juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa

***Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa*** (also called ***Madagascar 2: Escape to Africa*** or simply known as ***Madagascar 2***)  is a 2008 computer-animated adventure comedy movie and the sequel to the _first movie_ about the same characters. It is directed by Eric Darnell and written by Thomas "Tom" McGrath. It stars the voices of Ben Stiller, Chris Rock, Jada Pinkett Smith, David Schwimmer, Sacha Baron Cohen, Cedric the Entertainer and Andy Richter. Also providing voices are Alec Baldwin, will.i.am, Bernie Mac and Sherri Shepherd. It was made by DreamWorks Animation and was released in 2008.

In the movie, the New York Zoo animals, Alex the Lion, Marty the Zebra, Melman the Giraffe and Gloria the Hippo, still stranded on Madagascar, started to leave the island. All of the sudden, they landed in the wilderness of Africa. There, Alex soon meets the rest of his family and starting to have trouble communicating with them after much of his time at the Central Park Zoo. It was followed by _Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted_.

## Cast

- Ben Stiller as Alex
- Chris Rock as Marty and other zebras
- David Schwimmer as Melman
- Jada Pinkett Smith as Gloria
- Sacha Baron Cohen as King Julien XIII
- Cedric the Entertainer as Maurice
- Andy Richter as Mort
- Elisa Gabrielli as Nana
- Bernie Mac as Zuba
- Alec Baldwin as Makunga
- Sherri Shepherd as Florrie (credited as "Mom")
- will.i.am as Moto Moto
- Tom McGrath as Skipper
- Chris Miller as Kowalski
- Christopher Knights as Private
- John DiMaggio as Rico
- Conrad Vernon as Mason

## Video games

Same as previously movie, Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa has also adaptaion into video games. Release in platforms PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, Nintendo Wii, Xbox 360, Nintendo DS, and also Microsoft Windows.

## Other websites

- Official website
- _Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa_  on the DreamWorks Animation website
- Official video game website
- _Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa_ (PS3)  at IGN

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa
- **image**: Madagascar Escape 2 Africa logo.png
- **caption**: Promotional movie poster
- **director**: Eric Darnell
Thomas "Tom" McGrath (animator), Tom McGrath
- **producer**: Mireille Soria
Mark Swift
- **writer**: Eric Darnell
Tom McGrath
- **starring**: Ben Stiller
Chris Rock
Jada Pinkett Smith
David Schwimmer
Sacha Baron Cohen
Cedric the Entertainer
Andy Richter
Bernie Mac
Sherri Shepherd
Alec Baldwin
will.i.am
- **music**: Hans Zimmer
will.i.am
- **editing**: Mark A. Hester
- **distributor**: DreamWorks
Universal Pictures
- **released**: November 7, 2008
- **runtime**: 89 minutes
- **country**: United States
Canada
- **language**: English
- **budget**: United States dollar, $150 million
- **gross**: $594,728,447
Wake Up Call

**Wake Up Call** could mean:
- Wake Up Call (CNBC) – business news television series on CNBC.
- The Wake Up Call (The West Wing) – _The West Wing_ episode.
- Wake Up Call (The 4400 episode) – _The 4400_ episode.
- _Wake Up Call (song)_ - a song from Maroon 5's second album, _It Won't Be Soon Before Long_.
- _Wake Up Call (Hayden Panettiere song)_ - a song from Hayden Panettiere's debut album.
- _Wake-Up Call (album)_ – the album from Christian rock band, Petra.
- Wake-up call (service) – original meaning, telephone type wake up calls.
- Wakeup Call – the WBAI radio program.
- Wake Up Call (band) - an alt/rock band based out of Omaha, Nebraska
Convention People's Party

The **Convention People's Party (CPP)** is a political party in Ghana. It was started by Kwame Nkrumah in 1949. It was formed as a split from the United Gold Coast Convention, which, before the forming of the CPP, Nkrumah became general secretary of in 1947. Nkrumah split from the UGCC because Nkrumah did not agree with the UGCC's beliefs and ways. The party continues to exist today.

## Other websites

- Information on the party
Violet Baudelaire

**Violet Baudelaire** is a fictional character in the popular children's book series _A Series of Unfortunate Events_ by Lemony Snicket. Violet is the oldest of the Baudelaire orphans. Her younger siblings are her brother Klaus and her sister Sunny. She is an inventor using what ever she can to make items to help escape Count Olaf.She puts her hair up when she is inventing to help keep it out of her face and focus. Violet is 14 in the beginning of the series and turns 15 in The Grimm grotto.Violet has long, dark brown hair, and though her eye color is never revealed in the books, it is suggested that her eyes are a different color from Klaus's. In the 2004 movie she is played by Emily Browning. In the TV series made in 2017-2018 she is played by Malina Weissman.
Sunny Baudelaire

**Sunny Baudelaire** is one of the main characters from Lemony Snicket's series of books, _A Series of Unfortunate Events_. In the film she is portrayed by Kara and Shelby Hoffman.

She is the youngest of the Baudelaire orphans. Her two elder siblings are Violet and Klaus Baudelaire. She is described as being an infant throughout much of the series, and as a young (albeit advanced) child toward the end. Sunny cannot talk quite as well as the others because she's only a baby, but the baby noises that she makes are often very well translated into common English words by her older siblings. As the series progresses, her speech begins to grow and by the end of the series she is speaking in full sentences. Sunny's favorite book is _From Molars to Incisors: A Pictorial History of the Tooth_, and she hates limp food. Her love of biting is not as common late in the series, though, when she develops a love of cooking.
Klaus Baudelaire

**Klaus Baudelaire** is a fictional character in the popular children's book series, _A Series of Unfortunate Events_ by Lemony Snicket. His first name is possibly derived from Claus von Bülow.

Klaus is the middle child of the Baudelaire orphans; he has an older sister named Violet and a younger sister named Sunny. He is eleven years old at the beginning of the series, and turns twelve in The Reptile Room and turns thirteen in _The Vile Village_. He is fourteen by the end of the series.
Chris Paul

**Christopher Emmanuel Paul** (born May 6, 1985) is a professional basketball player who currently plays point guard for the San Antonio Spurs of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He has also played for the New Orleans Hornets, Los Angeles Clippers, Houston Rockets, Oklahoma City Thunder, Golden State Warriors and Phoenix Suns. His nickname is **CP3**. In 2008, Paul won an Olympic gold medal as part of the United States basketball team.

Paul played college basketball at Wake Forest University.

## References

**Notes**

## Infobox (basketball biography)

- **name**: Chris Paul
- **image**: Chris Paul (2022 All-Star Weekend) (cropped).jpg
- **width**: 275
- **caption**: Paul warming up before the 2022 NBA All-Star Game
- **position**: Point guard
- **height**: 185 cm
- **weight**: 79 kg
- **league**: National Basketball Association, NBA
- **team**: San Antonio Spurs
- **number**: 3
- **birth place**: Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
- **high school**: West Forsyth High School (North Carolina), West Forsyth
(Clemmons, North Carolina)
- **college**: Wake Forest Demon Deacons men's basketball, Wake Forest (2003–2005)
- **draft year**: 2005
- **draft round**: 1
- **draft pick**: 4
- **draft team**: New Orleans Hornets
- **career start**: 2005
- **years1**: –
- **team1**: New Orleans Hornets
- **years2**: –
- **team2**: Los Angeles Clippers
- **years3**: –
- **team3**: Houston Rockets
- **team4**: Oklahoma City Thunder
- **years5**: –
- **team5**: Phoenix Suns
- **team6**: Golden State Warriors
- **years6**: –present
- **highlights**: * 11× NBA All-Star (–, , )
* NBA All-Star Game Most Valuable Player Award, NBA All-Star Game MVP (2013 NBA All-Star Game, 2013)
* 4× All-NBA First Team (, –)
* 5× All-NBA Second Team (, , , , )
* All-NBA Third Team ()
* 7× NBA All-Defensive First Team (, –)
* 2× NBA All-Defensive Second Team (, )
* NBA Rookie of the Year Award, NBA Rookie of the Year ()
* NBA All-Rookie First Team ()
* 4× List of National Basketball Association annual assists leaders, NBA assists leader (, , , )
* 6× List of National Basketball Association annual steals leaders, NBA steals leader (, , –)
* NBA 75th Anniversary Team
* Consensus first-team NCAA Men's Basketball All-Americans, All-American (2005 NCAA Men's Basketball All-Americans, 2005)
* First-team List of All-Atlantic Coast Conference men's basketball teams, All-ACC (2005)
* Third-team All-ACC (2004)
* Atlantic Coast Conference Men's Basketball Rookie of the Year, ACC Rookie of the Year (2004)
* No. 3 Wake Forest Demon Deacons men's basketball#Retired numbers, retired by Wake Forest Demon Deacons
* USA Basketball Male Athlete of the Year (2004)
* First-team Parade All-America Boys Basketball Team, _Parade_ All-American (2003)
* McDonald's All-American Game, McDonald's All-American (2003 McDonald's All-American Boys Game, 2003)
* North Carolina Mr. Basketball (2003)
- **profile**: chris_paul
- **bbr**: paulch01
United States men's national basketball team

The **USA Basketball Men's National Team**, commonly known as the **United States men's national basketball team**, is the most successful team in international competition, winning medals in all nineteen Olympic tournaments that it has entered, including sixteen golds. The team won Olympic gold medals in the professional time in 1992, 1996, 2000, 2008, 2012, 2016, and 2020.

## 1992 Men's Basketball Team (Barcelona) - _The Dream Team_

In 1989, FIBA, international basketball's governing body, allowed professional NBA players to participate in the Olympics for the first time. Before the 1992 Summer Olympics, only European and South American professionals were allowed to play in the Olympics.

<Big>**1992 roster**</Big>
- Charles Barkley of the Phoenix Suns
- Larry Bird of the Boston Celtics
- Clyde Drexler of the Portland Trail Blazers
- Patrick Ewing of the New York Knicks
- Earvin "Magic" Johnson of the Los Angeles Lakers and the 1995–96 season)
- Michael Jordan of the Chicago Bulls
- Christian Laettner of Duke University
- Karl Malone of the Utah Jazz
- Chris Mullin of the Golden State Warriors
- Scottie Pippen of the Chicago Bulls
- David Robinson of the San Antonio Spurs
- John Stockton of the Utah Jazz
- Coach: Chuck Daly of the Detroit Pistons
- Assistant Coach: Mike Krzyzewski
- Assistant Coach: Lenny Wilkens
- Assistant Coach: P.J. Carlesimo

## 2008 Olympics Roster - _The Redeem Team_

The official 12-man roster:

|}
| valign="top" |
- Head coach
- Assistant coach(es)
- Team Physician
- Athletic Trainer
---

- Legend:
- **(C)** Team captain
- **from** field describes last
pro club before the tournament
|}

## Olympic medal record

- 1936: 1st
- 1948: 1st
- 1952: 1st
- 1956: 1st
- 1960: 1st
- 1964: 1st
- 1968: 1st
- 1972: 2nd  (refused, never awarded)
- 1976: 1st
- 1980: did not participate (1980 Summer Olympics boycott)
- 1984: 1st
- 1988: 3rd
- 1992: 1st  1989 rule change by FIBA allowed USA Basketball to field teams with professional players
- 1996: 1st
- 2000: 1st
- 2004: 3rd
- 2008: 1st
- 2012: 1st
- 2016: 1st
- 2020: 1st

## FIBA World Cup record

- 1950: 2nd
- 1954: **Champion**
- 1959: 2nd
- 1963: 4th
- 1967: 4th
- 1970: 5th
- 1974: 3rd
- 1978: 5th
- 1982: 2nd
- 1986: **Champion**
- 1990: 3rd
- 1994: **Champion**
- 1998: 3rd
- 2002: 6th
- 2006: 3rd
- 2010: **Champion**
- 2014: **Champion**
- 2019: 7th

## Related pages

- USA Basketball
- Basketball
- National Basketball Association
- Basketball Hall of Fame
- Basketball in the United States
- United States women's national basketball team
Nastia Liukin

**Anastasia Valeri'yevna "Nastia" Liukina** (simply credited as Nastia Liukin, born 1989, Moscow, Russia, USSR) is a Russian born American artistic gymnast. She is daughter of Anna Kotchneva, former rhythmic gymnast and Valeri Liukin, a former artistic gymnast. He is also her coach. The family moved to America when Nastia was a baby. She trains in Texas. Liukin won the all-around Olympic gold medal in the Beijing 2008 Summer Olympics. She is fluent in both Russian and American English.

## Infobox (gymnast)

- **gymnastname**: Nastia Liukin
- **image**: Nastia Liukin.jpg
- **caption**: Liukin on the medal podium at the 2008 U.S. National Championships.
- **fullname**: Anastasia Valeryevna Liukin
- **nickname**: Nastia
- **birthplace**: Moscow, Russian SFSR, USSR
- **hometown**: Parker, Texas, Parker, Texas, USA
- **discipline**: Women's Artistic Gymnastics
- **level**: Senior International
- **natlteam**: 6 (2002-2008)
- **gym**: World Olympic Gymnastics Academy
- **headcoach**: Valeri Liukin
- **assistcoach**: Natalya Marakova
- **music**: Dark Eyes (song), Dark Eyes by Arthur Akopyan
Shawn Johnson

**Shawn Machel Johnson East** (born January 19, 1992)  is an American artistic gymnast. She is the 2008 Olympic women's balance beam gold medalist.

Johnson East is the daughter of Doug and Teri Johnson. Her parents put her in a gymnastics class after they saw her climbing up cabinets and jumping down from tables. When she was six, Liang Chow opened a gymnastics school in her city. She was one of Chow's first students when he opened the school.

## Infobox (gymnast)

- **gymnastname**: Shawn Johnson East
- **image**: Shawn Johnson.jpg
- **caption**: Shawn Johnson on top of the all-around podium at the 2008 U.S. National Championships.
- **fullname**: Shawn Machel Johnson East
- **country**: United States
- **birthplace**: West Des Moines, Iowa, West Des Moines, Iowa, USA
- **height**: 4 ft 9 in
- **discipline**: Women's Artistic Gymnastics
- **level**: Senior International Elite
- **natlteam**: 2004 –
- **club**: Liang Chow, Chow's Gymnastics and Dance Institute
- **headcoach**: Liang Chow
- **assistcoach**: Liwen Zhuang
- **music**: August's Rhapsody <small>from August Rush</small>
Neuschwanstein Castle

**Neuschwanstein Castle** (, , Southern Bavarian: _Schloss Neischwanstoa_), which translates as New Swan Stone Castle, is a Romanesque palace that was made in the 19th century by King Ludwig II of Bavaria. The palace is in Bavaria in southern Germany. It is one of the most famous sites among tourists.

## Infobox (building)

- **name**: Neuschwanstein Castle
- **image**: Castle_Neuschwanstein.jpg
- **caption**: Neuschwanstein Castle in July 2013
- **location**: Hohenschwangau, Germany
- **mapframe**: yes
- **map type**: Germany#Bavaria
- **map caption**: Location within Germany##Location within Bavaria
- **owner**: Bavarian Administration of State-Owned Palaces, Gardens and Lakes, Bavarian Palace Department
- **construction start date**: 5 September 1869
- **completion date**: c. 1886 (opened)
- **style**: Romanesque Revival
- **architect**: Eduard Riedel
- **other designers**: Ludwig II of Bavaria, Ludwig II, Christian Jank
- **civil engineer**: Eduard Riedel, Georg von Dollmann, Julius Hofmann
Paul Kelly (musician)

**Paul Maurice Kelly** (born 13 January 1955 in Adelaide, South Australia) is an Australian rock music singer-songwriter, guitarist and harmonica player. Kelly has led many groups including **Paul Kelly and the Dots**, **Paul Kelly and the Coloured Girls** and **Paul Kelly and the Messengers**. Kelly is one of Australia's most well-known singer-songwriters. His importance was recognised in 1997 when he was added to the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) Hall of Fame.

## Works

Kelly writes and plays in many music styles, from bluegrass to reggae.  His main styles are folk, rock, and country. Kelly's Top 40 singles on the National charts were his 1980s songs "Billy Baxter", "Before Too Long", "Darling it Hurts", "To Her Door", "Dumb Things", and his 2000 single "Roll on Summer". "To Her Door", written by Kelly, was his best local hit. It got to Number 14 on the Australian singles charts in 1987. "Dumb Things" got to Number 16 on the US _Billboard_ Modern Rock chart in 1988. He has also had success with his albums with Top 20 hits on the National charts for _Gossip_, _Under The Sun_ and _So Much Water So Close To Home_ from the 1980s; _Comedy_, _Wanted Man_, _Songs from the South: Paul Kelly's Greatest Hits_ and _Words and Music_ from the 1990s; and _Nothing But A Dream_, _Ways & Means_ and _Stolen Apples_ from the 2000s. The compilation album _Songs from the South_ got to Number 2 in 1997. His highest charting studio album was _Nothing But A Dream_ which got to Number 7 in 2001.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Paul Kelly
- **img**: Paul Kelly 2007.jpg
- **img capt**: Paul Kelly in 2007
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Paul Maurice Kelly
- **origin**: Adelaide, Australia
- **instrument**: singer, vocals, guitar, harmonica
- **genre**: Acoustic music, Acoustic, Folk rock, Australian rock
- **occupation**: Musician
- **years active**: 1974–current
- **label**: Mushroom Records
A&M Records
EMI Music, EMI Records
Capitol Records
- **associated acts**: Paul Kelly and the Dots
Paul Kelly and the Coloured Girls
Paul Kelly and the Messengers
Paul Kelly and the Stormwater Boys
Stardust Five
Professor Ratbaggy
- **url**: [http://www.paulkelly.com.au Official website]
Prevalence

**Prevalence** is a measure from the statistics of epidemiology. The prevalence of a disease in a certain population tries to answer the question of how common the disease is. A simple way to do this is to see how many members of the population have the disease, and divide by the total number of people in the population.
Apologetic proverb

**Apologetic proverbs** (also known as **Wellerisms**), make fun of proverbs by showing that they are wrong, in some situations.

They have :
- a proverb  (or saying ), and
- an  explanation (often humorous ).

They often have sardonic humor.

## Examples

- A body can get used to anything, even to being hanged, as the Irishman said. (Lucy Maud Montgomery--_Anne of Green Gables_)
Ozone

**Ozone**, or **trioxygen**, is a chemical with the symbol **O<sub>3</sub>**. This means one molecule of ozone is made of three oxygen atoms. Ozone is rarely called _trioxygen_, even though this is its IUPAC systematic name.  Ozone is formed from oxygen gas (O<sub>2</sub>) by the action of ultraviolet light and also atmospheric electrical discharges. It is present in low concentrations throughout the Earth's atmosphere. In total, ozone makes up only 0.6 ppm (parts per million) of the atmosphere by volume.

Ozone is important to life on planet Earth. There is a portion of the stratosphere with a high concentration of ozone, called the ozone layer. The ozone layer is 10 to 50 kilometers above the ground. It filters out damaging ultraviolet radiation from the Sun, like a kind of sun screen. Without this ozone layer things would not have been able to live on the surface of our planet. The ozone layer also absorbs a lot of heat from the sun's rays.

However, ozone is toxic to animals and plants above concentrations of about 0.1 ppm. In humans, it can cause nasal and throat irritation, and nausea. Extended exposure can cause lung oedema. 0.100 ppm is the maximum allowable limit for industrial, public, or occupied spaces in England, Japan, France, the Netherlands and Germany.

The ozone near the ground forms because of pollution. It is formed by a chemical reaction between volatile organic compounds and nitrogen oxides. These molecules are common pollutants in cities. Ozone at ground level creates smog.

## References

**Notes**
Muhammad Hashim Gazdar

**Muhammad Hashim Gazdar** () was a prominent politician of Pakistan. He was mayor of Karachi and a former member of the Bombay Legislative Council from Sindh constituency.

## Early life

He was originally from Rajputana and led the Marwari group in Karachi politics. He was born in 1895 in Jaisalmer (present day India). His ancestral roots linked to Rajput Clans of Rajisthan from where his father immigrated and settled in Karachi after the Sindh was amalgamated in British empire since 1843. He completed his intermediate from Sindh Madressah-tul-Islam, Karachi in 1911. Later, he went to Maharashtar to study engineering in Pune. Later he shifted to Bombay where he joined the project to uplift the lower caste in Bombay but after it was unsuccessful,  he resigned along with a number of others from the project.

## Political life

After he retired from the project, he returned to Karachi and worked as an engineer at the then District Local Board, Karachi. However, he later resigned from the job due to differences on policy matter with G. M. Syed, who was then the president of the Board.

Later, he joined politics and was elected a member of the Bombay Legislative Council from the constituency of Sindh in the 1934 election. Meanwhile he remained active in politics through the platform of the Sindh Ittehad party. He was also elected Mayor of the Municipality of Karachi for the term from May 1941 to May 1942. Afterwards, he joined Jinnah's All India Muslim League; that was launching a movement for establishment of an independent state for Muslim population of India within the sub-continent (which emerged as Pakistan later). Quaid e Azam led this movement and Hashim Gazdar was a friend of Muhammed Ali Jinnah on the platform of All India Muslim League to achieve the goal of a separate Muslim state. During this course, he was again elected a member of Legislative Assembly from Sindh; and remained the Deputy Speaker thereof.

Muhammed Hashim Gazdar was among the people who represented Sindh in the first session of Pakistan's initiating Constituent Assembly that was convened four days prior to the emergence of Pakistan, i.e. 10 August 1947 at Sindh Assembly Building, Karachi. Other members to represent Sindh were Muhammed Ayub Khoro, J. Ram Das Doulat Ram, and Pirzada Abdul Sattar Abdul Rehman.

As a former politician, the role played by Hashim Gazdar during the pre-partition and post partition era is highly acknowledged. Being an honest legislator, a veteran Muslim League politician, his role was significant as an ideological prominent figure on the scenario of Pakistan politics since its genesis. Being a commendable parliamentarian, he is highly appreciable with a view to transiting politics to the new stream in accordance with the changing necessities of times.

He died in 1966 and is buried in Muslim Marwari Graveyard Mewashah, Karachi.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Muhammad Hashim Gazdar
- **image**: Muhammad Hashim Gazdar.jpg
- **birth date**: 1895
- **birth place**: Jaisalmer, British India
- **death date**: 1966
Jaisalmer

**Jaisalmer**, nicknamed "The Golden City", is a town in the Indian state of Rajasthan. The town is located on a ridge of yellowish sandstone which contains a palace and temples. It lies in the middle of the Thar Desert and has a population of about 78,000. It is the capital of Jaisalmer District. The city is named after Rawal Jaisal.

## Notable people

- Queen Harish, folk dancer
- Malika Jahan, Jaisalmer princess, and wife of Mughal emperor Jahangir
Treaty of Lahore

The **Treaty of Lahore** was signed on 9 March 1846 after the First Sikh War. After the defeat of the Sikhs at the Battle of Sobraon the British were able to march into Lahore without any further battles. After the British reached the city of Lahore the treaty was signed.

The Sikhs (who had been defeated) were forced to sign the treaty with the British. As part of the treaty the Sikhs, agreed to handover Kashmir and Hazara and Jalandhar Doab to the British. The treaty also resulted in the famous Koh-i-Noor diamond falling into British hands.

Gulab Singh, an Indian prince, negotiated between the British and the Sikhs over how the Sikhs would surrender. As well as handing over land to the British, the Sikhs had to allow a British Resident and a British army contingent at Lahore and troops in other cities.

Also, under the treaty, the Sikhs had to pay 1.2 million pounds to the British. As they were unable to pay Gulab Singh was able to take Kashmir from the Punjab government by paying 750,000 pounds to the East India Company. The Sikhs were also forced to give up the territory between the Satluj and the Beas rivers to the British. The Sikh army was also reduced. Maharaja Duleep Singh was recognised as the new ruler of Punjab. The new rulers were forbidden to employ any European without the permission of the British.

## Related pages

- Treaty of Amritsar
Treaty of Amritsar (1846)

The **Treaty of Amritsar** was signed on March 16, 1846 to settle a dispute over territory in Kashmir after the First Sikh War with the United Kingdom.  The treaty was signed in the city of Amritsar.  As part of the treaty land was given to Maharaja Gulab Singh Dogra. Gulab Singh was then able to rule over the lands to the west of the Ravi River including Chamba. Gulab Singh paid money to the British Government to get this land. The Treaty of Amritsar marked the beginning of Dogra rule in Kashmir, which was to end in 1948 after India got independence from Britishers.

## Related pages

- Treaty of Lahore
Amritsar

**Amritsar** (, meaning: _The Lake of Immortality_,) is the capital of the Amritsar District in the state of Punjab, India. According to the 2001 Indian census, over 1,500,000 people lived in the city.

Amritsar is in the state of Punjab, India, 32 km east of Lahore, Pakistan. The Harimandir Sahib, also known as the Golden Temple, is there. The temple is the centre of the Sikh religion.

## History

In the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre of 1919 under British Rule a large number of protestors were shot at and killed by British troops.  The city is also famous for Operation Bluestar, a military operation carried out by India in 1984 that was ordered by the Prime Minister of India of the time, Indira Gandhi.  Many Sikhs were angered, as the holy Golden Temple of the Sikhs was damaged by the Indian Army.
Amritsar district

**Amritsar district** (Panjabi:ਅੰਮ੍ਰਿਤਸਰ ਜਿਲ੍ਹਾ) is one of the 26 districts in the state of Punjab in  West India. It has a population over 3,000,000  and covers an area of 5075 km². The city of Amritsar is headquarters of this district.

## History

During British Rule Amritsar was part of Lahore Division and was subdivided into 3 tehsils, there were - Amritsar taluka, Tarn Taran taluka and Ajnala taluka. However, as part of the partition of India in 1947 Amritsar district was separated from the rest of the division and given to India. During the partition period, the Muslim population of the district, some 46%, left for Pakistan while Hindus and Sikhs from Pakistan settled in the district.

As the British said, regarding Sikh Jats of Manjha (Majha), Jat Sikh is strong, tall, and muscular, with well shaped limbs, erect carriage, and strongly marked and handsome features. They are good cultivators and make fine soldiers.

The Muhammadan Jats are poor cultivators. And to mention that Muhammadan Jats were mainly numerous in the Ajnala Riverside area only.

## Jat population of Amritsar District year 1891 census

- Jat Sikh 174,448 (72%) now Tarn Taran district,  Amritsar areas

- Jat Muslim 50,424 (21%) mainly Ajnala Riverside area.

- Jat Hindu 15,863 (7%) along side Batala Amritsar borders.

- Total Jat population 240,735

## References

https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.105589/mode/1up
Lahore Division

**Lahore Division** () was a former division of the Punjab Province of Pakistan. In 2000 the government of Pakistan ended divisions.

## History

Lahore Division was also an administrative division of Punjab Province of British India. It extended along the right bank of the Sutlej River from the Himalaya to Multan, and was made up of the six districts of Sialkot, Gujranwala, Montgomery, Lahore, Amritsar, and Gurdaspur. With the Partition of British India into the independent states of India and Pakistan in 1947, Lahore Division was divided among the two countries.
Divisions of Pakistan

Pakistan, including the disputed territory of Kashmir, originally had 37 political divisions during the United Pakistan period, that was inherited by British India, then from 1971-2000 it was reduced to 33 since four were lost to the independence of Bangladesh''

The **Divisions of Pakistan** () used to be a subdivision of Pakistan's provinces. Pakistan's four provinces were split into divisions and the divisions were split into districts. However after the year 2000, the government of Pakistan abolished divisions.

## Abolition

In August 2000, local government reforms abolished the "Division" as an administrative tier and introduced a system of local government councils, with the first elections held in 2001. Following that there was radical restructuring of the local government system to implement "the principle of subsidiarity, whereby all functions that can be effectively performed at the local level are transferred to that level". This meant devolution of many functions, to districts and tehsils, which were previously handled at the provincial and divisional levels. At abolition, there were twenty-six divisions in Pakistan proper - five in Sindh, six in Balochistan, seven in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa and eight in Punjab. Abolition did not affect the two divisions of Azad Kashmir, which form the second tier of government.
Former subdivisions of Pakistan

The **former subdivisions of Pakistan** are states, provinces and territories of Pakistan. Most of which existed between 1947 and 1975.

## History

Pakistan's subdivisions originate from those of British India, during their rule the British had established provinces and chief commissioners. After 1947 Pakistan and India became independent when British India was divided.

From 1947 to 1971, Pakistan was split into two areas (East and West Pakistan) that were 1600 kilometres apart separated by India in the middle. The eastern wing had one province - East Bengal which included the Sylhet District from the former Indian province of Assam, and also the former district of East Pakistan province. The western wing was formed from three Governor's provinces (North-West Frontier Province, West Punjab and Sind (historical), one Chief Commissioner's Province (Baluchistan), several Princely states and parts of occupied Kashmir.

## Related pages

- History of Pakistan

## Other websites

- Government of Pakistan
Kalat Division

**Kalat Division** () originally it was called Baluchistan States Union, until the merger with West Pakistan in 1955 and was also an administrative division of the Balochistan Province of Pakistan, until the reforms of 2000 abolished it.
Makran Division

**Makran Division** () was an administrative division of the Balochistan Province of Pakistan, until the reforms of 2000 abolished it.

## Related pages

- Makran
Nasirabad Division

**Nasirabad Division** () was an administrative division of the Balochistan Province of Pakistan, until the reforms of 2000 abolished it. The capital was Nasirabad town.
BD

**BD** can mean:

- Baud (Bd), the symbol per second
- Blu-ray Disc
- Bangladesh (ISO 3166 code: BD), a country
Makran

**Makran** is a partly-desert coastal strip in the south of Balochistan, in Iran and Pakistan. It is along the coast of the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman.

The narrow coastal plain rises very rapidly into several mountain ranges. The climate is very dry with very little rainfall.

## History

Makran also Mekran and Mokrān was a vast area from Strait of Hormuz to the Indus River. The name Makrān has found a popular etymology in Persian phrase māhi-ḵᵛorān “fish eaters” (mahi = fish + khor = eat), but more probable is a connection with the name Magan, or Maka of the Old Persian. Until the early Islamic period, Makrān must have been within the sphere of Elamo-Dravidian or Brahui culture and language.

On his way homewards from the Far East in 1290, Marco Polo (II, pp. 334-35) sailed along the Makrān coast, calling it KisMacoran (i.e. Tiz Makrān), considering it as independent and attributing to it a ruler of its own. In the early 14th century, Ibn Battuta (II, pp. 341-2) records that, after the death of the Il-Khanid sultan (i.e. after 1335), a certain Malek Dinār took power in Makrān. It was during these centuries that Makrān was colonized by Baluch nomads moving southeastwards from Persia, so that it is today mostly Baluch-speaking. The boundary between Persian Makrān and that part coming within the British Indian province of Baluchistan (the easternmost part forming the Native State of Las Bela) and after 1947 within Pakistan, was demarcated by an Anglo-Persian Boundary Commission in 1870-72.
Geography of Iran

The **Geography of Iran** contains mountains, rivers as well as plain land. Iran is a country of Southwest Asia, it borders the Gulf of Oman, the Persian Gulf, and the Caspian Sea, between Iraq and Pakistan. Iran is one of the world's most mountainous countries.

Iran has an area of 1,648,000 square kilometres and is the sixteenth largest in size. Iran is bordered to the north by Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Turkmenistan. The border with these countries are more than 2,000 kilometres long and includes nearly 650 kilometres of water along the southern shore of the Caspian Sea.

Iran's western borders are with Turkey in the north and Iraq in the south, ending at the Shatt al Arab (which Iranians call the Arvand Rud). The Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman littorals form the southern border (1,770 kilometres). To the east lie Afghanistan on the north and Pakistan on the south. The distance from the Iran's border with Azerbaijan in the north-west to the border with Pakistan in the south-east is about 2,333 kilometres.

## Other websites

- Iran in Maps - BBC (population, land, infrastructure)
- "Persia (Iran), Afghanistan and Baluchistan" is an old map from 1897 of Persia, also known as Iran
Subsidiarity

**Subsidiarity** is an idea that things should be handled by the smallest, lowest or least centralised authority.

The idea is that the top authority should only do things which cannot be properly done at a lower or local level. It applies to many areas of life.
Theistic Satanism

**Theistic Satanism** is the belief that Satan is a god or force, and the worship of him. It is a kind of Satanism. It is different from **Atheistic Satanism**, which sees Satan only as a symbol.

Theistic Satanists do not all believe the same things. Many have their own ideas. They disagree with Anton LaVey, who said that Satan is only a symbol.  Both kinds of Satanists may believe in magic and use rituals. But Theistic Satanists also believe that Satan is real and pray to him. Some say people in the past worshipped Satan in the same way, such as **La Voisin**, a French witch. Some even say they learned Satanism from their family.

## History

In history, many people were called Satanists when they only had unusual beliefs. Because of this, it is hard to know if people really worshipped Satan. Paul Tuitean says that the idea of "reverse Christianity" was invented by the Inquisition. George Bataille, however, says that a Black Mass may have existed before the witch trials.

The poet **John Milton** was not a Theistic Satanist. But his poem _Paradise Lost_ inspired many people who later admired Satan. The poet **William Blake** said that Milton was "of the Devil’s party without knowing it."

**** says that writers like Milton, Dante, Marlowe, and Goethe created the modern idea of Satan. He argues that these writers had a special "Luciferian vision" and a "diabolical consciousness" that shaped their works.

## Related pages

- Satanism
- Devil
- Left Hand Path
- Magic
- Folk religion

## Further reading

- Ellis, Bill, _Raising the Devil: Satanism, New Religions and the Media_ (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2000).
- Hertenstein, Mike; Jon Trott, _Selling Satan: The Evangelical Media and the Mike Warnke Scandal_ (Chicago: Cornerstone, 1993).
- Brown, Seth "Think you're the only one?" (Barnes & Noble Books 2004)
- Medway, Gareth J., _The Lure of the Sinister: The Unnatural History of Satanism_ (New York and London: New York University Press, 2001).
- , _: A Study in Medieval Superstition_ (English translation of 1862 French work).
- Palermo, George B.; Michele C. Del Re: _Satanism: Psychiatric and Legal Views_ (American Series in Behavioral Science and Law) . Charles C Thomas Pub Ltd (November 1999)
- , __ (1871)
- Richardson, James T.; Joel Best; , _The Satanism Scare_ (New York: Aldine de Gruyter, 1991).
- Vera, Diane, _Theistic Satanism : The new Satanisms of the era of the Internet_
- Translated from the German 'Satanskult und Schwarze Messe' by Christine Trollope.

## Other websites

- Articles and essays about Theistic Satanism  from about.com
- Theistic Satanism and Left Hand Path oriented links
- Open Directory Project: Satanism Organizations
- Sinagogue of Satan
Automatix (software)

**Automatix** was a computer program to install software on Ubuntu in an easy way.

Automatix allowed the menu-driven installation of 56 different “capabilities”, including commercial closed source programs such as the Flash plugin, Acrobat Reader, multimedia codecs (DivX, MP3, Windows Media Audio) and fonts, and programming compilers.

Ultamatix was a fork of automatix.

## Infobox (software)

- **name**: Automatix2
- **screenshot**: Automatix screenshot.png
- **caption**: Screen shot of the Automatix program on Ubuntu 6.10 Edgy
- **developer**: Automatix Team
- **latest release version**: 1.2
- **operating system**: Debian, MEPIS, Ubuntu (operating system), ubuntu
- **platform**: Linux
- **status**: discontinued
British Indian Army

The **British Indian Army**, officially called simply the **Indian Army** (**IA**), was the army in British India during British rule (1858–1947). The Indian Army served as a security force in India itself and fought in battles overseas, particularly during the two World Wars.

The term "Indian Army" was used to describe the presidency armies, especially after the Indian Mutiny. However, the first army officially called the "Indian Army" was raised by the government of India in 1895. In 1903 the Indian Army absorbed the three presidency armies (the Bengal Army, the Madras Army and the Bombay Army).

Between 1903 and 1947  the **Army of India** consisted of two separate parts: the Indian Army and the British Army in India. The first consisted of Indian Army regiments from India, while the second were British Army regiments from the United Kingdom which were sent to India.

The Army of India defeated the Ottoman Empire and conquered Iraq in the Mesopotamian Campaign of World War I.

## Organization

The Indian Army was formed after the Indian Rebellion of 1857 when the government of Britain took over rule from the British East India Company. Before that the company had their own army units, paid for by their profits and these joined with British Army units.

The army of the British East India Company recruited mostly Muslims in the Bengal Presidency (which consisted of Bengal, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh), and high caste Hindus mainly from the rural plains of Oudh. These troops rebelled against the British in 1857.

After the rebellion, the British started recruiting what the British called the "martial races," particularly Punjabi Muslims, Marathas, Rajputs, Sikhs, Gurkhas, Pashtuns, Garhwalis, Mohyals, and Dogras.

### After World War II

After World War II, the British formations and units that had been part of the British Army of India were divided between India and Pakistan.

Soon after the Partition of India, both the newly formed armies fought each other in the First Kashmir War from 1947 - '48 which begun the bitter rivalry that has continued into the 21st century.
Presidency armies

The **presidency armies** were the armies of the three presidencies of British India. The presidency armies, like the presidencies themselves, belonged to the East India Company until the Indian Rebellion of 1857, when the British government took over all three presidencies. All three presidency armies were eventually merged to form the Indian Army.

The presidency armies were named after the presidencies:

- The **Bengal Army**
- The **Madras Army**
- The **Bombay Army**

## Before the rebellion

From the mid-18th century, the East India Company began to keep armies at each of its three main stations, or ‘residencies’, in India: Calcutta (Bengal), Madras and Bombay. The Bengal Army, Madras Army and Bombay Army were quite different from one another since they all had their own lists of regiments and of European officers. All three armies had European regiments in which both the officers and the ordinary soldiers were Europeans, as well as a larger number of ‘Native’ regiments in which the officers were Europeans and the ordinary soldiers were Indians.

Also from the mid-18th century, the British government began to send regiments of the regular British Army to India to reinforce the company's armies. The troops are often referred to as ‘H.M.’s Regiments’ or ‘Royal Regiments’.

## After the rebellion

After the Indian rebellion of 1857 and the end of the East India Company, the compamy's European regiments were joined in 1860 with the British Army, but its ‘Native’ regiments were not. The three separate Presidency Armies continued to exist, and their European officers continued to be listed as members of the Bengal, Madras or Bombay Army, rather than of the British Army. However, the presidency armies began to be described as the Indian Army. Also artillery was to be used by only the British Army, not Indian troops.

In the 1890s, the three presidency armies were merged to form the Indian Army.

## Related pages

- Bengal Presidency
- Bombay Presidency
- Madras Presidency
Maharaja

The word **Mahārāja** is Sanskrit for "great king" or "high king". Many languages have borrowed the word 'Maharaja', these languages include Punjabi, Bengali, Hindi and Gujarati. Its use is mainly for important rulers. A female ruler is known as **Maharani** (or **Mahārāni**) which means great queen. She can be the wife of a Maharaja or a ruler herself.

British India contained more than 600 princely states each with its own ruler. Some states called the ruler Thakur (if the ruler were Hindu) or Nawab (if he was Muslim); there were many other titles as well. Many Muslim rulers also had the title of Raja, one of the most famous being the _Raja of Rajouri_ who was a Muslim raja. Originally only rulers of large empires such as the ancient Maurya Empire and Gupta Empire were Maharajas but in later centuries even rulers of small kingdoms used the title. In 1971, the government of Indira Gandhi abolished the titles and money for all Indian rulers. However some people still claim such titles.
Jallianwala Bagh

**Jallianwala Bagh** is a public garden in Amritsar city in Punjab province of India. It has a memorial to remember those people who were killed  in the Massacre of 13 April, 1919. This date was also the Punjabi New Year 2,000 peaceful demonstrators had gathered in the garden.

The memorial is managed by _Jallianwala Bagh National Memorial Trust_, which was established as per _Jallianwala Bagh National Memorial Act_ passed by Government of India in year 1951.

## Related pages

- Jallianwala Bagh massacre

## Other websites

- Text of _Jalliamwala Bagh National Memorial Act_, 1951
The Observer

***The Observer*** is a British newspaper published on Sundays. It is a sister paper to _The Guardian._ First published in 1791, it is the world's oldest newspaper that is published on Sundays.

## History

The first issue was published on 4 December 1791 by W.S. Bourne.

It became part of the Guardian Media Group in June 1993, after a rival bid by _The Independent_ was rejected.
Banjo-Kazooie

***Banjo-Kazooie*** is a video game made by Rare for the Nintendo 64 in 1998. The name of the game comes from the names of the two main characters, a bear called _Banjo_ and an orange bird called _Kazooie_, who lives in Banjo's backpack. The story follows Banjo and Kazooie as they set out on a quest to rescue Banjo's sister, who has been kidnapped by an evil witch named Gruntilda Winkybunion. It was released on the Xbox 360's Xbox Live Arcade service in December 2008.

## Infobox (video game)

- **image**: BanjoK.png
- **developer**: Rare
- **publisher**: Nintendo
- **genre**: Platformer
- **modes**: Single player
- **platforms**: Nintendo 64
Halo Wars

***Halo Wars*** is a real-time strategy video game for the Xbox 360. It was developed by Ensemble Studios. The game was released by Microsoft. It was released in Japan and Australia on February 26, 2009, in Europe on February 27, and in North America on March 3. It is based on the popular, award winning _Halo_ series of video games, and is set in the year 2531, 21 years before the events of _Halo: Combat Evolved_. It's the first _Halo_ game that is not a first person shooter.

## Infobox (vg)

- **title**: Halo Wars
- **developer**: Ensemble Studios
- **publisher**: Microsoft Game Studios
- **series**: _Halo (series), Halo_
- **genre**: Real-time strategy
- **modes**: Single-player, Multiplayer video game, multiplayer, Cooperative gameplay, cooperative
- **platforms**: Xbox 360, Xbox One
Project Gotham Racing (series)

***Project Gotham Racing*** often known as **PGR** is a series of driving video games published by Microsoft for the Xbox and Xbox 360 consoles.

There are four games in the series

- _Project Gotham Racing_
- _Project Gotham Racing 2_
- _Project Gotham Racing 3_
- _Project Gotham Racing 4_
Outwood Academy Bydales

**Outwood Academy Bydales** (previously named **Bydales School**) is a secondary school in Marske-by-the-Sea, England which has about 750 students. A new school building was opened on 2 November 2006. It is rated as 'outstanding' by Ofsted. It is a technology college. The school has a small wind turbine, solar panels and a hydrogen fuel cell.

In 2015, the school changed to academy status and was named Outwood Academy Bydales.

## Other websites

- The school's website
In Love with a Girl (song)

"**In Love with a Girl**" is the #1 single by Gavin DeGraw on the album _Gavin DeGraw_. _In Love with a Girl_ was released February 2008.

## Charts

|Chart (2008)|Peak position||
| --- | --- | --- |
|Belgium (Ultratip Flanders)|align="center"|17|
|Canadian Hot 100|align="center"|32|
|Danish Singles Chart|align="center"|24|
|Italian Download Singles Chart|align="center"|41|
|Japan Hot 100|align="center"|21|
|Netherlands (Single Top 100)|align="center"|40|
|Swiss Singles Chart|align="center"|73|
|US _Billboard_ Hot 100|align="center"|24|
|US _Billboard_ Pop Songs|align="center"|10|
|US _Billboard_ Adult Pop Songs|align="center"|5|

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: In Love with a Girl
- **type**: single
- **artist**: Gavin DeGraw
- **album**: Gavin DeGraw (album), Gavin DeGraw
- **released**: February 12, 2008
- **recorded**: 2007
- **genre**: Pop rock
- **length**: 3:27
- **label**: J Records, J
- **writer**: Gavin DeGraw
- **producer**: * Howard Benson
* Max Martin
- **prev title**: Just Friends
- **prev year**: 2006
- **next title**: She Holds a Key
- **next year**: 2008
Vinje

**Vinje** is a municipality in Norway. It is in the county of Telemark. The administration of this place is done from Åmot.

## Notable people from Vinje

- Terje Håkonsen, snowboarder
- Aslak Brekke, kveder (a type of folk musician)
- Myllarguten, or Targjei Augundsson (1801-1872), Master fiddler / artist
- Odd Nordstoga, popular musician
- Aasmund Olavsson Vinje, author
- Tarjei Vesaas, author
- Dyre Vaa, sculptor. Sculptures by him are found in Oslo and Vinje.
- Aslaug Vaa, author

### Places of interest

Vinje is the home of folk musician Myllarguten. His home there is now a small museum. A  monument of Myllarguten is located near Kosi. Myllarguten was a 19th-century musician. He who played for kings and inspired Edvard Grieg.

## History

Vinje was established in 1838 as a municipality. It is on the Hardangervidda and on the Setesdalsheiane Mountains plateaus.

Arabygdi lies in the western part of Rauland. It is on Lake Totak. The largest stone scree in Northern Europe, is Urdbøuri. The scree has huge boulders lying on the floor of the valley.

## The name

The municipality Vinje (originally the parish) is named after the old farm Vinje (Norse _Vinjar_), since the first church was built here. The name is the plural form of _vin_ f 'meadow, pasture'.

## Other information

The mayor, Jon Rikard Kleven, is elected until late 2027.

## Related pages

- Vest-Telemark
- Setesdal
- List of mayors in Norway that are elected until 2027