juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Cream (band)

**Cream** was a British rock band in the late 1960s. They played and recorded together from 1966 to 1968. The members of the group were Eric Clapton, Jack Bruce, and Ginger Baker. They were called a power trio, as there were three musicians, who all played essential roles in the band. Their sound of heavy blues-rock was a great influence on many other bands. They were one of the most skilled rock bands of all time; the guitarist and bassist were able to solo at the same time.  Clapton helped pioneer the use of the wah-wah pedal and played a famous guitar called The Fool. Clapton developed what he called the "woman tone" on his guitar, while Bruce played a fretless bass guitar, and Baker played unusual rhythms on drums to create the band's distinctive sound.

Cream's hit records included the songs "Strange Brew", "Sunshine Of Your Love" and "White Room". Their last album, titled _Goodbye_, included a song called "Badge", written by Eric Clapton and George Harrison of The Beatles.

## Studio albums

Cream made four studio albums.
- _Fresh Cream_ (1966)
- _Disraeli Gears_ (1967)
- _Wheels of Fire_ (1968)
- _Goodbye_ (1969)

## Other websites

- Hear Cream on the Pop Chronicles.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **background**: group_or_band
- **name**: Cream
- **image**: Cream Clapton Bruce Baker 1960s.jpg
- **caption**: Cream in 1967. From left to right: Ginger Baker, Jack Bruce, and Eric Clapton
- **image size**: 230px
- **years active**: –1968, 1993, 2005
- **origin**: London, England
- **genre**: Rock and roll, Rock, Psychedelic rock, blues-rock, hard rock, acid rock
- **associated acts**: Eric Clapton's Powerhouse, Powerhouse, Graham Bond, The Graham Bond Organisation, John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers, John Mayall's Bluesbreakers, Blind Faith, Bruce-Baker-Moore
- **label**: Reaction Records, Reaction, Polydor Records, Polydor, Atco Records, Atco, RSO Records, RSO
- **past members**: Jack Bruce
Eric Clapton
Ginger Baker
Blind Faith

**Blind Faith** was an English blues-rock band. It was formed in 1968 by members of other bands. Eric Clapton and Ginger Baker had been in the band Cream. Steve Winwood and Rick Grech had been in the band Traffic. Many people had high expectations but the new band was only together for about one year. The name of the band came about as a result of the "blind faith" shown by many people. These people had thought that the band would go on to greatness. Before they broke up in 1969, they released a self-titled album. It caused controversy because it only had six songs and featured a topless teenage girl holding a toy airplane on the English album cover. This image was replaced by a photograph of the band in America.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Blind Faith
- **landscape**: Yes
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Surrey, England
- **genre**: Blues-rock, hard rock, British blues
- **years active**: 1968–1969
- **label**: Polydor Records, Polydor, Atco Records, Atco, RSO Records, RSO, Island Records, Island
- **associated acts**: Cream (band), Cream, Traffic (band), Traffic, Ginger Baker's Air Force
- **past members**: Eric Clapton
Steve Winwood
Ginger Baker
Ric Grech
The Guess Who

**The Guess Who** is a Canadian rock band. They formed in Winnipeg in 1958 and broke up in 2003. Their best known songs include, _American Woman_, _Share The Land_, _No Time_, and _These Eyes_.

The band was inducted into The Canadian Music Hall of Fame in 1987.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: The Guess Who
- **img**: The Guess Who.png
- **img capt**: The Guess Who, 1970
- **background**: group_or_band
- **alias**: The Silvertones
The Reflections
Chad Allan and the Expressions
- **origin**: Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- **genre**: Rock music, Rock, blues rock, folk rock, garage rock, hard rock
- **years active**: 2003, 2025present
- **label**: Quality Records, Quality, Scepter Records, Scepter, Buddah Records, Buddah, RCA Records, RCA, Paradiso, Sundazed Records, Sundazed
- **associated acts**: Bachman & Cummings, Bachman-Turner Overdrive
- **current members**: Jim Kale
Laurie MacKenzie
Garry Peterson
Leonard Shaw
Derek Sharp
- **past members**: Chad Allan (musician), Chad Allan
Bob Ashley
Randy Bachman
Burton Cummings
Bruce Decker
Carl Dixon
Greg Leskiw
Donnie McDougall
Domenic Troiano
Bill Wallace (musician), Bill Wallace
Kurt Winter
Dale Russell
Terry Hatty
Terry Read
Human digestive system

The **digestive system** is the parts of the body that  digest food. It is the **gastrointestinal system**. It breaks down food into simple chemicals which can be  absorbed into the blood stream. It also produces waste, which be expelled by passing gas, pooping, or even passing urine (peeing).

From the blood stream, nutrients go to the liver, which is a kind of chemical factory for the body. The liver adjusts the nutrients so that the mix is what the body needs.

In the stomach, gastric acid is introduced. This is basically dilute hydrochloric acid. It is very reactive and has a pH level of 1.5 to 3.5. The stomach has a layer of mucus to protect itself from the acid.

The digestive system also gets rid of waste material. The gastrointestinal system starts at the lips and ends at the anus. Animals like worms, insects, mammals, birds, fish, and people all have digestive systems. Passing gas (farting or burping) during digesting is normal.

The digestive system is not just the **gut**, but also many other organs which help digest food. For example, digestive enzymes are needed to break down carbohydrates and meat into substances which can be absorbed. The absorbed food then goes to the rest of the body to feed it and enable it to repair itself.

The parts of the human digestive system are the same in many animals:
- Mouth
- Pharynx
- Oesophagus
- Stomach
- Intestines
    - Small intestine
        - Duodenum
        - Jejunum
        - Ileum
    - Large intestine
        - Cecum
        - Colon
- Rectum
- Anus

Other organs that are part of the gastrointestinal system but are _not_ part of the gut are:
- Liver and gall bladder
- Pancreas
- Salivary glands, lips, teeth, tongue, epiglottis, thyroid, and parathyroids
Food does not go through these organs. But they help the gut digest the food. They also have other work. For example, the pancreas, thyroid, liver, and parathyroids are also endocrine glands that make hormones like insulin.

There are many diseases that affect the gastrointestinal system. Doctors who study the gastrointestinal tract are called gastroenterologists. They also study why people pass faeces (poo) excessively.

## Related pages

- Appendix
- Gastroenterology
- nervous system
- polyps

## References

-
Mouth

The **mouth** is an opening in the face and is the first part of the alimentary canal (digestive system). It is the place where food is chewed. The mouth has teeth to help chew the food.  It is an oval-shaped cavity inside the skull. The two main functions of the mouth are eating and speaking. Parts of the mouth include the lips, vestibule, mouth cavity, gums, teeth, hard and soft palate, tongue and salivary glands. The mouth is also known as the oral cavity or the buccal cavity.

In addition to its main role as the start of the digestive system, in humans the mouth also plays a great part in communication. The tongue, lips, and jaw, which are parts of the mouth, are needed to produce the number of sounds in human language. People also kiss and show their feelings with the mouth.
Deacon

A **deacon** is a role in the Christian church. The job of a deacon is different depending on the church he or she is a part of. A deacon usually helps to run the church and teaches people about Christianity. A deacon can also witness marriages.

Men who intend to become priests are usually named deacons for some time before advancing onto the rank of priest.

In the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches men are not allowed to marry after they have become deacons. Deacons in Protestant churches are allowed to marry.

A **protodeacon** is an honorary rank given to certain married deacons in Eastern Christian churches. In the Russian Orthodox Church it is an honorary title given to married deacons, as a mark of which, the clergyman is entitled to wear a burgundy-colored skufia.
Friedrich Engels

**Friedrich Engels II** (28 November 1820 – 5 August 1895) was a German political thinker and writer.  He wrote about Communism with philosopher Karl Marx. They wrote the book _The Communist Manifesto_ together.

## Biography

Friedrich Engels II was born in Barmen, Germany in 1820. His father was a very rich factory owner. His father sent Friedrich to England to run one of his factories. Engles became upset with the way the workers were living at the factory. He was upset with the class system. At about this time, Engles  began to write about politics and the struggles of the workers.

In 1844, he met Karl Marx in France. The two men became friends. They also began to write together. The two men worked together until the death of Marx in 1883. Engels' influential work, "The Condition of the Working Class in England," highlighted the harsh realities of industrialization. His partnership with Marx laid the foundation for modern communism, and his writings continue to shape discussions on class struggle and societal transformation.

After Marx died, Engels spent the rest of his life editing and translating Marx' writings. He also wrote about women and marriage. Engles died of throat cancer in London in 1895, leaving a lasting legacy in the realms of political philosophy and social critique.

## Infobox (philosopher)

- **embed**: yes
- **education**: Gymnasium zu Elberfeld
(withdrew)
Humboldt University of Berlin, University of Berlin
(no degree)
- **region**: Western philosophy
- **era**: 19th-century philosophy
- **school tradition**: Continental philosophy
Marxism
- **main interests**: Political philosophy, political economy, class struggle, criticism of capitalism
- **notable works**: _The Condition of the Working Class in England_, _Anti-Dühring_, _Socialism: Utopian and Scientific_, _The German Ideology_, _The Communist Manifesto_
- **notable ideas**: Marx's theory of alienation, Alienation and Exploitation of labour, exploitation of the worker, dialectical materialism, historical materialism, false consciousness
- **signature**: Friedrich Engels Signature.svg
- **partner**: Mary Burns (died 1863)


## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Friedrich Engels
- **image**: Friedrich Engels portrait (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Photograph by William Hall, 1879
- **birth place**: Barmen, Province of Jülich-Cleves-Berg, Jülich-Cleves-Berg, Kingdom of Prussia
(now Wuppertal, Germany)
- **death place**: London, England
Dinner

**Dinner** is a word with a few different meanings.

In North America dinner usually means a large meal that is eaten in early evening. Sometimes dinner can mean a meal eaten in the middle of the day.  This meaning is more common in the Southern United States and the United Kingdom .
A more formal definition of "dinner", especially outside North America, is any meal that has several courses. The minimum number of course is often regarded as two but there can be as many as seven.  If there is only one course and it is the main meal of the day, then it is called dinner.

Dinner is very important to some cultures. Dinner is a large part, often a tradition, on many American holidays including Thanksgiving and Christmas.
Rosa Luxemburg

**Rosa Luxemburg** (5 March 1871 in Zamość, Russian Poland – 15 January 1919 in Berlin) was a Polish-Jewish Marxist politician working in both Poland and Germany. Her birth name was Rosalia _Luxemburg_. She was born into a Jewish family. She was the fifth child of her parents. Her father was a wood trader/timber trader. His name was Eliasz Luxemburg III. Her mother's name was Line (maiden name: Löwenstein).

## Publications

In one of her earliest publications, 'Reform or Revolution?' (1900) Luxemburg accepted Marx's argument that capitalism promoted exploitation and was at odds with humanity's natural, fraternal instincts. She also agreed that evolutionary socialism was impossible: only revolution could create real change. However, like Lenin, she had little sympathy for Marx's 'historicism' and denied that for a revolution to occur, capitalism would have to reach an advanced stage of development. However, Luxemburg's analysis of how the revolution should come would distinguish her from both Marx and Lenin.

## Life

After WW1 Luxemburg helped establish the German Communist Party (KDP). She organised a socialist uprising in Germany but was killed by a right-wing group called the Freikorps. Rosa Luxemburg made many new communist ideas that continue to influence communism today. Rosa Luxemburg supported the Russian Revolution led by Lenin and Trotsky, but she saw them both as making undemocratic mistakes in organizing what was supposed to be a more democratic nation. She also insisted the freedom of assembly, freedom of the press, freedom of speech and abolition of death penalty. In 1913 she published an essay "The Accumulation of Capital" that urges that capital accumulation causes the imperialism.

## Assassination

Rosa Luxemburg was executed by the Garde-Kavallerie-Schützendivision of the Freikorps.
Neck (disambiguation)

**Neck** can mean:

- Neck (body part), a part of the body
- Any narrow part of a thing. The neck of a bottle is where it gets smaller. The neck of a violin is the part underneath the top of the fingerboard leading up to the tuning pegs.
- To _neck_ is a slang term for when two people kiss many times in a romantic way.
Coachella Valley

The **Coachella Valley** is a desert valley in the Colorado Desert of Southern California. It is famous as a resort destination and an agricultural region. It is a dry rift valley.

The cities of the Coachella Valley from west to east are:

- Desert Hot Springs
- Palm Springs
- Cathedral City
- Rancho Mirage
- Palm Desert
- Indian Wells
- La Quinta
- Indio
- Coachella

Many people visit the area during tourist season, which is from September to June. It has a hot desert climate (BWh in the Koeppen climate classification) Winter in the Coachella Valley is warm. Summer is very hot, with temperatures over 100 degrees Fahrenheit/40 degrees Centigrade. Although the area is a desert, there is lots of water both under the ground and in aqueducts from the Colorado River. The weather is so similar to that in the Middle East that the area grows more than 95% of the nation's crop of dates.  A grapefruit called the "Coachella Grapefruit" was first grown there.

One of the world's greatest engineering feats is in Palm Springs. The Palm Springs Aerial Tramway brings visitors from the floor of the valley to the top of Mount San Jacinto, 8516 feet (3000 metres) up.
Derivative work

**Derivative work** is a phrase used in copyright law. It is a piece of work (for example: a novel, a song or a painting) that is based on what someone else created.

Copyright law says that if someone writes a book, draws a picture, or writes a song, then it belongs to them. Other people are not allowed to copy it unless the person who created it says that they can. This is important because it means the person who created the work can sell what they created and get money.

A derivative work is one that is based on something else. If a person watches a movie, and then writes a story about the people in the movie, that story is a derivative work. If after hearing a song, someone sings the same tune with different words, the song they sung is a derivative work.

In the law, if someone else has a copyright on something, no one is allowed to create a derivative work unless they say it is allowed. So if someone watches a movie, they are not allowed to write a story about the people in the movie unless the people who made the movie give them permission.

This only applies to the things that are known about by the person creating the work. If a movie is made, but they do not go and see the movie, and then they write a book that has the same story as the movie, that is not a derivative work.
Prefix

A **prefix** is a part of a word or a word, within a word. It is put at the start of another word to make a different meaning. It can also mean a number that is put in at the start to show which number something is in a group. It is a type of affix.
compound nouns (in other cases also compound adjectives).

The following examples illustrate real prefixes.

Often people want to use a prefix to mean _not_. There are many prefixes that mean _not_.
- _Un_natural means not natural.
- _A_political means not political.
- _Non_violent means not violent.
- _In_direct means not direct

We also learnt the prefixes ***anti** which means **against*** and **auto** is used to mean ***self*** _or **own**_

Some examples of these prefixes:

antisocial which means non social

anti glare which means it will prevent sun and light glare on a screen

autograph which means a person's signature

autopilot which means working by itself

Other examples of prefixes:

- _bi_centennial (and other number related prefixes: mono, ter/tri, tetra, quadro, penta, hepta, octo, nano etc.)
- _contra_diction
- _en_compass
- _para_trooper
- _per_cent
- _peri_scope
- _proto_type
- _poly_technical
- _re_act
- _semi_colon

Scientists and doctors use prefixes in many words.
- _Hepato-_ is a prefix that means liver. So _hepatocellular_ means 'about liver cells'.
- _Hydro-_ is a prefix that means water. So _Hydroelectric_ dams are dams that make electricity from the flow of water.
- _Pre-_ or _Ante-_ are prefixes that mean before. Prenatal diagnostics is the diagnostics done before the birth of a baby.
- _Post-_ is a prefix that means after. Post-traumatic experience would be an experience that was made after trauma.

Sometimes people make up words by adding a prefix. These words are not in a dictionary. But if people use these words enough, sometimes they go into dictionaries.
For example, we can make the word _unsimple_, which splits up into _not simple_. This is not a word in a dictionary.

Compare to suffix. Suffixes are letters put at the end of a word to change its meaning.
UNESCO

**UNESCO** is the **United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization** (). It is an agency of the United Nations (UN).

UNESCO says its purpose, as defined just after the end of World War II, is "to build the defenses of peace in the minds of men and women". It does this by helping nations work together, through education for all, science, and culture. This is supposed to help other nations follow the rule of law and human rights. It also helps promote some freedoms in the UN Charter.

UNESCO has 195 Member countries.

UNESCO tries to achieve what it wants to do through six programs: education, natural sciences, social and human sciences, culture, communication and information. Some projects sponsored by UNESCO are literacy, technical, and teacher-training programmes. UNESCO also decides what will become World Heritage Sites. A World Heritage Site is an important, special, interesting or beautiful place. If a place is a World Heritage Site, the place can not be destroyed, as it can give useful information for the future. The Uluru, for example, gives a lot of information on the culture of Aborigines. UNESCO is also a member of the United Nations Development Group. and works for Millennium Development Goals.

## List of directors

|scope="col"|Image|scope="col"|Name|scope="col"|Country|scope="col"|Term|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|scope="col"|Order|||||||
|1st||scope="row"|Julian Huxley||1946–1948|||
|2nd||scope="row"|Jaime Torres Bodet||1948–1952|||
|–||John Wilkinson Taylor||acting 1952–1953||||
|3rd||scope="row"|Luther Evans||1953–1958|||
|4th||scope="row"|Vittorino Veronese||1958–1961|||
|5th||scope="row"|René Maheu||acting 1961; 1961–1974|||
|6th||scope="row"|Amadou-Mahtar M'Bow||1974–1987|||
|7th||scope="row"|Federico Mayor Zaragoza||1987–1999|||
|8th||scope="row"|Koïchiro Matsuura||1999–2009|||
|9th||scope="row"|Irina Bokova||2009–2017|||
|10th||scope="row"|Audrey Azoulay||2017– 2025|||
|11th||scope="row"|Khaled al-Anani||2025–_Incumbent_|||

## Other websites

- Official site of UNESCO on which you can find extra information

## Infobox (un)

- **name**: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
- **type**: Agency
- **acronyms**: UNESCO
ONUÉSC
- **image**: UNESCO logo English.svg
- **headquarters**: Paris, France
- **head**: Khaled El-Enany
<small>Director-General of UNESCO</small>
- **status**: Active
- **members**: 159
- **established**: 16 November 1945
- **commons**: UNESCO
Nationality

The **nationality** of a person is that person's legal relationship with a state, for example a Swedish person's legal relationship with the kingdom of Sweden. Nationality is not identical to citizenship but in the majority of states most of the population are both citizens and nationals. Dual nationality means that the person has a legal relationship with two different states at the same time, for example with the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland. The rights and duties of individual people and the states they belong to vary from country to country.

"Nationality" can take on different meanings depending on the country, language and culture in question. For example, someone of Turkish descent may be called "Turkish" even if the individual, a member of the Turkish diaspora, has no right to a Turkish passport and citizenship. In past centuries, the usual meaning of "nationality" was not political, but rather meant membership in an ethnic group. In modern cases such as in airports, when officials ask your "nationality," they are asking to see the passport you use for travel to foreign countries.
Race

**Race** has many meanings in English. It can mean:
- To go very fast – _he raced to the store_
- A competition between people  - _the race for the US presidency_
- Racing, a competition about speed – _the Tour de France is an important bicycle race_
- Race (biology), a group smaller than a species. Members of different races can have sex and make babies, but they are separate (usually because they live in different places) - _a large race of birds lives on this island_
- Race (sociology), subdivision of the human species based on distinguishing physical characteristics that are passed on to succeeding generations.
- Race (anthropology) groups humans are often divided into based on physical traits often common among shared ancestry.
- The _human race_ means all people - _the human race is destroying the environment_
Medical ethics

**Medical ethics** is the set of ethical rules that medical doctors follow. These ethics guide doctors as to how they should treat patients.

The earliest set of ethical ideas in medicine was the Hippocratic oath (an oath is an important promise). It was supposed to be written by Hippocrates.

## Principles

There are 6 major principles (important ideas):
- Beneficences - a doctor must do things that are good for the _patient_ (the doctor is giving medical care to.)
- Non-maleficence – a doctor must not try to hurt his patients.
- Autonomy - the patient can say he does not want to be treated
- Justice – talks about what is fair in giving people medicines and care. It talks about who gets what treatments.
- Dignity - the patient (and the doctor) have the right to dignity (respect for someone as a person)
- Truthfulness (being honest) – the doctor must tell the patient the truth

## Medical ethics questions

Here are some kinds of medical ethics questions:
- If there is not enough of a medicine to treat every person who has a disease who should get the medicine?
- If a baby has a disease that will kill him very soon, what should a doctor do if the baby's mother says she does not want the baby to be helped?
- A patient has an injury that cannot be helped and that will kill them in a few minutes. The patient asks a doctor “am I going to die?” What should the doctor say?
- If a man has stage four cancer but only wants hollistic medicine, should you treat him with chemotherapy anyway?

## Related pages

- Bioethics
- Conflict of interest
- Deontological ethics
- Informed consent
- Right to die
Sperm

**Sperm** are the male reproductive cells. Most animals and plants use sperm to reproduce. They have different ways of making and releasing the sperm. In all cases the sperm meets with the egg of the female and together they grow into a new organism.

The name sperm is taken from the Greek word _sperma_ meaning _seed_.

An animal sperm cell is capable of movement, as it has to get to the uterus to meet with the ovum. Animal sperm cells (including humans) have small 'head' and a long tail called a _flagellum_. The flagellum acts like a motor to propel the sperm cell through the female reproductive system.

## In humans

Human sperm is made in the testicles of a man. Human sperm contains 23 chromosomes. A human needs 46 chromosomes, so a sperm cell is called a _haploid_ as it only has half. The other half is contained within the ovum or egg of a female. During sex, semen is shot out of the man's penis during ejaculation.
Semen carries the sperm into the woman's vagina and down to the ovum in the uterus. During ejaculation millions of sperm cells are released in the semen, but only one hundred or so reach the egg.
The egg can merge with one sperm cell that reaches it.  Because it now has 46 chromosomes, it is called a _diploid_, like ordinary cells of the body. This diploid is called a zygote, and it can grow into a fetus and eventually a baby.

### Acrosome (sperm head)

In human reproduction, the egg is punctured with the help of the acrosome, the tip on the head of sperm. The acrosome acts similarly to the Golgi aparatus, using enzymes to break down the egg wall or membrane

## In plants

Some plants such as ferns and mosses have sperm that move. Flowering plant sperm cells cannot move by themselves. The flowering plant sperm cells are contained within pollen grains.
Thus, they rely on _transportation_ to take their sperm cells to other plants. For example, a bee lands on a plant to collect the nectar. Some pollen will get stuck to the bee. The bee moves on to another plant and the pollen falls onto that plant. The sperm is moved down a _pollen tube_ until it reaches the ovule at the bottom of the flower.
Bilbao

**Bilbao** () is a city in the Basque Country, in the North of Spain. There are 350,000 people living in Bilbao.

In Bilbao is the Nervión river, which ends in the Bay of Biscay. Bilbao has an oceanic climate (_Cfb_ in the Köppen climate classification).

Bilbao was an industrial city, but today it is a tourist city. There are many things to see in Bilbao:

- Guggenheim Museum Bilbao (Modern Art)
- _Bellas Artes_ Museum (Fine Art)
- Bilbao Cathedral
- University of Deusto
- Metro Bilbao (Bilbao's Underground)
- Bilbao's Town Hall
- Arriaga Theatre
- _Casco Viejo_ (Old City)
- St. Jacob's Cathedral
- Virgin Begoña's Basilic
- _Gran Vía_ (Great Avenue)
- _Plaza del Sagrado Corazón_ (Christ's Holy Heart Square)
- _San Mamés_ stadium

## Related pages

- Vitoria-Gasteiz

## Other websites

- Bilbao's official website
- Bilbao's Chamber of Commerce official tourism website
- Scholars on Bilbao: This website encompasses academic works that analyse the urban regeneration of the city of Bilbao (e.g. strategic plans, infrastructures, the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao and dilemmas, cultural tourism, gentrification, uneven development, creative industries, artists ... etc).
Well

A **well** is a hole that is dug into the Earth to get a fluid. Most wells reach down to the water table to get water. There are also oil wells and gas wells.

Wells can be as simple as a hole that a bucket on a rope can be lowered into, or very complex with pipes and high-powered pumps to get the water out. Most cities that are not close to fresh water lakes or rivers get their water from wells.

It is important to be careful what rubbish is put into the ground near a well. If something toxic is put in the ground, it could go in the groundwater and the well and make people sick.

A qanat is an ancient complex water well system used in the Middle East.

Water is a problem for many African countries. Many charities are helping to build wells in local villages so people need not go far to get water.

A well only works if underneath there is a source of water, such as an aquifer, which feeds it.
Sweet

**Sweet** can mean:

- sweetness, the taste of sugar
- Sweets: British English for the confectionery which Americans call candy.
- Sweet (band), a British band
Cracker

A **cracker** is a thin and crispy piece of baked bread. Crackers can be eaten by themselves, but they can also be eaten with things on them called toppings. Common toppings include cheese, peanut butter, and sliced meats. Crackers are most often eaten as a snack, or crumbled into soup.

## History

In 1792, Theodore Pearson of Newburyport, Massachusetts, made a cracker-like bread that was made from only water and flour which he called "Pearson's Pilot Bread." This was the first cracker bakery in the United States, and made crackers for more than a century.
Surgery

**Surgery** is an operation that involves cutting, taking out, changing or fixing parts of the human body. Doctors who do surgeries are called surgeons. Many surgeons are experts in certain areas; for example brain or heart or eye surgery. One who operates on bones is an orthopaedic surgeon.

Surgery (operations) can be simple, like taking a tooth out. Surgery can also be complicated, like repairing a damaged heart.

Operating rooms have to be very clean places. The doctors and nurses go to great lengths to keep the room clean where the surgery is done. Regular cleaning of the room and its tools keeps everything clean and germ-free.

Everyone in the operating room must wear special clothes, hats, shoes, gowns, gloves and masks that are clean and germ free. The only people allowed there are the doctors and nurses as well as the patient.

When people have operations they are normally put to sleep with general anaesthesia. When the patients are asleep, they cannot feel anything. In some kinds of surgery local anesthesia (stopping the pain in the place where the cutting is done) is enough.

In recent years, many patients that cannot get the required surgery in their own country, or find the costs too high, travel to another country for medical care. This is called medical tourism.

## Related pages

- Plastic surgery
Pepperoni

**Pepperoni** is a meat food that is sometimes sliced thin and put on pizza. It is a kind of salami, which can be quite spicy.  It comes from the United States.
Conception

**Conception** has different meanings:

- A Concept is an idea. Conception can mean how someone understands an idea.
- Conception can also mean fertilization (when a sperm joins with an ovum or egg)
Abdomen

The **abdomen** is the part of the body that is between the chest and the thigh. It contains (has in it) the abdominal muscles and many organs. Some of the organs in the abdomen are:
- Gallbladder
- Liver
- Rectum
- Stomach
- Anus
- Small intestine and large intestine
- Ureters
- Bladder
- Urethra
- Reproductive system except breast
- Appendix
Heaven

**Heaven** is a concept of the afterlife (what happens after somebody dies) in many religions. Some people who believe in heaven say that it is a place that is perfect. They believe heaven is where people will go after they die if they have been good. Some people also believe in Hell, which is a place where people will go when they die, if they have been bad. They believe hell is a punishment for being naughty. Ideas of Heaven and Hell are not the same in all religions.

## In Christianity

According to the Bible, there are different meanings for the word:
- _Sky_ – the atmosphere that covers the Earth. The first time that it rained, it says, God opened "the windows of heaven."
- _Outer space_ – the sun, moon, stars, planet<nowiki/>s, etc.
- The place where God lives and rules eternally. The people called prophets in the Bible, like Isaiah, often spoke of a physical Kingdom of Heaven that will occupy a new Earth, and ruled by God (Messiah) in the flesh himself, where we will have physical bodies that do not die.

The Bible does not have a lot to say about what it looks like. The apostle Paul tells about a vision he had of being taken up to "the third heaven," where he saw and heard things too wonderful to describe. But, much of what Christians believe Heaven to be like comes from the vision that John saw in a vision while praying, including:
- The glory of God is the light (no sun)
- Heaven is where all the true believers go.
- You never sleep because of your purified new body
- Has 12 gates made of pearl
- Walls made of jasper
- Streets made of pure gold
- A river of life
- Trees on each side of the river

Catholics believe Mary is the Queen of Heaven, officially defined by Pope Pius XII in 1954. However many Protestants see this as not in the Bible.

## In Islam

According to the Quran and Hadith, Heaven is a place of reward for those believers who accept the true faith and practices the teaching of Prophet Muhammad. The eternal life will be perfect, with thousands of types of food and clothing more beautiful than humans could ever imagine. There will also be no sad feelings, stress or pain and related problems of life.

## In Bahá'í Faith

Baha'is believe that Heaven or (hell) being specific places as symbolic. The Aqdas, the holy book of Baha'is, along with other Baha'i books, describe heaven as a "spiritual condition" where being close to God is called heaven. Hell is seen as being separated from God. Bahá'u'lláh, the founder of the Bahá'í Faith, said that the afterlife is beyond human understanding.

## In Paganism

Summerland is the name given by Wiccans and other Pagan (old European religions) to their belief of afterlife (life after death).
Button

A **button** can have three meanings.

- A button is a fastener that keeps your shirt or pants closed.
- A button is something that sticks up from a flat surface, and when you push it, it makes something happen.
- A button is a picture on a computer monitor that is _pressed_ with a computer mouse to make the computer  do something.
Multiprocessing

**Multiprocessing** is the use of two or more central processing units (CPUs) within a single computer system. The CPUs do not have to be the same. Systems that treat all CPUs equally are called symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) systems.

## Related pages

- Multitasking
- Multithreading
- Multi-core processor
Computer multitasking

**Multitasking** means that a computer can run more than one item of software in the same time frame; switching between several computer programs running on a single CPU. It can also refer to a person who is working on more than one task at the same time (for instance, talking on the telephone while filing papers).

## Computing

Computers rely on the CPU to do tasks. CPUs with one core can only focus on one task at a time. Computer scientists fixed this by getting the CPU to rapidly switch between multiple tasks, an action known as multiprogramming. Multiprogramming happens so fast that the computer appears to be doing the tasks at the same time, even though its only ever working on one task. This is often controlled by the operating system (OS) controlling the hardware of the system.

The more things the computer has to do at once, the more time it has to spend deciding which to give more time to, and the less time each one receives. This makes the computer perform its tasks more slowly. Due to this, most modern computers have multi-core processors. Each core can do a separate task without having to worry about the other cores. This is called multiprocessing.

## Related pages

- Multithreading
- Multiprocessing
Multithreading

**Multithreading** means that a computer can work on different parts of the same program at the same time. This usually allows the program to run faster.

## Related pages

- Multitasking
- Multiprocessing
- Multi-core processor
Fertilization

**Fertilization** (British English spelling: **fertilisation**) is when a male's sperm enters a female's ovum (or "egg"). Fertilization is also called _conception_. Biologists call a fertilized egg a zygote. A zygote grows into an embryo.

Fertilization occurs in animals, including humans and birds, in plants, fungi, protists, in fact all eukaryotes. Fertilization makes a cell with twice as many chromosomes. The eukaryote life cycle includes meiosis which divides the chromosome number in half.

## In animals

In animals, there are two types of fertilization, internal and external. Internal fertilization happens in the female body. External fertilization happens outside of the body. Mammals, birds, and reptiles use internal fertilization. Amphibians and most fish use external fertilization. Some animals with internal fertilization give birth to live offspring. Others such as birds, most reptiles, and some mammals such as the Platypus, lay eggs.

Internal fertilization happens during mating (sexual intercourse in humans). Sperm cells travel from the male testicles to the female uterus. One sperm attaches to the egg in the uterus. Together, they become a zygote.

## Related pages

- Alternation of generations
- Mating
- Population growth
Decision

The word **Decision** can be

## General

- When there are several options on what to do, picking one of the options is called 'making a decision'. Humans and other animals make decisions almost all the time.
- A field of mathematics, and economics, that looks at this process is called decision theory.

## Law

- A decision is also the result of a legal case. _The decision in Brown v. Board of Education was to end segregation._

## Sports

- A decision is also the result of a sports contest. _The team lost three decisions in a row_.
- A  decision in Boxing is when a referee (official) decides who wins when the one boxer does not win by knockout (hitting the other until he loses consciousness.)
Whiteboard

A **whiteboard**, also called a **markerboard**, is a drawing surface on which markings made with markers are visible. It is used as a surface to write on. Whiteboards are often used to help teach.  Special markers are used that can be erased. Whiteboards usually have a shiny surface. Before there were whiteboards, people used blackboards so much. Chalks are used for  writing  on blackboards. Now, there is another improvement, people are now using electronic whiteboards, where it is controlled by a computer - this is sometimes called an interactive whiteboard (IWB). These were particularly popular in English schools in the 2000s.

## Related pages

- Interactive whiteboard
Chemist

A **chemist** is a scientist who studies chemistry. In England, it can also mean a pharmacist (person who dispenses prescription medication).

Chemistry is the study of elements, atoms, molecules, and how they react together. Chemists research and do test. This makes things better, such as:
- medicines
- fuel
- food
- weapons (explosives, rockets)
- household chemicals
- plastics

They a lot of other things. Chemistry is an important science. It helps industry.

Chemists study compounds, and find new ways to do chemical reactions, or do old chemical reactions. They make chemicals in order to find new ways to do things. This helps with everyday life, like to make a better glue, or to make new medicines, drugs, and use feedstock or to make things clean. They also use compounds to find more about and then demonstrate the laws of chemistry.
Biologist

A **biologist** is a scientist who studies biology. Biologists study living organisms.
There are many different kinds of biologists. Some of these include:

- Those who study fish and ocean plants. They are called marine biologists.
- Those who study very small bacteria or viruses.
- Other scientists study groups of animals.
- People who look at DNA in cells are called geneticists.
- Some biologists study using cells in factories and companies, and that is called biotechnology.

## History

Francesco Redi is the creator of experimwntal biology.   Robert Hooke was an English philosopher.  He used a microscope to discover the _cell_. Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace found evolution independently, without the help of the other.
Testicular cancer

**Testicular cancer** is cancer in one or both testicles, a part of the male reproductive system. In the United States, about 8,000 to 9,000 people are diagnosed with the cancer every year. Every male has a 1 in 250 (four tenths of one percent, or 0.4%) chance of being diagnosed with it. It is most common among males aged 15-40 years. Testicular cancer has one of the highest cure rates of all cancers; more than 90%. This is most often achieved by removing one or both testicles. Even in the small number of cases where the cancer has spread widely, chemotherapy offers a cure rate of at least 50%.

## Symptoms and early detection

Because testicular cancer is curable (stage I can have a success rate of >95%) when detected early, experts recommend regular monthly testicular self-examination after a hot shower or bath, when the scrotum is looser.  Men are advised to feel each testicle, feeling for pea-shaped lumps.
Symptoms of testicular cancer include one or more of the following:
- a lump in one testis or a hardening of one of the testicles
- pain and tenderness in the testicles
- build-up of fluid in the scrotum
- a dull ache in the lower abdomen or groin
- a change in the size of a testicle
- blood in semen

How bad the cancer is and whether it is present at all is often discovered through ultrasound of the testicles, x-rays, and/or CT scans.  Blood tests are also used to identify and measure tumour markers that are only in a person's blood if they have testicular cancer.  Biopsies should not be performed because it increases the risk of migrating cancer cells into the scrotum.
Future

The **future** is something that has not happened yet. Once that something has happened, it is called the past. If it is happening now, it is called the present. And the study of social advancement in the future is called futurology.

Movies, television shows and books that tell made-up stories about the future are often called science fiction, but there is also science fiction which takes place in the past, and fiction that takes place in the future but is not science fiction.

## Other information

"Futures studies is the [study or the] systematic study of possible [futures], probable [futures] and preferable futures", according to media.
Fetus

A **fetus** or **foetus** is the stage that an organism goes through before it is born as a baby. In humans a fetus is the stage (time of development) after the embryonic stage, and begins during the third to eighth week of development after fertilization of the egg. The fetal stage lasts from 8 weeks after fertilization to birth. This stage can also take 9-12 weeks where the risk of any birth defects happening is increased.

## Society and culture

Many countries consider the fetus to be a delicacy. It has happened in times of famine, in some parts of the world, where they were consumed. Sometimes it is served straight after the abortion. Other cultures consider the placenta (afterbirth), which comes out after the fetus in the second delivery, to be edible. However most say that it is not healthy or beneficial, and is also unsafe. The afterbirth might contain harmful bacteria which might be harmful to the person eating it, causing them to get sick. However these are probably removed during cooking. Other health organisations, such as Health Canada, say that it is not beneficial.

The placenta, which comes after the fetus, is cooked more often in the developed world, which do not typically practise those types of intentional abortions. It is said to contain a lot of vitamins and minerals. The placenta is covered in and full of blood, which the fetus has used. Placenta is usually boiled or eaten raw. It is also ground up and taken in pill form.

## Infobox (anatomy)

- **name**: Foetus (or fetus)
- **image**: fetus.jpg
- **caption**: Human developing as fetus
Past

The **past** is something that has already happened. If something has not happened yet, it is called the future.

Professors and researchers that study the events of the past, and try to explain why these events happened are called history professors or historians.

Many books, movies, and television shows tell made-up stories about the past. These are called historical fiction. Some books, movies, and television shows from a style called science fiction or fantasy tell made-up stories about being able to travel through time back to the past.
Particle

A **particle** is a tiny bit of matter that makes up everything in the universe. In particle physics, an elementary particle is a particle which cannot be split up into smaller pieces.

There are many different types of particles, with different particle sizes and properties.

_Macroscopic particles_ are particles that are larger than atoms or molecules. They have volume and shape. Powder and dust are some examples of macroscopic particles. Nanoparticles are an intermediate size, being a very fine powder but much larger than atoms.

Atoms and molecules are called _microscopic particles_. _Subatomic particles_ are particles that are smaller than atoms. The proton, the neutron, and the electron are subatomic particles. These are the particles which make atoms. The proton has a positive charge (a + charge). The neutron has a neutral charge. The electron has a negative charge (a - charge), and it is the smallest of these three particles. In atoms, there is a small nucleus in the center, which is where the protons and neutrons are, and electrons orbit the nucleus.

Protons and neutrons are made up of quarks. Quarks are subatomic particles, but they are also elementary particles because we do not know if they are made up of even smaller particles. There are six different types of quarks. These are the up quark, the down quark, the strange quark, the charm quark, the bottom quark, and the top quark. A neutron is made of two down quarks and one up quark. The proton is made up of two up quarks and one down quark.
Rosie O'Donnell

**Roseann "Rosie" O'Donnell** (born March 21, 1962) is an American television personality, actress, comedienne and writer. She gained exposure by appearing on _Star Search_, a talent show.

Her daytime talk show, _The Rosie O'Donnell Show_, began in 1996 and ran until 2002.  She briefly hosted a primetime talk show on the Oprah Winfrey Network called _The Rosie Show_ from 2011 until 2012.

O'Donnell won an Emmy Award in 1999. She is openly lesbian and has been married twice.  She has adopted five children.

O'Donnell was the host of the panel talk show _The View_ on ABC from 2006 until 2007, when she was replaced by Whoopi Goldberg.  She returned to _The View_ in 2014 for a few months.

In August 2012, O'Donnell suffered a heart attack. She hosted a stand-up comedy event that aired on HBO for Valentine's Day in 2015, called _Rosie O'Donnell: A Heartfelt Standup_. In the documentary, she detailed her life since her heart attack.

She has appeared on the Showtime series _Smilf_ as the character Tutu since 2017.

In October 2018, she became engaged to Boston police officer Elizabeth Rooney. They dated for a year beforehand.

## Movies

- _A League of Their Own_ (1992)
- _Sleepless in Seattle_ (1993)
- _Another Stakeout_ (1993)
- _Fatal Instinct_ (1993)
- _Car 54, Where Are You?_ (1994)
- _I'll Do Anything_ (1994)
- _The Flintstones_ (1994)
- _Exit to Eden_ (1994)
- _Now and Then_ (1995)
- _Beautiful Girls_ (1996)
- _Harriet the Spy_ (1996)
- _A Very Brady Sequel_ (1996) (Cameo appearance)
- _Wide Awake_ (1998)
- _Get Bruce_ (1999) (documentary)
- _Tarzan_ (1999) (voice)
- _The Flintstones in Viva Rock Vegas_ (2000)
- _Artists and Orphans: A True Drama_ (2001)
- _Hedwig and the Angry Inch_ (2001)
- _Last Party 2000_ (2001)
- _The Lady in Question Is Charles Busch_ (2005)
- _Show Business_ (2005)
- _Pursuit of Equality_ (2005)
- _All Aboard! Rosie's Family Cruise_ (2006)
- _Rosie O'Donnell: A Heartfelt Standup_ (2015)

## Other websites

- Official site

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Rosie O'Donnell
- **image**: Rosie O'Donnell by David Shankbone.jpg
- **caption**: O'Donnell at the 2008 Tribeca Film Festival
- **birth name**: Roseann O'Donnell
- **birth place**: Commack, New York, U.S.
- **years active**: 1979–present
- **spouse**: Kelli Carpenter ( 2004–04)

Michelle Rounds ( 2012–15)
- **partner**: Elizabeth Rooney (2017–present; engaged)
- **children**: 5
- **relatives**: Daniel J. O'Donnell