juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Traer, Iowa

**Traer** is a city in Iowa in the United States of america.
Treynor, Iowa

**Treynor** is a city in Iowa in the United States.
Tripoli, Iowa

**Tripoli** is a city in Iowa in the United States.
Truesdale, Iowa

**Truesdale** is a city in Iowa in the United States.
Truro, Iowa

**Truro** is a city in Iowa in the United States.
Udell, Iowa

**Udell** is a city in Iowa in the United States.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Udell, Iowa
- **settlement type**: City
- **image map**: Appanoose_County_Iowa_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Udell_Highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 250x200px
- **map caption**: Location of Udell, Iowa
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Iowa, County
- **subdivision name2**: Appanoose County, Iowa, Appanoose
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 0.73
- **area land km2**: 0.73
- **area water km2**: 0.00
- **area total sq mi**: 0.28
- **area land sq mi**: 0.28
- **area water sq mi**: 0.00
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 28
- **population density km2**: 38.45
- **population density sq mi**: 99.64
- **timezone**: North American Central Time Zone, Central (CST)
- **utc offset**: -6
- **timezone dst**: CDT
- **utc offset dst**: -5
- **elevation ft**: 994
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 52593
- **area code**: Area code 641, 641
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 19-79410
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 2397078
Underwood, Iowa

**Underwood** is a city in Iowa in the United States.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Underwood, Iowa
- **settlement type**: City
- **image skyline**: Underwood, Iowa.jpg
- **image caption**: Underwood, Iowa Memorial Hall
- **image map**: Pottawattamie_County_Iowa_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Underwood_Highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 250x200px
- **map caption**: Location of Underwood, Iowa
- **pushpin map**: USA Iowa#USA
- **pushpin label**: Underwood
- **pushpin map caption**: Location within Iowa##Location within the United States
- **pushpin relief**: yes
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Iowa, County
- **subdivision name2**: Pottawattamie County, Iowa, Pottawattamie
- **subdivision type3**: List of Iowa townships, Township
- **subdivision name3**: Norwalk Township, Pottawattamie County, Iowa, Norwalk
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 2.89
- **area land km2**: 2.82
- **area water km2**: 0.07
- **area total sq mi**: 1.11
- **area land sq mi**: 1.09
- **area water sq mi**: 0.03
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 954
- **population density km2**: 338.19
- **population density sq mi**: 876.03
- **timezone**: North American Central Time Zone, Central (CST)
- **utc offset**: -6
- **timezone dst**: CDT
- **utc offset dst**: -5
- **elevation ft**: 1060
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 51576
- **area code**: Area code 712, 712
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 19-79500
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 2397083
- **website**: [http://www.underwoodia.com/ City of Underwood]
Union, Iowa

**Union** is a city in Iowa in the United States.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Union, Iowa
- **settlement type**: City
- **image map**: Hardin_County_Iowa_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Union_Highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location of Union, Iowa
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Iowa, County
- **subdivision name2**: Hardin County, Iowa, Hardin
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 1.48
- **area land km2**: 1.48
- **area water km2**: 0.00
- **area total sq mi**: 0.57
- **area land sq mi**: 0.57
- **area water sq mi**: 0.00
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 399
- **population density km2**: 269.82
- **population density sq mi**: 698.77
- **timezone**: North American Central Time Zone, Central (CST)
- **utc offset**: -6
- **timezone dst**: CDT
- **utc offset dst**: -5
- **elevation m**: 287
- **elevation ft**: 942
- **postal code type**: ZIP codes
- **postal code**: 50258-50259
- **area code**: Area code 641, 641
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 19-79545
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 0462416
Whitten, Iowa

**Whitten** is a city in Iowa in the United States.
Unionville, Iowa

**Unionville** is a city in Iowa in the United States.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Unionville, Iowa
- **settlement type**: City
- **image skyline**: UnionvilleIowaPostOffice.jpg
- **image caption**: The post office building in Unionville, Iowa
- **image map**: Appanoose_County_Iowa_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Unionville_Highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 250x200px
- **map caption**: Location of Unionville, Iowa
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Iowa, County
- **subdivision name2**: Appanoose County, Iowa, Appanoose
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 1.95
- **area land km2**: 1.95
- **area water km2**: 0.00
- **area total sq mi**: 0.75
- **area land sq mi**: 0.75
- **area water sq mi**: 0.00
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 75
- **population density km2**: 38.53
- **population density sq mi**: 99.73
- **timezone**: North American Central Time Zone, Central (CST)
- **utc offset**: -6
- **timezone dst**: CDT
- **utc offset dst**: -5
- **elevation ft**: 948
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 52594
- **area code**: Area code 641, 641
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 19-79680
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 2397089
University Heights, Iowa

**University Heights** is a city in Iowa in the United States. It is in the Iowa City metropolitan area.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: University Heights, Iowa
- **settlement type**: City
- **motto**: The Height of Good Living
- **image skyline**: University Heights IA Melrose triangle.jpg
- **image caption**: Melrose Triangle
- **image map**: Johnson_County_Iowa_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_University_Heights_Highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location of University Heights, Iowa
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Iowa, County
- **subdivision name2**: Johnson County, Iowa, Johnson
- **government type**: Mayor-council government
- **established title**: Municipal corporation, Incorporated
- **established date**: 1935
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 0.60
- **area land km2**: 0.60
- **area water km2**: 0.00
- **area total sq mi**: 0.23
- **area land sq mi**: 0.23
- **area water sq mi**: 0.00
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 1228
- **population density km2**: 2046.67
- **population density sq mi**: 5339.13
- **timezone**: North American Central Time Zone, Central (CST)
- **utc offset**: -6
- **timezone dst**: CDT
- **utc offset dst**: -5
- **elevation m**: 233
- **elevation ft**: 764
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 52246
- **area code**: Area code 319, 319
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 19-79770
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 0462482
- **website**: http://www.university-heights.org/
University Park, Iowa

**University Park** is a city in Iowa in the United States.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: University Park, Iowa
- **settlement type**: City
- **image map**: Mahaska_County_Iowa_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_University_Park_Highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location of University Park, Iowa
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Iowa, County
- **subdivision name2**: Mahaska County, Iowa, Mahaska
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 2.02
- **area land km2**: 2.02
- **area water km2**: 0.00
- **area total sq mi**: 0.78
- **area land sq mi**: 0.78
- **area water sq mi**: 0.00
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 487
- **population density km2**: 241.65
- **population density sq mi**: 625.96
- **timezone**: North American Central Time Zone, Central (CST)
- **utc offset**: -6
- **timezone dst**: CDT
- **utc offset dst**: -5
- **elevation ft**: 774
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 52595
- **area code**: Area code 641, 641
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 19-79815
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 2397093
Urbana, Iowa

**Urbana** is a city in Iowa in the United States.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Urbana, Iowa
- **settlement type**: City
- **image skyline**: urbana iowa.jpg
- **image map**: Benton_County_Iowa_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Urbana_Highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 250x200px
- **map caption**: Location of Urbana, Iowa
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Iowa, County
- **subdivision name2**: Benton County, Iowa, Benton
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 4.68
- **area land km2**: 4.68
- **area water km2**: 0.00
- **area total sq mi**: 1.81
- **area land sq mi**: 1.81
- **area water sq mi**: 0.00
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 1554
- **population density km2**: 332.28
- **population density sq mi**: 860.47
- **timezone**: North American Central Time Zone, Central (CST)
- **utc offset**: -6
- **timezone dst**: CDT
- **utc offset dst**: -5
- **elevation m**: 286
- **elevation ft**: 938
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 52345
- **area code**: Area code 319, 319
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 19-79905
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 0462503
Ute, Iowa

**Ute** is a city in Iowa in the United States.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Ute, Iowa
- **settlement type**: City
- **image skyline**: Ute, IA.jpg
- **image map**: Monona_County_Iowa_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Ute_Highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 250x200px
- **map caption**: Location of Ute, Iowa
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Iowa, County
- **subdivision name2**: Monona County, Iowa, Monona
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 0.96
- **area land km2**: 0.96
- **area water km2**: 0.00
- **area total sq mi**: 0.37
- **area land sq mi**: 0.37
- **area water sq mi**: 0.00
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 338
- **population density km2**: 350.76
- **population density sq mi**: 908.60
- **timezone**: North American Central Time Zone, Central (CST)
- **utc offset**: -6
- **timezone dst**: CDT
- **utc offset dst**: -5
- **elevation m**: 379
- **elevation ft**: 1243
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 51060
- **area code**: Area code 712, 712
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 19-79995
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 0462506
Vail, Iowa

**Vail** is a city in Iowa in the United States.
Westside, Iowa

**Westside** is a city in Iowa in the United States.
Vinton, Iowa

**Vinton** is a city in Iowa in the United States. It is the county seat of Benton County.
Benton County, Iowa

**Benton County** is a county in the U.S. state of Iowa. As of the 2020 census, the population was 25,575. The county seat is Vinton. The county is named for Thomas Hart Benton, a U.S. Senator from Missouri.

Benton County was founded on December 21, 1837.
Van Horne, Iowa

**Van Horne** is a city in Iowa in the United States.
Gianuario Carta

**Gianuario (Ariuccio) Carta**, (1 January 1931 – 14 February 2017) was an Italian politician of the Christian Democracy political party. Carta served as Deputy and Senator of Italian Parliament from 1968 to 1983 and was minister of the Merchant Navy from 1983 to 1986 in the Craxi I Cabinet. He was born in Bitti, Sardinia.

Carta died on 14 February 2017 in Cagliari at the age of 86.
John Wesley Hardin

**John Wesley Hardin** 1853-1895 was a Texas killer, outlaw gambler and lawyer.

## Other websites

- Outlaw Villians wiki
- John Wesley Hardin
Tuzla

**Tuzla** is the third largest city of Bosnia and Herzegovina. As of 2013, it has about 110,000 people living there. The city consists of many different cultures and religious affiliations. It is predominantly Muslim with over 75% of population identifying as Muslim, however it is also heavily populated by other groups as well making up nearly 25% who identify as Orthodox, Catholic, Atheist or other.

Tuzla has also been labeled multiple times as being the most polluted city in all of Europe. And on years where it isn't listed as #1 it's frequently a 2nd or 3rd most polluted city due to using old coal as source of energy and city planning having been very poor and large quantities of population in the cities living in housing that sits almost in a valley surrounding mountains and hills where the power plants are built too close to proximity of housed population while also the housing built in areas that dip in like valleys and only magnify the pollution that sits in the air that people in the city have to inhale with slow dissipation. There are also reports of another coal operated plant to be built despite protests and now vast availability of educational sources and environmental groups that shun the thought of that.
Chester, Connecticut

**Chester** is a town in Middlesex County, Connecticut, United States. The population was 3,749 at the 2020 census.
Law of the Minimum

The **Law of the minimum**, also called **Liebig's law of the minimum**, is a law about the growth of plants. It states that the growth of a plant is limited by the resource which is most scarce, and not by the total amount of resources available. The law has also been used to predict the growth of populations.

Wassily Leontief (1905-1999) formulated a similar rule for economics: It is known as Leontief production function today.

## Liebig's barrel

Dobenecks used the image of a barrel — often called "Liebig's barrel" — to explain Liebig's law. In a barrel, with staves of unequal length, the capacity of the barrel is determined by the shortest stave. This is also true for the growth of a  plant: it is limited by the nutrient in shortest supply.

If a system satisfies the law of the minimum then adaptation will equalize the load of different factors because the adaptation resource will be allocated for compensation of limitation. Adaptation systems act as the cooper of Liebig's barrel and lengthens the shortest stave to improve barrel capacity. Indeed, in well-adapted systems the limiting factor should be compensated as far as possible. This observation follows the concept of resource competition and fitness maximization.

Due to the law of the minimum paradoxes, if we observe the Law of the Minimum in artificial systems, then under natural conditions adaptation will equalize the load of different factors and we can expect a violation of the law of the minimum. Inversely, if artificial systems demonstrate significant violation of the law of the minimum, then we can expect that under natural conditions adaptation will compensate this violation. In a limited system life will adjust as an evolution of what came before.
ELife

***eLife*** is a scientific journal for the biomedical and life sciences. It is open access. It was established at the end of 2012 by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Max Planck Society, and Wellcome Trust. These organizations gave the money for the journal's business and publishing operations.

The  editor-in-chief is Randy Schekman (University of California, Berkeley). Editorial decisions are made largely by senior editors and members of the board of reviewing editors. These are all people who work as scientists. They are in many fields, including human genetics, neuroscience, biophysics, and epidemiology. eLife used to be a normal peer-reviewed journal. In 2021, it stopped using the peer review process that most journals use. At present, it will publish all articles that are reviewed, and not reject any.

## Business model

The journal charges authors USD$2,500 for their papers to be published in the journal. It started doing this in 2017.

## Abstracting and indexing

The journal is indexed in Medline, BIOSIS Previews, Chemical Abstracts Service, Science Citation Index Expanded, and Scopus.
In 2016, the journal had an impact factor of 7.725. The journal claims that it will not advertise its impact factor.

## eLife digests

Most articles in the journal have an "eLife digest". This is a short version of the article for people who aren't scientists. Since December 2014, the journal has been sharing some of the digests on Medium.

## Other websites

- eLife on Medium
Naomi Osaka

is a professional tennis player. She won the 2018 US Open, defeating American Serena Williams in the final. This made her the first Japanese player to win a Grand Slam singles tournament. In 2019 she won the Australian Open and became world number 1. She turned professional in September 2013.

Osaka is Black-Haitian American-Japanese. She was born in Chūō-ku, Osaka. Her father is Haitian-American and her mother is Japanese. She grew up in the United States. She has both Japanese and American citizenship.

## Infobox (tennis biography)

- **name**: Naomi Osaka
- **image**: NaomiOsaka-smile-2020 (cropped tight).png
- **alt**: Naomi Osaka smiling during her match against Azarenka in the 2020 US Open.
- **caption**: Naomi Osaka at the 2020 US Open (tennis), 2020 US Open
- **residence**: Beverly Hills, California, USA
- **birth place**: Chuo Ward, Osaka, Japan
- **height**: 180 cm
- **careerprizemoney**: $21,177,252
- **website**: [http://www.naomiosaka.com/en/ naomiosaka.com]
- **plays**: Right-handed (two-handed backhand)
- **coach**: Wim Fissette (2020–2022)
- **turnedpro**: September 2013
- **singlestitles**: 7
- **highestsinglesranking**: List of WTA number 1 ranked singles tennis players, No. **1** (January 28, 2019)
- **currentsinglesranking**: No. 314 (April 3, 2023)
- **australianopenresult**: **W** (2019 Australian Open – Women's singles, 2019, 2021 Australian Open – Women's singles, 2021)
- **frenchopenresult**: 3R (2016 French Open – Women's singles, 2016, 2018 French Open – Women's singles, 2018, 2019 French Open – Women's singles, 2019)
- **wimbledonresult**: 3R (2017 Wimbledon Championships – Women's singles, 2017, 2018 Wimbledon Championships – Women's singles, 2018)
- **usopenresult**: **W** (2018 US Open – Women's singles, 2018, 2020 US Open – Women's singles, 2020)
- **othertournaments**: yes
- **wtachampionshipsresult**: RR (2018 WTA Finals – Singles, 2018, 2019 WTA Finals – Singles, 2019)
- **olympicsresult**: 3R (Tennis at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Women's singles, 2020)
- **doublestitles**: 0
- **highestdoublesranking**: No. 324 (April 3, 2017)
- **australianopendoublesresult**: 1R (2017 Australian Open – Women's doubles, 2017)
- **frenchopendoublesresult**: 2R (2016 French Open – Women's doubles, 2016)
- **wimbledondoublesresult**: 1R (2017 Wimbledon Championships – Women's doubles, 2017)
- **usopendoublesresult**: 1R (2016 US Open – Women's doubles, 2016, 2017 US Open – Women's doubles, 2017)
- **team**: yes
- **fedcupresult**: WG II PO (2018)
- **hopmancupresult**: RR (2018)
- **updated**: January 9, 2023
John H. Cox

**John Herman Cox** (born July 15, 1955 in Chicago, Illinois) is an American accountant, businessman, broadcaster, attorney, and politician. He ran for governor of California as a Republican in the 2018 election, but lost to Gavin Newsom in the general election. He unsuccessfully ran for governor in the 2021 recall election.

## Beliefs

Cox voted for Gary Johnson in the 2016 presidential election. He later said that he made a "mistake" in voting for Johnson. He was endorsed by Donald Trump in May 2018.

Cox is pro-life, meaning that he is against abortion. He said, ”abortion is murder--plain and simple--and that should be regulated by state law.”

He is against the death penalty.

He supports medical cannabis. He has suggested that Marijuana users should be hospitalized instead of sent to prison.

Cox is strongly against the "gas tax." The gas tax was passed in April 2017, and increased the cost of gas and diesel in California.

## Other websites

- Official campaign website
Sebastian Janikowski

**Sebastian Paweł Janikowski** (; born March 2, 1978) is a Polish-born American football kicker. He played for the Seattle Seahawks of the National Football League (NFL).
Crystal field theory

**Crystal Field Theory (CFT) **is a scientific representation of how metals behave when dissolved in water to form a special type of chemical called a complex. This model may be used to predict the colors of certain metal containing chemicals when dissolved in water, as well as their reactions when placed near a magnet. It may also be use to predict the shape of the chemicals. **CFT ** does not predict the connections between atoms. **CFT ** was created by physicists Hans Bethe and John Hasbrouck van Vleck in 1930. It was later combined with the molecular orbital theory to create the ligand field theory, which does describe the connections between atoms.
David Kautter

**David Kautter** is an American lawyer and tax policy advisor. He was the Assistant Secretary of the United States Treasury for Tax Policy from 2017 to 2021. He was a partner at accounting firm RSM International.

Kautter was a partner at Ernst & Young and served as tax legislative counsel for former U.S. Senator John Danforth.

On October 26, 2017, President Donald Trump announced the designation of Kautter to be the acting commissioner of the Internal Revenue Service effective November 13, 2017.

## Other websites

- Faculty profile at American University

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: David Kautter
- **image**: David Kautter official photo.jpg
- **office**: Acting Commissioner of Internal Revenue
- **president**: Donald Trump
- **term start**: November 13, 2017
- **term end**: September 30, 2018
- **predecessor**: John Koskinen
- **successor**: Charles P. Rettig
- **office2**: Office of Tax Policy, Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for Tax Policy
- **president2**: Donald Trump
- **term start2**: September 25, 2017
- **term end2**: January 20, 2021
- **predecessor2**: Mark Mazur
- **successor2**: Mark Mazur (Acting)
- **education**: University of Notre Dame (Bachelor of Arts, BA)
Georgetown University (Juris Doctor, JD)
Charles P. Rettig

**Charles Paul Rettig** (born November 18, 1956) is an American politician and lawyer. He was the United States Commissioner of Internal Revenue from 2018 to 2022.

He was a partner at the Beverly Hills tax law firm of Hochman, Salkin, Rettig, Toscher & Perez, P.C., "known in the industry as a controversy firm" according to the Los Angeles Times.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Chuck Rettig
- **image**: Chuck Rettig IRS official photo.jpg
- **office**: 49th Commissioner of Internal Revenue
- **president**: Donald Trump
Joe Biden
- **term start**: October 1, 2018
- **term end**: November 12, 2022
- **predecessor**: John Koskinen
- **successor**: Daniel Werfel
- **birth name**: Charles Paul Rettig
- **birth place**: Los Angeles, California, United States, U.S.
- **spouse**: Tam Rettig
- **children**: 4, including 2 stepsons
- **education**: University of California, Los Angeles (Bachelor of Arts, BA)
Pepperdine University (Juris Doctor, JD)
New York University (Master of Laws, LLM)
Sheldon S. Cohen

**Sheldon S. Cohen** (June 28, 1927 – September 4, 2018) was an American attorney. He was the Commissioner of Internal Revenue from 1965 to 1969 during the Lyndon B. Johnson administration. He was born in Washington, D.C..

Cohen died of heart failure on September 4, 2018, in Chevy Chase, Maryland at age 91.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Sheldon Cohen
- **image**: Sheldon Stanley Cohen (page 29 crop).jpg
- **office**: 35th Commissioner of Internal Revenue
- **president**: Lyndon B. Johnson
- **term start**: January 25, 1965
- **term end**: January 20, 1969
- **predecessor**: Mortimer Caplin
- **successor**: Randolph W. Thrower
- **birth name**: Sheldon Stanley Cohen
- **birth place**: Washington, D.C., U.S.
- **death place**: Chevy Chase, Maryland, U.S.
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
- **education**: George Washington University (Bachelor of Laws, LLB)
Jack Ma

**Ma Yun** (, ; born 10 September 1964), known professionally as **Jack Ma**, he is a Chinese business magnate, investor, and philanthropist. He is the co-founder and an executive chairman of Alibaba Group. As of April 2021, with a net worth of $51.5 billion, Jack Ma is the third-richest person in all of  China.

In 2018, Jack Ma said he was first inspired by the dreams of Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad. He explained that Mahathir's vision to make Malaysia's capital a high-tech business center motivated him to start a digital business to change China's technology industry.

In 10 September 2018, Jack Ma retired from Alibaba and focused on educational charity work.

## Other websites

- Leadership biographies at Alibaba Group
- Biography  at The Nature Conservancy (Board of Directors)
- Book  (Success Story)

## Infobox (chinese)

- **order**: st
- **child**: yes
- **s**: 马云
- **t**: 馬雲
- **p**: Mǎ Yún
- **w**: Ma<sup>3</sup> Yün<sup>2</sup>
- **suz**: Mô Yúin
- **j**: Maa<sup>5</sup> Wan<sup>4</sup>
- **y**: Máah Wàhn


## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Jack Ma
- **image**: Enabling eCommerce- Small Enterprises, Global Players (39008130265) (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Ma in 2018
- **native name lang**: zh-Hans
- **birth place**: Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- **party**: Communist Party of China
- **education**: Hangzhou Normal University (Bachelor of Arts, BA)
- **known for**: Co-founder and former executive chairman of Alibaba Group
- **title**: Co-founder of Yunfeng Capital
- **net worth**: US$49.4 billion ()
- **spouse**: Zhang Ying
- **children**: 3
Irving Petlin

**Irving Petlin** (December 17, 1934 – September 1, 2018) was an American artist and painter. He was born in Chicago, Illinois. Petlin was known for his mastery of the pastel medium and collaborations with other artists. He was a member of the Chicago Imagists.

Petlin died of liver cancer in Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts on September 1, 2018 at the age of 83.

## Other websites

- http://news.artnet.com/art-world/irving-petlin-looks-back-on-five-decades-of-painting-and-drawing-159863
- Petlin: The Committed Brushstroke by Peter Selz.
- Irving Petlin, Este Mundo by Carrie Moyer at The Brooklyn Rail
- _from_ Nomadics Blog: 3 Irving Petlin Shows in New York poet Pierre Joris provides links and commentary on his blog to the 3 major Petlin shows that occurred in New York City in early 2010
- Press: Three essays on Petlin link provides access to free PDF online versions of seminal Petlin retrospectives by Edward Fry (from the _Wiesswald_ exhibition catalogue), Paul Cummings ("The Precincts of Light"), and Michael Palmer ("A Bonfire in the Starry Night")
- The Unbearable Yet Obligatory, And other shows of modern and contemporary works
Ina Isings

**Clasina Isings** (15 February 1919 – 3 September 2018) was a Dutch professor of classical archeology. From 1961 to 1995, she managed the collection of the Provincial Utrecht Society of Arts and Sciences (PUG). She was born in Soest, Netherlands. She also worked at University of Utrecht.

Isings died in Bilthoven, Netherlands on 3 September 2018 at the age of 99.
Fenn treasure

The **Fenn Treasure** is a treasure worth over a million dollars that was supposedly hidden by art dealer and author **Forrest Fenn** (August 22, 1930 – September 7, 2020) in the Rocky Mountains.

Fenn said he was going to go back and get it when the value given by newspapers is inflated to 10 million dollars. When asked why he created the treasure hunt, Fenn said he "just wanted to give people some hope."

Many people have claimed to have found the treasure, but no one has provided any evidence to him supporting their claim. As of July 2017, Fenn has stated "The treasure remains where I hid it about 7 years ago". Many searchers have been within 200 feet (60 m) of the treasure and many within 500 feet (150 m).

Four people are known to have died while searching for the treasure. New Mexico police have tried to pressure Fenn into ending the hunt.

The treasure was found by an unknown person in June 2020.

Fenn was born in Temple, Texas. He died on September 7, 2020 in Santa Fe, New Mexico at the age of 90.

## Other websites

- Old Santa Fe Trading Company, Fenn's business Web site and blog
Yang Side

**Yang Side** (; 11 December 1921 – 7 September 2018) was a Chinese major general of the Chinese People's Liberation Army. He was Minister of the Taiwan Affairs Office of the CPC Central Committee.

Yang was Vice Minister of the Liaison Department of the General Political Department, Minister of the Central Taiwan Affairs Office, member of the Standing Committee of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, executive deputy director of the  Macau, Taiwan and Hong Kong Liaison Committee, among other positions.

Yang died in Beijing on 7 September 2018 at the age of 96.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Yang Side
- **caption**: Yang Side and wife Wang Chengming
- **birth place**: Tengzhou, Shandong, China
- **death place**: Beijing, China
- **party**: Communist Party of China
- **spouse**: Wang Chengming (deceased) Hsia-Nan
- **children**: Yang Boning, Yang Zhongwei, Yang Lili, Yang Yunfeng, Yang Dongni
- **alma mater**: Peking University
Halloween (2018 movie)

***Halloween*** is a 2018 American slasher horror movie directed by David Gordon Green and written by Green, Jeff Fradley, and Danny McBride. It is the eleventh installment in the _Halloween_ franchise. It is a direct sequel to the 1978 movie of the same name.

Jamie Lee Curtis and Nick Castle star as their roles as Laurie Strode and Michael Myers, respectively. The movie also stars Judy Greer, Andi Matichak, Will Patton, Haluk Bilginer, Toby Huss and Virginia Gardner.

It was released on October 19, 2018, a week before the 40th anniversary of John Carpenter's original _Halloween_. The movie received strong positive reviews from critics and fans. A sequel, _Halloween Kills_, was released on October 15, 2021.
Disclosure (band)

**Disclosure** are an English electronic music duo. The duo are brothers Howard (born 11 May 1994) and Guy Lawrence (born 25 May 1991). They grew up in Reigate, Surrey. Their first album, _Settle_, released on 3 June 2013, by PMR Records, was nominated for Best Dance/Electronica Album at the 2014 Grammy Awards. Their second album, _Caracal_ (2015) was also nominated for Best Dance/Electronica Album at the 2016 Grammy Awards.

The group had their first UK hit in October 2012 with "Latch". This recording was a collaboration with other musicians, co-written with Jimmy Napes and featuring the vocals from Sam Smith. It reached number 11 in the UK Singles Chart.

In 2013 they were voted into the BBC Radio 1xtra 'Hot Ten For 2013' and had two consecutive top 10 hit singles in "White Noise" (number two) (with AlunaGeorge) and "You & Me" (number 10) (with Eliza Doolittle).

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Disclosure
- **image**: File:Disclosure en Concierto (2016).jpg
- **image size**: 300
- **caption**: Disclosure performing in 2016
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Reigate, Surrey, England
- **years active**: 2010–present
- **current members**: * Guy Lawrence
* Howard Lawrence
Benjamin Civiletti

**Benjamin Richard Civiletti** (July 17, 1935October 16, 2022) was an American lawyer. He served as the 73rd United States Attorney General during the last year and a half of the Carter administration, from 1979 to 1981. He was the first Italian American to serve as Attorney General.

Since 2001, Civiletti is one of the three members of the Independent Review Board, a board that the International Brotherhood of Teamsters union must answer to when allegations of corruption or organized crime.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Ben Civiletti
- **image**: Benjamin Civiletti (1979).jpg
- **office**: 73rd United States Attorney General
- **president**: Jimmy Carter
- **deputy**: Charles Ruff (acting)
Charles Byron Renfrew
- **term start**: August 16, 1979
- **term end**: January 19, 1981
- **predecessor**: Griffin Bell
- **successor**: William French Smith
- **office1**: 17th United States Deputy Attorney General
- **president1**: Jimmy Carter
- **term start1**: May 16, 1978
- **term end1**: August 16, 1979
- **predecessor1**: Peter F. Flaherty
- **successor1**: Charles Byron Renfrew
- **office2**: United States Assistant Attorney General#Criminal Division, United States Assistant Attorney General for the Criminal Division
- **president2**: Jimmy Carter
- **term start2**: March 10, 1977
- **term end2**: May 16, 1978
- **predecessor2**: Dick Thornburgh
- **successor2**: Philip Heymann
- **birth name**: Benjamin Richard Civiletti
- **birth place**: Peekskill, New York, U.S.
- **death place**: Lutherville, Maryland, U.S.
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
- **spouse**: Gaile Lundgren
- **children**: 3
- **education**: Johns Hopkins University
University of Maryland, Baltimore
Oganesson

**Oganesson** is a synthetic chemical element with symbol **Og** and atomic number 118. Oganesson has the highest atomic number and highest atomic mass of all known elements to date. The radioactive oganesson atom is very unstable, and since 2005, only five (possibly six) atoms of the isotope Oganesson-294 have been created.

## History

The element Oganesson is named in honor of Yuri Oganessian. It was first created in 2002 at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) in Dubna, Russia by a joint team of Russian and American scientists. In December 2015, it was recognized as one of four new elements by the Joint Working Party of the international scientific people at IUPAC and IUPAP. It was formally named on 28 November 2016. It had a previous name given by the IUPAC called "Ununoctium" meaning "one-one-eight" in Latin. This was a placeholder name until the element was discovered and a name was given, similar to many other unnamed elements at the time that were above Element 118. The possibility of a seventh noble gas, after helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon, was considered almost as soon as the noble gas group was discovered. Danish chemist Hans Peter Jørgen Julius Thomsen predicted in April 1895, the year after the discovery of argon, that there was a whole group of chemically unreactive gases similar to argon that would link the halogen and alkali metal groups. He expected that the seventh of this series would end a 32-element period which contained elements like thorium and uranium and have an atomic weight of 292, close to the 294 now known for the first and only confirmed isotope of oganesson.

## Chemistry

The chemistry of Oganesson cannot be found because of how radioactive it is and how short its half-life is, which is only 0.69 milliseconds. However, predictions can be made based on properties the group has in common with each other. Since it's a noble gas, it is predicted that it will be a diatomic molecule (because it only pairs with itself).

## Uses

It currently has no uses due to how radioactive and how short its half-life is because of its radioactive decay. It is only used purely for scientific reasons at the moment.

## Other websites

- WebElements.com - Oganesson
- Oganesson at _The Periodic Table of Videos_ (University of Nottingham)

## Infobox (oganesson)

- **number**: 118
Eunice aphroditois

***Eunice aphroditois***, also known as the **bobbit worm** (or **bobbitt worm**) or **sand striker**, is an ambush predator of the sea floor. It is a polychaete worm dwelling in a burrow on the ocean floor. It buries its long body into the ocean bed of gravel, mud, or corals. It waves a few feelers (antennae) as a kind of lure.

When it feels a stimulus to one of its feelers, it attacks if it senses prey. Armed with sharp pincers, it attacks with such speed and ferocity that its prey is sometimes sliced in half. Usually, it drags the prey down into its burrow, and eats it there.

The procedure is well captured on YouTube, where the worm goes by the name of **bobbit worm**.
Zenani Mandela-Dlamini

Princess **Zenani Mandela-Dlamini** (born 4 February 1959) is a South African diplomat. She is the elder daughter of Nelson Mandela and his second wife, Winnie Mandela. She is the older sister of Ambassador Zindzi Mandela, who passed away in 2020 from COVID-19 related complications. She currently serves as South Africa's Ambassador to the Kingdom of Sweden.

## Biography

She was born in 1959. When she was four her father was sent to prison. She was not able to visit him until she was 16 years old.

Mandela-Dlamini studied at Waterford Kamhlaba United World College of Southern Africa and science at Boston University. At Boston she met Prince Thumbumuzi Dlamini, elder brother of the King of Swaziland, Mswati III and of Queen Mantfombi of the Zulus). They married in 1973 and had four children – Zaziwe (born 1977), Zamaswazi (1979), Zinhle (1980) and Zozuko (1992) – but are currently separated. They are co-owners of Mandela, Dlamini and Associates (International Business Consultants).

She was appointed ambassador for South Africa to Argentina in July 2012. She was the first of Mandela's children to enter public service. She served in this position until 2017, when she was appointed South African high commissioner to Mauritius.

After Mandela was elected president and his divorce to Winnie, Zenani accompanied her father to his inauguration. She become the stand-in First Lady of South Africa until her father remarried.

## Infobox (politician)

- **name**: Zenani Mandela-Dlamini
- **caption**: Princess of Swaziland
- **office**: South African Ambassador to Argentina
- **president**: Jacob Zuma
- **term start**: October 2012
- **term end**: 2017
- **predecessor**: Tony Leon
- **office2**: South African High Commissioner to Mauritius
- **president2**: Cyril Ramaphosa
- **term start2**: 2017
- **parents**: Nelson Mandela (1918-2013)
Winnie Mandela (1936-2018)
- **spouse**: Prince Thumbumuzi Dlamini (separated)
- **children**: 4
- **relatives**: Zindzi Mandela-Hlongwane (sister)
Makgatho Mandela (half-brother)
Makaziwe Mandela (half-sister)
Wapello, Iowa

**Wapello** is a city in Iowa in the United States. It is the county seat of Louisa County.
Louisa County, Iowa

**Louisa County** is a county in the U.S. state of Iowa. In 2020, 10,837 people lived there. The county seat is Wapello.
Washington, Iowa

**Washington** is a city in the U.S. state of Iowa. It is the county seat of Washington County.
Appanoose County, Iowa

**Appanoose County** is a county in the U.S. state of Iowa. As of the 2020 census, the population was 12,317. The county seat is Centerville.
Waukon, Iowa

**Waukon** is a city in Iowa in the United States. It is the county seat of Allamakee County.
West Union, Iowa

**West Union** is a city in Iowa in the United States. It is the county seat of Fayette County.
Fayette County, Iowa

**Fayette County** is a county in the U.S. state of Iowa. As of the 2020 census, the population was 19,509. The county seat is West Union.
Valeria, Iowa

**Valeria** is a city in Iowa in the United States.
Jasper County, Iowa

**Jasper County** is a county in the U.S. state of Iowa. As of the 2020 census, the population was 37,813. The county seat is Newton. The county was founded in 1846 and is named after Sergeant William Jasper, an American Revolutionary War hero.
Van Meter, Iowa

**Van Meter** is a city in Dallas County, Iowa, United States. It is along the Raccoon River. The population was 1,484 at the 2020 census.
Dallas County, Iowa

**Dallas County** is a county in the U.S. state of Iowa. In the 2020 census, 99,678 people lived there. The county seat is Adel.
Van Wert, Iowa

**Van Wert** is a city in Decatur County, Iowa, United States. The population was 178 at the 2020 census.

It is at  (40.870070, -93.793457).
Decatur County, Iowa

**Decatur County** is a county in the U.S. state of Iowa. In the 2020 census, 7,645 people lived there. The county seat is Leon.
Audubon County, Iowa

**Audubon County** is a county in the U.S. state of Iowa. As of the 2020 census, the population was 5,674, making it Iowa's third-least populous county. The county seat is Audubon. The county was founded on January 15, 1851 and named after John James Audubon, the naturalist and artist.
Varina, Iowa

**Varina** is a city in Iowa in the United States.
Pocahontas County, Iowa

**Pocahontas County** is a county in the U.S. state of Iowa. In the 2020 census, 7,078 people lived there. The county seat is Pocahontas.
Ventura, Iowa

**Ventura** is a city in Iowa in the United States.
Black Hawk County, Iowa

**Black Hawk County** is a county in the northeastern part of U.S. state of Iowa. As of the 2020 census, the population was 131,144, making it Iowa's fifth-most populous county. The county seat is Waterloo. The county was founded on February 17, 1843 and named after Black Hawk, a Sauk leader during the 1832 Black Hawk War.
Villisca, Iowa

**Villisca** is a city in Iowa in the United States.
Volga, Iowa

**Volga** is a city in Iowa in the United Statesof america.
Anson, Maine

**Anson** is a town in Somerset County, Maine, United States. The population was 2,291 at the 2020 census. It includes the villages of Anson and North Anson.

## Other websites

- https://ansonmaine.town/
Shelby County, Iowa

**Shelby County** is a county in the U.S. state of Iowa. In the 2020 census, 11,746 people lived there. The county seat is Harlan.
Madison County, Iowa

**Madison County** is a county in the U.S. state of Iowa. In the 2020 census, 16,548 people lived there. The county seat is Winterset.
Williamsburg, Iowa

**Williamsburg** is a city in Iowa County, Iowa, United States. The population was 3,346 at the 2020 census. Aviation pioneer Eugene Ely was born outside Williamsburg.
Waverly, Iowa

**Waverly** is a city in Iowa in the United States. The population was 10,394 at the 2020 census. It is the county seat of Bremer County.

The sister city of Waverly is the German city of Eisenach, which is famous for the Wartburg castle.
IUCN Red List of Ecosystems

The **IUCN Red list of Ecosystems** (RLE) is a global framework to monitor and document the status of ecosystems. Its main aim is to support the conservation and the use of resources. It is hoped to evaluate all ecosystems by 2025.

The Red List of Ecosystem was developed by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN). They also created the  Red List of Threatened Species™; a global frame to monitor the level of risk of animal and plant species.
Moscow City Duma

The **Moscow City Duma** (, _Moskovskaya Gorodskaya Duma_) is the Russian regional parliament in Moscow, the unicameral City Duma (city council, a local parliament) of the Russian capital city of Moscow.
High Plains (United States)

The **High Plains** are a subregion of the Great Plains. They are the western part of the Great Plains before the region reaches the Rocky Mountains.

The High Plains are in southeastern Wyoming, southwestern South Dakota, western Nebraska, eastern Colorado, western Kansas, eastern New Mexico, western Oklahoma, and south of the Texas Panhandle. They are mostly in the Western United States, but also partly in the Midwest states of Nebraska, Kansas, and South Dakota.

Geologically, the high plains are caused by the same process as caused the Rockies. The cause is the westward movement of North America away from Eurasia, which has been going on for over 100 million years. As the continent moved west, it subducted plates under the western side, and stretched out its eastern side. This explains why the western states all have some mountainous terrain, and the eastern states in the south are so low-lying.

From east to west, the High Plains rise in elevation from around  to over . The High Plains has a "cold semi-arid" climate—Köppen _BSk_—they get between  of precipitation annually.

Due to low moisture and high elevation, the High Plains get extremes of temperature. The temperature range from day to night is usually , and 24-hour temperature shifts of  are possible.

In Browning, Montana from January 23, 1916 to January 24, 1916, the temperature fell from . This is the world record for the greatest temperature change in 24 hours. The region is known for the steady, and sometimes intense, winds that come from the west. These add a considerable wind chill factor in the winter.  The development of wind farms in the High Plains is one of the latest areas of economic development.

The High Plains has one of the lowest population densities of any region in the continental United States; Wyoming, for example, has the second lowest population density in the country after Alaska.

## Infobox (valley)

- **name**: High Plains
- **photo**: Johnson_1920_HighPlains.jpg
- **photo caption**: A buffalo wallow on the High Plains.
- **map image**: Contiguous US physiographic divisions.png
- **map caption**: Physiographic regions of the United States.  The High Plains region is the center yellow area designated 13d.
- **country**: United States
- **length mi**: 800
- **width mi**: 400
- **area mi2**: 174000
Koch's postulates

**Koch's postulates**  are four ideas about the relationship between a microbe and a disease.

The postulates were made by Robert Koch and Friedrich Loeffler in 1884, based on earlier ideas of Jakob Henle. They were refined and published by Koch in 1890.

Koch applied the postulates to cholera and tuberculosis, but they have been used for other diseases. These postulates were made before viruses were discovered. Also, they did not realise that some people were "asymptomatic carriers": they could carry the disease without showing signs of it. The postulates are little used today. Other criteria are used, for example the Bradford Hill criteria for infectious diseases in modern public health.

Koch's postulates:
1. The suspected pathogen should be present in all cases of disease  but not in a healthy animal
1. The suspected pathogen should be grown _in vitro_ in pure culture.
1. Cells from the pure culture of pathogen should cause disease in healthy animals.
1. The pathogen can be reisolated from the infected animal.
Ralph Wolfe Cowan

**Ralph Wolfe Cowan** (December 16, 1931 – September 4, 2018) was an American portrait artist. He painted more reigning monarchs and heads of state than any artist in history. He was born in Phoebus, Virginia.

Cowan died in West Palm Beach, Florida on September 4, 2018 at the age of 86.