juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Matsukata Kojiro

was a Japanese businessman and art collector. His collection of French art is the core of Japan's National Museum of Western Art (NMWA) in Ueno, central Tokyo.

## Background

Matsukata was the son of Matsukata Masayoshi who was a Prime Minister of Japan during the Meiji Period.

## Career

Matsukata became  president of Kawasaki Shipbuilding Company (_Kawasaki Shōzō_) in 1896.

## Art collecting

Masukata bought thousands of Western paintings and sculpture including Auguste Rodin's "The Thinker" and "Gates of Hell." The Rodin sculptures in the NMWA entrance plaza were made from the same original casting as at the Rodin Museum in France.  In fact, Matsukata actually paid for the best Rodin castings in France today.

Some works collected by Matsukata are today in the French national collection of art.

Matsukata's art collection was first seen by the Japanese public in 1959.

## Other websites

- National Museum of Western Art website
Aberdeen (disambiguation)

**Aberdeen** is a city in Scotland, United Kingdom.

**Aberdeen** may also be:

## Aberdeen, Scotland

Aberdeen, Scotland, is home of:

- Aberdeen F.C.
- Aberdeen railway station

## North America

- United States of America

- Aberdeen, Idaho

- Aberdeen, Ohio

- Aberdeen, Washington
Pyramid (game show)

***Pyramid*** is a game show which was shown on television. Many different versions of the show have been made. The current show is on GSN. on 1973 Present Until 1989 on ABC Game Show Network CBS Call NBC on New 2012 or 2016 in Match Game Wheel of Fortune & Jeopardy Game Show Network GSN (1994 Present) in 2001

### _$10,000 Pyramid_

The first version of the game was called the _$10,000 Pyramid_. It was hosted by Dick Clark. The game show offered the largest prize on television at the time.

### Other versions

The show ran for other versions. Some versions offered $25,000 as the prize. Others offered $100,000 as the prize.

### _The Pyramid_

In 2012, GSN premiered a new version called _The Pyramid_. The show is based on the format of the old ones. This version premiered on September 3, 2012. It is hosted by Mike Richards. In this version, getting all 7 words right won the contestant $500, and the amount they would play for in the Winner's Circle went up by $5,000.

## Gameplay

There are two halves of the game. The first and second halves are almost equal. In the first half, normal people team with famous people. One of the teams will try to describe a word to the other. There are seven words in each round. There are six total rounds in the first half. At the end of the half the team with the most points moves on. They go to the "Winner's Circle". In the Winner's Circle, one player will use short phrases to tell the other a category. There are six categories for the Winner's Circle. If the team guesses all six correct in one minute they win the prize money. For the second half the players switch famous people. The gameplay is the same in the second half.

### Bonus cards

There have been many bonuses offered on the show. Some of the bonus cards are:
- 7/11: This was hidden under one of the first round subjects. The player would get $1,100 if they answered all 7 right in time.
- Mystery 7: The player would get a surprise if they guessed all 7 words right in time. Prizes included trips, computers, and other items.
Game Show Network

**GSN** (formerly **Game Show Network**) is an American cable television game network. It shows game show episodes. It airs in the United States.

The company is jointly owned by DirecTV and Sony Pictures Television.  The channel was launched on December 1, 1994.

## Shows that air on GSN

- Wheel of Fortune
- Jeopardy!
- Match Game
- Who Wants To Be A Millionaire
- Whammy
- Card Sharks
- Press Your Luck
- Lingo
- Family Feud
- Minute To Win It
- Friend or Foe
- Deal or No Deal
- The Pyramid

### Originals

- America Says
- The Chase
- Get a Clue
- Catch 21
- Master Minds
- Cash Cab
- People Puzzler
- Chain Reaction(2005/2016/2021)
- Emogenius
- Common Knowledge
- Winsanity
- Caroline & Friends
- Idiotest

& More
Aleph one

**Aleph one**, written as , is an infinite cardinal number following aleph null (). It is the cardinality (size) of the set of numbers of possible arrangements for all countably infinite sets. Under the continuum hypothesis, it is also the cardinality of the real numbers. Aleph one is followed by aleph two, , even with an infinite amount of time you could simply never list every single element or number in any uncountable set.

## Related pages

- Infinity
- Uncountable set
Zayn Malik

**Zain Javadd Malik** (; born 12 January 1993), known professionally as **Zayn Malik** or simply **Zayn**, is a British singer and songwriter. He was born and raised in Bradford to a Pakistani father and a white English and Irish mother. He attended St Stephens Primary School and Tong High School.

Malik wanted to pursue a career in music from a young age leading him to audition as a solo artist for the British reality television music competition _The X Factor_ in 2010. After being eliminated as a solo performer, Malik was brought back into the competition, along with four other contestants, to form the boy band that would become known as  One Direction.

During his time in the group, they released the albums _Up All Night_ (2011), _Take Me Home_ (2012), _Midnight Memories_ (2013), and _Four_ (2014).

Malik split from the boy band in March 2015 and signed a solo recording contract with RCA Records.

He has been in a relationship with American model Gigi Hadid since late 2015. In September 2020, Hadid gave birth to their daughter in New Hope, Pennsylvania.They broke up in 2021

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **embed**: yes
- **background**: solo_singer
- **instrument**: Vocals
- **associated acts**: One Direction


## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Zayn Malik
- **image**: Zayn Wiki (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Malik in 2015
- **birth name**: Zain Javad Malik
- **birth place**: Bradford, Britain
- **years active**: 2010–present
- **partner**: Gigi Hadid (2015–2021)
- **children**: 1
Harry Styles

**Harry Edward Styles** (born 1 February 1994) is an English singer, songwriter, and actor. He is known as a member of the boy band One Direction, with Louis Tomlinson, Liam Payne,  Niall Horan and Zayn Malik (2010–2016).

## Career

Styles made his debut as a singer with his band White Eskimo, who performed locally in Holmes Chapel, Cheshire. In 2010, Styles auditioned as a solo artist for the British television series _The X Factor_. After being eliminated as a solo performer, Styles was brought back into the competition, along with four other contestants, to form One Direction. The group landed the title of being 3rd place through the season.

Styles and his One Direction colleagues have released the albums _Up All Night_ (2011), _Take Me Home_ (2012), _Midnight Memories_ (2013), _Four_ (2014), and _Made in the A.M._ (2015). They have also performed on four worldwide tours, one featured on concert film _One Direction: This Is Us_, and won several awards, including five Brit Awards and four MTV Video Music Awards. Second album, _Fine Line_, (2019) was listed among Rolling Stone's 500 Greats Albums of All Time in 2020. The most popular songs of this album were _Watermelon Sugar_ and _Adore You_

In 2017, Styles had a movie role as a British soldier named "Alex" in Christopher Nolan's war movie _Dunkirk._

In 2022, Styles starred as Jack Chambers in Don't Worry Darling. The same year he also starred as Tom Burgess in My Policeman.

In 2018, Styles and his fellow executive producer, Ben Winston, created a new television series called "Happy Together.

He has now collaborated with artist Mick Fleetwood.

Harry also created a brand called Pleasing, in which he promotes sustainability and products such as skincare, nail polishes and lounge wear.  He created this brand in 2021 and initially only sold nail polishes.

### Studio albums

- Solo
- _Harry Styles_ (2017)
- _Fine Line_ (2019)
- _Harry's House_ (2022)
- _Kiss All the Time. Disco, Occasionally_ (2026)

- With One Direction
- _Up All Night_ (2011)
- _Take Me Home_ (2012)
- _Midnight Memories_ (2013)
- _Four_ (2014)
- _Made in the A.M._ (2015)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Harry Styles
- **image**: HarryStylesWembley170623 (65 of 93) (52982678051) (cropped 2).jpg
- **caption**: Styles in 2023
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Harry Edward Styles
- **birth place**: Redditch,
Evesham Worcestershire, England, United Kingdom
- **origin**: Holmes Chapel, Cheshire
- **occupation**: Actor
- **instrument**: Guitar
Piano
- **years active**: 2010–present
Louis Tomlinson

**Louis William Tomlinson** (born **Louis Troy Austin**; 24 December 1991) is an English singer and songwriter. He is known as a member of the boy band One Direction, with Liam Payne, Niall Horan, Zayn Malik and Harry Styles.

Tomlinson began his career as an actor appearing in his high school's drama Grease as Danny Zuko, then in an ITV drama _Fat Friends_ as an extra. He also went on to appear in another ITV drama movie _If I Had You_ and the BBC drama _Waterloo Road_. In 2010, he auditioned in the TV series _The X Factor_, he met his bandmates. His band One Direction released their first album on November 18, 2011. They release 4 more albums, one of which became the most sold album of 2013. They went on a supposed "18 month hiatus", which has turned into 9 years. He was one of the main songwriters of the group.

Following the band's hiatus , Tomlinson released the singles "Just Hold On", "Back to You", "Miss You", and "Just Like You". In 2020 Louis released his debut album walls with 12 new tracks. In his album he has 3 singles, Kill my Mind, Two Of Us, and Walls. His first single kill my mind, was played at Wembley stadium for the 2020 euro after his fans voted him in. His second single Two Of Us was written from Louis to his mother after her death in 2016.

In 2013, he was signed as a footballer by Doncaster Rovers of the Football League Championship on a non-contract basis. The same year he also formed his own record label, Triple Strings Ltd. He appeared on Debrett's 2017 list of the most influential people in the UK.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Louis Tomlinson
- **background**: solo_singer
- **image**: Louis Tomlinson 2019 MTV.png
- **caption**: Tomlinson in 2019
- **birth name**: Louis Troy Austin
- **birth place**: Doncaster, South Yorkshire, England
- **genre**: Pop
- **years active**: 2010–present
- **associated acts**: One Direction
John Burgoyne

**John Burgoyne** (24 February 1722 – 4 August 1792) was a general in the British Army. In 1777, he led the British troops in the Battle Of Saratoga where he surrendered to American general Horatio Gates. This success led to France and Spain recognizing the United States and offering aid to the continental army. Historians consider this to be the turning point for the American Revolutionary War.
Honda Ridgeline

The **Honda Ridgeline** is a mid sized pickup truck produced by Honda. The first model year for this truck was 2005; it has undergone several changes in design since being introduced. Unlike a traditional body-on-frame truck, the Ridgeline uses a closed box unibody frame similar to the one used on the Accord, Pilot and Odyssey. Despite good sales Honda pulled the truck in 2015. A second generation model was introduced in 2017. It shares much of its platform with the Honda Pilot three-row SUV, suitably beefed up for work and play.

For the 2020 model year, a nine-speed transmission replaced the outgoing six-speed. Also, thanks to independent rear suspension, it provides superior ride quality and handling. The spacious crew cab is comfortable and handsomely finished. Besides, it has a unique two-way tailgate and a large lockable in-bed trunk. For now, Apple CarPlay, Android Auto, and Honda Sensing safety features are packed as standard. The manufacturer suggested price for the new 2020 Honda Ridgeline varies from $33,900 to $43,520 depending on the trim.
G. D. Spradlin

**Gervase Duan "G.D." Spradlin** (August 31, 1920 – July 24, 2011) was an American movie, television, stage, voice, and radio actor. He was known for his roles as Senator Pat Geary in _The Godfather II_ and as the General in _Apocalypse Now_.

Spradlin was born on August 31, 1920 in Pauls Valley, Oklahoma. He studied at the University of Oklahoma. Spradlin was married to Nell Spradlin from 1944 until her death in 2000. Then he was married to Frances Hendrickson from 2002 until his death in 2011. He had two children with Nell. Spradlin died on July 24, 2011 from natural causes in San Luis Obispo, California, aged 90.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: G. D. Spradlin
- **birth name**: Gervase Duan Spradlin
- **birth place**: Pauls Valley, Oklahoma, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: San Luis Obispo, California, U.S.
- **death cause**: Natural Causes
- **nationality**: United States, American
- **alma mater**: University of Oklahoma
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democrat
- **occupation**: Actor
- **years active**: 1964 – 2009
- **spouse**: Nell Spradlin
(1944–2000; her death),
Frances Hendrickson
(2002–2011; his death)
- **children**: 2
- **signature**: GDSpradlin.png
Anna Faris

**Anna Kay Faris** (born November 29, 1976) is an American movie, television, stage, voice actress, comedian and singer who is known for her roles in all four _Scary Movie_s, _Lost in Translation_, _Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs_, _The House Bunny_ and _Overboard_.

Faris was born on November 29, 1976 in Baltimore, Maryland. She was raised in Edmonds, Washington. She studied at Edmonds-Woodway High School and at the University of Washington.

She was married to Ben Indra from 2004 until they divorced in 2008. She was married to Chris Pratt from 2009 to 2018. She has a son, Jack Pratt by her second husband Chris Pratt. In 2017, Faris and Pratt legally separated and divorced the following year. In 2021, she married Michael Barrett.
Hollywood Records

**Hollywood Records** is an American record label. They focus on pop, rock, alternative and teen pop genres. It was founded in 1989. It is one of the major DMG labels.

Its current roster includes artists such as: Coco Jones, China Anne McClain,  Demi Lovato, Queen, Sara Urban, Plain White T's, Jesse McCartney, Grace Potter and the Nocturnals, Astrid McGee, Breaking Benjamin, Britney Maye, Jessica Sutta, Lucy Hale, Miley Cyrus, Selena Gomez & the Scene, Valora, Feather Maye, Cherri Bomb, Stefano Langone, Bridgit Mendler, and Zendaya Coleman.

## Infobox (record label)

- **name**: Hollywood Records
- **image name**: Hollywood Records logo.svg
- **image size**: 200px
- **parent**: Disney Music Group
- **founded**: 1989
- **founder**: Michael Eisner
- **distributor**: Universal Music Group, Universal Music Distribution (Worldwide)
EMI Group, EMI Music (Europe/Africa/Middle East)
- **genre**: Various
- **country**: United States
- **location**: Burbank, California
- **url**: [http://hollywoodrecords.go.com/ Hollywood Records]
Hoplite

A **hoplite** was a citizen-soldier of the Ancient Greek city-states. A hoplite's main weapon was his spear. They fought close together in what was called a phalanx formation. In a phalanx, each man's shield protected himself and also gave some protection to the right arm of the man on his left.

The word "_hoplite_" comes from  the type of the shield used by the soldiers. In later texts, the term _hoplite_ is used to denote any armoured infantry, regardless of armament or ethnicity.

The armour of a hoplite included:
1. helmet with face covered
1. shield
1. body armour
1. greaves (leg armour)
1. sword
1. spear

A hoplite was usually a free citizen who supplied his own armour and weapons. In most Greek city-states citizens received basic military training and served in the standing army for a specified time, participating in any military campaign undertaken during that period. The citizens of Sparta were renowned for their lifelong combat training and military prowess. Their great adversaries, the Athenians, were exempted from service after the 60th year of life.

The phalanx trained to work as a team eight rows or more deep. The first row would stab at their opponents while trying to maintain close formation. The ranks behind would support them with their spears and gently push them with their shields, not to force them into the enemy but to keep them steady and in position. Upon command of an officer, the phalanx  would take a certain number of steps forward.

Phalanxes tended to drift right in battle as each hoplite sought to keep his right arm behind the shield of his neighbour. Also, the right side of the phalanx, where right arms were unprotected by neighboring shields, was more vulnerable than the left. Thus the most experienced hoplites were often placed on the right side of the phalanx to counteract these problems.

## Notes

Cat:Ancient Greece
Phalanx formation

The **phalanx formation ** is an Ancient Greek term for a block-like infantry formation. The Greek hoplites (heavy infantry) were armed with spears, swords, or similar weapons. The mass of infantry marched forward as one entity against opponents. The system was used by city states, who often fought each other. Cavalry were rare, partly because horses were a scarce resource, and partly because the lack of space on valley floors in the Peloponnese left little room for cavalry manoeuvres. Later, the Macedonian phalanx was always supported by cavalry in the conquests of Alexander the Great.

## Tactics

Early battles with the phalanx usually resulted in similar formations pushing against each other until one broke. The potential of the phalanx to do more was shown at the Battle of Marathon (490 BC). Facing the huge army of Darius I, the Athenians thinned out their phalanx and lengthened their front to avoid being outflanked. However, even a reduced-depth phalanx proved unstoppable to the lightly armed Persian infantry. After routing the Persian wings, the hoplites on the Athenian wings wheeled inwards, destroying the elite troop at the Persian centre. This was a crushing victory for Athens. Throughout the Greco-Persian Wars the hoplite phalanx continued to defeat the Persian infantry (e.g. the battles of Thermopylae and Plataea).

Perhaps the best example of the phalanx's flexibility was the oblique advance made in the Battle of Leuctra. There, the Theban general Epaminondas thinned out the right flank and centre of his phalanx, and deepened his left flank to an unheard-of 50 men deep. This reversed the convention by which the right flank of the phalanx was strongest. The new arrangement allowed the Thebans to assault in strength the elite Spartan troops on the right flank of the opposing phalanx. Meanwhile, the centre and right flank of the Theban line were echeloned back, from the opposing phalanx, keeping the weakened parts of the formation from being engaged. Once the Spartan right had been routed by the Theban left, the remainder of the Spartan line also broke. Thus by heading with the powerful wing, Epaminondas was able to defeat an enemy previously thought invincible.

Philip II of Macedon spent several years in Thebes as a hostage, and paid attention to Epaminondas' innovations. When he got home he raised a revolutionary new infantry force, which was to change the face of the Greek world. Phillip's phalangites were the first force of professional soldiers in Ancient Greece (apart from Sparta). They were armed with much longer spears and were drilled more thoroughly in more complex tactics and manoeuvres. More importantly, though, Phillip's phalanx was part of a multi-faceted, combined force that included a variety of skirmishers and cavalry, most notably his famous Companion cavalry.

The Macedonian phalanx now was used to pin the centre of the enemy line, while cavalry and more mobile infantry struck at the foe's flanks. Its supremacy over the more static armies fielded by the Greek city-states was shown at the Battle of Chaeronea, where Philip II's army crushed the allied Theban and Athenian phalanxes.
Mush March

**Harold "Mush" March** (18 October 1908 – 9 January 2002) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player that played 17 seasons in the NHL for the Chicago Black Hawks.

March was best known for scoring the game-winning second overtime goal in Game 4 of the 1934 Stanley Cup Finals to win the Stanley Cup for the Chicago Black Hawks. He was also the first recorded player to win the Stanley Cup on an overtime goal. March won the Stanley Cup with the Chicago Black Hawks again in 1938. He scored the very first goal in Maple Leaf Gardens on November 12, 1931 and also dropped the very same puck that he used to score the first goal during the ceremonial opening faceoff as part of the final game played at the Gardens. March was the last surviving member of Black Hawks 1934 Stanley Cup team.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **played for**: Chicago Blackhawks, Chicago Black Hawks
- **position**: Winger (ice hockey), Right wing
- **shot**: Left
- **height ft**: 5
- **height in**: 8
- **weight lb**: 154
- **birth place**: Silton, Saskatchewan, Silton, Saskatchewan, Canada, CAN
- **death place**: Paxton, Illinois, Paxton, Illinois, United States, USA
- **career start**: 1924
- **career end**: 1945
Semantic resolution tree

A **semantic resolution tree** is a tree used for the definition of the semantics of a programming language.
Oh-My-God particle

The **Oh-My-God particle** was a really tiny portion of matter or energy (undefined) moving incredibly fast. It was first spotted on the evening of 15 October 1991 over Dugway Proving Ground in Utah and shocked many astrophysicists. It has an estimated energy of  (50 J)—in other words, a subatomic particle with kinetic energy equal to that of a baseball () traveling at about . That amount of energy is also 50 times the energy that a collision in the Large Hadron Collider would have.

The speed of the particle was almost the speed of light. If a year were to pass in a race between a ray of light and the particle the distance will be 0.00000046 millimetre or be behind 0.00000000000000015 seconds.

There have been at least 15 similar events recorded.
Doru Shahabad

**Doru** () is a town of Anantnag District of Jammu and Kashmir, India.
XYZ Affair

The **XYZ Affair** was a political affair in 1797 and 1798 when John Adams was president. The affair involved the United States and the French First Republic. This affair led to the Quasi-War.

President John Adams wanted to avoid a war with France, so he sent diplomats to find a solution. The diplomats were approached by three French agents, who insisted a loan and a bribe. The Americans refused the bribe. John Adams called the Frenchmen as X, Y, and Z. This led to its name.

Americans were angry at the bribe. The situation led to the Quasi-War, where war was prepared, but not declared

## Reaction in the United States

Americans were angry at France for the XYZ Affair. “Millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute” became a slogan by the Federalists. Because of the XYZ affair, the Federalists gained more power in the House of Representatives.
Craig Defoy

**Craig Defoy** (born 27 March 1947) is a Welsh professional golfer. Defoy played on the European Tour. He did not win but had three second-place finishes.
Deep Space Network

The **Deep Space Network** (or DSN) is NASA's group of large antennae at three stations around world. They are at Madrid, California, and Canberra,https://web.archive.org/web/20120608040231/http://deepspace.jpl.nasa.gov/dsn/ about 120 degrees apart around the Earth. They communicate with satellites and probes in space. The antennas are also used as radio telescope<nowiki/>s to learn about stars and other natural things in space.

The DSN is NASA’s international array of giant radio antennas. It supports interplanetary spacecraft missions, plus a few that orbit Earth. It also provides radar and radio astronomy observations that improve the understanding of the solar system and the larger universe.

According to NASA, "The antennas of the Deep Space Network are the indispensable link to explorers venturing beyond Earth. They provide the crucial connection for commanding our spacecraft and receiving their never-before-seen images and scientific information on Earth, propelling our understanding of the universe, our solar system and ultimately, our place within it."

The placement of these sites allow communication with spacecraft as our planet rotates. Before a distant spacecraft sinks below the horizon at one DSN site, another site can pick up the signal and carry on communicating. All three sites have at least four antennae stations. Each are equipped with large parabolic dish antennas and ultra-sensitive receiving systems. They can detect incredibly faint radio signals from distant spacecraft.
Edwin M. Stanton

**Edwin McMasters Stanton** (December 19, 1814 – December 24, 1869) was an American lawyer and politician. He was the United States Secretary of War under Abraham Lincoln administration during most of the American Civil War. Stanton's effective management helped organize the massive military resources of the North and guide the Union to victory under the command by Ulysses S. Grant.

## Early life

Stanton was born in Steubenville, Ohio, the eldest of four children to David and Lucy Norman Stanton. Throughout his childhood and adult life Stanton suffered from asthma. Stanton studied at Kenyon College. He was also from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

## Personal life

He was married to Mary Lamson from 1836 until her death in 1844. They had two children; Lucy Lamson and Edwin Lamson. Then he was married to Ellen Hutchinson. His brother David committed suicide in 1846. Stanton died on December 24, 1869 in Washington, D.C. from respiratory failure, aged 55.

## Other websites

- Biography from "Impeach Andrew Johnson".
- Mr. Lincoln and Friends: Edwin M. Stanton Biography.
- Mr. Lincoln's White House: Edwin M. Stanton Biography.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Edwin McMasters Stanton
- **image**: Edwin McMasters Stanton Secretary of War.jpg
- **order**: 25th
- **title**: United States Attorney General
- **term start**: December 20, 1860
- **term end**: March 4, 1861
- **president**: James Buchanan
- **predecessor**: Jeremiah S. Black
- **successor**: Edward Bates
- **order2**: 27th
- **title2**: United States Secretary of War
- **term start2**: January 20, 1862
- **term end2**: May 28, 1868
- **president2**: Abraham Lincoln (1862–1865)
Andrew Johnson (1865–1868)
- **predecessor2**: Simon Cameron
- **successor2**: John Schofield, John M. Schofield
- **birth place**: Steubenville, Ohio, U.S.
- **death place**: Washington, D.C., U.S.
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
- **spouse**: Mary Lamson Stanton
Ellen Hutchison Stanton
- **alma mater**: Kenyon College
- **profession**: Lawyer, Politician
- **signature**: Edwin McMasters Stanton Signature.svg
Samuel J. Tilden

**Samuel Jones Tilden** (February 19, 1814 – August 14, 1886) was the candidate for U.S. president of the Democratic Party in 1876; he narrowly lost to Rutherford B. Hayes, the Republican Party's candidate, in one of the country's most dispiuted, closest-run, and violent elections. Tilden was also the governor of New York from January 1, 1875 to December 31, 1876.

## Life

Tilden was born on February 19, 1814 in New Lebanon, New York. He studied at Yale University and at New York University. Tilden never married and had no children. He died on August 4, 1886 in Yonkers, New York, from natural causes at the age of 72. His gravestone has the phrase "I still trust the people" on it.

## Other websites

- Samuel Tilden.com
- Hayes-Tilden election described in detail, compared to Bush-Gore election

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Samuel Tilden
- **image**: SamuelJonesTilden.jpg
- **order**: 25th List of Governors of New York, Governor of New York
- **lieutenant**: William Dorsheimer
- **term start**: January 1, 1875
- **term end**: December 31, 1876
- **predecessor**: John Adams Dix
- **successor**: Lucius Robinson
- **office1**: Member of the New York State Assembly
from Manhattan, New York County's 18th district
- **term start1**: January 1, 1872
- **term end1**: December 31, 1872
- **predecessor1**: Leander Buck
- **successor1**: Biglin Brothers, Barney Biglin
- **office2**: Chair of the New York State Democratic Committee, New York Democratic Party
- **term start2**: August 1866
- **term end2**: September 1874
- **predecessor2**: Dean Richmond
- **successor2**: Allen C. Beach
- **office3**: Member of the New York State Assembly from Manhattan, New York County
- **alongside3**: 13 others
(Multi-member district)
- **term start3**: 1846
- **term end3**: 1847
- **predecessor3**: Various (Multi-member district)
- **successor3**: Various (Multi-member district)
- **office4**: New York City Law Department, Corporation Counsel of New York City
- **term start4**: 1843
- **term end4**: 1844
- **predecessor4**: Alexander W. Bradford
- **successor4**: Stephen Sammons
- **birth name**: Samuel Jones Tilden
- **birth place**: New Lebanon, New York, U.S.
- **death place**: Yonkers, New York, U.S.
- **restingplace**: Gov. Samuel J. Tilden Monument, Cemetery of the Evergreens, New Lebanon, New York
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
- **education**: Yale University
New York University
- **signature**: Samuel Tilden Signature.svg
Horatio Seymour

**Horatio Seymour** (May 31, 1810 – February 12, 1886) was an American politician and lawyer. He was the twentieth Governor of New York from 1853 to 1854 and the twenty-fourth governor from 1863 to 1864. He was the Democratic Party nominee for president of the United States in the presidential election of 1868, but lost the election to Republican and former Union General of the Union Army Ulysses S. Grant.

Seymour was born in Pompey Hill, New York on May 31, 1810. He studied at Geneva College. He was married to Mary Bleecker. They had no children. Seymour died on February 12, 1886 from an illness, aged 75. His wife, Mary Bleecker died a month later also from an illness.

## Other websites

- Mr. Lincoln and New York: Horatio Seymour
- First Edition 1862 Report on Horatio Seymour Winning New York Governor's Race.

## Infobox (governor)

- **name**: Horatio Seymour
- **image**: Horatio Seymour - Brady-Handysmall.png
- **order**: 20th & 24th
- **office**: Governor of New York
- **term start**: January 1, 1853
- **term end**: December 31, 1854
- **lieutenant**: Sanford E. Church
- **predecessor**: Washington Hunt
- **successor**: Myron H. Clark
- **term start2**: January 1, 1863
- **term end2**: December 31, 1864
- **lieutenant2**: David R. Floyd-Jones
- **predecessor2**: Edwin D. Morgan
- **successor2**: Reuben Fenton
- **birth place**: Pompey, New York, Pompey Hill, New York, U.S.
- **death place**: New York City, U.S.
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democrat
- **spouse**: Mary Bleecker Seymour
- **profession**: Politician, Lawyer
Stephen A. Douglas

**Stephen Arnold Douglas** (April 23, 1813 – June 3, 1861) was an American politician from Illinois. He was a U.S. Representative, a U.S. Senator, and the Northern Democratic Party nominee for President in the 1860 election, losing to Republican Abraham Lincoln.

Douglas had previously defeated Lincoln in a Senate contest, noted for the famous Lincoln-Douglas debates of 1858. He was nicknamed the "Little Giant" because though short in physical stature, he was a forceful and even dominant figure in politics.

Douglas was born on April 23, 1813 in Brandon, Vermont. He was raised in Jacksonville, Illinois. He was married to Martha Martin from 1847 until her death in 1853. They had three children. Then he was married to Adele Cutts from 1856 until his death in 1861. They had one child. Douglas died from pneumonia caused by Typhoid fever in Chicago, Illinois on June 3, 1861, aged 48.

## Other websites

- Project Gutenberg text of Life of Stephen A. Douglas by William Gardner
- Page images of two Speeches made by Douglas, one on the Compromise of 1850

## Infobox (senator)

- **name**: Stephen A. Douglas
- **image**: Stephen A Douglas - headshot.jpg
- **birth name**: Stephen Arnold Douglas
- **office**: List of United States Senators from Illinois, United States Senator
from Illinois
- **state**: Illinois
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
- **term start**: March 4, 1847
- **term end**: June 3, 1861
- **preceded**: James Semple
- **succeeded**: Orville H. Browning
- **state2**: Illinois
- **district2**: Illinois' 5th congressional district, 5th
- **term start2**: 4 March 1843
- **term end2**: 3 March 1847
- **preceded2**: None
- **succeeded2**: William Alexander Richardson, William A. Richardson
- **spouse**: Martha Martin
Adele Cutts
- **birth date**: April 23, 1813
- **birth place**: Brandon, Vermont, Brandon, Vermont
- **death place**: Chicago, Illinois
Surtur (Marvel Comics)

**Surtur** is a fictional character that appears in comic books by Marvel Comics. The character is based on the giant Surtr from Norse mythology.
Phaistos disc

The **Phaistos disc** is a bronze age artifact. The disc  is about  in diameter and is made of clay. It is covered with many symbols. It is from the civilization of Minoa on the Greek island of Crete, possibly from the 2nd millennium BC.

The symbols cover both sides of the disc. They show everyday things. They were stamped onto the disc, pressed into the clay when it was still soft. They run in a spiral. This disc is the first known "printed" work in history; in the sense that there was a re-usable set of characters and drawings. It is the only artefact of its kind. Many questions have been asked about the disc, about its purpose, and if the signs shown actually represent writing.

In total, there are 242 tokens on the disc, taken from a set of  45 unique signs. There are arranged in 61 groups, separated by lines. Groups are between two and seven stamps long. Because the "text" is very short, and the disc is unique, it is likely that it will not be deciphered.
Rosario Couture

**Joseph Albert Rosario "Rosie, Lolo" Couture** (July 24, 1905 – March 1, 1986) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player that played 8 seasons in the NHL; 7 seasons for the Chicago Black Hawks and 1 season for the Montreal Canadiens.

Couture won the Stanley Cup with the Black Hawks in 1934. Couture along with Leroy Goldsworthy were given the task of helping identify the body of their Black Hawks teammate Jack Leswick when Leswicks body was pulled out of the Assiniboine River in August 1934.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **played for**: Chicago Blackhawks, Chicago Black Hawks
Montreal Canadiens
- **position**: Winger (ice hockey), Right wing
- **shot**: Right
- **height ft**: 5
- **height in**: 11
- **weight lb**: 164
- **birth place**: Saint Boniface, Winnipeg, St. Boniface, Winnipeg, Canada, CAN
- **death place**: Saint Boniface, Winnipeg, St. Boniface, Winnipeg, Canada, CAN
- **career start**: 1927
- **career end**: 1935
National Assembly (Benin)

The **National Assembly** is Benin's legislative body.  It is unicameral, meaning there is only one legislative body.

In 2012 the National Assembly has 83 members.  Members are directly elected through a system of party-list proportional representation.  They serve five-year terms.
Robert Osborne

**Robert Jolin Osborne Jr.** (May 3, 1932 – March 6, 2017) was an American movie, stage, voice, television actor and movie historian who was known for hosting the Turner Classic Movies channel from the 1990s until his retirement in early 2016.

Osborne was born on May 3, 1932 in Colfax, Washington. He was raised in Whitman County, Washington. He studied at the University of Washington. Osborne was gay. His life partner was David Staller from 1996 until his death in 2017.

Osborne died in New York City, New York on March 6, 2017 from complications of kidney failure, aged 84.

## Other websites

- Official website
- Robert Osborne's column  in _The Hollywood Reporter_
Angélique Kidjo

**Angélique Kpasseloko Hinto Hounsinou Kandjo Manta Zogbin Kidjo**, commonly known as **Angélique Kidjo**, is a Beninoise singer-songwriter and activist.  She is noted for her diverse musical influences and creative music videos.

_Time Magazine_ called her "Africa's premier diva". _The Guardian_ listed her as one of their Top 100 Most Inspiring Women in the World. She was the first woman to be listed on "The 40 Most Powerful Celebrities In Africa" by _Forbes Magazine_.

She had a number one album on Billboard's World music charts, as late as 2014.

## Discography

- _Pretty_ (1988) (African release only)
- _Parakou_ (1990)
- _Logozo_ (1991)
- _Ayé_ (1994)
- _Fifa_ (1996)
- _Oremi_ (1998)
- _Keep On Moving: The Best Of Angelique Kidjo_ (2001)
- _Black Ivory Soul_ (2002)
- _Oyaya!_ (2004)
- _Djin Djin_ (2007)
- _Õÿö_ (2010)
- _Spirit Rising (Live)_ (2012)

## Awards

- Danish Music Awards: Best Female Singer (Denmark, 1995)
- Kora Music Awards: Best African Female artist (Africa, 1997)
- Mobo Awards for Best World Music Act (UK, 2002)
- Grammy Award for Best Contemporary World Music Album (USA, 2008)
- Commander of the National Order of Benin (Benin, 2008)
- Grammy nomination for Best Contemporary World Music Album (USA, 2011)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Angélique Kidjo
- **image**: Angélique Kidjo(Jarvin).jpg
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Angélique Kpasseloko Hinto Hounsinou Kandjo Manta Zogbin Kidjo
- **birth place**: Ouidah, Benin
- **genre**: African popular music, Afropop, Afrobeat, reggae, world music, World music#World fusion, world fusion, worldbeat, jazz, gospel music, gospel, Latin American music, Latin
- **occupation**: Singer-songwriter
- **years active**: 1982–present
- **label**: Island Records, Island, Mango Records, Mango, PolyGram, Columbia Records, Columbia, Razor & Tie
- **website**: [http://www.kidjo.com www.kidjo.com]
Dhobi Ghat

**Dhobi Ghat** or **Dhoby Ghaut** is a word used in various parts of South Asia. It means a place where the traditional _dhobi_ caste of washermen and women go to wash clothes. The word usually means a place near a river or stream, in India, Pakistan and Bangladesh, but a _Dhobi Ghat_  doesn't necessarily have to be near a source of natural water.

The world's largest _Dhobi Ghat_ is said to be in Mumbai, India. It figured in the famous  _Dhobi Ghat_ (2010).
Wally Badarou

**Wally Badarou** (born **Waliou Jacques Daniel Isheola Badarou**, 22 March 1955, Paris, France) is a musician from Benin.  Badarou played with the British band Level 42.

Badarou helped organise the Kora All Africa Music Awards in 1997.  He co-wrote and produced _So Why_, a charity album for the ICRC.

### Solo

- 1979: _Back to Scales Tonight_
- 1984: _Echoes_
- 1985: _Chief Inspector_ (EP)
- 1989: _Words of a Mountain_
- 1997: _So Why_
- 2001: _Colors of Silence : Musical poetry for Yoga_
- 2009: _The Unnamed Trilogy_

### Movie scores

- 1981: Dickie Jobson: _Countryman_
- 1982: Nathalie Delon & Yves Deschamps: _They Called It an Accident_
- 1985: Hector Babenco: _Kiss Of The SpiderWoman_ (additional music)
- 1991: Lol Creme: _The Lunatic_
- 1997: Idrissa Ouedraogo: _Kini & Adams_
- 1997: Don Letts & Rick Elgood: _DanceHall Queen_
- 1999: Chris Browne: _Third World Cop_
- 2000: John Berry: _Boesman & Lena_

### Producer (and co-producer)

- 1979: Janic Prévost - _J'veux d'la Tendresse_
- 1981: Alain Chamfort - _Amour Année Zéro_
- 1983: Marianne Faithfull - _A Child's Adventure_ (& co-writer)
- 1985: Level 42 - _World Machine_ (& co-writer)
- 1986: Alain Chamfort - _Tendres Fièvres_ (& co-writer)
- 1986: Fela Ransome Kuti - _Teacher Don't Teach Me NonSense_
- 1987: Level 42 - _Running in the Family_ (& co-writer)
- 1988: Level 42 - _Staring at the Sun_ (& co-writer)
- 1990: Level 42 - _Guaranteed_ (& co-writer)
- 1993: Level 42 - _Forever Now_ (& co-writer)
- 1995: Salif Keita - _Folon_
- 1996: Carlinhos Brown - _AlfaGamaBetizado_
- 1998: Yannick Noah & Zam Zam - _Zam Zam_
- 1998: Wasis Diop - _Toxu_
- 2000: Trilok Gurtu  -_The Beat Of Love_ (& co-writer)
- 2001: i Muvrini - _Umani_

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Wally Badarou
- **background**: non_vocal_instrumentalist
- **birth name**: Waliou Jacques Daniel Isheola Badarou
- **image**: Wally Badarou Pop Montreal 2016.jpg
- **caption**: Wally Badarou in 2016
- **birth place**: Paris, France
- **instrument**: Keyboards, guitar
- **genre**: Synthpop, Pop music, pop, jazz, jazz fusion, progressive rock, African music, Neoclassical (New Age), neoclassical, Minimalist music, minimalist
- **occupation**: Composer, songwriter, musician, record producer
- **years active**: 1978–present
- **label**: Barclay Records <small>(1978–1982)</small>
Island Records <small>(1982–1995)</small>
Blue Mountain Music <small>(1995–2002)</small>
Ishe Music <small>(2002 – present)</small>
- **associated acts**: Level 42, Compass Point All Stars
- **website**: http://www.wallybadarou.com/
Gnonnas Pedro

**Gnonnan Sossou Pierre Kouassivi**, known by the stage name **Gnonnas Pedro** was a singer and musician from Lokossa, Benin. He is best known as the lead singer of Africando between 1995 and his death in 2004.

Gnonnas Pedro died August 12, 2004, age 61 of prostate cancer in a hospital of Cotonou, Benin.

### Solo

- Dadjes: The Band Of Africa (1975)
- Gnonnas Pedro (Disco Stock, 1979)
- El Cochechivo (Ledoux, 1981)
- Agbadja (Syllart, 1999)
- Irma koi (Syllart, 1999)
- The best of Gnonnas Pedro (2003)

### With Africando

- Gombo Salsa (Stern's Africa STCD1071, 1996)
- Baloba (Stern's Africa STCD1082, 1998)
- Mandali (Stern's Africa STCD1092, 2000) Credited to Africando All Stars. Released in France as Betece
- Live! (Sono CDS8907, double CD, 2001) Out of print
- Martina (Stern's Africa STCD1096, 2003)
- Ketukuba (Stern's Africa STCD1103, 2006) Released after his death.
Zam Zama

**Zam Zama** or **Zam-zammah** also often called the 'terror of Northern India' is an old cannon. It was made of brass and was made in Lahore (now in Pakistan) in 1762, on the orders of the Afghan king. Ahmad Shah Durrani. It was of great size and had tremendous fire-power. All armies opposing the Afghans were terrified of it in the region.

The cannon was later damaged in a military campaign and sank to the bottom of the Chenab River from where it was recovered and captured by the victorious Sikh _Khalsa_ forces of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. After that, the Punjab region fell under Sikh rule, giving birth to the superstition that 'whoever holds Zam Zama holds the Punjab'.

The cannon was later taken to Delhi but brought back to Lahore in 1870 and installed outside the old Lahore Museum and then later on shifted outside the present museum building in the 1890s, opposite to the old campus of the University of the Punjab. It was later restored and cleaned up in the 1990s. During the period of British India, Zam Zama achieved special fame when the writer Rudyard Kipling mentioned in the opening pages of _Kim (book)_, published in 1901.
Lahore Museum

The **Lahore Museum** or **Ajaib Ghar** (Urdu: Wonder House) is a museum in the city of Lahore, Pakistan. It is the largest and best museum in the country.

## History

The original old Lahore Museum was made during British Indian times in the 1860s, in what had been the old 'Punjab Exhibition Hall' and the famous gun Zam Zama was installed outside it in 1870. This old museum, along with the Punjab School of Arts (later the Mayo College of Arts) was looked after by John Lockwood Kipling (1837-1911) father of the writer Rudyard Kipling, who mentioned the museum and Zam Zama in his _Kim (book)_ (1901). In 1894, the museum's new building was completed and it moved there the same year, right opposite the old campus of the University of the Punjab, on the Mall.

## Collection

The Lahore Museum is set in its beautiful grounds and has one of the best collections of arts and artifacts in its galleries in South Asia. Especially notable are:

- ancient Gandhara Buddhist sculptures
- Tibetan and Hill States collection
- collection of miniature paintings from the Mughal Empire and the _Pahari_ school
- collection of contemporary paintings by some of Pakistan's most prominent artists such as Ustad Allah Bux, A.R. Chughtai, Shakir Ali, Sadequain, Gulgee and others.

## Other websites

- Lahore Museum as it looked in 1900

## Infobox (museum)

- **name**: Lahore Museum
- **native name lang**: Urdu
- **image**: File:Lahore Museum, Lahore.jpg
- **image size**: 300px
- **caption**: Entrance to the museum
- **alt**: View of entrance to the Lahore Museum
- **map type**: Pakistan Lahore
- **established**: 1865, later shifted to present site 1894
- **location**: The Mall, Lahore, The Mall, Lahore
 Punjab (Pakistan), Punjab
 Pakistan
- **type**: Archaeological museum, Archaeology, Art gallery, art, heritage, modern history, religious
- **visitors**: 250,000 in 2005
- **imagesize**: 200
- **collection**: Pre & Proto, Coins, Hindu Buddhist & Jain, Gandhara, Islamic, Manuscripts, Miniature Paintings, General Collection, Arms, Ethnological, Postage & Stamps, Arts & Crafts, Contemporary Paintings, Pakistan Movement Gallery
Don't Break the Oath

***Don't Break the Oath*** is the second studio album by Mercyful Fate, a heavy metal band from Denmark.  Some people who make music and people who talk about music think it is one of the best heavy metal albums ever.

__TOC__

## History

In the 1980s, there were a lot of bands in Europe playing heavy metal.  Many of them were playing music like bands from the United Kingdom, in a way that was called the New Wave of British Heavy Metal (or NWOBHM for short).  There were a lot of hard rock bands, too, and there were a lot of things hard rock bands and NWOBHM bands both did.  Mercyful Fate was one of the first few NWOBHM bands to be different from hard rock bands on purpose.

King Diamond, the singer and leader of Mercyful Fate, painted his face with upside-down crosses and wrote lyrics about Satan, Hell, and things like that.  Hank Shermann, the band's guitarist, played very fast and with a lot of guitar solos to help make the band sound evil.  Mercyful Fate had already started to do these things in 1983 with their last album, _Melissa_.

### How they played their instruments

Hank Shermann and Michael Denner wrote the songs in a way that fit well with King Diamond's singing.  Like on _Melissa_, King Diamond sang in a high-pitched way that was different from other heavy metal singers.

### What the songs are about

All of the ideas in all of the songs are evil.  They talk about things like bringing back people from the dead, casting black magic, and witches and demons.  Worshipping Satan is a special subject, and is talked about on almost every song.

## Song list

1. "A Dangerous Meeting" – 5:12
1. "Nightmare" – 6:21
1. "Desecration of Souls" – 4:57
1. "Night of the Unborn" – 5:02
1. "The Oath" – 7:34
1. "Gypsy" – 3:10
1. "Welcome Princess of Hell" – 4:06
1. "To One Far Away" – 1:31
1. "Come to the Sabbath" – 5:18

## People who made the album

- People who played music on the album
- King Diamond – singing, keyboards
- Hank Shermann – guitar
- Michael Denner – guitar
- Timi "Grabber" Hansen – bass
- Kim Ruzz – drums

- People who helped make the album sound right
- Bill Turjancik – producer
- Henrik Lund - producer, engineer
- Niels Erik Otto – engineer

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Don't Break the Oath
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: Mercyful Fate
- **released**: September 7, 1984
- **recorded**: May 1984 at Easy Sound Recording in Copenhagen, Denmark
- **genre**: Heavy metal music, Heavy metal
- **length**: 43:11
- **label**: Roadrunner Records, Roadrunner
- **producer**: Bill Turjancik, Henrik Lund
- **prev title**: Melissa (Mercyful Fate album), Melissa
- **prev year**: 1983
- **next title**: In the Shadows
- **next year**: 1993