juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Spermicide

**Spermicide** is a substance that kills sperm before it can enter the vagina.  When a spermicide is used as the only form of contraception, the pregnancy rate is much higher than it is when other contraceptives are used.  Spermicides are normally used with barrier contraception, such as condoms, cervical caps, diaphragms, and contraceptive sponges.
Big Brother (franchise)

***Big Brother*** is a TV reality show with many different versions across the world. It is a group of contestants (called housemates) who live in a house together and are isolated from the rest of the world. The winner gets money as a prize.

## Infobox (media franchise)

- **title**: Big Brother
- **creator**: John de Mol Jr.
- **origin**: _Big Brother (Dutch TV series), Big Brother_ (Netherlands)
- **owner**: Banijay
- **years**: 1999–present
Euphonium

The **euphonium** is a brass instrument.  It is very similar to the baritone horn, but it is different because the tubes are wider and it is bigger. It is also very similar to a tuba, but the euphonium is much smaller. The euphonium makes low sounds, similar to the trombone. The euphonium has 3 or 4 valves and 1-3 spit valves. "Spit" valves do not really mean there is spit in the instrument, it means that there is condensation in the instrument.

The euphonium is seen in different sorts of bands in Europe and America. The musicians make the sound by blowing into the instrument and "buzzing" with their lips.

The word euphonium means: "producing nice sounds"

Euphoniums are basically silver and brass in colour.

There are many types of euphoniums,

Marching euphoniums are used by marching bands. These can feel very heavy because the person playing it holds it up with only their arms. These marching euphoniums look like a big trumpet.

## Infobox (instrument)

- **name**: Euphonium
- **image**: Euphonium.jpg
- **image capt**: A euphonium
- **classification**: Brass instrument, Brass
Newark

**Newark** can refer to:

## United Kingdom

- Newark-on-Trent

## United States

- Newark, Arkansas
- Newark, California
- Newark, Delaware
- Newark, New Jersey
- Newark, Ohio
- Newark, Texas
- Newark, Vermont
Prophylaxis

**Prophylaxis** is a Greek word and concept. It means any _action taken to guard or prevent beforehand_. The corresponding adjective is **prophylactic**.

Birth control and condoms are an example of prophylaxis.

## Two parts

The concept of prophylaxis has two parts. First is forethought. A person has to realise the need first of all. Second is taking appropriate action.

Any failure of prophylaxis is a failure at either stage 1 or stage 2. Successful prophylaxis means one has anticipated and avoided some undesirable outcome.

## Examples

Birth control is a form of prophylaxis. When condoms are used properly, they have a high chance to avoid pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections (sometimes called sexually transmitted diseases). The condom catching the sperm prevents the sperm from entering the other person is prophylaxis. Other forms of birth control which both men and women can use will only prevent pregnancy.

Sexually transmitted diseases (STIs) transmitted in bodily fluids like blood or sperm are avoided by using condoms. Sperm can be absorbed in the same way as blood coming out (secretion) during sex and the tissue of the other person taking it in. Without a condom the infection is given (transmitted) through the blood or sperm secretions. STIs can sometimes be prevented with vaccines, such as Hepatitis A and B. Another form of prophylaxis are the drugs used for HIV/AIDS such as PrEP (Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis), which makes the HIV/AIDS not show up (they are undetectable) in the person if it is successful.

### Preventative medicine

Prophylaxis is the central idea in preventative medicine. People usually think medical treatment helps sick people to get healthy. Prophylactic treatment is helpful in a different way. _Primary prophylaxis_ tries to stop healthy people from getting sick. _Secondary prophylaxis_ tries to stop people who are sick from getting worse.

## Related pages

- Epidemiology
- Prophylaxis (chess)
- Vaccine
Lemon

A **lemon** is a yellow citrus fruit. This is a small tree (_Citrus limon_) that is of green colour even in a season Winter.

Lemon is used to get a drink: lemonade.

## Description

A species came from Asia.

An , yellow fruit, is used while one wants to get a juice – by squeezing it to outdrain a liquid; also, it is being or was used for cooking. Its taste is sour. Its juice, _zest_, as well as pulp, are often used as a topping over a . Lemon juice is about 5% citric acid, having pH ranging from two to three.

Lemons contain numerous phytochemicals – including polyphenols, terpenes and tannins. Lemons might have an electric charge because of a presence of acid.

People do not know for sure where lemons have come from. However, most people think that lemons first grew in India, northern Burma and China.

Its plants vary in size, yet staying generally small; a one of highest measures six metres.

Lemons are related to oranges.

## Related pages

- Strawberry
Billy Bragg

**Stephen William Bragg** (born 20 December 1957), known as **Billy Bragg**, is an English singer and guitarist. He was born in Barking, Essex. He is famous for his mix of folk, punk, and protest music.
Brixton riots

There have been three riots in Brixton, London:
- Brixton riot (1981) - April 11, 1981
- Brixton riot (1985) - September 28, 1985
- Brixton riot (1995) - December 13, 1995
Budweiser (Anheuser-Busch)

**Budweiser** is a popular American beer made by the Anheuser-Busch company.  It is made with hops, barley, and rice.  It is known as the "King of Beers".  It is brewed in St. Louis and other cities around the United States.  There are several different types of Budweiser beer, such as Bud Light.

The name is similar to a Czech beer of the same name, Budweiser Budvar. They are currently the official beer sponsor of Fantasy Premier League.

## Other websites

- Budweiser's Official website
Shia Islam

**Shia Islam** (, ) is a sect of Islam and believes that Prophet Muhammad was commanded by Allah to choose Ali as caliph, his successor,  Muhammad's cousin and son-in-law, and his descendants, and that Muhammad publicly declared it during his last sermon after the Hajj at Ghadir Khumm. The belief is seen as supported by the Qur'an and Islamic history, with Shia scholars citing verses that highlight the special status of the family of certain prophets, including Ali. They ascribe many of many of their beliefs and traditions to Ali.

Shi'a Muslims believe in the teachings of the Qur'an and of Muhammad's family, whom they call the Ahl al-Bayt. They consider the first three ruling caliphs to have little importance in their faith. The Arabic singular/adjective form is _Shī'ī _ () and means a follower. The term "Shia" comes from the Arabic phrase "Shīʿat ʿAlī," meaning "followers of Ali."

Shi'a Islam, has at times been divided into many branches, but only three of them now have a significant number of followers. The best-known and largest branch is  theTwelvers (_Ithnā 'ashariyya_), followed by the Ismaili and the Zaidiyyah.

## Sources

- Shia Code, the Shia Islamic Guide
- List of Shi'a websites
- Ahlul Bayt Digital Islamic Library Project
- Al-Shia Website

## Infobox (religious group)

- **name**: Shia Islam
- **image**: Meshed ali usnavy (PD).jpg
- **caption**: Ali's Tomb is one of the most important places for Shi'a Muslims
- **founder**: Followers of Ali ibn Abi Talib
- **scripture**: The Qur'an and Hadith
- **subdivisions**: Twelvers, Ismailis, Zaidis, Alawites, etc.
- **practices**: Salah, Zakat, Sawm, Hajj, Khums, Jihad, etc.
- **beliefs**: Tawhid, Adalah, Nubuwwah, Imamah, Qiyamah, etc.
1981 Brixton riot

The **Brixton riot** of 11 April 1981 was the biggest of three riots in Brixton, London, and the biggest riot in London.

## Brixton before the riots

Brixton in south London was a very poor inner-city area with many problems — high unemployment, much crime, bad housing. Many black people, mostly of Caribbean origin, lived there. Many people there disliked the police.

## The evening of April 10

The riot was unplanned. On the evening of the 10th, at around 5.15pm, a black boy with a knife wound was stopped by police. As he was brought to a police car by two policemen along Railton Road a large crowd attacked the police and the fight only ended when more policemen arrived; the youth was taken to hospital.

## The night of April 10 and 11

Through the night of the 10th and on the 11th the police brought many officers into the area. Throughout the day crowds slowly got together. In early evening, as the police tried to make some arrests on Atlantic Road, the riots started: a few bricks were thrown and windows smashed. More police came and more things were thrown. The police retreated, leaving their cars to be burned. Other cars were burned and things were stolen from shops on Railton Road, Mayall Road, Leeson Road and Brixton Road before the police came back.

The police closed the Atlantic-Railton-Mayall area to the public, although many other streets had groups of rioting people as well. The rioters started throwing with bricks, bottles, and Molotov cocktails. Cars and buildings were burned and fire engines attacked as they tried to stop the flames.

The riot was at its peak at around 8pm, with two public houses, schools and other buildings burning. Two hours later the police had the area under some control, although the fire brigade returned at the next morning only. By 1am the area was largely under control, with no large crowds – except the police – on the streets. There were tries to start violence again on the 12th, but they were stopped by more than 1,000 police on the streets.

## After the riots

The riot was followed by almost 300 police injuries and 65 bad civilian injuries; over 100 cars were burned, including 56 police cars; almost 150 buildings were damaged, with thirty burned. There were 82 arrests.

Between 3 and 11 July of that year, there were more riots in England. There were riots in Handsworth, Southall, Toxteth, and Moss Side. There were also smaller pockets of unrest in Leeds, Leicester, Southampton, Halifax, Bedford, Gloucester, Coventry, Bristol, and Edinburgh.

## Brixton riots in the media

The riots inspired the Eddy Grant song, "Electric Avenue."
The Clash also made a song about Brixton, "The Guns of Brixton." This song came out before the riots of 1981 (The album was sold first in 1979), but it describes the general atmosphere in the area.
Caudipteryx

***Caudipteryx*** was a small feathered dinosaur. It was related to _Oviraptor_ but looked more like _Archaeopteryx_. It was a relative of _Protarchaeopteryx_. It was found in China. It was a small insectivore, with long thin legs, less than a metre long. It had a fan of tail feathers and a fringe of feathers along the trailing edge of each arm. They are very like bird feathers, with a central stalk, and vanes on either side. Its arms were too short for it to fly.
Protarchaeopteryx

***Protarchaeopteryx*** was a small feathered dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous period. It was a bird-like predator with teeth. It looked like _Archaeopteryx_.  Its fossils were found in China. This was a carnivorous dinosaur.
Pentaceratops

**Pentaceratops** was a very large ceratopsian dinosaur. It was almost 11 meters in length and 4 meters tall. It was larger than Triceratops.
Greenwich Mean Time

**Greenwich Mean Time** (GMT) is an internationally standardized time format. It is the main time zone in several countries, including the United Kingdom, the Republic of Ireland and Portugal. GMT has the same time as UTC, but there are differences between the two. Technically, GMT is a time zone, while UTC is a time standard.

GMT was established in 1884 at the International Meridian Conference, which met to establish a standardized system for measuring world longitude. They decided that the meridian passing through the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, England would be 0° longitude.This conference also decided that the time zone around the meridian, GMT, would be the time zone used for reference around the world. Other countries would define their time based on GMT.

UTC was defined in 1963 as the new world reference for time. The major advantage of the new standard was that its time was determined by highly accurate atomic clocks, not the sun at Greenwich. Other advantages of UTC are that calling the new standard Coordinated Universal Time avoids giving more importance to any one country, and that UTC does not adjust for Daylight Saving Time, which means the world always has a standard time.
Reciprocal

In mathematics, the **reciprocal** (or **multiplicative inverse**) of a number is 1 divided by the number, or equivalently, the number raised to the power of -1 (as in  and ).  All numbers have a reciprocal except zero, since no number times 0 is 1. Two numbers are reciprocal of each other if and only if their product is 1. For example:

- 2.5 and 0.4 are reciprocals, because 2.5 × 0.4 = 1.
- -0.2 and -5 are reciprocals, because -0.2 × -5 = 1.
- 1 and -1 are their own reciprocals, because 1 × 1 = 1 and -1 × -1 = 1.

To find the reciprocal of a fraction, swap the numerator and the denominator. Whole numbers can be thought of as having a denominator of 1.  For example:

- The reciprocal of 8 is 1/8 (or 0.125).
- The reciprocal of 5/3 is 3/5 (or 0.6).
- The reciprocal of 1/7 is 7.
- The reciprocal of -9/4 is -4/9.

Dividing a fraction is the same as multiplying its reciprocal, and vice versa.

## Related pages

- Additive inverse
- Inverse function
Dexter (TV series)

***Dexter*** is an American television series that was shown on Showtime network. It is based on the book _Darkly Dreaming Dexter_ written by Jeff Lindsay. The show tells a story about a serial killer, Dexter Morgan, who works as a forensics analyst for the police in Miami. The main actor of the show is Michael C. Hall.

## Other websites

- _Dexter_  French website
- _Dexter_  at the EPisodeWorld
Back to the Future

***Back to the Future*** is a 1985 American science fiction adventure movie directed by Robert Zemeckis and written by Bob Gale. It stars Michael J. Fox, Christopher Lloyd and Crispin Glover. It is the first movie for the _Back to the Future trilogy_.

## Plot

In 1985, Doc Emmett Brown shows teenage Marty his new creation: a car which can travel through time. The heart of the time machine is  "the flux capacitor," invented by Dr. Brown. The time machine needs plutonium to provide the power for the flux capacitor. Marty uses the car to escape from Islamic terrorists and accidentally goes back to the year 1955. Marty seeks out and meets Dr. Brown in 1955. The time machine is out of plutonium, and there is no plutonium available for the time machine in 1955. By chance, Marty knows the time and place of a one-time natural event (a lightning strike), which can provide the power to transport the time machine and Marty back to 1985.

The situation in 1955 is complicated when Marty meets his own parents as teenagers. When he helps his father, he accidentally changes the events that lead to his parents becoming a couple. Marty's teenage mother becomes interested in Marty instead of Marty's father, George. With the help of the Doc of 1955, Marty tries to undo the damage he has done, and make his mother fall in love with his father. If he can get his parents back together, he has very little time to get back to the car to use the lightning strike to take the time machine and him (Marty) back to the future (i.e. 1985).

## Cast

- Michael J. Fox as Marty McFly
- Christopher Lloyd as Dr. Emmett "Doc" Brown
- Lea Thompson as Lorraine Baines-McFly
- Crispin Glover as George McFly
- Thomas F. Wilson as Biff Tannen
- Claudia Wells as Jennifer Parker
- James Tolkan as Mr. Strickland
- Marc McClure as Dave McFly
- Wendie Jo Sperber as Linda McFly

## Related pages

- Back to the Future Part II
- Back to the Future Part III

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: Back to the Future
- **director**: Robert Zemeckis
- **producer**: Bob Gale
Neil Canton
- **writer**: Robert Zemeckis
Bob Gale
- **music**: Alan Silvestri
- **cinematography**: Dean Cundey
- **editing**: Arthur Schmidt
Harry Keramidas
- **starring**: Michael J. Fox
Christopher Lloyd
Lea Thompson
Crispin Glover
- **studio**: Universal Pictures
Amblin Entertainment
- **distributor**: Universal Pictures
- **released**: July 3, 1985
- **runtime**: 116 minutes
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **budget**: $19 million
- **gross**: $381.1 million
Stargate

**Stargate** can be

- The Stargate Project, a project about artificial intelligence, and the project is being done by companies OpenAI, Oracle, MGX AbuDhabi, and Softbank.

- Stargate, a movie franchise
    - _Stargate_ (movie), a 1994 science fiction movie directed by Roland Emmerich
        - _Stargate SG-1_, a science fiction television series based on the film
            - _Stargate Atlantis_, a spin off of Stargate SG-1
            - _Stargate: The Ark of Truth_, a 2008 science fiction film
            - _Stargate: Continuum_, a 2008 science fiction film
            - _Stargate Universe_, a spin off of Stargate SG-1
Arthur Schopenhauer

**Arthur Schopenhauer** (February 22, 1788 in Danzig – September 21, 1860 in Frankfurt am Main) was a German philosopher.

He was influenced by Kant, Plato and eastern teachings, especially Buddhism and the Upanishads.

## Beliefs

Schopenhauer believed that the primary characteristic, or essence of all things - including human beings - is not intelligence, rationality or spirit, but will. By "will" he means a wanting and craving like that which we know in ourselves as our "will." It is the source of immense amounts of suffering in the world. He also believed that a "better consciousness" could be attained by denying the fulfilment of our desires, taking time to think about who we really are and what we should do to avoid suffering - but also, in doing something few philosophers of his day spoke of: in making and looking at works of art, especially music, which he considered a way to escape from the world's pain and suffering.

## Influence

Schopenhauer was a huge influence on Richard Wagner, Friedrich Nietzsche, Ludwig Wittgenstein, Thomas Mann, Sigmund Freud, Leo Tolstoy, Carl Jung, Emil Cioran and many other important artists and thinkers of the 20th century.

## Related pages

- Schopenhauer Society

## Quotes

- "Every man takes the limits of his vision for the limits of the world."
- "In general admittedly the Wise of all times have always said the same thing, and the fools, that is to say the vast majority of all times, have always done the opposite; and so it will remain in the future."
- "To marry is to have your rights and double your duties."
- "The two foes of human happiness are pain and boredom."
- "Talent hits a target no-one else can hit; genius hits targets no-one else can see."
2005 Cronulla riots

The **2005 Cronulla riots** were a series of violent events between Lebanese and white Australian mobs. Riots started in and around Cronulla, a suburb on the beach in Sydney, Australia's biggest city. The violence was soon also in other suburbs around Sydney. The riots happened on 11, 12 and 14 December. Many people committed crimes there.

Several people were sent to prison for being involved in the riot.

## Casualties

In total **26 people were injured**, 104 arrested and 285 charges were laid.
1992 Los Angeles riots

The **1992 Los Angeles riots**, also called **Rodney King uprising** or **Rodney King riots**, started on April 29, 1992 when a jury set four white policemen free. The jury was mostly Caucasian. The policemen had beaten up African-American motorist Rodney King badly and filmed this, after he fled from police. Thousands of people in Los Angeles, mostly African American and Hispanic, rioted. In all, 63 people were killed in the riots.

## Infobox (civil conflict)

- **place**: Los Angeles County, California, United States
- **title**: 1992 Los Angeles riots
- **image**: LA Riots aftermath - 1991 (149046646).jpg
- **caption**: After the Riots
- **date**: April 29 – May 3, 1992
 (5 days);  years ago
- **causes**: * Four policemen not punished for attacking Rodney King
* Killing of Latasha Harlins
* Racial tension in Los Angeles
- **result**: **Riot ended**
*Many homes and stores damaged, stolen from, or destroyed
*Chief Daryl Gates quit
- **side1**: Rioters

List of criminal gangs in Los Angeles, Major gangs in Los Angeles
* Bloods
* Crips
* 18th Street gang
- **side2**: **Government forces**

Greater Los Angeles, Municipalities within Los Angeles metropolitan area
* Long Beach Police Department (California), Long Beach Police Department
* Beverly Hills Police Department
* Culver City Police Department
* Santa Monica Police Department
* Burbank Police Department
* Compton Police Department (California), Compton Police Department
* Inglewood Police Department
* Pasadena Police Department (California), Pasadena Police Department
* Gardena Police Department
* Hawthorne Police Department
* Southern California Rapid Transit District Transit Police
* Glendale Police Department
* South Gate Police Department
* South Pasadena Department
- **side3a**: People with guns, usually from Korean Americans in Greater Los Angeles, Korean American communities, Rooftop Koreans, defending stores from rioters and looters.
Hypotenuse

The **hypotenuse** is the side opposite the 90 degrees angle in a right triangle. It is always the longest side.

For example:

In this triangle, if angle C is 90 degrees, then the opposite side, "c", is the hypotenuse. The hypotenuse is important in trigonometry, where it is used to calculate many functions.

The length of the hypotenuse can be calculated if the other two sides are known, using Pythagoras' Theorem.  In fact, the length of any side of a right triangle can be calculated if the other two sides are known, using this theorem.
Niðavellir

In Norse Mythology, the **Niðavellir** are dark fields, mentioned in the Völuspa. The dwarves live there.
Python

***Python*** is the name given to a genus of constricting snakes. Such snakes are not venomous. its family is the _Pythonidae_. Pythons are more closely related to boas than to any other snake family.

Boulenger (1890) thought this group was a subfamily (Pythoninae) of the family Boidae (boas). However, boas produce live young, while pythons are oviparous: they lay eggs.

_Python_ can be found in Southeast Asia and Africa, and other members of the family are found in New Guinea and Australia, like water pythons, where they live near water, like rivers, swamps, and wetlands. The Australian Olive Python is a fascinating python known for its impresssive size and distinctive appearance.https://snakesworld.info/water-pythons/  Pythons can range from 3 feet long in species like ball pythons to 29 feet in species like reticulated pythons. _Python_ is one of eight genera in the family. They all have a rather similar life style.

Most members of the family are ambush predators: they stay motionless in a camouflaged position, and then strike suddenly at passing prey. They wrap their body round the prey and squeeze. To kill its prey, the python squeezes it to death, then swallows it whole. Larger pythons can prey on animals as large as a full-grown deer. In Africa, there are pythons that eat gazelles. Most of their prey is much smaller than that. Pythons may take several days or even weeks to fully digest prey.
Despite their size, pythons are rarely dangerous to humans.

_Python_ can be up to 900 cm long and weigh up to 90 kg, but males are much smaller and lighter than females. The python can live up to 30 years. The breeding time is between 60 or 70 days. Burmese python snakes are one of the largest snakes to be kept as pets. Due to their large size, they need a large enclosure. For young Pythons, at least 6 feet long, 3 feet wide, and 3 feet tall (1.8×0.9×0.9 meters) enclosure is needed. When they grow up, they'll need a bigger space. An adult Burmese python snake requires around 12 feet long, 6 feet wide, and 6 feet tall (3.6×1.8×1.8 meters) or even larger enclosure.

Research indicates that all snakes, including pythonids, are children from a venomous father.

## Pythons in unusual places

Burmese pythons have become an invasive species in south Florida. The problem is most serious in the  Everglades National Park.

In 2014 a pet python killed two children in New Brunswick, Canada.
Consultation (Bahá'í practice)

**Consultation** is a special way of discussing problems and making decisions used by Bahá'ís.

The word **consult** generally means to talk about something, consider all the facts, and make a decision.  To Bahá'ís, consultation also means:
- everyone prays before they discuss
- not preferring one idea over another until all the ideas have been discussed
- not repeating the same things over and over
- making a decision at the end that everyone supports
- if everyone cannot agree, then everyone votes, and the idea that gets the most votes is used
- if someone disagrees with the decision, they act as if they agreed with it until new facts are known (no one undermines the decision of the group)
- if new facts are discovered, or the idea is tried and does not work so well, the group can consult again and consider the new things they know

Consultation is used by Bahá'í elected leaders when they gather in councils to make sure no one person gets to decide everything.  Married people consult with their husband or wife to solve difficulties in the marriage.  Parents and children may consult, teachers and students may consult, and Bahá'ís all consult as a community when they get together every nineteen days.
Serbian language

**Serbian **is a South Slavic language spoken by Serbs, primarily in Serbia, Kosovo, Montenegro and some parts of neighboring countries. It is also spoken by many Serbs in diaspora, mainly in Central European countries, North America and Australia. The language is European and south Slavic. This language got a complete makeover in the mid-1800s by Serbian linguist Vuk Karadžić; when it was modernized from the times of Middle Ages, when "Old Serbian" was still spoken. Total number of speakers worldwide today is estimated to be more than 12 million.

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Serbian
- **map**: Map of Serbian language - official or recognized.PNG
- **states**: Serbia and neighboring regions
- **speakers**: 12 million
- **familycolor**: Indo-European
- **fam2**: Balto-Slavic languages, Balto-Slavic
- **fam3**: Slavic languages, Slavic
- **fam4**: South Slavic languages, South Slavic
- **fam5**: Western
- **iso1**: sr
- **iso2**: srp
- **iso3**: srp
- **lingua**: part of 53-AAA-g
- **script**: Cyrillic script, Cyrillic (Serbian Cyrillic alphabet, Serbian alphabet)
Latin script, Latin (Gaj's Latin alphabet, Gaj's alphabet)
Serbian Braille
- **minority**:

- **agency**: Board for Standardization of the Serbian Language
- **notice**: IPA
Namaste

**Namaste or Namaskar** is a neutral greeting used a lot in many East Asian countries. It is used when Hello and Hi are used in English, though it has a very different meaning.

Namaste is kind of like a praise to the person receiving the namaste.

The word's meaning is “I bow to the divine in you.” Namaste is a traditional Indian greeting of respect and thank you, with spiritual and symbolic meaning, This is more traditional to do it to your elders.
Vessel element

A **vessel element** (trachea) is one of the cell types found in xylem, the water conducting tissue of plants.

Vessel elements are found in flowering plants (angiosperms) but not in most gymnosperms such as conifers. Vessel elements are the main feature distinguishing the "hardwood" of angiosperms from the "softwood" of conifers.

## Structure

Xylem vessels are a long straight chain made of tough long dead cells known as vessel elements. The vessel have no cytoplasm. They are not living, but are made by living cells. The cells are arranged end to end and the cell walls have disappeared. This makes a tube.

Vessels are made of a substance called **lignin**. They have a lignified cell wall and a central cavity. Vessel members are interconnected through perforations in their common walls. Lignin is a hard organic polymer. It makes the cell walls rigid and is very long-lasting. It is the lignin in xylem vessels which holds trees up.

## Function

Water flows up the xylem vessels. The evaporation of water from the stomata cells in the leaves pulls up the water in a transpiration stream. This is called capillary action, because it depends on the way water molecules stick to the walls of the xylem (adhesion).

There is also some **root pressure**, because water enters the roots by osmosis. This is important so water gets upwards during the night when transpiration is low.

As the water goes up, it carries some minerals with it, so actually the xylem brings some basic nutrients to the plant. The phloem mostly distributes the more complex organic molecules.
Confluence

**Confluence** means the meeting of two or more waterways.

It usually means the point where a smaller river joins a more major river.

## Example

The German city name Koblenz indicates that the city lies at the point at the confluence of the Rhine and the Moselle.
Werra

The **Werra** is a river in the central part of Germany. The Werra has its source near _Fehrenbach_ in Thuringia. After 293 km, the Werra joins the Fulda River in Hann. Münden, making the Weser. The Werra valley ("Werratal") makes a natural border between the Rhön hills and the Thuringian Forest.
Blackout

In medicine, the word **blackout** is a form of amnesia. The amnesia may be complete or partial. Such an amnesia can be provoked by:
- Stress (biology) for example, before an examination.
- Alcohol: People suffering from such a conditions may also lose consciousness for a certain time.
- Interrupting the supply of oxygen or blood to the brain
- Injuries to the brain
- Various illnesses

After the cause is gone full mental powers are usually restored, although there may be a blank in memory.
Muspelheim

**Muspelheim** (also called **Muspel**) is the realm of fire, in Norse mythology. The fire giants live there. Their king is Surtr.

According to the Ragnarok prophecies, the Sons of Muspel will break the Bifrost bridge, signaling that time is ending:
Jötnar

A **Jotun** or **Jötun** in Norse mythology, is a giant.  Groups of them are called **Jötnar**.  Many are very large and strong; some are not.  Sometimes however, gods and Jötnar would marry. The Frost giant's stronghold is called Utgardr and it is in Jötunheimr, the name for their realm. This is one of the nine Norse realms. Jötunheim is separated from Midgard, or Earth, by high mountains, and large forests. Outside their home world, giants seem to prefer to live in caves.
BBC Sports Personality of the Year

The ***BBC Sports Personality of the Year*** is an award that is given to a sportsperson in December every year. Only British or foreign sportspeople based in the United Kingdom are allowed to win the award. It started in 1954.

## Winners

- 1954: Christopher Chataway (long-distance runner)
- 1955: Gordon Pirie (middle-distance runner)
- 1956: Jim Laker (cricketer)
- 1957: Dai Rees (golfer)
- 1958: Ian Black (swimmer)
- 1959: John Surtees (motorcycle racer) and (Formula One racing driver)
- 1960: David Broome (show jumper)
- 1961: Stirling Moss (Formula One racing driver)
- 1962: Anita Lonsborough (swimmer)
- 1963: Dorothy Hyman (sprinter)
- 1964: Mary Rand (long jumper)
- 1965: Tom Simpson (cyclist)
- 1966: Bobby Moore (footballer)
- 1967: Henry Cooper (boxer)
- 1968: David Hemery (athlete)
- 1969: Ann Jones (tennis player)
- 1970: Henry Cooper (boxer)
- 1971: HRH The Princess Anne (three-day eventer)
- 1972: Mary Peters (pentathlete)
- 1973: Jackie Stewart (Formula One racing driver)
- 1974: Brendan Foster (long-distance runner)
- 1975: David Steele (cricketer)
- 1976: John Curry (figure skater)
- 1977: Virginia Wade (tennis player)
- 1978: Steve Ovett (middle-distance runner)
- 1979: Sebastian Coe (middle-distance runner)
- 1980: Robin Cousins (figure skater)
- 1981: Ian Botham (cricketer)
- 1982: Daley Thompson (decathlete)
- 1983: Steve Cram (middle-distance runner)
- 1984: Jayne Torvill and Christopher Dean (ice dancers)
- 1985: Barry McGuigan (boxer)
- 1986: Nigel Mansell (Formula One racing driver)
- 1987: Fatima Whitbread (javelin thrower)
- 1988: Steve Davis (snooker player)
- 1989: Nick Faldo (golfer)
- 1990: Paul Gascoigne (footballer)
- 1991: Liz McColgan (long-distance runner)
- 1992: Nigel Mansell (Formula One racing driver)
- 1993: Linford Christie (100m sprinter)
- 1994: Damon Hill (Formula One racing driver)
- 1995: Jonathan Edwards (triple jumper)
- 1996: Damon Hill (Formula One racing driver)
- 1997: Greg Rusedski (tennis player)
- 1998: Michael Owen (footballer)
- 1999: Lennox Lewis (boxer)
- 2000: Steve Redgrave (rower)
- 2001: David Beckham (footballer)
- 2002: Paula Radcliffe (long-distance runner)
- 2003: Jonny Wilkinson (rugby union player)
- 2004: Kelly Holmes (middle-distance runner)
- 2005: Andrew Flintoff (cricketer)
- 2006: Zara Phillips (three-day eventer)
- 2007: Joe Calzaghe (boxer)
- 2008: Chris Hoy (cyclist)
- 2009: Ryan Giggs (footballer)
- 2010: Tony McCoy (horse racing jockey)
- 2011: Mark Cavendish (cyclist)
- 2012: Bradley Wiggins (cyclist)
- 2013: Andy Murray (tennis player)
- 2014: Lewis Hamilton (Formula One racing driver)
- 2015: Andy Murray (tennis player)
- 2016: Andy Murray (tennis player)
- 2017: Mo Farah (long-distance runner)
- 2018: Geraint Thomas (cyclist)
- 2019: Ben Stokes (cricketer)
- 2020: Lewis Hamilton (Formula One racing driver)
- 2021: Emma Raducanu (tennis player)
- 2022: Beth Mead (footballer)
- 2023: Mary Earps
- 2024: Moon Mughis
- 2025: Rory McIlroy
Labyrinth

The original **Labyrinth** was an elaborate structure designed and built by the legendary Daedalus for King Minos of Crete at Knossos.

Its function was to hold the Minotaur, which was eventually killed by the hero Theseus. Daedalus had so cleverly made the Labyrinth that he could barely escape it after he built it.

Pliny's Natural History mentions four ancient labyrinths: the Cretan labyrinth, an Egyptian labyrinth, a Lemnian labyrinth, and an Italian labyrinth.
Icarus

**Icarus** was the son of Daedalus. Daedalus was imprisoned in his own invention, the labyrinth. He helped the hero Theseus kill King Minos’s beast, the Minotaur, and run away with King Minos's daughter, Ariadne.

Daedelus came up with a plan. He knew that Minos controlled all escape routes by land or sea, so he decided to go by air. He built wings for himself and Icarus and made them out of wax and feathers. They found their way out of the labyrinth and flew out of the highest tower.

Icarus foolishly ignored his father's advice to fly on the same route as him so that the sun would not melt the wax and the sea would not dampen the feathers. Icarus flew up higher and higher toward the sun, and the wax in the wings melted and he plunged into the sea and drowned. Daedalus looked down towards the sea and saw the feathers floating on the water and figured out what happened. Eventually Daedalus found the body and buried it on the island of Icaria, and the sea which Icarus fell into is now called the Icarian Sea.
Sportscene

***Sportscene*** is a Scottish television program. It is about sports. It is made by BBC Scotland. Dougie Donnelly and Dougie Vipond are the main presenters of the program. Paul Mitchell is the usual commentator for football matches. It started since August 9, 1975.
Trauma

**Trauma** is the name doctors have for a physical injury caused by something outside the body. Depending on what was injured there are different kinds of traumas.

- Trauma (medicine)
    - Blunt trauma, trauma that comes from being hit by a blunt object
    - Blast injury, physical trauma caused by an explosion
    - Psychological trauma, results if someone witnesses something that he or she is unable to cope with on his or her own. Such traumas can occur after cases of sexual abuse, for example.

- Trauma center, a hospital that provides emergency medical services to trauma victims
Madeleine L'Engle

**Madeline L'Engle** (November 29, 1918 – September 6, 2007) was an American writer. Her book _A Wrinkle in Time_ won the Newbery Medal. _A Wrinkle in Time_ was made into a movie in 2003.

L'Engle was born in 1918 in New York City, New York. She died at her home in Connecticut on September 6, 2007.

## Selected books

- _A Wrinkle in Time_
- _A Wind in the Door_
- _A Swiftly Tilting Planet_
- _Many Waters_
- _An Acceptable Time_
Henry Hudson

**Henry Hudson** (1565 – disappeared 23 June 1611) was an English explorer and navigator in the 1600s. He was well known for discovering the Hudson River and the Hudson Bay.

Hudson was trying to find a northwest passage to Cathay (present day China). He tried twice before he found it. Hudson discovered the Hudson Bay and Hudson River in North America. He claimed the Hudson Bay for England along with other pieces of land. He was working for the Dutch when he found the Hudson River. He found it in 1609 when he was looking for a way to get from North America to Asia by water. This was named the Northwest Passage. On September 11, 1609, he found what is now New York City.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Henry Hudson
- **image**: HenryHudson.jpg
- **caption**: One of many speculative portraits
- **birth date**: Unknown date,
- **birth place**: Kingdom of England
- **disappeared place**: James Bay, North America
- **other names**: Hendrick Hudson
- **occupation**: Sea explorer, navigator
- **years active**: 1607–1611 (as explorer)
- **children**: John Hudson (–1611)
Sales quote

A **sales quote** is an estimated amount that a person selling something gives to a customer. It is given to show them how much it would cost to have the work done. Many services do not have fixed prices for work. The cost can change depending on the tools, materials and how much work is needed to be done for each customer. The person calculates an estimated amount, and gives this to the customer, so that they can have an idea how much it will cost.

Sales quote is for example a quote given to the customer by auto insurance broker based on details like income, work position, criminal record and others.

The sales quote is figured from the information given by the potential customer, about the work they would like to have done.
Kiwa hirsuta

***Kiwa hirsuta*** is a crustacean that was first found on the Pacific Ocean floor in 2005 at 7200 feet deep, 900 miles south of Easter Island in March 2005. It is about 6 inches long, or 15 centimeters. It looks a little like a crab, but its long arms are covered with yellow fur that looks like silk, so its discoverers, from the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Insititute, dubbed it the **yeti crab** or **yeti lobster**. But it is so different from other crustaceans that it was given its own scientific family, **Kiwaidae**.

## Other websites

- "Furry Lobster found in Pacific" at BBC, 8 March 2006.
Parallel (geometry)

**Parallel** is a term in geometry and in everyday life that refers to a property of lines or planes. Parallel lines or planes are next to each other, but never touch each other. This means they never intersect at any point. If two lines  and  are parallel, then we describe this by writing . The slopes of parallel lines are always equal.

Even if these two line segments were extended to infinity, there would never be a point of intersection between the two of them. In fact, two parallel lines in the two-dimensional plane are always a fixed distance apart.

## Related pages

- Non-Euclidean geometry
- Parallelogram
- Parallel postulate
- Perpendicular
Mount Fuji

**Mount Fuji** (富士山, Fuji-san) is the tallest mountain in Japan, at
 high. It is also a volcano. It is on the border between Shizuoka Prefecture and Yamanashi Prefecture. Mount Fuji is a famous cultural icon of Japan, as a lot of people have painted it and taken photographs of it. It became the 13th UNESCO World Heritage Site in Japan on June 22, 2013. The last time it erupted was from 1707 to 1708.

## Dormant volcano

Mount Fuji is officially classified as an active volcano, but some describe Fuji as dormant or inactive.

The last major event was the Hōei eruption of Mount Fuji which started on December 16, 1707 (_Hōei 4, 23rd day of the 11th month_) and ended about January 1, 1708 (_Hōei 4, 9th day of the 12th month_) during the Edo period.  Cinders and ash from Fuji fell like rain in Izu Province, Kai Province, Sagami Province, and Musashi Province.

## Shinto

The mountain is thought to be named after Fuchi, the Buddhist fire goddess. The mountain is sacred in the Shinto religion and at the bottom of the mountain are shrines to the goddess Konohananosakuya-hime (コノハナノサクヤヒメ）).

## Climbing

Many people climb Mt. Fuji every year. The official climbing season is in the summer: July 25 to August 25. There are three mountain-climbing routes on the Shizuoka side of Mt. Fuji. There is a post office on the top of Mt. Fuji which is open only in summer. The post office was built in 1909 and is the highest post office in Japan.

## Mountain in art

In 2009, Mount Fuji was recognized as one of the 100 Landscapes of Japan which best show contemporary Japan and its culture in the Heisei period.

## Related pages

- List of World Heritage Sites in Japan
- List of volcanos
- Extinct volcano

## Other websites

- Nippon Archives, Nippon Archives - The history of Mount Fuji
- Japan-guide.com, Mount Fuji
- Kawaguchi Lake Immersive Virtual Tour
- Pictures of routes up Mount Fuji
- Mount Fuji climbing & sightseeing guide
Nu metal

**Nu metal** is a style of metal music that uses elements of hip hop and heavy metal music, as well as the usual heavy metal instruments such as guitars, drums and bass. Nu metal bands often include electronic instruments such as DJ decks and keyboards. Nu metal was very successful in the late 1990s and early 2000s. The most successful bands of this genre include Linkin Park (with more than 100 million records sold around the world), Korn (with 35 million), Deftones, Limp Bizkit (with 35 million) and Slipknot (around 15 million records).

## Bands

- We Are the Fallen
- Evanescence
- Memento
- Crossfade
- Boysetsfire
- Avril Lavigne
- Coal Chamber
- Three Days Grace
- Story of the Year
- Staind
- Deftones
- Dope
- Korn
- Slipknot
- Limp Bizkit
- Linkin Park
- P.O.D.
- Sevendust
- System of a Down
Ketsumeishi

**Ketsumeishi** is Japanese hip hop group. It is a four-man group. They are "Ryo" and "Ryoji" and "Daizo" and "DJKohno". The group started performing in 1993. They have four albums, three DVDs and 20 singles.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Ketsumeishi
ケツメイシ
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Japan
- **genre**: Pop music, Pop, hip hop
- **years active**: 2000present
- **label**: Toy's Factory
- **url**: [http://www.ketsume.com/index.html Ketsume.com]
- **current members**: Ryo Tanaka, Ryo
Ryoji Otsuka, Ryoji
Daizo Yoshida, Daizo
Kenta Kohno, DJ Kohno
Subaru Impreza

The  is a Japanese car. It is made by Subaru. The car was first made in 1992. The design of the car has been changed 4 times; the first version was the 1992 model, with it being redesigned in 2000, 2008, 2015 and 2023.

## Infobox (automobile)

- **name**: Subaru Impreza
- **image**: Subaru Impreza (8066668189).jpg
- **manufacturer**: Subaru Corporation
- **production**: 1992–present
- **assembly**: Japan: Subaru#Manufacturing facilities, Yajima Plant, Ōta, Gunma
Malaysia: Kuala Lumpur (Tan Chong Motor#Segambut, Kuala Lumpur, TCMA)
United States: Lafayette, Indiana, Lafayette, IN (Subaru of Indiana Automotive, Inc., SIA)
- **predecessor**: Subaru Leone
- **class**: Compact car Sport compact Sports sedan
- **layout**: Front-engine, front-wheel drive layout, Front-engine, front-wheel drive (1992–present (JDM))
Front-engine, four-wheel-drive layout, Front-engine, all-wheel drive (1992–present)
Taka and Toshi

**Taka and Toshi** are a comedy pair from Hokkaido, Japan. Their favourite gag is "Obei ka!!"
B'z

**B'z** is a Japanese hard rock band. It is made up of Takahiro Matsumoto (guitar) and Koshi Inaba (singer). B'z started playing on September 21, 1988. The band has sold more than 70 million CDs. They have had 19 albums sell over 1 million copies each.

|Name|Part（LIVE）|Part（Recording）|
| --- | --- | --- |
|**Takahiro Matsumoto**|Guitar|Guitar Composition arrangement Record Producer|
|**Koshi Inaba**|Vocal|Vocal Writing lyrics arrangement|

## Support Member

|Name|Part（LIVE）|Part（Recording）|Enrollment period（LIVE only）|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Takanobu Masuda|keyboard|organ Keyboard|1992 - 1997 1999 -|
|Shane Gaalaas|Drums|Drums Percussion|2002 -|
|Barry Sparks|Bass|Bass|2003 2008 -|
|Yosinobu Ooga|Guitar Chorus||2011-|

## Other websites

- B'z Official Website (Japanese Version)  Japanese version of the official website. Includes message from both members and news about the band (in Japanese).
- B'z Official Website  English Version of Official Website
- B'z Net Party  Unofficial B'z Fan Forum
- B'z Fanatics First American B'z Website (now defunct)
- B'z Online Music Site  The Most Complete Website about B'z. Including lyrics & translation, full discography listing, pictures and such!
- B'z no bise  Translations in French and news

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: B'z
- **img capt**: Koshi Inaba (left) and Tak Matsumoto (right), just after B'z initiation into the Guitar Center#Hollywood's Rock Walk, Hollywood's Rock Walk.
- **landscape**: yes
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Japan
- **genre**: Hard rock, blues rock, pop rock
- **years active**: 1988–present
- **label**: Bertelsmann Music Group, Bertelsmann-BMG Japan (1988-1995)
Being Inc.-Vermillion Records, Vermillion (1995-present)
- **associated acts**: Tak Matsumoto Group
- **url**: [http://bz-vermillion.com/ Official website]
- **current members**: Tak Matsumoto
Koshi Inaba
K-1

**K-1** is a kickboxing competition. It is a mix of Kickboxing, Kung fu, Karate and Boxing. It started in 1993. K-1 has fighters from many countries.
Implicit derivative

**Implicit derivatives** are derivatives of implicit functions. This means that they are not in the form of  (explicit function), and are instead in the form  (implicit function). It might not be possible to rearrange the function into the form . To use implicit differentiation, we use the chain rule,

If we let , then,

## Example

Which we can work out to be equivalent to, using the above,

Then we can isolate

Then divide to get,
Howard Carter

**Howard Carter** (9 May 1874 – 2 March 1939) was an English archaeologist. His mother was Martha Carter and his father was Samuel Carter. As a young man he worked for the Egyptian Antiquities Service. Later, he was the man who found King Tutankhamun's tomb in 1922.

The discovery of Tutankhamun's tomb was an accident. Howard Carter's waterboy stumbled across some steps leading under the desert surface. Lord Carnarvon, a sponsor of Carter's work, was impatient of the slow progress at this point. If the discovery had not been made then, it likely would not have happened at all.
2004 Redfern riots

The **Redfern Riots** on 14 February 2004 happened in the inner Sydney suburb of Redfern after the death of **Thomas 'TJ' Hickey**, a 17-year-old Australian Aboriginal.

The boy was riding home from his girlfriend's house on his bicycle when he saw a police car and thought it was chasing him. Police later said the police car was looking for a different person. While the police chased him, Hickey lost control of his bicycle and rode into a spiked fence.

Friends and relatives came together at The Block to mourn. Fliers were given out, which said it was the police's fault that the boy died. Unhappy aboriginal youths arrived from other parts of Sydney at the Redfern railway station. The police closed the entrance to the station, but the crowd had turned violent and began to throw bottles, bricks and Molotov cocktails.

The violence became a full riot around The Block, during which Redfern railway station was burning for a short time and was heavily damaged. The riot went on into the early morning, until police used Fire Brigade water hoses to get the crowd apart. One car, stolen in a western suburb, was burnt, and 40 police officers were hurt.

## Related pages

- 2005 Macquarie Fields riots
- 2005 Cronulla riots

## Other websites

- Redfern riots special  (Sydney Morning Herald) - several stories about the riots and its endings.