juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Shift

**Shift** may mean:

- a movement
- the **shift key** on a keyboard
- gearshift, the metal rod used to change gears in a car (see also transmission [gearbox])
- the actual components of a gearbox
- in computing, the analogue for **literal strings**, for example **barrel shifter** (bit shift)
- in computing, the bit shift is a bitwise operator
- the analogue in mathematics, e.g. a **shift operator**
- arithmetic shift in telecommunication
- derived meanings of change, such as **red shift**, **Great Vowel Shift**, **paradigm shift**
- a **work shift**, typically eight hours between set times; see **shift work**, **graveyard shift**, **swing shift**, **split shift**
- the **Green tax shift**, a fiscal policy often proposed by Green political parties and conservationist interest groups.
- in music, a shift is a change of level and is similar to but more basic and general than a chord change. On a string instrument a shift is a movement of the left hand in order to play notes that are beyond the range of the previous hand position.
- a simple kind of undergarment, also known as a **chemise** (smock)
- Shift (sailing), a shift of points of sail.
- Shift the Ape, a character in the Chronicles of Narnia series.
- Shift (magazine), a former Canadian technology and culture magazine.
- an improvised knife used as a weapon, also called a shank or shiv.
Shift key

The **shift key** is a key on a computer keyboard. It is used to type capital letters (like this: "ABC") instead of lowercase ("abc").

The shift key is also used to type with keys that have more than one symbol on them, such as the number keys and those for punctuation marks. In this case it is used to type the "upper" characters, that is, the symbol that appear above the other. The symbol below does not need the shift key to be pressed. On an English keyboard, these are some of the characters that need the shift key to be pressed down in order to type them:
- the parentheses "(" and ")" are on the same keys as the numbers 9 and 0
- the question mark "?" is on the same key as the slash "/"
- the exclamation point "!" is on the same key as the number 1
- the colon ":" is on the same key as the semicolon ";"

The way the shift key works is that it needs to be held down while the other key is pressed. Because of this, there are usually two shift keys, on the left and right sides of the keyboard, and they are held down using one of the little fingers while the other finger presses the other key.

Instead of using the shift key, one can also use the caps lock or shift lock keys. This lets one type many uppercase letters at once without having to hold down the shift key all the time.
2000 United States Census

The **Twenty-Second United States Census**, known as **Census 2000** was a count of the population of the United States. It was done by the Census Bureau. It found that the population of the United States on April 1, 2000 was 281,421,906. This was an increase of 13.2% over the 248,709,873 people counted during the 1990 Census. This was the twenty-second federal census. It was the largest single administrative effort in the history of the United States that was not done during wartime.

About 16 percent of households received a "long form" of the 2000 census. It had over 100 questions.

## Other websites

- Census 2000 gateway
- Population Profile of the United States: 2000
- Population Profile Introductory slide show, in MS Powerpoint format
- State and County QuickFacts , the most requested information
- American FactFinder, for population, housing, economic, and geographic data
- How the Census Works via Howstuffworks.com

## Infobox (infobox)

- **abovestyle**: background:#0099CC
- **above**: Twenty-second Census
of the United States
- **image**:
- **caption**: **U.S. Census Bureau Seal**
- **headerstyle**: background:#0099CC
- **header1**: General information
- **label2**: Date taken
- **data2**: April 1, 2000
- **label3**: Total U.S. population
- **data3**: 281,421,906
- **label4**: Percent change
- **data4**: 13.2%
- **label5**: Most populous state
- **data5**: California
33,871,648
- **label6**: Least populous state
- **data6**: Wyoming
493,782
- **header7**: Logo
- **data8**:
Police procedural

A **police procedural** is a type of crime story. In a police procedural, the main characters are police officers. The story usually shows how they solve crimes with teamwork, using their specialised knowledge of criminals and the city or other area where they are.

Police procedurals have always been popular on television. Some of the best-known TV shows of this type are _Dragnet_, _Law & Order_, _Hill Street Blues_, _NYPD Blue_, _Criminal Minds_ and _The Shield_.
Girth

**Girth** is the circumference of a cylindrical object, such as a tree trunk.

**Girth** is sometimes used by postal services and delivery companies as basis for pricing. For example, (for at least one delivery company), if one has a box to ship, it has three sides: length (the longest side) and height and width. The girth in this case is 2 * (height + width).
Circumference

In geometry, circumference is the distance around a closed curve; for example, a circle. It is a special kind of perimeter. The length of the circumference of a circle is often written as , with:
where _d_ is the diameter of the circle.

## Related pages

- Radius
- Pi

## Other websites

- Numericana - Circumference of an ellipse
- Circumference of a circle With interactive applet and animation
Girth (tack)

A **girth** is a piece of equipment for riding a horse, used to keep the saddle in place.
Lusatian Neisse

The **Lusatian Neisse** is a river in the Czech Republic (_Lužická Nisa_), Germany (_Lausitzer Neiße_) and Poland (_Nysa Łużycka_). It flows into the Oder and is part of the Oder-Neisse line.

## Infobox (river)

- **name**: Lusatian Neisse
- **image**: Neisse bei skerbersdorf 640x480.jpg
- **image caption**: The Neisse near Skerbersdorf, Krauschwitz municipality
- **map**: Oder-Neisse line between Germany and Poland.jpg
- **map caption**: Oder and Neisse rivers
- **subdivision type1**: Countries
- **source1**: Jizera Mountains
- **source1 location**: Nová Ves nad Nisou, Liberec Region, Czech Republic
- **mouth**: Oder
- **mouth location**: Neißemünde, Brandenburg, Germany
- **progression**: Oder→ Baltic Sea
Anton Rubinstein

**Anton Rubinstein** (born Vikhvatinets 28 November 1829; died Petershof 20 November 1894) was a Russian pianist and composer.  Rubinstein and Franz Liszt were thought to be the greatest pianists of the 19th century.  He was very important as a teacher and influenced many Russian musicians.  He composed lots of music, although hardly any of it is heard nowadays.  As a composer he is best remembered today by a little piece of piano music called “Melody in F”.

### First concert

Rubinstein gave his first piano concert when he was ten.  Between 1840 and 1843 his piano teacher took him on long concert tours of Europe.  He met Chopin and Liszt and was received in London by Queen Victoria.   Between 1844 and 1846 the family lived in Berlin.  His friends there included Mendelssohn and Meyerbeer.

### Lessons

In 1846 his father died and Anton went to Vienna where he gave piano lessons to try to earn some money.  When he returned to Russia in 1848 the tsar’s sister-in-law let him live in her palace.  He played for lots of parties.  Often the tsar came.

### Tours

In 1854 he toured Europe again.  Then he returned to Russia.  He wanted to improve music education in Russia so he started the Russian Musical Society and then he started the St Petersburg Conservatory.  During his long career he spent many years as director of the Conservatory as well as conducting concerts.

## Compositions

He wrote a lot of music, but although his compositions often started off with good ideas they often become rather boring.  His opera _Tom the fool_ was not a success.  He was annoyed and wrote an article in a music magazine saying that it was not possible to write operas using Russian stories.  He criticized several composers who were writing music which used Russian folktunes.  This included the composer Mily Balakirev and his friends who were called The Mighty Handful.  He said that they had not learned how to compose properly.

Rubinstein very much wanted to be famous as a composer as well as a teacher, but this made him very narrow-minded.  However, it was as a pianist and conductor that he was important.  He helped to improve the standard of music making in Russia by teaching and performing, and by starting the conservatory in St Petersburg.
El Puerto de Santa María

**El Puerto de Santa María** (commonly called **El Puerto**) is a city on the banks of the Guadalete River in the province of Cádiz, Spain. As of the 2005 census, the city has 82,306 people. 50,000 of these people live in the urban center. The others live in the area around the urban center.

The city of El Puerto de Santa Maria is  northeast of Cadiz across the Bay of Cadiz. It is  best known for its ferry, El Vaporcito, which has been used for 76 years. It takes passengers to and from Cadiz to El Puerto.

## History

In the Odyssey of Homer, legend says that, after the Trojan War, a Greek official named Menestheus escaped with his troops through the Straits of Gibraltar. They got to the Guadalete River and created a port. They called the port _Menestheus's port_.

In 711, Arab (Moors) from the North of Africa invaded southern Spain. They changed the name to _Alcante_ or _Alcanatif_. The name means Port of Salt. They chose that name because of the old salt industry of Phoenicians and Romans.

In 1260, Alfonso X of Castile took the city from the Moors. He renamed it _Santa María del Puerto_.

Columbus began his second voyage to the New World from El Puerto. His pilot, Juan de la Cosa, created the first map of the world to include the coast of the New World in El Puerto in 1500. In the nineteenth century, the city became the General Headquarters for the French Army during the Spanish War of Independence under the reign of Joseph Bonaparte (1808–1813). The city is has much history, museums and monuments. It is also near the very historical cities of Seville and Cádiz.

## Tourism

El Puerto has a famous bull ring. It dates back to 1880. The bull ring has space for 15,000 to watch. Bull fighting is still enjoyed during the Feria season, which is during the month of August, and during the Feria de la Primavera, which is in early May. This Feria is dedicated to sherry. 180,0000 half bottles of sherry get drunk in 4 days. There are several bodegas in the town centre. All of these can be visited by the public. The most famous bodega is the Osborne and Terry Bodegas. They export sherry and brandy worldwide . In the cellars in El Puerto, sherry is made using the traditional method called “solera”. This method makes the pale dry sherries to the sweet Muscatel sherry, Amontillados and the older Olorosos.

## Local food

El Puerto is a very good place to taste local tapas and seafood, for which it is famous. Food is an important reason why many tourists go to El Puerto de Santa Maria. The Bay of Cadiz is famous for its fresh fish. The fish and plenty of fresh fruit and vegetables lead to very good restaurant menus. There are many different types of places to eat all in walking distance in the town centre.

## Other websites

- Cultural Information of the Monuments and Museums of El Puerto de Santa María
- 360º Panoramic walk of El Puerto de Santa Maria
Bearing (mechanical)

A **bearing** is a device to let fixed directional motion between two parts, typically rotation or linear movement. Bearings may be broadly grouped by the way they work. The most common of the many types are plain bearings and rolling-element bearings.

The two main types of rolling-element bearings are ball bearings and roller bearings. In ball bearings, the rolling elements are spherical balls. In roller bearings, the rolling elements are cylindrical, taper or spherical rollers. Ball bearings are shown in the pictures.

Bearings are used in machines that need to spin or move separately, like the rotor in a wind turbine. Egyptians used a form of roller bearing to build the Pyramids.

## Other websites

- Comprehensive article on bearings
- How Bearings Work - Animations and functioning
- How Bearings Work -  - Animations on www.mechanismen.be
- Early Bearing Failure Detection  - Case study
- Catalogs, CAD files and more Bearings information from Bosch Rexroth
Bush (mechanical)

A **bush** or bushings is a mechanical fixing between two, possibly moving, parts, or a strengthened fixing point where one mechanical assembly is attached to another.

Bushings are indeed indispensable elements that find extensive application across a multitude of industries. Their role in agriculture, construction, mining, and manufacturing equipment is particularly noteworthy.

In a car or other vehicle's suspension, bushes are used to connect the various moving arms and pivot points to the chassis and other parts of the suspension. In machines, bushes provide mechanical strength to the rotor.

## Other websites

- Catalogs, CAD files and more Linear Bushings information from Bosch Rexroth
Suspension (vehicle)

**Suspension** is the term given to the system of springs, shock absorbers and linkages.  The suspension acts as an intermediate between the car and the road and solves several problems:

- Transfer to the frame or body of forces and moments arising from the interaction of wheels with the road surface;
- Link wheels with body or frame;
- Provides the necessary for the normal movement of the position of the wheels relative to the frame or body and the road;
- Ensures acceptable running smoothness, compensates for uneven pavement.

So a car suspension is not just a set of components for connecting wheels and body or frame, but a complex system that makes normal and comfortable movement on car driving.

## Springs

Springs are elastic elements of a car suspension that work in conjunction with shock absorbers. The main functions of the springs are:
- maintaining vehicle clearance under increased loads;
- ensuring reliable tire contact with the road surface;
- supporting and even distribution of vehicle weight;
- exclude transmission of vibrations and other effects on the car body.

## Shock absorbers

Shock absorbers, as a damping element of a modern suspension, convert vibrational energy into heat. The amount of energy absorbed depends on the mass of the car, the stiffness of the spring and the vibration frequency.
The principle of operation of dampers is based on the displacement of fluid by a piston through special holes. In various modes, fluid is displaced through openings of different diameters. Due to this, the oscillations are absorbed both during compression and during rebound. As a result, these car suspension parts provide:
- vehicle traffic safety;
- control of the movement of the spring and suspension;
- efficient car control;
- axial braking force balance;
- prevention of early tire wear;
- monitoring of tire contact with the road surface;
- control of swinging and oscillations about the vertical axis;
- decrease in wearing of knots and units of the car.

## Linkages

Using these elements, the suspension parts are fastened together, and also the suspension is attached to the body or frame of the car. The fasteners can be either a regular bolted connection (like other types of rigid joints), or a connection using special elastic elements - rubber-metal hinges (or silent-blocks).

## Other websites

- Shock Absorbers
- The Suspension Bible
Suzuki method

The **Suzuki method**, (or **Talent Education**, or the **Mother Tongue method**, or the **Suzuki movement**) is a way of teaching. It teaches people to be morally better through a caring environment. It normally uses a musical instrument such as the violin or piano to do this. It can also use other musical instruments like the flute, recorder, piano, guitar, cello, viola, bass, organ, harp and voice. The Suzuki method uses the same environment that people have when they learn their mother-tongue. This means that each student sees and hears music and good moral character all of the time. Other people tell them that they will do well. The students learn one thing at a time. They learn new things when they are ready. The term "Suzuki method" is also used to mean only the Suzuki sheet music books and songs.

It was created in Japan in the mid-20th century by Dr. Shin'ichi Suzuki. He was a violinist who wanted to bring some beauty to the lives of children in his country after World War II. Dr. Suzuki saw that all children learn their own language very quickly. Even dialects which adults thought were hard to learn are spoken with ease by 5 or 6-year-old children. He thought that if a person can speak their mother tongue, then they can learn to play a musical instrument. He came up with the idea that any pre-school age child could begin to play the violin.

Just as a child learns to speak before reading, Suzuki students learn by ear and generally only learn to read sheet music at a much later age.

Suzuki students will always play with a "beautiful tone and a beautiful heart".

## Other websites

- International Suzuki Association
- Suzuki Association of the Americas
Pará

**Pará** is one of the states of Brazil. It is in the northern part of the country.

The capital city is Belém. Other cities include:
- Santarém
- Óbidos
- Anapu

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: State of Pará
- **native name lang**: pt
- **settlement type**: States of Brazil, State
- **image flag**: Bandeira do Pará.svg
- **image shield**: Brasão do Pará.svg
- **image map**: Brazil State Para.svg
- **map caption**: Location of State of Pará in Brazil
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **seat type**: Capital (political), Capital and Largest City
- **seat**: Belém
- **leader title**: Governor (Brazil), Governor
- **leader name**: Simão Jatene
- **leader title1**: Vice Governor
- **leader name1**: Helenilson Pontes
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area total km2**: 1247689.5
- **area rank**: List of Brazilian states by area, 2nd
- **population total**: 7,792,561
- **population as of**: 2012
- **population rank**: List of Brazilian states by population, 9th
- **population density km2**: auto
- **population density rank**: List of Brazilian states by population density, 21st
- **population demonym**: Paraense
- **demographics type1**: Gross domestic product, GDP
- **demographics1 title1**: Year
- **demographics1 info1**: 2006 estimate
- **demographics1 title2**: Total
- **demographics1 info2**: R$ 44,376,000,000 (List of Brazilian states by gross domestic product, 13th)
- **demographics1 title3**: Per capita
- **demographics1 info3**: R$ 6,241 (List of Brazilian states by gross domestic product, 22nd)
- **demographics type2**: Human Development Index, HDI
- **demographics2 title1**: Year
- **demographics2 info1**: 2005
- **demographics2 title2**: Category
- **demographics2 info2**: 0.755 – <span style="color:#fc0">medium</span> (List of Brazilian states by Human Development Index, 16th)
- **timezone1**: Time in Brazil, BRT
- **utc offset1**: -3
- **postal code type**: Postal Code
- **postal code**: 66000-000 to 68890-000
- **iso code**: ISO 3166-2:BR, BR-PA
- **website**: [http://www.pa.gov.br/ pa.gov.br]
Constituent (linguistics)

In syntactic analysis, a **constituent** is a word or a group of words that functions as one unit within a hierarchical structure.

Phrases (noun phrases, verbal phrases, etc.) are usually constituents of a clause, but clauses may also be combined into a bigger structure.  For example, in the phrase "I didn't hear what you said," the subordinate clause "what you said" is combined into the main clause and is syntactically its object; this can be demonstrated by substituting the pronoun "it" for the subordinate clause "I didn't hear it."
Spindle

**Spindle** could mean:
- Spindle (textiles), a device to spin fibres into thread.  It is the root from which other usages derive
    - A spindle is a measure of spun cotton equal to 18 hanks
- Spindle, a poisonous shrub or small tree of the genus _Euonymus_
- Spindle (stationery), a device for holding paper documents
- A spindle, also called cakebox, is the plastic container in which bulk blank CDs and DVDs are often sold
- A spindle is the axis on which the platters of a computer hard disk spin. Database performance can be improved by spindling, the action of mounting data files and index files on different hard disks so that contention for read or write resources is diminished
- A spindle is a woodworking machine rotating on a vertical axis in which shaped cutters are mounted for cutting mouldings, rebates and similar features in wood. It does (usually on a bigger scale) many of the non-routing jobs done by a modern portable (spindle) router. See also router.
- A spindle is part of an automobile suspension system.  It carries the hub for the wheel.  It attaches to the upper and lower control arms
- A spindle is part of a bicycle pedal. It carries the pedal body and threads into the crank arm.
- Mitotic spindle, a cellular structure organizing and separating the chromosomes during mitosis
- A muscle spindle is a specialized innervated muscle structure involved in the reflex action and in proprioception
Spindle (textiles)

A **spindle** (sometimes called a **drop spindle**) is a wooden spike (or shaft) that has at one end a weight, mostly a circular whorl.

Sometimes it has a hook at either end of the spike. It is used for spinning wool and other fibres into thread. Spindles or parts of them have been found in very, very old archaeological sites; they may represent one of the earliest pieces of technology available to humankind.

## Other websites

- Directions for making a handspindle using CDs
- How to spin with a handspindle
Whorl

**Whorl** is a type of spiral pattern.

Other meanings of **whorl** include:
- Whorl (mollusc), a single, complete 360° turn in the spiral growth of a mollusc shell
    - Body whorl, in a mollusc shell the most recently formed whorl of a spiral shell, terminating in the aperture
- A whorl of sepals or petals or leaves on plants, in which all the parts are attached at the same point and surround or wrap around the stem.
- In biology a whorl might occur at the ends of different structures or occur in the middle of structures. It's often used to describe the structures of organs and used in the aid of identification. It's a cluster of cells or tissue that surround another, that starts at the same plain of axis or starts at one point and wraps around that point in an expanding circular pattern.
- A type of fingerprint pattern
- A **whorl (spindle)** is a weight attached to a spindle
Flywheel

A **flywheel** is a heavy disk or wheel that is attached to a rotating shaft. Flywheels are used for storage of kinetic energy. The momentum of the flywheel causes it to not change its rotational speed easily. Because of this, flywheels help to keep the shaft rotating at the same speed. This helps when the torque applied to the shaft changes often. Uneven torque can change the speed of rotation. Because the flywheel resists changes in speed, it decreases the effects of uneven torque. Engines which use pistons to provide power usually have uneven torque and use flywheels to fix this problem.

It takes energy to get a wheel (any wheel) to rotate. If there is little friction (good bearings) then it will keep rotating a long time. When energy is needed, it can be taken from the wheel again. So it is a simple mechanical means of storing energy. The amount of energy stored is a function of the weight and the speed of rotation - making a heavier wheel rotate faster takes more energy. Another factor is the radius (size) because the farther from the axis a part of the wheel is, the more energy it takes to make it rotate. These three factors can be represented by M (mass),  (angular velocity), and R (radius). Combining the two equations below gives <sup>2</sup>MR<sup>2</sup>/4. A fly-wheel is not just any wheel, but specifically designed to store energy. So it should be heavy and/or rotate fast. For example, some buses have a fly-wheel that is used for stopping and starting. When the bus stops (e.g. for a traffic light), the fly-wheel is connected to the wheels, so the rotational energy is transferred to it, so the bus will slow down while the fly-wheel speeds up. Then, when the bus has to start driving again, it is connected again and the energy is transferred back. Of course, you wouldn't want to lug a heavy wheel around on a bus, so it is made of a lighter material that can withstand extremely fast rotation.

## Mathematics of flywheels

The kinetic energy of a rotating flywheel is

Where the moment of inertia of center mass is equal to

where  is the moment of inertia of the mass about the center of rotation and  (omega) is the angular velocity in radian units.

## History

The flywheel has been used since ancient times, the most common traditional example being the potter's wheel. In the Industrial Revolution, James Watt contributed to the development of the flywheel in the steam engine, and his contemporary James Pickard used a flywheel.

## Other meanings

In the world of venture capital, the term "flywheel" is used to represent the recurrent, margin-generating heart of a business.
Potter's wheel

A **potter's wheel**, also known as the **potter's lathe**, is a machine used in the shaping of round ceramic wares.

However, the name potter's lathe is also used for the machine used for another shaping process, turning, which is similar to that used for the shaping of metal and wood articles. The wheel may also be used during the process of trimming excess body from dried wares and for applying incised decoration or rings of colour.

## History

Many early ceramics were hand-built using a simple coiling technique in which clay body was rolled into long threads that were then pinched and beaten together to form the body of a vessel. In the coiling method of construction, all of the energy required to form the main part of a piece is supplied directly by the hands of the potter. This changed with the introduction of the fast-wheel, early forms of which used energy stored in the rotating mass of the heavy stone wheel itself.

## The potter's wheel in myth and legend

In Ancient Egyptian mythology, the god Chnum was said to have formed the first humans on a potter's wheel.

## The potter's wheel in literature

The way in which clay is shaped on a potter's wheel seems, even today, to have a magical quality to it; the clay body has the appearance of being a living thing that is being created or shaped by the potter. The potter and clay have long served as a metaphor for creation, and for the relationship of God to humankind:

- But now, O LORD, thou art our father; we are the clay, and thou our potter; and we all are the work of thy hand.
    - –Isaiah 64:8

The "Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam" make sustained use of this metaphor. In FitzGerald's translation, a number of quatrains are collected into a _Book of Pots_, in which the pots engage in theological speculation:

And, strange to tell, among that Earthen Lot

Some could articulate, while others not:

And suddenly one more impatient cried–

“Who is the Potter, pray, and who the Pot?”

Another said–“Why, ne'er a peevish Boy,

“Would break the Bowl from which he drank in Joy;

“Shall He that made the vessel in pure Love

“And Fancy, in an after Rage destroy?”

None answer'd this; but after Silence spake

A Vessel of a more ungainly Make:

“They sneer at me for leaning all awry;

“What! did the Hand then of the Potter shake?”

## Related pages

- Pottery

## Other websites

- The Origins of the Potter's Wheel  multi-page article on Ceramics Today site
- Video of a potter on a potter's wheel shaping clay to form a bottle
Nikolai Rubinstein

**Nikolai Grigoryevich Rubinstein** (born Moscow, 2 June 1835; died Paris, 23 March 1881) was a Russian pianist and composer. He was the younger brother of Anton Rubinstein and a close friend of Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky.

The Rubinstein family were middle-class Jewish people. Like his brother Anton, Nikolai soon showed great talent as a pianist. The family spent some time in Europe including three years in Berlin where they made friends with Mendelssohn and Meyerbeer.

Anton founded (started) the famous Conservatoire in St Petersburg where students could study music. Nikolai co-founded the Conservatoire in Moscow with Prince Nikolai Petrovitch Troubetzkoy. Both brothers were directors of the Conservatoires they had founded.

During his lifetime Nikolai Rubinstein was thought of as one of the greatest pianists of his time. As pianists the two brothers were very different. Anton was very fiery like Franz Liszt. Nikolai was quieter and more thoughtful, preferring lyrical Romantic music.

Anton liked to compose in the same way as composers from Western Europe. He was critical of Russian composers like Mily Balakirev and others from the group called The Mighty Handful who tried to make their music very Russian. Nikolai was much more broad-minded. He supported Balakirev and his group. He was a great friend of Tchaikovsky and encouraged him much more than his brother Anton had done. Nevertheless, he still criticised Tchaikovsky’s First Piano Concerto. He said he would not play it until Tchaikovsky had changed it. Tchaikovsky refused to change it. Years later Nikolai decided he liked it after all.

Although Nikolai wanted to be a successful composer he was aware that he was not a great one. When asked why he did not compose more he once replied that his brother “composed enough music for three”.

Nikolai died in Paris while on his way to Nice where he had wanted to improve his health. He always liked his food and on his deathbed he ate twelve oysters. Tchaikovsky wrote his _Piano Trio in A minor_ in Rubinstein's memory.

Among his most popular works are his _Tarantella_ in G minor and the _Fantasia on a Theme by Schumann_, both for piano solo.
Imbolc

**Imbolc** is a festival belonging to Brigid, the Celtic goddess who, in later times, became famous as a Christian saint. Her festival on February 1 or 2 was known as "Imbolc" or "Oimelc". "Imbolc" or "Imbolg" means 'in the belly' - bol meaning belly in Welsh and bolg meaning belly in Irish Gaelic - refers to the pregnant ewes. "Oimelc" Gaelic refers to the lactation of the ewes. Lactation is the flow of milk that happens when the baby lambs are born in the spring, and Gaelic languages are those spoken in countries like Ireland and Scotland.

Imbolc was, and still is, a time to celebrate that winter would soon be over. Sometimes in Ireland, the first flowers are coming up at the time of this festival, even when there is still snow on the ground.

Later, the Roman Catholic Church replaced this festival with Candlemas Day on February 2, a day that now belongs to the Virgin Mary. On this day, people may have ceremonies or processions  by candlelight - walking together in the dark, with the only light coming from candles they carry. The may also sing songs to Brigid, or say poems or prayers to her.

In both Pagan and Christian celebrations, Brigid is celebrated as a powerful female figure, who brings light, inspiration, and healing to the world.

## Infobox (holiday)

- **holiday name**: Imbolc
- **type**: default
- **longtype**: Cultural,
Pagan (Celtic polytheism, Celtic Neopaganism, Wicca)
- **nickname**: Lá Fhéile Bríde (Irish language, Irish)
Là Fhèill Brìghde (Scottish Gaelic)
Laa'l Breeshey (Manx language, Manx Gaelic)
- **observedby**: Historically: Gaels
Today: Irish people, Scottish people, Manx people, Celtic Neopaganism, Celtic neopagans and Wiccans
- **significance**: beginning of spring
- **date**: 1 February
<small>(or 1 August for Neopagans in the Southern Hemisphere, S. Hemisphere)</small>
- **celebrations**: feasting, making Brigid's crosses and Brídeógs, visiting holy wells, divination, spring cleaning
- **relatedto**: Gŵyl Fair y Canhwyllau, Candlemas, Groundhog Day
Baseball (ball)

A **baseball** is a ball used in the sport of the same name, baseball. It is between 9 inches (22.9 cm) and 9¼ inches (23.5 cm) in circumference (around). The ball weighs 8 ounces. Different size balls may be used in children's leagues.

The balls can be made in many different, but similar ways. The center of most balls is cork, rubber, or a mixture of the two. It is sometimes layered. Yarn and twine and sometimes wool are wrapped around the center core. A leather cover is put on, in two pieces, and stitched together using 108 stitches of waxed red cotton thread. Official Major League balls sold by Rawlings are made to the exact MLB specifications (5 ounces, 108 stitches).
Pitcher (disambiguation)

**Pitcher** can mean several things.

- Pitcher, a position in the game of baseball
- Pitcher (container), a container used to hold liquids
- Pitcher plant, a plant with a section shaped like a pitcher (container)
Battle of Worcester

The **Battle of Worcester** was the final battle of the English Civil War. Oliver Cromwell and the Parliamentarians defeated the Royalist, mainly Scottish, forces of King Charles II on September 3, 1651 at Worcester, England. The 16,000 Royalist forces were defeated by the 28,000 strong "New Model Army" of Cromwell.

## Other websites

- Battleground pictures
- Worcestershire CC: Historic Environment and Archaeology Service: The Battle of Worcester
- http://www.british-civil-wars.co.uk/military/1651-worcester.htm
- http://www.clangarra.com/battle%20-%20worcester.htm
James Marsters

**James Marsters** (born August 20, 1962) is an American guitarist, singer, comic book writer, audiobook narrator, and actor. He is known for playing the part of Spike on _Buffy the Vampire Slayer_.

## Other websites

- James Marsters Official Site
Emma Caulfield

**Emma Caulfield** (born **Emma Chukker** in San Diego, California on April 8, 1973) is an American actress. She is best known for her role as ex-demon Anya on the television series _Buffy the Vampire Slayer_.

## Selected filmography

- _In her mother's footsteps_ (2006) (Television movie)
- _Bandwagon_  (2004)
- _I Want To Marry Ryan Banks_  (2004)
- _Darkness Falls_ (2003)
- _Buffy the Vampire Slayer_ (TV series) (1999–2003)
- _General Hospital_ (TV series) (1996–1997)
Michelle Trachtenberg

**Michelle Christine Trachtenberg** (October 11, 1985 – February 26, 2025) was an American television and movie actress. She was best known for her role as Dawn Summers from the television series _Buffy the Vampire Slayer_, and as Georgina Sparks on the CW television show _Gossip Girl_.

## Early life

Trachtenberg was born in New York City, New York. She was of Russian Jewish descent. Trachtenberg began acting in 1988 at three years old.

## Death

Trachtenberg was found dead in her New York City apartment on February 26, 2025. Before her death, she had a liver transplant. Her cause of death was problems caused by diabetes.

### Movies

|Year|Title|Role|Notes|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2006|_Black Christmas_|Melissa Kitt||
|_Kicking It Old Skool_|Kim|||
|_Beautiful Ohio_|Sandra|||
|2005|_Mysterious Skin_|Wendy|limited release|
|_Ice Princess_|Casey Carlyle|||
|2004|_EuroTrip_|Jenny||
|1999|_Inspector Gadget_|Penny||
|1998|_Richie Rich's Christmas Wish_|Gloria|direct-to-video|
|1996|_Harriet the Spy_|Harriet M. Welsch||

### Television

|Year|Title|Role|Notes|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2006|_Law & Order: Criminal Intent_|Lisa Willow Tyler|television series|
|2005|_House_|Melinda (in Safe)|television series|
|2004|_The Dive From Clausen's Pier_|Carrie Beal|made-for-television|
|2003|_A&E Biography: Buffy the Vampire Slayer_||television special|
|_Echo by Trapt_||music video||
|2002|_Can't Be Heaven_|Julie|television series|
|2001-2025|The Ileana Sanchez Show|Annabella|Recurring role (Mid-Season 3-present)|
|2001|_Truth or Scare_|Host/narrator|television series|
|2000-2003|_Buffy the Vampire Slayer_|Dawn Summers|television series (2000-2003)|
|_A Father's Choice_|Kelly McClain|made-for-television||
|2000-2025|The Martin-Danzinger-Ross Family Show|Annabella May Martin-Danzinger-Ross|television series|
|1997|_Meego_|Maggie Parker|television series|
|_Figure It Out_|Panelist|television series||
|1995|_Melissa_|Lena|television series|
|_Christmas in My Hometown_|Noelle Murphy|made-for-television||
|1994|_The Adventures of Pete & Pete_|Nona Mecklenberg|television series|
|1993|_All My Children_|Lilly Benton Montgomery #1|television series|
|_Clarissa Explains It All_|Elsie Soaperstein|television series||
|1991|_Law & Order_|Dinah Driscoll|television series|

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Michelle Trachtenberg
- **image**: Michelle Trachtenberg (43904360470).jpg
- **caption**: Trachtenberg in 2018
- **birth name**: Michelle Christine Trachtenberg
- **birth place**: New York City, New York (state), New York, U.S.
- **death place**: New York City, New York, U.S.
- **death cause**: Problems caused by diabetes
- **occupation**: Actress
- **years active**: 1988–2024
Summer Glau

**Summer Glau** (born July 24, 1981 in San Antonio, Texas) is an American dancer and actress. She is best known for playing as River Tam in the science fiction television series _Firefly_ and movie _Serenity_.

## Career

Glau has appeared in several other series and movies including:
- Television:
- Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles
- Angel
- The 4400
- The Unit
- CSI: Crime Scene Investigation
- Cold Case
- The Cape
- Movies:
- Sleepover
- Mammoth

In February 2007, it was announced that Glau would be playing a role of Cameron Phillips in _The Sarah Connor Chronicles_, a spin-off of the Terminator series of movies. This character is a Terminator infiltration unit sent back to protect John Connor and Sarah Connor from Skynet.

## Personal life

Summer Glau has been in a relationship with Cooper Gross. She is currently married to Val Morrison and has two children.

## Related pages

- Firefly
- Serenity

## Other websites

- Fansite - Summer Glau Wiki

## Infobox (actor)

- **name**: Summer Glau
- **image**: SummerGPCCC.jpg
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **caption**: Summer Glau in 2016.
- **birth place**: San Antonio, Texas, United States
- **yearsactive**: 2002—present
- **known for**: Acting roles:
"River Tam" in _Firefly (TV series), Firefly_ & _Serenity (movie), Serenity_
 "Tess Doerner" in  _The 4400_
Band (anthropology)

In anthropology, **bands** are the tiniest societies, consisting typically of 5-80 people, most or all of them close relatives by birth or by marriage. In effect, a band is an extended family or several related extended families. Today, autonomous bands are almost confined to the most remote parts of New Guinea and Amazonia, but there were many others that have only recently fallen under state control or been assimilated or exterminated. They include many or most African Pygmies, southern African San hunter-gatherers (so-called Bushmen), Aboriginal Australians, Eskimos (Inuit), and Native Americans of some resource-poor areas of the Americas such as Tierra del Fuego and the northern boreal forests; all these modern bands are or were nomadic hunter-gatherers rather than settled food producers.  Until at least 40,000 years ago, probably all humans lived in bands, and most still did as recently as 11,000 years ago.

Bands have no permanent single base of residence, instead land is used jointly by the whole group, as opposed to being partitioned among subgroups or individuals. There is no regular economic specialization, except by age and sex: all able-bodied individuals forage for food. There are no formal institutions, such as laws, police, and treaties, to resolve conflicts within and between bands. Organization is often described as "egalitarian" in the sense that there is no formalized social stratification into upper and lower classes, no formalized or hereditary leadership, and no formalized monopolies of information and decision making. However, this definition of egalitarian should not be taken to mean that there is equality in prestige and the decision-making process among band members. Instead "leadership" should be thought of as informal and acquired through qualities such as personality, strength, intelligence, and fighting skills.

Our closest biological relatives, the gorillas and chimpanzees and bonobos of Africa, also live in bands. All humans presumably did so too, until improved technology for extracting food allowed some hunter-gatherers to settle in permanent dwellings in some resource-rich areas. The band is the political, economic, and social organization that we inherited from our millions of years of evolutionary history. Our developments beyond it took place within the last few tens of thousands of years.
Infertility

**Infertile** means not able to have children or other offspring. Humans can be infertile, but animals and plants can too. When a human couple is infertile, they sometimes have fertility treatment to have children. This can be insemination or IVF. They also sometimes adopt a child.

## Related pages

- Fertility
- Sexual reproduction
- Pregnancy

## Other websites

- SexInfo's _Assisted Reproductive Technology_  This article discusses Artificial Insemination, In Vitro Fertilization, and other options for couples who are having trouble conceiving.
Betrayal (disambiguation)

**Betrayal** can mean:

- Betrayal, a form of deception
- Betrayal, a Star Wars novel
- Betrayal, a Dragonlance novel by Jean Rabe.
- Betrayal (play), a play written by Harold Pinter in 1978
- Western betrayal, a popular term in several Central European nations
- The Great Betrayal, an autobiography written by Ian Smith
- Betrayal of the Left, a book of essays published in early 1941 by the Left Book Club
- Betrayal at Krondor, a DOS computer role-playing game developed by Dynamix
- "The Betrayal", an episode of the television series _Seinfeld_
- "Betrayal (movie)", a movie from 2003 with Erika Eleniak, Adam Baldwin and Julie Du Page.
- Betrayal
Betrayal

**Betrayal** is a person breaking the trust and the faith of others.

An article made by Rodger L. Jackson statesthat "there is not much definition for this word". In psychology, betrayal is said to be the breaking of social (friendship)-related things. However, for some people, such as the philosophers Judith Shklar and Peter Johnson, a person can understand the word better by literature (writings).

## Betrayal trauma

Betrayal trauma happens when someone that a person trusts betrays their trust, and that messes up their memory because of anger. An example of betrayal trauma is childhood physical or childhood problems. Betrayal trauma is similar to post traumatic stress disorder. The difference is that post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is made by fear. Betrayal trauma makes a person fight and can be caused by serious crimes such as discrimination or bullying.
Destruction

**Destruction** may refer to:

- The act of destroying something.
- Slighting, the act of damaging an important building
- Destruction (band), a German thrash metal band
- Destruction (DC Comics), one of the Endless in Neil Gaiman's comic book series _The Sandman_
- Destruction Bay, Yukon, Canada
- a magic art in the computer role-playing game series _The Elder Scrolls_
- Appetite for Destruction, the breakthrough debut album of rock n' roll band Guns N' Roses
Crane (machine)

A **crane** is a lifting machine that has hoists, wire ropes and sheaves on it.  It can be used both to raise and lower things or to move them left and right. Cranes are often used in the construction industry (building houses or buildings) and in creating or moving heavy things.

## Other websites

- Knots, hitches and bends
- VRML Simulation of an Excavator, Tower Crane, and Dumptruck
Data mining

**Data mining** is a term from computer science. Sometimes it is also called **knowledge discovery in databases** (KDD). Data mining is about finding new information in a lot of data. The information obtained from data mining is hopefully both new and useful.

In many cases, data are stored so they can be used later. The data are saved with a goal. For example, a store wants to save what has been bought. They want to do this to know how much they should buy themselves, to have enough to sell later. Saving this information, makes a lot of data. The data are usually saved in a database. The reason data are saved is called the first use.

Later, the same data can also be used to get other information that was not needed for the first use. The store might want to know now what kind of things people buy together when they buy at the store. (Many people who buy pasta also buy mushrooms for example.) That kind of information is in the data, and is useful, but was not the reason the data were saved. This information is new and can be useful. It is a second use for the same data.

Finding new information that can also be useful from data is called data mining.

## Different kinds of data mining

For data, there are a lot of different kinds of data mining for getting new information. Usually, prediction is involved. There is uncertainty in the predicted results. The following is based on the observation that there is a small green apple in which we can structurally adjust our data.

Some kinds of data mining are:
- Pattern recognition: Trying to find similarities in the rows in the database, in the form of rules. Small → green. (Small apples are often green)
- Using a Bayesian network: Trying to make something that can say how the different data attributes are connected/influence each other. The size and the colour are related. So if you know something about the size, you can guess the colour.
- Using a Neural network: Trying to make a model like a brain, which is hard to understand, but a computer can tell that if the apple is green it has a higher chance to be sour, if we tell the computer the apple is green. So this is like a black box model, we do not know how it works, but it works.
- Using Classification tree: With all other knowledge, trying to say what one other thing about the thing we are looking at will be. Here is an apple with a size, a colour and shininess, what will it taste like?