little Voice (album), Little Voice
- **released**: February 3, 2009 <small>(U.S.)</small>
- **recorded**: 2007
- **length**: 3:52
- **label**: Epic Records
- **writer**: Sara Bareilles
- **producer**: Eric Rosse
- **prev title**: Winter Song (song), Winter Song
- **prev year**: 2008
- **next title**: King of Anything
- **next year**: 2010
High-valent iron

**High-valent iron** is a compound with an oxidation state bigger than 3, more than 6 bonds, and a coordination number of 6 or less. High-valent iron is not hypervalent.

Ferrate was the first high-valent iron ion ever made.
Iron filings

**Iron filings** are very small pieces of iron that look like a dark gray powder. They are a common by-product of metalworking. Iron filing are often used in schools to show magnetic field lines. When filings are placed in a magnetic field, they become small magnets. This is because iron is a ferromagnetic material. The south pole of each particle attracts the north poles of its neighbors. In this way filings create chains parallel to the direction of the magnetic field.
Iron in folklore

Iron has an important role in folklore.

## Europe

Cold Iron means weapons. Later, it came to mean horseshoes & fences.
- If you put an iron fence around a cemetery, the ghosts can’t leave the cemetery.

- If you put a knife under your doormat, witches can’t enter.

- If you have a horseshoe, you’ll repel evil spirits. Later, it was said to give good luck.

## Tibet

In Tibet, iron from meteors is precious. Tibetan gods used weapons made from meteoric iron. Because Tibet is so high, Tibet had many meteors fall.
North Jutlandic Island

**North Jutlandic Island** (Danish: _Nørrejyske Ø_ or _Vendsyssel-Thy_) is the second-largest island of Denmark.

About 297,000 people were living on this island in 2014.

It has an area of 4,685 km².

North Jutlandic Island lies on the south coast of the Skagerrak. It is the most northern part of Denmark, and is commonly regarded as part of Jutland.
Lolland

**Lolland** is the fourth-largest island of Denmark.

About 63,000 people were living on this island in 2013.

It has an area of 1,243 km².

Lolland lies in the very south of Denmark, and near Germany in the Baltic Sea.

Lolland has an oceanic climate, the highest temperature ever measured in Lolland was  on 20 July 2022.
Sam Gagner

**Sam William Gagner** (born August 10, 1989) is a Canadian professional ice hockey player currently playing for the Detroit Red Wings of the National Hockey League (NHL). He also played for the Arizona Coyotes, Edmonton Oilers, Vancouver Canucks, Philadelphia Flyers, and Columbus Blue Jackets.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **image**: Sam Gagner 2012.jpg
- **image size**: 230px
- **caption**: Sam Gagner pictured while with the Edmonton Oilers in 2012
- **position**: Centre (ice hockey), Centre
- **shoots**: Right
- **height ft**: 5
- **height in**: 11
- **weight lb**: 202
- **team**: Detroit Red Wings
- **former teams**: Edmonton Oilers
Arizona Coyotes
Philadelphia Flyers
Columbus Blue Jackets
Vancouver Canucks
- **league**: National Hockey League, NHL
- **ntl team**: CAN
- **birth place**: London, Ontario, Canada
- **draft**: 6th overall
- **draft year**: 2007
- **draft team**: Edmonton Oilers
- **career start**: 2007
Paul O'Neill

**Paul O'Neill** (February 23, 1956 – April 5, 2017) was an American music composer, songwriter and producer.

O'Neill's death was announced in a brief note posted on the Trans-Siberian Orchestra website on April 5, 2017, which cited chronic illness.

## Trans-Siberian Orchestra

- 1996 - _Christmas Eve and Other Stories_
- 1998 - _The Christmas Attic_
- 2000 - _Beethoven's Last Night_
- 2004 - _The Lost Christmas Eve_
- 2009 - _Night Castle_
- 2012 - _Beethoven's Last Night - The Complete Narrated Version_
- 2012 - _Dreams of Fireflies (On a Christmas Night) - EP_
- 2015 - _Letters From the Labyrinth_

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Paul O'Neill
- **image**: Paul O'Neill (rock producer) (cropped).jpg
- **background**: non_performing_personnel
- **birth place**: New York City, New York (state), New York, United States
- **death place**: Tampa Bay, Florida, United States
- **genre**: Rock music, Rock, rock opera, progressive metal
- **occupation**: Composer, songwriter, Record producer, producer, audio engineer, musician
- **associated acts**: Trans-Siberian Orchestra, Savatage, Badlands (American band), Badlands