juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
1938 New England hurricane

The **1938 New England Hurricane** was an extremely damaging and highly deadly Atlantic tropical cyclone which struck Long Island, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, Maine, New Hampshire and Vermont with strong winds of Category 4 hurricane level. The hurricane did not curve out to sea like hurricanes usually do. The 1938 storm caused over 300 million in property damage (1938 USD) and killed between 682 and 800 people. Tropical cyclones were not given human names at the time, so the 1938 storm had a number instead.

## Infobox (hurricane)

- **name**: New England Hurricane
- **type**: hurricane
- **year**: 1938
- **basin**: Atl
- **image location**: 1938 hurricane September 21, 1938 weather map.jpg
- **image name**: Weather map from September 21, 1938 featuring the storm
- **formed**: September 10, 1938
- **dissipated**: September 22, 1938
- **1-min winds**: 140
- **pressure**: 938
- **damages**: 306
- **inflated**: 1
- **fatalities**: 682 to 800 direct
- **areas**: Bahamas, New Jersey, New York (state), New York, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, Vermont, New Hampshire, Maine, southwestern Quebec
- **hurricane season**: 1938 Atlantic hurricane season
Darrell K. Sweet

**Darrell K. Sweet** (August 15, 1934 – December 5, 2011) was an American artist. He mostly painted landscapes and pictures for stories. He was well known for painting the cover art for science fiction and fantasy novels. Sweet was nominated for a Hugo Award in 1983.

Sweet was born in Highland Park, New Jersey. He studied fine arts at Syracuse University and graduated in 1956. Sweet was famous for making the covers of the fantasy books in the Robert Jordan series _The Wheel of Time_. He also illustrated covers for the popular _Xanth_ series by Piers Anthony, the _Saga of Recluce_ by L. E. Modesitt, Jr. and the _Runelords_ series by David Farland. Sweet painted the original cover art for Stephen R. Donaldson's series _The Chronicles of Thomas Covenant the Unbeliever_.

Sweet produced over 3,000 images between 1975 and 2005. He died in 2011. He was 77 years old.

## Other websites

- Darrel K. Sweet Online Portfolio

## Infobox (artist)

- **image size**: 180px
- **caption**: Cover art for The Runelords
- **birth place**: Highland Park, New Jersey
- **nationality**: American
- **field**: Fantasy, science fiction, and western illustration
Reanimation

***Reanimation*** a 2002 album by American rock band Linkin Park. It is the first remix album and the fourth album overall by the band. The album is a follow-up to their first studio album, _Hybrid Theory_. It was released on 30 July 2002. The album was recorded during the band's _Hybrid Theory_ tour in 2001. It features hip hop and electronic-influenced remixes of songs from _Hybrid Theory_.

## List Of Songs

1. "Opening"
1. "Pts.of.Athrty"
1. "Enth E Nd"
1. "[Chali]"
1. "Frgt/10"
1. "P5hng Me A*wy"
1. "Plc. 4 Mie Hæd"
1. "X-Ecutioner Style"
1. "H! Vltg3"
1. "[Riff Raff]"
1. "Wth>You"
1. "Ntr\Mssion"
1. "Ppr:Kut"
1. "Rnw@y"
1. "My<Dsmbr"
1. "[Stef]"
1. "By_Myslf"
1. "Kyur4 th Ich"
1. "1stp Klosr"
1. "Krwlng"

### Japanese edition bonus tracks

1. "Buy Myself"

### iTunes edition bonus tracks

1. "One Step Closer" (Live LP Underground Tour 2003)
1. "Buy Myself" (Marilyn Manson Remix of By Myself)
1. "My December" (Live Projekt Revolution Tour 2002)

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Reanimation
- **type**: remix
- **artist**: Linkin Park
- **released**: July 30 of 2002
- **recorded**: During the _Hybrid Theory_ tour, 2001
- **label**: Warner Bros. Records
- **genre**: Nu metal, rap metal, rap rock, alternative hip hop, industrial metal, electronic rock
Axum

**Axum** or **Aksum** is a town in northern Ethiopia.  It was the original capital of the Kingdom of Aksum. Axum is located in the Tigray Region near the base of the Adwa mountains.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Axum
- **other name**: ኣኽሱም/አክሱም
- **settlement type**: City
- **image skyline**: Obelisk of Aksum Remains4.jpg
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **image caption**: Street in Axum
- **pushpin map**: Ethiopia
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type2**: Regions of Ethiopia, Region
- **subdivision name2**: Tigray Region, Tigray
- **subdivision type3**: Zones of Ethiopia, Zone
- **subdivision name3**: Mehakelegnaw Zone, Mehakelegnaw
Pygmalion

***Pygmalion*** is a play by George Bernard Shaw.

## Plot

A street girl selling flowers, Eliza, meets Professor Higgins. Higgins was writing down her pronunciation for his study, but Eliza thought he was a policeman and caused trouble. Higgins says he can make her a duchess by changing her pronunciation. Later she remembers what he said and goes to learn pronunciation with a desire to be an upper class woman.

Higgins decides to do an experiment with her. He deceives all the people at a party by making them believe that she is a duchess. After this success, Higgins suggests two options for Eliza. One is marrying based on her beauty. The other is running a flower shop with money from Colonel Pickering who is a rich man. Eliza refuses to do both of them and she leaves his home. Higgins and Colonel Pickering look for Eliza as soon as they know that she left. They find her in Mrs. Higgins’ house but Eliza refuses to go back. She says she will marry Freddy.

## Background

George Bernard Shaw is famous for giving audiences a twist by not doing what they expect. In comedy, people expect someone in a bad situation to be in a better one at the end. They expect a poor woman to marry a rich man. They expect a villain to be punished. In _Pygmalion_, the flower girl in the bad situation gets better in the end. This girl selling flowers on the street rises to the upper class through changing her language. However, contrary to the audience's expectation, romance between flower girl and Professor Higgins doesn’t happen. She doesn’t marry a rich man.  Shaw reflected his beliefs to reform the society in this play.

In the 20th century, there were many poor people on the street. Especially little girls worked all day for a tiny amount of money. The author had much interest in poor people and women’s freedom. And he believed speech was one of the things that separated rich and poor people. That is the starting point of _Pygmalion_. He used the change of language as a means to rise to the upper class.

## Interpretation

In mythology, Pygmalion was a sculptor who did not like women. He could not find a woman to love. And he decided to make a statue, Galatea. In the play, Pygmalion is compared to Professor Higgins. And Galatea is compared to Eliza. Pygmalion made Galatea to be his ideal woman. And Professor Higgins changed Eliza into a perfect upper class woman. He taught her everything from how to talk to how to behave in front of people. This process of making Eliza an upper class woman is criticized as playing with a live doll, as though she didn’t have her own soul. Higgins treats her as an object.

The common expectation of audiences that women’s fate is determined by men is criticized. It is because of Eliza’s reaction after the success of pretending to be a duchess. She thought the two options suggested by Higgins would be selling herself. When she was selling flowers, at least she didn’t have to sell herself. She doesn’t want to rely on a rich man, but decides to marry a poor man, Freddy. She says she can make something of him. She values love more than anything else.
Elizabeth Perkins

**Elizabeth Perkins** (born November 18, 1960) is an American actress. She has been in  many movies and television programs. Perkins is from Queens, New York.

Her movie roles have included _Big_, _The Flintstones_, _Miracle on 34th Street_, _About Last Night..._, and _Avalon_. She is perhaps best known for her role as Celia Hodes in the Showtime series _Weeds_.

## Personal life

Perkins' first husband was Chicago actor and director Terry Kinney; the couple divorced. She has one daughter, Hannah Phillips, born in 1991. In 2000, she married Argentinian-born cinematographer Julio Macat. In 2005 she learned that she had a form of type I diabetes.

## Awards and nominations

**Primetime Emmy Awards**
- 2006 Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series for _Weeds_ (nominated)
- 2007 Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series for _Weeds_ (nominated)
- 2009 Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series for _Weeds_ (nominated)
**Golden Globe Awards**
- 2006 Best Supporting Actress in a Television Series, Mini-series, or TV Movie for _Weeds_ (nominated)
- 2007 Best Supporting Actress in a Television Series, Mini-series, or TV Movie for _Weeds_ (nominated)
**Satellite Awards**
- 2005 Best Actress in a Comedy Series for _Weeds_ (nominated)
- 2006 Best Actress in a Supporting Role in a Series, Mini-series, or TV Movie for _Weeds_ (nominated)
**Screen Actors Guild Awards**
- 2007 Best Acting Ensemble in a Comedy Series for _Weeds_ (nominated)
- 2009 Best Acting Ensemble in a Comedy Series for _Weeds_ (nominated)

## Infobox (actor)

- **image**: Elizabeth Perkins 2008.jpg
- **caption**: Perkins at the Paley Center for Media Gala Honoring Showtime Networks – Century Plaza Hotel, Los Angeles, December 11, 2008
- **birth name**: Elizabeth Ann Perkins
- **birth place**: Queens, New York, U.S.
- **occupation**: Actress
- **years active**: 1984–present
- **spouse**: Terry Kinney (1984–1988)
Julio Macat (2000–present)
- **children**: Hannah Jo Phillips (b. 1991)
Virginia Cooperative Extension

**Virginia Cooperative Extension** provides resources and educational outreach to more than seven million Virginia residents in the areas of agriculture and natural resources, family and consumer sciences, community viability, and 4-H youth development. The federal government started cooperative extension programs in each state with the Smith-Lever Act of 1914. Virginia’s two land-grant universities: Virginia Tech and Virginia State University run the program.  The program has faculty and staff at the two universities, 107 county and city offices, 11 agricultural research and Extension centers, and six 4-H educational centers.

## Related pages

- Cooperative Extension Service
- Virginia Tech
- Virginia Tech College of Agriculture and Life Sciences
- Virginia State University

## Other websites

- Virginia Cooperative Extension
- Shaping Extension's Future

## Infobox (government agency)

- **agency name**: Virginia Cooperative Extension
- **logo**: Virginia-Cooperative-Extension-logo2010.jpg
- **logo width**: 200px
- **formed**: 1914
- **jurisdiction**: Virginia
- **headquarters**: Blacksburg, Virginia
- **parent agency**: Virginia Tech and Virginia State University
- **website**: http://www.ext.vt.edu/
Mosaic (genetics)

In genetics, a **mosaic** (or mosaicism) means the presence of two different genotypes in an individual which developed from a single fertilized egg. As a result, the individual has two or more genetically different cell lines derived from a single zygote.

Mosaicism may result from:
1. Crossing-over during mitosis
1. A gene mutation during development
1. A chromosomal mutation during development
1. X-inactivation: one X chromosome is randomly switched off in cells of a female mammal

The phenomenon was discovered by Curt Stern. In 1936, he demonstrated that recombination, normal in meiosis, can also take place in mitosis. When it does, it results in somatic (body) mosaics. These are organisms which contain two or more genetically distinct types of tissue.

## Chimeras

People who have mosaicism are often called chimeras but this is a mistake. A mosaic is originally from a single fertilised egg, whereas a chimaera comes from two fertilised eggs.

## Other causes of two-tone appearances

This is easiest to see with eye colours. When eye colours vary between the two eyes, or within one or both eyes, the condition is called _heterochromia iridis_ (= 'different coloured iris'). It can have many different causes, both genetic and accidental. For example, David Bowie has the appearance of different eye colours due to an injury that caused one pupil to be permanently dilated.

On this page, only genetic mosaicism is discussed.

## X-inactivation

This is a controlled and natural developmental phenomenon in mammalian females. Females have two X chromosomes (and males have only one). The two X chromosomes in a female are rarely identical. They have the same genes, but at some loci (positions) they may have different alleles (versions of the same gene).

In the early embryo, each cell independently and randomly inactivates one copy of the X chromosome. This inactivation lasts the lifetime of the cell, and all the descendants of the cell inactivate that same chromosome. X-inactivation is reversed in the female germline, so that all egg cells contain an active X chromosome.

This phenomenon shows in the colouration of calico cats and tortoiseshell cats. These females are heterozygous for the X-linked colour genes: the genes for their coat colours are carried on the X chromosome. X-inactivation causes groups of cells to carry either one or the other X-chromosome in an active state.

X-inactivation is an epigenetic change, a switching off of genes on one chromosome. It is _not_ a change in the genotype. Descendent cells of the embryo carry the same X-inactivation as the original cells. This may give rise to mild symptoms in female 'carriers' of X-linked genetic disorders.

## Mutations

Mutations in body cells (somatic mutations) cause groups of cells to differ in their genetics.
Somatic mutation leading to mosaicism is common in the beginning and end stages of human life. Cancer research has shown that somatic mutations are responsible for most leukemia, lymphomas, and solid tumors.

## Related pages

- Chimaera (genetics)
Anti-fan

**Anti-fan**s are the group of people who are opposed to particular person, system, or idea. This word is from a prefix 'anti-', which means 'opposed'. Anti-fans gather and criticize particular thing which they hate.

Anti-fans' activities are very diverse. Anti-fans usually work and share their views in online website. They make anti-fan page. E.g. anti-fan website, anti-fan blog, anti-fan internet cafe etc. And, they criticise their target, spread a rumor about the target, and post malicious comments to Internet articles. Anti-fans also work when they are offline. They sometimes boo and jeer at their target and even start a movement against the target.

Early their activities used to be constructive criticism, but nowadays the movement of anti-fans is changing to severe insult to their target with no specific reason. The ruthless attack causes a lot of social problems now. A lot of celebrities who are the anti-fans' target are suffering from their behaviors. In some case, they may accuse anti-fans of personal insults.

## Object

Anti-fans' targets are various. The most usual target is entertainer. There are a lot of anti-fans' website for the entertainer who they dislike. E.g. Some anti-fans oppose a form of music, movie, athlete, politician, political party, TV series, idea etc. Surprisingly, the number of anti-fans tends to be proportional to the target's  popularity. Thus, the number sometimes becomes a yardstick of star's popularity.

## Intelligent anti-fan

Intelligent anti-fan is one type of anti-fans. Intelligent anti-fans act as if they are the target's real fan and do wrong and bad behaviors as the fan. They intelligently create the target's bad image and gather more anti-fan.

## References

- Anti-fan at Urban Dictionary

## Other websites

- Article: Seattle man starts 'anti-fan site' for Colton Harris-Moore
Mountain pygmy possum

The **mountain pygmy possum** (_Burramys parvus_) is a small, mouse-sized (weighs 45 g) nocturnal marsupial of Australia. It is found high up (1300 to 2230 metres) in rock screes and boulder fields of southern Victoria and in Kosciuszko National Park, New South Wales.

This possum is a Lazarus taxon, and the only living species in the ***Burramys*** genus. It is also the only Australian mammal restricted to an alpine habitat. Its prehensile tail, at ~14 cm, is longer than its 11 cm head and body length. Its diet consists of insects, fleshy fruits, nuts, nectar and seeds.

The mountain pygmy possum was first described as a Pleistocene fossil by Robert Broom in 1896. It was thought to be extinct until 1966, when a living specimen was discovered in a ski-hut on Mount Hotham.

Three geographically isolated populations are known to exist. These populations have been shown to be genetically distinct. For most of the year, males and females live apart from each other. The females live on the better part of the rocky slopes, while the males live on the margins, usually lower on the mountain. In order to breed, the males migrate to the females' habitat. During the ski season on Mount Higginbotham, the males had to cross a road which put their survival in jeopardy. A "Tunnel of Love" was constructed under the road and a road sign was put in place to warn drivers.
Movie censorship

**Censorship in movies** is the act of giving a movie a very strong film rating systems classification, or banning the movie altogether.

## United Kingdom

The highest rating label in United Kingdom is 18. These means people under 18 cannot look at, buy or rent any movie under this rating. Movies with such a rating often have very strong language, explicit sexual content or heavy violence. If the content of the movie is higher than the 18 rating, the movie is then banned entirely.

## Australia

**Refused Classification** is the very strongest rating in Australia. This rating means a movie has been banned from a part of Australia. In some cases, it has been banned in all of the country. This rating is tagged onto movies which the Australian Classification Board has said are too severe for viewing by general public.

## United States

The movie rating is NC-17 in the United States. This means No Children 17 and Under Admitted. Such movies contain strong sexual content, very strong violence or extremely graphic language and are usually considered too intense for an R rating.

## Canada

The highest rating label in Canada is R. This means nobody under 18 may view, buy, rent, or watch any movie under this rating. Movie with this rating have strong sexual content/nudity, prolonged scenes of graphic violence, strong coarse language, graphic horror, and other disturbing content. If the content of the movie is higher than the R rating, the movie is then banned entirely.

## Related pages

- Movies banned in China
Monsanto process

The **Monsanto process** is a way of making acetic acid. It uses a catalyst to add a carbonyl group to methanol. This process operates at a pressure of 30–60 atm and a temperature of 150–200 °C. It gives a selectivity greater than 99%. It was developed 1960 by German chemists working at BASF. Chemists at Monsanto introduced a new catalyst system in 1966. Today, chemists make acetic acid by the Cativa process, a similar iridium-based process developed by BP Chemicals Ltd which is more economical and environmentally friendly. So, the Monsanto process is not used very much in industry.

## Catalytic cycle

The process has several steps, which repeat to remake the catalyst:

The catalytically active species is the anion cis-[Rh(CO)<sub>2</sub>I<sub>2</sub>]<sup>−</sup> **(1)**. The catalytic cycle has been shown to involve six steps, two of which do not involve rhodium: conversion of methanol to methyl iodide and the hydrolysis of the acetyl iodide to acetic acid. (These steps are in the middle of the above diagram.) The first organometallic step is the oxidative addition of methyl iodide to _cis_-[Rh(CO)<sub>2</sub>I<sub>2</sub>]<sup>−</sup> to form the hexacoordinate species [(CH<sub>3</sub>)Rh(CO)<sub>2</sub>I<sub>3</sub>]<sup>−</sup> **(2)**. This anion rapidly transforms, by the migration of a methyl group to the carbonyl ligand, affording the pentacoordinate acetyl complex [(CH<sub>3</sub>CO)Rh(CO)I<sub>3</sub>]<sup>−</sup> **(3)**. This five-coordinate complex then reacts with carbon monoxide to form the six coordinate dicarbonyl complex. **(4)** This decomposes by reductive elimination to form acetyl iodide (CH<sub>3</sub>COI) and regenerate the active form of the catalyst. Acetyl iodide is then hydrolyzed to acetic acid.

The reaction mechanism is first-order with respect to methyl iodide and the catalyst **(1)**. Hence the rate-determining step of the catalytic cycle has been proposed to be the oxidative addition of methyl iodide to the catalyst **(1)**. Chemist think that this occurs with the rhodium center making a nucleophilic attack on the carbon of methyl iodide.

## Tennessee Eastman acetic anhydride process

The Monsanto process for making acetic acid inspired chemists to invent a way to make Acetic anhydride. It is produced by carbonylation of methyl acetate.

- CH<sub>3</sub>CO<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>3</sub>  + CO  →   (CH<sub>3</sub>CO)<sub>2</sub>O

In this process lithium iodide converts methyl acetate to lithium acetate and methyl iodide, which in turn affords through carbonylation acetyl iodide. Acetyl iodide reacts with acetate salts or acetic acid to give the product. Rhodium iodides and lithium salts are employed as catalysts. Because acetic anhydride is not stable in water, the conversion is conducted under water-free (anhydrous) conditions in contrast to the Monsanto acetic acid synthesis.

## Other websites

- http://www.uyseg.org/catalysis/ethacid/ethacid2.htm
- http://www.uyseg.org/greener_industry/pages/ethanoicAcid/6ethanoicAcidPM2.htm
Keian

was a  after _Shōhō_ and before _Jōō._  This period started in February 1648 and ended in September 1652. During this time, the emperor was .

## Events of the _Keian_ era

- **1648** (_Keian 1_): Legal code about city life and business are established in Osaka

- **1649** (_Keian 2_): Five-storied pagoda at  was built in Asakusa.

- **1649** (_Keian 2_): Legal code for peasants established by Tokugawa Iemitsu.

- **1 April 1649** (_Keian 2, 20th day of the 2nd month_): There was a major earthquake in Edo.

- **1651** (_Keian 4_): Plot to overthrow the Tokugawa, also known as the Keian Uprising.

- **1652** (_Keian 5, 5th month_):  _Nihon Odai Ichiran_ was published.  The French version of this work was the first Japanese history book to be published in the West.

## Related pages

- Edo period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

|Keian|1st|2nd|3rd|4th|5th|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||1648|1649|1650|1651|1652|
Communist Party of Pakistan

The **Communist Party of Pakistan** () is a communist party in Pakistan.

The CPP was founded in Calcutta, Union of India on March 6, 1948. A decision was taken at the Second All India Conference of the Communist Party of India, which was held in Calcutta at that time, that a separate communist party ought to be created in the new State of Pakistan. It was thought that Pakistan, being a relatively small country (in comparison to India) and suffering from instability, was ripe for revolution. The delegates from Pakistan separated themselves and held a separate session were they constituted the CPP.
Jōō (Edo period)

, alternatively romanized as **Jō-ō** or **Shōō**, was a  after _Keian_ and before _Meireki_. This period started in September 1652 and ended in April 1655. During this time, the emperors were   and .

## Events of the _Jōō_ era

- **3 October 1653** (_Jōō 2, 12th day of the 8th month_): Fire destroyed a large part of the Imperial palace and nearby temples.
- **18 August 1654** (_Jōō 3, 6th day of the 7th month_): Buddhist priest Ingen arrived at Nagasaki from China.
- **30 October 1654** (_Jōō 3, 20th day of the 9th month_): Emperor Go-Kōmyō died.

## Related pages

- Edo period
- Jōō (Kamakura period)

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
- Sennyuji Temple Museum, Funeral ceremonies for Emperor Go-Kōmyō
- Imperial Household website, Emperor Go-Kōmyō's mausoleum (_misasagii_) 

|Jōō|1st|2nd|3rd|4th|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||1652|1653|1654|1655|
Joo

**Jōō** may mean:

- Jōō (Kamakura period), a Japanese era name (1222–1224)
- Jōō (Edo period), a Japanese era name (1652–1655)
Meireki

was a  after _Jōō_ and before _Manji._   This period started in April 1655 and ended in July 1658. During this time, the emperor was .

## Events of the _Meireki_ era

- **1655** (_Meireki 1_): The ambassador of Korea is received in Japan.

- **1655** (_Meireki 1_): Emperor Go-Mizunoo went for the first time to location at base of Mount Hiei where Shugakuin Palace (_Shugakuin Rikyū_) would be built.

- **2-3 March 1657** (_Meireki 3, 18th-19th days of the 1st month_): The city of Edo was destroyed by fire, also known as the Great Fire of Meireki.

In 1656-1659, Go-Mizunoo built the Imperial villa and Japanese gardens at _Shugakuin Rikyū_.

## Related pages

- Edo period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

|Meireki|1st|2nd|3rd|4th|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||1655|1656|1657|1658|
Manji

**Manji** or **mangi** may mean:

- Japanese name for the 卍 character  (Chinese: wàn), see swastika
- Manji (era), a Japanese era name from 1658 to 1661
- type of raised bed similar to a cot in India or Pakistan

- In popular culture
- In The Legend of Zelda for the NES, level 3 from quest 1 is designed and named after the manji symbol.
- In the Tekken series of video games the Manji Party is led by the ninja Yoshimitsu.
- The Soul Calibur game series also features a Manji organization.
- One of the NPCs in the role-playing game MapleStory is named Manji.
Manji (era)

was a  after _Meireki_ and before _Kanbun._  This period started in July 1658 and ended in April 1661. During this time, the emperor was .

## Events of the _Manji_ era

- **1658** (_Manji 1_): After the Great Mereiki Fire, the shogunate organized four teams of firefighters.

- **1658** (_Manji 1_): Birth of Yanagisawa Yoshiyasu.

- **1659** (_Manji 2_): In Edo, construction began on the Ryōgoku Bridge (_ryogokubashi_).

## Related pages

- Edo period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

|Manji|1st|2nd|3rd|4th|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||1658|1659|1660|1661|
Regionalliga Ost

The **Regionalliga Ost** is one of three third level leagues in Austrian football.The Regionalliga is the highest league in Austrian amateur football. The league was reintroduced in the 1984-85 season. It covers the Austrian states of Burgenland, Lower Austria and Vienna. The champion of the league plays relegation versus the 9th of the Austrian football first league. The champion of the 2010/11 season was ESV Parndorf. The club failed in the relegation matches versus First Vienna FC.

## Teams of the 2025-26 season

- SV Horn
- SR Donaufeld
- FC Marchfeld Donauauen
- SC Neusiedl/See 1919
- Wiener Sport-Club
- Kremser SC
- SV Oberwart
- FCM Traiskirchen
- TWL Elektra
- Union Mauer
- SV Leobendorf
- SC Wiener Viktoria
- SV Gloggnitz
- Favoritner AC
- SC/ESV Parndorf
- SC Retz
- SV Donau

## Infobox (football league)

- **leaguename**: Regionalliga Ost
- **country**: Austria
- **confederation**: UEFA
- **founded**: 1984/85 reintroduction
- **level**: 3
- **number of teams**: 16
- **promotion to**: Austrian Football First League, First League
- **relegation to**: Landesliga Vienna, Lower Austria, Burgenland
- **domestic cup**: Austrian Cup
- **current champions**: ESV Parndorf
- **season**: 2010/11
- **website**: [http://rlo.fanreport.at/ Regionalliga Ost(German)]
Chimera

**Chimaera** or **chimera** can mean:

## Mythology

- Chimera (mythology)
- Mount Chimaera, the region in Lycia that some believe inspired the myth

## Science

- Chimaera (genetics)
- Chimera (plant)
- Chimera (virus), a virus with genetic material from other organisms
- Chimera or fusion protein, a hybrid protein made by the splicing of two genes
- Chimera (paleontology), a fossil put together with parts from different species
- Chimaera (fish)
Heterochromia

**Heterochromia** means "different colors", and is most used for the description of different colored eyes. Some people, and animals, have differences between the irises of their eyes. There are many different causes for this condition.

Genetic causes for heterochromia include genetic mosaicism, where changes may take place in the dividing cells leading up to iris formation in the embryo. Or, environmental damage may occur to the eyes. Or, various diseases and medical conditions may result in changes in eye color.

Similar events may happen in other tissues, and sometimes result in visible tissue differences. However, the condition is most easily seen in the iris of the eye. The terms _Hetrochromia iridis_ (= different color of the iris), _Heterochromia iridum_ (plural form) and _Heterochromia iridium_ (a mistake in Latin grammar) are variously used when it is the eye color which is specifically mentioned.
Osteopathy

**Osteopathy** is a philosophy that refers to the ability of the human body to heal itself.
Endogamy

**Endogamy** is the idea that a person ought to marry another person from the same group as them. The type of group is not always the same; it could be based on a religion, a class or a social group. Often group endogamy is enforced by arranged marriages, this is a system based on benefits for the group rather than marriage for love.

## Group adherence

By marrying a person with the same group characteristics, it means that the partners will have similar views or beliefs about something. Many people marry endogamously for reasons of compatibility, which can be due to choice. But there are also other reasons when there is less choice involved or there is disapproval if it is not followed.

By doing this it keeps the numbers of a group to a minimum and thus creates stronger group bonds. For example, when moving to another country, a Sikh family may actively look for other Sikh families to mix with in order to facilitate Sikh marriages. By merging, they create a stronger bond between their own communities and can be a way to deal with being a minority.

## Biology

If a group has been marrying endogamously for a long period of time the gene pool may be smaller and there is a greater chance of genetic disease. For example, within the Jewish community Tay-Sachs disease is a common genetic disease.

## Related pages

- Exogamy

## References

- http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/186956/endogamy
- Levi-Strauss, C. (1969) The Elementary Structures of Kinship. Beacon Press
- http://www.jewishgenetics.org/?q=content/tay-sachs-disease
Exogamy

**Exogamy** is when a person ought to marry someone from outside a certain group.

## Biological

In most places, exogamy is practiced in order to avoid incest, which is taboo in many groups across the world. This is to avoid some of the effects that endogamy creates such as genetic diseases. If two parents have very different genes then there is a lesser chance of a child inheriting both copies of that gene.

## Cultural

Exogamy is used to make a connection between two groups. For example, when a person marries another they become part of the family. This connection may be for reasons of inter-group cohesion. In other words, creating an alliance with another group.

## Dual exogamy

Claude Levi-Strauss, an anthropologist, argued that when two families are connected by the marriage of two people it creates more relationships for trading other things such as food. It also means that they have more people to rely on. In order to keep this going, groups will trade sisters/daughters for wives and trade back in return.

## Related pages

- Endogamy

## References

- Levi-Strauss, C. (1969) The Elementary Structures of Kinship. Beacon Press.
- McCallum, C. (2001) Gender and Sociality in Amazonia: How Real People Are Made. Oxford: Berg Publishers.
- http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/198244/exogamy
Throw out the baby with the bath water

**Throw out the baby with the bath water** is an idiom.

The phrase describes a special kind of mistake which happens when something good is lost while trying to get rid of something bad.

The idiom summarizes what happens when something which is necessary is rejected along with what is not necessary.

A slightly different explanation focuses on the loss of the essential while holding on to what is not essential.  In other words, the idiom also makes sense when someone might throw out the baby and keep the bath water. Idioms are a common stumbling block for learners of a language.

## History

This idiom comes from a German proverb, _das Kind mit dem Bade ausschütten._ In 1512,  _Narrenbeschwörung_ (_Appeal to Fools_) by Thomas Murner includes a woodcut picture showing a woman tossing a baby out with waste water.

## Alternate expressions

The meaning and intent are sometimes mirrored in different terms.
- Throw out the champagne with the cork
- Empty the baby out with the bath.
The Lurking Horror

***The Lurking Horror*** is an interactive fiction computer game released by Infocom in 1987. The game was  inspired by the horror writings of H. P. Lovecraft. It was released for several platforms simultaneously thanks to the Z-machine.
Tuvalu at the Olympics

Tuvalu has been in the Olympic Games one time. They were in the 2008, with 3 athletes. They have not been at the winter games.

## Related pages

- List of IOC country codes

## Other websites

- Tuvalu profile at London2012.com

## Infobox (country at games)

- **noc**: TUV
- **nocname**: Tuvalu Association of Sports and National Olympic Committee
- **games**: Olympics
- **gold**: 0
- **silver**: 0
- **bronze**: 0
Pope Gregory XII

**Pope Gregory XII** (; c. 1326 – 18 October 1417) was the 206th Pope. He was born Angelo Corrario at Venice, Italy.  He became Bishop of Castello in 1380, titular Patriarch of Constantinople in 1390, a cardinal in 1405, and finally Pope Gregory XII on 30 November 1406. He held office during the years of the Western Schism. In 1415, he resigned during the Council of Constance. He died at Recanati in 1417. His papal resignation was the last until Pope Benedict XVI resigned in February 2013.

## Other websites

- "Gregory XII"/Gregory_XII), _Encyclopædia Britannica_, 1911
- Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Emeritus Gregory XII
- Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church , Cardinal Correr

## Infobox (christian leader)

- **type**: Pope
- **honorific-prefix**: Pope
- **name**: Gregory XII
- **image**: Joos Van Wassenhove e Pedro Berruguete – San Gregorio – Galleria Nazionale delle Marche.jpg
- **title**: Bishop of Rome
- **birth name**: Angelo Corraro (or Corario)
- **term start**: 30 November 1406
- **term end**: 4 July 1415
- **predecessor**: Pope Innocent VII
- **successor**: Pope Martin V
- **opposed**: _Avignon claimant:__Pisan claimants:_
- **consecration**: 1390
- **cardinal**: 12 June 1405
- **created cardinal by**: Innocent VII
- **coat of arms**: C o a Gregorio XII.svg
- **birth date**: or 1327
- **birth place**: Venice, Republic of Venice
- **death place**: Recanati, Marche, Papal States
- **other**: Gregory
Vanuatu at the Olympics

**Vanuatu** was first at the **Olympic Games** in 1988.  They have been in every Summer Olympic Games since then.  The nation has never been in the Winter Olympic Games.

As of 2011, no ni-Vanuatu athlete has ever won an Olympic medal.

The National Olympic Committee for Vanuatu was formed in 1987 and recognized by the International Olympic Committee the same year.

## Related pages

- List of IOC country codes

## Other websites

- Vanuatu profile at London2012.com

## Infobox (country at games)

- **noc**: VAN
- **nocname**: Vanuatu Association of Sports and National Olympic Committee
- **games**: Olympics
- **gold**: 0
- **silver**: 0
- **bronze**: 0
Belarus at the Olympics

**Belarus** was first in the **Olympic** at the 1952 Summer Games in Helsinki, Finland as part of the Soviet Union.  After the Soviet Union disbanded in 1991, Belarus, along with four of the other fourteen former Soviet republics, were in the 1992 Winter Olympics (held in Albertville, France) as the Unified Team. Later in 1992, eleven republics joined Belarus to compete as the Unified Team at the Summer Games in Barcelona, Spain. Two years later, Belarus competed for the first time as an independent nation in the 1994 Winter Olympics, held in Lillehammer, Norway. From 1952 until the 2006 Olympic Games in Turin, Italy, 168 Belarusian athletes won 200 medals either as part of the Soviet Union or as independent Belarus.

### Medals by Games

|Total|12|25|41||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1994 Lillehammer|0|2|0|2||
|1996 Atlanta|1|6|8|15||
|1998 Nagano|0|0|2|2||
|2000 Sydney|3|3|11|17||
|2002 Salt Lake City|0|0|1|1||
|2004 Athens|2|6|7|15||
|2006 Turin|0|1|0|1||
|2008 Beijing|4|4|9|17||
|2010 Vancouver|1|1|1|3||
|2012 London|2|5|5|12|26|

### Medals by sport

|Total|12|25|41|78||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Athletics|4|5|8|17||
|Canoeing|2|2|3|7||
|Rowing|2|1|4|7||
|Weightlifting|1|3|6|10||
|Shooting|1|2|4|7||
|Judo|1|0|1|2||
|Tennis|1|0|1|2||
|Gymnastics|0|3|7|10||
|Wrestling|0|3|5|8||
|Boxing|0|2|0|2||
|Freestyle skiing|1|1|2|4||
|Biathlon|0|2|2|4||
|Swimming|0|1|1|2||
|Speed skating|0|1|0|1||
|Cycling|0|0|1|1||
|Modern pentathlon|0|0|1|1||

## Flag bearers

|style="width:13em"|Games|style="width:11em"|Name|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1994 Winter Olympics|Igor Zhelezovsky|||
|1996 Summer Olympics|Igor Astapkovich|||
|1998 Winter Olympics|Alexander Popov|||
|2000 Summer Olympics|Sergey Lishtvan|||
|2002 Winter Olympics|Oleg Ryzhenkov|||
|2004 Summer Olympics|Aleksandr Medved|||
|2006 Winter Olympics|Alexander Popov|||
|2008 Summer Olympics|Alexander Romankov|||
|2010 Winter Olympics|Oleg Antonenko|||
|2012 Summer Olympics|Max Mirnyi|||

## Related pages

- List of IOC country codes

## Other websites

- Belarus profile at London2012.com
- Official Website of the NOCRB
- Olympic page
- Embassy of the Republic of Belarus in the United States Olympic movement in Belarus

## Infobox (country at games)

- **noc**: BLR
- **nocname**: Belarus Olympic Committee
- **games**: Olympics
- **website**:  
- **gold**: 20
- **silver**: 32
- **bronze**: 44
- **seealso**: (1900–1912)
 (1924–1936)
 (1952–1988)
 (1992)
Bearing (navigation)

In navigation, the word **bearing** is used for different methods that try to find out the angle between an object used for this purpose, and a reference direction. There are different systems of reference that can be used for this. A system of reference that is commonly used is that of Cardinal directions, as they can be found with a compass. The direction a ship is pointed can also be the reference.

Points that can easily be determined, and that move very little, can be taken as reference. Such points include stars, mountains, the sun, and beacons. Beacons come in the form of lighthouses on the coast, but also as electric beacons or other sea marks on the open sea.

Bearings can be measured different ways. Optical bearings rely on visual information, other systems rely on radar for tools.
Kanbun (era)

, also romanized as **Kambun,** was a  after _Manji_ and before _Enpō._  This period started in April 1661 and ended in September 1673. During this time, the emperors were   and .

## Events of the _Kanbun_ era

- **20 March 1662** (_Kanbun 2, 1st day of the 2nd month_): Earthquake in Heian-kyō (Kyoto) destroyed the tomb of Toyotomi Hideyoshi.

- **1620** (_Kanbun 2_): Tosa Hiromichi 土佐広通 (1561–1633) was ordered by the emperor to change his name to .

- **5 March 1663** (_Kanbun 3, 26th day of the 1st month_):  Emperor Go-sai abdicated; and his younger brother received the succession (_senso_). Soon after, Emperor Reigen 's role as monarch was confirmed by ceremonies (_sokui_).

- **6 June 1663** (_Kanbun 3, 1st day of the 5th month_): An earthquake struck in Ōmi Province.

- **1668** (_Kanbun 8, 1st day of the 2nd month_): A major fire in Edo lasted 45 days.

- **1670** (_Kanbun 10_): The Bonin Islands were discovered by the Ogasawara clan.

## Related pages

- Edo period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

|Kanbun|1st|2nd|3rd|4th|5th|6th|7th|8th|9th|10th|11th|12th|13th|14th|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||1661|1662|1663|1664|1665|1666|1667|1668|1669|1670|1670|1671|1672|1673|
Bosnia and Herzegovina at the Olympics

**Bosnia and Herzegovina** were first at the 1992 Summer Olympics. Independence from Yugoslavia was in 1991. No athletes have won a medal.

The Olympic Committee of Bosnia and Herzegovina was formed in 1992 and recognized in 1993.

## Related pages

- List of IOC country codes

## Other websites

- Bosnia and Herzegovina profile at London2012.com

## Infobox (country at games)

- **noc**: BIH
- **nocname**: Olympic Committee of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- **games**: Olympics
- **website**:  
- **gold**: 0
- **silver**: 0
- **bronze**: 0
- **seealso**: (1920–1992 W)
National Art Center, Tokyo

or **NACT** is a museum in Roppongi, Minato, Tokyo, Japan.

NACT is a unique art museum. It does not have a permanent collection.  Instead, it is a large venue for changing art exhibitions.  NACT has 14,000 square meters of exhibition space and an Art Library.  It also has educational programs.

## History

The National Art Center building was completed in May 2006. Kisho Kurokawa was the architect.

The museum opened in 2007.

## Related pages

- Kyoto National Museum (KNM)
- Kyushu National Museum
- Nara National Museum (NNM)
- National Museum of Art, Osaka (NMAO)
- National Museum of Modern Art, Kyoto (MOMAK)
- National Museum of Modern Art, Tokyo (MOMAT)
- National Museum of Western Art (NMWA)
- Tokyo National Museum (TNM)
- List of Independent Administrative Institutes in Japan
- List of national museums

## Other websites

- The National Art Center, Tokyo website in English
Minoru Miki

**Minoru Miki** (; 16 March 1930 – 8 December 2011 in Tokushima) was a Japanese composer. He wrote opera and modern Japanese music. He was one of the first members of the group _Pro Musica Nipponia_. He died early in the morning on 8 December 2011. Miki was 81 years old.
Treyarch

**Treyarch** is an American video game developer company. Peter Akemann and Doğan Köslü started the company in 1996. Activision bought it in 2001. It is in Santa Monica, California.

In 2005, Gray Matter Interactive and Treyarch became one company.

As part of the 2007 Leipzig Games Convention, Activision announced that Treyarch would be one of three developers making their first James Bond game, _Quantum of Solace_. The game started to be sold on 31 October 2008 in Europe and 4 November 2008 in North America. Beenox and Vicarious Visions made the PC and handheld versions of the game. Treyarch also plays an important part in developing the _Call of Duty_ series. They have made _Call of Duty 2: Big Red One_, _Call of Duty 3_, _Call of Duty: World at War_, and _Call of Duty: Black Ops_.

_Call of Duty: Black Ops_ had the record for the biggest entertainment release ever for any kind of entertainment. It broke the record during the first day it was sold Sales from the game worldwide reached US $650 million within five days after its release._Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3_ later broke the record again.

## Developed

|Name|Platform(s)|Release date(s)|
| --- | --- | --- |
|_Die by the Sword_|Windows|1998|
|_Die by the Sword: Limb from Limb_|Windows|1998|
|_Triple Play 2000_|Nintendo 64|1999|
|_Draconus: Cult of the Wyrm_|Dreamcast|2000|
|_Triple Play 2001_|PlayStation, Windows|2000|
|_Tony Hawk's Pro Skater_|Dreamcast|2000|
|_Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 2_|Dreamcast|2000|
|_Max Steel: Covert Missions_|Dreamcast|2000|
|_Triple Play Baseball_|PlayStation, PlayStation 2, Windows|2001|
|_Spider-Man_|Dreamcast|2001|
|_Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 2x_|Xbox|2001|
|_NHL 2K2_|Dreamcast|2002|
|_Spider-Man_|GameCube, PlayStation 2, Xbox|2002|
|_Kelly Slater's Pro Surfer_|GameCube, Mac OS X, PlayStation 2, Windows, Xbox|2002|
|_Shaun Palmer's Pro Snowboarder 2_|PlayStation 2, Xbox|Cancelled|
|_Minority Report: Everybody Runs_|GameCube, PlayStation 2, Xbox|2002|
|_NHL 2K3_|GameCube, PlayStation 2, Xbox|2002|
|_Spider-Man 2_|GameCube, PlayStation 2, Xbox|2004|
|_Ultimate Spider-Man_|GameCube, PlayStation 2, Xbox|2005|
|_Call of Duty 2: Big Red One_|GameCube, PlayStation 2, Xbox|2005|
|_Call of Duty 3_|PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, Wii, Xbox, Xbox 360|2006|
|_Spider-Man 3_|PlayStation 3, Playstation 2, Xbox 360|2007|
|_Quantum of Solace_|PlayStation 3, Xbox 360|2008|
|_Spider-Man: Web of Shadows_|PlayStation 3, Wii, Xbox 360|2008|
|_Call of Duty: World at War_|PlayStation 3, Wii, Windows, Xbox 360|2008|
|_Call of Duty: Modern Warfare: Reflex_|Wii|2009|
|_Call of Duty: Black Ops_|PlayStation 3, Wii, Windows, Xbox 360|2010|
|_Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3_|Wii|2011|
|Call of Duty: Black Ops II|PlayStation 3, Wii, Windows, Xbox 360|2012|
|Call of Duty: Black Ops III|Windows, PlayStation 4, Xbox One|2015|
|Call of Duty: Black Ops 4||2018|
|Call of Duty: Black Ops Cold War||2020|
|Call of Duty: Black Ops 6||2024|
Enpō

, also **Empo**, was a  after _Kanbun_ and before _Tenna._  This period started in September 1673 and ended in September 1681.  During this time, the reigning emperor was .

## Events of the _Enpō_ era

- **1673** (_Enpō 1_): A great fire destroyed much of Heian-kyō.

- **1673** (_Enpō 1_): Mitsui opened a dry goods store in Edo.

- **10 May 1674** (_Enpō 2, 5th day of the 4th month_): Ingen died at Mampuku-ji near Heian-kyō.

- **1675** (_Enpō 3_): A great fire in Heian-kyō.

- **1675** (_Enpō 3_): The Bonin Islands are explored by shogunate.

- **7 April 1680** (_Enpō 8, 8th day of the 3rd month_) : Tokugawa Ietsuna died.

- **11 September 1680** (_Enpō 8, 19th day of the 8th month_): Former-Emperor Go-Mizunoo died.

## Related pages

- Edo period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

|Enpō|1st|2nd|3rd|4th|5th|6th|7th|8th|9th|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||1673|1674|1675|1676|1677|1678|1679|1680|1681|
Luis Raymond Villafuerte

**Luis Raymond Villafuerte** is a politician from the Philippines. He is the son of former governor Luis Villafuerte Sr.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Luis Raymond Villafuerte
- **office**: Governor of Camarines Sur
- **term start**: June 30, 2004
- **term end**: June 30, 2013
- **predecessor**: Luis Villafuerte Sr.
- **successor**: Luis Miguel Villafuerte II
- **birth place**: Pili, Camarines Sur, Philippines
- **nationality**: Philippines, Filipino
- **party**: Nationalist People's Coalition, NPC
- **spouse**: Lara Villafuerte
- **residence**: Quezon City
High arch

**High arch** is a human foot type, where the foot arch is higher than normal. People with high arches often feel foot pain, and have to wear special shoes.
Gamophobia

**Gamophobia** (prounced 'ga-me-PHO-bia', from the Greek 'gamo' meaning 'marriage') is the fear of getting married, being in a relationship, or commitment. The opposite of 'gamophobia' is 'anuptaphobia'-it is the fear of not being in a relationship (to be single or alone). A person who has gamophobia may like or love a person, but when he or she finds out about that person liking them back and attempting to be together, there is a possibility that their  would change to hate.

Rather than a phobia, such behavior is linked to a number of personality disorders and neuroses. The majority of phobias are socially created, and are not found in any DSM Psychology manual. The inability to allow oneself to  be vulnerable and show their 'bad parts' has a personality disorder. When the individual displays reaction formation (love to hate) this is a neurotic defense mechanism. This can also be known as commitment phobia.