juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Karaj

**Karaj** (Persian: کرج) is an Iranian city and main city of Alborz province. The city has about 1,370,000 inhabitants.

Karaj is the 6th largest city in Iran.

## Related pages

- List of cities in Iran

## Other websites

- Karaj city portal
- About Karaj city
- Karaj, Iran, Yahoo! Travel
- The city of Karaj
- Iran Tourism & Touring Organization

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Karaj
- **native name**: كرج
- **settlement type**: City
- **image caption**: View of Karaj
- **seal size**: 120
- **image map**: Karaj 22.jpg
- **pushpin map**: Iran
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Provinces of Iran, Province
- **subdivision name1**: Alborz Province, Alborz
- **population as of**: 2006
- **population total**: 1377450
- **population blank1 title**: Population Rank in Iran
- **population blank1**: List of Iran cities by population, 5th
- **timezone**: Iran Standard Time, IRST
- **utc offset**: +3:30
- **elevation m**: 1312
- **area code**: 026
Plymouth, Montserrat

**Plymouth** was a town in Montserrat.  It was founded in the 1700s and named for Plymouth, England. It served as the capital of Montserrat.  It was also the island's main port.  It was destroyed by a volcano in 1997.
Cognitive bias

A **cognitive bias** happens when someone makes a bad choice that they think is a good choice. This bias is an important part of the study of cognitive psychology.

## Overview

Cognitive biases do happen. Primitive humans and animals do things which seem foolish later. The scientific method limits the results of cognitive bias. Cognitive bias is a natural consequence of our using "gut feelings" to make decisions when those decisions cannot be made rational because the evidence is not available. The notion of cognitive biases was introduced by Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman in 1972.

## Causes

It grew out of their experience of people's inability to reason with numbers. Tversky, Kahneman, and colleagues showed several repeatable ways in which human judgments and decisions differ from rational choice. The heuristic people use are mental shortcuts which provide swift estimates. Heuristics are simple for the brain to compute but sometimes introduce "severe and systematic errors".

## List of biases

|Name|Information||
| --- | --- | --- |
|Framing|||
|Belief bias|||
|Affinity bias|||
|Implicit bias|||
|Priming bias|||
|Hindsight bias|||
|Anchoring bias|An example of the anchoring effect, is that a person can be more likely to buy a car if it is placed next to a more expensive model – the anchor. During negotiations, prices that are lower than the price of the anchor, may seem reasonable, or can even seem cheap to the buyer, even if those prices are (still) relatively higher than the actual market value of the car.||
|Status quo bias|||
|Self-serving bias|||
|Confirmation bias|||
|Embodied cognition|||
|Overconfidence effect|Related page: Dunning–Kruger effect.||
|Fundamental attribution error|||
|Physical attractiveness stereotype|A habit or tendency to assume that people who are physically attractive, are desirable for other reasons, too.||

### Other cognitive biases

There are many other cognitive biases.

Anchoring biases include,
- Common source bias
- Conservatism bias
- Functional fixedness
- Law of the instrument

Apophenia has several types,
- Clustering illusion
- Illusory correlation
- Pareidolia

Availability heuristic (also known as the availability bias) The availability heuristic includes or involves the following:
- Anthropocentric thinking
- Anthropomorphism
- Attentional bias
- Frequency illusion or Baader–Meinhof phenomenon
- Implicit association
- Salience bias See also von Restorff effect.
- Selection bias
- Survivorship bias
- Quantification bias Related subject: McNamara fallacy.
- Well travelled road effect

## Related pages

- Apophenia
- Antiziganism
- Antisemitism
- Holocaust denial
- Antisemitic stereotypes
- Rwandan genocide denial
- Cambodian genocide denial
Definitely Maybe

***Definitely Maybe*** is the first album by Oasis. It was released under the label Creation Records on the August 30, 1994.

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Definitely Maybe
- **type**: Album
- **artist**: Oasis (band), Oasis
- **released**: 30 August 1994
- **recorded**: January - April 1994
- **genre**: * Britpop
* hard rock
* pop rock
* punk rock
- **length**: 51:57
- **label**: Creation Records, Creation
- **producer**: Noel Gallagher, Mark Coyle, Owen Morris, Dave Batchelor
- **next title**: (What's the Story) Morning Glory?
(1995)
SN 1987A

**SN 1987A** was a supernova in a small galaxy that is orbiting our Milky Way galaxy. The supernova was 168,000 light years away, and so happened 168,000 years ago. But it was  1987 when it was first seen. It was close enough that scientists found neutrinos before the light got to Earth.

SN 1987A is the only supernova that has been that close in modern times, It was the brightest object seen from Earth in over 400 years. There have been many others that were closer but they were before scientists had the tools to help them understand what was happening.

- "Scientists believe they've finally tracked down the dead remnant from Supernova 1987A  one of their favourite star explosions. Astronomers knew the object must exist but had always struggled to identify its location because of a shroud of obscuring dust".
Kepler's Supernova

**SN 1604** was a supernova seen in 1604. It was seen in the constellation Ophiuchus. SN 1604 is sometimes called **Kepler's Nova** or **Kepler's Supernova** or **Kepler's Star** since Johannes Kepler studied it. SN 1604 is the last supernova to have been seen in our galaxy. It was studied until 1608.
Scott Stewart (director)

**Scott Stewart** (alias **Scott Charles Stewart**) is an American movie director, writer, movie producer and special effects maker.

## Biography

Stewart worked at the special effects business called The Orphanage. Stewart directed and wrote the movie _Legion_. _Legion_ is an action movie and horror movie about the end of the world, also called the apocalypse. He directed the vampire and western horror movie _Priest_. He has had actor Paul Bettany star in his first two movies.

### Movies he directed

- _What We Talk About When We Talk About Love_
    - This movie came out in 2000. He also wrote the movie's story. He based the movie on the story "What We Talk About When We Talk About Love" by writer Raymond Carver.
- _Legion_
    - This movie came out in 2010. He also wrote and produced the movie.
- _Priest_
    - This movie came out in 2011.
- _The Mortal Instruments_
    - Stewart and other people have started working on it. They hope it will come out in 2012. The movie is based on the books _City of Bones_ and _The Mortal Instruments_, by Cassandra Clare. Clare writes books for teenage readers. The books are also liked by adults.

### Movies he made special effects for

- The year each movie came out is in parentheses.
- _Mars Attacks!_ (1996)
- _The Lost World: Jurassic Park_ (1997)
- _Mercury Rising_ (1998)
- _The Last Birthday Card_ (2000)
- _Sin City_ (2005)
- _Night at the Museum_ (2006)
- _The Host_ (2006)
- _Grindhouse_ (2007)
- _Red Cliff_ (2008)
- _Iron Man_ (2008)
Rhinoplasty

**Rhinoplasty** is an operation performed to change the shape, size or appearance of the human nose.
Chinstrap penguin

The **chinstrap penguin** (_Pygoscelis antarctica_) is a penguin that gets its name from the narrow band of black feathers that goes under their "chin" from ear to ear. They are sometimes called the ‘stone-cracker penguin’ because of their squeaky and high pitched call. Chinstrap penguins are found in polar, shallow seas and coastal areas. Some penguins are born very pale and are called ‘Blonde’ penguins. There are more chinstrap penguins than any other penguins in the world.

They feed mainly on krill and fish. The chinstrap penguins make nests in round shapes made from small stones and take turns in sitting on the eggs, they can be left on the nest for 10 days.

## Size

These little penguins are only about  tall and weigh about . Chinstraps may be small, but they are the boldest penguins of all.

## Other websites

- Arkive http://www.arkive.org/chinstrap-penguin/pygoscelis-antarcticus/image-G65317.html
- Siec http://www.siec.k12.in.us/~west/proj/penguins/chinstrap.html
- BBC http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/life/Chinstrap_Penguin
- Coolantarctica http://www.coolantarctica.com/Antarctica%20fact%20file/wildlife/chinstrap_penguins.htm
Adélie penguin

The **Adélie penguin** (_Pygoscelis adeliae_) is an Antarctic penguin that has a black head and back with a white chest and belly, and a white ring around each of their eyes. About 2.5 million Adélie penguins are in the Southern Ocean around Antarctica. Adélie penguins travel the furthest to breed because they build their nests from stones and need to find stones. Adélies come ashore to breed in the summer. In the winter, they live on ice that floats off the Antarctic shore.

## Chicks and eggs

Adélie parents take turns keeping their chicks warm and fed. While one watches the nest, the other goes into the ocean to catch krill. The penguins carry the krill back to the nest in their stomachs. Then they regurgitate it to feed their chicks.

Most Adélie penguins incubate two eggs at a time. The little chicks hatch out at about the same time. One is usually stronger and has a better chance of surviving.

When first born, the chicks are kept warm by their parents. But after two or three weeks, they grow a thick, woolly gray down. Then they join other chicks in creches or nursery groups.

## Size

Adélie penguins are the smallest penguins in Antarctica. They weigh only about , or the weight of a typical house cat. They are about .

## Other websites

- Adelie penguins
Katabatic wind

A **katabatic wind** is a very strong wind which blows downhill. They can be warm winds like the "föhn" wind on the north slopes of the Alps in Europe or the Chinook which blows down the Rockies in the US. They can also be very cold winds like those in Antarctica or Greenland. They are made when cold, dense air flows down from the ice cap to the coast. Sometimes these winds are called _fall winds_. Along the Adriatic coast, the cold katabatic wind is called the "bora", and in France it is called the "mistral".
Galápagos penguin

The **Galápagos penguins** (_Spheniscus mendiculus_) live on the Galápagos Islands. Because these islands are at the equator, the waters are warm  not all penguins live in cold climates. They do not migrate.

## Description

Galapagos penguins have two bands of brown feathers on their faces and their beaks are thin and slender.

## Size

They weigh five pounds and are one and a half feet tall.
Macaroni penguin

The **macaroni penguin** is a crested penguins that gets their names from their crest. Macaroni penguins are known for their black faces and the orange-yellow crests that create a band across their foreheads.
Macaroni penguins live on islands on the edge of Antarctica, as well as on islands that lie south of Africa and the Americas. They make their nests on cliffs and hillsides.

It is very closely related to the royal penguin, and some consider the two to be a single species.

## Size

Macaroni penguins weigh 10 pounds and are a little over 2 feet tall. As predators, Macaroni penguins eat fish, squid, and krill, but they mostly eat krill as their food. Mothers and fathers of their chicks will feed their young by regurgitating the food into their mouth. Penguins get their food by diving into the ocean and chasing after their food. Penguins can survive up to 40 days without food. When penguins go hunting for their food, they swim from  down in the water. Sometimes when they are hunting at night, they swim up to . But that is really rare. They usually swim for 2 minutes before coming up for air. Macaroni penguin chicks do not get any food until they are a week old.

Macaroni penguins usually live on bumpy or flat ground. They don't really live in places with many plants, but some penguins make their nests around grass. Macaroni penguins generally live by the water because they eat seafood.

Macaroni penguins have many different ways of communicating. They might make noisy, shrieking sounds or they might bobble their heads. Sometimes, they even flap their wings. They make their head feathers wave when they are excited.

Penguins use their feet and tail to help them swim. They can swim up to 15 miles per hour. Swimming that fast helps them get away from predators that might eat them. Penguins spend a lot of their time swimming. Penguins are slow on land because they waddle their feet instead of walking. They sway their body from side to side while they waddle their feet. Sometimes, they also slide down hills on their belly which is much faster than waddling. Sliding helps them get to places faster.
Egyptian temple

**Egyptian temples** were buildings for the official worship of the gods in ancient Egypt. These temples were seen as houses for the gods. Sometimes they were specially for the pharaohs (kings). Within these temples the Egyptians performed a variety of rituals of the Egyptian religion. People would give offerings (gifts) to the gods. They would show the stories of the gods through festivals. These festivals would also help normal life to continue. The pharaohs were responsible for providing the temples and caring for the gods. This required a lot of labor and material for building and maintenance. It was necessary for the pharaohs to give this responsibility to priests. Most of the ordinary people did not take part in ceremonies and could not enter special parts of the temple. The temple was an important religious place for all classes of Egyptians. They went there to pray, give offerings, and seek guidance from the god dwelling within.

The most important part of the temple was the sanctuary. The sanctuary was the most secret and special place and usually had a statue of a god. In the early years of Egypt, about 3000 BCE, the temples were small. Priests and pharaohs added more rooms and the temples became bigger. The rooms would have a lot of decoration of the religion. By the time of the New Kingdom (c.1550-1070 BCE) the temples were huge buildings made of stone. The buildings were arranged in special ways for the religion. The temple would have halls, open areas, and very large entrance pillars. Some of these temples still exist today. Beyond the main temple was an outer wall. There would be other buildings inside the walls.

A large temple also had a lot of land and employed thousands of ordinary people to supply its needs. Temples were also economic centers. The priests who managed the temples had a lot of influence. They would sometimes oppose the king.

Temple-building continued in Egypt even when the nation declined and was ruled by the Roman Empire. Christianity brought more pressure on Egyptian religion. The last temple was closed in 550 CE. For hundreds of years, the ancient buildings were damaged and neglected. In the early 19th century, many people in Europe became interested in ancient Egypt. The study of ancient Egypt became known as the science of Egyptology. Egyptologists continue to study the surviving temples and the remains of destroyed ones. They tell us a lot about ancient Egyptian society.

Dozens of temples survive today. Some have become famous tourist attractions that bring money to modern Egypt.
Coffee (color)

**Coffee** is a brownish color that is like the color of a medium roasted coffee beans. Different types of coffee beans have different colors when unroasted--the color coffee represents an average.
The first time _coffee_ was used as a color name in English was in 1695.
The source of the color displayed at right is the ISCC-NBS Color List (see Page C, Coffee, color sample #58).

The first recorded use of _Cafe au Lait_ as a color name in English was in 1839.
The source of the color "Cafe au Lait" displayed below is the ISCC-NBS Color List (see Page C, Coffee, color sample #57).

The first recorded use of _Cafe Noir_ as a color name in English was in 1928. The source of the color "Cafe Noir" displayed below is the ISCC-NBS Color List (see Page C, Coffee, color sample #81).

## Meaning of coffee

- The color _coffee_ implies someone or something that is lively and active, the way one feels from consuming the caffeine in coffee.

## Tones of coffee color comparison chart

|Name|width=100|Color|HEX Code|Red|Green|Blue|Hue|Sat|Lum|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Café au Lait (Coffee and Milk) (Latte)|style = "background-color: #a67b5b; color: #ffffff"||#A67B5B|166|123|91|26°|30%|50%|
|**Coffee** (web color Dark Orange)|style = "background-color: #6f4e37; color: #ffffff"||**#6F4E37**|**111**|**78**|**55**|**25°**|**34%**|**33%**|
|Deep Coffee (Roast Coffee)|style = "background-color: #704241; color: #ffffff"||#704241|112|66|65|1°|27%|35%|
|Café Noir (Black Coffee)|style = "background-color: #4b3621; color: #ffffff"||#4B3621|75|54|33|30°|39%|21%|

## Related pages

- List of colors

## Other websites

- YouTube—"Coffee Roasting Basics--Color Changes":
Dodge City

**Dodge City** is the county seat of Ford County, Kansas, United States. Named after nearby Fort Dodge, the city is famous in American culture for its history as a wild frontier town of the Old West. As of the 2020 census, there were 27,788 people who lived in the city.

In the 1880s Dodge City became a boomtown, with thousands of cattle passing annually through its stockyards. The peak years of the cattle trade in Dodge City were from 1883 to 1884. During that time the town grew tremendously. Dodge City had more famous (and infamous) gunfighters working at one time or another than any other town in the West, many of whom participated in the Dodge City War of 1883. It also boasted the usual array of saloons, gambling halls, and brothels: they were set up to separate a cowboy from his hard-earned cash. Famous were the Long Branch Saloon and the China Doll brothel.

## Economy

Meat packing is the main industry in Dodge City. The city also has farm implement manufacturing, and is a supply center for area agriculture. Livestock-raising is a major activity while wheat and sorghum are the area's main crops.

In addition, a local tourism industry, including a casino resort, has developed to capitalize on Dodge City's history as an Old West cowtown. The service sector accounts for much of the rest of the local economy with local government, schools, retail stores, and health care providers as the city's other major employers.

## Transportation

Four U.S. Highways meet in Dodge City: U.S. Route 50, U.S. Route 56, U.S. Route 283, and U.S. Route 400. Dodge City was located on the National Old Trails Road, also known as the Ocean-to-Ocean Highway, that was established in 1912.

Dodge City Regional Airport is about 2 miles (3 km) east of the city.  Three railroads serve Dodge City.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Dodge City
- **image skyline**: Dodge City Municipal Bldg from NE 2.JPG
- **image caption**: Dodge City Municipal Building
- **image flag**: Flag of Dodge City, Kansas.svg
- **pushpin map**: USA Kansas#USA
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Jeff Reinert
- **area total sq mi**: 14.821
- **area land sq mi**: 14.716
- **area water sq mi**: 0.105
- **population as of**: 2020
- **population total**: 27788
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: State
- **subdivision name1**: Kansas
- **subdivision type2**: County
- **subdivision name2**: Ford County, Kansas, Ford
- **timezone1**: Central Time Zone, Central Standard Time
- **utc offset1**: -6
- **timezone1 dst**: Central Time Zone, Central Daylight Time
- **utc offset1 dst**: -5
Juventus Stadium

**Juventus Stadium** is a sports stadium in Turin, Italy. It is home to the club Juventus FC. It can hold 41,254 people. It was built on the site of the Stadio delle Alpi, and opened in the summer of 2011.
Andrea Agnelli

**Andrea Agnelli** (born December 6, 1975 in Turin) is an Italian businessman.  In 2010 he became president of Italian football club Juventus F.C..   He is an Executive Member of the European Club Association. He is also a board member of FIAT and Exor.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Andrea Agnelli
- **image**: Andrea Agnelli 2017.jpg
- **birth place**: Turin
- **alma mater**: St Clare's, OxfordBocconi University
- **known**: President of Juventus F.C.
- **nationality**: Italy, Italian
- **employer**: FIAT
Princeton, New Jersey

**Princeton** is a community in Mercer County, New Jersey, United States. It is best known as the location of Princeton University, which has been sited in the community since 1756. Although Princeton is a "college town", there are other important institutions in the area, including the Institute for Advanced Study, Educational Testing Service (ETS), Opinion Research Corporation, Siemens Corporate Research, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Sarnoff Corporation, FMC Corporation, The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, Amrep, Church and Dwight, Berlitz International, and Dow Jones & Company.

Princeton is roughly same distance from both New York City and Philadelphia. Since the nineteenth century, it has been connected by rail to both cities by the Princeton Branch rail line to the nearby Princeton Junction Station on Amtrak's Northeast Corridor.  Princeton is close to many major highways that serve both cities, and receives some TV and radio broadcasts from each.

The Princeton train station was moved from under Blair Hall to its present location on University Place in 1918. Commuting to New York from Princeton became commonplace after World War II.  New Jersey Transit provides shuttle service between the Princeton and Princeton Junction stations;  the train is locally called the "Dinky", and has also been known as the "PJ&B" (for "Princeton Junction and Back").  Two train cars, or sometimes just one, are used.

New Jersey's capital is the city of Trenton, but the governor's official residence has been in Princeton since 1945, when Morven in the borough became the first Governor's mansion. It was later replaced by the larger Drumthwacket, a colonial mansion in the township. Morven became a museum property of the New Jersey Historical Society.

In 1783, it was the capital of the United States for a few months.

## Other websites

- Princeton Regional Convention and Visitors Bureau
- Princeton Township Municipal Web Site (Government)
- The Princeton Packet (Local Newspaper)
- Princeton Online (Local Online Community)
- Princeton Regional Schools
- Data for the Princeton Regional Schools, National Center for Education Statistics
Iraq at the Olympics

**Iraq** was first at the **Olympic Games** in 1948. Since 1980, Iraq has been in every game despite the [[Iraq war|Iraq War]]. Iraq has never been at the Winter Olympic Games.

Iraq has been represented by the National Olympic Committee of Iraq since 1948.

## Medalists

|style="width:6em"|Medal|style="width:10em"|Name|style="width:8em"|Games|style="width:8em"|Sport|style="width:10em"|Event|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||Abdul Wahid Aziz|1960 Rome|Weightlifting|Men's Lightweight||||||

## Related pages

- List of IOC country codes

## Other websites

- Iraq profile at London2012.com

## Infobox (country at games)

- **noc**: IRQ
- **nocname**: National Olympic Committee of Iraq
- **games**: Olympics
- **website**:  
- **gold**: 0
- **silver**: 0
- **bronze**: 1
Dioscoreales

**Dioscoreales** is a botanical name for an order of flowering plants. Of necessity it contains the family Dioscoreaceae.
Egon Bondy's Happy Hearts Club Banned

***Egon Bondy's Happy Hearts Club Banned*** is a "studio" album by the Czech underground band The Plastic People of the Universe. It was recorded in 1974-1975 in Houska Castle and in atelier in Prague. It was released in 1978 (France) and in Czech Republic in 2001. The album title is a parody on the name of The Beatles album _Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band_.

## Tracklist

- Title (Music/Lyrics)
1. Dvacet (Milan Hlavsa/Egon Bondy)
1. Zácpa (Hlavsa/Bondy)
1. Toxika (Hlavsa/Bondy)
1. Magické noci (Hlavsa/Bondy)
1. M.G.M. (Hlavsa/)
1. Okolo okna (Hlavsa/Bondy)
1. Elegie (Hlavsa/Bondy)
1. Podivuhodný mandarin (Hlavsa/Bondy)
1. Nikdo (Hlavsa/Bondy)
1. Jó-to se ti to spí (Hlavsa/Bondy)
1. Já a Mike (Hlavsa/Kurt Vonnegut, Jr., translator Jaroslav Kořán)
1. Ranní ptáče (Hlavsa/Bondy)
1. Francovka (Hlavsa/Bondy)
1. Jednou nohou (Hlavsa/?)
1. Spofa blues (Hlavsa/Bondy)
1. Apokalyptickej pták (Hlavsa/Pavel Zajíček)
1. Píseň brance (Hlavsa/František Pánek)

## Musicians

- Milan Hlavsa – bass guitar, vocals
- Josef Janíček – guitar, vibraphone, vocals
- Jiří Kabeš – violin, vocals
- Vratislav Brabenec – alto saxophone
- Jiří Šula – drums
- Jaroslav Vožniak – drums
- Vasil Šnajdr – flute
- Zdeněk Fišer – theremin

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Egon Bondy's Happy Hearts Club Banned
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: The Plastic People of the Universe
- **released**: 1978 <small>(France)</small>
2001 <small>(Czech Republic)</small>
- **recorded**: 1974-1975
- **genre**: Rock and roll, rock
- **label**: Globus Music
- **next title**: Pašijové hry velikonoční
(Recorded 1978)
Milan Hlavsa

**Milan "Mejla" Hlavsa** (March 6, 1951, Prague, Czechoslovakia – January 5, 2001, Prague, Czech Republic) was a Czech musician and singer. He was a founder of and bassist for the Czech underground band The Plastic People of the Universe. In 1999, played in the White House along with Lou Reed.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Milan Hlavsa
- **background**: solo_singer
- **alias**: Mejla
- **birth date**: March 6, 1951
- **birth place**: Prague, Czechoslovakia
- **death date**: January 5, 2001 (aged 49)
- **death place**: Prague, Czech Republic
- **instrument**: bass guitar, vocals
- **genre**: Rock and roll, Rock
- **occupation**: musician, songwriter
- **years active**: 1968-2001
- **label**: Globus Music
- **associated acts**: The Plastic People of the Universe, DG 307, Garage (band), Garáž Fiction (band), Fiction, Půlnoc (band), Půlnoc
Olympic (band)

**Olympic** is a rock band from Prague, Czechoslovakia (today Czech Republic). The band's frontman is Petr Janda. Founding members were Petr Janda (solo guitar, vocals), Pete Kaplan (rhythm guitar), František Ringo Čech (drums) and Miroslav Berka (keyboards).

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Olympic
- **img**: Olympic v Novych Zamkoch.jpg
- **img capt**: Olympic (2014)
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Praha, Czech Republic
- **genre**: Hard rock, pop rock, rock and roll
- **years active**: 1963-present
- **url**: [http://www.bestia.cz/olympic/ Official website]
- **current members**: Petr Janda
Milan Broum
Jiří Valenta
Martin Vajgl
- **past members**: Miloslav Růžek, Miroslav Berka, Pavel Chrastina, František Ringo Čech, Jan Antonín Pacák, Jaromír Klempíř, Jiří Laurent, Ladislav Klein, Miki Volek, Jiří Korn, Petr Hejduk, Pavel Bobek, Jan Hauser, Jiří Hauser, Ladislav Chvalkovský, Pavel Petráš
Red admiral

The **red admiral** (_Vanessa atalanta_) is a well-known colourful butterfly, found in temperate Europe, Asia and North America. It has a  wing span. The species is resident only in warmer areas, but migrates north in spring, and sometimes again in autumn.

In northern Europe, it is one of the last butterflies to be seen before winter sets in, often feeding on the flowers of ivy on sunny days. The red admiral is also known to hibernate, re-emerging individuals showing prominently darker colourings than first brood subjects. The butterfly also flies on sunny winter days, especially in southern Europe.

In North America, the red admiral generally has two broods from March through October. Most of North America must be recolonized each spring by southern migrants, but this species over-winters in south Texas.

Other red admiral species are:
- The New Zealand red admiral _Vanessa gonerilla_.
- The Indian red admiral _Vanessa indica_.

## Painted ladies

The painted ladies are a subgenus _Cynthis_ of the red admirals. The topside of their wings is mostly orange in colour.

The group includes:
- _The_ **painted lady** (_Vanessa cardui_), which is almost global in its distribution
- Australian painted lady (_Vanessa kershawi_)
- American painted lady (_Vanessa virginiensis_)
- West coast lady (_Vanessa annabella_).

### Migration

The painted lady in the UK migrates south in the winter. This has been proved by tracking them on radar. They fly at high altitude on a 9,000-mile migration. It could take up to six successive generations for the species to complete a 9000 mile (14,400 km) round trip from tropical Africa to Europe.

Huge numbers migrate. The radar showed that 11 million painted ladies entered the UK at high altitude in spring 2009. Twenty six million were counted departing in the autumn.
Sami Lepistö

**Sami Lepistö** (born October 17, 1984 in Espoo, Finland) is a professional ice hockey defenceman that currently plays for Avtomobilist Yekaterinburg of the KHL. He was drafted with the 66th overall pick by the Washington Capitals in the 2004 NHL Entry Draft. He first played hockey in the SM-liiga with Jokerit. He played with Jokerit with 4 seasons before being signed by the Washington Capitals on May 31, 2007. He was assigned to the Capitals AHL farm team, the Hershey Bears. He was traded to the Phoenix Coyotes on June 27, 2009. He was sent to the Columbus Blue Jackets for Rostislav Klesla and Dane Byers. On July 15, 2011, He signed a one year deal with the Chicago Blackhawks. He played one season with the Blackhawks before signing a one year contract with the rebuilding Lokomotiv Yaroslavl of the KHL. He played 26 games with them and then signed a contract with Lev Prague. He played 11 games with them and currently plays for Avtomobilist Yekaterinburg.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **team**: Avtomobilist Yekaterinburg
- **league**: Kontinental Hockey League, KHL
- **former teams**: **National Hockey League, NHL:**
Washington Capitals
Phoenix Coyotes
Columbus Blue Jackets
**SM-liiga:**
Jokerit
**Kontinental Hockey League, KHL:**
Lokomotiv Yaroslavl
HC Lev Praha
- **image**: Samilepisto.jpg
- **image size**: 200px
- **position**: Defenceman (ice hockey), Defence
- **shoots**: Left
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 0
- **weight lb**: 195
- **ntl team**: Finland
- **birth place**: Espoo, Finland
- **draft**: 66th overall
- **draft year**: 2004
- **draft team**: Washington Capitals
- **career start**: 2003
Brian Connelly

**Brian Connelly** (born June 10, 1986 in Bloomington, Minnesota) is a professional ice hockey defenceman. He currently plays for the Rockford IceHogs which are the AHL farm team of the Chicago Blackhawks of the NHL.

He played hockey collegically for the Colorado College Tigers for 3 seasons. Connelly also played 3 seasons with the Rockford IceHogs before he was traded to the Calgary Flames by the Blackhawks in exchange for Brendan Morrison on January 27, 2012.

On July 6, 2012, he signed as a two-year, two-way contract with the Minnesota Wild. On February 26, 2014, Connelly was traded to the Chicago Blackhawks in exchange for Brad Winchester.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **team**: Chicago Blackhawks
- **league**: National Hockey League, NHL
- **prospect team**: Rockford IceHogs
- **prospect league**: American Hockey League, AHL
- **image**: 20160117 RBS vs OLL 7010.jpg
- **image size**: 230px
- **position**: Defenceman (ice hockey), Defence
- **shoots**: Left
- **height ft**: 5
- **height in**: 11
- **weight lb**: 170
- **birth place**: Bloomington, Minnesota, Bloomington, Minnesota, MIN
- **draft**: Undrafted
- **career start**: 2009
Nick Leddy

**Nick Leddy** (born March 20, 1991 in Eden Prairie, Minnesota) is a professional ice hockey defenseman that currently plays for the New York Islanders of the National Hockey League (NHL).

He was drafted with the 16th overall pick by the Minnesota Wild in the 2009 NHL Entry Draft. He began his hockey career when he played at the University of Minnesota with the Golden Gophers. He was drafted by the Wild and was traded to the Chicago Blackhawks along with Kim Johnsson for Cam Barker on February 12, 2010.

He played his first NHL game on October 8, 2010 against the Colorado Avalanche and scored his first NHL goal on October 11, 2010 against Ryan Miller of the Buffalo Sabres. On June 24, 2013, He won the Stanley Cup with the Blackhawks after they defeated the Boston Bruins 4 games to 2 in the 2013 Stanley Cup Finals.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **image**: Nick Leddy - New York Islanders.jpg
- **image size**: 230px
- **caption**: Leddy with the Islanders in 2015
- **position**: Defenceman, Defense
- **shoots**: Left
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 0
- **weight lb**: 191
- **birth place**: Eden Prairie, Minnesota, Eden Prairie, Minnesota U.S.
- **career start**: 2010
- **team**: New York Islanders
- **former teams**: Chicago Blackhawks
- **league**: National Hockey League, NHL
- **draft**: 16th overall
- **draft year**: 2009
- **draft team**: Minnesota Wild
- **ntl team**: USA
Meadow brown

The **meadow brown**, ***Maniola jurtina***, is a butterfly found in European meadows. Its larvae feed on grasses.

There is some sexual dimorphism in this species. Males are less colourful, with smaller eyespots and much reduced orange areas on the upper forewings. They are also much more active and range far about. Females fly less and often may not away from the area where they grew up.

The evolutionary significance of the upperwing eyespots is probably _defence against predators_. Small, peripheral eyespots deflect the attacks of birds to non-vital parts of the body. They can fly perfectly well when their wings have one or two beak-shaped clips on them.

## Food plants

- Sheep's fescue _Festuca ovina_
- Rough meadow grass _Poa trivialis_
- Smooth meadow grass _Poa pratensis_
Musk ox

The **musk ox** (_Ovibos moschatus_, muskox) is a large Arctic mammal of the Bovidae family.

It has a thick coat, and was common in the northern hemisphere during the Pleistocene ice age. The males give off a strong odour, hence its name. This musky odour is used to attract females during mating season. Musk oxen travel in herds of females and their young led by one or two strong males. Male oxen fight over who will be leader by butting their thick heads and horns against each other. The musk oxen's long, curved horns keep away predators. When a herd smells nearby wolves, all the musk oxen form a circle and face out. They lower their heads to show off their horns.

Musk oxen live in the Arctic, North America and Greenland, with small introduced populations in Sweden, Siberia and Norway.

Musk oxen are herbivores which graze on grasses, leaves, and some Arctic flowers. They are ruminants; they swallow their food without chewing it. Later, they regurgitate the food (called a cud) and chew it. Musk oxen, like other ruminants, have a stomach with four sections.

Fossil DNA evidence suggests musk oxen were not only more geographically widespread during the Pleistocene, but also more genetically diverse. During that time, other populations of musk oxen lived across the Arctic, from the Ural Mountains to Greenland. Together with the bison and the pronghorn, the muskox was one of a few species of Pleistocene megafauna in North America to survive the Pleistocene/Holocene extinction event and live to the present day.
The Primitives Group

**The Primitives Group** was a Czech psychedelic rock group, founded in 1967, broke up two years later, in 1969. Primitives Group played songs, among others, by The Doors, The Fugs, Pretty Things and The Velvet Underground. Guitarist Josef Janíček currently playing with The Plastic People of the Universe.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: The Primitives Group
- **img**: Vernisáž výstavy o Jazzové sekci - The Primitives Group, Kolín 2017 (05).jpg
- **img capt**: The Primitives Group, Kolín 2017
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Prague, Czechoslovakia
- **genre**: psychedelic rock
- **years active**: 1967–1969
- **associated acts**: The Plastic People of the Universe
- **past members**: Ivan Hajniš
Josef Janíček
Erno Šedivý
Anatoli Kohout
Ivan Pešl
Ludvík Šíma
Milan Smrčka

**Milan Smrčka**; best known as **Záviš** (September 27, 1956 in Citonice, Czechoslovakia) is a Czech musician, guitarist, vocalist, songwriter and poet.

## Discography

- _Určeno pro uši rabijáků_ (1998)
- _Slunce v duši_ (2000)
- _Záviš, syn vojáka_ (2001)
- _Sejdeme se na věčnosti_ (2003)
- _Radost pohledět_ (2004)
- _Život je sranda_ (2005)
- _Když prší_ (2006)
- _Rolník a rorýsek_ (2007)
- _Bože, já jsem vůl_ (2008)
- _Závišova devátá_ (2009)
- _Záva & Pepa - Naživo za pivo_ (2010)
- _Nevytahuj mi ho prosím na veřejnosti_ (2012)

- _K tomu nic (2014, Ears&Wind Records)
- _Závišova dvanáctka (2016, Ears&Wind Records)_
- _U prdele (2018, Ears&Wind Records)_
- _Hrci-prci (2020, Ears&Wind Records_
- _Výlet do Znojma (2022)''

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Milan Smrčka
- **img**: Záviš, Krákor 2011.jpg
- **img capt**: Záviš in 2011
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Milan Smrčka
- **alias**: Záviš
- **birth place**: Citonice, Czechoslovakia
- **instrument**: guitar, vocals
- **genre**: folk music
- **occupation**: musician, songwriter, poet
52

**52** is a year in the 1st century.  Year 52 (**LII**) was a leap year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar.

## Events

- Pliny the Elder writes his account of the German wars.
- Saint Thomas, one of the twelve disciples of Jesus, is believed to have landed in Kodungallur, India to preach the Gospel

## Deaths

- Publius Ostorius Scapula, Roman governor of Britain
- Empress Guo Shengtong
56

## Events

- War between Rome and Parthia starts because of the invasion of Armenia by Vologases I.  He replaced the Roman supported ruler with his brother Tiridates of Parthia.
- Publius Clodius Thrasea Paetus becomes a consul in Rome.
- The _Jianwu_ era of the Eastern Han Dynasty changes to the _Jianwuzhongyuan_ era.

## Births

- Gaius Cornelius Tacitus, Roman historian (d. 117 AD)
60

**60** is a year in the 1st century.

### Roman Empire

- Romans build the first London Bridge.
- Prasutagus, king of the Iceni, made a will.  He left his kingdom to his two daughters and emperor Nero.
- The Roman army annexed East Anglia.
- Boudica, widow of Prasutagus, is flogged and then forced to witness the public rape of her daughters.
- Gaius Suetonius Paulinus, governor of Britannia, leads a campaign on the island of Mona (Anglesey).
- Boudica joins the British Celtic tribes in revolt, along with the Cornovii, Durotriges and Trinovantes.
- The rebels defeat Legio IX Hispana and destroyed the capital Camulodunum (modern Colchester).
- Boudica sacks Londinium (London) and Verulamium (St Albans). Thousands of civilians are killed.
- Paulinus returns and reorganises his army. The Romans defeat Boudica's alliance, and slaughter the defeated enemy.
- Nero has people explore the historical city Meroë (Sudan).
- The Rhoxolani are defeated on the Danube by the Romans.
- Vitellius is (possibly) proconsul of Africa.
- Herod Agrippa II rules the northeast of Judea.

#### Religion

- The First Epistle of Peter, if by Saint Peter, is probably written between this year and c. 64.
- Paul of Tarsus goes to Rome.  He is shipwrecked at Malta. He stays for three months and converts Publius, the first Bishop of Malta.

#### Art and science

- Hero of Alexandria writes _Metrica_, _Mechanics_, and _Pneumatics_.
- 60–79 – House of the Vettii, Pompeii, is rebuilt.

## Deaths

- Domitius Afer, Roman orator
63

**63** is a year in the 1st century. It was a common year starting on Saturday.

## Events

- Vespasian becomes the governor of Africa Province.
- Pompeii is damaged by an earthquake.

## Deaths

- Claudia Augusta, the only child of Nero
65

**65** (**LXV**) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar in the 1st century.

#### Roman Empire

- Gaius Calpurnius Piso goes against Roman emperor Nero.
- Cestius Gallus becomes legate of Syria.
- After a stage performance in which he appears and shocks the senatorial class, Nero goes against Seneca, Tigellinus, pro-republican senators, and anyone else he distrusts.
- Nero kills his pregnant wife, Poppea Sabina, with a kick to the stomach.

#### Religion

- The Gospel of Matthew is probably written between 60 and this year.
- Paul of Tarsus ordains Timothy as bishop of Ephesus (traditional date).
- In China, the first official reference to Buddhism is made.
- The first Christian community in Africa is founded by Mark, a disciple of Peter. Mark begins to write his gospel.
- Probable martyrdom date of the apostle Thaddeus, also called Saint Jude in Armenia.
- Probable martyrdom date of the apostle Simon the Canaanite in Armenia.

## Deaths

- April 30 – Lucan, Roman poet and philosopher
- Petronius, Roman writer (see 66)
- Poppea Sabina, wife of Nero
- Piso (_Gaius Calpurnius Piso_)
- Saint Jude, Christian martyr (in Armenia) (probably this year)
- Simon the Canaanite, Christian martyr (in Armenia) (probably this year)
- Seneca the Younger, Roman statesman, philosopher, and tutor of Nero
89

**89** (**LXXXIX**) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Fulvus and Atratinus** (or, less frequently, **year 842 _Ab urbe condita**_). The denomination AD 89 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

#### Europe

- January 1 – Lucius Antonius Saturninus incites a revolt against Emperor Domitian (it is suppressed by January 24).
- Legio XIII _Gemina_ is transferred to Dacia, to help in the war against King Decebalus.
- Aquincum (old Budapest, Óbuda) is founded (approximate date).

#### Asia

- First year of _Yongyuan_ era of the Chinese Han dynasty.
- June – Battle of Ikh Bayan: The Han Chinese army under Dou Xian, allied with the southern Xiongnu, is victorious over the Northern Xiongnu.

#### Religion

- Polycarpus I, Greek bishop of Byzantium, dies after a 20-year reign and is succeeded by Plutarch.

## Births

- Sindae, Korean ruler of Goguryeo (d. 179)

## Deaths

- Lucius Antonius Saturninus, Roman politician and general
- Polycarpus I, Greek bishop of Byzantium
Netsplit

In computer networking, mainly Internet Relay Chat (IRC), **netsplit** is the event when two servers disconnect. Because how IRC networks are built, a disconnection between two servers splits the entire network into two parts. This makes it look like people on the other half of the network have quit from IRC.

## Appearance of netsplits

Below is an example of typical netsplit. When two servers split, a user sees this as large number of users quitting. After the servers are reconnected, a user sees the other users rejoining.

- On GUI IRC clients
<pre></pre>

- On command-line client irssi
<pre></pre>

- To a user on a private network
<pre></pre>

## Other websites

- _Netsplit Manual_ (retrieved 2009-12-2)
Annie Oakley

**Annie Oakley** (August 13, 1860 – November 3, 1926), born **Phoebe Ann Mosey**, was an American sharpshooter (skilled with guns). She was a star in _Buffalo Bill's Wild West_ show. Oakley was born in Ohio to Jacob and Susan Mosey. On June 20, 1882 she married Frank E. Butler, another skilled shooter. The couple joined Buffalo Bill's show in 1885. Oakley performed before several European heads of state, including Queen Victoria and Kaiser Wilhelm II. She left the show in 1902 and began acting. Oakley died in 1926 of pernicious anemia (a type of blood disorder). She was buried in Greenville, Ohio. Frank Butler died 18 days later.
Women's Professional Billiard Association

The **Women's Professional Billiard Association** (WPBA) is a professional sports group. It organizes women's billiards in the United States. Pool players Madelyn Whitlow and Palmer Byrd started the group in 1976 as the Women's Professional Billiard Alliance with Larry Miller. Miller was the editor of the _National Billiard News_.

## Other websites

- Official Page
Audi Cup 2009

The **Audi Cup 2009** (the first edition of the Audi Cup) was a two-day tournament that took place in Germany. The tournament featured four teams, AC Milan, Boca Juniors, Bayern Munich and Manchester United. The winners of the tournament were Bayern Munich, defeating Manchester United 0(7) - 0(6). Boca Juniors took third place, defeating AC Milan 1(4) - 1(3).

## Infobox (international football competition)

- **year**: 2009
- **dates**: 29 – 30 July
- **country**: Germany
- **num teams**: 4
- **confederations**: 2
- **venues**: 1
- **cities**: 1
- **champion other**: Bayern Munich
- **count**: 1
- **second other**: Manchester United
- **third other**: Boca Juniors
- **fourth other**: A.C. Milan, Milan
- **matches**: 4
- **goals**: 10
- **top scorer**: Thomas Müller
(2 goals)
- **nextseason**: Audi Cup 2011, 2011
Audi Cup

The **Audi Cup** is a two-day football tournament. It happens at the Allianz Arena in Munich, Germany. The first edition of the Audi Cup was won by Bayern Munich. The 2019 champions are Tottenham Hotspur. Bayern Munich has won the tournament the most times. Since Bayern is the host of this competition, they are the permanent participant in the Audi Cup, while three other teams are chosen based on their strength.

## History

The Audi Cup was created in 2009 to remember Audi's 100th year of trading and the hosts, Bayern Munich, won the tournament. It replaced the Franz Beckenbauer Cup for the year.

## Past Results

|width=7%|Year|width=15%|Winner|width=10%|Score|width=15%|Runners-up|width=15%|Third Place|width=10%|Score|width=15%|Fourth Place|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2009 _Details_|**Bayern Munich**|**0–0** (a.e.t.) (5–3 pen.)|Manchester United|Boca Juniors|**1–1** (a.e.t.) (4–3 pen.)|Milan||||||||
|2011 _Details_|**Barcelona**|**2–0**|Bayern Munich|Internacional|**2–2** (a.e.t.) (2–0 pen.)|Milan||||||||
|2013 _Details_|**Bayern Munich**|**2–1**|Manchester City|Milan|**1–0**|São Paulo||||||||
|2015 _Details_|**Bayern Munich**|**1–0**|Real Madrid|Tottenham Hotspur|**2–0**|Milan||||||||
|2017 _Details_|**Atlético Madrid**|**1–1** (a.e.t.) (5–4 pen.)|Liverpool|Napoli|**2–0**|Bayern Munich||||||||
|2019 _Details_|**Tottenham Hotspur**|**2-2** (a.e.t.) (6-5 pen.)|Bayern Munich|Real Madrid|**5-3**|Fenerbahçe||||||||

## Wins By Team

- Bayern Munich: **3**
- Atlético Madrid: **1**
- FC Barcelona: **1**
- Tottenham Hotspur F.C.: **1**

## Teams That Participated

|width=50%|Team|width=50%|Participations|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|**Bayern Munich**|**5**|||
|**A.C. Milan**|**4**|||
|**Manchester United**|**1**|||
|**Boca Juniors**|**1**|||
|**Barcelona**|**1**|||
|**Internacional**|**1**|||
|**Manchester City**|**1**|||
|**São Paulo**|**1**|||
|**Real Madrid**|**1**|||
|**Tottenham Hotspur**|**1**|||
|**Atlético Madrid**|**1**|||
|**S.S.C. Napoli**|**1**|||
|**Liverpool**|**1**|||

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (football tournament)

- **name**: Audi Cup
- **image**:
- **region**: Munich, Germany
- **number of teams**: 4
- **current champions**:
(2019)
- **most successful club**:
(3 titles)
- **broadcasters**: ZDF (Germany) (2009-2015, 2019–)
ARD (broadcaster), ARD (Germany) (2017)
- **current**: 2019 Audi Cup
Audi Cup 2013

The **Audi Cup 2013** (the third edition of the Audi Cup) was a two-day tournament that took place in Munich, Germany. The participating teams were Bayern Munich, Manchester City, Milan and São Paulo.

### Top scorers

- 2 goals

- Mario Mandžukić (Bayern Munich)
- Edin Džeko (Manchester City)
- Stephan El Shaarawy (Milan)

- 1 goal

- Thomas Müller (Bayern Munich)
- Mitchell Weiser (Bayern Munich)
- Aleksandar Kolarov (Manchester City)
- Álvaro Negredo (Manchester City)
- Micah Richards (Manchester City)
- David Silva (Manchester City)
- Kingsley Boateng (Milan)
- Andrea Petagna (Milan)

## Infobox (international football competition)

- **year**: 2013
- **dates**: 31 July – 1 August
- **country**: Germany
- **num teams**: 4
- **venues**: 1
- **cities**: 1
- **champion other**: FC Bayern Munich, Bayern Munich
- **count**: 2
- **second other**: Manchester City F.C., Manchester City
- **third other**: AC Milan, Milan
- **fourth other**: São Paulo F.C., São Paulo
- **matches**: 4
- **goals**: 14
- **top scorer**: Edin Džeko
 Stephan El Shaarawy
 Mario Mandžukić
(2 goals each)
- **prevseason**: Audi Cup 2011, 2011
- **nextseason**: Audi Cup 2015, 2015