juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Michigan Senate

The **Michigan Senate** is the upper house of the Michigan Legislature.

The Michigan Senate is made of 38 members.

## Infobox (legislature)

- **name**: Michigan State Senate
- **legislature**: Michigan Legislature
- **coa pic**: Seal of Michigan.svg
- **house type**: Upper house
- **body**: Michigan Legislature
- **term length**: 4 years
- **term limits**: 3 terms (12 years)
- **foundation**: January 26, 1837
- **motto**: _In God We Trust_
- **preceded by**: Michigan Territorial Council
- **new session**: January 8, 2025
- **leader1 type**: Lieutenant Governor of Michigan, President
- **leader1**: Garlin Gilchrist (Democratic Party (United States), D)
- **election1**: January 1, 2019
- **leader2 type**: President pro tempore
- **leader2**: Jeremy Moss (Democratic Party (United States), D)
- **election2**: January 11, 2023
- **leader3 type**: List of majority leaders of the Michigan Senate, Majority Leader
- **leader3**: Winnie Brinks (Democratic Party (United States), D)
- **election3**: January 1, 2023
- **leader4 type**: Minority Leader
- **leader4**: Aric Nesbitt (Republican Party (United States), R)
- **election4**: January 11, 2023
- **members**: **38** voting members
- **political groups1**: **Majority**
*
**Minority**
*
**Vacant (1)**
*
- **structure1**: Michigan State Senate.svg
- **structure1 res**: 250px
- **salary**: $71,685 salary/year + $10,800 per diem/year
- **authority**: Article IV, Michigan Constitution
- **last election1**: 2022 Michigan Senate election, November 8, 2022
(38 seats)
- **next election1**: 2026 Michigan Senate election, November 3, 2026
(38 seats)
- **meeting place**: State Senate Chamber
Michigan State Capitol
Lansing, Michigan
- **session room**: Michigan Senate.jpg
- **redistricting**: Michigan Independent Citizens Redistricting Commission
Michigan Legislature

The **Michigan Legislature** is the legislature of the U.S. state of Michigan. It is a bicameral government made of an upper chamber, the Senate, and a lower chamber, the House of Representatives

The Legislature meets in the Capitol building in Lansing.

## Infobox (legislature)

- **name**: Michigan Legislature
- **coa pic**: Seal of Michigan.svg
- **coa alt**: The Great Seal of the State of Michigan :: A.D. MDCCCXXXV
- **foundation**: January 26, 1837
- **preceded by**: Michigan Territorial Council
- **salary**: $71,685 salary/year + $10,800 per diem/year
- **authority**: Article IV, Michigan Constitution
- **house type**: Bicameralism, Bicameral
- **houses**: Michigan Senate, Senate
Michigan House of Representatives, House of Representatives
- **structure1**: Michigan State Senate.svg
- **structure1 res**: 250px
- **structure2**: Michigan House of Representative Election 2024 (1).svg
- **structure2 res**: 250px
- **term length**: Michigan Senate, Senate: 4 years
Michigan House of Representatives, House: 2 years
- **term limits**: 12 years combined
- **leader1 type**: List of Lieutenant Governors of Michigan, Senate President
- **leader1**: Garlin Gilchrist
- **party1**: (Democratic Party (United States), D)
- **election1**: January 1, 2019
- **leader2 type**: Senate President pro tempore
- **leader2**: Jeremy Moss (Democratic Party (United States), D)
- **election2**: January 11, 2023
- **leader3 type**: List of Speakers of the Michigan House of Representatives, House Speaker
- **leader3**: Joe Tate (politician), Joe Tate
- **party3**: (Democratic Party (United States), D)
- **election3**: January 11, 2023
- **members**: **148**
38 Senators
110 Representatives
- **political groups1**: **Majority**
*
**Minority**
*
- **political groups2**: **Majority**
*
**Minority**
*
- **last election1**: 2022 Michigan Senate election, November 8, 2022
- **last election2**: 2024 Michigan House of Representatives election, November 5, 2024
- **next election1**: 2026 Michigan Senate election, November 3, 2026
- **next election2**: 2026 Michigan House of Representatives election, November 3, 2026
- **meeting place**: Michigan State Capitol
Lansing, Michigan, Lansing
- **session room**: Michigan state capitol.jpg
- **session res**: 275px
- **redistricting**: Independent redistricting commission
(as of December 14, 2018)
- **constitution**: Constitution of Michigan
- **chambers**: Michigan Senate, Senate
Michigan House of Representatives, House of Representatives
Maryland Senate

The **Maryland Senate**, sometimes known as the **Maryland State Senate**, is the upper house of the General Assembly, the state legislature of the U.S. state of Maryland. It is made up of 47 senators.

## Infobox (legislature)

- **name**: Maryland Senate
- **legislature**: Maryland General Assembly
- **coa pic**: Seal of Maryland (reverse).svg
- **session room**: MDSenate.jpg
- **house type**: Upper house
- **term limits**: None
- **new session**: January 11, 2023
- **leader1 type**: President of the Maryland Senate, President
- **leader1**: Bill Ferguson (politician), Bill Ferguson (Democratic Party (United States), D)
- **election1**: January 8, 2020
- **leader2 type**: President pro tempore
- **leader2**: Malcolm Augustine (Democratic Party (United States), D)
- **election2**: January 11, 2023
- **leader3 type**: Majority Leader
- **leader3**: Nancy J. King (Democratic Party (United States), D)
- **election3**: January 8, 2020
- **leader4 type**: Minority Leader
- **leader4**: Stephen S. Hershey Jr. (Republican Party (United States), R)
- **election4**: January 11, 2023
- **members**: 47
- **structure1**: Maryland Senate 2023.svg
- **structure1 res**: 250px
- **political groups1**: **Majority**
*
**Minority**
*
- **last election1**: 2022 Maryland Senate election, November 8, 2022
- **next election1**: 2026 Maryland Senate election, November 3, 2026
- **redistricting**: Legislative Control
- **term length**: 4 years
- **authority**: Article III, Section 2, Maryland Constitution
- **salary**: $50,330/year
- **meeting place**: State Senate Chamber
Maryland State House
Annapolis, MD
- **website**: [https://mgaleg.maryland.gov/mgawebsite/Members/Index/senate Maryland Senate]
- **rules**: [https://mgaleg.maryland.gov/pubs/Other/2024%20Senate%20of%20Maryland%20Rules%20-%20Plain%20Language.pdf 2024 Senate of Maryland Rules]
Maryland General Assembly

The **Maryland General Assembly** is the state legislature of the U.S. state of Maryland that meets in the State House in Annapolis. It is a bicameral body: the upper chamber, the Maryland Senate, has 47 representatives, and the lower chamber, the Maryland House of Delegates, has 141 representatives. Members of both houses serve four-year terms.

## Infobox (legislature)

- **name**: Maryland General Assembly
- **coa pic**: Seal of Maryland (reverse).svg
- **session room**: 2006 09 19 - Annapolis - Sunset over State House.JPG
- **house type**: Bicameral
- **houses**: Maryland Senate, Senate
Maryland House of Delegates, House of Delegates
- **house1**: Senate
- **house2**: House of Delegates
- **structure1**: Maryland Senate 2023.svg
- **structure1 res**: 250px
- **structure2**: 2023 Maryland House of Delegates.svg
- **structure2 res**: 250px
- **term length**: Both chambers: 4 years
- **term limits**: None
- **leader1 type**: President of the Maryland Senate, Senate President
- **leader1**: Bill Ferguson (politician), Bill Ferguson
- **party1**: (Democratic Party (United States), D)
- **election1**: January 8, 2020
- **leader2 type**: Speaker of the Maryland House of Delegates, House Speaker
- **leader2**: Adrienne A. Jones
- **party2**: (Democratic Party (United States), D)
- **election2**: May 1, 2019
- **last election1**: 2022 Maryland Senate election, November 8, 2022
- **last election2**: 2022 Maryland House of Delegates election, November 8, 2022
- **next election1**: 2026 Maryland Senate election, November 3, 2026
- **next election2**: 2026 Maryland House of Delegates election, November 3, 2026
- **members**: **188**
47 senators
141 delegates
- **motto**: _Fatti maschi, parole femmine_
- **meeting place**: Maryland State House
Annapolis, Maryland, Annapolis
- **session res**: 275px
- **redistricting**: Legislative control
- **website**: [https://mgaleg.maryland.gov/mgawebsite Maryland General Assembly]
- **constitution**: Constitution of Maryland
Maryland House of Delegates

The **Maryland House of Delegates** is the lower house of the legislature of the U.S. state of Maryland. It is made of 141 delegates elected from 47 districts. The House of Delegates Chamber is in the Maryland State House on State Circle in Annapolis.

## Infobox (legislature)

- **name**: Maryland House of Delegates
- **legislature**: Maryland General Assembly
- **coa pic**: Seal of Maryland (reverse).svg
- **session room**: MDHouse.jpg
- **house type**: Lower house
- **term limits**: None
- **new session**: January 11, 2023
- **leader1 type**: List of speakers of the Maryland House of Delegates, Speaker
- **leader1**: Adrienne A. Jones, Adrienne Jones (Democratic Party (United States), D)
- **election1**: April 7, 2019
- **leader2 type**: Speaker pro tempore
- **leader2**: Dana Stein (Democratic Party (United States), D)
- **election2**: January 10, 2024
- **leader3 type**: Majority Leader
- **leader3**: David Moon (politician), David Moon (Democratic Party (United States), D)
- **election3**: May 17, 2023
- **leader4 type**: Minority Leader
- **leader4**: Jason C. Buckel, Jason Buckel (Republican Party (United States), R)
- **election4**: April 13, 2021
- **members**: 141
- **structure1**: 2023 Maryland House of Delegates.svg
- **structure1 res**: 250px
- **political groups1**: **Majority**
*
**Minority**
*
- **last election1**: 2022 Maryland House of Delegates election, November 8, 2022
- **next election1**: 2026 Maryland House of Delegates election, November 3, 2026
- **redistricting**: Legislative Control
- **term length**: 4 years
- **authority**: Article III, Section 2, Maryland Constitution
- **salary**: $50,330/year
- **meeting place**: House of Delegates Chamber
Maryland State House
Annapolis, MD, Annapolis, Maryland
- **website**: [http://www.msa.md.gov/msa/mdmanual/06hse/html/hse.html Maryland House of Delegates]
- **voting system1**: First-past-the-post voting, First past the post in single member districts;
Plurality_block_voting, Plurality-at-large voting for multi-members districts.
Nellie Pou

**Nelida "Nellie" Avila Pou** ( ; born May 20, 1956) is an American Democratic politician. She is the U.S. Representative from New Jersey’s 9th congressional district since 2025. Pou was a member of the New Jersey Senate from 2012 to 2025 and the New Jersey General Assembly from 1997 to 2012.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Nellie Pou
- **image**: Representative Nellie Pou Official Portrait.jpg
- **alt**: Official House portrait of Pou smiling in front of the U.S. flag, wearing a blue jacket with a floral inside, white shirt, and gold bead necklace.
- **state**: New Jersey
- **term start**: January 3, 2025
- **predecessor**: Bill Pascrell
- **state senate1**: New Jersey
- **district1**: New Jersey's 35th legislative district, 35th
- **term start1**: January 10, 2012
- **term end1**: January 3, 2025
- **predecessor1**: John Girgenti
- **successor1**: _Vacant_
- **state assembly2**: New Jersey
- **district2**: New Jersey's 35th legislative district, 35th
- **term start2**: January 29, 1997
- **term end2**: January 10, 2012
- **predecessor2**: Bill Pascrell
- **successor2**: Shavonda E. Sumter
Benjie E. Wimberly
- **birth place**: Paterson, New Jersey, U.S.
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
- **spouse**: Richard Freid
- **education**: Kean University
Rutgers University
University of Virginia
Laura Gillen

**Laura Anne Gillen** (born July 10, 1969) is an American politician and attorney who is the member of the United States House of Representatives for New York's 4th congressional district since 2025. She is a Democrat. She was the town supervisor of Hempstead, New York from 2018 to 2019.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Laura Gillen
- **image**: Gillen Laura 119th Congress (cropped2).jpg
- **alt**: Official House portrait of Gillen smiling in front of the U.S. flag, wearing a black blazer jacket.
- **state**: New York (state), New York
- **term start**: January 3, 2025
- **predecessor**: Anthony D'Esposito
- **office1**: Town Supervisor of Hempstead, New York, Hempstead
- **term start1**: 2018
- **term end1**: 2019
- **predecessor1**: Anthony Santino
- **successor1**: Donald Clavin
- **birth name**: Laura Anne Gillen
- **birth place**: Baldwin (hamlet), New York, Baldwin, New York, U.S.
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
- **education**: Georgetown University (Bachelor of Arts, BA)
New York University (Juris Doctor, JD)
Maxine Dexter

**Maxine Elizabeth Dexter** (née **Johnson**, born December 5, 1972) is an American physician and politician. She is the U.S. representative for Oregon's 3rd congressional district since 2025. She is a member of the Democratic Party. She was a member of the Oregon House of Representatives from 2020 to 2024.

## Other websites

- Campaign website
- Legislative website
- Medical website

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Maxine Dexter
- **image**: Dexter Maxine 119th Congress.jpg
- **alt**: Official House portrait of Dexter in front of the U.S. flag, wearing a black shirt and multi-colored bead necklace.
- **state**: Oregon
- **term start**: January 3, 2025
- **predecessor**: Earl Blumenauer
- **state house1**: Oregon
- **district1**: Oregon's 33rd House district, 33rd
- **term start1**: June 14, 2020
- **term end1**: August 30, 2024
- **predecessor1**: Mitch Greenlick
- **successor1**: Shannon Jones Isadore
- **birth name**: Maxine Elizabeth Johnson
- **birth place**: Bothell, Washington, U.S.
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
- **education**: University of Washington (Bachelor of Arts, BA, Doctor of Medicine, MD)
Sheri Biggs

**Sheryl Lynn Biggs** (born March 28, 1970) is an American Republican politician. She has been a member of the U.S. House of Representatives for  since 2025.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Sheri Biggs
- **image**: Rep. Sheri Biggs official photo, 119th Congress (3x4 full crop).jpg
- **alt**: Official House portrait of Biggs smiling in front of the U.S. flag, wearing a black jacket with large silver buttons, red shirt, and silver Virgin Mary necklace.
- **state**: South Carolina
- **term start**: January 3, 2025
- **predecessor**: Jeff Duncan (politician), Jeff Duncan
- **birth place**: Kosciusko, Mississippi, U.S.
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **children**: 2
- **education**: Carolina College of Biblical Studies (Bachelor of Arts, BA)
Samford University (Doctor of Nursing Practice, DNP)
- **rank**: Lieutenant Colonel (United States), Lieutenant Colonel
Julie Johnson (politician)

**Julie Elizabeth Johnson** (born May 2, 1966) is an American politician. She has been the U.S. representative for Texas's 32nd congressional district since 2025. She is a member of the Democratic Party. She was a member of the Texas House of Representatives for District 115 from 2019 to 2025.

Johnson came out as a lesbian in 1991.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Julie Johnson
- **image**: Johnson Julie 119th Congress.jpg
- **alt**: Official House portrait of Johnson smiling in front of the U.S. flag, wearing a black jacket and silver necklace.
- **state**: Texas
- **term start**: January 3, 2025
- **predecessor**: Colin Allred
- **state house1**: Texas
- **district1**: Texas's 115th House of Representatives district, 115th
- **term start1**: January 9, 2019
- **term end1**: January 3, 2025
- **predecessor1**: Matt Rinaldi
- **successor1**: Cassandra Hernandez
- **birth name**: Julie Elizabeth Johnson
- **birth place**: Kansas City, Kansas, U.S.
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
- **children**: 2
- **education**: University of Texas, Austin (Bachelor of Arts, BA)
University of Houston (Juris Doctor, JD)
Emily Randall

**Emily Elissa Randall** (born October 30, 1985) is an American politician and activist who is a U.S. representative for Washington's 6th congressional district since 2025. She was a member of the Washington State Senate from 2019 to 2024. She is a member of the Democratic Party. She is the first queer Latina to serve in the U.S. House of Representatives.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Emily Randall
- **image**: Randall Emily 119th Congress.jpg
- **alt**: Official House portrait of Randall smiling in front of the U.S. flag, wearing a pink shirt.
- **state**: Washington (state), Washington
- **term start**: January 3, 2025
- **predecessor**: Derek Kilmer
- **state senate1**: Washington
- **district1**: Washington's 26th legislative district, 26th
- **term start1**: January 14, 2019
- **term end1**: December 8, 2024
- **predecessor1**: Jan Angel
- **successor1**: Deborah Krishnadasan
- **birth name**: Emily Elissa Randall
- **birth place**: Bremerton, Washington, U.S.
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
- **education**: Wellesley College (Bachelor of Arts, BA)
Robert Hübner

**Robert Hübner** (November 6, 1948 – January 5, 2025) was a German chess grandmaster, chess writer, and papyrologist. He was one of the world's leading players in the 1970s and early 1980s. In 2000 he won, with the German team, a silver medal in the 34th Chess Olympiad in Istanbul. His chess moves were called "aggressive" and "ruthless". The Hubner variation move is named after him. Hübner is known as one of the world's best xiangqi players not from China. Hübner was born in Porz, Allied-occupied Germany.

Hübner died on January 5, 2025 at a hospital in Cologne, Germany from stomach cancer at the age of 76.
Dornhan

**Dornhan** is a town in Rottweil in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.

## Infobox (german location)

- **type**: Stadt
- **image coa**: DEU Dornhan COA SK.svg
- **image plan**: Dornhan in RW.svg
- **state**: Baden-Württemberg
- **region**: Freiburg
- **district**: Rottweil
- **elevation**: 642
- **area**: 44.93
- **postal code**: 72173–72175
- **area code**: 07455, 07423
- **licence**: RW
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 08 3 25 012
- **divisions**: 8 Stadtteile
- **website**: [https://www.dornhan.de/ www.dornhan.de]
- **mayor**: Markus Huber
- **leader term**: 2020–28
Dunningen

**Dunningen** is a municipality in Rottweil in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.

## Infobox (german location)

- **image coa**: DEU Dunningen COA.svg
- **image plan**: Dunningen in RW.svg
- **state**: Baden-Württemberg
- **region**: Freiburg
- **district**: Rottweil
- **elevation**: 677
- **area**: 48.44
- **postal code**: 78655
- **area code**: 07403, 07402
- **licence**: RW
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 08 3 25 014
- **website**: [https://www.dunningen.de/ www.dunningen.de]
- **mayor**: Peter Schumacher
- **leader term**: 2017–25
Epfendorf

**Epfendorf** is a municipality in Rottweil in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.

## Infobox (german location)

- **image coa**: DEU Epfendorf COA.svg
- **image plan**: Epfendorf in RW.svg
- **state**: Baden-Württemberg
- **region**: Freiburg
- **district**: Rottweil
- **elevation**: 572
- **area**: 29.71
- **postal code**: 78736
- **area code**: 07404
- **licence**: RW
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 08 3 25 015
- **website**: [http://www.epfendorf.de www.epfendorf.de]
- **mayor**: Mark Prielipp
Eschbronn

**Eschbronn** is a municipality in Rottweil in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.

## Infobox (german location)

- **type**: Gemeinde
- **image photo**: Blick auf Mariazell im Schwarzwald.jpg
- **image caption**: View of Mariazell, Eschbronn
- **image coa**: DEU Eschbronn COA.svg
- **image plan**: Eschbronn in RW.svg
- **state**: Baden-Württemberg
- **region**: Freiburg
- **district**: Rottweil
- **elevation**: 700
- **area**: 11.41
- **postal code**: 78664
- **area code**: 07403
- **licence**: RW
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 08 3 25 071
- **website**: [http://www.eschbronn.de/ www.eschbronn.de]
Fluorn-Winzeln

**Fluorn-Winzeln** is a municipality in Rottweil in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.

## Infobox (german location)

- **image coa**: DEU Fluorn-Winzeln COA.svg
- **image plan**: Fluorn-Winzeln in RW.svg
- **state**: Baden-Württemberg
- **region**: Freiburg
- **district**: Rottweil
- **elevation**: 649
- **area**: 24.59
- **postal code**: 78737
- **area code**: 07402
- **licence**: RW
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 08 3 25 070
- **website**: [https://www.fluorn-winzeln.de/ www.fluorn-winzeln.de]
- **mayor**: Rainer Betschner
- **leader term**: 2022–30
Hardt, Baden-Württemberg

**Hardt** is a municipality in Rottweil in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (german location)

- **name**: Hardt
- **type**: Gemeinde
- **image photo**: Hardt im Schwarzwald St. Georg 1.jpg
- **image caption**: St. George's Church, Hardt
- **image coa**: DEU Hardt COA.svg
- **image plan**: Hardt in RW.svg
- **state**: Baden-Württemberg
- **region**: Freiburg
- **district**: Rottweil
- **elevation**: 785
- **area**: 10.17
- **postal code**: 78739
- **area code**: 07422
- **licence**: RW
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 08 3 25 024
- **mayor**: Michael Moosmann
- **party**: independent
- **leader term**: 2018–26
Emily DiDonato

**Emily DiDonato** (born February 24, 1991) is an American model.

She has appeared in advertisements for Miu Miu, Oscar de la Renta, Giorgio Armani, Calvin Klein, Trussardi, Ralph Lauren, Just Cavalli, Missoni, Elie Tahari, Longchamp, Nicole Farhi, Aldo, Gap, Juicy Couture, and Guess.

## Other websites

- Vogue's "The Scene": The September Issue premier gallery

## Infobox (model)

- **name**: Emily DiDonato
- **image**: Emily DiDonato, 2016 (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: DiDonato in 2016
- **birth place**: Goshen, New York, U.S.
- **children**: 2
- **occupation**: Model
- **years active**: 2009–present
- **haircolor**: Brown
- **eyecolor**: Blue
Open society

**Open society** is an idea derived from philosophy and liberalism.

Karl Popper defined an open society as one where "an individual is confronted with personal decisions" as opposed to a "magical or tribal or collectivist society."

The opposite of an open society is a totalitarian "closed" society, like those that occurred under fascism, Nazism, and Soviet Communism.

## Overview

French philosopher Henri Bergson first wrote about it in 1932. Karl Popper made the idea popular in his work _The Open Society and Its Enemies_.

### Popper's ideas

Popper criticized historicists like Karl Marx. According to Popper, people create history through their decisions and actions. In contrast to this, historicism says there is an ideal way for society to be, and history develops toward this ideal.

## Critique

According to Popper, the best form of government is a democracy. Popper says that in a democracy it is possible to have political transitions of power without bloodshed.

So-called closed societies tend to be inflexibly utopian in nature and justify suppression of discussion by appealing to people's ideas about an ideal society.

In contrast, in an open society, discussion should always be possible. These discussions should also permit cultural changes. For this reason, freedom of opinion, freedom of speech, freedom of association and religious tolerance are very important values in an open society.
Lauterbach, Baden-Württemberg

**Lauterbach** is a municipality in Rottweil in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.

## Infobox (german location)

- **name**: Lauterbach
- **image photo**: Lauterbach (schwarzwald).jpg
- **image coa**: Wappen Lauterbach Schwarzwald.svg
- **image plan**: Lauterbach in RW.svg
- **state**: Baden-Württemberg
- **region**: Freiburg
- **district**: Rottweil
- **elevation**: 579
- **area**: 19.95
- **postal code**: 78730
- **area code**: 07422
- **licence**: RW
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 08 3 25 036
- **website**: [http://www.lauterbach-schwarzwald.de/ www.lauterbach-schwarzwald.de]
- **mayor**: Jürgen Leichtle
- **leader term**: 2022–30
Alessandra Mastronardi

**Alessandra Carina Mastronardi** (born February 18, 1986) is an Italian actress. She is best known for her roles in the movies _To Rome with Love_ and _The Unbearable Weight of Massive Talent_. She also played Francesca	in the television series _Master of None_.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Alessandra Mastronardi
- **image**: Alessandra-Mastronardi-LAllieva-Spettacolo-Italiano-Alberto-Fuschi.jpg
- **caption**: Mastronardi in 2018
- **birth name**: Alessandra Carina Mastronardi
- **birth place**: Naples, Italy
- **occupation**: Actress
- **years active**: 1997–present
Oberndorf am Neckar

**Oberndorf am Neckar** is a town in Rottweil in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.

## Infobox (german place)

- **type**: Stadt
- **image photo**: Oberndorf view1.jpg
- **image coa**: Wappen Oberndorf am Neckar.png
- **image plan**: Oberndorf am Neckar in RW.svg
- **state**: Baden-Württemberg
- **region**: Freiburg
- **district**: Rottweil
- **elevation**: 506
- **area**: 55.93
- **postal code**: 78727
- **area code**: 07423
- **licence**: RW
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 08 3 25 045
- **divisions**: 7 Stadtteile
- **website**: [http://www.oberndorf.de/ www.oberndorf.de]
- **mayor**: Matthias Winter
- **leader term**: 2023–31
Schenkenzell

**Schenkenzell** is a municipality in Rottweil in Baden-Württemberg in Germany. It is twinned with Schenkon in Switzerland. The current mayor of Schenkenzell is Bernd Heinzelmann since 2017.

## Other websites

- Official website
- Schenkenzell pictures

## Infobox (german location)

- **image photo**: Schenkenzell Kirche St. Ulrich.jpg
- **image caption**: The church of St. Ulrich in Schenkenzell
- **image coa**: Wappen Schenkenzell.svg
- **image plan**: Schenkenzell in RW.svg
- **state**: Baden-Württemberg
- **region**: Freiburg
- **district**: Rottweil
- **elevation**: 361
- **area**: 42.14
- **postal code**: 77773
- **area code**: 07836
- **licence**: RW
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 08 3 25 050
- **divisions**: 3 Ortsteile
- **website**: [http://www.schenkenzell.de/ www.schenkenzell.de]
- **mayor**: Bernd Heinzelmann
- **leader term**: 2017–25
Schiltach

**Schiltach** is a town in Rottweil in Baden-Württemberg in Germany. Schiltach is in the eastern Black Forest. It is at the confluence of the Schiltach and Kinzig rivers.

## Infobox (german location)

- **type**: Stadt
- **image coa**: DEU Schiltach COA.svg
- **image photo**: Schiltach Panorama (01).jpg
- **image plan**: Schiltach in RW.svg
- **state**: Baden-Württemberg
- **region**: Freiburg
- **district**: Rottweil
- **elevation**: 330
- **area**: 34.22
- **postal code**: 77757–77761
- **area code**: 07836
- **licence**: RW
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 08 3 25 051
- **divisions**: 2 Ortsteile
- **website**: [https://www.schiltach.de/ www.schiltach.de]
- **mayor**: Thomas Haas
- **leader term**: 2018–26
Villingendorf

**Villingendorf** is a municipality in Rottweil in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.

## Infobox (german location)

- **image coa**: Wappen Villingendorf.svg
- **image plan**: Villingendorf in RW.svg
- **state**: Baden-Württemberg
- **region**: Freiburg
- **district**: Rottweil
- **elevation**: 621
- **area**: 9.33
- **postal code**: 78667
- **area code**: 0741
- **licence**: RW
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 08 3 25 060
- **website**: [http://www.villingendorf.de www.villingendorf.de]
- **mayor**: Marcus Türk
- **leader term**: 2018–26
Calvert, Buckinghamshire

**Calvert** is a village in Buckinghamshire, England. It is in the civil parish of Charndon.
Vöhringen, Baden-Württemberg

**Vöhringen** is a municipality in Rottweil in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.

## Infobox (german location)

- **name**: Vöhringen
- **image coa**: DEU Vöhringen (Württemberg) COA.svg
- **image plan**: Vöhringen in RW.svg
- **state**: Baden-Württemberg
- **region**: Freiburg
- **district**: Rottweil
- **elevation**: 506
- **area**: 24.72
- **postal code**: 72189
- **area code**: 07454
- **licence**: RW
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 08 3 25 061
- **website**: [http://www.voehringen-bw.de www.voehringen-bw.de]
- **mayor**: Stefan Hammer
- **leader term**: 2022–30
Wellendingen

**Wellendingen** is a municipality in Rottweil in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.

## Infobox (german location)

- **image photo**: Wellendingen Ost 21.06.2010.jpg
- **image coa**: Wappen Wellendingen.svg
- **image plan**: Wellendingen in RW.svg
- **state**: Baden-Württemberg
- **region**: Freiburg
- **district**: Rottweil
- **elevation**: 638
- **area**: 17.47
- **postal code**: 78669
- **area code**: 07426
- **licence**: RW
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 08 3 25 064
- **website**: [http://www.wellendingen.de/ www.wellendingen.de]
- **mayor**: Thomas Albrecht
- **leader term**: 2024–32
JAC Yiwei 3

The **JAC Yiwei 3** is a electric City car made by JAC Group under the Yiwei sub-brand since 2023.

## History and Features

On April 2023 JAC Group announced the debut of Yiwei which is a sub-brand of budget Electric Cars and the preview of the first car of the sub-brand the Yiwei 3. the pre sales of the car started in May and the sales started in June.

the car has a 41 kWh and a 51.5 kWh batteries the 41 kWh version has 70 kW (94 hp) and the 51.5 version has 100 kW (134 hp) also the 41 kWh version has a range of 405 Km (252 mi) the 51.5 kWh version has a range of 505 Km (314 mi) it also has a range of 400 Km (249 mi) with WLTP the Yiwei 3 comes with 5 colors which are white, beige, gray, green, and purple all with a black roof.

## Markets

The JAC Yiwei 3 is currently sold in China but also in South America Central America and Middle East. where it was exported to these 3 regions in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) it is sold as the JAC EX30 and in Philipines its sold as the JAC Ytterby.

## Infobox (automobile)

- **name**: JAC Yiwei 3
- **image**: JAC Yiwei 3 001.jpg
- **manufacturer**: JAC Motors
- **aka**: JAC EV3
JAC E30X (export)
JAC Ytterby (Philippines)
KMC E30X (Iran)
- **production**: June 2023 – present
- **model years**: 2024–present (Middle East)
- **assembly**: China
Iran
- **class**: City car (A-segment, A)
- **body style**: 5-door liftback (car), liftback
- **layout**: Front-motor, front-wheel-drive
- **platform**: DI
- **motor**: Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor
- **transmission**: 1-speed direct-drive
Hyundai Mufasa

The **Hyundai Mufasa** is a compact Crossover SUV made by Hyundai since 2023 through Beijing Hyundai which is a joint venture between Hyundai and BAIC.

## History and Features

The Hyundai Mufasa was first previewed by a concept car named Mufasa Adventure on March 2023.  the production version was launched in April at the Shanghai Auto Show and it was put on sale in June.   the car has a 2.0 liter petrol engine with a 6-speed automatic transmission.

## Markets

Currently the Hyundai Mufasa is sold only in China but in 2024 it was exported to Kazakhstan.

## Infobox (automobile)

- **name**: Hyundai Mufasa
- **image**: 2023 Beijing-Hyundai Mufasa (front).jpg
- **caption**: 2023 Hyundai Mufasa
- **manufacturer**: Hyundai Motor Company, Hyundai
- **model code**: NU2
- **production**: 2023–present
- **assembly**: China: Beijing (Beijing Hyundai)
- **class**: Compact crossover SUV
- **body style**: 5-door SUV
- **layout**: Front-engine, front-wheel-drive
- **platform**: Hyundai-Kia N platforms, Hyundai-Kia N3
- **related**: Hyundai Tucson#NX4, Hyundai Tucson (NX4)
- **transmission**: 6-speed automatic transmission, automatic
- **predecessor**: Hyundai ix35 (China), Hyundai ix35 (NU)
Hyundai Alcazar

The **Hyundai Alcazar** is a compact Crossover SUV that has three row seating made by Hyundai since 2021.

## History and Features

The Hyundai Alcazar was revealed in April 2021. and was launched in June of the same year. its based on the Hyundai Creta but its longer with three row seating with options of six and seven seats.

it has a 1.5 turbocharged and 2.0 petrol engine and a 1.5 diesel engine and it has a 6-speed manual and automatic transmission and a 7-speed DCT transmission it had a minor facelift in 2023 followed by a facelift in September 2024.

## Markets

The Hyundai Alcazar is sold mainly in India its also sold as the Hyundai Creta Grand in Mexico also in South Africa the car is sold as the Hyundai Grand Creta and the Alcazar is sold in Dominican Republic as the Hyundai Cantus Lux.

## Infobox (automobile)

- **name**: Hyundai Alcazar
- **image**: 2021 Hyundai Alcazar 2.0 Signature (India) front view.png
- **caption**: 2021 Hyundai Alcazar 2.0 (India) (pre-facelift)
- **manufacturer**: Hyundai Motor Company, Hyundai
- **model code**: SU2i LWB/PS7i
- **production**: 2021–present
- **model years**: 2023–present (Middle East)
- **class**: Compact crossover SUV
- **body style**: 5-door SUV
- **layout**: Front-engine, front-wheel-drive
- **platform**: Hyundai-Kia K2 platform, Hyundai-Kia K2
- **weight**: (petrol)
PBS Kids Preschool Block

***PBS Kids Preschool Block*** is a programming block of television series aimed at preschool aged children which aired on PBS Kids. The block premiered with _Curious George_ on September 4, 2006 on Labor Day. The block was aired weekdays at 8:00 am local time on most PBS member stations. The block was discontinued on October 7, 2013 with the introduction of the updated PBS Kids brand.
Sati (Hindu goddess)

**Sati** is also called Dakshayani. She is the Hindu goddess of power, marriage and longevity . People worship her as a form of the mother goddess Shakti. Sati was the first wife of Shiva.Later,  She took birth as Parvati.

Sati's legend is mentioned in the books  Ramayana and Mahabharata. Sati was  Daksha’s favourite daughter. She later married lord Shiva against her father, but her father didn't agree with this. Later, Daksha holds a big fire-ritual called yajna but doesn't invite Sati and Shiva. Sati still went there. Her father insulted her husband Shiva. To defend her husband’s honour, Sati burns herself in  fire.

According to Hindu beliefs, both Sati and Parvati are beloved consorts of Shiva,.the Hindu god of destruction.

Sati is a significant goddess in  Shaivism and Shaktism.People believe that after Sati died, Shiva carried her body across the world. Her body parts fell in 51 places, and these places are now called Shakta pithas.

## History and textual background

Scholars William J. Winkins and David R. Kinsley say that the Vedic scriptures (from the 2nd millennium BCE) do not talk about Sati-Parvati but mention two goddesses linked to Rudra — Rudrani and Ambika. In the Kena Upanishad, there is a goddess named Uma-Hemavati who acts as a guide between the gods and the Supreme Brahman.

Both old writings and objects show that Sati-Parvati first became important during the time of the Ramayana and the Mahabharata (1st millennium BCE).

The Mahabharata tells about Daksha’s yajna being destroyed, Kartikeya’s birth, the defeat of the Asura Taraka, and some playful moments between Shiva and Uma (Parvati). Scholars think that by the time of the Puranas (around the 4th to 13th century), stories of Sati and Parvati became very important. Kalidasa included these stories in his famous poem Kumarasambhavam (about the 5th to 6th century).

The Puranas that tell Sati’s story are the Vayu Purana, Skanda Purana, Bhagavata Purana, Kurma Purana, Padma Purana, Linga Purana, Shiva Purana, and Matsya Purana.
Bräunlingen

**Bräunlingen** is a town in Schwarzwald-Baar, in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is on the river Breg, 4 km southwest of Donaueschingen.

## Notable people

- Hermann Ohlicher (born 1949), former football player (VfB Stuttgart).

## Infobox (german location)

- **type**: Stadt
- **image photo**: Unsere Liebe Frau vom Berge Kamel.JPG
- **image caption**: Church
- **image coa**: DEU Bräunlingen COA.svg
- **image plan**: Bräunlingen in VS.svg
- **state**: Baden-Württemberg
- **region**: Freiburg
- **district**: Schwarzwald-Baar-Kreis
- **elevation**: 693
- **area**: 62.10
- **postal code**: 78199
- **area code**: 0771, 07707, 07705
- **licence**: VS
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 08 3 26 006
- **divisions**: 5 Stadtteile
- **website**: [https://www.braeunlingen.de/ www.braeunlingen.de]
- **mayor**: Micha Bächle
- **leader term**: 2017–25
- **party**: independent
Brigachtal

**Brigachtal** is a municipality in Schwarzwald-Baar in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.

## Infobox (german location)

- **image coa**: DEU Brigachtal COA.svg
- **image plan**: Brigachtal in VS.svg
- **state**: Baden-Württemberg
- **region**: Freiburg
- **district**: Schwarzwald-Baar-Kreis
- **elevation**: 705
- **area**: 22.80
- **postal code**: 78086
- **area code**: 07721
- **licence**: VS
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 08 3 26 075
- **website**: [http://www.brigachtal.de/ www.brigachtal.de]
- **mayor**: Michael Schmitt
- **leader term**: 2018–26
Dauchingen

**Dauchingen** is a municipality in Schwarzwald-Baar in Baden-Württemberg, Germany.

## Infobox (german location)

- **type**: Gemeinde
- **image photo**: D-VS-Dauchingen-Rathaus.jpg
- **image caption**: The town hall in Dauchingen
- **image coa**: DEU Dauchingen COA.svg
- **image plan**: Dauchingen in VS.svg
- **state**: Baden-Württemberg
- **region**: Freiburg
- **district**: Schwarzwald-Baar-Kreis
- **elevation**: 732
- **area**: 10.04
- **postal code**: 78083
- **area code**: 07720
- **licence**: VS
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 08 3 26 010
Vöhringen

**Vöhringen** can mean:
- Vöhringen, Bavaria, a town in the district of Neu-Ulm in Germany
- Vöhringen, Baden-Württemberg, a municipality in the district of Rottweil in Germany
Altbach

**Altbach** is a municipality in Esslingen in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.

## Geography

Altbach is located between 245 and 450 meters above sea level, between the towns of Plochingen and Esslingen am Neckar, in the Neckar Valley.

## History

Altbach was first mentioned in the year 783 in the Lorsch Codex. In the 13th century, the Counts of Aichelberg inherited the place and later sold parts of it to the Adelberg Monastery. With the arrival of the Protestant Reformation in 1535, the local rule came under Württemberg. Altbach remained under the control of the Adelberg Monastery.

Since 1806, Altbach has been part of the Upper Administration of Esslingen within the Kingdom of Württemberg.

## Infobox (german location)

- **image photo**: AltbachAltesRathaus.jpg
- **image caption**: The town hall in Altbach
- **image coa**: DEU Altbach COA.svg
- **image plan**: Altbach in ES.svg
- **state**: Baden-Württemberg
- **region**: Stuttgart
- **district**: Esslingen
- **elevation**: 247
- **area**: 3.35
- **postal code**: 73774–73776
- **area code**: 07153
- **licence**: ES
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 08 1 16 004
- **website**: [http://www.altbach.de/ www.altbach.de]
- **mayor**: Martin Funk
- **leader term**: 2017–25
Gütenbach

**Gütenbach** is a municipality in Schwarzwald-Baar in Baden-Württemberg, Germany.

## Infobox (german location)

- **image coa**: Wappen Gütenbach.svg
- **image plan**: Gütenbach in VS.svg
- **state**: Baden-Württemberg
- **region**: Freiburg
- **district**: Schwarzwald-Baar-Kreis
- **elevation**: 826
- **area**: 18.49
- **postal code**: 78148
- **area code**: 07723
- **licence**: VS
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 08 3 26 020
- **website**: [http://www.guetenbach.de/ www.guetenbach.de]
- **mayor**: Lisa Hengstler
- **leader term**: 2017–25
Tuningen

**Tuningen** is a municipality in Schwarzwald-Baar in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.

## Infobox (german location)

- **image coa**: Wappen Tuningen.svg
- **image plan**: Tuningen in VS.svg
- **state**: Baden-Württemberg
- **region**: Freiburg
- **district**: Schwarzwald-Baar-Kreis
- **verwaltungsgemeinschaft**: Villingen-Schwenningen
- **elevation**: 743
- **area**: 15.59
- **postal code**: 78609
- **area code**: 07464
- **licence**: VS
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 08 3 26 061
- **website**: [http://www.tuningen.de/ www.tuningen.de]
- **mayor**: Ralf Pahlow
- **leader term**: 2019–27
André De Maerteleire

**André De Maerteleire** (30 March 1944 – 3 January 2025) was a Belgian road bicycle racer during the 1960s.

Born in Eke in 1944, he started competing in 1960. He rode professionally for Leroux-Terrot in 1966 and Flandria-De Clerck from 1967 to 1968. He competed at highest level international competitions. He had four podium finishes at stages at the Volta a Portugal, a podium finish in a stage at the 1968 Tour de Suisse and a podium finish at the Circuit d'Auvergne. He also competed at the La Flèche Wallonne, Four Days of Dunkirk and Paris – Luxembourg.

He lived in Nazareth. He died on 3 January 2025 at the age of 80 years old. His funeral took place in Nazareth on 11 January 2025.

## Infobox (cyclist)

- **name**: André De Maerteleire
- **birth place**: Eke, Belgium
- **discipline**: Road
- **role**: Rider
- **show-medals**: yes
Hyundai ST1

The **Hyundai ST1** is a electric Light commercial vehicle made by Hyundai since 2024.

## History and Features

The Hyundai ST1 was launched in March 2024 the name "ST1" means "Service Type 1" Hyundai describes the vehicle as a "purpose-bulit vehicle" (PBV) the dashbord and the cabin of the ST1 are from the Hyundai Staria.

It has a 76.1 kWh battery that has 160 KW (215 hp) the standard cargo version has a range of 317 km (197 mi) and the refrigerated cargo has a range of 298 km (185 mi).

## Markets

The Hyundai ST1 is sold only in South Korea but its sold in Europe under the Iveco brand as the Iveco eMoovy.

## Infobox (automobile)

- **name**: Hyundai ST1
- **image**: Hyundai ST1 Cargo A01 EV2 Creamy White (4).jpg
- **manufacturer**: Hyundai Motor Company, Hyundai
- **model code**: A01
- **aka**: Iveco eMoovy
- **production**: 2024–present
- **assembly**: South Korea: Ulsan (Hyundai Ulsan Plant, Ulsan Plant 4)
- **class**: Light commercial vehicle
- **layout**: Front-motor, front-wheel-drive
- **related**: Hyundai Staria
- **motor**: Permanent magnet synchronous motor
- **electric range**: (Worldwide Harmonised Light Vehicles Test Procedure, WLTP)
- **predecessor**: Hyundai Libero
15.ai

**15.ai** is a website that uses artificial intelligence (AI) to make fictional characters speak. It is free for anyone to use. 15.ai was created by an AI researcher who uses the alias **15**. They started making it while they were studying at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). 15.ai lets people type in any text. It makes popular characters speak it with different emotions. 15.ai can copy voices using only a small amount of speech. The name "15.ai" comes from the creator saying that a voice can be copied with just 15 seconds of audio. It was one of the first websites to use generative artificial intelligence.

15.ai started in March 2020. It became very popular in early 2021. Many Internet fan groups used it. Fans of _My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic_, _Team Fortress 2_, _Portal_, and _SpongeBob SquarePants_ used it often. 15.ai let users control emotions using emojis. It also let users control how words are pronounced. People who reviewed the website liked it. They said it was easy to use. They also liked how well it controlled emotions. However, people said it sometimes had problems with speech rhythm. Some people also said they did not like how it only worked in English. 15.ai is the first website to make AI voices popular for Internet memes and making online content.

## Infobox (website)

- **name**: 15.ai
- **logo**: 15chill.png
- **founder**: 15
- **owner**: #15, 15
- **commercial**: No
- **registration**: None
- **type**: Artificial intelligence, speech synthesis, generative artificial intelligence
- **website**: (redirects to )
- **language**: English
- **current status**: Active
Estepa

**Estepa** is a municipality in the province of Seville, in Andalusia, Spain.

It has an area of 190.0 km² and a population of 12,479 people.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Estepa
- **settlement type**: Municipalities of Spain, Municipality
- **imagesize**: 265px
- **image seal**: Escudo de Estepa.svg
- **pushpin map**: Spain
- **pushpin mapsize**: 265px
- **pushpin relief**: yes
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: Autonomous communities of Spain, A. community
- **subdivision type2**: Provinces of Spain, Province
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Antonio Jesús Muñoz
- **area total km2**: 190.0
- **population total**: 12,479
- **population as of**: January 1, 2021
- **population density km2**: 65.68
- **utc offset**: +01:00
- **postal code type**: Postal code(s)
- **postal code**: 41560
- **blank name sec2**: Community Identification Number, MCN
- **blank info sec2**: 41041
Antequera

**Antequera** is a municipality in the province of Málaga, in Andalusia, Spain.

It has an area of 748.5 km² and a population of 41,472 people.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Antequera
- **settlement type**: Municipalities of Spain, Municipality
- **imagesize**: 265px
- **image seal**: Escudo de Antequera.svg
- **pushpin map**: Spain
- **pushpin mapsize**: 265px
- **pushpin relief**: yes
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: Autonomous communities of Spain, A. community
- **subdivision type2**: Provinces of Spain, Province
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Manuel Jesús Barón
- **area total km2**: 748.5
- **population total**: 41,472
- **population as of**: January 1, 2021
- **population density km2**: 55.41
- **utc offset**: +01:00
- **postal code type**: Postal code(s)
- **postal code**: 29200
- **blank name sec2**: Community Identification Number, MCN
- **blank info sec2**: 29015
Allobates caeruleodactylus

***Allobates caeruleodactylus*** is a frog.  It lives in Brazil.

## Home

These frogs live in igapó forests that have streams in them. The frog only lives where the streams flood for part of the year so that they connect and make pools.

Scientists have seen the frog in a few protected places: Floresta Nacional de Balata-Tufari, Floresta Nacional de Carajás, and Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Rio Amapa.

## Young

The male frogs sit on top of the dead leaves on the ground and call to the female frogs. The male frogs fight each other over good places to call to the female frogs.  They do this in April and May.

The tadpoles swim in pools of water that the streams make when they flood.

## Danger

Scientists say this frog is not in danger of dying out.  Human beings do cut down trees to get wood to build with. People also build towns and dig into the ground for good rocks and metal.

Scientists are not sure if people catch this frog to sell as a pet, but people have seen frogs in _Colostethus_ that look like _A. caeruleodactylus_ being sold as pets.
The Vivienne

**James Lee Williams** (12 April 1992 – 5 January 2025), known as **The Vivienne**, was a British drag performer, singer and actor. He was known for being the UK Drag Ambassador in 2015 for American reality television series _RuPaul's Drag Race_. Hed won the first series of _RuPaul's Drag Race UK_ in 2019. He became the first drag performer to compete on _Dancing on Ice_ in 2023. He starred as the Wicked Witch of the West for _The Wizard of Oz_ in the 2024 UK tour.

Williams died at his home in Chorlton-by-Backford, Cheshire on 5 January 2025 at the age of 32.

## Other websites

- The Vivienne on the IMDb

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: The Vivienne
- **image**: RuPaul with All Stars 7 Contestants at LA DragCon 2022 by dvsross (crop - The Vivienne).jpg
- **caption**: The Vivienne at RuPaul's DragCon LA, 2022
- **birth name**: James Lee Williams
- **birth place**: Colwyn Bay, Wales, UK
- **death place**: Chorlton-by-Backford, Cheshire, UK
- **years active**: 2015–2025
Jessica Gunning

**Jessica Faye Gunning** (born 21 May 1986) is an English actress. She has appeared in the TV series _White Heat_ (2012), _What Remains_ (2013), _Back_ (2017–2021), and _The Outlaws_ (2021–2024).

Gunning became well known for her role as Martha Scott in _Baby Reindeer_ (2024). She won a Primetime Emmy Award and a Golden Globe Award for this role.

Gunning is openly lesbian.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Jessica Gunning
- **image**: Jessica Gunning in Outlaws 2017.jpg
- **caption**: Gunning in _The Outlaws (2021 TV series), The Outlaws_ 2021
- **birth name**: Jessica Faye Gunning
- **birth place**: Holmfirth, West Yorkshire, England
- **occupation**: Actress