juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Michael Dukakis

**Michael Stanley Dukakis** (, born November 3, 1933) served as the 65th and 67th Governor of Massachusetts, from 1975 to 1979 and 1983 to 1991. He is the longest-serving Governor in Massachusetts and only the second Greek-American governor in United States history, after Spiro Agnew.

In 1988, he was the Democratic nominee for President, but lost to Republican then–Vice President, George H. W. Bush.

## After the 1988 Election

Dukakis was mentioned as candidate for Massachusetts Senator for a possible interim successor to Ted Kennedy, after Kennedy's death but Governor Deval Patrick chose Paul G. Kirk, the other candidate and a favorite of the Kennedy Family.

In 2008, he talked about his defeat in an interview with Katie Couric, in which he said he "owe[d] the American people an apology" because "if I had beaten the old man, we never would have heard of the kid, and we wouldn't be in this mess."

## Other websites

- Official Commonwealth of Massachusetts Governors Biography
- Michael S. Dukakis  at the Northeastern University Department of Political Science
- Michael Dukakis  at UCLA
- The Michael S. Dukakis Presidential Campaign records, 1962–1989 (bulk 1987–1988)  are in the Northeastern University Libraries, Archives and Special Collections Department, Boston, MA.
- The Joseph D. Warren papers, 1972–2003 (bulk 1980–1990)  are in the Northeastern University Libraries, Archives and Special Collections Department, Boston, MA.
- Dukakis discusses presidential debates  as reported in the _Harvard Law Record_
- Dukakis mentioned on MSNBC's Morning Joe: The Scoop on 'Boogie Man'

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Michael S. Dukakis
- **image**: Michael Dukakis (3x4 cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Official portrait, 1977
- **order**: Governor of Massachusetts#List of Governors, 65th and 67th
- **office**: Governor of Massachusetts
- **lieutenant**: John Kerry
Evelyn Murphy
- **term start**: January 6, 1983
- **term end**: January 3, 1991
- **predecessor**: Edward J. King, Edward King
- **successor**: William Weld
- **lieutenant1**: Thomas P. O'Neill III, Thomas O'Neill
- **term start1**: January 2, 1975
- **term end1**: January 4, 1979
- **predecessor1**: Francis W. Sargent, Francis Sargent
- **successor1**: Edward J. King, Edward King
- **state house2**: Massachusetts
- **district2**: 13th Norfolk
- **term start2**: January 3, 1965
- **term end2**: January 3, 1971
- **predecessor2**: Constituency established
- **successor2**: Jon Rotenberg
- **state house3**: Massachusetts
- **district3**: 10th Norfolk
- **term start3**: January 3, 1963
- **term end3**: January 3, 1965
- **predecessor3**: Sumner Kaplan
- **successor3**: James Wheeler
- **birth place**: Brookline, Massachusetts, United States
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
- **children**: 3, including John Dukakis, John (adopted)
- **alma mater**: Swarthmore College
Harvard Law School, Harvard University
- **signature**: M Dukakis Signature.svg
- **branch**: United States Army
- **serviceyears**: 1955–1957
Tangail District

**Tangail** () is a district in the central region of Bangladesh. It is a part of the Dhaka Division.
Jamalpur District

**Jamalpur** () is a district in the Mymensingh Division of Bangladesh. It was originally established in 1869.
Sherpur District

**Sherpur** () is a district in central Bangladesh. It is a part of the Dhaka Division.
Kishoreganj District

**Kishorganj** () is a district in central Bangladesh. It is a part of the Dhaka Division.
Netrokona District

**Netrakona** is a district in northeast Bangladesh. It is a part of the Mymensingh Division.

## Infobox (bangladesh district)

- **name**: Netrakona
- **pushpin label position**: right
- **division name**: Dhaka Division
- **area total km2**: 2810.40
St Pancras Church, Ipswich

**Saint Pancras** is a Catholic church covering the town centre of Ipswich, England.

When it was built, the church was supposed to be used as the Catholic cathedral for the East of England.
Venus Consoling Love

***Venus Consoling Love*** or ***The Bath of Venus*** is a painting by François Boucher. It is signed and dated 1751. It measures 107 x 84.8 cm (42 1/8 x 33 3/8 in.) It hangs in the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C. The painting once belonged to Mme de Pompadour. Boucher was Pompadour's favorite artist. The painting may have been intended for her apartment at Versailles or for her chateau at Bellevue.

She allegedly posed for the painting. It is more likely Venus was a product of Boucher's imagination. The technical dexterity evident in the painting is the principal charm of Rococo art.

"Boucher's success in communicating the charm and sensuality of the nude lies in his mastery of color and fluid brushstrokes ... The painting exemplifies the rococo love of asymmetric lines and sinuous curves, artfully arranged to seduce both the eye and the mind of the beholder."

## Infobox (painting)

- **image file**: Venus Consoling Love, François Boucher, 1751.jpg
- **title**: Venus Consoling Love
- **artist**: François Boucher
- **year**: 1751
- **medium**: oil on canvas
- **height metric**: 107
- **width metric**: 84.8
- **city**: Washington, D.C.
- **museum**: National Gallery of Art
Gilbert

**Gilbert** [ **gil**-bert ] is a British Isles male given name. It means "the bright pledge", or “the bright promise” in Germanic. Many famous people have carried the name, including W. S. Gilbert. There is also a Spanish form, **Gilberto**. It was used on a powerful Atlantic hurricane that struck the Caribbean and Mexico in 1988. This is a unique name (not in the top 1000 newborn names in the US in 2021).

## People

- W. S. Gilbert, English librettist of the Gilbert & Sullivan duo
- Gilbert Thomas Carter, Administrator of the Government of the Colony of Trinidad and Tobago, and its Dependencies in the absence of the Governor.
- Gilbert Etienne, Swiss economist, author and professor
- Gilbert Gottfried, American stand-up comedian (1955–2022)
- Gilbert, Blue balloon cat

## In popular culture

Gilbert is Caillou's pet cat that appears in the popular television show _Caillou_.
Felicity (given name)

**Felicity** [ fi-**lis**-i-tee ] is an English female given name. It means "happiness". The name is derived from the Latin name _Felicitas_. _Felicitas_ is the name for an Ancient Roman goddess. This female name was at 236 in popularity for girls around England and Wales. The name was 390th in popularity on girls in the United States for 1999. Felicity is a female form of the male name _Felix_. The name Felicity is the name of a character played by Keri Russell. This name was ranked #441 on the US Popular Names in 2021.

## People

- Felicity Rose Hadley Jones, a British television, stage and movie actress
- Felicity Ann Kendal, a British actress
- Felicity Huffman, American actress
Stentor

***Stentor*** is a genus of filter-feeding ciliates. They are usually horn-shaped, and reaching lengths of 2 millimeters, they are among the biggest known unicellular organisms.

They are a type of protist ciliate in the heterotrich class. The old-fashioned name for them was  **trumpet animalcules**.

The body is horn-shaped, with a ring of prominent cilia around the anterior "bell" that sweeps in food and helps swimming. Some reach several millimeters in length, making them among the largest single celled organisms. As in many freshwater protozoans, Stentor has a contractile vacuole. Because the concentration of salt inside the cell and in the surrounding freshwater is different, Stentor must store water that enters it by osmosis and then discharge it from the vacuole. They can regenerate, and small fragments can grow into full organisms. Each cell has one (often elongated) macronucleus and several micronuclei. Having two types of nuclei is charcteristic of ciliates.
Japan Airlines

**Japan Airlines** () is the flag carrier of Japan. Its headquarters are in Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan. The airline and four of its sub-airlines (J-Air, JAL Express, JALways, and Japan Transocean Air) are members of the Oneworld airline alliance. Japan Airlines currently goes to over 90 destinations.

## History

Japan Airlines began on August 1, 1951. In 1954, it started international flights. It bought its first jet aircraft in 1968, the Douglas DC-8. Japan Air System merged with Japan Airlines in 2002. In 2007, it joined the Oneworld alliance. In January 2010, Japan Airlines declared bankruptcy.  British Airways and Qantas helped the airline pay off debts.  It finally got out of bankruptcy in April 2011.

## Other websites

- JAL website

## Infobox (airline)

- **airline**: Japan Airlines

<small>_Nihon Kōkū Kabushiki-gaisha_</small>
- **image**:
- **iata**: JL
- **icao**: JAL
- **callsign**: JAPAN AIR
- **frequent flyer**: <div>
* JAL Mileage Bank
*JAL Global Club
</div>
- **alliance**: Oneworld
- **fleet size**: 156
- **destinations**: 92
- **logo**: Japan Airlines Wordmark (2011).svg
- **logo size**: 300
- **founded**: (as _Japan Air Lines_)
- **traded as**:

TOPIX, TOPIX Large 70 component
- **headquarters**: Shinagawa, Tokyo, Shinagawa, Tokyo
- **subsidiaries**: * J-Air
* Japan Air Commuter (60.00%)
* Japan Transocean Air (72.8%)
* Jetstar Japan (33.3%)
* Hokkaido Air System (57.3%)
* Ryukyu Air Commuter
* ZIPAIR Tokyo
- **revenue**:  JP¥1,411,230 million (fiscal year 2019)
- **operating income**:  JP¥96,513 million (fiscal year 2019)
- **net income**:  JP¥57,441 million (fiscal year 2019)
- **key people**: * Yoshiharu Ueki (Chairman & Representative Director)
* Yuji Akasaka (President & CEO)
- **website**: [https://www.jal.co.jp/en/ jal.com]
Panchagarh District

**Panchagarh** is a district located in the Rangpur Division of northern Bangladesh. Established as a district on February 1, 1984, it is the northernmost district in the country. The district spans an area of 1,404.62 km² and is bounded on three sides by the Indian border, with Darjeeling district to the north, Jalpaiguri and Cooch Behar districts to the northeast, Uttar Dinajpur to the west, Dinajpur and Thakurgaon districts to the south, and Nilphamari district to the east.

## History

Panchagarh has two main beliefs about how it received its name. The first is that it was named after an area called Pancha Nagari in the kingdom of Pundu Nagar, and the second is that it was named after the five forts (garh) in the region, including Bhitargarh, Hosaingarh, Mirgarh, Rajangarh, and Devengarh.

## Administrative Area

The district was part of the Jalpaiguri district during the British Raj in undivided Bengal. In 1911, Jalpaiguri was fully established as a thana, and the headquarters of the Jalpaiguri thana was situated in Jagdal upazila of the current Panchagarh district. The thana was later relocated to the bank of Karatoya River in its current position for environmental and transportation benefits.

## Location

Geographically, Panchagarh is located in the lower basin of the Himalayas and has highlands compared to the rest of Bangladesh. The soil composition is distinct, with rich sand and stones. The district consists of five upazilas, 43 unions, 420 mauzas, 825 villages, two paurashavas, 18 wards, and 64 mahallas. It has 16 rivers, including the Karatoya, Atrai, Teesta, Nagor, Mahananda, Tangon, Dahuk, Pathraj, Bhulli, Talma, Chawai, Kurum, Tirnoi, and Chilka. The length of the border between Bangladesh and India in Panchagarh is 286.87 km (178.25 mi), designed by Sir Cyril John Radcliffe in 1947.
Thakurgaon District

**Thakurgaon** () is a district in the north-western side of Bangladesh. It is a part of the Rangpur Division and borders India to the west.
Nilphamari District

**Nilphamari** () is a district in northern bengal of Bangladesh. It is part of the Rangpur Division.

## Subdistricts

|Upazila (subdistrict)|population|
| --- | --- |
|Nilphamari Sadar (Bengali: )|306051|
|Saidpur (Bengali:  alt. spelling: Syedpur)|246201|
|Jaldhaka (Bengali: )|233885|
|Kishoreganj (Bengali: )|199422|
|Domar (Bengali: )|187696|
|Dimla (Bengali: )|175507|

## Infobox (bangladesh district)

- **name**: Nilphamari
- **native name**: নীলফামারী
- **pushpin label position**: right
- **division name**: Rangpur Division
- **area total km2**: 1546.59
- **population total**: 1834231
- **population as of**: 2011 census
- **literacy rate**: 25.35%
Lalmonirhat District

**Lalmonirhat** () is a district on the northern border of Bangladesh. It is a part of the Rangpur Division.
Kurigram District

**Kurigram** () is a district in northern Bangladesh. It is in the Rangpur Division.
Gaibandha District

**Gaibandha** () is a district in northern Bangladesh. It is a part of the Rangpur Division.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Gaibandha District
- **native name**: গাইবান্ধা জেলা
- **native name lang**: bn
- **settlement type**: Districts of Bangladesh, District
Skymark Airlines

**Skymark Airlines** or Sky is a low-cost Japanese airline founded in 1998. It is partly owned by the Japanese travel company H.I.S.

## Other websites

- Company site

## Related pages

- All Nippon Airways
- Japan Airlines
Claire

The name **Claire** is a female given name. It is pronounced [ klair ]. It means _clear_ in French. The popularity of the name in United Kingdom peaked in the 1970s and 1980s. Around 1997, the name fell out of the top 100 girls' names there. Many famous people have this name. This name was ranked #59 on the US Popular Names in 2021.

One of them is the actress Claire Danes.

## People

- Claire Martin, pseudonym of the Canadian writer Claire Montreuil
- Claire Danes, American actress
- Claire Bloom, English actress
- Claire Holt, Australian actress
- Claire Nouvian, French political activist, journalist and television producer
- Claire Lee Chennault, US military aviator, fl. World War II
Yakushima

**Yakushima** is a World Heritage Site south of Kyushu in southern Japan.
Chibi Maruko-chan

**Chibi Maruko-chan** (Little Maruko) is an anime broadcast on Sunday evenings in Japan. It is about a elementary school student and her family.

## Infobox (animanga/header)

- **name**: Chibi Maruko-chan
- **ja kanji**: ちびまる子ちゃん
- **genre**: Slice of life


## Infobox (animanga/print)

- **type**: manga
- **author**: Momoko Sakura
- **publisher**: Shueisha
- **demographic**: _Shōjo manga, Shōjo_
- **magazine**: Ribon
- **imprint**: Ribon Mascot Comics
- **first**: August 1986
- **last**: October 2022
- **volumes**: 18


## Infobox (animanga/video)

- **type**: tv series
- **director**:
Tsutomu Shibayama
- **studio**: Nippon Animation
- **network**: Fuji Network System, FNS (Fuji Television, Fuji TV)
- **first**: January 7, 1990
- **last**: September 27, 1992
- **episodes**: 142
- **episode list**: List of Chibi Maruko-chan episodes


## Infobox (animanga/video)

- **type**: film
- **director**: Yumiko Suda
Tsutomu Shibayama
- **writer**: Momoko Sakura
- **music**: Nobuyuki Nakamura
- **studio**: Nippon Animation
- **released**: December 15, 1990
- **runtime**: 94 minutes


## Infobox (animanga/video)

- **type**: film
- **title**: Chibi Maruko-chan: My Favorite Song
- **director**: Yumiko Suda
Tsutomu Shibayama
- **writer**: Momoko Sakura
- **studio**: Nippon Animation
- **released**: December 19, 1992
- **runtime**: 93 minutes


## Infobox (animanga/video)

- **type**: tv series
- **director**: Yumiko Suda (episodes 1-602)
 (episode 602-present)
- **music**: Nobuyuki Nakamura
 (episodes 1-74)
- **studio**: Nippon Animation
- **network**: FNS (Fuji TV)
- **first**: January 8, 1995
- **episodes**: 1468
- **episode list**: List of Chibi Maruko-chan episodes


## Infobox (animanga/video)

- **type**: drama
- **title**: Chibi Maruko-chan (live-action special)
- **studio**: FCC
Fuji Television
- **network**: FNS (Fuji TV)
- **first**: April 18, 2006
- **last**: October 31, 2006
- **episodes**: 2


## Infobox (animanga/video)

- **type**: drama
- **title**: Marumaru Maruko-chan
- **studio**: Fuji Television
- **network**: FNS (Fuji TV)
- **first**: April 19, 2007
- **last**: February 28, 2008
- **episodes**: 31


## Infobox (animanga/other)

- **title**: Anime film
- **content**: * _Chibi Maruko-chan: A Boy from Italy_ (2015)


## Infobox (animanga/footer)
Japanese literature

**Japanese literature** is literature written in the Japanese language. Early Japanese literature was a lot like Chinese literature because Japan and China had a lot of contact. Over time, Japanese literature became a new style that was different from Chinese literature.

## Female authors

Female authors were successful during the Heian period. When the Imperial Court became less powerful, female authors were less successful.

## Related pages

- Basho
- Japan studies
- The Tale of Genji
- Yasunari Kawabata
- Yukio Mishima
- Shusaku Endo
- Pillow book
- Haiku
- Kenzaburo Oe
- Natsume Soseki
Shusaku Endo

**Shūsaku Endō** ( __, 27 March 1923 – 29 September 1996) was a Japanese writer known mainly for his novels. Endō is categorised as one of the "Third Generation" writers, the third major group of writers who appeared after World War II.

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Endō Shūsaku
- **image**: Shūsaku Endō.jpg
- **birth place**: Tokyo, Japan
- **occupation**: Writer
- **nationality**: Japanese
- **citizenship**: Japan
- **genre**: Novels
- **movement**: "Third Generation"
- **notableworks**: Silence (novel), _Silence_
- **spouse**: Junko Endo(wife, m. 1955)
The Oval (Belfast)

**The Oval** is a football ground in Belfast, Northern Ireland. It is the home of Glentoran F.C.
Euglenozoa

The **Euglenozoa** are a large phylum of flagellate protists. They are part of the wastebasket taxon known as the Protozoa, which had many obviously different protists.

Euglenozoa include a variety of common free-living species, and some important parasites, of which a few infect humans. There are two main subgroups, the Euglenoidea "euglenids" and Kinetoplastea "kinetoplastids". Euglenozoa are unicellular, mostly around 1540 µm in size, although some euglenids get up to 500 µm long.

Most Euglenozoa have two flagella, parallel to one another in a pocket-like structure. In some there is a cytostome or mouth, used to eat bacteria or other small organisms. This is supported by a microtubule from the flagellar bases; two other tubules support the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the cell.

Some other Euglenozoa feed through absorption, and many euglenids have chloroplasts and so get energy by photosynthesis. These chloroplasts are surrounded by three membranes and contain chlorophylls _A_ and _C_, and other pigment<nowiki/>s, so are probably evolved from those of a captured green alga.  Reproduction occurs only by cell division.  During mitosis, the nuclear membrane remains intact, and the spindle microtubules form inside it.

The group is characterized by the ultrastructure of the flagella. In addition to the normal supporting microtubules, each contains a rod (called _paraxonemal_), which has a tubular structure in one flagellum and a latticed structure in the other.

## Classification

The euglenozoa are generally accepted as monophyletic. They are related to Percolozoa. The two share mitochondria with disk-shaped compartments, which only occurs in a few other groups. Both probably belong to a larger group of eukaryotes called the Excavata. This grouping has been challenged.
Commodore 64

The **Commodore 64** was a bestselling, 8-bit home computer from the 1980s. It was created by Commodore International, and it entered the market in 1982. Around 17 million units are believed to have been sold. The Commodore 64 is often credited with making personal computers popular amongst the masses. This quality sparked comparisons with the Ford Model T. The Commodore 64 was offered at relatively low prices, and was available in malls, department stores, and toy stores instead of solely in the shops of authorized dealers.

## Other articles

- Amiga
- ZX Spectrum
- BBC Micro
- Atari XL

## Infobox (information appliance)

- **image**: Commodore-64-Computer-FL.png
- **type**: Home computer
- **discontinued**: April 1994
- **cpu**: MOS Technology 6510
 @  (National Television System Committee, NTSC version)
 @  (Phase Alternating Line, PAL version)
- **graphics**: MOS Technology VIC-II, VIC-II (, , sprite (computer graphics), sprites, )
- **sound**: MOS Technology SID, SID 6581 (, , electronic filter, filter, ADSR envelope, ADSR, ring modulation, ring)
- **connectivity**: , #I/O ports and power supply, Power, ROM cartridge, RF modulator, RF, S-Video, A/V, , , General Purpose Input/Output, GPIO/RS-232
- **memory**: +
- **os**: /

- **unitssold**: 12.5 – 17 million
- **price**: United States dollar, US$ 595 (1982)
- **predecessor**: Commodore VIC-20
- **successor**: Commodore 128
Kinetoplastid

The **kinetoplastids** are a group of single-cell flagellate eukaryotes. They include a number of parasites responsible for serious diseases in humans and other animals. There are also forms found in soil and aquatic environments. They are members of the phylum Euglenozoa.

Their main distinguishing feature is the presence of a kinetoplast, a DNA-containing granule inside the single mitochondrion at the base of the cell's flagella (the basal body).

The kinetoplastids were first defined by Honigberg in 1961 as the flagellate order Kinetoplastida.  They are traditionally divided into the biflagellate Bodonidae and uniflagellate Trypanosomatidae.

The Trypanosomatidae includes several genera which are exclusively parasitic. _Trypanosoma brucei_ causes Sleeping sickness; _Trypanosoma cruzi_ causes Chagas disease, _Leishmania_ causes leishmaniasis, _Crithidia_ is parasitic on insects, and  _Cryptobia_ is an ectoparasite on the gills of fish.

_Bodo_ is typical of the free-living Bodonids, and includes various species which feed on bacteria.
Captain George K. H. Coussmaker

***Captain George K. H. Coussmaker*** (1782) is an oil painting by Joshua Reynolds. Coussmaker was born in London in 1759 to Evert and Mary Coussmaker. He entered the military in 1776. He was promoted several times. He never saw active service. He retired in 1795. He married Catherine Southwell in 1790. They had two children, George and Sophia (later, the Baroness de Clifford). He died in 1801.

Coussmaker sat for Reynolds 21 times and his horse 8 times between February 9 and April 16. Reynolds was paid 205 pounds. Another 10 guineas was paid for the frame. The portrait remained with Coussmaker and his descendants until 1884. It was then sold to William K. Vanderbilt. Vanderbilt bequeathed to the Metropolitan Museum of Art in 1920. Museum curators describe the picture as "an exceptionally fine work ... The composition is complex and the whole vigorously painted."

## References

- The Met: _Captain George K. H. Coussmaker_

## Infobox (artwork)

- **image file**: Colonel George K. H. Coussmaker, Grenadier Guards by Joshua Reynolds 1782.jpeg
- **title**: Captain George K. H. Coussmaker
- **artist**: Joshua Reynolds
- **year**: 1782
- **medium**: oil painting
- **height metric**: 238.1
- **width metric**: 145.4
- **metric unit**: cm
- **imperial unit**: in
- **city**: New York City
- **museum**: Metropolitan Museum of Art
Pet Shop Boys

**Pet Shop Boys** are a British synthpop duo: Neil Tennant and Chris Lowe. They formed in London in 1981 after they met in an electronics shop. They have sold 50 million records and are the most successful British music duo of all time. They have won three Brit Awards. They have been nominated for seven Grammy Awards. In 1984 their first single "West End Girls" was released. It reached number one in the UK and US.

## Discography

- _Please_ (1986)
- _Actually_ (1987)
- _Introspective_ (1988)
- _Behaviour_ (1990)
- _Very_ (1993)
- _Bilingual_ (1996)
- _Nightlife_ (1999)
- _Release_ (2002)
- _Fundamental_ (2006)
- _Yes_ (2009)
- _Elysium_ (2012)
- _Electric_ (2013)
- _Super_ (2016)
- _Hotspot_ (2020)
- _Nonetheless_ (2024)

## Other websites

- Official website
Nicole

**Nicole** [ ni-**kohl**; _French_ nee-**kawl** ] is a female given name of Greek origin. It means "victorious people". It is the French female version of the boy's name _Nicholas_. There are many variants for this female name. Famous persons going by the name include Nicole Sullivan and Nicole Kidman. The name is being used for tropical storms or hurricanes in Atlantic Basin. This name was ranked #340 on the US Popular Names in 2021.

## People

- Nicole Kidman, Australian-American actress, producer, and model
- Nicole Scherzinger, American singer, songwriter, dancer, actress, and television personality
- Nicole Jung, South Korean-American singer
The Dancing Class

***The Dancing Class*** is an oil painting by Edgar Degas painted about 1870. It was the first of his ballet pictures. It depicts a dance class at the Paris Opéra. When he painted this picture, Degas did not yet have privileges to go backstage at the Opéra. In the late 1870s, Degas said, "I have done [painted] so many of these dance examinations without having seen them that I am a little ashamed of it."

Joséphine Gaujelin (or Gozelin) is the dancer in the center of the picture. She waits for the starting note from the ballet master. The watering can (to wet down the rosin on the floor), the top hat as music holder, and the empty violin case are props that Degas would continue to use in his ballet pictures. Degas would re-use the poses in this picture many times.

## Infobox (artwork)

- **image file**: Edgar Degas - Chasse de danse.jpg
- **title**: The Dancing Class
- **artist**: Edgar Degas
- **year**: about 1870
- **type**: oil painting
- **height metric**: 19.7
- **width metric**: 27
- **metric unit**: cm
- **imperial unit**: in
- **city**: New York City
- **museum**: Metropolitan Museum of Art
Diastereomer

|colspan="2"|Diastereomers|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|bgcolor="#FFFFFF"||bgcolor="#FFFFFF"||
|<small>D</small>-Threose|<small>D</small>-Erythrose|||
**Diastereomers** (also called **diastereoisomers**) are stereoisomers which are not enantiomers. They are molecules which have the same atoms and bonds but different stereochemistry in at least one, but not all, of their chiral centres. Diastereomers can have very different properties even though they look similar. This is different from enantiomers, that have exactly the same properties except when in a chiral environment like the human body.

Every chiral centre in a molecule has two possible ways of putting the groups in space. With only one chiral centre, there are two enantiomers. With two chiral centres, you can form 4 different isomers. When all chiral centres are changed at the same time, two pairs of enantiomers are formed. When only one chiral centre is changed at a time, sets of diastereoisomers are formed. With more chiral centres the possibilities are many more.

Diastereoisomers which are different at only one of more chiral centres are called **epimers**. For example, <small>D</small>-Threose and <small>D</small>-Erythrose (see picture) are diastereomers because they are different at only one of two chiral centres. Because of this they can also be called epimers.
Rate-determining step

The **rate-determining step** is the step for which the transition state has the highest energy. It is the slowest step within a chemical reaction. It can be thought of as the most difficult step to go through. It is also the step that must be used to calculate the activation energy.

Knowing which step is rate-determining is very important when studying a reaction mechanism. This is because if this step is changed the reaction can go much faster. This can be done for example by using a different reagent or changing the temperature or pressure. Changing the conditions for any other step of the mechanism will not change the overall speed of the reaction at all.

In the rate equation, which is an equation to calculate the speed of the reaction from the concentration of molecules, usually the only step that is important is the rate-determining one.
Japanese Footbridge

***Japanese Footbridge*** is an oil painting by Claude Monet. It was painted in 1899. It measures 81.3 x 101.6 cm (32 x 40 in.). It hangs in the National Gallery of Art.

In 1893, Monet moved to a house in rural Giverny. In 1893 and the years following, he turned a swampy area at Giverny into a water lily pool. It became a source of artistic inspiration.

In 1899 Monet painted 12 works that centered on the garden and the Japanese Footbridge he constructed. The National Gallery of Art writes: "When Monet exhibited these paintings at Durand–Ruel's gallery in 1900, a number of critics mentioned his debt to Japanese art. More telling, the impenetrable green enclosure—heightened in the National Gallery painting by the placement of the top of the bridge's arch just below the painting's top edge—harkens back to the _hortus conclusus_ (closed garden) of medieval images, while also evoking a dreamlike contemplative zone consonant with symbolist literature, especially poems such as "Le Nénuphar blanc" by Stéphane Mallarmé. Gustave Geffroy described this effect in his review of the exhibition (Le Journal, November 26, 1900), speaking of "this minuscule pool where some mysterious corollas blossom," and "a calm pool, immobile, rigid, and deep like a mirror, upon which white water lilies blossom forth, a pool surrounded by soft and hanging greenery which reflects itself in it."

## References

Reproductions available in many sizes at Art Studio Gallery La Fayette
Water Lilies

***Water Lilies*** (or ***Nymphéas***, ) is a series of about 250 oil paintings by French Impressionist Claude Monet. The paintings are of Monet's flower garden at Giverny. They were the main focus of Monet's work during the last thirty years of his life. Many of the works were painted while Monet suffered from cataracts. The paintings are on display in museums all over the world, including the Musée Marmottan Monet and the Musée d'Orsay in Paris, the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, the Art Institute of Chicago, the Carnegie Museum of Art and the National Museum of Wales, among others.

As part of his extensive gardening plans at Giverny, Monet had a pond dug in his garden and planted with lilies in 1893. He painted the subject in 1899, and thereafter it dominated his art. He worked continuously for more than twenty years on a large-scale decorative series, attempting to capture every observation, impression, and reflection of the flowers and water. The series captures the blooms at different times of the day, and under different atmospheric conditions. After much hesitation, Monet exhibited a group of 48 water-lily paintings in 1909 at the Paris gallery of his art dealer, Paul Durand-Ruel. The series became an enormous financial, popular, and critical hit. By the mid-1910s, Monet had achieved a completely new, fluid, and somewhat audacious style of painting in which the water-lily pond became the point of departure for an almost abstract art.

## Related pages

- Rouen Cathedral (Monet)

## Other websites

- Water Lilies at the Portland Art Museum
Piper Laurie

**Piper Laurie** (born **Rosetta Jacobs**; January 22, 1932 – October 14, 2023) was an American actress. She played Catherine in the television series _Twin Peaks_. She acted in the movies _Carrie_ and _Children of a Lesser God_. She also acted in stage plays. She was married to movie critic Joe Morgenstern from 1962 until they divorced in 1982. She was born in Detroit, Michigan.

During her career, she won a Primetime Emmy Award and Golden Globe Award and was nominated for an Academy Award and BAFTA Award.

Laurie died in Los Angeles, California on October 14, 2023, at the age of 91.
Nighthawks

***Nighthawks*** is an oil painting. It was painted by American realist painter Edward Hopper in 1942. The picture shows two people sitting in a diner late at night. It is Hopper's most famous work. It is one of the most recognizable paintings in American art. Within months of its completion, it was sold to the Art Institute of Chicago for $3,000. It hangs in the Institute.

## Infobox (painting)

- **image file**: Nighthawks by Edward Hopper 1942.jpg
- **title**: Nighthawks
- **artist**: Edward Hopper
- **year**: 1942
- **type**: Oil painting
- **height metric**: 84.1
- **width metric**: 152.4
- **metric unit**: cm
- **width imperial**: 60
- **imperial unit**: in
- **city**: Chicago, Illinois
- **museum**: Art Institute of Chicago
The Attentive Nurse

***The Attentive Nurse*** is an oil painting by Jean-Baptiste-Siméon-Chardin. It measures 46.2 x 37 cm (18 3/16 x 14 9/16 in.). It was painted in 1747. It hangs in the National Gallery of Art in Washington, DC.

The National Gallery tells us that Chardin reveals dignity and beauty in everyday life. The woman is preparing an invalid's meal. Each object receives careful treatment from the artist. The table setting is a harmony of white tones: jug, tablecloth, egg, and plate. Every pot, each piece of crockery has been given distinct treatment. As Diderot wrote of Chardin, "it is not white, red, or black pigment that you mix on your palette, it is the very substance of objects."

Chardin's subjects were popular with all classes of society, including the aristocracy. The National Gallery writes, "Perhaps their appeal rested in their sense of order, of things in their proper place. Chardin anticipated the popularity of paintings of "sensibility," which increased from the 1740s on, telling a colleague that "one uses color, but one paints with sentiment."
Broth

**Broth** or stock is a tasty soup. It is sometimes defined as the liquid part of soup. It can be made in boiling water by adding meat, fish or vegetables, and taking out the fat. It is sometimes used as an ingredient (or stuff) in recipes to make food taste better.

In Britain, a broth is a soup in which there are solid pieces of meat or fish, with some vegetables. It is usually made with a stock or plain water as its base, with meat or fish added while being brought to a boil, and vegetables added later. Broth is often made more substantial by adding rice, barley or pulses. Broth is distinct from stock, which is a thin liquid made by simmering raw ingredients until all the taste has been got, then sieving the resulting liquid. In Japan, other stuffs such as kelp, dried small sardines and katsuobushi are also used for Japanese dishes, too.

In the United States terms, broths are made from portions of meat, whereas stocks are made from vegetable scraps and bones.

## Related pages

- Dashi

## Infobox (food)

- **name**: Broth
- **image**: Broth.jpg
- **image size**: 250px
- **main ingredient**: Water of flavoured Stock (food), stock; any of bones, meat, fish, cereal grains, or vegetables
Samuel Loomis

**Dr. Samuel James "Sam" Loomis** (March 13, 1922 – c. October 29th, 1998) is an fictional British character in the _Halloween_. He is one of the main protagonists of _Halloween_, _Halloween II_, _Halloween 4: The Return of Michael Myers_, _Halloween 5: The Revenge of Michael Myers_ and _Halloween: The Curse of Michael Myers_. Donald Pleasence plays the character of Dr. Loomis in all five movies relating to Michael Michael Myers from parts 1-2 and from parts 4-6 (He and Michael did not appear in part 3).

From all the _Halloween franchise_, he is thought to be as the archenemy to the series' central character and main villain, Michael Myers. Dr. Loomis does not appear in the other movies after part six, because his portrayer Donald Pleasence died before part six was released. Malcolm McDowell plays Dr. Loomis in the 2007 re-make, _Halloween_ and in its sequel _Halloween II_.

His name Samuel Loomis is based on John Gavin's character name from Alfred Hitchcock's 1960 horror movie _Psycho_.
The Swing (Fragonard, 1767-1768)

***The Swing*** (1767-1768) is an oil painting by Jean-Honoré Fragonard. It was painted in 1767-1768. It measures 81 × 64 cm (31.9 × 25.2 in). The painting depicts a woman kicking off her shoe as she flies up in a swing. A young man gazes up her skirt while another man controls the swing with a rope. It hangs in the Wallace Collection, London.
Walmor Chagas

**Walmor Chagas** (August 28, 1930 – January 18, 2013) was a Brazilian actor. He was in over 50 movies since his career began in 1965. He is known for his roles in _São Paulo, Sociedade Anônima_, _Xica da Silva_, _Sonho Meu_, _Esperança_, _Caminhos do Coração_, and in _A Favorita_.

In 1956 he was awarded with Prêmio Saci.

Chagas was born on August 28, 1930 in Alegrete, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Chagas committed suicide by shooting himself in the head on January 18, 2013 in his home in Guaratinguetá, São Paulo, Brazil, aged 81.
The Swing (Fragonard, 1775-1780)

***The Swing*** is an oil painting by  Jean Fragonard. It was painted between 1775 and 1780. The picture measures 215.9 x 185.5 cm (85 x 73 1/16 in.). It hangs in the National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC.
Subaru Corporation

**Subaru Corporation** which used to be named Fuji Heavy Industries  is a Japanese manufacturing company that makes Subaru cars, aircraft for the Japanese Self Defence Force, engines, garbage trucks and wind turbines.

## Other websites

- The Company's website

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: Subaru Corporation
- **logo**: Subaru logo (transparent).svg
- **image**: Subaru_hq3.jpg
- **image caption**: Subaru's headquarters in Ebisu, Shibuya
- **native name**: 株式会社SUBARU
- **native name lang**: ja
- **romanized name**: Kabushiki-gaisha SUBARU
- **former name**: Fuji Heavy Industries, Ltd. (1953–2017)
- **type**: Public company, Public
- **predecessor**: Nakajima Aircraft Company
- **location city**: Ebisu, Shibuya, Tokyo
- **location country**: Japan
- **revenue year**: FY2020
- **income year**: FY2020
- **net income year**: FY2020
- **assets year**: FY2020
- **equity year**: FY2020
- **industry**: Automotive, transportation equipment manufacturing, defense
- **products**: Car, Automobiles, aircraft, aircraft parts, helicopters
- **owners**: ()
The Copper Cistern

***The Copper Cistern*** is an oil painting on oak by Jean-Baptiste-Siméon-Chardin. It was painted in around 1735. It measures 28.5 cm x 23 cm (11.22 in x 9.06 in). It hangs in the Louvre. Chardin chose themes that were popular with all classes of 18th century Parisian society.
A Rage in Harlem

***A Rage in Harlem*** is a 1991 movie starring Forest Whitaker, Danny Glover, Robin Givens and Gregory Hines. The movie is set around 1950s New York City. It was given an R rating by the MPAA. The movie was shot in Cincinnati.
Ginza

**Ginza**  is an area of Central (Chuo) Tokyo ward, it is known for its expensive shops.

## Related pages

- Ginza Station
- Tokyo Metro Ginza Line
Soap Bubbles (painting)

***Soap Bubbles*** is an oil painting on canvas by Jean-Baptiste-Simeon-Chardin. It was painted sometime between 1733 and 1735. It measures 93 cm x 74.5 cm (36.61 in x 29.33 in.). It hangs in the National Gallery of Art in Washington, DC. Chardin chose homely subjects that proved popular with all classes of French society. He painted several pictures of boys playing.

The National Gallery of Art writes, "For the 18th–century viewer, bubbles were a form of entertainment. But they also were a symbol of the transience of life. The subject was popular; Chardin made at least three and probably four versions of this painting.

Chardin has rigorously constructed his composition. The boys are framed by a rectangular stone window, the sharp rectangles offset by the hunched youth whose arms and head form a triangle. This triangular shape is echoed in the hat of the younger boy. The focus of the composition, however, is the circular, translucent bubble, which glistens against the warm brown tones of the canvas."
The Happy Lovers

***The Happy Lovers*** is an oil painting on canvas by the French painter Jean-Honoré Fragonard. It was painted sometime between 1760-1765. It measures . It hangs in the Norton Simon Museum.
County Kerry

**County Kerry** is one of the Counties of Ireland. It is part of the Gaeltacht. Dingle is a popular tourist town in the county, and other scenic parts have been included in the List of World Heritage Sites in Ireland.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: County Kerry
- **image shield**: Kerrycocologo.svg
- **motto**: _Comhar, Cabhair, Cairdeas_<small>(Irish language, Irish)</small>
"Co-operation, Help, Friendship"
- **map caption**: Location in Ireland
- **area total km2**: 4746
- **area rank**: (List of Irish counties by area, 5th)
- **seat type**: County town
- **seat**: Tralee
- **government type**: Kerry County Council, County Council
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Republic of Ireland, Ireland
- **subdivision type1**: Provinces of Ireland, Province
- **subdivision name1**: Munster
- **leader title**: Dáil Éireann
- **leader name**: Kerry North–West Limerick (Dáil Éireann constituency), Kerry North–West Limerick
Kerry South (Dáil Éireann constituency), Kerry South
- **leader title1**: European Parliament
- **leader name1**: South (European Parliament constituency), South
- **blank name sec1**: Vehicle registration plates of Ireland, Code
- **population**: 145502
- **population rank**:  (List of Irish counties by population, 14th)
- **population as of**: 2011
Lilacs and Roses

***Lilacs and Roses*** is an oil painting on canvas by Édouard Manet. It was one of his late works, painted in 1883. It measures 54 × 45 cm. It is in a private collection. The painting is a development of the small vase of roses on the bar in Manet's _The Bar at the Folies-Bergère._

Many of Manet's later works offered a small still life in the lower left hand corner of the picture. The flowers present a "cross" shape that is broken by a diagonal line through the center.  The brushwork is exceptional. The picture is one of the masterpieces of Manet's later years.
End of the Lunch

***End of the Lunch*** is an oil painting by Pierre Auguste Renoir. It was painted in 1879. François Mathey writes, "This picture, redolent with a warm, healthy, and vibrant sensuality was painted under the arbor of Oliver's restaurant in Montmartre." The people in the picture are Ellen Andrée, the artist's current model Marguerite, and the son of someone who owned a ship.
Stoke Newington

**Stoke Newington** is an area of the London Borough of Hackney, northeast of central London.

## Related pages

- Stoke Newington railway station

## Other websites

- The Reservoirs Nature Society (TeRNS), Stoke Newington's wildlife group
Girl Most Likely

***Girl Most Likely*** is a 2012 American comedy movie. It stars Kristen Wiig as Imogene, Annette Bening as Zelda, Natasha Lyonne as Allyson and Matt Dillon. This comedy deals with gambling troubles and suicide attempts. It got mixed to positive reviews from the critics.
RoboCop (2014 movie)

***RoboCop*** (***RoboCop 4***) is a 2014 American action science fiction thriller movie. It stars Joel Kinnaman, Gary Oldman, Samuel L. Jackson, and Michael Keaton. _RoboCop_ is a remake of the 1987 action picture by the same name. This action picture is set in 2028 Detroit and was shot there. It was released on February 12, 2014 by Columbia Pictures. It also follows _RoboCop 2_ (1990) and _RoboCop 3_ (1993).
Passiflora

***Passiflora*** is also known as the passion flowers or passion vines. It is a genus of about 500 species of flowering plants. They are mainly vines, with some being shrubs, and a few species being herbaceous.  See passionfruit for information about the fruit of the passiflora plant.

The family _Passifloraceae_ is characterized by a pantropical distribution. _Passiflora_ is absent from Africa, which, instead, hosts many other members of its family  (e.g. the more plesiomorphic _Adenia_).

There are nine species of _Passiflora_ native to the USA, from Ohio to the north, west to California and south to the Florida Keys. Most other species are found in South America, China, and Southern Asia, New Guinea, four or more species in Australia and an  endemic species in New Zealand.
The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel

***The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel*** is a 2011 British comedy-drama movie starring Judi Dench and Maggie Smith. It is based on the  novel _These Foolish Things_. John Madden is the director. This comedy-drama got very good reviews from critics. It was a box office hit. It made over $134 million worldwide.

## Infobox (film)

- **name**: The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel
- **director**: John Madden (director), John Madden
- **producer**: Graham Broadbent
Peter Czernin
- **screenplay**: Ol Parker
- **starring**: Judi Dench
Bill Nighy
Penelope Wilton
Dev Patel
Celia Imrie
Ronald Pickup
Tom Wilkinson
Maggie Smith
- **music**: Thomas Newman
- **cinematography**: Ben Davis (cinematographer), Ben Davis
- **editing**: Chris Gill
- **studio**: Participant Media
Imagenation Abu Dhabi FZ
Graham Broadbent, Blueprint Pictures
- **distributor**: Fox Searchlight Pictures
- **runtime**: 124 minutes
- **country**: United Kingdom
- **language**: English
- **budget**: $10 million
- **gross**: $136.8 million
Amiga

The **Amiga** was a line of personal computers that Commodore International produced during the 1980s and early 1990s. The first Amiga computer, the Amiga 1000, possessed a HAM mode enabled the machine to display 4096 colors, a chip that enabled it to play back four channels of sound at once, an operating system with multitasking, and a graphical user interface at a time that these features were uncommon or not as developed as Amiga's. The Amiga is often said to have been ahead of its time. Although the Amiga did not sell well in America and Commodore went bankrupt, the Amiga developed a fandom and niche in Europe amongst video and graphics enthusiasts and gamers.

The Amiga was initially created by computer chip designer Jay Miner and Hi-Toro (later Amiga Corporation). In 1984, Commodore purchased Amiga Corporation. The first Amiga, the Amiga 1000, was released in 1985 after delays and marketing blunders. The second model, the Amiga 500, was released in 1987, and was the best selling of the Amiga computers. In 1994, Commodore declared bankruptcy. After the bankruptcy the Amiga was purchased by german company ESCOM.

## Other websites

- Amiga, by Joe Cassara, at urbandictionary.com
- A history of the Amiga, by Jeremy Reimer, at arstechnica.com
Rate equation

The **rate equation** (or **rate law**) is an equation used to calculate the speed of a chemical reaction (or **rate of reaction**). For a general reaction , the rate equation is:
Here, [A] and [B] are the concentrations of A and B. _x_ and _y_ depend on which step is rate-determining. If the reaction mechanism is a very simple one, where A and B hit each other and then go to products through one transition state, then _x_=_a_ and _y_=_b_. _k_ is the rate constant of the reaction. This changes with temperature, pressure and other conditions.

The rate equation is a differential equation. If it is integrated, then an equation which tells how the concentration of reagents and products changes with time is found.

In special cases, it is very easy to solve the equation and find _k_. For example, in a first-order reaction the equation is:

Integrating gives:

So, a plot of   against time _t_ gives a straight line with a slope of .

Sometimes, experiments can be made so that the reaction looks like a first-order one. If the concentration of one reagent is kept at the same high value then it can be thought of as a constant. The equation becomes  where k' is the pseudo-first order rate constant. Then the method above can be used to calculate k'.