juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Lucerne

**Lucerne** (, Swiss German: _Lozärn_, French: _Lucerne_, Italian: _Lucerna_, Romansh: _Lucerna_) is a city in Switzerland. It is the capital of the Canton of Lucerne and seat of the district with the same name. The city has a population of about 60,000. Lucerne is the biggest and most important city in Central Switzerland. The city's metropolitan area consists of 17 municipalities in three cantons. It has an overall population of nearly 200,000 people.

## Geography

Lucerne is located in central Switzerland on the northern end of Lake Lucerne. The river Reuss flows from the lake through the city. The city is surrounded by hills and mountains, for example the mountains Pilatus and Rigi.

## History

Lucerne joined the old Swiss confederation in 1332.

Since 2010, Littau is part of the city.

## Economy

Due to its location on the shore of Lake Lucerne (__) within sight of the mountains Pilatus and Rigi, Lucerne is mainly a tourist destination. One of the city's famous landmarks is Chapel Bridge (Kapellbrücke), a wooden bridge from the 14th century. Many tourists choose Lucerne as their place to stay because the city is close to the Alps in the center of the country.

_Schifffahrtsgesellschaft des Vierwaldstättersees_ is the shipping company founded in 1870 that runs ships on Lake Lucerne.

Lucerne railway station is the main station of central Switzerland.

## Culture

Lucerne has a traditional _Fasnacht _(carneval) celebration which takes place every spring.

## Other websites

- City of Lucerne official website
- Luzern Tourismus AG - tourist office

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Lucerne
- **image photo**: Lucerne collage.png
- **image caption**: **Clockwise from top:** Kapellbrücke, Löwendenkmal, Old town, City walls, Traditional frescoed building
- **municipality name**: Lucerne
- **municipality type**: municipality and city
- **imagepath coa**: Wappen Luzern matt.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Luzern 2007.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Lucerne
- **iso-code-region**: CH-LU
- **district**: Lucerne (district), Lucerne
- **postal code**: 6000
- **municipality code**: 1061
- **area**: 37.4
- **elevation**: 435
- **elevation description**: Lake shore
- **highest**: Sonnenberg
- **highest m**: 800
- **lowest**: Rotsee
- **lowest m**: 422
- **mayor**: Beat Züsli
- **mayor asof**: 2019
- **mayor party**: SP/PS
- **mayor title**: Stadtpräsident
- **list of mayors**: List of mayors of Lucerne
- **parliament name**: Lucerne#Parliament, Grosser Stadtrat
- **parliament number of members**: 48
- **executive name**: Lucerne#Government, Stadtrat
- **executive number of members**: 5
- **places**: Luzern, Littau
- **website**: www.stadtluzern.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Adligenswil, Ebikon, Emmen, Switzerland, Emmen, Horw, Kriens, Malters, Meggen, Neuenkirch
Eastern hemisphere

The **Eastern hemisphere** is a geographical term for the half of the Earth that is east of the Prime Meridian and west of the 180th Meridian.  It is the opposite of the Western hemisphere. It can be also used to describe Europe, Asia, Australia, Africa and Oceania.
Hertfordshire

**Hertfordshire** is a county in England. It is one of the so-called Home Counties, those counties that border or surround Greater London. The county is also surrounded by Essex, Cambridgeshire, Buckinghamshire and Bedfordshire. The county town is Hertford; the oldest city is St Albans.

## Leading towns (2001 census)

|Settlement|Population|
| --- | --- |
|Hemel Hempstead||
|Stevenage||
|Watford||
|St Albans||
|Welwyn Garden City||
|Cheshunt||
|Bishop's Stortford||
|Letchworth||
|Borehamwood||
|Hitchin||
|Harpenden||
|Hatfield||
|Hertford||
|Potters Bar||

## Education

Hertfordshire has 26 independent schools and 73 state secondary schools.
The state secondary schools are entirely comprehensive, although seven schools in the south and southwest of the county are partially selective.

The University of Hertfordshire, formerly the Hatfield Polytechnic, is a modern university. It is mostly in Hatfield, and has more than 23,000 students.

### Independent schools

Some of the most notable secondary schools are:
- Abbot's Hill School (secondary, Hemel Hempstead)
- Aldenham School (secondary boarding school, Elstree)
- Berkhamsted School (primary and secondary, Berkhamsted)
- Bishop's Stortford College (secondary, Bishop's Stortford)
- Haberdashers' Aske's School for Girls (secondary, Elstree)
- Haberdashers' Aske's School (secondary, Elstree)
- Merchant Taylors' School (secondary, Northwood)
- Queenswood School (secondary, Hatfield)
- St Albans High School for Girls (secondary, St Albans)
- St Albans School (secondary, St Albans)

## Fame & fortune

Hertfordshire has been home to many famous people, including George Michael and Geri Halliwell. Victoria Beckham, born in Essex, was raised near Broxbourne in Hertfordshire. The Beckhams bought a £2.5 million house in Sawbridgeworth when they married in 1999. They sold it last year to insurance entrepreneur Neil Uttley for £11.4 million.

The richest person in Hertfordshire is Mike Ashley, a retailing tycoon. His fortune is estimated as £3,650 million. He owns Newcastle United F.C. and has an 8.9% share in owning Glasgow Rangers F.C.

## Infobox (english county)

- **official name**: Hertfordshire
- **arms link**: Coat of arms of Hertfordshire
- **locator map**:
- **region**: East of England, East
- **county town**: Hertford
- **largest town**: Watford
- **established date**: Historic counties of England, Likely 10th century
- **lord lieutenant office**: Lord Lieutenant of Hertfordshire
- **lord lieutenant name**: Robert Voss
- **high sheriff office**: High Sheriff of Hertfordshire
- **high sheriff name**: Anne Patricia Brewster (2024-25)
- **area total km2**: 1643
- **area total rank**: 36th
- **county council**: Hertfordshire County Council
- **admin hq**: Hertford
- **area council km2**: 1643
- **area council rank**: 26th
- **iso code**: GB-HRT
- **ons code**: 26
- **gss code**: E10000015
- **nuts code**: UKH23
- **districts map**:
- **districts list**: # North Hertfordshire
# Hertsmere
- **mps**: List of Parliamentary constituencies in Hertfordshire, List of MPs
- **police**: Hertfordshire Constabulary
- **ambulance**: East of England Ambulance Service
Lower Jurassic

The **Lower Jurassic** is the first geological epoch in the Jurassic that began 201.3 million years ago, and ended at 174.1 million years ago.

The Jurassic period is divided into Lower, Middle and Upper. The Lower Jurassic started after the end-Triassic extinction event at 201.3 million years ago (mya). Its rocks form in Europe the _Lias_ group of marine strata consisting mostly of limestone, with some clays and siltstone. It was in this formation on the Dorset Jurassic Coast that Mary Anning did much of her work. The mudstones of the earliest Jurassic (Blue Lias)  give way to carbonate rocks as the water deepens in the Middle Jurassic.

The Jurassic period was one of the time periods when dinosaurs were on the Earth. By this time, many groups of the Triassic period had become extinct.

## Britain

At the start of the Jurassic, Britain was warm temperate to subtropical, between 30° and 40° north of the equator. Temperature would have been in the range of 12–29°C.

Shallow seas were over southern England; higher ground like the Mendip Hills were a string of islands stretching westwards South Wales.

## North America

The Lower Jurassic in western North America is quite different. It is continental in origin, sandstones laid down in shifting streams and rivers. These sandstones were laid down over a long period from the later Permian to the Lower Jurassic.

## Related pages

- Blue Lias
- Jurassic
- Middle Jurassic
- Upper Jurassic
Congress

In politics, a **congress** is a political meeting of leaders or representatives of groups of people. Until the 19th century it was usually a meeting of kings or their representatives, for example the Congress of Vienna. Today it often means the main legislature that makes the laws for a state. The word congress can also mean a meeting of associations, as in the Trades Union Congress (TUC), of the United Kingdom, a meeting of trade unions.

## Related pages

- United States Congress
Personal digital assistant

A **personal digital assistant** (**PDA**) is a handheld computer. Personal digital assistants were designed to replace non-electronic day planners. They became widespread in the 1990s. Many PDAs can work as an address book, a calculator, a clock, and a calendar. Some also have games on them. The work of PDAs is now mostly done by smartphones that use Wi-Fi and touch screens for e-mail, recording video, playing music and making phone calls.

PDA's processor is a chip which makes the device work. PDAs can have different processors depending on their speed. If access to the Internet, GPS, or video recording are needed, the PDA needs to have a fast processor.

## Memory

PDA stores data and applications on RAM memory(Random Access Memory). It is a memory card inside the device. PDAs can also use SD (Secure Digital), SDIO and MMS cards. These are easy to remove and are called flash memory cards. USB flash drives can be used to add more memory.

|colspan=2|Memory capacity guide|
| --- | --- |
|16MB|can contain simple data such as contacts and text files.|
|32MB|allows to use e-mail and office programs.|
|64MB|can access Internet and play video, images, music.|
|128MB+|recommended for Internet access, makes PDA work better, and easily plays music, images and video (multimedia).|

## Screen

Most PDAs have touch screens. This means that the device has less buttons or has no buttons at all. Usually PDAs come with removable 'pen' (stylus) with which the screen is touched. The pen acts like a mouse for desktop PCs or like a touch pad for laptops. For other PDAs a finger is used instead of the pen.

## Battery

PDAs are powered by batteries. There are two types of batteries: removable and fixed. Older PDAs used alkaline batteries which the user would have to take out and replace when they ran out. Most new PDAs have Li-ion batteries. These batteries are rechargeable. PDAs use more battery power when playing video, accessing Internet or transferring data using Bluetooth. Large and bright screens also take more power. This makes the battery run out faster.

## Connection

A PDA can communicate with other devices, PDAs, PCs, etc. This is made with the help of infrared (IrDA) port or with Bluetooth. With this ability the devices can transfer data, download music, images, video, games, etc.

Synchronization means having the same data on both the PDA and PC or other device. When changes are made on either the PDA or the PC, when they are synchronized, these changes made to data on one of them are also made the data on the other. The synchronization also prevents the loss of the stored information.

## Adaptation (Customization)

Customization is adding more memory, miniature keyboards, etc. to the PDA. Customization also can be putting other software (download Internet programs) on the PDA device.

## Other websites

- PDA Blast! - The Ultimate PDA User Resource
Iberian Peninsula

The **Iberian Peninsula**, or **Iberia**, is the southwest part of Europe. Like other peninsulas, it is mostly surrounded by sea. To the south and east of the peninsula is the Mediterranean Sea. To its north and west is the Atlantic Ocean. It is the third largest peninsula of Europe with an area of 582,860 km². The name Iberia is the Ancient Greek name for the region which the Romans called **Hispania**. **Hispania** is now used for Spain, while **Iberia** is used for the whole region.

### Origin

The word **Iberia** was also used by the Ancient Greeks and Romans for another territory at the opposite side of Europe, Caucasian Iberia, which is near the Black Sea.

### Countries

- Portugal, most of the west of the peninsula
- Spain, most of the peninsula, including the center, east and northwest
- France, a very small territory of the nation France is on the east side of the peninsula
- Andorra, a very small nation at the northern edge of the peninsula in the Pyrenees between Spain and France

### Territories

- Gibraltar, a tiny British territory in the south, bordering Spain
Ilham Aliyev

**Ilham Heydar oglu Aliyev** (born December 24, 1961) is the current President of Azerbaijan. He became president in 2003.

## Career

Aliyev succeeded his father Heydar Aliyev who was president of Azerbaijan from 1993 to 2003. On August 4, 2003, two months before the presidential elections, he was made prime minister by his father who was very ill and dying. In October he easily won the presidential elections and became president on October 31, 2003. He also functions as the head of the New Azerbaijan Party.

## Personal life

He has been married to Mehriban Aliyeva since 1983. They have three children.

## Other websites

- The President of Azerbaijan

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Ilham Aliyev
- **image**: Ilham Aliyev 2024 (İlham Əliyevin) (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Aliyev in 2024
- **order**: 4th
- **office**: President of Azerbaijan
- **vicepresident**: Mehriban Aliyeva
- **primeminister**: Artur Rasizade
Novruz Mammadov
Ali Asadov
- **term start**: 31 October 2003
- **predecessor**: Heydar Aliyev
- **order1**: 7th
- **office1**: Prime Minister of Azerbaijan
- **president1**: Heydar Aliyev
- **term start1**: 4 August 2003
- **term end1**: 31 October 2003
- **predecessor1**: Artur Rasizade
- **successor1**: Artur Rasizade
- **office2**: New Azerbaijan Party, Leader of the New Azerbaijan Party
- **deputy2**: Mehriban Aliyeva
- **term start2**: 31 October 2003
- **predecessor2**: Heydar Aliyev
- **office3**: Secretary General of the Non-Aligned Movement
- **term start3**: 25 October 2019
- **predecessor3**: Abulfaz Elchibey
- **birth name**: İlham Heydər oğlu Əliyev
- **birth place**: Baku, Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic, Azerbaijan SSR, Soviet Union
- **nationality**: Soviet people, Soviet
Azerbaijani nationality law, Azerbaijani
- **party**: New Azerbaijan Party
- **children**: Leyla Aliyeva, Leyla
Arzu Aliyeva, Arzu
Heydar
- **parents**: Heydar Aliyev
Zarifa Aliyeva
- **alma mater**: Moscow State Institute of International Relations
- **signature**: Signature of Ilham Aliyev.svg
Flag of Armenia

**The national flag of Armenia**, the Armenian Tricolor, has three horizontal bands of equal width, red on the top, blue in the middle, and orange on the bottom.

The first modern national flag of Armenia was created in 1885 by Ghevont Alishan. The Armenian Supreme Council adopted the current flag on August 24, 1990. On June 15, 2006, the Law on the National Flag of Armenia was passed by the Armenian Parliament.
Lake Sevan

**Lake Sevan** (Armenian: Սևանա լիճ, <small>romanized:</small> _Sevana lich_) is a large lake in Armenia. It is the largest body of water in both Armenia and the Caucasus region. Sevan is one of the largest freshwater high-altitude (alpine) lakes in Eurasia. The lake is in Gegharkunik Province. It is  above sea level. The surface area of the basin of lake is about . It covers about one sixth of  Armenia's total area. The lake itself is . Its volume is . Sevan is fed by 28 rivers and streams. Only 10% of the water that enters the lake is drained by the Hrazdan River. The remaining 90% evaporates.

The lake is the source of about 90% of the fish and 80% of the crayfish caught in Armenia. Sevan is very important to the economy and culture of the area. The only large island (now a peninsula) is home to a medieval monastery.

Sevan was used for irrigation of the Ararat plain and creating hydroelectric power during the Soviet period. This causes the level of water to decrease by around . Its volume was reduced by more than 40%. Later two tunnels were built to move water from highland rivers. This stopped the decrease and its level began rising. Before people begane changing the lake's ecosystem, the lake was at an altitude of 1,916 m (6,286 ft) above sea level, 95 m (312 ft) deep, covered an area of 1,416 km<sup>2</sup> (547 sq mi) (5% of Armenia's entire area), and had a volume of 58.5 km<sup>3</sup> (14.0 cu mi).

## History

Sevan was one of the three great lakes of the historical Safavid Empire. These three lakes were called the Seas of Armenia. Sevan is the only one within the modern day Republic of Armenia. Lake Van and Lake Urmia are the other two great "seas" of historic Armenia. They  are located in Turkey and Iran. Lake Sevan is considered the "jewel" of Armenia. It is "recognized as a national treasure" in the country. The 2001 Law on Lake Sevan defines the lake as "a strategic ecosystem valuable for its environmental, economical, social, scientific, cultural, aesthetic, medical, climatic, recreational, and spiritual value."

In 1673, Chardin wrote of the "extraordinary sweetness of the Water", the "small Island in the middle of it; where stands a Monastery built about 600 years ago, of which the Prior is an Archbishop", and "nine sorts of fish which are there taken; the fairest trouts and carps which are eaten at Erivan being caught in this Lake".

Naturalist and traveler Friedrich Parrot, best known for climbing Mount Ararat in 1829, wrote that, It is important for the Armenian economy: being the main source of irrigation water, Sevan provides low-cost electricity, fish, recreation, and tourism.
Lisa Loeb

**Lisa Anne Loeb** (born March 11, 1968 in Bethesda, Maryland) is an American singer. She sings the song _Stay (I Missed You)_.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Lisa Loeb
- **img**: Lloeb09.JPG
- **img capt**: Loeb in 2008
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Lisa Anne Loeb
- **birth place**: Bethesda, Maryland, United States, U.S.A.
- **origin**: Dallas, Texas. United States, U.S.A.
- **instrument**: Vocals, guitar
- **genre**: folk music, Contemporary Folk / Rock music, Rock
- **occupation**: Singer-songwriter, guitarist, composer, actress
- **years active**: 1989–present
- **label**: Geffen Records, Geffen<small> (1995-1999)</small>
A&M Records, A&M<small> (2000-2002)</small>
Artemis<small> (2002-2004)</small>
Zoe Records, Zoe<small> (2004-present)</small>
- **associated acts**: Liz and Lisa
- **url**: [http://www.lisaloeb.com/ Lisa Loeb Official Site]
Mountain Time Zone

The **Mountain Time Zone** subtracts seven hours from UTC during standard time (UTC−7) and six hours during daylight saving time (UTC−6).

This time zone is called **Mountain Standard Time** (MST) during standard time (Winter). It is called **Mountain Daylight Time** (MDT) during daylight saving time (Summer). In the United States and Canada, this time zone is often just called **Mountain Time** (MT).

The zone is one hour ahead of the Pacific Time Zone and one hour behind the Central Time Zone. The largest city in the Mountain Time Zone is Phoenix, Arizona. The Phoenix Metropolitan Area is the largest metro area in the zone.

### Canada

In Canada, this time zone includes all of Alberta, the Northwest Territories (except for Tungsten), the Kitikmeot Region of Nunavut, part of southeastern and northeastern British Columbia, and the area of Saskatchewan around the city of Lloydminster.

### United States

In the United States, the time zone includes the entire area of the states of New Mexico, Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, and Montana. It also includes parts of Idaho, Oregon, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Texas, Kansas, and Nevada.

### Mexico

These states are part of the Mountain Time Zone: Baja California Sur, Chihuahua, Nayarit, Sinaloa, Sonora.

## Mountain Daylight Time

Daylight saving time occurs from early April to late October. During daylight saving, Central Time Zone is only 6 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time (UTC−6). Most of the locations in Mountain Time Zone observe daylight saving time. A few places do not. These include Sonora and all of Arizona that is not in the Navajo Nation. These places stay on standard time all year.

## Other websites

- Accurate time for the Mountain Time Zone
Alex Lifeson

**Alex Lifeson**, OC (born **Aleksandar Živojinović**; August 27, 1953) is a Canadian musician. He is best known as the guitarist and co-founder for the Canadian rock band Rush. Lifeson has been a member of the band since 1968.

In Rush, Lifeson plays electric and acoustic guitars. He also plays other instruments including: mandola, mandolin and bouzouki.

Along with his music career, Lifeson is part owner of a Toronto restaurant called "The Orbit Room." He is also a licensed airplane pilot.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Alex Lifeson
- **img**: Alex Lifeson3.jpg
- **img capt**: Alex Lifeson in concert with Rush.
 Raleigh, NC (June 20, 2007)
- **background**: non_vocal_instrumentalist
- **birth name**: Alexandar Zivojinovich _(Aleksandar Živojinović)_
- **birth place**: Fernie, British Columbia, Fernie, British Columbia, Canada
- **instrument**: Guitar, mandolin
- **genre**: Hard rock, progressive rock, Heavy metal music, heavy metal
- **occupation**: Musician, songwriter, Record producer, producer
- **years active**: 1968-present
- **label**: Mercury Records, Mercury, Anthem Records, Anthem, Atlantic Records, Atlantic
- **associated acts**: Rush (band), Rush
Hepatitis C

**Hepatitis C** is an infection that mostly affects the liver. The hepatitis C virus (HCV) causes this disease. Often, a person with Hepatitis C does not have any health problems or signs that they have the disease. However, chronic infection can scar the liver. Many years of infection may cause cirrhosis. Sometimes, people with cirrhosis also have liver failure or liver cancer. They can also have very swollen veins of the esophagus and stomach. The blood loss from this can kill.

## Infobox (disease)

- **name**: Hepatitis C
- **image**: HCV EM picture 2.png
- **caption**: Electron micrograph of hepatitis C virus purified from cell culture (scale = 50 nanometers)
- **diseasesdb**: 5783
- **icd10**: ,
- **icd9**: ,,
- **omim**: 609532
- **medlineplus**: 000284
- **emedicinesubj**: med
- **emedicinetopic**: 993
- **meshid**: D006526
XHTML

**XHTML** stands for **eXtensible HyperText Markup Language**. It is markup used to design websites and webpages.

XHTML is much more strict than ordinary HTML, and is based on both XML and HTML. Due to the lax nature of HTML, different web browsers can sometimes display websites incorrectly since there is more than one way to interpret poorly written HTML. The strict and formal nature of XHTML, once fully adopted will allow for web browsers to display the same page correctly between them. Proper XHTML is also easier to read for humans.

For example, the below code shows one of the differences between HTML and XHTML:

Incorrect, HTML version:

Correct, XHTML version:

The line break tag in HTML does not have a closing tag, you just type it once and it creates a line break. In XHTML the rule is that tags that do not have an closing tag must close themselves within the initial tag. These tags are called "empty tags." Another empty tag is `<span style="color:green"><</span>**hr** <span style="color:green;">/></span>` which inserts a "horizontal rule" or dividing line.

## JavaScript Differences

In XHTML, using `innerHTML` is not "allowed".
XHTML also should not be used together with the JavaScript `document.write` command.

## Related pages

- HTML

## Infobox (file format)

- **name**: XHTML
- **extension**: .xhtml, .xht,
 .xml, .html, .htm
- **mime**: application/xhtml+xml
- **owner**: World Wide Web Consortium
- **latest release version**: 5.0
- **genre**: Markup language
- **extended from**: XML, HTML
- **free**: Yes
- **standard**: [http://www.w3.org/TR/html5/ W3C HTML5 (Recommendation)]
Suspension bridge

A **suspension bridge** is a type of bridge that has been made since ancient times as early as 100 AD. Some simple suspension bridges, for use by pedestrians and livestock, are still constructed, based upon the ancient Inca rope bridge.

Suspended from two high locations over a river or canyon, simple suspension bridges follow a shallow downward arc and are not suited for modern roads and railroads.

The design of the modern suspended-deck suspension bridge was developed in the early 19th century. It can cross a longer span than other kinds of bridges.

The Akashi Kaikyō Bridge is the world's longest suspension bridge.

## Other websites

- Sructurae, Suspension Bridges
- Bridgemeister, Suspension Bridges
Sangria (colour)

**Sangria** is a dark slightly purplish red. It is the color of Sangría wine. It is named after this wine. Sangria can also be called a burnt red.
Coulomb

The **coulomb** (symbol: **C**) is the SI unit of electric charge. It is named after Charles-Augustin de Coulomb.

The coulomb is a quantity of electric charge. The movement of electric charge is called current in an electric circuit. For example, a flashlight bulb that has a current of one ampere will pass one coulomb of charge every second. So in ten seconds, ten coulombs have passed through the light bulb.

In an electric wire the charge that moves is in a particle called the electron. Each electron has a very small electric charge of negative one elementary charge. The elementary charge is the smallest electric charge found in a stable particle. A coulomb is equal to 6,241,509,629,152,650,000 elementary charges. The coulomb was named in honor of Charles-Augustin de Coulomb who worked on understanding electric charge in the late 1700s.

There are many SI prefixes that can be used with the coulomb. Some examples prefixes used with the coulomb are the femtocoulomb (fC) and the megacoulomb (MC).

Technical Definition:

1 coulomb is the amount of electric charge carried by a current of 1 ampere flowing for 1 second.

## Infobox (unit)

- **bgcolour**: #0000FF
- **name**: Coulomb
- **image**: Coulomb diagram.svg
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **caption**: Value of 1 coulomb, amount of electric charge at 1 ampere per 1 second
- **standard**: SI base unit
- **quantity**: electric charge
- **symbol**: C
Leonhard Euler

**Leonhard Euler** (pronounced Leonard _Oiler_) (April 15, 1707 – September 7, 1783) was a Swiss mathematician and physicist. He spent most of his adult life in Russia and Germany.

Euler made important discoveries in calculus and topology. He also created many of the words used in math today. He introduced the notation we use to write mathematical functions. He is also known for his works in mechanics, optics, fluid mechanics, astronomy and music theory.

Euler is considered to be the most important mathematician of the 18th century, one of the greatest mathematicians of all time and one of the most prolific writing mathematicians. His collected works fill around 80 volumes. The famous mathematician Pierre-Simon Laplace advised, "Read Euler, read Euler, he is a master for us all.”

Euler was featured on the sixth series of the Swiss 10-franc bill and on numerous Swiss, German, and Russian postage stamps. The asteroid 2002 Euler was named in his honor. He is also celebrated by the Lutheran Church on their Calendar of Saints on May 24.

## Early years

Euler was born in Basel to Paul Euler, a pastor of the Reformed Church. His mother was Marguerite Brucker, a pastor's daughter. He had two younger sisters, Anna-Maria and Maria Magdalena. Soon after the birth of Leonhard, the Eulers moved from Basel to the town of Riehen, where Euler spent most of his childhood. Euler started school back in Basel, where he lived with his grandmother. At the age of thirteen he went to the University of Basel. In 1723, he received his Master of Philosophy. At this time, he was receiving Saturday afternoon lessons from Johann Bernoulli, who quickly discovered his new pupil's extraordinary talent for mathematics.

## Related pages

- Euler-Bernoulli Beam Theory
- Euler–Mascheroni constant
- Euler characteristic
- Euler diagram
- Euler's homogeneous function theorem
- Euler's identity
- Euler's number
- Euler's polyhedron formula
- Euler's totient function
- Euler's totient theorem
- Eulerian path

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Leonhard Euler
- **image**: Leonhard Euler.jpg
- **birth place**: Basel, Switzerland
- **death date**:
<small>Adoption of the Gregorian calendar#Adoption in Eastern Europe, OS: 7 September 1783</small>
- **death place**: Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire
- **field**: Mathematics and physics
- **work institutions**: Russian Academy of Sciences, Imperial Russian Academy of Sciences
- **alma mater**: University of Basel
- **thesis title**: Dissertatio physica de sono ("Physical dissertation on sound")
- **thesis url**: http://eulerarchive.maa.org/pages/E002.html
- **thesis year**: 1726
- **doctoral advisor**: Johann Bernoulli
- **notable students**: Joseph-Louis Lagrange (epistolary correspondent)
- **spouse**: Katharina Gsell (1734–1773)
Salome Abigail Gsell (1776–1783)
Burgundy (colour)

**Burgundy** is a deep shade of red.  It is named after Burgundy wine.  This wine is named after the Burgundy region of France.

## Meaning of burgundy

- Burgundy is a popular color in both men's and women's fashion, for furniture and for linens.

- In cosmetology, a brighter shade of burgundy called "vivid burgundy" is used for dyeing hair. http://www.bobpage.de/contrib/burgundy.jpg

- Passports of the European Union member states are burgundy.

- Venezuela's athletes traditionally wear burgundy uniforms in international competitions.
Because of this people give them the nickname "Red Wine".

- The color burgundy is also the color of Blackpool F.C.'s third team kit. This was chosen by Latvian owner Valeri Belekon, who wanted a kit which looked like the color on the flag of Latvia.

## Tones of burgundy color comparison chart

|Name|width="100"|Color|HEX Code|Red|Green|Blue|Hue|Sat|Lum|Source|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Light Burgundy|style="background-color: #bc5235;"||#BC5235|188|82|53|013°|56%|47%|Xona.com color list (Burgundy Light)|
|Vivid Burgundy|style = "background-color: #9f1d35; color:#ffffff"||#9F1D35|159|29|35|349°|69%|37%|www.99colors.net|
|**Burgundy**|style = "background-color: #800020; color:#ffffff"||**#800020**|**128**|**0**|**32**|**345°**|**100%**|**25%**|**www.99colors.net Maerz & Paul**|
|Deep Burgundy|style="background-color: #770f05; color:#ffffff"||#770f05|119|15|5|005°|92%|24%|Xona.com color list (Burgundy)|
|Medium Burgundy|style = "background-color: #63313a; color:#ffffff"||#63313A|99|49|58|349°|34%|29%||
|Dark Burgundy|style = "background-color: #43302e; color:#ffffff"||#43302E|67|31|26|006°|19%|22%|ISCC-NBS|

## Related pages

- List of colors
Pigment

A **pigment** is something that is added to something else to give it color. Natural pigments can come from just about anything. Pigments can be made from animals, plants, rocks and minerals or even the ground itself, for example clay plus salts. Pigments can also be created by people.

An example of a pigment is ultramarine. It is a powder found in nature. It adds a blue color to paints and dyes.

The first synthetic dye was aniline. Aniline is an organic chemical compound produced in two stages from benzene. It gives a mauve color which was much used for dyeing clothes in the 19th century. It was invented in 1856 by  William Henry Perkin. Apparently, it gave a brilliant fuchsia color when first applied, but fades rapidly to mauve.
Sierra Nevada

**Sierra Nevada**, meaning "snowy range" in Spanish, is the name of at least three mountain ranges:

- Sierra Nevada (Spain) protected by the Sierra Nevada National Park, in Andalusia
- Sierra Nevada (US) in California and Nevada, United States
- Trans-Mexican volcanic belt in Mexico

There are also two single mountains named Sierra Nevada in the Andes which are volcanoes:

- Sierra Nevada (stratovolcano)
- Sierra Nevada de Lagunas Bravas

Other mountains:

- Sierra Nevada de Mérida, protected by the Sierra Nevada National Park (Venezuela) in Mérida and Barinas.
- Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (Colombia)

**Sierra Nevada** may also refer to beer produced by Sierra Nevada Brewing Company, a California brewery.
Anarchy in the U.K.

"**Anarchy in the U.K.**" is a punk rock song by the Sex Pistols.  It was first released as a single in 1976.  In 1977, it was released as part of the album _Never Mind the Bollocks Here's the Sex Pistols_. The song's lyrics espouse a nihilistic and violent concept of anarchy. It has been covered by various other bands, including Megadeth.

This song was in the video game _Guitar Hero III: Legends of Rock_.

## Megadeth cover

"Anarchy in the U.K." was covered by American heavy metal band Megadeth for their third album _So Far, So Good... So What!_, released in 1988.

Megadeth's version has altered lyrics. Dave Mustaine explained that he could not understand Johnny Rotten's singing, so he made up the parts he could not understand (in a notable example, the line "another council tenancy" is changed to "and other cunt-like tendencies"). In addition, the country is changed to "USA", though the title is kept unchanged. The song's music video is a montage of live footage of the band, cartoon political figures, which were designed and animated by Mike Smith, Uli Meyer, Tim Watts, Jonathan Webber, Rob Stevenhagen, Jonathan Hodgson, Roxanne Ducharme and Tracy Shaw and animated at Felix Films studio in London, England, various stock footages, and of a man being forced to watch (much like Alex's therapy in _A Clockwork Orange_). Steve Jones played the second solo.

Mustaine now refuses to play the song live due to lyrics referring to the Anti-Christ, and he believes he's "better for it".

### Track listing versions

- United States 7"
1. "Anarchy in the U.K."
1. "Liar"

- United Kingdom 12"
1. "Anarchy in the U.K."
1. "Liar"
1. "502"

- Germany 12"
1. "Anarchy in the U.K."
1. "Good Mourning/Black Friday" (live)
1. "Devil's Island" (live)

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Anarchy in the U.K.
- **caption**: German release cover
- **type**: single
- **artist**: Megadeth
- **album**: So Far, So Good... So What!
- **released**: 1988
- **recorded**: 1987
- **genre**: Thrash metal
- **length**: 3:00
- **label**: Capitol Records, Capitol
- **writer**: Paul Cook, Steve Jones (musician), Steve Jones, John Lydon, Glen Matlock
- **prev title**: Peace Sells
- **prev year**: 1986
- **next title**: Mary Jane (Megadeth song), Mary Jane
- **next year**: 1988
Cobalt blue

**Cobalt blue** is a cool blue colour. Louis Jacques Thénard discovered this colour in 1802. People make it using cobalt salts. That is why it is called cobalt blue.

Many artists use cobalt blue. Many pieces of glassware have this colour. Glassware that has this colour is called _cobalt glass_.

## Cobalt blue in popular media

- John Varley said that cobalt blue should be used to paint skies. Before this, most artists used ultramarine blue.
- Maxfield Parrish was a famous painter who painted the sky. People liked the bright colours that he used in his paintings. Commonly, he used cobalt blue. Because he was so popular, cobalt blue is also called _Parrish blue_.
- The Chinese made blue and white porcelain with cobalt blue. They used it as the main blue pigment because it was easy to make. The first used it during the late 1700s and early 1800s. It was very good and they used it for a long time afterwards.

## Tones of cobalt blue colour comparison chart

|Name|width=100|Colour|HEX Code|Red|Green|Blue|Hue|Sat|Lum|Source|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|**Cobalt blue**|style = "background-color: #0047ab; color:#ffffff"||**#0047AB**|**0**|**71**|**171**|**215°**|**100%**|**34%**||
|Zaffre|style = "background-color: #0014ab; color:#ffffff"||#0014AB|0|20|171|233°|100%|34%||
|Smalt|style = "background-color: #003399; color:#ffffff"||#003399|0|51|63|220°|100%|30%|(Dark Powder Blue)|
|Spanish Cobalt Blue|style = "background-color: #00438a; color:#ffffff"||#00438A|0|67|138|211°|100%|27%|**Cobalt Blue** (Gallego & Sanz)|
|Thenard Blue|style = "background-color: #333c87; color:#ffffff"||#333C87|51|60|135|234°|45%|36%|Gallego & Sanz|

## Related pages

- List of colors
1180

## Events

- April 13 – Frederick Barbarossa issues the Gelnhausen Charter
- November 18 – Philip II becomes King of France
- During the third year of the Jisho era of Japan, a devastating whirlwind damages Kyoto.
- Emperor Antoku, reign of 81st emperor of Japan starts (1180-1185)
- Afonso I of Portugal is taken prisoner by Ferdinand II of Leon
- Artois is annexed by France
- Prince Mochihito amasses a large army and instigates the Genpei War between Taira and Minamoto clans
- Frederick Barbarossa removes Henry the Lion from the Duchy of Saxony, and created the Duchies of Westphalia and Styria
- Alexius II Comnenus becomes Byzantine emperor
- The Wittelsbach family takes control of Bavaria
- Kilij Arslan II allies with Saladin after the death of Byzantine emperor Manuel I Comnenus
- Alexander Neckam becomes a lecturer in Paris, and writes _De Natura Rerum_, an early mention of chess (approximate date)
- Estimation: Hangzhou, capital of Southern Song China becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Fes in the Almohad Empire.
- Last major volcanic eruption of Sunset Crater, in Arizona

## Births

- August 6 – Emperor Go-Toba of Japan (died 1239)
- Berenguela of Castile, queen of Alfonso IX of Castile (died 1246)
- Gilbert de Clare, 5th Earl of Hertford, English soldier (died 1230)

## Deaths

- September 18 – King Louis VII of France (born 1120)
- September 24 – Manuel I Comnenus, Byzantine Emperor (born 1118)
- October 25 – John of Salisbury, French bishop
- Al-Mustadi, Caliph
- William de Braose, 3rd Lord of Bramber
- Abraham ben David, philosopher (martyred)
- Roman of Kiev
- Yaroslav II of Kiev
- Prince Mochihito, son of Emperor Go-Shirakawa of Japan
- Minamoto no Yorimasa, Japanese warlord (born 1106)
Tarsier

The **tarsiers** are prosimian (non-monkey) primates. They got their name from the long bones in their feet. They are now placed together with the simians (monkeys).

They live in trees, and  are entirely nocturnal. Tarsiers are the only primates which are wholly carnivorous. They mainly eat insects, but some are also known to eat birds and snakes. Tarsiers can catch prey like birds even if they are in motion as the tarsiers jump from tree to tree to catch their prey.

## Senses

Tarsiers have incredibly good hearing.

They have large eyes. Each is about 16 mm wide.They are very sensitive to touch, and weigh as much as their entire brain. Unlike many nocturnal animals, tarsiers lack a light-reflecting area (tapetum lucidum) of the eye. They also have a fovea,  which is also not usual in nocturnal animals.

### Brain difference

The tarsier's brain is different from other primates in one respect. The sequence of cell layers in the lateral geniculate nucleus getting information from both eyes is different from the set-up in lemurs, lorises, and monkeys. "This apparent difference distinguishes tarsiers from all other primates, and reinforces the view that they arose in an early, independent line of primate evolution".

## Reproduction

Pregnancy takes about six months, which is a long time for such a small animal. Tarsiers give birth to single offspring.

## History

They were once widespread, but now tarsiers live only on islands in south-east Asia. Fossils are found in Asia, Europe, and North America, and some disputed fossils from Africa. Living tarsiers are on several southeast Asian islands, including the Philippines, Sulawesi, Borneo, and Sumatra.

They also have the longest continuous fossil record of any primate. The fossil record shows that their teeth have not changed much, except in size, in the past 45 million years. That means what they eat, and probably their lifestyle, has not changed much, either.

## Mass media

Tarsiers are said to be the inspiration for the famous movie character Yoda of Star Wars due to their small size but excellent hunting skills.

## Conservation status

One tarsier species, Dian's tarsier (_Tarsius dentatus_), is listed by on the IUCN Red List as being "lower risk – conservation dependent". Horsfield's tarsier (_Cephalopachus bancanus_) is listed as "lower risk – least concern". The spectral tarsier (_Tarsius spectrum_) is categorized as "lower risk, not threatened". The pygmy tarsier (_Tarsius pumilus_) was thought to be extinct until a family were found in 2008. The two males and single female (a fourth escaped) were captured using nets, and were radio collared to track their movements. Other tarsier species are listed as "data deficient".

## Other websites

- Primate Info Net - Primate factsheets & more: Tarsius sp.
- Video of a tarsier eating a cricket
- A synopsis of the mammalian fauna of the Philippine islands
- The Philippine tarsier
Theoretical computer science

**Theoretical computer science** is the study of mathematics and computer science related to the theory of computation and formal methods. Topics in theoretical computer science are:
- Automata theory
- Category theory
- Coding theory
- Combinatorial optimization
- Computability theory
- Computational complexity theory
- Computer algebra
- Cryptography
- Distributed computing
- Formal languages
- Formal verification
- Graph theory
- Information theory
- Mathematical logic
- Parallel computing
- Programming language theory
- Quantum computation
- Type theory
Pedestrian

A **pedestrian** is a person traveling on foot, whether walking or running.  In modern times, the term mostly refers to someone walking on a road or footpath, but this was not the case historically.

## History

The main way humans get around is by walking.  The first humans walked out of Africa about 60,000 years ago. We walked across India to reach Australia. We walked across Asia to reach the Americas.  We walked from the fertile crescent area to reach Europe.

Nowadays, roads often have a designated footpath attached especially for pedestrian traffic, called the _sidewalk_ in American English and the _pavement_ in British English. There are also footpaths not associated with a road which are used only by pedestrians, especially ramblers, hikers or hill-walkers and there are roads not associated with a footpath. These footpaths, in mountains or forests, are called trails.

Efforts are underway by pedestrian advocacy groups to make it easy to be a pedestrian in new developments, especially to counteract newer developments where 20 to 30 percent do not include sidewalks. Some activists advocate large auto-free zones where pedestrians only or pedestrians and some non-motorised vehicles are allowed.

## Related pages

- Walking

## Other websites

- Early Pedestrians in North America
- US Pedestrian Advocacy Groups
- UK Pedestrian Advocacy Group
- Transportation Alternatives: Pedestrian Advocacy
- America Walks
- Street quality promotion by street parties
- Pedestrian InRoads – US Pedestrian advocacy group
- Perils For Pedestrians on YouTube
- Walkable Communities
- Donald Appleyard's Livable Streets study
- Ultramarathons
Patti Deutsch

**Patricia Deutsch Ross** (born **Elaine Patricia Deutsch**; December 16, 1943 – July 26, 2017) was an American actress. She was best known for appearing the television game show  _Match Game_ in the 1970s.  She was also known for doing voices in animated movies. Deutsch was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Deutsch died in Los Angeles, California from cancer on July 26, 2017 at the age of 73.

### Animated Roles

- _Capitol Critters_ - Trixie
- _The Emperor's New School_ - Mata the Lunch Lady
- _The Smurfs_ - Additional Voices
- _Time Squad_ - Amelia Earheart

### Film Roles

- _Happily N'Ever After_ - Additional Voices
- _Jetsons: The Movie_ - Lucy 2
- _Kronk's New Groove_ - Waitress
- _Monsters, Inc._ - Additional Voices
- _Tarzan_ - Tantor's Mother
- _The Emperor's New Groove_ - Waitress
- _The Incredibles_ - Stratogale
- _The Land Before Time VII: The Stone of Cold Fire_ - Rainbow Face #2

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Patti Deutsch
- **birth name**: Elaine Patricia Deutsch
- **birth place**: Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.
- **death place**: Los Angeles, California, U.S.
- **years active**: 1968–2013
- **children**: 3
Body double

A **body double** is a person who works in the movie or television production industry. Body doubles are models that act in scenes that actors or actresses do not want to do. For example, body doubles sometimes act in love scenes or scenes of nudity, where a person's body is shown.

Body doubles are usually models that have developed very good bodies by exercising and by eating well. Actors whose characters must appear nude or otherwise show more skin, often have flaws and imperfections such as may come with age or being overweight and it can be expensive to digitally edit these out. Often, movies or television shows that use body doubles do not admit that a body double model was used.

In the popular American movie _Pretty Woman_, a fashion and parts model named Donna Scoggins posed for the infamous movie poster in thigh-high boots, while another body double, Shelley Michelle, filmed nude scenes that actress Julia Roberts did not want to do.

## Related concepts

Another job in the movie and television production industry where people do actions that the actors or actresses do not want to do is the job of stuntman. A stuntman is a person who does dangerous actions in movies, for example, jumping, falling, getting in a car accident, or pretending to fight with knives.

What distinguishes a "stunt person" from a "stunt double" is the particular character they portray. If the character in question is a main character and/or central to the plot and uniquely identifiable, the stuntman is then typically referred to as a "stunt double" in the credits.
Intergenerational conflict

An **intergenerational conflict** is either a conflict situation between teenagers and adults or a more abstract conflict between two generations, which often involves prejudices against another generation.

Furthermore, intergenerational conflict describes cultural, social or economic discrepancies between generations. These can be caused by value shift or conflict of interest between younger and older generations. An example are changes to an intergenerational contract that may be necessary to reflect a change in demographics.

For examples of intergenerational conflict,_ Dreaming in Cuban, _by Cristina Garcia is a good novel to take a look at.
Intergenerational contract

An **intergenerational contract** is an agreement between different generations. It assumes that future generations will honor the contract and provide a service to a generation that has done the same service for an older generation.

The most common use of the term is in social security and refers to the consensus  to provide pensions for the retired generations through payments made by the working generations.

The use of the word _contract_ is not entirely accurate as the next generation enters the agreement without consent.