juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
William Holman Hunt

**William Holman Hunt** OM (2 April 1827 – 7 September 1910) was an English painter, and one of the founders of the Pre-Raphaelite brotherhood.

Hunt formed the Pre-Raphaelite movement in 1848, after meeting the poet and artist Dante Gabriel Rossetti. With John Everett Millais, they sought to revitalise art. They favoured the detailed observation of the natural world, in a spirit of devotion to thetruth. This almost religious approach was influenced by the spiritual qualities of mediaeval art. It was in opposition to the rationalism of the Renaissance, as in Raphael.

Hunt's works were not successful at first, and were widely attacked in the art press. They were thought clumsy and ugly. All the same, his was noticed for the naturalistic scenes of modern rural and urban life, such as _The Hireling Shepherd_ and _The Awakening Conscience_. However, it was with his religious paintings that he became famous, initially _The Light of the World_ (1851–1853), now in the chapel at Keble College, Oxford; a later version (1900) toured the world and now has its home in St Paul's Cathedral.

In the mid-1850s Hunt travelled to the Holy Land in search of material for more religious works, and to “use my powers to make more tangible Jesus Christ’s history and teaching”. there he painted _The Scapegoat_, _The Finding of the Saviour in the Temple_ and _The Shadow of Death_, along with many landscapes of the region. Hunt also painted many works based on poems, such as _Isabella, or the Pot of Basil_ and _The Lady of Shalott_. He eventually built his own house in Jerusalem.

His auction record is £1,700,000, set at Sotheby's, London on 11 February 1994, for reduced-size version his 1873 work _The Shadow of Death_.

## Artistic style

His paintings were notable for their great attention to detail, vivid colour and elaborate symbolism. These features were influenced by the writings of John Ruskin and Thomas Carlyle, according to whom the world itself should be read as a system of visual signs. For Hunt it was the duty of the artist to reveal the correspondence between sign and fact.  Out of all the members of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood Hunt remained most true to their ideals throughout his career. He was always keen to maximise the popular appeal and public visibility of his works.

He eventually had to give up painting because failing eyesight meant that he could not get the level of quality that he wanted. His last major works, _The Lady of Shalott_ and a large version of _The Light of the World_ were completed with the help of his assistant, Edward Robert Hughes.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: William Holman Hunt
- **image**: William Holman Hunt - Selfportrait.jpg
- **caption**: _Self-portrait_, 1867, Uffizi, Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence
- **birth place**: Cheapside, London
- **death place**: Kensington, London
- **nationality**: English
- **occupation**: painter
- **signature**: Holman Hunt signature.jpg
Geoffroy's cat

**Geoffroy's cat** (_Leopardus geoffroyi_) is a species of wild cat native to southern and central South America. It is about the size of a domestic cat. The species is relatively common in many areas, but is considered to be "near threatened" by IUCN.

The cat was examined and described by the early 19th-century French anatomist Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire. He collected it on an expedition to South America.

## Ecology and distribution

Geoffroy's cats live in the Andes, Pampas (scrubby forest parts), and Gran Chaco landscapes. They are found from southern Bolivia to the Straits of Magellan, at heights from sea level to . They prefer open woodland or scrubland habitats with plenty of cover, but are also found in grasslands and marshy areas. Although they are able to climb trees, they rarely do so, except to leave faeces to scent mark their territory.

Geoffroy's cat is nocturnal. It eats rodents, hares, small lizards, insects, and occasionally frogs and fish. Like other small cats, it is a solitary hunter, and only comes together during the mating season. Females have territories ranging from , while males have larger ranges, reaching up to .
Nicky Morgan

**Nicola Ann Morgan, Baroness Morgan of Cotes**, PC (born 1 October 1972) is a British politician. She was the Secretary of State for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport from 2019 to 2020.

Morgan was born in Kingston upon Thames and grew up in Surbiton. She studied law at St Hugh's College, Oxford. She became a solicitor in 1996. Morgan is a member of the Conservative Party. She was the Secretary of State for Education and Minister for women from 2014-2016. She was removed from her job by the new Prime Minister Theresa May. She was removed from these positions on 14 July 2016.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **honorific prefix**: The Right Honourable
- **name**: Nicky Morgan
- **honorific suffix**: Privy Council of the United Kingdom, PC
- **image**: Official portrait of Baroness Morgan of Cotes crop 2.jpg
- **office**: Member of the House of Lords
Lord Temporal
- **term start**: 13 January 2020
Life Peerage
- **office1**: Secretary of State for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport
- **primeminister1**: Boris Johnson
- **term start1**: 24 July 2019
- **term end1**: 13 February 2020
- **predecessor1**: Jeremy Wright
- **successor1**: Oliver Dowden
- **office2**: Treasury Select Committee, Chair of the Treasury Select Committee
- **term start2**: 12 July 2017
- **term end2**: 24 July 2019
- **predecessor2**: Andrew Tyrie
- **successor2**: TBD
- **office3**: Secretary of State for Education
- **primeminister3**: David Cameron
- **term start3**: 15 July 2014
- **term end3**: 14 July 2016
- **predecessor3**: Michael Gove
- **successor3**: Justine Greening
- **office4**: Minister for Women and Equalities
- **primeminister4**: David Cameron
- **term start4**: 9 April 2014
- **term end4**: 14 July 2016
- **predecessor4**: Maria Miller
- **successor4**: Justine Greening
- **office5**: Financial Secretary to the Treasury
- **primeminister5**: David Cameron
- **term start5**: 9 April 2014
- **term end5**: 15 July 2014
- **predecessor5**: Sajid Javid
- **successor5**: David Gauke
- **office6**: Economic Secretary to the Treasury
- **primeminister6**: David Cameron
- **term start6**: 7 October 2013
- **term end6**: 9 April 2014
- **predecessor6**: Sajid Javid
- **successor6**: Andrea Leadsom
- **constituency mp7**: Loughborough (UK Parliament constituency), Loughborough
- **term start7**: 6 May 2010
- **term end7**: 6 November 2019
- **predecessor7**: Andy Reed (politician), Andy Reed
- **successor7**: Jane Hunt
- **majority7**: 4,269 (7.9%)
- **birth name**: Nicola Ann Griffith
- **birth place**: Kingston upon Thames, London, England
- **party**: Conservative Party (UK), Conservative
- **spouse**: Jonathan Morgan
- **children**: 1 son
- **alma mater**: St Hugh's College, Oxford
Alexandrine parakeet

The **Alexandrine parakeet** (binomial name ***Psittacula eupatria***) is a parakeet, that lives in Asia: Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Burma, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam. There are small colonies in some parts of Europe: Wiesbaden, Mainz and Cologne.
IOS 4

**iOS 4** is the fourth version of the mobile software iOS, made by Apple Inc.. It was released on June 21, 2010. It was the first big change that was only called iOS, instead of iPhone OS. Some devices could not use iOS 4. This was also the first change that iPod Touch owners could have for free.

The iPhone 3G and iPod Touch 2 cannot use many apps at the same time. They also cannot set a home screen wallpaper. The iPhone 4, iPhone 3GS, and iPod Touch 3 & 4 have them. The first iPhone and the first iPod Touch cannot run iOS 4 or newer.

iOS 4.2.1 was released on November 22, 2010. It added iPad support. It was the last to allow iPhone 3G and iPod Touch 2nd generation usage.

iOS 4.0 only supported the iPhone and iPod Touch. iOS 4.0 was said to have more than 1500 new APIs for app creators. It also supported the multitasking feature for the first time. The final iOS version for the 2nd generation iPod Touch, and iPhone 3G is iOS 4.2.1. iOS 4.2.1 was the first version to make iPhones and iPads use the same operating system.

## Version history: Apple TV (2nd generation) onwards

iOS 4.1 was the first version of iOS for the Apple TV 2. It also had Apple TV Software 4.0.

## Infobox (os)

- **name**: iOS 4
- **title**: iOS 4
- **logo**: IOS 4 Logo.png
- **logo size**: 150px
- **logo caption**: The logo for iOS 4
- **developer**: Apple Inc.
- **family**: iOS
- **released**: June 21, 2010
- **latest release version**: iOS 4.2.1
- **latest release date**: November 22, 2010
- **preceded by**: iPhone OS 3
- **succeeded by**: iOS 5
Virginia Halas McCaskey

**Virginia Halas McCaskey** (January 5, 1923 – February 6, 2025) was the principal owner of the Chicago Bears of the National Football League. She was the eldest child of legendary Bears coach and owner George Halas, who left the team to his daughter upon his death in 1983.

Along with her children and grandchildren, she controls 80% of the team. After the death of Ralph Wilson in March of 2014, she became the oldest owner in the NFL.

McCaskey turned 100 on January 5, 2023. She died on February 6, 2025 in Des Plaines, Illinois, at the age of 102.

## Infobox (nfl biography)

- **embed**: yes
- **name**: Virginia Halas McCaskey
- **current team**: Chicago Bears
- **position**: Principal owner
- **pastexecutive**: * Chicago Bears (–)
Principal owner & corporate secretary
- **highlights**: * Super Bowl champion (Super Bowl XX, XX)


## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Virginia Halas McCaskey
- **birth name**: Virginia Marion Halas
- **birth place**: Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
- **death place**: Des Plaines, Illinois, U.S.
- **alma mater**: Drexel University
- **relatives**: George Halas Jr. (brother)
- **children**: 11, including Michael McCaskey, Michael and George McCaskey
- **parents**: George Halas (father)
Mrs. Parkington

***Mrs. Parkington*** is a 1944 American drama movie. It stars Greer Garson and Walter Pidgeon. It is about a woman's life, from being a hotel maid to being a society matron. The story is told in flashbacks.

This movie was released in the United States on October 12, 1944.
Balaguer

**Balaguer** (, ) is the capital of the Noguera comarca. It is located in the Province of Lleida, Catalonia, Spain.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Balaguer
- **settlement type**: Municipalities of Spain, Municipality
- **image skyline**: Santa Maria de Balaguer.jpg
- **image caption**: Church of St. Mary.
- **image flag**: Flag of Balaguer.svg
- **image shield**: Coat of Arms of Balaguer.svg
- **pushpin map**: Spain Catalonia
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Catalonia
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: Autonomous communities of Spain, Community
- **subdivision name1**: Catalonia
- **subdivision type2**: Provinces of Spain, Province
- **subdivision name2**: province of Lleida, Lleida
- **subdivision type3**: Comarques of Catalonia, Comarca
- **subdivision name3**: Noguera (comarca), Noguera
- **leader title**: Mayoress
- **leader name**: Lorena González Dios (2023- )
- **area total km2**: 57.32
- **elevation m**: 233
- **population total**: 16779
- **population as of**: 2009
- **population density km2**: auto
- **population demonym**: Balaguerí, balaguerina
- **timezone1**: Central European Time, CET
- **utc offset1**: +1
- **timezone1 dst**: Central European Summer Time, CEST
- **utc offset1 dst**: +2
Club América

**Club de Fútbol América S.A. de C.V.**, commonly known as **Club América** or **América**, is a Mexican professional football club from Mexico City. It competes in the Liga MX. The team's nickname is _Las Águilas_ (The Eagles).

América is the most successful club in Mexico. They won a record twelve national titles. América also have eight FIFA recognized international club trophies. They have won five CONCACAF Champions' Cups, two Copa Interamericana cups, and one CONCACAF Giants Cup.

### Domestic competitions

- Amateur era
- **Primera División**
- **Winners (4):** 1924–25, 1925–26, 1926–27, 1927–28
- **Copa México**
- **Winners (1):** 1937–38
- **Copa Challenger**
- **Winners (1):** 1927

- Professional era
- **Primera División**
- **Winners (11):** 1965–66, 1970–71, 1975–76, 1983–84, 1984–85, Prode-1985, 1987–88, 1988–89, Verano 2002, Clausura 2005, Clausura 2013, Apertura 2014
- **Copa México**
- **Winners (5):** 1953–54, 1954–55, 1963–64, 1964–65, 1973–74
- **Campeón de Campeones**
- **Winners (5):** 1955, 1976, 1988, 1989, 2005
- **InterLiga**
- **Winners (1):** 2008

### International

- **CONCACAF Champions' Cup / Champions League**
- **Winners (5):** 1977, 1987, 1990, 1992, 2006
- **Copa Interamericana**
- **Winners (2):** 1978, 1990
- **CONCACAF Giants Cup**
- **Winners (1):** 2001

### Friendly

- **Liga Excélsior (1)**: 1920
- **Copa Vizcaya (1)**: 1920
- **Copa Baltamar (1)**: 1922
- **Junta Española Covadonga (1)**: 1927
- **Copa Presidente Gustavo Díaz Ordaz (1)**: 1964–65
- **Copa Independencia (2)**: 1966–67, 1974–75
- **Copa Revolución Mexicana (1)**: 1980–81
- **Cuadrangular Ciudad de México (1)**: 1981
- **Trofeo Águila Azteca (1)**: 1982
- **Los Angeles Nations Cup (1)**: 1983
- **Trofeo de la Vendimia (1)**: 1983–84
- **Triangular Ciudad de México (1)**: 1987
- **Copa Cofraternidad (1)**: 1988
- **Copa Pachuca (1)**: 1997
- **Cuadrangular Los Angeles (1)**: 1999
- **Copa de Tejas (1)**: 2004
- **Copa San José (1)**: 2006
- **Copa "El Mexicano" (1)**: 2008
- **Copa Insurgentes (1)**: 2010
- **Copa Reto Águila (1)**: 2010
- **Copa Centenario del C.D. Olimpia (1)**: 2012

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: América
- **fullname**: Club de Fútbol América S.A. de C.V.
- **nickname**: _Las Águilas_ (The Eagles)
_Los Azulcremas_ (The Blue-Creams)
_Los Millonetas_ (The Million-ateds)
- **founded**: 12 October 1916; 97 years ago
- **ground**: Estadio Azteca
- **capacity**: 105,000
- **owner**: Televisa, Grupo Televisa
- **chairman**: Ricardo Pelaez
- **league**: Liga MX
- **season**: 2024–25
- **position**: TBD
- **pattern la1**: _americamx2122h
- **pattern b1**: _americamx2122h
- **pattern ra1**: _americamx2122h
- **pattern sh1**: _americamx2122h
- **pattern so1**: _america2021h
- **leftarm1**: _america2122h
- **body1**: _america2122h
- **rightarm1**: _america2122h
- **shorts1**: _america2122h
- **socks1**: FFFF94
- **pattern b2**: _americamx2122a
- **pattern sh2**: _americamx2122a
- **pattern so2**: _americamx2122a
- **leftarm2**: 00123d
- **body2**: 00123d
- **rightarm2**: 00123d
- **shorts2**: 00123d
- **socks2**: 00123d
- **website**: http://www.clubamerica.com.mx/
Mike Sandlock

**Michael Joseph Sandlock** (October 17, 1915 – April 4, 2016) was a former utility player in Major League Baseball who played for three different teams from 1942 to 1953. Listed at , 180 lb., he was a switch-hitter and threw right-handed.

He was born in Old Greenwich, Connecticut. With the death of Connie Marrero on April 23, 2014, Sandlock was the oldest living former major league player until his death in 2016. Sandlock died at his home on April 4, 2016 in Cos Cob, Connecticut. He was 100 years old.

## Other websites

- BR Bullpen
- Retrosheet

## Infobox (mlb player)

- **name**: Mike Sandlock
- **position**: Catcher
- **birth place**: Old Greenwich, Connecticut
- **death place**: Cos Cob, Connecticut
- **bats**: Both
- **throws**: Right
- **debutdate**: September 19
- **debutyear**: 1942
- **debutteam**: Boston Braves
- **finaldate**: September 27
- **finalyear**: 1953
- **finalteam**: Pittsburgh Pirates
- **stat1label**: Batting average
- **stat1value**: .240
- **stat2label**: Home runs
- **stat2value**: 2
- **stat3label**: Run batted in, Runs batted in
- **stat3value**: 31
- **teams**: *Atlanta Braves, Boston Braves (1942, 1944)
*Los Angeles Dodgers, Brooklyn Dodgers (1945–1946)
*Pittsburgh Pirates (1953)
Cuban Americans

The term **Cuban American** refers to any Americans whose ancestors came from Cuba. Cuban Americans are the third largest Hispanic group in the United States. South Florida, the Tampa Bay area, Atlanta and certain parts of the New York metropolitan area have large Cuban communities. California, New Jersey, New York, Texas and Florida have many Cuban people.
Lennie Merullo

**Leonard Richard Merullo** (May 5, 1917 – May 30, 2015) was an American professional baseball player. He played shortstop in the Major Leagues from 1941 to 1947. He was born in Boston, Massachusetts.

## Infobox (mlb player)

- **name**: Lennie Merullo
- **position**: Shortstop
- **image**: Lennie Merullo and Johnny Pesky.jpg
- **caption**: Merullo (left) with Johnny Pesky, 2008
- **bats**: Right
- **throws**: Right
- **birth place**: Boston, Massachusetts
- **death place**: Reading, Massachusetts
- **debutdate**: September 12
- **debutyear**: 1941
- **debutteam**: Chicago Cubs
- **finaldate**: August 22
- **finalyear**: 1947
- **finalteam**: Chicago Cubs
- **stat1label**: Batting average
- **stat1value**: .240
- **stat2label**: Hit (baseball), Hits
- **stat2value**: 497
- **stat3label**: Home runs
- **stat3value**: 6
- **stat4label**: Runs batted in
- **stat4value**: 152
- **teams**: * Chicago Cubs (–)
- **highlights**: * Appeared in three games for Cubs in 1945 World Series
Johnny Pesky

**John Michael "Johnny" Pesky** (born **John Michael Paveskovich**; February 27, 1919 – August 13, 2012), nicknamed **"The Needle"** and **"Mr. Red Sox"**, was an American professional baseball player, manager and coach. He was a shortstop and third baseman during a ten-year major league playing career, appearing in 1,270 games played in 1942 and from 1946 to 1954 for three different teams.

## Infobox (mlb player)

- **name**: Johnny Pesky
- **image**: Johnny Pesky.jpg
- **position**: Shortstop / Third baseman / Manager (baseball), Manager
- **bats**: Left
- **throws**: Right
- **birth place**: Portland, Oregon
- **death place**: Danvers, Massachusetts
- **debutdate**: April 14
- **debutyear**: 1942
- **debutteam**: Boston Red Sox
- **finaldate**: September 24
- **finalyear**: 1954
- **finalteam**: Washington Senators
- **stat1label**: Batting average
- **stat1value**: .307
- **stat2label**: Home runs
- **stat2value**: 17
- **stat3label**: Run batted in, Runs batted in
- **stat3value**: 404
- **teams**: **As player**
*Boston Red Sox (, –)
*Detroit Tigers (–)
*Minnesota Twins, Washington Senators ()
**As manager**
*Boston Red Sox (–, )
- **highlights**: *Major League Baseball All-Star Game, All-Star (1946 Major League Baseball All-Star Game, 1946)
*Boston Red Sox#Retired numbers, Boston Red Sox #6 retired
Bobby Doerr

**Robert Pershing "Bobby" Doerr** (April 7, 1918 – November 13, 2017) was a former Major League Baseball second baseman and coach. He played his entire 14-year baseball career for the Boston Red Sox (1937–1951).

Doerr achieved a batting average over .300 in several seasons. He set Red Sox team records in several statistical categories. He was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1986.

Doerr died at his home in Junction City, Oregon on November 13, 2017 of natural causes at the age of 99, five months short of his 100th birthday.

## Infobox (mlb player)

- **name**: Bobby Doerr
- **image**: Bobby Doerr 1950 Bowman.jpg
- **image size**: 300px
- **position**: Second baseman
- **bats**: Right
- **throws**: Right
- **birth place**: Los Angeles, California, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Junction City, Oregon, Junction City, Oregon, U.S.
- **debutdate**: April 20
- **debutyear**: 1937
- **debutteam**: Boston Red Sox
- **finaldate**: September 7
- **finalyear**: 1951
- **finalteam**: Boston Red Sox
- **stat1label**: Batting average
- **stat1value**: .288
- **stat2label**: Home runs
- **stat2value**: 223
- **stat3label**: Run batted in, Runs batted in
- **stat3value**: 1,247
- **teams**: <nowiki />
* Boston Red Sox (1937–1944, 1946–1951)
- **highlights**: <nowiki />
* 9× Major League Baseball All-Star Game, All-Star (1941–1944, 1946–1948, 1950, 1951)
* Boston Red Sox#Retired numbers, Boston Red Sox #1 retired
- **hofdate**: 1986
- **hofmethod**: Veterans Committee
David Halberstam

**David Halberstam** (April 10, 1934 – April 23, 2007) was an American journalist and historian of Jewish descent. He was known for his early work on the Vietnam War, his work on politics, history, the Civil Rights Movement, business, media, American culture, and his later sports journalism. He won a Pulitzer Prize for journalism in 1964.

## Other websites

- "The History Boys", _Vanity Fair_, August 2007 — Halberstam's final essay, "debunks the Bush administration's wild distortion of history"
- "Turning Journalism Into History" Audio and transcript of Halberstam's last public event
- "Letter to My Daughter" by David Halberstam
- The Economist: Obituary
- Blast Magazine: Obituary
- Writing on Air  Salon.com interview
- David Halberstam's Hit Streak Continues  Powells.com interview

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: David Halberstam
- **image**: David Halberstam 1978.JPG
- **caption**: Halberstam in 1978
- **birth place**: New York City, U.S.
- **death place**: Menlo Park, California, U.S.
- **occupation**: Journalist, historian, writer
- **nationality**: American
- **education**: Harvard University
- **genre**: Non-fiction
- **spouse**: Elżbieta Czyżewska (1965–1977; divorced)
Jean Sandness Butler (1979-2007; his death; 1 child)
Civil Rights Movement

The **Civil Rights Movement** was a social movement in the United States that tried to gain equal rights for African Americans that European Americans had. The movement is famous for using non-violent protests and civil disobedience (peacefully refusing to follow unfair laws). Activists used strategies like boycotts, sit-ins, and protest marches. Sometimes police or racist white people would attack them, but the activists never fought back.

## Infobox (civil conflict)

- **place**: United States
- **title**: Civil Rights Movement
- **causes**: Racism
Racial segregation
- **goals**: Racial integration
- **methods**: Nonviolence
Protest, Protests
Civil disobedience
Lawsuit, Lawsuits
- **status**: Concluded
- **date**: Brown v. Board of Education, May 17, 1954 – Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr., April 4, 1968
- **concessions**: _Brown v. Board of Education_
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Voting Rights Act of 1965
Civil Rights Act of 1968
- **side1**: Civil Rights Movement
- **partof**: Cold War
- **side2**: Federal government of the United States
- **side3**: Black Power movement
- **leadfigures1**: Martin Luther King Jr. †
Rosa Parks
John Lewis
- **leadfigures2**: Dwight D. Eisenhower
 John F. Kennedy †
 Lyndon B. Johnson
 J. Edgar Hoover
- **leadfigures3**: Elijah Muhammad
 Malcolm X †
Huey P. Newton
- **units1**: SCLC
SNCC
NAACP
- **units2**: Police#Police in different countries, Police forces
FBI
KKK
- **units3**: Nation of Islam, NOI
Black Panther Party, BPP
- **image**: 1963_march_on_washington.jpg
- **caption**: Protest, Protesters at the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom in 1963
Elżbieta Czyżewska

**Elżbieta Justyna Czyżewska** (May 14, 1938 – June 17, 2010) was a Polish actress. She was active in both Poland and the United States. She was known for her role in _The Saragossa Manuscript_ (1964).

She died on June 17, 2010 in Manhattan, New York City at the age of 72 from esophageal cancer.

## Other websites

- Official website
- Polish film database
- Elżbieta Czyżewska biodata
- Elżbieta Czyżewska  at Culture.pl
Jerzy Skolimowski

**Jerzy Skolimowski** (, born 5 May 1938) is a Polish movie director, screenwriter, dramatist and actor. Skolimowski has directed more than twenty movies since 1960. His first movie was _Oko wykol_ (_The Menacing Eye_).

Skolimowski was born in Łódź, Poland. He was the son of Maria (née Postnikoff) and Stanisław Skolimowski, an architect.

## Other websites

- Jerzy Skolimowski  at culture.pl
- Senses of Cinema: Great Directors Critical Database
- 'Two Paths, Little Glory For This Polish Director', Anthony Paletta, _The Wall Street Journal_, 14 June 2011
- External Wandering, Michael Atkinson, movingimagesource.us
- Finding Zen in Poland: An Interview with Jerzy Skolimowski, Ben Sachs and Ignatiy Vishnevetsky, MUBI
- Photographs and literature on Jerzy Skolimowski

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: Jerzy Skolimowski.jpg
- **caption**: Jerzy Skolimowski, 2010
- **birth place**: Łódź, Poland
- **spouse**: Elżbieta Czyżewska (divorced)
John Guare

**John Guare**  (rhymes with "air"; born February 5, 1938) is an American playwright.  He is best known as the author of _The House of Blue Leaves_, _Six Degrees of Separation_, and _Landscape of the Body_.

Guare was born in New York City and raised in Jackson Heights, Queens. He was raised a Roman Catholic.

## Other websites

- Biography at theatredatabase.com
- John Guare with poster for his Caffe Cino production
- John Guare Papers at Yale University Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library.

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: John Guare
- **image**: John Guare at the 2009 Tribeca Film Festival.jpg
- **imagesize**: 232px
- **caption**: Guare at the 2009 premiere of _w:PoliWood (film), PoliWood_
- **birth place**: New York City, New York, United States, U.S.
- **occupation**: Playwright
- **nationality**: American
- **alma mater**: Georgetown University,
Yale School of Drama
- **period**: 1964–present
- **notableworks**: _The House of Blue Leaves_; _Six Degrees of Separation (play), Six Degrees of Separation_
Louis Malle

**Louis Malle** (30 October 1932 – 23 November 1995) was a French movie director, screenwriter, and producer. His movie, _Le Monde du silence_, won the Palme d'Or and Academy Award for Best Documentary in 1956. He was also nominated multiple times for Academy Awards later in his career.

His most famous movies are _Ascenseur pour l'échafaud_ (1958), _Lacombe Lucien_ (1974), _Atlantic City_ (1980), _My Dinner with Andre_ (1981), and _Au revoir, les enfants_ (1987).

Malle died from lymphoma at their home in Beverly Hills, California on 23 November 1995.

## Other websites

- Biography on newwavefilm.com
- They Shoot Pictures, Don't They?
- Rialto Pictures Website - entry for _Elevator to the Gallows_.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Louis Malle
- **image**: Louis Malle (1959).tif
- **caption**: Louis Malle (1959)
- **birth place**: Thumeries, Nord (département), Nord, France
- **death place**: Beverly Hills, California, US
- **spouse**: Anne-Marie Deschodt (1965–67)
Candice Bergen (1980–95)
- **children**: Manuel Cuotomec  Malle, (<abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1971) (with Gila von Weitershausen)
Justine Malle, (<abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1974) (with Alexandra Stewart)
Chloe Malle, (<abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1985) (with Candice Bergen)
- **years active**: 1953–1994
Georg von Hertling

**Georg Friedrich Graf von Hertling** (31 August 1843 – 4 January 1919) was German Bavarian politician. He served as Minister-President of Bavaria 1912–1917 and then as Minister-President of Prussia and Chancellor of the German Empire from 1917 to 1918 under Kaiser Wilhelm II during World War 1 until in 1918 when became the Weimar Republic .

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Georg Graf von Hertling
- **image**: Georg von Hertling.jpg
- **order**: 7th Chancellor of the German Empire
- **term start**: 1 November 1917
- **term end**: 30 September 1918
- **monarch**: Wilhelm II, German Emperor, Wilhelm II
- **predecessor**: Georg Michaelis
- **successor**: Prince Maximilian of Baden, Maximilian von Baden
- **order2**: 18th Minister President of Prussia
- **term start2**: 2 December 1917
- **term end2**: 3 October 1918
- **monarch2**: Wilhelm II, German Emperor, Wilhelm II
- **predecessor2**: Georg Michaelis
- **successor2**: Prince Maximilian of Baden, Maximilian von Baden
- **order3**: 26th List of Ministers-President of Bavaria, Minister President of the Kingdom of Bavaria
- **term start3**: 1912
- **term end3**: 1917
- **monarch3**: Otto of Bavaria, Otto
Ludwig III of Bavaria, Ludwig III
- **predecessor3**: Clemens von Podewils-Dürnitz
- **successor3**: Otto Ritter von Dandl
- **birth name**: Georg Friedrich Graf von Hertling
- **birth place**: Darmstadt
- **death place**: Ruhpolding
- **party**: Centre Party (Germany), Centre
David Mamet

**David Alan Mamet** (; born November 30, 1947) is an American playwright, essayist, screenwriter, and movie director. Mamet has won a Pulitzer Prize and received Tony nominations for _Glengarry Glen Ross_ (1984) and  _Speed-the-Plow_ (1988).

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: David Mamet
- **image**: David Mamet 2 by David Shankbone.JPG
- **caption**: Mamet at the premiere of _Redbelt_ at the Tribeca Film Festival, April 25, 2008
- **birth name**: David Alan Mamet
- **birth place**: Chicago, Illinois, United States
- **occupation**: Author, playwright, screenwriter, film director
- **nationality**: United States
- **notableworks**: _The Duck Variations_ (1971)
 _Sexual Perversity in Chicago_ (1974)
 _American Buffalo (play), American Buffalo_ (1975)
_Glengarry Glen Ross_ (1983)
 _Oleanna (play), Oleanna_ (1992)
_The Postman Always Rings Twice (1981 film), The Postman Always Rings Twice_ (1981)
_House of Games_ (1987)
 _The Untouchables (1987 film), The Untouchables_ (1987)
 _Homicide (1991 film), Homicide_ (1991)
 _Hannibal (film), Hannibal_ (2001)
_The Unit_ (2006)
- **spouse**: Lindsay Crouse (1977–1990; divorced; 2 children, including Zosia Mamet, Zosia)
Rebecca Pidgeon (1991–present; 2 children)
- **alma mater**: Goddard College
Alan Bennett

**Alan Bennett** (born 9 May 1934) is an English playwright, screenwriter, actor and author. His work includes _The Madness of George III_ and its movie adaptation, the series of monologues _Talking Heads_, the play and the movie _The History Boys_, and popular audio books, including his readings of _Alice's Adventures in Wonderland_ and _Winnie-the-Pooh_.

Bennett was born in Armley in Leeds. He has a degree in history from Exeter College, Oxford. He is openly gay.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Alan Bennett
- **image**: Alan Bennett Allan Warren.jpg
- **caption**: Bennett in 1973, photographed by Allan Warren
- **birth place**: Armley, Leeds, England
- **partner**: Rupert Thomas
- **occupation**: Actor, author
- **years active**: 1960–present
Randall Stout

**Randall Stout** (May 6, 1958 – July 11, 2014) was an American architect.

Stout was born in Knoxville, Tennessee.

His best known works were the Hunter Museum of American Art in Chattanooga, Tennessee, the Taubman Museum of Art in Roanoke, Virginia, and the Abroms-Engel Institute for the Visual Arts in Birmingham, Alabama.

Stout died from renal cell carcinoma in Los Angeles, California, aged 56.

## Infobox (architect)

- **name**: Randall Stout
- **image**: Randall Stout.jpg
- **caption**: Randall Stout in 2011
- **nationality**: American
- **birth place**: Knoxville, Tennessee, USA, U.S.
- **death place**: Los Angeles, California, U.S.
- **practice**: Randall Stout Architects, Inc.
- **significant buildings**: Hunter Museum of American Art, Taubman Museum of Art
John Seigenthaler Pedestrian Bridge

The **John Seigenthaler Pedestrian Bridge** (previously called the **Shelby Street Bridge** or **Shelby Avenue Bridge**) is a truss bridge that spans the Cumberland River in Nashville, Tennessee, United States. It was originally opened on July 5, 1909. It was reopened as a pedestrian bridge on August 3, 2003. The bridge is  long. It is one of the longest pedestrian bridges in the world.

It was originally named the Shelby Street Bridge. It was renamed in April 2014 in honor of John Seigenthaler.

## Other websites

- John Seigenthaler Pedestrian Bridge

## Infobox (bridge)

- **name**: John Seigenthaler Pedestrian Bridge
- **image**: Shelby_street_bridge_day.jpg
- **caption**: John Seigenthaler Pedestrian Bridge, seen from Riverfront Park
- **carries**: pedestrians and bicycles
- **crosses**: Cumberland River
- **locale**: Nashville, Tennessee
- **maint**: Nashville, Tennessee, Metropolitan Government of Nashville & Davidson County
- **design**: multi-span truss bridge
- **open**: July 5, 1909
Shelbyville, Tennessee

**Shelbyville** is a city in Bedford County, Tennessee, United States. It had a population of 23,557 residents at the 2020 census.
Parakeet

**Parakeet** is a name for any small to medium-sized species of parrot, often with long tail feathers. Basically, it is a common term for a small parrot. Another term used in America for parakeets is **conure**.

Parakeets breed better in groups, but are usually fine breeding in pairs. Having other parakeets encourages a pair to breed, which is why breeding in groups is more successful. However, many breeders choose to breed in pairs because that way they know which parents produced any given birds. If the parakeet does lay eggs, it produces about six to eight.
Conure

A **conure** is a term in aviculture referring to 2 genuses of parrot, _Pyrrhura_ and _Aratinga_. In science, they are known as parakeets, because 'conure' is not a scientific name.

Conures are in the Psittacidae family (neotropical parrots). Their range goes from upper Brazil to southern Argentina. Conures are often kept as pets, and can be very friendly with people.

Conures are small birds. Many can grow up to 10 inches long, but some species can grow up to 20 inches long. Different types of conures have different colours, but the most common colour is green. Conures can eat many foods, including nuts, grains, fruits, and vegetables. Conures kept as pets must never be fed chocolate, avocado, salty foods, or caffeine.
Typhoon Bopha

**Typhoon Bopha** (aka **Typhoon Pablo**) was a severe tropical cyclone in December 2012. It hit the Philippines. The typhoon struck Palau first. It destroyed homes and caused power outages.

The storm did a lot of damage to the Philippine island of Mindanao. Over 600 deaths were reported.

The names _Pablo_ and _Bopha_ were retired because of the large number of deaths and the great destruction.
Helix (gastropod)

***Helix*** is a genus of large air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs.

The genus _Helix_ is known from the Oligocene onwards.
This genus is native to Europe and the regions around the Mediterranean Sea.

The best-known species include _Helix aspersa_, the common, or brown garden snail, and _Helix pomatia_, the Roman snail, Burgundy snail, or edible snail.  _H. pomatia_ and some other species are eaten as escargots.

_Helix_ snails have been introduced throughout the world, where some, especially _H. aspersa_, have become garden pests.

Snails in this genus create and use love darts during mating.

_Helix_ snails prefer cool, damp environments, as they easily get dry. Snails are most active at night and after rainfall. During unfavourable conditions, a snail will remain inside its shell, usually under rocks or other hiding places, to avoid being discovered by predators. In dry climates snails will naturally congregate near water sources, including artificial sources such as waste-water outlets of air conditioners.

The common garden snail (_Helix aspersa_) is herbivorous. These snails are able to digest most vegetation including carrots and lettuce. They also have a specialized crop of symbiotic bacteria that help their digestion, especially by breaking down the polysaccharide cellulose into simple sugars.
Szymon Szurmiej

**Szymon Symcha Szurmiej** (18 June 1923 – 16 July 2014) was a Jewish-Polish actor, director, singer, activist and theatre manager. He was the general manager of the Ester Rachel Kamińska and Ida Kamińska State Jewish Theater in Warsaw. He was also the director of the Yiddish Theater of Warsaw. He was later an activist for Jewish causes.

Szurmiej was born in Lutsk, Volhynian Voivodeship (now Ukraine). He was a member of the World Jewish Congress. He was married to actress Gołda Tencer and had four children.

Szurmiej died from natural causes on 16 July 2014 in Warsaw, aged 91.
John Ilhan

**John Ilhan** (born **Mustafa İlhan**; 23 January 1965 – 23 October 2007) was an Australian businessman and philanthropist. He was best known as the founder and owner of Crazy John's, a mobile phone retail chain. He founded the company in 1991. In 2003, he was the richest Australian under the age of 40. After his sudden death, his wife sold the company to Vodafone.

Ilhan was born in Yozgat, Turkey to a Muslim family. His family moved to the Australian state of Victoria when he was five. He was married to Patricia and had four children.

Ilhan died from a heart attack on 23 October 2007, aged 42. He had been jogging in the Melbourne suburb of Brighton when he collapsed.

## Other websites

- John Ilhan at Woopidoo

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: John Ilhan
- **birth name**: Mustafa İlhan
- **birth place**: Yozgat, Turkey
- **death place**: Melbourne, Victoria (Australia), Victoria, Australia
- **death cause**: Myocardial infarction, Heart attack
- **occupation**: Businessman, philanthropist
- **known for**: Founder of Crazy John's
Helcionelloida

The **Helcionelloida** are an extinct class of fossil molluscs.

They are among the earliest animals with mineralised shells. They are also the oldest known  molluscs wth a shell. Some members of this class were mistaken for Monoplacophorans.  The class was erected by Peel in 1991.

The latest word on this group is the classification of Parkhaev, who splits it into three subclasses.
Rice Park, Saint Paul, Minnesota

**Rice Park** is a public park located in Saint Paul, Minnesota.

## History

Before it became a park, Rice Park was used as an open space to dry laundry and graze animals. The land was eventually made into a "public square" in 1849 by John R. Irvine, a territorial pioneer and Henry M. Rice, territorial delegate and United States Senator. The park was named after early Minnesota Senator Henry M. Rice. Rice park sits atop a small hill where glacial melt failed to erode completely. The park was mostly ignored until 1860 when Mayor John S. Prince had shade trees planted. In the 1870s the park got a fountain and a bandstand. A pair of squirrels were given to the park by the chief of police in Memphis, Tennessee as an act of goodwill. Eventually, electric lights were installed in 1883. This was on the occasion of the visit by President Chester A. Arthur, former president Ulysses S. Grant, and General William Tecumseh Sherman, at the opening of Northern Pacific's West Coast rail line. The historic buildings, museums, and music halls that border the park were constructed over a period of nearly 100 years. On May 10, 1903 Saint Paul Globe reported that Rice Park was the traditional place in St. Paul for newly engaged couples to go and sit. The Women’s Institute of Saint Paul donated a new fountain to the park on June 14, 1965. Minnesota sculptor Alonzo Hauser designed the fountain, titled 'the Source', with a statue of a woman in the water. Rice Park has been honored as a Great Place in America by the American Planning Association in 2011.

## Location and Features

Rice Park is about 2 acres in size. It is located at 4th Street and Washington Street in downtown Saint Paul, Minnesota.
Rice Park sits above the Mississippi River’s highest flood level, so its surroundings are important buildings like the Federal Customs House (now Landmark Center), Central Public Library, and the grand St. Paul Hotel. More recently the park was given character sculptures from the Peanuts cartoons to honor the birthplace of Peanuts cartoonist Charles Schulz. It also has an ice rink during the winter months. Rice Park forms a pathway between eight different significant buildings, adding to its popularity.

## Activities and Events

Rice Park was placed right in the heart of the busy city of Saint Paul. The park is used year-round. During the summer, music, specifically blues, jazz, and original composition, can be heard at noon on various Mondays starting in June. The park has an annual Winter Carnival, one of the oldest and largest winter festivals in the country. These activities include a tree lighting ceremony, ice skating, watching fireworks, listening to holiday music and family-friendly activities. Rice Park is also available for private parties and gatherings. It can accommodate a wedding party of up to 200 people.

In addition, several events have been located at Rice Park. For instance, the funeral of Charles Luth, a switchman who was murdered during the Pullman strike, was held at the park in 1894.

## Other websites

- Peanuts Statues, Rice Park
- Rice Park – Winter Carnival’s Center Stage
- Rice Park Powered by Xcel Energy
Battleground (2014)

**Battleground (2014)** was a professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) and livestreaming show made by WWE. It took place on July 20, 2014 at the Tampa Bay Times Forum in Tampa, Florida. It was the second Battleground event held by WWE and the first to stream also live on the WWE Network.

## Background

Battleground featured professional wrestling matches involving different wrestlers from pre-existing scripted feuds, plots, and storylines that played out on WWE's television programs, _Raw_ and _SmackDown_. The wrestlers portrayed good guys, bad guys or tweeners (morally-ambiguous characters) as they followed a series of events, which leads to a wrestling match or a series of wrestling matches.

## Other websites

- Battleground Website

## Infobox (wrestling event)

- **name**: Battleground (2014)
- **theme**: "Jungle" by Jamie N Commons and X Ambassadors (feat. Jay-Z)
- **promotion**: WWE
- **date**: July 20, 2014
- **attendance**: 12,000
- **sponsor**: Takis
- **venue**: Tampa Bay Times Forum
- **city**: Tampa, Florida
- **lastevent**: Money in the Bank (2014)
- **nextevent**: SummerSlam (2014)
- **event**: WWE Battleground, Battleground
- **lastevent2**: Battleground (2013)
- **nextevent2**: Battleground (2015)
Malaysia Airlines Flight 17

|Nation||data-sort-type="number"|Number|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
||27|||
||4|||
||1|||
||1|||
||4|||
||4|||
||1|||
||12|||
||1|||
||1|||
||1|||
||43|||
||193|||
||1|||
||3|||
||1|||
||10|||
||23|||
||3|||
|**Total**|**298**|||
**Malaysia Airlines Flight 17** (**MH17**/**MAS17**) was a scheduled international passenger flight from Schiphol airport, Amsterdam to Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. On 17 July 2014 the Boeing 777-200ER lost radar contact. The plane was shot down and crashed near the village of Hrabove, Donetsk Oblast, Ukraine. All 298 people (283 passengers and 15 crew members) aboard were killed.

It was suspected by Ukraine that the aircraft was shot down by a ground-to-air missile, fired by Pro-Russian separatists during war in Donbas. Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko called it an "act of terrorism." The investigation was carried out by the Dutch Safety Board. Fighting delayed investigation, but in October 2018 Dutch investigators said the plane was destroyed as a result of the explosion of a Russian BUK surface-to-air missile.

## Infobox (aircraft occurrence)

- **name**: Malaysia Airlines Flight 17
- **occurrence type**: Shootdown
- **image**: Malaysia Airlines Boeing 777-200 9M-MRD NRT (16073510797).jpg
- **caption**: 9M-MRD, the plane that crashed, photographed in 2013
- **summary**: Shootdown leading to In-flight breakup
- **site**: Near Hrabove, Donetsk Oblast, Hrabove, Donetsk Oblast, Ukraine
- **aircraft type**: Boeing 777, Boeing 777-2H6ER
- **operator**: Malaysia Airlines
- **tail number**: 9M-MRD
- **origin**: Amsterdam Airport Schiphol
- **destination**: Kuala Lumpur International Airport
- **passengers**: 283
- **crew**: 15
- **fatalities**: 298 (all)
- **survivors**: 0
Lorraine Toussaint

**Lorraine Toussaint** (born April 4, 1960) is a Trinidadian-American movie and television actress, and producer. She is known for her role as Rene Jackson in the television drama _Any Day Now_ (1998-2002). She was also in the movies _Breaking In_ (1989), _Hudson Hawk_ (1991), and _Dangerous Minds_ (1995). For _Middle of Nowhere_ (2012) she was nominated for an Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Actress. Toussaint was also in the television series _Crossing Jordan_ (2002-2003), _Saving Grace_ (2007-2010) and _Orange Is the New Black_ (2012).

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Lorraine Toussaint
- **image**: Lorraine Toussaint.jpg
- **caption**: Lorraine Toussaint in 2012
- **birth place**: Trinidad, West Indies Federation
- **occupation**: Actress
- **yearsactive**: 1983 - present
Henry M. Rice

**Henry Mower Rice** (November 29, 1816January 15, 1894) was a fur trader, commissioner and one of the first United States Senators from Minnesota.

## Early life

Henry Rice was born on November 29, 1816, in Waitsfield, Vermont. His parents were Edmund Rice and Ellen Durkee Rice. He went to school in Detroit and Kalamazoo, Michigan. He became a sutler at Fort Atkinson, Iowa. In 1847 he negotiated a treaty with the Winnebago and Chippewa Native American tribes. In 1848 he settled in St. Paul, Minnesota. He helped negotiate the Treaty of Traverse des Sioux in 1851. This opened up parts of Minnesota west of the Mississippi River to white settlers. In 1856 Rice, as a territorial delegate, worked hard to secure Congressional land grants for the railroads in Minnesota.

## Political career

Rice lobbied for the bill to establish Minnesota Territory. He was the delegate to the 33rd and 34th Congresses from March 4, 1853 to March 4, 1857. His work on the Minnesota Enabling Act, passed by Congress on Feb. 26, 1857, facilitated Minnesota's statehood.

In 1858 Rice was elected as a Democrat to the United States Senate. He served from Minnesota's admittance on May 11, 1858 to March 4, 1863 in the 35th, 36th, and 37th Congresses and was not a candidate for re-election. He supported John C. Breckinridge for president in 1860.

Rice also served as a member of the board of regents of the University of Minnesota from 1851 to 1859. Rice was president of the Minnesota Historical Society. In 1865 he ran for Governor of Minnesota, but lost the election. From 1878 to 1884 he was the treasurer of Ramsey County, Minnesota. As a United States Commissioner during 1887 – 1888, he continued to negotiate treaties with the Indians. He died on January 15, 1894, while on a visit to San Antonio, Texas.

## Legacy

In 1916, the state of Minnesota donated a marble statue of Rice to the National Statuary Hall Collection at the United States Capitol. Rice County, Minnesota is named for him. His brother Edmund Rice served in the U.S. House of Representatives. Rice Park in St. Paul, Minnesota is named for him.
Birmingham, Michigan

**Birmingham** is a city in Oakland County of the U.S. state of Michigan and a suburb of Detroit. As of the 2020 census, the population was 21,813.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Birmingham, Michigan
- **official name**: City of Birmingham
- **settlement type**: City
- **motto**: "A Walkable Community"
- **image skyline**: Downtown_Birmingham_MI_2025.jpg
- **imagesize**: 275
- **image caption**: Maple Road and Old Woodward Avenue
- **pushpin map**: Michigan#USA
- **pushpin label position**: left
- **pushpin label**: Birmingham
- **pushpin map caption**: Location within the state of Michigan##Location within the United States
- **image map**: Birmingham, MI location.png
- **mapsize**: 250
- **map caption**: Location within Oakland County, Michigan, Oakland County
- **government type**: Council–manager government, Council–manager
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Therese Longe
- **leader title1**: Municipal clerk, Clerk
- **leader name1**: Alexandria Bingham
- **leader title2**: City manager, Manager
- **leader name2**: Jana Ecker
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Michigan, County
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision name1**: Michigan
- **subdivision name2**: Oakland County, Michigan, Oakland
- **established title**: Settled
- **established date**: 1819
- **established title2**: Incorporated
- **established date2**: 1864 (village)
1932 (city)
- **area total km2**: 12.45
- **area land km2**: 12.42
- **population as of**: 2020 United States census, 2020
- **population total**: 21813
- **population density sq mi**: 4553.86
- **timezone**: Eastern Time Zone, EST
- **utc offset**: -5
- **timezone dst**: Eastern Daylight Time, EDT
- **utc offset dst**: -4
- **elevation ft**: 778
- **area water km2**: 0.03
- **area total sq mi**: 4.80
- **area land sq mi**: 4.79
- **area water sq mi**: 0.01
- **elevation m**: 237
- **postal code type**: ZIP Code, ZIP code(s)
- **postal code**: 48009, 48012
- **area codes**: Area codes 248 and 947, 248 and 947
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standards, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 26-08640
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 0621444
- **unit pref**: Imperial