juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Miguel Hidalgo

**Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla** (8 May, 1753 – 30 July, 1811) was a Mexican priest. He started the Mexican War of Independence against Spain.

Hidalgo made a speech in 1810 that is now called the Grito de Dolores. He called on the people to support the King of Spain against the rebellious Viceroy of Mexico. After a few months, he was taken prisoner and executed by firing squad. After he died, several other people like Vicente Guerrero kept fighting against the Spanish until 1821, when Mexico became an independent country.

Hidalgo is remembered today as a great liberator in Mexico. The Mexican state of Hidalgo is named after him.

## Infobox (person)

- **child**: yes
- **death cause**: Execution by firing squad


## Infobox (military person)

- **honorific prefix**: Don (honorific), Don
- **image**: Generalísimo Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla.png
- **caption**: Posthumous portrait of Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla (1753–1811), by Joaquín Ramírez, 1865
- **birth place**: Pénjamo, Nueva Galicia,
- **death place**: Chihuahua (city), Chihuahua, Nueva Vizcaya, New Spain, Nueva Vizcaya,
- **placeofburial**: _Angel of Independence, Ángel de la Independencia_, Mexico City
- **birth name**: Miguel Gregorio Antonio Ignacio Hidalgo y Costilla Gallaga Mandarte y Villaseñor
- **allegiance**: Mexico
- **branch**: Mexican Army#Independence, Mexican Insurgency
- **serviceyears**: 1810–1811
- **rank**: Generalissimo
- **battles**: Mexican War of Independence
- **signature**: Firma de Miguel Hidalgo.svg
Kofi Annan

**Kofi Atta Annan** (8 April 1938 – 18 August 2018) was a Ghanaian diplomat. He served as the seventh Secretary-General of the United Nations. He did this from 1 January 1997 to 31 December 2006. Annan and the United Nations were the co-recipients of the 2001 Nobel Peace Prize. They were awarded the prize "for their work for a better organized and more peaceful world".

## Early life

Annan was born in Kumasi, Ghana, to an elite family. His parents, Henry Reginald and Madam Rose Eshun are from the two major ethnic groups that make up the Akan – one of the groups of indigenous people of Ghana.

His father was half Asante and half Fante; his mother was Fante. The Asante were gold merchants while the Fante tribe were the middlemen in the gold trade between the Asante and the British.

Annan, whose first name means "born on a Friday", also had a twin sister, who died in 1991 from a still yet unknown disease. In Ghanaian culture, twins are considered special and are adored.

Annan probably got his first lessons in politics and diplomacy early on from his family. Both of Annan's grandfathers and his uncle were tribal chiefs. Upon his retirement, Annan's father, who worked as an export manager for the cocoa exporter Lever Brothers, was elected governor of Ghana's Asante province.

## Education

In 1954, Annan attended Mfantsipim School, a Methodist boarding school in central Ghana. The Secretary-General says that the school taught him "that suffering anywhere concerns people everywhere".

Annan went to Macalaster College in St. Paul, Minnesota and graduating in 1961. He was a Sloan Fellow at MIT in 1971–72, getting a master's degree in management.

## His work at the United Nations

Annan became Secretary-General of the United Nations in January 1997, succeeding Boutros Boutros-Ghali of Egypt. Annan was a U.N. veteran who took his first job with the organization in 1962 and worked his way up through various posts including deputy director to the U.N. High Commissioner for Refugees (1980–83) and head of the U.N.'s peacekeeping efforts (1995–96). Annan was the first Secretary-General chosen from the ranks of the U.N.'s staff. He is also the first black man to hold the post and the second African (after Boutros-Ghali). His second term began in 2002 and ran through the end of 2006.

In 2001 he and the United Nations were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize "for their work for a better organized and more peaceful world".

## Death

Annan died on 18 August 2018 in Bern, Switzerland after a short-illness, aged 80.

## Related pages

- List of African scientists by country

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Kofi Atta Annan
- **nationality**: Ghanaian
- **image**: Kofi Annan 2012 (cropped).jpg
- **order**: 7th Secretary-General of the United Nations
- **term start**: 1 January 1997
- **term end**: 1 January 2007
- **predecessor**: Boutros Boutros-Ghali
- **successor**: Ban Ki-moon
- **birth place**: Kumasi, Comassie, Gold Coast (British colony), Gold Coast
<small>(now Kumasi, Ghana)</small>
- **death place**: Bern, Switzerland
- **spouse**: Titi Alakija (div.)
Nane Maria Annan
United Nations General Assembly

The **United Nations General Assembly** is made up of all United Nations member states. The Assembly meets once a year, which usually begins on the third Tuesday in September and ends in mid-December. The first meeting was held on 10 January 1946.

Voting in the General Assembly on important questions, for example suggestions on world peace, human rights and security, is by two-thirds of those present and voting. Other questions are decided by popular vote. Each member country has one vote.

At present, the Holy See (Vatican City) and Palestine are the only two observer states at the United Nations. Switzerland also had that status until it became a member state.

The current President of the United Nations General Assembly is Philémon Yang since 10 September 2024.

United nations general assembly observers have the right to speak in the assembly. The observers have no rights to vote in the assembly.

## Related pages

- List of Members of the United Nations
Mining

- _Explosives that explode when they are hit are also called mine; Two common types are Land mines and Naval mines._

**Mining** is the process of digging things out of the ground.  Any material that cannot be grown must be mined.  Mining things from the ground is called _extraction_.  Mining can include extraction of metals and minerals, like coal, diamond, gold, silver, platinum, copper, tin and iron.  Mining can also include other things like oil and natural gas.

Some mining is done by scraping away the soil (dirt) from the top of the ground.  This is called _surface mining_.  Some mining is done by going deep underground into a _mine shaft_. This is called _underground mining_.  Some mining, such as gold mining, is done in other ways.  Gold can be mined by searching in the bed of a river or other stream of water to remove the flakes of gold. This is called _panning/sifting_ or _placer mining_.

A worker in a mine is called a miner. Underground mining is a dangerous job.  Many mines have accidents. Hundreds of miners die every year from accidents, mostly in poor countries. Safety rules and special safety equipment is used to try and protect miners from accidents.  Underground coal mining is especially dangerous because coal can give off poisonous and explosive gases.

Some towns are mining towns. People live there because they can make money as miners or by doing things for miners. When mining stops the town may become a ghost town.

Mining operations often make the environment worse, both during the mining activity and after the mine has closed. Hence, most countries have passed regulations to decrease the effect of mining. Work safety has long been a concern, and has been improved in mines.
Bomber

A **bomber** is a type of airplane that is used to attack ground targets, mainly by dropping bombs. The first bombers were made at the start of World War I.

Bombers often fly low to the ground to confuse enemy radar. Most cannot fly very fast. Because of this, bombers are not outfitted to fight other airplanes. To make up for this, bombers in the past had many machine guns for defense.

## World War II

Dive bombers were numerous in World War II. They attacked surface targets including tanks and ships.
Strategic bombing became important. Bombers had large crews, sometimes as many as 12 people. Usually a bomber had a pilot, a bombadier, a co-pilot/navigator, and many machine gunners all around to shoot at enemy fighter aircraft defending the target. Friendly fighters often came along to help fight the defenders.

## Modern day

Bombers now have one or two people in them. The other positions have been replaced by computers. Bombers have very few guns on them partly because they are much faster. In bombing missions now, the pilot drops a bomb and leaves as quickly as possible. During the Cold War, a few bombers were made that could travel supersonic, so a nuclear bomb could be dropped without killing the people in the airplane. They were never used that way, however.

## Other websites

- WW2-era Bombers
- Bomber aircraft -Citizendium
Bull

A **bull** is the adult male member of the species _Bos taurus_. It is in the Bovidae family (Cattle, Goats, Sheep). They are muscular and aggressive like a cow, who is the adult female member of the species _Bos taurus_. This animal is also classified as a pet animal and a farm animal. A bull is Halal.

The bull has long been an important symbol in many cultures, and plays a large role in beef ranching, dairy farming. They are also important in other cultural activities, including bullfighting and bull riding. The management of cattle in hot and cold climates is a popular thing. The physiological and behavioral changes induced in these animals compromise their welfare, breeding, health, zootechnical performance, resulting in final products (gametes, milk, meat) with unsatisfactory characteristics.

As with other animals, some bulls have been kept as pet animals.

## Life

The bull semen market is very lucrative. Animal agriculture forcefully breeds animals to have what it considers the best traits for food production. In 2011, the U.S. exported $124.7 million worth of bull semen to other nations, representing 32 percent of the global market. In February 2019, an Angus bull named SAV America 8018 sold for the record-breaking price of $1.5 million due to “superior genetics.” A bull can live up to 18 - 22 years.
Huntingdon Life Sciences

**Huntingdon Life Sciences** (HLS) are the largest animal testing company in Europe. They were founded in 1951 and are based in Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom. They also have a laboratory in New Jersey, United States. Huntingdon Life Sciences is an international contract research organisation offering a comprehensive range of non-clinical development services. The UK lab carries out medical and product research for many organisations.

Many people feel strongly against HLS. The Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty (SHAC) campaign group are the main opposition group. SHAC were set up in 1999. The opposition to HLS has had many forms. While most animal rights people have used legal means of protest, some people have become extremists and done very bad things. Thus the opposition to HLS has become an example to many people of a good cause gone wrong.
Huntingdon

**Huntingdon** is a town in Cambridgeshire in the United Kingdom. It stands on the River Ouse near the A1, a major road in England.

## History

The town was chartered in 1205 and founded by Anglo-Saxons.

Huntingdon also has the largest meadow in England; Portholme Meadow. There are many small villages in Huntingdon, it has a high street and a main supermarket. The A14 runs through it.

## People

Oliver Cromwell was born here in 1599.
Channel Islands

The **Channel Islands** are a group of islands near the coast of France. The five largest islands are:
- Guernsey
- Jersey
- Alderney
- Sark
- Herm

## Industry

The main industries are tourism, horticulture (growing plants for food) and financial services (businesses to do with money). Most people speak English, although some people in Guernsey, Jersey and Sark still speak the traditional language of their island.

## Laws

Constitutionally, the islands are part of the British crown, but are not part of the United Kingdom. Being part of the mediaeval duchy of Normandy, allegiance is owed to the King but not to the Parliament of the United Kingdom, which cannot pass laws for the Bailiwick of Guernsey and the Bailiwick of Jersey except for defence and diplomatic matters, except if the bailiwicks ask it to. In general, the bailiwicks are self-governing, but they often pass laws which are like United Kingdom laws. However some of their laws are still based on Norman law.
Hedonism

**Hedonism** is the view that pleasure and suffering are the basis for what is good or bad. It is a  that first appeared in ancient philosophy. "" is the ancient Greek word for "pleasure". There are many different beliefs in hedonism. But in all forms of hedonism, people think that what makes them happy is good. They also think avoiding suffering is good. Some people think pain is the opposite of pleasure, but others do not. Some forms of hedonism say it is important to get as many pleasurable experiences as possible. Others say that the quality of the pleasure matters.

Hedonism is often wrongly said to be related to sex. Sex can be a very pleasurable experience, but when philosophers talk about hedonism, they think more about the pleasure of reading a good book, listening to classical music, or discussing with other philosophers.

Two main types of hedonism are Cyrenaicism and Epicureanism. Cyrenaicism is where people make themselves happy in the fastest amount of time. Epicureanism is where people like to be happy but they do so slowly so that they cause less pain to themselves. They also look more into the future and go for the higher pleasures in life. On the other hand, Maslowism is the term for when you combine the concepts of utilitarianism and hedonism.

## Related pages

- Egoism
- Utilitarianism
Prince

A **prince** is a male member of a royal family. The female version of this title is called a princess. Different countries have different rules based on who is a prince.

## Types of princes

The title of "prince" is different depending on the country. Each royal family has its own rules saying who is called a prince.

### Crown Prince

A **crown prince** (female: **crown princess**) is the heir apparent of a country. This means that he is the person who will become king after the current king dies.

Most of the time, the crown prince is the son of a king but can also be a close relative if the king has no children.

In some countries, such as the United Kingdom and Spain, the crown prince is given their own unique title, such as Prince of Wales and Prince of Asturias.

In addition, the siblings of a crown prince can also be called princes or princesses, even though they are not the heir to the throne. The siblings often continue to be called "prince" and "princess" even after the crown prince becomes king.

For example, Princess Anne and Prince Edward both have the title of princess/prince even though their brother, Charles was the crown prince (and now the king).

### Prince Consort

A **prince consort** is the title of the husband of a Ruling Queen in many monarchies.

Unlike kings, whose wives are called queens, the husband of a ruling Queen is called a prince.

This is because historically, the title of "king" is seen as a higher rank than queen. Because the Queen Regnant is the monarch of her country, nobody can be given a "higher" title. For this reason, her husband is called a prince consort.

Some countries, however, do allow the husband of a queen to be titled "king consort". But this is very rare.

### Sovereign Prince

A **sovereign prince** (also known as a **ruling prince**, **reigning prince** or **prince regnant**) is the ruler of a monarchy known as a principality.

This is mainly to do with size, because principalities were considered too small to become actual kingdoms, duchies or empires.

The most famous principality is Monaco. This is because throughout Monaco's history, they were always allied with a country much larger and more powerful. For this reason, the rulers of Monaco did not call themselves kings and queens.
Princess

A **princess** is a female member of a royal family. A son of a monarch is called a prince. A princess may become a ruler by heredity or by marriage. Sometimes the expression "princess" is used when a woman has noble qualities such as kindness, charity, and virtue.
Ore

An **ore** is a mineral which has a valuable metal inside it. Ores are usually extracted by being mined. They can sometimes be found on the Earth's surface. Most ores are chemical compounds such as oxides or sulfides.  There are different ways to get the metal out of the ore, which is called smelting.  Iron ore, for example, is smelted in a blast furnace.
Gainesville, Florida

**Gainesville** is a city in north-central Florida in the United States.  It is the county seat of Alachua County.

It is home to the University of Florida, the largest public university in the state. An alligator (Gator) named Albert is the mascot of the University of Florida. (A mascot is a symbol of qualities the school admires).

People think that growth of the city comes from building the university in the city.  People of the city show their strong good feelings for the university by going to football games there, and by showing _Gator_ symbols in businesses and homes.

The city is also famous as the birthplace of singer Tom Petty.
University of Florida

The **University of Florida** (UF) is a public university in Gainesville, Florida, US. The campus is 2,000 acres and has more than 900 structures, as well as other locations in the state of Florida. Important research activities at the university are in medicine, at Shands Hospital, and in agriculture. The mascot of UF is an alligator, and students and fans of the university's athletic teams are often called "Gators."

## Infobox (university)

- **name**: University of Florida
- **image**: Dsg UF Century Tower 20050507.jpg
- **motto**: _Civium in moribus rei publicae salus_ (Latin)
- **mottoeng**: The welfare of the state depends upon the morals of its citizens
- **established**: 1853
- **type**: Flagship campus, Flagship State university system, state university
Land-grant university
Sea-grant university
Space-grant university
- **endowment**: US$1.1 billion
- **chairman**: Mac McGriff
- **president**: Bernie Machen
- **provost**: Joseph Glover
- **faculty**: 4,534
- **students**: 50,116 (2010 Fall)
- **undergrad**: 32,064 (2010 Fall)
- **postgrad**: 18,052 (2010 Fall)
- **city**: Gainesville, Florida, Gainesville
- **state**: Florida
- **country**: United States
- **campus**:
Summation, Total:
- **former names**: University of the State of Florida
- **colors**: Orange (colour), Orange (Pantone, PMS 172) and Blue (Pantone, PMS 287)
- **nickname**: Florida Gators
- **athletics**: NCAA Division I (NCAA), Division I Football Bowl Subdivision, FBS, Southeastern Conference, SEC
- **mascot**: Albert and Alberta
- **affiliations**: State University System of Florida, Association of American Universities, AAU
- **website**: [http://www.ufl.edu/ ufl.edu]
X-Men

The **X-Men**, are a team of fictional characters and superheroes who were born with special mutant powers, making them different from regular humans. The X-Men characters are owned by Marvel Comics, which publishes comic books featuring them as well as many other superheroes. The comic book was one of the first to combine social issues and social commentary into a superhero story, set in a world where people with mutant abilities are hated by those born without them. This is similar to acts of ableism seen throughout history. Unlike "some" mutants, the X-Men try to be good and show tolerance toward humans and other mutants. The idea behind the superheroes were inspired by the African-American equality supporters like Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr.

## Characters

The X-Men team lineup has varied throughout the years and splintered into several other newer teams.

The original team lineup as created by writer Stan Lee and Jack Kirby, were Cyclops, Marvel Girl, Beast, Angel, and Iceman as well as Professor X. The leader and mentor of the X-Men is Professor Charles Xavier, who is more commonly known as "Professor X" and has mental powers. He wants to gain civil rights for mutants in the way that Martin Luther King Jr. did for African Americans; through peace.

Later issues brought fan favorites and frequent members including Cable, Colossus, Gambit, Nightcrawler, Polaris, Psylocke, Rogue, Storm and Wolverine.

Some of the X-Men's enemies include Magneto, Mystique, Sabretooth, Toad, Juggernaut, Mister Sinister, and Apocalypse. Magneto and Mystique eventually became X-Men. He wants to gain civil rights for mutants in the forceful style of Malcolm X.

## In other media

The X-Men characters have since been featured in various comic book series, motion pictures, toys, animated series, and much more.
Iron Man

**Iron Man** is a fictional superhero who wears a suit of armor. His alter ego is **Anthony Edward** ** Stark**. He was created by Stan Lee, Jack Kirby and Larry Lieber for Marvel Comics in Tales of Suspense #39 in the year 1963 and appears in their comic books.

## Powers

In the movies and the earlier comic books, Tony Stark is a human. Outside the suit, he does not have any superpowers, however he is very intelligent. He made the suit himself. Iron Man can fly and shoot beams from his hands using special technology called "repulsors" in his boots and gloves. He is not hurt by most weapons like guns and cannons because of his armor. There are many versions of the Iron Man suit, because Stark keeps making improvements.

In the later comic books, Stark took an experimental virus called "Extremis" which allowed him to control his suit with his mind and summon it wherever he was.  Stark would eventually develop an armor that he could store in his body. This armor was known as the "Bleeding Edge Model 37".

## Origin story

Stark inherited a large American company called "Stark Industries" when his father died. He was badly injured by a bomb in an attack planned by people who did not like him running his company. Shrapnel from the explosion was moving towards his heart. This would have killed him, but a scientist called Yinsen who was with him made a magnet for his chest which would keep the shrapnel away. In the movies, he makes an "arc reactor" which is put into his chest to stop the shrapnel.

Yinsen and Stark secretly build a heavy suit of armor which they plan to use to escape. However, during the escape, Yinsen dies so that the kidnappers will be distracted from Stark escaping. Stark escapes safely and goes back to America. He makes a better suit and uses it to fight evil.

## Personality

Tony Stark is charismatic and eccentric, he is also very proud, but also very altruist and heroic. He did not have a good childhood, and this affects how he acts.

Stark is very smart, and a very talented inventor. His technology is always very advanced, and Iron Man is his greatest piece of work. In both the comics and the movies, he uses the arc reactor (or "repulsor technology") as a form of sustainable energy to help the world.

Stark has very few close friends. Two of them are Pepper Potts, his personal assistant who becomes his girlfriend, and James Rhodes, an American soldier who operates the War Machine armor.

## In other media

The character has appeared in different forms of media, including toys, movies, television series, and video games. He is also one of the main protagonists in the Marvel Cinematic Universe. Iron Man is played by Robert Downey, Jr. in the movies _Iron Man, Iron Man 2, The Avengers, Iron Man 3_, _Avengers: Age of Ultron_, _Captain America: Civil War_, _Spider-Man: Homecoming_, _Avengers: Infinity War_, and _Avengers: Endgame_.
Andris Piebalgs

**Andris Piebalgs** (born 17 September 1957, in Valmiera) is a Latvian politician. Since 22 November 2004, he has been the European Commissioner for Energy.

He was born in Valmiera and was educated at the University of Latvia in Riga. He worked as a teacher in Valmiera in the 1980s. After Latvia became independent from the USSR he was education minister (in charge of schools) from 1990 to 1993, and finance minister (in charge of money) from 1994 to 1995. He was Latvia's ambassador to Estonia from 1995 to 1997, and to the European Union from 1998 to 2003, when he helped Latvia join the EU. He also helped to start a political party called the Latvian Way.

He speaks Latvian, English, German, French, and Russian, and some Estonian.

Before he was made a European Commissioner Piebalgs worked for Sandra Kalniete, a member of the last Commission.

## Other websites

- Official website
Plasma (physics)

**Plasma** is the 4th state of matter.

Plasma is created by adding energy to a gas so that some of its electrons leave their atoms. This is ionization. It results in negatively charged electrons, and positively charged ions. Unlike the other states of matter, the charged particles in a plasma react strongly to electric and magnetic fields (i.e. electromagnetic fields). If a plasma loses heat, the ions will re-form into a gas, emitting the energy which had caused them to ionize.

Over 99% of the matter in the visible universe is believed to be plasma. When the atoms in a gas are broken up, the pieces are called electrons and ions. Because they have an electric charge, they are pulled together or pushed apart by electric fields and magnetic fields. This makes a plasma act differently from a gas. For example, magnetic fields can be used to hold a plasma, but not to hold a gas. Plasma is a better conductor of electricity than copper.

Plasma is usually very hot, because it takes very high temperatures to break the bonds between electrons and the nuclei of the atoms. Sometimes plasmas can have very high pressure, as in stars. Stars (including the Sun) are mostly made of plasma. Plasmas can also have very low pressure, as in outer space.

On Earth, lightning makes plasma. Artificial (man-made) uses of plasma include fluorescent light bulbs, neon signs, and plasma displays used for television or computer screens. Plasma lamps and globes which are popular children's toys and room decorations.

Scientists are experimenting with plasma to make a new kind of nuclear power, called fusion, which would be much better and safer than ordinary nuclear power, and would produce much less radioactive waste.

## Related pages

- Gas
- Liquid
- Solid
- Bose-Einstein condensate
- Matter
- Plasma window
- Solar wind

## Other helpful websites

- Plasma Science and Technology
- Plasma on the Internet comprehensive list of plasma related links.
- Introduction to Plasma Physics: M.I.T. Introduction by I.H.Hutchinson
- Plasma Coalition page
- How to make a glowing ball of plasma in your microwave with a grape  | More (Video)
- Phases of Matter
Puebla (state)

**Puebla** is a state in east Mexico. The capital of Puebla is also called Puebla. The volcanos Malinche, Popocatépetl and Iztaccíhuatl are in the state of Puebla.

Puebla is known for its culture and its nature.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Puebla
- **settlement type**: Administrative divisions of Mexico, State
- **imagesize**: 265px
- **image flag**: Flag of Puebla.svg
- **image seal**: Coat of arms of Puebla.svg
- **image map**: Puebla in Mexico (location map scheme).svg
- **mapsize**: 265px
- **map caption**: **Puebla** within Mexico
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **leader title**: Governor
- **leader name**: Sergio Salomón
- **area total km2**: 34,290
- **population total**: 6,583,278
- **population as of**: March 15, 2020
- **population density km2**: 192.0
- **utc offset**: −06:00
- **postal code type**: Postal code
- **postal code**: 72xxx−75xxx
- **area code type**: Area code
- **area code**: 21
- **blank name sec2**: ISO 3166-2
- **blank info sec2**: MX-PUE
- **blank1 name sec2**: Address
Royal Netherlands East Indies Army

**KNIL** is the abbreviation for a Dutch army. This army was in what is now called Indonesia. The official name is **_K**oninklijk **N**ederlandsch-**I**ndisch **L**eger_ (_Royal Dutch East Indies Army_)

Indonesia was a Dutch colony from 1800 to 1949. It was then called _Nederlandsch Indië_ (Dutch East Indies). The KNIL was sent there to maintain order.

When Indonesia declared itself independent in 1945, the Dutch fought a war to keep the colony. This war was won by the Indonesians. The Dutch government accepted Indonesia's independence in 1949. The KNIL ceased to exist.
Bronbeek

**Bronbeek** is a former Royal palace in Arnhem, the Netherlands. It is now a museum and a home for elderly soldiers.

Bronbeek was built early 19th century. In 1845 the Dutch King William III bought Bronbeek. He donated it to the Dutch state in 1859. William wanted it to be a home for disabled KNIL soldiers. The inhabitants took their collections of 'souvenirs' with them. This turned into a museum about the Dutch East Indies.

In 2004 50 former soldiers have their home in Bronbeek.
Puppet state

A **puppet state** is a country that is officially independent but is not so in practice. Puppet governments are usually kept in power by military force provided by an occupying country and are strongly controlled. Puppet states are generally not internationally recognized by most countries, except by the countries which control them and by a few other countries.

It is a biased term and is used in criticizing the government of the alleged puppet state.

## Related pages

- Client state
- Suzerainty
- Protectorate
- Satellite state
- Neocolonialism
- Banana republic
Banana republic

A _banana republic_ is a politically unstable country whose economy depends on the export of one product in limited supply, such as agricultural products like bananas or minerals. A banana republic has social classes that are divided by wealth. These include a large, poor working class and a small ruling class (elite) made up of the businessmen, politicians, and the military. The ruling class controls and exploits the country's economy.

**Characteristics of a Banana Republic**

The way the phrase banana republic is used has evolved since it was introduced more than a century ago. It is no longer limited to countries in Central America or the tropics. Key characteristics of a banana republic in the modern world include:
- Widespread government corruption
- Tyrannical government
- Unstable government
- Civil unrest
- Coup attempts/insurgency
- Economic dependency on exporting a limited natural resource (which may or may not be bananas)
- Infrastructure owned/supported by out-of-country interests
- Overall economic dependency on foreign investment or business entities
- Widespread poverty
- Significant stratification of social classes
- Enormous gap between the haves and have nots
- Lack of a middle class

**Examples of Banana Republics**

In the modern world, whether or not a country could accurately be described as a banana republic government is a matter of opinion. A number of countries have been described as banana republics at some point.

● The United States

- Bangladesh
- Botswana
- Costa Rica
- Colombia
- Cuba
- Guatemala
- Honduras
- Nicaragua
- Nigeria
- Panama
- Zambia

A country that at some point might exhibit all of the characteristics of a banana republic could change, which would mean that the term would no longer apply. The fact that someone refers to a country as a banana republic does not mean that the country really is one. The phrase is a derogatory description rather than an actual type of government.

## Related pages

- Puppet state
Banana Republic

**Banana Republic** is a clothing and accessories retailer. The retailer is owned by Gap Inc.. The restaurant was created by both Mel and Patricia Ziegler in 1978. The first store they opened was a two-store safari and travel themed clothing company. Banana Republic was acquired by The Gap, Inc. in 1983 and was rebranded as a mainstream luxury clothing retailer.

Since the end of Q1 2011, there are 642 stores in operation in 32 countries, shipped to 20 countries through company owned websites, and they had the ability to ship to more than 50 countries through a 3rd party.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (company)

- **company name**: Banana Republic
- **company type**: Division
- **foundation**: Mill Valley, California, Mill Valley, California (1978)
- **location**: San Francisco, California
- **key people**: Glenn K. Murphy (Chief executive officer, CEO of parent company Gap, Inc.)
Jack Calhoun (President)
Simon Kneen (Creative director, CD)
- **industry**: Retail
- **products**: Clothing
- **homepage**: [http://www.bananarepublic.com/ www.bananarepublic.com]
Kingdom of Holland

The **Kingdom of Holland** was a country that existed from 1806 to 1810. It was in Central and North Netherlands and East Frisia in Germany. It was a puppet state created by France. The king of Holland was Louis Bonaparte.

## Related pages

- Holland

## Infobox (country)

- **conventional long name**: Kingdom of Holland
- **common name**: Holland
- **life span**: 1806–1810
- **p1**: Batavian Republic
- **flag p1**: Statenvlag.svg
- **s1**: First French Empire
- **flag s1**: Flag of France (1794–1958).svg
- **image flag**: Flag of the Netherlands.svg
- **image coat**: Wapen van het Koninkrijk Holland en Lodewijk Bonaparte (1808).svg
- **symbol type**: Coat of arms of the Netherlands, Coat of arms
- **image map**: Map Kingdom of Holland 1807-en.svg
- **national motto**:
"Unity makes strength"
- **status text**: Client state of the First French Empire, French Empire
- **status**: Client state
- **government type**: Monarchy
- **event1**: Establishment
- **event2**: Disestablishment
- **common languages**: Dutch language, Dutch, French language, French, Low German, Frisian languages, Frisian
- **religion**: Protestantism, Catholicism
- **title leader**: King of Holland
- **year leader1**: 1806–1810
- **year leader2**: 1810
- **leader1**: Louis Bonaparte, Louis I
- **leader2**: Napoléon Louis Bonaparte, Louis II
- **era**: Napoleonic era
- **established event1**: Kingdom proclaimed
- **established date1**: 5 June 1806
- **established event2**: Incorporation (Netherlands), Annexed by the First French Empire
- **established date2**: 9 July 1810
- **currency**: Dutch guilder
- **demonym**: Hollander
Victor Emmanuel III of Italy

**Victor Emmanuel III** (11 November 1869 – 28 December 1947) was king of Italy from 29 July 1900 to 9 May 1946. He was the son and successor of King Umberto I. He was a member of the House of Savoy.

## Early life

Victor was born in Naples. His mother was Queen Margherita of Savoy. He became king in 1900, at age 31, after his father was killed by Gaetano Bresci.

## History

After World War I, Benito Mussolini started the March on Rome and Victor Emmanuel III supported him. Mussolini became the Prime Minister and dictator. Because people said Victor Emmanuel III had worked together with Mussolini too much, Italy became a republic in 1946.

## Titles and styles

- **11 November 1869 - 29 July 1900**: _His Royal Highness_ The Prince of Naples
- **29 July 1900 - 9 May 1946**: _His Majesty_ The King of Italy
    - **9 May 1936 - 5 May 1941**: _His Imperial Majesty_ The Emperor of Ethiopia
His Majesty_ The King of the Albanians
- **9 May 1946 - 28 December 1947** _His Majesty'' King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy

## Other websites

- Genealogy of recent members of the House of Savoy
- King Vittorio Emanuele III

## Infobox (royalty)

- **type**: monarch
- **name**: Victor Emmanuel III
- **image**: Vittorio Emanuele III (c. 1915–1920).jpg
- **image size**: 200px
- **succession**: King of Italy
- **reign**: 29 July 1900 – 9 May 1946
- **coronation**: 29 July 1900
- **predecessor**: Umberto I of Italy, Umberto I
- **successor**: Umberto II of Italy, Umberto II
- **reg-type**: Representatives
Prime Ministers
- **succession1**: Emperor of Ethiopia
- **reign1**: 9 May 1936 – 5 May 1941
- **predecessor1**: Haile Selassie I
- **successor1**: Haile Selassie I
- **succession2**: King of Albania
- **reign2**: 16 April 1939 – 8 September 1943
- **predecessor2**: Zog I of Albania, Zog I
- **successor2**: _Title abolished_
- **spouse**: Elena of Montenegro
- **issue**: Princess Yolanda of Savoy, Yolanda, Countess of Bergolo
 Princess Mafalda of Savoy, Mafalda, Landgravine of Hesse
 Umberto II of Italy, Umberto II
 Giovanna of Italy, Giovanna, Queen of Bulgaria
 Princess Maria Francesca of Savoy, Maria Francesca, Princess Luigi of Parma
- **full name**: Vittorio Emanuele Ferdinando Maria Gennaro di Savoia
- **house**: House of Savoy
- **father**: Umberto I of Italy
- **mother**: Margherita of Savoy
- **birth place**: Naples, Kingdom of Italy
- **death place**: Alexandria, Kingdom of Egypt
- **burial place**: Saint Catherine's Cathedral, Alexandria, Egypt
- **religion**: Irreligion, None
- **signature**: VittorioEmanueleIII.signature.jpg
Alter ego

An **alter ego** (_other I_ in Latin) means **another self** – a second personality within a person. It is also referred to as a **double life**.

## Naming

The word _alter ego_ was first used in the 19th century. It was invented by psychologists when discussing dissociative identity disorder. _The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde_ has an example of alter ego. Mr. Hyde is Dr. Jekyll's evil alter ego, the same person with different personalities.

## In literature

The term has seen common use in popular fiction, such as comic books, for the secret identity of a superhero, vigilante or crimefighter. The character would do this without others knowing that he or she is fighting crimes. Examples of characters with alter egos include:

- Superman: His alter ego is Clark Kent
- Bruce Wayne: His alter ego is Batman
- Peter Parker: His alter ego is Spider-Man

## In music

In songs, an artist may use an alter ego. For instance:

- Slim Shady is the alter ego of rapper Eminem
- Ziggy Stardust was an alter ego of David Bowie
- Marilyn Manson is the stage name of Brian Warner

## Related pages

- Psychoanalysis
- Id, ego, and super-ego
Ziggy Stardust

**Ziggy Stardust** is a fictional character. Ziggy was created and used by David Bowie, from 1970 to 1973.

Bowie used Ziggy Stardust as a second personality (alter ego). Ziggy appeared to be neither male nor female.

Ziggy's band was The Spiders From Mars. They recorded a couple of albums:
- _The Rise And Fall Of Ziggy Stardust And The Spiders From Mars_ (1972)
- _Aladdin Sane_ (1973)

Ziggy's 'life' came to an end in a live concert at Hammersmith Odeon, on July 3, 1973. This show was in 1983 released in a movie: _Ziggy Stardust - The Motion Picture_. A 30th anniversary edition was released in 2003.
The Spiders from Mars

**The Spiders from Mars** were a glam rock band from 1970 to 1973. It was a project created by David Bowie. Bowie himself was the lead singer, playing his alter ego character Ziggy Stardust. Ziggy's 'life' came to an end in a live concert at the Hammersmith Odeon on July 3, 1973. This show was released as a movie in 1983, called Ziggy Stardust - The Motion Picture. A 30th anniversary edition of this movie was released in 2003.

Ziggy Stardust and The Spiders from Mars recorded two albums:

- The Rise And Fall Of Ziggy Stardust And The Spiders From Mars (1972)
- Aladdin Sane (1973)

## Band members

- Trevor Bolder - Bass guitar
- David Bowie - Guitar, Keyboards, Saxophone, Vocals
- Mick Ronson - Guitar, Piano, Vocals
- Mick "Woody" Woodmansey - Drums

## Related pages

- Ziggy Stardust

## Other websites

- The Ziggy Stardust Companion

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: The Spiders from Mars
- **background**: group_or_band
- **years active**: 1970 - 1973
- **genre**: Glam rock
- **past members**: Trevor Bolder
David Bowie
Mick Ronson
Mick Woodmansey, Mick "Woody" Woodmansey
Michael Schumacher

**Michael Schumacher** (born 3 January 1969 in Hürth, near Cologne) is a former German Formula 1 driver, which means that he used to drive very fast race cars between 1991 and 2012. He is widely considered the greatest Formula 1(very fast cars) driver of all time. He has won seven world championship titles and has the second most Grand Prix victories in the world after Lewis Hamilton. This champion, nicknamed _campionissimo_ by Italian fans of Ferrari, is considered one of the most popular German personalities in the world. Michael's younger brother Ralf is also a Formula 1 driver. When he was small, his father gave him a little kart. It had a small motor bike engine in it. He started getting interest from that time.

## Pre-F1 career

In 1984 Michael won the German Kart Championship and went on to win many more. In 1987 he won the German and European Kart Championship. Schumacher signed up with Will Weber's Formula 3 race team and won the 1990 championship.

## Infobox (f1 driver)

- **name**: Michael Schumacher
- **image**: Schumacher china 2012 crop.jpg
- **caption**: Schumacher at the 2012 Chinese Grand Prix
- **nationality**: Germany, German
- **races**: 306 (305 starts)
- **championships**: 7 (, , , , , , )
- **wins**: 91
- **podiums**: 155
- **points**: 1566
- **poles**: 68
- **fastest laps**: 77
- **first race**: Belgian Grand Prix
- **first win**: Belgian Grand Prix
- **last win**: Chinese Grand Prix
- **last race**: Brazilian Grand Prix
- **last season**: 2012
- **last position**: 13th (49 points)
Axis powers

**Axis countries** and **Axis Powers** was a military coalition of countries that fought together against the Allies during World War II. Benito Mussolini, Prime Minister of the Fascist Italy, announced that an October 1936 agreement had created an Italo-German "axis" around which future European events would revolve. Nazi Germany made a separate agreement with the Empire of Japan at the same time.
The three major powers were joined by several minor countries. The war ended in 1945 with the Axis powers losing and their alliances broken.

## Berlin-Rome-Tokyo Axis Powers

The most important Axis countries organized the **Berlin-Rome-Tokyo Axis Powers** which they formalized with the Pact of Steel and Tripartite Pact. They included:
- , under Adolf Hitler
- , under Hirohito
- Fascist Italy, under Benito Mussolini

All three countries had authoritarian governments, which were (and still are) often referred to as fascist.

### Subsequent signatories of the Tripartite Pact

In addition to the main three countries, the less important Axis countries were:
- , under Miklós Horthy
- , under Tsar Boris III (until Boris III's death in 1943 and declaring war on Germany in 1944)
- , under Ion Antonescu (until Ion Antonescu got overthrown and declaring war on Germany in 1944)
- , Under Prince Paul of Yugoslavia (until Paul got overthrown and the axis invaded)

Other countries that helped the Axis without being a part of them were:

### Co-belligerent states

- (1941)

### Client states

- (Empire of Vietnam)
- (Second Republic)
- Independent State of Croatia
- (1943–1945)
- Manchukuo (Manchuria and eastern Inner Mongolia)
- Government of National Salvation
- Kingdom of Kampuchea
- Kingdom of Luang Prabang

#### Italy

- Montenegro

#### Japan

- Taiwan
- Korea
- South Seas Mandate
- Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies

## Controversial cases

- Denmark, signed treaty of mutual non-aggression; accepted German troops.
- Spain, was neutral, but gave non-military assistance.
- Vichy France, agreed not to resist after Northern France was conquered. Did not resist Japanese occupation of French Indochina.
- Soviet Union, helped Germany invade Poland.

Several new or rebel governments that were created by the Axis during the war are:
- Burma (Ba Maw regime)
- India (Provisional Government of Free India)

## Other websites

- WW2DB: Tripartite Pact
- WW2DB: Axis Countries
Axis

**Axis** means several things:

- In mathematics, an axis (mathematics) is a straight line around which a geometric figure can be rotated, or the axis of a graph.
- In anatomy, an axis (anatomy) is a vertebra.
- In history, the Axis countries were a group of countries that worked together in World War II.
- The Axis of Evil
Icelandic language

**Icelandic** is the language spoken by the people of Iceland.

It is a Germanic language. It comes from the Old Norse language, the language spoken by the Vikings. Because Iceland is far away from other countries, the language has not changed much. Icelandic people can still read words from hundreds of years ago.

Icelandic uses four characters that are not used in English: þ (thorn), (like 'th' in thin), ð (edh), (like 'th' in this), æ (pronounced like I) and ö (pronounced like the French U). It can also be said that ð is a "softer" version of þ.

Some linguists say there are only two Nordic languages, Eastern-Nordic and Western-Nordic, which includes Icelandic and Faroese because of their similarity.

Icelandic is also one of the most difficult languages to learn.

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Icelandic
- **nativename**: __
- **states**:

- **speakers**: 320,000
- **date**: 2011
- **familycolor**: Indo-European
- **fam2**: Germanic languages, Germanic
- **fam3**: North Germanic languages, North Germanic
- **fam4**: West Scandinavian
- **script**: Latin script, Latin (Icelandic alphabet)
Icelandic Braille
- **nation**:
 Gimli, Manitoba, Gimli, Canada
- **agency**: Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies in an advisory capacity
- **iso1**: is
- **iso2t**: isl
- **iso2b**: ice
- **iso3**: isl
- **lingua**: 52-AAA-aa
- **notice**: IPA
- **minority**:
Passu

**Passu** is a small village by the Khunjerab River in Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan. It lies at an altitude of 2500m.  The Batura and Passu glaciers and the Karakoram Highway are close to the village. The people speak the Wakhi language and follow the Ismaili sect of Islam.

## Other websites

- Passu village
- around Passu Hunza pakistan
- Passu mentioned on ExplorePak.com
Equator

The **equator** is a line which is not real drawn around a sphere or planet, such as the Earth. It is one of the lines known as a line of latitude, or circle of latitude. The name "equator" is Latin for "even-maker"; at equator the day and night are exactly the same length around the year.

The equator is halfway between the North Pole and the South Pole. There, the surface of the planet is parallel to the axis of rotation. The equator divides the surface into the northern hemisphere and the southern hemisphere.

## Climate

Unlike the northern hemisphere and the southern hemisphere, countries around the equator do not experience the four seasons, and the climate is usually very humid.

## Related pages

- Northern hemisphere
- Southern hemisphere
- Solstice and equinox
- Tropic of Cancer
- Tropic of Capricorn
- Arctic Circle
- Antarctic Circle
- Celestial equator
Rocket

A **rocket** may be a missile, spacecraft, aircraft or other vehicle which is pushed by a rocket engine. Some big rockets are launch vehicles and some are manned (e.g. Saturn V). Other rockets, for example missiles, are unmanned.  ("Manned" means that a person is in it; "unmanned" means that the machine goes without a person.)

Most rockets can be launched from the ground because exhaust thrust from the engine is bigger than the weight of the vehicle on Earth. Some are used to bring satellites into orbit, for example from a spaceport. Some rockets such as ion thrusters are too weak and heavy to lift themselves. They work after other rockets bring them to outer space.

The Chinese invented the rocket using gunpowder. The first rockets were shaped like arrows and weren't very fast. Most rockets still work by fire. The fire makes hot exhaust gases that expand and shoot out a nozzle, pushing the rocket forward.

Most rockets still use solid fuel to make the fire. The biggest ones use liquid fuel because it makes a hotter fire so the rocket is more powerful. However, handling the liquid fuel safely is difficult and expensive. Some satellite launch vehicles use both.

Manned rockets, similar to other manned flying machines, are designed to limit their acceleration and vibration to protect the crew. Unmanned rockets however are not bound by the limits of humans.

Some rockets go faster than the speed of sound (). Those that go into Low Earth orbit go .

Yuri Gagarin was a Soviet cosmonaut who, on 12 April 1961, became the first human to fly into outer space. He was in the R-7 rocket launched from Kazakhstan.

On 16 July, 1969, American astronauts Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin became the first humans on the moon, after launching in a Saturn V rocket.

## Pioneers

- Konstantin Tsiolkovsky
- Robert H. Goddard
- Wernher von Braun
- Hellmuth Walter