juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Parti Québécois

The **Parti Québécois** (**PQ**) is a political party that wants Quebec to secede from Canada and become an independent country.

## History

The Parti Québécois, or PQ was founded by René Lévesque. PQ's main goals are to get independence for Quebec. In the provincial election of 1976, the Parti Québécois was elected to the government of Quebec for the first time. René Lévesque, became the premier of Quebec.

The PQ passed a bill called Bill 101. This is a law that makes French the only official language of Quebec. It restricts the use of English in Quebec, even though English and French are both official languages of Canada. The party was elected again in the 1981 election. In November 1984 founder René Lévesque left the party and the PQ lost the 1985 election.

The Parti Québécois  started the first Quebec referendum, having the citizens vote to decide to either leave Canada or stay a part of the country. 60% of the people who voted decided to stay in Canada. They had a second referendum in 1995. The citizens once again voted to stay in Canada. The leader of the party, Jacques Parizeau, resigned after the referendum failed.

The current Bloc Québécois leader Gilles Duceppe was the first to announce that he would to try to become the leader of the PQ, on May 11, 2007. Pauline Marois also said she was going to try to become leader. Duceppe changed his mind on the 12th leaving Marois the only candidate. On  June 26, 2007 Marois won the leadership. She said that the PQ plans to have another referendum in the future. On September 4, 2012, Marois led her party to minority victory in the Quebec general election. She was the first female premier in the province's history. After an electoral defeat in 2014, she resigned. Following her resignation, Jean-François Lisée was elected as leader in 2016. The current leader is Paul St-Pierre Plamondon, elected in 2020.

## Relationship with the Bloc Québécois

The Bloc Québécois is a federal political party in Canada that was founded in 1991 by future PQ leader Lucien Bouchard. The Bloc also wants sovereignty for Quebec. Although the two political parties are separate organizations, they help each other during elections.

## Other websites

- Parti québécois website
- Parti québécois' parliamentary group website

## Infobox (political party)

- **name**: Parti Québécois
- **logo**: Parti Quebecois.svg
- **leader**: Paul St-Pierre Plamondon
- **president**: Gabrielle Lemieux
- **merger**: Mouvement Souveraineté-Association,
Ralliement national,
Rassemblement pour l'Indépendance Nationale
- **headquarters**:
Suite 150
Montreal, Quebec
H2K 4R5
- **ideology**: Quebec nationalism
Quebec sovereigntism

- **position**: Centre-left
- **colours**: Blue, green
- **seats1 title**: Seats in the National Assembly of Quebec, National Assembly
- **country**: Canada
- **state**: Quebec
Wheel gymnastics

**Wheel gymnastics** is a form of gymnastics which originated in Germany.

Wheel gymnasts do exercises in a large wheel known as the _Rhönrad_, _gymnastics wheel_, _gym wheel_, or _German wheel_.

There are three main categories of exercise in wheel gymnasts. They are: _straight line_, _spiral_, and _vault_.

## History

While being a child, Otto Feick, the son of a blacksmith from Reichenbach, Germany, used to roll down a hill in two wagon tires which inspired him later to invent the wheel gymnastics between 1920-1922. The current wheel gymnastics obtained its final shape in 1974 with the introduction of the PVC coating. Now, it's a competitive sport practiced in Belgium, Denmark, Netherlands, Austria, Switzerland, Japan, and United States of America.

## Other websites

- USA Wheel Gymnastics
- Japan Rhoenrad Association
Trampolining

**Trampolining** is a competitive Olympic sport in which gymnasts perform airborne acrobatics while bouncing on a trampoline. These can include simple jumps in the _pike_, _tuck_ or _straddle position_ to more complex combinations of forward or backward somersaults and twists.

There are two related competitive rebound sports: _synchronized trampoline_ and _double mini-trampoline_.
The currently accepted basic format for individual trampoline competitions usually consists of two or three _routines_, one of which may involve a compulsory set of skills. The skills consist of various combinations of somersaults, shaped bounces, body landings and twists performed in various body positions.

## History

In the early 1930s, an American gymnast George Nissen observed _trapeze_ artistes performing tricks when bouncing off the _safety net_. He made the first modern trampoline in his garage to reproduce that net on a smaller scale and used it to help with his diving and tumbling activities. It was the beginning of a new sport.

In the USA, trampolining was quickly introduced into school physical education programs and was also used in private entertainment centers. Since trampolining became an Olympic sport in 2000, many countries have started developing programs for producing very competitive athletes.

## Other

- Directory of Trampoline Clubs worldwide at Open Directory Project (DMOZ)
- Everything about trampolining and acrobatic sports
Priapulida

**Priapulida** (priapulid or penis worms) are a phylum of marine worms. Their name refers to their extensible spiny proboscis, which, in some species, may have a shape similar to that of a human penis. They live in the mud, which they eat, in comparatively shallow waters up to .

Their nearest relatives are probably Kinorhyncha and Loricifera with which they constitute the taxon Scalidophora. Besides arthropods and velvet worms, the priapulids are the only members of the Ecdysozoa which are relatively large in size. They feed on slow-moving invertebrates, such as polychaete worms.

Priapulid fossils are known at least as far back as the Middle Cambrian. They were probably major predators of the Cambrian period. There are only sixteen known living species of priapulid worms.
Kinorhyncha

**Kinorhyncha**  is a phylum of small (1 mm or less) marine invertebrates. They are widespread in mud or sand at all depths of the sea. They are sometimes called **mud dragons**. About 222 species are known. Kinorhynchs eat either diatoms or organic material found in the mud, depending on species.

## Anatomy

Kinorhynchans are segmented, limbless animals. Their body has a head, neck, and a trunk. The trunk has eleven segments. They do not have external cilia, but have a number of spines along the body, and up to seven circles of spines around the head. These spines are used for movement. They can pull back the head and push forward; then they can grip the substrate with the spines, and draw up the body.

The body wall is a thin layer with a tough cuticle. It is moulted several times during growth. This layer is a syncytium, with nuclei, but no cell membranes.

The spines are hollow and covered by cuticle. The head is completely retractable, when is covered by a set of neck plates.

The nervous system is a ventral nerve cord, with one ganglion in each segment, and an anterior nerve ring surrounding the pharynx. This is the common arrangement  for invertebrates.  Some species have simple ocelli (eye-spots) on the head, and all species have tiny bristles on the body as touch receptors.

### Reproduction

There are two sexes that look alike. A pair of gonads are in the mid-region of the trunk, and open to pores in the final segment. In most species, the sperm duct has two or three spiny structures that presumably help in copulation. The larvae are free-living.

## Classification

Their closest relatives may be the phyla Loricifera and Priapulida. Together they are the Scalidophora.

Phylum **Kinorhyncha**
- Order Cyclorhagida
- Order Homalorhagida

## Other websites

- Introduction to the Cephalorhyncha
- Drawings of Kinorhyncha
Loricifera

**Loricifera**  is a recently discovered ecdysozoan phylum of marine animals. The phylum includes the first animals known to exist in a completely anoxic environment (no oxygen at all). The phylum was described in 1983 by Reinhardt Kristensen.

They are a phylum of very small animals which live in sediment. There are now twenty-two described species, in eight genera. In addition, there are about 100 more species which have been collected, but not yet described. Their size ranges from 100 µm to about 1 mm.

Their habitat is in the spaces between marine gravel to which they attach themselves. They are among the most recently discovered groups of Metazoans. They attach themselves quite firmly to the gravel, and this explains why they remained undiscovered for so long. The first specimen was collected in the 1970s, and later described in 1983. They are found at all depths of water, in different sediment types, and in all latitudes. They have not yet been found in the fossil record.

## Anatomy

These animals have a protective outer case called a lorica. Protected by the lorica, the animals have a head, mouth and digestive system. Development is usually direct, though there are larvae in some species. The animals have two sexes as adults. There are some complex and flexible life cycles with different forms of parthenogenetic reproduction.

Their closest relatives are thought to be the Kinorhyncha and Priapulida, with whom they share some characteristics. Together they make up the clade Scalidophora.

## In anoxic environments

Three species of Loricifera have been found in the sediments at the bottom of the L'Atalante basin in the Mediterranean Sea. The 'surface' of this basin is 3,500 meters down. They are the first multicellular organisms known to spend their entire lives in an oxygen-free environment. It is thought they are able to do this because they rely on organelles which, unlike normal mitochondria, do not use oxygen for their energy cycle. They are able to do this because they use hydrogenosomes to get their energy rather than mitochondria.

The newly reported animals complete their life cycle in the total absence of light and oxygen, and they are less than a millimetre in size. They were collected from the deep basin where they live in a nearly salt-saturated brine. This brine, because of its density, does not mix with the waters above. As a result, the brine is completely anoxic, and high in ammonia. Also, due to the action of sulphate reducers, it contains sulphide at a high concentration. In the brine, the abundance of cells is not high. Extremophiles predominate, including members of the deep-sea hydrothermal vent community of archaea and bacteria. Eukaryotes are also found in l'Atalante, including ciliates (45%), dinoflagellates (21%) and choanoflagellata (10%).<sup>p360–381</sup>

## References

This article incorporates CC-BY-2.0 text from references
Saturation (chemistry)

**Saturation** in chemistry can be

- the point at which a solution of a substance can dissolve no more of that substance. This point of maximum concentration, the _saturation point_, depends on the temperature of the liquid as well as the chemical nature of the substances involved. If a change in conditions (e.g. cooling) means that the concentration is higher than the saturation point, the solution has become 'supersaturated'.
- In organic chemistry, a saturated chemical compound has no double bond or triple bond or ring. In non-cyclical, saturated hydrocarbons, every carbon atom is attached to two hydrogen atoms, except those at the ends of the chain, which have three hydrogen atoms.
- In biochemistry, the term saturation refers to the fraction of total protein binding sites that are occupied at any given time. Applies to enzymes, and molecules like hemoglobin.
- In organometallic chemistry, an unsaturated complex has fewer than 18 valence electrons and thus is susceptible to oxidative addition or coordination of an additional ligand. Unsaturation is characteristic of many catalysts because it is usually a requirement for substrate activation.

## Related pages

- Saturation
L'Atalante basin

The **L'Atalante basin** is a very salty 'lake' at the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea.

It is about 190 km (~120 miles) west of the island of Crete. It is called a 'lake' because, though it is under more than two miles of water, it is almost completely separate from the sea above it. Its huge salt content prevents the waters mixing. Sometimes these lakes are called _brine pools_. They are found in many oceans; there is one in the Gulf of Mexico.

## How it formed

L'Atalante is only one of several such lakes underneath the normal waters of the Mediterranean. When the Strait of Gibraltar was closed, about six million years ago, the Mediterranean dried up and became a huge salt lake, rather like the Dead Sea and the Great Salt Lake are today. Then it dried out completely, leaving an enormous amount of salt. When the Straight of Gibraltar opened again about five million years ago, water from the Atlantic Ocean rushed in to form the Mediterranean we see today. Even today, the Atlantic feeds the Mediterranean with water, because the evaporation from the 'Med' is greater than is provided by its rivers. With its huge supply of salt underneath, and the constant evaporation, the Med is a high salt sea compared with the Atlantic.

The L'Atalanta lake and its neighbours the **Urania** and **Discovery** lakes are about 35,000 years old. They were formed by salt deposits dissolving out of the Mediterranean Ridge and collecting in deep depressions at the bottom of the Med. L'Atalante is the smallest of the three. Its surface begins at about  below sea level.

### Salt content

L'Atalante's salinity (salt content) is near saturation, at 36.5%, about eight times more than seawater. This prevents the water in the brine pool from mixing with the 'normal' seawater above. Without mixing, oxygen from above can't get into the brine pool. The basin's water is completely anoxic: it has no oxygen.

Between the normal water and the brine is a short (1.5 metres) boundary zone called a **halocline**. The salt content rises sharply there, and oxygen reduces towards zero. This halocline between the seawater above and the brine below has many bacterial and archaeal cells: they are chemoautotrophs, which feed on ammonia from the brine but cannot function without some oxygen. Certain methane oxidizers and haloarchaea are found only in the halocline.

## Life without oxygen

Below, in the brine, the number of cells is much lower than in the halocline. Extremophiles are most common, including some of the deep-sea hydrothermal vent archaea and bacteria. Eukaryotes are also found in l'Atalante, mostly ciliates (45%), dinoflagellates (21%) and choanoflagellata (10%).<sup>p360–381</sup>

The dark grey anoxic sediments at the bottom of L'Atalante lake are covered with a  loose black layer. Microbes found in the sediments are almost all (90%) various species of _Bacillus_. In 2010, three metazoan species, all in the Loricifera phylum, were discovered living in the sediment, the first multicellular lifeforms known to live entirely without oxygen.
Tactical voting

**Tactical voting** happens when a person votes for someone other than their favorite candidate in a way to either help their favorite or achieve some other goal. This may happen in national or local elections, or even in elections for clubs and homeowner associations.

## Examples

Say 5 people are running as candidates for board members, but only 3 will be elected. For the following situations except the last, let's say you get 1 vote.

- Your favorite is almost guaranteed to _win_ a seat on the board, so you may choose to vote for your second favorite candidate to help him out. That gives your two favorites a better chance of winning.

- Your favorite is almost guaranteed to _lose_, so you may choose to vote for your second favorite candidate to help him out. That gives your second choice a chance of winning even though your favorite may lose.

- Your favorite is _uncertain_ to win, so you may choose to vote for a stronger candidate, rather than see someone else win.
- You don't have a favorite, but hate the current leading candidate, but you may choose to vote for somebody with less votes to even out the results between them.

- Say you get to vote for 3 candidates and your favorite is in the middle of the pack. You may choose to vote _only_ for your favorite and _not use your other 2 votes_ so that your favorite faces less competition.

Another common situation happens in primary elections, where members of one party may temporarily 'cross over' to the other party to support a candidate who is getting fewer votes, hoping their favorite will face weak competition in the main election. This type of negative voting is popular but often considered unethical.

## Ethics

Many experts question tactical voting in that it can undermine a democratic outcome. That is, ethical voters may believe it more important how a candidate wins than who wins. Others feel the end justifies the means. Most researchers tend to frown on tactical voting.

## Resources

- Svensson, Lars-Gunnar (1999). The Proof of the Gibbard-Satterthwaite Theorem Revisited
- The Science of Elections, Brams, Herschbach _Science Online_ (2001). Abstract

## Other websites

- Tactical Voting Can Be a Weak Strategy -- Article on tactical voting within larger strategic considerations [archived]
- VotePair.org  VotePair is a banding together of the people who started tactical voting online in the 2000 US elections
- Voting methods page  Includes extensive discussion of strategic voting in a wide range of real and theoretical voting systems
Queensberry (band)

**Queensberry** were a German girl group that was started at the German version of Popstars in 2008. They split in 2013.

### Albums

|width="28" rowspan="2"|Year|width="200" rowspan="2"|Title|colspan="3"|Chart-position|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2008|Volume I|align="center"|6 <small>(17 we.)</small>|align="center"|3 <small>(9 we.)</small>|align="center"|12 <small>(12 we.)</small>|
|2009|On My Own|align="center"|26 <small>(3 we.)</small>|align="center"|49 <small>(1 we.)</small>|align="center"|77 <small>(1 we.)</small>|
|2012|Chapter 3|align="center"|91 <small>(1 we.)</small>|align="center"|—|align="center"|—|

### Singles

|width="28" rowspan="2"|Year|width="200" rowspan="2"|Title|colspan="3"|Chart-position||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2008|No Smoke <small>_Volume I_</small><sup></sup>|rowspan=2|23 <small>(9 we.)</small>|rowspan=2|54 <small>(4 we.)</small>|align="center" CH|22 <small>(11 we.)</small>||
|rowspan=3|2009|I Can’t Stop Feeling <small>_Volume I_</small><sup></sup>|align="center" CH|40 <small>(4 eo.)</small>|||||
|Too Young <small>On My Own''</small> <sup></sup>|align="center" DE|5 <small>(17 we.)</small>|align="center" AT|12 <small>(11 we.)</small>|align="center" CH|33 <small>(6 we.)</small>|||
|Hello (Turn Your Radio On) <small>_On My Own_</small>|align="center" DE|4 <small>(13 we.)</small>|align="center" AT|12 <small>(8 we.)</small>|align="center" CH|29 <small>(4 we.)</small>|||
|rowspan=2|2012|Timeless <small>_Chapter 3_</small>|align="center" DE|90 <small>(1 we.)</small>|align="center" AT|—|align="center" CH|—|
|Girl like Me <small>_Chapter 3_</small>|align="center" DE|—|align="center" AT|—|align="center" CH|—|||

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **background**: group_or_band
- **name**: Queensberry
- **img**: Queensberry-Saarbrücken.JPG
- **genre**: Pop
- **years active**: 2008-2013
- **current members**: Leonore Bartsch
Gabriella De Almeida Rinne
Selina Herrero
Ronja Hilbig
- **past members**: Victoria Ulbrich
Antonella Trapani
Strait of Gibraltar

The **Strait of Gibraltar** is the only water passage between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. It is between Europe and Africa; on one side is the southern tip of Spain and Gibraltar, and on the other is northern Morocco and Ceuta. The distance between the Rock of Gibraltar and Morocco is only 7.7 nautical miles (14.24 kilometers, 8.9 miles) at its narrowest point.
The water depth ranges between 300 and 900 meters. Boats can enter this passage.
Hurricane Fran

**Hurricane Fran** was a hurricane during the 1996 Atlantic hurricane season. This storm caused over $3 billion in damage. It killed 20-30 people. Fran struck North Carolina as a strong Category 3 hurricane with winds of . The name **Fran** was later retired and replaced by **Fay** for the 2002 Atlantic season.

## Storm History

Hurricane Fran started from a tropical wave that moved off the western coast of Africa, entering the Atlantic Ocean, on August 22. The low pressure area became a tropical depression on August 23. Little changed for several days. By August 26, the storm had been disorganized.

On August 27, the storm grew into a tropical storm and was named Fran. On August 29, the storm intensified into a category 1 hurricane. The interaction with Hurricane Edouard led to weakening and the storm took a northwestward direction. When Edouard was gone, the storm grew into a category 1 hurricane again.

Fran grew in early September. By September 3, it the winds were at . The system started to develop an eye. By September 5, winds were at 120 mph (195 km/h) and its pressure was 946 mbar.

On September 6, the storm hit North Carolina with winds of . Once on land, the storm rapidly weakened. It moved through Virginia. It died on September 8.

## Preparations

A Hurricane Watch was issued in the Lesser Antilles in late August. As Fran moved away, the watch was ended.

## Infobox (hurricane)

- **name**: Hurricane Fran
- **type**: Hurricane
- **year**: 1996
- **basin**: At1
- **image location**: Hurricane Fran sept 1996.jpg
- **image name**: Hurricane Fran at peak intensity on September 4, nearing landfall
- **formed**: **August 23, 1996**
- **dissipated**: **September 8, 1996**
- **1-min winds**: 105
- **pressure**: 946
- **damages**: 3200
- **inflated**: 1
- **fatalities**: 22 direct, 5 indirect
- **areas**: South Carolina, North Carolina, Virginia, West Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Toronto
- **hurricane season**: 1996 Atlantic hurricane season
Eagle Mountain (Minnesota)

**Eagle Mountain** is the highest point in Minnesota, at 2,301 feet (701 m). It is located in northern Cook County. It is a Minnesota State Historic Site.
Al Franken

**Alan Stuart** "**Al**" **Franken** (born May 21, 1951) is a former United States Senator from Minnesota. He is a member of the Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party, which affiliates with the national  Democratic Party.  Before he was a Senator, Franken was a writer and actor on _Saturday Night Live_.

Franken was also a left-wing pundit and has written several books on politics. His second cousin was actor Steven Franken.

On December 7, 2017, Franken announced in an address before the Senate that he would be resigning from his office following sexual harassment claims.

## Other websites

- Office of Senator Al Franken
- Official campaign website
- Campaign contributions  at OpenSecrets.org
- Al Franken topic page at The New York Times
- in 2002
- in 2003
- in 2004
- Al Franken profile in _Moment_ Magazine in 2005

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Al Franken
- **image**: Al Franken, official portrait, 114th Congress.jpg
- **jr/sr**: United States Senator
- **state**: Minnesota
- **term start**: July 7, 2009
- **term end**: January 2, 2018
- **predecessor**: Norm Coleman
- **successor**: Tina Smith
- **birth name**: Alan Stuart Franken
- **birth place**: New York City, New York, U.S.
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
- **children**: 2
- **education**: Harvard University (Bachelor of Arts, BA)
- **signature**: Al Franken Signature.svg
Minneapolis–Saint Paul

<div style="float:right;width:auto;margin:0 0 1em 1em;clear:right;">
|colspan="2" style="background:#fff;color:#000;"|<span style="font-size:130%">Minneapolis-St. Paul</span> <span style="font-size:80%">U.S. Census Bureau Areas</span>|
| --- | --- |
|**Population**|4,078,788|
|**Minnesota counties**|<small>Anoka · Benton · Carver · Chisago · Dakota · Goodhue · Hennepin · Isanti · Le Sueur · McLeod · Mille Lacs · Ramsey · Rice · Scott · Sherburne · Stearns · Steele · Washington · Wright</small>|
|**Wisconsin counties**|<small>Pierce · St. Croix</small>|
|**Population**|3,690,261|
|**Largest cities**|Minneapolis|
|**Other cities**|Saint Paul · Bloomington · Brooklyn Park · Plymouth · Woodbury · Maple Grove . Blaine . Lakeville . Eagan|
|**Density**|456/sq mi. (176/km²)|
|**Area**|8,093 total sq mi. (20,960 km²)|
|**Minnesota counties**|<small>Anoka · Carver · Chisago · Dakota · Hennepin · Isanti · Le Sueur · Mille Lacs · Ramsey · Scott · Sherburne · Washington · Wright</small>|
|**Wisconsin counties**|<small>Pierce · St. Croix</small>|
|**Population**|2,914,866|
|**Area codes**|612 · 651 · 763 · 952|
|**Minnesota counties**|<small>Anoka · Carver · Dakota · Hennepin · Ramsey · Scott · Washington</small>|
**Minneapolis-Saint Paul** is the most populous urban area in the state of Minnesota, United States, and is made up of over 200 cities and townships. Built around the Mississippi, Minnesota and St. Croix rivers, the area is also nicknamed the **Twin Cities** for its two largest cities, Minneapolis and Saint Paul.

## Related pages

- Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Saint Paul, Minnesota

## Other websites

- Flyby video courtesy NASA/Goddard Scientific Visualization Studio
- Fact sheet about Minneapolis-St. Paul Metropolitan Area Comparison
- History of the National Weather Service in Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minnesota
- Twin Cities Daily Photograph — One photograph a day of the Twin Cities Metro Area
- GIS-based Demographic Guide to Twin Cities Region
Arrowhead Region

The **Arrowhead Region** is in the northeastern part of the U.S. state of Minnesota. It got its name from its pointed shape.  The mainly rural region is 27,636 km² (10,670 sq mi) of land area and comprises Carlton, Cook, Lake and St. Louis Counties. At the 2020 census 252,943 people lived there.

## References

- Counties of the Arrowhead Region, Minnesota  United States Census Bureau

## Other websites

- Northland Connection Local website
Misquah Hills

The **Misquah Hills** are a range of large hills or small mountains in northeastern Minnesota, in the United States.  They are located in or near the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness within Superior National Forest. They contain Eagle Mountain, the highest point in Minnesota at .

## Infobox (mountain range)

- **name**: Misquah Hills
- **photo**: Lima.mtn.Summit.view.jpg
- **photo caption**: Misquah Hills from the summit of Lima Mountain
- **etymology**: "Misquah" (or miskwaa) is the Ojibwe language, Ojibwe word for "red".
- **country**: United States
- **state**: Minnesota
- **state type**: State
- **region type**: County
- **region**: Cook County, Minnesota, Cook
- **highest**: Eagle Mountain (Minnesota), Eagle Mountain
- **elevation ft**: 2301
- **geology**: Duluth Complex (Granophyre)
- **period**: Stenian, Proterozoic era
- **map**: Minnesota
- **embedded**: Managed by the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources
Sawtooth Mountains (Minnesota)

The **Sawtooth Mountains** are low ridges on the North Shore of Lake Superior in the U.S. state of Minnesota. They extend about 30 miles (50 km) from Carlton Peak near Tofte on the west, to Grand Marais on the east.
Leaf Hills Moraines

The **Leaf Hills Moraines**, sometimes called the **Leaf Mountains**, are a range of hills in west-central Minnesota.  The lands typically rises to a height of  to  above the surrounding farmland throughout the duration of its range, occasionally reaching higher than .
Governor of Minnesota

The **Governor of Minnesota** is the chief executive of the U.S. state of Minnesota, leading the state's executive branch. Thirty-nine different people have been governor of the state. State governors are elected to office by popular vote. The current governor of Minnesota is Democratic Tim Walz.

## Cabinet

The governor has a cabinet consisting of the leaders of various state departments.  The governor appoints these department heads, who are usually called commissioners.  Cabinet-level departments include:

- Department of Administration
- Department of Agriculture
- Department of Commerce
- Department of Corrections
- Department of Education
- Department of Employee Relations
- Department of Employment and Economic Development
- Department of Finance
- Department of Health
- Department of Human Rights
- Department of Human Services
- Iron Range Resources (Also known as the IRRB )
- Department of Labor and Industry
- Bureau of Mediation Services
- Metropolitan Council
- Department of Military Affairs
- Minnesota Higher Education Services Office
- Minnesota Housing Finance Agency
- Department of Natural Resources
- Minnesota Pollution Control Agency
- Department of Public Safety
- Department of Revenue
- Department of Transportation
- Department of Veterans Affairs

## Residence

The Minnesota Governor's Residence is located in Saint Paul, at 1006 Summit Avenue.

## Other websites

- Website of the governor and lieutenant governor
- Minnesota Constitution, Article V

## Infobox (political post)

- **post**: Governor
- **body**: Minnesota
- **insignia**: Minnesota-StateSeal.svg
- **insigniasize**: 110px
- **insigniacaption**: Seal of Minnesota, State seal
- **image**: Tim Walz by Gage Skidmore.jpg
- **inaugural**: Henry Hastings Sibley, Henry H. Sibley
- **incumbent**: Tim Walz
- **incumbentsince**: January 7, 2019
- **preceded by**: Mark Dayton
- **style**: The Honorable
- **residence**: Minnesota Governor's Residence
- **termlength**: Four years, no term limit
- **formation**: May 24, 1858
- **deputy**: List of lieutenant governors of Minnesota, Lieutenant Governor of Minnesota
- **salary**: $127,629
Okutama, Tokyo

is a town in Greater Metropolitan Tokyo, Japan.

## Geography

Okutama has an area of 225.63 km². Mount Kumotori, Tokyo's highest peak at 2017 m, divides Okutama from the Okuchichibu region of the neighboring Saitama and Yamanashi Prefectures. Tokyo's northernmost and westernmost points lie in Okutama, as does Lake Okutama, an important source of water for Tokyo, located above the Ogōchi Dam in the town.

## Other websites

- http://www.town.okutama.tokyo.jp/english/index.html ;
Flag of Minnesota

The **Flag of Minnesota** formerly featured the state seal on a blue background. The flag that people used until 2024 was made in 1957 and the state seal on the flag was changed in 1983. In the past, people used a different flag that looked like the one that Minnesota uses now, but it had different colors on the front and back of the flag. Some people didn’t like the flag because they thought it was too complicated and they thought it should be simpler, whilst others thought it was even controversial. In 2023, a new flag was introduced and was officially adopted on May 11, 2024.

## Symbolism

The flag is divided into two sections, on the right, there is a cyan blue field, and on the left, there is a navy blue field in the approximate shape of Minnesota, with an eight pointed star in the center representing it being “The North Star State”.

## Related pages

- Minnesota
- Seal of Minnesota
- Flag
Seal of Minnesota

The **Great Seal of the State of Minnesota** is the insignia that the Secretary of State affixes to government papers and documents to make them official. It was first adopted in 1858. Today, the former seal is becoming controversial, especially from Native Americans. A new seal was officially adopted on May 11, 2024, featuring the common loon (the state bird) and the Dakota phrase “Mni Sóta Makoce”.

## Related pages

- Flag of Minnesota
Sweet corn

**Sweet corn** (_Zea mays_ convar. _saccharata_ var. _rugosa_; also called **Indian corn**, **sugar corn**, and **pole corn**) is a variety of maize with a high sugar content and prepared as a vegetable.

## Related pages

- Cornbread
Upper Midwest

The **Upper Midwest** is a region of the United States with no agreed-upon boundaries, but it almost always lies within the U.S. Census Bureau's Midwest region, which includes the states of Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, Illinois, and Indiana.

## Other websites

- The History of the Upper Midwest: An Overview
- USGS Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center
- U.S. Geological Survey's (USGS) Upper Midwest Mineral Resources Program
Animikie Group

The **Animikie Group** of sediments were deposited between 2.5 and 1.8 billion years ago, within the Animikie Basin. This group of formations are divided into the Gunflint Range, the Mesabi and Vermilion ranges, and the Cuyuna Range.
Hail! Minnesota

__NOTOC__
"**Hail! Minnesota**" (also simply called "**Minnesota**" in early years) is the state song of Minnesota. It began at the University of Minnesota in the early 1900s when some students decided to honor their graduating class with a new song. In 1945, the Minnesota State Legislature approved the tune as the state song.

## Lyrics

- Minnesota, Hail to Thee!
- Hail to Thee, our state so dear,
- Thy light shall ever be
- A beacon bright and clear.
- Thy sons and daughters true
- Will proclaim Thee near and far.
- They shall guard thy fame and adore thy name;
- Thou shalt be their Northern Star!

- Like the stream that bends to sea,
- Like the pine that seeks the blue;
- Minnesota, still for Thee
- Thy sons are strong and true!
- From thy woods and waters fair,
- From thy prairies waving far.
- At thy call they throng with a shout and song;
- Hailing Thee their Northern Star!

## Other websites

- Minnesota Secretary of State  with sheet music and recording.
Morchella

***Morchella***, the true **morels**, is a genus of edible mushrooms closely related to the cup fungi. These appear honeycomb-like in that the upper portion is composed of a network of ridges with pits between them.

China produces cultivated morels.

Morels are the state mushroom of Minnesota, USA.

## Other websites

- MushroomExpert.com's Morel section
- Healing-mushrooms.net's Morel page
- Morel Satisfaction: Stalking the Wild Mushroom from National Public Radio
- Morel Mushroom Discussion Forum
Cypripedium reginae

***Cypripedium reginae***, also known as the **Showy Lady's-slipper**, the **Pink-and-white Lady's-slipper**, or the **Queen's Lady's-slipper**, is a rare temperate lady's-slipper orchid native to northern North America. It grows white flowers, with pink labella.

The Pink and White Lady Slipper was made the official state flower of Minnesota in 1967. Lady Slippers are also called the moccasin flower.
There color is pink and white. They can live up to fifty years but take up to sixteen years to develop their fruit. Since 1925 the Lady Slipper has been protected and is illegal to pick or unearth the flower from its roots. The flower can be found in the northern part of Minnesota where there are swamps, bogs, wet meadows, and wet prairies. They are also known as the Queen's Lady slipper and are a type of orchid.

## References

- NatureServe (2006), "Cypripedium reginae", NatureServe Explorer: An online encyclopedia of life, Version 6.1., Arlington, Virginia

- Gray's Manual of Botany of the Northern United States, American Book Company, 1889

## Other websites

- Minnesota Secretary of State: State Flower , accessed January 31, 2004
- US Geological Survey: Showy Lady Slipper, accessed January 31, 2004
- Showy Lady's-slipper: Queen Lady's-slipper(botany.wisc.edu) , accessed Nov 19, 2005
- NRCS: USDA Plants Profile: _Cypripedium reginae_
Lake Superior agate

The **Lake Superior agate** is a type of agate stained by iron and found on the shores of Lake Superior. Its wide distribution and iron-rich bands of color reflect the gemstone's geologic history in Minnesota. In 1969 the Lake Superior agate was picked by the Minnesota Legislature as the official state gemstone.

## References

- Minnesota's State Gem: The Lake Superior Agate
Wild rice

**Wild rice** (also called **Canada rice**, **Indian rice**, and **water oats**) is four species of grasses forming the genus ***Zizania***, and the grain which can be harvested from them. The grain was historically gathered and eaten in both North America and China. While it is now something of a delicacy in North America, the grain is no longer eaten in China, where the plant's stem is used as a vegetable.

## Other websites

- Australian wild rice; information about cultivated wild rice in Australia
- Zizania in the Integrated Taxonomic Information System
- Save Our Rice Alliance; information on wild rice harvest, management and distribution across the Upper Great Lakes Region
- Multilingual taxonomic information from the University of Melbourne
- Asian Vegetables
- Zizania aquatica
- Jenks, Albert Ernest (1901). The wild rice gatherers of the Upper Lakes: a study in American primitive economics.
Red pine

The **Red Pine** (_Pinus resinosa_) is a pine native to northeastern North America. The Red Pine grows in the area from Newfoundland west to southeast Manitoba, and south to northern Illinois and Pennsylvania, with a small outlying population in the Appalachian Mountains in West Virginia. In the Upper Midwest of the United States it is sometimes known by the confusing name **Norway Pine** even though it is not native to Norway.
It is the state tree of Minnesota.

## Other websites

- Gymnosperm Database: _Pinus resinosa_
- Flora of North America: _Pinus resinosa_
- Red Pine Content: _Pinus resinosa_
L'Étoile du Nord

***L'Étoile du Nord*** is a French phrase meaning "**The Star of the North**". It is the motto of the U.S. state of Minnesota.  It was chosen by the state's first governor, Henry Hastings Sibley, and was adopted in 1861, three years after Minnesota became a state. Because of this motto, one of Minnesota's nicknames is _The North Star State_. The Minnesota North Stars chose the English translation for their name.

In the northern hemisphere, the North Star (Polaris) is a part of the tip of the handle and the brightest star of the constellation Ursa Minor (known also as Little Bear and as the Little Dipper). Ursa Minor has traditionally been important for navigation, because of Polaris being the star that is closest to the North Celestial Pole.
Grace (photograph)

***Grace*** is a 1918 photograph by Eric Enstrom. It depicts an old man, Charles Wilden, with hands folded, saying a prayer over a table with a simple meal. It was created in Bovey, Minnesota. In 2002, the Minnesota State Legislature established it as the state photograph.

## Other websites

- GRACE by Enstrom  - Website for Photograph
Walleye

**Walleye**  (_Sander vitreus_) is a freshwater perciform fish native to most of Canada and to the northern United States.

It is a North American close relative of the European pikeperch.

The walleye is sometimes also called the **yellow walleye** to distinguish it from the blue walleye, which is an extinct subspecies formerly found in the southern Great Lakes.

## References

- Boyd Huppert (December 7, 2004). "Walleye or Zander? What are you really eating?" KARE.
- FishBase information on Walleye

## Other websites

- Nativefish.org article about the blue walleye
- Information about Sander vitreus from the University of Minnesota
Dakota

**Dakota** may refer to:

## Geography

- American states:
    - North Dakota
    - South Dakota

## Other

- Dakota people, a Native American tribe
- "Douglas Dakota", military aircraft C-47 Skytrain
- Earthbound character Mr. Saturn often utters the phrase "Dakota"

## Related pages

sl:North Dakota
Minnesota Territory

The **Territory of Minnesota** was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from March 3, 1849, until May 11, 1858, when the eastern portion of the territory was admitted to the Union as the State of Minnesota.

## Territorial Governors

|#|Governor|Took office|Left office|Party||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1|Alexander Ramsey||June 1, 1849|May 15, 1853|Whig|
|2|Willis Arnold Gorman||May 15, 1853|April 23, 1857|Democratic|
|3|Samuel Medary||April 23, 1857|May 24, 1858|Democratic|

## Territorial Secretaries

- Charles K. Smith, 1849–1851
- Alexander Wilkin, 1851–1853
- Joseph Rosser. 1853–1857
- Charles L. Chase 1857–1858

## Congressional Delegates

- Henry Hastings Sibley, 31st Congress, 32nd Congress, 1849–1853
- Henry Mower Rice, 33rd Congress, 34th Congress, 1853–1857
- William W. Kingsbury, 35th Congress, 1857–1858

## Other websites

- Minnesota historic documents (incl. Organic Act, Enabling Act, Act of Admission and territorial maps)
Wildlife management

**Wildlife management** is a general term for the process of keeping wild species at desirable levels as determined by wildlife managers. Wildlife management can include game keeping, wildlife conservation and pest control.  Wildlife management has become an integrated science using disciplines such as mathematics, chemistry, biology, ecology, climatology and geography to gain the best results.

Wildlife conservation aims to halt the loss of species. It does this by taking using ecological principles to balance the needs of wildlife with the needs of people. Most wildlife is concerned with the preservation and improvement of habitats. Techniques can include reforestation, pest control, irrigation, coppicing and hedge laying.

Game keeping is the management or control of wildlife for the wellbeing of game birds. It may include killing other animals which share the same niche or predators to maintain a high population of the more profitable species, such as pheasants introduced into woodland. In his 1933 book _Game Management_, Aldo Leopold, one of the pioneers of wildlife management as a science, defined it as "the art of making land produce sustained annual crops of wild game for recreational use".

Pest control is the control of real or perceived pests and can be used for the benefit of wildlife, farmers, gamekeepers or human safety. In the United States, wildlife management practices are often implemented by a governmental agency to uphold a law, such as the Endangered Species Act.

There are two general types of wildlife management:

Manipulative management acts on a population, either changing its numbers by direct means or influencing numbers by the indirect means of altering food supply, habitat, density of predators, or prevalence of disease. This is appropriate when a population is to be harvested, or when it slides to an unacceptably low density or increases to an unacceptably high level. Such densities are inevitably the subjective view of the land owner, and may be disputed by animal welfare interests.
Custodial management is preventive or protective. The aim is to minimize external influences on the population and its habitat. It is appropriate in a national park where one of the stated goals is to protect ecological processes. It is also appropriate for conservation of a threatened species where the threat is of external origin rather than being intrinsic to the system. Feeding of animals by visitors is generally discouraged.
Drift velocity

**Drift velocity** is the average velocity with which free particles, for example electrons, are pulled towards an electric field.
Polar Bear (disambiguation)

A polar bear is an animal.

**Polar Bear** may also refer to:
- Snow Patrol, a Scottish alternative rock band previously known as Polarbear
- "Polar Bear", a song by Smile, later recorded by Queen
- A make of undersuit for a diving drysuit.
- A nickname for the ice-road truck driver Hugh Rowland in Ice Road Truckers
Grove (nature)

A **grove** is a small group of trees with little or no undergrowth. For example: a sequoia grove, or a small orchard planted for the cultivation of fruits or nuts. Other words for groups of trees include _woodland_, _copse_, _woodlot_, _thicket_ or _spinney_.

## Related pages

- The National Grove of State Trees at the United States National Arboretum
Food poisoning

**Food poisoning** is when someone gets sick from eating food or drink that has gone bad or is contaminated.
There are two kinds of food poisoning, either by poisoning with a toxic agent or by an infectious agent. Food infection is when the food contains bacteria or other microbes which infect the body after it is eaten. Food intoxication is when the food contains toxins, including bacterially produced exotoxins, which can happen even when the microbe that produced the toxin is no longer present or able to cause infection. Even though it is commonly called "food poisoning", most cases are caused by a variety of pathogenic bacteria, viruses, prions or parasites that contaminate food, rather than chemical or natural toxins which are what we usually call poison. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, about 76 million people in the United Kingdom and the United States become ill from the food they eat, and about 5,000 die every year.

## Signs and symptoms

Symptoms start within hours to many days after eating. Depending on what the cause of the poisoning was, they can include one or more of the following: nausea, abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, gastroenteritis, fever, pain in the head or fatigue.

In most cases the body is able to get better after a short period of acute food poisoning causing minor discomfort and illness. Food borne illnesses can result in permanent health problems or even death, especially for people at high risk, including babies, young children, pregnant women (and their fetuses), elderly people, sick people and others with weak immune systems.

Food borne illness due to _Campylobacter_, _Yersinia_, _Salmonella_ or _Shigella_ infection is a major cause of reactive arthritis, which typically occurs 1–3 weeks after diarrheal illness. Similarly, people with liver disease are especially susceptible to infections from _Vibrio vulnificus_, which can be found in oysters or crabs.

Tetrodotoxin poisoning from reef fish and other animals shows up very quickly in symptoms such as numbness and shortness of breath, and is often fatal.

## Related pages

- Drinking water
- Croup

## Other websites

- Descriptions of the main microbes that make food unsafe
- How long does food poisoning last?
Rungrado 1st of May Stadium

The **Rungrado 1st of May Stadium**, or **May Day Stadium**, is a multi-purpose stadium in Pyongyang, North Korea, completed on May 1, 1989.

The stadium was built as a main stadium for the 13th World Festival of Youth and Students in 1989.
It is currently used for football matches, a few athletics matches, but most often for Arirang performances (also known as the Mass Games). The stadium can seat 150,000, which is the largest stadium in the world that is not used for auto racing.

Its name comes from the place where it is, Rungra Islet in the Taedong River, and May Day, the international day celebrating labour.

The stadium is most famous for being the place where large shows celebrating Kim Il-sung and the North Korean nation were held. In June-July 2002, the "Arirang" gymnastic and artistic performances were held there. There were 100,000+ people taking part —double the number of people watching— and was open to foreigners, which is rare. These performances now happen every year, usually in August and September. The _Guinness Book of Records_ has recognized these events as the largest in the world.

In 2000, Kim Jong-Il used the stadium to entertain Madeleine Albright, the U.S. Secretary of State under President Bill Clinton.

## Infobox (stadium)

- **stadium name**: Rungrado May
- **nickname**: May Day Stadium
- **image**:
- **location**: Pyongyang, North Korea
- **opened**: May 1, 1989
- **surface**: Grass
- **tenants**: Parades/shows celebrating Kim Il-sung and North Korea.
Arirang Festival
North Korea national football team (some games)
- **seating capacity**: 150,000
- **dimensions**: Main pitch- 22,500 m²
Total floor space- over 207,000 m²