juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Andromeda (constellation)

**Andromeda** is a constellation in the northern sky. It is named after the princess Andromeda in Greek mythology. It is sometimes called "Princess of Ethiopia" or "the Chained Woman" in English. It has also been called _Persea_ ("Perseus's wife") or _Cepheis_ ("Cepheus's daughter").  The astronomer named Ptolemy listed Andromeda when he made a list of 48 constellations.  It is also one of the 88 constellations made by the International Astronomical Union.

The Andromeda Galaxy is inside Andromeda.  It is the closest spiral galaxy to Earth, at about 2.2 million light-years from Earth (estimates range up to 2.5 million light-years).  The brightest star in Andromeda is called Alpha Andromedae, which is a binary star.

## Infobox (constellation)

- **name**: Andromeda
- **abbreviation**: And
- **genitive**: Andromedae
- **pronounce**: , genitive
- **symbolism**: Andromeda (mythology), Andromeda,
the Woman Chained
- **ra**: 1
- **dec**: +40
- **family**: Perseus Family, Perseus
- **quadrant**: NQ1
- **areatotal**: 722
- **arearank**: 19th
- **numbermainstars**: 4, 18
- **numberbfstars**: 65
- **numberstarsplanets**: 8
- **numberbrightstars**: 3
- **numbernearbystars**: 3
- **brighteststarname**: Alpha Andromedae, α And (Alpheratz)
- **starmagnitude**: 2.07
- **neareststarname**: Ross 248
- **stardistancely**: 10.30
- **stardistancepc**: 3.16
- **numbermessierobjects**: 3
- **meteorshowers**: Andromedids (Bielids)
- **bordering**: Perseus (constellation), Perseus
Cassiopeia (constellation), Cassiopeia
Lacerta (constellation), Lacerta
Pegasus (constellation), Pegasus
Pisces (constellation), Pisces
Triangulum (constellation), Triangulum
- **latmax**: North Pole, 90
- **latmin**: 40th parallel south, 40
- **month**: November
K.d. lang

**Kathryn Dawn Lang**, better known as **k.d. lang** (born November 2, 1961), is a Canadian country and pop singer-songwriter and guitarist. Her best known hit is "Constant Craving". She has contributed songs to many movie soundtracks.

Lang was born in Edmonton, Alberta. She is openly lesbian and is an activist for LGBT rights.
Microbial mat

A **microbial mat** is a multi-layered sheet of microorganisms, mainly bacteria and archaea. They were first described by Paracelsus (~1519),<sup>p1</sup> but their full significance was not realised until the last quarter of the 20th century.

Microbial mats grow mostly on submerged or moist surfaces but a few survive in deserts. They colonize environments ranging in temperature from –40 °C to +120 °C. A few are endosymbionts of animals.

Although usually only a few centimetres thick, microbial mats create a wide range of internal chemical environments. They consist of layers of microorganisms that can feed on or tolerate the chemicals at their level. In moist conditions mats are held together by slimy substances (polysaccharides) secreted by the microorganisms.<sup>118; 167</sup><sup>1-7</sup> Some of the micro-organisms form tangled webs of filaments which make the mat tougher. The best known physical forms are flat mats and stubby pillars called stromatolites, but there are also spherical forms.

Microbial mats are the earliest form of life on Earth for which there is good fossil evidence, from 3500 million years ago, and were for a long period the most important members of the planet's ecosystems.

Originally they may have depended on hydrothermal vents for energy and chemical "food". The development of photosynthesis gradually liberated them from the 'hydrothermal ghetto' by proving a more widely-available energy source, sunlight, although initially the photosynthesizing mats still depended on the diffusion of chemicals emitted by hydrothermal vents. The final and most significant stage of this liberation was the development of oxygen-producing photosynthesis, since the main chemical inputs for this are carbon dioxide and water.

As a result microbial mats began to produce the atmosphere we know today, in which free oxygen is a vital component. At around the same time they may also have been the birthplace of the more complex eukaryote type of cell, of which all multicellular organisms are composed. Microbial mats were abundant on the shallow seabed until the Cambrian substrate revolution, when animals living in shallow seas increased their burrowing capabilities and thus broke up the surfaces of mats and let oxygenated water into the deeper layers, poisoning the oxygen-intolerant micro-organisms that lived there. Although this revolution drove mats off soft floors of shallow seas, they still flourish in many environments where burrowing is limited or impossible, including rocky seabeds and shores, hyper-saline and brackish lagoons, and are found on the floors of the deep oceans.

Because of microbial mats' ability to use almost anything as nutrients, there is considerable interest in industrial uses of mats, especially for water treatment and for cleaning up pollution.
Fiji Hindi

**Fiji Hindi**  is an Indo-Aryan language which is the mother tongue of 313,000 Indo-Fijian (people of Indian origin) in Fiji.

This language's relationship with Modern Standard Hindi is similar to those between Dutch and Afrikaans. The language is composed of the Eastern Hindi dialects (Bhojpuri and Awadhi) with numerous English and Fijian words. It is spoken with a Pacific twang.

In recent times, due to the political upheaval  in Fiji, large numbers of Fiji Indians have migrated to Australia, New Zealand, United States and Canada, taking the Fiji Hindi language with them.

## Other websites

- Ethnologue - Fiji Hindi

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Fiji Hindi
- **nativename**:
_Fiji Baat_
- **states**: Fiji, with significant minorities within Canada, Australia, New Zealand, United Kingdom, and the United States.
- **ethnicity**: Indo-Fijians and the Fijian Indian diaspora, Indo-Fijian diaspora
- **speakers**: 460,000
- **date**: 1991
- **ref**: e18
- **familycolor**: Indo-European
- **fam2**: Indo-Iranian languages, Indo-Iranian
- **fam3**: Indo-Aryan languages, Indo-Aryan
- **fam4**: Central Zone (Hindi)
- **fam5**: Awadhi
- **script**: Devanagari, Devanagari Braille
- **iso3**: hif
- **notice**: Indo-Aryan
- **sign**: Indian Signing System, Signed Hindi
- **glotto**: fiji1242
- **glottorefname**: Fiji Hindi
Electronic money

**Electronic money** is money stored electronically, and spent by using a technical device, such as a smart card.  If it is stored on a card, its use may be secured by a PIN code.  In Japan, electronic money is commonly used to pay for train tickets.  JR East’s prepaid train ticket (Suica) and JR West’s IC Operating card (ICOCA).  Suica and ICOCA are plastic cards with a built-in IC chip.  Suica was originally introduced in 2001.

In addition, many types of electronic money are used in other train stations in Japan.  For example, Kitaca is electronic money in the Hokkaido area, Sugoca is used in the Kyusyu area, etc.  Most electronic money is also used to pay for goods at convenience stores in Japan.  In 2004, NTT DoCoMo launched a mobile phone that uses smart card chip to realize electronic money capability.  Many people have used these kinds of electronic money cards in Japan.

Note:  electronic money is always backed by real money. For this reason, cryptocurrencies cannot be used as electronic money.

In the European Union, authorized and regulated electronic money institutions can issue e-money which serves as a "digital alternative to cash". The issuing e-money is governed by the Directive 2009/110/EC "on the taking up, pursuit and prudential supervision of the business of electronic money institutions". The Directive also describes e-money as a "technically neutral ... electronic surrogate for coins and banknotes".

In June of 2019, the Icelandic company Monerium become the first company authorized to issue e-money tokens on blockchains.

## Related pages

- Bitcoin
- Debit card
Sori Yanagi

was a Japanese industrial designer. is one of the most famous product designers in Japan. He played a role in Japanese modern design developed from after World War 2 to the high-growth period in the Japanese economy. He is both a representative of the wholly Japanese modern designer and a full-blown modernist who merged simplicity and practicality with elements of traditional Japanese crafts.

## Early life

He was born in 1915 in Tokyo, Japan, as the son of Soetsu Yanagi, who founded the "mingei" movement which celebrated Japanese folk crafts and the beauty of everyday objects. Soetsu helped establish the Nihon Mingeikon, the Folk Crafts Museum of Japan. Sori entered Tokyo Art School in 1934, where he studied both art and architecture. He was influenced by Le Corbusier as well as by Charlotte Perriand when she worked in Japan in the early 1940s. So, his interests moved from painting to buildings to design and objects.

## Designs

After World War II, he designed many products: furniture, three-wheeled vehicles, Olympic cauldrons, pedestrian overpasses, etc. One of the most famous pieces of furniture is his Butterfly Stool. Announced in 1956, its' 2-piece form has been compared to a butterfly's open wings. Alternately, the shape can be seen as the gateway of a Shinto shrine or even an antique samurai helmet. In effect, it is a form that is both modern and timeless, that has won critical acclaim and prizes, and is included in major collections such as the Museum of Modern Art New York and the Ruble Museum.

Most of Yanagi's designs are very simple and beautiful. His products illustrate his thinking: true beauty is not made, it is born naturally. When he created a new product, he made the first versions over and over by hand, seeking new forms that took shape from both new and old ideas..

Sori Yanagi died at the age of 96 in 2011 .

## Honours

- Honorary Royal Designer for Industry (UK), 2008
Yukata

The **yukata** is a kind of kimono. _Yukata_ are very casual kimono, and are worn in the summer.

Normal kimono can be difficult to wear because they have many different parts. These can include a long, stiff obi (belt), a kimono worn underneath the outer kimono, called a _juban_, and padding to make the shape of the kimono nicer. Many Japanese people cannot put normal kimono on by themselves, as they are so different to everyday clothing.

However, _yukata_ are a type of kimono that is easy to wear. They are made of cotton, and do not have to be worn with a _juban_. They are worn with thin, short obi, called _hanhaba_ obi, which are easy to tie without someone else's help.

_Yukata_ are worn in the summer, and are very popular to wear to festivals. They are cheap, keep the body cool, and are easy to wash and dry, unlike regular silk kimono.

_Yukata_ used to be decorated only with designs in blue and white colours. However, many modern _yukata_ have bright and colourful designs, making them fun and fashionable to wear. Many young women wear _yukata_ and _geta_ (Japanese wooden sandals) at summer festivals, fireworks displays, and _Bon_ festival dances.

Recently, _yukata_ have been adopted as summer uniforms in some of the restaurants and theme parks in Japan. The sumo wrestler wears a _yukata_ in his daily life, every single day. In addition, a type of _yukata_ called _nemaki_ are used as night clothes for guests at many Japanese hotels and inns. Unlike _yukata_, and regular kimono, _nemaki_ are not made differently for men and women.
Tonkatsu

***Tonkatsu*** (,  or ) is a Japanese dish of fried pork meat.

Either pork fillet or pork loin, is sliced. It is then coated in flour, dipped into beaten eggs,  and rolled in breadcrumbs. It is then fried in hot oil. People often use a Japanese Worcester sauce, but some use a vinegar-soy-sauce called ponzu when they eat it. _Tonkatsu_ originated as a cutlet, but it is also used as a sandwich filling or in combination with curry.

_Tonkatsu_ originated in Japan in the 19th century. Now it is known as a Japanese food by most of the world. It is usually prepared for special occasions, for example a wedding. It is usually served with a type of alcoholic drink.

## Infobox (food)

- **name**: Tonkatsu
- **image**: Tonkatsu_of_Kimukatsu.jpg
- **image size**: 250px
- **caption**: _Tonkatsu_
- **country**: Japan
- **main ingredient**: pork cutlet, fillet or loin; cabbage; miso soup
Wilderness Road

The **Wilderness Road** was a trail made by Daniel Boone in 1769 through the Appalachian Mountains and through Kentucky. This road was used for more than 50 years for settlers to travel from the East into Kentucky.
Banach–Tarski paradox

The **Banach–Tarski paradox** is a theorem in mathematics that says that any solid shape can be reassembled into any other solid shape. It was made by mathematicians Stefan Banach and Alfred Tarski. For example, a sphere can be split up into a limited number of parts which can then be put back together again to make two identical copies of the original sphere. The Banach–Tarski paradox can also be used to turn a small sphere into a huge sphere. It is important when thinking about this to realize that the parts that the solid shape is being split into are not solid shapes themselves; they are infinite sets of points spread around the solid shape. For the Banach–Tarski paradox to work, you need to use the axiom of choice.

This is called a paradox because no stretching or bending of the parts takes place and no new material is added, yet by the end the volume can be doubled. This goes against our geometric intuition. However, it is mathematically possible and it turns out that in this case our intuition is not correct.

## Other websites

- The Banach-Tarski Paradox
Bill Irwin (wrestler)

**Barney William Irwin** (born September 17, 1954 in Duluth, Minnesota) is an American professional wrestler who is known for the ring names, **Wild Bill Irwin** and **The Goon** and for wrestling for WWF and WCW. Irwin recently appeared on the 15th-anniversary of WWE Raw special on December 10, 2007, where he wrestled and participated in the 15th Anniversary Battle Royal.

## Other websites

- Barney Irwin's OWOW profile

## Infobox (wrestler)

- **name**: Barney Irwin
- **names**: **Wild Bill Irwin**
The Goon
Super Destroyer #1
- **image size**: 150px
- **birth place**: Duluth, Minnesota
- **billed**: Pecos, Texas (as Wild Bill Irwin)
Duluth, Minnesota (as The Goon)
The Penalty Box (as The Goon)
- **trainer**: Scott Irwin
Verne Gagne
- **debut**: 1979
Annette Bening

**Annette Bening** (born May 29, 1958) is an American movie actress. She was born in Topeka, Kansas. She has been nominated four times for an Academy Award.

## Achievements

Bening is a four-time Oscar nominee for her roles in _The Grifters_, _American Beauty_, _Being Julia_, and _The Kids Are All Right_, winning Golden Globe Awards for the latter two films. She won a BAFTA and a SAG award for her performance in _American Beauty_.

In 1995, Bening appeared in _The American President_, playing Sydney Wade, a PR (public relations) consultant who dates the President, played by Michael Douglas.

## Personal life

From 1984 to 1991, Annette was married to J. Steven White. On March 3, 1992, she married Warren Beatty. They have four children, including actress Ella Beatty.
Dodge Nitro

The **Dodge Nitro** was a compact SUV that was built by Chrysler's Dodge brand. The Nitro has had 2 generations with the second one being built in 2011. The Nitro has been built since 2006 and made its debut in February of 2005 at the Chicago Auto Show. The Nitro was designed by Dennis Myles. The Nitro was discontinued in 2012.

## Other websites

- Dodge Nitro at dodge.ca

## Infobox (automobile)

- **name**: Dodge Nitro
- **image**: 2011 Dodge Nitro Detonator -- 2011 DC.jpg
- **manufacturer**: Chrysler (2010–2012)
- **production**: 2006–2012
- **class**: Compact SUV
- **body style**: 4-door SUV
- **predecessor**: Dodge Raider
Dodge Journey

The **Dodge Journey** is a mid-size crossover SUV that is built by Chrysler's Dodge brand. The Journey has had one generation during its time. The vehicle has replaced the Dodge Caravan. The Journey has been built since 2008 and made its debut in 2007 at the Frankfurt Motor Show. The Journey was designed by Ryan Nagode. The Journey can seat five or seven people depending on the wheelbase length.

## Other websites

- Dodge Journey at dodge.ca

## Infobox (automobile)

- **name**: Dodge Journey
- **image**: 2011 Dodge Journey Crew -- 2011 DC.jpg
- **manufacturer**: Chrysler
- **production**: 2008–present
- **class**: Mid-size crossover (automobile), crossover SUV
- **body style**: 5-door Station wagon, wagon/Multi purpose vehicle, MPV
- **platform**: Mitsubishi GS platform, Chrysler JC platform
- **predecessor**: Dodge Grand Caravan, Dodge Caravan
Nissan Cube

The **Nissan Cube** is a mini MPV that was built by the Nissan. The first Cube arrived in 1998. It entered its second generation in 2002. The third generation launched in 2008 and ended production without a replacement in December 2019. The assembly for the Nissan Cube was in Oppama, Japan. They were sold in Japan and North America, and additionally Europe for one year in 2010.

## Other websites

- Nissan Cube at nissan.ca

## Infobox (automobile)

- **name**: Nissan Cube
- **image**: Nissan Cube Z12 001.JPG
- **manufacturer**: Nissan
- **production**: 1998–2019
- **class**: Subcompact car, Subcompact
- **body style**: 5-door Mini MPV
- **platform**: Nissan B platform
Nissan Juke

The **Nissan Juke** is a Mini SUV that is built by the Nissan. The Juke has had 2 generations during its time. The assembly for the Nissan Juke is in Oppama, Japan and Sunderland, United Kingdom. The Juke made its debut at the 2010 Geneva Motor Show in March, and made its North America debut at the 2010 New York International Auto Show. It entered its second generation in late 2019.

## Infobox (automobile)

- **name**: Nissan Juke
- **image**: 2020 Nissan Juke N-Connecta DiG-T S-A 1.0 Front.jpg
- **manufacturer**: Nissan
- **aka**: Infiniti ESQ
- **production**: June 2010–present
- **model years**: 2011–present
- **assembly**: Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan (Nissan#Manufacturing locations, Oppama Plant)
City of Sunderland, Sunderland, United Kingdom (Nissan Motor Manufacturing UK, NMUK)
Purwakarta, Indonesia (Nissan Motor Indonesia)
- **class**: Mini SUV
- **body style**: 5-door hatchback
- **layout**: Front-engine design, Front engine, front-wheel-drive or all-wheel-drive
- **platform**: Nissan B platform
- **engine**: 1.5 L _Nissan HR engine#HR15DE, HR15DE_ Inline-four engine, I4 (petrol)
1.6 L _Nissan MR engine#MR16DDT, MR16DDT_ Turbo Straight-4, I4 (petrol)
1.6 L _Nissan HR engine#HR16DE, HR16DE_ Inline-four engine, I4 (petrol)
3.8 L Nissan VR engine#VR38DETT, VR38DETT Twin-turbo, Twin-Turbo V6 engine, V6 (Juke-R, petrol)
1.5 L _Renault K-Type engine#K9K diesel engine, Renault K9K_ Inline-four engine, I4 (diesel)
- **transmission**: 5-speed manual transmission, manual
6-speed manual transmission, manual
Continuously variable transmission, CVT
6-speed Dual-clutch transmission, dual-clutch Automatic transmission, automatic (Juke-R)
- **weight**: <small>(MT)</small>
 <small>(CVT)</small>
 <small>(AWD)</small>
- **predecessor**: Nissan Qashqai#Qashqai J10 (2006–2013), Nissan Dualis (Japan)
- **successor**: Nissan Kicks (North America)
Jacques Monod

**Jacques Lucien Monod** (9 February 1910 in Paris - 31 May 1976 in Paris) was a French biologist. He won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1965 for his discoveries about the genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis which he shared with François Jacob and Andre Lwoff.

Monod's best-known work explains how llife is the product of a combination of chance and necessity. It has been described as a "manifesto of materialist biology in the most reductivist sense", because Monod says that systems in nature can be explained without introducing any end-goal or purpose. He then argues that certain beliefs and ethics followed from his outlook on biology: atheism, rationalism, anti-Marxism.

During World War II he was a member of the French Resistance.
Paul Hermann Müller

**Paul Hermann Müller** (January 12, 1899 – October 12, 1965) was an Swiss chemist. He won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1948 for his discovery of insecticidal qualities and use of DDT in the control of vector diseases. He was born on January 12, 1899 in Olten, Switzerland and died on October 12, 1965 in Basel, Switzerland.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Paul Hermann Müller
- **image**: Paul Hermann Müller nobel.jpg
- **image size**: 250px
- **birth place**: Olten, Switzerland
- **death place**: Basel, Switzerland
- **occupation**: Chemistry, chemist
- **known for**: Discovery of DDT. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1948.
Max Theiler

**Max Theiler** (January 30, 1899 – August 11, 1972) was an South African-American virologist. He won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1951 for developing a vaccine against yellow fever. He was born on January 30, 1899 in Pretoria, South African Republic and died on August 11, 1972 in New Haven, Connecticut.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Max Theiler
- **image**: Max Theiler nobel.jpg
- **image size**: 250px
- **birth place**: Pretoria, South Africa
- **death place**: New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- **occupation**: Biochemist
- **known for**: Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1951
Jack Szostak

**Jack William Szostak** (London, November 9, 1952) is an Anglo-American biologist who was raised in Canada. Szostak is Professor of Genetics at Harvard Medical School. He shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2009 for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres. His co-winners were Elizabeth Blackburn and Carol Greider. Szostak is also credited with the construction of the world's first yeast artificial chromosome.

His lab has moved on to working on RNA. "By the year 2000, I started to pay more attention to fundamental questions related to the origin of life" (RNA world hypothesis). "Here the big question is whether RNA was in fact the first genetic polymer, or whether RNA was preceded by some simpler, easier to make or more robust genetic material". Recent work suggests that the RNA hypothessis is still alive.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Jack William Szostak
- **image**: Nobel Prize 2009-Press Conference Physiology or Medicine-16.jpg
- **image size**: 250px
- **birth place**: London, England
- **occupation**: molecular biology, molecular biologist
- **known for**: Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2009
Hoopoe

The **hoopoe** (_Upupa epops_), is a colourful bird that is found across Afro-Eurasia, notable for its distinctive 'crown' of feathers.

It is the only living species in the family **Upupidae**. One insular species, the giant hoopoe of Saint Helena, is recently extinct, and the Madagascar subspecies of the hoopoe is sometimes elevated to a full species. The English name is derived from Latin _upupa_, which imitates the "_hoop-oop-oop_" call of the bird.

## Taxonomy

The hoopoe is classified in the Coraciiformes clade, a group that also includes kingfishers, bee-eaters, rollers, and woodhoopoes (forming a clade with this one according to Hackett _et al._ (2008)). A close relationship between the hoopoe and the woodhoopoes is also supported by the shared and unique nature of their stapes.

### Subspecies

Nine subspecies of hoopoe are recognised by the Kristin 2001 (in the _Handbook of the Birds of the World_). These subspecies vary mostly in size and the depth of colour in the plumage. Two more subspecies have been proposed, _U. e. minor_ in South Africa and _U. e. orientalis_ in north western India.
Harald zur Hausen

**Harald zur Hausen** (11 March 1936 – 28 May 2023) was a German virologist and professor. He won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2008 for his discoveries on the role of papilloma viruses which he shared with Luc Montagnier and Françoise Barré-Sinoussi.

He was born in Gelsenkirchen. Zur Hausen died on 28 May 2023 in Heidelberg, Germany, at the age of 87.

He was elected a member of the Academia Europaea in 1990.
José Bautista

**José Antonio Bautista** (born October 19, 1980 in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic) is a Dominican Major League Baseball player. He has played for the Baltimore Orioles in 2004, the Tampa Bay Devil Rays in 2004, Kansas City Royals in 2004, the Pittsburgh Pirates from 2004 to 2008 and the Toronto Blue Jays since 2008. Bautista plays as both an outfielder and third baseman. Most often, he plays right field. He is also one of 26 players in the 50 home run club. In both the 2010 and 2011 seasons, he hit more home runs than any other player. He hit 54 home runs in 2010 and 43 home runs in 2011.

## Other websites

- Jose Bautista's MLB player profile

## Infobox (mlb player)

- **name**: José Bautista
- **image**: Jose Bautista 9 15 18 (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Bautista in 2018
- **bats**: Right
- **debutdate**: April 4
- **debutyear**: 2004
- **debutteam**: Baltimore Orioles
- **teams**: *Baltimore Orioles (2004)
*Tampa Bay Rays, Tampa Bay Devil Rays (2004)
*Kansas City Royals (2004)
*Pittsburgh Pirates (2004–2008)
*Toronto Blue Jays (2008–2017)
- **width**: 250px
- **team**: Free Agent
- **birth place**: Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
- **awards**: * Major League Baseball All-Star Game, All-Star selection (2010)
* List of Major League Baseball home run champions, 2010 Home Run Champion
* AL Hank Aaron Award (2010)
* Silver Slugger winner (2010)
Reproductive isolation

**Reproductive isolation** refers to the situation where different species may live in the same area, but properties of individuals prevent them from interbreeding.

The things which stop species or groups of organisms reproducing sexually are called **isolating mechanisms**.

Members of one species do not, in general, mate with members of another species, though there are many exceptions and variations to this. And, if such mating does take place, the offspring may not develop, or may not be fertile.

If species arise by the splitting of ancestral species, it might be asked what stops the new species continuing to reproduce together. If they did, they would again become one species.

## Isolating mechanisms

A list as drawn up of isolating mechanisms:

### Pre-mating mechanisms

Factors which cause individuals to mate with their own species.
- **Temporal isolation**: Individuals do not mate because they are active at different times.
- **Ecological isolation**: Individuals only mate in their preferred habitat. They do not meet those with different ecological preferences.
- **Behavioral isolation**: Individuals of different species may meet, but choose members of their own species. They may not recognize sexual cues given by other species.
- **Mechanical isolation**: Copulation may be attempted but transfer of sperm does not take place. The individuals may be incompatible due to size or morphology.

### Post-mating isolating mechanisms

Incompatibility of the two genomes stops normal development in the hybrid.
- **Gametes not compatible**. Sperm transfer takes place, but egg is not fertilized.
- **Zygote mortality**: The egg is fertilized, but the zygote does not develop.
- **Hybrid inviability**: Hybrid embryo forms, but dies.
- **Hybrid sterility**: Hybrid is viable, but the resulting adult is sterile.
- **Hybrid breakdown**: First generation hybrids are viable and fertile, but further hybrid generations and backcrosses are inviable or sterile.

There is still much debate as to whether the Dobzhansky/Mayr account is satisfactory. Modern researchers tends to avoid the general term 'isolating mechanisms' in favour of the more specific terms 'mate choice', 'hybrid incompatibility' and other forms of 'reproductive isolation'.
Lancia Lybra

The **Lancia Lybra** is a car produced by Lancia. It replaced the Lancia Dedra in 1999 and was discontinued in 2005. It was replaced by the new Delta in 2008.

## Engines

- _1.6 16V_ 76 kW (103 hp)
- _1.8 16V_ 96 kW (130 hp)
- _2.0 20V_ 110 kW (150 hp) and 113 kW (154 hp)
- _1.9 JTD_ 77 kW (105 hp), 81 kW (110 hp) and 85 kW (115 hp)
- _2.4 JTD_ 100 kW (136 hp), 103 kW (140 hp) and 110 kW (150 hp)
Alcides Escobar

**Alicedes Escobar** (born December 16, 1986 in La Sabana, Venezuela) is a Venezuelan baseball player. He currently plays as an infielder for the Kansas City Royals of Major League Baseball (MLB).

Escobar formerly played for the Milwaukee Brewers from 2008-2010 before being traded along with Lorenzo Cain, Jeremy Jeffress, Jake Odorizzi for Zack Greinke and Yuniesky Betancourt.

## Other websites

- Alcides Escobar at mlb.com
Kosuke Fukudome

is a Japanese professional athlete.  He is best known as a baseball player in Japan and in the American Major Leagues.

## Career

In the US, Fukudome is currently part of the New York Yankees team.   He has played for the Chicago Cubs, the Cleveland Indians and Chicago White Sox.

In Japan, Fukudome formerly played for the Chunichi Dragons of the Central League from 1998 to 2007.

Fukudome was a member of the Japanese national baseball team which won a silver medal in the 1996 Summer Olympics, a bronze medal in the 2004 Summer Olympics.

## Other websites

- Kosuke Fukudome at mlb.com
Wyandotte Constitution

The **Wyandotte Constitution** is the constitution of the U.S state of Kansas. The constitution said that Kansas would be a state without slavery. However, the constitution did not give black people, women or Native Americans the right to vote. The Wyandotte Constitution was passed by a vote of 10,421 to 5,530 on October 4, 1859.
Ann Jillian

**Ann Jillian** (born January 29, 1950) is an American actress. She has been acting since the age of 10. She has starred in many situation comedies, television series and movies.
Era (musical project)

**Era** (stylized as **eRa**) is a French New Age music project. The project was started by French composer Eric Lévi and has 12 members including himself. The project has sold over 12 million albums. The lyrics for their songs are written in Pseudo-Latin and English. They play in the Ambient, Chillout and New Age genres. Their song "Enae Volare Mezzo" was the theme song of mixed martial artist, Fedor Emelianenko as well as his brother Aleksander Emelianenko. Their song "Ameno" was also used as the entrance theme song by the Mexican wrestler Mistico.

## Discography

|Year|Album|
| --- | --- |
|1996|_Era_|
|2000|_Era 2_|
|2003|_The Mass_|
|2005|_The Very Best of Era_|
|2008|_Reborn_|
|2009|_Classics_|
|2010|_The Essential_|
|2010|_Classics Vol 02_|

## Other websites

- Official website
- Official UK website
Sandwich Islands

The **Sandwich Islands** is Captain James Cook's name for the Hawaiian Islands in 1778.  He chose the name of his patron, the 4th Earl of Sandwich.

The name Hawaii is the Polynesian name of the islands. The first known inhabitants of Hawaii were from Polynesia in the first 1,000 years AD.
Jessica Tandy

**Jessica Tandy** (June 7, 1909 – September 11, 1994) was an English-American actress. She was born in Hackney, London. She starred in many movies during her career, including _Cocoon_ (1985), _Driving Miss Daisy_ (1989), and _Fried Green Tomatoes_ (1991). She won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her role in _Driving Miss Daisy_.

Tandy died of ovarian cancer in Easton, Connecticut.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Jessica Tandy
- **birth name**: Jessica Alice Tandy
- **image**: Jessica Tandy and Hume Cronyn.jpg
- **caption**: Tandy and Hume Cronyn at the 1988 Emmy Awards
- **birth place**: London Borough of Hackney, Hackney, London, England, UK
- **death place**: Easton, Connecticut, USA
- **death cause**: Ovarian cancer
- **resting place**: Cremated
- **spouse**: Jack Hawkins
(m. 1932–1940, divorced)
Hume Cronyn
(m. 1942–1994; her death)
- **occupation**: Actress
- **years active**: 1926–1994
Thank Me Later

***Thank Me Later*** is the first studio album by Canadian rapper and singer Drake. _Thank Me Later_ was released on June 15, 2010. The album appeared at number 1 on the US _Billboard_ 200 chart. It sold 447,000 copies in the United States in its first week. It received mostly positive reviews from music critics.

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Thank Me Later
- **type**: Studio
- **artist**: Drake (musician), Drake
- **border**: yes
- **recorded**: 2009–2010
- **prev title**: So Far Gone
(2009)
- **next title**: Take Care
(2011)
Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union

The **Council of Ministers of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)** (), (sometimes shortened to _Sovmin_  or _Soviet of Ministers_) was legally the Soviet government.  It was the highest executive and administrative body of the Soviet Union.

The council could issue declarations and instructions based the laws of the USSR, and all territories and republics within the Union had to follow them. However, the most important state issues were made by joint declarations with the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), which was _de facto_ more powerful than the Council of Ministers.

It was replaced in 1991 by the Cabinet of Ministers of the USSR, which was dissolved only months later when the Soviet Union ceased to exist.

## Infobox (government agency)

- **agency name**: Council of Ministers of the USSR
Совет Министров СССР
- **formed**: 1946
- **preceding1**: Council of People's Commissars of the USSR
- **dissolved**: 1991
- **superseding**: Cabinet of Ministers of the USSR
- **jurisdiction**: Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
- **headquarters**: Moscow Kremlin
Stockard Channing

**Stockard Channing** (born **Susan Williams Antonia Stockard**; February 13, 1944) is an American actress. She played Rizzo in _Grease_ and First Lady Abbey Bartlet in the show _The West Wing_ on NBC. She has also starred in many movies during her acting career. Channing was born February 13, 1944.

Channing won multiple Emmy Awards, a Tony Award and a Drama Desk Award.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Stockard Channing
- **image**: Stockard Channing 1984 crop.JPG
- **caption**: Channing in 1984
- **birth name**: Susan Williams Antonia Stockard
- **birth place**: Manhattan, New York, U.S.
- **occupation**: Actor, Actress
- **years active**: 1969–present
- **alma mater**: Harvard University
- **partner**: Daniel Gillham
Volans

The constellation **Volans** is a group of stars in the southern sky. It is in the shape of a flying fish. The name Volans is a shortened from of its original, **Piscis Volans**. Volans was one of twelve constellations created by Petrus Plancius. He made these constellations from observations by Pieter Dirkszoon Keyser and Frederick de Houtman. Volans first appeared on a 35-cm diameter celestial globe published in 1597 (or 1598) in Amsterdam by Plancius with Jodocus Hondius. The first image of this constellation in a celestial atlas was in Johann Bayer's _Uranometria_ of 1603.

## Stars and deep sky objects

There are two double stars in the constellation which can be observed using a small telescope, Gamma Volantis and Epsilon Volantis. There are also two galaxies that may be more difficult to see clearly, NGC 2442 and NGC 2434. The magnitudes of the Gamma Volantis stars are fourth and sixth, and of Epsilon Volantis fourth and eighth.

## Other websites

- http://www.astro.wisc.edu/~dolan/constellations/constellations/Volans.html
- http://www.maa.mhn.de/Maps/Stars_en/Fig/volans.html
- Starry Night Photography : Volans Constellation
- Star Tales – Volans
- http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/image/1003/NGC2442HST-GendlerL.jpg

## Infobox (constellation)

- **name**: Volans
- **abbreviation**: Vol
- **genitive**: Volantis
- **pronounce**: , genitive
- **symbolism**: the Flying fish, Flying Fish
- **ra**: 8
- **dec**: −70
- **family**: Bayer Family, Bayer
- **quadrant**: SQ2
- **areatotal**: 141
- **arearank**: 76th
- **numbermainstars**: 6
- **numberbfstars**: 12
- **numberstarsplanets**: 1
- **numberbrightstars**: 0
- **numbernearbystars**: 1
- **brighteststarname**: Beta Volantis, β Vol
- **starmagnitude**: 3.77
- **neareststarname**: Gliese 293
- **stardistancely**: 19.35
- **stardistancepc**: 5.93
- **numbermessierobjects**: 0
- **meteorshowers**: 0
- **bordering**: Carina (constellation), Carina
 Pictor (constellation), Pictor
 Dorado (constellation), Dorado
 Mensa (constellation), Mensa
 Chamaeleon (constellation), Chamaeleon
- **latmax**: 15th parallel north, 15
- **latmin**: South Pole, 90
- **month**: March
Volans (disambiguation)

The word **volans** could mean:

- A constellation, or group of stars, called Volans
- A South African composer named Kevin Volans.
Secret police

A **secret police** force is an agency most often used in dictatorships. It is used to scare people living under a dictatorship into agreeing with the dictator's policies. Not all dictatorships, however, use a secret police force. Fidel Castro's Cuba and Mao Zedong's China were able to maintain a dictatorship without using secret police.

## Historical secret police agencies

|Secret police agency|Nation|Existed from|State leader|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Cheka / OGPU / NKVD / KGB|U.S.S.R.|1917–1946|Vladimir Lenin / Joseph Stalin|
|Gestapo|Third Reich|1933–1945|Adolf Hitler|
|Stasi|East Germany (DDR)|1950–1990|Walter Ulbricht / Erich Honecker (1971–89)|
|OVRA|Italy|1927–1943|Benito Mussolini|
|DINA / CNI|Chile|1973–1990|Augusto Pinochet|
|State Security Department|North Korea|1948–present|Kim dynasty (North Korea)|
National Fascist Party

The **National Fascist Party** (Partito Nazionale Fascista or PNF) was the ruling party of the Kingdom of Italy from 1922 to 1943. It was a far-right party and followed the ideology of fascism.

Benito Mussolini founded the party in 1919 and served as its chairman (Italian:_Presidente del Partito Nazionale Fascista_) from 1919 to 1943. The party came to power after Mussolini led thousands of Blackshirts on a march in Rome and forced King Victor Emmanuel III to appoint him as Prime Minister. Mussolini then banned all other political parties and established a one-party police state, which lasted until he was thrown out of power by his own citizens and ordered to be arrested by the King in 1943. After Mussolini's arrest, the **National Fascist Party** was destroyed.

### Republican Fascist Party

However, Mussolini was rescued from prison by German soldiers sent by Adolf Hitler in 1943, and was made the head of state (this time a member of the newly created **Republican Fascist Party**) of the Italian Social Republic, a puppet state whose real laws were made by the Nazis.

Mussolini was killed by Italian citizens in 1945 and the **Republican Fascist Party** was dissolved and banned after World War 2 ended in 1945 .
Debbie Reynolds

**Mary Frances Reynolds**, better known as **Debbie Reynolds** (April 1, 1932 – December 28, 2016), was an American actress and singer. Reynolds was born in El Paso, Texas. She starred in many television programs and films. She also had many songs and albums during her career.

On December 28, 2016, Debbie Reynolds died at the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, California from a cerebral haemorrhage with hypertension being a factor, aged 84. This was one day after her daughter Carrie Fisher died.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Debbie Reynolds
- **image**: Debbie Reynolds 6 Allan Warren.jpg
- **image upright**: 1.05
- **caption**: Reynolds in 1987
- **birth name**: Mary Frances Reynolds
- **birth place**: El Paso, Texas, El Paso, Texas, U.S.
- **death place**: Los Angeles, California, U.S.
- **death cause**: Intracerebral hemorrhage
- **resting place**: Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Hollywood Hills), U.S.
- **spouse**:

- **occupation**: Actress, singer, dancer, businesswoman
- **years active**: 1948–2016
- **parents**: Maxene "Minnie" (née Harman) and Raymond Francis "Ray" Reynolds
- **education**: Burbank High School
- **relatives**: Billie Lourd (granddaughter)
Gerald Wallace

**Gerald Jermaine Wallace** (born July 23, 1982) is an American professional basketball player for the Boston Celtics of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He plays the position of small forward. He has been nicknamed "Crash" for his aggressive style of play, and is known as one of the better defensive players in the league.

## Early career

Wallace played high school basketball at Childersburg High School in Childersburg, Alabama. He then played college basketball for one year at the University of Alabama, then entered the 2001 NBA Draft.

## NBA career

The Sacramento Kings chose Wallace with the 25th pick of the 2001 NBA Draft. Wallace was on the Kings for three seasons, but did not play much. His chance came in 2004. The Charlotte Bobcats were a new NBA team, and had a chance to choose players from other teams in an _expansion draft_. The Bobcats chose Wallace, who became an important part of the team over the next six years. In 2010, he was chosen to represent the Bobcats in the NBA All-Star Game, which made him the first Bobcats player to play in the All-Star Game. He also made the NBA All-Defensive First Team for that season.

On February 24, 2011, Wallace was traded to the Portland Trail Blazers.
Thelma & Louise

***Thelma & Louise*** is a 1991 American adventure crime road movie starring Geena Davis as Thelma and Susan Sarandon as Louise. Also starring in the movie are Michael Madsen, Harvey Keitel and Brad Pitt. It was among the highest-grossing movies of 1991.
Faye Dunaway

**Dorothy Faye Dunaway** (born January 14, 1941 in Bascom, Florida) is an American actress. She has starred in _Bonnie and Clyde_, _Chinatown_, _The Thomas Crown Affair_ and _Mommie Dearest_. She won an Academy Award for Best Actress for her role in _Network_. Duanaway is a convert to Roman Catholicism.
Old Melbourne Gaol

The **Old Melbourne Gaol** is a large, historic prison in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. The bluestone building was the first large prison built in Victoria. It was the location of many executions, including Ned Kelly who was hanged at the prison in 1880. It closed in 1929 and is now a museum.

Melbourne was first settled in 1835 and its first small gaol was built in 1839. A second gaol was built in 1841 next to the Supreme Court buildings. In 1852 work started on a new gaol based on the Pentonville Model Prison design. This had its own outside wall of solid bluestone. A second stage started in 1857, and the wall was extended in 1859. In 1860 the north wing, chapel, central hall and entrance was built. A western wing for female prisoners was started in 1862, and the outside wall was finished in 1864. There were also 17 jailer's houses, a chief warden's house and a hospital. It was built on a high point at the edge of the city. However a report in 1870 said the gaol should be closed and the prisoners moved to a more suitable location. The prison finally closed in 1929.

During World War II, the gaol was used as a military prison for Australian soldiers. After the war it became a storage building for the Victoria Police. Some of the buildings were pulled down to allow for the building of the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, now Victoria University. In 1972 the buildings were taken over by the National Trust as a museum.
Leukodystrophy

**Leukodystrophies** are disorders which affect the white matter of the brain and the nervous system. Nerves are surrounded by fatty cover of a substance called myelin. In a leukodystrophy, there are problems with the growth or the development of  this cover. This affects the function of the respective nerve. Myelin is made of at least ten different chemicals. Leukodystrophy is a gene defect. As a result of this defect, one of the molecules that make up myelin cannot be synthesized as it should.
William Quantrill

**William Clarke Quantrill** (July 31, 1837 – June 6, 1865), was a Confederate leader during the American Civil War. Quantrill lead a Confederate unit along the Missouri-Kansas border in the early 1860s. Quantrill was a leader in the Lawrence Massacre in Lawrence, Kansas in 1863. Quantrill was killed in Kentucky in a  Union ambush in 1865.

## Infobox (military person)

- **birth name**: William Clarke Quantrill
- **image**: quantrill.jpg
- **birth place**: Dover, Ohio, Canal Dover (now Dover), Ohio
- **death place**: Louisville, Kentucky
- **placeofburial**: St. John's Catholic Cemetery
Louisville, Kentucky
- **serviceyears**: 1861–1865
Jochen Hecht

**Jochen Hecht** (born June 21, 1977 in Mannheim, West Germany) is a retired ice hockey centre that played a combined 13 seasons in the NHL.

He was picked by the St. Louis Blues with the 49th overall pick in the 1995 NHL Entry Draft. Hecht played 2 seasons with the St. Louis Blues, 1 season with the Edmonton Oilers and 10 seasons with the Buffalo Sabres. He also played 5 seasons in the DEL with Adler Mannheim.

On April 26, 2013, he announced that he was retiring from professional ice hockey to reporters in the locker room after the Sabres final regular season game against the New York Islanders.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **image**: 2024-09-08 Dresdner Eislöwen gegen Nürnberg Ice Tigers (Sachsenlotto-Cup 2024) by Sandro Halank–090.jpg
- **image size**: 230px
- **played for**: Adler Mannheim
St. Louis Blues
Edmonton Oilers
Buffalo Sabres
- **position**: Winger (ice hockey), Left Wing
- **shoots**: Left
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 1
- **weight lb**: 198
- **ntl team**: GER
- **birth place**: Mannheim, West Germany
- **draft**: 49th overall
- **draft year**: 1995
- **draft team**: St. Louis Blues
- **career start**: 1994
- **career end**: 2016
Giffen good

In economics, a **Giffen good** is one that people consume more of when its price increases. This violates the Law of Demand. This paradox is named after Robert Giffen, who first described it. Giffen observed that households that only had a minimum wage to survive, bought more bread when the bread price increased. This can be explained as follows: These households have to split their income between cheap (and inferior) good, e.g. "bread", and an expensive good, e.g. meat. When the price of this inferior good increases by a certain amount, they can no longer afford to buy the more expensive good. For this reason, they spend more of their income on bread in order to be able to survive.

Alfred Marshall wrote in _Principles of Economics:_
- _There are however some exceptions. For instance, as Mr Giffen has pointed out, a rise in the price of bread makes so large a drain on the resources of the poorer labouring families and raises so much the marginal utility of money to them, that they are forced to curtail their consumption of meat and the more expensive farinaceous foods: and, bread being still the cheapest food which they can get and will take, they consume more, and not less of it. But such cases are rare; when they are met with they must be treated separately._
Lima, Ohio

**Lima** is a city in Allen County, Ohio, United States. The population of Lima was 35,579 in 2020. Lima was founded in 1831 as a county seat which was mandated by the Ohio legislature. It got its name from Patrick G. Goode, who was a judge. He insisted on the Spanish pronunciation "Lee-mah" after the capital city of Peru, but the pronunciation — "Lye-mah" — won.

Professional wrestler Al Snow was born in Lima. Actor and movie critic Donald Richie was also born there.

## Other websites

- The city government of Lima

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Lima, Ohio
- **settlement type**: City
- **nickname**: The Bean
- **map caption**: Interactive map of Lima
- **pushpin map**: Ohio#USA
- **pushpin relief**: yes
- **pushpin label**: Lima
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Ohio, County
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision name1**: Ohio
- **subdivision name2**: Allen County, Ohio, Allen
- **established title**: Founded
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **area total km2**: 35.75
- **area land km2**: 35.27
- **area water km2**: 0.48
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 35579
- **population density sq mi**: 2612.45
- **population density km2**: 1008.70
- **timezone**: North American Eastern Time Zone, EST
- **utc offset**: −05:00
- **timezone dst**: Eastern Daylight Time, EDT
- **utc offset dst**: −04:00
- **area total sq mi**: 13.80
- **area land sq mi**: 13.62
- **area water sq mi**: 0.18
- **elevation ft**: 883
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 45801-02, 45804-07, 45809, 45854
- **area code**: Area code 419, 419 567
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 39-43554
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 1085694
- **unit pref**: Imperial