juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
MIT License

The **MIT License** is a free software license that was created at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). It is a permissive license, meaning that it allows programmers to put the code in proprietary software on the condition that the license is given with that software, and GPL-compatible, meaning that the GPL permits programmers to combine and redistribute it with software that uses the MIT License.

According to the Free Software Foundation, the MIT License is more accurately called the **X11 license**, since MIT has used many licenses for software and the license was first written for the X Window System.

Software that use the MIT License include Expat, PuTTY, Mono development platform class libraries, Ruby on Rails, Cakephp, Twisted, Lua 5.0 onwards and the X Window System, which the license was written for.

Some software are dual licensed under the MIT License, such as older versions of the cURL library, which allowed recipients to choose either the Mozilla Public License or the MIT License.

## License

This is the license:

<pre>
Copyright (c) <year> <copyright holders>

Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:

The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
all copies or substantial portions of the Software.

THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
THE SOFTWARE.
</pre>

## Related pages

- List of software licenses

## Other websites

- The MIT License template
- The X Window System Trap by Richard Stallman

## Infobox (software license)

- **name**: MIT License/X11 license
- **author**: Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- **version**: N/A
- **date**: 1988
- **osi approved**: Yes
- **debian approved**: Yes
- **free software**: Yes
- **gpl compatible**: Yes
- **copyleft**: No
- **linking**: Yes
Blender (magazine)

***Blender*** is an American music magazine that self-identifies as "the ultimate guide to music and more." It is also known for sometimes having pictures of female celebrities that showing them with a lot of their body uncovered. It puts together lists of albums, artists, and songs, including both "best of" lists and "worst of" lists. In each issue, there is a review of an artist's entire discography, with a review of each album. The magazine teamed up with VH1 to create the "50 Most Awesomely Bad Songs".

_Blender_ is published by Dennis Publishing. The magazine was started in 1994 as the first digital CD-ROM magazine by Jason Pearson, David Cherry & Regina Joseph, acquired by Felix Dennis/Dennis Publishing, UK. It published 15 digital CD issues, and launched on the web in 1997. It started publishing a print edition again in 1999 in the same form that it does today. Blender CD-ROM showcased the earliest digital editorial (paper) formats, as well as the first forms of digital advertising. The first digital advertisers included: Calvin Klein, Apple Computer, Toyota and Nike.

## Other websites

- Official _Blender_ website
Discography

**Discography** is the study and listing of sound recordings. The word comes from the word "disc", which is the most commonly used term for describing the format used most for sound recordings in the 20th century, and the _-graph_ suffix meaning something written.

A listing of all recordings of a musician or singer is usually called their "discography". Discographies may also be created based on a particular musical genre or record label, for example, so that all artists in a genre, or that have contracts with a certain label, are listed together.

The term "discography" became popular in the 1930s by collectors of jazz records. Jazz fans did research and self-published discographies about when jazz records were made and what musicians were on the records, as record companies did not commonly include that information on/with the records at that time.

## Related pages

- Audio engineering

## Other websites

- "Magnificent Obsession: The Discographers" article by Jerry Atkins
Euoplocephalus

***Euplocephalus*** (meaning "well-armored head") was a large armored dinosaur, measuring about 20 feet (6 m) long; it weighed about 2 tons. Its wide head had a horny, toothless beak, small, peg-like cheek teeth, bony horns, and a small brain. Among its contemporaries were the large meat-eating _Tyrannosaurus_ and _Deinonychus_.

Fossils from more than 40 individuals have been discovered in Alberta, Canada and Montana in the United States, making _Euoplocephalus_ the best known ankylosaurid. This includes 15 skulls, teeth, and a few almost-complete skeletons, found with the armor still attached. Individual armor plates are the most commonly found element from them.
Progressive metal

**Progressive metal** (often called **prog metal**) is a sub-genre of heavy metal music that mixes the powerful, guitar-driven sound of metal with the complexity of progressive rock, which includes odd time signatures and complicated instrumental playing. Some progressive metal bands are also influenced by jazz fusion and classical music. Like progressive rock songs, progressive metal songs are usually much longer than other metal songs, and they are often themed in concept albums. As a result, progressive metal is rarely heard on mainstream radio and video programs.

## History

Progressive metal started with progressive rock bands from the late 1960s and early to mid-1970s such as Yes, Pink Floyd, Jethro Tull, King Crimson, Genesis, Kansas and Rush. It did not evolve into a genre of its own until the mid-1980s. Bands such as Queensrÿche, Fates Warning and Dream Theater took certain aspects of progressive rock music and mixed them with heavy metal styles.

## Related pages

- Progressive rock
- Heavy metal

## Infobox (music genre)

- **name**: Progressive metal
- **bgcolor**: #BB0022
- **color**: white
- **stylistic origins**: Progressive rock, Heavy metal music, heavy metal
- **cultural origins**: 1970s, United States, United Kingdom, Ireland, Canada
- **popularity**: Worldwide popularity among followers of heavy metal music, heavy metal and progressive rock music styles.
Mamenchisaurus

***Mamenchisaurus*** was a long-necked, plant-eating sauropod dinosaur. It had the longest necks of any known dinosaur. _Mamenchisaurus_ was first discovered in 1952 on the construction site of the Yitang Highway in Sichuan Province of China. There are a number of species.

Its neck was about 46 feet (14 m). It had 19 vertebrae in its neck, more than any other known dinosaur. _Mamenchisaurus_ was about 70 to 80 feet (21 to 25 m) long and weighed roughly 12 tons (11 tonnes).

Its hind legs were longer than the front legs; these hind legs were similar to the legs of _Diplodocus_. Its skull however, was box-shaped, unlike _Diplodocus_' elongated snout.
Così fan tutte

***Così fan tutte, ossia La scuola degli amanti*** (_Women are like that, or The school for lovers_) is an _opera buffa_ with music by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and an Italian libretto by Lorenzo Da Ponte. _Così_ was first performed at the Burgtheater in Vienna on 26 January 1790.

Legend says the opera was based on a real-life incident that occurred in Vienna. In the 19th century, the opera was considered somewhat naughty, and was rarely performed. Modern critics however believe that the music is some of Mozart's finest, and the opera is now frequently performed around the world.

## Cast

- Fiordiligi (soprano), Dorabella's sister and Guglielmo's lover
- Dorabella (soprano), Fiordiligi's sister and Ferrando's lover
- Ferrando (tenor), a soldier and Dorabella's lover
- Guglielmo (bass), a soldier and Fiordiligi's lover
- Despina (soprano), maid to Fiordiligi and Dorabella
- Don Alfonso (bass), a cynical bachelor

## Story

The opera is set in Naples in the 18th century. Don Alfonso wagers two young soldiers that their sweethearts will prove unfaithful if given the chance. The men accept the bet. They tell their sweethearts that they have been called to the front and leave Naples.

They return however as turban-clad, moustache-wearing "Albanians" to woo each other's sweetheart. With the conniving of Despina, the two sisters consent to marry the foreigners. At the last moment, the men remove their disguises, and rebuke their faithless sweethearts.

## Infobox (opera)

- **name**: Così fan tutte
- **translated name**: Women are like that
- **image**: Mozart drawing Doris Stock 1789.jpg
- **image size**: 220px
- **caption**: Portrait by Doris Stock, 1789
- **genre**: Opera buffa in 2 acts
- **composer**: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
- **librettist**: Lorenzo Da Ponte
- **language**: Italian
- **premiere location**: Burgtheater
Vienna
26 January 1790
Revolver (magazine)

***Revolver*** is a monthly hard rock and heavy metal magazine published by Future US. It started as a magazine that was about more popular styles of music, but then changed to what it is now. The magazine is put together a lot like _Spin_, and also writes about the heavy metal and punk subcultures.  It has cover stories (usually centering on a band's new album, song, or upcoming tour), album reviews, instrument reviews, and a section for readers to get advice from a celebrity.

Another notable feature of the magazine is its coverage of underground and up-and-coming bands from all over the world.  Instead of focusing only on the most popular bands, _Revolver_ introduces a lot that are not played on the radio or on MTV.

Its slogan is: "The World's Loudest Rock Magazine!"

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (magazine)

- **title**: Revolver
- **image size**: 200px
- **editor**: Tom Beaujour
- **editor title**: Editor in Chief
- **frequency**: Monthly
- **circulation**: 150,000
- **category**: Music magazine
- **publisher**: Future US, Inc.
- **firstdate**: Spring 2000
- **language**: English language, English
- **website**: [http://www.revolvermag.com www.revolvermag.com]
- **issn**: 1527-408X
- **price**: USD 4.95
University of York

The **University of York** is a research-intensive university in the city of York, England. York University began in 1963, and has more than 30 departments and centres, covering many subjects.

Despite its relatively young age, the university has a big reputation. York has been named the 8th best "young university" in the world, and first in the UK, building a "reputation to rival Oxford and Cambridge".

The university is among the top 10 in the country, top 20 universities in Europe, and ranked 96th in the world, according to the 2011 QS World University Rankings. This places York in the top 1% of all higher education institutions across the globe.

In the last Research Assessment Exercise in 2008, York was also named as the 8th best research institution in the United Kingdom. The university was named Sunday Times university of the year in 2003 and Times Higher Education university of the year in 2010. In 2012, The University of York was invited to join the Russell Group in recognition of the institution's world-leading research and outstanding teaching.

## Other websites

- University of York – official website
- University of York Students' Union ("YUSU")
- University of York LGBT Website

## Infobox (university)

- **name**: University of York
- **image**: York central hall.jpg
- **caption**: Central Hall
- **motto lang**: Latin
- **established**: 1963
- **type**: Public
- **endowment**: £7.5 million
- **chancellor**: Greg Dyke
- **vice chancellor**: Brian Cantor
- **staff**: 3,082
- **students**: 13,270
- **undergrad**: 9,105
- **postgrad**: 4,165
- **city**: York
- **country**: United Kingdom
- **campus**: Suburban
- **sports**: BUSA
- **website**: [http://www.york.ac.uk/ www.york.ac.uk]
Magazine circulation

A **magazine's circulation** is the number of copies it usually distributes for each issue. It is one of the main factors used to determine how much money they will charge businesses to advertise in the magazine. Circulation is not always the same as copies sold, which is usually called paid circulation, because many magazines are distributed to readers without making them pay anything. This is more true for magazines dealing with business and professional topics. When determining readership figures, which is how many people read an issue, the number is usually considered to be higher than the circulation figures because of the assumption that most copies of the magazine are read by more than one person. In many countries, circulation figures are checked by companies that do not work for the magazine, such as the Audit Bureau of Circulations, to make sure that the numbers a publisher gives to advertisers is accurate.
Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa

**Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa von Nettesheim** (14 September 1486 – 18 February 1535) was a German occult writer, astrologer, and alchemist.

## His life

Agrippa was born in Cologne in 1486. In 1512, he taught at the University of Dole in France.

In 1510, he studied briefly with Johannes Trithemius.

During this part of his life in Germany, France and Italy, he worked as a theologian, physician, legal expert and soldier.

He was for some time in the service of Maximilian I.

According to his student Johann Weyer, in the book _De praestigiis daemonum_, Agrippa died in Grenoble, in 1535.

## Partial works

- _De occulta philosophia libri tres._ Ed. Vittoria Perrone Compagni. Leiden and Boston: Brill, 1992: .
- _Three Books Of Occult Philosophy._ Trans. J. F. Edited by Donald Tyson. St. Paul, MN: Llewellyn, 1993: .
- _Declamation on the Nobility and Preeminence of the Female Sex._ Trans. Albert Rabil, Jr. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996:
Paracelsus

**Paracelsus** (11 November or 17 December 1493 in Einsiedeln, Switzerland – 24 September 1541 in Salzburg, Austria) was a Swiss-Austrian alchemist, physician, astrologer, and general occultist. The name "Paracelsus" was a nickname: it means "equal to or greater than Celsus", and refers to his medical skill. He was born Phillip von Hohenheim.

He gained his doctorate degree from the University of Ferrara in 1515 or 1516.

He gave zinc its name (in Latin as "zincum"). He also named the cyanobacterium _Nostoc_, which is a long-chain colonial bacterium. The adjective "bombastic" comes from his family name. It refers to his arrogance.

Paracelsus was responsible for the creation of laudanum, an alcoholic herbal opium preparation. It was in common use up to the 19th century. Like most of the alchemists, he was a notable botanist. He wrote various books, but especially his major work (title translated as: _On the miners' sickness and other diseases of miners_). This listed the occupational hazards of metalworking, including treatment and prevention strategies. He also wrote a book on the human body which contradicted Galen's ideas. He disagreed with Galen's idea of four humours, and instead believed that disease could come from an external source.

### During his lifetime

- _Die große Wundarzney_, 1536.
- _Vom Holz Guaico_, 1529.
- _Vonn dem Bad Pfeffers in Oberschwytz gelegen, 1535.
- _Prognostications_, 1536.

### Selected translations

- _The Hermetic and Alchemical writings of Paracelsus_. (translated by Arthur Edward Waite) 2 vols, London, 1894. (in Google books), see also a revised 2002 edition (preview only) Partial contents: Coelum philosophorum; The book concerning the tincture of the philosophers; The treasure of treasures for alchemists; The aurora of the philosophers; alchemical catechism.
- _The Archidoxes of Magic'' by Theophrastus Paracelsus, translated by Robert Turner. Facsimile reprint of the 1656 edition with introduction by Stephen Skinner, Ibis Publishing, 2004.
Morris

**Maurice de Bevere** (December 1, 1923 - July 16, 2001), better known as **Morris**, was a Belgian cartoonist and the creator of _Lucky Luke_.

## Biography

He was born in Kortrijk, Belgium and started drawing in the Compagnie Belge d'Actualités (CBA) animations studios, a small and short-lived animation studio in Belgium where he met Peyo and André Franquin.
After a war, the company went bankrupt and Morris worked as an illustrator for _Het Laatste Nieuws_, a Flemish newspaper, and _Le Moustique_, a weekly magazine published by Dupuis, for which he made some 250 covers and numerous other illustrations, mainly caricatures of movie stars.

He died in 2001 by an accidental fall.

## Awards

- 1972: Grand Prix Saint-Michel, Brussels, Belgium
- 1992: Angoulême International Comics Festival, 20th anniversary Grand Prix de la ville d'Angoulême

## Other sources

<div class="references-small">
- Morris publications in _Spirou_ and _Pilote_ BDoubliées
- Morris albums Bedetheque
</div>
Palos Verdes blue

The **Palos Verdes blue butterfly** is a small endangered butterfly that can be seen near the Palos Verdes Peninsula in southwest Los Angeles County, California. So far, it can only be seen here and might be one of the rarest butterflies in the world.

## Description

This butterfly has a wingspan of only 25–30 mm.  The male has a bright silvery-blue dorsal wing outlined in a narrow line of black, while the female’s dorsal wing is a more brownish-gray color.  Both males and females have gray ventral wings with dark spots surrounded by white rings.

## Conservation

_G. lygdamus palosverdesensis_ was listed as an endangered species by the Fish and Wildlife Service  on July 2, 1980. Insects are not currently protected by California law.

The main threat to the Palos Verdes blue has been the destruction of their living space by weeds, which has negative effects on the larval foodplants needed.
Wingspan

The **wingspan** of an airplane or a bird is the distance from the tip of one wing to the tip of the other. The wingspan of an aircraft is always measured in a straight line, from wingtip to wingtip, independently of wing shape or sweep.

To measure the wingspan of a bird, a live or freshly dead specimen is placed flat on its back, the wings are grasped at the wrist joints and ankles, and then the distance is measured between the tips of the longest primary feathers on each wing.
Talent agent

A **talent agent**, or **booking agent**, is a person who finds jobs for actors, musicians, models, and other people in different entertainment businesses. Agents make their money by taking a percentage of the money that their client is paid.
Félix Houphouët-Boigny

**Félix Houphouët-Boigny** (; 18 October 1905 – 7 December 1993) was the first President of Côte d'Ivoire. He was president until he died in 1993.

## Infobox (president)

- **name**: Félix Houphouët-Boigny
- **nationality**: Ivorian
- **image**: Houphouet-Boigny.jpg
- **order**: List of heads of state of Côte d'Ivoire, 1st President of Côte d'Ivoire
- **term start**: 3 November 1960
- **term end**: 7 December 1993
- **predecessor**: _None (position first established)_
- **successor**: Henri Konan Bédié
- **birth place**: Yamoussoukro, Côte d'Ivoire
- **death place**: Côte d'Ivoire
- **spouse**: Marie-Thérèse Houphouët-Boigny
- **party**: Democratic Party of Côte d'Ivoire
- **order2**: Prime Minister of Côte d'Ivoire
- **term start2**: 7 August 1960
- **term end2**: 27 November 1960
- **predecessor2**: _None (position first established)_
- **successor2**: _None (position abolished)_
University of Cambridge

The **University of Cambridge** (also called **Cambridge University**) is in Cambridge, England. It is the second-oldest university in all English-speaking countries. It is one of the world's leading places of learning.

The University started as a group of scholars in the city of Cambridge. This may have started in 1209 when scholars left Oxford after a fight with local people. The universities of Oxford and Cambridge are often called _Oxbridge_. This is not a different university. It is a way of saying Oxford and Cambridge together. Cambridge University and Oxford University are both crucial to the history of England.

## Infobox (university)

- **name**: University of Cambridge
- **caption**: Coat of arms of the University of Cambridge, Coat of arms
- **latin name**: Universitas Cantabrigiensis
- **motto**: (Latin)
- **mottoeng**: ***Literal:*** From here, light and sacred draughts
***Non-literal:*** From this place, we gain enlightenment and precious knowledge
- **established**: Circa, c. 1209
- **type**: public university, Public research university
- **endowment**: Pounds sterling, £6.441 billion (including colleges)
- **budget**: £1.965 billion (excluding colleges)
- **chancellor**: David Sainsbury, Baron Sainsbury of Turville
- **vice chancellor**: Stephen Toope
- **students**: ()
- **undergrad**: ()
- **postgrad**: ()
- **city**: Cambridge
- **country**: England, United Kingdom
- **campus**: University town

- **athletics**: The Sporting Blue
- **colours**: Cambridge Blue
- **logo size**: 255px
- **affiliations**: Russell Group
European University Association
G5 universities
Golden triangle (universities), Golden triangle
League of European Research Universities
International Alliance of Research Universities, IARU
- **faculty**: 7,913
- **staff**: 3,615
Carpals

**Carpals** are bones found in the hand. They are also called wrist bones as they are in the wrist. There are eight carpals in each hand.  Any easy way to remember the eight bones in order is "Some Lovers Try Positions That They Can't Handle." for Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform, Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate.

## Individual Carpals

The eight carpals are:
- Pisiform
- Triquetrum (also called Triangular)
- Hamate
- Capitate
- Scaphoid
- Trapezium
- Trapezoid
- Lunate
Orient Express

The **Orient Express** is the name for a passenger train (and its route). Originally it ran from Paris to Istanbul. The final service was an overnight train between Strasbourg and Vienna (it joined with the sleeper from Amsterdam in Karlsruhe). The service ended in 2009.
Sleeping car

The **sleeping car** or **sleeper** is a part of a train with beds built in, mostly for making nighttime travel more restful.

## Other websites

- A. Philip Randolph / Sleeping Car Porters
- The _Abraham Lincoln_ 1910 Heavyweight Pullman Business Car — photographs and short history.
Robert Christgau

**Robert Christgau** (born April 18, 1942) is an American music journalist. He has called himself the "Dean of American Rock Critics".

## Other websites

- Official website
Texas A&M University–Kingsville

**Texas A&M University–Kingsville** is a public university in Kingsville, Texas, United States.  It has about 6,500 students enrolled and it was founded in 1925.  It has ties to Texas A&M University.

## Other websites

- Texas A&M University–Kingsville
Passer rating

**Passer rating** (known as **passing efficiency** or **pass efficiency** in NCAA football) is a measure of how well a quarterback, or any other passer in American and Canadian football, played.  Math is used to get the passer rating.  To get a good passer rating, a quarterback needs to have a high number of good passes and touchdowns. A quarterback can get a bad passer rating if the quarterback has many interceptions.

## Other websites

- NFL.com QB Rating Page
- Online QB Rating Calculator. NFL formula.
- Online passer rating calculator for NFL/CFL, NCAA and AFL formulas
Postal codes in the United Kingdom

UK postal codes are known as **postcodes**.

UK postcodes use letters and numbers. The British Prime Minister's postcode at 10 Downing Street is **SW1A 2AA**.

These codes were started by the Royal Mail over a 15-year period from 1959 to 1974 – the full list is now available electronically from the Royal Mail as the Postcode Address File. They were made to help electronically sort mail.

Postcodes are now used for many other purposes such as insurance calculations, and as a way to describe United Kingdom places to sat navs.

See also List of postcode areas in the United Kingdom.
Chenab River

**The Chenab River** (Punjabi/), a mix of two words:
'Moon(Chan) چن River(aab)) آب', is formed by the confluence of the Chandra and Bhaga rivers at Tandi in the upper Himalayas in the Lahul and Spiti District of Himachal Pradesh, Republic of India. In its upper reaches it is also known as the Chandrabhaga. It is a tributary of the Indus River.

It flows through the Jammu region of Jammu and Kashmir into the plains of the Punjab, forming the boundary between the Rechna and Jech interfluves (Doabs in Persian). It is joined by the Jhelum River at Trimmu تریمو and then by the Ravi River Ahmadpur Siyaal احمدپورسیال. It then merges with the Sutlej River near Uch Sharif to form the Panjnad or the 'Five Rivers', the fifth being the Beas River which joins the Satluj near Ferozepur, India. The Chenab then joins the Indus at Mithankot. The total length of the Chenab is about 960 kilometres.

The waters of the Chenab are allocated to Pakistan under the terms of the Indus Waters Treaty.

The Baglihar hydropower dam is being built (as of 2006) on the Chenab River in the Doda district.  This is about 110 kilometers eastward of the Pakistan border in the Jammu division of the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. The dam is one of 9 hydro-electric projects on the Chenab River.

## Related pages

- List of rivers of Pakistan

## Infobox (river)

- **name**: The Chenab River
 चिनाब
- **other name**: Chandrabhaga
- **image**: River Chenab Ramban.jpg
- **image caption**: The Chenab river at Ramban, Jammu and Kashmir, India
- **subdivision type1**: Country
- **subdivision name1**: India, Pakistan
- **subdivision type2**: Flows through (areas in India)
- **subdivision name2**: Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir (union territory), Jammu and Kashmir
- **subdivision type3**: Flows through (areas in Pakistan)
- **subdivision name3**: Punjab, Pakistan, Punjab
- **discharge1 location**: Marala Headworks
- **source1**: Bara-lacha la, Baralacha La pass
- **source1 location**: Lahul and Spiti district, Himachal Pradesh, India
- **mouth**: Confluence with Sutlej to form the Panjnad River
- **mouth location**: Bahawalpur district, Punjab, Pakistan, Punjab, Pakistan
- **river system**: Indus River
- **tributaries left**: Tawi River, Ravi River
- **tributaries right**: Marusudar River, Jhelum River, Neeru river and Kalnai River
Jhelum River

**Jehlum River or Jhelum River** (Punjabi: ਜੇਹਲਮ, Punjabi:  is the largest and most western of the five rivers of Punjab, and passes through Jhelum District. It is a tributary of the Indus River and has a total length of about 480 miles (774 kilometers).

## Course

The river Jhelum rises from a spring at Verinag situated at the foot of the Pir Panjal in the south-eastern part of the valley of Kashmir. It flows through Srinagar and the Wular Lake before entering Pakistan from Kashmir through a deep narrow gorge. The Kishenganga Neelum River, the largest tributary of the Jhelum, joins it near Muzaffarabad, as does the next largest, the Kunhar River of the Kaghan valley. It also connects with Pakistan and Pakistan-administered Kashmir on Kohala Bridge east of Circle Bakote. It is then joined by the Poonch river, and flows into the Mangla reservoir in the Mirpur District. The Jhelum enters the Punjab in the Jhelum District. From there, it flows through the plains of Pakistan's Punjab, forming the boundary between the Chaj and Sindh Sagar Doabs. It ends in a confluence with the Chenab at Trimmu in District Jhang. The Chenab merges with the Sutlej to form the Panjnad River which joins the Indus River at Mithankot.

## Related pages

- List of rivers of Pakistan
Ravi River

The **Ravi River** (),
(, , is a river that crosses northwestern India and eastern Pakistan. It is one of the five rivers which give Punjab its name.

It is also one of the major five rivers/tributaries of Indus.

The Ravi was known as Parushani or Iravati to Indians in Vedic times and Hydraotes to the Ancient Greeks.

It originates in the Himalayas in the Chamba district of Himachal Pradesh following a north-westerly course. It turns to the south-west, near Dalhousie, and then cuts a gorge in the Dhaola Dhar range entering the Punjab plain near Madhopur. It then flows along the Indo-Pak border for some distance before entering Pakistan and joining the Chenab River.

The total length of the river is about 720 km.

The waters of the Ravi river are allocated to India under the Indus Waters Treaty between India and Pakistan and the resulting Indus Basin Project.

It is also called 'The river of Lahore' since that great city is located on its eastern bank. On its western bank is located the famous town of Shahdara with the tomb of Jahangir and the Tomb of Noor Jahan.
Shingo River

The **Shingo River** is a tributary of the Suru River (Indus), and flows through the Ladakh region of Jammu and Kashmir.
Women's rights movement in Iran

The **Iranian women's movement**, also called the _Persian women's movement_, involves the Iranian women's social movement for women's rights. The movement emerged after the Iranian Constitutional Revolution. Semi secret associations took place and organized women's rights demonstrations and protests.

It lasted until 1910, when the first Women Journal was published by women, to 1933, when which the last women’s association was dissolved by the Reza Shah’s government. The women’s movement emerged again after the Iranian Revolution (1979).  In some villages the parents must show proof of their daughters virginity on the wedding night.

## Activists

- Bibi Khanoom Astarabadi (1859–1921)
- Touba Azmoudeh (1878–1936)
- Sediqeh Dowlatabadi (1882–1962)
- Mohtaram Eskandari (1895–1924)
- Roshank No'doost (1899–?)
- Afaq Parsa (1899–?)
- Fakhr ozma Arghoun (1899–1966)
- Noor-ol-Hoda Mangeneh (1902–?)
- Zandokht Shirazi (1909–1953)
- Maryam Amid (Mariam Mozayen-ol Sadat) (?–1919)
- Shahnaz Azad (1901–1961)
- Roya Toloui (1966–)
- Parvin Ardalan (1967–)
- Noushin Ahmadi khorasani (1970–)
- Shadi Sadr (1975–)
Tricastin nuclear power plant

**Tricastin** is a nuclear power plant in France. It has 4 reactors, which each generate 915 MW, for a total of 3.6 TW. It is next to the highway, about halfway between Valence-sur-Rhône and Avignon. It is on the River Rhône. It was built form 1974 to 1981; the first reactors started working in 1980. It has been criticized several times, because of incidents:
- The French control authority said in 2002 that certain means of cooling would not work when there was an earthquake.
- A study done in 2004 said that tests done at the site showed that firefighters needed 37 minutes to bring a fire under control. This is too long, and mostly related to the lack of training. According to the report, this makes it impossible to extinguish a bigger fire.
- In 2003, the temperature of the water of the canal next to the site was higher than allowed, for a total of over 44 hours. The autorized limit was 27 °C, the measured temperature was 28.8 °C.
- Between July 7 and July 8, 2008, a solution containing Uranium was spilled on the site; about 75 kg of a total of about 250 kg reached nearby rivers., during cleaning works. The incident has been classified at level 1 of 8 of the International Nuclear Event Scale. The company doing the uranium enrichment was closed. French authorities have banned the use of water from the respective rivers for drinking and watering of crops. Swimming, water sports and fishing were also banned.  Measurements done 3 days later on the site revealed radiation levels that could not be explained by the facts cited, alone. The leader of the investigation team said that there probably had been similar incidents earlier that were not reported.
- In July 2008, about 100 employees were exposed to radioactive particles that escaped from a pipe in a reactor that had been shut down.
- On August 21, 2008 workers  replacing a drain pipe detected a broken valve. Because of this, radioactive uranium would occasionally spill into the sourrounding environment. A study is currently under way to determine how much uranium escaped, those running the power plant talk of about 250g per year.
Polly Pocket

**Polly Pocket** is a line of small plastic dolls and accessories that comes from the fact that many of the first Polly Pocket toys came in pocket-size cases.  The **Fashion Polly** dolls are sold by Mattel.

## History

Polly was first designed by Chris Wiggs in 1983 for his daughter Kate. Using a powder compact, he created a small house for the very small doll. Bluebird Toys of Swindon, England licensed the idea. The first Polly Pocket were sold in stores in 1989. Mattel held a distribution agreement with Bluebird Toys for Polly Pocket items in the early 1990s. In 1998, while production slowed, several companies tried to buy Bluebird Toys. Mattel finally bought the company later that year.

In 1999, Mattel changed the design of Polly. They created a new series of collectible items. The new Polly doll is larger. It also looks more similar to a real person than the first dolls.  That same year, Mattel also started selling Fashion Polly!. This line used the same characters from the new Polly Pocket (Polly, Lea, Shani, Lila, etc.) but they were 3 ¾ inch (9.5 cm) plastic jointed dolls. Instead of the normal cloth clothing, Polly Pockets used "Polly Stretch" clothing. These were rubbery plastic clothes that could be put on the dolls and removed.  They also created boy dolls.

## Other websites

- Polly Pocket
- OnlyPollyPocket.com
- Polly Pocket Time
Juliet Burke

**Juliet Burke** (née **Carlson**) is a fictional character from the ABC drama television series _Lost_. She is played by the actress Elizabeth Mitchell. Created by J. J. Abrams and Damon Lindelof, the character was introduced in the third season's premiere.

## Character's background

Juliet is a fertility doctor. She arrived on the Island in order to help pregnant women, as all of them die before giving birth to their child.
Shyok River

The **Shyok River** is a river flowing through Disputed Area Ladakh and the Northern Areas of Pakistan (Ghanche District). Shyok river (a tributary of the Indus) originates from the Rimo glacier, one of the tongues of Siachen Glacier and becomes very wide at the confluence with the Nubra River (a tributary of Shyok, originating from Siachen Glacier).

The alignment of the Shyok river is very unusual, originating from the Rimo glacier it flows in a SE direction and at joining the Pangong range it takes a NW turn and flows parallel to its previous path. The Shyok flowing in a wide valley suddenly enters a narrow gorge after Chalunka and then joins the Indus at Skardu (Pakistan). The Nubra river originating from the Siachen glacier also behaves like the Shyok, before Tirit the SE flowing river takes a NW turn on meeting the river Shyok. The similarity in the courses of these two important rivers probably indicates a series of palaeo fault lines trending NW-SE in delimiting the upper courses of the rivers. The importance of the Indus River and the Shyok rivers is in the deposition of a huge thickness of Quaternary sediments a treasure trove for geology researchers.

## Tributaries

- The **Chang Chen Mo River** is formed in the vicinity of Pamzal in Changchinmo plains of Disputed Area Ladakh and flows westward. It ends when it empties into the Shyok River.
- The **Galwan River** is in the southern part of Disputed Area Aksai Chin, Galwan originates in the area of Samzungling and flowing to the west joins the Shyok River.
- The **Nubra River** is a tributary of the Shyok River, which flows into the Indus River. It flows in the Disputed Area Ladakh area of Disputed Area Jammu and Kashmir.
- The **Saltoro River** begins in the skirts of the Saltoro Kangri peak ridge and flows to the southwest. Another branch starts from the slopes of the Masherbroom peak and flows to the south to join Saltoro. In the end this river empties into **Shyok River** near the coldest part of Pakistan the town of Khaplu.

## Related pages

- List of rivers of Pakistan
Suru River (Indus)

The **Suru River** is a river in Jammu and Kashmir that forms the western and northern boundary of the Zanskar Range, it takes birth from the waters of Nunkun peak in its skirts flows to the north of Kargil and empties into the Indus River.
Tawi River

**Tawi** is a river that flows through the city of Jammu, Kashmir.

Tawi river is a major left bank tributary of the Chenab River. The river starts at the Kali Kundi glacier and adjoining area south-west of Bhadarwah in Doda District.  The Tawi river catchment is between latitude 320 35' -330 5' N and longitude 740 35' - 750 45' E. The catchment area of the river is up to the Indo-Pak cease-fire border (Jammu) is 2168 km², and falls within the districts of Jammu, Udhampur and a small part of Doda. The height in the catchment varies between 400–4000 m and total length of the river is about 141 km. The river in general flows through steep hills on either side excepting the lower reach for about 35 km. The width of the river at Jammu is about 300 m at the bridge site.
Zanskar Gorge

The **Zanskar Gorge** is found in the Zanskar region of Jammu and Kashmir. Its walls are near vertical cliffs up to 600m high.  The Zanskar River (a tributary of the Indus River) is only 5m wide in places.  It provides an access route to the Zanskar Valley, but only in winter when the river is frozen.
Gilgit River

The **Gilgit River** () is a tributary of the Indus River, and flows past the town of Gilgit. It is in the Northern Areas of disputed Kashmir, Pakistan.

## Tributaries

- The **Ghizar River** is the source of this river is the south of Shandoor pass in the western frontiers of Gilgit. Different streams flowing to the north join each other and take the shape of river near Chhashi. It then turns to the southeast and joins the Ishkuman River near Gupis and proceeds farther to Gakooch. From this point the river is named Gilgit. Flowing near Sher Qilla it reaches Gilgit town, where the river Hunza from north joins it.
    - The **Ishkuman River** begins at Ishkuman where many streams meet. The streams come from the north western boundaries of Gilgit in the Hindu Kush range of mountains. At Ishkuman these streams join to make the Ishkuman River which flows south, passing through Chitarkhand. It ends where it joins into the Ghizar River at Gakooch.
    - The **Yasin River** begins in the glaciers near Darkot, and passes in to the north western frontiers of Gilgit and flows south to the join the Ghizar River near Gupis.
- The **Hunza River** () is the main river in Hunza, in the Northern Areas of Pakistan. It is formed by the confluence of the Khunjerab River, Gujerab River, Misgar River, Chapursan River and Shimshal River. These rivers are fed by glaciers. After flowing to south up to Nagar it turns to west. From Chalit it again takes a turn to the south. Flowing through Nomal Valley, it reaches Gilgit city and empties out into Gilgit River. It joins the Gilgit River with the Naltar River. Later it flows into the Indus River.
    - The **Hispar River** forms from the melt water of the Hispar Glacier - a 49 kilometer-long glacier in the Northern Areas of Pakistan's Karakoram Mountains. The Hispar Glacier and river both flow northwest, passing through Hispar, Hopar and Nagar (Nagir) villages until the confluence with the Hunza River in the Hunza Valley. Road conditions are spectacular at best, treacherous at worst.
    - The **Khunjerab River** begins in the snow clad mountains and glaciers in the north and south of Khunjerab pass. The river flows to the west then turns southward. It ends when it flows into the Hunza River.
        - The **Chapursan River** begins in the area of the Chilanji pass and the slopes of Kampiri Diwar peak. It flows to the east and joins Khunjerab River near Khuda Abad.
        - The **Gujerab River** starts from small glaciers and snow-topped mountains of the Gujerab range, and flows to the west and later joins Khunjerab River.
            - The **Misgar River** begins in the slopes of the mountains between Mintaka and the Kilik pass on the northern boundary of Gilgit. It flows to the south east and ends when it empties into the Khunjerab River.
        - The **Shimshal River** begins in the Shimshal pass from Virjirab and other glaciers. This is in the north eastern region of the Gilgit Agency. It flows to the west and after reaching Passu it joins the Khunjerab River. Later the Khunjerab River joins the Hunza River.

## Related pages

- List of rivers of Pakistan
Gomal River

**Gomal River** () is a river in Afghanistan and Pakistan, with its headwaters in the south-east of Ghazni.

Within Pakistan, the Gomal river surrounds South Waziristan agency, forms the boundary between Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan. From South Waziristan, the river enters the Gomal Valley in Tank District at a place known as Girdavi, Murtuza which is inhabited by the Miani tribe. It is mainly here that the water of Gomal is used to cultivate the lands in Gomal Valley through Zam system (Rod Kohi). The river passes then through the Damaan plain in Kulachi Tehsil and later on through Dera Ismail Khan Tehsil, It then joins the Indus River 20 miles south of Dera Ismail Khan

## Tributaries

The **Kundar River** is located in Balochistan, Pakistan. The meltwater from the Sulaiman Mountains forms the Kundar River and it flows through Balochistan and drains into the Gomal River. The two principal drainage channels of the Zhob District are the Zhob River and the Kundar River, both flow into the Gomal River. The general direction of the rivers is from Southwest to northeast. The Zhob River rises at Tsari Mehtarazai pass, the watershed a distance of about 400 kilometers. The broad plain of the Zhob River is occupied by the alluvial formation. The Kundar River rises from the central and highest point of the TobaKakar range, a few kilometers northeast of the Sakir. It constitutes boundary between Pakistan and Afghanistan territory for a considerable length. The other subsidiary rivers or streams are the Baskan, Chukhan, Sri Toi, Sawar, Surab, etc.

The **Zhob River** () is located in Balochistan, Pakistan. The meltwater from the Sulaiman Mountains forms the Zhob River which flows through Balochistan and drains into the Gomal River near Khajuri Kachadd. Zhob city is located on banks of Zhob river.

## Related pages

- List of rivers of Pakistan
Hub River

**Hub River** () is a river found in Lasbela, Balochistan, Pakistan.

It forms the provincial boundary between Sindh and Balochistan, west of Karachi.

Hub Dam is a large water storage reservoir constructed in 1981 on the Hub River in the arid plains north of Karachi. The reservoir supplies water for irrigation in the Lasbella district of Balochistan and drinking water for the city of Karachi. The dam is an important staging and wintering area for an appreciable number of waterbirds and contains a variety of fish species which increase in abundance during periods of high water.

The Mahseer (_Tor putitora_), an indigenous riverine fish found in the Hub River, grows up to 2m in length and is fished.

The Hub dam was declared a wetland of importance in 2001.

## Related pages

- List of rivers of Pakistan
Hingol River

**Hungol River** or **Hingol River** () is in Makran, Balochistan, Pakistan.

The river is 350 miles long and is the longest in Balochistan. It winds through the Hungol valley between high cliffs.

The river flows all year long, unlike most other streams in Balochistan which only flow during rare rains.

The Hungol river and valley are in Hingol National Park.

## Related pages

- List of rivers of Pakistan
Kundar River

**Kundar River** is in Balochistan, Pakistan.

## Related pages

- List of rivers of Pakistan
Kunhar River

**Kunhar River** () is in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. A main source of the river is Lulusar lake, nearly 48 km from Naran Valley. Glaciers of Malka Parbat and Makra Peak and the waters of Saiful Muluk lake feed the river. The Kunhar flows through the entire Kaghan Valley through Jalkhand, Naran, Kaghan, Jared, Paras and Balakot, and joins the Jhelum River.

The Kunhar river trout is considered to be the best throughout the Indian subcontinent.

## Related pages

- List of rivers of Pakistan
Kurrum River

The **Kurrum River** or **Karam River** () flows in the Kurrum Valley, stretching  across the Afghan-Pakistani border west to east (crosses from the Paktia Province of Afghanistan into the Kohat border region of Pakistan) at , about 150 km west-to-south-west of the Khyber Pass.

## Tributary: Tochi or Gambila River

The **Tochi river** (), sometimes referred to as the **Gambila River** (), is in North Waziristan, Federally Administered Tribal Areas, Pakistan. The source of the river are the hills six miles south of the Sufed Koh River, the source of the Kurrum River, which it runs parallel to and finally joins. Tochi river flows eastward, in North Waziristan, to join the Kurrum River and the Indus. It is an important river for the inhabitants of the Dawar valley, as it serves to irrigate a large area of land that it runs through. Particularly that belonging to the Bakkakhel Wazirs, and Miri and Bannuchis. The river surrounds Waziristan in the North while the Gomal River river surrounds South Waziristan.

## Related pages

- List of rivers of Pakistan
Lyari River

**Lyari River** () is a small stream in Karachi, Pakistan. It flows from northeast to the center. It drains into the Arabian Sea at the Monora channel. It is one of the two rivers of Karachi, the other one being the Malir River. The river is about 50 kilometres (30 miles) long. As a seasonal river it carries the collected water after the rains in the catchment area.
Malir River

The **Malir River** () is in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. It flows through the city of Karachi from north east to the centre before flowing into the Arabian Sea. Two smaller rivers flow into the Malir, the Thadho and the Sukhan.
The Malir river is one of two rivers flowing through Karachi, the other is the Lyari River.

In the rainy season the Malir river gets a lot of water and millions of liters of water flows with it into the Arabian Sea.

## Related pages

- List of rivers of Pakistan
Panjkora River

The **Panjkora River** rises rises high in the Hindu Kush at lat. 35.45 and joins the Swat River near Chakdara, Malakand, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Its name is derived from the Persian for 'panj' (meaning 'five') and 'kora' (meaning 'river').
Wisent

The **wisent** (or the **European bison**, _Bison bonasus_) is a bison species and the heaviest surviving animal in Europe. It is a close relative of the American bison.

Longer legged and less heavily built than its American cousin, the wisent may reach a height of 54 to 60 in. (137–152 cm) at the shoulder, and a weight of more than 1 ton (900 kg). It has brown hair and short upcurved horns. Its hump is less prominent than that of the American bison and its coat less shaggy.

## Reproduction

In the wild the wisent is a forest animal; it browses on leaves, ferns, and bark. Females give birth after a gestation period of 9 to 10 months, usually to a single calf. Abundant in Europe in prehistoric times, wisents remained numerous until the early Christian era.

## Extinction

The Wisent has been hunted for their meat and removed from their habitats by farmers.  Thus by the 11th century only a few hundred were left alive.  By 1927 less than 50 remained.  Since the formation of an international protective society in 1932, their numbers have been growing, but they are no longer found outside zoos or reserves.