juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Myuran Sukumaran

**Myuran Sukumaran** (; 17 April 1981 – 29 April 2015) was an Australian citizen who was executed in Indonesia for drug trafficking as a member of the Bali Nine. He was born in London, England. His parents were Sri Lankan immigrants. He moved to Australia at a young age.

In 2005, Sukumaran was arrested at Ngurah Rai International Airport in Denpasar, Bali. Sukumaran and Andrew Chan were the apparent co-ringleaders of the heroin smuggling operation. After a criminal trial on 14 February 2006, Sukumaran was sentenced to execution by firing squad.

On 30 December 2014, Sukumaran's request for clemency was rejected by the President of Indonesia, Joko Widodo. Sukumaran and Chan were in prison at Nusakambangan Island in isolation cells. On 16 January 2015, Sukumaran and Chan were ordered to be executed after nine years in jail. On 6 February 2015, it was stated that Chan and Sukumaran would be executed by the end of the month. On 11 February 2015, Indonesian authorities approved the move of Chan and Sukumaran from Kerobokan prison to Nusakambangan Island in preparation for execution. On 24 February 2015, a final appeal to save Chan and Sukumaran from execution, with their lawyers appeal bid to challenge President Widodo's refusal to grant clemency, failed.  The move from Kerobokan prison to Nusakambangan Island was on 4 March. On 6 April 2015, Chan and Sukumaran's lawyers faced the state administrative court to challenge President Joko Widodo's refusal to grant clemency, in a final attempt to stop the executions. This was also unsuccessful. On 24 April 2015, prosecutors ordered the final preparations for the execution of Chan and Sukumaran, as well as eight others on death row. On 25 April (ANZAC Day), the pair, along with 7 other death row prisoners, were given a 72-hour notice of their executions.

Sukumaran was executed by firing squad on 29 April 2015 along with Chan as well as Nigerians Raheem Agbaje Salami, Okwuduli Oyatanze, Sylvester Obiekwe Nwolise, Ghanaian Martin Anderson, Brazilian Rodrigo Gularte and Indonesian Zainal Abidin.

Sukumaran's funeral was conducted at Dayspring Church, Castle Hill on 9 May 2015.

## Infobox (criminal)

- **name**: Myuran Sukumaran
மயூரன் சுகுமாரன்
- **birth place**: London, England, United Kingdom
- **death place**: Nusakambangan, Central Java, Indonesia
- **death cause**: Execution by firing squad
- **nationality**: Australian
- **other names**: Member of the Bali Nine
- **occupation**: Artist
- **penalty**: Death penalty
- **conviction status**: Execution, Executed by firing squad
- **parents**: Raji Sukumaran and Sam Sukumaran
- **conviction**: Drug trafficking (2006)
- **imprisoned**: Nusakambangan Island, Central Java, Indonesia
Triunfo del amor

***Triunfo del amor*** (Triumph of Love) is a Mexican telenovela. It aired from October 25, 2010 to June 26, 2011. It is produced by Televisa.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (television)

- **genre**: Telenovela
Romance (love), Romance
Drama
- **creator**: Delia Fiallo
 Liliana Abud
- **starring**: Victoria Ruffo
Maite Perroni
William Levy
Erika Buenfil
Diego Olivera
Daniela Romo
- **opentheme**: _Tres palabras_ by Luis Miguel
- **endtheme**: _A partir de hoy_ by Maite Perroni and Marco di Mauro
- **country**: Mexico
- **language**: Spanish language, Spanish
- **num episodes**: 176
- **executive producer**: Salvador Mejia Alejandre
- **runtime**: 42-45 minutes
- **company**: Televisa
- **channel**: Canal de las Estrellas
- **related**: _Cristal_
 _El Privilegio de Amar_
1888 Umeå fire

The **1888 Umeå Fire** () was a fire in the town of Umeå in Sweden. The fire happened on 25 June 1888. The fire occurred during a storm. The storm allowed the fire to spread fast among the wooden houses in town. When the town was rebuilt, stone houses became more common than wooden houses. Birchtrees were planted between the streets. This was because birchtrees are thought to not catch fire so easy. This has led to Umeå becoming known as the "town of birchtrees" (). The same day a fire also occurred in the town of Sundsvall.
World Conference of Life and Work

The **World Conference of Life and Work** () was an ecumenic conference. It was held on the initiative of Church of Sweden archbishop Nathan Söderblom in the town of Stockholm in Sweden in 1925. It was held to discuss social cooperation. Most major Christian denominations attended the meeting. Some exceptions were the Roman Catholic Church and the Pentecostal movement.
November Storm of 1995

The **November Storm of 1995** () was a snowstorm. It originated from the North Sea in mid-November 1995. It begun on Thursday 16 November 1995. The storm culminated on Friday morning, 17 November 1995. The storm stroke towards. the southern and western parts of Sweden. Traffic was heavily affected.

## Deep snow

Several November records for deep snow were broken. Measuring started in 1995.

|Place|1995 measurement|Earlier record|
| --- | --- | --- |
|Gothenburg|25 centimeters|11 centimeters (1965)|
|Borås|40 centimeters|27 centimeters (1925)|
|Skara|35 centimeters|20 centimeters (1977)|
|Jönköping|32 centimeters|24 centimeters (1965)|
|Linköping|35 centimeters|27 centimeters (1917)|
|Västervik|30 centimeters|30 centimeters (1905)|

## Other websites

- Göteborgsposten images

## Infobox (storm)

- **name**: November Storm of 1995
- **type**: winter storm, snowstorm
- **formed**: 16 November 1995
- **active**: 16–21 November 1995
- **maximum snow**: 40 centimeters (Borås)
- **affected**: Sweden
Christmas Hurricane of 1902

The **Christmas Hurricane of 1902** (, ) was a storm. It stroke against Denmark and Sweden on Christmas Day 1902.

In Sweden, it hit Scania, parts of southern Kronoberg County and the west coast of Sweden. Circa 50 fishermen were killed. On land, very few people were killed. Material damages, measured in millions of Swedish crowns (as of 1902), were reported. Among the destruction caused by the hurricane were the Varberg Open Air Bath and the Mölle Open Air Baths as well as the Ribergsborgs and the Sibbarp Open Air Baths in Malmö. The Örgryte Church tower spire fell off.

## Infobox (storm)

- **name**: Christmas Hurricane of 1902
- **image**: Julorkanen_1902.jpg
- **caption**: 1903 collage in the Idun (magazine), Idun magazine from the storm
- **type**: hurricane
- **formed**: 24 December 1902
- **active**: 26 December 1902
- **affected**: Denmark
Sweden
She's Funny That Way

***She's Funny That Way*** (originally ***Squirrels to the Nuts***) is a 2015 American comedy-drama movie. The movie is about a prostitute-turned-Broadway actress. Imogen Poots plays Isabella "Izzy" Beatty. Owen Wilson plays Arnold Albertson. Austin Pendleton plays Judge Pendergast. Jennifer Aniston plays Jane Claremont. It was screened at the Venice Film Festival, Aug. 29, 2014. In a deal valued at $4.5 million, it was picked up by U.S. distributor Clarius Entertainment. The date of release is spring 2015.
Stone of Scone

The **Stone of Scone, **also known as the **Stone of Destiny**, and the **Coronation Stone,** is a stone used in the coronation ceremonies of England and Scotland. It is an oblong shaped block of red sandstone. It was kept at the now-ruined Scone Abbey in Scone, near Perth, Scotland. Its size is about  by  by  and weighs about . The Stone of Scone was last used in 1953 for the coronation of Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
SummerSlam (2002)

**SummerSlam (2002)** was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). It was held on August 25, 2002 at Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum in Uniondale, New York. It was the fifteenth SummerSlam event held by the WWE.

The main match for the _SmackDown!_ brand saw Brock Lesnar defeat The Rock to win the WWE Undisputed Championship. Lesnar won the match by pinfall after he hit The Rock with the F-5. The main match for the _Raw_ brand saw Shawn Michaels defeat Triple H in an Unsanctioned Street Fight. Michaels won the match by pinfall after he reversed Triple H's pedigree attempt into a jackknife roll-up. The main match which was featured from both brands was an interpromotional match between Rob Van Dam and Chris Benoit for the WWE Intercontinental Championship. RVD won the match by pinfall after he hit the Five-Star Frog Splash on Benoit. By winning, RVD was able to win the championship.

## Matches

|style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|**#**|style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|**Matches**|style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|**Stipulations**|style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|**Times**|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1<sup>H</sup>|Spike Dudley defeated Steven Richards|Singles match|2:35|||||
|2|Kurt Angle defeated Rey Mysterio by submission|Singles match|9:20|||||
|3|Ric Flair defeated Chris Jericho by submission|Singles match|10:22|||||
|4|Edge defeated Eddie Guerrero|Singles match|11:47|||||
|5|The Un-Americans (Lance Storm and Christian) (c) defeated Booker T and Goldust|Tag team match for the WWE Tag Team Championship|9:37|||||
|6|Rob Van Dam defeated Chris Benoit (c)|Singles match for the WWE Intercontinental Championship|16:30|||||
|7|The Undertaker defeated Test|Singles match|8:18|||||
|8|Shawn Michaels defeated Triple H|Unsanctioned Street Fight|27:20|||||
|9|Brock Lesnar (with Paul Heyman) defeated The Rock (c)|Singles match for the WWE Undisputed Championship|16:01|||||
|colspan="4" align=center|(c) – refers to the champion(s) heading into the match H – indicates that the match was shown before the pay-per-view on _Sunday Night Heat_|||||||

## Other websites

- Official SummerSlam 2002 website

## Infobox (wrestling event)

- **name**: SummerSlam (2002)
- **theme**: "WWE Anthology, Fight" by Jim Johnston (composer), Jim Johnston
- **promotion**: WWE, World Wrestling Entertainment
- **sponsor**: Foot Locker
- **date**: August 25, 2002
- **venue**: Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum
- **city**: Uniondale, New York, Uniondale, New York (state), New York
- **lastevent**: Vengeance (2002)
- **nextevent**: Unforgiven (2002)
- **event**: SummerSlam
- **lastevent2**: SummerSlam (2001)
- **nextevent2**: SummerSlam (2003)
Streisand effect

The **Streisand effect** is a name for a phenomenon. It is when an attempt to remove or censor a piece of information accidentally makes it more popular. The effect is named after American singer Barbra Streisand. In 2003, Streisand's lawyer tried to remove a photo of her house from a collection of thousands of photos of Malibu, California. However, the attempt to remove the photograph made it more interesting and share-able to media reporters.

The same effect has occurred when countries, organizations, and people try to hide something.

## Related pages

- Perverse incentive ("Cobra effect")
- List of Streisand effect examples
Amoeboid movement

**Amoeboid movement** is the most common type of movement in eukaryotic cells.

It is a crawling type of movement got by pushing out cell cytoplasm in the form of pseudopodia ("false feet"). The cytoplasm slides and forms a pseudopodium in front to move the cell forward.

This type of movement is observed in amoebae, slime molds and some other protozoans such as _Naegleria gruberi_, as well as some cells in humans such as white blood cells. Sarcomas, or cancers arising from connective tissue cells, are particularly good at amoeboid movement, thus leading to their high rate of metastasis.

The exact mechanism is still unknown. It involves actin-myosin molecules inside the cytoplasm.
Arcsecond

An **arcsecond** (second of arc), represented by the symbol , is a unit of angle used in mathematics and astronomy. An arcsecond is 1/60th of an arcminute (minute of arc), which in turn is 1/60th of a degree. Therefore, an arcsecond is equal to 1/3600th of a degree, meaning that there are 360 × 60 × 60 = 1,296,000 arcseconds in a full circle.

1m @ 200km

One **milliarcsecond** (mas) is a thousandth (1/1000th) of an arcsecond. So there are 1,296,000,000 milliarcseconds in a full circle. The red supergiant stars Antares, Betelgeuse, Mu Cephei, VV Cephei A, and VY Canis Majoris all have angular diameters (apparent sizes in the sky) of more than 10 milliarcseconds, when seen from Earth.

1mm @ 200km

## Related pages

- Radian
David Oppegaard

**David Oppegaard** (born in Lake Crystal, Minnesota) is an American novelist.

In 2008, Oppegaard wrote _The Suicide Collectors_. It was his first novel. He was nominated for the Bram Stoker Award for Best First Novel by the Horror Writers Association. One year later, he published his second work, _Woormwood, Nevada_.

## Biography

Oppegaard attended Saint Olaf College, Northfield and Hamline University, Saint Paul. Both are in Minnesota. He has a Bachelor of Arts degree from Saint Olaf. He has a Master of Fine Arts degree from Hamline.

## Bibliography

- 2008 _The Suicide Collectors_
- 2009 _Woormwood, Nevada_
- 2012 _The Ragged Mountains_
- 2014 _And the Hills Opened Up_
- 2015 _The Firebug of Balrog County_

## Other websites

- David Oppegaard's website
Simple sentence

A **simple sentence** (sometimes called an **independent clause**) is a sentence that contains one subject and one verb. It has only one clause. It must also express a complete thought. This follows the rules of syntax in English grammar.

## Length

A simple sentence is not defined by how short it is. A simple sentences is often short and uncomplicated. But it is not limited by the number of words used to express the thought. For example:

- "Bill reads". This is a simple sentence. "Bill" is the subject and "reads" is the action (verb).
- "Being an English teacher with a penchant for syntactical complexity, I love to read simple sentences upon getting up and before going to bed." This is still a simple sentence even though it uses more words.

## Simple or dependent?

A simple sentence or independent clause is one that has a meaning to a reader or listener. If the sentence does not complete the thought, it may be a dependent clause. A dependent clause is one that does not express a complete thought. By itself it is a sentence fragment. It may look like a simple sentence, but it will not make sense on its own.

- "Bill reads". Again, a simple sentence. Bill (a noun for a subject) reads (the action that completes the thought).
- "Because Bill wants to learn more." What happens because Bill wants to learn more? We do not know, so that is not a sentence. It is a dependent clause.

## Related pages

- Sentence
- English grammar
- Compound sentence
- Complex sentence

## Other websites

- Sentences: Simple, Compound, and Complex
Peripheral artery disease

**Peripheral artery disease** (PAD) is a disease of the blood vessels in the legs. It can cause leg pain with walking, or if it gets bad it can cause wounds on the skin of the feet and toes. Peripheral artery disease is a serious disease that can be fatal. Some people who get very sick from PAD may need surgery to improve blood flow in their legs and feet. If their feet get really sick they may need an amputation.

PA is also sometimes called **peripheral artery occlusive disease** (PAOD), **peripheral obliterative arteriopathy**, or **peripheral vascular disease **(PVD).
Ashanti

**Ashanti**, or **Asante**, are a nation and the largest subgroup of the Akan people. They live mostly in Ghana and Ivory Coast. They speak the Akan language and the Asante dialect, and are of Akan origin.

Before European colonization, the Ashanti people developed a large and influential empire in West Africa. The Ashanti later developed the powerful Ashanti Confederacy or 'Asanteman'. They were the dominant presence in the region. The Asantehene is the political and spiritual head of the Asantes.

## Infobox (ethnic group)

- **group**: Ashantis

- **total**: Upwards of 10 million
- **regions**: Ghana, Ivory Coast
- **religions**: Akan religion, Akan, Islam, Christianity, Roman Catholicism, Irreligion, Non-religious and others
- **languages**: Akan language, Akan, Asante dialect
- **related groups**: Akan people, Akan
Foreign Correspondent

***Foreign Correspondent*** is a 1940 American spy movie. This movie is about a reporter who tries to expose enemy spies in Britain. Joel McCrea plays Johnny Jones. Laraine Day plays Carol.

Alfred Hitchcock directed the movie.

This movie was nominated for six Academy Awards, including Best Picture. It did not win any.
Faten Hamama

**Faten Hamama** (,  , 27 May 1931 – 17 January 2015) was an Egyptian producer and actress of movie and television. She was known for her roles in _The Blocked Road_, _Struggle in the Valley_, _Our Sweet Days_, _I don't Sleep_, and  _Don't Turn off the Sun_.

Hamama died 17 on January 2015 following a short illness, aged 83.

## Other websites

- Faten Hamama's official website

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Faten Hamama
<big>فاتن حمامه</big>
- **image**: File:Faten Hamama.jpg
- **imagesize**: 220px
- **caption**: Faten Hamama
- **birthname**: Faten Ahmad Hamama
- **birth place**: Elmansurah, Egypt
- **death place**: Cairo, Egypt
- **years active**: 1947–2015
- **occupation**: Actress, producer, production manager, screenwriter
- **spouse**: Ezzeldin Zolfakkar
(1947–54; divorced)
Omar Sharif
(1955–74; divorced)
Mohamed Abdelwehab Mahmoud
- **children**: 2
The Paradine Case

***The Paradine Case*** is an American 1947 courtroom thriller drama movie. This is about a lawyer who falls in love with a woman being accused of murder. Gregory Peck plays a lawyer. Ann Todd plays Gay. Alida Valli plays the woman accused of murder. It was nominated for an Academy Award in 1948.

The movie received mixed reviews from critics.
Stuart Loory

**Stuart Hugh Loory** (May 22, 1932 – January 16, 2015) was an American journalist and educator. He was born in Wilson, Pennsylvania.

In 1980, he joined the staff of Turner Broadcasting Systems' Cable News Network (as managing editor of  the Washington bureau, 1980–82; Moscow bureau chief, 1983–86; senior correspondent, 1986; executive producer, 1987–90; editor-in-chief of _CNN World Report_, 1990–91; vice-president of CNN, 1990–95; executive vice-president, Turner International Broadcasting, Russia, 1993–97).

Loory died of lung cancer in Brooklyn, New York on January 16, 2015, aged 82.

## Other websites

- Stuart Loory page  via University of Missouri
- Stuart H. Loory biography  via Reporting Civil Rights
Ann Todd

**Dorothy Anne Todd** (24 January 1909 – 6 May 1993) was an English producer and actress. In the movie _Perfect Strangers_, she played a nurse. She played Kay in _Ships with Wings_.

Todd was born in Hartford, Cheshire, England. She died of a stroke in London at age eighty four.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Ann Todd
- **image**: Ann Todd The Paradine Case 1948.JPG
- **caption**: Todd in _The Paradine Case_, 1948.
- **birth place**: Hartford, Cheshire, England
- **death place**: London, England
- **occupation**: actress, producer
- **years active**: 1931–1992
- **spouse**: Victor N. Malcolm (1933–?)
Nigel Tangye (1945–1949)
David Lean (1949–1957)
Dial M for Murder

***Dial M for Murder*** is an American 1954 crime drama movie. It was directed by Alfred Hitchcock. The movie is about a plot to murder. Grace Kelly plays Margot. Ray Milland plays Tony.

The movie performed very well at the box office.
Claire Bloom

**Claire Bloom** (born February 15, 1931) is an English stage and movie actress. She has been working for over 60 years. She has played leading roles in many movies. She played Terry in the movie _Limelight_. She played Theodora in _The Haunting_ (1963)

Bloom was born in London, England.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Claire Bloom
- **honorific suffix**: CBE
- **image**: Claire Bloom - Karamazov-1.jpg
- **birth name**: Patricia Claire Blume
- **birth place**: Finchley, London, England
- **occupation**: Actress (stage and film)
- **years active**: 1948–present
- **spouse**: 1 child
The Haunting (1963 movie)

***The Haunting*** is a 1963 British horror movie. It is based on novel _The Haunting of Hill House_ The movie is about a small group of people who come to a haunted house that comes to life. Julie Harris plays Eleanor. Claire Bloom plays Theodora. Richard Johnson plays Dr. Markway. It was released on 16 September 1963.

This movie was remade in 1999. Many critics did not like the remake.

## Infobox (film)

- **name**: The Haunting
- **director**: Robert Wise
- **producer**: Robert Wise
- **screenplay**: Nelson Gidding
- **music**: Humphrey Searle
- **cinematography**: Davis Boulton
- **editing**: Ernest Walter
- **production companies**: Argyle Enterprises
- **distributor**: Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
- **runtime**: 114 minutes
- **country**: United Kingdom
- **language**: English
- **budget**: $1.05 million
- **gross**: $1.02 million
Robert Wise

**Robert Wise** (September 10, 1914 – September 14, 2005) was an American movie director, editor and producer. He received Academy Awards for Best Director and Best Picture on both _West Side Story_ (1961) and _The Sound of Music_ (1965). He is also known for directing _The Day the Earth Stood Still_.

Wise was born in Winchester, Indiana. He died in Los Angeles from heart failure four days after his 91st birthday.
Tom Kinslow

**Thomas F. Kinslow** (January 12, 1866 – February 22, 1901) was a professional baseball player. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1886 until 1898. He played the position catcher.  He played for eight teams in his ten-season career. He played four of his eight seasons with the Brooklyn Bridegrooms. During his playing days, his height was listed at , his weight was . He batted and threw right-handed, and had blonde hair.

## Early life

Thomas Kinslow was born on January 12, 1866 in Washington, D.C.. His father, Michael worked as a laborer and an ice dealer. His father later worked in the oyster business. He began playing baseball around the neighborhood on a team known as the "Quicks". Kinslow also played with a team called the Falcons.

### Early career

Kinslow made his MLB debut with the Washington Nationals on June 4, 1886 as their starting catcher. He injured his finger in the third inning trying to catch a bad pitch thrown by Bob Barr, and had to leave the game. On June 15, he was again injured by a Barr pitch, and forced to leave the game with a dislocated finger. He played in three games for the Nationals in 1886, collecting two hits in eight at bats.

### Brooklyn

Kinslow played the next two seasons for the Tecumsehs, and had a batting average of .200 in 1888. In 1889, he improved is batting average to .343. In 1890, he signed with Ward's Wonders of Brooklyn. During the season, he had a batting average of .264, and caught 64 games. On June 28, he hit the first home run of his career in a game against Henry Gruber. Later, on July 11, he hit two home runs in the same game off of George Keefe.

## Infobox (mlb player)

- **name**: Tom Kinslow
- **position**: Catcher
- **image**: Tom Kinslow.png
- **bats**: Right
- **throws**: Right
- **birth place**: Washington, D.C.
- **death place**: Washington, D.C.
- **debutdate**: June 4
- **debutyear**: 1886
- **debutteam**: Washington Nationals
- **finaldate**: September 3
- **finalyear**: 1898
- **finalteam**: St. Louis Browns
- **stat1label**: Batting average
- **stat1value**: .266
- **stat2label**: Home runs
- **stat2value**: 12
- **stat3label**: Run batted in, Runs batted in
- **stat3value**: 222
- **teams**: * Washington Nationals (1886)
* New York Metropolitans (1887)
* Brooklyn Ward's Wonders (1890)
* Los Angeles Dodgers, Brooklyn Bridegrooms (1891)–(1894)
* Pittsburgh Pirates (1895)
* Louisville Colonels (1896)
* Washington Senators (1898)
* St. Louis Cardinals, St. Louis Browns (1898)
West Side Story (1961 movie)

***West Side Story*** is a 1961 American romantic crime drama musical. It is an adaptation of the 1957 Broadway musical play of the same name. Natalie Wood plays Maria. Rita Moreno plays Anita. Robert Wise directed the movie. It is based on the play Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare.

This movie won Academy Awards for Best Picture, Best Sound and Best Director. It also won many other awards.
Robert Berner

**Robert Arbuckle Berner** (November 25, 1935 – January 10, 2015) was an American scientist and educator. He was known for his work to the modeling of the carbon cycle. He taught geology and geophysics from 1965 to 2007 at Yale University.

Berner was born in Erie, Pennsylvania. He married Elizabeth Marshall Kay in 1959 and had three children.

Berner died after a long illness on January 10, 2015 in New Haven, Connecticut. He was 79.
Inge Vermeulen

**Inge Joanna Francisca Vermeulen** (6 January 1985 – 10 January 2015) was a Brazilian-Dutch field hockey player. She played as a goalkeeper for three teams and two international teams: Brazil and the Netherlands.

Vermeulen was born in Americana, São Paulo and moved to the Netherlands at a young age.

Vermeulen committed suicide (killed herself) on 10 January 2015 in Utrecht. She was 30.
Natalino Pescarolo

**Natalino Pescarolo** (March 26, 1929 – January 4, 2015) was a Roman Catholic bishop.

He was ordained to the priesthood on June 29, 1952. Pescarolo was named auxiliary bishop of the Diocese of Cuneo in 1990. In 1992, he was appointed bishop of Fossano and in 1999, he was also appointed bishop of Cuneo. He retired in 2005.
Leif Rantala

**Leif Rantala** (December 26, 1947, Liljendal – January 8, 2015, Rovaniemi) was a Finnish-Swedish linguist. He was a specialist of Sami languages, cultures of history, especially of the Kola Peninsula.
Paul Morgan (rugby)

**Paul Morgan** (3 October 1974 – 12 January 2015) was a Welsh professional rugby union and rugby league footballer, rugby union coach, and cricketer. He was born in Pencoed. He played club level rugby union (RU) for Pencoed RFC (twice), London Welsh RFC (while at Brunel University), Whitland RFC, Aberavon RFC (twice), Llanharan RFC, Bridgend Ravens, Maesteg RFC, as a Centre, i.e. number 12 or 13.

He played at a representative level rugby league (RL) for Wales (Heritage #432), and at club level for Aberavon Fighting Irish, Bridgend Blue Bulls (twice), Celtic Crusaders, as a , or , i.e. number 2 or 5, or, 3 or 4, playing cricket for Pencoed Cricket Clubhttp://pencoed.play-cricket.com (captain), and coaching club level rugby union (RU) for Neath Athletic RFChttp://www.pitchero.com/clubs/neathathletic, and Aberavon Quins RFC.
Paul O'Grady (politician)

**Paul Thomas Francis O'Grady** (14 July 1960 – 18 January 2015) was an Australian politician. He was a Labor member of the New South Wales Legislative Council from 1988 to 1996. He was the first openly gay member of the New South Wales Parliament.

O'Grady came out in 1990. In 1996 he resigned because of bad health. Later that year, he said that he had AIDS. He was diagnosed with cancer in 2011. He died at Sacred Heart Hospice in Darlinghurst on 18 January 2015, aged 54.

## Infobox (mp)

- **name**: Paul O'Grady
- **office**: Member of the Legislative Council of New South Wales
- **successor**: Peter Primrose
- **term start**: 19 March 1988
- **term end**: 3 January 1996
- **birth place**: Ryde, New South Wales, Ryde, Sydney, Australia
- **death place**: Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Darlinghurst, Sydney, Australia
- **party**: Australian Labor Party
- **occupation**: Politician and unionist
Don Harron

**Donald Hugh (Don) Harron** (September 19, 1924 – January 17, 2015) was a Canadian comedian, actor, television director, journalist, author, playwright and composer. Harron was known for his roles in _Charlie Farquharson_ and in _Anne of Green Gables – The Musical_. He hosted the radio program, _Morningside_. Harron was born in Toronto, Ontario.

Harron died in Toronto from cancer, aged 90. She was married to actress Virginia Leith.
Indio, California

**Indio** is a city in Riverside County, California, United States. It is in the Coachella Valley of Southern California's Colorado Desert region. The population was 89,137 at the 2020 census.
Lee J. Cobb

**Lee J. Cobb** (December 8, 1911February 11, 1976) was an American actor. He was best known for his roles in _12 Angry Men_, _On the Waterfront_, and _The Exorcist_. Cobb was born in The Bronx, New York. His daughter, Julie Cobb, was also an actress.

Cobb died in Woodland Hills, California from a heart attack, aged 64.
The Family (2013 movie)

***The Family*** is a 2013 American-French criminal comedy movie. It is set in Normandy and was directed by Luc Besson. It stars Robert De Niro, Michelle Pfeiffer, Tommy Lee Jones, Vincent Pastore, Dianna Agron, and John D'Leo. It was released to mostly positive reviews on 13 September 2013 in the United States and 23 October 2013 in France.
Where the Red Fern Grows

***Where the Red Fern Grows*** is a 1961 novel by American author Wilson Rawls. It is about the friendship between a boy and two Redbone Coonhound hunting dogs.

## Plot

This story takes place on a farm near the Ozark mountain range. The narrator, Billy Coleman, saves a Redbone Coonhound from a dog fight. He helps it recover from its wounds. He sets it free. He remembers his past. He then tells the story of how he had owned two Redbone Coonhounds when he was a boy.

As a little boy, Billy had always wanted puppies since he was ten years old. His parents tell him they don't have enough money for puppies. He decides to earn the money himself. For two years, he works many different jobs. He saves $50. His grandfather helps him order two Redbone Coonhounds. The mail does not deliver the puppies, so Billy goes to get them. He walks to Tahlequah, Oklahoma. He sees how different the city life is from his country life at home. He buys gifts for his family there. He picks up his puppies. On the way back home, he sleeps in a cave on a mountain. He hears the roar of a mountain lion. The puppies answer the roar with their howls. They scare off the lion. The next morning, Billy and the dogs return home. On the way, he sees  a sycamore tree with the names Dan and Ann on it. He decides to name the puppies Old Dan and Little Ann.

Billy trains his dogs to become hunting dogs. They often mess up. Billy does not give up and continues to encourage them. He soon makes a strong loving bond with his dogs. In the end, Billy's dogs grow ill and weak and later die. He buries them on his family's farm to remember them. Soon, Billy sees a red fern growing over his dogs' graves. He sees the red fern as a symbol of the love that kept him and his dogs together.

## Other websites

- SparkNotes: Where the Red Fern Grows

## Infobox (book)

- **name**: Where the Red Fern Grows
- **author**: Wilson Rawls
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **genre**: Children's novel
- **publisher**: Doubleday (publisher), Doubleday
- **release date**: 1961 in literature, 1961
- **media type**: Print (Hardcover)
- **pages**: 245 pp
- **isbn**: 0-440-22814-X
- **oclc**: 39850615
Euclidean space

**Euclidean space** is the space Euclidean geometry uses. In essence, it is described in Euclid's _Elements_. The Euclidean plane () and three-dimensional space () are part of Euclidean space, which can be generalized to any dimension _n_ (in which case one writes ).

Euclidean space is sometimes called Cartesian space. A few other spaces and mathematical objects that are similar were added later. Euclid based his work _Elements_ on certain axioms. Euclidean space can be described using such axioms.

## Related pages

- Elliptic geometry
- Hyperbolic geometry

## Other websites

- Euclidean Space and Metric Spaces
Julian Schwinger

**Julian Seymour Schwinger** (February 12, 1918 – July 16, 1994) was an American theoretical physicist. He won the Nobel Prize in Physics.

Schwinger is well known for his theories about quantum electrodynamics.

## Biography

Schwinger was born in New York City. His parents were Jewish from Poland.

Schwinger attended Townsend Harris High School and the City College of New York. He received a B.A. in 1936. He received a Ph.D. from Columbia University. He worked at the University of California, Berkeley.

Schwinger died of pancreatic cancer.

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Julian Schwinger
- **image**: Schwinger.jpg
- **image size**: 180
- **birth name**: Julian Seymour Schwinger
- **birth place**: New York City, United States, USA
- **death place**: Los Angeles, California, USA
- **nationality**: United States
- **field**: Physics
Sui iuris

**Sui iuris** is a Latin phrase that is used in law. Sometimes, the phrase is also spelled **sui juris**. It literally means _of its own right_. It is used to say that the legal status of an institution or entity is not comparable to anything else, and there are special laws that say how this institution or entity should work. An example use is in Canon law: The Roman Catholic church say that certain churches are _sui iuris_. That way the Eastern Catholic churches have their own government, and laws. Despite this, these churches still recognize the Pope of Rome as their spiritual leader.

> "The Eastern Catholic Churches are not 'experimental' or 'provisional' communities; these are sui iuris Churches; One, Holy, Catholic and Apostolic, with the firm canonical base of the _Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches_ promulgated by Pope John Paul II."

In Roman law, the phrase is used for someone who was independent, and that could become pater familias.
Parity of zero

**Parity of zero** is the question whether the number zero is even or odd. General consensus is that the number is even. Even numbers are defined to be integer multiples of two. That way, the numbers two, four and six are even, because they are one times two, two times two, and three times two. With that explanation, zero is also even, because it is zero times two.

Another explanation is from number theory: The integers are arranged in such a way that even numbers are followed by odd ones, and odd ones by even ones. Zero is preceded by minus one, and followed by one. Both numbers are odd. So it must be even.

There is also a problem: The term "even" meaning "integer multiple of two" is a convention; people agreed on it. It is not a formal definition. Another case where people used a convention they agreed on was that of prime number: Before the 20th century, there were many inconsistent definitions of prime: Mathematicians such as Goldbach, Lambert, Legendre, Cayley, and Kronecker wrote that 1 was prime. The modern definition of "prime number" is "positive integer with exactly 2 factors", so 1 is not prime. This definition is rational: it naturally suits mathematical theorems that concern the primes. For example, the fundamental theorem of arithmetic is easier to state when 1 is not considered prime

It would be possible to redefine "even" in a way that no longer includes zero. However, in this case, the new definition would make it more difficult to state theorems concerning the even numbers. Already the effect can be seen in the algebraic rules governing even and odd numbers. The most relevant rules concern addition, subtraction, and multiplication:
- even ± even = even
- odd ± odd = even
- even × integer = even
Inserting appropriate values into the left sides of these rules, one can produce 0 on the right sides:
- 2 − 2 = 0
- −3 + 3 = 0
- 4 × 0 = 0

The above rules would therefore be incorrect if zero were not even. At best they would have to be modified. For example, one test study guide asserts that even numbers are characterized as integer multiples of two, but zero is "neither even nor odd". Accordingly, the guide's rules for even and odd numbers contain exceptions:
- even ± even = even **(or zero)**
- odd ± odd = even **(or zero)**
- even × **nonzero** integer = even

Making an exception for zero in the definition of evenness forces one to make such exceptions in the rules for even numbers. From another perspective, taking the rules obeyed by positive even numbers and requiring that they continue to hold for integers forces the usual definition and the evenness of zero.
H. Rider Haggard

**Henry Rider Haggard** (1856–1925) was an English writer. He is best known for his adventure novels. His novels were notable for their unusual invention and stories that kept people interested. His best novels were very popular in his lifetime. They made the genre of adventure fiction popular again. Haggard also wrote books about farming and emigration.

Haggard lived in South Africa for six years when he was a young man. Many of his novels were set in Africa, including _King Solomon's Mines_ (1886), _Allan Quatermain_ (1887) and _She_ (1887).

In 1919, Haggard was knighted for his services to the British Empire. Haggard's autobiography, _The Days of My Life_, was published in 1926 after he died.  Morton Cohen's biography of Haggard was published in 1960.
White's illusion

**White's illusion** is a brightness illusion. Here, some stripes of a black and white grating are replaced by gray rectangles (see Fig). All gray bars usually have same color and opacity. The brightness of the gray pieces appear to shift toward the brightness of the top and bottom bordering stripes, that is, the gray bars with horizontal black regions on their top and bottom appear darker and those with white regions on their top and bottom appear lighter. But this does not match with what lateral inhibition predicts. This illusion is mostly described for grayscale. A similar illusion occurs for colored patches. This is known as **Munker-White's illusion** or **Munker's illusion**.

## Lateral inhibition result for White's effect

The amount of each bipolar cell response depends on the amount of the stimulation it receives from the receptor. Neighboring cells decrease this response. This is called lateral inhibition.

Lateral inhibition cannot explain White's illusion. In Figure 2.1 lateral inhibition sent by black cells A and C should make cell O lighter; in Figure 2.2 lateral inhibition sent by white cells A and C should make cell O darker.

Rules suggested to describe optical illusions such as simultaneous brightness contrast illusion, such as Wallach's ratio rule cannot explain White's illusion. These rules suggest that cell O in figure 2.1 receives less inhibition that cell O in figure 2.2. So, the cell O in figure 2.1 should be lighter than cell O in the other figure. However, the opposite case happens.
White and White (1985) concluded that at a higher spatial frequency the grating of White's illusion could be described by brightness assimilation. They also concluded that at lower spatial frequencies White's illusion is still present.

## Belongingness

The belongingness theory has been given as an explanation of White's illusion. Belongingness means that we perceive things depending on its surroundings. According to belongingness theory, the lightness of rectangle A is influenced by the white bars that surround it. Similarly, the rectangle B on the right side is surrounded by the dark bars. So, the lightness of rectangle B is affected by the dark background. As a result, area A which rests on the white background appears darker than area B which rests on the dark background.

Not all scientists accept the belongingness theory. They say that when talking about the background, it is the same as lateral inhibition.
Lateral inhibition

In neurobiology, **lateral inhibition** is the ability of an excited neuron to reduce the activity of its neighbors. It stops action potentials from spreading in the lateral direction. It is called lateral inhibition as it stops (inhibits) neighboring neurons from firing. This creates a contrast in stimulation. This increases perception. For example, in vision, it helps in differentiating edges. It occurs primarily in visual processes. But it has also been seen in tactile, auditory, and even olfactory processing. Cells that use lateral inhibition are mainly present in cerebral cortex and thalamus. They make up lateral inhibitory networks (LINs). Artificial sensory systems have artificial lateral inhibition built in them. Examples are vision chips,   hearing systems, and optical mice.
Raif Badawi

**Raif Badawi** (Arabic: رائف بدوي; born 13 January 1984) is a Saudi Arabian writer and activist. He started the website Free Saudi Liberals in 2008. He was arrested in 2012 because of the website. The website was then taken off the internet. Badawi was sentenced to 10 years in prison and being hit with a whip: 1000 lashes (or hits). Media said in March 2022, that Badawi no longer is in prison.

Badawi has also been banned from any media work or foreign travel for 10 years after his release from prison. Badawi's first 50 lashes were given on January 9, 2015. After that, Badawi's lashes were postponed many times.  In June 2015, a Saudi high court ruled that Badawi should be lashed but the lashing was postponed hours before it was going to happen.
Badawi's wife called Ensaf Haidar believes he is weak in body and suffering mentally.  She fears this may be a slow death sentence.

Badawi's sister Samar Badawi is also an activist. Her husband Waleed Abul-Khair is Raif's lawyer. He was sentenced to 15 years in prison in July 2014. Samar is working to get both her brother and husband released from prison.
Sweden–Finland

**Sweden–Finland** (, ) is a historiographical term. It refers to the Kingdom of Sweden from the days of the Kalmar Union in the late 14th century up to the Napoleonic Wars in the early 19th century. In 1809 it was split into two halves. The eastern half became the Grand Duchy of Finland in personal union with the Russian Empire. The western half remained, as the Kingdom of Sweden.
Adventure fiction

**Adventure fiction** is a type of fiction in which an adventure forms the main storyline. The adventure is usually an exciting undertaking involving risk and physical danger. Author Malins describes adventure fiction as the story "of the hero—individual or group—overcoming obstacles and dangers and accomplishing some important and moral mission." The characters in an adventure fiction are highly sympathetic. They are also ones the reader can easily relate to. There has to be a conflict to overcome and a clever villain to stop.

## The hero

A key part of many adventure fictions is the hero. In most stories the hero has to succeed. At the same time the hero may be the least interesting character in the story. The hero is often timid, submissive and easily pushed around. The hero may be a superhero, a spy, a detective or even an antihero. But the hero manages to meet the challenge. All great adventure heroes seem to find the ability to beat their enemies or win over hostile environments.

Sometimes the villain wins. In Edgar Allan Poe's story _The Cask of Amontillado_, the villain is the narrator of the story. Sometimes the villain wins only to be confronted again in a sequel.

## The genre

In many adventure fictions, the adventure takes place in foreign lands or exotic places. One of the earliest adventure fiction writers was Daniel Defoe. His stories of _Robinson Crusoe_ and _Captain Singleton_ helped set the standards for the adventure fiction genre. Another British author Sir Walter Scott built on the formula. He combined history with adventure fiction. His historical romance novels _Waverley_, _Rob Roy_ and _Ivanhoe_ were classic adventures. They helped the reader understand the hero and gave him a code of chivalry. French author Alexandre Dumas wrote _The Three Musketeers_, _The Count of Monte Cristo_ and _Man in the Iron Mask_. These were very popular in Europe and America. His stories had strong elements of revenge and forgiveness. James Fenimore Cooper in his adventure stories _The Pioneers_, _The Last of the Mohicans_ and _The Pathfinder_ were set in exotic new world locations. But Cooper changed the aristocratic hero into one who was noble even though not born into the nobility.

## Other websites

- The 200 Greatest Adventure Novels of All Time
- Popular Adventure Fiction Books
Anthony Trollope

**Anthony Trollope** (1815–1882) was an English novelist who wrote 47 novels and a number of other books.

His mother Frances Trollope was also a writer. Trollope became an official of the Post Office and lived in Ireland from 1841 to 1859; he left his Post Office job in 1867.

Trollope is well known for his series of novels set in the imaginary county of Barsetshire.  His first novel was published in 1847 and _The Warden_, the first Barsetshire novel, in 1855. The rest of the series were published during the next 12 years: _The Barchester Chronicles_ (1857), _Doctor Thorne_ (1858), _Framley Parsonage_ (1861), _The Small House at Allington_ (1864), and _The Last Chronicle of Barset_ (1867). Barsetshire is imagined as a county in southwest England. The county town is Barchester, which is the seat of the Bishop of Barchester.

Trollope also wrote a series of political novels featuring the Palliser family. These began in 1864 with _Can You Forgive Her?_. The rest of the series is _Phineas Finn_ (1869), _The Eustace Diamonds_ (1873), _Phineas Redux_ (1876), _The Prime Minister_ (1876), and _The Duke's Children_ (1880). Trollope was an industrious and disciplined writer who wrote short stories, travel books and biographies as well as novels.

## Source

- Drabble, Margaret, ed. (1985) _The Oxford Companion to English Literature_; 5th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press; pp. 996-97
Sterling silver

**Sterling silver** is an alloy of silver containing 92.5% by mass of silver and 7.5% by mass of other metals, usually copper. The sterling silver standard has a minimum of 925 in continental European terms.

Pure silver, for example 99.9% pure, is generally too soft for making objects for use. Therefore, the silver is usually alloyed with copper to give it strength while keeping the ductility and beauty of the precious metal. Other metals can replace the copper, to improve various properties of the basic sterling alloy such as increasing resistance to tarnish. These replacement metals include germanium, zinc and platinum, as well as a variety of other additives, including silicon and boron. Alloys such as argentium silver have appeared in recent decades. Argentium silver has some germanium added, and resists tarnishing well.

The first legal definition of sterling silver appeared in 1275. A statute of Edward I specified that 12 ounces of silver for coinage should contain 11 ounces  pennyweights of silver and  pennyweights of alloy, with 20 pennyweights to the Troy ounce.

Sterling silver standards are protected by hallmarks stamped on pieces by officials.
Christina of Sweden

Queen **Christina of Sweden** (;  – 19 April 1689), was the queen of
Sweden from 1632 to 1654. She then resigned to become a Roman Catholic.

She also liked humanities and had invited philosophers such as René Descartes in Sweden.

## Infobox (royalty)

- **type**: monarch
- **name**: Christina
- **full name**: Christina Augusta or Christina Alexandra
- **succession**: Monarchy of Sweden, Quuen of Sweden
- **image**: Jacob Ferdinand Voet - Queen Christina of Sweden.jpg
- **caption**: Portrait by Jacob Ferdinand Voet
- **reign**: 6 November 1632 – 6 June 1654
- **coronation**: 20 October 1650
- **predecessor**: Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, Gustav II Adolf
- **successor**: Charles X Gustav
- **house**: House of Vasa
- **father**: Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden
- **mother**: Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg
- **birth place**: Stockholm, Sweden
- **death place**: Rome, Papal States
- **burial date**: 22 June 1689
- **burial place**: Saint Peter's Basilica, Vatican City
- **religion**: Roman Catholic Church, Roman Catholic Christianity
_prev_ Lutheranism, Lutheran Christianity