juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Saved!

***Saved!*** is a 2004 American teen comedy movie. It is a religious satire. It is set in Maryland. The movie stars Jena Malone, Macaulay Culkin, and Mandy Moore.

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: Saved!
- **writer**: Brian Dannelly
Michael Urban
- **starring**: Jena Malone
Mandy Moore
Macaulay Culkin
Patrick Fugit
Eva Amurri
Martin Donovan
Mary-Louise Parker
- **director**: Brian Dannelly
- **producer**: Michael Ohoven
Sandy Stern
Michael Stipe
William Vince
- **distributor**: United Artists
- **released**: January 21, 2004
- **runtime**: 92 minutes
- **language**: English
- **budget**: United States dollar, $5,000,000
Gibraltar Chronicle

The **Gibraltar Chronicle** is a newspaper published daily in Gibraltar since 1801. It is not only the oldest newspaper in Gibraltar, but also the second oldest English newspaper in the world.

## Other websites

- The Gibraltar Chronicle official website
Alan Johnston

**Alan Graham Johnston** (born May 17, 1962) is a British journalist working for the BBC. On March 12, 2007, he was taken by a group of armed men in Gaza. He was kept as a hostage until he was let free on July 4.
BBC Television Centre

**BBC Television Centre** (sometimes abbreviated TVC or TC) in White City, London is home to much of the BBC's television output. Since 1998, almost all of the corporation's national TV and radio news by BBC News is made there too.
Law enforcement in Cuba

**Law enforcement in Cuba** is the responsibility of the **National Revolutionary Police Force** (Spanish: Policía Nacional Revolucionaria, PNR) under the administration of the Cuban Ministry of the Interior.
Battle of Damascus (1941)

he **Battle of Damascus** (18–21 June 1941) was a World War II battle in Syria. When Allied Forces (Including British, Indian, Australian and Free French) captured the city of Damascus from Vichy French soldiers.
Laurence Mancuso

**Laurence Mancuso** (born June 30, 1934 - died June 10, 2007) was the founding abbot of the New Skete Eastern Orthodox monastic community in upstate New York.
Joseph Jukes

**Joseph Beete Jukes** (1811-1869) was a famous English geologist. He wrote of several geological manuals, and served as a naturalist on the trips of the ship _H.M.S Fly_. He was  born to John and Sophia Jukes in Birmingham, England
Second Severn Crossing

The **Second Severn Crossing** () is a bridge over the River Severn between South Gloucestershire in England and Monmouthshire in Wales.

The bridge carrie 6 lanes of M4 motorway and is one of the main routes into South Wales. It was opened on 5 June 1996 to allow more traffic than the original Severn Bridge, which opened in 1966. Both bridges are still in use although the newer crossing is more direct and less likely to be closed in strong winds.
Spitz (band)

**Spitz** is a Japanese rock band that set up in 1987. Masamune Kusano is a vocalist and plays the guitar, too. Tetsuya Miwa plays the guitar. Akihiro Tamura plays the bass. Tatsuo Sakiyama plays the drums. Their songs, especially "Robinson", "Cherry" and "Soramotoberuhazu,"are very popular.

## Other websites

- SPITZ OFFICIAL WEB SITE
- Spitz OFFICIAL CHANNEL

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Spitz

- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Shizuoka Prefecture, Shizuoka, Japan
- **genre**: Rock music, Rock, Power pop
- **years active**: –present
- **label**: Polydor Records, Universal Music Japan
Yakima, Washington

**Yakima** is a city in the state of Washington.

## Other websites

- Official City of Yakima website

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Yakima, Washington
- **settlement type**: City
- **nickname**: The Palm Springs of Washington; The Heart of Central Washington
- **image skyline**: Yakima, Washington as seen from Lookout Point.jpg
- **image alt**: Yakima as viewed from Lookout Point
- **image caption**: Yakima as viewed from Lookout Point
- **image map**: Yakima_County_Washington_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Yakima_Highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location of Yakima in Yakima County
- **pushpin map**: USA
- **pushpin label**: Yakima
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in the United States
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: Washington (state), Washington
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Washington, County
- **subdivision name2**: Yakima County, Washington, Yakima
- **government type**: Council–manager government, Council–manager
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader title1**: City manager
- **established title**: Municipal corporation, Incorporated
- **established date**: December 10, 1883
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 73.21
- **area land km2**: 72.02
- **area water km2**: 1.19
- **area total sq mi**: 28.27
- **area land sq mi**: 27.81
- **area water sq mi**: 0.46
- **population as of**: 2020 United States census, 2020
- **population total**: 96968
- **population rank**: US: 347th
WA: List of municipalities in Washington, 11th
- **population density km2**: 3487.16
- **population density sq mi**: 1346.4
- **population urban**: 133145 (US: List of United States urban areas, 257th)
- **population metro**: 256728 (US: Metropolitan statistical area, 191st)
- **population demonym**: Yakimanian
- **timezone**: Pacific Time Zone, Pacific (PST)
- **utc offset**: -8
- **timezone dst**: PDT
- **utc offset dst**: -7
- **elevation m**: 325
- **elevation ft**: 1066
- **postal code type**: ZIP codes
- **postal code**: 98901–98904, 98907–98909
- **area code**: Area code 509, 509
- **area code type**: North American Numbering Plan, Area code
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 53-80010
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 1509643
Sprite

**Sprite** is a lemon-lime soda, similar to 7 Up and Starry. It is made by the Coca-Cola Company. It has no caffeine.

## Variants

There are many variants of Sprite. According to the Coca-Cola website, currently sold Sprite variants include:
- Sprite, lemon-lime carbonated drink with no caffeine
- Sprite Zero, the no calorie and no sugar added version of Sprite
- Sprite Cherry, Sprite with a hint of cherry.
- Sprite Chill Cherry Lime, Lemon-lime flavored soda with a cooling sensation and cherry lime flavor
- Sprite Lymonade, Sprite combined with lemonade flavor.
- Sprite Tropical Mix, with strawberry and pineapple flavors along with the original Sprite lemon-lime flavoring. Similar to former flavor Sprite Remix.
- Sprite Winter Spiced Cranberry, cranberry and lemon-lime flavored Sprite sold only during the holiday season. Formerly known as Sprite Cranberry from 2013 to 2018.
There are also flavors exclusive to Coca-Cola Freestyle machines not listed here.
University of Washington

The **University of Washington** (**UW**) is the main state university of the U.S. state of Washington. There are over 40,000 students. It is in Seattle, Washington. The University of Washington's sports teams (the Huskies) are part of the Big Ten Conference of the National Collegiate Athletic Association.

Every year UW has a rivalry game with Washington State University. This game is called the Apple Cup in which the two football teams play each other. As of the year 2010 the University of Washington has won 66 Apple Cups and Washington State University only has 31. The longest consecutive wins of the Apple Cup belongs to U.W. with 8 consecutive wins, with Washington State at 2 consecutive wins.
Howl

**Howl** may mean:
- A sound made by an animal
- "Howl" (poem), a poem by Allen Ginsberg
- _Howl_ (album), an album by Black Rebel Motorcycle Club.
- The title character in the novel _Howl's Moving Castle_ by Diana Wynne Jones
- "Howl", a poem by Tristan Tzara
The Hershey Company

**The Hershey Company** (), until April 2005 **Hershey Foods Corporation**, commonly called **Hershey's**, is America's largest chocolate company. Its main office is in Hershey, Pennsylvania, a town that smells strongly of cocoa on some days, and home to Hershey's Chocolate World. The company was founded by Milton S. Hershey in 1894 as the Hershey Chocolate Company. Hershey's candies and other products are sold around the world. Popular Hershey candy is Hershey milk chocolate, Reese's, KitKat, Hershey kisses, Twizzlers, Jolly Rancher, Icebreakers gum, Payday, and Dot's pretzels.
Screamers (2006 movie)

***Screamers*** is a 2006 documentary by director Carla Garapedian.

## Other websites

- Official Site
- Movie Trailer  at Google Video
- Movie Clips

## Infobox (film)

- **name**: Screamers
- **director**: Carla Garapedian
- **producer**: Peter McAlevey
- **starring**: Serj Tankian
Daron Malakian
Shavo Odadjian
John Dolmayan
- **music**: Jeff Atmajian
System of a Down
- **cinematography**: Charles Rose (cinematographer), Charles Rose
- **editing**: William Yarhaus
- **distributor**: Maya Releasing
- **released**: December 8, 2006
- **runtime**: 89 min.
- **language**: English language, English
Armenian language, Armenian
Ross Bagdasarian

**Ross Bagdasarian** (January 27, 1919 – January 16, 1972) was an American pianist, songwriter, actor, and record producer of Armenian descent. He was born in Fresno, California. During his professional life he was better known by the stage name **David Seville**, which he used on his recordings featuring Alvin and the Chipmunks.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Ross S. Bagdasarian
- **image**: File:Ross Bagdasarian 1972.jpg
- **caption**: Bagdasarian in 1972
- **birth place**: Fresno, California, U.S.
- **death place**: Beverly Hills, California, U.S.
- **death cause**: Heart attack
- **resting place**: Chapel of the Pines Crematory
- **nationality**: American
- **occupation**: Singer-songwriter, record producer, actor
- **years active**: 1939–1971
- **notable works**: Alvin and the Chipmunks
- **style**: Novelty song, Novelty music
- **television**: The Alvin Show (1961–62)
- **children**: 3, including Ross Bagdasarian Jr., Ross Jr.
- **relatives**: William Saroyan (cousin)
Janice Karman (daughter-in-law)
Shawn Michaels

**Michael Shawn Hickenbottom** (born July 22, 1965), better known by the ring name **Shawn Michaels**, is an American television presenter, actor, and retired  professional wrestler, he has been given the nickname of "The Heartbreak Kid" (sometimes referred to as HBK). He used to perform on the Raw brand of World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). Michaels retired from wrestling after a loss to The Undertaker. He is a 2011 inductee in to the WWE Hall of Fame.

Michaels is one of the two wrestlers that performed on the very first episode of _WWF Monday Night RAW_ that is still part of the company, the other being The Undertaker.

## Other websites

- Official website
- WWE profile

## Infobox (wrestler)

- **name**: Shawn Michaels
- **image**: Shawn Michaels at WrestleMania XXIV.jpg
- **caption**: Shawn Michaels at WrestleMania XXIV
- **names**: **Shawn Michaels**
The Heartbreak Kid
- **height**: 6 ft 1 in (185 cm)
- **weight**: 103 kg
- **birth place**: Chandler, Arizona, United States, U.S.
- **billed**: San Antonio, Texas
- **trainer**: Jose Lothario
- **debut**: July 7 1988
Denali

**Mount McKinley** is the highest mountain peak in both the United States and North America, and one of Seven Summits. It is exactly  high. It is in the highest part of the Alaska Range.

## Name

In 1896, a gold prospector named it Mount McKinley after William McKinley, who would win the presidency that year. The U.S. government adopted "Mount McKinley" in 1917.  In 1975, the Alaskan government began calling the mountain "Denali." The U.S. government followed suit in 2015. In 2025, President Donald Trump ordered government agencies to once again call the mountain "Mount McKinley."

## Location

Denali is in the middle of the Alaska Range. It is about  north-northwest of Anchorage and  southwest of Fairbanks. The summit is about  from the nearest major road, the George Parks Highway.

## Infobox (mountain)

- **name**: Mount McKinley
- **photo**: Wonder Lake and Denali.jpg
- **photo alt**: A snow-covered, gently sloping mountain is in the background, with a lake in the foreground
- **photo caption**: From the north, with Wonder Lake in the foreground
- **elevation**: 20,310 ft (6,190 m) top of snow
- **elevation system**: NAVD88
- **prominence ft**: 20,194
- **parent peak**: Aconcagua
- **isolation mi**: 4,621.1
- **map**: USA Alaska
- **map caption**: Location in Alaska
- **label position**: left
- **location**: Mt. McKinley National Park and Preserve, Alaska, U.S.
- **range**: Alaska Range
- **topo**: United States Geological Survey, USGS Mt. McKinley A-3
- **first ascent**: June 7, 1913 by
- **easiest route**: West Buttress Route (glacier/snow climb)
Dune

In physical geography, a **dune** is a hill or ridge of sand, usually deposited by eolian processes (wind) or sometimes by the flow of water. Dune fields cover large parts of some deserts, and some beaches have dunes. Mars has many dunes. Sand dunes have different forms and sizes based on their interaction with the wind. Sometimes they migrate downwind.
Detective

A **detective** is a person who figures out who committed a crime. Most detectives are police officers. Some are hired by a private person or company, for example to stop theft. Those are called private investigators. There are many stories about detectives. Some famous fictional (not real) detectives are Sherlock Holmes, Inspector Clouseau, Nancy Drew, The Hardy Boys.

Detectives will search public and private databases, investigate people and examine evidence in order to solve the case.

## Other websites

- Detective — Citizendium
Juan Pablo Montoya

**Juan Pablo Montoya** (born September 20, 1975 in Bogotá, Colombia) is an IndyCar Series racecar driver. He used to race in NASCAR and Formula 1. His wife is named Connie and he has a son and a daughter. He was  a CART champion winning the Indianapolis 500., his first win in _NASCAR_ came in 2007 and the second in 2010 for Chip Ganassi's racing team. He was in Formula One from 2000 to 2006 winning at 7 Grand Prix's one of them in Monte Carlo, Monaco.  While in NASCAR, he drove for Earnhardt Ganassi Racing (his old CART Team), and his teammate was Jamie McMurray. He left Ganassi and NASCAR in 2014 to race IndyCars for Penske Racing. In 2014, he won his first race since leaving NASCAR when he won a race at Pocono Raceway.

## Weblinks

- http://www.nascar.com/drivers/dps/jmontoya00/cup/ Official Website NASCAR Website Juan Pablo Montoya
- http://www.jpmontoya.com/2011/ Juan Pablo Montoya Official Personal Website
Riyo Mori

**Riyo Mori** (born 24 December 1986 in Aoi-ku, Shizuoka, Japan) is a pageant titleholder. She won the Miss Universe 2007 title in May 2007. She was the second woman from Japan to hold the title. (The first Miss Universe winner from Japan was Akiko Kojima in 1959.) Mori is the eleventh Asian woman to win the pageant.

In 2008, Mori crowned Dayana Mendoza of Venezuela as Miss Universe 2008.

## Infobox (pageant titleholder)

- **name**: Riyo Mori
- **native name**: 森 理世
- **native name lang**: ja
- **image size**: 220px
- **title**: Miss Universe Japan, Miss Universe Japan 2007
Miss Universe 2007
- **nationalcompetition**: Miss Universe Japan, Miss Universe Japan 2007
(Winner)
Miss Universe 2007
 (Winner)
- **birth place**: Aoi-ku, Shizuoka, Aoi-ku, Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
- **eye color**: Brown
- **hair color**: Black
Aeolian processes

**Eolian** (or **aeolian** or **æolian**) is an event that occurs in nature. It is related to the winds and its ability to modify the surface of the Earth and other planets.

Winds cause erosion, and move sand and other materials. Wind is powerful in dry regions with sparse vegetation, such as deserts.  Although water is, generally speaking, a much more powerful eroding force than wind, aeolian processes are primary in deserts.

Sand dust from the Sahara gets all over Europe, and even as far as the Amazon basin. Winds and global air movements are what causes this widespread travel of materials from the ground.

## Related pages

- Dune
American Girl

The **American Girl** series is a series of books and accompanying dolls about fictional girls who live in different time periods in America's history. The **American Girl** series was first created by The Pleasant Company in 1986, founded by Pleasant T. Rowland. Today, the dolls and books are made by Mattel, a large toy company. Each doll has her own line of accessories that includes a series of books about her life, furniture, clothing, pets, and things that she would use or play with. For some dolls, a doll of her best friend is included in the collection. Four of the dolls have had movies made about their stories.

## Current Historical Dolls

- **Kaya** (1760s)
- **Josefina** (1820s)
- **Addy** (1860s)
- **Samantha** (BeForever) (1900s)
- **Rebecca** (1910s)
- **Claudie** (1920s)
- **Kit** (1930s)
- **Nanea** (1940s)
- **Molly** (1940s)
- **Maryellen** (1950s)
- **Melody** (1960s)
- **Julie** (1970s)
- **Courtney** (1980s)

## 'Retired' dolls

There have also been some dolls who have been "retired":

- **Felicity** & **Elizabeth** (1770s)
- **Caroline** (1810s)
- **Cécile** & **Marie-Grace** (1850s)
- **Kirsten** (1850s)
- **Samantha** & **Nellie** (1900s), _however Samantha was re-released in 2014 as part of American Girl's BeForever Collection._
- Kit's best friend, **Ruthie** (1930s)
- **Molly** & **Emily** (1940s), _however Molly was re-released in 2022._
- Julie's best friend, **Ivy** (1970s)

## Girl of the Year

There is also another line of dolls called "Girl of the Year," (called "American Girl of Today" before 2006). Each girl stars in her two book (one book before 2007) series. Their stories take place in modern times in the year they are released. The line was made starting in 2001. However, there wasn't a Girl of the Year in 2002 and 2004 due to low sales of Lindsey. These are the Girls of the Year:

- **Lindsey Bergman** (2001)

- **Kailey Hopkins** (2003)

- **Marisol Luna** (2005)

- **Jess McConnell** (2006)

- **Nicki Fleming** (2007)

- **Mia St. Clair** (2008)

- **Chrissa Maxwell** (2009) _(released along with her friends Gwen Thompson and Sonali Matthews)_

- **Lanie Holland** (2010)

- **Kanani Akina** (2011)

- **McKenna Brooks** (2012)

- **Saige Copeland** (2013)

- **Isabelle Palmer** (2014)

- **Grace Thomas** (2015)

- **Lea Clark** (2016)
- **Gabriela McBride** (2017)
- **Luciana Vega** (2018)
- **Blaire Wilson** (2019)
- **Joss Kendrick** (2020)
- **Kira Bailey** (2021)
- **Corinne Tan** (2022) _(released along with her sister Gwynn Tan)_

## Other websites

- Official American Girl web site
- Society of American Girl Collectors
- Archived Article about the uniqueness of the American Girls Doll.
- On-Set Pictures : ''Molly: An American Girl Victory
- Kit's Movie Headed For Theatres
Hot spring

A **hot spring** is a spring produced by the emergence of geothermally heated groundwater from the top layer of the Earth's ground.  Hot springs are in many places, especially in mountains.  The water issuing from a hot spring is heated by geothermal energy, i.e., heat from the Earth's mantle.

## Definitions

There is no universally accepted definition of a hot spring. For example, one can find the phrase _hot spring_ defined as
- any geothermal spring
- a spring with water temperatures above its surroundings
- a spring with water temperatures above
- a natural spring with water temperature above body temperature – normally between
- a natural spring of water greater than  (synonymous with thermal spring)
- a natural discharge of groundwater with elevated temperatures

## Related pages

- Geothermal energy
- Geyser
- Hydrothermal vent
Sergei Parajanov

**Sergei Parajanov** ( _Sargis Hovsepi Parajanyan_;  _Sergej Iosifovich Paradzhanov_; also spelled **Paradzhanov** or **Paradjanov**), (January 9, 1924 – July 20 1990), is considered by many to be one of the most original and critically acclaimed filmmakers of the 20th century. His work reflected the ethnic diversity of the Caucasus where he was raised.

## Early life

He was born to Armenian parents Iosif Paradjanyan and Siranush Bejanyan, in Tbilisi, Georgia. In 1945, Parajanov traveled to Moscow, enrolled in the directing department at VGIK, one of the oldest and highly respected film schools of Europe, and studied under the tutelage of directors Igor Savchenko and Aleksandr Dovzhenko.

## Personal life

In 1950 Parajanov married his first wife, Nigyar Kerimova in Moscow. She came from a Muslim Tatar family and converted to Eastern Orthodox Christianity to marry Parajanov, to terrible consequences: she was later murdered by her relatives in retaliation for her conversion. As a result of this tragic event Parajanov moved to Kyiv. There he produced several documentaries (_Dumka_, _Golden Hands_,
_Natalia Uzhvy_) and a handful of narrative films based on Ukrainian and Moldovan folktales, such as _Andriesh_, _Ukrainian Rhapsody_, and _Flower on the Stone_. He became fluent in Ukrainian, remarried (Svetlana Ivanovna Sherbatiuk in 1956) and had a son (Suren, 1958).

## Filmography

- 1967: Sayat Nova
- 1984: SURAMI BERD
- 1986: ASHUGH GHARIB
Artavazd Peleshyan

**Artavazd Peleshyan** (born November 22, 1938) is an Armenian movie director. He makes documentaries.

Peleshyan is also the author of many books, such as his 1988 book _Moyo kino_ (_My Cinema_).

Peleshyan's work has not been recognized by world cinema until after the fall of the Soviet Union. Since then, he has been able to make two more short films, _Life_ (1993) and _The End_ (1994). He is now living in Moscow and suffering from a severe mental illness.

## Films directed

- _My I Nashi Gory_ - 1969
Dress

A **dress** is one of the basic styles of female clothing. It is a garment of a skirt (bottom half) with an attached bodice (top half). The colouring and style of the dress gives the effect of a one-piece garment. A dress is also known as a frock or a gown. In Europe and the Americas, dresses are worn by females of all ages as an alternative to a separate skirt and blouse or trousers.

There are many types of dresses. A dress is usually worn at formal occasions, such as a wedding or a dance. It is also worn in the summer to keep cool. Younger females tend to prefer shorter skirts than older females.

## Type of dress

- Cocktail dress
- Evening dress
- Saree

## History

In the 11th century, women in Europe wore dresses that were like men's tunics and were loose with the hem(the very bottom cloth of a dress) below the knees or lower.

Later in the 1550s French women were inspired by Spanish-style bodices and also wore ruffs(a frilly circle worn on the neck). In England, Queen Elizabeth said what kinds of dresses women could wear.

During the 17 century, Lace and slashing(when fabric is layered and cut so it feels like velvet) became popular decorations. Skirts were full, and the overskirt(the skirt worn over all the others) allowed the display of an underskirt of contrasting fabric. Necklines became lower as well.

Skirts were wide and supported by hoop underskirts in the 18th century. One-piece gowns were popular until the middle of the century. During the 1760s in France, hoop petticoats(undergarments like skirts) were reduced in size. Women also liked lighter colors and lighter fabrics.

Women's dresses in the 19th century began to be sorted by the time of day or purpose of the dress. Dresses with high waists were popular until around 1830. Europeans styles in dresses increased quickly to the hoop skirt and the crinoline using styles of the 1860s. Dresses had "day" bodice with a high neckline and long sleeves, and an "evening" bodice with a low neckline and very short sleeves. Skirts of the 1860s had a lot of decoration.

## Other websites

- Stylopedia -- an online dictionary of fashion details
- ApparelSeach glossary of textile and apparel terms
- An international dress size converter
Thorn

**Thorn** has several meanings:
- Thorns, spines and prickles, a sharp structure or growth on plants
- Thorn tree
- Hawthorn, _Crataegus_
- Thorn (letter) (Þ, þ), a letter in the Anglo-Saxon and Icelandic alphabets

## Places

- Thorn, Netherlands
- Toruń, Poland (known as Thorn in German)

### United Kingdom

- Thorn, Bedfordshire
- Thorn, Devon
- Thorn, Herefordshire
- Thorn, Powys

### USA

- Thorn, California, in San Bernardino County
- Thorn, Mississippi, in Chickasaw County
- Thorn, Utah, in Salt Lake County

## Persons, Characters

- Andy Thorn
- Brad Thorn, Australian/New Zealand rugby league and rugby union footballer
- Damien Thorn
- Erin Thorn
- Gaston Thorn (born 1928), Luxembourg politician
- George Thorn
- Colonel Herman Thorn (1783–1859), called "the millionaire of New York", brother of Jonathan Thorn
- Jan Thorn-Prikker
- John Thorn
- John Thorn (musician)
- Jonathan Thorn
- Matt Thorn
- Nautica Thorn
- Philip Thorn
- Robyn Thorn
- Rod Thorn
- Stuart Thorn, President of the Fat People United Group
- Tracey Thorn
- Victor Thorn
- Viktor Thorn
- Rose and Thorn is a character with a split personality in DC comics
- Thorn, the main character of the online fantasy story Darksoul Kingdom
- Thorn Harvestar, a main character in Jeff Smith's Bone comic series
- Thorns (band), a Norwegian black metal band
- The Thorns, an American acoustic rock band
- Thorn (Inheritance) a dragon from the _Inheritance Trilogy_

## Companies

- Thorn EMI
- THORN Electrical Industries
- Thorn Cycles, British bicycle manufacturer
- Thorn guitars, guitar manufacturer
- Thorn Lighting, luminaire manufacturer, part of Zumtobel Lighting Group

## Other uses

- _Thorns_ (novel), a 1967 science fiction novel by American writer Robert Silverberg
- Thorn (horse), racehorse that won the Kentucky Futurity in 1897
- _Thorn_ (video game)
- Thorn (_Inheritance_), the red dragon on the cover of the book _Eldest_
Thorns, spines and prickles

Botanists use three different words for sharp things on plants. They are **thorns**, **spines**, and **prickles**. **Thorns** are the ends of branches that are hard and sharp. **Spines** are hard structures with sharp ends. There are many different kinds of spines. Some are on leaves, and some grow instead of leaves. **Prickles** are on the outside of stems.

Spines, prickles, and thorns protect plants from plant-eating animals (defence against herbivory). Some plants and animals, such as the acacia tree and giraffe have evolved in response to each other. The plants grow very long spines and the animals develop very long tongues to reach past the spines and feed on the leaves.

## References

- Esau, K. 1965. _Plant Anatomy_, 2nd Edition. John Wiley & Sons. 767 pp.
- Llamas, K. A. 2003. _Tropical Flowering Plants_. Timber Press, Portland. 423 pp.
Pope Pius IX

**Pope Pius IX** (, ; May 13, 1792 – February 7, 1878), born **Giovanni Maria Mastai-Feretti**, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 256th Pope, from 1846 until his death.  Only Saint Peter himself led the church longer than the 32-year reign of Pius IX.

In 2000, he was beatified, which is a step in the process of naming a saint of the Catholic Church.

## Career

Mastai-Feretti was ordained as a priest in 1819.

## Bishop

Father Mastai-Feretti was named Bishop of Spoleto in 1827.  In 1877, the Golden Jubilee celebrations recalled the 50 years since he was named a bishop.

## Cardinal

In 1840, Pope Gregory XVI made Bishop Mastai-Feretti a cardinal.

## Pope

Cardinal Mastai-Feretti was elected Pope in 1846; and he took the name Pius IX.

In 1846, Pius IX declared an amnesty for political prisoners.

In 1848 he ordered that the gates to the Jewish ghetto in Rome be knocked down.

Pius formally defined the dogma of the Immaculate Conception.

### Papal States

In 1849, Pius was deposed as the temporal ruler of the Papal States.  As a result of Italian nationalism and the Risorgimento, the Papal States and all of the pope's land outside the Apostolic Palace were seized in 1870 and pope spent his last years a virtual prisoner within the Vatican.

### First Vatican Council

In 1869-1870, Pope Pius brought together the church's bishops and cardinals in a meeting called the Vatican Council (not to be confused with the Second Vatican Council which occured almost a century later).    The council defined the dogma of papal infallibility.

Pius died at age 85.

### After his death

The process of recognizing Pius IX as a saint began in 1907.

The body of Pope Pius IX was exhumed in 1956.  This was part of a ceremony of "recognition".

Preparations for beatification were almost finished in 1962; and they were completed in 1984.

## Related pages

- List of popes
- List of popes by length of reign

## More reading

- Kertazer, David I. (1997). _The Kidnapping of Edgardo Mortara._ New York: Knopf. ; ; OCLC 35829023

## Other websites

- Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Pius IX
- Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church , Cardinal Mastai-Feretti

## Infobox (christian leader)

- **type**: pope
- **honorific-prefix**: Pope Beatification, Blessed
- **name**: Pius IX
- **title**: Bishop of Rome
- **image**: Papa Pio IX.jpeg
- **motto**: Crux de Cruce
- **birth name**: Giovanni Maria Mastai-Feretti
- **term start**: June 16, 1846
- **term end**: 7 February, 1878
- **birth date**: May 13, 1792
- **birth place**: Senigallia, Marche, Papal States
- **death place**: Apostolic Palace, Vatican City
- **predecessor**: Pope Gregory XVI
- **successor**: Pope Leo XIII
- **other**: Pius
Sickle

A **sickle** is a curved cutting tool used in agriculture for harvesting grain crops. It is a hand tool and was used before machines for harvesting. It has a curved blade with an attached handle. The inside part of the curve is sharp, so the user can swing the blade against the crop's base (stem or stalk), catching it in the curve and slicing it. Some sickles have a serrated (toothed) blade like a saw.

A sickle is sometimes used as a weapon. In Greek mythology, Cronus and Perseus did this.

A sickle and a hammer are the symbols of the Soviet Union and Communism. The sickle symbolizes the farmers and the hammer symbolizes the workers in factories.
Kilometres per hour

The **kilometre per hour** or **kilometer per hour** (symbol: **km/h**, **km h<sup>-1</sup>** or **km·h<sup>−1</sup>**) is a unit of speed or velocity.

## Definition

By definition, an object travelling at a speed of 1 km/h in a straight line for one hour moves one kilometre. The unit is the most commonly used unit of speed worldwide, more common than the SI unit of speed, metre per second (**m/s** or **m s<sup>-1</sup>**).

## Conversions

- 3.6 km/h ≡ 1 m/s, the SI unit of speed, metre per second
- 1 km/h ≈ 0.277 78 m/s
- 1 km/h ≈ 0.621 37 mph ≈ 0.911 34 feet per second
- 1 knot ≡ 1.852 km/h (exactly)
- 1 mile = 1.609344 km (~1.61 km)
- _n_ km/h ≈ (1.61 * _n_) mph (where _n_ is a quantity of speed in km/h)
- 1 mph = ~1.6 km/h

## Related pages

- Kinematics
Exclamation mark

An **exclamation mark** (**!**) is a punctuation mark. It is used to show strong emotion at the end of a sentence or after an interjection.

## History

The exclamation mark is made by putting a vertical line over a period. It is thought that it came from the Latin exclamation _io_, which shows joy. Over time, the I got put above the o and later the o became a dot.

## Uses

In coding, "!" sometimes means _not_. In mathematics, the use of an exclamation mark can be used for the factorial function (for example, ).

## Related pages

- Ampersand
- Interjection
- Punctuation
- Question mark
- Quotation mark
Yupik

The **Yupik** (in the Central Alaskan Yup'ik language, **Yup'ik**, plural **Yupiit**) people are a group of native people who mainly live in certain parts of Alaska, somewhere near Fairbanks.  The 1918 influenza pandemic killed many of the indigenous people in Alaska. Many died during famines and the culture suffered when the Soviet government made villagers move. Some of the Yupi'k people's traditions are celebrating the dead. They celebrate by having ceremonies with a shaman, where they connect with the dead. They also name the next child born after the most recent person who has died.

## Infobox (ethnic group)

- **group**: Yupik
- **image**: Edward S. Curtis Collection People 008.jpg
- **population**: 24,000 (2000 U.S. Census)
- **region1**: (primarily in Alaska)
- **popplace**:

- **langs**: Yupik languages, English language, English (in Alaska), Russian language, Russian (in Siberia)
- **rels**: Christianity (mostly Russian Orthodox), Shamanism
- **related**: Inuit, Sirenik, Aleut people, Aleut, Siberian Yupik, Alutiiq, Naukan
Sk8er Boi

**Sk8er Boi** is a single by pop-punk singer Avril Lavigne. It is one of her most famous songs.

## Song information

In this song, she tells the story of a relationship between a "sk8er boi" (skater boy) and a more preppy girl who does ballet. Although both of them "want" each other, the girl rejects him against her own secret feelings because of peer pressure. In the end, the skater boy becomes famous and is with another punk girl (Avril sings in that girl's point of view) who cares for him, leaving the preppy girl behind.

## Track listing

1. "Sk8er Boi"
1. "Get Over It"
1. "Nobody's Fool (live)"
1. "Sk8er Boi" (video)

## Music video

The music video begins with what may be the "Sk8er Boi" in the alley of a city with a bunch of spray paint on the ground. The music video goes along with posters that have a star on them advertising a concert Avril hosts, where people use their cars and amplifiers to have the concert on the streets. The concert gets so wild the police come in trying to stop it. At the end of the video, Avril crashes her guitar into the car windshield. A police helicopter comes in, leaving a mystery as to what they will do.

## Movie adaptation

In 2003, Paramount Pictures optioned the song for adaptation into a feature film. However, as of December 2006, the film has apparently been abandoned or is stuck in development hell.

## Charts

|align="left"|Chart (2002)|align="left"|Position|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|align="left"|New Zealand Singles Chart|align="center"|2|
|align="left"|Los 40 Principales Spain|align="center"|1|
|align="left"|Canadian BDS Airplay Chart|align="center"|13|
|align="left"|Canadian Singles Chart|align="center"|28|
|align="left"|Italy Top 40|align="center"|10|
|align="left"|U.S. _Billboard_ Hot 100|align="center"|10|
|align="left"|UK Singles Chart|align="center"|8|
|align="left"|Irish Singles Chart|align="center"|6|
|align="left"|Australian ARIA Singles Chart|align="center"|3|
|align="left"|World Chart Show|align="center"|6|
|align="left"|Mexican Top 100 Singles Chart|align="center"|5|
|align="left"|U.S. ARC Chart (Radio) Top 40|align="center"|1|
|align="left"|Swedish Charts|align="center"|12|
|align="left"|United World Chart|align="center"|7|
|align="left"|Venezuelan Singles Chart|align="center"|6|

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Sk8er Boi
- **border**: yes
- **caption**: Official American CD artwork
- **type**: single
- **artist**: Avril Lavigne
- **album**: Let Go (Avril Lavigne album), Let Go
- **b-side**: Get Over It
- **length**: 3:24
- **label**: Arista Records, Arista
- **producer**: The Matrix (music producer), The Matrix
- **prev title**: Complicated (Avril Lavigne song), Complicated
- **prev year**: 2002
- **next title**: I'm with You (song), I'm with You
- **next year**: 2002
Pay

**Pay** may refer to:
- A wage or salary earned for work (see also minimum wage)
- The process of payment for goods and services, an aspect of trade
- Waterproofing the seams of a wooden ship
Graduated cylinder

A **graduated cylinder** (also called **measuring cylinder**) is a piece of laboratory glassware used to measure the volume of liquids. It is used to accurately measure the volume of chemicals for use in reactions.

Often, the biggest graduated cylinders are made of polyethylene or other stiff plastic, making them lighter and less fragile than glass, but more difficult to sterilize.
Edmond Keosayan

**Edmond Keosayan** (; Leninakan, now Gyumri, October 9, 1936 - Moscow, April 21, 1994) was an Armenian Soviet movie director and musician. From 1954 to 1956 Keosayan studied in Plekhanov Moscow Institute of Economy. From 1956 to 1958 he studied in Yerevan Fine Arts and Theatre Institute. In 1964, he graduated from the Directing Department of VGIK (E.Dzigan's master class). Since 1964 Keosayan has been a director at Mosfilm Studio. He has worked worked a few times for Armenfilm Studio.
He was also a Master of Ceremonies of the Soviet State Variety Orchestra.
His films are mainly in the Armenian and
Russian languages.

## Filmography

- 1964: _Where are you quiet Maxim? (Gde ty teper, Maxim?)_
- 1966: _The Elusive Avengers (Neulovimye mstiteli/Неуловимые мстители)_
- 1968: _The New Adventures of the Elusive Avengers (Novye priklyucheniya nuelovimykh/Новые приключения неуловимых)_
- 1971: _The Crown of the Russian Empire or Once again the Elusive Avengers (Korona Rossiyskoy imperi, ili snova neulovimykh_
- 1973: _Tghamardik_ (Russian: _Muzhchiny_, English _The Men_)
- 1975: _Moratsvatz heqiatneri kirtche_ (Russian: _Ushchele pokinutykh skazok_, English: _The Canyon of Deserted Tales_)
- 1975: _When September comes (Kogda nastupayet sentyabr)_
- 1978: _Huso Astgh_ (_Star of Hope_, Russian: _Zvezda nadezhdy_, alternative Armenian title: _Mkhitar sparapet_)
- 1980: _Legend tzaghratzui masin_ (Russian: _Legenda o skomorokhe_, English: _Legend of the Clown_)

## Infobox (actor)

- **name**: Edmond Keosayan
- **birth name**: Edmond Gareginovich Keosayan
- **birth place**: Gyumri, Armenia, USSR
- **death place**: Moscow, Russia
- **occupation**: Film director, Director, Screenwriter
- **yearsactive**: 1964—1988
- **spouse**: Laura Gevorgyan
- **children**: David Keosayan (b. April 10, 1961)
Tigran Keosayan (b. January 4, 1966)
Amerigo Vespucci

**Amerigo Vespucci** (9 March 1451- 22 February 1512) was an Italian merchant, explorer and cartographer. He was the first person to explain that the places discovered by Christopher Columbus in 1492 were not part of east Asia, but an unknown continent which he called "The New World". America got its name when other cartographers used a feminized and latinized version of his first name, _Americus_.

Not much is known of Vespucci's life. Two books were published saying he wrote them. Some letters exist, also saying he wrote them. He visited the New World at least twice, and died of malaria.

## Other websites

- Canaday, James A. _The Life of Amerigo Vespucci _.
- Account of 'The First Voyage', 1497: Letter of Amerigo Vespucci To Pier Soderini - Fordham University (U.S.) Internet Modern History Sourcebook
- _A scale model_  - A scaled wooden model of the Amerigo Vespucci.
- 'I am America.' - New York Times: Five hundred years ago, our continent was given a name.

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: Amerigo Vespucci01.jpg
- **name**: Amerigo Vespucci
- **caption**: Statue at the Uffizi, Florence
- **birth place**: Florence, Republic of Florence
- **death place**: Seville, Crown of Castile
- **other names**: Américo Vespucio [_Spanish (language), es_]
 Americus Vespucius [_Latin language, la_]
- **known for**: Demonstrating that the New World was not Asia but a previously-unknown fourth continent.
- **occupation**: Merchant, explorer, cartographer
- **nationality**: Italian
Rip Slyme

**Rip Slyme** is a Japanese hip hop group formed in 1994. It has 5 members - 4 MCs and 1 DJ.

### Indies albums

- _Lip's Rhyme_ (1995)
- _Talkin' Cheap_ (1998)

### Warner albums

- _Five_ (2001)
- _Tokyo Classic_ (2002)
- _Orchestra Plus_ (2003) - a recorded album completely of orchestra songs & poetry recitals from celebrities
- _Time To Go_ (2003)
- _Masterpiece_ (2004)
- _Epoch_ (2006)
- _FUNFAIR_ (2007)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Rip Slyme
- **img**: Ripslyme-live-aug13-2016.jpg
- **img capt**: 2016
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Kanagawa, Japan
- **genre**: Hip hop music, Hip hop
- **years active**: 1994–present
- **label**: Warner Music Group
- **associated acts**: Shi Shi (group), Shi Shi
- **url**: [http://www.ripslyme.com/ Official website]
- **current members**: Ryo-Z
Ilmari
Pes
Su
 DJ Fumiya
- **past members**: DJ Shige
DJ Shouji
Acetylene

||_Acetylene_|
| --- | --- |
|align="center" colspan="2" bgcolor="#ffffff"||
|Molecular formula|C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub>|
|SMILES|C#C|
|Molar mass|26.038 g/mol|
|Appearance|colorless gas|
|Density and phase|1.1772 kg/m³ at 15 °C, gas|
|Solubility in water|slightly soluble|
|Melting point|−80°C (192.3 K, -113.4 °F)|
|Boiling point|−84 °C (189.6	K, -119.2 °F)|
|Symmetry group|D<sub>∞h</sub>|
|Dipole moment|Zero|
**Acetylene** is a hydrocarbon, belonging to the alkyne group. It is the simplest type of alkyne, as it has only two hydrogen atoms and two carbon atoms. Acetylene is an unsaturated organic compound because its four atoms are triple bonded through a covalent bond. It was discovered in 1836 by Edmund Davy. The chemical symbol is C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub>.

80% of all acetylene produced yearly in the United States is used for chemical synthesis. It is a toxic chemical; breathing the substance causes dizziness, headache and nausea.
Auto racing

**Auto racing** (also known as **automobile racing**, **autosport** or **motorsport**) is a sport involving racing cars. Auto racing began in France in 1895 and is now one of the world's most popular spectator sports.

## Types of auto racing

Formula One is the top level racing championship worldwide. Formula One cars have no fenders or quarter panels like regular passenger cars. At the front and back of each car there is a spoiler, or wing, which uses air to push the car onto the ground and give it more grip to go faster. Each Formula One race takes place in a different country. These races are called Grands Prix (French for "grand prize").

Indy Cars look very similar to Formula One cars, but race on oval tracks that have only banked left-hand turns, and more complex road courses which have both left and right hand turns.

Endurance races are a type of race involving heavily modified cars called _touring cars_ and purpose-built race cars called _sports prototypes_. Each race team has more than one driver because endurance races last for several hours, so drivers take turns. The world's most famous endurance race is the 24 Hours of Le Mans in France.

NASCAR is an American organization that runs races on oval tracks with many cars or pickup trucks. The cars, called _stock cars_, look like passenger cars, but have plenty of racing upgrades.

## Related pages

- Motor sports
Lascelles Abercrombie

**Lascelles Abercrombie** (January 9, 1881 – October 27, 1938) was a British poet and critic of Literature, and he was a member of a group of famous poets called "Dymock poets".  He was born in Ashton upon Mersey and studied at the University of Manchester.

Before the First World War, he lived for a time at Dymock in Gloucestershire.  In 1922, they gave him the job of Professor of English at the University of Leeds.  In 1929 he moved on to the University of London, and in 1935 to the University of Oxford.  He wrote many poems, that were  put together in a book called 'Poems' (1930). In the same year he wrote his most important poem, _The Sale of Saint Thomas_ in six Acts.  He was the brother of the architect Patrick Abercrombie, and his son was the scientist Michael Abercrombie.

## Other websites

- Encyclopaedia Britannica, Lascelles Abercrombie

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Lascelles Abercrombie
- **birth place**: Ashton upon Mersey, Cheshire, England
- **death place**: London, England
- **occupation**: journalist, lecturer
- **alma mater**: Malvern College, Owens College
Eliza Acton

**Elizabeth "Eliza" Acton** (17 April 1799 – 13 February 1859) was an English poet and cook. She was born in Battle, Sussex and raised in Suffolk. She wrote one the first cookbooks for cooking at home, not for professional cook or chef, _Modern Cookery for Private Families_. In this book she started the use of listing the ingredients and suggested cooking times with each recipe, like all the world does now. _Modern Cookery_ was sold for a long time after her death, until 1914 and can still be found at many libraries. Her recipes are still very famous.

## Other websites

- Biography at foodreference.com
- Poems by Eliza Acton
Ralph Fiennes

**Ralph Fiennes** (born 22 December 1962) is an English actor. He has won several awards including the Tony Award and was nominated for the Academy Award for his work in Steven Spielberg's movie _Schindler's List_, and the Genie Award. He was nominated for another Academy Award for his role in _The English Patient_.

Fiennes is also well known for portraying Lord Voldemort in four of the eight _Harry Potter_ movies. He also played Gareth Mallory / M in the _James Bond_ movies _Skyfall_ (2012), _Spectre_ (2015), and _No Time to Die_ (2021).

In 2024, Fiennes played Cardinal Thomas Lawrence in the mystery thriller movie _Conclave_.

## Family

His parents were Jennifer Lash and Mark Fiennes. His brothers and sisters are Joseph Fiennes, Sophie Fiennes, Martha Fiennes, Magnus Fiennes and Jacob Fiennes. He was born in Ipswich, Suffolk.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Ralph Fiennes
- **image**: Ralph Fiennes 2024.jpg
- **caption**: Fiennes in 2024
- **birth name**: Ralph Nathaniel Twisleton-Wykeham-Fiennes
- **birth place**: Ipswich, Suffolk, England
- **nationality**: British
- **citizenship**: United Kingdom
Serbia (naturalised)
- **years active**: 1985–present
- **alma mater**: Royal Academy of Dramatic Art
- **partner**: Francesca Annis
(1995–2006)
- **parents**: Mark Fiennes
Jennifer Lash
- **relatives**: Hero Fiennes-Tiffin (nephew)
Martha Fiennes (sister)
Magnus Fiennes (brother)
Sophie Fiennes (sister)
Joseph Fiennes (brother)
Ranulph Fiennes, Sir Ranulph Fiennes (third cousin, once removed)
Wellington Koo

**Vi Kyuin Wellington Koo** (Chinese: 顾维钧；Pinyin: Gù Wéijūn; Wade-Giles: Ku Wei-chün) (January 29, 1887 - November 14, 1985) was a Chinese diplomat. He was a representative at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. His wife was Chinese-American diplomat Juliana Koo.

Born in Shanghai in 1887, he went to the United States in 1904 and studied Western culture in order to help China with the problem of imperialism. He spoke perfect fluent English, and came to be interested in China's position in international society.

## Other websites

- Biography from Columbia University