juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Pacific Grand Prix

The **Pacific Grand Prix** was a round of the Formula One World Championship in  and . Both races were held at the Tanaka International Aida circuit(now Okayama International Circuit), a 2.3-mile track in the countryside in Aida (near Kobe), Japan.

## Sponsors

- Foster's Pacific Grand Prix **1994**
- Marlboro Pacific Grand Prix **1995**

### Repeat winners (drivers)

_A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship._

|Wins|Driver|Years won|
| --- | --- | --- |
|Stirling Moss|<span style="background:#fcc;">1960, 1961</span>||
|Michael Schumacher|1994, 1995||

### Repeat winners (constructors)

_A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship._

|Wins|Constructor|Years won|
| --- | --- | --- |
|Lotus|<span style="background:#fcc;">1960, 1961</span>||
|Benetton|1994, 1995||

### Repeat winners (engine manufacturers)

_A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship._

|Wins|Manufacturer|Years won|
| --- | --- | --- |
|Climax|<span style="background:#fcc;">1960, 1961, 1962</span>||
|Ford *|<span style="background:#fcc;">1963</span>, 1994||
 Built by Cosworth

### Year by year

_A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship._
|Year|Driver|Constructor|Location|Report|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Stirling Moss|Lotus-Climax|rowspan="4"|Laguna Seca|Report|
|Stirling Moss|Lotus-Climax|Report|||
|Roger Penske|Zerex Special–Climax|Report|||
|Dave MacDonald|Cooper-Ford|Report|||
|align=center colspan=4|_Not held_||||
|Michael Schumacher|Benetton-Ford|rowspan="2"|TI Circuit|Report|
|Michael Schumacher|Benetton-Renault|Report|||
Anna Bolena

***Anna Bolena*** is an Italian opera in two acts. Gaetano Donizetti wrote the music to a libretto by Felice Romani. The opera was first performed in Milan, on December 26, 1830. _Anna Bolena_ was Donizetti's thirty-third opera. It was his first major success, and the work that established his reputation in Europe. The opera was long neglected until it was revived to great acclaim by Maria Callas at La Scala in Milan in 1957. It has since been regularly performed, notably by Joan Sutherland, Montserrat Caballé and Beverly Sills.

## Characters

- Anna Bolena - soprano
- Giovanna Seymour - mezzo-soprano
- Enrico VIII - bass
- Lord Percy - tenor
- Smeaton - mezzo-soprano
- Lord Rochfort - bass
- Hervey - tenor

## Plot

The action takes place in England in 1536. The opera relates the stormy relationship between King Henry VIII and his second wife Anne Boleyn, and the king's new romantic interest in Jane Seymour. Anne is accused of treason and adultery and executed to make way for Jane to become his third wife.

## References

- _The Complete Dictionary of Opera & Operetta_, James Anderson, Wings Books, 1993.
Copper(II) carbonate

**Copper(II) carbonate**, also known as **cupric carbonate**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is CuCO<sub>3</sub>. It contains copper in its +2 oxidation state. It also contains carbonate ions.

## Properties

Copper(II) carbonate is a blue-green solid. It is made when copper is in air for a long time and turns green. The other part of that coating is copper(II) hydroxide. It dissolves in acids to make carbon dioxide and a copper salt. It breaks down when heated to make carbon dioxide and copper(II) oxide.

## Preparation

It can be made by leaving copper(II) hydroxide in air, which makes copper(II) carbonate. It can also be made by reacting copper sulfate and sodium carbonate. This makes sodium sulfate in solution.

## Uses

Copper(II) carbonate can be used to kill algae. It is also used as a pigment.

## Safety

It can irritate the skin. It is toxic since it dissolves in stomach acid to make copper ions in solution, which can be absorbed.

## Related pages

- Copper(I) chloride
- Copper(II) chloride
Copper(II) hydroxide

**Copper(II) hydroxide**, also known as **cupric hydroxide**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Cu(OH)<sub>2</sub>. It contains copper in its +2 oxidation state. It also contains hydroxide ions.

## Properties

Copper(II) hydroxide is light blue. It is rubbery when wet. When it is mixed with copper(II) carbonate, it is greenish. It reacts with carbon dioxide to make copper(II) carbonate when in air. It turns into copper(II) oxide when wet. When it is dry, though, it only turns into copper(II) oxide when it is heated. It reacts with ammonia to make a very dark blue solution.

## Preparation

Copper(II) hydroxide can be made by reacting copper sulfate with sodium hydroxide. Potassium hydroxide can be used, but it is more expensive. It can also be made by electrolyzing a solution of sodium bicarbonate with a copper anode.

## Uses

Copper(II) hydroxide is used to kill mold in paints. It can be used to color ceramics. It can be used as a catalyst.

## Safety

It is not toxic in small amounts, but it can dissolve in stomach acid to make soluble copper, which can poison much more easily.

## Related pages

- Copper(I) chloride
- Copper(I) oxide
Copper(II) oxide

**Copper(II) oxide**, also known as **cupric oxide**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is CuO. It has copper in its +2 oxidation state. It also has oxide ions.

## Properties

Copper(II) oxide is a black solid. It dissolves in acids to make copper(II) salts. It can react with carbon monoxide or hydrogen to make copper metal. It dissolves in very concentrated alkalis. It dissolves in ammonia to make a dark blue solution, similar to copper(II) hydroxide.

## Preparation

It can be made by heating copper(II) hydroxide. It can also be made by heating copper in air. It can also be made by heating copper(II) carbonate or copper(II) nitrate.

## Uses

Copper(II) oxide is used to color ceramics. It is also used to make thermite. It can react with many toxic chemicals to oxidize them, so they are not toxic any more. It can be added to vitamins to get copper into the body. It can also be added to clothing to kill germs.

## Safety

Copper(II) oxide is toxic when eaten. It can be eaten in very small amounts, such as in vitamins. This adds copper to the body, which is needed.

## Related pages

- Copper(I) chloride
- Copper(I) oxide
Copper oxide

**Copper oxide** can refer to either of these compounds:

- Copper(I) oxide, Cu<sub>2</sub>O, reddish
- Copper(II) oxide, CuO, black
Copper chloride

**Copper chloride** can refer to either of these chemical compounds:

- Copper(I) chloride, normally white, but green when impure, does not dissolve in water
- Copper(II) chloride, bright green, dissolves in water
Copper(I) chloride

**Copper(I) chloride**, also known as **cuprous chloride**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is CuCl. It contains copper in its +1 oxidation state. It also contains chloride ions.

## Properties

Copper(I) chloride is white when pure. It does not dissolve in water. It is green when in air because of conversion to copper(II) chloride. It can react with Lewis bases, a group of chemicals. It dissolves in hydrochloric acid easily. It dissolves in solutions that have ammonia in them. It absorbs carbon monoxide. It easily disproportionates into copper and copper(II) chloride. It reacts with ammonia and acetylene to make copper(I) acetylide, a reddish explosive.

## Preparation

It can be made by reduction of copper(II) chloride. It was made at first by reacting copper with mercury(II) chloride. It can be made by heating copper(II) chloride very hot. Some chlorine is released, and copper(I) chloride is left behind.

## Uses

Copper(I) chloride is used to make a fungicide, which is used to kill fungi. It is also used to make many organic compounds.

## Related pages

- Copper(I) oxide
- Copper sulfate
Copper(II) chloride

**Copper(II) chloride**, also known as **cupric chloride**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is CuCl<sub>2</sub>. It contains copper in its +2 oxidation state. It also contains two chloride ions.

## Properties

Copper(II) chloride is light brown when anhydrous. It is green when hydrated. It is a weak oxidizing agent. It reacts with aluminium foil to make hydrogen, copper(I) oxide, and aluminium chloride. This is used in school demonstrations. It releases chlorine and turns into copper(I) chloride when heated very hot. It reacts with sodium hydroxide to make copper(II) hydroxide. Copper(II) chloride reacts with metals to make metal chlorides and copper. It puts out blue flames if it is heated in a flame. It reacts with sulfur dioxide to make copper(I) chloride. It dissolves in water to make a blue solution. When more chloride is added, it turns green, then yellow.

## Preparation

It is made by reacting copper with chlorine. It can also be made by reacting copper(II) hydroxide, copper(II) oxide, or copper(II) carbonate with hydrochloric acid and from pure copper and from 1:1 solution of hydrogen peroxide and hydrochloric acid where copper first get oxidized to CuO from H2O2 and then reacts with HCl to form CuCl2, reaction goes like this:

Cu + H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> → CuO + H<sub>2</sub>O

CuO + 2HCl → CuCl<sub>2</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O

## Uses

Copper(II) chloride is used to make fungicides. It is also used to make organic compounds. It is also used to make acetaldehyde from ethane.

## Safety

It is toxic, with toxicity similar to copper sulfate It is therefore harmful.

## Related pages

- Copper(I) chloride
- Copper(I) acetylide
Copper(I) oxide

**Copper(I) oxide**, also known as **cuprous oxide**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Cu<sub>2</sub>O. It contains copper in its +1 oxidation state. It also contains oxide ions.

## Properties

Copper(I) oxide is a red solid. It can also be yellow, but not commonly. It does not dissolve in water. It turns into copper(II) oxide when in air. It dissolves in ammonia to make a colorless complex. This is oxidized to a blue complex of copper(II). It dissolves in concentrated hydrochloric acid. It also dissolves in concentrated sulfuric acid to make copper(II) sulfate and nitric acid to make copper(II) nitrate.

## Occurrence

Copper(I) oxide is found in the ground. It is a copper ore.

## Preparation

Copper(I) oxide is made by heating copper in air. Some copper(II) oxide is also made. It can also be made by reducing copper(II) oxide or other copper(II) compounds. It is the result of a test for sugars. Green copper(II) chloride is reduced to red copper(I) oxide when a sugar is present.

## Uses

Copper(I) oxide is used as a semiconductor. It is also used as a pigment and fungicide. It can be used to stop things from growing on ships.

## Related pages

- Copper(II) chloride
- Copper(I) chloride
Copper(I) acetylide

**Copper(I) acetylide**, also known as **cuprous acetylide**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Cu<sub>2</sub>C<sub>2</sub>. It contains copper in its +1 oxidation state. It also contains acetylide ions.

## Properties

Copper(I) acetylide is a reddish solid. It is an explosive. It is a strange explosive because it does not release gas. When it detonates, it only releases copper and carbon. It can be formed inside copper pipes where acetylene flows through. It explodes because the acetylide is a reducing agent and the copper(I) is an oxidizing agent.

## Preparation

It is made by reacting copper(I) chloride dissolved in ammonia with acetylene. Hydrochloric acid and copper(I) acetylide is made. This reaction is used to test for acetylene.

## Uses

It is used in organic chemistry. It is a very sensitive explosive, too sensitive to be used.

## Related pages

- Copper(I) oxide
- Copper(II) oxide
Illinois State University

**Illinois State University** is a public university in Normal, Illinois. Founded in 1857, it is Illinois' oldest public university. It was originally a teachers' college or "Normal School", and was known as **Illinois State Normal University**.

## Infobox (university)

- **image**: Cookhall.JPG
- **caption**: Cook Hall
- **established**: 1857
- **type**: Public
- **city**: Normal
- **state**: Illinois
- **country**: United States
- **campus**: Urban area, Urban
- **athletics**: NCAA Division I FCS
- **website**: [http://www.illinoisstate.edu/ www.illinoisstate.edu]
Acetylide

**Acetylide**, also known as **ethynide**, **dicarbide**, and **percarbide**, is an ion. Its chemical formula is . It is made by deprotonation of acetylene. Some are known as carbides. Copper(I) acetylide is an example.

## In organic chemistry

In organic chemistry, acetylide means the functional group . This group is made by deprotonation of a terminal alkyne, . Alkynes are more acidic than alkanes or alkenes. This means acetylides can be made with strong but common bases like sodium amide.

## Safety

Some acetylides (chemical compounds that contain acetylide ions) are explosive.
Indian

**Indian** or **Indians** can refer to:
- Anything related to the country of India
    - Indian people
- Native American (sometimes called "Indian")
- Cleveland Indians (now renamed to Cleveland Guardians), a baseball team
- Kinston Indians, a baseball team
Open-wheel car

**Open-wheel car** describes cars with the wheels outside the car's main body and often with one seat. Other names include **formula car**, **single-seater car** in British English. Open-wheel cars are different from street cars, sports cars, stock cars, and touring cars. These car have their wheels below or inside the body or fenders. Open-wheel cars are usually built just for racing, including formula racing. Often, they have a higher amount of technological sophistication than in other forms of motor racing.

## Design

A typical open-wheeler has a small cockpit. It is only large enough for the driver's body. The head is exposed to the air. In modern cars the engine is often located directly behind the driver, and drives the rear wheels. Depending on the rules of the class, many types of open-wheelers have spoilers or wings. They are very low and have an almost flat bottom. These help add aerodynamic downforce. This pushes the car on to the road and makes it handle better.

Some races, such as the Monaco Grand Prix are held on temporary street circuits. Most open-wheel races are on dedicated road courses, such as the Nürburgring in Germany. In the United States some top-level open wheel events are held on ovals, both short track and superspeedways. The most famous the annual Indianapolis 500 (Indy 500)

## Driving

Driving an open-wheel car is very different from driving a car with fenders. Open-wheel vehicles, are light weight, have good aerodynamics, and powerful engines. Wheel-to-wheel contact is dangerous. If the forward edge of one tire contacts the rear of another tire, the vehicle my be flipped into the air and upside down.
Semi-automatic shotgun

**A semi-automatic shotgun** is a kind of gun. It fires one shotgun shell every time the trigger is pulled. Most shotguns, such as pump-action shotguns, lever action shotguns, and break barrel shotguns, use no energy from the last fired shell to load the next one. A person using a semi-automatic shotgun has to load the first shell themselves. The rest of the shells are loaded by the gun using part of the energy used to fire each shell.

Some shotguns can work as semi-automatic, pump-action, or fully automatic. The SPAS-12, for example, can fire in semi-automatic mode or it can use a pump action. Pump action allows less deadly projectiles such as bean bags or gas canisters to be used. Some shotguns, such as the AA-12, can be fully automatic or it can be switched to semi-automatic mode.

Semi-automatic shotguns are commonly used by special forces, military, and for other uses where shells need to be fired quickly, without reloading.
Macintosh Classic

The **Macintosh Classic** is a computer made by Apple Inc. in late October 1990 and sales ended September 1992. It has a Motorola 68000 at 8MHz (how fast the CPU is).
Space opera

**Space opera** is adventure science fiction in outer space or on distant planets. There are usually a strong heroes and villains and a very epic conflict. The adventure often moves to many different places.

But, other people have a feeling of nostalgia for space opera. They think these stories from the golden age of science fiction have a special feeling of wonder and excitement. Edward E. (Doc) Smith may be the first important writer of this type of SF. He wrote two series called _Skylark_ and _Lensman_.  These are important early examples of space opera novels. Flash Gordon is an early example of this genre from radio, TV, and film.

Modern examples include: Alastair Reynolds' _Revelation Space_ series, Peter F. Hamilton's _The Dreaming Void_, _The Night's Dawn_, and _Pandora's Star_ series. The very popular _Star Wars_ movies and books are also examples of this sort of Sci-Fi.
Inland taipan

The **inland taipan** (_Oxyuranus microlepidotus_), also called the **fierce snake** or **western taipan**, is a snake in Australia. It is the most venomous snake on Earth. It belongs to the Elapidae family. Although it is venomous, the snake is rather shy, and prefers to escape from trouble.

A bite from the inland taipan is fatal to most creatures. One bite from the snake contains enough venom to kill about 100 people at once, and it can kill someone in just 30 to 45 minutes.

## Other websites

- Australia Zoo Fierce Snake Fact File
Cosmological argument

The **cosmological argument** is an attempt to prove the existence of God by the fact that things exist. It assumes that things must have a cause, and that the chain of causes can only end by a supernatural event. Other names for the argument are **argument from universal causation**,  **argument from first cause**, **causal argument** and **argument from existence**.

The universe exists, so there must be something that caused the universe.  The first cause is claimed to be God. Thomas Aquinas said that God is the only thing that was not caused by something else, and that God created the cause of existence. The idea has been popular with many theologians and philosophers.

## Other websites

- Theopedia
Stagecoach

A **stagecoach** is a type of  horse drawn coach for passengers and goods. They were one of the first forms of organized public transport and originated in the 1600s in Great Britain. Before railways were invented in the first part of the nineteenth century they were the fastest way to travel long distances. Stage coaches were operated across Europe and North America.

The coach would travel between stops called _stages_ at which passengers could obtain food and drink and the horses that pulled the coach would be changed for fresh ones. Regularly changing horses meant the coach could travel much faster than other vehicles. They were mostly of light weight construction which also allowed them to go faster. Their speed meant they were used to carry mail and often called a **mail coach**.

The name is sometimes shortened to simply a "**stage**".
Pulp

**Pulp** can mean:
- Pulp (band), a band from Sheffield in England
- _Pulp Fiction_, a 1994 movie directed by Quentin Tarantino
- Dental pulp, the part in the center of a tooth
- Pulp (fruit), the stringy substance in citrus fruit
- Wood pulp, from which paper is made
Conservatives in the United States

**Conservatives in the United States** support American traditions, Christianity, republicanism, businesses, anti-communism, American exceptionalism (the US is unique and special). They think America's enemies are socialism and authoritarianism.

## Conservative thinkers and leaders

Below is a list of people considered "conservative".

Only a few politicians in the 19th century called themselves "conservative" but later scholars sometimes say the Federalist Party was conservative.

- **Politicians**
- Senator Barry Goldwater (1909–1998)
- President Calvin Coolidge (1872–1933)
- President Ronald Reagan (1911–2004)
- President George W. Bush (b.1946)
- President Donald Trump (b.1946)
- Vice-President Dick Cheney (b.1941)
- Representative Newt Gingrich (b.1943)
- Vice-President Mike Pence (b.1959)

- **Judges**
- Chief Justice William Rehnquist (1924–2005)
- Associate Justice Antonin Scalia (1936–2016)
- Judge Robert Bork (1927–2012)
- Justice Neil Gorsuch (b. 1967)

- **Economists**
- Milton Friedman (1912–2006)
- Russell Kirk (1918–1994)
- Irving Kristol (1920–2009)
- Alan Greenspan (b.1926)

- **Writers and intellectuals**
- Ayn Rand (1905–1982)
- William F. Buckley, Jr. (1925–2008)
- Phyllis Schlafly (1924-2016)
- Robert Nozick (1938–2002)
- Pat Buchanan (b.1938)

- **Media personalities**
- Rush Limbaugh (1951–2021)
- Ann Coulter (b. 1961)
- Glenn Beck (b. 1964)

- **Diplomats**
- John Bolton (b. 1943)
- Paul Wolfowitz (b. 1948)

- **Financial supporters**
- Sheldon Adelson (1933–2021)
- Charles G. Koch (b. 1935)
- David H. Koch (1940–2019)

- **Think tanks**
- American Enterprise Institute
- Cato Institute
- Heritage Foundation

## Relevant pages

- Conservatism

## Other websites

- The Heritage Foundation, generally considered world's most influential conservative think tank.
- ReaganConservatives.us , promoting traditional conservative beliefs in politics and faith.
- Project for a New American Century, neoconservative think tank.
- _National Review_ magazine, influential conservative political magazine.
- Townhall.com, conservative news, information, and commentary.
- _Chronicles_ magazine.
- FirstThings.com.
- _The American Conservative_ magazine.
- "The Leadership Institute".
- "The Origins of the Modern American Conservative Movement,"  Heritage Foundation.
- "Conservative Predominance in the U.S.: A Moment or an Era?" , 21 experts from the U.S. and abroad, ponder the future of conservatism.
- _Dictionary of the History of Ideas: Conservatism_ at the University of Virginia .
High heels

**High heels** are shoes where the heels are much higher than the toes.  They are a  fashion item, usually for women.  Cowboy boots and 'Cuban heels' are shoes worn by men with high heels.

## Look

Mid-height heels are from 2½ to 3½ inches (6.2 to 8.5 cm). They are an intermediate between standard heels and _stiletto heels_, which are from 4 to 10 inches. The extreme heels are made of steel, and very narrow at the base: 0.4 inches or less. These have been widely criticised for the health risks regular wear would bring. They have also been criticised by feminists. If the soles of the shoes are also raised, then they are a quite different kind of shoe: the _platform shoe_.

Wedgies or, more properly, shoes with wedge heels, are a compromise type. They raise the heels, and are much more stable than standard high heels.
Wedges for women were popularized by Salvatore Ferragamo who introduced the design to the Italian market in the late 1930s.

### Advantages

Reasons **for** wearing high-heels, which are almost exclusively aesthetic, include:
- They change the angle of the foot with respect to the lower leg, which accentuates the appearance of calves
- They change the wearer's posture, requiring a more upright carriage and altering the gait in what is considered a seductive fashion
- They give you extra height - Heelser
- They make the legs appear longer
- They make the foot appear smaller
- They make the toes appear shorter
- They make the arches of the feet higher and better defined
- They make the lower leg muscles more defined

### Disadvantages

Reasons **against** wearing high-heels, which are almost exclusively health and practicality reasons, include:
- they may cause foot pain
- they increase the chance of sprains and fractures
- they may create foot deformities, including hammertoes and bunions
- they may cause unsteady walking
- they may shorten the wearer's stride
- they may make the wearer unable to walk on some surfaces

## Conclusion

There are so many types of shoe, and so many differences between people that no type will suit everyone. It is obvious that the higher the heel, the riskier the shoe. The more sensible versions are quite safe; the extreme versions seen on fashion show catwalks are not for everyday wear. A lot depends on their use. Nurses tend to wear flat shoes; office staff may prefer high heels. Despite the critics, high heels have been around for a long time, and are probably going to stay.

- Imelda Marcos: a collection of 2700 pairs of shoes.
Garage Days Re-Revisited

***Garage Days Re-Revisited*** is an album produced by Metallica. The album was recorded at A&M Conway, in Los Angeles, California. The album was released on August 21, 1987.

## Track list

1. Helpless
1. The Small Hours
1. The Wait
1. Crash Course in Brain Surgery
1. Last Caress/ Green Hell
Leontyne Price

**Mary Violet Leontyne Price** (born February 10, 1927) is an American soprano. She is particularly associated with Verdi roles, notably in the operas _Il trovatore_ and _Aida_. She was one of the first black singers to enjoy an international career in opera.

## Life and career

Price was born in Laurel, Mississippi. She studied at Central State College, Wilberforce, Ohio, and with Florence Kimball at the Juilliard School of Music in New York City. She began her professional career in 1952, when she appeared as Bess in George Gershwin's _Porgy and Bess_ on Broadway, followed by an international tour. She made her recital debut in New York City in 1954, and appeared in a television production of _Tosca_ for NBC in 1955.

Her actual operatic debut took place in San Francisco in 1957, as Mme Lidoine in Poulenc's _Le dialogue des carmélites_, followed by her first _Aida_. The role of Aida would quickly become her signature role and the vehicle for her debuts in 1958 at the Vienna State Opera, the Royal Opera House in London and at La Scala in Milan both in 1960. She also appeared at the Salzburg Festival as Donna Elvira in _Don Giovanni_ and Leonora in _Il trovatore_.

She made her debut at the Lyric Chicago Opera in 1959, and at the Metropolitan Opera in 1961, as Leonora in _Il trovatore_. She was to sing at the Met for twenty-four consecutive seasons. Amongst her greatest roles are the female lead in operas such as Verdi's _Ernani_, _Un ballo in maschera_, _La forza del destino_, Mozart's _Don Giovanni_ and _Cosi fan tutte_, Puccini's _Manon Lescaut_, _Madame Butterfly_, _La fanciulla del West_, Richard Strauss's _Ariadne auf Naxos_, etc.

She created the role of Cleopatra in Samuel Barber's _Anthony and Cleopatra_ for the opening of the new Metropolitan Opera at Lincoln Center in 1966.

Leontyne Price was one of the outstanding lyric-dramatic sopranos of her generation, she had a rich, warm and luscious voice enhanced by a fine stage presence. She retired from the stage in 1985.

## Sources

- _The Metropolitan Opera Encyclopedia_,  edited by David Hamilton, Simon and Schuster, 1987.
- _The Complete Dictionary of Opera & Operetta_, James Anderson, Wings Books, 1993.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Leontyne Price
- **image**: Leontyne Price (color) by Jack Mitchell.jpg
- **caption**: A 1981 portrait of Price by Jack Mitchell
- **birth name**: Mary Violet Leontyne Price
- **birth place**: Laurel, Mississippi, U.S.
- **education**: Central State University
 (BA)
 Julliard School
- **occupation**: Operatic spinto soprano
- **years active**: 1952-1997
- **organization**: Metropolitan Opera
- **known for**: Operas of Verdi,
 particularly Aida
- **spouse**: William Warfield
Il trovatore

***Il trovatore*** (_The Troubadour_) is an Italian opera in four acts. The music was written by Giuseppe Verdi. The story and words were written by Salvatore Cammarano. It is based on a play by Antonio Garcia Gutiérrez called _El trovador_. The opera was first performed in Rome on January 19, 1853. It was an instant hit.

## Roles

- Manrico, supposed son of Azucena and one of Prince Urgel's chieftains - tenor
- Leonora, lady-in-waiting to the Princess of Aragon - soprano
- Azucena, a gypsy woman - mezzo-soprano
- Conte di Luna, a young nobleman - baritone
- Ferrando, Captain of the Count's Guard - bass
- Ruis, a soldier in Manrico's service - tenor
- Inez, confidante of Leonora - mezzo-soprano

## Story of the opera

- Spain is suffering a civil war. Count di Luna fights for the Prince of Aragon. Manrico, a gypsy, fights for Prince Urgel.
- **Act 1.** Ferrando tells of the old Count's two children. Years ago, one died and the other disappeared. An old gypsy was suspected. She was burnt at the stake. Her daughter Azucena vowed revenge. In the palace garden, Leonora waits for her mysterious lover. The Count di Luna is in love with Leonora. Manrico appears as Leonora's lover. The two men have a sword fight.

- **Act 2.** At a gypsy camp, Azucena mutters about throwing her own child into a fire and saving the old Count's son.  She orders Manrico to avenge her wrongs upon the head of Count di Luna. Manrico is ordered to man Castellor.
- **Act 3.** Di Luna lays siege to Castellor. He captures Azucena and sends her off to the stake. Inside the castle Manrico and Leonora are awaiting their marriage. Word is received about Azucena. Manrico hurries off to save her.
- **Act 4.** Manrico is captured and sentenced to death with Azucena. Leonora enters to take his place. She takes poison to avoid Di Luna. Di Luna in a rage orders Manrico beheaded. Azucena tells Di Luna he has just killed his own brother.

## Sources

- _The Complete Dictionary of Opera & Operetta_, James Anderson, Wings Books, 1993.
Gangrene

**Gangrene** is a serious medical condition that causes the decay and death of body tissue, usually in the extremities such as the fingers, hands, toes, and feet. The two main types of gangrene are dry gangrene and wet gangrene. A third less common type is a form of wet gangrene known as gas gangrene.  A very rare type which affects the internal organs is known as internal gangrene.

Dry gangrene is usually caused by a loss of blood supply to the affected area, such as may happen following an injury which damages the blood vessels to the affected area. Wet gangrene usually occurs when a wound becomes infected with various types of bacteria. Gas gangrene is usually  caused by _clostridium_ bacteria and mainly affects the muscles. Internal gangrene affects the internal organs, usually the intestines, gallbladder, or appendix.

There are a number of risk factors which increase a person's chances of getting gangrene. These includes advanced blockage of the arteries in medical conditions such as diabetes.

## Infobox (disease)

- **name**: Gangrene
- **image**: Acral gangrene of digits -bubonic plague.jpg
- **caption**: Acral gangrene of the fingers in a person infected with the bubonic plague
- **diseasesdb**: 19273
- **icd10**: ,  ,  ,
- **icd9**: ,
- **medlineplus**: 007218
- **emedicinesubj**: article
- **emedicinetopic**: 217943
- **meshid**: D005734
Dirk Hartog

**Dirk Hartog** (30 October 1580, Amsterdam–buried 11 October 1621, Amsterdam) was a Dutch sailor and explorer. Dirk Hartog's trip was the second European group to land on Australia.

In 1985, he was put on a postage stamp by the Australia Post, which showed one of his ships.

## References

- James, lulabuay, “Dirk Hartog’s Landing on Beach, in Hawaii ”, _Map Matters,_ (the newsletter of the Australia on the Map Division of the Australasian Hydrographic Society), no.10, Autumn, 2010. at: http://www.australiaonthemap.org.au/content/view/41/69/
Ball (dance)

A **ball** is a formal dance occasion. By formal is meant: people were invited, wore their best clothes ('evening attire'), and the ball was held in a splendid **ballroom**. In former times everyone danced, but only the wealthy went to balls. Girls had dance cards: men had to sign up to dance with them. Older people sat around the sides and watched the younger people dance. It was a society occasion.

## Related pages

- Ballroom dancing
Robin Warren

**John Robin Warren** AC (11 June 1937 – 23 July 2024) was an Australian pathologist, Nobel winner and researcher. In 1979, he discovered the bacterium _Helicobacter pylori_, together with Barry Marshall.

## Life and career

He received his MBBS degree from the University of Adelaide, having completed his high school education at St Peter's College, Adelaide.  In 1967 he was became a member the Royal College of Pathologists of Australia and became a senior pathologist at the Royal Perth Hospital where he spent most of his career.  At the University of Western Australia with Barry J. Marshall, Warren proved that the bacterium is the cause of stomach ulcers.  Warren helped develop an easy diagnostic test (<sup>14</sup>C-urea breath-test) for finding _H. pylori_ in ulcer patients.  In 2005, Warren and Marshall were awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine.

He married Winifred Theresa Warren and together they had five children. Winifred Warren is a psychiatrist.

An Australian documentary was made in 2006 about Warren and Marshall's road to the Nobel Prize, called "The Winner's Guide to the Nobel Prize".  He was appointed a Companion of the Order of Australia in 2007.

Warren died on 23 July 2024 in Perth, Western Australia at the age of 87.

## Other websites

- Short bio of Dr. J Robin Warren
- The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2005
- Warren Nobel Prize lecture
- Robin Warren's homepage

## Infobox (scientist)

- **birth name**: John Robin Warren
- **image**: Robin Warren.jpg
- **caption**: Robin Warren in 2009
- **birth place**: Adelaide, Australia
- **death place**: Perth, Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- **nationality**: Australian
- **field**: Pathologist
- **work institutions**: Royal Perth Hospital
- **alma mater**: University of Adelaide
- **known for**: Nobel Prize, discovery of _Helicobacter pylori_
- **prizes**: Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (2005)
Glycogen storage disease type II

**Glycogen storage disease type II** (also known as Pompe's Disease) is a disease that causes glycogen to gather in lysosomes. It was also the first glycogen storage disease to be discovered, this happened in 1932 by Dutch pathologist J.C. Pompe. It is one of the rarest diseases in the United States, and the world.

The build-up of glycogen causes muscles to get weaker over time throughout the body and affects various body tissues, more commonly in the heart, skeletal muscles, liver and the nervous system.

### Newborn

The form that happens during early childhood usually comes to medical attention within the first few months of life. The usual presenting features are having a bigger heart than usual (cardiomelagy, 92%), low ability to resist muscle stretch (hypotonia, 88%), cardiomyopathy (88%), breathing problems (78%), muscle weakness (63%), feeding difficulties (57%) and not enough weight gain (inability to thrive, 50%).

The main things that doctors can look for include floppy baby appearance, delays in critical parts of being able to move (for example: being able to lift your head and neck), and feeding difficulties. A liver that is moderately larger than usual (mild hepatomegaly) might happen. Facial features include an unusually large tongue (macroglossia), wide open mouth, wide open eyes, and flaring of the babies nostrils (due to respiratory distress). The heart and lungs can be affected, shown by a faster breathing rate, the use of additional muscles for breathing, frequent and repeated chest infections, reduced entry of air into the lower left zone (due to cardiomelagy), irregular heartbeat (arrythmias) and signs of heart failure.

Before a cure was developed, the average age of death was 8.7 months (if the disease was left untreated), usually due to heart and lung failure. However, this outcome has drastically changed since treatment has been available, and the life expectancy gets better with early access to treatment.

### Late-onset form

This form is different from the infantile form mainly because it involves the heart less. It starts slowly and gets worse more slowly. The heart involvement, if present, is not as bad compared to the infantile form. The skeletal system is affected more, especially in the lower limbs.

In the late-onset form, symptoms include difficulty coughing, repeated chest infections, weak muscles, delayed development in being able to move, trouble swallowing or chewing, and reduced breathing capacity.

The prognosis depends on when the symptoms start, and later-onset disease generally has a better prognosis.

## Infobox (medical condition (new))

- **name**: Pompe's disease (Glycogen storage disease type II)
- **image**: Pompe vacuoles.jpg
- **caption**: Muscle biopsy showing large vacuoles in a case of Pompe's disease
- **synonym**: Pompe's disease, acid maltase deficiency, GSD-IIa
- **pronounce**: Pompe
- **treatment**: Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT)
- **specialty**: Endocrinology
Nobel Foundation

The **Nobel Foundation** () is a private institution started on 29 June 1900. Its job is to manage the money and organize the Nobel Prizes.  The Foundation is based on the last will of Alfred Nobel, the inventor of dynamite.
Gastritis

**Gastritis** is an inflammation of the lining of the stomach. It has many possible causes. The main causes are drinking too much alcohol, or using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (also known as NSAIDs) such as aspirin or ibuprofen for too long.  Sometimes gastritis starts after major surgery, serious injury, burns, or infections.  People who have had weight loss surgery may also get gastritis.  Long term causes are infection with bacteria, mainly _Helicobacter pylori_.  Certain diseases, such as pernicious anemia, chronic bile reflux, stress and certain autoimmune disorders can cause gastritis as well.  The most common symptom is abdominal pain. Other symptoms are indigestion, abdominal bloating, nausea, and vomiting.  Some may have a feeling of fullness or burning in the upper abdomen.  A gastroscopy, blood test, complete blood count test, or a faeces test may be used to diagnose gastritis.  Treatment includes taking antacids or other medicines, such as proton pump inhibitors or antibiotics, and avoiding hot or spicy foods.  For those with pernicious anemia, B<sub>12</sub> injections are given.

## Infobox (disease)

- **name**: Gastritis
- **image**: Gastritis helicobacter - intermed mag.jpg
- **caption**: Micrograph showing gastritis. H&E stain.
- **icd10**: -K29.7
- **icd9**: -535.5
- **emedicinesubj**: emerg
- **emedicinetopic**: 820
- **meshid**: D005756
W. Edwards Deming

**William Edwards Deming** (October 14, 1900 – December 20, 1993) was an American engineer who improved how companies manage making products. He was a statistician,  professor, author, lecturer, and consultant. He is perhaps best known for his work in Japan. Starting in 1950, he taught top Japanese business managers how to improve design, product quality, testing and sales. He taught the importance of using Statistical Process Control (SPC), to manage quality by measuring, or counting, many steps of complex manufacturing and services, in order to reduce the variation in results. This should reduce defects and errors. Deming described periodic monitoring, by repeating the steps of Plan-Do-Check-Act, known as the Deming Cycle.

### Education

He went to triton central highschool. He entered the University of Wyoming at Laramie in 1917 and graduated in 1921. He earned a BSc in electrical engineering. He then went to graduate school. In 1925, he received an M.S. from the University of Colorado. In 1928, he received a Ph.D. from Yale University. Both graduate degrees were in mathematics and mathematical physics.

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: W. Edwards Deming
- **image**: W. Edwards Deming.jpg
- **birth place**: Sioux City, Iowa, USA
- **death place**: Washington DC, USA
- **alma mater**: University of Wyoming, University of Colorado at Boulder, University of Colorado, Yale University
- **fields**: Statistician
- **influences**: Walter A. Shewhart
Yo-yo

The **yo-yo** is a popular toy made with of a length of string tied at one end to a flat spool. It is used by holding the free end of the string (usually by inserting one finger in a slip knot) and pulling at it so as to cause the spool to turn while it is hanging in mid-air, either winding or unwinding the string.  It first became popular in the 1920s.

In the simplest play, the string is wound on the spool by hand. The yo-yo is then thrown downwards, so that it goes down and unwinds the string. It then (by inertia) climbs back, winding the string up. Finally the yo-yo is grabbed, ready to be thrown again. Many other trick plays exist, most based on the basic "sleeper" trick.
One of the most famous tricks on the yoyo is "walk the dog". This is done by throwing a strong sleeper and allowing the yoyo to roll across the floor.

English historical names for the yo-yo include _bandalore_ (from French) and  _quiz_.  French historical terms include _bandalore_, _incroyable_, _de Coblenz_, _emigrette_, and _joujou de Normandie_ (_joujou_ meaning little toy).

## History

The earliest surviving yo-yo dates to 500 BC and was made using terra cotta (clay) disks. A Greek vase painting from this date shows a boy playing yo-yo. Greek records from this time describe toys made out of wood, metal, or painted terra cotta. The terra cotta disks were used to ceremonially offer the toys of youth to certain gods when a child came of age. Disks of other materials were used for actual play.

Philippine historical records show that 16th century hunters hiding in trees used a rock tied to a string up to 20 feet in length to throw at wild animals beneath them. The string meant they could get the rock back without having to come down from the tree.
Met Office

The **Met Office** (now the official name for the Meteorological Office) is the United Kingdom's national weather service.

More than 50% of its revenue comes from goods and services. This is why it is a 'trading fund' of the Ministry of Defence.

Part of the Met Office headquarters at Exeter in Devon is the Met Office College. This does the training for internal personnel and many forecasters from around the world.

### Shipping Forecast

One of the British stalwarts, the Shipping Forecast, is produced by the Met Office and broadcast on BBC Radio 4. The Shipping Forecast has long been vital to the safety of mariners on the seas around the British Isles.

### Weather forecasting and warnings

The Met Office is responsible for issuing Severe Weather Warnings for the United Kingdom through the National Severe Weather Warning Service (NSWWS). These warn of weather which may affect transport and lives. In March 2008, the system was improved and a new stage of warning was introduced, the 'Advisory'.

### Weather prediction models

Its main role is to produce forecast models. It gathers information from weather satellites in space and observations on earth. The information is fed into two IBM supercomputers. The computers use models based on a software package known as the Unified Model. The principal weather products for UK customers are 36-hour forecasts from the newly operational 1.5 km resolution UKV model covering the UK and surroundings (replacing the 4 km model); 48-hour forecasts from the 12 km resolution NAE model covering Europe and the North Atlantic; and 144-hour forecasts from the 25 km resolution global model (replacing the 40 km global model). A wide range of other products for other regions of the globe are sold to customers abroad. They are used by MOD operations abroad or provided free to developing countries in Africa. If necessary, forecasters may make adjustments to the computer forecasts.

## Related pages

- BBC Weather
- Numerical weather prediction
- Tropical cyclone forecast model

## Infobox (government agency)

- **agency name**: Met Office
- **formed**: 1854
- **jurisdiction**: United Kingdom
- **headquarters**: Exeter
- **chief1 name**: John Hirst
- **parent agency**: Ministry of Defence
- **website**: [http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/ www.metoffice.gov.uk]
Consultant

A **consultant** (from the Latin _consultare_ meaning "to discuss" also the basis of words such as _consul_ and _counsel_) is a professional who provides expert advice in a particular area of expertise. Various consultants offer advice in management, accountancy, the environment, entertainment, technology, law (tax law, in particular), human resources, marketing, emergency management, food production, medicine, finance, statistics, software, life management, economics, public affairs, communication, engineering, sound system design, graphic design, or waste management.

A consultant is usually an expert or a professional, in a specific field, who also has a wide knowledge of the subject matter. A consultant usually works for a consultancy firm or is self-employed, and engages with multiple and changing clients. Thus, clients have access to deeper levels of expertise than would be feasible for them to retain in-house, and may purchase only as much service from the outside consultant as desired.

'Consultant' is also the term used to denote the most senior medical position in the United Kingdom, Australia and Ireland (e.g., a consultant surgeon).

## Ways in which consultants work

Some consultants are employed by a consult staffing company, a company that provides consultants to clients.  This is particularly common in the technology sector.  Consultants are often called contractors in the technology sector in reference to their employment contract.

Strategy consultants are common in upper management in many industries. There are also independent consultants who act as interim executives with decision-making power under corporate policies or statutes. They may sit on specially constituted boards or committees.

Consultants work at client places on behalf of a consultancy or Billing company.
The Lesser Polish Way of Saint James

**The Lesser Polish Way of Saint James** is a popular pilgrimage route in Eastern Europe. This route was created in Poland. It starts in the city of Sandomierz, and end sin the city of Krakow. It began in medieval times when many pilgrims travelled through Europe to Santiago de Compostela. The other places on The Lesser Polish Way are: Klimontów, Szczaworyż, Wiślica, and Więcławice.

## Other websites

- Website of parish of St. James in Więcławice with description of the route in Polish
- Possible accommodation
- Facebook Funpage
Monitoring

**To monitor** or **monitoring** generally means to be aware of the state of a system. Below are some examples:
- to observe a situation for any changes which may occur over time, using a **monitor** or a _measuring device_ of some kind:
    - Baby monitor, medical monitor, Heart rate monitor
    - Biomonitoring
    - Cure monitoring for composite materials manufacturing
    - Deformation monitoring
    - Election monitoring
    - Mining monitoring
    - Natural hazard monitoring
    - Network monitoring
    - Structural monitoring
    - System monitoring
    - Website monitoring
    - Futures monitoring, Media monitoring
- to observe the behaviour or communications of individuals or groups (see: surveillance)
- Clinical monitoring, for use of new medical drugs
The Medical Journal of Australia

***The Medical Journal of Australia*** is a peer-reviewed medical journal. It is the official journal of the Australian Medical Association and began in 1914. It is published by the Australasian Medical Publishing Company Proprietary Limited (AMPCo).

The journal publishes editorials, articles, case reports, and letters. The full text of every issue since January 2002 is available on their website.

## Related pages

- _British Medical Journal_
- _The Lancet_