juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Gentianales

**Gentianales** are an order of flowering plants.
Under the APG definition some well-known members of Gentianales are coffee, gardenias, and frangipani.

## References

- Struwe, L., V. A. Albert, and B. Bremer. 1994. Cladistics and family level classification of the Gentianales. _Cladistics_ 10: 175–205.
- Backlund, Maria, Bengt Oxelman, and Birgitta Bremer. 2000.   Phylogenetic relationships within the Gentianales based on NDHF and RBCL sequences, with particular reference to the Loganiaceae  _American Journal of Botany_ 87:1029-1043.
Danish Centre of Urban History

The **Danish Centre of Urban History** (in Danish, _Dansk Center for Byhistorie_) is a research and communication center for the history of Danish cities. The centre was founded in 2001 by The Institute of History and Area Studies at Aarhus University and The Old Town, National Open Air Museum of Urban History and Culture.

## Books

The Centre has two book series called "Danish Urban Studies" and "Writings on Danish Urban History". These series have books and articles about Danish urban history from medieval ages until today. The centre provides Danish urban history to a wider audience on the internet through a website called The Digital City Gate. This site gives access to databases and presentations of Danish urban history. It mainly focuses on the period from 1600 to 1900.

## Other websites

- Danish center of urban history
Gardenia

***Gardenia*** is a Genus of about 250 species of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. Gardenia can be found in the tropical and subtropical regions of Africa, southern Asia, Australasia and Oceania.

The genus was named by Carl Linnaeus after _Dr Alexander Garden_ (1730-1791), Scottish-born American naturalist.

They are evergreen shrubs and small trees growing to 1–15 m tall. The leaves are opposite or in whorls of three or four, 5–50 cm long and 3–25 cm broad, dark green and glossy with a leathery texture. The flowers are solitary or in small clusters, white or pale yellow. Flowering is from about mid-spring to mid-summer and many species are strongly scented.

## Cultivation and uses

Gardenia plants are prized for the strong sweet scent of their flowers, which can be very large in some species.

Gardenias have a reputation for being difficult to grow. Because they originated in warm humid tropical areas, they demand high humidity.

## Other websites

- Growing Gardenias
Frangipani

***Plumeria*** (common name **Frangipani**) is a small genus of 7-8 species that grow in tropical and subtropical Americas. The genus consists of mainly deciduous shrubs and trees. _P. rubra_ (Common Frangipani, Red Frangipani), that grows in Mexico, Central America,  and Venezuela, produces flowers ranging from white, yellow to pink. From Mexico and Central America, _Plumeria_ has spread to all tropical areas of the world, especially Hawaii, where it grows so abundantly that many people think that it is native there.

## Plant

_Plumeria_ is related to the Oleander, _Nerium Oleander_, and both possess poisonous, milky sap, rather similar to that of _Euphorbia_.

## Other websites

- Frangipani, Plumeria, Lonely Hearts Posts and New Books to Read!  - Informative but non-scholarly essay on Plumeria.
- **Portuguese** Flora Brasiliensis: _Plumeria_
- Dok Champa Muang Lao: Plumeria Flowers, fleurs des frangipaniers, fleurs du Laos. Présentation de toutes les méthodes de multiplications : par bouture, semis, greffe ou encore marcottage.
- plumeria's in nederland kweken 
- Bali Plumeria
- Photos of White Frangipani (Plumeria Alba)
Religious conversion

**Religious conversion** is taking a new religious identity, or a change from one religion to another. Conversion can take place not only from one religion to another, but also across different denominations, i.e. within the same faith, or when a person has a strong spiritual experience that changes their life. Three missionary religions are Buddhism, Christianity, and Islam. Followers of these religions try to convert others to their religion. The founders of these religions told their followers to do this. Non-missionary religions include Judaism, Zoroastrianism, and Hinduism. These religions spread when their followers go to new places. They do not try hard to convert others.

People convert to a different religion for various reasons, including their free choice due to a change in beliefs, Some religions have used force to make people accept their beliefs. Some have offered cultural or material advantages.
Others simply teach people about their religion. They try to convince them to change their beliefs with words and kindness.

## Related pages

- Freedom of religion

## References

- Barrett, D. V. _The New Believers—A survey of sects, cults and alternative religions_ (2001) UK, Cassell & Co http://www.thenewbelievers.com/
- Cooper, Richard S. "The Assessment and Collection of Kharaj Tax in Medieval Egypt" _Journal of the American Oriental Society_, Vol. 96, No. 3. (Jul. – Sep., 1976), pp. 365–382.
- Barker, Eileen _The Making of a Moonie: Choice or Brainwashing?_ (1984)

## Other websites

- "Proselytism, Change of Religion, and International Human Rights," by Natan Lerner, Ph.D. (legal aspects of defining illicit proselytism)
- How Does One Convert to Judaism?
- _All Roads Lead to Rome_ Catholic conversion experience  at The Truth about the Catholic Church
- Choosing Judaism: Resource Center for Prospective Converts
- Jewish Encyclopedia: Proselyte
- Online Book on conversion to Hinduism
- Podcast about Mormon conversion experience
- Islam converts change face of Europe
- Missionary to India, E. Stanley Jones, answers the question, What is conversion? http://articles.ochristian.com/article13393.shtml
Min Nan

**Min** or **Miin** (**Minnan** in Mandarin Chinese), more commonly referred to as **Southern Min**, **Hokkien**, **Taiwanese**, **Holo**, or **Hoklo**, is a group of languages that is spoken in southern China. It is spoken in the southern part of Fujian. It is also spoken in Taiwan, Singapore, Guangdong, and Hainan. The name of the language comes from the Min River that is in Fujian.
Gladwyn Jebb

**Hubert Miles Gladwyn Jebb, 1st Baron Gladwyn**, GCMG, GCVO, CB, known as **Gladwyn Jebb** (25 April 1900 – 24 October 1996), was a prominent British civil servant, diplomat and politician as well as the first Acting Secretary-General of the United Nations.

## Acting UN Secretary-General

After World War II, he served as Executive Secretary of the Preparatory Commission of the United Nations in August 1945. He was appointed Acting United Nations Secretary-General from October 1945 to February 1946 until the appointment of the first Secretary-General Trygve Lie.

## Ambassador

Returning to London, Jebb was Deputy to the Foreign Secretary Ernest Bevin at the Conference of Foreign Ministers before serving as the Foreign Office's United Nations Adviser (1946-47). He represented the United Kingdom at the Brussels Treaty Permanent Commission with personal rank of Ambassador. He became the United Kingdom's Ambassador to the United Nations from 1950-1954 and to Paris from 1954-1960.

## Political career

In 1960 Jebb was made a hereditary peer and as Baron Gladwyn became involved in politics as a member of the Liberal Party. He was Deputy Leader of the Liberals in the House of Lords 1965-1988 and spokesman on foreign affairs and defence. An supporter of the European Union, he served as a Member of the European Parliament 1973-1976 where he was also the Vice-President of the Parliament's Political Committee. He tried to be elected to the European Parliament in 1979.

When asked why he had joined the Liberal party in the early 1960s, he replied that the Liberals were a party without a general and that he was a general without a party. Like many Liberals, he passionately believed that education was the key to social reform.

## Death

He died in 1996, and is buried at St. Andrew's, Bramfield in the county of Suffolk.

## Lady Gladwyn

Jebb's wife, Cynthia, Lady Gladwyn, was a noted diarist of their times in Paris and a hostess of Liberal and London politics. She was the great-grand daughter of Isambard Kingdom Brunel.

## Honours

- Commander of the CMG 1942
- KCMG in 1949
- GCMG, 1954
- GCVO, 1957
- Companion of the Bath, 1947
- Grand Croix de la Légion d'Honneur, 1957

## Publications and papers

Publications by Baron Gladwyn include:
- Is Tension Necessary?, 1959
- Peaceful Co-existence, 1962
- The European Idea, 1966
- Half-way to 1984, 1967
- De Gaulle's Europe, or, Why the General says No, 1969
- Europe after de Gaulle, 1970
- The Memoirs of Lord Gladwyn, 1972

## Other websites

- Cambridge Archives Centre - Gladwyn Papers

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Gladwyn Jebb
- **honorific-suffix**:
<small>Order of St. Michael and St. George, GCMG, Royal Victorian Order, GCVO, Order of the Bath, CB</small>
- **nationality**: United Kingdom, British
- **image**: Sr. Gladwyn Jebb.jpg
- **order**: Acting Secretary-General of the United Nations
- **term start**: 24 October 1945
- **term end**: 2 February 1946
- **predecessor**: None
- **successor**: Trygve Lie
- **birth place**: United Kingdom
- **death place**: Suffolk
- **spouse**: Cynthia Jebb, Lady Gladwyn
- **party**: Liberal
Nuclear force

**Nuclear force** is the force between nucleons. It is the force that pulls protons and neutrons into atoms. It is very hard to break the bond, or tie, between protons and neutrons in an atom, because nuclear force holds them together. When the bond is broken, this is called nuclear fission.

yi:שטארקע נוקלעארע קראפט
Shota Rustaveli

**Shota Rustaveli** was a Georgian poet of the 12th century, and the greatest classic of Georgian secular literature. He is the author of _The Knight in the Panther's Skin_ ("Vepkhistqaosani" in Georgian), the Georgian national epic poem. Little is known about life of the poet. He was a courtier of king Tamari.

## His work

"The Knight in the Panther's Skin" (the actual name is Vepkhistkaosani, which means The wearer of **Tiger's** Skin) has been translated into many languages. It was first printed in 1712, in Tbilisi (capital of Georgia). It consists of 1576 four line stanzas with monorhyme. That means all lines rhyme to each other. The lines are made up of sixteen syllables.

## Bibliography

- _Georgian Literature_ by A. G. Baramidze, D. M. Gamezardashvili, University Press of the Pacific, Honolulu 2001, .

## Other websites

- The Man in the Panther's Skin: full text of M. Wardrop's English translation.
- Shota Rustaveli. "The Knight in the Panther's Skin" (Fragments in English).
Supreme Commander

***Supreme Commander*** is a real-time strategy computer game. It was made by Chris Taylor and his game company, Gas Powered Games. Many people think of the game as a spiritual successor to a game Taylor made in 1997, called _Total Annihilation_. The game was first talked about in the August 2005 issue of _PC Gamer_ magazine. It was released on February 16, 2007 in Europe and February 20, 2007 in North America. _Supreme Commander_ has an expansion pack called ''Forged Alliance.
Forcalquier

**Forcalquier** is a commune in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in the southeastern part of France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Forcalquier
- **commune status**: Subprefectures in France, Subprefecture and Communes of France, commune
- **image**: Forcalquier France Luberon.JPG
- **caption**: A general view of Forcalquier, with the Luberon, Luberon Massif in the background
- **image coat of arms**: Blason Forcalquier.svg
- **arrondissement**: Forcalquier
- **canton**: Forcalquier
- **insee**: 04088
- **postal code**: 04300
- **mayor**: Gérard Avril
- **term**: 2017–2020
- **intercommunality**: Pays de Forcalquier et Montagne de Lure
- **elevation m**: 550
- **elevation min m**: 397
- **elevation max m**: 904
- **area km2**: 42.76
- **population**: 4640
- **population date**: 2009
Sirenia (band)

**Sirenia** is a gothic metal band from Stavanger, Norway, founded in early 2001. Sirenia play a mix of gothic metal, symphonic metal, extreme metal and death metal sounds. The vocals are two male, one hard voice, from death metal, and a clean male singer. The female voice is used in moments with melody or chorus. The band uses melodic instrumentals, synthesizers, and distorted guitars with female vocals, and a choir, and violins, for the male voices. Lyrics spoke about human existence, emotion, and mental states.

The band has changed tree female voices, first Fabienne Gondamin for the recording of _At Sixes and Sevens_, then Henriette Bordvik with whom the band recorded two albums ("An Elixir For Existence" and plus one EP "Sirenian Shores", and thenMonika Pedersen for recording _Nine Destinies and a Downfall_ in 2007.

The lyrics, are written by Morten Veland.

### Albums

- _At Sixes and Sevens_ (2002)
- _An Elixir for Existence_ (2004)
- _Sirenian Shores_ (EP) (2004)
- _Nine Destinies and a Downfall_ (2007)
- _The 13th Floor_ (2009)

### Singles

- _My Mind's Eye_
- _The Other Side_
- _The Path To Decay_
- _Euphoria (song)_
- _The End of It All_

### Current members

- Morten Veland - Programming, Growling, Clean Vocals, Guitar, Bass, Keyboards
- Jonathan A. Perez - drums
- Bjørnar Landa - Guitar
- Ailyn - Female Vocals

### Old members

- Henriette Bordvik - Female Vocals (2002-2005)
- Kristian Gundersen - Clean Vocals, Guitar (2001-2004)
- Monika Pedersen - Female Vocals (2006-2007)

### Session members

- Fabienne Gondamin - Female Vocals (2001)
- Jan Kenneth Barkved - Clean Vocals
- Pete Johansen - Violin
- Hans Henrik Varland - Keyboards
- Anne Verdot - Violin
- Roland Navratil - drums

## Other websites

- Sirenia - official website
- Nuclear Blast - official website
- Official MySpace

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Sirenia
- **img**: Sirenia-live-Norway-Rock-Festival-2009.jpg
- **img capt**: Sirenia performing live at Norway Rock Festival in 2009
- **img size**: 250
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Stavanger, Norway
- **genre**: Gothic metal
Symphonic metal
- **years active**: 2001 – present
- **label**: Napalm Records
Nuclear Blast
- **associated acts**: Artifact
Tristania (band), Tristania
Sinphonia
Trail of Tears (band), Trail of Tears
- **url**: [http://www.mortenveland.com/sirenia/ www.sirenia.no]
- **current members**: Morten Veland
Ailyn
Jonathan Perez (musician), Jonathan Perez
Jan Erik Soltvedt
- **past members**: Henriette Bordvik
Kristian Gundersen
Monika Pedersen
Bjørnar Landa
Michael S. Krumins
Upasni Maharaj

**Upasni Maharaj** (May 15, 1870 – December 24, 1941) was a Hindu guru who lived in a small village called Sakori in Maharashtra, India. Upasni had been a yogi and after coming to the famous Indian saint Sai Baba of Shirdi, and staying in his care for three years, he is said to have become a sadguru. Upasni is most famous as the guru of Indian spiritual teacher Meher Baba. There are still disciples of Upasni Maharaj today who live in Sakori and take care of his temple there.

The principal teachings of Upasni Maharaj were:
1. Don't trouble others
1. Become useful to others, even if it costs you suffering.
1. Always remain content and in the state of _Be as it may._
Crucified Barbara

**Crucified Barbara** are a Swedish all-female band, formed in Stockholm in 1998.

The currents members on the band are:
- Mia Coldheart – Vocals, Guitar
- Klara Force – Guitar
- Ida Evileye – Bass
- Nicki Wicked – Drums

Their music can be described as a mix between heavy metal and rock music.

## History

Crucified Barbara started out in 1998 as a punk rock band, but they speedily changed their style to heavy metal. They signed  in 2003 with GMR music group of Stockholm. Recordings took place in Kristianopel, Sweden at Pama Studios/Blakk Records with producer-engineer Mankan Sedenberg during the spring of 2004. The single, for the debut album In Distortion We Trust, was 'Losing The Game'.  It was released on December 8, 2005 and went straight to no. 8 on the Swedish Hitlist.  The video was recorded and produced by M Industries. The debut album was released in Sweden on January 19th and is sold with a big interest in United States, United Kingdom and in half Europe.

## Old members

- Joey Nine - vocals (1998 - 2003)

### Albums

- 2005 - _In Distortion We Trust_

### Singles

- 2005 - _Losing The Game_
- 2005 - _Rock'n'Roll Bachelor_
- 2006 - _Play Me Hard_

In 2006 the band worked too in part of the Motörhead tribute album, called "St Valentine's Day Massacre".

## Tours

In November 2006, they supported Motörhead along with Clutch.

## Other websites

- CrucifiedBarbara.Com
- Crucified Barbara on MySpace

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Crucified Barbara
- **img**: Mia Coldheart.jpg
- **img capt**: Mia Coldheart, the singer/guitarist of **Crucified Barbara**
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Stockholm, Sweden
- **genre**: Heavy metal music, Heavy metal, thrash metal, glam metal, hard rock
- **years active**: 1998–present
- **url**: [http://www.crucifiedbarbara.com crucifiedbarbara.com]
- **current members**: Mia Coldheart
Klara Force
Ida Evileye
Nicki Wicked
John Mayer

**John Clayton Mayer** (surname pronunciation: ) (born October 16, 1977) is an American guitarist and singer-songwriter. From Connecticut, he went to the Berklee College of Music, before moving to Atlanta, Georgia, in 1998. His first two albums, _Room for Squares_ and _Heavier Things_, were successful and were made multi-platinum by the RIAA. In 2003, he won a Grammy Award for his song "Your Body Is a Wonderland". In 2005 he started a band called The John Mayer Trio with bassist Pino Palladino and drummer Steve Jordan. In 2006, he released his most successful album, Continuum. In 2008 a live cover he did of Michael Jackson's "Beat It" with Fall Out Boy was released.
He released _Battle Studies_ in 2009 and _Born and Raised_ in 2012. After _Born and Raised_, he had to have throat surgery to fix a growth that forced him to stop singing for a few months. When his throat healed, he recorded and released _Paradise Valley_. A few years later, he joined a few surviving members of the Grateful Dead to form Dead and Company. Since 2013, he has released two albums, _The Search for Everything_ and _Sob Rock_.

## Other websites

- Official John Mayer site
- Official John Mayer Trio site
- Mayer's MySpace page
- Mayer's blog at Honeyee.com
- Mayer's photoblog at StunningNikon.com

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **embed**: yes


## Infobox (person)

- **name**: John Mayer
- **image**: JohnMayerin2019.jpg
- **caption**: Mayer performing in 2019
- **birth name**: John Clayton Mayer
- **birth place**: Bridgeport, Connecticut, U.S.
- **height**: 190 cm
- **years active**: 1998–present
- **education**: Fairfield Warde High School
Burg Fürsteneck

**Burg Fürsteneck** is a castle in the middle of Germany between the towns of Fulda and Bad Hersfeld. It belongs to the commune of Eiterfeld. The castle at an altitude of 406 meters on a small plateau.

## History

Burg Fürsteneck belonged to the monastery of Fulda. It was first mentioned in 1309, but it might have been built one or two hundred years before. Since 1802 it became the property of the German state of Hesse. The castle Burg Fürsteneck is preserved completely in a good condition.

## Akademie Burg Fürsteneck

Since 1952 Burg Fürsteneck has been an academy for vocational and cultural education. It was rebuilt by the architect Otto Bartning. Each year about 4,000 participants take part in one of more than 175 courses, with 15.000 overnight stays.

## Literature

- August Straub: _Burgen und Schlösser im Hessenland._, Melsungen
- August Weber: _Die Geschichte des Kreises Hünfeld._ Fulda 1960
- Rudolf Christl et al.: _1150-Jahre Dorf und Markt Eiterfeld. Amt und Gericht Fürsteneck. 845 – 1995._ Eiterfeld 1995

## Other websites

- Homepage of Burg Fürsteneck
- European Nyckelharpa training in castle Burg Fürsteneck
- International Days of the Nyckelharpa
- Vocational course for medieval music
Pronunciation

**Pronunciation** is a way a word is usually spoken. It can be affected by many different factors:

1. Geographical location or dialect
1. Presence of speech defect
1. Ethnic group
1. Education level
1. Social class

**Mispronunciation** is an actual mistake in speaking. It is not used for how a speaker of a dialect pronounces a word. Examples occur in many place names and personal names. For instance, Leicester Square is actually pronounced like "Lester Square".

## Related pages

- Phonetics
- Accent
- Dialect
    - Dialects of English
- Register of a language
Margate

**Margate** is a town in Thanet, Kent, Southeast England. By a beach side
882

## Births

- February 8 – Muhammad ibn Tughj al-Ikhshid, leader of Egypt, started the Ikhshidid dynasty (d. 946)

## Deaths

- January 20 – King Louis the Younger of Saxony
- August 5 – King Louis III of France of Western Francia.
- December 16 – Pope John VIII
Henry I

Many different people were named **Henry I**, including

- Henry I of England, (1068 - 1135) King of England
- Henry I the Fowler, (876 - 935), King of the Germans (Holy Roman Emperor)
- Henry I of France
876

## Events

- Charles the Fat (Holy Roman Emperor), becomes Duke of Swabia

## Births

- Henry I the Fowler (_Heinrich der Vogler_) first King of the Germans
936

## Events

- The Kings of Wessex take control of Devon.
- Otto I crowned Holy Roman Emperor at Aachen.
- King Taejo of Goryeo defeats Hubaekje.
- Prince Bei, elder brother of the Liao Dynasty emperor, is murdered by the Later Tang Dynasty.
- Ibn Muqlah, Islamic calligrapher, is disgraced and imprisoned in Baghdad.
- Pope Leo VII succeeds Pope John XI as the 126th pope.

## Births

- Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi, Moorish scholar
- Li Houzhu, last Chinese emperor of the Southern Tang

## Deaths

- Henry I the Fowler, King of the Germans
- Gyeonhwon, King of Hubaekje
919

## Events

- Henry I the Fowler (Heinrich der Vogler) (876 – 936) becomes King of the Germans.
Robert I of France

**Robert I** (15 August 866 – 15 June 923) was the King of West Francia from 922 until his death in 923. He was the younger son of Robert the Strong, count of Anjou, and the brother of Odo of France.  Robert I was at the Siege of Paris in 885.  Robert had the title of _Dux Francorum_.  He did not call himself king of West Francia when his brother died in 898.  Instead he served the Carolingian king, Charles the Simple and defended northern Francia from the attacks of the Norsemen.

## Infobox (monarch)

- **name**: Robert I
- **title**: King of West Francia
- **image**: Robert Ier - roi des Francs.jpg
- **reign**: 922-923
- **predecessor**: Charles the Simple
- **successor**: Rudolph of France
- **issue**: Hugh the Great
- **father**: Robert the Strong
- **birth date**: 15 August 860
- **death date**: 15 June 923
- **death place**: Soissons, France
Rudolph of France

**Rudolph** (also **Radulf**, **Ralph**, or **Raoul**) (_c._ 890 – 15 January 936) was the Duke of Burgundy between 921 and 923.  He was King of France from July 13, 923 until his death. He married Emma of France, daughter of Robert I of France and Béatrice of Vermandois. The nobles elected him King of France after his father-in-law died.

## Infobox (royalty)

- **name**: Rudolph
- **title**: King of Western Francia
- **image**: Raoul Ier.jpg
- **caption**: An imagined image; no contemporary images exist.
- **reign**: 13 July 923 – 14/15 January 936
- **coronation**: 13 July 923, St Médard, Soissons
- **cor-type**: france
- **succession**: King of the Franks <small>Style of the French Sovereign#List of changes to the royal style, _(more...)_</small>
- **predecessor**: Robert I of France, Robert I
- **successor**: Louis IV of France, Louis IV
- **spouse**: Emma of France
- **royal house**: Bosonid dynasty, Bosonid
- **father**: Richard the Justiciar
- **mother**: Adelaide of Auxerre (born c. 849), Adelaide of Auxerre
- **birth date**: _c._ 890
- **death date**: 14/
(_c._ aged 45–46)
Louis IV of France

**Louis IV** (920 – September 10, 954), was king of France from 936 to 954. He was a member of the Carolingian dynasty and was son of Charles III and Eadgifu of England.

## Infobox (monarch)

- **name**: Louis IV
- **title**: King of West Francia
- **image**: Denier du Comté d'Angoulème au nom de Louis IV d'Outremer.jpg
- **reign**: 936-954
- **birth date**: September 920/921
- **birth place**: Laon, France
- **death date**: 10 September 954
- **death place**: Reims, France
Ratchet & Clank

**Ratchet & Clank** most often refers to:
- Ratchet & Clank, a video game series and media franchise

**Ratchet & Clank** could also refer to:
- Ratchet & Clank, a  2002 video game
- Ratchet & Clank, a  2016 video game
- Ratchet & Clank, a 2016 animated movie based on the video game series
Snow Patrol

**Snow Patrol** is an alternative rock band from Scotland and Northern Ireland. They are based in Glasgow and are signed to Polydor Records. Snow Patrol was started as an indie rock band, but began to play more alternative rock and pop songs. The band has released seven albums, _Songs for Polarbears_, _Final Straw_, _When It's All Over We Still Have to Clear Up_, _Eyes Open_, _A Hundred Million Suns_, _Fallen Empires_ and _Wildness_. _Eyes Open_ won the award for Best Irish Album at the National Irish Music Awards.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Snow Patrol
- **img**: Snow Patrol Werchter080619 10 (49920811201).jpg
- **landscape**: yes
- **img capt**: Snow Patrol performing in 2019
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Dundee, Scotland
- **genre**: Indie rock
Alternative rock
- **years active**: 1993–present
- **label**: Fiction Records, Fiction/Polydor Records, Polydor/A&M Records, A&M
Universal Music Group
- **associated acts**: The Cake Sale
The Reindeer Section
- **url**: [http://www.snowpatrol.com/ www.snowpatrol.com]
- **current members**: Gary Lightbody
Johnny McDaid
Nathan Connolly
- **past members**: Mark McClelland
Michael Morrison
Tom Simpson (musician), Tom Simpson
Paul Wilson (musician), Paul Wilson
Jonny Quinn
Pollyanna

***Pollyanna*** is a book for children written by Eleanor Hodgman Porter. It was published in 1913.

## Pollyanna-The game Story

A girl called Pollyanna is an orphan (her parents are dead). She goes to live with her Aunt Polly (who did not marry) in Beldingsville, Vermont. Pollyanna is happy all the time, and makes other people happy. She plays a game called the "glad game", where you find something to be happy about even when you are sad. Soon, everyone in the town is happy. An accident occurs and Pollyanna is left unable to move her legs.  She has to learn to be happy again, and then she gets better because a doctor makes her well again. Aunt Polly and the doctor marry.

## Summary of the story

Miss Polly Harrington is known around town for being a stern, hard woman who is set in her ways. So it is only a sense of duty that causes her to open her home to Pollyanna, her newly orphaned niece. But Pollyanna is a very special little girl, with a very special game that she teaches to the townspeople. Soon, everyone in town is happier, and glad that Pollyanna came into their lives - everyone, that is, but Aunt Polly. But then a terrible accident threatens to ruin Pollyanna's game forever, and everyone wonders who can teach this little girl to be happy again.

## Notes

If someone is called "Pollyanna", it means they are always happy like Pollyanna is. The "Pollyanna principle" means people say yes to positive statements (For example, instead of "What do you think of green?", you can say "Don't you agree that green is a nice colour?").

Pollyanna was an irrepressibly, cheerful child. So cheerful that her name survives in any standard American Dictionary. - 'an excessively or blindly optimistic person.'

## Other websites

- Text of the book
Middle Chinese

**Middle Chinese** (), or _Ancient Chinese_ as used by linguist Bernhard Karlgren is a name given to an older version of the Chinese language.  People spoke it during Southern and Northern Dynasties and the Sui, Tang, and Song dynasties (6th century - 10th century). The term "Middle Chinese", in contrast to Old Chinese and Modern Chinese, is usually used for historical Chinese phonology, which wants to reconstruct the pronunciation of Chinese used during these times.

Middle Chinese can be divided further. There was an early period and a later period. These can be told apart by the pronunciation of certain sounds that changed.
Uyghur people

The **Uyghurs** (wee-ger; 维吾尔人) are a Turkic people and a Central Asian ethnic group, living mainly in Xinjiang, nowadays a province located in the far northwest of China.  Over 11 million Uyghurs live there, far more than any other part of the world.

Many Uyghurs also live in Beijing, Shanghai and Taoyuan County (Hunan, South-Central China).  There are Uyghur diasporic communities in Turkey, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Pakistan and Mongolia.  However, the vast majority of Uyghurs live in their native homeland Xinjiang.

Uyghurs are mainly Sunni Muslim and speak Uyghur, a Turkic language. The Uyghur alphabet is based on the Arabic alphabet. The vast majority of Uyghurs follow the Hanafi school of Sunni Islam.

Most Uyghurs were originally from the ancient Karluk tribes of the Kara-Khanid Khanate and immigrated to what is now Xinjiang during the 8th or 9th centuries AD. Modern Uyghurs identify with the Karakhanids even though the name Uyghur was taken from the Manichaean Uyghur Khaganate and the Buddhist state of Qocho.

At a conference in Tashkent in 1921, representatives of the New Uyghur-speaking population of West Turkestan, whose language does not go back directly to the Old Uyghur of Mongolia, or only to a small extent, adopted the name "Uyghurs" for themselves.

Some Uyghurs seek independence from China.

## Related pages

- Turkic peoples
- Chinese people
- Xinjiang
- Xinjiang internment camps

## Infobox (ethnic group)

- **group**: Uyghur

- **image**: Uyghur-man-sunday-market-Kashgar.jpg
- **image caption**: Uyghur man at the Sunday market in Kashgar
- **region1**:
<small>(Xinjiang)</small>
- **pop1**: 11,303,355
- **pop2**: 223,100 (2009)
- **pop3**: 55,220 (2008)
- **pop4**: 49,000 (2009)
- **region5**: (Minorities in Turkey#Uyghurs, Uyghurs in Turkey)
- **pop5**: 45,800 (2010)
- **pop7**: ~50,000 (2013) (Saudi Labor Ministry)
- **pop8**: ~3,500 (2015) (Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria, Uyghur Turkistan Islamic Party members plus families in Zanbaqi (الزنبقي) in Jisr al-Shughur)
- **region9**:
(Uyghurs in Pakistan)
- **pop9**: ~1,000 families (2010)
- **pop10**: 3,696 (2010)
- **pop11**: 197 (2001)
- **languages**: Uyghur language, Uyghur
- **religions**: Sunni Islam (Hanafi)
- **related-c**: other Turkic peoples
Chopstick rest

A  is a piece of tableware. It is used to keep chopsticks away from the table and also to prevent used chopsticks from coming in contact with or rolling off tables. Chopstick rests are made in various shapes from clay, wood, glass, or precious stone such as jade. Some people prepare them from bags of half-split disposable chopsticks in origami manner.

In Japan, chopstick rests are usually used at formal dinners and placed on the front-left side of the dishes. The chopsticks are placed parallel to the table edge with the points toward the left.

## Related pages

- Chopsticks
- Spoon rest
- Knife rest

## Other websites

- Chopstick rest Collection, A collection of hashioki
- Chopstick rest stock photos and images , Fotosearch
- Erick's Chopstick Rests (Hashi Oki) Page
- Jen's Chopstick Rests Gallery
- Jurek Zarzycki's Chopstick Rests collection
- Chopstick rests , Asian Art Mall
- Chopstick Rest , Mrs. Lin's Kitchen
Grindelwald

**Grindelwald** is a municipality in the administrative district of Interlaken-Oberhasli  in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. It is at the base of the railway to the Jungfraujoch.

## Other websites

- Grindelwald official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Grindelwald
- **municipality name**: Grindelwald
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Grindelwald COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Grindelwald.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Bern
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BE
- **district**: Interlaken-Oberhasli (administrative district), Interlaken-Oberhasli
- **postal code**: 3818
- **municipality code**: 0576
- **area**: 171.1
- **elevation**: 1034
- **population**: 3760
- **populationof**: December 2002
- **website**: www.grindelwald.com
- **mayor**: Emanuel Schlaeppi
- **places**: Alpiglen, Grund, Itramen, Mühlebach, Schwendi, Tschingelberg, Wargistal
- **neighboring municipalities**: Brienz, Brienzwiler, Fieschertal (VS), Guttannen, Innertkirchen, Iseltwald, Lauterbrunnen, Lütschental, Meiringen, Schattenhalb
- **twintowns**: Azumi (Minamiazumi), Nagano, Azumi, now Matsumoto, Nagano, Matsumoto (Japan)
Solvation

**Solvation**, commonly called **dissolution**, is the process of attraction and association of molecules of a solvent with molecules or ions of a solute. If the molecules or ions of the solute are more strongly attracted to the molecules of the solvent than to each other, solvation can occur.

The solvation is the action of dissolving the mix to form the solution.

## Related pages

- Solubility
- Solution

## More reading

- (part A),  (part B),  (part C)
Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz

The **Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz** was a duchy in northern Germany,  it was about the same as the modern rural district of Mecklenburg-Strelitz.  The duchy also had three exclaves near the town of Fürstenberg and the area around Ratzeburg in modern Schleswig-Holstein.

## History

The Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz was set up in 1701. The capital was Neustrelitz. In 1808, the duchy joined the Confederation of the Rhine.  The Congress of Vienna made it a grand duchy and member of the German Confederation.  Mecklenburg-Strelitz joined the North German Confederation in 1867, and became a part of the German Empire in 1871.  On January 1, 1934 it was joined with the neighbouring state of Mecklenburg-Schwerin to form the State of Mecklenburg (today part of the federal state of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania).

The US county Mecklenburg (Charlotte, North Carolina) is named after Mecklenburg-Strelitz and Strelitz-born Princess Charlotte (queen consort of King George III of the United Kingdom). The flower _Strelitzia_ ("Bird of Paradise") also is in honor of her home country. Queen Luise of Prussia also was a born princess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz.

## Dukes of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, 1701–1815

- Adolf Friedrich II 1701–1708
- Adolf Friedrich III 1708–1752
- Adolf Friedrich IV 1752–1794
- Karl II of Mecklenburg-Strelitz 1794–1815

## Grand Dukes of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, 1815–1918

- Charles II, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz 1815–1816
- Georg, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz 1816–1860
- Friedrich Wilhelm 1860–1904
- Adolf Friedrich V 1904–1914
- Adolf Friedrich VI 1914–1918
- Friedrich Franz IV, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin 1918 (Regent)

## Other websites

- House of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
- Map of Mecklenburg in 1789

## Infobox (former country)

- **native name**: _Herzogtum Mecklenburg-Strelitz_
- **conventional long name**: Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
- **common name**: Mecklenburg-Strelitz
- **government type**: Duchy
- **status**: Duchy
- **empire**: Holy Roman Empire
- **status text**: states of the Holy Roman Empire, State of the Holy Roman Empire <small>(until 1806)</small>
Independent duchy <small>(1806–1808)</small>
Member of the Confederation of the Rhine <small>(1808–1813)</small>
Independent duchy <small>(1813–1815)</small>
- **year start**: 1701
- **year end**: 1815
- **event start**: Treaty of Hamburg
- **event end**: Raised to Grand Duchy
- **p1**: Duchy of Mecklenburg
- **flag p1**: Flagge Großherzogtümer Mecklenburg.svg
- **s1**: Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
- **flag s1**: Flagge Großherzogtümer Mecklenburg.svg
- **image flag**: Flagge Großherzogtümer Mecklenburg.svg
- **image coat**: Wappen Mecklenburg-Strelitz 2.svg
- **image map**: Karte-Mecklenburg.png
- **image map caption**: Mecklenburg-Strelitz
- **capital**: Strelitz then Neustrelitz
- **leader1**: Adolphus Frederick II
- **leader2**: Adolphus Frederick III
- **leader3**: Adolphus Frederick IV
- **leader4**: Charles II
- **year leader1**: 1701–1708
- **year leader2**: 1708–1752
- **year leader3**: 1752–1794
- **year leader4**: 1794–1815
- **title leader**: Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
771

## Events

- Charlemagne becomes King of all the Franks after the death of his brother Carloman

## Deaths

- 4 December: Carloman, brother of Charlemagne
Pica (disorder)

**Pica** ( ) is an eating disorder where a person wants to eat things that are not normal to eat, for example nails, rocks or feces. A person with pica may also have a strong want to eat unusual things that are normally considered food but not in the normal way, for example, uncooked potatoes, flour or starch. It is common in small children.

## Infobox (disease)

- **name**: Pica
- **image**: Glore Stomach Display.jpg
- **caption**: Stomach contents of a psychiatric inpatient with pica
- **diseasesdb**: 29704
- **icd10**: ,
- **emedicinesubj**: ped
- **emedicinetopic**: 1798
- **meshid**: D010842
Camillo Berneri

**Camillo Berneri** (also known as **Camillo da Lodi**; 1877, Lodi–May 5 1937, Barcelona) was an Italian professor of philosophy, anarchist militant, propagandist and theorist.

Berneri, a World War I veteran, University of Florence professor of humanities, and a member of the Unione Anarchica Italiana, fought always Fascists, and he started to fight fascism until 1926, when he was forced to escape from Italy and he went in France, then Switzerland, Germany, Belgium, Luxembourg, and finally the Netherlands. In all these countries, Berneri was frequently placed under arrest, and then often expelled, because he was an anarchist. When he was in these countries he wrote lot of anti-clerical and anti-fascist articles.

With Carlo Rosselli, Berneri organized the first troop (column) of Italian volunteers to fight in the Spanish Civil War against Francisco Franco. After months he became highly critical of the involvement of Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT) members in the Popular Front government, and he sent a letter to Federica Montseny (Anarchist minister for Health in the government against fascism).

During the Barcelona May Days, as troop of Communist Party of Spain members (apparently under orders from Joseph Stalin) searched  and then murdered him. His body, riddled with bullets, was found during the night, near the headquarters of the Generalitat de Catalunya.

He was married to Giovanna Berneri and was father of Marie Louise Berneri and Giliane Berneri. The children were anarchists like their father Camillo.

## Related pages

- Anarchism in Italy

## Other websites

- Camillo Berneri Page  on the Anarchist Encyclopedia site
- The Writings of Camillo Berneri
Scenario

In context with theatre and movies a **scenario** (from Italian, _that which is pinned to the scenery_) is a description of an event or series of actions and events. In the _Commedia dell'arte_ it was an outline of entrances, exits, and action describing the story of a play that was literally pinned to the back of the scenery.

Surviving scenari from the Renaissance contain little other than character names, brief descriptions of action, and references to specific lazzi with no further explanation. It is believed that a scenario forms the basis of a fully improvisational performance though it is also likely that they were simple reminders of the plot for those members of the cast who were literate.

In the creation of an opera or ballet, a scenario is often developed initially to indicate how the original source, if any, is to be adapted.  This sketch can be helpful in "pitching" the idea to a prospective producer, director, or composer.

Scenarios are also used in policy planning, and when trying out strategies against uncertain future developments. Here the key idea is for the scenario to be an overview, a summary, of a projected course of action, events or situations. Scenarios are widely used by organizations of all types to understand different ways that future events might unfold.
Scenario (disambiguation)

**Scenario** may refer to:
- Scenario, a brief description of an event.
- Screenplay, in movies.
- Scenario (computing), a typical interaction between the user and the system or between two software components.
- Scenario analysis, a process of analysing possible future events by considering alternative possible outcomes.
- Scenario paintball, a variant of the game of paintball.
- Scenario planning, a strategic planning method that some organisations use to make flexible long-term plans.
- Scenario test, a test based on a hypothetical story used to help a person think through a complex problem or system.
- Kingmaker scenario, in a game of three or more players, is an endgame situation where a losing player, him- or herself unable to win, has the capacity to determine which player among others is the winner.
- User scenario, used to communicate an idea for a product or experience involving interactivity.
- Scenario (song), a 1992 song by hip-hop group, A Tribe Called Quest.
Wu Cheng'en

**Wu Cheng'en** (, ca. 1500–1582), courtesy name **Ruzhong** (汝忠), was a Chinese novelist and poet of the Ming Dynasty. He was born in _Huainan, Jiangsu_. He studied in ancient Nanjing University for more than 10 years.

His most famous novel is _Journey to the West_ in which a monk travels westwards in search of sacred buddhist scriptures.  The novel has been enjoyed by many generations of Chinese and is the most popular Chinese classic folk novel. The most famous English translation of the novel is by Arthur Waley and entitled _Monkey_.

## Related pages

- List of Chinese writers

## References

- Zhou, Xianshen, _Encyclopedia of China_, 1st ed.
Arthur Waley

**Arthur David Waley** (19 August 1889 – 27 June 1966) was a famous English Orientalist and Sinologist.

## Life

Waley was born in Tunbridge Wells, Kent England, as **Arthur David Schloss**. He changed his surname to the maiden name of his grandmother, Waley, in 1914, because he was a Jew. He was appointed Assistant Keeper of Oriental Prints and Manuscripts at the British Museum in 1913. During this time he taught himself Chinese and Japanese. In 1929, he left to concentrate himself fully to his literary and cultural interests.

## Selected works

- _A Hundred and Seventy Chinese Poems_, 1918
- _More Translations from the Chinese_ (Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1919).
- _Japanese Poetry: The Uta_, 1919
- _The Nō Plays of Japan_, 1921
- _The Tale of Genji_, by Lady Murasaki, 1921-1933
- _The Temple and Other Poems_, 1923
- _Introduction to the Study of Chinese Painting_, 1923
- _The Pillow Book of Sei Shōnagon_, 1928
- _The Way and its Power: A Study of the Tao Te Ching and its Place in Chinese Thought_, 1934
- _The Book of Songs_ (_Shih Ching_), 1937
- _The Analects of Confucius_, 1938
- _Three Ways of Thought in Ancient China_, 1939
- _Translations from the Chinese_, a compilation, 1941
- _Monkey_, 1942
- _Chinese Poems_, 1946
- _The Life and Times of Po Chü-I_, 1949
- _The Real Tripitaka and Other Pieces_, 1952
- _The Nine Songs: A Study of Shamanism in Ancient China_, 1955
- _Yuan Mei: Eighteenth Century Chinese Poet_, 1956
- _The Opium War through Chinese Eyes_, 1958
- _The Poetry and Career of Li Po_, 1959
- _Ballads and Stories from Tun-Huang_, 1960
- _The Secret History of the Mongols_, 1963

## References

- Alison Waley, **A Half of Two Lives** (London, 1982)
- Ivan I. Morris, **Madly Singing in the Mountains: An Appreciation and Anthology of Arthur Waley** (London,: Allen & Unwin, 1970).
- John Walter de Gruchy, **Orienting Arthur Waley: Japonism, Orientalism, and the Creation of Japanese Literature in English** Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 2003. .

## Other websites

- Warring States Project, University of Massachusetts Biography http://www.umass.edu/wsp/sinology/persons/waley.html
- Waley's translation of _The Way and its Power_
Oriental studies

**Oriental studies** include Near Eastern and Far Eastern societies and cultures, languages, and peoples and their histories; in recent years the term Asian studies has mostly replaced the older term. European study of the region had primarily religious origins, which has remained an important motivation until recent times.

## Related pages

- Indology
- Islamic studies
- Japan studies
- Orientalism
- Sinology
Lev Chernyi

**Lev Chernyi** (18??-1921) was a Russian anarchist poet who was imprisoned in Siberia under the Russian Czarist regime for his revolutionary activities.

## Articles

In 1907, he published a book entitled _Associational Anarchism_, in which he speak about the "free association of independent individuals.". Chernyi was greatly influenced by individualist-anarchist Max Stirner.

On his return from Siberia in 1917 he enjoyed great popularity among Moscow workers. He was also Secretary of the Moscow Federation of Anarchist Groups, which was formed in March, 1917.

In the spring of 1918, in reaction to the growing repression of all opposition and free expression, the anarchist groups within the Moscow Federation formed armed gangs, the Black Guards, and Lev Chernyi played an active part in these.

On the night of April 11, 1918 the Cheka, the secret police, attacked the building of the Moscow Federation, and the Black Guards offered armed resistance. About forty anarchists were killed or striked and about five hundred were imprisoned.

In 1919 Chernyi joined a group called the Underground Anarchists, who published two numbers of a broadsheet which denounced the Communist dictatorship as the biggest tyranny in human history. On September 25, 1919, a little group of social revolutionaries and anarchists bombed the headquarters of the "Moscow Committee" of the Communist Party in protest at the growing repression. Twelve Communists were killed and forty-five others were mutilated.

## Death

August, 1921, the Moscow _Izvestia_ published an official report announcing that ten "anarchist bandits" had been shot without hearing or trial. Among the dead was Lev Chernyi although Paul Avrich indicates in two of his books on the Russian anarchists that Chernyi was executed in September of that year, not August. Although he was not involved in the bombing of the Moscow Communist headquarters, he was, because of his association with the Underground Anarchists, a likely candidate for a frame-up. The Communists refused to turn over his body to his family for burial, and there were persistent rumors that he had in fact died of torture.
Luigi Fabbri

**Luigi Fabbri** (23 December 1877 – 24 June 1935) was an Italian anarchist, writer, agitator and propagandist who was charged with defeatism during the World War I. He was the father of Luce Fabbri and Vero Fabbri

## Life and death

Born in Fabriano (Ancona), Italy in 1877, Fabbri was first sentenced for anarchist activities at the age of 16 in Ancona, and spent many years in and out of Italian prisons. Fabbri was a long time supporter of  to the anarchist press in Europe and later South America, including co-editing, with Errico Malatesta, the paper _L'Agitazione_.  He helped edit the paper "Università popolare" in Milan.Fabbri was a delegate to the International Anarchist Congress held in Amsterdam in 1907. He died in Montevideo, Uruguay in 1935.

## Works

- _Life of Malatesta _, translated by Adam Wight (originally published 1936).
- _Malatesta: L'Uomo e il Pensiero_
- _Bourgeoise Influences on Anarchism_
- _Letters to a Woman on Anarchy_, 1905
- _Workers' Organisation and Anarchy_, 1906 pamphlet
- _The School and the Revolution_, 1912
- _Letters to a Socialist_, 1913
- _The Aware Generation_, 1913
- _Dictatorship and Revolution_, 1921
- _Preventive Counter-revolution_, 1922
- Editor of _L'Agitazione_
- Founded _Il Pensiero_ ("The Think"), _Lotta Umana_ (Uman Fight), _Studi Sociale_ (Social Study)
- Contributed to _La Question Sociale_ (Social Question), _Pensiero e Volonta_, _Fede Libero Accordo_, _L'Avvenire Sociale_

## Other websites

- "Libcom" page on Fabbri