juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Dream Market

**Dream Market** is an online darknet market started in late 2013. Dream Market works on a hidden service of the Tor network. This allows online users to browse anonymously and securely while dodging possible monitoring of traffic. The marketplace sells many things, including drugs, stolen data, and fake goods, using the Bitcoin, BitcoinCash and Monero cryptocurrencies. Dream provides an escrow service, with disputes handled by staff. The market also has forums, hosted on a different URL.

After the takeovers and shutdowns of the AlphaBay and Hansa markets in July 2017, there was much speculation that Dream Market would become the main darknet marketplace. Many sellers and buyers from AlphaBay and Hansa communities registered on Dream Market.

At the time, Dream Market was reported to have "57,000 listings for drugs and 4,000 listings for opioids".

Dream Administrator and vendor Gal Vallerius was arrested in August 2017, after a border search of his laptop confirmed his identity as online drug seller OxyMonster. $500,000 USD in the cryptocurrency Bitcoin was discovered on his laptop. Vallerius is the subject of an continuing investigation about large online narcotics purchases which began in February 2016.

## Security problems

After the recent seizures of other markets, the accounts of a number of Dream Market vendors came under the control of Dutch law enforcement. As the market remains in operation, and no official statement has been released by Dutch authorities regarding this matter, it is not known how these accounts were compromised, though some researchers suggest that shared credentials are to blame.

On September 13th, Dream users reported the loss of funds from their accounts in posts to forums such as reddit. In a post to the markets' news page, Staff later confirmed that a hard drive failure caused the issue and promised to refund the lost funds. The issue has not yet been resolved, and it is not known how many (if any) users have had their prior balance compensated.

## Infobox (website)

- **name**: Dream Market
- **logo size**: 170px
- **commercial**: Yes
- **type**: Darknet market
- **registration**: Required
- **language**: English language, English
- **launch date**: November/December 2013
- **current status**: Offline
Canadian Shield

The **Canadian Shield**, also called the **Laurentian Plateau** (French: __), is a large area of exposed Precambrian, igneous and high-grade metamorphic rocks. The geological shield is the ancient geological core of the North American continent (Laurentia, also called the North American Craton).

A continuation of the Canadian Shield is in western Greenland to which it was once connected. In the United States, most of the Canadian Shield is covered with much younger rocks and sediment.

The Canadian Shield around Hudson Bay is covered with shallow soil. Its main industrial use is mining.

## Infobox (rockunit)

- **name**: Canadian Shield
- **type**: Shield (geology), Shield
- **age**: Precambrian
4500540 mya
- **region**: North America
- **country**:

- **unitof**: North American craton
- **subunits**: Laurentian Upland
Kazan Region, Kazan
- **area**: 8 000 000 km<sup>2</sup>
- **map**: Canada geological map.JPG
- **map caption**: The Canadian Shield is a broad region of Precambrian rock (pictured in shades of red) that encircles Hudson Bay. It spans eastern, northeastern, and east-central Canada and the Upper Midwest, upper midwestern United States.
Arnold R. Hirsch

**Arnold Richard Hirsch** (March 9, 1949 – March 19, 2018) was an American historian. He was born in Rogers Park, Chicago, Illinois. He taught at the University of New Orleans, where he served as Ethel and Herman L. Midlo Endowed Chair for New Orleans Studies. Hirsch published _Making the Second Ghetto: Race and Housing in Chicago, 1940-1960._

Hirsch died on March 19, 2018 of complications from Lewy body dementia in Oak Park, Illinois, aged 69.
Huntington Park, California

**Huntington Park** is a city in the Gateway Cities district of southeastern Los Angeles County, California.

As of the 2020 census, the city had a population of 54,883.

Huntington Park was made in 1906 as a streetcar suburb for workers in the rapidly expanding industries to the southeast of downtown Los Angeles. To this day, about 30% of its residents work at factories in nearby Vernon and Commerce.
Vernon, California

**Vernon** is a city five miles (8.0 km) south of downtown Los Angeles, California. The population was 222 at the 2020 United States Census, the second smallest of any incorporated city in the state (and the nearest to downtown Los Angeles).

The city is made of industrial areas and describes itself as "exclusively industrial". Meatpacking plants and warehouses are common. As of 2006, there were no parks in the city.
Commerce, California

**Commerce** is a city located in southeast Los Angeles County, California, United States. The population was 12,378 at the 2020 census.

It is bordered by Vernon on the west, Los Angeles on the northwest, East Los Angeles on the north, Montebello on the east, Downey and Bell Gardens on the south, and Maywood on the southwest.

The Los Angeles River forms part of its southwestern boundary. It is usually referred to as the "City of Commerce" to distinguish it from the common noun.

## Other websites

- LA County Disaster Communications Service (DCS) East LA Station
- Commerce Aquatics website
- Rosewood Park K-8
- Bandini Elementary School
West Midlands Trains

**West Midlands Trains (WMT)** is a British train operating company based in Birmingham, England. It operates passenger trains on the West Midlands franchise between London and the West Midlands under two trade names: **West Midlands Railway (WMR)** (within the West Midlands region) and **London Northwestern Railway (LNR)** (outside the West Midlands region). The company took over from London Midland on 10 December 2017.

It is owned by a consortium of three companies: Abellio, JR East and Mitsui Group.

The company provides direct LNWR trains mainly between London and Birmingham, with some trains going to Watford, Tring, Milton Keynes, Crewe and Liverpool. WMR provide direct trains between Birmingham and towns such as Coventry, Shrewsbury, Telford, Rugeley, Wolverhampton, Walsall, Lichfield, Stratford-upon-Avon, Nuneaton, Redditch and Hereford.
Buddy Bolden

**Buddy Bolden** was an African-American cornetist who was a key figure in developing the New Orleans style of ragtime music.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Buddy Bolden
- **image**: Buddy Bolden 001.png
- **background**: non_vocal_instrumentalist
- **birth name**: Charles Joseph Bolden
- **birth place**: New Orleans
- **death place**: Jackson, Louisiana
- **genre**: Jazz, blues
- **occupation**: Musician
- **instrument**: Cornet
Tuscarawas County, Ohio

**Tuscarawas County** is a county in the U.S. state of Ohio. As of the 2020 census, the population was 93,263. The county seat is New Philadelphia.

### Cities

- Dover
- New Philadelphia (county seat)
- Uhrichsville

### Villages

- Baltic
- Barnhill
- Bolivar
- Dennison
- Gnadenhutten
- Midvale
- Mineral City
- Newcomerstown
- Parral
- Port Washington
- Roswell
- Stone Creek
- Strasburg
- Sugarcreek
- Tuscarawas
- Zoar

### Townships

- Auburn
- Bucks
- Clay
- Dover
- Fairfield
- Franklin
- Goshen
- Jefferson
- Lawrence
- Mill
- Oxford
- Perry
- Rush
- Salem
- Sandy
- Sugar Creek
- Union
- Warren
- Warwick
- Washington
- Wayne
- York

### Census-designated places

- Dundee
- Sandyville

### Other unincorporated communities

- Barrs Mills
- Bernice
- Blackband
- Booth
- Brightwood
- Bucks
- Columbia
- Eastport
- Fiat
- Gilmore
- Glasgow
- Goshen
- Hartwood
- Lock Seventeen
- Lowden
- Mount Tabor
- New Cumberland
- Newport
- Peoli
- Postboy
- Ragersville
- Riverside Park
- Rock
- Rockford
- Rush
- Schoenbrunn
- Somerdale
- Stillwater
- Wainwright
- West Chester
- Wilkshire Hills
- Winfield
- Winklepleck Grove
- Wolf
- Yorktown
- Zoarville

## Infobox (u.s. county)

- **county**: Tuscarawas County
- **state**: Ohio
- **seal**: Seal of Tuscarawas County Ohio.svg
- **founded**: March 15, 1808
- **seat wl**: New Philadelphia
- **largest city wl**: New Philadelphia
- **area total sq mi**: 571
- **area land sq mi**: 568
- **area water sq mi**: 3.8
- **area percentage**: 0.7%
- **census yr**: 2020
- **pop**: 93263
- **density sq mi**: auto
- **time zone**: Eastern
- **web**: www.co.tuscarawas.oh.us
- **named for**: Delaware language, Delaware Indian word variously translated as "old town" or "open mouth".
- **ex image**: Tuscarawas County Courthouse.jpg
- **ex image size**: 250
- **ex image cap**: Tuscarawas County Courthouse
- **district**: 6th
- **district2**: 12th
Uhrichsville, Ohio

**Uhrichsville** is a city of Tuscarawas County in the state of Ohio, United States. The population was 5,272 at the 2020 census. Claymont City School District is the major education provider for the city of Uhrichsville and for the village of Dennison, Ohio. Uhrichsville Water Park opened in June 2008. It is heated and features slides, waterfalls, buckets, and a water jungle-gym.
Novichok

The name ***Novichok*** is used for a number of chemical compounds that have been used as nerve agents (similar to nerve gas) from the 1970s to at least the 1990s in the Soviet Union. There are 3–5 different substances, all called Novichok. The exact formula of these agents is unknown. The following facts are known or likely:
- Novichok is produced by combining two (or more) other substances. Unless they are combined, these other substances are not dangerous; as an example: fertilizer for agriculture
- At least four or five compounds are known to exist.
In 2018, former Russian spy Sergei Skripal and his daughter were poisoned using Novichok. Novichok was also the agent in the 2018 Amesbury poisonings. It is likely that Alexei Navalny was poisoned using Novichok in 2020.
Heather Langenkamp

**Heather Langenkamp** (born July 17, 1962 in Tulsa, Oklahoma) is an American actress. She is best known for playing Nancy Thompson in the _A Nightmare on Elm Street_ movies.
Sandra Peabody

**Sandra Peabody** (born January 11, 1948 in Portland, Oregon) is an American actress, writer, producer, and acting coach. She is best known for her role as Mari Collingwood in Wes Craven's 1972 horror movie _The Last House on the Left_. She is known for her roles in horror movies such as _Voices of Desire_ (1972), _Massage Parlor Murders!_ (1973), and _Legacy of Satan_ (1974). Peabody quit acting in the mid 1970s and now works as an acting coach, writer, and producer.

## Movie

|**Year**|**Title**|**Role**|
| --- | --- | --- |
|1965|_Misfit_|Lead|
|1966|_The Horse Killer_|Lead|
|1971|_The Filthiest Show in Town_|Olga (segment "Commercials")|
|1972|_The Last House on the Left_|Mari Collingwood|
|1972|_Voices of Desire_|Anna Reed|
|1973|_Massage Parlor Murders!_|Gwen|
|1974|_Legacy of Satan_|Cult Extra|
|1975|_Teenage Hitchhikers_|Bird|

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Sandra Peabody
- **image**: File:Sandra Peabody circa 1973.jpg
- **caption**: Peabody in _The Last House on the Left_
- **birth place**: Portland, Oregon, U.S.
- **occupation**: Actress, writer, producer, acting coach
- **years active**: 1970–present
Otrera

In Greek mythology, **Otrera** (; , _Otrērē_) was a queen of the Amazons. She was the daughter of Eurus (the east wind). She was a lover of the god Ares. Their children were Hippolyta, Antiope, Melanippe, and Penthesilea.
The Last House on the Left

***The Last House on the Left*** is a 1972 American horror movie. It was directed by Wes Craven and produced by Sean S. Cunningham. The movie stars Sandra Peabody, Lucy Grantham, David A. Hess, Fred Lincoln, Jeramie Rain, and Marc Sheffler.
Penthesilea

**Penthesilea** (, _Penthesileia_) was a queen of the Amazonian in Greek mythology. Her parents were Ares and Otrera. She was the sister of Hippolyta, Antiope and Melanippe. She and her sisters were allies of the Trojans during the Trojan War.
Eurystheus

In Greek mythology, **Eurystheus** (;  - "broad strength") was the king of Tiryns and Mycenae. He was the son of Sthenelus. He was the one whom Herakles had to serve as penance for the murder of his family.
Victor Kalashnikov

**Victor Mikhailovich Kalashnikov** (; 16 July 1942 – 27 March 2018) was a Russian small arms designer. He was known for developing the PP-19 Bizon and AK-74m. He was the son of Mikhail Kalashnikov. He was born in Kazakh SSR, Soviet Union. He began his weapon designing career in 1966 by conducting a series of tests of the AK-47.

Kalashnikov died at a university hospital in Izhevsk, Russia on 27 March 2018 at the age of 75.

## Other websites

- Биография на сайте музея им. М.Т. Калашникова
Cycnus (son of Ares)

In Greek mythology, **Cycnus** ( - "swan") was a cruel and bloodthirsty bandit. The son of Ares and Pelopia (or Pyrene), he seized control of the sacred grove of Apollo at Itonos in southern Thessaly, as he murdered pilgrims and stole offerings intended for the god. (Other sources say he dwelt by the river Echedorus in Macedonia). He faced off against Herakles in single combat, and ultimately lost despite the support he received from his father. He was afterwards transformed into a swan () and placed amongst the stars as the constellation Cygnus.
Peter Munk

**Peter Munk** (November 8, 1927 – March 28, 2018) was a Hungarian-born Canadian businessman and philanthropist. He founded and chaired Barrick Gold, the world's largest gold-mining corporation.

Munk was founder, chairman and CEO of Trizec Properties (formerly TrizecHahn Corporation), one of the largest American real estate investment trusts. In 2006, Trizec Properties was sold to Brookfield Properties.

Munk died in Toronto on March 28, 2018 of heart failure at the age of 90.

## Other websites

- Biography of Peter Munk
- Citation for Peter and Melanie Munk

## Infobox (person)

- **birth place**: Budapest, Hungary
- **death place**: Toronto, Canada
- **nationality**: Canadian Jews, Jewish Hungarian nationality law, Canadian
- **alma mater**: University of Toronto, Bsc. in electrical engineering
- **known for**: Chairman, President (corporate title), President and Founder of Barrick Gold
- **spouse**: Linda Joy Gutterson (1956-1970; divorced; 3 children)
Melanie Jane Bosanquet (1973-2018; 2 children)
Eric McClintock

**Sir Eric Paul McClintock** (13 September 1918 – 27 March 2018) was an Australian former public servant and businessman. He was born in Gulgong, New South Wales.

McClintock was known for serving as Chairman of Woolworths Limited from 1980 to 1987. He was a speech writer for future Prime Minister John McEwen, then Minister for Trade, and served as First Assistant Secretary, Department of Trade 1958-61.

He was NSW campaign chair for the Australian Prospectors & Miners' Hall of Fame (now defunct).

McClintock died in Sydney on 27 March 2018 at the age of 99.

## Infobox (person)

- **honorific prefix**: Sir
- **name**: Eric McClintock
- **birth name**: Eric Paul McClintock
- **birth place**: Gulgong, New South Wales, Australia
- **death place**: Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- **nationality**: Australian
- **alma mater**: O'Connor Catholic College, De La Salle College, Armidale,
University of Sydney
- **occupation**: Public servant, businessman
- **years active**: 1935 – 2018
- **employer**: Woolworths Limited
Verónica Echegui

**Verónica Fernández Echegaray** (16 June 1983 – 24 August 2025), known professionally as **Verónica Echegui**, was a Spanish actress. She was born in Madrid, Spain. Her career began in 2003.

Echegui was nominated for three Goya Awards. She was known for her roles in _My Name Is Juani_, _My Prison Yard_ and _Kathmandu Lullaby_. In 2018, she made her American debut appearing in the FX series _Trust_ playing one of J. Paul Getty's girlfriends, Luciana, alongside Donald Sutherland.

Echegui died of cancer at a hospital in Madrid on 24 August 2025, at the age of 42.

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: Festival de Málaga 2024 - Verónica Echegui (cropped).jpg
- **alt**: Close-up of Echegui's face
- **caption**: Echegui in 2024
- **birth name**: Verónica Fernández Echegaray
- **birth place**: Madrid, Spain
- **death place**: Madrid, Spain
- **years active**: 2003–2025
- **partner**: Álex García (actor), Álex García (–2023)
- **relatives**: José Echegaray
Chalo Chatu

**Chalo Chatu** is an Internet encyclopedia project in the English language that is documenting the entire Zambia only covering historical events and current events, notable public figures, companies, organizations, websites, national monuments and other notable key features of Zambia. The website is free of charge: users do not pay but they can choose to donate to the Chalo Chatu Foundation. It is "open content", this means anyone can copy it. It is also the largest and only online encyclopedia in Zambia. The name Chalo Chatu translated as our world in the Zambian local language. Chalo Chatu was started on June 1, 2016 by Jason Mulikita. Chalo Chatu is owned by a Zambian organization, Chalo Chatu Foundation, which is in Lusaka.

## History

Chalo Chatu was launched on June 1, 2016. It was launched as an English-language at www.chalochatu.org and has been active since. Chalo Chatu was launched under ther policy of well written, balanced, neutral, and encyclopedic.

## Using Chalo Chatu

Chalo Chatu is a free site just like Wikipedia that anybody can start or edit a page but for you to edit on Chalo Chatu one has to be a registered and verified user  with a website.

## Other websites

- Website
- Official Facebook Page
- Official YouTube Channel
- Official Twitter Account

## Infobox (dot-com company)

- **name**: Chalo Chatu
- **logo**: Chalo Chatu logo.jpg
- **collapsible**: no
- **collapsetext**: Screenshot
- **caption**: Chalo Chatu main page
- **screenshot size**: 300px
- **company type**: Charitable organization
- **language**: English language, English
- **location city**: Lusaka
- **location country**: Zambia
- **area served**: Zambia (2016–present)
Worldwide (2017-present)
- **key people**: Jason Mulikita (Founder and Chief executive officer, CEO)
**Chabota Kanguya**
(Chief operating officer, COO)
- **industry**: Internet
- **url**: [http://www.chalochatu.org/Main_Page chalochatu.org]
- **alexa**: [http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/chalochatu.org  4,485]
- **registration**: Optional
- **num users**: 60
- **current status**: Active
- **programming language**: MediaWiki
- **owner**: Chalo Chatu Foundation
- **type**: Online encyclopedia
- **content license**:
<small>Most text is also dual-licensed under GFDL; media licensing varies</small>
Inonge Wina

**Inonge Mutukwa Wina** (born April 2, 1941) is a Zambian politician and former Vice President of Zambia from 2015 until 2021. She is the first woman to hold the position in Zambia, making her the highest ranking woman in the history of the Zambian government.

## Personal life

She was married to Arthur Wina, an independence fighter, former minister and academic who died on 3 September 1995.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **image**: Inonge Wina.jpg
- **name**: Inonge Mutukwa Wina
- **order**: 13th
- **office**: Vice President of Zambia
- **term start**: 26 January 2015
- **president**: Edgar Lungu
- **preceded**: Guy Scott
- **successor**: Mutale Nalumango
- **term end**: 24 August 2021
- **office1**: Ministry of Gender, Minister of Gender and Child Development
- **term start1**: 8 March 2012
- **term end1**: 25 January 2015
- **predecessor1**: Post established
- **successor1**: Nkandu Luo
- **office2**: Minister of Chiefs and Traditional Affairs
- **term start2**: 29 September 2011
- **term end2**: 8 March 2012
- **predecessor2**: Post established
- **successor2**: Nkandu Luo
- **birth place**: Senanga, Western Province, Zambia, Western Province, Zambia
- **nationality**: Zambian
- **party**: Patriotic Front (Zambia), Patriotic Front
- **spouse**: Arthur Nutuluti Lubinda Wina (deceased)
- **children**: 3 (2 deceased)
- **alma mater**: University of Zambia
- **profession**: Sociologist
- **blank1**: Awards
Tracheid

**Tracheids** are long cells in the xylem of vascular plants. They  transport water and mineral salts. Tracheids are one of two types of elements in the xylem, vessel elements being the other. Tracheids do not have perforation plates; vessel elements do. These define vascular plants, as opposed to  non-vascular plants.

All tracheary elements get a thick lignified cell wall. When the plant is mature, the protoplast has broken down and disappeared.  Tracheids have two functions. They transport material and provide structural support.

The secondary walls have thickenings in various forms: rings, spirals, networks or as extensive thickenings except where there are pits. Tracheids provide most of the structural support in softwoods, where they are the major cell type.

Because tracheids have a much larger surface area to volume ratio compared to vessel elements, they hold water against gravity (by adhesion) when transpiration is not occurring. This mechanism helps plants prevent air embolisms.

The term "tracheid" was introduced by Carl Sanio in 1863, originally as _Tracheide_, in German.
Kirchheim unter Teck

**Kirchheim unter Teck** () is a town in southern Baden-Württemberg in Germany. It has 40,000 people. It is named after the mountain Teck. It isn't far away from Stuttgart. It is in a mountain group named Schwäbische Alb.

## Infobox (german location)

- **type**: Stadt
- **image photo**: kirchheim-teck.jpg
- **image coa**: DEU Kirchheim unter Teck COA.svg
- **image plan**: Kirchheim unter Teck in ES.svg
- **state**: Baden-Württemberg
- **region**: Stuttgart
- **district**: Esslingen
- **elevation**: 311
- **area**: 40.47
- **population**: 39916
- **stand**: 2006-12-31
- **postal code**: 73219–73230
- **area code**: 07021
- **licence**: ES
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 08 1 16 033
- **divisions**: 5
- **mayor**: Pascal Bader
Robert Towne

**Robert Towne** (born **Robert Bertram Schwartz**; November 23, 1934 – July 1, 2024) was an American screenwriter, producer, director and actor.

Towne was part of the New Hollywood wave of filmmaking. He is best known for his Academy Award-winning original screenplay for Roman Polanski's _Chinatown_ (1974). Towne also wrote the sequel, _The Two Jakes_ (1990).

Towne was also known for his screenplays for _The Last Detail_ (1973) and _Shampoo_ (1975); and the first two _Mission: Impossible_ movies.

Towne directed the sports dramas _Personal Best_ (1982) and _Without Limits_ (1998), the crime thriller _Tequila Sunrise_ (1988), and the romantic crime drama _Ask the Dust_ (2006).

Towne died on July 1, 2024 at the age of 89, at his home in Los Angeles, California.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Robert Towne
- **image**: RobertTowneMar09.jpg
- **caption**: Towne in 2009
- **birth name**: Robert Bertram Schwartz
- **birth place**: Los Angeles, California, U.S.
- **death place**: Los Angeles, California, U.S.
- **occupation**: Writer, director, producer, actor
- **years active**: 1960–2024
- **spouse**: Julie Payne (actress, born 1940), Julie Payne
(m. 1977; div. 1982?)

- **children**: 2
Emiliano Mondonico

**Emiliano Mondonico** (9 March 1947 – 29 March 2018) was an Italian professional footballer and coach. He played as a winger. In 1966 he was signed by Cremonese, with whom he played one season in Serie D and one season.

Mondonico began his managerial career with the Cremonese youth team in 1979. In 1981, he became manager of the senior team.

In 1990, he joined Torino, where he won the Mitropa Cup over Pisa and finished in fifth-place in the league during the 1990–91 season.

In 2012, Mondonico was fired as head coach by Novara and later retired.

Mondonico died on 29 March 2018 from stomach cancer in Milan at the age of 71.

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Emiliano Mondonico
- **image**: Mondonico_Emiliano.jpg
- **birth place**: Rivolta d'Adda, Italy
- **death place**: Milan, Italy
- **position**: Midfielder#Winger, Winger
- **youthclubs1**: Rivoltana
- **years1**: 1966–1968
- **clubs1**: U.S. Cremonese, Cremonese
- **caps1**: 46
- **goals1**: 19
- **years2**: 1968–1970
- **clubs2**: Torino F.C., Torino
- **caps2**: 14
- **goals2**: 2
- **years3**: 1970–1971
- **clubs3**: A.C. Monza Brianza 1912, Monza
- **caps3**: 23
- **goals3**: 7
- **years4**: 1971–1972
- **clubs4**: Atalanta B.C., Atalanta
- **caps4**: 2
- **goals4**: 0
- **years5**: 1972–1979
- **clubs5**: U.S. Cremonese, Cremonese
- **caps5**: 178
- **goals5**: 69
- **totalcaps**: 263
- **totalgoals**: 97
- **manageryears1**: 1981–1986
- **managerclubs1**: U.S. Cremonese, Cremonese
- **manageryears2**: 1986–1987
- **managerclubs2**: Como Calcio 1907, Como
- **manageryears3**: 1987–1990
- **managerclubs3**: Atalanta B.C., Atalanta
- **manageryears4**: 1990–1994
- **managerclubs4**: Torino F.C., Torino
- **manageryears5**: 1994–1998
- **managerclubs5**: Atalanta B.C., Atalanta
- **manageryears6**: 1998–2000
- **managerclubs6**: Torino F.C., Torino
- **manageryears7**: 2000–2001
- **managerclubs7**: S.S.C. Napoli, Napoli
- **manageryears8**: 2001–2003
- **managerclubs8**: Cosenza Calcio 1914, Cosenza
- **manageryears9**: 2003–2004
- **managerclubs9**: ACF Fiorentina, Fiorentina
- **manageryears10**: 2006–2007
- **managerclubs10**: U.C. AlbinoLeffe, AlbinoLeffe
- **manageryears11**: 2007–2009
- **managerclubs11**: U.S. Cremonese, Cremonese
- **manageryears12**: 2009–2011
- **managerclubs12**: U.C. AlbinoLeffe, AlbinoLeffe
- **manageryears13**: 2012
- **managerclubs13**: Novara Calcio, Novara
José Hugo Garaycoa Hawkins

**José Hugo Garaycoa Hawkins** (2 June 1930 – 27 March 2018) was a Peruvian Roman Catholic bishop.

Garaycoa Hawkins was born in Callao, Peru and was ordained to the priesthood in 1961. He served as titular bishop oh Horæa and auxiliary bishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Lima, Peru, from 1982 to 1991. He then served as Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Tacna y Moquegua, Peru, from 1991 to 2006.

Garaycoa Hawkins died on 27 March 2018 in Lima, Peru at the age of 87.
S/PDIF

**S/PDIF (Sony/Philips Digital Interface Format)** is a type of connection used to play audio from a computer or home theater to a speaker. S/PDIF was primarily designed by Sony and Philips, which is where it gets its name.
James C. Irwin

**James Clarence Irwin** (June 7, 1929 – March 21, 2018) was an American military personnel. He was a retired vice admiral in the United States Coast Guard. He was Vice Commandant from 1986 to 1988. Irwin was born in Des Moines, Iowa.

Irwin died on March 21, 2018 of Alzheimer's disease in Chandler, Arizona at the age of 88.

## Infobox (military person)

- **name**: James C. Irwin
- **image**: James Clarence Irwin USCG VADM.jpg
- **birth place**: Des Moines, Iowa, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Chandler, Arizona, United States, U.S.
- **placeofburial**: National Memorial Cemetery of Arizona
- **branch**: United States Coast Guard
- **serviceyears**: 42 years
- **rank**: Vice admiral (United States), Vice admiral
- **commands**: Vice Commandant of the United States Coast Guard
John W. Vogt

**John Willard Vogt** (December 28, 1936 – March 21, 2018) was an American engineer and politician. He was born in Lake Wales, Florida. He studied at the University of Florida. He served in the Florida Senate from 1972 to 1988. Vogt was a member of the Democratic Party.

Vogt died on March 21, 2018 at the age of 81 from pulmonary fibrosis in Tallahassee, Florida.
Mike Harrison (musician)

**Mike Harrison** (3 September 1945 – 25 March 2018) was an English musician and singer. He was known as a principal lead singer of Spooky Tooth.  He has also been the lead singer in The V.I.P.s, Art and the Hamburg Blues Band, among others.

Harrison died in Carlisle, Cumbria on 25 March 2018 at the age of 72.

## Other websites

- Spooky Tooth Official Website

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Mike Harrison
- **image**: 040313-HBB-Mike-Harrison-01.jpg
- **caption**: Mike Harrison with Hamburg Blues Band in 2004
- **background**: solo_singer
- **origin**: Carlisle, Cumbria, Carlisle, Cumbria, England
- **years active**: 1960s – 2018
- **associated acts**: The V.I.P.s (band), The V.I.P.'s, Art, Spooky Tooth, Hamburg Blues Band
Eugène Van Roosbroeck

**Eugène Van Roosbroeck** (13 May 1928 – 28 March 2018) was a Belgian racing cyclist. He was born in Noorderwijk (Antwerp province). He won a gold medal in team road race at the 1948 Summer Olympics in London, together with Lode Wouters and Leon De Lathouwer.

Roosbroeck died on 28 March 2018 in Noorderwijk at the age of 89.
Stephen Reinhardt

**Stephen Roy Reinhardt** (March 27, 1931 – March 29, 2018) was an American circuit judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit serving from 1980 until his death in 2018. He was the last federal appeals court judge in active service to have been appointed by President Jimmy Carter. He was a Democrat. Reinhardt was born in New York City.

Reinhardt died in Los Angeles, California on March 29, 2018 from a heart attack at the age of 87.
Melrose Park, Illinois

**Melrose Park** is a village in Cook County, Illinois, United States. It is a suburb of Chicago, 14 miles by road. As of the 2020 census it had a population of 24,796.

The suburb was the home of Kiddieland Amusement Park from 1929 until 2010 (it closed in September 2009 before it was demolished), the Shrine of Our Lady of Mt. Carmel, and Stern Pinball, Inc., which is now the world's last manufacturer of coin-operated pinball machines.

## Other websites

- Village of Melrose Park official website
Alanna Ubach

**Alanna Noel Ubach** (born October 3, 1975) is an actress, vocal artist and singer of Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Spanish descent. She is known for her roles in _Coco_ as Mama Imelda, _Legally Blonde_ as Serena McGuire, _Meet the Fockers_ as Isabel Villalobos. She played Jeanine Pirro in the 2019 movie _Bombshell_ and Suze Howard in the HBO series _Euphoria_. She is also known for singing "La Llorona" and "La Bruja" in _Coco Live at the Hollywood Bowl_.

## Other websites

- "BroadwayWorld.com" interview with Alanna Ubach, May 31, 2008

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Alanna Ubach
- **image**: Alanna Ubach on Dulce Osuna.jpg
- **birth name**: Alanna Noel Ubach
- **birth place**: Downey, California, U.S.
- **other names**: Alana Ubach
- **occupation**: Actress, voice artist, singer
- **years active**: 1990–present
- **children**: Thomas Rodolfo Russo III
Downey, California

**Downey** is a city located in southeast Los Angeles County, California, United States,  southeast of Los Angeles. It is thought to be part of the Gateway Cities.

The city is the birthplace of the Apollo space program, and is the hometown of Richard and Karen Carpenter. It is also the home of the oldest still operational McDonald's restaurant in the world. As of the 2020 census, the city had a total population of 114,355.

Downey is sister cities with Guadalajara, Mexico; San Quintín, Baja California, Mexico; Ensenada, Mexico; Fresnillo, Mexico; and Alajuela, Costa Rica.
Elmarie Wendel

**Elmarie Louise Wendel** (November 23, 1928 – July 21, 2018) was an American actress and singer. She was known for her roles as Mrs. Dubcek on _3rd Rock from the Sun_ and as Gina, an assembly line worker at the aviation factory on _The George Lopez Show_.

Wendel died on July 21, 2018 at the age of 89.

## Infobox (actor)

- **name**: Elmarie Wendel
- **image size**: 250px
- **birth name**: Elmarie Louise Wendel
- **birth place**: Howard County, Iowa, U.S.
- **occupation**: Actress, singer
- **years active**: 1956–2018
- **relatives**: J.C. Wendel (actress, daughter)
Prince Eunjeon

**Prince Eunjeon** (; 14 August 1759 - 26 August 1778) was a royal family member of the Joseon dynasty in Korea. His real name is **Yi Chan** ().

He is an illegitimate son of Crown Prince Sado. His mother is Lady Park Bing-ae, a concubine of Crown Prince Sado. In January 1761, his father killed his mother with a knife, caused by insanity.

He was executed at 26 of August in 1778 because of treason.
Oldest dated rocks

The **oldest dated rocks** on Earth are of several different types.

1. There are early rocks recovered from the Moon. This is relevant because the Moon was once part of the Earth: see giant impact hypothesis. During Apollo 16, Lunar sample 67215, dated at 4.46 billion years, was brought back. Lunar sample 67215 is the oldest known rock on Earth, even though it came from the Moon.

2. The oldest material of terrestrial origin that has been dated is a zircon mineral 4.404 ±0.008 billion years old. It was in the Jack Hills  of Western Australia. The  oldest consistently-dated zircon is closer to 4.35 billion years ago.

3. The oldest rock formation on Earth may be the Acasta Gneiss in the Canadian Shield in the Northwest Territories, Canada. It is composed of the Archaean igneous and gneissic cores of ancient mountain chains that have been exposed by glacial action. Again it was dated by analysis of zircons in the rocks.
Tullimonstrum

***Tullimonstrum***, colloquially known as the **Tully Monster**, is an extinct bilaterian animal that lived in shallow tropical coastal waters of muddy estuaries during the Pennsylvanian geological period, about 300 million years ago. A single species, T. gregarium, is known. Its classification has been the subject of controversy, and interpretations of the fossil likened it to molluscs, arthropods, conodonts, worms, and vertebrates. It is unknown whether _Tullimonstrum_ was a vertebrate or an invertebrate.
Supercharger

A supercharger is a device that forces more air into an internal combustion engine. This gives the engine more oxygen to burn fuel, which makes the engine more powerful.

Superchargers are powered by the engine itself, usually through a belt connected to the crankshaft. This is different from a turbocharger, which is powered by the engine's exhaust gases.

Superchargers have been used since the early days of engines. They were first built in 1878. In the early 20th century, they were used a lot in aircraft engines. They helped engines work better at high altitudes, where the air is thinner. In the 1920s, superchargers started being used in car engines too.

There are two main types of superchargers:
1. Positive displacement superchargers: These use spinning rotors to push air into the engine. The most common types are Roots and twin-screw superchargers.
2. Dynamic superchargers: These use a fast-spinning impeller to draw air into the engine. The most common type is the centrifugal supercharger.

Superchargers can make an engine much more powerful, but they also use more fuel. They were very popular in high-performance vehicles for many years. However, in recent times, many manufacturers have switched to using turbochargers instead. Turbochargers are more fuel-efficient and can produce more power.

Despite being less common now, superchargers are still used in some cars, trucks, and aircraft. They remain an important part of the history of engine technology.
Léon Kengo wa Dondo

**Léon Kengo wa Dondo** (born **Leon Lubicz**, 22 May 1935) is a Congolese politician. He served as the "first state commissioner" (prime minister) several times under Mobutu Sese Seko in Zaïre. Since 2007, he has been President of the Senate of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Léon Kengo
- **birth name**: Leon Lubicz
- **image**: Léon Kengo Senate of Poland 01.JPG
- **caption**: Léon Kengo in the Senate of Poland, Polish Senate (2008)
- **office**: 12th Prime Minister of Zaire
- **term start**: 5 November 1982
- **term end**: 31 October 1986
- **predecessor**: N'singa Udjuu Ongwabeki Untubu
- **successor**: _Position abolished_
- **birth place**: Libenge (Équateur (former province), Équateur province), Belgian Congo
- **party**: Popular Movement of the Revolution, Union of Forces of Change
- **alma mater**: Université libre de Bruxelles (1962–1968, PhD in Law)
- **term start2**: 26 November 1988
- **term end2**: 4 May 1990
- **predecessor2**: Sambwa Pida Nbagui
- **successor2**: Lunda Bululu
- **term start3**: 6 July 1994
- **term end3**: 2 April 1997
- **predecessor3**: Faustin Birindwa
- **successor3**: Étienne Tshisekedi
- **order4**: President of the Senate of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Senate of Congo
- **term start4**: 14 May 2007
André Bo-Boliko Lokonga

**André Bo-Boliko Lokonga Monse Mihambo** (15 August 1934 – 30 March 2018) was a Congolese politician. He served as the First State Commissioner of Zaire from 6 March 1979 to 27 August 1980. From 1967 to 1980, he was secretary-general of the National Union of Zairian Workers.

In 1990 he joined Joseph Iléo in founding the Democratic Social Christian Party.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Bo-Boliko Lokonga
- **birth name**: André Bo-Boliko
- **image**: André Boboliko.jpg
- **caption**: Bo-Boliko in 1960
- **office**: Prime Minister of Zaire, First State Commissioner of Zaire
- **term start**: 6 March 1979
- **term end**: 27 August 1980
- **president**: Mobuto Sese Seko
- **predecessor**: Mpinga Kasenda
- **successor**: Jean Nguza Karl-i-Bond
- **birth place**: Lobamiti, Bandundu Province, Belgian Congo
- **death place**: Brussels, Belgium
Prince George's County, Maryland

**Prince George's County** (short **PG County**) is a county in the U.S. state of Maryland. It borders the eastern part of Washington, D.C. As of the 2020 census, 967,201 people lived there. That was the second-highest population of any county in Maryland, behind only Montgomery County. The county seat is Upper Marlboro.
My Dear Melancholy,

***My Dear Melancholy,*** is an extended play released by Canadian singer-songwriter The Weeknd.  It was released on March 30, 2018, through his label, XO, along with Republic Records.  The EP contains six songs. It has so far topped the iTunes Album chart in over 40 countries.

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: My Dear Melancholy,
- **artist**: The Weeknd
- **length**: 21:50
- **prev title**: Starboy (album), Starboy
- **prev year**: 2016
- **next title**: After Hours (album), After Hours
- **next year**: 2020
- **type**: EP
- **genre**: Alternative R&B
- **released**: March 30, 2018
Luminous red nova

A **luminous red nova** (_LRN_) is an explosion in space. It is probably caused when two stars merge to become one. Their red colour is distinctive. The light curve near the star stays in the infared. Luminous red novae are different from normal novae. Those are explosions on the surface of white dwarf stars.

## History and discovery

The first luminous red nova found was in the Messier 85 galaxy. It was discovered when people working at the Rickett Observatory were searching for supernovas. Astronomers from U.C. Berkeley and Caltech investigated it. They found that it was different from normal novae and thermal pulses. Afterwards, they announced that luminous red novae are a new type of star explosion.

More luminous red novae were found after the discovery. Researchers found V1309 Scorpii in 2008. The star system was a contact binary. Researchers were studying it for six years before it merged and exploded. In 2015, two different luminous red novae were found. One was in the Andromeda galaxy, and the other was in the Pinwheel galaxy. Astronomers think that in 2022, KIC 9832227 will merge and become a new luminous red nova. This star system is 1800 light years away from the Sun. A team from Calvin College found that the orbital period of the star system was slowing down and that the stars were coming closer to each other.

## Traits

Luminous red novae have these traits:
- The luminosity of the explosion is between that of a supernova and that of a nova.
- The light of the explosion stays for a few weeks or a few months. It gradually becomes darker.
- These stars may not be as hot as normal stars.

## Other websites

- Press release by Caltech "Caltech and Berkeley Astronomers Identify a New Class of Cosmic Explosions"
Georgian Bay

**Georgian Bay** () is a large bay of Lake Huron in Ontario, Canada. The main part of the bay lies east of the Bruce Peninsula and Manitoulin Island. To its northwest is the North Channel.

Georgian Bay is surrounded by (listed clockwise) the districts of Manitoulin, Sudbury, Parry Sound and Muskoka, as well as the more populous counties of Simcoe, Grey and Bruce.
Georgian Bay, Ontario

The **Township of Georgian Bay** is an area municipality of the District Municipality of Muskoka, in south-central Ontario, Canada. It is on the Severn River, where it empties into the Georgian Bay. The town offices are at Port Severn.
Htin Kyaw

** Htin Kyaw** (,  or ; born 20 July 1946) is a Burmese politician, writer and scholar who served as the ninth President of Myanmar from 30 March 2016 to 21 March 2018. He was the first elected president to hold the office with no ties to the military since the
1962 coup d'état. The second son of scholar Min Thu Wun, Htin Kyaw had held various positions in the education, planning and treasury ministries in prior governments.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **honorific-prefix**: Burmese honorifics, U
- **name**: Htin Kyaw
- **native name lang**: my
- **image**: President Htin Kyaw.jpg
- **office**: List of Presidents of Myannmar, 9th President of Myanmar
- **1namedata**: Aung San Suu Kyi
- **vicepresident1**: Myint Swe (general), Myint Swe
 Henry Van Thio
- **term start**: 30 March 2016
- **term end**: 21 March 2018
- **predecessor1**: Thein Sein
- **successor1**: Win Myint
- **birth place**: Yangon, British rule in Burma, British Burma
- **party**: National League for Democracy
- **parents**: Min Thu Wun
 Kyi Kyi
- **residence**: Presidential Palace, Naypyidaw, Presidential Palace
- **alma mater**: Yangon Institute of Economics
Institute of Computer Science, University of London
Arthur D. Little School of Management
Win Myint

**Win Myint** ( ; born 8 November 1951) is a Burmese politician and former political prisoner. He was the 10th President of Myanmar from 29 March 2018 until a coup removed him from power on 1 February 2021. He was the Speaker of the House of Representatives of Myanmar from 2016 to 2018. He also served as MP for House of Representatives from 2012 to 2018.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **honorific-prefix**: His Excellency
- **name**: Win Myint
- **native name lang**: Burmese
- **image**: Win Myint 2017 cropped.jpg
- **office**: President of Myanmar, 10th President of Myanmar
- **1namedata**: Aung San Suu Kyi
- **vicepresident**: Myint Swe (general), Myint Swe
 Henry Van Thio
- **term start**: 30 March 2018
- **term end**: 1 February 2021
- **predecessor**: Htin Kyaw
- **successor**: Myint Swe (acting)
- **office2**: 2nd Speaker of the House of Representatives of Myanmar, Speaker of the House of Representatives
- **deputy2**: T Khun Myat
- **term start2**: 1 February 2016
- **term end2**: 21 March 2018
- **predecessor2**: Shwe Mann
- **successor2**: T Khun Myat
- **office3**: Member of the Pyithu Hluttaw
for Tamwe Township
- **term start3**: 1 February 2016
- **term end3**: 23 March 2018
- **predecessor3**: Lei Lei Win Swe
- **office4**: Member of the Pyithu Hluttaw
for Pathein Township
- **term start4**: 2 May 2012
- **term end4**: 29 January 2016
- **predecessor4**: Than Tun
- **successor4**: Wai Hlaing Tun
- **office5**: Member-elect of Pyithu Hluttaw (1990)
- **constituency5**: Danubyu, Danubyu Township № 1
- **majority5**: 20,388 (56%)
- **predecessor5**: Constituency established
- **successor5**: Constituency abolished
- **birth place**: Nyaung Chaung Village, Danubyu, Myanmar, Burma
- **spouse**: Cho Cho
- **children**: 1
- **parents**: Tun Kyin (father)
Burmese name#Honorifics, Daw Than (mother)
- **party**: National League for Democracy
- **alma mater**: University of Yangon
Than Shwe

**Than Shwe** (; ; born 2 February 1933) is a Burmese army general and politician. He was the commander-in-chief and military ruler of Burma (Myanmar) until 2010.

Than Shwe was the head of state of Burma from 1992 to 2011 as Chairman of the State Peace and Development Council (SPDC). He held key positions, including Prime Minister of Myanmar, Commander-in-chief of Myanmar Defense Services, and head of the Union Solidarity and Development Association. He faced criticism for perceived undemocratic practices.

In March 2011, Than Shwe officially stepped down as head of state. He gave control over the government to his chosen successor, Thein Sein. As the head of the Armed Forces, he was succeeded by Senior General Min Aung Hlaing. He continues to have significant influence within the military.

Than Shwe is suffering from diabetes and he is rumored to have colorectal cancer.

## Other websites

- Than Shwe at WN

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Than Shwe
- **office**: Chairman of the State Peace and Development Council
- **image**: Than Shwe 2010-10-11.jpg
- **deputy**: Maung Aye
- **predecessor**: Saw Maung
- **successor**: Thein Sein
- **office2**: Prime Minister of Myanmar
- **predecessor2**: Saw Maung
- **successor2**: Min Aung Hlaing
- **birth place**: Kyaukse, Upper Burma, British Raj, British India
<small>(now in Burma, Myanmar)</small>
- **nationality**: Burma, Burmese
- **spouse**: Kyaing Kyaing
- **children**: 8
- **relations**: Nay Shwe Thway Aung (grandson)
- **serviceyears**: 1953 - 2011
- **rank**:  Senior general (Myanmar), Senior General
- **term start**: 23 April 1992
- **term start2**: 23 April 1992
- **term end2**: 30 March 2011
- **office3**: 8th Prime Minister of Burma
- **term start3**: 23 April 1992
- **term end3**: 25 August 2003
- **predecessor3**: Saw Maung
- **successor3**: Khin Nyunt
- **native name lang**: my
- **caption**: Than Shwe in 2010
- **honorific prefix**: Senior general (Myanmar), Senior General
- **1namedata2**: "Himself"
- **deputy1**: Maung Aye
- **termstart**: 23 April 1992
- **termend**: 30 March 2011
- **height**: 1.78m
Robert Freeman Smith

**Robert Freeman Smith** (June 16, 1931 – September 21, 2020) was an American politician. Smith, a Republican, was a United States Congressman from Oregon's 2nd congressional district from 1983 to 1995. After a brief retirement, he returned to Congress in 1997.

Smith died on September 21, 2020 in Medford, Oregon at the age of 89.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **image**: Robert Freeman Smith.jpg
- **office**: Chairman of the United States House Committee on Agriculture, House Agriculture Committee
- **term start**: January 3, 1997
- **term end**: January 3, 1999
- **predecessor**: Pat Roberts
- **successor**: Larry Combest
- **state1**: Oregon
- **term start1**: January 3, 1997
- **term end1**: January 3, 1999
- **predecessor1**: Wes Cooley
- **successor1**: Greg Walden
- **term start2**: January 3, 1983
- **term end2**: January 3, 1995
- **predecessor2**: Denny Smith
- **successor2**: Wes Cooley
- **office3**: 52nd List of Speakers of the Oregon House of Representatives, Speaker of the Oregon House of Representatives
- **term start3**: 1969
- **term end3**: 1973
- **predecessor3**: F. F. Montgomery
- **successor3**: Richard O. Eymann
- **state house4**: Oregon
- **district4**: 26th
- **term4**: 1961–1973
- **predecessor4**: Clinton P. Haight, Jr.
- **successor4**: Denny Jones
- **birth place**: Portland, Oregon, U.S.
- **death place**: Medford, Oregon, U.S.
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
Bob Ptacek

**Robert James "Bob" Ptacek, Jr.** (born April 23, 1937) is a former professional American and Canadian football player. He was born in Cleveland, Ohio. He holds the CFL record for most fumble returns in a playoff season with three in 1963.

Ptacek played college football at the halfback and quarterback positions for the University of Michigan from 1956 to 1958. He later played professional football in the National Football League (NFL) for the Cleveland Browns in 1959 and in the Canadian Football League (CFL) for the Saskatchewan Roughriders from 1960 to 1965.
Murray S. Hoffman

**Murray Stanley Hoffman**  (April 15, 1924 – March 23, 2018) was an American cardiologist, educator and diplomat of the American Board of Internal Medicine and the American Board of Cardiovascular Disease, a Fellow of the American College of Cardiology. He was a member of the Council on Clinical Cardiology (CLCD) of the American Heart Association. He was born in Denver, Colorado. He retired in 2002.

Hoffman died at a hospital in Denver on March 23, 2018 at the age of 93.