juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Leica Camera

**Leica** is a company in Wetzlar, Germany that makes cameras, optical lenses, photographic lenses, binoculars and rifle scopes. The name Leica is derived from the first three letters of the founder's surname (Leitz) and the first two of the word camera: lei-ca (LEItz CAmera).

## Other websites

- Leica Cameras collection at the Smithsonian National Museum of American History
- Leica History and Heritage

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: Leica Camera AG
- **type**: Aktiengesellschaft
- **logo**: Leica Camera.svg
- **logo size**: 120px
- **location**: Wetzlar, Germany
- **industry**: Rangefinder camera, Photography, Digital Imaging, Still cameras, SLR cameras, Digital single-lens reflex camera, DSLR cameras, binoculars / Monoculars, binocular telescope, laser rangefinder ophthalmic lenses
- **foundation**: 1869 in Wetzlar, Germany (Ernst Leitz Wetzlar); 1986 in Solms, Germany (Leica)
- **key people**: Andreas Kaufmann (Chairman, Supervisory board), Matthias Harsch Chief executive officer, (CEO)
- **owner**: ACM Projektentwicklung GmbH (55%)

The Blackstone Group (45%)
- **revenue**: Euro, € 400 million
- **products**: Cameras, photographic lenses, binoculars, ophthalmic lenses and other optical equipment
- **num employees**: 1800
Tiến Quân Ca

"****" (; "Army March") is the national anthem (song) of  Vietnam. It was created in 1944 by Nguyễn Văn Cao, a Vietnamese composer (person who writes music). It was also the national anthem of North Vietnam until the joining of North and South Vietnam at the end of the Vietnam War.

## Lyrics

The national anthem went through many changes since the 1940s. Though there are two verses, the first one is usually only sung as the anthem. Recently, the Vietnam Center for Music Copyright stated that they will "collect royalty" from the song, meaning that it would be under copyright.
North American blizzard of 2003

The **Blizzard of 2003**, also called the **Presidents' Day Storm of 2003**, or **Presidents' Day Storm II**, was a very big snowstorm on the East Coast of the United States and Canada, which started on February 15 and ended on February 18, 2003. Lots of snow fell in the big cities in the Northeast US, making it the biggest snowstorm of the snowy winter of 2002-2003. All cities from Washington D.C. to Boston were covered in a lot of snow, and people could not go around because of the bad weather. In Baltimore and Boston, this was the biggest snowstorm ever recorded.

## The life of the storm

The storm started in the southern Rockies on February 14, and moved to southern Missouri and the Lower Tennessee Valley in a few days. It brought heavy rain and bad weather to the Deep South, including the nation's first tornado of 2003. In the north, snow and ice affected the Midwest. Southern Iowa and eastern Illinois also got lots of snow, with 11 inches (28 cm) in Des Moines. In Kentucky this was mostly an ice storm, with some places getting up to 3/4" (2 cm) of ice. At the same time, Washington, D.C. and Baltimore got a little bit of  snow on February 15. The weather was very cold, and the storm moved very slowly.

But early on February 16, lots of snow started falling in those two cities, and the snow started in Philadelphia. Heavy snow kept coming, falling very fast. It was also very cold, so the snow kept piling up. The heavy snow continued all day, and it reached New York City in the evening. At about the same time, the snow changed to sleet in Washington, D.C., and that's why the city got less snow than other cities. In the rest of the Northeast, however, the snow stayed for much of the night. The sleet changed back to snow by the next morning in Washington, D.C., and soon ended. Blizzard Warnings were given in New York City and Boston, and the snow began in Boston that day. In the evening, the heavy snow ended in New York City, and it ended in Boston on the morning of February 18. After that, the storm weakened and brought a few inches of snow to other parts of New England.

## Impact

This snowstorm slowed down much of the East Coast with its heavy snow. Washington's Reagan National Airport, Baltimore-Washington International Airport, Philadelphia International Airport, and LaGuardia Airport in New York were closed, and Dulles Airport had one runway open. With snow falling, driving was almost impossible. In Baltimore, the roof of the historic B&O Railroad Museum broke, destroying many valuable engines, railroad cars and train souvenirs http://www.frommers.com/destinations/baltimore/A23335.html .

## Related pages

- December 2009 North American blizzard
- December 2010 North American blizzard
- January 31 – February 2, 2011 North American winter storm
- February 2013 nor'easter

## Other websites

- In Depth Case Study
- CNN Article of the Storm
- CBS Article of the Storm
- The Presidents’ Day Weekend Snowstorm of 2003
- Snow storm, February 16-17, 2003
Organization of American States

The **Organization of American States** (**OAS** in English; **OEA** in the other three official languages) is an international organization based in Washington, D.C. It has all thirty-five independent nations of the Americas as its members.

For its work Organization of American States (OAS) uses four languages: English language, French language, Portuguese language, and Spanish language.

Many people and politicians of different countries of North America and South America had thought of an organization of their countries. These countries have also formed different organizations from time to time. Beginning from 1889 to 1890, these countries held meetings known as the International Conference of American States. At its first conference, 18 countries formed the International Union of American Republics.

In 1910, these countries held the Fourth International Conference of American States at Buenos Aires. They changed the name of the International Union of American Republics to the Union of American Republics. These countries held the ninth International Conference of American States between March and May 1948 at Bogotá. On 30th April 1948, 21 countries signed an agreement. They called this agreement the Charter of the Organization of American States. This was the beginning of the Organization of American States (OAS). OAS started functioning from December 1951.

The Charter of the OAS states the goals for forming the OAS. There are many goals. Some important goals relate to peace and security for these countries; development of democratic governments; and economic cooperation.

## Members

All 35 independent nations of America are members of the OAS. Upon foundation on 5 May 1948 there were 21 members:

The later expansion of the OAS included the newly independent nations of the Caribbean (most of whom gained independence only after World War II) and Canada. Members with later admission dates (sorted chronologically):
- (member since 1967)
- (1967)
- (1969)
- (1975)
- (1977)
- (1979)
- (1979)
- (1981)
- (1981)
- (1982)
- (1984)
- (1990)
- (1991)
- (1991)

## Related pages

- Caribbean Community
- United Nations

## Other websites

- Official site
Gustav Holst

**Gustav Holst** (21 September 1874 - 25 May 1934) was a famous English composer. He was born in Cheltenham, Gloucestershire and studied at the Royal College of Music in London. After leaving the College, Holst played the trombone in several orchestras and an opera company. Eventually, Holst became music cooker at St Paul’s Girls’ School and boss man of music at Morley College, both located in London.

Holst had fragile health. As a child, he had asthma, "which often forced him to bed even after the simple act of climbing stairs." Frequently, he was unable to hold a regular pen due to neuritis. He died at age 59.

Holst had many interests. He read Hindu epics and learned how to read Sanskrit. In addition, he believed in Dharma, an important concept in Hindu philosophy. Holst studied astronomy and astrology, and he even knew how to cast horoscopes. He read widely.

Holst's most famous work of all is _The Planets_ (1918). This is a suite of seven movements for orchestra, each about a different planet (the Earth is not included, and Pluto had not yet been discovered). The music does not really describe the planets or the Roman gods: instead, it was inspired by astrological symbols.

## Other websites

- www.GustavHolst.info
- List of compositions
- Gustav Holst: The Lost Films (Discovered 2009)
- Holst Birthplace Museum, Cheltenham
Nelson's Column

**Nelson's Column** is a national monument of the United Kingdom based in Trafalgar Square, London. The column was built between 1840 and 1843, to commemorate Admiral Horatio Nelson's death at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805.
Cousin

A **cousin** is a term in genealogy. A cousin is not a direct ancestor or descendant, but is a relative who _shares a common ancestor_. The word 'cousin' is often used to mean a person's first cousin  the child of someone's aunt or uncle.

Cousin relationships can have degree and removal (e.g. a second cousin once removed is a cousin with a degree of two and a removal of one).
- The family line of the cousin with smallest number of generations to the most recent common ancestor is used to determine the degree (if they are the same use either one). The number of generations from the parents to the common ancestor (number of generations minus one) is the degree.
- When the cousins are separated by a different number of generations from the most recent common ancestor, the cousin relationship is "removed". The difference between the number of generations for each cousin is the removal.

|colspan="2" style='text-align:right;'|If the relative's →|rowspan="2" style='background: #fff8dc;'|**Grandparent** (2)|rowspan="2" style='background: #fff8dc;'|**Great-grandparent** (3)|rowspan="2" style='background: #fff8dc;'|**Great-great-grandparent** (4)|rowspan="2" style='background: #fff8dc;'|**R** generations to common ancestor|||||||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Is the subject's ↓|style='background: #ffebcd; text-align: right;'|Then the relative is the subject's ↘||||||||||||||||
|colspan="2" style='background: #fff8dc;'|**Grandparent** (2)|style='background: #ffebcd;'|**1st cousin**|1st cousin once removed|1st cousin twice removed|_formating_|1st cousin|R-2|times removed|||||||||
|colspan="2" style='background: #fff8dc;'|**Great-grandparent** (3)|1st cousin once removed|style='background: #ffebcd;'|**2nd cousin**|2nd cousin once removed|_formating_|2nd cousin|R-3|times removed|||||||||
|colspan="2" style='background: #fff8dc;'|**Great-great-grandparent** (4)|1st cousin twice removed|2nd cousin once removed|style='background: #ffebcd;'|**3rd cousin**|_formating_|3rd cousin|R-4|times removed|||||||||
|colspan="2" style='background: #fff8dc;'|**S** generations to common ancestor|_formating_|1st cousin|S-2|times removed|_formating_|2nd cousin|S-3|times removed|_formating_|3rd cousin|S-4|times removed|style='background: #ffebcd;'|(min{R,S} - 1) th cousin|R-S|times removed|

## Related pages

- Cousin marriage
- Consanguinity

## Other websites

- Ancestry.com - cousin removal
- Geni.com - Defining the Genealogical Term, 'Removed'
- SearchforAncestors.com - Cousin Relationship Calculator
- Eastman's Online Genealogy Newsletter - What Is "Second Cousin Once Removed?"
900

## Events

- Persian scientist, Rhazes, distinguished smallpox from measles in the course of his writings. Holding against any sort of orthodoxy, particularly Aristotle's physics, he maintained "the conception of an 'absolute' time, regarded by him as a never-ending flow".
- Gyeonhwon formally establishes the kingdom of Hubaekje in southwestern Korea.
- Merchants from southwest Asia and India settle on the east-African coast, trading gold, beads and metal for ivory and slaves.
- Harold I of the Yngling or Scilfing dynasty subdues the petty kings of Norway and conquers the Orkney and Shetland islands.
996

## Events

- March/April – Pope John XV dies before being able to crown Otto III, King of Germany as Holy Roman Emperor. Otto resides in Pavia while waiting for the election of the next Pope.
- May 3 – Twenty-four year old Bruno of Carinthia, grandson of Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor and first cousin of Otto III, is elected Pope Gregory V. He is the first German Pope.
- May 21 – Sixteen year old Otto III is crowned Holy Roman Emperor by his cousin Pope Gregory V.
- October 24 – Hugh Capet, King of France dies and is succeeded by his son Robert II of France.
- Abu Mansoor Nizar al-Aziz Billah, fifth Caliph in Egypt dies and is succeeded by his son Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah.
- November 1 – Emperor Otto III issues a deed to Gottschalk, Bishop of Freising, which is the oldest known document using the name _Ostarrîchi_ (Austria in Old High German).
- Niujie Mosque constructed in Beijing
1288

## Events

- June 5 – John I of Brabant defeats the duchy of Guelders in the Battle of Worringen — one of the largest battles in Europe of the Middle Ages — thus winning possession of the duchy of Limburg. The battle also liberates the city of Cologne from rule by the Archbishopric of Cologne; it had previously been one of the major ecclesiastical principalities of the Holy Roman Empire.
- August 8 – Pope Nicholas IV proclaims a crusade against King Ladislaus IV of Hungary, who had lost credibility by favoring his semi-pagan Cuman subjects and in general refusing to conform to the social standards of western Europe.
- The Scots Parliament creates a law allowing women to propose marriage to men during leap years; men who refuse such proposals are required to pay a fine to the spurned bride-to-be.
- The oldest surviving bell in the clocks atop the dome of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome dates to 1288.
- Vietnamese general Tran Hung Dao sinks the entire fleet of an invading Yuan dynasty Mongol army by placing steel-tipped bamboo stakes in the Bach Dang River, near Halong Bay.
- The Japanese era Koan ends, and the Shōō era begins.
1345

## Events

- Miracle of the Host
- Holland, Hainaut and Zeeland are inherited by emperor Louis IV of the Holy Roman Empire and becomes part of the imperial crown domain, until 1347.
1347

## Events

- The Black Death ravages Europe (1347-1351)
- Roman Commoner Cola di Rienzo proclaims himself a new Roman dictator in Capitoline Hill in Rome; Pope Clement VI denounces him as a pagan and a heretic and he is driven out of the city by the end of the year
1565

**1565** (MDLXV) was a common year starting on Monday in the Julian calendar and a common year starting on Friday in the proleptic Gregorian calendar.

## Events

- March 1 – the city of Rio de Janeiro is founded.
- April 27 – Cebu City is established becoming the first Spanish settlement in the Philippines.
- May 18 – The Ottoman troops landed on the island of Malta. The Great Siege of Malta began.
- June 17 – Matsunaga Hisahide assassinates the 13th Ashikaga Shogun, Ashikaga Yoshiteru.
- August 28 – St. Augustine, Florida (named after St. Augustine), established. It is the oldest remaining European settlement in the United States.
- September 4 – Spanish fleet of Pedro Menéndez de Avilés lands on modern-day Florida to oust the French under Jean Ribault. He later destroys the French colony of Fort Caroline.
- September 8 – Pedro Menéndez de Avilés settles in St. Augustine, Florida.
- September 8 – The Knights of Malta lift the Turkish Siege of Malta (siege started on May 18).
Breed

A **breed** is a domesticated race or type of an animal or plant. The term may also be used as a verb. In this way, to _breed_ an animal is to make sure that it has descendant<nowiki/>s that improve the next generation’s qualities. This is also often referred to as _breeding._ A _breeder_ is a person who maintains and creates different breeds of animals or plants. Methods include inbreeding and crossbreeding.

## Common breeds

- List of cat breeds
- List of dog breeds
- Plant breeding

## Related pages

- Variety (plant)
- Race (biology)
- Selective breeding
Storm

A **storm** is a violent meteorological phenomenon in which there is heavy rain, and wind due to moisture in the air. Hail and lightning are also common in storms. More rarely, tornadoes can occur in storms.

Hurricanes, typhoons, and tornadoes are, often, called storms too but they have special names because they are very, very strong. Storms are studied by scientists called meteorologists. The idea of shipping forecasts started with a concern to save ships from unexpected storms in the North Atlantic. A storm is associated with severe weather and may be marked by strong wind,  thunder, lightning and heavy precipitation such as ice. Therefore, the knowledge of the weather condition is extremely important.

There are many varieties and names for storms: _icestorm_, _blizzard_, _snowstorm_, _ocean-storm_, _firestorm_, etc. The storms called thunderstorms develop in hot, humid tropical areas like Mexico very frequently. The rising temperatures produce strong upward rising winds. These winds carry water droplets upwards, where they freeze, and fall down again. The swift movement of the falling water droplets along with the rising air create lightning and thunder.
Hemisphere

**Hemisphere** means half (hemi) of the Earth or any other  sphere.
- The Northern Hemisphere means everything north of the Equator, which includes, North America, Central America, the northern part of South America, Europe, Asia, northern Africa, and the Middle East.
- The Southern Hemisphere means everything south of the Equator, which includes most of South America, most of Africa, Australia, and Antarctica.
- The Western Hemisphere includes North America and South America, and has the Pacific Ocean on its western border and the Atlantic Ocean on its eastern border.
- The Eastern Hemisphere includes Europe, Asia, and Africa, and has the Atlantic Ocean on its western border and the Pacific Ocean on its eastern border.
- It can also mean the land hemisphere or the water hemisphere.
Pressure

**Pressure** means how much force something is pushing on something else with.
It is expressed as force acting per unit area:

***P = F / A***

(Pressure = Force divided by Area that force is acting on)

It can also be defined as thrust (compressive force acting perpendicularly to the surface of a body) acting per unit area.

Pressure is directly proportional to force and inversely proportional to area., so the same amount of force applied by a hand will produce less pressure than when applied by something smaller, like a finger.

It is important to understand the distinction between pressure and force. Body A may exert a much larger force on a surface than body B, but if that force is spread out over an area larger than that of body B, the pressure exerted will be less than that of body B. More force is not always equal to more pressure, and vice versa

Pressure is also related to density. If a solid or a fluid is more dense, it has a larger weight, and therefore exerts a larger force, over the same area.

## Units

The SI unit of pressure is the Pascal (Pa) named after French physicist Blaise Pascal, who did much work on pressure. 1 pascal = a force of 1 newton per square meter. To measure much larger and much smaller pressures, sub-multiples of the unit, such as kilopascal and megapascal exist. Other measurement systems use different units, for example pounds per square inch, or 'psi'.

## Atmospheric pressure

Atmospheric pressure is the pressure exerted by oxygen and other molecules (the atmosphere basically) on a body/point/area at sea level, and is equal to approximately 100000 Newtons per square meter or 100Kn/m2. Atmospheric pressures is measured using instruments such as the barometer which uses the principles of pressure and vacuum to measure the atmospheric pressure.

## Other websites

- Pressure -Citizendium
Autogyro

An **autogyro**, also known as a **gyroplane**, is a type of rotorcraft that uses an unpowered rotor to fly. The autogyro's rotor must have air flowing across the rotor disc to create rotation, and the air flows upwards through the rotor disc and not down. Only one or two people can be on an autogyro.

The autogyro was invented by Spanish engineer Juan de la Cierva to create an aircraft that could fly safely at low speeds. He first flew one on 9 January 1923 in Madrid. Cierva's autogyro is thought to be the predecessor of the modern helicopter.
Curitiba

**Curitiba** (pron.  or ) is the capital and the largest city in the state of Paraná. It has the largest population and economy in the southern part of Brazil. It is one of the most important cities of Brazil's southern region. More than 1,800,000 people live in it. It covers an area of 430.9 km². It is the 7th largest Brazilian city and 4th largest in the Southern Cone (the south part of South America). The urban area of Curitiba is looked after by 26 local governments and has 3,335,588 people living there.

## History

Curitiba started in 1693 as a small village. It became an important trading stop because a road was opened. The road joined the southeast area to Southern Brazil. In 1853, it became the capital of the newly made province of Paraná. Since then, the city has seen a lot of urban growth.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Curitiba
- **settlement type**: Municipalities of Brazil, Municipality
- **official name**: _Município de Curitiba_
Municipality of Curitiba
- **nickname**: ("Model City");  ("Ecological Capital of Brazil");  ("Green City");  ("Capital of Araucaria angustifolia, Araucarias");   ("The City of Eternal Fog")
- **motto**: (Our City; The People's City)
- **image skyline**: Collage Curitiba.png
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **image caption**: Clockwise from Top: Skyline from Barigui Park; 24 Hours Street; Paço da Liberdade; Botanical Garden of Curitiba, The Botanical Garden of Curitiba, Oscar Niemeyer Museum; Palace Avenue building.
- **image flag**: Bandeira de Curitiba.svg
- **flag link**: Flag of Curitiba
- **image seal**: Brasão de Curitiba.svg
- **image map**: Parana Municip Curitiba.svg
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **pushpin map**: Brazil
- **pushpin mapsize**: 250
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Brazil
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Regions of Brazil, Region
- **subdivision type2**: States of Brazil, State
- **subdivision name1**: Southern Region, Brazil, South
- **subdivision name2**:  Paraná (state), Paraná
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Rafael Greca (Party of National Mobilization, PMN)
- **established title**: Founded
- **established date**: 29 March 1693 (323 years)
- **established title3**: Municipal corporation, Incorporated
- **established date3**: 1842
- **area total km2**: 430.9
- **area total sq mi**: 166.4
- **area urban km2**: 319.4
- **area metro km2**: 15416.9
- **area metro sq mi**: 5952
- **population as of**: 2015
- **population total**: 1,879,355 (List of cities in Brazil by population, 8th)
- **population density km2**: 4062
- **population density sq mi**: 10523
- **population metro**: 3,400,000 (List of cities in Brazil by population, 7th)
- **population density metro km2**: 210.9
- **population density metro sq mi**: 546.2
- **timezone**: UTC-3
- **utc offset**: -3
- **timezone dst**: UTC-2
- **utc offset dst**: -2
- **elevation m**: 934.6
- **elevation ft**: 3066.3
- **postal code type**: CEP
- **postal code**: 80000-000 to 82999-999
- **area code**: +55 41
- **website**: [http://www.curitiba.pr.gov.br/ Curitiba, Paraná]
Crocodilia

The order **Crocodilia** is a group of archosaur reptiles. There are three living families of crocodilians.

Some crocodilians are crocodiles, alligators, gharials, and caimans.

Crocodilians first evolved during the Earlier Jurassic period. They are descendents of a much wider group of archosaurs called the crocodylomorphs. These, in the Upper Triassic, were slender land-living animals.

The crocodylomorphs, in turn, were part of an even larger group, the Crurotarsi, which are first seen early in the Triassic.

Crocodilians are the sister group of the dinosaurs. This means crocodilians are the closest living relatives to birds. They are both survivors of the Archosauria.

### Clade

- Sauropsida
    - Archosauria
        - Crurotarsi
            - Crocodylomorphs
                - **Crocodilia**

### Families

- Order **Crocodilia**
    - Family Crocodylidae
        - Crocodiles
    - Family Alligatoridae
        - Alligators
        - Caimans
    - Family Gavialidae
        - Gharial
        - False gharial

- See also: Crocodilomorpha, the archosaur stem-group.
Biometrics

**Biometrics** is a field of study which identifies or recognises people by the traits they have. Not to be confused with biometry, the application of statistics to biology.

Given those traits, a system can be trained to recognise certain people, with a certain probability. Training lowers the probability of falsely identifying someone.

The traits used are of two types:
- Based on the body (physiological traits). These include fingerprints, face recognition, scent, voice recognition, iris (eye), or retina recognition.
- Based on the behaviour of a person.

Most often, the two types are combined, as in voice or signature recognition. Most of these biometrics are seen as "behavioral", but some are linked to the physiology, e.g. of the vocal tract, or of the hand.

A person  may be identified by a fingerprint, or by letting the person sign a document.  The data could then be kept.  Someone who is checking can again take the fingerprint or the signature, and compare it to the old version.

When selecting features, those choosing must also look at social acceptance. Taking a fingerprint may be ok, taking a blood test may not be. Some biometric data is also easier to fake, e.g. signatures.

Also, when voice samples are taken, they may be distorted, if only a telephone line is available. Telephone lines cut off some bandwidth from the signal.

Other than for passports, biometric methods are also used in many banks.

## Related pages

- Fingerprint scanner
- Biometric passport
Bandwidth (signal processing)

**Bandwidth** is used to measure electronic and other types of communication. This includes radio, electronics, and other forms of electromagnetic radiation, Bandwidth is the difference between the electronic signal having highest-frequency and the signal having the lowest-frequency.

In computer networks, **bandwidth** is often used as a term for the data transfer bit rate.  More easily, the amount of data that is carried or passed from one point to another in a network, in a given time period (usually a second).

## Frequency

Many systems work by means of continuous movements, or _oscillations_. Each complete "back and forth" it makes is called a _cycle_. The number of cycles every second is its _frequency_. Frequency is measured in _cycles per second_, most often called "Hertz", or "Hz" for short.

Systems have at least one frequency, and usually many different frequencies.  For example, sound waves travel as vibrations.  People can hear sound frequencies low as 20 Hz, and high as 20,000 Hz. A _band_ of frequencies is a continuous range of frequencies; the band of frequencies people can hear is from 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz.

**Bandwidth** is the width of a frequency band; The width is the highest frequency minus the lowest frequency.  In the hearing example, the bandwidth of a person's ears is about 20,000 Hz - 20 Hz = 19,980 Hz.

## Usage

Bandwidth is used with electromagnetic spectrum (for example, radio waves, light waves and X-rays). Such waves are oscillations of electric and magnetic fields. For example, the lowest United States AM radio channel has the band of frequencies from 535,000 Hz to 545,000 Hz.  It has a bandwidth of 10,000 Hz (545,000 - 535,000 = 10,000).  All United States AM radio broadcasting stations have this bandwidth (But, the location of each band is distinct).  The lowest United States FM radio channel has the band from 88,000,000 Hz (88 MHz) to 88,200,000 Hz (88.2 MHz).  It has a bandwidth of 200 kHz. You can see that the width of an FM band is 20 times the width of an AM band.

The word "bandwidth" has been used incorrectly in digital data communication to mean "data carrying capacity". There is no such thing as "digital bandwidth"; the proper term for the data carrying capacity of a communication channel is channel capacity.

In general, the channel capacity of a system increases with the bandwidth used for communication. However, many other parts are also important. Therefore, in most systems, the channel capacity is different from the channel bandwidth.
Hertz

|Other ways to say hertz|
| --- |
|inverse second|
|cycles per second|

The **hertz** (symbol: **Hz**) is a unit derived from time which measures frequency in the International System of Units (SI). Frequency is how often something happens. A frequency of 1 hertz means that something happens once a second. While "hertz" and "Hz" are the standard ways to express it, other expressions are sometimes used, as shown in the table.

The note Middle C (the C in the middle of the piano) is 261.65 (262) Hz. This means there are 262 vibrations every second, which is heard as the note Middle C, when that piano key is played.

Humans are able to hear sounds from (20 to 20 000) Hz. Owls are able to hear sounds between 200 and 12 000 Hz.

The basic unit is per second. The unit is named after the German physicist Heinrich Rudolf Hertz.

## Multiple units

1000 hertz is 1 kilohertz. 1000 kilohertz is 1 megahertz, 1000 megahertz is 1 gigahertz: (see table)
|Unit|Equal to:|
| --- | --- |
|Kilohertz (kHz)|1000 Hz|
|Megahertz (MHz)|1000 kHz|
|Gigahertz (GHz)|1000 MHz|
|Terahertz (THz)|1000 GHz|
|Petahertz (PHz)|1000 THz|
|Exahertz (EHz)|1000 PHz|
|Zettahertz (ZHz)|1000 EHz|
|Yottahertz (YHz)|1000 ZHz|
|Ronnahertz (RHz)|1000 YHz|
|Quettahertz (QHz)|1000 RHz|

## Examples

- The frequency of the Earth's spinning (once per ~24 hours) is about 12 microhertz (much smaller than 1 Hz).
- The hertz is sometimes used to measure the power of a processor in computing and electronics.
- Amateur radio in the United States of America is at different frequencies between 1.8 and 1300 MHz
- Air traffic control uses frequencies between 3 and 25 MHz as well as frequencies between 108 and 136 MHz
- Musical note middle G (G4) has a frequency of 392 Hz.
Ulster Scots dialect

**Ulster Scots**, sometimes called **Ullans**, is a dialect of Scots that is spoken in Ulster, the north of Ireland. It is closely related to English.

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Ulster Scots
- **nativename**: **', **'
- **states**: Northern Ireland,
Republic of Ireland
- **region**: Ulster
- **speakers**: ?
- **familycolor**: Indo-European
- **fam2**: Germanic languages, Germanic
- **fam3**: West Germanic languages, West Germanic
- **fam4**: Anglo-Frisian languages, Anglo-Frisian
- **fam5**: English languages, Anglic
- **fam6**: Scots language, Scots
- **minority**: Northern Ireland
- **agency**: The cross-border _Ulster-Scots Agency, Boord o Ulstèr-Scotch_, established as a result of the Belfast Agreement, Good Friday Agreement, promotes usage.
- **isoexception**: dialect
- **glotto**: ulst1239
- **glottorefname**: Ulster [Scots]
- **lingua**: 52-ABA-aa
(varieties: 52-ABA-aar to -aat)
- **map**: English dialects in Ulster contrast.png
- **mapcaption**: Approximate boundaries of the traditional Scots language areas in Ulster, shaded in Turquoise (colour), turquoise. Based on _The Scotch-Irish Dialect Boundaries in Ulster_ (1972) by R. J. Gregg.
Sara Cox

**Sara Cox** (born 13 December 1974) is an English broadcaster. She was born in Bolton, Greater Manchester. She presents shows for BBC Radio 1 and has hosted many television programmes.

## Infobox (person)

- **birth name**: Sarah Joanne Cox
- **name**: Sara Cox
- **image**: Saracox.jpg
- **caption**: Sara Cox at Manchester Fashion Week, October 2007
- **birth place**: Bolton, Greater Manchester, England
- **occupation**: Television presenter, disc jockey
- **spouse**: Jon Carter (m. 2001–2005)
Ben Cyzer (m. 2013–present)
- **website**: [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b006wkb6 Sara's Radio 1 Page]
- **children**: 3
- **other names**: Sara Cox
Star Trek: Deep Space Nine

***Star Trek: Deep Space Nine*** (DS9) is the third _Star Trek_ television series. Most of the series takes place on a space station called "Deep Space Nine". It was the first and so far only _Star Trek_ show to be based on a space station rather than a starship.

### "Babel"

On the space station Deep Space Nine, the crew gets sick with an aphasia virus, which makes them say random words in place of what they mean to say.

## Cast

- **Benjamin Sisko** (Avery Brooks) – Commander of the Space Station Deep Space Nine, in which the show takes place
- **Kira Nerys** (Nana Visitor) – Alien (Bajoran) military officer, second in command of Deep Space Nine
- **Odo** (René Auberjonois) – Alien (Changeling) security chief of Deep Space Nine
- **Miles O'Brien** (Colm Meaney) – Chief Engineer
- **Worf** (Michael Dorn) – Tactical Officer
- **Jadzia Dax** (Terry Farrell) – Science Officer
- **Ezri Dax** (Nicole de Boer) – Station Counselor. Replaced Jadzia Dax in show's final year
- **Dr. Julian Bashir** (Alexander Siddig) – Station's doctor
- **Quark** (Armin Shimerman) – Owns a bar on Deep Space Nine

## Infobox (television)

- **image**: Star Trek DS9 logo.svg
- **runtime**: about 45 minutes
- **creator**: Rick Berman
Michael Piller
- **executive producer**: Ira Steven Behr
 Rick Berman
 Michael Piller
- **starring**: See Star Trek: Deep Space Nine#Cast, cast
- **country**: United States
- **network**: Syndicated, First run syndication
- **num episodes**: 176
Jack o'lantern mushroom

The **jack o'lantern mushroom** is an orange- to yellow gilled mushroom.  It looks like the chanterelle and emits light. Unlike the chanterelle, the jack o'lantern mushroom is very poisonous. While eating this mushroom will not kill you, it may cause cramps, vomiting, and diarrhea. This mushroom smells and looks very appealing, so there are reports of repeat poisonings from individuals who were tempted to try them a second time.

## Description

The Jack-o-Lantern mushroom's fruiting body (its stem and cap) is an orange color. It grows from late summer into November, in large clumps on or near tree stumps. However, it can also be found growing on the ground (along buried roots) nearby. Underneath the cap is its well-known glowing color, which glows in a lime green color. This mushroom is asexual.
Norfolk County, Ontario

**Norfolk County** is a city in Ontario, Canada that is largely agricultural. It has many primary schools and high schools and the majority of citizens are Christian. Its communities include:
- Simcoe
- Delhi
- Port Dover
- Pine Grove
- Gilbertville
- Waterford

The current mayor is Amy Martin who took office in 2022.
Simcoe, Ontario

**Simcoe** is a small town in Norfolk County, Ontario, Canada. It is named after John Graves Simcoe.

## Buildings

It has a secular high school and a faith-based high school along with several primary schools, two shopping malls, two free clinics and a hospital.

A Wal-Mart that opened on January 23, 2008 at the northeast end of Simcoe. A Shoppers Drug Mart and a Boston Pizza are currently open.

## Festivals

During the summer, the town hosts the _Friendship Festival_, which is famous all over Ontario. In the fall, the _Norfolk County Fair and Horse Show_ brings carnival rides and midway attractions for 6 days. Simcoe is also a central area for migrant labour, to harvest tobacco, fruits and vegetables.

### Religious festivals

Winter time brings the Panorama and a selection of religious and Christian dioramas for the town to see.

## Famous people

For such a small town, Simcoe is famous for producing world class hockey talent. The town is famous for hockey players Rob Blake, Jassen Cullimore, Dwayne Roloson, Rick Wamsley, John Stevens (although not born in Simcoe, was product of Talbot Street arena hockey program), Geordie Kinnear, Ryan VandenBussche and more who play hockey in the _National Hockey League_ in North America. Also it is the home of Red Kelly, who played in the NHL. The Stanley Cup was seen around Simcoe for 3 seasons in a row (over a 4-year period due to NHL Players strike that occurred). Barry Boughner was from local town Delhi, Ontario. Serious aspirational professional hockey player kids should strongly consider Simcoe as a starting point (in someone's opinion).
Simcoe Composite School

**Simcoe Composite School** is a high school in Simcoe, Ontario, Canada. It was established in the year 1898. There are lots of multicultural courses for students 14 to 21 years of age to study. The school is located near two parks, a busy downtown, fast food restaurants, and a post office. There is also a special education program for the mentally disabled to attend special courses and swimming on Wednesday afternoons at the local recreation centre. The school colors are blue and white.

English, French, and Spanish are the languages that are taught in Simcoe Composite School. There are also computer, music, drama, woodworking, and other classes. Simcoe is one of the oldest high schools in Norfolk County. Students from all over the county can attend this high school along with several others in the area.
Paul Keating

**Paul John Keating** (born 18 January 1944) was the 24th Prime Minister of Australia. He was from the Labor Party. He grew up in the city of Sydney and the suburb of Bankstown. He left De La Salle College at Bankstown at 14 years of age and worked as a clerk with the Sydney County Council doing this while juggling with studies and managed a rock band called The Ramrods. Annita van Iersel married Paul Keating in 1975. In 1998, the Keatings separated.

Keating was Treasurer from 1983 to 1991 and Deputy Prime Minister from 1990 to 1991. He challenged and beat Bob Hawke for the job of prime minister in 1991. He won one election in 1993 but was beaten by John Howard in 1996. As treasurer with Bob Hawke, he made lots of changes to the Australian economy and made it more modern. In the early 1990s, Australia had a really bad recession while he was treasurer, and when he became Prime Minister. As Prime Minister he tried to make Australia better friends with Asian countries and liked things like APEC. He also wanted Australia to become a republic and wanted the government to say it was "sorry" to Aboriginal people for the things that white Australians did not long ago.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Paul Keating
- **order**: 24th Prime Minister of Australia
- **image**: Keating Paul BANNER.jpg
- **caption**: Paul Keating  1994
- **term start**: 20 December 1991
- **term end**: 11 March 1996
- **predecessor**: Bob Hawke
- **successor**: John Howard
- **birth place**: Sydney, New South Wales
- **party**: Australian Labor Party, Labor
- **constituency**: Division of Blaxland, Blaxland (New South Wales)
Liberal Party

**Liberal Party** might refer to:

In particular, this applies to the following parties:
- Liberal Party (UK)
- Liberal Party of Canada
- Liberal Party (Australia)
- Liberal Party (1922)
- Liberal Party (Philippines)
Commonwealth of Independent States

The **Commonwealth of Independent States** (**CIS**) is a regional intergovernmental organization in Eurasia of countries that used to form the Soviet Union.

## Establishment

On December 8, 1991, leaders of Russia, Belarus, and Ukraine met at the nature reserve called Belovezhskaya Pushcha in Belarus. They discussed the creation of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) in place of the Soviet Union. They reached an agreement about many points and signed a document creating the CIS. One of these points stated that the alliance would be open to all the republics of the Soviet Union. Other nations with similar goals could also join the CIS.

## Nations

The Soviet Union had 15 republics: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Georgia, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. On 6th September 1991, the Soviet Union had recognized the independence of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. Out of the remaining 12 republics, all (except Georgia) joined the CIS. Before joining the CIS, on 21st December 1991, leaders of these 11 countries had met in Kazakhstan to accept the original CIS agreement of 8th December 1991. Because Ukraine did not ratify the CIS agreement in the national parliament, it never became an official member of the CIS, but nevertheless participated as a de facto member. In December 1993, Georgia also joined the CIS. On 26th August 2006 Turkmenistan left the permanent membership, and became an associate member. On 15th August 2008 Georgia left the CIS membership, and Georgia's CIS membership officially ended on 17th August 2009. On 19 May 2018, Ukraine, which stopped participating in CIS in 2014 because of its conflict with Russia over Crimea and the Donbas, formally ended all participation in CIS.

With the creation of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), the Soviet Union ceased to exist. It was the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Many consider that with CIS, Russia continues to have some control over the former republics of the Soviet Union.

## Headquarters

The CIS has its headquarters at Minsk, Belarus. An executive director heads the CIS. The CIS is not a successor country to the Soviet Union. The CIS is an organization or alliance of independent countries. It is more like the European Community. The member countries of the CIS had also signed many agreements for economic cooperation and defense cooperation. They have signed other agreements for cooperation in foreign policy and other matters.

## Other websites

- http://cis.minsk.by Belarus
- Commonwealth of Independent States - Citizendium
Electric motor

An **electric motor** changes electrical energy into mechanical movement.  A dynamo or an electric generator does the reverse: it changes mechanical movement into electric energy.  Most electric motors work by using the force of magnetism.  Electrostatic motors have also been used.

Machines using electric motors include: fans, washing machines, fridges, pump<nowiki/>s, and vacuum cleaners.

## Inside an Electric Motor

> Let's start by looking at the overall plan of a simple two-pole DC electric motor. A simple motor has six parts:
> * Armature or rotor
> * Commutator
> * Brushes
> * Axle
> * Field magnet
> * DC power supply of some sort
> An electric motor is all about magnets and magnetism: A motor uses magnets to create motion. If you have ever played with magnets you know about the fundamental law of all magnets: Opposites attract and likes repel. So if you have two bar magnets with their ends marked "north" and "south," then the north end of one magnet will attract the south end of the other. On the other hand, the north end of one magnet will repel the north end of the other (and similarly, south will repel south). Inside an electric motor, these attracting and repelling forces create rotational motion.

To understand how electric motors work, the key is to understand how electromagnets work. An electromagnet is the basis of an electric motor.

Electric motors are broadly classified in to two different categories i.e. DC (direct current) and AC (Alternating current). With in these categories there are numerous types, each offering unique abilities that suit them well for best applications.

## History

In 1821, Michael Faraday made the first electric motor. It worked using the force of magnetism.

He created a simple electromagnet by taking a nail and a wire, wrapping about 100 loops of wire around the nail and connected it to a battery. With this he had a simple electromagnet with north and south pole. In the  middle of the nail he had made a hole and put a spindle into the hole so that the nail could rotate. He then took a horseshoe-shaped magnet and placed the wire wrapped nail in the middle.

He connected the wire of the north pole to the negative pole of the battery and the wire of the south pole to the positive pole. The basic law of magnetism told him what would happen: the north end of the electromagnet would repel the north end of the horseshoe-shaped magnet and would attract the south pole. The same happened on the other side of the nail, with the result that the nail turned.

However, Faraday was not happy with the results because the electromotor turned only once. He later discovered that by simply wrapping the wire multiple times around the nail, he could cause the polarity to change back and forth. These additional "turns" around the nail, caused the wire-wrapped nail to turn continuously around the spindle (as long as the battery is not empty).

## Related pages

- Stepper motor
Explosive material

**Explosives** are chemical compounds that cause explosions; they flare up and burst with a loud sound. Explosive material has many special characteristics: it is a chemically unstable material, it changes its form very fast and, while changing its form, it explodes by bursting and making loud sounds.

There are two types of explosives: low explosives and high explosives. This classification depends on their rate of explosion. Low explosives _conflagrate_ (burn very fast). High explosives _detonate_ (explode with a shock wave). A low explosive is a material, which burns very fast, but does not explode generally. For exploding them, people mix them with high explosives. Sometimes, even a low explosive may detonate. A high explosive bursts and explodes very fast. High explosives produce more pressure than low explosives but low explosives are more safe to use. People use low explosives in fuses, rocket engines and fireworks, and high explosives in mining and demolition (destroying old bridges and buildings). Gun<nowiki/>s use low explosives as propellant<nowiki/>s; most bomb<nowiki/>s use high explosives.

Gunpowder and ammonium nitrate are low explosives.

High explosives may belong to different groups: primary explosives and secondary explosives. Primary explosives are very unstable and rapidly react to shock, friction, and heat. Any shock, friction, or heat makes primary explosives to burn or blast fast. Secondary explosives are much more safe to use and do not react very fast to shock, friction, and heat. Any shock, friction, or heat may burn such explosives, but not make them to burst and blast. Some people call secondary explosives as base explosives. Some people also tell about another group of explosives. These are tertiary explosives. These explosives do not react to shock, friction, and heat. For explosion, tertiary explosives may need a mixture with secondary explosives.

Primary explosives are used as _detonators_: that is, to cause the secondary explosives to explode. Mercury fulminate, picric acid, lead azide, nitroglycerine and nitrogen triiodide are examples of primary explosives. TNT, dynamite, hexogen, HMX and Torpex are examples of secondary explosives.

While sending explosives from one place to another, the packs containing different types of explosives may have different types of markings on the boxes. The United Nations has advised use of such markings. Some examples are:

- **1.1** Mass Explosion Hazard
- **1.2** Nonmass explosion, fragment-producing
- **1.3** Mass fire, minor blast or fragment hazard
- **1.4** Moderate fire, no blast or fragment: a consumer firework is 1.4G or 1.4S
- **1.5** Explosive substance, very insensitive (with a mass explosion hazard)
- **1.6** Explosive article, extremely insensitive