juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Yaoundé

**Yaoundé** is the capital city of the Republic of Cameroon. It is the second largest city in the country after Douala.

## History

Yaoundé was founded in 1888 by German traders. It was created to be used as a base for the ivory trade and an agricultural research station. The city was under the control of Belgian troops during World War I. After the war, it became the capital of French Cameroons. It has remained the capital of the Republic of Cameroon until the present day.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Yaoundé
- **image skyline**: Yaoundé view from central market (2014).JPG
- **nickname**: La Ville aux Sept Collines
- **pushpin map**: Cameroon#Africa
- **pushpin relief**: 1
- **mapsize**: 150px
- **map caption**: Map of Cameroon showing the location of Yaoundé
- **subdivision type**: Regions of Cameroon, Region
- **subdivision name**: Centre Region (Cameroon), Centre
- **subdivision type1**: Departments of Cameroon, Department
- **subdivision name1**: Mfoundi
- **area total km2**: 180
- **elevation m**: 726
- **population as of**: 2015 Projection
- **population total**: 2,765,600
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone**: Central European Time, CET
- **utc offset**: +1
- **timezone dst**: Central European Summer Time, CEST
- **utc offset dst**: +1
Bamako

**Bamako** is the capital and largest city of Mali. It is on the Niger River, near the rapids that divide the Upper and Middle Niger Valleys, in the southwestern part of the country.

## Infobox (city)

- **official name**: Bamako
- **image skyline**: Bamako_bridge1.jpg
- **image caption**: View of Bamako and Bamako Bridge.
- **map caption**: Location of Bamako in Mali
- **pushpin map**: Mali
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Regions of Mali, Region
- **subdivision name1**: Bamako Capital District
- **subdivision type2**: Cercle
- **subdivision name2**: Bamako
- **established title**: :wikt:found, Founded
- **established date**: 17th century
- **population as of**: 2006
- **population total**: 1,690,471
Lomé

**Lomé** is the capital city of Togo. Lomé is the administrative and industrial center of the country. The city is also the main port of Togo. The city exports coffee, cocoa, copra, and palm kernels. The population of the city was estimated as around 700,000 people in 1998. It is estimated that more than 1 million people live in Lomé area at that time.

Lomé is on the Gulf of Guinea. It is in the south west of Togo, on the border between Togo and Ghana. Things to see in the city include Lomé Grand Market, the Togo National Museum in the Palais de Congrés, a fetish (voodoo) market, Lomé Cathedral, beaches and the former wharf.

## History

The city was founded in the eighteenth century by the Ewe people. In 1882, the village, known then as **Bey Beach**, became a major trading center for the British.

Bey Beach became the capital of Togo when the German rulers moved the capital from Aneho in 1897. The city then grew quickly until it was taken by the French Army in 1914 during World War I.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Lomé
- **settlement type**: City
- **image skyline**: Imagelomé20.jpg
- **image caption**: A view of Lomé
- **image shield**: Lomé Coat of arms.jpg
- **pushpin map**: Togo
- **pushpin label position**: bottom
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Togo
- **subdivision type**: Togo, Country
- **subdivision type1**: Regions of Togo, Region
- **subdivision type2**: Prefectures of Togo, Prefecture
- **subdivision name1**: Maritime Region
- **subdivision name2**: Golfe
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Aouissi Lodé
- **area total km2**: 99.14
- **area metro km2**: 280
- **elevation m**: 10
- **population total**: 837437
- **population as of**: 2010 census
- **population density km2**: 9305
- **population metro**: 1477660
- **population density metro km2**: 5608
- **blank name sec1**: Human Development Index, HDI (2017)
- **blank info sec1**: 0.593
 · List of Togolese regions by Human Development Index, 1st
- **timezone**: UTC±0, UTC
Wireless Markup Language

**Wireless Markup Language** (**WML**) is a programming language used for of wireless devices. It is similar to HTML. WML is a version of XML. This means that syntax is very important. Every tag needs to be properly nested and closed. WML can only be displayed in a Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) Browser.

## Other websites

- W3Schools WAP/WML Tutorial
Maseru

**Maseru** (pronounced "ma'seru") is the capital city of Lesotho. It is near Mohokare River. Maseru is on the border with South Africa, and is connected to it through Maseru Bridge. The nearest city to Maseru in South Africa is named Ladybrand.

The National University of Lesotho amd the international airport called Moshoeshoe International Airport are near Maseru.

Maseru is a sister city of Austin, Texas.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Maseru
- **image skyline**: Maseru Leotho main south.jpg
- **image caption**: Maseru viewed from south
- **image map**: LocationMaseru.png
- **map caption**: Location of Maseru in Lesotho
- **population as of**: 2004
- **population total**: 180,000
Fandom

**Fandom** (from the noun _fan_ and the affix _-dom_, as in _kingdom_, _dukedom_, etc.) or **fanbase** is a name used for a group of people (called "fans") who are interested in something. A fandom can be about any interest or activity. Fandoms can be for example about sports teams, hobbies, genres or fashions, book or movie series, or even individual celebrities.

## Related pages

- Fan fiction
- Fictional universe
New York Islanders

The **New York Islanders** are an ice hockey team that plays in the National Hockey League (NHL). They were a great team between 1980 and 1983, winning four Stanley Cups and a record 19 consecutive playoff series. The Islanders have played for most of their history in Nassau County, New York on Long Island. They played from 1972 to 2015 at the Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum in Uniondale, New York, then temporarily moved to Brooklyn and the Barclays Center starting with the 2015–16 season. However, Barclays Center proved to be less than desirable as a hockey venue, and the team returned to the Coliseum part-time in 2018–19 and 2019–20 and full-time in 2020–21.

In November 2021, the Islanders opened their current home of UBS Arena, next to the Belmont Park horse racing track in Elmont, a community next to the New York City borough of Queens.

## References

**Notes**

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (nhl team)

- **team name**: New York Islanders
- **current**: 2022–23 New York Islanders season
- **bg color**: background:#FFFFFF; border-top:#00539B 5px solid; border-bottom:#F47D30 5px solid;
- **text color**: #000000
- **conference**: Eastern Conference (NHL), Eastern
- **division**: Metropolitan Division, Metropolitan
- **founded**: 1972
- **history**: **New York Islanders**
1972–73 NHL season, 1972–present
- **arena**: **UBS Arena**
- **city**: Elmont, New York
- **team colors**: Royal blue, orange, white

- **owner**: New York Hockey Holdings
- **general manager**: Lou Lamoriello
- **head coach**: Patrick Roy
- **captain**: Anders Lee
- **minor league affiliates**: Bridgeport Sound Tigers (American Hockey League, AHL)
Worcester Railers (ECHL)
- **stanley cups**: **4** (1980 Stanley Cup Finals, 1979–80, 1981 Stanley Cup Finals, 1980–81, 1982 Stanley Cup Finals, 1981–82, 1983 Stanley Cup Finals, 1982–83)
- **conf titles**: **6** (1977–78 NHL season, 1977–78, 1978–79 NHL season, 1978–79, 1980–81 NHL season, 1980–81, 1981–82 NHL season, 1981–82, 1982–83 NHL season, 1982–83, 1983–84 NHL season, 1983–84)
- **presidents' trophies**: **0**
- **division titles**: **6** (1977–78 NHL season, 1977–78, 1978–79 NHL season, 1978–79, 1980–81 NHL season, 1980–81, 1981–82 NHL season, 1981–82, 1983–84 NHL season, 1983–84, 1987–88 NHL season, 1987–88)
Arizona Coyotes

The **Arizona Coyotes** are an inactive professional ice hockey team that used to play in the National Hockey League (NHL). They played in Tempe, Arizona until 2024 when they went inactive.

## History

In 1996, the team moved to Phoenix from Winnipeg, Canada, where they were known as the Jets. The team moved to the suburb of Glendale in December 2003. They have never won a Stanley Cup. Their head coach is André Tourigny and their general manager is Bill Armstrong. Wayne Gretzky resigned as head coach on September 14, 2009. In May 2009, the Coyotes filed for bankruptcy protection.

They officially changed their name from the Phoenix Coyotes to the Arizona Coyotes on June 27, 2014.

On April 10, 2024, it was reported that the Coyotes had permission from the NHL to look at relocation to Salt Lake City, Utah and that progress was being made. The NHL finalized the deal on April 18.

If the state is able to build a new arena by 2029 then it will rejoin the NHL as an expansion team with all previous team history, records and uniforms being transfered to the team. After a land auction for a 110 acre parcel of land in North Phoenix was cancelled, Coyotes owner Alex Muruelo said that he didn't have any plans to seek more arena options for the team. This leaves the future of the team unknown.

On June 25, it was announced that Meruelo would be walking away from ownership of the Coyotes.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (nhl team)

- **team name**: Arizona Coyotes
- **current**: 2023–24 Arizona Coyotes season
- **bg color**: background:#FFFFFF; border-top:#791026 5px solid; border-bottom:#4A3291 5px solid;
- **text color**: #000000
- **conference**: Western Conference (NHL), Western
- **division**: Central Division (NHL), Central
- **founded**: 1972
- **history**: **Winnipeg Jets (1972–96), Winnipeg Jets**
1972–73 WHA season, 1972–1978–79 WHA season, 1979 (World Hockey Association, WHA)
1979–80 NHL season, 1979–1995–96 NHL season, 1996 (National Hockey League, NHL)
**Phoenix Coyotes**
1996–97 NHL season, 1996–2013–14 NHL season, 2014
**Arizona Coyotes**
2014–15 NHL season, 2014–2023-24 NHL season, 2024
- **arena**: **Mullett Arena**
- **city**: Tempe, Arizona
- **uniform image size**: 150px
- **team colors**: Process black, brick red, forest green, sand, sienna, purple

- **head coach**: André Tourigny, Andre Tourigny
- **captain**: _Vacant_
- **general manager**: Bill Armstrong (ice hockey, born 1970), Bill Armstrong
- **owner**: Alex Meruelo
Andrew Barroway
- **minor league affiliates**: Tucson Roadrunners (American Hockey League, AHL)
Atlanta Gladiators (ECHL)
- **stanley cups**: **0**
- **conf titles**: **0**
- **presidents' trophies**: **0**
- **division titles**: **1** (2011–12 NHL season, 2011–12)
- **media affiliates**: Scripps Sports
KMVP-FM, KMVP Arizona Sports 98.7 FM
Buffalo Sabres

The **Buffalo Sabres** are an ice hockey team that plays in the National Hockey League.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (nhl team)

- **team name**: Buffalo Sabres
- **current**: 2022–23 Buffalo Sabres season
- **bg color**: background:#FFFFFF; border-top:#003087 5px solid; border-bottom:#FFB81C 5px solid;
- **text color**: #000000
- **conference**: Eastern Conference (NHL), Eastern
- **division**: Atlantic Division (NHL), Atlantic
- **founded**: 1970
- **history**: **Buffalo Sabres**
1970–71 NHL season, 1970–present
- **arena**: **KeyBank Center**
- **city**: Buffalo, New York
- **media affiliates**: MSG Western New York
WGR 550
Sabres Hockey Network
- **team colors**: Royal blue, gold, white

- **uniform image size**: 150px
- **owner**: Terry Pegula
- **general manager**: Kevyn Adams
- **head coach**: Vacant
- **captain**: Vacant
- **minor league affiliates**: Rochester Americans (American Hockey League, AHL)
Cincinnati Cyclones (ECHL)
- **stanley cups**: **0**
- **conf titles**: **3** (1974–75 NHL season, 1974–75, 1979–80 NHL season, 1979–80, 1998–99 NHL season, 1998–99)
- **presidents' trophies**: **1** (2006–07 NHL season, 2006–07)
- **division titles**: **6** (1974–75 NHL season, 1974–75, 1979–80 NHL season, 1979–80, 1980–81 NHL season, 1980–81, 1996–97 NHL season, 1996–97, 2006–07 NHL season, 2006–07, 2009–10 NHL season, 2009–10)
Columbus Blue Jackets

The **Columbus Blue Jackets** are an ice hockey team that plays in the NHL. They are one of the newest teams in the NHL, created in 2000. The Blue Jackets first made the playoffs in 2009. The coach right now is John Tortorella. The Blue Jackets play at Nationwide Arena. They play in the Metropolitan Division.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (nhl team)

- **team name**: Columbus Blue Jackets
- **current**: 2022–23 Columbus Blue Jackets season
- **bg color**: background:#FFFFFF; border-top:#002654 5px solid; border-bottom:#CE1126 5px solid;
- **text color**: #000000
- **conference**: Eastern Conference (NHL), Eastern
- **division**: Metropolitan Division, Metropolitan
- **founded**: 2000
- **history**: **Columbus Blue Jackets**
2000–01 NHL season, 2000–present
- **arena**: **Nationwide Arena**
- **city**: Columbus, Ohio
- **team colors**: Union blue, goal red, capital silver

- **media affiliates**: Fox Sports Ohio
WWCD, CD1025 (102.5 FM)
WBNS-FM, The Fan (97.1 FM)
- **head coach**: Brad Larsen
- **general manager**: Jarmo Kekäläinen, Jarmo Kekalainen
- **owner**: John P. McConnell (businessman), John P. McConnell
- **captain**: Boone Jenner
- **minor league affiliates**: Cleveland Monsters (American Hockey League, AHL), Kalamazoo Wings (ECHL)
- **stanley cups**: **0**
- **conf titles**: **0**
- **presidents' trophies**: **0**
- **division titles**: **0**
Atlanta Thrashers

The **Atlanta Thrashers** were an American professional ice hockey team that played in Atlanta, Georgia. They played in the National Hockey League (NHL). The Thrashers played their home games at Philips Arena. The team played in the Southeast Division of the Eastern Conference.

They only made the NHL playoffs once, in the 2006–2007 season.

On May 31, 2011, investors named True North Sports and Entertainment purchased the Atlanta Thrashers. The sale was approved by the National Hockey League on June 21, 2011.

## 2007–08 season

The Thrashers did not qualify for the playoffs.

## 2008–09 season

The Thrashers did not qualify for the playoffs.
Rachael Ray

**Rachael Ray** (born August 25, 1968 in Glen Falls, New York) is an Emmy Award-winning television personality and author. Her family roots are from Sicily, Italy. Her TV shows include _30 minute Meals_, _$40 a Day_, _Rachael Ray's Tasty Travels_ and _The Rachael Ray Show in September 2006 First Episode in Rachael Ray_. In September 2010, _Rachael Ray's Week In a Day_ began airing on the Cooking Channel. She has written 12 cookbooks. Plus Stay Home & More Episodes in Season 14/Season 15 Make Room For Season 16. Her family was from Italy, and she helped her family in the kitchen at a young age in Cape Cod at her family owned restaurant. In her early 20's she pursued her culinary aspirations in New York City, where she started out behind Macy's candy counter before managing its fresh foods department.
Sophora

***Sophora*** is a genus of about 45 species of small trees and shrubs. It is in the subfamily _Faboideae_ of the pea family _Fabaceae_. Many students see Sophora as three genera: _Sophora_, _Calia_ (S. secundiflora) and _Styphnolobium_ (S. japonica).

## Related pages

- Sophora davidii
- Sophora macnabiana
- Kowhai
- Māmane
Cyanobacteria

**Cyanobacteria** are a taxon of bacteria which conduct photosynthesis. They are not algae, though they were once called **blue-green algae**. It is a phylum of bacteria, with about 1500 species. In endosymbiont theory, chloroplasts (plastids) are descended from cyanobacteria. Their DNA profile is evidence for this.

Cyanobacteria have an extremely long fossil record, starting  at least 3.5 billion years ago. They were the main organisms in the stromatolites of the Archaean and Proterozoic eons.

The ability of cyanobacteria to perform oxygenic photosynthesis is highly significant. The early atmosphere on Earth was largely reducing, that is, without oxygen. The cyanobacteria in stromatolites were the first known organisms to photosynthesize and produce free oxygen. After about a billion years, the effect of this photosynthesis began a huge change in the atmosphere. The process, called the Great Oxygenation Event, took a long time. Eventually, it killed off most of the organisms which could not live in oxygen, and led to the kinds of environment we know today, where most organisms use and need oxygen.

## Light detection

Cyanobacteria have a way of detecting light. Conrad Mullineaux, of Queen Mary University of London, said, "It has a way of detecting where the light is; we know that because of the direction that it moves".
- "In a single-celled pond slime, they observed how incoming rays are bent by the bug's spherical surface and focused in a spot on the far side of the cell. By shuffling along in the opposite direction to that bright spot, the microbe moves towards the light".

## Related pages

- Ice algae
Teletypewriter

A **teletypewriter** (TTY; also called a **teletype** or **teleprinter**) is a device that sends a typed message to another place. A teletypewriter has a typewriter keyboard, a local printer (so the user can see what has been typed) and a transmitter. Messages can be sent over wires or radio waves. Teletypes were used mostly in the early to mid-20th century. They were developed to improve telegraphs, some of which also used keyboards, though not typewriter keyboards.

Though teleprinters have been replaced by other technologies, TDDs (Telecommunications Devices for the Deaf), which are based on the idea and design of teletypes, are still used these days. Not all people who are deaf, hard of hearing, or speech-impaired have switched to using instant messaging or texting or other modern services. Many still type messages back and forth to one another by TDD.

## Related pages

- Video Relay Service

## Other websites

- About the TTY
Of Montreal

**of Montreal** is an American indie pop band. The band was formed in Athens, Georgia. The lead singer of the band is Kevin Barnes. He started the group as the only member. It was one of the second wave of groups to come from The Elephant 6 Recording Company. They have released twelve studio albums.

## Albums

- _Cherry Peel_ (Bar/None, 1997)
    - _The Bedside Drama: A Petite Tragedy_ (Kindercore, 1998)
    - _The Gay Parade_ (Bar/None, 1999)
    - _Coquelicot Asleep in the Poppies: A Variety of Whimsical Verse_ (Kindercore, 2001)
    - _Aldhils Arboretum_ (Kindercore, 2002)
    - _Satanic Panic in the Attic_ (Polyvinyl, 2004)
    - _The Sunlandic Twins_ (Polyvinyl, 2005)
    - _Hissing Fauna, Are You the Destroyer?_ (Polyvinyl, 2007) – No. 72 US
    - _Skeletal Lamping_ (Polyvinyl, 2008) – No. 38 US
    - _False Priest_ (Polyvinyl, 2010) – No. 34 US
    - _Paralytic Stalks_ (Polyvinyl, 2012) – No. 121 US
    - _Lousy With Sylvianbriar_ (Polyvinyl, 2013) – No. 115 US
    - _Aureate Gloom_ (Polyvinyl, 2015)
    - _Innocence Reaches_ (Polyvinyl, 2016)
    - _White Is Relic/Irrealis Mood_ (Polyvinyl, 2018)
    - _Ur Fun_ (Polyvinyl, 2020)
    - _I Feel Safe with You, Trash_ (Sybaritic Peer, 2021)
    - _Freewave Lucifer F<ck F^ck F>ck_ (Polyvinyl, 2022)
    - _Lady on the Cusp_ (Polyvinyl, 2024)

## Other websites

- Of Montreal's official site
- Of Montreal's fan page
- Of Montreal on Elephant6.com
- Artwork by David Barnes
- Of Montreal discussion board
- Of Montreal on National Public Radio
- Lazy-i Interview from April 2004
- View the Nasdaq Stock Market, Inc. commercials featuring music from Of Montreal
- Listen to _Hissing Fauna, Are You the Destroyer?_
- Interview with the Cornell Daily Sun

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: of Montreal
- **img**: ofMontrealLive.JPG
- **img capt**: of Montreal performing in Athens, Georgia, on March 24, 2005
- **img size**: 300
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Athens, Georgia
- **genre**: Indie pop, indie rock, neo-psychedelia, psychedelic pop, funk, R&B
- **years active**: 1996–present
- **label**: Polyvinyl Records, Polyvinyl, Kindercore, Bar/None Records, Bar/None
- **associated acts**: Jupiter One
- **url**: [http://www.ofmontreal.net www.ofmontreal.net]
- **current members**: Kevin Barnes
The Late B.P. Helium, Bryan Poole
Dottie Alexander
Davey Pierce
Jupiter One, Zac Colwell
Clayton Rychlik
Kishi Bashi, K Ishibashi
Nicolas Dobbratz
- **past members**: Julian Koster
Andy Gonzalez
Derek Almstead
Jason NeSmith
Matt Dawson
Nina Barnes
Thayer Sarrano
Ahmed Gallab
James Husband, James Huggins
Alcalá de Henares

**Alcalá de Henares** is a city in the Community of Madrid, Spain. It is  from Madrid. It has about 200,000 people. There is a university. Miguel de Cervantes, an important Spanish writer, the author of the "Don Quixote", was born there.

## Flag

The **flag of Alcalá de Henares** () is colored red. It has a coat of arms in the center. The emblem has a diameter of three-quarters the width of the center. The ratio of the flag is 2:3.

## Infobox (unesco world heritage site)

- **child**: yes
- **official name**: University of Alcalá, University and Historic Precinct of Alcalá de Henares
- **id**: 876
- **year**: 1998
- **criteria**: Cultural: ii, iv, vi


## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Alcalá de Henares
- **settlement type**: Municipalities of Spain, Municipality
- **image skyline**: 001337 - Alcalá de Henares (4121247387).jpg
- **image flag**: Bandera_de_Alcalá_de_Henares.svg
- **image shield**: Coat of Arms of Alcalá de Henares.svg
- **map caption**: Location of Alcalá de Henares in Madrid
- **pushpin map**: Spain#Spain Community of Madrid
- **pushpin relief**: 1
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: Spain
- **subdivision type1**: Autonomous communities of Spain, Autonomous community
- **subdivision name1**: Community of Madrid
- **elevation m**: 594
- **area total km2**: 87.72
- **established title**: Founded
- **established date**: 1st century BC
- **population demonym**: _Alcalaíno -a, complutense_
- **population density km2**: auto
- **blank name sec1**: Languages of Spain, Official language(s)
- **timezone**: Central European Time, CET
- **utc offset**: +1
- **timezone dst**: Central European Summer Time, CEST
- **utc offset dst**: +2
- **postal code type**: List of postal codes in Spain, Postal code
- **postal code**: 28801-28807
- **area code type**: Telephone numbers in Spain, Dialing code
- **area code**: (+34) 91
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader party**: PSOE
- **image map**: Alcalá de Henares (Madrid) mapa.svg
Alpine newt

The **alpine newt** (_Ichthyosaura alpestris_) is an amphibian. It is a  Salamander (Urodela or Caudata). The alpine newt is one of five newts in Germany.

## Description

Early in the year, alpine newts mate. During that time, the males have a blue color on their sides but not too much to overlap their white-black-spotted flank. Their belly is a bright orange.
The females are more camouflaged to their marshy environment. They are a mottled brown with barely visible, black spots.

The biggest of the males can reach up to nine, and the females up to twelve centimeters in length. After the mating season, they return to their natural color of the mottled brown.

## Life and habitat

The alpine newt typically lives in forests with good access to water in hilly to mountainous regions. They are mostly absent in forest-poor areas. They often occur   in thick deciduous forests, as well as parland and natural gardens. Outside the spawning season, the Alpine Newt is a land animal. During the day it stays in all kinds of undergrowth, but during the mating season in cool water (forest pools, artificial pools). After the adults come out of winter dormancy, the alpine newts immediately take themselves to the spawning pools.

## Location

The spread of the alpine newt is constricted to Central Europe and parts of mountainous Southern Europe as well as an isolated area on the Iberian Peninsula.

There is also some introduced wild populations in the UK

## Endangerment

After a steep decrease in the alpine newt population in the 1960s-70s, they have recovered their numbers a bit. Surveillance in the surrounding area of Cologne (approximately 50m above sea level) showed an increase in alpine newt numbers, but the numbers of newts in breeding pools seemed to decline. In home gardens, newts are settling in pools in which there may be a high reproduction rate. If fish are in these ponds, the population will be completely wiped out. However, a small pool of 150 litres volume had more than 60 alpine newt tadpoles of different sizes at the beginning of July 2003. They were likely spawned from just one female.

## Taxonomy

The alpine newt has been usually placed into the _Triturus_ genus. García-París | display-authors = etal split the genus Triturus into three, and placed the alpine newt into its own genus _Mesotriton_. Also the subspecies _T. a. inexpectatus_ was elevated to species status. However this split has not been completely accepted yet. Originally 9 subspecies of the alpine newt were recognized.
Differential equation

A **differential equation** is a mathematical equation that involves variables like  or , as well as the rate at which those variables change. Differential equations are special because the solution of a differential equation is itself a function instead of a number.

In applications of mathematics, problems often arise in which the dependence of one parameter on another is unknown, but it is possible to write an expression for the rate of change of one parameter relative to another (derivative). In this case, the problem is reduced to finding a function by its derivative related to some other expressions.

## Types of differential equations

If a differential equation only involves  and its derivative, the rate at which  changes, then it is called a first order differential equation. A higher-order differential equation has derivatives of other derivatives. If there are more variables than just  and , then it is said to be a partial differential equation. Sometimes, something will obey several differential equations at the same time. These are said to be modeled by coupled differential equations.

Some differential equations can be solved exactly, and some cannot. Sometimes one can only be estimated, and a computer program can do this very fast. Although they may seem overly-complicated to someone who has not studied differential equations before, the people who use differential equations tell us that they would not be able to figure important things out without them. Most scientists and engineers (as well as mathematicians) take at least one course in differential equations while in college. Some mathematicians devote their career to investigating differential equations that are difficult to solve.

## Uses

Differential equations are used in many fields of science since they describe real-world things:
- In physics for various forms of movement, or oscillations
- Radioactive decay is calculated using differential equations.
- Isaac Newton's Second law of motion
- Newton's Law of Cooling
- The wave equation
- Laplace's equation
- The Navier–Stokes equations described the movement of fluids
- The Hamiltonian equations for general mechanics

## People who studied about differential equations

- Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi
- Hiroshi Umemura
- Israel Gelfand
- Peter Lax
- Ryogo Hirota
- Sofya Kovalevskaya
- Vladimir Arnold

## Related pages

- Finite element method
- Numerical methods for ordinary differential equations
- Numerical methods for partial differential equations
Windhoek

**Windhoek** () is the capital city of Namibia. It has a population of 230,000 people. Windhoek is the trade center for sheep skins.  The area was controlled by Germany in 1885. It became the capital of the German colony, German South-West Africa, in 1892. During World War I, Windhoek was captured by South Africa. It was the capital of South West Africa (Namibia) under South African control until the independence of Namibia in 1990.

Windhoek has a semi-desert climate.

Windhoek is known to be among the cleanest cities in Africa.

## Other websites

- Official homepage of the City of Windhoek - Windhuk
- WebCams showing Windhoek

- News
- Republikein, Namibian newspaper (Afrikaans)
- Allgemeine Zeitung Namibias, Namibian newspaper (German)
- The Namibian, newspaper (English)

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Windhoek
- **native name**: ǀAi-ǁGams (Khoekhoe language, Khoekhoegowab)
Otjomuise (Herero language, Otjiherero)
Windhuk (German language, German)
- **settlement type**: City
- **image skyline**: Windhoek_aerial.jpg
- **image shield**: Windhoek COA.svg
- **shield size**: 80px
- **pushpin map**: Namibia
- **pushpin map caption**: Location of Windhoek in Namibia
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: Namibia
- **subdivision type1**: Regions of Namibia, Region
- **subdivision name1**: Khomas Region
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Fransina Kahungo
- **leader title1**: Deputy Mayor
- **leader name1**: Ian Subasubani
- **established title1**: First settled
- **established date1**: 1840
- **established title2**: Second founding
- **established date2**: 18 October 1890
- **area total km2**: 5133
- **population as of**: 2011
- **population total**: 325,858
- **population density km2**: 62.8
- **population blank1 title**: Ethnicities
- **timezone**: South African Standard Time, SAST
- **utc offset**: +2
- **elevation m**: 1655
- **elevation ft**: 5430
- **blank name**: Köppen climate classification, Climate
- **blank info**: BSh
Boiling tube

A **boiling tube** is a type of laboratory glassware, which is used in laboratory to strongly heat substances. A boiling tube is similar to a larger, scaled-up test tube. This larger size allows substances to boil freely inside a boiling tube.

Boiling tubes can also be used as a replacement for test tubes, specially when a larger volume is desired.

Boiling tubes are commonly made from Pyrex glass, which can tolerate high temperatures.
Ouagadougou

**Ouagadougou** (, is the capital of Burkina Faso. It is also the country's biggest city. In Ouagadougou, people mainly make clothing and food. Ouagadougou's mayor is chosen every five years. Ouagadougou is near the equator. It is always warm. In Ouagadougou, people speak Mooré and French. The city has ten universities.

## Economy

Informal trade is widespread in the streets.

## Terrorism

Jihadist insurgents carried out major attacks in 2016, 2017 and 2018.

### Twin towns – Sister cities

Ouagadougou is twinned with following cities:

## Other websites

- Official website of the government of Ouagadougou
- The plan of Ouagdougou
- Falling Rain Genomics: World Index, and other pages

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Ouagadougou
- **nickname**: Ouaga
- **settlement type**: City
- **image skyline**: OUAGADOUGOU3.JPG
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **image caption**: Ouagadougou skyline
- **image flag**: Flag of Burkina Faso.svg
- **mapsize**: 150px
- **pushpin map**: Burkina Faso#Africa
- **pushpin relief**: 1
- **pushpin map caption**: Location within Burkina Faso
- **pushpin mapsize**: 300
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Region
- **subdivision name1**: Centre Region (Burkina Faso), Centre Region
- **subdivision type2**: Province
- **subdivision name2**: Kadiogo
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Armand Béouindé (since 2016)
- **unit pref**: metric
- **area total km2**: 219.3
- **area metro km2**: 2805
- **population as of**: 2015
- **population total**: 2200000
- **population density km2**: 6727
- **population metro**: 2500000
- **timezone**: UTC
- **elevation m**: 305
- **area code**: +226
- **blank name**: Köppen climate classification, Climate
- **blank info**: Semi-arid climate#Hot semi-arid climates, BSh
Venetian language

The **Venetian language** (in Venetian: __) is a Romance language.

It was the language once spoken in the Republic of Venice.

## Today

In the present day, it is spoken in the Italian regions of Veneto and Friuli-Venezia Giulia, in Slovenia and in Croatia. It is also spoken in Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina states) and Mexico (town of Chipilo) by the descendants of Italian immigrants.

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Venetian
- **states**: Italy, Slovenia, Croatia
- **region**: * Veneto
* Friuli-Venezia Giulia
* Trentino
* Istria County
- **speakers**: million
- **date**: 2002
- **ref**: e18
- **familycolor**: Indo-European
- **fam2**: Italic languages, Italic
- **fam3**: Romance languages, Romance
- **fam4**: Italo-Western languages, Italo-Western
- **minority**:
<ul><li></li></ul>
- **iso3**: vec
- **glotto**: vene1258
- **glottorefname**: Venetian
- **lingua**: 51-AAA-n
- **map**: Idioma véneto.PNG
- **notice**: IPA
Yamoussoukro

**Yamoussoukro** is the capital city of Côte d'Ivoire (The Ivory Coast). About 200,000 people live in this city. Yamoussoukro became the capital in 1983. Abidjan was the capital before that.

## History of Yamoussoukro

Before the Second World War, Yamoussoukro was a small city. It was mainly made up of farms. In 1964, the president of Côte d'Ivoire decided to make Yamoussoukro the capital because it was where he grew up. In 1983, Yamoussoukro became the capital of Ivory Coast. In 1990, the Pope opened the biggest church in the world. It is called Basilica of Our Lady of Peace of Yamoussoukro. In 2004, Yamoussoukro's airport was attacked by France because airplanes from that airport had killed 9 people from France.

## Important things in Yamoussoukro

Yamoussoukro is famous for the biggest church in the world, The Basilica of Our Lady of Peace of Yamoussoukro. Also, it is very tall.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Yamoussoukro
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **image map**: Côte d'Ivoire map.png
- **mapsize**: 200
- **map caption**: Location within Côte d'Ivoire
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Côte d'Ivoire
- **subdivision type1**: Region
- **subdivision name1**: Lacs
- **subdivision type2**: Department
- **subdivision name2**: Yamoussoukro
- **leader title**: Governor Augustin Abdoulaye Thiam Houphouët
- **leader name**: Augustin Abdoulaye Thiam Houphouët
- **area total km2**: 3500
- **area total sq mi**: 1350
- **population as of**: 2005
- **population total**: 200,659
- **population density km2**: 148.5
- **timezone**: UTC±0, UTC
Bloemfontein

**Bloemfontein** is one of the three capital cites of South Africa. It is the law capital of South Africa, as the Supreme Court is there. In Afrikaans and Dutch, Bloemfontein means "Spring of Bloem (Bloom)". It is also known as the city of roses. There are a lot of flowers in Bloemfontein.

## History

Bloemfontein was founded by Major H. Douglas Warden in 1846. It was created as both a fort and a place to live. It became the center of government of the British-controlled Orange River Sovereignty (1848–54) and of the Orange Free State (later known as just Free State).

Bloemfontein became the judicial capital of South Africa in 1910. It is a place where the government works. It has a lot of hospitals and schools.

## Geography

Bloemfontein is in central South Africa. It is dry in this part of South Africa. There are a few hills around Bloemfontein. Grass mostly grows around Bloemfontein. The summers are hot, and the winters are cool, but it snowed in August 2006.

## Economy

Much of the economy of the city is based on canned fruit, glass products, furniture, plastics, and railway engineering. The city saw a large economic growth in the mid-20th century because of the Free State goldfields 160 km (100 mi) northeast of the city. The Orange River project also helped the city grow economically. It is a major source both of hydroelectricity and of water for irrigation and human uses.

## Sports

The most popular sports in Bloemfontein are football, rugby, and cricket. In 2010, Bloemfontein will host some FIFA World Cup matches, at Free State Stadium.

## Famous people from Bloemfontein

- Zola Budd, a famous athlete
- J. R. R. Tolkien, philologist and author of _The Lord of the Rings_

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Bloemfontein
- **native name lang**: st
- **nickname**: The city of roses
- **settlement type**: City
- **image skyline**: BloemfonteinFS.jpg
- **image caption**: Bloemfontein skyline viewed from Signal Hill
- **image shield**: Bloemfontein Coat of Arms.jpg
- **mapsize**: Sf-map.png
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Provinces of South Africa, Province
- **subdivision name1**: Free State
- **subdivision type2**: Metropolitan municipality
- **subdivision name2**: Mangaung Metropolitan Municipality, Mangaung
- **established title**: Officially founded
- **established date**: 1846
- **population total**: 369568
- **timezone**: South Africa Standard Time, SAST
- **utc offset**: +2
- **elevation m**: 1395
- **area code**: 051
Dough

**Dough** is a thick, malleable and sometimes elastic paste made out of flour by mixing it with a small amount of water. Dough can be used to make bread, pastries, cookies, muffins, and other foods.

In many parts of central India, people use the quick method of making an instant roasted dough ball or baati. Flat, unleavened breads known as roti, lavash, yufka, matzo, and tortilla are used in many parts of the world today.

Leavened dough, made from dry, ground grains mixed with water and yeast, is used all over the world. It includes all kinds of breads made from wheat, maize, rice and other grains or similar crops used today in the world.

Fried dough foods are common in many cultures. In the United States, "elephant ears" is a common name for fried dough.

In slang, dough is money.
Muffin

A **muffin** is a small bread- or cake-like baked food. Muffins are similar to cupcakes: they have round bases, rounded tops, and are usually sweet, but there are also savory kinds (like cornbread muffins). A _muffin_ can also mean a different baked food, the smaller, disk-shaped English muffin, although this is not common outside Britain. In Britain, the term can mean either type of muffin. Muffins can also have extra ingredient<nowiki/>s to its flavour, such as blueberries or chocolate chips. Muffins are usually eaten at breakfast but can be eaten at any other meal. It is usually served with tea.
English muffin

An **English muffin** (known as a **muffin** or **breakfast muffin** in the United Kingdom) is a round, flat bread made from a dough with yeast and enriched with butter and milk. It is often served toasted at breakfast in the UK, US, Canada and Australia.

## Cooking

English muffins are made using a dough that is cooked on a griddle in rings. They are then allowed to cool, and are often split open, allowing them to be toasted and buttered.
Cornbread

**Cornbread** or **Johnny cake** is a name for any number of "quick breads"- bread leavened chemically instead of by yeast- which has cornmeal. As maize (also known as corn) is native to North America, the various kinds of cornbreads are more prevalent there. For example the Cuisine of the Southern United States includes "cornpone". In Italy, the corn-based mush known as polenta is sometimes fashioned into a fried form that looks like cornbread.
Cupcake

Small, individual cakes called **cupcakes** are usually prepared in muffin tins and decorated with frosting or other toppings. They are available in an array of flavors, from the traditional combos of chocolate and vanilla to more complex ones like red velvet or lemon raspberry. Cupcakes are a popular dessert for every occasion as well as for festivities and parties. They are often baked in a small thin paper or aluminum cup. Like larger cakes, frosting and other cake decorations, such as sprinkles, are common on cupcakes. They are often sweet and include frosting. Some specialized bakeries sell only cupcakes.

## History

The first cupcake could be traced back to 1796. A recipe for "a cake to be baked in small cups" was written in _American Cookery_ by Amelia Simmons. The earliest use of the term _cupcake_ was in “Seventy-five Receipts for Pastry, Cakes, and Sweetmeats” in 1828 in Eliza Leslie's _Recipes_ cookbook.

In the early 19th century, there were two different uses for the name _cup cake_ or _cupcake_. Before muffin tins were widely available, the cakes were often baked in individual pottery cups, ramekins, or molds. They got their name from the cups they were baked in. The name "fairy cake" is a description of its size. It would be appropriate for a party of small fairies to share a fairy cake. English _fairy cakes_ vary in size more than American cupcakes. They are normally smaller and are rarely topped with much icing.

The other kind of "cup cake" referred to a cake whose ingredients were measured by volume. They were measured using a standard-sized cup instead of being weighed. Recipes with ingredients that were measured using a standard-sized cup could also be baked in cups. They were more commonly baked in tins. In later years, when the use of volume measurements was more used in home kitchens, these recipes became known as _1234 cakes_ or _quarter cakes_. They were called this because they are made up of four ingredients: one cup of butter, two cups of sugar, three cups of flour, and four eggs. They are plain yellow cakes that are less rich and less expensive than pound cake. This is because they use about half as much butter and eggs compared to pound cake. The names of these two major classes of cakes were to tell the baker whether to measure by volume or weight.
Curry

**Curry** (from Tamil _kari_) is the English word for any of a general variety of spiced dishes, best known in cuisines from India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Malaysia, Pakistan, Thailand, and other parts of Southeast Asia.

## History

Curry first came from India. In the 18th century, British colonialists in India brought the idea of curry to the Western world.

## In the West

Curry has been adopted into many other cuisines. Dishes that are often called curries in Europe and America are rarely called curries in their native languages.

In the United Kingdom and Jamaica, curry is usually eaten with Basmati rice or naan, a type of flat bread.

A curry dish called Balti, which may have originated in Birmingham, United Kingdom, has been dubbed Britain’s de facto national dish.

## Related pages

- Masala

## Infobox (food)

- **name**: Curry
- **image**: Chicken tikka jalfrezi.jpg
- **image size**: 250px
- **caption**: Pilau rice, cucumber rhaita and Chicken Tikka Jalfrezi
- **country**: Indian subcontinent
- **main ingredient**: Spices, herbs, usually fresh or dried hot Black pepper, peppers/Chili pepper, chillies
Shore

A **shore** or **shoreline** is the land at the edge of a large body of water, such as an ocean or river. Where the water is a sea, the shore is also called a "coast".

Shores are influenced by the topography of the surrounding landscape, as well as by erosion caused by water, such as waves.  The geological makeup of rock and soil controls the type of shore which is created.  Erosion of sedimentary soils can make a sandy or pebbly shore, usually called a beach.

A shore includes the intertidal zone that is alternately exposed and covered by waves and tides.

A shore will often have a lighthouse on it to help ships in the sea.
Stick

A **stick** is a long, slender piece of wood, usually a branch from a tree without the leaves.

**Stick** may mean:
- Chopsticks, an eating utensil
- Rod, cane, or hickory stick, disciplinary implements
- Pointing stick, an indicator
- Swagger stick, a formal attribute
- Club (weapon) or staff (stick), weapons
- Tally sticks, a marking medium
- Walking stick, a mobility aid
- Fire stick, a stick for making fire

In **objects of similar shape**:
- A stick of dynamite
- Joystick, a computer game controller
- Prayer stick
- Polo stick, hockey stick, lacrosse stick, etc. in sports
- Memory stick, a device for storing digital information
- Stick shift, automobile transmission

**Stick** may also mean:
- Stick (unit), an ancient unit of length (2 inch ≈ 5 cm), cfr. in yard
- Silver Stick and Gold Stick, certain functions named after a ceremonial attribute
- Stick (comics), a character in Marvel Comics, predominantly Daredevil
- Stick-Eastlake, a type of Victorian architecture
- _Stick_ (film), a movie featuring Burt Reynolds and music by Anne Murray

In **nicknames**:
- _Sticks_ for the Led Zeppelin album _Led Zeppelin IV_
- Sticks for Stephen Kernahan, former Australian rules football champion with the Carlton Football Club
- Stick for Gene Michael, former baseball infielder and manager
- Candlestick Park, the home stadium of the San Francisco 49ers, now known as Monster Park

In **music**:
- Clapstick, a musical instrument that traditionally accompanies the didgeridoo
- Chapman Stick, a musical instrument devised by Emmett Chapman in the early 1970s

## Related pages

- Pogo Stick, pole with a spring up its botttom
- Poohsticks, a game
- Styx (band) and Styx (album), an American rock group and their debut album
- Stick insect or "walking stick", an insect
- Stick figure, also known as a stick man
Whyalla, South Australia

**Whyalla** is a city on the Eyre Peninsula, on the shore of Spencer Gulf, South Australia.

Its main industries are associated with the iron ore mines. Whyalla acted as the port for the export of iron ore.

To get the renewal of the mining lease, BHP had to build a blast furnace to smelt the ore into pig iron. This led to the establishment of steel making, and ship building industries, which were very active during the period 19601980.

The viability of these industries so far from markets declined. This led to the closure of many operations and a decline in the local population. At its peak, during the mid-1980s, about 35,000 people lived there.

## Infobox (australian place)

- **type**: city
- **name**: Whyalla
- **state**: sa
- **image**: View from Hummock Hill, Whyalla, 2017 (02).jpg
- **caption**: View of the city from Hummock Hill
- **established**: 1920
- **postcode**: 5600
- **timezone**: UTC9:30, ACST
- **utc**: +9:30
- **timezone-dst**: UTC10:30, ACDT
- **utc-dst**: +10:30
- **dist1**: 395
- **location1**: Adelaide
- **lga**: City of Whyalla
- **stategov**: electoral district of Giles, Giles
- **fedgov**: Division of Grey, Grey
- **maxtemp**: 23.7
- **mintemp**: 11.5
- **rainfall**: 263.4
- **local map**: yes
- **zoom**: 9