juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Lehigh County, Pennsylvania

**Lehigh County** is a county of the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. As of the 2020 census, 374,557 people lived there. Its county seat is Allentown.
Elkhart, Texas

**Elkhart** is a town in the U.S. state of Texas.
Frankston, Texas

**Frankston** is a town in the U.S. state of Texas.
Alma, Texas

**Alma** is a town in the U.S. state of Texas.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Alma, Texas
- **settlement type**: Town
- **image map**: TXMap-doton-Alma.PNG
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location of Alma, Texas
- **image map1**: Ellis County Alma.svg
- **mapsize1**: 250px
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: Texas
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Texas, County
- **subdivision name2**: Ellis County, Texas, Ellis
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 13.43
- **area land km2**: 13.39
- **area water km2**: 0.04
- **area total sq mi**: 5.19
- **area land sq mi**: 5.17
- **area water sq mi**: 0.02
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 373
- **population density km2**: 27.86
- **population density sq mi**: 72.15
- **timezone**: North American Central Time Zone, Central (CST)
- **utc offset**: -6
- **timezone dst**: CDT
- **utc offset dst**: -5
- **elevation m**: 143
- **elevation ft**: 469
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 48-02044
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 1377926
Alto, Texas

**Alto** is a town in Cherokee County, Texas. At the 2020 census, 1,027 people lived there.
Mummy Juanita

**Momia Juanita** (Spanish for "Mummy Juanita"), also known as the **Lady of Ampato**, is the frozen body of girl who lived about 500 years ago and was used as an offering to the gods.

She was an Inca girl who was killed as an offering to the Inca gods. This was done sometime between 1450 and 1480 when she was about 12–15 years old. She was discovered in 1995 on Mount Ampato (part of the Andes cordillera) in southern Peru.

## Related pages

- Children of Llullaillaco
Marvin Zuckerman

**Marvin Zuckerman** (March 21, 1928 – November 8, 2018) was an American psychologist and writer. He was born in Chicago. Zuckerman was Professor Emeritus of Psychology at the University of Delaware. Zuckerman was best known for his research into the psychobiological basis of human personality, sensory deprivation, mood state measurement, and sensation seeking.

Zuckerman died in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania from cardiac arrest on November 8, 2018 at the age of 90.

## Other websites

- Marvin Zuckerman at ResearchGate
2018 United States Senate election in North Dakota

The **2018 United States Senate election in North Dakota** took place on November 6, 2018. Heidi Heitkamp ran for a second term. She ran against Republican Kevin Cramer.

Kevin Cramer won the election.

### Republican

|colspan=5|Republican primary results|||||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|bgcolor= #E81B23 width=1||Republican|**Kevin Cramer**|align=right|**60,998**|align=right|**87.7**|
|bgcolor= #E81B23 width=1||Republican|Thomas O'Neill|align=right|8,449|align=right|12.2|
|bgcolor= #E81B23 width=1||Republican|_Write-Ins_|align=right|94|align=right|0.1|

### Democratic

|colspan=5|Democratic primary results|||||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|bgcolor= #3333FF width=1||Democratic|**Heidi Heitkamp**|align=right|**36,533**|align=right|**99.6**|
|bgcolor= #3333FF width=1||Democratic|_Write-Ins_|align=right|152|align=right|0.4|

## General election

|colspan=5|General election results|||||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|bgcolor= #E81B23 width=1||Republican|**Kevin Cramer**|align=right|**179,720**|align=right|**55.1**|
|bgcolor= #3333FF width=1||Democratic|Heidi Heitkamp|align=right|144,376|align=right|44.3|
|bgcolor= #E2E2E2 width=1||colspan=2|_Write-Ins_|align=right|2,042|align=right|0.6|

## Infobox (election)

- **election name**: 2018 United States Senate election in North Dakota
- **country**: North Dakota
- **type**: presidential
- **ongoing**: no
- **previous election**: 2012 United States Senate election in North Dakota
- **previous year**: 2012
- **next election**: 2024 United States Senate election in North Dakota
- **next year**: 2024
- **election date**: November 6, 2018
- **turnout**: 56.27%
- **image1**:
- **nominee1**: **Kevin Cramer**
- **party1**: Republican Party (United States)
- **popular vote1**: **179,720**
- **percentage1**: **55.1%**
- **image2**:
- **nominee2**: Heidi Heitkamp
- **party2**: North Dakota Democratic-NPL Party
- **popular vote2**: 144,376
- **percentage2**: 44.3%
- **map image**: 2018 United States Senate election in North Dakota results map by county.svg
- **map size**: 250px
- **map caption**: County results
**Cramer:**
**Heitkamp:**
- **title**: U.S. Senator
- **before election**: Heidi Heitkamp
- **before party**: North Dakota Democratic-NPL Party
- **after election**: Kevin Cramer
- **after party**: Republican Party (United States)
Gene Berce

**Eugene Daniel Berce** (November 22, 1926 – November 17, 2018) was an American basketball player. He played for the Cornell Big Red and what are now the Marquette Golden Eagles. He was selected by the New York Knicks in the 1948 NBA Draft. He played for the Tri-Cities Blackhawks from 1949 to 1950.

Berce was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. He died of complications from a fall on November 17, 2018 in Milwaukee at the age of 91.
Eddie C. Campbell

**Eddie C. Campbell** (May 6, 1939 – November 20, 2018) was an American blues guitarist and singer in the Chicago blues scene. He was born in Duncan, Mississippi, but raised in Chicago. Campbell's debut album, _King of the Jungle_ was released in 1977. Campbell's last album was _Spider Eating Preacher_ (Delmark, 2012). It was nominated for a Blues Music Award in 2013 in the category Traditional Blues Album.

Campbell died in Oak Park, Illinois on November 20, 2018 from complications of a stroke, aged 79.
Tulsa race massacre

The **Tulsa race massacre**, sometimes called as the **Tulsa race riot**, **Tulsa pogrom**, or **Tulsa massacre**, took place on May 31 and June 1, 1921. During the riot, a mob of white citizens attacked black residents and businesses in Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States.

This is considered one of the worst incidents of racial violence in the history of the United States. The attack was made on the ground and from aircraft. It destroyed more than 35 blocks of the district. At the time it was the richest black community in the United States.

Over 800 people were injured in the riot. It is estimated that over 100 people were killed.
Bujor Hălmăgeanu

**Bujor Hălmăgeanu** (14 February 1941 — 23 November 2018) was a Romanian  association football defender and manager.  He competed for his country at the 1964 Tokyo Olympics, where Romania reached the quarter-finals. He was born in Timişoara, Romania. Hălmăgeanu played for the Steaua București and the national team. He also managed Dacia Unirea Brăila.

Hălmăgeanu died on 23 November 2018 from respiratory failure in Bucharest at the age of 77.

## History

Bujor Hălmăgeanu was a man who played football for Romania. He was born in 1941 in Timișoara, a city in Romania. He died in 2018. He was 77 years old.

He started playing football when he was young. He played for different teams in Romania, but his best team was Steaua București. He won many trophies with them. He also played for the national team of Romania 22 times. He went to the Olympics in 1964 in Tokyo, Japan.

After he stopped playing football, he became a coach. He coached different teams in Romania, but he also coached Steaua București for a short time.

He was a good football player and a good coach. Many people remember him and respect him.

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Bujor Hălmageanu
- **image**: Bujor Hălmăgeanu.JPG
- **image size**: 240
- **fullname**: Bujor Hălmageanu
- **birth place**: Timişoara, Romania
- **position**: Defender (football), Defender
- **youthyears1**: 1954–1958
- **youthclubs1**: Victoria Timișoara
- **years1**: 1958–1961
- **years2**: 1961–1973
- **years3**: 1964–1965
- **years4**: 1973–1974
- **clubs1**: FC Politehnica Timișoara, Politehnica Timişoara
- **clubs2**: FC Steaua Bucureşti, Steaua Bucureşti
- **clubs3**: → Petrolul Ploieşti (loan)
- **clubs4**: Dinamo Slatina
- **caps1**: 20
- **goals1**: 0
- **caps2**: 177
- **goals2**: 1
- **caps3**: 31
- **goals3**: 1
- **caps4**: 7
- **goals4**: 0
- **totalcaps**: 235
- **totalgoals**: 2
- **nationalyears1**: 1964–1972
- **nationalteam1**: Romania national football team, Romania
- **nationalcaps1**: 22
- **nationalgoals1**: 0
- **manageryears1**: 1988
- **manageryears2**: 1991
- **manageryears3**: 1994
- **managerclubs1**: ASA Târgu Mureș (1962), ASA Târgu Mureş
- **managerclubs2**: FC Steaua Bucureşti, Steaua Bucureşti
- **managerclubs3**: Dacia Unirea Brăila
Bob McNair

**Robert C. McNair** (1 January 1937 – 23 November 2018) was an American businessman and philanthropist. He was born in Tampa, Florida. McNair was the owner of the Houston Texans of the National Football League (NFL). In September 2015, his net worth was $3.3 billion.

McNair was a Republican. He donated to many Republican political candidates including Ted Cruz, Rick Perry, Marco Rubio, Rick Scott, Mitt Romney, John McCain and Mitch McConnell.

McNair died on November 23, 2018 in Houston, Texas from skin cancer at the age of 81.

## Other websites

- Houston Texans profile

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Robert C. McNair
- **image**: Bob McNair.jpg
- **birth place**: Tampa, Florida
- **occupation**: Businessman and philanthropist
Net worth

**Net worth** is the amount of all the non-financial or financial money owned by an institution or person. Net worth can apply to companies, individuals, governments or economic sectors such as the sector of financial corporations or to entire countries.
Monroe, Georgia

**Monroe** is a city in Walton County, Georgia, United States. It is located east of Atlanta. The population was 14,928 at the 2020 census.

It was incorporated as a town in 1821 and as a city in 1896.
George Ty

**George Siao Kian Ty** (, 18 October 1932 – 23 November 2018) was a Filipino banker and business magnate. He founded Metropolitan Bank and Trust Company. He was born in Hong Kong. Ty had a net worth of $2.5 billion (September 2018).

Ty died on 23 November 2018 in Manila, Philippines from pancreatic cancer at the age of 86.
Montello, Wisconsin

**Montello** is a city in and the county seat of Marquette County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 1,448 at the 2020 census. The Fox River flows through the city. Montello is home to the largest tree in Wisconsin.
Power supply unit

A **power supply unit** (**PSU**) is a part of the computer that converts alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC). Other parts of the computer need this DC power so that they can work. The PSU makes sure that the DC output voltage can be handled by these computer parts.

Modern personal computers always use switched-mode power supplies, which has both efficiency advantages and makes designing for multiple voltage inputs easier. This means that most PSUs can operate in different countries where the power input might change. In the UK, the voltage is 240V 50Hz, whereas in the USA the voltage is 120V 60Hz, and in Australia it is 230V 50Hz. Some power supplies have a manual switch for selecting input voltage, while others automatically adapt to the mains voltage.

Most modern desktop personal computer power supplies conform to the ATX specification, which includes form factor and voltage tolerances. While an ATX power supply is connected to the mains supply, it always provides a 5-volt standby (5VSB) power so that the standby functions on the computer and certain peripherals are powered. ATX power supplies are turned on and off by a signal from the motherboard.
Carleton University

**Carleton University** (previously Carleton College) is a public university in Ottawa, Canada. It started as a private evening college for veterans who were returning from World War II.
University of Ottawa

The **University of Ottawa** is a university in Ottawa, Canada. It is a bilingual university teaching in both French and English.

## Other websites

- https://www.uottawa.ca/en
Algonquin College

**Algonquin College** is a college in Ottawa, Canada.

## Other websites

- https://www.algonquincollege.com
Toronto Metropolitan University

The **Toronto Metropolitan University** is a university in Toronto, Canada.

The university's original name was the _Ryerson Institute of Technology_. It was named after Egerton Ryerson. From 2002 to 2022, the university was called **Ryerson University**. Because Egerton Ryerson was involved in the creation of the Canadian Indian residential school system, many students and staff at the university wanted to change its name. In 2022, it was decided to rename the university to the Toronto Metropolitan University.
Lakehead University

The **Lakehead University** is a university in Thunder Bay, Canada.

## Faculties

Lakehead has the following faculties:
- Bora Laskin Faculty of Law
- Business Administration
- Education Engineering
- Graduate Studies
- Health and Behavioural Sciences
- Medical school (West Campus)
- Natural Resources Management
- Science and Environmental Studies
- Social Sciences and Humanities

## Other websites

- https://www.lakeheadu.ca/about

## Infobox (university)

- **name**: Lakehead University
- **motto**: _Ad augusta per angusta_
- **mottoeng**: Achievement through effort
- **established**: Lakehead University 1965; Lakehead Technical Institute 1946
- **type**: Public university
- **endowment**: $31.14 million
- **chancellor**: Lyn McLeod
- **president**: Moira McPherson
- **provost**: David Barnett
- **faculty**: 319 (full time)
- **staff**: 2,250
- **students**: 9,700 (full time)
- **postgrad**: 594
- **city**: Thunder Bay ;  Orillia
- **province**: Ontario
- **country**: Canada
- **address**: 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada  P7B 5E1
- **campus**: Rural area, Rural/suburban
- **sports**: Lakehead Thunderwolves
- **colours**: Cobalt and Blaze
- **mascot**: The Thunderwolf
- **affiliations**: Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada, AUCC, International Association of Universities, IAU, Council of Ontario Universities, COU, Canadian Interuniversity Sport, CIS, University of the Arctic, UArctic, Association of Commonwealth Universities, ACU, Canadian University Society for Intercollegiate Debate, CUSID, Ontario University Athletics, OUA, Association of University Forestry Schools of Canada, AUFSC, Ontario Network of Women in engineering,IHSA (Intercollegiate Horse Show Association) Canadian Bureau for International Education, CBIE, Canadian University Press, CUP, Canadian Federation of Students, CFS
Becoming (book)

***Becoming*** is a memoir written by former First Lady Michelle Obama.  The book was written by a ghostwriter and a team of people who helped finish the book.  It was published in November 2018.

In 2009, with the help of writer Lyric Winik, she wrote another book called _American Grown_.

Becoming sold three million books shortly after it was first published. It became the best selling book of 2018.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (book)

- **name**: Becoming
- **author**: Michelle Obama
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **genre**: Memoir
- **publisher**: Crown Publishing Group, Crown (North America)
Viking Press (Commonwealth)
- **pages**: 400
- **isbn**: 978-1-5247-6313-8
- **isbn note**: (Hardcover)
- **preceded by**: American Grown
Children of Llullaillaco

The **Children of Llullaillaco** were 3 mummies of children who were found in Argentina. It appears that they had been sacrificed to the Incan gods.

## Discovery

These mummies were discovered at the top of a mountain in the Andes. They were found to be "the world's best preserved mummies"

## Related Article

- Mummy Juanita
Norton Power Eraser

**Norton Power Eraser** (NPE) is a free tool that can be used to scan for malware on a computer.
T&T Supermarket

**T&T Supermarket** is a Asian-Canadian grocery chain of stores. The company is owned by Loblaw Companies. T&T is also the largest Asian Grocery chain in Canada.

## Related pages

- The Real Canadian Superstore
The Real Canadian Superstore

**The Real Canadian Superstore** is a Canadian chain of grocery stores that has locations across Canada. It is owned by Loblaw Companies, and was founded on 	October 16, 1977.

## Related pages

- T&T Supermarket

## Other websites

- Superstore Website
Loblaw Companies

**Loblaw Companies** is a major Canadian food retailer. Loblaws owns most mass Canadian Grocery Stores, Such as T&T Supermarket

## Related pages

- The Real Canadian Superstore
- T&T Supermarket
- No Frills
- Loblaws
The Forks, Winnipeg

**The Forks** is the name given to the place that the Red River of the North and the Assiniboine Rivers join (their confluence). It is located in the city of Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.

The location of The Forks was the same for 700 years. Before that, the Assiniboine River joined the Red River of the North near the end of the La Salle River.

Canada Day is celebrated at The Forks.
2018 California wildfires

The **2018 California wildfires** killed more people and did more damage than any other year on record. More than 7,500 wildfires burned an area of . That was the largest number of acres burned in a recorded fire season, according to the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (Cal Fire) and National Interagency Fire Center, as of November 11, 2018.

The fires caused more than US$2.975 billion in damage. That included $1.366 billion in wildfire suppression costs. Through the end of August 2018, Cal Fire alone spent over $432 million on operations.

The Mendocino Complex Fire was the biggest wildfire in California history. This fire caused over $257 million in damage. At least one firefighter was killed.

The Camp Fire did more damage than any other in California history. The fire alone destroyed or damaged more than 17,000 homes and businesses. It also killed 84 people.

More than 100 people were killed by the wildfires in California in 2018. The wildfires caused billions of dollars in damage.

## Infobox (wildfire)

- **title**: 2018 California wildfires
- **caption**: An August 1, 2018, satellite image of the wildfires burning in Northern California and Southern Oregon; smoke can be seen trailing northeastward over Nevada, Oregon, Washington, and Idaho
- **cost**: >$3.5 billion (2018 USD)
- **total fires**: 8,527
- **injuries**: At least 80 total
- **fatalities**: 97 civilians and 6 firefighters killed
- **structures**: 22,751
- **is season**: yes
- **year**: 2018
- **season name**: California wildfires
Firefighting

**Firefighting** is the act of trying to prevent the spread of and put out unwanted fires. The fires can be in buildings, vehicles, woodlands, and other places. A firefighter puts out fires to protect property, people and the environment.

Firefighters usually go through a lot of technical training. This includes fighting fires in buildings, cars and the woods.

One of the major hazards with firefighting is the poisonous environment made by things burning. Four major risks are smoke, oxygen deficiency, high temperatures and poisons in the air. To protect themselves from smoke, firefighters will wear a device called a breathing apparatus.

One way to put out fires is to spray them with water. The water does two things: it vaporizes when it comes in contact with fire. The water vapor leaves the fire with less oxygen, which it needs to keep burning. The other thing water does is make things cooler. That can keep the fire from burning because things will not burn if they are not hot enough.
Nutty Professor II: The Klumps

***Nutty Professor II: The Klumps*** is a 2000 American science-fiction romantic-comedy movie directed by Peter Segal. It is a sequel to the 1996 movie _The Nutty Professor_.
Eco-socialism

**Eco-socialism** is an ideology that mixes socialism with green politics, environmentalism, ecology, anti-capitalism and anti-globalisation. Eco-socialists believe that capitalism, along with imperialism and globalisation, causes war, poverty, and the destruction of the environment.

Eco-socialists want community ownership of the means of production, and to restore the environment.

## List of eco-socialists

- Jean-Luc Mélenchon
- Elmar Altvater
- John Bellamy Foster
- Murray Bookchin
- Barry Commoner
- Jesse Klaver
- Joel Kovel
- Caroline Lucas
- Elizabeth May
- David McReynolds
- William Morris
- Jill Stein
- Pernille Skipper

## Related pages

- Anarcho-primitivism
- Anti-capitalism
- Anti-globalization movement
- Green politics
Pat Riley

**Patrick James "Pat" Riley** (born March 20, 1945) is an American basketball coach and former player in the National Basketball Association (NBA). He has been the team president of the Miami Heat since 1995 and head coach on four seperate tenures (1981 through 1990, 1991 through 1995, 1995 through 2003, and 2005 through 2008).

When he was a basketball player, he played for the San Diego Rockets, Los Angeles Lakers and the Phoenix Suns.

Riley was born in Rome, New York, but raised in Schenectady, New York. He studied at the University of Kentucky.

## Other websites

- NBA.com Coaches – Pat Riley
Xuanwu District

**Xuanwu District** is a district of Nanjing, China. About 625,000 people live there.

Its name comes from Xuanwu Gate, the north gate of the old city walls.

Xuanwu District is in central Nanjing. When Nanjing was the capital city of China in the 1920s, 1930s, and 1940s, Xuanwu District was the place with China's capitol and its presidential palace. It is still the home of Nanjing's city government.

As the central area of Nanjing, Xuanwu is home to many important places. Some of the most important are Xuanwu Lake, the old presidential palace and city wall, Sun Yat-sen's Tomb and the Ming Tombs, and Purple Mountain.

Its many schools include Southwest University, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing Forestry University, the Nanjing University of Science and Technology, the Chinese Academy of Engineering, and the Chinese Academy of Sciences.
Neo-Luddism

**Neo-Luddism** or **new Luddism** is a movement of people who are against modern technology. The word Luddite can be an offensive term to describe someone who is afraid of technology.

The movement is named after the English Luddites, who were active between 1811 and 1816. The Luddites were textile workers. They were against the new textile machinery. They believed that the machines would replace the workers over time. In response, the Luddites destroyed many of the textile machines.

Neo-Luddites are concerned about the effect technology has on the environment, people, and/or communities.

The neo-Luddite movement has connections with the anti-globalisation movement, anarcho-primitivism, and radical environmentalism.

## Related pages

- Anarcho-primitivism
- Kirkpatrick Sale
- John Zerzan
Luddite

The **Luddites** were an early 19th century radical group which destroyed textile machinery as a form of protest.

The group was protesting against the use of machinery in a "fraudulent and deceitful manner" to get around standard labour practices. They were English textile workers who took an oath to resist machinery in the textile industry.

Luddites feared  that the time spent learning the skills of their craft would go to waste as machines would replace their role in the industry. They were largely correct, but on the other hand, the textile industry grew to be a major exporter of cloth. Parliament made "machine breaking" (industrial sabotage) a capital crime with the Frame Breaking Act of 1812 .

It is not quite right that Luddites protested against the machinery itself in an attempt to halt progress. However, over time, the term has come to mean one opposed to industrialisation, automation, or new technologies in general.

The Luddite movement began in Nottingham and ended in a region-wide rebellion that lasted from 1811 to 1816. Mill and factory owners took to shooting protesters. Eventually the movement was suppressed with military force.
Playa Coyote

**Playa Coyote**, formerly **Puerto Coyote**, is one of the secluded beaches in Costa Rica. It is on the Pacific side of the Nicoya Peninsula in the province of Guanacaste. It is on the beautiful and unspoilt Pacific coast.

## Other websites

- https://playa-coyote.com
Poi (food)

**Poi** is food eaten in Hawaii, but it was actually made in Polynesia.  It is made from taro.
Rome, New York

**Rome** is a city in Oneida County, New York, United States. The population was 32,127 at the 2020 census.
Mick McGeough

**Michael** "**Mick**" **McGeough** (pronounced _mik-GOOH_; June 20, 1956 – November 23, 2018) was an ice hockey referee. He officiated in the National Hockey League (NHL), wearing number 19 from the 1994–95 NHL season until his retirement in 2008. He was born in Regina, Saskatchewan.

In retirement he began helping the NHL bring up new referee recruits from the American Hockey League and was named to the Saskatchewan Hockey Hall of Fame in 2013.

McGeough died of a stroke on November 23, 2018 in Regina, aged 62.
Gerard Unger

**Gerard Unger** (22 January 1942 – 23 November 2018) was a Dutch graphic and type designer.

## Biography

He was born in Arnhem, Netherlands. He worked at Total Design, Prad and Joh. Enschedé. In 1975, he became an independent developer. He was a long-time guest lecturer at the University of Reading, he mentored many modern typeface designers.

Unger died on 23 November 2018 in Bussum, Netherlands from stomach cancer at the age of 76.
White wagtail

The **white wagtail** (_Motacilla alba_) is a species of bird.

## Conservation

They are not an endangered species. They have a stable population of between 130 million and 300 million adult birds. They are found in Europe, Asia and northern Africa. It is possible that climate change is affecting their migration.

## Pied wagtail

The **pied wagtail** is a subspecies of the white wagtail.They are 18cm long, have a wingspan of between 25 and 30cm and weigh between 17 and 25grams.
Dossibai Patell

**Dossibai Rustomji Cowasji Patell** MBE (16 October 1881 - 4 February 1960) was a Parsi obstetrician and gynaecologist from Bombay, who in 1910 became the first woman to become a member of the Royal College of Surgeons of England.

## Selected publications

- "Infant Mortality, its causes and how to Remedy it" in _Report of the All India Social Service Conference_. Bombay: Servants of India Society, 1924. pp. 65-75.
- "Critical Analysis of 669 Caesarian Sections in the Nowrosji Wadi Maternity Hospital, Bombay" , _Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of India_, Vol. IV, No. 2, December 1953.
- "Presidential Address" , at the 8th All India Obstetrics & Gynaecology Congress, _Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of India_, Vol. V, No. 4, June 1955.
Porcelain Tower

The **Porcelain Tower** was a giant porcelain-covered pagoda (Chinese tower) in Nanjing, China. It was destroyed, but a copy has been built beside the Qinhuai River.

The first tower was planned by the Yongle Emperor of the Ming family of rulers in the early 1400s. It was built under his grandson the Xuande Emperor as part of his work on the Great Bao'en Temple between 1428 and 1431. It was 30meters (97feet) high and had 9 floors. The top of the tower had a gold sphere that has been likened to a golden pineapple. This first porcelain tower was destroyed by the Taipings in 1856.

After Deng Xiaoping's Opening Up Policy made China richer, a successful businessman named Wang Jianlin gave Nanjing 1,000,000,000RMB in 2010 to rebuild the Porcelain Tower. The copy and the park around it opened in December 2015.
Pierre Duchesne

**Pierre Duchesne** (born February 27, 1940) is a Canadian statesman. He was the 28th lieutenant-governor of Quebec. He represents the crown.

## Sources

- Biography
Gudenå

**Gudenå** (pronounced _Goo-den-o_) is the longest river in Denmark. It is  long. The river starts at a spring called _Tinnet Krat_. It flows through Jutland.

It is useful for both canoeing and birdwatching.
Chi Cygni

**Chi Cygni** is a Mira variable star located in the Cygnus constellation. It is 737 times larger than the Sun. Chi Cygni is a red giant star that is about to end its life.
Ambareesh

**Malavalli Huchche Gowda Amarnath** (29 May 1952 – 24 November 2018) known by his screen name **Ambareesh**, was an Indian actor and politician. He was known for his Kannada movie roles in _Naagarahaavu_ and in _Paduvaaralli Pandavaru_. He was known as _Mandayada Gandu_ (English: Man of Mandya). He was born in Doddarasinakere, Karnataka.

In his political career, Ambareesh, a member of the Indian National Congress, was elected to the Lok Sabha in 1998 and retired in 2009. He also was India's Minister of Information and Broadcasting from 2006 to 2007 when Manmohan Singh was Prime Minister of India.

## Early Life and Career

Ambareesh was born on May 29, 1952, in Karnataka, India. His full name was Malavalli Huchche Gowda Amarnath. He studied at the National Institute of Technology in Karnataka. After finishing his education, he started acting in movies.

Ambareesh became popular in Kannada films in the 1970s. He was known for his strong and powerful roles. Many people liked him for his acting style and screen presence. He acted in more than 200 movies during his career.

Apart from acting, Ambareesh was also involved in politics. He joined the Indian National Congress party and became a Member of Parliament. He was respected both as an actor and a politician.

Ambareesh died on 24 November 2018 at a Bangalore hospital from a heart attack at the age of 66.

## Other websites

- Official Biographical Sketch in Lok Sabha Website
- Ambareesh on Filmibeat.com

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Ambareesh
- **image**: Ambareesh.jpg
- **birth name**: Malavalli Huchche Gowda Amarnath
- **birth place**: Doddarasinakere, Malavalli, Mandya district, Karnataka, India
- **death place**: Bangalore, Karnataka, India
- **occupation**: Actor, politician
- **party**: Indian National Congress
- **spouse**: Sumalatha (m. 1991)
- **children**: Abhishek Ambareesh (son)
Věra Růžičková

**Věra Růžičková** (10 August 1928 – 24 November 2018) was a Czechoslovak  gymnast. She competed in the 1948 Summer Olympics. She was born in Brno.  She won a gold medal as a member of the Czechoslovak  squad in the team competition at the 1948 Summer Olympics in London.

Růžičková died in Prague on 24 November 2018 from breast cancer at the age of 90.
Eddie Reeves

**Edward Benton "Eddie" Reeves** (November 17, 1939 – November 18, 2018) is an American songwriter, recording artist, music publisher, artist manager, record company executive, and author. He was born in Austin, Texas, but raised in Amarillo, Texas. He was known for writing "All I Ever Need Is You", which has been covered by Ray Charles, Sonny & Cher, Ray Sanders, Andre Hazes, Tom Jones, Sammi Smith, Chet Atkins & Jerry Reed and Kenny Rogers & Dottie West. Reeves was nominated for three Grammy Awards.

Reeves died in Houston from a stroke on November 18, 2018 one day after his 79th birthday.

## Other websites

- Official website
Randolph L. Braham

**Randolph Louis Braham** (December 20, 1922 – November 25, 2018) was an American historian and political scientist. He was born in Bucharest, Romania. He was Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Political Science at the City College and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York.

He was the author or editor of over 60 books and co-authored or written chapters to 50 others and published a large number of scholarly articles. His works dealt with the Holocaust in Hungary and 20th-century Hungarian history, as well as history in post-World War II politics in Hungary.

Braham died on November 25, 2018 in New York City at the age of 95.

## Other websites

- Personal Testimony to the USC Shoah Foundation Part I May 28, 1997
- Personal Testimony to the USC Shoah Foundation Part II May 30, 1997
- Personal Testimony to the USC Shoah Foundation--Additional material and indexes
Willie Naulls

**William Dean Naulls** (October 7, 1934 – November 22, 2018) was an American basketball player. He played professionally in the National Basketball Association from 1956 to 1966. He was born in Dallas, Texas, but was raised in Los Angeles, California. He played for the St. Louis Hawks, New York Knicks, Golden State Warriors and the Boston Celtics.

Naulls died on November 22, 2018 in Laguna Niguel, California from respiratory failure at the age of 84.

## Other websites

- Career stats  at basketball-reference.com
- Where Are They Now? at nba.com
- UCLA Bruins sports – Men's basketball media guide
Laguna Niguel, California

**Laguna Niguel** is a suburban city in Orange County, California in the United States. As of the 2020 census, the population was 64,355.

Laguna Niguel has a median household income 31 percent above the Orange County average and nearly double the U.S. average. It is known for its mild coastal climate and very low crime rate.
C. K. Jaffer Sharief

**Challakere Kareem Jaffer Sharief** (3 November 1933 – 25 November 2018) was an Indian politician. He was one of the senior most Indian National Congress leaders. He was the Railways Minister of the Government of India from 1991 until 1995 when P. V. Narasimha Rao was Prime Minister. He was a member of Lok Sabha from 1971 to 1996 and again from 1998 to 2004.

Sharief was known for improving the railway system during his time as Minister. He helped bring many new train services and worked to modernize railway stations. He was respected in Karnataka, especially in Bengaluru, where he supported many development projects. Even after retiring from politics, Sharief stayed active in public life and gave advice to younger leaders. People remember him for his long political career and his work for the Indian National Congress.

Sharief died at the age of 85 in Bengaluru from a heart attack on November 25, 2018.
P. V. Narasimha Rao

**Pamulaparti Venkata Narasimha Rao** (28 June 1921 – 23 December 2004) was an Indian lawyer and politician. He was the 9th Prime Minister of India from 1991 to 1996. He was born in Vangara, Hyderabad State, British India (now in Telangana, India).

Rao died of a heart attack at a hospital in New Delhi on 23 December 2004 at the age of 83.
Inder Kumar Gujral

**Inder Kumar Gujral** (4 December 1919 – 30 November 2012) was an Indian politician. He was the 12th Prime Minister of India from April 1997 to March 1998. Gujral was the third Prime Minister to be from the Rajya Sabha.

Gujral died on 30 November 2012 from a lung infection at a Gurgaon hospital at the age of 92.

## Other websites

- I. K. Gujral: _Matters of Discretion: An Autobiography_, Hay House, India, 519 pages, Feb. 2011. . Distributors: Penguin books, India. (The only autobiography by an Indian PM)

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Inder Kumar Gujral
- **honorific-prefix**: The Honorable
- **image**: Inder Kumar Gujral 071.jpg
- **alt**: I K To and
- **caption**: I K Gujral in 1997
- **office**: List of Prime Ministers of India, 12th Prime Minister of India
- **president**: Shankar Dayal Sharma
K. R. Narayanan
- **term start**: 21 April 1997
- **term end**: 19 March 1998
- **predecessor**: H. D. Deve Gowda
- **successor**: Atal Bihari Vajpayee
- **office2**: Minister of Finance (India), Minister of Finance
- **term start2**: 21 April 1997
- **term end2**: 1 May 1997
- **predecessor2**: P. Chidambaram
- **successor2**: P. Chidambaram
- **office3**: Minister of External Affairs (India), Minister of External Affairs
- **primeminister3**: H. D. Deve Gowda
- **term start3**: 1 June 1996
- **term end3**: 19 March 1998
- **predecessor3**: Sikander Bakht
- **successor3**: Atal Bihari Vajpayee
- **primeminister4**: V. P. Singh
- **term start4**: 5 December 1989
- **term end4**: 10 November 1990
- **predecessor4**: V. P. Singh
- **successor4**: Vidya Charan Shukla
- **birth place**: Jhelum, Punjab Province (British India), Punjab Province, British Raj, British India
(now in Punjab, Pakistan)
- **death place**: Gurgaon, Haryana, India
- **party**: Janata Dal
Independent (politician), Independent
- **otherparty**: Indian National Congress
- **spouse**: Shiela Gujral (m. 1945–her death in 2011)
- **alma mater**: Dayanand Anglo-Vedic Schools System, D.A.V. College,
Hailey College of Commerce
Forman Christian College University
- **native name**: इंद्र कुमार गुजराल
Gurgaon

**Gurugram**, formerly named **Gurgaon**, is a city in the northern Indian state of Haryana. It is near the Delhi-Haryana border, about  southwest of the national capital New Delhi and  south of Chandigarh, the state capital. It is one of the major satellite cities of Delhi and is part of the National Capital Region of India. , Gurugram had a population of 876,900.
Gulzarilal Nanda

**Gulzari Lal Nanda** (4 July 1898 – 15 January 1998) was an Indian politician and economist. He was the caretaker Prime Minister of India for two short periods following the deaths of Jawaharlal Nehru in 1964 and Lal Bahadur Shastri in 1966.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **image**: Gulzarilal Nanda 1.jpg
- **caption**: Gulzari Lal Nanda
- **office**: Prime Minister of India,  _Caretaker_ Prime Minister of India
- **president**: Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
- **term start**: 11 January 1966
- **term end**: 24 January 1966
- **predecessor**: Lal Bahadur Shastri
- **successor**: Indira Gandhi
- **term start2**: 27 May 1964
- **term end2**: 9 June 1964
- **president2**: Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
- **predecessor2**: Jawaharlal Nehru
- **successor2**: Lal Bahadur Shastri
- **office3**: Minister for Home Affairs (India), Minister of Home Affairs
- **primeminister3**: Jawaharlal Nehru
Lal Bahadur Shastri
Indira Gandhi
- **term start3**: 29 August 1963
- **term end3**: 14 November 1966
- **predecessor3**: Lal Bahadur Shastri
- **successor3**: Yashwantrao Chavan
- **birth place**: Sialkot, Punjab Province (British India), Punjab, British Raj, British India
(now in Punjab Province (British India), Punjab, Pakistan)
- **death place**: Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
- **party**: Indian National Congress
- **alma mater**: Allahabad University
- **spouse**: Lakshmi
- **children**: 2 sons and 1 daughter
- **native name**: गुलजारीलाल नंदा
- **native name lang**: hi
- **honorific prefix**: Bharat Ratna
Lal Bahadur Shastri

**Lal Bahadur Shastri** (, , 2 October 1904 – 11 January 1966) was an Indian politician. He was the 2nd Prime Minister of India from 1964 to 1966. He was a senior leader of the Indian National Congress political party.

Shastri died on 11 January 1966 in Tashkent, Soviet Union from a heart attack at the age of 61. Many people believed that there was a conspiracy to his death and that he was murdered.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **honorific-prefix**: His Excellency
 Bharat Ratna
- **name**: Lal Bahadur Shastri
- **image**: Lal Bahadur Shastri (cropped).jpg
- **alt**: Lal Bahadur Shastri
- **office**: 2nd Prime Minister of India
- **president**: Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
- **term start**: 9 June 1964
- **term end**: 11 January 1966
- **predecessor**: Gulzarilal Nanda (Acting)
- **successor**: Gulzarilal Nanda (Acting)
- **office2**: Minister of External Affairs (India), Minister of External Affairs
- **primeminister2**: _Himself_
- **term start2**: 9 June 1964
- **term end2**: 18 July 1964
- **predecessor2**: Gulzarilal Nanda
- **successor2**: Sardar Swaran Singh
- **office3**: Minister for Home Affairs (India), Minister of Home Affairs
- **primeminister3**: Jawaharlal Nehru
- **term start3**: 4 April 1961
- **term end3**: 29 August
- **predecessor3**: Govind Ballabh Pant
- **successor3**: Gulzarilal Nanda
- **office4**: Minister of Railways (India), Minister of Railways
- **term start4**: 1951
- **term end4**: 1956
- **primeminister4**: Jawaharlal Nehru
- **predecessor4**: N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar
- **successor4**: Jagjivan Ram
- **birth place**: Mughalsarai, United Provinces of Agra and Oudh, British Raj, British India
(now in Uttar Pradesh, India)
- **death place**: Tashkent, Uzbek SSR, Soviet Union
(now in Uzbekistan)
- **resting place**: Raj Ghat and associated memorials, Vijay Ghat
- **party**: Indian National Congress
- **parents**: Sharda Prasad Srivastava (father)
Ram Dulari Devi (mother)
- **alma mater**: Gandhi Kashi Vidyapeeth
- **awards**: Bharat Ratna (1966)
- **width**: 20.5%
- **native name**: लाल बहादुर शास्त्री
Gopalkrishna Gandhi

**Gopalkrishna Devdas Gandhi** (born 22 April 1945) is an Indian politician. He was the 22nd Governor of West Bengal from 2004 to 2009. He is the grandson of Mahatma Gandhi. He was the United Progressive Alliance nominee for Vice President of India in the 2017 elections  and lost with 244 votes against NDA candidate Venkaiah Naidu, who got 516 votes.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Gopalkrishna Gandhi
- **image**: Gopalkrishna Gandhi - Chatham House 2010.jpg
- **office**: List of governors of Bihar, Governor of Bihar
- **1blankname**: Chief Minister
- **1namedata**: Nitish Kumar
- **term start**: 31 January 2006
- **term end**: 21 June 2006
- **predecessor**: Buta Singh
- **successor**: R. S. Gavai
- **office1**: Governor of West Bengal
- **1blankname1**: Chief Minister
- **1namedata1**: Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee
- **term start1**: 14 December 2004
- **term end1**: 14 December 2009
- **predecessor1**: Viren J. Shah
- **successor1**: Devanand Konwar
- **birth name**: Gopalkrishna Devdas Gandhi
- **birth place**: Delhi, British Raj, British India
- **party**: Independent politician, Independent
- **otherparty**: United Progressive Alliance
- **spouse**: Tara Gandhi
- **children**: 2 daughters
- **alma mater**: University of Delhi
- **occupation**: Professor of History and Politics at Ashoka University
- **parents**: Devdas Gandhi
Lakshmi Gandhi
Rajmohan Gandhi

**Rajmohan Gandhi** (born 7 August 1935) is an Indian politician, writer, historian and researcher. He is the research professor at the Center for South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. He is the grandson of Mahatma Gandhi and Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari. He is also a scholar in residence at the Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar.

Gandhi was a member of the Rajya Sabha from 1990 to 1992.
Arun Manilal Gandhi

**Arun Manilal Gandhi** (April 14, 1934 – May 2, 2023) was an Indian-American socio-political activist. He was born in South Africa. He is the fifth grandson of Mohandas Gandhi. Gandhi considers himself to be a Hindu but expresses universalist views. Gandhi has worked closely with Christian priests and his philosophies are strongly influenced by Buddhist, Hindu, Muslim and Christian ideas. In 2003 Gandhi was one of the signatories to _Humanism and Its Aspirations_ (Humanist Manifesto III).
Gandhi considered himself to be a Hindu but expressed universalist views. Gandhi had worked closely with Christian priests and his philosophies were strongly influenced by Buddhist, Hindu, Muslim and Christian concepts. Like his grandfather, he also believed in the concept of 'non-violence' (Ahimsa). Gandhi claimed to be more Unitarian then anything else. He took his prayers public and did not practice Hinduism in the traditional sense.

Gandhi met nurse Sunanda in a hospital and they married in 1957. The couple had 2 children, Tushar, born on January 17, 1960, and Archana. Gandhi and Sunanda stayed married until her death on February 21, 2007.

Gandhi died on May 2, 2023 in Kolhapur, India at the Sunanda Gandhi home for girls, after a brief illness, at the age of 89.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Arun Gandhi
- **image**: Arun Gandhi at Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial 4 April 2012 crop.jpg
- **caption**: Gandhi at a memorial service at the Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial in Washington, D.C. in 2012
- **birth name**: Arun Manilal Gandhi
- **birth place**: Durban, Natal Province, Union of South Africa, South Africa
- **death place**: Kolhapur, India
- **children**: 2, including Tushar Gandhi, Tushar
- **parents**: Manilal Gandhi
Sushila Mashruwala
- **relatives**: Vivan Gandhi (grandson)
Kasturi Gandhi (granddaughter)
Ela Gandhi,
Sita Gandhi (sisters)
- **nationality**: Indian citizenship
South African citizenship
American nationality law, American
- **citizenship**: American nationality law, American
Kasturba Gandhi

**Kasturbai "Kasturba" Mohandas Gandhi** ( born **Kasturbai Makhanji Kapadia** on (11 April 1869 – 22 February 1944) was an Indian political activist. She was the wife of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. Like her husband, she was involved in the Indian independence movement in British-ruled India.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Kasturbai Mohandas Gandhi
- **image**: Kasturba.jpg
- **alt**: Kasturbai Gandhi
- **birth name**: Kasturbai Makhanji Kapadia
- **birth place**: Porbandar, Porbandar State, Kathiawar Agency, Bombay Presidency, British Raj, British India (present-day Gujarat, India)
- **death place**: Aga Khan Palace, Pune, Poona, Bombay Presidency, British India (present-day Pune, Maharashtra, India)
- **other names**: Kasturba Mohandas Gandhi
Kasturba Makhanji Kapadia
- **occupation**: Activist
Morarji Desai

**Morarji Ranchhodji Desai** (29 February 1896 – 10 April 1995) was an Indian activist and politician. Between 1977 and 1979, he was the 4th Prime Minister of India.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Morarji Desai
- **image**: Morarji Desai During his visit to the United States of America .jpg
- **alt**: Morarji Desai
- **caption**: Desai in 1978
- **office**: List of Prime Ministers of India, 4th Prime Minister of India
- **president**: Basappa Danappa Jatti <small>(Acting)</small>
Neelam Sanjiva Reddy
- **term start**: 24 March 1977
- **term end**: 28 July 1979
- **predecessor**: Indira Gandhi
- **successor**: Charan Singh
- **office2**: Ministry of Home Affairs (India), Minister of Home Affairs
- **term start2**: 1 July 1978
- **term end2**: 28 July 1979
- **predecessor2**: Charan Singh
- **successor2**: Yashwantrao Chavan
- **office4**: 2nd Deputy Prime Minister of India
- **primeminister4**: Indira Gandhi
- **term start4**: 13 March 1967
- **term end4**: 16 July 1969
- **predecessor4**: Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
- **successor4**: Charan Singh
Jagjivan Ram
- **office5**: Ministry of Finance (India), Minister of Finance
- **primeminister5**: Indira Gandhi
- **term start5**: 13 March 1967
- **term end5**: 16 July 1969
- **predecessor5**: Sachindra Chaudhuri
- **successor5**: Indira Gandhi
- **primeminister6**: Jawaharlal Nehru
- **term start6**: 13 March 1958
- **term end6**: 29 August 1963
- **predecessor6**: Jawaharlal Nehru
- **successor6**: T. T. Krishnamachari
- **office7**: 2nd List of Chief Ministers of Maharashtra, Chief Minister of Bombay State
- **term start7**: 21 April 1952
- **term end7**: 31 October 1956
- **predecessor7**: B.G. Kher
- **successor7**: Yashwantrao Chavan
- **birth place**: Valsad, Bhadeli, Bombay Presidency, British Raj, British India
 (now in Gujarat, India)
- **death place**: Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- **party**: Janata Dal <small>(1988–1995)</small>
- **otherparty**: Indian National Congress <small>(1934–1969)</small>
Indian National Congress (Organisation), Indian National Congress-Organisation <small>(1969–1977)</small>
Janata Party <small>(1977–1988)</small>
- **alma mater**: University of Mumbai
- **signature**: Morarji Desai signature.svg
- **awards**: Bharat Ratna
Nishan-e-Pakistan
- **native name**: मोरार्जी देसाई
- **native name lang**: hi
Charan Singh

**Chaudhary Charan Singh** (23 December 1902 – 29 May 1987) was an Indian politician. He was the 5th Prime Minister of India from 28 July 1979 until 14 January 1980. Many people called him the 'champion of India's peasants.' He was born in Noorpur, United Provinces, British India. He was mainly a member of the Janata Party (Secular).

Singh died of a stroke on 29 May 1987 in New Delhi at the age of 84.
Chandra Shekhar

**Chandra Shekhar** (1 July 1927 – 8 July 2007) was an Indian politician. He was the 8th Prime Minister of India between 10 November 1990 and 21 June 1991. He was born in Ibrahimpatti, Ballia, United Provinces, British India. Shekhar was mainly a member of the Janata Party.

Shekhar died on 8 July 2007 in New Delhi from multiple myeloma at the age of 80.