juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Topology

**Topology** is an area of mathematics, which studies how spaces are organized and how they are structured in terms of position. It also studies how spaces are connected. It is divided into _algebraic topology_, _differential topology_ and _geometric topology_.

Topology has been called rubber-sheet geometry. In a topology of two dimensions there is no difference between a circle and a square. A circle made out of a rubber band can be stretched into a square. There is a difference between a circle and a figure eight. A figure eight cannot be stretched into a circle without tearing.

The spaces studied in topology are called topological spaces. They vary from familiar manifolds to some very exotic constructions.

## Natural origin

In many problems, we often divide a large space into smaller areas. For instance, a house is divided into rooms, a nation into states, a type of quantity into numbers, and so on. Each of these smaller areas (room, state, number) is next to other small areas (other rooms/states/numbers). The places where the areas meet are connections. If we write down on paper a list of spaces, and the connections between them, we have written down a description of a space -- a topological space. All topological spaces have the same properties such as connections, and are made of the same structure (a list of smaller areas). This makes it easier to study how spaces behave. It also makes it easier to write algorithms. For instance, to program a robot to navigate a house, we simply give it a list of rooms, the connections between each room (doors), and an algorithm that can work out which rooms to go through to reach any other room. For more examples of this type of problem, look at graph theory.

We can go further by creating subdivisions of subdivisions of space. For instance, a nation divided into states, divided into counties, divided into city boundaries, and so on. All this kind of information can be described using topology.

## Related pages

- Category theory
- Knot theory
- Network topology
Census

A **census** is a way of getting information about every member of a population. It is usually used for a population of people, but can be used to mean a population of animals.
Both the United States and United Kingdom have a census every 10 years, or decade. But in Australia, Canada, Japan and New Zealand they have it every 5 years.

A census produces a large database and sometimes new information technology, such as the use of punched cards for data, has been invented to handle it.

The word comes from the Roman Republic when it meant a list of citizens it was used to keep track of adult males fit for military.

Census is a word of Latin origin which means to evaluate/assess or to estimate.

## Related pages

- Statistics
- United States Census

## Other websites

- Statistics Bureau of Japan - Official website
DUI (disambiguation)

**DUI** may mean:
- Driving under the influence, the act of driving a motor vehicle (car, truck, etc.) while under the effects of alcohol.
- Data Use Identifier
- Data Use Institute
- Davis Unified Ignition
- Diving Unlimited International Inc
- Documento Unico de Importación
- Duke University Improv
Drunk driving

**Drunk driving** (**Drink driving** in the UK and Australia) is the act of driving a motor vehicle (car, truck, etc.) while under the effects of alcohol.  Drunk driving is illegal in most areas of the world.  In some places, driving a motorless vehicle such as a bicycle while drunk is also illegal.

Most _areas that make laws_ (_jurisdictions_) started with DWI (driving while intoxicated) laws, banning just alcohol. Later, most changed them to DUI (driving under the influence) laws, adding other drugs to those banned while driving. The most common blood alcohol content (BAC) limit in the United States is 0.08% for the legal meaning of drunk. Only three states still use the more lax, original standard of 0.10%.  Many jurisdictions add extra penalties (more jail time and/or a longer DUI program) in cases where the driver's BAC is over 0.20%.

## United States laws

The first place in the United States to adopt laws against drunk driving was the state of New York in 1910, with California (1911) and others doing the same later. Early laws simply banned driving while drunk, with no mention of what BAC was banned (which means how drunk the person is). The state of Georgia was one of the last states to make laws against drunk driving. One of the years with the most alcohol related crashes was 1982. The year 1982 had 26,173 alcohol related deaths due to drunk driving.

In the US, most of the laws were greatly tightened in the early 1980s, largely due to pressure from groups like Mothers Against Drunk Drivers (MADD) and Young Adults Educating Responsible Drinking.
Creative Commons

The **Creative Commons** is an
American non-profit organisation that tries to make creative work available for others to use and share.

## Aim

Their website allows copyright holders to give some of their rights to any other people. They still keep some other rights. They do this through licenses and contracts. Some of these make the work public domain or open content. They do this because copyright law can stop people sharing information.

The project has different free licenses. A person who has copyright can choose which one they want to use when they publish their work. They also provide RDF/XML metadata. These say what the licenses are and make it easier to automatically sort out and find work that has these licenses. They also provide a 'Founder's Copyright' contract. This aims to give the same effects as the original US Copyright did.

## History

Creative Commons was officially started in 2001.

Lawrence Lessig is the founder and chairman of Creative Commons. Lessig started it as a way of reaching the goals of his Supreme Court case, Eldred v. Ashcroft.

## Localisation

The _iCommons_ (International Commons) is one of the Creative Commons projects. They improve the wording of the licenses and make them usable in other countries. The first ones dealt with US law only. As of February 4, 2004, Canada, the People's Republic of China, Finland, France, Italy, Japan, the Republic of China (Taiwan), the Republic of Ireland, and the United Kingdom have joined this project.

Projects that use Creative Commons licenses include LOCA Records, Magnatune, Opsound, Opcopy, Wikitravel, iRATE radio and the fiction of Cory Doctorow.

## Other websites

- Article on the Creative Commons License on the English Wikipedia
- The creativecommons.org website
- A short Flash animation talking about Creative Commons
- International Commons: Creative Commons initiatives outside the United States.

## Infobox (non-profit)

- **non-profit name**: Creative Commons
- **non-profit logo**: CC-logo.svg
- Creative Commons logo
- **non-profit type**: Non-profit organization
- **founded date**: 2001
- **founder**: Lawrence Lessig
- **location**: San Francisco, California

- **focus**: Expansion of "reasonable", flexible copyright
- **method**: Creative Commons licenses
- **homepage**: https://creativecommons.org/
Leg

A **leg** is a weight-bearing and locomotion device. Birds and humans have two legs, but many animals have four or six or even more. A _biped_ is an animal with two legs and _quadruped_ is an animal with four legs.
Centipedes and millipedes have many more legs.

By extension, the word is also used for some objects. For example tables and chairs, also have legs to hold them up.

People also use the word "leg" in idioms, for example:
- _you do not have a leg to stand on_ (that means "you have no support; you have no chance in this discussion")
- _to leg it_ (to run)
- _to pull someone's leg_ (to play a little joke on someone for fun by trying to make them believe something that is not true)

## Components

A leg is a structure of gross anatomy, meaning that it is large enough to be seen unaided. The components depend on the animal. In humans and other mammals, a leg includes the bones, muscles, tendons, ligaments, blood vessels, nerves, and skin. In insects, the leg includes most of these things, except that insects have an exoskeleton that replaces the function of both the bones and the skin.

Sometimes the end of the leg, or foot, is considered part of the leg; other times it is considered separate. Similarly, the hip joint or other place where the leg attaches to the main body may be considered separate or part of the leg.

## Robotic leg

A robotic leg is moved by an actuator, which is a type of motor for moving or controlling a mechanism or system. It is operated by a source of energy, usually in the form of an electric current and converts that energy into some kind of motion.

## Prosthetic leg

A prosthetic leg is an artificial leg that is used to replace one that has been lost.
Plymouth Argyle F.C.

**Plymouth Argyle Football Club**, is an English football club. The club is nicknamed _The Pilgrims_. The team usually plays in green, white and black.

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Plymouth Argyle
- **fullname**: Plymouth Argyle Football Club
- **nickname**: The Pilgrims
- **founded**: , as _Argyle F.C._
- **ground**: Home Park
- **capacity**: 18,600
- **owner**: Simon Hallett (97%)
- **chairman**: Simon Hallett
- **manager**: Ryan Lowe
- **website**: https://www.pafc.co.uk/
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Football

"**Football**" is a word which could mean one of several sports. The best-known type of football is association football. This is called "soccer" in North America, South Africa, and Australia to avoid confusion with other types of football that are commonly played there.

The name "football" comes from the two words "foot" and "ball". It is named "football", because the players of the game walk and often run (on their feet) while playing, as opposed to (for example) polo where the players ride horses. Football is played using a ball, also called a football, that is usually shaped like a sphere or an ellipsoid. The ball is often kicked with the foot, but depending on the game, it can also be hit using other parts of the body (in association football) and handling the ball is a part of some other sports known as football. Players can use any part of their body except their arms and hands. Goal keepers can use every part of their body to keep the ball out of the goal.

Some elements of football have been seen in many countries, dating back to the second and third century AD in China. The modern games of both rugby football and association football comes from 19th-century England.
Kicking a ball, in Europe, was described in Britannia (now western Scottish lowlands), in Germania (now Deutchland) and Gallia (now France and northern-central Italy).  An evolution goes back to the Middle Ages in Paris. Association football (founded in Richmond, London at the end of 1800) spread to many other parts of Europe, and was brought to the rest of the world with colonization. Today, it is the most popular sport in the world and many people watch it on television, especially the FIFA World Cup that happens every four years.

Every year there is a Football Club Competition called as Champions League. All the qualified big teams take part. At the end, we have one winner who takes the prestigious UEFA trophy. All big players play for their own teams. Some big players who take part every year are Mbappe, Ronaldo, Messi, Dybala, Neymar and many more.

## Types of football

- Association football (soccer)
- Rugby
    - Rugby league football
    - Rugby union football
- Gridiron football
    - American football
    - College football
    - Touch rugby - Called "touch football" in Australia.
    - Canadian football
- Gaelic football
- Australian Rules Football
Cymru Premier

The **Cymru Premier** is a football league in Wales. It used to be called the Welsh Premier League; before that, it was called the League of Wales. The league was formed in 1992. Some large Welsh clubs play in England's Football League. Some of these Welsh clubs include Cardiff City F.C. and Swansea City A.F.C., who both play in the EFL Championship.

## 2023/24 teams

- Aberystwyth Town F.C.
- Bala Town F.C.
- Barry Town United F.C.
- Caernarfon Town F.C.
- Cardiff Metropolitan University F.C.
- Colwyn Bay F.C.
- Connah's Quay Nomads F.C.
- Haverfordwest County F.C.
- Newtown F.C.
- Penybont F.C.
- Pontypridd United F.C.
- The New Saints F.C.

## 2010/11 teams

- Aberystwyth Town
- Airbus UK Broughton
- Bala Town
- Bangor City
- Carmarthen Town
- Haverfordwest County
- Llanelli
- Neath
- Newtown
- Port Talbot Town
- Prestatyn Town
- The New Saints

## Champions

|Season|Champions|Runner-up|Third place|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2000/01|Barry Town|Cwmbran Town|Carmarthen Town|
|2001/02|Barry Town|Total Network Solutions|Bangor City|
|2002/03|Barry Town|Total Network Solutions|Bangor City|
|2003/04|Barry Town|Total Network Solutions|Haverfordwest County|
|2004/05|Total Network Solutions|Rhyl|Bangor City|
|2005/06|Total Network Solutions|Llanelli|Rhyl|
|2006/07|The New Saints|Rhyl|Llanelli|
|2007/08|Llanelli|The New Saints|Rhyl|
|2008/09|Rhyl|Llanelli|The New Saints|
|2009/10|The New Saints|Llanelli|Port Talbot Town|

### Former champions

- 1992/93: Cwmbran Town
- 1993/94: Bangor City
- 1994/95: Bangor City
- 1995/96: Barry Town
- 1996/97: Barry Town
- 1997/98: Barry Town
- 1998/99: Barry Town
- 1999/00: Total Network Solutions

## Infobox (football league)

- **leaguename**: Welsh Premier League
- **country**: Wales, England
- **confederation**: UEFA
- **founded**: 1992
- **level**: 1
- **number of teams**: 12
- **relegation to**: Welsh Football League First Division
Cymru Alliance
- **domestic cup**: Welsh Cup
Welsh League Cup
- **international cup**: UEFA Champions League, Champions League
UEFA Europa League, Europa League
- **current champions**: The New Saints F.C., The New Saints
- **season**: 2003/14
- **most successful club**: The New Saints F.C., The New Saints (8)
- **website**: [http://www.welshpremiership.com/Default.ink www.welshpremiership.com]
Birmingham City F.C.

**Birmingham City Football Club**, is an English football club.

The club play in the Championship, their current manager is Lee Bowyer. Their home ground is St.Andrews

## Name

- 1875-1888 **Small Heath Alliance F.C.**
- 1888-1905 **Heath F.C.**
- 1905-1945 **Birmingham F.C.**
- 1945-present **Birmingham City F.C.**

## League position

|Season|League|Position|
| --- | --- | --- |
|2000/01|First Division|5th|
|2001/02|First Division|5th|
|2002/03|Premier League|13th|
|2003/04|Premier League|10th|
|2004/05|Premier League|12th|
|2005/06|Premier League|18th|
|2006/07|League Championship|2nd|
|2007/08|Premier League|19th|
|2008/09|League Championship|2nd|
|2009/10|Premier League|9th|
|2010/11|Premier League|18th|

## Other websites

- BCFC Fanzine

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Birmingham City F.C.
- **current**: 2019–20 Birmingham City F.C. season
- **fullname**: Birmingham City Football Club
- **nickname**: Blues
- **ground**: St Andrew's (stadium), St Andrew's
- **capacity**: 29,409
- **owner**: Trillion Trophy Asia
- **manager**: Lee bowyer
- **website**: http://www.bcfc.com
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Blackburn Rovers F.C.

**Blackburn Rovers F.C.** is an English football club. They play at Ewood Park, which is in Blackburn, Lancashire. The manager of the club is Jon Dahl Tomasson. They are famously nicknamed 'The Bottlers' due to how many times they have failed to get promotion to the Premier League while being so close.

## History

Blackburn Rovers won the FA Premier League once in the 1994/1995 season. However, in 1999, they were relegated. Blackburn Rovers were then promoted.

## League title

- English Premier League: 1
    - 1994-95
- First Division: 2
    - 1911-12, 1913-14
- Second Division: 1
    - 1938-39
- Third Division: 1
    - 1974-75

## League position

|Season|League|Position|
| --- | --- | --- |
|2000/01|First Division|2nd|
|2001/02|Premier League|10th|
|2002/03|Premier League|6th|
|2003/04|Premier League|15th|
|2004/05|Premier League|15th|
|2005/06|Premier League|6th|
|2006/07|Premier League|10th|
|2007/08|Premier League|7th|
|2008/09|Premier League|15th|
|2009/10|Premier League|10th|
|2010/11|Premier League|15th|
|2011/12|Premier League|19th|
|2012/13|The Championship|17th|
|2013/14|The Championship|8th|
|2014/15|The Championship|9th|

## Other websites

- Blackburn Rovers ; premierleague

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Blackburn Rovers F.C.
- **fullname**: Blackburn Rovers Football Club
- **nickname**: Rovers
- **founded**: 1875
- **ground**: Ewood Park
- **capacity**: 31,367
- **manager**: Jon Dahl Tomasson
- **league**: The Championship
- **season**: 2017–18 Blackburn Rovers F.C. season, 2017–18
- **position**: Football League One,  EFL League One, 3rd
Bolton Wanderers F.C.

**Bolton Wanderers F.C.** is an English football club. It is based 15 miles north of Manchester. The club plays in the English football league 1, the third tier league in England. Their home is the University of Bolton Stadium. It holds around 28,723 people. Their manager is Ian Evett. At home they play in a white shirt, navy blue shorts & white socks. Away they play in a navy blue shirt, white shorts and navy blue socks.

## Name

- 1874-1877 **Christ Church F.C.**
- 1877-present **Bolton Wanderers F.C.**

## League position

|Season|League|Position|
| --- | --- | --- |
|2000/01|First Division|3rd|
|2001/02|Premier League|16th|
|2002/03|Premier League|17th|
|2003/04|Premier League|8th|
|2004/05|Premier League|6th|
|2005/06|Premier League|8th|
|2006/07|Premier League|7th|
|2007/08|Premier League|16th|
|2008/09|Premier League|13th|

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Bolton Wanderers F.C.
- **fullname**: Bolton Wanderers Football Club
- **nickname**: The Trotters
- **founded**: 1874
- **ground**: The University of Bolton Stadium
- **capacity**: 28,723
- **chairman**: Sharon Britton
- **manager**: Ian Evett
- **captain**: Antonee Sarcevic
- **league**: EFL League 1
- **season**: English Football League 2020–21, 2020/21
Charlton Athletic F.C.

**Charlton Athletic Football Club**, is an English football club.

The club plays in the Football League One.

## League position

|Season|League|Position|
| --- | --- | --- |
|2000/01|Premier League|9th|
|2001/02|Premier League|14th|
|2002/03|Premier League|12th|
|2003/04|Premier League|7th|
|2004/05|Premier League|11th|
|2005/06|Premier League|13th|
|2006/07|Premier League|19th|
|2007/08|League Championship|11th|
|2008/09|League Championship|24th|

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Charlton Athletic F.C.
- **fullname**: Charlton Athletic Football Club
- **founded**: 1905
- **ground**: The Valley, London
- **capacity**: 27,111
- **chairman**: Richard Murray
- **manager**: Chris Powell
- **league**: Football League One, League One
- **season**: The Football League 2008–09, 2008/09
- **position**: Football League Championship, League Championship, 24th
Manchester United F.C.

**Manchester United Football Club (F.C.)** is a professional football club. It is based in Old Trafford, Greater Manchester, England. It plays in the Premier League, the highest level of English football. Its nickname is "the Red Devils". The club started as Newton Heath LYR Football Club, in 1878. It changed its name to Manchester United in 1902. It moved to its current stadium, Old Trafford, in 1910.

Manchester United has won more trophies than any other club in English football other than Liverpool FC. It has won 20 League titles, 13 FA Cups, six League Cups and 21 FA Community Shields. United has also won three UEFA Champions Leagues, one UEFA Europa League, one UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, one UEFA Super Cup, one Intercontinental Cup and one FIFA Club World Cup. In 1998–99, the club became the first club in the history of English football to win the continental European treble. It won the UEFA Europa League in 2016–17 and became one of five clubs to win all three top UEFA club competitions.

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Manchester United
- **current**: 2024/2025
- **image**: Old Trafford inside 20060726 1.jpg
- **fullname**: Manchester United Football Club
- **nickname**: The Red Devils
- **short name**: Man United/Utd
United
MUFC
- **founded**: , as Newton Heath LYR F.C.
, as Manchester United F.C.
- **ground**: Old Trafford
- **capacity**: 74,140
- **owner**: Glazer ownership of Manchester United, Manchester United plc ()
- **chairman**: Joel Glazer, Joel and Avram Glazer
- **chrtitle**: Co-chairmen
- **manager**: Michael Carrick
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- **website**: https://www.manutd.com/
Middlesbrough F.C.

**Middlesbrough Football Club** is an English football club. Their stadium is the Riverside Stadium.

The club plays in the Premier League. The manager is Chris Wilder.

## League position

|Season|League|Position|
| --- | --- | --- |
|2000/01|Premier League|14th|
|2001/02|Premier League|12th|
|2002/03|Premier League|11th|
|2003/04|Premier League|11th|
|2004/05|Premier League|7th|
|2005/06|Premier League|14th|
|2006/07|Premier League|12th|
|2007/08|Premier League|13th|
|2008/09|Premier League|19th|
|2009/10|Championship|11th|

### Current squad

- _As of 16 March 2009._

### Players out on loan

- _As of 16 March 2009._

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Middlesbrough F.C.
- **fullname**: Middlesbrough Football Club
- **founded**: 1876
- **ground**: Riverside Stadium, Middlesbrough
- **capacity**: 34,988
- **chairman**: Steve Gibson
- **manager**: Neil Warnock
- **league**: Football League Championship, The Championship
- **season**: Football League Championship, 2017–18
- **position**: Football League Championship, The Championship, 5th
- **pattern la1**: _middlesbrough2324h
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Portsmouth F.C.

**Portsmouth F.C.** is an English football club. They play in EFL League One. Their home stadium is called Fratton Park.

Portsmouth's manager is John Mousinho. The most famous manager was probably Harry Redknapp who took the team to an FA Cup victory in 2008 which subsequently got the team into the UEFA Europa League (then called the UEFA Cup) for the first time. The club has since been hit with financial problems and see themselves in the fourth tier of English football.

They have a big rivalry with a team called Southampton F.C. They are also from Hampshire.

## League position

|Season|League|Position|
| --- | --- | --- |
|2000/01|First Division|20th|
|2001/02|First Division|17th|
|2002/03|First Division|Champions|
|2003/04|Premier League|13th|
|2004/05|Premier League|16th|
|2005/06|Premier League|17th|
|2006/07|Premier League|9th|
|2007/08|Premier League|8th|
|2008/09|Premier League|14th|
|2009/10|Premier League|20th|
|2010/11|League Championship|16th|
|2011/12|League Championship|22nd|
|2012/13|League One|24th|

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Portsmouth F.C.
- **current**: 2022–2023 Portsmouth F.C. season
- **fullname**: Portsmouth Football Club
- **nickname**: _Pompey_, _Blue Army_, _Blues_.
- **founded**: 1898
- **ground**: Fratton Park, Portsmouth
- **capacity**: 20,899
- **chairman**: Michael Eisner
- **manager**: John Mousinho
- **league**: EFL League One, ELF League One
- **position**: EFL League One, EFL League 1, 8th
- **captain**: Clark Robertson
- **season**: 20
- **website**: http://www.portsmouthfc.co.uk
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Sunderland A.F.C.

**Sunderland Association Football Club** is an English football club. They are from the city of Sunderland.

The club played in the Premier League in the 2005/2006 season, they finished bottom. They played in the Football League Championship in 2006/2007, but were promoted back to the Premiership for 2007/08 under manager Roy Keane.

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Sunderland A.F.C.
- **upright**: .8
- **fullname**: Sunderland Association Football Club
- **short name**: SAFC
- **founded**:
(as _Sunderland and District Teachers_)
- **owner**: Kyril Louis-Dreyfus (majority)
- **chairman**: Kyril Louis-Dreyfus
- **manager**: Lee Johnson (footballer), Lee Johnson
- **mgrtitle**: Head coach
- **nickname**: The Black Cats
- **ground**: Stadium of Light
- **capacity**: 49,000
- **current**: 2023–24 Sunderland A.F.C. season
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- **website**: http://www.safc.com/
West Bromwich Albion F.C.

**West Bromwich Albion Football Club** (**West Brom**, **WBA**) is an English football club. The club plays in the Championship. Their home stadium is called the Hawthorns.

Albion were one of the founding members of The Football League in 1888 and have spent the majority of their existence in the top tier of English football. They have been champions of England once, in 1919–20, but have had more success in the FA Cup, with five wins. The first came in 1888, the year the league was founded, and the most recent in 1968, their last major trophy. They also won the Football League Cup at the first attempt in 1966. The club's longest consecutive period in the top division was between 1949 and 1973, and from 1986 to 2002 they spent their longest ever period out of the top division. The 2011–12 season will be their sixth season in the Premier League since 2002. The Hawthorns is a stadium on a hill.

## Names in their history

- 1878-1880 **West Bromwich Strollers F.C.**
- 1880-present **West Bromwich Albion F.C.**

## League position

|season|League|Position|
| --- | --- | --- |
|2000/01|First Division|6th|
|2001/02|First Division|2nd|
|2002/03|Premier League|19th|
|2003/04|First Division|2nd|
|2004/05|Premier League|17th|
|2005/06|Premier League|19th|
|2006/07|League Championship|4th|
|2007/08|League Championship|Champions|
|2008/09|Premier League|20th|
|2009/10|League Championship|2nd|
|2010/11|Premier League|11th|

## Other websites

- West Bromwich Albion: Official website

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: West Bromwich Albion F.C.
- **fullname**: West Bromwich Albion Football Club
- **nickname**: The Baggies
- **founded**: 1878
- **ground**: The Hawthorns
West Bromwich
- **capacity**: 26,500
- **owner**: Shilen Patel
- **chairman**: Shilen Patel
- **manager**: Carlos corberan
- **league**: Football League Championship, Championship
- **season**: 2020–21 Premier League, 2020/21
- **position**: 19 of 20, (relegated)
West Ham United F.C.

**West Ham United Football Club** is an English football club.

The club plays in the Premier League. It was started in 1895 and its home stadium is the London stadium East London. The club is also called "the Hammers" and "the Irons" because it was started in a London Ironworks. Their main rivals are Millwall and other rivals are Tottenham Hotspur, Chelsea and Arsenal

West Ham currently are managed by Graham Potter.

Joint chairman David Gold has died aged 87 on 4 January 2023.

## Name

- 1895-1900 **Thames Ironworks F.C.
- 1900-present **West Ham United F.C.

## League position

|Season|League|Position|
| --- | --- | --- |
|2000/01|Premier League|15th|
|2001/02|Premier League|7th|
|2002/03|Premier League|18th|
|2003/04|First Division|4th|
|2004/05|Championship|6th|
|2005/06|Premier League|9th|
|2006/07|Premier League|15th|
|2007/08|Premier League|10th|
|2008/09|Premier League|9th|
|2009/10|Premier League|17th|
|2010/11|Premier League|20th|
|2011/12|EFL Championship|3rd|
|2012/13|Premier League|10th|
|2013/14|Premier League|13th|
|2014/15|Premier League|12th|
|2015/16|Premier League|7th|
|2016/17|Premier League|11th|
|2017/18|Premier League|13th|
|2010/19|Premier League|10th|
|2019/20|Premier League|16th|
|2020/21|Premier League|6th|
|2021/22|Premier League|7th|
|2022/23|Premier League|14th|
|2023/24|Premier League|9th|
|2024/25|Premier League|14th === Former position === == Notable players == *  Sir Bobby Moore, captain of England when they won the FIFA World Cup in 1966. * Sir Geoff Hurst, who scored three goals for England in the World Cup final. * Sir Trevor Brooking, a good player for England in the 1970/1980s. * Paulo Di Canio an entertaining player and hero for West Ham fans. * Carlos Tevez, Helped keep West Ham in the Premiership with a great run of form 2006/2007. * Mark Noble, West Ham's Long time captain and Player of the decade (2009-2019) == Other websites == * Non official Hammer blog|

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: West Ham United F.C.
- **current**: 9th
- **fullname**: West Ham United Football Club
- **nickname**: Irons/Hammers
- **founded**: 1895
- **ground**: London Stadium
- **capacity**: 60,000
- **chairman**: David Sullivan
- **manager**: Nuno Espírito Santo
- **captain**: Kurt Zouma
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Accrington Stanley F.C.

**Accrington Stanley Football Club** is an English football club.

The club will play in League Two (the English fourth division) in the 2015/16 season.

They were re-founded in 1968 after going bankrupt (having no money) in 1962. They were first founded in 1921. They are thought of a hard working club but having no chance of success. Their nickname is Stanley. They play at the Wham Stadium in Accrington in Lancashire, in England.
Telford United F.C.

**A.F.C Telford United** is a football club based in Telford, Shropshire, England. They are currently a member of the National League North, the sixth tier of English football.

They were founded in 2004. They are based off the original Telford United, which folded in 2004 after financial problems.

They play their home games in New Bucks Head in Wellington, which is a part of Telford.
A.F.C. Wimbledon

**AFC Wimbledon** is an English football club from London. The club are currently in EFL League One.

AFC Wimbledon were formed in 2002 by fans angry at Wimbledon F.C. moving to Milton Keynes, 70 miles away from South London. They play at Plough Lane in London.

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: AFC Wimbledon
- **fullname**: AFC Wimbledon
- **nickname**: The Dons, The Wombles
- **founded**: 2002
- **ground**: Plough Lane
- **capacity**: 9,300
- **owner**: The Dons Trust
- **chairman**: Joe Palmer
- **manager**: Mark Robinson
- **league**: EFL League One
- **season**: 2020–21 in English football, 2020–21
- **position**: 19th of 24
- **pattern la1**: _wimbledon2021h
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Sheffield F.C.

**Sheffield Football Club** is a football club in England.

Sheffield F.C. is the oldest football club in the world. It was set up in 1857 in the city of Sheffield.

Unlike Sheffield United F.C. and Sheffield Wednesday F.C., it does not play in a national league.
Asteroid belt

The **asteroid belt** or **main belt** is a ring of small and large rocks and dust between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. The biggest object in the asteroid belt is Ceres, a dwarf planet. The Kirkwood gaps separate the asteroid belt into several groups. The belt is toroidal in shape.

Most asteroids orbit at 2 to 3 times the distance between Earth and the Sun. Planets that are "inside" - or before - the asteroid belt (which means they are closer to the sun) are called _inner planets._ Planets that are "outside" - that is, after - the asteroid belt are called _outer planets_: so Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars are _inner planets,_ while Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune are the _outer planets._

## Origin

In 1802, shortly after discovering 2 Pallas, Heinrich Olbers suggested to William Herschel that Ceres and Pallas were fragments of a much larger planet that once occupied the Mars–Jupiter region, this planet having suffered an internal explosion or a cometary impact many million years before. This hypothesis has fallen from favor. The large amount of energy needed to destroy a planet, and with the belt's low combined mass (only about 4% of the mass of the Moon) do not support the hypothesis. Also, the significant chemical differences among the various asteroid spectral types are difficult to explain if they come from the same planet. Today, most scientists accept that the asteroids never formed a planet at all.

The Solar System formed when a cloud of interstellar dust and gas collapsed under the influence of gravity to form the Sun and planetesimals, and eventually the planets. This gravitational accretion led to the formation of the rocky planets and the gas giants.

Planetesimals in the region which would become the asteroid belt were too strongly disturbed by Jupiter's gravity to form a planet. Instead they continued to orbit the Sun as before, while occasionally colliding. In regions where the velocity of the collisions was too high, the shattering of planetesimals was more common than accretion, preventing the formation of planet-sized bodies.
Gardening

**Gardening** is the growing of plants such as flowers, shrubs and trees as a hobby or recreation. Some people also grow vegetables or fruit in their gardens. People do gardening outdoors in the soil in their backyard, or in pots or containers on their balcony or on their patio. Some people do gardening on a roof.

People do indoor gardening inside their house or inside a building. Sometimes indoor gardening is done in greenhouses, which are special buildings where plants are grown. A greenhouse has a transparent glass or plastic roof and walls that let sunlight in. Grow tent is also used for indoor plants. Grow tent helps plant to grow in a more spectacular and develop a friendly environment. Water gardening is growing plants in ornamental  water pools and ponds. People doing water gardening plant water lilies and other aquatic plants.

Gardening can be done outside of the home, in city parks, botanical gardens, zoos, amusement parks, theme parks, and around tourist attractions. These types of gardens are cared for by people called gardeners or groundskeepers.

## Gardening compared with farming

Gardening is related to farming. But farming is done on a much larger scale. A farm may have hundreds of square kilometres of plants and crops. A garden in a person's backyard usually only measures a few square meters. As well, farming is done as a business, to sell the crops, fruit, and vegetables that are produced. Gardening is often done just to produce fruit or vegetables for the gardener's own family. Gardening may be a hobby or a recreation. Gardening for sale is called "market gardening".

## Gardening tools

Gardeners use tools to dig in the soil and water the crops. These tools include a spade, a fork, a hoe, a basket, a watering can, a hose, a Sprinkler, a bucket, a trowel  and a wheelbarrow. With growing, technology gardeners now have tech like Self-watering containers, Garden sensors, Hydroponic systems and Indoor lighting systems.

## Gardens as art

In many countries and cultures, designing beautiful gardens is treated as a fine art. In Japan, for instance, Zen monks created Japanese gardens. In Europe in the 1700s, kings and queens had formal gardens built. One example is the gardens at the Versailles palace in Paris, France. Landscaping, the making of an artificial landscape, may include gardening and the designer may be a professional landscape architect.

## Related pages

- Agriculture
- Horticulture
- Aquaculture
- Agronomy
- Hydroculture
Time

**Time** is the never-ending continued proсess of existence and events. It happens in an apparently irreversible way from the past, through the present and to the future.

To measure time, we can use anything that repeats itself regularly. One example is the start of a new day (as Earth rotates on its axis). Two more are the phases of the moon (as it orbits the Earth), and the seasons of the year (as the Earth orbits the Sun).

Even in ancient times, people developed calendars to keep track of the number of days in a year. They also developed sundials that used the moving shadows cast by the sun through the day to measure times smaller than a day. Today, highly accurate clocks can measure time in less than a billionth of a second. The study of time measurement is known as  horology.

The SI (International Systems of Units) unit of time is one second, written as **s**. When used as a variable in mathematics, time is often represented by the symbol .

In Einsteinian physics, time and space can be combined into a single concept. For more on the topic, see space-time continuum.

## Units of time

- 1 millennium = 10 centuries = 100 decades = 200 lustrums = 250 quadrenniums = 333.33 trienniums = 500 bienniums = 1,000 years
- 1 century = 10 decades = 20 lustrums = 25 quadrenniums = 33.33 trienniums = 50 bienniums = 100 years
- 1 decade = 2 lustrums = 2.5 quadrenniums = 3.33 trienniums = 5 bienniums = 10 years
- 1 year = 12 months = 52 weeks = 365 days (366 days in leap years)
- 1 month = 4 weeks = 2 fortnights = 28 to 31 days
- 1 fortnight = 2 weeks = 14 days
- 1 week = 7 days
- 1 day = 24 hours
- 1 hour = 60 minutes
- 1 minute = 60 seconds
- 1 second = SI base unit of time
- 1 millisecond = 1/1,000 second
- 1 microsecond = 1/1,000,000 second
- 1 nanosecond = 1/1,000,000,000 second
- 1 picosecond = 1/1,000,000,000,000 of a second
- 1 femtosecond = 1/1,000,000,000,000,000 of a second
- 1 attosecond = 1/1,000,000,000,000,000,000 of a second
- 1 Planck time = smallest measurable unit of time

### Things used to measure time

- Clock
- Hourglass
- Stopwatch
- Sundial
- Circadian rhythm

## Time of day

- World Clock
- U.S. Naval Observatory
- Time in   Hexadecimal numeral system

## Related pages

- Chronology
- Chronos
- 24-hour clock
- Time zone
- Space-time
Laboratory techniques

**Laboratory techniques** are the techniques of handling the various pieces of apparatus.

### Handling of chemicals

Ways to dissolve a solid in a liquid or to mix two liquids in a test tube:

- Shake the test tube gently
- Stir with a glass rod
- Tap the bottom of the test tube with your finger
- Pour the contents to and fro between two test tubes
- Stopper the test tube and shake

### Heating techniques

- Hold the material over a naked flame
- Put the material in a water bath
- Use a type of hairdryer called a "heat gun" to blow hot air at the material.

### Collecting gases

- Upward and downward delivery
- Over water
- Gas syringe

### Drying substances

- Leave the mixture at room temperature to evaporate on its own.
- Put the substance in an "oven" which heats it gently and removes water vapour.

### Smelling gases

- Never smell a gas directly.
- Waft a gas towards yourself if it is reasonably safe to smell it.
- Never smell a gas that is toxic or otherwise dangerous.
Lake Michigan

**Lake Michigan** is one of the five Great Lakes in North America. It has a surface area of . It is  wide. Lake Michigan is the 5th largest lake in the world.

Lake Michigan is surrounded by the U.S. states of Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, and Michigan. It is the only Great Lake that is not partly in Canada. The largest city on the shore of Lake Michigan is Chicago.

The earliest time that people lived near the lake was 800 CE. The word "Michigan" originally meant the lake itself. It is believed to come from the Ojibwa word _mishigami_ meaning "great water".

The first person to reach the deepest part of Lake Michigan was J. Val Klump. Klump reached the bottom with a submarine as part of a 1985 research expedition.

Twelve million people live along Lake Michigan's shores. They are mainly in the Chicago and Milwaukee areas.
Gas syringe

A **gas syringe** is a type of laboratory glassware. It is used to collect a gas or to measure the volume of a gas.

Simple systems can be settled in the laboratory to collect gas or to compress it. It is usually used to explain the Ideal Gas Law.
Mixture

In chemistry, a **mixture** is a substance that is made up of two or more simpler substances. These substances can be chemical elements or compounds. A mixture can be made of liquids, solids, or gases.

## Characteristics

A mixture is not the same as a compound which is made of two or more atoms connected together. For instance, a mixture of the gases hydrogen and nitrogen contains hydrogen and nitrogen, not the compound ammonia which is made of hydrogen and nitrogen atoms.

A mixture where the different parts can be distinguished easily is called _heterogenous_, one where this is not the case is called _homogeneous_. A third form is called colloid.

If one substance in a mixture dissolves in the other, it is called a solution. For example, if sugar is put in water it forms a mixture, then dissolves to make a solution. If it does not dissolve, it would be called a suspension.

Solids can be mixtures also. Alloy<nowiki/>s are mixtures. Many kinds of soil and rock are mixtures of different minerals. Thus, a mixture is made of two or more elements and/or compounds which are not chemically combined.
Language family

**Language families** are groups of languages that are related to each other because they come from a common older language. The languages in a family have similar vocabulary or structure.

For example, French and Spanish both come from Latin. Latin was spoken a long time ago, and some of the people who spoke it started to speak different ways - for the word "good", one group started saying "bueno" while another group started saying "bon". Most words are said a little differently in Spanish and French, so the two are called different languages.

Most languages belong to a language family, but some languages do not. These languages are called language isolates.

There also are constructed languages, such as Esperanto. Constructed languages are made for different reasons (for example, making a 'world language', for fun, or for use in fiction, like with Klingon).

### By number of languages

_Ethnologue_ 22 (2019) lists these language families as "major". Each has at least 1% of all languages on Earth:

1. Niger–Congo (1,542 languages) (21.7%)
1. Austronesian (1,257 languages) (17.7%)
1. Trans–New Guinea (482 languages) (6.8%)
1. Sino-Tibetan (455 languages) (6.4%)
1. Indo-European (448 languages) (6.3%)
1. Australian [_dubious_] (381 languages) (5.4%)
1. Afro-Asiatic (377 languages) (5.3%)
1. Nilo-Saharan [_dubious_] (206 languages) (2.9%)
1. Oto-Manguean (178 languages) (2.5%)
1. Austroasiatic (167 languages) (2.3%)
1. Tai–Kadai (91 languages) (1.3%)
1. Dravidian (86 languages) (1.2%)
1. Tupian (76 languages) (1.1%)

_Glottolog_ 4.0 (2019) lists the following as the largest families, of 8,494 languages:

1. Atlantic–Congo (1,432 languages)
1. Austronesian (1,275 languages)
1. Indo-European (588 languages)
1. Sino-Tibetan (494 languages)
1. Afro-Asiatic (373 languages)
1. Nuclear Trans–New Guinea (314 languages)
1. Pama–Nyungan (248 languages)
1. Oto-Manguean (180 languages)
1. Austroasiatic (159 languages)
1. Tai–Kadai (94 languages)
1. Dravidian (81 languages)
1. Arawakan (78 languages)
1. Mande (75 languages)
1. Tupian (71 languages)