juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Apocatastasis

**Apocatastasis**, which can be translated as _universal restoration_ is a concept that can be found in Ancient Greece. The theological idea was that people did not fully agree with their creator, and moved away; this is called Apostasy. At the end of time, everything would be re-united with its creator, according to the idea. Different people have seen the process differently: Some say, that everything, even those that have "fallen", will be reunited; these people speak about _apokatastasis panton_ or _restitutio omnium (quae locutus est)_.

Ancient Greek philosophy used the term, before it was used by Christian scholars. That way, the Pythagoreans, Heraclitus, and the Stoics used the term. Neoplatonism, as well as Friedrich Nietzsche also used the term in this meaning. Most of these philiosophers believed, that this "restoration" was periodic, and not an event that occurred only once.

Clement of Alexandria, Origen and Gregory of Nyssa where the first Christian scholars who used the term: For them, this "restoration" would occur only once, and was not periodic.
Before Midnight

***Before Midnight*** is a 2013 American romantic drama movie. Ethan Hawke stars as Jesse Wallace and Julie Delpy as Celine. This movie is set in Greece. _Before Midnight_ has gotten strong praise from the movie critics. It was released during May and June of 2013 in the United States.

It was preceded by _Before Sunrise_ and _Before Sunset_.
Deborah Kara Unger

**Deborah Kara Unger** (born May 12) is a Canadian actress who has been mostly in independent movies. She acted as Catherine Ballard in the 1996 movie _Crash_ and as Carol Lynn Johnson for the 2007 movie _88 Minutes_. She was born in Vancouver, British Columbia. Some sources cite 1964 for her birth year, although other sources mention 1966.
Innocent Blood

***Innocent Blood*** is a horror-crime movie released in autumn 1992. Its cast members are Angela Bassett as Attorney Sinclair, Linnea Quigley as Nurse and Robert Loggia as Salvatore Macelli. The movie is set in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. It is about vampires and Mafia activities. This movie was released in September 1992. It got mixed reviews, though it took in almost $5 million in the box office.
Summer of Sam

***Summer of Sam*** is a 1999 crime drama movie. It was directed by Spike Lee, who also co-wrote and co-produced it. The movie is about a series of murders done by David Berkowitz (nicknamed the Son of Sam) during the summer of 1977 in New York City. John Leguizamo, Mira Sorvino, Adrien Brody and Jennifer Esposito play fictional characters. The MPAA threatened _Summer of Sam_ with an NC-17 due to a sex scene, which was then cut out. The movie was released in July 1999.
Anthony LaPaglia

**Anthony LaPaglia** (born 31 January 1959) is an Australian movie and television actor. He has received Golden Globe Awards and Emmy Awards for acting. He acted as "Jack Malone" in the series _Without a Trace_ and as "Detective Lou" in the movie _Summer of Sam_.

He was born in Adelaide, although he later moved to the United States. His first part in a movie was _Cold Steel_ in 1987. LaPaglia appeared on Broadway in 1997, in a production of _A View From the Bridge_. He received a Tony Award his role as the play's main character.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Anthony LaPaglia
- **image**: Anthony LaPaglia.jpg
- **caption**: LaPaglia at the 2012 AACTA Awards
- **birth place**: Adelaide, South Australia
- **spouse**: Cherie Michan
Gia Carides (m. 1998–present)
- **occupation**: Actor
- **years active**: 1985–present
- **children**: Bridget LaPaglia
- **relations**: Jonathan LaPaglia (brother)
Christina Hendricks

**Christina Hendricks** (born 3 May 1975) is an American actress of movie, stage, television and video games. She is best known for portraying the roles of Joan Harris in the AMC period drama series _Mad Men_ (2007–2015), and Beth Boland in the NBC comedy-drama series _Good Girls_ (2018–2021). Prior to this, Hendricks had starring roles as Kelly Kramer in the Showtime comedy-drama series _Beggars and Choosers_ (2000–2001), Saffron in the Fox drama series _Firefly_ (2002–2003), and Nicolette Raye in the UPN legal drama series _Kevin Hill_ (2004–2005).

## Personal life

Christina was born in Knoxville, Tennessee. She has lived in Idaho.
Immortal Beloved

***Immortal Beloved*** is a 1994 drama movie in which Gary Oldman and Isabella Rossellini star. The movie is about Ludwig van Beethoven. This movie was released in December 1994 in United States theaters. It received mixed reviews. It debuted strongly at the box office.
Diophantine equation

A **Diophantine equation** is an equation that only takes integer coefficients, and that can be written as , where _f_ is a polynomial. **Diophantine analysis** is a branch of mathematical analysis, concerned with such equations. Typical questions include:
1. Are there any solutions?
1. Are there any solutions beyond some that are easily found by inspection?
1. Are there finitely or infinitely many solutions?
1. Can all solutions be found in theory?
1. Can one in practice compute a full list of solutions?
Very often such problems were unresolved for centuries. With time, mathematicians  came to understand their depth (in some cases), rather than treat them as puzzles. The equation is named after Diophantus of Alexandria, a mathematician, who described them first. The restriction on integer coefficients makes sense, when one is concerned about finding Divisors, or in the case of modular arithmetic. In everyday life, many equations solve problems where only whole numbers make sense: A product is composed of many parts, but only whole pieces can be produced.

Some diophantine equations are very famous. These include the Pythagorean triple, Fermat's Last Theorem and Pell's equation. Hilbert's tenth problem was to find an algorithm to decide, whether a given Diophantine equation has an integer solution.
Eva Ngui Nchama

**Eva Ngui Nchama** (born June 9, 1985 in Malabo, Equatorial Guinea) is an athlete from Africa. She has a disability: she cannot see and is a T12/B2 type athlete. She competed in the 2004 Summer Paralympics in Athens, Greece in the women's 100 metres - T12 event.  She competed at the 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing, China and finished third in the women's 100 metres - T12 event and thir in the women's 200 metres - T12 event.  She raced at the 2012 Summer Paralympics and was the 14th runner to finish.

In 2012, she had a Plan ADO €18,000 athlete scholarship with a €3,000 reserve and a €2,500 coaching scholarship.

## Infobox (sportsperson)

- **name**: Eva Ngui Nchama
- **birth place**: Malabo, Equatorial Guinea
- **nationality**: Spain, Spanish
- **sport**: Track and field (T12 (classification), T12)
- **show-medals**: yes
José María Pámpano Cillero

**José María Pámpano Cillero** (born December 10, 1978 in Badajoz) is a T36 athlete from Spain.

Pámpano competed in the 2004 Summer Paralympics in Athens and finished second in the 4 × 400 m relay and finished second in the T36 1500 meter race.  He competed in the 2008 Summer Paralympics in the 800 meter race but was not one of the first three racers to finish. He competed at the 2012 Summer Paralympics and finished sixth in the 800 meter race.

## Infobox (sportsperson)

- **name**: José María Pámpano Cillero
- **birth place**: Badajoz, Badajoz
- **nationality**: Spain, Spanish
- **sport**: Track and field (T36 (classification), T36)
- **show-medals**: yes
Bloody Sunday (1905)

**Bloody Sunday** took place in Russia in 1905. More than 3,000 people marched towards the Winter Palace in hopes of presenting Tsar Nicholas II a petition for reform, however he was not present at the palace.  Without the order of the tsar to stop them, the army shot their rifles into the crowd, leaving 96 dead and around 300 wounded.

This event began the Russian Revolution of 1905 which was caused in part by defeat in the Russo-Japanese War. Many thousands died and the Tsar created the State Duma to represent the Russian people. It is considered a cause of the later, larger Russian Revolution.

Later Dmitri Shostakovich composed his 11th Symphony based on this event. Bloody Sunday is also known as a massacre. The Winter Palace is where the Tsar spent his winter holidays.
Warren Oates

**Warren Mercer Oates** (July 5, 1928 – April 3, 1982) was an American television program and movie actor. He acted mostly in movies. He was known for playing Lyle in the famous 1969 movie _The Wild Bunch_, and John Dillinger in the movie _Dillinger_. He was born in Kentucky, and later relocated to Los Angeles for acting reasons.

Oates died of a heart attack at age fifty-three. His final movie, _Blue Thunder_, was shot in 1980 but not released until 1983, one year after his death.
Kamba people

The **Kamba** (**Akamba** in the plural) are a Bantu ethnic group.

They live in the semi-arid Eastern Province of Kenya,  from Nairobi east to Tsavo and north up to Embu, Kenya. This land is called _Ukambani_. They are one of the largest ethnic group in Kenya. They speak the Bantu Kikamba language as a mother tongue.

The Kamba mostly live in the Machakos District of Kenya. The total population of the Kamba is about 4 million. The Kamba are also called Kikamba, Kekamba, Masaku, Ukamba, Kitui and Mumoni.
Cammie King

**Eleanore Cammack "Cammie" King** (5 August 1934 – 1 September 2010) was an American actress. Her acting career was short, but with notable movies. She played Bonnie Blue Butler in _Gone with the Wind_ in 1939. She provided the voice for the fawn Faline in the Disney movie _Bambi_ in 1942.

King was born in Los Angeles. She died from lung cancer at age 76.
Cynthia Myers

**Cynthia Jeanette Myers** (September 12, 1950 – November 4, 2011) was an American actress and fashion model. She acted primarily in B-movies. She was _Playboy_ Playmate of the Month in December 1968. Her most famous theatrical movie was _Beyond the Valley of the Dolls_, a 1970 movie in which she starred as bisexual musician Casey Anderson.

Myers was born in Toledo, Ohio. She died due to lung cancer at age sixty-one.
Evelyn Lauder

**Evelyn Lauder** (August 12, 1936 – November 12, 2011) was an American businesswoman and socialite. She became well known for being one of the creators of the pink ribbon symbol of breast cancer.

Lauder was Senior Corporate Vice President of Estée Lauder Companies. She was responsible for raising over $13 million for a breast cancer club that had the Evelyn Lauder name. Lauder was born into a Jewish family in Vienna, Austria, but later relocated to and was raised in New York City. She died at home in Manhattan, New York City, due to complications of ovarian cancer at 75.
Billie Jo Spears

**Billie Jean Spears** (January 14, 1937 – December 14, 2011) was an American country music singer. She reached the top ten in the country charts five times. She first sang "Harper Valley PTA", though that failed to chart. Her biggest song was "Blanket on the Ground" in 1975. She had other popular singles. Billie was born in Beaumont, Texas. She died of cancer at age seventy-four.
Tintoretto

**Tintoretto** (1518 – 31 May 1594), born **Jacopo Comin**, was an Italian Renaissance painter. He was known by the nickname **Il Furioso**. His works are very dramatic, often depicting muscular figures and a bold use of perspective. These elements he paints in the Mannerist style. His use of colour and light, however, is typical of the Venetian School.

Tintoretto was from Venice. He spent most of his life painting there. He was a devout Roman Catholic. He painted frescos and other murals on the walls and ceilings of several churches and other buildings in Venice, such as the Scuola Grande di San Rocco, the Doge's Palace. His largest work is _Il Paradiso_, which dominates the main hall of the Doge's Palace. It is 22.6 x 9.1 metres in size, and is said to be the largest painting ever done on canvas.

## Related pages

- List of Italian painters

## References

- Carlo Ridolfi, La Vita di Giacopo Robusti (A Life of Tintoretto) 1642
- Tintoretto, and Pierluigi De Vecchi. 1970. _L'opera completa del Tintoretto_. Milano: Rizzoli.  (Italian language)

## Other websites

- Works at Web Gallery of Art
- www.JacopoTintoretto.org  - 257 works by Tintoretto

## Infobox (artist)

- **name**: Tintoretto
- **image**: Tintorettoselfportrait.jpg
- **image size**: 180px
- **caption**: Detail of a self-portrait
- **birth name**: Jacopo Comin
- **birth date**: late September or early October 1518
- **birth place**: Venice, Republic of Venice, in present-day Italy
- **death date**: 31 May 1594, (aged 76)
- **death place**: Venice, Republic of Venice, in present-day Italy
- **nationality**: Italian
- **field**: Painting
- **movement**: Renaissance
Nok culture

The **Nok culture** was an ancient civilisation in what is now Nigeria. It appeared around 1000 BC and vanished around 300 CE. This civilisation lived in northern and central Nigeria. Its social system is thought to have been very advanced for its time. The Nok are considered to be the earliest producers of life-sized Terracotta sculptures in sub-Saharan Africa. It has been suggested that the Nok culture eventually evolved into the Yoruba. The use of iron, in smelting and forging tools, appears in the Nok culture at least by 550 BC and possibly earlier.
Magic (illusion)

**Magic** is the performance of tricks or the creation of illusions. It is a type of performing art that entertains audiences. It is done by a **magician** or an **illusionist**. The magician does things that look impossible or supernatural by ordinary means. Card tricks, disappearing beauties, pulling a rabbit from a hat, and sawing a person in half are examples of this kind of magic.
Renminbi

The **renminbi** is the currency of the People's Republic of China. It is the main currency used in mainland China. It is also sometimes accepted in Hong Kong and Macau, and can be easily exchanged in those territories. The currency is issued by the People's Bank of China, the monetary authority of China. Its name means "people's currency".

The main unit of renminbi is the ***yuán***. One yuan is divided into 10 _jiǎo._ One jiǎo is subdivided into 10 _fēn_. Renminbi banknotes are available in denominations from 1 jiao to 100 yuan (¥0.1–100). Coins have denominations from 1 fen to 1 yuan (¥0.01–1). Some denominations exist in both coin and banknote form. Coins under ¥0.1 are rarely used.

Currently, only ¥20,000 can be taken in or out of China without declaring it, or telling customs that you have it.

## More reading

- Ansgar Belke, Christian Dreger und Georg Erber: _Reduction of Global Trade Imbalances: Does China Have to Revalue Its Currency?_ In: _Weekly Report._ 6/2010, Nr. 30, 2010, , S. 222–229 (PDF-File; DIW Online).

## Infobox (currency)

- **currency name in local**: <small></small>
- **iso code**: CNY
- **unofficial users**: _<small>(until Nov 2009)</small>_
 (in Kokang and Wa State, Wa)

- **inflation rate**: 1.7%, October 2012
- **inflation source date**: _[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-20263978 BBC News]_
- **inflation method**: Consumer price index, CPI
- **pegged with**: Partially, to a basket of trade-weighted international currencies
- **subunit ratio 1**: 1
- **subunit name 1**: yuán (元,圆)
- **subunit ratio 2**: 1/10
- **subunit name 2**: jiǎo (角)
- **subunit ratio 3**: 1/100
- **subunit name 3**: fēn (分)
- **symbol**: ¥
- **nickname**: none
- **nickname subunit 1**: kuài (块)
- **nickname subunit 2**: máo (毛)
- **no plural**: Y
- **rarely used coins**: ¥0.01, ¥0.02, ¥0.05
- **frequently used coins**: ¥0.1, ¥0.5, ¥1
- **frequently used banknotes**: ¥1, ¥5, ¥10, ¥20, ¥50, ¥100
- **rarely used banknotes**: ¥0.1, ¥0.2, ¥0.5, ¥2
- **issuing authority**: People's Bank of China
- **issuing authority website**: www.pbc.gov.cn
Scandinavian Mountains

The **Scandinavian  Mountains** are a mountain range that runs through the Scandinavian Peninsula. The western sides of the mountains drop steeply into the North Sea and Norwegian Sea, where they form the fjords of Norway. To the north they form the border between Norway and Sweden, and passing across the Arctic Circle. A small part of the range runs into Finland, but this part mostly consists of hills.

Galdhøpiggen in Southern Norway is the highest peak in the range, at . Kebnekaise has the highest peak on the Swedish side, at . Halti is the highest peak in Finland,  at . The range's proximity to the Arctic and the North Atlantic ocean has caused the formation of many icefields and glaciers.

## Other websites

help Wikipedia

The Scandinavian Mountains (Scandes) are Europe's longest range, running through Norway, Sweden, and Finland, famous for dramatic glacial fjords, Galdhøpiggen (Norway's highest peak), unique birch forests, and a significant climate divide creating wet west/dry east, crucial for wildlife like reindeer and a hotspot for climate change study

## Infobox (mountain)

- **name**: Scandinavian Mountains
- **photo**: Ahkka from Maukojaureh.jpg
- **photo caption**: Mount Áhkká in Stora Sjöfallet National Park, northern Sweden
- **country type**: Countries
- **country**:

- **highest**: Galdhøpiggen
- **highest location**: Lom, Norway, Lom
- **elevation m**: 2469
- **length km**: 1700
- **width km**: 320
- **map image**: Scandinavia-mountains.png
- **map caption**: The Scandinavian Mountains
Uto-Aztecan languages

**Uto-Aztecan** or **Uto-Aztekan** is a language family of the Americas. It consists of over 30 languages. Almost all of the Uto-Aztecan languages are found in the Western United States and Mexico. The name of the language family was given to show that it links the Ute language of Utah and the Aztecan languages of Mexico. The language of the Aztecs and its modern relatives are part of the Uto-Aztecan family.

## Infobox (language family)

- **name**: Uto-Aztecan
- **region**: Western United States, Mexico
- **familycolor**: Uto-Aztecan
- **family**: **Uto-Aztecan**
- **sil**: 17-1066
- **protoname**: Proto-Uto-Aztecan language, Proto-Uto-Aztecan
- **child1**: Hopi language, Hopi
- **child2**: Tübatulabal language, Tübatulabal
- **child3**: Numic languages, Numic
- **child4**: Takic languages, Takic
- **child5**: Piman languages, Pimic
- **child6**: Taracahitic languages, Taracahitic
- **child7**: Corachol languages, Corachol
- **child8**: Nahuan languages, Aztecan
- **iso5**: azc
- **map**: Uto-Aztecan langs.png
- **mapcaption**: Pre-Columbian distribution of northern Uto-Aztecan languages
Tyrant flycatcher

The **tyrant flycatchers** (**Tyrannidae**) are a clade of passerine birds from the Americas. They are the largest family of birds on Earth, with more than 400 species. They are the most diverse family of birds in every country in South and Central America. They also live in North America.

The family is named after the Old World flycatchers. Some members have similar features to the Old World flycatchers, but they are not related to them. They are members of suborder Tyranni. They do not have the song (vocal capabilities) of most other songbirds.

Tyrant flycatchers are opportunistic feeders and often catch any insect they run across. Some, like the large great kiskadee, may eat fruit or small vertebrates such as frogs.

**Kingbirds** are flycatchers of the genus _Tyrannus_. They can be quite aggressive in defence of their interests.

## Other websites

- Tyrant Flycatcher videos  on the Internet Bird Collection
Semyon Frug

**Semyon Grigorevich Frug** (born in 1860) was a writer. He was born into a family of Jewish farmers in southern Ukraine. From 1912 until his death in 1916, he lived in Odesa, where the sixth edition of his three-volume _Complete Works_ was published in 1913.

His talent was at its best in Odesa. Frug's works were mainly written in Russian with a few stories written in Yiddish. In his writing, he described the life of the Jewish colonists, their relationships with their Ukrainian and Russian neighbors, and the disagreements and occasional arguments about various Yiddish dialects. Many of Frug's poems were set to music and performed on stage.
Meg Tilly

**Margaret Elizabeth Chan** (or **Meg Tilly**; February 14, 1960) is a Canadian and American actress who has received Academy Award nominations. She played a prostitute in the television drama _Hill Street Blues_, Madame de Tourvel in the movie _Valmont_ and Chloe in _The Big Chill_. Tilly received a Golden Globe Award for her performances.

Tilly was born in California. She was raised in British Columbia.
Susan Ann Sulley

**Susan Ann Sulley** (sometimes known as **Susan Ann Gayle**; born 22 March 1963) is a British singer-songwriter. She began singing at age 17. She worked with The Human League and had major hit singles with them, including "Human" in 1986. Sulley was born in Sheffield, West Riding of Yorkshire, England.
Ann Patchett

**Ann Patchett** (December 2, 1963) is an American author who writes literary fiction. She has written many novels, including _Run_, _The Patron Saint of Liars_ and _Taft_. Patchett was born in Los Angeles, although she later moved to Nashville, Tennessee.
University of Magallanes

The **University of Magallanes** (**UMAG**) is a university in Punta Arenas, Chile.

## Faculties

- Faculty of Engineering
- Faculty of Sciences
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences
- Faculty of Economic Sciences and Juridical Sciences
- Faculty of Health Sciences
- Medical School

## Other websites

- Official Website

## Infobox (university)

- **name**: University of Magallanes
- **native name**: Universidad de Magallanes
- **former names**: Universidad Técnica del Estado
- **image**: Escudo UMAG.jpeg
- **motto**: Scientiae in Austro
- **mottoeng**: Knowledge in the South
- **established**: 1961

1981 (UMAG)
- **type**: public university, Public state university
- **affiliations**: Consejo de Rectores de las Universidades Chilenas, CRUCH, Consorcio de Universidades Estatales de Chile, CUE, Agrupación de Universidades Regionales de Chile
- **rector**: Dr. Juan Oyarzo Perez (2014–2018)
- **provost**: Dr. Jose Maripani
- **students**: 6.000
- **colors**: Blue (color), Blue and White (color), white
- **city**: Punta Arenas
- **state**: Región de Magallanes y de la Antártica Chilena
- **campus**:   Punta Arenas

Puerto Natales

Porvenir, Chile, Porvenir

Puerto Williams

Coyhaique
- **website**: [http://www.umag.cl www.umag.cl]
Pericles, Prince of Tyre

***Pericles, Prince of Tyre*** is a play by William Shakespeare. It is a comedy. Shakespeare's source was _The Patterne of Painefull Adventures_ (1576) by Lawrence Twine. _Pericles, Prince of Tyre_ was probably first acted between 1608 and 1609.  It was probably first printed in quarto form in 1609.
Measure for Measure

***Measure for Measure*** is a play by William Shakespeare. It is a comedy. Shakespeare's source may be George Whetstone's _Promos and Cassandra_.  _Measure for Measure_ may have been first acted on 24 December 1606. It was probably first printed in the First Folio of 1623.
Richard II (play)

***Richard II*** is a play by William Shakespeare. It is a history play. Shakespeare's sources were probably _Holinshed's Chronicles_ and _The Civil Wars_ (1595) by Samuel Daniel. _Richard II_ was probably first printed in 1597. It was first acted on 7 February 1601.
Henry V (play)

***Henry V*** is a play by William Shakespeare. It is called a history play. Shakespeare's source was _The Chronicles of England, Scotland and Ireland_ by Raphael Holinshed. The play was probably first acted between 1598 and 1599. It was first printed in 1600. Laurence Olivier and Kenneth Branaugh have both made movies of the play.
Henry IV, Pt. 2

***Henry IV, Pt. 2*** is a play by William Shakespeare.  It is a history play. Shakespeare's source was _The Chronicles of England, Scotland and Ireland_ by Raphael Holinshed. It was probably first acted on 3 March 1592. It was probably first printed in 1594.
The Taming of the Shrew

***The Taming of the Shrew*** is a play by William Shakespeare. It is a comedy. Shakespeare's source was _Suppositi_ (1509) by Ludovico Ariosto. George Gascoigne's play _Supposes_ (1566) may have also been used. The play was probably first acted between 1593 and was first printed in 1623 in the First Folio. The   musical, _Kiss Me Kate_, was based on the play. Elizabeth Taylor and Richard Burton made a movie of the play.
Timon of Athens

***Timon of Athens*** is a play by William Shakespeare. It is a tragedy.  Shakespeare's source was probably _The Misanthrope_ by Lucian. _Timon_ was probably first acted between 1607-1608.  It was probably first printed in the First Folio of 1623.
Iolanthe

***Iolanthe***, or ***The Peer and the Peri*** is an operetta by Gilbert and Sullivan. It is the seventh of the team's fourteen operettas. It opened at the Savoy Theatre on 25 November 1882. It had a run of 398 performances. It is the first of the operettas to have its first performance at the Savoy. The story is about a group of immortal fairies who find themselves on a different side as the House of Peers. The opera makes fun of many parts of British government and law.

## Infobox (play)

- **name**: Iolanthe
- **image**: Iolanthe Programme.jpg
- **image size**: 220px
- **caption**: Original programme, 1882
- **writer**: W. S. Gilbert (words)
Arthur Sullivan (music)
- **characters**: Iolanthe
Strephon
Phyllis
Fairy Queen
- **setting**: England in the late 19th century
- **premiere**: 25 November 1882
- **place**: Savoy Theatre
London, England
- **orig lang**: English
- **subject**: Parliament
Fairy lore
- **genre**: Operetta
Princess Ida

***Princess Ida; or, Castle Adamant*** is a three-act operetta by Gilbert and Sullivan. It is the eighth of their fourteen operettas. It premiered at the Savoy Theatre in London, England on 5 January 1884. It had 246 performances, a short run compared with the team's other operettas. After the operetta closed, it was not revived in London until 1919.

Gilbert based _Princess Ida_ on a play he wrote in 1870 called _The Princess_. This play was based, in turn, on _The Princess_, a long poem of 1847 by Alfred, Lord Tennyson. _Ida_ is the only Gilbert and Sullivan operetta in three acts. It is their only operetta to be written in blank verse.

_Princess Ida_ was a great success with early audiences, but the critics did not like it. Sullivan told Gilbert three weeks after the opening that he would not write another comic opera, and it appeared their collaboration was over.  _Princess Ida_ has its roots in the work of a poet little read today, and its themes are somewhat dated. The operetta is not a modern audience favorite.

## Story

In her babyhood, Princess Ida was betrothed to Prince Hilarion. In her young womanhood however, she has forsaken the company of men and has set up an all-female university. Hilarion and two of his friends, Cyril and Florian, gain entrance to the school disguised as women. They are discovered, and war ensues. As the casualties mount, Princess Ida relents and accepts Hilarion as her husband to be.

## References

- Bradley, Ian. 2001. _The Complete Annotated Gilbert and Sullivan_. Oxford University Press. pp. 451-453.
- Brahms, Caryl. 1975. _Gilbert and Sullivan: lost chords and discords_. Little, Brown. pp. 123-136.

## Infobox (play)

- **name**: Princess Ida
- **image**: Henry Bracy.jpeg
- **image size**: 220px
- **caption**: Welsh tenor Henry Bracy dressed as Hilarion
- **writer**: W. S. Gilbert (words)
Arthur Sullivan (music)
- **sources**: _The Princess_, an 1870 play by Gilbert
_The Princess_, an 1847 poem by Alfred, Lord Tennyson
- **characters**: Princess Ida
Hilarion
King Gama
King Hildebrand
Cyril
Florian
Lady Blanche
Lady Psyche
- **setting**: Women's college in the Middle Ages
- **premiere**: 5 January 1884
- **place**: Savoy Theatre
London, England
- **orig lang**: English
- **subject**: Gender roles
Women's education
Feminism
Evolution
- **genre**: Operetta
The Sorcerer

***The Sorcerer*** is an operetta by Gilbert and Sullivan. It is the third of their fourteen operettas. It opened in London at the Opera Comique on 17 November 1877. It ran for 178 performances. The play is about the effects of a love potion on the residents of an English village.

## References

- Bradley, Ian. 2001. _The Complete Annotated Gilbert and Sullivan_. Oxford University Press. pp. 43-45.

## Infobox (play)

- **name**: The Sorcerer
- **image**: The Sorcerer poster with J. W. Wells (1884 revival).jpg
- **caption**: Poster for the 1884 revival
- **writer**: W. S. Gilbert (words)
Arthur Sullivan (music)
- **characters**: John Wellington Wells
- **setting**: England
- **premiere**: 17 November 1877
- **place**: Opera Comique
London, England
- **orig lang**: English
- **genre**: Operetta
Trial by Jury

***Trial by Jury*** is one-act operetta by Gilbert and Sullivan. It is the second of their fourteen collaborations and their earliest work still performed today. It opened at the Royalty Theatre in London on 25 March 1875 with Jacques Offenbach's _La Périchole_ and the farce, _Cryptoconchoid Syphonostomata_.

_Trial by Jury_ moved about to several different theatres. It was performed about 300 times in its first two years. It was a popular and a critical success. It is only about 45 minutes long, has only one act, and has no spoken words.

_Trial_ is about a young man who is sued for jilting his bethrothed. The judge hearing the case decides to marry the young woman himself. Today, it is sometimes played with another Gilbert and Sullivan operetta such as _H.M.S. Pinafore_.

## References

- Bradley, Ian. 2001. _The Complete Annotated Gilbert and Sullivan_. Oxford University Press. pp. 3-5.

## Infobox (play)

- **name**: Trial by Jury
- **image**: Trial Programme Page 3.jpg
- **caption**: Original programme
- **writer**: W. S. Gilbert (words)
Arthur Sullivan (music)
- **characters**: Angelina, the Plaintiff
Edwin, the Defendant
Learned Judge
- **setting**: Court of the Exchequer, ca. 1875
- **premiere**: 25 March 1875
- **place**: Royalty Theatre
London, England
- **orig lang**: English
- **subject**: Breach of promise
- **genre**: Operetta
The Yeomen of the Guard

***The Yeomen of the Guard, or The Merryman and his Maid*** is an operetta by Gilbert and Sullivan. It was first performed on 3 October 1888. It had 423 performances. It is the eleventh of fourteen operettas written by Gilbert and Sullivan. Unlike their previous operettas, _Yeomen_ is darker and more serious in its tone and atmosphere.

## Infobox (play)

- **name**: The Yeoman of the Guard
- **image**: Dudley Hardy-The Yeomen of the Guard.jpg
- **image size**: 220px
- **caption**: Poster, 1897 revival
- **writer**: W. S. Gilbert (lyrics and book)
Arthur Sullivan (music)
- **characters**: Jack Point
Elsie Maynard
Colonel Fairfax
- **setting**: Tower of London in the 16th century
- **premiere**: 3 October 1888
- **place**: Savoy Theatre
London, England
- **orig lang**: English
- **genre**: Operetta
Thespis

***Thespis, or The Gods Grown Old*** is an operetta by Gilbert and Sullivan. It is the first of their fourteen operettas. It was commissioned in 1871 by John Hollingshead, manager and owner of the Gaiety Theatre in the Strand. It was not well rehearsed, and lasted only 65 performances. It was generally well received by the critics.

_Thespis_ takes place on Mount Olympus and tells of a theatrical company which takes over the duties of the ancient Greek gods. Most of the music has been lost, making it impossible to reconstruct the operetta.

## References

- Bradley, Ian. 2001. _The Complete Annotated Gilbert and Sullivan_. Oxford University Press. p. 3.

## Infobox (play)

- **name**: Thespis
- **image**: Thespis programme.jpg
- **caption**: Original programme
- **writer**: W. S. Gilbert (words)
Arthur Sullivan (music)
- **setting**: Mount Olympus
- **premiere**: 26 December 1871
- **place**: Gaiety Theatre
London, England
- **orig lang**: English
- **subject**: Greek mythology
- **genre**: Operetta
The Pirates of Penzance

***The Pirates of Penzance; or, The Slave of Duty*** is a two-act operetta by Gilbert and Sullivan. It is the fifth of their fourteen operettas. The London premiere was 3 April 1880 at the Opera Comique. It ran for almost a year, closing on 2 April 1881. It had 363 performances.

## American copyright

Gilbert, Sullivan, and their manager Richard D'Oyly Carte arrived in New York in October 1879 to present an authorized version of _H.M.S. Pinafore_. During this time, Sullivan continued work on the team's next operetta, _Pirates_, and completed it on 28 December.

In order to secure the American copyright, the operetta premiered in New York City at the Fifth Avenue Theatre on 31 December 1879. Sullivan conducted.
The operetta was a great success.

In order to secure the British copyright, the operetta had been performed at the Bijou Theatre in Paignton, Devon, the day before the New York premiere on 30 December. The singers wore their costumes from _Pinafore_ (they were performing this operetta in nearby Torquay) and sang from hand-written sheets of music newly delivered from the United States.

## Adaptations

American director and producer Joseph Papp adapted the operetta for summer performances in Central Park, New York City, in 1980. The production was then staged on Broadway and in the West End with great success. In 1983, a movie version of the Papp adaptation was released, starring Angela Lansbury, pop singer Linda Ronstadt, and Kevin Kline.

## Roles

- Pirate King (bass-baritone)
- Samuel (baritone), his lieutenant
- Frederic (tenor), a pirate apprentice
- Ruth (contralto), a "piratical maid of all work"
- Sergeant of Police (bass)
- Major-General Stanley (comic baritone)
- Mabel (soprano), Stanley's daughter
- Edith (mezzo-soprano), Stanley's daughter
- Kate (mezzo-soprano), Stanley's daughter
- Isabel (speaking role), Stanley's daughter

## References

- Bradley, Ian. 2001. _The Complete Annotated Gilbert and Sullivan_. Oxford University Press. pp. 189-191.
- Brahms, Caryl. 1975. Gilbert and Sullivan: lost chords and discords. Little, Brown. pp. 88-96.

## Infobox (play)

- **name**: The Pirates of Penzance
- **image**: Pirates of penzance restoration.jpg
- **caption**: Poster, ca. 1880
- **writer**: W. S. Gilbert (words)
Arthur Sullivan (music)
- **characters**: Major-General Stanley
Pirate King
Frederic
Sergeant of Police
Mabel
Ruth
- **setting**: Penzance, Cornwall, England, ca. 1879
- **premiere**: 31 December 1879 (New York)
3 April 1880 (London)
- **place**: Fifth Avenue Theatre
New York City, New York
Opera Comique
London, England
- **orig lang**: English
- **subject**: Duty
- **genre**: Operetta
The Jew of Malta

***The Jew of Malta*** is a play by Christopher Marlowe. Marlowe's source is unknown. It is possibly a forgotten story, or he may have studied Jewish life first-hand in London. The exact date the play was written is uncertain. It is certain though that it was written no earlier than December 1588. It was first printed in 1633.

The play is unbalanced; the first two acts show a masterful hand while the last three do not. The character of Barabas, the Jew, is a portrait of depth in the first two acts, but he descends to nothing more than a typical stage villain in the last three.  One critic believes the play was ordered on short notice by the players, and Marlowe had only enough time to sketch the character of Barrabas.

## Infobox (play)

- **name**: The Jew of Malta
- **image**: The-jew-of-malta-1633.jpg
- **image size**: 220px
- **caption**: Title page, 1633 first edition
- **writer**: Christopher Marlowe
- **characters**: Barrabas
- **setting**: Malta
- **orig lang**: English
- **genre**: Tragedy
Doctor Faustus

***The Tragical History of the Life and Death of Doctor Faustus*** is a play by Christopher Marlowe. It is a tragedy. Marlowe's source was _The English Faust Book_ of 1592. The play was first performed about 1592. It was first published in 1604. It tells of a scholar who sells his soul to the devil in exchange for youth, power, knowledge, and wisdom. The play contains the well known line, "Was this the face that launch'd a thousand ships?" The play was released as a movie in 1967 starring Richard Burton.

## Infobox (play)

- **name**: Dr. Faustus
- **image**: Marlowe-Dr-Faustus-A-1604.jpg
- **image size**: 220px
- **caption**: First edition title page, 1604
- **writer**: Christopher Marlowe
- **sources**: _The English Faust Book_ (1592)
- **characters**: Dr. Faustus
Mephistophilis
- **setting**: 16th century Europe
- **premiere**: ca. 1592
- **place**: London, England
- **orig lang**: English
- **subject**: Devil worship
- **genre**: Tragedy
Dido Queen of Carthage

***Dido Queen of Carthage*** is a play by Christopher Marlowe. It is a tragedy. The date of the play is uncertain. It is probably Marlowe's first play, and possibly written while he was a student at Cambridge University. The source material was Virgil's _Aeneid_ and Ovid's _Heroides_. Unlike his sources however, Marlowe emphasizes not the character of Aeneas but the character of Dido.

## References

- Cheney, Patrick (Ed.) 2004. _The Cambridge Companion to Christopher Marlowe_. Cambridge University Press. p. 193.

## Infobox (play)

- **name**: Dido Queen of Carthage
- **image**: Dido1594titlepage.jpg
- **image size**: 220px
- **caption**: Title page, 1594
- **writer**: Christopher Marlowe
- **sources**: _The Aeneid_ by Virgil
_Heroides_ by Ovid
- **characters**: Dido
Aeneas
- **setting**: Carthage
- **orig lang**: English
- **genre**: Tragedy
Edward II (play)

***The Troublesome Reign and Lamentable Death of Edward the Second, King of England, with the Tragical Fall of Proud Mortimer*** is a play by Christopher Marlowe. It is a history play. It was probably written no earlier than 1590. Marlowe's source was probably _Holinshed's Chronicles_. The play is about King Edward II's downfall and his homosexual passion for Piers Gaveston.

## Infobox (play)

- **name**: Edward II
- **image**: Edward2a.jpg
- **caption**: Title page of a 1594 edition
- **writer**: Christopher Marlowe
- **characters**: King Edward II
Queen Isabella
Piers Gaveston
Mortimer
- **setting**: England
- **premiere**: 1580s
- **place**: London, England
- **orig lang**: English
- **subject**: Regicide
Homosexuality
- **genre**: History play
Tamburlaine

***Tamburlaine*** is a play by Christopher Marlowe. It is a tragedy written in two parts. The first part was performed in 1587. Both parts were printed in 1590. The play is about the Asiatic emperor Timur the Lame and his obsessive passion for power.

## Infobox (play)

- **name**: Tamburlaine
- **image size**: 220px
- **writer**: Christopher Marlowe
- **characters**: Tamburlaine
Olympia
- **setting**: Central Asia
- **premiere**: 1587
- **place**: London, England
- **orig lang**: English
- **subject**: Tyranny
Power
- **genre**: Tragedy
The Massacre at Paris

***The Massacre at Paris*** is a play by Christopher Marlowe. It is thought to be his last play, and probably written about 1593. _Massacre_ is about the slaughter of Protestants on Saint Bartholomew's Day in Paris in 1572.  The text is significantly flawed, and is likely an actor's recollection of the play rather than the text as Marlowe actually wrote it. What is left of the play is violent and full of jokes about stabbing and murder. As it stands, the play is impossible to perform without extensive alterations.

## References

- Mendel, Jolene. 2008. _Christopher Marlowe_. Lulu Publishing. pp. 256ff.

## Infobox (play)

- **name**: The Massacre at Paris
- **image size**: 220px
- **writer**: Christopher Marlowe
- **characters**: Duke of Guise
- **setting**: France
- **orig lang**: English
- **genre**: Tragedy
Javier Porras Santana

**Javier Porras Santana** (born August 22, 1981 in Olot, Girona) is a athlete from Spain. He has a disability: he cannot see and is a T11/B1 type athlete. He competed in the 2004 Summer Paralympics in Athens, Greece.  He competed at the 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing, China and was the third best athlete in the triple jump.  He competed at the 2012 Summer Paralympics.

## Infobox (sportsperson)

- **image**: Xavi_Porras_-_Wikipedia-ok.jpg
- **name**: Javier Porras Santana
- **birth place**: Olot, Girona
- **nationality**: Spain, Spanish
- **sport**: Track and field (T11 (classification), T11)
- **show-medals**: yes
The Chantels

**The Chantels** was an American female African-American music group. They performed rhythm and blues starting in 1957 and ending in 1970. The first single by the group was "He's Gone", released in 1957. Later that year, the song "Maybe" was released. In mid January 1958 it was at #15 on the _Billboard_ Hot 100.

This group had five members. Arlene Smith was the leader. One of the musicians, Jackie Landry Jackson, died during 1997. The Chantels' 1958 single "I Love You So" was in the 1989 movie _Look Who's Talking_.

## Other websites

- Official website
The Dixie Cups

**The Dixie Cups** is an American girl group. They perform rhythm and blues mixed with pop music. The group formed in 1964 in New Orleans. "Chapel of Love" is their best-known song. The group members are Barbara Ann Hawkins, Joan Johnson and Rosa Lee Hawkins. There have been other members in the past.

### Singles

- "Chapel of Love" b/w "Ain't That Nice" (1964)
- "People Say" b/w "Girls Can Tell" (1964)
- "You Should Have Seen The Way He Looked at Me" b/w "No True Love" (1964)
- "Little Bell" b/w "Another Boy Like Mine" (1964)
- "Iko Iko" b/w "I'm Gonna Get You Yet" (1965)
- "Iko Iko" b/w "Gee Baby Gee" (1965)
- "Gee The Moon Is Shining Bright" b/w "I'm Gonna Get You Yet" (1965)
- "Two-Way-Poc-A-Way" b/w "That's Where It's At" (1965)
- "What Goes Up Must Come Down" b/w "I'm Not The Kind Of Girl (To Marry)" (1965)
- "A-B-C Song" b/w "That's What The Kids Said" (1965)
- "Love Ain't So Bad (After All)" b/w "Daddy Said No" (1966)

### Albums

- Chapel of Love (1964)
- Iko Iko (1965)
- Riding High (1965)
- Doing It Our Way (2011)

### Compilations

- Teen Anguish Volume One (1979)
- The Best of the Dixie Cups (1985)
- The Dixie Cups Meet The Shangri-Las (1986)
- The Very Best of the Dixie Cups: Chapel Of Love (1998)
- The Complete Red Bird Recordings (2002)
OpenVMS

**OpenVMS** is an operating system, which Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) originally developed for their VAX servers. Later, it was ported, and now also runs on DEC Alpha and  Itanium-based systems. It is a 32 bit operating system. When it was published in 1977, it was one of the first of its kind. OpenVMS is capable of supporting many users at a time; each user is able to run several programs at the same time. It was also one of the first operating systems with a Graphical user interface, the VAXstation was a very popular workstation at the time. OpenVMS uses virtual memory, and was originally developed as a time sharing, batch processing system. It was made for transaction processing. The jobs users submit can have a higher priority than those of the operating system. The operating system offers high availability through clustering: The system load can be distributed over multiple computers. That way, the system is "disaster-tolerant": One machine that fails will not shut the operation down.

OpenVMS introduced many features that became standard in later operating systems:
- It supported  computer networks, first using DECNet, later using TCP/IP
- Symmetrical, asymmetrical, and NUMA multiprocessing, including clustering
- A distributed file system
- An integrated database: first RMS, later Rdb
- Support for different programming languages, including a standardized mechanism of calls between those programming languages
- An extensible Shell
- A high-level of security
Today, OpenVMS is used in many projects where availability and uptime are critical: These include banks and insurance companies.  Systems staying active for over a decade have been reported. A feature called "rolling upgrade" allows to upgrade software or hardware without the need to shut the system down. A data center that is destroyed will not lead to downtime either, if the system is configured properly. Customers using OpenVMS include banks and financial services, hospitals and healthcare, network information services, and large-scale industrial manufacturers of various products.
Color Me Badd

**Color Me Badd** is an American new jack swing, pop music and R&B boy band that formed in 1987. The group consists of several men. It is from Oklahoma City. Their debut studio album _C.M.B._ was released in 1991 and featured the popular singles "Thinkin' Back", "I Wanna Sex You Up" and "Slow Motion". One of their songs was part of the soundtrack of the movie _New Jack City_.

## Albums

- C.M.B. (1991)
- Time and Chance (1993)
- Now & Forever (1996)
- Awakening (1998)

## Other websites

- Official website
Karina Lombard

**Karina Lombard** (born 21 January 1969) is a French-American actress who acts primarily in independent movies. She played Antoinette Cosway in the 1993 movie _Wide Sargasso Sea_ and Isabel Two in _Legends of the Fall_ the following year. Lombard was born in Tahiti, French Polynesia, though is a naturalized United States citizen.
Utopia, Limited

***Utopia, Limited, or The Flowers of Progress*** is an operetta by Gilbert and Sullivan. It is the thirteenth of their fourteen operettas. It opened at the Savoy Theatre on 7 October 1893. It had a run of 245 performances.

## Infobox (play)

- **name**: Utopia, Limited
- **image**: Utopialimitedsouvenir.jpg
- **image size**: 220px
- **caption**: Souvenir programme
- **writer**: W. S. Gilbert (words)
Arthur Sullivan (music)
- **premiere**: 7 October 1893
- **place**: Savoy Theatre
London, England
- **orig lang**: English
- **genre**: Operetta
The Grand Duke

***The Grand Duke; or, The Statutory Duel*** is a two-act operetta by Gilbert and Sullivan. It is the last of their fourteen operettas. It opened on 7 March 1896 and closed after 123 performances.

## References

- Bradley, Ian, 2001. _The Complete Annotated Gilbert and Sullivan_. Oxford University Press. pp. 1083ff.

## Infobox (play)

- **name**: The Grand Duke
- **image**: Fische owen.jpg
- **image size**: 220px
- **caption**: Prince and Princess of Monte Carlo,
characters in _The Grand Duke_
- **writer**: W. S. Gilbert (words)
Arthur Sullivan (music)
- **setting**: Grand Duchy of Pfennig Halbpfennig
- **premiere**: 7 March 1896
- **place**: Savoy Theatre
London, England
- **orig lang**: English
- **genre**: Operetta
New Zealand parrot

The **Strigopoidea** is a small superfamily of **New Zealand parrots**. It only has three genera: _Nestor_, the Kakapo _Strigops_ and the fossil _Nelepsittacus_.

The genus _Nestor_ consists of the Kea, and the Kaka, while the genus _Strigops_ contains the iconic Kākāpō. All living species are endemic to New Zealand. The modern common species names, Kea, Kākā and Kākāpō, are the same as the original Māori names.

The nearby island species, the Norfolk Kaka and the Chatham Kaka, became extinct in recent times. The extinct species of the genus _Nelepsittacus_ have been extinct for 16 million years. All living forms are threatened. Human activity caused the two extinctions and the decline of the other three species.  Settlers introduced invasive species, such as pigs and possums, which eat the eggs of ground nesting birds. Also hunting for food, killing as agricultural pests, habitat loss, and introduced wasps have added to the problem.

The family diverged from the other parrots around 82 million years ago when New Zealand broke off from Gondwana, and the ancestors of the genera _Nestor_ and _Strigops_ diverged from each other between 60 and 80 million years ago.
Maila Nurmi

**Maila Nurmi** (11 December 1922 – 10 January 2008) was an American actress. She was born Maila Elizabeth Syrjaniemi in Gloucester, Massachusetts. She created the character **Vampira** in the 1950s. She played Vampira in Ed Wood's _Plan 9 from Outer Space_. She also played Vampira in the 1959 movie _The Beat Generation_.

## Infobox (actor)

- **name**: Maila Nurmi
- **image**: PlanNine 07.jpg
- **caption**: Nurmi as Vampira
- **birthname**: Maila Elizabeth Syrjaniemi
- **birth date**: 11 December 1922
- **death date**: 10 January 2008
- **death place**: Los Angeles, California, United States
- **occupation**: Television actress
Movie actress
- **yearsactive**: 1952-1994 (movies and television)
- **spouse**: Dean Riesner