juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Controversies about Chinese Wikipedia

The Chinese Wikipedia is the Chinese version of Wikipedia created on May 11, 2001. Members of the Chinese diaspora edit on the site, including those from the People's Republic of China (PRC), where Wikipedia has been banned since 2015. The diversity of Chinese Wikipedia's userbase does not exist without controversies, some of which received media attention and even Wikimedia Foundation's intervention.

### 2010 administrative abuse

In April 2010, Hong Kong newspaper _Ming Pao_ reported the large-scale censorship related to the 1989 Tiananmen Square massacre, and Hong Kong-related content, on the site, involving an administrator named "Shizhao". The report also mentioned the failed recall of the administrator due to vote stacking by pro-communist users.

### State-sponsored administrators

Despite being banned in the PRC, and as VPNs are normally not allowed to edit Wikipedia, PRC-associated Wikipedia administrators have permitted IP block exemption for some PRC-based users, who are recruited to change the content on Wikipedia in support of the Chinese Communist narrative and/or the election of pro-communist administrators to control the site.

The resultant pro-communist Wikipedia community, known as the Wikimedians of Mainland China (WMC), was never recognized by the Wikimedia Foundation, as they had refused to sign legal documents to guarantee the privacy of other users.

### Intimidation of Taiwanese and Hong Kong users

Pro-communist Chinese users made death threats towards Taiwanese users. One Taiwanese editor said that the origin of those threats was not limited to pro-communist Chinese users, but a "larger structural coordinated strategy the [PRC] government has to manipulate these platforms" beside Wikipedia, including Twitter and Facebook.

Pro-communist Chinese users threatened to report Hong Kong users to Hong Kong Police's national security bureau over the disputed article "2019–2020 Hong Kong protests". A Hong Kong-based user, who remained anonymous for safety, noted:

The anonymous editor also stated:

### Bans on state-sponsored administrators

At 16:13 GMT, September 13, 2021, the Wikimedia Foundation globally banned seven Wikipedia users and removed administrator rights from twelve PRC-associated users. Maggie Dennis, the foundation's vice present of community resilience and sustainability, said that there had been a year-long investigation into "infiltration concerns" that threatened the "very foundations of Wikipedia". Dennis observed that the infiltrators had tried to promote "the aims of China, as interpreted through whatever filters they may bring to bear".

The investigation had also found that an unrecognized group of PRC-associated users, with about three hundred members, had been involved in vote stacking to manipulate administrative elections. Suggesting possible ties to the Chinese Communist regime, Dennis said:

#### Response from Taiwanese users

After the Wikimedia Foundation took action against the WMC editors, Taiwanese users said that this was long overdue:

## Related pages

- Turkish Wikipedia
- Croatian Wikipedia
High Liner Foods

**High Liner Foods** is a Canadian processor and marketer of frozen seafood. Its retail branded products are sold throughout the United States, Canada, and Mexico under the High Liner, Fisher Boy, Mirabel, Sea Cuisine and C. Wirthy labels, and are available in most grocery and club stores. It was founded in 1899.
Expression (mathematics)

In mathematics, an **expression** is a mathematical object that is not an equation or other type of formula (such as an inequality).

## Equation versus expression

The term "equation" is often incorrectly used to talk about expressions, especially more complex ones, but an equation must have an equals sign. For example, a quadratic function is given by an equation such as
People will sometimes call  the "equation" of . In formal mathematics, this is incorrect: it is only a quadratic expression. Only the full statement, with  included, is the equation of the function.

The difference between expressions and equations or formulae is similar to the difference between parts of speech and sentences in natural language. Expressions and relations combine to make a formula the same way that nouns or noun phrases and verbs make a sentence.
Archery at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Women's team

The **women's team** was an archery event that was part of Archery at the 1996 Summer Olympics.

## Results

The ranking for the women's teams was determined by adding up the scores of the three members.

### Ranking round

|Final rank || Ranking round rank || Nation || Archers || Ranking score || Round of 16 || Quarter- Final || Semi- final || Final||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
||1||Kim Jo-Sun Kim Kyung-Wook Yoon Hye-Young || 1984 || Bye || 249 || 245 || 245|
||11||Barbara Mensing Cornelia Pfohl Sandra Wagner-Sachse || 1893 || 245 || 232 || 239 || 235|
||12||Iwona Dzięcioł Katarzyna Klata Joanna Nowicka || 1889 || 233 || 242 || 237 || 244|
||2||Elif Altınkaynak Elif Ekşi Natalia Nasaridze || 1963 || 240 || 247 || 237 || 239|
||4||Nataliya Bilukha Lina Herasymenko Olena Sadovnycha || 1941 || 246 || 235 || – || –|
||3||He Ying Wang Xiaozhu Yang Jianping || 1953 || 222 || 231 || – || –|
||9||Christa Bäckman Kristina Persson-Nordlander Jenny Sjöwall || 1896 || 239 || 226 || – || –|
||7||Irina Leonova Anna Mozhar Yana Touniiantse || 1909 || 235 || 226 || – || –|
||6||Giovanna Aldegani Giuseppina Di Blasi Paola Fantato || 1919 || 236 || – || – || –|
|10|5||Rita Galinovskaya Makhlukhanem Murzayeva Elena Tutatchikova || 1935 || 229 || – || – || –|
|11|15||Jill Borresen Leanda Hendricks Kirstin Lewis || 1806 || 228 || – || – || –|
|12|8||Lin Ya-Hua Lin Yi-Yin Yang Chun-Chi || 1906 || 227 || – || – || –|
|13|10||Judi Adams Janet Dykman Lindsay Langston || 1895 || 226 || – || – || –|
|14|14||Kinue Kodama Misato Koide Ai Ouchi || 1827 || 217 || – || – || –|
|15|13||Danahuri Dahliana Hamdiah Damanhuri Nurfitriyana Saiman || 1854 || 208 || – || – || –|

## Sources

- Official Report

## Infobox (olympic event)

- **event**: Women's team
- **games**: 1996 Summer
- **image**: Back of Stone Mountain Park 2009.jpg
- **image size**: 280
- **caption**: Site of the former Archery Center at Stone Mountain, where the event took place
- **venue**: Stone Mountain, Stone Mountain Park Archery Center
- **dates**: 28 July – 2 August
- **competitors**: 45
- **nations**: 15
- **gold**: Kim Jo-Sun
Kim Kyung-Wook
Yoon Hye-Young
- **goldnoc**: KOR
- **silver**: Barbara Mensing
Cornelia Pfohl
Sandra Wagner-Sachse
- **silvernoc**: GER
- **bronze**: Iwona Marcinkiewicz, Iwona Dzięcioł
Katarzyna Klata
Joanna Nowicka
- **bronzenoc**: POL
- **prev**: Archery at the 1992 Summer Olympics – Women's team, 1992
- **next**: Archery at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Women's team, 2000
Zero function

The **zero function** is the function that always gives an output of zero. While one of the simplest possible functions, it is an important pathological object: it is the only function which is both an even function and an odd function, the only linear function with more than one root, and the only finite polynomial without finite degree. The zero function is also a common trivial solution to many problems, especially in differential equations.
Jeffrey Kopstein

**Jeffrey  Stephen Kopstein** (born 1962) is an American social scientist specializing in interethnic violence and minority voting patterns, focusing on Jewish history in Europe and Russia.

## Career

Kopstein got his PhD at University of California, Berkeley in 1991, holding held various positions at University of Colorado Boulder until 2002. Kopstein then became a full professor at University of Toronto until 2015. Since then, he has served as the Chair of Political Science at University of California, Irvine.

## Research

Kopstein's recent research has focused on why Jews were massacred by the local populations in Eastern Europe in 1941, while locals in other localities did not kill Jews en masse despite Nazi encouragement. According to Kopstein, polarization within the community was necessary for a massacre to happen.

### The Holocaust in Poland

According to Kopstein, research conducted inside and outside of Poland has found that some Poles participated in the Holocaust, including the Szczuczyn pogrom in 1941. Kopstein has called the 2018 Polish amendment to the Act on the Institute of National Remembrance an attempt to censor historical facts, as those who publish findings in this regard would risk a fine or imprisonment.

## Books

||Publications|
| --- | --- |
|* _The Assault on the State: How the Global Attack on Modern Government Endangers Our Future._(with Stephen E. Hanson)  Polity, 2024 ISBN 978-1-509-56316-6 * _Intimate Violence: Anti-Jewish Pogroms on the Eve of the Holocaust,_ (with Jason Wittenberg), (Ithaca NY: Cornell University Press, 2018). * _Growing Apart? America and Europe in the 21st Century,_ co-edited(with Sven Steinmo), (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008). * _Comparative Politics: Interests, Identities, and Institutions in a Changing Global Order,_ co-edited (with Mark Lichbach), (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press), 1st ed. 2000, 2nd ed. 2005, 3rd ed.2009, 4th ed. 2013. * _The Politics of Economic Decline in East Germany 1945-1989,_ (Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press, 1997).||
Binomial coefficient

The **binomial coefficient** is a function of two integers  and . It represents the number of possible ways to choose  things from  possible options, without repeating any options or caring about the order in which they are chosen. The binomial coefficient counts the number of combinations of size  exist on  objects. It is called the binomial coefficient because it occurs in binomial expansion.
Trumbauersville, Pennsylvania

**Trumbauersville** is a borough in Bucks County, Pennsylvania, United States. As of the 2020 census, 904 people live in Trumbauersville.
Malijai

**Malijai** is a commune of 2,019 people (2022). It is in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeast France.
Mallefougasse-Augès

**Mallefougasse-Augès** is a commune of 325 people (2022). It is in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeast France.
Mallemoisson

**Mallemoisson** is a commune of 968 people (2022). It is in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeast France.
Mane, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence

**Mane** is a commune of 1,390 people (2022). It is in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeast France.
Manosque

**Manosque** is a commune of 22,807 people (2022). It is in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeast France.
Marcoux, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence

**Marcoux** is a commune of 460 people (2022). It is in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeast France. It is close to Nice Côte d'Azur Airport.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Marcoux
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: FR-04-Marcoux.JPG
- **caption**: Marcoux as seen from the D900 road
- **image coat of arms**: Blason Marcoux.svg
- **arrondissement**: Digne-les-Bains
- **canton**: Digne-les-Bains-1
- **insee**: 04113
- **postal code**: 04420
- **mayor**: Christian Boyer
- **term**: 2020–2026
- **intercommunality**: Provence-Alpes
- **elevation m**: 691
- **elevation min m**: 604
- **elevation max m**: 1311
- **area km2**: 32.17
Méailles

**Méailles** is a commune of 118 people (2022). It is in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeast France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Méailles
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Village de Méailles.JPG
- **caption**: A view of the village of Méailles
- **image coat of arms**: Blason Meailles.svg
- **arrondissement**: Castellane
- **canton**: Castellane
- **insee**: 04115
- **postal code**: 04240
- **mayor**: Viviane Pons-Bertaina
- **term**: 2020–2026
- **intercommunality**: Alpes Provence Verdon - Sources de Lumière
- **elevation m**: 1050
- **elevation min m**: 867
- **elevation max m**: 2183
- **area km2**: 32.74
Les Mées, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence

**Les Mées** is a commune of 3,992 people (2022). It is in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeast France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Les Mées
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image coat of arms**: Blason Les Mees.svg
- **image**: Village des Mées (04).JPG
- **caption**: The village of Les Mées, seen from the village of Peyruis
- **arrondissement**: Digne-les-Bains
- **canton**: Oraison
- **insee**: 04116
- **postal code**: 04190
- **mayor**: Frédéric Puech
- **term**: 2023–2026
- **intercommunality**: Provence-Alpes
- **elevation m**: 410
- **elevation min m**: 348
- **elevation max m**: 824
- **area km2**: 65.4
Les Mées

**Les Mées** is the name of two communes in France:
- Les Mées, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence
- Les Mées, Sarthe
Gauteng men's cricket team

The **Gauteng** (formerly **Transvaal**) men's cricket team, based in Johannesburg, has been active since 1890. The team has first-class status, and competes in South Africa's national championship, currently known as the CSA 4-Day Series. Their home ground until March 1946 was the Old Wanderers Stadium. When that closed to be rebuilt as a railway station, Transvaal relocated to Ellis Park, the city's rugby union venue. They played there from December 1946 until February 1956. Since December 1956, the team's usual home ground has been the (New) Wanderers Stadium.

## Area

From its foundation in 1890, the team represented the whole of Transvaal, north of the Vaal River. In December 1937, the Northerns team was created to represent Northern and North Eastern Transvaal (now Limpopo), the area north of Johannesburg. Transvaal's catchment was further reduced in 1991 with the creation of the Easterns and North West teams to represent Eastern Transvaal (now Mpumalanga) and Western Transvaal (now North West Province) respectively. This meant that the Transvaal team had become representative of what is now Gauteng, the southern part of Transvaal, and it became the Gauteng team in November 1997.

## Championships

In the "provincial era" of the South African championship, from 1889–90 to 2003–04, Transvaal won the title a record 25 times (once as Gauteng), including seven between 1978–79 and 1987–88 inclusive. When the "franchise era" began, Gauteng merged with North West to form the Lions team, which won the championship three times. After the franchises were terminated by Cricket South Africa (CSA) in 2021, Gauteng retained the Lions brand (North West became the Dragons).

As the Lions, Gauteng topped the Division One table in both 2023–24 and 2024–25. They won the title in 2024, defeating Western Province by 99 runs. The 2025 final against Northerns ended in a draw, so that title was shared.
Batrachomorpha

Batrachomorpha is a clade of tetrapods which contains amphibians and the extinct Caerorhachis.
Antisemitism in Spain

Jews have been living in what is today Spain since the Roman times, known in Hebrew as the _Sepharad_. Antisemitism has existed in Spain for as long as Jews have been there.

## Middle Ages

The 7th century saw the Catholic Visigothic Kingdom ordering Jews to convert or leave, followed by the 12th-century Almohad Caliphate forcing Jews to convert or be killed, which drove the notable Jewish philosopher Maimonides into exile. Under Henry III of Castile and León (1390–1406), Jews had to pick baptism or death in reconquered Iberia.

## Modern period

From 1478 to 1834, the Catholic Spanish Empire unleashed a systematic campaign of persecution of Jews, historically known as the Spanish Inquisition, due to its belief that Jews who converted to Catholicism (_conversos_) were mostly faking as Christians, including those forcibly converted following the Alhambra Decree, or the Edict of Expulsion.

As many as 300,000 Jews under Catholic Spanish rule were killed over the false charge of "crypto-Judaism", a charge slapped on Jews who were forcibly converted. Some historians saw the Spanish Inquisition as racially motivated, serving as a turning point in the transition of anti-Judaism into antisemitism.

Between 1939 and 1975, antisemitic conspiracy theories formed the main theme of Francoist propaganda, especially the charge of "Judeo-Bolshevism" once promoted by Nazi Germany to justify the Holocaust. Isabel M. Peralta, a far-right Spanish figure, said in a 2021 rally that "Zionist and certain strata of that race [Jews] are the people that control the world," referring to the more common false claim.

## 21st century

For the past decade, movements within Spain have emerged to rewrite the history of the Spanish Inquisition. Members of the movements released a series of books, films, TV programs and mobile exhibitions to beautify the Inquisition-associated Spanish history.

In 2024, Spanish Jews make up 0.093% of Spain's population of 48,370,000. In April, the Observatory for Religious Freedom and Conscience found that at least 36 attacks had happened to Spanish Jews between 7 October 2023 and 19 April 2024, about six attacks per month. In July, the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights found that 78% of Spanish Jews saw antisemitism as a big problem in Spain.

## Related pages

- Lisbon massacre
- Spanish Inquisition
Cyberchase (disambiguation)

***Cyberchase*** is an American-Canadian animated educational children's television series.

**Cyberchase** may also refer to:
- _Cyberchase: Carnival Chaos_, a 2003 computer game based on the TV series
- _Cyberchase: Castleblanca Quest_, a 2003 computer game based on the TV series
- _Scooby-Doo and the Cyber Chase_, a 2001 direct-to-video _Scooby-Doo_ film
- _Scooby-Doo and the Cyber Chase_ (video game), a 2001 video game based on the _Scooby-Doo_ film
Jethro Tull discography

The discography for British progressive rock band Jethro Tull consists of 25 studio albums.

### Studio albums

|Year|Album details||
| --- | --- | --- |
|rowspan="2"|1969|_This Was_ * Release date: February 3, 1969 * Label: Reprise Records|
|_Stand Up_ * Release date: September 29, 1969 * Label: Reprise Records|||
|1970|_Benefit_ * Release date: April 20, 1970 * Label: Reprise Records||
|1971|_Aqualung_ * Release date: May 3, 1971 * Label: Reprise Records||
|1972|_Thick as a Brick_ * Release date: May 10, 1972 * Label: Reprise Records||
|1973|_A Passion Play_ * Release date: July 23, 1973 * Label: Reprise Records||
|1974|_War Child_ * Release date: October 14, 1974 * Label: Chrysalis Records||
|1975|_Minstrel in the Gallery_ * Release date: September 8, 1975 * Label: Chrysalis Records||
|1976|_Too Old to Rock 'n' Roll: Too Young to Die!_ * Release date: May 17, 1976 * Label: Chrysalis Records||
|1977|_Songs from the Wood_ * Release date: February 21, 1977 * Label: Chrysalis Records||
|1978|_Heavy Horses_ * Release date: April 10, 1978 * Label: Chrysalis Records||
|1979|_Stormwatch_ * Release date: September 14, 1979 * Label: Chrysalis Records||
|1980|_A_ * Release date: September 1, 1980 * Label: Chrysalis Records||
|1982|_The Broadsword and the Beast_ * Release date: April 19, 1982 * Label: Chrysalis Records||
|1984|_Under Wraps_ * Release date: October 8, 1984 * Label: Chrysalis Records||
|1985|_A Classic Case_ * Release date: December 31, 1985 * Label: RCA Red Seal Records||
|1987|_Crest of a Knave_ * Release date: September 16, 1987 * Label: Chrysalis Records||
|1989|_Rock Island_ * Release date: September 12, 1989 * Label: Chrysalis Records||
|1991|_Catfish Rising_ * Release date: September 10, 1991 * Label: Chrysalis Records||
|1995|_Roots to Branches_ * Release date: September 12, 1995 * Label: Chrysalis Records||
|1999|_J-Tull Dot Com_ * Release date: August 24, 1999 * Label: Fuel 2000||
|2003|_The Jethro Tull Christmas Album_ * Release date: September 30, 2003 * Label: Fuel 2000||
|2022|_The Zealot Gene_ * Release date: January 28, 2022 * Label: Inside Out Music||
|2023|_RökFlöte_ * Release date: April 21, 2023 * Label: Inside Out Music||
|2025|_Curious Ruminant_ * Release date: March 7, 2025 * Label: Inside Out Music||

## Infobox (artist discography)

- **artist**: Jethro Tull (band), Jethro Tull
- **image**: Jethro Tull’s Ian Anderson - 2017210202739 2017-07-29 Burg Herzberg Festival - Sven - 1D X MK II - 0428 - B70I6374.jpg
- **studio**: 25
Rolls-Royce Spectre

The **Rolls-Royce Spectre** is a 4 seater luxury electric coupe made by Rolls-Royce. It was introduced in 2023. And it is Rolls-Royce's 1st EV.
Enūma Eliš

Enūma Eliš (also spelled "Enuma Elish") is a Babylonian creation myth from the late 2nd millennium BCE and the only complete account of ancient near eastern cosmology that remains. The name refers to the incipit "When on High". A lacunose version was first recovered by English archaeologist Austen Henry Layard in 1849 in the ruined Library of Ashurbanipal at Nineveh (near present day Mosul, Iraq). The story is recorded in Akkadian on seven clay tablets, in Sumero-Akkadian cuneiform script. It tells the creation of the world, a battle between gods focused on the offering to Marduk (replaced by Ashur in late Assyrian versions), anthropogeny, and it ends with a long passage praising Marduk.
Incipit

An incipit (/ˈɪnsɪpɪt/ IN-sip-it) (Latin for "it begins") is the first few words of a piece of text, employed as an identifying label in lieu of a title. Examples of this are the Akkadian _Enūma Eliš_ (meaning "When on High") or the Latin _Agnus Dei_ (meaning "Lamb of God"). The practice of referring to texts by their initial words can be found in various parts of the world and remains commonplace today. In a musical composition, an incipit is an initial sequence of notes, having the same purpose. Its counterpart taken from the ending of the text or musical composition is the explicit.
Atelognathus reverberii

The **Laguna Raimunda frog**  (_Atelognathus reverberii_) is a frog.  It lives in Argentina.

## Home

This frog lives in grassy places and tablelands that have lakes in them. People see them under rocks and in the water. This frog spends a lot of time on land. Scientists saw this frog between  920 and 1200 meters above sea level.

Scientists have seen this frog inside a protected park, Somuncurá Provincial Reserve.

## Young

The tadpoles swim in lakes that do not dry up.

## Danger

Scientists from the IUCN say this frog is in a little danger of dying out. Human beings dig pits near the lakes to get water. The frogs go into the pits and die there. Human beings also let animals drink from the lakes and eat water plants, which hurts the frog. Climate change could hurt this frog by dring up the water.

Scientists found the fungus _Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis_ on the frog, so they think the disease chytridiomycosis might kill this frog.
Singularity studies

**Singularity studies** is an academic field where study and research are conducted into the technological singularity, which might be attained by artificial intelligence (AI), robotics, and other technologies and sciences, and it can also involve studying the social implications of such a singularity.

In this academic field, study and research are conducted across a broad array of terrains such as information science, robotics, social informatics, economics, philosophy, and ethics. The primary aim of the singularity studies is to gain an integrative understanding of the transformation of social systems occurring in tandem with the explosive evolution of AI and also the changes to be effected by such transformation in the view of humans, ethics, and legal systems.

## Characteristics of research

Singularity studies extends beyond mere future predictions and offer an intellectual foundation for proactively designing and creating a desirable future. Principal research themes in this realm include:
- Ethics of AI;
- Social implications of technologies;
- Possibility of harmonious coexistence of humans and AI;
- Communication with AI; and
- Redesign of social systems.

## Technologists and academics

- Vernor Vinge: Propounded the concept of singularity in 1993, making a massive impact on the academic and science-fiction spheres.
- Ray Kurzweil: Predicted the advent around 2045 of the technological singularity in his 2005 book The Singularity Is Near.
- Nick Bostrom: Offered philosophical reflections on superintelligence and the risks posed by AI. He is the founding director of the now-dissolved Future of Humanity Institute at the University of Oxford.

### Japan

- Kento Sasano: A social informatician, AI educator, and inventor. He is the president of the Japan Society of Singularity Studies.

## Challenges and outlook

Singularity studies is still evolving as an academic field, and quite a few challenges remain unresolved in regard to the systematization of their theories, research methods, and educational curricula. That said, in this day and age of accelerating technological and societal shifts, interdisciplinary approaches have gained in importance and are drawing much attention in the arenas of scholarly research, intercorporate collaboration, and policy planning.

## Other websites

- Intelligence Explosion FAQ by the Machine Intelligence Research Institute
- The Coming Technological Singularity:How to Survive in the Post-Human Era (on Vernor Vinge's web site, retrieved Jul 2019)
Logan Cup

The **Logan Cup** is the prize for winning the national first-class cricket championship of Zimbabwe.

## Origin

In the 1898–99 season, an English cricket team visited Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) for the first time. Led by Lord Hawke, they played two matches in Bulawayo. Accompanying them by rail from Kimberley was businessman James Douglas Logan, who was a prominent figure in South African cricket.

Logan wanted to commemorate the visit by Hawke's team, and proposed the purchase of a suitable trophy to encourage cricket in Rhodesia. Hawke agreed to buy one at Logan's expense when he returned to England. He found one which cost 100 guineas, and had it delivered to Logan. The trophy is 2 feet 6 inches tall and made of solid silver. It is inscribed with:

> Presented by the Hon. J. D. Logan, MLC, to the Rhodesian Cricket Association in commemoration of the first visit of an English team of Lord Hawke's, March 1899.

The Rhodesian Cricket Association named it the Logan Cup, and initiated (began) a competition between teams representing the colony's provinces: Manicaland, Mashonaland, Matabaleland, and Midlands. It was first contested in 1903, but only as a weekend contest of two-day matches. That remained the tournament's format for the next ninety years, apart from a few three-day matches which were played in the 1920s.
Richard C. Lukas

**Richard Conrad Lukas** (born August 29, 1937) is an American historian interested in military, diplomatic, Polish, and Polish-American history. Some of his books cover the Holocaust in Poland.

## Early life

Lukas was born on August 29, 1937, in Lynn, Massachusetts, to a Polish-American family. of Pelagia Lukaszewski (née Kapuscinski) and her husband, Franciszek Lukaszewski.

## Career

After receiving a BA in 1957, he was a research consultant between 1957 and 1958 at the United States Air Force Historical Archives. He was awarded an MA in 1960 and a PhD from Florida State University in 1963, for a thesis entitled "Air Force Aspects of American Aid to the Soviet Union: The Crucial Years 1941–1942".

Lukas worked at Tennessee Technological University for 26 years from 1963, first as an assistant professor until 1966, then associate professor until 1969, and professor from then until 1989. He moved from Tennessee that year to Wright State University, teaching at its Lake campus until 1992. After this he worked as an adjunct professor of history at the Fort Myers campus of the University of South Florida until retiring in 1995.

### Disputes with Jewish groups

In 1996, Lukas made a legal threat towards the American Jewish group Anti-Defamation League (ADL), when it tried to withdraw the Janusz Korczak Literary Award from one of his books that "borders on antisemitism". Lukas is popular among Polish Catholics, but not highly regarded among Holocaust scholars. The ADL noted:

Eva Fogelman, a Holocaust scholar who wrote the book _Conscience and Courage: Rescuers of Jews During the Holocaust_, said that Lukas was defensive of the Poles who participated in the Holocaust.

### Holocaust revisionism

Lukas is seen by some historians as a "Holocaust revisionist". In his 1986 book _The Forgotten Holocaust_, Lukas claimed that a "separate Holocaust against ethnic Poles" had happened. Lukas alleged that "Jewish historians" were "controlling Holocaust history". David Engel, a Holocaust historian, wrote a 30-page article in the journal _Slavic Review_ to criticize him, pointing out that Lukas invented facts, ignored archival sources, and failed to assess secondary sources. Historian Jan Grabowski also criticized Lukas' views on the Holocaust:

## Related pages

- Jan Żaryn
- David Irving
- Louis Farrakhan
- Polish Memory Law
- Marek Jan Chodakiewicz
Hemtou Iwanthaba

**Meidingu Hemtou Iwanthaba** or mononymously **Iwanthaba** () was a king of the Ningthouja dynasty of Medieval Manipur who ruled from 1162 CE to 1194 CE. He became the king after he banished his elder brother Atom Yoiremba for trying to introduce primogeniture in the kingdom.

During his reign, the Queen of the Khumans was killed, so all the Khumans were angry and attacked the Meitei kingdom but were defeated. In the battle, about thirty people were captured by the Meiteis with some who fled their homes and some who were killed.

## Infobox (royalty)

- **name**: Hemtou Iwanthaba
- **title**: Meitei Ningthou
- **reign**: 1163 CE - 1195 CE
- **reign-type**: Monarchy
- **predecessor**: Atom Yoiremba
- **successor**: Thawanthaba
- **issue**: Thawanthaba
- **spouse**: Linphuron Khuroi Ngambi, Angam Chanu Hemkhu Ngambi
- **house**: Ningthouja dynasty
- **father**: Loitongba
- **mother**: Sangleima
- **occupation**: Monarch of the Ningthouja dynasty
- **religion**: Sanamahism
- **image**: "Hemtou Iwanthapa" (Ancient Meitei name) and "Hemtou Iwanthaba" (Modern Meitei name) of the Meitei king, the ruler of Kangleipak kingdom (Manipur kingdom).png
- **caption**: "Hemtou Iwanthapa" (Ancient Meitei name) and "Hemtou Iwanthaba" (Modern Meitei name)
Loitongba

**Meidingu Loitongba** () was a Meitei king of the Ningthouja dynasty of Medieval Manipur from 1122 CE to 1149 CE. He succeeded his father Loiyumba in 1122 CE.  He was inside his mother's womb when his father ascended the throne in 1073 CE.

He is also a player of Meitei traditional games and is often known as a religious lover of the game Kang Sannaba. Other sources say that he is the one who invented the game, while others say that he was a talented player who popularised the game at his period.

## Infobox (royalty)

- **name**: Loitongba
- **full name**: Meidingu Loitongba
- **title**: Meitei Ningthou
- **reign-type**: Monarchy
- **reign**: 1122 CE - 1149 CE
- **coronation**: 1122 CE
- **predecessor**: Loiyumba
- **successor**: Atom Yoiremba
- **house**: Ningthouja dynasty
- **father**: Loiyumba
- **mother**: Sum-Leima
- **issue**: Atom Yoiremba, Hemtou Iwanthaba
- **occupation**: Monarch of Kangleipak Kingdom
- **religion**: Sanamahism
- **era name**: Medieval Manipur
- **era dates**: 1122 CE – 1149 CE (2220 Meitei calendar, MF – 2247 Meitei calendar, MF)
Pathological (mathematics)

In mathematics, a mathematical object is called **pathological** if it breaks a rule that seems to be intuitively true, but is actually false. Normally, the term is used for objects specifically made to do this by mathematicians, and not simply any counterexample to an assumption.

The existence of a pathological object is a form of constructive proof by contradiction that shows a proposed rule does not apply to every case. The rules that are broken by pathological examples are usually called **naive**. Examples that obey naive rules are called **well-behaved**.

The term "pathological" is not formally defined, because it depends on the specific naive assumptions. Objects are only pathological in the context of a particular theory, and many pathological objects lead to the development of theories where they are well-behaved. Often, the "pathological" case is a generic property of the larger class of objects, with well-behaved objects being scarce: in this sense, being well-behaved is itself pathological.

## Examples

- Many paradoxes of naive set theory involve constructing pathological sets, as in Russell's paradox and Cantor's paradox.
- The Weierstrass function is everywhere continuous but nowhere differentiable.
- The Cantor function is uniformly continuous but not absolutely continuous.
- Gabriel's horn is a solid with finite volume but infinite surface area.
The Queen Is Dead

***The Queen Is Dead*** is the third album by the English rock band the Smiths, released on 16 June 1986 by Rough Trade Records. It came after their successful second album, _Meat Is Murder_, and reached number two on the UK Albums Chart. It also reached number 70 on the Billboard 200 in the United States.

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: The Queen Is Dead
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: The Smiths
- **border**: yes
- **recorded**: July–December 1985
- **genre**: * Indie rock
* post-punk
- **label**: Rough Trade
- **producer**: * Morrissey
* Johnny Marr
- **prev title**: Meat Is Murder
- **prev year**: 1985
- **next title**: The World Won't Listen
- **next year**: 1987
Elmshorn

**Elmshorn** is a town in Pinneberg in Schleswig-Holstein in Germany. It is 30 km north of Hamburg on the small river Krückau, a tributary of the Elbe. About 50,000 people live there, which makes it the sixth-largest town in Schleswig-Holstein by population. Mathematician Hermann Weyl was born here.

## Infobox (german location)

- **type**: Stadt
- **image photo**: Hafenfest.jpg
- **image flag**: Flagge Elmshorn.png
- **image coa**: Elmshorn-Wappen.png
- **image plan**: Elmshorn in PI.svg
- **state**: Schleswig-Holstein
- **district**: Pinneberg
- **elevation**: 0-21
- **area**: 21.36
- **postal code**: 25335, 25336, 25337
- **area code**: 04121
- **licence**: PI
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 01 0 56 015
- **website**: [https://www.elmshorn.de/ www.elmshorn.de]
- **mayor**: Volker Hatje
- **party**: Independent
Krückau

The **Krückau** is a river in Schleswig-Holstein in northern Germany. It flows into the river Elbe near Seestermühe. It is about 40 km long.
Seestermühe

**Seestermühe** is a municipality in Pinneberg, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany.

## Infobox (german location)

- **image flag**: Flagge Seestermühe.png
- **image coa**: DEU Seestermühe COA.svg
- **image plan**: Seestermühe in PI.svg
- **state**: Schleswig-Holstein
- **district**: Pinneberg
- **amt**: Elmshorn-Land
- **elevation**: 1
- **area**: 23.35
- **postal code**: 25371
- **area code**: 04125
- **licence**: PI
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 01 0 56 045
- **website**: [https://www.elmshorn-land.de www.elmshorn-
land.de]
- **mayor**: Thorsten Rockel
Pinneberg

**Pinneberg** is a town in Schleswig-Holstein in northern Germany. It is the capital of Pinneberg, a district (_Kreis_) in Schleswig-Holstein. About 44,000 people live there.

## Infobox (german location)

- **type**: Stadt
- **image photo**: Pinneberg railway station 1.jpg
- **image caption**: Pinneberg railway station
- **image flag**: DEU Pinneberg Flag.svg
- **image coa**: DEU Pinneberg COA.svg
- **image plan**: Pinneberg in PI.svg
- **state**: Schleswig-Holstein
- **district**: Pinneberg
- **elevation**: 9
- **area**: 21.54
- **postal code**: 25401–25421
- **area code**: 04101
- **licence**: PI
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 01 0 56 039
- **website**: [https://www.pinneberg.de/ www.pinneberg.de]
- **mayor**: Urte Steinberg
Oraison

**Oraison** is a commune of 6,042 people (2022). It is in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeast France.
Melve

**Melve** is a commune of 127 people (2022). It is in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeast France.
Méolans-Revel

**Méolans-Revel** is a commune of 323 people (2022). It is in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeast France.
Mézel

**Mézel** is a commune of 617 people (2022). It is in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeast France.
Mirabeau, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence

**Mirabeau** is a commune of 508 people (2022). It is in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeast France.
PC Gamer

***PC Gamer*** is a British-American video game magazine and website founded in the United Kingdom in 1993. PC Gamer talks about Computer Games and published monthly by Future plc. The magazine has multiple editions, with the UK and US editions being the best selling Computer Games magazines in their countries. The magazine features news and developments in the video game industry, previews of new games, and reviews of the newer and popular PC games, along with other features relating to hardware for PC's, mods, and "classic" games and multiple other topics. _PC Gamer_ and parent Future began digital _PC Gaming Show_ at E3 2015.

## References

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## Other websites

- Official website
- Archived PC Gamer magazines on the Internet Archive
- Archived _PC Gamer_ US issues at Video Game History Foundation

## Infobox (magazine)

- **title**: PC Gamer
- **image file**: PC Gamer logo (2015-present).svg
- **image caption**: Logo since July 2015
- **category**: PC game, PC gaming, video games
- **frequency**: Monthly
- **publisher**: Future plc
- **country**: United Kingdom
- **language**: English
- **issn**: 1080-4471
- **oclc**: 680447102
Self-insertion

**Self-insertion** is a literary phenomenon in which a fictional character, that represents the true author of a work of fiction, appears as a version of themselves as a character within that fiction, openly or hiddenly.

In art, it's similar to a self-portrait, where the artist includes himself in a painting of a narrative subject. This has been a common artifice since at least the Renaissance.

## References

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Somuncurá Provincial Reserve

**Somuncurá Provincial Reserve** or **Meseta de Somuncura Provicial Natural Protected Area** (_Area Natural Protegida Provincial Meseta de Somuncurá_) is a protected place in Argentina. Plants and animals live there. People are not allowed to do whatever they want here, for example build a city. However, some people still raise animals and look for oil.

## Ground

This park is on a high place shaped like a table in Río Negro Province and Chubut.  It has volcanoes, a flat volcano plain, and giant steps made out of natural basalt rock.  There are many lagoon lakes with underwater plants in them.  Three streams go through the park: La Ventana, Los Berros, and El Verde. The Velcheta stream flows into the bigger Rio Negro.

## Importance

This place is important because all of the _Pleurodema somuncurense_ amphibians and most of the _Atelognathus reverberii_ frogs that are still alive live here and because it has many places where scientists can find old things from Argentina's indigenous people.

## Animals

This place has endangered frogs in it. The flamingo _Phoenicopterus chilensis_ also lives here. Scientists think other birds, for example the Patagonian tinamou _Tinamotis ingoufi_ might live here too.

## Infobox (protected area)

- **name**: Somuncurá Provincial Reserve
- **alt name**: Area Natural Protegida Provincial Meseta de Somuncurá
Nora Ariffin

**Nora Ariffin** or **Nora J**, real name Wan Norafizah Ariffin  (born 26 July 1973  in Kota Bharu ) is a Malaysian singer.

In 1991 she won the Bintang HMI competition.   She made her debut in 1994 with an album titled _Sandiwara._   Her song "Di Persimpangan Dilema" (composed by Adnan Abu Hassan) became a local hit, and has been recorded and popularized by various artists over the years. The song also gained popularity in neighboring Indonesia, where it was covered by singers Krisdayanti and Terry Shahab.

In 2001, she received an AIM (Anugerah Industri Muzik) award for the album _Kirana_ (in the category of best pop album).

Her husband was the composer Johan Nawawi (d. 2017).

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **instrument**: Singing
Warner Bros. Discovery Sports

Warner Bros. Discovery Sports is the sports division of Warner Bros. Discovery that handles the Turner Broadcasting System, Turner Network Television and truTV networks. Originally known as TBS Sports, it mainly showed Atlanta sports due to its original station-form. In 1995, Time Warner unveiled a new, unified Turner Sports branding.
Li Fan (Tang dynasty)

**Li Fan** (李藩) (754 – November 20, 811_Old Book of Tang_, (vol. 14.), courtesy name **Shuhan** (叔翰), was an official (a government worker). of the Chinese dynasty, serving as a chancellor during the reign of Emperor Xianzong.

## References

- _Old Book of Tang_, vol. 148.
- _New Book of Tang_, vol. 169.
- _Zizhi Tongjian_, vols. 235, 237, 238.
Shining Time Station

***Shining Time Station*** is a live action children's television series was sequenced based on a true stories of British television series _Thomas & Friends_, told by Ringo Starr and George Carlin. The series ran from January 29, 1989 to November 11, 1996 on PBS for four seasons and 76 episodes. It also aired on Fox Family and Nick Jr. through 1998 to 2000, to promote the theatrical release of _Thomas and the Magic Railroad_ on July 26, 2000. It was produced by Quality Family Entertainment in the United States and Catalyst Entertainment (seasons 2-3) in Canada.
Genpei War

The **Genpei War** was a civil war between the Taira and Minamoto clans during the late Heian period of Japan. Its other name is the Gempei War.
Mr. Osomatsu

**Mr. Osomatsu** (おそ松さん, _Osomatsu-san_) is a slice-of-life comedy anime series created by Studio Pierrot in 2015. It was made to celebrate Fujio Akatsuka's 80th birthday and it is more adult-oriented than the original _Osomatsu-Kun_ series.

Its manga adaptation is in the Josei category, and the show currently has 4 seasons.

The first episode of this series, "Osomatsu-Kun returns!" (復活！おそ松くん), caused controversy because it featured too many parodies to different anime; in Japan, fair use laws do not exist. This episode in specific has been replaced in official releases of the series, and the first episode in most official releases is "Let's Get a Job/The Melancholy of Osomatsu-kun." In the original broadcast, it was the second episode of the series. Another episode caused controversy because it featured a "risqué" parody of Anpanman.

The anime was licensed by Viz Media in 2017.
Soni Razdan

**Soni Mahesh Bhatt** (born 25 October 1956), is a British actress and film director who works in Indian Hindi-language films. She is the recipient of several accolades, including one ITA Award, in addition to a Filmfare Award nomination. Part of the Bhatt family of indian cinema, she is married to film director Mahesh Bhatt and is the mother of actress Alia Bhatt.

### Movies

|Year|Film|Role|Notes||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|rowspan="2"|1981|_36 Chowringhee Lane_|Rosemary Stoneham||
|_Ahista Ahista_|Deepa||||
|1983|_Mandi _|Nadira|||
|1984|_Saaransh_|Sujata Suman|Nominated – Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress||
|rowspan="2"|1985|_Trikaal_|Aurora||
|_Khamosh_|Herself||||
|1986|_On Wings of Fire_|Thais|||
|1998|_Such a Long Journey_|Dilnavaz Noble|||
|1990|_Daddy_|Priya|||
|rowspan="2"|1991|_Sadak_|Roopa||
|_Saathi_|Tina||||
|rowspan="3"|1993|_Sir_|Shobha Verma||
|_Gumrah_|Angela||||
|_Gunaah_|Gloria||||
|2001|_Monsoon Wedding_|Saroj Rai|||
|2004|_Dobara_|Mrs. Devika Mehta|||
|rowspan="2"|2005|_Page 3_|Anjali Thapar||
|_Nazar_||Director|||
|2006|_Jaan-E-Mann_|Mrs. Goel|||
|2007|_Dil Dosti Etc_|Apurv's Mother|||
|rowspan="2"|2011|_Patiala House_|Dimple Bua||
|_Love Breakups Zindagi_|Guest at wedding||||
|2013|_Shootout at Wadala_|Manya's mother|||
|2016|_Love Affair_||Director; Unreleased||
|rowspan="2"|2018|_Raazi_|Teji Khan||
|_Yours Truly_|Mithi Kumar||||
|rowspan="3"|2019|_Noblemen_|Shruti Sharma||
|_No Fathers in Kashmir_|Halima||||
|_War_|Nafeesa Rahmani||||
|2021|_Sardar Ka Grandson_|Simi|Netflix film||
|2023|_Pippa_|Maati|||
|2025|style="background:#FFFFCC;"|Abir Gulaal †|TBA|Post-Production|
|TBA|style="background:#FFFFCC;"|_Songs of Paradise_†|TBA||

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Soni Razdan
- **image**: Soni Razdan.jpg
- **birth place**: Birmingham, England
- **years active**: 1981–present
- **children**: 2, including Alia Bhatt
- **family**: Bhatt family
Shouryuv

**Shouryuv** (born **Koduri Yuvaraj Shourya Simha**) is an Indian director and screenwriter known for working in Telugu cinema. He made his directorial debut with the film _Hi Nanna_ (2023), which became commercial success, grossing over ₹74 crore at the box office and earned him a Filmfare Award and a SIIMA Award, along with awards from various International Film Festivals.

## Early life

Shouryuv born  in Visakhapatnam completed his MBBS at Maharajah Institute of Medical Sciences in Vizianagaram. He later moved to Hyderabad to pursue a career in filmmaking.

## Career

Shouryuv worked under the mentorship of V. Vijayendra Prasad and also worked on the films like _Jaguar_ (2016) and _Adithya Varma_ (2019).

In 2023, he directed his first feature _Hi Nanna_ starring Nani, Mrunal Thakur and Shruti Haasan. The film became a commercial success at the box office and earned praise from critics. Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of _The Hindu_ wrote, "Shouryuv’s drama is a breather amid larger-than-life action entertainers." and Neeshitha Nyayapati of _Hindustan Times_ wrote, "Shouryuv’s debut film is an emotional drama that’ll tug at your heart, both with its performances and storyline." Allu Arjun congratulated the team and praised Shouryuv on his directorial debut, describing it as "impressive".

## Filmography

- _Hi Nanna_ (2023; director and screenwriter)

## Awards and nominations

|scope="col"|Award|scope="col"|Category|scope="col"|Work|scope="col"|Result|scope="col"||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|rowspan="2"|Filmfare Awards South|Best Debut Director|rowspan="5"|_Hi Nanna_||rowspan="2"||||
|Best Director – Telugu||||||||||
|South Indian International Movie Awards|Best Debut Director – Telugu|||||||||
|Oniros Film Awards|Best Director|||||||||
|Swedish Internationa; Film Festival|Best Director|||||||||

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Shouryuv
- **birth name**: Koduri Yuvaraj Shourya Simha
- **birth place**: Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India
- **alma mater**: Maharajah Institute of Medical Sciences, Vizianagaram
- **years active**: 2023present
Social Democratic Party of Montenegro

**Social Democratic Party of Montenegro** (;  or simply the **Social Democratic Party**, abbr. **SDP**) is a social democratic political party in Montenegro. The party was created on 12 June 1993, when the Social Democratic Party of Reformists and the Socialist Party of Montenegro were joined together.