juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Santa Maria Val Müstair

**Santa Maria Val Müstair** () is a village in the Val Müstair municipality of the district of Inn in the Swiss canton of Graubünden. In 2009, Santa Maria Val Müstair merged with Lü, Müstair, Fuldera, Tschierv and Valchava to form the municipality of Val Müstair.
Pszów

**Pszów**  () is a town in Wodzisław County, Silesian Voivodeship, Poland. In 2004, 14,035 people lived there.
Rypin

**Rypin**  () is a town in Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship,
Poland. It is the capital of Rypin County.

Rypin is about 50 km east of Toruń.

In 2009, 16,950 people lived there.
East Liverpool, Ohio

**East Liverpool** is a city in Columbiana County, Ohio, United States. As of the 2020 census, 9,958 people lived there.

East Liverpool is located along the Ohio River. It borders the states of Pennsylvania and West Virginia.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: East Liverpool, Ohio
- **settlement type**: List of cities in Ohio, City
- **nickname**: Pottery Capital of the World, Crockery City
- **motto**: "We're Open for Business"
- **image skyline**: East 5th Street Historic District, East Liverpool, Ohio July 2022.jpg
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **image caption**: East Fifth Street Historic District
- **image map**: Columbiana County Ohio incorporated and unincorporated areas East Liverpool highlighted.png
- **mapsize**: 260px
- **map caption**: Location of East Liverpool in Columbiana County and in the State of Ohio
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: State
- **subdivision name1**: Ohio
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Ohio, County
- **subdivision name2**: Columbiana County, Ohio, Columbiana
- **government type**: Mayor–council government, Mayor–council
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader title1**: Council President
- **established title**: Founded
- **established date**: 1802
- **named for**: Liverpool, England
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 12.68
- **area land km2**: 12.18
- **area water km2**: 0.51
- **area total sq mi**: 4.90
- **area land sq mi**: 4.70
- **area water sq mi**: 0.20
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 9958
- **population density km2**: 817.86
- **population density sq mi**: 2118.27
- **timezone**: Eastern Time Zone, Eastern (EST)
- **utc offset**: −5
- **timezone dst**: EDT
- **utc offset dst**: −4
- **elevation ft**: 965
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 43920
- **area code**: Area code 330, 330, Area code 234, 234
- **area code type**: North American Numbering Plan, Area code
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standards, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 39-23730
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 1085891
- **blank2 name**: School District
- **blank2 info**: East Liverpool City SD
Louise Slaughter

**Dorothy Louise McIntosh Slaughter** (August 14, 1929 – March 16, 2018) was an American politician. She was the United States representative for New York's 25th congressional district from 1987 until her death in 2018. She was a member of the Democratic Party.

Slaughter was the Chairwoman of the House Rules Committee from 2007 until 2011, and served as ranking minority member of the Committee (a post she also held from 2005 to 2007) from 2011 to 2018. From the 2017 retirement of Charles Rangel until her death, Slaughter was the dean of New York's House delegation. Slaughter was the oldest Member of the House of Representatives at the time of her death.

Slaughter died at a Washington, D.C. hospital of complications from a fall on March 16, 2018 at the age of 88.

## Other websites

- Congresswoman Louise M. Slaughter  official U.S. House site
- Louise Slaughter for Congress
Links formerly displayed via the CongLinks template:
- Biography at Ballotpedia
- Biography at NNDB
- Congressional profile at GovTrack

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Louise Slaughter
- **image**: Louise Slaughter official photo.jpg
- **office**: Member of the
U.S. House of Representatives
from New York (state), New York
- **term start**: January 3, 1987
- **term end**: March 16, 2018
- **predecessor**: Fred J. Eckert
- **successor**: Joseph D. Morelle
- **constituency**: New York's 30th congressional district, 30th district
New York's 28th congressional district, 28th district
New York's 25th congressional district, 25th district
- **office1**: Chair of the United States House Committee on Rules, House Rules Committee
- **term start1**: January 3, 2007
- **term end1**: January 3, 2011
- **predecessor1**: David Dreier
- **successor1**: David Dreier
- **state assembly2**: New York
- **district2**: 130th
- **term start2**: January 1, 1983
- **term end2**: December 31, 1986
- **predecessor2**: Thomas A. Hanna
- **successor2**: Robert L. King
- **birth name**: Dorothy Louise McIntosh
- **birth place**: Lynch, Kentucky, Lynch, Kentucky, U.S.
- **death place**: Washington, D.C., U.S.
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
- **spouse**: Robert Slaughter
- **children**: 3
Silicon controlled rectifier

**Silicon controlled rectifier** (SCR) is a type of thyristor. It is a four-layer solid-state current-controlling device.

SCRs are unidirectional devices: they conduct current only in one direction. Normally, SCRs can be triggered only by currents going into the gate.

A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC). SCRs  are used for rectification of high-power AC in high-voltage direct-current power transmission. They are also used in the control of welding machines.

SCRs are mainly used in devices for the control of high power, perhaps with high voltage. They are suitable for use in medium- to high-voltage AC power control applications, such as lamp dimming, power regulators and motor control.
Rudolf Mang

**Rudolf Mang** (17 June 1950 – 12 March 2018) was a German heavyweight weightlifter. He was born in Bellenberg, Germany. He competed at the 1968 and 1972 Olympics and placed fifth and second, respectively.

Between 1971 and 1972 he won four more medals at the world and European championships and set two world records: one in the snatch and one in the press.

Mang died in Berlin on 12 March 2018 of a heart attack at the age of 67.
Emilio Disi

**Emilio Disi** (2 August 1943 – 14 March 2018) was an Argentine actor and comedian. He was born in Buenos Aires. Acting from 1968 until his death in 2018, he appeared in Daniel Burman's 2002 movie _Todas las azafatas van al cielo_. Disi also appeared in a number of TV series. His last performance in movies was in 2004 in _Los de la esquina_.

Disi died in Buenos Aires of lung cancer on 14 March 2018 at the age of 75.
Liam O'Flynn

**Liam O'Flynn** (, 15 April 1945 – 14 March 2018) was an Irish uilleann piper and traditional folk musician.

In addition to a solo career and his work with the group Planxty, O'Flynn recorded with many international musical artists, including Christy Moore, Dónal Lunny, Andy Irvine, Kate Bush, Mark Knopfler, the Everly Brothers, Emmylou Harris, Mike Oldfield, Mary Black, Enya and Sinéad O'Connor.

O'Flynn died on 14 March 2018 from emphysema at the age of 72.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **background**: non_vocal_instrumentalist
- **instrument**: Uilleann pipes, Tin Whistle
- **name**: Liam O'Flynn
- **image**: Liam O'Flinn.jpg
- **caption**: Liam O'Flynn, 1980
- **alias**: Liam Óg Ó Floinn
- **genre**: Folk music of Ireland, Irish traditional music
- **years active**: 1966–2018
Petar Stipetić

**Petar Stipetić** (24 October 1937 – 14 March 2018) was a Croatian general.  He served as the Chief of General Staff of the Croatian Armed Forces from 2000 until 2002.

## Decorations and honors

On 14 September 1998, Stipetić was named honorary citizen of Ogulin. He was also decorated with several decorations:

|width="0%"|Ribbon|width="0%"|Decoration|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
||Order of Nikola Šubić Zrinski|||
||Order of Ban Jelačić|||
||Commemorative Medal of the Homeland War|||
||Order of the Croatian Trefoil|||
||Order of the Croatian Wattle|||
||Commemorative Medal of the Homeland's Gratitude|||
|colspan=5|Source:|||

## Infobox (military person)

- **name**: Petar Stipetić
- **image**: Dan OSRH Petar Stipetic 28052011 2.jpg
- **caption**: Petar Stipetić on the anniversary of the Croatian Armed Forces on 28 May 2011
- **birth place**: Ogulin, Kingdom of Yugoslavia, Yugoslavia
- **death place**: Zagreb, Croatia
- **allegiance**: <small>(1956–1991)</small> <small>(1991–2003)</small>
- **branch**: Yugoslav People's Army <small>(1956–1991)</small>Croatian Army <small>(1991–2003)</small>
- **serviceyears**: 1956–2003
- **rank**: Stožerni general, General of the Army (Croatian Army, HV)
- **commands**: Croatian Armed Forces
- **battles**: Croatian War of Independence
*Operation Storm
- **awards**: Order of Nikola Šubić ZrinskiOrder of Ban Jelačić
Rubén Galván

**Rubén Galván** (7 April 1952 – 14 March 2018) was an Argentine football midfielder. He played for Club Atlético Independiente for most of his career.

At international level, he was part of the Argentina squad that won the 1978 FIFA World Cup on home soil.

Galván died of cirrhosis on 14 March 2018 at the age of 65.

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Rubén Galván
- **image**: Independiente 1975.jpg
- **caption**: Rubén Galván (#8) in 1975
- **fullname**: Rubén Galván
- **birth place**: Comandante Fontana, Argentina
- **position**: Midfielder
- **years1**: 1971–1980
- **years2**: 1980
- **clubs1**: Club Atlético Independiente, Independiente
- **clubs2**: Estudiantes de La Plata
- **caps1**: 231
- **caps2**: 21
- **goals1**: 14
- **goals2**: 0
- **nationalyears1**: 1974-1978
- **nationalteam1**: Argentina national football team, Argentina
- **nationalcaps1**: 3
- **nationalgoals1**: 0
Broghil Valley National Park

**Broghil Valley** () is a valley and national park located in the upper northern reaches Chitral District, of Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. It is located close to the Afghan-Pakistan border.

## Related pages

- Chitral District
- Chitral National Park
Sheikh Buddin National Park

**Sheikh Buddin National Park** (also spelled **Sheikh Badin National Park**) is in Dera Ismail Khan District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The park was established in 2003 and covers an area of 15,540 hectares.

## Related pages

- Dera Ismail Khan District
Saiful Muluk National Park

**Saiful Muluk National Park** () is located in the Kaghan Valley in Mansehra District of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, in northern Pakistan. The park was created in 2003.

Some of the park's fauna includes the snow leopard, asiatic black bear, marmot, weasel, eurasian lynx, indian leopard, Himalayan snowcock, and the snow partridge.

Lulusar-Dudipatsar National Park is close to Saiful Muluk National Park.

## Related pages

- Mansehra District
Lulusar-Dudipatsar National Park

**Lulusar-Dodipat National Park** () is in the Kaghan Valley in Mansehra District of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The park was created in 2003. The scenic Dudipatsar Lake and Lulusar Lake and peaks are in the park.

## Related pages

- Mansehra District
Human tooth

The **human teeth** mechanically break down pieces of food by cutting and crushing them before swallowing and digesting them. Humans have four types of teeth: incisors, canines, premolars, and molars, each with their own function.

## Infobox (anatomy)

- **name**: Teeth
- **latin**: dentes
- **image**: Human tooth diagram-en.svg
- **caption**: Picture of a human tooth showing its most important parts
- **width**: 230px
- **image2**: Denticao.jpg
- **caption2**: Computer drawing of teeth set in bone, viewing from inside the mouth from behind
Fiza Junejo

**Fiza Junejo** () is a Pakistani politician. She has served as the member of the National Assembly of Pakistan.

## Political career

She won the National Assembly of Pakistan seat for women from Sindh on the ticket of Pakistan Muslim League (Q) in the Pakistani general election, 2008.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Fiza Junejo
- **honorific-suffix**: MNA
- **office**: Member of the National Assembly of Pakistan
- **term end**: 2013
- **term start**: 2008
- **nationality**: Pakistani
Kishan Chand Parwani

**Kishan Chand Parwani**  is a Pakistani politician. He has served as the member of the National Assembly of Pakistan.

## Political career

He won the National Assembly of Pakistan seat for minorities on the ticket of Pakistan Muslim League (Q) in the Pakistani general election, 2008.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Kishan Chand Parwani
- **honorific-suffix**: MNA
- **office**: Member of the National Assembly of Pakistan
- **term end**: 2013
- **term start**: 2008
- **nationality**: Pakistani
Romania in World War II

During **World War II**, **Romania** started neutral. Romania then signed a pact with Adolf Hitler and Germany and joined the axis powers November 23 1940. On June 22, 1941, Romanian troops took part in the aggression against the Soviet Union Where they saw actions in Odesa and Stalingrad. In March-August 1944 the Soviets invaded and Romania changed sides on August 23 1944. the Romanian army fought with the Soviets where they saw action in Hungary and Czechoslovakia.

## Infobox (military conflict)

- **conflict**: Romania in World War II
- **place**: Kingdom of Romania, Romania
- **partof**: The Eastern Front (World War II), Eastern Front of World War II
- **date**: 1940-1945
- **result**: Soviet victory
- **combatant1**: (Axis Powers, and others)
- **combatant2**: (Allies of World War II, and others)
Longan

**Longan** (scientific name: _Dimocarpus longan_) is the name for a tree in the _Sapindaceae_ (soapberry) family. It comes from the southern part of Asia and is related to the lychee.

The fruit of the longan is white, round, and together with its hard seed, looks like an eyeball when the shell is peeled off. This gave the fruit its name in Chinese, which means "dragon's eye". The English name is from its pronunciation in Cantonese, the dialect of southern China. The fruit is edible, has a sweet taste, and is often used for cooking. There is a lot of protein and dietary fiber.

Most longan trees are harvested in China, where the fruit was known as early as the Han dynasty and there are many legends about it. In the Western world, though, it was not known until near the end of the 18th century.

## Other websites

- Top 10 Amazing Health Benefits of Longan

## Infobox (chinese)

- **pic**: Longan (Chinese characters).svg
- **piccap**: "Longan" in Traditional (top) and Simplified (bottom) Chinese characters
- **picupright**: 0.45
- **t**: 龍眼
- **s**: 龙眼
- **p**: lóngyǎn
- **w**: lung<sup>2</sup>-yen<sup>3</sup>
- **suz**: lón-ngê
- **y**: lùhng-ngáahn
- **j**: lung<sup>4</sup>-ngaan<sup>5</sup>
- **poj**: lêng-géng
- **l**: "dragon eye"
Palle Kjærulff-Schmidt

**Palle Kjærulff-Schmidt** (7 July 1931 – 14 March 2018) was a Danish movie director and screenwriter. He directed 32 movies between 1957 and 1995. His 1964 movie _To_ was entered into the 15th Berlin International Film Festival. Two years later, his 1967 movie _Story of Barbara_ was entered into the 17th Berlin International Film Festival.

In 1965, he co-produced the movie _4x4_ and it was entered into the 4th Moscow International Film Festival.

Kjærulff-Schmidt died after a short illness at the age of 86.
Søren Kragh-Jacobsen

**Søren Kragh-Jacobsen** (born 2 March 1947) is a Danish movie director, musician, and songwriter. He was born in Copenhagen, Denmark.

He was one of the founders and members of the Dogme95 project for creating movies without artificial technology or techniques.

Kragh-Jacobsen was a popular musician in Denmark before going to film school in Prague. After returning to Denmark, he directed and co-wrote television productions.

His first feature movie was _Wanna See My Beautiful Navel?_ (1978).  Then he made the successful _Rubber Tarzan_ (1981), _Thunderbirds_ (1983), _Emma's Shadow_ (1988), _Shower of Gold_ (1988), _The Boys from St. Petri_ (1991), _The Island on Bird Street_ (1997), and his international break-through, dogme No. 3 _Mifune's Last Song_ (1999), and _Skagerrak_ (2003). _Mifune's Last Song_ won the Silver Bear – Special Jury Prize at the 49th Berlin International Film Festival. _Skagerrak_ was entered into the 25th Moscow International Film Festival. He has done some commercials and Danish/Swedish television series.

_The Boys from St. Petri_ was screened out of competition at the 1992 Cannes Film Festival.
Historical Dictionary of Switzerland

The ***Historical Dictionary of Switzerland*** is an encyclopedia on the history of Switzerland. It tries to use modern historical research to provide information in a broad manner. It is published by a foundation supported by the Swiss Academy of Humanities and Social Sciences (SAGW/ASSH) and the Swiss Historical Society (SGG-SHH). It is financed by national research grants. Other than 35 people at the central offices, it is written by a team including 100 academic advisors, 2500 historians and 100 translators.

## Print edition

The encyclopedia is being edited at the same time in the three national languages of Switzerland: German (_Historisches Lexikon der Schweiz_, HLS), French (_Dictionnaire Historique de la Suisse_, DHS) and Italian (_Dizionario Storico della Svizzera_, DSS). There are 13 volumes. The first was published in 2002. The last volume was published in 2014.

The 36,000 headings are grouped into:
1. Biographies (35%)
1. Articles on families and genealogy (10%)
1. Articles on places (municipalities, cantons, other nation states, fortresses, signories, abbeys, archeological sites) (30%)
1. Subject articles (historical phenomena and terms, institutions, events) (25%)

## On-line edition

The on-line edition has been available since 1998. All articles in the print version are available, for free, but no images. It also lists all 36,000 topics that are to be covered.

## Bibliography

- _Historisches Lexikon der Schweiz_ (HLS), Schwabe AG, Basel,  (2002–)
- _Dictionnaire historique de la Suisse_ (DHS), Editions Gilles Attinger, Hauterive,  (2002–)
- _Dizionario storico della Svizzera_ (DSS), Armando Dadò editore, Locarno,  (2002–)
- _Lexicon Istoric Retic_ (LIR), Kommissionsverlag Desertina, Chur,  (vol.1: Abundi à Luzzi),  (vol. 2: Macdonald à Zwingli)

## Other websites

- DHS/HLS/DSS online edition in German, French and Italian
- _Lexicon Istoric Retic_ (LIR) online edition in Romansh
Calendar era

A **calendar era** is the **year numbering** system used by a calendar. The Gregorian calendar for example numbers its years in the Western Anno Domini system (the Coptic Orthodox and Ethiopian Orthodox churches have their own Christian eras). The instant, date, or year from which time is marked is called the _epoch_ of the era. There are many different calendar eras such as Saka Era. The Hebrew calendar, Chinese calendar, and Islamic calendar all start from different epochs.

In ancient times, regnal years were counted from the year a new monarch took the throne. This makes ancient timelines very difficult to reconstruct, because they are based on separate and scattered king lists, such as the Sumerian King List and the Babylonian Canon of Kings. In East Asia, having era names based on ruling monarchs ended in the 20th century except for Japan, where they are still used.
Doctoral advisor

A **doctoral advisor** (or **dissertation director** or **dissertation advisor**) is a university faculty member whose helps guide graduate students who are candidates for a doctorate degree. This includes helping them select coursework, as well as shaping, refining and directing the students' choice of sub-discipline in which they will be examined or on which they will write a dissertation. Students in general choose advisors based on their areas of interest within their discipline, their desire to work closely with particular graduate faculty, and the willingness and availability of those faculty to work with them.

## Other websites

- Supervision of PhD students (with some focus on disagreements)
- Cambridge example
Spreuerhofstraße

**Spreuerhofstraße** is one of the world's narrowest streets on the earth. It is in Reutlingen, which is a city in Germany. Its narrowest point is . Its widest point is . The street was built in 1727. This happened while the city built itself again. That was necessary because a big fire destroyed the city in 1726. The street is officially listed in the Land-Registry Office as City Street Number 77.
Former constellations

**Former constellations** are constellations that the International Astronomical Union does not accept. Many of these constellations were accepted by people for long periods of time, even centuries in many cases, so they do have historical value and can be found on older star charts.
1380s

The **1380s** was a decade that began on 1 January 1380 and ended on 31 December 1389. It is distinct from the decade known as the ***139th decade*** which began on January 1, 1381 and ended on December 31, 1390.

## Events and trends

1381
- June 12– Peasants' Revolt: In England, rebels from Kent and Essex, led by Wat Tyler and Jack Straw, meet at Blackheath. There the rebels are encouraged by a sermon by renegade priest John Ball.
- June 14– Peasants' Revolt: Rebels destroy John of Gaunt's Savoy Palace and storm the Tower of London, killing the Archbishop of Canterbury and the Lord Chancellor. King Richard II of England meets the leaders of the revolt and agrees to reforms such as fair rents and the abolition of serfdom.
- June 15– Peasants' Revolt: During further negotiations, Wat Tyler is murdered by the King's entourage. Noble forces subsequently overpower the rebel army. The rebel leaders are eventually captured and executed and Richard II revokes his concessions.
1382
- Winchester College is founded in England.

## Deaths

1380
- Catherine of Siena, Italian saint (born 1347)
- King Charles V of France (born 1338)
- Bertrand du Guesclin, Constable of France
1381
- June 15– Wat Tyler, English rebel
Esther Lungu

**Esther Nyawa Lungu** (born 2 June 1961) is a Zambian politician and public figure. She is also the widow of former President of Zambia Edgar Lungu. She was raised as a Catholic, but she and her husband are now Baptists. Lungu has campaigned against child marriage during her tenure as First Lady. She is the Chairman and mentor of Esther Lungu Foundation formed on December 2015 to empower women and children of Zambia. In May 2024, Esther Lungu was arrested for fraud.

## Infobox (first lady)

- **name**: Esther Lungu
- **image**: Esther Nyawa Lungu.jpg
- **order**: First Lady of Zambia
- **term start**: January 25, 2015
- **term end**: August 24, 2021
- **predecessor**: Charlotte Harland Scott, Charlotte Scott
- **successor**: Mutinta Hichilema
- **president**: Edgar Lungu
- **children**: 6
- **party**: Patriotic Front (Zambia), Patriotic Front
Fernando Collor de Mello

**Fernando Affonso Collor de Mello** (; born August 12, 1949) is a Brazilian politician. He was the 32nd President of Brazil from 1990 to 1992. He defeated Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva in the 1989 election. He resigned to try to stop his impeachment trial by the Brazilian Senate. Collor was the first President directly elected by the people after the end of the Brazilian military government.

Later, after some time living in obscurity, Collor served as Senator for Alagoas from February 2007 to February 2023. He first won election in 2006 and was reelected in 2014. In August 2017, Collor was accused by Brazil's Supreme Federal Court of receiving around US$9 million in bribes between 2010 and 2014 from Petrobras subsidiary BR Distributor. On April 24, 2025, his immediate arrest was ordered to serve his sentence by the Supreme Court judge Alexandre de Moraes. In the early hours of April 25, he was arrested by the Brazilian Federal Police.

## Infobox (president)

- **honorific-prefix**: Excellency, His Excellency
- **name**: Fernando Collor de Mello
- **image**: Foto oficial de Fernando Collor.jpg
- **order**: 32nd President of Brazil
- **term start**: March 15, 1990
- **term end**: December 29, 1992

- **vicepresident**: Itamar Franco (1990-1992)
- **predecessor**: José Sarney
- **successor**: Itamar Franco
- **order1**: Federal Senate, Member of the Federal Senate
 from Alagoas
- **predecessor1**: Heloísa Helena (politician), Heloísa Helena
- **term start1**: February 1, 2007
- **order3**: 55th Alagoas, Governor of Alagoas
- **term start3**: March 15, 1987
- **term end3**: May 14, 1989
- **vicegovernor3**: Moacir de Andrade
- **predecessor3**: José Tavares
- **successor3**: Moacir de Andrade
- **birth name**: Fernando Affonso Collor de Mello
- **birth place**: Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- **residence**: Maceió, Alagoas
- **party**: Christian Labour Party
<small>(2016–present)</small>
- **alma mater**: Universidade de Brasília, University of Brasília
- **profession**: Entrepreneur, economist
- **spouse**: Celi Elisabete Júlia Monteiro de Carvalho
Rosane Collor, Rosane Brandão Malta
Caroline Serejo Medeiros

- **signature**: Fernando Collor de Mello presidential signature.svg
Betty Kaunda

**Betty Kaunda**, born **Beatrice Kaweche Banda** (17 November 1928 – 18 September 2012)
was the wife of Kenneth Kaunda the first president of Zambia, and the 1st First Lady of Zambia from 1964 to 1991. She was locally called Mother of Zambia. As the First Lady, she was part of many diplomatic visits and matron of many organizations.
As a politician, she led a very simple life even after becoming the First Lady and never gave in to the luxuries of the position.

Betty was considered the national mother by Zambian citizens. Betty suffered from diabetes for many years. She died in the early hours of 19 September in Harare while visiting her daughter. Her burial was planned initially was Lubwa Mission, but was moved to the capital Lusaka on account of waning health of Dr. Kaunda.

## Infobox (first lady)

- **name**: Betty Kaunda
- **image**: File:Betty Kaunda (cropped).jpg
- **order**: 1st First Lady of Zambia
- **term label**: In role
- **term start**: 24 October 1964
- **term end**: 2 November 1991
- **predecessor**: _Position created_
- **successor**: Vera Tembo
- **president**: Kenneth Kaunda
- **birth place**: Chinsali, Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia)
- **death place**: Harare, Zimbabwe
- **spouse**: Kenneth Kaunda (1946–2012; her death)
Wath upon Dearne

**Wath upon Dearne** is a town within South Yorkshire. It has a population of over 16,000. It is within Rotherham, South Yorkshire.
Krafla

**Krafla** is a volcano in the north of Iceland. It is a caldera. It is about  in diameter. The fissure zone is  long.

Krafla's  highest peak is  high.

Krafla includes the crater Víti, one of two well-known craters by this name in Iceland (the other is in Askja). The Icelandic word "víti" means "hell". In former times, people often believed hell to be under volcanoes. Víti has a green lake inside of it.

## History

The _Mývatn fires_ occurred between 1724–1729, when many of the fissure vents opened up. The lava fountains could be seen in the south of the island. The lava flow destroyed three farms near the village of Reykjahlíð. Nobody was harmed.

Between 1975 and 1984 there was a volcanic episode within the Krafla volcano.

Since 1977 the Krafla area has been the source of the geothermal energy used by a power station.
Alcione

***Alcione*** is an extinct genus of nyctosaurid pterosaur from Maastrichtian-aged rocks from the Ouled Abdoun Basin in Morocco. It was one of six new Maastriichtian-aged pterosaurs described in 2018. Two of these pterosaurs are yet to be named.
Barbaridactylus

***Barbaridactylus*** is an extinct genus of nyctosaurid pterosaur from Maastrichtian/Danian-aged rocks from the Ouled Abdoun Basin in Morocco. It was one of six new Maastriichtian/Danian-aged pterosaurs described in 2018. Two of these pterosaurs are yet to be named.

## Description

_Barbaridactylus_ was probably a slender pterosaur. Its arm and wing bones were averagely sized for a pterosaur of its time.

## Discovery and naming

_Barbaridactylus_ was described based from two specimens.

The first specimen consisted of a partial jaw, a single neck vertebra, part of the arm and wing bones and the left thigh bone.

The second specimen (catalogued as **USM93000**) consists of a well preserved skeleton.

## Paleoecology

_Barbaridactylus_ was discovered in the Ouled Abdoun Basin in Morocco. It coexisted with the pterosaurs _Alcione_, _Simurghia_, _Tethydraco_ and _Phospatodraco_ and the dinosaur _Chenanisaurus_.
Pectodens

***Pectodens*** (meaning "comb tooth") is an extinct archosauromorph from Middle Triassic China.The type and only species of the genus is ***Pectodens zhenyuensis***, named by Chun Li and colleagues in 2017. It may be a member of the Protorosauria; an unusual combination of traits similar (such as the long neck) and dissimilar (such as the absence of a hook on the fifth metatarsal bone) to other members causes _Pectodens_ to elude exact classification.
East Palestine, Ohio

**East Palestine** (pronounced _eest pal' uh steen_) is a village in eastern Columbiana County, Ohio, United States. In 2020, 4,761 people lived there. It is on the Ohio-Pennsylvania border.

## History

East Palestine, originally named **Mechanicsburg** when it was platted in 1828 by Thomas McCalla and William Grate, underwent a name change in 1833. It adopted the moniker(_nickname_) "East Palestine," inspired by the Middle Eastern region of Palestine. This historical transition in naming reflects the town's evolution over the years.

### 2023 train accident

On February 3, 2023, there was a train accident in the village. A freight train was carrying dangerous chemicals. The train went off the tracks and the chemicals escaped from some of the twenty or so freight cars that carried the chemicals. The East Palestine government declared a state of emergency the next day. Two days later, on February 6, the governor of Ohio said people had to leave ("evacuate") the area. He said they had to do this because the chemicals might explode. Then the chemicals were drained from the many freight cars into a trench and burned to get rid of them. Then the chemicals were burned. On February 8, people could return.

The chemicals in the freight cars included vinyl chloride, butyl acrylate, ethylhexyl acrylate, and ethylene glycol monobutyl.

## Public service

There are three public schools in East Palestine:
- East Palestine Elementary School – grades K-4
- East Palestine Middle School – grades 5-8
- East Palestine High School – grades 9-12

The village has a public library, the East Palestine Memorial Public Library.

The village has a history museum, the Log House Museum, as well as a post office.
Olmsted Falls, Ohio

**Olmsted Falls** is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio. It is a southwestern suburb of Cleveland.
Hocking County, Ohio

**Hocking County** is a county in Ohio. In 2020, 28,050 people lived there. The county seat is Logan. The county was founded on March 1, 1818.

## Infobox (u.s. county)

- **county**: Hocking County
- **state**: Ohio
- **seal**: Seal of Hocking County Ohio.svg
- **founded year**: 1818
- **founded date**: March 1
- **seat wl**: Logan
- **largest city wl**: Logan
- **area total sq mi**: 424
- **area land sq mi**: 421
- **area water sq mi**: 2.3
- **area percentage**: 0.5%
- **census yr**: 2020
- **pop**: 28050
- **density sq mi**: 66
- **time zone**: Eastern
- **web**: www.co.hocking.oh.us
- **named for**: Hocking River, perhaps from the Lenape language for "bottle river"
- **ex image**: Hocking County Courthouse.jpg
- **ex image size**: 250
- **ex image cap**: Hocking County Courthouse
- **district**: 2nd
Brown County, Ohio

**Brown County** is a county in the U.S. state of Ohio. As of the 2020 census, the population was 43,676. The county seat is Georgetown. The county was created in 1818 and is named for Major General Jacob Brown, an officer in the War of 1812 who was wounded at the Battle of Lundy's Lane.

Brown County is part of the Cincinnati-Middletown, OH-KY-IN Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Brown County was said to be the place of origin of the White Burley type of tobacco, grown in 1864 by George Webb and Joseph Fore on the farm of Captain Frederick Kautz near Higginsport from seed from Bracken County, Kentucky.

## Infobox (u.s. county)

- **county**: Brown County
- **state**: Ohio
- **seal**: Seal of Brown County Ohio.svg
- **founded**: 1 March 1818
- **seat wl**: Georgetown
- **city type**: village
- **largest city**: Georgetown
- **area total sq mi**: 493
- **area land sq mi**: 490
- **area water sq mi**: 3.4
- **area percentage**: 0.7%
- **census yr**: 2020
- **pop**: 43676
- **density sq mi**: 89
- **time zone**: Eastern
- **web**: www.browncountyohio.gov
- **named for**: General Jacob Brown (general), Jacob Brown
- **ex image**: Brown County Courthouse in Georgetown from southwest.jpg
- **ex image cap**: Brown County Courthouse
- **district**: 2nd
Mason, Ohio

**Mason** is a city in southwestern Warren County, Ohio, United States. It is about  from downtown Cincinnati. 34,792 people lived there in the 2020 census.

In 2013, Mason was ranked seventh in Money Magazine's 2013 Top 50 Best Places to live in the United States. In 2008 and 2011, CNN named Mason one of the top 100 places to live in the United States.
Fayette County, Ohio

**Fayette County** is a county in the U.S. state of Ohio. In 2020, 28,951 people lived there. The county seat is Washington Court House.
Musa ibn Jafar

**Musa ibn Jafar**, (Arabic: مُوسَى بْنُ جَعْفَرٍ) also known as **Al-Qazim** (the one who controls his anger) was the seventh Shia Imam, after his father Jafar ibn Muhammad. He is also highly respected among Sunnis, who consider him as a renowned scholar. There occurred division in Shias on the question of Imamate. Ismailis said that Ismail ibn Jafar, the eldest son of Jafar ibn Muhammad should be the next imam while the larger group Jafari (or Twelvers) considered Musa ibn Jafar to be the next imam.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: **Musa ibn Jafar**
مُوسَى بْنُ جَعْفَرٍ
- **image**: Musa Kazim.png
- **birth date**: 745 CE
- **birth place**: Al-Abwa
- **death date**: 799
- **death place**: Baghdad
- **other names**: _Al-Qazim_, _Bab ul Hawaij_
- **known for**: Mysticism, Shia Imam
Olivooides

***Olivooides*** is an oogenus/genus of Cambrian-aged embryo fossil found in China. It was related to the Siberian _Markuelia_.

Most _Olivooides_ fossils are in a late embryonic stage, having died before hatching.
Some show a hatched animal, conical with a star-shape surface, and stellae. They are pertural in the peak. There is an addition of striated tissue that indicates growth.
Nicolas Den Hane

**Nicolas Den Hane** was a bailiff of Vlamertinge around the beginning of the 14th century (1300s). He was mentioned in an investigation of the Vierschaar of Veurne. He had to resolve a conflict between some citizens of Vlamertinge and Jan Vander Kerckhove, the bailiff of nearby Poperinge. The conflict was about defining two Flemings' grounds.
President of the Soviet Union

The **President of the Soviet Union**, officially called **President of the USSR** or **President of the Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics** was the head of state of the Soviet Union. Mikhail Gorbachev was the last person to hold the office. Gorbachev was also General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union between March 1985 and August 1991. He was the 10th and the only executive President of the Soviet Union rather than his predecessors who were Ceremonial Presidents.

## Infobox (official post)

- **post**: President
- **body**: the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
- **insignia**: Coat of arms of the Soviet Union 1.svg
- **insigniasize**: 120px
- **insigniacaption**: **State Emblem of the Soviet Union, State emblem**
- **image**: Mikhail Gorbachev, Reykjavík summit, 1986.jpg
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **imagecaption**: **Last in Office - Mikhail Gorbachev**
- **style**: His Excellence
- **residence**: Kremlin Senate, Moscow
- **appointer**: Direct election,
Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union, Congress of People's Deputies
- **precursor**: Minister-President of Russian Republic
- **succession**: President of Russia
- **formation**: (As President)
 (As Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Sovie Union)
 (As Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR)
- **first**: Mikhail Kalinin
- **last**: Mikhail Gorbachev
Neuquenraptor

***Neuquenraptor*** is a genus of dromaeosaurid theropod dinosaurs of the Late Cretaceous of Argentina, one of the first dromaeosaurids found in the Southern Hemisphere.
Grumman C-2 Greyhound

The **Grumman C-2 Greyhound** is an American military aircraft used for transport duties. It serve only with the United States Navy on aircraft carrier. This kind of aircraft is known as COD for Carrier Onboard Delivery. In 2020 it will be replaced by CMV-22B Osprey.

## Infobox (aircraft begin)

- **name**: Grumman C-2 Greyhound
- **image**: File:US Navy 100120-N-3038W-345 A C-2A Greyhound assigned to the Providers of Carrier Logistics Support Squadron (VRC) 30 launches from the aircraft carrier USS Nimitz (CVN 68).jpg
- **caption**: **Grumman C-2 Greyhound** of the US Navy.


## Infobox (aircraft type)

- **type**: aircraft carrier, Shipborn transport aircraft
- **national origin**: USA.
- **manufacturer**: Grumman
- **first flight**: 1964
- **introduction**: 1966
- **status**: Active
- **primary user**: US Navy.
- **produced**: Out of production.
- **number built**: 56
Talarurus

***Talarurus*** ( ; meaning "Wicker tail") is an extinct genus of ankylosaur dinosaur. It lived about 90 million years ago during the Upper Cretaceous  in what is now Mongolia.

_Talarurus_ was a hippopotamus-sized, heavily built, ground-dwelling, quadrupedal herbivore. It could grow up to about  long. Like other ankylosaurs it had heavy armour and a club on its tail. _Talarurus_ is one of the oldest known ankylosaurines from Asia and one of the better-known ankylosaurs from Mongolia.
Credit Suisse

**Credit Suisse Group** is a Swiss bank. It is headquartered in Zurich.

The company was founded in 1856 as Schweizerische Kreditanstalt (SKA, ) jointly by Alfred Escher and the German bank Allgemeine Deutsche Credit-Anstalt which held 50% of the equity.

After the bank had financial problems because the customers lost confidence, it was decided to integrate Credit Suisse into UBS. This decision was communicated on March 19, 2023.
Wind Gap, Pennsylvania

**Wind Gap** is a borough in Northampton County, Pennsylvania, United States.
Grandview Heights, Ohio

**Grandview Heights** is a city in Franklin County, Ohio, United States. The population was 8,085 at the 2020 census.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Grandview Heights, Ohio
- **settlement type**: City
- **image skyline**: File:Grandview Heights Municipal Building 1.jpg
- **image caption**: Grandview Heights Municipal Building
- **map caption**: Interactive map of the city
- **pushpin map**: Ohio#USA
- **pushpin label**: Grandview Heights
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Ohio##Location in the United States
- **pushpin relief**: 1
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: Ohio
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Ohio, County
- **subdivision name2**: Franklin County, Ohio, Franklin
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 3.42
- **area land km2**: 3.41
- **area water km2**: 0.01
- **area total sq mi**: 1.32
- **area land sq mi**: 1.31
- **area water sq mi**: 0.00
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 8085
- **population density km2**: 2374.43
- **population density sq mi**: 6148.29
- **timezone**: North American Eastern Time Zone, Eastern (EST)
- **utc offset**: -5
- **timezone dst**: EDT
- **utc offset dst**: -4
- **elevation m**: 236
- **elevation ft**: 774
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 43212
- **area code**: Area code 614, 614 and Area code 380, 380
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 39-31304
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 1048799
Green, Ohio

**Green** is a city in Summit County in the state of Ohio in the United States.

It is midway between the cities of Akron and Canton.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Green, Ohio
- **settlement type**: City
- **image skyline**: LEVI J. HARTONG HOUSE AND FARM SUMMIT COUNTY.jpg
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **image caption**: Levi J. Hartong Farmhouse
- **image map**: Summit County Ohio incorporated and unincorporated areas Green highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 260px
- **map caption**: Location in Summit County, Ohio, Summit County and the state of Ohio
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: Ohio
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Ohio, County
- **subdivision name2**: Summit County, Ohio, Summit
- **government type**: Mayor–council government, Mayor–council
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **established date**: 1992
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 86.84
- **area land km2**: 82.96
- **area water km2**: 3.88
- **area total sq mi**: 33.53
- **area land sq mi**: 32.03
- **area water sq mi**: 1.50
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 27475
- **population density km2**: 331.17
- **population density sq mi**: 857.74
- **timezone**: North American Eastern Time Zone, Eastern (EST)
- **utc offset**: -5
- **timezone dst**: EDT
- **utc offset dst**: -4
- **elevation ft**: 1198
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 44232
- **area code**: Area code 330, 330
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 39-31860
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 2394973
Grove City, Ohio

**Grove City** is a city of Franklin County in the state of Ohio, United States. The population was 41,252 at the 2020 census. The city was founded in 1852.

The Gantz Homestead was built in 1832.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Grove City, Ohio
- **settlement type**: City
- **image skyline**: File:Grove City Library 1.jpg
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **image caption**: Grove City Library
- **image map**: OHMap-doton-Grove_City.png
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location of Grove City, Ohio
- **image map1**: Map of Franklin County Ohio Highlighting Grove City City.png
- **mapsize1**: 250px
- **map caption1**: Location of Grove City in Franklin County
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: Ohio
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Ohio, County
- **subdivision name2**: Franklin County, Ohio, Franklin
- **government type**: Mayor–council government
- **leader title**: Mayor (United States), Mayor
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 46.07
- **area land km2**: 45.61
- **area water km2**: 0.46
- **area total sq mi**: 17.79
- **area land sq mi**: 17.61
- **area water sq mi**: 0.18
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 41252
- **population density km2**: 904.47
- **population density sq mi**: 2342.53
- **timezone**: Eastern Time
- **utc offset**: -5
- **utc offset dst**: -4
- **elevation m**: 259
- **elevation ft**: 850
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 43123
- **area code**: Area code 614, 614 and Area code 380, 380
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 39-32592
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 1048806
- **website**: [https://www.grovecityohio.gov/ City website]
Kent, Ohio

**Kent** is a city in Portage County in the state of Ohio, United States.
Surriya Naseem

**Surriya Naseem** (; born 10 November 1967) is a Pakistani politician who has been the member of the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab since May 2013.

## Early life and education

She was born on 10 November 1967 in Faisalabad.

She got the degree of Master of Arts in Urdu from [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_College Murray College] in 1989. She also got the degrees of Bachelor of Education in 1990 and Master of Arts in Islamiat in 1998, both from the [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_the_Punjab University of the Punjab].

## Political career

She was elected to the [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincial_Assembly_of_the_Punjab Provincial Assembly of the Punjab] as a candidate of [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_League_(N) Pakistan Muslim League (N)] on a reserved seat for women in [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani_general_election,_2013 Pakistani general election, 2013].

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Surriya Naseem
- **honorific-suffix**: MPA
- **party**: Pakistan Muslim League (N)
- **constituency**: Reserved seat for women
- **office**: Member of the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab
- **term start**: 29 May 2013
- **birth place**: Faisalabad
- **nationality**: Pakistani
West Carrollton, Ohio

**West Carrollton** is a city in Ohio in the United States.
Asad Ashraf

**Asad Ashraf** (; born 21 June 1963) is a Pakistani politician who has been the member of the Senate of Pakistan since March 2018. He has also been a member of the Provincial Assembly of Punjab from 2002 to 2013.

## Early life and education

He was born on 21 June 1963 in Lahore.

He got the degree of medicine from Allama Iqbal Medical College in 1986 and did his postgraduation in Cardiology from National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Karachi in 1994.

## Political career

He joined Pakistan Muslim League (N) in 1996 after the murder of his brother, Javed Ashraf who was a member of the PML-N.

He had been advisor to the Chief Minister of Punjab Shehbaz Sharif from 1997 to 1999.

He was elected to the Provincial Assembly of Punjab as a candidate of PML-N from Constituency PP-138 (Lahore-II) in Pakistani general election, 2002. He got 10,651 votes and defeated a candidate of Pakistan Muslim League (Q) (PML-Q). During his tenure as the member of the Punjab Assembly, he remained deputy parliamentary leader of PML-N in the Punjab Assembly.

He was re-elected to the Provincial Assembly of Punjab as a candidate of PML-N from Constituency PP-138 (Lahore-II) in Pakistani general election, 2008. He got 19,552 votes and defeated a candidate of Pakistan Peoples Party.

He ran for the seat of the Provincial Assembly of Punjab as an independent candidate Constituency PP-138 (Lahore-II) in Pakistani general election, 2013 but was unsuccessful. He received 12 votes and lost the seat to Ghazali Saleem Butt. In the same election, he also ran for the seat of the National Assembly as an independent candidate from Constituency NA-118 (Lahore-I) but was unsuccessful. He received 16 votes and lost the seat to Muhammad Riaz Malik.

Ashraf was elected to the Senate of Pakistan from Punjab general seat as an independent candidate in by-election held on 1 March 2018. He received 298 votes against a candidate of Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf who secured 38 votes. Ashraf was backed by PML-N which initially nominated him but he had to run in the polls independently after the Election Commission of Pakistan declared his nomination papers cancelled following the disqualification of Nawaz Sharif by the Supreme Court of Pakistan. He took oath as Senator on 12 March 2018.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **honorific-prefix**: Senator
- **name**: Asad Ashraf
- **constituency2**: PP-138 (Lahore-II)
- **term end2**: 2007
- **term start2**: 2002
- **party**: Pakistan Muslim League (N)
- **constituency**: General seat from Punjab, Pakistan, Punjab
- **office**: Member of the Senate of Pakistan
- **term start**: 12 March 2018
- **constituency1**: Constituency PP-138 (Lahore-II), PP-138 (Lahore-II)
- **office1**: Member of the Provincial Assembly of Punjab
- **term end1**: 2013
- **term start1**: 2008
- **birth place**: Lahore
- **nationality**: Pakistani