juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Diane Kruger

**Diane Kruger** (born 15 July 1976) is a German actress and model.

## Early life

Diane Kruger was born as **Diane Heidkrüger** in Algermissen, West Germany.

## Filmography

|Year|Title|Role|Notes|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|_Point de lendemain_||Short subject||
|_Duelles_|Sabine|TV episode, Mauvaise conduite||
|_The Piano Player_|Erika|||
|_Ni pour ni contre (bien au contraire)_|The call-girl|||
|_Mon Idole_|Clara Broustal|||
|_Michel Vaillant_|Julie Wood|||
|_Troy_|Helen|||
|_Wicker Park_|Lisa|||
|_Narco_||||
|_National Treasure_|Abigail Chase|Nominated—Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress||
|_Joyeux Noël_|Anna Sorensen|||
|_Frankie_|Frankie|||
|_The Tiger Brigades (Les Brigades du Tigre)_|Constance Radetsky|||
|_Copying Beethoven_|Anna Holtz|||
|_Goodbye Bafana_|Gloria Gregory|||
|_Days of Darkness_|Véronica Star|||
|_The Hunting Party_|Mirjana|||
|_National Treasure: Book of Secrets_|Abigail Chase|||
|_Anything for Her_|Lisa|||
|_Inglourious Basterds_|Bridget von Hammersmark|Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Cast Phoenix Film Critics Society Award for Best Cast San Diego Film Critics Society Award for Best Cast Golden Camera for Best International Actress Nominated—Italian Online Movie Award for Best Supporting Actress Nominated—Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress Nominated—Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting Role Nominated—Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Supporting Actress||
|_Mr. Nobody_|Anna|||
|_Inhale_||post-production||
|_Fringe_|Miranda Green|||
|_Unknown White Male_|Gina|post-production||
|_National Treasure 3_|Abigail Chase|pre-production||

## Awards

- 2003 Cannes Film Festival, Chopard Trophy, Female Revelation–Won
- 2004 Bambi Award, Career–Won
- 2005 Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy & Horror Films Nomination, Saturn Award, Best Supporting Actress for National Treasure (2004)–Nominated
- 2010 Goldene Kamera Berlin, Beste Internationale Schauspielerin–Won

## Other websites

- Diane Kruger  at Fascination
- Diane Kruger  at AskMen
- Diane Kruger Unofficial website

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: Diane Kruger Cannes 2012.jpg
- **caption**: Kruger at the Cannes Film Festival 2012
- **birthname**: Diane Heidkrüger
- **birth place**: Algermissen, West Germany
- **occupation**: Actress, model
- **spouse**: Guillaume Canet
(m. 2001–2006, divorced)
- **partner**: Joshua Jackson
(m. 2006–present)
- **yearsactive**: 2002–present
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

The ***Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders*** (**DSM**)  is a book explaining mental disorders. It is published by the American Psychiatric Association. It is used in the United States and around the world by doctors, researchers, health insurance companies, companies which make medicine, and others.

There have been five versions since it was first published in 1952. Each time, more mental disorders were added, although some have been removed and are no longer seen as mental disorders. An example of this is homosexuality.

The manual was developed from systems for collecting census and psychiatric hospital statistics, and from a manual written by the US Army. A lot of changes were made to it in 1980. The last time it was greatly changed was the fourth edition ("_'DSM-IV'_"), published in 1994, but small changes to text were made in a 2000 version. The fifth edition ("DSM-5") was published May 2013.

The DSM has been criticized for being too influenced by the drug industry.

The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, ICD, has a section about mental and behavioral disorders which is different from the DSM. The ICD, not the DSM, is the system used by the United States government.
B cell

**B cells** are lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Once the B cell is activated, it turns into a plasma cell, and starts producing antibodies. They are a vital part of the adaptive immune system. They have a protein on the B cell's outer surface known as a 'B cell receptor'. This allows a B cell to bind to a **specific** antigen.

The main functions of B cells are:
1. to make antibodies against antigens,
1. to perform the role of antigen-presenting cells (APCs),
1. to develop into memory B cells after activation by antigen interaction.

Recently, a new, suppressive function of B cells has been discovered.

In mammals, immature B cells are formed in the bone marrow, hence their name.

## Other websites

- B Cells and T Cells
- B Cell Development and Generation of Lymphocyte Diversity
- Interactive Animation of B Cell Maturation (requires Flash video software)

## Infobox (anatomy)

- **name**: B cell
- **latin**: lymphocytus B
- **image**: Original antigenic sin.svg
- **caption**: The cells of the immune system form cells that remember the pathogen for  future infections.
Steve Brookstein

**Steve Brookstein** (born 10 November 1968) is a British soul and jazz singer from London.

## Career

He has been active since he won the 2004 UK series of talent show _The X Factor_. He has had 1 hit single to date, number 1 hit, Against All Odds a cover of the 1984 Phil Collins original his version was number 11 in Ireland. He was part of the Syco Music record label. His first album _Heart & Soul_ reached number 1 in the United Kingdom album charts. His second album _40,000 Things _only reached number 165.

### Albums

|scope="col" rowspan="2"|Title|scope="col" rowspan="2"|Album details|scope="col" colspan="2"|Peak chart positions|scope="col" rowspan="2"|Sales|scope="col" rowspan="2"|Certifications|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|* Released: 9 May 2005 * Label: Sony BMG * Format: CD|1|1|* UK: 105,338|* BPI: Gold||||||
|* Released: 9 October 2006 * Label: Numunu Records * Format: CD, digital download|165|—||||||||
|* Released: 23 March 2014 * Label: Pledge Music * Format: CD, digital download|—|—||||||||
|colspan="18" style="font-size:85%"|"—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released.|||||||||

### Singles

|scope="col" rowspan="2"|Title|scope="col" rowspan="2"|Year|scope="col" colspan="2"|Peak chart positions|scope="col" rowspan="2"|Album|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2004|1|11|_Heart and Soul_|||||
|2006|193|—|_40,000 Things_|||||
|2010|—|—||||||
|colspan="18" style="font-size:85%"|"—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released.|||||||

### Music videos

|scope="col"|Title|scope="col"|Year|scope="col"|Director(s)|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2004|rowspan="2"|Unknown||||
|2006||||||

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Steve Brookstein
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Stephen Desmond Brookstein
- **origin**: Dulwich, England
- **genre**: Blue-eyed soul, Jazz
- **instrument**: Vocals
- **years active**: 1997–present
- **label**: Syco
Troy (movie)

***Troy*** is a 2004 American epic historical action movie about the Trojan War. The movie was nominated for an Oscar in 2005. It stars Brad Pitt as Achilles, Eric Bana as Hector, and Peter O'Toole as King Priam. Diane Kruger is Helen of Sparta.

## Plot

In Sparta, Prince Hector and his young brother Paris want Troy and Sparta to have peace but there is a war. The Greeks come and take control of a beach at Troy. Achilles and the Myrmidons kill many Trojans. Achilles and Hector meet but do not fight. The Trojans have a surprise attack. As the Greeks are close to losing, Achilles comes with the Myrmidons, and joins the fight. Achilles fights Hector and Hector is killed. After Hector's death, the Greeks make a plan to come into Troy using a wooden horse. Trojans think the wooden horse is a gift to the Gods. The Trojans take the horse into the city and celebrate. Greeks come out of the horse at night, opening the doors to the city. This lets the army enter the city and The Trojans are defeated. Paris killed Achilles but died after the war.

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: Troy
- **director**: Wolfgang Petersen
- **producer**: Wolfgang Petersen
Diana Rathbun
Colin Wilson
- **screenplay**: David Benioff
- **country**: United States
United Kingdom
Mexico
Malta
- **based on**: Iliad
by Homer
Posthomerica
by Quintus Smyrnaeus
- **starring**: Brad Pitt
Eric Bana
Orlando Bloom
Diane Kruger
Brian Cox (actor), Brian Cox
Sean Bean
Brendan Gleeson
Peter O'Toole
- **music**: James Horner
- **cinematography**: Roger Pratt
- **editing**: Peter Honess
- **language**: English
- **budget**: $175–185 million
- **gross**: $497.4 million
- **studio**: Warner Bros. Pictures
Radiant Productions
Plan B Entertainment
Helena Productions
Latina Pictures
Nimar Studios
- **distributor**: Warner Bros. Pictures
- **released**: May 13, 2004 (Cannes)
May 14, 2004 (United States)
- **runtime**: 162 minutes (theatrical version)
196 minutes (director's cut)
Wolfgang Petersen

**Wolfgang Petersen** (14 March 1941 – 12 August 2022) was a German movie director and screenwriter. His work included _The NeverEnding Story_, _Enemy Mine_, _Outbreak_, _In the Line of Fire_, _Air Force One_, _Das Boot_, _The Perfect Storm_, _Troy_ and _Poseidon_.

Petersen was born in Emden, Lower Saxony, Germany. One of his first efforts was the 1977 _Die Konsequenz_.

Peterson died of pancreatic cancer on 12 August 2022, at the age of 81, at his home in Brentwood, Los Angeles, California.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Wolfgang Petersen
- **image**: Wolfgang_Petersen.jpg
- **imagesize**: 249px
- **caption**: Petersen at the filming of _Air Force One (movie), Air Force One_
- **birth place**: Emden, Free State of Prussia, Prussia, Nazi Germany, Germany
- **death place**: Los Angeles, California, U.S.
- **death cause**: Pancreatic cancer
- **occupation**: Movie director, screenwriter
- **yearsactive**: 1965–2016
- **spouse**:
Emden

**Emden** is a town in the most northwest of Germany. It is the main town of the region of East Frisia, and also a port town of the North Sea. About 51,000 people were living in Emden in 2016.

## Sister cities/towns

Haugesund, Rogaland, Norway.

## Famous people

- Johannes Althusius
- Jacob Emden
- Henri Nannen
- Wolfgang Petersen
- Otto Waalkes
- Ferydoon Zandi

## Other websites

- Emden Homepage
- Kunsthalle Emden
- Kickers Emden
- Chess
- Cruisers EMDEN, Frigates EMDEN - 5 warships named EMDEN until today

## Infobox (german location)

- **type**: Stadt
- **image coa**: DEU Emden COA.svg
- **image flag**: Flagge Emden.svg
- **image photo**: Flug Emden 2010 191.JPG
- **state**: Niedersachsen
- **district**: Kreisfreie Stadt
- **elevation**: 1
- **area**: 112.33
- **population**: 51528
- **stand**: 2011-12-31
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 03402000
- **postal code**: 26721, 26723, 26725
- **area code**: 04921, 04927 (Knock, East Frisia, Knock)
- **licence**: EMD
- **mayor**: Bernd Bornemann
- **bürgermeistertitel**: Oberbürgermeister
- **party**: SPD
Gabor Acs

**Gabor Acs** (born 1926 in Budapest) is a Hungarian architect.  He was a member of Order of Architects in Rome.

## Education

He enrolled at the Faculty of Architecture-Engineering, University of Budapest, where he graduated in 1948. With the arrival of Soviet Forces, the father decides to leave for Italy with his family, living in Rome. Gabor then moved to Milan for his degree in architecture from the Polytechnic. After graduating in 1953, decided to reach the United States.

## Career

After some experience with architectural design, he became associated with **I. M. Pei and Partners** in New York. From 1956 to 1963, in association with Pei and Henry N. Cobb, he designed residential buildings in New York, Philadelphia and Pittsburgh and other urban planning projects including the Master Plan of Cleveland, Ohio.

As **SGI**'s chief architect, Gabor Acs, and **Watergate complex** chief architect Luigi Moretti, flew to New York City on May 17 1962 and defended the complex's design in a special three-hour meeting with **United States Commission of Fine Arts** members.

## Italy

Then he transfers its business in Rome and since 1963, in his office in Piazza Navona, running projects for Algeria, Saudi Arabia, Canada, France, Guinea, Iran, Italy, Kenya, Libya, Mexico, Monaco, Nigeria, Venezuela, Zaire.
These include in particular:

- in 1963 _Port Royal_ residential tower in Montreal (Canada) and Victoria Place _business center_ working with Luigi Moretti and Pier Luigi Nervi; in 1964: building and offices and gallery trading on Champs Elysees Pan-Am Building in Paris; in 1966: 5 residential towers in Mexico City in 1967: Headquarters of the Red Cross and Expansion, Rue de Berry in Paris; in 1968: _residential building_ Sperlinga Villa, in Palermo; in 1969: the hotel and residential tower _Mirabeau_ in Monaco and the headquarters of the Toyota in Jeddah (Saudi Arabia); in 1979: three offices' towers and pedestrian plaza of the complex Fiera District in Bologna, in collaboration with Kenzō Tange; in 1980: National Center for Civil Defence in Rome.

## Personal life

Gabor Acs lives in Rome with his wife Armelle.
Table football

**Table Football**, **Table Soccer** and **Foosball**, are regional names of a table-top game based on association football (EUR) or soccer (USA). The name "foosball" comes from the German word for football, "fussball" or "fußball". Both a recreational game and a serious sport, the game can be played by two (singles) or four (doubles) players.

Tables are broadly defined as professional or home-grade. The tables function the same, but just like pool tables, vary widely in features.

Home-grade tables are great for kids and casual players. A professional grade table in a home game room is a sign of a serious player.

Foosball is played world-wide and professional grade tables reflect unique characteristics of their country of origin.

Serious players need the additional ball control, weight and strength that professional-grade products feature to handle four adult players.

Currently the game of Foosball is again expanding in popularity. For serious players there are local, state, regional, national and international tournaments.

.

## Other websites

- International Table Soccer Federation
- Foosball table this year
Keith Magnuson

**Keith Magnuson** (April 27, 1947 in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan – December 15, 2003 in Vaughan, Ontario) was a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman who was the captain of the Chicago Blackhawks from 1976 to 1979. He died in a car accident and the driver of the car, fellow NHL alumni Rob Ramage survived and was charged with vehicular manslaughter.

His jersey number is retired by the Chicago Blackhawks.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **image**: Keith Magnuson 1973.jpg
- **image size**: 230px
- **caption**: Magnuson in 1973
- **birth place**: Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- **death place**: Vaughan, Ontario, Canada
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 0
- **weight lb**: 185
- **position**: Defenceman, Defence
- **shoots**: Right
- **played for**: Chicago Blackhawks, Chicago Black Hawks
- **career start**: 1969
- **career end**: 1979
Lauren Conrad

**Lauren Katherine Tell** (née **Conrad**; born February 1, 1986) is a designer and television personality who starred on MTVs The Hills.
Spencer Pratt

**Spencer Pratt** (born August 14, 1983 in Los Angeles, California) is an American television personality. He is best known from the MTVs series _The Hills_.

Pratt and Heidi Montag were housemates in the January 2013 series of Celebrity Big Brother (UK).
Training Day

**Training Day** is a 2001 American crime drama thriller movie. It stars Denzel Washington and Ethan Hawke. Washington won an Academy Award for his leading role as psychopathic LAPD detective Alonzo Harris. It was distributed by Warner Bros.. It was also remade as a tv series in 2017 starring Bill Paxton.
Tosh.0

***Tosh.0*** is an American comedy television show that was created by comedian Daniel Tosh.

_Tosh.0_ began on Comedy Central on June 4, 2009. The show focuses on viral videos from the internet with sarcastic commentary, interviews, and short comedy routines. Being a master comedian, Daniel Tosh turns the worst of internet videos to very funny comedy routines. The show entered its second season on January 13, 2010 and entered its third season on January 11, 2011. The series finale aired on November 24, 2020.

Before Tosh.0 goes to a commercial break, Tosh mentions to a canceled Comedy Central show (usually by the name "We'll be right back with more "Onion SportsDome").

Tosh also talks to his fans during the commercial breaks of Tosh.0 on his Twitter account during live broadcasts in the East Coast.

## Other websites

- Tosh.0 at comedycentral.com

## Infobox (television)

- **camera**: Single camera
- **runtime**: 21 minutes (30 minutes with commercials)
- **genre**: Comedy
- **creator**: Daniel Tosh
- **starring**: Daniel Tosh
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **network**: Comedy Central
- **num seasons**: 3
- **num episodes**: 52
Daniel Tosh

**Daniel Tosh** (born May 29, 1975) is an American stand-up comedian. Tosh is of West German descent.

## Early life

Tosh was born in Germany but grew up in Titusville, Florida. His father was a preacher. He had one brother and two sisters. After graduating from Astronaut High School in 1993 and later the University of Central Florida with a degree in marketing, Tosh moved to Los Angeles where he lives with his dog.

## Career

Tosh's first big career break came in 2001 with his performance on the _Late Show with David Letterman_. His first attempt to appear on the show was cut short, though, due to time limits caused by the star guest, Eric Kraff, overlapping with his segment. He followed with appearances on programs such as _The Tonight Show with Jay Leno_, _Jimmy Kimmel Live!_ and Comedy Central's _Premium Blend_. In 2003, he performed in his own thirty-minue special on _Comedy Central Presents_. On June 17, 2007, Comedy Central aired a stand-up special featuring Tosh, _Daniel Tosh: Completely Serious_. He also hosted an episode of Comedy Central's _Live at Gotham_. Tosh is also a regular guest on _The Bob & Tom Show_. He had a small part in the feature film _In the Army Now_ starring Pauly Shore and Andy Dick. He also had a bit part in _The Love Guru_,

Currently, Tosh hosts _Tosh.0_, a show showcasing internet video clips on Comedy Central. Daniel Tosh also had another stand-up special called "Daniel Tosh: Happy Thoughts".

## Works

Tosh has released two albums, _True Stories I Made Up_, which was released on November 8, 2005 by Comedy Central and _Daniel Tosh: Completely Serious_, which was released on June 17, 2007 by Comedy Central. His Comedy Central TV show _Tosh.0_ premiered on June 4, 2009.

## Releases

- _True Stories I Made Up_ (CD, 2005)
- _Daniel Tosh: Completely Serious_ (DVD, 2007)
- _Happy Thoughts_ (CD/DVD, 2011)

## Other websites

- danieltosh.com, official site
- Daniel Tosh official MySpace page

## Infobox (comedian)

- **image**: Daniel Tosh at Boston University.jpg
- **caption**: Daniel Tosh at Boston University.
- **name**: Daniel Tosh
- **birth place**: Boppard, Rhineland-Palatinate, West Germany
- **medium**: Stand up comedy, television
- **genre**: Observational comedy, Satire, Sarcasm, Black comedy
- **website**: http://www.danieltosh.com/
Sulfide

**Sulfide** (**sulphide** in British English) is an anion of  sulfur in its lowest oxidation number of -2.  Sulfide is also a term for thioethers, a common type of  compound which are known for their bad odours, an example is H<sub>2</sub>S (hydrogen sulfide).

The dianion S<sup>2-</sup> exists only in strongly alkaline aqueous solutions.
Veil

A **veil** is a soft covering of all or part of the face. It has often been used by women in many cultures. It is often used by brides on their wedding day. It may have religious meaning, or it may be used for pleasure or dance. It is different from a mask because a mask is close-fitting, and often firm or hard, while a veil is soft and may fit loosely.

## Veils as communication

Veils are a kind of non-verbal communication. They always have some kind of unspoken message.

Some kinds of veil include a hood which covers the entire head, like a hijab. The point of covering the head entirely is to cover all parts which have any sexual meaning. A woman's hair is one of her secondary sexual characteristics, and acts (with her face, body and personality) to attract the opposite sex. Some religious groups believe that female sexuality should not be shown in public.

The most important part of the head (for the viewer) is the face, because the human face takes part in communication. Covering it says, in effect, 'this person is not available'. That is why it has been used so often by women. Because it is of soft material, the veil may be lifted back over the head or unclipped from one side. This is also a signal. It says 'now I am available'. So brides lift their veil at the point when they are married.

Veils may be, and often are, partly transparent. This adds ambiguity and mystery to the 'message' it offers the viewer; it is a 'fashion statement'. The raising or dropping of veils is a sign of intimacy: the wearer, who was covered, is now in the open. In an extreme example, the idea of a "Dance of the Seven Veils" originates with the 1893 English translation of Oscar Wilde's 1891 French play Salome in the stage direction.

## Related pages

- Mask
- Make-up
Anne Wills

**Anne Wills OAM  "Willsy"** (born 3 October 1944 in  Wangaratta, Victoria, Australia) is an Adelaide television and radio personality. Willsy holds the record for the most number of Logies won by a person in the history of the awards. She has won 19  between 1968 - 1992.

As well as appearing on a number of national TV programs such as _In Melbourne Tonight_, _The Bert Newton Show_ and _Good Morning Australia_, Willsy has presented and appeared on many Adelaide based TV programs. These include _A.M. Adelaide_, _Movie Scene_ and _Close Up with Willsy_. She was also the weather presenter for SAS-7 _Seven Nightly News_ for a number of years.

Willsy is known for her love of over the top earrings.

## References

- Anne Wills - Vegas Promotions
- IMDB - Anne Wills
1240s

The **1240s** was a decade that began on 1 January 1240 and ended on 31 December 1249. It is distinct from the decade known as the ***125th decade*** which began on January 1, 1241 and ended on December 31, 1250.

## Events

- Batu Khan and the Golden Horde sack the Ruthenian city of Kiev.
- Mandinka prince Sundiata Keita defeats Sosso king Soumaoro Kanté at the Battle of Kirina, beginning the Mali Empire.
- July 15, 1240 – Russian prince Alexander Nevsky defeats the Swedes in the Battle of the Neva, saving Russia from a full-scale enemy invasion from the North.
- End of the civil war era in Norway.
- Saint Maurice is started to be portrayed as Moor.
- April 5, 1241 – Mongols of Golden Horde under the command of Subotai defeat feudal Polish nobility, including Knights Templar, in the battle of Liegnitz
- April 27, 1241 – Mongols defeat Bela IV of Hungary in the battle of Sajo.

## Births

- Abulafia, Maltese Jewish philosopher (died 1292)
- Pope Benedict XI (died 1304)
- Stephen V of Hungary (died 1272)
- Sigerus of Brabant, French theologian (died 1284)
- Albert the Degenerate, landgrave of Thuringia (approximate date; died 1314)

## Deaths

- April 11, 1240 – Llywelyn the Great, King of Gwynedd
- Ibn Arabi, Andalusian Arab philosopher
- Jacques de Vitry, French historian and theologian (born c. 1180)
- William de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey (born 1166)
Asian tiger mosquito

The **Asian Tiger Mosquito**, or **forest day mosquito** is a kind of mosquito that is native to tropical and subtropical South-East Asia. It has black and white striped legs, and small black and white striped body. The Asian Tiger Mosquito is about 2 to 10 mm long. The males are about 20% smaller than the females.

In the last few decades, the species has spread to many other countries, mainly through the transport of goods. Many communities see this species as a pest. Unlike other mosquitos, the Asian Tiger Mosquito associates with humans. Other mosquitos tend to live in wetlands. The Asian Tiger Mosquito is also active during the day, while most other mosquitos are only active during dusk and dawn.

The Asian Tiger Mosquito can spread several diseases, such as West Nile virus, Yellow fever virus, St. Louis encephalitis, dengue fever, and Chikungunya fever,
Leni Riefenstahl

**Helene Bertha Amalie "Leni" Riefenstahl** (22 August 1902 – 8 September 2003) was a German movie director who made propaganda for the Nazis. Her most famous movies are  _Triumph of the Will_ and _Olympia_. She was an interpretive dancer but after a knee injury she stopped.

## Other websites

- Leni Riefenstahl - ***The Independent*** Obituary

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Leni Riefenstahl
- **image**: Leni Riefenstahl, 1935.jpg
- **caption**: at the film cutting table, 1935
- **birthname**: Helene Bertha Amalie Riefenstahl
- **birth place**: Berlin, German Empire
- **death place**: Pöcking, Germany
- **yearsactive**: 1925-1954, 2002
- **spouse**: Peter Jacob
(m. 1944-1946, divorced)
Horst Kettner
(m. 1968-2003, her death)
Olympia (1938 movie)

***Olympia*** is a 1938 movie by Leni Riefenstahl documenting the 1936 Summer Olympics, held in the Olympic Stadium in Berlin, Germany.

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: Olympia
- **caption**: VHS cover for Olympia 2. Teil - Fest der Schönheit.
- **director**: Leni Riefenstahl
- **producer**: Leni Riefenstahl
- **writer**: Leni Riefenstahl
- **music**: Herbert Windt
Walter Gronostay
- **editing**: Leni Riefenstahl
- **studio**: Olympia-Film
- **distributor**: Tobis
Müller
Taurus (video)
- **released**: April 20, 1938 (Nazi Germany, Germany)
- **runtime**: 126 minutes (part I)
100 minutes (part II)
- **country**: Germany
- **language**: German
Carbon paper

**Carbon paper** is a special kind of paper that can be used for copying. On one side, the paper is coated with dry ink, which is usually bound with a kind of wax. It is usually put between two sheets of paper. When pressure is applied from the first sheet, some ink is transferred to the second one.The copy that is produced that way is called _carbon copy_. Because it relies on pressure, the technique is limited to only four or five copies.
Billy Butler

**Billy Butler** (born April 18, 1986) is an American baseball player. He plays first base for the Kansas City Royals of Major League Baseball (MLB).

The Royals chose Butler in the 2004 First-Year Player Draft. Butler had played baseball in high school in Jacksonville, Florida, and entered the draft instead of playing in college. He played his first MLB game on May 1, 2007.

## Infobox (mlb player)

- **name**: Billy Butler
- **image**: Billy_Butler_on_July_27,_ 2009.jpg
- **width**: 200
- **position**: Designated hitter/First baseman
- **team**: Kansas City Royals
- **number**: 16
- **bats**: Right
- **throws**: Right
- **birth place**: Orange Park, Florida
- **debutdate**: May 1
- **debutyear**: 2007
- **debutteam**: Kansas City Royals
- **statyear**: 2014 season
- **stat1label**: Batting average
- **stat1value**: .295
- **stat2label**: Hit (baseball), Hits
- **stat2value**: 1,273
- **stat3label**: Home runs
- **stat3value**: 127
- **stat4label**: Run batted in, Runs batted in
- **stat4value**: 628
- **teams**: * Kansas City Royals (–present)
- **highlights**: * Hutch Award (2011)
* Major League Baseball All-Star Game, All-Star (2012 Major League Baseball All-Star Game, 2012)
* Silver Slugger Award (2012)
Karen Horney

**Karen Horney** (16 September 1885 in Blankenese, Germany – 4 December 1952 in New York)  was a German psychoanalyst and psychiatrist. Her theories questioned some traditional Freudian views.

## Works by Karen Horney

The following are all still in print:
- _Neurosis and Human Growth_, Norton, New York, 1950.
- _Are You Considering Psychoanalysis?_ Norton, 1946.
- _Our Inner Conflicts_, Norton, 1945.
- _Self-analysis_ , Norton, 1942.
- _New Ways in Psychoanalysis_, Norton, 1939.  (alternate link)
- _The Neurotic Personality of our Time_, Norton, 1937.
- _Feminine Psychology_ (reprints), Norton, 1922-37 1967.
- _The Collected Works of Karen Horney_ (2 vols.), Norton, 1950.
- _The Adolescent Diaries of Karen Horney_, Basic Books, New York, 1980.
- _The Therapeutic Process: Essays and Lectures_, ed. Bernard J. Paris, Yale University Press, New Haven, 1999.
- _The Unknown Karen Horney: Essays on Gender, Culture, and Psychoanalysis_, ed. Bernard J. Paris, Yale University Press, New Haven, 2000.

## Other websites

- The American Institute for Psychoanalysis
- International Karen Horney Society
- Biography at Webster.edu.
- Lecture notes alongside psychological opinions at Sonoma.edu
- Our Inner Conflicts: excerpts
- Books by Karen Horney at the Internet Archive
- https://www.karen-horney.de

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Karen Horney
- **image**: Karen Horney 1938.jpg
- **caption**: Karen Horney
- **birth date**: 16 September 1885
- **birth place**: Hamburg
- **death date**: 4 December 1952 (Aged 67)
- **nationality**: Germany, German
- **field**: psychoanalyst
Hildesheim (district)

**Hildesheim** is a district (_Landkreis_)  in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is surrounded by the districts of Hanover, Peine, Wolfenbüttel, Goslar, Northeim, Holzminden and Hamelin-Pyrmont.

## Other websites

- Official website
- 360° Panoramas Hildesheim
- Article about Hildesheim
- Pictures

## Infobox (district de)

- **name**: Hildesheim
- **image coa**: Wappen Landkreis Hildesheim.svg
- **state**: Lower Saxony
- **capital**: Hildesheim
- **area**: 1206
- **kreisschlüssel**: 03254
- **population**: 292,900
- **population as of**: 2002
- **density**: 243
- **carsign**: HI
- **url**: [http://www.landkreishildesheim.de www.landkreishildesheim.de]
- **map**: Lower Saxony_HI.svg
- **latd**: 52
- **latm**: 09
- **longd**: 09
- **longm**: 57
Aryan race

The **Aryan race** is a hypothesised idea that was formed in the 19th and 20th centuries. It was used to describe the theoretical descendents of group of people in ancient Persia and India who spoke an Indo-European language. However, there is no historical, anthropological, or archaeological evidence that supports its existence.

The word "Aryan" has been used to describe people of Iranian and Indian descent, but there is no record of Aryans in European history. Later it was used for Germanic peoples because of new ideas about the Aryans.

The term Aryan comes from the ancient Sanskrit word _ārya._ Sanskrit-speaking people used this word to distinguish themselves from other races. The Iranians also used this word, and the name Iran means "land of the Aryans".

The idea of an Aryan race was later used by occult movements (like Theosophy) and by the Nazis.

## In Nazism

The ideology of Nazism was based upon the idea that the Aryan race (Germanic peoples) was a master race. This view came from earlier racial theorists such as Arthur de Gobineau and Houston Stewart Chamberlain.

As the leader of Nazi Germany, Adolf Hitler decided that people who were not Germanic could also be Aryans. He declared Hungarians to be Aryan in 1934. He did the same for the Japanese in 1936 and the Finns in 1942.

The Nazis saw Slavs as inferior non-Aryans. They were usually vague as to whether Italians were "Aryan", although Italy under Mussolini had a "Manifesto of Race" in 1938 so that the Aryan race between the Italians indeed were related.

Jews, Romani people and Black people were considered “non-Aryans”.

## In Theosophy

Theosophy, a mystical occult society founded in 1875 by Helena Blavatsky, teaches that the Arabian people and the Jews are a part of the Aryan race. Theosophists believe that the Arabians used the Semitic languages of the people around them. These people had moved to the area from Atlantis. Theosophists claim that the Jews began as a part of the Arabian sub-race in what is now Yemen around 30,000 BC. They moved first to Somalia and then to Egypt, where they lived until the time of Moses.

## Other websites

- Who Were the Aryans? The Aryan Invasion Myth
Keynesian economics

**Keynesian economics** (also called **Keynesianism**) describes the economics theories of John Maynard Keynes. Keynes wrote about his theories in his book _The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money_. The book was published in 1936.

Keynes said capitalism is a good economic system. In a capitalist system, people earn money from their work. Businesses employ and pay people to work. Then people can spend their money on things they want. Other people work and make things to buy. Sometimes the capitalist system has problems. People lose their work. Businesses close. People cannot work and cannot spend money. Keynes said the government should step in and help people who do not have work.

This idea is called "demand-side policy". If people are working, the economy is good. If people are not working, the economy is bad.

Keynes said when the economy is bad, people want to save their money. That is, they do not spend their money on, or invest in, things they want. As a result, there is less economic activity.

Keynes said the government should spend more money when people do not have work. The government can borrow money and give people jobs (work). Then people can spend money again and buy things. This helps other people find work.

Some people, such as conservatives, libertarians, and people who believe in Austrian economics, do not agree with Keynes' ideas. They say government work does not help capitalism. They say when the government borrows money, it takes money away from businesses. They do not like Keynesian economics because they say the economy can get better without government help.

During the late 1970s, Keynesian economics became less popular because inflation was high at the same time that unemployment was high. This is because many people interpreted Keynesian theory to say that it was impossible for there to be both high inflation and high unemployment.

When a big recession happened in 2007, Keynesian economics became more popular. Leaders around the world (including Barack Obama) created stimulus packages which would allow their government to spend a lot of money to create jobs. Conservatives and Libertarians would say that the stimulus package rewards the bad behavior that led to the recession. It tells big banks that they can misbehave and the government will step in and get them out of trouble.

## Basic ideas

Keynes had the following ideas:
1. The market for goods controls employment and production. The market for work does not.
1. It is possible that people become unemployed even if they want to work.
1. An increase in savings will not lead to an increase in investment of the same amount. People have the choice between investing their money or saving it.
1. An economic system based on money is different from one that is based on the exchange of goods.
1. The quantity theory of money is only valid if there is no unemployment.
1. In a market economy, investor behavior is governed by what Keynes called the animal spirits of investors.
Kaiser Chiefs

**Kaiser Chiefs** is an alternative rock band from Leeds, England. They were active as **Parva** from 2000 to 2003, then changed their name to **Kaiser Chiefs** in 2003.

Their name come from the name of the Kaizer Chiefs association football club in South Africa.

Kaiser Chiefs 2016 album stay together was very successfull.

## Discography

|Year|Album|
| --- | --- |
|2005|_Employment_|
|2007|_Yours Truly, Angry Mob_|
|2008|_Off with Their Heads_|
|2011|_The Future Is Medieval_|
|2014|_Education, Education, Education & War_|

## Other websites

- Kaiser Chiefs official website

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Kaiser Chiefs
- **img**: Jaguar XE - Arrival in London (14999312137).jpg
- **img capt**: Kaiser Chiefs at a launch for the Jaguar XE in London on 8 September 2014
- **img size**: 230px
- **landscape**: yes
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Leeds, West Yorkshire, England
- **genre**: Indie rock, power pop, Britpop, post-punk revival, New wave music, new wave, alternative rock, garage rock
- **label**: Universal Music Group, MCA Music, Inc., B-Unique Records, B-Unique, Polydor Records, Polydor, Drowned in Sound, Liberation Music, Liberator, Caroline International
- **years active**: 2000 – present
- **current members**: Ricky Wilson (British musician), Ricky Wilson
Andrew White (musician), Andrew White
Simon Rix
Nicholas M. Baines, Nick Baines
Vijay Mistry
- **former members**: Nick Hodgson
- **url**: [http://www.kaiserchiefs.co.uk/ Official website]
Elam

**Elam** was an long-lasting ancient civilization just to the east of Mesopotamia, in what is now southwest Iran. Elam was centered in the far west and southwest of what is now modern-day Iran, stretching from the lowlands of what is now Khuzestan and Ilam Province as well as a small part of southern Iraq..

## History

Knowledge of Elamite history is not complete. It is mainly known from Mesopotamian sources. The history of Elam is divided into three periods, over more than two millennia. The three periods come after the proto-Elamite period:
- Proto-Elamite: c. 3200 BC – 2700 BC (Proto-Elamite script in Susa)
- Old Elamite period: c. 2700 BC – 1600 BC  (earliest documents until the Eparti dynasty)
- Middle Elamite period: c. 1500 BC – 1100 BC (Anzanite dynasty until the Babylonian invasion of Susa)
- Neo-Elamite period: c. 1100 BC – 539 BC (characterized by Iranian and Syrian influence. 539 BC marks the beginning of the Achaemenid period)

The Proto-Elamite city of Susa was founded around 5000 BC in the watershed of the river Karun. It is considered to be the site of Proto-Elamite cultural formation.

Written records start from around 3000 BC in the Old Elamite period (Middle Bronze Age). In the Achaemenid Empire the Elamite language was among those in official use. The Elamite language has no obvious connections with any other, and seems to be a language isolate like Sumerian. Some researchers have suggested the existence of a larger group known as Elamo-Dravidian. This theory is not established.

The Elamites called their country Haltamti, but the Sumerians and Akkadians called it Elam, and so it was also in the Hebrew Bible. The civilisation started around 2700 BC, and they were finally conquered by the Achmaenids in 640 BC. A tablet found in 1848 has the Assyrian king Ashurbanipal boasting of his conquest:
- "Susa, the great holy city, abode of their Gods, seat of their mysteries, I conquered. I entered its palaces, I opened their treasuries where silver and gold, goods and wealth were amassed...I destroyed the ziggurat of Susa. I smashed its shining copper horns. I reduced the temples of Elam to naught; their gods and goddesses I scattered to the winds. The tombs of their ancient and recent kings I devastated, I exposed to the sun, and I carried away their bones toward the land of Ashur. I devastated the provinces of Elam and on their lands I sowed salt.

As it happens, the Elamites managed to stay independent for some time after this disaster. The devastation was less complete than Assurbanipal boasted, and Elamite rule, though rather broken up, continued until 540 BC, when Achaemenid rule begins in Susa. Under the Parthian period, a kingdom of Elymais existed which survived until its extinction by Sassanid invasion in the early third century AD. It was in the heartland of ancient Elam.
Dental braces

**Dental braces** are wires that are held together by brackets glued to the permanent teeth. The wires and brackets may be made of metal or other materials. Each week or month (or other time the orthodontist decides) the braces may be checked, cleaned, or changed into a tighter wire.

Braces are an orthodontic device. They are to make the teeth straight, and to correct problems in a person's bite. There are many natural problems which occur to the way teeth fit together, but not everyone needs or will need braces.

However, the use of braces is quite common, even when they are not medically necessary. Their cosmetic use for young females is more common in countries with first world economies. To overcome the visibility of traditional metal braces, there are now nearly transparent braces. Sometimes braces are possible behind the teeth, and so are not in view.
Braces

**Braces** (**suspenders** in the U.S.) are a standard item of male clothing. Their function is to keep trousers at a set height on the body. They are standard wear for formal styles of dress such as the lounge suit.

There is also a fashion use among some young males, and a use by some workmen, most often with newspaper. Braces can be worn entirely out of sight, hidden by a waistcoat, or in sight as a display. A critical factor in formal dress is the "drop" of the trousers as they meet the shoes. Here braces avoid the need to hitch trousers up, always a problem with belts.

In many countries braces were worn by all classes of men for well over a hundred years until about the 1960s, except in the armed forces. Then fashion changed and men's clothes became informal, with lower waistlines and belts. Now they are a minority item.
Doves (band)

**Doves** is an English alternative rock band. They formed in 1998 when the two Williams brothers (Jez and Andy) met Jimi Goodwin in high school.

Doves newest album is _The Places Between: The Best of Doves_ and was released on April 5, 2010.

## Discography

Doves have released 5 studio albums:
|Year|Album|
| --- | --- |
|2000|_Lost Souls_|
|2002|_The Last Broadcast_|
|2005|_Some Cities_|
|2009|_Kingdom of Rust_|
|2010|_The Places Between: The Best of Doves_|
|2020|_The Universal Want_|

## Websites

Doves' Official website

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Doves
- **img**: Doves 2009.jpg
- **img capt**: Doves performing live in 2009.
From left to right: Jimi Goodwin, Andy Williams, and Jez Williams.
- **landscape**: yes
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Handforth, Cheshire, England, United Kingdom
- **genre**: Alternative rock
Indie rock
New prog
Post-Britpop
- **years active**: 1998 - Present
- **associated acts**: Sub Sub
- **url**: [http://www.doves.net/ Doves Website]
- **current members**: Jez Williams
Jimi Goodwin
Andy Williams (Doves), Andy Williams
Shin-Soo Choo

**Shin-Soo Choo** (born July 13, 1982 in Busan, South Korea) is a South Korean baseball player. He is a center fielder for the Texas Rangers of Major League Baseball (MLB). Choo also played for the Seattle Mariners from 2005-2006 and the Cleveland Indians from 2006–2012.

Choo was required to serve 2 years in the South Korea military service before he turns 30 in 2012. However, he was exempted from military service due to his contribution to the Korean National Baseball team winning the Gold Medal in the 2010 Asian Games

He is married and lives near Phoenix, Arizona.

## Other websites

- Shin-Soo Choo's MLB player profile
Bryan Bickell

**Bryan Bickell** (born March 9, 1986) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey left winger. He played for the Chicago Blackhawks and Carolina Hurricanes of the National Hockey League (NHL).

## Career

He was chosen 41st overall by the Chicago Blackhawks in the 2004 NHL Entry Draft. He earned a Stanley Cup ring from the team but his name was not engraved on the cup. On June 24, 2013, Bickell won his second Stanley Cup with the Blackhawks after they defeated the Boston Bruins 4 games to 2 in the 2013 Stanley Cup Finals.

## Health issues

Bickell began experiencing symptoms of vertigo that forced him to miss two games during the 2015 Stanley Cup Finals. He initially believed the ailment was caused by an infected tooth. Bickell's agent later commented that Bickell was suffering from vestibular issues, which hindered his performance during the 2015–16 Chicago Blackhawks season. In November 2016, Bickell began experiencing an unexplained pain in his shoulder and leg that caused him to miss multiple games. Doctors later diagnosed Bickell with multiple sclerosis. Bickell commented on his health by stating, "Since the 2015 playoffs, I've been struggling to understand what was going on with my body. Again during the past few weeks, it felt like something wasn't right." Ron Francis, the Hurricanes' general manager, stated that Bickell would take an indefinite amount of time off from hockey to receive treatment for his condition. While Bickell ultimately returned to Hurricanes towards the end of the 2016–17 season, he announced he would retire from playing hockey to focus on his MS treatment.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **image**: Bryan Bickell.png
- **image size**: 230px
- **played for**: Chicago Blackhawks
Orli Znojmo (Austrian Hockey League)
Carolina Hurricanes
- **league**: National Hockey League, NHL
- **position**: Winger (ice hockey), Left wing
- **shoots**: Left
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 4
- **weight lb**: 226
- **birth place**: Orono, Ontario, Orono, Ontario, ON, Canada, CAN
- **draft**: 41st overall
- **draft year**: 2004
- **draft team**: Chicago Blackhawks
- **career start**: 2006
- **career end**: 2017
Amar Ramasar

**Amar Ramasar** (born c. 1981, The Bronx) is a principal dancer of the New York City Ballet.  In 2010, _Dance Magazine_ reported that Ramasar was one of the few Asian American professional ballet dancers.  He took his first dance lessons at the Henry Street Settlement House on the Lower East Side. He went there every day by subway, from his home in the South Bronx.
2008 Kosovo declaration of independence

The **2008 Kosovo declaration of independence** was an act of the Provisional Institutions of Self-Government Assembly of Kosovo. It was adopted on 17 February 2008 by all of the 109 members that were present, which was the minimum number needed for it to pass. It declared Kosovo to be independent from Serbia.

It was the second declaration of independence by Kosovo's Albanian-majority political institutions. The first was proclaimed on 7 September 1990.

The government of Serbia said that the declaration was illegal. It took the case to the International Court of Justice. The ICJ said that the declaration did not violate international law.

## United Nations

Following a request from Russia, the United Nations Security Council held an emergency session in the afternoon of 17 February. The United Nations Secretary-General, Ban Ki-moon, issued a statement that avoided taking sides and urged all parties "to refrain from any actions of statements that could endanger peace, incite violence or jeopardize security in Kosovo or the region." Speaking on behalf of six western countries—Belgium, Croatia, France, Germany, Italy and the United States—the Belgian ambassador expressed regret "that the Security Council cannot agree on the way forward, but this impasse has been clear for many months. Today's events... represent the conclusion of a status process that has exhausted all avenues in pursuit of a negotiated outcome."

## ICJ ruling

On July 22, 2010 the International Court of Justice ruled that the declaration did not violate international law. Prior to the announcement Hashim Thaçi said there would be no "winners or losers" and that "I expect this to be a correct decision, according to the will of Kosovo's citizens. Kosovo will respect the advisory opinion." For his part, Boris Tadić, the Serbian president, warned that "If the International Court of Justice sets a new principle, it would trigger a process that would create several new countries and destabilise numerous regions in the world."
Equal justice under law

**Equal justice under law** is a sentence on the front of the United States Supreme Court building in Washington D.C..
Six-hour clock

The **Thai six-hour clock** is a traditional time system used in Thailand and Laos. It splits the day into 4 parts.
Canteen (bottle)

A **canteen** is a bottle which can be re-used.  Canteens are most used for carrying water to places where water is hard to find. Many canteens can be worn on a belt, or held with a strap, like a purse.  They are carried often by soldiers, hikers, and campers.  Old canteens were mostly made of metal but newer ones can be made of plastic. The idea of a canteen comes from ancient times when water and wine were carried in bags made from animal skins.
Canteen (place)

A **canteen** is a small restaurant.  A restaurant found on an Army base or inside an office or factory is often called the canteen. The food in a canteen is usually cheaper than in a restaurant, because the price is subsidized.
Surfboard

A **surfboard** is a long platform used in the sport of surfing.